{"id": "pubmed23n0022_0", "title": "Endometrioid carcinoma of the rectum arising in endometriosis: report of a case.", "content": "The case of a patient with an endometrioid carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the rectum is presented. This lesion grossly appeared to be a carcinoma arising from the rectal mucosa until microscopic examination of the specimen was completed. The endometrial implant continued to grow and eventually degenerated into a carcinoma in spite of bilateral salpingoophorectomy. This was believed to be due to maintenance of the patient on diethylstilbestrol. This case is believed to be the ninth reported case of carcinoma arising in an endometrial implant in the colon or rectum.", "contents": "Endometrioid carcinoma of the rectum arising in endometriosis: report of a case. The case of a patient with an endometrioid carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the rectum is presented. This lesion grossly appeared to be a carcinoma arising from the rectal mucosa until microscopic examination of the specimen was completed. The endometrial implant continued to grow and eventually degenerated into a carcinoma in spite of bilateral salpingoophorectomy. This was believed to be due to maintenance of the patient on diethylstilbestrol. This case is believed to be the ninth reported case of carcinoma arising in an endometrial implant in the colon or rectum.", "PMID": 639640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1", "title": "The spectrum of colonic involvement in pancreatitis.", "content": "Colonic involvement as a result of pancreatitis is an uncommon but interesting complication of the disease. Among the significant manifestations we have seen are: 1) adynamic ileus of the transverse colon, 2) fibrosing, stenosing pericolitis localized to the splenic flexure area, and 3) colonic hemorrhage secondary to necrosis and fistula formation. Ordinarily, conservative treatment will suffice, but in complicated cases, individualized surgical treatment becomes necessary.", "contents": "The spectrum of colonic involvement in pancreatitis. Colonic involvement as a result of pancreatitis is an uncommon but interesting complication of the disease. Among the significant manifestations we have seen are: 1) adynamic ileus of the transverse colon, 2) fibrosing, stenosing pericolitis localized to the splenic flexure area, and 3) colonic hemorrhage secondary to necrosis and fistula formation. Ordinarily, conservative treatment will suffice, but in complicated cases, individualized surgical treatment becomes necessary.", "PMID": 639642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2", "title": "The colonoscope in cecal volvulus: report of three cases.", "content": "Colonoscopy was employed to attempt detorsion of volvulus of the right colon in four patients considered to be high-risk surgical patients. In one patient detorsion was accomplished, so that emergency laparotomy became unneccesary. The site of torsion was reached in every patient. When detorsion does not occur reasonably soon after the colonoscope enters the right colon, persistent efforts are more likely to be harmful than helpful. Abdominal symptoms in a patient who has been ill or injured for some time should suggest the possibility of volvulus of the right colon. Early diagnosis and earlier employment of colonoscopy would almost surely result in an increased rate of success in accomplishing detorsion. When detorsion is accomplished, subsequent resection of the right colon should be seriously considered as, without it, volvulus is said to recur frequently.", "contents": "The colonoscope in cecal volvulus: report of three cases. Colonoscopy was employed to attempt detorsion of volvulus of the right colon in four patients considered to be high-risk surgical patients. In one patient detorsion was accomplished, so that emergency laparotomy became unneccesary. The site of torsion was reached in every patient. When detorsion does not occur reasonably soon after the colonoscope enters the right colon, persistent efforts are more likely to be harmful than helpful. Abdominal symptoms in a patient who has been ill or injured for some time should suggest the possibility of volvulus of the right colon. Early diagnosis and earlier employment of colonoscopy would almost surely result in an increased rate of success in accomplishing detorsion. When detorsion is accomplished, subsequent resection of the right colon should be seriously considered as, without it, volvulus is said to recur frequently.", "PMID": 639643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3", "title": "Irradiation-induced colonic stricture and colitis cystica profunda: report of a case.", "content": "A 57-year-old patient was operated upon for a colonic stricture that appeared 18 years after removal of a clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney, followed by irradiation therapy. In addition to typical irradiation-induced changes and fibrotic stricture, colitis cystica profunda was discovered. Review of the literature showed no similar case.", "contents": "Irradiation-induced colonic stricture and colitis cystica profunda: report of a case. A 57-year-old patient was operated upon for a colonic stricture that appeared 18 years after removal of a clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney, followed by irradiation therapy. In addition to typical irradiation-induced changes and fibrotic stricture, colitis cystica profunda was discovered. Review of the literature showed no similar case.", "PMID": 639644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4", "title": "[Vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia in old people (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency and causes of vitamin D deficiency in old age were investigated in 53 hospital patients, 88 persons from old people's homes, 21 tenants of a hostel, and 29 members of a seniors meeting group, aged between 65 and 93 years. In all persons 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase and creatinine were determined. In 27 cases immunoreactive parathormone was measured. In hospital patients there was evidence of vitamin D deficiency significantly more frequently as compared with the other groups. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was on average lower in the cases from old people's homes and hostels than in the members of the seniors group. The results in the groups investigated showed a relation to the average exposure to the sun. The results in 10 further patients in this age group with florid osteomalacia indicate a multifactorial aetiology of vitamin D deficiency disease due to reduced exposure to sun, inadequate nutrition and reduced absorption of vitamin D.", "contents": "[Vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia in old people (author's transl)]. The frequency and causes of vitamin D deficiency in old age were investigated in 53 hospital patients, 88 persons from old people's homes, 21 tenants of a hostel, and 29 members of a seniors meeting group, aged between 65 and 93 years. In all persons 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase and creatinine were determined. In 27 cases immunoreactive parathormone was measured. In hospital patients there was evidence of vitamin D deficiency significantly more frequently as compared with the other groups. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was on average lower in the cases from old people's homes and hostels than in the members of the seniors group. The results in the groups investigated showed a relation to the average exposure to the sun. The results in 10 further patients in this age group with florid osteomalacia indicate a multifactorial aetiology of vitamin D deficiency disease due to reduced exposure to sun, inadequate nutrition and reduced absorption of vitamin D.", "PMID": 639656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5", "title": "[Hepatic necroses after infusion cholangiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten episodes of massive transaminase increase with hepatic necrosis were observed in 7 patients after infusion of megluminioglycamide (Biligram). The patients were 3 men and 4 women aged 49 to 65 years with biliary tract disease (n = 1), recurrent pancreatitis (n = 1), hyperlipidaemia and minimal toxic liver damage (n = 1), pyelonephritis (n = 1), , arteriitis (n = 1), and pseudo-LE (n = 1). In 6 patients there was an increase of the alkaline phosphatase without icterus before the investigation and a slight increase of transaminases in 3 patients. After infusion of 100 ml of Biligram in 5 patients and of 200 ml in 2 patients there was an abrupt increase of GPT (98-2202 U/l) with a lesser increase of GOT. The alkaline phosphatase activity remained unchanged. Three patients showed symptoms such as upper abdominal pain, fever erythema, or conjunctivitis. Histologically all patients showed centrolobular necroses. Transaminases should be checked 2 days after intravenous cholangiograms. In patients with a definite increase reexposure should be avoided.", "contents": "[Hepatic necroses after infusion cholangiography (author's transl)]. Ten episodes of massive transaminase increase with hepatic necrosis were observed in 7 patients after infusion of megluminioglycamide (Biligram). The patients were 3 men and 4 women aged 49 to 65 years with biliary tract disease (n = 1), recurrent pancreatitis (n = 1), hyperlipidaemia and minimal toxic liver damage (n = 1), pyelonephritis (n = 1), , arteriitis (n = 1), and pseudo-LE (n = 1). In 6 patients there was an increase of the alkaline phosphatase without icterus before the investigation and a slight increase of transaminases in 3 patients. After infusion of 100 ml of Biligram in 5 patients and of 200 ml in 2 patients there was an abrupt increase of GPT (98-2202 U/l) with a lesser increase of GOT. The alkaline phosphatase activity remained unchanged. Three patients showed symptoms such as upper abdominal pain, fever erythema, or conjunctivitis. Histologically all patients showed centrolobular necroses. Transaminases should be checked 2 days after intravenous cholangiograms. In patients with a definite increase reexposure should be avoided.", "PMID": 639657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6", "title": "[Coronary angiographic findings in 308 patients with the clinical diagnosis of intramural myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "308 patients with the clinical diagnosis of intramural myocardial infarction made elsewhere were re-investigated more than eight weeks after the acute event. ECGs and pulmonary \"wedge\" pressures were recorded at rest and during exercise and coronary angiography performed (Sones' or Judkin's technique). In the first group (1973/74) of 77 patients, 35 (45.5%) had a normal coronary angiogram, compared with 0.7% in a control group with transmural myocardial infarction. A normal coronary angiogram was found in 85% of the 40 patients who had no angina during exercise. In a second group (1974/77) of 231 patients, there was a steady decrease in the number of patients without angina pectoris during exercise, in parallel with a decrease in the number of those with normal coronary angiograms. This change in pattern was apparently due to improved diagnosis in the referring hospitals. Of the 37 patients (first group) with angina during exercise, all but one were subsequently found to have significant coronary arteriosclerosis. It is suggested that most patients with a normal coronary angiogram had sustained a myocarditis and (or) pericarditis which produced the symptoms and the altered ECGs, leading to the misinterpretation of \"intramural myocardial infarction\".", "contents": "[Coronary angiographic findings in 308 patients with the clinical diagnosis of intramural myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 308 patients with the clinical diagnosis of intramural myocardial infarction made elsewhere were re-investigated more than eight weeks after the acute event. ECGs and pulmonary \"wedge\" pressures were recorded at rest and during exercise and coronary angiography performed (Sones' or Judkin's technique). In the first group (1973/74) of 77 patients, 35 (45.5%) had a normal coronary angiogram, compared with 0.7% in a control group with transmural myocardial infarction. A normal coronary angiogram was found in 85% of the 40 patients who had no angina during exercise. In a second group (1974/77) of 231 patients, there was a steady decrease in the number of patients without angina pectoris during exercise, in parallel with a decrease in the number of those with normal coronary angiograms. This change in pattern was apparently due to improved diagnosis in the referring hospitals. Of the 37 patients (first group) with angina during exercise, all but one were subsequently found to have significant coronary arteriosclerosis. It is suggested that most patients with a normal coronary angiogram had sustained a myocarditis and (or) pericarditis which produced the symptoms and the altered ECGs, leading to the misinterpretation of \"intramural myocardial infarction\".", "PMID": 639672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7", "title": "[Acute rise in serum calcitonin concentration during haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Calcium and calcitonin concentrations were measured at the beginning, during and at the end of haemodialysis in 31 unselected patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis. Blood samples were drawn at the end of dialysis under two different conditions: first, at the end of dialysis during which dialysate calcium concentration was always at 1.75 mmol/1 and secondly, at the end of dialysis with dialysate concentration elevated to 3.0 mmol/1 for the last third of the dialysis period. There was a highly significant increase in serum calcium concentration during haemodialysis, due to transmembranous calcium transfer in all instances. Calcitonin was detectable in free dialysis blood samples of 30 among the 31 patients. In 14 patients there was a significant increase in calcitonin concentration due to increasing calcium concentration during haemodialysis, while in 17 patients there was no change in the calcitonin concentration. Where calcitonin secretion could be stimulated there was a highly significant positive linear correlation, on a percentage basis, between calcium and calcitonin concentrations (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Acute rise in serum calcitonin concentration during haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Calcium and calcitonin concentrations were measured at the beginning, during and at the end of haemodialysis in 31 unselected patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis. Blood samples were drawn at the end of dialysis under two different conditions: first, at the end of dialysis during which dialysate calcium concentration was always at 1.75 mmol/1 and secondly, at the end of dialysis with dialysate concentration elevated to 3.0 mmol/1 for the last third of the dialysis period. There was a highly significant increase in serum calcium concentration during haemodialysis, due to transmembranous calcium transfer in all instances. Calcitonin was detectable in free dialysis blood samples of 30 among the 31 patients. In 14 patients there was a significant increase in calcitonin concentration due to increasing calcium concentration during haemodialysis, while in 17 patients there was no change in the calcitonin concentration. Where calcitonin secretion could be stimulated there was a highly significant positive linear correlation, on a percentage basis, between calcium and calcitonin concentrations (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 639673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8", "title": "[Pneumometer values in healthy children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of investigations in 764 healthy children aged 3--17 years (398 boys and 366 girls) normal values for the maximal pneumometric expiration were established. There were definite correlations between the pneumometer values and sex, age, height and weight. The correlation coefficients between the pneumometer values and age or height were about + 0,90. The boys have on average higher pneumometer values than the girls, but the differences are not significant.", "contents": "[Pneumometer values in healthy children and adolescents (author's transl)]. On the basis of investigations in 764 healthy children aged 3--17 years (398 boys and 366 girls) normal values for the maximal pneumometric expiration were established. There were definite correlations between the pneumometer values and sex, age, height and weight. The correlation coefficients between the pneumometer values and age or height were about + 0,90. The boys have on average higher pneumometer values than the girls, but the differences are not significant.", "PMID": 639674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9", "title": "[Familial liver cirrhosis in pseudohypoparathyroidism in young children (author's transl)].", "content": "Two sisters whose mother had pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism, simultaneously developed in infancy pseudohypoparathyroidism with severe liver damage leading to cirrhosis and characterised by \"ectoplasmic vacuoles\", as well as severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia. As any known metabolic or inflammatory liver disease could largely be excluded, a common genetic defect is assumed as the cause of the combined disorder in calcium and hepatic metabolism.", "contents": "[Familial liver cirrhosis in pseudohypoparathyroidism in young children (author's transl)]. Two sisters whose mother had pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism, simultaneously developed in infancy pseudohypoparathyroidism with severe liver damage leading to cirrhosis and characterised by \"ectoplasmic vacuoles\", as well as severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia. As any known metabolic or inflammatory liver disease could largely be excluded, a common genetic defect is assumed as the cause of the combined disorder in calcium and hepatic metabolism.", "PMID": 639675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10", "title": "[Effects of oxyfedrine on haemodynamics in patients with acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction the effect of 8 mg of intravenous oxyfedrine followed by an infusion of 0.3 mg/kg body weight per hour on haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation and dynamic cardiac indices was investigated. Cardiac rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, minute volume, cardiac output, and tension-time index remained unchanged on the whole. On the other hand oxyfedrine produced a persistant significant decrease of the mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and of the contraction and pressure-increase time. These effects were also demonstrable in patients previously treated with digitalis. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. The positive inotropic effect of oxyfedrine is suggested as reason for these changes.", "contents": "[Effects of oxyfedrine on haemodynamics in patients with acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 16 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction the effect of 8 mg of intravenous oxyfedrine followed by an infusion of 0.3 mg/kg body weight per hour on haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation and dynamic cardiac indices was investigated. Cardiac rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, minute volume, cardiac output, and tension-time index remained unchanged on the whole. On the other hand oxyfedrine produced a persistant significant decrease of the mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and of the contraction and pressure-increase time. These effects were also demonstrable in patients previously treated with digitalis. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. The positive inotropic effect of oxyfedrine is suggested as reason for these changes.", "PMID": 639680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11", "title": "[Evaluation of infarct size using serum concentration of the CK-MB isoenzyme (author's transl)].", "content": "The size of infarction was determined in 21 patients with acute myocardial infarction aged 42 to 76 years using serial analyses of the serum concentrations of the total creatine kinase (CK) and of the CK-MB isoenzyme. CK-MB isoenzyme concentrations reached their maximum in serum three hours earlier on average and returned to the initial value 10 to 12 hours before the total CK. CK-MB isoenzyme concentrations reached a maximum of 12.4% of maximum total CK activity. In 17 uncomplicated cases the infarct weight determined from total CK (40 +/- 23 g) and from CK-MB isoenzyme (35 +/- 23 g) was only different by 5 g (r = 0.92). In 4 patients with infarction and defibrillation or reanimation use of total CK led to an overestimation of the infarct size by more than double. The determination of the infarct size from CK-MB isoenzyme values proves that without extracardial CK release, estimation of the infarct size can also be done sufficiently exactly from the total CK concentrations. In complicated cases, however, the specific myocardial CK isoenzyme makes determination of the infarct size possible", "contents": "[Evaluation of infarct size using serum concentration of the CK-MB isoenzyme (author's transl)]. The size of infarction was determined in 21 patients with acute myocardial infarction aged 42 to 76 years using serial analyses of the serum concentrations of the total creatine kinase (CK) and of the CK-MB isoenzyme. CK-MB isoenzyme concentrations reached their maximum in serum three hours earlier on average and returned to the initial value 10 to 12 hours before the total CK. CK-MB isoenzyme concentrations reached a maximum of 12.4% of maximum total CK activity. In 17 uncomplicated cases the infarct weight determined from total CK (40 +/- 23 g) and from CK-MB isoenzyme (35 +/- 23 g) was only different by 5 g (r = 0.92). In 4 patients with infarction and defibrillation or reanimation use of total CK led to an overestimation of the infarct size by more than double. The determination of the infarct size from CK-MB isoenzyme values proves that without extracardial CK release, estimation of the infarct size can also be done sufficiently exactly from the total CK concentrations. In complicated cases, however, the specific myocardial CK isoenzyme makes determination of the infarct size possible", "PMID": 639686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12", "title": "[Treatment of acute myocardial infarction with metoprolol (author's transl)].", "content": "Metoprolol, a cardioselective beta-receptor blocker, was administered to 12 patients three to ten hours after sustaining a transmural myocardial infarction, and the effect of the drug (10 mg i.v., followed by 50 mg orally every eight hours) was followed for 48 hours. Heart rate decreased by 16% and cardiac output by 27%, while blood pressure and stroke volume decreased little and pulmonary \"wedge\" pressure was not significantly changed. Even in patients with initially definitely elevated left-ventricular filling pressure (greater than 20 mm Hg) the drug was well tolerated without any further rise in pressure. Since left-ventricular work was significantly decreased (stroke work--15%, cardiac output--31%) and the duration of diastole, decisive for coronary perfusion, was prolonged, it is concluded that early administration of beta-receptor blockers has a favourable effect on myocardial oxygenation and possibly reduce ultimate infarct size.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute myocardial infarction with metoprolol (author's transl)]. Metoprolol, a cardioselective beta-receptor blocker, was administered to 12 patients three to ten hours after sustaining a transmural myocardial infarction, and the effect of the drug (10 mg i.v., followed by 50 mg orally every eight hours) was followed for 48 hours. Heart rate decreased by 16% and cardiac output by 27%, while blood pressure and stroke volume decreased little and pulmonary \"wedge\" pressure was not significantly changed. Even in patients with initially definitely elevated left-ventricular filling pressure (greater than 20 mm Hg) the drug was well tolerated without any further rise in pressure. Since left-ventricular work was significantly decreased (stroke work--15%, cardiac output--31%) and the duration of diastole, decisive for coronary perfusion, was prolonged, it is concluded that early administration of beta-receptor blockers has a favourable effect on myocardial oxygenation and possibly reduce ultimate infarct size.", "PMID": 639687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_13", "title": "[Cerebral blood flow and social prognosis after cerebrovascular ischaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 180 patients one to eight weeks after sustaining an acute episode of cerebrovascular ischaemia. The patients were divided into four groups in relation to their performance of daily activities at the time of CBF study: score 0 - full previous activities; 1 - slight; 2 - moderate; and 3 - severe disability. There was a statistically highly significant difference between the flow values of these groups. The patients were regrouped according to their rehabilitation status (score 0 to 3 as above, score 4 - dead) after a mean observation period of 34 months. The differences between flow values were even higher now, significant contingency coefficients being found between flow values and final social scores. When the patients were grouped according to changes in performance scores there again were statistically significant differences in flow values between the groups. The relationship between flow values and social re-integration after cerebrovascular ischaemia indicates the value of CBF measurements for prognosticating a patient's rehabilitation ability after stroke.", "contents": "[Cerebral blood flow and social prognosis after cerebrovascular ischaemia (author's transl)]. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 180 patients one to eight weeks after sustaining an acute episode of cerebrovascular ischaemia. The patients were divided into four groups in relation to their performance of daily activities at the time of CBF study: score 0 - full previous activities; 1 - slight; 2 - moderate; and 3 - severe disability. There was a statistically highly significant difference between the flow values of these groups. The patients were regrouped according to their rehabilitation status (score 0 to 3 as above, score 4 - dead) after a mean observation period of 34 months. The differences between flow values were even higher now, significant contingency coefficients being found between flow values and final social scores. When the patients were grouped according to changes in performance scores there again were statistically significant differences in flow values between the groups. The relationship between flow values and social re-integration after cerebrovascular ischaemia indicates the value of CBF measurements for prognosticating a patient's rehabilitation ability after stroke.", "PMID": 639693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_14", "title": "[Significance of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in the specific diagnosis of atopic bronchial asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is a recently developed radioimmunological in-vitro method for determining IgE-specific serum antibodies in reaginic allergy. There was 63.4% overall correspondence between RAST and bronchial provocation test in 423 tests with a total of eight perennial allergens on adults with asthma. Where there was disagreement, combination of postiive inhalation test and a negative RAST was much more frequent (33.6%) than in the obverse (3%). Agreement between RAST and provocation tests was 79% for the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 71.5% for cat and dog epithelium, 70% for the Penicillium mould, 63% for Alternaria, 55% for Hormodendron and Aspergillus and only 53% for house dust. In asthmatics a positive RAST usually indicates clinically relevant sensitization (positive case history or positive provacation test), while negative results (especially in cases of mould or house dust allergy) do not rule out possible significant sensitization. On the other hand, skin tests with moulds and house dust are frequently \"false\" positive. First test in the specific diagnosis of bronchial asthma remains a thorough case history combined with careful skin testing. When the two disagree, RAST is helpful together with as a \"secondary\" allergy test.", "contents": "[Significance of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in the specific diagnosis of atopic bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is a recently developed radioimmunological in-vitro method for determining IgE-specific serum antibodies in reaginic allergy. There was 63.4% overall correspondence between RAST and bronchial provocation test in 423 tests with a total of eight perennial allergens on adults with asthma. Where there was disagreement, combination of postiive inhalation test and a negative RAST was much more frequent (33.6%) than in the obverse (3%). Agreement between RAST and provocation tests was 79% for the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 71.5% for cat and dog epithelium, 70% for the Penicillium mould, 63% for Alternaria, 55% for Hormodendron and Aspergillus and only 53% for house dust. In asthmatics a positive RAST usually indicates clinically relevant sensitization (positive case history or positive provacation test), while negative results (especially in cases of mould or house dust allergy) do not rule out possible significant sensitization. On the other hand, skin tests with moulds and house dust are frequently \"false\" positive. First test in the specific diagnosis of bronchial asthma remains a thorough case history combined with careful skin testing. When the two disagree, RAST is helpful together with as a \"secondary\" allergy test.", "PMID": 639694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_15", "title": "[Epidemiology of duodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiology of peptic ulcer was investigated in 1105 endoscopy patients in a Zurich city hospital and in a random nongastroenterological hospital population. A raised susceptibility for duodenal ulcer was found in young, mainly unskilled, foreign labourers. There was no raised susceptibility in female foreign workers who also suffered less often from gastric ulcer than Swiss women. A tendency to ulceration in certain other diseases previously incriminated and in alcohol and nicotine consumers was not observed. A connection between susceptibility to ulceration and migration is assumed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. The epidemiology of peptic ulcer was investigated in 1105 endoscopy patients in a Zurich city hospital and in a random nongastroenterological hospital population. A raised susceptibility for duodenal ulcer was found in young, mainly unskilled, foreign labourers. There was no raised susceptibility in female foreign workers who also suffered less often from gastric ulcer than Swiss women. A tendency to ulceration in certain other diseases previously incriminated and in alcohol and nicotine consumers was not observed. A connection between susceptibility to ulceration and migration is assumed.", "PMID": 639695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_16", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) in patients with metastatic breast cancer under endocrine and therapeutic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined in 72 patients with metastatic breast cancer under various kinds of treatment. In 53 cases, CEA levels were elevated. They correlated with free interval, metastatic spreading, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT). Serial CEA determinations in 50 of the 72 patients revealed increased CEA levels in connexion with progressive tumour growth and decreased CEA levels in connexion with response to treatment. CEA may therefore be useful in helping to assess the extension of the tumour and the effect of treatment in patients with matastatic breast cancer.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) in patients with metastatic breast cancer under endocrine and therapeutic treatment (author's transl)]. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined in 72 patients with metastatic breast cancer under various kinds of treatment. In 53 cases, CEA levels were elevated. They correlated with free interval, metastatic spreading, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT). Serial CEA determinations in 50 of the 72 patients revealed increased CEA levels in connexion with progressive tumour growth and decreased CEA levels in connexion with response to treatment. CEA may therefore be useful in helping to assess the extension of the tumour and the effect of treatment in patients with matastatic breast cancer.", "PMID": 639696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_17", "title": "[Asymptomatic chronic-persisting hepatitis B in a young child as source of infection of hepatitis B within a family (author's transl)].", "content": "Five members of an eight-member family fell ill with an acute icteric hepatitis B of the same subtype within eleven months. In all probability the source of the infection was a just over one-year-old fostered child with asymptomatic chronic persisting hepatitis B and signs of massive viraemia (usually high HBs antigen concentration, high virus-specific DNA-polymerase activity and positive HBe antigen test). No relation could be demonstrated between HLA constellation and illness in the family members. Since no specific treatment is available, the only possible prophylactic measure is to isolate the child in the present environment, to avoid further cases of the disease.", "contents": "[Asymptomatic chronic-persisting hepatitis B in a young child as source of infection of hepatitis B within a family (author's transl)]. Five members of an eight-member family fell ill with an acute icteric hepatitis B of the same subtype within eleven months. In all probability the source of the infection was a just over one-year-old fostered child with asymptomatic chronic persisting hepatitis B and signs of massive viraemia (usually high HBs antigen concentration, high virus-specific DNA-polymerase activity and positive HBe antigen test). No relation could be demonstrated between HLA constellation and illness in the family members. Since no specific treatment is available, the only possible prophylactic measure is to isolate the child in the present environment, to avoid further cases of the disease.", "PMID": 639697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_18", "title": "[Adenoma of the colon or rectum: relationship between histological structure, polyp size and site and age distribution (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1258 polyps from the lower gastro-intestinal tract removed by rectoscopy or coloscopy and examined histologically there were 744 adenomas, 72% tubular, 27% papillary and 1% villous. 96.5% of all adenomas were extracted from patients aged over 40 years. Four fifths of the tumours were found in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Only 6% of the tubular adenomas were more than 15 mm in diameter, compared with 32% of papillary and 57% of villous adenomas. The special significance of the adenomas lies in their potential malignancy (adenoma-to-cancer sequence).", "contents": "[Adenoma of the colon or rectum: relationship between histological structure, polyp size and site and age distribution (author's transl)]. Among 1258 polyps from the lower gastro-intestinal tract removed by rectoscopy or coloscopy and examined histologically there were 744 adenomas, 72% tubular, 27% papillary and 1% villous. 96.5% of all adenomas were extracted from patients aged over 40 years. Four fifths of the tumours were found in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Only 6% of the tubular adenomas were more than 15 mm in diameter, compared with 32% of papillary and 57% of villous adenomas. The special significance of the adenomas lies in their potential malignancy (adenoma-to-cancer sequence).", "PMID": 639707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_19", "title": "[Influence of furosemide on beta-methyl-digoxin excretion in the urine (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients were given 0.1 mg, ten other patients 0.2 mg beta-methyl-digoxin in a daily dose for 14 days. Furosemide (80 mg a single daily dose) was given on the 12th, 13th and 14th day of digoxin treatment. Furosemide had no significant effect on blood-serum levels of the digoxin preparations, nor on its urinary excretion. Urinary excretion and serum levels of beta-methyl-digoxin remained unchanged both after simultaneous administration of furosemide with the digoxin and when furosemide was given ten hours after the last digoxin dose.", "contents": "[Influence of furosemide on beta-methyl-digoxin excretion in the urine (author's transl)]. Ten patients were given 0.1 mg, ten other patients 0.2 mg beta-methyl-digoxin in a daily dose for 14 days. Furosemide (80 mg a single daily dose) was given on the 12th, 13th and 14th day of digoxin treatment. Furosemide had no significant effect on blood-serum levels of the digoxin preparations, nor on its urinary excretion. Urinary excretion and serum levels of beta-methyl-digoxin remained unchanged both after simultaneous administration of furosemide with the digoxin and when furosemide was given ten hours after the last digoxin dose.", "PMID": 639708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_20", "title": "[Collagenous sprue (author's transl)].", "content": "Malabsorption is the main functional abnormality in gluten-sensitive enteropathy or endemic sprue. The malabsorption is related to villous flattening, which is the main histological feature. The diagnosis is also based on a good response to gluten-free diet. On the other hand, collagenous sprue is not an independent disease but a variant of gluten-sensitive enteropathy, as documented in three personal cases. Its course is characterised by a malabsorption syndrome unresponsive to gluten withdrawal, with massive subepithelial collagen formation. The pathogenesis remains unknown, prognosis poor, compared to the endemic gluten-sensitive enteropathy.", "contents": "[Collagenous sprue (author's transl)]. Malabsorption is the main functional abnormality in gluten-sensitive enteropathy or endemic sprue. The malabsorption is related to villous flattening, which is the main histological feature. The diagnosis is also based on a good response to gluten-free diet. On the other hand, collagenous sprue is not an independent disease but a variant of gluten-sensitive enteropathy, as documented in three personal cases. Its course is characterised by a malabsorption syndrome unresponsive to gluten withdrawal, with massive subepithelial collagen formation. The pathogenesis remains unknown, prognosis poor, compared to the endemic gluten-sensitive enteropathy.", "PMID": 639716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_21", "title": "[Exercise ECG as a screening test in the early diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Result of a trial study (author's transl)].", "content": "1500 men (aged 30-55 years) volunteered in a trial of early recognition of cardiovascular disease. History and clinical as well as biochemical data were obtained and compared with results of exercise ECGs. In the group as a whole abnormal ECGs were obtained in 6.2%, in a subgroup of those without exercise-dependent pain in the thorax, without hypertension and noraml resting ECG it was 3.8%, while in the presence of one or several of these risk factors it was as high as 17.8%. It is concluded that in any screening programme it is not reasonable to perform exercise ECGs in asymptomatic persons without risk factors, because in this group there is likely to be only a small percentage of abnormal findings and the number of false-positive ones is higher than that or correct positive ones. In connection with the known risk factors and risk indicators it would be best to define the risk group and, using selective indications, to go step-by-step from exercise ECG to additional invasive diagnostic measures such as coronary angiography.", "contents": "[Exercise ECG as a screening test in the early diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Result of a trial study (author's transl)]. 1500 men (aged 30-55 years) volunteered in a trial of early recognition of cardiovascular disease. History and clinical as well as biochemical data were obtained and compared with results of exercise ECGs. In the group as a whole abnormal ECGs were obtained in 6.2%, in a subgroup of those without exercise-dependent pain in the thorax, without hypertension and noraml resting ECG it was 3.8%, while in the presence of one or several of these risk factors it was as high as 17.8%. It is concluded that in any screening programme it is not reasonable to perform exercise ECGs in asymptomatic persons without risk factors, because in this group there is likely to be only a small percentage of abnormal findings and the number of false-positive ones is higher than that or correct positive ones. In connection with the known risk factors and risk indicators it would be best to define the risk group and, using selective indications, to go step-by-step from exercise ECG to additional invasive diagnostic measures such as coronary angiography.", "PMID": 639717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_22", "title": "[Blood rheology in chronic arterial occlusive disease as influenced by vasodilators (author's transl)].", "content": "Increased blood and plasma viscosity was found in patients with chronic arterial occlusion in comparison with healthy probands. The measurements were done at high and low shear rates. Parenteral pentoxifylline (Trental) lowered blood and plasma viscosity of patients significantly, especially when measured at low shear rates. Application of bencyclane (Fludilat) produced variable results. A definite connection between rheological changes and alterations of the protein fractions in plasma could not be established.", "contents": "[Blood rheology in chronic arterial occlusive disease as influenced by vasodilators (author's transl)]. Increased blood and plasma viscosity was found in patients with chronic arterial occlusion in comparison with healthy probands. The measurements were done at high and low shear rates. Parenteral pentoxifylline (Trental) lowered blood and plasma viscosity of patients significantly, especially when measured at low shear rates. Application of bencyclane (Fludilat) produced variable results. A definite connection between rheological changes and alterations of the protein fractions in plasma could not be established.", "PMID": 639718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_23", "title": "[Pharmcokinetics of an echinopsin preparation].", "content": "The purpose of the present work is to describe the pharmacokynetic characteristics of the preparation Ehinopsine, which represents N-methyl-gamma-chinoline and is synthetised in NIHFI during 1965. The experiments were carried out on male rats of the strain Wistar with weight of 170 to 190. The authors examine in dynamics plasma and tissues after single intraperitonenal administration of a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight, plasma after venous administration of 25 mg/kg of body weight and 100 mg/kg of body weight and plasma and tissues-after oral administration of 100 mg/kg of body weight. The excretion of the preparation was examined also in bile, urine and feces after oral administration and there were metabolites in urine. On the basis of the experimental data after oral and venous treatment the respective mathematical models of distribution were determined as well as the basic pharmacokynetic parameters, characterizing the behaviour of Ehinopsine in the organism of rats. The obtained results gave a picture for good resorption of the preparation, quick distribution, weak excretion and wide biotransformation in the organism of the experimental animals.", "contents": "[Pharmcokinetics of an echinopsin preparation]. The purpose of the present work is to describe the pharmacokynetic characteristics of the preparation Ehinopsine, which represents N-methyl-gamma-chinoline and is synthetised in NIHFI during 1965. The experiments were carried out on male rats of the strain Wistar with weight of 170 to 190. The authors examine in dynamics plasma and tissues after single intraperitonenal administration of a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight, plasma after venous administration of 25 mg/kg of body weight and 100 mg/kg of body weight and plasma and tissues-after oral administration of 100 mg/kg of body weight. The excretion of the preparation was examined also in bile, urine and feces after oral administration and there were metabolites in urine. On the basis of the experimental data after oral and venous treatment the respective mathematical models of distribution were determined as well as the basic pharmacokynetic parameters, characterizing the behaviour of Ehinopsine in the organism of rats. The obtained results gave a picture for good resorption of the preparation, quick distribution, weak excretion and wide biotransformation in the organism of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 639743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_24", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of pepsinogen in the gastric mucosa of white rats normally and with an experimental gastric stress ulcer].", "content": "The authors carried out electrophoretic studies of pepsinogen, obtained from the stomach mucosa of white rats (10 normal animals) and with experimental stress ulcus of the stomach, induced by imobilization and cooling (20 animals). The stomach of the rats was pulled out under light ether narcosis and the stomach mucosa was removed. Pepsinogen was extracted with 0.01 normal solution of hydrochloric acid. The supernatant was examined on agar electrophoresis after centrifugation. Incubation was made with hemoglobin solution of 0.66%. There were 4--5 pepsinogen fractions with well manifested proteolytic enzyme activity and sharply manifested ranges in the control animals. There was a reduction of the number of pepsinogen fraction in the animals with experimental stress ulcus of the stomach, as in 17 animals there was only one fraction with weak electrophoretic mobility, but with well manifested activity and in 3 animals--2 pepsinogen fractions. He discusses some questions about the increased cell-membrane permeability, accompanied by an increased release of pepsinogen and its preliminary activation in the stomach secretion.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of pepsinogen in the gastric mucosa of white rats normally and with an experimental gastric stress ulcer]. The authors carried out electrophoretic studies of pepsinogen, obtained from the stomach mucosa of white rats (10 normal animals) and with experimental stress ulcus of the stomach, induced by imobilization and cooling (20 animals). The stomach of the rats was pulled out under light ether narcosis and the stomach mucosa was removed. Pepsinogen was extracted with 0.01 normal solution of hydrochloric acid. The supernatant was examined on agar electrophoresis after centrifugation. Incubation was made with hemoglobin solution of 0.66%. There were 4--5 pepsinogen fractions with well manifested proteolytic enzyme activity and sharply manifested ranges in the control animals. There was a reduction of the number of pepsinogen fraction in the animals with experimental stress ulcus of the stomach, as in 17 animals there was only one fraction with weak electrophoretic mobility, but with well manifested activity and in 3 animals--2 pepsinogen fractions. He discusses some questions about the increased cell-membrane permeability, accompanied by an increased release of pepsinogen and its preliminary activation in the stomach secretion.", "PMID": 639744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_25", "title": "[Changes in the electromyographic potentials in cats poisoned with superlethal doses of phosdrin and treated with doline].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on 10 cats, anesthetized by urethane, under atropine protection and under the conditions of artificial respiration and examined the influence of therapeutic antidote of phosphorganic pesticides-Doline on the induced eletromyographic activity during total neuro-muscular block, induced by superlethal doses of phosphadrine. It was established that superlethal doses of phosphadrine induced total block of electropotentials in neuro-muscular conduction of the peripheral musculature, which was removed immediately after venous and muscular administration of the antidote Doline.", "contents": "[Changes in the electromyographic potentials in cats poisoned with superlethal doses of phosdrin and treated with doline]. The authors carried out studies on 10 cats, anesthetized by urethane, under atropine protection and under the conditions of artificial respiration and examined the influence of therapeutic antidote of phosphorganic pesticides-Doline on the induced eletromyographic activity during total neuro-muscular block, induced by superlethal doses of phosphadrine. It was established that superlethal doses of phosphadrine induced total block of electropotentials in neuro-muscular conduction of the peripheral musculature, which was removed immediately after venous and muscular administration of the antidote Doline.", "PMID": 639745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_26", "title": "[Effect of hemodex on the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vitro].", "content": "The author examined the influence of hemodex (SMT 70 000), high molecular and mean molecular fractions of the same on the phagocytic activity in vitro. The experiments were carried out on macrophages of white mice \"Swiss\", treated with the preparations for one to ten days. She found that VMF and hemodex after a five-day treatment induced an increase of the phagocytic activity in respect to sheep erythrocytes in comparison with the control group.", "contents": "[Effect of hemodex on the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vitro]. The author examined the influence of hemodex (SMT 70 000), high molecular and mean molecular fractions of the same on the phagocytic activity in vitro. The experiments were carried out on macrophages of white mice \"Swiss\", treated with the preparations for one to ten days. She found that VMF and hemodex after a five-day treatment induced an increase of the phagocytic activity in respect to sheep erythrocytes in comparison with the control group.", "PMID": 639746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_27", "title": "[Action of iron, ethanol and tetrachloromethane on lysosomal membrane permeability].", "content": "The authors examined the isolated and combined influence of oral administration of iron and ethanol as well as subcutaneous administration of CCl4 on the activity of two lysosomal enzymes in serum as the experiments were carried out on 72 male white rats of the Wistar strain with initial weight of 130 to 190 gm. The two exmained enzymes were: beta-N-acethylglucosaminidase and alpha-manosidase. The increased activity of these enzymes under the action of ethanol, iron plus ethanol, CCl4 was interpreted as a manifestation of increased permeability of lysosomal cellular membrane.", "contents": "[Action of iron, ethanol and tetrachloromethane on lysosomal membrane permeability]. The authors examined the isolated and combined influence of oral administration of iron and ethanol as well as subcutaneous administration of CCl4 on the activity of two lysosomal enzymes in serum as the experiments were carried out on 72 male white rats of the Wistar strain with initial weight of 130 to 190 gm. The two exmained enzymes were: beta-N-acethylglucosaminidase and alpha-manosidase. The increased activity of these enzymes under the action of ethanol, iron plus ethanol, CCl4 was interpreted as a manifestation of increased permeability of lysosomal cellular membrane.", "PMID": 639747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_28", "title": "[Stereology of the interstitial cells of the renal medulla in shock].", "content": "The authors carried out quantative stereologic studies on the electronograms of intersticial cells of the medulla of the kidney during shock. There was a considerable lowering of the number and volume of lipid granules in comparison with the control nontreated animals. The results were interpreted as a manifestation of the increased release of prostaglandins from the renomedullar intersticial cells as mediators of some local processes in the kidney, enduring shock.", "contents": "[Stereology of the interstitial cells of the renal medulla in shock]. The authors carried out quantative stereologic studies on the electronograms of intersticial cells of the medulla of the kidney during shock. There was a considerable lowering of the number and volume of lipid granules in comparison with the control nontreated animals. The results were interpreted as a manifestation of the increased release of prostaglandins from the renomedullar intersticial cells as mediators of some local processes in the kidney, enduring shock.", "PMID": 639748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_29", "title": "[Immunomorphological studies of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The authors carried out clincial and immunomorphologic studies on 15 patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis with unknown etiology. The presence of specific sensibilization of lymphocytes of the patients to liver tissue was examined by blast-transformation test. For this purpose they compared immunomorphologic response to lymphocytes in culture from peripheral blood to liver and renal antigen, using parallel procedure with FHA and cultures, growing spontaneously. Ten clinically healthy and 12 persons with renal polycystosis were examined as controls. The results showed an increased immune response to lymphocytes of the patient with liver cirrhosis to liver antigen as well as to culture, developing spontaneously, which suggested that autoimmune reaction with specific tendency to antigens of liver developed in these persons.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological studies of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. The authors carried out clincial and immunomorphologic studies on 15 patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis with unknown etiology. The presence of specific sensibilization of lymphocytes of the patients to liver tissue was examined by blast-transformation test. For this purpose they compared immunomorphologic response to lymphocytes in culture from peripheral blood to liver and renal antigen, using parallel procedure with FHA and cultures, growing spontaneously. Ten clinically healthy and 12 persons with renal polycystosis were examined as controls. The results showed an increased immune response to lymphocytes of the patient with liver cirrhosis to liver antigen as well as to culture, developing spontaneously, which suggested that autoimmune reaction with specific tendency to antigens of liver developed in these persons.", "PMID": 639749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_30", "title": "[Antibiotic action on the embryonic development of the fetuses of amphibians].", "content": "The effect on the embrionic development of Tr. cristatus of 16 antibiotics (keflin, penicillin, benzazillin, ampicillin, nystatin, kanamycin, streptomycin, novobiocin, brunomycin, erythran, oleandomycin, tetracyclin, chlornytromycin, gentamycin, rimactan, and capreomycin) administered in 3 concentrations was studied. It was established that except kanamycin, keflin and rimactan all the rest damage the embryonic development showing certain phase specifity. Gastrulation turned to be the most sensitive embryonic period.", "contents": "[Antibiotic action on the embryonic development of the fetuses of amphibians]. The effect on the embrionic development of Tr. cristatus of 16 antibiotics (keflin, penicillin, benzazillin, ampicillin, nystatin, kanamycin, streptomycin, novobiocin, brunomycin, erythran, oleandomycin, tetracyclin, chlornytromycin, gentamycin, rimactan, and capreomycin) administered in 3 concentrations was studied. It was established that except kanamycin, keflin and rimactan all the rest damage the embryonic development showing certain phase specifity. Gastrulation turned to be the most sensitive embryonic period.", "PMID": 639750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_31", "title": "[Experiment to potentiate the effect of cyclophosphamide combined with tempidon and caffeine in leukemia L1210 and Lewis hepatic carcinoma].", "content": "The authors carried out experiments on mice DBA/2 and BDF1 with leucosis L1210 and lung carcinoma of Lewis and found that psycotropic preparations tempidone and caffeine did not manifest antitumorous effect and toxicity after the used doses and scheme of treatment. Tempidone enhanced antitumorous action of small and mean doses of cyclophosphamide in mice with leucosis L1210. In the triple combination (tempidone, caffeine and cycl phosamide) the caffeine enhanced this action of tempidone without raising toxicity in mice with leucosis L1210, but not in mice with lung carcinoma of Lewis.", "contents": "[Experiment to potentiate the effect of cyclophosphamide combined with tempidon and caffeine in leukemia L1210 and Lewis hepatic carcinoma]. The authors carried out experiments on mice DBA/2 and BDF1 with leucosis L1210 and lung carcinoma of Lewis and found that psycotropic preparations tempidone and caffeine did not manifest antitumorous effect and toxicity after the used doses and scheme of treatment. Tempidone enhanced antitumorous action of small and mean doses of cyclophosphamide in mice with leucosis L1210. In the triple combination (tempidone, caffeine and cycl phosamide) the caffeine enhanced this action of tempidone without raising toxicity in mice with leucosis L1210, but not in mice with lung carcinoma of Lewis.", "PMID": 639751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_32", "title": "Virilizing effect of methyltestosterone on female descendants in the rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats were given daily a subcutaneous injection of methyltestosterone for 4 days from the 17th to the 20th day of gestation, and were allowed to be delivered to their offsprings (F1) which were used for the examination of later reproductive functioning. When observed for 21 weeks after birth, the growth rate of F1 from methyltestosterone-treated groups was higher than that of F1 from the control group. The anogenital distance in 50-microgram-treated F1 females started to become significantly longer on the 14th day and in 5-microgram-treated F1 females on the 28th day after birth than that in F1 from the control. The day on which vaginal opening took place in 50% of females was 34.4 days of age in both the control and the 5 microgram groups, but it delayed until 40.7 days in the 50 microgram group. Furthermore, persistent estrus was observed after about 90 days of age in the 50 microgram group. This persistent estrus disappeared by placing these females with males, resulting no pregnancy. In the 5 microgram group females could be pregnant, but their female fetuses (F2), when examined on the 21st day of gestation, had significantly shortened the length of the urovaginal septum. The observations show that virilization can be induced in the third generation.", "contents": "Virilizing effect of methyltestosterone on female descendants in the rat. Pregnant rats were given daily a subcutaneous injection of methyltestosterone for 4 days from the 17th to the 20th day of gestation, and were allowed to be delivered to their offsprings (F1) which were used for the examination of later reproductive functioning. When observed for 21 weeks after birth, the growth rate of F1 from methyltestosterone-treated groups was higher than that of F1 from the control group. The anogenital distance in 50-microgram-treated F1 females started to become significantly longer on the 14th day and in 5-microgram-treated F1 females on the 28th day after birth than that in F1 from the control. The day on which vaginal opening took place in 50% of females was 34.4 days of age in both the control and the 5 microgram groups, but it delayed until 40.7 days in the 50 microgram group. Furthermore, persistent estrus was observed after about 90 days of age in the 50 microgram group. This persistent estrus disappeared by placing these females with males, resulting no pregnancy. In the 5 microgram group females could be pregnant, but their female fetuses (F2), when examined on the 21st day of gestation, had significantly shortened the length of the urovaginal septum. The observations show that virilization can be induced in the third generation.", "PMID": 639752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_33", "title": "Effects of temperature and urea concentration on the chemical modification and ionization behavior of tyrosyl and iodoamino acid residues of porcine thyroglobulin.", "content": "Acetylation of porcine thyroglobulin with N-acetyl imidazole was performed at various temperatures in the presence of urea. In the medium without urea, the number of O-acetylated iodoamino acid residues formed was constantly 15 above 10 degrees C (originating from all diiodotyrosyl and a few of monoiodotyrosyl residues), while the number of O-acetyl tyrosyl residues increased gradually from 15 at 0 degrees C to a maximum of 70 at 70 degrees C. All (about 25) iodoamino acid residues were acetylated at 20 degrees C in 2 M urea, while the presence of 8 M urea was necessary to acetylate all tyrosyl residues at 20 degrees C. Experiments on the nitration of thyroglobulin with tetranitromethane showed that diiodotyrosyl and thyroxyl residues were easily nitrated even at low temperatures and the low ratio of the reagent to the protein, while tyrosyl residues consisted of three groups: the first group (about 14%) which was very easily nitrated even at 0 degrees C and the low ratio of the reagent to the protein, the second group (about 45%) which was nitrated depending on temperature and the molar ratio of the reagent, the remaining which was definitely unreactive even under extreme conditions. In addition, the ionization of tyrosyl and iodoamino acid residues was studied by spectrophotometric titration at various temperatures in the presence and absence of 8 M urea. It was found that diiodotyrosyl and thyroxyl residues did not change very much with respect to ionization behaviour by the addition of urea, in contrast to clear dependence of tyrosyl residues on urea. Based on these observations, the location of these residues and the structural change of the protein with temperature are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and urea concentration on the chemical modification and ionization behavior of tyrosyl and iodoamino acid residues of porcine thyroglobulin. Acetylation of porcine thyroglobulin with N-acetyl imidazole was performed at various temperatures in the presence of urea. In the medium without urea, the number of O-acetylated iodoamino acid residues formed was constantly 15 above 10 degrees C (originating from all diiodotyrosyl and a few of monoiodotyrosyl residues), while the number of O-acetyl tyrosyl residues increased gradually from 15 at 0 degrees C to a maximum of 70 at 70 degrees C. All (about 25) iodoamino acid residues were acetylated at 20 degrees C in 2 M urea, while the presence of 8 M urea was necessary to acetylate all tyrosyl residues at 20 degrees C. Experiments on the nitration of thyroglobulin with tetranitromethane showed that diiodotyrosyl and thyroxyl residues were easily nitrated even at low temperatures and the low ratio of the reagent to the protein, while tyrosyl residues consisted of three groups: the first group (about 14%) which was very easily nitrated even at 0 degrees C and the low ratio of the reagent to the protein, the second group (about 45%) which was nitrated depending on temperature and the molar ratio of the reagent, the remaining which was definitely unreactive even under extreme conditions. In addition, the ionization of tyrosyl and iodoamino acid residues was studied by spectrophotometric titration at various temperatures in the presence and absence of 8 M urea. It was found that diiodotyrosyl and thyroxyl residues did not change very much with respect to ionization behaviour by the addition of urea, in contrast to clear dependence of tyrosyl residues on urea. Based on these observations, the location of these residues and the structural change of the protein with temperature are discussed.", "PMID": 639754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_34", "title": "Effect of cytidine diphosphate choline on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) on the serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) was studied in six normal adult male subjects. Serum GH levels increased and reached a maximum at 60--90 min after the initiation of infusion in all subjects examined. The mean peak value of GH in six subjects was 10.0 +/- 2.1 (mean +/- SE) ng/ml, which was signigicantly higher than the basal level (p less than 0.01). In four subjects, serum PRL levels decreased from 10--24 ng/ml to less than 7.2 ng/ml at 60--120 min, while in the other two no significant change was observed. These results indicate that CDP-choline affects GH and PRL secretion from the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Effect of cytidine diphosphate choline on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. The effect of intravenous infusion of cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) on the serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) was studied in six normal adult male subjects. Serum GH levels increased and reached a maximum at 60--90 min after the initiation of infusion in all subjects examined. The mean peak value of GH in six subjects was 10.0 +/- 2.1 (mean +/- SE) ng/ml, which was signigicantly higher than the basal level (p less than 0.01). In four subjects, serum PRL levels decreased from 10--24 ng/ml to less than 7.2 ng/ml at 60--120 min, while in the other two no significant change was observed. These results indicate that CDP-choline affects GH and PRL secretion from the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 639755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_35", "title": "Analysis of the positive feedback effect of estrogen on the release of gonadotropin in women.", "content": "In order to elucidate the positive feedback mechanism of estrogen on gonadotropin release in women, the responses of plasma LH and FSH to the constant infusion of estradiol-17 beta for a prolonged period were studied. The infusion was initiated on various days of the follicular phase and maintained for 36-66 hr at a constant rate of 500 or 1,000 microgram/24 hr. When the stimulus of estradiol was sustained for more than 30 hr in the women of the middle or late follicular phase, a positive feedback effect to elicit gonadotropin surges was observed during the maintenance of the infusion. In contrast, the stimulus of estrogen was ineffective in the early follicular phase, even if sustained for a longer period up to 66 hr. Gonadotropin levels, also, increased after the end of infusion. The magnitude of the responses, however, was much smaller, as compared to spontaneous preovulatory gonadotropin surges. In all cases, the effect of estradiol was greater for LH than for FSH. It is suggested that: 1) Preovulatory gonadotropin surges are triggered by estrogen increments rather than the withdrawal of the negative feedback effect of estrogen. 2) Low levels of estrogen for a certain period of the early follicular phase may play an important role in priming the control system which responds to the positive feedback effect of estrogen.", "contents": "Analysis of the positive feedback effect of estrogen on the release of gonadotropin in women. In order to elucidate the positive feedback mechanism of estrogen on gonadotropin release in women, the responses of plasma LH and FSH to the constant infusion of estradiol-17 beta for a prolonged period were studied. The infusion was initiated on various days of the follicular phase and maintained for 36-66 hr at a constant rate of 500 or 1,000 microgram/24 hr. When the stimulus of estradiol was sustained for more than 30 hr in the women of the middle or late follicular phase, a positive feedback effect to elicit gonadotropin surges was observed during the maintenance of the infusion. In contrast, the stimulus of estrogen was ineffective in the early follicular phase, even if sustained for a longer period up to 66 hr. Gonadotropin levels, also, increased after the end of infusion. The magnitude of the responses, however, was much smaller, as compared to spontaneous preovulatory gonadotropin surges. In all cases, the effect of estradiol was greater for LH than for FSH. It is suggested that: 1) Preovulatory gonadotropin surges are triggered by estrogen increments rather than the withdrawal of the negative feedback effect of estrogen. 2) Low levels of estrogen for a certain period of the early follicular phase may play an important role in priming the control system which responds to the positive feedback effect of estrogen.", "PMID": 639756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_36", "title": "Somatostatin radioimmunoassay with 125I-Nalpha-tyrosyl-somatostatin.", "content": "Nalpha-Tyrosyl-somatostatin was synthesized and proved to be homogeneous. Radioiodination of this tyrosine-containing somatostatin analogue by either the lactoperoxidase method or the chloramine T method led to the formation of crude iodinated compound, which was purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 using a linear ammonium acetate buffer gradient. This purification process was found to be satisfactorily reproducible and suitable for the preparation of 125I-Nalpha-tyrosyl-somatostatin. Using the purified 125I-somatostatin analogue, radioimmunoassay for somatostatin was performed and the assay system was proved to be sensitive and specific for somatostatin. Immunoassays of hot-water extracts of porcine and tupaia brain, pancreas, stomach and various regions of the intestine in the system revealed that those tissues contained immunoreactive somatostatin at various concentrations. Of the results, it was remarkable that somatostatin immunoreactivity was found in the ileum, middle colon and rectum in both animals, although the concentration were lower when compared with those in the stomach, duodenum and jejunum.", "contents": "Somatostatin radioimmunoassay with 125I-Nalpha-tyrosyl-somatostatin. Nalpha-Tyrosyl-somatostatin was synthesized and proved to be homogeneous. Radioiodination of this tyrosine-containing somatostatin analogue by either the lactoperoxidase method or the chloramine T method led to the formation of crude iodinated compound, which was purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 using a linear ammonium acetate buffer gradient. This purification process was found to be satisfactorily reproducible and suitable for the preparation of 125I-Nalpha-tyrosyl-somatostatin. Using the purified 125I-somatostatin analogue, radioimmunoassay for somatostatin was performed and the assay system was proved to be sensitive and specific for somatostatin. Immunoassays of hot-water extracts of porcine and tupaia brain, pancreas, stomach and various regions of the intestine in the system revealed that those tissues contained immunoreactive somatostatin at various concentrations. Of the results, it was remarkable that somatostatin immunoreactivity was found in the ileum, middle colon and rectum in both animals, although the concentration were lower when compared with those in the stomach, duodenum and jejunum.", "PMID": 639759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_37", "title": "The role of estrogens in the regulation of lactate dehydrogenase activity and its submolecular organization in rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "Estrogens increase LDH activity and decrease H/M subunit ratio in rat anterior pituitary in both the experimental circumstances and the physiological conditions. The cellular messengers mediating estrogenic effect are structure- and stereospecific. The activity increasing and subunit ratio decreasing potency of the three tested estrogens was of following decreasing order: 17 beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol. 17 alpha-estradiol did not affect activity parameters and submolecular organisation of the enzyme. The estrogen induced activity increase is consequence of the enhanced de novo enzyme protein synthesis which could be inhibited by Actinomycin-D. The lack of adrenocorticoids did not involve the alteration of LDH activity and H/M ratio in female rat anterior pituitary. Accordingly, these steroids do not mediate estrogenic action. 17 beta-estradiol had a substantial increasing effect on LDH activity in the subrenal implanted pituitary homografts and decreased H/M subunit ratio. Pituitary LDH activity in androgenized female rats decreased only after the removal of the polycystic ovaries. The two latter observations suggest that hypothalamic hormones are not involved in the regulation of pituitary LDH activity and its submolecular organization. De novo synthesis of LDH enzyme protein and the regulation its submolecular organization is induced by the direct action on anterior pituitary cells of the estrogens.", "contents": "The role of estrogens in the regulation of lactate dehydrogenase activity and its submolecular organization in rat anterior pituitary. Estrogens increase LDH activity and decrease H/M subunit ratio in rat anterior pituitary in both the experimental circumstances and the physiological conditions. The cellular messengers mediating estrogenic effect are structure- and stereospecific. The activity increasing and subunit ratio decreasing potency of the three tested estrogens was of following decreasing order: 17 beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol. 17 alpha-estradiol did not affect activity parameters and submolecular organisation of the enzyme. The estrogen induced activity increase is consequence of the enhanced de novo enzyme protein synthesis which could be inhibited by Actinomycin-D. The lack of adrenocorticoids did not involve the alteration of LDH activity and H/M ratio in female rat anterior pituitary. Accordingly, these steroids do not mediate estrogenic action. 17 beta-estradiol had a substantial increasing effect on LDH activity in the subrenal implanted pituitary homografts and decreased H/M subunit ratio. Pituitary LDH activity in androgenized female rats decreased only after the removal of the polycystic ovaries. The two latter observations suggest that hypothalamic hormones are not involved in the regulation of pituitary LDH activity and its submolecular organization. De novo synthesis of LDH enzyme protein and the regulation its submolecular organization is induced by the direct action on anterior pituitary cells of the estrogens.", "PMID": 639760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_38", "title": "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands. III. The effect of turisynchron and suisynchron on the thyroid gland of the Wistar rats.", "content": "Karyometric and morphometric investigations on the thyroids of Wistar rats had the following results: complexing of methallibure (Turisynchron) with zinc lowers the inhibiting action of the parent substance on the thyroid in a short time test period.", "contents": "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands. III. The effect of turisynchron and suisynchron on the thyroid gland of the Wistar rats. Karyometric and morphometric investigations on the thyroids of Wistar rats had the following results: complexing of methallibure (Turisynchron) with zinc lowers the inhibiting action of the parent substance on the thyroid in a short time test period.", "PMID": 639761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_39", "title": "Effects of epinephrine, glucagon and insulin on glucose metabolism of planaria.", "content": "Epinephrine and insulin increased glucose uptake in Planaria, but epinephrine did so to a much grater extent. Glucagon proved to be without effect. The experiments support earlier results according to which in unicellular and invertebrate organisms membrane patterns can be found, which are similar to those of higher organisms and behave like receptors.", "contents": "Effects of epinephrine, glucagon and insulin on glucose metabolism of planaria. Epinephrine and insulin increased glucose uptake in Planaria, but epinephrine did so to a much grater extent. Glucagon proved to be without effect. The experiments support earlier results according to which in unicellular and invertebrate organisms membrane patterns can be found, which are similar to those of higher organisms and behave like receptors.", "PMID": 639762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_40", "title": "[In-vitro studies on the effect of D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate on the formation of sex steroids in the human ovary].", "content": "In vitro incubations with slices of four normal human ovaries and 4-(14)C-pregnenolone as precursor were carried out to study the possibility of a direct influence of D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate on the metabolism of pregnenolone. In agreement with our previous studies the in vitro-synthesis of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, estrone and estradiol represents the characteristic profile of steroids of the ovaries from the corpus luteum phase. The in vitro-synthesis of 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, DHA, androstenediol (basic metabolites) and androstenedione represents the characteristic profile of steroids of the ovaries from the follicle phase. The addition of D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate to the incubation medium influences these steroid profiles in the same way. The metabolites of these characteristic profiles were inhibited by the progestogens, whereas the basic metabolites increased. In previous studies the same influence was found by addition of chlormadinone acetate. The influence of these progestagens on the two different profiles of steroids indicate that D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate exert an inhibitory effect on the 3 beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase-delta 5-4-isomerase system and the aromatase system of the human ovary. These results suggest that these progestogens act directly upon ovarian function, an action which may be assumed to be operative in their contraceptive effect.", "contents": "[In-vitro studies on the effect of D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate on the formation of sex steroids in the human ovary]. In vitro incubations with slices of four normal human ovaries and 4-(14)C-pregnenolone as precursor were carried out to study the possibility of a direct influence of D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate on the metabolism of pregnenolone. In agreement with our previous studies the in vitro-synthesis of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, estrone and estradiol represents the characteristic profile of steroids of the ovaries from the corpus luteum phase. The in vitro-synthesis of 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, DHA, androstenediol (basic metabolites) and androstenedione represents the characteristic profile of steroids of the ovaries from the follicle phase. The addition of D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate to the incubation medium influences these steroid profiles in the same way. The metabolites of these characteristic profiles were inhibited by the progestogens, whereas the basic metabolites increased. In previous studies the same influence was found by addition of chlormadinone acetate. The influence of these progestagens on the two different profiles of steroids indicate that D-norgestrel and norethisterone acetate exert an inhibitory effect on the 3 beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase-delta 5-4-isomerase system and the aromatase system of the human ovary. These results suggest that these progestogens act directly upon ovarian function, an action which may be assumed to be operative in their contraceptive effect.", "PMID": 639763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_41", "title": "Endogenous production of ovarian estradiol-17 beta and its plasms levels in young rats.", "content": "Estradiol-17 beta concentration in the plasma and its production in ovaries of Wistar rats have been assayed from infancy until puberty (i.e. from the 5th till 39th days of postnatal life). The highestest estradiol-17 beta plasma concentration was found between the 15th and 20the postnatal day. 24 hrs before the vagina opened plasma estradiol-17 beta rapidly rose. Estradiol-17 beta reproduction between days 15 and 33 remained at a stable level, but its production was highest at 39 days. The increase in estradiol-17 beta production and its plasma concentration on the 35th postnatal day until the immediate onset of puberty points to a maturation process occurring at a certain period in the development of sex function in which estrogens plays a dominant role.", "contents": "Endogenous production of ovarian estradiol-17 beta and its plasms levels in young rats. Estradiol-17 beta concentration in the plasma and its production in ovaries of Wistar rats have been assayed from infancy until puberty (i.e. from the 5th till 39th days of postnatal life). The highestest estradiol-17 beta plasma concentration was found between the 15th and 20the postnatal day. 24 hrs before the vagina opened plasma estradiol-17 beta rapidly rose. Estradiol-17 beta reproduction between days 15 and 33 remained at a stable level, but its production was highest at 39 days. The increase in estradiol-17 beta production and its plasma concentration on the 35th postnatal day until the immediate onset of puberty points to a maturation process occurring at a certain period in the development of sex function in which estrogens plays a dominant role.", "PMID": 639764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_42", "title": "[A radioimmunoassay for plasma 11-desoxycortisol and its use in the rapid metopirone test].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 11-deoxycortisol in plasma is described. Antiserum against 11-deoxycortisol was produced by immunizing rabbits with the 21-hemisuccinate of 11-deoxycortisol coupled to bovine serum albumin. The method does not require chromatography but instead makes use of a simple extraction procedure which, in combination with the antibody characteristics, is relatively specific for the 11-deoxycortisol determination. The smallest amount measurable is 5 pg. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.3% before metopirone and 7.2% after metopirone. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 12.5% before metopirone and 10.3% after metopirone. Pituitary-adrenal reserve was evaluated in control and hypopituitary subjects by a simple midnight metopirone test.", "contents": "[A radioimmunoassay for plasma 11-desoxycortisol and its use in the rapid metopirone test]. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 11-deoxycortisol in plasma is described. Antiserum against 11-deoxycortisol was produced by immunizing rabbits with the 21-hemisuccinate of 11-deoxycortisol coupled to bovine serum albumin. The method does not require chromatography but instead makes use of a simple extraction procedure which, in combination with the antibody characteristics, is relatively specific for the 11-deoxycortisol determination. The smallest amount measurable is 5 pg. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.3% before metopirone and 7.2% after metopirone. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 12.5% before metopirone and 10.3% after metopirone. Pituitary-adrenal reserve was evaluated in control and hypopituitary subjects by a simple midnight metopirone test.", "PMID": 639765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_43", "title": "Derivation and experimental proof of a new algorithm for the artificial B-cell based on the individual analysis of the physiological insulin-glucose relationship.", "content": "Normal dogs were submitted to oral glucose loads or to intravenous glucose infusions. Insulin secretion rates (CISR) were calculated considering the resulting peripheral venous concentration differences in short intervals and the experimentally determined half life and apparent distribution space of exogenous insulin. Multiple regression analysis was done between CISR and both the level and the rate of change of plasma glucose. The regression coefficients were used as algorithm parameters for continuous plasma glucose dependent intravenous insulin administration in the same animals after induction of an insulin-dependent diabetes. Normal glycemic regulation over the day could be resotred by this sytem. The insulin responsiveness, however, varies from day to day; tusing this insulin dosage pattern we observed nearly normal plasma glucose curves and slightly elevated insulin reactions after glucose loading. This kind of algorithm could also be used in diabetic humans.", "contents": "Derivation and experimental proof of a new algorithm for the artificial B-cell based on the individual analysis of the physiological insulin-glucose relationship. Normal dogs were submitted to oral glucose loads or to intravenous glucose infusions. Insulin secretion rates (CISR) were calculated considering the resulting peripheral venous concentration differences in short intervals and the experimentally determined half life and apparent distribution space of exogenous insulin. Multiple regression analysis was done between CISR and both the level and the rate of change of plasma glucose. The regression coefficients were used as algorithm parameters for continuous plasma glucose dependent intravenous insulin administration in the same animals after induction of an insulin-dependent diabetes. Normal glycemic regulation over the day could be resotred by this sytem. The insulin responsiveness, however, varies from day to day; tusing this insulin dosage pattern we observed nearly normal plasma glucose curves and slightly elevated insulin reactions after glucose loading. This kind of algorithm could also be used in diabetic humans.", "PMID": 639766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_44", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of rats with experimental hyperthyroxinemia and hypothyroidism].", "content": "The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was investigated in liver of hyperthyroxinemic or hypothyreotic rats. The enzyme activity level in hyperthyroxic rats. The enzyme activity level in hyperthyroxinemic animals was significantly elevated in contrast to the hypothyreotic rats, who showed significantly reduced enzyme activity. The protein concentration in liver extracts of hyperthyroxinemic animals was slightly elevated, while hypothyreotic animals showed significantly reduced protein content of the extract.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of rats with experimental hyperthyroxinemia and hypothyroidism]. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was investigated in liver of hyperthyroxinemic or hypothyreotic rats. The enzyme activity level in hyperthyroxic rats. The enzyme activity level in hyperthyroxinemic animals was significantly elevated in contrast to the hypothyreotic rats, who showed significantly reduced enzyme activity. The protein concentration in liver extracts of hyperthyroxinemic animals was slightly elevated, while hypothyreotic animals showed significantly reduced protein content of the extract.", "PMID": 639767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_45", "title": "Long-lasting ill-effects of neonatal qualitative and/or quantitative dysnutrition in the human.", "content": "Qualitative dysnutrition (pure bottle-feeding) as well as quantitative dysnutrition (overnutrition as well as undernutrition) during the first trimenon of postnatal life was found to lead to long-lasting mental, psychic and/or physical ill-effects in the human. Females who were completely bottlefed during neonatal life showed significantly decreased school achievements as well as significantly decreased learning capacity and social adaptability at 16 years of age as compared to females who were purely breastfed or breast- plus bottlefed in neonatal life. Males who were artificially overfed during neonatal life also showed significantly decreased school achievements and significantly decreased learning capacity in adolescence as compared to males with normal weight development in neonatal life.", "contents": "Long-lasting ill-effects of neonatal qualitative and/or quantitative dysnutrition in the human. Qualitative dysnutrition (pure bottle-feeding) as well as quantitative dysnutrition (overnutrition as well as undernutrition) during the first trimenon of postnatal life was found to lead to long-lasting mental, psychic and/or physical ill-effects in the human. Females who were completely bottlefed during neonatal life showed significantly decreased school achievements as well as significantly decreased learning capacity and social adaptability at 16 years of age as compared to females who were purely breastfed or breast- plus bottlefed in neonatal life. Males who were artificially overfed during neonatal life also showed significantly decreased school achievements and significantly decreased learning capacity in adolescence as compared to males with normal weight development in neonatal life.", "PMID": 639768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_46", "title": "Ten year follow-up of paroxysmal choreoathetosis: a sporadic case becomes familial.", "content": "A 30-year-old woman is reported who was originally described in 1967 as an isolated instance of paroxysmal choreoathetosis. In the subsequent 10 years, her movement disorder has decreased in severity. However, she now has a 7-year-old daughter with a similar but more persistent and more serious condition. This family emphasizes both variability of manifestations of paroxysmal choreoathetosis and the importance of genetic factors.", "contents": "Ten year follow-up of paroxysmal choreoathetosis: a sporadic case becomes familial. A 30-year-old woman is reported who was originally described in 1967 as an isolated instance of paroxysmal choreoathetosis. In the subsequent 10 years, her movement disorder has decreased in severity. However, she now has a 7-year-old daughter with a similar but more persistent and more serious condition. This family emphasizes both variability of manifestations of paroxysmal choreoathetosis and the importance of genetic factors.", "PMID": 639769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_47", "title": "Brain amines and convulsions in four strains of parathyroidectomized, pinealectomized rat.", "content": "The tendency for four strains of parathyroidectomized (PTx) rats to convulse after pinealectomy (Px) was observed in this experiment; telencephalic serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were examined to note any correlation between amines and convulsions. The strains of rats tested were Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, Long-Evans,  and ACI. Duration to onset of convulsions was shortest in the PTx + Px Long-Evans. No convulsions were noted in the PTx +Px ACI strain, but at least 70% of the animals in each of the other PTx + Px groups did convulse. The administration of calcium gluconate (70 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in saline did not alleviate convulsions in the PTx + PTx Sprague-Dawley. Telencephalic serotonin was lowered in the PTx +Px Wistar while norepinephrine was depressed in the PTx + Px Long-Evans rat. Dopamine levels did not change. Previous work in the PTx +Px induced convulsion has led to the implication of norephinephrine alone, but this work indicates serotonin may be involved in some strains. The need for further study of the genesis of convulsions in the PTx + Px rat is clearly indicated.", "contents": "Brain amines and convulsions in four strains of parathyroidectomized, pinealectomized rat. The tendency for four strains of parathyroidectomized (PTx) rats to convulse after pinealectomy (Px) was observed in this experiment; telencephalic serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were examined to note any correlation between amines and convulsions. The strains of rats tested were Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, Long-Evans,  and ACI. Duration to onset of convulsions was shortest in the PTx + Px Long-Evans. No convulsions were noted in the PTx +Px ACI strain, but at least 70% of the animals in each of the other PTx + Px groups did convulse. The administration of calcium gluconate (70 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in saline did not alleviate convulsions in the PTx + PTx Sprague-Dawley. Telencephalic serotonin was lowered in the PTx +Px Wistar while norepinephrine was depressed in the PTx + Px Long-Evans rat. Dopamine levels did not change. Previous work in the PTx +Px induced convulsion has led to the implication of norephinephrine alone, but this work indicates serotonin may be involved in some strains. The need for further study of the genesis of convulsions in the PTx + Px rat is clearly indicated.", "PMID": 639770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_48", "title": "Anticonvulsant properties of ropizine in epileptic and nonepileptic beagle dogs.", "content": "Studies were conducted on a colony of purebred beagle dogs. Animals with spontaneous seizures were classed as epileptic beagles (EB). Those without spontaneous seizures were termed nonepileptic beagles (NEB). The median convulsant current for maximal electroshock seizure (MES) threshold was 175(194-158)mA for EB and 390 (417-364) mA for NEB. Similarly the median convulsant dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was 7.9 (10.1-6.2) mg/kg for EB and 20.2 (24.2-17.6) mg/kg for NEB. Following pretreatment with graded doses of ropizine (SC 13504), the median protective dose against MES was 6.0(9.2-3.9) mg/kg in EB and 3.2(4.8-2.1) mg/kg in NEB. Based on the incidence of ataxia, EB had a median toxic dose (TD50) of 14.0(16.5-11.9) mg/kg, while in NEB it was 18.0(23.6-13.7)mg/kg. The TD50 doses were unable to protect against a convulsive dose of PTZ. It is concluded first that ropizine may have anti-grand mal activity but apparently lacks an anti-petit mal action. Secondly, EB are more sensitive than NEB to the convulsive effects of electric current and PTZ, yet less responsive to the anticonvulsant actions of ropizine.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant properties of ropizine in epileptic and nonepileptic beagle dogs. Studies were conducted on a colony of purebred beagle dogs. Animals with spontaneous seizures were classed as epileptic beagles (EB). Those without spontaneous seizures were termed nonepileptic beagles (NEB). The median convulsant current for maximal electroshock seizure (MES) threshold was 175(194-158)mA for EB and 390 (417-364) mA for NEB. Similarly the median convulsant dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was 7.9 (10.1-6.2) mg/kg for EB and 20.2 (24.2-17.6) mg/kg for NEB. Following pretreatment with graded doses of ropizine (SC 13504), the median protective dose against MES was 6.0(9.2-3.9) mg/kg in EB and 3.2(4.8-2.1) mg/kg in NEB. Based on the incidence of ataxia, EB had a median toxic dose (TD50) of 14.0(16.5-11.9) mg/kg, while in NEB it was 18.0(23.6-13.7)mg/kg. The TD50 doses were unable to protect against a convulsive dose of PTZ. It is concluded first that ropizine may have anti-grand mal activity but apparently lacks an anti-petit mal action. Secondly, EB are more sensitive than NEB to the convulsive effects of electric current and PTZ, yet less responsive to the anticonvulsant actions of ropizine.", "PMID": 639771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_49", "title": "Paroxysmal discharges triggered by hearing spoken language.", "content": "We examined the modality of EEG activation by various kinds of acoustic stimulation in a middle-aged Japanese female with epilepsy. Paroxysmal discharges were triggered in the right frontal area (F4) by verval stimulation. For the activation of EEG, concentration of attention on the stimulation was essential; therefore paroxysmal discharges were triggered most easily by verbal stimuli when someone spoke to the patient directly. Stronger responses than usual were triggered by specific words, and apparently reflected the interest and concern of the patient. The latency from stimulation to paroxysmal discharges ranged from 230 to 1,300 msec, suggesting that the responses may have been a function of the perception and recognition of acoustic stimuli. \"Heard-word epilepsy\" or \"Angesprochene Epilepsie\" is suggested in this case.", "contents": "Paroxysmal discharges triggered by hearing spoken language. We examined the modality of EEG activation by various kinds of acoustic stimulation in a middle-aged Japanese female with epilepsy. Paroxysmal discharges were triggered in the right frontal area (F4) by verval stimulation. For the activation of EEG, concentration of attention on the stimulation was essential; therefore paroxysmal discharges were triggered most easily by verbal stimuli when someone spoke to the patient directly. Stronger responses than usual were triggered by specific words, and apparently reflected the interest and concern of the patient. The latency from stimulation to paroxysmal discharges ranged from 230 to 1,300 msec, suggesting that the responses may have been a function of the perception and recognition of acoustic stimuli. \"Heard-word epilepsy\" or \"Angesprochene Epilepsie\" is suggested in this case.", "PMID": 639772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_50", "title": "Cerebral cortical cholesterol changes in cobalt-induced epilepsy.", "content": "The present study was designed to elucidate cerebral cortical cholesterol changes observed earlier in cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. This model is produced by insertion of cobalt metal rods into the cerebral cortex. Seven days after implantations of cobalt (or other metals), measurements of cerebral cortical lipid concentrations were made in the direct area of metal implantation (lesion area) and in the nonnecrotic tissue immediately adjacent to the lesion site (adjacent area). The cortical concentration of free cholesterol decreased and the concentrations of cholesterol esters (CE) greatly increased in the adjacent area of rats implanted with epileptogenic metals (cobalt and nickel) but not in those implanted with nonepileptogenic metals (copper and stainless steel). Differences in the fatty acid compositions of CE from plasma and those from cobalt-lesioned cortex indicated that the accumulated CE originated in the brain rather than from the plasma CE pool. A time course study revealed that changes in the cortical concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol precedes the first appearance of epileptiform activity as measured by electrocorticography. The reduction of free cholesterol levels most likely reflects increased cholesterol metabolism in the cobalt-lesioned cortex. A major portion of this free cholesterol appears to be converted to CE, but not to bile acid or neutral sterol (potential products of cholesterol metabolism). The concentration of free fatty acids, the other substrate of CE formation, was decreased in the lesion site. The increased metabolism of cholesterol could not be explained by changes in the activities of CE synthetase and hydrolase(s). Since cholesterol in the brain is found almost exclusively in membranes, it is likely that these sterol changes reflect membrane alterations or disintegration. However, the exact relationship of these changes to the epileptogenic effect of cobalt remains unclear.", "contents": "Cerebral cortical cholesterol changes in cobalt-induced epilepsy. The present study was designed to elucidate cerebral cortical cholesterol changes observed earlier in cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. This model is produced by insertion of cobalt metal rods into the cerebral cortex. Seven days after implantations of cobalt (or other metals), measurements of cerebral cortical lipid concentrations were made in the direct area of metal implantation (lesion area) and in the nonnecrotic tissue immediately adjacent to the lesion site (adjacent area). The cortical concentration of free cholesterol decreased and the concentrations of cholesterol esters (CE) greatly increased in the adjacent area of rats implanted with epileptogenic metals (cobalt and nickel) but not in those implanted with nonepileptogenic metals (copper and stainless steel). Differences in the fatty acid compositions of CE from plasma and those from cobalt-lesioned cortex indicated that the accumulated CE originated in the brain rather than from the plasma CE pool. A time course study revealed that changes in the cortical concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol precedes the first appearance of epileptiform activity as measured by electrocorticography. The reduction of free cholesterol levels most likely reflects increased cholesterol metabolism in the cobalt-lesioned cortex. A major portion of this free cholesterol appears to be converted to CE, but not to bile acid or neutral sterol (potential products of cholesterol metabolism). The concentration of free fatty acids, the other substrate of CE formation, was decreased in the lesion site. The increased metabolism of cholesterol could not be explained by changes in the activities of CE synthetase and hydrolase(s). Since cholesterol in the brain is found almost exclusively in membranes, it is likely that these sterol changes reflect membrane alterations or disintegration. However, the exact relationship of these changes to the epileptogenic effect of cobalt remains unclear.", "PMID": 639773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_51", "title": "Inattentiveness in schoolchildren with epilepsy.", "content": "Different aspects of \"inattentiveness\" or related behavior were assessed in 71 children with epilepsy and in 35 nonepileptic children attending ordinary school. Both groups were of similar age and eduational circumstances. Epileptic boys were significantly more inattentive and overactive than nonepileptic boys according to their teachers and parents, and they performed significantly less well on tests of sustained attention and perceptual accuracy. No such differences were seen between epileptic and nonepileptic girls. This contrast between the epileptic groups was not attributable to drug effects or EEG abnormalities. Auditory stimulation reduced the perceptual accuracy of nonepileptic children but appeared to have a beneficial effect on epileptic groups. Teachers' ratings of inattentiveness were not consistently correlated with other measures. These findings conform with other evidence which suggests that epileptic boys are behaviorally more vulnerable than epileptic girls but not simply as a reflection of sex related differences in children in general. The results also suggest that teachers' statements about \"inattentiveness\" are difficult to interpret and that problem behavior at school needs to be specified precisely.", "contents": "Inattentiveness in schoolchildren with epilepsy. Different aspects of \"inattentiveness\" or related behavior were assessed in 71 children with epilepsy and in 35 nonepileptic children attending ordinary school. Both groups were of similar age and eduational circumstances. Epileptic boys were significantly more inattentive and overactive than nonepileptic boys according to their teachers and parents, and they performed significantly less well on tests of sustained attention and perceptual accuracy. No such differences were seen between epileptic and nonepileptic girls. This contrast between the epileptic groups was not attributable to drug effects or EEG abnormalities. Auditory stimulation reduced the perceptual accuracy of nonepileptic children but appeared to have a beneficial effect on epileptic groups. Teachers' ratings of inattentiveness were not consistently correlated with other measures. These findings conform with other evidence which suggests that epileptic boys are behaviorally more vulnerable than epileptic girls but not simply as a reflection of sex related differences in children in general. The results also suggest that teachers' statements about \"inattentiveness\" are difficult to interpret and that problem behavior at school needs to be specified precisely.", "PMID": 639774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_52", "title": "Creatine kinase and hexose phosphate isomerase activity in skeletal muscles of healthy male adults.", "content": "Creatine kinase (CPK) and hexose phosphate isomerase (PHI) activities were measured in surgically obtained skeletal muscle samples of healthy adult men (n = 45). Median values of 4,200 for CPK and 275 for PHI (U/g wet weight, 37 degrees C) were found. Duplicate determinations on 7 samples divided and treated separately gave a very good reproducibility. There is a significant relationship between the activity of the two enzymes (r = +0.798, p less than 0.001). The mean activity levels were for both enzymes higher in m. vastus medialis quadricipitis and m. triceps brachii, c. long., than in vastus lateralis quadric. and in deltoideus. PHI frequency distribution was not of the normal type but probably bimodal, suggesting muscle types with lower and higher glycolytic rate in man.", "contents": "Creatine kinase and hexose phosphate isomerase activity in skeletal muscles of healthy male adults. Creatine kinase (CPK) and hexose phosphate isomerase (PHI) activities were measured in surgically obtained skeletal muscle samples of healthy adult men (n = 45). Median values of 4,200 for CPK and 275 for PHI (U/g wet weight, 37 degrees C) were found. Duplicate determinations on 7 samples divided and treated separately gave a very good reproducibility. There is a significant relationship between the activity of the two enzymes (r = +0.798, p less than 0.001). The mean activity levels were for both enzymes higher in m. vastus medialis quadricipitis and m. triceps brachii, c. long., than in vastus lateralis quadric. and in deltoideus. PHI frequency distribution was not of the normal type but probably bimodal, suggesting muscle types with lower and higher glycolytic rate in man.", "PMID": 639775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_53", "title": "Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases in the liver and placenta during the development of the rat.", "content": "The ontogenetic development of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH I and II) was followed in rats. ADH could be detected just before birth and increased gradually to reach 82% of adult values at 47 days. ALDH I and II were present from day 15 of gestation, increased rapidly at birth, and reached 80-90% adult values at 47 days. The ratio between ALDH and ADH activities decreased gradually during ontogenesis. The relative subcellular distribution of all enzymes was identical before birth, 7 days after birth and in adults. The placental activities of ADH and ALDH I and II were studied at 15 and 20 days of pregnancy. ADH could not be detected in placentas. Low activities of ALDH I and II were present in placentas studied at 15 days of gestation, and still lower activities were found in placenta at 20 days.", "contents": "Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases in the liver and placenta during the development of the rat. The ontogenetic development of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH I and II) was followed in rats. ADH could be detected just before birth and increased gradually to reach 82% of adult values at 47 days. ALDH I and II were present from day 15 of gestation, increased rapidly at birth, and reached 80-90% adult values at 47 days. The ratio between ALDH and ADH activities decreased gradually during ontogenesis. The relative subcellular distribution of all enzymes was identical before birth, 7 days after birth and in adults. The placental activities of ADH and ALDH I and II were studied at 15 and 20 days of pregnancy. ADH could not be detected in placentas. Low activities of ALDH I and II were present in placentas studied at 15 days of gestation, and still lower activities were found in placenta at 20 days.", "PMID": 639776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_54", "title": "Effect of DL-homocysteine on some hepatic folate enzymes and folate concentration in cobalamin-deficient rats.", "content": "Male weanling wistar rats were fed either a vitamin B12-deficient diet or a vitamin B12-deficient diet supplemented with DL-homocysteine for 12 weeks. The control group was given a vitamin B12-supplemented diet for 12 weeks. Hepatic folate, hepatic, 5,10-methylene THF reductase (EC 1.1.1.68) and hepatic 5-methyl THF; homocysteine methyl transferase (EC 2.1.1.13) activities were assayed in all the rats after killing. The hepatic folate activity was very low among the homocysteine-supplemented rats. 5,10-methylene THF reductase and 5-methyl THF; homocysteine methyl transferase activities were increased in the homocysteine-fed rats. These results show that dietary DL-homocysteine has some regulatory effect on the two enzymes involved in the production of 'free' THF.", "contents": "Effect of DL-homocysteine on some hepatic folate enzymes and folate concentration in cobalamin-deficient rats. Male weanling wistar rats were fed either a vitamin B12-deficient diet or a vitamin B12-deficient diet supplemented with DL-homocysteine for 12 weeks. The control group was given a vitamin B12-supplemented diet for 12 weeks. Hepatic folate, hepatic, 5,10-methylene THF reductase (EC 1.1.1.68) and hepatic 5-methyl THF; homocysteine methyl transferase (EC 2.1.1.13) activities were assayed in all the rats after killing. The hepatic folate activity was very low among the homocysteine-supplemented rats. 5,10-methylene THF reductase and 5-methyl THF; homocysteine methyl transferase activities were increased in the homocysteine-fed rats. These results show that dietary DL-homocysteine has some regulatory effect on the two enzymes involved in the production of 'free' THF.", "PMID": 639777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_55", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The study of a group of 114 hepatic patients allowed us to demonstrate the presence of an isophosphatase band, called ALP4, which can be of value as an index of evolutive cirrhosis. A certain correlation between the presence of this alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in serum and histological evidence of moderate or extreme inflammatory response in liver biopsies was shown.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in liver cirrhosis. The study of a group of 114 hepatic patients allowed us to demonstrate the presence of an isophosphatase band, called ALP4, which can be of value as an index of evolutive cirrhosis. A certain correlation between the presence of this alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in serum and histological evidence of moderate or extreme inflammatory response in liver biopsies was shown.", "PMID": 639778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_56", "title": "Separation and characterization of intestinal brush border enzymes in adult rats and in suckling rats under normal conditions and after hydrocortisone injections.", "content": "Adult and suckling (13 days old) rat intestinal brush borders have been purified by the procedure of Schmitz et al. (25). Enzymatic proteins have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the adult rat, enzyme proteins have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the adult rat, enzyme activities in order from the origin were: maltase/glucoamylase/sucrase-isomaltase (protein band 3), lactase (protein band 5), maltase/sucrase-isomaltase (protein band 6) and alkaline phosphatase (protein bands 8 and 9). In the suckling rat, protein band 5 associated with lactase activity was found to be markedly higher compared to the adult rat. Gels were completely devoid of sucrase-isomaltase activity while protein band 3 was strikingly reduced and protein band 6 absent. After hydrocortisone administration to suckling rats, a new band associated with sucrase-isomaltase activity appeared in position 6, whereas protein band 3 markedly increased with the simultaneous appearance of sucrase-isomaltase activity.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of intestinal brush border enzymes in adult rats and in suckling rats under normal conditions and after hydrocortisone injections. Adult and suckling (13 days old) rat intestinal brush borders have been purified by the procedure of Schmitz et al. (25). Enzymatic proteins have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the adult rat, enzyme proteins have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the adult rat, enzyme activities in order from the origin were: maltase/glucoamylase/sucrase-isomaltase (protein band 3), lactase (protein band 5), maltase/sucrase-isomaltase (protein band 6) and alkaline phosphatase (protein bands 8 and 9). In the suckling rat, protein band 5 associated with lactase activity was found to be markedly higher compared to the adult rat. Gels were completely devoid of sucrase-isomaltase activity while protein band 3 was strikingly reduced and protein band 6 absent. After hydrocortisone administration to suckling rats, a new band associated with sucrase-isomaltase activity appeared in position 6, whereas protein band 3 markedly increased with the simultaneous appearance of sucrase-isomaltase activity.", "PMID": 639779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_57", "title": "[Penetration of external thermal perturbations into homeothermic organisms, part I (author's transl)].", "content": "The general importance of the mean surface curvature for heat conduction problems is explained and a special symmetry with constant mean curvature on the isothermal surfaces is defined. The applicability for the body shapes of homeothermic organisms is demonstrated and the partial differential equation of heat conduction for this case is derived. The definition: heat release = real heat production + convective pseudoproduction eliminates the term of convective heat transfer through the blood stream and allows the reduction to a mere heat conduction problem. Formulas for the heat loss to the environment and for steady state temperature profiles are given. In case of sudden change of heat loss the partial differential equation is solved and a formula is derived, using dimensionless coordinates of time and distance. The mean surface curvature has strongest influence to the interior temperature field. The solution shows clearly the importance of thermal inertia of the homeothermic organism, for the external temperature wave penetrates into the body with a long phase displacement in time.", "contents": "[Penetration of external thermal perturbations into homeothermic organisms, part I (author's transl)]. The general importance of the mean surface curvature for heat conduction problems is explained and a special symmetry with constant mean curvature on the isothermal surfaces is defined. The applicability for the body shapes of homeothermic organisms is demonstrated and the partial differential equation of heat conduction for this case is derived. The definition: heat release = real heat production + convective pseudoproduction eliminates the term of convective heat transfer through the blood stream and allows the reduction to a mere heat conduction problem. Formulas for the heat loss to the environment and for steady state temperature profiles are given. In case of sudden change of heat loss the partial differential equation is solved and a formula is derived, using dimensionless coordinates of time and distance. The mean surface curvature has strongest influence to the interior temperature field. The solution shows clearly the importance of thermal inertia of the homeothermic organism, for the external temperature wave penetrates into the body with a long phase displacement in time.", "PMID": 639785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_58", "title": "[Penetration of external thermal perturbations into homeothermic organisms, part II (author's transl)].", "content": "The penetration of external thermal perturbations into parts of the body with different surface curvatures is discussed. For areas with approximate rotational symmetry a theoretical treatment by means of the variation theory is possible. the mean surface curvature on the rotation axis is constant. Therefore the solution of the partial differential equation given in part I can be applied without change, if the correct value of the mean surface curvature of the body part is used. Also for an exponential form of alteration of the heat loss a solution is deduced. Combining small parts of sudden and exponential changes of heat loss it is possible to approximate almost any reasonable type of external thermal perturbation. Superimposing single solutions with different parameters allows then a complete solution of the problem. The importance of the theoretical results in view of homeothermia is discussed.", "contents": "[Penetration of external thermal perturbations into homeothermic organisms, part II (author's transl)]. The penetration of external thermal perturbations into parts of the body with different surface curvatures is discussed. For areas with approximate rotational symmetry a theoretical treatment by means of the variation theory is possible. the mean surface curvature on the rotation axis is constant. Therefore the solution of the partial differential equation given in part I can be applied without change, if the correct value of the mean surface curvature of the body part is used. Also for an exponential form of alteration of the heat loss a solution is deduced. Combining small parts of sudden and exponential changes of heat loss it is possible to approximate almost any reasonable type of external thermal perturbation. Superimposing single solutions with different parameters allows then a complete solution of the problem. The importance of the theoretical results in view of homeothermia is discussed.", "PMID": 639786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_59", "title": "[Examination and assessment of time-variant human strain in motor car driving: real situation--simulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Time variant processes of activity, activation and strain of man are registrated during several hours of automobil driving (highway-autobahn) for different stress conditions and classified in terms of degrees of fatigue. By comparison with an assessment of strain in a simulated driving task with the same individuum and the same research-methods it is shown that the development of methods for measurement and assessment of time-variant human processes in laboratory experiments can be recommended, field-studies higher degrees of strain were found than under laboratory conditions.", "contents": "[Examination and assessment of time-variant human strain in motor car driving: real situation--simulation (author's transl)]. Time variant processes of activity, activation and strain of man are registrated during several hours of automobil driving (highway-autobahn) for different stress conditions and classified in terms of degrees of fatigue. By comparison with an assessment of strain in a simulated driving task with the same individuum and the same research-methods it is shown that the development of methods for measurement and assessment of time-variant human processes in laboratory experiments can be recommended, field-studies higher degrees of strain were found than under laboratory conditions.", "PMID": 639787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_60", "title": "Changes in male exercise performance and anthropometric variables between the ages of 19 and 30.", "content": "In order to study possible changes in Swedish men between the approximate ages of 19 and 30, 55 men from the Stockholm area were re-examined 11 years after examinations made in connection with compulsory military duty. The most pronounced finding was a 11% increase in body weight accompanied by a 19% increase in waist circumference and a 25-41% increase in skinfold thickness. A 5% increase in work output at heart rate 170 (W170) was observed but the ratio W170/weight decreased by 5%. The observed changes were even more pronounced in a subgroup who had a low exercise level in their spare time at the age of 19 as well as 30. Growth was not quite completed at the age of 19. Of the increase in height amounting to 1.3 cm, 70% was due to growth in tibial length.", "contents": "Changes in male exercise performance and anthropometric variables between the ages of 19 and 30. In order to study possible changes in Swedish men between the approximate ages of 19 and 30, 55 men from the Stockholm area were re-examined 11 years after examinations made in connection with compulsory military duty. The most pronounced finding was a 11% increase in body weight accompanied by a 19% increase in waist circumference and a 25-41% increase in skinfold thickness. A 5% increase in work output at heart rate 170 (W170) was observed but the ratio W170/weight decreased by 5%. The observed changes were even more pronounced in a subgroup who had a low exercise level in their spare time at the age of 19 as well as 30. Growth was not quite completed at the age of 19. Of the increase in height amounting to 1.3 cm, 70% was due to growth in tibial length.", "PMID": 639788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_61", "title": "Aerobic performance capacity in athletes.", "content": "Maximal oxygen uptake (max VO2) in leg and arm work, succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH) and percentage of slow twitch fibers (%ST fibers) in M. vastus lateralis (VL), M. gastrocnemius c.l. (GL) and M. deltoideus (D) were studied in 89 athletes practising 11 different sport events. It was found that maximal oxygen uptake correlated positively with %ST fibers and SDH activity in M. VL. The SDH activity and %ST fibers in M. VL correlated also with one another. The results suggest that oxidative capacity of the muscles is not the limiting factor for maximal oxygen uptake. The role of the oxidative capacity of the muscles might be important during submaximal work of long duration and when a relatively small muscle mass is activated (long-distance running). MaxVO2 might be the most important determinant of performance when large muscle mass is activated during maximal work of a duration from several minutes up to 1 h (cross-country skiing).", "contents": "Aerobic performance capacity in athletes. Maximal oxygen uptake (max VO2) in leg and arm work, succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH) and percentage of slow twitch fibers (%ST fibers) in M. vastus lateralis (VL), M. gastrocnemius c.l. (GL) and M. deltoideus (D) were studied in 89 athletes practising 11 different sport events. It was found that maximal oxygen uptake correlated positively with %ST fibers and SDH activity in M. VL. The SDH activity and %ST fibers in M. VL correlated also with one another. The results suggest that oxidative capacity of the muscles is not the limiting factor for maximal oxygen uptake. The role of the oxidative capacity of the muscles might be important during submaximal work of long duration and when a relatively small muscle mass is activated (long-distance running). MaxVO2 might be the most important determinant of performance when large muscle mass is activated during maximal work of a duration from several minutes up to 1 h (cross-country skiing).", "PMID": 639789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_62", "title": "[Contribution of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles to the efforts of pronation or supination. I. Statistical work (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrical activity of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles is studied through the prono-supination of the forearm in some isometrical conditions (static work) with different loads and joint positions. If the pronator teres is always being active in pronation, this activity is a function of the load and of the wrist and elbow positions. The same phenomena can be observed for the biceps brachii but when in supination. From the curvilinear relationships between the integrated electrical activity and the load--observed on both muscles--some torque-angle relationships can be established for the biceps brachii which show that a bifunctional muscle seems to be characterized by a very and unique force-length relationship.", "contents": "[Contribution of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles to the efforts of pronation or supination. I. Statistical work (author's transl)]. The electrical activity of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles is studied through the prono-supination of the forearm in some isometrical conditions (static work) with different loads and joint positions. If the pronator teres is always being active in pronation, this activity is a function of the load and of the wrist and elbow positions. The same phenomena can be observed for the biceps brachii but when in supination. From the curvilinear relationships between the integrated electrical activity and the load--observed on both muscles--some torque-angle relationships can be established for the biceps brachii which show that a bifunctional muscle seems to be characterized by a very and unique force-length relationship.", "PMID": 639790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_63", "title": "[Contribution of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles to the efforts of pronation or supination. II. dynamic work (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrical activity of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles is studied through the prono-supination of the forearm in some anisometrical conditions (dynamic work) when the inertia of the mobile system and the elbow position are being varied. The subjects are required to perform pronation, supination and flexion movements, either isolated or combined. From the findings obtained when the integrated electrical activity (Q) is related to the mechanical work (W), one can conclude that a. the Q-W linear relationship seems to characterize the chief function of a muscle, b. the slope of the Q-W relationship depends on the elbow position, c. the pronator muscles do not inhibit in a selective manner the biceps supinating function. So a bifunctional muscle seems to act as a whole.", "contents": "[Contribution of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles to the efforts of pronation or supination. II. dynamic work (author's transl)]. The electrical activity of the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles is studied through the prono-supination of the forearm in some anisometrical conditions (dynamic work) when the inertia of the mobile system and the elbow position are being varied. The subjects are required to perform pronation, supination and flexion movements, either isolated or combined. From the findings obtained when the integrated electrical activity (Q) is related to the mechanical work (W), one can conclude that a. the Q-W linear relationship seems to characterize the chief function of a muscle, b. the slope of the Q-W relationship depends on the elbow position, c. the pronator muscles do not inhibit in a selective manner the biceps supinating function. So a bifunctional muscle seems to act as a whole.", "PMID": 639791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_64", "title": "Structural studies on the D-arabinose-containing lipid A from Rhodospirillum tenue 2761.", "content": "Structural studies carried out on the isolated free lipid A of Rhodospirillum tenue 2761 revealed a new type of structure for this lipid. The lipid A backbone of 1',6-linked glucosamine disaccharide (central disaccharide) is substituted by three different sugar residues: the non-reducing end of the disaccharide by 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose 1-phosphate and its reducing end glycosidically by D-arabinofuranose 1-phosphate; further, the reducing glucosamine of the disaccharide is branched to a third glucosamine residue by a 1'',4-glycosidic linkage. The amino and the hydroxyl groups of the central disaccharide are acylated by 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (amide-linked) and palmitic and myristic acids (ester-linked). Neither amino nor hydroxyl groups of the three external sugar residues are acylated. The results suggest the following chemical structure for the lipid A of R. tenue 2761: (formula: see text).", "contents": "Structural studies on the D-arabinose-containing lipid A from Rhodospirillum tenue 2761. Structural studies carried out on the isolated free lipid A of Rhodospirillum tenue 2761 revealed a new type of structure for this lipid. The lipid A backbone of 1',6-linked glucosamine disaccharide (central disaccharide) is substituted by three different sugar residues: the non-reducing end of the disaccharide by 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose 1-phosphate and its reducing end glycosidically by D-arabinofuranose 1-phosphate; further, the reducing glucosamine of the disaccharide is branched to a third glucosamine residue by a 1'',4-glycosidic linkage. The amino and the hydroxyl groups of the central disaccharide are acylated by 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (amide-linked) and palmitic and myristic acids (ester-linked). Neither amino nor hydroxyl groups of the three external sugar residues are acylated. The results suggest the following chemical structure for the lipid A of R. tenue 2761: (formula: see text).", "PMID": 639795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_65", "title": "Small-angle X-ray studies of a human immunoglobulin M.", "content": "The conformation of a Waldenstr\u00f6m immunoglobulin M (IgM) with antibody-like activity for X-ray contrast media, based on 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The radius of gyration was determined as 12.1 nm, the maximum distance 35 nm, the volume 1900 nm3. A flat star-shaped model was found to be equivalent in scattering. Aggregation of IgM molecules seems to take place as side-by-side combinations of single molecules, manifesting itself as a relatively large increase of the radius of gyration and unchanged thickness of the flat aggregates.", "contents": "Small-angle X-ray studies of a human immunoglobulin M. The conformation of a Waldenstr\u00f6m immunoglobulin M (IgM) with antibody-like activity for X-ray contrast media, based on 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The radius of gyration was determined as 12.1 nm, the maximum distance 35 nm, the volume 1900 nm3. A flat star-shaped model was found to be equivalent in scattering. Aggregation of IgM molecules seems to take place as side-by-side combinations of single molecules, manifesting itself as a relatively large increase of the radius of gyration and unchanged thickness of the flat aggregates.", "PMID": 639799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_66", "title": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' extremity of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA. 1. The noncoding region (nucleotides 1-68).", "content": "The sequence of the 5' noncoding region of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. The noncoding region is 68 nucleotides long and is unusual in that it contains no internal guanosine residues. The long T1 oligonucleotide containing the guanosine-free tract was isolated from a T1 ribonuclease digest of tobacco mosaic virus RNA and sequenced by labelling techniques in vitro using polynucleotide kinase. The guanosine-free tract is terminated by the first potential initiation codon in the RNA molecule and several lines of evidence suggest that this AUG triplet is operational in initiating viral protein synthesis (see following paper). The 5'-noncoding region cannot base-pair extensively with the 3'-terminal sequence of 18-S ribosomal RNA from rabbit reticulocytes.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' extremity of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA. 1. The noncoding region (nucleotides 1-68). The sequence of the 5' noncoding region of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. The noncoding region is 68 nucleotides long and is unusual in that it contains no internal guanosine residues. The long T1 oligonucleotide containing the guanosine-free tract was isolated from a T1 ribonuclease digest of tobacco mosaic virus RNA and sequenced by labelling techniques in vitro using polynucleotide kinase. The guanosine-free tract is terminated by the first potential initiation codon in the RNA molecule and several lines of evidence suggest that this AUG triplet is operational in initiating viral protein synthesis (see following paper). The 5'-noncoding region cannot base-pair extensively with the 3'-terminal sequence of 18-S ribosomal RNA from rabbit reticulocytes.", "PMID": 639800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_67", "title": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' extremity of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA. 2. The coding region (nucleotides 69-236).", "content": "In the preceding paper it was shown that the first A-U-G codon in tobacco mosaic virus RNA is separated from the 5' terminus by a sequence of 68 nucleotides devoid of internal guanosine residues. In this paper we present the sequence of 165 residues immediately following the first potential initiation codon. The characterized sequence contains four nonsense codons but none are in phase with the prospective initiation codon. Several lines of evidence, including direct characterization of the portion of the RNA molecule which binds to and is protected by the ribosome in the course of initiation, all support the idea that the A-U-G at position 69-71 is a functional initiation signal for viral protein synthesis.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' extremity of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA. 2. The coding region (nucleotides 69-236). In the preceding paper it was shown that the first A-U-G codon in tobacco mosaic virus RNA is separated from the 5' terminus by a sequence of 68 nucleotides devoid of internal guanosine residues. In this paper we present the sequence of 165 residues immediately following the first potential initiation codon. The characterized sequence contains four nonsense codons but none are in phase with the prospective initiation codon. Several lines of evidence, including direct characterization of the portion of the RNA molecule which binds to and is protected by the ribosome in the course of initiation, all support the idea that the A-U-G at position 69-71 is a functional initiation signal for viral protein synthesis.", "PMID": 639801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_68", "title": "Synthesis of cellulose precursors. The involvement of lipid-linked sugars.", "content": "Particulate preparations from the Chlorophyta Prototheca zopfi catalyze the incorporation of [14C]glucose from UDP-[14C]glucoe into lipids. These lipids have been characterized as lipid-P-glucose, lipid-PP-glucose, and lipid-PP-oligosaccharides. The lipid-linked oligosaccharides were a mixture ranging from a disaccharide to approximately a decasaccharide. Cellulase digestion and periodate oxidation showed that the oligosaccharides seem to be built of beta-1,4-linked glucoses. The lipid moiety had the properties of dolichol. The glucolipids described appeared as precursors of a water-soluble polymer. Treatments of this polymer with hydrolytic enzymes and periodate oxidation that it could be a glycoprotein containing beta-1,4-linked glucoses. When GDP-glucose was added to the incubation mixture, the 14C-labelled soluble polymer became insoluble in hot alkali. This insoluble polymer had the properties expected for cellulose. A scheme is proposed with the reactions involved in the initiation of cellulose biosynthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of cellulose precursors. The involvement of lipid-linked sugars. Particulate preparations from the Chlorophyta Prototheca zopfi catalyze the incorporation of [14C]glucose from UDP-[14C]glucoe into lipids. These lipids have been characterized as lipid-P-glucose, lipid-PP-glucose, and lipid-PP-oligosaccharides. The lipid-linked oligosaccharides were a mixture ranging from a disaccharide to approximately a decasaccharide. Cellulase digestion and periodate oxidation showed that the oligosaccharides seem to be built of beta-1,4-linked glucoses. The lipid moiety had the properties of dolichol. The glucolipids described appeared as precursors of a water-soluble polymer. Treatments of this polymer with hydrolytic enzymes and periodate oxidation that it could be a glycoprotein containing beta-1,4-linked glucoses. When GDP-glucose was added to the incubation mixture, the 14C-labelled soluble polymer became insoluble in hot alkali. This insoluble polymer had the properties expected for cellulose. A scheme is proposed with the reactions involved in the initiation of cellulose biosynthesis.", "PMID": 639803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_69", "title": "Characterization of proteins from nucleolar preribosomes of mouse leukemia cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Proteins of isolated 80-S and 60-S nucleolar preribosomal particles were characterized by means of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in the lymphocytic mouse leukemia cells L5178Y. Their identification and metabolic relationships with ribosomal subunit proteins were investigated using co-electrophoresis of unlabeled polysomal proteins with labeled proteins of either nucleolar preribosomes or ribosomal subunits. The large and small ribosomal subunits contain 40 and 31 proteins, respectively. The nucleolar 80-S preribosomes were analysed after 2 and 5 h of incubation with tritiated valine and leucine and were shown to contain about 55 proteins. Most of them were identical to cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit proteins. The nucleolar 60-S preribosomes contain all the proteins which are common to 80-S preribosomes and large ribosomal subunits, and one additional protein (L10). The ribosomal proteins which were absent from nucleolar particles were found to be labeled in the cytoplasmic ribosomes after the same incubation period. Thus, in addition to the association of the bulk of ribosomal proteins with 45-S RNA within the 80-S preribosomes, results indicate that a group of ribosomal proteins and particularly from the small subunits, become associated at later stages of the maturation process of mammalian ribosomes. It was further shown that a set of 10 proteins, different from ribosomal polypeptides, were present in nucleolar preribosomal particles. Several of them were associated with polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, whereas the others were unique to the nucleolus.", "contents": "Characterization of proteins from nucleolar preribosomes of mouse leukemia cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins of isolated 80-S and 60-S nucleolar preribosomal particles were characterized by means of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in the lymphocytic mouse leukemia cells L5178Y. Their identification and metabolic relationships with ribosomal subunit proteins were investigated using co-electrophoresis of unlabeled polysomal proteins with labeled proteins of either nucleolar preribosomes or ribosomal subunits. The large and small ribosomal subunits contain 40 and 31 proteins, respectively. The nucleolar 80-S preribosomes were analysed after 2 and 5 h of incubation with tritiated valine and leucine and were shown to contain about 55 proteins. Most of them were identical to cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit proteins. The nucleolar 60-S preribosomes contain all the proteins which are common to 80-S preribosomes and large ribosomal subunits, and one additional protein (L10). The ribosomal proteins which were absent from nucleolar particles were found to be labeled in the cytoplasmic ribosomes after the same incubation period. Thus, in addition to the association of the bulk of ribosomal proteins with 45-S RNA within the 80-S preribosomes, results indicate that a group of ribosomal proteins and particularly from the small subunits, become associated at later stages of the maturation process of mammalian ribosomes. It was further shown that a set of 10 proteins, different from ribosomal polypeptides, were present in nucleolar preribosomal particles. Several of them were associated with polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, whereas the others were unique to the nucleolus.", "PMID": 639809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_70", "title": "Glycosylation in vitro of Semliki-Forest-virus and influenza-virus glycoproteins and its suppression by nucleotide-2-deoxy-hexose.", "content": "Cell-free enzyme preparations from cultured fibroblasts infected with Semliki forest virus or fowl plague virus (an influenza A virus) incorporate [14C]-mannose into dolichol-phosphate-mannose, lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into endogenous virus-specific glycoproteins. When GDP-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose serves as substrate 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose is transferred to dolichol phosphate yielding dolichol-monophosphate-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose. UDP-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose gives rise also to a lipid which, however, is not a polyprenol derivative. The transfer of [14C]mannose to lipid-extractable fractions and glycoproteins in vitro is blocked by GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose. It can be restored by exogenous dolichol monophosphate only with regard to the formation of dolichol-monophosphate-[14C]mannose-labelled oligosaccharides into glycoproteins. UDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose has no inhibitory effect on transfer reactions of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into various lipid fractions or into glycoprotein. It is concluded therefore, that the inhibition of glycosylation brought about by 2-deoxyglucose in vivo is caused by an interference of its GDP derivative with the formation of a correct lipid-oligosaccharide.", "contents": "Glycosylation in vitro of Semliki-Forest-virus and influenza-virus glycoproteins and its suppression by nucleotide-2-deoxy-hexose. Cell-free enzyme preparations from cultured fibroblasts infected with Semliki forest virus or fowl plague virus (an influenza A virus) incorporate [14C]-mannose into dolichol-phosphate-mannose, lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into endogenous virus-specific glycoproteins. When GDP-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose serves as substrate 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose is transferred to dolichol phosphate yielding dolichol-monophosphate-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose. UDP-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose gives rise also to a lipid which, however, is not a polyprenol derivative. The transfer of [14C]mannose to lipid-extractable fractions and glycoproteins in vitro is blocked by GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose. It can be restored by exogenous dolichol monophosphate only with regard to the formation of dolichol-monophosphate-[14C]mannose-labelled oligosaccharides into glycoproteins. UDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose has no inhibitory effect on transfer reactions of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into various lipid fractions or into glycoprotein. It is concluded therefore, that the inhibition of glycosylation brought about by 2-deoxyglucose in vivo is caused by an interference of its GDP derivative with the formation of a correct lipid-oligosaccharide.", "PMID": 639813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_71", "title": "Effect of choline deficiency on the enzymes that synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in rat liver.", "content": "Activities have been determined in subcellular fractions of livers from choline-deficient and normals rats for the enzymes that convert choline and ethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine respectively, that methylate phosphatidylethanolamine to yield phosphatidylcholine, and that oxidize choline to betaine. The activities of ethanolamine kinase, phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase, and CDP-ethanolamine: 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphoethanolaminetransferase are not changed in the livers from choline-deficient rats for at least 18 days. Similarly, the activities of choline kinase and CDP-choline: 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphocholine transferase were unaffected by choline depletion. A decrease of 30-41% was observed, however, in the mitochondrial oxidation of choline to betaine. Also, the activity of the phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase was reduced in the choline-deficient livers to 60% olf the control values. The only observed increase in enzyme activity was a 62% elevation of the phosphatidylethanolamine-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activity after 2 days of choline deficiency. This increased activity was maintained for at least 18 days of choline deprivation. The results suggest a lack of adaptive change in the levels of these phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes as a result of choline deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of choline deficiency on the enzymes that synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in rat liver. Activities have been determined in subcellular fractions of livers from choline-deficient and normals rats for the enzymes that convert choline and ethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine respectively, that methylate phosphatidylethanolamine to yield phosphatidylcholine, and that oxidize choline to betaine. The activities of ethanolamine kinase, phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase, and CDP-ethanolamine: 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphoethanolaminetransferase are not changed in the livers from choline-deficient rats for at least 18 days. Similarly, the activities of choline kinase and CDP-choline: 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphocholine transferase were unaffected by choline depletion. A decrease of 30-41% was observed, however, in the mitochondrial oxidation of choline to betaine. Also, the activity of the phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase was reduced in the choline-deficient livers to 60% olf the control values. The only observed increase in enzyme activity was a 62% elevation of the phosphatidylethanolamine-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activity after 2 days of choline deficiency. This increased activity was maintained for at least 18 days of choline deprivation. The results suggest a lack of adaptive change in the levels of these phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes as a result of choline deficiency.", "PMID": 639815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_72", "title": "Immunological studies on CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from the livers of normal and choline-deficient rats.", "content": "Chickens were immunized with the purified low-molecular-weight form of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from rat liver cytosol. The antiserum was obtained and fractionated to yield immunoglobulin. The antibodies specifically inhibited the enzymatic activity of the partially purified low-molecular-weight form of the enzyme from pH 6.0 to 8.5. Antibodies against the low-molecular-weight form of the enzyme cross-reacted with the high-molecular-weight form of the enzyme from cytosol as well as with the cytidylyltransferase associated with the microsomal fraction. The antibodies were used for the immunochemical determination of the amount of cytosolic phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in the livers of normal and choline-deficient rats. The amount of enzyme in rat liver cytosol was not changed for at least 18 days of choline deficiency. The decrease in specific activity of the enzyme in choline-deficiency may be caused by factors other than adaptive changes in the level of enzyme.", "contents": "Immunological studies on CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from the livers of normal and choline-deficient rats. Chickens were immunized with the purified low-molecular-weight form of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from rat liver cytosol. The antiserum was obtained and fractionated to yield immunoglobulin. The antibodies specifically inhibited the enzymatic activity of the partially purified low-molecular-weight form of the enzyme from pH 6.0 to 8.5. Antibodies against the low-molecular-weight form of the enzyme cross-reacted with the high-molecular-weight form of the enzyme from cytosol as well as with the cytidylyltransferase associated with the microsomal fraction. The antibodies were used for the immunochemical determination of the amount of cytosolic phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in the livers of normal and choline-deficient rats. The amount of enzyme in rat liver cytosol was not changed for at least 18 days of choline deficiency. The decrease in specific activity of the enzyme in choline-deficiency may be caused by factors other than adaptive changes in the level of enzyme.", "PMID": 639816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_73", "title": "Interaction between membrane functions and protein synthesis in reticulocytes: specific cleavage of 28-S ribosomal RNA by a membrane constituent.", "content": "A factor isolated from rabbit reticulocyte white ghosts by Triton X-100 treatment blocks protein synthesis at the elongation-termination stage. Factor-treated ribosomes were found to have an identical buoyant density to that of control ribosomes. When incubated with either reticulocyte ribosomes or ribosomal RNA, the factor products specific cuts in the 28-S ribosomal RNA compenent without damaging the 18-S RNA. Incubations of pancreatic or T1 RNase, with ribosomal RNA, at similar protein-synthesis inhibitory concentrations effected a complete breakdown to oligo and mononucleotides. When challenged with isolated 28-S or 18-S reticulocyte ribosomal RNA, the highly purified factor only attacked the 28-S RNA species. There was no accumulation of nucleotides or oligonucleotides and we concluded that the membrane factor causes inhibition of protein synthesis by having a specific endonucleolytic cleavage activity.", "contents": "Interaction between membrane functions and protein synthesis in reticulocytes: specific cleavage of 28-S ribosomal RNA by a membrane constituent. A factor isolated from rabbit reticulocyte white ghosts by Triton X-100 treatment blocks protein synthesis at the elongation-termination stage. Factor-treated ribosomes were found to have an identical buoyant density to that of control ribosomes. When incubated with either reticulocyte ribosomes or ribosomal RNA, the factor products specific cuts in the 28-S ribosomal RNA compenent without damaging the 18-S RNA. Incubations of pancreatic or T1 RNase, with ribosomal RNA, at similar protein-synthesis inhibitory concentrations effected a complete breakdown to oligo and mononucleotides. When challenged with isolated 28-S or 18-S reticulocyte ribosomal RNA, the highly purified factor only attacked the 28-S RNA species. There was no accumulation of nucleotides or oligonucleotides and we concluded that the membrane factor causes inhibition of protein synthesis by having a specific endonucleolytic cleavage activity.", "PMID": 639817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_74", "title": "ABH-blood-group antigens and glycolipids of human saliva.", "content": "The nature of ABH-blood-group antigens in saliva was investigated. Human saliva was examined serologically for ABH-blood-group activity in its native form and after various treatments. The activity of the native form persisted in the delipidated samples, but was entirely lost after alkaline degradation. The lipid portion of saliva was completely inactive in the ABH hemagglutination inhibition system. The same results were obtained when purified glycolipid fraction of saliva was used instead of whole lipid extract. Neither alkaline treatment nor excessive amounts of salivary lipids effected antigenic activity of A-active glycosphingolipids of hog gastric mucosa admixed to saliva samples before alkaline degradation and/or in presence of large amounts of salivary lipids. The isolated glycolipid fractions contained at least eight glycolipids, each of which was composed of glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids and differed from others with respect to number of glucose residues. Sphingosine and sugar residues involved in formation of ABH antigenic determinants were not detected. These findings together with data on stomach secretion [1,2] led us to the conclusion that ABH-blood-group antigens of saliva are exclusively of glycoprotein nature.", "contents": "ABH-blood-group antigens and glycolipids of human saliva. The nature of ABH-blood-group antigens in saliva was investigated. Human saliva was examined serologically for ABH-blood-group activity in its native form and after various treatments. The activity of the native form persisted in the delipidated samples, but was entirely lost after alkaline degradation. The lipid portion of saliva was completely inactive in the ABH hemagglutination inhibition system. The same results were obtained when purified glycolipid fraction of saliva was used instead of whole lipid extract. Neither alkaline treatment nor excessive amounts of salivary lipids effected antigenic activity of A-active glycosphingolipids of hog gastric mucosa admixed to saliva samples before alkaline degradation and/or in presence of large amounts of salivary lipids. The isolated glycolipid fractions contained at least eight glycolipids, each of which was composed of glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids and differed from others with respect to number of glucose residues. Sphingosine and sugar residues involved in formation of ABH antigenic determinants were not detected. These findings together with data on stomach secretion [1,2] led us to the conclusion that ABH-blood-group antigens of saliva are exclusively of glycoprotein nature.", "PMID": 639818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_75", "title": "Freeze-fracture appearance and disposition of band 3 protein from the human erythrocyte membrane in lipid vesicles.", "content": "Single bilayer lipid vesicles were formed by removal of Triton X-100 with Bio Beads SM-2 from a mixture of egg lecithin and a Triton X-100 extract of human erythrocyte ghosts. Upon freeze-fracturing, these vesicles showed intramembrane particles, similar to those seen in the erythrocyte membrane. Similar particles were also observed when a partially purified band 3 preparation was used instead of the crude Triton X-100 extract. In the reconstituted vesicles an equal distribution of the intramembrane particles between the two fracture faces was observed. This is in contrast to the unequal distribution of the particles in the erythrocyte membrane, which did not seem to be altered by removal of the extrinsic proteins. From digestion studies with trypsin and chymotrypsin of vesicles, reconstituted from the crude X-100 extract, it is concluded that band 3 protein in the vesicle bilayer has a similar orientation as in the native membrane.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture appearance and disposition of band 3 protein from the human erythrocyte membrane in lipid vesicles. Single bilayer lipid vesicles were formed by removal of Triton X-100 with Bio Beads SM-2 from a mixture of egg lecithin and a Triton X-100 extract of human erythrocyte ghosts. Upon freeze-fracturing, these vesicles showed intramembrane particles, similar to those seen in the erythrocyte membrane. Similar particles were also observed when a partially purified band 3 preparation was used instead of the crude Triton X-100 extract. In the reconstituted vesicles an equal distribution of the intramembrane particles between the two fracture faces was observed. This is in contrast to the unequal distribution of the particles in the erythrocyte membrane, which did not seem to be altered by removal of the extrinsic proteins. From digestion studies with trypsin and chymotrypsin of vesicles, reconstituted from the crude X-100 extract, it is concluded that band 3 protein in the vesicle bilayer has a similar orientation as in the native membrane.", "PMID": 639819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_76", "title": "Isolation of soluble proteins capable of stimulating aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis.", "content": "The terminal step during aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis is catalyzed by a microsomal desaturase system which converts 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine to 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine (ethanolamine plasmalogen). The reaction depends on oxygen and NAD(P)H and is stimulated 3-10-fold by soluble activating factors contained in the 100 000 X g supernatant. Two stimulating proteins have been isolated from pig kidney; the partially purified proteins have identical molecular weights (27 000) but differ in their respective isoelectric points (protein I, 5.1 and protein II, 4.9). Both proteins behave identically in the biochemical studies conducted. Exogenous substrate binds to the stimulating proteins; the transfer of ethanolamine, but not of choline phospholipids, from liposomes to microsomes is enhanced by the stimulating proteins. They stimulate plasmalogen synthesis from either exogenous or endogenous substrate (synthesized from alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine by microsomal transacylases). The stimulating proteins have no enzymatic activity themselves; it is suggested that they affect events within the membrane and function as specific mediators between the membrane-bound enzyme system and the lipophilic substrate.", "contents": "Isolation of soluble proteins capable of stimulating aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis. The terminal step during aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis is catalyzed by a microsomal desaturase system which converts 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine to 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine (ethanolamine plasmalogen). The reaction depends on oxygen and NAD(P)H and is stimulated 3-10-fold by soluble activating factors contained in the 100 000 X g supernatant. Two stimulating proteins have been isolated from pig kidney; the partially purified proteins have identical molecular weights (27 000) but differ in their respective isoelectric points (protein I, 5.1 and protein II, 4.9). Both proteins behave identically in the biochemical studies conducted. Exogenous substrate binds to the stimulating proteins; the transfer of ethanolamine, but not of choline phospholipids, from liposomes to microsomes is enhanced by the stimulating proteins. They stimulate plasmalogen synthesis from either exogenous or endogenous substrate (synthesized from alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine by microsomal transacylases). The stimulating proteins have no enzymatic activity themselves; it is suggested that they affect events within the membrane and function as specific mediators between the membrane-bound enzyme system and the lipophilic substrate.", "PMID": 639820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_77", "title": "Interaction of the acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptor protein from Torpedo marmorata electric organ with monolayers of pure lipids.", "content": "Membrane fragments rich in cholinergic (nicotinic) receptor protein were purified from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Their lipid composition is essentially characterized by the prominence of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, long-chain fatty acyl constituents, and the absence of sphingomyelin. Solubilised receptor was purified from these fragments and the concentration of sodium cholate lowered by dialysis to 0.01% (w/v). When this preparation was injected under a lipid monolayer, an increase of surface pressure developed, which was not observed with the detergent alone nor in the absence of lipid film. When covalently radiolabelled receptor preparations were injected at a constant surface pressure the radioactivity recovered with the film was proportional to the increase in area. It is concluded that the pressure or area increases are due to the penetration of the cholinergic receptor protein into the lipid film. Incorporation experiments into films formed from various pure lipids showed that the protein interacts more readily with cholesterol than with ergosterol, phosphatidylcholine, or other phospholipids. Its affinity is also higher for long-chain phosphatidylcholines than for short-chain ones. The degree of unsaturation and fluidity of the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) films are of secondary importance. Parallel experiments with covalently and non-covalently labelled receptor preparations showed that part of the protein recovered with the film lost its alpha-toxin binding ability during the penetration. Similar data were obtained with the receptor purified from Electrophorus electricus electric organ.", "contents": "Interaction of the acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptor protein from Torpedo marmorata electric organ with monolayers of pure lipids. Membrane fragments rich in cholinergic (nicotinic) receptor protein were purified from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Their lipid composition is essentially characterized by the prominence of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, long-chain fatty acyl constituents, and the absence of sphingomyelin. Solubilised receptor was purified from these fragments and the concentration of sodium cholate lowered by dialysis to 0.01% (w/v). When this preparation was injected under a lipid monolayer, an increase of surface pressure developed, which was not observed with the detergent alone nor in the absence of lipid film. When covalently radiolabelled receptor preparations were injected at a constant surface pressure the radioactivity recovered with the film was proportional to the increase in area. It is concluded that the pressure or area increases are due to the penetration of the cholinergic receptor protein into the lipid film. Incorporation experiments into films formed from various pure lipids showed that the protein interacts more readily with cholesterol than with ergosterol, phosphatidylcholine, or other phospholipids. Its affinity is also higher for long-chain phosphatidylcholines than for short-chain ones. The degree of unsaturation and fluidity of the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) films are of secondary importance. Parallel experiments with covalently and non-covalently labelled receptor preparations showed that part of the protein recovered with the film lost its alpha-toxin binding ability during the penetration. Similar data were obtained with the receptor purified from Electrophorus electricus electric organ.", "PMID": 639821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_78", "title": "Membranes rich in acetylcholine receptor: characterization and reconstitution to excitable membranes from exogenous lipids.", "content": "Characterization of acetylcholine-receptor-enriched membranes from Torpedo californica electric tissue by negative-staining electron-microscopy and by lipid analysis is described. The protein/lipid ratio is 70%/30%. The lipids consist of 70% phospholipids (46% phosphatidylcholine, 31% phosphatidylethanolamine, 14% phosphatidylserine, 7% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphatidylinositol of the phospholipids determined) and 20% cholesterol. The acetylcholinesterase-enriched membranes show a similar composition. The only differences are a lower protein/lipid ratio (45%/55%) and a lower phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio of 39%/14% as compared to 46%/7% for the receptor-enriched membranes. A method of preparing single-walled phosphatidylcholine vesicles by gel filtration on Sephadex G50 according to Brunner et al. (Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 455, 322--331, 1976) is used to recombine the lipid-depleted receptor complex with artificial lipid vesicles. Starting from a lipid mixture of 46% phosphatidylcholine, 31% phosphatidylethanolamine, 14% phosphatidylserine, 7% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphatidylinositol and 15% cholesterol we obtained vesicles associated with the acetylcholine receptor complex. These receptor vesicles are chemically excitable by 10 micrometer carbamoylcholine as measured by efflux of 22Na+ from the vesicles. The excitability is blocked by preincubation with 0.5 mM alpha-toxin from Naja naja siamensis venom and by reduction with 5 mM dithioerythritol.", "contents": "Membranes rich in acetylcholine receptor: characterization and reconstitution to excitable membranes from exogenous lipids. Characterization of acetylcholine-receptor-enriched membranes from Torpedo californica electric tissue by negative-staining electron-microscopy and by lipid analysis is described. The protein/lipid ratio is 70%/30%. The lipids consist of 70% phospholipids (46% phosphatidylcholine, 31% phosphatidylethanolamine, 14% phosphatidylserine, 7% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphatidylinositol of the phospholipids determined) and 20% cholesterol. The acetylcholinesterase-enriched membranes show a similar composition. The only differences are a lower protein/lipid ratio (45%/55%) and a lower phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio of 39%/14% as compared to 46%/7% for the receptor-enriched membranes. A method of preparing single-walled phosphatidylcholine vesicles by gel filtration on Sephadex G50 according to Brunner et al. (Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 455, 322--331, 1976) is used to recombine the lipid-depleted receptor complex with artificial lipid vesicles. Starting from a lipid mixture of 46% phosphatidylcholine, 31% phosphatidylethanolamine, 14% phosphatidylserine, 7% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphatidylinositol and 15% cholesterol we obtained vesicles associated with the acetylcholine receptor complex. These receptor vesicles are chemically excitable by 10 micrometer carbamoylcholine as measured by efflux of 22Na+ from the vesicles. The excitability is blocked by preincubation with 0.5 mM alpha-toxin from Naja naja siamensis venom and by reduction with 5 mM dithioerythritol.", "PMID": 639824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_79", "title": "Membrane lipid metabolism in Acholeplasma laidlawii A EF 22. Influence of cholesterol and temperature shift-down on incorporation of fatty acids and synthesis of membrane lipid species.", "content": "1. Membrane lipid metabolism in Acholeplasma laidlowii A EF 22 has been studied under different conditions by applying three different techniques for changing membrane viscosity: fatty acid and cholesterol supplementation and temperature changes. 2. The molar relationship between the two dominating membrane lipids, monoglucosyldiglyceride and diglucosyldiglyceride, is to a large extent determined by membrane viscosity properties. This is shown by the varying metabolic responses occurring during incorporation of different fatty acids with and without cholesterol and by temperature shift-down experiments. Higher viscosity in membranes stimulates synthesis of monoglucosyldiglyceride at the expense of diglucosyldiglyceride. Synthesis of phospho and phosphoglucolipids is affected as well. 3. Temperature shift-down from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C results in an immediate synthesis of monoglucosyldiglyceride accompanied by an increased incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into this lipid. Synthesis of the other membrane lipid species (containing more unsaturated fatty acids) lags behind temporarily. 4. Incorporation from an equimolar mixture of palmitic and oleic acids together with cholesterol yields greater amounts of oleic acid in membrane lipids than incorporation in the absence of cholesterol, indicating that incorporation is viscosity dependent. 5. Studies of precursor relationships reveal that all main lipids have an active turnover which differs depending on membrane composition and conditions. Furthermore, this turnover proceeds with different intra-lipid pools. 6. Isolated membranes contain no detectable lipolytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing membrane phospho or glycolipids. It is suggested that lipid turnover is partly mediated by enzymatic interlipid conversions, thus not allowing intermediates to accumulate.", "contents": "Membrane lipid metabolism in Acholeplasma laidlawii A EF 22. Influence of cholesterol and temperature shift-down on incorporation of fatty acids and synthesis of membrane lipid species. 1. Membrane lipid metabolism in Acholeplasma laidlowii A EF 22 has been studied under different conditions by applying three different techniques for changing membrane viscosity: fatty acid and cholesterol supplementation and temperature changes. 2. The molar relationship between the two dominating membrane lipids, monoglucosyldiglyceride and diglucosyldiglyceride, is to a large extent determined by membrane viscosity properties. This is shown by the varying metabolic responses occurring during incorporation of different fatty acids with and without cholesterol and by temperature shift-down experiments. Higher viscosity in membranes stimulates synthesis of monoglucosyldiglyceride at the expense of diglucosyldiglyceride. Synthesis of phospho and phosphoglucolipids is affected as well. 3. Temperature shift-down from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C results in an immediate synthesis of monoglucosyldiglyceride accompanied by an increased incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into this lipid. Synthesis of the other membrane lipid species (containing more unsaturated fatty acids) lags behind temporarily. 4. Incorporation from an equimolar mixture of palmitic and oleic acids together with cholesterol yields greater amounts of oleic acid in membrane lipids than incorporation in the absence of cholesterol, indicating that incorporation is viscosity dependent. 5. Studies of precursor relationships reveal that all main lipids have an active turnover which differs depending on membrane composition and conditions. Furthermore, this turnover proceeds with different intra-lipid pools. 6. Isolated membranes contain no detectable lipolytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing membrane phospho or glycolipids. It is suggested that lipid turnover is partly mediated by enzymatic interlipid conversions, thus not allowing intermediates to accumulate.", "PMID": 639825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_80", "title": "Phosphoglycerate kinase B from ram testis. Purification, characterisation and comparison with the muscle isoenzyme.", "content": "1. The testis-specific isoenzyme of phosphoglycerate kinase (phosphoglycerate kinase B) has been isolated from ram testes using a procedure which separates it from 'normal' phosphoglycerate kinase which is also present in testis tissue. The purification procedure is described. 2. The best preparations had no detectable impurity on electrophoresis, and had specific activities comparable with the same enzyme from other sources. 3. Kinetic studies indicated that the two isoenzymes have identical properties, within experimental error, for substrate affinity (for MgATP, 3-phosphoglycerate and MgADP), energy of activation and thermal denaturation. 4. The molecular weights of both isoenzymes were not distinguishably different from those previously reported, as measured by polyacrylamide/dodecylsulphate electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions showed only slight differences, and tryptic peptide maps showed that there was close homology of sequence. Starch gel electrophoresis at pH 6.5 indicates that the B isoenzyme has 1--2 more positive charges than the A. 5. Phosphoglycerate kinase A isolated from sheep muscle was shown, within experimental error, to be identical to the phosphoglycerate kinase A isolated from testis. 6. The results further substantiate the suggestion that the B isoenzyme is coded by a gene which was duplicated from the phosphoglycerate kinase A gene.", "contents": "Phosphoglycerate kinase B from ram testis. Purification, characterisation and comparison with the muscle isoenzyme. 1. The testis-specific isoenzyme of phosphoglycerate kinase (phosphoglycerate kinase B) has been isolated from ram testes using a procedure which separates it from 'normal' phosphoglycerate kinase which is also present in testis tissue. The purification procedure is described. 2. The best preparations had no detectable impurity on electrophoresis, and had specific activities comparable with the same enzyme from other sources. 3. Kinetic studies indicated that the two isoenzymes have identical properties, within experimental error, for substrate affinity (for MgATP, 3-phosphoglycerate and MgADP), energy of activation and thermal denaturation. 4. The molecular weights of both isoenzymes were not distinguishably different from those previously reported, as measured by polyacrylamide/dodecylsulphate electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions showed only slight differences, and tryptic peptide maps showed that there was close homology of sequence. Starch gel electrophoresis at pH 6.5 indicates that the B isoenzyme has 1--2 more positive charges than the A. 5. Phosphoglycerate kinase A isolated from sheep muscle was shown, within experimental error, to be identical to the phosphoglycerate kinase A isolated from testis. 6. The results further substantiate the suggestion that the B isoenzyme is coded by a gene which was duplicated from the phosphoglycerate kinase A gene.", "PMID": 639826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_81", "title": "Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of pindolol.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of pindolol were studied in six healthy individuals following a single 10 mg dose (SD) and multiple (5 mg tid over 6 days) dose (MD). The plasma elimination half-life was identical after SD (4.7 +/- 0,8h) and MD (4.1 +/- 1.1h). Steady state plasma concentrations were reached after 36 h and remained stable thereafter. The variation in steady state concentrations was small in each individual and also between individuals. The steady state concentration of pindolol can be predicted from the pharmacokinetic data obtained after a single dose. The results of the present study suggest that the disposition of pindolol is linear over the concentration range studied.", "contents": "Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of pindolol. The pharmacokinetics of pindolol were studied in six healthy individuals following a single 10 mg dose (SD) and multiple (5 mg tid over 6 days) dose (MD). The plasma elimination half-life was identical after SD (4.7 +/- 0,8h) and MD (4.1 +/- 1.1h). Steady state plasma concentrations were reached after 36 h and remained stable thereafter. The variation in steady state concentrations was small in each individual and also between individuals. The steady state concentration of pindolol can be predicted from the pharmacokinetic data obtained after a single dose. The results of the present study suggest that the disposition of pindolol is linear over the concentration range studied.", "PMID": 639828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_82", "title": "Correlation between serum concentration and pharmacological effect on atrioventricular conduction time of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone.", "content": "Seven patients with cardiac dysrhythmias received a single, oral, therapeutically effective dose of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone. The serum levels correlated well with changes in atrioventricular conduction times during the postabsorptive elimination phase (r = 0.8610, p less than 0.001). The mean half-lives of the serum level and the electrocardiographic effect (PQ-time) were 3.6 +/- .2 h and 3.8 +/- 0.6 h, respectively.", "contents": "Correlation between serum concentration and pharmacological effect on atrioventricular conduction time of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone. Seven patients with cardiac dysrhythmias received a single, oral, therapeutically effective dose of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone. The serum levels correlated well with changes in atrioventricular conduction times during the postabsorptive elimination phase (r = 0.8610, p less than 0.001). The mean half-lives of the serum level and the electrocardiographic effect (PQ-time) were 3.6 +/- .2 h and 3.8 +/- 0.6 h, respectively.", "PMID": 639829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_83", "title": "Bioavailability of norethindrone in human subjects.", "content": "A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.", "contents": "Bioavailability of norethindrone in human subjects. A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.", "PMID": 639831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_84", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in anephric patients and in normal subjects.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of furosemide 40 mg i.v. were compared in 7 anephric patients and in 7 normal subjects. The average serum clearance was 66 ml/min in the patients and 219 ml/min in the normal subjects, and the corresponding weight corrected clearances were 1.33 ml/min . kg and 2.96 ml/min . kg. Binding to serum proteins was significantly decreased in the anephric subjects, in whom a significant negative correlation was found between the percentage binding and the volume of distribution VDSS. In the patients, but not in the normal subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between VDSS and serum clearance. Both in normal and anephric individuals 4-chlor-5-sulphamoyl-anthranilic-acid (CSA) was found, but there was no evidence of special accumulation either of CSA or anthranilic acid in the anephric patients. In the patients the initial increase in serum concentration of sodium and protein followed by a more conspicuous decrease were more pronounced, but none of the changes were statistically significant.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in anephric patients and in normal subjects. The pharmacokinetics of furosemide 40 mg i.v. were compared in 7 anephric patients and in 7 normal subjects. The average serum clearance was 66 ml/min in the patients and 219 ml/min in the normal subjects, and the corresponding weight corrected clearances were 1.33 ml/min . kg and 2.96 ml/min . kg. Binding to serum proteins was significantly decreased in the anephric subjects, in whom a significant negative correlation was found between the percentage binding and the volume of distribution VDSS. In the patients, but not in the normal subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between VDSS and serum clearance. Both in normal and anephric individuals 4-chlor-5-sulphamoyl-anthranilic-acid (CSA) was found, but there was no evidence of special accumulation either of CSA or anthranilic acid in the anephric patients. In the patients the initial increase in serum concentration of sodium and protein followed by a more conspicuous decrease were more pronounced, but none of the changes were statistically significant.", "PMID": 639832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_85", "title": "Effect of metoprolol on blood glycerol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose in relation to plasma catecholamines in hypertensive patients at rest and following submaximal work.", "content": "Studies were performed in nine male patients with moderate hypertension. Treatment with metoprolol, 50--150 mg three times daily for 4--17 weeks, had no effect on the plasma level of glycerol, free fatty acids, triglycerides or glucose under basal conditions, neither in the supine nor in the upright position. Submaximal work, performed postprandially, increased plasma glycerol before medication but not during metoprolol, in spite of a marked increase in plasma noradrenaline. The work load employed caused no change in free fatty acids, triglycerides or glucose, neither before medication nor during metoprolol.", "contents": "Effect of metoprolol on blood glycerol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose in relation to plasma catecholamines in hypertensive patients at rest and following submaximal work. Studies were performed in nine male patients with moderate hypertension. Treatment with metoprolol, 50--150 mg three times daily for 4--17 weeks, had no effect on the plasma level of glycerol, free fatty acids, triglycerides or glucose under basal conditions, neither in the supine nor in the upright position. Submaximal work, performed postprandially, increased plasma glycerol before medication but not during metoprolol, in spite of a marked increase in plasma noradrenaline. The work load employed caused no change in free fatty acids, triglycerides or glucose, neither before medication nor during metoprolol.", "PMID": 639834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_86", "title": "Liver size and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics.", "content": "The role of liver size in drug metabolism was investigated in 34 chronic alcoholics and 28 controls by comparing antipyrine half-life with biopsy content and total amount of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P-450) and liver weight. Liver size was significantly greater in alcoholics than in controls. Total P-450 was increased and antipyrine metabolism was enhanced in alcoholics with normal histology of the liver. In subjects with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, the antipyrine half-life was prolonged and P-450 was decreased. Alcoholics with fatty liver had a reduced P-450 content, but the total amount of P-450 and the antipyrine half-life were normal. The results demonstrate in alcoholics that an enlarged liver of normal histological appearance is associated with enhanced drug metabolism. In subjects with fatty liver the drug metabolizing capacity per unit weight of liver is often impaired, but the increase in liver size leads to undisturbed total oxidizing capacity and normal in vivo metabolism. In alcoholic hepatitis drug metabolism is impaired in spite of hepatomegaly. In cirrhosis the enlargement of the liver appears to compensate for the decreased P-450 content resulting in only slightly decreased total P-450, and the severly impaired in vivo drug metabolism may be due to derangement of blood flow.", "contents": "Liver size and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics. The role of liver size in drug metabolism was investigated in 34 chronic alcoholics and 28 controls by comparing antipyrine half-life with biopsy content and total amount of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P-450) and liver weight. Liver size was significantly greater in alcoholics than in controls. Total P-450 was increased and antipyrine metabolism was enhanced in alcoholics with normal histology of the liver. In subjects with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, the antipyrine half-life was prolonged and P-450 was decreased. Alcoholics with fatty liver had a reduced P-450 content, but the total amount of P-450 and the antipyrine half-life were normal. The results demonstrate in alcoholics that an enlarged liver of normal histological appearance is associated with enhanced drug metabolism. In subjects with fatty liver the drug metabolizing capacity per unit weight of liver is often impaired, but the increase in liver size leads to undisturbed total oxidizing capacity and normal in vivo metabolism. In alcoholic hepatitis drug metabolism is impaired in spite of hepatomegaly. In cirrhosis the enlargement of the liver appears to compensate for the decreased P-450 content resulting in only slightly decreased total P-450, and the severly impaired in vivo drug metabolism may be due to derangement of blood flow.", "PMID": 639835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_87", "title": "Metabolism of phenazone in man after hydrocortisone administration.", "content": "The influence of a high plasma concentration of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phenazone in humans has been studied. Two series of experiments were carried out, Group A to demonstrate any enzyme-inducing effect of hydrocortisone, and Group B to study the immediate effect of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phenazone. 9 subjects (Group A) received a total 250--400 mg hydrocortisone i.m. twice daily for three days and the 24-hour elimination of phenazone was studied before and afterwards. In a further 5 subjects (Group B) the elimination of phenazone was examined during administration of hydrocortisone of placebo. The elimination rate and the apparent volume of distribution of phenazone remained unchanged under both experimental conditions.", "contents": "Metabolism of phenazone in man after hydrocortisone administration. The influence of a high plasma concentration of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phenazone in humans has been studied. Two series of experiments were carried out, Group A to demonstrate any enzyme-inducing effect of hydrocortisone, and Group B to study the immediate effect of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phenazone. 9 subjects (Group A) received a total 250--400 mg hydrocortisone i.m. twice daily for three days and the 24-hour elimination of phenazone was studied before and afterwards. In a further 5 subjects (Group B) the elimination of phenazone was examined during administration of hydrocortisone of placebo. The elimination rate and the apparent volume of distribution of phenazone remained unchanged under both experimental conditions.", "PMID": 639836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_88", "title": "Distinct chemokinetic and chemotactic responses in neutrophil granulocytes.", "content": "Evidence has been presented to show that chemokinesis and chemotaxis of human neutrophil granulocytes can be controlled by distinct cellular mechanisms and by different chemicals. Materials such as human serum albumin or fibrinogen had chemokinetic but no chemotactic properties. Highly purified preparations of serum-derived peptides containing classical anaphylatoxin had detectable chemotactic activity only. Chemokinetic as well as chemotactic substances were required for the expression of chemotaxis in the form of efficient directional locomotion. The roles of chemokinesis and chemotaxis in the regulation of directional locomotion have been analyzed. Further experiments showed that the chemotactic response conforms to the law of Weber-Fechner. The number of cells which had accumulated in response to a chemotactic simulus was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the chemical substance. Readaptation from high to low chemotactic stimulus occurred only to a limited extent.", "contents": "Distinct chemokinetic and chemotactic responses in neutrophil granulocytes. Evidence has been presented to show that chemokinesis and chemotaxis of human neutrophil granulocytes can be controlled by distinct cellular mechanisms and by different chemicals. Materials such as human serum albumin or fibrinogen had chemokinetic but no chemotactic properties. Highly purified preparations of serum-derived peptides containing classical anaphylatoxin had detectable chemotactic activity only. Chemokinetic as well as chemotactic substances were required for the expression of chemotaxis in the form of efficient directional locomotion. The roles of chemokinesis and chemotaxis in the regulation of directional locomotion have been analyzed. Further experiments showed that the chemotactic response conforms to the law of Weber-Fechner. The number of cells which had accumulated in response to a chemotactic simulus was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the chemical substance. Readaptation from high to low chemotactic stimulus occurred only to a limited extent.", "PMID": 639837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_89", "title": "Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors. I. Overcoming low responsiveness by priming mice with a syngeneic in vitro tumor line or allogeneic cross-reactive tumor.", "content": "This report describes model systems which show low primary in vitro syngeneic cytotoxic responses to a Moloney-induced YAC tumor (syngeneic in A mice) and a Rauscher-induced RBL5 tumor (syngeneic in C57BL/6 mice) and examines different approaches to overcome these defects. Two major findings were obtained: (a) spleen cells from A mice, injected with tumor cells from an in vitro tumor line YAC-1, derived from YACL, could generate a significant syngeneic cytotoxic response. In contrast, spleen cells from A mice injected with tumor cells from the in vivo tumor line failed to generate a syngeneic cytotoxic response. Thus, tumor cells from the in vitro line were more immunogeneic that those from the in vivo line. (b) Spleen cells from A mice which were injected with the cross-reactive allogeneic tumor RBL5, could generate significant cytotoxic responses to the syngeneic tumors YAC and YAC-1. Similarly, spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice injected with the cross-reactive allogeneic tumor YAC-1, could generate a significant cytotoxic response to the syngeneic tumor RBL5. Thus, cross-reactive allogeneic tumors could stimulate syngeneic cytotoxicity. The theoretical and the practical implications of these studies are discussed.", "contents": "Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors. I. Overcoming low responsiveness by priming mice with a syngeneic in vitro tumor line or allogeneic cross-reactive tumor. This report describes model systems which show low primary in vitro syngeneic cytotoxic responses to a Moloney-induced YAC tumor (syngeneic in A mice) and a Rauscher-induced RBL5 tumor (syngeneic in C57BL/6 mice) and examines different approaches to overcome these defects. Two major findings were obtained: (a) spleen cells from A mice, injected with tumor cells from an in vitro tumor line YAC-1, derived from YACL, could generate a significant syngeneic cytotoxic response. In contrast, spleen cells from A mice injected with tumor cells from the in vivo tumor line failed to generate a syngeneic cytotoxic response. Thus, tumor cells from the in vitro line were more immunogeneic that those from the in vivo line. (b) Spleen cells from A mice which were injected with the cross-reactive allogeneic tumor RBL5, could generate significant cytotoxic responses to the syngeneic tumors YAC and YAC-1. Similarly, spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice injected with the cross-reactive allogeneic tumor YAC-1, could generate a significant cytotoxic response to the syngeneic tumor RBL5. Thus, cross-reactive allogeneic tumors could stimulate syngeneic cytotoxicity. The theoretical and the practical implications of these studies are discussed.", "PMID": 639838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_90", "title": "Mazindol effects on schedule-controlled responding of the pigeon.", "content": "The effects of mazindol, a non-phenethylamine anorexic, were determined in pigeons key pecking under a multiple fixed-ratio 30 response, fixed-interval 5 min schedule of food presentation. The low average rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule were greatly increased (from 0.7 response/sec to 2 responses/sec) at doses from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg. The higher rates of responding under the fixed-ratio schedule were only decreased by increasing doses of mazindol. Throughout the fixed interval, mazindol tended to produce a constant rate of responding completely disrupting the normal, positively accelerated pattern of responding. These rate-increasing effects of mazindol were much greater than those of phenethylamines tested under similar conditions. The large increases in rates of responding under the fixed-interval component were discussed in terms of the known biochemical effects of mazindol.", "contents": "Mazindol effects on schedule-controlled responding of the pigeon. The effects of mazindol, a non-phenethylamine anorexic, were determined in pigeons key pecking under a multiple fixed-ratio 30 response, fixed-interval 5 min schedule of food presentation. The low average rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule were greatly increased (from 0.7 response/sec to 2 responses/sec) at doses from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg. The higher rates of responding under the fixed-ratio schedule were only decreased by increasing doses of mazindol. Throughout the fixed interval, mazindol tended to produce a constant rate of responding completely disrupting the normal, positively accelerated pattern of responding. These rate-increasing effects of mazindol were much greater than those of phenethylamines tested under similar conditions. The large increases in rates of responding under the fixed-interval component were discussed in terms of the known biochemical effects of mazindol.", "PMID": 639839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_91", "title": "A possible mechanism of choleretic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)-propionic acid (AA-149) in dogs.", "content": "The choleretic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149) was studied in anesthetized dogs. AA-149 produced a dose-dependent increase of the bile flow with both i.v. and intrajejunal administration of doses 1 mg/kg and higher. Biliary clearance of 14C-erythritol showed that AA-149 stimulated canalicular bile formation without enhancement of water secretion and/or inhibition of bile reabsorption in the biliary ductules and ducts. AA-149 did not increase the excretion of bile acids into the bile, but enhanced the excretion of the biliary electrolytes, in particular sodium ion, in proportion to an increase of the bile flow. About 3--4% of AA-149 administered i.v. was excreted into the bile during the first 1 h period, so that biliary AA-149 was insufficient to increase the bile flow via its osmotic effect. These results strongly suggest that the choleretic action of AA-149 is attributable to stimulation of a bile acid-independent bile formation in the canaliculi coupled with an active sodium transport system.", "contents": "A possible mechanism of choleretic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)-propionic acid (AA-149) in dogs. The choleretic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149) was studied in anesthetized dogs. AA-149 produced a dose-dependent increase of the bile flow with both i.v. and intrajejunal administration of doses 1 mg/kg and higher. Biliary clearance of 14C-erythritol showed that AA-149 stimulated canalicular bile formation without enhancement of water secretion and/or inhibition of bile reabsorption in the biliary ductules and ducts. AA-149 did not increase the excretion of bile acids into the bile, but enhanced the excretion of the biliary electrolytes, in particular sodium ion, in proportion to an increase of the bile flow. About 3--4% of AA-149 administered i.v. was excreted into the bile during the first 1 h period, so that biliary AA-149 was insufficient to increase the bile flow via its osmotic effect. These results strongly suggest that the choleretic action of AA-149 is attributable to stimulation of a bile acid-independent bile formation in the canaliculi coupled with an active sodium transport system.", "PMID": 639840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_92", "title": "Triamcinolone-induced mammary activation in virgin mice.", "content": "Intact ICR mice receiving Triamcinolone showed extensive proliferation within the mammary gland. Galactophores and ducts were enlarged. In contrast with the non-treated animals, those treated with Triamcinolone had an evident lobuloalveolar system. Triamcinolone failed to activate the glands of oophorectomized animals. It is thus evident that systemic administration of Triamcinolone to young virgin mice causes mammary stimulation and that this effect only occurs in the presence of the ovary.", "contents": "Triamcinolone-induced mammary activation in virgin mice. Intact ICR mice receiving Triamcinolone showed extensive proliferation within the mammary gland. Galactophores and ducts were enlarged. In contrast with the non-treated animals, those treated with Triamcinolone had an evident lobuloalveolar system. Triamcinolone failed to activate the glands of oophorectomized animals. It is thus evident that systemic administration of Triamcinolone to young virgin mice causes mammary stimulation and that this effect only occurs in the presence of the ovary.", "PMID": 639841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_93", "title": "Tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles in different CNS regions following acute morphine.", "content": "Morphine induces naloxone-reversible increases of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles in rat cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and cerebellum, but does not do so in striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and brain stem. Morphine also induces a rise in spinal cord 5-HIAA which is antagonized by naloxone, but there is no parallel change in tryptophan. Increases in brain 5-hydroxyindoles may be related to greater availability of tryptophan, but the elevation in spinal cord 5-HIAA appears to be unrelated to precursor availability.", "contents": "Tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles in different CNS regions following acute morphine. Morphine induces naloxone-reversible increases of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoles in rat cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and cerebellum, but does not do so in striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and brain stem. Morphine also induces a rise in spinal cord 5-HIAA which is antagonized by naloxone, but there is no parallel change in tryptophan. Increases in brain 5-hydroxyindoles may be related to greater availability of tryptophan, but the elevation in spinal cord 5-HIAA appears to be unrelated to precursor availability.", "PMID": 639842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_94", "title": "The influence of cocaine and desipramine on the cardiac responses to exogenous and endogenous norepinephrine.", "content": "In open-chest, anesthetized dogs, cocaine and desipramine potentiated the pressor, chronotropic, inotropic and coronary sinus blood flow responses to norepinephrine (NE) infusions. The chronotropic and inotropic responses were also prolonged, the former more markedly than the later and the extraction of exogenous NE from the coronary blood stream was diminished. Cocaine and desipramine also potentiated the pressor and coronary sinus blood flow responses, but not the chronotropic or inotropic responses, to stimulation of the left ansa subclavia. The inotropic response was slightly prolonged, however, and the chronotropic response was markedly prolonged. The overflow of NE into the coronary sinus blood was not increased by either neuronal uptake blocking agent. It is proposed that cocaine and desipramine, at the doses employed, diminish the release of NE from the cardiac nerve endings at the same time that they inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter. Their mechanisms of action and their side effects on the circulatory system do not appear to differ significantly.", "contents": "The influence of cocaine and desipramine on the cardiac responses to exogenous and endogenous norepinephrine. In open-chest, anesthetized dogs, cocaine and desipramine potentiated the pressor, chronotropic, inotropic and coronary sinus blood flow responses to norepinephrine (NE) infusions. The chronotropic and inotropic responses were also prolonged, the former more markedly than the later and the extraction of exogenous NE from the coronary blood stream was diminished. Cocaine and desipramine also potentiated the pressor and coronary sinus blood flow responses, but not the chronotropic or inotropic responses, to stimulation of the left ansa subclavia. The inotropic response was slightly prolonged, however, and the chronotropic response was markedly prolonged. The overflow of NE into the coronary sinus blood was not increased by either neuronal uptake blocking agent. It is proposed that cocaine and desipramine, at the doses employed, diminish the release of NE from the cardiac nerve endings at the same time that they inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter. Their mechanisms of action and their side effects on the circulatory system do not appear to differ significantly.", "PMID": 639843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_95", "title": "Some observations on the gastric effects of phentolamine in rats.", "content": "The effects of graded doses of phentolamine on gastric secretion, gastric emptying rate, gastric mucosal mucus content and gastric mucosal lesion incidence were studied in conscious rats 2 h after intramuscular administration. In pylorus-occluded rats, phentolamine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in the gastric secretory volume and total acid output. Similar doses of the drug also produced dose-dependent decreases in the gastric emptying rate in animals without pylorus occlusion (intact rats), but did not affect the gastric mucosal mucus content. The incidence of gastric mucosal lesions in pylorus-occluded or intact animals rose with increasing doses. The findings are discussed in the light of the possibility that phentolamine, in the dose range examined, possesses a sympathomimetic action which would underlie the gastric lesions observed.", "contents": "Some observations on the gastric effects of phentolamine in rats. The effects of graded doses of phentolamine on gastric secretion, gastric emptying rate, gastric mucosal mucus content and gastric mucosal lesion incidence were studied in conscious rats 2 h after intramuscular administration. In pylorus-occluded rats, phentolamine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in the gastric secretory volume and total acid output. Similar doses of the drug also produced dose-dependent decreases in the gastric emptying rate in animals without pylorus occlusion (intact rats), but did not affect the gastric mucosal mucus content. The incidence of gastric mucosal lesions in pylorus-occluded or intact animals rose with increasing doses. The findings are discussed in the light of the possibility that phentolamine, in the dose range examined, possesses a sympathomimetic action which would underlie the gastric lesions observed.", "PMID": 639844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_96", "title": "A correlative study of the antiulcer effects of zinc sulphate in stressed rats.", "content": "The effects on zinc sulphate pretreatment of rats on stress-induced gastric ulcers and on changes in mast cell counts were studied and correlated with changes in gastric mucosal microcirculation. The effects on zinc sulphate on blood pressure responses and on growth were also examined. Stress (2 h restraint at 4 degrees C) produced marked glandular mucosal ulceration, lowered the stomach wall mast cell counts and increased the microcirculatory blood volume in the superficial glandular mucosa. Zinc sulphate (22, 44 or 88 mg/kg; injected i.p. 48 h before stress) reversed all these changes in a dose-related manner. Blood pressure responses to i.v. acetylcholine, adrenaline or histamine were unaffected and growth of the rats as observed for 7 days after injection was not impaired. On the basis of these findings the mechanism of the antiulcer action of zinc sulphate is the following: inhibition of the stress-induced release of vasoactive agents from gastric mast cells and thus prevention of the subsequent microciculatory changes known to produce mucosal ulceration. Interference with vascular responses through direct blockade or toxicity is unlikely.", "contents": "A correlative study of the antiulcer effects of zinc sulphate in stressed rats. The effects on zinc sulphate pretreatment of rats on stress-induced gastric ulcers and on changes in mast cell counts were studied and correlated with changes in gastric mucosal microcirculation. The effects on zinc sulphate on blood pressure responses and on growth were also examined. Stress (2 h restraint at 4 degrees C) produced marked glandular mucosal ulceration, lowered the stomach wall mast cell counts and increased the microcirculatory blood volume in the superficial glandular mucosa. Zinc sulphate (22, 44 or 88 mg/kg; injected i.p. 48 h before stress) reversed all these changes in a dose-related manner. Blood pressure responses to i.v. acetylcholine, adrenaline or histamine were unaffected and growth of the rats as observed for 7 days after injection was not impaired. On the basis of these findings the mechanism of the antiulcer action of zinc sulphate is the following: inhibition of the stress-induced release of vasoactive agents from gastric mast cells and thus prevention of the subsequent microciculatory changes known to produce mucosal ulceration. Interference with vascular responses through direct blockade or toxicity is unlikely.", "PMID": 639846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_97", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the nigrostriatal pathway after HA-966 block of triatal dopamine release.", "content": "Striatal dopamine (DA) of rats increased twofold 1 h after blockade of DA release by either an electrolytic lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) or systemic administration of 1-hydroxy-3-amino-pyrrolidone-2 (HA-966). If the treatments were combined, no further increase was observed. The decrease in DA induced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMT) in otherwise untreated animals was not enhanced by a 20 min electrical stimulation of nigrostriatal fibres. If, however, in addition to synthesis blockade by alphaMT, DA release was interrupted by a lesion of the SN and/or by HA-966, electrical stimulation caused a significant decrease in striatal DA. It is assumed that HA-966 exerts its action in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system by way of blockade of the nerve impulse flow at the level of the SN.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the nigrostriatal pathway after HA-966 block of triatal dopamine release. Striatal dopamine (DA) of rats increased twofold 1 h after blockade of DA release by either an electrolytic lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) or systemic administration of 1-hydroxy-3-amino-pyrrolidone-2 (HA-966). If the treatments were combined, no further increase was observed. The decrease in DA induced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMT) in otherwise untreated animals was not enhanced by a 20 min electrical stimulation of nigrostriatal fibres. If, however, in addition to synthesis blockade by alphaMT, DA release was interrupted by a lesion of the SN and/or by HA-966, electrical stimulation caused a significant decrease in striatal DA. It is assumed that HA-966 exerts its action in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system by way of blockade of the nerve impulse flow at the level of the SN.", "PMID": 639847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_98", "title": "Noradrenaline inhibition of acetylcholine release from guinea-pig brain.", "content": "The effect of noradrenaline (NA) on acetylcholine (ACh) release from guinea-pig brain was investigated in superfused cerebral cortex slices and in unrestrained unanaesthetized animals provided with epidural cups. The amine reduced the ACh release from electrically stimulated tissue and its effect was antagonized by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, but not by propranolol and spiroperidol. The injection of NA (150 microgram) into the cerebral ventricles caused sedation, E.Co.G. synchronization and reduced ACh outflow from the parietal cortex. This inhibition was counteracted by alpha-blocking agents. A lower dose of NA (50 microgram) did not change the behaviour, but produced a late increase in ACh outflow, prevented by spiroperidol. These results fit well with the hypothesis that NA restrains, via alpha-receptors, the ACh secretion from the nerve endings and indirectly support the view that the amine reduces the firing rate of the corticopetal cholinergic neurones. The late increase in ACh outflow, observed in vivo, may be referred to secondary activation of the dopaminergic neurones, known to enhance the cortical ACh release in this animal species.", "contents": "Noradrenaline inhibition of acetylcholine release from guinea-pig brain. The effect of noradrenaline (NA) on acetylcholine (ACh) release from guinea-pig brain was investigated in superfused cerebral cortex slices and in unrestrained unanaesthetized animals provided with epidural cups. The amine reduced the ACh release from electrically stimulated tissue and its effect was antagonized by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, but not by propranolol and spiroperidol. The injection of NA (150 microgram) into the cerebral ventricles caused sedation, E.Co.G. synchronization and reduced ACh outflow from the parietal cortex. This inhibition was counteracted by alpha-blocking agents. A lower dose of NA (50 microgram) did not change the behaviour, but produced a late increase in ACh outflow, prevented by spiroperidol. These results fit well with the hypothesis that NA restrains, via alpha-receptors, the ACh secretion from the nerve endings and indirectly support the view that the amine reduces the firing rate of the corticopetal cholinergic neurones. The late increase in ACh outflow, observed in vivo, may be referred to secondary activation of the dopaminergic neurones, known to enhance the cortical ACh release in this animal species.", "PMID": 639848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_99", "title": "Neuronal and non-neuronal components in the overflow of labelled adenyl compounds from guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "Guinea-pig taenia coli preprations were pre-incubated in 3H-adenosine and the overflow of 3H-compounds to a superfusing medium was measured during transmural field stimulation in the presence and absence of tetrodotoxin. The fractional overflow of 3H-compounds on stimulation of taenia coli pre-incubated in 3H-adenosine at 10(-7) M was greater than after incubation at 10(-5) M. About half of the releasable store was blocked by tetrodotoxin. It is proposed that at lower concentrations, there is selective loading of a releasable store, while at higher concentrations thare is a greater loading of non-releasable stores, and that neuronal stores account for about 33% of the 3H-compounds released by transmural stimulation.", "contents": "Neuronal and non-neuronal components in the overflow of labelled adenyl compounds from guinea-pig taenia coli. Guinea-pig taenia coli preprations were pre-incubated in 3H-adenosine and the overflow of 3H-compounds to a superfusing medium was measured during transmural field stimulation in the presence and absence of tetrodotoxin. The fractional overflow of 3H-compounds on stimulation of taenia coli pre-incubated in 3H-adenosine at 10(-7) M was greater than after incubation at 10(-5) M. About half of the releasable store was blocked by tetrodotoxin. It is proposed that at lower concentrations, there is selective loading of a releasable store, while at higher concentrations thare is a greater loading of non-releasable stores, and that neuronal stores account for about 33% of the 3H-compounds released by transmural stimulation.", "PMID": 639849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_100", "title": "Potassium-induced release of enkephalins from rat striatal slices.", "content": "The rate of release of enkephalin from rat striatal slices increased 7--10 fold in response to depolarization by 50 mM potassium ions in vitro. The potassium-evoked release of enkephalins was abolished in a calcium deficient medium. Uptake studies indicated that the potassium-stimulated efflux was not due to the inhibition of an active uptake mechanism for these peptides. These findings provide support for the view that enkephalins may function as neurotransmitters in brain.", "contents": "Potassium-induced release of enkephalins from rat striatal slices. The rate of release of enkephalin from rat striatal slices increased 7--10 fold in response to depolarization by 50 mM potassium ions in vitro. The potassium-evoked release of enkephalins was abolished in a calcium deficient medium. Uptake studies indicated that the potassium-stimulated efflux was not due to the inhibition of an active uptake mechanism for these peptides. These findings provide support for the view that enkephalins may function as neurotransmitters in brain.", "PMID": 639850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_101", "title": "Antiextensor effects of 3,3-diphenyl-n-propylamine in the mouse.", "content": "Diphenylpropylamine has antiextensor activity in the MES test and worsens clonic seizures produced by pentylenetetrazol. The drug also prevents tonic hindlimb extension produced by large doses of pentylenetetrazol. Diphenylpropylamine appears, therefore, to be a phenytoin-like compound. However, unlike most antiextensor agents, diphenylpropylamine has neuroexcitatory effects and antagonizes barbital-induced loss of the righting reflex.", "contents": "Antiextensor effects of 3,3-diphenyl-n-propylamine in the mouse. Diphenylpropylamine has antiextensor activity in the MES test and worsens clonic seizures produced by pentylenetetrazol. The drug also prevents tonic hindlimb extension produced by large doses of pentylenetetrazol. Diphenylpropylamine appears, therefore, to be a phenytoin-like compound. However, unlike most antiextensor agents, diphenylpropylamine has neuroexcitatory effects and antagonizes barbital-induced loss of the righting reflex.", "PMID": 639851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_102", "title": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on the antinociceptive action of morphine.", "content": "The role of brain catecholamines in the antinociceptive action of morphine was investigated. Intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine which depleted brain noradrenaline in the rat had no effect on morphine's antinociceptive action but combined treatment with pargyline and 6-hydroxydopamine to further deplete brain dopamine potentiated morphine's action. It was also shown that when dopamine receptors were blocked, the antinociceptive action of morphine was potentiated whereas alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists had no effect. 6-Hydroxydopamine had two effects in mice tested on the hot-plate. It produced a hyperalgesia and antagonized the antinociceptive action of morphine. This antagonism of morphine appeared to be the result of the depletion of noradrenaline rather than dopamine. Intraventricular injection of both catecholamines restored the antinociceptive action of morphine in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice but dopamine was ineffective in the presence of a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. It is suggested that the antinociceptive action of morphine is expressed by noradrenergic neurones in the mouse and by both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurones in the rat.", "contents": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on the antinociceptive action of morphine. The role of brain catecholamines in the antinociceptive action of morphine was investigated. Intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine which depleted brain noradrenaline in the rat had no effect on morphine's antinociceptive action but combined treatment with pargyline and 6-hydroxydopamine to further deplete brain dopamine potentiated morphine's action. It was also shown that when dopamine receptors were blocked, the antinociceptive action of morphine was potentiated whereas alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists had no effect. 6-Hydroxydopamine had two effects in mice tested on the hot-plate. It produced a hyperalgesia and antagonized the antinociceptive action of morphine. This antagonism of morphine appeared to be the result of the depletion of noradrenaline rather than dopamine. Intraventricular injection of both catecholamines restored the antinociceptive action of morphine in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice but dopamine was ineffective in the presence of a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. It is suggested that the antinociceptive action of morphine is expressed by noradrenergic neurones in the mouse and by both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurones in the rat.", "PMID": 639852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_103", "title": "The effects of stimulants and inhibitors of histamine receptors on acid secretion from guinea pig gastric fundus.", "content": "Two selective H2 receptor stimulants (5-methyl-N-methylhistamine and dimaprit) so far never tested in isolated gastric preparations, were found to be strong stimulants of acid secretion from the guinea pig isolated gastric fundus. Although some differences were observed in the cumulative dose--response curves for these two agonists, the peak responses obtained were not significantly different from the maximum response to histamine. Cimetidine produced parallel displacement of the dose--response curves to the right with the maximum response unchanged, suggesting competitive antagonism of H2 receptors. The dose--response curve for histamine was not affected by the simultaneous administration of an H1 receptor agonist, 2(2-aminoethyl)thiazole, or of an H1 receptor antagonist, pyrilamine. This indicates that the action of histamine on the isolated guinea pig gastric fundus is associated exclusively with H2 receptor stimulation.", "contents": "The effects of stimulants and inhibitors of histamine receptors on acid secretion from guinea pig gastric fundus. Two selective H2 receptor stimulants (5-methyl-N-methylhistamine and dimaprit) so far never tested in isolated gastric preparations, were found to be strong stimulants of acid secretion from the guinea pig isolated gastric fundus. Although some differences were observed in the cumulative dose--response curves for these two agonists, the peak responses obtained were not significantly different from the maximum response to histamine. Cimetidine produced parallel displacement of the dose--response curves to the right with the maximum response unchanged, suggesting competitive antagonism of H2 receptors. The dose--response curve for histamine was not affected by the simultaneous administration of an H1 receptor agonist, 2(2-aminoethyl)thiazole, or of an H1 receptor antagonist, pyrilamine. This indicates that the action of histamine on the isolated guinea pig gastric fundus is associated exclusively with H2 receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 639853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_104", "title": "Pharmacological characterization of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain.", "content": "Receptors in rat brain membranes which specifically bind 3H-diazepam were characterized pharmacologically using reference substances representing several pharmacological classes of drugs. Of 28 benzodiazepines tested, several \"classical\" ones (diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, flurazepam, bromazepam and chlorazepate) with known clinical efficacy, as well as three newer \"triazolo\" benzodiazepines (estazolam, U 35,005, U 31,957), one new \"imidazolo\" benzodiazepine, U 31,219, and one new 2-carbamoylmethylene-benzodiazepine, displaced 3H-diazepam binding at low concentrations (Ki=1--60 nM). For these benzodiazepines there was a stastically significant correlation between Ki values for displacement and ED50 (or MED) values in several pharmacological tests predictive of anxiolytic activity in man. More than 100 nonbenzodiazepines, representing 22 distinct pharmacological classes as well as 14 presumed neurotransmitters in the CNS, including 4 peptides, were much weaker as 3H-diazepam displacers (K2 greater than 0.1 nM). These results suggest that in vitro 3H-diazepam binding represents the physiologically relevant binding to hitherto unknown receptors in the CNS.", "contents": "Pharmacological characterization of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. Receptors in rat brain membranes which specifically bind 3H-diazepam were characterized pharmacologically using reference substances representing several pharmacological classes of drugs. Of 28 benzodiazepines tested, several \"classical\" ones (diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, flurazepam, bromazepam and chlorazepate) with known clinical efficacy, as well as three newer \"triazolo\" benzodiazepines (estazolam, U 35,005, U 31,957), one new \"imidazolo\" benzodiazepine, U 31,219, and one new 2-carbamoylmethylene-benzodiazepine, displaced 3H-diazepam binding at low concentrations (Ki=1--60 nM). For these benzodiazepines there was a stastically significant correlation between Ki values for displacement and ED50 (or MED) values in several pharmacological tests predictive of anxiolytic activity in man. More than 100 nonbenzodiazepines, representing 22 distinct pharmacological classes as well as 14 presumed neurotransmitters in the CNS, including 4 peptides, were much weaker as 3H-diazepam displacers (K2 greater than 0.1 nM). These results suggest that in vitro 3H-diazepam binding represents the physiologically relevant binding to hitherto unknown receptors in the CNS.", "PMID": 639854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_105", "title": "Mechanism of the cardiovascular activity of dibenzoxazepine in cats.", "content": "Small i.v. doses of dibenzoxazepine (DBO) (50--400 microgram/kg) given to anesthetized cats resulted in dose related increases in heart rate (up to 70 beats/min) and blood pressure (up to 80 mm Hg). The pressor response was blocked by pretreatment of the animals with phentolamine; pretreatment for 3 days with 6-hydroxdopamine; with mecamylamine and spinal transection between C1 and C2 but not by propranolol or adrenalectomy. The increase in heart rate was blocked by pretreatment with propranolol, 6-hydroxydopamine, mecamylamine and spinal transection whereas adrenalectomy only affected the response slightly. DBO produced only negative effects on the isolated rabbit heart. Bioassay of arterial blood showed an increased level of circulating catecholamines corresponding to the cardiovascular stimulation. DBO had no tyramine-like activity on the isolated rabbit aortic  strip but slightly potentiated the contraction induced by noradrenaline. These findings strongly suggest that the cardiovascular effects resulted from central stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. A minor part of the observed sympathomimetic effects may also be the result of the ability of DBO to potentiate the effects of noradrenaline perhaps by blocking catecholamine uptake.", "contents": "Mechanism of the cardiovascular activity of dibenzoxazepine in cats. Small i.v. doses of dibenzoxazepine (DBO) (50--400 microgram/kg) given to anesthetized cats resulted in dose related increases in heart rate (up to 70 beats/min) and blood pressure (up to 80 mm Hg). The pressor response was blocked by pretreatment of the animals with phentolamine; pretreatment for 3 days with 6-hydroxdopamine; with mecamylamine and spinal transection between C1 and C2 but not by propranolol or adrenalectomy. The increase in heart rate was blocked by pretreatment with propranolol, 6-hydroxydopamine, mecamylamine and spinal transection whereas adrenalectomy only affected the response slightly. DBO produced only negative effects on the isolated rabbit heart. Bioassay of arterial blood showed an increased level of circulating catecholamines corresponding to the cardiovascular stimulation. DBO had no tyramine-like activity on the isolated rabbit aortic  strip but slightly potentiated the contraction induced by noradrenaline. These findings strongly suggest that the cardiovascular effects resulted from central stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. A minor part of the observed sympathomimetic effects may also be the result of the ability of DBO to potentiate the effects of noradrenaline perhaps by blocking catecholamine uptake.", "PMID": 639855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_106", "title": "Effects of purine compounds on cholinergic nerves. Specificity of adenosine and related compounds on acetylcholine release in electircally stimulated guinea pig ileum.", "content": "The action of 21 purine compounds on the twitch response of the electrically stimulated guinea pig isolated ileum has been investigated. Adenosine and related compounds produced a dose-dependent depression of the response. Adenosine was the most potent and 2'-deoxyadenosine had one hundredth the potency of adenosine. Adenine, hypoxanthine, inosine, IMP, ITP, xanthine, xanthosine, XMP, XTP, guanine, GMP and GTP were ineffective at concentrations less than 1 mM. Adenosine (30 microgram) reduced the electrically induced ACh output from the ileal strips. The dose--depression curve for adenosine (0.1--30 microgram) was shifted to the right in the presence of xanthine derivatives and of these, theophylline was the most potent inhibitor of adenosine. On the other hand, dipyridamole (0.1--1 microgram) and hexobendine (0.1--1 microgram) shifted the curve to the left. They markedly inhibited 3H-adenosine uptake into the ileum. Theophylline (0.1 mM), dipyridamole (0.3 microgram) and hexobendine (0.3 microgram) did not affect tetrodotoxin-, adrenaline-, strychnine- and morphine-induced inhibition of the twitch response. The present investigations have revealed that adenosine and related compounds reduce ACh release from the intramural cholinergic nerves in the guinea pig ileum possibly in a specific manner (or through a specific receptor site) different from that of other inhibitors such as morphine.", "contents": "Effects of purine compounds on cholinergic nerves. Specificity of adenosine and related compounds on acetylcholine release in electircally stimulated guinea pig ileum. The action of 21 purine compounds on the twitch response of the electrically stimulated guinea pig isolated ileum has been investigated. Adenosine and related compounds produced a dose-dependent depression of the response. Adenosine was the most potent and 2'-deoxyadenosine had one hundredth the potency of adenosine. Adenine, hypoxanthine, inosine, IMP, ITP, xanthine, xanthosine, XMP, XTP, guanine, GMP and GTP were ineffective at concentrations less than 1 mM. Adenosine (30 microgram) reduced the electrically induced ACh output from the ileal strips. The dose--depression curve for adenosine (0.1--30 microgram) was shifted to the right in the presence of xanthine derivatives and of these, theophylline was the most potent inhibitor of adenosine. On the other hand, dipyridamole (0.1--1 microgram) and hexobendine (0.1--1 microgram) shifted the curve to the left. They markedly inhibited 3H-adenosine uptake into the ileum. Theophylline (0.1 mM), dipyridamole (0.3 microgram) and hexobendine (0.3 microgram) did not affect tetrodotoxin-, adrenaline-, strychnine- and morphine-induced inhibition of the twitch response. The present investigations have revealed that adenosine and related compounds reduce ACh release from the intramural cholinergic nerves in the guinea pig ileum possibly in a specific manner (or through a specific receptor site) different from that of other inhibitors such as morphine.", "PMID": 639857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_107", "title": "Biliary spasmolytic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149) in dogs.", "content": "The spasmolytic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149) on the biliary tract was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Intravenous administration of AA-149 at 2 mg/kg and higher doses produced a dose-dependent reduction in passage resistance through the choledochoduodenal junction and in gallbladder pressure, and a dose-dependent increase in bile flow. AA-149, like cholecystokinin, decreased biliary ductal pressure in spite of increasing the bile flow in dogs with ligation of the cystic duct of the gallbladder, whereas taurocholate increased the pressure as well as the bile flow. Moreover, the spasmic response of the choledochoduodenal junction to morphine was depressed strongly by AA-149, BUT NOT CONSISTENTLY BY ATROPINE. The effects of AA-149 were not influenced by pretreatment with atropine, phentolamine or propranolol. These findings strongly suggest that AA-149 relaxed the biliary tract and depressed the morphine-induced spasm by a mechanism different from those of anticholinergic and sympathomimetic agents.", "contents": "Biliary spasmolytic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149) in dogs. The spasmolytic action of 3-(2,4,5-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149) on the biliary tract was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Intravenous administration of AA-149 at 2 mg/kg and higher doses produced a dose-dependent reduction in passage resistance through the choledochoduodenal junction and in gallbladder pressure, and a dose-dependent increase in bile flow. AA-149, like cholecystokinin, decreased biliary ductal pressure in spite of increasing the bile flow in dogs with ligation of the cystic duct of the gallbladder, whereas taurocholate increased the pressure as well as the bile flow. Moreover, the spasmic response of the choledochoduodenal junction to morphine was depressed strongly by AA-149, BUT NOT CONSISTENTLY BY ATROPINE. The effects of AA-149 were not influenced by pretreatment with atropine, phentolamine or propranolol. These findings strongly suggest that AA-149 relaxed the biliary tract and depressed the morphine-induced spasm by a mechanism different from those of anticholinergic and sympathomimetic agents.", "PMID": 639858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_108", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of morphine and opioid peptides following intracisternal administration in chloralose-anesthetized rats.", "content": "Beta-Endorphin (0.9--2.0 nmol), morphine (11--250 nmol) and D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (17--33 nmol) administered intracisternally produced preferential vasodepressor responses and bradycardia. Leu- (1.8--180 nmol), met-enkephalin (17--520 nmol) and alpha-endorphin (5.7--57 nmol) administered in the same way produced preferential vasopressor effects and the latter two peptides also produced bradycardia. Results obtained with naloxone (300 nmol) given intracisternally indicate that the pressor and depressor actions as well as the bradycardia are mediated through opiate receptors. The results indicate that opioid peptides may be involved in central cardiovascular control.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of morphine and opioid peptides following intracisternal administration in chloralose-anesthetized rats. Beta-Endorphin (0.9--2.0 nmol), morphine (11--250 nmol) and D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (17--33 nmol) administered intracisternally produced preferential vasodepressor responses and bradycardia. Leu- (1.8--180 nmol), met-enkephalin (17--520 nmol) and alpha-endorphin (5.7--57 nmol) administered in the same way produced preferential vasopressor effects and the latter two peptides also produced bradycardia. Results obtained with naloxone (300 nmol) given intracisternally indicate that the pressor and depressor actions as well as the bradycardia are mediated through opiate receptors. The results indicate that opioid peptides may be involved in central cardiovascular control.", "PMID": 639859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_109", "title": "GABA potentiates potassium-stimulated 3H-dopamine release from slices of rat substantia nigra and corpus striatum.", "content": "GABA (10-5--10-3 M) had no effect on the spontaneous outflow of previously accumulated 3H-DA or 3H-5HT from rat nigral or striatal slices. However, GABA markedly potentiated the potassium-stimulated release of 3H-DA in both brain regions, while the depolarization-induced output of 3H-5HT was only slightly increased. This action of GABA was blocked by pictotoxin but not by bicuculline. Amphetamine likewise evoked a dose-related efflux of 3H-DA and 3H-5HT from nigra and striatum, but these releases were unchanged by GABA. The data suggest that GABA acts presynaptically in these areas to regulate dopaminergic cell function.", "contents": "GABA potentiates potassium-stimulated 3H-dopamine release from slices of rat substantia nigra and corpus striatum. GABA (10-5--10-3 M) had no effect on the spontaneous outflow of previously accumulated 3H-DA or 3H-5HT from rat nigral or striatal slices. However, GABA markedly potentiated the potassium-stimulated release of 3H-DA in both brain regions, while the depolarization-induced output of 3H-5HT was only slightly increased. This action of GABA was blocked by pictotoxin but not by bicuculline. Amphetamine likewise evoked a dose-related efflux of 3H-DA and 3H-5HT from nigra and striatum, but these releases were unchanged by GABA. The data suggest that GABA acts presynaptically in these areas to regulate dopaminergic cell function.", "PMID": 639860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_110", "title": "The relationship between speed and amplitude of the fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles.", "content": "The relationship between the speed of the fastest possible voluntary contractions and their amplitude was examined for several hand- and forearm muscles under isometric and isotonic conditions. The consistent finding was the amplitude dependence of the speed of the fastest voluntary efforts: the larger the amplitude, the faster the contraction. The increase of the rate of rise of isometric tension or of the velocity of isotonic movements with rising amplitude was linear. The slope of this relationship was the same for three different hand- and forearm muscles examined. The duration of the contractions measured from onset to peak was approximately constant for all amplitudes. The duration of the EMG-burst recorded from the contracting muscle was similar as the time from onset to peak of the contraction. These results show that the skeleto-motor speed control system operates by adjusting the velocity of a contraction to its amplitude in such a way that the contraction time remains approximately constant. It is suggested that this type of speed control is a necessary requirement for the synchrony of synergistic muscle contractions.", "contents": "The relationship between speed and amplitude of the fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles. The relationship between the speed of the fastest possible voluntary contractions and their amplitude was examined for several hand- and forearm muscles under isometric and isotonic conditions. The consistent finding was the amplitude dependence of the speed of the fastest voluntary efforts: the larger the amplitude, the faster the contraction. The increase of the rate of rise of isometric tension or of the velocity of isotonic movements with rising amplitude was linear. The slope of this relationship was the same for three different hand- and forearm muscles examined. The duration of the contractions measured from onset to peak was approximately constant for all amplitudes. The duration of the EMG-burst recorded from the contracting muscle was similar as the time from onset to peak of the contraction. These results show that the skeleto-motor speed control system operates by adjusting the velocity of a contraction to its amplitude in such a way that the contraction time remains approximately constant. It is suggested that this type of speed control is a necessary requirement for the synchrony of synergistic muscle contractions.", "PMID": 639903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_111", "title": "Forebrain lesions and retention of imprinting in domestic chicks.", "content": "Newly-hatched domestic chicks were reared separately with one of two types of imprinting object hanging in their cages. On the 5th day discrimination tests demonstrated strong preferences for the familiar object. On the 6th day the chicks were subjected to bilateral aspiration lesions of either the anterior or the lateral forebrain and their imprinting objects removed from the cage. Discrimination tests were made on the 9th and 12th days, the imprinting objects replaced, and a final relearning test given on the 14th day. The anterior lesion group was slightly impaired in the retention and relearning tests while the lateral lesion group was drastically affected, being significantly worse than the anterior group and with choices only just significantly above random expectation in the retention tests and no different from random choice in the relearning test. It was concluded that a lateral forebrain region is necessary for retention and relearning of a previously acquired imprinted preference.", "contents": "Forebrain lesions and retention of imprinting in domestic chicks. Newly-hatched domestic chicks were reared separately with one of two types of imprinting object hanging in their cages. On the 5th day discrimination tests demonstrated strong preferences for the familiar object. On the 6th day the chicks were subjected to bilateral aspiration lesions of either the anterior or the lateral forebrain and their imprinting objects removed from the cage. Discrimination tests were made on the 9th and 12th days, the imprinting objects replaced, and a final relearning test given on the 14th day. The anterior lesion group was slightly impaired in the retention and relearning tests while the lateral lesion group was drastically affected, being significantly worse than the anterior group and with choices only just significantly above random expectation in the retention tests and no different from random choice in the relearning test. It was concluded that a lateral forebrain region is necessary for retention and relearning of a previously acquired imprinted preference.", "PMID": 639904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_112", "title": "Stages of recovery from central norepinephrine lesions in enriched and impoverished environments: a behavioral and biochemical study.", "content": "Adult rats were injected intraventricularly with 6-OHDA and allowed to recover for varying time periods in either an enriched colony environment or in isolation cages. When tested behaviorally in a novel environment, isolated animals showed a cyclical recovery pattern, with behavioral changes at 14 days after lesioning which were different from those seen at 2 and 45 days after lesioning. In contrast, animals housed in a colony environment showed progressive improvement and better recovery than isolates. Biochemical studies of uptake of H3NE and histofluorescence indicated that colony housed animals had enrichment effects (higher cortical NE uptake), but they were also more susceptible to 6-OHDA and did not recover well from the lesions. Isolated animals showed somewhat better recovery of NE uptake following 6-OHDA injections, especially in cortex. Because behavioral recovery from 6-OHDA was dissociated from biochemical indicators of recovery in NE circuitry, these results imply that brain systems other than NE were primarily responsible for the enhanced behavioral recovery which occurs in enriched environments.", "contents": "Stages of recovery from central norepinephrine lesions in enriched and impoverished environments: a behavioral and biochemical study. Adult rats were injected intraventricularly with 6-OHDA and allowed to recover for varying time periods in either an enriched colony environment or in isolation cages. When tested behaviorally in a novel environment, isolated animals showed a cyclical recovery pattern, with behavioral changes at 14 days after lesioning which were different from those seen at 2 and 45 days after lesioning. In contrast, animals housed in a colony environment showed progressive improvement and better recovery than isolates. Biochemical studies of uptake of H3NE and histofluorescence indicated that colony housed animals had enrichment effects (higher cortical NE uptake), but they were also more susceptible to 6-OHDA and did not recover well from the lesions. Isolated animals showed somewhat better recovery of NE uptake following 6-OHDA injections, especially in cortex. Because behavioral recovery from 6-OHDA was dissociated from biochemical indicators of recovery in NE circuitry, these results imply that brain systems other than NE were primarily responsible for the enhanced behavioral recovery which occurs in enriched environments.", "PMID": 639905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_113", "title": "Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 4. Corticospinal inhibition of forelimb motoneurones mediated by short propriospinal neurones.", "content": "A previously described inhibitory trisynaptic cortico-motoneuronal pathway (Illert et al., 1976a) was analysed in order to identify the two relay stations. Intracellular recording was made from motoneurones to elbow muscles. Corticospinal fibres were stimulated in the contralateral medullary pyramid. Pyramidal IPSPs were abolished by a transection of the corticospinal tract in C2 but remained after a corresponding lesion in C5. After a C5 lesion pyramidal volleys facilitated transmission in the Ia inhibitory pathway with a time course suggesting disynaptic excitatory action on the Ia inhibitory interneurones. The trisynaptic pyramidal IPSPs were depressed by volleys in the appropriate recurrent motor axon collaterals as would be expected if these IPSPs were mediated by Ia inhibitory interneurones. It is concluded that trisynaptic cortico-motoneuronal inhibition is evoked by consecutive activation of propriospinal neurones in C3--C4 and segmental Ia inhibitory interneurones.", "contents": "Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 4. Corticospinal inhibition of forelimb motoneurones mediated by short propriospinal neurones. A previously described inhibitory trisynaptic cortico-motoneuronal pathway (Illert et al., 1976a) was analysed in order to identify the two relay stations. Intracellular recording was made from motoneurones to elbow muscles. Corticospinal fibres were stimulated in the contralateral medullary pyramid. Pyramidal IPSPs were abolished by a transection of the corticospinal tract in C2 but remained after a corresponding lesion in C5. After a C5 lesion pyramidal volleys facilitated transmission in the Ia inhibitory pathway with a time course suggesting disynaptic excitatory action on the Ia inhibitory interneurones. The trisynaptic pyramidal IPSPs were depressed by volleys in the appropriate recurrent motor axon collaterals as would be expected if these IPSPs were mediated by Ia inhibitory interneurones. It is concluded that trisynaptic cortico-motoneuronal inhibition is evoked by consecutive activation of propriospinal neurones in C3--C4 and segmental Ia inhibitory interneurones.", "PMID": 639906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_114", "title": "Studies of RNA metabolism in the nerve cells of hippocampus during training in rats.", "content": "Direct evidence is presented that training to change behavior initiates synthesis of specific species of mRNA in pyramidal nerve cells of CA3 of the hippocampus in rats. Reversal of handedness was used as goal-directed operant test and active controls. Newly synthesized poly(A) associated mRNA with S value of 25 and a stimulation of poly(A) lacking mRNA of 8--9 S and 16--17 S were found in the CA3 nerve cells of trained but not in active controls.", "contents": "Studies of RNA metabolism in the nerve cells of hippocampus during training in rats. Direct evidence is presented that training to change behavior initiates synthesis of specific species of mRNA in pyramidal nerve cells of CA3 of the hippocampus in rats. Reversal of handedness was used as goal-directed operant test and active controls. Newly synthesized poly(A) associated mRNA with S value of 25 and a stimulation of poly(A) lacking mRNA of 8--9 S and 16--17 S were found in the CA3 nerve cells of trained but not in active controls.", "PMID": 639907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_115", "title": "Common projection of the motor cortex to the caudate nucleus and the cerebellum.", "content": "1. Stimulation of the caudate nucleus (Cd) was found to evoke early mossy fibre (MF) and late climbing fibre (CF) responses in fairly wide areas of the cerebellar cortex in cats. Points capable of eliciting the cerebellar responses were situated exclusively in the head portion of the nucleus. These responses showed a close resemblance to those induced by stimulation of the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG) both in their contours and in their distributions. 2. There was a remarkable interaction between the Cd- and the medial ASG-induced field potentials in the pontine nuclei. When conditioned by the Cd stimulation at significantly short time intervals, the field potentials evoked by the medial ASG stimulation were more remarkably suppressed than those by the lateral ASG stimulation. 3. Field potentials or extracellular unitary activities in the inferior olive elicited by the Cd stimulation were closely related to those evoked by the medial ASG stimulation both in their responsiveness and in their topographical localizations. 4. When the cortical motor area had been ablated 10--14 days previously, the Cd stimulation elicited no responses in the cerebellar cortex. 5. From these findings, it was indicated that the Cd receives collaterals of the cortico-pontine and/or the cortico-olivary axons that originated almost exclusively from the neurones in the medial ASG (area 6). This suggested the existence of a common innervation of the basal ganglia and the cerebellar systems by the premotor area of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Common projection of the motor cortex to the caudate nucleus and the cerebellum. 1. Stimulation of the caudate nucleus (Cd) was found to evoke early mossy fibre (MF) and late climbing fibre (CF) responses in fairly wide areas of the cerebellar cortex in cats. Points capable of eliciting the cerebellar responses were situated exclusively in the head portion of the nucleus. These responses showed a close resemblance to those induced by stimulation of the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG) both in their contours and in their distributions. 2. There was a remarkable interaction between the Cd- and the medial ASG-induced field potentials in the pontine nuclei. When conditioned by the Cd stimulation at significantly short time intervals, the field potentials evoked by the medial ASG stimulation were more remarkably suppressed than those by the lateral ASG stimulation. 3. Field potentials or extracellular unitary activities in the inferior olive elicited by the Cd stimulation were closely related to those evoked by the medial ASG stimulation both in their responsiveness and in their topographical localizations. 4. When the cortical motor area had been ablated 10--14 days previously, the Cd stimulation elicited no responses in the cerebellar cortex. 5. From these findings, it was indicated that the Cd receives collaterals of the cortico-pontine and/or the cortico-olivary axons that originated almost exclusively from the neurones in the medial ASG (area 6). This suggested the existence of a common innervation of the basal ganglia and the cerebellar systems by the premotor area of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 639908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_116", "title": "Projections of the ascending somesthetic pathways to the cat superior colliculus visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique.", "content": "Projections of the somesthetic ascending pathways to the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat have been demonstrated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection in one SC, marked neurons were found in the contralateral dorsal horn and in the contralateral dorsal column nuclei, mainly the cuneate nucleus. Moreover, in the contralateral trigeminal complex, the sub-nucleus caudalis of the spinal nucleus of the Vth nerve, and the subnucleus oralis plus the main sensory trigeminal nucleus were labeled. Thus, the anterolateral system and the lemniscal system subserving face and forelimb sensation send afferent fibers to the contralateral SC.", "contents": "Projections of the ascending somesthetic pathways to the cat superior colliculus visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Projections of the somesthetic ascending pathways to the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat have been demonstrated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection in one SC, marked neurons were found in the contralateral dorsal horn and in the contralateral dorsal column nuclei, mainly the cuneate nucleus. Moreover, in the contralateral trigeminal complex, the sub-nucleus caudalis of the spinal nucleus of the Vth nerve, and the subnucleus oralis plus the main sensory trigeminal nucleus were labeled. Thus, the anterolateral system and the lemniscal system subserving face and forelimb sensation send afferent fibers to the contralateral SC.", "PMID": 639909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_117", "title": "Functional organization in the cat's pulvinar complex.", "content": "The responses of 192 single units in the cat's pulvinar-complex, comprising the inferior, medial and lateral pulvinar nuclei, were studied in paralysed cats, lightly anaesthetized with N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone. About 60% of the cells were visually driven and their receptive fields classified as either diffuse, concentric, movement sensitive, direction sensitive or orientation sensitive. The response fields of such cells were commonly large. Response field maps for the movement and direction sensitive cells formed a heterogenous population with uniform on-off fields to more complex arrangements with on- or off-centres, often with only partial surrounds; other cells responded exclusively to moving stimuli. A dual representation of the visual field was found in the pulvinar-complex corresponding to the striate and tectal recipient zones described anatomically by others. The representation in the striate recipient zone comprised an oblique column running medio-laterally and rostro-caudally through the inferior pulvinar and lateral margin of the medial pulvinar. The peripheral visual field was represented laterally and the vertical meridian medially; the upper visual field was represented dorso-laterally in the medial pulvinar and the lower visual field caudo-ventrally within the inferior pulvinar. That this visuotopic organization corresponded to the striate recipient zone was established by tracing the retrograde transport of HRP. Medial to the striate zone evidence for a second visual field representation was found, apparently more randomly organized than the striate zone, corresponding to the presumed tectal recipient zone. These results support the assertion that cytoarchitectural boundaries do not necessarily delineate functional (visuotopically organized) regions. These observations suggest caution when comparing cytoarchitecturally defined regions between species; rather, 'functionally equivalent' regions should be compared.", "contents": "Functional organization in the cat's pulvinar complex. The responses of 192 single units in the cat's pulvinar-complex, comprising the inferior, medial and lateral pulvinar nuclei, were studied in paralysed cats, lightly anaesthetized with N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone. About 60% of the cells were visually driven and their receptive fields classified as either diffuse, concentric, movement sensitive, direction sensitive or orientation sensitive. The response fields of such cells were commonly large. Response field maps for the movement and direction sensitive cells formed a heterogenous population with uniform on-off fields to more complex arrangements with on- or off-centres, often with only partial surrounds; other cells responded exclusively to moving stimuli. A dual representation of the visual field was found in the pulvinar-complex corresponding to the striate and tectal recipient zones described anatomically by others. The representation in the striate recipient zone comprised an oblique column running medio-laterally and rostro-caudally through the inferior pulvinar and lateral margin of the medial pulvinar. The peripheral visual field was represented laterally and the vertical meridian medially; the upper visual field was represented dorso-laterally in the medial pulvinar and the lower visual field caudo-ventrally within the inferior pulvinar. That this visuotopic organization corresponded to the striate recipient zone was established by tracing the retrograde transport of HRP. Medial to the striate zone evidence for a second visual field representation was found, apparently more randomly organized than the striate zone, corresponding to the presumed tectal recipient zone. These results support the assertion that cytoarchitectural boundaries do not necessarily delineate functional (visuotopically organized) regions. These observations suggest caution when comparing cytoarchitecturally defined regions between species; rather, 'functionally equivalent' regions should be compared.", "PMID": 639910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_118", "title": "Selective degeneration of two out of the nine types of synapses in cat caudate nucleus after cortical lesions.", "content": "In the cat caudate nucleus the same nine types of synapses are found as in putamen and fundus striati. The three parts of the striatum in the strict sense do not differ in the morphological differentiation of synapse types but only in their quantitative distribution. One-third of all synapses in the caudate nucleus are axo-spinous type IV synapses with a curved and divided asymmetric contact. This strongly suggests that the caudate nucleus interneuronal apparatus is dominated by centre-median input, in contrast to the putamen which is controlled by the cortico-striatal input to its internuncial cells and by its strong intrastriatal feedback mechanism. Extensive destruction of the convexity of the cortex and the medial cortex in one hemisphere results in dark degeneration of a large proportion of two of the nine types of caudate synapses: a) the axo-dendritic type VII synapses exciting the large spiny caudate neurons and b) the axo-spinous type III synapses making contact with the small spiny neurons of the interneuronal cell apparatus.", "contents": "Selective degeneration of two out of the nine types of synapses in cat caudate nucleus after cortical lesions. In the cat caudate nucleus the same nine types of synapses are found as in putamen and fundus striati. The three parts of the striatum in the strict sense do not differ in the morphological differentiation of synapse types but only in their quantitative distribution. One-third of all synapses in the caudate nucleus are axo-spinous type IV synapses with a curved and divided asymmetric contact. This strongly suggests that the caudate nucleus interneuronal apparatus is dominated by centre-median input, in contrast to the putamen which is controlled by the cortico-striatal input to its internuncial cells and by its strong intrastriatal feedback mechanism. Extensive destruction of the convexity of the cortex and the medial cortex in one hemisphere results in dark degeneration of a large proportion of two of the nine types of caudate synapses: a) the axo-dendritic type VII synapses exciting the large spiny caudate neurons and b) the axo-spinous type III synapses making contact with the small spiny neurons of the interneuronal cell apparatus.", "PMID": 639911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_119", "title": "A ventral lateral geniculate nucleus projection to the dorsal thalamus and the midbrain in the cat.", "content": "Retrograde tracing experiments using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have been utilized for demonstrating the origin of efferent projections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) in the cat. HRP-positive cells identifiable as origins of thalamic projections were found in LGNv after injections of HRP into the lateral central intralaminar nucleus. The labeled cells appeared concentrated in the medial part of the internal division of LGNv, consisting of medium-sized multipolar cells. Contralaterally, fewer labeled cells were present in the corresponding part of LGNv. In the case of injections of HRP into the midbrain (pretectum and superior colliculus), labeled cells in LGNv were distributed almost exclusively in its external division, composed of mainly small cells. Little overlap of the distribution of HRP-positive cells was seen in LGNv between the thalamic and midbrain injection cases.", "contents": "A ventral lateral geniculate nucleus projection to the dorsal thalamus and the midbrain in the cat. Retrograde tracing experiments using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have been utilized for demonstrating the origin of efferent projections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) in the cat. HRP-positive cells identifiable as origins of thalamic projections were found in LGNv after injections of HRP into the lateral central intralaminar nucleus. The labeled cells appeared concentrated in the medial part of the internal division of LGNv, consisting of medium-sized multipolar cells. Contralaterally, fewer labeled cells were present in the corresponding part of LGNv. In the case of injections of HRP into the midbrain (pretectum and superior colliculus), labeled cells in LGNv were distributed almost exclusively in its external division, composed of mainly small cells. Little overlap of the distribution of HRP-positive cells was seen in LGNv between the thalamic and midbrain injection cases.", "PMID": 639913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_120", "title": "Afferent fiber connections from lower brain stem to hypothalamus studied by the horseradish peroxidase method with special reference to noradrenaline innervation.", "content": "Attempts were made to determine the afferent projections to the anterior hypothalamus including the preoptic area from the lower brain stem by means of the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify noradrenaline (NA) neurons. In addition to this technique, a histofluorescence analysis was performed. NA fibers in the medial part of the anterior hypothalamus were mainly supplied by A1 and A2 NA neuron groups, while the lateral part and periventricular zone received NA terminals from both pontine and medulla oblongata NA neuron groups. Furthermore, the present study indicated that there were direct projections to the anterior hypothalamus from non-noradrenergic neurons in the lower brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, cells in the mesencephalic and pontine central gray matter, nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, cells around fasciculus longitudinalis medialis.", "contents": "Afferent fiber connections from lower brain stem to hypothalamus studied by the horseradish peroxidase method with special reference to noradrenaline innervation. Attempts were made to determine the afferent projections to the anterior hypothalamus including the preoptic area from the lower brain stem by means of the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify noradrenaline (NA) neurons. In addition to this technique, a histofluorescence analysis was performed. NA fibers in the medial part of the anterior hypothalamus were mainly supplied by A1 and A2 NA neuron groups, while the lateral part and periventricular zone received NA terminals from both pontine and medulla oblongata NA neuron groups. Furthermore, the present study indicated that there were direct projections to the anterior hypothalamus from non-noradrenergic neurons in the lower brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, cells in the mesencephalic and pontine central gray matter, nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, cells around fasciculus longitudinalis medialis.", "PMID": 639912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_121", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha distribution in pregnant rats.", "content": "Studies on the placental transfer and distribution of 3H-PGF2alpha in rats on day 14 of gestation revealed that the isotope and/or its metabolites readily crossed the placenta. Notable levels of radioactivity were present in the embryos as well as in the placentas. The highest concentration of radioactivity was detected in the amniotic fluid. Maternal liver, kidney, and gut also showed significant uptake of the isotope.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha distribution in pregnant rats. Studies on the placental transfer and distribution of 3H-PGF2alpha in rats on day 14 of gestation revealed that the isotope and/or its metabolites readily crossed the placenta. Notable levels of radioactivity were present in the embryos as well as in the placentas. The highest concentration of radioactivity was detected in the amniotic fluid. Maternal liver, kidney, and gut also showed significant uptake of the isotope.", "PMID": 639925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_122", "title": "Increased solubility of collagen. A biochemical defect in the experimental hydralizine-induced collagen disease-like syndrome.", "content": "An increase of soluble fractions of collagen and a decrease of insoluble ones was found in the skin of guinea pigs with collagen disease-like syndrome, produced by prolonged treatment with hydralazine. Chromatography studies showed that the collagen alpha chains content in the skin increased and beta-chains decreased under conditions of the development of lupus-like syndrome. The obtained results suggested the inhibition of collagen maturation as one of biochemical defects of connective tissue in drug-induced collagen disease-like syndrome.", "contents": "Increased solubility of collagen. A biochemical defect in the experimental hydralizine-induced collagen disease-like syndrome. An increase of soluble fractions of collagen and a decrease of insoluble ones was found in the skin of guinea pigs with collagen disease-like syndrome, produced by prolonged treatment with hydralazine. Chromatography studies showed that the collagen alpha chains content in the skin increased and beta-chains decreased under conditions of the development of lupus-like syndrome. The obtained results suggested the inhibition of collagen maturation as one of biochemical defects of connective tissue in drug-induced collagen disease-like syndrome.", "PMID": 639926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_123", "title": "Distribution of monoamine oxidase in hippocampal region of the rat.", "content": "The distribution and development of type A and type B monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in the hippocampal region of the rat was investigated with biochemical microdetermination. Type A MAO is absolutely dominant and unevenly distributed in the hippocampus. The development of type A MAO in the hippocampus seems to be delayed and reachs adult levels by the 30th day after birth.", "contents": "Distribution of monoamine oxidase in hippocampal region of the rat. The distribution and development of type A and type B monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in the hippocampal region of the rat was investigated with biochemical microdetermination. Type A MAO is absolutely dominant and unevenly distributed in the hippocampus. The development of type A MAO in the hippocampus seems to be delayed and reachs adult levels by the 30th day after birth.", "PMID": 639928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_124", "title": "Absence of low molecular weight DNA polymerase activity from the nuclei of Amoeba discoides.", "content": "Amoeba discoides nuclear protein partially purified by passage through Sephadex G-200 showed 3 high-mol.-wt. DNA polymerase activities which eluted in and just following the void volume. No low-mol.-wt (45,000 daltons) DNA polymerase beta activity was detected. Nuclear protein layered on 5--20% sucrose gradients also showed an absence of low-mol.-wt DNA polymerase beta. The void volume enzyme showed deoxyribonuclease activity, but no low-mol.-wt nuclease activity was detected.", "contents": "Absence of low molecular weight DNA polymerase activity from the nuclei of Amoeba discoides. Amoeba discoides nuclear protein partially purified by passage through Sephadex G-200 showed 3 high-mol.-wt. DNA polymerase activities which eluted in and just following the void volume. No low-mol.-wt (45,000 daltons) DNA polymerase beta activity was detected. Nuclear protein layered on 5--20% sucrose gradients also showed an absence of low-mol.-wt DNA polymerase beta. The void volume enzyme showed deoxyribonuclease activity, but no low-mol.-wt nuclease activity was detected.", "PMID": 639929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_125", "title": "The influence of ingested fluoride on the ascorbic acid concentration in guinea-pig tissues.", "content": "Fluoride added to drinking water at concentrattions of 50 and 70 ppm provided highly significant increases in the ascorbic acid concentration in tissues but was without effect on the serum alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol.", "contents": "The influence of ingested fluoride on the ascorbic acid concentration in guinea-pig tissues. Fluoride added to drinking water at concentrattions of 50 and 70 ppm provided highly significant increases in the ascorbic acid concentration in tissues but was without effect on the serum alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol.", "PMID": 639930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_126", "title": "Large scale isoelectric focusing analysis of the non-histone proteins of the nucleus: isolation of components with alkaline isoelectric points.", "content": "After large scale isoelectric focusing of rat liver non-histone protein in polyacrylamide gel, pH range 4--8.6, the only protein material found outside the gradient was present in the cathode solution (20 mM NaOH). This was low mol. wt protein material (approximately 10,000) with an acidic amino acid composition. It bound 5--6 times its own weight of basic ampholine carrier ampholytes to give a complex with a pI of 8.82. This could be dissociated by dialysis against 1 M NaCl.", "contents": "Large scale isoelectric focusing analysis of the non-histone proteins of the nucleus: isolation of components with alkaline isoelectric points. After large scale isoelectric focusing of rat liver non-histone protein in polyacrylamide gel, pH range 4--8.6, the only protein material found outside the gradient was present in the cathode solution (20 mM NaOH). This was low mol. wt protein material (approximately 10,000) with an acidic amino acid composition. It bound 5--6 times its own weight of basic ampholine carrier ampholytes to give a complex with a pI of 8.82. This could be dissociated by dialysis against 1 M NaCl.", "PMID": 639931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_127", "title": "G-6PD loading of G-6PD-deficient erythrocytes.", "content": "G-6PD-deficient erythrocytes were loaded during hypotonic hemolysis with G-6PD extracted from yeast. It was shown that enzyme was really trapped into red blood cells and remained functionally active.", "contents": "G-6PD loading of G-6PD-deficient erythrocytes. G-6PD-deficient erythrocytes were loaded during hypotonic hemolysis with G-6PD extracted from yeast. It was shown that enzyme was really trapped into red blood cells and remained functionally active.", "PMID": 639932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_128", "title": "Lipid composition of Microsporum gypseum.", "content": "The lipid composition of Microsporum gypseum has been studied. The lipids amounted to 10.1% and phospholipids to 1.1% of the mycelial dry weight. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the major components, while lysophosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl inositol were present in smaller quantities. Neutral lipids consisted of monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, free and esterified cholesterol.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Microsporum gypseum. The lipid composition of Microsporum gypseum has been studied. The lipids amounted to 10.1% and phospholipids to 1.1% of the mycelial dry weight. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the major components, while lysophosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl inositol were present in smaller quantities. Neutral lipids consisted of monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, free and esterified cholesterol.", "PMID": 639933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_129", "title": "Nature of inhibition of rat testicular alkaline phosphatase by isatin.", "content": "Isatin has been found to inhibit rat testicular alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). That the inhibition is non-competitive as well as non-allosteric is evident from a) the hyperbolic curve relating inhibition as a function of inhibitor concentration; b) the small change in enthalpy, free energy and entropy; c) the number of isatin molecules associating with 1 molecule of the enzyme (n=1.29); and, d) the decrease in the values of both Km and Vmax in the presence of isatin.", "contents": "Nature of inhibition of rat testicular alkaline phosphatase by isatin. Isatin has been found to inhibit rat testicular alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). That the inhibition is non-competitive as well as non-allosteric is evident from a) the hyperbolic curve relating inhibition as a function of inhibitor concentration; b) the small change in enthalpy, free energy and entropy; c) the number of isatin molecules associating with 1 molecule of the enzyme (n=1.29); and, d) the decrease in the values of both Km and Vmax in the presence of isatin.", "PMID": 639934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_130", "title": "Effect of prenatal and neonatal pantothenic acid deficiency on rat intestinal phosphatases.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in the distal part of the small intestine of pantothenic acid deficient neonatal rats, while acid phosphatase activity was slightly increased and protein concentration was decreased throughout the small intestine. The growth and maturation of the distal part of the small intestine were retarded more severely than in the proximal part.", "contents": "Effect of prenatal and neonatal pantothenic acid deficiency on rat intestinal phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in the distal part of the small intestine of pantothenic acid deficient neonatal rats, while acid phosphatase activity was slightly increased and protein concentration was decreased throughout the small intestine. The growth and maturation of the distal part of the small intestine were retarded more severely than in the proximal part.", "PMID": 639935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_131", "title": "The effect of ligand on the kinetics of the sulfhydryl groups of human hemoglobin with p-mercuribenzoate.", "content": "The rate of reaction of PMB with the masked sulfhydryls of human hemoglobin derivatives correlates well with the extent of dissociation for various ligands. It is suggested that the alpha1beta2 dimer of hemoglobin participates in the slow step of the reaction with PMB.", "contents": "The effect of ligand on the kinetics of the sulfhydryl groups of human hemoglobin with p-mercuribenzoate. The rate of reaction of PMB with the masked sulfhydryls of human hemoglobin derivatives correlates well with the extent of dissociation for various ligands. It is suggested that the alpha1beta2 dimer of hemoglobin participates in the slow step of the reaction with PMB.", "PMID": 639936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_132", "title": "Electron microscopical evidence of the evolution of corynebacteria-like microorganisms within human erythrocytes.", "content": "The corynebacteria-like microorganisms evoluting in the haemocultures take origin from electron dense granular bodies carried within the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Electron microscopical evidence of the evolution of corynebacteria-like microorganisms within human erythrocytes. The corynebacteria-like microorganisms evoluting in the haemocultures take origin from electron dense granular bodies carried within the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 639937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_133", "title": "A mathematical analysis of the disk-sphere transition of the human red cell.", "content": "By means of analytical calculations, an attempt is made to approximate the profile of the human red cell during the 'disk-sphere' transition induced by variation of the tonicity of the medium.", "contents": "A mathematical analysis of the disk-sphere transition of the human red cell. By means of analytical calculations, an attempt is made to approximate the profile of the human red cell during the 'disk-sphere' transition induced by variation of the tonicity of the medium.", "PMID": 639938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_134", "title": "Chain-proteins of the vertebrate lens.", "content": "Some lens proteins exist in a chain-like form in the vertebrate lens fibre cells. They consist of globular proteins arranged on a filamentous backbone.", "contents": "Chain-proteins of the vertebrate lens. Some lens proteins exist in a chain-like form in the vertebrate lens fibre cells. They consist of globular proteins arranged on a filamentous backbone.", "PMID": 639939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_135", "title": "Antimicrobial activity of metal derivatives of sulfonamides.", "content": "Antimicorbial activities of a series of metal derivatives of some sulfa drugs were examined. Such metal derivatives showed higher antimicorbial activity than the parent sulfa drugs, and among the metals, gold derivatives are seen to be the most effective.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activity of metal derivatives of sulfonamides. Antimicorbial activities of a series of metal derivatives of some sulfa drugs were examined. Such metal derivatives showed higher antimicorbial activity than the parent sulfa drugs, and among the metals, gold derivatives are seen to be the most effective.", "PMID": 639940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_136", "title": "Identification of Trypanosoma theileri as a contaminant in primary cultures of bovine retina.", "content": "T. theileri has been isolated from primary cultures of bovine retina and subcultered successfully for 2 passages in sub-confluent cultures. When cultures reached confluency no trypomastigotes or epimastigotes could be detected and attempts to recover trypanosomes from these cultures were unsuccessful. The presence of intracellular forms could not formally be excluded.", "contents": "Identification of Trypanosoma theileri as a contaminant in primary cultures of bovine retina. T. theileri has been isolated from primary cultures of bovine retina and subcultered successfully for 2 passages in sub-confluent cultures. When cultures reached confluency no trypomastigotes or epimastigotes could be detected and attempts to recover trypanosomes from these cultures were unsuccessful. The presence of intracellular forms could not formally be excluded.", "PMID": 639941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_137", "title": "Focal brain hyperthermia. I. The cerebellar cortex.", "content": "Focal brain hyperthermic methodology has been described and data presented on the cerebellum which show that enhancement of electrical activity of cerebellar cortex occurs when this method is used with careful monitoring of temperature. The duration of electrically induced cerebral after-discharges is shortened when cerebellar warming reaches 39.5--42.0 degrees C,. Since these effects are repeatable over many hours, there appears to be little, if any, resultant damage. Such induced changes in the cerebrum resemble those previously reported in which electrical stimuli were applied to the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "Focal brain hyperthermia. I. The cerebellar cortex. Focal brain hyperthermic methodology has been described and data presented on the cerebellum which show that enhancement of electrical activity of cerebellar cortex occurs when this method is used with careful monitoring of temperature. The duration of electrically induced cerebral after-discharges is shortened when cerebellar warming reaches 39.5--42.0 degrees C,. Since these effects are repeatable over many hours, there appears to be little, if any, resultant damage. Such induced changes in the cerebrum resemble those previously reported in which electrical stimuli were applied to the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 639942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_138", "title": "Sex related fibrinolytic activity in rat tissues.", "content": "Histochemical study of many organs of male and female adult Wistar rats of the same age showed no difference in fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator activity) between the sexes.", "contents": "Sex related fibrinolytic activity in rat tissues. Histochemical study of many organs of male and female adult Wistar rats of the same age showed no difference in fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator activity) between the sexes.", "PMID": 639943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_139", "title": "Variation in the lactase dehydrogenase activity of the esophagus.", "content": "Quantitative assay and electrophoretic study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from various tissues of the opossum esophagus were performed. On the basis of expression of the LDH isozymes, we concluded that the smooth muscle of the body of the esophagus carry on more anaerobic glycolysis than the striated muscle. The smooth muscle of the gastroesophageal junction carry on both anaerobic as well aerobic glycolysis.", "contents": "Variation in the lactase dehydrogenase activity of the esophagus. Quantitative assay and electrophoretic study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from various tissues of the opossum esophagus were performed. On the basis of expression of the LDH isozymes, we concluded that the smooth muscle of the body of the esophagus carry on more anaerobic glycolysis than the striated muscle. The smooth muscle of the gastroesophageal junction carry on both anaerobic as well aerobic glycolysis.", "PMID": 639944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_140", "title": "Ultrastructural correlation of water reabsorption in isolated rat cauda epididymidis.", "content": "Electron microscopic study was made on the water reabsorption of the epithelial cells of the rat cauda epididymidis. It was shown that when the epididymal duct was reabsorbing water at a maximal rate, widely dilated intercellular spaces were seen. It is suggested that the standing gradient model of water reabsorption first proposed for the gall bladder may also operate in the cauda epididymidis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural correlation of water reabsorption in isolated rat cauda epididymidis. Electron microscopic study was made on the water reabsorption of the epithelial cells of the rat cauda epididymidis. It was shown that when the epididymal duct was reabsorbing water at a maximal rate, widely dilated intercellular spaces were seen. It is suggested that the standing gradient model of water reabsorption first proposed for the gall bladder may also operate in the cauda epididymidis.", "PMID": 639945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_141", "title": "The effect of adrenaline on the electrogenic Na+ pump in cardiac muscle cells.", "content": "Electrogenic Na+ pump currents during K+-activated hyperpolarizations of bullfrog atrium muscle fibres are increased by adrenaline. The log dose-response relation between these currents and activating K+ concentrations is expressed by a sigmoidal curve, which is shifted in parallel to the left by adrenaline. It is suggested that adrenaline increases the rate of Na+ extrusion without increasing the Na/K coupling ratio and total number of pumping sites.", "contents": "The effect of adrenaline on the electrogenic Na+ pump in cardiac muscle cells. Electrogenic Na+ pump currents during K+-activated hyperpolarizations of bullfrog atrium muscle fibres are increased by adrenaline. The log dose-response relation between these currents and activating K+ concentrations is expressed by a sigmoidal curve, which is shifted in parallel to the left by adrenaline. It is suggested that adrenaline increases the rate of Na+ extrusion without increasing the Na/K coupling ratio and total number of pumping sites.", "PMID": 639946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_142", "title": "Inhibition of new blood vessel formation in mice by systemic administration of human rib cartilage extract.", "content": "1 M HCl-guanidine extract of human funnel chest rib cartilage administered i.v. to mice decreased specifically vasoproliferation induced by intradermal injection of allogeneic murine lymphocytes.", "contents": "Inhibition of new blood vessel formation in mice by systemic administration of human rib cartilage extract. 1 M HCl-guanidine extract of human funnel chest rib cartilage administered i.v. to mice decreased specifically vasoproliferation induced by intradermal injection of allogeneic murine lymphocytes.", "PMID": 639947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_143", "title": "Fibrosing alveolitis (pulmonary interstitial fibrosis) evoked by experiemntal inhalation of Gasoline vapours.", "content": "Rats exposed to an atmosphere contaminated with gasoline vapour for 6--12 weeks exhibit progressive focal interstitial fibrosis of the lung, which is associated with irregular alveolar collapse. It is suggested that this experimental model of diffuse fibrosing lung disease constitutes a useful tool for the study of the dynamics of pulmonary reactivity to atmospheric pollutants and which may facilitate an understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosing alveolitis in man.", "contents": "Fibrosing alveolitis (pulmonary interstitial fibrosis) evoked by experiemntal inhalation of Gasoline vapours. Rats exposed to an atmosphere contaminated with gasoline vapour for 6--12 weeks exhibit progressive focal interstitial fibrosis of the lung, which is associated with irregular alveolar collapse. It is suggested that this experimental model of diffuse fibrosing lung disease constitutes a useful tool for the study of the dynamics of pulmonary reactivity to atmospheric pollutants and which may facilitate an understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosing alveolitis in man.", "PMID": 639948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_144", "title": "GLC determination of betahistine in serum.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of betahistine in serum in the range of 0.6-6.0 microgram/ml.", "contents": "GLC determination of betahistine in serum. A gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of betahistine in serum in the range of 0.6-6.0 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 639949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_145", "title": "Isolation of the major toxic protein from the skin venom of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus.", "content": "A new protein, of molecular weight 160,000, was isolated from the skin venom of the crested newt and partially characterized by bioassays and biochemical methods. This protein shows the same functional properties as the crude venom, which produces convulsions in mice and is cytotoxic.", "contents": "Isolation of the major toxic protein from the skin venom of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus. A new protein, of molecular weight 160,000, was isolated from the skin venom of the crested newt and partially characterized by bioassays and biochemical methods. This protein shows the same functional properties as the crude venom, which produces convulsions in mice and is cytotoxic.", "PMID": 639950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_146", "title": "Effect of theophylline on myocardial adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "Theophylline (0.001-10.0 mM) did not increase but rather decrased adenylate cyclase activity (AC) of guinea-pig auricles. Isoprenaline (1-100 microgram) and sodium fluoride (0.3-10.0 mM) stimulated AC in a concentration-dependent manner.", "contents": "Effect of theophylline on myocardial adenylate cyclase activity. Theophylline (0.001-10.0 mM) did not increase but rather decrased adenylate cyclase activity (AC) of guinea-pig auricles. Isoprenaline (1-100 microgram) and sodium fluoride (0.3-10.0 mM) stimulated AC in a concentration-dependent manner.", "PMID": 639951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_147", "title": "Changes of profiles of neutrophil granulocytes induced with the administration of L-DOPA and prednisolone.", "content": "Morphological changes of granulocytes following combined treatment with L-DOPA and prednisolone were elucidated at the electron microscopic level. Neutrophil granulocytes exhibited marked changes in their surface as evidenced by scanning electron microscope. It is suggested that neutrophil granulocytes are sensitive to some biogenic amines.", "contents": "Changes of profiles of neutrophil granulocytes induced with the administration of L-DOPA and prednisolone. Morphological changes of granulocytes following combined treatment with L-DOPA and prednisolone were elucidated at the electron microscopic level. Neutrophil granulocytes exhibited marked changes in their surface as evidenced by scanning electron microscope. It is suggested that neutrophil granulocytes are sensitive to some biogenic amines.", "PMID": 639952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_148", "title": "Further studies on the effect of red and far red light on rat retinal development.", "content": "The influence on the development of the outer segments of the rat retina of far red and red light in different sequences was investigated. The far red treatment appeared to be dominating, and for animals treated with far red light first, further treatment of red light could not bring the outer segment growth back to normal. The treatments also initiated different dopamine uptakes in the retinas.", "contents": "Further studies on the effect of red and far red light on rat retinal development. The influence on the development of the outer segments of the rat retina of far red and red light in different sequences was investigated. The far red treatment appeared to be dominating, and for animals treated with far red light first, further treatment of red light could not bring the outer segment growth back to normal. The treatments also initiated different dopamine uptakes in the retinas.", "PMID": 639953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_149", "title": "Formation of intracellular canaliculi in reaggregated striated duct cells of rat submandibular gland during short-term stationary culture.", "content": "Reaggregated striated duct cells of rat submandibular gland formed deep tubular invaginations of the cell membrane, i.e. intracellular canaliculi, which are not present in the original tissue, after 24 h of the stationary culture.", "contents": "Formation of intracellular canaliculi in reaggregated striated duct cells of rat submandibular gland during short-term stationary culture. Reaggregated striated duct cells of rat submandibular gland formed deep tubular invaginations of the cell membrane, i.e. intracellular canaliculi, which are not present in the original tissue, after 24 h of the stationary culture.", "PMID": 639954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_150", "title": "Isolation of histone proteins from rat normal and tumour blood plasma.", "content": "Histone proteins were isolated from both normal and tumour rat blood plasma: H1, (H2b + H2a) for normal plasma and H1, H3, (H2b + H2a) and H4 for tumour one.", "contents": "Isolation of histone proteins from rat normal and tumour blood plasma. Histone proteins were isolated from both normal and tumour rat blood plasma: H1, (H2b + H2a) for normal plasma and H1, H3, (H2b + H2a) and H4 for tumour one.", "PMID": 639955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_151", "title": "Effect of papain on experimental amyloidosis.", "content": "Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mice by repeated injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) reinforced with a bacterial vaccine. Papain was administered i.p. at various time intervals during the treatment with CFA. Amyloidosis was found only in the spleen and the liver. No statistically significant differences were found between the papain-treated and the control groups. It is assumed that, although papain releaseed the polysaccharide moiety from the polysaccharide protein complex, the released polysaccharides were most probably bound by electrostatic forces to the amyloid fibres, and did not interfere with amyloidogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of papain on experimental amyloidosis. Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mice by repeated injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) reinforced with a bacterial vaccine. Papain was administered i.p. at various time intervals during the treatment with CFA. Amyloidosis was found only in the spleen and the liver. No statistically significant differences were found between the papain-treated and the control groups. It is assumed that, although papain releaseed the polysaccharide moiety from the polysaccharide protein complex, the released polysaccharides were most probably bound by electrostatic forces to the amyloid fibres, and did not interfere with amyloidogenesis.", "PMID": 639956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_152", "title": "Human adenosine deaminase and chromosome 20.", "content": "In patients exhibiting in marrow cells deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20, the specific activities of adenosine deaminase in cells of the peripheral blood are normal. This suggests that the gene for adenosine deaminase is not localized to the distal segment of the long arm of this chromosome.", "contents": "Human adenosine deaminase and chromosome 20. In patients exhibiting in marrow cells deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20, the specific activities of adenosine deaminase in cells of the peripheral blood are normal. This suggests that the gene for adenosine deaminase is not localized to the distal segment of the long arm of this chromosome.", "PMID": 639957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_153", "title": "Stimulation of methemoglobin reduction by selenium: a comparative study with erythrocytes of various animals.", "content": "The extent of stimulation of methemoglobin (metHb) reduction by selenite depends upon the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the erythrocytes. The reason for the species difference in the effect of selenite was discussed with respect to species differences in the GSH levels in erythrocytes.", "contents": "Stimulation of methemoglobin reduction by selenium: a comparative study with erythrocytes of various animals. The extent of stimulation of methemoglobin (metHb) reduction by selenite depends upon the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the erythrocytes. The reason for the species difference in the effect of selenite was discussed with respect to species differences in the GSH levels in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 639958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_154", "title": "Plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) levels and intestinal ischaemia.", "content": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is released into the portal circulation in large quantities by ischaemic bowel. In view of its known high concentration in the gut and potent vasoactive properties it may well be implicated in the pathogenesis of the serious haemodynamic changes produced by gut ischaemia.", "contents": "Plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) levels and intestinal ischaemia. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is released into the portal circulation in large quantities by ischaemic bowel. In view of its known high concentration in the gut and potent vasoactive properties it may well be implicated in the pathogenesis of the serious haemodynamic changes produced by gut ischaemia.", "PMID": 639959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_155", "title": "A dialysis rate method for the measurement of free iodothyronine and steroid hormones in blood.", "content": "From the dialysis rate of a small amount of tracer hormone from a serum sample through a semipermeable membrane towards an identical serum sample, the free hormone fraction can be calculated. This method is free from a number of artefacts that may occur in equilibrium dialysis.", "contents": "A dialysis rate method for the measurement of free iodothyronine and steroid hormones in blood. From the dialysis rate of a small amount of tracer hormone from a serum sample through a semipermeable membrane towards an identical serum sample, the free hormone fraction can be calculated. This method is free from a number of artefacts that may occur in equilibrium dialysis.", "PMID": 639960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_156", "title": "Inhibition of testicular androgenesis by urinary gonadotropin-inhibiting substances in rats.", "content": "The effect of urinary gonadotropin-inhibiting substances (GIS) on the androgen synthesis in rat testes was studied in vitro and in vivo. GIS, which was added to the incubation medium containing tesased testicular tissues and injected into rats for 2 days, showed a suppressive effect on the formation of androstenedione from pregnenolone in the testis.", "contents": "Inhibition of testicular androgenesis by urinary gonadotropin-inhibiting substances in rats. The effect of urinary gonadotropin-inhibiting substances (GIS) on the androgen synthesis in rat testes was studied in vitro and in vivo. GIS, which was added to the incubation medium containing tesased testicular tissues and injected into rats for 2 days, showed a suppressive effect on the formation of androstenedione from pregnenolone in the testis.", "PMID": 639961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_157", "title": "Action potentials in non-tumor cells from the anterior pituitary gland.", "content": "Non-tumor cells of rat anterior pituitary gland are able, upon electrical stimulation, to generate action potentials which are based on an increase of the membrane permeability to both Na+ and Ca2+.", "contents": "Action potentials in non-tumor cells from the anterior pituitary gland. Non-tumor cells of rat anterior pituitary gland are able, upon electrical stimulation, to generate action potentials which are based on an increase of the membrane permeability to both Na+ and Ca2+.", "PMID": 639962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_158", "title": "Activity alterations of metabolic enzymes in the anterior pituitary of female rats during acute and chronic starvation, as well as after refeeding.", "content": "The activity of glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt decreases while the activity of some oxydative enzymes and acid phosphatase increases in the anterior pituitary of adult female rats during starvation. The alterations depend on the severity of starvation. The polypeptide hormone production also decreases. A close relationship exists between the metabolic activity of the gland and its endocrine function.", "contents": "Activity alterations of metabolic enzymes in the anterior pituitary of female rats during acute and chronic starvation, as well as after refeeding. The activity of glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt decreases while the activity of some oxydative enzymes and acid phosphatase increases in the anterior pituitary of adult female rats during starvation. The alterations depend on the severity of starvation. The polypeptide hormone production also decreases. A close relationship exists between the metabolic activity of the gland and its endocrine function.", "PMID": 639963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_159", "title": "A simple system of multiple organ-baths.", "content": "A compact and easily assembled system of multiple organ-baths is described , in which use is made of readily available materials.", "contents": "A simple system of multiple organ-baths. A compact and easily assembled system of multiple organ-baths is described , in which use is made of readily available materials.", "PMID": 639964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_160", "title": "National nutrition surveillance.", "content": "National Nutrition Surveillance includes nutritional assessment surveys to ascertain the extent of malnutrition in populations, to identify possible causes, to establish baseline data for monitoring nutrition, and to select mechanisms for nutrition surveillance (in a restricted sense). An example of the results from a recent nutritional assessment survey in the United States is the negative association of obesity with energy intake, exercise and socioeconomic status, which has implications for public nutritional policy. Nutritional monitoring measures changes in population nutrition over time. An example of the results from nutritional monitoring is the unexpected and presently unexplained decrease in serum cholesterol levels of middle-aged women in the United States over the past decade. Nutritional surveillance in the restricted sense not only identifies malnutrition but is administratively organized to intervene rapidly. National Nutrition Surveillance depends on metabolic and clinical research to decide on its priorities. This research indicates that malnutrition involves more than under-nutrition, and greater emphasis should be given in National Nutrition Surveillance to this wider context of malnutrition. These results will in turn help set priorities for basic and applied research in nutrition. It is important that the research community participate in the review presently under way of the role of the National Center for Health Statistics in National Nutrition Surveillance.", "contents": "National nutrition surveillance. National Nutrition Surveillance includes nutritional assessment surveys to ascertain the extent of malnutrition in populations, to identify possible causes, to establish baseline data for monitoring nutrition, and to select mechanisms for nutrition surveillance (in a restricted sense). An example of the results from a recent nutritional assessment survey in the United States is the negative association of obesity with energy intake, exercise and socioeconomic status, which has implications for public nutritional policy. Nutritional monitoring measures changes in population nutrition over time. An example of the results from nutritional monitoring is the unexpected and presently unexplained decrease in serum cholesterol levels of middle-aged women in the United States over the past decade. Nutritional surveillance in the restricted sense not only identifies malnutrition but is administratively organized to intervene rapidly. National Nutrition Surveillance depends on metabolic and clinical research to decide on its priorities. This research indicates that malnutrition involves more than under-nutrition, and greater emphasis should be given in National Nutrition Surveillance to this wider context of malnutrition. These results will in turn help set priorities for basic and applied research in nutrition. It is important that the research community participate in the review presently under way of the role of the National Center for Health Statistics in National Nutrition Surveillance.", "PMID": 640000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_161", "title": "Neural control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption of the dog.", "content": "The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies demonstrate adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian renal tubular epithelial cells. Low level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. The antinatriuresis is prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney upon renal nerve stimulation (angiotensin II, prostaglandin) was excluded by experiments with appropriate blocking agents. Reflex diminutions in renal nerve activity (left atrial distention, stellate ganglion stimulation) produce a decrease in renal tubular sodium reabsorption independent of glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. The anatomically described adrenergic innervation of the renal tubules participates in the direct regulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "Neural control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption of the dog. The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies demonstrate adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian renal tubular epithelial cells. Low level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. The antinatriuresis is prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney upon renal nerve stimulation (angiotensin II, prostaglandin) was excluded by experiments with appropriate blocking agents. Reflex diminutions in renal nerve activity (left atrial distention, stellate ganglion stimulation) produce a decrease in renal tubular sodium reabsorption independent of glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. The anatomically described adrenergic innervation of the renal tubules participates in the direct regulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "PMID": 640001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_162", "title": "Postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous components.", "content": "Digesta containing microbial protein, undegraded (bypass) feed protein, some free amino acids and oligopeptides, and microbial nucleic acids passes from the rumen-reticulum through the omasum to the lower gut (abomasum and small intestine). The rate of neutralization of abomasal digesta flow is slower in ruminants than in nonruminants, and activation and peak activity of the pancreatic proteases is delayed to the mid jejunum. The overall apparent digestibility in the small intestine of proteins and microbial or exogenous nuclei acids is 60-70% and 75-85% respectively. Absorption mechanisms in ruminants for protein and nucleic acid digestion end products appear similar to those described in nonruminants, but the highest rate of amino acid uptake was found in the mid to lower ileum. Essential amino acids (Met, THr, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, His, Arg) are absorbed faster than nonessential amino acids (Gly, Glu, Asp, Ser, Pro, Cys, Tyr). After feeding, plasma amino acids remain unchanged or decline in a mature ruminant, while in nursing lambs, plasma free amino acids levels increase after a meal.", "contents": "Postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous components. Digesta containing microbial protein, undegraded (bypass) feed protein, some free amino acids and oligopeptides, and microbial nucleic acids passes from the rumen-reticulum through the omasum to the lower gut (abomasum and small intestine). The rate of neutralization of abomasal digesta flow is slower in ruminants than in nonruminants, and activation and peak activity of the pancreatic proteases is delayed to the mid jejunum. The overall apparent digestibility in the small intestine of proteins and microbial or exogenous nuclei acids is 60-70% and 75-85% respectively. Absorption mechanisms in ruminants for protein and nucleic acid digestion end products appear similar to those described in nonruminants, but the highest rate of amino acid uptake was found in the mid to lower ileum. Essential amino acids (Met, THr, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, His, Arg) are absorbed faster than nonessential amino acids (Gly, Glu, Asp, Ser, Pro, Cys, Tyr). After feeding, plasma amino acids remain unchanged or decline in a mature ruminant, while in nursing lambs, plasma free amino acids levels increase after a meal.", "PMID": 640003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_163", "title": "Delayed onset of luteinization as a cause of infertility.", "content": "Two groups of infertility patients with regular cycles and apparently normal ovarian function were studied. In group I (n = 28) the infertility could be explained satisfactorily either by tubal occlusion or by infertility of the husband, or the women became pregnant within a few months. In group II (n = 32) no explanation was found for the infertility. Significantly fewer ovulation stigmata were present at laparoscopy in group II than in group I (P less than 0.05). In group I the basal body temperature (BBT) (P less than 0.001) and the plasma progesterone concentrations (P less than 0.05) were significantly elevated on the 1st day following the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. In group II, THE BBT was slightly elevated on the 1st day following the LH peak (P less than 0.05), but the increase in the plasma progesterone concentrations occurred only on the 2nd day following the LH peak. In four women the onset of the BBT rise followed a normal LH peak with delays respectively, of 3, 4, 4, and 5 days, and in two women no LH peak occurred immediately prior to the onset of the BBT rise. The datings of the endometrial biopsies in these patients were in phase with the onset of the BBT rise but not with the LH peak. It is concluded that anovulation with in situ luteinization may be a rather frequent cause of infertility in regularly cycling women. A hypothesis about the mechanism of anovulation with in situ luteinization is proposed.", "contents": "Delayed onset of luteinization as a cause of infertility. Two groups of infertility patients with regular cycles and apparently normal ovarian function were studied. In group I (n = 28) the infertility could be explained satisfactorily either by tubal occlusion or by infertility of the husband, or the women became pregnant within a few months. In group II (n = 32) no explanation was found for the infertility. Significantly fewer ovulation stigmata were present at laparoscopy in group II than in group I (P less than 0.05). In group I the basal body temperature (BBT) (P less than 0.001) and the plasma progesterone concentrations (P less than 0.05) were significantly elevated on the 1st day following the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. In group II, THE BBT was slightly elevated on the 1st day following the LH peak (P less than 0.05), but the increase in the plasma progesterone concentrations occurred only on the 2nd day following the LH peak. In four women the onset of the BBT rise followed a normal LH peak with delays respectively, of 3, 4, 4, and 5 days, and in two women no LH peak occurred immediately prior to the onset of the BBT rise. The datings of the endometrial biopsies in these patients were in phase with the onset of the BBT rise but not with the LH peak. It is concluded that anovulation with in situ luteinization may be a rather frequent cause of infertility in regularly cycling women. A hypothesis about the mechanism of anovulation with in situ luteinization is proposed.", "PMID": 640045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_164", "title": "Clinical investigation of the menstrual cycle. II. Neuroendocrine investigation and therapy of the inadequate luteal phase.", "content": "Nonhormonal drugs--diphenylhydantoin and nialamide, which act on the central nervous system and have no known endocrine activity--were given to two groups of women with distinct types of electroencephalographic patterns in an effort to regulate menstrual disorders. Equalization of the lengths of both the follicular phase and the luteal phase to the normal range was observed during the drug therapy. Forty-five per cent of the pregnancy rate was achieved in 36 of the 80 infecund patients within 4 months of treatment. The mode of action of these drugs is still unknown.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of the menstrual cycle. II. Neuroendocrine investigation and therapy of the inadequate luteal phase. Nonhormonal drugs--diphenylhydantoin and nialamide, which act on the central nervous system and have no known endocrine activity--were given to two groups of women with distinct types of electroencephalographic patterns in an effort to regulate menstrual disorders. Equalization of the lengths of both the follicular phase and the luteal phase to the normal range was observed during the drug therapy. Forty-five per cent of the pregnancy rate was achieved in 36 of the 80 infecund patients within 4 months of treatment. The mode of action of these drugs is still unknown.", "PMID": 640046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_165", "title": "Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma: detection and evaluation.", "content": "Eleven women with secondary amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia were studied. Base line evaluations, visual field determinations, and routine sella turcica x-rays were normal. Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas were found in all of the patients only after further diagnostic studies were carried out. These studies included polytomography of the sella turcica; dynamic pituitary testing of growth hormone reserve, adrenocorticotropic hormone reserve, and gonadotropin reserve; and prolactin suppression with L-dopa. The early diagnosis of a small prolactin-secreting adenoma may be possible if several diagnostic criteria are utilized. The most sensitive diagnostic indices available are (1) polytomography, (2) the magnitude of the plasma prolactin elevation, and (3) the failure to suppress prolactin secretion with L-dopa. Our findings emphasize the importance of an extensive evaluation of all women with amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma: detection and evaluation. Eleven women with secondary amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia were studied. Base line evaluations, visual field determinations, and routine sella turcica x-rays were normal. Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas were found in all of the patients only after further diagnostic studies were carried out. These studies included polytomography of the sella turcica; dynamic pituitary testing of growth hormone reserve, adrenocorticotropic hormone reserve, and gonadotropin reserve; and prolactin suppression with L-dopa. The early diagnosis of a small prolactin-secreting adenoma may be possible if several diagnostic criteria are utilized. The most sensitive diagnostic indices available are (1) polytomography, (2) the magnitude of the plasma prolactin elevation, and (3) the failure to suppress prolactin secretion with L-dopa. Our findings emphasize the importance of an extensive evaluation of all women with amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 640047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_166", "title": "Comparison of plasma hormone changes using a \"conventional\" and a \"paper\" pill formulation of a low-dose oral contraceptive.", "content": "Two formulations of a low-dose oral contraceptive (Microgynon: 150 microgram of levonorgestrel [NG] +30 micrograms of ethynylestradiol [EE2]) were studied. The first was the \"conventional\" pill; the second was a \"paper\" pill prepared by evaporation of aliquots of a solution of the component steroids onto squares of edible cellulose separated by perforations, similar to a sheet of postage stamps. The effects of the two formulations on plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and progesterone were compared. Samples of blood were obtained from five women during a treatment period on the \"conventional\" pill and from five on the \"paper\" pill. When possible, blood samples were also obtained from a \"control\" cycle of each of these female subjects. Plasma LH, FSH, E2, and progesterone levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassay methods during control and treatment periods and NG and EE2 levels during treatment periods. Eight-hour plasma profiles for NG and EE2 at the beginning and in the later stage of the treatment periods were obtained and these samples were also analyzed for LH, FSH, E2, and progesterone. Results showed that with one exceptcrogynon were equally effective in suppressing ovulation. As in a previous study, FSH levels appeared to be one of the most sensitive indices of suppression.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma hormone changes using a \"conventional\" and a \"paper\" pill formulation of a low-dose oral contraceptive. Two formulations of a low-dose oral contraceptive (Microgynon: 150 microgram of levonorgestrel [NG] +30 micrograms of ethynylestradiol [EE2]) were studied. The first was the \"conventional\" pill; the second was a \"paper\" pill prepared by evaporation of aliquots of a solution of the component steroids onto squares of edible cellulose separated by perforations, similar to a sheet of postage stamps. The effects of the two formulations on plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and progesterone were compared. Samples of blood were obtained from five women during a treatment period on the \"conventional\" pill and from five on the \"paper\" pill. When possible, blood samples were also obtained from a \"control\" cycle of each of these female subjects. Plasma LH, FSH, E2, and progesterone levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassay methods during control and treatment periods and NG and EE2 levels during treatment periods. Eight-hour plasma profiles for NG and EE2 at the beginning and in the later stage of the treatment periods were obtained and these samples were also analyzed for LH, FSH, E2, and progesterone. Results showed that with one exceptcrogynon were equally effective in suppressing ovulation. As in a previous study, FSH levels appeared to be one of the most sensitive indices of suppression.", "PMID": 640048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_167", "title": "Further developed device for human sperm freezing by the twenty-minute method.", "content": "A further developed, practical device for human sperm freezing is described by which the preparation of sperm and the freezing process are reduced to a simple procedure requiring about 20 minutes. The instrument is based on the principle of evaporation of liquid nitrogen, which acts as a refrigerant for the freezing plate under the control of a thermostat. Rapid-rate freezing can be performed for pellet production and slow-rat freezing for paillettes; a high degree of isolation of samples is maintained by easily interchangeable freezing plates. Typical stages of freezing are accomplished at temperatures of +5 degrees C and--80 degrees C, with storage at--196 degrees C. The recovery index is 50% to 70%. The treatment was applied to 56 patients, resulting in 19 normal deliveries, 3 abortions, and 9 current pregnancies.", "contents": "Further developed device for human sperm freezing by the twenty-minute method. A further developed, practical device for human sperm freezing is described by which the preparation of sperm and the freezing process are reduced to a simple procedure requiring about 20 minutes. The instrument is based on the principle of evaporation of liquid nitrogen, which acts as a refrigerant for the freezing plate under the control of a thermostat. Rapid-rate freezing can be performed for pellet production and slow-rat freezing for paillettes; a high degree of isolation of samples is maintained by easily interchangeable freezing plates. Typical stages of freezing are accomplished at temperatures of +5 degrees C and--80 degrees C, with storage at--196 degrees C. The recovery index is 50% to 70%. The treatment was applied to 56 patients, resulting in 19 normal deliveries, 3 abortions, and 9 current pregnancies.", "PMID": 640049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_168", "title": "Immune infertility and new approaches to treatment.", "content": "A number of patients who have involuntary infertility show sperm antibodies in the blood serum, as detected by two quite different methods of spermagglutination. These techniques are the Kibrick method (gelatin agglutination test) and the F-D method (tube-slide agglutination test). By the former technique, the sera of 18% of women and 9% of men from infertile couples were found to be positive; by the latter technique, the sera of 15% of women and 5% of men were positive. Such cases are termed \"immunologic infertility.\" In an effort to develop new methods for the treatment of infertility, two procedures were explored. One is a sperm washing insemination method in which fresh semen from a man with the antibody is centrifuged, resuspended in an albumin solution, and then used for insemination. The second is an immunosuppression method, using methylprednisolone at a dose of 96 mg/day for 7 days. A striking decrease in antibody level was seen in some cases, with ensuing pregnancy. The success rates for these methods have been of the order of 14% to 22%.", "contents": "Immune infertility and new approaches to treatment. A number of patients who have involuntary infertility show sperm antibodies in the blood serum, as detected by two quite different methods of spermagglutination. These techniques are the Kibrick method (gelatin agglutination test) and the F-D method (tube-slide agglutination test). By the former technique, the sera of 18% of women and 9% of men from infertile couples were found to be positive; by the latter technique, the sera of 15% of women and 5% of men were positive. Such cases are termed \"immunologic infertility.\" In an effort to develop new methods for the treatment of infertility, two procedures were explored. One is a sperm washing insemination method in which fresh semen from a man with the antibody is centrifuged, resuspended in an albumin solution, and then used for insemination. The second is an immunosuppression method, using methylprednisolone at a dose of 96 mg/day for 7 days. A striking decrease in antibody level was seen in some cases, with ensuing pregnancy. The success rates for these methods have been of the order of 14% to 22%.", "PMID": 640050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_169", "title": "Effects of vasectomy and antisperm antibodies on human seminal fluid deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity.", "content": "DNA-synthesizing complexes possessing a sucrose buoyant density of 1.24 to 1.25 gm/ml were identified in cell-free human seminal fluids prior to and 1 to 3 months following division of the vasa deferentia, performed for fertility control in otherwise normal males. After vasectomy, there was a 3.5-fold decrease in endogenous DNA polymerase activity per ejaculate. Partial purification of the seminal fluid DNA polymerase by gel filtration revealed a similar 3.5-fold decrease in dT12--18-poly (rA)-templated DNA polymerase activity postvasectomy. Immunoglobulin G, isolated from a rabbit immunized with nuclei derived from detergent-treated ejaculated human spermatozoa, inhibited both sperm- and seminal fluid-derived DNA polymerase activity. The decrease in seminal fluid enzyme activity following vasectomy might be due to its inhibition by sperm autoantibodies induced after vas division.", "contents": "Effects of vasectomy and antisperm antibodies on human seminal fluid deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity. DNA-synthesizing complexes possessing a sucrose buoyant density of 1.24 to 1.25 gm/ml were identified in cell-free human seminal fluids prior to and 1 to 3 months following division of the vasa deferentia, performed for fertility control in otherwise normal males. After vasectomy, there was a 3.5-fold decrease in endogenous DNA polymerase activity per ejaculate. Partial purification of the seminal fluid DNA polymerase by gel filtration revealed a similar 3.5-fold decrease in dT12--18-poly (rA)-templated DNA polymerase activity postvasectomy. Immunoglobulin G, isolated from a rabbit immunized with nuclei derived from detergent-treated ejaculated human spermatozoa, inhibited both sperm- and seminal fluid-derived DNA polymerase activity. The decrease in seminal fluid enzyme activity following vasectomy might be due to its inhibition by sperm autoantibodies induced after vas division.", "PMID": 640051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_170", "title": "Hormonal effects of an antiestrogen, tamoxifen, in normal and oligospermic men.", "content": "The administration of tamoxifen, 20 mg/day for 10 days, to normal males produced a moderate increase in luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and estradiol levels, comparable to the effect of 150 mg of clomiphene citrate (Clomid). However, whereas Clomid produced a decrease in the LH response to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH), no such effect was seen after the administration of tamoxifen. In fact, prolonged treatment (6 weeks) with tamoxifen significantly increased the LH response to LHRL. Treatment of patients with \"idiopathic\" oligospermia for 6 to 9 months resulted in a significant increase in gonadotropin, testosterone, and estradiol levels. A significant increase in sperm density was observed only in subjects with oligospermia below 20 X 10(6)/ml and normal basal FSH levels. When basal FSH levels were increased or oligospermia was moderate (greater than 20 X 10(6)/ml); no effect on sperm density was seen. As sperm density increased, FSH levels decreased, suggesting an inhibin effect. Sperm motility was not improved by tamoxifen treatment. In five boys with delayed puberty, tamoxifen treatment appeared to activate the pituitary-gonadal axis and pubertal development.", "contents": "Hormonal effects of an antiestrogen, tamoxifen, in normal and oligospermic men. The administration of tamoxifen, 20 mg/day for 10 days, to normal males produced a moderate increase in luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and estradiol levels, comparable to the effect of 150 mg of clomiphene citrate (Clomid). However, whereas Clomid produced a decrease in the LH response to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH), no such effect was seen after the administration of tamoxifen. In fact, prolonged treatment (6 weeks) with tamoxifen significantly increased the LH response to LHRL. Treatment of patients with \"idiopathic\" oligospermia for 6 to 9 months resulted in a significant increase in gonadotropin, testosterone, and estradiol levels. A significant increase in sperm density was observed only in subjects with oligospermia below 20 X 10(6)/ml and normal basal FSH levels. When basal FSH levels were increased or oligospermia was moderate (greater than 20 X 10(6)/ml); no effect on sperm density was seen. As sperm density increased, FSH levels decreased, suggesting an inhibin effect. Sperm motility was not improved by tamoxifen treatment. In five boys with delayed puberty, tamoxifen treatment appeared to activate the pituitary-gonadal axis and pubertal development.", "PMID": 640052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_171", "title": "Further investigations on the maturation and degeneration of human ovarian follicles and their oocytes.", "content": "Human ovarian follicles showed activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase (AcP) leucine aminopeptidase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the theca interna. The granulosa of nonovulatory tertiary follicles showed moderate activity, whereas that of preovulatory Graafian follicles showed strong activity of LDH and AcP. The activity of these enzymes in the follicular fluid was measured. In nonovulatory tertiary follicles, activity of 3beta-ol-steroid dehydrogenase (3beta-OHSD) was found only in the theca interna; their fluid contained 290 ng/ml of progesterone and 502 ng/ml of 17beta-estradiol (average). Preovulatory Graafian follicles showed activity of 3beta-OHSD in the theca as well as in the granulosa. The progesterone concentration of the fluid was 7037 ng/ml and the 17beta-estradiol concentration was 2800 ng/ml (average). More oocytes could be aspirated from ovaries of younger women than from those of older women. In both age groups one out of three oocytes was degenerated. Oocytes with preovulatory changes were found only in follicles with preovulatory changes in their walls. Degenerated oocytes were found in some nonovulatory follicles as well as in some follicles with preovulatory changes in their walls.", "contents": "Further investigations on the maturation and degeneration of human ovarian follicles and their oocytes. Human ovarian follicles showed activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase (AcP) leucine aminopeptidase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the theca interna. The granulosa of nonovulatory tertiary follicles showed moderate activity, whereas that of preovulatory Graafian follicles showed strong activity of LDH and AcP. The activity of these enzymes in the follicular fluid was measured. In nonovulatory tertiary follicles, activity of 3beta-ol-steroid dehydrogenase (3beta-OHSD) was found only in the theca interna; their fluid contained 290 ng/ml of progesterone and 502 ng/ml of 17beta-estradiol (average). Preovulatory Graafian follicles showed activity of 3beta-OHSD in the theca as well as in the granulosa. The progesterone concentration of the fluid was 7037 ng/ml and the 17beta-estradiol concentration was 2800 ng/ml (average). More oocytes could be aspirated from ovaries of younger women than from those of older women. In both age groups one out of three oocytes was degenerated. Oocytes with preovulatory changes were found only in follicles with preovulatory changes in their walls. Degenerated oocytes were found in some nonovulatory follicles as well as in some follicles with preovulatory changes in their walls.", "PMID": 640053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_172", "title": "Binovular follicles in the adult human ovary.", "content": "The human ovary may contain binovular or polyovular follicles at birth, but they are unusual later in life. Binbovular follicles were found in bilateral ovarian biopsies from a patient with primary amenorrhea who had been treated with exogenous gonadotropins. The fine structural morphology of these follicles has shown that both oocytes were in the resting meiotic prophase, that their respective vitelline bodies faced each other across the intervening plasma membranes, and that the adjacent oocytes made mutual contacts similar to those found between granulosa cells and oocytes. From the appearance of the multivesicular bodies in nearby stromal fibroblasts it is suggested that these follicles had formed by fusion of two adjacent primordial follicles by a mechanism similar to the depolymerization of the ground substance in the apex of the Graafian follicle that leads to ovulation.", "contents": "Binovular follicles in the adult human ovary. The human ovary may contain binovular or polyovular follicles at birth, but they are unusual later in life. Binbovular follicles were found in bilateral ovarian biopsies from a patient with primary amenorrhea who had been treated with exogenous gonadotropins. The fine structural morphology of these follicles has shown that both oocytes were in the resting meiotic prophase, that their respective vitelline bodies faced each other across the intervening plasma membranes, and that the adjacent oocytes made mutual contacts similar to those found between granulosa cells and oocytes. From the appearance of the multivesicular bodies in nearby stromal fibroblasts it is suggested that these follicles had formed by fusion of two adjacent primordial follicles by a mechanism similar to the depolymerization of the ground substance in the apex of the Graafian follicle that leads to ovulation.", "PMID": 640054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_173", "title": "The effect of ligation or separation between the intrauterine device horn and adjacent ovary on implantation in the hamster.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the luteolytic action of an intrauterine device (IUD) is suppressed following interruption of the continuity between the IUD uterine horn and the adjacent ovary. After several estrous cycles, a silk IUD was placed in the cervical end of one uterine horn of adult hamsters. The animals were then mated, and on day 6 of gestation the ovary and oviduct contralateral to the IUD were removed and a ligature was placed between the IUD horn and the adjacent ovary. The hamsters were killed on day 9 or day 13 of gestation. Fetal development in the contralateral horn was suppressed on day 13 but not on day 9. In the second study the animals were treated as in the first study except that the communication between the IUD horn and the adjacent ovary was severed completely. The hamsters were killed on day 9 or day 13. On both days 9 and 13 normal fetal development was observed in the control horn; no implantation sites were present in the IUD side. In the control (non-IUD) animals of each study, normal fetuses were present in both uterine horns. The study demonstrates that luteolysis does not occur if there is complete disruption of the communication between the IUD horn and ovary. The study also demonstrates that, since implantation did not occur in the IUD horn with a normally functioning ipsilateral ovary, the luteolytic action of the device is not the prime factor in suppressing implantation in the hamster.", "contents": "The effect of ligation or separation between the intrauterine device horn and adjacent ovary on implantation in the hamster. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the luteolytic action of an intrauterine device (IUD) is suppressed following interruption of the continuity between the IUD uterine horn and the adjacent ovary. After several estrous cycles, a silk IUD was placed in the cervical end of one uterine horn of adult hamsters. The animals were then mated, and on day 6 of gestation the ovary and oviduct contralateral to the IUD were removed and a ligature was placed between the IUD horn and the adjacent ovary. The hamsters were killed on day 9 or day 13 of gestation. Fetal development in the contralateral horn was suppressed on day 13 but not on day 9. In the second study the animals were treated as in the first study except that the communication between the IUD horn and the adjacent ovary was severed completely. The hamsters were killed on day 9 or day 13. On both days 9 and 13 normal fetal development was observed in the control horn; no implantation sites were present in the IUD side. In the control (non-IUD) animals of each study, normal fetuses were present in both uterine horns. The study demonstrates that luteolysis does not occur if there is complete disruption of the communication between the IUD horn and ovary. The study also demonstrates that, since implantation did not occur in the IUD horn with a normally functioning ipsilateral ovary, the luteolytic action of the device is not the prime factor in suppressing implantation in the hamster.", "PMID": 640055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_174", "title": "Changes in the structure and function of the testes and epididymides in vasectomized rams.", "content": "Vasectomized rams were studied with regard to the structure and function of their testes and epididymides at different periods up to 3 years and 9 months after the operation, and compared with intact control rams. Control rams showed a marked seasonal pattern with higher values for size and weight of testes, diameter of seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cell ratios for germ cells, and size of cauda epididymidis immediately prior to and during the breeding season than at other times of the year. In vasectomized animals the seasonal pattern was ill-defined, the testicular parameters were lower, and the cauda epididymidis was larger than in intact rams. Spermatogenesis was qualitatively and quantitatively affected after vasectomy, with a sequential ebb-and-flow pattern of spermatogenic arrest and hypospermatogenesis. Epididymal changes included the development of multiple spermatoceles surrounded by a granulomatous reaction, and disturbances in the process of sperm maturation.", "contents": "Changes in the structure and function of the testes and epididymides in vasectomized rams. Vasectomized rams were studied with regard to the structure and function of their testes and epididymides at different periods up to 3 years and 9 months after the operation, and compared with intact control rams. Control rams showed a marked seasonal pattern with higher values for size and weight of testes, diameter of seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cell ratios for germ cells, and size of cauda epididymidis immediately prior to and during the breeding season than at other times of the year. In vasectomized animals the seasonal pattern was ill-defined, the testicular parameters were lower, and the cauda epididymidis was larger than in intact rams. Spermatogenesis was qualitatively and quantitatively affected after vasectomy, with a sequential ebb-and-flow pattern of spermatogenic arrest and hypospermatogenesis. Epididymal changes included the development of multiple spermatoceles surrounded by a granulomatous reaction, and disturbances in the process of sperm maturation.", "PMID": 640056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_175", "title": "Conception following insemination with a freeze-preserved retrograde ejaculate.", "content": "Retrograde ejaculation, an infrequent cause of male infertility, may be the sequela of prostate or bladder neck surgery or the result of interruption in the sympathetic innervation to the bladder neck. The diagnosis is established by history and examination of the urine. In infertile couples artificial insemination homologous (AIH) using retrograde ejaculate recovered from the bladder has been successfully accomplished, but conception has occurred only in isolated cases. A literature review of the subject is presented. The technique of semen recovery from the bladder is time-consuming and uncomfortable to the patient, while the quality of the semen recovered is variable and the risk of iatrogenic urinary tract infection is increased. To avoid the above problems, and to have sperm available for AIH at the time of induced ovulation in an anovulatory wife, we were able to freeze-preserve ejaculate recovered from the bladder for future use. A case of conception following AIH with freeze-preserved retrograde ejaculate is presented.", "contents": "Conception following insemination with a freeze-preserved retrograde ejaculate. Retrograde ejaculation, an infrequent cause of male infertility, may be the sequela of prostate or bladder neck surgery or the result of interruption in the sympathetic innervation to the bladder neck. The diagnosis is established by history and examination of the urine. In infertile couples artificial insemination homologous (AIH) using retrograde ejaculate recovered from the bladder has been successfully accomplished, but conception has occurred only in isolated cases. A literature review of the subject is presented. The technique of semen recovery from the bladder is time-consuming and uncomfortable to the patient, while the quality of the semen recovered is variable and the risk of iatrogenic urinary tract infection is increased. To avoid the above problems, and to have sperm available for AIH at the time of induced ovulation in an anovulatory wife, we were able to freeze-preserve ejaculate recovered from the bladder for future use. A case of conception following AIH with freeze-preserved retrograde ejaculate is presented.", "PMID": 640057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_176", "title": "[Reactions of the neurons of midbrain and diencephalic structures during perception of acoustic signals and induced vocalization].", "content": "75% of the chick mesencephalic and diencephalic neurons changed their activity both on perception of acoustic stimuli (noise, frequencu-modulated tone, ecological stimuli) and at the emission of sound. The data obtained suggest that structures of the chick mesencephalon and diencephalon are involved in vocal reactions and have sound-sensitive neurons processing the acoustic information. The diencephalic neurons were found to have a higher specificity as compared with the mesencephalic cells.", "contents": "[Reactions of the neurons of midbrain and diencephalic structures during perception of acoustic signals and induced vocalization]. 75% of the chick mesencephalic and diencephalic neurons changed their activity both on perception of acoustic stimuli (noise, frequencu-modulated tone, ecological stimuli) and at the emission of sound. The data obtained suggest that structures of the chick mesencephalon and diencephalon are involved in vocal reactions and have sound-sensitive neurons processing the acoustic information. The diencephalic neurons were found to have a higher specificity as compared with the mesencephalic cells.", "PMID": 640080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_177", "title": "[Electromyotopography of 2-joint muscles of the thigh in rats subsequent to changes in their structure due to congenital skeletal deformity].", "content": "With the aid of multi--point recording of focal APs in the muscles, the bringing together of the motor nervous terminals and the increase in their dispersion within each terminal area as observed in the rat femoral two-joint muscles at inherent deformity of the hindlimbs, were revealed to induce a change in the character of interference of the focal APs. At the supramaximal stimulation of a respective ventral root of the spinal cord, the areas of motor nervous terminals having been brought together, an increase of the mutual effects of APs of adjacent areas' muscular fibers occurs as well as alteration of the character of AP conduction in the muscle which seems to be due to the interaction between external loops of muscular APs. The data obtained show the advantages of the electromyotopography which enables to estimate not only the character of AP spreading within the muscle but the latter's structure too (the length of muscle fibers, situation of motor nervous terminals, etc.).", "contents": "[Electromyotopography of 2-joint muscles of the thigh in rats subsequent to changes in their structure due to congenital skeletal deformity]. With the aid of multi--point recording of focal APs in the muscles, the bringing together of the motor nervous terminals and the increase in their dispersion within each terminal area as observed in the rat femoral two-joint muscles at inherent deformity of the hindlimbs, were revealed to induce a change in the character of interference of the focal APs. At the supramaximal stimulation of a respective ventral root of the spinal cord, the areas of motor nervous terminals having been brought together, an increase of the mutual effects of APs of adjacent areas' muscular fibers occurs as well as alteration of the character of AP conduction in the muscle which seems to be due to the interaction between external loops of muscular APs. The data obtained show the advantages of the electromyotopography which enables to estimate not only the character of AP spreading within the muscle but the latter's structure too (the length of muscle fibers, situation of motor nervous terminals, etc.).", "PMID": 640082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_178", "title": "[Hemodynamic changes upon nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex following catecholamine administration].", "content": "In cats, changes in arterial pressure (AP), intracardiac pressure (ICP), and blood flow volume rate following a nociceptive stimulus, stimulation of the amygdala and the combination of these before and after adrenaline (A) and norepinephrine (NE) administration into the lateral nucleus of amygdala, were studied. Nociceptive stimuli and electric stimulation of amygdala increased AP and ICP. The combination of these increased the pressor reaction. The blood flow volume rate was not altered by the nociceptive stimulus while decreasing at amygdalar stimulation. After A and NE administration the stimulation of amygdala plus the nociceptive stimulus suppressed the pressor reaction; a nociceptive stimulus was followed by the same changes as in intact cats; a nociceptive stimulus plus the stimulation of the amygdala increased the pressor reaction. The blood flow volume rate response to the stimuli was the same as in the control group. But the stimulation of amygdala after NE and a nociceptive stimulus plus amygdala stimulation (20 min after A) increased the blood flow volume rate, while the stimulation of amygdala alone with A administration reduced the blood flow.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic changes upon nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex following catecholamine administration]. In cats, changes in arterial pressure (AP), intracardiac pressure (ICP), and blood flow volume rate following a nociceptive stimulus, stimulation of the amygdala and the combination of these before and after adrenaline (A) and norepinephrine (NE) administration into the lateral nucleus of amygdala, were studied. Nociceptive stimuli and electric stimulation of amygdala increased AP and ICP. The combination of these increased the pressor reaction. The blood flow volume rate was not altered by the nociceptive stimulus while decreasing at amygdalar stimulation. After A and NE administration the stimulation of amygdala plus the nociceptive stimulus suppressed the pressor reaction; a nociceptive stimulus was followed by the same changes as in intact cats; a nociceptive stimulus plus the stimulation of the amygdala increased the pressor reaction. The blood flow volume rate response to the stimuli was the same as in the control group. But the stimulation of amygdala after NE and a nociceptive stimulus plus amygdala stimulation (20 min after A) increased the blood flow volume rate, while the stimulation of amygdala alone with A administration reduced the blood flow.", "PMID": 640085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_179", "title": "[Electrocardiographic findings in normal dogs].", "content": "Electrocardiographic findings were obtained in 70 unanesthetized dogs after their adaptation to environment and to forced position on the right side of the body. The Q wave was recorded in more than half of the animals in the standard leads and was absent in the chest those. The T wave was more often negative in the standard leads and positive in the chest ones. The ECG of each dog kept its individual features during the whole period of observation. The data obtained suggest the necessity of using chest leads apart from the standard ones.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic findings in normal dogs]. Electrocardiographic findings were obtained in 70 unanesthetized dogs after their adaptation to environment and to forced position on the right side of the body. The Q wave was recorded in more than half of the animals in the standard leads and was absent in the chest those. The T wave was more often negative in the standard leads and positive in the chest ones. The ECG of each dog kept its individual features during the whole period of observation. The data obtained suggest the necessity of using chest leads apart from the standard ones.", "PMID": 640086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_180", "title": "[Background and evoked neuronal activity of ganglia in the submucous plexus of the small intestine].", "content": "In preparations of the cat small intestine, presence of three types of cells was revealed: 1st--with single spikes, 2nd--with slow, and 3rd--with fast bursts of spontaneous activity as well as groups of silent neurons. The 1st and the 2nd type cells and some silent cells receive activating influence from adjacent ganglia. Silent neurons included mechanosensitive cells responding with specific series of discharges to mechanical deformation of the ganglion and to electric stimulation of adjacent ganglia. The interneuronal relationships within the ganglion and connections between cells of adjacent ganglia were revealed which suggests that all neurons of the plexus are involved in a functional network.", "contents": "[Background and evoked neuronal activity of ganglia in the submucous plexus of the small intestine]. In preparations of the cat small intestine, presence of three types of cells was revealed: 1st--with single spikes, 2nd--with slow, and 3rd--with fast bursts of spontaneous activity as well as groups of silent neurons. The 1st and the 2nd type cells and some silent cells receive activating influence from adjacent ganglia. Silent neurons included mechanosensitive cells responding with specific series of discharges to mechanical deformation of the ganglion and to electric stimulation of adjacent ganglia. The interneuronal relationships within the ganglion and connections between cells of adjacent ganglia were revealed which suggests that all neurons of the plexus are involved in a functional network.", "PMID": 640088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_181", "title": "[Amplification factor in the thermoregulatory system at different environmental temperatures].", "content": "With the aid of a heater implanted into the hypothalamus, the temperature was raised in the medial preoptic area of the rabbit hypothalamus; Vasodilatation was observed at that in the helix and in the nose skin. The heat emanated during this response was measured with the aid of a dynamic biocalorimeter. The amplification coefficient in the thermoregulation system was calculated as the ratio: the heat emanated by the rabbit during the vascular thermoregulatory response--the heat introduced into the hypothalamus in the course of heating. At the temperature 20% in the calorimeter chamber, the amplification coefficient was 3.9+/-0.8, and at 24 degrees it was as high as 13.6+/-1.0.", "contents": "[Amplification factor in the thermoregulatory system at different environmental temperatures]. With the aid of a heater implanted into the hypothalamus, the temperature was raised in the medial preoptic area of the rabbit hypothalamus; Vasodilatation was observed at that in the helix and in the nose skin. The heat emanated during this response was measured with the aid of a dynamic biocalorimeter. The amplification coefficient in the thermoregulation system was calculated as the ratio: the heat emanated by the rabbit during the vascular thermoregulatory response--the heat introduced into the hypothalamus in the course of heating. At the temperature 20% in the calorimeter chamber, the amplification coefficient was 3.9+/-0.8, and at 24 degrees it was as high as 13.6+/-1.0.", "PMID": 640090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_182", "title": "[Distribution of water between the extracellular and intracellular space in rats].", "content": "In anesthetized rats the renal pedicules were clamped and the solution with THO, antipyrine, thyocyanate, inulin, 22Na, 36Cl, 82Br was injected into the tail artery. The space of distribution of THO was 65.1% body weight, antipyrine--81.9%. The volumes of distribution of 22Na (27.4%) and thyocyanate (26.9%) were higher than the 36Cl (24.8%) and 82Br (25.6%) spaces. Inulin space was 13.8%. There was no difference between the volume of distribution of the substances in female and male rats. The same spaces of the substances (except inulin) were determined in rats with intact kidneys. After i.a. administration of 5 ml/100 g body weight of Ringer's solution the recovery of all the substances was about 100%. The data obtained indicate that antipyrine cannot be used for estimation of the total body water in rats. For the measurement of extracellular fluid it is better to use radioisotopes 82Br, 36Cl or 22Na; more variable data were observed with thyocyanate and inulin.", "contents": "[Distribution of water between the extracellular and intracellular space in rats]. In anesthetized rats the renal pedicules were clamped and the solution with THO, antipyrine, thyocyanate, inulin, 22Na, 36Cl, 82Br was injected into the tail artery. The space of distribution of THO was 65.1% body weight, antipyrine--81.9%. The volumes of distribution of 22Na (27.4%) and thyocyanate (26.9%) were higher than the 36Cl (24.8%) and 82Br (25.6%) spaces. Inulin space was 13.8%. There was no difference between the volume of distribution of the substances in female and male rats. The same spaces of the substances (except inulin) were determined in rats with intact kidneys. After i.a. administration of 5 ml/100 g body weight of Ringer's solution the recovery of all the substances was about 100%. The data obtained indicate that antipyrine cannot be used for estimation of the total body water in rats. For the measurement of extracellular fluid it is better to use radioisotopes 82Br, 36Cl or 22Na; more variable data were observed with thyocyanate and inulin.", "PMID": 640091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_183", "title": "[Varations between strains in the concentration of RNA in the cerebral cortex of rats differing in their capacity for learning].", "content": "Concentration of RNA in the brain cortex was investigated in two strains the rats Wistar and Krushinsky--Molodkina. It is found that K--M rats, which have higher speed of learning possess higher concentration RNA in the cortex brain than rats of Wistar strain. Conditional reflectory training of rats induced increase of RNA concentration in the brain cortex experimental rats when it is compared with control groups of rats. It is suggested that there is not only an ontogenetic, but also a genetic correlation between the level of RNA the brain cortex and a capability the rats to the learning.", "contents": "[Varations between strains in the concentration of RNA in the cerebral cortex of rats differing in their capacity for learning]. Concentration of RNA in the brain cortex was investigated in two strains the rats Wistar and Krushinsky--Molodkina. It is found that K--M rats, which have higher speed of learning possess higher concentration RNA in the cortex brain than rats of Wistar strain. Conditional reflectory training of rats induced increase of RNA concentration in the brain cortex experimental rats when it is compared with control groups of rats. It is suggested that there is not only an ontogenetic, but also a genetic correlation between the level of RNA the brain cortex and a capability the rats to the learning.", "PMID": 640092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_184", "title": "A multicentered study of lysine therapy in Herpes simplex infection.", "content": "Lysine appears to suppress the clinical manifestations of herpesvirus infection. 45 patients with frequently recurring herpes infection were given 312-1,200 mg of lysine daily in single or multiple doses. The clinical results demonstrated a beneficial effect from supplementary lysine in accelerating recovery from herpes simplex infection and suppressing recurrence. Tissue culture studies have demonstrated an enhancing effect on viral replication when the amino acid ratio of arginine to lysine favors arginine. The opposite, preponderance of lysine to arginine, suppresses viral replication and inhibits cytopathogenicity of herpes simplex virus. The codons characterizing herpes simplex DNA apparently specify production of viral capsids at the expense of host cell histones.", "contents": "A multicentered study of lysine therapy in Herpes simplex infection. Lysine appears to suppress the clinical manifestations of herpesvirus infection. 45 patients with frequently recurring herpes infection were given 312-1,200 mg of lysine daily in single or multiple doses. The clinical results demonstrated a beneficial effect from supplementary lysine in accelerating recovery from herpes simplex infection and suppressing recurrence. Tissue culture studies have demonstrated an enhancing effect on viral replication when the amino acid ratio of arginine to lysine favors arginine. The opposite, preponderance of lysine to arginine, suppresses viral replication and inhibits cytopathogenicity of herpes simplex virus. The codons characterizing herpes simplex DNA apparently specify production of viral capsids at the expense of host cell histones.", "PMID": 640102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_185", "title": "Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa.", "content": "Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa occurred in a man with lung cancer. Fine lanugo-like hair covered his face, trunk, and extremities, and there were marked pigmentation of oral mucous membrane and a painful red tongue. Our study revealed a high concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the serum of the patient. We considered that CEA might be an important etiological factor of this disease.", "contents": "Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa. Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa occurred in a man with lung cancer. Fine lanugo-like hair covered his face, trunk, and extremities, and there were marked pigmentation of oral mucous membrane and a painful red tongue. Our study revealed a high concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the serum of the patient. We considered that CEA might be an important etiological factor of this disease.", "PMID": 640103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_186", "title": "Woringer-Kolopp disease: pagetoid reticulosis.", "content": "A typical clinical and histologic case of so-called 'pagetoid reticulosis' or Woringer-Kolopp disease is reported. This is a chronic cutaneous condition usually with a single focus or at most with a few patches confined to a circumscribed region. A disseminated form has been described as Dupont-Vandaele type, but its relationship to the classic Woringer-Kolopp disease is uncertain. The nosological location of pagetoid reticulosis has not been established, but there are reasons to regard it as a particular and well-defined entity. In relation to the nature of this condition and to the origin of the 'pagetoid cells', it is tempting to consider the possibility that Woringer-Kolopp disease might be a lymphoproliferative epidermotropic disorder, classifiable as a benign form of 'cutaneous T-cell lymphoma', but the early histologic changes are rather indicative of an epidermal origin.", "contents": "Woringer-Kolopp disease: pagetoid reticulosis. A typical clinical and histologic case of so-called 'pagetoid reticulosis' or Woringer-Kolopp disease is reported. This is a chronic cutaneous condition usually with a single focus or at most with a few patches confined to a circumscribed region. A disseminated form has been described as Dupont-Vandaele type, but its relationship to the classic Woringer-Kolopp disease is uncertain. The nosological location of pagetoid reticulosis has not been established, but there are reasons to regard it as a particular and well-defined entity. In relation to the nature of this condition and to the origin of the 'pagetoid cells', it is tempting to consider the possibility that Woringer-Kolopp disease might be a lymphoproliferative epidermotropic disorder, classifiable as a benign form of 'cutaneous T-cell lymphoma', but the early histologic changes are rather indicative of an epidermal origin.", "PMID": 640104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_187", "title": "Angiokeratoma of vulva.", "content": "A female of 66 who presented with long-standing pruritus vulvae showed angiokeratoma of the vulva as an incidental finding. This benign tumour is uncommon and in a survey of 150 patients over 50 years old (mean age 76.9), no further example was found.", "contents": "Angiokeratoma of vulva. A female of 66 who presented with long-standing pruritus vulvae showed angiokeratoma of the vulva as an incidental finding. This benign tumour is uncommon and in a survey of 150 patients over 50 years old (mean age 76.9), no further example was found.", "PMID": 640106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_188", "title": "2-chloroethanol--percutaneous toxicity of a solvent.", "content": "This report is a part of a comparative study where skin pathology, blood concentrations and percutaneous toxicity after epicutaneous administration of solvents are investigated. The method used for the study of percutaneous toxicity proved capable of differentiating between different applied amounts of 2-chloroethanol. This solvent was found to be highly toxic, even 0.10 ml killed all 20 exposed animals within 24 h. A 35% aqueous solution killed about half of the animals, while a 10% solution killed only 1 out of 20. A comparative study with intraperitoneal administration of the same amounts as epicutaneously, showed that the mortality and mean time until death diminished with rising amounts (with only one exception).", "contents": "2-chloroethanol--percutaneous toxicity of a solvent. This report is a part of a comparative study where skin pathology, blood concentrations and percutaneous toxicity after epicutaneous administration of solvents are investigated. The method used for the study of percutaneous toxicity proved capable of differentiating between different applied amounts of 2-chloroethanol. This solvent was found to be highly toxic, even 0.10 ml killed all 20 exposed animals within 24 h. A 35% aqueous solution killed about half of the animals, while a 10% solution killed only 1 out of 20. A comparative study with intraperitoneal administration of the same amounts as epicutaneously, showed that the mortality and mean time until death diminished with rising amounts (with only one exception).", "PMID": 640107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_189", "title": "Quantitation of ultrastructural changes in mouse pancreatic acinar cells caused by foreign serum.", "content": "Quantitative changes in the pancreatic acinar cell organelles were studied in BALB/c mice injected with 1.0 ml fresh rabbit serum intraperitoneally. Groups of 5 mice were killed at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after the serum injection. Pancreatic tissue was processed for electron microscopy by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. The proportions of acinar cell cytoplasm (volume fractions) occupied by zymogen granules, granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lysosomes (including autophagosomes) were determined by the point counting method from electron micrographs. The volume fraction of lysosomes increased during the first 3 h and remained markedly elevated up to 12 h. The volume fractions of zymogen granules increased from 12 to 28% in 12 h. It was concluded that the secretory mechanism of pancreatic acinar cells was injured by the foreign serum. The injury caused accumulation of zymogen granules and increased autophagic activity in the acinar cells.", "contents": "Quantitation of ultrastructural changes in mouse pancreatic acinar cells caused by foreign serum. Quantitative changes in the pancreatic acinar cell organelles were studied in BALB/c mice injected with 1.0 ml fresh rabbit serum intraperitoneally. Groups of 5 mice were killed at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after the serum injection. Pancreatic tissue was processed for electron microscopy by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. The proportions of acinar cell cytoplasm (volume fractions) occupied by zymogen granules, granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lysosomes (including autophagosomes) were determined by the point counting method from electron micrographs. The volume fraction of lysosomes increased during the first 3 h and remained markedly elevated up to 12 h. The volume fractions of zymogen granules increased from 12 to 28% in 12 h. It was concluded that the secretory mechanism of pancreatic acinar cells was injured by the foreign serum. The injury caused accumulation of zymogen granules and increased autophagic activity in the acinar cells.", "PMID": 640120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_190", "title": "Filaments in astrocytes and axons of mice optic nerve. A freeze-etching study.", "content": "Fixed and nonfixed tissues from optic nerves of 20-day-old mice were examined with the electron microscope using the freeze-etching method. In this study the filaments of fibrious astrocytes are compared with those of axons. Both the astrocytic perikaron and the processes show a characteristic aspect in view of the arrangement and density of filaments. The most reliable criterion to distinguish them from nonmyelinated axons is the presence of areas with packed filaments. Furthermore, we demonstrated morphometrically that the filaments of axons and astrocytes from prefixed specimens had a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) smaller diameter (9.5 +/- 0.3 nm) than those from nonprefixed ones (10.5 +/- 0.3 nm). The diameters of filaments in axons and astrocytes are identical in fixed as well as in nonfixed material. The fine structure of filaments displays in addition to a helical form also a certain periodicity.", "contents": "Filaments in astrocytes and axons of mice optic nerve. A freeze-etching study. Fixed and nonfixed tissues from optic nerves of 20-day-old mice were examined with the electron microscope using the freeze-etching method. In this study the filaments of fibrious astrocytes are compared with those of axons. Both the astrocytic perikaron and the processes show a characteristic aspect in view of the arrangement and density of filaments. The most reliable criterion to distinguish them from nonmyelinated axons is the presence of areas with packed filaments. Furthermore, we demonstrated morphometrically that the filaments of axons and astrocytes from prefixed specimens had a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) smaller diameter (9.5 +/- 0.3 nm) than those from nonprefixed ones (10.5 +/- 0.3 nm). The diameters of filaments in axons and astrocytes are identical in fixed as well as in nonfixed material. The fine structure of filaments displays in addition to a helical form also a certain periodicity.", "PMID": 640121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_191", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a cell line derived from human colon adenocarcinoma (HuCCL-14).", "content": "A continuous human colon carcinoma cell line (HuCCL-14) was established whose cells possess an epithelial-like morphology and are capable of growing in soft agar and on monolayers of normal cells. HuCCL-14 cells yielded high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, and the analysis of their chromosomal constitution revealed a mode of 70 chromosomes per cell. HuCCL-14 cells produce malignant tumors when injected into nude mice. Preliminary virologic studies indicate the release of RNA particles having a density of 1.15--1.19 g/ml.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a cell line derived from human colon adenocarcinoma (HuCCL-14). A continuous human colon carcinoma cell line (HuCCL-14) was established whose cells possess an epithelial-like morphology and are capable of growing in soft agar and on monolayers of normal cells. HuCCL-14 cells yielded high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, and the analysis of their chromosomal constitution revealed a mode of 70 chromosomes per cell. HuCCL-14 cells produce malignant tumors when injected into nude mice. Preliminary virologic studies indicate the release of RNA particles having a density of 1.15--1.19 g/ml.", "PMID": 640122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_192", "title": "Selective effect of fractions of a yeast extract (PCO) on normal and malignant cells.", "content": "The selective action of two fractions of PCO (a yeast extract) on normal and malignant cells was demonstrated. In vivo, the mitotic activity of malignant cells was inhibited by the methanol-insoluble fraction of PCO, whereas the methanol-soluble fraction caused no inhibition. The in vitro studies, however, showed inhibition of mitoses with both fractions. The malignant cells employed in vitro and in vivo were the Krebs-2 and Ehrlich carcinomas. The nonneoplastic cells tested in vitro were established cultures of epithelial-like cells from murine bone marrow and thymus, and corneal epithelium and peripheral blood in vivo.", "contents": "Selective effect of fractions of a yeast extract (PCO) on normal and malignant cells. The selective action of two fractions of PCO (a yeast extract) on normal and malignant cells was demonstrated. In vivo, the mitotic activity of malignant cells was inhibited by the methanol-insoluble fraction of PCO, whereas the methanol-soluble fraction caused no inhibition. The in vitro studies, however, showed inhibition of mitoses with both fractions. The malignant cells employed in vitro and in vivo were the Krebs-2 and Ehrlich carcinomas. The nonneoplastic cells tested in vitro were established cultures of epithelial-like cells from murine bone marrow and thymus, and corneal epithelium and peripheral blood in vivo.", "PMID": 640123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_193", "title": "Dependence of cell-mediated immune lysis of the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma on its population composition and rhythm.", "content": "Investigations on cell-mediated immune release of 51Cr from the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma showed that daily rhythmic changes can be correlated with the dominance of certain cell types in the population. Cells in compartment 1--i.e., those representing true G0, early G1, S and M--are most sensitive to effector cell attack. During the establishment 96-hour appearance cycle of the population, each day a different compartment will predominate, with corresponding variations in percent immune release. On days when spontaneous 51Cr release shows a maximum, immune release is minimal. The differences between maximal values of immune release may reach more than 300%, when findings from different days in the appearance cycle are compared.", "contents": "Dependence of cell-mediated immune lysis of the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma on its population composition and rhythm. Investigations on cell-mediated immune release of 51Cr from the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma showed that daily rhythmic changes can be correlated with the dominance of certain cell types in the population. Cells in compartment 1--i.e., those representing true G0, early G1, S and M--are most sensitive to effector cell attack. During the establishment 96-hour appearance cycle of the population, each day a different compartment will predominate, with corresponding variations in percent immune release. On days when spontaneous 51Cr release shows a maximum, immune release is minimal. The differences between maximal values of immune release may reach more than 300%, when findings from different days in the appearance cycle are compared.", "PMID": 640124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_194", "title": "Ontogeny of two-way avoidance in male and female rats.", "content": "In Experiment I, 17-, 21-, 36-, 51-, 90-, and 200-day-old male and female rats were given a single session of 100 two-way avoidance (TWA) trials. In the 2nd experiment, males and females of these ages and 15 and 28 days of age that were obtained from a different source, weaned at a later age, and housed differently received TWA training. Results of both studies showed that avoidance of 15-, 17-, and 21-day-old rats is low, but avoidance increases from 21 to 51 days of age. Avoidance of 95- and 200-day-old animals was generally lower than 51-day-old rats. No significant gender differences appeared until 90 days of age; at this age avoidance of males was lower than females. In Experiment III, CS intensity was varied and the US intensity was lower than that used in Experiment I and II. Avoidance of 21- and 90-day-old rats was higher with a more intense CS, but 21-day-olds were still lower than adults. Avoidance of 17-day-old rats was not affected by CS intensity.", "contents": "Ontogeny of two-way avoidance in male and female rats. In Experiment I, 17-, 21-, 36-, 51-, 90-, and 200-day-old male and female rats were given a single session of 100 two-way avoidance (TWA) trials. In the 2nd experiment, males and females of these ages and 15 and 28 days of age that were obtained from a different source, weaned at a later age, and housed differently received TWA training. Results of both studies showed that avoidance of 15-, 17-, and 21-day-old rats is low, but avoidance increases from 21 to 51 days of age. Avoidance of 95- and 200-day-old animals was generally lower than 51-day-old rats. No significant gender differences appeared until 90 days of age; at this age avoidance of males was lower than females. In Experiment III, CS intensity was varied and the US intensity was lower than that used in Experiment I and II. Avoidance of 21- and 90-day-old rats was higher with a more intense CS, but 21-day-olds were still lower than adults. Avoidance of 17-day-old rats was not affected by CS intensity.", "PMID": 640228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_195", "title": "Ultrasound by mouse pups from deaf and hearing strains.", "content": "Pups aged 1 to 10 days, of deaf and hearing mouse strains, were monitored with an ultrasound detector while submitted to standard conditions of cold, isolation, and retrieving. The number of detections varied with the age of the pups and with the type of treatment (as established previously) but not with the genotype of the pups. Thus, occurrence and changes with age in ultrasound emission do not seem to be greatly influenced by their effects upon adult behavior.", "contents": "Ultrasound by mouse pups from deaf and hearing strains. Pups aged 1 to 10 days, of deaf and hearing mouse strains, were monitored with an ultrasound detector while submitted to standard conditions of cold, isolation, and retrieving. The number of detections varied with the age of the pups and with the type of treatment (as established previously) but not with the genotype of the pups. Thus, occurrence and changes with age in ultrasound emission do not seem to be greatly influenced by their effects upon adult behavior.", "PMID": 640229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_196", "title": "Effects of undernutrition in neonatal rats on physical development and food and water regulation.", "content": "The effects of neonatal undernutrition in rats on food and water regulation, external indices of development, and long-term regulatory behavior were investigated. Undernutrition produced retardation in some external indices of development. The ability to eat, drink, and maintain body weight at weaning were not seriously affected by the undernutrition. Longer term deficiencies in feeding efficiency, osmotic regulation, prandial drinking, and activity were found for experimental subjects. The involvement of peripheral-systemic factors as well as neurological retardation in producing feeding and drinking deficits following undernutrition are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of undernutrition in neonatal rats on physical development and food and water regulation. The effects of neonatal undernutrition in rats on food and water regulation, external indices of development, and long-term regulatory behavior were investigated. Undernutrition produced retardation in some external indices of development. The ability to eat, drink, and maintain body weight at weaning were not seriously affected by the undernutrition. Longer term deficiencies in feeding efficiency, osmotic regulation, prandial drinking, and activity were found for experimental subjects. The involvement of peripheral-systemic factors as well as neurological retardation in producing feeding and drinking deficits following undernutrition are discussed.", "PMID": 640230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_197", "title": "Effects of amount of contact between mother and child on the mother's nursing behavior.", "content": "Short-term effects of different amounts of body contact between mother and newborn on human nursing behavior were studied. Extended contact immediately after parturition was related to an increase in affective components of maternal nursing behavior observed on postpartum Days 2 and 4.", "contents": "Effects of amount of contact between mother and child on the mother's nursing behavior. Short-term effects of different amounts of body contact between mother and newborn on human nursing behavior were studied. Extended contact immediately after parturition was related to an increase in affective components of maternal nursing behavior observed on postpartum Days 2 and 4.", "PMID": 640231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_198", "title": "Behavioral effects of unilateral basal gangliar lesions in neonatal rats.", "content": "Two-day-old rats were given unilateral lesions of the caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, or hippocampus and their postural orientation was observed for 30 min immediately after surgery. All groups with damage to the caudate-putamen and/or globus pallidus showed a significant postural deviation toward the side ipsilateral to the lesion. At this age, neurogenesis in the basal ganglia is complete but synapses, neurotransmitters, and enzymes for neurotransmitter synthesis are far below adult levels. These results indicate that the basal ganglia have a role in motor function prior to their full maturation as measured by neuroanatomical and biochemical techniques.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of unilateral basal gangliar lesions in neonatal rats. Two-day-old rats were given unilateral lesions of the caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, or hippocampus and their postural orientation was observed for 30 min immediately after surgery. All groups with damage to the caudate-putamen and/or globus pallidus showed a significant postural deviation toward the side ipsilateral to the lesion. At this age, neurogenesis in the basal ganglia is complete but synapses, neurotransmitters, and enzymes for neurotransmitter synthesis are far below adult levels. These results indicate that the basal ganglia have a role in motor function prior to their full maturation as measured by neuroanatomical and biochemical techniques.", "PMID": 640232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_199", "title": "Effects of age and stimulus intensity of the far field auditory brain stem potentials in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "The vertex-positive, volume-conducted far field response was used to evaluate age-related changes of the 8th cranial nerve and auditory brainstem in the anesthetized C57BL/L mouse. Responses were obtained from stimuli as low as 10 dB (within the 10-20 kHz bandpass). When latencies were compared between 16- and 35-day-old subjects, the older mice had a P1 component which was .175 msec faster, a P2 which was .505 msec faster, a P3 which was .953 msec faster, and a P4 which was 1.315 msec faster. A retest of the younger mice showed that much of this retrocochlear latency decrease occurred between 16 to 18 days postpartum. The latencies of the younger mice were also less likely to decrease as the stimulus intensity was increased from 30 to 70 dB, and this effect was most pronounced at higher neural levels. These age-related changes bear considerable relationship to the development of susceptibility of audiogenic seizures in the mouse.", "contents": "Effects of age and stimulus intensity of the far field auditory brain stem potentials in the laboratory mouse. The vertex-positive, volume-conducted far field response was used to evaluate age-related changes of the 8th cranial nerve and auditory brainstem in the anesthetized C57BL/L mouse. Responses were obtained from stimuli as low as 10 dB (within the 10-20 kHz bandpass). When latencies were compared between 16- and 35-day-old subjects, the older mice had a P1 component which was .175 msec faster, a P2 which was .505 msec faster, a P3 which was .953 msec faster, and a P4 which was 1.315 msec faster. A retest of the younger mice showed that much of this retrocochlear latency decrease occurred between 16 to 18 days postpartum. The latencies of the younger mice were also less likely to decrease as the stimulus intensity was increased from 30 to 70 dB, and this effect was most pronounced at higher neural levels. These age-related changes bear considerable relationship to the development of susceptibility of audiogenic seizures in the mouse.", "PMID": 640233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_200", "title": "Circulating alanine production and disposal in healthy subjects.", "content": "Circulating-alanine production and disposal rates were estimated in eight healthy postabsorptive subjects by means of U-14C alanine and U-14C glucose infusions. The mean circulating-alanine production rate was 368 +/- S.E.M. 28 mumol/min. -1.8(2). Approximately 50 percent of circulating-alanine carbon exchanged rapidly with that of circulating lactate. Approximately 30 per cent of circulating alanine exchanged with protein stores. Other disposal was 29 +/- 2 per cent to circulating glucose and 40 +/- 4 per cent to oxidation. (1) The carbon moieties of circulating alanine and lactate are freely exchangeable. (2) Assessment of the contribution of alanine to gluconeogenesis will depend on establishing the extent to which the precursor pyruvate carbon is derived from glycolysis or from proteolysis. (3) If the principal pyruvate precursor is glycolysis, then the principal specific function of the glucose-alanine cycle appears to be ammonia transport.", "contents": "Circulating alanine production and disposal in healthy subjects. Circulating-alanine production and disposal rates were estimated in eight healthy postabsorptive subjects by means of U-14C alanine and U-14C glucose infusions. The mean circulating-alanine production rate was 368 +/- S.E.M. 28 mumol/min. -1.8(2). Approximately 50 percent of circulating-alanine carbon exchanged rapidly with that of circulating lactate. Approximately 30 per cent of circulating alanine exchanged with protein stores. Other disposal was 29 +/- 2 per cent to circulating glucose and 40 +/- 4 per cent to oxidation. (1) The carbon moieties of circulating alanine and lactate are freely exchangeable. (2) Assessment of the contribution of alanine to gluconeogenesis will depend on establishing the extent to which the precursor pyruvate carbon is derived from glycolysis or from proteolysis. (3) If the principal pyruvate precursor is glycolysis, then the principal specific function of the glucose-alanine cycle appears to be ammonia transport.", "PMID": 640234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_201", "title": "24-hour studies of the effects of somatostatin on the levels of plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and glucose in normal subjects and juvenile diabetics.", "content": "Somatostatin was infused in various doses into normal subjects and juvenile diabetics for a 24-hour period preceded by a 24-hour control period and followed by another three-hour control period. Saline was infused during the first control period. Meals were served during the two 24-hour periods. Blood samples were taken hourly. Five normal males received a total dose of 4 mg. somatostatin. Four male diabetics received 2 mg., four received 4 mg., and four 6 mg. In the diabetics, somatostatin suppressed plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and glucose throughout the infusion. All parameters rebounded at cessation of infusion. In the normals, somatostatin suppressed plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin but increased plasma glucose. It is concluded that the plasma glucose suppression in the diabetics is mainly due to the suppression of the diabetogenic hormones growth hormone and glucagon. A minor effect of decreased and/or delayed absorption of carbohydrates cannot be excluded in these experiments. The elevated plasma glucose levels in normals must be due to the suppressive effects of somatostatin on insulin secretion.", "contents": "24-hour studies of the effects of somatostatin on the levels of plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and glucose in normal subjects and juvenile diabetics. Somatostatin was infused in various doses into normal subjects and juvenile diabetics for a 24-hour period preceded by a 24-hour control period and followed by another three-hour control period. Saline was infused during the first control period. Meals were served during the two 24-hour periods. Blood samples were taken hourly. Five normal males received a total dose of 4 mg. somatostatin. Four male diabetics received 2 mg., four received 4 mg., and four 6 mg. In the diabetics, somatostatin suppressed plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and glucose throughout the infusion. All parameters rebounded at cessation of infusion. In the normals, somatostatin suppressed plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin but increased plasma glucose. It is concluded that the plasma glucose suppression in the diabetics is mainly due to the suppression of the diabetogenic hormones growth hormone and glucagon. A minor effect of decreased and/or delayed absorption of carbohydrates cannot be excluded in these experiments. The elevated plasma glucose levels in normals must be due to the suppressive effects of somatostatin on insulin secretion.", "PMID": 640235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_202", "title": "Immunologic insulin resistance.", "content": "The efficacy of sulfated beef insulin for plasma glucose control in 35 patients with immunologic insulin resistance was studied. Patients were on a mean dose of 550 U./day (range 200--2,000) of U-500 regular beef insulin. Mean maximum 125I-insulin-binding capacity was 191 mU./ml. serum (range 13--1,080). Mean in vivo half-life (T 1/2) of 125I-regular beef insulin was 614 minutes (range 114--1,300), as against a mean T 1/2 of 13.9 minutes (range 11.8--16.5) in normal controls. Treatment was successful in 34 patients and unsuccessful in one with lipoatrophic diabetes. The mean initial dose of sulfated insulin was 89 U./day (range 15--400) and at three months was 66 U./day (range 20--400). Twenty-eight patients who responded and survived have been on sulfated insulin for a mean of 39 months (range 2-66) and are on a mean dose of 25 U./day (range 0--100). The mean maximum binding capacity fell to 9 mU./ml. (range 0--34) during therapy (p less than 0.01). Mean 125I-insulin T 1/2 fell from 614 to 249 minutes after sulfated insulin therapy (p less than 0.001). A comparative study of 15 patients on consecutive days showed a 35 sulfated insulin T 1/2 of 60 minutes (range 15--94) and a mean 125I-regular insulin T 1/2 of 246 minutes (range 62--560, p less than 0.001). These results indicate that sulfated insulin is less antigenic than regular beef insulin and combines less avidly with human antibodies to regular beef insulin. The response to sulfated insulin therapy was significantly better than the response reported by other investigators to pork insulin or to steroid therapy in similar patients.", "contents": "Immunologic insulin resistance. The efficacy of sulfated beef insulin for plasma glucose control in 35 patients with immunologic insulin resistance was studied. Patients were on a mean dose of 550 U./day (range 200--2,000) of U-500 regular beef insulin. Mean maximum 125I-insulin-binding capacity was 191 mU./ml. serum (range 13--1,080). Mean in vivo half-life (T 1/2) of 125I-regular beef insulin was 614 minutes (range 114--1,300), as against a mean T 1/2 of 13.9 minutes (range 11.8--16.5) in normal controls. Treatment was successful in 34 patients and unsuccessful in one with lipoatrophic diabetes. The mean initial dose of sulfated insulin was 89 U./day (range 15--400) and at three months was 66 U./day (range 20--400). Twenty-eight patients who responded and survived have been on sulfated insulin for a mean of 39 months (range 2-66) and are on a mean dose of 25 U./day (range 0--100). The mean maximum binding capacity fell to 9 mU./ml. (range 0--34) during therapy (p less than 0.01). Mean 125I-insulin T 1/2 fell from 614 to 249 minutes after sulfated insulin therapy (p less than 0.001). A comparative study of 15 patients on consecutive days showed a 35 sulfated insulin T 1/2 of 60 minutes (range 15--94) and a mean 125I-regular insulin T 1/2 of 246 minutes (range 62--560, p less than 0.001). These results indicate that sulfated insulin is less antigenic than regular beef insulin and combines less avidly with human antibodies to regular beef insulin. The response to sulfated insulin therapy was significantly better than the response reported by other investigators to pork insulin or to steroid therapy in similar patients.", "PMID": 640236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_203", "title": "Effects of ingestion of triglyceride or galactose on secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and on responses to intravenous glucose in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Responses of plasma immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IRGIP) to oral triglyceride or galactose were compared in normal and mildly diabetic (non-insulin-dependent) subjects. After triglyceride the responses of IRGIP were similar, but after galactose those of the diabetics were slightly exaggerated. Both stimuli evoked increments of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in diabetics but not in normal subjects. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) did not change. In normal subjects given oral triglyceride or galactose followed by intravenous (I.V.) glucose the early-phase response of plasma IRI was enhanced and glucose tolerance improved. In the diabetics, oral triglyceride did not affect insulin release or glucose tolerance after I.V. glucose; oral galactose elicited a slight increase of insulin release without improving glucose tolerance. In the diabetics the rise of plasma IRG after ingestion of triglyceride or galactose was maintained after I.V. glucose. It is concluded that endogenous GIP is insulinotropic and that there is partial resistance to this action in diabetes. The results were compatible with feedback inhibition of GIP secretion by insulin and with the suggestion that the rise of plasma IRG associated with secretion of GIP in diabetics may be due to the glucagonotropic action of this peptide.", "contents": "Effects of ingestion of triglyceride or galactose on secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and on responses to intravenous glucose in normal and diabetic subjects. Responses of plasma immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IRGIP) to oral triglyceride or galactose were compared in normal and mildly diabetic (non-insulin-dependent) subjects. After triglyceride the responses of IRGIP were similar, but after galactose those of the diabetics were slightly exaggerated. Both stimuli evoked increments of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in diabetics but not in normal subjects. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) did not change. In normal subjects given oral triglyceride or galactose followed by intravenous (I.V.) glucose the early-phase response of plasma IRI was enhanced and glucose tolerance improved. In the diabetics, oral triglyceride did not affect insulin release or glucose tolerance after I.V. glucose; oral galactose elicited a slight increase of insulin release without improving glucose tolerance. In the diabetics the rise of plasma IRG after ingestion of triglyceride or galactose was maintained after I.V. glucose. It is concluded that endogenous GIP is insulinotropic and that there is partial resistance to this action in diabetes. The results were compatible with feedback inhibition of GIP secretion by insulin and with the suggestion that the rise of plasma IRG associated with secretion of GIP in diabetics may be due to the glucagonotropic action of this peptide.", "PMID": 640238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_204", "title": "Effect of priming of amino acids on insulin and growth hormone response in the premature infant.", "content": "Glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, serum insulin, and HGH were studied in preterm infants during the first 24 hours of life. Glucose infusion (1.25 gm.) resulted in a slight elevation of serum insulin. When this amount of glucose was infused during the last 30 minutes of a two-and-a-half-hour infusion of a mixture of essential amino acids, there was a rapid and striking increase in serum insulin. However, this increase was not associated with a faster glucose disposal rate. The administration of this mixture of amino acids doubled the basal level of alpha-amino nitrogen, and during the first two hours, before glucose infusion, it caused a significant rise of serum insulin and HGH. In both cases glucose caused an increase of HGH secretion that was not significantly different in the two groups of infants.", "contents": "Effect of priming of amino acids on insulin and growth hormone response in the premature infant. Glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, serum insulin, and HGH were studied in preterm infants during the first 24 hours of life. Glucose infusion (1.25 gm.) resulted in a slight elevation of serum insulin. When this amount of glucose was infused during the last 30 minutes of a two-and-a-half-hour infusion of a mixture of essential amino acids, there was a rapid and striking increase in serum insulin. However, this increase was not associated with a faster glucose disposal rate. The administration of this mixture of amino acids doubled the basal level of alpha-amino nitrogen, and during the first two hours, before glucose infusion, it caused a significant rise of serum insulin and HGH. In both cases glucose caused an increase of HGH secretion that was not significantly different in the two groups of infants.", "PMID": 640239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_205", "title": "Insulin-dependent childhood diabetes. Normal viability of cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from clinically normal offspring of two parents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes have demonstrated premature senescence as a decreased ability of cells to establish colonies when inoculated at low density (plating efficiency). The present study tested the hypothesis that there is an inherent cellular defect affecting viability of diabetic cells in insulin-dependent diabetes. Four insulin-dependent patients, aged 12 to 19 years, included two with joint contracture, skin changes, and growth failure; one with thyroiditis and past history of nephrosis; and one with a family history of insulin dependency. Ten control subjects, aged 10 to 52 years, had negative family histories and normal oral glucose tolerance tests. Number of cells per confluent dish correlated significantly with donor age (p less than 0.001) at 30 and 40 in-vitro generations. The patients' cells' mean confluent density did not differ from that of five age-matched controls. Plating efficiency correlated with donor age at 30 in-vitro generations ( p less than 0.001); plating efficiency of cells from the youngsters with diabetes was virtually identical to that of control cells at 20, 30, and 40 generations. In this small series of two subjects with in-vivo growth failure, one with associated autoimmune disease and another with familial insulin-dependent disease, cultured fibroblasts demonstrated normal viability and the hypothesis of a cellular growth defect was not confirmed.", "contents": "Insulin-dependent childhood diabetes. Normal viability of cultured fibroblasts. Cultured skin fibroblasts from clinically normal offspring of two parents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes have demonstrated premature senescence as a decreased ability of cells to establish colonies when inoculated at low density (plating efficiency). The present study tested the hypothesis that there is an inherent cellular defect affecting viability of diabetic cells in insulin-dependent diabetes. Four insulin-dependent patients, aged 12 to 19 years, included two with joint contracture, skin changes, and growth failure; one with thyroiditis and past history of nephrosis; and one with a family history of insulin dependency. Ten control subjects, aged 10 to 52 years, had negative family histories and normal oral glucose tolerance tests. Number of cells per confluent dish correlated significantly with donor age (p less than 0.001) at 30 and 40 in-vitro generations. The patients' cells' mean confluent density did not differ from that of five age-matched controls. Plating efficiency correlated with donor age at 30 in-vitro generations ( p less than 0.001); plating efficiency of cells from the youngsters with diabetes was virtually identical to that of control cells at 20, 30, and 40 generations. In this small series of two subjects with in-vivo growth failure, one with associated autoimmune disease and another with familial insulin-dependent disease, cultured fibroblasts demonstrated normal viability and the hypothesis of a cellular growth defect was not confirmed.", "PMID": 640240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_206", "title": "A simplified assay of hemoglobin AIc in diabetic patients by use of isoelectric focusing and quantitative microdensitometry.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of human erythrocyte hemolystaes on polyacrylamide slab gels over a pH gradient of 6 to 8 provides sufficient resolution of hemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) from other hemoglobin components (AIa, AIb, AII, S, and F) to allow quantification by high-resolution microdensitometry. Twice-chromatographed HbAIc alone and in admixtures with normal and diabetic hemolysates were employed to verify the identification and quantification of the AIc component. Relative concentration was determined as a per cent of the total hemoglobin absorption at 556 nm on acid-fixed, unstained gels. A total of 60 patient samples were examined by IEF, and, for 35 samples, both column chromatography and IEF determination were obtained, revealing excellent correlation between these two methods.", "contents": "A simplified assay of hemoglobin AIc in diabetic patients by use of isoelectric focusing and quantitative microdensitometry. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of human erythrocyte hemolystaes on polyacrylamide slab gels over a pH gradient of 6 to 8 provides sufficient resolution of hemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) from other hemoglobin components (AIa, AIb, AII, S, and F) to allow quantification by high-resolution microdensitometry. Twice-chromatographed HbAIc alone and in admixtures with normal and diabetic hemolysates were employed to verify the identification and quantification of the AIc component. Relative concentration was determined as a per cent of the total hemoglobin absorption at 556 nm on acid-fixed, unstained gels. A total of 60 patient samples were examined by IEF, and, for 35 samples, both column chromatography and IEF determination were obtained, revealing excellent correlation between these two methods.", "PMID": 640242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_207", "title": "Effect of glucose on the glucagon response to L-dopa in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "The effect of an oral dose of 1 gm. L-dopa either without or after a concomitant oral administration of 100 gm. glucose on the plasma level of pancreatic glucagon, plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and plasma growth hormone (GH) was assessed in eight normal and 10 insulin-treated diabetic subjects. In the normal group the stimulatory effect o L-dopa on pancreatic glucagon release was reconfirmed. Moreover, in the diabetics essentially the same plasma glucagon increase after drug administration was found, such a response being inhibited in both groups by glucose. The increase of plasma GH after L-dopa in both healthy persons and diabetics and the inhibition of this response by glucose in healthy subjects was reconfirmed. Furthermore, the same effect of exogenous glucose on the L-dopa induced GH release was observed in diabetics. It may be concluded that glucagon may play a pathogenetic role in the worsening of parkinsonian diabetic patients during the treatment with L-dopa and that diabetic hyperglycemia per se seems to be insufficient for an inhibition of the release of both glucagon and GH AFTer L-dopa.", "contents": "Effect of glucose on the glucagon response to L-dopa in normal and diabetic subjects. The effect of an oral dose of 1 gm. L-dopa either without or after a concomitant oral administration of 100 gm. glucose on the plasma level of pancreatic glucagon, plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and plasma growth hormone (GH) was assessed in eight normal and 10 insulin-treated diabetic subjects. In the normal group the stimulatory effect o L-dopa on pancreatic glucagon release was reconfirmed. Moreover, in the diabetics essentially the same plasma glucagon increase after drug administration was found, such a response being inhibited in both groups by glucose. The increase of plasma GH after L-dopa in both healthy persons and diabetics and the inhibition of this response by glucose in healthy subjects was reconfirmed. Furthermore, the same effect of exogenous glucose on the L-dopa induced GH release was observed in diabetics. It may be concluded that glucagon may play a pathogenetic role in the worsening of parkinsonian diabetic patients during the treatment with L-dopa and that diabetic hyperglycemia per se seems to be insufficient for an inhibition of the release of both glucagon and GH AFTer L-dopa.", "PMID": 640244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_208", "title": "Circulating alanine disposal in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Alanine was selected for study as a representative circulating glucose precursor in relation to the question of the source of the excess circulating glucose in diabetes mellitus. U-14C alanine and U-14C glucose infusions were given to healthy subjects and to subjects with untreated mild maturity, severe maturity, and juvenile diabetes. Comparative studies after a 24-hour fast were made in healthy and in mildly diabetic subjects. The alanine production rate was unaltered by fasting or diabetes. The glucose production rate was unaltered by fasting but increased in diabetes in relation to the severity of the disease. The fractions of alanine-to-glucose and of glucose-from-alanine were increased by fasting. The effect of diabetes was different. The fraction of alanine-to-glucose was much less in mild maturity diabetes than in health, and it was increased only in juvenile diabetes. In all the diabetic groups the glucose-from-alanine fraction was much less than in health. In every group the change in the alanine oxidation rate was reciprocal to that in the alanine-derived glucogenesis rate. The results are consistent with the possibility that the principal source of the excess circulating glucose in diabetes is glycogen.", "contents": "Circulating alanine disposal in diabetes mellitus. Alanine was selected for study as a representative circulating glucose precursor in relation to the question of the source of the excess circulating glucose in diabetes mellitus. U-14C alanine and U-14C glucose infusions were given to healthy subjects and to subjects with untreated mild maturity, severe maturity, and juvenile diabetes. Comparative studies after a 24-hour fast were made in healthy and in mildly diabetic subjects. The alanine production rate was unaltered by fasting or diabetes. The glucose production rate was unaltered by fasting but increased in diabetes in relation to the severity of the disease. The fractions of alanine-to-glucose and of glucose-from-alanine were increased by fasting. The effect of diabetes was different. The fraction of alanine-to-glucose was much less in mild maturity diabetes than in health, and it was increased only in juvenile diabetes. In all the diabetic groups the glucose-from-alanine fraction was much less than in health. In every group the change in the alanine oxidation rate was reciprocal to that in the alanine-derived glucogenesis rate. The results are consistent with the possibility that the principal source of the excess circulating glucose in diabetes is glycogen.", "PMID": 640247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_209", "title": "Computerized tomography in the study of West's syndrome.", "content": "37 children presenting with West's syndrome were studied by computerized tomography scanning. An abnormality consisting of diffuse cerebral atrophy, predominating in the fronto-temporal region, was demonstrated in 30 cases. The abnormality was sometimes associated with calcification (tuberous sclerosis) or malformation (agenesis of the corpus callosum). The aetiology of the atrophy and its relationship to clinical and electroencephalographic signs is discussed. Computerized tomography scanning is recommended for children with West's syndrome in order to distinguish between primary and secondary cases, and for greater prognostic accuracy.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in the study of West's syndrome. 37 children presenting with West's syndrome were studied by computerized tomography scanning. An abnormality consisting of diffuse cerebral atrophy, predominating in the fronto-temporal region, was demonstrated in 30 cases. The abnormality was sometimes associated with calcification (tuberous sclerosis) or malformation (agenesis of the corpus callosum). The aetiology of the atrophy and its relationship to clinical and electroencephalographic signs is discussed. Computerized tomography scanning is recommended for children with West's syndrome in order to distinguish between primary and secondary cases, and for greater prognostic accuracy.", "PMID": 640253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_210", "title": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: report of two pre-school children and review of the literature.", "content": "The results of neuropsychological examinations of two patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum showed low intelligence-test performance, impared visuo-motor co-ordination and impaired bimanual co-ordination. The most striking deficits were observed in Case A, particularly in her inability to identify objects verbally when placed in the non-dominant hand, and in her ability to complete a task with the non-dominant hand without vision, when she was unable to complete the same task with vision. This patient is unusual insofar as she manifests deficits noted in acallosal patients, as well as some noted in split-brain patients but not previously ascribed to acallosal patients.", "contents": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: report of two pre-school children and review of the literature. The results of neuropsychological examinations of two patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum showed low intelligence-test performance, impared visuo-motor co-ordination and impaired bimanual co-ordination. The most striking deficits were observed in Case A, particularly in her inability to identify objects verbally when placed in the non-dominant hand, and in her ability to complete a task with the non-dominant hand without vision, when she was unable to complete the same task with vision. This patient is unusual insofar as she manifests deficits noted in acallosal patients, as well as some noted in split-brain patients but not previously ascribed to acallosal patients.", "PMID": 640254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_211", "title": "Psychomotor development of infants and children after profound hypothermia during surgery for congenital heart disease.", "content": "We assessed neurological status and cognitive, verbal, social and motor skills of 17 children who had undergone cardiac surgery under profound hypothermia, and of seven siblings (controls). None of the subjects had significant neurological impairment. The mean development quotient (DQ) for the patients was 92.5 (in the low-average range) and for the controls was 103 (average). The DQ of one patient (71) was below the normal range. Development of the patients was comparable with that reported by other authors for children with cyanotic congenital heart-disease who have not undergone cardiac surgery. It correlated with the type of congenital heart-disease but not with the duration of hypoxic arrest. It is concluded that profound hypothermia can be used safely during the correction of cardiac defects in infants, without fear of retarding psychomotor development.", "contents": "Psychomotor development of infants and children after profound hypothermia during surgery for congenital heart disease. We assessed neurological status and cognitive, verbal, social and motor skills of 17 children who had undergone cardiac surgery under profound hypothermia, and of seven siblings (controls). None of the subjects had significant neurological impairment. The mean development quotient (DQ) for the patients was 92.5 (in the low-average range) and for the controls was 103 (average). The DQ of one patient (71) was below the normal range. Development of the patients was comparable with that reported by other authors for children with cyanotic congenital heart-disease who have not undergone cardiac surgery. It correlated with the type of congenital heart-disease but not with the duration of hypoxic arrest. It is concluded that profound hypothermia can be used safely during the correction of cardiac defects in infants, without fear of retarding psychomotor development.", "PMID": 640255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_212", "title": "Inter- versus intra-hemispheric learning in dyslexic and normal readers.", "content": "The present study investigated the hypothesis that developmental dyslexia is attributable to dysfunction in inter-hemispheric transfer. Dyslexic and normal readers in second grade (age-range seven to eight years) and sixth grade (11 to 12 years) were given tachistoscopic presentations of novel visual stimuli (Chinese ideographs), randomly presented to the left and right visual fields and to the central fixation point. Each stimulus was paired with a common English word (spoken) and the children were asked to associate the two. The transmission deficit hypothesis predicts that poor and normal readers will be differentiated in the case of presentations to the right hemisphere (left visual field) but will not differ significantly in the case of presentations to the left hemisphere (right visual field). This hypothesis was not supported. Normal readers at both grade levels performed significantly better than poor readers in both visual-field presentations.", "contents": "Inter- versus intra-hemispheric learning in dyslexic and normal readers. The present study investigated the hypothesis that developmental dyslexia is attributable to dysfunction in inter-hemispheric transfer. Dyslexic and normal readers in second grade (age-range seven to eight years) and sixth grade (11 to 12 years) were given tachistoscopic presentations of novel visual stimuli (Chinese ideographs), randomly presented to the left and right visual fields and to the central fixation point. Each stimulus was paired with a common English word (spoken) and the children were asked to associate the two. The transmission deficit hypothesis predicts that poor and normal readers will be differentiated in the case of presentations to the right hemisphere (left visual field) but will not differ significantly in the case of presentations to the left hemisphere (right visual field). This hypothesis was not supported. Normal readers at both grade levels performed significantly better than poor readers in both visual-field presentations.", "PMID": 640256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_213", "title": "Reliability of goniometric measurements of hip motion in spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "Reliability of goniometric measurements of ranges of motion in the right hip of four children with mild or moderate spastic diplegia was studied by comparing results when physical therapists used specific and non-specific measurement instructions. Measurements of hip extension, abduction and external rotation were made. The use of specific measurement instructions improved inter-rater reliability only in the case of external rotation. Inter-session reliability was not improved by the use of specific measurement instructions. It is concluded that goniometric measurements have such a low level of reliability that they can only be used to assist clinical judgment, and that they are not sufficiently reliable to be used in studied of cerebral palsy.", "contents": "Reliability of goniometric measurements of hip motion in spastic cerebral palsy. Reliability of goniometric measurements of ranges of motion in the right hip of four children with mild or moderate spastic diplegia was studied by comparing results when physical therapists used specific and non-specific measurement instructions. Measurements of hip extension, abduction and external rotation were made. The use of specific measurement instructions improved inter-rater reliability only in the case of external rotation. Inter-session reliability was not improved by the use of specific measurement instructions. It is concluded that goniometric measurements have such a low level of reliability that they can only be used to assist clinical judgment, and that they are not sufficiently reliable to be used in studied of cerebral palsy.", "PMID": 640257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_214", "title": "Gastro-esophageal reflux in severely retarded children.", "content": "Eight severely mentally retarded children with histories of recurrent vomiting, anemia and chest disease are reported. It is suggested that appropriate medical management improves the quality of life for such children and may also reduce the number of hospital admissions for the treatment of this cluster of symptoms. Symptoms of vomiting, anemia and recurrent pneumonia in retarded children should suggest gastro-esophageal reflux. Investigations should include the upper gastrointestinal tract, with specific attention being paid to esophageal reflux.", "contents": "Gastro-esophageal reflux in severely retarded children. Eight severely mentally retarded children with histories of recurrent vomiting, anemia and chest disease are reported. It is suggested that appropriate medical management improves the quality of life for such children and may also reduce the number of hospital admissions for the treatment of this cluster of symptoms. Symptoms of vomiting, anemia and recurrent pneumonia in retarded children should suggest gastro-esophageal reflux. Investigations should include the upper gastrointestinal tract, with specific attention being paid to esophageal reflux.", "PMID": 640258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_215", "title": "Histological patterns of muscle in infants with developmental brain abnormalities.", "content": "The histology of muscle obtained from 23 hypotonic infants without neuromuscular disease is presented. Long-term follow-up neurological examinations were carried out to determine the site of the lesion. 18 cases have strong evidence of cerebral dysfunction, 12 of whom have histologial abnormalities of fiber-type distribution and diameter. Of the remaining five patients without obvious cerebral abnormality, four also had histological changes, but individual circumstances partially explain the cause of the abnormal histological patterns in these four. No single histological abnormality could be identified, but the results indicate that histological abnormalities of muscle in hypotonic infants without clinical or microscopic evidence of neuromuscular disease may be useful in predicting a cerebral cause for the hypotonia.", "contents": "Histological patterns of muscle in infants with developmental brain abnormalities. The histology of muscle obtained from 23 hypotonic infants without neuromuscular disease is presented. Long-term follow-up neurological examinations were carried out to determine the site of the lesion. 18 cases have strong evidence of cerebral dysfunction, 12 of whom have histologial abnormalities of fiber-type distribution and diameter. Of the remaining five patients without obvious cerebral abnormality, four also had histological changes, but individual circumstances partially explain the cause of the abnormal histological patterns in these four. No single histological abnormality could be identified, but the results indicate that histological abnormalities of muscle in hypotonic infants without clinical or microscopic evidence of neuromuscular disease may be useful in predicting a cerebral cause for the hypotonia.", "PMID": 640261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_216", "title": "A polygraphic study of bioelectrical brain maturation in preterm infants.", "content": "Bioelectrical brain maturation was studied in 26 low-risk preterm infants by serial polygraphic recordings. A modified method of visual EEG analysis was used, based on Parmelee's coding system, which allowed quantification. It gave the following results: (1) The main characteristics of EEG maturation in preterm infants were a progressive spatio-temporal differentiation, with an increase of rhythmic activities and a decrease of discontinuity. (2) A strong relationship was found between post-menstrual age of the infants and EEG maturity, but there were exceptions to this rule. (3) longer duration of extra-uterine life had a small accelerating influence on EEG maturation. (4) Certain basic types of EEG patterns were closely related to behavioural states, whereas EEG maturity was not state-dependent. (5) The relationship between EEG pattern types and behavioural states becomes more stable with increasing age.", "contents": "A polygraphic study of bioelectrical brain maturation in preterm infants. Bioelectrical brain maturation was studied in 26 low-risk preterm infants by serial polygraphic recordings. A modified method of visual EEG analysis was used, based on Parmelee's coding system, which allowed quantification. It gave the following results: (1) The main characteristics of EEG maturation in preterm infants were a progressive spatio-temporal differentiation, with an increase of rhythmic activities and a decrease of discontinuity. (2) A strong relationship was found between post-menstrual age of the infants and EEG maturity, but there were exceptions to this rule. (3) longer duration of extra-uterine life had a small accelerating influence on EEG maturation. (4) Certain basic types of EEG patterns were closely related to behavioural states, whereas EEG maturity was not state-dependent. (5) The relationship between EEG pattern types and behavioural states becomes more stable with increasing age.", "PMID": 640262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_217", "title": "A study of six cases of de Lange Amsterdam dwarf syndrome, with special attention to voice, speech and language characteristics.", "content": "From a survey of southern Scotland, six severly handicapped subjects (age-range 8 to 22 years) were established by firm criteria as suffering from the de Lange Amsterdam Dwarf syndrome. They showed a high incidence of behaviour disturbance. Language development was retarded and all but one of the subjects were dysphonic. A connection may exist between the glottal \"fry\" (an unperiodical phonation of the vocal folds in a frequency below the normal pitch register) observed in the cries of the younger non-speaking cases and the hoarseness in the speech of the older subjects.", "contents": "A study of six cases of de Lange Amsterdam dwarf syndrome, with special attention to voice, speech and language characteristics. From a survey of southern Scotland, six severly handicapped subjects (age-range 8 to 22 years) were established by firm criteria as suffering from the de Lange Amsterdam Dwarf syndrome. They showed a high incidence of behaviour disturbance. Language development was retarded and all but one of the subjects were dysphonic. A connection may exist between the glottal \"fry\" (an unperiodical phonation of the vocal folds in a frequency below the normal pitch register) observed in the cries of the younger non-speaking cases and the hoarseness in the speech of the older subjects.", "PMID": 640263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_218", "title": "A modular seating system for cerebral-palsied children.", "content": "A seating system for physically handicapped children has been devised in which a series of standard components (neck supports, rolled seats, pommels) can be incorporated to make a seating system appropriate for the individual child.", "contents": "A modular seating system for cerebral-palsied children. A seating system for physically handicapped children has been devised in which a series of standard components (neck supports, rolled seats, pommels) can be incorporated to make a seating system appropriate for the individual child.", "PMID": 640264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_219", "title": "Maximal aerobic capacity of young people with spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "Maximal aerobic capacity in bicycle ergometer tests was studied in nine children (aged 11 to 12 years) and five young men (aged 19 to 23 years), all with a spastic form of cerebral palsy, and compared with non-handicapped control groups. Results showed somewhat lower values for heart rate, oxygen uptake/kg, ventilation/kg and blood lactate concentrations for the majority of the spastic group. The physical work capacity of the handicapped group amounted to about 50 per cent of the corresponding values for the non-handicapped controls. Poor mechanical efficiency in the spastic group is the consequence of high oxygen uptake in relation to the work performed. The poor mechanical performance is mainly caused by the extra amount of energy required for qualitative changes in the muscle (constant hypertonia), involuntary movements and stabilizing movements during exercise on the bicycle ergometer.", "contents": "Maximal aerobic capacity of young people with spastic cerebral palsy. Maximal aerobic capacity in bicycle ergometer tests was studied in nine children (aged 11 to 12 years) and five young men (aged 19 to 23 years), all with a spastic form of cerebral palsy, and compared with non-handicapped control groups. Results showed somewhat lower values for heart rate, oxygen uptake/kg, ventilation/kg and blood lactate concentrations for the majority of the spastic group. The physical work capacity of the handicapped group amounted to about 50 per cent of the corresponding values for the non-handicapped controls. Poor mechanical efficiency in the spastic group is the consequence of high oxygen uptake in relation to the work performed. The poor mechanical performance is mainly caused by the extra amount of energy required for qualitative changes in the muscle (constant hypertonia), involuntary movements and stabilizing movements during exercise on the bicycle ergometer.", "PMID": 640265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_220", "title": "Behavioral and neurological characteristics of a hydranencephalic infant.", "content": "A modified Prechtl neurological examination and the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale were serially administered to a hydranencephalic infant over the first eight weeks of life. Clinical, roentgenographic, neurological and behavioral findings are reported. In contrast to earlier reports, visual tracking of a moving field and auditory and visual habituation were observed. Further, in addition to previously reported reflex automatisms, the infant also possessed what are termed \"socially relevant behavioral automatisms\". The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral and neurological characteristics of a hydranencephalic infant. A modified Prechtl neurological examination and the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale were serially administered to a hydranencephalic infant over the first eight weeks of life. Clinical, roentgenographic, neurological and behavioral findings are reported. In contrast to earlier reports, visual tracking of a moving field and auditory and visual habituation were observed. Further, in addition to previously reported reflex automatisms, the infant also possessed what are termed \"socially relevant behavioral automatisms\". The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 640266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_221", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effect of linear somatostatin on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anaesthetized rats has been studied. Basal secretion of amylase was significantly inhibited by an infusion of 100 microgram/100 g/h somatostatin, but increased fourfold after a bolus injection of 50 microgram/100 g. CCK-stimulated enzyme and volume secretion were inhibited by somatostatin. Somatostatin did not influence secretin-stimulated bicarbonate concentration or rate of secretion in the dose range in which enzyme secretion was inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion in the rat. The effect of linear somatostatin on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anaesthetized rats has been studied. Basal secretion of amylase was significantly inhibited by an infusion of 100 microgram/100 g/h somatostatin, but increased fourfold after a bolus injection of 50 microgram/100 g. CCK-stimulated enzyme and volume secretion were inhibited by somatostatin. Somatostatin did not influence secretin-stimulated bicarbonate concentration or rate of secretion in the dose range in which enzyme secretion was inhibited.", "PMID": 640271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_222", "title": "Sphincteric mechanism of the main pancreatic duct in the dog. An experimental model of the isolated sphincteric preparation.", "content": "This study describes an in vitro experimental model of the sphincter at the lower end of the main pancreatic duct in the dog. This model, employing a drop counter to measure the drop rate, monitors the perfusion rate of Tyrode through the sphincter. Acetylcholine (ACh), employed to establish the sensitivity and viability of the isolated sphincter, produced a contraction of the sphincter which was concentration-response related. Saline, as a control, atropine and hexamethonium did not affect the drop rate. Atropine (20 microgram) partially abolished the contraction produced by 50 microgram of ACh; hexamethonium (50 microgram) did not have an effect. Caerulein 50 microgram produced a relaxation of the sphincter; adrenaline 50 microgram a contraction. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms seem to play a role in the regulation of sphincteric activity of the main pancreatic duct in dogs.", "contents": "Sphincteric mechanism of the main pancreatic duct in the dog. An experimental model of the isolated sphincteric preparation. This study describes an in vitro experimental model of the sphincter at the lower end of the main pancreatic duct in the dog. This model, employing a drop counter to measure the drop rate, monitors the perfusion rate of Tyrode through the sphincter. Acetylcholine (ACh), employed to establish the sensitivity and viability of the isolated sphincter, produced a contraction of the sphincter which was concentration-response related. Saline, as a control, atropine and hexamethonium did not affect the drop rate. Atropine (20 microgram) partially abolished the contraction produced by 50 microgram of ACh; hexamethonium (50 microgram) did not have an effect. Caerulein 50 microgram produced a relaxation of the sphincter; adrenaline 50 microgram a contraction. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms seem to play a role in the regulation of sphincteric activity of the main pancreatic duct in dogs.", "PMID": 640272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_223", "title": "Hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human colonic mucosa.", "content": "Human colonic adenylate cyclase has been shown to be sensitive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and prostaglandins of the E- and F-type. Maximal activation of enzyme activity averaged 200% for VIP and 300-350% for the E-prostaglandins. Both classes of hormones had an additive effect on enzyme activity indicating the existence of two distinct hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases in human colonic mucosa.", "contents": "Hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human colonic mucosa. Human colonic adenylate cyclase has been shown to be sensitive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and prostaglandins of the E- and F-type. Maximal activation of enzyme activity averaged 200% for VIP and 300-350% for the E-prostaglandins. Both classes of hormones had an additive effect on enzyme activity indicating the existence of two distinct hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases in human colonic mucosa.", "PMID": 640273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_224", "title": "Distribution of prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The localization of the prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the upper gastrointestinal tract in human beings was studied. The prostaglandin-sensitive enzyme was almost evenly distributed throughout the fundic, antral and duodenal mucosa. The enhancement of enzyme activity in the presence of maximally effective prostaglandin concentrations exceeded basal levels by about 200%. The physiological role of the prostaglandin sensitive adenylate cyclase in gastric and duodenal function, however, remains to be established.", "contents": "Distribution of prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human upper gastrointestinal tract. The localization of the prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the upper gastrointestinal tract in human beings was studied. The prostaglandin-sensitive enzyme was almost evenly distributed throughout the fundic, antral and duodenal mucosa. The enhancement of enzyme activity in the presence of maximally effective prostaglandin concentrations exceeded basal levels by about 200%. The physiological role of the prostaglandin sensitive adenylate cyclase in gastric and duodenal function, however, remains to be established.", "PMID": 640274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_225", "title": "Leucocyte ascorbic acid in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Leucocyte ascorbic acid levels have been found to be lower in patients with Crohn's disease than in normal controls. This appears to be due to the disease rather than the effect of drug or operative treatment. Prescribing supplementary ascorbic acid is an appropriate step in correcting this deficiency.", "contents": "Leucocyte ascorbic acid in Crohn's disease. Leucocyte ascorbic acid levels have been found to be lower in patients with Crohn's disease than in normal controls. This appears to be due to the disease rather than the effect of drug or operative treatment. Prescribing supplementary ascorbic acid is an appropriate step in correcting this deficiency.", "PMID": 640276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_226", "title": "Sustained insulin-induced remissions of juvenile diabetes by means of an external artificial pancreas.", "content": "Remission of diabetes was attempted in 12 recent acute onset ketosis-prone juvenile diabetes after short term (5 +/- 1 days) but excellent blood glucose control by the external artificial beta-cell. The comparison group comrised patients undergoing traditional treatment (n = 28). Nine (75%) persistent (over 3-14 months of duration) although partial (oral drugs required) remissions were obtained in the former group as compared to 3 (11%) in the latter group (p less than 0.05). Cases which showed remissions after insulin infusion had a plasma insulin response to IV glucagon still present before insulin infusion, and a daily urinary C-peptide excretion significantly enhanced after (p less than 0.01). Urinary C-peptide/blood glucose remained improved during the remission period. Thus, early effective treatment by means of the artificial pancreas may break the vicious circle hyperglycaemia-insulin depletion-hyperglycaemia and lead to frequent and sustained remissions of juvenile diabetes.", "contents": "Sustained insulin-induced remissions of juvenile diabetes by means of an external artificial pancreas. Remission of diabetes was attempted in 12 recent acute onset ketosis-prone juvenile diabetes after short term (5 +/- 1 days) but excellent blood glucose control by the external artificial beta-cell. The comparison group comrised patients undergoing traditional treatment (n = 28). Nine (75%) persistent (over 3-14 months of duration) although partial (oral drugs required) remissions were obtained in the former group as compared to 3 (11%) in the latter group (p less than 0.05). Cases which showed remissions after insulin infusion had a plasma insulin response to IV glucagon still present before insulin infusion, and a daily urinary C-peptide excretion significantly enhanced after (p less than 0.01). Urinary C-peptide/blood glucose remained improved during the remission period. Thus, early effective treatment by means of the artificial pancreas may break the vicious circle hyperglycaemia-insulin depletion-hyperglycaemia and lead to frequent and sustained remissions of juvenile diabetes.", "PMID": 640299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_227", "title": "Effect of phenformin on hepatic balances of gluconeogenic substrates in man.", "content": "The effect of a five day pretreatment with phenformin (3 X 50 mg daily) on hepatic metabolism was studied in six healthy volunteers. Arterial and hepatic venous concentrations of substrates and hepatic blood flow were estimated during a basal period and during a low-dose lactate infusion (0,03 mmol . kg-1 . min-1). The results have been compared with those obtained from untreated normal subjects in a previous study (16). During the baseline period arterial concentration of alanine and the hepatic venous concentration ratios of alanine: pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate were significantly increased with phenformin treatment, while the balances of carbon dioxide and glucose and the fractional extraction of alanine were decreased compared to the values obtained in untreated subjects. During lactate infusion mean arterial lactate concentration was significantly increased and hepatic lactate extraction was decreased compared to untreated persons under the same conditions. In the phenformin-treated group lactate infusion resulted in hepatic output of pyruvate and the hepatic glucose balance remained unchanged compared to baseline. Since the rate of hepatic blood flow was not increased during lactate infusion a significantly smaller glucose output and lactate uptake was obtained with phenformin. These findings support the present view that the hypoglycaemic effect of biguanides is due, at least in part, to inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of phenformin on hepatic balances of gluconeogenic substrates in man. The effect of a five day pretreatment with phenformin (3 X 50 mg daily) on hepatic metabolism was studied in six healthy volunteers. Arterial and hepatic venous concentrations of substrates and hepatic blood flow were estimated during a basal period and during a low-dose lactate infusion (0,03 mmol . kg-1 . min-1). The results have been compared with those obtained from untreated normal subjects in a previous study (16). During the baseline period arterial concentration of alanine and the hepatic venous concentration ratios of alanine: pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate were significantly increased with phenformin treatment, while the balances of carbon dioxide and glucose and the fractional extraction of alanine were decreased compared to the values obtained in untreated subjects. During lactate infusion mean arterial lactate concentration was significantly increased and hepatic lactate extraction was decreased compared to untreated persons under the same conditions. In the phenformin-treated group lactate infusion resulted in hepatic output of pyruvate and the hepatic glucose balance remained unchanged compared to baseline. Since the rate of hepatic blood flow was not increased during lactate infusion a significantly smaller glucose output and lactate uptake was obtained with phenformin. These findings support the present view that the hypoglycaemic effect of biguanides is due, at least in part, to inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 640300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_228", "title": "NSILA-carrier protein abolishes the action of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) on perfused rat heart.", "content": "Human serum in a concentration of 10% in the perfusion medium failed to increase glucose uptake by the isolated perfused rat heart, indicating that nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) in whole serum was inactive in this system. When NSILA-carrier protein was added to partially purified NSILA-S, its biological activity on the rat heart disappeared. In contrast, the action of insulin was not affected by the presence of NSILA-carrier protein. Binding of 125I-labelled NSILA-S to rat heart was inhibited by NSILA-carrier protein. 125I-labelled insulin binding was not inhibited. These results support the hypothesis that NSILA-S bound to serum carrier protein is a large molecular compound which does not readily diffuse out of the capillary bed and therefore does not exert insulin-like effects in vivo.", "contents": "NSILA-carrier protein abolishes the action of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) on perfused rat heart. Human serum in a concentration of 10% in the perfusion medium failed to increase glucose uptake by the isolated perfused rat heart, indicating that nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) in whole serum was inactive in this system. When NSILA-carrier protein was added to partially purified NSILA-S, its biological activity on the rat heart disappeared. In contrast, the action of insulin was not affected by the presence of NSILA-carrier protein. Binding of 125I-labelled NSILA-S to rat heart was inhibited by NSILA-carrier protein. 125I-labelled insulin binding was not inhibited. These results support the hypothesis that NSILA-S bound to serum carrier protein is a large molecular compound which does not readily diffuse out of the capillary bed and therefore does not exert insulin-like effects in vivo.", "PMID": 640301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_229", "title": "Preventive effect of gliclazide on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "content": "Administration of a hypoglycaemic sulphonamide, gliclazide, at 10 mg/kg/day p.o. to rabbits for 60 days did not affect the development of plasma lipid disturbances induced by a high cholesterol diet. The accumulation of cholesterol in the liver was significantly reduced by up to 34% when compared with animals on the high cholesterol diet. The high concentrations of glycerides and fatty acids in the aorta were significantly decreased towards normal values and histology showed that the gliclazide strongly inhibited the development of aortic and particularly coronary lesions induced by the atherogenic diet. A normal appearance of coronary arteries was noted in more than 50% of cases.", "contents": "Preventive effect of gliclazide on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Administration of a hypoglycaemic sulphonamide, gliclazide, at 10 mg/kg/day p.o. to rabbits for 60 days did not affect the development of plasma lipid disturbances induced by a high cholesterol diet. The accumulation of cholesterol in the liver was significantly reduced by up to 34% when compared with animals on the high cholesterol diet. The high concentrations of glycerides and fatty acids in the aorta were significantly decreased towards normal values and histology showed that the gliclazide strongly inhibited the development of aortic and particularly coronary lesions induced by the atherogenic diet. A normal appearance of coronary arteries was noted in more than 50% of cases.", "PMID": 640303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_230", "title": "Existence of differences in repressor properties between serine-rich histones (H5, F2c) from immature and mature pigeon erythroid cells.", "content": "The abilities of H1 and H5 histones from immature and mature pigeon erythroid cells and subfractions of H5 histones with different content of alkali-labile phosphorus to restrict RNA synthesis were compared in an in vitro transcription system with bacterial RNA polymerase. It has been found that: a) H1 histones from both sources exhibit similar efficiency. b) H5 histones from immature cells restrict transcription to a lesser extent than the same histone from the mature erythrocyte. c) The subfraction of H5 histone from immature cells with the higher content of alkali-labile phosphorus restrict transcription less than the subfraction with the lower degree of phosphorylation. The results suggest that H5 histone, which first appears in the erythroblasts in a highly phosphorylated form, does not display its potential 'repressor' properties. During erythrocyte maturation H5 histone is dephosphorylated and this causes the massive inactivation of erythrocyte genome.", "contents": "Existence of differences in repressor properties between serine-rich histones (H5, F2c) from immature and mature pigeon erythroid cells. The abilities of H1 and H5 histones from immature and mature pigeon erythroid cells and subfractions of H5 histones with different content of alkali-labile phosphorus to restrict RNA synthesis were compared in an in vitro transcription system with bacterial RNA polymerase. It has been found that: a) H1 histones from both sources exhibit similar efficiency. b) H5 histones from immature cells restrict transcription to a lesser extent than the same histone from the mature erythrocyte. c) The subfraction of H5 histone from immature cells with the higher content of alkali-labile phosphorus restrict transcription less than the subfraction with the lower degree of phosphorylation. The results suggest that H5 histone, which first appears in the erythroblasts in a highly phosphorylated form, does not display its potential 'repressor' properties. During erythrocyte maturation H5 histone is dephosphorylated and this causes the massive inactivation of erythrocyte genome.", "PMID": 640304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_231", "title": "Basement membrane formation in transfilter tooth culture and its relation to odontoblast differentiation.", "content": "The mesenchymal cells of the developing tooth differentiate into odontoblasts as a result of an epithelio-mesenchymal interaction. Odontoblast differentiation was studied in vitro by cultivating dental mesenchyme and epithelium with interposed filters. Separation of the two components by enzyme treatment resulted in removal of the basement membrane. When the epithelium was grown alone, or transfilter from killed lens capsule, the basement membrane was not restored. Transfilter cultivation with dental mesenchyme resulted in basement membrane formation, but only if the filter pores allowed penetration of cytoplasmic processes. Hence, a close association between the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells seems to be a prerequisite for the restoration of the basement membrane. Differentiation of odontoblasts took place only in explants in which a basement membrane was formed. Differentiation did not occur when contact of the mesenchymal cells with the basement membrane was prevented by small pore size filters. Further experiments demonstrating an intact basement membrane suggested that membrane contacts between the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells are not needed for odontoblast differentiation. Hence, we suggest that differentiation of odontoblasts is triggered via contact of the mesenchymal cells with the basement membrane.", "contents": "Basement membrane formation in transfilter tooth culture and its relation to odontoblast differentiation. The mesenchymal cells of the developing tooth differentiate into odontoblasts as a result of an epithelio-mesenchymal interaction. Odontoblast differentiation was studied in vitro by cultivating dental mesenchyme and epithelium with interposed filters. Separation of the two components by enzyme treatment resulted in removal of the basement membrane. When the epithelium was grown alone, or transfilter from killed lens capsule, the basement membrane was not restored. Transfilter cultivation with dental mesenchyme resulted in basement membrane formation, but only if the filter pores allowed penetration of cytoplasmic processes. Hence, a close association between the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells seems to be a prerequisite for the restoration of the basement membrane. Differentiation of odontoblasts took place only in explants in which a basement membrane was formed. Differentiation did not occur when contact of the mesenchymal cells with the basement membrane was prevented by small pore size filters. Further experiments demonstrating an intact basement membrane suggested that membrane contacts between the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells are not needed for odontoblast differentiation. Hence, we suggest that differentiation of odontoblasts is triggered via contact of the mesenchymal cells with the basement membrane.", "PMID": 640305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_232", "title": "Biosynthetic changes in myosin heavy subunit during myogenesis in culture.", "content": "In primary culture of chick embryo muscle cells myosin synthesis is detected in mononucleated cells and increased at the onset of fusion with a maximal increment of 20-fold per plate in differentiated myotube. The possibility that the myosin synthetized by duplicating myoblast could be different from that present in post-mitotic myoblast and myotube was evaluated by investigating the regulation of its synthesis and the turnover of the molecule. Following Actinomycin D treatment (0.05 microgram/ml, 8 h), myosin synthesis is partially affected (about 50% inhibition) in pre-fusion myoblast while the synthesis is more sensitive to the drug at the onset of fusion (80% inhibition). With the progress of the differentiative stage the half-life of the molecule increases from 30 h in duplicating myoblasts to 200 h in fibers. The half-life of myosin synthetized by duplicating myoblasts in the explanted embryonic muscle, is 12 h. These data show different features of myosin heavy chains related to specific stages of differentiation and suggest the possibility that modulative changes of the molecule could induce its functional maturation during myogenesis.", "contents": "Biosynthetic changes in myosin heavy subunit during myogenesis in culture. In primary culture of chick embryo muscle cells myosin synthesis is detected in mononucleated cells and increased at the onset of fusion with a maximal increment of 20-fold per plate in differentiated myotube. The possibility that the myosin synthetized by duplicating myoblast could be different from that present in post-mitotic myoblast and myotube was evaluated by investigating the regulation of its synthesis and the turnover of the molecule. Following Actinomycin D treatment (0.05 microgram/ml, 8 h), myosin synthesis is partially affected (about 50% inhibition) in pre-fusion myoblast while the synthesis is more sensitive to the drug at the onset of fusion (80% inhibition). With the progress of the differentiative stage the half-life of the molecule increases from 30 h in duplicating myoblasts to 200 h in fibers. The half-life of myosin synthetized by duplicating myoblasts in the explanted embryonic muscle, is 12 h. These data show different features of myosin heavy chains related to specific stages of differentiation and suggest the possibility that modulative changes of the molecule could induce its functional maturation during myogenesis.", "PMID": 640307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_233", "title": "[Echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular function in athletes (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiographic measurements were performed on fifteen football players, in moderate training and on untrained control groups. In comparison with the untrained subjects the echocardiographic tests displayed in athletes a 34% increase in the stroke volume, a 23% increase in the left cavity in diastole, a 11% increase in thickness of left wall in diastole, an increase of the area of the heart's transverse section and of the left miocardial volume. The contractility and pump indexes were the same for both groups of subjects. In conclusion, football is a compound type sport, implying mainly isotonic muscle contractions and isometric too; miocardial hypertrophy in football players' heart has a physiological character.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular function in athletes (author's transl)]. Echocardiographic measurements were performed on fifteen football players, in moderate training and on untrained control groups. In comparison with the untrained subjects the echocardiographic tests displayed in athletes a 34% increase in the stroke volume, a 23% increase in the left cavity in diastole, a 11% increase in thickness of left wall in diastole, an increase of the area of the heart's transverse section and of the left miocardial volume. The contractility and pump indexes were the same for both groups of subjects. In conclusion, football is a compound type sport, implying mainly isotonic muscle contractions and isometric too; miocardial hypertrophy in football players' heart has a physiological character.", "PMID": 640310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_234", "title": "[The echocardiographic study in congenital valvular aortic stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiographic studies were performed in 15 patients, aged 8 months to 20 years, with congenital valvular aortic stenosis confirmed by hemodynamic findings. Seven patients showed an anomalous pattern of the valvular echo in diastole (multiple valve echoes), seven exhibited an eccentric closure, and only in two patients the area was significantly reduced in systole. Therefore aortic valve diastolic pattern was more important than systolic appearance in the echocardiografic diagnosis of congenital valvular aortic stenosis. In all cases a correlation was found between the left ventricular pressure obtained with this non invasive method and the pressure measured in the left ventricle at the cardiac catheterization (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[The echocardiographic study in congenital valvular aortic stenosis (author's transl)]. Echocardiographic studies were performed in 15 patients, aged 8 months to 20 years, with congenital valvular aortic stenosis confirmed by hemodynamic findings. Seven patients showed an anomalous pattern of the valvular echo in diastole (multiple valve echoes), seven exhibited an eccentric closure, and only in two patients the area was significantly reduced in systole. Therefore aortic valve diastolic pattern was more important than systolic appearance in the echocardiografic diagnosis of congenital valvular aortic stenosis. In all cases a correlation was found between the left ventricular pressure obtained with this non invasive method and the pressure measured in the left ventricle at the cardiac catheterization (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 640311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_235", "title": "[The Senning operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The reported incidence of the main complications related to the Mustard operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries seems to be quite high: more than half patients develop arrhythmias and about one third develop venous (pulmonary or sistemic) obstructions. For these reasons we have reconsidered the type I (1959) Senning operation. Ten children below two years of age (body weight ranging from 3.9 to 12 Kg) have been operated on with this technique at our Institution. Nine were D-TGA and one L-TGA. One patient had a small VSD and three had mild pulmonary outflow stenosis (p less than 30 mmHg). All patients survived operation and none suffered from complications. At the time of the discharge from the Hospital all were in sinus rhythm. Late evaluation (24 hours EKG, cardiac catheterization, etc.) is in course. We believe that the Senning operation is easier to perform than the Mustard operation because of its more standardized technique which respects the internal geometry of the heart. Additional advantages are: 1) the intra-atrial conducting pathways are less likely to be damaged; 2) there is a minimal or no need for artificial tissues.", "contents": "[The Senning operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries (author's transl)]. The reported incidence of the main complications related to the Mustard operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries seems to be quite high: more than half patients develop arrhythmias and about one third develop venous (pulmonary or sistemic) obstructions. For these reasons we have reconsidered the type I (1959) Senning operation. Ten children below two years of age (body weight ranging from 3.9 to 12 Kg) have been operated on with this technique at our Institution. Nine were D-TGA and one L-TGA. One patient had a small VSD and three had mild pulmonary outflow stenosis (p less than 30 mmHg). All patients survived operation and none suffered from complications. At the time of the discharge from the Hospital all were in sinus rhythm. Late evaluation (24 hours EKG, cardiac catheterization, etc.) is in course. We believe that the Senning operation is easier to perform than the Mustard operation because of its more standardized technique which respects the internal geometry of the heart. Additional advantages are: 1) the intra-atrial conducting pathways are less likely to be damaged; 2) there is a minimal or no need for artificial tissues.", "PMID": 640312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_236", "title": "[3 cases of cardiac echinococcosis. Diagnostic considerations].", "content": "Three cases of cardiac hydatidosis are described, with emphasis on electro-vectorcardiographic, policardiographic and angiographic data. The cysts, plurime in two patients, were localized in different sites: in the first patient only one cyst was present in the interventricular septum; in the second one there were cysts in the right atrial wall and in the diaphragmatic ventricular wall; in the last one a multilocular disrupted sac involved the left ventricular wall partially occupying the left ventricular cavity. Multiple pericardial cysts were also present in this patient. The usefulness of different invasive and non invasive techniques is here discussed regarding topographic diagnosis of cardiac hydatidosis.", "contents": "[3 cases of cardiac echinococcosis. Diagnostic considerations]. Three cases of cardiac hydatidosis are described, with emphasis on electro-vectorcardiographic, policardiographic and angiographic data. The cysts, plurime in two patients, were localized in different sites: in the first patient only one cyst was present in the interventricular septum; in the second one there were cysts in the right atrial wall and in the diaphragmatic ventricular wall; in the last one a multilocular disrupted sac involved the left ventricular wall partially occupying the left ventricular cavity. Multiple pericardial cysts were also present in this patient. The usefulness of different invasive and non invasive techniques is here discussed regarding topographic diagnosis of cardiac hydatidosis.", "PMID": 640314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_237", "title": "[Cardiac echinococcosis simulating myocardial necrosis in a 9 year-old boy. Diagnosis and surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 9 year-old, admitted for precordial pain, electrocardiographic signs of myocardial necrosis, deformity of the cardiac border at X Rays examinations, is reported. The diagnosis of cardiac echinococcosis was suspected once excluded other causes of myocardial infarction in children. Angiocardiography was the most useful diagnostic tool. The cyst was successfully removed with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiac echinococcosis gives rise, usually, to minor electrocardiographic changes; nevertheless, patients with electrocardiographic signs of necrosis can undergo surgical treatment without increased operative risk. Follow-up at several months after successful operation does not show return to normal electrocardiogram.", "contents": "[Cardiac echinococcosis simulating myocardial necrosis in a 9 year-old boy. Diagnosis and surgical treatment (author's transl)]. The case of a 9 year-old, admitted for precordial pain, electrocardiographic signs of myocardial necrosis, deformity of the cardiac border at X Rays examinations, is reported. The diagnosis of cardiac echinococcosis was suspected once excluded other causes of myocardial infarction in children. Angiocardiography was the most useful diagnostic tool. The cyst was successfully removed with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiac echinococcosis gives rise, usually, to minor electrocardiographic changes; nevertheless, patients with electrocardiographic signs of necrosis can undergo surgical treatment without increased operative risk. Follow-up at several months after successful operation does not show return to normal electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 640315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_238", "title": "Properties of aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[alpha]pyrene) hydroxylase in lung microsomes of mice.", "content": "The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in the lung from C3H/He and DBA/2 strains of mice was apparently increased by the oral administration of benzo[alpha]pyrene, but the enzyme activity in the liver was not. Properties of AHH enzymes in the lung microsomes from mice treated intraperitoneally with 3-methylcholanthrene (induced enzymes) were compared with those treated with corn oil (constitutive enzymes). The two enzymes were similar in pH-activity curve and the apparent Km for NADPH or NADH, but differed in the apparent Km for benzo[alpha]pyrene; the value for the induced enzyme (6micron) being lower than that for the constitutive enzyme (25 micron). Both 5,6- and 7,8-benzoflavones and 2,2'-bipyridine inhibited the activity of the two enzymes similarly, but N-benzyl-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine hydrochloride and 2-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate inhibited the activity of the constitutive enzyme more severely than that of the induced enzyme. Cyclohexene oxide, 1,1,1-trichloropropane oxide, and leupeptin inhibited the activity of the constitutive enzyme slightly, but enhanced the activity of the induced enzyme. The significance of these differences was discussed briefly in relation to the carcinogenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Properties of aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[alpha]pyrene) hydroxylase in lung microsomes of mice. The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in the lung from C3H/He and DBA/2 strains of mice was apparently increased by the oral administration of benzo[alpha]pyrene, but the enzyme activity in the liver was not. Properties of AHH enzymes in the lung microsomes from mice treated intraperitoneally with 3-methylcholanthrene (induced enzymes) were compared with those treated with corn oil (constitutive enzymes). The two enzymes were similar in pH-activity curve and the apparent Km for NADPH or NADH, but differed in the apparent Km for benzo[alpha]pyrene; the value for the induced enzyme (6micron) being lower than that for the constitutive enzyme (25 micron). Both 5,6- and 7,8-benzoflavones and 2,2'-bipyridine inhibited the activity of the two enzymes similarly, but N-benzyl-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine hydrochloride and 2-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate inhibited the activity of the constitutive enzyme more severely than that of the induced enzyme. Cyclohexene oxide, 1,1,1-trichloropropane oxide, and leupeptin inhibited the activity of the constitutive enzyme slightly, but enhanced the activity of the induced enzyme. The significance of these differences was discussed briefly in relation to the carcinogenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 640318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_239", "title": "A melanin-producing cell line derived from ascites of a patient with malignant melanoma.", "content": "A melanoma cell line (PL-14), established from ascites of a patient with malignant melanoma, has continued to produce melanin for 4.5 years after the initial cultivation. The cultured cells have granules which were stained black with Masson-Fontana stain, and positive to the dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) reaction. Melanosomes and premelanosomes were detected in most of the cells by electron microscopy. Doubling time of the cell line was 72 hr and the mode of chromosome number was 48, ranging from 40 to 86. Inoculation of the cultured cells into the hamster cheek pouch produced pigment-producing tumors.", "contents": "A melanin-producing cell line derived from ascites of a patient with malignant melanoma. A melanoma cell line (PL-14), established from ascites of a patient with malignant melanoma, has continued to produce melanin for 4.5 years after the initial cultivation. The cultured cells have granules which were stained black with Masson-Fontana stain, and positive to the dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) reaction. Melanosomes and premelanosomes were detected in most of the cells by electron microscopy. Doubling time of the cell line was 72 hr and the mode of chromosome number was 48, ranging from 40 to 86. Inoculation of the cultured cells into the hamster cheek pouch produced pigment-producing tumors.", "PMID": 640319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_240", "title": "Antibodies to herpesvirus type 1 and type 2 among Japanese cervical cancer patients.", "content": "Antibodies to herpesvirus type 1 and type 2 were examined in 69 Japanese females with cancer of uterine cervix, which included cases of cervical dysplasia (7 cases), carcinoma in situ (9 cases), and invasive carcinoma (53 cases), and 112 matched controls. The presence of antibodies to type 2 virus was 42% in cervical dysplasia, 11% in carcinoma in situ, and 28% in invasive carcinoma, while such was 15% in matched controls. Mean antibody titer in log10 was 2.12 to type 1 and 1.65 to type 2 in women with invasive carcinoma, and 2.14 to type 1 and 1.67 to type 2 in the matched controls. The findings presented here did not support an association of type 2 virus infection with the occurrence of cervical cancer.", "contents": "Antibodies to herpesvirus type 1 and type 2 among Japanese cervical cancer patients. Antibodies to herpesvirus type 1 and type 2 were examined in 69 Japanese females with cancer of uterine cervix, which included cases of cervical dysplasia (7 cases), carcinoma in situ (9 cases), and invasive carcinoma (53 cases), and 112 matched controls. The presence of antibodies to type 2 virus was 42% in cervical dysplasia, 11% in carcinoma in situ, and 28% in invasive carcinoma, while such was 15% in matched controls. Mean antibody titer in log10 was 2.12 to type 1 and 1.65 to type 2 in women with invasive carcinoma, and 2.14 to type 1 and 1.67 to type 2 in the matched controls. The findings presented here did not support an association of type 2 virus infection with the occurrence of cervical cancer.", "PMID": 640320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_241", "title": "Deviation of isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase in the liver of nude mice bearing allogeneic or xenogeneic tumor.", "content": "Isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase in the liver of nude mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor changed markedly during tumor growth. The change in isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase was not due to infiltration or metastasis of tumor cells in the liver. Such a change in isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase was also found in the liver of nude mice bearing canine gastric leiomyosarcoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), but not in the liver of nude mice bearing MNNG-induced canine gastric adenocarcinoma or human gastric adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Deviation of isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase in the liver of nude mice bearing allogeneic or xenogeneic tumor. Isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase in the liver of nude mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor changed markedly during tumor growth. The change in isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase was not due to infiltration or metastasis of tumor cells in the liver. Such a change in isozyme pattern of pyruvate kinase was also found in the liver of nude mice bearing canine gastric leiomyosarcoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), but not in the liver of nude mice bearing MNNG-induced canine gastric adenocarcinoma or human gastric adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 640321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_242", "title": "Chemical stability, alkylating activity, and lipophilicity of 1,1'-ethylene-bis(1-nitrosourea) and related compounds.", "content": "1,1'-Ethylene-bis(1-nitrosourea) (EBNU) posesses antitumor activity against leukemia L-1210. Chemical stability, alkylating activity, and lipophilicity of EBNU and related compounds were compared. EBNU was the most unstable among several bis-N-nitrosoureas and mono-N-nitrosoureas tested. The alkylating activity of EBNU was the same as that of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), but higher than those of other bis- and mono-N-nitrosoureas except 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. Lipophilicity of EBNU was extremely low compared with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and CCNU.", "contents": "Chemical stability, alkylating activity, and lipophilicity of 1,1'-ethylene-bis(1-nitrosourea) and related compounds. 1,1'-Ethylene-bis(1-nitrosourea) (EBNU) posesses antitumor activity against leukemia L-1210. Chemical stability, alkylating activity, and lipophilicity of EBNU and related compounds were compared. EBNU was the most unstable among several bis-N-nitrosoureas and mono-N-nitrosoureas tested. The alkylating activity of EBNU was the same as that of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), but higher than those of other bis- and mono-N-nitrosoureas except 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. Lipophilicity of EBNU was extremely low compared with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and CCNU.", "PMID": 640322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_243", "title": "Binding of dextran sulfate by virus-transformed cells, with reference to altered growth behavior by its treatment.", "content": "Binding of 3H-labeled dextran sulfate on transformed and untransformed cells was studied in relation to the altered growth of transformed cells by this treatment. 3T3 and SV3T3 cells, and the isolated cells (SV3T3-R5) insensitive to dextran sulfate treatment were used. The rate of binding of 3H-dextran sulfate on SV3T3 cells was dose-dependent when examined by the liquid scintillation method. It was revealed in autoradiographic analysis that there was no difference in the binding capacity of 3H-dextran sulfate among 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3-R5 cells. The rate of binding proceeded linearly during the first 10 hr and then tended to decline. Thin sections (0.3 approximately 0.5 micron) of SV3T3 cells were autoradiographed to examine the site of localization of 3H-dextran sulfate. Depending on the incubation time with the cells, 3H-dextran sulfate was located first on the cell surface and then in the cytoplasm when incubated further. Finally, silver grains were detected even in the nucleus of SV3T3 cells. This process of localization was similar in 3T3 cells. Binding of 3H-dextran sulfate on SV3T3 cells was independent of the presence of calf serum in the medium.", "contents": "Binding of dextran sulfate by virus-transformed cells, with reference to altered growth behavior by its treatment. Binding of 3H-labeled dextran sulfate on transformed and untransformed cells was studied in relation to the altered growth of transformed cells by this treatment. 3T3 and SV3T3 cells, and the isolated cells (SV3T3-R5) insensitive to dextran sulfate treatment were used. The rate of binding of 3H-dextran sulfate on SV3T3 cells was dose-dependent when examined by the liquid scintillation method. It was revealed in autoradiographic analysis that there was no difference in the binding capacity of 3H-dextran sulfate among 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3-R5 cells. The rate of binding proceeded linearly during the first 10 hr and then tended to decline. Thin sections (0.3 approximately 0.5 micron) of SV3T3 cells were autoradiographed to examine the site of localization of 3H-dextran sulfate. Depending on the incubation time with the cells, 3H-dextran sulfate was located first on the cell surface and then in the cytoplasm when incubated further. Finally, silver grains were detected even in the nucleus of SV3T3 cells. This process of localization was similar in 3T3 cells. Binding of 3H-dextran sulfate on SV3T3 cells was independent of the presence of calf serum in the medium.", "PMID": 640324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_244", "title": "In vivo reaction of dimethylnitrosamine with nucleic acids.", "content": "7-Methylguanine is the main compound resulting from in vivo interaction between dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) and nucleic acids, detected after strong acid hydrolysis. However, enzymic and alkaline hydrolysis of nucleic acids leads to quantitative liberation of methylamine. Methylamine isolated from liver nucleic acids of 15N-DMNA-treated rats has molecular weight of 31, thus demonstrating that DMNA-nitrogen is not involved in the binding.", "contents": "In vivo reaction of dimethylnitrosamine with nucleic acids. 7-Methylguanine is the main compound resulting from in vivo interaction between dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) and nucleic acids, detected after strong acid hydrolysis. However, enzymic and alkaline hydrolysis of nucleic acids leads to quantitative liberation of methylamine. Methylamine isolated from liver nucleic acids of 15N-DMNA-treated rats has molecular weight of 31, thus demonstrating that DMNA-nitrogen is not involved in the binding.", "PMID": 640325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_245", "title": "Effects of autologous plasma from patients with malignant tumor on macrophage migration inhibition with tumor extract.", "content": "By the use of the indirect migration inhibition technique blocking or inhibitory effect of autologous plasma on the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from lymphocytes contacted with autologous tumor extract was studied in 45 patients with malignant tumor. When autologous plasma was added to the lymphocyte culture incubated with autologous tumor extract in 44 of these patients, inhibition of migration was completely abrogated in 9 of these patients whose lymphocytes produced MIF when cultured in plasma-free medium. MIF activity was not abolished when autologous plasma was added to the supernatant of lymphocyte culture incubated with autologous tumor extract. Inhibition of migration was not affected by the addition of allogeneic plasma from a normal subject to the lymphocyte culture. In 15 patients, MIF was not produced when lymphocytes were cultured with autologous plasma alone. These results appeared to indicate that autologous plasma of patients with malignant tumor might block or inhibit the production of MIF from lymphocytes contacted with autologous tumor extract.", "contents": "Effects of autologous plasma from patients with malignant tumor on macrophage migration inhibition with tumor extract. By the use of the indirect migration inhibition technique blocking or inhibitory effect of autologous plasma on the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from lymphocytes contacted with autologous tumor extract was studied in 45 patients with malignant tumor. When autologous plasma was added to the lymphocyte culture incubated with autologous tumor extract in 44 of these patients, inhibition of migration was completely abrogated in 9 of these patients whose lymphocytes produced MIF when cultured in plasma-free medium. MIF activity was not abolished when autologous plasma was added to the supernatant of lymphocyte culture incubated with autologous tumor extract. Inhibition of migration was not affected by the addition of allogeneic plasma from a normal subject to the lymphocyte culture. In 15 patients, MIF was not produced when lymphocytes were cultured with autologous plasma alone. These results appeared to indicate that autologous plasma of patients with malignant tumor might block or inhibit the production of MIF from lymphocytes contacted with autologous tumor extract.", "PMID": 640326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_246", "title": "In vitro morphological transformation of cryopreserved hamster embryo cells with tobacco tar.", "content": "Cryopreserved primary cultures of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells were used as the source of target and feeder cells for in vitro bioassay of carcinogenesis. Since cultures that gave the best overall response in a preliminary test were used for the bioassay, in almost every case a range of responses was obtained. By the use of this of this bioassay system, the capacities of tobacco tar and its subfractions to induce morphological transformation were examined. Some fractions induced typical morphologically transformed colonies. A close correlation was observed between morphological transformation and bacterial mutagenesis.", "contents": "In vitro morphological transformation of cryopreserved hamster embryo cells with tobacco tar. Cryopreserved primary cultures of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells were used as the source of target and feeder cells for in vitro bioassay of carcinogenesis. Since cultures that gave the best overall response in a preliminary test were used for the bioassay, in almost every case a range of responses was obtained. By the use of this of this bioassay system, the capacities of tobacco tar and its subfractions to induce morphological transformation were examined. Some fractions induced typical morphologically transformed colonies. A close correlation was observed between morphological transformation and bacterial mutagenesis.", "PMID": 640327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_247", "title": "Effect of urokinase on growth and metastases of rabbit V2 carcinoma.", "content": "Effect of urokinase on the tumor growth and metastasis formation of rabbit V2 carcinoma, having low thromboplastic and high fibrinolytic activities, was examined. Weight of the tumor and lymphogenous metastases tended to increase, but the number of metastatic foci in the lungs was unchanged by the administration of urokinase. Diminution of fibrin deposits and connective tissue reaction in association with increase in the pattern of invasive growth was recognized at the advancing border of the tumors in the urokinase-treated group. In the intravenously induced pulmonary metastases, the number of metastatic foci decreased significantly in the urokinase-treated group. Fibrin was demonstrated at the site of tumor cell embolism by the conjugated anti-rabbit fibrinogen antibody. The growth of metastatic foci in the lungs was not affected by the treatment with urokinase. Enhancing effect of urokinase on fibrin resolution might promote the local tumor growth and release of tumor cells into the vessels, but interfere with the lodgement of tumor cells in remote organs.", "contents": "Effect of urokinase on growth and metastases of rabbit V2 carcinoma. Effect of urokinase on the tumor growth and metastasis formation of rabbit V2 carcinoma, having low thromboplastic and high fibrinolytic activities, was examined. Weight of the tumor and lymphogenous metastases tended to increase, but the number of metastatic foci in the lungs was unchanged by the administration of urokinase. Diminution of fibrin deposits and connective tissue reaction in association with increase in the pattern of invasive growth was recognized at the advancing border of the tumors in the urokinase-treated group. In the intravenously induced pulmonary metastases, the number of metastatic foci decreased significantly in the urokinase-treated group. Fibrin was demonstrated at the site of tumor cell embolism by the conjugated anti-rabbit fibrinogen antibody. The growth of metastatic foci in the lungs was not affected by the treatment with urokinase. Enhancing effect of urokinase on fibrin resolution might promote the local tumor growth and release of tumor cells into the vessels, but interfere with the lodgement of tumor cells in remote organs.", "PMID": 640328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_248", "title": "Frequent appearance of radiation-induced transformation in junctional areas of colonies.", "content": "Morphological observations on induction of in vitro transformation were made in X-irradiated mouse embryonic 10T-1/2 cell line. Morphology of the cells growing in interior of the developing colony was almost uniform, whereas giant, morphologically altered, and transformed cells appeared in the contact area between two and three neighboring colonies. All of 10 transformed foci appeared in the contrast area between 2 and 3 neighboring colonies. This suggests that the contact of colonies was an important process for the expression of radiation-induced transformation.", "contents": "Frequent appearance of radiation-induced transformation in junctional areas of colonies. Morphological observations on induction of in vitro transformation were made in X-irradiated mouse embryonic 10T-1/2 cell line. Morphology of the cells growing in interior of the developing colony was almost uniform, whereas giant, morphologically altered, and transformed cells appeared in the contact area between two and three neighboring colonies. All of 10 transformed foci appeared in the contrast area between 2 and 3 neighboring colonies. This suggests that the contact of colonies was an important process for the expression of radiation-induced transformation.", "PMID": 640329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_249", "title": "Antibiotic-associated diarrhea treated with oral tetracycline.", "content": "Three patients developed severe, incapacitating diarrhea after antibiotic administration. Presenting features included abdominal discomfort, hematochezia, and hypokalemia from voluminous diarrhea. Roetgenographic studies in 1 patient were normal and proctoscopic examinations in 2 patients failed to show antibiotic-associated colitis. Stool cultures were negative. Despite cessation of antibiotics and symptomatic therapy, the diarrhea continued. After the administration of oral tetracycline, the diarrhea stopped without recurrence even after the tetracycline was discontinued. These clinical results suggest that patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea may benefit from tetracycline when standard medical therapy fails.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated diarrhea treated with oral tetracycline. Three patients developed severe, incapacitating diarrhea after antibiotic administration. Presenting features included abdominal discomfort, hematochezia, and hypokalemia from voluminous diarrhea. Roetgenographic studies in 1 patient were normal and proctoscopic examinations in 2 patients failed to show antibiotic-associated colitis. Stool cultures were negative. Despite cessation of antibiotics and symptomatic therapy, the diarrhea continued. After the administration of oral tetracycline, the diarrhea stopped without recurrence even after the tetracycline was discontinued. These clinical results suggest that patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea may benefit from tetracycline when standard medical therapy fails.", "PMID": 640336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_250", "title": "Electrical activity of the opossum lower esophageal sphincter in vivo. Its role in the basal sphincter pressure.", "content": "Studies were performed in anesthetized opossums to investigate the electrical activity that may characterize the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach and lower end of the esophagus were immobilized on a specially prepared stage to eliminate movement artifacts. Extracellular electrical activity was recorded with bipolar needle electrodes. The sphincter pressure was measured with a continuously perfused catheter system. The lower esophageal sphincter showed continuous spike activity with or without phasic variations in their occurrence. The usual frequency of the spikes was 20 to 50 per min, and their duration was 81.2 +/- 8.9 msec (mean +/- SE). The spike potentials ceased with esophageal distention, which also caused a fall in the sphincter pressure. The spikes were abolished by isoproterenol and they increased with bethanechol. Correlation of the spike activity with the pressure revealed that the sphincter pressure was higher when the spike potentials were present, but a major part of the pressure existed in the absence of any spike activity. These studies show that: (1) the oppossum lower esophageal sphincter is characterized by continuous spike potentials, and (2) the major fraction of the basal pressure is, however, independent of the spike potentials.", "contents": "Electrical activity of the opossum lower esophageal sphincter in vivo. Its role in the basal sphincter pressure. Studies were performed in anesthetized opossums to investigate the electrical activity that may characterize the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach and lower end of the esophagus were immobilized on a specially prepared stage to eliminate movement artifacts. Extracellular electrical activity was recorded with bipolar needle electrodes. The sphincter pressure was measured with a continuously perfused catheter system. The lower esophageal sphincter showed continuous spike activity with or without phasic variations in their occurrence. The usual frequency of the spikes was 20 to 50 per min, and their duration was 81.2 +/- 8.9 msec (mean +/- SE). The spike potentials ceased with esophageal distention, which also caused a fall in the sphincter pressure. The spikes were abolished by isoproterenol and they increased with bethanechol. Correlation of the spike activity with the pressure revealed that the sphincter pressure was higher when the spike potentials were present, but a major part of the pressure existed in the absence of any spike activity. These studies show that: (1) the oppossum lower esophageal sphincter is characterized by continuous spike potentials, and (2) the major fraction of the basal pressure is, however, independent of the spike potentials.", "PMID": 640338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_251", "title": "Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency.", "content": "In mice fed a low iron diet, the addition of low levels of cadmium chloride (10 micrometer) to the drinking water impaired growth and accentuated the development of anemia. Cadmium had no effect on mice given a similar diet supplemented with iron. Iron deficiency increased the concentration of cadmium in the duodenal mucosa, the transfer of cadmium to the body from the intestinal tract, and the deposition of absorbed cadmium in the kidneys. In human subjects, the average absorption of 25 microgram of cadmium, labeled with 115mCd, from a test meal was 8.9 +/- 2.0% (mean +/- SE) in 10 people with low body iron stores (serum ferritin less than 20 ng per ml) and 2.3 +/- 0.3% in 12 subjects with normal iron stores (serum ferritin greater than 23 ng per ml). The biological half-time of the radiocadmium in 3 of the subjects ranged from 90 to 202 days. Thus, the intestinal adaptive response to iron deficiency in both experimental animals and human subjects leads to the increased absorption of cadmium, a potentially toxic element.", "contents": "Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. In mice fed a low iron diet, the addition of low levels of cadmium chloride (10 micrometer) to the drinking water impaired growth and accentuated the development of anemia. Cadmium had no effect on mice given a similar diet supplemented with iron. Iron deficiency increased the concentration of cadmium in the duodenal mucosa, the transfer of cadmium to the body from the intestinal tract, and the deposition of absorbed cadmium in the kidneys. In human subjects, the average absorption of 25 microgram of cadmium, labeled with 115mCd, from a test meal was 8.9 +/- 2.0% (mean +/- SE) in 10 people with low body iron stores (serum ferritin less than 20 ng per ml) and 2.3 +/- 0.3% in 12 subjects with normal iron stores (serum ferritin greater than 23 ng per ml). The biological half-time of the radiocadmium in 3 of the subjects ranged from 90 to 202 days. Thus, the intestinal adaptive response to iron deficiency in both experimental animals and human subjects leads to the increased absorption of cadmium, a potentially toxic element.", "PMID": 640339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_252", "title": "Effect of aging on biliary lipid composition and bile acid metabolism in normal Chilean women.", "content": "Biliary lipid composition was determined in fasting gallbladder bile of 12 young and 12 elderly asymptomatic Chilean women with normal weights and recent, normal cholecystograms. The proportion of biliary cholesterol and the lithogenic index were significantly higher in elderly females. Moreover, supersaturated bile was present in 8.3% of the young and in 41.7% of the older women studied. Obesity enhances the saturation of bile in older females: lithogenic bile was found in 100% of 4 elderly, obese women with radiologically normal gallbladders. The bile acid pool and cholic acid metabolism were studied in 5 young and 4 older normal females. Both groups showed similar values of bile acid pool, cholic acid synthesis, and turnover. These results indicate that aging per se modifies the proportions of biliary lipids in Chilean women, and provide a partial explanation for the frequency of gallstones observed among them. The increment in the lithogenic index of gallbladder bile with age takes place without significant changes in bile acid metabolism, suggesting that the canalicular secretion of cholesterol increases with aging.", "contents": "Effect of aging on biliary lipid composition and bile acid metabolism in normal Chilean women. Biliary lipid composition was determined in fasting gallbladder bile of 12 young and 12 elderly asymptomatic Chilean women with normal weights and recent, normal cholecystograms. The proportion of biliary cholesterol and the lithogenic index were significantly higher in elderly females. Moreover, supersaturated bile was present in 8.3% of the young and in 41.7% of the older women studied. Obesity enhances the saturation of bile in older females: lithogenic bile was found in 100% of 4 elderly, obese women with radiologically normal gallbladders. The bile acid pool and cholic acid metabolism were studied in 5 young and 4 older normal females. Both groups showed similar values of bile acid pool, cholic acid synthesis, and turnover. These results indicate that aging per se modifies the proportions of biliary lipids in Chilean women, and provide a partial explanation for the frequency of gallstones observed among them. The increment in the lithogenic index of gallbladder bile with age takes place without significant changes in bile acid metabolism, suggesting that the canalicular secretion of cholesterol increases with aging.", "PMID": 640341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_253", "title": "Gastrointestinal polyposis with orocutaneous hamartomas (Cowden's disease).", "content": "A patient with Cowden's disease and multiple gastrointestinal polyps is presented. An association of gastrointestinal polyposis with this syndrome is made and the histopathological features are described. The cliniical features of Cowden's disease along with its familial tendency are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of considering this diagnosis when evaluating patients with multiple gastrointestinal polyposis. Screening of these patients and their families for the associated malignancies should be performed.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal polyposis with orocutaneous hamartomas (Cowden's disease). A patient with Cowden's disease and multiple gastrointestinal polyps is presented. An association of gastrointestinal polyposis with this syndrome is made and the histopathological features are described. The cliniical features of Cowden's disease along with its familial tendency are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of considering this diagnosis when evaluating patients with multiple gastrointestinal polyposis. Screening of these patients and their families for the associated malignancies should be performed.", "PMID": 640342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_254", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as ileocolitis.", "content": "An adolescent girl who presented with clinical and roentgenographic ileocolitis diagnosed as Crohn's disease was found to have histological evidence of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. The potential for colonic involvement in this disease is affirmed.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as ileocolitis. An adolescent girl who presented with clinical and roentgenographic ileocolitis diagnosed as Crohn's disease was found to have histological evidence of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. The potential for colonic involvement in this disease is affirmed.", "PMID": 640343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_255", "title": "Oral 25-hydroxyvitain D3 in treatment of osteomalacia associated with ileal resection and cholestyramine therapy.", "content": "Severe histological osteomalacia developed in a woman with Crohn's disease 2 years after ileal resection and the start of cholestyramine therapy. Treatment with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 50 microgram daily, produced marked biochemical, radiological, and histological improvement after 6 months. It is suggested that cholestyramine, by reducing vitamin D absorption, precipitated the rapid development of osteomalacia in this patient. This case report emphasizes the importance of routine vitamin D supplementation in all patients on long term cholestyramine therapy, and indicates that even in patients with small intestinal disease or resection, oral preparations of vitamin D or its metabolities and analogues may be effective.", "contents": "Oral 25-hydroxyvitain D3 in treatment of osteomalacia associated with ileal resection and cholestyramine therapy. Severe histological osteomalacia developed in a woman with Crohn's disease 2 years after ileal resection and the start of cholestyramine therapy. Treatment with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 50 microgram daily, produced marked biochemical, radiological, and histological improvement after 6 months. It is suggested that cholestyramine, by reducing vitamin D absorption, precipitated the rapid development of osteomalacia in this patient. This case report emphasizes the importance of routine vitamin D supplementation in all patients on long term cholestyramine therapy, and indicates that even in patients with small intestinal disease or resection, oral preparations of vitamin D or its metabolities and analogues may be effective.", "PMID": 640344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_256", "title": "Prolonged treatment of menetrier's disease with an oral anticholinergic drug.", "content": "There is considerable evidence, both in patients with Menetrier's disease and from animal models of protein-losing gastropathy, that antisecretory drugs can acutely decrease or abolish gastric plasma protein shedding. Serial measurements on serum protein components were performed in a patient with Menetrier's disease before, during, and after long term treatment with propantheline bromide. Total serum protein concentration increased significantly during the treatment period from 4.3 +/- 0.50 to 5.9 +/- 0.55 g per dl during treatment, while albumin increased from a pretreatment value of 2.5 +/- 0.12 to 3.4 +/- 0.16 g per dl. The improvement in serum proteins and symptoms continued after therapy was stopped. Intensive anticholinergic drug therapy should be tried in this disease before resorting to gastrectomy.", "contents": "Prolonged treatment of menetrier's disease with an oral anticholinergic drug. There is considerable evidence, both in patients with Menetrier's disease and from animal models of protein-losing gastropathy, that antisecretory drugs can acutely decrease or abolish gastric plasma protein shedding. Serial measurements on serum protein components were performed in a patient with Menetrier's disease before, during, and after long term treatment with propantheline bromide. Total serum protein concentration increased significantly during the treatment period from 4.3 +/- 0.50 to 5.9 +/- 0.55 g per dl during treatment, while albumin increased from a pretreatment value of 2.5 +/- 0.12 to 3.4 +/- 0.16 g per dl. The improvement in serum proteins and symptoms continued after therapy was stopped. Intensive anticholinergic drug therapy should be tried in this disease before resorting to gastrectomy.", "PMID": 640345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_257", "title": "Amylase elevation attributable to an ovarian neoplasm.", "content": "An ovarian carcinoma producing amylase-rich ascites and pleural effusions is reported; salivary type amylase was identified in tumor tissue. A variety of nonpancreatic diseases and tumors of lung, parotid, ovary, and other organs have been associated with elevated amylase in serum or body fluids. Amylase isoenzyme electrophoresis is of value in differentiating pancreatic from nonpancreatic sources of increased amylase.", "contents": "Amylase elevation attributable to an ovarian neoplasm. An ovarian carcinoma producing amylase-rich ascites and pleural effusions is reported; salivary type amylase was identified in tumor tissue. A variety of nonpancreatic diseases and tumors of lung, parotid, ovary, and other organs have been associated with elevated amylase in serum or body fluids. Amylase isoenzyme electrophoresis is of value in differentiating pancreatic from nonpancreatic sources of increased amylase.", "PMID": 640346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_258", "title": "Squamous cell papilloma of the esophagus. Report of a case after peptic esophagitis and repeated bougienage with review of the literature.", "content": "A case of multiple squamous cell papillomas of the esophagus is reported. To date only 8 well documented cases of this entity have been described in the world's literature. We summarize the clinical and histological characteristics of esophageal squamous cell papillomas and discuss their possible etiology and appropriate management.", "contents": "Squamous cell papilloma of the esophagus. Report of a case after peptic esophagitis and repeated bougienage with review of the literature. A case of multiple squamous cell papillomas of the esophagus is reported. To date only 8 well documented cases of this entity have been described in the world's literature. We summarize the clinical and histological characteristics of esophageal squamous cell papillomas and discuss their possible etiology and appropriate management.", "PMID": 640347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_259", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis (ischemic enteropathy) with the sequel of colonic atresia.", "content": "Two cases of acquired colonic atresia subsequent to necrotizing enterocolitis (ischemic enteropathy) in the neonatal period are reported. These infants were noted to have complete atresia of the colon in the region of the splenic flexure 8 and 11 weeks after small bowel resection and ileostomy formation. Recognition of this and other late sequelae of ischemic enterocolitis becomes critical to the successful outcome of these patients as survival rates increase.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis (ischemic enteropathy) with the sequel of colonic atresia. Two cases of acquired colonic atresia subsequent to necrotizing enterocolitis (ischemic enteropathy) in the neonatal period are reported. These infants were noted to have complete atresia of the colon in the region of the splenic flexure 8 and 11 weeks after small bowel resection and ileostomy formation. Recognition of this and other late sequelae of ischemic enterocolitis becomes critical to the successful outcome of these patients as survival rates increase.", "PMID": 640348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_260", "title": "[Reduction of the incidence of postoperative morbidity after vaginal operations by the choice of suture material (author's transl)].", "content": "Dexon suture material is capable of lowering the postoperative morbidity. Among 142 vaginal operations for prolapse 82 were done with catgut and 60 with Dexon. In the catgut group 24.4% had a temperature of 37.5 or higher for more than one day and 15.0% in the Dexon group. Secondary vaginal bleeding occurred in 15.8% of the catgut patients and in 6.6% of the Dexon patients. The mean hospital stay was 18.8 days after operations with catgut and 14.6 days after operations with Dexon. There were less wound dehiscences than in the group operated with catgut. Dexon has higher tensile strength than catgut. It is absorbed by hydrolysis and causes less tissue reaction. Dexon shows the desirable properties of both an absorable and a nonabsorbable suture material.", "contents": "[Reduction of the incidence of postoperative morbidity after vaginal operations by the choice of suture material (author's transl)]. Dexon suture material is capable of lowering the postoperative morbidity. Among 142 vaginal operations for prolapse 82 were done with catgut and 60 with Dexon. In the catgut group 24.4% had a temperature of 37.5 or higher for more than one day and 15.0% in the Dexon group. Secondary vaginal bleeding occurred in 15.8% of the catgut patients and in 6.6% of the Dexon patients. The mean hospital stay was 18.8 days after operations with catgut and 14.6 days after operations with Dexon. There were less wound dehiscences than in the group operated with catgut. Dexon has higher tensile strength than catgut. It is absorbed by hydrolysis and causes less tissue reaction. Dexon shows the desirable properties of both an absorable and a nonabsorbable suture material.", "PMID": 640362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_261", "title": "[Causes and prevention of burnings caused by electrocoagulation during surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "During surgery accidential burnings caused by electrocoagulation are quite often. They are usually due to contact of patients with grounded parts of the table or the monitoring devices. Besides that burnings occur because of insufficient fixation of the neutral electrode. To prevent injuries the patient must be isolated carefully from every grounded metal. The neutral electrode should be fixed as close as possible to the area which is operated on and should be of a broad contact. Other more rarely occurring causes of burnings and their prevention are described.", "contents": "[Causes and prevention of burnings caused by electrocoagulation during surgery (author's transl)]. During surgery accidential burnings caused by electrocoagulation are quite often. They are usually due to contact of patients with grounded parts of the table or the monitoring devices. Besides that burnings occur because of insufficient fixation of the neutral electrode. To prevent injuries the patient must be isolated carefully from every grounded metal. The neutral electrode should be fixed as close as possible to the area which is operated on and should be of a broad contact. Other more rarely occurring causes of burnings and their prevention are described.", "PMID": 640363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_262", "title": "[Ultrasonographic monitoring of ovarian hyperstimulation by exogenous gonadotropins and subsequent twin-pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to estrogen-monitoring the ultrasonographic monitoring of the ovaries renders possible the estimation of individual follicular growth stimulated by gonadotropins. In two patients suffering from anovulation and additional factors inhibiting fertility, ultrasonographic monitoring was used in order to induce a pregnancy after moderate hyperstimulation nevertheless.", "contents": "[Ultrasonographic monitoring of ovarian hyperstimulation by exogenous gonadotropins and subsequent twin-pregnancies (author's transl)]. In contrast to estrogen-monitoring the ultrasonographic monitoring of the ovaries renders possible the estimation of individual follicular growth stimulated by gonadotropins. In two patients suffering from anovulation and additional factors inhibiting fertility, ultrasonographic monitoring was used in order to induce a pregnancy after moderate hyperstimulation nevertheless.", "PMID": 640364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_263", "title": "Three cases of choriocarcinoma (author's transl).", "content": "Report on three cases of choriocarcinoma which showed interesting features. In the first case a living male infant was delivered two years following chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma and the infant showed no chromosomal abnormalities. In the second case a choriocarcinoma developed three years following a post-partum tubal ligation and the localized tumor was successfully treated by hysterectomy without chemotherapy. In the third case the uterine tumour was refractory to chemotherapy with Actinomycin D and methotrexate and required a hysterectomy. The value of HCG and HPL titres in the differential diagnosis and the value of the microscopic results of the currettings are discussed. The possibility of chromosomal damage to infants born following chemotherapy of the mother is mentioned.", "contents": "Three cases of choriocarcinoma (author's transl). Report on three cases of choriocarcinoma which showed interesting features. In the first case a living male infant was delivered two years following chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma and the infant showed no chromosomal abnormalities. In the second case a choriocarcinoma developed three years following a post-partum tubal ligation and the localized tumor was successfully treated by hysterectomy without chemotherapy. In the third case the uterine tumour was refractory to chemotherapy with Actinomycin D and methotrexate and required a hysterectomy. The value of HCG and HPL titres in the differential diagnosis and the value of the microscopic results of the currettings are discussed. The possibility of chromosomal damage to infants born following chemotherapy of the mother is mentioned.", "PMID": 640365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_264", "title": "Ciliocytophthoria in the cervical smear (author's transl).", "content": "Ciliocytophthoria has rarely been described in vaginal cytology. It originates most likely from ciliated cells of the tubal epithelium. The significance or relationship of ciliocytophthoria to any diseases or tumours of the female genital organs is unknown. To detect ciliocytophthoria more frequently in cervical smears clusters of histiocytes have to be inspected under greater magnification.", "contents": "Ciliocytophthoria in the cervical smear (author's transl). Ciliocytophthoria has rarely been described in vaginal cytology. It originates most likely from ciliated cells of the tubal epithelium. The significance or relationship of ciliocytophthoria to any diseases or tumours of the female genital organs is unknown. To detect ciliocytophthoria more frequently in cervical smears clusters of histiocytes have to be inspected under greater magnification.", "PMID": 640367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_265", "title": "[Therapeutic abortions in the second trimestre of pregnancy with prostaglandine gel (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of 141 therapeutic abortions in the second trimestre of pregnancy with Prostaglandine E2 gel or Prostaglandine F2 alpha gel are reported. Some required oxytocin augmentation. There were 102 legal abortions. Five cases had medical indications, 97 cases had psychosocial indications. There were 39 cases of missed abortion or intra-uterine fetal death. Prostaglandine gel was developed in 1973 by Lippert. The Prostaglandine gel was administered by catheter into the extra-amniotic space. Of all 141 cases 136 (96.5%) aborted within 36 hours. The mean administration-abortion interval was 10 h 5 min-3 h 45 min in the group with Prostaglandine E2 gel and 10 h 4 min +/- 6 h 3 min in the group with Prostaglandine E2 gel augmented with Oxytocin. In the group with Prostaglandine F2 alpha gel the mean interval was 9 h 52 min +/- 6 h 50 min and in the group with Prostaglandine F2 alpha gel augmented with oxytocin the mean interval was 16 h 17 min +/- 8 h 19 min. The mean dosage of Prostaglandine corresponded to the mean administration abortion interval time. 1/3 of the cases had side effects. The method and it's result are compared with other series.", "contents": "[Therapeutic abortions in the second trimestre of pregnancy with prostaglandine gel (author's transl)]. Results of 141 therapeutic abortions in the second trimestre of pregnancy with Prostaglandine E2 gel or Prostaglandine F2 alpha gel are reported. Some required oxytocin augmentation. There were 102 legal abortions. Five cases had medical indications, 97 cases had psychosocial indications. There were 39 cases of missed abortion or intra-uterine fetal death. Prostaglandine gel was developed in 1973 by Lippert. The Prostaglandine gel was administered by catheter into the extra-amniotic space. Of all 141 cases 136 (96.5%) aborted within 36 hours. The mean administration-abortion interval was 10 h 5 min-3 h 45 min in the group with Prostaglandine E2 gel and 10 h 4 min +/- 6 h 3 min in the group with Prostaglandine E2 gel augmented with Oxytocin. In the group with Prostaglandine F2 alpha gel the mean interval was 9 h 52 min +/- 6 h 50 min and in the group with Prostaglandine F2 alpha gel augmented with oxytocin the mean interval was 16 h 17 min +/- 8 h 19 min. The mean dosage of Prostaglandine corresponded to the mean administration abortion interval time. 1/3 of the cases had side effects. The method and it's result are compared with other series.", "PMID": 640366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_266", "title": "Epidemiological indicators of the origins of behavior disturbance as measured by the Bristol social adjustment guides.", "content": "Sex and social-class differences in juvenile behavior disturbance are quoted from two large surveys in Britain (N = 15,496) and Canada (N = 2527). These were significant in overreacting, but small or nonexistent among underreacting types of maladjustment. Comparable differences for social class and/or sex are quoted for developmental and health handicaps, perinatal mortality, and other congenital variables, notably the mother's smoking during the pregnancy. The greater prevalence among males over a wide range of deficits could not be accounted for by differing child-rearing practices, but seemd to be genetic. Similarly, the greater prevalence of overreacting maladjustment in lower-class children could not be explained in terms of cultural conflict, but rather as the outcome of prenatal stresses associated with child morbidity. A unifying theory accounting for both sets of phenomena could be found in mechanisms for the control of population numbers observed in many animal species.", "contents": "Epidemiological indicators of the origins of behavior disturbance as measured by the Bristol social adjustment guides. Sex and social-class differences in juvenile behavior disturbance are quoted from two large surveys in Britain (N = 15,496) and Canada (N = 2527). These were significant in overreacting, but small or nonexistent among underreacting types of maladjustment. Comparable differences for social class and/or sex are quoted for developmental and health handicaps, perinatal mortality, and other congenital variables, notably the mother's smoking during the pregnancy. The greater prevalence among males over a wide range of deficits could not be accounted for by differing child-rearing practices, but seemd to be genetic. Similarly, the greater prevalence of overreacting maladjustment in lower-class children could not be explained in terms of cultural conflict, but rather as the outcome of prenatal stresses associated with child morbidity. A unifying theory accounting for both sets of phenomena could be found in mechanisms for the control of population numbers observed in many animal species.", "PMID": 640374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_267", "title": "Genetic analysis of the gene for N-acetylglucosaminidase in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Three independent mutations affecting N-acetylglucosaminidase in Dictyostelium discoideum were mapped by the parasexual system and found to lie on linkage group IV. These mutations as well as two others were found to be recessive and noncomplementing in heterozygous diploids. Thus they all appear to affect the nagA locus. Since two of the mutations give rise to thermolabile enzyme, this defines the structural gene for N-acetylglucosaminidase. The enzyme is a homodimer of a 68,000 dalton subunit and thus would be expected to be determined by a single locus. The expression of this gene is regulated by the stages of development; however, it should be mentioned that none of the mutations fell in a separate locus that might determine a specific positive regulatory proteins.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the gene for N-acetylglucosaminidase in Dictyostelium discoideum. Three independent mutations affecting N-acetylglucosaminidase in Dictyostelium discoideum were mapped by the parasexual system and found to lie on linkage group IV. These mutations as well as two others were found to be recessive and noncomplementing in heterozygous diploids. Thus they all appear to affect the nagA locus. Since two of the mutations give rise to thermolabile enzyme, this defines the structural gene for N-acetylglucosaminidase. The enzyme is a homodimer of a 68,000 dalton subunit and thus would be expected to be determined by a single locus. The expression of this gene is regulated by the stages of development; however, it should be mentioned that none of the mutations fell in a separate locus that might determine a specific positive regulatory proteins.", "PMID": 640375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_268", "title": "Alcohol dehydrogenase mutants of Chinese hamster somatic cells resistant to allyl alcohol.", "content": "Alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.1.) mutants of Chinese hamster somatic cells were isolated as resistant to allyl alcohol (ALLR). The ALLR phenotypes of the mutant clones were reproducible with high fidelity and stable over long intervals of growth in the absence of the selecting drug. Several mutants, Adh-1, Adh-2, Adh-9 and Adh-13, resistant to allyl alcohol were characterized. They have between 15 and 40% of the alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the wild-type cell lines. This phenotype is therefore a useful marker to analyze gene segregation of somatic cell mutations and to study the expression of the genes involved in the metabolism of ethanol in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Alcohol dehydrogenase mutants of Chinese hamster somatic cells resistant to allyl alcohol. Alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.1.) mutants of Chinese hamster somatic cells were isolated as resistant to allyl alcohol (ALLR). The ALLR phenotypes of the mutant clones were reproducible with high fidelity and stable over long intervals of growth in the absence of the selecting drug. Several mutants, Adh-1, Adh-2, Adh-9 and Adh-13, resistant to allyl alcohol were characterized. They have between 15 and 40% of the alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the wild-type cell lines. This phenotype is therefore a useful marker to analyze gene segregation of somatic cell mutations and to study the expression of the genes involved in the metabolism of ethanol in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 640376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_269", "title": "Influence of maternal phenotype on metabolic differentiation of agouti locus mutants in the mouse.", "content": "The results of extensive breeding experiments indicate that the phenotypic differentiation of embryos carrying the viable yellow, A( vy), or mottled, a(m), mutations is influenced to a major extent by the agouti locus genotype and the strain genome of the dam. The A(vy)/a and a(m)/a genotypes are each expressed in a spectrum of coat color phenotypes. These can be grouped into two classes, mottled and pseudoagouti.-In a reciprocal cross of C57BL/6JNIcrWf and AM/Wf-a(m)/a(m) mice, 29.5% of the offspring of C57BL/6 dams were of the pseudoagouti phenotype, whereas no pseudoagouti offspring were produced by AM strain dams.-Mottled yellow A(vy)/a mice become obese and tumor formation is enhanced in these mice in comparison with the lean pseudoagouti A(vy)/a siblings.-In two different reciprocal crosses using four different inbred strains, the proportion of pseudoagouti A(vy)/a offspring differed according to the strain of the dam. Regardless of strain, mottled yellow A( vy)/a dams produced significantly fewer pseudoagouti A( vy)/a offspring than did black a/a dams.-The data suggest that metabolic differentiation of A(vy)/a zygotes into phenotypic classes with different susceptibilities to obesity and tumor formation is influenced to a considerable degree by the metabolic characteristics of the oviductal and uterine environment of the dam.", "contents": "Influence of maternal phenotype on metabolic differentiation of agouti locus mutants in the mouse. The results of extensive breeding experiments indicate that the phenotypic differentiation of embryos carrying the viable yellow, A( vy), or mottled, a(m), mutations is influenced to a major extent by the agouti locus genotype and the strain genome of the dam. The A(vy)/a and a(m)/a genotypes are each expressed in a spectrum of coat color phenotypes. These can be grouped into two classes, mottled and pseudoagouti.-In a reciprocal cross of C57BL/6JNIcrWf and AM/Wf-a(m)/a(m) mice, 29.5% of the offspring of C57BL/6 dams were of the pseudoagouti phenotype, whereas no pseudoagouti offspring were produced by AM strain dams.-Mottled yellow A(vy)/a mice become obese and tumor formation is enhanced in these mice in comparison with the lean pseudoagouti A(vy)/a siblings.-In two different reciprocal crosses using four different inbred strains, the proportion of pseudoagouti A(vy)/a offspring differed according to the strain of the dam. Regardless of strain, mottled yellow A( vy)/a dams produced significantly fewer pseudoagouti A( vy)/a offspring than did black a/a dams.-The data suggest that metabolic differentiation of A(vy)/a zygotes into phenotypic classes with different susceptibilities to obesity and tumor formation is influenced to a considerable degree by the metabolic characteristics of the oviductal and uterine environment of the dam.", "PMID": 640377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_270", "title": "Dynamics of a lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism in the wood louse Porcellio scaber latr.: evidence for partial assortative mating and heterosis in natural populations.", "content": "Electrophoretic separation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of Porcellio scaber from 14 natural populations in California, and one each in Oregon, Delaware and Massachusetts, indicates a biallelic polymorphism. Phenotypes are recovered from laboratory matings of virgin females in frequencies agreeing with simple Mendelian inheritance, and the frequency distributions of phenotypes in natural populations are typically in agreement with the appropriate Hardy-Weinberg distributions for these same populations. The same allele predominates in all natural populations examined. Temporal stability within populations suggests that the polymorphism is at, or near, equilibrium. The spatial distribution of allele frequencies, however, is apparently mosaic. Abrupt discontinuities in gene frequency over short distances (50 m to 1 km) suggest that interpopulation migration is insufficient to swamp local differences in gene frequency. Analysis of the transmission dynamics of the polymorphism in natural populations using mother-offspring genotype comparisons suggests that the allelic frequencies of transmitted male gametes are not independent of female genotype. Specifically, the observed mating scheme in natural populations appears to be partially assortative. Comparisons of progeny genotype distributions with yearling (or adult) genotype distributions from the same populations indicate a superior post-partum viability of heterozygous individuals relative to homozygotes. The distortion of progeny genotypic distributions created by assortment is thus apparently counteracted by subsequent heterosis.", "contents": "Dynamics of a lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism in the wood louse Porcellio scaber latr.: evidence for partial assortative mating and heterosis in natural populations. Electrophoretic separation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of Porcellio scaber from 14 natural populations in California, and one each in Oregon, Delaware and Massachusetts, indicates a biallelic polymorphism. Phenotypes are recovered from laboratory matings of virgin females in frequencies agreeing with simple Mendelian inheritance, and the frequency distributions of phenotypes in natural populations are typically in agreement with the appropriate Hardy-Weinberg distributions for these same populations. The same allele predominates in all natural populations examined. Temporal stability within populations suggests that the polymorphism is at, or near, equilibrium. The spatial distribution of allele frequencies, however, is apparently mosaic. Abrupt discontinuities in gene frequency over short distances (50 m to 1 km) suggest that interpopulation migration is insufficient to swamp local differences in gene frequency. Analysis of the transmission dynamics of the polymorphism in natural populations using mother-offspring genotype comparisons suggests that the allelic frequencies of transmitted male gametes are not independent of female genotype. Specifically, the observed mating scheme in natural populations appears to be partially assortative. Comparisons of progeny genotype distributions with yearling (or adult) genotype distributions from the same populations indicate a superior post-partum viability of heterozygous individuals relative to homozygotes. The distortion of progeny genotypic distributions created by assortment is thus apparently counteracted by subsequent heterosis.", "PMID": 640378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_271", "title": "A comparison of the genetic infrastructure of the Ye'cuana and the Yanomama: a likelihood analysis of genotypic variation among populations.", "content": "A general procedure is described for measuring and testing population differences in gametic frequencies. The total dispersion among populations is subdivided in hierachical fashion. The multiple-locus treatment is simply the sum of the single-locus analyses, provided gametic equilibrium obtains among the loci. In the event that gametic equilibrium does not obtain, correlations among loci need to be dealt with.--The analysis is then used to examine the genetic infrastructure of two Indian tribes from South America, the Ye'cuana (Makiritare) and the Yanomama. From historical evidence, we may identify several \"clusters\" of villages within each tribe. The demographic and cultural practices affecting village formation and the maintenance of peer integrity are rather different in these tribes, however, and lead us to postulate rather different patterns of genetic variation among villages. Analyses of five codominant two-allele loci, four dominant two-allele loci and two complex loci (with four codominant haplotypes each) demonstrate that Yanomama clusters are more disparate than Ye'cuana clusters, as would have been predicted on sociocultural grounds.", "contents": "A comparison of the genetic infrastructure of the Ye'cuana and the Yanomama: a likelihood analysis of genotypic variation among populations. A general procedure is described for measuring and testing population differences in gametic frequencies. The total dispersion among populations is subdivided in hierachical fashion. The multiple-locus treatment is simply the sum of the single-locus analyses, provided gametic equilibrium obtains among the loci. In the event that gametic equilibrium does not obtain, correlations among loci need to be dealt with.--The analysis is then used to examine the genetic infrastructure of two Indian tribes from South America, the Ye'cuana (Makiritare) and the Yanomama. From historical evidence, we may identify several \"clusters\" of villages within each tribe. The demographic and cultural practices affecting village formation and the maintenance of peer integrity are rather different in these tribes, however, and lead us to postulate rather different patterns of genetic variation among villages. Analyses of five codominant two-allele loci, four dominant two-allele loci and two complex loci (with four codominant haplotypes each) demonstrate that Yanomama clusters are more disparate than Ye'cuana clusters, as would have been predicted on sociocultural grounds.", "PMID": 640379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_272", "title": "[Nature and role of accessory chromosomes in silver-gray foxes. IV. The behavior of accessory chromosomes in meiosis].", "content": "Comparison of chromosome number at somatic and spermatogonial mitoses has demonstrated the increase in the number of additional chromosomes in cells of germinal tissue. This may evidence a mechanism of B-chromosomes accumulation in foxes. B-chromosomes may lag as univalents, may form bivalent associations, or occasionally form trivalents at the stage of diakinesis-metaphase I, and they may associate with macrobivalents (A-chromosome bivalents). The analysis of metaphase II has shown that the distribution of B-chromosomes in the second metaphase is random resulting in gametes with various numbers of B-chromosomes.", "contents": "[Nature and role of accessory chromosomes in silver-gray foxes. IV. The behavior of accessory chromosomes in meiosis]. Comparison of chromosome number at somatic and spermatogonial mitoses has demonstrated the increase in the number of additional chromosomes in cells of germinal tissue. This may evidence a mechanism of B-chromosomes accumulation in foxes. B-chromosomes may lag as univalents, may form bivalent associations, or occasionally form trivalents at the stage of diakinesis-metaphase I, and they may associate with macrobivalents (A-chromosome bivalents). The analysis of metaphase II has shown that the distribution of B-chromosomes in the second metaphase is random resulting in gametes with various numbers of B-chromosomes.", "PMID": 640380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_273", "title": "[Characteristics of the intragenic recombination of T4B bacteriophage amber mutants under nonpermissive (su-) conditions].", "content": "Intragenic recombination of bacteriophage T4B amber mutants in early genes 30, 32, 42, 43, 44, 56 and in late gene 7 in su- cells of Escherichia coli B was studied. The frequency of recombination under such conditions was increased in genes 30, 43 and 7, but it was lowered in genes 46 and 44, and was completely inhibited in genes 32, 42 and 56. The level of stimulation or inhibition of recombination frequencies in early genes was gene-specific and did not depend either on the distances between amber mutations, or on progeny phage maturation delay. On the other hand, the level of recombination stimulation in the late gene 7 was greatly influenced by the distances between amber mutations tested. Wild type alleles arising in su- cells during recombination proved to be functionally active, and their activity caused the increase in progeny phage yield and in a partial removal of phage maturation delay.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the intragenic recombination of T4B bacteriophage amber mutants under nonpermissive (su-) conditions]. Intragenic recombination of bacteriophage T4B amber mutants in early genes 30, 32, 42, 43, 44, 56 and in late gene 7 in su- cells of Escherichia coli B was studied. The frequency of recombination under such conditions was increased in genes 30, 43 and 7, but it was lowered in genes 46 and 44, and was completely inhibited in genes 32, 42 and 56. The level of stimulation or inhibition of recombination frequencies in early genes was gene-specific and did not depend either on the distances between amber mutations, or on progeny phage maturation delay. On the other hand, the level of recombination stimulation in the late gene 7 was greatly influenced by the distances between amber mutations tested. Wild type alleles arising in su- cells during recombination proved to be functionally active, and their activity caused the increase in progeny phage yield and in a partial removal of phage maturation delay.", "PMID": 640381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_274", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of spore-forming and asporogenic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis].", "content": "Comparative characteristics of sporogenous and asporogenous Bacillus thuringiensis strains is carried out. Asporogenous strains are found to differ from wild type strains in a number of criteria, including colony morphology, character of growth on rich and poor media and UV-sensitivity. Sporogenous strains form R colonies, they are more stable and more rare produce variants forming S colonies. S colonies are typical for asporogenous mutants, and under the cultivation in unfavourable conditions (elevated temperature, a shift of pH, a change of an incubation regime) asporogenous strains dissociate with a high frequency into R form. Initial strains, which are multiple auxotrophs, under certain conditions can form \"prototrophic\" revertants which are unstable when incubated on rich media. Suppressor mutation is supposed to be a possible mechanism of the origination of \"prototrophs\".", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of spore-forming and asporogenic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis]. Comparative characteristics of sporogenous and asporogenous Bacillus thuringiensis strains is carried out. Asporogenous strains are found to differ from wild type strains in a number of criteria, including colony morphology, character of growth on rich and poor media and UV-sensitivity. Sporogenous strains form R colonies, they are more stable and more rare produce variants forming S colonies. S colonies are typical for asporogenous mutants, and under the cultivation in unfavourable conditions (elevated temperature, a shift of pH, a change of an incubation regime) asporogenous strains dissociate with a high frequency into R form. Initial strains, which are multiple auxotrophs, under certain conditions can form \"prototrophic\" revertants which are unstable when incubated on rich media. Suppressor mutation is supposed to be a possible mechanism of the origination of \"prototrophs\".", "PMID": 640382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_275", "title": "[Genetic structure of an isolated group of the native population of northern Sibiria, the Nganasani (Tavgi) of the Taimyr. III. A family analysis of blood groups].", "content": "Family analysis of ABO, MNSs, Rhesus, Duffy and Kell (Kp) in 50 families of nganasans is carried out. Segregation deviations are found in those families where the variation among the children is the widest. The proportion of children from unmarried persons is found to be very small, which supports the existence of traditional monogamic breeding structure in nganasans.", "contents": "[Genetic structure of an isolated group of the native population of northern Sibiria, the Nganasani (Tavgi) of the Taimyr. III. A family analysis of blood groups]. Family analysis of ABO, MNSs, Rhesus, Duffy and Kell (Kp) in 50 families of nganasans is carried out. Segregation deviations are found in those families where the variation among the children is the widest. The proportion of children from unmarried persons is found to be very small, which supports the existence of traditional monogamic breeding structure in nganasans.", "PMID": 640383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_276", "title": "[Comparative study of reciprocal translocation frequency in the spermatocytes after the irradiation of newborn and adult mice].", "content": "The yield of reciprocal translocations was investigated in spermatocytes of CBA male mice irradiated immediately after their birth or after the irradiation of the stem spermatogonia at the age of 3 months. The doses of irradiation were 100, 200, 400 r X-rays and 300 r gamma-rays 60Co. The yield of translocations in both groups was the same.", "contents": "[Comparative study of reciprocal translocation frequency in the spermatocytes after the irradiation of newborn and adult mice]. The yield of reciprocal translocations was investigated in spermatocytes of CBA male mice irradiated immediately after their birth or after the irradiation of the stem spermatogonia at the age of 3 months. The doses of irradiation were 100, 200, 400 r X-rays and 300 r gamma-rays 60Co. The yield of translocations in both groups was the same.", "PMID": 640384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_277", "title": "[Increase with age of the frequency of spontaneous karyotype disorders in mice].", "content": "328 oocytes from 874 studied were found suitable for counting chromosomes. 263 oocytes (80.18%) had a normal chromosome number, while aneuploidy was observed in 18.3% of oocytes (61). Among then 46 (14.02%) were with hypoploidy and 14 oocytes (4.26%) were hyperploid with 21 chromosomes and over. Structural chromosome aberrations were found in 24 oocytes (7.31%).", "contents": "[Increase with age of the frequency of spontaneous karyotype disorders in mice]. 328 oocytes from 874 studied were found suitable for counting chromosomes. 263 oocytes (80.18%) had a normal chromosome number, while aneuploidy was observed in 18.3% of oocytes (61). Among then 46 (14.02%) were with hypoploidy and 14 oocytes (4.26%) were hyperploid with 21 chromosomes and over. Structural chromosome aberrations were found in 24 oocytes (7.31%).", "PMID": 640385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_278", "title": "Some sources of error in the one-stage assay of factor VIII.", "content": "The error of the one-stage assay of factor VIII activity is determined by the quality of reference and substrate (factor VIII-deficient) plasmas, as well as by the accuracy of dilution and clot observation time. Storage of the fresh normal plasma used as reference and/or of the substrate plasma for 2--3 h at 0 degrees C may cause considerable errors, which can be eliminated by the immediate use of plasma or by the determination of an appropriate correction factor. With all precautions taken into account the average error of the assay in our hands is 20%.", "contents": "Some sources of error in the one-stage assay of factor VIII. The error of the one-stage assay of factor VIII activity is determined by the quality of reference and substrate (factor VIII-deficient) plasmas, as well as by the accuracy of dilution and clot observation time. Storage of the fresh normal plasma used as reference and/or of the substrate plasma for 2--3 h at 0 degrees C may cause considerable errors, which can be eliminated by the immediate use of plasma or by the determination of an appropriate correction factor. With all precautions taken into account the average error of the assay in our hands is 20%.", "PMID": 640488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_279", "title": "The activated factor X-antithrombin III reaction rate: a measure of the increased thrombotic tendency induced by estrogen-containing oral contraceptives in rabbits.", "content": "Estrogen-containing compounds are thrombogenic in man. The extent of thrombosis is dose-related, but a measure of this thrombogenicity is not currently available. Evidence is presented, using an animal model of venous thrombosis, that impaired Xa inhibitory activity (the rate of reaction between Xa and antithrombin III) correlates with the development of thrombosis initiated by thrombin in rabbits receiving an oral contraceptive compound. The responses in the clotting assay and in the extent of thrombosis are dose-related. The hypercoagulable state induced by oral contraceptives can be completely reversed by trace amounts of heparin.", "contents": "The activated factor X-antithrombin III reaction rate: a measure of the increased thrombotic tendency induced by estrogen-containing oral contraceptives in rabbits. Estrogen-containing compounds are thrombogenic in man. The extent of thrombosis is dose-related, but a measure of this thrombogenicity is not currently available. Evidence is presented, using an animal model of venous thrombosis, that impaired Xa inhibitory activity (the rate of reaction between Xa and antithrombin III) correlates with the development of thrombosis initiated by thrombin in rabbits receiving an oral contraceptive compound. The responses in the clotting assay and in the extent of thrombosis are dose-related. The hypercoagulable state induced by oral contraceptives can be completely reversed by trace amounts of heparin.", "PMID": 640489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_280", "title": "Thrombocytopenia and coagulation impairment after portacaval shunt in the rat.", "content": "A study has been performed to evaluate the effect of the portacaval shunt on some coagulation tests in the rats. Thrombocytopenia develops, accompanied by a decrease in the total protein and fibrinogen concentrations. Moreover, the Quick time is lengthened, whereas the partial thromboplastin time is not modified. The maximal amplitude and elasticity of the clot, recorded by thrombelastography, appear reduced, and k is lengthened. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia and coagulation impairment after portacaval shunt in the rat. A study has been performed to evaluate the effect of the portacaval shunt on some coagulation tests in the rats. Thrombocytopenia develops, accompanied by a decrease in the total protein and fibrinogen concentrations. Moreover, the Quick time is lengthened, whereas the partial thromboplastin time is not modified. The maximal amplitude and elasticity of the clot, recorded by thrombelastography, appear reduced, and k is lengthened. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 640490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_281", "title": "Platelet aggregability in microvascular haemostasis and the effect of local inflammation.", "content": "The effects on haemostatic plug formation and individual vessel platelet aggregability of granulocytopenia, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and indomethacin were studied in microvessels of the rabbit mesentery. Granulocytopenia was found to have no effect. Indomethacin abolished the differences between arterioles and venules in haemostatic plug formation time and stability as well as individual vessel platelet aggregability. PGE1 significantly inhibited haemostasis and also counteracted indomethacine. It is concluded that the haemostatic differences normally seen between arterioles and venules can be explained by prostaglandin-induced inhibition of venular platelets.", "contents": "Platelet aggregability in microvascular haemostasis and the effect of local inflammation. The effects on haemostatic plug formation and individual vessel platelet aggregability of granulocytopenia, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and indomethacin were studied in microvessels of the rabbit mesentery. Granulocytopenia was found to have no effect. Indomethacin abolished the differences between arterioles and venules in haemostatic plug formation time and stability as well as individual vessel platelet aggregability. PGE1 significantly inhibited haemostasis and also counteracted indomethacine. It is concluded that the haemostatic differences normally seen between arterioles and venules can be explained by prostaglandin-induced inhibition of venular platelets.", "PMID": 640491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_282", "title": "Influence of pentacyanoferrate complexes on platelet aggregation.", "content": "To elucidate the structural constituents of sodium nitroprusside responsible for antiaggregating effects, comparative studies were done with pentacyanoferrates possessing ligands other than nitric oxid. Among the pentacyanoferrates tested, also the nitro and thionitro compounds possess considerable antiaggregating effects. The ammine and aquo compounds are nearly ineffective. These results support the assumption that the nitrosyl cation or its secondary product, nitrous acid, is responsible for the inhibition of aggregation.", "contents": "Influence of pentacyanoferrate complexes on platelet aggregation. To elucidate the structural constituents of sodium nitroprusside responsible for antiaggregating effects, comparative studies were done with pentacyanoferrates possessing ligands other than nitric oxid. Among the pentacyanoferrates tested, also the nitro and thionitro compounds possess considerable antiaggregating effects. The ammine and aquo compounds are nearly ineffective. These results support the assumption that the nitrosyl cation or its secondary product, nitrous acid, is responsible for the inhibition of aggregation.", "PMID": 640492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_283", "title": "Combined action of pyrazole and ethanol on a rat liver: histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The effect on a rat liver of combined administration of pyrazole and ethanol was studied histochemically and by electron microscopy. The study revealed strong hepatotoxic action of pyrazole combined with ethanol. Feeding with ethanol alone induces slight alterations in the liver, pyrazole alone affects the liver but slightly, whereas a combined administration of pyrazole and ethanol both by light and electron microscopy examination revealed a strong toxic action leading to severe damage of the liver cells including necrosis.", "contents": "Combined action of pyrazole and ethanol on a rat liver: histochemical and ultrastructural study. The effect on a rat liver of combined administration of pyrazole and ethanol was studied histochemically and by electron microscopy. The study revealed strong hepatotoxic action of pyrazole combined with ethanol. Feeding with ethanol alone induces slight alterations in the liver, pyrazole alone affects the liver but slightly, whereas a combined administration of pyrazole and ethanol both by light and electron microscopy examination revealed a strong toxic action leading to severe damage of the liver cells including necrosis.", "PMID": 640510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_284", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase application to the protein transport investigations and alkaline phosphatase ultralocalization at the kidney barrier level.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase was used to the precise investigation of low molecular protein transport across the kidney barrier. Simultaneously on the parallel material alkaline phosphatase activity was revealed, as this enzyme is connected with the transport processes through cell membranes. The applied reaction diaminebenzidine has shown infiltration spots for low molecular protein at the glomercular barrier and visualized tubular reabsorption of peroxidase in proximal convoluted tubule. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been observed on the surface of podocytes foot processes. On the surface of proximal convoluted tubules brush border and in canals formed with cells basal membranes investigations high activity of alkaline phosphatase was also observed.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase application to the protein transport investigations and alkaline phosphatase ultralocalization at the kidney barrier level. Horseradish peroxidase was used to the precise investigation of low molecular protein transport across the kidney barrier. Simultaneously on the parallel material alkaline phosphatase activity was revealed, as this enzyme is connected with the transport processes through cell membranes. The applied reaction diaminebenzidine has shown infiltration spots for low molecular protein at the glomercular barrier and visualized tubular reabsorption of peroxidase in proximal convoluted tubule. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been observed on the surface of podocytes foot processes. On the surface of proximal convoluted tubules brush border and in canals formed with cells basal membranes investigations high activity of alkaline phosphatase was also observed.", "PMID": 640511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_285", "title": "Laser-spectrographic study on the contents of metals in the brain of patients with arteriosclerotic dementia.", "content": "The histotopography of metal contents was studied in brains from cases with arteriosclerotic dementia by means of laser spectrography, a technique which is both highly secific and sensitive. All the affected brains contained considerable amounts of calcium which was present in almost all brain regions. The quantitative evaluation showed twice as much calcium in the striatum relative to the cerebellar white matter.", "contents": "Laser-spectrographic study on the contents of metals in the brain of patients with arteriosclerotic dementia. The histotopography of metal contents was studied in brains from cases with arteriosclerotic dementia by means of laser spectrography, a technique which is both highly secific and sensitive. All the affected brains contained considerable amounts of calcium which was present in almost all brain regions. The quantitative evaluation showed twice as much calcium in the striatum relative to the cerebellar white matter.", "PMID": 640513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_286", "title": "Modification of the activity and surface topography of peritoneal macrophages by cytophilic antibody.", "content": "Cytophilic antibody (Cab) attached to the macrophage surface substantially changes the cell surface relief as tested in the scanning electron microscope. Diffuse loss of surface structure is accompanied by diminished ability to interiorize opsonized sheep erythrocytes and to damage non-specifically bystanding target cells (chicken erythrocytes). Cross-linking of Cab on the macrophage surface by antigen or antibody partially restores macrophage membrane activity.", "contents": "Modification of the activity and surface topography of peritoneal macrophages by cytophilic antibody. Cytophilic antibody (Cab) attached to the macrophage surface substantially changes the cell surface relief as tested in the scanning electron microscope. Diffuse loss of surface structure is accompanied by diminished ability to interiorize opsonized sheep erythrocytes and to damage non-specifically bystanding target cells (chicken erythrocytes). Cross-linking of Cab on the macrophage surface by antigen or antibody partially restores macrophage membrane activity.", "PMID": 640514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_287", "title": "Histochemical study on the external ear of Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew).", "content": "The histochemical study of the Ear of female Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) was studied by the use of the cholinesterase technique. Good and sharp results were obtained while studing the AChE activity in the hair, hair follicle, hair papillae, muscle spindle, and nerve endings. The investigations were performed under constant pH, temperatures 37 degrees C to 40 degrees C, and incubation times, from 16 hours to 18 hours. The hair follicle and hair shafts showed strong positive reaction; hair papillae also showed strong positive reaction of AChE activity, while hair showed the banded appearance and the muscle spindles showed mild reaction of the AChE activity.", "contents": "Histochemical study on the external ear of Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew). The histochemical study of the Ear of female Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) was studied by the use of the cholinesterase technique. Good and sharp results were obtained while studing the AChE activity in the hair, hair follicle, hair papillae, muscle spindle, and nerve endings. The investigations were performed under constant pH, temperatures 37 degrees C to 40 degrees C, and incubation times, from 16 hours to 18 hours. The hair follicle and hair shafts showed strong positive reaction; hair papillae also showed strong positive reaction of AChE activity, while hair showed the banded appearance and the muscle spindles showed mild reaction of the AChE activity.", "PMID": 640515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_288", "title": "The structure and cytochemistry of the oocytes in the crab Xantho bidentatus Milne Edwards.", "content": "In the development of the oocytes of xantho bidentatus four stages could be distinguished. In stage I the cytoplasm is homogenous, in state II a perinuclear ring is formed, in stage III oocytes round bodies which are carbohydrate-protein complexes appear near the peripheri. These bodies occupy the oocyte completely in the stage IV oocyte. There are two types of bodies in the oocyte, big oval or round bodies which are carbohydrate-protein complexes and smaller bodies in between the oval bodies. These smaller bodies are lipid bodies. In stage I and II the cytoplasm is rich in RNA and in stages III and IV the cytoplasm is full of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.", "contents": "The structure and cytochemistry of the oocytes in the crab Xantho bidentatus Milne Edwards. In the development of the oocytes of xantho bidentatus four stages could be distinguished. In stage I the cytoplasm is homogenous, in state II a perinuclear ring is formed, in stage III oocytes round bodies which are carbohydrate-protein complexes appear near the peripheri. These bodies occupy the oocyte completely in the stage IV oocyte. There are two types of bodies in the oocyte, big oval or round bodies which are carbohydrate-protein complexes and smaller bodies in between the oval bodies. These smaller bodies are lipid bodies. In stage I and II the cytoplasm is rich in RNA and in stages III and IV the cytoplasm is full of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.", "PMID": 640516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_289", "title": "Further results of serological examination of domestic animals for leptospirosis in Afghanistan.", "content": "The authors examined serologically 329 specimens of domestic animals from 8 provinces of Afghanistan for the incidence of leptospirosis. They detected in 15.8% of the animals examined antibodies against Leptospira in titres of 1 : 800 and higher: in 6.4% with serotypes of the serogroup Hebdomadis, 5.5%--Tarassovi, 2.7%--Grippotyphosa, 2.4%--Pomona, 2.1% Javanica, 1.5%--Icterohaemorrhagiae, 0.6% each--Canicola, Ballum, Bataviae, 0.3%--Pyrogenes. Positivity was highest in the buffalo--55.0%, camel--10 of the 18 animals examined, and cattle--25.5%. It was considerably lower in sheep--2.3% and goat--3.2%; also positive was one of the 6 zebus examined.", "contents": "Further results of serological examination of domestic animals for leptospirosis in Afghanistan. The authors examined serologically 329 specimens of domestic animals from 8 provinces of Afghanistan for the incidence of leptospirosis. They detected in 15.8% of the animals examined antibodies against Leptospira in titres of 1 : 800 and higher: in 6.4% with serotypes of the serogroup Hebdomadis, 5.5%--Tarassovi, 2.7%--Grippotyphosa, 2.4%--Pomona, 2.1% Javanica, 1.5%--Icterohaemorrhagiae, 0.6% each--Canicola, Ballum, Bataviae, 0.3%--Pyrogenes. Positivity was highest in the buffalo--55.0%, camel--10 of the 18 animals examined, and cattle--25.5%. It was considerably lower in sheep--2.3% and goat--3.2%; also positive was one of the 6 zebus examined.", "PMID": 640518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_290", "title": "On the topical problems of species in general and in relation to helminths.", "content": "In the light of the present knowledge of species, the author suggests to accept ten features of species and the general definition of species proposed by Zavadsky (1961, 1968), together with the definition by Mayr (1940) characterizing more concretely the species at the level of biparentally reproducing organisms. The definition by Timofeeff-Ressovsky et al. (1973) may be used for exclusively autogamous species of helminths. From the viewpoint of the species as a taxonomic unit, the paper presents proposals for establishment of a practical standard which would better suit the theoretical idea about the helminth species than it was the case till the present.", "contents": "On the topical problems of species in general and in relation to helminths. In the light of the present knowledge of species, the author suggests to accept ten features of species and the general definition of species proposed by Zavadsky (1961, 1968), together with the definition by Mayr (1940) characterizing more concretely the species at the level of biparentally reproducing organisms. The definition by Timofeeff-Ressovsky et al. (1973) may be used for exclusively autogamous species of helminths. From the viewpoint of the species as a taxonomic unit, the paper presents proposals for establishment of a practical standard which would better suit the theoretical idea about the helminth species than it was the case till the present.", "PMID": 640519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_291", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the vulva of some trichurids (Nematoda).", "content": "The structure of vulva of four Trichocephalus species has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of vulva and cuticular elements on vulval appendages is described and documented. The cuticular structures on the vulva have a characteristic shape specific for each species. It is suppossed that SEM can be successfully employed in a detailed study of vulval structure, which is an important taxonomic character for the differentiation of females of Trichocephalus species.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the vulva of some trichurids (Nematoda). The structure of vulva of four Trichocephalus species has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of vulva and cuticular elements on vulval appendages is described and documented. The cuticular structures on the vulva have a characteristic shape specific for each species. It is suppossed that SEM can be successfully employed in a detailed study of vulval structure, which is an important taxonomic character for the differentiation of females of Trichocephalus species.", "PMID": 640520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_292", "title": "Life-cycle of the cestode Wardium calumnacantha (Schmidt, 1963) comb. n. (Hymenolepididae) from common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (L.).", "content": "Post-embryonic development of the cestode Wardium calumnacantha (Schmidt, 1963) comb. n., a parasite of common snipe, was studied by experimental infection of the oligochaetes Neoscolex roseus Morev and Rhyacodrilus coccineus (Vejdovsk\u00fd) carried out in Chukotka. The larvae of W. calumnacantha were ovoid and belonged to the morphological modification of cysticercoid-diplocyst. Two invaginations were observed during the larvogenesis. The first one occurred at the stage of scolexogenesis, when the body of larva was plunged into the external cyst formed by the walls of the primary cavity. Second invagination of the formed scolex and neck into the internal cyst was the final stage of cysticercoid formation.", "contents": "Life-cycle of the cestode Wardium calumnacantha (Schmidt, 1963) comb. n. (Hymenolepididae) from common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (L.). Post-embryonic development of the cestode Wardium calumnacantha (Schmidt, 1963) comb. n., a parasite of common snipe, was studied by experimental infection of the oligochaetes Neoscolex roseus Morev and Rhyacodrilus coccineus (Vejdovsk\u00fd) carried out in Chukotka. The larvae of W. calumnacantha were ovoid and belonged to the morphological modification of cysticercoid-diplocyst. Two invaginations were observed during the larvogenesis. The first one occurred at the stage of scolexogenesis, when the body of larva was plunged into the external cyst formed by the walls of the primary cavity. Second invagination of the formed scolex and neck into the internal cyst was the final stage of cysticercoid formation.", "PMID": 640521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_293", "title": "Morphology, histochemistry and ultrahistochemistry of special verrucose formations in daughter sporocyst of Eurytrema pancreaticum.", "content": "Verrucose formations were found on the surface of fully developed sporocysts of E. pancreaticum Janson, 1889 at the site where the attenuated proboscis-like anterior portion widens into the posterior portion. Under these verrucose formations is always a group of gland cells. Their narrowed processes pass at a common site through the muscle layer and above this layer again slightly widen and project above the neighbouring tegument. The tegument of the verrucose formation differs from the neighbouring tegument of the sporocyst. In the cytoplasm of the gland cells there are large, spherical membrane-bound bodies containing proteins with tryptophan, tyrosine and SH groups. These bodies do not have any activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase or nonspecific esterase. Besides these protein bodies the perinuclear cytoplasm is filled with beta glycogen particles and many cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The processes of these cells contain thick fibriles. The verrucose formations with the gland cells seem to serve for attachement and lysis. This function is applied not only during the development of the sporocyst, but also during its release from the site of location and penetration through the snail tissue.", "contents": "Morphology, histochemistry and ultrahistochemistry of special verrucose formations in daughter sporocyst of Eurytrema pancreaticum. Verrucose formations were found on the surface of fully developed sporocysts of E. pancreaticum Janson, 1889 at the site where the attenuated proboscis-like anterior portion widens into the posterior portion. Under these verrucose formations is always a group of gland cells. Their narrowed processes pass at a common site through the muscle layer and above this layer again slightly widen and project above the neighbouring tegument. The tegument of the verrucose formation differs from the neighbouring tegument of the sporocyst. In the cytoplasm of the gland cells there are large, spherical membrane-bound bodies containing proteins with tryptophan, tyrosine and SH groups. These bodies do not have any activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase or nonspecific esterase. Besides these protein bodies the perinuclear cytoplasm is filled with beta glycogen particles and many cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The processes of these cells contain thick fibriles. The verrucose formations with the gland cells seem to serve for attachement and lysis. This function is applied not only during the development of the sporocyst, but also during its release from the site of location and penetration through the snail tissue.", "PMID": 640522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_294", "title": "Microscopical anatomy of larva of Cheladonta costulata (Acarina: Trombiculidae). I. Glands.", "content": "The larva of Ch. costulata possesses seven paired glands which can be differentiated according to their position and histological structure. In five of them, the dynamics of their secretory or excretory activity may be studied histologically during the feeding process, when not only the deposition of secretion in the gland cells, but also the size of the whole gland is changed. The morphology of the remaining glands is not affected by feeding.", "contents": "Microscopical anatomy of larva of Cheladonta costulata (Acarina: Trombiculidae). I. Glands. The larva of Ch. costulata possesses seven paired glands which can be differentiated according to their position and histological structure. In five of them, the dynamics of their secretory or excretory activity may be studied histologically during the feeding process, when not only the deposition of secretion in the gland cells, but also the size of the whole gland is changed. The morphology of the remaining glands is not affected by feeding.", "PMID": 640524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_295", "title": "Isolation of Bhanja virus from ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis in southeast Bulgaria and presence of antibodies in pastured sheep.", "content": "Bhanja virus was isolated from ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis (H. punctata and H. sulcata) collected from sheep pastured in the surroundings of Akhtopol in southeast Bulgaria, and simultaneously blood sera of 58 sheep were investigated in plaque-reduction neutralization test with B lranja arbovirus. All sera contained antibodies to this virus in titres from 1:32 to 1:4096 (geometrical mean titre 1:494). The district of Akhtopol proved to be a natural focus of Bhanja virus.", "contents": "Isolation of Bhanja virus from ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis in southeast Bulgaria and presence of antibodies in pastured sheep. Bhanja virus was isolated from ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis (H. punctata and H. sulcata) collected from sheep pastured in the surroundings of Akhtopol in southeast Bulgaria, and simultaneously blood sera of 58 sheep were investigated in plaque-reduction neutralization test with B lranja arbovirus. All sera contained antibodies to this virus in titres from 1:32 to 1:4096 (geometrical mean titre 1:494). The district of Akhtopol proved to be a natural focus of Bhanja virus.", "PMID": 640526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_296", "title": "Record of Psilotornus confertus Machalska, 1974 (Trematoda: Psilostomidae), a parasite of birds, in water-shrew Neomys fodiens Pennant, 1771 (Insectivora: Soricidae) in the Oriental Pyrenean Mountains.", "content": "Psilotornus confertus Machalska, 1974 was found in the water-shrew Neomys fodiens Pennant, 1771 in the Oriental Pyrenean Mountains. This fact may be considered as accidental for the time being. The findings of P. confertus, Brachylaemus fulvus (Dujardin, 1843) and Pseudoleuco-chloridium soricis (Soltys, 1952) in N. fodiens in these mountains are discussed from the bioecological aspect.", "contents": "Record of Psilotornus confertus Machalska, 1974 (Trematoda: Psilostomidae), a parasite of birds, in water-shrew Neomys fodiens Pennant, 1771 (Insectivora: Soricidae) in the Oriental Pyrenean Mountains. Psilotornus confertus Machalska, 1974 was found in the water-shrew Neomys fodiens Pennant, 1771 in the Oriental Pyrenean Mountains. This fact may be considered as accidental for the time being. The findings of P. confertus, Brachylaemus fulvus (Dujardin, 1843) and Pseudoleuco-chloridium soricis (Soltys, 1952) in N. fodiens in these mountains are discussed from the bioecological aspect.", "PMID": 640528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_297", "title": "Microclimate as a determining element in the distribution of ticks and their development cycles.", "content": "The paper deals with the problem of interrelationship between macroclimate of the region, mesoclimate of the biotope studied and microclimate of the tick niches proper, necessary for the research of tick ecology. New methods for the solution of microclimatological studies are proposed and the relationship between macro-and mesoclimate, or that between temperature in the tick cage and environment, is formulated. In choosing optimal intervals of data acquisition a two-hour interval (every even hour of the day) has proved to be the most suitable.", "contents": "Microclimate as a determining element in the distribution of ticks and their development cycles. The paper deals with the problem of interrelationship between macroclimate of the region, mesoclimate of the biotope studied and microclimate of the tick niches proper, necessary for the research of tick ecology. New methods for the solution of microclimatological studies are proposed and the relationship between macro-and mesoclimate, or that between temperature in the tick cage and environment, is formulated. In choosing optimal intervals of data acquisition a two-hour interval (every even hour of the day) has proved to be the most suitable.", "PMID": 640530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_298", "title": "[Effect of arsenic on the developing brain of rat (author's transl)].", "content": "An experiment was conducted in an attempt to determine the effect of arsenic on body weight, brain weight and brain chemical composition in suckling rats. Four hundred and ninety-nine young rats from Wistar albino mothers in a closed colony (TAMURA, 1950) were grouped into four according to the treatment given. Group 1 served as control. Rats in Group II were treated with As2O3 1.5 mg/kg, those in Group III 15 mg/kg and those in Group IV arsenic compounds (corresponding 15 mg/kg of As2O3) for 7 to 21 days after birth. Measurements were recorded for 3 to 15 weeks. The mortality of groups I and II was approximately 10%, while that of groups III and IV was approximately 50%. Regarding body weight, brain weight and brain chemical composition of provision of the same, there was no significant difference between controls and the arsenic treated males and females under conditions Oriental feed diet and powdered milk.", "contents": "[Effect of arsenic on the developing brain of rat (author's transl)]. An experiment was conducted in an attempt to determine the effect of arsenic on body weight, brain weight and brain chemical composition in suckling rats. Four hundred and ninety-nine young rats from Wistar albino mothers in a closed colony (TAMURA, 1950) were grouped into four according to the treatment given. Group 1 served as control. Rats in Group II were treated with As2O3 1.5 mg/kg, those in Group III 15 mg/kg and those in Group IV arsenic compounds (corresponding 15 mg/kg of As2O3) for 7 to 21 days after birth. Measurements were recorded for 3 to 15 weeks. The mortality of groups I and II was approximately 10%, while that of groups III and IV was approximately 50%. Regarding body weight, brain weight and brain chemical composition of provision of the same, there was no significant difference between controls and the arsenic treated males and females under conditions Oriental feed diet and powdered milk.", "PMID": 640531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_299", "title": "[The study of developmental pharmacology (I). Effect of pentazocine HCl on the physiology of rats given the drug during perinatal and postnatal periods (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of drug administration on the dams (F0) and their offspring (F1), particularly on the central nervous and reproductive functions of F1, were studied by oral administration of pentazocine HCl to rats during the perinatal and postnatal periods. No significant differences were observed between administered and control rats regarding body weight changes and food intake during perinatal and postnatal periods in F0 at all dosages, but temporary salivation was observed in the 200 and 100 mg/kg groups, and decline of spontaneous activity and respiratory rate, disappearance of righting reflex, clonic convulsion were observed in some of the 200 mg/kg group. No significant differences were observed regarding litter size, birth rate, state and timing of differentiation as postnatal development, sex maturity, reproductive function in F1, although some groups were slightly inferior in body weight at birth and during the nursing period. Furthermore, no differences were observed in respect to the nervous functions of balance, exercise and psychotic related activity in the open-field test.", "contents": "[The study of developmental pharmacology (I). Effect of pentazocine HCl on the physiology of rats given the drug during perinatal and postnatal periods (author's transl)]. The effects of drug administration on the dams (F0) and their offspring (F1), particularly on the central nervous and reproductive functions of F1, were studied by oral administration of pentazocine HCl to rats during the perinatal and postnatal periods. No significant differences were observed between administered and control rats regarding body weight changes and food intake during perinatal and postnatal periods in F0 at all dosages, but temporary salivation was observed in the 200 and 100 mg/kg groups, and decline of spontaneous activity and respiratory rate, disappearance of righting reflex, clonic convulsion were observed in some of the 200 mg/kg group. No significant differences were observed regarding litter size, birth rate, state and timing of differentiation as postnatal development, sex maturity, reproductive function in F1, although some groups were slightly inferior in body weight at birth and during the nursing period. Furthermore, no differences were observed in respect to the nervous functions of balance, exercise and psychotic related activity in the open-field test.", "PMID": 640532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_300", "title": "[The study of developmental pharmacology (II). Histological observations of central nervous tissue in rats of dams given pentazocine HCl during perinatal and postnatal periods (author's transl)].", "content": "In previous literature, we reported that the rats whose dams had been administerd pentazocine HCl 200 mg/kg/day during the perinatal and postnatal periods, showed no differences between control rats in the physiological function and psychotic activity tests. Brain tissues of the rats were observed histologically herein to confirm the result of previous tests. Abnormal findings such as deficits, undevelopment and metamorphosis, in the shape, size and configuration of nerve cells, myelin sheaths and vessels in consecutive transverse sections stained by Nissl and Kl\u00fcver-Barrera method were not evident on examination under light microscope, and in cell bodies, dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths, synaptic complexes of nerve cell, neuroglia and vessels in the cerebral cortex, under electron microscope. The lack of abnormal findings in the histological observation of brain tissues supports the result of previously conducted physiological function and psychotic activity tests in which no significant differences were found between treated and control rats. Pentazocine HCl had no effect on the brain tissues of rat offspring from dams administered the drug during perinatal and postnatal periods.", "contents": "[The study of developmental pharmacology (II). Histological observations of central nervous tissue in rats of dams given pentazocine HCl during perinatal and postnatal periods (author's transl)]. In previous literature, we reported that the rats whose dams had been administerd pentazocine HCl 200 mg/kg/day during the perinatal and postnatal periods, showed no differences between control rats in the physiological function and psychotic activity tests. Brain tissues of the rats were observed histologically herein to confirm the result of previous tests. Abnormal findings such as deficits, undevelopment and metamorphosis, in the shape, size and configuration of nerve cells, myelin sheaths and vessels in consecutive transverse sections stained by Nissl and Kl\u00fcver-Barrera method were not evident on examination under light microscope, and in cell bodies, dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths, synaptic complexes of nerve cell, neuroglia and vessels in the cerebral cortex, under electron microscope. The lack of abnormal findings in the histological observation of brain tissues supports the result of previously conducted physiological function and psychotic activity tests in which no significant differences were found between treated and control rats. Pentazocine HCl had no effect on the brain tissues of rat offspring from dams administered the drug during perinatal and postnatal periods.", "PMID": 640533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_301", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of loperamide, an anti-diarrheal agent. II. Effects on peristalsis of the small intestine and colon in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of loperamide on peristalsis in the guinea pig intestines were investigated in comparison with those of morphine and atropine. The following results were obtained. The ejection of intraluminal fluid produced by the peristaltic contraction of the isolated ileum was suppressed by loperamide at a concentration of 10(-8) or 2 X 10(-8) g/ml. Peristalsis in the intestinal loop of anesthetized guinea pigs was inhibited by i.v. administration of loperamide at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg. Morphine (0.03 mg/kg i.v.) and atropine (0.05 mg/kg i.v.) also inhibited the peristaltic contraction. The effect of loperamide continued longer than that of morphine. Peristalsis in the colonic loop of anesthetized guinea pigs was inhibited by i.v. administration of loperamide at a dose of 0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg. Morphine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and atropine (0.03 mg/kg i.v.) also inhibited the peristaltic contraction of the colonic loop. Loperamide (0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg i.v.) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) caused a slight and temporary increase of resting level of intraluminal pressure with inhibition of peristalsis in the colonic loop. These results suggest that loperamide suppresses the peristaltic contraction caused by distension of the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of loperamide, an anti-diarrheal agent. II. Effects on peristalsis of the small intestine and colon in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. Effects of loperamide on peristalsis in the guinea pig intestines were investigated in comparison with those of morphine and atropine. The following results were obtained. The ejection of intraluminal fluid produced by the peristaltic contraction of the isolated ileum was suppressed by loperamide at a concentration of 10(-8) or 2 X 10(-8) g/ml. Peristalsis in the intestinal loop of anesthetized guinea pigs was inhibited by i.v. administration of loperamide at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg. Morphine (0.03 mg/kg i.v.) and atropine (0.05 mg/kg i.v.) also inhibited the peristaltic contraction. The effect of loperamide continued longer than that of morphine. Peristalsis in the colonic loop of anesthetized guinea pigs was inhibited by i.v. administration of loperamide at a dose of 0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg. Morphine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and atropine (0.03 mg/kg i.v.) also inhibited the peristaltic contraction of the colonic loop. Loperamide (0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg i.v.) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) caused a slight and temporary increase of resting level of intraluminal pressure with inhibition of peristalsis in the colonic loop. These results suggest that loperamide suppresses the peristaltic contraction caused by distension of the intestinal lumen.", "PMID": 640534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_302", "title": "[Effects of Theo-Esberiven on the coronary circulation and myocardial metabolisms in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In isolated dog heart, Theo-Esberiven 0.1 mg, which contains 12 mg proxyphylline, 2.5 mg rutin and 5 mg Melilotus extract, and proxyphylline (12 mg) increased coronary blood flow (CBF) and was associated with increased heart rate (HR) and myocardial contractile force (MCF). The effect of Theo-Esberiven on CBF was about 1.7 times higher than that of proxyphylline. Theo-Esberiven did not significantly affect myocardial oxygen consumption (QO2) and redox potential (deltaEh), while proxyphylline aggravated myocardial metabolisms, as determined from these parameters. Esberiven 0.1 ml, which contains 2.5 mg rutin and 5 mg Melilotus extract, slightly but signficantly increased CBF and decreased QO2 and deltaEh without changing HR and MCF. In situ, intra-coronary injection of either Theo-Esberiven or proxyphylline resulted in a dose-dependent increase in left circumflex coronary flow (LCCF). The effect of Esberiven on LCCF was much less and was slight at the higher doses. Intravenous injection of Theo-Esberiven (0.1 ml/kg) increased LCCF. Besides this change, marked fall in blood pressure and tachycardia were induced by both Theo-Esberiven and proxyphylline without the change in dP/dtmax. Esberiven by the same route led to the decrease in blood pressure associated with HR and dP/dtmax. These results indicate that Theo-Esberiven may be appropriately prescribed for ischemic heart diseases.", "contents": "[Effects of Theo-Esberiven on the coronary circulation and myocardial metabolisms in dogs (author's transl)]. In isolated dog heart, Theo-Esberiven 0.1 mg, which contains 12 mg proxyphylline, 2.5 mg rutin and 5 mg Melilotus extract, and proxyphylline (12 mg) increased coronary blood flow (CBF) and was associated with increased heart rate (HR) and myocardial contractile force (MCF). The effect of Theo-Esberiven on CBF was about 1.7 times higher than that of proxyphylline. Theo-Esberiven did not significantly affect myocardial oxygen consumption (QO2) and redox potential (deltaEh), while proxyphylline aggravated myocardial metabolisms, as determined from these parameters. Esberiven 0.1 ml, which contains 2.5 mg rutin and 5 mg Melilotus extract, slightly but signficantly increased CBF and decreased QO2 and deltaEh without changing HR and MCF. In situ, intra-coronary injection of either Theo-Esberiven or proxyphylline resulted in a dose-dependent increase in left circumflex coronary flow (LCCF). The effect of Esberiven on LCCF was much less and was slight at the higher doses. Intravenous injection of Theo-Esberiven (0.1 ml/kg) increased LCCF. Besides this change, marked fall in blood pressure and tachycardia were induced by both Theo-Esberiven and proxyphylline without the change in dP/dtmax. Esberiven by the same route led to the decrease in blood pressure associated with HR and dP/dtmax. These results indicate that Theo-Esberiven may be appropriately prescribed for ischemic heart diseases.", "PMID": 640535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_303", "title": "[Caffeine-induced contraction of guinea pig taenia coli (author's transl)].", "content": "Caffeine (10 or 20 mM)-induced isometric contraction of guinea pig taenia coli showed two successively occurring phasic contractions (I and II) followed by a low sustained tension. Half-time of tension decay in II was 4 approximately 6 times longer than in I. The contraction occasionally showed only a single phasic contraction, of which tension, however, decayed showing two half-times as in two phasic contractions. In the presence of procaine 0.1 approximately 0.5 mM, DNP 0.03 approximately 0.1 mM or Mn2+ 0.5 approximately 1.0 mM, II was entirely abolished whereas I was partially inhibited and such were confirmed by analyzing the time course of tension decay. Maximal tension of I decreased in parallel with lowering the external Na while II was enhanced with 50 approximately 100 mM Na and inhibited by further withdrawal of Na. I and II showed the same Ca-dependecy with respect to the inhibition by Ca deficiency and to the time course of recovery from Ca-free state. Refractoriness to caffeine after preceding caffeine-contraction also showed little difference between I and II. Sustained tension by caffeine was dependent on Ca in the same manner as tonic K-contracture. Increase in 45Ca uptake with 40 mM K was completely inhibited by 10 mM caffeine while cellular Ca content in the presence of high K markedly increased with caffeine indicating the decrease in Ca exchangeability. The above results indicate that caffeine induced contraction consists of two phasic contractions of which EC-coupling Ca is released from two different cellular sites, and that the phasic contractions are followed by a sustained low tension caused by an increased Ca influx. In the presence of high K, caffeine abolishes the increase in Ca influx by high K and sequesters the sarcoplasmic free Ca resulting in the relaxation of K-contracture.", "contents": "[Caffeine-induced contraction of guinea pig taenia coli (author's transl)]. Caffeine (10 or 20 mM)-induced isometric contraction of guinea pig taenia coli showed two successively occurring phasic contractions (I and II) followed by a low sustained tension. Half-time of tension decay in II was 4 approximately 6 times longer than in I. The contraction occasionally showed only a single phasic contraction, of which tension, however, decayed showing two half-times as in two phasic contractions. In the presence of procaine 0.1 approximately 0.5 mM, DNP 0.03 approximately 0.1 mM or Mn2+ 0.5 approximately 1.0 mM, II was entirely abolished whereas I was partially inhibited and such were confirmed by analyzing the time course of tension decay. Maximal tension of I decreased in parallel with lowering the external Na while II was enhanced with 50 approximately 100 mM Na and inhibited by further withdrawal of Na. I and II showed the same Ca-dependecy with respect to the inhibition by Ca deficiency and to the time course of recovery from Ca-free state. Refractoriness to caffeine after preceding caffeine-contraction also showed little difference between I and II. Sustained tension by caffeine was dependent on Ca in the same manner as tonic K-contracture. Increase in 45Ca uptake with 40 mM K was completely inhibited by 10 mM caffeine while cellular Ca content in the presence of high K markedly increased with caffeine indicating the decrease in Ca exchangeability. The above results indicate that caffeine induced contraction consists of two phasic contractions of which EC-coupling Ca is released from two different cellular sites, and that the phasic contractions are followed by a sustained low tension caused by an increased Ca influx. In the presence of high K, caffeine abolishes the increase in Ca influx by high K and sequesters the sarcoplasmic free Ca resulting in the relaxation of K-contracture.", "PMID": 640536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_304", "title": "[Rational diagnosis in liver diseases].", "content": "A rational diagnostic procedure has to be not only scientifically should but also economically reasonable. One has always to ask to what purpose the diagnosis shall serve. The diagnosis is mainly necessary for the treatment of a patient. This includes aiming at a causal therapy, informing the patient about cause and meaning of his symptoms, and also considering prognosis and, if necessary, prophylaxis. In liver disease the following investigations are obligatory: history, signs and symptoms and a minimal set of tests (SGPT, SGOT, gamma-GT, serum bilirubin, urobilinogen in the urine). The next level of diagnostic measures evolves out of several questions: in case of acute disease: etiology (infections; toxic?); evidence of chronic liver disease; differentiation between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis; evidence of a circumscript lesion of the liver; associated reaction of the liver in connection with other extrahepatic diseases. Serum bilirubin is of relatively little importance except for disturbances of the bilirubin metabolism. The same is true for serum iron except for the diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Blood coagulation tests are of great value for the diagnosis and evaluation of acute and chronic liver disease as are immunologic and serologic investigations (HBsAg, HBcAg, Anti-HBeAg, Anti-HVA, ANF, SMA).", "contents": "[Rational diagnosis in liver diseases]. A rational diagnostic procedure has to be not only scientifically should but also economically reasonable. One has always to ask to what purpose the diagnosis shall serve. The diagnosis is mainly necessary for the treatment of a patient. This includes aiming at a causal therapy, informing the patient about cause and meaning of his symptoms, and also considering prognosis and, if necessary, prophylaxis. In liver disease the following investigations are obligatory: history, signs and symptoms and a minimal set of tests (SGPT, SGOT, gamma-GT, serum bilirubin, urobilinogen in the urine). The next level of diagnostic measures evolves out of several questions: in case of acute disease: etiology (infections; toxic?); evidence of chronic liver disease; differentiation between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis; evidence of a circumscript lesion of the liver; associated reaction of the liver in connection with other extrahepatic diseases. Serum bilirubin is of relatively little importance except for disturbances of the bilirubin metabolism. The same is true for serum iron except for the diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Blood coagulation tests are of great value for the diagnosis and evaluation of acute and chronic liver disease as are immunologic and serologic investigations (HBsAg, HBcAg, Anti-HBeAg, Anti-HVA, ANF, SMA).", "PMID": 640555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_305", "title": "[The significance of gastrointestinal hormones in gastroenterological practice].", "content": "In medical practice, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gastrointestinal hormones attract interest. Gastrin--in the form of pentagastrin--can be used for gastric secretory analysis and, in the analysis of exocrine pancreatic function, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin can be employed as stimulants. Diagnosis of hormone-producing tumors is possible by radioimmunological determination of serum levels of the hormone in question: so, dramatically high gastrin levels can be found in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome while in the Verner-Morrison syndrome, VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) values are significantly elevated.--The therapeutic use of gastrointestinal hormones (gastrin, secretin) is waiting in the wings.", "contents": "[The significance of gastrointestinal hormones in gastroenterological practice]. In medical practice, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gastrointestinal hormones attract interest. Gastrin--in the form of pentagastrin--can be used for gastric secretory analysis and, in the analysis of exocrine pancreatic function, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin can be employed as stimulants. Diagnosis of hormone-producing tumors is possible by radioimmunological determination of serum levels of the hormone in question: so, dramatically high gastrin levels can be found in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome while in the Verner-Morrison syndrome, VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) values are significantly elevated.--The therapeutic use of gastrointestinal hormones (gastrin, secretin) is waiting in the wings.", "PMID": 640556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_306", "title": "[Diagnosis of diencephalic disorders. Clinical study on the diagnosis of diencephalic disorders before and after surgery of tumors in the region of the sella and the diencephalon].", "content": "The clinical symptomatology of diencephalic disorders is studied in 193 patients operated because of tumors in the sellar region. A new classification of these tumors is established according to the localization and degree of compression of the hypothalamus. The following parameters were examined: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, electrolytes, fluid balance, and serum glucose. In addition, hormonal tests for hypophyseal and diencephalic disorders were carried out. The analysis shows a significant postoperative temperature rise in patients with tumors in the hypothalamic region, depending on the degree of compression of the hypothalamus. There is no relation to histological findings or form of operative approach. Postoperative diabetes insipidus as well as endocrine diencephalic disorders correlate also with the degree of diencephalic lesion. The same results were found with glucose regulation. In contrast, blood pressure, pulse rate, and electrolytes show no differences in the groups tested.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of diencephalic disorders. Clinical study on the diagnosis of diencephalic disorders before and after surgery of tumors in the region of the sella and the diencephalon]. The clinical symptomatology of diencephalic disorders is studied in 193 patients operated because of tumors in the sellar region. A new classification of these tumors is established according to the localization and degree of compression of the hypothalamus. The following parameters were examined: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, electrolytes, fluid balance, and serum glucose. In addition, hormonal tests for hypophyseal and diencephalic disorders were carried out. The analysis shows a significant postoperative temperature rise in patients with tumors in the hypothalamic region, depending on the degree of compression of the hypothalamus. There is no relation to histological findings or form of operative approach. Postoperative diabetes insipidus as well as endocrine diencephalic disorders correlate also with the degree of diencephalic lesion. The same results were found with glucose regulation. In contrast, blood pressure, pulse rate, and electrolytes show no differences in the groups tested.", "PMID": 640558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_307", "title": "[Removal of intravascular thrombi by means of ultrasonics. Experimental study with a new method and its clinical use].", "content": "A new method of destroying thrombi in blood vessels by ultrasound and simultaneously removing them is reported. Experiments were performed in 19 dogs with artificial thrombi in the iliac and the femoral arteries and veins. The length of the thrombi ranged from 4 to 5 cm and the age from 12 h to 9 days. The unit used consisted of a generator, a frequency counter, an ultrasonic transducer with the hollow waveguide, and a vacuum pump. For protection of the vessel wall the guide is surrounded by a plastic tube. The ultrasonic frequency is 26.5 kHz, the amplitude 25--30 micrometer. The time needed to destroy the thrombus by ultrasound and suck out the thrombotic material ranged from 2.5 to 5 min. To check side effects, experiments were performed in 48 dogs. No changes resulting from ultrasonic irradiation were seen in the circulating blood or in the microscopic structure of the vessel wall. Ultrasonic thrombolysis was performed in a 42 year old patient with a 2-day-old thrombosis of the femoral artery. After 4.5 minutes of intermittent ultrasonic irradiation the artery was patent.", "contents": "[Removal of intravascular thrombi by means of ultrasonics. Experimental study with a new method and its clinical use]. A new method of destroying thrombi in blood vessels by ultrasound and simultaneously removing them is reported. Experiments were performed in 19 dogs with artificial thrombi in the iliac and the femoral arteries and veins. The length of the thrombi ranged from 4 to 5 cm and the age from 12 h to 9 days. The unit used consisted of a generator, a frequency counter, an ultrasonic transducer with the hollow waveguide, and a vacuum pump. For protection of the vessel wall the guide is surrounded by a plastic tube. The ultrasonic frequency is 26.5 kHz, the amplitude 25--30 micrometer. The time needed to destroy the thrombus by ultrasound and suck out the thrombotic material ranged from 2.5 to 5 min. To check side effects, experiments were performed in 48 dogs. No changes resulting from ultrasonic irradiation were seen in the circulating blood or in the microscopic structure of the vessel wall. Ultrasonic thrombolysis was performed in a 42 year old patient with a 2-day-old thrombosis of the femoral artery. After 4.5 minutes of intermittent ultrasonic irradiation the artery was patent.", "PMID": 640559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_308", "title": "[A new oral iron preparation with a new concept].", "content": "Within the framework of a clinical study in 30 female patients suffering from concealed and manifest iron deficiency, Tardyferon--a progressive iron preparation based upon two synergistic active principles--demonstrated its superiority especially with regard to its excellent tolerance which is so important in the treatment of such disorders. Apart from the depot effect ensuring an optimal absorption rate, the mucoproteose which promotes bioavailability by protecting the mucosa against iron-related irritation deserves great attention.", "contents": "[A new oral iron preparation with a new concept]. Within the framework of a clinical study in 30 female patients suffering from concealed and manifest iron deficiency, Tardyferon--a progressive iron preparation based upon two synergistic active principles--demonstrated its superiority especially with regard to its excellent tolerance which is so important in the treatment of such disorders. Apart from the depot effect ensuring an optimal absorption rate, the mucoproteose which promotes bioavailability by protecting the mucosa against iron-related irritation deserves great attention.", "PMID": 640561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_309", "title": "[Non-invasive nuclear medical diagnosis in cardiology. 201T1-myocardial and ECG triggered heart ventricle scintigraphy].", "content": "201Thallium scintigraphy serves as a non-invasive method for visualizing regional perfusion, viability and configuration of the myocardium. Serial scans performed after injection during ergometric exercise allow to differentiate between irreversible cell damage, i.e. myocardial infarction or scar, and transient, reversible ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease. ECG-gated blood pool scans are an ideal adjunct as they represent the functional results of the pathologically altered myocardium. This method permits quantitative determination of the enddiastolic volume, endsystolic volume and left ventricular ejection fraction. Furthermore, regional and global wall motion may be judged qualitatively. Results of both methods show an excellent correlation with those obtained by invasive catheterization and cineangiocardiography. The clinical value is based on screening and follow up of a broad variety of cardiac diseases.", "contents": "[Non-invasive nuclear medical diagnosis in cardiology. 201T1-myocardial and ECG triggered heart ventricle scintigraphy]. 201Thallium scintigraphy serves as a non-invasive method for visualizing regional perfusion, viability and configuration of the myocardium. Serial scans performed after injection during ergometric exercise allow to differentiate between irreversible cell damage, i.e. myocardial infarction or scar, and transient, reversible ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease. ECG-gated blood pool scans are an ideal adjunct as they represent the functional results of the pathologically altered myocardium. This method permits quantitative determination of the enddiastolic volume, endsystolic volume and left ventricular ejection fraction. Furthermore, regional and global wall motion may be judged qualitatively. Results of both methods show an excellent correlation with those obtained by invasive catheterization and cineangiocardiography. The clinical value is based on screening and follow up of a broad variety of cardiac diseases.", "PMID": 640562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_310", "title": "[Spontaneous evacuation of ascites through an umbilical hernia].", "content": "A case of spontaneous rupture of the umbilicus is reported as an unusual and frequently fatal complication of massive ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis. The patient survived this episode with medical treatment.", "contents": "[Spontaneous evacuation of ascites through an umbilical hernia]. A case of spontaneous rupture of the umbilicus is reported as an unusual and frequently fatal complication of massive ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis. The patient survived this episode with medical treatment.", "PMID": 640563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_311", "title": "[Testing the resistance of human tumor and bone marrow cells to cytostatic agents].", "content": "Using a short term incubation cell culture method with incorporation of radioisotopes the effect of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin to carcinoma cells and at the same time to bone marrow cells of the same patients has been evaluated in vitro. Instead of cyclophosphamide, ineffective in vitro, 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide was tested. In case of the tumor cells innate as well as drug-induced resistances are obtained in vitro. Different resistance behavior of tumor and bone marrow cells to cyclophosphamide and adriamycin may indicate therapeutic results to be expected in vivo. Simultaneous in vitro resistance testing of tumor and normal cells offers the possibility of better characterization of tumor and host.", "contents": "[Testing the resistance of human tumor and bone marrow cells to cytostatic agents]. Using a short term incubation cell culture method with incorporation of radioisotopes the effect of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin to carcinoma cells and at the same time to bone marrow cells of the same patients has been evaluated in vitro. Instead of cyclophosphamide, ineffective in vitro, 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide was tested. In case of the tumor cells innate as well as drug-induced resistances are obtained in vitro. Different resistance behavior of tumor and bone marrow cells to cyclophosphamide and adriamycin may indicate therapeutic results to be expected in vivo. Simultaneous in vitro resistance testing of tumor and normal cells offers the possibility of better characterization of tumor and host.", "PMID": 640566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_312", "title": "[Electrosensitive diagnosis in neurology].", "content": "The electrosensitive examination consists of the determination of sensory nerve conduction velocity and the somatosensory cortical evoked potentials above the contralateral postcentralarea after segmental skin stimu-contralateral postcentral area after segmental skin stimulation. This method records the total sensory system. The results received from normal persons and patients demonstrate that this riskless method is suitable for localization of peripheral neurogenic cerebral and especially localized spinal diseases. With the aid of cauda equina neurography additionally a new possibility is indicated to encircle the area of damage in the cases of lumbosacral root affections.", "contents": "[Electrosensitive diagnosis in neurology]. The electrosensitive examination consists of the determination of sensory nerve conduction velocity and the somatosensory cortical evoked potentials above the contralateral postcentralarea after segmental skin stimu-contralateral postcentral area after segmental skin stimulation. This method records the total sensory system. The results received from normal persons and patients demonstrate that this riskless method is suitable for localization of peripheral neurogenic cerebral and especially localized spinal diseases. With the aid of cauda equina neurography additionally a new possibility is indicated to encircle the area of damage in the cases of lumbosacral root affections.", "PMID": 640567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_313", "title": "[Intensive care of surgical patients].", "content": "It is reported on the management of seriously ill patients in a critical care unit. Special attention is drawn to shock. For better intensive care, a system analysis has been developed including the cardiac and respiratory systems, AV shunts, capillary bed and peripheral perfusion, central nervous system, kidney, hepato-biliary system, G. I. tract, muscoloskeletal system, electrolytes, and infections. The various systems are extensively discussed. The description also includes the handling of records, the typing of patients, the prediction of outcome, the composition and training of nursing staff, and general guidelines for the management of an intensive care unit.", "contents": "[Intensive care of surgical patients]. It is reported on the management of seriously ill patients in a critical care unit. Special attention is drawn to shock. For better intensive care, a system analysis has been developed including the cardiac and respiratory systems, AV shunts, capillary bed and peripheral perfusion, central nervous system, kidney, hepato-biliary system, G. I. tract, muscoloskeletal system, electrolytes, and infections. The various systems are extensively discussed. The description also includes the handling of records, the typing of patients, the prediction of outcome, the composition and training of nursing staff, and general guidelines for the management of an intensive care unit.", "PMID": 640570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_314", "title": "[Survival chances of vital organs in shock].", "content": "The severe pathophysiological changes in shock with subsequent damage to the various organs, such as heart, brain, kidneys and lungs, are discussed. In patients with severe shock every minute counts, and the utmost importance of immediate and appropriate medical aid in such emergencies is stressed.", "contents": "[Survival chances of vital organs in shock]. The severe pathophysiological changes in shock with subsequent damage to the various organs, such as heart, brain, kidneys and lungs, are discussed. In patients with severe shock every minute counts, and the utmost importance of immediate and appropriate medical aid in such emergencies is stressed.", "PMID": 640571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_315", "title": "[Therapeutic acupuncture in gastroenterology].", "content": "Acupuncture today has more and more become accepted as an effective therapeutic method and has long overcome the savour of hypnosis and suggestion. For patients suffering from chronic pain due to a variety of conditions, particularly functional diseases, this method often proves to be the only help. We recommend to use acupuncture following extensive diagnostic measures. There is no risk for the patient; a good deal of benefit, however, can be expected.", "contents": "[Therapeutic acupuncture in gastroenterology]. Acupuncture today has more and more become accepted as an effective therapeutic method and has long overcome the savour of hypnosis and suggestion. For patients suffering from chronic pain due to a variety of conditions, particularly functional diseases, this method often proves to be the only help. We recommend to use acupuncture following extensive diagnostic measures. There is no risk for the patient; a good deal of benefit, however, can be expected.", "PMID": 640572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_316", "title": "[Heart-lung machine for babies and infants. Development, experimental and clinical testing].", "content": "In order to offer the benefit of open heart surgery to the very early age of even new born babies small shaped extracorporeal circulation facilities has been devised and constructed encouraging now the surgeon to an early anatomical correction of congenital heart disease. This heart-lung-machine is equipped with a sophisticated saftey control guaranteeing either a constant flow or a pressure controlled perfusion. Prior to clinical use it has been tested in extensive experimental series including mock circulation and experiments on dogs. First clinical applications in open heart surgery have been successful.", "contents": "[Heart-lung machine for babies and infants. Development, experimental and clinical testing]. In order to offer the benefit of open heart surgery to the very early age of even new born babies small shaped extracorporeal circulation facilities has been devised and constructed encouraging now the surgeon to an early anatomical correction of congenital heart disease. This heart-lung-machine is equipped with a sophisticated saftey control guaranteeing either a constant flow or a pressure controlled perfusion. Prior to clinical use it has been tested in extensive experimental series including mock circulation and experiments on dogs. First clinical applications in open heart surgery have been successful.", "PMID": 640574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_317", "title": "Oral testosterone, a reappraisal.", "content": "A microparticulate form of free testosterone was given orally to 6 hypogonadal men. Plasma levels were followed after a 200-mg dose, and a double-peak effect was observed. This suggests that particles of different sizes were absorbed at different rates. The clinical and biochemical effects were observed over a 2-month period, on a dose of 200 mg twice daily, taken in place of the usual androgen replacement. The results indicate that absorption is not sufficiently reliable for routine use. The large doses required to achieve therapeutic levels, make oral administration of free testosterone impractical.", "contents": "Oral testosterone, a reappraisal. A microparticulate form of free testosterone was given orally to 6 hypogonadal men. Plasma levels were followed after a 200-mg dose, and a double-peak effect was observed. This suggests that particles of different sizes were absorbed at different rates. The clinical and biochemical effects were observed over a 2-month period, on a dose of 200 mg twice daily, taken in place of the usual androgen replacement. The results indicate that absorption is not sufficiently reliable for routine use. The large doses required to achieve therapeutic levels, make oral administration of free testosterone impractical.", "PMID": 640576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_318", "title": "Renin-aldosterone responsiveness in uncomplicated juvenile-type diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) in response to dietary sodium restriction and upright posture were evaluated in 7 patients with juvenile-type, insulin-dependent, uncomplicated diabetes mellitus and in 5 healthy volunteers. All patients had normal blood pressure, 24-hour urine protein excretion and endogenous creatinine clearance. Renal sodium conservation and concentrating ability were grossly normal and 5 patients so tested, had normal renal acidification. PRA and PA were normal in every subject suggesting that abnormalities of the renin-aldosterone axis are late complications of diabetes mellitus usually associated with hypertension and nephropathy or neuropathy.", "contents": "Renin-aldosterone responsiveness in uncomplicated juvenile-type diabetes mellitus. The changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) in response to dietary sodium restriction and upright posture were evaluated in 7 patients with juvenile-type, insulin-dependent, uncomplicated diabetes mellitus and in 5 healthy volunteers. All patients had normal blood pressure, 24-hour urine protein excretion and endogenous creatinine clearance. Renal sodium conservation and concentrating ability were grossly normal and 5 patients so tested, had normal renal acidification. PRA and PA were normal in every subject suggesting that abnormalities of the renin-aldosterone axis are late complications of diabetes mellitus usually associated with hypertension and nephropathy or neuropathy.", "PMID": 640577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_319", "title": "Calcitonin distribution within pig, sheep and cow thyroid.", "content": "The distribution of calcitonin within the pig, sheep and cow thyroid was examined by measuring the concentration of the hormone in serial sagittal and transverse 5-mm sections of whole thyroids. It was observed that calcitonin in the pig thyroid was concentrated in the anterior to right lateral parts of the thyroid. Calcitonin was localized in the central region of the sheep thyroid with a relatively lower concentration in the peripheral parts of the gland. In the cow thyroid a uniform distribution of calcitonin was observed. The results of this study indicate a species specific and characteristic distribution of calcitonin within the thyroid of the pig, sheep and cow.", "contents": "Calcitonin distribution within pig, sheep and cow thyroid. The distribution of calcitonin within the pig, sheep and cow thyroid was examined by measuring the concentration of the hormone in serial sagittal and transverse 5-mm sections of whole thyroids. It was observed that calcitonin in the pig thyroid was concentrated in the anterior to right lateral parts of the thyroid. Calcitonin was localized in the central region of the sheep thyroid with a relatively lower concentration in the peripheral parts of the gland. In the cow thyroid a uniform distribution of calcitonin was observed. The results of this study indicate a species specific and characteristic distribution of calcitonin within the thyroid of the pig, sheep and cow.", "PMID": 640578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_320", "title": "Metabolism of purified and secreted rat prolactin in vitro.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of purified (RP-1 standard) and secreted rat prolactin (PRL) was compared using the pigeon crop-sac bioassay and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The secreted hormone was obtained by incubating rat adenohypophyses in medium 199. The two forms of PRL were incubated in medium 199 without serum or with 20% rat serum. Explants of rat kidney, liver or lactating mammary gland were added to some of the flasks containing the PRL in the different media. In general, the secreted PRL was found to be more readily immunoinactivated than was the purified hormone and incubation with tissues increased the degree of inactivation. Addition of serum or bovine serum albumin to the medium reduced the degree of RIA inactivation. The biological activity of the RP-1 was reduced by incubation with mammary tissue in one experiment. However, with secreted hormone, incubation with tissues resulted in an increase in biological activity. These results indicate that secreted rat PRL is immunologically less stable than the purified pituitary form of the hormone. Furthermore, the loss of immunoactivity of the secreted PRL may be accompanied by 'activation' of its biological activity.", "contents": "Metabolism of purified and secreted rat prolactin in vitro. The in vitro metabolism of purified (RP-1 standard) and secreted rat prolactin (PRL) was compared using the pigeon crop-sac bioassay and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The secreted hormone was obtained by incubating rat adenohypophyses in medium 199. The two forms of PRL were incubated in medium 199 without serum or with 20% rat serum. Explants of rat kidney, liver or lactating mammary gland were added to some of the flasks containing the PRL in the different media. In general, the secreted PRL was found to be more readily immunoinactivated than was the purified hormone and incubation with tissues increased the degree of inactivation. Addition of serum or bovine serum albumin to the medium reduced the degree of RIA inactivation. The biological activity of the RP-1 was reduced by incubation with mammary tissue in one experiment. However, with secreted hormone, incubation with tissues resulted in an increase in biological activity. These results indicate that secreted rat PRL is immunologically less stable than the purified pituitary form of the hormone. Furthermore, the loss of immunoactivity of the secreted PRL may be accompanied by 'activation' of its biological activity.", "PMID": 640579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_321", "title": "Effects of hCG on serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione in male mice.", "content": "The concentrations of testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) and delta4-androstenedione (delta4 A) in the circulating blood were increased by a single subcutaneous injection of 10 IU of hCG in the mouse. The response of androgen synthesis to hCG stimulation was rapid and persisted over a period of 96 h. The increased supply of T to the peripheral organ(s) under the stimulation of hCG might contribute to an increase in circulating 5alpha-DHT. However, the changes in T/5alpha-DHT ratio implies that the stimulation of T and 5alpha-DHT production by hCG were not of the same degree.", "contents": "Effects of hCG on serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione in male mice. The concentrations of testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) and delta4-androstenedione (delta4 A) in the circulating blood were increased by a single subcutaneous injection of 10 IU of hCG in the mouse. The response of androgen synthesis to hCG stimulation was rapid and persisted over a period of 96 h. The increased supply of T to the peripheral organ(s) under the stimulation of hCG might contribute to an increase in circulating 5alpha-DHT. However, the changes in T/5alpha-DHT ratio implies that the stimulation of T and 5alpha-DHT production by hCG were not of the same degree.", "PMID": 640581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_322", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on exocrine pancreatic secretion stimulated by pancreozymin-secretin or by a test meal in the dog.", "content": "In 4 dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulae, exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by cannulating the pancreatic duct and collecting the duodenal contents. Both methods were applied in each animal. Pancreatic secretion was stimulated by infusion of 2 CHR units of pancreozymin and secretin or by administration of a liquid test meal, injected into the stomach through the gastric fistula. During both experiments 3.5 microgram/kg somatostatin was given as bolus injection followed by an infusion of 3.5 microgram/kg/h. Somatostatin caused a significant reduction in protein and amylase output and in the bicarbonate concentration during stimulation with pancreozymin-secretin. Volume and bicarbonate slightly decreased but not to a significant extent. Duodenal volume and the duodenal activities of trypsin and amylase were significantly reduced during test meal stimulation and somatostatin infusion. Somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of exocrine pancreatic function mainly influencing enzyme secretion.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on exocrine pancreatic secretion stimulated by pancreozymin-secretin or by a test meal in the dog. In 4 dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulae, exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by cannulating the pancreatic duct and collecting the duodenal contents. Both methods were applied in each animal. Pancreatic secretion was stimulated by infusion of 2 CHR units of pancreozymin and secretin or by administration of a liquid test meal, injected into the stomach through the gastric fistula. During both experiments 3.5 microgram/kg somatostatin was given as bolus injection followed by an infusion of 3.5 microgram/kg/h. Somatostatin caused a significant reduction in protein and amylase output and in the bicarbonate concentration during stimulation with pancreozymin-secretin. Volume and bicarbonate slightly decreased but not to a significant extent. Duodenal volume and the duodenal activities of trypsin and amylase were significantly reduced during test meal stimulation and somatostatin infusion. Somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of exocrine pancreatic function mainly influencing enzyme secretion.", "PMID": 640582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_323", "title": "A new organ spectrophotometer for sensitive dual-wavelength absorbance measurement and spectral scanning of intact perfused organs.", "content": "1) A new spectrophotometer was designed and constructed for application in high sensitivity dual-wavelength absorbance and fluorescence measurement and spectral scanning (non corrected) from intact perfused organs, combining advantages of other instruments described in the literature. 2) The time-sharing principle was applied to gain high stability. All optical and electronic components except the light paths of the wavelength modulation system are common to both wave-lengths. For this purpose the logarithmic stage was introduced before demodulation. Stability is about 0.001 A/h and noise about 0.001 A. 3) The performance of the instrument with a biological object, the isolated perfused rat liver, is demonstrated in the dual-wavelength mode and in the spectral scanning mode. Limitations in stability and in time resolution in such an application result from the properties of the biological object, not from the instrument.", "contents": "A new organ spectrophotometer for sensitive dual-wavelength absorbance measurement and spectral scanning of intact perfused organs. 1) A new spectrophotometer was designed and constructed for application in high sensitivity dual-wavelength absorbance and fluorescence measurement and spectral scanning (non corrected) from intact perfused organs, combining advantages of other instruments described in the literature. 2) The time-sharing principle was applied to gain high stability. All optical and electronic components except the light paths of the wavelength modulation system are common to both wave-lengths. For this purpose the logarithmic stage was introduced before demodulation. Stability is about 0.001 A/h and noise about 0.001 A. 3) The performance of the instrument with a biological object, the isolated perfused rat liver, is demonstrated in the dual-wavelength mode and in the spectral scanning mode. Limitations in stability and in time resolution in such an application result from the properties of the biological object, not from the instrument.", "PMID": 640584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_324", "title": "On the significance of sialic acid in high affinity 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by synaptosomes.", "content": "Synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex incorporated [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine at 37 degrees C with high affinity. An apparent transport constant of Kt = 50nM was found. The high affinity uptake was decreased by treatment of synaptosomes with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae or Clostridium perfringens prior to incubation with [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine. The inhibition was related to the amount of sialic acid released, with a Ki value of 3.5 micrometer. A non-competitive type of inhibition was observed after treatment with neuraminidase. The inhibition caused by ouabain could not be enhanced by simultaneous treatment with neuraminidase. Neuraminidase did not lower the activity of (Na + K)-ATPase or Mg2-ATPase. These results suggest that sialic acid is involved in the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake mechanism without functional linkage to the energy pump of the membrane, which maintains the sodium gradient necessary for 5-hydroxytryptamine transport.", "contents": "On the significance of sialic acid in high affinity 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by synaptosomes. Synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex incorporated [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine at 37 degrees C with high affinity. An apparent transport constant of Kt = 50nM was found. The high affinity uptake was decreased by treatment of synaptosomes with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae or Clostridium perfringens prior to incubation with [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine. The inhibition was related to the amount of sialic acid released, with a Ki value of 3.5 micrometer. A non-competitive type of inhibition was observed after treatment with neuraminidase. The inhibition caused by ouabain could not be enhanced by simultaneous treatment with neuraminidase. Neuraminidase did not lower the activity of (Na + K)-ATPase or Mg2-ATPase. These results suggest that sialic acid is involved in the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake mechanism without functional linkage to the energy pump of the membrane, which maintains the sodium gradient necessary for 5-hydroxytryptamine transport.", "PMID": 640586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_325", "title": "Synthesis and application of a new bifunctional amidination reagent.", "content": "Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzimidate hydrochloride (I) is presented as a newly developed amidination reagent. It is synthesized in two steps from commercially available 4-hydroxybenzonitrile. Its incorporation into proteins can be easily determined spectroscopically. The activities of the three enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (pig heart), alkaline phosphatase (calf intestine) and tryptophan synthase (E. coli) were not greatly reduced after modification with the reagent. The nitro groups can be reduced by mild treatment with Na2S2O4 without alteration of the enzymatic activity. The newly formed aromatic amino groups can further be made to react at lower pH than the native amino groups.", "contents": "Synthesis and application of a new bifunctional amidination reagent. Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzimidate hydrochloride (I) is presented as a newly developed amidination reagent. It is synthesized in two steps from commercially available 4-hydroxybenzonitrile. Its incorporation into proteins can be easily determined spectroscopically. The activities of the three enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (pig heart), alkaline phosphatase (calf intestine) and tryptophan synthase (E. coli) were not greatly reduced after modification with the reagent. The nitro groups can be reduced by mild treatment with Na2S2O4 without alteration of the enzymatic activity. The newly formed aromatic amino groups can further be made to react at lower pH than the native amino groups.", "PMID": 640587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_326", "title": "Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nuclear RNA.", "content": "A method is described for the separation of nuclear RNA by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Separation is performed on a slab gel. The elution chamber system is rectangular. Total nuclear RNA can be fractionated into the prominent RNA species 4 - 7S, 18S and 28S RNA. The less prominent RNA, especially the high molecular weight precursor molecules of ribosomal RNA 45S (Mr = 4.1 X 10(6)) and 32S (Mr = 2.1 X 10(6)) can be separated from the total nuclear RNA without contamination by other RNA. The time needed for a preparative run is 260 min.", "contents": "Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nuclear RNA. A method is described for the separation of nuclear RNA by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Separation is performed on a slab gel. The elution chamber system is rectangular. Total nuclear RNA can be fractionated into the prominent RNA species 4 - 7S, 18S and 28S RNA. The less prominent RNA, especially the high molecular weight precursor molecules of ribosomal RNA 45S (Mr = 4.1 X 10(6)) and 32S (Mr = 2.1 X 10(6)) can be separated from the total nuclear RNA without contamination by other RNA. The time needed for a preparative run is 260 min.", "PMID": 640588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_327", "title": "Differences in intracellular corrective activity in cultured mannosidosis cells of acidic alpha-mannosidases from various sources.", "content": "The ability of acidic alpha-mannosidases from pig kidney, bovine liver, human urine and placenta, and jack bean to correct the deranged metabolism of cultured skin fibroblasts from manosidosis patients is studied. One cause for the different corrective abilities are, as shown for other systems, the different rates of endocytosis of the enzyme forms into the cells. Besides this, it is demonstrated for the first time, that there are differences in the intracellular corrective activity of the internalized enzymes, which can be explained by different specificities of the enzymes against the storage material.", "contents": "Differences in intracellular corrective activity in cultured mannosidosis cells of acidic alpha-mannosidases from various sources. The ability of acidic alpha-mannosidases from pig kidney, bovine liver, human urine and placenta, and jack bean to correct the deranged metabolism of cultured skin fibroblasts from manosidosis patients is studied. One cause for the different corrective abilities are, as shown for other systems, the different rates of endocytosis of the enzyme forms into the cells. Besides this, it is demonstrated for the first time, that there are differences in the intracellular corrective activity of the internalized enzymes, which can be explained by different specificities of the enzymes against the storage material.", "PMID": 640589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_328", "title": "An evaluation of the Veterans Administration day hospital program.", "content": "A study of the day hospital program of the Veterans Administration was aimed at determining how well patients functioned three months after admission in relation to nine treatment goals, and how much they improved between admission and follow-up. The study group consisted of 1410 patients admitted to 34 VA day hospital programs; follow-up interviews were conducted with 70 per cent of them. At follow-up less than 10 per cent of the patients showed significant problems related to delusions, hallucinations, irrelevant speech, suicidal preoccupation, antisocial behavior, drinking, poor hygiene and eating habits, and assaultiveness. However, almost a fourth were significantly withdrawn, about a third were anxious, and three-fifths were not self-supporting. From the perspective of improvement during the three months, the study showed that treatment was helpful in all areas except promoting economic independence; it was most effective in reducing perceptual-cognitive dysfunctioning, emotional distress, and interpersonal difficulties.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Veterans Administration day hospital program. A study of the day hospital program of the Veterans Administration was aimed at determining how well patients functioned three months after admission in relation to nine treatment goals, and how much they improved between admission and follow-up. The study group consisted of 1410 patients admitted to 34 VA day hospital programs; follow-up interviews were conducted with 70 per cent of them. At follow-up less than 10 per cent of the patients showed significant problems related to delusions, hallucinations, irrelevant speech, suicidal preoccupation, antisocial behavior, drinking, poor hygiene and eating habits, and assaultiveness. However, almost a fourth were significantly withdrawn, about a third were anxious, and three-fifths were not self-supporting. From the perspective of improvement during the three months, the study showed that treatment was helpful in all areas except promoting economic independence; it was most effective in reducing perceptual-cognitive dysfunctioning, emotional distress, and interpersonal difficulties.", "PMID": 640592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_329", "title": "Elopement of adolescents: dynamics in the treatment process.", "content": "The authors believe that an adolescent's elopement from the hospital is often an attempt to communicate with staff. Therefore, by examining the various aspects of the elopement, staff may obtain information that will be valuable for treatment planning. The authors discuss seven of the most frequent causes of elopement, which include discomfort brought about by change, fear of being close to others, rejection of the treatment concept or of treatment staff, anxiety about a lack of external control, and an inability to show change while in the treatment milieu. They present a case illustration of an elopement by a teen-age boy and the messages that the act conveyed.", "contents": "Elopement of adolescents: dynamics in the treatment process. The authors believe that an adolescent's elopement from the hospital is often an attempt to communicate with staff. Therefore, by examining the various aspects of the elopement, staff may obtain information that will be valuable for treatment planning. The authors discuss seven of the most frequent causes of elopement, which include discomfort brought about by change, fear of being close to others, rejection of the treatment concept or of treatment staff, anxiety about a lack of external control, and an inability to show change while in the treatment milieu. They present a case illustration of an elopement by a teen-age boy and the messages that the act conveyed.", "PMID": 640593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_330", "title": "Reviewing results of psychological tests in a patient group.", "content": "Believing that much helpful information from psychological test results was not being transmitted to patients, psychologists on a teaching ward at a Veterans Administration hospital began holding group sessions to explain the results of psychological tests to patients. Attendance was voluntary, but 96 per cent of the patients who were tested in a one-year period attended, an average of four or five each session. The psychologist described routine tests and how the results were used and then presented individual test results, giving practical illustrations of the findings and emphasizing patients' strengths and coping styles. Scores from questionnaires administered to patients after they completed the tests and at the end of the group session showed that their attitudes toward tests became more positive after the group session, and that they felt that hearing their own and others' test results had been helpful.", "contents": "Reviewing results of psychological tests in a patient group. Believing that much helpful information from psychological test results was not being transmitted to patients, psychologists on a teaching ward at a Veterans Administration hospital began holding group sessions to explain the results of psychological tests to patients. Attendance was voluntary, but 96 per cent of the patients who were tested in a one-year period attended, an average of four or five each session. The psychologist described routine tests and how the results were used and then presented individual test results, giving practical illustrations of the findings and emphasizing patients' strengths and coping styles. Scores from questionnaires administered to patients after they completed the tests and at the end of the group session showed that their attitudes toward tests became more positive after the group session, and that they felt that hearing their own and others' test results had been helpful.", "PMID": 640594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_331", "title": "Psychotherapy for the rape victim: some treatment models.", "content": "A victim of rape immediately feels an acute disruption of her life style and coping skills and a great stress on her ego. In order to achieve long-term integration, she must resolve a lack of trust of men, paranoia about her physical safety, guilt, and a grief reaction. The author reviews several models of therapy, including the traditional psychodynamic approach, the humanistic approach, and the behavioral-cognitive approach, and also some of the literature on crisis theory. She proposes a model for measuring the rape victim's recuperation--a numbered scale of adaptive behavior on which she can advance from the first stage, acute disorganization, to higher levels of behavior. Two important factors influencing the victim's recovery are symptom relief and the support of significant others.", "contents": "Psychotherapy for the rape victim: some treatment models. A victim of rape immediately feels an acute disruption of her life style and coping skills and a great stress on her ego. In order to achieve long-term integration, she must resolve a lack of trust of men, paranoia about her physical safety, guilt, and a grief reaction. The author reviews several models of therapy, including the traditional psychodynamic approach, the humanistic approach, and the behavioral-cognitive approach, and also some of the literature on crisis theory. She proposes a model for measuring the rape victim's recuperation--a numbered scale of adaptive behavior on which she can advance from the first stage, acute disorganization, to higher levels of behavior. Two important factors influencing the victim's recovery are symptom relief and the support of significant others.", "PMID": 640595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_332", "title": "Confidentiality and interagency communication: effect of the Buckley amendment.", "content": "The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, commonly called the Buckley amendment, provides for parental and pupil access to pupil records kept by educational institutions, and requires consent of the parent or pupil for release of such records to other agencies. The authors discuss the provisions of the law and the implications for mental health professionals who work with schools. They present guidelines covering the kinds of information that can appropriately be included in reports sent to schools.", "contents": "Confidentiality and interagency communication: effect of the Buckley amendment. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, commonly called the Buckley amendment, provides for parental and pupil access to pupil records kept by educational institutions, and requires consent of the parent or pupil for release of such records to other agencies. The authors discuss the provisions of the law and the implications for mental health professionals who work with schools. They present guidelines covering the kinds of information that can appropriately be included in reports sent to schools.", "PMID": 640596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_333", "title": "Quality assurance for community mental health centers: impact of P.L. 94-63.", "content": "The Community Mental Health Centers Amendments of 1975 (Public Law 94-63) contained three requirements relating to quality assurance in community mental health centers: the development of national standards for the centers, the development of quality assurance programs, and the collection of data to be used in program evaluation. The authors describe the CMHC standards developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in compliance with the law. They discuss quality assurance programs in the centers in relation to the developing network of professional standards review organizations. They also describe the kinds of activities centers must conduct to meet the program evaluation requirements and some of the materials that have been developed to assist the centers.", "contents": "Quality assurance for community mental health centers: impact of P.L. 94-63. The Community Mental Health Centers Amendments of 1975 (Public Law 94-63) contained three requirements relating to quality assurance in community mental health centers: the development of national standards for the centers, the development of quality assurance programs, and the collection of data to be used in program evaluation. The authors describe the CMHC standards developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in compliance with the law. They discuss quality assurance programs in the centers in relation to the developing network of professional standards review organizations. They also describe the kinds of activities centers must conduct to meet the program evaluation requirements and some of the materials that have been developed to assist the centers.", "PMID": 640597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_334", "title": "Developing and implementing a personnel budget report.", "content": "Few issues are as vital to the health care industry as those surrounding the notion of cost containment and cost control. If hospital executives are to gain a handle by which to institute programs of cost containment, however, they must have access to pertinent and timely information on hospital operations. Because labor costs represent such a large percentage of total hospital costs, a personnel budgeting report can be a useful first step in gaining valuable management information.", "contents": "Developing and implementing a personnel budget report. Few issues are as vital to the health care industry as those surrounding the notion of cost containment and cost control. If hospital executives are to gain a handle by which to institute programs of cost containment, however, they must have access to pertinent and timely information on hospital operations. Because labor costs represent such a large percentage of total hospital costs, a personnel budgeting report can be a useful first step in gaining valuable management information.", "PMID": 640602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_335", "title": "Costly materials retrieved from laundry chutes.", "content": "About +47,000 in replacement costs have been saved since the hospital instituted a plan to retrieve materials that are inadvertantly deposited in laundry chutes with soiled linens. Scissors, hot-water bottles, and rubber pillows, as well as a variety of expensive surgical instruments and clamps, are now placed in boxes at sorting sites at the hospital's laundry.", "contents": "Costly materials retrieved from laundry chutes. About +47,000 in replacement costs have been saved since the hospital instituted a plan to retrieve materials that are inadvertantly deposited in laundry chutes with soiled linens. Scissors, hot-water bottles, and rubber pillows, as well as a variety of expensive surgical instruments and clamps, are now placed in boxes at sorting sites at the hospital's laundry.", "PMID": 640603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_336", "title": "'Natural death' laws cause hospitals few problems.", "content": "Laws covering a patient's \"right to die\" have been passed in eight states. With the exception of a very few minor problems, hospitals in these states report no difficulties and few changes in their procedures as a result of the new laws. Most hospital association activities have centered on education of member institutions about the content of the legislation.", "contents": "'Natural death' laws cause hospitals few problems. Laws covering a patient's \"right to die\" have been passed in eight states. With the exception of a very few minor problems, hospitals in these states report no difficulties and few changes in their procedures as a result of the new laws. Most hospital association activities have centered on education of member institutions about the content of the legislation.", "PMID": 640604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_337", "title": "Shared project studies, revises hospital record retention policies.", "content": "Through their shared service organization, six hospitals conducted a study that showed that they had similar practical needs and legal requirements for medical record retention but widely varying retention policies. Written policies that were developed for and jointly adopted by the hospitals have ensured consistent, cost-effective retention practices.", "contents": "Shared project studies, revises hospital record retention policies. Through their shared service organization, six hospitals conducted a study that showed that they had similar practical needs and legal requirements for medical record retention but widely varying retention policies. Written policies that were developed for and jointly adopted by the hospitals have ensured consistent, cost-effective retention practices.", "PMID": 640605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_338", "title": "Deaf patients' access to care depends on staff communication.", "content": "To ensure equal access to care for deaf patients, hospitals must make certain that their staff members can communicate effectively with these patients. To do so, common misconceptions about deaf people and about how they communicate must be corrected, and resources and techniques for staff members to use in communicating with deaf patients must be identified and learned.", "contents": "Deaf patients' access to care depends on staff communication. To ensure equal access to care for deaf patients, hospitals must make certain that their staff members can communicate effectively with these patients. To do so, common misconceptions about deaf people and about how they communicate must be corrected, and resources and techniques for staff members to use in communicating with deaf patients must be identified and learned.", "PMID": 640611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_339", "title": "Commission report addresses future of public-general hospitals.", "content": "The Commission on Public-General Hospitals, which was established two years ago to assess current problems in the public hospital sector and to point to possible future solutions, recently released its final report. The basic findings and recommendations of that report and the future of public-general hospitals as seen through the eyes of the commission's chairman and director are presented herein.", "contents": "Commission report addresses future of public-general hospitals. The Commission on Public-General Hospitals, which was established two years ago to assess current problems in the public hospital sector and to point to possible future solutions, recently released its final report. The basic findings and recommendations of that report and the future of public-general hospitals as seen through the eyes of the commission's chairman and director are presented herein.", "PMID": 640612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_340", "title": "Tax and Medicare aspects of hospital malpractice insurance (Part 2).", "content": "Any discussion of tax exemption for malpractice insurance associations must begin by recognizing that, although the tax-exempt status of certain forms of malpractice associations eventually should be recognized by the courts or Congress, resistance will presently be met from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). For this reason, the authors focus first on the various possibilities for exemption under the Internal Revenue Code, second on the IRS position with respect to these different modes of exemption, and third on the type of arguments that can and should be made to support a claim to exemption.", "contents": "Tax and Medicare aspects of hospital malpractice insurance (Part 2). Any discussion of tax exemption for malpractice insurance associations must begin by recognizing that, although the tax-exempt status of certain forms of malpractice associations eventually should be recognized by the courts or Congress, resistance will presently be met from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). For this reason, the authors focus first on the various possibilities for exemption under the Internal Revenue Code, second on the IRS position with respect to these different modes of exemption, and third on the type of arguments that can and should be made to support a claim to exemption.", "PMID": 640613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_341", "title": "Complex medicolegal issues surround modern nursing practice.", "content": "Increasingly, nurses are being involved in malpractice suits and are being called upon to appear as expert witnesses or as friends of the court. The legal responsibilities of nurses today as well as the complex current and emerging medicolegal issues that are affecting their practice were the subject of a recent conference. The findings and recommendations resulting from that conference are described herein.", "contents": "Complex medicolegal issues surround modern nursing practice. Increasingly, nurses are being involved in malpractice suits and are being called upon to appear as expert witnesses or as friends of the court. The legal responsibilities of nurses today as well as the complex current and emerging medicolegal issues that are affecting their practice were the subject of a recent conference. The findings and recommendations resulting from that conference are described herein.", "PMID": 640614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_342", "title": "Medical waste disposal: to burn or to landfill?", "content": "Conflicting regulations and varying definitions with regard to medical wastes and their disposal have long been a source of confusion for health care institutions attempting to resolve this problem. Presented for the interest of other concerned agencies are guidelines recently drafted by the task force on medical waste disposal of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene for the handling and disposal of medical wastes.", "contents": "Medical waste disposal: to burn or to landfill? Conflicting regulations and varying definitions with regard to medical wastes and their disposal have long been a source of confusion for health care institutions attempting to resolve this problem. Presented for the interest of other concerned agencies are guidelines recently drafted by the task force on medical waste disposal of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene for the handling and disposal of medical wastes.", "PMID": 640615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_343", "title": "Guidelines to assist hospitals in the use of ethylene oxide.", "content": "A survey undertaken by the American Society of Hospital Central Service Personnel and a study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health formed the background for issuance of these guidelines. A listing of the guidelines is presented herein, including explanatory material.", "contents": "Guidelines to assist hospitals in the use of ethylene oxide. A survey undertaken by the American Society of Hospital Central Service Personnel and a study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health formed the background for issuance of these guidelines. A listing of the guidelines is presented herein, including explanatory material.", "PMID": 640616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_344", "title": "Hospitals enter antitrust era.", "content": "In the past, the courts tended to rule on antitrust cases in the health care field largely on the basis of motions. Increasingly, however, they are now viewing these cases on their merits. What is more, the Federal Trade Commission has shown an interest in looking more closely at the health care field in terms of antitrust activities.", "contents": "Hospitals enter antitrust era. In the past, the courts tended to rule on antitrust cases in the health care field largely on the basis of motions. Increasingly, however, they are now viewing these cases on their merits. What is more, the Federal Trade Commission has shown an interest in looking more closely at the health care field in terms of antitrust activities.", "PMID": 640621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_345", "title": "Curbing the nation's appetite: the case for controlling demand.", "content": "For too long, controls have been placed on the costs of services, the construction of health care facilities, the numbers and kinds of providers, and the health insurance industry with no concomitant limits being set on the rising demand for capital-intensive and specialized services. If we are to avoid having a debilitated health care system that will be unable to respond to community needs, the author says, a more balanced approach in controlling supply and demand will have to be sought. He discusses some of the conceptual, technical, and operational problems that must be addressed immediately if these actions are to be successful.", "contents": "Curbing the nation's appetite: the case for controlling demand. For too long, controls have been placed on the costs of services, the construction of health care facilities, the numbers and kinds of providers, and the health insurance industry with no concomitant limits being set on the rising demand for capital-intensive and specialized services. If we are to avoid having a debilitated health care system that will be unable to respond to community needs, the author says, a more balanced approach in controlling supply and demand will have to be sought. He discusses some of the conceptual, technical, and operational problems that must be addressed immediately if these actions are to be successful.", "PMID": 640622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_346", "title": "Aggressive utilization review shortens stays, lowers costs.", "content": "Reducing the number of overextended hospital stays no longer presents a problem at Framingham (MA) Union Hospital. Through the use of aggressive techniques designed by its utilization review committee, the hospital consistently has a better average length of stay by diagnosis than its peers in its geographic area. The hospital also has been able to avoid having an adversary relationship with its medical staff and has been successful in increasing patient awareness of the impact of federal regulations and cost constraints on hospitalization.", "contents": "Aggressive utilization review shortens stays, lowers costs. Reducing the number of overextended hospital stays no longer presents a problem at Framingham (MA) Union Hospital. Through the use of aggressive techniques designed by its utilization review committee, the hospital consistently has a better average length of stay by diagnosis than its peers in its geographic area. The hospital also has been able to avoid having an adversary relationship with its medical staff and has been successful in increasing patient awareness of the impact of federal regulations and cost constraints on hospitalization.", "PMID": 640623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_347", "title": "Flexibility planning keys cost-effective construction.", "content": "When planning capital improvements, it is imperative that all involved recognize the importance of flexibility of design. Long-term cost savings can be realized if hospital buildings are designed with change in mind.", "contents": "Flexibility planning keys cost-effective construction. When planning capital improvements, it is imperative that all involved recognize the importance of flexibility of design. Long-term cost savings can be realized if hospital buildings are designed with change in mind.", "PMID": 640624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_348", "title": "Construction manager can reduce costs, frustrations.", "content": "Working as a team, the architect, the owner, and the construction manager can provide substantial savings in the design and construction process. Key to the success of such an effort is a well-conceived selection process for the architect and the construction manager and a firm contract with each. Close coordination at each step of the design/construction process also is important.", "contents": "Construction manager can reduce costs, frustrations. Working as a team, the architect, the owner, and the construction manager can provide substantial savings in the design and construction process. Key to the success of such an effort is a well-conceived selection process for the architect and the construction manager and a firm contract with each. Close coordination at each step of the design/construction process also is important.", "PMID": 640625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_349", "title": "Updating disaster plans: a tale of three hospitals.", "content": "Three hospitals that were struck by disaster in 1977 have undertaken major revision of their disaster plans as a result of unexpected problems that occurred during the crises. Lee Hospital, Johnstown, PA, is installing a tough \"floodproofing\" system; Jewish Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York City, are revamping their emergency electrical systems.", "contents": "Updating disaster plans: a tale of three hospitals. Three hospitals that were struck by disaster in 1977 have undertaken major revision of their disaster plans as a result of unexpected problems that occurred during the crises. Lee Hospital, Johnstown, PA, is installing a tough \"floodproofing\" system; Jewish Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York City, are revamping their emergency electrical systems.", "PMID": 640626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_350", "title": "Controlled drug release from polymers.", "content": "Unlike conventional routes of drug administration, controlled-release systems that use implanted, inserted, or surface-applied noninflammatory polymeric vehicles can deliver a steady quantity of drug to a target area over long periods of time. This is now true for drugs of both high and low molecular weight. Some of the devices are described, and existing as well as potential clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Controlled drug release from polymers. Unlike conventional routes of drug administration, controlled-release systems that use implanted, inserted, or surface-applied noninflammatory polymeric vehicles can deliver a steady quantity of drug to a target area over long periods of time. This is now true for drugs of both high and low molecular weight. Some of the devices are described, and existing as well as potential clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 640629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_351", "title": "Management of variant angina and coronary spasm.", "content": "When a patient's coronary arteries are anatomically normal, variant angina probably results from transient spasm that narrows and occludes a coronary artery; medical treatment is usually advised. But this distinctive type of pain can also occur in conjunction with atherosclerotic disease, in which case bypass surgery may prove highly effective in relieving symptoms and averting the risk of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Management of variant angina and coronary spasm. When a patient's coronary arteries are anatomically normal, variant angina probably results from transient spasm that narrows and occludes a coronary artery; medical treatment is usually advised. But this distinctive type of pain can also occur in conjunction with atherosclerotic disease, in which case bypass surgery may prove highly effective in relieving symptoms and averting the risk of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 640633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_352", "title": "Current status of fallopian tube transplantation.", "content": "Experience in both animals and humans has shown that it is technically feasible to transplant the vascularized oviduct alone, without the ethically complicating ovary, using a procedure compatible with a concurrent standard hysterectomy in the donor. But although the operation is well within the capability of many gynecologic surgeons, immunologic barriers still stand in the way of its widespread clinical utilization.", "contents": "Current status of fallopian tube transplantation. Experience in both animals and humans has shown that it is technically feasible to transplant the vascularized oviduct alone, without the ethically complicating ovary, using a procedure compatible with a concurrent standard hysterectomy in the donor. But although the operation is well within the capability of many gynecologic surgeons, immunologic barriers still stand in the way of its widespread clinical utilization.", "PMID": 640635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_353", "title": "The changing scene in graduate medical education: implications for pathology.", "content": "During the past several years a number of unrelated events have occurred that will have a marked impact upon residency training in pathology in the United States. These factors include: (1) a twofold increase in the annual number of graduates from American medical schools, (2) Public Law 94-484, which will reduce the number of foreign medical graduates eligible for postgraduate training in this country by 70 to 80 per cent, and (3) increased emphasis on permitting Americans studying abroad to transfer to United States medical schools. Barring unforeseen changes, the culmination of these events is expected circa 1984 when the number of applicants for first year house office positions will equal or exceed the pool of available slots. Therefore, a significant proportion of graduates either will not be matched at all or will not be matched with the specialty(ies) of their choice. The implications of these trends with respect to residency training in pathology, with particular reference to the motives and motivation of persons seeking a first year slot, are discussed and alternative strategies for maximizing benefits discussed.", "contents": "The changing scene in graduate medical education: implications for pathology. During the past several years a number of unrelated events have occurred that will have a marked impact upon residency training in pathology in the United States. These factors include: (1) a twofold increase in the annual number of graduates from American medical schools, (2) Public Law 94-484, which will reduce the number of foreign medical graduates eligible for postgraduate training in this country by 70 to 80 per cent, and (3) increased emphasis on permitting Americans studying abroad to transfer to United States medical schools. Barring unforeseen changes, the culmination of these events is expected circa 1984 when the number of applicants for first year house office positions will equal or exceed the pool of available slots. Therefore, a significant proportion of graduates either will not be matched at all or will not be matched with the specialty(ies) of their choice. The implications of these trends with respect to residency training in pathology, with particular reference to the motives and motivation of persons seeking a first year slot, are discussed and alternative strategies for maximizing benefits discussed.", "PMID": 640639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_354", "title": "The fine structure of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung. Evidence for its relation to squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas.", "content": "The light microscopic diagnosis of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung is known to be highly subjective and shows poor interobserver reproducibility; the very existence of this tumor as a separate entity has been challenged. The ultrastructure of seven large cell undifferentiated carcinomas was examined in an attempt to determine whether they were merely poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, or actually represented an entirely separate class of tumors. Four large cell undifferentiated carcinomas demonstrated intra- and intercellular lumina and were designated adenocarcinomas. In three cases there were well formed desmosomes with numerous tonofilaments and intercellular bridges. These tumors were classified as squamous cell carcinomas. An eighth tumor metastatic to the abdominal wall also showed the features of squamous carcinoma. In addition, all tumors contained a variable population of primitive cells without identifying features. The large cell undifferentiated carcinomas were compared ultrastructurally with eight cases of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas classified by light microscopy. These tumors were morphologically similar, but contained fewer primitive cells and greater numbers of differentiated cells. Cells with a clear cytoplasm as seen by light microscopy were present in both the large cell undifferentiated and poorly differentiated groups; these cells contained variable amounts of glycogen but were otherwise similar to the nonclear cells. It is suggested that most of the subcategories of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma represent very poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and squamous carcinomas.", "contents": "The fine structure of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung. Evidence for its relation to squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. The light microscopic diagnosis of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung is known to be highly subjective and shows poor interobserver reproducibility; the very existence of this tumor as a separate entity has been challenged. The ultrastructure of seven large cell undifferentiated carcinomas was examined in an attempt to determine whether they were merely poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, or actually represented an entirely separate class of tumors. Four large cell undifferentiated carcinomas demonstrated intra- and intercellular lumina and were designated adenocarcinomas. In three cases there were well formed desmosomes with numerous tonofilaments and intercellular bridges. These tumors were classified as squamous cell carcinomas. An eighth tumor metastatic to the abdominal wall also showed the features of squamous carcinoma. In addition, all tumors contained a variable population of primitive cells without identifying features. The large cell undifferentiated carcinomas were compared ultrastructurally with eight cases of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas classified by light microscopy. These tumors were morphologically similar, but contained fewer primitive cells and greater numbers of differentiated cells. Cells with a clear cytoplasm as seen by light microscopy were present in both the large cell undifferentiated and poorly differentiated groups; these cells contained variable amounts of glycogen but were otherwise similar to the nonclear cells. It is suggested that most of the subcategories of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma represent very poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and squamous carcinomas.", "PMID": 640640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_355", "title": "Amyloid deposition in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Two cases of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reported that in addition to having the usual histologic and electron microscopic appearance previously described exhibit perivascular and intersitial green polarization when stained with Congo red, indicating amyloid deposition. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the light microscopic findings. This finding may have significance in regard to etiology, progression, and treatment of this disease entity.", "contents": "Amyloid deposition in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Two cases of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reported that in addition to having the usual histologic and electron microscopic appearance previously described exhibit perivascular and intersitial green polarization when stained with Congo red, indicating amyloid deposition. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the light microscopic findings. This finding may have significance in regard to etiology, progression, and treatment of this disease entity.", "PMID": 640641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_356", "title": "Infective endocarditis associated with cell wall-deficient bacteria. Electron microscopic findings in four cases.", "content": "Although cell wall-deficient bacteria have been isolated in vitro from cases of endocarditis, no pathogenic role has been established for these forms in human disease. One criterion difficult to satisfy is the demonstration of these variants in human tissue, and electron microscopic documentation has not been reported. Cardiac valvular vegetations from four cases of endocarditis were examined by electron microscopy because of unusual histologic features of minimal inflammation and organization and small organisms that stained poorly by Gram stain. Although cell wall-complete bacteria were identified in the specimens, each showed the presence of cell wall-deficient forms within the vegetations; these variants predominated in three cases. Since manifestations of infective endocarditis were present in three cases and conventional cultures were negative, the evidence indirectly suggests a pathogenic role for these aberrant bacteria in human disease.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis associated with cell wall-deficient bacteria. Electron microscopic findings in four cases. Although cell wall-deficient bacteria have been isolated in vitro from cases of endocarditis, no pathogenic role has been established for these forms in human disease. One criterion difficult to satisfy is the demonstration of these variants in human tissue, and electron microscopic documentation has not been reported. Cardiac valvular vegetations from four cases of endocarditis were examined by electron microscopy because of unusual histologic features of minimal inflammation and organization and small organisms that stained poorly by Gram stain. Although cell wall-complete bacteria were identified in the specimens, each showed the presence of cell wall-deficient forms within the vegetations; these variants predominated in three cases. Since manifestations of infective endocarditis were present in three cases and conventional cultures were negative, the evidence indirectly suggests a pathogenic role for these aberrant bacteria in human disease.", "PMID": 640642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_357", "title": "A comparative study of 14 cases of familial and nonfamilial pheochromocytomas.", "content": "A comparison is made between epidemiological features found in a group of 14 patients with familial and nonfamilial pheochromocytomas at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. The Sipple syndrome (familial) group comprised eitht patients from three different families, and the nonfamilial group consisted of six nonrelated patients. The main differences were noted in the age of onset, sex ratio, bilaterality, malignant behavior, and occurrence of a second nonendocrine primary tumor. An attempt was made by light microscopy to define features that would indicate malignant behavior. No such features could be delineated. Survival time was unrelated to the presence of pheochromocytoma except in operative and investigative procedures.", "contents": "A comparative study of 14 cases of familial and nonfamilial pheochromocytomas. A comparison is made between epidemiological features found in a group of 14 patients with familial and nonfamilial pheochromocytomas at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. The Sipple syndrome (familial) group comprised eitht patients from three different families, and the nonfamilial group consisted of six nonrelated patients. The main differences were noted in the age of onset, sex ratio, bilaterality, malignant behavior, and occurrence of a second nonendocrine primary tumor. An attempt was made by light microscopy to define features that would indicate malignant behavior. No such features could be delineated. Survival time was unrelated to the presence of pheochromocytoma except in operative and investigative procedures.", "PMID": 640643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_358", "title": "Intranuclear filaments in a soft tissue sarcoma.", "content": "Intranuclear filaments aggregating into rodlike structures were found in cells of an undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma in a child. Similar structures have been uncommonly described in human neoplasms, and uncertainties exist concerning the nature of the inclusion bearing cells in previous reports. The filaments were found to be resistant to mild trypsin digestion. Review of the pertinent literature indicates that these structures may represent the structural manifestation of a highly specialized functional state, rather than a degenerative phenomenon or an artifact. A certain selectivity of occurrence has also been noted. It is therefore plausible to speculate that intranuclear filaments may eventually constitute a morphologic criterion of interest for new tumor classifications.", "contents": "Intranuclear filaments in a soft tissue sarcoma. Intranuclear filaments aggregating into rodlike structures were found in cells of an undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma in a child. Similar structures have been uncommonly described in human neoplasms, and uncertainties exist concerning the nature of the inclusion bearing cells in previous reports. The filaments were found to be resistant to mild trypsin digestion. Review of the pertinent literature indicates that these structures may represent the structural manifestation of a highly specialized functional state, rather than a degenerative phenomenon or an artifact. A certain selectivity of occurrence has also been noted. It is therefore plausible to speculate that intranuclear filaments may eventually constitute a morphologic criterion of interest for new tumor classifications.", "PMID": 640644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_359", "title": "A mixed hamartoma of the liver: light and electron microscopy.", "content": "The gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural features of a mixed liver hamartoma occurring in a three month old infant are reported. The differentiation from two solid liver masses, focal nodular hyperplasia and liver cell adenoma is emphasized. Mesenchymal hamartomas, though usually cystic rather than solid masses, share the histologic feature of fibroductular tissue with mixed liver hamartomas and focal nodular hyperplasia. Only the mixed liver hamartoma has extremely broad fields of ductules and an embryonic type of hepatocyte at the ultrastructural level. These and other hepatic lesions show morphologic evidence of transformation of liver cells into biliary epithelial cells in association with vascular connective tissue.", "contents": "A mixed hamartoma of the liver: light and electron microscopy. The gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural features of a mixed liver hamartoma occurring in a three month old infant are reported. The differentiation from two solid liver masses, focal nodular hyperplasia and liver cell adenoma is emphasized. Mesenchymal hamartomas, though usually cystic rather than solid masses, share the histologic feature of fibroductular tissue with mixed liver hamartomas and focal nodular hyperplasia. Only the mixed liver hamartoma has extremely broad fields of ductules and an embryonic type of hepatocyte at the ultrastructural level. These and other hepatic lesions show morphologic evidence of transformation of liver cells into biliary epithelial cells in association with vascular connective tissue.", "PMID": 640645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_360", "title": "Brunnian adenoma (inverted papilloma) of the urinary bladder: report of a case.", "content": "An additional case of a benign polypoid tumor of the urinary bladder is reported, the first one observed at autopsy and the first in which photographic documentation of the gross appearance is presented. The lesion was first described as an adenomatoid polyp in 1927. We consider the subsequent (1963) designation of inverted papilloma misleading. Because its histologic morphology bears a striking resemblance to Brunn's nests and because the term papilloma of the urinary bladder connotes potential malignant change, we propose the designation brunnian adenoma. All cases previously reported have been benign.", "contents": "Brunnian adenoma (inverted papilloma) of the urinary bladder: report of a case. An additional case of a benign polypoid tumor of the urinary bladder is reported, the first one observed at autopsy and the first in which photographic documentation of the gross appearance is presented. The lesion was first described as an adenomatoid polyp in 1927. We consider the subsequent (1963) designation of inverted papilloma misleading. Because its histologic morphology bears a striking resemblance to Brunn's nests and because the term papilloma of the urinary bladder connotes potential malignant change, we propose the designation brunnian adenoma. All cases previously reported have been benign.", "PMID": 640646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_361", "title": "Extraovarian teratoma with peritoneal gliomatosis.", "content": "A 25 year old woman underwent removal of a large, incidentally discovered cul de sac teratoma. It was solid but histologically mature and had given rise to multiple peritoneal implants of mature glial tissue. She was alive without evidence of disease 57 months later. This tumor appears to represent the extraovarian counterpart of previously reported ovarian teratomas with peritoneal gliomatosis.", "contents": "Extraovarian teratoma with peritoneal gliomatosis. A 25 year old woman underwent removal of a large, incidentally discovered cul de sac teratoma. It was solid but histologically mature and had given rise to multiple peritoneal implants of mature glial tissue. She was alive without evidence of disease 57 months later. This tumor appears to represent the extraovarian counterpart of previously reported ovarian teratomas with peritoneal gliomatosis.", "PMID": 640647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_362", "title": "Hepatolienal fusion: case report of an unusual lesion.", "content": "A unique fusion of liver and spleen was observed at autopsy between a tongue of hepatic parenchyma and the superolateral aspect of the spleen in an adult Caucasian male. No instance of hepatolineal fusion was found in the literature, prompting this report. An embryologic explanation is offered.", "contents": "Hepatolienal fusion: case report of an unusual lesion. A unique fusion of liver and spleen was observed at autopsy between a tongue of hepatic parenchyma and the superolateral aspect of the spleen in an adult Caucasian male. No instance of hepatolineal fusion was found in the literature, prompting this report. An embryologic explanation is offered.", "PMID": 640648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_363", "title": "Minor chromosome variations and selected heteromorphisms in 200 unclassifiable mentally retarded patients and 200 normal controls.", "content": "Lymphocyte chromosome preparations from 200 mentally retarded children and 200 normal adult controls were analyzed by G-, Q-, and C-banding techniques for minor chromosome variations (G and Q) and selected heteromorphisms (G and C). Minor variations scored included inv(9), prominent or decreased short arms and/or satellites on acrocentric chromosomes, and 17 ph. C heteromorphisms analyzed included those involving 1qh, 9zh, and 16zh regions. Length variations of Yq were scored on G-banded karyo types. No significant differences in frequencies of scored minor variations or heteromorphisms were noted between the retarded and control populations.", "contents": "Minor chromosome variations and selected heteromorphisms in 200 unclassifiable mentally retarded patients and 200 normal controls. Lymphocyte chromosome preparations from 200 mentally retarded children and 200 normal adult controls were analyzed by G-, Q-, and C-banding techniques for minor chromosome variations (G and Q) and selected heteromorphisms (G and C). Minor variations scored included inv(9), prominent or decreased short arms and/or satellites on acrocentric chromosomes, and 17 ph. C heteromorphisms analyzed included those involving 1qh, 9zh, and 16zh regions. Length variations of Yq were scored on G-banded karyo types. No significant differences in frequencies of scored minor variations or heteromorphisms were noted between the retarded and control populations.", "PMID": 640651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_364", "title": "The fate of DNA satellites I, II, III and ribosomal DNA in a familial dicentric chromosome 13:14.", "content": "In a family with a stable dicentric 13:14 translocation chromosome, the distribution of DNA sequences complementary to satellite DNAs I, II and III and ribosomal RNA were studied. The translocation chromosome showed a loss of sequences complementary to all three satellite DNAs, located in the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes, but slightly more of the sequences complementary to satellite I were retained than of the other two satellite DNAs. The fact that material was lost from all three satellites indicates that they are not present as single discrete blocks in these chromosomes, when we would expect to find the distal sequences lost and the proximal ones retained, but consist of interspersed blocks with each sequence represented by more than one, and probably several blocks. There was a total loss of ribosomal DNA from the nucleolar organiser regions of the chromosomes involved in the 13:14 translocation, but an interesting finding was the presence of extra ribosomal DNA and satellite DNAs I, II and III in one chromosome 22 which was found in seven out of nine individuals of the family with the 13:14 translocation, and in only one of five individuals without the translocation. There may be a compensatory mechanism present when certain sequences are elminated during chromosomal rearrangements. The relationship of such mechanisms to reproductive fitness is discussed.", "contents": "The fate of DNA satellites I, II, III and ribosomal DNA in a familial dicentric chromosome 13:14. In a family with a stable dicentric 13:14 translocation chromosome, the distribution of DNA sequences complementary to satellite DNAs I, II and III and ribosomal RNA were studied. The translocation chromosome showed a loss of sequences complementary to all three satellite DNAs, located in the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes, but slightly more of the sequences complementary to satellite I were retained than of the other two satellite DNAs. The fact that material was lost from all three satellites indicates that they are not present as single discrete blocks in these chromosomes, when we would expect to find the distal sequences lost and the proximal ones retained, but consist of interspersed blocks with each sequence represented by more than one, and probably several blocks. There was a total loss of ribosomal DNA from the nucleolar organiser regions of the chromosomes involved in the 13:14 translocation, but an interesting finding was the presence of extra ribosomal DNA and satellite DNAs I, II and III in one chromosome 22 which was found in seven out of nine individuals of the family with the 13:14 translocation, and in only one of five individuals without the translocation. There may be a compensatory mechanism present when certain sequences are elminated during chromosomal rearrangements. The relationship of such mechanisms to reproductive fitness is discussed.", "PMID": 640652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_365", "title": "Lack of association between psoriasis vulgaris and red cell acid phosphatase polymorphism.", "content": "Polymorphism of red cell acid phosphatase (ACP-1; E.C. 3.1.3.2.) has been studied using the Cellogel technique of Martin et al. (1975) in 102 patients with psoriasis and 102 healthy controls. In contrast to two previous reports, no anomalies in distribution of phenotypes were found in patients or in controls.", "contents": "Lack of association between psoriasis vulgaris and red cell acid phosphatase polymorphism. Polymorphism of red cell acid phosphatase (ACP-1; E.C. 3.1.3.2.) has been studied using the Cellogel technique of Martin et al. (1975) in 102 patients with psoriasis and 102 healthy controls. In contrast to two previous reports, no anomalies in distribution of phenotypes were found in patients or in controls.", "PMID": 640653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_366", "title": "Common and uncommon immunoglobulin haplotypes among Lebanese communities.", "content": "Allotypes of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgA2 subclasses were investigated in seven Lebanese communities (three Moslem and four Christian). The Gm-Am haplotypes found were mainly those prevalent in Caucasians with a low frequency of haplotypes usually observed in Africans and Orientals. The difference between highlanders and lowlanders as expressed by G2m(23) was highly significant and suggested a possible adaptation to selective pressure related to the gamma2 genes, possibly due to endemic malaria in the past. Exceptional Gm-Am haplotypes were unambiguously determined by family studies. Some were characterized either by a deletion or a repression or, in contrast, by a partial or total duplication of gamma genes. Two others had uncommon combinations of allotypes: Gm17;23;5,10,11,13,14 A2m1, where G1m (17) was present without G1m (1); and Gm3;23;5,14 A2m1, where the CH3 allotypes G3m (10,11,13) were lacking.", "contents": "Common and uncommon immunoglobulin haplotypes among Lebanese communities. Allotypes of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgA2 subclasses were investigated in seven Lebanese communities (three Moslem and four Christian). The Gm-Am haplotypes found were mainly those prevalent in Caucasians with a low frequency of haplotypes usually observed in Africans and Orientals. The difference between highlanders and lowlanders as expressed by G2m(23) was highly significant and suggested a possible adaptation to selective pressure related to the gamma2 genes, possibly due to endemic malaria in the past. Exceptional Gm-Am haplotypes were unambiguously determined by family studies. Some were characterized either by a deletion or a repression or, in contrast, by a partial or total duplication of gamma genes. Two others had uncommon combinations of allotypes: Gm17;23;5,10,11,13,14 A2m1, where G1m (17) was present without G1m (1); and Gm3;23;5,14 A2m1, where the CH3 allotypes G3m (10,11,13) were lacking.", "PMID": 640654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_367", "title": "[Length of Y chromosome, intelligence and behaviour in a mental penal population (author's transl)].", "content": "The Y/F ratio was established in 128 mentally disordered offenders in a maximum security hospital. The 50 Y/F greater than 0.90 subjects were compared with the 78 Y/F less than 0.90 subjects as regards intelligence and behaviour. With the exception of the highest frequency of intelligence quotients lower than 70 in the criminal patients Y/F greater than or equal to 0.90, no statistical correlation exists to support the theory of a relation between a long Y chromosome and the type of psychiatric (psychopathy, psychosis) or criminality diagnosis.", "contents": "[Length of Y chromosome, intelligence and behaviour in a mental penal population (author's transl)]. The Y/F ratio was established in 128 mentally disordered offenders in a maximum security hospital. The 50 Y/F greater than 0.90 subjects were compared with the 78 Y/F less than 0.90 subjects as regards intelligence and behaviour. With the exception of the highest frequency of intelligence quotients lower than 70 in the criminal patients Y/F greater than or equal to 0.90, no statistical correlation exists to support the theory of a relation between a long Y chromosome and the type of psychiatric (psychopathy, psychosis) or criminality diagnosis.", "PMID": 640655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_368", "title": "De novo trisomy 4pter leads to q21.", "content": "Clinical and cytogenetic findings in an infant girl with multiple congenital anomalies, principally anophthalmia, are presented. The patient's karyotype was 47,XX,+del(4)(pter leads to q21), the largest partial trisomy of chromosome 4 reported. The possible mechanism of the origin of this abnormality is discussed.", "contents": "De novo trisomy 4pter leads to q21. Clinical and cytogenetic findings in an infant girl with multiple congenital anomalies, principally anophthalmia, are presented. The patient's karyotype was 47,XX,+del(4)(pter leads to q21), the largest partial trisomy of chromosome 4 reported. The possible mechanism of the origin of this abnormality is discussed.", "PMID": 640656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_369", "title": "45,X/47,XYY mosaicism in a patient with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with classical Turner's syndrome and a 45,X/47,XYY mosaicism is described. Each cell line was present in approximately equal amounts in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, while in fibroblasts derived from skin and both gonads only the 45,X karyotype was present. It is suggested that the latter fact is responsible for the patient not having the mixed gonadal dysgenesis syndrome or tumor formation in both streak gonads.", "contents": "45,X/47,XYY mosaicism in a patient with Turner's syndrome. A patient with classical Turner's syndrome and a 45,X/47,XYY mosaicism is described. Each cell line was present in approximately equal amounts in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, while in fibroblasts derived from skin and both gonads only the 45,X karyotype was present. It is suggested that the latter fact is responsible for the patient not having the mixed gonadal dysgenesis syndrome or tumor formation in both streak gonads.", "PMID": 640657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_370", "title": "Partial trisomy 10p in two generations.", "content": "Two cases of partial 10p trisomy due to a t(10;20)(p12;p12) in two generations of a family are presented. Analysis of 20 known cases of such aberrations confirmed the opinion of Schleiermacher et al. (1974) that partial trisomy 10p is a distinct clinically recognizable entity. The most important diagnostic features of this syndrome are dolichocephaly, prominent forehead, wide open sutures and fontanelles, broad root of the nose, cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and cystic changes in kidneys.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 10p in two generations. Two cases of partial 10p trisomy due to a t(10;20)(p12;p12) in two generations of a family are presented. Analysis of 20 known cases of such aberrations confirmed the opinion of Schleiermacher et al. (1974) that partial trisomy 10p is a distinct clinically recognizable entity. The most important diagnostic features of this syndrome are dolichocephaly, prominent forehead, wide open sutures and fontanelles, broad root of the nose, cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and cystic changes in kidneys.", "PMID": 640658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_371", "title": "A possible role for polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the defence against recrudescent herpes simplex virus infection in man.", "content": "We have used a 51Cr release assay to demonstrate that human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) can damage herpes simplex infected target cells sensitized with antiviral antibody. Effective sensitizing antibodies were found in both serum and saliva of all those persons tested who were subject to recurrent cold sores. PMNL were much less effective as killer cells than peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but as they are the predominant inflammatory cell with the HSV1 lesion they may be, quantitatively, more important. The cytotoxic effects of both PMNL and mononuclear cells were significantly reduced by prostaglandin E1 as well as by several drugs that were tested. It is suggested that antibody dependent PMNL-mediated cytotoxicity may play a role in the human host defences against recrudescent herpes simplex infection.", "contents": "A possible role for polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the defence against recrudescent herpes simplex virus infection in man. We have used a 51Cr release assay to demonstrate that human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) can damage herpes simplex infected target cells sensitized with antiviral antibody. Effective sensitizing antibodies were found in both serum and saliva of all those persons tested who were subject to recurrent cold sores. PMNL were much less effective as killer cells than peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but as they are the predominant inflammatory cell with the HSV1 lesion they may be, quantitatively, more important. The cytotoxic effects of both PMNL and mononuclear cells were significantly reduced by prostaglandin E1 as well as by several drugs that were tested. It is suggested that antibody dependent PMNL-mediated cytotoxicity may play a role in the human host defences against recrudescent herpes simplex infection.", "PMID": 640713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_372", "title": "Secretory antibody responses in axenic mice to perorally administered Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Topical oral immunization of axenic mice with non-replicating Staphylococcus aureus resulted in the production of both serum and salivary agglutinins. A latent period of approximately 5 days was noted before salivary antibodies were detected against both a carbohydrate (ChoA) and a protein (PrA) antigen isolated from this micro-organism. The local response to ChoA exhibited a linear increase until day 9 when the reciprocal titres reached a plateau [32 (16--64)]. Salivary antibodies to PrA peaked by day 13 at a mean reciprocal titre of 60 (32--128). The agglutinin response in saliva was found to be initially IgG; however, by day 9 of a 14-day-immunization regimen, IgA became the predominant class of exocrine anti-S. aureus antibodies. The serum agglutinin response followed that found in saliva by approximately 2--4 days. By day 14, all sera (6/6) contained PrA agglutinins, while 4/6 sera agglutinated sheep erythrocytes coated with ChoA. Serum antibodies to ChoA were exclusively IgM, in contrast to IgM and IgA agglutinins elicited by PrA. Absorption studies provided evidence of a specific local and systemic immune response to both ChoA and PrA antigens of perorally administered S. aureus.", "contents": "Secretory antibody responses in axenic mice to perorally administered Staphylococcus aureus. Topical oral immunization of axenic mice with non-replicating Staphylococcus aureus resulted in the production of both serum and salivary agglutinins. A latent period of approximately 5 days was noted before salivary antibodies were detected against both a carbohydrate (ChoA) and a protein (PrA) antigen isolated from this micro-organism. The local response to ChoA exhibited a linear increase until day 9 when the reciprocal titres reached a plateau [32 (16--64)]. Salivary antibodies to PrA peaked by day 13 at a mean reciprocal titre of 60 (32--128). The agglutinin response in saliva was found to be initially IgG; however, by day 9 of a 14-day-immunization regimen, IgA became the predominant class of exocrine anti-S. aureus antibodies. The serum agglutinin response followed that found in saliva by approximately 2--4 days. By day 14, all sera (6/6) contained PrA agglutinins, while 4/6 sera agglutinated sheep erythrocytes coated with ChoA. Serum antibodies to ChoA were exclusively IgM, in contrast to IgM and IgA agglutinins elicited by PrA. Absorption studies provided evidence of a specific local and systemic immune response to both ChoA and PrA antigens of perorally administered S. aureus.", "PMID": 640714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_373", "title": "The reaction between the complement subcomponent C1q, IgG complexes and polyionic molecules.", "content": "The strength of the bond between 125I-labelled C1q and immune complexes, Fc piece, dextran sulphate, polyglutamic acid and polylysine has been investigated. The binding of C1q to Fc piece, small molecular weight (less than 10,000) dextran sulphate, polyglutamic acid and polylysine have value; for the functional affinity constant (Ko) in the range of 0.2-1.5 X 10(4) M-1. In contrast the binding of C1q to immune complexes and large molecular weight polyions (greater than 100,000 is much greater and lies in the range 3 X 10(7)--4 X 10(8) M-1. The differences in the binding constants between the two groups can be explained if the Fc piece and small molecular weight compounds bind to only 1 head of the C1q molecule but the immune complexes and large molecules bind to 2 heads. There are probably 6 binding sites on the C1q molecule for dextran sulphate. The enhancement of the binding affinity of C1q by reduction in ionic strength and the reaction with polyions, indicate that ionic groups are present near or within the binding sites.", "contents": "The reaction between the complement subcomponent C1q, IgG complexes and polyionic molecules. The strength of the bond between 125I-labelled C1q and immune complexes, Fc piece, dextran sulphate, polyglutamic acid and polylysine has been investigated. The binding of C1q to Fc piece, small molecular weight (less than 10,000) dextran sulphate, polyglutamic acid and polylysine have value; for the functional affinity constant (Ko) in the range of 0.2-1.5 X 10(4) M-1. In contrast the binding of C1q to immune complexes and large molecular weight polyions (greater than 100,000 is much greater and lies in the range 3 X 10(7)--4 X 10(8) M-1. The differences in the binding constants between the two groups can be explained if the Fc piece and small molecular weight compounds bind to only 1 head of the C1q molecule but the immune complexes and large molecules bind to 2 heads. There are probably 6 binding sites on the C1q molecule for dextran sulphate. The enhancement of the binding affinity of C1q by reduction in ionic strength and the reaction with polyions, indicate that ionic groups are present near or within the binding sites.", "PMID": 640715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_374", "title": "The respiratory response in sensitized rats to aerosol challenge.", "content": "Hooded Lister rats were sensitized to DNP-ovalbumin. These rats showed a significant alteration in respiratory pattern when challenged with DNP-ovalbumin aerosol. The respiratory response was not produced by challenging sensitized rats with intragastric DNP-ovalbumin. The magnitude of the respiratory response did not correlate with the specific IgE concentration in the serum. A similar pattern of respiratory response was inducible in unsensitized rats by intravenous administration of IgE-rich sera.", "contents": "The respiratory response in sensitized rats to aerosol challenge. Hooded Lister rats were sensitized to DNP-ovalbumin. These rats showed a significant alteration in respiratory pattern when challenged with DNP-ovalbumin aerosol. The respiratory response was not produced by challenging sensitized rats with intragastric DNP-ovalbumin. The magnitude of the respiratory response did not correlate with the specific IgE concentration in the serum. A similar pattern of respiratory response was inducible in unsensitized rats by intravenous administration of IgE-rich sera.", "PMID": 640716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_375", "title": "Comparative studies on antibody and antibody production to poly(ADP-ribose) in mice.", "content": "Antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose) were produced in C3H/He mice by injection of poly(ADP-ribose) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant or its complexes with methylated bovine serum albumin in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Titres of the antibody obtained from the latter were about 50-fold higher than those from the former. Thus, the effect of methylated bovine serum albumin on the antibody production to poly(ADP-ribose) resembled the case of poly(I).poly(C) and was different from the case of single stranded DNA. The class of the antibodies obtained from these two different procedures mainly consists of 7S antibodies, and the specificity of these antibodies was independent of their titres. It was also found that antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose) were most reactive to poly(ADP-ribose) with 20 repeating ADP-ribose units. The reactivity of the antibody was dependent on the chain length of the polymer. Neither the complex in Freund's incomplete adjuvant nor poly(ADP-ribose) alone in Freund's imcomplete adjuvant could induce an immune response to poly(ADP-ribose) in athymic nude mice. Therefore, the immune response to poly(ADP-ribose) may occur through a thymus function.", "contents": "Comparative studies on antibody and antibody production to poly(ADP-ribose) in mice. Antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose) were produced in C3H/He mice by injection of poly(ADP-ribose) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant or its complexes with methylated bovine serum albumin in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Titres of the antibody obtained from the latter were about 50-fold higher than those from the former. Thus, the effect of methylated bovine serum albumin on the antibody production to poly(ADP-ribose) resembled the case of poly(I).poly(C) and was different from the case of single stranded DNA. The class of the antibodies obtained from these two different procedures mainly consists of 7S antibodies, and the specificity of these antibodies was independent of their titres. It was also found that antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose) were most reactive to poly(ADP-ribose) with 20 repeating ADP-ribose units. The reactivity of the antibody was dependent on the chain length of the polymer. Neither the complex in Freund's incomplete adjuvant nor poly(ADP-ribose) alone in Freund's imcomplete adjuvant could induce an immune response to poly(ADP-ribose) in athymic nude mice. Therefore, the immune response to poly(ADP-ribose) may occur through a thymus function.", "PMID": 640718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_376", "title": "The distribution of antigen in flare up reaction in contact sensitivity to DNCB.", "content": "The distribution of DNP groups in various tissues of guinea-pigs following intravenous injection of DNBSO3Na was investigated by an immunofluorescent method using FITC-labelled anti-DNP antibody. DNP groups were detected either in the cytoplasms of epidermal cells or on/in lymphoid tissue cells. The epidermal distribution of DNP groups was shown in the skin obtained from 5 min to 3 days after injection. There was no fundamental difference in the epidermal localization of DNP groups between at the previously tested site and at virgin site in DNCB sensitized animals. Unreacted DNBSO3Na was demonstrated in the blood plasma of DNBSO3Na injected animals. The injection of either DNP-lysine or 2,4-dinitrophenol was found incapable of inducing flare up reaction and no epidermal localization of DNP groups in the sensitized animals was observed. A possibility that intravenously injected DNBSO3Na forms a complete antigen by conjugation with epidermal proteins and sensitized cells, which have been indicated by Polak, Turk & Frey (1973) to remain at the site of old contact reaction, react with the antigen resulting in flare up reaction, is suggested.", "contents": "The distribution of antigen in flare up reaction in contact sensitivity to DNCB. The distribution of DNP groups in various tissues of guinea-pigs following intravenous injection of DNBSO3Na was investigated by an immunofluorescent method using FITC-labelled anti-DNP antibody. DNP groups were detected either in the cytoplasms of epidermal cells or on/in lymphoid tissue cells. The epidermal distribution of DNP groups was shown in the skin obtained from 5 min to 3 days after injection. There was no fundamental difference in the epidermal localization of DNP groups between at the previously tested site and at virgin site in DNCB sensitized animals. Unreacted DNBSO3Na was demonstrated in the blood plasma of DNBSO3Na injected animals. The injection of either DNP-lysine or 2,4-dinitrophenol was found incapable of inducing flare up reaction and no epidermal localization of DNP groups in the sensitized animals was observed. A possibility that intravenously injected DNBSO3Na forms a complete antigen by conjugation with epidermal proteins and sensitized cells, which have been indicated by Polak, Turk & Frey (1973) to remain at the site of old contact reaction, react with the antigen resulting in flare up reaction, is suggested.", "PMID": 640719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_377", "title": "Isolation of glycopeptides with skin test activity from dermatophytes.", "content": "By using ethylene glycol extraction of whole submerged cultures followed by Sephadex G-200 and diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography, we isolated four distinct glycopeptides from Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and Microsporum canis. Chemical analyses revealed that these glycopeptides contained mostly carbohydrate (42.5 to 81.6%) and protein (4.3 to 11.3%), with lesser amounts of phosphorus (0.4 to 6.0%) and hexosamines (0.3 to 0.6%). Based upon total carbohydrate and monosaccharide content, these dermatophyte glycopeptides could be divided into two chemical groups: glucopeptides (DSI1) and mannopeptides (DSI2, DSII1, and DSII2). The mannopeptides and glucopeptides of each species of dermatophyte were not significantly different chemically from those derived from the other two dermatophyte species studied. Skin testing of DSI1-glycopeptides or DSI2-mannopeptides in immunized guinea pigs indicated that only the DSI2-mannopeptides elicited a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Skin testing T. mentagrophytes 62-infected guinea pigs with the four purified DS-glycopeptides, as well as earlier fractions from the purification scheme, derived from T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and M. canis, again indicated that only the DSI2-mannopeptides of the two Trichophyton species elicited a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The number of infections or duration of infection had no effect on the size of the skin test response. DSI2-mannopeptides were non-cross-reactive between genera when tested in Trichophyton-immunized or -infected guinea pigs and Microsporum-immunized guinea pigs.", "contents": "Isolation of glycopeptides with skin test activity from dermatophytes. By using ethylene glycol extraction of whole submerged cultures followed by Sephadex G-200 and diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography, we isolated four distinct glycopeptides from Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and Microsporum canis. Chemical analyses revealed that these glycopeptides contained mostly carbohydrate (42.5 to 81.6%) and protein (4.3 to 11.3%), with lesser amounts of phosphorus (0.4 to 6.0%) and hexosamines (0.3 to 0.6%). Based upon total carbohydrate and monosaccharide content, these dermatophyte glycopeptides could be divided into two chemical groups: glucopeptides (DSI1) and mannopeptides (DSI2, DSII1, and DSII2). The mannopeptides and glucopeptides of each species of dermatophyte were not significantly different chemically from those derived from the other two dermatophyte species studied. Skin testing of DSI1-glycopeptides or DSI2-mannopeptides in immunized guinea pigs indicated that only the DSI2-mannopeptides elicited a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Skin testing T. mentagrophytes 62-infected guinea pigs with the four purified DS-glycopeptides, as well as earlier fractions from the purification scheme, derived from T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and M. canis, again indicated that only the DSI2-mannopeptides of the two Trichophyton species elicited a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The number of infections or duration of infection had no effect on the size of the skin test response. DSI2-mannopeptides were non-cross-reactive between genera when tested in Trichophyton-immunized or -infected guinea pigs and Microsporum-immunized guinea pigs.", "PMID": 640721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_378", "title": "Toxic activity of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-1 for mosquito larvae.", "content": "Using larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens var. quinquefasciatus as a bioassay system, we have verified an earlier proposal that pathogenicity of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-1 is a toxin-mediated rather than an infectious process. Chloroform or ultraviolet-light treatments that decreased the viable count of SSII-1 cells by 4 or 5 logs did not significantly alter the ability of the bacterial cells to kill larvae. Three lines of evidence indicated that toxic activity was not related to sporulation: (i) cells grown in either a complex or a defined medium were toxic at all ages; (ii) when supplemental Mn2+ was excluded from a complex medium, the culture yielded few spores but was of equal toxicity to a culture containing many spores; and (iii) several early blocked oligosporogenous mutants were isolated that had toxic activities comparable to that of the parent. The toxin was shown to be relatively unstable because activity was destroyed by heat and decreased by refrigeration, a freeze-thaw cycle, or two methods of cell breakage. Thin sections of SSII-1 cells did not reveal the presence of any inclusion body that might be related to toxicity.", "contents": "Toxic activity of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-1 for mosquito larvae. Using larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens var. quinquefasciatus as a bioassay system, we have verified an earlier proposal that pathogenicity of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-1 is a toxin-mediated rather than an infectious process. Chloroform or ultraviolet-light treatments that decreased the viable count of SSII-1 cells by 4 or 5 logs did not significantly alter the ability of the bacterial cells to kill larvae. Three lines of evidence indicated that toxic activity was not related to sporulation: (i) cells grown in either a complex or a defined medium were toxic at all ages; (ii) when supplemental Mn2+ was excluded from a complex medium, the culture yielded few spores but was of equal toxicity to a culture containing many spores; and (iii) several early blocked oligosporogenous mutants were isolated that had toxic activities comparable to that of the parent. The toxin was shown to be relatively unstable because activity was destroyed by heat and decreased by refrigeration, a freeze-thaw cycle, or two methods of cell breakage. Thin sections of SSII-1 cells did not reveal the presence of any inclusion body that might be related to toxicity.", "PMID": 640722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_379", "title": "Adherence of Bacteroides fragilis in vivo.", "content": "The ability of the encapsulated species Bacteroides fragilis to adhere to rat peritoneal mesothelium was compared to the adherence of unecapsulated strains of Bacteroides (B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. ovatus, and B. \"other\"). Adherence was assayed by attaching plexiglas plates containing 8-mm holes to the peritoneal mesothelium of anesthetized rats. Cell suspension (0.25 ml) was incubated in each well, after which the suspension was aspirated, and a 4-mm punch biopsy was removed. Viable organisms adhering to the biopsy specimen were enumerated by plate count following washing of the biopsy tissue. It was found that B. fragilis adhered significantly better to mesothelial tissue (10(3.00) colony-forming units per biopsy) than unencapsulated species of Bacteroides (10(1.07) colony-forming units per biopsy). This effect was not due to differential oxygen sensitivity of the various inocula. Immunization of rats with capsular polysaccharide did not demonstrate decrease in the adherence of B. fragilis; however, preincubation of the mesothelium with purified capsular polysaccharide resulted in a substantial reduction in adherence. These results indicate that B. fragilis adheres to rat peritoneal mesothelium better than unencapsulated species and suggests that the capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis plays some role in this increased adherence.", "contents": "Adherence of Bacteroides fragilis in vivo. The ability of the encapsulated species Bacteroides fragilis to adhere to rat peritoneal mesothelium was compared to the adherence of unecapsulated strains of Bacteroides (B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. ovatus, and B. \"other\"). Adherence was assayed by attaching plexiglas plates containing 8-mm holes to the peritoneal mesothelium of anesthetized rats. Cell suspension (0.25 ml) was incubated in each well, after which the suspension was aspirated, and a 4-mm punch biopsy was removed. Viable organisms adhering to the biopsy specimen were enumerated by plate count following washing of the biopsy tissue. It was found that B. fragilis adhered significantly better to mesothelial tissue (10(3.00) colony-forming units per biopsy) than unencapsulated species of Bacteroides (10(1.07) colony-forming units per biopsy). This effect was not due to differential oxygen sensitivity of the various inocula. Immunization of rats with capsular polysaccharide did not demonstrate decrease in the adherence of B. fragilis; however, preincubation of the mesothelium with purified capsular polysaccharide resulted in a substantial reduction in adherence. These results indicate that B. fragilis adheres to rat peritoneal mesothelium better than unencapsulated species and suggests that the capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis plays some role in this increased adherence.", "PMID": 640723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_380", "title": "Encapsulation of Bacteroides species.", "content": "Capsules were detected by the India ink method in cultures of Bacteroides fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. ovatus. No capsules were found in the five strains of B. distasonis examined.", "contents": "Encapsulation of Bacteroides species. Capsules were detected by the India ink method in cultures of Bacteroides fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. ovatus. No capsules were found in the five strains of B. distasonis examined.", "PMID": 640724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_381", "title": "Potentiation of endotoxicity by carrageenan.", "content": "Carrageenan can potentiate the lethal effects of endotoxin by 100- to more than 3,000-fold.", "contents": "Potentiation of endotoxicity by carrageenan. Carrageenan can potentiate the lethal effects of endotoxin by 100- to more than 3,000-fold.", "PMID": 640725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_382", "title": "Inhibition of hemolysis by zinc and its reversal by L-histidine.", "content": "Hemolysis induced by staphylococcal alpha-toxin, staphylococcal beta-toxin, streptolysin O, and streptolysin S was inhibited by zinc ions by virtue of inhibition of an early step in the events leading to lysis, presumably by preventing the lysins from attaching to the plasma membrane. In contrast, in hemolysis induced by Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and by perfringolysin O, a later step was inhibited by zinc. In hemolysis caused by saponin, lysolecithin, and Triton X-100, hemoglobin was precipitated by zinc ions as it was released from the erythrocyte. Inhibition by zinc was abolished by several amino acids of which L-histidine was the most effective.", "contents": "Inhibition of hemolysis by zinc and its reversal by L-histidine. Hemolysis induced by staphylococcal alpha-toxin, staphylococcal beta-toxin, streptolysin O, and streptolysin S was inhibited by zinc ions by virtue of inhibition of an early step in the events leading to lysis, presumably by preventing the lysins from attaching to the plasma membrane. In contrast, in hemolysis induced by Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and by perfringolysin O, a later step was inhibited by zinc. In hemolysis caused by saponin, lysolecithin, and Triton X-100, hemoglobin was precipitated by zinc ions as it was released from the erythrocyte. Inhibition by zinc was abolished by several amino acids of which L-histidine was the most effective.", "PMID": 640726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_383", "title": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus: in vivo induction of a chromosomal abnormality in hamster bone marrow cells.", "content": "This study reports the induction in vivo of aneuploidy in bone marrow cells of the Syrian hamster after short-term infection with Venezuelan encephalitis virus.", "contents": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus: in vivo induction of a chromosomal abnormality in hamster bone marrow cells. This study reports the induction in vivo of aneuploidy in bone marrow cells of the Syrian hamster after short-term infection with Venezuelan encephalitis virus.", "PMID": 640727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_384", "title": "Heterogeneity of the rhamnomannans from one strain of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The synthesis of different rhamnomannans in a strain of Sporothrix schenckii (1099.12) was shown by use of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fractionation of a polysaccharide preparation from cells grown at 25 degrees C provided a neutral monorhamnosyl rhamnomannan and an acidic rhamnomannan containing 4-O-substituted glucuronic acid units and also (1 leads to 2)-linked dirhamnosyl side chains.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the rhamnomannans from one strain of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The synthesis of different rhamnomannans in a strain of Sporothrix schenckii (1099.12) was shown by use of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fractionation of a polysaccharide preparation from cells grown at 25 degrees C provided a neutral monorhamnosyl rhamnomannan and an acidic rhamnomannan containing 4-O-substituted glucuronic acid units and also (1 leads to 2)-linked dirhamnosyl side chains.", "PMID": 640728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_385", "title": "Immunity to vaginal reinfection in female guinea pigs infected sexually with Chlamydia of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.", "content": "Guinea pig boars were inoculated intraurethrally with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). At the heights of their urethral infections, they were caged with sows in estrus. Whereas some of the sows had not been previously exposed to GPIC agent, others had received an intravaginal inoculation 5 to 8 weeks earlier. Those sows for which infected boars provided the first exposure were challenged by intravaginal inoculation 5 to 8 weeks later. Vaginal and conjunctival scrapings were taken regularly and stained for chlamydial inclusions. Titers of serum anti-GPIC antibodies and of vaginal secretory IgA anti-GPIC antibodies were determined by immunofluorescence. Our results show for the first time that a sexually acquired vaginal GPIC infection induces immunity to manual reinfection of the vagina. Because of the high incidence of secondary conjunctival infections among the vaginally infected sows, we could not provide a sound statistical basis for our tentative conclusion that manual infection of the vagina induces immunity to sexual reinfection. The results of our antibody titrations confirm previous work showing that vaginal GPIC infection induces formation of both serum antibody and vaginal secretory immunoglobulin A antibody.", "contents": "Immunity to vaginal reinfection in female guinea pigs infected sexually with Chlamydia of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Guinea pig boars were inoculated intraurethrally with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). At the heights of their urethral infections, they were caged with sows in estrus. Whereas some of the sows had not been previously exposed to GPIC agent, others had received an intravaginal inoculation 5 to 8 weeks earlier. Those sows for which infected boars provided the first exposure were challenged by intravaginal inoculation 5 to 8 weeks later. Vaginal and conjunctival scrapings were taken regularly and stained for chlamydial inclusions. Titers of serum anti-GPIC antibodies and of vaginal secretory IgA anti-GPIC antibodies were determined by immunofluorescence. Our results show for the first time that a sexually acquired vaginal GPIC infection induces immunity to manual reinfection of the vagina. Because of the high incidence of secondary conjunctival infections among the vaginally infected sows, we could not provide a sound statistical basis for our tentative conclusion that manual infection of the vagina induces immunity to sexual reinfection. The results of our antibody titrations confirm previous work showing that vaginal GPIC infection induces formation of both serum antibody and vaginal secretory immunoglobulin A antibody.", "PMID": 640729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_386", "title": "Loss of inorganic ions from host cells infected with Chlamydia psittaci.", "content": "Mouse fibroblasts (L cells) infected with the 6BC strain of Chlamydia psittaci released potassium ion (K(+)) into the extracellular milieu in a way that depended on size of inoculum and time after infection. When the multiplicity of infection was 500 to 1,000 50% infectious units (ID(50)) per L cell, loss of intracellular K(+) was first apparent 4 to 10 h after infection and was nearly complete at 6 to 20 h. Magnesium ion and inorganic phosphate (P(i)) were also released. Similar multiplicities of ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci also caused release of K(+). Leakage of inorganic ions probably resulted from immediate damage to the host-cell plasma membrane during ingestion of large numbers of chlamydiae. With multiplicities of 1 to 50 ID(50) per L cell, ingestion of C. psittaci was not by itself enough to cause release of K(+) and P(i) from infected L cells. There was a delay of 36 to 72 h between infection and massive leakage of intracellular ions during which time the chlamydiae multiplied extensively. Fifty ID(50) of ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci per L cell did not bring about significant leakage of K(+), even after 72 h. The mechanism whereby these multiplicities of infection destroy the ability of host cells to retain intracellular molecules is not known. HeLa 229 cells also released K(+) and P(i) after infection, but these losses occurred more slowly than in comparably infected L cells, possibly because C. psittaci did not multiply as extensively in HeLa cells as it did in L cells. The significance of the inability of chlamydiae-infected cells to regulate the flow of molecules through their plasma membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Loss of inorganic ions from host cells infected with Chlamydia psittaci. Mouse fibroblasts (L cells) infected with the 6BC strain of Chlamydia psittaci released potassium ion (K(+)) into the extracellular milieu in a way that depended on size of inoculum and time after infection. When the multiplicity of infection was 500 to 1,000 50% infectious units (ID(50)) per L cell, loss of intracellular K(+) was first apparent 4 to 10 h after infection and was nearly complete at 6 to 20 h. Magnesium ion and inorganic phosphate (P(i)) were also released. Similar multiplicities of ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci also caused release of K(+). Leakage of inorganic ions probably resulted from immediate damage to the host-cell plasma membrane during ingestion of large numbers of chlamydiae. With multiplicities of 1 to 50 ID(50) per L cell, ingestion of C. psittaci was not by itself enough to cause release of K(+) and P(i) from infected L cells. There was a delay of 36 to 72 h between infection and massive leakage of intracellular ions during which time the chlamydiae multiplied extensively. Fifty ID(50) of ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci per L cell did not bring about significant leakage of K(+), even after 72 h. The mechanism whereby these multiplicities of infection destroy the ability of host cells to retain intracellular molecules is not known. HeLa 229 cells also released K(+) and P(i) after infection, but these losses occurred more slowly than in comparably infected L cells, possibly because C. psittaci did not multiply as extensively in HeLa cells as it did in L cells. The significance of the inability of chlamydiae-infected cells to regulate the flow of molecules through their plasma membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 640730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_387", "title": "Effect of chemoattractants on chemiluminescence.", "content": "Upon ingestion of particulate matter, polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce a chemiluminescence that can be measured in a liquid scintillation counter. In the experiments reported here, the influence of three chemoattractants and three chemotactic modulators upon the chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan was studied. The chemoattractants investigated (including bacterial factor derived from Escherichia coli, the simple peptide formylmethionylalanine, and activated human complement), which initiate directed movement when presented to cells in a concentration gradient, significantly enhanced zymosan-induced chemiluminescence. In the absence of opsonized zymosan, however, they had no effect on the chemiluminescence response. In contrast, the chemotactic modulators studied (including carbamylcholine, phenylephrine, and cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate, which are not chemotactic by themselves but can enhance or depress the movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes initiated by chemoattractants) produced no enhancement of chemiluminescence. Other experiments were carried out in which neutrophils were pretreated with cytochalasin D, a compound that inhibits phagocytosis by interacting with microfilaments. Under these conditions, the chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan was markedly reduced, but the response resulting from the addition of a chemoattractant to the leukocyte/zymosan mixture was not. This indicates that the chemiluminescence in response to chemoattractants is not dependent on phagocytosis per se. Neutrophils were also pretreated with dinitrofluorobenzene, a compound that binds amino groups and can be expected to react with proteins on the cell membrane. In these experiments, the chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan and the pronounced spike of activity produced by the addition of a chemoattractant were completely abolished. These results suggest that the polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence response to chemoattractants is mediated by cell surface proteins. Thus, chemoattractants may have a dual role in the acute inflammatory response: (i) the initiation and maintenance of directed cell movement, and (ii) enhancement of metabolic steps mediated at the cell membrane, resulting in microbicidal activity.", "contents": "Effect of chemoattractants on chemiluminescence. Upon ingestion of particulate matter, polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce a chemiluminescence that can be measured in a liquid scintillation counter. In the experiments reported here, the influence of three chemoattractants and three chemotactic modulators upon the chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan was studied. The chemoattractants investigated (including bacterial factor derived from Escherichia coli, the simple peptide formylmethionylalanine, and activated human complement), which initiate directed movement when presented to cells in a concentration gradient, significantly enhanced zymosan-induced chemiluminescence. In the absence of opsonized zymosan, however, they had no effect on the chemiluminescence response. In contrast, the chemotactic modulators studied (including carbamylcholine, phenylephrine, and cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate, which are not chemotactic by themselves but can enhance or depress the movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes initiated by chemoattractants) produced no enhancement of chemiluminescence. Other experiments were carried out in which neutrophils were pretreated with cytochalasin D, a compound that inhibits phagocytosis by interacting with microfilaments. Under these conditions, the chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan was markedly reduced, but the response resulting from the addition of a chemoattractant to the leukocyte/zymosan mixture was not. This indicates that the chemiluminescence in response to chemoattractants is not dependent on phagocytosis per se. Neutrophils were also pretreated with dinitrofluorobenzene, a compound that binds amino groups and can be expected to react with proteins on the cell membrane. In these experiments, the chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan and the pronounced spike of activity produced by the addition of a chemoattractant were completely abolished. These results suggest that the polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence response to chemoattractants is mediated by cell surface proteins. Thus, chemoattractants may have a dual role in the acute inflammatory response: (i) the initiation and maintenance of directed cell movement, and (ii) enhancement of metabolic steps mediated at the cell membrane, resulting in microbicidal activity.", "PMID": 640731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_388", "title": "Comparative estimates of bacterial affinities and adsorption sites on hydroxyapatite surfaces.", "content": "The adsorption of strains of prominent oral bacteria to hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces was studied by use of an adsorption model based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm; this permitted comparative estimates of the number of adsorption sites and the strength of the adsorption bonds on untreated and salivatreated HA surfaces for strain of Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. mitis, Actinomyces viscosus, and A. naeslundii. The experimental data closely followed the adsorption model as judged by the high correlation coefficients obtained for all strains studied. Adsorption to untreated HA was similar for strains of the six species studied, suggesting that a common adsorption mechanism, possibly Ca(2+) bridging, may exist for attachment to HA. More complex interactions appeared to be involved in bacterial adsorption to saliva-treated HA since adsorption of the strains tested at unsaturating cell concentrations varied more than 30-fold. This indicates that adsorbed salivary components on HA surfaces impart a higher order of specificity for subsequent bacterial adsorption. Fewer cells of strains of S. mutans, S. salivarius, and A. naeslundii adsorbed to saliva-treated HA than to untreated HA because adsorbed salivary components presented fewer adsorption sites. Substantially higher numbers of cells of strains of S. sanguis, S. mitis, and A. viscosus adsorbed to saliva-treated HA because the film of adsorbed salivary components increased the number of adsorption sites for these strains. The affinity constants for all but one strain studied were lower on saliva-treated HA than on untreated HA. The number of bacterial cells which adsorbed to saliva-treated HA more closely related to the number of available binding sites than to the strength of their adsorption bonds when tested at an initial concentration of 2 x 10(7) organisms/ml. Although some differences were observed in the adsorption of strains of S. mutans representative of five serological groups, the numbers which attached to saliva-treated HA did not vary widely; this suggests that factors other than their ability to attach to a pellicle-covered HA surface may be responsible for their varying geographic distribution in human populations.", "contents": "Comparative estimates of bacterial affinities and adsorption sites on hydroxyapatite surfaces. The adsorption of strains of prominent oral bacteria to hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces was studied by use of an adsorption model based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm; this permitted comparative estimates of the number of adsorption sites and the strength of the adsorption bonds on untreated and salivatreated HA surfaces for strain of Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. mitis, Actinomyces viscosus, and A. naeslundii. The experimental data closely followed the adsorption model as judged by the high correlation coefficients obtained for all strains studied. Adsorption to untreated HA was similar for strains of the six species studied, suggesting that a common adsorption mechanism, possibly Ca(2+) bridging, may exist for attachment to HA. More complex interactions appeared to be involved in bacterial adsorption to saliva-treated HA since adsorption of the strains tested at unsaturating cell concentrations varied more than 30-fold. This indicates that adsorbed salivary components on HA surfaces impart a higher order of specificity for subsequent bacterial adsorption. Fewer cells of strains of S. mutans, S. salivarius, and A. naeslundii adsorbed to saliva-treated HA than to untreated HA because adsorbed salivary components presented fewer adsorption sites. Substantially higher numbers of cells of strains of S. sanguis, S. mitis, and A. viscosus adsorbed to saliva-treated HA because the film of adsorbed salivary components increased the number of adsorption sites for these strains. The affinity constants for all but one strain studied were lower on saliva-treated HA than on untreated HA. The number of bacterial cells which adsorbed to saliva-treated HA more closely related to the number of available binding sites than to the strength of their adsorption bonds when tested at an initial concentration of 2 x 10(7) organisms/ml. Although some differences were observed in the adsorption of strains of S. mutans representative of five serological groups, the numbers which attached to saliva-treated HA did not vary widely; this suggests that factors other than their ability to attach to a pellicle-covered HA surface may be responsible for their varying geographic distribution in human populations.", "PMID": 640732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_389", "title": "Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to influenza virus antigens after influenza infection and vaccination in humans.", "content": "Virus-specific in vitro cell-mediated immune responses were investigated in 20 normal volunteers who were challenged with liver influenza A/VIC/3/75 (H3N2) virus and in 13 volunteers who were vaccinated with inactivated vaccine containing A/VIC and A/NJ/8/76 (HswN1) antigens. Lymphocyte cultures were established from peripheral blood samples obtained prior to and at various times after infection or vaccination. Blastogenesis was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation after stimulation of cultures with purified, inactivated, whole influenza viruses. Six days after infection, significantly elevated levels of blastogenesis were observed after in vitro stimulation with A viruses of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes that were the same as (H3N2) or antigenically distinct from (Heq1Neq1 or HswN1) those of the challenge virus, although maximum stimulation was noted with virus of the same hemagglutinin subtype (H3) as the challenge virus. Similar although more prolonged blastogenic responses were noted in lymphocyte cultures from vaccinees who had serum antibody rises after vaccination. The kinetics of these responses suggest that cell-mediated immunity may play a role in early events after infection and vaccination with influenza virus.", "contents": "Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to influenza virus antigens after influenza infection and vaccination in humans. Virus-specific in vitro cell-mediated immune responses were investigated in 20 normal volunteers who were challenged with liver influenza A/VIC/3/75 (H3N2) virus and in 13 volunteers who were vaccinated with inactivated vaccine containing A/VIC and A/NJ/8/76 (HswN1) antigens. Lymphocyte cultures were established from peripheral blood samples obtained prior to and at various times after infection or vaccination. Blastogenesis was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation after stimulation of cultures with purified, inactivated, whole influenza viruses. Six days after infection, significantly elevated levels of blastogenesis were observed after in vitro stimulation with A viruses of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes that were the same as (H3N2) or antigenically distinct from (Heq1Neq1 or HswN1) those of the challenge virus, although maximum stimulation was noted with virus of the same hemagglutinin subtype (H3) as the challenge virus. Similar although more prolonged blastogenic responses were noted in lymphocyte cultures from vaccinees who had serum antibody rises after vaccination. The kinetics of these responses suggest that cell-mediated immunity may play a role in early events after infection and vaccination with influenza virus.", "PMID": 640733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_390", "title": "Interaction of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with complement in rats and its relation to endotoxicity.", "content": "Uniform salt forms of endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and free lipid A showing distinct differences in their anticomplementary activity, as well as a nontoxic LPS, are used in a new approach of studying the role of complement in endotoxin shock. The use of these defined LPS forms led to the identification of two timely, distinct depressions in complement hemolytic activity after administration of endotoxin in rats. An early depression occurred within 10 min after injection, and a late one developed more gradually, with lowest values at 6 to 9 h. The early depression represents a direct interaction of LPS with complement. It was obtained by toxic and nontoxic preparations that exhibit a high molecular weight and anticomplementary activity in vitro. The early depression was not related to the toxic properties of the LPS. The late depression was obtained only with endotoxically active LPS in lethal and 100-fold-lower concentrations, regardless of their molecular weight and of their in vitro anticomplementary activity.", "contents": "Interaction of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with complement in rats and its relation to endotoxicity. Uniform salt forms of endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and free lipid A showing distinct differences in their anticomplementary activity, as well as a nontoxic LPS, are used in a new approach of studying the role of complement in endotoxin shock. The use of these defined LPS forms led to the identification of two timely, distinct depressions in complement hemolytic activity after administration of endotoxin in rats. An early depression occurred within 10 min after injection, and a late one developed more gradually, with lowest values at 6 to 9 h. The early depression represents a direct interaction of LPS with complement. It was obtained by toxic and nontoxic preparations that exhibit a high molecular weight and anticomplementary activity in vitro. The early depression was not related to the toxic properties of the LPS. The late depression was obtained only with endotoxically active LPS in lethal and 100-fold-lower concentrations, regardless of their molecular weight and of their in vitro anticomplementary activity.", "PMID": 640734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_391", "title": "Phagocytosis by sheep alveolar macrophages: relationship between opsonin concentration and light emission in the presence of luminol.", "content": "The observations reported may be applied to determining the effects of various compounds, e.g., environmental pollutants and agricultural chemicals, upon the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages, and the method described will aid in detecting compounds which alter Fc receptor activity. A direct linear relationship existed between the concentration of antibody used to opsonize bacterial particles and the quantity of luminol-dependent light emitted by a population of sheep alveolar macrophages exposed to the opsonized particles. The relationship can be illustrated with a Lineweaver-Burk-style double-reciprocal plot. An analogy is suggested between the kinetics of enzyme substrate reactions and the interaction of antibody-coated particles with Fc receptors on cell membranes.", "contents": "Phagocytosis by sheep alveolar macrophages: relationship between opsonin concentration and light emission in the presence of luminol. The observations reported may be applied to determining the effects of various compounds, e.g., environmental pollutants and agricultural chemicals, upon the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages, and the method described will aid in detecting compounds which alter Fc receptor activity. A direct linear relationship existed between the concentration of antibody used to opsonize bacterial particles and the quantity of luminol-dependent light emitted by a population of sheep alveolar macrophages exposed to the opsonized particles. The relationship can be illustrated with a Lineweaver-Burk-style double-reciprocal plot. An analogy is suggested between the kinetics of enzyme substrate reactions and the interaction of antibody-coated particles with Fc receptors on cell membranes.", "PMID": 640735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_392", "title": "Monocyte function in human neonates.", "content": "Monocytes of healthy, full-term newborns were isolated from cord blood, and functional and biochemical activities were quantitated. The yield of monocytes per milliliter of cord blood was 60% greater than that from the peripheral blood of healthy adults. Placental monocytes were initially less well spread than cells from adults, but no other morphological differences were noted. During 4 days of in vitro cultivation, placental monocytes secreted lysozyme at a constant rate, lost peroxidase activity, and increased 5'-nucleotidase activity 15- to 25-fold. Similar findings were obtained with monocytes from adults. Placental monocytes also displayed Fc and complement receptor activity. Ingestion and intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii were identical in normal placental and adult monocytes. Furthermore, toxoplasma multiplication was significantly inhibited by cells from both sources when the monocytes were preincubated with supernatants prepared from sensitized lymphocytes and toxoplasma antigen. Monocytes from newborns were competent cells in terms of the specific functions and activities we examined.", "contents": "Monocyte function in human neonates. Monocytes of healthy, full-term newborns were isolated from cord blood, and functional and biochemical activities were quantitated. The yield of monocytes per milliliter of cord blood was 60% greater than that from the peripheral blood of healthy adults. Placental monocytes were initially less well spread than cells from adults, but no other morphological differences were noted. During 4 days of in vitro cultivation, placental monocytes secreted lysozyme at a constant rate, lost peroxidase activity, and increased 5'-nucleotidase activity 15- to 25-fold. Similar findings were obtained with monocytes from adults. Placental monocytes also displayed Fc and complement receptor activity. Ingestion and intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii were identical in normal placental and adult monocytes. Furthermore, toxoplasma multiplication was significantly inhibited by cells from both sources when the monocytes were preincubated with supernatants prepared from sensitized lymphocytes and toxoplasma antigen. Monocytes from newborns were competent cells in terms of the specific functions and activities we examined.", "PMID": 640736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_393", "title": "Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Forty-three strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from children with gastroenteritis and 18 laboratory strains were examined for enterotoxin production by using the infant mouse, Y1 adrenal cell, and rabbit ileal loop assay systems. All clinical isolates and seven laboratory strains were found enterotoxigenic in the infant mouse model, but none of the strains produced toxin in the Y1 adrenal cell system. One enterotoxin-producing strain was also tested by the rabbit ileal loop assay, confirming the results of the infant mouse assay. The enterotoxin was heat-stable and as active in the 6-h rabbit ileal loop as in the 18-h assay, suggesting a similarity to the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia enterocolitica. Forty-three strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from children with gastroenteritis and 18 laboratory strains were examined for enterotoxin production by using the infant mouse, Y1 adrenal cell, and rabbit ileal loop assay systems. All clinical isolates and seven laboratory strains were found enterotoxigenic in the infant mouse model, but none of the strains produced toxin in the Y1 adrenal cell system. One enterotoxin-producing strain was also tested by the rabbit ileal loop assay, confirming the results of the infant mouse assay. The enterotoxin was heat-stable and as active in the 6-h rabbit ileal loop as in the 18-h assay, suggesting a similarity to the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 640737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_394", "title": "Influence of encapsulation on staphylococcal opsonization and phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "In previous studies, encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains have been shown to resist phagocytosis. In this investigation, the nature of the interference with phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was examined by studying the opsonization of two pairs of unencapsulated (Smith compact and M variant) and encapsulated (Smith diffuse and M) S. aureus strains. The uptake of [3H]glycine-labeled bacteria by normal leukocytes was quantitatively measured after incubation of bacteria in pooled serum, C2-deficient serum, immunoglobulin-deficient serum, and serum from a rabbit immunized with S. aureus M. The presence of a capsule was found to interfere with opsonization by both the classical and alternative pathways of complement as well as by heat-stable opsonic factors in nonimmune human serum. This interference was significantly greater in the case of the S. aureus M strain than in the case of the Smith diffuse strain. The only effective opsonic source for S. aureus M was immune rabbit serum. It is proposed that encapsulation of S. aureus strains interferes with phagocytosis by preventing effective bacterial opsonization.", "contents": "Influence of encapsulation on staphylococcal opsonization and phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In previous studies, encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains have been shown to resist phagocytosis. In this investigation, the nature of the interference with phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was examined by studying the opsonization of two pairs of unencapsulated (Smith compact and M variant) and encapsulated (Smith diffuse and M) S. aureus strains. The uptake of [3H]glycine-labeled bacteria by normal leukocytes was quantitatively measured after incubation of bacteria in pooled serum, C2-deficient serum, immunoglobulin-deficient serum, and serum from a rabbit immunized with S. aureus M. The presence of a capsule was found to interfere with opsonization by both the classical and alternative pathways of complement as well as by heat-stable opsonic factors in nonimmune human serum. This interference was significantly greater in the case of the S. aureus M strain than in the case of the Smith diffuse strain. The only effective opsonic source for S. aureus M was immune rabbit serum. It is proposed that encapsulation of S. aureus strains interferes with phagocytosis by preventing effective bacterial opsonization.", "PMID": 640738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_395", "title": "Reversion of dextran sulfate-induced loss of antibacterial resistance by Bordetella pertussis.", "content": "Parenteral injection of dextran sulfate 500 (DS 500; 50 mg/kg of body weight) into mice caused a complete loss of resistance to a sublethal (2 X 10(3) to 5 X 10(3)) infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Such loss could be prevented by pretreatment of animals with 3 X 10(9) heat-killed Bordetella pertussis organisms (PO) 5 to 30 days before the administration of DS 500. The increased phagocytic capcity induced by PO was only exhausted when a fourfold dose of DS 500, effecting complete loss of antibacterial resistance (50 mg/kg ob body weight), was administered. Listeriosis in mice treated with DS 500 is characterized by rapid-progressive necro-purulent inflammation of liver and spleen, lack of mononuclear phagocyte response, and 100% lethality within 72 h after infection. In contrast, the time course, extent, and morphological characteristics of listeriosis in animals pretreated with PO before the DS 500 application were not significantly different from those of nonpretreated controls. Evidence is presented that the protective effect of PO is due to activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which without such treatment is blocked by the DS 500 administration. The data presented indicate that the protective effect of PO is due only in part to the endotoxic moiety of these bacteria. Differences in the course and morphology of listeriosis in animals with dysfunction of the mononuclear phagocyte system and in animals with deficiency of the cellular immune system are discussed.", "contents": "Reversion of dextran sulfate-induced loss of antibacterial resistance by Bordetella pertussis. Parenteral injection of dextran sulfate 500 (DS 500; 50 mg/kg of body weight) into mice caused a complete loss of resistance to a sublethal (2 X 10(3) to 5 X 10(3)) infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Such loss could be prevented by pretreatment of animals with 3 X 10(9) heat-killed Bordetella pertussis organisms (PO) 5 to 30 days before the administration of DS 500. The increased phagocytic capcity induced by PO was only exhausted when a fourfold dose of DS 500, effecting complete loss of antibacterial resistance (50 mg/kg ob body weight), was administered. Listeriosis in mice treated with DS 500 is characterized by rapid-progressive necro-purulent inflammation of liver and spleen, lack of mononuclear phagocyte response, and 100% lethality within 72 h after infection. In contrast, the time course, extent, and morphological characteristics of listeriosis in animals pretreated with PO before the DS 500 application were not significantly different from those of nonpretreated controls. Evidence is presented that the protective effect of PO is due to activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which without such treatment is blocked by the DS 500 administration. The data presented indicate that the protective effect of PO is due only in part to the endotoxic moiety of these bacteria. Differences in the course and morphology of listeriosis in animals with dysfunction of the mononuclear phagocyte system and in animals with deficiency of the cellular immune system are discussed.", "PMID": 640739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_396", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunological aspects of the phagocytosis of Trypanosoma brucei by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Trypanosome-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages phagocytized and digested Trypanosoma brucei in vitro and in vivo, but in the absence of specific antiserum and complement the degree of phagocytosis was minimal. Ultrastructurally, the parasites attached to the macrophage by their flagella, and ingestion proceeded flagellum first. Once ingested, T. brucei was degraded, presumably due to fusion of the parasite-containing phagosome with lysosomes. Contrariwise, normal mouse peritoneal macrophages displayed negligible ability to ingest T. brucei, even in the presence of specific antiserum and complement. During trypanosomiasis in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), the development of hypergammaglobulinemia correlated with enhanced phagocytosis of T. brucei by macrophages, but only at early post-inoculation days (PID 5 to 15). Complement lysis of trypanosomes was not identified in these experiments. Between PID 20 to 30, antiserum and complement either had no phagocytosis-promoting ability or depressed the phagocytosis of T. brucei by macrophages. These results indicate that both specific antibody and complement contribute to the ingestion of T. brucei by activated macrophages, but that parasite antigenic variation effectively abrogates the phagocytic defense mechanism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunological aspects of the phagocytosis of Trypanosoma brucei by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Trypanosome-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages phagocytized and digested Trypanosoma brucei in vitro and in vivo, but in the absence of specific antiserum and complement the degree of phagocytosis was minimal. Ultrastructurally, the parasites attached to the macrophage by their flagella, and ingestion proceeded flagellum first. Once ingested, T. brucei was degraded, presumably due to fusion of the parasite-containing phagosome with lysosomes. Contrariwise, normal mouse peritoneal macrophages displayed negligible ability to ingest T. brucei, even in the presence of specific antiserum and complement. During trypanosomiasis in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), the development of hypergammaglobulinemia correlated with enhanced phagocytosis of T. brucei by macrophages, but only at early post-inoculation days (PID 5 to 15). Complement lysis of trypanosomes was not identified in these experiments. Between PID 20 to 30, antiserum and complement either had no phagocytosis-promoting ability or depressed the phagocytosis of T. brucei by macrophages. These results indicate that both specific antibody and complement contribute to the ingestion of T. brucei by activated macrophages, but that parasite antigenic variation effectively abrogates the phagocytic defense mechanism.", "PMID": 640740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_397", "title": "Mediation of immunity to intracellular infection (Toxoplasma and Besnoitia) within somatic cells.", "content": "Antigen-treated lymphocytes from immune hamsters specifically protected not only macrophages, but also cultured fibroblasts and kidney cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Besnoitia jellisoni. Macrophages were not necessary for the protection of fibroblasts and kidney cells. A mediator that inhibited the intracellular proliferation of these microbes was obtained from immune lymphocytes in contact with specific antigen. Again, macrophages were not necessary for the elaboration of this mediator or its activity in kidney cells or fibroblasts. The mediator was microbe and host specific, had a molecular weight between 4,000 and 5,000, was resistant to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, and was sensitive to chymotrypsin, but resistant to ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. A single injection of Besnoitia mediator afforded better protection to hamsters infected with Besnoitia than did antibody. Whereas antibody lysed extracellular organisms, the microbe-specific mediators conferred immunity not only on macrophages, but also on other cells of the body, apparently the first such demonstration.", "contents": "Mediation of immunity to intracellular infection (Toxoplasma and Besnoitia) within somatic cells. Antigen-treated lymphocytes from immune hamsters specifically protected not only macrophages, but also cultured fibroblasts and kidney cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Besnoitia jellisoni. Macrophages were not necessary for the protection of fibroblasts and kidney cells. A mediator that inhibited the intracellular proliferation of these microbes was obtained from immune lymphocytes in contact with specific antigen. Again, macrophages were not necessary for the elaboration of this mediator or its activity in kidney cells or fibroblasts. The mediator was microbe and host specific, had a molecular weight between 4,000 and 5,000, was resistant to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, and was sensitive to chymotrypsin, but resistant to ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. A single injection of Besnoitia mediator afforded better protection to hamsters infected with Besnoitia than did antibody. Whereas antibody lysed extracellular organisms, the microbe-specific mediators conferred immunity not only on macrophages, but also on other cells of the body, apparently the first such demonstration.", "PMID": 640741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_398", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in the lungs of rabbits using conjugated proteins.", "content": "A study using direct macrophage migration inhibition of cells from the lower respiratory tract of rabbits immunized with conjugated proteins, incorporated into a killed BCG-oil emulsion, revealed that the reaction was largely carrier specific. The only exception was when bronchoalveolar cells (BAC) from animals immunized with dinitrophenol coupled to ovalbumin (DNP-OA) were significantly immobilized with DNP coupled to bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) in which the ratio of DNP/BGG was high [DNP-BGG(H)]. This result could not be explained by a toxic effect or by a high net negative charge on DNP-BGG(H). In addition, inhibition of BAC from DNP-OA-immunized rabbits was not observed when the ratio of DNP to BGG was reduced approximately 5-fold.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in the lungs of rabbits using conjugated proteins. A study using direct macrophage migration inhibition of cells from the lower respiratory tract of rabbits immunized with conjugated proteins, incorporated into a killed BCG-oil emulsion, revealed that the reaction was largely carrier specific. The only exception was when bronchoalveolar cells (BAC) from animals immunized with dinitrophenol coupled to ovalbumin (DNP-OA) were significantly immobilized with DNP coupled to bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) in which the ratio of DNP/BGG was high [DNP-BGG(H)]. This result could not be explained by a toxic effect or by a high net negative charge on DNP-BGG(H). In addition, inhibition of BAC from DNP-OA-immunized rabbits was not observed when the ratio of DNP to BGG was reduced approximately 5-fold.", "PMID": 640742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_399", "title": "Demonstration of antibodies to chlorophenothiazine derivatives.", "content": "Antibody to 2-chloro-10-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenothiazine (CECP) was produced in rabbits by immunization with the hapten-BSA conjugate. The titer of antibody was determined by passive hemagglutination (PHA) using erythrocytes coupled with the CECP-protein carrier. Results from inhibition tests using structurally related (CECP, CPZ, PCPZ, CMP) and almost unrelated haptens (DDA, RF) strongly suggested that both the side chain and the nucleus of the haptens are important in determining the specificicity of immunological reactions. 18 sera from psychiatric patients administered phenothiazine derivatives for a long time as well as 20 control sera from healthy individuals were then tested for their reactivity to CECP. Of patients' sera, 12 had detecable hemagglutination titers (1:8 or greater), while all of the normal human sera were negative. The PHA activity was contained in euglobulin fraction and was specific in the inhibition tests. From these results, the activity to CECP in patients' sera was supposed to be specific antibody.", "contents": "Demonstration of antibodies to chlorophenothiazine derivatives. Antibody to 2-chloro-10-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenothiazine (CECP) was produced in rabbits by immunization with the hapten-BSA conjugate. The titer of antibody was determined by passive hemagglutination (PHA) using erythrocytes coupled with the CECP-protein carrier. Results from inhibition tests using structurally related (CECP, CPZ, PCPZ, CMP) and almost unrelated haptens (DDA, RF) strongly suggested that both the side chain and the nucleus of the haptens are important in determining the specificicity of immunological reactions. 18 sera from psychiatric patients administered phenothiazine derivatives for a long time as well as 20 control sera from healthy individuals were then tested for their reactivity to CECP. Of patients' sera, 12 had detecable hemagglutination titers (1:8 or greater), while all of the normal human sera were negative. The PHA activity was contained in euglobulin fraction and was specific in the inhibition tests. From these results, the activity to CECP in patients' sera was supposed to be specific antibody.", "PMID": 640743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_400", "title": "Thymoindependent antigentic stimulation in nude mice: response to polyvinylpyrrolidone and adjuvant effects of Corynebacterium parvum and LH1.", "content": "The humoral thymoindependent response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) measured by the Farr test, was not different in athymic nude and phenotypically normal mice. In athymic and normal mice, this response was significantly increased by Cornebacterium parvum administered at the time of immunization. A recently synthetized compound, LH1 (3alpha-N-[2 aminoethanol]-amino 5-alpha-pregnane-20-one) was, however, a better immunostimulant of the anti-PVP response in athymic mice.", "contents": "Thymoindependent antigentic stimulation in nude mice: response to polyvinylpyrrolidone and adjuvant effects of Corynebacterium parvum and LH1. The humoral thymoindependent response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) measured by the Farr test, was not different in athymic nude and phenotypically normal mice. In athymic and normal mice, this response was significantly increased by Cornebacterium parvum administered at the time of immunization. A recently synthetized compound, LH1 (3alpha-N-[2 aminoethanol]-amino 5-alpha-pregnane-20-one) was, however, a better immunostimulant of the anti-PVP response in athymic mice.", "PMID": 640744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_401", "title": "An effect of actin on cell migration.", "content": "A specific inhibitory effect on mononuclear cell migration by smooth muscle actin and skeletal muscle actin is reported. Actin aged at 4 degrees C or heated at 56 degrees C for 10 min had little or no effect, but papain-denatured actin had a strong inhibitory action. Actin and/or its breakdown product(s) may interfere with mononuclear cell movement in vivo in pathological conditions where release of actin from damaged or dead cells occurs.", "contents": "An effect of actin on cell migration. A specific inhibitory effect on mononuclear cell migration by smooth muscle actin and skeletal muscle actin is reported. Actin aged at 4 degrees C or heated at 56 degrees C for 10 min had little or no effect, but papain-denatured actin had a strong inhibitory action. Actin and/or its breakdown product(s) may interfere with mononuclear cell movement in vivo in pathological conditions where release of actin from damaged or dead cells occurs.", "PMID": 640745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_402", "title": "Relationships between IgE antibody production and other immune responses. II. Effect of thymectomy at various times after birth.", "content": "Mice were subjected to thymectomy at various times after birth and immunized with ovalbumin in aluminum hydroxide gel at 4 or 8 weeks of age. The capacities to produce IgE, IgM and IgG antibodies were abolished by thymectomy carried out within 48 h after birth. The capacity to produce IgE antibody was not affected by thymectomy at 7 days or later, whereas the capacities to produce IgM and IgG antibodies were reduced by thymectomy carried out at 4 weeks of age.", "contents": "Relationships between IgE antibody production and other immune responses. II. Effect of thymectomy at various times after birth. Mice were subjected to thymectomy at various times after birth and immunized with ovalbumin in aluminum hydroxide gel at 4 or 8 weeks of age. The capacities to produce IgE, IgM and IgG antibodies were abolished by thymectomy carried out within 48 h after birth. The capacity to produce IgE antibody was not affected by thymectomy at 7 days or later, whereas the capacities to produce IgM and IgG antibodies were reduced by thymectomy carried out at 4 weeks of age.", "PMID": 640746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_403", "title": "Studies on the role of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in immunity against the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. V. Changes in amine levels in the intestine following infection of guinea pigs of different immune status.", "content": "A temporal relationship was established between the onset of expulsion of the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of both vaccinated and adoptively immunized guinea pigs with a sudden increase in small intestinal mucosal histamine to two or three times pre-infection levels. However, in guinea pigs whose capacity to expel T. colubriformis was inhibited by treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum, mucosal histamine remained at pre-infection levels. The results support previous findings which suggest an important role for histamine in the effector mechanism of the immune response of guinea pigs against T. colubriformis.", "contents": "Studies on the role of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in immunity against the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. V. Changes in amine levels in the intestine following infection of guinea pigs of different immune status. A temporal relationship was established between the onset of expulsion of the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of both vaccinated and adoptively immunized guinea pigs with a sudden increase in small intestinal mucosal histamine to two or three times pre-infection levels. However, in guinea pigs whose capacity to expel T. colubriformis was inhibited by treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum, mucosal histamine remained at pre-infection levels. The results support previous findings which suggest an important role for histamine in the effector mechanism of the immune response of guinea pigs against T. colubriformis.", "PMID": 640747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_404", "title": "Changes in host resistance caused by Nocardia brasiliensis in mice: cross-protection against Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes was used to study the rate of development, magnitude, and persistence of the antimicrobial resistance engendered by Nocardia brasiliensis infection in mice. The growth of Listeria in the liver and spleen was more effectively restricted in Nocardia-infected mice than in noninfected animals. The development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the Nocardia antigen was closely correlated to the increased resistance to Listeria, suggesting that both properties are the consequence of a single immunological event. The antibacterial resistance was also demonstrated in vitro. The results of the foregoing studies indicate that the microbicidal ability of macrophages, very likely activated by cell-mediated immunity, in enhanced in mice infected with Nocardia.", "contents": "Changes in host resistance caused by Nocardia brasiliensis in mice: cross-protection against Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was used to study the rate of development, magnitude, and persistence of the antimicrobial resistance engendered by Nocardia brasiliensis infection in mice. The growth of Listeria in the liver and spleen was more effectively restricted in Nocardia-infected mice than in noninfected animals. The development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the Nocardia antigen was closely correlated to the increased resistance to Listeria, suggesting that both properties are the consequence of a single immunological event. The antibacterial resistance was also demonstrated in vitro. The results of the foregoing studies indicate that the microbicidal ability of macrophages, very likely activated by cell-mediated immunity, in enhanced in mice infected with Nocardia.", "PMID": 640748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_405", "title": "Different suppressive effects of combined cyclophosphamide-antigen treatment compared with exclusive cyclophosphamide treatment on primary and secondary humoral immune reactivity.", "content": "The immunosuppressive effect of a combined treatment with antigen (C3H erythrocytes - ME) and cyclophosphamide (CY - dosage 65% LD50) has been studied in inbred CAP rats showing different degrees of immunological reactivity. When primary reactivity existed before treatment, this reactivity was not abolished but diminished. When weak secondary reactivity (after one antigen injection) existed before treatment this reactivity was abolished and again diminished primary reactivity was found. When strong secondary reactivity (after 4 antigen injections) existed before treatment selective unresponsiveness was found during the 4 weeks following treatment. 12 weeks after treatment  diminished primary reactivity was found again. When the same dose of CY was given without antigen no immunosuppressive effect could be seen - irrespective of whether primary, weak or strong secondary reactivity existed. The results indicate that in this model it is easier to induce selective unresponsiveness in sensitized than in nonsensitized rats and suggest that primed lymphocytes are more susceptible to a combined antigen-CY treatment than unprimed cells.", "contents": "Different suppressive effects of combined cyclophosphamide-antigen treatment compared with exclusive cyclophosphamide treatment on primary and secondary humoral immune reactivity. The immunosuppressive effect of a combined treatment with antigen (C3H erythrocytes - ME) and cyclophosphamide (CY - dosage 65% LD50) has been studied in inbred CAP rats showing different degrees of immunological reactivity. When primary reactivity existed before treatment, this reactivity was not abolished but diminished. When weak secondary reactivity (after one antigen injection) existed before treatment this reactivity was abolished and again diminished primary reactivity was found. When strong secondary reactivity (after 4 antigen injections) existed before treatment selective unresponsiveness was found during the 4 weeks following treatment. 12 weeks after treatment  diminished primary reactivity was found again. When the same dose of CY was given without antigen no immunosuppressive effect could be seen - irrespective of whether primary, weak or strong secondary reactivity existed. The results indicate that in this model it is easier to induce selective unresponsiveness in sensitized than in nonsensitized rats and suggest that primed lymphocytes are more susceptible to a combined antigen-CY treatment than unprimed cells.", "PMID": 640749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_406", "title": "Early rheumatoid-like lesions in rabbits injected with foreign serum: relationship to localization of immune complexes in the lining tissues of joints and cellular content of synovial fluid.", "content": "Immune complex localization in joint tissues and white cell effusion into the joint space as well as synovial lesions are shown to occur in rabbits injected intravenously with bovine serum. Synovial lesions of one knee were found to be associated with immune complexes in joint tissues of the contralateral knee (because of the experimental design very few rabbits had both immunofluorescence and histology performed on the same joint). There was also a week correlation between moderate and gross synovial lesions and cellular effusions of the same joint. Cartilage proteoglycan depletion was seen in some injected animals and this was related to lining cell hyperplasia. Rabbits from different breeding colonies displayed different incidences of lesions suggesting an environmental or genetic influence on the development of rheumatoid-like lesions.", "contents": "Early rheumatoid-like lesions in rabbits injected with foreign serum: relationship to localization of immune complexes in the lining tissues of joints and cellular content of synovial fluid. Immune complex localization in joint tissues and white cell effusion into the joint space as well as synovial lesions are shown to occur in rabbits injected intravenously with bovine serum. Synovial lesions of one knee were found to be associated with immune complexes in joint tissues of the contralateral knee (because of the experimental design very few rabbits had both immunofluorescence and histology performed on the same joint). There was also a week correlation between moderate and gross synovial lesions and cellular effusions of the same joint. Cartilage proteoglycan depletion was seen in some injected animals and this was related to lining cell hyperplasia. Rabbits from different breeding colonies displayed different incidences of lesions suggesting an environmental or genetic influence on the development of rheumatoid-like lesions.", "PMID": 640750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_407", "title": "Modification of prostaglandin and thromboxane release by immunological sensitisation and successive immunological challenges from guinea-pig lumg.", "content": "The release of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) from perfused guinea pig lungs was investigated during different immunological states. The major product released from normal lungs perfused with exogenous arachidonic acid was 6-oxo-PGF1a. The procedure of sensitisation to specific antigen resulted in an increase in the release of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-TxB2 and a decrease in the release of 6-oxo-PGF1a- and 6,15-dioxo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1a from lungs perfused with arachidonic acid. The relative amount of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-TxB2 released progressively increased with the number of immunological challenges with both exogenous and endogenously derived substrate, arachidonic acid. This change in response to successive immunological challenges may represent a protective mechanism to prevent parent Txs and PGs entering the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Modification of prostaglandin and thromboxane release by immunological sensitisation and successive immunological challenges from guinea-pig lumg. The release of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) from perfused guinea pig lungs was investigated during different immunological states. The major product released from normal lungs perfused with exogenous arachidonic acid was 6-oxo-PGF1a. The procedure of sensitisation to specific antigen resulted in an increase in the release of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-TxB2 and a decrease in the release of 6-oxo-PGF1a- and 6,15-dioxo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1a from lungs perfused with arachidonic acid. The relative amount of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-TxB2 released progressively increased with the number of immunological challenges with both exogenous and endogenously derived substrate, arachidonic acid. This change in response to successive immunological challenges may represent a protective mechanism to prevent parent Txs and PGs entering the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 640751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_408", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis: the kinetics of cellular locomotion in vitro.", "content": "The Boyden chamber system has been used to study the motile response of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils to partially purified casein cytotaxin. The results of these in vitro experiments indicate that neutrophils respond in two distinct ways to cytotaxin. Firstly, they increase their innate random mobility. Secondly, they respond to the information contained in a cytotaxin concentration gradient by exhibiting directional movement with a velocity vector directed towards the higher cytotaxin concentration. Since the two responses are kinetically distinct, one may infer that they are mechanistically distinct.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis: the kinetics of cellular locomotion in vitro. The Boyden chamber system has been used to study the motile response of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils to partially purified casein cytotaxin. The results of these in vitro experiments indicate that neutrophils respond in two distinct ways to cytotaxin. Firstly, they increase their innate random mobility. Secondly, they respond to the information contained in a cytotaxin concentration gradient by exhibiting directional movement with a velocity vector directed towards the higher cytotaxin concentration. Since the two responses are kinetically distinct, one may infer that they are mechanistically distinct.", "PMID": 640752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_409", "title": "Selective killing of mitogen-induced transformed cells by quinine sulfate in vitro.", "content": "Increase in incorporation of 3H-thymidine ([3H-]-Tdr) in blast-transformed cells was induced in vitro by either lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A (Con A) in spleen cells of Balb/c mice and by Con A in rabbit peripheral lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes were not affected by the addition of quinine to the medium. This was shown by a dye exclusion test and by mitogen stimulation after exposure and removal of quinine from the medium. On the other hand, immunoblasts were not formed in lymphocyte cultures containing both quinine and the cell mitogen. The degree of [3H]-Tdr incorporation after mitogenic stimulation was also markedly reduced by subsequent addition of quinine. An incubation period of at least 5 h was required for the expression of quinine effect. It is concluded that quinine acts as a cytotoxic agent for immunoblasts in vitro.", "contents": "Selective killing of mitogen-induced transformed cells by quinine sulfate in vitro. Increase in incorporation of 3H-thymidine ([3H-]-Tdr) in blast-transformed cells was induced in vitro by either lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A (Con A) in spleen cells of Balb/c mice and by Con A in rabbit peripheral lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes were not affected by the addition of quinine to the medium. This was shown by a dye exclusion test and by mitogen stimulation after exposure and removal of quinine from the medium. On the other hand, immunoblasts were not formed in lymphocyte cultures containing both quinine and the cell mitogen. The degree of [3H]-Tdr incorporation after mitogenic stimulation was also markedly reduced by subsequent addition of quinine. An incubation period of at least 5 h was required for the expression of quinine effect. It is concluded that quinine acts as a cytotoxic agent for immunoblasts in vitro.", "PMID": 640753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_410", "title": "Demonstration of distinct allergens by means of immunological methods. Comparison of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, radioallergosorbent test and in vivo passive transfer test.", "content": "An immunosorbent column was prepared containing a purified major allergen fraction from codfish (DS 22) covalently coupled to agarose. Sera from patients allergic to codfish were run through the column at pH 7.2. After extensive washing, the IgE retarded in the column was eluted with a buffer at pH2.5. The original sera and fractions from the chromatography experiments were examined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and in vivo passive transfer (PK) tests using the DS 22 from codfish and a crude codfish extract. The experiments demonstrated that the crude extract contained a minor codfish allergen (antigen-17-cod) which was distinct from DS 22. RAST was the most convenient technique for the identification of fractions containing allergenic activity. The PK tests served to prove the biological activity in vivo. CIE/CRIE were superior to RAST and PK tests regarding their ability to identify distinct allergens. Full agreement was found between results using different techniques including the immunosorbent experiments. Some of the radiostaining in CRIE, however, was misleading due to coprecipitation of DS 22 in several precipitates in the CIE preparations of the crude codfish extract.", "contents": "Demonstration of distinct allergens by means of immunological methods. Comparison of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, radioallergosorbent test and in vivo passive transfer test. An immunosorbent column was prepared containing a purified major allergen fraction from codfish (DS 22) covalently coupled to agarose. Sera from patients allergic to codfish were run through the column at pH 7.2. After extensive washing, the IgE retarded in the column was eluted with a buffer at pH2.5. The original sera and fractions from the chromatography experiments were examined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and in vivo passive transfer (PK) tests using the DS 22 from codfish and a crude codfish extract. The experiments demonstrated that the crude extract contained a minor codfish allergen (antigen-17-cod) which was distinct from DS 22. RAST was the most convenient technique for the identification of fractions containing allergenic activity. The PK tests served to prove the biological activity in vivo. CIE/CRIE were superior to RAST and PK tests regarding their ability to identify distinct allergens. Full agreement was found between results using different techniques including the immunosorbent experiments. Some of the radiostaining in CRIE, however, was misleading due to coprecipitation of DS 22 in several precipitates in the CIE preparations of the crude codfish extract.", "PMID": 640754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_411", "title": "Social and psychological characteristics of alcoholics: a male--female comparison.", "content": "Male and female alcoholics from a public health clinic were compared on social and psychological characteristics. Although sex was not found to be associated with the number of close friends reported by subjects, it was found to be significantly associated with designations of the alcoholic's \"significant others\", incidence of marital difficulty and with scores on the Definition of Alcohol Scale and the Neuroticism Index. There was a statistically significant relationship between sex and the number of social complications resulting from alcohol abuse; however, male and female alcoholics conceptualized their drinking as a problem in strikingly similar ways.", "contents": "Social and psychological characteristics of alcoholics: a male--female comparison. Male and female alcoholics from a public health clinic were compared on social and psychological characteristics. Although sex was not found to be associated with the number of close friends reported by subjects, it was found to be significantly associated with designations of the alcoholic's \"significant others\", incidence of marital difficulty and with scores on the Definition of Alcohol Scale and the Neuroticism Index. There was a statistically significant relationship between sex and the number of social complications resulting from alcohol abuse; however, male and female alcoholics conceptualized their drinking as a problem in strikingly similar ways.", "PMID": 640755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_412", "title": "The assessment and training of assertive skills with drug addicts: a preliminary study.", "content": "The effects of a short-term behaviorally-oriented assertion training program were evaluated with a sample of drug-abuse patients concurrently involved in an ongoing inpatient program. Assertion questionnaire and verbal performance data were obtained from both a treatment and a no-treatment group prior to and following 3 weeks of assertion training. The results indicated consistent and significant group differences on the verbal behavior variables, but not on the questionnaire data. The results also suggested that the assessment of assertion by situationally defined problem areas may be more accurate and sensitive to change than a more general definition and assessment of assertive behavior.", "contents": "The assessment and training of assertive skills with drug addicts: a preliminary study. The effects of a short-term behaviorally-oriented assertion training program were evaluated with a sample of drug-abuse patients concurrently involved in an ongoing inpatient program. Assertion questionnaire and verbal performance data were obtained from both a treatment and a no-treatment group prior to and following 3 weeks of assertion training. The results indicated consistent and significant group differences on the verbal behavior variables, but not on the questionnaire data. The results also suggested that the assessment of assertion by situationally defined problem areas may be more accurate and sensitive to change than a more general definition and assessment of assertive behavior.", "PMID": 640756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_413", "title": "Illicit opiat use during methadone maintenance.", "content": "The core hypothesis deduced from the Dole-Nyswander blockade formulation is that methadone is a sufficient but not necessary condition for abstinence from heroin. It is argued that this hypothesis has not been tested with scientifically adequate research. A research design is suggested. Since the Dole-Nyswander focus is at the physiological and metabolic level, it is argued that the blockade theory, pending, its scientific validation, should be supplemented by sociological, organizational, and economic theory.", "contents": "Illicit opiat use during methadone maintenance. The core hypothesis deduced from the Dole-Nyswander blockade formulation is that methadone is a sufficient but not necessary condition for abstinence from heroin. It is argued that this hypothesis has not been tested with scientifically adequate research. A research design is suggested. Since the Dole-Nyswander focus is at the physiological and metabolic level, it is argued that the blockade theory, pending, its scientific validation, should be supplemented by sociological, organizational, and economic theory.", "PMID": 640757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_414", "title": "Cigarette smoking in social interaction.", "content": "Studied behavior patterns by smokers and others in social interaction correlated with various behaviors comprising cigarette smoking. Field observation methods were used in observing 91 smokers in 117 social interaction settings. Settings were chosen to vary in degree of intimacy between participants in social interaction, and in degree of physical activity. Reliability of observations was established using independent field observers and raters of a videotape of one interaction. Findings generally were that smoking behaviors occur at points in the interaction when the smoker is relatively uninvolved and passive in the context of the social interaction. It is speculated that smoking is a form of self-involvement which is incompatible, on a momentary basis, with active social involvement.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking in social interaction. Studied behavior patterns by smokers and others in social interaction correlated with various behaviors comprising cigarette smoking. Field observation methods were used in observing 91 smokers in 117 social interaction settings. Settings were chosen to vary in degree of intimacy between participants in social interaction, and in degree of physical activity. Reliability of observations was established using independent field observers and raters of a videotape of one interaction. Findings generally were that smoking behaviors occur at points in the interaction when the smoker is relatively uninvolved and passive in the context of the social interaction. It is speculated that smoking is a form of self-involvement which is incompatible, on a momentary basis, with active social involvement.", "PMID": 640758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_415", "title": "Prevalence survey of inhalant abuse.", "content": "Although there is a paucity of hard epidemiologic data on the prevalence of inhalant abuse, there is considerable anecdotal evidence that such abuse is continuing. Recently, we received repeated reports that one particularly public housing project in Atlanta had high rates of inhalant abuse, and to assess the prevalence of such abuse in children 4 to 20 years old, we conducted a random household survey in 400 of the project's 1,140 units. In an attempt to get complete and reliable data, wer chose and trained 10 residents as interviewers. Fifty youngsters were identified as ever having used inhalants, representing a sample prevalence of approximately 4%. The typical sniffer was a male, age 15, in the 9th grade or currently out of school. Some sniffers, though, continued to use inhalants into the 20s. Not unexpectedly, sniffers were found to use alcohol and other drugs at greater rates than other children. Although the parents of sniffers often said that they recognized drug-related problems in their children, the seldom sought help. Nevertheless, most residents felt that a drug-counseling program should be established in the project to provide alternative recreational activities.", "contents": "Prevalence survey of inhalant abuse. Although there is a paucity of hard epidemiologic data on the prevalence of inhalant abuse, there is considerable anecdotal evidence that such abuse is continuing. Recently, we received repeated reports that one particularly public housing project in Atlanta had high rates of inhalant abuse, and to assess the prevalence of such abuse in children 4 to 20 years old, we conducted a random household survey in 400 of the project's 1,140 units. In an attempt to get complete and reliable data, wer chose and trained 10 residents as interviewers. Fifty youngsters were identified as ever having used inhalants, representing a sample prevalence of approximately 4%. The typical sniffer was a male, age 15, in the 9th grade or currently out of school. Some sniffers, though, continued to use inhalants into the 20s. Not unexpectedly, sniffers were found to use alcohol and other drugs at greater rates than other children. Although the parents of sniffers often said that they recognized drug-related problems in their children, the seldom sought help. Nevertheless, most residents felt that a drug-counseling program should be established in the project to provide alternative recreational activities.", "PMID": 640759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_416", "title": "Methadone dose and human sexual behavior.", "content": "Among 31 male and 17 female former addicts in methadone maintenance or drug-free treatment, the frequency of sexual behaviors was determined by questionnaires administered at least weekly over several weeks. Daily methadone dose (mg/kg) correlated significantly with frequency of genital contacts (r = -.54) and organs (-.43) among females, and with frequency of ejaculation (-.31) among males. Although open and nonblind, the study suggests that higher doses of methadone may suppress human sexual behavior.", "contents": "Methadone dose and human sexual behavior. Among 31 male and 17 female former addicts in methadone maintenance or drug-free treatment, the frequency of sexual behaviors was determined by questionnaires administered at least weekly over several weeks. Daily methadone dose (mg/kg) correlated significantly with frequency of genital contacts (r = -.54) and organs (-.43) among females, and with frequency of ejaculation (-.31) among males. Although open and nonblind, the study suggests that higher doses of methadone may suppress human sexual behavior.", "PMID": 640760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_417", "title": "Thought-stopping as a treatment for reducing cigarette smoking.", "content": "Three treatments, thought-stopping, group discussion, and the wearing of a badge saying \"I don't smoke\", each combined with self-monitoring, were compared to one another and to self-monitoring alone for their ability to modify the smoking behavior of 60 volunteers. All procedures led to an important reduction of the smoking rate at the beginning of treatment, the reduction being significantly greater with thought-stopping. The latter remained the most successful treatment during the 6-month follow-up, although it did not differ significantly from self-monitoring alone.", "contents": "Thought-stopping as a treatment for reducing cigarette smoking. Three treatments, thought-stopping, group discussion, and the wearing of a badge saying \"I don't smoke\", each combined with self-monitoring, were compared to one another and to self-monitoring alone for their ability to modify the smoking behavior of 60 volunteers. All procedures led to an important reduction of the smoking rate at the beginning of treatment, the reduction being significantly greater with thought-stopping. The latter remained the most successful treatment during the 6-month follow-up, although it did not differ significantly from self-monitoring alone.", "PMID": 640761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_418", "title": "Drug use, attitudes, and behaviors of youth in an urban free clinic.", "content": "A questionnaire regarding drug use, attitudes, and behaviors was completed by youths attending a free clinic on randomly selected evenings. Compared to a sample of suburban high school youths, the clinic youths were heavier drug users and were more antiestablishment in their attitudes and behaviors. The clinic youth as a whole tended to have antiestablishment attitudes but within the sample drug use was, with specific exceptions, not related to such attitudes. Youths whose first drug was not marijuana tended to be relatively heavy users, as compared to youths who started with marijuana. Data regarding reasons for use are reported. A brief discussion focuses on society's influence on the implications with the phenomena of drug use and free clinics.", "contents": "Drug use, attitudes, and behaviors of youth in an urban free clinic. A questionnaire regarding drug use, attitudes, and behaviors was completed by youths attending a free clinic on randomly selected evenings. Compared to a sample of suburban high school youths, the clinic youths were heavier drug users and were more antiestablishment in their attitudes and behaviors. The clinic youth as a whole tended to have antiestablishment attitudes but within the sample drug use was, with specific exceptions, not related to such attitudes. Youths whose first drug was not marijuana tended to be relatively heavy users, as compared to youths who started with marijuana. Data regarding reasons for use are reported. A brief discussion focuses on society's influence on the implications with the phenomena of drug use and free clinics.", "PMID": 640762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_419", "title": "Methaqualone abuse among U.S. army troops stationed in Europe.", "content": "Methaqualone (primarily Mandrax) abuse among United States troops stationed in Europe increased significantly from 1972 onward as seen by morbidity reports related to medical treatment and mortality studies related to autopsy toxicology reports. Rarely was methaqualone used alone. It was generally combined with alcohol and hashish, the combination of which resulted in an extremely dangerous situation for both the individual and society.", "contents": "Methaqualone abuse among U.S. army troops stationed in Europe. Methaqualone (primarily Mandrax) abuse among United States troops stationed in Europe increased significantly from 1972 onward as seen by morbidity reports related to medical treatment and mortality studies related to autopsy toxicology reports. Rarely was methaqualone used alone. It was generally combined with alcohol and hashish, the combination of which resulted in an extremely dangerous situation for both the individual and society.", "PMID": 640763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_420", "title": "The crisis of the western system of medicine in contemporary capitalism.", "content": "This article makes a critique of current interpretations of the crises of the western system of medicine and presents alternative explanations for those crises. It indicates that the crises of medicine--reflected in its ubiquitous problems of costs and ineffectiveness--are due to and reflect the crises of legitimation and capital accumulation of contemporary capitalism. The article is divided into six parts: the first two define the characteristics of the crises of western contemporary capitalism and of its system of medicine, with a critique of current theories which try to explain them. Parts three and four contrapose to these theories a Marxist interpretation of the crises, tracing their causes to the needs created by the process of capital accumulation and to the demands expressed by the working population. The needs and demands generated by Capital and Labor are intrinsically in conflict, and are realized in the daily practice of class struggle. The characteristics and consequences of that struggle for health and for the organization, content, and ideology of medicine are analyzed in the fifth part. This class struggle takes place within a political context in which Capital and its social expression, the bouregeoisie or corporate class, have the dominant influence on the organs of the State. The sixth part of the article shows how that dominance determines the nature of the State responses to the crises of medicine. A primary thesis of this paper is that social class, class struggle, capitalism, and imperialism are not pass\u00e9 categories, as most ideologists of capitalism postulate, but rather they are the most important paradigms for understanding the crises of the western system of power and its medicine.", "contents": "The crisis of the western system of medicine in contemporary capitalism. This article makes a critique of current interpretations of the crises of the western system of medicine and presents alternative explanations for those crises. It indicates that the crises of medicine--reflected in its ubiquitous problems of costs and ineffectiveness--are due to and reflect the crises of legitimation and capital accumulation of contemporary capitalism. The article is divided into six parts: the first two define the characteristics of the crises of western contemporary capitalism and of its system of medicine, with a critique of current theories which try to explain them. Parts three and four contrapose to these theories a Marxist interpretation of the crises, tracing their causes to the needs created by the process of capital accumulation and to the demands expressed by the working population. The needs and demands generated by Capital and Labor are intrinsically in conflict, and are realized in the daily practice of class struggle. The characteristics and consequences of that struggle for health and for the organization, content, and ideology of medicine are analyzed in the fifth part. This class struggle takes place within a political context in which Capital and its social expression, the bouregeoisie or corporate class, have the dominant influence on the organs of the State. The sixth part of the article shows how that dominance determines the nature of the State responses to the crises of medicine. A primary thesis of this paper is that social class, class struggle, capitalism, and imperialism are not pass\u00e9 categories, as most ideologists of capitalism postulate, but rather they are the most important paradigms for understanding the crises of the western system of power and its medicine.", "PMID": 640764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_421", "title": "Health and labor-power: a theoretical investigation.", "content": "In this historical materialist analysis of health and medical care, health is defined as a component of labor-power (capacity to work). Investment in health, including provision of medical services, represents part of the cost of maintaining the labor force. The primary determined of the level of health and medical care under capitalism is the tendency toward maximization of the rate of exploitation. The absolute level of health and medical care tends to decline as unemployment rises and individual workers become more \"replaceable.\" Health differentials by socioeconomic status are similarly explained by the easier replacement of lesser-skilled workers. Medical care services in the context of the capitalist system constitute a drain on surplus-value. In periods of economic decline, attempts are made to conserve surplus-value through reductions in medical services (\"social wages\"). Institutional and ideological racism yields additional surplus-value savings and weakness public resistance to medical care retrenchment. The profits of health-related industries are shown to be merely partially recouped surplus-value losses. The social epidemiology of capitalism has been characterized as social murder. \"Public health\" measures appropriate to this systemic pathology are suggested.", "contents": "Health and labor-power: a theoretical investigation. In this historical materialist analysis of health and medical care, health is defined as a component of labor-power (capacity to work). Investment in health, including provision of medical services, represents part of the cost of maintaining the labor force. The primary determined of the level of health and medical care under capitalism is the tendency toward maximization of the rate of exploitation. The absolute level of health and medical care tends to decline as unemployment rises and individual workers become more \"replaceable.\" Health differentials by socioeconomic status are similarly explained by the easier replacement of lesser-skilled workers. Medical care services in the context of the capitalist system constitute a drain on surplus-value. In periods of economic decline, attempts are made to conserve surplus-value through reductions in medical services (\"social wages\"). Institutional and ideological racism yields additional surplus-value savings and weakness public resistance to medical care retrenchment. The profits of health-related industries are shown to be merely partially recouped surplus-value losses. The social epidemiology of capitalism has been characterized as social murder. \"Public health\" measures appropriate to this systemic pathology are suggested.", "PMID": 640765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_422", "title": "Laws of motion in the for-profit health industry: a theory and three examples.", "content": "The dynamics generated in the for-profit health industry by the drive for accumulation combine with the life cycle of a product to produce, within a given political framework, tendencies toward certain types of industry structure. The evolution of this structure is characterized by increased concentration of economic activity in diversified multinational corporations which combine health and non-health products. Three industries representing different stages of product and market development are analyzed in this article. The pharmacological industry is a mature industry dominated by large diversified multinational corporations which grow mainly through expansion abroad and diversification. The medical and dental instruments and supplies industry is newer, smaller, and faster growing. Its growth potential is attracting many companies an; increasing competition. The newest industry, investor-owned hospitals and hospital chains, is characterized by rapidly growing but still relatively small companies. The appendix, included to illustrate certain social, economic, and political issues, focuses on Medtronics, a highly scientific, fast-growing firm which produces electronic pacemakers.", "contents": "Laws of motion in the for-profit health industry: a theory and three examples. The dynamics generated in the for-profit health industry by the drive for accumulation combine with the life cycle of a product to produce, within a given political framework, tendencies toward certain types of industry structure. The evolution of this structure is characterized by increased concentration of economic activity in diversified multinational corporations which combine health and non-health products. Three industries representing different stages of product and market development are analyzed in this article. The pharmacological industry is a mature industry dominated by large diversified multinational corporations which grow mainly through expansion abroad and diversification. The medical and dental instruments and supplies industry is newer, smaller, and faster growing. Its growth potential is attracting many companies an; increasing competition. The newest industry, investor-owned hospitals and hospital chains, is characterized by rapidly growing but still relatively small companies. The appendix, included to illustrate certain social, economic, and political issues, focuses on Medtronics, a highly scientific, fast-growing firm which produces electronic pacemakers.", "PMID": 640766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_423", "title": "Drought and dependence in the Sahel.", "content": "The relationship between human activity and environmental degradation has been documented in numerous studies. With regard to West Africa, E.P. Stebbing was already warning of ecological degradation due to overcultivation and overgrazing in the 1930s. Less well documented are the reasons why people who understand many of the requirements of ecologically sound farming and herding nonetheless mismanage natural resources to the point of disaster. An examination of the 1968-1973 drought in the Sahel zone of West Africa (formerly French West Africa) suggests that the lack of economic autonomy for Sahelian countries is a major cause not only of their economic stagnation and underdevelopment but equally of the degradation of their ecosystems. Specific policies, initiated during the colonial period and continued by independent governments, can be identified as reducing the ability of West African famers and herders to exploit their environment with an adequate safety margin. Largely as a result of the 1968-1973 drought, there has been asn upsurge of interest in the Sahel on the part of international and national aid agencies. However, it is very possible that the programs devised by these groups will promote neither economic autonomy nor ecological stability for the countries in that region. A development strategy based largely on self-reliance, on the other hand, could the more successful in protecting both the populations and the ecology of the Sahel.", "contents": "Drought and dependence in the Sahel. The relationship between human activity and environmental degradation has been documented in numerous studies. With regard to West Africa, E.P. Stebbing was already warning of ecological degradation due to overcultivation and overgrazing in the 1930s. Less well documented are the reasons why people who understand many of the requirements of ecologically sound farming and herding nonetheless mismanage natural resources to the point of disaster. An examination of the 1968-1973 drought in the Sahel zone of West Africa (formerly French West Africa) suggests that the lack of economic autonomy for Sahelian countries is a major cause not only of their economic stagnation and underdevelopment but equally of the degradation of their ecosystems. Specific policies, initiated during the colonial period and continued by independent governments, can be identified as reducing the ability of West African famers and herders to exploit their environment with an adequate safety margin. Largely as a result of the 1968-1973 drought, there has been asn upsurge of interest in the Sahel on the part of international and national aid agencies. However, it is very possible that the programs devised by these groups will promote neither economic autonomy nor ecological stability for the countries in that region. A development strategy based largely on self-reliance, on the other hand, could the more successful in protecting both the populations and the ecology of the Sahel.", "PMID": 640767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_424", "title": "The political economy of controlling transnationals: the pharmaceutical industry in Sri Lanka, 1972-1976.", "content": "This paper describes the experience of Sri Lanka in reforming the structure of production, importation, and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the period 1972-1976. It highlights the actions and reactions of transnational pharmaceutical corporations to these reforms, and traces the achievements and problems of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation which was set up to implement the reforms. The roles of political leadership in regulating the power of drug transnationals, and of the medical profession in resisting reform, seem to be of crucial significance. Developing countries wishing to lower the present high cost of drug delivery must proceed with great care and immense caution, since complex problems of quality control, bioequivalence, medical acceptance, and consumer reeducation are involved.", "contents": "The political economy of controlling transnationals: the pharmaceutical industry in Sri Lanka, 1972-1976. This paper describes the experience of Sri Lanka in reforming the structure of production, importation, and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the period 1972-1976. It highlights the actions and reactions of transnational pharmaceutical corporations to these reforms, and traces the achievements and problems of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation which was set up to implement the reforms. The roles of political leadership in regulating the power of drug transnationals, and of the medical profession in resisting reform, seem to be of crucial significance. Developing countries wishing to lower the present high cost of drug delivery must proceed with great care and immense caution, since complex problems of quality control, bioequivalence, medical acceptance, and consumer reeducation are involved.", "PMID": 640768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_425", "title": "Education and income effects in the use of ambulatory services in the United States: an analysis of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey data.", "content": "The roles of education and income as determinants for utilization of ambulatory services in the U.S. are investigated by the application of path analysis to a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey. The methodology permits the identification of both the direct and indirect effects of each independent variable on utilization within a model that views need as the major determinant of care. Previous findings that income has no direct effect on utilization, while education does, are reaffirmed. Contrary to previous analyses, however, it is shown that income does have a strong indirect effect on utilization via its impact on need arising from chronic conditions, measured as limitation of activity. Individuals in the highest income category have a mean annual visit rate of 4.13, while the rate for those in the lowest is 5.43. Most of the differential, 1.3, is attributable to the lower prevalence of chronic conditions in the highest income bracket. The total effect of education, on the other hand, is only 60% of its direct effect since higher educational attainment is associated with lower levels of chronicity. Disaggregation of direct and indirect effects through the need variables shows that income has a greater effect on utilization than does education.", "contents": "Education and income effects in the use of ambulatory services in the United States: an analysis of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey data. The roles of education and income as determinants for utilization of ambulatory services in the U.S. are investigated by the application of path analysis to a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey. The methodology permits the identification of both the direct and indirect effects of each independent variable on utilization within a model that views need as the major determinant of care. Previous findings that income has no direct effect on utilization, while education does, are reaffirmed. Contrary to previous analyses, however, it is shown that income does have a strong indirect effect on utilization via its impact on need arising from chronic conditions, measured as limitation of activity. Individuals in the highest income category have a mean annual visit rate of 4.13, while the rate for those in the lowest is 5.43. Most of the differential, 1.3, is attributable to the lower prevalence of chronic conditions in the highest income bracket. The total effect of education, on the other hand, is only 60% of its direct effect since higher educational attainment is associated with lower levels of chronicity. Disaggregation of direct and indirect effects through the need variables shows that income has a greater effect on utilization than does education.", "PMID": 640769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_426", "title": "Synthesis and beta-conformation of copolypeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues.", "content": "Copolypeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues were prepared, and their ability to form beta-structures in aqueous solutions was investigated by circular dichroism. Optically pure samples of poly (Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) and poly (Leu-Glu-Leu-Glu), obtained via the 2-hydroxyphenyl esters, undergo a coil-to-beta transition in presence of salt. The beta-structures obtained under identical conditions with partially racemized samples of poly (Leu-Lys)Np and poly (Leu-Glu)Np, prepared by polycondensation of the corresponding dipeptide p-nitrophenyl esters, appear to be less regular. Non-alternating poly (Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) does not form beta-structures in presence of NaCl as does alternating poly (Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) indicating that the amino acid sequence can dramatically change the tendency to form beta-structures.", "contents": "Synthesis and beta-conformation of copolypeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues. Copolypeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues were prepared, and their ability to form beta-structures in aqueous solutions was investigated by circular dichroism. Optically pure samples of poly (Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) and poly (Leu-Glu-Leu-Glu), obtained via the 2-hydroxyphenyl esters, undergo a coil-to-beta transition in presence of salt. The beta-structures obtained under identical conditions with partially racemized samples of poly (Leu-Lys)Np and poly (Leu-Glu)Np, prepared by polycondensation of the corresponding dipeptide p-nitrophenyl esters, appear to be less regular. Non-alternating poly (Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) does not form beta-structures in presence of NaCl as does alternating poly (Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) indicating that the amino acid sequence can dramatically change the tendency to form beta-structures.", "PMID": 640771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_427", "title": "An AB initio investigation of molecules with a disulfide bond: (HS)2, (CH3S)2 and cystine.", "content": "ab initio Calculations at the Gaussian-70 STO-3G and 4-31G basis levels have been carried out for (HS)2 and (CH3S)2. Cystine was investigated at the STO-3G level. The STO-3G energy minimized geometry agrees well with experiments for (HS)2 and (CH3S)2. The barriers to internal rotation are predicted to be (at the 4.31G level): (HS)2, cis 8.5 kcal, trans 3.03 kcal; (CH3S)2, cis 18.47 kcal, trans 6.04 kcal.", "contents": "An AB initio investigation of molecules with a disulfide bond: (HS)2, (CH3S)2 and cystine. ab initio Calculations at the Gaussian-70 STO-3G and 4-31G basis levels have been carried out for (HS)2 and (CH3S)2. Cystine was investigated at the STO-3G level. The STO-3G energy minimized geometry agrees well with experiments for (HS)2 and (CH3S)2. The barriers to internal rotation are predicted to be (at the 4.31G level): (HS)2, cis 8.5 kcal, trans 3.03 kcal; (CH3S)2, cis 18.47 kcal, trans 6.04 kcal.", "PMID": 640773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_428", "title": "beta-endorphin: synthesis and biological activity of shortened peptide chains.", "content": "Three analogs of beta-endorphin have been synthesized by the solid-phase method: betac-endorphin-(1--5)-(28--31), betac-endorphin-(6--31) and betah-endorphin-(1--5)-(16--31). The analgesic activities of these synthetic peptides relative to that of the parent molecule are reported. All three peptides at high doses exhibit either no or much weaker analgesic activity than beta-endorphin. These data suggest that the entire beta-endorphin molecule is necessary for full in vivo analgesic activity.", "contents": "beta-endorphin: synthesis and biological activity of shortened peptide chains. Three analogs of beta-endorphin have been synthesized by the solid-phase method: betac-endorphin-(1--5)-(28--31), betac-endorphin-(6--31) and betah-endorphin-(1--5)-(16--31). The analgesic activities of these synthetic peptides relative to that of the parent molecule are reported. All three peptides at high doses exhibit either no or much weaker analgesic activity than beta-endorphin. These data suggest that the entire beta-endorphin molecule is necessary for full in vivo analgesic activity.", "PMID": 640774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_429", "title": "Size and shape of two intestinal dipeptidases.", "content": "Physicochemical parameters were determined on glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase (glycy-leucine dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.2) and aminoacyl-L-proline hydrolase (proline dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.9), purified from pig small intestine. The native molecular weights were found to be 115,000 and 113,000, respectively, as determined by a sedimentation equilibrium technique. Under denaturing conditions the molecular weights were found to be 51,000 and 63,200, respectively, using the same technique. It is concluded that each dipeptidase is composed of two subunits of equal molecular weight. The two dipeptidases have the same Stokes radius, 4.2 nm, analysed by gel chromatography. The sedimentation coefficients were found to be 5.8. S and 6.5 S and the intrinsic viscosities 5.4 ml/g and 5.8 ml/g, respectively. For both dipeptidases the measured physicochemical parameters are in accordance with the model of a prolate ellipsoid of revolution, having an axial ratio of about 5.", "contents": "Size and shape of two intestinal dipeptidases. Physicochemical parameters were determined on glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase (glycy-leucine dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.2) and aminoacyl-L-proline hydrolase (proline dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.9), purified from pig small intestine. The native molecular weights were found to be 115,000 and 113,000, respectively, as determined by a sedimentation equilibrium technique. Under denaturing conditions the molecular weights were found to be 51,000 and 63,200, respectively, using the same technique. It is concluded that each dipeptidase is composed of two subunits of equal molecular weight. The two dipeptidases have the same Stokes radius, 4.2 nm, analysed by gel chromatography. The sedimentation coefficients were found to be 5.8. S and 6.5 S and the intrinsic viscosities 5.4 ml/g and 5.8 ml/g, respectively. For both dipeptidases the measured physicochemical parameters are in accordance with the model of a prolate ellipsoid of revolution, having an axial ratio of about 5.", "PMID": 640775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_430", "title": "Coacervation of sequential polypeptide models of tropoelastin. Synthesis of H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe.", "content": "Syntheses of two sequential polytetrapeptide models, H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe via the p-nitrophenyl ester method are described. The p-nitrophenyl ester method gave high yields (85%--100%) of large molecular weight polymers. H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe exhibited the interesting property of coacervation on raising the temperature of aqueous solutions while H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe precipitates irreversibly under similar conditions. Whereas non-dialyzed lower molecular weight polymers of H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe with n = 8 to 40 did not coacervate, but did show a transition to increased intramolecular order on raising the temperature of aqueous solutions above 50 degrees C, the dialyzed higher molecular weight polymer, n greater than 40, does coacervate beginning at about 50 degrees C. This demonstrates the molecular weight dependence of coacervation and also suggests the importance to coacervation of side chain interactions in the Val-Pro sequence. The increase in intramolecular order, seen as the formation of a 14-atom hydrogen-bonded ring, occurs simultaneously with the Val-Pro hydrophobic side chain association.", "contents": "Coacervation of sequential polypeptide models of tropoelastin. Synthesis of H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe. Syntheses of two sequential polytetrapeptide models, H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe via the p-nitrophenyl ester method are described. The p-nitrophenyl ester method gave high yields (85%--100%) of large molecular weight polymers. H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe exhibited the interesting property of coacervation on raising the temperature of aqueous solutions while H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe precipitates irreversibly under similar conditions. Whereas non-dialyzed lower molecular weight polymers of H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe with n = 8 to 40 did not coacervate, but did show a transition to increased intramolecular order on raising the temperature of aqueous solutions above 50 degrees C, the dialyzed higher molecular weight polymer, n greater than 40, does coacervate beginning at about 50 degrees C. This demonstrates the molecular weight dependence of coacervation and also suggests the importance to coacervation of side chain interactions in the Val-Pro sequence. The increase in intramolecular order, seen as the formation of a 14-atom hydrogen-bonded ring, occurs simultaneously with the Val-Pro hydrophobic side chain association.", "PMID": 640777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_431", "title": "Training of voluntary torsion.", "content": "By means of a visual feedback technique, human subjects were trained to make large conjugate cyclorotary eye movements at will. The range of movement increased with training at a rate of approximately 0.8 degrees per hour of practice, reaching 30 degrees at the end of training. Photographs recorded the ability to make voluntary cyclofixations at any amplitude within the subject's range. Cyclotorsional pursuit was also trained, with ability increasing with greater amounts of fisual feedback. In addition, torsional saccadic tracking was trained, showing a magnitude vs. peak velocity relationship similar to that seen for normal saccades. Control experiments indicate that all of these movements were voluntary, with no significant visual induction. With extended practice, large torsional movements could be made without any visual stimulation. The emergence of voluntary torsion through training demonstrates that the oculomotor system has more plasticity than has generally been assumed, reopening the issue as to whether other movements could also be trained to alleviate the symptoms of strabismus.", "contents": "Training of voluntary torsion. By means of a visual feedback technique, human subjects were trained to make large conjugate cyclorotary eye movements at will. The range of movement increased with training at a rate of approximately 0.8 degrees per hour of practice, reaching 30 degrees at the end of training. Photographs recorded the ability to make voluntary cyclofixations at any amplitude within the subject's range. Cyclotorsional pursuit was also trained, with ability increasing with greater amounts of fisual feedback. In addition, torsional saccadic tracking was trained, showing a magnitude vs. peak velocity relationship similar to that seen for normal saccades. Control experiments indicate that all of these movements were voluntary, with no significant visual induction. With extended practice, large torsional movements could be made without any visual stimulation. The emergence of voluntary torsion through training demonstrates that the oculomotor system has more plasticity than has generally been assumed, reopening the issue as to whether other movements could also be trained to alleviate the symptoms of strabismus.", "PMID": 640778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_432", "title": "Ocular absorption and metabolism of topically applied epinephrine and a dipivalyl ester of epinephrine.", "content": "An analogue of epinephrine (EPI), dipivalyl epinephrine (DPE), has been found to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) significantly at lower concentrations than EPI itself. In order to understand the reason for this increased activity, the ocular penetration, distribution, and metabolism of these two compounds were compared. About 10 times as much DPE as EPI was absorbed by rabbit eyes, with the cornea as the major repository for the increased amount of drug absorbed. Comparison of the partition coefficients of the two compounds showed DPE to be from 100 to 600 times as lipophilic as EPI. The radioactive materials found in the aqueous humor after treatment with either compound had the same mobility in a thin-layer chromatographic system. The data indicate that following the increased penetration of the lipophilic prodrug, DPE is hydrolyzed to EPI in the eye.", "contents": "Ocular absorption and metabolism of topically applied epinephrine and a dipivalyl ester of epinephrine. An analogue of epinephrine (EPI), dipivalyl epinephrine (DPE), has been found to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) significantly at lower concentrations than EPI itself. In order to understand the reason for this increased activity, the ocular penetration, distribution, and metabolism of these two compounds were compared. About 10 times as much DPE as EPI was absorbed by rabbit eyes, with the cornea as the major repository for the increased amount of drug absorbed. Comparison of the partition coefficients of the two compounds showed DPE to be from 100 to 600 times as lipophilic as EPI. The radioactive materials found in the aqueous humor after treatment with either compound had the same mobility in a thin-layer chromatographic system. The data indicate that following the increased penetration of the lipophilic prodrug, DPE is hydrolyzed to EPI in the eye.", "PMID": 640779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_433", "title": "Histopathology of delayed hypersensitivity reacitons in the guinea pig uveal tract.", "content": "Two distinct patterns of delayed-onset, cell-mediated hypersensitivity have been induced in the guinea pig eye with the same soluble protein antigen and two different methods of immunization. The predominant histologic feature of these reactions was the large number of eosinophils which infiltrated the uveal tract and the limbus. Skin test reactions in the same animals contained very few eosinophils and were typical of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity or classic delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type. It is suggested that local factors play a role in determining the character of immune expression in different tissues.", "contents": "Histopathology of delayed hypersensitivity reacitons in the guinea pig uveal tract. Two distinct patterns of delayed-onset, cell-mediated hypersensitivity have been induced in the guinea pig eye with the same soluble protein antigen and two different methods of immunization. The predominant histologic feature of these reactions was the large number of eosinophils which infiltrated the uveal tract and the limbus. Skin test reactions in the same animals contained very few eosinophils and were typical of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity or classic delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type. It is suggested that local factors play a role in determining the character of immune expression in different tissues.", "PMID": 640780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_434", "title": "Stereopsis and unilateral brain disease.", "content": "Performance on a random-letter stereoscopic task has been reported to be affected by right but not left cerebral disease. Subsequent studies employing a conventional stereoacuity test have challenged these results and proposed that dementia may be the primary determinant of impaired stereopsis in the patients with brain disease. The latter investigators have failed to distinguish between local and global stereopsis. The present study confirms the original findings, rules out dementia as a potential artifact, and attempts to reconcile the conflicting series of reports.", "contents": "Stereopsis and unilateral brain disease. Performance on a random-letter stereoscopic task has been reported to be affected by right but not left cerebral disease. Subsequent studies employing a conventional stereoacuity test have challenged these results and proposed that dementia may be the primary determinant of impaired stereopsis in the patients with brain disease. The latter investigators have failed to distinguish between local and global stereopsis. The present study confirms the original findings, rules out dementia as a potential artifact, and attempts to reconcile the conflicting series of reports.", "PMID": 640781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_435", "title": "Experimental, ultrasonically induced lesions in the retina, choroid, and sclera.", "content": "Lesions of the retina, choroid, and sclera were created in the proptosed eye of the rabbit with the use of focused ultrasound at 9.8 MHz. Exposure levels greatly exceeding those encountered in diagnostic systems were required. Histological examination of selected tissue samples, analysis of lesion-producing exposures, and lesion size variations suggest that thermal mechanisms are the principal cause of permanent tissue alterations. Subthreshold lesions, which consist of transitory effects, were observed. 'Threshold\" lesions first manifested tansitory effects followed by permanent alterations which appeared within 24 hr. Suprathreshold lesions were evidenced by the immediate appearance of a highly blanched area with an overlying edema and occasional hemorrhage, appearing within 24 hr. The edema in these cases was resorbed within a few days, leaving behind a permanently blanched region. The threshold curve developed from these data is similar in shape to the threshold curve for light-induced lesions created with a commensurate focal spot.", "contents": "Experimental, ultrasonically induced lesions in the retina, choroid, and sclera. Lesions of the retina, choroid, and sclera were created in the proptosed eye of the rabbit with the use of focused ultrasound at 9.8 MHz. Exposure levels greatly exceeding those encountered in diagnostic systems were required. Histological examination of selected tissue samples, analysis of lesion-producing exposures, and lesion size variations suggest that thermal mechanisms are the principal cause of permanent tissue alterations. Subthreshold lesions, which consist of transitory effects, were observed. 'Threshold\" lesions first manifested tansitory effects followed by permanent alterations which appeared within 24 hr. Suprathreshold lesions were evidenced by the immediate appearance of a highly blanched area with an overlying edema and occasional hemorrhage, appearing within 24 hr. The edema in these cases was resorbed within a few days, leaving behind a permanently blanched region. The threshold curve developed from these data is similar in shape to the threshold curve for light-induced lesions created with a commensurate focal spot.", "PMID": 640782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_436", "title": "Acuity and contrast sensitivity in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old human infants.", "content": "The importance of assessing infant visual function is indicated by recent demonstrations that early visual experience in part determines the eventual state of adult visual function. It is argued that the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) could be a valuable index in the assessment of infant vision because it provides information concerning several aspects of vision. CSF's were measured in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old infants. The \"cut-off\" spatial frequencies, which are estimates of visual acuity, were 2.4 cy/deg for 1-month-olds, 2.8 cy/deg for 2-month-olds, and 4.0 cy/deg for 3-month-olds. Sensitivity to contrast was shown to increase between 1 and 3 months of age. The CSF's measured also provide evidence for the presence of a low-frequency fall-off at 2 and 3 months.", "contents": "Acuity and contrast sensitivity in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old human infants. The importance of assessing infant visual function is indicated by recent demonstrations that early visual experience in part determines the eventual state of adult visual function. It is argued that the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) could be a valuable index in the assessment of infant vision because it provides information concerning several aspects of vision. CSF's were measured in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old infants. The \"cut-off\" spatial frequencies, which are estimates of visual acuity, were 2.4 cy/deg for 1-month-olds, 2.8 cy/deg for 2-month-olds, and 4.0 cy/deg for 3-month-olds. Sensitivity to contrast was shown to increase between 1 and 3 months of age. The CSF's measured also provide evidence for the presence of a low-frequency fall-off at 2 and 3 months.", "PMID": 640783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_437", "title": "A new, albino-beige mouse: giant granules in retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Albino-beige mice were produced in order to combine two experimentally useful characteristics, albinism and lysosomal dysfunction, in the same animal. The retinal pigment epithelium of albino-beige mice formed giant intracellular granules. Exposure of albino-beige mice to white light of 150 foot-candles for 3 to 10 hr induced marked phagocytosis of rod outer segment fragments by the retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in intracellular accumulations of undigested disk membranes within the giant granules. Additional, incompletely processed membranes accumulated as the mice aged or were exposed to 150 foot-candle light for longer periods. Such accumulations of ingested membranes were not observed in the pigment epithelium of exposed or aging albino mice heterozygous for the beige gene. Because of its altered processing of ingested outer segment membranes, this new albino mouse should be useful for studying the possible roles of the retinal pigment epithelium in the maintenance of  photoreceptor cells and in their recovery from light damage and other insults.", "contents": "A new, albino-beige mouse: giant granules in retinal pigment epithelium. Albino-beige mice were produced in order to combine two experimentally useful characteristics, albinism and lysosomal dysfunction, in the same animal. The retinal pigment epithelium of albino-beige mice formed giant intracellular granules. Exposure of albino-beige mice to white light of 150 foot-candles for 3 to 10 hr induced marked phagocytosis of rod outer segment fragments by the retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in intracellular accumulations of undigested disk membranes within the giant granules. Additional, incompletely processed membranes accumulated as the mice aged or were exposed to 150 foot-candle light for longer periods. Such accumulations of ingested membranes were not observed in the pigment epithelium of exposed or aging albino mice heterozygous for the beige gene. Because of its altered processing of ingested outer segment membranes, this new albino mouse should be useful for studying the possible roles of the retinal pigment epithelium in the maintenance of  photoreceptor cells and in their recovery from light damage and other insults.", "PMID": 640784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_438", "title": "The canine eye: in vitro studies of the intraocular pressure and facility of aqueous outflow.", "content": "Possible interdependence of facility of aqueous outflow and intraocular pressure was examined by quantitative aqueous perfusion at four levels of intraocular pressure in 69 canine eyes, freshly excised post-mortem. Statistically similar, time-dependent increases in facility of outflow occurred over steps of increasing and decreasing, and at constant intraocular pressue. Pretreatment with intracameral hyaluronidase diminished the rate of facility increase, reducing it to 20% or less in one third of the eyes so perfused. Observed increases in canine facility of outflow with changing intraocular pressure appeared to result primarily from \"washout\" of the hyaluronidase-sensitive component of the barriers to aqueous outflow and not from direct effects of the intraocular pressure.", "contents": "The canine eye: in vitro studies of the intraocular pressure and facility of aqueous outflow. Possible interdependence of facility of aqueous outflow and intraocular pressure was examined by quantitative aqueous perfusion at four levels of intraocular pressure in 69 canine eyes, freshly excised post-mortem. Statistically similar, time-dependent increases in facility of outflow occurred over steps of increasing and decreasing, and at constant intraocular pressue. Pretreatment with intracameral hyaluronidase diminished the rate of facility increase, reducing it to 20% or less in one third of the eyes so perfused. Observed increases in canine facility of outflow with changing intraocular pressure appeared to result primarily from \"washout\" of the hyaluronidase-sensitive component of the barriers to aqueous outflow and not from direct effects of the intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 640785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_439", "title": "Identification of heavy-molecular-weight soluble protein in aqueous humor in human phacolytic glaucoma.", "content": "Aqueous humor was obtained by paracentesis at the time of cataract surgery from six patients with phacolytic glaucoma, diagnosed on the basis of acute unilateral open-angle glaucoma associated with an apparently leaking hypermature or mature cataract, and from six control patients with immature cataracts. Three of the latter had primary open-angle glaucoma. Quantities of heavy-molecular-weight (HMW) protein (MW greater than 150 X 10(6)) sufficient to obstruct aqueous outflow were identified in all six phacolytic aqueous humor specimens but in none of the controls. Three of the hypermature cataractous lenses from the cases of phacolytic glaucoma were also examined and were found to have 14-fold greater quantities of HMW protein in their liquefying cortex than were present in the cortex of immature cataractous lenses. These findings, correlated with experimental HMW protein perfusion studies in excised human eyes that we have already reported, strongly suggest that direct obstruction of the aqueous outflow channels by liberated HMW soluble lens protein may be a significant and previously unappreciated factor in the pathogenesis of phacolytic glaucoma.", "contents": "Identification of heavy-molecular-weight soluble protein in aqueous humor in human phacolytic glaucoma. Aqueous humor was obtained by paracentesis at the time of cataract surgery from six patients with phacolytic glaucoma, diagnosed on the basis of acute unilateral open-angle glaucoma associated with an apparently leaking hypermature or mature cataract, and from six control patients with immature cataracts. Three of the latter had primary open-angle glaucoma. Quantities of heavy-molecular-weight (HMW) protein (MW greater than 150 X 10(6)) sufficient to obstruct aqueous outflow were identified in all six phacolytic aqueous humor specimens but in none of the controls. Three of the hypermature cataractous lenses from the cases of phacolytic glaucoma were also examined and were found to have 14-fold greater quantities of HMW protein in their liquefying cortex than were present in the cortex of immature cataractous lenses. These findings, correlated with experimental HMW protein perfusion studies in excised human eyes that we have already reported, strongly suggest that direct obstruction of the aqueous outflow channels by liberated HMW soluble lens protein may be a significant and previously unappreciated factor in the pathogenesis of phacolytic glaucoma.", "PMID": 640786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_440", "title": "Molecular sieving in suprachoroidal fluid formation in man.", "content": "Suproachoroidal fluid (SCF) obtained at the time of the surgical evacuation of a clinically significant choroidal detachment (CD) was analyzed for its chemical and cellular components in four distinct subgroups: (1) CD following cataract surgery, (2) CD (nonhemorrhagic) following glaucoma surgery, (3) CD (hemorrhagic) following glaucoma surgery, and (4) intraoperative CD during glaucoma surgery in patients with elevated episcleral venous pressure. The fluid obtained in groups 1, 2, and 4 was clear and slightly xanthochromic and contained low-molecular-weight substances in concentrations essentially equal to serum. Proteins and other high-molecular-weight substances were present in lesser amounts than in serum. Albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, and transferrin were present in amounts approximately equal to those in serum, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM and IgG were decreased. beta-Lipoprotein and beta-complement were absent. It is postulated that this distribution of serum proteins is a manifestation of molecular sieving and is consistent with the existence of an isoporous membrane between the intravascular and suprachoroidal space with a pore diameter of 144 A. In the intraoperative choroidal effusions, there was evidence for exclusion of more of the lower, as well as all of the higher, molecular weight proteins. This suggested that the degree of molecular sieving increased with increasing filtration rate. In the hemorrhagic SCF, the distinctive character of the fluid and the protein concentrations indicated that the integrity of the capillary membrane was mardkedly disrupted, thereby allowing higher-molecular-weight proteins and cellular elements to enter the space.", "contents": "Molecular sieving in suprachoroidal fluid formation in man. Suproachoroidal fluid (SCF) obtained at the time of the surgical evacuation of a clinically significant choroidal detachment (CD) was analyzed for its chemical and cellular components in four distinct subgroups: (1) CD following cataract surgery, (2) CD (nonhemorrhagic) following glaucoma surgery, (3) CD (hemorrhagic) following glaucoma surgery, and (4) intraoperative CD during glaucoma surgery in patients with elevated episcleral venous pressure. The fluid obtained in groups 1, 2, and 4 was clear and slightly xanthochromic and contained low-molecular-weight substances in concentrations essentially equal to serum. Proteins and other high-molecular-weight substances were present in lesser amounts than in serum. Albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, and transferrin were present in amounts approximately equal to those in serum, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM and IgG were decreased. beta-Lipoprotein and beta-complement were absent. It is postulated that this distribution of serum proteins is a manifestation of molecular sieving and is consistent with the existence of an isoporous membrane between the intravascular and suprachoroidal space with a pore diameter of 144 A. In the intraoperative choroidal effusions, there was evidence for exclusion of more of the lower, as well as all of the higher, molecular weight proteins. This suggested that the degree of molecular sieving increased with increasing filtration rate. In the hemorrhagic SCF, the distinctive character of the fluid and the protein concentrations indicated that the integrity of the capillary membrane was mardkedly disrupted, thereby allowing higher-molecular-weight proteins and cellular elements to enter the space.", "PMID": 640788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_441", "title": "Vision through cataracts.", "content": "Contrast thresholds for a range of different spatial frequencies were compared with \"acuity\" tests for 10 subjects with uniocular senile cataract. The results indicate that the magnitude and extent of the intra-resolution limit abnormality vary dramatically in cataract subjects and that, for some subjects, vision is abnormal for objects of all sizes. This finding indicates that the present acuity evaluation of vision with cataracts is inadequate because, in some cases, it grossly overestimates the nature of the visual world of the cataract patient.", "contents": "Vision through cataracts. Contrast thresholds for a range of different spatial frequencies were compared with \"acuity\" tests for 10 subjects with uniocular senile cataract. The results indicate that the magnitude and extent of the intra-resolution limit abnormality vary dramatically in cataract subjects and that, for some subjects, vision is abnormal for objects of all sizes. This finding indicates that the present acuity evaluation of vision with cataracts is inadequate because, in some cases, it grossly overestimates the nature of the visual world of the cataract patient.", "PMID": 640789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_442", "title": "A phase-specific adaptation effect of the square-wave grating.", "content": "The existence of wide-band, phase-specific channels in the human visual system has been suggested in recent investigations. We used a number of adapting gratings to test for phase-specific adaptation effects. Observers were asked to discriminate between a simple 3 cpd sine-wave grating, (3), and a complex grating composed of this (3) plus a 9 cpd grating combined in one of two phases: peaks-subtract, (3,9:0), or peaks-add, (3,9:pi). The results show a significant phase-specific adaptation effect. That is, following adaptation to a square-wave grating, discrimination performance for (3,9:0) vs. (3) deteriorated significantly more than for (3,9:pi) vs. (3). Adaptation to the first two harmonics of the square-wave, (3,9:0), or a 3 cpd triangle-wave grating failed to produce phase-specific adaptation effects that reached significance.", "contents": "A phase-specific adaptation effect of the square-wave grating. The existence of wide-band, phase-specific channels in the human visual system has been suggested in recent investigations. We used a number of adapting gratings to test for phase-specific adaptation effects. Observers were asked to discriminate between a simple 3 cpd sine-wave grating, (3), and a complex grating composed of this (3) plus a 9 cpd grating combined in one of two phases: peaks-subtract, (3,9:0), or peaks-add, (3,9:pi). The results show a significant phase-specific adaptation effect. That is, following adaptation to a square-wave grating, discrimination performance for (3,9:0) vs. (3) deteriorated significantly more than for (3,9:pi) vs. (3). Adaptation to the first two harmonics of the square-wave, (3,9:0), or a 3 cpd triangle-wave grating failed to produce phase-specific adaptation effects that reached significance.", "PMID": 640790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_443", "title": "Glutathione in rabbit corneal endothelia: the effects of selected perfusion fluids.", "content": "Although the ameliorating effect of glutathione on corneal deturgescence is known, its chemical mechanism is not understood. An endeavor toward the latter was made by perfusing freshly excised rabbit corneas with selected perfusion fluids, measuring corneal thickness, and assaying the endothelial cells for reduced and oxidized glutathione after 2 and 5 hr of perfusion. Ringer's solution, containing either lactate or bicarbonate, caused significant decreases in both forms of glutathione after perfusion. The corneas increased in thickness considerably during these periods. When 5 mM glucose was added to bicarbonate-Ringer's solution, the corneas swelled about half as much as before. However, glutathione levels were as depressed as with simple Ringer's fluid. Adenosine (0.5 mM) in the presence of glucose (bicarbonate-Ringer's) caused a further swelling decrease so that the corneas were maintained at near normal thickness. The levels of glutathione were 84% of control values compared to 35% to 45% for Ringer's solutions (+/- glucose). The addition of glutathione to glucose (bicarbonate-Ringer's) caused intracellular glutathione levels to be higher than control values while allowing minimal tissue swelling. Glutathione in combination with adenosine, glucose, and bicarbonate produced the highest intracellular glutathione levels and a slight corneal deswelling. After oxidation of intracellular glutathione with t-butyl hydroperoxide in glucose (bicarbonate-Ringer's), endothelial cells were destroyed within 1 hr. The oxidant, however, may have had a direct effect upon the endothelial cell membranes.", "contents": "Glutathione in rabbit corneal endothelia: the effects of selected perfusion fluids. Although the ameliorating effect of glutathione on corneal deturgescence is known, its chemical mechanism is not understood. An endeavor toward the latter was made by perfusing freshly excised rabbit corneas with selected perfusion fluids, measuring corneal thickness, and assaying the endothelial cells for reduced and oxidized glutathione after 2 and 5 hr of perfusion. Ringer's solution, containing either lactate or bicarbonate, caused significant decreases in both forms of glutathione after perfusion. The corneas increased in thickness considerably during these periods. When 5 mM glucose was added to bicarbonate-Ringer's solution, the corneas swelled about half as much as before. However, glutathione levels were as depressed as with simple Ringer's fluid. Adenosine (0.5 mM) in the presence of glucose (bicarbonate-Ringer's) caused a further swelling decrease so that the corneas were maintained at near normal thickness. The levels of glutathione were 84% of control values compared to 35% to 45% for Ringer's solutions (+/- glucose). The addition of glutathione to glucose (bicarbonate-Ringer's) caused intracellular glutathione levels to be higher than control values while allowing minimal tissue swelling. Glutathione in combination with adenosine, glucose, and bicarbonate produced the highest intracellular glutathione levels and a slight corneal deswelling. After oxidation of intracellular glutathione with t-butyl hydroperoxide in glucose (bicarbonate-Ringer's), endothelial cells were destroyed within 1 hr. The oxidant, however, may have had a direct effect upon the endothelial cell membranes.", "PMID": 640791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_444", "title": "Effect of aging on horizontal smooth pursuit.", "content": "Quantitative infrared oculographic study of horizontal pursuit in young and elderly normal subjects showed significantly lower smooth pursuit velocities in the elderly when tracking triangular waveform targets of 20 degrees amplitude at velocities of 10 degrees/sec and over. Latencies for initiation of smooth eye movements were significantly prolonged in older subjects. The reduced velocity responses of the pursuit system indicate that the diagnosis of abnormal pursuit must be qualified by the age of the patient. Smooth pursuit is an age-dependent motor system.", "contents": "Effect of aging on horizontal smooth pursuit. Quantitative infrared oculographic study of horizontal pursuit in young and elderly normal subjects showed significantly lower smooth pursuit velocities in the elderly when tracking triangular waveform targets of 20 degrees amplitude at velocities of 10 degrees/sec and over. Latencies for initiation of smooth eye movements were significantly prolonged in older subjects. The reduced velocity responses of the pursuit system indicate that the diagnosis of abnormal pursuit must be qualified by the age of the patient. Smooth pursuit is an age-dependent motor system.", "PMID": 640792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_445", "title": "Ocular retardation (or) in the mouse.", "content": "The ocular retardation (or) mutation in mice has been studied morphologically in serial 1 mu sections. This recessively inherited, fully penetrant mutation is characterized by an early arrest of retinal development, aplasia of the optic nerve, cataractous degeneration of the lens, and microphthalmia. We describe early alterations of normally occurring morphogenetic cell death in the optic cup and aberrations of optic fissure formation which appear to precede the arrest of retinal and optic nerve development. The subsequent disappearance of central retinal vessels and cataract formation are interpreted as secondary phenomena.", "contents": "Ocular retardation (or) in the mouse. The ocular retardation (or) mutation in mice has been studied morphologically in serial 1 mu sections. This recessively inherited, fully penetrant mutation is characterized by an early arrest of retinal development, aplasia of the optic nerve, cataractous degeneration of the lens, and microphthalmia. We describe early alterations of normally occurring morphogenetic cell death in the optic cup and aberrations of optic fissure formation which appear to precede the arrest of retinal and optic nerve development. The subsequent disappearance of central retinal vessels and cataract formation are interpreted as secondary phenomena.", "PMID": 640793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_446", "title": "The use of resin-sprayed thin paper for urinary bladder regeneration.", "content": "Urinary bladder reconstruction using resin-sprayed thin paper was performed on four patients with either bladder cancer or tuberculosis. The paper was transurethrally removed after the bladder regenerated. Satisfactory results were obtained in three patients; the patient with a long standing tuberculous cicatrical contracted bladder, however, failed to regenerate the bladder with an adequate capacity.", "contents": "The use of resin-sprayed thin paper for urinary bladder regeneration. Urinary bladder reconstruction using resin-sprayed thin paper was performed on four patients with either bladder cancer or tuberculosis. The paper was transurethrally removed after the bladder regenerated. Satisfactory results were obtained in three patients; the patient with a long standing tuberculous cicatrical contracted bladder, however, failed to regenerate the bladder with an adequate capacity.", "PMID": 640795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_447", "title": "Iontophoresis of vidarabine monophosphate into rabbit eyes.", "content": "In order to investigate the efficacy of iontophoresis for increasing the penetration of vidarabine monophosphate into the eye, tritium-labeled vidarabine monophosphate was applied to rabbit eyes by topical and iontophoretic application, and the penetration of the compound into the eye, and its subsequent metabolism, were studied. At 20 min after treatment, the ratios of radioactivity for cathodal iontophoresis compared to topical application alone were cornea 8.6, aqueous humor 4.8, and iris 2.4; for 60 min the ratios were cornea 12.2 aqueous humor 17.5 and iris 2.5. In addition, the acid-soluble components were extracted from the cornea and aqueous humor. Vidarabine monophosphate, vidarabine, hypoxanthine arabinoside, adenosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine from the acid-soluble fraction were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of vidarabine monophosphate and vidarabine in the cornea and aqueous humor from the iontophoretically treated group was six to 15 times higher than from the group that received topical application of the drug. It was concluded that cathodal iontophoresis resulted in significantly increased penetration of the antiviral drug vidarabine monophosphate into the anterior chamber of the eye. The effects of iontophoresis of vidarabine monophosphate on corneal epithelium, as observed by scanning electron micrographs, were equal to or less than those seen with the topical application of widely used preservatives in ophthalmic preparations.", "contents": "Iontophoresis of vidarabine monophosphate into rabbit eyes. In order to investigate the efficacy of iontophoresis for increasing the penetration of vidarabine monophosphate into the eye, tritium-labeled vidarabine monophosphate was applied to rabbit eyes by topical and iontophoretic application, and the penetration of the compound into the eye, and its subsequent metabolism, were studied. At 20 min after treatment, the ratios of radioactivity for cathodal iontophoresis compared to topical application alone were cornea 8.6, aqueous humor 4.8, and iris 2.4; for 60 min the ratios were cornea 12.2 aqueous humor 17.5 and iris 2.5. In addition, the acid-soluble components were extracted from the cornea and aqueous humor. Vidarabine monophosphate, vidarabine, hypoxanthine arabinoside, adenosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine from the acid-soluble fraction were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of vidarabine monophosphate and vidarabine in the cornea and aqueous humor from the iontophoretically treated group was six to 15 times higher than from the group that received topical application of the drug. It was concluded that cathodal iontophoresis resulted in significantly increased penetration of the antiviral drug vidarabine monophosphate into the anterior chamber of the eye. The effects of iontophoresis of vidarabine monophosphate on corneal epithelium, as observed by scanning electron micrographs, were equal to or less than those seen with the topical application of widely used preservatives in ophthalmic preparations.", "PMID": 640794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_448", "title": "Soluble proteins of the rat prostate: electrophoretic separation.", "content": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the soluble proteins of the rat ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostate showed characteristic patterns for each lobe. Protein content in the lobes also differed; the ventral prostate had a significantly greater concentration than the other two.", "contents": "Soluble proteins of the rat prostate: electrophoretic separation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the soluble proteins of the rat ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostate showed characteristic patterns for each lobe. Protein content in the lobes also differed; the ventral prostate had a significantly greater concentration than the other two.", "PMID": 640796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_449", "title": "The microbial flora of the urogenital tract in women with symptoms of recurrent urinary tract infection. The non-influence of methenaminehippurate treatment on the idigenous flora.", "content": "Recurrent urinary tract infections are known to occur among 5 per cent of all females. These women frequently have episodes of symptoms of lower urinary tract infection even between periods of bacteriuria. In the present study, 25 women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, found to lack signs of obstructive uropathy, were subjected to an extensive urological and microbiological survey. The investigation showed that (i) \"pyuria\" was common (9/12) but usually of urethral origin, (ii) introital and/or urethral colonization with Enterobacteriaceae often (11/25) occurred, (iii) apart from Escherichia coli found in three patients, a Bacteroides species was isolated in two and ureaplasmas in one patient from suprapubically aspirated urine, and (iv) chlamydia, gonococci, and trichomonads were not found. The patients were given methenaminehippurate for 1 week and then reexamined. The treatment did not seem to influence the indigenous flora of the lower urogenital tract.", "contents": "The microbial flora of the urogenital tract in women with symptoms of recurrent urinary tract infection. The non-influence of methenaminehippurate treatment on the idigenous flora. Recurrent urinary tract infections are known to occur among 5 per cent of all females. These women frequently have episodes of symptoms of lower urinary tract infection even between periods of bacteriuria. In the present study, 25 women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, found to lack signs of obstructive uropathy, were subjected to an extensive urological and microbiological survey. The investigation showed that (i) \"pyuria\" was common (9/12) but usually of urethral origin, (ii) introital and/or urethral colonization with Enterobacteriaceae often (11/25) occurred, (iii) apart from Escherichia coli found in three patients, a Bacteroides species was isolated in two and ureaplasmas in one patient from suprapubically aspirated urine, and (iv) chlamydia, gonococci, and trichomonads were not found. The patients were given methenaminehippurate for 1 week and then reexamined. The treatment did not seem to influence the indigenous flora of the lower urogenital tract.", "PMID": 640797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_450", "title": "Attempted ureteral replacement and urinary conduit using bovine artery graft.", "content": "Ureteral replacement and urinary diversion using bovine carotid artery heterograft were attempted in dogs. The graft failed for several reasons: stasis proximal to an aperistaltic segment, anastomotic stricture, and fibrotic narrowing of the graft. The disease entities and criteria for successful ureteral replacement and diversion are reviewed.", "contents": "Attempted ureteral replacement and urinary conduit using bovine artery graft. Ureteral replacement and urinary diversion using bovine carotid artery heterograft were attempted in dogs. The graft failed for several reasons: stasis proximal to an aperistaltic segment, anastomotic stricture, and fibrotic narrowing of the graft. The disease entities and criteria for successful ureteral replacement and diversion are reviewed.", "PMID": 640798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_451", "title": "The free peritoneal transplant as substitute for the urinary bladder wall.", "content": "In 13 rabbits the fundus of the bladder was resected and the defect repaired by a free peritoneal transplant from the lateral abdominal wall. One animal died postoperatively of purulent peritonitis. In the remaining animals the transplant healed with no signs of irritation. The mean reduction of bladder capacity per body weight between the 5th and 18th postoperative week was only 13 per cent. Histologic tests after 5 weeks showed a germinating epithelium on the transplant which was replaced by a fibromuscular lamina after 10 weeks. The successful results of these animal experiments seem to justify the clinical use of free peritoneal transplants. The good healing tendency and matrix function of this tissue permit transplantation of the peritoneum wherever intraoperative defects occur or suture dehiscence may be expected.", "contents": "The free peritoneal transplant as substitute for the urinary bladder wall. In 13 rabbits the fundus of the bladder was resected and the defect repaired by a free peritoneal transplant from the lateral abdominal wall. One animal died postoperatively of purulent peritonitis. In the remaining animals the transplant healed with no signs of irritation. The mean reduction of bladder capacity per body weight between the 5th and 18th postoperative week was only 13 per cent. Histologic tests after 5 weeks showed a germinating epithelium on the transplant which was replaced by a fibromuscular lamina after 10 weeks. The successful results of these animal experiments seem to justify the clinical use of free peritoneal transplants. The good healing tendency and matrix function of this tissue permit transplantation of the peritoneum wherever intraoperative defects occur or suture dehiscence may be expected.", "PMID": 640799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_452", "title": "In vivo growth of human bladder cancer cell lines.", "content": "Two human bladder cancer cell lines grew predictably in rats immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte serum. Intraperitoneal  inoculation of tumor cell suspensions resulted in diffuse intraabdominal carcinomatosis with consequent host death after 10 to 20 days. Subcutaneous inoculation of tumor cell suspensions resulted in local tumors which grew exponentially for 20 to 30 days before eventual regression after 40 to 50 days; lung metastases developed in at least 13 per cent of the animals with subcutaneous tumors. The histologic appearance of the xenografted tumors closely resembled that of the original tumors. Subsequent in vitro culture of the xenografted tumors provided cell lines that were morphologically identical to the primary lines and that retained a human karyotype. It is proposed to employ this model of human bladder cancer to evaluate chemotherapeutic agents for possible use in the clinical disease.", "contents": "In vivo growth of human bladder cancer cell lines. Two human bladder cancer cell lines grew predictably in rats immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte serum. Intraperitoneal  inoculation of tumor cell suspensions resulted in diffuse intraabdominal carcinomatosis with consequent host death after 10 to 20 days. Subcutaneous inoculation of tumor cell suspensions resulted in local tumors which grew exponentially for 20 to 30 days before eventual regression after 40 to 50 days; lung metastases developed in at least 13 per cent of the animals with subcutaneous tumors. The histologic appearance of the xenografted tumors closely resembled that of the original tumors. Subsequent in vitro culture of the xenografted tumors provided cell lines that were morphologically identical to the primary lines and that retained a human karyotype. It is proposed to employ this model of human bladder cancer to evaluate chemotherapeutic agents for possible use in the clinical disease.", "PMID": 640800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_453", "title": "An improved mechanical device for control of urinary incontinence.", "content": "Results of tests on implantable artificial sphincters with a subcutaneous control unit encased in a plastic envelope were previously reported. The plastic deteriorated and in 12 to 18 months caused instrument failure. To obviate this failure, (control) units of titanium alloy with protruding levers were tested in 17 animals for a period of up to 6 months to determine whether fibrosis and tissue ingrowth would hamper the function of the control levers. The device was placed around the urethra distal to the bladder neck. It was set to obstruct the urethra against pressures varying from 40 to 80 cm of water. Erosion of the urethra did not take place. In no instance was the action of the subcutaneous control levers hampered by tissue ingrowth or fibrosis.", "contents": "An improved mechanical device for control of urinary incontinence. Results of tests on implantable artificial sphincters with a subcutaneous control unit encased in a plastic envelope were previously reported. The plastic deteriorated and in 12 to 18 months caused instrument failure. To obviate this failure, (control) units of titanium alloy with protruding levers were tested in 17 animals for a period of up to 6 months to determine whether fibrosis and tissue ingrowth would hamper the function of the control levers. The device was placed around the urethra distal to the bladder neck. It was set to obstruct the urethra against pressures varying from 40 to 80 cm of water. Erosion of the urethra did not take place. In no instance was the action of the subcutaneous control levers hampered by tissue ingrowth or fibrosis.", "PMID": 640801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_454", "title": "Propranolol protection in acute renal failure.", "content": "Activation of the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated as one of the mechanisms involved in acute renal failure. Support of this hypothesis was forwarded by the finding that propranolol, a blocker of renin release, reduced the deleterious effect of ischemia on kidney function. The hypothesis was tested further in these experiments by studying renal blood flow after ischemic injury to rat kidneys with and without propranolol proection. Miniature electromagnetic flow probes measured blood flow after 70 min of total renal artery occlusion. Although brief infusion of propranolol reduced the degree of acute renal failure, it had no effect on renal blood reflow. The data do not support the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in acute renal failure. Other explanations for the protective effect of propranolol are suggested.", "contents": "Propranolol protection in acute renal failure. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated as one of the mechanisms involved in acute renal failure. Support of this hypothesis was forwarded by the finding that propranolol, a blocker of renin release, reduced the deleterious effect of ischemia on kidney function. The hypothesis was tested further in these experiments by studying renal blood flow after ischemic injury to rat kidneys with and without propranolol proection. Miniature electromagnetic flow probes measured blood flow after 70 min of total renal artery occlusion. Although brief infusion of propranolol reduced the degree of acute renal failure, it had no effect on renal blood reflow. The data do not support the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in acute renal failure. Other explanations for the protective effect of propranolol are suggested.", "PMID": 640802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_455", "title": "Experimental use of fluoroalkyl cyanoacrilate in ureteral anastomosis.", "content": "A fluorinated tissue adhesive Fluoroalkyl Cyanoacrilate has been used in end-to-end ureteral anastomoses as an adjunct to suture material to avoid urinary extravasation in seven dogs. A similar number of dogs served as controls. The urinary tracts were evaluated grossly, radiographically, and histologically after 3 to 12 months. Better anatomical results and less inflammatory reaction and fibrosis were found in the group submitted to the tissue adhesive.", "contents": "Experimental use of fluoroalkyl cyanoacrilate in ureteral anastomosis. A fluorinated tissue adhesive Fluoroalkyl Cyanoacrilate has been used in end-to-end ureteral anastomoses as an adjunct to suture material to avoid urinary extravasation in seven dogs. A similar number of dogs served as controls. The urinary tracts were evaluated grossly, radiographically, and histologically after 3 to 12 months. Better anatomical results and less inflammatory reaction and fibrosis were found in the group submitted to the tissue adhesive.", "PMID": 640803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_456", "title": "Human renal neuraminidase.", "content": "An assay technique for determination of renal neuraminidase (sialidase) activity is described. Consistent and reproducible results were obtained in studies of rat renal tissue. Neuraminidase activity was detected in all human renal specimens studied; however the degree of activity was not related to the presence of renal calculi or infection.", "contents": "Human renal neuraminidase. An assay technique for determination of renal neuraminidase (sialidase) activity is described. Consistent and reproducible results were obtained in studies of rat renal tissue. Neuraminidase activity was detected in all human renal specimens studied; however the degree of activity was not related to the presence of renal calculi or infection.", "PMID": 640804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_457", "title": "Vascularization of the ureter after experimental ureterolysis in rabbits.", "content": "The left ureter was isolated and its nutritive arteries interrupted in 43 rabbits. The blood flow in the isolated and in the control ureters was estimated intravitally by measuring the temperature in the wall of the ureters, and postmortally by counting the capillaries injected with India ink. The vascularization of the isolated ureter was lowered at 3 days after surgery and returned to normal values at 14 days.", "contents": "Vascularization of the ureter after experimental ureterolysis in rabbits. The left ureter was isolated and its nutritive arteries interrupted in 43 rabbits. The blood flow in the isolated and in the control ureters was estimated intravitally by measuring the temperature in the wall of the ureters, and postmortally by counting the capillaries injected with India ink. The vascularization of the isolated ureter was lowered at 3 days after surgery and returned to normal values at 14 days.", "PMID": 640805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_458", "title": "Membrane characteristics of cultured endothelial cells: identification of gap junction.", "content": "Membrane characteristics of cultured endothelial cells derived from the superior vena cava of the rabbit were studied in freeze-fracture replicas. Gap junctions were identified, but tight junctions were not seen. In addition to pinocytic vesicles, fenestrations of plasma membrane which are not normally seen in the endothelium of vena cava in situ were found. This finding may be explained by the absence of platelets in the culture medium and is consistent with the current concept of endothelial-platelet interaction.", "contents": "Membrane characteristics of cultured endothelial cells: identification of gap junction. Membrane characteristics of cultured endothelial cells derived from the superior vena cava of the rabbit were studied in freeze-fracture replicas. Gap junctions were identified, but tight junctions were not seen. In addition to pinocytic vesicles, fenestrations of plasma membrane which are not normally seen in the endothelium of vena cava in situ were found. This finding may be explained by the absence of platelets in the culture medium and is consistent with the current concept of endothelial-platelet interaction.", "PMID": 640813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_459", "title": "Reliability of the Eyetone instrument and the Reflectance Meter in instant blood glucose determinations.", "content": "The blood glucose of 271 diabetic subjects (140 boys and 131 girls), followed in a diabetes clinic, was determined by three methods: 1) Reflectance Meter (Ames), 2) Eyetone (Ames), and 3) AutoAnalyzer (Technicon). The results were statistically analyzed at four blood glucose concentration ranges (less than 100, 100 to 200, 201 to 300 and greater than 300 mg/dl). The Eyetone instrument and the Reflectance Meter were found to be simple and exact methods for instant glucose determination as compared with the standard AutoAnalyzer technique. The Reflectance Meter was inexact in the blood glucose range of 201 to 300 mg/dl. The Eyetone instrument was reliable within the range of 10 to 400 mg/dl and was found to be useful for quick glucose determination in the clinic or home.", "contents": "Reliability of the Eyetone instrument and the Reflectance Meter in instant blood glucose determinations. The blood glucose of 271 diabetic subjects (140 boys and 131 girls), followed in a diabetes clinic, was determined by three methods: 1) Reflectance Meter (Ames), 2) Eyetone (Ames), and 3) AutoAnalyzer (Technicon). The results were statistically analyzed at four blood glucose concentration ranges (less than 100, 100 to 200, 201 to 300 and greater than 300 mg/dl). The Eyetone instrument and the Reflectance Meter were found to be simple and exact methods for instant glucose determination as compared with the standard AutoAnalyzer technique. The Reflectance Meter was inexact in the blood glucose range of 201 to 300 mg/dl. The Eyetone instrument was reliable within the range of 10 to 400 mg/dl and was found to be useful for quick glucose determination in the clinic or home.", "PMID": 640814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_460", "title": "Intravenous glucose tolerance after 18 months on progestogen or combination-type oral contraceptive.", "content": "The effect of long-term use of different oral contraceptives compounds was evaluated in two groups of 36 normal women on the basis of blood glucose and plasma insulin changes measured during i.v. glucose tolerance tests. Progestogen (ethynodiol diacetate) alone or a combination-type steroid compound (norethynodrel-mestranol) were used. After 18 months of ethynodiol diacetate therapy, a mild though obvious diabetogenic effect similar to that seen with norethynodrel-mestranol was observed.", "contents": "Intravenous glucose tolerance after 18 months on progestogen or combination-type oral contraceptive. The effect of long-term use of different oral contraceptives compounds was evaluated in two groups of 36 normal women on the basis of blood glucose and plasma insulin changes measured during i.v. glucose tolerance tests. Progestogen (ethynodiol diacetate) alone or a combination-type steroid compound (norethynodrel-mestranol) were used. After 18 months of ethynodiol diacetate therapy, a mild though obvious diabetogenic effect similar to that seen with norethynodrel-mestranol was observed.", "PMID": 640815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_461", "title": "Improvement in the anemia of hemodialyzed patients following subtotal parathyroidectomy. Evidence for the role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the etiology of the anemia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "An increase in the blood hemoglobin concentration was found in four of five patients on chronic hemodialysis following subtotal parathyroidectomy performed for the treatment of incapacitating osteodystrophy. In a sixth hemodialyzed patient, there was a striking increase in the hemoglobin level following treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol with suppressed parathyroid overactivity. It is concluded that surgical or \"chemical\" parathyroidectomy seems to be associated with improvement of the anemia of patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Improvement in the anemia of hemodialyzed patients following subtotal parathyroidectomy. Evidence for the role of secondary hyperparathyroidism in the etiology of the anemia of chronic renal failure. An increase in the blood hemoglobin concentration was found in four of five patients on chronic hemodialysis following subtotal parathyroidectomy performed for the treatment of incapacitating osteodystrophy. In a sixth hemodialyzed patient, there was a striking increase in the hemoglobin level following treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol with suppressed parathyroid overactivity. It is concluded that surgical or \"chemical\" parathyroidectomy seems to be associated with improvement of the anemia of patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 640816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_462", "title": "Hepatic injury due to pyridinol carbamate.", "content": "Two cases of severe hepatic parenchymal injury are presented. One case can be attributed to pyridinol carbamate with certainty, and this drug was probably the cause of hepatic injury in the second case. Pyridinol carbamate should be added to the list of drugs which are known to cause parenchymal liver damage.", "contents": "Hepatic injury due to pyridinol carbamate. Two cases of severe hepatic parenchymal injury are presented. One case can be attributed to pyridinol carbamate with certainty, and this drug was probably the cause of hepatic injury in the second case. Pyridinol carbamate should be added to the list of drugs which are known to cause parenchymal liver damage.", "PMID": 640817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_463", "title": "Tear secretion in patients with nonspecific eye complaints.", "content": "Tear secretion, as measured by Schirmer's test, was significantly reduced in 42 (9%) of 466 patients with nonspecific anterior segment complaints. One of these 42 patients were found to have systemic lupus erythematosus and another had benign mucous membrane pemphigoid.", "contents": "Tear secretion in patients with nonspecific eye complaints. Tear secretion, as measured by Schirmer's test, was significantly reduced in 42 (9%) of 466 patients with nonspecific anterior segment complaints. One of these 42 patients were found to have systemic lupus erythematosus and another had benign mucous membrane pemphigoid.", "PMID": 640818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_464", "title": "Congenital membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava.", "content": "Congenital membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava is a rare phenomenon resulting from failure of anastomosis between the right subcardinal vein and the liver. A case is reported in which the presenting symtpom was bleeding from esophageal varices. Cirrhosis was present and other signs of vena caval obstruction were minimal. The diagnosis was made only after an ineffective mesenterico-caval shunt had been performed. Venacavography or pressure measurements in the inferior vena cava are mandatory before attempting a porta-systemic shunt operation.", "contents": "Congenital membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Congenital membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava is a rare phenomenon resulting from failure of anastomosis between the right subcardinal vein and the liver. A case is reported in which the presenting symtpom was bleeding from esophageal varices. Cirrhosis was present and other signs of vena caval obstruction were minimal. The diagnosis was made only after an ineffective mesenterico-caval shunt had been performed. Venacavography or pressure measurements in the inferior vena cava are mandatory before attempting a porta-systemic shunt operation.", "PMID": 640819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_465", "title": "Genital tract anomalies associated with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "The gross anatomic changes and the vaginal epithelial changes in 687 women exposed in utero to diethylstibestrol are described, as well as the findings in 66 of these women who agreed to undergo hysterosalpingography. Of 537 women in the study group whose time of in utero exposure to stilbestrol was known. 33% demonstrated gross anatomic changes of the cervix, whereas 44% of them were found on colposcopic examination to have vaginal epithelial changes. These changes occurred in a significantly higher percentage of women exposed in utero before the 20th week of gestation. Among the women included in the study on the basis of a review of their prenatal history, gross anatomic changes of the cervix seemed to be more common in those under the age of 19 years than in those older than 19 when they first entered the study. Gross abnormalities in the uterus were noted in 44 of the 66 women studied by hysterosalpingography. These changes consisted primarily of marked aberrations in the size and shape of the uterine cavity.", "contents": "Genital tract anomalies associated with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. The gross anatomic changes and the vaginal epithelial changes in 687 women exposed in utero to diethylstibestrol are described, as well as the findings in 66 of these women who agreed to undergo hysterosalpingography. Of 537 women in the study group whose time of in utero exposure to stilbestrol was known. 33% demonstrated gross anatomic changes of the cervix, whereas 44% of them were found on colposcopic examination to have vaginal epithelial changes. These changes occurred in a significantly higher percentage of women exposed in utero before the 20th week of gestation. Among the women included in the study on the basis of a review of their prenatal history, gross anatomic changes of the cervix seemed to be more common in those under the age of 19 years than in those older than 19 when they first entered the study. Gross abnormalities in the uterus were noted in 44 of the 66 women studied by hysterosalpingography. These changes consisted primarily of marked aberrations in the size and shape of the uterine cavity.", "PMID": 640820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_466", "title": "Ethnic-related incidence of ovarian carcinoma in New York City.", "content": "A two-part statistical study of ovarian cancer in the population of New York City was conducted in an effort to explain the striking racial differences in the incidence of death from this disease. The first part of the study comprised an examination of 487 death certificates from case reports in 1964 and 387 in 1974, with emphasis on race and religion, and revealed that there is 1) a lower incidence of ovarian cancer among nonwhite than white women and 2) a greater mortality from cancer of the ovary among Jewish than non-Jewish women. The second part entailed a review of 143 records from hospitals in New York City from which more precise data, such as history and treatment, were available. The review enabled us to confirm diagnoses and to investigate whether specific clinical features are directly related to racial incidence. No etiologic factors could be correlated with the disease, but further epidemiologic studies are warranted.", "contents": "Ethnic-related incidence of ovarian carcinoma in New York City. A two-part statistical study of ovarian cancer in the population of New York City was conducted in an effort to explain the striking racial differences in the incidence of death from this disease. The first part of the study comprised an examination of 487 death certificates from case reports in 1964 and 387 in 1974, with emphasis on race and religion, and revealed that there is 1) a lower incidence of ovarian cancer among nonwhite than white women and 2) a greater mortality from cancer of the ovary among Jewish than non-Jewish women. The second part entailed a review of 143 records from hospitals in New York City from which more precise data, such as history and treatment, were available. The review enabled us to confirm diagnoses and to investigate whether specific clinical features are directly related to racial incidence. No etiologic factors could be correlated with the disease, but further epidemiologic studies are warranted.", "PMID": 640821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_467", "title": "[Yersiniosis].", "content": "A survey was undertaken about bacteriologic, epidemiologic and clinical features of infections caused by Yersinia. Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are gram negative rods of the enterobacteriaceae family. The number of cases of these infections has increased considerably in the past few years. Erythema nodosum often occurs after an enteritic infection by Yersinia. Other skin manifestations are erythema exsudativum multiforme, erythema figuratum and \"drug-eruption-like exanthema\". Moreover, Yersinia-arthritis may occur. In one particular case a Reiter-syndrome was described. The mechanism whereby Yersinia induce skin lesions is unknown. Prognosis is good. Therapy of choice for infections caused by Yersinia are tetracyclines.", "contents": "[Yersiniosis]. A survey was undertaken about bacteriologic, epidemiologic and clinical features of infections caused by Yersinia. Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are gram negative rods of the enterobacteriaceae family. The number of cases of these infections has increased considerably in the past few years. Erythema nodosum often occurs after an enteritic infection by Yersinia. Other skin manifestations are erythema exsudativum multiforme, erythema figuratum and \"drug-eruption-like exanthema\". Moreover, Yersinia-arthritis may occur. In one particular case a Reiter-syndrome was described. The mechanism whereby Yersinia induce skin lesions is unknown. Prognosis is good. Therapy of choice for infections caused by Yersinia are tetracyclines.", "PMID": 640832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_468", "title": "[Treatment of malignant melanoma with dinitrochlorobenzene ointment].", "content": "35 patients with malignant melanomas in different stages were treated with dinitrochlorobenzene according to Malek-Mansour in the last three years. Nine typical cases are demonstrated. The treatment is more effective when the tumor lies close to skin surface and has not yet spread. Distant metastases may react--but normally these metastases cannot be removed. Regarding effects and side effects of DNCB, the methods of treatment and the range of indications are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of malignant melanoma with dinitrochlorobenzene ointment]. 35 patients with malignant melanomas in different stages were treated with dinitrochlorobenzene according to Malek-Mansour in the last three years. Nine typical cases are demonstrated. The treatment is more effective when the tumor lies close to skin surface and has not yet spread. Distant metastases may react--but normally these metastases cannot be removed. Regarding effects and side effects of DNCB, the methods of treatment and the range of indications are described.", "PMID": 640834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_469", "title": "[Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with tar- and oil-containing seawater baths].", "content": "Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with tar and oil containing seawater baths are reported and compared to sulfur baths. The superiority of the tar-seawater treatment compared to sulfur baths is confirmed. For the first time good experiences with a new oil bath are reported.", "contents": "[Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with tar- and oil-containing seawater baths]. Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with tar and oil containing seawater baths are reported and compared to sulfur baths. The superiority of the tar-seawater treatment compared to sulfur baths is confirmed. For the first time good experiences with a new oil bath are reported.", "PMID": 640835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_470", "title": "[Perioral dermatitis].", "content": "The cause of perioral dermatitis remains unclear. It is not due to the application of fluorinated corticosteroids. For therapy Locoid cream and tetracycline are recommended. There are some cases which are not influenced by any therapy. In these cases psychotherapy is sometimes effective.", "contents": "[Perioral dermatitis]. The cause of perioral dermatitis remains unclear. It is not due to the application of fluorinated corticosteroids. For therapy Locoid cream and tetracycline are recommended. There are some cases which are not influenced by any therapy. In these cases psychotherapy is sometimes effective.", "PMID": 640836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_471", "title": "A simple method for estimating a 'heparin binding capacity' of human serum.", "content": "A method for estimating a 'heparin binding capacity' of human serum is described. When human serum is diluted with a low ionic strength, heparin-containing buffer at pH 5.5, protein-heparin electrostatic complexes form in solution with subsequent formation of insoluble aggregates which can be collected by centrifugation. Quantitative determination of the relative amounts by weight of protein and heparin in the insoluble heparin-protein aggregates permits estimation of a combining ratio at which serum proteins bind with heparin to precipitate from solution. This weight combining ratio of protein and heparin is a quantitative measure of the total affinity for heparin of all proteins in serum which bind heparin at pH 5.57 to form an insoluble complex. An unusually high affinity for heparin by an abnormal serum protein or an increase in amount of a normally-occuring, high heparin-affinity, serum protein would alter the average protein: heparin combining ratio and increase the 'heparin-binding capacity' of human serum. The converse would be true for serum proteins having a low affinity for heparin, lowering the 'heparin-binding capacity' of human serum. The described method was used to evaluate the 'heparin-binding capacity' of serum proteins in normal individuals and in persons with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "A simple method for estimating a 'heparin binding capacity' of human serum. A method for estimating a 'heparin binding capacity' of human serum is described. When human serum is diluted with a low ionic strength, heparin-containing buffer at pH 5.5, protein-heparin electrostatic complexes form in solution with subsequent formation of insoluble aggregates which can be collected by centrifugation. Quantitative determination of the relative amounts by weight of protein and heparin in the insoluble heparin-protein aggregates permits estimation of a combining ratio at which serum proteins bind with heparin to precipitate from solution. This weight combining ratio of protein and heparin is a quantitative measure of the total affinity for heparin of all proteins in serum which bind heparin at pH 5.57 to form an insoluble complex. An unusually high affinity for heparin by an abnormal serum protein or an increase in amount of a normally-occuring, high heparin-affinity, serum protein would alter the average protein: heparin combining ratio and increase the 'heparin-binding capacity' of human serum. The converse would be true for serum proteins having a low affinity for heparin, lowering the 'heparin-binding capacity' of human serum. The described method was used to evaluate the 'heparin-binding capacity' of serum proteins in normal individuals and in persons with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 640837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_472", "title": "Copper/zinc ratios in whole blood, plasma, and erythrocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Concentrations of copper and zinc in plasma, whole blood, and erythrocytes were determined in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients and controls by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plasma and whole blood copper/zinc ratios were markedly higher in the TB patients. Eighty-seven percent of the TB patients had plasma copper/zinc ratios above 2.00, and 94% had whole blood copper/zinc ratios above 0.20. None of the controls had plasma copper/zinc ratios above 2.00, while 24% of the controls had whole blood ratios greater than 0.20. Whole blood and plasma copper/zinc ratios appear to be more sensitive indicators of the presence of pulmonary TB than the individual copper and zinc concentrations. Patients with conditions in which copper and zinc metabolism are altered might benefit from the monitoring of copper/zinc ratios.", "contents": "Copper/zinc ratios in whole blood, plasma, and erythrocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis. Concentrations of copper and zinc in plasma, whole blood, and erythrocytes were determined in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients and controls by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plasma and whole blood copper/zinc ratios were markedly higher in the TB patients. Eighty-seven percent of the TB patients had plasma copper/zinc ratios above 2.00, and 94% had whole blood copper/zinc ratios above 0.20. None of the controls had plasma copper/zinc ratios above 2.00, while 24% of the controls had whole blood ratios greater than 0.20. Whole blood and plasma copper/zinc ratios appear to be more sensitive indicators of the presence of pulmonary TB than the individual copper and zinc concentrations. Patients with conditions in which copper and zinc metabolism are altered might benefit from the monitoring of copper/zinc ratios.", "PMID": 640838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_473", "title": "A practical method of antimicrobial surveillance.", "content": "This antimicrobial surveillance program clearly relates inpatient antimicrobial usage to therapeutic or prophylactic indications. One nurse-epidemiologist gathers data for a medium-sized Veterans Administration hospital, in addition to carrying out infection surveillance and educational responsibilities, and reviews the data weekly with an infectious disease physician. Usage of antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis is the area where violations of generally accepted criteria for usage can be most readily documented. Only 31% of usages were deemed appropriate. A similar percentage (about 65%) of antimicrobial usages were judged \"appropriate\" on the medical and surgical services in treatment of wound and urinary tract infection. Treatment of respiratory tract infection and sepsis was judge \"appropriate\" in over 85% of instances on the medical service. These categories contained too few cases to summarize on the surgical service.", "contents": "A practical method of antimicrobial surveillance. This antimicrobial surveillance program clearly relates inpatient antimicrobial usage to therapeutic or prophylactic indications. One nurse-epidemiologist gathers data for a medium-sized Veterans Administration hospital, in addition to carrying out infection surveillance and educational responsibilities, and reviews the data weekly with an infectious disease physician. Usage of antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis is the area where violations of generally accepted criteria for usage can be most readily documented. Only 31% of usages were deemed appropriate. A similar percentage (about 65%) of antimicrobial usages were judged \"appropriate\" on the medical and surgical services in treatment of wound and urinary tract infection. Treatment of respiratory tract infection and sepsis was judge \"appropriate\" in over 85% of instances on the medical service. These categories contained too few cases to summarize on the surgical service.", "PMID": 640839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_474", "title": "Mutant hemoglobins having elongated chains.", "content": "Globin subunits may be elongated because of a base substitution in the termination codon, a crossover out of phase (frame shift) or a crossover in phase. This review presents structural, genetic, biosynthetic and clinical information on the eight variants having elongated chains which have been described to date.", "contents": "Mutant hemoglobins having elongated chains. Globin subunits may be elongated because of a base substitution in the termination codon, a crossover out of phase (frame shift) or a crossover in phase. This review presents structural, genetic, biosynthetic and clinical information on the eight variants having elongated chains which have been described to date.", "PMID": 640840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_475", "title": "Hb J Camaguey alpha 2 141(HC3) Arg replaced by Gly beta 2: a new abnormal human hemoglobin.", "content": "An electrophoretic fast-moving hemoglobin was found in a Cuban family of Spanish descent. Structural studies demonstrated a replacement of arginine by glycine at alpha 141(HC3). This change is not associated with clinical symptoms, although the substitution is in one of the residues involved in the stabilization of the deoxy form of the hemoglobin molecule.", "contents": "Hb J Camaguey alpha 2 141(HC3) Arg replaced by Gly beta 2: a new abnormal human hemoglobin. An electrophoretic fast-moving hemoglobin was found in a Cuban family of Spanish descent. Structural studies demonstrated a replacement of arginine by glycine at alpha 141(HC3). This change is not associated with clinical symptoms, although the substitution is in one of the residues involved in the stabilization of the deoxy form of the hemoglobin molecule.", "PMID": 640841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_476", "title": "Acylation of hemoglobin by glutarylsalicylamide and its effect on oxygen transport properties.", "content": "Hemoglobin A was modified in vitro with 0.02-0.03 M glutarylsalicylamide for two hours at pH 7.2 and 37 degrees C. The extent of modification was about 30-50%, as estimated by visual comparison after electrophoretic separation. A substantial decrease in oxygen affinity of modified hemoglobin solutions was observed. Similar results were also obtained for dilute cell suspensions of washed red blood cells and whole blood after GSM modification. Other properties such as cooperativity, Bohr effect and 2,3-DPG dependence remained essentially unchanged. Athough the site(s) of modification have not been determined, it is unlikely that they would involve any amino acid residue contributing to the above allosteric properties.", "contents": "Acylation of hemoglobin by glutarylsalicylamide and its effect on oxygen transport properties. Hemoglobin A was modified in vitro with 0.02-0.03 M glutarylsalicylamide for two hours at pH 7.2 and 37 degrees C. The extent of modification was about 30-50%, as estimated by visual comparison after electrophoretic separation. A substantial decrease in oxygen affinity of modified hemoglobin solutions was observed. Similar results were also obtained for dilute cell suspensions of washed red blood cells and whole blood after GSM modification. Other properties such as cooperativity, Bohr effect and 2,3-DPG dependence remained essentially unchanged. Athough the site(s) of modification have not been determined, it is unlikely that they would involve any amino acid residue contributing to the above allosteric properties.", "PMID": 640849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_477", "title": "Studies of globin chain synthesis and globin mRNA content in a patient homozygous for hemoglobin Lepore.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis and globin mRNA content were studied in blood cells of a patient homozygous for Hb Lepore. Peripheral blood cells incubated with tritiated leucine synthesized approximately 1.5 to 3% as many Lepore globin chains as alpha chains. Globin mRNA in peripheral blood cell RNA was assayed by molecular hybridization assays using human alpha and beta cDNA, and the results indicated the presence of approximately 1% to 2% as much beta-like mRNA (presumably deltabeta Lepore mRNA) as alpha mRNA. The amount of Lepore deltabeta chain mRNA in peripheral blood cells is therefore proportional to the amount of Lepore globin chain synthesis in the same cells. An incidental observation was the finding that peripheral blood cell RNA of this patient, at a time when she was being heavily transfused, contained substantially higher levels of beta-like mRNA (relative to alpha mRNA) than in subsequent studies. Cell-free translation of this mRNA however revealed that it contained authentic beta chain mRNA which must have been derived in some way from the transfused blood cells.", "contents": "Studies of globin chain synthesis and globin mRNA content in a patient homozygous for hemoglobin Lepore. Globin chain synthesis and globin mRNA content were studied in blood cells of a patient homozygous for Hb Lepore. Peripheral blood cells incubated with tritiated leucine synthesized approximately 1.5 to 3% as many Lepore globin chains as alpha chains. Globin mRNA in peripheral blood cell RNA was assayed by molecular hybridization assays using human alpha and beta cDNA, and the results indicated the presence of approximately 1% to 2% as much beta-like mRNA (presumably deltabeta Lepore mRNA) as alpha mRNA. The amount of Lepore deltabeta chain mRNA in peripheral blood cells is therefore proportional to the amount of Lepore globin chain synthesis in the same cells. An incidental observation was the finding that peripheral blood cell RNA of this patient, at a time when she was being heavily transfused, contained substantially higher levels of beta-like mRNA (relative to alpha mRNA) than in subsequent studies. Cell-free translation of this mRNA however revealed that it contained authentic beta chain mRNA which must have been derived in some way from the transfused blood cells.", "PMID": 640850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_478", "title": "Clinical and hematological studies in a family with hemoglobin Vancouver.", "content": "Hb Vancouver (alpha2beta2 73 (E17) ASP yieldTYR) was found in combination with betaomicron thalassemia trait in a Chinese male who presented with splenomegaly and thalassemia intermedia (3). The family study has revealed two members with beta thalassemia trait, one heterozygote for Hb E, and two heterozygotes for Hb Vancouver. The Hb Vancouver heterozygotes were clinically normal but their erythrocytes showed reduced osmotic fragility and occasional target cells.", "contents": "Clinical and hematological studies in a family with hemoglobin Vancouver. Hb Vancouver (alpha2beta2 73 (E17) ASP yieldTYR) was found in combination with betaomicron thalassemia trait in a Chinese male who presented with splenomegaly and thalassemia intermedia (3). The family study has revealed two members with beta thalassemia trait, one heterozygote for Hb E, and two heterozygotes for Hb Vancouver. The Hb Vancouver heterozygotes were clinically normal but their erythrocytes showed reduced osmotic fragility and occasional target cells.", "PMID": 640852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_479", "title": "Location of amino acid residues in human deoxy hemoglobin.", "content": "A table has been compiled of the spatial disposition of the amino acid residues in the human deoxy hemoglobin tetramer. The table also indicates regions of possible contact between residues in each subunit and possible contacts between subunits.", "contents": "Location of amino acid residues in human deoxy hemoglobin. A table has been compiled of the spatial disposition of the amino acid residues in the human deoxy hemoglobin tetramer. The table also indicates regions of possible contact between residues in each subunit and possible contacts between subunits.", "PMID": 640853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_480", "title": "Histochemical and electron probe analysis of secretory ameloblasts of developing rat molar teeth.", "content": "Calcium was not found in secretory ameloblasts and stratum intermedium cells when treated with OsO4-pyroantimonate or when surfaces prepared by fracturing fresh, rapidly frozen, developing molar tooth germs were subject to electron probe X-ray analysis. Pyroantimonate reaction product, considered to be calcium, was found in mitochondria of enamel organ cells which were first placed in a bath containing calcium and potassium. The plasma membrane was disrupted in cells ehich showed mitochondrial localization of reaction product. The results provide no data which indicates that enamel organ cells have a direct, active role in the movement of calcium into the enamel. Rather, it is suggested that the secretory enamel organ might serve as a selective barrier in regulating the initial mineralization of enamel.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron probe analysis of secretory ameloblasts of developing rat molar teeth. Calcium was not found in secretory ameloblasts and stratum intermedium cells when treated with OsO4-pyroantimonate or when surfaces prepared by fracturing fresh, rapidly frozen, developing molar tooth germs were subject to electron probe X-ray analysis. Pyroantimonate reaction product, considered to be calcium, was found in mitochondria of enamel organ cells which were first placed in a bath containing calcium and potassium. The plasma membrane was disrupted in cells ehich showed mitochondrial localization of reaction product. The results provide no data which indicates that enamel organ cells have a direct, active role in the movement of calcium into the enamel. Rather, it is suggested that the secretory enamel organ might serve as a selective barrier in regulating the initial mineralization of enamel.", "PMID": 640858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_481", "title": "Electron probe analysis of maturation ameloblasts of the rat incisor and calf molar.", "content": "Rapidly frozen upper incisor teeth of rats and molar teeth of calves were freeze fractured, freeze dried and dry dissected in preparation for energy dispersive x-ray emission microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope. Successive zones of ameloblasts adjacent to maturing rat incisor enamel were examined, beginning with cells adjacent to the least mature enamel and progressing to cells over increasingly more mature enamel. Pronounced Kalpha1,2 x-ray peaks were obtained for P, S, Cl, K and Fe but not for Ca. Ca levels were also very low compared with P, S, Cl and K in calf molar maturation ameloblasts, whereas they were high in the distal poles of the secretory odontoblasts in the same specimens. The findings indicate that both intra- and extracellular Ca levels are extremely low in maturation ameloblasts. It is concluded that Ca is neither stored nor concentrated in large amounts by the maturation ameloblasts prior to its entry into the enamel. The suggestion is made that the maturation ameloblasts might regulate entry of calcium into enamel by serving as a selective barrier.", "contents": "Electron probe analysis of maturation ameloblasts of the rat incisor and calf molar. Rapidly frozen upper incisor teeth of rats and molar teeth of calves were freeze fractured, freeze dried and dry dissected in preparation for energy dispersive x-ray emission microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope. Successive zones of ameloblasts adjacent to maturing rat incisor enamel were examined, beginning with cells adjacent to the least mature enamel and progressing to cells over increasingly more mature enamel. Pronounced Kalpha1,2 x-ray peaks were obtained for P, S, Cl, K and Fe but not for Ca. Ca levels were also very low compared with P, S, Cl and K in calf molar maturation ameloblasts, whereas they were high in the distal poles of the secretory odontoblasts in the same specimens. The findings indicate that both intra- and extracellular Ca levels are extremely low in maturation ameloblasts. It is concluded that Ca is neither stored nor concentrated in large amounts by the maturation ameloblasts prior to its entry into the enamel. The suggestion is made that the maturation ameloblasts might regulate entry of calcium into enamel by serving as a selective barrier.", "PMID": 640859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_482", "title": "Age-dependent increase in the non-specific cholinesterase activity of the capillaries in the rat neostriatum.", "content": "Histochemically demonstrable non-specific cholinesterase activity in the capillaries of the neostriatum of 3-5-month-old rats was much weaker than that of 24-27-month-old rats. In the young adult rats the activity was electron microscopically localized mainly in endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear cisternae of the endothelial cells, while capillaries of old rats showed a positive reaction also in the basal lamina and outer cell membranes of glial processes.", "contents": "Age-dependent increase in the non-specific cholinesterase activity of the capillaries in the rat neostriatum. Histochemically demonstrable non-specific cholinesterase activity in the capillaries of the neostriatum of 3-5-month-old rats was much weaker than that of 24-27-month-old rats. In the young adult rats the activity was electron microscopically localized mainly in endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear cisternae of the endothelial cells, while capillaries of old rats showed a positive reaction also in the basal lamina and outer cell membranes of glial processes.", "PMID": 640860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_483", "title": "The multiple forms of brain acetylcholinesterase. II. A suggestion of their functional importance.", "content": "The pattern of the multiple forms of the acetylocholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) of the rat brain is investigated using polyacrylamide gradient micro-gel electrophoresis with regard to a possible functional importance of this individual forms. The patterns of the AChE-forms of selected regions of the CNS are compared and certain differences could be shown. After increased cholinergic input (into the hippocampus by electrical stimulation of the nc. septi medialis) an aggregation of AChE subunits is detectable. Subletal intoxication with an irreversible inhibitor of AChE is followed by a faster recovery of the smaller forms. A suggestion of a possible functional role of the multiple forms of AChE is discussed.", "contents": "The multiple forms of brain acetylcholinesterase. II. A suggestion of their functional importance. The pattern of the multiple forms of the acetylocholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) of the rat brain is investigated using polyacrylamide gradient micro-gel electrophoresis with regard to a possible functional importance of this individual forms. The patterns of the AChE-forms of selected regions of the CNS are compared and certain differences could be shown. After increased cholinergic input (into the hippocampus by electrical stimulation of the nc. septi medialis) an aggregation of AChE subunits is detectable. Subletal intoxication with an irreversible inhibitor of AChE is followed by a faster recovery of the smaller forms. A suggestion of a possible functional role of the multiple forms of AChE is discussed.", "PMID": 640861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_484", "title": "[Innervation of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. and in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. V. Cytochemical localization of cholinesterase activities (author's transl)].", "content": "Specific and non specific cholinesterase activities were demonstrated in the ABRM of Mytilus edulis L. and Mytilus galloprovincialis L. by means of different techniques. The results were found identical for both species: neuromuscular junctions \"en grappe\"-type scarely distributed within the ABRM, contain AChE. According to the histochemical inhibition tests, (a) the eserine inhibits AChE activity of the ABRM with a level of 5-10(-5) M or higher, (b) the ChE non specific activities are inhibited by iso-OMPA level between 5.10(-5) to 10(-4) M. The histo- and cytochemical observations were completed by showing the existence of neuromuscular junctions containing small clear vesicles: they probably are the morphological support for ACh presence. Moreover, specific and non specific ChE activities were localized in the glio-interstitial cells. AChE precipitates were developed along the ABRM sarcolemma, some muscle mitochondria and in the intercellular spaces remain enigmatic.", "contents": "[Innervation of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. and in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. V. Cytochemical localization of cholinesterase activities (author's transl)]. Specific and non specific cholinesterase activities were demonstrated in the ABRM of Mytilus edulis L. and Mytilus galloprovincialis L. by means of different techniques. The results were found identical for both species: neuromuscular junctions \"en grappe\"-type scarely distributed within the ABRM, contain AChE. According to the histochemical inhibition tests, (a) the eserine inhibits AChE activity of the ABRM with a level of 5-10(-5) M or higher, (b) the ChE non specific activities are inhibited by iso-OMPA level between 5.10(-5) to 10(-4) M. The histo- and cytochemical observations were completed by showing the existence of neuromuscular junctions containing small clear vesicles: they probably are the morphological support for ACh presence. Moreover, specific and non specific ChE activities were localized in the glio-interstitial cells. AChE precipitates were developed along the ABRM sarcolemma, some muscle mitochondria and in the intercellular spaces remain enigmatic.", "PMID": 640863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_485", "title": "Cytochemical investigations on the localization of 5'-nucleotidase in the rat hippocampus with special reference to synaptic regions.", "content": "The fine structural localization of the 5'-nucleotidase was investigated in the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. The attention was focussed on the occurrence of the enzyme in the synaptic region. The 5'-nucleotidase activity was demonstrated at the surface membranes of axons and dendrites. Prominent portions of enzyme activity were detectable in the nuclei and the nuclear envelope, whereas the cytoplasmic organelles were nearly devoid of reaction product. In synapses five types of 5'-nucleotidase localization were revealed. A participation of the enzyme in the process of neurotransmission is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical investigations on the localization of 5'-nucleotidase in the rat hippocampus with special reference to synaptic regions. The fine structural localization of the 5'-nucleotidase was investigated in the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. The attention was focussed on the occurrence of the enzyme in the synaptic region. The 5'-nucleotidase activity was demonstrated at the surface membranes of axons and dendrites. Prominent portions of enzyme activity were detectable in the nuclei and the nuclear envelope, whereas the cytoplasmic organelles were nearly devoid of reaction product. In synapses five types of 5'-nucleotidase localization were revealed. A participation of the enzyme in the process of neurotransmission is discussed.", "PMID": 640865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_486", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of type IV collagen in the renal glomerulus.", "content": "Disulfide-groups are demonstrated in the basement membranes of glomerular capillaries, proximal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts by means of a thiosulfathion/Alcian Blue +0.8 Mol MgCl2-staining sequence. It is suggested that the reaction shows type IV collagen of basal lamina material, which is characterized by a relatively high cystine content (8 half-cystine residues/1000).", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of type IV collagen in the renal glomerulus. Disulfide-groups are demonstrated in the basement membranes of glomerular capillaries, proximal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts by means of a thiosulfathion/Alcian Blue +0.8 Mol MgCl2-staining sequence. It is suggested that the reaction shows type IV collagen of basal lamina material, which is characterized by a relatively high cystine content (8 half-cystine residues/1000).", "PMID": 640866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_487", "title": "[Electrical stimulation of hearing in humans: a survey of the actual state of development of an implantable prosthesis for sensorineural deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent clinical results show that electrical excitation of hearing sensations with implanted electrodes in the inner ear can be successful in suitable deaf persons. A critical literature review shows that some results have been described too vaguely and that there still exist numerous methodical and technical deficiencies. Even with multichannel stimulation, true tonotopical hearing could not be achieved. Periodicity hearing alone is not sufficient for the discrimination of one-syllable words. However, most deaf persons fitted with surgically implanted electrodes judged the new hearing sensations as being agreeable and quite useful. There seem to be no long term harmful effects of these implants upon the state of the acoustic nerve. However there are still a series of basic questions in auditory physiology pending which can only be solved through intensive collaboration of the clinical disciplines involved.", "contents": "[Electrical stimulation of hearing in humans: a survey of the actual state of development of an implantable prosthesis for sensorineural deafness (author's transl)]. Recent clinical results show that electrical excitation of hearing sensations with implanted electrodes in the inner ear can be successful in suitable deaf persons. A critical literature review shows that some results have been described too vaguely and that there still exist numerous methodical and technical deficiencies. Even with multichannel stimulation, true tonotopical hearing could not be achieved. Periodicity hearing alone is not sufficient for the discrimination of one-syllable words. However, most deaf persons fitted with surgically implanted electrodes judged the new hearing sensations as being agreeable and quite useful. There seem to be no long term harmful effects of these implants upon the state of the acoustic nerve. However there are still a series of basic questions in auditory physiology pending which can only be solved through intensive collaboration of the clinical disciplines involved.", "PMID": 640868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_488", "title": "[A surgical approach for the cochlear implant (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the round window is most commonly employed for insertion of a cochlear electrode, manipulation through this route can be difficult. The author gives data for orientation to a new approach for placing a cochlear implant. In this manner, the nerve fibers of the N. cochlearis in the entire cochlear region can be reached and stimulated.", "contents": "[A surgical approach for the cochlear implant (author's transl)]. Although the round window is most commonly employed for insertion of a cochlear electrode, manipulation through this route can be difficult. The author gives data for orientation to a new approach for placing a cochlear implant. In this manner, the nerve fibers of the N. cochlearis in the entire cochlear region can be reached and stimulated.", "PMID": 640869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_489", "title": "[Vasoactive drugs and oxygen content in the perilymph (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of different vasodilating drugs on the perilymphatic oxygen content in the cat has been examined by means of the polarographic method. The drugs used such as Papaverin, Rheomacrodex, Ronicol, Praxilen and Lasix have had no significant effect on the oxygen concentration in the perilymph. Histamin, 7% Na2CO3 and 50% glycerol have produced a diminution of the perilymphatic oxygen tension. Only angiotensin has produced a 20% rise of the oxygen pressure in the perilymph. This effect is, however, five times smaller than that reached by inhalation of 5% CO2 and 95% O2.", "contents": "[Vasoactive drugs and oxygen content in the perilymph (author's transl)]. The effect of different vasodilating drugs on the perilymphatic oxygen content in the cat has been examined by means of the polarographic method. The drugs used such as Papaverin, Rheomacrodex, Ronicol, Praxilen and Lasix have had no significant effect on the oxygen concentration in the perilymph. Histamin, 7% Na2CO3 and 50% glycerol have produced a diminution of the perilymphatic oxygen tension. Only angiotensin has produced a 20% rise of the oxygen pressure in the perilymph. This effect is, however, five times smaller than that reached by inhalation of 5% CO2 and 95% O2.", "PMID": 640870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_490", "title": "[Thyroid diseases. Impulses for the ORL-physician].", "content": "Diseases of the thyroid gland are not uncommon. Understanding the basics of physiology, pathophysiology, endocrinology and nuclear medicine, the otolaryngologist very often will uncover pathologic findings which he previously might have overlooked. A systematic evaluation of thyroid disorders will result in a worthwhile and fascinating collaboration among specialists in internal and nuclear medicine as well as specialists in surgery.", "contents": "[Thyroid diseases. Impulses for the ORL-physician]. Diseases of the thyroid gland are not uncommon. Understanding the basics of physiology, pathophysiology, endocrinology and nuclear medicine, the otolaryngologist very often will uncover pathologic findings which he previously might have overlooked. A systematic evaluation of thyroid disorders will result in a worthwhile and fascinating collaboration among specialists in internal and nuclear medicine as well as specialists in surgery.", "PMID": 640873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_491", "title": "[Studies on the genetics of otosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "101 families with confirmed otosclerosis were investigated, and after correction for age an incidence was found of otosclerosis of 29.5% amongst the parents, 17.9% amongst the siblings and 8.8% amongst offspring. The statistical data for otosclerosis published to date were treated similarly giving together with our own as large a collection as possible. From this the risk of repeat occurrence of otosclerosis could be calculated to 10% in the brothers and 20% in the sisters of otosclerotic patients. The risk rates of occurrence for their children are the same. These data are intended for use in the genetic counseling of this disorder.", "contents": "[Studies on the genetics of otosclerosis (author's transl)]. 101 families with confirmed otosclerosis were investigated, and after correction for age an incidence was found of otosclerosis of 29.5% amongst the parents, 17.9% amongst the siblings and 8.8% amongst offspring. The statistical data for otosclerosis published to date were treated similarly giving together with our own as large a collection as possible. From this the risk of repeat occurrence of otosclerosis could be calculated to 10% in the brothers and 20% in the sisters of otosclerotic patients. The risk rates of occurrence for their children are the same. These data are intended for use in the genetic counseling of this disorder.", "PMID": 640874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_492", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies of Reinke oedema (author's transl)].", "content": "With the electron microscope, changes in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue in Reinke's oedema are more clear. An intense widening of the intercellular spaces is observed, with the presence of a strongly electron dense substance. In some cells, especially in the cells of the stratum spinosum and in the endothelial cells of the capillary vessels, intracytoplasmic cystic formations are observed, which in some cases are located in nuclear invaginations. However, these cystic formations can give a false impression that they are intranuclear if an incorrect tissue section is made.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies of Reinke oedema (author's transl)]. With the electron microscope, changes in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue in Reinke's oedema are more clear. An intense widening of the intercellular spaces is observed, with the presence of a strongly electron dense substance. In some cells, especially in the cells of the stratum spinosum and in the endothelial cells of the capillary vessels, intracytoplasmic cystic formations are observed, which in some cases are located in nuclear invaginations. However, these cystic formations can give a false impression that they are intranuclear if an incorrect tissue section is made.", "PMID": 640875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_493", "title": "[Obstructive emphysema--a typical late event after reconstructive surgery for laryngeal or tracheal stenoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstructive emphysema following reconstructive surgery for laryngeal and tracheal stenoses is a frequent occurrence which may well be a typical event. Four stages occur which can be differentiated according to their severity. These are specified and illustrated by the pathophysiological values of pulmonary function tests in 29 patients. A significant correlation exists between the degree of obstructive emphysema or physical irregularity of the airflow which occurs and the interval of time since operative reconstruction of the airway has taken place.", "contents": "[Obstructive emphysema--a typical late event after reconstructive surgery for laryngeal or tracheal stenoses (author's transl)]. Obstructive emphysema following reconstructive surgery for laryngeal and tracheal stenoses is a frequent occurrence which may well be a typical event. Four stages occur which can be differentiated according to their severity. These are specified and illustrated by the pathophysiological values of pulmonary function tests in 29 patients. A significant correlation exists between the degree of obstructive emphysema or physical irregularity of the airflow which occurs and the interval of time since operative reconstruction of the airway has taken place.", "PMID": 640876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_494", "title": "[Possibilities of error in studies of neck torsion nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "The demonstration of neck torsion nystagmus confirms the diagnosis of cervical spine syndrome. To demonstrate this finding, it is necessary to observe the following points: Precise performance of the examination technique; ENG with absolute isolation of the patient; examination with an easily movable rotating chair; prevention of turning of the patient's head in the direction of the chair's movement. Spontaneous nystagmus, movement of the eyelids, optokinetic nystagmus, and electrical artefacts all interfere with detection of neck torsion nystagmus, and are sources of error in its study.", "contents": "[Possibilities of error in studies of neck torsion nystagmus (author's transl)]. The demonstration of neck torsion nystagmus confirms the diagnosis of cervical spine syndrome. To demonstrate this finding, it is necessary to observe the following points: Precise performance of the examination technique; ENG with absolute isolation of the patient; examination with an easily movable rotating chair; prevention of turning of the patient's head in the direction of the chair's movement. Spontaneous nystagmus, movement of the eyelids, optokinetic nystagmus, and electrical artefacts all interfere with detection of neck torsion nystagmus, and are sources of error in its study.", "PMID": 640877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_495", "title": "Influence of hypoxia on the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance.", "content": "We have examined the influence of hypoxia on the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance and intravascular pressure in isolated cat lungs using the low-viscosity bolus technique. Hypoxia increased total vascular resistance, decreased total lung blood volume, and moved the maximum local resistance downstream away from the main pulmonary artery. The circumference of the main pulmonary artery was increased and the extravascular lung water (double indicator dilution technique) was decreased by hypoxia. Thus, it would appear that distension of the large pulmonary arteries and a decrease in the amount of lung tissue perfused contributed to the change in resistance distribution brought about by hypoxia.", "contents": "Influence of hypoxia on the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. We have examined the influence of hypoxia on the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance and intravascular pressure in isolated cat lungs using the low-viscosity bolus technique. Hypoxia increased total vascular resistance, decreased total lung blood volume, and moved the maximum local resistance downstream away from the main pulmonary artery. The circumference of the main pulmonary artery was increased and the extravascular lung water (double indicator dilution technique) was decreased by hypoxia. Thus, it would appear that distension of the large pulmonary arteries and a decrease in the amount of lung tissue perfused contributed to the change in resistance distribution brought about by hypoxia.", "PMID": 640912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_496", "title": "Simultaneous helium and nitrogen single-breath washout: lung model simulation.", "content": "By use of a model, simultaneous bolus and resident N2-washout curves are simulated to examine the effects of inhomogeneous lung elasticity and unequal critical airway closing pressure. Pathological conditions are divided into A, B, and C, where dominant lesions involve the upper, entire vertical, and lower regions, respectively. In elastic inhomogeneity, the He plateau (phase III) is upward, flat, or downward in conditions A, B, and C, respectively, depending on the vertical location of the lesion. Conversely, the N2 plateau is upward in three conditions, reflecting overall interregional and intraregional inhomogeneity. The terminal He rise (phase IV) has a clear relationship to the airway closure than the terminal N2 rise. The present study supports the previous prediction that the simultaneous bolus and N2-washout study provides additional information. This analysis will improve the means for assessing mechanical disorders in diseased lungs.", "contents": "Simultaneous helium and nitrogen single-breath washout: lung model simulation. By use of a model, simultaneous bolus and resident N2-washout curves are simulated to examine the effects of inhomogeneous lung elasticity and unequal critical airway closing pressure. Pathological conditions are divided into A, B, and C, where dominant lesions involve the upper, entire vertical, and lower regions, respectively. In elastic inhomogeneity, the He plateau (phase III) is upward, flat, or downward in conditions A, B, and C, respectively, depending on the vertical location of the lesion. Conversely, the N2 plateau is upward in three conditions, reflecting overall interregional and intraregional inhomogeneity. The terminal He rise (phase IV) has a clear relationship to the airway closure than the terminal N2 rise. The present study supports the previous prediction that the simultaneous bolus and N2-washout study provides additional information. This analysis will improve the means for assessing mechanical disorders in diseased lungs.", "PMID": 640913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_497", "title": "Evolution of intrathoracic airway mechanics during lung growth.", "content": "Elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst(L)), maximum expiratory flow rates (MEF), critical transmural pressure of the collapsible flow-limiting segment (Ptm'), and S-segment conductance (Gs) have been determined in 40 healthy subjects, 7-18 yr old. Pst(L), measured at different lung volumes (fractional) from the expiratory quasi-static pressure-volume curves, increases progressively with age. MEF's, at different lung volumes, are closely related to total lung capacity (TLC); the ratios MEF/TLC, at all lung volumes, are independent of age. Ptm' is also independence of age and body height, most values lying between 0 and -15 cmH2O; this finding suggests that the locus and the behavior of the collapsible segment do not change during growth. Gs, in absolute value, increases with growth but, when adjusted for lung size, Gs decreases steadily with age and body height. These relations suggest that, from childhood to adolescence, the air spaces grow disproportionately more than the airway system.", "contents": "Evolution of intrathoracic airway mechanics during lung growth. Elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst(L)), maximum expiratory flow rates (MEF), critical transmural pressure of the collapsible flow-limiting segment (Ptm'), and S-segment conductance (Gs) have been determined in 40 healthy subjects, 7-18 yr old. Pst(L), measured at different lung volumes (fractional) from the expiratory quasi-static pressure-volume curves, increases progressively with age. MEF's, at different lung volumes, are closely related to total lung capacity (TLC); the ratios MEF/TLC, at all lung volumes, are independent of age. Ptm' is also independence of age and body height, most values lying between 0 and -15 cmH2O; this finding suggests that the locus and the behavior of the collapsible segment do not change during growth. Gs, in absolute value, increases with growth but, when adjusted for lung size, Gs decreases steadily with age and body height. These relations suggest that, from childhood to adolescence, the air spaces grow disproportionately more than the airway system.", "PMID": 640914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_498", "title": "Continuous measurement of gas partial pressures in intracerebral tissue.", "content": "A mass spectrograph technique has been developed for measurement of physiological gas partial pressures locally in the brain. The sampling cannula is implanted stereotaxically and remains in situ for several weeks. It is a thin cylinder in shape, and is covered with a thin polyethylene membrane across which gas molecules can be sampled continuously. The conductance of this membrane is well adapted to the limited rate of replacement of gas molecules afforded by the cerebral tissue, hence there is no depletion around the cannula; this depletion has until now been the major problem of this technology. The present technique provides a continuous measurement with fast response time, which is directly proportional to the partial pressures of the gases. The variations can be expressed as a percentage of the base-line value.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of gas partial pressures in intracerebral tissue. A mass spectrograph technique has been developed for measurement of physiological gas partial pressures locally in the brain. The sampling cannula is implanted stereotaxically and remains in situ for several weeks. It is a thin cylinder in shape, and is covered with a thin polyethylene membrane across which gas molecules can be sampled continuously. The conductance of this membrane is well adapted to the limited rate of replacement of gas molecules afforded by the cerebral tissue, hence there is no depletion around the cannula; this depletion has until now been the major problem of this technology. The present technique provides a continuous measurement with fast response time, which is directly proportional to the partial pressures of the gases. The variations can be expressed as a percentage of the base-line value.", "PMID": 640915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_499", "title": "Maximal frequency of breathing at various tidal volumes in airways obstruction.", "content": "To determine the relative importance of control system and of mechanical and metabolic properties of the motor system on the maximal frequency of breathing (1/t) at various tidal volumes (VT), we have studied the relationship between cycle period (t) and tidal volume in 10 normal subjects, in 9 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and in a normal subject breathing against different resistive loads. The results, expressed according to the equation t = t0 + b VT (where t0 represents the time required for a breathing cycle at zero VT and b means the additional time required for a breathing cycle with a VT equal to vital capacity), indicate that t0 is independent from the load either in unloaded or loaded normal subjects or in obstructive patients. In fact, although b was found significantly different, t0 remained essentially constant. These findings suggest that the level of maximal voluntary ventilation may be mainly related to metabolic and mechanical properties of the motor system (muscles of breathing and load imposed on them).", "contents": "Maximal frequency of breathing at various tidal volumes in airways obstruction. To determine the relative importance of control system and of mechanical and metabolic properties of the motor system on the maximal frequency of breathing (1/t) at various tidal volumes (VT), we have studied the relationship between cycle period (t) and tidal volume in 10 normal subjects, in 9 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and in a normal subject breathing against different resistive loads. The results, expressed according to the equation t = t0 + b VT (where t0 represents the time required for a breathing cycle at zero VT and b means the additional time required for a breathing cycle with a VT equal to vital capacity), indicate that t0 is independent from the load either in unloaded or loaded normal subjects or in obstructive patients. In fact, although b was found significantly different, t0 remained essentially constant. These findings suggest that the level of maximal voluntary ventilation may be mainly related to metabolic and mechanical properties of the motor system (muscles of breathing and load imposed on them).", "PMID": 640916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_500", "title": "Effects of severe prior exercise on assessment of maximal oxygen uptake.", "content": "Five moderately fit males (50.8 ml.kg-1.min-1) performed 14 continuous type VO2 max tests on a motor-driven treadmill. Randomly assigned experimental sessions, consisting of three tests each and separated by 10 (tests 1, 2, 3), 20 (tests 4, 5, 6), 30 (tests 7, 8, 9), or 40 (tests 10, 11, 12) min, were conducted at a consistent hour for each subject every 4th day. Two separately performed tests were also included in the random assignment with the test eliciting the highest VO2 max value designated as the standard reference (SR). VO2 max values for tests 1 through 12 were not significantly different from the SR in spite of elevated pretest blood lactate concentrations ranging from 5 mM to 16 mM. Performance time was reduced for all tests other than tests 1, 4, 7, and 10, reaching the level of statistical significance (P less than 0.05) in tests 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9. It was concluded that valid and reliable assessment of VO2 max is possible even though testing is initiated with subjects in varying stages of exhaustion.", "contents": "Effects of severe prior exercise on assessment of maximal oxygen uptake. Five moderately fit males (50.8 ml.kg-1.min-1) performed 14 continuous type VO2 max tests on a motor-driven treadmill. Randomly assigned experimental sessions, consisting of three tests each and separated by 10 (tests 1, 2, 3), 20 (tests 4, 5, 6), 30 (tests 7, 8, 9), or 40 (tests 10, 11, 12) min, were conducted at a consistent hour for each subject every 4th day. Two separately performed tests were also included in the random assignment with the test eliciting the highest VO2 max value designated as the standard reference (SR). VO2 max values for tests 1 through 12 were not significantly different from the SR in spite of elevated pretest blood lactate concentrations ranging from 5 mM to 16 mM. Performance time was reduced for all tests other than tests 1, 4, 7, and 10, reaching the level of statistical significance (P less than 0.05) in tests 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9. It was concluded that valid and reliable assessment of VO2 max is possible even though testing is initiated with subjects in varying stages of exhaustion.", "PMID": 640917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_501", "title": "Efficiency of anaerobic work.", "content": "This study was undertaken to compare the efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic work. Nine subjects worked at approximately 100% VO2 max for 2 min while inspiring gas mixtures with O2 fractions ranging from 0.13 to 0.21. Exercise O2 uptake, recovery O2 uptake, and blood lactate concentration were measured. Steady level O2 uptake was measured in normoxia at submaximal loads of about 30, 50, and 70% of VO2 max. Fast recovery O2 uptake did not change as PIO2 was varied. Exercise O2 uptake and blood lactate concentrations were linearly related to PIO2. The ratio of the slopes of these lines provided an empirical expression of the O2 equivalent of blood lactate. This ratio was constant, suggesting that it is not less efficient to use ATP synthesized anaerobically. Energy input from lactate was calculated using this factor. Efficiency decreased as power output increased even at the submaximal work rates. This may result from either 1) a decrease in muscle efficiency, 2) an increase in metabolism that is not directly related to the external work, or 3) some combination of 1 and 2.", "contents": "Efficiency of anaerobic work. This study was undertaken to compare the efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic work. Nine subjects worked at approximately 100% VO2 max for 2 min while inspiring gas mixtures with O2 fractions ranging from 0.13 to 0.21. Exercise O2 uptake, recovery O2 uptake, and blood lactate concentration were measured. Steady level O2 uptake was measured in normoxia at submaximal loads of about 30, 50, and 70% of VO2 max. Fast recovery O2 uptake did not change as PIO2 was varied. Exercise O2 uptake and blood lactate concentrations were linearly related to PIO2. The ratio of the slopes of these lines provided an empirical expression of the O2 equivalent of blood lactate. This ratio was constant, suggesting that it is not less efficient to use ATP synthesized anaerobically. Energy input from lactate was calculated using this factor. Efficiency decreased as power output increased even at the submaximal work rates. This may result from either 1) a decrease in muscle efficiency, 2) an increase in metabolism that is not directly related to the external work, or 3) some combination of 1 and 2.", "PMID": 640918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_502", "title": "Quantitative changes in permeability of rat lung epithelium in lung edema.", "content": "The pulmonary absorption of 14C-labeled urea, mannitol, inulin, and dextran was measured in vivo in anesthetized rats with alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU)-induced (5 mg/kg, ip) lung edema. At 1 h after ANTU treatment, the absorption of mannitol was significantly increased; in 4-h ANTU-treated animals, the absorption of urea was unchanged, whereas the absorption of mannitol, inulin and dextran was increased markedly compared to controls. Although disappearance of each solute from control lungs could be described by a single, first-order rate, absorption time curves for mannitol and inulin showed at least two components in edematous lungs: a fast component(s) and a slower, first-order component; fast-component rates for the two saccharides appeared to be similar; the slow-component rate for each compound was not significantly different from its control rate. The results suggest that fast-component absorption in ANTU-treated rats represents a fraction of instilled solute which entered damaged areas of lung where the porosity of the absorbing membranes was markedly increased, whereas slow-component absorption occurred from normal areas of lung.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in permeability of rat lung epithelium in lung edema. The pulmonary absorption of 14C-labeled urea, mannitol, inulin, and dextran was measured in vivo in anesthetized rats with alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU)-induced (5 mg/kg, ip) lung edema. At 1 h after ANTU treatment, the absorption of mannitol was significantly increased; in 4-h ANTU-treated animals, the absorption of urea was unchanged, whereas the absorption of mannitol, inulin and dextran was increased markedly compared to controls. Although disappearance of each solute from control lungs could be described by a single, first-order rate, absorption time curves for mannitol and inulin showed at least two components in edematous lungs: a fast component(s) and a slower, first-order component; fast-component rates for the two saccharides appeared to be similar; the slow-component rate for each compound was not significantly different from its control rate. The results suggest that fast-component absorption in ANTU-treated rats represents a fraction of instilled solute which entered damaged areas of lung where the porosity of the absorbing membranes was markedly increased, whereas slow-component absorption occurred from normal areas of lung.", "PMID": 640920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_503", "title": "Acute dehydration: body water distribution in acclimated and nonacclimated Psammomys obesus.", "content": "Body water distribution after \"acute dehydration\" treatment (37 degrees C) was studied in Psammonys obesus before and after acclimation at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 16-18 days. Determinations of water compartment volumes were performed on anaesthetized (thiopental sodium) nephrectomized animals. Plasma volume (PV) and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by T-1824 and [14C]inulin, respectively. Total body water was determined after desiccating the animals. Albumin outflux was calculated from the half-life (T1/2) of T-1824 and total plasma albumin mass. Nonacclimated animals conserved PV as long as dehydration did not exceed 10-11% loss of body wt. This conservation was at the expense of ECV and was associated with diminished albumin outflux (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). With increased dehydration PV retention failed and a resumption of albumin outflux occurred. Acclimation resulted in diminished albumin outflux in both control and dehydrated animals (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). Most of the water lost during dehydration was of intracellular origin. It was concluded that reduction in permeability of the capillary bed during dehydration and acclimatization plays an important role in PV and ECV regulation.", "contents": "Acute dehydration: body water distribution in acclimated and nonacclimated Psammomys obesus. Body water distribution after \"acute dehydration\" treatment (37 degrees C) was studied in Psammonys obesus before and after acclimation at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 16-18 days. Determinations of water compartment volumes were performed on anaesthetized (thiopental sodium) nephrectomized animals. Plasma volume (PV) and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by T-1824 and [14C]inulin, respectively. Total body water was determined after desiccating the animals. Albumin outflux was calculated from the half-life (T1/2) of T-1824 and total plasma albumin mass. Nonacclimated animals conserved PV as long as dehydration did not exceed 10-11% loss of body wt. This conservation was at the expense of ECV and was associated with diminished albumin outflux (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). With increased dehydration PV retention failed and a resumption of albumin outflux occurred. Acclimation resulted in diminished albumin outflux in both control and dehydrated animals (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). Most of the water lost during dehydration was of intracellular origin. It was concluded that reduction in permeability of the capillary bed during dehydration and acclimatization plays an important role in PV and ECV regulation.", "PMID": 640921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_504", "title": "Effect of curare on maximum static PV relationships of the respiratory system.", "content": "The effect of respiratory muscle weakness on the maximum static pressure-volume (PV) characteristics of the respiratory system was studied in four healthy males infused slowly with d-tubocurarine (dtc). Inspiratory capacity (IC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), maximum static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures at four lung volumes, and handgrip were measured during induction of, and recovery from muscle weakness. The maximum effect of dtc varied among the muscle groups tested; peripheral muscles were most severely affected, expiratory muscles moderately, and inspiratory muscles least affected. At each level of weakness studied, decreases of IC and ERV were proportional to decreases of maximum static mouth pressures. Vital capacity, measured at each level of weakness was much less than values predicted from the static mechanical properties of the respiratory system. Our findings suggest that the marked change in the extremes of lung volume during submaximal neuromuscular blockade (SMNB) is due, in part, to unequal distribution of muscle weakness, reflected by decreased ability to change ribcage dimensions even at modest levels of SMNB.", "contents": "Effect of curare on maximum static PV relationships of the respiratory system. The effect of respiratory muscle weakness on the maximum static pressure-volume (PV) characteristics of the respiratory system was studied in four healthy males infused slowly with d-tubocurarine (dtc). Inspiratory capacity (IC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), maximum static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures at four lung volumes, and handgrip were measured during induction of, and recovery from muscle weakness. The maximum effect of dtc varied among the muscle groups tested; peripheral muscles were most severely affected, expiratory muscles moderately, and inspiratory muscles least affected. At each level of weakness studied, decreases of IC and ERV were proportional to decreases of maximum static mouth pressures. Vital capacity, measured at each level of weakness was much less than values predicted from the static mechanical properties of the respiratory system. Our findings suggest that the marked change in the extremes of lung volume during submaximal neuromuscular blockade (SMNB) is due, in part, to unequal distribution of muscle weakness, reflected by decreased ability to change ribcage dimensions even at modest levels of SMNB.", "PMID": 640922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_505", "title": "Effect of five human anesthetics on respiratory control in cats.", "content": "The effect of halothane, fentanyl, Innovar, thiopental, and ketamine on inspiratory output, vagal influence, and chest wall reflex was assessed in seven cats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, using the method of airway occlusion with and without rapid vagal cooling. All anesthetics depressed inspiratory output, as expressed by deltaP/deltat, of the first occluded inspiration. However, only halothane depressed peak inspiratory output (Pmax). Phasic vagal influence was markedly depressed by 2% halothane but was preserved under other anesthetics. The ability to induce tonic vagal influence (expiratory muscle recruitment) was lost under halothane. Inspiratory inhibitory chest wall reflex was evident in two cats during airway occlusion. Addition of any test anesthetic abolished the reflex. It is concluded that halothane should be avoided in studies dealing with assessment of vagal influence.", "contents": "Effect of five human anesthetics on respiratory control in cats. The effect of halothane, fentanyl, Innovar, thiopental, and ketamine on inspiratory output, vagal influence, and chest wall reflex was assessed in seven cats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, using the method of airway occlusion with and without rapid vagal cooling. All anesthetics depressed inspiratory output, as expressed by deltaP/deltat, of the first occluded inspiration. However, only halothane depressed peak inspiratory output (Pmax). Phasic vagal influence was markedly depressed by 2% halothane but was preserved under other anesthetics. The ability to induce tonic vagal influence (expiratory muscle recruitment) was lost under halothane. Inspiratory inhibitory chest wall reflex was evident in two cats during airway occlusion. Addition of any test anesthetic abolished the reflex. It is concluded that halothane should be avoided in studies dealing with assessment of vagal influence.", "PMID": 640923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_506", "title": "A microampere radiotelemetry transmitter for measurement of temperature from unrestrained subjects.", "content": "A miniature radiotelemetry transmitter is described suitable for chronic or acute monitoring of temperatures from animal or human subjects. The transmitters can be easily constructed with little or no electronics background from discrete components readily available from any electronics supplier. Transmitters weighed from 2.5-20 g, had volumes of 0.8-3.5 ml, had normal currents of 50-120 muA with potential transmitter lives of 35 h to greater than 1 yr, and transmission ranges of 10-30 m. Transmitters could be implanted, swallowed, or connected to chronically or acutely attached temperature probes. The design of the telemetry system allows for reception on any commercial FM receiver. Depending on mode of decoding the temperature data transmitter signal can be accurate to measure changes of from 0.15 to 0.015 degrees C. Thus with a minimum of expense and little electronics background a temperature-dependent transmitter system can be constructed for monitoring temperatures from unrestrained subjects.", "contents": "A microampere radiotelemetry transmitter for measurement of temperature from unrestrained subjects. A miniature radiotelemetry transmitter is described suitable for chronic or acute monitoring of temperatures from animal or human subjects. The transmitters can be easily constructed with little or no electronics background from discrete components readily available from any electronics supplier. Transmitters weighed from 2.5-20 g, had volumes of 0.8-3.5 ml, had normal currents of 50-120 muA with potential transmitter lives of 35 h to greater than 1 yr, and transmission ranges of 10-30 m. Transmitters could be implanted, swallowed, or connected to chronically or acutely attached temperature probes. The design of the telemetry system allows for reception on any commercial FM receiver. Depending on mode of decoding the temperature data transmitter signal can be accurate to measure changes of from 0.15 to 0.015 degrees C. Thus with a minimum of expense and little electronics background a temperature-dependent transmitter system can be constructed for monitoring temperatures from unrestrained subjects.", "PMID": 640924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_507", "title": "Computerized measurement of pulmonary conductance and elastic recoil.", "content": "A system devloped for on-line measurement of transpulmonary pressure, gas flow at the mouth, change in expired volume and plethysmograph volume uses a minicomputer to control a multiplexed analog to digital converter. The computer identified samples as static or dynamic values by monitoring a voltage activating a solenoid valve, used to close the airway. Analysis of these samples by other task-specific programs yielded the static deflation pressure-volume (PV) curve, the conductance-recoil pressure, GL-Pst(L), relationship and the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve; the MEF-Pst(L) curve and conductance upstream from the equal pressure point were derived. The PV relationship was represented by a fourth-order polynomial and the GL-Pst(L) relationship by linear regression. In 11 subjects the results obtained using on-line data collection, compared with manual analysis of oscillograph recordings, showed small differences in static compliance and in the maximum Pst(L); but overall the two methods showed excellent agreement. Besides advantages of speed and objectivity, this system facilitates a more rigorous analytical treatment of elastic recoil and conductance.", "contents": "Computerized measurement of pulmonary conductance and elastic recoil. A system devloped for on-line measurement of transpulmonary pressure, gas flow at the mouth, change in expired volume and plethysmograph volume uses a minicomputer to control a multiplexed analog to digital converter. The computer identified samples as static or dynamic values by monitoring a voltage activating a solenoid valve, used to close the airway. Analysis of these samples by other task-specific programs yielded the static deflation pressure-volume (PV) curve, the conductance-recoil pressure, GL-Pst(L), relationship and the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve; the MEF-Pst(L) curve and conductance upstream from the equal pressure point were derived. The PV relationship was represented by a fourth-order polynomial and the GL-Pst(L) relationship by linear regression. In 11 subjects the results obtained using on-line data collection, compared with manual analysis of oscillograph recordings, showed small differences in static compliance and in the maximum Pst(L); but overall the two methods showed excellent agreement. Besides advantages of speed and objectivity, this system facilitates a more rigorous analytical treatment of elastic recoil and conductance.", "PMID": 640925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_508", "title": "Respiratory flow integrator with improved stability.", "content": "A circuit was designed for integrating respiratory flow signals over time to produce volume signals. The circuit involves a simple integrator and three compensation subcircuits which control integrator drift caused by ambient temperature changes, flow signal base-line errors, and random signal errors. A functional unit built according to the circuit design requires initial adjustment, but no further adjustment before or during sustained use. Integration errors are typically less than 1%. The only flow signal requirements are that they be bidirectional and within the human physiological frequency range.", "contents": "Respiratory flow integrator with improved stability. A circuit was designed for integrating respiratory flow signals over time to produce volume signals. The circuit involves a simple integrator and three compensation subcircuits which control integrator drift caused by ambient temperature changes, flow signal base-line errors, and random signal errors. A functional unit built according to the circuit design requires initial adjustment, but no further adjustment before or during sustained use. Integration errors are typically less than 1%. The only flow signal requirements are that they be bidirectional and within the human physiological frequency range.", "PMID": 640926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_509", "title": "Computer-aided measurement of breath volume and time components using magnetometers.", "content": "A computer-assisted method is developed for analyzing volume and time components of individual breaths using a previously developed magnetometer method for recording anteroposterior (AP) diameters of rib cage and abdomen. Calibration constants for the magnetometer system are computed during simultaneous measurements of airflow at the mouth for several breaths during spontaneous breathing. Tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory times can then be computed from the magnetometer signals alone, without imposing respiratory devices at the subject's airway. No respiratory isovolume maneuvers are necessary. Results from normal subjects and from one patient with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis show that the magnetometer analysis is closely comparable to standard measurements made from airflow recordings. The magnetometer technique thus provides an accurate means of measuring volume and time components of breathing in man, avoiding the behavioral or reflex effects induced by mouthpiece, nose clip, or face mask. Because no special respiratory maneuvers are required for calibration, the technique will be well suited to the study of breathing in those who are ill.", "contents": "Computer-aided measurement of breath volume and time components using magnetometers. A computer-assisted method is developed for analyzing volume and time components of individual breaths using a previously developed magnetometer method for recording anteroposterior (AP) diameters of rib cage and abdomen. Calibration constants for the magnetometer system are computed during simultaneous measurements of airflow at the mouth for several breaths during spontaneous breathing. Tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory times can then be computed from the magnetometer signals alone, without imposing respiratory devices at the subject's airway. No respiratory isovolume maneuvers are necessary. Results from normal subjects and from one patient with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis show that the magnetometer analysis is closely comparable to standard measurements made from airflow recordings. The magnetometer technique thus provides an accurate means of measuring volume and time components of breathing in man, avoiding the behavioral or reflex effects induced by mouthpiece, nose clip, or face mask. Because no special respiratory maneuvers are required for calibration, the technique will be well suited to the study of breathing in those who are ill.", "PMID": 640927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_510", "title": "Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog.", "content": "Of 16 dogs treated medically and surgically for gastric dilatation-volvulus, 11 developed electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular dysrhythmias. Seven of these dogs had ventricular dysrhythmias for the first time during their hospitalization after surgery. The ventricular dysrhythmias included ventricular premature depolarizations, slow ventricular rhythms, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and multifocal ventricular tachycardia. Two of these dogs had electrocardiographic evidence of atrial premature depolarizations at the time of hospitalization. Treatment with lidocaine hydrochloride or procainamide hydrochloride was successful in reestablishing sinus rhythm in 9 of the 11 dogs with ventricular dysrhythmias.", "contents": "Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog. Of 16 dogs treated medically and surgically for gastric dilatation-volvulus, 11 developed electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular dysrhythmias. Seven of these dogs had ventricular dysrhythmias for the first time during their hospitalization after surgery. The ventricular dysrhythmias included ventricular premature depolarizations, slow ventricular rhythms, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and multifocal ventricular tachycardia. Two of these dogs had electrocardiographic evidence of atrial premature depolarizations at the time of hospitalization. Treatment with lidocaine hydrochloride or procainamide hydrochloride was successful in reestablishing sinus rhythm in 9 of the 11 dogs with ventricular dysrhythmias.", "PMID": 640931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_511", "title": "Pulmonary edema in a dog with acute pancreatitis and cardiac disease.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis and cardiac disease were diagnosed in a dog with pulmonary edema. The early clinical course and initial thoracic radiographs suggested that the pulmonary edema was noncardiogenic. The late clinical course was complicated by heart failure. The dog died, and a necropsy was performed. Histologically, an acute, severe capillary-alveolar membrane lesion was found in the lungs. Review of the human medical literature indicated that respiratory complications, including pulmonary edema, are commonly recognized in people with acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, in acute pancreatitis of human beings, the existence of specific mechanisms of pulmonary injury is suspected. Retrospective consideration of this case suggested that the initial pulmonary edema was induced by acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema in a dog with acute pancreatitis and cardiac disease. Acute pancreatitis and cardiac disease were diagnosed in a dog with pulmonary edema. The early clinical course and initial thoracic radiographs suggested that the pulmonary edema was noncardiogenic. The late clinical course was complicated by heart failure. The dog died, and a necropsy was performed. Histologically, an acute, severe capillary-alveolar membrane lesion was found in the lungs. Review of the human medical literature indicated that respiratory complications, including pulmonary edema, are commonly recognized in people with acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, in acute pancreatitis of human beings, the existence of specific mechanisms of pulmonary injury is suspected. Retrospective consideration of this case suggested that the initial pulmonary edema was induced by acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 640932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_512", "title": "Prophylactic and therapeutic use of tetracycline during an epizootic of ehrlichiosis among military dogs.", "content": "An epizootic of canine ehrlichiosis at the Military Working Dog Center, Pakchong, Thailand, was arrested by prophylactic and therapeutic use of tetracycline and by control of ticks. Oral treatment with tetracycline (66 mg/kg of body weight daily for 14 days) effected remission of signs of disease in 60 of 62 clinically affected dogs and resulted in disappearance of serum antibody in 119 (60%) of 198 seropositive dogs treated during the 2-year study period. Transmission of Ehrlichia canis was interrupted by control of ticks and by daily oral administration of tetracycline at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight. When the control program was initiated, 100 (57%) of 174 dogs were seropositive, with one-third of these manifesting clinical signs of ehrlichiosis. The proportion of seropositive reactions progressively decreased to 11% after control was established, and the impact of the disease on health and performance of the dogs was greatly reduced. Eight dogs died before institution of control. Two additional dogs died within the first 2 months after control was established. There was no mortality thereafter.", "contents": "Prophylactic and therapeutic use of tetracycline during an epizootic of ehrlichiosis among military dogs. An epizootic of canine ehrlichiosis at the Military Working Dog Center, Pakchong, Thailand, was arrested by prophylactic and therapeutic use of tetracycline and by control of ticks. Oral treatment with tetracycline (66 mg/kg of body weight daily for 14 days) effected remission of signs of disease in 60 of 62 clinically affected dogs and resulted in disappearance of serum antibody in 119 (60%) of 198 seropositive dogs treated during the 2-year study period. Transmission of Ehrlichia canis was interrupted by control of ticks and by daily oral administration of tetracycline at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight. When the control program was initiated, 100 (57%) of 174 dogs were seropositive, with one-third of these manifesting clinical signs of ehrlichiosis. The proportion of seropositive reactions progressively decreased to 11% after control was established, and the impact of the disease on health and performance of the dogs was greatly reduced. Eight dogs died before institution of control. Two additional dogs died within the first 2 months after control was established. There was no mortality thereafter.", "PMID": 640933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_513", "title": "A new storage medium for canine blood.", "content": "A solution consisting of ascorbate phosphate, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, and dextrose was developed to extend the shelf life of canine blood stored for transfusion. The 24-hour poststorage viability remained above 70% for 6 weeks of storage at 4 C. The concentration of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate remained constant for 3 weeks, then declined slowly. After 6 weeks of storage, the 2,3 diphosphoglycerate content was still sufficiently high to allow adequate dissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in vivo. It was concluded that blood stored up to 6 weeks in this solution would be safe to use for transfusion.", "contents": "A new storage medium for canine blood. A solution consisting of ascorbate phosphate, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, and dextrose was developed to extend the shelf life of canine blood stored for transfusion. The 24-hour poststorage viability remained above 70% for 6 weeks of storage at 4 C. The concentration of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate remained constant for 3 weeks, then declined slowly. After 6 weeks of storage, the 2,3 diphosphoglycerate content was still sufficiently high to allow adequate dissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in vivo. It was concluded that blood stored up to 6 weeks in this solution would be safe to use for transfusion.", "PMID": 640934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_514", "title": "Disseminated aspergillosis in a dog.", "content": "A dog with disseminated Aspergillus terreus infection died after a protracted course of hospitalization. Treatment with amphotericin B methyl ester was without effect. The causative organism was found in bone, myocardium, spleen, kidneys, liver, thymus, lymph nodes, and both eyes. Treatment with antimicrobials and corticosteroids prior to hospitalization may have contributed to dissemination of the fungus.", "contents": "Disseminated aspergillosis in a dog. A dog with disseminated Aspergillus terreus infection died after a protracted course of hospitalization. Treatment with amphotericin B methyl ester was without effect. The causative organism was found in bone, myocardium, spleen, kidneys, liver, thymus, lymph nodes, and both eyes. Treatment with antimicrobials and corticosteroids prior to hospitalization may have contributed to dissemination of the fungus.", "PMID": 640935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_515", "title": "Canine vaginal and uterine bacterial flora.", "content": "Vaginal swab specimens were obtained from 41 prepuberal and 81 postpuberal bitches. Uterine swab specimens were obtained from 22 bitches at ovariohysterectomy and from 4 bitches during cesarean section. The specimens were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Most bitches harbored some type of bacteria in the vagina, but coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated more frequently from prepuberal bitches than from postpuberal bitches. Postpuberal bitches were placed in various groups, based on the stage of the estrous cycle at the time specimens were obtained. Differences in bacterial types isolated from the postpuberal groups were not statistically significant. Uterine culture results suggested that bitches do not normally harbor aerobic bacteria in the uterus.", "contents": "Canine vaginal and uterine bacterial flora. Vaginal swab specimens were obtained from 41 prepuberal and 81 postpuberal bitches. Uterine swab specimens were obtained from 22 bitches at ovariohysterectomy and from 4 bitches during cesarean section. The specimens were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Most bitches harbored some type of bacteria in the vagina, but coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated more frequently from prepuberal bitches than from postpuberal bitches. Postpuberal bitches were placed in various groups, based on the stage of the estrous cycle at the time specimens were obtained. Differences in bacterial types isolated from the postpuberal groups were not statistically significant. Uterine culture results suggested that bitches do not normally harbor aerobic bacteria in the uterus.", "PMID": 640936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_516", "title": "Retinal degeneration associated with the feeding of dog foods to cats.", "content": "Retinal degeneration was observed in cats fed commerical dog food. The retinal degenerative lesions ranged in size from small areas of focal atrophy centered in the area centralis to generalized retinal atrophy. Blindness developed only in cats with generalized retinal atrophy. Analysis of the dog food diets, both dry and canned, revealed that taurine was absent or was present in very low concentrations when compared with control cat food diets. Plasma amino acid analysis also revealed taurine deficiency.", "contents": "Retinal degeneration associated with the feeding of dog foods to cats. Retinal degeneration was observed in cats fed commerical dog food. The retinal degenerative lesions ranged in size from small areas of focal atrophy centered in the area centralis to generalized retinal atrophy. Blindness developed only in cats with generalized retinal atrophy. Analysis of the dog food diets, both dry and canned, revealed that taurine was absent or was present in very low concentrations when compared with control cat food diets. Plasma amino acid analysis also revealed taurine deficiency.", "PMID": 640940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_517", "title": "Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in cats.", "content": "The effects of age, sex, and neutering on the prevalence of feline intestinal parasitism were evaluated by fecal examination of 1,294 cats admitted to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital for the 3-year period, 1974 to 1976. Approximately 37% of the cats examined had 1 or more parasite species. Ascarids were the most commonly encountered parasites (24.4%), with coccidia (6.7%), hookworms (6.4%), tapeworms (5.2%), and trichurids (2.6%) being less frequently observed. Most parasitisms were monospecific. Considering age categories from birth to 5 years, patent ascarid infections were less prevalent in cats greater than 6 months old, whereas hookworm infections were most prevalent in cats 1 to 5 years old; trichurids (whipworms and capillarids) were most often found in cats greater than 6 months old; and coccidia were found with uniform frequency in cats of all age categories. Sex seemed to have no effect on prevalence of parasitism, and the only effect of neutering was on the occurrence of ascarid infection, with spayed females having a prevalance of 14.3%, castrated males, 17.8%, and their intact counterparts, 26%.", "contents": "Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in cats. The effects of age, sex, and neutering on the prevalence of feline intestinal parasitism were evaluated by fecal examination of 1,294 cats admitted to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital for the 3-year period, 1974 to 1976. Approximately 37% of the cats examined had 1 or more parasite species. Ascarids were the most commonly encountered parasites (24.4%), with coccidia (6.7%), hookworms (6.4%), tapeworms (5.2%), and trichurids (2.6%) being less frequently observed. Most parasitisms were monospecific. Considering age categories from birth to 5 years, patent ascarid infections were less prevalent in cats greater than 6 months old, whereas hookworm infections were most prevalent in cats 1 to 5 years old; trichurids (whipworms and capillarids) were most often found in cats greater than 6 months old; and coccidia were found with uniform frequency in cats of all age categories. Sex seemed to have no effect on prevalence of parasitism, and the only effect of neutering was on the occurrence of ascarid infection, with spayed females having a prevalance of 14.3%, castrated males, 17.8%, and their intact counterparts, 26%.", "PMID": 640941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_518", "title": "Characterization and treatment of acid-base and renal defects due to urethral obstruction in cats.", "content": "In 23 cats, urinary obstruction of 24 to 48 hours' duration caused marked azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. The metabolic acidosis was a consistent finding and was severe in all cats (venous pH, 7.11 +/- 0.09). Serum sodium and chloride were normal. Glycosuria was found in 17 (74%) of the cats. There was no clear difference in blood pH, serum chemical values, or electrolyte concentrations between cats obstructed 24 hours and those obstructed 48 hours or longer. At a mean of 8.4 hours after relief of obstruction, acid-base status was corrected to normal, using fluid replacement and sodium bicarbonate therapy. Blood urea nitrogen serum creatinine, and serum inorganic phosphorus improved significantly (P less than 0.01) at a mean of 19.5 hours after treatment. Variation in azotemia after fluid replacement suggested variable decreases in glomerular filtration rate after relief of obstruction. Hypokalemia occasionally developed after relief of obstruction during the postobstructive diuresis. It was concluded that fluid and electrolyte therapy must be regulated in response to the postobstructive diuresis, to ensure proper medical management.", "contents": "Characterization and treatment of acid-base and renal defects due to urethral obstruction in cats. In 23 cats, urinary obstruction of 24 to 48 hours' duration caused marked azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. The metabolic acidosis was a consistent finding and was severe in all cats (venous pH, 7.11 +/- 0.09). Serum sodium and chloride were normal. Glycosuria was found in 17 (74%) of the cats. There was no clear difference in blood pH, serum chemical values, or electrolyte concentrations between cats obstructed 24 hours and those obstructed 48 hours or longer. At a mean of 8.4 hours after relief of obstruction, acid-base status was corrected to normal, using fluid replacement and sodium bicarbonate therapy. Blood urea nitrogen serum creatinine, and serum inorganic phosphorus improved significantly (P less than 0.01) at a mean of 19.5 hours after treatment. Variation in azotemia after fluid replacement suggested variable decreases in glomerular filtration rate after relief of obstruction. Hypokalemia occasionally developed after relief of obstruction during the postobstructive diuresis. It was concluded that fluid and electrolyte therapy must be regulated in response to the postobstructive diuresis, to ensure proper medical management.", "PMID": 640942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_519", "title": "Urethral prosthesis for treatment of prostatic abscess in a dog.", "content": "A dog with a prostatic abscess was treated successfully with surgical implantation of a urethral prosthesis after 6 recurring episodes of abscess formation failed to respond to antibiotic therapy, surgical drainage, and bilateral marsupialization.", "contents": "Urethral prosthesis for treatment of prostatic abscess in a dog. A dog with a prostatic abscess was treated successfully with surgical implantation of a urethral prosthesis after 6 recurring episodes of abscess formation failed to respond to antibiotic therapy, surgical drainage, and bilateral marsupialization.", "PMID": 640943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_520", "title": "Type C botulism in American Foxhounds.", "content": "Diffuse lower motor neuron dysfunction developed in a group of American Foxhounds while they were hunting. Of 19 dogs, 10 became weak and 9 became quadriplegic. Three of the quadriplegic dogs died before treatment could be instituted. The remaining quadriplegic dogs recovered after being given supportive treatment, with (4 dogs) or without (2 dogs) trivalent (types A, B, E) botulinal antitoxin. The 10 dogs that were weak recovered without treatment. A markedly decreased amplitude of evoked potentials and increased chronaxy were found by electromyographic examination of 2 of the quadriplegic dogs. A toxic substance that was neutralized by type C botulinal antitoxin in mouse inoculation tests was in the serum and feces of the most severly affected dog presented alive and in a fecal extract of another affected dog. In the one dog necropsied, neither gross nor histologic lesions were found in the central or peripheral nervous systems or in the skeletal musculature. The history, clinical signs, electromyographic findings, toxin neutralization tests in mice, and absence of histologic abnormalities in the neuromuscular system provided evidence for the diagnosis of C botulism.", "contents": "Type C botulism in American Foxhounds. Diffuse lower motor neuron dysfunction developed in a group of American Foxhounds while they were hunting. Of 19 dogs, 10 became weak and 9 became quadriplegic. Three of the quadriplegic dogs died before treatment could be instituted. The remaining quadriplegic dogs recovered after being given supportive treatment, with (4 dogs) or without (2 dogs) trivalent (types A, B, E) botulinal antitoxin. The 10 dogs that were weak recovered without treatment. A markedly decreased amplitude of evoked potentials and increased chronaxy were found by electromyographic examination of 2 of the quadriplegic dogs. A toxic substance that was neutralized by type C botulinal antitoxin in mouse inoculation tests was in the serum and feces of the most severly affected dog presented alive and in a fecal extract of another affected dog. In the one dog necropsied, neither gross nor histologic lesions were found in the central or peripheral nervous systems or in the skeletal musculature. The history, clinical signs, electromyographic findings, toxin neutralization tests in mice, and absence of histologic abnormalities in the neuromuscular system provided evidence for the diagnosis of C botulism.", "PMID": 640944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_521", "title": "Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy following pneumonectomy in a dog.", "content": "Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed clinically and radiographically in a 6-year-old English Bulldog. Pneumonectomy to remove a primary pulmonary fibrosarcoma resulted in rapid regression of clinical signs and soft tissue enlargement of the limbs and gradual but incomplete regression of periosteal new bone formation over a 15-month postoperative course.", "contents": "Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy following pneumonectomy in a dog. Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed clinically and radiographically in a 6-year-old English Bulldog. Pneumonectomy to remove a primary pulmonary fibrosarcoma resulted in rapid regression of clinical signs and soft tissue enlargement of the limbs and gradual but incomplete regression of periosteal new bone formation over a 15-month postoperative course.", "PMID": 640945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_522", "title": "Protocol for diagnosis of seizure disorders in companion animals.", "content": "An algorism for diagnosis of the problem of seizures was used to develop a diagnostic plan. The plan was structured in stages for: (1) primary evaluation in the general practice and (2) specialized evaluation in difficult cases.", "contents": "Protocol for diagnosis of seizure disorders in companion animals. An algorism for diagnosis of the problem of seizures was used to develop a diagnostic plan. The plan was structured in stages for: (1) primary evaluation in the general practice and (2) specialized evaluation in difficult cases.", "PMID": 640946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_523", "title": "Tricuspid atresia in a foal.", "content": "An Arabian crossbred foal was examined because of a suspected congenital cardiac anomaly. There was a grade V/V crescendo-decresendo holosystolic murmur and thrill in the left 4th intercostal space. The foal was slightly cyanotic and polycythemic. Electrocardiography suggested left ventricular hypertrophy. Angiography and cardiac and vascular pressure recordings led to a diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis. The foal died after cardiac bypass and corrective surgery. Postmortem examination revealed an enlarged right atrium, atresia of the tricuspid orifice, a large, fenestrated patent foramen ovale, eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, and a large interventricular septal defect. The right ventricle had a small lumen and a relatively thick wall. There was valvular and supravalvular pulmonic stenosis, with poststenotic dilatation of the pulmonary artery. A single coronary artery originated from the anterior sinus of the aorta.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia in a foal. An Arabian crossbred foal was examined because of a suspected congenital cardiac anomaly. There was a grade V/V crescendo-decresendo holosystolic murmur and thrill in the left 4th intercostal space. The foal was slightly cyanotic and polycythemic. Electrocardiography suggested left ventricular hypertrophy. Angiography and cardiac and vascular pressure recordings led to a diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis. The foal died after cardiac bypass and corrective surgery. Postmortem examination revealed an enlarged right atrium, atresia of the tricuspid orifice, a large, fenestrated patent foramen ovale, eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, and a large interventricular septal defect. The right ventricle had a small lumen and a relatively thick wall. There was valvular and supravalvular pulmonic stenosis, with poststenotic dilatation of the pulmonary artery. A single coronary artery originated from the anterior sinus of the aorta.", "PMID": 640947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_524", "title": "Development of the indusium griseum. II. A semithin light microscopic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the indusium griseum were studied in semithin sections and with the electron microscope. Immature neurons were present at birth, but differentiated rapidly until, by 15 days, they appeared to be fully differentiated. At birth 38% of glia were glioblasts, 47% were immature astrocytes and 15% were mature microglia. Astrocyte differentiation appeared to occur earlier than in adjacent white matter. In the adult, 57% of glia were astrocytes, 21% were oligodendrocytes, and 22% were microglia. The volume density of neuronal nuclei did not change with age, but the volume density of neuronal perikaryon decreased from 34% at birth to 13% at 15 days, while the neuropil increased from 24% to 58%. Very few immature synapses were present at birth, but by 5 days a number of axodendritic synapses were present, and these increased with age.", "contents": "Development of the indusium griseum. II. A semithin light microscopic and electron microscopic study. Neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the indusium griseum were studied in semithin sections and with the electron microscope. Immature neurons were present at birth, but differentiated rapidly until, by 15 days, they appeared to be fully differentiated. At birth 38% of glia were glioblasts, 47% were immature astrocytes and 15% were mature microglia. Astrocyte differentiation appeared to occur earlier than in adjacent white matter. In the adult, 57% of glia were astrocytes, 21% were oligodendrocytes, and 22% were microglia. The volume density of neuronal nuclei did not change with age, but the volume density of neuronal perikaryon decreased from 34% at birth to 13% at 15 days, while the neuropil increased from 24% to 58%. Very few immature synapses were present at birth, but by 5 days a number of axodendritic synapses were present, and these increased with age.", "PMID": 640951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_525", "title": "Growth of striated muscle fibres in the M. lateralis of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei).", "content": "Diameters of red and white muscle fibres were measured in the M. lateralis of eels cultured under laboratory circumstances over a period of 2 years, starting from the glass eel stage. The red fibres of eels less than 10 cm are unique in that their growth involves increase in diameter only. Growth of the red fibres in eels greater than 10 cm, and of the white fibres in eels at all lengths considered, is characterized by an increase in number as well as diameter, the relative importance of these two methods of growth being related to factors other than the length of the animal. Satellite cells may play an important part in the addition of new, small muscle fibres.", "contents": "Growth of striated muscle fibres in the M. lateralis of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei). Diameters of red and white muscle fibres were measured in the M. lateralis of eels cultured under laboratory circumstances over a period of 2 years, starting from the glass eel stage. The red fibres of eels less than 10 cm are unique in that their growth involves increase in diameter only. Growth of the red fibres in eels greater than 10 cm, and of the white fibres in eels at all lengths considered, is characterized by an increase in number as well as diameter, the relative importance of these two methods of growth being related to factors other than the length of the animal. Satellite cells may play an important part in the addition of new, small muscle fibres.", "PMID": 640952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_526", "title": "A histological study of post mortem changes in the skeletal muscle of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). I. The muscle fibres.", "content": "The changes in the histology of skeletal muscle post mortem have been studied with the light and electron microscopes in the pectoralis thoracica and iliotibialis muscles of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). The carcasses were stored at 40 degrees C and samples removed at various times post mortem. Kinking, contractures, transverse splitting and disintegration were seen in muscle fibres from post mortem muscle. The variation in time and frequency of occurrence of these was wide but no consistent difference between the pectoralis and iliotibialis muscles was found. An attempt was made to integrate the results from the light and electron microscopes to gain insight into the nature of the modifications occurring in the histology of post mortem muscle fibres.", "contents": "A histological study of post mortem changes in the skeletal muscle of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). I. The muscle fibres. The changes in the histology of skeletal muscle post mortem have been studied with the light and electron microscopes in the pectoralis thoracica and iliotibialis muscles of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). The carcasses were stored at 40 degrees C and samples removed at various times post mortem. Kinking, contractures, transverse splitting and disintegration were seen in muscle fibres from post mortem muscle. The variation in time and frequency of occurrence of these was wide but no consistent difference between the pectoralis and iliotibialis muscles was found. An attempt was made to integrate the results from the light and electron microscopes to gain insight into the nature of the modifications occurring in the histology of post mortem muscle fibres.", "PMID": 640953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_527", "title": "A cytochemical study of the blood of the rainbow lizard (Agama agama).", "content": "Smears of peripheral blood from the common rainbow lizard (Agama agama) were examined for the distribution and localization of lipid, glycogen, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase, using a variety of staining techniques. While erythrocytes were strongly reactive with the peroxidase test, granulocytes and monocytes were only weakly or moderately active. Lipid and glycogen, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, were found in granulocytes and monocytes. Some lymphocytes showed weak acid phosphatase and moderate PAS activities. A small population of 'mononuclear' cells was noted which were not reactive to any of the histochemical tests adopted.", "contents": "A cytochemical study of the blood of the rainbow lizard (Agama agama). Smears of peripheral blood from the common rainbow lizard (Agama agama) were examined for the distribution and localization of lipid, glycogen, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase, using a variety of staining techniques. While erythrocytes were strongly reactive with the peroxidase test, granulocytes and monocytes were only weakly or moderately active. Lipid and glycogen, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, were found in granulocytes and monocytes. Some lymphocytes showed weak acid phosphatase and moderate PAS activities. A small population of 'mononuclear' cells was noted which were not reactive to any of the histochemical tests adopted.", "PMID": 640954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_528", "title": "Electron microscope observations on the ovarian follicle of the domestic fowl during the rapid growth phase.", "content": "A survey has been made of the ultrastructural features of the oocyte surface and its enveloping layers, comprising the theca, the granulosa and the perivitelline layer, during the final growth phase of 'yellow yolk' deposition. The following observations suggest that many macromolecular components of the blood plasma have free access from the vasculature to the oolemma: the fenestrated structure of the endothelium of the thecal capillaries, the intercellular spaces containing several erythrocytes in the theca interna, the 20-30 nm particles in the granulosa basal lamina, the wide spaces between the granulosa cells, and the open meshwork of fibres in the perivitelline layer. Numerous coated pits and vesicles, of 0.25-0.35 micron diameter, in the highly convoluted surface layer of the oocyte provide a mechanism for the incorporation of yolk precursors by pinocytosis. Such large coated vesicles and wide spaces between the granulosa cells are lacking in follicles in the preceding growth phase, which is concerned with the deposition of 'white yolk'. Considerable metabolic activity of the granulosa cells is indicated by their prominent Golgi elements, diverse granules, vesicles and villus processes. Cell junctions at the tips of the macrovilli anchor the granulosa to the oocyte. The theca externa, which provides mechanical support for the oocyte and its vascular and nervous elements, consists of sheets of collagen fibrils and fibroblast-like cells. Microfilaments in these cells may contribute to the contractility of the theca. Groups of interstitial cells associated with nerve fibres are present in the theca interna.", "contents": "Electron microscope observations on the ovarian follicle of the domestic fowl during the rapid growth phase. A survey has been made of the ultrastructural features of the oocyte surface and its enveloping layers, comprising the theca, the granulosa and the perivitelline layer, during the final growth phase of 'yellow yolk' deposition. The following observations suggest that many macromolecular components of the blood plasma have free access from the vasculature to the oolemma: the fenestrated structure of the endothelium of the thecal capillaries, the intercellular spaces containing several erythrocytes in the theca interna, the 20-30 nm particles in the granulosa basal lamina, the wide spaces between the granulosa cells, and the open meshwork of fibres in the perivitelline layer. Numerous coated pits and vesicles, of 0.25-0.35 micron diameter, in the highly convoluted surface layer of the oocyte provide a mechanism for the incorporation of yolk precursors by pinocytosis. Such large coated vesicles and wide spaces between the granulosa cells are lacking in follicles in the preceding growth phase, which is concerned with the deposition of 'white yolk'. Considerable metabolic activity of the granulosa cells is indicated by their prominent Golgi elements, diverse granules, vesicles and villus processes. Cell junctions at the tips of the macrovilli anchor the granulosa to the oocyte. The theca externa, which provides mechanical support for the oocyte and its vascular and nervous elements, consists of sheets of collagen fibrils and fibroblast-like cells. Microfilaments in these cells may contribute to the contractility of the theca. Groups of interstitial cells associated with nerve fibres are present in the theca interna.", "PMID": 640955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_529", "title": "Morphometric and histological analysis of the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "Hamster lung morphometry and histology have been studied in an attempt to determine differences between hamster and human lungs which may have relevance for lung carcinogenesis studies. Morphometric measurements were made on fresh lungs, lung casts, and histological sections. Cell type and frequency measurements were determined from frozen, paraffin, 1 micron plastic (glycol methacrylate) and electron microscopic sections. A standard terminology for hamster lung histology is established, and differences between hamster and human lung morphometry and histology are discussed.", "contents": "Morphometric and histological analysis of the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters. Hamster lung morphometry and histology have been studied in an attempt to determine differences between hamster and human lungs which may have relevance for lung carcinogenesis studies. Morphometric measurements were made on fresh lungs, lung casts, and histological sections. Cell type and frequency measurements were determined from frozen, paraffin, 1 micron plastic (glycol methacrylate) and electron microscopic sections. A standard terminology for hamster lung histology is established, and differences between hamster and human lung morphometry and histology are discussed.", "PMID": 640957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_530", "title": "Palatal shelf elevation in the Wistar rat fetus.", "content": "Palatogenesis in the Wistar rat fetus was studied macroscopically, microscopically, ultrastructurally and experimentally between days 13 and 19. The developmental ages of the fetuses were calculated from the smear age of the litter adjusted for individual variations in crown-rump lengths. Palatal shelf elevation occurs at day 16.4 +/- 0.1. Experimentally induced shelf elevation in freshly delivered fetuses was sluggish at day 14, but by day 16.3 it occurred in less than 1 second. Both shelf elevation and shelf fusion begin anteriorly where the shelves show a marked convexity of their margins, and proceed posteriorly. The extreme posterior part of each shelf (future soft palate) is horizontal from the beginning. The matrix of the shelf mesenchyme (especially in the region of the anterior convexities) shows an increasing accumulation of mucopolysaccharides from day 14 to day 16.3 and becomes increasingly oedematous. The shelf attachment to the main maxillary process is progressively undercut by epithelial invagination, producing a fulcrum for shelf elevation. The maxillary and palatine osteogenic blastemata are present at the base of the shelf prior to elevation and rapidly invade the shelves after the event. The elevated palatal shelves fuse with the nasal septum anteriorly, but posteriorly the palate is not attached to the septum. The posterior septum at first has a free lower edge, but then it develops lateral flanges which fuse with corresponding bulges on the lateral nasal walls. In this way two sphenoethmoidal recesses are formed above the fused flanges, while a common nasal passage is formed above the palate, roofed anteriorly by the septal flanges and posteriorly by the cranial base. The space needed to create (simultaneous with shelf elevation) the common nasal passage is made available by flattening of the tongue and protrusion of its tip out of the oral cavity--this protrusion being facilitated by the sloping bulge of the primary palate and nasal septum. Many existing theories of shelf elevation are inconsistent with these observations. It was concluded that shelf elevation occurs very rapidly at a rather precise developmental stage and that turgor (due to binding of water to mucopolysaccharides) is the intrinsic force which elevates the shelves, a force which at 16.4 days reaches a threshold level enabling the shelves to force their way up and over the intervening tongue.", "contents": "Palatal shelf elevation in the Wistar rat fetus. Palatogenesis in the Wistar rat fetus was studied macroscopically, microscopically, ultrastructurally and experimentally between days 13 and 19. The developmental ages of the fetuses were calculated from the smear age of the litter adjusted for individual variations in crown-rump lengths. Palatal shelf elevation occurs at day 16.4 +/- 0.1. Experimentally induced shelf elevation in freshly delivered fetuses was sluggish at day 14, but by day 16.3 it occurred in less than 1 second. Both shelf elevation and shelf fusion begin anteriorly where the shelves show a marked convexity of their margins, and proceed posteriorly. The extreme posterior part of each shelf (future soft palate) is horizontal from the beginning. The matrix of the shelf mesenchyme (especially in the region of the anterior convexities) shows an increasing accumulation of mucopolysaccharides from day 14 to day 16.3 and becomes increasingly oedematous. The shelf attachment to the main maxillary process is progressively undercut by epithelial invagination, producing a fulcrum for shelf elevation. The maxillary and palatine osteogenic blastemata are present at the base of the shelf prior to elevation and rapidly invade the shelves after the event. The elevated palatal shelves fuse with the nasal septum anteriorly, but posteriorly the palate is not attached to the septum. The posterior septum at first has a free lower edge, but then it develops lateral flanges which fuse with corresponding bulges on the lateral nasal walls. In this way two sphenoethmoidal recesses are formed above the fused flanges, while a common nasal passage is formed above the palate, roofed anteriorly by the septal flanges and posteriorly by the cranial base. The space needed to create (simultaneous with shelf elevation) the common nasal passage is made available by flattening of the tongue and protrusion of its tip out of the oral cavity--this protrusion being facilitated by the sloping bulge of the primary palate and nasal septum. Many existing theories of shelf elevation are inconsistent with these observations. It was concluded that shelf elevation occurs very rapidly at a rather precise developmental stage and that turgor (due to binding of water to mucopolysaccharides) is the intrinsic force which elevates the shelves, a force which at 16.4 days reaches a threshold level enabling the shelves to force their way up and over the intervening tongue.", "PMID": 640958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_531", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the thyroid gland in the pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis (Daudin) tadpole.", "content": "A simple method for obtaining the thyroid tissue of anuran tadpoles for ultrastructural study has been described. Follicle and colloid formation in the thyroid gland have been observed in Xenopus laevis tadpoles at an early stage. The activity of the thyroid gland of pre-metamorphic tadpoles does not seem to depend on the activity of the hypophysis cerebri and the hypothalamus. Both 'light' and 'parafollicular' cells are present in the thyroid gland of premetamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the thyroid gland in the pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis (Daudin) tadpole. A simple method for obtaining the thyroid tissue of anuran tadpoles for ultrastructural study has been described. Follicle and colloid formation in the thyroid gland have been observed in Xenopus laevis tadpoles at an early stage. The activity of the thyroid gland of pre-metamorphic tadpoles does not seem to depend on the activity of the hypophysis cerebri and the hypothalamus. Both 'light' and 'parafollicular' cells are present in the thyroid gland of premetamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "PMID": 640959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_532", "title": "The position of the nutrient foramen in the growing tibia and femur of the rat.", "content": "In rats of 40, 49 and 59 days of age the positions of the femoral and tibial nutrient foramina were determined by direct measurement, using a travelling microscope. The femoral nutrient foramen remained constant in position with increasing age, whereas the tibial nutrient foramen moved relatively nearer to the distal end of the shaft. In the case of the femur this can be accounted for entirely by differences in growth rates at the epiphyseal plates of the femur compensating for the disproportion in the distances of the foramen from the two plates. In the tibia, however, extension of the extremely oblique nutrient canal as the bone increases in girth is also involved. Bone remodelling in the vicinity of the canal is not necessary to explain the results.", "contents": "The position of the nutrient foramen in the growing tibia and femur of the rat. In rats of 40, 49 and 59 days of age the positions of the femoral and tibial nutrient foramina were determined by direct measurement, using a travelling microscope. The femoral nutrient foramen remained constant in position with increasing age, whereas the tibial nutrient foramen moved relatively nearer to the distal end of the shaft. In the case of the femur this can be accounted for entirely by differences in growth rates at the epiphyseal plates of the femur compensating for the disproportion in the distances of the foramen from the two plates. In the tibia, however, extension of the extremely oblique nutrient canal as the bone increases in girth is also involved. Bone remodelling in the vicinity of the canal is not necessary to explain the results.", "PMID": 640960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_533", "title": "The olfactory apparatus of the bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus): fine structure and presence of a septal olfactory organ.", "content": "The structure and extent of olfactory epithelium in the bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Sensory epithelium covers most of the dorsal conchae, though non-sensory epithelium lines ventrally facing scrolls. The middle conchae are partly covered by olfactory epithelium, the proportion of olfactory to ciliated respiratory epithelium increasing caudally. Ventral conchae are lined by non-sensory ciliated epithelium. The nasal septum ends short of the floor of the nasal cavity in its caudal two thirds. It is covered dorsally by olfactory epithelium. The ventral margin has rounded lateral extensions which carry the isolated strips of olfactory epithelium which form the septal olfactory organ. The fine structure of the olfactory epithelium is the same in all areas. Cell types include olfactory receptors, supporting cells, two types of basal cell and rarer pale and brush cells. There is considerable morphological variation in olfactory cells, and evidence suggestive of continuing turnover in the receptor cell population.", "contents": "The olfactory apparatus of the bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus): fine structure and presence of a septal olfactory organ. The structure and extent of olfactory epithelium in the bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Sensory epithelium covers most of the dorsal conchae, though non-sensory epithelium lines ventrally facing scrolls. The middle conchae are partly covered by olfactory epithelium, the proportion of olfactory to ciliated respiratory epithelium increasing caudally. Ventral conchae are lined by non-sensory ciliated epithelium. The nasal septum ends short of the floor of the nasal cavity in its caudal two thirds. It is covered dorsally by olfactory epithelium. The ventral margin has rounded lateral extensions which carry the isolated strips of olfactory epithelium which form the septal olfactory organ. The fine structure of the olfactory epithelium is the same in all areas. Cell types include olfactory receptors, supporting cells, two types of basal cell and rarer pale and brush cells. There is considerable morphological variation in olfactory cells, and evidence suggestive of continuing turnover in the receptor cell population.", "PMID": 640961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_534", "title": "Sheathing of collagen fibrils in human intervertebral discs.", "content": "In 25 human intervertebral discs studied by electron microscopy, sheathing collagen-like fibrils by electron-dense cylinders was observed. The sheaths consisted of layers of dense granules 3 to 12 times the diameter of the enclosed collagen-like fibrils, and they appeared to be more frequent in older discs.", "contents": "Sheathing of collagen fibrils in human intervertebral discs. In 25 human intervertebral discs studied by electron microscopy, sheathing collagen-like fibrils by electron-dense cylinders was observed. The sheaths consisted of layers of dense granules 3 to 12 times the diameter of the enclosed collagen-like fibrils, and they appeared to be more frequent in older discs.", "PMID": 640962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_535", "title": "Greater sciatic notch in sex determination.", "content": "Various measurements of the greater sciatic notch, e.g. width, depth and length of the posterior segment (of width) were measured, and indices I and II calculated, in 200 adult hip bones (120 males and 80 females). Total and posterior angles were measured after construction of a triangle from the above measurements in each case. Demarking points for sexing of hip bones were calculated for the above seven parameters on the lines of Jit & Singh (1966). Width and depth of the greater sciatic notch were found to be useless criteria for sexing purposes while the posterior angle was found to be the best parameter, which identified 75% of left and 88% of right male hip bones and 92% of left and 100% of right female bones. Length of the posterior segment and Index II also assigned sex to a high percentage of hip bones, especially to the female ones (95-97%), which suggests that the widening of the greater sciatic notch found in females has occurred primarily in its posterior part. The demarking points identify sex with 100% accuracy.", "contents": "Greater sciatic notch in sex determination. Various measurements of the greater sciatic notch, e.g. width, depth and length of the posterior segment (of width) were measured, and indices I and II calculated, in 200 adult hip bones (120 males and 80 females). Total and posterior angles were measured after construction of a triangle from the above measurements in each case. Demarking points for sexing of hip bones were calculated for the above seven parameters on the lines of Jit & Singh (1966). Width and depth of the greater sciatic notch were found to be useless criteria for sexing purposes while the posterior angle was found to be the best parameter, which identified 75% of left and 88% of right male hip bones and 92% of left and 100% of right female bones. Length of the posterior segment and Index II also assigned sex to a high percentage of hip bones, especially to the female ones (95-97%), which suggests that the widening of the greater sciatic notch found in females has occurred primarily in its posterior part. The demarking points identify sex with 100% accuracy.", "PMID": 640963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_536", "title": "Studies on the nature of the peripheral sudomotor control mechanism.", "content": "Electron microscopical studies of the sweat glands of the body surface of the cow, sheep, goat and cat demonstrated that there were few nerves or blood vessels near the glands. No varicosities were found within 10 micron of the glands, and the small number of unmyelinated nerve bundles traced were over 1.5 micron from the glandular myoepithelium, and situated outside a fibrocyte sheath surrounding the glands. It was concluded that the sweat glands of these species are not innervated. Unmyelinated nerve fibres were more abundant around, and were closer to, the sweat glands of man, the horse and cat footpads, and varicosities were observed within the fibrocyte sheath close enough to have a direct influence on the glands. It is postulated from the comparative evidence that the basic sudomotor mechanism is the same in all species, involving the action of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves on the cutaneous blood vessels and local catecholamine transfer to the gland; and that in species such as man where the blood supply and sympathetic nerves are in close proximity to the glands, transmitters released at the sympathetic nerve endings, in particular acetylcholine, will, in addition, have a direct action on the glands.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of the peripheral sudomotor control mechanism. Electron microscopical studies of the sweat glands of the body surface of the cow, sheep, goat and cat demonstrated that there were few nerves or blood vessels near the glands. No varicosities were found within 10 micron of the glands, and the small number of unmyelinated nerve bundles traced were over 1.5 micron from the glandular myoepithelium, and situated outside a fibrocyte sheath surrounding the glands. It was concluded that the sweat glands of these species are not innervated. Unmyelinated nerve fibres were more abundant around, and were closer to, the sweat glands of man, the horse and cat footpads, and varicosities were observed within the fibrocyte sheath close enough to have a direct influence on the glands. It is postulated from the comparative evidence that the basic sudomotor mechanism is the same in all species, involving the action of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves on the cutaneous blood vessels and local catecholamine transfer to the gland; and that in species such as man where the blood supply and sympathetic nerves are in close proximity to the glands, transmitters released at the sympathetic nerve endings, in particular acetylcholine, will, in addition, have a direct action on the glands.", "PMID": 640964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_537", "title": "Some ultrastructural characteristics of the renal artery and abdominal aorta in the rat.", "content": "The rat renal artery and abdominal aorta have been studied by light and electron microscopy. In rats of 200 g body weight the extracellular space in aortic media ranges between 50-60% and that of the distal renal artery between 15-25%. The surface to volume ratio of aortic smooth muscle cells is 2.7 micron2/micron3 compared to 1.6 micron2/micron3 in the distal renal artery. Dense bodies are rare in aortic smooth muscle cells but are abundant in those of the distal renal artery. Other ultrastructural details of the smooth muscle cells are similar in the two types of artery. Cell-to-cell contacts consist of simple apposition of plasm membranes and their number is proportional to the total length of cell membrane profile. Mitochondria represent 7-8% of the cell volume in both arteries. The proximal renal artery shows structural characteristics which are intermediate between those of the aorta and distal renal artery. In all renal arteries examined, bands of longitudinal smooth muscle are present in the adventitia, principally at branch points. In older rats, regions of discontinuity of the internal elastic lamina have been observed.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural characteristics of the renal artery and abdominal aorta in the rat. The rat renal artery and abdominal aorta have been studied by light and electron microscopy. In rats of 200 g body weight the extracellular space in aortic media ranges between 50-60% and that of the distal renal artery between 15-25%. The surface to volume ratio of aortic smooth muscle cells is 2.7 micron2/micron3 compared to 1.6 micron2/micron3 in the distal renal artery. Dense bodies are rare in aortic smooth muscle cells but are abundant in those of the distal renal artery. Other ultrastructural details of the smooth muscle cells are similar in the two types of artery. Cell-to-cell contacts consist of simple apposition of plasm membranes and their number is proportional to the total length of cell membrane profile. Mitochondria represent 7-8% of the cell volume in both arteries. The proximal renal artery shows structural characteristics which are intermediate between those of the aorta and distal renal artery. In all renal arteries examined, bands of longitudinal smooth muscle are present in the adventitia, principally at branch points. In older rats, regions of discontinuity of the internal elastic lamina have been observed.", "PMID": 640965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_538", "title": "Simplified fat extraction with sulfuric acid as cleanup procedure for residue determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in butter.", "content": "A new cleanup procedure is described for chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in butterfat. The method is based on the dropwise addition of H2SO4 to a fat solution column and continuous removal of the lipids and the acid. The cleanup of 0.25-2.0 g fat requires only 10-40 ml sulfuric acid and 12-17 ml petroleum ether. There is no need for any further cleanup step, solvent evaporation, or centrifugation. The method is easy to standardize and is suitable for automation. At least 30 fat samples can be cleaned up manually by one analyst in one day. Recoveries were complete (greater than 90%) for polychlorinated biphenyl compounds and for 13 chlorinated pesticides of 16 examined. The method was tested on chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in commercial butter and the results were compared with those obtained with the acetonitrile method. The versatility and limitations of the method were investigated by varying the sulfuric acid strength, initial fat solution concentration, and column dimensions.", "contents": "Simplified fat extraction with sulfuric acid as cleanup procedure for residue determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in butter. A new cleanup procedure is described for chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in butterfat. The method is based on the dropwise addition of H2SO4 to a fat solution column and continuous removal of the lipids and the acid. The cleanup of 0.25-2.0 g fat requires only 10-40 ml sulfuric acid and 12-17 ml petroleum ether. There is no need for any further cleanup step, solvent evaporation, or centrifugation. The method is easy to standardize and is suitable for automation. At least 30 fat samples can be cleaned up manually by one analyst in one day. Recoveries were complete (greater than 90%) for polychlorinated biphenyl compounds and for 13 chlorinated pesticides of 16 examined. The method was tested on chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in commercial butter and the results were compared with those obtained with the acetonitrile method. The versatility and limitations of the method were investigated by varying the sulfuric acid strength, initial fat solution concentration, and column dimensions.", "PMID": 640995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_539", "title": "Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XIX. Collaborative studies on the chemical assay for vitamin D concentrates.", "content": "In 1971, a chemical method for the assay of vitamin D in concentrates containing only vitamin D was collaboratively studied by 14 laboratories, using 6 different samples from 2 European manufacturers. On the basis of these results, the laboratories were divided into 2 groups: 5 with significant laboratory biases of greater than or equal to 2%, and 9 laboratories with nonsignificant bias. The 9 laboratories were subdivided into 2 groups which differed significantly as to reproducibility within laboratories. The reproducibility between laboratories, expressed as a standard deviation in per cent with 95% confidence limits, was 1.2% (confidence range 0.6-7.3) and 4.7% (confidence range 2.4-29.3) for 3 and 6 laboratories, respectively. A second collaborative test was performed in 1974, using 12 vitamin D resin samples in oil from 3 United States manufacturers, to compare 2 chemical vitamin D assay methods (with and without maleic anhydride) and to compare results from the chemical  and biological methods; 9 laboratories participated in the chemical method study and 3 in the rat bioassay study. The correlation of results of the chemical method including maleic anhydride treatment and the rat bioassays was satisfactory. The reproducibility of the chemical method was about the same as that in the first collaborative test.", "contents": "Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XIX. Collaborative studies on the chemical assay for vitamin D concentrates. In 1971, a chemical method for the assay of vitamin D in concentrates containing only vitamin D was collaboratively studied by 14 laboratories, using 6 different samples from 2 European manufacturers. On the basis of these results, the laboratories were divided into 2 groups: 5 with significant laboratory biases of greater than or equal to 2%, and 9 laboratories with nonsignificant bias. The 9 laboratories were subdivided into 2 groups which differed significantly as to reproducibility within laboratories. The reproducibility between laboratories, expressed as a standard deviation in per cent with 95% confidence limits, was 1.2% (confidence range 0.6-7.3) and 4.7% (confidence range 2.4-29.3) for 3 and 6 laboratories, respectively. A second collaborative test was performed in 1974, using 12 vitamin D resin samples in oil from 3 United States manufacturers, to compare 2 chemical vitamin D assay methods (with and without maleic anhydride) and to compare results from the chemical  and biological methods; 9 laboratories participated in the chemical method study and 3 in the rat bioassay study. The correlation of results of the chemical method including maleic anhydride treatment and the rat bioassays was satisfactory. The reproducibility of the chemical method was about the same as that in the first collaborative test.", "PMID": 640996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_540", "title": "Psychotic behavior in children under the institutions for mentally retarded in Denmark.", "content": "The purpose of this research project was to identify children with psychotic behavior in the Institutions for the Mentally Retarded in Denmark and to analyze psychotic behavior. The subjects for study were 392 children, partly selected as a representative sample, partly selected as a sample of children with psychotic behavior. A combined observation and interview scheme was constructed containing 17 behavioral items and 6 developmental scales. Scoring systems for psychotic behavior were constructed and their consistency analyzed by the Rasch item-analysis model. Two major behavioral dimensions, \"bizarre behavior\" and \"psychotic withdrawal,\" were used for the diagnostic grouping of the subjects. The distributions of the children in regard to developmental retardation, organic brain damage, and psychiatric diagnoses were investigated. Conclusions regarding guidelines for reorganization of present services and establishment of new services are proposed.", "contents": "Psychotic behavior in children under the institutions for mentally retarded in Denmark. The purpose of this research project was to identify children with psychotic behavior in the Institutions for the Mentally Retarded in Denmark and to analyze psychotic behavior. The subjects for study were 392 children, partly selected as a representative sample, partly selected as a sample of children with psychotic behavior. A combined observation and interview scheme was constructed containing 17 behavioral items and 6 developmental scales. Scoring systems for psychotic behavior were constructed and their consistency analyzed by the Rasch item-analysis model. Two major behavioral dimensions, \"bizarre behavior\" and \"psychotic withdrawal,\" were used for the diagnostic grouping of the subjects. The distributions of the children in regard to developmental retardation, organic brain damage, and psychiatric diagnoses were investigated. Conclusions regarding guidelines for reorganization of present services and establishment of new services are proposed.", "PMID": 640997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_541", "title": "Course and prognosis of childhood schizophrenia.", "content": "Follow-up data on 57 schizophrenic patients, including 25 boys and 32 girls between the ages of 7 and 13, is reported. Average length of follow-up was 15 years. Symptoms found in children under 10 and in prepubertal cases are described. Cases with acute, relapsing episodes occurred more often than chronic cases, but before age 11 acute cases were less frequent. Twenty percent of the patients recovered completely, 30% reached a relatively good social adjustment, and 50% had moderate or poor remission. Family incidence of psychiatric disorders had no influence on prognosis, nor did unfavorable family environment. Premorbid personality development was, however, found to be of prognostic value. Prodromal episodes occurred in 55% of the cases, and 65% of the patients were preoccupied by death. Additional follow-up findings are presented, and problems of diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Course and prognosis of childhood schizophrenia. Follow-up data on 57 schizophrenic patients, including 25 boys and 32 girls between the ages of 7 and 13, is reported. Average length of follow-up was 15 years. Symptoms found in children under 10 and in prepubertal cases are described. Cases with acute, relapsing episodes occurred more often than chronic cases, but before age 11 acute cases were less frequent. Twenty percent of the patients recovered completely, 30% reached a relatively good social adjustment, and 50% had moderate or poor remission. Family incidence of psychiatric disorders had no influence on prognosis, nor did unfavorable family environment. Premorbid personality development was, however, found to be of prognostic value. Prodromal episodes occurred in 55% of the cases, and 65% of the patients were preoccupied by death. Additional follow-up findings are presented, and problems of diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 640999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_542", "title": "Development of communicative behavior in autistic children: a parent program using manual signs.", "content": "Mothers of four 6- and 7-year-old autistic classmates were taught to use manual signs for verbalizations to aid development of appropriate communicative behavior and to deter undesirable behavior in their children. The experimental treatment was initiated in a daily mother-child laboratory session using a multiple-baseline design across subjects. The preschool classroom program remained unchanged. Data were recorded for each child daily over a 5-week period, in the classroom and in a mother-child session, on four types of communicative behavior and four types of inappropriate behavior. Communicative behaviors increased and inappropriate behaviors decreased in relation to baseline conditions for each child. The manual sign program facilitated generalization of communicative behavior to the child's total environment. Desirable behaviors were maintained and had improved in the classroom 3 months after initiation of the program.", "contents": "Development of communicative behavior in autistic children: a parent program using manual signs. Mothers of four 6- and 7-year-old autistic classmates were taught to use manual signs for verbalizations to aid development of appropriate communicative behavior and to deter undesirable behavior in their children. The experimental treatment was initiated in a daily mother-child laboratory session using a multiple-baseline design across subjects. The preschool classroom program remained unchanged. Data were recorded for each child daily over a 5-week period, in the classroom and in a mother-child session, on four types of communicative behavior and four types of inappropriate behavior. Communicative behaviors increased and inappropriate behaviors decreased in relation to baseline conditions for each child. The manual sign program facilitated generalization of communicative behavior to the child's total environment. Desirable behaviors were maintained and had improved in the classroom 3 months after initiation of the program.", "PMID": 641000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_543", "title": "Paired associate learning in early infantile autism and receptive developmental aphasia.", "content": "A comparative study of nonverbal MA matched groups of five autistic, five aphasic, five normal and five retarded children was made on an auditory-visual and a visual-visual paired-associate learning task. The results showed that, although the autistic and receptive aphasic children were both unable to associate sounds with their visual counterparts at the same rate as normal children, the aphasic children overcame this deficit at a significantly faster rate than autistic children. This study pinpoints one dysfunction that could subsume the severe verbal comprehension defect in autistic and aphasic children.", "contents": "Paired associate learning in early infantile autism and receptive developmental aphasia. A comparative study of nonverbal MA matched groups of five autistic, five aphasic, five normal and five retarded children was made on an auditory-visual and a visual-visual paired-associate learning task. The results showed that, although the autistic and receptive aphasic children were both unable to associate sounds with their visual counterparts at the same rate as normal children, the aphasic children overcame this deficit at a significantly faster rate than autistic children. This study pinpoints one dysfunction that could subsume the severe verbal comprehension defect in autistic and aphasic children.", "PMID": 641001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_544", "title": "Suppression of repetitive self-injurious behavior by contingent inhalation of aromatic ammonia.", "content": "Two institutionalized children who exhibited high rates of severely self-injurious behaviors were punished with aromatic ammonia inhalation on a response-contingent basis. This contingency was applied throughout all aspects of each child's institutional program which focused on teaching of self-help skills. Suppression of the self-injurious responses was both rapid and general. The contingency was maintained for 2 months, although there was no responding after the first 5 days. Follow-up sessions, conducted 4 months after the punishment contingency was removed, revealed that suppression effects were highly durable. Aromatic ammonia inhalation appears to be an effective alternative for decelerating extremely maladaptive behaviors that do not yield to more conventional nonaversive forms of therapy. However, the procedure should be used with great caution, for it may involve risk to the subject.", "contents": "Suppression of repetitive self-injurious behavior by contingent inhalation of aromatic ammonia. Two institutionalized children who exhibited high rates of severely self-injurious behaviors were punished with aromatic ammonia inhalation on a response-contingent basis. This contingency was applied throughout all aspects of each child's institutional program which focused on teaching of self-help skills. Suppression of the self-injurious responses was both rapid and general. The contingency was maintained for 2 months, although there was no responding after the first 5 days. Follow-up sessions, conducted 4 months after the punishment contingency was removed, revealed that suppression effects were highly durable. Aromatic ammonia inhalation appears to be an effective alternative for decelerating extremely maladaptive behaviors that do not yield to more conventional nonaversive forms of therapy. However, the procedure should be used with great caution, for it may involve risk to the subject.", "PMID": 641002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_545", "title": "Systematic recording of behaviors and skills of retarded and psychotic children.", "content": "The design, administration, and scording of the first edition of the Children's Handicaps, Behavior & Skills (HBS) structural interview schedule, intended to elicit information concerning metally retarded or psychotic children, are described. A high level of reliability was achieved with experienced interviewers and good informants. In a study of 104 such children, the levels of overall agreement between parent and professional informants on the 62 sections of the schedule were, in general, 70% or above. Agreement was better for rating absence of skills or behavioral abnormalities than for rating their presence. This tendency was particularly marked for the behavioral abnormaliteis. Parents, when compared with professional workers, tended to describe their children as having higher developmental skills, more social contact but also more repetitive and difficult behavior.", "contents": "Systematic recording of behaviors and skills of retarded and psychotic children. The design, administration, and scording of the first edition of the Children's Handicaps, Behavior & Skills (HBS) structural interview schedule, intended to elicit information concerning metally retarded or psychotic children, are described. A high level of reliability was achieved with experienced interviewers and good informants. In a study of 104 such children, the levels of overall agreement between parent and professional informants on the 62 sections of the schedule were, in general, 70% or above. Agreement was better for rating absence of skills or behavioral abnormalities than for rating their presence. This tendency was particularly marked for the behavioral abnormaliteis. Parents, when compared with professional workers, tended to describe their children as having higher developmental skills, more social contact but also more repetitive and difficult behavior.", "PMID": 641003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_546", "title": "Osmotic effects of membrane permeability in a marine bacterium.", "content": "When cells of Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 (ATCC 19855) were preloaded with alpha-[(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid or the K(+) in the cells was labeled with (42)K by incubation in a buffered salt solution containing 0.05 M MgSO(4), 0.01 M KCl, and 0.3 M NaCl, the cells retained their radioactivity when resuspended in the same salt solution. When NaCl was omitted from the solution, 80 to 90% of the radioactivity was lost from the cells. Cells suspended at intermediate concentrations of NaCl also lost radioactivity. New steady-state levels of the intracellular solutes were established within 15 s of suspending the cells; the percentage of radioactivity retained at each level decreased proportionately as the osmolality of the NaCl in the suspending solution decreased. With minor variations in effectiveness, MgCl(2), LiCl, and sucrose could substitute for NaCl on an equiosmolal basis for the retention of radioactivity by the cells. KCl, RbCl, and CsCl were appreciably less effective as replacements for NaCl, particularly when their osmolalities in the suspending solutions were low. The amount of alpha-[(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid taken up by the cells at the steady-state level increased to a maximum as the NaCl concentration in the suspending medium increased to 0.3 M. At suboptimal levels of NaCl, either LiCl or sucrose could substitute for NaCl in increasing the steady-state levels. The results obtained indicate that the porosity of the cytoplasmic membrane of this organism is determined by the difference between the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm and the suspending medium. The lesser effectiveness of K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) than Na(+), Li, or Mg(2+) in permitting the retention of solutes by the cells is attributed to the greater penetrability of the hydrated ions of the former group through the dilated pores of a stretched cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Osmotic effects of membrane permeability in a marine bacterium. When cells of Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 (ATCC 19855) were preloaded with alpha-[(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid or the K(+) in the cells was labeled with (42)K by incubation in a buffered salt solution containing 0.05 M MgSO(4), 0.01 M KCl, and 0.3 M NaCl, the cells retained their radioactivity when resuspended in the same salt solution. When NaCl was omitted from the solution, 80 to 90% of the radioactivity was lost from the cells. Cells suspended at intermediate concentrations of NaCl also lost radioactivity. New steady-state levels of the intracellular solutes were established within 15 s of suspending the cells; the percentage of radioactivity retained at each level decreased proportionately as the osmolality of the NaCl in the suspending solution decreased. With minor variations in effectiveness, MgCl(2), LiCl, and sucrose could substitute for NaCl on an equiosmolal basis for the retention of radioactivity by the cells. KCl, RbCl, and CsCl were appreciably less effective as replacements for NaCl, particularly when their osmolalities in the suspending solutions were low. The amount of alpha-[(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid taken up by the cells at the steady-state level increased to a maximum as the NaCl concentration in the suspending medium increased to 0.3 M. At suboptimal levels of NaCl, either LiCl or sucrose could substitute for NaCl in increasing the steady-state levels. The results obtained indicate that the porosity of the cytoplasmic membrane of this organism is determined by the difference between the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm and the suspending medium. The lesser effectiveness of K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) than Na(+), Li, or Mg(2+) in permitting the retention of solutes by the cells is attributed to the greater penetrability of the hydrated ions of the former group through the dilated pores of a stretched cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 641005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_547", "title": "Interrelationships of isoacceptor phenylalanine tRNA species of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "The phenylalanine tRNA of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was fractionated on benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose into four isoaccepting species (tRNAPheI to IV). tRNAPheIII represented 80% of the total tRNAPhe in anaerobic, photosynthetically grown organisms, whereas in cultures grown aerobically for prolonged periods, tRNAPheII represented 80% of the total. In cultures adapting to aerobic growth, the addition of rifampin resulted in a tRNAPhe profile characteristic of anaerobic-photosynthetic conditions due to the conversion of tRNAPheII to tRNAPheIII. In fully adapted aerobic cultures, this conversion was inhibited in the presence of chloramphenicol or rifampin. The conversion of tRNAPheIII to tRNAPheII was not observable in vivo. It is proposed that an enzymic activity synthesized during anaerobic-photosynthetic growth was responsible for the conversion.", "contents": "Interrelationships of isoacceptor phenylalanine tRNA species of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The phenylalanine tRNA of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was fractionated on benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose into four isoaccepting species (tRNAPheI to IV). tRNAPheIII represented 80% of the total tRNAPhe in anaerobic, photosynthetically grown organisms, whereas in cultures grown aerobically for prolonged periods, tRNAPheII represented 80% of the total. In cultures adapting to aerobic growth, the addition of rifampin resulted in a tRNAPhe profile characteristic of anaerobic-photosynthetic conditions due to the conversion of tRNAPheII to tRNAPheIII. In fully adapted aerobic cultures, this conversion was inhibited in the presence of chloramphenicol or rifampin. The conversion of tRNAPheIII to tRNAPheII was not observable in vivo. It is proposed that an enzymic activity synthesized during anaerobic-photosynthetic growth was responsible for the conversion.", "PMID": 641006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_548", "title": "Fate of homospecific transforming DNA bound to Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "The fate of [3H]DNA from Streptococcus sanguis str-r43 fus-s donors in [14C]S. sanguis str-s fus-r1 recipients was studied by examining the lysates prepared from such recipients at various times after 1 min of exposure to DNA. The lysates were analyzed in CsCl and 10 to 30% sucrose gradients; fractions from the gradients were tested for biological activity and sensitivity to nucleases, subjected to various treatments and retested for nuclease sensitivity, and run on 5 to 20% neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. The results demonstrate that donor DNA bound to S. sanguis cells in a form resistant to exogenous deoxyribonuclease is initially single stranded and complexed to recipient material. Donor DNA can be removed from the complex upon treatment of the complex with Pronase, phenol, or isoamyl alcohol-chloroform. Within the complex, donor DNA is relatively insensitive to S1 endonuclease but can regain its sensitivity by treatment with phenol. With time the complex moves as a whole to associate physically with the recipient chromosome. After a noncovalent stage of synapsis, donor material is covalently bonded to and acquires the nuclease sensitivity of recipient DNA, while donor markers regain transforming activity and become linked to resident markers.", "contents": "Fate of homospecific transforming DNA bound to Streptococcus sanguis. The fate of [3H]DNA from Streptococcus sanguis str-r43 fus-s donors in [14C]S. sanguis str-s fus-r1 recipients was studied by examining the lysates prepared from such recipients at various times after 1 min of exposure to DNA. The lysates were analyzed in CsCl and 10 to 30% sucrose gradients; fractions from the gradients were tested for biological activity and sensitivity to nucleases, subjected to various treatments and retested for nuclease sensitivity, and run on 5 to 20% neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. The results demonstrate that donor DNA bound to S. sanguis cells in a form resistant to exogenous deoxyribonuclease is initially single stranded and complexed to recipient material. Donor DNA can be removed from the complex upon treatment of the complex with Pronase, phenol, or isoamyl alcohol-chloroform. Within the complex, donor DNA is relatively insensitive to S1 endonuclease but can regain its sensitivity by treatment with phenol. With time the complex moves as a whole to associate physically with the recipient chromosome. After a noncovalent stage of synapsis, donor material is covalently bonded to and acquires the nuclease sensitivity of recipient DNA, while donor markers regain transforming activity and become linked to resident markers.", "PMID": 641007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_549", "title": "Physiological factors involved in the transformation of Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "Transfer of streptomycin resistance and changes from methionine and leucine auxotrophy to prototrophy were achieved in Mycobacterium smegmatis by transformation. Recipient cells were more resistant to mitomycin C and methyl methlanesulfonate treatments than were wild-type cells. A high level of calcium ions was essential for transformation, especially during DNA adsorption, whereas the presence of magnesium ions and the exposure of recipient cells to mild doses of UV light enhanced recombination frequencies. Transformants were not isolated when recipient cell-DNA mixtures were first treated with deoxyribonuclease. Recipient cells at various stages of growth showed similar transformabilities. Transformation was successful only when recipient cells were incubated on rich agar medium after mixture with DNA. Exposure of recipient cells to Pronase before treatment with donor DNA did not affect transformation, suggesting the absence of a protein competence factor. Throughout the present experiments, cotransformation frequencies were very low and unselected-marker segregation patterns were independent, indicating that the methionine, leucine, and streptomycin markers are not closely linked in M. smegmatis.", "contents": "Physiological factors involved in the transformation of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Transfer of streptomycin resistance and changes from methionine and leucine auxotrophy to prototrophy were achieved in Mycobacterium smegmatis by transformation. Recipient cells were more resistant to mitomycin C and methyl methlanesulfonate treatments than were wild-type cells. A high level of calcium ions was essential for transformation, especially during DNA adsorption, whereas the presence of magnesium ions and the exposure of recipient cells to mild doses of UV light enhanced recombination frequencies. Transformants were not isolated when recipient cell-DNA mixtures were first treated with deoxyribonuclease. Recipient cells at various stages of growth showed similar transformabilities. Transformation was successful only when recipient cells were incubated on rich agar medium after mixture with DNA. Exposure of recipient cells to Pronase before treatment with donor DNA did not affect transformation, suggesting the absence of a protein competence factor. Throughout the present experiments, cotransformation frequencies were very low and unselected-marker segregation patterns were independent, indicating that the methionine, leucine, and streptomycin markers are not closely linked in M. smegmatis.", "PMID": 641008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_550", "title": "Glucose metabolism and dimorphism in Mucor.", "content": "Mucor racemosus fermented glucose to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and glycerol. When this fungus was grown anaerobically in either the yeast or mycelial form, the catabolism of glucose was very similar. Yeast cells shifted to aerobic conditions maintained a high flux of glucose carbon through the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways. Mycelial cells grown aerobically catabolized glucose in a manner consistent with a respiratory metabolism. Although there was no consistent pattern of glucose metabolism in the mycelial form of Mucor, growth in the yeast form consistently was correlated with a high flux of glucose carbon through the catabolic pathways.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism and dimorphism in Mucor. Mucor racemosus fermented glucose to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and glycerol. When this fungus was grown anaerobically in either the yeast or mycelial form, the catabolism of glucose was very similar. Yeast cells shifted to aerobic conditions maintained a high flux of glucose carbon through the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways. Mycelial cells grown aerobically catabolized glucose in a manner consistent with a respiratory metabolism. Although there was no consistent pattern of glucose metabolism in the mycelial form of Mucor, growth in the yeast form consistently was correlated with a high flux of glucose carbon through the catabolic pathways.", "PMID": 641009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_551", "title": "Potassium transport system of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas capsulata required potassium (or rubidium or cesium as analogs of potassium) for growth. These cations were actively accumulated by the cells by a process following Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics. The monovalent cation transport system had Km's of 0.2 mM K+, 0.5 mM Rb+, and 2.6 mM Cs+. The rates of uptake of substrates by the potassium transport system varied with the age of the culture, although the affinity constant for the substrates remained constant. The maximal velocity of uptake of K+ was lower in aerobically grown cells than in photosynthetically grown cells, although the Km's for K+ and for Rb+ were about the same.", "contents": "Potassium transport system of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata required potassium (or rubidium or cesium as analogs of potassium) for growth. These cations were actively accumulated by the cells by a process following Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics. The monovalent cation transport system had Km's of 0.2 mM K+, 0.5 mM Rb+, and 2.6 mM Cs+. The rates of uptake of substrates by the potassium transport system varied with the age of the culture, although the affinity constant for the substrates remained constant. The maximal velocity of uptake of K+ was lower in aerobically grown cells than in photosynthetically grown cells, although the Km's for K+ and for Rb+ were about the same.", "PMID": 641010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_552", "title": "Divalent cation transport systems of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "Separate divalent cation transport systems for energy-dependent uptake of Mg2+ and Mn2+ were found both with aerobically and heterotrophically grown and with photosynthetically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The maximum rate of Mg2+ uptake differed between photosynthetic and aerobic cells, while the Km for the Mg2+ transport system was constant. Photosynthetic midlog-phase cells exhibited Km's for uptake of about 55 micrometer Mg2+ and 0.5 micrometer Mn2+. The Vmax's also differed between the two systems: 0.6 to 1.8 mumol/min per g (dry weight) of cells for Mg2+, but only 0.020 mumol/min per g for Mn2+, making the distinction between a \"macro-requirement\" system and a system functioning at trace nutrient levels. Calcium was not normally taken up by intact cells of R. capsulata. However, chromatophore membranes isolated from photosynthetic cells took up Ca2+ by an energy-dependent process.", "contents": "Divalent cation transport systems of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Separate divalent cation transport systems for energy-dependent uptake of Mg2+ and Mn2+ were found both with aerobically and heterotrophically grown and with photosynthetically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The maximum rate of Mg2+ uptake differed between photosynthetic and aerobic cells, while the Km for the Mg2+ transport system was constant. Photosynthetic midlog-phase cells exhibited Km's for uptake of about 55 micrometer Mg2+ and 0.5 micrometer Mn2+. The Vmax's also differed between the two systems: 0.6 to 1.8 mumol/min per g (dry weight) of cells for Mg2+, but only 0.020 mumol/min per g for Mn2+, making the distinction between a \"macro-requirement\" system and a system functioning at trace nutrient levels. Calcium was not normally taken up by intact cells of R. capsulata. However, chromatophore membranes isolated from photosynthetic cells took up Ca2+ by an energy-dependent process.", "PMID": 641011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_553", "title": "Adjacent insertion sequences IS2 and IS5 in bacteriophage Mu mutants and an IS5 in a lambda darg bacteriophage.", "content": "Using electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis, we have demonstrated that an insertion found in a Mu prophage and in some infectious. Mu deletion-substitution mutants derived from it consists of bacterial insertion sequence IS2 linked directly to IS5. Other infectious Mu mutants derived from the same lysogen have only IS5 or a portion of IS2. In addition, we have found that an independent insertion in a transducing phage, lambda 13 dargB2, is IS5. The ends of IS5 are short, inverted duplications of each other. These observations support the notion that the DNA insertion previously designated IS5 on the basis of a single example in lambda KH100 is a bona fide bacterial insertion sequence.", "contents": "Adjacent insertion sequences IS2 and IS5 in bacteriophage Mu mutants and an IS5 in a lambda darg bacteriophage. Using electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis, we have demonstrated that an insertion found in a Mu prophage and in some infectious. Mu deletion-substitution mutants derived from it consists of bacterial insertion sequence IS2 linked directly to IS5. Other infectious Mu mutants derived from the same lysogen have only IS5 or a portion of IS2. In addition, we have found that an independent insertion in a transducing phage, lambda 13 dargB2, is IS5. The ends of IS5 are short, inverted duplications of each other. These observations support the notion that the DNA insertion previously designated IS5 on the basis of a single example in lambda KH100 is a bona fide bacterial insertion sequence.", "PMID": 641012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_554", "title": "Penicillin-induced formation of osmotically stable spheroplasts in nongrowing Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.", "content": "Bdellovibrio peptidoglycan is of typical gram-negative composition. The molar ratios of alanine:glutamic acid:diaminopimelic acid:muramic acid:glucosamine were about 2:1:1:1:1. Nascent, nongrowing Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J were converted from highly motile vibrios to highly motile spheres when shaken in dilute buffer plus penicillin, cephalothin, bacitracin, or D-cycloserine. The spherical forms contained essentially no sedimentable peptidoglycan; i.e., they were spheroplasts. Spheroplasts induced by penicillin, D-cycloserine, and lysozyme were stable in dilute buffer and did not lyse when subjected to osmotic shock. Normal Bdellovibrio suspended in buffer turned over their peptidoglycan at a rate of approximately 30% h during the initial 120 min of starvation. Chloramphenicol and sodium azide strongly inhibited Bdellovibrio peptidoglycan turnover and the induction of spheroplasts by penicillin. The data indicate that nongrowing B. bacteriovorus are sensitive to penicillin and other antibiotics affecting cell walls because of their high rate of peptidoglycan turnover. It is also concluded that an intact peptidoglycan layer is required for maintaining cell shape, but is not required for osmotic stability of B. bacteriovorus.", "contents": "Penicillin-induced formation of osmotically stable spheroplasts in nongrowing Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Bdellovibrio peptidoglycan is of typical gram-negative composition. The molar ratios of alanine:glutamic acid:diaminopimelic acid:muramic acid:glucosamine were about 2:1:1:1:1. Nascent, nongrowing Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J were converted from highly motile vibrios to highly motile spheres when shaken in dilute buffer plus penicillin, cephalothin, bacitracin, or D-cycloserine. The spherical forms contained essentially no sedimentable peptidoglycan; i.e., they were spheroplasts. Spheroplasts induced by penicillin, D-cycloserine, and lysozyme were stable in dilute buffer and did not lyse when subjected to osmotic shock. Normal Bdellovibrio suspended in buffer turned over their peptidoglycan at a rate of approximately 30% h during the initial 120 min of starvation. Chloramphenicol and sodium azide strongly inhibited Bdellovibrio peptidoglycan turnover and the induction of spheroplasts by penicillin. The data indicate that nongrowing B. bacteriovorus are sensitive to penicillin and other antibiotics affecting cell walls because of their high rate of peptidoglycan turnover. It is also concluded that an intact peptidoglycan layer is required for maintaining cell shape, but is not required for osmotic stability of B. bacteriovorus.", "PMID": 641013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_555", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of Thermoplasma acidophilum surface carbohydrate by using concanavalin A.", "content": "Surface carbohydrate, presumably the lipopolysaccharide, of Thermoplasma acidophilum was visualized by means of the concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine cytochemical staining procedure.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of Thermoplasma acidophilum surface carbohydrate by using concanavalin A. Surface carbohydrate, presumably the lipopolysaccharide, of Thermoplasma acidophilum was visualized by means of the concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine cytochemical staining procedure.", "PMID": 641014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_556", "title": "Surface projections and internal structure of Chlamydia psittaci.", "content": "The outermost surface of the small infectious forms of Chlamydia psittaci contain geometrically arranged spikes distributed over approximately 50% of the bacterial surface. The spikes are located opposite the concave side of an electron-dense crescent-shaped chlamydial core.", "contents": "Surface projections and internal structure of Chlamydia psittaci. The outermost surface of the small infectious forms of Chlamydia psittaci contain geometrically arranged spikes distributed over approximately 50% of the bacterial surface. The spikes are located opposite the concave side of an electron-dense crescent-shaped chlamydial core.", "PMID": 641015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_557", "title": "Effect of cell length on gliding motility of Flexibacter.", "content": "Short Flexibacter FS-1 cells, generated during logarithmic growth in glucose-salts medium or by filament fragmentation during the transition from log to stationary phase in rich medium, are unable to glide. Motility returns when cells elongate. This strain also dissociates stable, short, nongliding variants.", "contents": "Effect of cell length on gliding motility of Flexibacter. Short Flexibacter FS-1 cells, generated during logarithmic growth in glucose-salts medium or by filament fragmentation during the transition from log to stationary phase in rich medium, are unable to glide. Motility returns when cells elongate. This strain also dissociates stable, short, nongliding variants.", "PMID": 641016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_558", "title": "Identification and synthesis of acyl-phosphatidylglycerol in Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N.", "content": "A minor phospholipid from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N was identified as acyl-phosphatidylglycerol. Acyl-phosphatidylglycerol synthesis by outer-membrane preparations appeared to be a result of phospholipase A activity.", "contents": "Identification and synthesis of acyl-phosphatidylglycerol in Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N. A minor phospholipid from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N was identified as acyl-phosphatidylglycerol. Acyl-phosphatidylglycerol synthesis by outer-membrane preparations appeared to be a result of phospholipase A activity.", "PMID": 641017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_559", "title": "Human aggression and the lunar synodic cycle.", "content": "Data on five aggressive and/or violent human behaviors were examined by computer to determine whether a relationship exists between the lunar syndoic cycle and human aggression. Homicides, suicides, fatal traffic accidents, aggravated assaults and psychiatric emergency room visits occurring in Dade County, Florida all show lunar periodicities. Homicides and aggravated assaults demonstrate statistically significant clustering of cases around full moon. Psychiatric emergency room visits cluster around first quarter and shows a significantly decreased frequency around new and full moon. The suicide curve shows correlations with both aggravated assaults and fatal traffic accidents, suggesting a self-destructive component for each of these behaviors. The existence of a biological rhythm of human aggression which resonates with the lunar synodic cycle is postulated.", "contents": "Human aggression and the lunar synodic cycle. Data on five aggressive and/or violent human behaviors were examined by computer to determine whether a relationship exists between the lunar syndoic cycle and human aggression. Homicides, suicides, fatal traffic accidents, aggravated assaults and psychiatric emergency room visits occurring in Dade County, Florida all show lunar periodicities. Homicides and aggravated assaults demonstrate statistically significant clustering of cases around full moon. Psychiatric emergency room visits cluster around first quarter and shows a significantly decreased frequency around new and full moon. The suicide curve shows correlations with both aggravated assaults and fatal traffic accidents, suggesting a self-destructive component for each of these behaviors. The existence of a biological rhythm of human aggression which resonates with the lunar synodic cycle is postulated.", "PMID": 641019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_560", "title": "The alcohol provocation test.", "content": "An alcohol provocation test is described wherein a 20% solution of alcohol was injected intravenously in 57 subjects with three major goals: 1) To determine criminal culpability. 2) To determine alcohol activation of the electroencephalogram. 3) To aid in treatment of the chronic alcoholic through personal feedback. The test was found safe and reliable. Results are interpreted on the basis of behavioral observations and blood alcohol levels. Advantages of such a test are reviewed.", "contents": "The alcohol provocation test. An alcohol provocation test is described wherein a 20% solution of alcohol was injected intravenously in 57 subjects with three major goals: 1) To determine criminal culpability. 2) To determine alcohol activation of the electroencephalogram. 3) To aid in treatment of the chronic alcoholic through personal feedback. The test was found safe and reliable. Results are interpreted on the basis of behavioral observations and blood alcohol levels. Advantages of such a test are reviewed.", "PMID": 641020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_561", "title": "A review of the relationship between dysphoria, pleasure, and human bonding.", "content": "A model is presented which links up recent findings regarding the biochemical substrates of neurological networks mediating pleasure states with the concept of animal behavior relating to bonding. The forms of human bonding (parent-child, kinship, friendship) have analogies in the animal world and appear to be based on a combination of fixed action patterns, learning behaviors supported by endogenous secretion of \"pleasure-producing\" endorphines, and social reinforcement. The implications of this model for psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.", "contents": "A review of the relationship between dysphoria, pleasure, and human bonding. A model is presented which links up recent findings regarding the biochemical substrates of neurological networks mediating pleasure states with the concept of animal behavior relating to bonding. The forms of human bonding (parent-child, kinship, friendship) have analogies in the animal world and appear to be based on a combination of fixed action patterns, learning behaviors supported by endogenous secretion of \"pleasure-producing\" endorphines, and social reinforcement. The implications of this model for psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.", "PMID": 641021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_562", "title": "Evaluation of substance abuse problems in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "Hospital-wide rumors and anecdotal reports had suggested that there was a potentially serious problem of alcohol and drug abuse among the psychiatric patients of this hospital. The authors describe a systematic, evaluative approach which gave direct and detailed information on the nature and extent of the problem thus permitting effective administrative solutions. Results of the study indicated that there were two qualitatively different populations of substance abusing patients. A considerable population of patients were routinely using alcohol and \"soft\" drugs on the hospital grounds, while another disturbing percentage of patients gave evidence of psychological or physical dependence on alcohol or hard drugs. Data from the evaluation was instrumental in implementing additional security measures to deal with casual substance abuse and additional, confidential treatment resources to deal with the more serious substance abuse problems in patients and staff.", "contents": "Evaluation of substance abuse problems in a psychiatric hospital. Hospital-wide rumors and anecdotal reports had suggested that there was a potentially serious problem of alcohol and drug abuse among the psychiatric patients of this hospital. The authors describe a systematic, evaluative approach which gave direct and detailed information on the nature and extent of the problem thus permitting effective administrative solutions. Results of the study indicated that there were two qualitatively different populations of substance abusing patients. A considerable population of patients were routinely using alcohol and \"soft\" drugs on the hospital grounds, while another disturbing percentage of patients gave evidence of psychological or physical dependence on alcohol or hard drugs. Data from the evaluation was instrumental in implementing additional security measures to deal with casual substance abuse and additional, confidential treatment resources to deal with the more serious substance abuse problems in patients and staff.", "PMID": 641022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_563", "title": "Circadian temperature variation and depressive illness.", "content": "Circadian temperature rhythms were studied at different clinical phases in inpatients admitted with a diagnosis of depression. It was found that patients meeting diagnostic criteria for either bipolar or unipolar II classification had a significantly greater likelihood of having an altered temperature rhythm while clinically depressed. The implications of this finding are discussed and questions for future research are specified.", "contents": "Circadian temperature variation and depressive illness. Circadian temperature rhythms were studied at different clinical phases in inpatients admitted with a diagnosis of depression. It was found that patients meeting diagnostic criteria for either bipolar or unipolar II classification had a significantly greater likelihood of having an altered temperature rhythm while clinically depressed. The implications of this finding are discussed and questions for future research are specified.", "PMID": 641023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_564", "title": "Apathetic hyperthroidism.", "content": "Among the psychosyndromes least well known to be associated with an endocrinopathy is apathetic hyperthyroidism. This condition is characterized by apathy, lethargy, severe \"senile depression\" and often a high output cardiac failure occurring as the presenting problem.1,2,9 The depressive component of the clinical picture may occur without cardiac complications. Such depressions in the elderly, while refractory to treatment with antidepressant drugs, often respond dramatically to the correction of the underlying endocrine dysfunction.4 It is therefore important to consider \"thyroid melancholia\" in the differential diagnosis of such cases. Given this high index of suspicion, the diagnosis can be fairly easily made.", "contents": "Apathetic hyperthroidism. Among the psychosyndromes least well known to be associated with an endocrinopathy is apathetic hyperthyroidism. This condition is characterized by apathy, lethargy, severe \"senile depression\" and often a high output cardiac failure occurring as the presenting problem.1,2,9 The depressive component of the clinical picture may occur without cardiac complications. Such depressions in the elderly, while refractory to treatment with antidepressant drugs, often respond dramatically to the correction of the underlying endocrine dysfunction.4 It is therefore important to consider \"thyroid melancholia\" in the differential diagnosis of such cases. Given this high index of suspicion, the diagnosis can be fairly easily made.", "PMID": 641024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_565", "title": "Clinical importance of doxepin antidepressant plasma levels.", "content": "Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels have greatly expanded the capabilities of the physician in treating depression. Although still not widely available to the practicing psychiatrist, plasma levels can make an important difference in treating the \"drug resistant\" depressed patient in particular. The following case report with the use of doxepin underscores the clinical significance of trychclic plasma levels, plus lends support to the previous reports that there is a therapeutic plasma range for the tricyclics which if at too high a level can be as ineffective as too low a level.", "contents": "Clinical importance of doxepin antidepressant plasma levels. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels have greatly expanded the capabilities of the physician in treating depression. Although still not widely available to the practicing psychiatrist, plasma levels can make an important difference in treating the \"drug resistant\" depressed patient in particular. The following case report with the use of doxepin underscores the clinical significance of trychclic plasma levels, plus lends support to the previous reports that there is a therapeutic plasma range for the tricyclics which if at too high a level can be as ineffective as too low a level.", "PMID": 641025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_566", "title": "Agranulocytosis associated with tricyclics.", "content": "A case of agranulocytosis associated with Imipramine use is reported. A review of the literature suggests that this is a rare but hazardous complication of tricyclic use. The authors present characteristic findings, treatment suggestions and a possible pathogenesis for this syndrome.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis associated with tricyclics. A case of agranulocytosis associated with Imipramine use is reported. A review of the literature suggests that this is a rare but hazardous complication of tricyclic use. The authors present characteristic findings, treatment suggestions and a possible pathogenesis for this syndrome.", "PMID": 641026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_567", "title": "Fractionation of unfixed chromatin by buoyant-density centrifugation in gradients containing 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol and metrizamide.", "content": "Buoyant-density centrifugation of unfixed chromatin has been performed in a newly devised medium containing 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol and metrizamide. Chromatins were obtained from isotopically labeled mouse hepatoma cells in suspension culture, either grown normally or density labeled in a medium containing bromodeoxyuridine, by mild digestion of isolated nuclei with micrococcal nuclease. When a mixture of normal and density labeled chromatin, marked with [14C]thymidine and [3H]bromodeoxyuridine, respectively, was centrifuged in the medium, chromatin peaks represented by labeled DNA were resolved to the extent expected from their separate banding profiles. Centrifugation of an equivalent chromatin mixture labeled with [14C] and [3H]lysine, respectively, also yielded resolution of chromatin peaks represented by labeled proteins. Only small amounts of labeled proteins were dissociated from chromatin in the gradient medium. Labeled proteins recovered from the gradient fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The results suggested that most of the histones remained associated with the original stretches of DNA during the centrifual fractionation period. Essentially all of the dissociated proteins were found to be non-histone proteins.", "contents": "Fractionation of unfixed chromatin by buoyant-density centrifugation in gradients containing 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol and metrizamide. Buoyant-density centrifugation of unfixed chromatin has been performed in a newly devised medium containing 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol and metrizamide. Chromatins were obtained from isotopically labeled mouse hepatoma cells in suspension culture, either grown normally or density labeled in a medium containing bromodeoxyuridine, by mild digestion of isolated nuclei with micrococcal nuclease. When a mixture of normal and density labeled chromatin, marked with [14C]thymidine and [3H]bromodeoxyuridine, respectively, was centrifuged in the medium, chromatin peaks represented by labeled DNA were resolved to the extent expected from their separate banding profiles. Centrifugation of an equivalent chromatin mixture labeled with [14C] and [3H]lysine, respectively, also yielded resolution of chromatin peaks represented by labeled proteins. Only small amounts of labeled proteins were dissociated from chromatin in the gradient medium. Labeled proteins recovered from the gradient fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The results suggested that most of the histones remained associated with the original stretches of DNA during the centrifual fractionation period. Essentially all of the dissociated proteins were found to be non-histone proteins.", "PMID": 641028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_568", "title": "Physicochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate. I. Ion binding and secondary structure.", "content": "1. The degree of calcium ion binding to chondroitin sulfate was larger than that of sodium ions. The association of calcium ions with the mucopolysaccharide cannot be ascribed solely to electrostatic forces. 2. No differences in the degree of ion binding of chondroitin sulfate isomers A and C were detectable. 3. The spacing between charged groups of chondroitin sulfate was found to be 0.48 nm, which is consistent with the results of X-ray analysis. 4. The characteristic ratio was large. Therefore, rotation about the backbone bonds is highly restricted.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate. I. Ion binding and secondary structure. 1. The degree of calcium ion binding to chondroitin sulfate was larger than that of sodium ions. The association of calcium ions with the mucopolysaccharide cannot be ascribed solely to electrostatic forces. 2. No differences in the degree of ion binding of chondroitin sulfate isomers A and C were detectable. 3. The spacing between charged groups of chondroitin sulfate was found to be 0.48 nm, which is consistent with the results of X-ray analysis. 4. The characteristic ratio was large. Therefore, rotation about the backbone bonds is highly restricted.", "PMID": 641029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_569", "title": "Physicochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate. II. Molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosity and sedimentation coefficient, and analysis as a semi-flexible coil.", "content": "1. The relation between intrinsic viscosity in 0.2 M NaCl and molecular weight for samples of chondroitin sulfate isolated from shark cartilage could be expressed by [eeta] = 6.5 X 10(-6) Mr114. 2. Their sedimentation coefficients were linear with respect to the square root of molecular weight, and the intercept was not zero but definitely positive, indicating that chondroitin sulfate in solution can be represented by a semi-flexible coil with a molecular diameter of about 1.2 nm. This value was consistent with the results of X-ray analysis. 3. The molecular weight dependence of the sedimentation coefficient for chondroitin sulfate from ox nasal septa cartilage was similar to that for chondroitin sulfate isolated from shark cartilage.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate. II. Molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosity and sedimentation coefficient, and analysis as a semi-flexible coil. 1. The relation between intrinsic viscosity in 0.2 M NaCl and molecular weight for samples of chondroitin sulfate isolated from shark cartilage could be expressed by [eeta] = 6.5 X 10(-6) Mr114. 2. Their sedimentation coefficients were linear with respect to the square root of molecular weight, and the intercept was not zero but definitely positive, indicating that chondroitin sulfate in solution can be represented by a semi-flexible coil with a molecular diameter of about 1.2 nm. This value was consistent with the results of X-ray analysis. 3. The molecular weight dependence of the sedimentation coefficient for chondroitin sulfate from ox nasal septa cartilage was similar to that for chondroitin sulfate isolated from shark cartilage.", "PMID": 641030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_570", "title": "Enzymatic determination of phospholipase D activity with choline oxidase.", "content": "A new enzymatic method was developed for the assay of phospholipase D [phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase EC 3.1.4.4] from cabbage leaves using choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis cells. The method was based on the estimation of choline by the following series of enzymatic reactions after ending the phospholipase D reaction: Choline + 202 + h2o Choline oxidase Betaine + 2H2O2 2H2O2 + Phenol + 4-Aminoantipyrine Peroxidase Quinoneimine dye + 4H2O The amount of choline was proportional to the amount of resulting quinoneimine dye with an absorbance maximum at 500 nm. The phospholipase D reaction (choline liberation) was carried out at pH 5.5 in the presence of Ca2+ ions and ended by adding EDTA in conc. Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8, to give a final pH of around 8. The initial rate of the phospholipase D reaction was proportional to the enzyme concentration over the absorbance change range of 0 to 0.25 (equivalent to 0-21 micron of choline) under the optimal reaction conditions.", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of phospholipase D activity with choline oxidase. A new enzymatic method was developed for the assay of phospholipase D [phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase EC 3.1.4.4] from cabbage leaves using choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis cells. The method was based on the estimation of choline by the following series of enzymatic reactions after ending the phospholipase D reaction: Choline + 202 + h2o Choline oxidase Betaine + 2H2O2 2H2O2 + Phenol + 4-Aminoantipyrine Peroxidase Quinoneimine dye + 4H2O The amount of choline was proportional to the amount of resulting quinoneimine dye with an absorbance maximum at 500 nm. The phospholipase D reaction (choline liberation) was carried out at pH 5.5 in the presence of Ca2+ ions and ended by adding EDTA in conc. Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8, to give a final pH of around 8. The initial rate of the phospholipase D reaction was proportional to the enzyme concentration over the absorbance change range of 0 to 0.25 (equivalent to 0-21 micron of choline) under the optimal reaction conditions.", "PMID": 641031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_571", "title": "Precursors of globin mRNA in erythroid-enriched bone marrow cells of mouse.", "content": "RNA from erythroid-enriched bone marrow cells of mouse was analyzed under two kinds of denaturing conditions (in 99% formamide and formaldehyde treatment), and globin mRNA sequence-containing RNAs larger than 18S in addition to 16S and 10S were detected by hybridization at a comparatively high Rot with complementary DNA (cDNA) to globin mRNA (10S). The existence of precursor RNAs larger than 18S was confirmed by two different methods; (i) recentrifugation in 99% formamide of RNA collected from the corresponding regions of RNA fractions and following detection of globin mRNA sequences, (ii) the specific isolation of [3H]labeled precursor RNA with a cDNA-cellulose column and fractionation in a 99% formamide-sucrose gradient. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments indicated that some large RNAs with globin mRNA sequences could be chased to 10S RNA during a 30 min chase in the presence of a high concentration of actinomycin D (10 microgram/ml). From the results it was assumed that 35-37S RNAs with globin mRNA sequences were possible primary transcripts of globin genes and other RNAs with globin mRNA sequences in 16S, 20S, and 26S regions were intermediate precursors of 10S globin mRNA.", "contents": "Precursors of globin mRNA in erythroid-enriched bone marrow cells of mouse. RNA from erythroid-enriched bone marrow cells of mouse was analyzed under two kinds of denaturing conditions (in 99% formamide and formaldehyde treatment), and globin mRNA sequence-containing RNAs larger than 18S in addition to 16S and 10S were detected by hybridization at a comparatively high Rot with complementary DNA (cDNA) to globin mRNA (10S). The existence of precursor RNAs larger than 18S was confirmed by two different methods; (i) recentrifugation in 99% formamide of RNA collected from the corresponding regions of RNA fractions and following detection of globin mRNA sequences, (ii) the specific isolation of [3H]labeled precursor RNA with a cDNA-cellulose column and fractionation in a 99% formamide-sucrose gradient. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments indicated that some large RNAs with globin mRNA sequences could be chased to 10S RNA during a 30 min chase in the presence of a high concentration of actinomycin D (10 microgram/ml). From the results it was assumed that 35-37S RNAs with globin mRNA sequences were possible primary transcripts of globin genes and other RNAs with globin mRNA sequences in 16S, 20S, and 26S regions were intermediate precursors of 10S globin mRNA.", "PMID": 641032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_572", "title": "Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors, XII. Linear sequences of two soybean double-headed trypsin inhibitors, D-II and E-I.", "content": "Soybean inhibitor D-II is an inhibitor of bovine trypsin. Sequence analysis was carried out on the reduced and S-carboxymethylated protein by conventional methods to establish the complete amino acid sequence. The sequence of D-II indicated high homology with other legume inhibitors, but it was unique because of the occurrence of identical residues (arginine) at both of the reactive sites. This structure is thought to reflect that of a prototype double-headed inhibitor. The possible evolutionary process of the legume double-headed inhibitors is discussed on this basis. Comparison with another soybean inhibitor C-II suggested that a single methionine (C-II)-glutamine (D-II) replacement at the P2'position resulted in the loss of alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of D-II. The results of a hydrogen peroxide oxidation experiment on C-II supported this suggestion. The sequence of the amino-terminal 21 residues of inhibitor E-I was determined using a sequentor. It was shown that this inhibitor lacks the amino-terminal nine residues of D-II.", "contents": "Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors, XII. Linear sequences of two soybean double-headed trypsin inhibitors, D-II and E-I. Soybean inhibitor D-II is an inhibitor of bovine trypsin. Sequence analysis was carried out on the reduced and S-carboxymethylated protein by conventional methods to establish the complete amino acid sequence. The sequence of D-II indicated high homology with other legume inhibitors, but it was unique because of the occurrence of identical residues (arginine) at both of the reactive sites. This structure is thought to reflect that of a prototype double-headed inhibitor. The possible evolutionary process of the legume double-headed inhibitors is discussed on this basis. Comparison with another soybean inhibitor C-II suggested that a single methionine (C-II)-glutamine (D-II) replacement at the P2'position resulted in the loss of alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of D-II. The results of a hydrogen peroxide oxidation experiment on C-II supported this suggestion. The sequence of the amino-terminal 21 residues of inhibitor E-I was determined using a sequentor. It was shown that this inhibitor lacks the amino-terminal nine residues of D-II.", "PMID": 641033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_573", "title": "Isolation of 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acid, an intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis, and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-enoic acid from bladder bile of hens.", "content": "Two Lifsch\u00fctz-positive C24-bile acids were isolated from bladder bile of hens. One of these was identified by isotope dilution experiments after conversion to a 3H-labeled compound, and also by GLC after methoxylation, as 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acid, a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis. The other, to which the structure 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-enoic acid had been assigned previously, was proved to be its 3alpha-epimer by several experiments. These findings favor the alternative pathway of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis proposed by Yamasaki and his associates.", "contents": "Isolation of 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acid, an intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis, and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-enoic acid from bladder bile of hens. Two Lifsch\u00fctz-positive C24-bile acids were isolated from bladder bile of hens. One of these was identified by isotope dilution experiments after conversion to a 3H-labeled compound, and also by GLC after methoxylation, as 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acid, a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis. The other, to which the structure 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-enoic acid had been assigned previously, was proved to be its 3alpha-epimer by several experiments. These findings favor the alternative pathway of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis proposed by Yamasaki and his associates.", "PMID": 641034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_574", "title": "Pyridinoline, a non-reducible crosslink of collagen. Quantitative determination, distribution, and isolation of a crosslinked peptide.", "content": "Pyridinoline is a crosslink compound isolated from bovine Achilles tendon collagen. It is a 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative with three amino and three carboxyl groups (Fujimoto, D., Akiba, K., & Nakamura, N. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76, 1124-1129). The contents of pyridinoline in collagens from various sources were determined. The pyridinoline content of bovine Achilles tendon was 0.16 residue per 1,000 residues and that of rat Achilles tendon collagen was 0.017 residue per 1,000 residues. Besides Achilles tendon collagens, pyridinoline was found in collagens from costal cartilage, rib and femoral bone of rat. It was not found in collagens from the tail tendon and skin of rat. A crosslinked, triple-chained peptide containing pyridinoline was isolated from bovine Achilles tendon collagen after digestion with pronase. Its amino acid composition suggests that the peptide may be involved in an intermolecular crosslink among a carboxyterminal sequence, a sequence near the aminoterminus and a sequence in the helical region.", "contents": "Pyridinoline, a non-reducible crosslink of collagen. Quantitative determination, distribution, and isolation of a crosslinked peptide. Pyridinoline is a crosslink compound isolated from bovine Achilles tendon collagen. It is a 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative with three amino and three carboxyl groups (Fujimoto, D., Akiba, K., & Nakamura, N. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76, 1124-1129). The contents of pyridinoline in collagens from various sources were determined. The pyridinoline content of bovine Achilles tendon was 0.16 residue per 1,000 residues and that of rat Achilles tendon collagen was 0.017 residue per 1,000 residues. Besides Achilles tendon collagens, pyridinoline was found in collagens from costal cartilage, rib and femoral bone of rat. It was not found in collagens from the tail tendon and skin of rat. A crosslinked, triple-chained peptide containing pyridinoline was isolated from bovine Achilles tendon collagen after digestion with pronase. Its amino acid composition suggests that the peptide may be involved in an intermolecular crosslink among a carboxyterminal sequence, a sequence near the aminoterminus and a sequence in the helical region.", "PMID": 641035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_575", "title": "Topography of the myosin molecule as visualized by an improved negative staining method.", "content": "An improved negative staining method has been used to visualize monomeric myosin molecules. Each lobe (subfragment 1) of the molecule looked like an elongated pear, and the widths of the thick and thin portions were about 95 and 55 A, respectively. The length of each lobe was about 210 A. It appeared capable of moving azimuthally and altitudinally, utilizing its juncture with the rod portion as the base. The rod portion of the molecule was about 1400 A long and 30 A wide. It also appeared to possess a considerably flexible region at a point about 680 A from the tail-end.", "contents": "Topography of the myosin molecule as visualized by an improved negative staining method. An improved negative staining method has been used to visualize monomeric myosin molecules. Each lobe (subfragment 1) of the molecule looked like an elongated pear, and the widths of the thick and thin portions were about 95 and 55 A, respectively. The length of each lobe was about 210 A. It appeared capable of moving azimuthally and altitudinally, utilizing its juncture with the rod portion as the base. The rod portion of the molecule was about 1400 A long and 30 A wide. It also appeared to possess a considerably flexible region at a point about 680 A from the tail-end.", "PMID": 641037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_576", "title": "The use of transparent media in medical illustration.", "content": "Transparent media, such as watercolor, acrylic, and dyes, have been used by scientific illustrators for centuries. This article gives one artist's view of the highly complex medium. Materials, techniques, short cuts, and potential problem areas are discussed. Illustrations of specific techniques and a step-by-step development of a medical illustration is provided.", "contents": "The use of transparent media in medical illustration. Transparent media, such as watercolor, acrylic, and dyes, have been used by scientific illustrators for centuries. This article gives one artist's view of the highly complex medium. Materials, techniques, short cuts, and potential problem areas are discussed. Illustrations of specific techniques and a step-by-step development of a medical illustration is provided.", "PMID": 641042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_577", "title": "Concentration-dependent conformational transition of alpha-elastin in aqueous solution.", "content": "Circular dichroism measurements on aqueous solutions of alpha-elastin have given evidence of beta-bend structure at elevated concentrations. When Ca2+ was added, the concentration-dependent conformational transition was somewhat inhibited and the binding of the metal ion was shown, by means of equilibrium dialysis, to be essentially independent from alpha-elastin concentration in the range of 1 to 10 mg/ml. The results obtained are discussed in connection with the elasticity and calcification of elastin.", "contents": "Concentration-dependent conformational transition of alpha-elastin in aqueous solution. Circular dichroism measurements on aqueous solutions of alpha-elastin have given evidence of beta-bend structure at elevated concentrations. When Ca2+ was added, the concentration-dependent conformational transition was somewhat inhibited and the binding of the metal ion was shown, by means of equilibrium dialysis, to be essentially independent from alpha-elastin concentration in the range of 1 to 10 mg/ml. The results obtained are discussed in connection with the elasticity and calcification of elastin.", "PMID": 641043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_578", "title": "Biosynthesis of S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine, an inhibitor of RNA methyltransferases.", "content": "This paper demonstrates that N6-methyladenosine (6-methylaminopurine ribonucleoside) will condense in vitro with homocysteine to form S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine in a reaction catalyzed by mouse liver S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Injection of mice with N6-methyladenosine is followed by accumulation of S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine in the liver. Studies from other laboratories have shown that S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine is nearly as potent an RNA methyltransferase inhibitor as S-adenosylhomocysteine. This indicates that administration of N6-methyladenosine may be a general method for blocking in vivo RNA methylation in studies to determine the role of methylation in RNA processing and translational function.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine, an inhibitor of RNA methyltransferases. This paper demonstrates that N6-methyladenosine (6-methylaminopurine ribonucleoside) will condense in vitro with homocysteine to form S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine in a reaction catalyzed by mouse liver S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Injection of mice with N6-methyladenosine is followed by accumulation of S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine in the liver. Studies from other laboratories have shown that S-N6-methyladenosylhomocysteine is nearly as potent an RNA methyltransferase inhibitor as S-adenosylhomocysteine. This indicates that administration of N6-methyladenosine may be a general method for blocking in vivo RNA methylation in studies to determine the role of methylation in RNA processing and translational function.", "PMID": 641044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_579", "title": "Kinetics of oxygen-18 exchange between inorganic phosphate and water catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1, using the 18O shift in 31P NMR.", "content": "The time course of oxygen-18 exchange between [18O]Pi and normal water, catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1 in the presence of MgADP, was followed using the shift in 31P NMR caused by the presence of oxygen-18 bound to the phosphorus. Essentially all molecules of [18O]Pi that bind to the enzyme undergo complete exchange and are released as [16O4]Pi. Exchange probably occurs by formation of myosin.ATP from a myosin.ADP.Pi complex and is rapid relative to release of Pi from this complex. The kinetics of exchange give a value for the rate constant for binding Pi to myosin.ADP of 0.23 M-1 S-1 (pH 8.0, 22 degrees C). This value is consistent with exchange occurring by reversal of the ATP-ase reaction back to the myosin.ATP complex.", "contents": "Kinetics of oxygen-18 exchange between inorganic phosphate and water catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1, using the 18O shift in 31P NMR. The time course of oxygen-18 exchange between [18O]Pi and normal water, catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1 in the presence of MgADP, was followed using the shift in 31P NMR caused by the presence of oxygen-18 bound to the phosphorus. Essentially all molecules of [18O]Pi that bind to the enzyme undergo complete exchange and are released as [16O4]Pi. Exchange probably occurs by formation of myosin.ATP from a myosin.ADP.Pi complex and is rapid relative to release of Pi from this complex. The kinetics of exchange give a value for the rate constant for binding Pi to myosin.ADP of 0.23 M-1 S-1 (pH 8.0, 22 degrees C). This value is consistent with exchange occurring by reversal of the ATP-ase reaction back to the myosin.ATP complex.", "PMID": 641045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_580", "title": "A comparison of molecular properties of hepatic triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase from human post-heparin plasma.", "content": "Hepatic triglyceride lipase was isolated from human post-heparin plasma by the method of Ehnholm et al. using modifications which increased the specific activity 12-fold to approximately 3,000 mumol of free fatty acid/h/mg of protein. Lipoprotein lipase with similar specific activity was prepared from the same plasma samples using heparin and concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of hepatic triglyceride lipase (69,000) was slightly greater than that of lipoprotein lipase (67,000) as determined by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing buffers. These proteins had identical amino acid compositions, terminal amino acid residues, and tryptic peptide maps. However, the differences previously described regarding optima of pH and ionic strength and the requirement for apolipoprotein CII (only for lipoprotein lipase) were maintained in the highly purified state. It was found that both proteins contain approximately 8% carbohydrate. Antisera prepared in goats selectively precipitated each activity. Other antisera prepared in chickens reacted with both enzymes, suggesting a common antigenic determinant.", "contents": "A comparison of molecular properties of hepatic triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase from human post-heparin plasma. Hepatic triglyceride lipase was isolated from human post-heparin plasma by the method of Ehnholm et al. using modifications which increased the specific activity 12-fold to approximately 3,000 mumol of free fatty acid/h/mg of protein. Lipoprotein lipase with similar specific activity was prepared from the same plasma samples using heparin and concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of hepatic triglyceride lipase (69,000) was slightly greater than that of lipoprotein lipase (67,000) as determined by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing buffers. These proteins had identical amino acid compositions, terminal amino acid residues, and tryptic peptide maps. However, the differences previously described regarding optima of pH and ionic strength and the requirement for apolipoprotein CII (only for lipoprotein lipase) were maintained in the highly purified state. It was found that both proteins contain approximately 8% carbohydrate. Antisera prepared in goats selectively precipitated each activity. Other antisera prepared in chickens reacted with both enzymes, suggesting a common antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 641046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_581", "title": "Hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase. Involvement of a histidine at the active site suggests a nucleophilic mechanism.", "content": "The effects of a wide variety of chemical modification reagents on the activity of purified rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrase have been investigated. Alkylating agents, such as the phenacyl bromides and benzyl bromide are potent inhibitors of epoxide hydrase. 2-Bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone (p-nitrophenacyl bromide) specifically and irreversibly inactivates epoxide hydrase. Pseudo-first order kinetics of inhibition is observed at higher inhibitor/enzyme ratios. The rate of inactivation is controlled by a group on the enzyme with an apparent pKa of 7.6. Inactivation of the enzyme with 14C-labeled 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone leads to the incorporation of approximately 1 mol of radioactive inhibitor/mol of protein. Epoxide hydrase can be protected against this inactivation by the substrate phenanthrene-9,10-oxide. These results are consistent with the interpretation that 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone acts as an active site-directed inhibitor. The site of alkylation by 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone is a histidine residue of epoxide hydrase. The N-alkylated histidine derivative has been identified as 1-(p-nitrophenacyl)-4-histidine. A possible mechanism for the enzymatic hydration catalyzed by epoxide hydrase is discussed which involves a histidine residue of the enzyme serving as a general base catalyst for the nucleophilic addition of water.", "contents": "Hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase. Involvement of a histidine at the active site suggests a nucleophilic mechanism. The effects of a wide variety of chemical modification reagents on the activity of purified rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrase have been investigated. Alkylating agents, such as the phenacyl bromides and benzyl bromide are potent inhibitors of epoxide hydrase. 2-Bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone (p-nitrophenacyl bromide) specifically and irreversibly inactivates epoxide hydrase. Pseudo-first order kinetics of inhibition is observed at higher inhibitor/enzyme ratios. The rate of inactivation is controlled by a group on the enzyme with an apparent pKa of 7.6. Inactivation of the enzyme with 14C-labeled 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone leads to the incorporation of approximately 1 mol of radioactive inhibitor/mol of protein. Epoxide hydrase can be protected against this inactivation by the substrate phenanthrene-9,10-oxide. These results are consistent with the interpretation that 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone acts as an active site-directed inhibitor. The site of alkylation by 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone is a histidine residue of epoxide hydrase. The N-alkylated histidine derivative has been identified as 1-(p-nitrophenacyl)-4-histidine. A possible mechanism for the enzymatic hydration catalyzed by epoxide hydrase is discussed which involves a histidine residue of the enzyme serving as a general base catalyst for the nucleophilic addition of water.", "PMID": 641048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_582", "title": "The green hemoproteins of bovine erythrocytes. II. Spectral, ligand-binding, and electrochemical properties.", "content": "The two green hemoproteins isolated from bovine erythrocytes (form I and form II) have been characterized as to spectral, electrochemical, and chemical properties. The absorption spectra of the isolated hemoproteins are typical of high spin ferric states. Reduction of the hemoproteins yields high spin ferrohemoproteins. Complexation of the ferrohemoproteins with CO and the ferrihemoproteins with cyanide yields low spin complexes, demonstrating the presence of an exchangeable weak field ligand in both the ferrous and ferric states of the hemoproteins. The differences in position and intensity of the absorption peaks of the visible spectra allow the two forms to be distinguished from one another. The midpoint potential of forms I and II were found to be +0.075 and +0.019 V, respectively, at pH 6.4 and +0.038 and -0.005 V, respectively, at pH 7.0. This is consistent with the gaining of 1 proton/electron during the reduction. The Nernst plot reveals an unusual 0.5-electron transfer, whereas a quantitative titration demonstrates a 1-electron transfer. Form I binds cyanide more tightly than form II (KD of 84 and 252 micrometer, respectively). The observed spectral, electrochemical, and ligand-binding differences between forms I and II can be explained in terms of a greater electron-withdrawing ability of the side chains of the heme of form I relative to the heme of form II.", "contents": "The green hemoproteins of bovine erythrocytes. II. Spectral, ligand-binding, and electrochemical properties. The two green hemoproteins isolated from bovine erythrocytes (form I and form II) have been characterized as to spectral, electrochemical, and chemical properties. The absorption spectra of the isolated hemoproteins are typical of high spin ferric states. Reduction of the hemoproteins yields high spin ferrohemoproteins. Complexation of the ferrohemoproteins with CO and the ferrihemoproteins with cyanide yields low spin complexes, demonstrating the presence of an exchangeable weak field ligand in both the ferrous and ferric states of the hemoproteins. The differences in position and intensity of the absorption peaks of the visible spectra allow the two forms to be distinguished from one another. The midpoint potential of forms I and II were found to be +0.075 and +0.019 V, respectively, at pH 6.4 and +0.038 and -0.005 V, respectively, at pH 7.0. This is consistent with the gaining of 1 proton/electron during the reduction. The Nernst plot reveals an unusual 0.5-electron transfer, whereas a quantitative titration demonstrates a 1-electron transfer. Form I binds cyanide more tightly than form II (KD of 84 and 252 micrometer, respectively). The observed spectral, electrochemical, and ligand-binding differences between forms I and II can be explained in terms of a greater electron-withdrawing ability of the side chains of the heme of form I relative to the heme of form II.", "PMID": 641050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_583", "title": "Binding and functional properties of concanavalin A and its derivatives. III. Interactions with indoleacetic acid and other hydrophobic ligands.", "content": "The binding of concanavalin A to various structures via hydrophobic interactions has been studied using a variety of physicochemical assays. It was found that concanavalin A binds to nonpolar compounds such as the plant auxin beta-indoleacetic acid and its structural analogue tryptophan and that this binding is independent of the saccharide-binding activity normally associated with the lectin. The results of equilibrium dialysis experiments on the binding of beta-indoleacetic acid were consistent with the presence of a single weak binding site per subunit of protein, having an association constant of about 7 X 10(2) M-1. Competition experiments using various nonpolar compounds such as o-iodobenzoic acid suggested that this hydrophobic binding site is located in the same cavity which binds the iodine-containing ligand as shown by x-ray crystallography. Concanavalin A also binds to lipid vesicles composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-O-acetate. This binding to lipid membranes raises the possibility that the synergistic effects of concanavalin A and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate on lymphocyte mitogenesis may be due in part to an interaction between lectin and the phorbol ester.", "contents": "Binding and functional properties of concanavalin A and its derivatives. III. Interactions with indoleacetic acid and other hydrophobic ligands. The binding of concanavalin A to various structures via hydrophobic interactions has been studied using a variety of physicochemical assays. It was found that concanavalin A binds to nonpolar compounds such as the plant auxin beta-indoleacetic acid and its structural analogue tryptophan and that this binding is independent of the saccharide-binding activity normally associated with the lectin. The results of equilibrium dialysis experiments on the binding of beta-indoleacetic acid were consistent with the presence of a single weak binding site per subunit of protein, having an association constant of about 7 X 10(2) M-1. Competition experiments using various nonpolar compounds such as o-iodobenzoic acid suggested that this hydrophobic binding site is located in the same cavity which binds the iodine-containing ligand as shown by x-ray crystallography. Concanavalin A also binds to lipid vesicles composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-O-acetate. This binding to lipid membranes raises the possibility that the synergistic effects of concanavalin A and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate on lymphocyte mitogenesis may be due in part to an interaction between lectin and the phorbol ester.", "PMID": 641053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_584", "title": "A comparison of the substrate specificities of cathepsin D and pseudorenin.", "content": "Cathepsin D, purified from hog spleen, releases angiotensin I from tetradecapeptide renin substrate and from protein renin substrates purified from hog and human plasma. However, the enzyme does not act on the naturally occurring renin substrate as it exists in plasma nor on purified substrate in the presence of plasma. Cathepsin D releases angiotensin I quantitatively from tetradecapeptide renin substrate and does not further degrade the angiotensin I on prolonged incubation. The pH optimum for cathepsin D prolonged incubation. The pH optimum for cathepsin D acting on tetradecapeptide renin substrate is 4.5, and there is very low activity above pH 7. These properties are very similar to those of pseudorenin, an angiotensin-forming enzyme originally isolated from human kidney, indicating that cathepsin D and pseudorenin may be identical.", "contents": "A comparison of the substrate specificities of cathepsin D and pseudorenin. Cathepsin D, purified from hog spleen, releases angiotensin I from tetradecapeptide renin substrate and from protein renin substrates purified from hog and human plasma. However, the enzyme does not act on the naturally occurring renin substrate as it exists in plasma nor on purified substrate in the presence of plasma. Cathepsin D releases angiotensin I quantitatively from tetradecapeptide renin substrate and does not further degrade the angiotensin I on prolonged incubation. The pH optimum for cathepsin D prolonged incubation. The pH optimum for cathepsin D acting on tetradecapeptide renin substrate is 4.5, and there is very low activity above pH 7. These properties are very similar to those of pseudorenin, an angiotensin-forming enzyme originally isolated from human kidney, indicating that cathepsin D and pseudorenin may be identical.", "PMID": 641059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_585", "title": "Alteration of 86Rb+ influx and efflux following depletion of membrane sterol in L-cells.", "content": "Ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb+ (an analogue of K+) was enhanced in L-cells that had been treated with 25-hydroxycholesterol or 7-ketocholesterol in order to deplete their sterol concentration. Ouabain-insensitive Rb+ efflux also increased in the sterol-depleted cells and the intracellular concentration of K+ diminished while the concentration of Na+ increased. All of these effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol were counteracted by the addition of mevalonate to the culture medium. Despite the evidence for increased active Rb+ transport in the 25-hydroxycholesterol-treated cells, the level of sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase) activity measured in homogenates and plasma membrane preparations from the treated cells was not significantly different from the control values. Rb+ uptake was more sensitive to ouabain inhibition in sterol-depleted cells than in control cells, although ATPase activity in plasma membrane fractions isolated from treated cells was not more sensitive to ouabain inhibition than was that from control cells. It is possible that the ability of the oxygenated sterols to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell division (Kandutsch, A. A., and Chen, H. W. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 409-415) is related to their effects upon cellular ion transport.", "contents": "Alteration of 86Rb+ influx and efflux following depletion of membrane sterol in L-cells. Ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb+ (an analogue of K+) was enhanced in L-cells that had been treated with 25-hydroxycholesterol or 7-ketocholesterol in order to deplete their sterol concentration. Ouabain-insensitive Rb+ efflux also increased in the sterol-depleted cells and the intracellular concentration of K+ diminished while the concentration of Na+ increased. All of these effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol were counteracted by the addition of mevalonate to the culture medium. Despite the evidence for increased active Rb+ transport in the 25-hydroxycholesterol-treated cells, the level of sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase) activity measured in homogenates and plasma membrane preparations from the treated cells was not significantly different from the control values. Rb+ uptake was more sensitive to ouabain inhibition in sterol-depleted cells than in control cells, although ATPase activity in plasma membrane fractions isolated from treated cells was not more sensitive to ouabain inhibition than was that from control cells. It is possible that the ability of the oxygenated sterols to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell division (Kandutsch, A. A., and Chen, H. W. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 409-415) is related to their effects upon cellular ion transport.", "PMID": 641062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_586", "title": "Purification of mammalian filamin. Similarity to high molecular weight actin-binding protein in macrophages, platelets, fibroblasts, and other tissues.", "content": "We have purified the high molecular weight actin-binding protein, filamin from guinea pig vas deferens. We find this mammalian filamin is very similar to chicken gizzard filamin in subunit molecular weight, amnio acid composition, actin-binding properties, immunological cross-reactivity, and the ability to be phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Anti-filamin antibodies cross-react with a high molecular weight macrophage actin-binding protein, and with a high molecular weight protein in platelets and fibroblasts. Furthermore like filamin, these proteins are also phosphorylated and cyclic AMP stimulates their phosphorylation. Anti-filamin antibodies do not cross-react with the erythrocyte membrane protein spectrin or with high molecular weight proteins in brain extracts. We conclude that filamin from avian and mammalian smooth muscle are very similar proteins and furthermore that many, but not all, non-muscle cells contain a protein closely related to filamin.", "contents": "Purification of mammalian filamin. Similarity to high molecular weight actin-binding protein in macrophages, platelets, fibroblasts, and other tissues. We have purified the high molecular weight actin-binding protein, filamin from guinea pig vas deferens. We find this mammalian filamin is very similar to chicken gizzard filamin in subunit molecular weight, amnio acid composition, actin-binding properties, immunological cross-reactivity, and the ability to be phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Anti-filamin antibodies cross-react with a high molecular weight macrophage actin-binding protein, and with a high molecular weight protein in platelets and fibroblasts. Furthermore like filamin, these proteins are also phosphorylated and cyclic AMP stimulates their phosphorylation. Anti-filamin antibodies do not cross-react with the erythrocyte membrane protein spectrin or with high molecular weight proteins in brain extracts. We conclude that filamin from avian and mammalian smooth muscle are very similar proteins and furthermore that many, but not all, non-muscle cells contain a protein closely related to filamin.", "PMID": 641065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_587", "title": "Neurohypophyseal hormone-responsive renal adenylate cyclase. IV. A random-hit matrix model for coupline in a hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system.", "content": "A \"random-hit\" matrix model is proposed to account for the dynamic and steady state relationship between occupation of bovine renal medullary membrane receptors by [Lys8]vasopressin (LVP) and neurohypophyseal hormones (NHH) and the associated activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. The model was developed by systematic introduction of specific rules concerning receptor coupling into a general structural model which consists of two square matrices of identical size, one composed of homogeneous R (\"receptor\") units, the second of homogeneous C (\"cyclase\") units. R units are either occupied (RO) or unoccupied (RU); C units are either active (CA) or inactive (CI). Hormone molecules are envisioned to \"collide\" with R units randomly; collision with RU leads to \"binding\", and occupation is maintained for a characteristic mean occupancy time, TO. In this structure, each R unit has an \"interaction field\" which consists of the \"twin\" unit in the \"C\" matrix, and the 4 nearest neighbor C units surrounding the twin. Occupation of an R unit leads to activation of all CI units in the interaction field of that R; CA units in the interaction field are refractory. Thus binding at a given R may \"recruit\" a variable number of inactive neighboring C units (5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0). The model requires that there be individual coupling delays between the moment of binding at a given R and subsequent activation of CI units (mean coupling delay (Td) approximately 10% To). Activation of C units persists as long as the \"parent\" R is occupied and is maintained for an additional short time interval (Tp) after RO reverts to RU, corresponding to hormone dissociation from receptor. The model accounts for the following previously demonstrated relations between LVP occupation of receptors and adenylate cyclase activation in bovine renal medullary membranes: 1) the shape of the nonlinear steady state relation between normalized (percentage maximal) receptor occupation (O) and cyclase activation (A), uniformly observed in different membrane preparations: 2) variable hormone concentration-dependent trajectories of approach to the final steady state A:O value (A:Oss) which may be either monophasic or biphasic; 3) the loss of intrinsic adenylate cyclase activity observed in bovine membranes for a series of NHH analogs with progressively diminishing affinity for receptors. The model represents an explicit theory of coupling where a successive series of temporal events are quantitatively related to each other and privide major constraints to any interpretation of the molecular organization of receptors and adenylate cyclase units in membranes. The model excludes a number of mechanistic proposals and suggests a new hypothesis for membrane coupling with features which may be generally applicable to other hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems.", "contents": "Neurohypophyseal hormone-responsive renal adenylate cyclase. IV. A random-hit matrix model for coupline in a hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. A \"random-hit\" matrix model is proposed to account for the dynamic and steady state relationship between occupation of bovine renal medullary membrane receptors by [Lys8]vasopressin (LVP) and neurohypophyseal hormones (NHH) and the associated activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. The model was developed by systematic introduction of specific rules concerning receptor coupling into a general structural model which consists of two square matrices of identical size, one composed of homogeneous R (\"receptor\") units, the second of homogeneous C (\"cyclase\") units. R units are either occupied (RO) or unoccupied (RU); C units are either active (CA) or inactive (CI). Hormone molecules are envisioned to \"collide\" with R units randomly; collision with RU leads to \"binding\", and occupation is maintained for a characteristic mean occupancy time, TO. In this structure, each R unit has an \"interaction field\" which consists of the \"twin\" unit in the \"C\" matrix, and the 4 nearest neighbor C units surrounding the twin. Occupation of an R unit leads to activation of all CI units in the interaction field of that R; CA units in the interaction field are refractory. Thus binding at a given R may \"recruit\" a variable number of inactive neighboring C units (5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0). The model requires that there be individual coupling delays between the moment of binding at a given R and subsequent activation of CI units (mean coupling delay (Td) approximately 10% To). Activation of C units persists as long as the \"parent\" R is occupied and is maintained for an additional short time interval (Tp) after RO reverts to RU, corresponding to hormone dissociation from receptor. The model accounts for the following previously demonstrated relations between LVP occupation of receptors and adenylate cyclase activation in bovine renal medullary membranes: 1) the shape of the nonlinear steady state relation between normalized (percentage maximal) receptor occupation (O) and cyclase activation (A), uniformly observed in different membrane preparations: 2) variable hormone concentration-dependent trajectories of approach to the final steady state A:O value (A:Oss) which may be either monophasic or biphasic; 3) the loss of intrinsic adenylate cyclase activity observed in bovine membranes for a series of NHH analogs with progressively diminishing affinity for receptors. The model represents an explicit theory of coupling where a successive series of temporal events are quantitatively related to each other and privide major constraints to any interpretation of the molecular organization of receptors and adenylate cyclase units in membranes. The model excludes a number of mechanistic proposals and suggests a new hypothesis for membrane coupling with features which may be generally applicable to other hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems.", "PMID": 641067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_588", "title": "Studies on macromomycin, an antitumor protein.", "content": "Macromomycin is a protein isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces macromomyceticus. It is an antibiotic and also cytotoxic to a broad spectrum of carcinoma cells, the ID50 for P388 leukemia cells being 1 X 10(-9) M. Macromomycin binds rapidly and tightly to the P388 cell membrane and the eventual death of the cell cannot be reversed by either washing the toxin away or treating the cell with trypsin. The cytotoxicity does not appear to be specific for any phase of the P388 cell cycle. Macromomycin is a single polypeptide, pI 5.38, devoid of methionine and arginine residues and contains 4 cysteine residues joined by two intramolecular disulfide bonds. The cytotoxicity results in inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in P388, the latter inhibition occurring a few hours after the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. The antibiotic and antitumor activities are destroyed rapidly by ultraviolet light, which gives a product that differs little in amino acid composition, molecular weight, and antigenic property, but can be separated from the native macromomycin by ion exchange chromatography. It is proposed that macromomycin has an ultraviolet-sensitive prosthetic group upon which much of the biological activity is based.", "contents": "Studies on macromomycin, an antitumor protein. Macromomycin is a protein isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces macromomyceticus. It is an antibiotic and also cytotoxic to a broad spectrum of carcinoma cells, the ID50 for P388 leukemia cells being 1 X 10(-9) M. Macromomycin binds rapidly and tightly to the P388 cell membrane and the eventual death of the cell cannot be reversed by either washing the toxin away or treating the cell with trypsin. The cytotoxicity does not appear to be specific for any phase of the P388 cell cycle. Macromomycin is a single polypeptide, pI 5.38, devoid of methionine and arginine residues and contains 4 cysteine residues joined by two intramolecular disulfide bonds. The cytotoxicity results in inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in P388, the latter inhibition occurring a few hours after the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. The antibiotic and antitumor activities are destroyed rapidly by ultraviolet light, which gives a product that differs little in amino acid composition, molecular weight, and antigenic property, but can be separated from the native macromomycin by ion exchange chromatography. It is proposed that macromomycin has an ultraviolet-sensitive prosthetic group upon which much of the biological activity is based.", "PMID": 641069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_589", "title": "Complications after cuneiform osteotomy for moderately or severely slipped capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "Wedge osteotomy of the femoral neck for slipped capital femoral epiphysis was performed in seventy-seven hips of seventy-one children at Gillette Children's Hospital during the period 1938 to 1973. The major complications were avascular necrosis (28.5 per cent) and cartilage necrosis (37.6 per cent). This high incidence of severe complications led to the use of an osteotomy through the base of the neck for the treatment of severely slipped capital femoral epiphysis which has given satisfactory results in six hips to date.", "contents": "Complications after cuneiform osteotomy for moderately or severely slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Wedge osteotomy of the femoral neck for slipped capital femoral epiphysis was performed in seventy-seven hips of seventy-one children at Gillette Children's Hospital during the period 1938 to 1973. The major complications were avascular necrosis (28.5 per cent) and cartilage necrosis (37.6 per cent). This high incidence of severe complications led to the use of an osteotomy through the base of the neck for the treatment of severely slipped capital femoral epiphysis which has given satisfactory results in six hips to date.", "PMID": 641077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_590", "title": "Legg-Perthes disease in children less than four years old.", "content": "In children with Legg-Perthes disease who were less than four years old, better results were seen after treatment by recumbency and abduction bracing than with no treatment. All results were better in children having mild epiphyseal involvement (Catterall Groups I and II) than in those with more extensive disease.", "contents": "Legg-Perthes disease in children less than four years old. In children with Legg-Perthes disease who were less than four years old, better results were seen after treatment by recumbency and abduction bracing than with no treatment. All results were better in children having mild epiphyseal involvement (Catterall Groups I and II) than in those with more extensive disease.", "PMID": 641078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_591", "title": "The effect of hip reduction on function in patients with myelomeningocele. Potential gains and hazards of surgical treatment.", "content": "We studied seventy-six patients with myelomeningocele who were more than five years old and ahd had no hip surgery during the two previous years. Of these seventy-six patients, forty-one had had no operative treatment intended to reduce the dislocation of their hips and thirty-five had been operated on one or more times to reduce or maintain reduction of one or both hips. The presence of the femoral head in the acetabulum did not improve range of hip motion or ability to walk, nor did it reduce the amount of bracing required or decrease pain. The complications of surgical treatment to gain reduction were numerous and included failure to obtain stability in 40 per cent of the hips, loss of hip motion, and fractures. A level pelvis and a good range of hip motion were found to be more important for function than reduction of the hips. The goal of treatment should be maximum function, not roentgenographic reduction of the dislocated hip.", "contents": "The effect of hip reduction on function in patients with myelomeningocele. Potential gains and hazards of surgical treatment. We studied seventy-six patients with myelomeningocele who were more than five years old and ahd had no hip surgery during the two previous years. Of these seventy-six patients, forty-one had had no operative treatment intended to reduce the dislocation of their hips and thirty-five had been operated on one or more times to reduce or maintain reduction of one or both hips. The presence of the femoral head in the acetabulum did not improve range of hip motion or ability to walk, nor did it reduce the amount of bracing required or decrease pain. The complications of surgical treatment to gain reduction were numerous and included failure to obtain stability in 40 per cent of the hips, loss of hip motion, and fractures. A level pelvis and a good range of hip motion were found to be more important for function than reduction of the hips. The goal of treatment should be maximum function, not roentgenographic reduction of the dislocated hip.", "PMID": 641079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_592", "title": "Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out of the incidence and natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in 26,947 students. Data were obtained on 1,122 students with idiopathic scoliosis. The incidence of idiopathic scoliosis was 4.5 per cent. The female-to-male ratio was 1.25:1.0 over-all, but the ratio varied directly with the severity of the curve--that is, 1:1 for curves of 6 to 10 degrees, and 5.4:1 for curves of more than 20 degrees. Progression of the curve was determined by a two-year follow-up of 603 patients. Progression was observed in 6.8 per cent of the students and in 15.4 per cent of the skeletally immature girls with scoliosis of more than 10 degrees at the initial examination. In 20 per cent of the skeletally immature children with curves of 20 degrees at the initial examination, there was no progression. Spontaneous improvement of the curve occurred in 3 per cent and was seen more frequently in curves milder than 11 degrees. Treatment was required in 2.75 students per 1,000 screened.", "contents": "Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study. A prospective study was carried out of the incidence and natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in 26,947 students. Data were obtained on 1,122 students with idiopathic scoliosis. The incidence of idiopathic scoliosis was 4.5 per cent. The female-to-male ratio was 1.25:1.0 over-all, but the ratio varied directly with the severity of the curve--that is, 1:1 for curves of 6 to 10 degrees, and 5.4:1 for curves of more than 20 degrees. Progression of the curve was determined by a two-year follow-up of 603 patients. Progression was observed in 6.8 per cent of the students and in 15.4 per cent of the skeletally immature girls with scoliosis of more than 10 degrees at the initial examination. In 20 per cent of the skeletally immature children with curves of 20 degrees at the initial examination, there was no progression. Spontaneous improvement of the curve occurred in 3 per cent and was seen more frequently in curves milder than 11 degrees. Treatment was required in 2.75 students per 1,000 screened.", "PMID": 641080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_593", "title": "Unicompartmental tibiofemoral resurfacing arthroplasty.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritis were treated by replacement arthroplasty using the Marmor modular prosthesis and each patient was followed for at least two years. Despite rigid preoperative criteria for the selection of cases, the over-all results were definitely inferior to those seen after either bicompartmental or tricompartmental replacement arthroplasty. Complications included recurrent pain and degeneration of the other compartment, often associated with abrasion of the remaining cartilaginous surfaces caused by polyethylene particles. There was also more settling of the tibial component in these patients than in patients treated by bicompartmental replacement arthroplasty. Because of these findings, we no longer use unicompartmental replacement of the medial side of the knee. The results after the three lateral compartment replacements, on the other hand, were good, and use of this procedure for post-traumatic arthritis is still under investigation.", "contents": "Unicompartmental tibiofemoral resurfacing arthroplasty. Thirty-seven patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritis were treated by replacement arthroplasty using the Marmor modular prosthesis and each patient was followed for at least two years. Despite rigid preoperative criteria for the selection of cases, the over-all results were definitely inferior to those seen after either bicompartmental or tricompartmental replacement arthroplasty. Complications included recurrent pain and degeneration of the other compartment, often associated with abrasion of the remaining cartilaginous surfaces caused by polyethylene particles. There was also more settling of the tibial component in these patients than in patients treated by bicompartmental replacement arthroplasty. Because of these findings, we no longer use unicompartmental replacement of the medial side of the knee. The results after the three lateral compartment replacements, on the other hand, were good, and use of this procedure for post-traumatic arthritis is still under investigation.", "PMID": 641081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_594", "title": "Factors influencing manual muscle tests in physical therapy.", "content": "To determine whether it is the amount or the duration of the force applied manually by the tester, or both, that determines the tester's perception of the strength of the hip flexor or abductor muscles, an electromechanical device was designed which was placed between the tester's hand and the subject's limb. With the device we measured the force applied to the limb, the time interval during which it was applied, and the angular position of the limb during the entire test. In 240 such tests, the testers' ratings of the differences in strength between the right and left sides were correlated with seven variables involving force and time. It was found statistically that the impluse--that is, the duration of the tester's effort multiplied by the average applied force during each test--was the factor that most influenced the tester in the ratings.", "contents": "Factors influencing manual muscle tests in physical therapy. To determine whether it is the amount or the duration of the force applied manually by the tester, or both, that determines the tester's perception of the strength of the hip flexor or abductor muscles, an electromechanical device was designed which was placed between the tester's hand and the subject's limb. With the device we measured the force applied to the limb, the time interval during which it was applied, and the angular position of the limb during the entire test. In 240 such tests, the testers' ratings of the differences in strength between the right and left sides were correlated with seven variables involving force and time. It was found statistically that the impluse--that is, the duration of the tester's effort multiplied by the average applied force during each test--was the factor that most influenced the tester in the ratings.", "PMID": 641082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_595", "title": "Osteonecrosis of the knee. A clinicopathological study in twenty-eight patients.", "content": "Specimens from thirty-four knees in twenty-eight patients with histologically proved osteonecrosis were reviewed. Twelve knees had the clinical diagnosis of so-called idiopathic osteonecrosis; eight, osteoarthrosis; and fourteen, rheumatoid arthritis. Pathologically, the necrosis was localized in the subchondral region of the medial femoral condyle in 67 per cent of the knees. There were pathological fracture and collapse and fragmentation of the necrotic segment leading to marked deformities in most cases. The response to necrosis consisted of histiocytic resorption of necrotic material and formation of granulation tissue and reactive new bone surrounding it. The response was relatively less prominent in the knees with degenerative joint disease and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Osteonecrosis of the knee. A clinicopathological study in twenty-eight patients. Specimens from thirty-four knees in twenty-eight patients with histologically proved osteonecrosis were reviewed. Twelve knees had the clinical diagnosis of so-called idiopathic osteonecrosis; eight, osteoarthrosis; and fourteen, rheumatoid arthritis. Pathologically, the necrosis was localized in the subchondral region of the medial femoral condyle in 67 per cent of the knees. There were pathological fracture and collapse and fragmentation of the necrotic segment leading to marked deformities in most cases. The response to necrosis consisted of histiocytic resorption of necrotic material and formation of granulation tissue and reactive new bone surrounding it. The response was relatively less prominent in the knees with degenerative joint disease and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 641083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_596", "title": "Neuroma scar formation in rats following peripheral nerve transection.", "content": "Utilizing a sciatic nerve-transection model in rats, we studied the collagen content of normal control nerves, the long-term collagen accummulation in the distal stump of the transected nerve, the content of collagen of the posterior tibial nerve distal to the transection, and the myofibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle. The distal stump of the sciatic nerve accumulated significant amounts of collagen with time but the posterior tibial nerve at a distance from the site of transection showed no progressive collagen accumulation. The histologically evident myofibrosis of the denervated gastrocnemius muscle was shown to be the result of a selective loss of muscle elements and not of an accumulation of collagen. cis-Hydroxyproline, a proline analogue, limited neuroma formation following neurorrhaphy. The findings suggest that the results of delayed repair of nerves should not be impaired by intraneural scarring if enough of the transected nerve beyond the point of intraneural scar formation is resected.", "contents": "Neuroma scar formation in rats following peripheral nerve transection. Utilizing a sciatic nerve-transection model in rats, we studied the collagen content of normal control nerves, the long-term collagen accummulation in the distal stump of the transected nerve, the content of collagen of the posterior tibial nerve distal to the transection, and the myofibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle. The distal stump of the sciatic nerve accumulated significant amounts of collagen with time but the posterior tibial nerve at a distance from the site of transection showed no progressive collagen accumulation. The histologically evident myofibrosis of the denervated gastrocnemius muscle was shown to be the result of a selective loss of muscle elements and not of an accumulation of collagen. cis-Hydroxyproline, a proline analogue, limited neuroma formation following neurorrhaphy. The findings suggest that the results of delayed repair of nerves should not be impaired by intraneural scarring if enough of the transected nerve beyond the point of intraneural scar formation is resected.", "PMID": 641084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_597", "title": "Total hip replacement with and without osteotomy of the greater trochanter. Clinical and biomechanical comparisons in the same patients.", "content": "Twelve patients with bilateral hip replacement, one side performed with a trochanteric osteotomy and the other without osteotomy, were analyzed by review of the clinical records, the findings on physical examination, preoperative and postoperative Harris hip scores, each patient's evaluation, biomechanical analysis of the preoperative and postoperative roentgenograms of the hips and pelvis, and force-plate gait analysis. All operations yielded good results clinically but the majority of patients preferred the replacement done without osteotomy. Blood loss and trochanteric bursitis were greater problems in patients who had an osteotomy. There were no differences between the two groups in the postoperative Harris scores or in the biomechanical measurements made on the preoperative and postoperative roentgenograms except for the change in the abductor-muscle length. Changes in this parameter correlated well with the patients' symptoms and clinical findings.", "contents": "Total hip replacement with and without osteotomy of the greater trochanter. Clinical and biomechanical comparisons in the same patients. Twelve patients with bilateral hip replacement, one side performed with a trochanteric osteotomy and the other without osteotomy, were analyzed by review of the clinical records, the findings on physical examination, preoperative and postoperative Harris hip scores, each patient's evaluation, biomechanical analysis of the preoperative and postoperative roentgenograms of the hips and pelvis, and force-plate gait analysis. All operations yielded good results clinically but the majority of patients preferred the replacement done without osteotomy. Blood loss and trochanteric bursitis were greater problems in patients who had an osteotomy. There were no differences between the two groups in the postoperative Harris scores or in the biomechanical measurements made on the preoperative and postoperative roentgenograms except for the change in the abductor-muscle length. Changes in this parameter correlated well with the patients' symptoms and clinical findings.", "PMID": 641085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_598", "title": "Reattachment of the greater trochanter in total hip-replacement arthroplasty. A new technique.", "content": "For certian total hip-replacement operations osteotomy of the greater trochanter is essential, and for others it is advantageous. A system of management of trochanter reattachment is described that takes into account multiple factors, such as the need to remove large or small amounts of the trochanter depending on the patient's anatomy and on the style of the femoral component used, the need in some cases to advance the trochanter to lie against the cortex of the femur, the need in other instances to deal with markedly porotic trochanters, and the fact that a small number of the wires will fatigue, regardless of the technique used. The basic technique has one horizontal and two separate vertical wires, all passing medial to the femoral stem and each tied to itself in a square knot; All wires pass through the trochanter to prevent rotation. Wire mesh is used prophylactically if the trochanter is porotic. All patients use two crutches for two months postoperatively; In a consecutive series of 136 total hip replacements in which the trochanter was reattached using this technique, none of the trochanters migrated and all united.", "contents": "Reattachment of the greater trochanter in total hip-replacement arthroplasty. A new technique. For certian total hip-replacement operations osteotomy of the greater trochanter is essential, and for others it is advantageous. A system of management of trochanter reattachment is described that takes into account multiple factors, such as the need to remove large or small amounts of the trochanter depending on the patient's anatomy and on the style of the femoral component used, the need in some cases to advance the trochanter to lie against the cortex of the femur, the need in other instances to deal with markedly porotic trochanters, and the fact that a small number of the wires will fatigue, regardless of the technique used. The basic technique has one horizontal and two separate vertical wires, all passing medial to the femoral stem and each tied to itself in a square knot; All wires pass through the trochanter to prevent rotation. Wire mesh is used prophylactically if the trochanter is porotic. All patients use two crutches for two months postoperatively; In a consecutive series of 136 total hip replacements in which the trochanter was reattached using this technique, none of the trochanters migrated and all united.", "PMID": 641086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_599", "title": "Complications of trochanteric osteotomy in total hip replacement.", "content": "Nearly 5 per cent of 728 hips showed separation and migration of the trochanteric fragment after total hip replacement using the transtrochanteric approach and a cruciate two-wire technique of reattachment. In the 728 consecutive hips, thirty-five trochanters showed separation and eighteen patients had a positive Trendelenburg test. The abductor weakness was correlated with the amount of separation especially if it exceeded two centimeters. Trochanteric separation was attributed to osteoporosis or poor technique in all but two hips, and trauma was implicated in one.", "contents": "Complications of trochanteric osteotomy in total hip replacement. Nearly 5 per cent of 728 hips showed separation and migration of the trochanteric fragment after total hip replacement using the transtrochanteric approach and a cruciate two-wire technique of reattachment. In the 728 consecutive hips, thirty-five trochanters showed separation and eighteen patients had a positive Trendelenburg test. The abductor weakness was correlated with the amount of separation especially if it exceeded two centimeters. Trochanteric separation was attributed to osteoporosis or poor technique in all but two hips, and trauma was implicated in one.", "PMID": 641087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_600", "title": "Dislocations after total hip-replacement arthroplasties.", "content": "In a series of 300 total hip replacements, nine (3 per cent) dislocated. Precise measurements of the orientation of the acetabular cup were made and it was found that anterior dislocations were associated with increased acetabular-component anteversion. There was no significant correlation between cup-orientation angle and posterior dislocation. The dislocation rate for cup orientation with anteversion of 15 +/- 10 degrees and lateral opening of 40 +/- 10 degrees was 1.5 per cent, while outside this \"safe\" range the dislocation rate was 6.1 per cent. Other factors that were documented include time after surgery (with the greatest risk in the first thirty days) and surgical history (with a greater risk in hips that have had prior surgery).", "contents": "Dislocations after total hip-replacement arthroplasties. In a series of 300 total hip replacements, nine (3 per cent) dislocated. Precise measurements of the orientation of the acetabular cup were made and it was found that anterior dislocations were associated with increased acetabular-component anteversion. There was no significant correlation between cup-orientation angle and posterior dislocation. The dislocation rate for cup orientation with anteversion of 15 +/- 10 degrees and lateral opening of 40 +/- 10 degrees was 1.5 per cent, while outside this \"safe\" range the dislocation rate was 6.1 per cent. Other factors that were documented include time after surgery (with the greatest risk in the first thirty days) and surgical history (with a greater risk in hips that have had prior surgery).", "PMID": 641088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_601", "title": "Influence of age and sex on the strength of bone-ligament junctions in knee joints of rats.", "content": "The bone-ligament junction strength of femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complexes in rats was measured in situ at various ages during a two-year period. Male rats had a higher junction strength than female rats, a difference that became apparent when the animals were sixty days old and in male but not female animals subsequently paralleled the changes in body weight. However, on a bodyweight basis, the junctions were stronger in female than in male rats and this sex difference was evident at fifteen days old and persisted thereafter. Regression analysis between body weight and junction strength indicated that female rats had a significantly higher slope than males, which suggested that the sex differences were due to a hormonal factor or factors. Other measurements showed that elastic stiffness, failure energy, and collagen concentration in the ligament increased, whereas the water content of the ligament decreased with age. Most of these changes could be attriubted to the aging process and not the sex of the animal. It was concluded, however, that the strength of the insertion sites of ligaments on bones are responsive to the hormonal fluctuations that occur with aging.", "contents": "Influence of age and sex on the strength of bone-ligament junctions in knee joints of rats. The bone-ligament junction strength of femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complexes in rats was measured in situ at various ages during a two-year period. Male rats had a higher junction strength than female rats, a difference that became apparent when the animals were sixty days old and in male but not female animals subsequently paralleled the changes in body weight. However, on a bodyweight basis, the junctions were stronger in female than in male rats and this sex difference was evident at fifteen days old and persisted thereafter. Regression analysis between body weight and junction strength indicated that female rats had a significantly higher slope than males, which suggested that the sex differences were due to a hormonal factor or factors. Other measurements showed that elastic stiffness, failure energy, and collagen concentration in the ligament increased, whereas the water content of the ligament decreased with age. Most of these changes could be attriubted to the aging process and not the sex of the animal. It was concluded, however, that the strength of the insertion sites of ligaments on bones are responsive to the hormonal fluctuations that occur with aging.", "PMID": 641089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_602", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee with loose fragments. Treatment by replacement and fixation with readily removed pins.", "content": "We reviewed six patients with a five to fifteen-year follow-up and a seventh with shorter follow-up who underwent replacement and fixation with easily removable pins of large osteocartilaginous fragments resulting from osteochondritis dissecans. Excellent or good results were achieved in all but one patient. Preparation of the fragments to fit into their vascularized beds prior to internal fixation is advisable, and in some cases the bed should be partially filled with cancellous bone before the fragments are replaced. Immobilization is prescribed until the pins are removed three to six weeks after surgery. Weightbearing is delayed until there is roentgenographic evidence of beginning union of the fragment to the underlying bone.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee with loose fragments. Treatment by replacement and fixation with readily removed pins. We reviewed six patients with a five to fifteen-year follow-up and a seventh with shorter follow-up who underwent replacement and fixation with easily removable pins of large osteocartilaginous fragments resulting from osteochondritis dissecans. Excellent or good results were achieved in all but one patient. Preparation of the fragments to fit into their vascularized beds prior to internal fixation is advisable, and in some cases the bed should be partially filled with cancellous bone before the fragments are replaced. Immobilization is prescribed until the pins are removed three to six weeks after surgery. Weightbearing is delayed until there is roentgenographic evidence of beginning union of the fragment to the underlying bone.", "PMID": 641090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_603", "title": "Coccidioidal spondylitis.", "content": "A review of twelve cases in which disseminated coccidioidomycosis caused localized infection of the spine showed that eight of the twelve patients were alive and well with no evidence of active infection an average of eleven years after onset (range, two to thirty-five years). One patient who was followed for more than twenty-three years had a slowly developing neurological impairment in the lower extremities as a result of lumbosarcral destruction instability. One patient died early in the course of the disease from fulminating cervical spondylitis and quadriplegia. A second patient had a paraplegia from thoracic spondylitis. On patient had no evidence of active spondylitis five years after the onset of the disease, but then died of coccidioidal meningitis. All patients were treated with intravenous amphotericin at some time in the course of their illness, although its effect was not always dramatic. The three patients with neurological impairment did not undergo spine fusion, but most of the others had that operation. Surgical evacuation of abscesses and debridement of infected bone was also performed in many cases.", "contents": "Coccidioidal spondylitis. A review of twelve cases in which disseminated coccidioidomycosis caused localized infection of the spine showed that eight of the twelve patients were alive and well with no evidence of active infection an average of eleven years after onset (range, two to thirty-five years). One patient who was followed for more than twenty-three years had a slowly developing neurological impairment in the lower extremities as a result of lumbosarcral destruction instability. One patient died early in the course of the disease from fulminating cervical spondylitis and quadriplegia. A second patient had a paraplegia from thoracic spondylitis. On patient had no evidence of active spondylitis five years after the onset of the disease, but then died of coccidioidal meningitis. All patients were treated with intravenous amphotericin at some time in the course of their illness, although its effect was not always dramatic. The three patients with neurological impairment did not undergo spine fusion, but most of the others had that operation. Surgical evacuation of abscesses and debridement of infected bone was also performed in many cases.", "PMID": 641091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_604", "title": "Simultaneous and staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty.", "content": "Bilateral total knee arthroplasties were performed in twenty-six patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Twelve had simultaneous operations bilaterally and fourteen had separate, staged procedures. The improvement in the two groups of patients was statistically comparable to the relief of pain and the over-all restoration of function. There were no intraoperative complications. The postoperative morbidity was minimum and was not predominant in either group. Costs were greatly increased with the staged procedure.", "contents": "Simultaneous and staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Bilateral total knee arthroplasties were performed in twenty-six patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Twelve had simultaneous operations bilaterally and fourteen had separate, staged procedures. The improvement in the two groups of patients was statistically comparable to the relief of pain and the over-all restoration of function. There were no intraoperative complications. The postoperative morbidity was minimum and was not predominant in either group. Costs were greatly increased with the staged procedure.", "PMID": 641093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_605", "title": "Deyerle treatment for femoral neck fractures.", "content": "Thirty-eight displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck treated by the Deyerle method of internal fixation have been added to the previously reported series of sixty-three cases from the Walter Reed Army Medical Center Orthopaedic Service. A significant change in the incidence of non-union was found. In the over-all series of 101 patients, the incidence of non-union was 13.8 per cent and the incidence of segmental collapse due to avascular necrosis was 13.8 per cent. The roentgenographic and functional over-all end results were rated excellent in 67.7 per cent and poor in 32.3 per cent of the fractures. Some difficulties arising from the multiple-pin and plate technique and the associated morbidity are discussed. We now think that Deyerle method produces no better results than other methods of internal fixation of displaced intracapsular fractures.", "contents": "Deyerle treatment for femoral neck fractures. Thirty-eight displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck treated by the Deyerle method of internal fixation have been added to the previously reported series of sixty-three cases from the Walter Reed Army Medical Center Orthopaedic Service. A significant change in the incidence of non-union was found. In the over-all series of 101 patients, the incidence of non-union was 13.8 per cent and the incidence of segmental collapse due to avascular necrosis was 13.8 per cent. The roentgenographic and functional over-all end results were rated excellent in 67.7 per cent and poor in 32.3 per cent of the fractures. Some difficulties arising from the multiple-pin and plate technique and the associated morbidity are discussed. We now think that Deyerle method produces no better results than other methods of internal fixation of displaced intracapsular fractures.", "PMID": 641098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_606", "title": "Radiologic findings in acute childhood asthma.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-eight admissions of 142 children with acute asthma were reviewed and graded for clinical severity. Abnormalities including consolidation (21%), atelectasis (3%) and pneumomediastinum (2%) were found on chest radiographs, most commonly in patients with clinically moderate or severe acute asthma. Hyperinflation proved difficult to assess, but was present in only 67% of admissions using the criteria described. The frequency of complications detected justifies the use of chest radiographs in assessing children admitted to hospital for acute asthma.", "contents": "Radiologic findings in acute childhood asthma. One hundred and seventy-eight admissions of 142 children with acute asthma were reviewed and graded for clinical severity. Abnormalities including consolidation (21%), atelectasis (3%) and pneumomediastinum (2%) were found on chest radiographs, most commonly in patients with clinically moderate or severe acute asthma. Hyperinflation proved difficult to assess, but was present in only 67% of admissions using the criteria described. The frequency of complications detected justifies the use of chest radiographs in assessing children admitted to hospital for acute asthma.", "PMID": 641099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_607", "title": "Discogenic vertebral sclerosis.", "content": "Narrowing of a disc space, sclerosis of the adjacent vertebral bodies, and irregularity of the vertebral end plates constitute a roentgen complex classically associated with infectious spondylitis. However, narrowing of a disc space may be the result of a herniated nucleus pulposus, and in some individuals the reactive sclerosis is sufficiently intense to resemble infection. Roentgenographic recognition of discogenic vertebral sclerosis may obviate the need for further evaluation and biopsy. Forty-four cases of discogenic vertebral sclerosis, nine with surgical proof and four developing after disc surgery, are presented. Roentgen signs helping to distinguish it from infection include: (i) rounded sclerosis most frequently in the anterior vertebral body (100%), (ii) central lucency in the sclerosis (77%), (iii) associated degenerative changes at the intervertebral disc, e.g. vacuum phenomena (44%), (iv) absence of a para-spinal mass and (v) maintenance of vertebral body height.", "contents": "Discogenic vertebral sclerosis. Narrowing of a disc space, sclerosis of the adjacent vertebral bodies, and irregularity of the vertebral end plates constitute a roentgen complex classically associated with infectious spondylitis. However, narrowing of a disc space may be the result of a herniated nucleus pulposus, and in some individuals the reactive sclerosis is sufficiently intense to resemble infection. Roentgenographic recognition of discogenic vertebral sclerosis may obviate the need for further evaluation and biopsy. Forty-four cases of discogenic vertebral sclerosis, nine with surgical proof and four developing after disc surgery, are presented. Roentgen signs helping to distinguish it from infection include: (i) rounded sclerosis most frequently in the anterior vertebral body (100%), (ii) central lucency in the sclerosis (77%), (iii) associated degenerative changes at the intervertebral disc, e.g. vacuum phenomena (44%), (iv) absence of a para-spinal mass and (v) maintenance of vertebral body height.", "PMID": 641101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_608", "title": "Metoclopramide in gastrointestinal radiology.", "content": "Since the late 1960's, metoclopramide has been used in Europe for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. It is less well known in North America and its application in diagnostic radiology is unfamiliar to most radiologists. By comparing a control group of 103 patients with a study group of 86 patients, we found that intramuscular injection of metoclopramide is effective in reducing both gastric emptying time and small bowel transit time. Side effects were negligible in 125 patients. We also found the drug useful in gastric stasis, to differentiate between mechanical obstruction and motility disorders, in fluoroscopy of the terminal ileum, and in duodenal intubation.", "contents": "Metoclopramide in gastrointestinal radiology. Since the late 1960's, metoclopramide has been used in Europe for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. It is less well known in North America and its application in diagnostic radiology is unfamiliar to most radiologists. By comparing a control group of 103 patients with a study group of 86 patients, we found that intramuscular injection of metoclopramide is effective in reducing both gastric emptying time and small bowel transit time. Side effects were negligible in 125 patients. We also found the drug useful in gastric stasis, to differentiate between mechanical obstruction and motility disorders, in fluoroscopy of the terminal ileum, and in duodenal intubation.", "PMID": 641103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_609", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasound in a community hospital the first two years.", "content": "The implications of setting up a diagnostic ultrasound service in a community hospital are described and present no insuperable difficulties. The escalation in the utilization indicates growing awareness of the value and safety of the technique among community physicians, and from the present workload (2.4 examinations per 100 persons per year) it appears that the service is no less valid and valuable than in major medical centres.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasound in a community hospital the first two years. The implications of setting up a diagnostic ultrasound service in a community hospital are described and present no insuperable difficulties. The escalation in the utilization indicates growing awareness of the value and safety of the technique among community physicians, and from the present workload (2.4 examinations per 100 persons per year) it appears that the service is no less valid and valuable than in major medical centres.", "PMID": 641104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_610", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of extremity soft-tissue lesions with arthrographic correlation.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound is a fast and accurate method to detect extremity soft-tissue lesions, including popliteal (Baker) cysts, abscess, rupture of the suprapatellar bursa, peripheral artery aneurysms, and soft-tissue tumors.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of extremity soft-tissue lesions with arthrographic correlation. Diagnostic ultrasound is a fast and accurate method to detect extremity soft-tissue lesions, including popliteal (Baker) cysts, abscess, rupture of the suprapatellar bursa, peripheral artery aneurysms, and soft-tissue tumors.", "PMID": 641105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_611", "title": "How many views to a liver scan?", "content": "In a prospective study of 500 consecutive patients, the addition of oblique scans increased the accuracy of the colloid liver scans used to detect metastases. The oblique views changed the interpretation in 12 (2.4%) patients; objective evidence to support this change was obtained in 11 of the 12. The addition of at least a right anterior oblique scan should, on this evidence, form part of the radiocolloid evaluation of the liver for the presence of metastatic disease.", "contents": "How many views to a liver scan? In a prospective study of 500 consecutive patients, the addition of oblique scans increased the accuracy of the colloid liver scans used to detect metastases. The oblique views changed the interpretation in 12 (2.4%) patients; objective evidence to support this change was obtained in 11 of the 12. The addition of at least a right anterior oblique scan should, on this evidence, form part of the radiocolloid evaluation of the liver for the presence of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 641106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_612", "title": "Visualization of hepatic veins on excretory urography.", "content": "The hepatic veins were visualized on the early nephrogram film of an excretory urogram in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. A nuclear angiocardiogram showed pulsatile reflux of blood from the right atrium into the hepatic veins.", "contents": "Visualization of hepatic veins on excretory urography. The hepatic veins were visualized on the early nephrogram film of an excretory urogram in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. A nuclear angiocardiogram showed pulsatile reflux of blood from the right atrium into the hepatic veins.", "PMID": 641107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_613", "title": "Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Pulmonary hemorrhage is a rare and often fatal manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and enters the differential diagnosis of diffuse lung disease in patients with SLE. Pulmonary hemorrhage results from deposit of immune complexes in the alveolar basement membrane, which in turn damages capillary endothelium. Similar immune-complex deposition is present in the glomerular basement membrane of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary hemorrhage.", "contents": "Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pulmonary hemorrhage is a rare and often fatal manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and enters the differential diagnosis of diffuse lung disease in patients with SLE. Pulmonary hemorrhage results from deposit of immune complexes in the alveolar basement membrane, which in turn damages capillary endothelium. Similar immune-complex deposition is present in the glomerular basement membrane of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary hemorrhage.", "PMID": 641108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_614", "title": "Annual oration. Diagnostic clues in the growing ends of bone.", "content": "Abnormalities of the growth plate account for many of the radiologic manifestations in non-neoplastic pediatric bone disease. A good understanding of the physiology of this area is helpful in radiologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Annual oration. Diagnostic clues in the growing ends of bone. Abnormalities of the growth plate account for many of the radiologic manifestations in non-neoplastic pediatric bone disease. A good understanding of the physiology of this area is helpful in radiologic diagnosis.", "PMID": 641110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_615", "title": "In vitro and in vivo actions of zinc ion affecting cellular substances which influence host metabolic responses to inflammation.", "content": "Glycogen-stimulated rabbit peritoneal exudate cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN) produce prostaglandins (PG) and substances which induce alterations (mediators) in experimental animals characteristic of host metabolic responses to infection and other acute inflammatory stresses. The effect of Zn2+ on mediator production and PG synthesis was examined because: Zn homeostasis is perturbed during infection, Zn is known to regulate some cellular functions, and there appears to be an interrelationship between PG synthesis and mediator production. Using exudate cells, 2 mM Zn2+ caused complete inhibition of in vitro PG synthesis as assessed by conversion of [1-14C] arachidonic acid into PG. This concentration of Zn2+ also inhibited production of substances mediating plasma Zn depression, hepatic amino acid \"uptake\", fever, and neutrophil release from bone marrow. Conversely, Zn2+ did not inhibit in vivo metabolic responses to these mediators. Zn-pretreatment of rabbits or simultaneous injection of Zn2+ and crude PMN-derived pyrogenic activity resulted in prolongation of fever. It is suggested that this action of Zn2+ may be attributed to either stabilization of cyclic AMP through inhibition of phosphodiesterase or a Zn-mediator interaction which stabilizes crude endogenous pyrogen. The potential physiological significance of these results includes: possible potentiation of the host's defense mechanisms by Zn2+ and its utilization for prolongation of fever to determine its effect on potentially temperature-dependent host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo actions of zinc ion affecting cellular substances which influence host metabolic responses to inflammation. Glycogen-stimulated rabbit peritoneal exudate cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN) produce prostaglandins (PG) and substances which induce alterations (mediators) in experimental animals characteristic of host metabolic responses to infection and other acute inflammatory stresses. The effect of Zn2+ on mediator production and PG synthesis was examined because: Zn homeostasis is perturbed during infection, Zn is known to regulate some cellular functions, and there appears to be an interrelationship between PG synthesis and mediator production. Using exudate cells, 2 mM Zn2+ caused complete inhibition of in vitro PG synthesis as assessed by conversion of [1-14C] arachidonic acid into PG. This concentration of Zn2+ also inhibited production of substances mediating plasma Zn depression, hepatic amino acid \"uptake\", fever, and neutrophil release from bone marrow. Conversely, Zn2+ did not inhibit in vivo metabolic responses to these mediators. Zn-pretreatment of rabbits or simultaneous injection of Zn2+ and crude PMN-derived pyrogenic activity resulted in prolongation of fever. It is suggested that this action of Zn2+ may be attributed to either stabilization of cyclic AMP through inhibition of phosphodiesterase or a Zn-mediator interaction which stabilizes crude endogenous pyrogen. The potential physiological significance of these results includes: possible potentiation of the host's defense mechanisms by Zn2+ and its utilization for prolongation of fever to determine its effect on potentially temperature-dependent host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 641111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_616", "title": "Reciprocal regulation of glucose and glutamine utilization by cultured human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Human diploid fibroblasts utilize both glucose and glutamine as energy sources. The utilization of glutamine by fibroblasts is regulated by glucose, and vice versa. This conclusion is supported by the following observations: (1) essentially identical growth rates were observed in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM)3 in which the glucose concentration was either 5.5 mM or was maintained between 25 and 40 micrometer, (2) the total glutamine utilization by fibroblasts increase at least 30% in medium with 25 micrometer to 70 micrometer glucose compared to medium with 5.5 mM glucose, while the rate of glutamine-1 or 5-14C oxidation to CO2 increased 5-fold as the glucose concentration was decreased to zero, (3) 2 mM glutamine inhibited glucose-6-14C oxidation by 88% and stimulated glucose-1-14C by 77% in log phase cells and (4) glutamine oxidation in normal medium contributed approximately 30% of the energy requirement of human diploid fibroblasts.", "contents": "Reciprocal regulation of glucose and glutamine utilization by cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Human diploid fibroblasts utilize both glucose and glutamine as energy sources. The utilization of glutamine by fibroblasts is regulated by glucose, and vice versa. This conclusion is supported by the following observations: (1) essentially identical growth rates were observed in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM)3 in which the glucose concentration was either 5.5 mM or was maintained between 25 and 40 micrometer, (2) the total glutamine utilization by fibroblasts increase at least 30% in medium with 25 micrometer to 70 micrometer glucose compared to medium with 5.5 mM glucose, while the rate of glutamine-1 or 5-14C oxidation to CO2 increased 5-fold as the glucose concentration was decreased to zero, (3) 2 mM glutamine inhibited glucose-6-14C oxidation by 88% and stimulated glucose-1-14C by 77% in log phase cells and (4) glutamine oxidation in normal medium contributed approximately 30% of the energy requirement of human diploid fibroblasts.", "PMID": 641112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_617", "title": "Affinity chromatography of lactate dehydrogenase and wheat germ lectin on new gels bearing carboxylic functions.", "content": "The suitability of two new functionalized copolymer gels for use in affinity chromatography has been examined. Both gels were substituted by two ligands, one being specific for lactate dehydrogenase and the other for wheat germ lectin. The derivatives thus obtained were used successfully for the purification of two proteins with different biological activities.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of lactate dehydrogenase and wheat germ lectin on new gels bearing carboxylic functions. The suitability of two new functionalized copolymer gels for use in affinity chromatography has been examined. Both gels were substituted by two ligands, one being specific for lactate dehydrogenase and the other for wheat germ lectin. The derivatives thus obtained were used successfully for the purification of two proteins with different biological activities.", "PMID": 641113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_618", "title": "Determination of 1,2-benzisoxazole-3-acetamidoxime hydrochloride (PE-257) in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been developed that permits the accurate and specific determination of a new psychotropic agent, PF-257, in plasma. PF-257 is extracted with ethyl acetate from alkaline plasma and, after a clean-up procedure, derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride to form 3-[(5-n-heptafluoropropyl-1,2, 4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl]-1,2-benzisoxazole (HOMB). The HOMB is assayed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron-capture detector. Accurate determinations of PF-257 are possible in the concentration range from 1-40 ng/ml with a relative standard deviation of 6.8%. The minimum detectable concentration in plasma is 0.1 ng/ml. Plasma levels of PF-257 in rats receiving intravenous or oral dosing (10 mg/kg) were determined.", "contents": "Determination of 1,2-benzisoxazole-3-acetamidoxime hydrochloride (PE-257) in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method has been developed that permits the accurate and specific determination of a new psychotropic agent, PF-257, in plasma. PF-257 is extracted with ethyl acetate from alkaline plasma and, after a clean-up procedure, derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride to form 3-[(5-n-heptafluoropropyl-1,2, 4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl]-1,2-benzisoxazole (HOMB). The HOMB is assayed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron-capture detector. Accurate determinations of PF-257 are possible in the concentration range from 1-40 ng/ml with a relative standard deviation of 6.8%. The minimum detectable concentration in plasma is 0.1 ng/ml. Plasma levels of PF-257 in rats receiving intravenous or oral dosing (10 mg/kg) were determined.", "PMID": 641114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_619", "title": "[Gas chromatographic determination of diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) in serum of laboratory rodents (author's transl)].", "content": "After chloroform extraction in an alkaline solution, diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is measured in the presence of dipropylacetamid (internal standard), treated in the same manner, by a gas chromatographic procedure using a nitrogen detector in a 10% BDS column. Results can be easily reproduced for analysis of DEC in sera up to levels of 10 mg/1 and sensibility allows determination of approximately 0.5 mg/l levels on 50-microliter samples of serum. This method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic determination of diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) in serum of laboratory rodents (author's transl)]. After chloroform extraction in an alkaline solution, diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is measured in the presence of dipropylacetamid (internal standard), treated in the same manner, by a gas chromatographic procedure using a nitrogen detector in a 10% BDS column. Results can be easily reproduced for analysis of DEC in sera up to levels of 10 mg/1 and sensibility allows determination of approximately 0.5 mg/l levels on 50-microliter samples of serum. This method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 641115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_620", "title": "Separation and determination of lipids by one-dimensional micro-thin-layer chromatography followed by densitometry.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid analysis of a mixture of phospholipids and neutral lipids, which was used for the analysis of extracts obtained from a nuclear fraction isolated from rat liver. The lipids are separated by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on microchromatoplates (48 X 24 mm), using three solvents for development. After spraying the plates with phosphoric acid and heating, the amount of carbon from the charred compounds is measured densitometrically. Only 2-10 microgram of lipid mixture are needed for the determination of the relative amounts of the separated compounds.", "contents": "Separation and determination of lipids by one-dimensional micro-thin-layer chromatography followed by densitometry. A method is described for the rapid analysis of a mixture of phospholipids and neutral lipids, which was used for the analysis of extracts obtained from a nuclear fraction isolated from rat liver. The lipids are separated by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on microchromatoplates (48 X 24 mm), using three solvents for development. After spraying the plates with phosphoric acid and heating, the amount of carbon from the charred compounds is measured densitometrically. Only 2-10 microgram of lipid mixture are needed for the determination of the relative amounts of the separated compounds.", "PMID": 641116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_621", "title": "Analysis of LSD in human body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A scheme of analysis is described in which the particular advantages of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorescence spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay (RIA) are exploited to the greatest effect. RIA affords a rapid and sensitive preliminary screening method, while the subsequent HPLC analysis using fluorimetric detection yields quantitative chromatographic evidence together with characteristic fluorescence spectra. Fractionation of samples by HPLC followed by RIA of the fractions gives further confirmation of the presence of LSD and its metabolites. The combined methodology has been applied to the analysis of LSD in body fluids for forensic and clinical purposes. Levels down to 0.5 ng of LSD per ml can be detected using the minimum of sample.", "contents": "Analysis of LSD in human body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay. A scheme of analysis is described in which the particular advantages of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorescence spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay (RIA) are exploited to the greatest effect. RIA affords a rapid and sensitive preliminary screening method, while the subsequent HPLC analysis using fluorimetric detection yields quantitative chromatographic evidence together with characteristic fluorescence spectra. Fractionation of samples by HPLC followed by RIA of the fractions gives further confirmation of the presence of LSD and its metabolites. The combined methodology has been applied to the analysis of LSD in body fluids for forensic and clinical purposes. Levels down to 0.5 ng of LSD per ml can be detected using the minimum of sample.", "PMID": 641124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_622", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is presented for the rapid analysis of gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin from human serum. This procedure may have application to all aminoglycoside drugs. The three isomers of gentamicin are resolved as two bands, while tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin appear in this system as single bands. Normal serum constituents do not interfere with chromatograms. Thus far, no assay interference has been found in cases where other drugs and antibiotics were administered concurrently with aminoglycoside therapy. Dose-response data demonstrating linear recovery are included for all four aminoglycosides as well as a comparison of the GLC method with the microbiological method for the assay of gentamicin and amikacin. Quantitation is based upon the relative response of the antibiotics to a fixed amount of the internal standards, either kanamycin A or paromomycin B. These standards are clearly resolved as symmetrical peaks from the antibiotics of assay interest. Isothermal chromatographic analysis time is less than 8 min, while total assay time per single serum specimen is approximately 50 min. Preparation of serum includes: precipitation, evaporative drying of the supernatant, a two-stage derivatization (N-trimethylsilylimidazole, N-heptafluorobutyrylimidazole), and a single hexane extraction with a water wash. The methodology described may be applied to the analysis of other compounds (e.g., saccharides, amino-saccharides, amino acids, etc.) which do not rapidly partition into an organic phase.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is presented for the rapid analysis of gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin from human serum. This procedure may have application to all aminoglycoside drugs. The three isomers of gentamicin are resolved as two bands, while tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin appear in this system as single bands. Normal serum constituents do not interfere with chromatograms. Thus far, no assay interference has been found in cases where other drugs and antibiotics were administered concurrently with aminoglycoside therapy. Dose-response data demonstrating linear recovery are included for all four aminoglycosides as well as a comparison of the GLC method with the microbiological method for the assay of gentamicin and amikacin. Quantitation is based upon the relative response of the antibiotics to a fixed amount of the internal standards, either kanamycin A or paromomycin B. These standards are clearly resolved as symmetrical peaks from the antibiotics of assay interest. Isothermal chromatographic analysis time is less than 8 min, while total assay time per single serum specimen is approximately 50 min. Preparation of serum includes: precipitation, evaporative drying of the supernatant, a two-stage derivatization (N-trimethylsilylimidazole, N-heptafluorobutyrylimidazole), and a single hexane extraction with a water wash. The methodology described may be applied to the analysis of other compounds (e.g., saccharides, amino-saccharides, amino acids, etc.) which do not rapidly partition into an organic phase.", "PMID": 641129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_623", "title": "Detection and determination of N-nitrosamino acids by thin-layer chromatography using fluorescamine.", "content": "A novel procedure is described for the detection and determination of N-nitrosamino acids (NAAs) on activated silica gel thin-layer chromatographic plates. N-Nitrososarcosine, N-nitrosoproline, and N-nitroso-4-hydroxyproline could be detected as fluorophors at the 200-pmole level (20-30 ng) after being irradiated with ultraviolet light and sprayed with fluorescamine reagent. Spectrophotometric determination of the relative fluorescence of 0.4-40 nmoles of NAAs gave rise to similar calibration curves when plotted on a log-log scale. An application of this method to the detection of NAAs in uncooked bacon is described.", "contents": "Detection and determination of N-nitrosamino acids by thin-layer chromatography using fluorescamine. A novel procedure is described for the detection and determination of N-nitrosamino acids (NAAs) on activated silica gel thin-layer chromatographic plates. N-Nitrososarcosine, N-nitrosoproline, and N-nitroso-4-hydroxyproline could be detected as fluorophors at the 200-pmole level (20-30 ng) after being irradiated with ultraviolet light and sprayed with fluorescamine reagent. Spectrophotometric determination of the relative fluorescence of 0.4-40 nmoles of NAAs gave rise to similar calibration curves when plotted on a log-log scale. An application of this method to the detection of NAAs in uncooked bacon is described.", "PMID": 641130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_624", "title": "A high performance liquid chromatographic system for the analysis of tetracycline drug standards, analogs, degradation products and other impurities.", "content": "This paper describes the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of eight parent tetracycline standards: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, rolitetracycline, oxitetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, democlocycline, methacycline; and three tetracycline epimers: epitetracycline, epianhydrotetracycline, and anhydrotetracycline. The HPLC system employs an octadecylsilane reverse phase column and an isopropanol-diethanolamine-phosphate-ammonium EDTA-water mobile phase. This system produced at least partial resolution of all eight parent compounds and many of their degradation products.", "contents": "A high performance liquid chromatographic system for the analysis of tetracycline drug standards, analogs, degradation products and other impurities. This paper describes the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of eight parent tetracycline standards: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, rolitetracycline, oxitetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, democlocycline, methacycline; and three tetracycline epimers: epitetracycline, epianhydrotetracycline, and anhydrotetracycline. The HPLC system employs an octadecylsilane reverse phase column and an isopropanol-diethanolamine-phosphate-ammonium EDTA-water mobile phase. This system produced at least partial resolution of all eight parent compounds and many of their degradation products.", "PMID": 641134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_625", "title": "Long-term preservation of ischemic myocardium after experimental coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "The results of experiments with indirect methods have suggested that various interventions reduce infarct size after coronary artery occlusion. To determine and quantify directly both the short- and long-term effects of several interventions on myocardial salvage without relying on indirect methods, the left coronary artery was occluded in 880 rats; they were then given either no treatment or one of the following interventions: (a) hyaluronidase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes interstitial glycoproteins, 1,500 National Formulary (NF) U/kg i.v. 5 min and 24 h after occlusion; (b) cobra venom factor, a protein that depletes the third component of complement, 20 U/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion; (c) a glucocorticoid: hydrocortisone, 50 mg/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion; or the five-fold more potent methylprednisolone (MP): (i) 50 mg/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion or (ii) 50 mg/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion followed by 50 mg/kg i.m. 3, 6, and 24 h after occlusion; or (d) reserpine, an agent that depletes the heart of catecholamines, 0.5 mg/kg i.m. once on each of the 3 days before occlusion. The animals were sacrificed either 2 days after occlusion, i.e., at the time of peak necrosis, or after 3 wk, i.e., after the infarct was completely healed. The amount of preserved myocardium was then assessed by two independent techniques: planimetric measurement of serial histologic sections and creatine kinase activity of the whole left ventricle. The amount of normal myocardium preserved at 21 days postocclusion was significantly increased, by 22.3+/-7.8% (P < 0.025) after the administration of hyaluronidase, by 25.3+/-5.8% (P < 0.005) after cobra venom factor, by 14.5+/-6.9% (P < 0.05) after hydrocortisone, by 20.8+/-8.2% (P < 0.025) after the single dose of MP, by 20.9+/-3.9% (P < 0.001) after the four doses of MP, and by 10.2+/-3.7% (P < 0.05) as a result of pretreatment with reserpine. The four doses of MP significantly thinned the infarct-by 25.6+/-2.9% (P < 0.001)-and although ventricular rupture did not occur, the intervention caused distension of the left ventricle as a result of stretching of the infarcted tissue during scar formation. Thus, myocardium acutely jeopardized by ischemia can be preserved on a long-term basis.", "contents": "Long-term preservation of ischemic myocardium after experimental coronary artery occlusion. The results of experiments with indirect methods have suggested that various interventions reduce infarct size after coronary artery occlusion. To determine and quantify directly both the short- and long-term effects of several interventions on myocardial salvage without relying on indirect methods, the left coronary artery was occluded in 880 rats; they were then given either no treatment or one of the following interventions: (a) hyaluronidase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes interstitial glycoproteins, 1,500 National Formulary (NF) U/kg i.v. 5 min and 24 h after occlusion; (b) cobra venom factor, a protein that depletes the third component of complement, 20 U/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion; (c) a glucocorticoid: hydrocortisone, 50 mg/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion; or the five-fold more potent methylprednisolone (MP): (i) 50 mg/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion or (ii) 50 mg/kg i.v. 5 min after occlusion followed by 50 mg/kg i.m. 3, 6, and 24 h after occlusion; or (d) reserpine, an agent that depletes the heart of catecholamines, 0.5 mg/kg i.m. once on each of the 3 days before occlusion. The animals were sacrificed either 2 days after occlusion, i.e., at the time of peak necrosis, or after 3 wk, i.e., after the infarct was completely healed. The amount of preserved myocardium was then assessed by two independent techniques: planimetric measurement of serial histologic sections and creatine kinase activity of the whole left ventricle. The amount of normal myocardium preserved at 21 days postocclusion was significantly increased, by 22.3+/-7.8% (P < 0.025) after the administration of hyaluronidase, by 25.3+/-5.8% (P < 0.005) after cobra venom factor, by 14.5+/-6.9% (P < 0.05) after hydrocortisone, by 20.8+/-8.2% (P < 0.025) after the single dose of MP, by 20.9+/-3.9% (P < 0.001) after the four doses of MP, and by 10.2+/-3.7% (P < 0.05) as a result of pretreatment with reserpine. The four doses of MP significantly thinned the infarct-by 25.6+/-2.9% (P < 0.001)-and although ventricular rupture did not occur, the intervention caused distension of the left ventricle as a result of stretching of the infarcted tissue during scar formation. Thus, myocardium acutely jeopardized by ischemia can be preserved on a long-term basis.", "PMID": 641137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_626", "title": "Effect of phosphate depletion on magnesium homeostasis in rats.", "content": "The effects of phosphate depletion on magnesium (Mg) homeostasis were evaluated in rats fed a diet containing 0.03% phosphorus for periods up to 8 wk. Plasma phosphorus fell significantly (P < 0.01) from 10.1+/-0.27 (SE) to 5.0+/-0.54 mg/100 ml within 1 day and continued to fall gradually to a level of 1.2+/-0.21 mg/100 ml by the end of the 8th wk. A significant (P < 0.01) increment in urinary Mg excretion (UMgV) from 46+/-2.7 to 126+/-24 mueq/24 h occurred during the 1st day of phosphate depletion; UMgV reached a peak of 300+/-24 mueq/24 h by the 3rd day and remained high ranging between 150-300 mueq/24 h, thereafter. The magnitude of the magnesuria was related to the degree of hypophosphatemia and was not affected by lowering the calcium intake and reducing the hypercalciuria. The concentration of plasma Mg fell significantly (P < 0.01) from 1.2+/-0.02 to 0.79+/-0.10 meq/liter by the 1st day of the study and remained low throughout.Mg balance became negative during the 1st day of phosphate depletion and remained so during the entire study. This occurred despite a significant increment in the fraction of ingested Mg absorbed which became evident by the 3rd wk of phosphate depletion. Mg content of muscle, kidney, and liver were not affected but bone Mg was reduced significantly. The change in bone Mg was not due to an overall reduction in bone mineral content because bone calcium content was not affected. Supplementation of large amounts of Mg (800-1,000 mueq/day) in the drinking water produced a normalization of serum Mg but did not bring about restoration of bone Mg despite a positive Mg balance. The disturbances in Mg metabolism were independent of the age or weight of the animals. Our results indicate that phosphate depletion is associated with (a) magnesuria due to a decrease in the net renal tubular reabsorption of Mg with the main source of the urinary losses being bone Mg; (b) hypomagnesemia secondary to the renal leak of Mg; (c) negative Mg balance; and (d) increase in the intestinal fractional absorption of Mg. The latter was not adequate to compensate for the urinary losses of Mg.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate depletion on magnesium homeostasis in rats. The effects of phosphate depletion on magnesium (Mg) homeostasis were evaluated in rats fed a diet containing 0.03% phosphorus for periods up to 8 wk. Plasma phosphorus fell significantly (P < 0.01) from 10.1+/-0.27 (SE) to 5.0+/-0.54 mg/100 ml within 1 day and continued to fall gradually to a level of 1.2+/-0.21 mg/100 ml by the end of the 8th wk. A significant (P < 0.01) increment in urinary Mg excretion (UMgV) from 46+/-2.7 to 126+/-24 mueq/24 h occurred during the 1st day of phosphate depletion; UMgV reached a peak of 300+/-24 mueq/24 h by the 3rd day and remained high ranging between 150-300 mueq/24 h, thereafter. The magnitude of the magnesuria was related to the degree of hypophosphatemia and was not affected by lowering the calcium intake and reducing the hypercalciuria. The concentration of plasma Mg fell significantly (P < 0.01) from 1.2+/-0.02 to 0.79+/-0.10 meq/liter by the 1st day of the study and remained low throughout.Mg balance became negative during the 1st day of phosphate depletion and remained so during the entire study. This occurred despite a significant increment in the fraction of ingested Mg absorbed which became evident by the 3rd wk of phosphate depletion. Mg content of muscle, kidney, and liver were not affected but bone Mg was reduced significantly. The change in bone Mg was not due to an overall reduction in bone mineral content because bone calcium content was not affected. Supplementation of large amounts of Mg (800-1,000 mueq/day) in the drinking water produced a normalization of serum Mg but did not bring about restoration of bone Mg despite a positive Mg balance. The disturbances in Mg metabolism were independent of the age or weight of the animals. Our results indicate that phosphate depletion is associated with (a) magnesuria due to a decrease in the net renal tubular reabsorption of Mg with the main source of the urinary losses being bone Mg; (b) hypomagnesemia secondary to the renal leak of Mg; (c) negative Mg balance; and (d) increase in the intestinal fractional absorption of Mg. The latter was not adequate to compensate for the urinary losses of Mg.", "PMID": 641138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_627", "title": "Role of hemodynamic changes in the increased cation excretion after acute unilateral nephrectomy in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Studies were carried out in anesthetized dogs to characterize the increase in cation excretion which occurs after acute unilateral nephrectomy (AUN). 60 min after AUN, cation excretion had increased from 31.5+/-2.7 to 66.3+/-12.0 mueq/min (P < 0.005) and fractional cation excretion had increased from 0.56+/-0.05 to 1.03+/-0.14% (P < 0.005), as the glomerular filtration rate was unchanged and renal blood flow fell. The increased cation excretion was accompanied by an increase in fractional phosphate excretion, no change in chloride excretion, and a fall in renin secretion. These alterations in renal function were associated with marked changes in systemic hemodynamics: cardiac output fell from 2.52+/-0.24 to 1.85+/-0.16 liters/min (P < 0.001), as diastolic pressure rose without an overall increase in mean arterial pressure, and heart rate fell. To assess the importance of these hemodynamic changes in the renal response, AUN in a separate group of dogs was accompanied by the simultaneous opening of a surgically created femoral artery-to-vein fistula at flow matching the blood flow to the removed kidney. When this was done, no alterations in systemic or renal hemodynamics were observed, and cation excretion did not differ from control. Subsequent closure of the fistula then caused a fall in cardiac output from 2.15+/-0.25 to 1.77+/-0.20 liters/min (P < 0.05), and an increase in cation excretion from 34.6+/-9.5 to 52.3+/-13.7 mueq/min (P < 0.01), thus mimicking the findings with AUN alone.These results demonstrate that AUN causes hemodynamic changes resembling those seen on closure of a chronic arteriovenous fistula. Prevention of these hemodynamic changes after AUN also prevents the functional adjustment of the remaining kidney, suggesting that they may be important in initiating the renal response. The increased electrolyte excretion after AUN may occur through mechanisms similar to that seen on closure of an arteriovenous fistula.", "contents": "Role of hemodynamic changes in the increased cation excretion after acute unilateral nephrectomy in the anesthetized dog. Studies were carried out in anesthetized dogs to characterize the increase in cation excretion which occurs after acute unilateral nephrectomy (AUN). 60 min after AUN, cation excretion had increased from 31.5+/-2.7 to 66.3+/-12.0 mueq/min (P < 0.005) and fractional cation excretion had increased from 0.56+/-0.05 to 1.03+/-0.14% (P < 0.005), as the glomerular filtration rate was unchanged and renal blood flow fell. The increased cation excretion was accompanied by an increase in fractional phosphate excretion, no change in chloride excretion, and a fall in renin secretion. These alterations in renal function were associated with marked changes in systemic hemodynamics: cardiac output fell from 2.52+/-0.24 to 1.85+/-0.16 liters/min (P < 0.001), as diastolic pressure rose without an overall increase in mean arterial pressure, and heart rate fell. To assess the importance of these hemodynamic changes in the renal response, AUN in a separate group of dogs was accompanied by the simultaneous opening of a surgically created femoral artery-to-vein fistula at flow matching the blood flow to the removed kidney. When this was done, no alterations in systemic or renal hemodynamics were observed, and cation excretion did not differ from control. Subsequent closure of the fistula then caused a fall in cardiac output from 2.15+/-0.25 to 1.77+/-0.20 liters/min (P < 0.05), and an increase in cation excretion from 34.6+/-9.5 to 52.3+/-13.7 mueq/min (P < 0.01), thus mimicking the findings with AUN alone.These results demonstrate that AUN causes hemodynamic changes resembling those seen on closure of a chronic arteriovenous fistula. Prevention of these hemodynamic changes after AUN also prevents the functional adjustment of the remaining kidney, suggesting that they may be important in initiating the renal response. The increased electrolyte excretion after AUN may occur through mechanisms similar to that seen on closure of an arteriovenous fistula.", "PMID": 641140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_628", "title": "Increased fluidity of human platelet membranes during complement-mediated immune platelet injury.", "content": "Complement appears to be involved in the destruction of platelets in certain clinical disorders, such as quinidine purpura and post-transfusion purpura. In both disorders, the classical complement sequence is activated by antigen-antibody complexes. It has been suggested that the terminal components of the complement sequence insert into the hydrophobic core of cell surface membranes and that this process leads to cell lysis. Fluidity is a fundamental property of lipids within the membrane's hydrophobic core. To examine the interaction of complement with membranes, we investigated the effect of complement activation on the fluidity of human platelet membranes. Complement was fixed to platelets using a post-transfusion purpura antibody, and membrane lipid fluidity was assessed in terms of fluorescence anisotropy using two fluorescent probes, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 9-(12-anthroyl) stearic acid. Microviscosity, expressed in poise, was derived from the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene.Post-transfusion purpura antibody plus complement made platelet membranes more fluid as evidenced by a 21% decrease in anisotropy and a 35% decrease in microviscosity of platelets at 37 degrees C, and this was associated with platelet lysis ((51)Cr release). Complement damage to platelets was accompanied by a 10-15% increase in DeltaE, the fusion activation energy for microviscosity, indicating that complement not only decreased membrane microviscosity but also made membrane lipids less ordered. These changes were consistent and rapid, with platelet lysis and the reduction in microviscosity being half-maximal by 6 min. They were prevented by inactivation of complement with heat or with EDTA, and they were not observed when C5-deficient plasma was used as the complement source. Qualitatively similar changes in platelet membrane fluidity were observed when complement was fixed to platelets by a quinidine-dependent anti-platelet antibody rather than by post-transfusion purpura antibody. Post-transfusion purpura antibody plus complement also decreased the microviscosity of isolated platelet membranes. Moreover, the lipids extracted from platelets lysed by complement had a 22% decrease in microviscosity (P < 0.01), with no associated changes in the amount of cholesterol relative to phospholipid or in the amounts of the various phospholipids. These studies demonstrate that lipids within the hydrophobic core of platelet membranes damaged by complement become more fluid, and this is associated with platelet lysis. These findings are consistent with the concept that the insertion of the terminal complement components into the platelet membrane bilayer perturbs lipid-lipid interactions within the membrane's hydrophobic core.", "contents": "Increased fluidity of human platelet membranes during complement-mediated immune platelet injury. Complement appears to be involved in the destruction of platelets in certain clinical disorders, such as quinidine purpura and post-transfusion purpura. In both disorders, the classical complement sequence is activated by antigen-antibody complexes. It has been suggested that the terminal components of the complement sequence insert into the hydrophobic core of cell surface membranes and that this process leads to cell lysis. Fluidity is a fundamental property of lipids within the membrane's hydrophobic core. To examine the interaction of complement with membranes, we investigated the effect of complement activation on the fluidity of human platelet membranes. Complement was fixed to platelets using a post-transfusion purpura antibody, and membrane lipid fluidity was assessed in terms of fluorescence anisotropy using two fluorescent probes, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 9-(12-anthroyl) stearic acid. Microviscosity, expressed in poise, was derived from the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene.Post-transfusion purpura antibody plus complement made platelet membranes more fluid as evidenced by a 21% decrease in anisotropy and a 35% decrease in microviscosity of platelets at 37 degrees C, and this was associated with platelet lysis ((51)Cr release). Complement damage to platelets was accompanied by a 10-15% increase in DeltaE, the fusion activation energy for microviscosity, indicating that complement not only decreased membrane microviscosity but also made membrane lipids less ordered. These changes were consistent and rapid, with platelet lysis and the reduction in microviscosity being half-maximal by 6 min. They were prevented by inactivation of complement with heat or with EDTA, and they were not observed when C5-deficient plasma was used as the complement source. Qualitatively similar changes in platelet membrane fluidity were observed when complement was fixed to platelets by a quinidine-dependent anti-platelet antibody rather than by post-transfusion purpura antibody. Post-transfusion purpura antibody plus complement also decreased the microviscosity of isolated platelet membranes. Moreover, the lipids extracted from platelets lysed by complement had a 22% decrease in microviscosity (P < 0.01), with no associated changes in the amount of cholesterol relative to phospholipid or in the amounts of the various phospholipids. These studies demonstrate that lipids within the hydrophobic core of platelet membranes damaged by complement become more fluid, and this is associated with platelet lysis. These findings are consistent with the concept that the insertion of the terminal complement components into the platelet membrane bilayer perturbs lipid-lipid interactions within the membrane's hydrophobic core.", "PMID": 641139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_629", "title": "The key role of peptidoglycan in the opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "In an effort to determine the staphylococcal cell surface component(s) of importance in opsonization, cell walls (peptidoglycan and teichoic acid) and peptidoglycan were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strain H grown in [3H]glycine-containing broth. After incubation of the cell walls and peptidoglycan with various opsonic sources, uptake by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was measured. The opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of cell walls and peptidoglycan were found to be similar to those of intact bacteria. Removal of teichoic acid from the cell wall did not affect opsonization. Likewise, a teichoic acid-deficient mutant strain of S. aureus H was opsonized in a manner similar to that of the parent strain. Immunoglobulin G functioned as the major heat-stable opsonic factor and both the classical and alternative pathways participated in opsonization. Kinetic studies revealed that opsonization of peptidoglycan, as well as C3-C9 consumption by peptidoglycan, proceeded at a slower rate via the alternative pathway (C2-deficient serum) than when the classical pathway was present (normal serum). The ability of peptidoglycan to activate C3-C9 was significantly reduced when normal and C2-deficient sera were preabsorbed with peptidoglycan at 2 degrees C suggesting that antibodies to peptidoglycan may be involved in activation of both the classical and alternative complement pathways. Thus, peptidoglycan appears to be the key cell wall component involved in staphylococcal opsonization, and it is suggested that host response to peptidoglycan, a major cell wall component of most gram-positive bacteria, may be related to the development of \"natural immunity\" to this group of microorganisms.", "contents": "The key role of peptidoglycan in the opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus. In an effort to determine the staphylococcal cell surface component(s) of importance in opsonization, cell walls (peptidoglycan and teichoic acid) and peptidoglycan were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strain H grown in [3H]glycine-containing broth. After incubation of the cell walls and peptidoglycan with various opsonic sources, uptake by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was measured. The opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of cell walls and peptidoglycan were found to be similar to those of intact bacteria. Removal of teichoic acid from the cell wall did not affect opsonization. Likewise, a teichoic acid-deficient mutant strain of S. aureus H was opsonized in a manner similar to that of the parent strain. Immunoglobulin G functioned as the major heat-stable opsonic factor and both the classical and alternative pathways participated in opsonization. Kinetic studies revealed that opsonization of peptidoglycan, as well as C3-C9 consumption by peptidoglycan, proceeded at a slower rate via the alternative pathway (C2-deficient serum) than when the classical pathway was present (normal serum). The ability of peptidoglycan to activate C3-C9 was significantly reduced when normal and C2-deficient sera were preabsorbed with peptidoglycan at 2 degrees C suggesting that antibodies to peptidoglycan may be involved in activation of both the classical and alternative complement pathways. Thus, peptidoglycan appears to be the key cell wall component involved in staphylococcal opsonization, and it is suggested that host response to peptidoglycan, a major cell wall component of most gram-positive bacteria, may be related to the development of \"natural immunity\" to this group of microorganisms.", "PMID": 641141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_630", "title": "The effect of altered sodium balance upon renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the dog. Mechanism of variation in angiotensin responses.", "content": "The mechanism whereby the vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II (AII) is influenced by sodium balance or disease is unclear. To explore this question, the renal vascular responses (RVR) to intrarenal injections of subpressor doses of AII and norepinephrine were studied in dogs with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Acute and chronic sodium depletion increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and blunted the RVR to AII, while acute sodium repletion and chronic sodium excess plus desoxycorticosterone acetate decreased PRA and enhanced the RVR to AII. The magnitude of the RVR to AII was inversely related to PRA. The RVR to norepinephrine was unaffected by sodium balance and was not related to PRA. Inhibition of the conversion of angiotensin I to AII by SQ 20,881 during sodium depletion lowered mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), increased renal blood flow (RBF), and enhanced the RVR to AII but not to norepinephrine. Administration of bradykinin to chronically sodium-depleted dogs also lowered the MABP and increased RBF but had no effect on the RVR to AII. SQ 20,881 had no effect on MABP, RBF, or the RVR to AII in the dogs with chronic sodium excess and desoxycorticosterone acetate. Administration of indomethacin to chronically sodium-depleted dogs lowered RBF but did not influence the RVR to AII. The results indicate that the RVR to AII is selectively influenced by sodium balance and that the magnitude of the response is inversely related to the availability of endogenous AII. The data did not suggest that the variations in the RVR to AII were because of direct effects of sodium on vascular contraction, changes in the number of vascular AII receptors, or the renal prostaglandins. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the vasoconstrictor effect of AII in the renal vasculature is primarily dependent upon the degree to which the AII vascular receptors are occupied by endogenous hormone.", "contents": "The effect of altered sodium balance upon renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the dog. Mechanism of variation in angiotensin responses. The mechanism whereby the vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II (AII) is influenced by sodium balance or disease is unclear. To explore this question, the renal vascular responses (RVR) to intrarenal injections of subpressor doses of AII and norepinephrine were studied in dogs with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Acute and chronic sodium depletion increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and blunted the RVR to AII, while acute sodium repletion and chronic sodium excess plus desoxycorticosterone acetate decreased PRA and enhanced the RVR to AII. The magnitude of the RVR to AII was inversely related to PRA. The RVR to norepinephrine was unaffected by sodium balance and was not related to PRA. Inhibition of the conversion of angiotensin I to AII by SQ 20,881 during sodium depletion lowered mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), increased renal blood flow (RBF), and enhanced the RVR to AII but not to norepinephrine. Administration of bradykinin to chronically sodium-depleted dogs also lowered the MABP and increased RBF but had no effect on the RVR to AII. SQ 20,881 had no effect on MABP, RBF, or the RVR to AII in the dogs with chronic sodium excess and desoxycorticosterone acetate. Administration of indomethacin to chronically sodium-depleted dogs lowered RBF but did not influence the RVR to AII. The results indicate that the RVR to AII is selectively influenced by sodium balance and that the magnitude of the response is inversely related to the availability of endogenous AII. The data did not suggest that the variations in the RVR to AII were because of direct effects of sodium on vascular contraction, changes in the number of vascular AII receptors, or the renal prostaglandins. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the vasoconstrictor effect of AII in the renal vasculature is primarily dependent upon the degree to which the AII vascular receptors are occupied by endogenous hormone.", "PMID": 641142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_631", "title": "Alcohol-induced ovarian failure in the rat.", "content": "The effect of ethanol feeding on ovarian function and structure in female rats was studied in alcohol-fed animals, isocalorically fed controls, and two ad libitum-fed control groups. Ovarian weight was reduced by 60% in alcohol-fed animals compared with the control groups. Gross disruption of ovarian architecture was noted, characterized by the absence of any corpus hemorrhagicum and corpus albicans. Moreover, plasma levels of estradiol were significantly reduced in the alcohol-fed animals (P < 0.01) compared with the levels found in isocaloric controls. Plasma levels of estrone and corticosterone were increased in alcoholfed and isocaloric control animals relative to those of ad libitum-fed animals suggesting a primarily adrenal, rather than ovarian, origin for these two steroids. Despite the increase in estrone, the secondary sex organs (uterus and fallopian tubes) reflected marked estrogen deprivation presumably as a result of estradiol insufficiency. Progesterone levels in the alcohol-fed animals were significantly less than levels in the isocaloric and intact ad libitum-fed controls but were not significantly different compared to oophorectomized animals. Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels were similar in alcohol-fed, isocaloric controls, and ad libitum-intact controls. They were, however, one-third the level of oophorectomized controls. Both alcohol-fed and isocaloric controls had increased levels of plasma luteinizing hormone, although levels were below those seen in oophorectomized controls (P < 0.01). The results establish that ingestion of a diet containing 5% ethanol for periods as short as 6 wk produces functional and histologic ovarian failure in the female rat.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced ovarian failure in the rat. The effect of ethanol feeding on ovarian function and structure in female rats was studied in alcohol-fed animals, isocalorically fed controls, and two ad libitum-fed control groups. Ovarian weight was reduced by 60% in alcohol-fed animals compared with the control groups. Gross disruption of ovarian architecture was noted, characterized by the absence of any corpus hemorrhagicum and corpus albicans. Moreover, plasma levels of estradiol were significantly reduced in the alcohol-fed animals (P < 0.01) compared with the levels found in isocaloric controls. Plasma levels of estrone and corticosterone were increased in alcoholfed and isocaloric control animals relative to those of ad libitum-fed animals suggesting a primarily adrenal, rather than ovarian, origin for these two steroids. Despite the increase in estrone, the secondary sex organs (uterus and fallopian tubes) reflected marked estrogen deprivation presumably as a result of estradiol insufficiency. Progesterone levels in the alcohol-fed animals were significantly less than levels in the isocaloric and intact ad libitum-fed controls but were not significantly different compared to oophorectomized animals. Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels were similar in alcohol-fed, isocaloric controls, and ad libitum-intact controls. They were, however, one-third the level of oophorectomized controls. Both alcohol-fed and isocaloric controls had increased levels of plasma luteinizing hormone, although levels were below those seen in oophorectomized controls (P < 0.01). The results establish that ingestion of a diet containing 5% ethanol for periods as short as 6 wk produces functional and histologic ovarian failure in the female rat.", "PMID": 641143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_632", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of reduced urinary osmolality after exposure of renal papilla.", "content": "Studies were performed in Munich-Wistar rats to determine whether changes in papillary plasma flow might be responsible for the concentrating defect which occurs after exposure of the extrarenal papilla. Papillary plasma flow was measured by (125)I-albumin accumulation. Initial studies in hydropenic animals revealed that papillary plasma flow was 40% higher in the kidney with the exposured papilla, 41 vs. 29 ml/min per 100 g of papilla (P < 0.001). This increase in papillary plasma flow was detectable 15 or 45 min after removing the ureter. Because it was unclear whether the rise in papillary plasma flow was a cause or the result of the fall in urine osmolality, similar studies were performed in animals undergoing a water diuresis. In this setting, papillary plasma flow still increased on the exposed side compared to the control side, 81 vs. 60 ml/min per 100 g, despite similarly low urine osmolalities of 155 and 174 mosmol/kg, respectively. This finding is compatible with the possibility that papillary exposure per se causes an increase in papillary plasma flow and that this hemodynamic alteration may lead to a reduction in urinary osmolality secondary to washout of the medullary interstitium. A final group of hydropenic rats was given either indomethacin or meclofenamate before removing the ureter. In these studies, there was no difference in either the papillary plasma flow or the urine osmolality between control and exposed kidneys. It is therefore suggested that opening the ureter induces an increase in papillary plasma flow by some mechanism which may involve an alteration in prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of reduced urinary osmolality after exposure of renal papilla. Studies were performed in Munich-Wistar rats to determine whether changes in papillary plasma flow might be responsible for the concentrating defect which occurs after exposure of the extrarenal papilla. Papillary plasma flow was measured by (125)I-albumin accumulation. Initial studies in hydropenic animals revealed that papillary plasma flow was 40% higher in the kidney with the exposured papilla, 41 vs. 29 ml/min per 100 g of papilla (P < 0.001). This increase in papillary plasma flow was detectable 15 or 45 min after removing the ureter. Because it was unclear whether the rise in papillary plasma flow was a cause or the result of the fall in urine osmolality, similar studies were performed in animals undergoing a water diuresis. In this setting, papillary plasma flow still increased on the exposed side compared to the control side, 81 vs. 60 ml/min per 100 g, despite similarly low urine osmolalities of 155 and 174 mosmol/kg, respectively. This finding is compatible with the possibility that papillary exposure per se causes an increase in papillary plasma flow and that this hemodynamic alteration may lead to a reduction in urinary osmolality secondary to washout of the medullary interstitium. A final group of hydropenic rats was given either indomethacin or meclofenamate before removing the ureter. In these studies, there was no difference in either the papillary plasma flow or the urine osmolality between control and exposed kidneys. It is therefore suggested that opening the ureter induces an increase in papillary plasma flow by some mechanism which may involve an alteration in prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 641144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_633", "title": "Ricinoleic acid effect on the electrical activity of the small intestine in rabbits.", "content": "Using myoelectric recording techniques, we examined the myoelectric effects of castor oil; ricinoleic acid (cis isomer), the active ingredient of castor oil; and ricinelaidic acid (trans isomer) in the small intestine of New Zealand white rabbits. Ricinoleic acid, 2 microgram/kg per min (6mM), was perfused into a distal 12-cm ileal loop. An abnormal myoelectric pattern developed that was similar to the alteration in the electrical activity that has previously been reported for cholera enterotoxin. Castor oil, 0.85 ml/kg, had a similar effect. Ricinelaidic acid, 2 microgram/kg per min, induced no activity. A second preparation consisted of an intraluminal perfusion of ricinoleic acid, 2 microgram/kg per min, into the first section of the duodenum. The abnormal myoelectric pattern was observed in the jejunum and the ileum but not the duodenum. The mean onset time for the development of this altered myoelectric state for all experiments was 3.5 h. These studies suggest that an active motility component in addition to the secretory state exists throughout the small intestine that is exposed to castor oil or ricinoleic acid.", "contents": "Ricinoleic acid effect on the electrical activity of the small intestine in rabbits. Using myoelectric recording techniques, we examined the myoelectric effects of castor oil; ricinoleic acid (cis isomer), the active ingredient of castor oil; and ricinelaidic acid (trans isomer) in the small intestine of New Zealand white rabbits. Ricinoleic acid, 2 microgram/kg per min (6mM), was perfused into a distal 12-cm ileal loop. An abnormal myoelectric pattern developed that was similar to the alteration in the electrical activity that has previously been reported for cholera enterotoxin. Castor oil, 0.85 ml/kg, had a similar effect. Ricinelaidic acid, 2 microgram/kg per min, induced no activity. A second preparation consisted of an intraluminal perfusion of ricinoleic acid, 2 microgram/kg per min, into the first section of the duodenum. The abnormal myoelectric pattern was observed in the jejunum and the ileum but not the duodenum. The mean onset time for the development of this altered myoelectric state for all experiments was 3.5 h. These studies suggest that an active motility component in addition to the secretory state exists throughout the small intestine that is exposed to castor oil or ricinoleic acid.", "PMID": 641145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_634", "title": "Homocystinuria. Evidence for three distinct classes of cystathionine beta-synthase mutants in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "We have compared in vivo pyridoxine responsiveness with in vitro cystathionine beta-synthase activity in extracts of confluent fibroblasts from 14 synthase-deficient patients. Enzyme activity was measured with and without addition of its cofactor, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, using a radioisotopic assay which detects as little as 0.25% of control activity. Six of seven lines from responsive patients had measurable activity without the added cofactor (0.6-15% of mean control). Two of these lines showed a five- and sevenfold stimulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity with added pyridoxal-5'-phosphate; in the other four, the cofactor addition increased activity only modestly, as in controls. Two of seven lines from nonresponsive patients had measurable activity (each 3% of mean control) which increased two- and fivefold with the added cofactor. Cystathionine beta-synthase activity was undetectable in one line from a responsive patient and in five lines from nonresponsive ones. To characterize control and mutant synthase further, dissociation constants for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate were estimated and thermostability (54 degrees C) was studied in two control and five mutant lines. In one mutant, both parameters were normal; in the others, the affinity for the cofactor was reduced 3-to 11-fold and thermostability was much impaired. We conclude that at least three general classes of cystathionine beta-synthase mutants exist: those with no residual activity; those with reduced activity and normal affinity for pyridoxal-5' phosphate; and those with reduced activity and a reduced affinity for the cofactor. Pyridoxine responsiveness in vivo cannot be correlated simply with the presence or absence of residual synthase activity in vitro or with stimulation of in vitro enzyme activity by cofactor.", "contents": "Homocystinuria. Evidence for three distinct classes of cystathionine beta-synthase mutants in cultured fibroblasts. We have compared in vivo pyridoxine responsiveness with in vitro cystathionine beta-synthase activity in extracts of confluent fibroblasts from 14 synthase-deficient patients. Enzyme activity was measured with and without addition of its cofactor, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, using a radioisotopic assay which detects as little as 0.25% of control activity. Six of seven lines from responsive patients had measurable activity without the added cofactor (0.6-15% of mean control). Two of these lines showed a five- and sevenfold stimulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity with added pyridoxal-5'-phosphate; in the other four, the cofactor addition increased activity only modestly, as in controls. Two of seven lines from nonresponsive patients had measurable activity (each 3% of mean control) which increased two- and fivefold with the added cofactor. Cystathionine beta-synthase activity was undetectable in one line from a responsive patient and in five lines from nonresponsive ones. To characterize control and mutant synthase further, dissociation constants for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate were estimated and thermostability (54 degrees C) was studied in two control and five mutant lines. In one mutant, both parameters were normal; in the others, the affinity for the cofactor was reduced 3-to 11-fold and thermostability was much impaired. We conclude that at least three general classes of cystathionine beta-synthase mutants exist: those with no residual activity; those with reduced activity and normal affinity for pyridoxal-5' phosphate; and those with reduced activity and a reduced affinity for the cofactor. Pyridoxine responsiveness in vivo cannot be correlated simply with the presence or absence of residual synthase activity in vitro or with stimulation of in vitro enzyme activity by cofactor.", "PMID": 641146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_635", "title": "Reduction by cobra venom factor of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Components of the complement system are known to play an important role in the cytolytic process and in chemotaxis of leukocytes. Cobra venom factor specifically cleaves C3 activity via activation of the alternative (properdin) complement pathway. It does not act directly on C3. If C3 is involved in tissue necrosis after ischemic injury, cobra venom factor might reduce tissue damage after acute coronary occlusion. Accordingly, in 14 control dogs occlusion of the left anterior descending artery was carried out for 24 h. Epicardial electrograms were recorded 15 min after occlusion, and 24 h later transmural specimens for creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and for histological analysis were obtained from the same sites. In another 14 experimental dogs, 20 U/kg cobra venom factor was given intravenously 30 min after occlusion. Serum complement levels fell within 2-4 h to <20% of normal. In the control dogs, the relationship between ST-segment elevation and CPK activity 24 h later was: log CPK = -0.06 ST + 1.48 (n = 111 specimens, 14 dogs, r = 0.77). In the experimental dogs, log CPK = -0.024 ST + 1.46 (n = 111 specimens, 14 dogs, r = 0.60), showing significantly different slopes (P < 0.001), i.e., less CPK depression for any level of ST-segment elevation. Histologically, 69 of 71 sites (97%) with ST-segment elevation exceeding 2 mV in the control dogs showed signs of necrosis 24 h later, whereas in the experimental group only 43 of 79 sites (54%) with abnormal ST-segment elevations showed signs of necrosis (P < 0.0005). At the same time, it was shown that the administration of cobra venom factor did not alter cardiac performance, collateral blood flow to the ischemic myocardium or the clotting system, but infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the myocardium was decreased. It is concluded that cobra venom factor, by reducing the amount of C3 and C5 substrate available for chemotactic factor generation, or other as yet undefined mechanisms, protects the ischemic myocardium from undergoing necrosis, as judged by histology and local CPK activity. Hence, a new approach to limiting the extent of myocardial infarcts after experimental coronary occlusion, based upon inhibition of complement-dependent inflammatory processes, is demonstrated.", "contents": "Reduction by cobra venom factor of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion. Components of the complement system are known to play an important role in the cytolytic process and in chemotaxis of leukocytes. Cobra venom factor specifically cleaves C3 activity via activation of the alternative (properdin) complement pathway. It does not act directly on C3. If C3 is involved in tissue necrosis after ischemic injury, cobra venom factor might reduce tissue damage after acute coronary occlusion. Accordingly, in 14 control dogs occlusion of the left anterior descending artery was carried out for 24 h. Epicardial electrograms were recorded 15 min after occlusion, and 24 h later transmural specimens for creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and for histological analysis were obtained from the same sites. In another 14 experimental dogs, 20 U/kg cobra venom factor was given intravenously 30 min after occlusion. Serum complement levels fell within 2-4 h to <20% of normal. In the control dogs, the relationship between ST-segment elevation and CPK activity 24 h later was: log CPK = -0.06 ST + 1.48 (n = 111 specimens, 14 dogs, r = 0.77). In the experimental dogs, log CPK = -0.024 ST + 1.46 (n = 111 specimens, 14 dogs, r = 0.60), showing significantly different slopes (P < 0.001), i.e., less CPK depression for any level of ST-segment elevation. Histologically, 69 of 71 sites (97%) with ST-segment elevation exceeding 2 mV in the control dogs showed signs of necrosis 24 h later, whereas in the experimental group only 43 of 79 sites (54%) with abnormal ST-segment elevations showed signs of necrosis (P < 0.0005). At the same time, it was shown that the administration of cobra venom factor did not alter cardiac performance, collateral blood flow to the ischemic myocardium or the clotting system, but infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the myocardium was decreased. It is concluded that cobra venom factor, by reducing the amount of C3 and C5 substrate available for chemotactic factor generation, or other as yet undefined mechanisms, protects the ischemic myocardium from undergoing necrosis, as judged by histology and local CPK activity. Hence, a new approach to limiting the extent of myocardial infarcts after experimental coronary occlusion, based upon inhibition of complement-dependent inflammatory processes, is demonstrated.", "PMID": 641147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_636", "title": "Comparative adherence of granulocytes to endothelial monolayers and nylon fiber.", "content": "Adherence of granulocytes to tissue culture monolayers of endothelium averaged 26.2 +/- 1.3% SEM, which was similar to their adherence on 50-mg nylon fiber columns (27.7 +/- 3.6%). In contrast, adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, kidney cells, and plastic Petri dishes without monolayers was only 12.4, 9.9, 11.1, and 4.3%, respectively. Cyclic nucleotides and adherence-modifying plasma factors induced changes of adherence to endothelium similar to those in nylon fiber columns. Adherence of granulocytes in whole blood was the same as for purified granulocytes in Hank's balanced salt solution. Exposure of endothelial monolayers to 0.18% trypsin for 10 min reduced subsequent granulocyte adherence to 25.2% of control values. Incubation of trypsin-treated monolayers with nutrient medium for 4 h did not improve adherence, but values returned to normal or above by 24 h, with or without serum proteins present in the nutrient medium. The similarity of granulocyte adherence to nylon fiber and to endothelial monolayers in vitro suggests that results with the nylon fiber assay reflect in vivo granulocyte-endothelium interaction. Furthermore, the endothelial monolayer offers a new model for studying this cell-cell relationship in vitro.", "contents": "Comparative adherence of granulocytes to endothelial monolayers and nylon fiber. Adherence of granulocytes to tissue culture monolayers of endothelium averaged 26.2 +/- 1.3% SEM, which was similar to their adherence on 50-mg nylon fiber columns (27.7 +/- 3.6%). In contrast, adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, kidney cells, and plastic Petri dishes without monolayers was only 12.4, 9.9, 11.1, and 4.3%, respectively. Cyclic nucleotides and adherence-modifying plasma factors induced changes of adherence to endothelium similar to those in nylon fiber columns. Adherence of granulocytes in whole blood was the same as for purified granulocytes in Hank's balanced salt solution. Exposure of endothelial monolayers to 0.18% trypsin for 10 min reduced subsequent granulocyte adherence to 25.2% of control values. Incubation of trypsin-treated monolayers with nutrient medium for 4 h did not improve adherence, but values returned to normal or above by 24 h, with or without serum proteins present in the nutrient medium. The similarity of granulocyte adherence to nylon fiber and to endothelial monolayers in vitro suggests that results with the nylon fiber assay reflect in vivo granulocyte-endothelium interaction. Furthermore, the endothelial monolayer offers a new model for studying this cell-cell relationship in vitro.", "PMID": 641148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_637", "title": "Depression of ventilation by dopamine in man. Evidence for an effect on the chemoreceptor reflex.", "content": "Dopamine is present in the carotid body and has been postulated to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dopamine on ventilation in man and to examine its mechanism of action. Dopamine (0.5-10 mug/kg per min) was infused in eight normal men at different levels of arterial chemoreceptor activity, produced by varying the inspired Po(2). During normoxia dopamine produced a small decrease in minute ventilation (Ve) and an increase in arterial Pco(2). When arterial chemoreceptors were stimulated by hypoxia, infusion of dopamine produced a marked initial depression of Ve followed by a sustained although less pronounced decrease in Ve. An increase in Pa(co) (2) and a decrease in Pao(2) were also observed. When arterial chemoreceptor activity was suppressed by hyperoxia, infusion of dopamine did not affect ventilation. Subjects also breathed a hypercarbic, hyperoxic gas mixture. The hypercarbia produces hyperventilation by stimulating central chemoreceptors, whereas the hyperoxia suppresses peripheral chemoreceptors. Dopamine did not alter ventilation while the subjects were breathing this gas mixture. These studies suggest that dopamine suppresses ventilation in man through an action on the arterial chemoreceptor reflex. These findings support the hypothesis that dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the carotid body, and that release of dopamine may modulate the sensitivity of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors.", "contents": "Depression of ventilation by dopamine in man. Evidence for an effect on the chemoreceptor reflex. Dopamine is present in the carotid body and has been postulated to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dopamine on ventilation in man and to examine its mechanism of action. Dopamine (0.5-10 mug/kg per min) was infused in eight normal men at different levels of arterial chemoreceptor activity, produced by varying the inspired Po(2). During normoxia dopamine produced a small decrease in minute ventilation (Ve) and an increase in arterial Pco(2). When arterial chemoreceptors were stimulated by hypoxia, infusion of dopamine produced a marked initial depression of Ve followed by a sustained although less pronounced decrease in Ve. An increase in Pa(co) (2) and a decrease in Pao(2) were also observed. When arterial chemoreceptor activity was suppressed by hyperoxia, infusion of dopamine did not affect ventilation. Subjects also breathed a hypercarbic, hyperoxic gas mixture. The hypercarbia produces hyperventilation by stimulating central chemoreceptors, whereas the hyperoxia suppresses peripheral chemoreceptors. Dopamine did not alter ventilation while the subjects were breathing this gas mixture. These studies suggest that dopamine suppresses ventilation in man through an action on the arterial chemoreceptor reflex. These findings support the hypothesis that dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the carotid body, and that release of dopamine may modulate the sensitivity of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors.", "PMID": 641149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_638", "title": "Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions and the mobilization of fatty acids.", "content": "We have explored the effects of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on the mobilization of free fatty acids in rats exposed to several stresses. The rise in free fatty acids and glycerol in response to norepinephrine had the same time-course and dose-response characteristics in the sham-operated and lesioned animals, indicating comparable degrees of peripheral responsiveness to this hormone. Forced swimming significantly lowered insulin and increased glycerol and free fatty acids more in control than in ventromedial hypothalamic-lesioned rats. During fasting, the rise in glycerol and free fatty acids was smaller in the lesioned rats, but the fall in insulin was greater. Exposure to cold raised fatty acids and glycerol more in the control than in the sham-operated animals, but had no significant effect on plasma insulin or glucose concentration. Injection of 2-deoxyglucose was done on lesioned or control rats with intact or removed adrenal medullas. The rise in free fatty acids and glycerol was less in the lesioned rats than in the controls, and was not affected by adrenodemedullation. The rise in glucose, however, was completely blocked in the adrenodemedullated rats. Changes in insulin were small and not statistically significant. The reduced mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue depots after ventromedial hypothalamic injury is consistent with the hypothesis that the ventromedial hypothalamic region serves to modulate activation of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions and the mobilization of fatty acids. We have explored the effects of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on the mobilization of free fatty acids in rats exposed to several stresses. The rise in free fatty acids and glycerol in response to norepinephrine had the same time-course and dose-response characteristics in the sham-operated and lesioned animals, indicating comparable degrees of peripheral responsiveness to this hormone. Forced swimming significantly lowered insulin and increased glycerol and free fatty acids more in control than in ventromedial hypothalamic-lesioned rats. During fasting, the rise in glycerol and free fatty acids was smaller in the lesioned rats, but the fall in insulin was greater. Exposure to cold raised fatty acids and glycerol more in the control than in the sham-operated animals, but had no significant effect on plasma insulin or glucose concentration. Injection of 2-deoxyglucose was done on lesioned or control rats with intact or removed adrenal medullas. The rise in free fatty acids and glycerol was less in the lesioned rats than in the controls, and was not affected by adrenodemedullation. The rise in glucose, however, was completely blocked in the adrenodemedullated rats. Changes in insulin were small and not statistically significant. The reduced mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue depots after ventromedial hypothalamic injury is consistent with the hypothesis that the ventromedial hypothalamic region serves to modulate activation of the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 641150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_639", "title": "Selective induction of an immune response in human external secretions by ingestion of bacterial antigen.", "content": "Ingestion of capsules which contained killed Streptococcus mutans by four healthy human subjects led to the appearance of specific antibodies in external secretions. Salivary and lacrymal antibodies were detected within 1 wk of ingestion and continued to increase throughout a 14-day immunization period, with a gradual decline during the 2 ensuing months. A second period of immunization resulted in a pronounced increase of specific antibody levels which occurred earlier than in the primary immunization period and reached peak levels by day 10. No change was detected in serum antibody levels throughout either immunization period. The antibody activity in all secretions was associated with the immunoglobulin A class, as determined by immunochemical analyses. These data indicate that ingestion of bacterial antigens selectively stimulates the immune response in secretions.", "contents": "Selective induction of an immune response in human external secretions by ingestion of bacterial antigen. Ingestion of capsules which contained killed Streptococcus mutans by four healthy human subjects led to the appearance of specific antibodies in external secretions. Salivary and lacrymal antibodies were detected within 1 wk of ingestion and continued to increase throughout a 14-day immunization period, with a gradual decline during the 2 ensuing months. A second period of immunization resulted in a pronounced increase of specific antibody levels which occurred earlier than in the primary immunization period and reached peak levels by day 10. No change was detected in serum antibody levels throughout either immunization period. The antibody activity in all secretions was associated with the immunoglobulin A class, as determined by immunochemical analyses. These data indicate that ingestion of bacterial antigens selectively stimulates the immune response in secretions.", "PMID": 641151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_640", "title": "The role of renal nerves and prostaglandins in control of renal hemodynamics and plasma renin activity during hypotensive hemorrhage in the dog.", "content": "The effects of hypotensive hemorrhage (HH) on renal hemodynamics and plasma renin activity (PRA) during prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibition were examined in three groups of dogs. In each group of animals arterial blood pressure was lowered by a 30% decrement. In the first group of eight control animals, HH was not associated with a significant change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR, 42-36 ml/min, NS); renal blood flow (RBF) declined significantly, from 234 to 171 ml/min, P < 0.05. In the second group of eight animals, pretreated with RO 20-5720 (RO, 2 mg/kg), a competitive inhibitor of PG synthesis, HH was associated with a significant fall in GFR (43-17 ml/min, P < 0.001) and RBF (195-89 ml/min, P < 0.001). In the third group of eight animals, pretreatment with indomethacin (IN, 10 mg/kg), a chemically dissimilar PG inhibitor, HH was also associated with a significant fall in GFR (38-8 ml/min, P < 0.001) and RBF (150-30 ml/min, P < 0.001). Renal denervation attenuated this renal ischemic effect of HH in the presence of PG inhibition. In the RO group, GFR (34 vs. 17 ml/min, P < 0.005) and RBF (145 vs. 89 ml/min, P < 0.025) were significantly greater in denervated vs. innervated kidneys during HH. Similarly, in animals treated with IN, a significantly higher GFR (28 vs. 8 ml/min, P < 0.005) and RBF (101 vs. 30 ml/min, P < 0.005) occurred in denervated as compared to innervated kidneys during HH. With HH, the increase in PRA in the control group (3.34-11.68 ng/ml per h, P < 0.005) was no different than that observed in the RO group (4.96-18.9 ng/ml per h, P < 0.001) or IN group (4.71-17.8 ng/ml per h, P < 0.001). In summary, the present results indicate that renal PG significantly attenuate the effect of HH to decrease GFR and RBF. Furthermore, renal denervation exerts a protective effect against the enhanced renal ischemic effects which occur in the presence of PG inhibition during HH. Finally, PG inhibition does not alter the effect of HH to cause an increase in PRA.", "contents": "The role of renal nerves and prostaglandins in control of renal hemodynamics and plasma renin activity during hypotensive hemorrhage in the dog. The effects of hypotensive hemorrhage (HH) on renal hemodynamics and plasma renin activity (PRA) during prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibition were examined in three groups of dogs. In each group of animals arterial blood pressure was lowered by a 30% decrement. In the first group of eight control animals, HH was not associated with a significant change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR, 42-36 ml/min, NS); renal blood flow (RBF) declined significantly, from 234 to 171 ml/min, P < 0.05. In the second group of eight animals, pretreated with RO 20-5720 (RO, 2 mg/kg), a competitive inhibitor of PG synthesis, HH was associated with a significant fall in GFR (43-17 ml/min, P < 0.001) and RBF (195-89 ml/min, P < 0.001). In the third group of eight animals, pretreatment with indomethacin (IN, 10 mg/kg), a chemically dissimilar PG inhibitor, HH was also associated with a significant fall in GFR (38-8 ml/min, P < 0.001) and RBF (150-30 ml/min, P < 0.001). Renal denervation attenuated this renal ischemic effect of HH in the presence of PG inhibition. In the RO group, GFR (34 vs. 17 ml/min, P < 0.005) and RBF (145 vs. 89 ml/min, P < 0.025) were significantly greater in denervated vs. innervated kidneys during HH. Similarly, in animals treated with IN, a significantly higher GFR (28 vs. 8 ml/min, P < 0.005) and RBF (101 vs. 30 ml/min, P < 0.005) occurred in denervated as compared to innervated kidneys during HH. With HH, the increase in PRA in the control group (3.34-11.68 ng/ml per h, P < 0.005) was no different than that observed in the RO group (4.96-18.9 ng/ml per h, P < 0.001) or IN group (4.71-17.8 ng/ml per h, P < 0.001). In summary, the present results indicate that renal PG significantly attenuate the effect of HH to decrease GFR and RBF. Furthermore, renal denervation exerts a protective effect against the enhanced renal ischemic effects which occur in the presence of PG inhibition during HH. Finally, PG inhibition does not alter the effect of HH to cause an increase in PRA.", "PMID": 641152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_641", "title": "Dominant inheritance of large molecular weight immunoreactive glucagon.", "content": "Plasma from some individuals contains substances which are reactive with glucagon antiserum, are larger than 3,500-dalton glucagon, and have been proposed as possible precursors of glucagon. We have evaluated three generations of a kindred in which 9 of 15 members evaluated had elevated plasma levels of large molecular weight immunoreactive glucagon (L-IRG) with an average concentration of 822 pg/ml. The distribution of individuals with elevated L-IRG levels in this pedigree is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Gel filtration of plasma revealed that all affected family members had excessive amounts of two L-IRG peaks, one with a molecular weight of approximately 9,000 daltons and another in the 10,000 to 20,000-dalton range. Oral glucose tolerance tests were nondiabetic and elicited a fall in L-IRG levels, whereas L-IRG concentrations rose dramatically during the infusion of arginine. These L-IRG species may be precursors of 3,500-DALTON GLUCAGON AND MAY BE ELEVATED in this kindred because of an inherited defect in either their synthesis or degradation.", "contents": "Dominant inheritance of large molecular weight immunoreactive glucagon. Plasma from some individuals contains substances which are reactive with glucagon antiserum, are larger than 3,500-dalton glucagon, and have been proposed as possible precursors of glucagon. We have evaluated three generations of a kindred in which 9 of 15 members evaluated had elevated plasma levels of large molecular weight immunoreactive glucagon (L-IRG) with an average concentration of 822 pg/ml. The distribution of individuals with elevated L-IRG levels in this pedigree is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Gel filtration of plasma revealed that all affected family members had excessive amounts of two L-IRG peaks, one with a molecular weight of approximately 9,000 daltons and another in the 10,000 to 20,000-dalton range. Oral glucose tolerance tests were nondiabetic and elicited a fall in L-IRG levels, whereas L-IRG concentrations rose dramatically during the infusion of arginine. These L-IRG species may be precursors of 3,500-DALTON GLUCAGON AND MAY BE ELEVATED in this kindred because of an inherited defect in either their synthesis or degradation.", "PMID": 641153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_642", "title": "Production of a low molecular weight eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor by anaplastic squamous cell carcinomas of human lung.", "content": "A peptide of approximately 300-400 daltons exhibiting in vitro chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, with a preference for the eosinophil series, was isolated from extracts of anaplastic lung carcinomas of the large squamous cell type obtained from three patients with marked peripheral blood hypereosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of the tumors and surrounding normal pulmonary tissues. This chemotactic factor was termed ECF-LSC (eosinophil chemotactic factor of lung squamous cell carcinoma). ECF-LSC appeared in the urine of two of the patients in increasing quantities late in the course of their disease and was also elaborated by long-term cultures of dispersed tumor cells from the same two patients. Three anaplastic large cell bronchogenic carcinomas which were not associated with tumor tissue or peripheral blood eosinophilia, a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma from a patient with only peripheral eosinophilia, and a renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the lungs and associated with transient pleural tissue and fluid eosinophilia were all devoid of ECF-LSC. ECF-LSC from tumor tissue extracts, urine, and tumor cell culture medium was comparable to the mast cell-associated tetrapeptides of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) in size, but eluted from Dowex-1 at pH 5.0-3.5 in contrast to the more acidic ECF-A tetrapeptides which eluted at pH 3.2-2.2 ECF-LSC, like the tetrapeptides of ECF-A, had a secondary chemotactic activity for neutrophil PMN leukocytes, but not mononuclear leukocytes, and deactivated both eosinophil and neutrophil PMN leukocytes so that they would not respond to a subsequent in vitro chemotactic stimulus. Eosinophils from the two patients with urinary excretion of ECF-LSC and the highest concentrations in tumor extracts were hyporesponsive in vitro to homologous and heterologous chemotactic stimuli, suggesting that ECF-LSC had deactivated the eosinophils in vivo.", "contents": "Production of a low molecular weight eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor by anaplastic squamous cell carcinomas of human lung. A peptide of approximately 300-400 daltons exhibiting in vitro chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, with a preference for the eosinophil series, was isolated from extracts of anaplastic lung carcinomas of the large squamous cell type obtained from three patients with marked peripheral blood hypereosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of the tumors and surrounding normal pulmonary tissues. This chemotactic factor was termed ECF-LSC (eosinophil chemotactic factor of lung squamous cell carcinoma). ECF-LSC appeared in the urine of two of the patients in increasing quantities late in the course of their disease and was also elaborated by long-term cultures of dispersed tumor cells from the same two patients. Three anaplastic large cell bronchogenic carcinomas which were not associated with tumor tissue or peripheral blood eosinophilia, a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma from a patient with only peripheral eosinophilia, and a renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the lungs and associated with transient pleural tissue and fluid eosinophilia were all devoid of ECF-LSC. ECF-LSC from tumor tissue extracts, urine, and tumor cell culture medium was comparable to the mast cell-associated tetrapeptides of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) in size, but eluted from Dowex-1 at pH 5.0-3.5 in contrast to the more acidic ECF-A tetrapeptides which eluted at pH 3.2-2.2 ECF-LSC, like the tetrapeptides of ECF-A, had a secondary chemotactic activity for neutrophil PMN leukocytes, but not mononuclear leukocytes, and deactivated both eosinophil and neutrophil PMN leukocytes so that they would not respond to a subsequent in vitro chemotactic stimulus. Eosinophils from the two patients with urinary excretion of ECF-LSC and the highest concentrations in tumor extracts were hyporesponsive in vitro to homologous and heterologous chemotactic stimuli, suggesting that ECF-LSC had deactivated the eosinophils in vivo.", "PMID": 641154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_643", "title": "Vagal, cholinergic regulation of pancreatic polypeptide secretion.", "content": "THE EFFECT OF EFFERENT, PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION UPON PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE (PP) SECRETION WAS STUDIED IN THREE WAYS: (a) Plasma PP concentrations increased in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in both normal subjects, from 11 pM (9.5-12.5) to 136 pM (118-147), n = 8 (median and interquartile range) and in duodenal ulcer patients, from 33 pM (21-52) to 213 pM (157-233), n = 7. The PP response to hypoglycemia was diminished by atropine in normal subjects (P < 0.005) and completely abolished by vagotomy in the duodenal ulcer patients. (b) Electrical stimulation, 8 Hz, of the vagal nerves in anesthetized pigs induced an increase in portal PP concentrations within 30 s from 32 pM (28-39) to 285 pM (248-294), n = 12. Minimal stimulatory frequency was 0.5 Hz and maximal stimulatory frequency 8-12 Hz. Atropine inhibited the PP response to electrical stimulation. Median inhibition with 0.5 mg of atropine/kg body wt was 74%, range 31-90%, n = 6. The response was eliminated by hexamethonium. Adrenergic alpha and beta blockade did not influence the release of PP in response to vagal stimulation. (c) Acetylcholine stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, the secretion of PP from the isolated perfused porcine pancreas, half-maximal effective dose being 0.19 muM; maximal PP output in response to 5 min stimulation was 228 pmol, range 140-342 pmol, n = 5. Atropine completely abolished this response.The results of the present study together with the previously demonstrated poor PP response to food in vagotomized patients, indicate that vagal, cholinergic stimulation is a major regulator of PP secretion.", "contents": "Vagal, cholinergic regulation of pancreatic polypeptide secretion. THE EFFECT OF EFFERENT, PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION UPON PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE (PP) SECRETION WAS STUDIED IN THREE WAYS: (a) Plasma PP concentrations increased in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in both normal subjects, from 11 pM (9.5-12.5) to 136 pM (118-147), n = 8 (median and interquartile range) and in duodenal ulcer patients, from 33 pM (21-52) to 213 pM (157-233), n = 7. The PP response to hypoglycemia was diminished by atropine in normal subjects (P < 0.005) and completely abolished by vagotomy in the duodenal ulcer patients. (b) Electrical stimulation, 8 Hz, of the vagal nerves in anesthetized pigs induced an increase in portal PP concentrations within 30 s from 32 pM (28-39) to 285 pM (248-294), n = 12. Minimal stimulatory frequency was 0.5 Hz and maximal stimulatory frequency 8-12 Hz. Atropine inhibited the PP response to electrical stimulation. Median inhibition with 0.5 mg of atropine/kg body wt was 74%, range 31-90%, n = 6. The response was eliminated by hexamethonium. Adrenergic alpha and beta blockade did not influence the release of PP in response to vagal stimulation. (c) Acetylcholine stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, the secretion of PP from the isolated perfused porcine pancreas, half-maximal effective dose being 0.19 muM; maximal PP output in response to 5 min stimulation was 228 pmol, range 140-342 pmol, n = 5. Atropine completely abolished this response.The results of the present study together with the previously demonstrated poor PP response to food in vagotomized patients, indicate that vagal, cholinergic stimulation is a major regulator of PP secretion.", "PMID": 641155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_644", "title": "Renal tubular transport of organic acids. Studies with oxalate and para-aminohippurate in the rat.", "content": "The renal handling of oxalate was examined by free-flow micropuncture, intratubular microinjection, and droplet precession techniques in the rat. After the sustained i.v. infusion of [(14)C]oxalate, the fractional delivery of oxalate from the early portions of the proximal tubule was 120.1+/-4.4%, indicating net secretion. Fractional delivery rates from the late proximal tubule (124.6+/-6.1), distal tubule (120.9+/-2.9), and final urine (126.2+/-2.9%) were not different from that of the early proximal tubule. Direct intratubular microinjections of oxalate into the early proximal tubule and late proximal tubule yielded urinary recovery rates of 85+/-3% and 101+/-2%, respectively, suggesting that oxalate absorption does occur in the mid-portions of the proximal tubule. Droplet precession studies confirmed a secretory flux for oxalate. In contrast to oxalate, para-aminohippurate (PAH), the more traditional marker for organic acid transport, was secreted in the late portions of the proximal tubule and in large measure at a site between the late proximal and distal tubules, presumably the pars recta. Probenecid inhibited PAH secretion but was without effect on net oxalate transport, oxalate absorption, or oxalate secretion. These studies demonstrate that net oxalate secretion occurs in the early portions of the proximal convoluted tubule, undergoes bidirectional transport of approximately equal magnitude in later segments of the proximal tubule, and probably is not transported in more distal nephron sites. The secretory mechanism for oxalate differs from that of PAH in that it is located in a different segment of the nephron and is not inhibited by probenecid. These differences suggest that the early portions of the proximal tubule are important in the renal metabolism of some organic acids.", "contents": "Renal tubular transport of organic acids. Studies with oxalate and para-aminohippurate in the rat. The renal handling of oxalate was examined by free-flow micropuncture, intratubular microinjection, and droplet precession techniques in the rat. After the sustained i.v. infusion of [(14)C]oxalate, the fractional delivery of oxalate from the early portions of the proximal tubule was 120.1+/-4.4%, indicating net secretion. Fractional delivery rates from the late proximal tubule (124.6+/-6.1), distal tubule (120.9+/-2.9), and final urine (126.2+/-2.9%) were not different from that of the early proximal tubule. Direct intratubular microinjections of oxalate into the early proximal tubule and late proximal tubule yielded urinary recovery rates of 85+/-3% and 101+/-2%, respectively, suggesting that oxalate absorption does occur in the mid-portions of the proximal tubule. Droplet precession studies confirmed a secretory flux for oxalate. In contrast to oxalate, para-aminohippurate (PAH), the more traditional marker for organic acid transport, was secreted in the late portions of the proximal tubule and in large measure at a site between the late proximal and distal tubules, presumably the pars recta. Probenecid inhibited PAH secretion but was without effect on net oxalate transport, oxalate absorption, or oxalate secretion. These studies demonstrate that net oxalate secretion occurs in the early portions of the proximal convoluted tubule, undergoes bidirectional transport of approximately equal magnitude in later segments of the proximal tubule, and probably is not transported in more distal nephron sites. The secretory mechanism for oxalate differs from that of PAH in that it is located in a different segment of the nephron and is not inhibited by probenecid. These differences suggest that the early portions of the proximal tubule are important in the renal metabolism of some organic acids.", "PMID": 641156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_645", "title": "The chemiluminescence response of human platelets.", "content": "Human platelets and platelet particulate fractions were found to emit a burst of chemiluminescence during incubation with arachidonic acid. The magnitude of light emission was directly related to the number of platelets in the reaction mixture and varied little for the same individual from day to day. The chemiluminescence response of platelets was localized to the particulate fraction and was almost totally oxygen dependent. In addition to arachidonate, seven other polyunsaturated fatty acids, including several that are not prostaglandin precursors, also induced platelet chemiluminescence.A correlation was sought between chemiluminescence and platelet prostaglandin synthesis. Platelets incubated in low concentrations of aspirin, or platelets from subjects who had ingested aspirin, had markedly decreased arachidonic acid-induced chemiluminescence. Salicylic and sulfosalicylic acid had no inhibitory effect. A time-response curve of aspirin inhibition of arachidonate-induced chemiluminescence closely paralleled a time-response curve of aspirin inhibition of malondialdehyde production. Linoleic acid-induced platelet chemiluminescence was also markedly inhibited using aspirin-incubated platelets or platelets from subjects who had ingested aspirin. These studies implicate activation of the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase in the arachidonate-induced platelet chemiluminescence. They provide evidence that linoleic acid may also specifically activate platelet cyclooxygenase to produce electronically excited species capable of light emission.", "contents": "The chemiluminescence response of human platelets. Human platelets and platelet particulate fractions were found to emit a burst of chemiluminescence during incubation with arachidonic acid. The magnitude of light emission was directly related to the number of platelets in the reaction mixture and varied little for the same individual from day to day. The chemiluminescence response of platelets was localized to the particulate fraction and was almost totally oxygen dependent. In addition to arachidonate, seven other polyunsaturated fatty acids, including several that are not prostaglandin precursors, also induced platelet chemiluminescence.A correlation was sought between chemiluminescence and platelet prostaglandin synthesis. Platelets incubated in low concentrations of aspirin, or platelets from subjects who had ingested aspirin, had markedly decreased arachidonic acid-induced chemiluminescence. Salicylic and sulfosalicylic acid had no inhibitory effect. A time-response curve of aspirin inhibition of arachidonate-induced chemiluminescence closely paralleled a time-response curve of aspirin inhibition of malondialdehyde production. Linoleic acid-induced platelet chemiluminescence was also markedly inhibited using aspirin-incubated platelets or platelets from subjects who had ingested aspirin. These studies implicate activation of the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase in the arachidonate-induced platelet chemiluminescence. They provide evidence that linoleic acid may also specifically activate platelet cyclooxygenase to produce electronically excited species capable of light emission.", "PMID": 641157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_646", "title": "A short screening battery of tests to detect organic brain dysfunction.", "content": "Constructed a short screening device to measure organic brain dysfunction, suitable for literate and non-literate populations. A battery that consisted of 8 tests and 22 scoring variables was administered to 65 brain-damaged Ss and 65 normal Ss. The two groups were matched on a person-to-person basis with respect to age, sex and years of schooling. Stepwise multiple regression technique was used to develop a procedure for discriminating organics from normals. At a selected cut-off point the battery could discriminate between organics and normals with only 6% misclassification of normals and 16% misclassification of organics. The classificatory system was validated further against a fresh sample of 33 Ss. The battery proved to have satisfactory discriminatory capacity.", "contents": "A short screening battery of tests to detect organic brain dysfunction. Constructed a short screening device to measure organic brain dysfunction, suitable for literate and non-literate populations. A battery that consisted of 8 tests and 22 scoring variables was administered to 65 brain-damaged Ss and 65 normal Ss. The two groups were matched on a person-to-person basis with respect to age, sex and years of schooling. Stepwise multiple regression technique was used to develop a procedure for discriminating organics from normals. At a selected cut-off point the battery could discriminate between organics and normals with only 6% misclassification of normals and 16% misclassification of organics. The classificatory system was validated further against a fresh sample of 33 Ss. The battery proved to have satisfactory discriminatory capacity.", "PMID": 641159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_647", "title": "Reduced thrombin binding and aggregation in Bernard-Soulier platelets.", "content": "Platelets from two patients with Bernard-Soulier disease showed a reduction in their ability to bind human thrombin. Thrombin binding studies in the high affinity range showed 1,500 sites for the Bernard-Soulier platelets as against 4,000 for normal controls. However, the dissociation constant was the same for both normals and patients (4.4 nM) indicating identical affinity for thrombin at the available sites. In the low affinity range, the Bernard-Soulier platelets showed 8,800 thrombin binding sites as against 24,000 for the controls, but again with identical values of Kd (37 nM). In addition, platelets from these Bernard-Soulier patients showed a decreased rate of aggregation with thrombin at both optimal (300 mU/ml) and suboptimal (60 and 120 mU/ml) thrombin concentrations. The decreased amount of thrombin which can bind to Bernard-Soulier platelets and the decrease in thrombin-induced aggregation may partly explain the hemostatic defect in these patients. In addition, the identical ratios of high affinity and low affinity binding sites in normals and in patients (0.37 and 0.36, and 0.36, respectively) supports the idea of a single class of binding sites for thrombin on the platelet surface.", "contents": "Reduced thrombin binding and aggregation in Bernard-Soulier platelets. Platelets from two patients with Bernard-Soulier disease showed a reduction in their ability to bind human thrombin. Thrombin binding studies in the high affinity range showed 1,500 sites for the Bernard-Soulier platelets as against 4,000 for normal controls. However, the dissociation constant was the same for both normals and patients (4.4 nM) indicating identical affinity for thrombin at the available sites. In the low affinity range, the Bernard-Soulier platelets showed 8,800 thrombin binding sites as against 24,000 for the controls, but again with identical values of Kd (37 nM). In addition, platelets from these Bernard-Soulier patients showed a decreased rate of aggregation with thrombin at both optimal (300 mU/ml) and suboptimal (60 and 120 mU/ml) thrombin concentrations. The decreased amount of thrombin which can bind to Bernard-Soulier platelets and the decrease in thrombin-induced aggregation may partly explain the hemostatic defect in these patients. In addition, the identical ratios of high affinity and low affinity binding sites in normals and in patients (0.37 and 0.36, and 0.36, respectively) supports the idea of a single class of binding sites for thrombin on the platelet surface.", "PMID": 641158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_648", "title": "Standard scores for Wechsler memory scale subtests.", "content": "Equations are provided for the calculation of age-corrected standard scores with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3 for the Mental Control, Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and Associate Learning subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Use of the standard scores is expected to facilitate intersubtest comparisons.", "contents": "Standard scores for Wechsler memory scale subtests. Equations are provided for the calculation of age-corrected standard scores with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3 for the Mental Control, Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and Associate Learning subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Use of the standard scores is expected to facilitate intersubtest comparisons.", "PMID": 641160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_649", "title": "A procedure for the rapid computation of WISC-R factor scores.", "content": "Presents a table that provides a simplified procedure for obtaining WISC-R factor scores expressed as IQ equivalents. Three factors, based on Kaufman's recent analysis of the 1974 Revised WISC, were included: (1) Verbal Comprehension (Information, Similarities, Vocabulary, and Comprehension); (2) Perceptual Analytic (Picture Completion, Picture Arrangement, Block Design, Object Assembly, and the optional subtest, Mazes); and (3) Attention Concentration (Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding). The techniques for deriving the factor score equivalents and the use of the table, both procedurally and clinically, are discussed.", "contents": "A procedure for the rapid computation of WISC-R factor scores. Presents a table that provides a simplified procedure for obtaining WISC-R factor scores expressed as IQ equivalents. Three factors, based on Kaufman's recent analysis of the 1974 Revised WISC, were included: (1) Verbal Comprehension (Information, Similarities, Vocabulary, and Comprehension); (2) Perceptual Analytic (Picture Completion, Picture Arrangement, Block Design, Object Assembly, and the optional subtest, Mazes); and (3) Attention Concentration (Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding). The techniques for deriving the factor score equivalents and the use of the table, both procedurally and clinically, are discussed.", "PMID": 641161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_650", "title": "Verbal fluency: normative data.", "content": "Administered a verbal fluency task and a WAIS to two groups of Ss (one that ranged from 20 to 59 years and the other from 60 to 94 years). In the younger group there were no significant differences in verbal fluency across three IQ or across four decade age ranges. In the older group there were no significant differences across the four decade age ranges, but there were significant differences across the three IQ ranges. A comparison across the three IQ ranges of a ratio of easy letters with many associations to hard letters with few associations was not significant for either group, which suggests that IQ did not interact with task difficulty.", "contents": "Verbal fluency: normative data. Administered a verbal fluency task and a WAIS to two groups of Ss (one that ranged from 20 to 59 years and the other from 60 to 94 years). In the younger group there were no significant differences in verbal fluency across three IQ or across four decade age ranges. In the older group there were no significant differences across the four decade age ranges, but there were significant differences across the three IQ ranges. A comparison across the three IQ ranges of a ratio of easy letters with many associations to hard letters with few associations was not significant for either group, which suggests that IQ did not interact with task difficulty.", "PMID": 641163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_651", "title": "A Yudin-type short form of the WISC-R: two aspects of validation.", "content": "Provided validity data for a Yudin-type short form of the WISC-R for N equal to 70 middle-class children (34 males and 36 females, X age equal to 7.6 years, SD equal to 2.58 months) of above-average intelligence (means: VIQ equal to 115.55, PIQ equal to 122.27, FIQ equal to 121.02). Short- to long-form validity coefficients were all above .90 for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. Highly similar predictive validity coefficients were found for the short and long forms of the WISC-R when compared with the Metropolitan Achievement and Otis Lennon Mental Ability tests. In contrast, little support was found for the validity of the short-form profile data as assessed by Cattell's rp coefficient of profile similarity.", "contents": "A Yudin-type short form of the WISC-R: two aspects of validation. Provided validity data for a Yudin-type short form of the WISC-R for N equal to 70 middle-class children (34 males and 36 females, X age equal to 7.6 years, SD equal to 2.58 months) of above-average intelligence (means: VIQ equal to 115.55, PIQ equal to 122.27, FIQ equal to 121.02). Short- to long-form validity coefficients were all above .90 for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. Highly similar predictive validity coefficients were found for the short and long forms of the WISC-R when compared with the Metropolitan Achievement and Otis Lennon Mental Ability tests. In contrast, little support was found for the validity of the short-form profile data as assessed by Cattell's rp coefficient of profile similarity.", "PMID": 641162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_652", "title": "Modification of problem interation in mother-child dyads by modeling and behavior rehearsal.", "content": "Eighteen mother-child dyads who previously had reported difficulties in solving problems were assessed behaviorally in situations in which they attempted to resolve conflicts. Half the dyads then were given two treatment sessions that consisted of modeling and rehearsal designed to improve their skills in resolving problem situations. In the pretest assessment a number of significant correlations between mother and child responses were found. Notably, when mothers blamed or used direct arbitrary power with their children, the children in turn emitted oppositional behaviors, but when the mothers made tentative proposals, their children reciprocated with positive responses. In the posttest assessment, treatment mothers employed the expression of feelings to their children as a conflict resolution strategy significantly more often than did control mothers. There was also a tendency for the treatment children to acquiesce less to their mothers' demands than did control children in the problem situations.", "contents": "Modification of problem interation in mother-child dyads by modeling and behavior rehearsal. Eighteen mother-child dyads who previously had reported difficulties in solving problems were assessed behaviorally in situations in which they attempted to resolve conflicts. Half the dyads then were given two treatment sessions that consisted of modeling and rehearsal designed to improve their skills in resolving problem situations. In the pretest assessment a number of significant correlations between mother and child responses were found. Notably, when mothers blamed or used direct arbitrary power with their children, the children in turn emitted oppositional behaviors, but when the mothers made tentative proposals, their children reciprocated with positive responses. In the posttest assessment, treatment mothers employed the expression of feelings to their children as a conflict resolution strategy significantly more often than did control mothers. There was also a tendency for the treatment children to acquiesce less to their mothers' demands than did control children in the problem situations.", "PMID": 641164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_653", "title": "Depression and daydreaming; an analysis based on self-ratings.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between depression and daydreaming characteristics in a non-hospitalized sample. Level of depression was determined by the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists. Daydreaming characteristics were determined from a self-report retrospective questionnaire, the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The sample consisted of 91 university undergraduates and 29 male correctional institution inmates. The full-scale global measures of depression were found to be related directly to the neurotic, anxious, dysphoric, and negative dimension of daydreaming. Specific direct relationships were noted between mental agitation and distractibility, between indecisiveness-personal devaluation and mental slowing, and between personal devaluation-poor body image and fear of failure daydreams. Inverse relationships were noted between a sense of punishment and useful-positive aspects of daydreaming and between psychomotor-activity level and internally stimulated mental activity. The suicidal ambivalance, appetite-weight loss, and fatigability dimensions of depression were found to be unrelated to daydreaming.", "contents": "Depression and daydreaming; an analysis based on self-ratings. Investigated the relationship between depression and daydreaming characteristics in a non-hospitalized sample. Level of depression was determined by the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists. Daydreaming characteristics were determined from a self-report retrospective questionnaire, the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The sample consisted of 91 university undergraduates and 29 male correctional institution inmates. The full-scale global measures of depression were found to be related directly to the neurotic, anxious, dysphoric, and negative dimension of daydreaming. Specific direct relationships were noted between mental agitation and distractibility, between indecisiveness-personal devaluation and mental slowing, and between personal devaluation-poor body image and fear of failure daydreams. Inverse relationships were noted between a sense of punishment and useful-positive aspects of daydreaming and between psychomotor-activity level and internally stimulated mental activity. The suicidal ambivalance, appetite-weight loss, and fatigability dimensions of depression were found to be unrelated to daydreaming.", "PMID": 641165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_654", "title": "An indirect method for increasing the rate of social interaction in an autistic child.", "content": "The treatment of a 9-year-old autistic boy who manifested a low rate of social interaction with his parents and older sister is described. Previous attempts to persuade the parents to devote more time to interacting with the child had failed. The parents then were instructed to give the child training in handwriting. A dramatic improvement in the S's ability to reproduce the alphabet was observed. More importantly, a great increase in the rate of interaction between the child and the members of his family was documented. The percent of 10-second intervals in which the S spoke to his family or they spoke to him jumped from 19% during baseline to 89% during the intervention phase. Post-intervention rates of interaction continued to be higher than during baseline.", "contents": "An indirect method for increasing the rate of social interaction in an autistic child. The treatment of a 9-year-old autistic boy who manifested a low rate of social interaction with his parents and older sister is described. Previous attempts to persuade the parents to devote more time to interacting with the child had failed. The parents then were instructed to give the child training in handwriting. A dramatic improvement in the S's ability to reproduce the alphabet was observed. More importantly, a great increase in the rate of interaction between the child and the members of his family was documented. The percent of 10-second intervals in which the S spoke to his family or they spoke to him jumped from 19% during baseline to 89% during the intervention phase. Post-intervention rates of interaction continued to be higher than during baseline.", "PMID": 641166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_655", "title": "On the relationship of client satisfaction to client characteristics and outcome of treatment.", "content": "Administered to former psychiatric patients a client satisfaction scale and two general questions about satisfaction with hospitalization. Regression analyses that used the client satisfaction measures as dependent variables indicated that the client satisfaction scale was related more to other treatment outcome measures, especially length of stay and goal attainment. The two general questions on satisfaction had correlated highly with each other, but little relation to other outcome measures. The need for a clearer definition of client satisfaction is discussed.", "contents": "On the relationship of client satisfaction to client characteristics and outcome of treatment. Administered to former psychiatric patients a client satisfaction scale and two general questions about satisfaction with hospitalization. Regression analyses that used the client satisfaction measures as dependent variables indicated that the client satisfaction scale was related more to other treatment outcome measures, especially length of stay and goal attainment. The two general questions on satisfaction had correlated highly with each other, but little relation to other outcome measures. The need for a clearer definition of client satisfaction is discussed.", "PMID": 641167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_656", "title": "Comparative effectiveness of directive vs. nondirective group therapist style on client problem resolution.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the utility of two newly developed self-report measures of group therapy effectiveness. Repeated administrations of these instruments indicated that group therapy was effective in inducing significant problem resolution and that these changes were stable on a 3-month follow-up. One of the measures also suggested that the nondirective style of therapy appeared to be more effective than the directive style. Results suggest that two self-report measures may be useful in studies designed to determine both the outcome as well as the process of group psychotherapy.", "contents": "Comparative effectiveness of directive vs. nondirective group therapist style on client problem resolution. This study was designed to determine the utility of two newly developed self-report measures of group therapy effectiveness. Repeated administrations of these instruments indicated that group therapy was effective in inducing significant problem resolution and that these changes were stable on a 3-month follow-up. One of the measures also suggested that the nondirective style of therapy appeared to be more effective than the directive style. Results suggest that two self-report measures may be useful in studies designed to determine both the outcome as well as the process of group psychotherapy.", "PMID": 641168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_657", "title": "Does personal future outlook cause self-esteem?", "content": "Melges et al. (1971) presented evidence that a client's sense of self-worth is highly correlated with his degree of optimism about his personal future. In the present study, the cross-lagged panel correlation (CLPC) technique was used to test their hypothesis that changes in personal future outlook lead to changes in self-esteem. Ninety-four outpatients in the private psychiatric practice of the senior author filled out the Decision-Making Evaluation Instrument used by Melges et al. to assess these two constructs as well as decision-making and outcome. Results did not support their implication that personal future outlook is causally predominant over self-esteem, nor did the results support their assumption that they were measuring a distinct construct of self-esteem.", "contents": "Does personal future outlook cause self-esteem? Melges et al. (1971) presented evidence that a client's sense of self-worth is highly correlated with his degree of optimism about his personal future. In the present study, the cross-lagged panel correlation (CLPC) technique was used to test their hypothesis that changes in personal future outlook lead to changes in self-esteem. Ninety-four outpatients in the private psychiatric practice of the senior author filled out the Decision-Making Evaluation Instrument used by Melges et al. to assess these two constructs as well as decision-making and outcome. Results did not support their implication that personal future outlook is causally predominant over self-esteem, nor did the results support their assumption that they were measuring a distinct construct of self-esteem.", "PMID": 641169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_658", "title": "Effectiveness of complementary projection in reducing stress.", "content": "Threatened Ss in five stress groups with electric shock, while Ss in a sixth group were not threatened. In one of the stress groups Ss were encouraged to project causality for their feelings that resulted from the threat of shock to the E instead of to the shock, while Ss in the remaining stress groups were not encouraged to project causality for the threat-produced affects to the E. Physiological and self-report measures indicated that Ss who projected their anxiety and nervousness to the E were just as distressed by the veridical source of arousal as were Ss who did not project. Implications of these results for the hypothesized stress-reducing effectiveness of complementary projection were discussed.", "contents": "Effectiveness of complementary projection in reducing stress. Threatened Ss in five stress groups with electric shock, while Ss in a sixth group were not threatened. In one of the stress groups Ss were encouraged to project causality for their feelings that resulted from the threat of shock to the E instead of to the shock, while Ss in the remaining stress groups were not encouraged to project causality for the threat-produced affects to the E. Physiological and self-report measures indicated that Ss who projected their anxiety and nervousness to the E were just as distressed by the veridical source of arousal as were Ss who did not project. Implications of these results for the hypothesized stress-reducing effectiveness of complementary projection were discussed.", "PMID": 641170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_659", "title": "Measuring psychosocial aspects of treatment outcome among compulsive drug users.", "content": "Addressed three questions in a study designed to identify problems in adapting psychosocial measures for outcome evaluation of drug abuse treatment. Answers were sought by comparing samples of consecutive admissions to a drug dependence treatment center (N = 201) and to an inpatient psychiatric unit (N = 159) on home and community adjustment ratings (Personal Adjustment and Role Skills scales, Ellsworth, 1975) by self and significant others. For question one (Are there unique problems in gathering outcome data?), drug users' informants returned significantly fewer ratings: return rates were higher for drug users more seriously disturbed. For question two (Are data \"reliable?\"), comparable agreement was observed between self and other ratings for both drug users and psychiatric Ss; drug users' outcome data are as \"reliable,\" but not as retrievable, as psychiatric outcome data. For question three (Is outcome change unique?), drug users rated as improving significantly more than psychiatric Ss in employment and in drug abuse. Several methodological issues must be resolved, however, before psychosocial outcome data may be used in comparative studies of drug abuse treatment effectiveness.", "contents": "Measuring psychosocial aspects of treatment outcome among compulsive drug users. Addressed three questions in a study designed to identify problems in adapting psychosocial measures for outcome evaluation of drug abuse treatment. Answers were sought by comparing samples of consecutive admissions to a drug dependence treatment center (N = 201) and to an inpatient psychiatric unit (N = 159) on home and community adjustment ratings (Personal Adjustment and Role Skills scales, Ellsworth, 1975) by self and significant others. For question one (Are there unique problems in gathering outcome data?), drug users' informants returned significantly fewer ratings: return rates were higher for drug users more seriously disturbed. For question two (Are data \"reliable?\"), comparable agreement was observed between self and other ratings for both drug users and psychiatric Ss; drug users' outcome data are as \"reliable,\" but not as retrievable, as psychiatric outcome data. For question three (Is outcome change unique?), drug users rated as improving significantly more than psychiatric Ss in employment and in drug abuse. Several methodological issues must be resolved, however, before psychosocial outcome data may be used in comparative studies of drug abuse treatment effectiveness.", "PMID": 641171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_660", "title": "Drug abuses in the military: correlates of successful rehabilitation.", "content": "Investigated the relationships among motivation for drug abuse, successful rehabilitation, and personality/demographic variables. The Ss, 20 airmen who had completed successfully a local USAF Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Program, were administered the 16PF Qestionnaire, the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and the Sensation Seeking Scale. Multivariate correlative analyses showed that those Ss who progressed most rapidly through the rehabilitation program could be best identified by their scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale, while specific subscales of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the 16PF contributed somewhat to the predictive value. It was concluded the the SSS has potential value in predicting successful rehabilitation of military drug abusers.", "contents": "Drug abuses in the military: correlates of successful rehabilitation. Investigated the relationships among motivation for drug abuse, successful rehabilitation, and personality/demographic variables. The Ss, 20 airmen who had completed successfully a local USAF Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Program, were administered the 16PF Qestionnaire, the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and the Sensation Seeking Scale. Multivariate correlative analyses showed that those Ss who progressed most rapidly through the rehabilitation program could be best identified by their scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale, while specific subscales of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the 16PF contributed somewhat to the predictive value. It was concluded the the SSS has potential value in predicting successful rehabilitation of military drug abusers.", "PMID": 641172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_661", "title": "A self-control program for drinking antecedents: the role of self-monitoring and control orientation.", "content": "Assessed the effects of a self-control program on increasing personal control and ameliorating alcohol abuse. Ss attended two groups per week for 3 weeks and were administered the Experienced Control scale (Tiffany, 1967) before and after treatment and on follow-up. All Ss showed increased control over internal stresses across treatment. Internally oriented Ss in the experimental group showed increased control over external stresses, while internals in the control condition showed no change. Self-monitoring externals did not change over treatment, but increased significantly over follow-up. Control externals changed over treatment, but not on follow-up. Internally oriented Ss both monitored frequently and appeared to benefit from the use of self-monitoring of drinking antecedents. Externals showed more indefinite results, as self-monitoring Sc evidenced a slower, somewhat \"delayed\" increase in adaptive self-control when compared to self-monitoring internals.", "contents": "A self-control program for drinking antecedents: the role of self-monitoring and control orientation. Assessed the effects of a self-control program on increasing personal control and ameliorating alcohol abuse. Ss attended two groups per week for 3 weeks and were administered the Experienced Control scale (Tiffany, 1967) before and after treatment and on follow-up. All Ss showed increased control over internal stresses across treatment. Internally oriented Ss in the experimental group showed increased control over external stresses, while internals in the control condition showed no change. Self-monitoring externals did not change over treatment, but increased significantly over follow-up. Control externals changed over treatment, but not on follow-up. Internally oriented Ss both monitored frequently and appeared to benefit from the use of self-monitoring of drinking antecedents. Externals showed more indefinite results, as self-monitoring Sc evidenced a slower, somewhat \"delayed\" increase in adaptive self-control when compared to self-monitoring internals.", "PMID": 641173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_662", "title": "Intellectual assessment in a Midwestern alcoholism treatment population.", "content": "A study of 867 patients at a midwestern alcoholism treatment center which used Shipley-Hartford Institute of Living Scale scores and WAIS scores indicates that intellectual differences in this population are due to age and socioeconomic differences than to alcoholism. However, these real differences can be used to plan dismissal and rehabilitation policies for individual patients.", "contents": "Intellectual assessment in a Midwestern alcoholism treatment population. A study of 867 patients at a midwestern alcoholism treatment center which used Shipley-Hartford Institute of Living Scale scores and WAIS scores indicates that intellectual differences in this population are due to age and socioeconomic differences than to alcoholism. However, these real differences can be used to plan dismissal and rehabilitation policies for individual patients.", "PMID": 641174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_663", "title": "Determinants of locus of control orientation in male alcoholics.", "content": "Investigated various demographic correlates of locus of control orientation in 123 male alcoholics. The social functioning of alcoholics was associated significantly with locus of control. It was suggested that conflicting results among similar studies probably are due to the differing social or demographic characteristics of the samples that were used.", "contents": "Determinants of locus of control orientation in male alcoholics. Investigated various demographic correlates of locus of control orientation in 123 male alcoholics. The social functioning of alcoholics was associated significantly with locus of control. It was suggested that conflicting results among similar studies probably are due to the differing social or demographic characteristics of the samples that were used.", "PMID": 641175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_664", "title": "Schizophrenic performance on the Halstead-Reitan battery.", "content": "Compared Halstead-Reitan Battery scores of hospitalized male schizophrenics with scores of normals and brain-damaged Ss to determine performance patterns that differentiate the groups. Schizophrenics performed less well than normals on the Categories, TPT-Memory, and TPT-Location subtests and better than brain-damaged Ss on all subtests except Categories. In general, the effects of medication produced nonsignificant results.", "contents": "Schizophrenic performance on the Halstead-Reitan battery. Compared Halstead-Reitan Battery scores of hospitalized male schizophrenics with scores of normals and brain-damaged Ss to determine performance patterns that differentiate the groups. Schizophrenics performed less well than normals on the Categories, TPT-Memory, and TPT-Location subtests and better than brain-damaged Ss on all subtests except Categories. In general, the effects of medication produced nonsignificant results.", "PMID": 641176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_665", "title": "Suicidal age and childhood onychophagia among neurotic veterans.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between childhood onychophagia (fingernail biting) and the suicidal and non-suicidal mean age among 60 hospitalized neurotic veterans. The results show no significant mean age difference between suicidal and non-suicidal veterans; neither does the childhood onychophagia variable \"focal suicide\" significantly lower either the mean age of suicidal veterans or the mean age of non-suicidal veterans.", "contents": "Suicidal age and childhood onychophagia among neurotic veterans. Investigated the relationship between childhood onychophagia (fingernail biting) and the suicidal and non-suicidal mean age among 60 hospitalized neurotic veterans. The results show no significant mean age difference between suicidal and non-suicidal veterans; neither does the childhood onychophagia variable \"focal suicide\" significantly lower either the mean age of suicidal veterans or the mean age of non-suicidal veterans.", "PMID": 641177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_666", "title": "Verbal conditioning of male and female schizophrenics as a function of experimenter proximity.", "content": "Verbal conditioning of male and female schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics was observed as Ss sat at different distances and orientations from an E who delivered a positive word/positive tone reinforcer (\"Good\"). Results indicated that the presence vs. absence of diagnostic differences in learning depended on (a) the sex of the Ss; and (b) the distance that Ss sat from the E. The absence of overall diagnostic group differences in learning and the finding that in some proxemic conditions schizophrenics learned more than nonschizophrenics are consistent with the view that under appropriate conditions schizophrenics emit behaviors that are incompatible with an assumption of schizophrenic deficit.", "contents": "Verbal conditioning of male and female schizophrenics as a function of experimenter proximity. Verbal conditioning of male and female schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics was observed as Ss sat at different distances and orientations from an E who delivered a positive word/positive tone reinforcer (\"Good\"). Results indicated that the presence vs. absence of diagnostic differences in learning depended on (a) the sex of the Ss; and (b) the distance that Ss sat from the E. The absence of overall diagnostic group differences in learning and the finding that in some proxemic conditions schizophrenics learned more than nonschizophrenics are consistent with the view that under appropriate conditions schizophrenics emit behaviors that are incompatible with an assumption of schizophrenic deficit.", "PMID": 641178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_667", "title": "Weakness and instability of time expectancy in schizophrenia.", "content": "Duration of a tachistoscopically presented dark dot was estimated by schizophrenics and alcoholics. The dot was preceded by the auditory warning signal of viariable duration of up to 9 seconds. The duration of the warning signal constituted foreperiod duration. Estimation was a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when the probability distribution of foreperiods was constant. However, this monotonicity was eliminated when changes in foreperiod duration became infrequent. When intrusion of extraneous stimulus accompanied such infrequent changes, the effect of foreperiod duration on estimation of stimulus duration became curvilinear, with the maximum estimation at the mid-range. For alcoholics, the monotonically increasing effect of foreperiod duration was independent of relative frequency of foreperiod changes and intrusion of extraneous stimulus. Weakness and instability of time expectancy as characteristics unique to schizophrenia were demonstrated.", "contents": "Weakness and instability of time expectancy in schizophrenia. Duration of a tachistoscopically presented dark dot was estimated by schizophrenics and alcoholics. The dot was preceded by the auditory warning signal of viariable duration of up to 9 seconds. The duration of the warning signal constituted foreperiod duration. Estimation was a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when the probability distribution of foreperiods was constant. However, this monotonicity was eliminated when changes in foreperiod duration became infrequent. When intrusion of extraneous stimulus accompanied such infrequent changes, the effect of foreperiod duration on estimation of stimulus duration became curvilinear, with the maximum estimation at the mid-range. For alcoholics, the monotonically increasing effect of foreperiod duration was independent of relative frequency of foreperiod changes and intrusion of extraneous stimulus. Weakness and instability of time expectancy as characteristics unique to schizophrenia were demonstrated.", "PMID": 641179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_668", "title": "The effects of unilateral and bilateral ECT on verbal and visual spatial memory.", "content": "Investigated the effects of unilateral left (UL), unilateral right (UR), and bilateral (B) ECT on the performance of right-handed male patients on the Wechsler Memory Scale and two tests of the Williams battery, which provided eight independent measures of verbal memory and two of visual-spatial memory. Patients were tested three times: (1) within 1 week prior to ECT; (2) within 30 minutes after the sixth ECT; (3) 10 days after the sixty ECT. Double blind procedures were maintained carefully. Results showed a significant loss on second testing followed by a significant improvement 10 days later for all ECT groups compared with matched controls. There was some tendency for the UR group to show the least impairment on verbal measures and the UL group to show the least impairment on visual-spatial memory test of the WMS, but most of the differences between UL and UR groups and between each of these and the B group were not significant. The most sensitive test in differentiating among the ECT groups was the brief Verbal Learning subtest of the Williams battery.", "contents": "The effects of unilateral and bilateral ECT on verbal and visual spatial memory. Investigated the effects of unilateral left (UL), unilateral right (UR), and bilateral (B) ECT on the performance of right-handed male patients on the Wechsler Memory Scale and two tests of the Williams battery, which provided eight independent measures of verbal memory and two of visual-spatial memory. Patients were tested three times: (1) within 1 week prior to ECT; (2) within 30 minutes after the sixth ECT; (3) 10 days after the sixty ECT. Double blind procedures were maintained carefully. Results showed a significant loss on second testing followed by a significant improvement 10 days later for all ECT groups compared with matched controls. There was some tendency for the UR group to show the least impairment on verbal measures and the UL group to show the least impairment on visual-spatial memory test of the WMS, but most of the differences between UL and UR groups and between each of these and the B group were not significant. The most sensitive test in differentiating among the ECT groups was the brief Verbal Learning subtest of the Williams battery.", "PMID": 641180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_669", "title": "Admitting personal problems and outcomes in hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "Willingness to admit that one has a serious emotional problem is part of a complex of attitudes that have a significant effect on behavioral outcomes of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Specifically, patients who admitted emotional problems were more likely to want to change than non-admitters. Further, admitters stayed in the hospitals a significantly shorter time and were less likely to return to the hospital within a year than patients not willing to admit problems. Other similar findings indicated that admitting problems and desire to change were better predictors of patients' outcome than staff physicians' opinions.", "contents": "Admitting personal problems and outcomes in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Willingness to admit that one has a serious emotional problem is part of a complex of attitudes that have a significant effect on behavioral outcomes of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Specifically, patients who admitted emotional problems were more likely to want to change than non-admitters. Further, admitters stayed in the hospitals a significantly shorter time and were less likely to return to the hospital within a year than patients not willing to admit problems. Other similar findings indicated that admitting problems and desire to change were better predictors of patients' outcome than staff physicians' opinions.", "PMID": 641181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_670", "title": "Neuropsychological discrimination between violent and nonviolent men.", "content": "Compared 40 violent and 40 nonviolent male prisoners on a 31-variable neuropsychological test battery and the MMPI. The two groups differed significantly in their responses to both neuropsychological tests and the MMPI. Ss could be classified correctly as violent or nonviolent with 95% accuracy by use of the neuropsychological test battery alone. The MMPI alone correctly classed 79%. The relative behavioral impairment seen on neuropsychological tests is interpreted as part of a general pattern of poor intellectual integration cortical inhibition associated with the presumed greater prevalence of brain dysfunction in samples of violent persons. Simple and rather specific perceptual, cognitive, and psychomotor tests such as found in neuropsychological assessment batteries add significantly to the identification of potentially violent persons and appear more powerful for this purpose than personality inventories.", "contents": "Neuropsychological discrimination between violent and nonviolent men. Compared 40 violent and 40 nonviolent male prisoners on a 31-variable neuropsychological test battery and the MMPI. The two groups differed significantly in their responses to both neuropsychological tests and the MMPI. Ss could be classified correctly as violent or nonviolent with 95% accuracy by use of the neuropsychological test battery alone. The MMPI alone correctly classed 79%. The relative behavioral impairment seen on neuropsychological tests is interpreted as part of a general pattern of poor intellectual integration cortical inhibition associated with the presumed greater prevalence of brain dysfunction in samples of violent persons. Simple and rather specific perceptual, cognitive, and psychomotor tests such as found in neuropsychological assessment batteries add significantly to the identification of potentially violent persons and appear more powerful for this purpose than personality inventories.", "PMID": 641182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_671", "title": "The BSRI M, F, and androgyny scores are bipolar.", "content": "Demonstrates that the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) masculinity (M), femininity (F), and Androgyny scores reflect a bipolar dimension rather than two independent dimensions and their unique derivative. The mean endorsement of the BSRI M and F items was calculated for 50 males and 50 females separately and as a combined group. The BSRI M and F items then were scored in a bipolar fashion. A total Bipolar Androgyny score was calculated for each S by summing the S's Bipolar Androgyny scores on the M and F items. The data indicated that (1) Bem's M scores and the derived Bipolar Androgyny scores based on Bem's M items were highly correlated (congruent to .90); (2) Bem's F scores and the Bipolar Androgyny scores based on Bem's F items were highly correlated (congruent to .90); and (3) Bem's Androgyny scores and the total Bipolar Androgyny scores were highly correlated (congruent to .90). These results indicate that the BSRI Androgyny score reflects a bipolar dimension.", "contents": "The BSRI M, F, and androgyny scores are bipolar. Demonstrates that the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) masculinity (M), femininity (F), and Androgyny scores reflect a bipolar dimension rather than two independent dimensions and their unique derivative. The mean endorsement of the BSRI M and F items was calculated for 50 males and 50 females separately and as a combined group. The BSRI M and F items then were scored in a bipolar fashion. A total Bipolar Androgyny score was calculated for each S by summing the S's Bipolar Androgyny scores on the M and F items. The data indicated that (1) Bem's M scores and the derived Bipolar Androgyny scores based on Bem's M items were highly correlated (congruent to .90); (2) Bem's F scores and the Bipolar Androgyny scores based on Bem's F items were highly correlated (congruent to .90); and (3) Bem's Androgyny scores and the total Bipolar Androgyny scores were highly correlated (congruent to .90). These results indicate that the BSRI Androgyny score reflects a bipolar dimension.", "PMID": 641183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_672", "title": "Differentiation of neurologic and pseudo-neurologic patients with combined MMPI mini-mult and pseudo-neurologic scale.", "content": "Patients who were complaining of neurologic symptomagology completed the MMPI Mini-Mult plus the Shaw and Matthews Pseudo-Neurologic Scale to determine whether Pseudo-Neurologic and Neurologic patients could be separated. This was done with statistical significance, but not with clinical utility. There were no significant differences among the mean Mini-Mult profiles for the neurologic subcategory groups. Mean profiles for the Neurologic, Pseudo-Neurologic, and Mixed groups also were not significantly different, but analyses of the individual profiles in the Neurologic and Pseudo-Neurologic groups produced statistical and clinical significance. Presenting complaints of all Ss were investigated to see whether the Scale could predict differentially for patients in each of these groups. Only the complaint of weakness predicted with statistical significance and clinical utility. Attempts to create a new, more effective scale were disappointing despite statistical significance as misclassification decreased clinical utility.", "contents": "Differentiation of neurologic and pseudo-neurologic patients with combined MMPI mini-mult and pseudo-neurologic scale. Patients who were complaining of neurologic symptomagology completed the MMPI Mini-Mult plus the Shaw and Matthews Pseudo-Neurologic Scale to determine whether Pseudo-Neurologic and Neurologic patients could be separated. This was done with statistical significance, but not with clinical utility. There were no significant differences among the mean Mini-Mult profiles for the neurologic subcategory groups. Mean profiles for the Neurologic, Pseudo-Neurologic, and Mixed groups also were not significantly different, but analyses of the individual profiles in the Neurologic and Pseudo-Neurologic groups produced statistical and clinical significance. Presenting complaints of all Ss were investigated to see whether the Scale could predict differentially for patients in each of these groups. Only the complaint of weakness predicted with statistical significance and clinical utility. Attempts to create a new, more effective scale were disappointing despite statistical significance as misclassification decreased clinical utility.", "PMID": 641184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_673", "title": "Validity of the MMPI 168 on private clinic subpopulations.", "content": "The diagnostic efficiency of the MMPI 168 and the standard MMPI was compared on three private psychiatric subpopulations: a hospitalized adult inpatient sample, a hospitalized adolescent inpatient sample, and an outpatient sample composed of vocational rehabilitation referrals. The MMPI 168 was found to be a viable alternative to the standard Form R on all three groups by separating invalid from valid profiles, normal from abnormal profiles, and by differentiating among neurotic, psychotic, characterological, and indeterminate profiles.", "contents": "Validity of the MMPI 168 on private clinic subpopulations. The diagnostic efficiency of the MMPI 168 and the standard MMPI was compared on three private psychiatric subpopulations: a hospitalized adult inpatient sample, a hospitalized adolescent inpatient sample, and an outpatient sample composed of vocational rehabilitation referrals. The MMPI 168 was found to be a viable alternative to the standard Form R on all three groups by separating invalid from valid profiles, normal from abnormal profiles, and by differentiating among neurotic, psychotic, characterological, and indeterminate profiles.", "PMID": 641185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_674", "title": "Comparison of hyperactive and emotionally-behaviorally disturbed children on the Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale: a potential aid in diagnosis.", "content": "Comparison was made between Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale (DCB) ratings of matched groups of hyperactive and emotionally-behaviorally disturbed children. The emotionally behaviorally disturbed group was chosen to represent a population with presenting symptoms similar to hyperactivity. Ratings of the two groups exceeded the normative population on all DCB factors. The hyperactive group received higher scores on 16 factors and was significantly higher than the emotionally-behaviorally disturbed group on 8 factors. The hyperactive group received the most extreme scores on behavioral dimensions generally described as characteristic of the hyperactive syndrome. The results suggested that the DCB can assist in differentiating hyperactive children from children with presenting symptoms similar to those of hyperactivity.", "contents": "Comparison of hyperactive and emotionally-behaviorally disturbed children on the Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale: a potential aid in diagnosis. Comparison was made between Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale (DCB) ratings of matched groups of hyperactive and emotionally-behaviorally disturbed children. The emotionally behaviorally disturbed group was chosen to represent a population with presenting symptoms similar to hyperactivity. Ratings of the two groups exceeded the normative population on all DCB factors. The hyperactive group received higher scores on 16 factors and was significantly higher than the emotionally-behaviorally disturbed group on 8 factors. The hyperactive group received the most extreme scores on behavioral dimensions generally described as characteristic of the hyperactive syndrome. The results suggested that the DCB can assist in differentiating hyperactive children from children with presenting symptoms similar to those of hyperactivity.", "PMID": 641186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_675", "title": "The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: analysis and partial validation of a modified adult form.", "content": "Determined the factor structure of an adult form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), tested several hypotheses related to its content, and assessed the utility of the five derived scores for differentiating psychiatric outpatients from normals. The modified Self-Esteem Inventory and six other scales were completed by 200 local-government employees. A principal components analysis of correlations among 58 SEI items and two marker variables revealed five factors. The rotated dimensions were labelled (1) anxiety; (2) defensiveness; (3) negative social attitude; (4) rejection of self; and (5) inadequacy of self. Fifty psychiatric outpatients were compared with 100 normals with respect to the five derived factor scores. Tests of significance indicated that the two groups differed significantly on all measures except the defensiveness or lie scale factor. It is concluded that the Coopersmith Inventory is complex and measures several characteristics in addition to self-esteem.", "contents": "The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: analysis and partial validation of a modified adult form. Determined the factor structure of an adult form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), tested several hypotheses related to its content, and assessed the utility of the five derived scores for differentiating psychiatric outpatients from normals. The modified Self-Esteem Inventory and six other scales were completed by 200 local-government employees. A principal components analysis of correlations among 58 SEI items and two marker variables revealed five factors. The rotated dimensions were labelled (1) anxiety; (2) defensiveness; (3) negative social attitude; (4) rejection of self; and (5) inadequacy of self. Fifty psychiatric outpatients were compared with 100 normals with respect to the five derived factor scores. Tests of significance indicated that the two groups differed significantly on all measures except the defensiveness or lie scale factor. It is concluded that the Coopersmith Inventory is complex and measures several characteristics in addition to self-esteem.", "PMID": 641187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_676", "title": "Psychological mindedness, intelligence, and item subtlety endorsement patterns on the MMPI.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between psychological mindedness (measured by the Psychological Mindedness [Py] scale of the California Psychological Inventory [CPI]), intelligence (estimated by American College Test [act] scores), and item subtlety endorsement patterns of Ss asked to answer the MMPI under standard, fake-good, and fake-bad response sets. Male (N equal to 30) and female (N equal to 30) undergraduate students completed the Py scale and two MMPI protocols--one under standard test-taking instructions and the other under either a fake-good or a fake-bad set with order of administration and sex counterbalanced. Under the standard response set, Ss who scored high on the CPI-Py endorsed more very subtle and somewhat subtle items and fewer neutral, somewhat obvious, and very obvious items than Ss who scored low on this scale. Intellectual ability was not related to the endorsement of subtle or obvious items under standard or fake-good response sets. Under instructions to fake-bad, more intelligent individuals endorsed fewer somewhat subtle items and more very obvious items than less intelligent individuals. These results were discussed in reference to the utility of subtle items as unobstrusive measures of personality or as indicators of certain response sets.", "contents": "Psychological mindedness, intelligence, and item subtlety endorsement patterns on the MMPI. Investigated the relationship between psychological mindedness (measured by the Psychological Mindedness [Py] scale of the California Psychological Inventory [CPI]), intelligence (estimated by American College Test [act] scores), and item subtlety endorsement patterns of Ss asked to answer the MMPI under standard, fake-good, and fake-bad response sets. Male (N equal to 30) and female (N equal to 30) undergraduate students completed the Py scale and two MMPI protocols--one under standard test-taking instructions and the other under either a fake-good or a fake-bad set with order of administration and sex counterbalanced. Under the standard response set, Ss who scored high on the CPI-Py endorsed more very subtle and somewhat subtle items and fewer neutral, somewhat obvious, and very obvious items than Ss who scored low on this scale. Intellectual ability was not related to the endorsement of subtle or obvious items under standard or fake-good response sets. Under instructions to fake-bad, more intelligent individuals endorsed fewer somewhat subtle items and more very obvious items than less intelligent individuals. These results were discussed in reference to the utility of subtle items as unobstrusive measures of personality or as indicators of certain response sets.", "PMID": 641188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_677", "title": "Relating personality characteristics to juvenile offense categories: differences between status offenders and juvenile delinquents.", "content": "Examined the Jesness Inventories of 72 male juvenile offenders to see whether personality differences existed between the profiles of juvenile delinquents and status offenders. Of the 10 scales of the Jesness, analyses of variance yielded significant mean differences for 3 of the scales; 2 approached significance. A discriminant analysis also clearly discriminated between the two statutorily defined groups; status offenders appeared more rather than less disturbed than the juvenile delinquents. Results were discussed in terms of treatment ramifications and in providing empirical evidence to aid policy makers presently involved in deciding the appropriateness of court jurisdiction over status offenders.", "contents": "Relating personality characteristics to juvenile offense categories: differences between status offenders and juvenile delinquents. Examined the Jesness Inventories of 72 male juvenile offenders to see whether personality differences existed between the profiles of juvenile delinquents and status offenders. Of the 10 scales of the Jesness, analyses of variance yielded significant mean differences for 3 of the scales; 2 approached significance. A discriminant analysis also clearly discriminated between the two statutorily defined groups; status offenders appeared more rather than less disturbed than the juvenile delinquents. Results were discussed in terms of treatment ramifications and in providing empirical evidence to aid policy makers presently involved in deciding the appropriateness of court jurisdiction over status offenders.", "PMID": 641189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_678", "title": "Psychological and social adjustment of blind subjects and the 16PF.", "content": "Determined whether individuals who adapted well or poorly to the loss of their vision could be differentiated on the basis of the Cattell 16PF. Well adjusted individuals were defined as those who displayed minimal depression and high social independence, while poorly adjusted individuals were highly depressed and socially dependent. By the use of discriminant analysis based upon the standard 16PF, 84.5% of highly depressed and 81% of the minimally depressed group were classified accurately. In a second analysis, 75% of socially independent and 73% of socially dependent individuals were classified correctly. Premorbid characteristics of well and poorly adjusted blind Ss were described.", "contents": "Psychological and social adjustment of blind subjects and the 16PF. Determined whether individuals who adapted well or poorly to the loss of their vision could be differentiated on the basis of the Cattell 16PF. Well adjusted individuals were defined as those who displayed minimal depression and high social independence, while poorly adjusted individuals were highly depressed and socially dependent. By the use of discriminant analysis based upon the standard 16PF, 84.5% of highly depressed and 81% of the minimally depressed group were classified accurately. In a second analysis, 75% of socially independent and 73% of socially dependent individuals were classified correctly. Premorbid characteristics of well and poorly adjusted blind Ss were described.", "PMID": 641190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_679", "title": "Relationship between the \"Barnum effect\" and personality inventory responses.", "content": "Hypothesized that rating bogus \"personality feedback\" and answering personality inventory items are both instances of the same general behavior. After undergraduates were administered personality inventories, they were asked to evaluate the accuracies of personality descriptors under differing instructional sets. In support of the hypothesis, a Barnum Group's (N equal to 24) personality inventory responses and \"personality feedback\" ratings correlated significantly and as highly as Reliability Controls' (N equal to 24) alternate forms reliability coefficient. Inventory responses and \"feedback\" ratings were affected equally by the descriptors' favorability and by the Ss' defensiveness. Contrary to the hypothesis, descriptors were rated as more personally accurate when presented as \"feedback\" than when presented as test items. Theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between the \"Barnum effect\" and personality inventory responses. Hypothesized that rating bogus \"personality feedback\" and answering personality inventory items are both instances of the same general behavior. After undergraduates were administered personality inventories, they were asked to evaluate the accuracies of personality descriptors under differing instructional sets. In support of the hypothesis, a Barnum Group's (N equal to 24) personality inventory responses and \"personality feedback\" ratings correlated significantly and as highly as Reliability Controls' (N equal to 24) alternate forms reliability coefficient. Inventory responses and \"feedback\" ratings were affected equally by the descriptors' favorability and by the Ss' defensiveness. Contrary to the hypothesis, descriptors were rated as more personally accurate when presented as \"feedback\" than when presented as test items. Theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 641192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_680", "title": "Ultrastructure of Ebola virus particles in human liver.", "content": "Electron microscopy of tissues from two necropsies carried out in the Sudan on patients with Ebola virus infection identified virus particles in lung and spleen, but the main concentrations of Ebola particles were seen in liver sections. Viral precursor proteins and cores were found in functional liver cells, often aligned in membrane-bound aggregations. Complete virions, usually found only extracellularly, were mainly seen as long tubular forms, some without cores. Many tubular forms had 'enlarged heads' or 'spores' and some branched and torus forms were identified. The size and structure of the Ebola virus forms appear to be virtually indistinguishable from those of Marburg virus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Ebola virus particles in human liver. Electron microscopy of tissues from two necropsies carried out in the Sudan on patients with Ebola virus infection identified virus particles in lung and spleen, but the main concentrations of Ebola particles were seen in liver sections. Viral precursor proteins and cores were found in functional liver cells, often aligned in membrane-bound aggregations. Complete virions, usually found only extracellularly, were mainly seen as long tubular forms, some without cores. Many tubular forms had 'enlarged heads' or 'spores' and some branched and torus forms were identified. The size and structure of the Ebola virus forms appear to be virtually indistinguishable from those of Marburg virus.", "PMID": 641193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_681", "title": "Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in pyogenic meningitis.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with pyogenic meningitis was found to be chemotactic for polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes. No significant difference was found between the mean chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with pneumococcal meningitis or meningococcal meningitis. The chemotactic factor present in cerebrospinal fluid is probably a low molecular weight protein, perhaps a complement component.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in pyogenic meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with pyogenic meningitis was found to be chemotactic for polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes. No significant difference was found between the mean chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with pneumococcal meningitis or meningococcal meningitis. The chemotactic factor present in cerebrospinal fluid is probably a low molecular weight protein, perhaps a complement component.", "PMID": 641194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_682", "title": "Flavobacterium meningosepticum as an opportunist.", "content": "Flavobacterium meningosepticum was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an adult immunodeficient female. In spite of prompt therapy the patient succumbed to the infection. The opportunistic role of the organism is discussed.", "contents": "Flavobacterium meningosepticum as an opportunist. Flavobacterium meningosepticum was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an adult immunodeficient female. In spite of prompt therapy the patient succumbed to the infection. The opportunistic role of the organism is discussed.", "PMID": 641195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_683", "title": "Some interesting isolates from a diagnostic laboratory.", "content": "Citrobacter koseri, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia enterocolitica, Alkalescens dispar, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus were seven interesting microorganisms isolated recently in our diagnostic laboratory.", "contents": "Some interesting isolates from a diagnostic laboratory. Citrobacter koseri, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia enterocolitica, Alkalescens dispar, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus were seven interesting microorganisms isolated recently in our diagnostic laboratory.", "PMID": 641196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_684", "title": "Polyene antibiotics in assessing significance of antistreptolysin O activity.", "content": "Antistreptolysin O activity in serum is due either to antibody or to altered lipoprotein molecules. The latter can be inhibited by performing antistreptolysin tests using a polyene antibiotic such as amphotericin B as diluent.", "contents": "Polyene antibiotics in assessing significance of antistreptolysin O activity. Antistreptolysin O activity in serum is due either to antibody or to altered lipoprotein molecules. The latter can be inhibited by performing antistreptolysin tests using a polyene antibiotic such as amphotericin B as diluent.", "PMID": 641197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_685", "title": "Paraganglioneuroma of the duodenum: an evolutionary hybrid?", "content": "On light microscopy the neural component of a hybrid neural and endocrine duodenal tumour was characterised by ganglion cells and the endocrine component by epithelioid cells which were both argentaffin and argyrophil. Spindle-shaped cells of indeterminant lineage were also present. Electron microscopy revealed 'pale' and 'dark' cells, the former corresponding to the epithelioid cells and containing many membrane-bound neurosecretory granules, the latter probably corresponding to the spindle cells and containing large numbers of neurofilaments. Occasional cells contained both neurofilaments and secretory granules arranged in a consistent pattern in the cytoplasm. These composite cells may have represented an incompletely differentiated precursor of both the neural and endocrine elements of the tumour.", "contents": "Paraganglioneuroma of the duodenum: an evolutionary hybrid? On light microscopy the neural component of a hybrid neural and endocrine duodenal tumour was characterised by ganglion cells and the endocrine component by epithelioid cells which were both argentaffin and argyrophil. Spindle-shaped cells of indeterminant lineage were also present. Electron microscopy revealed 'pale' and 'dark' cells, the former corresponding to the epithelioid cells and containing many membrane-bound neurosecretory granules, the latter probably corresponding to the spindle cells and containing large numbers of neurofilaments. Occasional cells contained both neurofilaments and secretory granules arranged in a consistent pattern in the cytoplasm. These composite cells may have represented an incompletely differentiated precursor of both the neural and endocrine elements of the tumour.", "PMID": 641198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_686", "title": "Congenital syphilis in aborted second trimester fetus: diagnosis by histological study.", "content": "A case of congenital syphilis in an aborted fetus in the second trimester of pregnancy was documented by demonstration of spirochaetes in the fetal liver, despite the fact that diagnostic studies had not been performed on the mother. Suspicion was aroused by the gross and microscopic appearance of the placenta, which appeared identical with the described in proven cases of congenital syphilis. Although these changes have been alleged to be non-specific, the rarity with which such well-developed lesions are encountered in placentas in other circumstances dictates the necessity for further study when they are observed.", "contents": "Congenital syphilis in aborted second trimester fetus: diagnosis by histological study. A case of congenital syphilis in an aborted fetus in the second trimester of pregnancy was documented by demonstration of spirochaetes in the fetal liver, despite the fact that diagnostic studies had not been performed on the mother. Suspicion was aroused by the gross and microscopic appearance of the placenta, which appeared identical with the described in proven cases of congenital syphilis. Although these changes have been alleged to be non-specific, the rarity with which such well-developed lesions are encountered in placentas in other circumstances dictates the necessity for further study when they are observed.", "PMID": 641199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_687", "title": "Internal sphincter and haemorrhoids: a pathological study.", "content": "Histological examination of the lower margin of the internal sphincter has demonstrated an increased amount of fibrous tissue in patients with haemorrhoids compared with controls. This finding may be of relevance to the treatment of haemorrhoids by maximal anal dilatation.", "contents": "Internal sphincter and haemorrhoids: a pathological study. Histological examination of the lower margin of the internal sphincter has demonstrated an increased amount of fibrous tissue in patients with haemorrhoids compared with controls. This finding may be of relevance to the treatment of haemorrhoids by maximal anal dilatation.", "PMID": 641200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_688", "title": "Abridged differential leucocyte counts provided by a Coulter Channelyzer in a routine haematology laboratory.", "content": "We have used automated differential leucocyte counts by volume analysis for the past six months after initial evaluation had shown several advantages--namely, accuracy, simplicity, speed, and low cost. We describe the operation of the Coulter Channelyzer Model C-1000, which is linked to a Coulter Model S cell counter, analyse the cost, and comment on the clinical and laboratory consequences of adopting this method.", "contents": "Abridged differential leucocyte counts provided by a Coulter Channelyzer in a routine haematology laboratory. We have used automated differential leucocyte counts by volume analysis for the past six months after initial evaluation had shown several advantages--namely, accuracy, simplicity, speed, and low cost. We describe the operation of the Coulter Channelyzer Model C-1000, which is linked to a Coulter Model S cell counter, analyse the cost, and comment on the clinical and laboratory consequences of adopting this method.", "PMID": 641201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_689", "title": "Measuring IgG anti-A/B titres using dithiothreitol (DTT).", "content": "In comparing the use of the sulphydryl compounds 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) and dithiothreitol (DTT) a rapid one-stage technique for titrating IgG anti-A and anti-B using DTT in an antiglobulin test was tried. The results correlated well with those obtained by either of the two-stage methods using 2ME or DTT.", "contents": "Measuring IgG anti-A/B titres using dithiothreitol (DTT). In comparing the use of the sulphydryl compounds 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) and dithiothreitol (DTT) a rapid one-stage technique for titrating IgG anti-A and anti-B using DTT in an antiglobulin test was tried. The results correlated well with those obtained by either of the two-stage methods using 2ME or DTT.", "PMID": 641203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_690", "title": "Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in haemophiliacs on long-term therapy with Scottish factor VIII.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with haemophilia A were studied clinically and serologically between 1971-2 and 1975-6 for evidence of hepatitis B infection. One patient suffered from clinical hepatitis B, and a further eight patients showed antibody responses to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) consistent with exposure to HBsAg during this period. No evidence for HBsAg exposure was found in 14 patients, while the remaining 12 patients had high titres of antibody to HBsAg at both times and no inferences could be drawn about HBsAg exposure. All patients had received exclusively replacement factor VIII material prepared locally from HBsAg-screened voluntary Scottish blood donations. From the details of the therapy given we calculated that the rate of HBsAg seroconversion in these patients represented about 0.3 HBsAg-containing donations/1000 donations.", "contents": "Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in haemophiliacs on long-term therapy with Scottish factor VIII. Thirty-five patients with haemophilia A were studied clinically and serologically between 1971-2 and 1975-6 for evidence of hepatitis B infection. One patient suffered from clinical hepatitis B, and a further eight patients showed antibody responses to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) consistent with exposure to HBsAg during this period. No evidence for HBsAg exposure was found in 14 patients, while the remaining 12 patients had high titres of antibody to HBsAg at both times and no inferences could be drawn about HBsAg exposure. All patients had received exclusively replacement factor VIII material prepared locally from HBsAg-screened voluntary Scottish blood donations. From the details of the therapy given we calculated that the rate of HBsAg seroconversion in these patients represented about 0.3 HBsAg-containing donations/1000 donations.", "PMID": 641208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_691", "title": "Lazy leucocyte syndrome--disorder of the granulocyte membrane?", "content": "An adult with long-standing neutropenia had the functional granulocyte abnormalities typical of the lazy leucocyte syndrome. Scanning electron microscopy of the patient's neutrophils showed alteration in the surface configuration of the cell with coarsening of the normal fine ruffles and the appearance of knob-like projections. Similar functional and anatomical changes were induced in normal neutrophils by treatment with vinblastine. The lazy leucocyte syndrome may be a consequence of altered membrane microfilamentous protein structure or function, and undue rigidity of the affected neutrophils may explain the clinicopathological features of the disease.", "contents": "Lazy leucocyte syndrome--disorder of the granulocyte membrane? An adult with long-standing neutropenia had the functional granulocyte abnormalities typical of the lazy leucocyte syndrome. Scanning electron microscopy of the patient's neutrophils showed alteration in the surface configuration of the cell with coarsening of the normal fine ruffles and the appearance of knob-like projections. Similar functional and anatomical changes were induced in normal neutrophils by treatment with vinblastine. The lazy leucocyte syndrome may be a consequence of altered membrane microfilamentous protein structure or function, and undue rigidity of the affected neutrophils may explain the clinicopathological features of the disease.", "PMID": 641207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_692", "title": "Role of imprint cytology in intraoperative diagnosis: value and limitations.", "content": "Imprints prepared from fresh surgical specimens give excellent cytological clarity. Used intraoperatively, the imprint method can provide valuable information when frozen-section interpretation is equivocal. However, cytologically well-differentiated tumours and tumours with a dense fibrous stroma, constituting 6% of the cases in the present series, cannot be diagnosed by this method. To increase diagnostic accuracy we recommend the combined use of imprints and frozen sections. The imprint technique requires little additional work and does not delay the frozen-section procedure.", "contents": "Role of imprint cytology in intraoperative diagnosis: value and limitations. Imprints prepared from fresh surgical specimens give excellent cytological clarity. Used intraoperatively, the imprint method can provide valuable information when frozen-section interpretation is equivocal. However, cytologically well-differentiated tumours and tumours with a dense fibrous stroma, constituting 6% of the cases in the present series, cannot be diagnosed by this method. To increase diagnostic accuracy we recommend the combined use of imprints and frozen sections. The imprint technique requires little additional work and does not delay the frozen-section procedure.", "PMID": 641209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_693", "title": "Fluorimetric assay of mycobacterial group-specific hydrolase enzymes.", "content": "Fluorigenic substrates prepared from 4-methylumbelliferone provide a simple, convenient method for detecting and assaying group-specific hydrolase activity in small quantities of whole mycobacteria. Physico-chemical properties of the enzymes such as pH dependence and heat stability may also be studied. A technique is described for studying glycosidase, hexosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and acyl esterase activity in seven mycobacterial species. Such techniques will be a useful aid to the taxonomy, identification, and quantification of mycobacteria, especially slowly growing strains in which biochemical properties are very difficult to detect by other techniques.", "contents": "Fluorimetric assay of mycobacterial group-specific hydrolase enzymes. Fluorigenic substrates prepared from 4-methylumbelliferone provide a simple, convenient method for detecting and assaying group-specific hydrolase activity in small quantities of whole mycobacteria. Physico-chemical properties of the enzymes such as pH dependence and heat stability may also be studied. A technique is described for studying glycosidase, hexosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and acyl esterase activity in seven mycobacterial species. Such techniques will be a useful aid to the taxonomy, identification, and quantification of mycobacteria, especially slowly growing strains in which biochemical properties are very difficult to detect by other techniques.", "PMID": 641210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_694", "title": "Rapid estimation of volume of distribution after a short intravenous infusion and its application to dosing adjustments.", "content": "A simple and a rapid method to estimate the apparent volume of distribution of drug after single or during multiple short-term intravenous infusion is proposed. This is based on the back extrapolation to the midpoint of infusion. An equation simpler than one previously reported in the literature is also derived to calculate the maintenance dose for multiple short-term intravenous infusion. In addition, an equation to estimate the \"priming dose\" for infusion during multiple infusion regimen is also derived. The derivations of the equations are based on a linear one-compartment open model for drug disposition in patients. The prposed method is thought to be adequate for the purpose of rapid individualization of dosage regimens. The simplicity of the method, in particular, the solution by the graphic method for estimation of the apparent volume of distribution, might be specially useful for clinicians not well versed in mathematics in applying clinical pharmacokinetics to drug therapy.", "contents": "Rapid estimation of volume of distribution after a short intravenous infusion and its application to dosing adjustments. A simple and a rapid method to estimate the apparent volume of distribution of drug after single or during multiple short-term intravenous infusion is proposed. This is based on the back extrapolation to the midpoint of infusion. An equation simpler than one previously reported in the literature is also derived to calculate the maintenance dose for multiple short-term intravenous infusion. In addition, an equation to estimate the \"priming dose\" for infusion during multiple infusion regimen is also derived. The derivations of the equations are based on a linear one-compartment open model for drug disposition in patients. The prposed method is thought to be adequate for the purpose of rapid individualization of dosage regimens. The simplicity of the method, in particular, the solution by the graphic method for estimation of the apparent volume of distribution, might be specially useful for clinicians not well versed in mathematics in applying clinical pharmacokinetics to drug therapy.", "PMID": 641215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_695", "title": "A cytologic study of Grandry corpuscle development in chicken toe skin.", "content": "The developmental sequence of Grandry corpuscles was traced in the toe skin of embryonic, young and adult chickens by light and electron microscopy. The developing Grandry cells as well as Schwann cells can first be identified at stage 38 (approximately 12 days of incubation) due to the cytoplasmic content of scattered secretory granules of approximately 100 nm in diameter. Such developing Grandry cells are always associated with nerve fibers. During late stages (stages 40-42, 14-16 days of incubation) several immature Grandry cells formed cell clusters in the dermis. Such cell clusters were always in contact with growing nerve tips of Schwann cells. Immature Grandry cells were separated from one another and dispersed in the connective tissue compartment at stages 44-45 (near hatching). By the time of hatching the developing Grandry cells began to have the morphological characteristics of adult cells. They were relatively large in cell diameter (approximately 10 micron) containing numerous secretory granules and bundles of filamentous material. These cells had finger-like cytoplasmic processes. The Grandry cells at this time had an intimate relationship with nerve fibers and satellite cells. The fact that Grandry cells were always associated with nerve fibers throughout development would support the hypothesis that Grandry cells are derived from neural elements, perhaps neural crest. Satellite cells of Grandry corpuscles are apparently derived from Schwann cells. Grandry cells and corpuscles are adult in form by two to three months of age.", "contents": "A cytologic study of Grandry corpuscle development in chicken toe skin. The developmental sequence of Grandry corpuscles was traced in the toe skin of embryonic, young and adult chickens by light and electron microscopy. The developing Grandry cells as well as Schwann cells can first be identified at stage 38 (approximately 12 days of incubation) due to the cytoplasmic content of scattered secretory granules of approximately 100 nm in diameter. Such developing Grandry cells are always associated with nerve fibers. During late stages (stages 40-42, 14-16 days of incubation) several immature Grandry cells formed cell clusters in the dermis. Such cell clusters were always in contact with growing nerve tips of Schwann cells. Immature Grandry cells were separated from one another and dispersed in the connective tissue compartment at stages 44-45 (near hatching). By the time of hatching the developing Grandry cells began to have the morphological characteristics of adult cells. They were relatively large in cell diameter (approximately 10 micron) containing numerous secretory granules and bundles of filamentous material. These cells had finger-like cytoplasmic processes. The Grandry cells at this time had an intimate relationship with nerve fibers and satellite cells. The fact that Grandry cells were always associated with nerve fibers throughout development would support the hypothesis that Grandry cells are derived from neural elements, perhaps neural crest. Satellite cells of Grandry corpuscles are apparently derived from Schwann cells. Grandry cells and corpuscles are adult in form by two to three months of age.", "PMID": 641220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_696", "title": "Bethanidine dose, plasma levels, and antihypertensive effects.", "content": "Bethanidine dose, plasma levels, and hypotensive effects were evaluated in twelve hypertensive patients. Diuretic therapy with benzthiazide was started two weeks before and continued during the study. Bethanidine was given three times daily. After two to 12 months of therapy in 11 of the patients, the mean standing diastolic pressure was reduced from 112 to 91 mm Hg. The mean total daily bethanidine dose was 79 mg (range 30--150 mg). The mean plasma bethanidine was 0.65 micrometer (range 0.1--2.8 micrometer), which correlated with the bethanidine dose. There was less correlation between dose and antihypertensive effect. The effects of sudden withdrawal from chronic bethanidine dosing were observed in six patients. The orthostatic effect of bethanidine was lost within 12 hours, but the half-time of elimination of bethanidine from plasma was 39 hours. Based upon the present findings, recommendations are presented for initiation and maintenance of antihypertensive therapy with bethanidine.", "contents": "Bethanidine dose, plasma levels, and antihypertensive effects. Bethanidine dose, plasma levels, and hypotensive effects were evaluated in twelve hypertensive patients. Diuretic therapy with benzthiazide was started two weeks before and continued during the study. Bethanidine was given three times daily. After two to 12 months of therapy in 11 of the patients, the mean standing diastolic pressure was reduced from 112 to 91 mm Hg. The mean total daily bethanidine dose was 79 mg (range 30--150 mg). The mean plasma bethanidine was 0.65 micrometer (range 0.1--2.8 micrometer), which correlated with the bethanidine dose. There was less correlation between dose and antihypertensive effect. The effects of sudden withdrawal from chronic bethanidine dosing were observed in six patients. The orthostatic effect of bethanidine was lost within 12 hours, but the half-time of elimination of bethanidine from plasma was 39 hours. Based upon the present findings, recommendations are presented for initiation and maintenance of antihypertensive therapy with bethanidine.", "PMID": 641213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_697", "title": "An autoradiographic study of midbrain-diencephalic projections to the inferior olivary nucleus in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).", "content": "Techniques of intra-axonal transport were utlizied to elucidate the organization of diencephalic and midbrain projections to the inferior olivary nucleus of the Virginia opossum. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the olive suggests that terminals within it arise from the subparafascicular nucleus of the caudal thalamus, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the fields of Forel, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the periaqueductal grey, the caudal pretectal nucleus, the tegmentum dorsomedial to the red nucleus, the red nucleus (minimal), the nucleus linearis, as well as the dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum and tectum (Henkel et al., '75). Tritiated leucine injections were made into each of the above-mentioned cell groups so that the olivary terminals of their axons could be demonstrated autoradiographically. In general, the projection systems show three basic patterns of organization. Ventromedial areas of the midbrain, including the ventral periaqueductal grey, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, part of the red nucleus and the tegmentum dorso-medial to it, provide a substantial and topographically organized projection to the principal nucleus of the olive, as well as minor inputs to the accessory nuclei. Secondly, neurons within the subparafascicular nucleus, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the fields of Forel project most heavily to parts of the medial accessory nucleus, although they also provide input to the other major subdivisions of the olive. Third, axons from the dorsolateral tegmentum and tectum completely avoid the principal nucleus, while supplying small regions of the accessory nuclei.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of midbrain-diencephalic projections to the inferior olivary nucleus in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Techniques of intra-axonal transport were utlizied to elucidate the organization of diencephalic and midbrain projections to the inferior olivary nucleus of the Virginia opossum. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the olive suggests that terminals within it arise from the subparafascicular nucleus of the caudal thalamus, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the fields of Forel, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the periaqueductal grey, the caudal pretectal nucleus, the tegmentum dorsomedial to the red nucleus, the red nucleus (minimal), the nucleus linearis, as well as the dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum and tectum (Henkel et al., '75). Tritiated leucine injections were made into each of the above-mentioned cell groups so that the olivary terminals of their axons could be demonstrated autoradiographically. In general, the projection systems show three basic patterns of organization. Ventromedial areas of the midbrain, including the ventral periaqueductal grey, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, part of the red nucleus and the tegmentum dorso-medial to it, provide a substantial and topographically organized projection to the principal nucleus of the olive, as well as minor inputs to the accessory nuclei. Secondly, neurons within the subparafascicular nucleus, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the fields of Forel project most heavily to parts of the medial accessory nucleus, although they also provide input to the other major subdivisions of the olive. Third, axons from the dorsolateral tegmentum and tectum completely avoid the principal nucleus, while supplying small regions of the accessory nuclei.", "PMID": 641221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_698", "title": "Indomethacin disposition and indomethacin-induced platelet dysfunction in premature infants.", "content": "Indomethacin failed to produce permanent ductal closure in any of four premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus to whom the drug was given. Indomethacin half-lives measured in two premature infants were 21 and 24 hours, respectively, much longer than in full-term newborns or adults. Platelet function, as measured by platelet aggregation, was grossly abnormal for two to four days after indomethacin administration, normal values returning only by the ninth and tenth days. Gastrointestinal bleeding and transient renal dysfunction occurred in one infant. Measurement of plasma indomethacin concentrations in sick, low-birthweight infants could help guide indomethacin dose and dosage interval, prevent drug accumulation, and reduce toxicity. Further studies of potential toxicity seem to be indicated before instituting widespread indomethacin administration for ductal closure in premature infants.", "contents": "Indomethacin disposition and indomethacin-induced platelet dysfunction in premature infants. Indomethacin failed to produce permanent ductal closure in any of four premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus to whom the drug was given. Indomethacin half-lives measured in two premature infants were 21 and 24 hours, respectively, much longer than in full-term newborns or adults. Platelet function, as measured by platelet aggregation, was grossly abnormal for two to four days after indomethacin administration, normal values returning only by the ninth and tenth days. Gastrointestinal bleeding and transient renal dysfunction occurred in one infant. Measurement of plasma indomethacin concentrations in sick, low-birthweight infants could help guide indomethacin dose and dosage interval, prevent drug accumulation, and reduce toxicity. Further studies of potential toxicity seem to be indicated before instituting widespread indomethacin administration for ductal closure in premature infants.", "PMID": 641216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_699", "title": "The organization of olivo-cerebellar projections in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, as revealed by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was utilized to map olivo-cerebellar projections in the Virginia opossum. The spinal cerebellum (anterior lobe, paramedian lobule and pyramis) receives input from several separate regions in the dorsal accessory nucleus, the medial accessory nucleus and portions of the principal nucleus. Evidence is present for a topographical organization whereby specific regions of the olive project to restricted longitudinal zones. The visual-auditory region of the posterior vermis receives input from small areas within the caudal part of the medial accessory nucleus. From a distinctly separate region of the caudal medial accessory nucleus (as well as the principal nucleus), axons project to the uvula. The vestibulo-cerebellum is the recipient of axons from the cap of Kooy and from two spatially separate regions of the medial accessory nucleus. The cerebellar hemisphere (Crus I and II, lobus simplex) is the target of axons from parts of all three olivary nuclei and it is possible that the projections from the different nuclei are targeted upon separate zones. The paraflocculus was found to receive an input from the rostral part of the medial accessory nucleus and from the principal nucleus. The present results suggest that a distinct olivary region may project to several widely separate areas of the cerebellum, and that one cerebellar region may receive input from several areas of the olive. The organization of the olivocerebellar projection is highly complex, but when considered in light of known inputs to the olive, certain patterns emerge.", "contents": "The organization of olivo-cerebellar projections in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, as revealed by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was utilized to map olivo-cerebellar projections in the Virginia opossum. The spinal cerebellum (anterior lobe, paramedian lobule and pyramis) receives input from several separate regions in the dorsal accessory nucleus, the medial accessory nucleus and portions of the principal nucleus. Evidence is present for a topographical organization whereby specific regions of the olive project to restricted longitudinal zones. The visual-auditory region of the posterior vermis receives input from small areas within the caudal part of the medial accessory nucleus. From a distinctly separate region of the caudal medial accessory nucleus (as well as the principal nucleus), axons project to the uvula. The vestibulo-cerebellum is the recipient of axons from the cap of Kooy and from two spatially separate regions of the medial accessory nucleus. The cerebellar hemisphere (Crus I and II, lobus simplex) is the target of axons from parts of all three olivary nuclei and it is possible that the projections from the different nuclei are targeted upon separate zones. The paraflocculus was found to receive an input from the rostral part of the medial accessory nucleus and from the principal nucleus. The present results suggest that a distinct olivary region may project to several widely separate areas of the cerebellum, and that one cerebellar region may receive input from several areas of the olive. The organization of the olivocerebellar projection is highly complex, but when considered in light of known inputs to the olive, certain patterns emerge.", "PMID": 641222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_700", "title": "Spinal projection to the dorsolateral nucleus of the caudal basilar pons in the cat.", "content": "In the cat, a spinal projection to a restricted area of the basilar pontine grey has been revealed with use of anterograde degeneration technique (Fink-Heimer). The area was ipsilateral to the spinal lesion, restricted to the far caudal limit of the pons, and included the dorsal and the dorsolateral subdivisions of the pontine nuclei (PN). Comparisons following high cervical, midthoracic and upper lumbar spinal lesions did not reveal any somatotopic organization. Only a few spinopontine fibers had origins below segmental level L4. Lesions of various quadrants of the cord indicated that the spinopontine fibers ascended through the dorsolateral funiculus, and not through either the dorsal or the ventral funiculi. Comparison with the degeneration effects of cerebral cortical lesions showed that the spinal projection to the PN overlapped to some extent with the projection from the first sensorimotor and second somatosensory cortices. In the rat no comparable spinopontine projection was found. It is suggested that the spinopontine pathway might forward information to the cerebellum from visceral sensory receptors or perhaps from pools of spinal interneurons.", "contents": "Spinal projection to the dorsolateral nucleus of the caudal basilar pons in the cat. In the cat, a spinal projection to a restricted area of the basilar pontine grey has been revealed with use of anterograde degeneration technique (Fink-Heimer). The area was ipsilateral to the spinal lesion, restricted to the far caudal limit of the pons, and included the dorsal and the dorsolateral subdivisions of the pontine nuclei (PN). Comparisons following high cervical, midthoracic and upper lumbar spinal lesions did not reveal any somatotopic organization. Only a few spinopontine fibers had origins below segmental level L4. Lesions of various quadrants of the cord indicated that the spinopontine fibers ascended through the dorsolateral funiculus, and not through either the dorsal or the ventral funiculi. Comparison with the degeneration effects of cerebral cortical lesions showed that the spinal projection to the PN overlapped to some extent with the projection from the first sensorimotor and second somatosensory cortices. In the rat no comparable spinopontine projection was found. It is suggested that the spinopontine pathway might forward information to the cerebellum from visceral sensory receptors or perhaps from pools of spinal interneurons.", "PMID": 641223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_701", "title": "The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus) III. Ascending projections to the mesencephalic eye motor nuclei.", "content": "Following injections of horseradish peroxidase in the oculomotor and the trochlear nuclei in the hen, the occurrence of labeled cells was plotted in the vestibular nuclei. The majority of labeled cells was localized in the superior, the medial, and the tangential nucleus. Within the superior nucleus the cells were found mainly caudally, extending medially and ventrally in central areas. In the medial nucleus labeled cells were localized exclusively in its rostral half, mainly in ventrolateral regions. Most, if not all, cells in the nucleus tangentialis project rostrally. In addition, rostrally projecting vestibular cells were found in the cell group A and the rostrolateral part of the descending nucleus. The projection to the oculomotor nuclear complex is from the superior nucleus and the cell group A bilateral but chiefly ipsilateral, from the medial nucleus bilateral, from the tangential nucleus and the rostral pole of the descending nucleus chiefly contralateral. Massive labeling was found in the abducens nucleus, somewhat less in the reticular formation, mainly in the lateral regions of the medial part at the level of the abducens and facial nuclei. Labeled cells were, in addition, found in the deep layers of the optic tectum, and scattered cells in the nucleus raphe. The findings are discussed in the light of what is known of the organization of the vestibular nuclei in the hen and the rostral projection of the vestibular nuclei in mammals.", "contents": "The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus) III. Ascending projections to the mesencephalic eye motor nuclei. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase in the oculomotor and the trochlear nuclei in the hen, the occurrence of labeled cells was plotted in the vestibular nuclei. The majority of labeled cells was localized in the superior, the medial, and the tangential nucleus. Within the superior nucleus the cells were found mainly caudally, extending medially and ventrally in central areas. In the medial nucleus labeled cells were localized exclusively in its rostral half, mainly in ventrolateral regions. Most, if not all, cells in the nucleus tangentialis project rostrally. In addition, rostrally projecting vestibular cells were found in the cell group A and the rostrolateral part of the descending nucleus. The projection to the oculomotor nuclear complex is from the superior nucleus and the cell group A bilateral but chiefly ipsilateral, from the medial nucleus bilateral, from the tangential nucleus and the rostral pole of the descending nucleus chiefly contralateral. Massive labeling was found in the abducens nucleus, somewhat less in the reticular formation, mainly in the lateral regions of the medial part at the level of the abducens and facial nuclei. Labeled cells were, in addition, found in the deep layers of the optic tectum, and scattered cells in the nucleus raphe. The findings are discussed in the light of what is known of the organization of the vestibular nuclei in the hen and the rostral projection of the vestibular nuclei in mammals.", "PMID": 641224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_702", "title": "Superior colliculus connections with the extraocular motor nuclei in the cat.", "content": "Direct and indirect projections from the cat superior colliculus to the extraocular motor nuclei were studied using the orthograde autoradiographic tracing method, the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique, and Golgi methods. The results show that the superior colliculus projects to the central gray matter directly overlying the oculomotor complex. This projection arises almost entirely from the rostral third of the colliculus, and it terminates most heavily over the rostral half of the oculomotor complex. Dendrites of oculomotor cells extend into this tectal termination zone, making direct tecto-oculomotor contacts possible. Central gray cells within this termination zone project bilaterally to the abducens nuclei. It is proposed that the superior colliculus projection to the supraoculomotor central gray matter and the projection from the central gray matter to the abducens nuclei play a role in convergent eye movements. The superior colliculus projects lightly to a cell group directly ventrolateral to the trochlear nucleus. The superior colliculus sends a small direct projection to the contralateral abducens nucleus and a substantial projection to wide regions of the reticular formation that have been shown previously to project, in turn, to the abducens nucleus. Colliculus cells projecting to the abducens nucleus and adjacent reticular formation are located only in the caudal three-fourths of the colliculus, where they become increasingly concentrated at successively more caudal levels. It is proposed that the graded density of the cells of origin of this projection is the basic structural mechanism by which the colliculus generates horizontal foveating saccades of different amplitudes. Laminar analysis of the origin of all the superior colliculus projections to the extraocular motor regions described here revealed that they arise mostly from the stratum griseum intermedium.", "contents": "Superior colliculus connections with the extraocular motor nuclei in the cat. Direct and indirect projections from the cat superior colliculus to the extraocular motor nuclei were studied using the orthograde autoradiographic tracing method, the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique, and Golgi methods. The results show that the superior colliculus projects to the central gray matter directly overlying the oculomotor complex. This projection arises almost entirely from the rostral third of the colliculus, and it terminates most heavily over the rostral half of the oculomotor complex. Dendrites of oculomotor cells extend into this tectal termination zone, making direct tecto-oculomotor contacts possible. Central gray cells within this termination zone project bilaterally to the abducens nuclei. It is proposed that the superior colliculus projection to the supraoculomotor central gray matter and the projection from the central gray matter to the abducens nuclei play a role in convergent eye movements. The superior colliculus projects lightly to a cell group directly ventrolateral to the trochlear nucleus. The superior colliculus sends a small direct projection to the contralateral abducens nucleus and a substantial projection to wide regions of the reticular formation that have been shown previously to project, in turn, to the abducens nucleus. Colliculus cells projecting to the abducens nucleus and adjacent reticular formation are located only in the caudal three-fourths of the colliculus, where they become increasingly concentrated at successively more caudal levels. It is proposed that the graded density of the cells of origin of this projection is the basic structural mechanism by which the colliculus generates horizontal foveating saccades of different amplitudes. Laminar analysis of the origin of all the superior colliculus projections to the extraocular motor regions described here revealed that they arise mostly from the stratum griseum intermedium.", "PMID": 641226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_703", "title": "The morphology of the spinal cord efferent and afferent neurons contributing to the ventral roots of the cat.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase was applied to proximal ventral roots of the coccygeal and sacral spinal cord of cats. Subsequent histochemical reaction resulted in extensive staining of spinal cord neurons that had processes in the ventral roots. This procedure was used to study four issues concerning ventral root neurons. (1) Extensive transverse dendritic arborizations were revealed for large and small neurons presumed to be alpha and gamma motoneurons respectively. Dendrites from these neurons were found to project heavily into the ipsilateral white matter, both laterally and ventrally. Dendrites also projected extensively through the anterior commissure, attaining the contralateral grey and white matter. (2) Medially-located efferent neurons were found to contribute the contralateral dendrites as well as some dorsally-directed dendrites. Laterally-located neurons projected dendrites extensively into the lateral and ventral white matter. (3) Stained neurons were found in the intermediolateral cell column, and were presumed to be preganglionic efferent neurons. Some of these neurons projected dendrites into the marginal zone of the dorsal horn, while others sent dendrites medially toward the central canal. (4) Stained fibers, presumed to be primary afferents, were found to enter from the ventral roots and course to the dorsal horn. Most of these fibers were small in diameter and distributed boutons predominantly to the substantia gelatinosa. A few large ventral root afferent fibers were observed that distributed boutons mostly to the nucleus proprius.", "contents": "The morphology of the spinal cord efferent and afferent neurons contributing to the ventral roots of the cat. Horseradish peroxidase was applied to proximal ventral roots of the coccygeal and sacral spinal cord of cats. Subsequent histochemical reaction resulted in extensive staining of spinal cord neurons that had processes in the ventral roots. This procedure was used to study four issues concerning ventral root neurons. (1) Extensive transverse dendritic arborizations were revealed for large and small neurons presumed to be alpha and gamma motoneurons respectively. Dendrites from these neurons were found to project heavily into the ipsilateral white matter, both laterally and ventrally. Dendrites also projected extensively through the anterior commissure, attaining the contralateral grey and white matter. (2) Medially-located efferent neurons were found to contribute the contralateral dendrites as well as some dorsally-directed dendrites. Laterally-located neurons projected dendrites extensively into the lateral and ventral white matter. (3) Stained neurons were found in the intermediolateral cell column, and were presumed to be preganglionic efferent neurons. Some of these neurons projected dendrites into the marginal zone of the dorsal horn, while others sent dendrites medially toward the central canal. (4) Stained fibers, presumed to be primary afferents, were found to enter from the ventral roots and course to the dorsal horn. Most of these fibers were small in diameter and distributed boutons predominantly to the substantia gelatinosa. A few large ventral root afferent fibers were observed that distributed boutons mostly to the nucleus proprius.", "PMID": 641227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_704", "title": "Three types of horizontal cells in the stingray retina: their morphology and physiology.", "content": "Histological and electrophysiological features of horizontal cells were studied in the stingray retina in which the ratio of rods to cones was about five to one. There were three distinct sublayers of horizontal cells; external, middle and internal. The type of horizontal cells recorded was identified by dye injection after recording. Relatively thick external horizontal cells sent their short dendrites into both rod and cone terminals to make synaptic contacts. The response recorded from them was not color-coded but showed a Purkinje shift depending on the adaptational state. Middle horizontal cells were flat and usually two or three of them overlying each other constituted the middle sublayer. Their response, which was difficult to record in the light-adapted retina, was characterized by a slow time course, a prolongation of the response to bright flashes and a maximum sensitivity in the green region of the spectrum without any sign of Purkinje shift. Internal horizontal cells were color-coded. They responded with hyperpolarization at shorter wavelengths and with depolarization at longer wavelengths. It was concluded that the internal horizontal cells receive inputs from cones and the middle horizontal cells from rods, whereas the external horizontal cells receive inputs from both rods and cones.", "contents": "Three types of horizontal cells in the stingray retina: their morphology and physiology. Histological and electrophysiological features of horizontal cells were studied in the stingray retina in which the ratio of rods to cones was about five to one. There were three distinct sublayers of horizontal cells; external, middle and internal. The type of horizontal cells recorded was identified by dye injection after recording. Relatively thick external horizontal cells sent their short dendrites into both rod and cone terminals to make synaptic contacts. The response recorded from them was not color-coded but showed a Purkinje shift depending on the adaptational state. Middle horizontal cells were flat and usually two or three of them overlying each other constituted the middle sublayer. Their response, which was difficult to record in the light-adapted retina, was characterized by a slow time course, a prolongation of the response to bright flashes and a maximum sensitivity in the green region of the spectrum without any sign of Purkinje shift. Internal horizontal cells were color-coded. They responded with hyperpolarization at shorter wavelengths and with depolarization at longer wavelengths. It was concluded that the internal horizontal cells receive inputs from cones and the middle horizontal cells from rods, whereas the external horizontal cells receive inputs from both rods and cones.", "PMID": 641228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_705", "title": "Extraocular muscle representation in the brainstem of the carp.", "content": "The representation of the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei in the brainstem of the carp was studied with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Some normal anatomical features of the various oculomotor nuclei are described. Following intramuscular HRP injections in the eye muscles and applying survival times of up to 25 days labeled perikarya were found in the various nuclei of the oculomotor complex. Rectus inferior, rectus internus, and obliquus inferior are represented in the ipsilateral nucleus oculomotorius, while the rectus superior was found to be innervated from the contralateral n III. The efferent cells innervating the obliquus superior are located mainly in the contralateral nucleus trochlearis and for a low percentage in the ipsilateral counterpart of the n IV. The rectus externus is represented in the rostral and caudal subnuclei of the ipsilateral nucleus abducens. These results show a remarkable resemblance with data on mammalian extraocular muscle representation, although the overlap of the various cell populations is larger in fish.", "contents": "Extraocular muscle representation in the brainstem of the carp. The representation of the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei in the brainstem of the carp was studied with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Some normal anatomical features of the various oculomotor nuclei are described. Following intramuscular HRP injections in the eye muscles and applying survival times of up to 25 days labeled perikarya were found in the various nuclei of the oculomotor complex. Rectus inferior, rectus internus, and obliquus inferior are represented in the ipsilateral nucleus oculomotorius, while the rectus superior was found to be innervated from the contralateral n III. The efferent cells innervating the obliquus superior are located mainly in the contralateral nucleus trochlearis and for a low percentage in the ipsilateral counterpart of the n IV. The rectus externus is represented in the rostral and caudal subnuclei of the ipsilateral nucleus abducens. These results show a remarkable resemblance with data on mammalian extraocular muscle representation, although the overlap of the various cell populations is larger in fish.", "PMID": 641230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_706", "title": "The developmental morphology of Torpedo marmorata: electric organ--myogenic phase.", "content": "The early development of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata has been examined by light and electron microscopy to the 40-mm stage of embryo growth. The myogenic nature of this tissue is confirmed ultrastructurally by the presence of myoblasts and myotubes both containing myofibrils cross striated with Z,A and I bands. Fusion between these cells is also found taking place. A scheme is presented to explain the development of the overall structural plan of the organ and specifically the formation of the future electrocyte columns. AT 40 mm, a series of morphological transformations signals the onset of a divergent developmental pattern ultimately leading to the establishment of mature electrocyte columns. These features include rounding up of myotubes, dissolution of myofibrils and the appearance of intermediate size filaments (11 nm) and perhaps a non-muscular actin (5.5 nm). This early myogenic phase of development occurs in the absence of any specific nervous contact even though electromotor nerves are always in close proximity.", "contents": "The developmental morphology of Torpedo marmorata: electric organ--myogenic phase. The early development of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata has been examined by light and electron microscopy to the 40-mm stage of embryo growth. The myogenic nature of this tissue is confirmed ultrastructurally by the presence of myoblasts and myotubes both containing myofibrils cross striated with Z,A and I bands. Fusion between these cells is also found taking place. A scheme is presented to explain the development of the overall structural plan of the organ and specifically the formation of the future electrocyte columns. AT 40 mm, a series of morphological transformations signals the onset of a divergent developmental pattern ultimately leading to the establishment of mature electrocyte columns. These features include rounding up of myotubes, dissolution of myofibrils and the appearance of intermediate size filaments (11 nm) and perhaps a non-muscular actin (5.5 nm). This early myogenic phase of development occurs in the absence of any specific nervous contact even though electromotor nerves are always in close proximity.", "PMID": 641231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_707", "title": "Atlas of the distribution of monoamine-containing nerve cell bodies in the brain stem of the cat.", "content": "The distribution and morphological characteristics of monoamine (MA)-containing neuronal somata in the brain stem of kittens and of adult cats were studied by means of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method. This investigation has shown, among other things, that in the midbrain of the cat the catecholamine (CA) perikarya are chiefly confined to the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the ventromedial tegmental area, the nucleus linearis rostralis and the nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus. Numerous CA neurons are also present in the dorsolateral part of the pontine tegmentum but also within the nucleus subcoeruleus, in nuclei lemnisci lateralis dorsalis and in nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis. In the medulla, a few CA neuronal somata are lying near the hypoglossal nucleus whereas a larger number of CA cell bodies occur at the level of nucleus reticularis lateralis and in nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. On the other hand, most of the serotonin (5-HT) perikarya are confined to the raphe nuclei of the brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, raphe pontis, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus. Some 5-HT neuronal somata are also found lateral to the pyramidal tract and to the inferior olivary complex. The various similarities and differences in respect to the pattern of the topographical distribution of MA neurons in the brain stem of the cat as compared to that of other mammals are discussed.", "contents": "Atlas of the distribution of monoamine-containing nerve cell bodies in the brain stem of the cat. The distribution and morphological characteristics of monoamine (MA)-containing neuronal somata in the brain stem of kittens and of adult cats were studied by means of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method. This investigation has shown, among other things, that in the midbrain of the cat the catecholamine (CA) perikarya are chiefly confined to the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the ventromedial tegmental area, the nucleus linearis rostralis and the nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus. Numerous CA neurons are also present in the dorsolateral part of the pontine tegmentum but also within the nucleus subcoeruleus, in nuclei lemnisci lateralis dorsalis and in nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis. In the medulla, a few CA neuronal somata are lying near the hypoglossal nucleus whereas a larger number of CA cell bodies occur at the level of nucleus reticularis lateralis and in nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. On the other hand, most of the serotonin (5-HT) perikarya are confined to the raphe nuclei of the brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, raphe pontis, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus. Some 5-HT neuronal somata are also found lateral to the pyramidal tract and to the inferior olivary complex. The various similarities and differences in respect to the pattern of the topographical distribution of MA neurons in the brain stem of the cat as compared to that of other mammals are discussed.", "PMID": 641232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_708", "title": "Regional variations in glia and neuropil within the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus.", "content": "The normal fine structure of glia and neuropil in the various regional subdivisions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus in the adult male albino rat is described in this report. Although most HVM astrocytes throughout the nucleus appear ordinary in cytology, certain astrocytes found in the posterior ventrolateral subdivision of the nucleus appear somewhat reactive, in that they contain numerous thick fascicles of gliofibrils and pleomorphic dense bodies. The processes of these reactive astrocytes elaborate multiple, concentric lamellae which encapsulate small, round, pyknotic masses (probably degenerate axonal elements). These degenerate profiles, which are greatly outnumbered by normal HVM boutons, may represent synaptic contacts that deteriorate spontaneously in the normal adult HVM. Other signs of spontaneous degeneration occurring within this neuropil include the occasional presence of large masses of necrotic debris which appear engulfed by microglia. These findings suggest the presence in the normal adult HVM neuropil of a low-grade degenerative process with attendant gliosis, which is topographically centered about the posterior ventrolateral region of the nucleus. Regions of neuropil containing degenerate boutons also contain altered neuronal processes, some of which may be growth cones. The topographic proximity of the degenerating boutons to possible signs of axonal or dendritic regeneration indicates that certain synaptic circuits in the normal adult HVM may be plastic, and subject to spontaneous remodelling.", "contents": "Regional variations in glia and neuropil within the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. The normal fine structure of glia and neuropil in the various regional subdivisions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus in the adult male albino rat is described in this report. Although most HVM astrocytes throughout the nucleus appear ordinary in cytology, certain astrocytes found in the posterior ventrolateral subdivision of the nucleus appear somewhat reactive, in that they contain numerous thick fascicles of gliofibrils and pleomorphic dense bodies. The processes of these reactive astrocytes elaborate multiple, concentric lamellae which encapsulate small, round, pyknotic masses (probably degenerate axonal elements). These degenerate profiles, which are greatly outnumbered by normal HVM boutons, may represent synaptic contacts that deteriorate spontaneously in the normal adult HVM. Other signs of spontaneous degeneration occurring within this neuropil include the occasional presence of large masses of necrotic debris which appear engulfed by microglia. These findings suggest the presence in the normal adult HVM neuropil of a low-grade degenerative process with attendant gliosis, which is topographically centered about the posterior ventrolateral region of the nucleus. Regions of neuropil containing degenerate boutons also contain altered neuronal processes, some of which may be growth cones. The topographic proximity of the degenerating boutons to possible signs of axonal or dendritic regeneration indicates that certain synaptic circuits in the normal adult HVM may be plastic, and subject to spontaneous remodelling.", "PMID": 641233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_709", "title": "The optic nerve of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula: fibre diameter spectrum and conduction latency groups.", "content": "The principal findings of this report on the morphology and electrophysiology of the possum optic nerve are: (i) There are about 230,000 fibres in the optic nerve. This fibre count, based on electron microscopy, is slightly less than a previously reported estimate of the total number of ganglion cells in the possum retina. (ii) The majority (greater than 98%) of the fibres of the optic nerve are myelinated axons of retinal ganglion cells. The diameters of these fibres range from 0.4--4.6 micrometer (axon diameter range: 0.3--3.8 micrometer) and the frequency distribution of the fibre diameters (and axon diameters) is positively skewed and unimodal. (iii) The antidromic compound action potential of the possum optic nerve shows four negative peaks following stimulation of the optic chiasm. These peaks are associated with four conduction latency groups of fibres which have been designated t1, t2, t3 and t4 in order of increasing conduction latency. (iv) The mean peak conduction velocities of the fibres in the conduction latency groups are 13.1 ms-1 (t1), 8.1 ms-1 (t2), 5.7 ms-1 (t3) and 3.1 ms-1 (t4). (v) There is no direct correlation between the frequency distribution of fibre (or axon) diameters as measured by electron microscopy of transverse sections of fixed optic nerve and the conduction latency groups. (vi) The reconstruction of the possum optic nerve compund action potential on the basis of either axon or fibre diameter frequency distribution does not provide an acceptable, indirect correlation between the morphology and the electrophysiology of this optic nerve.", "contents": "The optic nerve of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula: fibre diameter spectrum and conduction latency groups. The principal findings of this report on the morphology and electrophysiology of the possum optic nerve are: (i) There are about 230,000 fibres in the optic nerve. This fibre count, based on electron microscopy, is slightly less than a previously reported estimate of the total number of ganglion cells in the possum retina. (ii) The majority (greater than 98%) of the fibres of the optic nerve are myelinated axons of retinal ganglion cells. The diameters of these fibres range from 0.4--4.6 micrometer (axon diameter range: 0.3--3.8 micrometer) and the frequency distribution of the fibre diameters (and axon diameters) is positively skewed and unimodal. (iii) The antidromic compound action potential of the possum optic nerve shows four negative peaks following stimulation of the optic chiasm. These peaks are associated with four conduction latency groups of fibres which have been designated t1, t2, t3 and t4 in order of increasing conduction latency. (iv) The mean peak conduction velocities of the fibres in the conduction latency groups are 13.1 ms-1 (t1), 8.1 ms-1 (t2), 5.7 ms-1 (t3) and 3.1 ms-1 (t4). (v) There is no direct correlation between the frequency distribution of fibre (or axon) diameters as measured by electron microscopy of transverse sections of fixed optic nerve and the conduction latency groups. (vi) The reconstruction of the possum optic nerve compund action potential on the basis of either axon or fibre diameter frequency distribution does not provide an acceptable, indirect correlation between the morphology and the electrophysiology of this optic nerve.", "PMID": 641234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_710", "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of postnatal histogenesis in the cerebellar cortex of staggerer mutant mice.", "content": "Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex has been compared in staggerer mutant and unaffected littermate mice. From postnatal day 3 to about day 21 the external granular layer in staggerer mice is decreased in thickness and area, and the number of postmitotic granule cell neurons is reduced. Those granule cells that are generated seem to differentiate normally, with the remarkable exception that they form only primitive junctions with Purkinje cell dendritic shafts. These specialized junctions are not superseded by the normal parallel fiber:Purkinje spine synapses and disappear by the third week. Purkinje cell somata and dendrites are smaller than normal at all stages examined. The dendrites are not confined to the sagittal plane as in the normal and, unique among mutant or other animals described to date, they exhibit virtually no branchlet spines. All other cortical synaptic relations of granule and Purkinje cells, including climbing fiber:Purkinje spine synapses, appear qualitatively normal. However, by 28 days virtually all staggerer granule cells have degenerated. While the primary genetic defect remains unknown, we postulate that the morphological abnormalities may be attributable to a block in the normal developmental relationship between granule cells and Purkinje cells. The small cell size and failure to form branchlet spines suggest that the Purkinje cell abnormality may be closer to the primary effect of the mutant gene than the more flagrant hypoplasia and degeneration of granule cell neurons.", "contents": "Electron microscopic analysis of postnatal histogenesis in the cerebellar cortex of staggerer mutant mice. Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex has been compared in staggerer mutant and unaffected littermate mice. From postnatal day 3 to about day 21 the external granular layer in staggerer mice is decreased in thickness and area, and the number of postmitotic granule cell neurons is reduced. Those granule cells that are generated seem to differentiate normally, with the remarkable exception that they form only primitive junctions with Purkinje cell dendritic shafts. These specialized junctions are not superseded by the normal parallel fiber:Purkinje spine synapses and disappear by the third week. Purkinje cell somata and dendrites are smaller than normal at all stages examined. The dendrites are not confined to the sagittal plane as in the normal and, unique among mutant or other animals described to date, they exhibit virtually no branchlet spines. All other cortical synaptic relations of granule and Purkinje cells, including climbing fiber:Purkinje spine synapses, appear qualitatively normal. However, by 28 days virtually all staggerer granule cells have degenerated. While the primary genetic defect remains unknown, we postulate that the morphological abnormalities may be attributable to a block in the normal developmental relationship between granule cells and Purkinje cells. The small cell size and failure to form branchlet spines suggest that the Purkinje cell abnormality may be closer to the primary effect of the mutant gene than the more flagrant hypoplasia and degeneration of granule cell neurons.", "PMID": 641237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_711", "title": "Influence of storage, heat, and homogenization upon xanthine oxidase activity of milk.", "content": "Xanthine oxidase activity in milk was determined by measuring the rate of formation of vanillic acid from vanillin. Raw milk received at a dairy plant had .208 units xanthine oxidase activity per ml and after 24-h storage at 4 C, .228 units per ml. Upon further storage activity decreased. Heating the fresh raw milk in a water bath to 55 C increased xanthine oxidase activity to .236 units per ml. Partial inactivation of the enzyme occurred when milk was heated at 60, 65, or 70 C for 5 min, and destruction was almost complete with heat at 75 C for 5 min. Raw milk heated at 48 C for 5 min and homogenized at pressures between 70.3 and 281.2 kg/cm2 had xanthine oxidase activities which were a linear function of pressure and showed that each additional kg/cm2 pressure resulted in additional xanthine oxidase activity of .16 milliunits per ml of  milk.", "contents": "Influence of storage, heat, and homogenization upon xanthine oxidase activity of milk. Xanthine oxidase activity in milk was determined by measuring the rate of formation of vanillic acid from vanillin. Raw milk received at a dairy plant had .208 units xanthine oxidase activity per ml and after 24-h storage at 4 C, .228 units per ml. Upon further storage activity decreased. Heating the fresh raw milk in a water bath to 55 C increased xanthine oxidase activity to .236 units per ml. Partial inactivation of the enzyme occurred when milk was heated at 60, 65, or 70 C for 5 min, and destruction was almost complete with heat at 75 C for 5 min. Raw milk heated at 48 C for 5 min and homogenized at pressures between 70.3 and 281.2 kg/cm2 had xanthine oxidase activities which were a linear function of pressure and showed that each additional kg/cm2 pressure resulted in additional xanthine oxidase activity of .16 milliunits per ml of  milk.", "PMID": 641238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_712", "title": "Transport of bovine milk xanthine oxidase into mammary glands of the rat.", "content": "This research investigated transport of bovine milk xanthine oxidase into mammary glands of the lactating rat. Transport capability suggested an exogenous, nonmammary, source for the enzyme. Five lactating rats were injected intracardially with 100 microgram of purified iodine-125 labeled xanthine oxidase and five were injected with 100 microgram of the enzyme unpurified. Four hours later the rodents were hand-milked, and radiation was confirmed in all samples by liquid scintillation counting. Counts were recorded per volume of milk and the percentage radiation was computed. Autoradiographs of the rats indicated radiation almost exclusively associated with the mammary glands. Greatest concentration of radioactivity was in the micellar casein fraction of milk, and a compound of high molecular weight, presumably [iodine-125]xanthine oxidase, was confirmed by gel filtration of the casein. Results suggest that the compound was transported into the mammary glands. The degree of transport was dependent upon the stage of lactation.", "contents": "Transport of bovine milk xanthine oxidase into mammary glands of the rat. This research investigated transport of bovine milk xanthine oxidase into mammary glands of the lactating rat. Transport capability suggested an exogenous, nonmammary, source for the enzyme. Five lactating rats were injected intracardially with 100 microgram of purified iodine-125 labeled xanthine oxidase and five were injected with 100 microgram of the enzyme unpurified. Four hours later the rodents were hand-milked, and radiation was confirmed in all samples by liquid scintillation counting. Counts were recorded per volume of milk and the percentage radiation was computed. Autoradiographs of the rats indicated radiation almost exclusively associated with the mammary glands. Greatest concentration of radioactivity was in the micellar casein fraction of milk, and a compound of high molecular weight, presumably [iodine-125]xanthine oxidase, was confirmed by gel filtration of the casein. Results suggest that the compound was transported into the mammary glands. The degree of transport was dependent upon the stage of lactation.", "PMID": 641239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_713", "title": "Change in udder health and overmilking.", "content": "Removing milker units as soon as milk flow stopped was compared to milking for a fixed time of 12 min in an 8-wk trial with 60 cows. Teats were dipped in broth culture of approximately 10(9) colony forming units per ml of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis for 4 wk. More new infections of quarters occurred in the 12-min group. In trials 2 and 3, 20 additional cows were milked with automatic milking machine detachers and 20 cows were milked with a flow control unit for 12 min each trial. New infection rates were highest in the two groups milked for 12 min. Age for lactation and cows were associated with most of the variation in the new infection rate. Cows with pointed teat ends had the highest rate of new infection. Effects of fixed-time milking on increased mammary infection and clinical mastitis were small.", "contents": "Change in udder health and overmilking. Removing milker units as soon as milk flow stopped was compared to milking for a fixed time of 12 min in an 8-wk trial with 60 cows. Teats were dipped in broth culture of approximately 10(9) colony forming units per ml of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis for 4 wk. More new infections of quarters occurred in the 12-min group. In trials 2 and 3, 20 additional cows were milked with automatic milking machine detachers and 20 cows were milked with a flow control unit for 12 min each trial. New infection rates were highest in the two groups milked for 12 min. Age for lactation and cows were associated with most of the variation in the new infection rate. Cows with pointed teat ends had the highest rate of new infection. Effects of fixed-time milking on increased mammary infection and clinical mastitis were small.", "PMID": 641241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_714", "title": "Effect of technical grade pentachlorophenol on rumen microorganisms.", "content": "The toxicity of technical grade pentachlorophenol to rumen microorganisms was tested by an in vitro fermentation procedure. Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated mature steer fed a diet of all alfalfa hay. The compound was dissolved in absolute ethanol and added in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm. Digestion of cellulose and production of volatile fatty acids over 24 and 48 h of incubation was used to assess toxicity. Both cellulose digestion and propionic acid production were decreased at the 10 ppm concentration. The results suggest that technical grade pentachlorophenol has the potential to interfere with utilization of cellulose in ruminants.", "contents": "Effect of technical grade pentachlorophenol on rumen microorganisms. The toxicity of technical grade pentachlorophenol to rumen microorganisms was tested by an in vitro fermentation procedure. Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated mature steer fed a diet of all alfalfa hay. The compound was dissolved in absolute ethanol and added in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm. Digestion of cellulose and production of volatile fatty acids over 24 and 48 h of incubation was used to assess toxicity. Both cellulose digestion and propionic acid production were decreased at the 10 ppm concentration. The results suggest that technical grade pentachlorophenol has the potential to interfere with utilization of cellulose in ruminants.", "PMID": 641242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_715", "title": "Federal legislation and agency actions concerning self-care dialysis.", "content": "Since the passage of the renal disease provisions of the Social Security Law, the percentage of patients in the United States utilizing self-care treatment has declined from 40% to about 15%. The background and provisions of the Rostenkowski Bill, H.R. 8423, are summarized. Primary aims of the bill are to remove disincentives for use of self-dialysis, remove certain disincentives to transplatation, and to provide for peer review and goal setting for network use of various treatment modalities. Studies of the Health Standards and Quality Bureau, and activities of the Veterans Administration and the Artificial Kidney - Program of the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases relevant to self-care dialysis are briefly summarized.", "contents": "Federal legislation and agency actions concerning self-care dialysis. Since the passage of the renal disease provisions of the Social Security Law, the percentage of patients in the United States utilizing self-care treatment has declined from 40% to about 15%. The background and provisions of the Rostenkowski Bill, H.R. 8423, are summarized. Primary aims of the bill are to remove disincentives for use of self-dialysis, remove certain disincentives to transplatation, and to provide for peer review and goal setting for network use of various treatment modalities. Studies of the Health Standards and Quality Bureau, and activities of the Veterans Administration and the Artificial Kidney - Program of the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases relevant to self-care dialysis are briefly summarized.", "PMID": 641243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_716", "title": "Quality assurance in dialysis: the role of the social worker.", "content": "With the need for accountability in the delivery of End-Stage Renal disease services, social workers are beginning to establish standards defining the quality and effectiveness of their practice as members of a multidisciplinary treatment team. This paper delineates minimum ways for mandated social service to be delivered and made accountable. It also explores the role of the social worker as a member of the Network Coordinating Council and Medical Review Board. Some implications for social work involvement in larger policy issues resulting from the ESRD legislation are suggested.", "contents": "Quality assurance in dialysis: the role of the social worker. With the need for accountability in the delivery of End-Stage Renal disease services, social workers are beginning to establish standards defining the quality and effectiveness of their practice as members of a multidisciplinary treatment team. This paper delineates minimum ways for mandated social service to be delivered and made accountable. It also explores the role of the social worker as a member of the Network Coordinating Council and Medical Review Board. Some implications for social work involvement in larger policy issues resulting from the ESRD legislation are suggested.", "PMID": 641244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_717", "title": "A comparison for extracorporeal and travenol coils for the conduct of short haemodialysis: a consumer report.", "content": "A cross-over study carried out over a 24 week period during 1975-76 was designed to test the relative merits of Extracorporeal versus Travenol coils for thrice weekly short periods of haemodialysis for patients with end-stage renal failure. Predictability of and capacity for ultrafiltration were excellent and equally good for both products. Leak rates in Travenol coils were 9.3% as compared to 4.3% for Extracorporeal coils. Dialysances of BUN, creatinine, and phosphate were significantly higher with Travenol coils than with Extracorporeal coils, but this increase was not as great as might be expected from the greater surface area of the Travenol coil. Despite the greater functional efficiency of the Travenol coils we could detect no difference in the degree of biochemical control of the patients as judged by standard pre and post dialysis blood chemistries. Residual blood volumes averaged 9 mls for the Travenol coils as compared to 1.6 mls for Extracorporeal coils.", "contents": "A comparison for extracorporeal and travenol coils for the conduct of short haemodialysis: a consumer report. A cross-over study carried out over a 24 week period during 1975-76 was designed to test the relative merits of Extracorporeal versus Travenol coils for thrice weekly short periods of haemodialysis for patients with end-stage renal failure. Predictability of and capacity for ultrafiltration were excellent and equally good for both products. Leak rates in Travenol coils were 9.3% as compared to 4.3% for Extracorporeal coils. Dialysances of BUN, creatinine, and phosphate were significantly higher with Travenol coils than with Extracorporeal coils, but this increase was not as great as might be expected from the greater surface area of the Travenol coil. Despite the greater functional efficiency of the Travenol coils we could detect no difference in the degree of biochemical control of the patients as judged by standard pre and post dialysis blood chemistries. Residual blood volumes averaged 9 mls for the Travenol coils as compared to 1.6 mls for Extracorporeal coils.", "PMID": 641245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_718", "title": "Endocarditis in hemodialysis patients with systemic disease.", "content": "The presence of systemic disease may further increase the risk of bacterial endocarditis in the patient on chronic hemodialysis. Three patients are described; one with primary amyloidosis, a second with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and a third with heroin nephropathy who developed S.B.E. While the presence of the uremic state may hinder the recognition of endocarditis, the development of transient neurologic deficits, recent access infections and recurrent bacteremic episodes should be looked for as early clues to the diagnosis in this patient population.", "contents": "Endocarditis in hemodialysis patients with systemic disease. The presence of systemic disease may further increase the risk of bacterial endocarditis in the patient on chronic hemodialysis. Three patients are described; one with primary amyloidosis, a second with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and a third with heroin nephropathy who developed S.B.E. While the presence of the uremic state may hinder the recognition of endocarditis, the development of transient neurologic deficits, recent access infections and recurrent bacteremic episodes should be looked for as early clues to the diagnosis in this patient population.", "PMID": 641246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_719", "title": "Analysis of tonic muscle activity and muscle cramps during hemodialysis.", "content": "A problem associated with some patients undergoing hemodialysis is the presence of muscle cramps. As the etiology of these cramps is still unknown, the purpose of this study was to evaluate tonic muscle activity and muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Forty-six complete dialysis treatment sessions were studied. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from a leg muscle in patients who cramped and control patients who did not cramp. EMG was analyzed via a minicomputer for each minute of recording time. Results indicated the mean muscle cramp latency from start of dialysis was 248 minutes. Average muscle cramp was 10 minutes in duration and took three minutes to develop and seven minutes to fully dissipate. Tonic EMG activity in patients with muscle cramps showed a continued increase throughout the latter part of dialysis whereas the control patients showed a continual decline. The results suggest that the latent increase in EMG activity may be causally related to muscle cramps and may be a useful predictor as to the onset of muscle cramps during hemodialysis.", "contents": "Analysis of tonic muscle activity and muscle cramps during hemodialysis. A problem associated with some patients undergoing hemodialysis is the presence of muscle cramps. As the etiology of these cramps is still unknown, the purpose of this study was to evaluate tonic muscle activity and muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Forty-six complete dialysis treatment sessions were studied. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from a leg muscle in patients who cramped and control patients who did not cramp. EMG was analyzed via a minicomputer for each minute of recording time. Results indicated the mean muscle cramp latency from start of dialysis was 248 minutes. Average muscle cramp was 10 minutes in duration and took three minutes to develop and seven minutes to fully dissipate. Tonic EMG activity in patients with muscle cramps showed a continued increase throughout the latter part of dialysis whereas the control patients showed a continual decline. The results suggest that the latent increase in EMG activity may be causally related to muscle cramps and may be a useful predictor as to the onset of muscle cramps during hemodialysis.", "PMID": 641247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_720", "title": "Planning closure of a surgical wound.", "content": "The decision as to whether to close or not close a surgical wound, and by what method if closure is decided upon, must be individualized for each patient and each wound. This paper suggests a mental calculation that can be worked out rapidly by the operator in order to make judicious decisions expeditiously.", "contents": "Planning closure of a surgical wound. The decision as to whether to close or not close a surgical wound, and by what method if closure is decided upon, must be individualized for each patient and each wound. This paper suggests a mental calculation that can be worked out rapidly by the operator in order to make judicious decisions expeditiously.", "PMID": 641255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_721", "title": "Cosmetic principles in surgery on the face.", "content": "Excisions from the face are performed to cure diseases and to remove blemishes. Satisfactory cosmetic appearances can be achieved in most cases, even when large defects result from the excisions, if the surgeon employs cosmetic surgical principles and techniques in the repairs. Some esthetic concepts and artful methods are presented to illustrate this feasibility.", "contents": "Cosmetic principles in surgery on the face. Excisions from the face are performed to cure diseases and to remove blemishes. Satisfactory cosmetic appearances can be achieved in most cases, even when large defects result from the excisions, if the surgeon employs cosmetic surgical principles and techniques in the repairs. Some esthetic concepts and artful methods are presented to illustrate this feasibility.", "PMID": 641256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_722", "title": "Defective monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in atopic disease.", "content": "Monocyte (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotaxis was studied in 17 atopic children with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (IgE), 9 age- and diagnosis-matched children with normal IgE levels, 10 pediatric controls, and 45 adult controls. Twenty-one of the 26 atopic patients had eczema, while 5 had only respiratory allergies. All patients were free of infection and receiving no systemic corticosteroids. Depressed PMN chemotaxis was found in only one patient. Defects of MN chemotaxis were detected in 8 of 17 atopic children with IgE and 2 of 9 with normal IgE values. Seven of 21 patients with atopic eczema and 3 of 5 with respiratory allergies had depressed MN chemoatxis. No evidence was found for a cell-directed chemotactic inhibitor in the plasma of patients with abnormal MN chemotaxis. These data demonstrate that: (1) MN chemotaxis is frequently depressed in uninfected atopic patients; (2) this abnormality occurs in patients with respiratory allergies as well as in those with eczema and is more prevalent in atopics with IgE; and (3) PMN chemotactic defects are uncommon in allergic patients. Whether abnormal MN chemotaxis is a primary or a secondary event in atopy requires further investigation.", "contents": "Defective monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in atopic disease. Monocyte (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotaxis was studied in 17 atopic children with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (IgE), 9 age- and diagnosis-matched children with normal IgE levels, 10 pediatric controls, and 45 adult controls. Twenty-one of the 26 atopic patients had eczema, while 5 had only respiratory allergies. All patients were free of infection and receiving no systemic corticosteroids. Depressed PMN chemotaxis was found in only one patient. Defects of MN chemotaxis were detected in 8 of 17 atopic children with IgE and 2 of 9 with normal IgE values. Seven of 21 patients with atopic eczema and 3 of 5 with respiratory allergies had depressed MN chemoatxis. No evidence was found for a cell-directed chemotactic inhibitor in the plasma of patients with abnormal MN chemotaxis. These data demonstrate that: (1) MN chemotaxis is frequently depressed in uninfected atopic patients; (2) this abnormality occurs in patients with respiratory allergies as well as in those with eczema and is more prevalent in atopics with IgE; and (3) PMN chemotactic defects are uncommon in allergic patients. Whether abnormal MN chemotaxis is a primary or a secondary event in atopy requires further investigation.", "PMID": 641264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_723", "title": "Effects of tolerogenic conjugates in a canine model for reaginic hypersensitivity. I. suppression of hapten-specific IgE antibody response.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration to dogs of conjugates consisting of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups coupled to nonimmunogenic macromolecules such as the copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP16-DGL) prior to sensitization with DNP2-ovalbumin led to the development of hapten-specific tolerance with respect to the IgE antibody response. Administration of these same conjugates to sensitized dogs resulted in complete abrogation of the ongoing anti-DNP IgE antibody production. A similar hapten-specific suppression of the ongoing anti-DNP response was also observed using the conjugates of DNP9-canine gamma globulins, and the tolerogenic effect was dose-dependent. The state of hapten-specific immunosuppression induced by these two types of tolerogenic conjugates was maintained despite repeated booster injections of the sensitizing antigens at biweekly inervals.", "contents": "Effects of tolerogenic conjugates in a canine model for reaginic hypersensitivity. I. suppression of hapten-specific IgE antibody response. Intraperitoneal administration to dogs of conjugates consisting of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups coupled to nonimmunogenic macromolecules such as the copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP16-DGL) prior to sensitization with DNP2-ovalbumin led to the development of hapten-specific tolerance with respect to the IgE antibody response. Administration of these same conjugates to sensitized dogs resulted in complete abrogation of the ongoing anti-DNP IgE antibody production. A similar hapten-specific suppression of the ongoing anti-DNP response was also observed using the conjugates of DNP9-canine gamma globulins, and the tolerogenic effect was dose-dependent. The state of hapten-specific immunosuppression induced by these two types of tolerogenic conjugates was maintained despite repeated booster injections of the sensitizing antigens at biweekly inervals.", "PMID": 641265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_724", "title": "Evidence for nonlikage of genes for HLA and hereditary angioedema.", "content": "Since the genes for several disorders of the complement system have been found to be linked to the HLA loci on chromosome 6, studies of the inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (Cl INH) and HLA in two families with hereditary angioedema (HAE) were undertaken. A total of 17 individuals were found to be affected in these three-generation families. Evidence was provided against close linkage of the genes for HLA and HAE. Other genetic markers studied were generally noninformative, although evidence was obtained against close linkage of the loci for HAE and ABO and HAE and transferrins. The reliable identification of individuals affected with HAE by Cl INH assay provides potential for establishing linkage relationships in the various phenotypes of this dominantly inherited condition.", "contents": "Evidence for nonlikage of genes for HLA and hereditary angioedema. Since the genes for several disorders of the complement system have been found to be linked to the HLA loci on chromosome 6, studies of the inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (Cl INH) and HLA in two families with hereditary angioedema (HAE) were undertaken. A total of 17 individuals were found to be affected in these three-generation families. Evidence was provided against close linkage of the genes for HLA and HAE. Other genetic markers studied were generally noninformative, although evidence was obtained against close linkage of the loci for HAE and ABO and HAE and transferrins. The reliable identification of individuals affected with HAE by Cl INH assay provides potential for establishing linkage relationships in the various phenotypes of this dominantly inherited condition.", "PMID": 641267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_725", "title": "Administration of local anesthetics to patients with a history of prior adverse reaction.", "content": "The clinical histories of 71 patients evaluated for suspected local anesthetic (LA) allergy were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical histories were classified into (1) immediate generalized reactions (15%), (2) localized swelling at the injection site (25%), (3) nonspecific systemic symptoms (42%), and (4) other histories (17%). Serial dilutional intradermal skin tests were performed with mepivacaine, lidocaine, and procaine in 59 patients. There were 5 skin test--positive patients found, and each had a positive reaction to an LA to which, by history, they had not reacted. In 50 patients, when an LA was subsequently required, a subcutaneous challenge was performed with an LA chosen for chemical nonsimilarity. No significant reactions were observed in this group. Three patients tolerated a challenge with an LA to which they were skin test--positive. These data indicate (1) the low incidence of reactions compatible with a systemic IgE-mediated mechanism by history in patients referred for evaluation of LA allergy, (2) the lack of specific and clinically relevant information provided by dilutional skin tests, and (3) the apparent safety and usefulness of careful challenge with an alternative LA.", "contents": "Administration of local anesthetics to patients with a history of prior adverse reaction. The clinical histories of 71 patients evaluated for suspected local anesthetic (LA) allergy were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical histories were classified into (1) immediate generalized reactions (15%), (2) localized swelling at the injection site (25%), (3) nonspecific systemic symptoms (42%), and (4) other histories (17%). Serial dilutional intradermal skin tests were performed with mepivacaine, lidocaine, and procaine in 59 patients. There were 5 skin test--positive patients found, and each had a positive reaction to an LA to which, by history, they had not reacted. In 50 patients, when an LA was subsequently required, a subcutaneous challenge was performed with an LA chosen for chemical nonsimilarity. No significant reactions were observed in this group. Three patients tolerated a challenge with an LA to which they were skin test--positive. These data indicate (1) the low incidence of reactions compatible with a systemic IgE-mediated mechanism by history in patients referred for evaluation of LA allergy, (2) the lack of specific and clinically relevant information provided by dilutional skin tests, and (3) the apparent safety and usefulness of careful challenge with an alternative LA.", "PMID": 641268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_726", "title": "Behavioral science and nutrition: a new perspective.", "content": "Increasing collaboration of nutritionists and behavioral scientists is needed in order to bring about desirable long-term changes in eating patterns. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's growing interest in this area is described, and recent examples of such collaboration are noted. The two papers which follow--one emanating from the area of social psychology, the other from behavior modification--are introduced.", "contents": "Behavioral science and nutrition: a new perspective. Increasing collaboration of nutritionists and behavioral scientists is needed in order to bring about desirable long-term changes in eating patterns. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's growing interest in this area is described, and recent examples of such collaboration are noted. The two papers which follow--one emanating from the area of social psychology, the other from behavior modification--are introduced.", "PMID": 641270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_727", "title": "Applying behavioral methods to nutritional counseling.", "content": "A brief survey of what appear to be the most effective and promising techniques of human behavioral change, as applied to nutritional counseling, is presented. Three critical environments of the patient require assessment and intervention: (a) The physical environment, or the physical setting in which the patient functions; (b) the social environment, or other people with whom the patient comes in contact; and (c) the  private environment which consists of thoughts, emotions, and basic physiologic systems. Specific assessment and treatment procedures to effect change in each of these environments are outlined, and some suggestions are made concerning the appropriate use of self-help materials.", "contents": "Applying behavioral methods to nutritional counseling. A brief survey of what appear to be the most effective and promising techniques of human behavioral change, as applied to nutritional counseling, is presented. Three critical environments of the patient require assessment and intervention: (a) The physical environment, or the physical setting in which the patient functions; (b) the social environment, or other people with whom the patient comes in contact; and (c) the  private environment which consists of thoughts, emotions, and basic physiologic systems. Specific assessment and treatment procedures to effect change in each of these environments are outlined, and some suggestions are made concerning the appropriate use of self-help materials.", "PMID": 641271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_728", "title": "Social-psychologic perspective in motivating changes in eating behavior.", "content": "Some reasons for difficulties in motivating changes in eating behavior are outlined, and the application of the major principles of social psychology relevant to dietary management are reviewed. Locus of control and varying communication models are discussed in the context of nutritional counseling. The importance of the patient assuming responsibility for his/her own behavioral change is reviewed in terms of attribution theory. Specific suggestions for helping nutritionists motivate patients to change their eating behavior are made.", "contents": "Social-psychologic perspective in motivating changes in eating behavior. Some reasons for difficulties in motivating changes in eating behavior are outlined, and the application of the major principles of social psychology relevant to dietary management are reviewed. Locus of control and varying communication models are discussed in the context of nutritional counseling. The importance of the patient assuming responsibility for his/her own behavioral change is reviewed in terms of attribution theory. Specific suggestions for helping nutritionists motivate patients to change their eating behavior are made.", "PMID": 641272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_729", "title": "Family cooperation and effectiveness in a cholesterol-lowering diet.", "content": "An average reduction in serum cholesterol approximating 10 per cent was achieved in a short-term, family-centered study in which intakes of cholesterol and saturated fats were decreased and sunflower oil and margarine were added as the major sources of polyunsaturated fats. Dietary Achievement Scores demonstrated shifts in food consumption between baseline and diet periods. Changes were evident in all fat-containing food groups; meat was the least altered. A high degree of cooperation was evident in participating families, implying the possibilities for complete family cooperation in preventive or therapeutic dietary programs. Approximately three months after the end of the test period, cholesterol levels had returned to pre-diet levels, indicating the need for continuation of the changed regimen if cholesterol-lowering is to be maintained.", "contents": "Family cooperation and effectiveness in a cholesterol-lowering diet. An average reduction in serum cholesterol approximating 10 per cent was achieved in a short-term, family-centered study in which intakes of cholesterol and saturated fats were decreased and sunflower oil and margarine were added as the major sources of polyunsaturated fats. Dietary Achievement Scores demonstrated shifts in food consumption between baseline and diet periods. Changes were evident in all fat-containing food groups; meat was the least altered. A high degree of cooperation was evident in participating families, implying the possibilities for complete family cooperation in preventive or therapeutic dietary programs. Approximately three months after the end of the test period, cholesterol levels had returned to pre-diet levels, indicating the need for continuation of the changed regimen if cholesterol-lowering is to be maintained.", "PMID": 641273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_730", "title": "Influence of a nutrition education program (EFNEP) on infant nutrition in East Harlem.", "content": "An assessment of the effectiveness of aides working in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to improve the nutritional status of infants was conducted with a group of 118 infants attending a well-baby clinic in a low-income area of New York City. In addition to clinic care, the fifty-seven study infants received home visits from a nutrition aide whose role was to reinforce nutritional advice received at the clinic. The sixty-one control infants received only regular clinic care. The benefits of having an aide were suggested by three observations: Reduction in the practice of introducing whole cow's milk to young infants, familiarizing older infants with a variety of foods, and reducing the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. Few of the differences between study and control infants achieved statistical significance, although trends consistently indicated that the presence of aides was beneficial. The problems of assessing the effectiveness of nutrition education programs with healthy infants are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of a nutrition education program (EFNEP) on infant nutrition in East Harlem. An assessment of the effectiveness of aides working in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to improve the nutritional status of infants was conducted with a group of 118 infants attending a well-baby clinic in a low-income area of New York City. In addition to clinic care, the fifty-seven study infants received home visits from a nutrition aide whose role was to reinforce nutritional advice received at the clinic. The sixty-one control infants received only regular clinic care. The benefits of having an aide were suggested by three observations: Reduction in the practice of introducing whole cow's milk to young infants, familiarizing older infants with a variety of foods, and reducing the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. Few of the differences between study and control infants achieved statistical significance, although trends consistently indicated that the presence of aides was beneficial. The problems of assessing the effectiveness of nutrition education programs with healthy infants are discussed.", "PMID": 641274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_731", "title": "Serum lipid changes in medical students.", "content": "Changes in serum lipids and reasons for these changes were evaluated in 108 medical students, Class of 1975. Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were analyzed in their freshman and senior years. A self-administered questionnaire was used to determine if the education in medical school or the knowledge of their freshman lipid vales motivated the students to change their diet and exercise habits. During this four-year period, there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean cholesterol levels (-10 mg. per 100 ml.), while the values increased slightly but not significantly for mean triglyceride (3 mg. per 100 ml.) and weight (2 lb.). Students with abnormal lipid values in their freshman year changed their diets more frequently than those with normal values. When the students were grouped by their change in diet and exercise habits, the largest decrease in lipid values was in those who changed both their diet and exercise. However, the changes in lipid values could not be totally attributed to the students' change in habits. Results suggest that detection and education may contribute to changes in certain risk factors associated with coronary heart disease in young medical students.", "contents": "Serum lipid changes in medical students. Changes in serum lipids and reasons for these changes were evaluated in 108 medical students, Class of 1975. Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were analyzed in their freshman and senior years. A self-administered questionnaire was used to determine if the education in medical school or the knowledge of their freshman lipid vales motivated the students to change their diet and exercise habits. During this four-year period, there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean cholesterol levels (-10 mg. per 100 ml.), while the values increased slightly but not significantly for mean triglyceride (3 mg. per 100 ml.) and weight (2 lb.). Students with abnormal lipid values in their freshman year changed their diets more frequently than those with normal values. When the students were grouped by their change in diet and exercise habits, the largest decrease in lipid values was in those who changed both their diet and exercise. However, the changes in lipid values could not be totally attributed to the students' change in habits. Results suggest that detection and education may contribute to changes in certain risk factors associated with coronary heart disease in young medical students.", "PMID": 641275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_732", "title": "Logical bases for action in nutrition and aging.", "content": "Logical bases (five of which are outlined) underlie action in nutrition and aging. First, nutrition, health, and aging form an integral triad affecting all. This basis has been applied to the conceptualization of the Nutrition Program for Older Americans (NPOA). Second, in North America, malnutrition is a sequitur of disease, whether physical, metabolic, emotional, or attitudinal. This basis is being applied by NPOA and other programs in an effort of cope with the pathologic conditions that bar proper nutrition. Third, since aging is a lifelong process, good nutrition and health practices must be applies throughout life. This basis will become effective only when the present image of the aged improves to the point that younger persons will strive for effective longevity. Fourth, changes in lifestyle to avoid risks have positive value. This basis requires professional and political leadership if it is to become widely adopted. Fifth, acute illnesses and accidents require immediate attention to nutritional and other factors if needless morbidity and mortality are to be avoided. This basis requires far more education of health professionals and lay persons to obviate such tragedies. All these bases are the infastructure for other actions directed at improving the image of today's aged and thereby diminishing the fatalism of younger persons and augumenting their determination to adopt lifestyles compatible with long, active, happy and productive lives.", "contents": "Logical bases for action in nutrition and aging. Logical bases (five of which are outlined) underlie action in nutrition and aging. First, nutrition, health, and aging form an integral triad affecting all. This basis has been applied to the conceptualization of the Nutrition Program for Older Americans (NPOA). Second, in North America, malnutrition is a sequitur of disease, whether physical, metabolic, emotional, or attitudinal. This basis is being applied by NPOA and other programs in an effort of cope with the pathologic conditions that bar proper nutrition. Third, since aging is a lifelong process, good nutrition and health practices must be applies throughout life. This basis will become effective only when the present image of the aged improves to the point that younger persons will strive for effective longevity. Fourth, changes in lifestyle to avoid risks have positive value. This basis requires professional and political leadership if it is to become widely adopted. Fifth, acute illnesses and accidents require immediate attention to nutritional and other factors if needless morbidity and mortality are to be avoided. This basis requires far more education of health professionals and lay persons to obviate such tragedies. All these bases are the infastructure for other actions directed at improving the image of today's aged and thereby diminishing the fatalism of younger persons and augumenting their determination to adopt lifestyles compatible with long, active, happy and productive lives.", "PMID": 641280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_733", "title": "Etiology of primary osteoporosis: an hypothesis.", "content": "By convention, osteoporosis has been described in two categories: 1) primary (involutional or postmenopausal), and 2) secondary, in association with a wide variety of pathologic disorders. Primary osteoporosis is the ultimate consequence of progressive bone loss, which starts in the middle of the fourth decade. Given the apt name of \"adult bone loss,\" it is considered to be a universal phenomenon in that it afflicts all people of all races and both sexes. However, careful analysis of past studies generates evidence that not every person of advanced age loses bone. The etiology of \"adult bone loss,\" and thus of primary osteoporosis, is conceded to be unknown or at least controversial. Nevertheless, the complex dependencies of bone metabolism on the functional integrity of major organ systems imply a multifactorial etiology. The age-related progressive declines in functional reserves of major organ systems may indicate that primary osteoporosis evolves secondarily to a protracted suboptimal metabolic support of bone remodeling. Further confirmation of this hypothesis may have important implications for the prophylactic management of primary osteoporosis.", "contents": "Etiology of primary osteoporosis: an hypothesis. By convention, osteoporosis has been described in two categories: 1) primary (involutional or postmenopausal), and 2) secondary, in association with a wide variety of pathologic disorders. Primary osteoporosis is the ultimate consequence of progressive bone loss, which starts in the middle of the fourth decade. Given the apt name of \"adult bone loss,\" it is considered to be a universal phenomenon in that it afflicts all people of all races and both sexes. However, careful analysis of past studies generates evidence that not every person of advanced age loses bone. The etiology of \"adult bone loss,\" and thus of primary osteoporosis, is conceded to be unknown or at least controversial. Nevertheless, the complex dependencies of bone metabolism on the functional integrity of major organ systems imply a multifactorial etiology. The age-related progressive declines in functional reserves of major organ systems may indicate that primary osteoporosis evolves secondarily to a protracted suboptimal metabolic support of bone remodeling. Further confirmation of this hypothesis may have important implications for the prophylactic management of primary osteoporosis.", "PMID": 641281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_734", "title": "Are the aged a minority group?", "content": "The aged resemble minority groups in three ways, i.e. they suffer from prejudice, discrimination, and deprivation. On the other hand, they are not born into their age group, and they have little sense of group identity or political unity. The most descriptive term would seem to be \"quasi-minority group.\" However, the aged are becoming less and less like minority groups as society seems to be moving toward an \"age-irrelevant\" era.", "contents": "Are the aged a minority group? The aged resemble minority groups in three ways, i.e. they suffer from prejudice, discrimination, and deprivation. On the other hand, they are not born into their age group, and they have little sense of group identity or political unity. The most descriptive term would seem to be \"quasi-minority group.\" However, the aged are becoming less and less like minority groups as society seems to be moving toward an \"age-irrelevant\" era.", "PMID": 641282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_735", "title": "Bromide intoxication in the elderly.", "content": "Four patients with dysfunction of the central nervous system secondary to bromide intoxication are reported. Three of them were referred because of symptoms of \"senility,\" which appeared to preclude further independent living. After diagnosis and treatment of the bromism, they were able to continue living at home. The development of bromide toxicity with relatively low serum bromide levels in the elderly is discussed. The importance of a home visit to establish the diagnosis of drug-induced cognitive dysfunction is emphasized.", "contents": "Bromide intoxication in the elderly. Four patients with dysfunction of the central nervous system secondary to bromide intoxication are reported. Three of them were referred because of symptoms of \"senility,\" which appeared to preclude further independent living. After diagnosis and treatment of the bromism, they were able to continue living at home. The development of bromide toxicity with relatively low serum bromide levels in the elderly is discussed. The importance of a home visit to establish the diagnosis of drug-induced cognitive dysfunction is emphasized.", "PMID": 641283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_736", "title": "Primary empty sella syndrome and bipolar affective illness: case report.", "content": "This report concerns an elderly woman with primary empty sella syndrome and bipolar affective illness. She had no endocrine, visual, or neurologic dysfunction and had received electroconvulsive therapy with no long-term adverse effects. Remission of the affective illness has been maintained for five years with lithium carbonate therapy.", "contents": "Primary empty sella syndrome and bipolar affective illness: case report. This report concerns an elderly woman with primary empty sella syndrome and bipolar affective illness. She had no endocrine, visual, or neurologic dysfunction and had received electroconvulsive therapy with no long-term adverse effects. Remission of the affective illness has been maintained for five years with lithium carbonate therapy.", "PMID": 641284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_737", "title": "Nursing home medication costs.", "content": "The cost of discarded drugs at a level-III nursing home was calculated for a four-year period. A significant percentage of the cost seemed to be the result of poor prescribing practices. Prescriptions for antibiotics and for psychotropic drugs (particularly PRN orders) are discussed in some detail. Medication policies were developed to improve physicians' prescribing habits in order to reduce these costs without jeopardizing the quality of care.", "contents": "Nursing home medication costs. The cost of discarded drugs at a level-III nursing home was calculated for a four-year period. A significant percentage of the cost seemed to be the result of poor prescribing practices. Prescriptions for antibiotics and for psychotropic drugs (particularly PRN orders) are discussed in some detail. Medication policies were developed to improve physicians' prescribing habits in order to reduce these costs without jeopardizing the quality of care.", "PMID": 641285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_738", "title": "Individual psychotherapy with the depressed elderly outpatient: an overview.", "content": "A review is presented of the status of geriatric psychotherapy with the depressed elderly community resident, over the past 20 years. Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness accompanying or following a significant loss are often chief features of the depressive syndrome in elderly persons who seek help. The experiences of those involved in treating this disorder in the elderly can be most rewarding to both therapist and patient.", "contents": "Individual psychotherapy with the depressed elderly outpatient: an overview. A review is presented of the status of geriatric psychotherapy with the depressed elderly community resident, over the past 20 years. Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness accompanying or following a significant loss are often chief features of the depressive syndrome in elderly persons who seek help. The experiences of those involved in treating this disorder in the elderly can be most rewarding to both therapist and patient.", "PMID": 641286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_739", "title": "Determination of atrazine in runoff water by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A procedure is described for the determination of atrazine in runoff water from agricultural areas. Extraction and preconcentration are accomplished with a column of macroreticular resin. Separation and quantification are performed with high performance liquid chromatography with a microparticle reverse phase column. No interference is observed from either organics already present in the runoff water or from some 34 selected organic compounds. Excellent linearity is obtained for concentrations of atrazine from 0--120 PPB. Relative standard deviations of the overall procedure are 1--5%.", "contents": "Determination of atrazine in runoff water by high performance liquid chromatography. A procedure is described for the determination of atrazine in runoff water from agricultural areas. Extraction and preconcentration are accomplished with a column of macroreticular resin. Separation and quantification are performed with high performance liquid chromatography with a microparticle reverse phase column. No interference is observed from either organics already present in the runoff water or from some 34 selected organic compounds. Excellent linearity is obtained for concentrations of atrazine from 0--120 PPB. Relative standard deviations of the overall procedure are 1--5%.", "PMID": 641306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_740", "title": "Transient-phase and steady-state kinetics of lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis.", "content": "An experimental study has been made of both the steady-state and the transient-phase (presteady-state) kinetics of the hydrolyses of several saturated aliphatic esters of p-nitrophenol catalyzed by wheat germ lipase. The analysis of the presteady- 1 Presented in part at the 173rd ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, L.A., U.S.A., March 20--25, 1977. 2 Correspondence should be addressed to M.H. Sadar, E.S.D., E.H.C., Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OL2. 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. state part revealed two transients indicating that lipase-catalyzed reactions proceed via a two-intermediate mechanism suggested for other esterases. The possibility of more than one species of the enzyme engaged in catalytic activity is discussed and a reaction mechanism scheme is proposed accordingly.", "contents": "Transient-phase and steady-state kinetics of lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis. An experimental study has been made of both the steady-state and the transient-phase (presteady-state) kinetics of the hydrolyses of several saturated aliphatic esters of p-nitrophenol catalyzed by wheat germ lipase. The analysis of the presteady- 1 Presented in part at the 173rd ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, L.A., U.S.A., March 20--25, 1977. 2 Correspondence should be addressed to M.H. Sadar, E.S.D., E.H.C., Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OL2. 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. state part revealed two transients indicating that lipase-catalyzed reactions proceed via a two-intermediate mechanism suggested for other esterases. The possibility of more than one species of the enzyme engaged in catalytic activity is discussed and a reaction mechanism scheme is proposed accordingly.", "PMID": 641307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_741", "title": "[The use of prostaglandins to perform terminations of pregnancy in the second trimester (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 48 cases of termination of pregnancy between the 12th and the 20th week using prostaglandins. Two methods were used: An injection of 40 mg of Prostaglandin F2 alpha (1) intra-amniotically: used on 38 women in group i. 10 patients had 5 mg of 15 (S) 15 methylprostaglandin F2 alpha administered vaginally in group ii. In the first group all women aborted with a mean induction expulsion time of 16 hours and 20 minutes. In the second group 9 women aborted with a mean time of 14 hours and 2 minutes. Side effects were very marked in the second group, whereas they seemed to be acceptable in the first group.", "contents": "[The use of prostaglandins to perform terminations of pregnancy in the second trimester (author's transl)]. The authors report 48 cases of termination of pregnancy between the 12th and the 20th week using prostaglandins. Two methods were used: An injection of 40 mg of Prostaglandin F2 alpha (1) intra-amniotically: used on 38 women in group i. 10 patients had 5 mg of 15 (S) 15 methylprostaglandin F2 alpha administered vaginally in group ii. In the first group all women aborted with a mean induction expulsion time of 16 hours and 20 minutes. In the second group 9 women aborted with a mean time of 14 hours and 2 minutes. Side effects were very marked in the second group, whereas they seemed to be acceptable in the first group.", "PMID": 641311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_742", "title": "[Effect of ergot alkaloid derivatives on milk secretion in the immediate postpartum period].", "content": "30 women received an intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg of methylergobasine immediately after delivery and then 3 tablets of 1 mg of ergotamine tartrate per mouth daily for 6 days post-partum. 28 women received no treatment after delivery. The selection of the two groups was random. The treatment with rye ergot derivatives did not have a significant effect on the quantity of milk that the infant took, nor on the infant's weight gain in the 6 first days of life.", "contents": "[Effect of ergot alkaloid derivatives on milk secretion in the immediate postpartum period]. 30 women received an intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg of methylergobasine immediately after delivery and then 3 tablets of 1 mg of ergotamine tartrate per mouth daily for 6 days post-partum. 28 women received no treatment after delivery. The selection of the two groups was random. The treatment with rye ergot derivatives did not have a significant effect on the quantity of milk that the infant took, nor on the infant's weight gain in the 6 first days of life.", "PMID": 641312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_743", "title": "[Total asthenospermia with an ultrastructural anomaly of the flagellum in two sterile brothers (author's transl)].", "content": "The two sterile brothers were found to have the same sperm abnormalities. The flagella were short or absent. The constituent elements of the flagellum were disorganized, and the axone structure was disturbed. These abnormalities give rise to a problem of explaining the genetic origin of certain sperm defects similar to those found particularly in mice.", "contents": "[Total asthenospermia with an ultrastructural anomaly of the flagellum in two sterile brothers (author's transl)]. The two sterile brothers were found to have the same sperm abnormalities. The flagella were short or absent. The constituent elements of the flagellum were disorganized, and the axone structure was disturbed. These abnormalities give rise to a problem of explaining the genetic origin of certain sperm defects similar to those found particularly in mice.", "PMID": 641313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_744", "title": "[The endolymphatic myosis: a low grad stromal endometrial sarcoma. I. Pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present 6 cases of endolymphatic myosis of endometrial stroma. All patients with known evolutions were alive between 4 months and 17 years after treatment in spite of 2 relapses. Pathological aspect of this rare lesion is characterized by penetration of stromal endometrial tumoral tissue without glands in both lymphatic and venous myonatrial vessels. In certain cases, the presence of polypes of this structure allows the diagnostic by dilatation and analogy Progestine induces a predecidual transformation of this lesion. The myosis belongs to the endometrial stromal sarcoma. The lesion is however different by its low mitotic index.", "contents": "[The endolymphatic myosis: a low grad stromal endometrial sarcoma. I. Pathology (author's transl)]. The authors present 6 cases of endolymphatic myosis of endometrial stroma. All patients with known evolutions were alive between 4 months and 17 years after treatment in spite of 2 relapses. Pathological aspect of this rare lesion is characterized by penetration of stromal endometrial tumoral tissue without glands in both lymphatic and venous myonatrial vessels. In certain cases, the presence of polypes of this structure allows the diagnostic by dilatation and analogy Progestine induces a predecidual transformation of this lesion. The myosis belongs to the endometrial stromal sarcoma. The lesion is however different by its low mitotic index.", "PMID": 641314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_745", "title": "[The role of mycoplasma in sterility. A study of 150 sterile women (author's transl)].", "content": "150 women who were being treated for sterility had their cervical mucus searched for T. mycoplasma. Group I: 123 women who had no obvious cause for sterility. 45.5 per cent had T. mycoplasma (56/123). Group II: Out of 27 women who had a major cause for sterility there were 48 per cent (13/27) who were carriers of T. mycoplasma. The incidence of T. mycoplasma in control fertile women was 53 per cent (16/30). After treatment with Doxycycline: 5 pregnancies were obtained out of Group I, which is 8.9 per cent. none in Group II. The mycoplasma seems to play a very minor role in sterility. Its incidence is identically the same in women who are sterile or normally fertile. With treatment only a very small percentage (8.9 per cent) of pregnancies were obtained in carriers of mycoplasma who did not have another obvious cause for their sterility.", "contents": "[The role of mycoplasma in sterility. A study of 150 sterile women (author's transl)]. 150 women who were being treated for sterility had their cervical mucus searched for T. mycoplasma. Group I: 123 women who had no obvious cause for sterility. 45.5 per cent had T. mycoplasma (56/123). Group II: Out of 27 women who had a major cause for sterility there were 48 per cent (13/27) who were carriers of T. mycoplasma. The incidence of T. mycoplasma in control fertile women was 53 per cent (16/30). After treatment with Doxycycline: 5 pregnancies were obtained out of Group I, which is 8.9 per cent. none in Group II. The mycoplasma seems to play a very minor role in sterility. Its incidence is identically the same in women who are sterile or normally fertile. With treatment only a very small percentage (8.9 per cent) of pregnancies were obtained in carriers of mycoplasma who did not have another obvious cause for their sterility.", "PMID": 641316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_746", "title": "[Fetal maternal anti-HLA sensitization. Its relationship with the pathology of pregnancy and/or the neonate (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of maternal anti HLA sensitization was studied in 1401 normal and pathological pregnancies. The analysis of the obstetrical history showed in patients with sensitization, a stabilical highs indications of preceding abortion and premature labors and of actual anemies and premature labors. The signification of such, an association remains to be found.", "contents": "[Fetal maternal anti-HLA sensitization. Its relationship with the pathology of pregnancy and/or the neonate (author's transl)]. The frequency of maternal anti HLA sensitization was studied in 1401 normal and pathological pregnancies. The analysis of the obstetrical history showed in patients with sensitization, a stabilical highs indications of preceding abortion and premature labors and of actual anemies and premature labors. The signification of such, an association remains to be found.", "PMID": 641317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_747", "title": "[Pregnancy and severe pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied the relationship between pregnancy and pancreatitis together with reviewing the bibliography after having had 4 cases. As far as the aetiology is concerned there does not seem to be a mechanical factor associated with the pregnant uterus but a vesicular factor (gall bladder) of stasis and hypersecretion, with hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy and pancreatic oversecretion in pregnancy, all of which are finally associated with a neuro-vegetative lack of tone and with the part played by certain drugs that are often prescribed in pregnancy. The fetal prognosis is relatively good except for the risks of premature delivery. Management of a case of acute severe pancreatitis is difficult to work out. All the same, the treatment should be above all conservative, which means medical. Surgery should be reserved for those cases with definite indications such as progressive deterioration in spite of medical treatment with the knowledge beforehand that it will not make much difference to the final prognosis.", "contents": "[Pregnancy and severe pancreatitis (author's transl)]. We studied the relationship between pregnancy and pancreatitis together with reviewing the bibliography after having had 4 cases. As far as the aetiology is concerned there does not seem to be a mechanical factor associated with the pregnant uterus but a vesicular factor (gall bladder) of stasis and hypersecretion, with hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy and pancreatic oversecretion in pregnancy, all of which are finally associated with a neuro-vegetative lack of tone and with the part played by certain drugs that are often prescribed in pregnancy. The fetal prognosis is relatively good except for the risks of premature delivery. Management of a case of acute severe pancreatitis is difficult to work out. All the same, the treatment should be above all conservative, which means medical. Surgery should be reserved for those cases with definite indications such as progressive deterioration in spite of medical treatment with the knowledge beforehand that it will not make much difference to the final prognosis.", "PMID": 641318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_748", "title": "[The dystocias of the start of labour and their treatment with a beta sympatho-mimetic drug (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied 106 cases of dystocia of the start of labour, which is defined as an abnormal increase in the length of the time of dilatation before the cervix reaches three centimetres dilated, in spite of contractions that apparently are of good quality. The contractions can be stopped by a beta sympatho-mimetic drug (Ritodrine) easily and the immediate problem is resolved, in that the woman is allowed a rest during which she can recover for a few hours. The labour starts off after this normally, but the percentage of Caesarean sections is very high (26.4 per cent) because in fact these dystocias of the start of labour are often associated with disproportion or a poorly flexed posterior position. There has been no serious secondary effect of the treatment nor any ill effects observed on the fetuses.", "contents": "[The dystocias of the start of labour and their treatment with a beta sympatho-mimetic drug (author's transl)]. The authors have studied 106 cases of dystocia of the start of labour, which is defined as an abnormal increase in the length of the time of dilatation before the cervix reaches three centimetres dilated, in spite of contractions that apparently are of good quality. The contractions can be stopped by a beta sympatho-mimetic drug (Ritodrine) easily and the immediate problem is resolved, in that the woman is allowed a rest during which she can recover for a few hours. The labour starts off after this normally, but the percentage of Caesarean sections is very high (26.4 per cent) because in fact these dystocias of the start of labour are often associated with disproportion or a poorly flexed posterior position. There has been no serious secondary effect of the treatment nor any ill effects observed on the fetuses.", "PMID": 641319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_749", "title": "From shared cost to block funding and beyond: the politics of health insurance in Canada.", "content": "This paper takes as its starting point recent major changes in arrangements between the federal and provincial government in Canada concerning the sharing of costs for health insurance programs. The switch from a shared cost (conditional grant) to a modified block funding system was motivated by federal desires to limit and make predictable their expenditures, by provincial desires to increase the flexibility of their allocation of funds and by a mutual desire to limit any growth of health care costs as a proportion of GNP. Concerns related directly to improving medical care delivery were insignificant The changes will effectively centralize responsibility for program financing and program delivery, thus providing a powerful incentive for provincial governments to apply very strong measures to control costs. For reasons largely external to the relationship between public sector insurers and the suppliers of medical services, these attempts are unlikely to be successful in the short run. The probable impact of this difficulty on government and members of the health care delivery system is assessed.", "contents": "From shared cost to block funding and beyond: the politics of health insurance in Canada. This paper takes as its starting point recent major changes in arrangements between the federal and provincial government in Canada concerning the sharing of costs for health insurance programs. The switch from a shared cost (conditional grant) to a modified block funding system was motivated by federal desires to limit and make predictable their expenditures, by provincial desires to increase the flexibility of their allocation of funds and by a mutual desire to limit any growth of health care costs as a proportion of GNP. Concerns related directly to improving medical care delivery were insignificant The changes will effectively centralize responsibility for program financing and program delivery, thus providing a powerful incentive for provincial governments to apply very strong measures to control costs. For reasons largely external to the relationship between public sector insurers and the suppliers of medical services, these attempts are unlikely to be successful in the short run. The probable impact of this difficulty on government and members of the health care delivery system is assessed.", "PMID": 641321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_750", "title": "The politics of health care regulation: the case of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act.", "content": "This paper examines the political and bureautic dynamics of health regulation under the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act and, to a lesser extent, the Carter Cost Proposal now before Congress. A number of underlying issues that affect the day-to-day exercise of health planning are considered, including the contest between state and local and federal government for program control, jurisdictional conflict between state and local planning agencies, and the unsettled roles to be played by professional planners, consumers, and providers. When we assess regulatory policy in health, these complicating factors must be added to the long list of handicaps that already exist. One important finding is that local planning agencies have embraced the task of health regulation somewhat more fully than had generally been expected. A number of explanations for this are offered. In short, the controlling factors in health planning are political, not technical, and there is more occurring at the state and local levels than many had predicted, although any impact is not likely to be dramatic.", "contents": "The politics of health care regulation: the case of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act. This paper examines the political and bureautic dynamics of health regulation under the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act and, to a lesser extent, the Carter Cost Proposal now before Congress. A number of underlying issues that affect the day-to-day exercise of health planning are considered, including the contest between state and local and federal government for program control, jurisdictional conflict between state and local planning agencies, and the unsettled roles to be played by professional planners, consumers, and providers. When we assess regulatory policy in health, these complicating factors must be added to the long list of handicaps that already exist. One important finding is that local planning agencies have embraced the task of health regulation somewhat more fully than had generally been expected. A number of explanations for this are offered. In short, the controlling factors in health planning are political, not technical, and there is more occurring at the state and local levels than many had predicted, although any impact is not likely to be dramatic.", "PMID": 641323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_751", "title": "Infarct as a stress agent: life history and personality characteristics in improved versus not-improved patients after severe heart attack.", "content": "Fifty-eight male subjects admitted to an intensive coronary care unit were interviewed and underwent psychometric testing on the second--third day after a severe heart attack (infarct). Seven-ten days following admission, the clinical condition of the patients was evaluated by the attending cardiological staff and rated on a three point scale. The patients were divided, on the basis of the clinical rating, into two groups: improved (N = 25) and non-improved (N = 33). Life history characteristics, MMPI personality profiles, and State-Trait anxiety scores were then compared for the two groups. The not-improved group showed the higher scores on almost all the MMPI scales, higher anxiety scores and more work-related problems than the improved group. Such data give some empirical support to the hypothesis that the physiological and hemodynamical conditon of the cardiac patient is in some way correlated with the patient's style of coping with stress, and his history of previous life stress situations.", "contents": "Infarct as a stress agent: life history and personality characteristics in improved versus not-improved patients after severe heart attack. Fifty-eight male subjects admitted to an intensive coronary care unit were interviewed and underwent psychometric testing on the second--third day after a severe heart attack (infarct). Seven-ten days following admission, the clinical condition of the patients was evaluated by the attending cardiological staff and rated on a three point scale. The patients were divided, on the basis of the clinical rating, into two groups: improved (N = 25) and non-improved (N = 33). Life history characteristics, MMPI personality profiles, and State-Trait anxiety scores were then compared for the two groups. The not-improved group showed the higher scores on almost all the MMPI scales, higher anxiety scores and more work-related problems than the improved group. Such data give some empirical support to the hypothesis that the physiological and hemodynamical conditon of the cardiac patient is in some way correlated with the patient's style of coping with stress, and his history of previous life stress situations.", "PMID": 641335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_752", "title": "Cognitive processes and information seeking concerning an environmental health threat.", "content": "Interviews with 577 college students in New Jersey, a state with a high reported rate of cancer, were conducted to assess the ways in which they conceptualize this issue and to determine how they would react when offered an opportunity to obtain factual information about the cancer threat. Those who appeared to be most in need of information were found to be the least likely to seek it. Of students who were undecided whether or not living in the state would increase their chance of getting cancer, only 25.7 percent requested the information, compared to 49.1 percent of students who acknowledged the increased risk and 43.9 percent of those who denied the risk. Individuals who had not known previously about the high cancer rates were less likely to request information (37.9 percent) than those who had known (47.9 percent), and they used different arguments to justify their denial of risk. The specific arguments used by students to explain why they denied that there was a threat or why they planned to stay in the state in spite of the risk were generally unrelated to information seeking.", "contents": "Cognitive processes and information seeking concerning an environmental health threat. Interviews with 577 college students in New Jersey, a state with a high reported rate of cancer, were conducted to assess the ways in which they conceptualize this issue and to determine how they would react when offered an opportunity to obtain factual information about the cancer threat. Those who appeared to be most in need of information were found to be the least likely to seek it. Of students who were undecided whether or not living in the state would increase their chance of getting cancer, only 25.7 percent requested the information, compared to 49.1 percent of students who acknowledged the increased risk and 43.9 percent of those who denied the risk. Individuals who had not known previously about the high cancer rates were less likely to request information (37.9 percent) than those who had known (47.9 percent), and they used different arguments to justify their denial of risk. The specific arguments used by students to explain why they denied that there was a threat or why they planned to stay in the state in spite of the risk were generally unrelated to information seeking.", "PMID": 641337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_753", "title": "Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, two H-2-associated genes that influence recovery from Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly.", "content": "Two genes, Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, that influence recovery from Friend virus leukemia have been identified within or adjacent to the mouse major histocompatibility gene complex (H-2). Rfv-1 was determined to be in the H-2G or H-2D regions by testing of mice with recombinations both to the left and right of these regions. Rfv-2 was located either in the H-2K or H-2I regions or in the Tla region. The Rfv-2 effect was not seen in the high recovery H-2D(Rfv-1)b/b mice. This could be an indication that this gene is weaker than Rfv-1 in its influence on leukemia. The influence of H-2 on recovery from leukemia appeared to operate in a gene-dose fashion (H-2b/b greater than H-2a/b greater than H-2a/a).", "contents": "Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, two H-2-associated genes that influence recovery from Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly. Two genes, Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, that influence recovery from Friend virus leukemia have been identified within or adjacent to the mouse major histocompatibility gene complex (H-2). Rfv-1 was determined to be in the H-2G or H-2D regions by testing of mice with recombinations both to the left and right of these regions. Rfv-2 was located either in the H-2K or H-2I regions or in the Tla region. The Rfv-2 effect was not seen in the high recovery H-2D(Rfv-1)b/b mice. This could be an indication that this gene is weaker than Rfv-1 in its influence on leukemia. The influence of H-2 on recovery from leukemia appeared to operate in a gene-dose fashion (H-2b/b greater than H-2a/b greater than H-2a/a).", "PMID": 641338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_754", "title": "Effect of liposomal model membrane composition on immunogenicity.", "content": "We have examined the effect of composition on the immunogenicity in mice of liposomal model membranes sensitized with dinitrophenyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) derivatives. Neither cholesterol content nor incorporation of exogenous charged amphiphile (dicetylphosphate, stearylamine) exerted a significant influence on the in vivo anti-DNP response as measured by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells in the spleen. Similarly, the nature of the fatty acids (saturated vs unsaturated) present in DNP-Cap-PE had no effect. In contrast, the nonpolar region of the basic phospholipids comprising the liposomal bilayers played an important role as revealed by a comparative study of model membranes prepared with beef sphingomyelin (SM), egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), and synthetic distearoyl-, dimyristoyl-, dilauroyl-, and dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholines (DSPC, DMPC, DLPC, DOPC). Thus, liposomes with a large content of phospholipids possessing a high transition temperature (e.g., beef SM, DSPC) were more immunogenic than those containing phospholipids of low transition temperature (e.g., egg PC, DOPC). This correlation held for both unsonicated and sonicated liposomes. These findings may have a bearing on the phenomenon of membrane-localized antigen expression.", "contents": "Effect of liposomal model membrane composition on immunogenicity. We have examined the effect of composition on the immunogenicity in mice of liposomal model membranes sensitized with dinitrophenyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) derivatives. Neither cholesterol content nor incorporation of exogenous charged amphiphile (dicetylphosphate, stearylamine) exerted a significant influence on the in vivo anti-DNP response as measured by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells in the spleen. Similarly, the nature of the fatty acids (saturated vs unsaturated) present in DNP-Cap-PE had no effect. In contrast, the nonpolar region of the basic phospholipids comprising the liposomal bilayers played an important role as revealed by a comparative study of model membranes prepared with beef sphingomyelin (SM), egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), and synthetic distearoyl-, dimyristoyl-, dilauroyl-, and dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholines (DSPC, DMPC, DLPC, DOPC). Thus, liposomes with a large content of phospholipids possessing a high transition temperature (e.g., beef SM, DSPC) were more immunogenic than those containing phospholipids of low transition temperature (e.g., egg PC, DOPC). This correlation held for both unsonicated and sonicated liposomes. These findings may have a bearing on the phenomenon of membrane-localized antigen expression.", "PMID": 641340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_755", "title": "Comparison of the homogeneous, primary anti-dextran B1355 antibody raised in BALB/c mice with protein 104E.", "content": "The primary antibody response to dextran B1355 in BALB/c mice is largely a homogenous IgM antibody. This antibody appears to be similar if not identical to the myeloma protein, protein 104E, for the following reasons: a) isoelectric focusing of the 7S monomers, separately and together in co-isoelectric focusing, give the same pattern, both in the presence and absence of 4M urea; b) the inhibition of lysis of the dextran-coated SRBC by specifically purified anti-dextran antibody and by protein 104E required essentially the same concentration of dextran B1355. This similarity was further demonstrated by plaque assays with dextran-coated SRBC, in which the formation of plaques was inhibited by free dextran. Inhibition of plaques produced by both types of cells required essentially the same concentration of dextran B1355. On these bases, there appears to be no difference in properties (or in structure) between the myeloma protein and the induced antibody.", "contents": "Comparison of the homogeneous, primary anti-dextran B1355 antibody raised in BALB/c mice with protein 104E. The primary antibody response to dextran B1355 in BALB/c mice is largely a homogenous IgM antibody. This antibody appears to be similar if not identical to the myeloma protein, protein 104E, for the following reasons: a) isoelectric focusing of the 7S monomers, separately and together in co-isoelectric focusing, give the same pattern, both in the presence and absence of 4M urea; b) the inhibition of lysis of the dextran-coated SRBC by specifically purified anti-dextran antibody and by protein 104E required essentially the same concentration of dextran B1355. This similarity was further demonstrated by plaque assays with dextran-coated SRBC, in which the formation of plaques was inhibited by free dextran. Inhibition of plaques produced by both types of cells required essentially the same concentration of dextran B1355. On these bases, there appears to be no difference in properties (or in structure) between the myeloma protein and the induced antibody.", "PMID": 641342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_756", "title": "Immunologic responses to Candida albicans. III. Effects of passive transfer of lymphoid cells or serum on murine candidiasis.", "content": "Passive transfer of immune serum gave a significant degree of protection against deep seated candidiasis in mice. Repeated attempts to transfer resistance by the transfer of sensitized lymphoid cells gave negative results, even though cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity was transferred by the cells. The results suggest that cell-mediated immunity is not of primary importance in this model of murine candidiasis, and that humoral immunity contributes to protection.", "contents": "Immunologic responses to Candida albicans. III. Effects of passive transfer of lymphoid cells or serum on murine candidiasis. Passive transfer of immune serum gave a significant degree of protection against deep seated candidiasis in mice. Repeated attempts to transfer resistance by the transfer of sensitized lymphoid cells gave negative results, even though cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity was transferred by the cells. The results suggest that cell-mediated immunity is not of primary importance in this model of murine candidiasis, and that humoral immunity contributes to protection.", "PMID": 641343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_757", "title": "Inhibition of tumor growth mediated by lymphocytes sensitized in vitro to a syngeneic murine teratocarcinoma 402AX.", "content": "TerC, a cell line derived from a strain 129 teratocarcinoma 402AX, was used to sensitize syngeneic 129 (H-2bc) splenic lymphocytes in vitro. The effector cells generated inhibited in vitro growth of TerC as measured by an 125I-IUDR ost-labeling technique. It was also shown, with a modified Winn assay, that the sensitized cells were effective in preventing TerC growth in vivo. The effector lymphocyte was nonadherent to nylon wool was sensitive to anti-Thy-1.2 + C, and was phenotypically Ly 1-2+. The anti-TerC effector T lymphocytes were not functional in a 51Cr-release assay. However, this failure to lyse appears not to be due to some intrinsic membrane resistance since both BCG and ConA-activated killers were able to lyse TerC. The TerC-sensitized lymphocytes displayed no H-2 restriction and were able to growth inhibit in vitro a wide range of tumorigenic cell lines, e.g., P815 (H-2d), EL-4 (H-2b),Sal (H-2a), and BALB/c (H-2d) 3T12. Mouse blastocyst cell lines were also inhibited. BALB/c 3T3 and mouse fibroblast cell strains were not growth inhibited. Thus, it appears that oncofetal antigens expressed on TerC are capable of initiating a cell-mediated response and that these antigenic specificities are shared by many transformed cell lines.", "contents": "Inhibition of tumor growth mediated by lymphocytes sensitized in vitro to a syngeneic murine teratocarcinoma 402AX. TerC, a cell line derived from a strain 129 teratocarcinoma 402AX, was used to sensitize syngeneic 129 (H-2bc) splenic lymphocytes in vitro. The effector cells generated inhibited in vitro growth of TerC as measured by an 125I-IUDR ost-labeling technique. It was also shown, with a modified Winn assay, that the sensitized cells were effective in preventing TerC growth in vivo. The effector lymphocyte was nonadherent to nylon wool was sensitive to anti-Thy-1.2 + C, and was phenotypically Ly 1-2+. The anti-TerC effector T lymphocytes were not functional in a 51Cr-release assay. However, this failure to lyse appears not to be due to some intrinsic membrane resistance since both BCG and ConA-activated killers were able to lyse TerC. The TerC-sensitized lymphocytes displayed no H-2 restriction and were able to growth inhibit in vitro a wide range of tumorigenic cell lines, e.g., P815 (H-2d), EL-4 (H-2b),Sal (H-2a), and BALB/c (H-2d) 3T12. Mouse blastocyst cell lines were also inhibited. BALB/c 3T3 and mouse fibroblast cell strains were not growth inhibited. Thus, it appears that oncofetal antigens expressed on TerC are capable of initiating a cell-mediated response and that these antigenic specificities are shared by many transformed cell lines.", "PMID": 641346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_758", "title": "Generation of suppressor lymphocytes during sensitization in culture against a syngeneic tumor: affinity chromatography on insolubilized histamine.", "content": "We investigated the effect of depletion of histamine-binding lymphoid cells on immunological properties of lymphocytes sensitized in culture against tumor cells. C57BL/6 spleen cells that were sensitized in vitro on monolayers of the syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) became cytotoxic to the tumor cells in vitro after 3 to 5 days of sensitization. Sensitized cells harvested after 4 days of sensitization occasionally enhanced tumor growth in vivo. Fractionation of the sensitized lymphocytes over insolubilized histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose (HRS) columns decreased or abolished the enhancing activity in vivo and specifically increased the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the depleted lymphocytes. A similar increase in the cytotoxic activity of HRS-fractionated cells was observed in an allogeneic combination of C57BL spleen cells sensitized against C3H fibroblasts. The effect of HRS chromatography on the in vitro cytotoxic activity increased with prolonged incubation of the depleted effector cells with the target cells.", "contents": "Generation of suppressor lymphocytes during sensitization in culture against a syngeneic tumor: affinity chromatography on insolubilized histamine. We investigated the effect of depletion of histamine-binding lymphoid cells on immunological properties of lymphocytes sensitized in culture against tumor cells. C57BL/6 spleen cells that were sensitized in vitro on monolayers of the syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) became cytotoxic to the tumor cells in vitro after 3 to 5 days of sensitization. Sensitized cells harvested after 4 days of sensitization occasionally enhanced tumor growth in vivo. Fractionation of the sensitized lymphocytes over insolubilized histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose (HRS) columns decreased or abolished the enhancing activity in vivo and specifically increased the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the depleted lymphocytes. A similar increase in the cytotoxic activity of HRS-fractionated cells was observed in an allogeneic combination of C57BL spleen cells sensitized against C3H fibroblasts. The effect of HRS chromatography on the in vitro cytotoxic activity increased with prolonged incubation of the depleted effector cells with the target cells.", "PMID": 641348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_759", "title": "Depression of mitogen response in spleen cells from reticuloendotheliosis virus-infected chickens and their suppressive effect on normal lymphocyte response.", "content": "Spleen cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) were depressed in their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). When spleen cells from uninfected chickens were co-cultured with spleen cells from chickens infected with REV at 2 weeks of age, the PHA response by the normal cells was completely suppressed. Although spleen cells from chickens infected with REV at 6 or 9 weeks of age were also suppressed in their ability to respond to PHA, they did not suppress the mitogenic response of normal cells in mixed cultures.", "contents": "Depression of mitogen response in spleen cells from reticuloendotheliosis virus-infected chickens and their suppressive effect on normal lymphocyte response. Spleen cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) were depressed in their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). When spleen cells from uninfected chickens were co-cultured with spleen cells from chickens infected with REV at 2 weeks of age, the PHA response by the normal cells was completely suppressed. Although spleen cells from chickens infected with REV at 6 or 9 weeks of age were also suppressed in their ability to respond to PHA, they did not suppress the mitogenic response of normal cells in mixed cultures.", "PMID": 641350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_760", "title": "A caucasoid pedigree demonstrating the transmission of a Gm 1,2,17;5,13,14 haplotype.", "content": "Data illustrating the inheritance of a Gm1,2,17,5,13,14 haplotype in a Caucasian family are presented. The mother and two children are heterozygous for this unusual haplotype. The possible origin of the haplotype is discussed.", "contents": "A caucasoid pedigree demonstrating the transmission of a Gm 1,2,17;5,13,14 haplotype. Data illustrating the inheritance of a Gm1,2,17,5,13,14 haplotype in a Caucasian family are presented. The mother and two children are heterozygous for this unusual haplotype. The possible origin of the haplotype is discussed.", "PMID": 641355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_761", "title": "Evidence that blood group A antigen on lymphocytes is derived from the plasma.", "content": "Serum from group O volunteers, who had been injected with porcine A blood group substance, was used in lymphocytotoxicity tests. Positive reactions were obtained only with lymphocytes of group A secretors; the strongest reactors were Le(a--b--). The same group O sera reacted with group O lymphocytes which had been exposed to a glycosphingolipid fraction prepared from the plasma of A,Le(a--b--) secretors. These reactions were specifically inhibited by A substance. It is suggested that, unlike the A antigen on red cells, the A antigen detected in lymphocytotoxicity tests is entirely derived from the plasma.", "contents": "Evidence that blood group A antigen on lymphocytes is derived from the plasma. Serum from group O volunteers, who had been injected with porcine A blood group substance, was used in lymphocytotoxicity tests. Positive reactions were obtained only with lymphocytes of group A secretors; the strongest reactors were Le(a--b--). The same group O sera reacted with group O lymphocytes which had been exposed to a glycosphingolipid fraction prepared from the plasma of A,Le(a--b--) secretors. These reactions were specifically inhibited by A substance. It is suggested that, unlike the A antigen on red cells, the A antigen detected in lymphocytotoxicity tests is entirely derived from the plasma.", "PMID": 641356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_762", "title": "Complement fixation antibodies to glycosphingolipids in sera of rare blood group p and Pk phenotypes.", "content": "Blood group P antigen and Pk antigen were recently identified as glycosphingolipid globoside, GalNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gas(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc(beta, 1 leads to 1)ceramide, and trihexosylceramide, Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Gld(beta, 1 leads to 1)ceramide, respectively (Naiki & Marcus, 1974). The presence of antibodies to both antigens in the sera from rare p donors and antibodies to P antigen in the serum from a rare Pk donor were first demonstrated by the complement fixation test with the optimal antigen preparations containing each purified glycoplipid, lecithin and cholesterol. In the serum from a p donor, most of antibody population of anti-P was IgM and was cross-reacted to Forssman glycolipid, GalNAc(alpha, 1 leads to 3)GalNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc(beta 1 leads to 1) ceramide, but the rest of the anti-P antibodies and most of anti-Pk antibodies were IgG and had marked specificities for globoside and trihexosylceramide, respectively.", "contents": "Complement fixation antibodies to glycosphingolipids in sera of rare blood group p and Pk phenotypes. Blood group P antigen and Pk antigen were recently identified as glycosphingolipid globoside, GalNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gas(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc(beta, 1 leads to 1)ceramide, and trihexosylceramide, Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Gld(beta, 1 leads to 1)ceramide, respectively (Naiki & Marcus, 1974). The presence of antibodies to both antigens in the sera from rare p donors and antibodies to P antigen in the serum from a rare Pk donor were first demonstrated by the complement fixation test with the optimal antigen preparations containing each purified glycoplipid, lecithin and cholesterol. In the serum from a p donor, most of antibody population of anti-P was IgM and was cross-reacted to Forssman glycolipid, GalNAc(alpha, 1 leads to 3)GalNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc(beta 1 leads to 1) ceramide, but the rest of the anti-P antibodies and most of anti-Pk antibodies were IgG and had marked specificities for globoside and trihexosylceramide, respectively.", "PMID": 641357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_763", "title": "Intercellular adhesiveness of H-2 identical and H-2 disparate cells.", "content": "Using a 2 X 2 design, the collection rates of cells from radioactively labelled single-cell suspensions on cell-coated collecting surfaces were tested for a possible H-2 effect on intracellular adhesiveness. By a statistical procedure, the undesirable variability in the suspension and/or in the collecting surface could be eliminated, and the H-2 specific net effect estimated. In this way it was possible to detect (even on the background of a large non-specific variability) significant reductions of the allogeneic collection rates (i.e. between cells which differed only in their H-2 haplotypes) as compared to the syngeneic standards. It is concluded that cells of a given H-2 haplotype have preferential adhesiveness to syngeneic cells.", "contents": "Intercellular adhesiveness of H-2 identical and H-2 disparate cells. Using a 2 X 2 design, the collection rates of cells from radioactively labelled single-cell suspensions on cell-coated collecting surfaces were tested for a possible H-2 effect on intracellular adhesiveness. By a statistical procedure, the undesirable variability in the suspension and/or in the collecting surface could be eliminated, and the H-2 specific net effect estimated. In this way it was possible to detect (even on the background of a large non-specific variability) significant reductions of the allogeneic collection rates (i.e. between cells which differed only in their H-2 haplotypes) as compared to the syngeneic standards. It is concluded that cells of a given H-2 haplotype have preferential adhesiveness to syngeneic cells.", "PMID": 641358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_764", "title": "A human subject with a new defect in repair of ultraviolet damage.", "content": "The subject under study (11961) is a child with extreme sun sensitivity. Fibroblasts derived from the child's skin, like those from patients with the disorder xeroderma pigmentosum were hypersensitive to the lethal effects of 254 nm and 310 nm UV-irradiation. Unlike xeroderma pigmentosum cells, however, fibroblasts from our subject were not hypersensitive to the chemical mutagen N-hydroxyacetylaminofluorene but they were hypersensitive to ethylmethanesulfonate. Furthermore, despite the ultra violet light sensitivity, no defects could be detected either in excision or postreplication repair of damaged DNA after UV-irradiation of 11961 cells. This again contrasts with xeroderma pigmentosum cells, which are defective in one or the other of these repair processes. On the basis of these characteristics and the clinical symptoms, we are not at present able to classify this patient as having any of the known sun-sensitive syndromes.", "contents": "A human subject with a new defect in repair of ultraviolet damage. The subject under study (11961) is a child with extreme sun sensitivity. Fibroblasts derived from the child's skin, like those from patients with the disorder xeroderma pigmentosum were hypersensitive to the lethal effects of 254 nm and 310 nm UV-irradiation. Unlike xeroderma pigmentosum cells, however, fibroblasts from our subject were not hypersensitive to the chemical mutagen N-hydroxyacetylaminofluorene but they were hypersensitive to ethylmethanesulfonate. Furthermore, despite the ultra violet light sensitivity, no defects could be detected either in excision or postreplication repair of damaged DNA after UV-irradiation of 11961 cells. This again contrasts with xeroderma pigmentosum cells, which are defective in one or the other of these repair processes. On the basis of these characteristics and the clinical symptoms, we are not at present able to classify this patient as having any of the known sun-sensitive syndromes.", "PMID": 641367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_765", "title": "Simple screening test for estimation of some phenolic and indolic compounds in urine application to melanoma.", "content": "A simple screening test for estimation of some phenolic and indolic compounds in urine is described. The method is rapid, simple and able to detect all the indolic and phenolic compounds observed, including o-dihydroxy compounds. The method is based on the color reaction with reagent solution composed of sodium tungstate, trichloroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. After alkalinization by sodium hydroxide the optical density is measured at 405 and 490 nm. The latter is specific for o-dihydroxy compounds. This test seems to be useful for estimation of phenolic and indolic compounds in urine of patients with increased production of compounds of this nature, particularly in some tumors.", "contents": "Simple screening test for estimation of some phenolic and indolic compounds in urine application to melanoma. A simple screening test for estimation of some phenolic and indolic compounds in urine is described. The method is rapid, simple and able to detect all the indolic and phenolic compounds observed, including o-dihydroxy compounds. The method is based on the color reaction with reagent solution composed of sodium tungstate, trichloroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. After alkalinization by sodium hydroxide the optical density is measured at 405 and 490 nm. The latter is specific for o-dihydroxy compounds. This test seems to be useful for estimation of phenolic and indolic compounds in urine of patients with increased production of compounds of this nature, particularly in some tumors.", "PMID": 641370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_766", "title": "Linoleic acid effects on epidermal DNA synthesis and cutaneous prostaglandin levels in essential fatty acid deficiency.", "content": "An essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient state has been induced in hairless mice. The epidermal changes included hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis and acanthosis. Epidermal DNA synthesis was increased 3-fold compared with normal diet mice. Prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF) levels, measured by radioimmunoassay, were much reduced in the EFA deficient mice skin. 10% Linoleic acid applied topically for 2 weeks corrected the gross and histological skin abnormalities and reduced epidermal DNA synthesis to normal values. The levels of PGE and PGF were only partially corrected. Linoleic acid applied to normal diet mice increased skin levels of PGE and PGF compared with the control vehicle treated normal diet mice. These results provide further evidence for the importance of essential fatty acids in the control of epidermal proliferation and differentiation. The importance of PGE and PGF in controlling epidermal DNA synthesis in EFA deficiency is less clear.", "contents": "Linoleic acid effects on epidermal DNA synthesis and cutaneous prostaglandin levels in essential fatty acid deficiency. An essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient state has been induced in hairless mice. The epidermal changes included hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis and acanthosis. Epidermal DNA synthesis was increased 3-fold compared with normal diet mice. Prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF) levels, measured by radioimmunoassay, were much reduced in the EFA deficient mice skin. 10% Linoleic acid applied topically for 2 weeks corrected the gross and histological skin abnormalities and reduced epidermal DNA synthesis to normal values. The levels of PGE and PGF were only partially corrected. Linoleic acid applied to normal diet mice increased skin levels of PGE and PGF compared with the control vehicle treated normal diet mice. These results provide further evidence for the importance of essential fatty acids in the control of epidermal proliferation and differentiation. The importance of PGE and PGF in controlling epidermal DNA synthesis in EFA deficiency is less clear.", "PMID": 641371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_767", "title": "Circumscribed sebaceous gland hyperplasia: autoradiographic and histoplanimetric studies.", "content": "Circumscribed sebaceous gland hyperplasia (sebaceous hyperplasia) is a common benign facial tumor found in adults and aged. Seventeen biopsies of sebaceous hyperplasia from 10 patients, females and males aged 57-87 years were secured which were injected 45 min or up to 15 days prior with tritiated thymidine, and prepared for autoradiography. Specimens were evaluated by cell counts (labeling index, labeled total cells), and histoplanimetric techniques (sagittal section areas and circumference of sebaceous hyperplasia, of sebocytes, and of sebocyte nuclei). Controls were uninvolved sebaceous follicles from the same subjects, from an age-matched group, and from young male adults. In sebaceous hyperplasia the labeling index of basal cells is low with 5.7% +/- 2.3 vs uninvolved sebaceous follicles from the same subject (8.6% +/- 2.4) and the younger subjects with a value of 10.1% +/- 2.0). Labeled cells are retained in the acini much longer than in young adults (slowed down transit and turnover time). The glands of sebaceous hyperplasia are very large, their sebocytes are small, and many more basal cells are found per unit basement membrane length.", "contents": "Circumscribed sebaceous gland hyperplasia: autoradiographic and histoplanimetric studies. Circumscribed sebaceous gland hyperplasia (sebaceous hyperplasia) is a common benign facial tumor found in adults and aged. Seventeen biopsies of sebaceous hyperplasia from 10 patients, females and males aged 57-87 years were secured which were injected 45 min or up to 15 days prior with tritiated thymidine, and prepared for autoradiography. Specimens were evaluated by cell counts (labeling index, labeled total cells), and histoplanimetric techniques (sagittal section areas and circumference of sebaceous hyperplasia, of sebocytes, and of sebocyte nuclei). Controls were uninvolved sebaceous follicles from the same subjects, from an age-matched group, and from young male adults. In sebaceous hyperplasia the labeling index of basal cells is low with 5.7% +/- 2.3 vs uninvolved sebaceous follicles from the same subject (8.6% +/- 2.4) and the younger subjects with a value of 10.1% +/- 2.0). Labeled cells are retained in the acini much longer than in young adults (slowed down transit and turnover time). The glands of sebaceous hyperplasia are very large, their sebocytes are small, and many more basal cells are found per unit basement membrane length.", "PMID": 641372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_768", "title": "Cockayne's syndrome fibroblasts have increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light but normal rates of unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "content": "Cockayne's syndrome is a form of cachectic dwarfism characterized by acute sun sensitivity and numerous other abnormalities of many organ systems. We studied fibroblasts from 9 Cockayne's syndrome patients to determine if their fibroblasts had abnormal post-ultraviolet light colony-forming ability or abnormal ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis. The fibroblast strains from all the patients had markedly decreased post-ultraviolet light colony-forming ability in comparison with fibroblasts from control donors. Since this increased ultraviolet light sensitivity is propagable in vitro, it may be a manifestation of, or be closely associated with, the inherited genetic defect of this autosomal recessive disease. However, the patients' fibroblasts had normal rates of ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis. Thus, unlike the UV sensitivity of DNA excision repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum strains, the UV sensitivity of Cockayne's syndrome strains is not related to abnormal DNA excision repair, at least to the extent that this repair process is reflected by rates of ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Cockayne's syndrome fibroblasts have increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light but normal rates of unscheduled DNA synthesis. Cockayne's syndrome is a form of cachectic dwarfism characterized by acute sun sensitivity and numerous other abnormalities of many organ systems. We studied fibroblasts from 9 Cockayne's syndrome patients to determine if their fibroblasts had abnormal post-ultraviolet light colony-forming ability or abnormal ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis. The fibroblast strains from all the patients had markedly decreased post-ultraviolet light colony-forming ability in comparison with fibroblasts from control donors. Since this increased ultraviolet light sensitivity is propagable in vitro, it may be a manifestation of, or be closely associated with, the inherited genetic defect of this autosomal recessive disease. However, the patients' fibroblasts had normal rates of ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis. Thus, unlike the UV sensitivity of DNA excision repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum strains, the UV sensitivity of Cockayne's syndrome strains is not related to abnormal DNA excision repair, at least to the extent that this repair process is reflected by rates of ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 641373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_769", "title": "DNA synthesis among uninvolved and involved psoriatic epidermal cells and normal epidermal cells in vitro.", "content": "Epidermal cells from 8 patients with psoriasis (involved and uninvolved areas) and from 7 normal individuals, were propagated in vitro. DNA synthesis was determined autoradiographically by measuring the labeling index (1 hr) and a continuous labeling index (72 hr) on 8-10 day old cell cultures. No differences in these 2 kinetic parameters were obtained with respect to involved and uninvolved psoriatic cells. However, when psoriatic cells (involved and uninvolved) were compared to normal cells, the psoriatic cells exhibited a much higher labeling index and continuous labeling index, 200-300% and 60-70% respectively. These data clearly show that in vitro (1) epidermal cells from clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatics proliferate at a rate equal to that of involved psoriatic cells and (2) psoriatic epidermal cells proliferate at a rate greater than normal cells.", "contents": "DNA synthesis among uninvolved and involved psoriatic epidermal cells and normal epidermal cells in vitro. Epidermal cells from 8 patients with psoriasis (involved and uninvolved areas) and from 7 normal individuals, were propagated in vitro. DNA synthesis was determined autoradiographically by measuring the labeling index (1 hr) and a continuous labeling index (72 hr) on 8-10 day old cell cultures. No differences in these 2 kinetic parameters were obtained with respect to involved and uninvolved psoriatic cells. However, when psoriatic cells (involved and uninvolved) were compared to normal cells, the psoriatic cells exhibited a much higher labeling index and continuous labeling index, 200-300% and 60-70% respectively. These data clearly show that in vitro (1) epidermal cells from clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatics proliferate at a rate equal to that of involved psoriatic cells and (2) psoriatic epidermal cells proliferate at a rate greater than normal cells.", "PMID": 641374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_770", "title": "Identification of systemic phototoxic drugs by human intradermal assay.", "content": "An improved method is presented for the detection of systemically administered photosensitizing drugs in humans. Test agents were injected intradermally in physiologic saline and then exposed to broad spectrum radiation from a Xenon solar simulator. Several clinically recognized photosensitizers were identified by this technique. The activating spectrum depended on the test drug. Sulfonamides and vinblastin were activated by sunburning erythemic radiation (UV-B), while tetracyclines, nalidixic acid and phenothiazines by near UV (UV-A), and chlorothiazide by both. It is suggested that intradermal phototesting offers a means of verifying the phototoxic potential of agents suspected clinically of provoking a photosensitivity eruption.", "contents": "Identification of systemic phototoxic drugs by human intradermal assay. An improved method is presented for the detection of systemically administered photosensitizing drugs in humans. Test agents were injected intradermally in physiologic saline and then exposed to broad spectrum radiation from a Xenon solar simulator. Several clinically recognized photosensitizers were identified by this technique. The activating spectrum depended on the test drug. Sulfonamides and vinblastin were activated by sunburning erythemic radiation (UV-B), while tetracyclines, nalidixic acid and phenothiazines by near UV (UV-A), and chlorothiazide by both. It is suggested that intradermal phototesting offers a means of verifying the phototoxic potential of agents suspected clinically of provoking a photosensitivity eruption.", "PMID": 641377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_771", "title": "Effects of 4-tertiary butyl catechol on tissue cultured melanocytes.", "content": "Depigmenting effects of 4-tertiary butyl catechol (TBC) were investigated using tissue cultured melanocytes of adult guinea pig. Black guinea pig ear epidermis was trypsinized, suspended in BME Eagle media (5 X 10(6) cells) supplemented with 10% calf serum, and seeded in Petri dishes (2 ml/ea). On the 5th day of culture, TBC dissolved in DMSO was added to the media, and the central area of Petri dishes with large numbers of melanocytes (but not keratinocytes) present were examined by light and electron microscopy. After 6 hr of treatment with 1.5 X 10(-3) mg TBC per ml of media, about 15 to 30% of melanocytes detached and about half of the remaining cells showed reversible changes in the cell shapes. An increase of TBC concentration to more than 2 X 10(-3) mg per ml of media resulted in larger numbers of melanocyte deaths. The surviving cells contained numerous, but ultrastructurally unusual premelanosomes and melanosomes. In addition, microfilaments showed a wavy appearance.", "contents": "Effects of 4-tertiary butyl catechol on tissue cultured melanocytes. Depigmenting effects of 4-tertiary butyl catechol (TBC) were investigated using tissue cultured melanocytes of adult guinea pig. Black guinea pig ear epidermis was trypsinized, suspended in BME Eagle media (5 X 10(6) cells) supplemented with 10% calf serum, and seeded in Petri dishes (2 ml/ea). On the 5th day of culture, TBC dissolved in DMSO was added to the media, and the central area of Petri dishes with large numbers of melanocytes (but not keratinocytes) present were examined by light and electron microscopy. After 6 hr of treatment with 1.5 X 10(-3) mg TBC per ml of media, about 15 to 30% of melanocytes detached and about half of the remaining cells showed reversible changes in the cell shapes. An increase of TBC concentration to more than 2 X 10(-3) mg per ml of media resulted in larger numbers of melanocyte deaths. The surviving cells contained numerous, but ultrastructurally unusual premelanosomes and melanosomes. In addition, microfilaments showed a wavy appearance.", "PMID": 641378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_772", "title": "Counting and sizing of epidermal cells in normal human skin.", "content": "During keratinocyte maturation, individual cells undergo an orderly succession of biochemical and structural changes. In certain skin disorders alterations in keratinocyte numbers, volumes, and epidermal skin thickness occur. To assess such alterations and to provide base line values for normal human epidermis, a computer assisted histologic technique was developed. Skin biopsies were taken from normal skin on the forearm, back and thigh of 6 adult men. Whole specimens of epidermis were separated from the dermis with collagenase, fixed, stained, and mounted for microscopic examination. From the three dimensional coordinates of epidermal nuclei, epidermal cell volumes, surface density of epidermal cells, and epidermal thickness were determined. Measurement of cell volumes in this way compared favorably with electronic cell sizing of disaggregated epidermal cells in matched samples. The mean densities of nucleated cells per 10(4) mu2 surface area were 452, 483, and 487 for the forearm, back and thigh respectively. This technique will be used to make similar assessments in disorders of abnormal keratinocyte maturation.", "contents": "Counting and sizing of epidermal cells in normal human skin. During keratinocyte maturation, individual cells undergo an orderly succession of biochemical and structural changes. In certain skin disorders alterations in keratinocyte numbers, volumes, and epidermal skin thickness occur. To assess such alterations and to provide base line values for normal human epidermis, a computer assisted histologic technique was developed. Skin biopsies were taken from normal skin on the forearm, back and thigh of 6 adult men. Whole specimens of epidermis were separated from the dermis with collagenase, fixed, stained, and mounted for microscopic examination. From the three dimensional coordinates of epidermal nuclei, epidermal cell volumes, surface density of epidermal cells, and epidermal thickness were determined. Measurement of cell volumes in this way compared favorably with electronic cell sizing of disaggregated epidermal cells in matched samples. The mean densities of nucleated cells per 10(4) mu2 surface area were 452, 483, and 487 for the forearm, back and thigh respectively. This technique will be used to make similar assessments in disorders of abnormal keratinocyte maturation.", "PMID": 641379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_773", "title": "The keratin polypeptides of psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "The polyacrylamide SDS electrophoretic pattern of protein extracted from the stratum corneum obtained by scraping the surface of involved skin of patients with psoriasis was different from that of uninvolved skin and normal controls. The pattern from superficial scales was similar to that of whole stratum corneum in the case of involved psoriatic epidermis but different in uninvolved and normal epidermis. These data indicate that the changes which are observed in the structural proteins during normal keratinization are not seen in involved psoriatic epidermis. In addition, the relative proportion of keratin polypeptides was different in involved psoriatic epidermis compared to normal skin. That these changes are not specific for psoriasis was shown by finding similar electrophoretic patterns with stratum corneum proteins from patients with other keratinizing disorders.", "contents": "The keratin polypeptides of psoriatic epidermis. The polyacrylamide SDS electrophoretic pattern of protein extracted from the stratum corneum obtained by scraping the surface of involved skin of patients with psoriasis was different from that of uninvolved skin and normal controls. The pattern from superficial scales was similar to that of whole stratum corneum in the case of involved psoriatic epidermis but different in uninvolved and normal epidermis. These data indicate that the changes which are observed in the structural proteins during normal keratinization are not seen in involved psoriatic epidermis. In addition, the relative proportion of keratin polypeptides was different in involved psoriatic epidermis compared to normal skin. That these changes are not specific for psoriasis was shown by finding similar electrophoretic patterns with stratum corneum proteins from patients with other keratinizing disorders.", "PMID": 641380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_774", "title": "The effects of ancrod, the coagulating enzyme from the venom of Malayan pit viper (A. rhodostoma) on prothrombin and fibrinogen metabolism and fibrinopeptide A release in man.", "content": "The action of ancrod on fibrinogen and prothrombin metabolism was studied in six healthy individuals by the use of 131I-fibrinogen and 125I-prothrombin and by measurement of blood levels of fibrinopeptide A. Two untreated healthy controls were studied at the same time. Rapid defibrinogenation occurred during the initial 3 hr ancrod infusion, and fibrinogen levels were maintained near zero throughout the study. Large quantities of non-thrombin-clottable TCA-precipitable 131I material could be demonstrated in the circulation, reaching a maximum 3 to 6 hr after ancrod infusion and clearing with a half-life of 6 hr. Gel filtration of 6 hr plasmas demonstrated the presence of complexes larger than fibrinogen, as well as degradation products of fibrinogen-fibrin. Prothrombin concentration and metabolism were unchanged by ancrod treatment. Fibrinopeptide A levels in the ancrod group were greather than 4,000 ng/ml during the initial defibrinogenation, declined to greater than 80 ng/ml, and then increased to high levels after 3 days. These studies provide explanations of previous observations concerning the specificity of ancrod and demonstrate that rapid clotting of fibrinogen and dissolution of fibrin can occur in vivo without recruitment of the classic coagulation mechanism.", "contents": "The effects of ancrod, the coagulating enzyme from the venom of Malayan pit viper (A. rhodostoma) on prothrombin and fibrinogen metabolism and fibrinopeptide A release in man. The action of ancrod on fibrinogen and prothrombin metabolism was studied in six healthy individuals by the use of 131I-fibrinogen and 125I-prothrombin and by measurement of blood levels of fibrinopeptide A. Two untreated healthy controls were studied at the same time. Rapid defibrinogenation occurred during the initial 3 hr ancrod infusion, and fibrinogen levels were maintained near zero throughout the study. Large quantities of non-thrombin-clottable TCA-precipitable 131I material could be demonstrated in the circulation, reaching a maximum 3 to 6 hr after ancrod infusion and clearing with a half-life of 6 hr. Gel filtration of 6 hr plasmas demonstrated the presence of complexes larger than fibrinogen, as well as degradation products of fibrinogen-fibrin. Prothrombin concentration and metabolism were unchanged by ancrod treatment. Fibrinopeptide A levels in the ancrod group were greather than 4,000 ng/ml during the initial defibrinogenation, declined to greater than 80 ng/ml, and then increased to high levels after 3 days. These studies provide explanations of previous observations concerning the specificity of ancrod and demonstrate that rapid clotting of fibrinogen and dissolution of fibrin can occur in vivo without recruitment of the classic coagulation mechanism.", "PMID": 641385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_775", "title": "Effects of Aureomycin on bile acids in rats.", "content": "Primary BA's secreted into the duodenum are extensively altered by bacteria in the large intestine. Such changes are not found in GF animals. As a result, GF rats reabsorb BA much more efficiently than do CV controls, and BA and cholesterol pools are higher in GF than CV rats. This indicates the importance of the intestinal flora in the homeostasis of cholesterol metabolism. Antibiotics can affect the extent to which BA's are altered by bacteria. In some cases, the antibiotic treatment also affects cholesterol levels in serum or liver. We have found that treatment of CV rats for only 5 days with low levels of Aureomycin (0.85 micron) led to a predominance of omega-MC over HDC in the feces at 10 days after withdrawal of the antibiotic. This reduced the usual HDC/omega-MC ratio from approximately 2.0 to 0.9 or less. These rats were also found to have liver cholesterol levels modestly elevated over those of controls. In other experiments the decrease in hyodeoxycholate/omega-muricholate ratio was found to persist for at least 90 days after discontinuation of treatment. Later experiments carried out with Aureomycin and with penicillin revealed the possible existence of a resistance factor to Aureomycin. A significant lowering of the hyodeoxycholate/omega-muricholate ratio was now found only with antibiotic concentrations 10 to 100 times greater than those used previously. Possible implications of the persistence of antibiotic effects, as measured by changes in fecal BA's, include effects on vitamin metabolism, colon cancer, and cholesterol metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of Aureomycin on bile acids in rats. Primary BA's secreted into the duodenum are extensively altered by bacteria in the large intestine. Such changes are not found in GF animals. As a result, GF rats reabsorb BA much more efficiently than do CV controls, and BA and cholesterol pools are higher in GF than CV rats. This indicates the importance of the intestinal flora in the homeostasis of cholesterol metabolism. Antibiotics can affect the extent to which BA's are altered by bacteria. In some cases, the antibiotic treatment also affects cholesterol levels in serum or liver. We have found that treatment of CV rats for only 5 days with low levels of Aureomycin (0.85 micron) led to a predominance of omega-MC over HDC in the feces at 10 days after withdrawal of the antibiotic. This reduced the usual HDC/omega-MC ratio from approximately 2.0 to 0.9 or less. These rats were also found to have liver cholesterol levels modestly elevated over those of controls. In other experiments the decrease in hyodeoxycholate/omega-muricholate ratio was found to persist for at least 90 days after discontinuation of treatment. Later experiments carried out with Aureomycin and with penicillin revealed the possible existence of a resistance factor to Aureomycin. A significant lowering of the hyodeoxycholate/omega-muricholate ratio was now found only with antibiotic concentrations 10 to 100 times greater than those used previously. Possible implications of the persistence of antibiotic effects, as measured by changes in fecal BA's, include effects on vitamin metabolism, colon cancer, and cholesterol metabolism.", "PMID": 641386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_776", "title": "Relative hemostatic effectiveness of human platelets stored at 4 degrees and 22 degrees C.", "content": "Platelet concentrates stored at 2 degrees to 4 degrees C or at 20 degrees to 24 degrees C for 24 or 72 hr were transfused to 22 thrombocytopenic patients selected to minimize host factors which affect the survival and function of transfused platelets. Platelets stored at either temperature range for only 24 hr were equally effective in elevating platelet levels and in shortening bleeding times, 1, 4 and 24 hr after transfusion. After 72 hr of storage, however, refrigerated platelets were significantly less effective than platelets kept at room temperature by these two criteria. We suggest that routine storage of platelets at 2 degrees to 4 degrees C can no longer be justified except possibly when platelets are to be shipped over long distance by common carrier and transfused within 24 hr of preparation.", "contents": "Relative hemostatic effectiveness of human platelets stored at 4 degrees and 22 degrees C. Platelet concentrates stored at 2 degrees to 4 degrees C or at 20 degrees to 24 degrees C for 24 or 72 hr were transfused to 22 thrombocytopenic patients selected to minimize host factors which affect the survival and function of transfused platelets. Platelets stored at either temperature range for only 24 hr were equally effective in elevating platelet levels and in shortening bleeding times, 1, 4 and 24 hr after transfusion. After 72 hr of storage, however, refrigerated platelets were significantly less effective than platelets kept at room temperature by these two criteria. We suggest that routine storage of platelets at 2 degrees to 4 degrees C can no longer be justified except possibly when platelets are to be shipped over long distance by common carrier and transfused within 24 hr of preparation.", "PMID": 641387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_777", "title": "Renal sodium conservation during starvation in the rat.", "content": "The phenomenon of natriuresis during the early phase of total starvation has been described in man and rabbit. We have examined the pattern of electrolyte excretion initiated by starvation for 4 days in the male Wistar rat. Within 24 hr sodium excretion is significantly diminished when compared to prestarvation values (control 2.55 +/- 0.76 [S.D.] mEq/day; 1-day fast 0.42 +/- 0.27) and by day 2 is less than one tenth of the control value. Chloride retention parallels this sodium conservation. Concomitant changes in urinary pH and ammonia excretion (UNH4V) reflect the mild acidosis of starvation (control pH 7.46 +/- 0.18 [S.D.], UNH4V 0.21 +/- 0.08 [S.D.] mEq/day; day 2 pH 6.10 +/- 0.31, UNH4V 0.71 +/- 0.21). However, the excretion of organic acids is not elevated but is actually decreased by day 2 (control 1.02 +/- 0.21 [S.D.] mEq/day; day 2 0.66 +/- 0.26). The majority of the organic acids are excreted as salts (day-2 0.51 +/- 0.21). This level of excretion does not obligate excessive sodium loss and can be adequately matched by renal ammonia production. Normal plasma glucose levels are maintained, consistent with the well-documented increase in renal gluconeogenesis in the starved rat. Plasma levels of glucagon, a known natriuretic and ketogenic agent, do not rise, and this together with a normal plasma glucose concentration may account for the failure of the rat to exhibit the natriuresis of starvation that is observed in man and rabbit.", "contents": "Renal sodium conservation during starvation in the rat. The phenomenon of natriuresis during the early phase of total starvation has been described in man and rabbit. We have examined the pattern of electrolyte excretion initiated by starvation for 4 days in the male Wistar rat. Within 24 hr sodium excretion is significantly diminished when compared to prestarvation values (control 2.55 +/- 0.76 [S.D.] mEq/day; 1-day fast 0.42 +/- 0.27) and by day 2 is less than one tenth of the control value. Chloride retention parallels this sodium conservation. Concomitant changes in urinary pH and ammonia excretion (UNH4V) reflect the mild acidosis of starvation (control pH 7.46 +/- 0.18 [S.D.], UNH4V 0.21 +/- 0.08 [S.D.] mEq/day; day 2 pH 6.10 +/- 0.31, UNH4V 0.71 +/- 0.21). However, the excretion of organic acids is not elevated but is actually decreased by day 2 (control 1.02 +/- 0.21 [S.D.] mEq/day; day 2 0.66 +/- 0.26). The majority of the organic acids are excreted as salts (day-2 0.51 +/- 0.21). This level of excretion does not obligate excessive sodium loss and can be adequately matched by renal ammonia production. Normal plasma glucose levels are maintained, consistent with the well-documented increase in renal gluconeogenesis in the starved rat. Plasma levels of glucagon, a known natriuretic and ketogenic agent, do not rise, and this together with a normal plasma glucose concentration may account for the failure of the rat to exhibit the natriuresis of starvation that is observed in man and rabbit.", "PMID": 641388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_778", "title": "HgCl2-induced acute renal failure in the Goldblatt rat.", "content": "These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that renal renin is an important determinant of the severity of acute renal failure in rats. Two-kidney \"Goldblatt rats\" were prepared by constricting the left renal arteries with silver clips and leaving the contralateral arteries untouched. After 2 to 5 weeks, the clips were removed, and HgCl2 was injected in 13 rats (1 ml/kg body weight of 4.7 mg of HgCl2 per milliliter of 140 mM NaCl). These rats exhibited the characteristic features of acute renal failure 24 hr later. As compared with a group of seven similarly treated rats injected with 140 mM NaCl without HgCl2, GFR, V, and UNaV were reduced, and %FE H2O and %FE Na were increased. As assessed by these parameters, severity of functional impairment was equal in both kidneys. However, cortical renin was 28 times higher in the left kidney than in the right. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis.", "contents": "HgCl2-induced acute renal failure in the Goldblatt rat. These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that renal renin is an important determinant of the severity of acute renal failure in rats. Two-kidney \"Goldblatt rats\" were prepared by constricting the left renal arteries with silver clips and leaving the contralateral arteries untouched. After 2 to 5 weeks, the clips were removed, and HgCl2 was injected in 13 rats (1 ml/kg body weight of 4.7 mg of HgCl2 per milliliter of 140 mM NaCl). These rats exhibited the characteristic features of acute renal failure 24 hr later. As compared with a group of seven similarly treated rats injected with 140 mM NaCl without HgCl2, GFR, V, and UNaV were reduced, and %FE H2O and %FE Na were increased. As assessed by these parameters, severity of functional impairment was equal in both kidneys. However, cortical renin was 28 times higher in the left kidney than in the right. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis.", "PMID": 641389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_779", "title": "Survival of normal and magnesium-deficient erythrocytes in rats: effect of magnesium-deficient diet vs. splenectomy.", "content": "Magnesium deficiency in rats causes anemia, the mechanism of which is unknown. The effect of dietary magnesium, splenectomy, and magnesium content of erythrocytes on erythrocyte survival was studied in Fisher rats. Half of the animals were splenectomized, the remainder sham-splenectomized; each group was subdivided, and some were placed on a magnesium-deficient diet, the rest on a control diet. After 6 weeks, each of the four subgroups was divided, half were given 51Cr-labeled red cells from magnesium-deficient rats, the remainder, labeled normal red cells. The survival functions of the labeled erythrocytes were fitted to a mathematical model composed of both first-order and accelerating components. The results show that the most important factor influencing erythrocyte survival was dietary magnesium intake. The magnesium content of the transfused red cells affected erythrocyte survival only in the rats fed the control diet, whereas splenectomy affected erythrocyte survival only in rats receiving the magnesium-deficient diet. The accelerating component of the survival function was increased eightfold in the animals fed the magnesium-deficient diet, whereas much smaller changes occurred in the first-order components.", "contents": "Survival of normal and magnesium-deficient erythrocytes in rats: effect of magnesium-deficient diet vs. splenectomy. Magnesium deficiency in rats causes anemia, the mechanism of which is unknown. The effect of dietary magnesium, splenectomy, and magnesium content of erythrocytes on erythrocyte survival was studied in Fisher rats. Half of the animals were splenectomized, the remainder sham-splenectomized; each group was subdivided, and some were placed on a magnesium-deficient diet, the rest on a control diet. After 6 weeks, each of the four subgroups was divided, half were given 51Cr-labeled red cells from magnesium-deficient rats, the remainder, labeled normal red cells. The survival functions of the labeled erythrocytes were fitted to a mathematical model composed of both first-order and accelerating components. The results show that the most important factor influencing erythrocyte survival was dietary magnesium intake. The magnesium content of the transfused red cells affected erythrocyte survival only in the rats fed the control diet, whereas splenectomy affected erythrocyte survival only in rats receiving the magnesium-deficient diet. The accelerating component of the survival function was increased eightfold in the animals fed the magnesium-deficient diet, whereas much smaller changes occurred in the first-order components.", "PMID": 641390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_780", "title": "Hemoperfusion removal of digoxin from dogs.", "content": "Removal of digoxin by XAD-4 hemoperfusion columns was tested after four dogs were given 0.06 mg/kg of digoxin i.v. Dogs were perfused for 4 to 5 hr at a flow of 105 ml/min through a 100 gm XAD-4 column 16 hr after the dose. Pharmacokinetic analysis of digoxin levels was performed with a three-compartment model. The apparent postdistribution t1/2 was 16.0 +/- 2.9 (S.D.) hr and decreased to 7.1 +/- 2.1 hr during perfusion. Digoxin perfusion clearance was 46 ml/min. An average of 51 microgram of digoxin was recovered from used columns. CP of digoxin calculated from the total R was 127.5 +/- 13 ml/min or 2.3 times greater than plasma flow. With the use of 3H-digoxin, canine blood was found to contain 2.5 times as much digoxin as did plasma. After perfusion there was an increase in serum digoxin levels in all dogs. Computer analysis showed that the increase in plasma digoxin levels immediately after hemoperfusion occurred because the central compartment, which was depleted of digoxin during hemoperfusion, was refilled from peripheral compartments. This study demonstrated that (1) XAD-4 hemoperfusion doubles the rate of removal of digoxin from dogs, (2) dog whole blood contains more than twice as much digoxin than does plasma, so that hemoperfusion clearance exceeds plasma flow, and (3) a multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model explains the increase in serum digoxin concentrations observed at the completion of hemoperfusion.", "contents": "Hemoperfusion removal of digoxin from dogs. Removal of digoxin by XAD-4 hemoperfusion columns was tested after four dogs were given 0.06 mg/kg of digoxin i.v. Dogs were perfused for 4 to 5 hr at a flow of 105 ml/min through a 100 gm XAD-4 column 16 hr after the dose. Pharmacokinetic analysis of digoxin levels was performed with a three-compartment model. The apparent postdistribution t1/2 was 16.0 +/- 2.9 (S.D.) hr and decreased to 7.1 +/- 2.1 hr during perfusion. Digoxin perfusion clearance was 46 ml/min. An average of 51 microgram of digoxin was recovered from used columns. CP of digoxin calculated from the total R was 127.5 +/- 13 ml/min or 2.3 times greater than plasma flow. With the use of 3H-digoxin, canine blood was found to contain 2.5 times as much digoxin as did plasma. After perfusion there was an increase in serum digoxin levels in all dogs. Computer analysis showed that the increase in plasma digoxin levels immediately after hemoperfusion occurred because the central compartment, which was depleted of digoxin during hemoperfusion, was refilled from peripheral compartments. This study demonstrated that (1) XAD-4 hemoperfusion doubles the rate of removal of digoxin from dogs, (2) dog whole blood contains more than twice as much digoxin than does plasma, so that hemoperfusion clearance exceeds plasma flow, and (3) a multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model explains the increase in serum digoxin concentrations observed at the completion of hemoperfusion.", "PMID": 641391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_781", "title": "Measurement of serum proinsulin-like material: cross-reactivity of porcine and human proinsulin in the insulin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The variation in cross-reactivity of human and porcine insulins and proinsulins was determined with a number of insulin antisera. The relative immunoreactivity of insulin and proinsulin with these antisera ranged from a ratio of 1.08 to 5.7 on a molar basis. The displacement curves of human insulin and proinsulin were not parallel, and the relationship of porcine and human proinsulin varied with different antisera. Sera with varying concentrations of PLM (proinsulin and its intermediate components) and serum PLM and insulin fractions (separated by gel filtration) were measured in two assays using the antisera which reacted most differently with human insulin and proinsulin standards. With the use of these two antisera, measurement of serum PLM against a human insulin standard gave different results, which were only partially corrected by reading the values from a human proinsulin standard. The magnitude of the serum IRI differences with these antisera was related to the proinsulin/insulin ratio in each sample. These results indicate the necessity for each laboratory to critically evaluate the reaction of their insulin antiserum with human proinsulin. In addition, measurement of serum PLM in terms of a insulin standard will give different results depending upon the particular antiserum used.", "contents": "Measurement of serum proinsulin-like material: cross-reactivity of porcine and human proinsulin in the insulin radioimmunoassay. The variation in cross-reactivity of human and porcine insulins and proinsulins was determined with a number of insulin antisera. The relative immunoreactivity of insulin and proinsulin with these antisera ranged from a ratio of 1.08 to 5.7 on a molar basis. The displacement curves of human insulin and proinsulin were not parallel, and the relationship of porcine and human proinsulin varied with different antisera. Sera with varying concentrations of PLM (proinsulin and its intermediate components) and serum PLM and insulin fractions (separated by gel filtration) were measured in two assays using the antisera which reacted most differently with human insulin and proinsulin standards. With the use of these two antisera, measurement of serum PLM against a human insulin standard gave different results, which were only partially corrected by reading the values from a human proinsulin standard. The magnitude of the serum IRI differences with these antisera was related to the proinsulin/insulin ratio in each sample. These results indicate the necessity for each laboratory to critically evaluate the reaction of their insulin antiserum with human proinsulin. In addition, measurement of serum PLM in terms of a insulin standard will give different results depending upon the particular antiserum used.", "PMID": 641392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_782", "title": "Plasma prolactin in essential and renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Plasma prolactin response to postural change and variation in dietary sodium was evaluated in five normal volunteers and 15 patients with essential hypertension. Values at 0800 hours (11.9 +/- 3.5 ng/ml, mean +/- 1 S.D.) were uninfluenced by the duration of recumbency (10 or 34 hr) and were significantly higher than those obtained at noon (6.9 +/- 3.5 ng/ml, mean +/- 1 S.D., p less than 0.001). The latter were uninfluenced by postural change. There was no correlation between sodium intake and plasma prolactin, nor was there any apparent correlation between prolactin and plasma renin activity. There was no significant difference in prolactin concentrations between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In 10 additional patients with unilateral renal disease, renal vein prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly from simultaneously obtained peripheral concentrations. Renal vein prolactin was uninfluenced by the presence of renal disease and did not correlate with renal blood flow. It is concluded that there is no evidence of feedback between sodium intake and prolactin in man. Human kidneys do not seem to clear significant amounts of prolactin. It appears unlikely that alterations in prolactin concentration, at least as assessed by daytime values, participate in the maintenance of either essential or renovascular hypertension. Since values at 0800 hours are frequently elevated as a reflection of preceding sleep-related peaks, sampling at 1200 hours may be preferable when search is undertaken for hypothalamic-pituitary disease.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin in essential and renovascular hypertension. Plasma prolactin response to postural change and variation in dietary sodium was evaluated in five normal volunteers and 15 patients with essential hypertension. Values at 0800 hours (11.9 +/- 3.5 ng/ml, mean +/- 1 S.D.) were uninfluenced by the duration of recumbency (10 or 34 hr) and were significantly higher than those obtained at noon (6.9 +/- 3.5 ng/ml, mean +/- 1 S.D., p less than 0.001). The latter were uninfluenced by postural change. There was no correlation between sodium intake and plasma prolactin, nor was there any apparent correlation between prolactin and plasma renin activity. There was no significant difference in prolactin concentrations between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In 10 additional patients with unilateral renal disease, renal vein prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly from simultaneously obtained peripheral concentrations. Renal vein prolactin was uninfluenced by the presence of renal disease and did not correlate with renal blood flow. It is concluded that there is no evidence of feedback between sodium intake and prolactin in man. Human kidneys do not seem to clear significant amounts of prolactin. It appears unlikely that alterations in prolactin concentration, at least as assessed by daytime values, participate in the maintenance of either essential or renovascular hypertension. Since values at 0800 hours are frequently elevated as a reflection of preceding sleep-related peaks, sampling at 1200 hours may be preferable when search is undertaken for hypothalamic-pituitary disease.", "PMID": 641393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_783", "title": "Diaphragmatic EMG response to isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia in humans.", "content": "The EMGdi response to both isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia was studied in the same sitting in six normal subjects. Rebreathing methods achieving \"open loop\" conditions were used. EMGdi was quantified as a moving time average. In almost all subjects, during hypoxia changes in EMGdi were inversely and hyperbolically related to changes in PAO2. When EMGdi was plotted against extrapolated O2 saturation, the relationship was linear in all subjects. The EMGdi response to hypoxia was qualitatively similar to the concurrent responses VI and P.15. EMGdi was linearly related to PACO2 during CO2 rebreathing. The slopes of the EMGdi response to decreasing O2 saturation were positively correlated to the slopes of the EMGdi response to PACO2, so that subjects with a low hypoxic response also had a low CO2 response and vice versa. The couplings of neural to muscular and muscular to ventilatory events as assessed by the ratio of the slopes of EMGdi to P.15 and P.15 to VI, respectively, were similar for all subjects and were not related to the degree or type of chemostimulation. The following were our conclusions. (1) EMGdi can be used as an index of respiratory motoneuron drive during hypoxic or hypercapnic breathing in normal humans. (2) The relative degree of responsiveness to hypoxic and hypercapnia stimuli (chemosensitivity) appears to be similar in any given individual. (3) In normal subjects, changes in inspiratory muscle pressure and ventilation are proportionate to changes in inspiratory neural drive as assessed by EMGdi.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic EMG response to isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia in humans. The EMGdi response to both isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia was studied in the same sitting in six normal subjects. Rebreathing methods achieving \"open loop\" conditions were used. EMGdi was quantified as a moving time average. In almost all subjects, during hypoxia changes in EMGdi were inversely and hyperbolically related to changes in PAO2. When EMGdi was plotted against extrapolated O2 saturation, the relationship was linear in all subjects. The EMGdi response to hypoxia was qualitatively similar to the concurrent responses VI and P.15. EMGdi was linearly related to PACO2 during CO2 rebreathing. The slopes of the EMGdi response to decreasing O2 saturation were positively correlated to the slopes of the EMGdi response to PACO2, so that subjects with a low hypoxic response also had a low CO2 response and vice versa. The couplings of neural to muscular and muscular to ventilatory events as assessed by the ratio of the slopes of EMGdi to P.15 and P.15 to VI, respectively, were similar for all subjects and were not related to the degree or type of chemostimulation. The following were our conclusions. (1) EMGdi can be used as an index of respiratory motoneuron drive during hypoxic or hypercapnic breathing in normal humans. (2) The relative degree of responsiveness to hypoxic and hypercapnia stimuli (chemosensitivity) appears to be similar in any given individual. (3) In normal subjects, changes in inspiratory muscle pressure and ventilation are proportionate to changes in inspiratory neural drive as assessed by EMGdi.", "PMID": 641394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_784", "title": "The influence of plasma bilirubin on zinc protoporphyrin measurement by a hematofluorimeter.", "content": "A fluorimeter has recently been developed to detect lead poisoning and iron deficiency by measuring erythrocyte ZPP directly from whole blood. Plasma bilirubin fluorescence has been found to influence this technique. ZPP levels determined by the fluorimeter were elevated by artificially increasing the plasma bilirubin concentration, both within and above the normal range, in whole blood samples. A rise in ZPP levels were also observed when the hemoglobin concentration was lowered by dilution with native plasma. When blood samples of patients with hyperbilirubinemia were analyzed, direct measurement of ZPP by this fluorimeter yielded significantly higher levels than did an alternate extraction method. Photodegradation of bilirubin in whole blood samples did not decrease fluorescent interference. Although the bilirubin measurably decreased, fluorescence increased following a 5 hr exposure to light.", "contents": "The influence of plasma bilirubin on zinc protoporphyrin measurement by a hematofluorimeter. A fluorimeter has recently been developed to detect lead poisoning and iron deficiency by measuring erythrocyte ZPP directly from whole blood. Plasma bilirubin fluorescence has been found to influence this technique. ZPP levels determined by the fluorimeter were elevated by artificially increasing the plasma bilirubin concentration, both within and above the normal range, in whole blood samples. A rise in ZPP levels were also observed when the hemoglobin concentration was lowered by dilution with native plasma. When blood samples of patients with hyperbilirubinemia were analyzed, direct measurement of ZPP by this fluorimeter yielded significantly higher levels than did an alternate extraction method. Photodegradation of bilirubin in whole blood samples did not decrease fluorescent interference. Although the bilirubin measurably decreased, fluorescence increased following a 5 hr exposure to light.", "PMID": 641395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_785", "title": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay method for urinary kinins in man.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method for urinary kinins was developed, which uses antiserum against synthetic bradykinin in combination with labeled tyr8-bradykinin. The assay detects as little as 6 pg per tube of bradykinin. The dose-response curves of bradykinin. lysyl-bradykinin (kallidin), and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin were almost identical. This suggests that the values estimated with bradykinin as the standard exhibit the total urinary kinins which contain these three peptides. The assay was performed without extraction of urinary samples, since a chromatographic study demonstrated that no interfering substances in urine samples remain in our assay system. The urinary levels of total kinins in 10 normal male subjects, three male patients with chronic renal failure, and 12 male patients with essential hypertension was 37.9 +/- 3.9 microgram/day (mean +/- S.E.M.), 9.0 +/- 5.1 microgram/day, and 24.2 +/- 5.2 microgram/day, respectively.", "contents": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay method for urinary kinins in man. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method for urinary kinins was developed, which uses antiserum against synthetic bradykinin in combination with labeled tyr8-bradykinin. The assay detects as little as 6 pg per tube of bradykinin. The dose-response curves of bradykinin. lysyl-bradykinin (kallidin), and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin were almost identical. This suggests that the values estimated with bradykinin as the standard exhibit the total urinary kinins which contain these three peptides. The assay was performed without extraction of urinary samples, since a chromatographic study demonstrated that no interfering substances in urine samples remain in our assay system. The urinary levels of total kinins in 10 normal male subjects, three male patients with chronic renal failure, and 12 male patients with essential hypertension was 37.9 +/- 3.9 microgram/day (mean +/- S.E.M.), 9.0 +/- 5.1 microgram/day, and 24.2 +/- 5.2 microgram/day, respectively.", "PMID": 641396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_786", "title": "Fibronectin concentration is decreased in plasma of severely ill patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Plasma fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin) is known to be cross-linked to fibrin during the final stage of blood coagulation and is probably the major nonspecific opsonin of blood. We measured the concentration of plasma fibronectin in 36 hospitalized patients (11 with malignancy, 12 with infection, 13 with other underlying diseases) with evidence of fibrin depostion and lysis. Plasma fibronectin concentration was greater than 2 S.D. below the mean of normals in 17 of the patients (p less than 0.001). Depression of fibronectin was not related to severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation, as assessed by fibrinogen concentration and the quantity of FDP in serum. Depressed plasma fibronectin concentration and the quantity of FDP in serum. Depressed plasma fibronectin concentration was an unfavorable prognostic finding, inasmuch as 12 of the 17 patients with depressed fibronectin concentrations died during hospitalization as compared to five of the 19 patients with normal fibronectin concentrations (p less than 0.02). We speculate that specific depletion of plasma fibronectin, because of codeposition with fibrin or due to increased utilization as a nonspecific opsonin, may contribute to the organ failure seen in severely ill patients.", "contents": "Fibronectin concentration is decreased in plasma of severely ill patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Plasma fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin) is known to be cross-linked to fibrin during the final stage of blood coagulation and is probably the major nonspecific opsonin of blood. We measured the concentration of plasma fibronectin in 36 hospitalized patients (11 with malignancy, 12 with infection, 13 with other underlying diseases) with evidence of fibrin depostion and lysis. Plasma fibronectin concentration was greater than 2 S.D. below the mean of normals in 17 of the patients (p less than 0.001). Depression of fibronectin was not related to severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation, as assessed by fibrinogen concentration and the quantity of FDP in serum. Depressed plasma fibronectin concentration and the quantity of FDP in serum. Depressed plasma fibronectin concentration was an unfavorable prognostic finding, inasmuch as 12 of the 17 patients with depressed fibronectin concentrations died during hospitalization as compared to five of the 19 patients with normal fibronectin concentrations (p less than 0.02). We speculate that specific depletion of plasma fibronectin, because of codeposition with fibrin or due to increased utilization as a nonspecific opsonin, may contribute to the organ failure seen in severely ill patients.", "PMID": 641397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_787", "title": "Role of the spleen and lymphocytes in regulation of the circulating platelet number in mice.", "content": "The role of the spleen in the regulation of the circulating platelet number was studied in mice. The increased 75Se-Met incorporation found after removal of the spleen indicates that postsplenectomy thrombocytosis is due to enhanced platelet production. The increased thrombopoietic activity observed in the plasma of splenectomized mice proves the presence of a humoral factor which mediates this process. Administration of spleen lymphocytes to control mice caused mild thrombocytopenia and prevented postsplenectomy thrombocytosis in splenectomized animals. Moreover, culture medium obtained from peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes contained a substance which induces thrombocytopenia when injected into control mice. The mechanism by which the spleen and lymphocytes affect the amount of circulating platelets is discussed.", "contents": "Role of the spleen and lymphocytes in regulation of the circulating platelet number in mice. The role of the spleen in the regulation of the circulating platelet number was studied in mice. The increased 75Se-Met incorporation found after removal of the spleen indicates that postsplenectomy thrombocytosis is due to enhanced platelet production. The increased thrombopoietic activity observed in the plasma of splenectomized mice proves the presence of a humoral factor which mediates this process. Administration of spleen lymphocytes to control mice caused mild thrombocytopenia and prevented postsplenectomy thrombocytosis in splenectomized animals. Moreover, culture medium obtained from peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes contained a substance which induces thrombocytopenia when injected into control mice. The mechanism by which the spleen and lymphocytes affect the amount of circulating platelets is discussed.", "PMID": 641398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_788", "title": "Importance of the isolation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D before assay.", "content": "A protein-binding assay for determination of 25(OH)D was used to analyze the profile of chromatographed ethanol extracts of serum. There were substances in the serum of normal subjects which displaced labeled 25(OH)D3 from the binding protein and which were different from 25(OH)D or 24R,25(OH)2D. Values of 25(OH)D from serum samples without prior chromatography were higher than those obtained with chromatography (40.2 +/- 12.2 ng/ml vs. 22.3 +/- 8.2, mean +/- S.D.). This indicates a need for chromatography before assay to ensure specificity of 25(OH)D measurement.", "contents": "Importance of the isolation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D before assay. A protein-binding assay for determination of 25(OH)D was used to analyze the profile of chromatographed ethanol extracts of serum. There were substances in the serum of normal subjects which displaced labeled 25(OH)D3 from the binding protein and which were different from 25(OH)D or 24R,25(OH)2D. Values of 25(OH)D from serum samples without prior chromatography were higher than those obtained with chromatography (40.2 +/- 12.2 ng/ml vs. 22.3 +/- 8.2, mean +/- S.D.). This indicates a need for chromatography before assay to ensure specificity of 25(OH)D measurement.", "PMID": 641401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_789", "title": "Connective tissue activation. XIII. Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in human connective tissue cells by peptide mediators from lymphocytes and platelets.", "content": "CTAP-I from lymphocytes and CTAP-III from platelets markedly stimulated 35SO4= incorporation into chondroitin 4/6 sulfate and dermatan sulfate synthesized by human synovial, dermal, and cartilage connective tissue cells in vitro. These agonists promoted synthesis of the GAG carbon chain as well as sulfate incorporation. Both RNA and protein synthesis were required for these mediators to be effective in stimulating synthesis of connective tissue matrix components. A major part of the capacity of normal serum to stimulate sulfate incorporation into GAG's may reside in CTAP-III.", "contents": "Connective tissue activation. XIII. Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in human connective tissue cells by peptide mediators from lymphocytes and platelets. CTAP-I from lymphocytes and CTAP-III from platelets markedly stimulated 35SO4= incorporation into chondroitin 4/6 sulfate and dermatan sulfate synthesized by human synovial, dermal, and cartilage connective tissue cells in vitro. These agonists promoted synthesis of the GAG carbon chain as well as sulfate incorporation. Both RNA and protein synthesis were required for these mediators to be effective in stimulating synthesis of connective tissue matrix components. A major part of the capacity of normal serum to stimulate sulfate incorporation into GAG's may reside in CTAP-III.", "PMID": 641404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_790", "title": "Effect of phagocytosis and Fc receptor occupancy on complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "Neutrophil migration was assessed following cell interaction with IgG or after phagocytosis of antibody-coated EA or latex. The migration of these neutrophil preparations was markedly impaired as studied in an agarose medium with ZAS as the chemoattractant. Neutrophils which had interacted with EA retained some capacity for directed migration toward synthetic tripeptides and E. coli filtrate. Rosette formation with EA(IgM)C3 did not impair cell movement. The reduced cell migration observed after immune or nonimmune ingestion was reversible following a prolonged incubation period. The results suggest that phagocytosis or Fc receptor occupancy transiently blocks the ability of neutrophils to migrate.", "contents": "Effect of phagocytosis and Fc receptor occupancy on complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil migration was assessed following cell interaction with IgG or after phagocytosis of antibody-coated EA or latex. The migration of these neutrophil preparations was markedly impaired as studied in an agarose medium with ZAS as the chemoattractant. Neutrophils which had interacted with EA retained some capacity for directed migration toward synthetic tripeptides and E. coli filtrate. Rosette formation with EA(IgM)C3 did not impair cell movement. The reduced cell migration observed after immune or nonimmune ingestion was reversible following a prolonged incubation period. The results suggest that phagocytosis or Fc receptor occupancy transiently blocks the ability of neutrophils to migrate.", "PMID": 641406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_791", "title": "Acromegaly and the temporal bone.", "content": "Acromegaly is a chronic disease of middle life resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormones by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary. The typical clinical features include enlargement of the skull, thorax, hands and feet. Recently, three patients with acromegaly have been operated upon for active otologic disease. In spite of massive mastoid cortex bone, the structures of the otic capsule were found to be of normal dimensions and in the usual relationships.", "contents": "Acromegaly and the temporal bone. Acromegaly is a chronic disease of middle life resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormones by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary. The typical clinical features include enlargement of the skull, thorax, hands and feet. Recently, three patients with acromegaly have been operated upon for active otologic disease. In spite of massive mastoid cortex bone, the structures of the otic capsule were found to be of normal dimensions and in the usual relationships.", "PMID": 641410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_792", "title": "Simultaneous histological, audiological and radiological findings in congenital anomalies of the inner ear.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of children with deafness or severe perceptive impairment of hearing are discussed. They are selected into two groups for the symmetrical longitudinal planigraphy of the ear, the findings of which enable us to prove a labyrinthine aplasia and to compare them with audiometric findings. Accordingly we are able to draw a definite conclusion in small children. Histological findings about congenital anomalies of the inner ear with changes in the cochlea may also be divided into two groups: 1. Complete absence of development of inner ear with labyrinth aplasia. 2. Greater or lesser aplasia in the bony part of the cochlea Subgroups: (a) classic type after Mondini; (b) partial type after Mondini.", "contents": "Simultaneous histological, audiological and radiological findings in congenital anomalies of the inner ear. Twenty-eight cases of children with deafness or severe perceptive impairment of hearing are discussed. They are selected into two groups for the symmetrical longitudinal planigraphy of the ear, the findings of which enable us to prove a labyrinthine aplasia and to compare them with audiometric findings. Accordingly we are able to draw a definite conclusion in small children. Histological findings about congenital anomalies of the inner ear with changes in the cochlea may also be divided into two groups: 1. Complete absence of development of inner ear with labyrinth aplasia. 2. Greater or lesser aplasia in the bony part of the cochlea Subgroups: (a) classic type after Mondini; (b) partial type after Mondini.", "PMID": 641411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_793", "title": "The post-auricular myogenic response: a new instrument which simplifies its detection by machine scoring.", "content": "A portable apparatus is described which can be used for routine audiometric screening in a children's clinic. The apparatus measures the postauricular myogenic response to click stimuli and the design of the machine makes for great simplicity of operation. A simple form of machine scoring is employed so that a completely objective result is obtained. Evaluating the equipment on 102 subjects produced no false positive results, but a small percentage of normally hearing adults and children failed to produce a response. The equipment was successfully evaluated in a routine audiometric screening situation on 46 babies aged 6 to 9 months.", "contents": "The post-auricular myogenic response: a new instrument which simplifies its detection by machine scoring. A portable apparatus is described which can be used for routine audiometric screening in a children's clinic. The apparatus measures the postauricular myogenic response to click stimuli and the design of the machine makes for great simplicity of operation. A simple form of machine scoring is employed so that a completely objective result is obtained. Evaluating the equipment on 102 subjects produced no false positive results, but a small percentage of normally hearing adults and children failed to produce a response. The equipment was successfully evaluated in a routine audiometric screening situation on 46 babies aged 6 to 9 months.", "PMID": 641412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_794", "title": "Difficulties in management of vocal cord precancerous lesions.", "content": "Hyperplastic aberrations are differently classified and the term of precancerosis diversely interpreted; therefore, it is extremely difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of particular therapeutic methods. A standardized classication would enable an objective assessment of the treatment for precanceroses. Our own conception of the histologic patterns in precanceroses is presented. In the period 1960-1975, a total of 2,700 biopsies were performed in patients with hyperplastic aberrations in the vocal cord mucosa. In 133 patients, histology revealed precancerosis. In the patients who had received medical therapy, no improvement was obtained; on the contrary, in 16 patients the process became malignant. Among the patients who had undergone de-epithelialization (61), 44 were cured. After the de-epithelialization, no precancerous case turned malignant. De-epithelialization has been shown to be the procedure of choice for the treatment of precanceroses of the vocal cord.", "contents": "Difficulties in management of vocal cord precancerous lesions. Hyperplastic aberrations are differently classified and the term of precancerosis diversely interpreted; therefore, it is extremely difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of particular therapeutic methods. A standardized classication would enable an objective assessment of the treatment for precanceroses. Our own conception of the histologic patterns in precanceroses is presented. In the period 1960-1975, a total of 2,700 biopsies were performed in patients with hyperplastic aberrations in the vocal cord mucosa. In 133 patients, histology revealed precancerosis. In the patients who had received medical therapy, no improvement was obtained; on the contrary, in 16 patients the process became malignant. Among the patients who had undergone de-epithelialization (61), 44 were cured. After the de-epithelialization, no precancerous case turned malignant. De-epithelialization has been shown to be the procedure of choice for the treatment of precanceroses of the vocal cord.", "PMID": 641413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_795", "title": "Guillotine tonsillectomy: anachronism or pragmatism.", "content": "The results of a retrospective survey comparing the complications of guillotine tonsillectomy with those of dissection tonsillectomy are given. The problem of tonsil tags and adenoidectomy are discussed and a reappraisal of the indications for guillotine tonsillectomy are considered. We feel that guillotine tonsillectomy should only be carried out in very special circumstances.", "contents": "Guillotine tonsillectomy: anachronism or pragmatism. The results of a retrospective survey comparing the complications of guillotine tonsillectomy with those of dissection tonsillectomy are given. The problem of tonsil tags and adenoidectomy are discussed and a reappraisal of the indications for guillotine tonsillectomy are considered. We feel that guillotine tonsillectomy should only be carried out in very special circumstances.", "PMID": 641414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_796", "title": "A new approach to the treatment of laryngeal papilloma in adults.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of multiple laryngeal papillomatosis were treated by a newly developed grafting technique. The larynx was opened in the midline under local anaesthesia and the tumour mass was surgically resected. Mucous membrane along with the lamina propria was taken from patient's upper jaw and grafted over the wound, with the help of plain catgut on an atraumatic needle. Although our patients have been observed for only a short period of 5 years from 1972, no recurrence has been seen and good vocal cord function has remained.", "contents": "A new approach to the treatment of laryngeal papilloma in adults. Twenty-six cases of multiple laryngeal papillomatosis were treated by a newly developed grafting technique. The larynx was opened in the midline under local anaesthesia and the tumour mass was surgically resected. Mucous membrane along with the lamina propria was taken from patient's upper jaw and grafted over the wound, with the help of plain catgut on an atraumatic needle. Although our patients have been observed for only a short period of 5 years from 1972, no recurrence has been seen and good vocal cord function has remained.", "PMID": 641415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_797", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of paranasal sinuses.", "content": "A leiomyosarcoma of the upper respiratory and food passages is a rarity. Two rare cases of leiomyosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses, of which one developed recurrence are reported.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of paranasal sinuses. A leiomyosarcoma of the upper respiratory and food passages is a rarity. Two rare cases of leiomyosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses, of which one developed recurrence are reported.", "PMID": 641416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_798", "title": "Cutaneous horn.", "content": "Cutaneous horn or sebaceous horn is an extremely rare clinical entity. A case of cutaneous horn of the cheek presenting in a middle aged female is reported. It was successfully treated by surgical excision.", "contents": "Cutaneous horn. Cutaneous horn or sebaceous horn is an extremely rare clinical entity. A case of cutaneous horn of the cheek presenting in a middle aged female is reported. It was successfully treated by surgical excision.", "PMID": 641418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_799", "title": "Effect of perinatal oestrogen on the pretreatment required for mouse mammary lobular formation in vitro.", "content": "Morphological differentiation was enhanced in mammary glands from mice injected with oestradiol as neonates both in vivo, after 9 days of pretreatment with oestrogen and progesterone, and in vitro, either after 6 or 9 days of pretreatment and on all hormone supplements, or after culture with oestradiol, progesterone, aldosterone, insulin and thyroxine with or without prolactin and growth hormone. These hormone combinations further enhanced development, whereas culture with insulin and thyroxine did not. Differentiation in vitro was least on medium containing insulin + thyroxine, and was greatest on the complete medium (insulin, thyroxine, growth hormone, prolactin, aldosterone, progesterone and oestradiol). An intermediate degree of differentiation occurred when growth hormone and prolactin were omitted from the complete medium. Differences in lobule formation between oestrogen-treated and control mice were probably ovary-dependent at the dose used (25 microgram/day), since pretreatment with oestradiol and progesterone was necessary to reveal them. Enhanced hormone sensitivity of murine mammary tissues exposed to oestradiol early in life may be related to subsequent enhanced dysplastic potential of the tissue and provides a further basis for caution in the administration of steroids to immature individuals.", "contents": "Effect of perinatal oestrogen on the pretreatment required for mouse mammary lobular formation in vitro. Morphological differentiation was enhanced in mammary glands from mice injected with oestradiol as neonates both in vivo, after 9 days of pretreatment with oestrogen and progesterone, and in vitro, either after 6 or 9 days of pretreatment and on all hormone supplements, or after culture with oestradiol, progesterone, aldosterone, insulin and thyroxine with or without prolactin and growth hormone. These hormone combinations further enhanced development, whereas culture with insulin and thyroxine did not. Differentiation in vitro was least on medium containing insulin + thyroxine, and was greatest on the complete medium (insulin, thyroxine, growth hormone, prolactin, aldosterone, progesterone and oestradiol). An intermediate degree of differentiation occurred when growth hormone and prolactin were omitted from the complete medium. Differences in lobule formation between oestrogen-treated and control mice were probably ovary-dependent at the dose used (25 microgram/day), since pretreatment with oestradiol and progesterone was necessary to reveal them. Enhanced hormone sensitivity of murine mammary tissues exposed to oestradiol early in life may be related to subsequent enhanced dysplastic potential of the tissue and provides a further basis for caution in the administration of steroids to immature individuals.", "PMID": 641427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_800", "title": "Investigations into the role of calcium ions in the control of steroid production by isolated adrenal zona glomerulosa cells of the rat.", "content": "An increase in the concentration of extracellular potassium from 3.6 to 8.4 mmol/1 had only a small delayed effect on the uptake of radioactive calcium by isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells. However, the same stimulus had a rapid and highly significant effect on the efflux of radioactive calcium from glomerulosa cells preloaded with 45Ca2+. Cells incubated in medium containing 8.4 mmol potassium/1 had retained approximately 15% more radioactivity than conrol cells after 2.5 min and this difference was maintained for up to 90 min. There was an increase in the production of steroids by the glomerulosa cells in the presence of 8.4 mM-potassium. No effect on calcium efflux was observed in similar experiments with isolated fasciculata cells; it has been established that this concentration of potassium does not affect steroidogenesis in fasciculata cells, indicating that the effect on glomerulosa cells may be causally linked to steroidogenesis. There was no significant change in the total calcium content of glomerulosa cells in the presence of 8.4 mM-potassium. Exchangeable calcium in these cells was found to be 60% of the total calcium content.", "contents": "Investigations into the role of calcium ions in the control of steroid production by isolated adrenal zona glomerulosa cells of the rat. An increase in the concentration of extracellular potassium from 3.6 to 8.4 mmol/1 had only a small delayed effect on the uptake of radioactive calcium by isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells. However, the same stimulus had a rapid and highly significant effect on the efflux of radioactive calcium from glomerulosa cells preloaded with 45Ca2+. Cells incubated in medium containing 8.4 mmol potassium/1 had retained approximately 15% more radioactivity than conrol cells after 2.5 min and this difference was maintained for up to 90 min. There was an increase in the production of steroids by the glomerulosa cells in the presence of 8.4 mM-potassium. No effect on calcium efflux was observed in similar experiments with isolated fasciculata cells; it has been established that this concentration of potassium does not affect steroidogenesis in fasciculata cells, indicating that the effect on glomerulosa cells may be causally linked to steroidogenesis. There was no significant change in the total calcium content of glomerulosa cells in the presence of 8.4 mM-potassium. Exchangeable calcium in these cells was found to be 60% of the total calcium content.", "PMID": 641428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_801", "title": "DNA synthesis and depletion of prolactin in the pituitary gland of the male rat.", "content": "Haloperidol, bromocriptine and diethylstilboestrol dipropionate were given in various r\u00e9gimes to male rats to determine their effects on pituitary DNA synthesis, prolactin secretion and growth hormone secretion. Haloperidol increased serum prolactin but did not stimulate pituitary DNA synthesis or reduce pituitary prolactin concentrations. Haloperidol potentiated the effects of oestrogen on serum prolactin and on pituitary DNA synthesis; pituitary prolactin concentrations were greatly reduced, and growth hormone secretion was slightly inhibited. The inhibitory effects of bromocriptine in oestrogen-stimulated rats were demonstrated by smaller pituitary weights and decreased DNA synthesis; serum prolactin levels were lowered and pituitary prolactin concentrations were increased. Haloperidol, given to rats treated with oestrogen and bromocriptine, reversed the inhibitory effects of bromocriptine on DNA synthesis and serum prolactin; pituitary prolactin concentrations fell to well below normal. The results suggest that the haloperidol potentiation of oestrogen-induced pituitary DNA synthesis may depend upon stimulation of prolactin secretion together with reduction of intracellular prolactin levels.", "contents": "DNA synthesis and depletion of prolactin in the pituitary gland of the male rat. Haloperidol, bromocriptine and diethylstilboestrol dipropionate were given in various r\u00e9gimes to male rats to determine their effects on pituitary DNA synthesis, prolactin secretion and growth hormone secretion. Haloperidol increased serum prolactin but did not stimulate pituitary DNA synthesis or reduce pituitary prolactin concentrations. Haloperidol potentiated the effects of oestrogen on serum prolactin and on pituitary DNA synthesis; pituitary prolactin concentrations were greatly reduced, and growth hormone secretion was slightly inhibited. The inhibitory effects of bromocriptine in oestrogen-stimulated rats were demonstrated by smaller pituitary weights and decreased DNA synthesis; serum prolactin levels were lowered and pituitary prolactin concentrations were increased. Haloperidol, given to rats treated with oestrogen and bromocriptine, reversed the inhibitory effects of bromocriptine on DNA synthesis and serum prolactin; pituitary prolactin concentrations fell to well below normal. The results suggest that the haloperidol potentiation of oestrogen-induced pituitary DNA synthesis may depend upon stimulation of prolactin secretion together with reduction of intracellular prolactin levels.", "PMID": 641429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_802", "title": "Effects of ovarian steroids and prolactin on the contractility and sodium pump site density of guinea-pig myometrium.", "content": "Ovariectomized guinea-pigs were given a single dose of oestrogen or progestogen or the two steroids combined. Controls were given 0.9% saline. Four days after the injection, myometrial contractility in response to spasmogens was measured isometrically in isolated tissue baths, both before and after incubation in Kreb's solution with or without added prolactin. Further myometrial strips were also incubated with or without prolactin and the density of Na+/K+ ATPase 'pump' sites on the surface of the myometrial cell was estimated by labelling with tritiated ouabain. Incubation with prolactin significantly reduced the contractility of myometrial tissue from guinea-pigs given saline alone, progestogen alone or progestogen plus oestrogen, but not in tissue from animals pretreated with oestrogen. When myometrial strips from animals pretreated with oestrogen or progestogen were incubated without prolactin in the medium, there was a significant increase in the density of pump sites compared with the number in saline-pretreated animals; incubation with prolactin did not further modify this effect. When both steroids were administered together there was a significant increase only when prolactin was present in the incubation medium. There was also a significant increase in the density of pump sites after incubation of myometrium from the control (saline-pretreated) animals in the presence of prolactin.", "contents": "Effects of ovarian steroids and prolactin on the contractility and sodium pump site density of guinea-pig myometrium. Ovariectomized guinea-pigs were given a single dose of oestrogen or progestogen or the two steroids combined. Controls were given 0.9% saline. Four days after the injection, myometrial contractility in response to spasmogens was measured isometrically in isolated tissue baths, both before and after incubation in Kreb's solution with or without added prolactin. Further myometrial strips were also incubated with or without prolactin and the density of Na+/K+ ATPase 'pump' sites on the surface of the myometrial cell was estimated by labelling with tritiated ouabain. Incubation with prolactin significantly reduced the contractility of myometrial tissue from guinea-pigs given saline alone, progestogen alone or progestogen plus oestrogen, but not in tissue from animals pretreated with oestrogen. When myometrial strips from animals pretreated with oestrogen or progestogen were incubated without prolactin in the medium, there was a significant increase in the density of pump sites compared with the number in saline-pretreated animals; incubation with prolactin did not further modify this effect. When both steroids were administered together there was a significant increase only when prolactin was present in the incubation medium. There was also a significant increase in the density of pump sites after incubation of myometrium from the control (saline-pretreated) animals in the presence of prolactin.", "PMID": 641436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_803", "title": "Feedback control of follicle-stimulating hormone in pre-and postpubertal rams as revealed by hemicastration.", "content": "The levels of FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma were measured in cross-bred male lambs which were bilaterally castrated, hemicastrated or left entire at 1 week of age. Removal of one testis caused the level of FSH in the circulation to increase to a value midway between the levels found in entire and castrated lambs up to 12 weeks of age. The concentrations of LH and testosterone in the plasma were similar in the control and hemicastrated lambs. The concentration of FSH in the plasma of the hemicastrated lambs fell at 12--14 weeks of age, the expected time of puberty, to the level found in control animals of the same age. Although the possibility of increased release of LH cannot be excluded, the increase in the secretion of FSH is believed to account for the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis observed in the hemicastrated lambs. Removal of one testis from mature Soay rams in sping (May) caused a small selective increase in the concentration of RSH in the plasma, compared with entire animals. This difference was maintained until July when there was a marked increase in the levels of FSH and LH in the hemicastrated rams such that an exaggeration of the normal seasonal changes in these hormones was observed. Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis was observed in the hemicastrated animals.", "contents": "Feedback control of follicle-stimulating hormone in pre-and postpubertal rams as revealed by hemicastration. The levels of FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma were measured in cross-bred male lambs which were bilaterally castrated, hemicastrated or left entire at 1 week of age. Removal of one testis caused the level of FSH in the circulation to increase to a value midway between the levels found in entire and castrated lambs up to 12 weeks of age. The concentrations of LH and testosterone in the plasma were similar in the control and hemicastrated lambs. The concentration of FSH in the plasma of the hemicastrated lambs fell at 12--14 weeks of age, the expected time of puberty, to the level found in control animals of the same age. Although the possibility of increased release of LH cannot be excluded, the increase in the secretion of FSH is believed to account for the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis observed in the hemicastrated lambs. Removal of one testis from mature Soay rams in sping (May) caused a small selective increase in the concentration of RSH in the plasma, compared with entire animals. This difference was maintained until July when there was a marked increase in the levels of FSH and LH in the hemicastrated rams such that an exaggeration of the normal seasonal changes in these hormones was observed. Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis was observed in the hemicastrated animals.", "PMID": 641437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_804", "title": "Histoenzymological studies of 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the placentae and adrenal glands of bilaterally ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The distribution and activities of 5-unsaturated-3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) have been studied during the pregnancy of normal and ovariectomized rats on days 17, 19 and 21 post coitum. No hormonal substitution was provided after bilateral ovariectomy on day 15 post-coitum. 5-Unsaturated-3beta-HSD was characterized with pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as substrates; oestradiol-17beta and testosterone were used for the investigation of 17beta-HSD activity. With these substrates, it was found that the placental and adrenal activities and distribution of 5-unsaturated-3beta- and 17beta-HSD did not differ in ovariectomized and control rats and it is suggested that increased placental or adrenal steroidogenesis does not supplement deficient ovarian function in order to maintain pregnancy. In the pregnant rat, the ovaries do not control the activities of 5-unsaturated-3beta- and 17beta-HSD in the placenta.", "contents": "Histoenzymological studies of 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the placentae and adrenal glands of bilaterally ovariectomized rats. The distribution and activities of 5-unsaturated-3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) have been studied during the pregnancy of normal and ovariectomized rats on days 17, 19 and 21 post coitum. No hormonal substitution was provided after bilateral ovariectomy on day 15 post-coitum. 5-Unsaturated-3beta-HSD was characterized with pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as substrates; oestradiol-17beta and testosterone were used for the investigation of 17beta-HSD activity. With these substrates, it was found that the placental and adrenal activities and distribution of 5-unsaturated-3beta- and 17beta-HSD did not differ in ovariectomized and control rats and it is suggested that increased placental or adrenal steroidogenesis does not supplement deficient ovarian function in order to maintain pregnancy. In the pregnant rat, the ovaries do not control the activities of 5-unsaturated-3beta- and 17beta-HSD in the placenta.", "PMID": 641438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_805", "title": "An evaluation of the Jeol Clinalyzer.", "content": "The Jeol Clinalyzer was evaluated over a period of 15 weeks. The operating principles are briefly described. The functions of the mechanical components were tested and assessments made of the instrument's safety and reliability. The mechanical and electrical reliability of the instrument was excellent and the pumps and spectrophotometer gave good accuracy and precision. Between-batch precision of the analytical methods was good for urea, protein and bilirubin and acceptable for alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase. There was a poor relative accuracy for alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase and some proportional inaccuracy for urea and bilirubin.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Jeol Clinalyzer. The Jeol Clinalyzer was evaluated over a period of 15 weeks. The operating principles are briefly described. The functions of the mechanical components were tested and assessments made of the instrument's safety and reliability. The mechanical and electrical reliability of the instrument was excellent and the pumps and spectrophotometer gave good accuracy and precision. Between-batch precision of the analytical methods was good for urea, protein and bilirubin and acceptable for alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase. There was a poor relative accuracy for alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase and some proportional inaccuracy for urea and bilirubin.", "PMID": 641447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_806", "title": "Influence of monoethanolamine on activity measurements of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Monethanolamine, a frequent impurity of diethanolamine, inhibits the activity of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase to various extents. Isoenzymes from liver and bone, in particular, are strongly inhibited. Inhibition is stronger at lower (25 degrees C) than at higher temperatures (37 degrees C).", "contents": "Influence of monoethanolamine on activity measurements of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. Monethanolamine, a frequent impurity of diethanolamine, inhibits the activity of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase to various extents. Isoenzymes from liver and bone, in particular, are strongly inhibited. Inhibition is stronger at lower (25 degrees C) than at higher temperatures (37 degrees C).", "PMID": 641448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_807", "title": "[Microdetermination of glucose using glucose dehydrogenase, with independent sample preparation in the routine laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "A micromethod for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter of capillary blood using glucose dehydrogenase is described. After deproteinisation with uranyl acetate, the samples are analysed by an Autoanalyzer II method or by a manual procedure. Precision and accuracy are well correlated with the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. Eleven months experience have shown the practicability and economic advantages of this method.", "contents": "[Microdetermination of glucose using glucose dehydrogenase, with independent sample preparation in the routine laboratory (author's transl)]. A micromethod for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter of capillary blood using glucose dehydrogenase is described. After deproteinisation with uranyl acetate, the samples are analysed by an Autoanalyzer II method or by a manual procedure. Precision and accuracy are well correlated with the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. Eleven months experience have shown the practicability and economic advantages of this method.", "PMID": 641449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_808", "title": "[The determination of capillary blood glucose using the automatic clinical analyzer (aca) Dupont (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of capillary blood glucose after deproteinization using the aca is described. The method, which uses the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction, is compared with the glucose dehydrogenase method. The comparison shows that glucose values measured in capillary blood are essentially the same in both methods. The requirements for quality control are fulfilled. The method is not influenced by hemolysis, bilirubinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "[The determination of capillary blood glucose using the automatic clinical analyzer (aca) Dupont (author's transl)]. The determination of capillary blood glucose after deproteinization using the aca is described. The method, which uses the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction, is compared with the glucose dehydrogenase method. The comparison shows that glucose values measured in capillary blood are essentially the same in both methods. The requirements for quality control are fulfilled. The method is not influenced by hemolysis, bilirubinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 641450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_809", "title": "[Kinetic assay of creatinine with the Gemsaec-Fast-Analyzer; comparison with the Fuller's earth method (author's transl].", "content": "A kinetic method is described for the determination of creatinine in serum. The method is adapted for use with Gemsaec-Fast-Analyzer. The reliability criteria of the method are reported. The only interfering substance is bilirubin, which, when present in elevated concentrations, causes an apparent decrease in the level of creatinine. This interference can be avoided by treating the sample with Fuller's earth prior to the creatinine determination. 72 sera were analysed by the kinetic method and by the Fuller's earth method without deproteinization (5). There was excellent agreement between the two methods (y=1.011 x--0.8222;r=0.9970).", "contents": "[Kinetic assay of creatinine with the Gemsaec-Fast-Analyzer; comparison with the Fuller's earth method (author's transl]. A kinetic method is described for the determination of creatinine in serum. The method is adapted for use with Gemsaec-Fast-Analyzer. The reliability criteria of the method are reported. The only interfering substance is bilirubin, which, when present in elevated concentrations, causes an apparent decrease in the level of creatinine. This interference can be avoided by treating the sample with Fuller's earth prior to the creatinine determination. 72 sera were analysed by the kinetic method and by the Fuller's earth method without deproteinization (5). There was excellent agreement between the two methods (y=1.011 x--0.8222;r=0.9970).", "PMID": 641451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_810", "title": "A simple and sensitive radiochemical assay for plasma guanase.", "content": "A simple and sensitive radiochemical micro-assay has been developed for the determination of plasma guanase activity. The method is based upon the measurement of the conversion of 14C-labeled guanine to xanthine, catalysed by the enzyme guanase (guanine aminohydrolase;EC 3.5.4.3). Using this method, the catalytic activity in the plasma of adult healthy controls was 0.040 +/- 0.09 nmol/h.mg protein (x +/- s). In children under 5 years of age higher levels of enzyme activity were demonstrated. In adult patients with liver disease plasma guanase activities were found to be 3 to 7-fold increased as compared to the normal adult mean value.", "contents": "A simple and sensitive radiochemical assay for plasma guanase. A simple and sensitive radiochemical micro-assay has been developed for the determination of plasma guanase activity. The method is based upon the measurement of the conversion of 14C-labeled guanine to xanthine, catalysed by the enzyme guanase (guanine aminohydrolase;EC 3.5.4.3). Using this method, the catalytic activity in the plasma of adult healthy controls was 0.040 +/- 0.09 nmol/h.mg protein (x +/- s). In children under 5 years of age higher levels of enzyme activity were demonstrated. In adult patients with liver disease plasma guanase activities were found to be 3 to 7-fold increased as compared to the normal adult mean value.", "PMID": 641452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_811", "title": "[The importance of ionic strength and protein concentration in the dialysis performance of autoanalyzer systems for the enzymatic determination of uric acid (author's transl)].", "content": "An earlier method for the determination of uric acid (this journal 13, 89--96, (1975) was reevaluated. It was confirmed that it is necessary to add NaCl and a detergent to the wash fluid in order to obtain full sensitivity and linearity. Protein components in the samples or in secondary standard solutions also increase sensitivity and straighten the calibration curve of primary standard solutions. The effects are compared with results reported in the literature, and the possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.", "contents": "[The importance of ionic strength and protein concentration in the dialysis performance of autoanalyzer systems for the enzymatic determination of uric acid (author's transl)]. An earlier method for the determination of uric acid (this journal 13, 89--96, (1975) was reevaluated. It was confirmed that it is necessary to add NaCl and a detergent to the wash fluid in order to obtain full sensitivity and linearity. Protein components in the samples or in secondary standard solutions also increase sensitivity and straighten the calibration curve of primary standard solutions. The effects are compared with results reported in the literature, and the possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 641453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_812", "title": "[Interference by glutathione reductase in the \"CK-MB-inhibition-test\": elimination of the catalytic activity of glutathione reductase by anti-glutathione reductase (author's transl)].", "content": "Glutathione reductase interferes in the determiniation of creatine kinase-MB by the \"CK-MB-inhibition-test\". In 36 out of 55 serum samples with normal and elevated catalytic activities of creatine kinase, \"negative\" values greater than 14 U/l were obtained for the creatine kinase-MB. This interference by glutathione reductase is avoided by preincubation of the serum samples for 5 min with anti-glutathione reductase.", "contents": "[Interference by glutathione reductase in the \"CK-MB-inhibition-test\": elimination of the catalytic activity of glutathione reductase by anti-glutathione reductase (author's transl)]. Glutathione reductase interferes in the determiniation of creatine kinase-MB by the \"CK-MB-inhibition-test\". In 36 out of 55 serum samples with normal and elevated catalytic activities of creatine kinase, \"negative\" values greater than 14 U/l were obtained for the creatine kinase-MB. This interference by glutathione reductase is avoided by preincubation of the serum samples for 5 min with anti-glutathione reductase.", "PMID": 641454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_813", "title": "[Adaptation of the SMAC for the determination of uric acid with an uricase/perioxidase procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe the enzymatic determination of uric acid (uricase/peroxidase) with the SMAC system. The method correlates well with known SMA 12 and Autoanalyzer methods. The change from the original uric acid method to the enzymatic one is simple and does not require any change of the software.", "contents": "[Adaptation of the SMAC for the determination of uric acid with an uricase/perioxidase procedure (author's transl)]. We describe the enzymatic determination of uric acid (uricase/peroxidase) with the SMAC system. The method correlates well with known SMA 12 and Autoanalyzer methods. The change from the original uric acid method to the enzymatic one is simple and does not require any change of the software.", "PMID": 641455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_814", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: making a correct and early diagnosis.", "content": "Cystic fibrosis is detected with increasing frequency in older children, adolescents, and even young adults. The quality of life and longevity in patients with cystic fibrosis is more favorable the earlier a diagnosis is made and a therapeutic regimen begun. This report presents and reviews five cases in chich the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was made after the age of six years. Emphasis is placed on the variability of presenting signs and symptoms and the problems that can arise in confirming a suspected diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: making a correct and early diagnosis. Cystic fibrosis is detected with increasing frequency in older children, adolescents, and even young adults. The quality of life and longevity in patients with cystic fibrosis is more favorable the earlier a diagnosis is made and a therapeutic regimen begun. This report presents and reviews five cases in chich the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was made after the age of six years. Emphasis is placed on the variability of presenting signs and symptoms and the problems that can arise in confirming a suspected diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 641457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_815", "title": "Treatment of obesity in family practice.", "content": "This paper describes the experience of a senior family practice resident in managing obesity using behavior modification techniques. Weight reduction was begun and continued by 9 of 32 identified obese patients. Patients who were successful in losing weight were those who kept accurate intake diaries, returned for follow-up, and had made prior attempts at weight loss. Patients who were unsuccessful in losing weight were those who kept incomplete intake diaries, had no continuing physician-patient relationship with the investigator, and had made no prior attempts at weight loss. The method management described allowed efficient use of physician time so that the time required was well within the limits set by a busy family practice setting.", "contents": "Treatment of obesity in family practice. This paper describes the experience of a senior family practice resident in managing obesity using behavior modification techniques. Weight reduction was begun and continued by 9 of 32 identified obese patients. Patients who were successful in losing weight were those who kept accurate intake diaries, returned for follow-up, and had made prior attempts at weight loss. Patients who were unsuccessful in losing weight were those who kept incomplete intake diaries, had no continuing physician-patient relationship with the investigator, and had made no prior attempts at weight loss. The method management described allowed efficient use of physician time so that the time required was well within the limits set by a busy family practice setting.", "PMID": 641458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_816", "title": "Recurrent ergotism: a case report.", "content": "A patient was seen with absent pulses and vague symptoms. History and clinical findings supported a diagnosis of ergotism due to heavy use of ergotamine suppositories. The patient continued to use ergotamine despite warnings and was seen on two additional occasions with ergotism. Previously a heavy user of ergotamine, she became sensitive to small doses, demonstrating marked vasospasm after only one suppository. This phenomenon, not previously reported, is postulated secondarily to drug interaction. The patient is presented with a review of the pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment of ergotamine-induced ergotism. Alerted to the possibility of drug interactions, physicians may safely use ergotamine in the treatment of migraine headache with careful monitoring for signs and symptoms of early toxicity.", "contents": "Recurrent ergotism: a case report. A patient was seen with absent pulses and vague symptoms. History and clinical findings supported a diagnosis of ergotism due to heavy use of ergotamine suppositories. The patient continued to use ergotamine despite warnings and was seen on two additional occasions with ergotism. Previously a heavy user of ergotamine, she became sensitive to small doses, demonstrating marked vasospasm after only one suppository. This phenomenon, not previously reported, is postulated secondarily to drug interaction. The patient is presented with a review of the pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment of ergotamine-induced ergotism. Alerted to the possibility of drug interactions, physicians may safely use ergotamine in the treatment of migraine headache with careful monitoring for signs and symptoms of early toxicity.", "PMID": 641459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_817", "title": "Death of an infant: parental grieving and the failure of social support.", "content": "Parents undergo intense grief reactions following the death of their newborn infant, but frequently fail to receive emotional support from their family and circle of friends. Because this response from family and friends differs from what occurs with the death of an older child or adult, this study was undertaken to explore the events and personal interactions that helped or hindered the parents following their infant's death. Alternations in familial and extrafamilial relationships are described in seven families with infant deaths, and useful support mechanisms are proposed.", "contents": "Death of an infant: parental grieving and the failure of social support. Parents undergo intense grief reactions following the death of their newborn infant, but frequently fail to receive emotional support from their family and circle of friends. Because this response from family and friends differs from what occurs with the death of an older child or adult, this study was undertaken to explore the events and personal interactions that helped or hindered the parents following their infant's death. Alternations in familial and extrafamilial relationships are described in seven families with infant deaths, and useful support mechanisms are proposed.", "PMID": 641461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_818", "title": "Family practice in Virginia: a comparative analysis of two years' data.", "content": "Data representing Fiscal Years 1975 and 1976 as well as the aggregate 1975--1976 data set are reviewed in this paper. Information on 92,410 discrete patients and the 333,709 transactions they generated is studied. The transactions per patient rate of 3.6 varies greatly among the eight practices under investigation. This interpractice variation is complemented by remarkable year-to-year consistency within each practice. Age and the percent of continuing patients are presented as possible explanations for this variation. These data are useful to the physician in identifying the high-use patients and to the health planner for manpower and funding appropriations.", "contents": "Family practice in Virginia: a comparative analysis of two years' data. Data representing Fiscal Years 1975 and 1976 as well as the aggregate 1975--1976 data set are reviewed in this paper. Information on 92,410 discrete patients and the 333,709 transactions they generated is studied. The transactions per patient rate of 3.6 varies greatly among the eight practices under investigation. This interpractice variation is complemented by remarkable year-to-year consistency within each practice. Age and the percent of continuing patients are presented as possible explanations for this variation. These data are useful to the physician in identifying the high-use patients and to the health planner for manpower and funding appropriations.", "PMID": 641462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_819", "title": "Practice profiles in evaluating the clinical experience of family medicine trainees.", "content": "A practice profile is a compilation of information allowing definition and evaluation of any of several parameters of health-care delivery. Prerequisites for development of profiles presented in this report include: suitable classification of health problems; patient demographic data; identification of individual and groups of health-care providers; and definition of the practice or study population. Details are given for two profiles: the assigned patient and the diagnostic workload profiles. Single profiles are purely descriptive but, when evaluated by appropriate peer comparison, may form the basis for a more dynamic process--that of improvement and change. Possible applications of practice profiles are discussed.", "contents": "Practice profiles in evaluating the clinical experience of family medicine trainees. A practice profile is a compilation of information allowing definition and evaluation of any of several parameters of health-care delivery. Prerequisites for development of profiles presented in this report include: suitable classification of health problems; patient demographic data; identification of individual and groups of health-care providers; and definition of the practice or study population. Details are given for two profiles: the assigned patient and the diagnostic workload profiles. Single profiles are purely descriptive but, when evaluated by appropriate peer comparison, may form the basis for a more dynamic process--that of improvement and change. Possible applications of practice profiles are discussed.", "PMID": 641463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_820", "title": "Expressed reasons for the choice of a residency in family practice.", "content": "An analysis was conducted of expressed reasons for the choice of a family practice residency by prospective residents. The nature and frequency of reasons are presented. An attempt was also made to judge the importance of saliency of specific reasons expressed. The results are discussed in relation to past studies and future directions for the training of family physicians.", "contents": "Expressed reasons for the choice of a residency in family practice. An analysis was conducted of expressed reasons for the choice of a family practice residency by prospective residents. The nature and frequency of reasons are presented. An attempt was also made to judge the importance of saliency of specific reasons expressed. The results are discussed in relation to past studies and future directions for the training of family physicians.", "PMID": 641464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_821", "title": "A family practice residency inpatient service: a review of 631 admissions.", "content": "This study reports a review of 631 admissions by family practice residents and staff over a 12-month period to an autonomous family practice service in a large US Army medical center. The diagnoses, number and types of consultations requested, types of patients cared for by residents in various levels of taining, and other pertinent data are reviewed. The study indicates that an inpatient family practice service can be very successful in terms of physician and patient satisfaction.", "contents": "A family practice residency inpatient service: a review of 631 admissions. This study reports a review of 631 admissions by family practice residents and staff over a 12-month period to an autonomous family practice service in a large US Army medical center. The diagnoses, number and types of consultations requested, types of patients cared for by residents in various levels of taining, and other pertinent data are reviewed. The study indicates that an inpatient family practice service can be very successful in terms of physician and patient satisfaction.", "PMID": 641465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_822", "title": "Family practice residency graduates as faculty members.", "content": "The demand for teachers of family practice is being met in part by recent residency graduates. The background of these individuals would not predict that they would become teachers, and a major role adaptation is required of them. Yet a number of factors lead them to elect to become faculty members. They possess several qualities different from faculty members coming from practice backgrounds and are, therefore, able to make unique contributions. A combination of recent graduates and practice-experienced faculty members may represent the ideal mix for the further development of academic family practice.", "contents": "Family practice residency graduates as faculty members. The demand for teachers of family practice is being met in part by recent residency graduates. The background of these individuals would not predict that they would become teachers, and a major role adaptation is required of them. Yet a number of factors lead them to elect to become faculty members. They possess several qualities different from faculty members coming from practice backgrounds and are, therefore, able to make unique contributions. A combination of recent graduates and practice-experienced faculty members may represent the ideal mix for the further development of academic family practice.", "PMID": 641466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_823", "title": "Behavioral scientist meets the practicing physician.", "content": "The difficulty of integrating behavioral science into family practice programs is discussed by identifying (1) the problems arising from behavioral scientists, and (2) the problems arising from physicians. Some of the behavioral science issues discussed are miscommunications regarding the difficulty of understanding human behavior and empathy, and \"sets\" that affect diagnostic procedures and physician-patient interactions. Contributory issues, discussed which arise from physicians include the post-Flexnerian model of medical practice and the question of values in the physician role.", "contents": "Behavioral scientist meets the practicing physician. The difficulty of integrating behavioral science into family practice programs is discussed by identifying (1) the problems arising from behavioral scientists, and (2) the problems arising from physicians. Some of the behavioral science issues discussed are miscommunications regarding the difficulty of understanding human behavior and empathy, and \"sets\" that affect diagnostic procedures and physician-patient interactions. Contributory issues, discussed which arise from physicians include the post-Flexnerian model of medical practice and the question of values in the physician role.", "PMID": 641467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_824", "title": "Limited patient knowledge as a reproductive risk factor.", "content": "A study was designed to obtain information on the concerns, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge that women have about reproduction in order to determine how these factors affect their ability to plan pregnancies. A clinical population was studied and in general found to be uninformed and misinformed about basic physiological facts relating to reproduction. Their lack of information or their misinformation about the menstrual cycle, safe time for intercourse, and contraception contributed to unwated pregnancies. They did not know enough to prevent pregnancy. The patients were aware of some deficits in their knowledge about reproduction and expressed a desire to learn more. This study suggests that individualized education may be necessary to break the pattern of unwanted pregnancies and the feelings of apathy and fatalism so common among low-income patients.", "contents": "Limited patient knowledge as a reproductive risk factor. A study was designed to obtain information on the concerns, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge that women have about reproduction in order to determine how these factors affect their ability to plan pregnancies. A clinical population was studied and in general found to be uninformed and misinformed about basic physiological facts relating to reproduction. Their lack of information or their misinformation about the menstrual cycle, safe time for intercourse, and contraception contributed to unwated pregnancies. They did not know enough to prevent pregnancy. The patients were aware of some deficits in their knowledge about reproduction and expressed a desire to learn more. This study suggests that individualized education may be necessary to break the pattern of unwanted pregnancies and the feelings of apathy and fatalism so common among low-income patients.", "PMID": 641468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_825", "title": "Insomnia.", "content": "Insomnia is a symptom requiring medical investigation and the elimination of external and physical causes. Anxiety and/or depression have been shown to be present in most of the patients complaining of inability to sleep. Antidepressant medication with sedating potential is very effective in patients with depressive symptoms when most of the dose is given at bed-time. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs disturb the qualitative aspects of sleep and many rapidly produce tolerance. Flurazepam has been shown to be the drug of choice for purely symptomatic insomnia. Except in very transient situational stresses, a psychotherapeutic relationship to investigate the causes of the insomnia may be the most important aspect of the treatment program.", "contents": "Insomnia. Insomnia is a symptom requiring medical investigation and the elimination of external and physical causes. Anxiety and/or depression have been shown to be present in most of the patients complaining of inability to sleep. Antidepressant medication with sedating potential is very effective in patients with depressive symptoms when most of the dose is given at bed-time. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs disturb the qualitative aspects of sleep and many rapidly produce tolerance. Flurazepam has been shown to be the drug of choice for purely symptomatic insomnia. Except in very transient situational stresses, a psychotherapeutic relationship to investigate the causes of the insomnia may be the most important aspect of the treatment program.", "PMID": 641469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_826", "title": "Effects of alpha-amanitin on RNA synthesis by mouse embryos in culture.", "content": "Investigations were conducted to test the effects of alpha-amanitin on RNA synthesis in preimplantation  mouse embryos. Exposure of embryos in culture to 1-100 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin produced a dose- and time-dependence suppression of total RNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]uridine. Synthesis of polyadenylated RNA in blastocyst-stage embryos was abolished by alpha-amanitin-treatment at concentrations and exposure times that suppressed total RNA synthesis by less than 15%. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was measured in lysates of embryos at several stages of preimplantation development. alpha-Amanitin suppressed total polymerase activity assayed under ionic conditions favorable to the detection of RNA polymerase II. Electrophoretic analyses revealed that preincubation of blastocysts in 100 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin reduced labelling of cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNA by inhibition of both synthesis and maturation of nucleolar 45SrRNA-precursor. This action of alpha-amanitin on nucleolar RNA synthesis cannot be correlated with the minimal suppression of nucleolar RNA polymerase activity and suggests that the synthesis and processing of rRNA may be under control of nucleoplasmic gene products.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-amanitin on RNA synthesis by mouse embryos in culture. Investigations were conducted to test the effects of alpha-amanitin on RNA synthesis in preimplantation  mouse embryos. Exposure of embryos in culture to 1-100 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin produced a dose- and time-dependence suppression of total RNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]uridine. Synthesis of polyadenylated RNA in blastocyst-stage embryos was abolished by alpha-amanitin-treatment at concentrations and exposure times that suppressed total RNA synthesis by less than 15%. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was measured in lysates of embryos at several stages of preimplantation development. alpha-Amanitin suppressed total polymerase activity assayed under ionic conditions favorable to the detection of RNA polymerase II. Electrophoretic analyses revealed that preincubation of blastocysts in 100 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin reduced labelling of cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNA by inhibition of both synthesis and maturation of nucleolar 45SrRNA-precursor. This action of alpha-amanitin on nucleolar RNA synthesis cannot be correlated with the minimal suppression of nucleolar RNA polymerase activity and suggests that the synthesis and processing of rRNA may be under control of nucleoplasmic gene products.", "PMID": 641476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_827", "title": "The possible role of hemidesmosomes in neonatally estrogen-induced selection of a permanently altered abnormal vaginal epithelium.", "content": "In untreated and neonatally-estrogenized (E) Balb/c mice the numbers of hemidesmosomes per basal cell cross section (HD/bccs) gradually increases from 0.07 HD/bccs on day 1 to about 2 to 3 HD/bccs on day 4 postpartum. In untreated mice the incidence of HD's increases and plateaus at 6 to 7 HD/bccs on days 5 and 8, while during this same period in E-treated mice the incidence is increased to 14 to 15 HD/bccs. In 5-day-old E-treated mice two types of basal vaginal epithelial cells can be recognized: basophilic cells rich in HD (19.5 +/- 2.1 HD/bccs) and light cells containing only 5.3 +/- 3.3 HD/bccs. The basophilic, HD-rich cells appear to replace the lighter HD-poor cells. The hypothesis that HD's are involved in the estradiol-induced selection of an abnormal vaginal epithelium is discussed.", "contents": "The possible role of hemidesmosomes in neonatally estrogen-induced selection of a permanently altered abnormal vaginal epithelium. In untreated and neonatally-estrogenized (E) Balb/c mice the numbers of hemidesmosomes per basal cell cross section (HD/bccs) gradually increases from 0.07 HD/bccs on day 1 to about 2 to 3 HD/bccs on day 4 postpartum. In untreated mice the incidence of HD's increases and plateaus at 6 to 7 HD/bccs on days 5 and 8, while during this same period in E-treated mice the incidence is increased to 14 to 15 HD/bccs. In 5-day-old E-treated mice two types of basal vaginal epithelial cells can be recognized: basophilic cells rich in HD (19.5 +/- 2.1 HD/bccs) and light cells containing only 5.3 +/- 3.3 HD/bccs. The basophilic, HD-rich cells appear to replace the lighter HD-poor cells. The hypothesis that HD's are involved in the estradiol-induced selection of an abnormal vaginal epithelium is discussed.", "PMID": 641477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_828", "title": "Nuclear protein changes in the maternally and paternally derived chromatin at fertilization.", "content": "The proteins which become associated with the paternally derived chromatin during fertilization may be instrumental in its activation and in the dramatic structural metamorphosis of the sperm nucleus during pronuclear development. Proteins associated with sperm and zygote nuclei and male and female pronuclei of fertilized sea urchin eggs were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in order to examine nuclear protein changes in the paternally and maternally derived chromatin following insemination. Results demonstrate major changes in both the solubility characteristics and polypeptide profiles of sperm nuclei upon insemination. Evidence is presented which indicates that at fertilization the paternally derived chromatin acquires proteins of molecular weights greater than 80,000 and a nuclear protein composition similar to that of the female pronucleus. The nuclear proteins associated with zygote nuclei were compared to those of combined male and female pronuclei and showed many similarities and some differences. Several polypeptides were present in zygote nuclei which were not observed in pronuclear extracts.", "contents": "Nuclear protein changes in the maternally and paternally derived chromatin at fertilization. The proteins which become associated with the paternally derived chromatin during fertilization may be instrumental in its activation and in the dramatic structural metamorphosis of the sperm nucleus during pronuclear development. Proteins associated with sperm and zygote nuclei and male and female pronuclei of fertilized sea urchin eggs were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in order to examine nuclear protein changes in the paternally and maternally derived chromatin following insemination. Results demonstrate major changes in both the solubility characteristics and polypeptide profiles of sperm nuclei upon insemination. Evidence is presented which indicates that at fertilization the paternally derived chromatin acquires proteins of molecular weights greater than 80,000 and a nuclear protein composition similar to that of the female pronucleus. The nuclear proteins associated with zygote nuclei were compared to those of combined male and female pronuclei and showed many similarities and some differences. Several polypeptides were present in zygote nuclei which were not observed in pronuclear extracts.", "PMID": 641478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_829", "title": "Radioautographic and biochemical studies of secretion of venom protein in the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus.", "content": "Protein secretion was investigated in the main venom gland of the South American rattlesnake, using radioautographic and biochemical techniques after a single intracardiac injection of L-(3,5-3H)tyrosine. All the snakes were injected at the fourth day of the secretory cycle and killed at 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after injection. Most of the radioactive amino acid is cleared from the blood stream up to four hours after injection. On the other hand the specific activity (c.p.m./mg of protein) of the intracellular proteins reaches a peak at the 4-hour time interval decreasing afterwards. There was a good correlation between the values of the specific activity of the intracellular proteins and those of the silver grain density over the secretory cells at the several time intervals after the injection of 3H-tyrosine. The results of the quantitative analysis carried out in light- and electron-microscope radioautographs led to the conclusion that venom proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory cells, transferred to the Golgi apparatus from where they are carried to the secretory tobule lumen by the secretion granules. The fact that the values of the relative concentration of the radioactivity of he intracisternal granules double at the last three time intervals, strongly suggests that these structures are formed by the aggregation of the amorphous material present inside the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Radioautographic and biochemical studies of secretion of venom protein in the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Protein secretion was investigated in the main venom gland of the South American rattlesnake, using radioautographic and biochemical techniques after a single intracardiac injection of L-(3,5-3H)tyrosine. All the snakes were injected at the fourth day of the secretory cycle and killed at 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after injection. Most of the radioactive amino acid is cleared from the blood stream up to four hours after injection. On the other hand the specific activity (c.p.m./mg of protein) of the intracellular proteins reaches a peak at the 4-hour time interval decreasing afterwards. There was a good correlation between the values of the specific activity of the intracellular proteins and those of the silver grain density over the secretory cells at the several time intervals after the injection of 3H-tyrosine. The results of the quantitative analysis carried out in light- and electron-microscope radioautographs led to the conclusion that venom proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory cells, transferred to the Golgi apparatus from where they are carried to the secretory tobule lumen by the secretion granules. The fact that the values of the relative concentration of the radioactivity of he intracisternal granules double at the last three time intervals, strongly suggests that these structures are formed by the aggregation of the amorphous material present inside the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 641479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_830", "title": "Structure, function, and long-term maintenance of the isolated turtle colon.", "content": "We describe the 5-day maintenance of sacs of turtle colonic mucosa in enriched bathing solutions. The mean maximum transepithelial potential difference (PD) developed by the sacs in Ringer solution enriched with tissue-culture medium and gassed with 95% air-5% CO2 was 126 mV at 24 hours. Lower values were observed in other solutions. The PD of 24-hour sacs was partially or totally inhibited by ouabain, replacement of Na by choline in mucosal bathing fluids, or removal of Ca from serosal bathing fluids. The sacs transported Na in excess of H2O forming a dilute mucosal solution. The response of four different sac preparations (normally oriented or everted, and stripped normally oriented or everted) to long incubation were compared. Stripped normally oriented tissue developed the highest PD and maintained the lowest water content. The morphology of fresh and long-incubated tissue was examined. This investigation demonstrates that the turtle colon can be maintained in vitro for long periods, and it provides information on the morphology and physiology of this tissue.", "contents": "Structure, function, and long-term maintenance of the isolated turtle colon. We describe the 5-day maintenance of sacs of turtle colonic mucosa in enriched bathing solutions. The mean maximum transepithelial potential difference (PD) developed by the sacs in Ringer solution enriched with tissue-culture medium and gassed with 95% air-5% CO2 was 126 mV at 24 hours. Lower values were observed in other solutions. The PD of 24-hour sacs was partially or totally inhibited by ouabain, replacement of Na by choline in mucosal bathing fluids, or removal of Ca from serosal bathing fluids. The sacs transported Na in excess of H2O forming a dilute mucosal solution. The response of four different sac preparations (normally oriented or everted, and stripped normally oriented or everted) to long incubation were compared. Stripped normally oriented tissue developed the highest PD and maintained the lowest water content. The morphology of fresh and long-incubated tissue was examined. This investigation demonstrates that the turtle colon can be maintained in vitro for long periods, and it provides information on the morphology and physiology of this tissue.", "PMID": 641480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_831", "title": "Nerve dependent macromolecular synthesis in the epidermis and blastema of the adult newt regenerate.", "content": "The present study is an analysis of neurotrophic control of DNA and protein synthesis in the separated epidermis and blastema of the early newt limb regenerate. Previous macromolecular studies employed the entire regenerate without discrimination between its two components. The results demonstrate that the specific activities of newly synthesized protein and DNA show a nerve dependence in both epidermis and blastema. There appears to be a postdenervation rise in synthesis followed by a decline to a plateau level in both components, similar to what is reported for the whole regenerate. After two days of denervation DNA synthesis in the mesenchymatous cells is more profoundly depressed, suggesting that the epidermis is less nerve dependent.", "contents": "Nerve dependent macromolecular synthesis in the epidermis and blastema of the adult newt regenerate. The present study is an analysis of neurotrophic control of DNA and protein synthesis in the separated epidermis and blastema of the early newt limb regenerate. Previous macromolecular studies employed the entire regenerate without discrimination between its two components. The results demonstrate that the specific activities of newly synthesized protein and DNA show a nerve dependence in both epidermis and blastema. There appears to be a postdenervation rise in synthesis followed by a decline to a plateau level in both components, similar to what is reported for the whole regenerate. After two days of denervation DNA synthesis in the mesenchymatous cells is more profoundly depressed, suggesting that the epidermis is less nerve dependent.", "PMID": 641481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_832", "title": "Trophoblast regeneration by inner cell masses isolated from cultured mouse embryos.", "content": "The developmental potential of the inner cell mass (ICM) of the cultured mouse embryo was determined by testing the ability of the ICM to regenerate trophoblast in vitro. ICM's isolated by immunosurgery from either single or chimeric embryos were able to regenerate trophoblast when they were isolated at 69 hours of culture from the 2-cell stage, but they had lost this capacity by 93 hours of culture. Trophoblast regeneration by isolated ICM's did not appear to require either a critical cell mass at the time of isolation or cell proliferation during regeneration.", "contents": "Trophoblast regeneration by inner cell masses isolated from cultured mouse embryos. The developmental potential of the inner cell mass (ICM) of the cultured mouse embryo was determined by testing the ability of the ICM to regenerate trophoblast in vitro. ICM's isolated by immunosurgery from either single or chimeric embryos were able to regenerate trophoblast when they were isolated at 69 hours of culture from the 2-cell stage, but they had lost this capacity by 93 hours of culture. Trophoblast regeneration by isolated ICM's did not appear to require either a critical cell mass at the time of isolation or cell proliferation during regeneration.", "PMID": 641482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_833", "title": "Epidermal regeneration and percutaneous water loss following cellophane stripping of reptile epidermis.", "content": "The histological and physiological effects of the removal of superficial corneous epidermal materials have been studied in several squamate species and a caiman. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the squamate integument has characteristics which make cellophane stripping inherently variable, but in general, when corneous materials were removed, they are replaced over a period of one to two weeks, by a tissue with the histological characteristics of the normal alpha-layer. This tissue may be produced by stimulated germinal activity and/or metaplasia of the other presumptive cell populations. In caiman, the thickness of the corneous tissues of the outer scale surface is reduced by stripping and the tissue is restored to normal in approximately two weeks by stimulated germinal proliferation. Measurements of cutaneous water loss (CWL) before, immediately after, and during two weeks post-trauma revealed the following. There is a sudden rise in CWL immediately after stripping, and values decline over the next two weeks as the corneous tissues are replaced. The results are interpreted as indicating that, as in mammals, the impermeability of the epidermis depends on the thickness of the corneous materials. In squamates it appears that the physiological barrier is the alpha-layer of the epidermal generation, and while the beta-layer cannot be excluded as playing some role in reducing the permeability of the integument, its role appears to be primarily mechanical.", "contents": "Epidermal regeneration and percutaneous water loss following cellophane stripping of reptile epidermis. The histological and physiological effects of the removal of superficial corneous epidermal materials have been studied in several squamate species and a caiman. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the squamate integument has characteristics which make cellophane stripping inherently variable, but in general, when corneous materials were removed, they are replaced over a period of one to two weeks, by a tissue with the histological characteristics of the normal alpha-layer. This tissue may be produced by stimulated germinal activity and/or metaplasia of the other presumptive cell populations. In caiman, the thickness of the corneous tissues of the outer scale surface is reduced by stripping and the tissue is restored to normal in approximately two weeks by stimulated germinal proliferation. Measurements of cutaneous water loss (CWL) before, immediately after, and during two weeks post-trauma revealed the following. There is a sudden rise in CWL immediately after stripping, and values decline over the next two weeks as the corneous tissues are replaced. The results are interpreted as indicating that, as in mammals, the impermeability of the epidermis depends on the thickness of the corneous materials. In squamates it appears that the physiological barrier is the alpha-layer of the epidermal generation, and while the beta-layer cannot be excluded as playing some role in reducing the permeability of the integument, its role appears to be primarily mechanical.", "PMID": 641483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_834", "title": "Experimental studies on hatching behavior in the chick. IV. Evidence for the role of a noradrenergic mechanism.", "content": "In the present experiments we have attempted to determine whether one or more of the biogenic amines are involved in the prehatching and hatching behavior of the chick. Injection of reserpine first induces a depression in ongoing spontaneous motility on day 16 of incubation. Prior to this, reserpine has no apparent effect on embryonic behavior. Reserpine injections on days 17-19 induce a similar behavioral depression that lasts for at least six hours; by 24 hours post-injection the behavior of reserpine-treated embryos is comparable to controls. Injection of reserpine on day 20 (post-pip) delays hatching by about nine hours. Injection of reserpine into the yolk-sac of eggs prior to incubation also delays hatching by eight to nine hours. It is unlikely that the well-known cardiovascular effects of reserpine are involved in the above behavioral results since spinal embryos also exhibit a behavioral depression following reserpine treatment. Biochemical estimation of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain of reserpine-treated embryos suggest that it is release, not depletion, of the catecholamines that is responsible for the behavioral effects. Additional suport for this notion comes from experiments in which 16- or 18-day old embryos were injected with NE, L-dopa or amphetamine. In each case, a behavioral depression similar to that produced by reserpine resulted. Clonidine, a NE agonist induces a depression in certain aspects of embryonic behavior (Types 1 and 2), but also selectively enhances a corrdinated motor pattern (type 3 motility) involved in prehatching behavior (tucking). Clonidine first evokes this behavior pattern one or two days prior to its spontaneous appearance on day 16. After pipping on day 19 or 20 clonidine no longer activates Type 3 behavior, even if injected during the actual hatching process (climax). Since the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine blocks the effect of clonidine on Type 3 tucking behavior, whereas the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol does not, we suggest that tucking and the attainment of the hatching position are mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism in the brain and/or spinal cord. Furthermore, since clonidine affects the Type 3 behavior associated with tucking, but not the somewhat similar coordinated behavior involved in hatching and emergence from the shell (climax), we propose that this later behavior pattern be given a new name, Type 4 motility.", "contents": "Experimental studies on hatching behavior in the chick. IV. Evidence for the role of a noradrenergic mechanism. In the present experiments we have attempted to determine whether one or more of the biogenic amines are involved in the prehatching and hatching behavior of the chick. Injection of reserpine first induces a depression in ongoing spontaneous motility on day 16 of incubation. Prior to this, reserpine has no apparent effect on embryonic behavior. Reserpine injections on days 17-19 induce a similar behavioral depression that lasts for at least six hours; by 24 hours post-injection the behavior of reserpine-treated embryos is comparable to controls. Injection of reserpine on day 20 (post-pip) delays hatching by about nine hours. Injection of reserpine into the yolk-sac of eggs prior to incubation also delays hatching by eight to nine hours. It is unlikely that the well-known cardiovascular effects of reserpine are involved in the above behavioral results since spinal embryos also exhibit a behavioral depression following reserpine treatment. Biochemical estimation of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain of reserpine-treated embryos suggest that it is release, not depletion, of the catecholamines that is responsible for the behavioral effects. Additional suport for this notion comes from experiments in which 16- or 18-day old embryos were injected with NE, L-dopa or amphetamine. In each case, a behavioral depression similar to that produced by reserpine resulted. Clonidine, a NE agonist induces a depression in certain aspects of embryonic behavior (Types 1 and 2), but also selectively enhances a corrdinated motor pattern (type 3 motility) involved in prehatching behavior (tucking). Clonidine first evokes this behavior pattern one or two days prior to its spontaneous appearance on day 16. After pipping on day 19 or 20 clonidine no longer activates Type 3 behavior, even if injected during the actual hatching process (climax). Since the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine blocks the effect of clonidine on Type 3 tucking behavior, whereas the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol does not, we suggest that tucking and the attainment of the hatching position are mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism in the brain and/or spinal cord. Furthermore, since clonidine affects the Type 3 behavior associated with tucking, but not the somewhat similar coordinated behavior involved in hatching and emergence from the shell (climax), we propose that this later behavior pattern be given a new name, Type 4 motility.", "PMID": 641484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_835", "title": "The role of extracellular material in chick neurulation. II. Surface morphology of neuroepithelial cells during neural fold fusion.", "content": "Changes in cell surface morphology of the neuroepithelium during fusion of neural folds in the chick were studied. As the folds were about to meet, a thick extracellular coat material (ECM) appeared between the two leading edges. Cell membranes forming the fusion area were relatively smooth and heavily coated with ECM. By contrast, the apical surface of most cells lining the wall of the neural tube was folded with much less ECM. During the contact of neural folds, ECM was displaced from the space between the two leading edges, leaving a thin, closely adherent \"typical\" cell surface coat. Trypsin and concanavalin A inhibited proper alignment and fusion of apposing neural folds by modifying the surface of developing neuroepithelium. Results of this study support a hypothesis that ECM may serve temporarily as an adhesive to bind together the leading edges of neural folds until establishment of more intimate contacts (junctional complexes).", "contents": "The role of extracellular material in chick neurulation. II. Surface morphology of neuroepithelial cells during neural fold fusion. Changes in cell surface morphology of the neuroepithelium during fusion of neural folds in the chick were studied. As the folds were about to meet, a thick extracellular coat material (ECM) appeared between the two leading edges. Cell membranes forming the fusion area were relatively smooth and heavily coated with ECM. By contrast, the apical surface of most cells lining the wall of the neural tube was folded with much less ECM. During the contact of neural folds, ECM was displaced from the space between the two leading edges, leaving a thin, closely adherent \"typical\" cell surface coat. Trypsin and concanavalin A inhibited proper alignment and fusion of apposing neural folds by modifying the surface of developing neuroepithelium. Results of this study support a hypothesis that ECM may serve temporarily as an adhesive to bind together the leading edges of neural folds until establishment of more intimate contacts (junctional complexes).", "PMID": 641485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_836", "title": "Immunological specificity of anti-zona binding to zona pellucida.", "content": "Biochemically purified and F(ab')2 immunoglobulin fractions were prepared from several antisera, including a human serum, which contained anti-zona pellucida activity. Anti-zona activity was monitored either by the formation of the antibody produced precipitation layer on the zona following antiserum treatment and/or by the indirect fluorescent antibody method. No changes in anti-zona activity were observed when the purified and the digested immunoglobulin preparations from each antiserum were compared to their whole serum counterparts. It is included that anti-zona binding to the zona as well as the formation of the precipitation layer on the zona is the result of a specific antigen-antibody reaction.", "contents": "Immunological specificity of anti-zona binding to zona pellucida. Biochemically purified and F(ab')2 immunoglobulin fractions were prepared from several antisera, including a human serum, which contained anti-zona pellucida activity. Anti-zona activity was monitored either by the formation of the antibody produced precipitation layer on the zona following antiserum treatment and/or by the indirect fluorescent antibody method. No changes in anti-zona activity were observed when the purified and the digested immunoglobulin preparations from each antiserum were compared to their whole serum counterparts. It is included that anti-zona binding to the zona as well as the formation of the precipitation layer on the zona is the result of a specific antigen-antibody reaction.", "PMID": 641486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_837", "title": "Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). VI. The route of injected tracer transport in the follicle and developing oocyte.", "content": "In Xenopus laevis, vitellogenin (the yolk precursor) is synthesized in the liver and transported via the circulatory system to the ovary. In order to reach developing oocytes where it is sequestered, it must exit the circulatory system and traverse several follicular tissue layers including the theca, the follicle cell layer, and the vitelline envelope. This study demonstrates this pathway by means of electron-opaque tracers, and follows the fate of heterologous macromolecules after their incorporation into the ooplasm. The tracers used were horseradish peroxidase, iron dextran, ferritin, and thorotrast. The bulk of the tracers exit the circulatory system through gaps between adjacent capillary endothelial cells and migrate into the connective tissue theca, where they appear randomly dispersed. All tracers, except thorotrast, penetrate the basement membrane on the distal surface of the follicle cells and pass through channels between adjacent follicle cells into the vitelline envelope and to the surface of developing oocytes, where they are incorporated by endocytosis. Endosomes which contain tracer, and also presumably vitellogenin, fuse to form primordial yolk platelets. During this fusion process an extensive network of smooth-surfaced tubules arises in the peripheral ooplasm. Endosomes and/or primordial yolk platelets continue to fuse with each other, resulting in the growth of primordial platelets which move deeper into the ooplasm, where they are transformed into yolk platelets with crystalline main bodies. Peroxidase and iron dextran remain in the superficial layer of the platelet, while ferritin is present in both the superficial layer and the crystalline main body.", "contents": "Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). VI. The route of injected tracer transport in the follicle and developing oocyte. In Xenopus laevis, vitellogenin (the yolk precursor) is synthesized in the liver and transported via the circulatory system to the ovary. In order to reach developing oocytes where it is sequestered, it must exit the circulatory system and traverse several follicular tissue layers including the theca, the follicle cell layer, and the vitelline envelope. This study demonstrates this pathway by means of electron-opaque tracers, and follows the fate of heterologous macromolecules after their incorporation into the ooplasm. The tracers used were horseradish peroxidase, iron dextran, ferritin, and thorotrast. The bulk of the tracers exit the circulatory system through gaps between adjacent capillary endothelial cells and migrate into the connective tissue theca, where they appear randomly dispersed. All tracers, except thorotrast, penetrate the basement membrane on the distal surface of the follicle cells and pass through channels between adjacent follicle cells into the vitelline envelope and to the surface of developing oocytes, where they are incorporated by endocytosis. Endosomes which contain tracer, and also presumably vitellogenin, fuse to form primordial yolk platelets. During this fusion process an extensive network of smooth-surfaced tubules arises in the peripheral ooplasm. Endosomes and/or primordial yolk platelets continue to fuse with each other, resulting in the growth of primordial platelets which move deeper into the ooplasm, where they are transformed into yolk platelets with crystalline main bodies. Peroxidase and iron dextran remain in the superficial layer of the platelet, while ferritin is present in both the superficial layer and the crystalline main body.", "PMID": 641487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_838", "title": "Organ culture of mammalian skin and the effects of ultraviolet light and testosterone on melanocyte morphology and function.", "content": "Scrotal skin of black Long-Evans rats and human thigh skin were maintained in vitro as organ cultures for as long as 14 days, and examined histologically using the combined skin splitting and Dopa techniques. Selected rat skin cultures received testosterone in the culture medium and/or were irradiated with ultraviolet light (290-320 nm UVL). With increased time in culture, scrotal melanocytes round up and there is an increase in epidermal pigmentation. Human skin behaves similarly; after eight days in vitro human melanocytes also become rounded, but remain strongly Dopa-positive. Addition of exogenous testosterone to cultured rat skin maintains dendritic morphology of melanocytes, but cell body size is still reduced. UVL irradiation stimulates melanocytes in rat skin cultures, maintaining their dendritic morphology and increasing epidermal and dermal pigmentation. Cultured skin receiving both UVL and testosterone illustrates a synergistic effect. Electron microscopic examination of cultured rat skin shows the presence of large melanosome complexes in keratinocytes, much larger than those found in vivo. Melanocytes appear to be active as they contain an extensive Golgi zone, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and melanosomes in various stages of formation. Dermis contained many dermal melanocytes and macrophages laden with melanosomes, correlating with the increased visible dermal pigmentation in vitro. This UVL stimulation of melanocytes in our skin organ cultures contrasts with the lack of melanogenic stimulation found in melanoma cell cultures. Our findings suggest that the intact epidermal melanin unit may be necessary for UVL stimulation of melanocytes.", "contents": "Organ culture of mammalian skin and the effects of ultraviolet light and testosterone on melanocyte morphology and function. Scrotal skin of black Long-Evans rats and human thigh skin were maintained in vitro as organ cultures for as long as 14 days, and examined histologically using the combined skin splitting and Dopa techniques. Selected rat skin cultures received testosterone in the culture medium and/or were irradiated with ultraviolet light (290-320 nm UVL). With increased time in culture, scrotal melanocytes round up and there is an increase in epidermal pigmentation. Human skin behaves similarly; after eight days in vitro human melanocytes also become rounded, but remain strongly Dopa-positive. Addition of exogenous testosterone to cultured rat skin maintains dendritic morphology of melanocytes, but cell body size is still reduced. UVL irradiation stimulates melanocytes in rat skin cultures, maintaining their dendritic morphology and increasing epidermal and dermal pigmentation. Cultured skin receiving both UVL and testosterone illustrates a synergistic effect. Electron microscopic examination of cultured rat skin shows the presence of large melanosome complexes in keratinocytes, much larger than those found in vivo. Melanocytes appear to be active as they contain an extensive Golgi zone, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and melanosomes in various stages of formation. Dermis contained many dermal melanocytes and macrophages laden with melanosomes, correlating with the increased visible dermal pigmentation in vitro. This UVL stimulation of melanocytes in our skin organ cultures contrasts with the lack of melanogenic stimulation found in melanoma cell cultures. Our findings suggest that the intact epidermal melanin unit may be necessary for UVL stimulation of melanocytes.", "PMID": 641488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_839", "title": "Proteolytic degradation of protamine during thiol-induced nuclear decondensation in rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Rabbit sperm nuclei decondensed when incubated with dithiothreitol and Triton X-100. Protamine isolated from these nuclei during the course of treatment exhibited marked and progressive degradation. Timed interval experiments revealed that the degradation of protamine significantly preceded sperm nuclear decondensation and reached its maximum extent before decondensation was completed. Studies with protease inhibitors demonstrated that proteolysis was involved in both nuclear decondensation and protamine degradation.", "contents": "Proteolytic degradation of protamine during thiol-induced nuclear decondensation in rabbit spermatozoa. Rabbit sperm nuclei decondensed when incubated with dithiothreitol and Triton X-100. Protamine isolated from these nuclei during the course of treatment exhibited marked and progressive degradation. Timed interval experiments revealed that the degradation of protamine significantly preceded sperm nuclear decondensation and reached its maximum extent before decondensation was completed. Studies with protease inhibitors demonstrated that proteolysis was involved in both nuclear decondensation and protamine degradation.", "PMID": 641489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_840", "title": "Trypsinization increases lectin-induced agglutinability of uncapacitated guinea pig sperm.", "content": "Capacitated guinea pig sperm are more agglutinable by the lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) than uncapacitated sperm (Talbot and Franklin, '78). This study demonstrates that uncapacitated guinea pig sperm become as agglutinable by SBA as capacitated sperm when treated with trypsin, but not chymotrypsin. The pattern of lectin induced sperm agglutination after trypsinization resembles that for capacitated sperm. Also, trypsinization specifically increases SBA induced agglutination and does not affect agglutination by RCA-60; similar results are obtained during in vitro capacitation. Taken together, these data may indicate that a trypsin-like enzyme modifies the sperm surface during capacitation.", "contents": "Trypsinization increases lectin-induced agglutinability of uncapacitated guinea pig sperm. Capacitated guinea pig sperm are more agglutinable by the lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) than uncapacitated sperm (Talbot and Franklin, '78). This study demonstrates that uncapacitated guinea pig sperm become as agglutinable by SBA as capacitated sperm when treated with trypsin, but not chymotrypsin. The pattern of lectin induced sperm agglutination after trypsinization resembles that for capacitated sperm. Also, trypsinization specifically increases SBA induced agglutination and does not affect agglutination by RCA-60; similar results are obtained during in vitro capacitation. Taken together, these data may indicate that a trypsin-like enzyme modifies the sperm surface during capacitation.", "PMID": 641490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_841", "title": "The eel retina. Receptor classes and spectral mechanisms.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy revealed that there are both rods and cones in the retina of the eel Anguilla rostrata. The rods predominate with a rod to cone ratio of 150:1. The spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eyecup ERG had a peak at about 520 nm and was well fit by a vitamin A2 nomogram pigment with a lambdamax = 520 nm. This agrees with the eel photopigment measurements of other investigators. This result implies that a single spectral mechanism--the rods--provides the input for the dark-adapted ERG. The spectral sensitivity of the ERG to flicker in the light-adapted eyecup preparation was shifted to longer wavelengths; it peaked at around 550 nm. However, there was evidence that this technique might not have completely eliminated rod intrusion. Rod responses were abolished in a bleached isolated retina preparation, in which it was shown that there were two classes of cone-like mechanisms, one with lambdamax of 550 nm and the other with lambdamax of less than 450 nm. Ganglion cell recording provided preliminary evidence for opponent-color processing. Horizontal cells were only of the L type with both rod and cone inputs.", "contents": "The eel retina. Receptor classes and spectral mechanisms. Light and electron microscopy revealed that there are both rods and cones in the retina of the eel Anguilla rostrata. The rods predominate with a rod to cone ratio of 150:1. The spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eyecup ERG had a peak at about 520 nm and was well fit by a vitamin A2 nomogram pigment with a lambdamax = 520 nm. This agrees with the eel photopigment measurements of other investigators. This result implies that a single spectral mechanism--the rods--provides the input for the dark-adapted ERG. The spectral sensitivity of the ERG to flicker in the light-adapted eyecup preparation was shifted to longer wavelengths; it peaked at around 550 nm. However, there was evidence that this technique might not have completely eliminated rod intrusion. Rod responses were abolished in a bleached isolated retina preparation, in which it was shown that there were two classes of cone-like mechanisms, one with lambdamax of 550 nm and the other with lambdamax of less than 450 nm. Ganglion cell recording provided preliminary evidence for opponent-color processing. Horizontal cells were only of the L type with both rod and cone inputs.", "PMID": 641517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_842", "title": "The eel retina. Ganglion cell classes and spatial mechanisms.", "content": "We have been able to separate optic fibers in the eye of the eel Anguilla rostrata into two distinct classes on the basis of spatial summation properties. X fibers, the first class, are like X ganglion cells in the cat: they have null positions for contrast reversal sine gratings; they respond at the modulation frequency; and many have a strong surround mechanism. X fibers, the second class, respond with an \"on-off\" response to local stimulation, to diffuse light modulation, to coarse drifting gratings, and to contrast reversal gratings. We have put forward a model for the receptive field of X fibers which involves two subunits, with rectification before the subunits add their signals. This model accounts for many of the quirks of X fibers.", "contents": "The eel retina. Ganglion cell classes and spatial mechanisms. We have been able to separate optic fibers in the eye of the eel Anguilla rostrata into two distinct classes on the basis of spatial summation properties. X fibers, the first class, are like X ganglion cells in the cat: they have null positions for contrast reversal sine gratings; they respond at the modulation frequency; and many have a strong surround mechanism. X fibers, the second class, respond with an \"on-off\" response to local stimulation, to diffuse light modulation, to coarse drifting gratings, and to contrast reversal gratings. We have put forward a model for the receptive field of X fibers which involves two subunits, with rectification before the subunits add their signals. This model accounts for many of the quirks of X fibers.", "PMID": 641518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_843", "title": "Interaction of chemosensory, visual, and statocyst pathways in Hermissenda crassicornis.", "content": "Neurons in the cerebropleural ganglia (CPG), photoreceptors in the eye, optic ganglion cells, and statocyst hair cells of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis responded in specific ways, as recorded intracellularly, to stimulation of the chemosensory pathway originating at the tentacular chemoreceptors as well as to stimulation of the visual pathway originating at the photoreceptors. Synaptic inhibition of photoreceptors occurs via the chemosensory pathway. The possible significance of such intersensory interaction is discussed with reference to preliminary investigation of the animal's gustatory behavior and possible neural mechanisms of behavioral choice.", "contents": "Interaction of chemosensory, visual, and statocyst pathways in Hermissenda crassicornis. Neurons in the cerebropleural ganglia (CPG), photoreceptors in the eye, optic ganglion cells, and statocyst hair cells of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis responded in specific ways, as recorded intracellularly, to stimulation of the chemosensory pathway originating at the tentacular chemoreceptors as well as to stimulation of the visual pathway originating at the photoreceptors. Synaptic inhibition of photoreceptors occurs via the chemosensory pathway. The possible significance of such intersensory interaction is discussed with reference to preliminary investigation of the animal's gustatory behavior and possible neural mechanisms of behavioral choice.", "PMID": 641519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_844", "title": "The permeability of single capillaries to potassium ions.", "content": "This paper reports a description of methods for determining the diffusional permeability to potassium ions of single capillaries in the frog mesentery. By means of micropipettes, injections or infusions were delivered into a single capillary. The subsequent concentration variations in and about the capillary were followed with K(+)-sensitive microelectrodes. A theoretical analysis is provided which give a quantitative frame of reference for evaluating the observed time-concentration curves in terms of capillary permeability. The advantage of single capillary studies is that the surface area through which diffusion occurs is known as is the concentration difference across the capillary membrane. Three different techniques are: (a) the \"single injection\" method which represents an application of the indicator diffusion technique where a high-K(+) bolus is injected into a single capillary; (b) the \"sack\" method which determines the rate of K(+) disappearance from within and immediately outside an occluded capillary segment, after a brief increase in intracapillary K(+) concentration; and (c) the \"interstitial diffusion\" method which records time and spatial distribution of K(+) in the interstitial space after a step-change in intracapillary K(+) concentration. The methods gave an average potassium permeability of the capillary membrane of 67x10(-5) cm s(-1) (SD: 23, n=26) at room temperature. These figures are clearly higher than those previously reported in mammalian capillary studies using whole-organ techniques. In terms of the pappenheimer pore model, this estimate of capillary permeability is consistent with the behavior of a membrane with a thickness of 1.0 mum which possesses equivalent pores with a radius of 110 A, a fractional pore area of 0.3 percent, and a pore density of 8 mum(-2).", "contents": "The permeability of single capillaries to potassium ions. This paper reports a description of methods for determining the diffusional permeability to potassium ions of single capillaries in the frog mesentery. By means of micropipettes, injections or infusions were delivered into a single capillary. The subsequent concentration variations in and about the capillary were followed with K(+)-sensitive microelectrodes. A theoretical analysis is provided which give a quantitative frame of reference for evaluating the observed time-concentration curves in terms of capillary permeability. The advantage of single capillary studies is that the surface area through which diffusion occurs is known as is the concentration difference across the capillary membrane. Three different techniques are: (a) the \"single injection\" method which represents an application of the indicator diffusion technique where a high-K(+) bolus is injected into a single capillary; (b) the \"sack\" method which determines the rate of K(+) disappearance from within and immediately outside an occluded capillary segment, after a brief increase in intracapillary K(+) concentration; and (c) the \"interstitial diffusion\" method which records time and spatial distribution of K(+) in the interstitial space after a step-change in intracapillary K(+) concentration. The methods gave an average potassium permeability of the capillary membrane of 67x10(-5) cm s(-1) (SD: 23, n=26) at room temperature. These figures are clearly higher than those previously reported in mammalian capillary studies using whole-organ techniques. In terms of the pappenheimer pore model, this estimate of capillary permeability is consistent with the behavior of a membrane with a thickness of 1.0 mum which possesses equivalent pores with a radius of 110 A, a fractional pore area of 0.3 percent, and a pore density of 8 mum(-2).", "PMID": 641520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_845", "title": "Physiological basis of the selective advantage of a Spirillum sp. in a carbon-limited environment.", "content": "A Spirillum sp. and a Pseudomonas sp. possessing crossing substrate saturation curves for L-lactate were isolated from fresh water by chemostat enrichment. Their Ks and mumax values for L-lactate were: Spirillum sp., 23 micrometer and 0.35 h-1, respectively; Pseudomonas sp., 91 micrometer and 0.64 h-1, respectively. Under L-lactate limitation, pseudomonas sp. outgrew Spirillum s. at dilution rates (D) above 0.29 h-1, but the converse occurred at lower D values. The advantage of Spirillum sp. increased with decreasing D until, at D = 0.05 h-1 (i.e. L-lactate concentration of approximately 1 micrometer), Pseudomonas sp. was eliminated from the culture essentially as a non-growing population. In Spirillum sp. the Km for L-lactate transport (5.8 micrometer) was threefold lower than in Pseudomonas sp. (20 micrometer); Spirillum sp. also possessed a higher Vmax for the transport of this substrate. The surface to volume ratio was higher in Spirillum sp. and increased more markedly than in Pseudomonas sp. in response to decreasing D. Thus, a more efficient scavenging capacity contributes to the advantage of Spirillum sp. at low concentrations of the carbon source. Although most of the enzymes of L-lactate catabolism were more active in Pseudomonas sp., NADH oxidase activity was about twice as high in Spirillum sp.; and, unlike Pseudomonas sp., the cytochrome c content of this bacterium increased markedly with decreasing D. A more active and/or more efficient respiratory chain may therefore also play a role in the advantage of Spirillum sp. The other factors which appear to be involved include a lower energy of maintenance of Spirillum sp. [0.016 g L-lactate (g cell dry wt)-1 h-1 compared with 0.066 in Pseudomonas sp.] and a lower minimal growth rate.", "contents": "Physiological basis of the selective advantage of a Spirillum sp. in a carbon-limited environment. A Spirillum sp. and a Pseudomonas sp. possessing crossing substrate saturation curves for L-lactate were isolated from fresh water by chemostat enrichment. Their Ks and mumax values for L-lactate were: Spirillum sp., 23 micrometer and 0.35 h-1, respectively; Pseudomonas sp., 91 micrometer and 0.64 h-1, respectively. Under L-lactate limitation, pseudomonas sp. outgrew Spirillum s. at dilution rates (D) above 0.29 h-1, but the converse occurred at lower D values. The advantage of Spirillum sp. increased with decreasing D until, at D = 0.05 h-1 (i.e. L-lactate concentration of approximately 1 micrometer), Pseudomonas sp. was eliminated from the culture essentially as a non-growing population. In Spirillum sp. the Km for L-lactate transport (5.8 micrometer) was threefold lower than in Pseudomonas sp. (20 micrometer); Spirillum sp. also possessed a higher Vmax for the transport of this substrate. The surface to volume ratio was higher in Spirillum sp. and increased more markedly than in Pseudomonas sp. in response to decreasing D. Thus, a more efficient scavenging capacity contributes to the advantage of Spirillum sp. at low concentrations of the carbon source. Although most of the enzymes of L-lactate catabolism were more active in Pseudomonas sp., NADH oxidase activity was about twice as high in Spirillum sp.; and, unlike Pseudomonas sp., the cytochrome c content of this bacterium increased markedly with decreasing D. A more active and/or more efficient respiratory chain may therefore also play a role in the advantage of Spirillum sp. The other factors which appear to be involved include a lower energy of maintenance of Spirillum sp. [0.016 g L-lactate (g cell dry wt)-1 h-1 compared with 0.066 in Pseudomonas sp.] and a lower minimal growth rate.", "PMID": 641523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_846", "title": "A study of the interaction between oral streptococci and hard surfaces.", "content": "A rotating disc method was used to compare the tendencies of two oral streptococci to deposit on to glass and polystyrene surfaces from electrolyte solutions of varying ionic strength. Streptococcus salivarius had a greater tendency to deposit than had Streptococcus mitior under these condition. In addition to the balance of van der Waals' forces of attraction and electrostatic forces of repulsion, it is suggested that the adsorption to the glass and polystyrene surfaces of material present in the outer layers of the cell wall could play a significant part in the deposition of S. salivarius.", "contents": "A study of the interaction between oral streptococci and hard surfaces. A rotating disc method was used to compare the tendencies of two oral streptococci to deposit on to glass and polystyrene surfaces from electrolyte solutions of varying ionic strength. Streptococcus salivarius had a greater tendency to deposit than had Streptococcus mitior under these condition. In addition to the balance of van der Waals' forces of attraction and electrostatic forces of repulsion, it is suggested that the adsorption to the glass and polystyrene surfaces of material present in the outer layers of the cell wall could play a significant part in the deposition of S. salivarius.", "PMID": 641524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_847", "title": "Characterization and identification of coagulase-negative, heat-stable deoxyribonuclease-positive staphylococci.", "content": "Various characteristics of 13 coagulase-negative, weakly heat-stable deoxyribonuclease-positive staphylococci from human, veterinary and food sources were determined in an effort to identify them. Nine of the isolates were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (2), Staphylococcus xylosus (2), Staphylococcus simulans (3), Staphylococcus capitis (1) and Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. lentus (1); the other four isolates, from food and veterinary sources, could not be identified as currently accepted or proposed species. Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan compositions were used as key taxonomic characteristics. The determination of heat-stable deoxyribonuclease activity can be useful to detect coagulase-negative S. aureus strains. However, this activity also appears to be present in strains of other staphylococcal species.", "contents": "Characterization and identification of coagulase-negative, heat-stable deoxyribonuclease-positive staphylococci. Various characteristics of 13 coagulase-negative, weakly heat-stable deoxyribonuclease-positive staphylococci from human, veterinary and food sources were determined in an effort to identify them. Nine of the isolates were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (2), Staphylococcus xylosus (2), Staphylococcus simulans (3), Staphylococcus capitis (1) and Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. lentus (1); the other four isolates, from food and veterinary sources, could not be identified as currently accepted or proposed species. Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan compositions were used as key taxonomic characteristics. The determination of heat-stable deoxyribonuclease activity can be useful to detect coagulase-negative S. aureus strains. However, this activity also appears to be present in strains of other staphylococcal species.", "PMID": 641525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_848", "title": "The role of carbonate in the metabolism of glucose by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.", "content": "The amount of Na2CO3 added to semi-synthetic medium determined the length of the lag phase, the growth rate and the dry weight of three strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (WV1, NOR37, B835). With increasing CO3(2-) concentration the molar growth yield of bacteria, from glucosewas increased and, of the fermentation products, formate increased more than the other acids. CO3(2-)-limited cultures of strain WV1 (Group 2 Butyrivibrio) and strain NOR37 (Troup 1 Butyrivibrio) incorporated 14CO3(2-) into lactate and formate. In NOR37, lactate and formate had equal specific activities; in WV1, the formate specific activity was twice that of lactate. Strain WV1 had an active pyruvate synthase and an energy-dependent exchange between CO3(2-) and formate was demonstrated. In strain WV1 butyrate was produced mainly from glucose.", "contents": "The role of carbonate in the metabolism of glucose by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. The amount of Na2CO3 added to semi-synthetic medium determined the length of the lag phase, the growth rate and the dry weight of three strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (WV1, NOR37, B835). With increasing CO3(2-) concentration the molar growth yield of bacteria, from glucosewas increased and, of the fermentation products, formate increased more than the other acids. CO3(2-)-limited cultures of strain WV1 (Group 2 Butyrivibrio) and strain NOR37 (Troup 1 Butyrivibrio) incorporated 14CO3(2-) into lactate and formate. In NOR37, lactate and formate had equal specific activities; in WV1, the formate specific activity was twice that of lactate. Strain WV1 had an active pyruvate synthase and an energy-dependent exchange between CO3(2-) and formate was demonstrated. In strain WV1 butyrate was produced mainly from glucose.", "PMID": 641526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_849", "title": "An alternative pathway for the degradation of endogenous fructose during the catabolism of sucrose in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "Sucrose catabolism was studied in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Sucrose was hydrolysed by the action of a constitutive cytoplasmic sucrase. The use of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient mutant and radiorespirometric experiments demonstrated that both the glucose and fructose moieties of sucrose were catabolized via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. This result was confirmed by enzyme analysis and studies on sugar assimilation. All the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway were present in bacteria grown on secrose but fructokinase (EC 1.7.1.4) activity was relatively low. In contrast, phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase and 1-phosphofructokinase, the key enzymes for the catabolism of exogenous fructose, were only partially induced. Bacteria grown on sucrose and treated with chloramphenicol were, therefore, not able to assimilate exogenous fructose. We conclude that under these conditions endogenous fructose is catabolized via the Entner-Douboroff pathway, while exogenous fructose is degraded via fructose 1-phosphate and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "contents": "An alternative pathway for the degradation of endogenous fructose during the catabolism of sucrose in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Sucrose catabolism was studied in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Sucrose was hydrolysed by the action of a constitutive cytoplasmic sucrase. The use of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient mutant and radiorespirometric experiments demonstrated that both the glucose and fructose moieties of sucrose were catabolized via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. This result was confirmed by enzyme analysis and studies on sugar assimilation. All the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway were present in bacteria grown on secrose but fructokinase (EC 1.7.1.4) activity was relatively low. In contrast, phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase and 1-phosphofructokinase, the key enzymes for the catabolism of exogenous fructose, were only partially induced. Bacteria grown on sucrose and treated with chloramphenicol were, therefore, not able to assimilate exogenous fructose. We conclude that under these conditions endogenous fructose is catabolized via the Entner-Douboroff pathway, while exogenous fructose is degraded via fructose 1-phosphate and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "PMID": 641527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_850", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles) virus persistent infection in BGM cells.", "content": "Infection of BGM cells with the Halle isolate of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) gave rise to a persistent infection (BGM/Halle), whereas infection of another African green monkey kidney cell line (Vero) under identical conditions led to a lytic infection. The BGM/Halle cells multiplied more slowly than the non-infected cells (even when the medium was changed daily). Under such conditions 10(7) to 10(8) p.f.u./ml/24 h of measles virus was released into the medium. It was established that the persistent infection was not due to the accumulation of thermosensitive mutants and that the virus was not modified as measured by several biological parameters. The virus released from BGM/Halle cells had, however, acquired an ability to give rise to a persistent infection in Vero cells. The quantity of virus released from persistently infected Vero cells was very low (10(2) to 10(3) p.f.u./ml). It was concluded that a host-cell factor plays a role in the restriction of virus replication.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles) virus persistent infection in BGM cells. Infection of BGM cells with the Halle isolate of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) gave rise to a persistent infection (BGM/Halle), whereas infection of another African green monkey kidney cell line (Vero) under identical conditions led to a lytic infection. The BGM/Halle cells multiplied more slowly than the non-infected cells (even when the medium was changed daily). Under such conditions 10(7) to 10(8) p.f.u./ml/24 h of measles virus was released into the medium. It was established that the persistent infection was not due to the accumulation of thermosensitive mutants and that the virus was not modified as measured by several biological parameters. The virus released from BGM/Halle cells had, however, acquired an ability to give rise to a persistent infection in Vero cells. The quantity of virus released from persistently infected Vero cells was very low (10(2) to 10(3) p.f.u./ml). It was concluded that a host-cell factor plays a role in the restriction of virus replication.", "PMID": 641529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_851", "title": "The multiplication of an influenza C virus in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells.", "content": "JJ/50 and four other strains of influenza C virus grew in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Multicycle virus growth was markedly enhanced by the addition of trypsin to the culture medium and these viruses could be passaged serially in this system. The addition of appropriate concentrations of trypsin to the agar overlay medium enabled plaquing of influenza C/JJ/50 virus. Titration by plaque assay on MDCK cells was more sensitive than that by intra-amniotic inoculation of fertile hens' eggs.", "contents": "The multiplication of an influenza C virus in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells. JJ/50 and four other strains of influenza C virus grew in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Multicycle virus growth was markedly enhanced by the addition of trypsin to the culture medium and these viruses could be passaged serially in this system. The addition of appropriate concentrations of trypsin to the agar overlay medium enabled plaquing of influenza C/JJ/50 virus. Titration by plaque assay on MDCK cells was more sensitive than that by intra-amniotic inoculation of fertile hens' eggs.", "PMID": 641530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_852", "title": "Presence of genomic polyadenylate and absence of detectable virion transcriptase in human coronavirus OC-43.", "content": "Human coronavirus RNA, prepared by extraction of purified virions with phenol-chloroform, consists of a major 15 to 55S class and a minor 4S class of RNA fragments. Polyadenylic acid [poly (A)] sequences are present in 15 to 55S but not in 4S RNA, suggesting different functions for each class. A stretch of poly (A) of approximately 19 adenosine monophosphate residues was obtained in sizing experiments after digesting OC-43 RNA with pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases. An OC-43 virion RNA transcriptase could not be detected with systems optimal for detecting the transcriptases of influenza and Newcastle disease virus.", "contents": "Presence of genomic polyadenylate and absence of detectable virion transcriptase in human coronavirus OC-43. Human coronavirus RNA, prepared by extraction of purified virions with phenol-chloroform, consists of a major 15 to 55S class and a minor 4S class of RNA fragments. Polyadenylic acid [poly (A)] sequences are present in 15 to 55S but not in 4S RNA, suggesting different functions for each class. A stretch of poly (A) of approximately 19 adenosine monophosphate residues was obtained in sizing experiments after digesting OC-43 RNA with pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases. An OC-43 virion RNA transcriptase could not be detected with systems optimal for detecting the transcriptases of influenza and Newcastle disease virus.", "PMID": 641531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_853", "title": "New type B retrovirus isolates associated with kinetochores and centrioles of the host cell.", "content": "Two new virus isolates, M432 and M832, obtained from the Southeast Asian mouse have been characterized morphologically with respect to their composition and intracellular assembly. The mature virions resemble in certain respects the type B murine retroviruses. The new isolates, however, have an intracellular precursor, a type A particle, closely associated with the mitotic apparatus. The intracellular transport of the type A particles to the cell surface, where they are released by budding, is closely associated with the microtubule system of the cell.", "contents": "New type B retrovirus isolates associated with kinetochores and centrioles of the host cell. Two new virus isolates, M432 and M832, obtained from the Southeast Asian mouse have been characterized morphologically with respect to their composition and intracellular assembly. The mature virions resemble in certain respects the type B murine retroviruses. The new isolates, however, have an intracellular precursor, a type A particle, closely associated with the mitotic apparatus. The intracellular transport of the type A particles to the cell surface, where they are released by budding, is closely associated with the microtubule system of the cell.", "PMID": 641532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_854", "title": "The development of Colorado tick fever virus within cells of the haemopoietic system.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of haemopoietic liver tissue from mice infected in utero or when newborn showed inclusions of Colorado tick fever virus within erythroblasts, reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Inclusions were also seen within erythroblastoid cells undergoing mitosis. Other evidence of virus replication within erythropoietic cells was the presence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear fibres, which have been shown to be associated with Colorado tick fever virus replication. The findings reported here support the hypothesis that virus replication within infected erythropoietic cells occurs concurrently with differentiation of the infected cell, resulting in the presence of virions within erythrocytes.", "contents": "The development of Colorado tick fever virus within cells of the haemopoietic system. Electron microscopic examination of haemopoietic liver tissue from mice infected in utero or when newborn showed inclusions of Colorado tick fever virus within erythroblasts, reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Inclusions were also seen within erythroblastoid cells undergoing mitosis. Other evidence of virus replication within erythropoietic cells was the presence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear fibres, which have been shown to be associated with Colorado tick fever virus replication. The findings reported here support the hypothesis that virus replication within infected erythropoietic cells occurs concurrently with differentiation of the infected cell, resulting in the presence of virions within erythrocytes.", "PMID": 641533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_855", "title": "Justifying inpatient admissions at a community mental health center.", "content": "A model for screening and reviewing inpatient psychiatric admissions at a community mental health center is presented in which the process, including the use of both a diagnostic criteria set and a functional criteria scale, is described. Results of a time-limited experimental program indicated that the diagnostic criteria set could be applied in approximately three fourths of the admissions, while the scale of function could be utilized in all cases. Also, a statistically high rate of concordance was found both when the two methods were used by the same evaluator, and when two independent evaluators were employing the same method. At the conclusion of the final review, 6 of 273 admissions or 2.2 per cent were unjustified. The pilot program demonstrated that 90 per cent of the admissions could be screened adequately by nonphysicians. The average time expended by in-house staff including screeners, reviewers, and supportive staff was estimated to be 58.4 minutes per admission with an average direct cost per case of $6.68. Had the review been performed by physicians in local practice, the average cost per case was estimated to be $8.93. The six unjustified admissions represented an average reviewing cost of about $240 per case.", "contents": "Justifying inpatient admissions at a community mental health center. A model for screening and reviewing inpatient psychiatric admissions at a community mental health center is presented in which the process, including the use of both a diagnostic criteria set and a functional criteria scale, is described. Results of a time-limited experimental program indicated that the diagnostic criteria set could be applied in approximately three fourths of the admissions, while the scale of function could be utilized in all cases. Also, a statistically high rate of concordance was found both when the two methods were used by the same evaluator, and when two independent evaluators were employing the same method. At the conclusion of the final review, 6 of 273 admissions or 2.2 per cent were unjustified. The pilot program demonstrated that 90 per cent of the admissions could be screened adequately by nonphysicians. The average time expended by in-house staff including screeners, reviewers, and supportive staff was estimated to be 58.4 minutes per admission with an average direct cost per case of $6.68. Had the review been performed by physicians in local practice, the average cost per case was estimated to be $8.93. The six unjustified admissions represented an average reviewing cost of about $240 per case.", "PMID": 641534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_856", "title": "Family history as a diagnostic aid in two samples of adolescents.", "content": "Psychiatric diagnostic patterns were examined in two different samples of adolescents, one a group of psychiatric inpatients and the second youth apprehended by the law for alcohol-related difficulties. Affective disorder in parents was most closely correlated with a similar patient diagnosis or constellation of depressive-type symptoms in both samples of youth. Parental antisocial personalities, alcohol abuse, or drug problems correlated most closely with high levels of similar difficulties in individuals in the two studied groups. However, antisocial, alcohol, or drug problems of a mild degree were present in all subgroups of the two samples, perhaps representing a nonspecific reaction to parental illness or the occurrence of a broken home. A follow-up of future problems in both samples will be carried out to determine the importance of the family history and clinical picture in predicting the future course of problems.", "contents": "Family history as a diagnostic aid in two samples of adolescents. Psychiatric diagnostic patterns were examined in two different samples of adolescents, one a group of psychiatric inpatients and the second youth apprehended by the law for alcohol-related difficulties. Affective disorder in parents was most closely correlated with a similar patient diagnosis or constellation of depressive-type symptoms in both samples of youth. Parental antisocial personalities, alcohol abuse, or drug problems correlated most closely with high levels of similar difficulties in individuals in the two studied groups. However, antisocial, alcohol, or drug problems of a mild degree were present in all subgroups of the two samples, perhaps representing a nonspecific reaction to parental illness or the occurrence of a broken home. A follow-up of future problems in both samples will be carried out to determine the importance of the family history and clinical picture in predicting the future course of problems.", "PMID": 641535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_857", "title": "Psychological correlates of monoamine oxidase activity in normals.", "content": "This study replicates and extends earlier work by finding that low levels of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity correlate with sensation seeking, high ego strength, positive affect, and high leisure time activity levels, somewhat similar psychological correlates also being found for plasma amine oxidase activity. Although there are several ways in which a schizophrenia/MAO relationship may exist and still be congruent with the present data, these results pose difficulties for theories which link low MAO activity levels specifically to schizophrenia. Nothing in the present findings, however, is incongruent with the possibility of an association between low platelet MAO activity and bipolar affective disorder.", "contents": "Psychological correlates of monoamine oxidase activity in normals. This study replicates and extends earlier work by finding that low levels of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity correlate with sensation seeking, high ego strength, positive affect, and high leisure time activity levels, somewhat similar psychological correlates also being found for plasma amine oxidase activity. Although there are several ways in which a schizophrenia/MAO relationship may exist and still be congruent with the present data, these results pose difficulties for theories which link low MAO activity levels specifically to schizophrenia. Nothing in the present findings, however, is incongruent with the possibility of an association between low platelet MAO activity and bipolar affective disorder.", "PMID": 641536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_858", "title": "Implications for concepts of psychopathology of studies of economic principles in behavior therapy programs.", "content": "In several studies of token economies, it has been observed repeatedly that chronic psychiatric patients conform to the same economic principles as explain the activities of presumably normal participants in the national consumer economy. Such observations are consistent with behavior therapy's assumptions that those labeled mentally ill follow the same psychological and social lows as those considered normal and that behavior is responsive to specific situational determinants. Although they disprove nothing, these observations may pose problems for more traditional approaches which view psychopathology as the result of central disorders or deficits with diffuse effects across a wide range of ordinary life situations.", "contents": "Implications for concepts of psychopathology of studies of economic principles in behavior therapy programs. In several studies of token economies, it has been observed repeatedly that chronic psychiatric patients conform to the same economic principles as explain the activities of presumably normal participants in the national consumer economy. Such observations are consistent with behavior therapy's assumptions that those labeled mentally ill follow the same psychological and social lows as those considered normal and that behavior is responsive to specific situational determinants. Although they disprove nothing, these observations may pose problems for more traditional approaches which view psychopathology as the result of central disorders or deficits with diffuse effects across a wide range of ordinary life situations.", "PMID": 641537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_859", "title": "A comparison of four scales that assess premorbid competence.", "content": "Premorbid competence has come to be considered an important dimension in predicting outcome in schizophrenia. From the growing number of social adjustment scales, this study focused on the four instruments that are currently used to assess premorbid competence specifically. The usefulness of these instruments was compared using the degree of inter-rater reliability and scale intercorrelation. Although the concept of premorbid adjustment appears increasingly complex, consisting of stages of adjustment and different levels for a single patient, at present the Phillips Scale has the best relative accuracy and clinical applicability.", "contents": "A comparison of four scales that assess premorbid competence. Premorbid competence has come to be considered an important dimension in predicting outcome in schizophrenia. From the growing number of social adjustment scales, this study focused on the four instruments that are currently used to assess premorbid competence specifically. The usefulness of these instruments was compared using the degree of inter-rater reliability and scale intercorrelation. Although the concept of premorbid adjustment appears increasingly complex, consisting of stages of adjustment and different levels for a single patient, at present the Phillips Scale has the best relative accuracy and clinical applicability.", "PMID": 641538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_860", "title": "Single case study. A novel psychiatric adjunct to cancer therapy.", "content": "Confronted with the hazards of a patient unable to cooperate predictably with a 3-day radium implantation procedure as a part of cancer therapy, the authors describe in a case report their solution to an unusual clinical dilemma. The patient displayed adverse responses to psychotropics and nursing care was markedly restricted by radiation exposure limits. Behavioral management of the patient through the interval of radium therapy was successfully effected by the use of closed-circuit television monitoring combined with brief nursing interventions. This novel psychiatric adjunct to cancer therapy averted the threat posed by displacement of the radium implants.", "contents": "Single case study. A novel psychiatric adjunct to cancer therapy. Confronted with the hazards of a patient unable to cooperate predictably with a 3-day radium implantation procedure as a part of cancer therapy, the authors describe in a case report their solution to an unusual clinical dilemma. The patient displayed adverse responses to psychotropics and nursing care was markedly restricted by radiation exposure limits. Behavioral management of the patient through the interval of radium therapy was successfully effected by the use of closed-circuit television monitoring combined with brief nursing interventions. This novel psychiatric adjunct to cancer therapy averted the threat posed by displacement of the radium implants.", "PMID": 641540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_861", "title": "Single case study. Possible organophosphate-induced parkinsonism.", "content": "A case of possible organophosphate-induced parkinsonism is presented. The patient was a crop duster with numerous episodes of acute organophosphate intoxication and chronic organophosphate exposure. The etiology of parkinsonism is discussed in terms of a balance hypothesis between cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. A possible relationship between chronic organophosphate exposure and alterations in central cholinergic or dopaminergic activity is suggested. The course of this patient raises the possibility that agricultural workers may be at risk for the late development of parkinsonism.", "contents": "Single case study. Possible organophosphate-induced parkinsonism. A case of possible organophosphate-induced parkinsonism is presented. The patient was a crop duster with numerous episodes of acute organophosphate intoxication and chronic organophosphate exposure. The etiology of parkinsonism is discussed in terms of a balance hypothesis between cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. A possible relationship between chronic organophosphate exposure and alterations in central cholinergic or dopaminergic activity is suggested. The course of this patient raises the possibility that agricultural workers may be at risk for the late development of parkinsonism.", "PMID": 641541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_862", "title": "Effect of lergotrile on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentration and dopamine turnover in rat brain.", "content": "Lergotrile, a dopamine agonist, lowered whole brain DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) concentration in rats. At low doses down to 0.5 mg/kg of lergotrile mesylate, this effect occurred within 30 min, whereas at higher doses (20 mg/kg) the decline in DOPAC was delayed. The decrease in DOPAC persisted for several hours and presumably resulted from a compensatory decrease in brain dopamine turnover secondary to receptor stimulation by lergotrile. Other indications of decreased brain dopamine turnover after lergotrile included (a) a slower decline in dopamine concentration after synthesis inhibition by alpha-methyltyrosine, (b) a slower decline in alpha-methyl-m-tyramine, a false transmitter that is stored and released by dopamine neurons, and (c) a decreased accumulation of dopamine in response to gamma-butyrolactone, an agent that blocks firing and dopamine release by dopamine neurons. Lergotrile mesylate (20 mg/kg) also increased brain levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate, metabolites of serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, and these increases were not antagonized by spiperone, a dopamine receptor antagonist.", "contents": "Effect of lergotrile on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentration and dopamine turnover in rat brain. Lergotrile, a dopamine agonist, lowered whole brain DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) concentration in rats. At low doses down to 0.5 mg/kg of lergotrile mesylate, this effect occurred within 30 min, whereas at higher doses (20 mg/kg) the decline in DOPAC was delayed. The decrease in DOPAC persisted for several hours and presumably resulted from a compensatory decrease in brain dopamine turnover secondary to receptor stimulation by lergotrile. Other indications of decreased brain dopamine turnover after lergotrile included (a) a slower decline in dopamine concentration after synthesis inhibition by alpha-methyltyrosine, (b) a slower decline in alpha-methyl-m-tyramine, a false transmitter that is stored and released by dopamine neurons, and (c) a decreased accumulation of dopamine in response to gamma-butyrolactone, an agent that blocks firing and dopamine release by dopamine neurons. Lergotrile mesylate (20 mg/kg) also increased brain levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate, metabolites of serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, and these increases were not antagonized by spiperone, a dopamine receptor antagonist.", "PMID": 641542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_863", "title": "Stimulant and convulsive effects of kynurenines injected into brain ventricles in mice.", "content": "Each of six kynurenines tested (DL-kynurenine, quinolinic, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic, xanthurenic, picolinic, and nicotinic acids) injected into brain ventricles in mice in doses of 25--60 mcg produced motor excitement and/or clonic convulsions. Anthranilic acid did not produce these effects. The strongest metabolite was quinolinic acid, which was active in a dose of 1 mcg. It was also the only compound which produced motor excitement and convulsions after intraperitoneal injection (in doses of 400--600 mg/kg, i.e. 10,000--15,000 mcg per mouse). The hypothermic effect of intraventricularly-injected kynurenines was roughly similar to that of intraperitoneally-injected material at 100--1000 times higher doses. These data suggest poor penetration of kynurenines formed in the liver into the brain, and the possible involvement of these metabolites of tryptophan (particularly if they are formed inside the brain) in the mechanism of seizures.", "contents": "Stimulant and convulsive effects of kynurenines injected into brain ventricles in mice. Each of six kynurenines tested (DL-kynurenine, quinolinic, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic, xanthurenic, picolinic, and nicotinic acids) injected into brain ventricles in mice in doses of 25--60 mcg produced motor excitement and/or clonic convulsions. Anthranilic acid did not produce these effects. The strongest metabolite was quinolinic acid, which was active in a dose of 1 mcg. It was also the only compound which produced motor excitement and convulsions after intraperitoneal injection (in doses of 400--600 mg/kg, i.e. 10,000--15,000 mcg per mouse). The hypothermic effect of intraventricularly-injected kynurenines was roughly similar to that of intraperitoneally-injected material at 100--1000 times higher doses. These data suggest poor penetration of kynurenines formed in the liver into the brain, and the possible involvement of these metabolites of tryptophan (particularly if they are formed inside the brain) in the mechanism of seizures.", "PMID": 641543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_864", "title": "Adrenocorticoids control 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "The influence of surgical adrenalectomy was examined on the biosynthetic capacity for 5-hydroxytryptamine of rat brain. The results demonstrate that adrenalectomy decreased tryptophan hydroxylase activity and its substrate tryptophan in the brain stem. A parallel change in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine was seen in brain stem and striatal region of adrenalectomized rats. In contrast, the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was significantly elevated in both of these brain regions. Replacement therapy with corticosterone (10 mg/kg i.p.) produced time-dependent increases in tryptophan, tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine and decreases in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. Alterations in these neurochemical parameters were more conspicuous in adrenalectomized rats receiving corticosterone for 7 days as compared to those given only for 3 days. Our data demonstrate that adrenocortical hormones regulate brain 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis probably by enhancing both the levels of tryptophan and the activity of rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. It is postulated that emotional instability seen during altered adrenocortical function might partly be associated with abnormal metabolism of central 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "Adrenocorticoids control 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat brain. The influence of surgical adrenalectomy was examined on the biosynthetic capacity for 5-hydroxytryptamine of rat brain. The results demonstrate that adrenalectomy decreased tryptophan hydroxylase activity and its substrate tryptophan in the brain stem. A parallel change in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine was seen in brain stem and striatal region of adrenalectomized rats. In contrast, the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was significantly elevated in both of these brain regions. Replacement therapy with corticosterone (10 mg/kg i.p.) produced time-dependent increases in tryptophan, tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine and decreases in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. Alterations in these neurochemical parameters were more conspicuous in adrenalectomized rats receiving corticosterone for 7 days as compared to those given only for 3 days. Our data demonstrate that adrenocortical hormones regulate brain 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis probably by enhancing both the levels of tryptophan and the activity of rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. It is postulated that emotional instability seen during altered adrenocortical function might partly be associated with abnormal metabolism of central 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "PMID": 641544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_865", "title": "The synaptic significance of metoclopramide induced dyskinetic-dystonic head and neck movements in pregnancy.", "content": "Two young, pregnant women presenting dyskinetic-dystonic crises limited to head and neck (HNDD) due to metoclopramide (MP) were observed. Evidence has been brought for the specific extrapyramidal effect of dyskinetic-dystonic head and neck movements induced by MP in young females. The synaptic action of MP differs from that of the generally accepted dopamine receptor blocking neuroleptics such as the phenothiazines. Concomittant quasi opposing neuroleptic and nonneuroleptic like effects of this drug can not support the mechanism of dopamine receptor blockade as the explanation of the synaptic effect. The concept of \"dopamine receptor imbalance\" may explain the synaptic action of the metoclopramide.", "contents": "The synaptic significance of metoclopramide induced dyskinetic-dystonic head and neck movements in pregnancy. Two young, pregnant women presenting dyskinetic-dystonic crises limited to head and neck (HNDD) due to metoclopramide (MP) were observed. Evidence has been brought for the specific extrapyramidal effect of dyskinetic-dystonic head and neck movements induced by MP in young females. The synaptic action of MP differs from that of the generally accepted dopamine receptor blocking neuroleptics such as the phenothiazines. Concomittant quasi opposing neuroleptic and nonneuroleptic like effects of this drug can not support the mechanism of dopamine receptor blockade as the explanation of the synaptic effect. The concept of \"dopamine receptor imbalance\" may explain the synaptic action of the metoclopramide.", "PMID": 641545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_866", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the anterior horn synapses of rat spinal cord under different locomotor conditions.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in axodendritic synapses of the spinal cord ventral horn are studied in rats subjected to different locomotor conditions: immobilization, control and physical loading. Enhanced motor activity results in a reduction of the number of synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal, as well as flattening and diminution of their size. Other changes correlated with the different motor regimes are likewise established in the number of terminal ending's mitochondria, in \"active zones\", in subjunctional dense bodies, and in the bouton area. Data are treated by means of variation analysis. The significance of differences is established by \"T\"-criterion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the anterior horn synapses of rat spinal cord under different locomotor conditions. Ultrastructural changes in axodendritic synapses of the spinal cord ventral horn are studied in rats subjected to different locomotor conditions: immobilization, control and physical loading. Enhanced motor activity results in a reduction of the number of synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal, as well as flattening and diminution of their size. Other changes correlated with the different motor regimes are likewise established in the number of terminal ending's mitochondria, in \"active zones\", in subjunctional dense bodies, and in the bouton area. Data are treated by means of variation analysis. The significance of differences is established by \"T\"-criterion.", "PMID": 641546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_867", "title": "Outcome following severe head injuries in children.", "content": "The outcome in 53 children following severe head injury is presented. All children were graded using the Glasgow Coma Scale; 90% made a good recovery or were moderately disabled, and 8% died or were left vegetative. All patients were treated with controlled ventilation and steroids; mannitol, and, if necessary, Nembutal (pentobarbital) were used to maintain the intracranial pressure below 20 torr. With this regimen, only one death occurred due to uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. All patients with a coma scale of 5 or greater recovered well. The worst prognostic sign was the presence of flaccidity: 33% of these patients died or were vegetative. Five of seven patients who were decerebrate or flaccid with bilateral fixed pupils and absent caloric responses made a good recovery or were moderately disabled. The relatively low incidence of mass lesions (23%) and high incidence of diffuse cerebral swelling (34%) suggest a different pathophysiological response of the child's brain to injury, which may play a role in the improved survival of children following severe head injury when compared to adults.", "contents": "Outcome following severe head injuries in children. The outcome in 53 children following severe head injury is presented. All children were graded using the Glasgow Coma Scale; 90% made a good recovery or were moderately disabled, and 8% died or were left vegetative. All patients were treated with controlled ventilation and steroids; mannitol, and, if necessary, Nembutal (pentobarbital) were used to maintain the intracranial pressure below 20 torr. With this regimen, only one death occurred due to uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. All patients with a coma scale of 5 or greater recovered well. The worst prognostic sign was the presence of flaccidity: 33% of these patients died or were vegetative. Five of seven patients who were decerebrate or flaccid with bilateral fixed pupils and absent caloric responses made a good recovery or were moderately disabled. The relatively low incidence of mass lesions (23%) and high incidence of diffuse cerebral swelling (34%) suggest a different pathophysiological response of the child's brain to injury, which may play a role in the improved survival of children following severe head injury when compared to adults.", "PMID": 641548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_868", "title": "Autoregulation and CO2 responses of cerebral blood flow in patients with acute severe head injury.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral intraventricular pressure (IVP), systemic arterial blood pressure, and cerebral ventricular fluid (CSF) lactate and pH were studied repeatedly in 23 patients during the acute phase of severe brain injury lasting from 3 to 21 days after the trauma. Cerebrovascular autoregulation was tested repeatedly by means of angiotensin infusion in 21 of the patients, and CO2 response in 14 by means of passive hyperventilation. The pressure in the brain ventricles was measured continuously in all patients and kept below 45 mm Hg during the study. If the IVP increased more than 10 mm Hg during the angiotensin infusion (as in one case), the autoregulation test was considered contraindicated and the angiotensin infusion was discontinued. Dissociation between cerebrovascular autoregulation and CO2 response was a common phenomenon. Typically, autoregulation appeared preserved in the most severely injured areas of the cerebral cortex when the patient was deeply comatose, but deteriorated concomitantly with recovery; by the time the patient became alert, the autoregulation was always impaired. The CO2 response was impaired only in patients who were deeply comatose and had attacks of decerebrate rigidity; during recovery the CO2 response became normal. Thus, preserved autoregulation associated with imparied CO2 response indicated very severe brain damage, whereas impaired autoregulation associated with preserved CO2 response suggested moderate or severe brain damage in recovery. These paradoxical observations raise the question whether the preserved autoregulation seen in severely injured brain tissue is a true autoregulation caused by an active vasoconstrictor response to an increase in blood pressure.", "contents": "Autoregulation and CO2 responses of cerebral blood flow in patients with acute severe head injury. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral intraventricular pressure (IVP), systemic arterial blood pressure, and cerebral ventricular fluid (CSF) lactate and pH were studied repeatedly in 23 patients during the acute phase of severe brain injury lasting from 3 to 21 days after the trauma. Cerebrovascular autoregulation was tested repeatedly by means of angiotensin infusion in 21 of the patients, and CO2 response in 14 by means of passive hyperventilation. The pressure in the brain ventricles was measured continuously in all patients and kept below 45 mm Hg during the study. If the IVP increased more than 10 mm Hg during the angiotensin infusion (as in one case), the autoregulation test was considered contraindicated and the angiotensin infusion was discontinued. Dissociation between cerebrovascular autoregulation and CO2 response was a common phenomenon. Typically, autoregulation appeared preserved in the most severely injured areas of the cerebral cortex when the patient was deeply comatose, but deteriorated concomitantly with recovery; by the time the patient became alert, the autoregulation was always impaired. The CO2 response was impaired only in patients who were deeply comatose and had attacks of decerebrate rigidity; during recovery the CO2 response became normal. Thus, preserved autoregulation associated with imparied CO2 response indicated very severe brain damage, whereas impaired autoregulation associated with preserved CO2 response suggested moderate or severe brain damage in recovery. These paradoxical observations raise the question whether the preserved autoregulation seen in severely injured brain tissue is a true autoregulation caused by an active vasoconstrictor response to an increase in blood pressure.", "PMID": 641549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_869", "title": "The value of repeat pan-angiography in cases of unexplained subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Four-vessel angiography was repeated in 56 patients with confirmed subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom the initial investigation was negative. Only one aneurysm was demonstrated. The results suggested that, with good technique, careful observation, and a complete four-vessel cerebral angiography, a false negative rate of less than 2% can be achieved. It is suggested that to repeat pan-angiography is seldom justified unless further bleeding episodes occur.", "contents": "The value of repeat pan-angiography in cases of unexplained subarachnoid hemorrhage. Four-vessel angiography was repeated in 56 patients with confirmed subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom the initial investigation was negative. Only one aneurysm was demonstrated. The results suggested that, with good technique, careful observation, and a complete four-vessel cerebral angiography, a false negative rate of less than 2% can be achieved. It is suggested that to repeat pan-angiography is seldom justified unless further bleeding episodes occur.", "PMID": 641550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_870", "title": "Detachable balloon catheter. Its application in experimental arteriovenous fistulae.", "content": "Recent Russian reports have described the use of balloon occlusion in both the diagnosis and treatment of various pathological processes affecting intracranial vessels. This intraluminal approach has demonstrated successful results in vascular problems such as carotid-cavernous fistulae, arteriovenous malformations, and large inoperable aneurysms. Despite widespread interest in the neurosurgical community, the application of a similar technique in the Western hemisphere has been hindered by lack of an adequate, functional, inflatable apparatus. The authors describe their experience with the prototype of a safe, reliable, detachable balloon. Because of a unique development, the apparatus may be filled with liquid and detached from its parent catheter without subsequent leakage. In order to satisfy variable requirements, balloons are available in several sizes ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm in diameter. When fully inflated these devices will hold from 1 to 3 cc of fluid. The authors' study involved 18 dogs with artificially created carotid-jugular fistulae that were visualized by angiography. Under fluoroscopic control, detachment of inflated balloons on the venous side of the defect not only successfully occluded the fistulae but also preserved the arterial vasculature. X-ray films taken several weeks later failed to show any change either in size or position of the inflated devices.", "contents": "Detachable balloon catheter. Its application in experimental arteriovenous fistulae. Recent Russian reports have described the use of balloon occlusion in both the diagnosis and treatment of various pathological processes affecting intracranial vessels. This intraluminal approach has demonstrated successful results in vascular problems such as carotid-cavernous fistulae, arteriovenous malformations, and large inoperable aneurysms. Despite widespread interest in the neurosurgical community, the application of a similar technique in the Western hemisphere has been hindered by lack of an adequate, functional, inflatable apparatus. The authors describe their experience with the prototype of a safe, reliable, detachable balloon. Because of a unique development, the apparatus may be filled with liquid and detached from its parent catheter without subsequent leakage. In order to satisfy variable requirements, balloons are available in several sizes ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm in diameter. When fully inflated these devices will hold from 1 to 3 cc of fluid. The authors' study involved 18 dogs with artificially created carotid-jugular fistulae that were visualized by angiography. Under fluoroscopic control, detachment of inflated balloons on the venous side of the defect not only successfully occluded the fistulae but also preserved the arterial vasculature. X-ray films taken several weeks later failed to show any change either in size or position of the inflated devices.", "PMID": 641551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_871", "title": "Effects of ethanol- and saline-base PGE1 on the canine cerebral circulation.", "content": "The effects of ethanol- and saline-base prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on systemic arterial blood pressure ((ABP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral vascular resistance (CVR), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure were determined in anesthetized dogs. Progressively greater carotid intra-arterial infusions of ethanol-base PGE1 moderately decreased systemic ABP and CVR while perfusion of the CSF system with PGE1 moderately increased ABP and CVR; CBF was unaffected by either route of administration and CSF pressure was constant except for a slight decrease at the lowest intraventricular perfusion rate. Similar infusions of PGE1 were administered in saline base solutions in another group of dogs. Carotid intra-arterial infusion decreased ABP and CBF moderately at the highest infusion rate and caused a transient increase in CSF pressure. Cerebrospinal fluid system perfusion increased ABP moderately but did not affect the other parameters. These data indicate that PGE1 does not have a significant effect on cerebral hemodynamics when infused via the CSF system, but may produce slight cerebral vasodilation when infused into the carotid arteries in an ethanol base. This vasodilation may be due to autoregulation.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol- and saline-base PGE1 on the canine cerebral circulation. The effects of ethanol- and saline-base prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on systemic arterial blood pressure ((ABP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral vascular resistance (CVR), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure were determined in anesthetized dogs. Progressively greater carotid intra-arterial infusions of ethanol-base PGE1 moderately decreased systemic ABP and CVR while perfusion of the CSF system with PGE1 moderately increased ABP and CVR; CBF was unaffected by either route of administration and CSF pressure was constant except for a slight decrease at the lowest intraventricular perfusion rate. Similar infusions of PGE1 were administered in saline base solutions in another group of dogs. Carotid intra-arterial infusion decreased ABP and CBF moderately at the highest infusion rate and caused a transient increase in CSF pressure. Cerebrospinal fluid system perfusion increased ABP moderately but did not affect the other parameters. These data indicate that PGE1 does not have a significant effect on cerebral hemodynamics when infused via the CSF system, but may produce slight cerebral vasodilation when infused into the carotid arteries in an ethanol base. This vasodilation may be due to autoregulation.", "PMID": 641552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_872", "title": "Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system in children.", "content": "A series of 18 primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children (15 cerebral and three spinal) is reported. These are highly malignant neoplasms, both histologically and clinically. They are rapidly growing tumors, with a brief duration of symptoms and a rapidly progressive course. Forty percent of the patients were alive at 6 months, only 10% at 1 year, and all patients had died within 2 years following diagnosis.", "contents": "Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system in children. A series of 18 primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children (15 cerebral and three spinal) is reported. These are highly malignant neoplasms, both histologically and clinically. They are rapidly growing tumors, with a brief duration of symptoms and a rapidly progressive course. Forty percent of the patients were alive at 6 months, only 10% at 1 year, and all patients had died within 2 years following diagnosis.", "PMID": 641553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_873", "title": "Value of cerebrospinal fluid cytology for the diagnosis of malignancies in the central nervous system.", "content": "The authors present a retrospective analysis of the results of the cytological examinations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and tumor-cyst aspirates deriving from 262 patients treated for malignant intracranial primary and secondary tumors, and vertebral and peridural metastastic processes. Positive preoperative CSF samples were found in 15.3% of all cases of primary cerebral malignancies (13.9% of all gliomas) and positive postoperative CSF samples were found in 40% (91% of the medulloblastoma cases). In all cases of single or multiple secondary cerebral tumors, positive preoperative CSF samples were found in 20%.", "contents": "Value of cerebrospinal fluid cytology for the diagnosis of malignancies in the central nervous system. The authors present a retrospective analysis of the results of the cytological examinations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and tumor-cyst aspirates deriving from 262 patients treated for malignant intracranial primary and secondary tumors, and vertebral and peridural metastastic processes. Positive preoperative CSF samples were found in 15.3% of all cases of primary cerebral malignancies (13.9% of all gliomas) and positive postoperative CSF samples were found in 40% (91% of the medulloblastoma cases). In all cases of single or multiple secondary cerebral tumors, positive preoperative CSF samples were found in 20%.", "PMID": 641554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_874", "title": "A surgical approach through the pedicle to protruded thoracic discs.", "content": "Three cases of thoracic disc herniation presenting with signs of spinal cord compression are reported. The patients were operated on by an approach through a midline incision in which a pedicle is removed. Two patients were cured and one has improved.", "contents": "A surgical approach through the pedicle to protruded thoracic discs. Three cases of thoracic disc herniation presenting with signs of spinal cord compression are reported. The patients were operated on by an approach through a midline incision in which a pedicle is removed. Two patients were cured and one has improved.", "PMID": 641556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_875", "title": "Clearance of edema fluid into cerebrospinal fluid. A mechanism for resolution of vasogenic brain edema.", "content": "The authors present the results of an investigation studying the resolution of vasogenic brain edema using cold injury in cats. The appearance of RISA-I131 and sucrose-C14 lebeled edema fluid in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assessed by means of ventriculocisternal perfusion. The effect of low- or high-pressure perfusion on edema spread was determined by measuring the water, sodium, RISA-I131, and sucrose-C14 content of serial tissue blocks taken from the injured cortex through the white matter to the ventricular ependyma. The findings indicate that increasing the hydrostatic pressure gradient between edematous brain and CSF enhances the clearance of edema fluid into the ventricular CSF. This was conclusively demonstrated with low-pressure ventricular perfusion which markedly diminished the amount of edema close to the ventricles compared to the controls. The concentration of albumin, sodium, and potassium to the fluid removed from the tissue during low-pressure perfusion indicates that bulk flow was the primary method of edema movement through the extracellular space. With high-pressure perfusion the concentration profiles suggested alternative mechanisms of edema resolution, such as diffusion and reabsorption into capillaries.", "contents": "Clearance of edema fluid into cerebrospinal fluid. A mechanism for resolution of vasogenic brain edema. The authors present the results of an investigation studying the resolution of vasogenic brain edema using cold injury in cats. The appearance of RISA-I131 and sucrose-C14 lebeled edema fluid in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assessed by means of ventriculocisternal perfusion. The effect of low- or high-pressure perfusion on edema spread was determined by measuring the water, sodium, RISA-I131, and sucrose-C14 content of serial tissue blocks taken from the injured cortex through the white matter to the ventricular ependyma. The findings indicate that increasing the hydrostatic pressure gradient between edematous brain and CSF enhances the clearance of edema fluid into the ventricular CSF. This was conclusively demonstrated with low-pressure ventricular perfusion which markedly diminished the amount of edema close to the ventricles compared to the controls. The concentration of albumin, sodium, and potassium to the fluid removed from the tissue during low-pressure perfusion indicates that bulk flow was the primary method of edema movement through the extracellular space. With high-pressure perfusion the concentration profiles suggested alternative mechanisms of edema resolution, such as diffusion and reabsorption into capillaries.", "PMID": 641555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_876", "title": "Aneurysm of azygous anterior cerebral artery. A case report.", "content": "This report describes a patient with a fusiform aneurysm of an azygous anterior cerebral artery (ACA) associated with a ruptured saccular aneurysm at its distal end. Gross, microscopic, and radiological documentation of this anomaly is presented. It is suggested that in cases where the question of an unpaired ACA arises, a projection paralleling the radiological baseline be employed during angiographic studies thus affording better visualization of these vessels. Clinically, in patients with pericallosal aneurysms, their frequent association with azygous ACA's should be borne in mind, as injury to this common arterial trunk will affect both hemispheres and the corpus callosum with tragic results.", "contents": "Aneurysm of azygous anterior cerebral artery. A case report. This report describes a patient with a fusiform aneurysm of an azygous anterior cerebral artery (ACA) associated with a ruptured saccular aneurysm at its distal end. Gross, microscopic, and radiological documentation of this anomaly is presented. It is suggested that in cases where the question of an unpaired ACA arises, a projection paralleling the radiological baseline be employed during angiographic studies thus affording better visualization of these vessels. Clinically, in patients with pericallosal aneurysms, their frequent association with azygous ACA's should be borne in mind, as injury to this common arterial trunk will affect both hemispheres and the corpus callosum with tragic results.", "PMID": 641557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_877", "title": "Meningeal melanocytoma with invasion of the thoracic spinal cord. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented of meningeal melanocytoma that invaded the thoracic spinal cord of a 71-year-old woman. The light and electron microscopic features of the lesion indicate that it derives from melanocytes normally found in the leptomeninges. This tumor closely resembles the dermal cellular blue nevus and does not have the ultrastructure of a meningioma. \"Melanotic meningioma\" is consequently a misnomer and the name \"meningeal melanocytoma\" is more appropriate. These tumors may appear to be benign histologically, but they are locally aggressive. Total surgical excision offers the best chance for cure.", "contents": "Meningeal melanocytoma with invasion of the thoracic spinal cord. Case report. A case is presented of meningeal melanocytoma that invaded the thoracic spinal cord of a 71-year-old woman. The light and electron microscopic features of the lesion indicate that it derives from melanocytes normally found in the leptomeninges. This tumor closely resembles the dermal cellular blue nevus and does not have the ultrastructure of a meningioma. \"Melanotic meningioma\" is consequently a misnomer and the name \"meningeal melanocytoma\" is more appropriate. These tumors may appear to be benign histologically, but they are locally aggressive. Total surgical excision offers the best chance for cure.", "PMID": 641559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_878", "title": "Asymptomatic subdural chondrosarcoma. Case report.", "content": "This report describes a large, asymptomatic, subdural skeletal-type condrosarcoma originating from the meninges. Distinction between the mesenchymal and skeletal types of intracranial chondrosarcoma is important since they have different prognoses.", "contents": "Asymptomatic subdural chondrosarcoma. Case report. This report describes a large, asymptomatic, subdural skeletal-type condrosarcoma originating from the meninges. Distinction between the mesenchymal and skeletal types of intracranial chondrosarcoma is important since they have different prognoses.", "PMID": 641560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_879", "title": "Dural mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Case report.", "content": "A dural mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is reported in a 19-year-old man. This tumor had features of angioblastic meningioma (meningeal hemangiopericytoma), by light microscopy. However, ultrastructurally this tumor could be distinguished from angioblastic meningioma, and its similarity to extracranial mesenchymal chondrosarcoma was confirmed.", "contents": "Dural mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Case report. A dural mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is reported in a 19-year-old man. This tumor had features of angioblastic meningioma (meningeal hemangiopericytoma), by light microscopy. However, ultrastructurally this tumor could be distinguished from angioblastic meningioma, and its similarity to extracranial mesenchymal chondrosarcoma was confirmed.", "PMID": 641561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_880", "title": "Lacertus fibrousus compression of the median nerve. Case report.", "content": "A 47-year-old guitar player presented with inability to use his right hand because of progressive weakness and numbness. Examination suggested compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the elbow. Exploration of the median nerve revealed compression by a tight aponeurosis of the biceps tendon. Release resulted in prompt recovery of function.", "contents": "Lacertus fibrousus compression of the median nerve. Case report. A 47-year-old guitar player presented with inability to use his right hand because of progressive weakness and numbness. Examination suggested compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the elbow. Exploration of the median nerve revealed compression by a tight aponeurosis of the biceps tendon. Release resulted in prompt recovery of function.", "PMID": 641562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_881", "title": "Hepato-biliary scintigraphy and hepatography with Tc-99m diethyl-acetanilido-iminodiacetate in obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Tc-99m diethyl-IDA was used for combined serial hepato-biliary scintigraphy and processing of hepatographic curves, using a scintillation camera and an image-processing system. Patients with obstruction of the common bile duct, proven by operation, were investigated. Hepatograms from an area of interest corresponding to the periphery of the right liver lobe varied predictably with changes in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Both anatomical and functional information was obtained. The investigation could be carried out even under reduced liver function. Hepatic uptake of the agent was noted at serum alkaline phosphatase levels up to 1000 U/l and serum bilirubin levels up to 170 mumol/l.", "contents": "Hepato-biliary scintigraphy and hepatography with Tc-99m diethyl-acetanilido-iminodiacetate in obstructive jaundice. Tc-99m diethyl-IDA was used for combined serial hepato-biliary scintigraphy and processing of hepatographic curves, using a scintillation camera and an image-processing system. Patients with obstruction of the common bile duct, proven by operation, were investigated. Hepatograms from an area of interest corresponding to the periphery of the right liver lobe varied predictably with changes in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Both anatomical and functional information was obtained. The investigation could be carried out even under reduced liver function. Hepatic uptake of the agent was noted at serum alkaline phosphatase levels up to 1000 U/l and serum bilirubin levels up to 170 mumol/l.", "PMID": 641565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_882", "title": "Visualization of nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas with iodocholesterol: possible relationship to subcellular distribution of tracer.", "content": "[131I] 19-iodocholesterol (I-131 C) correctly located adrenocortical adenomas in four patients who had no clinical or biochemical evidence of excessive steroid production. Three of the four \"nonfunctioning\" adenomas showed significant quantities of lipid histologically. To clarify the discordance between uptake and adrenal-steroid excretion, the subcellular location of I-131 C was studied. Normal rats and rats treated with ACTH or aminogluthimide (AG) were injected intravenously with I-131 C or [3H] cholesterol (H-3 C) and killed after three days. The homogenized adrenals were subjected to subcellular fractionation. Treatment with AG increased both the amount and the percentage of both I-131 C and H-3 C contained in the lipid fraction. ACTH treatment decreased H-3 C content but did not change I-131 C content in the lipid layer, suggesting an impairment of I-131 C mobilization from lipid droplets. The data demonstrate that excess steroid production is not necessary for I-131 C uptake and provide an explanation why certain biochemically nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas are visualized with I-131 C.", "contents": "Visualization of nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas with iodocholesterol: possible relationship to subcellular distribution of tracer. [131I] 19-iodocholesterol (I-131 C) correctly located adrenocortical adenomas in four patients who had no clinical or biochemical evidence of excessive steroid production. Three of the four \"nonfunctioning\" adenomas showed significant quantities of lipid histologically. To clarify the discordance between uptake and adrenal-steroid excretion, the subcellular location of I-131 C was studied. Normal rats and rats treated with ACTH or aminogluthimide (AG) were injected intravenously with I-131 C or [3H] cholesterol (H-3 C) and killed after three days. The homogenized adrenals were subjected to subcellular fractionation. Treatment with AG increased both the amount and the percentage of both I-131 C and H-3 C contained in the lipid fraction. ACTH treatment decreased H-3 C content but did not change I-131 C content in the lipid layer, suggesting an impairment of I-131 C mobilization from lipid droplets. The data demonstrate that excess steroid production is not necessary for I-131 C uptake and provide an explanation why certain biochemically nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas are visualized with I-131 C.", "PMID": 641566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_883", "title": "Simultaneous emission and fluorescent scanning of the thyroid.", "content": "A comparison study of lithium-drifted silicon [Si(Li)] and high purity germanium (HpGe) was performed to explore the feasibility of replacing the current Si(Li) detector with the higher-efficiency HpGe detector. The improved efficiency of HpGe permits the use of collimators with higher resolution, which results in improved image quality over that achieved by the current Si(Li) system in use at Vanderbilt with an overall reduction in sensitivity of 29%. Since a 10 mm thick HpGe detector is about 75% efficient at 140 keV, the added advantage exists of simultaneously (a) imaging the stable-iodine distribution within the thyroid by x-ray fluorescence, and (b) the distribution of administered radiotracers such as [99mTc] pertechnetate. This comparison study shows that HpGe can compete with Si(Li) in overall detector efficiency, with the added benefits of better collimation to improve spatial resolution plus the simultaneous imaging of Tc-99m, all at the same equipment cost.", "contents": "Simultaneous emission and fluorescent scanning of the thyroid. A comparison study of lithium-drifted silicon [Si(Li)] and high purity germanium (HpGe) was performed to explore the feasibility of replacing the current Si(Li) detector with the higher-efficiency HpGe detector. The improved efficiency of HpGe permits the use of collimators with higher resolution, which results in improved image quality over that achieved by the current Si(Li) system in use at Vanderbilt with an overall reduction in sensitivity of 29%. Since a 10 mm thick HpGe detector is about 75% efficient at 140 keV, the added advantage exists of simultaneously (a) imaging the stable-iodine distribution within the thyroid by x-ray fluorescence, and (b) the distribution of administered radiotracers such as [99mTc] pertechnetate. This comparison study shows that HpGe can compete with Si(Li) in overall detector efficiency, with the added benefits of better collimation to improve spatial resolution plus the simultaneous imaging of Tc-99m, all at the same equipment cost.", "PMID": 641567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_884", "title": "Computerized transaxial tomography and cerebral serial scintigraphy in intracranial tumors--rates of detection and tumor-type identification: concise communication.", "content": "In 215 cases of intracranial tumors with subsequent histological identification, computerized transaxial tomography (CTT), and cerebral serial scintigraphy (CSS) with [99mTc] pertechnetate were carried out to compare the efficiency of each method in detecting and classifying such tumors. With a tumor detection rate of 99%, CTT turned out to be superior to CSS (91%). On the other hand, CSS findings enhanced the CTT rate of correctly identified tumor types in meningiomas from 85 to 92% and in high-grade gliomas from 82 to 89%. In metastases, low-grade gliomas, and various other tumors, CSS supported CTT by confirming a number of these tumor types. Therefore, the most important use of CSS in intracranial tumors today is its role as a supplement to CTT in order to establish and confirm type-specific diagnoses.", "contents": "Computerized transaxial tomography and cerebral serial scintigraphy in intracranial tumors--rates of detection and tumor-type identification: concise communication. In 215 cases of intracranial tumors with subsequent histological identification, computerized transaxial tomography (CTT), and cerebral serial scintigraphy (CSS) with [99mTc] pertechnetate were carried out to compare the efficiency of each method in detecting and classifying such tumors. With a tumor detection rate of 99%, CTT turned out to be superior to CSS (91%). On the other hand, CSS findings enhanced the CTT rate of correctly identified tumor types in meningiomas from 85 to 92% and in high-grade gliomas from 82 to 89%. In metastases, low-grade gliomas, and various other tumors, CSS supported CTT by confirming a number of these tumor types. Therefore, the most important use of CSS in intracranial tumors today is its role as a supplement to CTT in order to establish and confirm type-specific diagnoses.", "PMID": 641568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_885", "title": "Steroid-induced suppression of gallium uptake in tumors of the central nervous system: concise communication.", "content": "The effect of steroids given in greater than replacement doses on the gallium and technetium glucoheptonate brain scan is evaluated by comparing the relative sensitivity of both radiopharmaceuticals in patients both on and off steroids. The study shows a significant steroid effect on the sensitivity of 95% to 64% following steroids. Steroids did not significantly alter the sensitivity of the technetium glucoheptonate study. The superiority of the TcGH brain scan over the gallium citrate brain scan in the steroid population suggests a difference in the uptake mechanism for the two radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Steroid-induced suppression of gallium uptake in tumors of the central nervous system: concise communication. The effect of steroids given in greater than replacement doses on the gallium and technetium glucoheptonate brain scan is evaluated by comparing the relative sensitivity of both radiopharmaceuticals in patients both on and off steroids. The study shows a significant steroid effect on the sensitivity of 95% to 64% following steroids. Steroids did not significantly alter the sensitivity of the technetium glucoheptonate study. The superiority of the TcGH brain scan over the gallium citrate brain scan in the steroid population suggests a difference in the uptake mechanism for the two radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 641569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_886", "title": "Studies on gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions: III. roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial.", "content": "The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and bacteria in the accumulation of gallium-67 in inflammatory lesions was studied using an animal model. A plastic practice golf ball was implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall of rabbits, and sterile or bacterial inflammation was induced inside the ball. Gallium accumulated in the inflammatory exudates induced by either sterile casein or Staphylococcus aureus. Two rabbits were made agranulocytic by prior treatment with myleran before the injection of S. aureus and gallium. These also accumulated gallium, although in one agranulocytic rabbit there were no PMN in the inflammatory exudate. Analysis of the inflammatory exudates showed that most of the gallium was in the noncellular fraction (2,500-g supernatant) in both sterile and bacteria-induced inflammation. The results indicate that gallium accumulates in the inflammatory lesions, even in the absence of either PMN or bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions: III. roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial. The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and bacteria in the accumulation of gallium-67 in inflammatory lesions was studied using an animal model. A plastic practice golf ball was implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall of rabbits, and sterile or bacterial inflammation was induced inside the ball. Gallium accumulated in the inflammatory exudates induced by either sterile casein or Staphylococcus aureus. Two rabbits were made agranulocytic by prior treatment with myleran before the injection of S. aureus and gallium. These also accumulated gallium, although in one agranulocytic rabbit there were no PMN in the inflammatory exudate. Analysis of the inflammatory exudates showed that most of the gallium was in the noncellular fraction (2,500-g supernatant) in both sterile and bacteria-induced inflammation. The results indicate that gallium accumulates in the inflammatory lesions, even in the absence of either PMN or bacteria.", "PMID": 641570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_887", "title": "Indium and iron as tracers for erythroid precursors.", "content": "External visualization and delineation of functional bone marrow is important for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Because of difficulties in using the isotopes of iron for bone-marrow imaging, indium-111 chloride has been used extensively for this purpose. In this investigation we attempted to solve the problem of cellular localization of indium chloride by employing a rat model with erythropoietic precursors selectively damaged by lethal intracellular radiation from the Auger electrons of Fe-55. In the rat, we have shown that the absolute marrow uptakes of indium and iron are different, whereas the absolute uptakes of indium and sulfur colloid are the same. However, in animals whose erythroid activity was partially destroyed with Fe-55, the fractional depressions of iron and indium uptakes were the same and corresponded to the extent of the remaining erythroid activity. In addition, following an in vitro separation of the cellular elements of marrow with iron carbonyl, both iron and indium were found in the erythroid-rich supernatant, whereas sulfur colloid was in the precipitate. These results indicate that, in the rat, In-111 chloride is an effective in vivo marker for the early phases of iron uptake by the bone marrow.", "contents": "Indium and iron as tracers for erythroid precursors. External visualization and delineation of functional bone marrow is important for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Because of difficulties in using the isotopes of iron for bone-marrow imaging, indium-111 chloride has been used extensively for this purpose. In this investigation we attempted to solve the problem of cellular localization of indium chloride by employing a rat model with erythropoietic precursors selectively damaged by lethal intracellular radiation from the Auger electrons of Fe-55. In the rat, we have shown that the absolute marrow uptakes of indium and iron are different, whereas the absolute uptakes of indium and sulfur colloid are the same. However, in animals whose erythroid activity was partially destroyed with Fe-55, the fractional depressions of iron and indium uptakes were the same and corresponded to the extent of the remaining erythroid activity. In addition, following an in vitro separation of the cellular elements of marrow with iron carbonyl, both iron and indium were found in the erythroid-rich supernatant, whereas sulfur colloid was in the precipitate. These results indicate that, in the rat, In-111 chloride is an effective in vivo marker for the early phases of iron uptake by the bone marrow.", "PMID": 641571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_888", "title": "Abnormal cisternogram associated with Diamox therapy.", "content": "A cisternogram characteristic of normal-pressure hydrocephalus was obtained from a patient on Diamox who was being evaluated for rapid mental deterioration. A repeat cisternogram after Diamox was discontinued was nearly normal. We hypothesize that the initial abnormality resulted from reduced cerebrospinal fluid production caused by carbonic anhydrase inhibition; this defect (reduced flow) led to a net reflux of tracer into the ventricles. The reflux is believed to be due to the reduction of bulk cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles.", "contents": "Abnormal cisternogram associated with Diamox therapy. A cisternogram characteristic of normal-pressure hydrocephalus was obtained from a patient on Diamox who was being evaluated for rapid mental deterioration. A repeat cisternogram after Diamox was discontinued was nearly normal. We hypothesize that the initial abnormality resulted from reduced cerebrospinal fluid production caused by carbonic anhydrase inhibition; this defect (reduced flow) led to a net reflux of tracer into the ventricles. The reflux is believed to be due to the reduction of bulk cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles.", "PMID": 641572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_889", "title": "Tantalum-178--a short-lived nuclide for nuclear medicine: production of the parent W-178.", "content": "The physical decay characteristics of the short-lived radionuclide Ta-178 (half-life 9.3 min) appear to be suitable for use in conjunction with low-energy detection systems such as the multiwire proportional camera. This camera is inefficient for emissions with energies greater than 100 keV. The gamma-ray spectrum of Ta-178 is dominated by the characteristic hafnium x-rays (55--65 keV), emitted as a result of electron-capture decay. The parent nuclide, W-178 (half-life 21.7 d), was produced in the Michigan State University cyclotron by proton bombardment of stacked natural tantalum-foil targets. Optimum production was found to occur with an incident proton energy of 34 MeV at an effective activity of 1.1 mCi/muA-hr per MeV of target thickness. Tungsten-178 was chemically separated from the Ta foils with a yield of 98%.", "contents": "Tantalum-178--a short-lived nuclide for nuclear medicine: production of the parent W-178. The physical decay characteristics of the short-lived radionuclide Ta-178 (half-life 9.3 min) appear to be suitable for use in conjunction with low-energy detection systems such as the multiwire proportional camera. This camera is inefficient for emissions with energies greater than 100 keV. The gamma-ray spectrum of Ta-178 is dominated by the characteristic hafnium x-rays (55--65 keV), emitted as a result of electron-capture decay. The parent nuclide, W-178 (half-life 21.7 d), was produced in the Michigan State University cyclotron by proton bombardment of stacked natural tantalum-foil targets. Optimum production was found to occur with an incident proton energy of 34 MeV at an effective activity of 1.1 mCi/muA-hr per MeV of target thickness. Tungsten-178 was chemically separated from the Ta foils with a yield of 98%.", "PMID": 641573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_890", "title": "Tantalum-178--a short-lived nuclide for nuclear medicine: development of a potential generator system.", "content": "We describe a chemical separation that may form the basis of a generator system for the short-lived radionuclide Ta-178 (T 1/2 = 9 min). The parent nuclide W-178 (T 1/2 = 21.7 days) is loaded on an anion-exchange column and the daughter eluted with a mixture of dilute hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The yields of tantalum and the breakthrough of the tungsten parent as a function of the eluting conditions are discussed, and preliminary animal distribution data are presented for various treatments of the eluant solution.", "contents": "Tantalum-178--a short-lived nuclide for nuclear medicine: development of a potential generator system. We describe a chemical separation that may form the basis of a generator system for the short-lived radionuclide Ta-178 (T 1/2 = 9 min). The parent nuclide W-178 (T 1/2 = 21.7 days) is loaded on an anion-exchange column and the daughter eluted with a mixture of dilute hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The yields of tantalum and the breakthrough of the tungsten parent as a function of the eluting conditions are discussed, and preliminary animal distribution data are presented for various treatments of the eluant solution.", "PMID": 641574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_891", "title": "Electrolytic complexing of glucoheptonate and technetium-99m.", "content": "Solutions of glucoheptonate and sodium pertechnetate (Tc-99m) were subjected to electrolysis at various ampere-time products until a charge was found that consistently promoted tagging of greater than 90% efficiency. It was found that 9 coulombs (100 mA, 90 sec) consistently yielded a final product that contained less than 10% total radiochemical impurities (unbound pertechnetate and reduced, hydrolyzed technetium). Radiochemical purity of the final product was established using a two-solvent thin-layer chromatographic system with methyl-ethyl ketone and normal saline as the solvents. The tagging efficiency and stability of the tagged complex were determined with similar chromatographic analysis. It was shown that use of a 15% solution of calcium glucoheptonate resulted in a more stable product than that prepared from commercially available stannous glucoheptonate. The rapid, accurate chromatographic method for determination or radiochemical purity of the product is described. The final product is considered equal or superior to commercial Tc-99m (Sn) glucoheptonate and was produced at considerably less cost.", "contents": "Electrolytic complexing of glucoheptonate and technetium-99m. Solutions of glucoheptonate and sodium pertechnetate (Tc-99m) were subjected to electrolysis at various ampere-time products until a charge was found that consistently promoted tagging of greater than 90% efficiency. It was found that 9 coulombs (100 mA, 90 sec) consistently yielded a final product that contained less than 10% total radiochemical impurities (unbound pertechnetate and reduced, hydrolyzed technetium). Radiochemical purity of the final product was established using a two-solvent thin-layer chromatographic system with methyl-ethyl ketone and normal saline as the solvents. The tagging efficiency and stability of the tagged complex were determined with similar chromatographic analysis. It was shown that use of a 15% solution of calcium glucoheptonate resulted in a more stable product than that prepared from commercially available stannous glucoheptonate. The rapid, accurate chromatographic method for determination or radiochemical purity of the product is described. The final product is considered equal or superior to commercial Tc-99m (Sn) glucoheptonate and was produced at considerably less cost.", "PMID": 641575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_892", "title": "Rapid radioiodination of rose bengal at room temperature.", "content": "Published methods for radioiodination of rose bengal require reaction times of 1 hr or more at temperature from 50 to 120 degrees C. Through the use of an acidified ethanol solvent and potassium iodate oxidant, purified rose bengal is radioiodinated at room temperature within 15 min with chemical yields ranging between 93 and 97%. Radiochemical impurities are sufficiently minimized to permit preparation in a single 10-ml serum vial, requiring no additional purification steps. The method reported here is readily adaptable to cold-kit preparation.", "contents": "Rapid radioiodination of rose bengal at room temperature. Published methods for radioiodination of rose bengal require reaction times of 1 hr or more at temperature from 50 to 120 degrees C. Through the use of an acidified ethanol solvent and potassium iodate oxidant, purified rose bengal is radioiodinated at room temperature within 15 min with chemical yields ranging between 93 and 97%. Radiochemical impurities are sufficiently minimized to permit preparation in a single 10-ml serum vial, requiring no additional purification steps. The method reported here is readily adaptable to cold-kit preparation.", "PMID": 641576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_893", "title": "Bone accumulation of the Tc-99m complex of carbamyl phosphate and its analogs.", "content": "Carbamyl phosphate, an organic molecule containing a single phosphate group, has been used in the therapy of sickle-cell disease. Carbamyl phosphate bound Tc-99m and achieved bone uptake in mice, rabbits, and a human volunteer. By examination of the structural formula, a working hypothesis was developed that predicted that the Tc-99m complexes of the analogous compounds acetyl phosphate, propionyl phosphate, and butyryl phosphate, each carrying single phosphate and carbonyl groups, would also show bone specificity. This was confirmed experimentally. Phosphonoacetic acid is a structural analog of these compounds. The structural analysis also predicted that aminomethylphosphonic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate would not have as avid bone affinity, and this was also confirmed. These compounds represent a new class of bone-seeking agents that have the common properties of a lone phosphate and a carbonyl function. Such agents may permit the synthesis of additional analogs in an effort to obtain optimal affinity in the Tc-99m complexes.", "contents": "Bone accumulation of the Tc-99m complex of carbamyl phosphate and its analogs. Carbamyl phosphate, an organic molecule containing a single phosphate group, has been used in the therapy of sickle-cell disease. Carbamyl phosphate bound Tc-99m and achieved bone uptake in mice, rabbits, and a human volunteer. By examination of the structural formula, a working hypothesis was developed that predicted that the Tc-99m complexes of the analogous compounds acetyl phosphate, propionyl phosphate, and butyryl phosphate, each carrying single phosphate and carbonyl groups, would also show bone specificity. This was confirmed experimentally. Phosphonoacetic acid is a structural analog of these compounds. The structural analysis also predicted that aminomethylphosphonic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate would not have as avid bone affinity, and this was also confirmed. These compounds represent a new class of bone-seeking agents that have the common properties of a lone phosphate and a carbonyl function. Such agents may permit the synthesis of additional analogs in an effort to obtain optimal affinity in the Tc-99m complexes.", "PMID": 641577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_894", "title": "Deadtime measurements in scintillation cameras under scatter conditions simulating quantitative nuclear cardiography.", "content": "Deadtime performance of scintillation cameras is sensitive to such factors as scatter fraction and analyzer window width. Data from manufacturers and previous investigators do not predict counting-rate losses under clinical conditions. Scintillation cameras used with Tc-99m for quantitative nuclear cardiology should be evaluated for deadtime performance by the two-source method using a scatter phantom designed to simulate the spectrum from Tc-99m in the heart. Under these conditions, scintillation cameras were found to follow the paralyzable model; accurate estimates could be obtained for data losses and maximum useful counting rates in a clinical setting. A survey of 39 contemporary scintillation cameras yielded a range of paralyzing deadtime values of 4.3 to 10 musec, with a 20% window centered on the Tc-99m photopeak. For an average deadtime of 6 musec, counting rates should be maintained below 36,000 cps to avoid undue data losses in excess of 25%.", "contents": "Deadtime measurements in scintillation cameras under scatter conditions simulating quantitative nuclear cardiography. Deadtime performance of scintillation cameras is sensitive to such factors as scatter fraction and analyzer window width. Data from manufacturers and previous investigators do not predict counting-rate losses under clinical conditions. Scintillation cameras used with Tc-99m for quantitative nuclear cardiology should be evaluated for deadtime performance by the two-source method using a scatter phantom designed to simulate the spectrum from Tc-99m in the heart. Under these conditions, scintillation cameras were found to follow the paralyzable model; accurate estimates could be obtained for data losses and maximum useful counting rates in a clinical setting. A survey of 39 contemporary scintillation cameras yielded a range of paralyzing deadtime values of 4.3 to 10 musec, with a 20% window centered on the Tc-99m photopeak. For an average deadtime of 6 musec, counting rates should be maintained below 36,000 cps to avoid undue data losses in excess of 25%.", "PMID": 641578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_895", "title": "Comparing the performance of two gamma cameras under high counting rates: principles and practice.", "content": "The performance of two large Anger cameras at high counting rates was compared, and the principles for measuring the relevant parameters, especially deadtime loss and coincidence artifacts, are discussed. The results demonstrate the importance of the following factors: modern pulse-shaping circuitry with short paralyzable deadtime, and anti-pileup circuit, and uniform energy information within the field of view, which requires separate summing matrices for energy and position. Elaborate testing of the specifications should be carried out before purchase of a gamma camera.", "contents": "Comparing the performance of two gamma cameras under high counting rates: principles and practice. The performance of two large Anger cameras at high counting rates was compared, and the principles for measuring the relevant parameters, especially deadtime loss and coincidence artifacts, are discussed. The results demonstrate the importance of the following factors: modern pulse-shaping circuitry with short paralyzable deadtime, and anti-pileup circuit, and uniform energy information within the field of view, which requires separate summing matrices for energy and position. Elaborate testing of the specifications should be carried out before purchase of a gamma camera.", "PMID": 641579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_896", "title": "The effect of photon energy on tests of field uniformity in scintillation cameras: concise communication.", "content": "Although Co-57 is generally used for testing the field uniformity of scintillation cameras, the various photon energies of other radionuclides require uniform response throughout the entire range of energies to which a scintillation camera can respond. The use of Co-57, however, may not adequately demonstrate the field response, which may be uniform at 122 keV but not at other energies. Two scintillation camera systems were investigated in this regard by storing field-flood images, obtained at several photon energies, in a minicomputer. The stored data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, revealing that field uniformity may change with photon energy. One of the scintillation cameras showed a variation in field response with photon energy, whereas the other camera did not. These results, however, should not be extrapolated to other cameras of the same type. If a particular scintillation camera is to be used routinely with several energies, its performance should be tested with each one to provide assurance that valid information is being obtained. The effects of dynamic uniformity field correction remain to be evaluated.", "contents": "The effect of photon energy on tests of field uniformity in scintillation cameras: concise communication. Although Co-57 is generally used for testing the field uniformity of scintillation cameras, the various photon energies of other radionuclides require uniform response throughout the entire range of energies to which a scintillation camera can respond. The use of Co-57, however, may not adequately demonstrate the field response, which may be uniform at 122 keV but not at other energies. Two scintillation camera systems were investigated in this regard by storing field-flood images, obtained at several photon energies, in a minicomputer. The stored data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, revealing that field uniformity may change with photon energy. One of the scintillation cameras showed a variation in field response with photon energy, whereas the other camera did not. These results, however, should not be extrapolated to other cameras of the same type. If a particular scintillation camera is to be used routinely with several energies, its performance should be tested with each one to provide assurance that valid information is being obtained. The effects of dynamic uniformity field correction remain to be evaluated.", "PMID": 641580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_897", "title": "Effects of force-feeding and dietary cellulose on liver lipid accumulation and lipid composition of liver and plasma in growing chicks.", "content": "Changes of content and composition of lipid in liver and plasma affected by force-feeding and dietary cellulose were investigated in 14-day old Single-Comb White Leghorn male chicks. They were given a purified high energy diet (starch-casein diet without fiber) supplemented with or without dietary cellulose. Chicks were fed ad libitum or force-fed the experimental diet. Force-feeding of excess food improved the growth rate of chicks and feed efficiency, but feeding of cellulose did not affect body weight gain and feed efficiency, though a slight improvement in nitrogen retention was observed. Liver weight and lipid content in liver and plasma were markedly elevated by force-feeding, and were markedly depressed by dietary cellulose in the force-fed chicks. It is suggested that changes of liver lipid by force-feeding and dietary cellulose are mainly originated from the changes of triglyceride in the liver lipid. No marked changes were observed in fatty acid composition of abdominal fat and liver lipid in the cellulose-fed chicks. These results suggest that dietary cellulose may affect lipid metabolism in growing chicks.", "contents": "Effects of force-feeding and dietary cellulose on liver lipid accumulation and lipid composition of liver and plasma in growing chicks. Changes of content and composition of lipid in liver and plasma affected by force-feeding and dietary cellulose were investigated in 14-day old Single-Comb White Leghorn male chicks. They were given a purified high energy diet (starch-casein diet without fiber) supplemented with or without dietary cellulose. Chicks were fed ad libitum or force-fed the experimental diet. Force-feeding of excess food improved the growth rate of chicks and feed efficiency, but feeding of cellulose did not affect body weight gain and feed efficiency, though a slight improvement in nitrogen retention was observed. Liver weight and lipid content in liver and plasma were markedly elevated by force-feeding, and were markedly depressed by dietary cellulose in the force-fed chicks. It is suggested that changes of liver lipid by force-feeding and dietary cellulose are mainly originated from the changes of triglyceride in the liver lipid. No marked changes were observed in fatty acid composition of abdominal fat and liver lipid in the cellulose-fed chicks. These results suggest that dietary cellulose may affect lipid metabolism in growing chicks.", "PMID": 641589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_898", "title": "The influence of dietary fat levels and environmental temperature on digestible energy and absorbability of animal fat in catfish diets.", "content": "A study was conducted on the effects of three dietary levels of animal fat (5%, 10%, and 15%) and two environmental temperatures (23 and 28 degrees) on the digestible energy (DE) and apparent absorbability (AA) of animal fat in diets of 150 g catfish. Results obtained by the use of the chromic oxide indicator technique demonstrated that at 28 degrees and substitution levels up to 10% of diet, animal fat had a DE value of 7,000 kcal/kg and an AA of 94%. At the 15% level of substitution, both DE and AA were substantially reduced. At each level of substitution, DE and AA values were considerably lower in fish reared at 23 degrees. At supplemental levels up to 10% of diet, the DE and AA values for catfish at 23 degrees were 6,130 kcal/kg and 70%, respectively. Results from this study reconfirmed previous growth data which indicated that animal fat is an excellent dietary energy source for catfish which are reared at optimum temperatures.", "contents": "The influence of dietary fat levels and environmental temperature on digestible energy and absorbability of animal fat in catfish diets. A study was conducted on the effects of three dietary levels of animal fat (5%, 10%, and 15%) and two environmental temperatures (23 and 28 degrees) on the digestible energy (DE) and apparent absorbability (AA) of animal fat in diets of 150 g catfish. Results obtained by the use of the chromic oxide indicator technique demonstrated that at 28 degrees and substitution levels up to 10% of diet, animal fat had a DE value of 7,000 kcal/kg and an AA of 94%. At the 15% level of substitution, both DE and AA were substantially reduced. At each level of substitution, DE and AA values were considerably lower in fish reared at 23 degrees. At supplemental levels up to 10% of diet, the DE and AA values for catfish at 23 degrees were 6,130 kcal/kg and 70%, respectively. Results from this study reconfirmed previous growth data which indicated that animal fat is an excellent dietary energy source for catfish which are reared at optimum temperatures.", "PMID": 641590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_899", "title": "The effects of starvation and refeeding on muscle protein synthesis and catabolism in the young rat.", "content": "We studied the effects of acute starvation and refeeding on muscle protein synthesis and degradation in young rats. As measures of synthesis, we determined muscle RNA concentration and the rate of incorporation of [14C]leucine into skeletal muscle protein (Sm). As an estimate of nitrogen retention we measured urea production (UrP). Starvation reduced these variables significantly. One refeeding period returned Sm to control values, only partially restored RNA concentration, and increased UrP. We determined the urinary excretion rate of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) as a measure of the rate of myofibrillar protein degradation. Excretion of 3-MH was lowest in control and highest in starved rats. Refeeding decreased 3-MH excretion to a level midway between control and starved animals. Growth was attended by high rates of synthesis and low rates of degradation. Starvation depressed synthesis and increased degradation. With refeeding, synthesis increased and degradation decreased, compared with the starved state.", "contents": "The effects of starvation and refeeding on muscle protein synthesis and catabolism in the young rat. We studied the effects of acute starvation and refeeding on muscle protein synthesis and degradation in young rats. As measures of synthesis, we determined muscle RNA concentration and the rate of incorporation of [14C]leucine into skeletal muscle protein (Sm). As an estimate of nitrogen retention we measured urea production (UrP). Starvation reduced these variables significantly. One refeeding period returned Sm to control values, only partially restored RNA concentration, and increased UrP. We determined the urinary excretion rate of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) as a measure of the rate of myofibrillar protein degradation. Excretion of 3-MH was lowest in control and highest in starved rats. Refeeding decreased 3-MH excretion to a level midway between control and starved animals. Growth was attended by high rates of synthesis and low rates of degradation. Starvation depressed synthesis and increased degradation. With refeeding, synthesis increased and degradation decreased, compared with the starved state.", "PMID": 641592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_900", "title": "Effects of dietary folate deficiency on developmental increase of myelin lipids in rat brain.", "content": "Rats were fed a folic acid deficient purified diet from day 12 of gestation throughout the lactational period. Offsprings were fed the same diet after weaning. Control rats were given 170 microgram of folic acid per day per rat supplemented to the same diet, which was fed ad libitum or by pair-feeding. At 3 and 6 weeks of age, myelin was isolated from rat brains. It was found that in comparison with the controls, myelin yield was significantly decreased as well as the brain weight in the folic acid deficient rats at 6 weeks of age. There were no differences of gross composition of myelin, protein, ratio of cholesterol, glycolipids, phospholipids, and total lipid with or without folate deficiency either at 3 or 6 weeks of age. The hydroxy fatty acid composition of myelin lipids in brain was not changed with folate deficiency at 3 or 6 weeks of age. The developmental increase of the percentages of 22:6, 22:4, and 20:1 in nonhydroxy fatty acids of myelin lipids from the folic acid deficient rats were significantly lower at 6 weeks of age in comparison with the controls. The n-3:n-6 ratio in myelin fatty acids from the folic acid deficient rat brains was abnormally low at 3 weeks of age and was not increased at even 6 weeks of age. The implications of these findings are that folic acid may play an important role in desaturation or chain elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain of developing rats.", "contents": "Effects of dietary folate deficiency on developmental increase of myelin lipids in rat brain. Rats were fed a folic acid deficient purified diet from day 12 of gestation throughout the lactational period. Offsprings were fed the same diet after weaning. Control rats were given 170 microgram of folic acid per day per rat supplemented to the same diet, which was fed ad libitum or by pair-feeding. At 3 and 6 weeks of age, myelin was isolated from rat brains. It was found that in comparison with the controls, myelin yield was significantly decreased as well as the brain weight in the folic acid deficient rats at 6 weeks of age. There were no differences of gross composition of myelin, protein, ratio of cholesterol, glycolipids, phospholipids, and total lipid with or without folate deficiency either at 3 or 6 weeks of age. The hydroxy fatty acid composition of myelin lipids in brain was not changed with folate deficiency at 3 or 6 weeks of age. The developmental increase of the percentages of 22:6, 22:4, and 20:1 in nonhydroxy fatty acids of myelin lipids from the folic acid deficient rats were significantly lower at 6 weeks of age in comparison with the controls. The n-3:n-6 ratio in myelin fatty acids from the folic acid deficient rat brains was abnormally low at 3 weeks of age and was not increased at even 6 weeks of age. The implications of these findings are that folic acid may play an important role in desaturation or chain elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain of developing rats.", "PMID": 641593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_901", "title": "Taurine: an essential nutrient for the cat.", "content": "Cats fed a purified diet containing purified casein as the source of protein develop retinal degeneration due to the lack of taurine in the diet. To test whether cats can synthesize this sulfur amino acid from sulfate or cystine, radioisotopes of these substances were injected into taurine-depleted and control cats. Sulfate did not serve as a precursor for taurine synthesis, whereas cystine underwent only a moderate conversion to taurine. This is in keeping with the low level of cysteinesulfinic acid (CSA) decarboxylase activity in cat liver. There was no difference between the activity of CSA decarboxylase in tissues from control cats and that in tissues from taurine-depleted cats. The pattern of tissue accumulation of [35S]taurine and from [35S]cystine also indicated that tissues from taurine-depleted cats do not synthesize [35S]taurine more rapidly than tissues from control cats. The data did not indicate a difference in taurine uptake by tissues of control and deficient cats, but progressive accumulation in deficient cats suggested that the turnover rate of taurine is decreased by the deficiency. Since supplementation of the purified diet with cysteine has been found previously to be inadequate to prevent progressive taurine depletion of the retina and its subsequent degeneration and since conversion of sulfur compounds to taurine in vivo is inadequate, taurine can be considered an essential nutrient for the cat.", "contents": "Taurine: an essential nutrient for the cat. Cats fed a purified diet containing purified casein as the source of protein develop retinal degeneration due to the lack of taurine in the diet. To test whether cats can synthesize this sulfur amino acid from sulfate or cystine, radioisotopes of these substances were injected into taurine-depleted and control cats. Sulfate did not serve as a precursor for taurine synthesis, whereas cystine underwent only a moderate conversion to taurine. This is in keeping with the low level of cysteinesulfinic acid (CSA) decarboxylase activity in cat liver. There was no difference between the activity of CSA decarboxylase in tissues from control cats and that in tissues from taurine-depleted cats. The pattern of tissue accumulation of [35S]taurine and from [35S]cystine also indicated that tissues from taurine-depleted cats do not synthesize [35S]taurine more rapidly than tissues from control cats. The data did not indicate a difference in taurine uptake by tissues of control and deficient cats, but progressive accumulation in deficient cats suggested that the turnover rate of taurine is decreased by the deficiency. Since supplementation of the purified diet with cysteine has been found previously to be inadequate to prevent progressive taurine depletion of the retina and its subsequent degeneration and since conversion of sulfur compounds to taurine in vivo is inadequate, taurine can be considered an essential nutrient for the cat.", "PMID": 641594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_902", "title": "Intestinal disappearance and portal blood appearance of amino acids in sheep.", "content": "The intestinal disappearance and simultaneous arterial inflow and portal appearance of individual amino acids (AA) were studied in sheep fed closed formula, unrefined high (H.P.) and medium (M.P.) protein diets. Gut contents were sampled through four intestinal cannulae and blood was sampled through portal and arterial catheters. The amount of total and amino N that was fed decreased on passage into the duodenum but increased in the jejunum, and then again decreased steadily towards the terminal ileum. The amounts of AA passing into the duodenum were significantly higher when the H.P. rather than the M.P. diet was fed. No dietary differences in AA were noted at the ileo-cecal junction, however, meaning that greater amounts of AA disappeared from the intestine when the H.P. diet was fed. The amounts of AA appearing in portal blood were 30 to 80% of those disappearing from the intestine and were greater in sheep fed the H.P. diet. The amount of AA passing into the duodenum also significantly affected the concentrations of AA in arterial blood. Less [U-14C]glutamic acid than [U-14C]alanine, that was infused into abomasum, was detected in the digesta passing through the pylorus. The same also was true for the unlabeled free form of glutamic acid. The portal appearance of both unlabeled and labeled glutamic acid was negligible, but that of alanine was considerable. Variable amounts of [14C]citrulline, [14C]arginine, and [14C]urea were detected in the blood following the abomasal infusions of labeled glutamic acid or alanine. The portal appearance of these labeled metabolites was always negative, however, implying that they were utilized, and not formed, by gut tissues.", "contents": "Intestinal disappearance and portal blood appearance of amino acids in sheep. The intestinal disappearance and simultaneous arterial inflow and portal appearance of individual amino acids (AA) were studied in sheep fed closed formula, unrefined high (H.P.) and medium (M.P.) protein diets. Gut contents were sampled through four intestinal cannulae and blood was sampled through portal and arterial catheters. The amount of total and amino N that was fed decreased on passage into the duodenum but increased in the jejunum, and then again decreased steadily towards the terminal ileum. The amounts of AA passing into the duodenum were significantly higher when the H.P. rather than the M.P. diet was fed. No dietary differences in AA were noted at the ileo-cecal junction, however, meaning that greater amounts of AA disappeared from the intestine when the H.P. diet was fed. The amounts of AA appearing in portal blood were 30 to 80% of those disappearing from the intestine and were greater in sheep fed the H.P. diet. The amount of AA passing into the duodenum also significantly affected the concentrations of AA in arterial blood. Less [U-14C]glutamic acid than [U-14C]alanine, that was infused into abomasum, was detected in the digesta passing through the pylorus. The same also was true for the unlabeled free form of glutamic acid. The portal appearance of both unlabeled and labeled glutamic acid was negligible, but that of alanine was considerable. Variable amounts of [14C]citrulline, [14C]arginine, and [14C]urea were detected in the blood following the abomasal infusions of labeled glutamic acid or alanine. The portal appearance of these labeled metabolites was always negative, however, implying that they were utilized, and not formed, by gut tissues.", "PMID": 641595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_903", "title": "Copper deficiency in the laying hen.", "content": "Copper deficiency in the laying hen resulted in anemia and the production of eggs which were abnormal in size and shape. Many of the eggs had shells which were wrinkled and rough in texture. There was also an increase in the number of shell-less eggs. Examination of malformed egg shells using the scanning electron microscope revealed ultrastructural changes in the mammillary layer of the shell. The effect of copper deficiency on shell formation was attributed to the shell membranes which were altered in color, appearance, and physical consistency. Amino acid analysis of the membranes indicated that the membranes from copper deficient hens were characterized by an increase in lysine content. This suggests that copper is necessary for the formation of lysine derived cross-links in a manner similar to that which occurs in connective tissue. The exact nature of these cross-links is unknown at this time.", "contents": "Copper deficiency in the laying hen. Copper deficiency in the laying hen resulted in anemia and the production of eggs which were abnormal in size and shape. Many of the eggs had shells which were wrinkled and rough in texture. There was also an increase in the number of shell-less eggs. Examination of malformed egg shells using the scanning electron microscope revealed ultrastructural changes in the mammillary layer of the shell. The effect of copper deficiency on shell formation was attributed to the shell membranes which were altered in color, appearance, and physical consistency. Amino acid analysis of the membranes indicated that the membranes from copper deficient hens were characterized by an increase in lysine content. This suggests that copper is necessary for the formation of lysine derived cross-links in a manner similar to that which occurs in connective tissue. The exact nature of these cross-links is unknown at this time.", "PMID": 641596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_904", "title": "Rearing of gnotobiotic rodents by feeding a commercially-prepared infant formula.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive method for the rearing of germfree rats was developed. Germfree rats were fed from age 10 days to 40 weeks a diet consisting of commercially prepared Similac infant formula, water, and corn oil. Weight gains and gross appearances were comparable to littermate controls. Antibodies to bacterial teichoic acid were present in all controls while absent in rats fed the Similac diet.", "contents": "Rearing of gnotobiotic rodents by feeding a commercially-prepared infant formula. A simple, inexpensive method for the rearing of germfree rats was developed. Germfree rats were fed from age 10 days to 40 weeks a diet consisting of commercially prepared Similac infant formula, water, and corn oil. Weight gains and gross appearances were comparable to littermate controls. Antibodies to bacterial teichoic acid were present in all controls while absent in rats fed the Similac diet.", "PMID": 641597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_905", "title": "Comparative effects of saturated and unsaturated lipids on hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in vivo in the meal-fed rat.", "content": "The effects of saturated and unsaturated lipids on in vivo rates of hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis were compared. Lipogenic and cholesterogenic rates were determined in meal-fed rats either after feeding 1%, 5%, 10%, or 20% dietary corn oil or hydrogenated soybean oil for 14 days, or after intrgastric administration of fatty acyl ethyl esters (18:0, 18:1, or 18:2) for 1 and 3 days. Dietary hydrogenated soybean oil was not absorbed, whereas dietary corn oil and the intragastrically administered fatty acyl ethyl esters were well absorbed. Fatty acid synthesis measured from 3H2O and [14C] alanine was inversely correlated with unsaturated dietary fat content, but was unchanged by saturated dietary fat. A single daily administration of 18:0, 18:1, or 18:2 was ineffective in altering lipogenic rates. However, fatty acid synthesis was decreased by three consecutive daily doses of 18:1 or 18:2 (5 g/kg), but not by 18:0. Hepatic rates of cholesterogenesis from 3H2O and [14C] alanine were markedly enhanced by the administration of 10% or 20% saturated dietary fat. Feeding 1%, 5%, or 10% corn oil diets did not have an effect on cholesterogenesis. The 20% corn oil diet reduced the rate of conversion of [14C]anine into cholesterol while the rate of conversion of 3H2O remained unchanged. Neither the 1 day not 3 day oral administration of 18:0 or 18:1 had any effect on cholesterol synthesis; thereas the administration of 18:2 increased the conversion of [14C] alanine into cholesterol by 30% but did not after the rates of cholesterogenesis from 3H2O. These data suggest the following: a) fatty acid synthesis responds selectively to 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2; b) the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by unsaturated fatty acids is time dependent; c) the rate of fatty acid synthesis is inversely proportional to the concentration of unsaturated dietary fat; d) prolonged feeding with a completely saturated diet will increase fecal fat excretion and hepatic cholesterol synthesis; and e) the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by dietary lipid is independent of the regulation of cholesterol synthesis.", "contents": "Comparative effects of saturated and unsaturated lipids on hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in vivo in the meal-fed rat. The effects of saturated and unsaturated lipids on in vivo rates of hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis were compared. Lipogenic and cholesterogenic rates were determined in meal-fed rats either after feeding 1%, 5%, 10%, or 20% dietary corn oil or hydrogenated soybean oil for 14 days, or after intrgastric administration of fatty acyl ethyl esters (18:0, 18:1, or 18:2) for 1 and 3 days. Dietary hydrogenated soybean oil was not absorbed, whereas dietary corn oil and the intragastrically administered fatty acyl ethyl esters were well absorbed. Fatty acid synthesis measured from 3H2O and [14C] alanine was inversely correlated with unsaturated dietary fat content, but was unchanged by saturated dietary fat. A single daily administration of 18:0, 18:1, or 18:2 was ineffective in altering lipogenic rates. However, fatty acid synthesis was decreased by three consecutive daily doses of 18:1 or 18:2 (5 g/kg), but not by 18:0. Hepatic rates of cholesterogenesis from 3H2O and [14C] alanine were markedly enhanced by the administration of 10% or 20% saturated dietary fat. Feeding 1%, 5%, or 10% corn oil diets did not have an effect on cholesterogenesis. The 20% corn oil diet reduced the rate of conversion of [14C]anine into cholesterol while the rate of conversion of 3H2O remained unchanged. Neither the 1 day not 3 day oral administration of 18:0 or 18:1 had any effect on cholesterol synthesis; thereas the administration of 18:2 increased the conversion of [14C] alanine into cholesterol by 30% but did not after the rates of cholesterogenesis from 3H2O. These data suggest the following: a) fatty acid synthesis responds selectively to 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2; b) the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by unsaturated fatty acids is time dependent; c) the rate of fatty acid synthesis is inversely proportional to the concentration of unsaturated dietary fat; d) prolonged feeding with a completely saturated diet will increase fecal fat excretion and hepatic cholesterol synthesis; and e) the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by dietary lipid is independent of the regulation of cholesterol synthesis.", "PMID": 641598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_906", "title": "Blood and liver folacin activity, formiminoglutamic acid excretion, growth and hematology in guinea pigs fed a folacin deficient diet with and without sulfonamides.", "content": "Dietary folacin deficiency in the presence and absence of dietary sulfonamides was studied in the guinea pig for the purpose of relating the growth and hematologic effects of folacin deficiency to tissue and biochemical changes. Six-week old female guinea pigs fed control and folacin deficient diets with and without 0.1% sulfonamides for 6 to 7 weeks. Growth was significantly reduced in both groups fed the folacin deficient diets, and 25% of all deficient animals died. Macrocytic anemia was not present, but reduced leukocyte numbers were observed in folacin deficiency. Plasma and red blood cell folacin activities were reduced by about 50% in deficient guinea pigs in the presence and absence of dietary sulfonamides. Both liver total folacin activity and urinary formiminoglutamic acid excretion were not significantly altered by the degree of folacin deficiency obtained in this study.", "contents": "Blood and liver folacin activity, formiminoglutamic acid excretion, growth and hematology in guinea pigs fed a folacin deficient diet with and without sulfonamides. Dietary folacin deficiency in the presence and absence of dietary sulfonamides was studied in the guinea pig for the purpose of relating the growth and hematologic effects of folacin deficiency to tissue and biochemical changes. Six-week old female guinea pigs fed control and folacin deficient diets with and without 0.1% sulfonamides for 6 to 7 weeks. Growth was significantly reduced in both groups fed the folacin deficient diets, and 25% of all deficient animals died. Macrocytic anemia was not present, but reduced leukocyte numbers were observed in folacin deficiency. Plasma and red blood cell folacin activities were reduced by about 50% in deficient guinea pigs in the presence and absence of dietary sulfonamides. Both liver total folacin activity and urinary formiminoglutamic acid excretion were not significantly altered by the degree of folacin deficiency obtained in this study.", "PMID": 641599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_907", "title": "The effect of metabolic state on incorportion of [14C] pantothenate into CoA in rat liver and heart.", "content": "The effect of metabolic or hormonal status on CoA biosynthesis was studied by comparing the rates of incorporation of [14C]-panthothenate into CoA in fasted and glucose-fed rats. Rat hearts and livers were freeze-clamped 1.5 hours after intravenous injection of [14C] pantothenate. CoA, pantothenate, and other pathway intermediates were separated by chromatography of tissue extracts on DEAE cellulose paper. Compared to the fasted rats, rats forced-fed glucose 0.5 hours before pantothenate injection 69% lower incorporation of radioactivity into CoA in liver, a 69% lower specific radioactivity of liver CoA, a 63% lower specific radioactivity of liver mitochondrial CoA, and a 44% lower incorporation of radioactivity in CoA in heart. The accumulation of labeled pathway intermediates was negligible. The cysteine content of liver was equal for the two conditions. There was no difference in level of unacylated CoASH for fasted and glucose-fed rats, suggesting that hormonal effects on degree of CoA acylation are not involved in this regulator mechanism. The specific radioactivities and concentrations of pantothenate in heart or liver were also nearly equal for the two conditions, so the regulatory mechanism does not involve hormonal effects on pantothenate uptake into tissues. Thus, the effect of glucose-feeding (and related changes of metabolite and insulin-glucagon levels) on the incorporation o[14C] pantothenate into CoA is exerted at a locus on the biosynthetic and/or degradative pathway between pantothenate and CoA.", "contents": "The effect of metabolic state on incorportion of [14C] pantothenate into CoA in rat liver and heart. The effect of metabolic or hormonal status on CoA biosynthesis was studied by comparing the rates of incorporation of [14C]-panthothenate into CoA in fasted and glucose-fed rats. Rat hearts and livers were freeze-clamped 1.5 hours after intravenous injection of [14C] pantothenate. CoA, pantothenate, and other pathway intermediates were separated by chromatography of tissue extracts on DEAE cellulose paper. Compared to the fasted rats, rats forced-fed glucose 0.5 hours before pantothenate injection 69% lower incorporation of radioactivity into CoA in liver, a 69% lower specific radioactivity of liver CoA, a 63% lower specific radioactivity of liver mitochondrial CoA, and a 44% lower incorporation of radioactivity in CoA in heart. The accumulation of labeled pathway intermediates was negligible. The cysteine content of liver was equal for the two conditions. There was no difference in level of unacylated CoASH for fasted and glucose-fed rats, suggesting that hormonal effects on degree of CoA acylation are not involved in this regulator mechanism. The specific radioactivities and concentrations of pantothenate in heart or liver were also nearly equal for the two conditions, so the regulatory mechanism does not involve hormonal effects on pantothenate uptake into tissues. Thus, the effect of glucose-feeding (and related changes of metabolite and insulin-glucagon levels) on the incorporation o[14C] pantothenate into CoA is exerted at a locus on the biosynthetic and/or degradative pathway between pantothenate and CoA.", "PMID": 641601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_908", "title": "Carcass and liver composition following acute oxytetracycline treatment of ob/ob mice.", "content": "Fully mature (24-week old) C57BL/6J ob/ob mice and their lean littermates received daily oxytetracycline injections (50 or 100 mg/kg) during a 10 day period. The effects of the drug on the glucose, IRI, corticosterone levels, and on hepatic and body composition of ad libitum fed obese mice were compared with those of food-restricted and ad libitum fed lean and obese control animals. When compared with food-restricted obese mice, drug treatment led to substantial reductions of serum glucose, serum IRI, carcass fat, and hepatic lipid content, while it increased lean body mass and liver glycogen concentration. Similarly, oxytetracycline decreased body weight, and serum glucose in lean mice, but the drug had no substantial effect on circulating IRI levels or on the lipid content of carcass. A significant increase in hepatic lipid was observed in drug-treated lean mice. No effects of the drug on basal corticosterone levels were noted in either phenotype. These data support previous findings showing the effectiveness of oxytetracycline to reverse many of the metabolic abnormalities of ob/ob mice. In addition, the present results suggest that the drug acts by independently altering abnormal metabolism in many target organs, including pancreas, adipose tissue, liver, and muscle, rather than by merely reducing circulating insulin levels or by generally increasing insulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Carcass and liver composition following acute oxytetracycline treatment of ob/ob mice. Fully mature (24-week old) C57BL/6J ob/ob mice and their lean littermates received daily oxytetracycline injections (50 or 100 mg/kg) during a 10 day period. The effects of the drug on the glucose, IRI, corticosterone levels, and on hepatic and body composition of ad libitum fed obese mice were compared with those of food-restricted and ad libitum fed lean and obese control animals. When compared with food-restricted obese mice, drug treatment led to substantial reductions of serum glucose, serum IRI, carcass fat, and hepatic lipid content, while it increased lean body mass and liver glycogen concentration. Similarly, oxytetracycline decreased body weight, and serum glucose in lean mice, but the drug had no substantial effect on circulating IRI levels or on the lipid content of carcass. A significant increase in hepatic lipid was observed in drug-treated lean mice. No effects of the drug on basal corticosterone levels were noted in either phenotype. These data support previous findings showing the effectiveness of oxytetracycline to reverse many of the metabolic abnormalities of ob/ob mice. In addition, the present results suggest that the drug acts by independently altering abnormal metabolism in many target organs, including pancreas, adipose tissue, liver, and muscle, rather than by merely reducing circulating insulin levels or by generally increasing insulin sensitivity.", "PMID": 641602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_909", "title": "Diagnosing occupational disease: a new standard of care?", "content": "Is a physician civilly liable for failure to diagnose an occupational disease in his patient? Under principles of common-law tort, physicians are held to certain standards of care in treatment. When that standard is breached and a patient is injured, a negligence action may lie. Might a court find that a physician has breached that standard of care if he fails to include in his examination of thorough work history and evaluation of job exposures to toxic chemicals? A number of medical malpractice cases involving standards of care are analyzed and parallels are drawn to the occupational disease context. Although it is impossible to predict how courts will rule in a given case, it appears that it would be prudent for a physician to delve more deeply into his patient's work experience when a patient presents with puzzling symptoms. The standard use of a thorough work history might also lead to early discovery of an industry-wide or community-wide health problem.", "contents": "Diagnosing occupational disease: a new standard of care? Is a physician civilly liable for failure to diagnose an occupational disease in his patient? Under principles of common-law tort, physicians are held to certain standards of care in treatment. When that standard is breached and a patient is injured, a negligence action may lie. Might a court find that a physician has breached that standard of care if he fails to include in his examination of thorough work history and evaluation of job exposures to toxic chemicals? A number of medical malpractice cases involving standards of care are analyzed and parallels are drawn to the occupational disease context. Although it is impossible to predict how courts will rule in a given case, it appears that it would be prudent for a physician to delve more deeply into his patient's work experience when a patient presents with puzzling symptoms. The standard use of a thorough work history might also lead to early discovery of an industry-wide or community-wide health problem.", "PMID": 641606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_910", "title": "Mortality follow-up of workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane.", "content": "As a result of recent interest in the carcinogenic effect of dioxane, a mortality study was conducted on employees exposed to this compound at a major chemical company plant. Standard follow-up techniques were used to ascertain the vital status of a total of 165 employees ever exposed to dioxane since 1954. Observed deaths from overall cancer were not significantly different from the expected number of deaths. The observations were based on small numbers of deaths of employees who were apparently exposed at low levels and for relatively short exposures.", "contents": "Mortality follow-up of workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane. As a result of recent interest in the carcinogenic effect of dioxane, a mortality study was conducted on employees exposed to this compound at a major chemical company plant. Standard follow-up techniques were used to ascertain the vital status of a total of 165 employees ever exposed to dioxane since 1954. Observed deaths from overall cancer were not significantly different from the expected number of deaths. The observations were based on small numbers of deaths of employees who were apparently exposed at low levels and for relatively short exposures.", "PMID": 641607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_911", "title": "The use of retirees to evaluate occupational hazards. II. Comparison of cause specific mortality by work area.", "content": "This article compared the results of mortality studies in  three work areas of the steel industry for the total cohort of workers and for the retirees. This was done to determine further the usefulness and the limitations of retiree studies for occupational mortality studies. The major findings are: 1. Retiree studies detect occupational hazards such as respiratory cancers and nonmalignant respiratory diseases, although the estimated average relative risk will tend, for obvious reasons, to be greater than for the total cohort. 2. Some problems associated with the use of retirees for occupational mortality studies were also discussed. These problems included small sample sizes, the retiree study not indicating significant excess deaths from certain diseases because the excess mortality took place in the younger ages, and differences between the estimates of risk for the retiree study and the total cohort study. 3. The estimates of risk for the studies using all men over age 65 did not vary from the estimates of risk for the total cohort as much as the risks from the retirees did. However, other than the variation seen in the estimates of risk, the exclusion of nonretirees from the retiree study did not seem to affect the overall conclusions. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that retiree studies may sometimes be useful tools in detecting occupational hazards when cost and time definitely preclude more comprehensive studies, but that one should be aware of the greater possibility of spurious negative findings due to the limited age group being studied and the smaller sample sizes.", "contents": "The use of retirees to evaluate occupational hazards. II. Comparison of cause specific mortality by work area. This article compared the results of mortality studies in  three work areas of the steel industry for the total cohort of workers and for the retirees. This was done to determine further the usefulness and the limitations of retiree studies for occupational mortality studies. The major findings are: 1. Retiree studies detect occupational hazards such as respiratory cancers and nonmalignant respiratory diseases, although the estimated average relative risk will tend, for obvious reasons, to be greater than for the total cohort. 2. Some problems associated with the use of retirees for occupational mortality studies were also discussed. These problems included small sample sizes, the retiree study not indicating significant excess deaths from certain diseases because the excess mortality took place in the younger ages, and differences between the estimates of risk for the retiree study and the total cohort study. 3. The estimates of risk for the studies using all men over age 65 did not vary from the estimates of risk for the total cohort as much as the risks from the retirees did. However, other than the variation seen in the estimates of risk, the exclusion of nonretirees from the retiree study did not seem to affect the overall conclusions. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that retiree studies may sometimes be useful tools in detecting occupational hazards when cost and time definitely preclude more comprehensive studies, but that one should be aware of the greater possibility of spurious negative findings due to the limited age group being studied and the smaller sample sizes.", "PMID": 641608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_912", "title": "The control of acute diarrhea in a large industrial plant.", "content": "Diarrhea causes considerable absenteeism and loss of working time among employees in the United States. One hundred employees with acute diarrhea at a Ford Motor Company plant were studied for four months to determine if loperamide hydrochloride treatment would control diarrheal symptoms, reduce absenteeism due to the condition, and be well-tolerated. Diarrhea was controlled with a median dosage of three capsules (6 mg total dose) and a range of two to 12 capsules. Ninety-six percent of the subjects were controlled after the first day, 98% by the third day. A statistically significant number were symptom free at their last clinical visits. Side effects were generally minor in nature. Substantially more than 1,000 man-hours of lost time were saved because of the treatment. Known drug dependents did not suffer from CNS effects or \"highs\". Loperamide acts directly on the intestinal wall to inhibit excessive peristalsis, thereby providing prompt, effective relief, with normal bowel patterns observed in these patients. The simple, individualized dosage is patient-oriented, rather than based on a fixed regimen. Because of its rapid onset of action, effective control of symptoms, low dosage, and being well-tolerated, loperamide meets the criteria for an effective antidiarrheal agent in industry.", "contents": "The control of acute diarrhea in a large industrial plant. Diarrhea causes considerable absenteeism and loss of working time among employees in the United States. One hundred employees with acute diarrhea at a Ford Motor Company plant were studied for four months to determine if loperamide hydrochloride treatment would control diarrheal symptoms, reduce absenteeism due to the condition, and be well-tolerated. Diarrhea was controlled with a median dosage of three capsules (6 mg total dose) and a range of two to 12 capsules. Ninety-six percent of the subjects were controlled after the first day, 98% by the third day. A statistically significant number were symptom free at their last clinical visits. Side effects were generally minor in nature. Substantially more than 1,000 man-hours of lost time were saved because of the treatment. Known drug dependents did not suffer from CNS effects or \"highs\". Loperamide acts directly on the intestinal wall to inhibit excessive peristalsis, thereby providing prompt, effective relief, with normal bowel patterns observed in these patients. The simple, individualized dosage is patient-oriented, rather than based on a fixed regimen. Because of its rapid onset of action, effective control of symptoms, low dosage, and being well-tolerated, loperamide meets the criteria for an effective antidiarrheal agent in industry.", "PMID": 641610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_913", "title": "Developmental patterns of renal functional maturation compared in the human neonate.", "content": "Observations on the influence of extrauterine life upon renal functional maturation in the human being were made in 49 newborn infants of 25 to 41 weeks' GA during the first 48 hours of life, and in serial studies of 12 of these infants whose GA at birth was less than or equal to 34 weeks. GFR was found to be uniformly low in infants born prior to 34 weeks' GA, and increased rapidly after 34 weeks' GA. Glucosuria was found to occur commonly in infants less than or equal to 30 weeks' GA. Glomerulotubular balance for glucose was noted in every infant studied, regardless of GA or length of time since birth. Mean values for TRP at every age prior to feeding was greater than or equal to 85%, and decreased concomitantly with the rise in serum phosphate concentrations after feedings were introduced. The urinary excretion of alpha amino nitrogen was greatest in infants less than 34 weeks' GA. These studies suggest that renal functional development in the human infant is closely related to conceptional (GA + postnatal age) age, and that the pattern of renal functional development for the premature infant during extrauterine life is similar to that of the fetus in utero of corresponding conceptional age.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of renal functional maturation compared in the human neonate. Observations on the influence of extrauterine life upon renal functional maturation in the human being were made in 49 newborn infants of 25 to 41 weeks' GA during the first 48 hours of life, and in serial studies of 12 of these infants whose GA at birth was less than or equal to 34 weeks. GFR was found to be uniformly low in infants born prior to 34 weeks' GA, and increased rapidly after 34 weeks' GA. Glucosuria was found to occur commonly in infants less than or equal to 30 weeks' GA. Glomerulotubular balance for glucose was noted in every infant studied, regardless of GA or length of time since birth. Mean values for TRP at every age prior to feeding was greater than or equal to 85%, and decreased concomitantly with the rise in serum phosphate concentrations after feedings were introduced. The urinary excretion of alpha amino nitrogen was greatest in infants less than 34 weeks' GA. These studies suggest that renal functional development in the human infant is closely related to conceptional (GA + postnatal age) age, and that the pattern of renal functional development for the premature infant during extrauterine life is similar to that of the fetus in utero of corresponding conceptional age.", "PMID": 641617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_914", "title": "The response to exercise in normal and asthmatic children.", "content": "Twenty-five normal and 105 asthmatic children were exercised on a treadmill. Pulmonary function was assessed before and after exercise. The maximum fall from the resting value in normal subjects depended on the test used: PEFR 12.5%; FEV1 10%; MMEF 26%; V50 30%; V25 33%. Using these criteria, PEFR and FEV1 detected 99% of those asthmatic children who had a positive exercise response. The largest fall from the resting value was seen with the MMEF, but this test detected only 70% of the positive responders. The pre-exercise function did not affect the severity of the response but did have an effect on the incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "contents": "The response to exercise in normal and asthmatic children. Twenty-five normal and 105 asthmatic children were exercised on a treadmill. Pulmonary function was assessed before and after exercise. The maximum fall from the resting value in normal subjects depended on the test used: PEFR 12.5%; FEV1 10%; MMEF 26%; V50 30%; V25 33%. Using these criteria, PEFR and FEV1 detected 99% of those asthmatic children who had a positive exercise response. The largest fall from the resting value was seen with the MMEF, but this test detected only 70% of the positive responders. The pre-exercise function did not affect the severity of the response but did have an effect on the incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "PMID": 641618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_915", "title": "Pacemakers in young patients: 1977.", "content": "Recent experience with implanted cardiac pacemakers in nine young patients is reported. Advance in technology include improved pacemaker generator design and placement, and improved lead design and placement. No patients died; our only complication, failure to capture, required repositioning of the lead. All pacemaker replacements were elective. This series helps to define the more favorable current prognosis for the young patient needing pacemaker therapy.", "contents": "Pacemakers in young patients: 1977. Recent experience with implanted cardiac pacemakers in nine young patients is reported. Advance in technology include improved pacemaker generator design and placement, and improved lead design and placement. No patients died; our only complication, failure to capture, required repositioning of the lead. All pacemaker replacements were elective. This series helps to define the more favorable current prognosis for the young patient needing pacemaker therapy.", "PMID": 641619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_916", "title": "Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease.", "content": "The one-hour blood xylose concentration was evaluated to determine its usefulness as a screening test for small bowel mucosal disease in infants and children. Six of 13 patients with one-hour blood xylose levels of less than 20 mg/dl had normal small bowel biopsies by light microscopy. Five of 20 children with normal one-hour xylose levels had abnormal small bowel villous architecture. Because of the significant false positive (46%) and false negative results (25%), the one-hour blood xylose concentration should not be used as the sole indicator for small bowel biopsy in infants and children with chronic diarrhea.", "contents": "Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease. The one-hour blood xylose concentration was evaluated to determine its usefulness as a screening test for small bowel mucosal disease in infants and children. Six of 13 patients with one-hour blood xylose levels of less than 20 mg/dl had normal small bowel biopsies by light microscopy. Five of 20 children with normal one-hour xylose levels had abnormal small bowel villous architecture. Because of the significant false positive (46%) and false negative results (25%), the one-hour blood xylose concentration should not be used as the sole indicator for small bowel biopsy in infants and children with chronic diarrhea.", "PMID": 641620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_917", "title": "One-hour blood xylose test: a reliable index of small bowel function.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of oral D-xylose tolerance tests in 435 pediatric patients was performed. A significant difference was found between 126 normal subjects and 47 untreated children with celiac disease one hour after load. The one-hour value was found to be more reliable than was fecal fat analysis in screening children for celiac disease. Sex, age, weight, and body surface did not influence the results of the one-hour value in the control subjects. Forty-eight children with cystic fibrosis had one-hour xylose levels within the normal range, but the means at 90, 120, and 180 minutes after load exceeded significantly (P less than 0.01) those of the controls. In a nonceliac group of 63 children with abnormally low xylose levels, almost all were found to have clinical conditions compatible with upper small bowel mucosal impairment. This study shows that a single estimation of xylose in blood one hour after load is a reliable index of small bowel mucosal function. It is a good screening test for celiac disease and small bowel disorders producing malabsorption in children.", "contents": "One-hour blood xylose test: a reliable index of small bowel function. A retrospective analysis of oral D-xylose tolerance tests in 435 pediatric patients was performed. A significant difference was found between 126 normal subjects and 47 untreated children with celiac disease one hour after load. The one-hour value was found to be more reliable than was fecal fat analysis in screening children for celiac disease. Sex, age, weight, and body surface did not influence the results of the one-hour value in the control subjects. Forty-eight children with cystic fibrosis had one-hour xylose levels within the normal range, but the means at 90, 120, and 180 minutes after load exceeded significantly (P less than 0.01) those of the controls. In a nonceliac group of 63 children with abnormally low xylose levels, almost all were found to have clinical conditions compatible with upper small bowel mucosal impairment. This study shows that a single estimation of xylose in blood one hour after load is a reliable index of small bowel mucosal function. It is a good screening test for celiac disease and small bowel disorders producing malabsorption in children.", "PMID": 641621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_918", "title": "Differential effects of cranial radiation on growth hormone response to arginine and insulin infusion.", "content": "The growth hormone responses to arginine infusion and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were studied in 13 patients with neoplastic disease after treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. Patients who received intensive cranial radiation (greater than 2,400 rads) had no response to either arginine or insulin; those who received moderate cranial radiation (greater than or equal to 2,400 rads) had GH response to arginine but not to insulin; patients receiving no cranial radiation responded to both arginine and insulin. These data support the hypothesis that GH secretion in response to arginine infusion has a different mechanism in contrast to the response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and that the latter is more vulnerable to cranial radiation.", "contents": "Differential effects of cranial radiation on growth hormone response to arginine and insulin infusion. The growth hormone responses to arginine infusion and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were studied in 13 patients with neoplastic disease after treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. Patients who received intensive cranial radiation (greater than 2,400 rads) had no response to either arginine or insulin; those who received moderate cranial radiation (greater than or equal to 2,400 rads) had GH response to arginine but not to insulin; patients receiving no cranial radiation responded to both arginine and insulin. These data support the hypothesis that GH secretion in response to arginine infusion has a different mechanism in contrast to the response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and that the latter is more vulnerable to cranial radiation.", "PMID": 641622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_919", "title": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in children with bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin were determined by radioimmunoassay in 13 normal children, 21 patients with febrile illnesses (not bacterial meningitis), and 17 patients with bacterial meningitis. The mean +/- 1 SD concentrations of AVP in the normal children and patients with various febrile illnesses were 0.7 +/- 0.6 and 1.0 +/- 1.2 muU/ml, respectively. The mean +/- 1 SD concentration of AVP in patients with bacterial meningitis was 3.3 +/- 2.3 muU/ml. The concentrations of AVP in the patients with bacterial meningitis were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than those noted in the normal children or children with other febrile diseases.", "contents": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in children with bacterial meningitis. Plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin were determined by radioimmunoassay in 13 normal children, 21 patients with febrile illnesses (not bacterial meningitis), and 17 patients with bacterial meningitis. The mean +/- 1 SD concentrations of AVP in the normal children and patients with various febrile illnesses were 0.7 +/- 0.6 and 1.0 +/- 1.2 muU/ml, respectively. The mean +/- 1 SD concentration of AVP in patients with bacterial meningitis was 3.3 +/- 2.3 muU/ml. The concentrations of AVP in the patients with bacterial meningitis were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than those noted in the normal children or children with other febrile diseases.", "PMID": 641623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_920", "title": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with homolateral upper limb malformation: a study of possible pathogenesis in four cases.", "content": "Four cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with homolateral upper limb reduction deformities are presented and are analyzed in terms of their pathogenesis. Diaphragm and upper limb are supplied by adjacent segments of cervical neural crest, and the sensitive period for upper limb formation occurs during early neural crest development. The evidence supports the possibility of cervical neural crest injury as the underlying pathogenesis.", "contents": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with homolateral upper limb malformation: a study of possible pathogenesis in four cases. Four cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with homolateral upper limb reduction deformities are presented and are analyzed in terms of their pathogenesis. Diaphragm and upper limb are supplied by adjacent segments of cervical neural crest, and the sensitive period for upper limb formation occurs during early neural crest development. The evidence supports the possibility of cervical neural crest injury as the underlying pathogenesis.", "PMID": 641624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_921", "title": "Familial ichthyosis, dwarfism, mental retardation, and renal disease.", "content": "The nonrandom association of congenital ichthyosis with neurologic impairment, ectodermal dysplasia, dwarfism, hypogonadism, and renal disease has prompted the review of numerous syndromes. The difficulties in characterization of syndromes in the absence of pathognomonic signs is discussed in relation to three siblings presented herein. Despite extensive investigation, underlying metabolic defects remain obscure.", "contents": "Familial ichthyosis, dwarfism, mental retardation, and renal disease. The nonrandom association of congenital ichthyosis with neurologic impairment, ectodermal dysplasia, dwarfism, hypogonadism, and renal disease has prompted the review of numerous syndromes. The difficulties in characterization of syndromes in the absence of pathognomonic signs is discussed in relation to three siblings presented herein. Despite extensive investigation, underlying metabolic defects remain obscure.", "PMID": 641625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_922", "title": "Hazards of calcium gluconate therapy in the newborn infant: intra-arterial injection producing intestinal necrosis in rabbit ileum.", "content": "Five infants received 10% calcium gluconate via umbilical artery catheters, which resulted in intestinal bleeding and lesions of the buttock, anus, groin, and thigh. The effects of intra-arterial calcium gluconate in two animal models were investigated. Injection of calcium into the aorta in the region of the posterior mesenteric artery resulted in immediate hyperperfusion of the descending colon; this may be an early hemodynamic response to injury in the area of colon supplied by this vessel. Injections into the arterial arcade of the rabbit ileum resulted in intestinal necrosis and villous atrophy. The use of umbilical artery catheters for administration of calcium gluconate is potentially hazardous.", "contents": "Hazards of calcium gluconate therapy in the newborn infant: intra-arterial injection producing intestinal necrosis in rabbit ileum. Five infants received 10% calcium gluconate via umbilical artery catheters, which resulted in intestinal bleeding and lesions of the buttock, anus, groin, and thigh. The effects of intra-arterial calcium gluconate in two animal models were investigated. Injection of calcium into the aorta in the region of the posterior mesenteric artery resulted in immediate hyperperfusion of the descending colon; this may be an early hemodynamic response to injury in the area of colon supplied by this vessel. Injections into the arterial arcade of the rabbit ileum resulted in intestinal necrosis and villous atrophy. The use of umbilical artery catheters for administration of calcium gluconate is potentially hazardous.", "PMID": 641631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_923", "title": "Neonatal pneumonia associated with medium-chain triglyceride feeding supplement.", "content": "The appearance of a similar pattern of multifocal pulmonary consolidation in four neonates receiving undiluted medium-chain triglyceride oil suggested a cause-and-effect relationship. This was supported by the demonstration in rabbits that the transtracheal injection of MCTO caused severe pneumonia. It is suggested that MCTO be mixed with formula before it is given to neonates.", "contents": "Neonatal pneumonia associated with medium-chain triglyceride feeding supplement. The appearance of a similar pattern of multifocal pulmonary consolidation in four neonates receiving undiluted medium-chain triglyceride oil suggested a cause-and-effect relationship. This was supported by the demonstration in rabbits that the transtracheal injection of MCTO caused severe pneumonia. It is suggested that MCTO be mixed with formula before it is given to neonates.", "PMID": 641632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_924", "title": "Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in congenital left-sided diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "The contribution of an abnormal pulmonary vascular bed to right-to-left shunting in patients with congenital left-sided diaphragmatic hernia and alveolar hypoplasia has not been defined. In three infants we analyzed lungs fixed by perfusion. Left lung volumes (ml/kg birth weight) were 1.7, 6.5 and 4.0 respectively (control = 11.7) and right lung volumes 5.7, 11.7 and 9.8 respectively (control = 14.3). Serial sections were prepared and fifth generation (resistance) vessels identified. Compared to control the medial widths were increased in all lungs and the medial width/external diameter ratios were increased in the left lungs of two patients and the right lung of one. The m/d ratio in the left lung was greater than that in the right lung in two of the three patients. There were fewer pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue in the study lungs than in the control lung, and there were significantly fewer pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue in the left than in the right lung in two of the three patients. Although there was increased smooth muscle in resistance vessels, intravenous therapy with tolazoline HCl did not improve systemic oxygenation. We conclude that this was probably due to the decreased total size of the pulmonary vascular bed and the decreased number of pulmonary vessels per unit lung tissue, causing a fixed high pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in congenital left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. The contribution of an abnormal pulmonary vascular bed to right-to-left shunting in patients with congenital left-sided diaphragmatic hernia and alveolar hypoplasia has not been defined. In three infants we analyzed lungs fixed by perfusion. Left lung volumes (ml/kg birth weight) were 1.7, 6.5 and 4.0 respectively (control = 11.7) and right lung volumes 5.7, 11.7 and 9.8 respectively (control = 14.3). Serial sections were prepared and fifth generation (resistance) vessels identified. Compared to control the medial widths were increased in all lungs and the medial width/external diameter ratios were increased in the left lungs of two patients and the right lung of one. The m/d ratio in the left lung was greater than that in the right lung in two of the three patients. There were fewer pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue in the study lungs than in the control lung, and there were significantly fewer pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue in the left than in the right lung in two of the three patients. Although there was increased smooth muscle in resistance vessels, intravenous therapy with tolazoline HCl did not improve systemic oxygenation. We conclude that this was probably due to the decreased total size of the pulmonary vascular bed and the decreased number of pulmonary vessels per unit lung tissue, causing a fixed high pulmonary vascular resistance.", "PMID": 641633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_925", "title": "Free erythrocyte porphyrins in cord blood.", "content": "Red cell free erythrocyte porphyrin determinations were performed on cord blood specimens from 236 term infants and on capillary blood specimens from 63 preterm infants weighing less than 1,500 gm, during the first week of life. These results were contrasted with those obtained from 398 normal infants and children ages 1 to 6 years. The mean FEP value for the infants was significantly higher than that observed in the normal control subjects. In 10.5% of the term infants and 15.9% of the preterm infants, values in excess of 120 microgram/dl RBCs, the highest value recorded in the normal subjects, were observed. Elevations in FEP values were not related to either blood lead concentration or hematocrit levels in the infants. Infants with elevated FEP values were found to have lower serum iron and transferrin saturation values than did infants with low FEP values. These findings suggest that elevations in cord blood FEP values may indicate a state of relative iron deficiency present at birth.", "contents": "Free erythrocyte porphyrins in cord blood. Red cell free erythrocyte porphyrin determinations were performed on cord blood specimens from 236 term infants and on capillary blood specimens from 63 preterm infants weighing less than 1,500 gm, during the first week of life. These results were contrasted with those obtained from 398 normal infants and children ages 1 to 6 years. The mean FEP value for the infants was significantly higher than that observed in the normal control subjects. In 10.5% of the term infants and 15.9% of the preterm infants, values in excess of 120 microgram/dl RBCs, the highest value recorded in the normal subjects, were observed. Elevations in FEP values were not related to either blood lead concentration or hematocrit levels in the infants. Infants with elevated FEP values were found to have lower serum iron and transferrin saturation values than did infants with low FEP values. These findings suggest that elevations in cord blood FEP values may indicate a state of relative iron deficiency present at birth.", "PMID": 641634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_926", "title": "Glycine therapy in isovaleric acidemia.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of oral glycine was tested in a 3-year-old girl with isovaleric acidemia. An oral leucine load (25 mg/kg) caused a rise of the blood levels of isovaleric, lactic, and pyruvic acids as well as an increase of urinary excretion of the ketone bodies. These changes did not occur when oral glycine (250 mg/kg) was given with the leucine. Glycine supplementation favored the formation of isovalerylglycine, a nontoxic conjugate of isovaleric acid which is excreted rapidly. Excretion of isovalerylglycine rose threefold when leucine and glycine were administered simultaneously. Chronic glycine therapy was tolerated well and may have prevented one episode of ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Glycine therapy in isovaleric acidemia. The therapeutic efficacy of oral glycine was tested in a 3-year-old girl with isovaleric acidemia. An oral leucine load (25 mg/kg) caused a rise of the blood levels of isovaleric, lactic, and pyruvic acids as well as an increase of urinary excretion of the ketone bodies. These changes did not occur when oral glycine (250 mg/kg) was given with the leucine. Glycine supplementation favored the formation of isovalerylglycine, a nontoxic conjugate of isovaleric acid which is excreted rapidly. Excretion of isovalerylglycine rose threefold when leucine and glycine were administered simultaneously. Chronic glycine therapy was tolerated well and may have prevented one episode of ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 641635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_927", "title": "Emotional reactions of children to isolation in a cancer hospital.", "content": "Emotional reactions of 123 hospitalized children and their mothers were evaluated during standard isolation with limited visitation and during peninsula isolation with visitation only through glass partitions. Self-report surveys and behavioral observations by nurses indicated that (1) patients and parents in both isolation facilities had overall high levels of hospital-related anxiety and depression which varied with the patient's  chronologic age; and (2) parents of preschool children had more negative opinions toward peninsula isolation than did parents of older children. These results confirm the need for psychologically supportive programs for the families of children being treated for catastrophic diseases.", "contents": "Emotional reactions of children to isolation in a cancer hospital. Emotional reactions of 123 hospitalized children and their mothers were evaluated during standard isolation with limited visitation and during peninsula isolation with visitation only through glass partitions. Self-report surveys and behavioral observations by nurses indicated that (1) patients and parents in both isolation facilities had overall high levels of hospital-related anxiety and depression which varied with the patient's  chronologic age; and (2) parents of preschool children had more negative opinions toward peninsula isolation than did parents of older children. These results confirm the need for psychologically supportive programs for the families of children being treated for catastrophic diseases.", "PMID": 641638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_928", "title": "Hypnotherapy in the management of childhood habit disorders.", "content": "Hypnotherapy may sometimes be helpful in treating childhood habit disorders, provided that it is used with the same caution as are other treatment modalities. This paper clarifies some common misconceptions about hypnosis with children, notes indications and contraindications, describes a patient in whom hypnotherapy was used to treat hair pulling, and offers information about training in hypnosis and locating qualified hypnotherapists.", "contents": "Hypnotherapy in the management of childhood habit disorders. Hypnotherapy may sometimes be helpful in treating childhood habit disorders, provided that it is used with the same caution as are other treatment modalities. This paper clarifies some common misconceptions about hypnosis with children, notes indications and contraindications, describes a patient in whom hypnotherapy was used to treat hair pulling, and offers information about training in hypnosis and locating qualified hypnotherapists.", "PMID": 641639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_929", "title": "Morphological changes of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai.", "content": "The promastigote form of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai is modified into a paramastigote-like form during incubation at 28 C in high osmolarity complex media obtained through the addition of various concentrations of KCl, NaCl or glycerol. Morphological changes accompanying this modification include an increase in cell volume during exponential growth, a deep invagination of the cell membrane at the bottom of the flagellar pocket into the cytoplasm, and a prominent bulging at the emergence of the flagellum.", "contents": "Morphological changes of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. The promastigote form of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai is modified into a paramastigote-like form during incubation at 28 C in high osmolarity complex media obtained through the addition of various concentrations of KCl, NaCl or glycerol. Morphological changes accompanying this modification include an increase in cell volume during exponential growth, a deep invagination of the cell membrane at the bottom of the flagellar pocket into the cytoplasm, and a prominent bulging at the emergence of the flagellum.", "PMID": 641657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_930", "title": "Factors in the movement of hexose across the intestine of Ascaris suum.", "content": "Trichloroacetic acid extractable carbohydrate of the intestine of Ascaris suum decreases rapidly when ribbons of the tissue are incubated in a basal salt solution. After 10 min incubation endogenous carbohydrate is 32% and after 80 min it is 19% of the \"zero\" time control value. In contrast, there is approximately a 2-fold increase in the endogenous carbohydrate of tissue that is incubated in saline with glucose. The increase occurs within the first 5 min and is maintained throughout an 80-min incubation period. Sac preparations of the intestine that are preincubated with glucose and incubated without glucose move 3-0-methylglucose from the luminal to the pseudocoelomic fluid at a rate that is comparable initially to the rate of movement measured for sac preparations that are incubated in saline with glucose. After 10 min the rate decreases. The addition of glycogen or trehalose to the saline bathing the pseudocoelomic side of sac preparations does not facilitated the movement of 3-0-methylglucose. Collectively, the results support the suggestion that the limited movement of  3-0-methylglucose across intestinal sac preparations that are incubated without glucose is due to the tissue's limited carbohydrate reserve and its rapid depletion in vitro.", "contents": "Factors in the movement of hexose across the intestine of Ascaris suum. Trichloroacetic acid extractable carbohydrate of the intestine of Ascaris suum decreases rapidly when ribbons of the tissue are incubated in a basal salt solution. After 10 min incubation endogenous carbohydrate is 32% and after 80 min it is 19% of the \"zero\" time control value. In contrast, there is approximately a 2-fold increase in the endogenous carbohydrate of tissue that is incubated in saline with glucose. The increase occurs within the first 5 min and is maintained throughout an 80-min incubation period. Sac preparations of the intestine that are preincubated with glucose and incubated without glucose move 3-0-methylglucose from the luminal to the pseudocoelomic fluid at a rate that is comparable initially to the rate of movement measured for sac preparations that are incubated in saline with glucose. After 10 min the rate decreases. The addition of glycogen or trehalose to the saline bathing the pseudocoelomic side of sac preparations does not facilitated the movement of 3-0-methylglucose. Collectively, the results support the suggestion that the limited movement of  3-0-methylglucose across intestinal sac preparations that are incubated without glucose is due to the tissue's limited carbohydrate reserve and its rapid depletion in vitro.", "PMID": 641659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_931", "title": "Evidence that sulfisoxazole, an antibacterial sulfonamide, can adversely affect the development of Brugia pahangi in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.", "content": "The average number of infective larvae recovered from Brugia pahangi-infected Aedes aegypti was approximately one-half that recovered from the controls after the former group of infected mosquitoes had ingested a 1.0% solution of sulfisoxazole diolamine (SXZ) in 10% sucrose-water for 4 consecutive days, beginning 4 days after infection. Most of the filarial larvae from the SXZ-treated mosquitoes were small and sluggish compared with those from the controls. There was no increased mortality of mosquitoes that ingested 1.0% SXZ in sugar-water for 4 days. Average filarial larval burdens were not decreased in mosquitoes that ingested a solution of 10(-6) M methotrexate (MTX), a potent dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, in sugar-water for 4 days, beginning 4 days after infection. The distributional pattern of larval burdens in mosquitoes that ingested combined 1.0% SXZ and 10(-6) M MTX in sugar-water for 4 days closely resembled that seen in mosquitoes that had imbibed 1.0% SXZ only. Average filarial larval burdens were not decreased in mosquitoes with 4-day-old B. pahangi infections that fed upon jirds which received intraperitoneal injections of SXZ (2 g/kg) and MTX (1 mh/kh), alone and in combination, 1 hr previously. Survival of the mosquitoes that fed upon the drug-treated hosts was unaffected, as was the hatchability of their eggs and subsequent growth and development of the mosquito larvae.", "contents": "Evidence that sulfisoxazole, an antibacterial sulfonamide, can adversely affect the development of Brugia pahangi in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The average number of infective larvae recovered from Brugia pahangi-infected Aedes aegypti was approximately one-half that recovered from the controls after the former group of infected mosquitoes had ingested a 1.0% solution of sulfisoxazole diolamine (SXZ) in 10% sucrose-water for 4 consecutive days, beginning 4 days after infection. Most of the filarial larvae from the SXZ-treated mosquitoes were small and sluggish compared with those from the controls. There was no increased mortality of mosquitoes that ingested 1.0% SXZ in sugar-water for 4 days. Average filarial larval burdens were not decreased in mosquitoes that ingested a solution of 10(-6) M methotrexate (MTX), a potent dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, in sugar-water for 4 days, beginning 4 days after infection. The distributional pattern of larval burdens in mosquitoes that ingested combined 1.0% SXZ and 10(-6) M MTX in sugar-water for 4 days closely resembled that seen in mosquitoes that had imbibed 1.0% SXZ only. Average filarial larval burdens were not decreased in mosquitoes with 4-day-old B. pahangi infections that fed upon jirds which received intraperitoneal injections of SXZ (2 g/kg) and MTX (1 mh/kh), alone and in combination, 1 hr previously. Survival of the mosquitoes that fed upon the drug-treated hosts was unaffected, as was the hatchability of their eggs and subsequent growth and development of the mosquito larvae.", "PMID": 641660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_932", "title": "Dirofilaria macrodemos and D. panamensis spp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Central and South Americal sloths.", "content": "Two new species of Diorfilaria, Dirofilaria macrodemos and Dirofilaria panamensis, are described from the subserosa of Central and South American sloths. Dirofilaria macrodemos, described from the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, in Guyana, is characterized and differentiated from other dirofilarias by its length (female 214mm, male 64mm), relatively long tail (female 140 micron, male 110 micron), and the number and distribution of the caudal papillae (7 pairs) in the male. Dirofilaria panamensis, parasite of the two-toed sloth, Cholopeus hoffmanni, in Panama, was previously described as Dirofilaria incrassata by Caballero (1947), but can be distinguished from both D. macrodemos and D. incrassata on the basis of body size (female 66 mm long by 360 micron wide, male 34 mm long by 250 micron wide), tail length (female 80 micron, male  80 micron), and number (6 pairs) of caudal papillae in the male.", "contents": "Dirofilaria macrodemos and D. panamensis spp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Central and South Americal sloths. Two new species of Diorfilaria, Dirofilaria macrodemos and Dirofilaria panamensis, are described from the subserosa of Central and South American sloths. Dirofilaria macrodemos, described from the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, in Guyana, is characterized and differentiated from other dirofilarias by its length (female 214mm, male 64mm), relatively long tail (female 140 micron, male 110 micron), and the number and distribution of the caudal papillae (7 pairs) in the male. Dirofilaria panamensis, parasite of the two-toed sloth, Cholopeus hoffmanni, in Panama, was previously described as Dirofilaria incrassata by Caballero (1947), but can be distinguished from both D. macrodemos and D. incrassata on the basis of body size (female 66 mm long by 360 micron wide, male 34 mm long by 250 micron wide), tail length (female 80 micron, male  80 micron), and number (6 pairs) of caudal papillae in the male.", "PMID": 641661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_933", "title": "Efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against Trichinella spiralis in mice.", "content": "Changes in the sensitivity of Trichinella spiralis to anthelmintic treatment during the first 3 days of infection in mice were studied. Oral administration of either mebendazole or albendazole at 6.25 mh/kg 2 hr after exposure to infection eliminated 95-100% of the worms as determined at necropsy on day 7 postinoculation. Beyond the first day of infection the sensitivity of the parasite to benzimidazole therapy was much reduced and an oral dose of 50 mg/kg was only partially but significantly active against the adult worms. Despite decline in drug sensitivity during the enteral phase, gavage administration of either mebendazole or albendazole at 50 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days during the invasive phase of infection significantly reduced (96 and 67%, respectively) the number of larvae subsequently recovered from host musculature on day 45 postinoculation.", "contents": "Efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against Trichinella spiralis in mice. Changes in the sensitivity of Trichinella spiralis to anthelmintic treatment during the first 3 days of infection in mice were studied. Oral administration of either mebendazole or albendazole at 6.25 mh/kg 2 hr after exposure to infection eliminated 95-100% of the worms as determined at necropsy on day 7 postinoculation. Beyond the first day of infection the sensitivity of the parasite to benzimidazole therapy was much reduced and an oral dose of 50 mg/kg was only partially but significantly active against the adult worms. Despite decline in drug sensitivity during the enteral phase, gavage administration of either mebendazole or albendazole at 50 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days during the invasive phase of infection significantly reduced (96 and 67%, respectively) the number of larvae subsequently recovered from host musculature on day 45 postinoculation.", "PMID": 641662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_934", "title": "A redescription and neotype designation for Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (Nematoda: Metastronglyoidea).", "content": "Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei is redescribed from worms collected from the type host (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in California, as well as material from experimentally infected mule deer (O. h. heminus) in Alberta. A single male specimen from the California material is designated as the neotype of P. odocoilei, the type species of Parelaphostrongylus. The male copulatory structures of the 3 species of Parelaphostrongylus (P. tenuis, P. anderscni, and P. odocoilei) are reviewed and a key for the identification of males is provided.", "contents": "A redescription and neotype designation for Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (Nematoda: Metastronglyoidea). Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei is redescribed from worms collected from the type host (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in California, as well as material from experimentally infected mule deer (O. h. heminus) in Alberta. A single male specimen from the California material is designated as the neotype of P. odocoilei, the type species of Parelaphostrongylus. The male copulatory structures of the 3 species of Parelaphostrongylus (P. tenuis, P. anderscni, and P. odocoilei) are reviewed and a key for the identification of males is provided.", "PMID": 641663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_935", "title": "Specific antibody levels in the serum of Heligmosomoides polygyrus-infected mice.", "content": "Sera from ICR/CD mice were assayed by radial immunodiffusion following oral infection and challenge with Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae. Infection of these mice was found to alter the concentrations and classes of immunoglobulins, as well as the levels of antiparasitic antibody. Challenge of single- or multiple-infected mice with viable larvae resulted in the appearance of anti-H. polygyrus IgA and IgG in the serum. The kinetics of the detection for both of these antibody classes were consistent with an anamnestic response to an antigen isolated from adult nematodes. There also appeared to be an association in resistant mice of serum IgA levels with early and late events in the life cycle of the parasite.", "contents": "Specific antibody levels in the serum of Heligmosomoides polygyrus-infected mice. Sera from ICR/CD mice were assayed by radial immunodiffusion following oral infection and challenge with Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae. Infection of these mice was found to alter the concentrations and classes of immunoglobulins, as well as the levels of antiparasitic antibody. Challenge of single- or multiple-infected mice with viable larvae resulted in the appearance of anti-H. polygyrus IgA and IgG in the serum. The kinetics of the detection for both of these antibody classes were consistent with an anamnestic response to an antigen isolated from adult nematodes. There also appeared to be an association in resistant mice of serum IgA levels with early and late events in the life cycle of the parasite.", "PMID": 641664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_936", "title": "Spirocamallanus cricotus sp. n. and S. halitrophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Camallanidea) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico.", "content": "Spirocamallanus cricotus sp. n. (= S. pereirai, in part) and S. halitrophus sp. n. are described from marine fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Spirocamallanus cricotus has a ledge anterior to the basal ring in the buccal capsule, similar spicules with a ratio of 1:1.4 to 2.1, 3 pre- and 5 postcloacal papillae, and 8 rectal glands in the female; S. halitrophus lacks the ledge and possesses dissimilar spicules with a ratio of 1:1.3 to 1.8, 3 pre- and 6 postcloacal papillae, and 4 rectal glands in the female.", "contents": "Spirocamallanus cricotus sp. n. and S. halitrophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Camallanidea) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Spirocamallanus cricotus sp. n. (= S. pereirai, in part) and S. halitrophus sp. n. are described from marine fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Spirocamallanus cricotus has a ledge anterior to the basal ring in the buccal capsule, similar spicules with a ratio of 1:1.4 to 2.1, 3 pre- and 5 postcloacal papillae, and 8 rectal glands in the female; S. halitrophus lacks the ledge and possesses dissimilar spicules with a ratio of 1:1.3 to 1.8, 3 pre- and 6 postcloacal papillae, and 4 rectal glands in the female.", "PMID": 641665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_937", "title": "Studies on intestinal immunity against tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda) in mice.", "content": "In vitro antiparasitic effects were observed in intestinal extracts from NAMRU mice subcutaneously vaccinated with live tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti. All of the tetrathyridia incubated in intestinal extracts from subcutaneously vaccinated mice were dead within 8 hr and completely digested within 24 hr. Tetrathyridia incubated in intestinal extracts from mice either previously orally infected with live tetrathyridia or control mice were alive after 24 hr. A considerable number (17/20) of tetrathyridia pretreated with mouse serum from subcutaneously vaccinated mice were killed within 8 hr of incubation in intestinal extracts from untreated donor mice. The majority of the worms pretreated with either normal mouse serum or phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) were alive after 8 hr of incubation in intestinal extracts from untreated donor mice.", "contents": "Studies on intestinal immunity against tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda) in mice. In vitro antiparasitic effects were observed in intestinal extracts from NAMRU mice subcutaneously vaccinated with live tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti. All of the tetrathyridia incubated in intestinal extracts from subcutaneously vaccinated mice were dead within 8 hr and completely digested within 24 hr. Tetrathyridia incubated in intestinal extracts from mice either previously orally infected with live tetrathyridia or control mice were alive after 24 hr. A considerable number (17/20) of tetrathyridia pretreated with mouse serum from subcutaneously vaccinated mice were killed within 8 hr of incubation in intestinal extracts from untreated donor mice. The majority of the worms pretreated with either normal mouse serum or phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) were alive after 8 hr of incubation in intestinal extracts from untreated donor mice.", "PMID": 641667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_938", "title": "The occurrence and distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana.", "content": "The presence of 5-HT in Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana was detected by 2 biochemical methods and as yellow fluorescence in a histochemical method. In H. diminuta, 5-HT was found in a concentration of about 1.2 micron/g; this amount did not vary significantly in worms aged 6 to 18 days or more or in various regions of the worm. In H. nana, 5-HT was found in a concentration of about 1.8 micron/g. It was histochemically localized in H. diminuta and H. nana in a pattern similar to that of acetylcholinesterase previously described in these 2 cestodes, and it may be the opposing neuro-transmitter to acetylcholine. The lack of 5-HT in the vestigial rostellum of H. diminuta may be correlated with loss of function of this organ.", "contents": "The occurrence and distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana. The presence of 5-HT in Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana was detected by 2 biochemical methods and as yellow fluorescence in a histochemical method. In H. diminuta, 5-HT was found in a concentration of about 1.2 micron/g; this amount did not vary significantly in worms aged 6 to 18 days or more or in various regions of the worm. In H. nana, 5-HT was found in a concentration of about 1.8 micron/g. It was histochemically localized in H. diminuta and H. nana in a pattern similar to that of acetylcholinesterase previously described in these 2 cestodes, and it may be the opposing neuro-transmitter to acetylcholine. The lack of 5-HT in the vestigial rostellum of H. diminuta may be correlated with loss of function of this organ.", "PMID": 641668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_939", "title": "Progamotaenia ruficola sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Marsupialia).", "content": "Progamotaenia ruficola sp. n. is described from the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) from New South Wales, Australia. It is distinguished from other similar species having paired, nondiverticulate uteri in each prolottis: Progamotaenia festiva (Rudolphi 1819), P. diaphana (Zschokke 1907), and P. macropodis Beveridge 1976, by the extremely broad, straight-edged velum, the lack of an external seminal vesicle, the cirrus armature, the number of testes, the lack of vaginal atrophy following insemination, and the morphology of the egg.", "contents": "Progamotaenia ruficola sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Marsupialia). Progamotaenia ruficola sp. n. is described from the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) from New South Wales, Australia. It is distinguished from other similar species having paired, nondiverticulate uteri in each prolottis: Progamotaenia festiva (Rudolphi 1819), P. diaphana (Zschokke 1907), and P. macropodis Beveridge 1976, by the extremely broad, straight-edged velum, the lack of an external seminal vesicle, the cirrus armature, the number of testes, the lack of vaginal atrophy following insemination, and the morphology of the egg.", "PMID": 641671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_940", "title": "Eimeria waiganiensis sp. n. from the green-winged ground dove (Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus) and the magnificent ground pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis Gould) in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Eimeria waiganiensis sp. n. is described from Green-winged ground dove (Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus) and the Magnificent ground pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis Gould) in Papua New Guinea. Oocysts broadly ovoid, 22-25 by 19-23 micron (24 by 22 micron); L/W ratio 1.08-1.2 (1.1). Oocyst surface smooth, wall light brown, 1.5 micron thick, 1-layered, the inner surface appearing pitted. Micropyle (4-6 micron) and 2 to 4 polar granules present; oocyst residuum absent. Sporocysts ovoid, 9.0-10.5 by 6.0-7.5 micron (10 by 7 micron) with prominent conical Stieda body and small substieda body. Small, finely-granular sporocyst residuum is sanwiched between the sporozoites. The elongate-ovoid sporozoites possess distinct anterior and posterior refractile globules. Two of 4 ground doves and 1 of 3 ground pigeons were infected with E. waiganiensis sp. n.", "contents": "Eimeria waiganiensis sp. n. from the green-winged ground dove (Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus) and the magnificent ground pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis Gould) in Papua New Guinea. Eimeria waiganiensis sp. n. is described from Green-winged ground dove (Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus) and the Magnificent ground pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis Gould) in Papua New Guinea. Oocysts broadly ovoid, 22-25 by 19-23 micron (24 by 22 micron); L/W ratio 1.08-1.2 (1.1). Oocyst surface smooth, wall light brown, 1.5 micron thick, 1-layered, the inner surface appearing pitted. Micropyle (4-6 micron) and 2 to 4 polar granules present; oocyst residuum absent. Sporocysts ovoid, 9.0-10.5 by 6.0-7.5 micron (10 by 7 micron) with prominent conical Stieda body and small substieda body. Small, finely-granular sporocyst residuum is sanwiched between the sporozoites. The elongate-ovoid sporozoites possess distinct anterior and posterior refractile globules. Two of 4 ground doves and 1 of 3 ground pigeons were infected with E. waiganiensis sp. n.", "PMID": 641674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_941", "title": "Gastrointestinal parasitism of Iowa coyotes in relation to age.", "content": "Taenia sp., Physaloptera sp., Ancylostoma caninum, Toxascaris leonina, and/or Trichuris vulpis were recovered from gastrointestinal tracts of 141 and 144 (97.9%) coyotes ranging from 1/2 to 8 1/2 years of age. Ancylostoma caninum exhibited a significant decline in both prevalence and mean number per coyote with increasing age of the host. Taenia sp. appeared with consistently high prevalence in all age classes. Physaloptera sp. and T. leonina showed general reductions in prevalence in all age classes. Physaloptera sp. and T. leonina showed general reductions in prevalence and mean nubmer with increasing host age, although the data were not statistically significant. Coccidia were found in 15 of 58 (25.9%) fecal flotations.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal parasitism of Iowa coyotes in relation to age. Taenia sp., Physaloptera sp., Ancylostoma caninum, Toxascaris leonina, and/or Trichuris vulpis were recovered from gastrointestinal tracts of 141 and 144 (97.9%) coyotes ranging from 1/2 to 8 1/2 years of age. Ancylostoma caninum exhibited a significant decline in both prevalence and mean number per coyote with increasing age of the host. Taenia sp. appeared with consistently high prevalence in all age classes. Physaloptera sp. and T. leonina showed general reductions in prevalence in all age classes. Physaloptera sp. and T. leonina showed general reductions in prevalence and mean nubmer with increasing host age, although the data were not statistically significant. Coccidia were found in 15 of 58 (25.9%) fecal flotations.", "PMID": 641673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_942", "title": "Plasmodium pessoai sp. n. from two Costa Rican snakes.", "content": "A unique malaria parasite species was found in 1/1 Spilotes pullatus (Colubridae) and 1/70 Lachesis muta (Crotalidae) from the moist Atlantic lowland forests of eastern Costa Rica. It is distinguished by small, sausage-shaped gametocytes (x 10.4 by 4.6 mu), growing schizonts that often contain a noticeable digestive vacuole with the contents partially visible, and striking spherical or bouquet-shaped segmenters whose precise merozoite numbers are difficult to discern (about 22-32) because of an intensely staining magenta or rose-colored substance in the matrix of the surrounding vacuole.", "contents": "Plasmodium pessoai sp. n. from two Costa Rican snakes. A unique malaria parasite species was found in 1/1 Spilotes pullatus (Colubridae) and 1/70 Lachesis muta (Crotalidae) from the moist Atlantic lowland forests of eastern Costa Rica. It is distinguished by small, sausage-shaped gametocytes (x 10.4 by 4.6 mu), growing schizonts that often contain a noticeable digestive vacuole with the contents partially visible, and striking spherical or bouquet-shaped segmenters whose precise merozoite numbers are difficult to discern (about 22-32) because of an intensely staining magenta or rose-colored substance in the matrix of the surrounding vacuole.", "PMID": 641676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_943", "title": "Effects of Gulf Coast ticks on blood composition and weights of pastured Hereford steers.", "content": "Studies conducted in 1975 and 1976 were made of lightweight Herefored steers, pastured on native grass pasture and infested with Gulf Coast ticks, Amblyomma maculatum Koch. The effects of tick infestations on the blood composition and weights of steers over an 8-week period were measured each year and compared to tick-free animals maintained similarly. By the end of the 8-week study infested animals averaged 8.21 kg less than control animals in 1975 and 12.42 kg less in 1976. Of the blood parameters measured significant decreases in Hb, and a lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and basophilia occurred in infested animals in 1975. In 1975 and 1976 after infestations began significant increases occurred in total serum protein, serum globulin, and plasma fibrinogen, and decreases occurred in the albumin/globulin ration of infested animals. Of the serum globulin fractions, only gamma globulin increased in infested animals in 1975 and alpha globulin in 1976. Also, during both years, decreases occurred over time in the number of ticks attaching.", "contents": "Effects of Gulf Coast ticks on blood composition and weights of pastured Hereford steers. Studies conducted in 1975 and 1976 were made of lightweight Herefored steers, pastured on native grass pasture and infested with Gulf Coast ticks, Amblyomma maculatum Koch. The effects of tick infestations on the blood composition and weights of steers over an 8-week period were measured each year and compared to tick-free animals maintained similarly. By the end of the 8-week study infested animals averaged 8.21 kg less than control animals in 1975 and 12.42 kg less in 1976. Of the blood parameters measured significant decreases in Hb, and a lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and basophilia occurred in infested animals in 1975. In 1975 and 1976 after infestations began significant increases occurred in total serum protein, serum globulin, and plasma fibrinogen, and decreases occurred in the albumin/globulin ration of infested animals. Of the serum globulin fractions, only gamma globulin increased in infested animals in 1975 and alpha globulin in 1976. Also, during both years, decreases occurred over time in the number of ticks attaching.", "PMID": 641677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_944", "title": "The topography of the exoskeleton of Cediopsylla simplex (Baker 1895) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). I. The head and its appendages.", "content": "A topography of the exoskeleton of the head of Cediopsylla simplex (Baker 1895) is presented, based on an examination with the scanning electron microscope. Major sensory regions were observed on the fronto-occipital region, on the antennae, and on the maxillary palps. Sensilla basiconica were observed in all 3 regions, chemosensory hairs are absent, and unique pit sensilla were observed in the clubs of the antennae. The mouthparts are described and illustrated in detail. Other cuticular structures are illustrated, such as hairs, bristles, combs, cuticular teeth, and microtrichia. Sexual dimorphism is evident in the distribution of sensilla basiconica in the fronto-occipital regional and the clubs of the antennae. The validity of the generic name Cediopsylla Jordan 1925 is questioned.", "contents": "The topography of the exoskeleton of Cediopsylla simplex (Baker 1895) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). I. The head and its appendages. A topography of the exoskeleton of the head of Cediopsylla simplex (Baker 1895) is presented, based on an examination with the scanning electron microscope. Major sensory regions were observed on the fronto-occipital region, on the antennae, and on the maxillary palps. Sensilla basiconica were observed in all 3 regions, chemosensory hairs are absent, and unique pit sensilla were observed in the clubs of the antennae. The mouthparts are described and illustrated in detail. Other cuticular structures are illustrated, such as hairs, bristles, combs, cuticular teeth, and microtrichia. Sexual dimorphism is evident in the distribution of sensilla basiconica in the fronto-occipital regional and the clubs of the antennae. The validity of the generic name Cediopsylla Jordan 1925 is questioned.", "PMID": 641678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_945", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Aryldihydro-s-triazines with antifolate activity II: Blood levels and their relevance to antineoplastic activity in rats.", "content": "Blood levels of three aryldihydro-s-triazines in rats were followed: 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl-s-triazine (I), the prototype of the series; 4,6-diamino-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazine (II); and N-(m-tolyl)-p-(4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazin-1-yl)hydrocinnamide (III). The blood profiles obtained provide substantial evidence that III, but not II, was precipitated in the peritoneal cavity where it was injected. Precipitation after intraperitoneal injection may explain why III and similar triazines with long nonpolar chains have been reported to be more active against intraperitoneal Walker 256 tumor than is II, even though the latter compound is a far more potent inhibitor of Walker 256 dihydrofolate reductase and of tumor cell cultures in vitro. Precipitation in the peritoneal cavity also may be involved in the difficulty of obtaining the toxicity-free antineoplastic activity expected from certain aryldihydrotriazines selectively inhibiting neoplastic dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of Aryldihydro-s-triazines with antifolate activity II: Blood levels and their relevance to antineoplastic activity in rats. Blood levels of three aryldihydro-s-triazines in rats were followed: 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl-s-triazine (I), the prototype of the series; 4,6-diamino-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazine (II); and N-(m-tolyl)-p-(4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazin-1-yl)hydrocinnamide (III). The blood profiles obtained provide substantial evidence that III, but not II, was precipitated in the peritoneal cavity where it was injected. Precipitation after intraperitoneal injection may explain why III and similar triazines with long nonpolar chains have been reported to be more active against intraperitoneal Walker 256 tumor than is II, even though the latter compound is a far more potent inhibitor of Walker 256 dihydrofolate reductase and of tumor cell cultures in vitro. Precipitation in the peritoneal cavity also may be involved in the difficulty of obtaining the toxicity-free antineoplastic activity expected from certain aryldihydrotriazines selectively inhibiting neoplastic dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 641713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_946", "title": "Synthesis, toxicity, and cardiovascular properties of N-aralkyl- and N-acyl-5-aminoethylindans.", "content": "Secondary amines and amides of 5-aminoethyl-6-methoxyindan and 5-aminoethyl-6-methylindan were synthesized, and the blood pressure lowering effects and accompanying changes in heart rate were evaluated in the unanesthetized desoxycorticosterone acetate hypertensive rat. The acute toxicities of the compounds were determined in mice. The amines were significantly more potent than the amides as antihypertensive agents and also were more toxic. 5-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)aminoethyl-6-methylindan produced the greatest depression in systolic blood pressure at the dose level studied. Structure-activity relationships relevant to blood pressure lowering, heart rate, and toxicity are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis, toxicity, and cardiovascular properties of N-aralkyl- and N-acyl-5-aminoethylindans. Secondary amines and amides of 5-aminoethyl-6-methoxyindan and 5-aminoethyl-6-methylindan were synthesized, and the blood pressure lowering effects and accompanying changes in heart rate were evaluated in the unanesthetized desoxycorticosterone acetate hypertensive rat. The acute toxicities of the compounds were determined in mice. The amines were significantly more potent than the amides as antihypertensive agents and also were more toxic. 5-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)aminoethyl-6-methylindan produced the greatest depression in systolic blood pressure at the dose level studied. Structure-activity relationships relevant to blood pressure lowering, heart rate, and toxicity are discussed.", "PMID": 641714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_947", "title": "Flavin-catalyzed photooxidation of an acridan drug: a reinvestigation.", "content": "Anaerobic irradiation of flavin derivatives (IIalpha and IIbeta) in the presence of 2-chloro-9-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)acridan phosphate (Ialpha) resulted in the reduction of the flavins to IValpha and IVbeta and oxidation of an equimolar amount of Ialpha to IIIalpha. This photoreduction occurred from the first excited triplet state of IIalpha and IIbeta and proceeded via a covalent intermediate (V) between flavin and the acridan derivative. If the N-10 of the acridan was blocked by a methyl group, e.g., Ic, V could be observed spectrophotometrically at -40 degrees, decomposing homolytically on warming. With N-10 unsubstituted acridan derivatives, e.g., Ialpha and Ibeta, V could not be observed because of fast heterolytic decomposition, yielding IValpha, IVbeta, and the acridine compounds IIIalpha and IIIbeta. All photoreactions showed a kinetic isotope effect between 1.50 and 2.20 when position 9 of the acridan compounds was substituted by deuterium instead of hydrogen.", "contents": "Flavin-catalyzed photooxidation of an acridan drug: a reinvestigation. Anaerobic irradiation of flavin derivatives (IIalpha and IIbeta) in the presence of 2-chloro-9-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)acridan phosphate (Ialpha) resulted in the reduction of the flavins to IValpha and IVbeta and oxidation of an equimolar amount of Ialpha to IIIalpha. This photoreduction occurred from the first excited triplet state of IIalpha and IIbeta and proceeded via a covalent intermediate (V) between flavin and the acridan derivative. If the N-10 of the acridan was blocked by a methyl group, e.g., Ic, V could be observed spectrophotometrically at -40 degrees, decomposing homolytically on warming. With N-10 unsubstituted acridan derivatives, e.g., Ialpha and Ibeta, V could not be observed because of fast heterolytic decomposition, yielding IValpha, IVbeta, and the acridine compounds IIIalpha and IIIbeta. All photoreactions showed a kinetic isotope effect between 1.50 and 2.20 when position 9 of the acridan compounds was substituted by deuterium instead of hydrogen.", "PMID": 641715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_948", "title": "Structural survey of carbonate-containing antacids.", "content": "A series of carbonate-containing antacids was examined by IR and X-ray analysis to establish the role of carbonate and to compare the structure of the antacids to naturally occurring carbonate minerals. Based on IR analysis, the relative degree of perturbation of carbonate increases in the order calcium carbonate, carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel, and dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate. The crystalline carbonate-containing antacids were poorly organized forms of the minerals calcite, CaCO3; dawsonite, NaAl(OH)2CO3; and hydrotalcite, Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16-4H2O. Amorphous carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel can be classified mineralogically as amorphous aluminum hydroxycarbonate. IR and X-ray evidence indicates that magaldrate has a hydrotalcite-like structure with sulfate as the major interlayer anion and carbonate also present in the interlayer space.", "contents": "Structural survey of carbonate-containing antacids. A series of carbonate-containing antacids was examined by IR and X-ray analysis to establish the role of carbonate and to compare the structure of the antacids to naturally occurring carbonate minerals. Based on IR analysis, the relative degree of perturbation of carbonate increases in the order calcium carbonate, carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel, and dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate. The crystalline carbonate-containing antacids were poorly organized forms of the minerals calcite, CaCO3; dawsonite, NaAl(OH)2CO3; and hydrotalcite, Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16-4H2O. Amorphous carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel can be classified mineralogically as amorphous aluminum hydroxycarbonate. IR and X-ray evidence indicates that magaldrate has a hydrotalcite-like structure with sulfate as the major interlayer anion and carbonate also present in the interlayer space.", "PMID": 641716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_949", "title": "Treatment of neuroblastoma in mice with bromoacetylcholine and bromoacetate.", "content": "Bromoacetylcholine (30 mg/kg intratumor one to three times per day) and bromoacetate (12 mg/kg intratumor two times per day) inhibited neuroblastoma in A/J mice efficiently and prolonged the lifespan of these animals at least 200%. Since the neuroblastoma-inoculated A/J mice are considered to be comparable to human neuroblastoma, the cytolytic action of bromoacetylcholine and bromoacetate on murine neuroblastoma warrants further studies on patients. The fact that these tumors were cured in adult mice is very important because older children and adults with neuroblastoma have the poorest prognosis.", "contents": "Treatment of neuroblastoma in mice with bromoacetylcholine and bromoacetate. Bromoacetylcholine (30 mg/kg intratumor one to three times per day) and bromoacetate (12 mg/kg intratumor two times per day) inhibited neuroblastoma in A/J mice efficiently and prolonged the lifespan of these animals at least 200%. Since the neuroblastoma-inoculated A/J mice are considered to be comparable to human neuroblastoma, the cytolytic action of bromoacetylcholine and bromoacetate on murine neuroblastoma warrants further studies on patients. The fact that these tumors were cured in adult mice is very important because older children and adults with neuroblastoma have the poorest prognosis.", "PMID": 641717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_950", "title": "Comparison of two methods for obtaining size distribution characteristics of particulate matter in large-volume parenterals.", "content": "The size distributions of the particulate matter present in six types of large-volume parenteral solutions, as determined by an automatic particle counter and a microscopic counting technique, were compared by plotting log N greater than D versus log D. The resulting data were analyzed individually and also as averages. The data showed a linear relationship between log N greater than D and log D over the 1-100-micron particle-size range, indicating that both methods determine a similar particle-size distribution. The data also indicated that the particle-size distributions were largely independent of the type of solution and obeyed a power law of the form N greater than D = N greater than 1DK. These observations suggest that the major source of contamination is air-borne dust particles, which fall into a solution randomly, and that it may be possible to monitor the smaller, more abundant particles with the automatic particle counter to obtain a rapid estimate of parenteral cleanliness. The automatic particle counter thus appears to be a viable alternative to the microscopic counting technique for assessing the particulate matter content of parenterals.", "contents": "Comparison of two methods for obtaining size distribution characteristics of particulate matter in large-volume parenterals. The size distributions of the particulate matter present in six types of large-volume parenteral solutions, as determined by an automatic particle counter and a microscopic counting technique, were compared by plotting log N greater than D versus log D. The resulting data were analyzed individually and also as averages. The data showed a linear relationship between log N greater than D and log D over the 1-100-micron particle-size range, indicating that both methods determine a similar particle-size distribution. The data also indicated that the particle-size distributions were largely independent of the type of solution and obeyed a power law of the form N greater than D = N greater than 1DK. These observations suggest that the major source of contamination is air-borne dust particles, which fall into a solution randomly, and that it may be possible to monitor the smaller, more abundant particles with the automatic particle counter to obtain a rapid estimate of parenteral cleanliness. The automatic particle counter thus appears to be a viable alternative to the microscopic counting technique for assessing the particulate matter content of parenterals.", "PMID": 641718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_951", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, costunolide diepoxide, santamarine, and reynosin from Magnolia grandiflora L.", "content": "The germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, and costunolide diepoxide were isolated from the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora L. Costunolide diepoxide might be, at least in part, an artifact derived from air oxidation of parthenolide. The root bark yielded only costunolide together with the two eudesmanolides, santamarine and reynosin. In an attempt to synthesize costunolide diepoxide, the action of m-chloroperbenzoic acid on parthenolide and on costunolide was studied. The products were costunolide diepoxide from parthenolide and the two cyclized derivatives, santamarine and reynosin, from costunolide. The elusive 1,10-epoxide was obtained by epoxidizing costunolide using a biphasic system containing sodium bicarbonate. Under these conditions, epoxidation of costunolide took place without cyclization.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, costunolide diepoxide, santamarine, and reynosin from Magnolia grandiflora L. The germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, and costunolide diepoxide were isolated from the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora L. Costunolide diepoxide might be, at least in part, an artifact derived from air oxidation of parthenolide. The root bark yielded only costunolide together with the two eudesmanolides, santamarine and reynosin. In an attempt to synthesize costunolide diepoxide, the action of m-chloroperbenzoic acid on parthenolide and on costunolide was studied. The products were costunolide diepoxide from parthenolide and the two cyclized derivatives, santamarine and reynosin, from costunolide. The elusive 1,10-epoxide was obtained by epoxidizing costunolide using a biphasic system containing sodium bicarbonate. Under these conditions, epoxidation of costunolide took place without cyclization.", "PMID": 641720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_952", "title": "Sustained release from inert wax matrixes I: drug-wax combinations.", "content": "The melting and energy characteristics of several drug-wax combinations were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The phase diagrams of binary mixtures of tripelennamine hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride with carnauba wax and castor wax showed no eutectic formation and gave no indication that a significant interaction was involved. However, in tripelennamine mixtures, a slight depression in the drug melting point was observed at around 50% concentration. For ternary systems, i.e., drug, carnauba wax, and stearyl alcohol, thermograms of samples prepared by a fusion method differed slightly from those obtained with mixtures formulated by dissolving all ingredients in chloroform and evaporating the solvent. However, the location of the peak of each component remained essentially the same. A plot of melting point versus concentration of each compound showed insignificant changes in melting point and indicated that no interaction was occurring. The phase diagrams suggested that the combinations are strictly physical and that it is the physical characteristics, such as the hardness and composition of the core and drug particle size, that influence the release or dissolution of drug from the waxy matrix.", "contents": "Sustained release from inert wax matrixes I: drug-wax combinations. The melting and energy characteristics of several drug-wax combinations were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The phase diagrams of binary mixtures of tripelennamine hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride with carnauba wax and castor wax showed no eutectic formation and gave no indication that a significant interaction was involved. However, in tripelennamine mixtures, a slight depression in the drug melting point was observed at around 50% concentration. For ternary systems, i.e., drug, carnauba wax, and stearyl alcohol, thermograms of samples prepared by a fusion method differed slightly from those obtained with mixtures formulated by dissolving all ingredients in chloroform and evaporating the solvent. However, the location of the peak of each component remained essentially the same. A plot of melting point versus concentration of each compound showed insignificant changes in melting point and indicated that no interaction was occurring. The phase diagrams suggested that the combinations are strictly physical and that it is the physical characteristics, such as the hardness and composition of the core and drug particle size, that influence the release or dissolution of drug from the waxy matrix.", "PMID": 641721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_953", "title": "Analysis of betamethasone and its organic esters in pharmaceutical products.", "content": "A rapid, quantitative analysis for betamethasone and its organic esters at room temperature is described. The method is similar to the official blue tetrazolium reaction for corticosteroids, except that methylene chloride is used as the solvent. The reaction is complete in 27-69 min, and the formazans produced are stable for at least 90 min after the addition of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The results of the analysis of 13 different pharmaceutical formulations by the proposed method are reported. The degradation of betamethasone and its esters caused by strong bases is a pseudo-first-order reaction in methylene chloride. The average half-life of the corticosteroids studied is 56 min under the basic conditions described.", "contents": "Analysis of betamethasone and its organic esters in pharmaceutical products. A rapid, quantitative analysis for betamethasone and its organic esters at room temperature is described. The method is similar to the official blue tetrazolium reaction for corticosteroids, except that methylene chloride is used as the solvent. The reaction is complete in 27-69 min, and the formazans produced are stable for at least 90 min after the addition of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The results of the analysis of 13 different pharmaceutical formulations by the proposed method are reported. The degradation of betamethasone and its esters caused by strong bases is a pseudo-first-order reaction in methylene chloride. The average half-life of the corticosteroids studied is 56 min under the basic conditions described.", "PMID": 641724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_954", "title": "Effects of paper on performance of antibiotic-impregnated disks.", "content": "Grades of paper used in the manufacture and assay of antibiotic susceptibility disks have significant effects on the diffusion of antibiotics from the paper when compared to a control grade of paper. The papers also evoke different microbiological responses to changing concentrations of some antibiotics. Regulatory implications and the need for further standardization of assays among control laboratories are explored. Grades of paper generally used for assay and control of susceptibility disks, on the other hand, appear to be comparable to each other in both respects.", "contents": "Effects of paper on performance of antibiotic-impregnated disks. Grades of paper used in the manufacture and assay of antibiotic susceptibility disks have significant effects on the diffusion of antibiotics from the paper when compared to a control grade of paper. The papers also evoke different microbiological responses to changing concentrations of some antibiotics. Regulatory implications and the need for further standardization of assays among control laboratories are explored. Grades of paper generally used for assay and control of susceptibility disks, on the other hand, appear to be comparable to each other in both respects.", "PMID": 641725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_955", "title": "Microdetermination of procainamide in human serum.", "content": "An electron-capture GLC method to measure procainamide (0.1-1 microgram/sample) in human serum was developed. An internal standard, p-amino-N-[2-(dipropylamino)ethyl]benzamide, is added to the serum before the sample is alkalinized with pH 10.5 phosphate buffer and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate phase is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is reacted with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. N-Pentafluoropropionyl derivatives of the drug and the internal standard had retention times of 5 and 8 min, respectively, when chromatographed at 235 degrees on a 1-m (4-mm i.d.) glass column packed with 5% OV-17 (carrier gas flow of 40 ml/min). The coefficient of variation was less than 5% for spiked standards. Furthermore, N-acetylprocainamide added to samples did not interfere. One hundred and eighty-six samples from 16 patients receiving procainamide intravenously were assayed by this GLC procedure and by a standard colorimetric method. Linear regression analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.985 (slope, 1.040; intercept, 0.015).", "contents": "Microdetermination of procainamide in human serum. An electron-capture GLC method to measure procainamide (0.1-1 microgram/sample) in human serum was developed. An internal standard, p-amino-N-[2-(dipropylamino)ethyl]benzamide, is added to the serum before the sample is alkalinized with pH 10.5 phosphate buffer and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate phase is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is reacted with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. N-Pentafluoropropionyl derivatives of the drug and the internal standard had retention times of 5 and 8 min, respectively, when chromatographed at 235 degrees on a 1-m (4-mm i.d.) glass column packed with 5% OV-17 (carrier gas flow of 40 ml/min). The coefficient of variation was less than 5% for spiked standards. Furthermore, N-acetylprocainamide added to samples did not interfere. One hundred and eighty-six samples from 16 patients receiving procainamide intravenously were assayed by this GLC procedure and by a standard colorimetric method. Linear regression analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.985 (slope, 1.040; intercept, 0.015).", "PMID": 641726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_956", "title": "Sheabutter V: effect of particle size on release of medicament from ointment.", "content": "An ointment prepared from fat (sheabutter) obtainable from an indigenous (African) fruit released medicaments faster than either of the two ointment bases recommended by the British Pharmacopoeia. Reduction in particle size of crystalline medicaments incorporated in ointments increased surface area and transfer from the ointment to the substrate, possibly due to greater dissolution in the base, and, therefore, increased the availability of medicament at the ointment-substrate interface.", "contents": "Sheabutter V: effect of particle size on release of medicament from ointment. An ointment prepared from fat (sheabutter) obtainable from an indigenous (African) fruit released medicaments faster than either of the two ointment bases recommended by the British Pharmacopoeia. Reduction in particle size of crystalline medicaments incorporated in ointments increased surface area and transfer from the ointment to the substrate, possibly due to greater dissolution in the base, and, therefore, increased the availability of medicament at the ointment-substrate interface.", "PMID": 641727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_957", "title": "Influence of cobalt (dietary), cobalamins, and inorganic cobalt salts on phenytoin- and cortisone-induced teratogenesis in mice.", "content": "Various cobalt-containing agents (cyanocobalamin, sodium cobaltinitrite, and cobaltous chloride), which formerly had been shown to prevent the onset of cleft palate in CF-1 mice injected with cortisone, were studied to determine whether they would afford similar protection against phenytoin. Phenytoin, however, failed to cause cleft palate in the mouse fetus when given to pregnant animals alone; and cortisone, on the contrary, induced this anomaly in the presence of the so-called cobalt antagonists as well as when administered in their absence. It is suggested from these results that high dietary intake of cobalt prevents cleft palate caused by phenytoin challenge and also negates the protective effects associated with the acute administration of cobalt compounds. Therefore, it is concluded that these well-known teratogens inhibit palatal closure in mice by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Influence of cobalt (dietary), cobalamins, and inorganic cobalt salts on phenytoin- and cortisone-induced teratogenesis in mice. Various cobalt-containing agents (cyanocobalamin, sodium cobaltinitrite, and cobaltous chloride), which formerly had been shown to prevent the onset of cleft palate in CF-1 mice injected with cortisone, were studied to determine whether they would afford similar protection against phenytoin. Phenytoin, however, failed to cause cleft palate in the mouse fetus when given to pregnant animals alone; and cortisone, on the contrary, induced this anomaly in the presence of the so-called cobalt antagonists as well as when administered in their absence. It is suggested from these results that high dietary intake of cobalt prevents cleft palate caused by phenytoin challenge and also negates the protective effects associated with the acute administration of cobalt compounds. Therefore, it is concluded that these well-known teratogens inhibit palatal closure in mice by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 641728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_958", "title": "Relationship between osmolality and osmolarity.", "content": "Since the compendia require the osmolarity of certain parenterals to be labeled and since experimentally only the osmolality can be measured, it is necessary to obtain the relationship between these two quantities. This relationship was determined by considering fundamental physical-chemical definitions. The osmolality of a solution was found to be simply related to the osmotic coefficient. The conversion to osmolarity requires the use of the partial molal volume(s) of the solute(s). A single conversion factor is required for a particular solute system; i.e., the conversion factor is independent of the solution concentration.", "contents": "Relationship between osmolality and osmolarity. Since the compendia require the osmolarity of certain parenterals to be labeled and since experimentally only the osmolality can be measured, it is necessary to obtain the relationship between these two quantities. This relationship was determined by considering fundamental physical-chemical definitions. The osmolality of a solution was found to be simply related to the osmotic coefficient. The conversion to osmolarity requires the use of the partial molal volume(s) of the solute(s). A single conversion factor is required for a particular solute system; i.e., the conversion factor is independent of the solution concentration.", "PMID": 641729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_959", "title": "Solid-state dispersions employing urethan.", "content": "The dissolution rates of a number of drug-urethan solid-state dispersion systems were studied. A marked enhancement of the initial dissolution rates of several poorly water-soluble drugs was found when they were incorporated into a urethan matrix by heat fusion. These differences were considerable when pure substances such as griseofulvin, hydrocortisone, chloramphenicol, and acetaminophen were compared to the urethan-drug solid dispersion. Physical mixtures of the medicinal agents with urethan also gave a marked increase in the amount of drug in solution, with the value in most cases being over one-half that of the solid-state dispersion. Data are given, comparing ultrafiltration with samples filtered through cotton, regarding drug content remaining in solution.", "contents": "Solid-state dispersions employing urethan. The dissolution rates of a number of drug-urethan solid-state dispersion systems were studied. A marked enhancement of the initial dissolution rates of several poorly water-soluble drugs was found when they were incorporated into a urethan matrix by heat fusion. These differences were considerable when pure substances such as griseofulvin, hydrocortisone, chloramphenicol, and acetaminophen were compared to the urethan-drug solid dispersion. Physical mixtures of the medicinal agents with urethan also gave a marked increase in the amount of drug in solution, with the value in most cases being over one-half that of the solid-state dispersion. Data are given, comparing ultrafiltration with samples filtered through cotton, regarding drug content remaining in solution.", "PMID": 641730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_960", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of N-deacetyl-N-glycosylalkylthiocolchicines as antileukemic agents.", "content": "A series of N-deacetyl-N-glycosylalkylthiocolchicines (glucosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, and arabinosyl) was prepared by heating N-deacetylalkylthiocolchicines with the appropriate monosaccharides in methanol. Some compounds (glucosyl-, mannosyl-, and ribosylalkylthiocolchicines) were per-O-acetylated in dry pyridine with acetic anhydride. The compounds were tested against leukemia L-1210 and P-388 systems. Preliminary results showed that the antileukemic activity of the glycosyl compounds in vitro is similar to that of the N-deacetylalkylthiocolchicines used for their preparation. However, the presence of a glycosyl moiety in the molecule gives the advantage of greater solubility in water. Of the results obtained to date in lymphoid leukemia screening in vivo, five glycosyl compounds showed promising activity levels and have now reached confirmed active status.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of N-deacetyl-N-glycosylalkylthiocolchicines as antileukemic agents. A series of N-deacetyl-N-glycosylalkylthiocolchicines (glucosyl, galactosyl, mannosyl, ribosyl, and arabinosyl) was prepared by heating N-deacetylalkylthiocolchicines with the appropriate monosaccharides in methanol. Some compounds (glucosyl-, mannosyl-, and ribosylalkylthiocolchicines) were per-O-acetylated in dry pyridine with acetic anhydride. The compounds were tested against leukemia L-1210 and P-388 systems. Preliminary results showed that the antileukemic activity of the glycosyl compounds in vitro is similar to that of the N-deacetylalkylthiocolchicines used for their preparation. However, the presence of a glycosyl moiety in the molecule gives the advantage of greater solubility in water. Of the results obtained to date in lymphoid leukemia screening in vivo, five glycosyl compounds showed promising activity levels and have now reached confirmed active status.", "PMID": 641731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_961", "title": "Ambiguities in IR and X-ray characterization of amphotericin B.", "content": "Two distinct IR spectra of amphotericin B have been reported. These differences can be obtained from the same sample by surprisingly small changes in the method of sample preparation. Type I spectra (hand-ground samples) are characterized by a sharp C = O stretching band at 1692 cm-1, and Type II spectra (vibrator-ground samples) are characterized by a broad C = O stretching band near 1710 cm-1. X-ray powder diffraction demonstrates that vibrator grinding promotes a transition from a crystalline to an amorphous phase. The two phases are not bioequivalent. Differential thermal analysis reveals a transition near 157 degrees and samples heated to 158 degrees give only Type II IR spectra. However, a marked color change accompanies such heating (i.e., structural changes affecting the chromophore have been thermally induced), while X-ray spectra show an increase of only about 30% in amorphous content. Furthermore, hand-ground samples heated to 120 degrees still display only Type I IR spectra. Thus, the vibrator-induced transition is not solely a static thermal effect. Many observed spectral lines can be assigned to specific functional groups.", "contents": "Ambiguities in IR and X-ray characterization of amphotericin B. Two distinct IR spectra of amphotericin B have been reported. These differences can be obtained from the same sample by surprisingly small changes in the method of sample preparation. Type I spectra (hand-ground samples) are characterized by a sharp C = O stretching band at 1692 cm-1, and Type II spectra (vibrator-ground samples) are characterized by a broad C = O stretching band near 1710 cm-1. X-ray powder diffraction demonstrates that vibrator grinding promotes a transition from a crystalline to an amorphous phase. The two phases are not bioequivalent. Differential thermal analysis reveals a transition near 157 degrees and samples heated to 158 degrees give only Type II IR spectra. However, a marked color change accompanies such heating (i.e., structural changes affecting the chromophore have been thermally induced), while X-ray spectra show an increase of only about 30% in amorphous content. Furthermore, hand-ground samples heated to 120 degrees still display only Type I IR spectra. Thus, the vibrator-induced transition is not solely a static thermal effect. Many observed spectral lines can be assigned to specific functional groups.", "PMID": 641732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_962", "title": "Synthesis of diastereoisomeric 4-dimethylamino-3-phenyl-2-butanols and related esters for antimicrobial evaluation.", "content": "4-Dimethylamino-3-phenyl-2-butanone was reduced to the corresponding diastereoisomeric alcohols, which were separated by fractional crystallization of the corresponding hydrochloride salts. The configuration of the diastereoisomeric alcohols was determined by PMR spectroscopy. The assignments were confirmed by a consideration of the mass spectral data obtained for the two alcohols. Acylation of the alcohols gave the corresponding esters. Antimicrobial evaluation of the compounds prepared showed that 4-dimethylamino-3-phenyl-2-butanone had a promising level of antifungal activity while the other derivatives showed either a low level of potency or were inactive.", "contents": "Synthesis of diastereoisomeric 4-dimethylamino-3-phenyl-2-butanols and related esters for antimicrobial evaluation. 4-Dimethylamino-3-phenyl-2-butanone was reduced to the corresponding diastereoisomeric alcohols, which were separated by fractional crystallization of the corresponding hydrochloride salts. The configuration of the diastereoisomeric alcohols was determined by PMR spectroscopy. The assignments were confirmed by a consideration of the mass spectral data obtained for the two alcohols. Acylation of the alcohols gave the corresponding esters. Antimicrobial evaluation of the compounds prepared showed that 4-dimethylamino-3-phenyl-2-butanone had a promising level of antifungal activity while the other derivatives showed either a low level of potency or were inactive.", "PMID": 641733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_963", "title": "Simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of trisulfapyrimidines in human serum.", "content": "A simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine in human serum. After the trichloroacetic acid precipitation of the serum proteins, an aliquot of the supernate is injected into a high-pressure liquid chromatograph equipped with a reversed-phase microparticulate column and a fixed wavelength UV detector. For each of the three components of trisulfapyrimidines, a linear calibration curve was observed in the 1-30-microgram/ml range, with the precision of the assay estimated to be +/- 2% (RSD). Preliminary pharmacokinetic data are also presented.", "contents": "Simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of trisulfapyrimidines in human serum. A simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine in human serum. After the trichloroacetic acid precipitation of the serum proteins, an aliquot of the supernate is injected into a high-pressure liquid chromatograph equipped with a reversed-phase microparticulate column and a fixed wavelength UV detector. For each of the three components of trisulfapyrimidines, a linear calibration curve was observed in the 1-30-microgram/ml range, with the precision of the assay estimated to be +/- 2% (RSD). Preliminary pharmacokinetic data are also presented.", "PMID": 641734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_964", "title": "New method of preparing gelatin microcapsules of soluble pharmaceuticals.", "content": "A new method of preparing gelatin microcapsules of soluble pharmaceuticals is described. Spherical droplets of a gelatin dispersion prepared in the drug solution were produced by the capillary method, and the droplets were congealed rapidly to yield discrete units in the form of a free-flowing powder. The microcapsules obtained were spherical in shape and showed no tendency to form agglomerates. Hardening of the microcapsules resulted in a significant reduction of the release rate without altering the reproducibility. The results indicated that the process of microencapsulation described is simple, reproducible, economical, and amenable to industrial application.", "contents": "New method of preparing gelatin microcapsules of soluble pharmaceuticals. A new method of preparing gelatin microcapsules of soluble pharmaceuticals is described. Spherical droplets of a gelatin dispersion prepared in the drug solution were produced by the capillary method, and the droplets were congealed rapidly to yield discrete units in the form of a free-flowing powder. The microcapsules obtained were spherical in shape and showed no tendency to form agglomerates. Hardening of the microcapsules resulted in a significant reduction of the release rate without altering the reproducibility. The results indicated that the process of microencapsulation described is simple, reproducible, economical, and amenable to industrial application.", "PMID": 641735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_965", "title": "Synthesis of methaqualone and its diphasic titration in pure and tablet forms.", "content": "A one-step synthesis of methaqualone from N-acetylanthranilic acid and o-toluidine in the absence of a catalyst is described. A rapid diphasic titration procedure for its microestimation in pure and tablet forms, using dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dimethyl yellow screened with oracet blue B, is proposed. The data were compared with those obtained from nonaqueous titration methods.", "contents": "Synthesis of methaqualone and its diphasic titration in pure and tablet forms. A one-step synthesis of methaqualone from N-acetylanthranilic acid and o-toluidine in the absence of a catalyst is described. A rapid diphasic titration procedure for its microestimation in pure and tablet forms, using dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dimethyl yellow screened with oracet blue B, is proposed. The data were compared with those obtained from nonaqueous titration methods.", "PMID": 641736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_966", "title": "S-(4-Chlorophenyl) 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropanethioates as antibacterial agents.", "content": "A series of S-(4-chlorophenyl) 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropanethioates was prepared and shown to have in vitro activity against several selected bacterial species.", "contents": "S-(4-Chlorophenyl) 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropanethioates as antibacterial agents. A series of S-(4-chlorophenyl) 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropanethioates was prepared and shown to have in vitro activity against several selected bacterial species.", "PMID": 641737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_967", "title": "Assessment of enterohepatic circulation of 3H-digoxin with a minimal interruption technique.", "content": "The biliary excretion of 3H-digoxin in rats prepared for bile sampling with minimal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation was compared with that in rats with complete interruption after intraduodenal or intravenous administration. Following dosage by either route, significantly more radioactivity was recovered from animals with nearly intact enterohepatic circulation. The method described allows direct measurement of this cycle in unanesthetized animals without the consequences of bile depletion.", "contents": "Assessment of enterohepatic circulation of 3H-digoxin with a minimal interruption technique. The biliary excretion of 3H-digoxin in rats prepared for bile sampling with minimal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation was compared with that in rats with complete interruption after intraduodenal or intravenous administration. Following dosage by either route, significantly more radioactivity was recovered from animals with nearly intact enterohepatic circulation. The method described allows direct measurement of this cycle in unanesthetized animals without the consequences of bile depletion.", "PMID": 641738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_968", "title": "GLC determination of pemoline in biological fluids.", "content": "A specific GLC method for the determination of microgram quantities of the central stimulant pemoline in biological fluids is described. Extraction problems due to the low solubility of pemoline are avoided by acid hydrolysis of the drug to 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, which then can be easily isolated by two-phase extraction with dichloromethane, ether, or chloroform. Amide-imide tautomerism enables a cleanup of the extract. Quantitative determination at the microgram level is done on a methylated fraction of the dichloromethane extract by GLC using a suitable internal standard. For supporting evidence of the GLC method's specificity, the compound is also identified by examining an aliquot of the final dichloromethane extract by TLC.", "contents": "GLC determination of pemoline in biological fluids. A specific GLC method for the determination of microgram quantities of the central stimulant pemoline in biological fluids is described. Extraction problems due to the low solubility of pemoline are avoided by acid hydrolysis of the drug to 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, which then can be easily isolated by two-phase extraction with dichloromethane, ether, or chloroform. Amide-imide tautomerism enables a cleanup of the extract. Quantitative determination at the microgram level is done on a methylated fraction of the dichloromethane extract by GLC using a suitable internal standard. For supporting evidence of the GLC method's specificity, the compound is also identified by examining an aliquot of the final dichloromethane extract by TLC.", "PMID": 641739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_969", "title": "Synthesis of 4,5-dimethoxykynuramine and its in vivo conversion to 6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinol.", "content": "4,5-Dimethoxykynuramine was synthesized in a three-step sequence originating with veratrole. Indirect evidence indicates that the drug was converted in vivo to the hypotensive agent 6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinol by the action of monoamine oxidase.", "contents": "Synthesis of 4,5-dimethoxykynuramine and its in vivo conversion to 6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinol. 4,5-Dimethoxykynuramine was synthesized in a three-step sequence originating with veratrole. Indirect evidence indicates that the drug was converted in vivo to the hypotensive agent 6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinol by the action of monoamine oxidase.", "PMID": 641740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_970", "title": "Separation and quantitation of possible degradation products of procarbazine hydrochloride in its dosage form.", "content": "A stability-indicating assay for the degradation products of procarbazine hydrochloride was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The method uses a buffered methanol-water mobile phase on a reversed-phase column. Concentrations of degradation products as low as 0.04 mg/ml, 0.02% degradation, can be quantitated using an internal standard of cinnamyl alcohol. The typical range for degradation products in procarbazine capsules is 0.1-0.5% after as long as 4.5 years.", "contents": "Separation and quantitation of possible degradation products of procarbazine hydrochloride in its dosage form. A stability-indicating assay for the degradation products of procarbazine hydrochloride was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The method uses a buffered methanol-water mobile phase on a reversed-phase column. Concentrations of degradation products as low as 0.04 mg/ml, 0.02% degradation, can be quantitated using an internal standard of cinnamyl alcohol. The typical range for degradation products in procarbazine capsules is 0.1-0.5% after as long as 4.5 years.", "PMID": 641741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_971", "title": "Alkaloids from Lupinus argenteus var. stenophyllus.", "content": "TLC and GLC of an alkaloid extract of the aboveground portions of Lupinus argenteus Pursh. var. stenophyllus (Rydb.) Davis (Leguminosae) suggested the presence of sparteine, beta-isosparteine, delta5-dehydrolupanine, alpha-isolupanine, lupanine, thermopsine, and anagyrine. GLC-mass spectrometry confirmed these preliminary findings. Preparative TLC was used to isolate sparteine, and this alkaloid was further characterized by IR spectral analysis and derivatization.", "contents": "Alkaloids from Lupinus argenteus var. stenophyllus. TLC and GLC of an alkaloid extract of the aboveground portions of Lupinus argenteus Pursh. var. stenophyllus (Rydb.) Davis (Leguminosae) suggested the presence of sparteine, beta-isosparteine, delta5-dehydrolupanine, alpha-isolupanine, lupanine, thermopsine, and anagyrine. GLC-mass spectrometry confirmed these preliminary findings. Preparative TLC was used to isolate sparteine, and this alkaloid was further characterized by IR spectral analysis and derivatization.", "PMID": 641742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_972", "title": "Simultaneous salt and ethanol removal from human serum albumin.", "content": "Diafiltration of salt and ethanol from human serum albumin was shown to be a competitive alternative to freeze drying. At least 99% of the original alcohol content could be removed in approximately five volume changes. Data on changes in ionic strength, bacteriological buildup, permeate flux, and dimer contents are presented.", "contents": "Simultaneous salt and ethanol removal from human serum albumin. Diafiltration of salt and ethanol from human serum albumin was shown to be a competitive alternative to freeze drying. At least 99% of the original alcohol content could be removed in approximately five volume changes. Data on changes in ionic strength, bacteriological buildup, permeate flux, and dimer contents are presented.", "PMID": 641743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_973", "title": "Constituents of West African medicinal plants XX: quindoline from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta.", "content": "An ethanol extract of the roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Asclepidaceae) afforded, after partitioning and chromatography, the alkaloids quindoline and CSA-3. The structural elucidation of CSA-3 is currently in progress. Cryptolepine was also isolated from this species.", "contents": "Constituents of West African medicinal plants XX: quindoline from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. An ethanol extract of the roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Asclepidaceae) afforded, after partitioning and chromatography, the alkaloids quindoline and CSA-3. The structural elucidation of CSA-3 is currently in progress. Cryptolepine was also isolated from this species.", "PMID": 641744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_974", "title": "New spectrophotofluorometric assay for probenecid.", "content": "A new spectrophotofluorometric assay for probenecid is presented based on conversion of the drug to a fluorescent anthranilic acid derivative. The assay is especially applicable with \"clean\" biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and offers severalfold greater sensitivity than the commonly used UV method.", "contents": "New spectrophotofluorometric assay for probenecid. A new spectrophotofluorometric assay for probenecid is presented based on conversion of the drug to a fluorescent anthranilic acid derivative. The assay is especially applicable with \"clean\" biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and offers severalfold greater sensitivity than the commonly used UV method.", "PMID": 641745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_975", "title": "Determination of fluoxymesterone, norethandrolone, prednisolone, and prednisone in tablets by differential pulse polarography.", "content": "A differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of fluoxymesterone, norethandrolone, prednisolone, and prednisone in tablets is described. This method is more sensitive than dc polarography, and the measurement of diffusion current is greatly simplified. S\u00f8rensen phosphate buffer, pH 5.6, was used as the supporting electrolyte. No apparent interference was observed from tablet excipients; the method is rapid, simple, and relatively precise.", "contents": "Determination of fluoxymesterone, norethandrolone, prednisolone, and prednisone in tablets by differential pulse polarography. A differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of fluoxymesterone, norethandrolone, prednisolone, and prednisone in tablets is described. This method is more sensitive than dc polarography, and the measurement of diffusion current is greatly simplified. S\u00f8rensen phosphate buffer, pH 5.6, was used as the supporting electrolyte. No apparent interference was observed from tablet excipients; the method is rapid, simple, and relatively precise.", "PMID": 641746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_976", "title": "Griseofulvin---phenobarbital interaction: a formulation-dependent phenomenon.", "content": "The reported interaction of griseofulvin with phenobarbital was studied in the rat following oral administration of different dosage forms. A single oral dose of 15 mg of phenobarbital/kg 24 hr prior to the oral administration of a suspension of 100 mg og griseofulvin/kg in 0.5% polysorbate 80 significantly reduced plasma griseofulvin levels. An increase in the concentration of polysorbate 80 to 2% reduced the extent of the interaction from 50 to 32%. Phenobarbital did not influence plasma griseofulvin levels when griseofulvin was given in either 70% polyethylene glycol 300 (suspensions of 20 or 100 mg/kg) or 100% polyethylene glycol 600 (solution of 50 mg/kg). It is concluded that the observed interaction is formulation dependent and is a result of diminished dissolution and, consequently, reduced absorption of griseofulvin.", "contents": "Griseofulvin---phenobarbital interaction: a formulation-dependent phenomenon. The reported interaction of griseofulvin with phenobarbital was studied in the rat following oral administration of different dosage forms. A single oral dose of 15 mg of phenobarbital/kg 24 hr prior to the oral administration of a suspension of 100 mg og griseofulvin/kg in 0.5% polysorbate 80 significantly reduced plasma griseofulvin levels. An increase in the concentration of polysorbate 80 to 2% reduced the extent of the interaction from 50 to 32%. Phenobarbital did not influence plasma griseofulvin levels when griseofulvin was given in either 70% polyethylene glycol 300 (suspensions of 20 or 100 mg/kg) or 100% polyethylene glycol 600 (solution of 50 mg/kg). It is concluded that the observed interaction is formulation dependent and is a result of diminished dissolution and, consequently, reduced absorption of griseofulvin.", "PMID": 641749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_977", "title": "Micro and macro GLC determination of ethambutol in biological fluids.", "content": "Previously available GLC methods for ethambutol may only be used to measure quantities of drugs much greater than those found in biological fluids such as plasma and dialysate. A previously published GLC method for plasma samples is extended to measure ethambutol in dialysate. A second GLC method, involving derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and subsequent quantitation using a flame-ionization detector, is described for urine samples. With a dual-column and dual-detector gas--liquid chromatograph, simultaneous micro (plasma and dialysate) and macro (urine) determinations of ethambutol are possible.", "contents": "Micro and macro GLC determination of ethambutol in biological fluids. Previously available GLC methods for ethambutol may only be used to measure quantities of drugs much greater than those found in biological fluids such as plasma and dialysate. A previously published GLC method for plasma samples is extended to measure ethambutol in dialysate. A second GLC method, involving derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and subsequent quantitation using a flame-ionization detector, is described for urine samples. With a dual-column and dual-detector gas--liquid chromatograph, simultaneous micro (plasma and dialysate) and macro (urine) determinations of ethambutol are possible.", "PMID": 641750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_978", "title": "Hofmann elimination with diazomethane on curare bases and selected quaternary tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids.", "content": "Use of a large excess of alkali-free diazomethane resulted in a Hofmann elimination with selected curare bases and some other quaternary tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. (+)-Tubocurarine chloride provided a monostilbene methine, O,O-dimethyltubocurinemethine, and a monostilbene--monostyrene compound, O,O-dimethyltubocurinedimethine. The major elimination products of (+)-isotubocurarine chloride and (+)-carnegine methiodide were monostyrene methines, O,O-dimethyltubocurineisomethine and carneginemethine, respectively. Treatment of (+)-laudanosine methiodide with potassium hydroxide, under the conditions of Hofmann degradation, or alkali-free diazomethane solution provided the same stilbene compound, laudanosinemethine. The structures of the elimination compounds were further confirmed by catalytic reduction and quaternization with methyl iodide.", "contents": "Hofmann elimination with diazomethane on curare bases and selected quaternary tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. Use of a large excess of alkali-free diazomethane resulted in a Hofmann elimination with selected curare bases and some other quaternary tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. (+)-Tubocurarine chloride provided a monostilbene methine, O,O-dimethyltubocurinemethine, and a monostilbene--monostyrene compound, O,O-dimethyltubocurinedimethine. The major elimination products of (+)-isotubocurarine chloride and (+)-carnegine methiodide were monostyrene methines, O,O-dimethyltubocurineisomethine and carneginemethine, respectively. Treatment of (+)-laudanosine methiodide with potassium hydroxide, under the conditions of Hofmann degradation, or alkali-free diazomethane solution provided the same stilbene compound, laudanosinemethine. The structures of the elimination compounds were further confirmed by catalytic reduction and quaternization with methyl iodide.", "PMID": 641751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_979", "title": "Determination of urinary indolic metabolites.", "content": "A rapid mass spectral assay for tryptophol, 5-hydroxytryptophol, and 3-indoleacetic acid, employing stable-isotope labeled internal standards, is described. The compounds were extracted from urine or buffer with ethyl acetate and quantitatively measured by chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The calibration curves were linear over a range of 0.06--2.8 microgram/ml. The technique was applied to the analysis of urine from patients with carcinoid tumors. In addition, the first synthesis of 5-methoxy-3-indoleacrylic acid is reported.", "contents": "Determination of urinary indolic metabolites. A rapid mass spectral assay for tryptophol, 5-hydroxytryptophol, and 3-indoleacetic acid, employing stable-isotope labeled internal standards, is described. The compounds were extracted from urine or buffer with ethyl acetate and quantitatively measured by chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The calibration curves were linear over a range of 0.06--2.8 microgram/ml. The technique was applied to the analysis of urine from patients with carcinoid tumors. In addition, the first synthesis of 5-methoxy-3-indoleacrylic acid is reported.", "PMID": 641752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_980", "title": "Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by chloramphenicol and 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol.", "content": "Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by chloramphenicol and its hydrolytic product, 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol, was studied. The enzyme activity and its inhibition by these two compounds were optimum at pH 7.0 after preincubation for 60 min, the time needed for maximum enzyme--inhibitor complex formation. Enzyme activity could be restored after prolonged dialysis. Monamine oxidase inhibition by chloramphenicol and its hydrolytic product was noncompetitive and reversible. Deamination of various monamines was not to the same degree by these compounds. Of the different antimicrobials studied, only chloramphenicol and its hydrolytic produced has a strong inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by chloramphenicol and 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol. Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by chloramphenicol and its hydrolytic product, 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol, was studied. The enzyme activity and its inhibition by these two compounds were optimum at pH 7.0 after preincubation for 60 min, the time needed for maximum enzyme--inhibitor complex formation. Enzyme activity could be restored after prolonged dialysis. Monamine oxidase inhibition by chloramphenicol and its hydrolytic product was noncompetitive and reversible. Deamination of various monamines was not to the same degree by these compounds. Of the different antimicrobials studied, only chloramphenicol and its hydrolytic produced has a strong inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase.", "PMID": 641753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_981", "title": "New GLC analysis of urushiol congeners in different plant parts of poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans.", "content": "Methods are presented for the direct GLC analysis of the catechol C15 alkenyl side-chain congeners contained in the urushiol fraction of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and the C17 homologs of poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum). A number of liquid phases were investigated and demonstrated varying degrees of separation. The methods developed were applied to the analysis of the urushiol fractions obtained from different plant parts of poison ivy. The effects of extraction before and after drying demonstrated tht a larger percentage of urushiol was obtained when the fresh plant material was extracted with ethanol.", "contents": "New GLC analysis of urushiol congeners in different plant parts of poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans. Methods are presented for the direct GLC analysis of the catechol C15 alkenyl side-chain congeners contained in the urushiol fraction of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and the C17 homologs of poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum). A number of liquid phases were investigated and demonstrated varying degrees of separation. The methods developed were applied to the analysis of the urushiol fractions obtained from different plant parts of poison ivy. The effects of extraction before and after drying demonstrated tht a larger percentage of urushiol was obtained when the fresh plant material was extracted with ethanol.", "PMID": 641754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_982", "title": "Thermodynamics of mercaptopurine dehydration.", "content": "The hydrate form of mercaptopurine was shown to undergo peritectic decomposition of its water molecule, localized dissolution, and dehydration around 125 degrees. The anhydrate form was prepared by a thermal method, whose effectiveness was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The activation energy for mercaptopurine dehydration calculated by various methods ranged from 45.74 to 63.04 kcal/mole. The dehydration enthalpy was calculated to be 8.27 kcal/mole by differential scanning calorimetry. The solution enthalpy for the hydrate was calculated to be 4.85 kcal/mole from its saturation solubility and differential scanning calorimetry. Anhydrate solubility in water was calculated based on initial dissolution rate data since the anhydrate converts to hydrate in aqueous media. The high degree of stability against interconversion of the hydrate and anhydrate forms and the higher solubility of the anhydrate suggest that use of the anhydrate might improve mercaptopurine bioavailability.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of mercaptopurine dehydration. The hydrate form of mercaptopurine was shown to undergo peritectic decomposition of its water molecule, localized dissolution, and dehydration around 125 degrees. The anhydrate form was prepared by a thermal method, whose effectiveness was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The activation energy for mercaptopurine dehydration calculated by various methods ranged from 45.74 to 63.04 kcal/mole. The dehydration enthalpy was calculated to be 8.27 kcal/mole by differential scanning calorimetry. The solution enthalpy for the hydrate was calculated to be 4.85 kcal/mole from its saturation solubility and differential scanning calorimetry. Anhydrate solubility in water was calculated based on initial dissolution rate data since the anhydrate converts to hydrate in aqueous media. The high degree of stability against interconversion of the hydrate and anhydrate forms and the higher solubility of the anhydrate suggest that use of the anhydrate might improve mercaptopurine bioavailability.", "PMID": 641755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_983", "title": "Ultrasonic method for direct and simultaneous determination of alcohol and soluble solids content of mouthwash.", "content": "A technique for the determination of certain soluble species in solution by the changes they produce in the speed of propagation of ultrasonic waves in the solution was applied to measure the alcohol and soluble solids levels of mouthwashes. The simultaneous determination of these two quantities is made possible by measuring the wave velocity at two different temperatures. The method gives accurate, precise results for the general range of mouthwash compositions in use with appropriate calibration. The advantages of this method over other current methods are precision, speed, and convenience. It is not a suitable regulatory method, however, because calibration must be done with known variations of the particular mouthwash composition to be analyzed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic method for direct and simultaneous determination of alcohol and soluble solids content of mouthwash. A technique for the determination of certain soluble species in solution by the changes they produce in the speed of propagation of ultrasonic waves in the solution was applied to measure the alcohol and soluble solids levels of mouthwashes. The simultaneous determination of these two quantities is made possible by measuring the wave velocity at two different temperatures. The method gives accurate, precise results for the general range of mouthwash compositions in use with appropriate calibration. The advantages of this method over other current methods are precision, speed, and convenience. It is not a suitable regulatory method, however, because calibration must be done with known variations of the particular mouthwash composition to be analyzed.", "PMID": 641756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_984", "title": "Influence of wax coatings on release rate of anions from ion-exchange resin beads.", "content": "Ion-exchange resin beads were coated with various waxes to improve and control their release. The in vitro release rates of benzoate ions from the coated-resin beads were then investigated using a rotating sieve basket technique. The dramatic differences in release rates observed with the different waxes can be discussed in terms of the wax to resin ration and the solubility characteristics of the waxes. The initial release rates can be expressed in terms of a mathematical expression previously reported for the diffusion of ions in ion-exchange resins, thereby aiding in the elucidation of the effect of the waxes on release.", "contents": "Influence of wax coatings on release rate of anions from ion-exchange resin beads. Ion-exchange resin beads were coated with various waxes to improve and control their release. The in vitro release rates of benzoate ions from the coated-resin beads were then investigated using a rotating sieve basket technique. The dramatic differences in release rates observed with the different waxes can be discussed in terms of the wax to resin ration and the solubility characteristics of the waxes. The initial release rates can be expressed in terms of a mathematical expression previously reported for the diffusion of ions in ion-exchange resins, thereby aiding in the elucidation of the effect of the waxes on release.", "PMID": 641757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_985", "title": "Correlation of log P with molecular connectivity in hydroxyureas: influence of conformational system on log P.", "content": "The correlation of log P (in octanol--water) with the nonempirical, topologically dependent, calculated molecular connectivity index (1chiv) delineates substituted hydroxyureas into two families of linearly related groups of compounds. The first group, composed of the 3-substituted ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl analogs, is more hydrophilic than the 1-substituted methyl and ethyl and the 3-substituted isopropyl and tert-butyl analogs. The unsubstituted model compound hydroxyurea appears between the two groups in equal volumes of octanol. In octanol--water ratios of 5:1, log P approaches the range of the more hydrophilic group in high concentrations and becomes more lipophilic (similar to the other group) in lower concentrations. The differences in the relative hydrophilicities--lipophilicities of the two groups are rationalized in terms of the equilibri of internally hydrogen-bonded, conformers to those that allow optimal interactions with solvent, water, or other hydroxyurea molecules. The concentration dependency observed with hydroxyurea appears to be due to the ease of interconversion of intermolecularly bonded conformers to those interacting with water, whereas the involvement of internally bonded conformers, which are apparently present to a greater degree in lower concentrations, increases the relative lipophilicity.", "contents": "Correlation of log P with molecular connectivity in hydroxyureas: influence of conformational system on log P. The correlation of log P (in octanol--water) with the nonempirical, topologically dependent, calculated molecular connectivity index (1chiv) delineates substituted hydroxyureas into two families of linearly related groups of compounds. The first group, composed of the 3-substituted ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl analogs, is more hydrophilic than the 1-substituted methyl and ethyl and the 3-substituted isopropyl and tert-butyl analogs. The unsubstituted model compound hydroxyurea appears between the two groups in equal volumes of octanol. In octanol--water ratios of 5:1, log P approaches the range of the more hydrophilic group in high concentrations and becomes more lipophilic (similar to the other group) in lower concentrations. The differences in the relative hydrophilicities--lipophilicities of the two groups are rationalized in terms of the equilibri of internally hydrogen-bonded, conformers to those that allow optimal interactions with solvent, water, or other hydroxyurea molecules. The concentration dependency observed with hydroxyurea appears to be due to the ease of interconversion of intermolecularly bonded conformers to those interacting with water, whereas the involvement of internally bonded conformers, which are apparently present to a greater degree in lower concentrations, increases the relative lipophilicity.", "PMID": 641760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_986", "title": "Benzocaine diffusion from polyethylene glycol through human stratum corneum.", "content": "The diffusion, penetration, and surface effects of benzocaine incorporated in various polyethylene glycol ointment bases through human stratum corneum were studied. Benzocaine diffusion was measured by following the benzocaine concentration in the receiving compartment of a diffusion cell. The ointment was placed in the other cell compartment and was separated from the receiving compartment by sheets of human stratum corneum. Surface effects were monitored by scanning electron micrographs of the stratum corneum. Results showed a decrease in drug diffusion in the presence of relatively high amounts of the lower molecular weight portions of polyethylene glycol. Scanning electron microscope studies showed that both benzocaine and polyethylene glycol affect the surface structure of the stratum corneum. Thermal analysis indicated that benzocaine dissolves in polyethylene glycol.", "contents": "Benzocaine diffusion from polyethylene glycol through human stratum corneum. The diffusion, penetration, and surface effects of benzocaine incorporated in various polyethylene glycol ointment bases through human stratum corneum were studied. Benzocaine diffusion was measured by following the benzocaine concentration in the receiving compartment of a diffusion cell. The ointment was placed in the other cell compartment and was separated from the receiving compartment by sheets of human stratum corneum. Surface effects were monitored by scanning electron micrographs of the stratum corneum. Results showed a decrease in drug diffusion in the presence of relatively high amounts of the lower molecular weight portions of polyethylene glycol. Scanning electron microscope studies showed that both benzocaine and polyethylene glycol affect the surface structure of the stratum corneum. Thermal analysis indicated that benzocaine dissolves in polyethylene glycol.", "PMID": 641761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_987", "title": "Thermal and photolytic decomposition of methotrexate in aqueous solutions.", "content": "The chemical kinetics of thermal and photolytic degradation of methotrexate in aqueous solutions were studied. At above pH 7 and 85 degrees, methotrexate hydrolyzed to yield mainly N10-Methylpteroylglutamic acid. The hydrolysis rate followed first-order kinetics with respect to methotrexate concentration and increases rapidly above pH 9. When methotrexate solutions were kept under laboratory fluorescent light, the major degradation products were 2,4-diamino-6-pteridinecarbaldehyde, 2,4-diamino-6-pteridinecarboxylic acid, and p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid. The photolytic reaction followed zero-order kinetics with respect to methotrexate concentration and was catalyzed by bicarbonate ion. Evidence is presented for a proposed sequential cleavage of methotrexate by a free radical mechanism for the photolysis. Commercial parenteral methotrexate was found to be quite stable as marked when stored in the original vial at room temperature.", "contents": "Thermal and photolytic decomposition of methotrexate in aqueous solutions. The chemical kinetics of thermal and photolytic degradation of methotrexate in aqueous solutions were studied. At above pH 7 and 85 degrees, methotrexate hydrolyzed to yield mainly N10-Methylpteroylglutamic acid. The hydrolysis rate followed first-order kinetics with respect to methotrexate concentration and increases rapidly above pH 9. When methotrexate solutions were kept under laboratory fluorescent light, the major degradation products were 2,4-diamino-6-pteridinecarbaldehyde, 2,4-diamino-6-pteridinecarboxylic acid, and p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid. The photolytic reaction followed zero-order kinetics with respect to methotrexate concentration and was catalyzed by bicarbonate ion. Evidence is presented for a proposed sequential cleavage of methotrexate by a free radical mechanism for the photolysis. Commercial parenteral methotrexate was found to be quite stable as marked when stored in the original vial at room temperature.", "PMID": 641762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_988", "title": "Effects of compression force, particle size, and lubricants on dissolution rate.", "content": "The effects of compression force, particle size, and lubricant concentration on the dissolution rates of compressed disks of salicylic acid, aspirin, and an equimolar mixture of aspirin and salicylic acid were investigated. Compression forces from 450 to 9100 kg had no effect on dissolution rates. With 5% starch incorporated into an equimolar mixture of aspirin and salicylic acid, the dissolution rates were independent of compression forces from 910 to 9100 kg. A 10-fold change of particle size of the materials being compressed did not affect the dissolution rates. An increase in the concentration from 0.1 to 5% of calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid progressively slowed the dissolution rate. An increase in the concentration from 0.1 to 5% talc and polyethylene glycol 4000 did not affect the dissolution rates. An increase in the concentration of starch from 0.1 to 5% progressively increased the dissolution rates.", "contents": "Effects of compression force, particle size, and lubricants on dissolution rate. The effects of compression force, particle size, and lubricant concentration on the dissolution rates of compressed disks of salicylic acid, aspirin, and an equimolar mixture of aspirin and salicylic acid were investigated. Compression forces from 450 to 9100 kg had no effect on dissolution rates. With 5% starch incorporated into an equimolar mixture of aspirin and salicylic acid, the dissolution rates were independent of compression forces from 910 to 9100 kg. A 10-fold change of particle size of the materials being compressed did not affect the dissolution rates. An increase in the concentration from 0.1 to 5% of calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid progressively slowed the dissolution rate. An increase in the concentration from 0.1 to 5% talc and polyethylene glycol 4000 did not affect the dissolution rates. An increase in the concentration of starch from 0.1 to 5% progressively increased the dissolution rates.", "PMID": 641763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_989", "title": "Recommendations to eliminate subjective olfactory methods from compendial identification tests.", "content": "Substitution of IR and UV absorption spectroscopy and use of the various test papers listed in the compendia provide satisfactory means of identifying drug and other substances that presently require subjective odor identification.", "contents": "Recommendations to eliminate subjective olfactory methods from compendial identification tests. Substitution of IR and UV absorption spectroscopy and use of the various test papers listed in the compendia provide satisfactory means of identifying drug and other substances that presently require subjective odor identification.", "PMID": 641764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_990", "title": "Quantitative determination of nalbuphine in plasma using electron-capture detection.", "content": "A procedure for the determination of nalbuphine in plasma is presented. The compound and an internal standard are extracted into benzene-2-propanol from plasma at pH 10.4, followed by back-extraction into 0.1 N HCl. After the acid phase is washed with benzene and the compound is reextracted into benzene-2-propanol, the heptafluorobutyryl derivatives are formed and determined using electron-capture GLC. The lower limit of sensitivity is approximately 0.5 ng/ml, and the upper limit of the linear dynamic range is greater than 50 ng/ml. Peak plasma levels of 50 and 150 ng were observed in two dogs 10 and 20 min, respectively, after subcutaneous administration of 1 mg of nalbuphine/kg. Nalbuphine was detectable in plasma 5 hr after administration.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of nalbuphine in plasma using electron-capture detection. A procedure for the determination of nalbuphine in plasma is presented. The compound and an internal standard are extracted into benzene-2-propanol from plasma at pH 10.4, followed by back-extraction into 0.1 N HCl. After the acid phase is washed with benzene and the compound is reextracted into benzene-2-propanol, the heptafluorobutyryl derivatives are formed and determined using electron-capture GLC. The lower limit of sensitivity is approximately 0.5 ng/ml, and the upper limit of the linear dynamic range is greater than 50 ng/ml. Peak plasma levels of 50 and 150 ng were observed in two dogs 10 and 20 min, respectively, after subcutaneous administration of 1 mg of nalbuphine/kg. Nalbuphine was detectable in plasma 5 hr after administration.", "PMID": 641765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_991", "title": "Anti-inflammatory 1-substituted 2-imidazolidinones.", "content": "The synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of a series of 1-substituted 2-imidazolidinones are reported. These compounds exerted marked anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema assay in the rat in doses that failed to elicit side effects. Their ED50 values were near the value of aspirin but markedly higher than the value of indomethacin.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory 1-substituted 2-imidazolidinones. The synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of a series of 1-substituted 2-imidazolidinones are reported. These compounds exerted marked anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema assay in the rat in doses that failed to elicit side effects. Their ED50 values were near the value of aspirin but markedly higher than the value of indomethacin.", "PMID": 641766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_992", "title": "Potential source of error in official diazepam assays.", "content": "A possible source of interference by a benzophenone hydrolysis product with the USP XIX spectrophotometric determination of diazepam in dosages forms is reported. A minor adaptation of the official assay procedures is briefly proposed as one method to correct this error.", "contents": "Potential source of error in official diazepam assays. A possible source of interference by a benzophenone hydrolysis product with the USP XIX spectrophotometric determination of diazepam in dosages forms is reported. A minor adaptation of the official assay procedures is briefly proposed as one method to correct this error.", "PMID": 641767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_993", "title": "Antitumor agents XXVII: Effects of helenalin on anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the antitumor agent helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone, suppresses anaerobic glycolytic enzymes of tumor cells at a number of sites and not exclusively at glycogen synthetase and phosphofructokinase, previously proposed sites for inhibition by alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones. Of the enzymes tested, the sulfhydryl-containing enzyme hexokinase was inhibited the maximum, i.e., 83%, by helenalin treatment, whereas phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthetase were suppressed approximately 45%. Another sulfhydryl-bearing enzyme, aldolase, was decreased approximately 43%. Phosphorylase a was inhibited 65%, glucose-6-phosphatase was inhibited 46%, and succinic dehydrogenase was inhibited 59% by helenalin treatment. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation processes were also significantly depressed in the presence of helenalin in vitro with either succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate as substrates. Thus, a number of enzymes of anaerobic and aerobic carbohydrate metabolism of Ehrlich ascites cells appear to be inhibited by helenalin, which supposedly can alkylate functional groups, e.g., sulfhydryl groups of these enzymes, by a rapid Michael-type addition.", "contents": "Antitumor agents XXVII: Effects of helenalin on anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of Ehrlich ascites cells. Evidence is presented that the antitumor agent helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone, suppresses anaerobic glycolytic enzymes of tumor cells at a number of sites and not exclusively at glycogen synthetase and phosphofructokinase, previously proposed sites for inhibition by alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones. Of the enzymes tested, the sulfhydryl-containing enzyme hexokinase was inhibited the maximum, i.e., 83%, by helenalin treatment, whereas phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthetase were suppressed approximately 45%. Another sulfhydryl-bearing enzyme, aldolase, was decreased approximately 43%. Phosphorylase a was inhibited 65%, glucose-6-phosphatase was inhibited 46%, and succinic dehydrogenase was inhibited 59% by helenalin treatment. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation processes were also significantly depressed in the presence of helenalin in vitro with either succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate as substrates. Thus, a number of enzymes of anaerobic and aerobic carbohydrate metabolism of Ehrlich ascites cells appear to be inhibited by helenalin, which supposedly can alkylate functional groups, e.g., sulfhydryl groups of these enzymes, by a rapid Michael-type addition.", "PMID": 641768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_994", "title": "Intrapatient variability of serial steady-state plasma tricyclic antidepressant concentrations.", "content": "Nine or 10 serial steady-state plasma measurements of amitryptyline, desipramine, desmethyldoxepin, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, or protriptyline were made in 23 depressed patients.  Each patient was monitored for compliance by pill counts, and sampling time was controlled carefully to determine intrapatient variability of steady-state tricyclic levels on a day-to-day basis. The coefficients of variation during serial sampling of the various ingested drugs were: amitriptyline, 21%; desipramine, 26%; doxepin, 21%; imipramine, 14%; nortriptyline, 13%; and protriptyline, 17%. The therapeutic ranges for the tricyclic antidepressants are relatively wide, so coefficients of variation of these magnitudes indicate that the position of an individual patient in relation to the optimal therapeutic range can be reliably determined on a clinical basis.", "contents": "Intrapatient variability of serial steady-state plasma tricyclic antidepressant concentrations. Nine or 10 serial steady-state plasma measurements of amitryptyline, desipramine, desmethyldoxepin, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, or protriptyline were made in 23 depressed patients.  Each patient was monitored for compliance by pill counts, and sampling time was controlled carefully to determine intrapatient variability of steady-state tricyclic levels on a day-to-day basis. The coefficients of variation during serial sampling of the various ingested drugs were: amitriptyline, 21%; desipramine, 26%; doxepin, 21%; imipramine, 14%; nortriptyline, 13%; and protriptyline, 17%. The therapeutic ranges for the tricyclic antidepressants are relatively wide, so coefficients of variation of these magnitudes indicate that the position of an individual patient in relation to the optimal therapeutic range can be reliably determined on a clinical basis.", "PMID": 641769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_995", "title": "Paper chromatographic determination of chlortetracycline.", "content": "Chlortetracycline was successfully separated from its degradation products and from other tetracyclines on a paper chromatogram previously impregnated with a mixture of edetate disodium and urea solution in pH 5.0 McIlvaine buffer. Chlortetracycline separation from its degradation products and from both tetracycline and oxytetracycline was attributed primarily to the complexation of these antibiotics with urea and edetate on the chromatogram. The separated spots were located under UV light, and their Rf values were calculated. Chlortetracycline recovery from the paper chromatogram was satisfactory (98.3 +/- 0.002%). The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of chlortetracycline in various dosage forms. In addition, the method was adequate for monitoring chlortetracycline hydrochyloride stability in aqueous solutions.", "contents": "Paper chromatographic determination of chlortetracycline. Chlortetracycline was successfully separated from its degradation products and from other tetracyclines on a paper chromatogram previously impregnated with a mixture of edetate disodium and urea solution in pH 5.0 McIlvaine buffer. Chlortetracycline separation from its degradation products and from both tetracycline and oxytetracycline was attributed primarily to the complexation of these antibiotics with urea and edetate on the chromatogram. The separated spots were located under UV light, and their Rf values were calculated. Chlortetracycline recovery from the paper chromatogram was satisfactory (98.3 +/- 0.002%). The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of chlortetracycline in various dosage forms. In addition, the method was adequate for monitoring chlortetracycline hydrochyloride stability in aqueous solutions.", "PMID": 641770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_996", "title": "tert-Butoxycarbanyl as a convenient protecting group in synthesis of potential centrally active dopamine derivatives.", "content": "Several pivaloyl and pivaloyloxy esters and amides of dopamine were synthesized for possible antiparkinson activity. The compounds were synthesized by select O- and N-acylation and N-methylation procedures. The tert-butoxycarbonyl function is an effective and easily removed nitrogen-protecting group for dopamine. Preliminary biological testing results showed that all compounds tested elicited a hypothermic response in mice, while only O,O-dipivaloyl-N,N-dimethyldopamine reversed reserpine-induced motor depression in mice. However, it is difficult to conclude from the preliminary data that the observed biological effects were due to central dopaminergic receptor stimulation.", "contents": "tert-Butoxycarbanyl as a convenient protecting group in synthesis of potential centrally active dopamine derivatives. Several pivaloyl and pivaloyloxy esters and amides of dopamine were synthesized for possible antiparkinson activity. The compounds were synthesized by select O- and N-acylation and N-methylation procedures. The tert-butoxycarbonyl function is an effective and easily removed nitrogen-protecting group for dopamine. Preliminary biological testing results showed that all compounds tested elicited a hypothermic response in mice, while only O,O-dipivaloyl-N,N-dimethyldopamine reversed reserpine-induced motor depression in mice. However, it is difficult to conclude from the preliminary data that the observed biological effects were due to central dopaminergic receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 641771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_997", "title": "Drug absorption VIII: Kinetics of GI absorption of methotrexate.", "content": "The absorption of methotrexate from the lumen of the rat small intestine, in situ, was found to obey Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The values of Vmax and Km for the absorption process were 4.78 X 10(-7) M/min and 1.49 X 10(-5) M, respectively.", "contents": "Drug absorption VIII: Kinetics of GI absorption of methotrexate. The absorption of methotrexate from the lumen of the rat small intestine, in situ, was found to obey Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The values of Vmax and Km for the absorption process were 4.78 X 10(-7) M/min and 1.49 X 10(-5) M, respectively.", "PMID": 641772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_998", "title": "Effects of quinone derivatives on an experimental tumor.", "content": "In continuation of studies on the activity of known solid tumor inhibitors, four acetylated glycosyl derivatives of 1,4-quinones were prepared and tested against Ehrlich ascitic tumor. All four compounds significantly inhibited growth of this neoplasm. UV, IR, and mass spectra are given for the three new synthetic quinone derivatives.", "contents": "Effects of quinone derivatives on an experimental tumor. In continuation of studies on the activity of known solid tumor inhibitors, four acetylated glycosyl derivatives of 1,4-quinones were prepared and tested against Ehrlich ascitic tumor. All four compounds significantly inhibited growth of this neoplasm. UV, IR, and mass spectra are given for the three new synthetic quinone derivatives.", "PMID": 641773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_999", "title": "Structure--activity relationships of anesthetic ethers using molecular connectivity.", "content": "The structure--activity relationships in the anesthetic and toxic actions of 28 aliphatic ethers were simple functions of molecular connectivity indexes. These quantitative relationships are discussed briefly in the light of theories of the mechanism of action of general anesthetics.", "contents": "Structure--activity relationships of anesthetic ethers using molecular connectivity. The structure--activity relationships in the anesthetic and toxic actions of 28 aliphatic ethers were simple functions of molecular connectivity indexes. These quantitative relationships are discussed briefly in the light of theories of the mechanism of action of general anesthetics.", "PMID": 641774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1000", "title": "Molecular connectivity in quantitative structure--activity relationship study of anesthetic and toxic activity of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and ketones.", "content": "The nonempirical molecular connectivity indexes of 27 aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and ketones were calculated. Very good correlations were obtained between anesthetic (AD100) and toxic (LD100 and LD50) activities of these compounds and their molecular connectivity indexes. These quantitative structure--activity relationships are discussed briefly in the light of general anesthesia theories.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity in quantitative structure--activity relationship study of anesthetic and toxic activity of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and ketones. The nonempirical molecular connectivity indexes of 27 aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and ketones were calculated. Very good correlations were obtained between anesthetic (AD100) and toxic (LD100 and LD50) activities of these compounds and their molecular connectivity indexes. These quantitative structure--activity relationships are discussed briefly in the light of general anesthesia theories.", "PMID": 641775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1001", "title": "Correlation of quinidine absorption with disintegration and dissolution rates.", "content": "The dissolution profiles of four commercial quinidine sulfate tablets were determined using the USP rotating-basked dissolution apparatus. Substantial differences in dissolution half-times were noted and compared to previously reported disintegration times, absorption rate constants, and times of appearance of peak serum concentrations. Rank-order correlations were observed among all combinations of in vivo and in vitro parameters, indicating that the absorption rates of these tablets are controlled by both disintegration and dissolution.", "contents": "Correlation of quinidine absorption with disintegration and dissolution rates. The dissolution profiles of four commercial quinidine sulfate tablets were determined using the USP rotating-basked dissolution apparatus. Substantial differences in dissolution half-times were noted and compared to previously reported disintegration times, absorption rate constants, and times of appearance of peak serum concentrations. Rank-order correlations were observed among all combinations of in vivo and in vitro parameters, indicating that the absorption rates of these tablets are controlled by both disintegration and dissolution.", "PMID": 641776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1002", "title": "Separation and spectrophotometric determination of theophylline and hydroxyethyltheophylline in a pharmaceutical syrup.", "content": "A simple chromatographic procedure was developed for the separation and determination of theophylline and hydroxyethyltheophylline. An aliquot of diluted syrup was pipetted into a chromatographic column containing a strong anion-exchange resin, which retains theophylline and allows the hydroxyethyl derivative to pass through it. Theophylline was subsequently eluted with 1 N HCl and determined by difference spectrophotometry at 284 nm; its derivative was determined at 272 nm.", "contents": "Separation and spectrophotometric determination of theophylline and hydroxyethyltheophylline in a pharmaceutical syrup. A simple chromatographic procedure was developed for the separation and determination of theophylline and hydroxyethyltheophylline. An aliquot of diluted syrup was pipetted into a chromatographic column containing a strong anion-exchange resin, which retains theophylline and allows the hydroxyethyl derivative to pass through it. Theophylline was subsequently eluted with 1 N HCl and determined by difference spectrophotometry at 284 nm; its derivative was determined at 272 nm.", "PMID": 641777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1003", "title": "Use of MULTDOS for pharmacokinetic analysis of ethosuximide data during repetitive administration of single or divided daily doses.", "content": "MULTDOS, a computer method to curve fit data obtained on multiple dosing, was used with either the 1969 or 1974 version of the NONLIN program to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of ethosuximide during repetitive administration of single or divided daily doses. Elimination rate constants, excretion rate constants, and apparent volumes of distribution were similar between the two dosing regimens and essentially identical between the two nonlinear regression programs.", "contents": "Use of MULTDOS for pharmacokinetic analysis of ethosuximide data during repetitive administration of single or divided daily doses. MULTDOS, a computer method to curve fit data obtained on multiple dosing, was used with either the 1969 or 1974 version of the NONLIN program to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of ethosuximide during repetitive administration of single or divided daily doses. Elimination rate constants, excretion rate constants, and apparent volumes of distribution were similar between the two dosing regimens and essentially identical between the two nonlinear regression programs.", "PMID": 641778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1004", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of ethyl N-aryl-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiocarbamates.", "content": "Five ethyl N-aryl-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of triphenyltin iodide with the appropriate ethyl N-arylthiocarbamate in the presence of triethylamine. The IR spectrum of each compound was obtained over the 4000--200-cm--1 range, and some bands were assigned. These new compounds were found to be generally better antifungal agents than the previously tested N-substituted N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothioureas. The new compounds were also investigated for antibacterial activity and were especially inhibitory toward Gram-positive species. Except for their lower activity toward Bacillus subtilis, their antibacterial activity was identical to the previously tested N-phenyl-N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiourea.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of ethyl N-aryl-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiocarbamates. Five ethyl N-aryl-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of triphenyltin iodide with the appropriate ethyl N-arylthiocarbamate in the presence of triethylamine. The IR spectrum of each compound was obtained over the 4000--200-cm--1 range, and some bands were assigned. These new compounds were found to be generally better antifungal agents than the previously tested N-substituted N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothioureas. The new compounds were also investigated for antibacterial activity and were especially inhibitory toward Gram-positive species. Except for their lower activity toward Bacillus subtilis, their antibacterial activity was identical to the previously tested N-phenyl-N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiourea.", "PMID": 641779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1005", "title": "Antifungal properties of halofumarate esters.", "content": "Alkyl esters (C1--C4) of the four halofumaric acids were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at pH 5.6 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar. The most toxic compound to each organism was: C. albicans, ethyl iodofumarate (0.054 mmole/liter); A. niger, methyl bromofumarate (0.090 mmole/liter); M. mucedo, methyl fluorofumarate (0.037 mmole/liter); and T. mentagrophytes, ethyl iodofumarate (0.020 mmole/liter). The order of overall activity of the six most toxic compounds was: ethyl iodofumarate greater than ethyl chlorofumarate greater than methyl iodofumarate = methyl bromofumarate greater than methyl chlorofumarate greater than bromofumarate.", "contents": "Antifungal properties of halofumarate esters. Alkyl esters (C1--C4) of the four halofumaric acids were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at pH 5.6 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar. The most toxic compound to each organism was: C. albicans, ethyl iodofumarate (0.054 mmole/liter); A. niger, methyl bromofumarate (0.090 mmole/liter); M. mucedo, methyl fluorofumarate (0.037 mmole/liter); and T. mentagrophytes, ethyl iodofumarate (0.020 mmole/liter). The order of overall activity of the six most toxic compounds was: ethyl iodofumarate greater than ethyl chlorofumarate greater than methyl iodofumarate = methyl bromofumarate greater than methyl chlorofumarate greater than bromofumarate.", "PMID": 641780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1006", "title": "Quantitative determination of acetaminophen in plasma.", "content": "A simple method is described for the rapid quantitative analysis of acetaminophen in plasma. The acetaminophen and its conjugates present in the plasma following drug administration are hydrolyzed with 4 N HCl to p-aminophenol. This compound is coupled with 5% vanillin reagent to form a stable yellow color whose concentration is determined spectrophotometrically at 395 nm. Application of this method to a study of three dogs treated with 650 mg of acetaminophen is described.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of acetaminophen in plasma. A simple method is described for the rapid quantitative analysis of acetaminophen in plasma. The acetaminophen and its conjugates present in the plasma following drug administration are hydrolyzed with 4 N HCl to p-aminophenol. This compound is coupled with 5% vanillin reagent to form a stable yellow color whose concentration is determined spectrophotometrically at 395 nm. Application of this method to a study of three dogs treated with 650 mg of acetaminophen is described.", "PMID": 641781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1007", "title": "Synthesis of 2-(substituted anilino) 4-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles.", "content": "2-(Substituted anilino) 4-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles were synthesized by condensing 2-haloketones with substituted thioureas. The biological screening of some compounds indicated hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-(substituted anilino) 4-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles. 2-(Substituted anilino) 4-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles were synthesized by condensing 2-haloketones with substituted thioureas. The biological screening of some compounds indicated hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic activity.", "PMID": 641782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1008", "title": "Synthesis and local anesthetic properties of secondary alkoxyalkylaminoacylanilides.", "content": "Nineteen secondary alkoxyalkylaminoacylanilides were prepared. They were weaker bases and were more hydrophilic than the corresponding analogs lacking the ether function. In 2% solution, these compounds blocked the rat sciatic nerve in vivo after relatively short onset times with good frequency of anesthesia. The duration of block was 0.4--1.5 times that of lidocaine. Their systemic toxicity was low, and their irritation liability in most instances was acceptable.", "contents": "Synthesis and local anesthetic properties of secondary alkoxyalkylaminoacylanilides. Nineteen secondary alkoxyalkylaminoacylanilides were prepared. They were weaker bases and were more hydrophilic than the corresponding analogs lacking the ether function. In 2% solution, these compounds blocked the rat sciatic nerve in vivo after relatively short onset times with good frequency of anesthesia. The duration of block was 0.4--1.5 times that of lidocaine. Their systemic toxicity was low, and their irritation liability in most instances was acceptable.", "PMID": 641788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1009", "title": "Syntheses and pharmacological activity of N-acyl-substituted imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines.", "content": "A series of imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines was synthesized and tested for their effect on both forced and spontaneous motor activities as well as their ability to raise the convulsion threshold. The N-acyl-substituted 2-p fluorobenzylthioimidazolines were the most active compounds, producing protection against maximal electroshock seizures and tonic convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol. Both compounds had high LD50 values and safety indexes.", "contents": "Syntheses and pharmacological activity of N-acyl-substituted imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines. A series of imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines was synthesized and tested for their effect on both forced and spontaneous motor activities as well as their ability to raise the convulsion threshold. The N-acyl-substituted 2-p fluorobenzylthioimidazolines were the most active compounds, producing protection against maximal electroshock seizures and tonic convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol. Both compounds had high LD50 values and safety indexes.", "PMID": 641789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1010", "title": "Preliminary pharmacokinetic model of pilocarpine uptake and distribution in the eye.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model that permits prediction of aqueous humor pilocarpine levels following topical application to rabbit eyes was developed. The model is able to account for changes in both instilled solution volume and drug concentration. The model, although simplified, relies mainly on experimentally verifiable and independently measured parameters. Its utility lies in its ability to account quantitatively for the large drainage loss of instilled drug solutions and its predictive ability regardless of the instilled volume or concentration. The framework established by this model will allow further sophistication as more experimental data become available and should be adaptable to other ophthalmic drugs.", "contents": "Preliminary pharmacokinetic model of pilocarpine uptake and distribution in the eye. A pharmacokinetic model that permits prediction of aqueous humor pilocarpine levels following topical application to rabbit eyes was developed. The model is able to account for changes in both instilled solution volume and drug concentration. The model, although simplified, relies mainly on experimentally verifiable and independently measured parameters. Its utility lies in its ability to account quantitatively for the large drainage loss of instilled drug solutions and its predictive ability regardless of the instilled volume or concentration. The framework established by this model will allow further sophistication as more experimental data become available and should be adaptable to other ophthalmic drugs.", "PMID": 641790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1011", "title": "Kinetics of drug transport and concurrent metabolism in human cell cultures I: theory.", "content": "A method for evaluating the passive permeability and single-step metabolism of drugs in suspension cultures of mammalian cells was formulated assuming linear kinetics. It was assumed that the metabolizing enzymes are driven by endogenous substrates present in steady-state quantities. The presence of the drug in radiolabeled tracer quantities was assumed to cause only a small perturbation from the endogenous steady-state operating point. The time course solutions for the drug and its metabolite are given in terms of macroscopic constants, and their physical interpretations are given in terms of metabolic and transport parameters.", "contents": "Kinetics of drug transport and concurrent metabolism in human cell cultures I: theory. A method for evaluating the passive permeability and single-step metabolism of drugs in suspension cultures of mammalian cells was formulated assuming linear kinetics. It was assumed that the metabolizing enzymes are driven by endogenous substrates present in steady-state quantities. The presence of the drug in radiolabeled tracer quantities was assumed to cause only a small perturbation from the endogenous steady-state operating point. The time course solutions for the drug and its metabolite are given in terms of macroscopic constants, and their physical interpretations are given in terms of metabolic and transport parameters.", "PMID": 641791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1012", "title": "Dissolution and absorption of the antineoplastic agent ellipticine.", "content": "Ellipticine, a poorly water-soluble alkaloid, is active in several experimental tumor systems. Marked solubility increases were produced by polyvinylpyrrolidone of varying molecular weights (10,000--160,000) and were optimal (approximately 13 mg/ml at 25 degrees) with polyvinylpyrrolidone mol. wt 10,000. Dissolution of ellipticine--polyvinylpyrrlidone (1:22 w/w) tablets in simulated gastric juice was superior to that of ellipticine hydrochloride polymers without affecting maximum dissolution at 37 degrees. Physiological disposition of ellipticine--polyvinylpyrrolidone was compared with that of the hydrochloride salt and ellipticine in suspension following oral administration at 250 mg/kg in fasted mice. In comparison to the suspension, ellipticine tissue levels were about threefold higher with polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydrochloride preparations. Antitumor activity of the three preparations was evaluated intraperitonneally and orally versus L-1210 leukemia. The optimal dose of ellipticine--polyvinylpyrrolidone and ellipticine hydrochloride was lower than that of the suspension and suggested improved absorption.", "contents": "Dissolution and absorption of the antineoplastic agent ellipticine. Ellipticine, a poorly water-soluble alkaloid, is active in several experimental tumor systems. Marked solubility increases were produced by polyvinylpyrrolidone of varying molecular weights (10,000--160,000) and were optimal (approximately 13 mg/ml at 25 degrees) with polyvinylpyrrolidone mol. wt 10,000. Dissolution of ellipticine--polyvinylpyrrlidone (1:22 w/w) tablets in simulated gastric juice was superior to that of ellipticine hydrochloride polymers without affecting maximum dissolution at 37 degrees. Physiological disposition of ellipticine--polyvinylpyrrolidone was compared with that of the hydrochloride salt and ellipticine in suspension following oral administration at 250 mg/kg in fasted mice. In comparison to the suspension, ellipticine tissue levels were about threefold higher with polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydrochloride preparations. Antitumor activity of the three preparations was evaluated intraperitonneally and orally versus L-1210 leukemia. The optimal dose of ellipticine--polyvinylpyrrolidone and ellipticine hydrochloride was lower than that of the suspension and suggested improved absorption.", "PMID": 641792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1013", "title": "Spectrophotometric determinations of 3-dimethylaminomethylkhellin hydrochloride and khellin.", "content": "Spectrophotometric assays are proposed for the determination of 3-dimethylaminomethylkhellin hydrochloride and khellin in bulk chemical and dosage forms. The acid dye method, using methyl orange at pH5, is applied to assay the amine in the form of an ion-pair extractable in chloroform with maximum abosrbance at 420 nm. The perchloric acid method, depending on formation and extraction of the oxonium salts of both compounds, is used to assay the amine and khellin at 333 or 430 nm and at 325 or 410 nm, respectively. The reineckate method can be used to assay the amine as the reineckate derivative in acetone with maximum absorbance at 530 nm. However, small amounts of the amine (1.5--3 mg) can be determined as the reineckate in methanol with maximum absorbance at 245 nm. Stability determination of the two compounds can be done by the acid dye and perchloric acid methods. The three methods are sufficiently accurate, sensitive, and precise.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determinations of 3-dimethylaminomethylkhellin hydrochloride and khellin. Spectrophotometric assays are proposed for the determination of 3-dimethylaminomethylkhellin hydrochloride and khellin in bulk chemical and dosage forms. The acid dye method, using methyl orange at pH5, is applied to assay the amine in the form of an ion-pair extractable in chloroform with maximum abosrbance at 420 nm. The perchloric acid method, depending on formation and extraction of the oxonium salts of both compounds, is used to assay the amine and khellin at 333 or 430 nm and at 325 or 410 nm, respectively. The reineckate method can be used to assay the amine as the reineckate derivative in acetone with maximum absorbance at 530 nm. However, small amounts of the amine (1.5--3 mg) can be determined as the reineckate in methanol with maximum absorbance at 245 nm. Stability determination of the two compounds can be done by the acid dye and perchloric acid methods. The three methods are sufficiently accurate, sensitive, and precise.", "PMID": 641794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1014", "title": "Identification and quantitation of impurities in methotrexate.", "content": "The impurities in bulk, commercial, and investigational methotrexate samples were chromatographically separated by gradient elution from a diethylaminoethylcellulose column. Besides the already known impurities in the bulk and commercial samples, two other impurities, 4-amino-N10-methylpteroyl-N-methylglutamine and 2,4-di-amino-N10-methylpteramide, were identified. A new batch of methotrexate, synthesized for the National Cancer Institute for investigational use only, showed a different spectrum of impurities. The purity of all methotrexate samples studied was about 80% calculated on an anhydrous basis.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of impurities in methotrexate. The impurities in bulk, commercial, and investigational methotrexate samples were chromatographically separated by gradient elution from a diethylaminoethylcellulose column. Besides the already known impurities in the bulk and commercial samples, two other impurities, 4-amino-N10-methylpteroyl-N-methylglutamine and 2,4-di-amino-N10-methylpteramide, were identified. A new batch of methotrexate, synthesized for the National Cancer Institute for investigational use only, showed a different spectrum of impurities. The purity of all methotrexate samples studied was about 80% calculated on an anhydrous basis.", "PMID": 641795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1015", "title": "Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of parabens.", "content": "The solubility of a related series of parabens was determined in water at four temperatures. The parabens chosen were the methyl through n-butyl p-hydroxybenzoates, and the temperature variations were 5 degrees increments from 25 to 40 degrees. These solutes are useful preservatives, especially combinations of the methyl and propyl ester derivatives. The chemical relationship of these compounds varied by successive linear methylene additions on the ester portion of the molecules. The thermodynamic values obtained for these aqueous systems could be related to these molecular variants since the remainder of the molecule was constant. For the overall thermodynamics, the free energy functions such as the ideal, actual, and excess were found to be smooth, nonlinear functions of the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl portion of the paraben esters. A linear relationship with the number of carbon atoms in the ester portion of these esters was found with the partial excess free energy of the solute.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of parabens. The solubility of a related series of parabens was determined in water at four temperatures. The parabens chosen were the methyl through n-butyl p-hydroxybenzoates, and the temperature variations were 5 degrees increments from 25 to 40 degrees. These solutes are useful preservatives, especially combinations of the methyl and propyl ester derivatives. The chemical relationship of these compounds varied by successive linear methylene additions on the ester portion of the molecules. The thermodynamic values obtained for these aqueous systems could be related to these molecular variants since the remainder of the molecule was constant. For the overall thermodynamics, the free energy functions such as the ideal, actual, and excess were found to be smooth, nonlinear functions of the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl portion of the paraben esters. A linear relationship with the number of carbon atoms in the ester portion of these esters was found with the partial excess free energy of the solute.", "PMID": 641796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1016", "title": "Electron-capture GLC determination of ibuprofen in serum.", "content": "To evaluate drug-protein binding, a sensitive method for the determination of ibuprofen in submilliliter amounts of serum was required. A specific and highly sensitive procedure, based on benzene extraction of the acidified specimen. TLC of the benzene extract residue, fomation of the pentafluorobenzyl esters of the materials eluted from the thin-layer chromatogram, and quantification of the pentafluorobenzyl esters by GLC, was developed. Utilizing electron-capture detection, the method is sensitive to 0.1 microgram of ibuprofen/0.1 ml of serum. Statistical analyses indicated an average recovery of 97.7% with a standard deviation of +/- 7.3%. Mass spectrometric analysis, in conjunction with GLC, confirmed the specificity of the method for the intact drug. The procedure was applied successfully to drug absorption and drug-protein binding studies in humans.", "contents": "Electron-capture GLC determination of ibuprofen in serum. To evaluate drug-protein binding, a sensitive method for the determination of ibuprofen in submilliliter amounts of serum was required. A specific and highly sensitive procedure, based on benzene extraction of the acidified specimen. TLC of the benzene extract residue, fomation of the pentafluorobenzyl esters of the materials eluted from the thin-layer chromatogram, and quantification of the pentafluorobenzyl esters by GLC, was developed. Utilizing electron-capture detection, the method is sensitive to 0.1 microgram of ibuprofen/0.1 ml of serum. Statistical analyses indicated an average recovery of 97.7% with a standard deviation of +/- 7.3%. Mass spectrometric analysis, in conjunction with GLC, confirmed the specificity of the method for the intact drug. The procedure was applied successfully to drug absorption and drug-protein binding studies in humans.", "PMID": 641797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1017", "title": "Effect of enantiomeric purity on solubility determination of dexclamol hydrochloride.", "content": "The solubility of (+/-)-4a,13b-trans)-[3(OH),13b(H)-trans]-3-isopropyl - 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14- octahydro-1H - benzo[6,7]cycloheptal[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3-ol hydrochloride [(+/-)-I] was 3.3 mg/ml in pure water. Its resolved enantiomers exhibited about a fivefold increase in solubility. Dexclamol hydrochloride, the (+)-I enantiomer, is bioactive as a neuroleptic and is soluble to the extent of 16.4 mg/ml. However, raw material purity in relation to the amounts of (+/-)-I racemate present significantly influences solubility and optimum conditions for dissolution. The effect of trace amounts of (-)-I or (+/-)-I forms of the solubility of (+)-I enantiomer raw materials was explained through phase solubility studies. Conditions required for preparation of clear solutions using  raw materials of varying purity can be determined with derived expressions. The application and limitations of using an enantiomer as a tool to improve solubility are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of enantiomeric purity on solubility determination of dexclamol hydrochloride. The solubility of (+/-)-4a,13b-trans)-[3(OH),13b(H)-trans]-3-isopropyl - 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14- octahydro-1H - benzo[6,7]cycloheptal[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3-ol hydrochloride [(+/-)-I] was 3.3 mg/ml in pure water. Its resolved enantiomers exhibited about a fivefold increase in solubility. Dexclamol hydrochloride, the (+)-I enantiomer, is bioactive as a neuroleptic and is soluble to the extent of 16.4 mg/ml. However, raw material purity in relation to the amounts of (+/-)-I racemate present significantly influences solubility and optimum conditions for dissolution. The effect of trace amounts of (-)-I or (+/-)-I forms of the solubility of (+)-I enantiomer raw materials was explained through phase solubility studies. Conditions required for preparation of clear solutions using  raw materials of varying purity can be determined with derived expressions. The application and limitations of using an enantiomer as a tool to improve solubility are discussed.", "PMID": 641798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1018", "title": "Quantitative determination of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites in serum by fluorescence TLC--densitometry.", "content": "A sensitive fluorescence TLC--densitometric procedure was developed for the specific determination of chlordiazepoxide (I) and its two metabolites, demoxepam (II) and desmethylchlordiazepoxide (III), in serum. After extraction from serum with ether, I, II, and II were separated by TLC and converted with a sulfuric acid spray to pale blue (Rf 0.63), green (Rf 0.54), and blue (Rf 0.45) fluorescence spots, respectively. Quantitation was accomplished by scanning the plate with a densitometer at 390 (I), 430 (II), and 390 (III) nm. The sensitivities were 0.05 (I), 0.01 (II), and 0.01 (III) microgram/ml of serum. The procedure was successfully applied to measurement of I-III in human serum after oral administration of 20 mg of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites in serum by fluorescence TLC--densitometry. A sensitive fluorescence TLC--densitometric procedure was developed for the specific determination of chlordiazepoxide (I) and its two metabolites, demoxepam (II) and desmethylchlordiazepoxide (III), in serum. After extraction from serum with ether, I, II, and II were separated by TLC and converted with a sulfuric acid spray to pale blue (Rf 0.63), green (Rf 0.54), and blue (Rf 0.45) fluorescence spots, respectively. Quantitation was accomplished by scanning the plate with a densitometer at 390 (I), 430 (II), and 390 (III) nm. The sensitivities were 0.05 (I), 0.01 (II), and 0.01 (III) microgram/ml of serum. The procedure was successfully applied to measurement of I-III in human serum after oral administration of 20 mg of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride.", "PMID": 641799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1019", "title": "Alanine derivatives with reactive groups.", "content": "The synthesis of diazoketone analogs of amino acids and associated problems were investigated with N-phthaloyl-DL-alanine serving as a model. The carboxyl was activated by conversion to the acid chloride or, under mild conditions, to the mixed anhydride obtained with ethyl chloroformate or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; the product was reacted with diazomethane. Deblocking the phthaloyl group with hydrazine gave 3-amino-1-diazo-2-butanone as a well-characterized solid salt and as a less stable oil. Further reactions of the blocked diazoketone of DL-alanine, such as conversion to alpha-haloketones, Wolff rearrangement, and deuterium exchange on C-1 were investigated. 3-A-mino-1-diazo-2-butanone had moderate inhibitory activity against mouse mammary adenocarcinoma in cell culture.", "contents": "Alanine derivatives with reactive groups. The synthesis of diazoketone analogs of amino acids and associated problems were investigated with N-phthaloyl-DL-alanine serving as a model. The carboxyl was activated by conversion to the acid chloride or, under mild conditions, to the mixed anhydride obtained with ethyl chloroformate or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; the product was reacted with diazomethane. Deblocking the phthaloyl group with hydrazine gave 3-amino-1-diazo-2-butanone as a well-characterized solid salt and as a less stable oil. Further reactions of the blocked diazoketone of DL-alanine, such as conversion to alpha-haloketones, Wolff rearrangement, and deuterium exchange on C-1 were investigated. 3-A-mino-1-diazo-2-butanone had moderate inhibitory activity against mouse mammary adenocarcinoma in cell culture.", "PMID": 641800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1020", "title": "Simultaneous determination of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide in two-component tablet formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the simultaneous determination of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide in two-component tablet formulations. An aliquot of a tetrahydrofuran extract of the tablet, containing polylythiazide as an internal standard, is chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column using a mobile phase of 0.01% (v/v) diethylamine, 5% (v/v) chloroform, and 18% (v/v) 2-propanol in n-hexane. The relative standard deviations are 1.2 and 0.6% for the simultaneous determination of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Seven commericial tablet formulations were found to contain 92.7--101.0% and 98.3--101.4% of the labeled amounts of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide in two-component tablet formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the simultaneous determination of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide in two-component tablet formulations. An aliquot of a tetrahydrofuran extract of the tablet, containing polylythiazide as an internal standard, is chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column using a mobile phase of 0.01% (v/v) diethylamine, 5% (v/v) chloroform, and 18% (v/v) 2-propanol in n-hexane. The relative standard deviations are 1.2 and 0.6% for the simultaneous determination of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Seven commericial tablet formulations were found to contain 92.7--101.0% and 98.3--101.4% of the labeled amounts of reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively.", "PMID": 641802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1021", "title": "Relationships between chemical structure and inhibition of human placental choline acetyltransferase by keto analogs of acetylcholine.", "content": "Seven keto analogs of acetylcholine were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human placental choline placental choline acetyltransferase. Their potencies for inhibition of horse serum cholinesterase and stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the longitudinal ileal muscle of the guinea pig were investigated. The most potent and selective inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase was (2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium chloride with an I50 of 3 X 10(-6) M. It exhibited considerably low activities at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and cholinesterases. Its high potency for inhibiting choline acetyltransferase was atrributed to: (a) its cationic terminal, a site for an electron acceptor interaction; (b) an aryl moiety for hydrophobic and electron donor contributions; and (c) a positive charge on the carbon atom adjacent to the benzene ring due to the presence of the carbonyl group, which interacts with the nucleophilic residue on the enzyme.", "contents": "Relationships between chemical structure and inhibition of human placental choline acetyltransferase by keto analogs of acetylcholine. Seven keto analogs of acetylcholine were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human placental choline placental choline acetyltransferase. Their potencies for inhibition of horse serum cholinesterase and stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the longitudinal ileal muscle of the guinea pig were investigated. The most potent and selective inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase was (2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium chloride with an I50 of 3 X 10(-6) M. It exhibited considerably low activities at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and cholinesterases. Its high potency for inhibiting choline acetyltransferase was atrributed to: (a) its cationic terminal, a site for an electron acceptor interaction; (b) an aryl moiety for hydrophobic and electron donor contributions; and (c) a positive charge on the carbon atom adjacent to the benzene ring due to the presence of the carbonyl group, which interacts with the nucleophilic residue on the enzyme.", "PMID": 641803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1022", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid in presence of its hydrazones.", "content": "A spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid in the presence of its hydrazones was developed. The method involves the reaction between isoniazid and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of ammonia in an ethanolic medium. The colored product has an absorbance maxium at 640 nm. The Lambert-Beer law is obeyed in the 1--14-microgram/ml range. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of isoniazid tablets. In commercial tablets, hydrazone formation due to the reaction between isoniazid and lactose was detected by TLC. The analysis of lactose-containing isoniazid tablets showed 10--22% lower recovery than that obtained by the official method. Hydrazone formation in tablets probably interferes with isoniazid bioavailability.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid in presence of its hydrazones. A spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid in the presence of its hydrazones was developed. The method involves the reaction between isoniazid and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of ammonia in an ethanolic medium. The colored product has an absorbance maxium at 640 nm. The Lambert-Beer law is obeyed in the 1--14-microgram/ml range. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of isoniazid tablets. In commercial tablets, hydrazone formation due to the reaction between isoniazid and lactose was detected by TLC. The analysis of lactose-containing isoniazid tablets showed 10--22% lower recovery than that obtained by the official method. Hydrazone formation in tablets probably interferes with isoniazid bioavailability.", "PMID": 641804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1023", "title": "Mathematical basis of point-area deconvolution method for determining in vivo input functions.", "content": "The point-area method for deconvolution derives a \"staircase\" input function which, when convolved onto the characteristic function, gives an output function coincidental with the given output data points. The area--area method for deconvolution is shown to be erroneous.", "contents": "Mathematical basis of point-area deconvolution method for determining in vivo input functions. The point-area method for deconvolution derives a \"staircase\" input function which, when convolved onto the characteristic function, gives an output function coincidental with the given output data points. The area--area method for deconvolution is shown to be erroneous.", "PMID": 641805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1024", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cycloheximide in ointment and suspension formulations.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the assay of the antibiotic cycloheximidein bulk drug and two experimental formulations. The method utilizes a reversed-phase C18 chromatographic column and refractive index detection. Possible impurities or degradation products, isocycloheximide, anhydrocycloheximide, and dimethylcyclohexone, are well separated from cycloheximide by this procedure. Complete extraction of cycloheximide from the formulations was obtained. The assay has a relative standard deviation of approximately 1%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cycloheximide in ointment and suspension formulations. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the assay of the antibiotic cycloheximidein bulk drug and two experimental formulations. The method utilizes a reversed-phase C18 chromatographic column and refractive index detection. Possible impurities or degradation products, isocycloheximide, anhydrocycloheximide, and dimethylcyclohexone, are well separated from cycloheximide by this procedure. Complete extraction of cycloheximide from the formulations was obtained. The assay has a relative standard deviation of approximately 1%.", "PMID": 641806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1025", "title": "Separation of multisized drug suspensions into narrow distributions by centrifugal elutriation.", "content": "A centrifugal elutriator rotor was used to separate suspensions of micronized hydrocortisone acetate and prednisolone acetate. Up to five distinct particle fractions could beisolated from a single parent suspension, and reasonable reproducibility was exhibited between various elutriator runs. Arithmetic means and associated standard deivations, based on volume, were calculated for each isolated fraction. These data demonstrate the narrowness and uniqueness of each fraction. The particle-size data show an apparent log-normal distribution for each isolate. The uniqueness of each fraction also was demonstrated by dissolution experiments where Fraction 1, the smallest fraction of prednisolone acetate, dissolved much more rapidly than Fraction 4, the largest fraction. The substantial difference in dissolution behavior of these two fractions of prednisolone acetate powder was biopharmaceutically significant.", "contents": "Separation of multisized drug suspensions into narrow distributions by centrifugal elutriation. A centrifugal elutriator rotor was used to separate suspensions of micronized hydrocortisone acetate and prednisolone acetate. Up to five distinct particle fractions could beisolated from a single parent suspension, and reasonable reproducibility was exhibited between various elutriator runs. Arithmetic means and associated standard deivations, based on volume, were calculated for each isolated fraction. These data demonstrate the narrowness and uniqueness of each fraction. The particle-size data show an apparent log-normal distribution for each isolate. The uniqueness of each fraction also was demonstrated by dissolution experiments where Fraction 1, the smallest fraction of prednisolone acetate, dissolved much more rapidly than Fraction 4, the largest fraction. The substantial difference in dissolution behavior of these two fractions of prednisolone acetate powder was biopharmaceutically significant.", "PMID": 641807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1026", "title": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis IX: Determination of muscle relaxant--analgesic mixtures using normal phase chromatography.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to optimize the resolution of eight widely prescribed therapeutic agents commonly found in muscle relaxant--analgesic mixtures. The compounds were chromatographed on normal phase porpous silica or cyanopropylsilane columns, using various solvent systems paired on the basis of Synder's solvent selectivity scheme to give a polarity index for each system of 3.3. A carisoprodol, phenacetin, and caffeine mixture was selected to demonstrate the utility of the separation and quantification method. The mixture was chromatographed on a porous silica column, using tetrahydrofuran--toluene (50:50) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Each determination can be achieved in approximately 8 min with an accuracy of 3--5%.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis IX: Determination of muscle relaxant--analgesic mixtures using normal phase chromatography. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to optimize the resolution of eight widely prescribed therapeutic agents commonly found in muscle relaxant--analgesic mixtures. The compounds were chromatographed on normal phase porpous silica or cyanopropylsilane columns, using various solvent systems paired on the basis of Synder's solvent selectivity scheme to give a polarity index for each system of 3.3. A carisoprodol, phenacetin, and caffeine mixture was selected to demonstrate the utility of the separation and quantification method. The mixture was chromatographed on a porous silica column, using tetrahydrofuran--toluene (50:50) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Each determination can be achieved in approximately 8 min with an accuracy of 3--5%.", "PMID": 641808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1027", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of melphalan in plasma.", "content": "A new sensitive and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of melphalan in plasma was developed. Recovery of 1 microgram added to 1 ml of plasma at 23 degrees was 94% but was greatly reduced at higher temperature. The method has been applied to plasma determinations of melphalan in rats and humans and is currently being utilized for human pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of melphalan in plasma. A new sensitive and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of melphalan in plasma was developed. Recovery of 1 microgram added to 1 ml of plasma at 23 degrees was 94% but was greatly reduced at higher temperature. The method has been applied to plasma determinations of melphalan in rats and humans and is currently being utilized for human pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 641809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1028", "title": "Hydrolysis and protein binding of melphalan.", "content": "Melphalan (30 microgram/ml) is completely hydrolyzed in water at 37 degrees after 8 hr. At lower temperatures, hydrolysis proceeds at slower rates. The presence of bovine serum albumin retards hydrolysis of melphalan (30 microgram/ml) in water. The melphalan hydrolysis rate is directely releated to the bovine serum albumin concentration. At 37 degrees, 8 g of bovine serum albumin/100 ml of water gives a recovery rate of melphalan similar to that of human plasma. In vitro alkylation of melphalan at 37 degrees with human plasma containing 30 microgram/ml, calculated by equilibrium dialysis, methanol extraction, and high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis, is 30% after 8 hr.", "contents": "Hydrolysis and protein binding of melphalan. Melphalan (30 microgram/ml) is completely hydrolyzed in water at 37 degrees after 8 hr. At lower temperatures, hydrolysis proceeds at slower rates. The presence of bovine serum albumin retards hydrolysis of melphalan (30 microgram/ml) in water. The melphalan hydrolysis rate is directely releated to the bovine serum albumin concentration. At 37 degrees, 8 g of bovine serum albumin/100 ml of water gives a recovery rate of melphalan similar to that of human plasma. In vitro alkylation of melphalan at 37 degrees with human plasma containing 30 microgram/ml, calculated by equilibrium dialysis, methanol extraction, and high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis, is 30% after 8 hr.", "PMID": 641810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1029", "title": "Elimination of a quaternary pyridinium salt delivered as its dihydropyridine derivative from brain of mice.", "content": "1-Methylpyridine-2-carbaldehyde oxime, a quaternary pyridinium salt, can be delivered efficiently through the blood-brain barrier in its dihydropyridine prodrug form. This redox system was used to study the elimination rate from the brain of a small quaternary salt. It was found that the oxime is eliminated relatively fast from the brain, which supports a hypothesis for the existence of an active transport mechanism for eliminating organic ions from the brain. The possibilities of using the pyridinium salt in equilibrium dihydropyridine redox system for specific delivery of drugs to the brain are discussed.", "contents": "Elimination of a quaternary pyridinium salt delivered as its dihydropyridine derivative from brain of mice. 1-Methylpyridine-2-carbaldehyde oxime, a quaternary pyridinium salt, can be delivered efficiently through the blood-brain barrier in its dihydropyridine prodrug form. This redox system was used to study the elimination rate from the brain of a small quaternary salt. It was found that the oxime is eliminated relatively fast from the brain, which supports a hypothesis for the existence of an active transport mechanism for eliminating organic ions from the brain. The possibilities of using the pyridinium salt in equilibrium dihydropyridine redox system for specific delivery of drugs to the brain are discussed.", "PMID": 641811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1030", "title": "Permeability of interstitial space of muscle (rat diaphragm) to solutes of different molecular weights.", "content": "The transport characteristics of muscle interstitial space were determined using an isolated rat diaphragm preparation. Permeability of the interstitial space for extracellular solutes is one-thirtieth to one-fiftieth that of an equivalent thickness of water. However, most of this low permeability can be accounted for by correcting for the tortuosity and relative volume of interstitial space. The estimated diffusivity of solutes (mol. wt. 100-70,000) in the interstitial space of muscle is only about one-half to one-fifth less than in water alone.", "contents": "Permeability of interstitial space of muscle (rat diaphragm) to solutes of different molecular weights. The transport characteristics of muscle interstitial space were determined using an isolated rat diaphragm preparation. Permeability of the interstitial space for extracellular solutes is one-thirtieth to one-fiftieth that of an equivalent thickness of water. However, most of this low permeability can be accounted for by correcting for the tortuosity and relative volume of interstitial space. The estimated diffusivity of solutes (mol. wt. 100-70,000) in the interstitial space of muscle is only about one-half to one-fifth less than in water alone.", "PMID": 641813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1031", "title": "Synthesis of anticholinergic agents: N-methyl-4-piperidinyl alpha-benzoyloxy-alpha-cyclopentylphenylacetate salts.", "content": "The synthesis of a new anticholinergic agent, N-methyl-4-piperidinyl alpha-benzoyloxy-alpha-cyclopentylphenylacetate, obtained by reacting N-methyl-4-piperidinyl alpha-cyclopentylmandelate with benzoyl chloride in the presence of methyllithium, is reported. This material may be useful as an antiperspirant.", "contents": "Synthesis of anticholinergic agents: N-methyl-4-piperidinyl alpha-benzoyloxy-alpha-cyclopentylphenylacetate salts. The synthesis of a new anticholinergic agent, N-methyl-4-piperidinyl alpha-benzoyloxy-alpha-cyclopentylphenylacetate, obtained by reacting N-methyl-4-piperidinyl alpha-cyclopentylmandelate with benzoyl chloride in the presence of methyllithium, is reported. This material may be useful as an antiperspirant.", "PMID": 641814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1032", "title": "Theoretical relationships between area under the curve and route of administration of drugs and their precursors for evaluating sites and pathways of metabolism.", "content": "The bioavailability of a drug administered extrasystemically is a measure of the initial extraction of a compound by a series of eliminating events involving the intestinal mucosal enzymes, the gut bacterial microflora, the liver, and the lung. A theoretical analysis is presented to differentiate the process of gut wall elimination and hepatic removal of a drug during this first-pass effect. The area under the blood concentration--time curve (AUC) for a drug and its metabolite is shown to be useful in determining the presence of these processes when a drug and its metabolite are administered concomitantly by different routes of administration. Furthermore, the fraction of a precursor transformed to its metabolite also can be determined by pharmacokinetic analysis of the AUC of a drug and its metabolite after administration of both substances.", "contents": "Theoretical relationships between area under the curve and route of administration of drugs and their precursors for evaluating sites and pathways of metabolism. The bioavailability of a drug administered extrasystemically is a measure of the initial extraction of a compound by a series of eliminating events involving the intestinal mucosal enzymes, the gut bacterial microflora, the liver, and the lung. A theoretical analysis is presented to differentiate the process of gut wall elimination and hepatic removal of a drug during this first-pass effect. The area under the blood concentration--time curve (AUC) for a drug and its metabolite is shown to be useful in determining the presence of these processes when a drug and its metabolite are administered concomitantly by different routes of administration. Furthermore, the fraction of a precursor transformed to its metabolite also can be determined by pharmacokinetic analysis of the AUC of a drug and its metabolite after administration of both substances.", "PMID": 641815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1033", "title": "Electronic structure--activity relationships of antibacterial acridines.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of a series of amino- and fluorinated acridines was studied in the framework of their electronic structures. To calculate the electronic structure, a simple H\u00fcckel molecular orbital theory was used. A statistical regression analysis revealed linear correlations between the activity and the electronic indexes, particularly the electron density at the ring nitrogen.", "contents": "Electronic structure--activity relationships of antibacterial acridines. The antibacterial activity of a series of amino- and fluorinated acridines was studied in the framework of their electronic structures. To calculate the electronic structure, a simple H\u00fcckel molecular orbital theory was used. A statistical regression analysis revealed linear correlations between the activity and the electronic indexes, particularly the electron density at the ring nitrogen.", "PMID": 641816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1034", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of 4-ethoxycarbonyl cyclophosphamide analogs.", "content": "4-Ethoxycarbonyl analogs of cyclophosphamide and its five-membered ring homolog were synthesized utilizing the cyclization method previously described. N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-ethoxycarbonyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidin-2-amine 2-oxide demonstrated activity against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia whereas N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide did not. The oxazaphosphorin-2-amine was evaluated against human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx (cell culture). The results again were negative: ED50 = 2.8 X 10.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of 4-ethoxycarbonyl cyclophosphamide analogs. 4-Ethoxycarbonyl analogs of cyclophosphamide and its five-membered ring homolog were synthesized utilizing the cyclization method previously described. N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-ethoxycarbonyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidin-2-amine 2-oxide demonstrated activity against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia whereas N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide did not. The oxazaphosphorin-2-amine was evaluated against human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx (cell culture). The results again were negative: ED50 = 2.8 X 10.", "PMID": 641817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1035", "title": "Simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic simultaneous determination of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid in plasma.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid in plasma. The procedure involves the solvent extraction of these compounds from plasma and separation using a reversed-phase column eluted by acidified aqueous acetonitrile. Small quantitites of aspirin can be assayed directly in the presence of a large quantity of salicylic acid. The assay is also free from blank interference.", "contents": "Simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic simultaneous determination of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid in plasma. A rapid and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid in plasma. The procedure involves the solvent extraction of these compounds from plasma and separation using a reversed-phase column eluted by acidified aqueous acetonitrile. Small quantitites of aspirin can be assayed directly in the presence of a large quantity of salicylic acid. The assay is also free from blank interference.", "PMID": 641818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1036", "title": "Comparison of stationary phases in reversed-phase TLC for correlation between structure and biological response of probiotics.", "content": "A series of C16,C18 and C20 fatty acids and their ethyl esters and alcohols were investigated as possible stationary phases in reversed-phase TLC for the correlation between structure and biological response (antistaphylococcal activity). Ten probiotics (omego-amino acids and their L-histidine dipeptides) were used as the biologically active compounds. The mobile phase was 70% acetone in water. The best correlations were obtained with hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) or cis9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoic acid, 1-hexadecanol or cis-9-octadeconol, and ethyl hexadecanoate for the fatty acids, their alcohols, and their ethyl esters, respectively. Among all compounds, the following relation was obtained: fatty acids = alcohols greater than ethyl esters greater than white paraffin oil.", "contents": "Comparison of stationary phases in reversed-phase TLC for correlation between structure and biological response of probiotics. A series of C16,C18 and C20 fatty acids and their ethyl esters and alcohols were investigated as possible stationary phases in reversed-phase TLC for the correlation between structure and biological response (antistaphylococcal activity). Ten probiotics (omego-amino acids and their L-histidine dipeptides) were used as the biologically active compounds. The mobile phase was 70% acetone in water. The best correlations were obtained with hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) or cis9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoic acid, 1-hexadecanol or cis-9-octadeconol, and ethyl hexadecanoate for the fatty acids, their alcohols, and their ethyl esters, respectively. Among all compounds, the following relation was obtained: fatty acids = alcohols greater than ethyl esters greater than white paraffin oil.", "PMID": 641819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1037", "title": "Modified NF method for quantitative determination of pentaerythritol tetranitrate.", "content": "A modified NF method for the quantitative determination of pentaerythritol tetranitrate is reported. A solution of powder is made directly from the dosage form in glacial acetic acid and is then reacted with phenoldisulfonic acid TS. The proposed method saves approximately 75% of the time required with the NF method. The results on six differnet commercial dosage forms with four different colors and three other active ingredients are reported.", "contents": "Modified NF method for quantitative determination of pentaerythritol tetranitrate. A modified NF method for the quantitative determination of pentaerythritol tetranitrate is reported. A solution of powder is made directly from the dosage form in glacial acetic acid and is then reacted with phenoldisulfonic acid TS. The proposed method saves approximately 75% of the time required with the NF method. The results on six differnet commercial dosage forms with four different colors and three other active ingredients are reported.", "PMID": 641820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1038", "title": "Synthesis of an anti-inflammatory 10,10a-dihydro-1H,5H-imidazo[1,5-b)isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione.", "content": "A new synthesis of imidazo[1,5-b]isoquinolines is reported. 2-[2-(Piperidino)ethyl]-10,10a-dihydro-1H,5H-imidazo[1,5-b]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione hydrochloride was found to posses anti-inflammatory activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of an anti-inflammatory 10,10a-dihydro-1H,5H-imidazo[1,5-b)isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione. A new synthesis of imidazo[1,5-b]isoquinolines is reported. 2-[2-(Piperidino)ethyl]-10,10a-dihydro-1H,5H-imidazo[1,5-b]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione hydrochloride was found to posses anti-inflammatory activity.", "PMID": 641821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1039", "title": "dc Polarographic determination of hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D.", "content": "An analytical procedure for a tertiary alkylhydroxylamine, hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D, was developed. It involved the autoxidation of the compound in the presence ofCu(II) and subsequent polarographic reduction. Conditions are described for the quantitative determination of the possible impurities (everninomicin D and nitrosoeverninomicin D) in hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D.", "contents": "dc Polarographic determination of hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D. An analytical procedure for a tertiary alkylhydroxylamine, hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D, was developed. It involved the autoxidation of the compound in the presence ofCu(II) and subsequent polarographic reduction. Conditions are described for the quantitative determination of the possible impurities (everninomicin D and nitrosoeverninomicin D) in hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D.", "PMID": 641822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1040", "title": "Characterization of products derived from aprindine hydrochloride photolysis.", "content": "An investigation of the products resulting from the photolysis of apridine hydrochloride is described. The compounds were characterized by GLC spiking experiments and combined GLC--mass spectrometry. In some cases, Rf values derived from TLC and/or preparative TLC and subsequent high-resolution mass spectral measurements also were employed for identification.", "contents": "Characterization of products derived from aprindine hydrochloride photolysis. An investigation of the products resulting from the photolysis of apridine hydrochloride is described. The compounds were characterized by GLC spiking experiments and combined GLC--mass spectrometry. In some cases, Rf values derived from TLC and/or preparative TLC and subsequent high-resolution mass spectral measurements also were employed for identification.", "PMID": 641823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1041", "title": "Determination of plasma hydrochlorothiazide levels in humans.", "content": "A method for determining plasma hydrochlorothiazide levels was developed with a sensitivity of 5 ng/ml. Accuracy and precision were demonstrated over the 5--648-ng/ml range by an overall recovery of 95 +/- 8%. The detector response was linear for the 5--250-ng/ml range. The method was sufficiently sensitive for hydrochlorothiazide bioavailability studies and also was applicable for the determination of whole blood drug levels. Plasma levels in two subjects reached peak levels of 428 and 450 ng/ml at 2.5 and 2 h, respectively, after a 50-mg dose. Whole blood levels at 3 hr after the same dose were 547 and 851 ng/ml and were approximately 2.5 times the 3-hr plasma levels.", "contents": "Determination of plasma hydrochlorothiazide levels in humans. A method for determining plasma hydrochlorothiazide levels was developed with a sensitivity of 5 ng/ml. Accuracy and precision were demonstrated over the 5--648-ng/ml range by an overall recovery of 95 +/- 8%. The detector response was linear for the 5--250-ng/ml range. The method was sufficiently sensitive for hydrochlorothiazide bioavailability studies and also was applicable for the determination of whole blood drug levels. Plasma levels in two subjects reached peak levels of 428 and 450 ng/ml at 2.5 and 2 h, respectively, after a 50-mg dose. Whole blood levels at 3 hr after the same dose were 547 and 851 ng/ml and were approximately 2.5 times the 3-hr plasma levels.", "PMID": 641824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1042", "title": "Determination of clonazepam in tablets by dc polarography.", "content": "A simple and convenient method for the routine determination of clonazepam in tablets by dc polarography is described. Clonazepam is extracted from the sample by ethanol and diluted with pH 4.15 acetate buffer in a volumetric flask. The filtered solution is then polarographed at the dropping mercury electrode versus the saturated calomel electrode. The polarographic wave is well developed; the determination is quantitative, precise, and accurate.", "contents": "Determination of clonazepam in tablets by dc polarography. A simple and convenient method for the routine determination of clonazepam in tablets by dc polarography is described. Clonazepam is extracted from the sample by ethanol and diluted with pH 4.15 acetate buffer in a volumetric flask. The filtered solution is then polarographed at the dropping mercury electrode versus the saturated calomel electrode. The polarographic wave is well developed; the determination is quantitative, precise, and accurate.", "PMID": 641825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1043", "title": "Solubility of calcium oxalate in 1-alkanols and ethanol--water mixtures.", "content": "Solubility profiles for calcium oxalate were determined in pure 1-alkanols and ethanol--water mixtures at 20 degrees. The magnitude of solubility in the aliphatic alcohols was highest in methanol and decreased in a nonlinear fashion as the dielectric constant decreased, going to n-decanol. In ethanol--water mixtures, the solubility increased nonlinearly with water content or increasing dielectric constants. The work factor for these systems was also calculated and, as expected, a \"mirror image\" to the solubility profiles was evidenced. In the mixed solvent system, a dramatic change in the magnitude of solubility occurred after a dielectric constant value of about 60, indicating ionic association or ion-pairs below this value. The Born relationship of solubility and ionic size was tested in the ethanol--water system, and the ionic size of the divalent species of about 2.27 A agreed with the theoretical ionic size of about 2.4 A. These results indicate that the water number of calcium is 8 or that a monolayer of dipoles surrounds this divalent cationic species.", "contents": "Solubility of calcium oxalate in 1-alkanols and ethanol--water mixtures. Solubility profiles for calcium oxalate were determined in pure 1-alkanols and ethanol--water mixtures at 20 degrees. The magnitude of solubility in the aliphatic alcohols was highest in methanol and decreased in a nonlinear fashion as the dielectric constant decreased, going to n-decanol. In ethanol--water mixtures, the solubility increased nonlinearly with water content or increasing dielectric constants. The work factor for these systems was also calculated and, as expected, a \"mirror image\" to the solubility profiles was evidenced. In the mixed solvent system, a dramatic change in the magnitude of solubility occurred after a dielectric constant value of about 60, indicating ionic association or ion-pairs below this value. The Born relationship of solubility and ionic size was tested in the ethanol--water system, and the ionic size of the divalent species of about 2.27 A agreed with the theoretical ionic size of about 2.4 A. These results indicate that the water number of calcium is 8 or that a monolayer of dipoles surrounds this divalent cationic species.", "PMID": 641826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1044", "title": "Pyrrole, furan, and thiophene oxamates as potential antiallergy agents.", "content": "Nine heterocyclic oxamic acid derivatives were synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylactic assay as potential antiallergy agents. Some compounds also were tested for their effects on cholesterol-lipoprotein levels and for diuretic, antidiabetic, and antifertility activities in rats.", "contents": "Pyrrole, furan, and thiophene oxamates as potential antiallergy agents. Nine heterocyclic oxamic acid derivatives were synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylactic assay as potential antiallergy agents. Some compounds also were tested for their effects on cholesterol-lipoprotein levels and for diuretic, antidiabetic, and antifertility activities in rats.", "PMID": 641827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1045", "title": "New compounds: isoquinoline derivatives as simple emetine models.", "content": "Several new isoquinolines were prepared using Reissert compounds. A few compounds were screened, and they exhibited no antineoplastic activity.", "contents": "New compounds: isoquinoline derivatives as simple emetine models. Several new isoquinolines were prepared using Reissert compounds. A few compounds were screened, and they exhibited no antineoplastic activity.", "PMID": 641828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1046", "title": "Effects of organophosphate insecticides on the cholinergic receptors of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The organophosphates octamethyl pyrophosphoramide, Bidrin, and phosphoric acid 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl ester inhibit the membrane voltage response of frog sartorius muscles to carbamylcholine in a manner expected of either a slowly reversing competitive inhibitor or a noncompetitive inhibitor. The inhibition reverses with a time course of minutes, depending upon the temperature. The inhibition by these compounds is reduced by d-tubocurarine but is unaffected by hexamethonium. This may indicate that the organophosphate binding sites are near the cholinergic binding site since both d-tubocurarine and hexamethonium are competitive inhibitors of cholinergic agonists and d-tubocurarine is the larger compound.", "contents": "Effects of organophosphate insecticides on the cholinergic receptors of frog skeletal muscle. The organophosphates octamethyl pyrophosphoramide, Bidrin, and phosphoric acid 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl ester inhibit the membrane voltage response of frog sartorius muscles to carbamylcholine in a manner expected of either a slowly reversing competitive inhibitor or a noncompetitive inhibitor. The inhibition reverses with a time course of minutes, depending upon the temperature. The inhibition by these compounds is reduced by d-tubocurarine but is unaffected by hexamethonium. This may indicate that the organophosphate binding sites are near the cholinergic binding site since both d-tubocurarine and hexamethonium are competitive inhibitors of cholinergic agonists and d-tubocurarine is the larger compound.", "PMID": 641831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1047", "title": "Neostigmine-induced alterations at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. II. Ultrastructure.", "content": "Brief and chronic exposure of rats to neostigmine methylsulfate produced marked morphological alterations of the fine structure at the end-plate region of the extensor digitorum longus muscles. These changes were dose and time dependent and were restricted primarily to the subjunctional myofibrillar apparatus and membrane-bound organelles. In addition, significant presynaptic alterations were observed including synaptic vesicle depletion and the appearance of numerous coated vesicles and membrane cisternae, which indicated continuing nerve terminal hyperactivity. With chronic treatment, degeneration and partial recovery of the nerve axon also were observed. The morphological changes of the end-plate region induced by neostigmine did not occur in most fibers after brief denervation and were eliminated entirely by chronic nerve section. Thus, the postsynaptic degenerative changes caused by neostigmine treatment observed in nondenervated animals appear to result primarily from greatly increased synaptic activity and not primarily from a direct neostigmine reaction with the pre- or postsynaptic membranes. Since the myopathic changes observed in this study were produced by neostigmine, a drug which is commonly employed in the routine treatment of human patients with myasthenia gravis, continued use of neostigmine for long-term therapy in noncrisis situations may not be accepted as being free from risk.", "contents": "Neostigmine-induced alterations at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. II. Ultrastructure. Brief and chronic exposure of rats to neostigmine methylsulfate produced marked morphological alterations of the fine structure at the end-plate region of the extensor digitorum longus muscles. These changes were dose and time dependent and were restricted primarily to the subjunctional myofibrillar apparatus and membrane-bound organelles. In addition, significant presynaptic alterations were observed including synaptic vesicle depletion and the appearance of numerous coated vesicles and membrane cisternae, which indicated continuing nerve terminal hyperactivity. With chronic treatment, degeneration and partial recovery of the nerve axon also were observed. The morphological changes of the end-plate region induced by neostigmine did not occur in most fibers after brief denervation and were eliminated entirely by chronic nerve section. Thus, the postsynaptic degenerative changes caused by neostigmine treatment observed in nondenervated animals appear to result primarily from greatly increased synaptic activity and not primarily from a direct neostigmine reaction with the pre- or postsynaptic membranes. Since the myopathic changes observed in this study were produced by neostigmine, a drug which is commonly employed in the routine treatment of human patients with myasthenia gravis, continued use of neostigmine for long-term therapy in noncrisis situations may not be accepted as being free from risk.", "PMID": 641832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1048", "title": "Adrenergic storage vesicles in rat heart: quantitation of membrane-bound and membrane-enclosed dopamine beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "Norepinephrine-containing storage particles in rat heart have been disrupted to determine their stability and to quantitate the amount of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) that exists in a soluble, membrane enclosed pool. Vesicles were relatively resistant to lysis by hypotonic shock or by up to five cycles of freezing and thawing. These procedures have been shown to release catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin granules readily. However, rat heart vesicles were sensitive to temperature and they could be lysed by mechanical disruption using a sonicator or a Polytron homogenizer. Increasing the force or duration of the disruption resulted in an increased release of norepinephrine and DBH into a supernatant fraction after high-speed centrifugation. Extrapolation of the data from such experiments gave an estimate for membrane-enclosed DBH of 37% of the total amount of enzyme activity. This estimate of the proportion of membrane-enclosed enzyme is considerably higher than those previously reported for membrane-enclosed DBH in sympathetic neurons.", "contents": "Adrenergic storage vesicles in rat heart: quantitation of membrane-bound and membrane-enclosed dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Norepinephrine-containing storage particles in rat heart have been disrupted to determine their stability and to quantitate the amount of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) that exists in a soluble, membrane enclosed pool. Vesicles were relatively resistant to lysis by hypotonic shock or by up to five cycles of freezing and thawing. These procedures have been shown to release catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin granules readily. However, rat heart vesicles were sensitive to temperature and they could be lysed by mechanical disruption using a sonicator or a Polytron homogenizer. Increasing the force or duration of the disruption resulted in an increased release of norepinephrine and DBH into a supernatant fraction after high-speed centrifugation. Extrapolation of the data from such experiments gave an estimate for membrane-enclosed DBH of 37% of the total amount of enzyme activity. This estimate of the proportion of membrane-enclosed enzyme is considerably higher than those previously reported for membrane-enclosed DBH in sympathetic neurons.", "PMID": 641833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1049", "title": "Effects of aprindine HCl on slow channel action potentials and transient depolarizations in canine Purkinje fibers.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of aprindine hydrochloride were studied on normal Purkinje fibers, on Purkinje fibers superfused with Tyrode's solution containing 22 mM KCl and isoproterenol (1 X 10(-5) M) and on transient depolarizations induced by exposure to acetylstrophanthidin (1.7--2 X 10(-7) M). Aprindine (3 X 10(-6) M) significantly reduces the action potential amplitude and dV/dtmax and shortens the action potential duration but does not alter the resting membrane potential. Transient depolarizations were suppressed by aprindine at a dose of 2 X 10(-6) M. Isoproterenol (1 X 10(-5) M) failed to restore the transient depolarizations after suppression with aprindine. Slow responses induced in K-depolarized, isoproterenol-treated fibers were unchanged by aprindine (3 X 10(-6)-1 X 10(-5) M) in the presence as well as in the absence of acetylstrophanthidin. These experiments suggest that aprindine does not have slow channel blocking properties and that an inward current through the slow channel cannot be considered as the sole basis of the digitalis-induced transient depolarization.", "contents": "Effects of aprindine HCl on slow channel action potentials and transient depolarizations in canine Purkinje fibers. The electrophysiologic effects of aprindine hydrochloride were studied on normal Purkinje fibers, on Purkinje fibers superfused with Tyrode's solution containing 22 mM KCl and isoproterenol (1 X 10(-5) M) and on transient depolarizations induced by exposure to acetylstrophanthidin (1.7--2 X 10(-7) M). Aprindine (3 X 10(-6) M) significantly reduces the action potential amplitude and dV/dtmax and shortens the action potential duration but does not alter the resting membrane potential. Transient depolarizations were suppressed by aprindine at a dose of 2 X 10(-6) M. Isoproterenol (1 X 10(-5) M) failed to restore the transient depolarizations after suppression with aprindine. Slow responses induced in K-depolarized, isoproterenol-treated fibers were unchanged by aprindine (3 X 10(-6)-1 X 10(-5) M) in the presence as well as in the absence of acetylstrophanthidin. These experiments suggest that aprindine does not have slow channel blocking properties and that an inward current through the slow channel cannot be considered as the sole basis of the digitalis-induced transient depolarization.", "PMID": 641836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1050", "title": "Interaction of hydralazine and hydrazone derivatives with contractile mechanisms in rabbit aortic smooth muscle.", "content": "The mechanism of action and relative potency of hydralazine (H) and tow hydrazone derivatives were investigated using isolated rabbit aortic strips. H, hydralazine acetone hydrazone (HA) and hydralazine butanone hydrazone (HBH) relaxed established K+ and norepinephrine (NE) contractures, and inhibited the development of contractures to these two agents on preincubation. H, HA and HBH increased the threshold to Ca++ and decreased the maximum tension responses during K+-Ca++-contractures (HA greater than H, P less than .05; HBH greater than H P less than .01). The Ca++-dependent and Ca++-independent components of NE contractures were both inhibited by H, HA and HBH. NE contractures were more sensitive to the effects of H than K+ contractures. These results are consistent with the conclusion that H and hydrazone derivatives produce effects on vascular muscle both by interactions with the fluxes of Ca++ from the extracellular space and effects on release from cell stores. However, other possibilities need to be assessed experimentally.", "contents": "Interaction of hydralazine and hydrazone derivatives with contractile mechanisms in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. The mechanism of action and relative potency of hydralazine (H) and tow hydrazone derivatives were investigated using isolated rabbit aortic strips. H, hydralazine acetone hydrazone (HA) and hydralazine butanone hydrazone (HBH) relaxed established K+ and norepinephrine (NE) contractures, and inhibited the development of contractures to these two agents on preincubation. H, HA and HBH increased the threshold to Ca++ and decreased the maximum tension responses during K+-Ca++-contractures (HA greater than H, P less than .05; HBH greater than H P less than .01). The Ca++-dependent and Ca++-independent components of NE contractures were both inhibited by H, HA and HBH. NE contractures were more sensitive to the effects of H than K+ contractures. These results are consistent with the conclusion that H and hydrazone derivatives produce effects on vascular muscle both by interactions with the fluxes of Ca++ from the extracellular space and effects on release from cell stores. However, other possibilities need to be assessed experimentally.", "PMID": 641837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1051", "title": "Enhanced exocytotic release of norepinephrine consequent to nerve stimulation by low concentrations of cyclic nucleotides in the presence of phenoxy-benzamine.", "content": "Stimulation at 5 Hz of postganglionic nerves to the isolated guinea-pig heart which had been labeled with [3H]norepinephrine (NE) resulted in a proportional release of NE, total 3H, [3H]NE, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Phenoxybenzamine (3 micrometer) caused a significant increase in the release of all these indices of neurotransmitter release throughout a series of four consecutive stimulations. Stimulation in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) (1 X 10(-9) M) and 8-bromo cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (8-bromo cyclic GMP) (1 X 10(-8) M) failed to alter any of the measured indices of release when compared with control. However, when perfused in combination with phenoxybenzamine, both cyclic nucleotide analogs significantly increased total 3H, [3H]NE, NE and dopamine beta-hydroxylase outflow with stimulation, as compared with phenoxybenzamine alone. Lower concentrations of both agents (1 X 10(-10) M dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 1 X 10(-9) M 8-bromo cyclic GMP) were less effective in augmenting release. The increased release of NE with nerve stimulation in the presence of phenoxybenzamine alone and with both phenoxybenzamine and the cyclic nucleotide analogs was associated with a significant increase in intraventricular pressure. In contrast, only the combination of 1 X 10(-9) M dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus phenoxybenzamine resulted in an increase in heart rate. The results suggest that phenoxybenzamine and the cyclic nucleotides, probably operating by two distinct mechanisms to enhance neurally mediated release, can act in concert to enhance neurotransmitter release when subeffective concentrations of cyclic nucleotides are used in conjunction with an effective concentration of phenoxybenzamine.", "contents": "Enhanced exocytotic release of norepinephrine consequent to nerve stimulation by low concentrations of cyclic nucleotides in the presence of phenoxy-benzamine. Stimulation at 5 Hz of postganglionic nerves to the isolated guinea-pig heart which had been labeled with [3H]norepinephrine (NE) resulted in a proportional release of NE, total 3H, [3H]NE, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Phenoxybenzamine (3 micrometer) caused a significant increase in the release of all these indices of neurotransmitter release throughout a series of four consecutive stimulations. Stimulation in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) (1 X 10(-9) M) and 8-bromo cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (8-bromo cyclic GMP) (1 X 10(-8) M) failed to alter any of the measured indices of release when compared with control. However, when perfused in combination with phenoxybenzamine, both cyclic nucleotide analogs significantly increased total 3H, [3H]NE, NE and dopamine beta-hydroxylase outflow with stimulation, as compared with phenoxybenzamine alone. Lower concentrations of both agents (1 X 10(-10) M dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 1 X 10(-9) M 8-bromo cyclic GMP) were less effective in augmenting release. The increased release of NE with nerve stimulation in the presence of phenoxybenzamine alone and with both phenoxybenzamine and the cyclic nucleotide analogs was associated with a significant increase in intraventricular pressure. In contrast, only the combination of 1 X 10(-9) M dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus phenoxybenzamine resulted in an increase in heart rate. The results suggest that phenoxybenzamine and the cyclic nucleotides, probably operating by two distinct mechanisms to enhance neurally mediated release, can act in concert to enhance neurotransmitter release when subeffective concentrations of cyclic nucleotides are used in conjunction with an effective concentration of phenoxybenzamine.", "PMID": 641838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1052", "title": "Calcium-mediated effects of carbachol on cation pumping and Na uptake in rat parotid gland.", "content": "Carbachol (10(-4) M), a cholinergic secretagogue, significantly increased the ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb by rat parotid gland slices. This effect was blocked by the omission of Ca from the bathing medium. When extracellular Na was decreased from 125 to 5 mM, the effect of carbachol was reversed (86Rb uptake was significantly decreased). Increasing intracellular Na (by incubation in medium lacking K) produced a significant stimulation of 86Rb influx. A role for Na in the response was suspected, and so the metabolism, of 22Na by the slices was characterized. The 60-minute distribution of 22Na could be described by three kinetic components; one extracellular (0.315 ml/g, tau = 1.94 minutes) and two intracellular (0.075 ml/g, tau = 7.63 minutes and 0.017 ml/g, tau = 58.4 minutes). Carbachol enhanced the uptake of 22Na into the intracellular components (primarily the 7.63-minute component). The increased uptake of 22Na required Ca in the bathing medium. These observations could be explained by assuming that cholinergic receptor activation stimulates Ca influx which in turn enhances Na uptake. The resulting elevated intracellular Na acts to stimulate activity of the Na,K pump.", "contents": "Calcium-mediated effects of carbachol on cation pumping and Na uptake in rat parotid gland. Carbachol (10(-4) M), a cholinergic secretagogue, significantly increased the ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86Rb by rat parotid gland slices. This effect was blocked by the omission of Ca from the bathing medium. When extracellular Na was decreased from 125 to 5 mM, the effect of carbachol was reversed (86Rb uptake was significantly decreased). Increasing intracellular Na (by incubation in medium lacking K) produced a significant stimulation of 86Rb influx. A role for Na in the response was suspected, and so the metabolism, of 22Na by the slices was characterized. The 60-minute distribution of 22Na could be described by three kinetic components; one extracellular (0.315 ml/g, tau = 1.94 minutes) and two intracellular (0.075 ml/g, tau = 7.63 minutes and 0.017 ml/g, tau = 58.4 minutes). Carbachol enhanced the uptake of 22Na into the intracellular components (primarily the 7.63-minute component). The increased uptake of 22Na required Ca in the bathing medium. These observations could be explained by assuming that cholinergic receptor activation stimulates Ca influx which in turn enhances Na uptake. The resulting elevated intracellular Na acts to stimulate activity of the Na,K pump.", "PMID": 641839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1053", "title": "Digoxin disposition kinetics in dogs before and during azotemia.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disposition kinetics of digoxin after the administration of a single intravenous dose to the same dogs before and during azotemia. The digoxin plasma concentration-time data were fitted to a multicompartment model using nonlinear regression analysis. During azotemia, the biological half-life of digoxin was prolonged in six of seven dogs, while digoxin renal clearance, body clearance and apparent volume of distribution were significantly decreased. There was a corresponding increase in the apparent volume of the \"central\" compartment of digoxin. Approximately 45% of a digoxin dose was excreted by the kidney in these animals indicating a substantial nonrenal component to digoxin elimination in the dog. This nonrenal elimination did not change during azotemia, despite a decrease in renal clearance by 61%.", "contents": "Digoxin disposition kinetics in dogs before and during azotemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disposition kinetics of digoxin after the administration of a single intravenous dose to the same dogs before and during azotemia. The digoxin plasma concentration-time data were fitted to a multicompartment model using nonlinear regression analysis. During azotemia, the biological half-life of digoxin was prolonged in six of seven dogs, while digoxin renal clearance, body clearance and apparent volume of distribution were significantly decreased. There was a corresponding increase in the apparent volume of the \"central\" compartment of digoxin. Approximately 45% of a digoxin dose was excreted by the kidney in these animals indicating a substantial nonrenal component to digoxin elimination in the dog. This nonrenal elimination did not change during azotemia, despite a decrease in renal clearance by 61%.", "PMID": 641840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1054", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for the determination of combined amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations in microliter samples of plasma.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for amitriptyline and nortriptyline in blood has been developed. The antibodies used in the radioimmunoassay were raised in a sheep against a conjugate of nortriptyline and bovine serum albumin. Using tritiated amitriptyline as the label, the assay is capable of detecting concentrations as low as 2.0 ng/ml in a 50 microliter sample of plasma. Cross-reactivity studies have demonstrated the specificity of the radioimmunoassay for both amitriptyline and nortriptyline, and comparison with gas-liquid chromatography assay has indicated the applicability of the assay to a routine situation. The radioimmunoassay has been used to study the plasma drug levels after single oral administration of amitriptyline to four volunteers. A wide variation in maximum drug concentrations, ranging from 18 to 62 ng/ml, was seen, with the time taken to reach the maxima ranging between 1.5 and 3 hours. A second concentration peak was seen in three of the volunteers, at 4 to 5 hours after ingestion of the drug.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for the determination of combined amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations in microliter samples of plasma. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for amitriptyline and nortriptyline in blood has been developed. The antibodies used in the radioimmunoassay were raised in a sheep against a conjugate of nortriptyline and bovine serum albumin. Using tritiated amitriptyline as the label, the assay is capable of detecting concentrations as low as 2.0 ng/ml in a 50 microliter sample of plasma. Cross-reactivity studies have demonstrated the specificity of the radioimmunoassay for both amitriptyline and nortriptyline, and comparison with gas-liquid chromatography assay has indicated the applicability of the assay to a routine situation. The radioimmunoassay has been used to study the plasma drug levels after single oral administration of amitriptyline to four volunteers. A wide variation in maximum drug concentrations, ranging from 18 to 62 ng/ml, was seen, with the time taken to reach the maxima ranging between 1.5 and 3 hours. A second concentration peak was seen in three of the volunteers, at 4 to 5 hours after ingestion of the drug.", "PMID": 641845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1055", "title": "Strategies for sentence perception.", "content": "Three experiments are reported in which rapid sequential visual presentation of sentences--RSVP--was used to determine some perceptual processes in sentence perception. It was found that adjectives, when they are actually or potentially modifiers of a noun, are far less likely to be reported than any other part of the sentence. On the other hand, adjectives which are attribute adjectives are as likely to be reported as any other part of the sentence. Conclusions are drawn concerning sentence perception in general.", "contents": "Strategies for sentence perception. Three experiments are reported in which rapid sequential visual presentation of sentences--RSVP--was used to determine some perceptual processes in sentence perception. It was found that adjectives, when they are actually or potentially modifiers of a noun, are far less likely to be reported than any other part of the sentence. On the other hand, adjectives which are attribute adjectives are as likely to be reported as any other part of the sentence. Conclusions are drawn concerning sentence perception in general.", "PMID": 641847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1056", "title": "[Risks in modern diagnosis].", "content": "The first principle in diagnosis, as in treatment, is: nil nocere. Modern methods of diagnosis are becoming more and more technical. They often create physical and mental stress to the patient, and have undesirable side-effects of varying kinds and degrees. To be aware of contra-indications is important not only for the doctor but also for the patient, who must be informed of the risk of a diagnostic procedure. The data presented gives statistical information from which the doctor can see the number likely to be at risk from his diagnostic methods. The most common methods and their adverse effects are mentioned: intravenous use of X-ray contrast media, invasive tests (peripheral, cerebral, coronary, renal angiographs), laparoscopies with and without liver biopsies, kidney biopsies, endoscopies (oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy, colonoscopy, retrograde cholangio-pancreatography), percutaneous lung biopsy and mammography. Although the mortality rates of all methods of diagnosis, even the most hazardous ones, are relatively low, all techniques create a stress to which not every patient is accustomed; they all demand considerable co-operation for which not every patient is prepared. There is now a trend towards non-invasive diagnostic techniques, creating little or no stress, but which nevertheless give at least a comparable level of diagnostic efficiency (e.g. ultrasonics, isotopes and computer tomography).", "contents": "[Risks in modern diagnosis]. The first principle in diagnosis, as in treatment, is: nil nocere. Modern methods of diagnosis are becoming more and more technical. They often create physical and mental stress to the patient, and have undesirable side-effects of varying kinds and degrees. To be aware of contra-indications is important not only for the doctor but also for the patient, who must be informed of the risk of a diagnostic procedure. The data presented gives statistical information from which the doctor can see the number likely to be at risk from his diagnostic methods. The most common methods and their adverse effects are mentioned: intravenous use of X-ray contrast media, invasive tests (peripheral, cerebral, coronary, renal angiographs), laparoscopies with and without liver biopsies, kidney biopsies, endoscopies (oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy, colonoscopy, retrograde cholangio-pancreatography), percutaneous lung biopsy and mammography. Although the mortality rates of all methods of diagnosis, even the most hazardous ones, are relatively low, all techniques create a stress to which not every patient is accustomed; they all demand considerable co-operation for which not every patient is prepared. There is now a trend towards non-invasive diagnostic techniques, creating little or no stress, but which nevertheless give at least a comparable level of diagnostic efficiency (e.g. ultrasonics, isotopes and computer tomography).", "PMID": 641856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1057", "title": "[The use of simultaneous angiography to determine the signification of vascular images in renal scintiscans with technetium (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined angiography and renal scintiscans were used by the authors in an attempt to determine the signification of the images and vascular tracings obtained after intravenous injection of technetium (99mTc). They conclude that the scintiscan images are essentially the reflection of cortical vascularization and that its duration, as determined by the scintiscan, is roughly equal to the mean transit time of the indicator employed (Tc). Arterial stenosis cannot be demonstrated by scintiscans using technetium.", "contents": "[The use of simultaneous angiography to determine the signification of vascular images in renal scintiscans with technetium (author's transl)]. Combined angiography and renal scintiscans were used by the authors in an attempt to determine the signification of the images and vascular tracings obtained after intravenous injection of technetium (99mTc). They conclude that the scintiscan images are essentially the reflection of cortical vascularization and that its duration, as determined by the scintiscan, is roughly equal to the mean transit time of the indicator employed (Tc). Arterial stenosis cannot be demonstrated by scintiscans using technetium.", "PMID": 641868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1058", "title": "[Angiographic abnormalities after punch-biopsy of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 10 cases of complications during punch-biopsy of the liver, an arterio-portal fistula being the one most frequently encountered (8 out of 10 cases). The clinical condition improved in 9 cases out of 10. The authors stress the frequency of arterioportal fistula after punch-biopsy of the liver (60% it arteriography is carried out during the first week). They recall the benign character of these fistulae and their tendency towards spontaneous healing.", "contents": "[Angiographic abnormalities after punch-biopsy of the liver (author's transl)]. The authors report on 10 cases of complications during punch-biopsy of the liver, an arterio-portal fistula being the one most frequently encountered (8 out of 10 cases). The clinical condition improved in 9 cases out of 10. The authors stress the frequency of arterioportal fistula after punch-biopsy of the liver (60% it arteriography is carried out during the first week). They recall the benign character of these fistulae and their tendency towards spontaneous healing.", "PMID": 641871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1059", "title": "[Interest of a combination of film and screen reinforcer in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of their comparative experimental study on phantoms, of three mammographies. Their study clearly demonstrates the advantages gained by the use of combined film and screen reinforcer compared to classical radiographic procedures using fine-grain film without screen reinforcers. The quality of the images obtained appeared to them to be equal, if not superior, and this seemed to be confirmed by use in clinical practice. Irradiation doses are about one third of the usual dose. They conclude that it would be of value to use mammographs powered by strong generators, as the irradiation dose, under these conditions, would be reduced even further.", "contents": "[Interest of a combination of film and screen reinforcer in mammography (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of their comparative experimental study on phantoms, of three mammographies. Their study clearly demonstrates the advantages gained by the use of combined film and screen reinforcer compared to classical radiographic procedures using fine-grain film without screen reinforcers. The quality of the images obtained appeared to them to be equal, if not superior, and this seemed to be confirmed by use in clinical practice. Irradiation doses are about one third of the usual dose. They conclude that it would be of value to use mammographs powered by strong generators, as the irradiation dose, under these conditions, would be reduced even further.", "PMID": 641872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1060", "title": "[Abnormal partial pulmonary venous return of the left lung in an adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of left-sided abnormal partial pulmonary venous return. This abnormality was discovered following weight loss with a strongly positive tuberculin skin test. A plain chest X-ray showed an externally convex opacity filling the aortico-pulmonary space, suggestive of a lymphadenopathy in that area. Pulmonary angiography and selective opacification of the different afferent branches of this abnormal vein defined the territory of drainage of this A.P.V.R.", "contents": "[Abnormal partial pulmonary venous return of the left lung in an adult (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of left-sided abnormal partial pulmonary venous return. This abnormality was discovered following weight loss with a strongly positive tuberculin skin test. A plain chest X-ray showed an externally convex opacity filling the aortico-pulmonary space, suggestive of a lymphadenopathy in that area. Pulmonary angiography and selective opacification of the different afferent branches of this abnormal vein defined the territory of drainage of this A.P.V.R.", "PMID": 641873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1061", "title": "[Gastroduodenal complications after the ingestion of hydrochloric acid. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The ingestion of a caustic acid resulted in retractile fibrosis of 2/3 of the stomach with a secondary duodenal fistula. The antro-pyloro-duodenal circuit was re-established at around the 3rd after ingestion. However, the duodenal fistula caused the formation of encysted pelvic abscesses which were difficult to drain and satisfactorily treat. The clinical course stretched over a period of 4 years.", "contents": "[Gastroduodenal complications after the ingestion of hydrochloric acid. One case (author's transl)]. The ingestion of a caustic acid resulted in retractile fibrosis of 2/3 of the stomach with a secondary duodenal fistula. The antro-pyloro-duodenal circuit was re-established at around the 3rd after ingestion. However, the duodenal fistula caused the formation of encysted pelvic abscesses which were difficult to drain and satisfactorily treat. The clinical course stretched over a period of 4 years.", "PMID": 641875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1062", "title": "[An arterial catheter for multiple use in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a pediatric catheter for use mainly in highly selective abdominal angiography (splenic, gastrica sinistra, and intestinal arteries). The catheter is made of polyurethane, is 65 cm long and is curved. It has a bore of 5 F and is introduced with a wo 32 guide, allowing a flow-rate of 10 ml/sec. The catheter point is polished by chemical means allowing penetration of the arterial wall without preliminary dilatation. This avoids vascular spasm and damage to the vascular wall at the site of puncture.", "contents": "[An arterial catheter for multiple use in pediatrics (author's transl)]. The authors describe a pediatric catheter for use mainly in highly selective abdominal angiography (splenic, gastrica sinistra, and intestinal arteries). The catheter is made of polyurethane, is 65 cm long and is curved. It has a bore of 5 F and is introduced with a wo 32 guide, allowing a flow-rate of 10 ml/sec. The catheter point is polished by chemical means allowing penetration of the arterial wall without preliminary dilatation. This avoids vascular spasm and damage to the vascular wall at the site of puncture.", "PMID": 641878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1063", "title": "[Oesophageal perforations from instrumentation during high fibroscopy. Radiological signs (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a survey of perforation following fibroscopy in the H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine. A total of 10,600 diagnostic examinations were reviewed and 5 perforations were recorded, to which must be added 2 perforations following oesophageal dilatation. A chesy X-ray, taken within 24 hours of the incident, showed, in most cases, the presence of air in the mediastinum with early signs of subcutaneous emphysema in the cervical or cervicothoracic regions. A hydro-pneumothorax in the right side of the chest was also observed in the cases studied, without air in the mediastinum. Oesophageal transit was studied by means of a water-soluble compound, and showed oesophageal effraction in only 4 cases, and in 3 of these cases it was possible to see the location of the orifice with precision.", "contents": "[Oesophageal perforations from instrumentation during high fibroscopy. Radiological signs (author's transl)]. The authors report on a survey of perforation following fibroscopy in the H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine. A total of 10,600 diagnostic examinations were reviewed and 5 perforations were recorded, to which must be added 2 perforations following oesophageal dilatation. A chesy X-ray, taken within 24 hours of the incident, showed, in most cases, the presence of air in the mediastinum with early signs of subcutaneous emphysema in the cervical or cervicothoracic regions. A hydro-pneumothorax in the right side of the chest was also observed in the cases studied, without air in the mediastinum. Oesophageal transit was studied by means of a water-soluble compound, and showed oesophageal effraction in only 4 cases, and in 3 of these cases it was possible to see the location of the orifice with precision.", "PMID": 641880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1064", "title": "[Cicatricial digitiform pseudopolyposis of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on a patient aged 30 years with cicatricial digitiform pseudopolyposis discovered ten years after a severe hemorrhagic rectocolitis in which almost complete functional healing had occurred. Cicatricial digitiform pseudopolyposis is a rare condition. We have found reports on only 12 cases in the literature from 1952. Recently, ten cases in 190 patients with Crohn's disease have also been reported. This particular type of pseudopolyposis appears in two different forms: diffuse or localized (\"giant\"). Diagnosis can be difficult if there is no history of colitis which is nearly always from hemorrhagic rectocolitis or Crohn's disease. The diffuse form can be confused with polyposis of the colon from any cause, while the localized \"giant\" form can evoke a tumour especially of the villous type. An essential diagnostic procedure is the anatomical and pathological examination of the polypoid mass by surgical biopsy. Cicatricial pseudopolyposis does not require surgical intervention except when rare complications such as invagination caused by the pseudopolypoid mass occurs. Radiologists should bear in mind this particular form of pseudopolyposis, as correct identification can avoid unjustified surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Cicatricial digitiform pseudopolyposis of the colon (author's transl)]. A report on a patient aged 30 years with cicatricial digitiform pseudopolyposis discovered ten years after a severe hemorrhagic rectocolitis in which almost complete functional healing had occurred. Cicatricial digitiform pseudopolyposis is a rare condition. We have found reports on only 12 cases in the literature from 1952. Recently, ten cases in 190 patients with Crohn's disease have also been reported. This particular type of pseudopolyposis appears in two different forms: diffuse or localized (\"giant\"). Diagnosis can be difficult if there is no history of colitis which is nearly always from hemorrhagic rectocolitis or Crohn's disease. The diffuse form can be confused with polyposis of the colon from any cause, while the localized \"giant\" form can evoke a tumour especially of the villous type. An essential diagnostic procedure is the anatomical and pathological examination of the polypoid mass by surgical biopsy. Cicatricial pseudopolyposis does not require surgical intervention except when rare complications such as invagination caused by the pseudopolypoid mass occurs. Radiologists should bear in mind this particular form of pseudopolyposis, as correct identification can avoid unjustified surgical intervention.", "PMID": 641881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1065", "title": "[X-ray examination of the sterno-manubrial joint in ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 19 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 11 presented some lesions of the manubrio-sternal joint. In 3 cases these lesions were more advanced than the sacro-iliac alterations which were very slight or even doubtful. In 8 patients with severe Reiter's disease, 7 developed an ankylosing spondylitis and 2 presented involvement of the manubrio-sternal joint 8 weeks, respectively 10 weeks after the appearance of the first symptoms.", "contents": "[X-ray examination of the sterno-manubrial joint in ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease (author's transl)]. In 19 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 11 presented some lesions of the manubrio-sternal joint. In 3 cases these lesions were more advanced than the sacro-iliac alterations which were very slight or even doubtful. In 8 patients with severe Reiter's disease, 7 developed an ankylosing spondylitis and 2 presented involvement of the manubrio-sternal joint 8 weeks, respectively 10 weeks after the appearance of the first symptoms.", "PMID": 641884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1066", "title": "[A new case of macrodactyly of the hand reported in France. An attempt at a statistical study (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy of 4 years presented with hypertrophy of the last three fingers of the right hand associated with syndactyly of the middle and ring fingers. The fingers were of adult length and wider. Arteriography did not show any evidence of an aneurism but demonstrated the existence of an extensive collateral circulation. Thermography confirmed the hypervascularization with the presence of hot points. The authors found reports on 118 cases in the literature published during the last century which could be analyzed statistically. There is a slight predominance in boys (55%) and on the right side. Two fingers are usually involved, the index and middle finger being those affected. Discussions as to aetiology (GOURNET) usually vary between a neurological cause with the possibility of a fibrolipoma of the middle finger being present, and it being due to a phacomatosis. Effective therapy in adults is amputation. In the young there are several possibilities; ablation of the neurovascular masses at the base of the fingers (even though the metacarpals are often involved), destruction of proliferating cartilage, etc.", "contents": "[A new case of macrodactyly of the hand reported in France. An attempt at a statistical study (author's transl)]. A boy of 4 years presented with hypertrophy of the last three fingers of the right hand associated with syndactyly of the middle and ring fingers. The fingers were of adult length and wider. Arteriography did not show any evidence of an aneurism but demonstrated the existence of an extensive collateral circulation. Thermography confirmed the hypervascularization with the presence of hot points. The authors found reports on 118 cases in the literature published during the last century which could be analyzed statistically. There is a slight predominance in boys (55%) and on the right side. Two fingers are usually involved, the index and middle finger being those affected. Discussions as to aetiology (GOURNET) usually vary between a neurological cause with the possibility of a fibrolipoma of the middle finger being present, and it being due to a phacomatosis. Effective therapy in adults is amputation. In the young there are several possibilities; ablation of the neurovascular masses at the base of the fingers (even though the metacarpals are often involved), destruction of proliferating cartilage, etc.", "PMID": 641886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1067", "title": "Steroid hormones in the postovulatory follicle of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured in the postovulatory follicle (POF) at various times up to 52 h after ovulation. The 3-fold decrease in progesterone, the major constituent, which occurred over the first 15--20 h resembled the changes previously described for the enzyme, 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase. At 1 h before ovulation the granulosa cells of the anteovulatory follicle (AOF) contained 50 times more progesterone than the POF granulosa fraction collected 2--3 h later. The thecal portion of the AOF had progesterone concentrations 5 times those of the POF theca, but the latter contained higher concentrations of androstenedione and oestrone.", "contents": "Steroid hormones in the postovulatory follicle of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured in the postovulatory follicle (POF) at various times up to 52 h after ovulation. The 3-fold decrease in progesterone, the major constituent, which occurred over the first 15--20 h resembled the changes previously described for the enzyme, 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase. At 1 h before ovulation the granulosa cells of the anteovulatory follicle (AOF) contained 50 times more progesterone than the POF granulosa fraction collected 2--3 h later. The thecal portion of the AOF had progesterone concentrations 5 times those of the POF theca, but the latter contained higher concentrations of androstenedione and oestrone.", "PMID": 641887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1068", "title": "The role of placental gonadotrophins (PMSG and hCG) in pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "Treatment of rats with anti-PMSG and anti-hCG for 5 days from Days 6, 11 or 16 of pregnancy caused variable necrosis of fetal tissue, the extent of which increased from the chorionic cells to the inner trophoblastic layers with the increase in dose from 4 to 10 mg anti-PMSG. At 10 mg/day, fetal death and resorption were invariable in early to mid-pregnancy, whilst in late pregnancy some litters were carried to term. The main histological change in the corpora lutea was hyperaemia in the anti-PMSG-treated rats. Immunofluorescence studies with conjugates of anti-hCG and anti-PMSG showed sharp localization in the giant and chorionic cell layer at the feto-maternal junction. We conclude that an hCG/PMSG-like substance is produced by rat chorionic cells and that it plays an immunosuppressive role during pregnancy.", "contents": "The role of placental gonadotrophins (PMSG and hCG) in pregnancy in the rat. Treatment of rats with anti-PMSG and anti-hCG for 5 days from Days 6, 11 or 16 of pregnancy caused variable necrosis of fetal tissue, the extent of which increased from the chorionic cells to the inner trophoblastic layers with the increase in dose from 4 to 10 mg anti-PMSG. At 10 mg/day, fetal death and resorption were invariable in early to mid-pregnancy, whilst in late pregnancy some litters were carried to term. The main histological change in the corpora lutea was hyperaemia in the anti-PMSG-treated rats. Immunofluorescence studies with conjugates of anti-hCG and anti-PMSG showed sharp localization in the giant and chorionic cell layer at the feto-maternal junction. We conclude that an hCG/PMSG-like substance is produced by rat chorionic cells and that it plays an immunosuppressive role during pregnancy.", "PMID": 641888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1069", "title": "Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase in mouse testicular tissue.", "content": "Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (L-leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.6) activity was determined in several tissues of the mouse. Testis homogenates presented a specific activity very close to that of heart extracts which were the most active. Enzyme activity was detectable in testes from 5-day-old mice and increased steadily during development to reach a maximum at the 20th day of life. The transaminase was present in the cytosol of testicular homogenates and also associated, probably in the matrix, with a special type of mitochondria present in spermatozoa and gametogenic cells. The enzyme from testis is active against the three branched-chain amino acids and catalyses the reaction in both directions. Highest activity and lowest Km were obtained with L-leucine. Activity with L-valine was the lowest. The enzyme from the mitochondrial fraction showed identical properties to that from the soluble phase. The possible participation of this aminotransferase in a shuttle system transferring reducing equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondria is postulated.", "contents": "Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase in mouse testicular tissue. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (L-leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.6) activity was determined in several tissues of the mouse. Testis homogenates presented a specific activity very close to that of heart extracts which were the most active. Enzyme activity was detectable in testes from 5-day-old mice and increased steadily during development to reach a maximum at the 20th day of life. The transaminase was present in the cytosol of testicular homogenates and also associated, probably in the matrix, with a special type of mitochondria present in spermatozoa and gametogenic cells. The enzyme from testis is active against the three branched-chain amino acids and catalyses the reaction in both directions. Highest activity and lowest Km were obtained with L-leucine. Activity with L-valine was the lowest. The enzyme from the mitochondrial fraction showed identical properties to that from the soluble phase. The possible participation of this aminotransferase in a shuttle system transferring reducing equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondria is postulated.", "PMID": 641889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1070", "title": "Uterine DNA synthesis and cell proliferation during early decidualization induced by oil in mice.", "content": "[3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to study cell proliferation during decidualization induced by intraluminal oil in ovariectomized mice treated with oestrogen and progesterone. Development of the decidual reaction involves two distinct populations of stromal cells. Periluminal cells start to synthesize DNA 11--15 h after instillation and by 17--20 h, without dividing, differentiate into epithelioid decidual cells which continue to incorporate [3H]thymidine, presumably becoming polyploid. Cells peripheral to this zone also start to synthesize DNA between 11 and 15 h, but at 18.5 h many have divided before differentiating. None of these dividing cells had been arrested in G2. The periluminal and peripheral cells do not appear to differ in their proliferative antecedents.", "contents": "Uterine DNA synthesis and cell proliferation during early decidualization induced by oil in mice. [3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to study cell proliferation during decidualization induced by intraluminal oil in ovariectomized mice treated with oestrogen and progesterone. Development of the decidual reaction involves two distinct populations of stromal cells. Periluminal cells start to synthesize DNA 11--15 h after instillation and by 17--20 h, without dividing, differentiate into epithelioid decidual cells which continue to incorporate [3H]thymidine, presumably becoming polyploid. Cells peripheral to this zone also start to synthesize DNA between 11 and 15 h, but at 18.5 h many have divided before differentiating. None of these dividing cells had been arrested in G2. The periluminal and peripheral cells do not appear to differ in their proliferative antecedents.", "PMID": 641890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1071", "title": "Cryogenic preservation of fish and mammalian spermatozoa.", "content": "Various combinations of sucrose, reduced glutathione and potassium bicarbonate were tested for the cryogenic preservation of salmon spermatozoa. When a fast freezing procedure was followed, the extender that gave the best results was composed of 1 part of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), as a protective agent, and 7 parts of a medium containing 125 mM-sucrose, 6.50 mM-reduced glutathione and 100 mM-potassium bicarbonate. Salmon and cod spermatozoa were kept frozen in this extender for 1 year. Freezing resulted in a reduction in the number of motile spermatozoa but had no significant effect on the degree of progression of motile spermatozoa or on their fertilizing capacity. When glycerol replaced DMSO in the extender and a slow freezing procedure was followed, similar results were obtained for the spermatozoa of bull or man; although the number of motile spermatozoa was reduced, there was no effect on the progressive motility score.", "contents": "Cryogenic preservation of fish and mammalian spermatozoa. Various combinations of sucrose, reduced glutathione and potassium bicarbonate were tested for the cryogenic preservation of salmon spermatozoa. When a fast freezing procedure was followed, the extender that gave the best results was composed of 1 part of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), as a protective agent, and 7 parts of a medium containing 125 mM-sucrose, 6.50 mM-reduced glutathione and 100 mM-potassium bicarbonate. Salmon and cod spermatozoa were kept frozen in this extender for 1 year. Freezing resulted in a reduction in the number of motile spermatozoa but had no significant effect on the degree of progression of motile spermatozoa or on their fertilizing capacity. When glycerol replaced DMSO in the extender and a slow freezing procedure was followed, similar results were obtained for the spermatozoa of bull or man; although the number of motile spermatozoa was reduced, there was no effect on the progressive motility score.", "PMID": 641891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1072", "title": "Effect of abdominal vagotomy of the pregnant rat on LH and progesterone concentrations and fetal resorption.", "content": "Abdominal vagotomy on Day 8 of pregnancy in rats decreased the number of live fetuses at Day 16 and increased the number of resorbing fetuses. The activity of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) in the corpus luteum and interstitial gland, LH and progesterone values in plasma and progesterone values in ovarian tissue were all lower in vagotomized rats than in sham-operated controls. Ovarian PGF levels were not affected. We suggest that these effects were caused by a direct effect of vagotomy on LH secretion which in turn lowers 3beta-HSD activity and progesterone levels in ovarian tissue and plasma, leading to fetal resorption.", "contents": "Effect of abdominal vagotomy of the pregnant rat on LH and progesterone concentrations and fetal resorption. Abdominal vagotomy on Day 8 of pregnancy in rats decreased the number of live fetuses at Day 16 and increased the number of resorbing fetuses. The activity of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) in the corpus luteum and interstitial gland, LH and progesterone values in plasma and progesterone values in ovarian tissue were all lower in vagotomized rats than in sham-operated controls. Ovarian PGF levels were not affected. We suggest that these effects were caused by a direct effect of vagotomy on LH secretion which in turn lowers 3beta-HSD activity and progesterone levels in ovarian tissue and plasma, leading to fetal resorption.", "PMID": 641892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1073", "title": "Effect of human uterine flushings collected at various stages of the menstrual cycle on mouse blastocysts in vitro.", "content": "Mouse blastocysts were cultured in vitro in a defined medium supplemented with uterine flushings (containing 500 microgram protein/ml) obtained from normal women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. With one exception (uterine flushing collected on the last day of a menstrual period) blastocyst hatching and attachment were not impaired by flushings collected before or after ovulation.", "contents": "Effect of human uterine flushings collected at various stages of the menstrual cycle on mouse blastocysts in vitro. Mouse blastocysts were cultured in vitro in a defined medium supplemented with uterine flushings (containing 500 microgram protein/ml) obtained from normal women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. With one exception (uterine flushing collected on the last day of a menstrual period) blastocyst hatching and attachment were not impaired by flushings collected before or after ovulation.", "PMID": 641893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1074", "title": "The influence of the testis on the fertilizing life of spermatozoa in the ligated vas deferens of the golden hamster.", "content": "Spermatozoa in the vas deferens of the hamster lose their fertilizing capacity 3 days after ligation of the initial part of the duct and after 2 days if the testes are removed at the time of ligation. Sham-ligation had no effect on the fertilizing life of vasal spermatozoa on the contralateral side even 3 days after bilateral castration. Unilateral castration for 3 days had no effect on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa from the ipsilateral unobstructed duct, whereas no eggs were fertilized by spermatozoa from the contralateral ligated duct associated with the remaining testis. Unlike testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone injected daily or implanted subcutaneously in Silastic tubes maintained normal fertilizing capacity for 2 days in castrates and for 3 days in intact males. Within each group, ligation had no effect on the level of fructose in the seminal vesicle on that side compared with the level in the gland on the other side.", "contents": "The influence of the testis on the fertilizing life of spermatozoa in the ligated vas deferens of the golden hamster. Spermatozoa in the vas deferens of the hamster lose their fertilizing capacity 3 days after ligation of the initial part of the duct and after 2 days if the testes are removed at the time of ligation. Sham-ligation had no effect on the fertilizing life of vasal spermatozoa on the contralateral side even 3 days after bilateral castration. Unilateral castration for 3 days had no effect on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa from the ipsilateral unobstructed duct, whereas no eggs were fertilized by spermatozoa from the contralateral ligated duct associated with the remaining testis. Unlike testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone injected daily or implanted subcutaneously in Silastic tubes maintained normal fertilizing capacity for 2 days in castrates and for 3 days in intact males. Within each group, ligation had no effect on the level of fructose in the seminal vesicle on that side compared with the level in the gland on the other side.", "PMID": 641894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1075", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the human micropolycystic ovary.", "content": "The basement membrane of follicles in the micropolycystic ovaries of infertile women was thickened compared to that in the ovaries of normal women or those with typical polycystic ovaries.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the human micropolycystic ovary. The basement membrane of follicles in the micropolycystic ovaries of infertile women was thickened compared to that in the ovaries of normal women or those with typical polycystic ovaries.", "PMID": 641895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1076", "title": "Inhibition of testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity and growth of accessory sex tissues in castrated male mice.", "content": "The steroid 4-androsten-3-one-17beta-carboxylic acid (17betaC) reduced the growth-promoting actions of testosterone, but not those of DHT in accessory sex tissues of castrated mice. The 5alpha-reduction of testosterone to DHT in these tissues was also reduced by 17betaC treatment, suggesting that DHT formation is a required step in the mechanism of action of testosterone.", "contents": "Inhibition of testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity and growth of accessory sex tissues in castrated male mice. The steroid 4-androsten-3-one-17beta-carboxylic acid (17betaC) reduced the growth-promoting actions of testosterone, but not those of DHT in accessory sex tissues of castrated mice. The 5alpha-reduction of testosterone to DHT in these tissues was also reduced by 17betaC treatment, suggesting that DHT formation is a required step in the mechanism of action of testosterone.", "PMID": 641896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1077", "title": "Observations on the loss of catecholamine fluorescence from intrauterine adrenergic nerves during pregnancy in the guinea-pig.", "content": "During unilateral pregnancy in the guinea-pig there is loss of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence from the adrenergic nerves supplying the uterus and its vasculature. This loss occurs initially near the site of implantation at about Day 20 of gestation and spreads progressively. Implantation of wax pellets containing progesterone into the uterine lumen or the gastrocnemius muscle of virgin guinea-pigs for 7 days produced loss of fluorescence from all local adrenergic nerves. No diminution of fluorescence was seen when pellets containing oestradiol were substituted. Chronic denervation studies showed that the adrenergic axons supplying the uterus and its arteries originated from both the ovarian artery and the pelvic region. Our results suggest that loss of adrenergic fluorescence within the uterus during pregnancy is due to an effect of placental progesterone which is localized to the uterus because the high concentration of progesterone necessary to cause fluorescence loss is not attained in the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Observations on the loss of catecholamine fluorescence from intrauterine adrenergic nerves during pregnancy in the guinea-pig. During unilateral pregnancy in the guinea-pig there is loss of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence from the adrenergic nerves supplying the uterus and its vasculature. This loss occurs initially near the site of implantation at about Day 20 of gestation and spreads progressively. Implantation of wax pellets containing progesterone into the uterine lumen or the gastrocnemius muscle of virgin guinea-pigs for 7 days produced loss of fluorescence from all local adrenergic nerves. No diminution of fluorescence was seen when pellets containing oestradiol were substituted. Chronic denervation studies showed that the adrenergic axons supplying the uterus and its arteries originated from both the ovarian artery and the pelvic region. Our results suggest that loss of adrenergic fluorescence within the uterus during pregnancy is due to an effect of placental progesterone which is localized to the uterus because the high concentration of progesterone necessary to cause fluorescence loss is not attained in the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 641897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1078", "title": "Inhibitors of adenylate cyclase from ejaculated human spermatozoa.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase from ejaculated human spermatozoa was inhibited by fluoride, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and several carboxylic acids.", "contents": "Inhibitors of adenylate cyclase from ejaculated human spermatozoa. Adenylate cyclase from ejaculated human spermatozoa was inhibited by fluoride, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and several carboxylic acids.", "PMID": 641898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1079", "title": "Effect of the odour of female rat urine on plasma testosterone concentrations in male rats.", "content": "Testosterone levels were significantly higher in males, regardless of sexual experience, exposed to the odour of urine from females than in those exposed to saline or kept in ordinary groups.", "contents": "Effect of the odour of female rat urine on plasma testosterone concentrations in male rats. Testosterone levels were significantly higher in males, regardless of sexual experience, exposed to the odour of urine from females than in those exposed to saline or kept in ordinary groups.", "PMID": 641899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1080", "title": "Effects of sexual stimulation on plasma levels of LH and testosterone in rams from high- and low-fertility flocks.", "content": "Plasma LH and testosterone levels did not differ significantly between high and low fertility rams before or after sexual stimulation (ejaculation or teasing). Repeated stimulation caused significant elevation of mean plasma LH and an almost significant rise in testosterone concentration. Plasma testosterone peaks followed those of LH after 30-60 min. A single sexual stimulation did not always cause an LH peak or increase the mean LH level.", "contents": "Effects of sexual stimulation on plasma levels of LH and testosterone in rams from high- and low-fertility flocks. Plasma LH and testosterone levels did not differ significantly between high and low fertility rams before or after sexual stimulation (ejaculation or teasing). Repeated stimulation caused significant elevation of mean plasma LH and an almost significant rise in testosterone concentration. Plasma testosterone peaks followed those of LH after 30-60 min. A single sexual stimulation did not always cause an LH peak or increase the mean LH level.", "PMID": 641900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1081", "title": "Induction of implantation in the mouse by intrauterine injection of adenosine monophosphate.", "content": "Like cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, intrauterine administration of AMP (non-cyclic) induced implantation in ovariectomized, progesterone-treated mice.", "contents": "Induction of implantation in the mouse by intrauterine injection of adenosine monophosphate. Like cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, intrauterine administration of AMP (non-cyclic) induced implantation in ovariectomized, progesterone-treated mice.", "PMID": 641901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1082", "title": "Evidence for a physiological role of prostaglandins in oviposition by the hen.", "content": "A single oral dose of indomethacin (25 mg) given 2--4 h before expected oviposition delayed oviposition by about 12 h and suppressed plasma PGE levels by about 90%. Intrauterine injection of PGE-1 (0.2--0.4 microgram/hen) to 12 hens pretreated with 25 mg indomethacin induced oviposition in all birds in about 7 1/2 min. Passive immunization with goat antiserum to PGE-1 delayed oviposition (69%) in 4 hens. It is concluded that prostaglandins play a functional role in oviposition.", "contents": "Evidence for a physiological role of prostaglandins in oviposition by the hen. A single oral dose of indomethacin (25 mg) given 2--4 h before expected oviposition delayed oviposition by about 12 h and suppressed plasma PGE levels by about 90%. Intrauterine injection of PGE-1 (0.2--0.4 microgram/hen) to 12 hens pretreated with 25 mg indomethacin induced oviposition in all birds in about 7 1/2 min. Passive immunization with goat antiserum to PGE-1 delayed oviposition (69%) in 4 hens. It is concluded that prostaglandins play a functional role in oviposition.", "PMID": 641902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1083", "title": "Demonstration of acrosin in mouse spermatozoa.", "content": "Gelatinolytic activity of whole mouse spermatozoa was demonstrated by the gelatin film test. The presence of a trypsin-like protease (acrosin) in acidic extracts of mouse spermatozoa was shown by an electrophoretic method to separate the enzyme from a putative inhibitor.", "contents": "Demonstration of acrosin in mouse spermatozoa. Gelatinolytic activity of whole mouse spermatozoa was demonstrated by the gelatin film test. The presence of a trypsin-like protease (acrosin) in acidic extracts of mouse spermatozoa was shown by an electrophoretic method to separate the enzyme from a putative inhibitor.", "PMID": 641903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1084", "title": "Absence of effect of maternal immunization to paternal antigens on placental weight, fetal weight and litter size in the mouse.", "content": "No evidence was obtained that immunization to paternal antigens affected placental weight, fetal weight or litter size on Day 18 of pregnancy in female mice.", "contents": "Absence of effect of maternal immunization to paternal antigens on placental weight, fetal weight and litter size in the mouse. No evidence was obtained that immunization to paternal antigens affected placental weight, fetal weight or litter size on Day 18 of pregnancy in female mice.", "PMID": 641904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1085", "title": "Preovulatory secretion of gonadotrophins and TSH in cyclic rats with small lesions in the preoptic area.", "content": "Animals with unilateral or bilateral lesions, with respectively 85 and 70% of intact preoptic area tissue remaining, returned to regular oestrous cycles. By comparison with sham-operated controls, rats with lesions had more days with a leucocytic smear in each of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd post-operative cycle, before returning to a 4-day cycle. Hormone measurements of blood collected during the afternoon of pro-oestrus showed that, in rats with bilateral lesions, the duration of the preovulatory LH secretion was significantly shortened, although peak levels were unchanged; the initial phase of the preovulatory FSH secretion was lost; and much of the prolactin surge was also inhibited. The TSH surge was unaffected.", "contents": "Preovulatory secretion of gonadotrophins and TSH in cyclic rats with small lesions in the preoptic area. Animals with unilateral or bilateral lesions, with respectively 85 and 70% of intact preoptic area tissue remaining, returned to regular oestrous cycles. By comparison with sham-operated controls, rats with lesions had more days with a leucocytic smear in each of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd post-operative cycle, before returning to a 4-day cycle. Hormone measurements of blood collected during the afternoon of pro-oestrus showed that, in rats with bilateral lesions, the duration of the preovulatory LH secretion was significantly shortened, although peak levels were unchanged; the initial phase of the preovulatory FSH secretion was lost; and much of the prolactin surge was also inhibited. The TSH surge was unaffected.", "PMID": 641905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1086", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of the hatching of bovine blastocysts in vitro.", "content": "The blastocysts were recovered from cows 7--10 days after oestrus and cultured. The zona pellucida has a spongy fibrous structure. Hatching begins, about 24 h after culture, through a relatively small hole out of which the blastocyst appears to escape by its own activity. Later the zona becomes split and the two edges of the slit surround part of the blastocyst. The emerging cells were large or small blastomeres which were generally covered by a dense mass of microvilli.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of the hatching of bovine blastocysts in vitro. The blastocysts were recovered from cows 7--10 days after oestrus and cultured. The zona pellucida has a spongy fibrous structure. Hatching begins, about 24 h after culture, through a relatively small hole out of which the blastocyst appears to escape by its own activity. Later the zona becomes split and the two edges of the slit surround part of the blastocyst. The emerging cells were large or small blastomeres which were generally covered by a dense mass of microvilli.", "PMID": 641906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1087", "title": "Effects of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta on the spontaneous meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes.", "content": "The spontaneous meiotic maturation of cumulus-free oocytes was not affected by progesterone or oestradiol-17beta at 2 microgram/ml, but both steroids decreased polar body production at 10 microgram/ml and progesterone decreased the number undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta on the spontaneous meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. The spontaneous meiotic maturation of cumulus-free oocytes was not affected by progesterone or oestradiol-17beta at 2 microgram/ml, but both steroids decreased polar body production at 10 microgram/ml and progesterone decreased the number undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown.", "PMID": 641907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1088", "title": "Comparison of therapy in severe systemic lupus erythematosus employing stratification techniques.", "content": "Randomized studies, attempting to clarify the role of combined azathioprine and prednisone therapy versus prednisone alone in severe systemic lupus erythematosus have sustained rather than mollified a clinical controversy. No differences have been detected in some studies, while others have appeared to show benefit with addition of azathioprine. The present study suggests that neither small random trials nor uncorrected clinical experience can be expected to provide truly comparable control groups in conditions as variable as systemic lupus, but that stratification techniques can yield relatively similar groups. Patients meeting different entry characteristics are demonstrated to come to different outcomes. Depending upon the specifications of a subgroup, one therapy or another appears better.", "contents": "Comparison of therapy in severe systemic lupus erythematosus employing stratification techniques. Randomized studies, attempting to clarify the role of combined azathioprine and prednisone therapy versus prednisone alone in severe systemic lupus erythematosus have sustained rather than mollified a clinical controversy. No differences have been detected in some studies, while others have appeared to show benefit with addition of azathioprine. The present study suggests that neither small random trials nor uncorrected clinical experience can be expected to provide truly comparable control groups in conditions as variable as systemic lupus, but that stratification techniques can yield relatively similar groups. Patients meeting different entry characteristics are demonstrated to come to different outcomes. Depending upon the specifications of a subgroup, one therapy or another appears better.", "PMID": 641913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1089", "title": "Arthritis inflammation monitored by subcutaneous millimeter wave thermography.", "content": "A new technique for remote, noninvasive mapping of temperature elevations of the human joints is described; it uses the mm wave radiation emitted by the human body. A solid state switched scanner for 68 GHz is described which overcomes the depth limitations of conventional, infrared thermographs and can measure to subcutaneous depths of several mm with a temperature resolution of 0.25 degrees C. Measurements on rheumatoid arthritic knee joints are presented which show little correlation with simultaneously measured skin temperatures. Significant longterm thermographic changes induced by steroid injection indicate a potential for objective patient monitoring and development of new treatment methods.", "contents": "Arthritis inflammation monitored by subcutaneous millimeter wave thermography. A new technique for remote, noninvasive mapping of temperature elevations of the human joints is described; it uses the mm wave radiation emitted by the human body. A solid state switched scanner for 68 GHz is described which overcomes the depth limitations of conventional, infrared thermographs and can measure to subcutaneous depths of several mm with a temperature resolution of 0.25 degrees C. Measurements on rheumatoid arthritic knee joints are presented which show little correlation with simultaneously measured skin temperatures. Significant longterm thermographic changes induced by steroid injection indicate a potential for objective patient monitoring and development of new treatment methods.", "PMID": 641914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1090", "title": "Auranofin: an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Auranofin, an oral chrysotherapeutic agent, administered at 3.0 mg. b.i.d., p.o. to eight rheumatoid arthritic patients produced improvement in objective and subjective clinical signs, as well as biochemical and immunological parameters. Adverse effects reported were minimal and generally limited to gastrointestinal disturbances. During auranofin administration, gold concentrations in the blood gradually increased to a mean level of 0.70 microgram Au/ml by week 12 of treatment. Daily oral administration of auranofin appears to provide constant blood gold levels over longer periods of time compared to existing parenteral gold therapy and may provide an improved method of controlling chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritic patients.", "contents": "Auranofin: an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Auranofin, an oral chrysotherapeutic agent, administered at 3.0 mg. b.i.d., p.o. to eight rheumatoid arthritic patients produced improvement in objective and subjective clinical signs, as well as biochemical and immunological parameters. Adverse effects reported were minimal and generally limited to gastrointestinal disturbances. During auranofin administration, gold concentrations in the blood gradually increased to a mean level of 0.70 microgram Au/ml by week 12 of treatment. Daily oral administration of auranofin appears to provide constant blood gold levels over longer periods of time compared to existing parenteral gold therapy and may provide an improved method of controlling chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritic patients.", "PMID": 641915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1091", "title": "The ultrastructure of urate crystals in gout.", "content": "Using correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques, we studied the ultrastructure of natural and synthetic monosodium urate crystals. The internal architecture of both natural and synthetic urates consists of an interconnecting electron lucent network. This network is different in crystals from tophi, suggesting crystal formation about an electron lucent nidal matrix. Urate crystals from articular cartilage surfaces have smooth faces supporting the hypothesis that acute goat is a two phase process involving first the precipitation of urate crystals in the synovial fluid and second the adherence to the crystals of proteins and cells with the consequent inflammatory response.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of urate crystals in gout. Using correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques, we studied the ultrastructure of natural and synthetic monosodium urate crystals. The internal architecture of both natural and synthetic urates consists of an interconnecting electron lucent network. This network is different in crystals from tophi, suggesting crystal formation about an electron lucent nidal matrix. Urate crystals from articular cartilage surfaces have smooth faces supporting the hypothesis that acute goat is a two phase process involving first the precipitation of urate crystals in the synovial fluid and second the adherence to the crystals of proteins and cells with the consequent inflammatory response.", "PMID": 641916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1092", "title": "Pachydermoperiostosis: studies on the synovium.", "content": "Pachydermoperiostosis (primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) is a familial disorder characterized by clubbing, periosteal bone changes, and furrowing of the skin. A 40 year old male with this syndrome and chronic arthritis was recently studied. The synovial fluid was non-inflammatory. Histologically the synovium exhibited hyperplasia and microvascular alterations. Immunofluorescent staining failed to identify deposits of immunoglobulin. Electron microscopy revealed multilayered basement laminae around small subsynovial blood vessels but no electron-dense deposits as described in studies of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. The pathogenesis is obscure and appears to be non-immunological.", "contents": "Pachydermoperiostosis: studies on the synovium. Pachydermoperiostosis (primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) is a familial disorder characterized by clubbing, periosteal bone changes, and furrowing of the skin. A 40 year old male with this syndrome and chronic arthritis was recently studied. The synovial fluid was non-inflammatory. Histologically the synovium exhibited hyperplasia and microvascular alterations. Immunofluorescent staining failed to identify deposits of immunoglobulin. Electron microscopy revealed multilayered basement laminae around small subsynovial blood vessels but no electron-dense deposits as described in studies of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. The pathogenesis is obscure and appears to be non-immunological.", "PMID": 641917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1093", "title": "Exacerbation of mixed connective tissue disease during Salmonella gastroenteritis--serial immunological findings.", "content": "A patient with mixed connective tissue disease is described who developed fever and polyserositis after the onset of Salmonella gastroenteritis. Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies, serum complement, and circulating immune complexes were studied quantitatively throughout the course of her illness. If the Salmonella infection were responsible for the exacerbation of mixed connective tissue disease, as the sequence of events suggests, the mechanism appeared to involve deposition of previously circulating immune complexes in affected tissues.", "contents": "Exacerbation of mixed connective tissue disease during Salmonella gastroenteritis--serial immunological findings. A patient with mixed connective tissue disease is described who developed fever and polyserositis after the onset of Salmonella gastroenteritis. Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies, serum complement, and circulating immune complexes were studied quantitatively throughout the course of her illness. If the Salmonella infection were responsible for the exacerbation of mixed connective tissue disease, as the sequence of events suggests, the mechanism appeared to involve deposition of previously circulating immune complexes in affected tissues.", "PMID": 641918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1094", "title": "Report on pilot study of treatment of breast cancer by quadrantic excision with axillary dissection and no other therapy.", "content": "This paper is a report on a pilot study designed to test the hypothesis that with a negative node status minimal surgery and conservation of the breast is indicated. The preliminary figures giving the recurrence rate and survival time tentatively suggest that this is true.", "contents": "Report on pilot study of treatment of breast cancer by quadrantic excision with axillary dissection and no other therapy. This paper is a report on a pilot study designed to test the hypothesis that with a negative node status minimal surgery and conservation of the breast is indicated. The preliminary figures giving the recurrence rate and survival time tentatively suggest that this is true.", "PMID": 641925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1095", "title": "Shifting genetic patterns in anencephaly and spina bifida.", "content": "The long-term decline in the incidence of the neural tube malformations, anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB), ended in the mid-1950's in New York State. Since that time, the rate of these birth defects has remained between 1 and 1.5/1000 births. In this low incidence population, we tested the basic tenets which support a genetic aetiology. We found that the full sib recurrence rate (1.8%) was higher than the half sib recurrence rate (0.8%) and the twin concordance rate (6.8%) was higher than the full sib recurrence rate. We found the incidence of ASB in twins to be the same as the incidence of ASB in singletons. Our findings are compatible with polygenic inheritance aetiology for ASB. The genetic molecular pathway of these birth defects may be identifiable through biochemical screening of families with one or more ASB children.", "contents": "Shifting genetic patterns in anencephaly and spina bifida. The long-term decline in the incidence of the neural tube malformations, anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB), ended in the mid-1950's in New York State. Since that time, the rate of these birth defects has remained between 1 and 1.5/1000 births. In this low incidence population, we tested the basic tenets which support a genetic aetiology. We found that the full sib recurrence rate (1.8%) was higher than the half sib recurrence rate (0.8%) and the twin concordance rate (6.8%) was higher than the full sib recurrence rate. We found the incidence of ASB in twins to be the same as the incidence of ASB in singletons. Our findings are compatible with polygenic inheritance aetiology for ASB. The genetic molecular pathway of these birth defects may be identifiable through biochemical screening of families with one or more ASB children.", "PMID": 641940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1096", "title": "Use of overlapping normal distributions in genetic counselling.", "content": "If a numerical variable can be assumed to be normally, but differently, distributed in each of two or more populations, then for an 'unknown' individual whose numerical value is known the relative probability of his belonging to each of the populations can be simply calculated. We briefly review the method and its application in genetic counselling.", "contents": "Use of overlapping normal distributions in genetic counselling. If a numerical variable can be assumed to be normally, but differently, distributed in each of two or more populations, then for an 'unknown' individual whose numerical value is known the relative probability of his belonging to each of the populations can be simply calculated. We briefly review the method and its application in genetic counselling.", "PMID": 641941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1097", "title": "Genetic counseling of consanguineous families. Use of Smith's method to calculate recurrence risks in multifactorial inheritance in consanguineous matings.", "content": "A modification of Smith's method is described for deriving recurrence risks for multifactorial conditions when parents are related. Using cleft palate as an example, the possible increased risks caused by consanguinity are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic counseling of consanguineous families. Use of Smith's method to calculate recurrence risks in multifactorial inheritance in consanguineous matings. A modification of Smith's method is described for deriving recurrence risks for multifactorial conditions when parents are related. Using cleft palate as an example, the possible increased risks caused by consanguinity are discussed.", "PMID": 641942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1098", "title": "Unusual inheritance of Becker type muscular dystrophy.", "content": "A family with Becker type muscular dystrophy is described, in which two females were severely affected, giving the family tree the appearance of dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Unusual inheritance of Becker type muscular dystrophy. A family with Becker type muscular dystrophy is described, in which two females were severely affected, giving the family tree the appearance of dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 641943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1099", "title": "Hereditary brachydactyly with nail dysplasia.", "content": "A family is described in which sometimes asymmetrical brachydactyly, with nail dysplasia of the involved fingers, has been transmitted through 6 generations affecting 6 males and 15 females. The thumbs and feet have been normal. This previously unreported condition is inherited as an autosomal disorder with full penetrance and variable expressivity, and causes only minor inconvenience.", "contents": "Hereditary brachydactyly with nail dysplasia. A family is described in which sometimes asymmetrical brachydactyly, with nail dysplasia of the involved fingers, has been transmitted through 6 generations affecting 6 males and 15 females. The thumbs and feet have been normal. This previously unreported condition is inherited as an autosomal disorder with full penetrance and variable expressivity, and causes only minor inconvenience.", "PMID": 641944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1100", "title": "Recessively inherited costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia and peculiar facies (Covesdem syndrome): A new genetic entity?", "content": "Two sibs of a consanguineous mating are described. Both have a gross costovertebral segmentation defect affecting nearly all the thoracic vertebrae, and mesomelia of the limbs, with the upper limbs being obviously more affected than the lower. The facial appearances of the two are identical, with hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, large bony upper lip, constantly open mouth, and peg-like teeth. We believe this combination has not been described before and represents the effect of a 'new' recessive gene. We would like to name this combination Covesdem syndrome (costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia).", "contents": "Recessively inherited costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia and peculiar facies (Covesdem syndrome): A new genetic entity? Two sibs of a consanguineous mating are described. Both have a gross costovertebral segmentation defect affecting nearly all the thoracic vertebrae, and mesomelia of the limbs, with the upper limbs being obviously more affected than the lower. The facial appearances of the two are identical, with hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, large bony upper lip, constantly open mouth, and peg-like teeth. We believe this combination has not been described before and represents the effect of a 'new' recessive gene. We would like to name this combination Covesdem syndrome (costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia).", "PMID": 641945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1101", "title": "A new type of chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse.", "content": "Stumpy is a new chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse. The condition is inherited as a fully penetrant Mendelian recessive, and is not allelic with brachymorphic, achondroplasia, or stubby-three similar, previously described mutants. No chromosomal position has yet been assigned to the gene. Phenotypically, stumpy mice are chondrodystrophic dwarfs with all cartilage-formed bones in the skeleton affected. The condition differs from the usual chondrodystrophy described in mice in that proximal elements in the limbs are affected more than distal ones.", "contents": "A new type of chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse. Stumpy is a new chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse. The condition is inherited as a fully penetrant Mendelian recessive, and is not allelic with brachymorphic, achondroplasia, or stubby-three similar, previously described mutants. No chromosomal position has yet been assigned to the gene. Phenotypically, stumpy mice are chondrodystrophic dwarfs with all cartilage-formed bones in the skeleton affected. The condition differs from the usual chondrodystrophy described in mice in that proximal elements in the limbs are affected more than distal ones.", "PMID": 641946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1102", "title": "Fertility in 47,XXX and 45,X patients.", "content": "Female patients with a sex chromosome abnormality may be fertile. In patients with a 47,XXX cell line there appears to be an increased risk of a cytogenetically abnormal child but the extent of this risk cannot yet be determined; it is probably lower in the non-mosaic 47,XXX patient than the mosaic 46,XX/47,XXX one. Patients with a 45,X cell line rarly become pregnant, and when they do they appear to have a high risk of an abnormal child or repeated unsuccessfuly pregnancies; this risk is certainly exaggerated by the method of reporting; when the poor reproductive perforamcne is first identified leading to the recognition of the maternal cytogenetic fault, the reproductive failure rate is naturally high; when the maternal fault is first identified and the reproductive history then established far better results are evident.", "contents": "Fertility in 47,XXX and 45,X patients. Female patients with a sex chromosome abnormality may be fertile. In patients with a 47,XXX cell line there appears to be an increased risk of a cytogenetically abnormal child but the extent of this risk cannot yet be determined; it is probably lower in the non-mosaic 47,XXX patient than the mosaic 46,XX/47,XXX one. Patients with a 45,X cell line rarly become pregnant, and when they do they appear to have a high risk of an abnormal child or repeated unsuccessfuly pregnancies; this risk is certainly exaggerated by the method of reporting; when the poor reproductive perforamcne is first identified leading to the recognition of the maternal cytogenetic fault, the reproductive failure rate is naturally high; when the maternal fault is first identified and the reproductive history then established far better results are evident.", "PMID": 641947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1103", "title": "Significance of detection of extra metacentric microchromosome in amniotic cell culture.", "content": "A metacentric bisatellited microchromosome was detected in all metaphases from an amniotic culture performed because of maternal age. A wide-ranging survey of the literature failed to disclose any consistent anomaly associated with such a marker, but did reveal that the clinical picture of patients manifesting it could range from complete normality through mental retardation to a variety of deformities. The parents elected for termination, and the only deformity detected in the abortus was fixed talipes equinovarus. The implications of the finding of this marker chromosome on amniocentesis, believed to be reported for the first time here, are discussed particularly in the context of genetic counselling.", "contents": "Significance of detection of extra metacentric microchromosome in amniotic cell culture. A metacentric bisatellited microchromosome was detected in all metaphases from an amniotic culture performed because of maternal age. A wide-ranging survey of the literature failed to disclose any consistent anomaly associated with such a marker, but did reveal that the clinical picture of patients manifesting it could range from complete normality through mental retardation to a variety of deformities. The parents elected for termination, and the only deformity detected in the abortus was fixed talipes equinovarus. The implications of the finding of this marker chromosome on amniocentesis, believed to be reported for the first time here, are discussed particularly in the context of genetic counselling.", "PMID": 641948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1104", "title": "Partial trisomy for short and long arm of chromosome no. 5: Two cases of two possible syndromes.", "content": "We report 2 patients from different families with malformation-retardation syndromes caused by a partial trisomy of the long and of the short arm of chromosome 5, respectively (case 1: 46,XX,der(3),t(3;5)(p27;p13)mat; case 2: 46,XY,der(22),t(5;22)(q33;q13)pat). Several members of these families were balanced translocation carriers. Our cases are compared with those cited in the literature. The possibility of delineating a 5p- and a 5q-partial-trisomy syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Partial trisomy for short and long arm of chromosome no. 5: Two cases of two possible syndromes. We report 2 patients from different families with malformation-retardation syndromes caused by a partial trisomy of the long and of the short arm of chromosome 5, respectively (case 1: 46,XX,der(3),t(3;5)(p27;p13)mat; case 2: 46,XY,der(22),t(5;22)(q33;q13)pat). Several members of these families were balanced translocation carriers. Our cases are compared with those cited in the literature. The possibility of delineating a 5p- and a 5q-partial-trisomy syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 641949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1105", "title": "Partial trisomy 18 in a family with a translocation (18;21)(q21;q22).", "content": "A family is described in which 2 sibs had similar congenital abnormalities. Chromosome investigation of the mother and another child disclosed they were carriers of a translocation t(18;21)(q21;q22). The karyotype of one of the abnormal infants was determined and was found to be consistent with partial trisomy 18,46,XY,-21,+der (21),t(18;21) ((18pter leads to 18q21::21q22 leads to 2 lqter)mat.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 18 in a family with a translocation (18;21)(q21;q22). A family is described in which 2 sibs had similar congenital abnormalities. Chromosome investigation of the mother and another child disclosed they were carriers of a translocation t(18;21)(q21;q22). The karyotype of one of the abnormal infants was determined and was found to be consistent with partial trisomy 18,46,XY,-21,+der (21),t(18;21) ((18pter leads to 18q21::21q22 leads to 2 lqter)mat.", "PMID": 641950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1106", "title": "De novo simultaneous reciprocal translocation and deletion.", "content": "A female infant with severe mental retardation, general hypotonicity, and a history of generalised oedema, cyanosis, heart murmur, and nystagmus in the first days of life was found to have both a translocation and a deletion. Her karyotype was 46,XX,del(21)t(18;21)(18p ter leads to 18q11::21q21 leads to 21qter;21pter leads to 21q11::18q11 leads to 18q ter). The karyotype of both parents was normal. The proposita is the result of a three break point exchange and is monosomic for part of the dark band q11 q21 of chromosome 21. It is suggested that in cases with mental retardation and apparent balanced de novo reciprocal translocation a small undetected deletion in one of the chromosomes involved in the translocation could explain the mental retardation.", "contents": "De novo simultaneous reciprocal translocation and deletion. A female infant with severe mental retardation, general hypotonicity, and a history of generalised oedema, cyanosis, heart murmur, and nystagmus in the first days of life was found to have both a translocation and a deletion. Her karyotype was 46,XX,del(21)t(18;21)(18p ter leads to 18q11::21q21 leads to 21qter;21pter leads to 21q11::18q11 leads to 18q ter). The karyotype of both parents was normal. The proposita is the result of a three break point exchange and is monosomic for part of the dark band q11 q21 of chromosome 21. It is suggested that in cases with mental retardation and apparent balanced de novo reciprocal translocation a small undetected deletion in one of the chromosomes involved in the translocation could explain the mental retardation.", "PMID": 641951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1107", "title": "Y autosome translocation and complex chromosome rearrangement in cri du chat syndrome.", "content": "An unbalanced Y autosome translocation t(5;Y) and an apparently balanced translocation t(2;13) are identified with the Q and R banding in a 7-year-old boy with severe encephalopathy and a multiple malformation syndrome. At birth, the clinical diagnosis of 'cri du chat' syndrome based on the characteristic crying was not confirmed after karyotyping, using conventional staining techniques.", "contents": "Y autosome translocation and complex chromosome rearrangement in cri du chat syndrome. An unbalanced Y autosome translocation t(5;Y) and an apparently balanced translocation t(2;13) are identified with the Q and R banding in a 7-year-old boy with severe encephalopathy and a multiple malformation syndrome. At birth, the clinical diagnosis of 'cri du chat' syndrome based on the characteristic crying was not confirmed after karyotyping, using conventional staining techniques.", "PMID": 641952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1108", "title": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria, heterozygous cystinuria, and reduced peptidase A activity in a patient with 46,XX/46,XX,18q--mosaicism.", "content": "An interesting patient with a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 18 is presented. Her symptoms are severe in comparison with some other 18q--patients, yet she was found to have a mosaicism with a normal 46,XX karyotype in about 20% of her cultured lymphocytes. In addition, she had erythropoietic protoporphyria, was heterozygous for type II or III cystinuria, and had reduced levels of peptidase A activity. Detailed studied on the patient, her family, and two additional 18q--patients suggest that the association with erythropoietic protoporphyria is coincidental and that the cystinuria gene was inherited from the patient's father. The reduced peptidase A activity, however, supports earlier observations that the peptidase A locus maps in the q22 to terminus region of chromosome 18.", "contents": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria, heterozygous cystinuria, and reduced peptidase A activity in a patient with 46,XX/46,XX,18q--mosaicism. An interesting patient with a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 18 is presented. Her symptoms are severe in comparison with some other 18q--patients, yet she was found to have a mosaicism with a normal 46,XX karyotype in about 20% of her cultured lymphocytes. In addition, she had erythropoietic protoporphyria, was heterozygous for type II or III cystinuria, and had reduced levels of peptidase A activity. Detailed studied on the patient, her family, and two additional 18q--patients suggest that the association with erythropoietic protoporphyria is coincidental and that the cystinuria gene was inherited from the patient's father. The reduced peptidase A activity, however, supports earlier observations that the peptidase A locus maps in the q22 to terminus region of chromosome 18.", "PMID": 641953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1109", "title": "Familial radioulnar synostosis.", "content": "A family with proximal radioulnar synostosis segregating in three generations is described. Familial radioulnar synostosis is a rare anomaly; however, the sporadic form is a frequent feature in cases of sex chromosome abnormalities and other syndromes. This disorder has been reported in several ethnic groups, but this is apparently the first example from the black population.", "contents": "Familial radioulnar synostosis. A family with proximal radioulnar synostosis segregating in three generations is described. Familial radioulnar synostosis is a rare anomaly; however, the sporadic form is a frequent feature in cases of sex chromosome abnormalities and other syndromes. This disorder has been reported in several ethnic groups, but this is apparently the first example from the black population.", "PMID": 641954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1110", "title": "Cleft palate and accessory metacarpal of index finger syndrome: possible familial occurrence.", "content": "A case of cleft palate and accessory metacarpal of index finger syndrome is described and related to the presence of Pierre Robin syndrome in a stillborn sibling. The significance of this relationship is discussed.", "contents": "Cleft palate and accessory metacarpal of index finger syndrome: possible familial occurrence. A case of cleft palate and accessory metacarpal of index finger syndrome is described and related to the presence of Pierre Robin syndrome in a stillborn sibling. The significance of this relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 641955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1111", "title": "Some predictive implications of premedical scientific competence and preferences.", "content": "Current medical school admissions criteria favor candidates with superior scientific aptitude and strong interests in scientific subjects. Four measures of this cluster were studied: Medical College Admission Test Science subtest scores, premedical grades in scientific subjects, preference for scientific subjects, and an equally weighted composite of these three. In a sample of 1,135 medical school graduates the four predictors were moderately related to academic performance in the first two years of medical school but almost completely unrelated to performance in the fourth year and to faculty ratings of general and clinical competence. The scientifically oriented graduates tended to enter specialties such as anesthesiology, pathology, and surgery, whereas graduates ranking lower on the overall index showed a slight tendency to prefer internal medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatry. Ratings and adjectival descriptions of premedical students with above average scores on the four measures revealed them to be narrower in interests, less adaptable, less articulate, and less comfortable in interpersonal relationships than their lower scoring peers.", "contents": "Some predictive implications of premedical scientific competence and preferences. Current medical school admissions criteria favor candidates with superior scientific aptitude and strong interests in scientific subjects. Four measures of this cluster were studied: Medical College Admission Test Science subtest scores, premedical grades in scientific subjects, preference for scientific subjects, and an equally weighted composite of these three. In a sample of 1,135 medical school graduates the four predictors were moderately related to academic performance in the first two years of medical school but almost completely unrelated to performance in the fourth year and to faculty ratings of general and clinical competence. The scientifically oriented graduates tended to enter specialties such as anesthesiology, pathology, and surgery, whereas graduates ranking lower on the overall index showed a slight tendency to prefer internal medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatry. Ratings and adjectival descriptions of premedical students with above average scores on the four measures revealed them to be narrower in interests, less adaptable, less articulate, and less comfortable in interpersonal relationships than their lower scoring peers.", "PMID": 641957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1112", "title": "Medical education for practice in nonmetropolitan areas.", "content": "A study of patient records sampled from the office practices of 28 family practitioners and general surgeons in a 16-county nonmetropolitan area revealed that a sizable percentage of the diagnoses of problems encountered by family practitioners concern conditions the management of which is primarily taught on a residency service other than family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics. Surgeons, conversely, are seeing a large percentage of patients with conditions the management of which is generally taught on a primary care residency service. Data from office records were augmented by interview responses of 32 family practitioners and general surgeons to questions about the training that family practice and general surgical residents should receive if they are to be well prepared for practice in nonmetropolitan areas.", "contents": "Medical education for practice in nonmetropolitan areas. A study of patient records sampled from the office practices of 28 family practitioners and general surgeons in a 16-county nonmetropolitan area revealed that a sizable percentage of the diagnoses of problems encountered by family practitioners concern conditions the management of which is primarily taught on a residency service other than family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics. Surgeons, conversely, are seeing a large percentage of patients with conditions the management of which is generally taught on a primary care residency service. Data from office records were augmented by interview responses of 32 family practitioners and general surgeons to questions about the training that family practice and general surgical residents should receive if they are to be well prepared for practice in nonmetropolitan areas.", "PMID": 641958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1113", "title": "A conceptual model for attitude assessment in all areas of medical education.", "content": "In most medical schools attitudinal goals are confined to special courses in the curriculum and, as such, remain isolated. Failure to attend to both psychosocial and physical factors of disease are compounded by faculty failure to integrate both principles into teaching strategies. Here a conceptual model is proposed to ensure that psychosocial factors, age, and physical illness are all considered in the planning of educational units. Examples are given of skill impairment pitfalls that, when included in a patient-management problem (PMP), allow faculty to assess potential student attitudinal bias and identify students for additional learning experiences. Further application of this model can help educators plan course work in order to narrow the present gulf between the physical and behavioral sciences.", "contents": "A conceptual model for attitude assessment in all areas of medical education. In most medical schools attitudinal goals are confined to special courses in the curriculum and, as such, remain isolated. Failure to attend to both psychosocial and physical factors of disease are compounded by faculty failure to integrate both principles into teaching strategies. Here a conceptual model is proposed to ensure that psychosocial factors, age, and physical illness are all considered in the planning of educational units. Examples are given of skill impairment pitfalls that, when included in a patient-management problem (PMP), allow faculty to assess potential student attitudinal bias and identify students for additional learning experiences. Further application of this model can help educators plan course work in order to narrow the present gulf between the physical and behavioral sciences.", "PMID": 641959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1114", "title": "A prototype 'fifth pathway' program for Americans studying abroad.", "content": "A problem of American citizens studying medicine abroad is reviewed along with that of foreign medical graduates who are foreign nationals, and a prototype \"fifth pathway\" program is briefly described. The objective of the program is the return of qualified American students who study medicine abroad to the mainstream of contemporary American medical education and the preparation of these students for further graduate education and the fulfillment of responsible roles in the delivery of health care.", "contents": "A prototype 'fifth pathway' program for Americans studying abroad. A problem of American citizens studying medicine abroad is reviewed along with that of foreign medical graduates who are foreign nationals, and a prototype \"fifth pathway\" program is briefly described. The objective of the program is the return of qualified American students who study medicine abroad to the mainstream of contemporary American medical education and the preparation of these students for further graduate education and the fulfillment of responsible roles in the delivery of health care.", "PMID": 641960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1115", "title": "Attitudes of a sample of California physicians toward criteria of high-quality care.", "content": "The criteria of high-quality care as determined by a sample of practicing Californian physicians were analyzed. In addition, the effects of year of graduation and specialty choice were examined relative to choice of criteria. As a group these physicians perceived the cognitive competencies of the doctor, the traditional doctor-patient relationship, and the outcome of treatment as the essential ingredients in high-quality care. They paid considerably less attention to criteria reflecting sensitivity to costs, geographic availability of care, and differences in cultural expectations regarding care. Specialty choice exerted very little influence on the selection of criteria; year of graduation from medical school was more influential. Physicians graduating in 1970-71 were more sensitive to the place of preventive medicine in ensuring quality as well as more aware of social and economic factors affecting care.", "contents": "Attitudes of a sample of California physicians toward criteria of high-quality care. The criteria of high-quality care as determined by a sample of practicing Californian physicians were analyzed. In addition, the effects of year of graduation and specialty choice were examined relative to choice of criteria. As a group these physicians perceived the cognitive competencies of the doctor, the traditional doctor-patient relationship, and the outcome of treatment as the essential ingredients in high-quality care. They paid considerably less attention to criteria reflecting sensitivity to costs, geographic availability of care, and differences in cultural expectations regarding care. Specialty choice exerted very little influence on the selection of criteria; year of graduation from medical school was more influential. Physicians graduating in 1970-71 were more sensitive to the place of preventive medicine in ensuring quality as well as more aware of social and economic factors affecting care.", "PMID": 641961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1116", "title": "The professional values and expectations of medical students.", "content": "This paper, presenting the findings from a 1975 survey of first-year medical students in the state of North Carolina, describes medical students' professional orientations by focusing on specific values and expectations which may have relevance for health care problems. The professional orientations concern four problem areas: physicians' relationships with patients, political and economic change in the medical profession, the treatment of women physicians and patients, and geographic and specialty maldistribution of physicians. The data suggest that incoming medical students are concerned with helping people but not necessarily through political means, committed to some geographic and specialty areas of patient need, choosing medicine for reasons other than economic rewards but not opposed to physicians' large income and status, and somewhat unaware of discrimination toward women physicians and patients.", "contents": "The professional values and expectations of medical students. This paper, presenting the findings from a 1975 survey of first-year medical students in the state of North Carolina, describes medical students' professional orientations by focusing on specific values and expectations which may have relevance for health care problems. The professional orientations concern four problem areas: physicians' relationships with patients, political and economic change in the medical profession, the treatment of women physicians and patients, and geographic and specialty maldistribution of physicians. The data suggest that incoming medical students are concerned with helping people but not necessarily through political means, committed to some geographic and specialty areas of patient need, choosing medicine for reasons other than economic rewards but not opposed to physicians' large income and status, and somewhat unaware of discrimination toward women physicians and patients.", "PMID": 641962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1117", "title": "Performance documentation: how to confirm a resident's progress.", "content": "Family medicine faculty members are accountable for the quality of training and the level of proficiency that residents attain. Determination of board certification and hospital privileges is dependent on technical and affective skills as well as cognitive testing. Self-evaluation and self-education behaviors will result from placing the responsibility for documentation of satisfactory performance with the resident. \"Performance documentation\" is defined as those parts of an evaluation system combining a cumulative record of patient care experiences with proficiency ratings indicating performance at or above the criteria specified in a program's behavioral objectives.", "contents": "Performance documentation: how to confirm a resident's progress. Family medicine faculty members are accountable for the quality of training and the level of proficiency that residents attain. Determination of board certification and hospital privileges is dependent on technical and affective skills as well as cognitive testing. Self-evaluation and self-education behaviors will result from placing the responsibility for documentation of satisfactory performance with the resident. \"Performance documentation\" is defined as those parts of an evaluation system combining a cumulative record of patient care experiences with proficiency ratings indicating performance at or above the criteria specified in a program's behavioral objectives.", "PMID": 641963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1118", "title": "An ambulatory training model for an obstetrics and gynecology residency program.", "content": "An important educational objective of an obstetric-gynecologic residency program is to provide an ambulatory experience from which residents can develop attitudes and skills that will enable them to provide high-quality comprehensive care to their patients. Often traditional outpatient clinics hold second-class positions in a training program, with surgical or obstetrical procedures being more highly valued experiences. From the patients' point of view many of these clinics are uncomfortable, noisy, and unattractive; and the patients in many instances receive depersonalized, discontinuous care. There is, therefore, a pressing need to implement efficient strategies to meet the increasing community demands for outpatient services while at the same time providing an innovative and effective ambulatory experience for residents. This paper describes how in a cooperative effort between a hospital's Department of Ambulatory Services and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology these educational objectives were successfully integrated with those of continuous and comprehensive patient care.", "contents": "An ambulatory training model for an obstetrics and gynecology residency program. An important educational objective of an obstetric-gynecologic residency program is to provide an ambulatory experience from which residents can develop attitudes and skills that will enable them to provide high-quality comprehensive care to their patients. Often traditional outpatient clinics hold second-class positions in a training program, with surgical or obstetrical procedures being more highly valued experiences. From the patients' point of view many of these clinics are uncomfortable, noisy, and unattractive; and the patients in many instances receive depersonalized, discontinuous care. There is, therefore, a pressing need to implement efficient strategies to meet the increasing community demands for outpatient services while at the same time providing an innovative and effective ambulatory experience for residents. This paper describes how in a cooperative effort between a hospital's Department of Ambulatory Services and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology these educational objectives were successfully integrated with those of continuous and comprehensive patient care.", "PMID": 641964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1119", "title": "Nucleoside transport in mammalian cell membranes. III. Kinetic and chemical modification studies of cytosine-arabinoside and uridine transport in hamster cells in culture.", "content": "Transport of the nucleoside analog cytosine-arabinoside (CAR) in transformed hamster cells in culture has been studied in conditions of minimal metabolic conversion. Uptake (zero-trans in) properties at 20 degrees C over a limited range of CAR concentrations were characterized by a Km of 350 micrometer and a maximal velocity (V) of 780 micrometer.min-1 (V/Km = 2.28 min-1). Equilibrium exhcange at 20 degrees C over a wider range of concentrations was best described by a saturable component with a Km of 500 micrometer and a v of 1230 micrometer.min-1 (V/Km = 2.26 min-1) and either a saturable component of high Km or a nonsaturable component of k = 0.3 min-1. For the saturable component, the v/Km values were similar in both procedures. CAR transport was inhibited by various metabolizable nucleosides. Uptake of some of these nucleosides was inhibited by CAR. CAR transport and uridine uptake were inhibited in a reversible but partially competitive fashion by high affinity probes like S-(p-nitrobenzyl-6-mercaptoinosine (NBMI) (Ki less than 0.5 nM) and in an irreversible fashion by SH reagents such as N-ethylmaleiimide (NEM). The organomercurial p-hydroxymercuribenzene sulfonate (pMBS) markedly stimulated transport of these nucleosides, but also markedly potentiated the inhibitory effects of either NBMI or NEM. The effects are interpreted either in terms of models which invoke allosteric properties or in terms of two transport systems which display distinct chemical susceptibilities to externally added probes.", "contents": "Nucleoside transport in mammalian cell membranes. III. Kinetic and chemical modification studies of cytosine-arabinoside and uridine transport in hamster cells in culture. Transport of the nucleoside analog cytosine-arabinoside (CAR) in transformed hamster cells in culture has been studied in conditions of minimal metabolic conversion. Uptake (zero-trans in) properties at 20 degrees C over a limited range of CAR concentrations were characterized by a Km of 350 micrometer and a maximal velocity (V) of 780 micrometer.min-1 (V/Km = 2.28 min-1). Equilibrium exhcange at 20 degrees C over a wider range of concentrations was best described by a saturable component with a Km of 500 micrometer and a v of 1230 micrometer.min-1 (V/Km = 2.26 min-1) and either a saturable component of high Km or a nonsaturable component of k = 0.3 min-1. For the saturable component, the v/Km values were similar in both procedures. CAR transport was inhibited by various metabolizable nucleosides. Uptake of some of these nucleosides was inhibited by CAR. CAR transport and uridine uptake were inhibited in a reversible but partially competitive fashion by high affinity probes like S-(p-nitrobenzyl-6-mercaptoinosine (NBMI) (Ki less than 0.5 nM) and in an irreversible fashion by SH reagents such as N-ethylmaleiimide (NEM). The organomercurial p-hydroxymercuribenzene sulfonate (pMBS) markedly stimulated transport of these nucleosides, but also markedly potentiated the inhibitory effects of either NBMI or NEM. The effects are interpreted either in terms of models which invoke allosteric properties or in terms of two transport systems which display distinct chemical susceptibilities to externally added probes.", "PMID": 641975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1120", "title": "Intracellular gradients of ion activities in the epithelial cells of the Necturus gallbladder recorded with ion-selective microelectrodes.", "content": "In Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells the intracellular electrical potential, as recorded with microelectrodes, varied from -28 mV in the mucosal end to about -50 mV in the serosal end of the transporting cell. The Na+ activity varied concurrently from about 39 mM to between 8 and 19 mM. Thus, within the cell both the recorded electrical and chemical gradients caused Na+ to move towards the serosal end. Serosal addition of ouabain (5 X 10(-4) M) caused the intracellular Na+ activity to attain electrochemical equilibrium within 30 min. However, the intracellular electrical potential gradient was only slowly affected. In cells from animals stored at 5 degrees C, the Cl- activity varied from about 55 mM in the mucosal end to 28 mM in the serosal end, and the K+ activity from 50 mM to between 95 and 131 mM. Both ions were close to electrochemical equilibrium within the cytoplasm but were too concentrated to be in equilibrium with the mucosal solution. Bubbling CO2 through the mucosal solution caused the intracellular gradients to vanish. When Na+ in the bathing solutions was exchanged for K+, the intracellular electrical potential became roughly constant at about -5 mV. The Cl- activity became constant in 65 mM, and the K+ activity became constant at 109 mM, both close to equilibrium with the mucosal solution. The Na+ activity was reduced to about 1 mM. The ratio of cytoplasmic resistivities between cells bathed in K+-rich saline to cells bathed in Na+-rich saline was measured by means of triple-barreled electrodes and compared to the same ratio as assessed from the activity measurements. The two values were equal only if one assumes the mobility of Na+ inside the cell to be less than 1/10 of the mobility of K+ or Cl-. The same conclusion was reached by comparing the intracellular Na+ flux calculated from the gradient of electrochemical potential to that flux assess from the net solute absorption. Animals kept at 15 degrees C had lower intracellular Na+ activities, higher Cl- and K+ activities, and higher rates of absorption than animals stored at 5 degrees C. Finally, the degree to which the intracellularly recorded electrical and chemical potentials could reflect an electrode artefact is discussed.", "contents": "Intracellular gradients of ion activities in the epithelial cells of the Necturus gallbladder recorded with ion-selective microelectrodes. In Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells the intracellular electrical potential, as recorded with microelectrodes, varied from -28 mV in the mucosal end to about -50 mV in the serosal end of the transporting cell. The Na+ activity varied concurrently from about 39 mM to between 8 and 19 mM. Thus, within the cell both the recorded electrical and chemical gradients caused Na+ to move towards the serosal end. Serosal addition of ouabain (5 X 10(-4) M) caused the intracellular Na+ activity to attain electrochemical equilibrium within 30 min. However, the intracellular electrical potential gradient was only slowly affected. In cells from animals stored at 5 degrees C, the Cl- activity varied from about 55 mM in the mucosal end to 28 mM in the serosal end, and the K+ activity from 50 mM to between 95 and 131 mM. Both ions were close to electrochemical equilibrium within the cytoplasm but were too concentrated to be in equilibrium with the mucosal solution. Bubbling CO2 through the mucosal solution caused the intracellular gradients to vanish. When Na+ in the bathing solutions was exchanged for K+, the intracellular electrical potential became roughly constant at about -5 mV. The Cl- activity became constant in 65 mM, and the K+ activity became constant at 109 mM, both close to equilibrium with the mucosal solution. The Na+ activity was reduced to about 1 mM. The ratio of cytoplasmic resistivities between cells bathed in K+-rich saline to cells bathed in Na+-rich saline was measured by means of triple-barreled electrodes and compared to the same ratio as assessed from the activity measurements. The two values were equal only if one assumes the mobility of Na+ inside the cell to be less than 1/10 of the mobility of K+ or Cl-. The same conclusion was reached by comparing the intracellular Na+ flux calculated from the gradient of electrochemical potential to that flux assess from the net solute absorption. Animals kept at 15 degrees C had lower intracellular Na+ activities, higher Cl- and K+ activities, and higher rates of absorption than animals stored at 5 degrees C. Finally, the degree to which the intracellularly recorded electrical and chemical potentials could reflect an electrode artefact is discussed.", "PMID": 641976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1121", "title": "Morphological factors influencing transepithelial permeability: a model for the resistance of the zonula occludens.", "content": "Epithelial cells are joined at their apical surfaces by zonulae occludentes. Claude and Goodenough (1973) demonstrated a correlation between the structure of the zonula occludens as seen in freeze-fracture preparations and the passive electrical permeability of several simple epithelia. In epithelia with high transepithelial resistance, the zonula occludens consisted of many strands. In epithelia with low transepithelial resistance the zonula occludens was much reduced, sometimes consisting of only one strand. Evidence is reviewed here that indicates that in a number of simple epithelia the structure of the zonula occludens is largely responsible for the magnitude of transepithelial conductance. An equation is derived relating transepithelial junctional resistance to the number of junctional strands: R = RminP-N where R is the transepithelial resistance of the zonula occludens, Rmin is the minimum resistance of the junction (as when there are no strands in the zonula occludens), p is the probability a given strand is \"open\" and n is the number of strands in the junction. Using published experimental values of R and n for different epithelia, the calculated value of p was found to be as high as 0.4, which suggests that the strands in the zonula occludens are remarkably labile. Other morphological parameters relevant to transepithelial permeability are also considered, such as the width and depth of the intercelllar spaces, and the size of the epithelial cells themselves.", "contents": "Morphological factors influencing transepithelial permeability: a model for the resistance of the zonula occludens. Epithelial cells are joined at their apical surfaces by zonulae occludentes. Claude and Goodenough (1973) demonstrated a correlation between the structure of the zonula occludens as seen in freeze-fracture preparations and the passive electrical permeability of several simple epithelia. In epithelia with high transepithelial resistance, the zonula occludens consisted of many strands. In epithelia with low transepithelial resistance the zonula occludens was much reduced, sometimes consisting of only one strand. Evidence is reviewed here that indicates that in a number of simple epithelia the structure of the zonula occludens is largely responsible for the magnitude of transepithelial conductance. An equation is derived relating transepithelial junctional resistance to the number of junctional strands: R = RminP-N where R is the transepithelial resistance of the zonula occludens, Rmin is the minimum resistance of the junction (as when there are no strands in the zonula occludens), p is the probability a given strand is \"open\" and n is the number of strands in the junction. Using published experimental values of R and n for different epithelia, the calculated value of p was found to be as high as 0.4, which suggests that the strands in the zonula occludens are remarkably labile. Other morphological parameters relevant to transepithelial permeability are also considered, such as the width and depth of the intercelllar spaces, and the size of the epithelial cells themselves.", "PMID": 641977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1122", "title": "Interaction between cell sodium and the amiloride-sensitive sodium entry step in rabbit colon.", "content": "Ouabain abolishes the short-circuit current (Isc) and decreases the transepithelial conductance (Gt) of rabbit colon. In contrast, amphotericin B elicits a maximum Isc and markedly increases Gt. However, in both instances the amiloride-sensitive Na entry step is completely blocked, presumably due to an increase in cell Na. Conversely, when Na-depleted tissues are suddenly exposed to 140 mM Na, the amiloride-sensitive Isc and the amiloride-sensitive component  of Gt (alphaGNa) increase abruptly to their maximum values and then decline to steady-state plateaus with a half time of approximately 6 min; throughout the decline (Isc/alphaGNa) = ENa is constant at a value of 95 mV. In the presence of amphotericin B, the Isc abruptly rises to the same maximum but does not decline. These findings indicate that in the presence of 140 mM Na the conductance of the amiloride-sensitive Na entry step can vary from a maximum value of approximately 1.6 mmhos/cm2 when cell Na is depleted, to zero when cell Na is abnormally elevated (e.g., in the presence of ouabain or amphotericin B). Our findings are consistent with a system in which the pathway responsible for transcellular Na transport parallels another cellular compartment with which it communicates. The Na capacity of the active transport pathway appears to be very small so that this compartment fills rapidly after exposure of Na-depleted cells to 140 mM Na, and active transepithelial Na transport is initiated and reaches steady-state levels quickly. The Na capacity of the second compartment is much larger; the Na content of this compartment appears to be responsible for the negative feedback effect on the permeability of the amiloride-sensitive entry step.", "contents": "Interaction between cell sodium and the amiloride-sensitive sodium entry step in rabbit colon. Ouabain abolishes the short-circuit current (Isc) and decreases the transepithelial conductance (Gt) of rabbit colon. In contrast, amphotericin B elicits a maximum Isc and markedly increases Gt. However, in both instances the amiloride-sensitive Na entry step is completely blocked, presumably due to an increase in cell Na. Conversely, when Na-depleted tissues are suddenly exposed to 140 mM Na, the amiloride-sensitive Isc and the amiloride-sensitive component  of Gt (alphaGNa) increase abruptly to their maximum values and then decline to steady-state plateaus with a half time of approximately 6 min; throughout the decline (Isc/alphaGNa) = ENa is constant at a value of 95 mV. In the presence of amphotericin B, the Isc abruptly rises to the same maximum but does not decline. These findings indicate that in the presence of 140 mM Na the conductance of the amiloride-sensitive Na entry step can vary from a maximum value of approximately 1.6 mmhos/cm2 when cell Na is depleted, to zero when cell Na is abnormally elevated (e.g., in the presence of ouabain or amphotericin B). Our findings are consistent with a system in which the pathway responsible for transcellular Na transport parallels another cellular compartment with which it communicates. The Na capacity of the active transport pathway appears to be very small so that this compartment fills rapidly after exposure of Na-depleted cells to 140 mM Na, and active transepithelial Na transport is initiated and reaches steady-state levels quickly. The Na capacity of the second compartment is much larger; the Na content of this compartment appears to be responsible for the negative feedback effect on the permeability of the amiloride-sensitive entry step.", "PMID": 641978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1123", "title": "Cyanine dye structural and voltage-induced variations in photo-voltages of bilayer membranes.", "content": "Flash illumination alters the voltage across bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of certain cyanine dyes. The waveforms of the photo-voltage vary systematically with dye structure and imposed transmembrane voltage. Experimental results are reported for 27 positively charged cyanine dyes, primarily oxazole derivatives, using lecithin/oxidized cholesterol bilayer membranes and 10-mM sodium chloride solutions. Several dyes do not induce any photo-voltages. Examples are 3,3' diethyl 9 ethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, 3,3' diethyl 2 oxa 2\" thiacyanine iodide, and 3,3' dimethyl 2,2' indocarbocyanine iodide. Several dyes, when added to one side of the membranes, induce monophasic waveforms. Examples are 3,3' dimethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine chloride, and 3,4,3',4' tetramethyl 2,2' oxazalinocarbocyanine iodide. Other dyes induce a photo-voltage only if transmembrane voltages are imposed. These waveforms are biphasic with some dyes (3,3' diethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, for example) and monophasic with other dyes (3,3' dibutyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, for example). The photo-voltage waveforms are explained by models that consider the movement of charged dye molecules within the membrane, following optical excitation. The dye movements are probably induced through charge rearrangements in the dye associated with long-lived triplet states, isomerization, or through excimer formation. These results provide information on the location and orientation of the dye molecules within bilayer membranes. The variations which occur in the waveforms with applied voltage indicate that these membranes are fluid in the direction perpendicular to the membrane plane.", "contents": "Cyanine dye structural and voltage-induced variations in photo-voltages of bilayer membranes. Flash illumination alters the voltage across bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of certain cyanine dyes. The waveforms of the photo-voltage vary systematically with dye structure and imposed transmembrane voltage. Experimental results are reported for 27 positively charged cyanine dyes, primarily oxazole derivatives, using lecithin/oxidized cholesterol bilayer membranes and 10-mM sodium chloride solutions. Several dyes do not induce any photo-voltages. Examples are 3,3' diethyl 9 ethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, 3,3' diethyl 2 oxa 2\" thiacyanine iodide, and 3,3' dimethyl 2,2' indocarbocyanine iodide. Several dyes, when added to one side of the membranes, induce monophasic waveforms. Examples are 3,3' dimethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine chloride, and 3,4,3',4' tetramethyl 2,2' oxazalinocarbocyanine iodide. Other dyes induce a photo-voltage only if transmembrane voltages are imposed. These waveforms are biphasic with some dyes (3,3' diethyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, for example) and monophasic with other dyes (3,3' dibutyl 2,2' oxacarbocyanine iodide, for example). The photo-voltage waveforms are explained by models that consider the movement of charged dye molecules within the membrane, following optical excitation. The dye movements are probably induced through charge rearrangements in the dye associated with long-lived triplet states, isomerization, or through excimer formation. These results provide information on the location and orientation of the dye molecules within bilayer membranes. The variations which occur in the waveforms with applied voltage indicate that these membranes are fluid in the direction perpendicular to the membrane plane.", "PMID": 641979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1124", "title": "Membrane potential and resistance changes induced in salivary gland acinar cells by microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine and adrenergic agonists.", "content": "The effects of microiontophoretic applications of catecholamines and acetylcholine on parotid acinar cell membrane potential and resistance were investigated using intracellular microelectrode recording in superfused segments of mouse parotid or rat submandibular glands. Short pulses of acetylcholine and alpha-adrenergic agonists had similar effects, consisting of a marked decrease in membrane resistance accompanied by an initial depolization or hyperpolarization depending on the level of the resting membrane potential. This initial response was followed by a slow hyperpolarization occurring at a time when the resistance was increasing towards the prestimulation level. The equilibrium potential for the initial potential change caused by excitation of the cholinergic receptors was investigated directly by setting the membrane potential at different levels by injecting direct current and stimulating the same cell repeatedly with equal doses of acetylcholine. The equilibrium potential was found to be about -55 mV. The delayed hyperpolarization could not be reversed by passing hyperpolarizing current, but actually increased in size with higher membrane potentials. The minimum latency of the effect of acetylcholine or alpha-adrenergic agonists was 200-500 msec. Excitation of beta-adrenoceptors caused, after a long latency of several seconds, a small depolarization. Epinephrine induced a combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic response, with the alpha-component predominating. Blocking the alpha-adrenoceptors with phentolamine revealed the beta-adrenergic depolarization, while blocking the beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol caused the components of the alpha-adrenergic response to become more pronounced. All three receptors (alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and cholinergic receptors) were present in individual acini.", "contents": "Membrane potential and resistance changes induced in salivary gland acinar cells by microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine and adrenergic agonists. The effects of microiontophoretic applications of catecholamines and acetylcholine on parotid acinar cell membrane potential and resistance were investigated using intracellular microelectrode recording in superfused segments of mouse parotid or rat submandibular glands. Short pulses of acetylcholine and alpha-adrenergic agonists had similar effects, consisting of a marked decrease in membrane resistance accompanied by an initial depolization or hyperpolarization depending on the level of the resting membrane potential. This initial response was followed by a slow hyperpolarization occurring at a time when the resistance was increasing towards the prestimulation level. The equilibrium potential for the initial potential change caused by excitation of the cholinergic receptors was investigated directly by setting the membrane potential at different levels by injecting direct current and stimulating the same cell repeatedly with equal doses of acetylcholine. The equilibrium potential was found to be about -55 mV. The delayed hyperpolarization could not be reversed by passing hyperpolarizing current, but actually increased in size with higher membrane potentials. The minimum latency of the effect of acetylcholine or alpha-adrenergic agonists was 200-500 msec. Excitation of beta-adrenoceptors caused, after a long latency of several seconds, a small depolarization. Epinephrine induced a combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic response, with the alpha-component predominating. Blocking the alpha-adrenoceptors with phentolamine revealed the beta-adrenergic depolarization, while blocking the beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol caused the components of the alpha-adrenergic response to become more pronounced. All three receptors (alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and cholinergic receptors) were present in individual acini.", "PMID": 641980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1125", "title": "Electron microprobe analysis of frog skin epithelium: evidence for a syncytial sodium transport compartment.", "content": "For elucidation of the functional organization of frog skin epithelium with regard to transepithelial Na transport, electrolyte concentrations in individual epithelial cells were determined by electron microprobe analysis. The measurements were performed on 1-micron thick freeze-dried cryosections by an energy-dispersive X-ray detecting system. Quantification of the electrolyte concentrations was achieved by comparing the X-ray intensities obtained in the cells with those of an internal albumin standard. The granular, spiny, and germinal cells, which constitute the various layers of the epithelium, showed an identical behavior of their Na and K concentrations under all experimental conditions. In the control, both sides of the skin bathed in frog Ringer's solution, the mean cellular concentrations (in mmole/kg wet wt) were 9 for Na and 118 for K. Almost no change in the cellular Na occurred when the inside bathing solution was replaced by a Na-free isotonic Ringer's solution, whereas replacing the outside solution by distilled water resulted in a decrease of Na to almost zero in all layers. Inhibition of the transepithelial Na transport by ouabain (10(-4) M) produced in increase in Na to 109 and a decrease in K to 16. The effect of ouabain on the cellular Na and K concentrations was completely cancelled when the Na influx from the outside was prevented, either by removing Na or adding amiloride (10(-4) M). When, after the action of ouabain, Na was removed from the outside bathing solution, the Na and K concentration in all layers returned to control values. The latter effect could be abolished by amiloride. The other cell types of the epithelium showed under some experimental conditions a different behavior. In the cornified cells and the light cells, which occurred occasionally in the stratum granulosum, the electrolyte concentrations approximated those of the outer bathing medium under all experimental conditions. In the mitochondria-rich cells, the Na influx after ouabain could not be prevented by adding amiloride. In the gland cells, only a small change in the Na and K concentrations could be detected after ouabain. The results of the present study are consistent with a two-barrier concept of transepithelial Na transport. The Na transport compartment comprises all living epithelial layers. Therefore, with the exception of some epithelial cell types, the from skin epithelium can be regarded as a functional syncytium for Na.", "contents": "Electron microprobe analysis of frog skin epithelium: evidence for a syncytial sodium transport compartment. For elucidation of the functional organization of frog skin epithelium with regard to transepithelial Na transport, electrolyte concentrations in individual epithelial cells were determined by electron microprobe analysis. The measurements were performed on 1-micron thick freeze-dried cryosections by an energy-dispersive X-ray detecting system. Quantification of the electrolyte concentrations was achieved by comparing the X-ray intensities obtained in the cells with those of an internal albumin standard. The granular, spiny, and germinal cells, which constitute the various layers of the epithelium, showed an identical behavior of their Na and K concentrations under all experimental conditions. In the control, both sides of the skin bathed in frog Ringer's solution, the mean cellular concentrations (in mmole/kg wet wt) were 9 for Na and 118 for K. Almost no change in the cellular Na occurred when the inside bathing solution was replaced by a Na-free isotonic Ringer's solution, whereas replacing the outside solution by distilled water resulted in a decrease of Na to almost zero in all layers. Inhibition of the transepithelial Na transport by ouabain (10(-4) M) produced in increase in Na to 109 and a decrease in K to 16. The effect of ouabain on the cellular Na and K concentrations was completely cancelled when the Na influx from the outside was prevented, either by removing Na or adding amiloride (10(-4) M). When, after the action of ouabain, Na was removed from the outside bathing solution, the Na and K concentration in all layers returned to control values. The latter effect could be abolished by amiloride. The other cell types of the epithelium showed under some experimental conditions a different behavior. In the cornified cells and the light cells, which occurred occasionally in the stratum granulosum, the electrolyte concentrations approximated those of the outer bathing medium under all experimental conditions. In the mitochondria-rich cells, the Na influx after ouabain could not be prevented by adding amiloride. In the gland cells, only a small change in the Na and K concentrations could be detected after ouabain. The results of the present study are consistent with a two-barrier concept of transepithelial Na transport. The Na transport compartment comprises all living epithelial layers. Therefore, with the exception of some epithelial cell types, the from skin epithelium can be regarded as a functional syncytium for Na.", "PMID": 641981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1126", "title": "The use of low temperature X-ray diffraction to evaluate freezing methods used in freeze-fracture electron microscopy.", "content": "Two methods of freezing samples for freeze-fracture electron microscopy have been compared using X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture results from lipid-water model systems. Perturbations of the molecular organization of hydrocarbon chains and the extent of ice crystal formation have been evaluated for lamellar phases of egg lecithin containing 16% water and egg lecithin-phosphatidylinositol containing 55% water, both freeze quenched in liquid Freon-22 near its melting temperature (113 K). Very thin samples sandwiched between copper sheets separated by an electron microscope grid show much less freezing induced structural rearrangement than small smaples contained on conventional Balzers-type gold planchettes. These results show that the rate of freezing in the very thin preparations is greater than in the conventional ones, which is probably due in part to the improved dissipation of heat from a poorly conductive sample through highly conductive copper sheets.", "contents": "The use of low temperature X-ray diffraction to evaluate freezing methods used in freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Two methods of freezing samples for freeze-fracture electron microscopy have been compared using X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture results from lipid-water model systems. Perturbations of the molecular organization of hydrocarbon chains and the extent of ice crystal formation have been evaluated for lamellar phases of egg lecithin containing 16% water and egg lecithin-phosphatidylinositol containing 55% water, both freeze quenched in liquid Freon-22 near its melting temperature (113 K). Very thin samples sandwiched between copper sheets separated by an electron microscope grid show much less freezing induced structural rearrangement than small smaples contained on conventional Balzers-type gold planchettes. These results show that the rate of freezing in the very thin preparations is greater than in the conventional ones, which is probably due in part to the improved dissipation of heat from a poorly conductive sample through highly conductive copper sheets.", "PMID": 641982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1127", "title": "Structure determination of frozen, hydrated, crystalline biological specimens.", "content": "Low temperature transmission electron microscopy can be used to study the structure of biological materials in the hydrated state. Spatial averaging techniques are necessary to overcome the radiation damage problems, and for this reason the techniques described are most applicable to crystalline objects. However, with thin, crystalline biological specimens there are no difficulties with preserving periodicity during the freezing process. Improved specimen preparation methods are described which achieve the production of very thin aqueous films with the hydrated specimen embedded in them. Defocused bright field images of frozen, hydrated protein crystals possess a surprisingly high contrast, presumably due to the difference in density of the protein and the aqueous phase. The techniques described have been used to study the crystal structure of hydrated catalase and the outermost cell wall of Spirillum serpens.", "contents": "Structure determination of frozen, hydrated, crystalline biological specimens. Low temperature transmission electron microscopy can be used to study the structure of biological materials in the hydrated state. Spatial averaging techniques are necessary to overcome the radiation damage problems, and for this reason the techniques described are most applicable to crystalline objects. However, with thin, crystalline biological specimens there are no difficulties with preserving periodicity during the freezing process. Improved specimen preparation methods are described which achieve the production of very thin aqueous films with the hydrated specimen embedded in them. Defocused bright field images of frozen, hydrated protein crystals possess a surprisingly high contrast, presumably due to the difference in density of the protein and the aqueous phase. The techniques described have been used to study the crystal structure of hydrated catalase and the outermost cell wall of Spirillum serpens.", "PMID": 641983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1128", "title": "The direct measurement of temperature changes within freeze-fracture specimens during rapid quenching in liquid coolants.", "content": "We have evaluated the cooling rates of specimens mounted in a variety of freeze-fracture holders when plunged into a series of liquid coolants. these rates were measured using miniature thermocouples placed within the mounted specimens. The most rapid cooling rates were obtained using propane at 83 K as the coolant. When mounted on a newly devised 'copper sandwich' holder, specimen cooling rates in excess of 4500 K/s have been recorded. A simple guillotine-like device for quenching freeze-fracture specimens under reproducible conditions is presented.", "contents": "The direct measurement of temperature changes within freeze-fracture specimens during rapid quenching in liquid coolants. We have evaluated the cooling rates of specimens mounted in a variety of freeze-fracture holders when plunged into a series of liquid coolants. these rates were measured using miniature thermocouples placed within the mounted specimens. The most rapid cooling rates were obtained using propane at 83 K as the coolant. When mounted on a newly devised 'copper sandwich' holder, specimen cooling rates in excess of 4500 K/s have been recorded. A simple guillotine-like device for quenching freeze-fracture specimens under reproducible conditions is presented.", "PMID": 641984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1129", "title": "Stabilizing ultrathin cryo-sections by freeze-drying.", "content": "Cryo-sectioning of specimens with high water content often proves to be especially difficult, as the sections of freeze-shocked samples with their minimal thermal capacity warm up easily. The resultant recrystallization of the included water causes considerable damage in the structure of the frozen specimens. The method described in this paper enables cryo-sections to be transferred from the microtome to a precooled high vacuum plant without contamination and at a temperature below the recrystallization point of ice. In this device the cold sections can be stabilized by freeze-drying, sandwiching or electron-bombardment for subsequent observation in the transmission electron microscope.", "contents": "Stabilizing ultrathin cryo-sections by freeze-drying. Cryo-sectioning of specimens with high water content often proves to be especially difficult, as the sections of freeze-shocked samples with their minimal thermal capacity warm up easily. The resultant recrystallization of the included water causes considerable damage in the structure of the frozen specimens. The method described in this paper enables cryo-sections to be transferred from the microtome to a precooled high vacuum plant without contamination and at a temperature below the recrystallization point of ice. In this device the cold sections can be stabilized by freeze-drying, sandwiching or electron-bombardment for subsequent observation in the transmission electron microscope.", "PMID": 641985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1130", "title": "Instrumentation and specimen preparation for electron beam X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated bulk specimens.", "content": "A cooling chain for the handling of frozen hydrated bulk specimens is described. Use of this method permits the specimen to be kept fully hydrated. After quench freezing, the specimen is transferred to a freeze etch apparatus, freeze fractured, carbon coated and transferred onto the precooled cold stage of the SEM by means of an airlock. The specimen is examined in the secondary electron mode and analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The midgut of Chironomus thummi larvae and frog skin epithelium were used to test the performance.", "contents": "Instrumentation and specimen preparation for electron beam X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated bulk specimens. A cooling chain for the handling of frozen hydrated bulk specimens is described. Use of this method permits the specimen to be kept fully hydrated. After quench freezing, the specimen is transferred to a freeze etch apparatus, freeze fractured, carbon coated and transferred onto the precooled cold stage of the SEM by means of an airlock. The specimen is examined in the secondary electron mode and analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The midgut of Chironomus thummi larvae and frog skin epithelium were used to test the performance.", "PMID": 641986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1131", "title": "Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of diffusible ions in the skeletal muscle bulk specimen.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to obtain information about the distribution and mobility of electrolyte ions in the skeletal muscle tissue. In order to localize the diffusible ions in their physiological state, so far as possible, any chemical fixative is avoided. A special 'cooling chain' preparation method is applied which enables studies on cryofractured bulk specimens at low temperatures. Quantitation of the obtained X-ray spectra is done by the use of glycerol-treated tissue specimens which are incubated with electrolyte solutions of defined ion concentration.", "contents": "Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of diffusible ions in the skeletal muscle bulk specimen. X-ray microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to obtain information about the distribution and mobility of electrolyte ions in the skeletal muscle tissue. In order to localize the diffusible ions in their physiological state, so far as possible, any chemical fixative is avoided. A special 'cooling chain' preparation method is applied which enables studies on cryofractured bulk specimens at low temperatures. Quantitation of the obtained X-ray spectra is done by the use of glycerol-treated tissue specimens which are incubated with electrolyte solutions of defined ion concentration.", "PMID": 641987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1132", "title": "Preparation of biological material for X-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements. II. Comparison of different methods of drying ultrathin cryosections cut without a trough liquid.", "content": "The appearance of ultrathin, dry-cut cryosections of brown adipose tissue and liver was found to be strongly dependent upon adequate freeze-drying. If freeze-drying was inadequate, diffusion of substances could be demonstrated and freezing damage was not apparent. Diffusion was manifested as an electron dense film over structural features such as triglyceride droplet profiles and the edges of the section; when this film was thick, X-ray signals for P, S, Cl, K and Ca could be detected from it, in different proportions to those found in the section. The frequency and intensity of diffusion were lowered by decreasing the temperature in the cryochamber from about 200 K +/- 5 K to 163 K +/- 5 K by forced evaporation of liquid N2 using an extra heater. The lowest incidence of diffusion was obtained in conjunction with this device, by leaving the sections in the cryochamber for at least 2 h during drying, either over a drying agent or under moderate vacuum. Such sections showed a narrow zone (A) at the edge that lacked obvious ice-crystal damage, a thicker zone (B) of moderate ice-crystal damage and the bulk of the interior (zone C) severely damaged by freezing. Qualitatively different, reproducible X-ray spectra could be obtained from ultrastructural features even in areas showing some signs of diffusion.", "contents": "Preparation of biological material for X-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements. II. Comparison of different methods of drying ultrathin cryosections cut without a trough liquid. The appearance of ultrathin, dry-cut cryosections of brown adipose tissue and liver was found to be strongly dependent upon adequate freeze-drying. If freeze-drying was inadequate, diffusion of substances could be demonstrated and freezing damage was not apparent. Diffusion was manifested as an electron dense film over structural features such as triglyceride droplet profiles and the edges of the section; when this film was thick, X-ray signals for P, S, Cl, K and Ca could be detected from it, in different proportions to those found in the section. The frequency and intensity of diffusion were lowered by decreasing the temperature in the cryochamber from about 200 K +/- 5 K to 163 K +/- 5 K by forced evaporation of liquid N2 using an extra heater. The lowest incidence of diffusion was obtained in conjunction with this device, by leaving the sections in the cryochamber for at least 2 h during drying, either over a drying agent or under moderate vacuum. Such sections showed a narrow zone (A) at the edge that lacked obvious ice-crystal damage, a thicker zone (B) of moderate ice-crystal damage and the bulk of the interior (zone C) severely damaged by freezing. Qualitatively different, reproducible X-ray spectra could be obtained from ultrastructural features even in areas showing some signs of diffusion.", "PMID": 641988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1133", "title": "Holographic microscopy of glycerination of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "The process of glycerination of Amoeba proteus was observed under the holographic microscope with coherent noise elimination. It was found that during glycerination redistribution of cell material occurs, and is accompanied by reversible deformation of the cell cortex. The r\u00f4le of the cortex in shape maintenance in glycerinated models was demonstrated.", "contents": "Holographic microscopy of glycerination of Amoeba proteus. The process of glycerination of Amoeba proteus was observed under the holographic microscope with coherent noise elimination. It was found that during glycerination redistribution of cell material occurs, and is accompanied by reversible deformation of the cell cortex. The r\u00f4le of the cortex in shape maintenance in glycerinated models was demonstrated.", "PMID": 641989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1134", "title": "Direct deposition autoradiography: can it really be detecting radioactivity?", "content": "The literature concerning the 'direct deposition method' of electron microscope autoradiography has been examined and certain calculations made. Studies have been made on the interaction of gold chloride with protein films, tissue sections and ultrathin sections. It is concluded that in its present form the direct deposition method does not offer an autoradiographic approach of practical value.", "contents": "Direct deposition autoradiography: can it really be detecting radioactivity? The literature concerning the 'direct deposition method' of electron microscope autoradiography has been examined and certain calculations made. Studies have been made on the interaction of gold chloride with protein films, tissue sections and ultrathin sections. It is concluded that in its present form the direct deposition method does not offer an autoradiographic approach of practical value.", "PMID": 641990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1135", "title": "An electron microscopic study on the type I pneumocyte in the cat: pre-natal morphogenesis.", "content": "This investigation describes the pre-natal morphogenesis of the type I pneumocyte subsequent to its differentiation from pulmonary epithelium. Cells lining subpleural alveolar septa were photographed from serial sections with the electron microscope, and a three-dimensional representation of each cell was obtained by transferring the contours of the cell membranes from montages to transparent plastic sheets which were then spaced to scale and stacked. The results of this study indicate that: The nascent blood-air barrier of a 50-day reconstructed cell was twice as thick as the average definitive barrier; definitive barrier thickness was observed in some areas in a 63-day reconstructed cell; the amorphous component of elastic tissue which appears peripherally in septal connective tissue during pre-natal morphogenesis may be directly juxtaposed to the basal lamina of the alveolar epithelium; the orientation of the cell junction between a pneumocyte and its neighboring cells, as observed in sections of alveolar septa, changes as the contour of the pneumocyte changes from simple abutment to overlapping patterns.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study on the type I pneumocyte in the cat: pre-natal morphogenesis. This investigation describes the pre-natal morphogenesis of the type I pneumocyte subsequent to its differentiation from pulmonary epithelium. Cells lining subpleural alveolar septa were photographed from serial sections with the electron microscope, and a three-dimensional representation of each cell was obtained by transferring the contours of the cell membranes from montages to transparent plastic sheets which were then spaced to scale and stacked. The results of this study indicate that: The nascent blood-air barrier of a 50-day reconstructed cell was twice as thick as the average definitive barrier; definitive barrier thickness was observed in some areas in a 63-day reconstructed cell; the amorphous component of elastic tissue which appears peripherally in septal connective tissue during pre-natal morphogenesis may be directly juxtaposed to the basal lamina of the alveolar epithelium; the orientation of the cell junction between a pneumocyte and its neighboring cells, as observed in sections of alveolar septa, changes as the contour of the pneumocyte changes from simple abutment to overlapping patterns.", "PMID": 642014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1136", "title": "Oocyte development in the mouse: an ultrastructural comparison of oocytes isolated at various stages of growth and meiotic competence.", "content": "An ultrastructural comparison of mouse oocytes isolated at various stages of growth and meiotic competence has been carried out. Progressive changes in the nucleoli, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and other organelles and inclusions of the oocyte have been examined as a function of oocyte size by transmission electron microscopy. The observations presented support the idea that growth of the mammalian oocyte involves not just tremendous enlargement of the cell, but extensive alterations in its overall metabolism as reflected in the ultrastructure of the oocyte at various stages of growth.", "contents": "Oocyte development in the mouse: an ultrastructural comparison of oocytes isolated at various stages of growth and meiotic competence. An ultrastructural comparison of mouse oocytes isolated at various stages of growth and meiotic competence has been carried out. Progressive changes in the nucleoli, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and other organelles and inclusions of the oocyte have been examined as a function of oocyte size by transmission electron microscopy. The observations presented support the idea that growth of the mammalian oocyte involves not just tremendous enlargement of the cell, but extensive alterations in its overall metabolism as reflected in the ultrastructure of the oocyte at various stages of growth.", "PMID": 642015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1137", "title": "Functional analysis of the shoulder girdle of cats during locomotion.", "content": "The movements of the shoulder girdle of eight adult cats during overground stepping were studied, using standard slow motion cinematographic techniques. The patterns of activity of shoulder muscles were examined, using simultaneous intramuscular electromyography. Walking, trotting and galloping steps were analyzed from digitized single motion picture frame images. Angular movements of the shoulder girdle consist of biphasic flexion and extension of the shoulder joint and a monophasic flexion-extension alternation of the scapula on the thorax during each step cycle. In addition, the center of the scapula moves craniad during the swing phase and caudad during the stance phase with respect to a fixed reference point on the animal. Similar vertical movements of the center of the scapula also occur in each step cycle. Results of EMG studies of the 17 muscles capable of acting on the shoulder girdle indicate that three overall patterns of activity are found: (1) a pattern typical of extensor muscles, active during all the extension epochs; (2) a pattern typical of flexor muscles, active during the flexion epoch; and (3) a biphasic pattern of activity, active twice in each step. There data are used, along with a re-examination of previous models of the mechanics of the shoulder girdle of carnivores to examine the function and mechanics of shoulder motion. It is concluded that the rotary and translatory movements of the shoulder girdle during stepping combine to enhance step length.", "contents": "Functional analysis of the shoulder girdle of cats during locomotion. The movements of the shoulder girdle of eight adult cats during overground stepping were studied, using standard slow motion cinematographic techniques. The patterns of activity of shoulder muscles were examined, using simultaneous intramuscular electromyography. Walking, trotting and galloping steps were analyzed from digitized single motion picture frame images. Angular movements of the shoulder girdle consist of biphasic flexion and extension of the shoulder joint and a monophasic flexion-extension alternation of the scapula on the thorax during each step cycle. In addition, the center of the scapula moves craniad during the swing phase and caudad during the stance phase with respect to a fixed reference point on the animal. Similar vertical movements of the center of the scapula also occur in each step cycle. Results of EMG studies of the 17 muscles capable of acting on the shoulder girdle indicate that three overall patterns of activity are found: (1) a pattern typical of extensor muscles, active during all the extension epochs; (2) a pattern typical of flexor muscles, active during the flexion epoch; and (3) a biphasic pattern of activity, active twice in each step. There data are used, along with a re-examination of previous models of the mechanics of the shoulder girdle of carnivores to examine the function and mechanics of shoulder motion. It is concluded that the rotary and translatory movements of the shoulder girdle during stepping combine to enhance step length.", "PMID": 642016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1138", "title": "Comparison of the densities of clonogenic cells from EMT6 fibrosarcoma monolayer cultures, multicell spheroids, and solid tumors in ficoll density gradients.", "content": "The densities of viable EMT6 cells grown in vitro as monolayer exponential and plateau-phase cells or as multicell spheroids or in vivo as a solid tumor in BALB/c mice were determined with the use of isopyknic centrifugation in linear Ficoll gradients. Exponential cells banded at a density of 1.069 g/ml, whereas plateau-phase cells appeared at 1.073 g/ml. Cells grown as spheroids were more dense than the monolayer cells and were recovered mainly at 1.081. Solid-tumor cells, separated under the same conditions, banded at 1.080. Narrowing the range of the Ficoll gradient failed to resolve more than one band of cells in the solid-tumor separation. This provides evidence that the density of cells obtained from the spheroids is greater than that of the monolayer cells but agrees well with the density of the solid-tumor cells. Ficoll was demonstrated to be nontoxic to the cells, and plating efficiency assays showed similar cell viabilities between noncentrifuged and centrifuged cells. The plating efficiency of the peak fraction of exponential cells after centrifugation was 68%, and that of plateau-phase cells was 50%. Corresponding figures for the multicell spheroid and solid-tumor cells were 62 and 28%, respectively. The recovery of cells after centrifugation in the Ficoll gradients ranged from 62 to 83%. The effects of cell load and centrifugation time on the density distributions of the EMT6 cells were also investigated.", "contents": "Comparison of the densities of clonogenic cells from EMT6 fibrosarcoma monolayer cultures, multicell spheroids, and solid tumors in ficoll density gradients. The densities of viable EMT6 cells grown in vitro as monolayer exponential and plateau-phase cells or as multicell spheroids or in vivo as a solid tumor in BALB/c mice were determined with the use of isopyknic centrifugation in linear Ficoll gradients. Exponential cells banded at a density of 1.069 g/ml, whereas plateau-phase cells appeared at 1.073 g/ml. Cells grown as spheroids were more dense than the monolayer cells and were recovered mainly at 1.081. Solid-tumor cells, separated under the same conditions, banded at 1.080. Narrowing the range of the Ficoll gradient failed to resolve more than one band of cells in the solid-tumor separation. This provides evidence that the density of cells obtained from the spheroids is greater than that of the monolayer cells but agrees well with the density of the solid-tumor cells. Ficoll was demonstrated to be nontoxic to the cells, and plating efficiency assays showed similar cell viabilities between noncentrifuged and centrifuged cells. The plating efficiency of the peak fraction of exponential cells after centrifugation was 68%, and that of plateau-phase cells was 50%. Corresponding figures for the multicell spheroid and solid-tumor cells were 62 and 28%, respectively. The recovery of cells after centrifugation in the Ficoll gradients ranged from 62 to 83%. The effects of cell load and centrifugation time on the density distributions of the EMT6 cells were also investigated.", "PMID": 642023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1139", "title": "Effect of lucanthone hydrochloride on the radiation response of intestine and bone marrow of the Chinese hamster.", "content": "A sublethal dose of 100 mg lucanthone hydrochioride/kg (Miracil D, Nilodin; NSC-14574) administered ip into Chinese hamsters [median lethal dose for 30-day survival (LD50/30) of 315 mg/kg] reduced the radiation tolerance of the small intestine and had little or no effect on the radiation tolerance of the bone marrow. Lucanthone hydrochloride was administered at various times before and after whole-body 60Co gamma-irradiation. The median lethal dose for 7-day survival (LD50/7), indicative of death from gastrointestinal epithelial denudation, was reduced from 1,235 rads to minimum values of 995 rads or 985 rads by lucanthone hydrochloride inoculation 10 hours before irradiation or 7.5 hours post irradiation, respectively. The LD50/30, indicative of death from bone marrow stem cell depletion, remained unaltered at approximately 990 rads over the entire treatment scheme, which indicated that the radioresponsiveness of bone marrow stem cells was unaffected by lucanthone hydrochloride. The lucanthone hydrochloride effect was reversible in that control values of LD50/7 were attained by 40 hours post inoculation. Serum concentration of lucanthone hydrochloride in the Chinese hamster, determined spectrophotometrically, reached a peak of 8 microgram/ml by 1.5 hours post inoculation and then decreased exponentially with a half-life of approximately 6 hours, so that by 30 hours post inoculation it was unmeasurable.", "contents": "Effect of lucanthone hydrochloride on the radiation response of intestine and bone marrow of the Chinese hamster. A sublethal dose of 100 mg lucanthone hydrochioride/kg (Miracil D, Nilodin; NSC-14574) administered ip into Chinese hamsters [median lethal dose for 30-day survival (LD50/30) of 315 mg/kg] reduced the radiation tolerance of the small intestine and had little or no effect on the radiation tolerance of the bone marrow. Lucanthone hydrochloride was administered at various times before and after whole-body 60Co gamma-irradiation. The median lethal dose for 7-day survival (LD50/7), indicative of death from gastrointestinal epithelial denudation, was reduced from 1,235 rads to minimum values of 995 rads or 985 rads by lucanthone hydrochloride inoculation 10 hours before irradiation or 7.5 hours post irradiation, respectively. The LD50/30, indicative of death from bone marrow stem cell depletion, remained unaltered at approximately 990 rads over the entire treatment scheme, which indicated that the radioresponsiveness of bone marrow stem cells was unaffected by lucanthone hydrochloride. The lucanthone hydrochloride effect was reversible in that control values of LD50/7 were attained by 40 hours post inoculation. Serum concentration of lucanthone hydrochloride in the Chinese hamster, determined spectrophotometrically, reached a peak of 8 microgram/ml by 1.5 hours post inoculation and then decreased exponentially with a half-life of approximately 6 hours, so that by 30 hours post inoculation it was unmeasurable.", "PMID": 642024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1140", "title": "Biochemical parameters of resistance of an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia to emetine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis.", "content": "The effects of emetine on protein and DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo were compared in P388 leukemia cells (P388/S) and in an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia (P388/ADR), which was completely cross-resistant in vivo to emetine. In P388/ADR cells in vitro no apparent resistance to emetine was found; no difference in cytotoxicity was evident in P388/S or P388/ADR cells exposed to emetine in vitro for 1 or 6 hours. Protein and DNA synthesis was inhibited to a similar extent in P388/S and P388/ADR cells at equivalent concentrations of the drug. However, inhibition of protein synthesis by emetine in P388/ADR cells was more reversible than in P388/S cells when the cells were exposed to emetine and subsequently incubated in drug-free medium for 1 hour prior to addition of labeled L-leucine. Differences between P388/S and P388/ADR cells were evident in vivo. The duration of inhibition (greater than 90%) of protein and DNA synthesis in P388/ADR cells was about 8 hours compared to 24 hours in P388/S cells following administration of a therapeutic dose of 25 mg emetine/kg to tumor-bearing mice. The level of radioactivity in the P388/ADR cells 24 hours after in vivo administration of the emetine analog, (+/-)-[3'-14C]2,3-dehydroemetine, was only 26% of that in P388/S cells. This evidence suggests that the resistance of P388/ADR to emetine is due to decreased retention of the drug.", "contents": "Biochemical parameters of resistance of an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia to emetine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. The effects of emetine on protein and DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo were compared in P388 leukemia cells (P388/S) and in an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia (P388/ADR), which was completely cross-resistant in vivo to emetine. In P388/ADR cells in vitro no apparent resistance to emetine was found; no difference in cytotoxicity was evident in P388/S or P388/ADR cells exposed to emetine in vitro for 1 or 6 hours. Protein and DNA synthesis was inhibited to a similar extent in P388/S and P388/ADR cells at equivalent concentrations of the drug. However, inhibition of protein synthesis by emetine in P388/ADR cells was more reversible than in P388/S cells when the cells were exposed to emetine and subsequently incubated in drug-free medium for 1 hour prior to addition of labeled L-leucine. Differences between P388/S and P388/ADR cells were evident in vivo. The duration of inhibition (greater than 90%) of protein and DNA synthesis in P388/ADR cells was about 8 hours compared to 24 hours in P388/S cells following administration of a therapeutic dose of 25 mg emetine/kg to tumor-bearing mice. The level of radioactivity in the P388/ADR cells 24 hours after in vivo administration of the emetine analog, (+/-)-[3'-14C]2,3-dehydroemetine, was only 26% of that in P388/S cells. This evidence suggests that the resistance of P388/ADR to emetine is due to decreased retention of the drug.", "PMID": 642026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1141", "title": "Effect of phospholipids on maintenance of the cytotoxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea in aqueous suspension.", "content": "Although the chemotherapeutic agent 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is highly unstable in aqueous suspension, polar glycerophospholipids, notably phosphatidyl choline, had a protective action on the drug's cytotoxicity in aqueous suspension. The cytotoxicity of CCNU against C-6 glioma cells in monolayer culture was maintained longer when the drug was preincubated in the presence of phosphatidyl choline (0.5 mg/ml) than when it was preincubated in medium alone or with serum or when other phospholipids were added. Preservation of drug action may have been due to the formation of common micelles between CCNU and the phospholipid. The importance of the lipid interaction to the effectiveness of the nitrosoureas in vivo is unknown, but such interaction could be a factor in the duration of drug action, its access to the central nervous system, and its attachment to cell membranes.", "contents": "Effect of phospholipids on maintenance of the cytotoxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea in aqueous suspension. Although the chemotherapeutic agent 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is highly unstable in aqueous suspension, polar glycerophospholipids, notably phosphatidyl choline, had a protective action on the drug's cytotoxicity in aqueous suspension. The cytotoxicity of CCNU against C-6 glioma cells in monolayer culture was maintained longer when the drug was preincubated in the presence of phosphatidyl choline (0.5 mg/ml) than when it was preincubated in medium alone or with serum or when other phospholipids were added. Preservation of drug action may have been due to the formation of common micelles between CCNU and the phospholipid. The importance of the lipid interaction to the effectiveness of the nitrosoureas in vivo is unknown, but such interaction could be a factor in the duration of drug action, its access to the central nervous system, and its attachment to cell membranes.", "PMID": 642027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1142", "title": "Immunity against MOPC 104E plasmacytoma: effects of tumor size and time post therapy on in vivo tumor immunity.", "content": "BALB/c mice with the plasmacytoma MOPC 104E were cured of palpable tumors (6-15x10(7) cells) with a single injection of cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg). Animals cured of tumor showed a considerable increase in their ability to reject secondary challenge with graded numbers of viable tumor cells. Mice with palpable subcutaneous tumors were cured therapeutically and rechallenged 22, 44, or 120 days post therapy. The ability of such animals to reject secondary tumor cell challenge was similar in all groups, which implied that in vivo tumor immunity remained relatively constant for at least 4 months post therapy. A second group of animals was treated therapeutically (10 mg cyclophosphamide/kg) 4, 11, or 20 days post tumor cell injection. These therapeutically treated animals were then rechallenged with various numbers of viable tumor cells 30 days post therapy. Mice given cyclophosphamide 4, 11, or 20 days post tumor injection rejected 6, 60, or 400 times as many tumor cells, respectively, as did control animals. These results implied that, over the range of tumor sizes investigated, exposure to greater amounts of tumor antigen resulted in increasing amounts of residual tumor immunity following cure.", "contents": "Immunity against MOPC 104E plasmacytoma: effects of tumor size and time post therapy on in vivo tumor immunity. BALB/c mice with the plasmacytoma MOPC 104E were cured of palpable tumors (6-15x10(7) cells) with a single injection of cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg). Animals cured of tumor showed a considerable increase in their ability to reject secondary challenge with graded numbers of viable tumor cells. Mice with palpable subcutaneous tumors were cured therapeutically and rechallenged 22, 44, or 120 days post therapy. The ability of such animals to reject secondary tumor cell challenge was similar in all groups, which implied that in vivo tumor immunity remained relatively constant for at least 4 months post therapy. A second group of animals was treated therapeutically (10 mg cyclophosphamide/kg) 4, 11, or 20 days post tumor cell injection. These therapeutically treated animals were then rechallenged with various numbers of viable tumor cells 30 days post therapy. Mice given cyclophosphamide 4, 11, or 20 days post tumor injection rejected 6, 60, or 400 times as many tumor cells, respectively, as did control animals. These results implied that, over the range of tumor sizes investigated, exposure to greater amounts of tumor antigen resulted in increasing amounts of residual tumor immunity following cure.", "PMID": 642029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1143", "title": "Carcinogenic and antitumor effects of aminotriazole on acatalasemic and normal catalase mice.", "content": "Dietary 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (AT), although carcinogenic when administered alone, was an antitumor agent when combined with certain other carconogenic stimuli. The carcinogenic effect was prominent in the livers of C3H mice; thyroid tumors were less common because they required a longer period of development, and the life-span of the animal was shortened by the AT diet. The antitumor effects of AT included: delay in appearance of mammary tumors, striking reduction in gamma-radiation-induced lymphomas, and sharp reduction in neutron radiation-induced harderian gland and ovarian tumors. On an AT diet, the inbred C3H acatalasemic mouse substrain developed more liver tumors, starting earlier, than did the C3H normal catalase substrain. We suggest that our findings pointed to a possible relevance of catalase and H2O2 in carcinogenesis. The most probable mechanism for the increased incidence of liver tumors in AT-treated acatalasemic mice was the diminished rate of degradation of endogenous H2O2.", "contents": "Carcinogenic and antitumor effects of aminotriazole on acatalasemic and normal catalase mice. Dietary 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (AT), although carcinogenic when administered alone, was an antitumor agent when combined with certain other carconogenic stimuli. The carcinogenic effect was prominent in the livers of C3H mice; thyroid tumors were less common because they required a longer period of development, and the life-span of the animal was shortened by the AT diet. The antitumor effects of AT included: delay in appearance of mammary tumors, striking reduction in gamma-radiation-induced lymphomas, and sharp reduction in neutron radiation-induced harderian gland and ovarian tumors. On an AT diet, the inbred C3H acatalasemic mouse substrain developed more liver tumors, starting earlier, than did the C3H normal catalase substrain. We suggest that our findings pointed to a possible relevance of catalase and H2O2 in carcinogenesis. The most probable mechanism for the increased incidence of liver tumors in AT-treated acatalasemic mice was the diminished rate of degradation of endogenous H2O2.", "PMID": 642030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1144", "title": "Cell-cycle-specific chromosome damage following treatment of cultured Chinese hamster cells with 4'-[(9-acridinyl)-amino]methanesulphon-m-anisidide-HCl.", "content": "The induction of chromosome damage in Chinese hamster (line CHO) cells by 4'-[(9-acridinyl)-amino]methanesulphon-m-anisidide-HCl (MAC) (NSC-141549) was studied in cell populations growing exponentially and at various stages of the cell cycle following release from isoleucine-deficient G1-arrest. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that cells in S-phase at time of drug addition (2 microgram MAC/ml for 2 hr) were delayed 8 hours before entering mitosis. Cells in G1 at the time of MAC treatment were not as severely delayed, which resulted in a rather sharp increase and decrease in a percent labeled mitosis curve. Chromosome damage occurred differentially during the cell cycle. Cells in late G2 during MAC treatment contained incompletely condensed chromosomes with occasional chromosome interchanges at the next mitosis. Early G2 cells were severely damaged (greater than 20 breaks/cell). Damage to cells in S or G1 at the time of MAC addition was less severe, whereas cells in G1-S traverse had intermediate levels of chromosome breaks. Thus MAC appeared to be particularly effective at times when chromatin was undergoing structural modifications (G1-S and S-G2 boundaries). Low concentrations of MAC (0.05 microgram/ml) increased the rate of sister chromatid exchange to almost eight times the background rate. The cellular effects of MAC were compared with previously reported studies of other antitumor agents.", "contents": "Cell-cycle-specific chromosome damage following treatment of cultured Chinese hamster cells with 4'-[(9-acridinyl)-amino]methanesulphon-m-anisidide-HCl. The induction of chromosome damage in Chinese hamster (line CHO) cells by 4'-[(9-acridinyl)-amino]methanesulphon-m-anisidide-HCl (MAC) (NSC-141549) was studied in cell populations growing exponentially and at various stages of the cell cycle following release from isoleucine-deficient G1-arrest. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that cells in S-phase at time of drug addition (2 microgram MAC/ml for 2 hr) were delayed 8 hours before entering mitosis. Cells in G1 at the time of MAC treatment were not as severely delayed, which resulted in a rather sharp increase and decrease in a percent labeled mitosis curve. Chromosome damage occurred differentially during the cell cycle. Cells in late G2 during MAC treatment contained incompletely condensed chromosomes with occasional chromosome interchanges at the next mitosis. Early G2 cells were severely damaged (greater than 20 breaks/cell). Damage to cells in S or G1 at the time of MAC addition was less severe, whereas cells in G1-S traverse had intermediate levels of chromosome breaks. Thus MAC appeared to be particularly effective at times when chromatin was undergoing structural modifications (G1-S and S-G2 boundaries). Low concentrations of MAC (0.05 microgram/ml) increased the rate of sister chromatid exchange to almost eight times the background rate. The cellular effects of MAC were compared with previously reported studies of other antitumor agents.", "PMID": 642032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1145", "title": "Immunotherapy of bilateral lymph node metastases in guinea pigs by intralesional or paralesional injection of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG).", "content": "Bilateral axillary lymph node metastases occurred after intradermal (id) injection of line 10 hepatocellular carcinoma cells over the thoracic spine of inbred guinea pigs. Excision of the dermal tumor 7 days after injection of tumor cells did not prevent the development of metastases. Injection of BCG into dermal tumors without surgery led to their regression and prevented the growth of microscopic metastases in both right and left superficial distal axillary lymph nodes. Bilateral id injection of BCG between the dermal transplant and each of the regional lymph nodes followed by excision of the dermal tumor also prevented progression of metastases. Unilateral id injection of BCG before excision of dermal tumors failed to retard metastases in contralateral superficial distal axillary lymph nodes. These results suggested that elimination of microscopic lymph node metastases required delivery of adjuvant to or near each metastatic site. Systemic tumor immunity alone may be inadequate to eradicate lymph node metastases.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of bilateral lymph node metastases in guinea pigs by intralesional or paralesional injection of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Bilateral axillary lymph node metastases occurred after intradermal (id) injection of line 10 hepatocellular carcinoma cells over the thoracic spine of inbred guinea pigs. Excision of the dermal tumor 7 days after injection of tumor cells did not prevent the development of metastases. Injection of BCG into dermal tumors without surgery led to their regression and prevented the growth of microscopic metastases in both right and left superficial distal axillary lymph nodes. Bilateral id injection of BCG between the dermal transplant and each of the regional lymph nodes followed by excision of the dermal tumor also prevented progression of metastases. Unilateral id injection of BCG before excision of dermal tumors failed to retard metastases in contralateral superficial distal axillary lymph nodes. These results suggested that elimination of microscopic lymph node metastases required delivery of adjuvant to or near each metastatic site. Systemic tumor immunity alone may be inadequate to eradicate lymph node metastases.", "PMID": 642033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1146", "title": "Tumorigenic effect of an organomanganese compound on F344 rats and Swiss albino mice.", "content": "Trioctanoin suspensions of manganese dioxide and manganese powder were injected im into inbred F344 rats and Swiss albino mice. The manganese powder was also administered orally to the rats. No difference in tumor incidence was noted between treated and control animals. In contrast, manganese (manganous) acetylacetonate administered im to rats produced a statistically significant number of fibrosarcomas at the sites of injection.", "contents": "Tumorigenic effect of an organomanganese compound on F344 rats and Swiss albino mice. Trioctanoin suspensions of manganese dioxide and manganese powder were injected im into inbred F344 rats and Swiss albino mice. The manganese powder was also administered orally to the rats. No difference in tumor incidence was noted between treated and control animals. In contrast, manganese (manganous) acetylacetonate administered im to rats produced a statistically significant number of fibrosarcomas at the sites of injection.", "PMID": 642034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1147", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges and growth inhibition induced by the flame retardant tris(2,3-dipromopropyl) phosphate in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The effects of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) on growth, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and chromosome aberrations of Chinese hamster V79 cells cultured either in vitro or in diffusion chambers (DC) implanted into mice were studied. Tris-BP caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction of cell growth as measured by colony-forming activities. A significant dose-dependent increase in SCE was observed in V79 cells either in the cultures treated with Tris-BP or in DC in mice given injections of the chemical. In contrast, Tris-BP in V79 cells in culture, in V79 cells in DC in mice, in two human lymphoid cell lines, or in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo did not significantly increase chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges and growth inhibition induced by the flame retardant tris(2,3-dipromopropyl) phosphate in Chinese hamster cells. The effects of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) on growth, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and chromosome aberrations of Chinese hamster V79 cells cultured either in vitro or in diffusion chambers (DC) implanted into mice were studied. Tris-BP caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction of cell growth as measured by colony-forming activities. A significant dose-dependent increase in SCE was observed in V79 cells either in the cultures treated with Tris-BP or in DC in mice given injections of the chemical. In contrast, Tris-BP in V79 cells in culture, in V79 cells in DC in mice, in two human lymphoid cell lines, or in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo did not significantly increase chromosome aberrations.", "PMID": 642035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1148", "title": "Effects of progesterone on human endometrial carcinoma cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The effects of progesterone on the growth and differentiation of human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (cell lines SNG-P and SNG-M derived from primary and metastatic tumors, respectively) were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Progesterone suppressed their growth and induced cell differentiation in vitro. The suppressive effect of progesterone was stronger in the primary tumor cells than in the metastatic ones. Progesterone produced morphologic changes such as multinucleation, multinucleolation, vacuolation, extensive Golgi apparatus, and papillary arrangement of cells. The cells were transplanted sc into nude BALB/c mice where they produced undifferentiated adenocarcinomas in untreated mice and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas in progesterone-treated ones. Progesterone reduced tumor growth and decreased transplantability in nude mice. This hormone produced no change in the distribution of the chromosome numbers or in the karyology.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone on human endometrial carcinoma cells in vivo and in vitro. The effects of progesterone on the growth and differentiation of human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (cell lines SNG-P and SNG-M derived from primary and metastatic tumors, respectively) were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Progesterone suppressed their growth and induced cell differentiation in vitro. The suppressive effect of progesterone was stronger in the primary tumor cells than in the metastatic ones. Progesterone produced morphologic changes such as multinucleation, multinucleolation, vacuolation, extensive Golgi apparatus, and papillary arrangement of cells. The cells were transplanted sc into nude BALB/c mice where they produced undifferentiated adenocarcinomas in untreated mice and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas in progesterone-treated ones. Progesterone reduced tumor growth and decreased transplantability in nude mice. This hormone produced no change in the distribution of the chromosome numbers or in the karyology.", "PMID": 642036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1149", "title": "Estrogen profiles in young women: effect of maternal history of breast cancer.", "content": "To examine the hypothesis that familial breast cancer risk is related to estrogen metabolism, we analyzed urines of daughters of breast cancer patients and their matched controls for estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). From this, we computed estriol proportions (E3/E1 + E2 + E3). \"Patient-daughters\" and the matched controls showed no differences in estriol proportions. Our results failed to support the hypothesis that high-risk women (those with a family history of breast cancer) have relatively lower estriol proportions, and we concluded that whatever family history contributes to breast cancer risk, that risk is not likely to be transmitted by the estrogen profile.", "contents": "Estrogen profiles in young women: effect of maternal history of breast cancer. To examine the hypothesis that familial breast cancer risk is related to estrogen metabolism, we analyzed urines of daughters of breast cancer patients and their matched controls for estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). From this, we computed estriol proportions (E3/E1 + E2 + E3). \"Patient-daughters\" and the matched controls showed no differences in estriol proportions. Our results failed to support the hypothesis that high-risk women (those with a family history of breast cancer) have relatively lower estriol proportions, and we concluded that whatever family history contributes to breast cancer risk, that risk is not likely to be transmitted by the estrogen profile.", "PMID": 642038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1150", "title": "Incidence of endometrial carcinoma in King County, Washington: a standardized histologic review.", "content": "Previously diagnosed tumor specimens from 35- to 74-year-old female patients with endometrial cancer who were residents of King County, Washington, during the first 6 months of 1975 were reviewed by a single pathologist using uniform criteria for the assessment of cancer. Routinely reported incidence of this tumor in this population was judged to be inflated, the annual incidence rate (excluding carcinoma in situ) falling from 108.2 to 88.5 per 100,000 women after the exclusion of cases found not to be unequivocally malignant. This rate nonetheless represented a large increase over the rate of 47.3 per 100,000 observed in the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey just 5 years earlier. We concluded that U.S. pathologists in the 1970's may have been using more liberal criteria by which to diagnose endometrial cancer, but that such a change could only account for a small part of the rising incidence of the disease.", "contents": "Incidence of endometrial carcinoma in King County, Washington: a standardized histologic review. Previously diagnosed tumor specimens from 35- to 74-year-old female patients with endometrial cancer who were residents of King County, Washington, during the first 6 months of 1975 were reviewed by a single pathologist using uniform criteria for the assessment of cancer. Routinely reported incidence of this tumor in this population was judged to be inflated, the annual incidence rate (excluding carcinoma in situ) falling from 108.2 to 88.5 per 100,000 women after the exclusion of cases found not to be unequivocally malignant. This rate nonetheless represented a large increase over the rate of 47.3 per 100,000 observed in the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey just 5 years earlier. We concluded that U.S. pathologists in the 1970's may have been using more liberal criteria by which to diagnose endometrial cancer, but that such a change could only account for a small part of the rising incidence of the disease.", "PMID": 642039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1151", "title": "The continuing challenge of duodenal injuries.", "content": "Thirty-four cases of duodenal trauma, 23 caused by gunshot wounds, are reviewed. All but three patients had associated major organ injuries, a total of 97 injuries. Postoperative mortality was 14% for injuries into the duodenal lumen. Techniques for operative repair included simple primary closure, use of omental or serosal patches, controlled fistula with a duodenostomy tube, decompressive and feeding ostomies, \"diverticulization\", segmental duodenal resection and anastomosis, and total duodenectomy and pancreatectomy. It is emphasized that the surgeon finding duodenal injury must be familiar with all of these techniques, each of which has its indications. Treatment of duodenal injuries perhaps more than any other bowel trauma must be individualized.", "contents": "The continuing challenge of duodenal injuries. Thirty-four cases of duodenal trauma, 23 caused by gunshot wounds, are reviewed. All but three patients had associated major organ injuries, a total of 97 injuries. Postoperative mortality was 14% for injuries into the duodenal lumen. Techniques for operative repair included simple primary closure, use of omental or serosal patches, controlled fistula with a duodenostomy tube, decompressive and feeding ostomies, \"diverticulization\", segmental duodenal resection and anastomosis, and total duodenectomy and pancreatectomy. It is emphasized that the surgeon finding duodenal injury must be familiar with all of these techniques, each of which has its indications. Treatment of duodenal injuries perhaps more than any other bowel trauma must be individualized.", "PMID": 642041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1152", "title": "Blunt maternal trauma: a review of 103 cases.", "content": "One hundred three pregnant women hospitalized following blunt trauma had injuries classified as: major (20%); minor (17%); or significant (63%). Maternal mortality related only to the severity of maternal injuries: 24% of women who sustained major injuries died. Pregnancy ended unsuccessfully in 18% of all women with known pregnancy outcome. The incidence of unsuccessful pregnancy was 61% following major injuries and 27% following minor injuries. Insignificant maternal injuries did not affect pregnancy outcome. Fetal survival did not relate to gestational age per se. Pregnancy uniformly ended unsuccessfulla in the presence of maternal death, placental injury, uterine injury, and direct fetal injury, and occurred in 80% of women admitted in hemorrhagic shock. An understanding of the ways that the anatomic and physiologic changes of pregnancy alter the nature and frequency of maternal injuries and that maternal response to injury is altered is essential. The best chance for fetal survival is to assure maternal survival.", "contents": "Blunt maternal trauma: a review of 103 cases. One hundred three pregnant women hospitalized following blunt trauma had injuries classified as: major (20%); minor (17%); or significant (63%). Maternal mortality related only to the severity of maternal injuries: 24% of women who sustained major injuries died. Pregnancy ended unsuccessfully in 18% of all women with known pregnancy outcome. The incidence of unsuccessful pregnancy was 61% following major injuries and 27% following minor injuries. Insignificant maternal injuries did not affect pregnancy outcome. Fetal survival did not relate to gestational age per se. Pregnancy uniformly ended unsuccessfulla in the presence of maternal death, placental injury, uterine injury, and direct fetal injury, and occurred in 80% of women admitted in hemorrhagic shock. An understanding of the ways that the anatomic and physiologic changes of pregnancy alter the nature and frequency of maternal injuries and that maternal response to injury is altered is essential. The best chance for fetal survival is to assure maternal survival.", "PMID": 642042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1153", "title": "Brain death, apneic diffusion oxygenation, and organ transplantation.", "content": "This paper presents a simple method of maintaining good donor organ oxygenation during a prolonged test of apnea used to determine brain death prior to cadaver transplantation. Apneic diffusion oxygenation can maintain arterial pO2 above 200 torr for periods exceeding 15 minutes, thereby allowing a more definitive determination of brain death without concomitant tissue hypoxia and possible damage to donor organs.", "contents": "Brain death, apneic diffusion oxygenation, and organ transplantation. This paper presents a simple method of maintaining good donor organ oxygenation during a prolonged test of apnea used to determine brain death prior to cadaver transplantation. Apneic diffusion oxygenation can maintain arterial pO2 above 200 torr for periods exceeding 15 minutes, thereby allowing a more definitive determination of brain death without concomitant tissue hypoxia and possible damage to donor organs.", "PMID": 642043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1154", "title": "Open pelvic fracture: a lethal injury.", "content": "Twenty-two of 604 patients (4%) with pelvic fracture (PF) had open fractures. Eight per cent of all pedestrian and motorcycle accidents resulted in open PF, compared to 0.8% of all vehicular accidents. With one exception, all patients sustained multiple injuries. The mortality rate for an open PF was 50%, in marked contrast to 10.5% for a closed PF. Of more importance, the pelvic fracture was the primary cause of death in 73% of those dying with an open PF and in 30% of those dying with a closed PF. The higher mortality is due to an increased risk of infection and to massive hemorrhage because of a high risk of concomitant major vessel injury, as well as increased diffuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage, in these open fractures. Therapy directed to restoring blood volume, identifying and repairing major vessel injury, and attempting to decrease the diffuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage is essential. If drainage is necessary, it should be accomplished with a closed system. Immediate colostomy and use of antibiotics should decrease the infectious complications.", "contents": "Open pelvic fracture: a lethal injury. Twenty-two of 604 patients (4%) with pelvic fracture (PF) had open fractures. Eight per cent of all pedestrian and motorcycle accidents resulted in open PF, compared to 0.8% of all vehicular accidents. With one exception, all patients sustained multiple injuries. The mortality rate for an open PF was 50%, in marked contrast to 10.5% for a closed PF. Of more importance, the pelvic fracture was the primary cause of death in 73% of those dying with an open PF and in 30% of those dying with a closed PF. The higher mortality is due to an increased risk of infection and to massive hemorrhage because of a high risk of concomitant major vessel injury, as well as increased diffuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage, in these open fractures. Therapy directed to restoring blood volume, identifying and repairing major vessel injury, and attempting to decrease the diffuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage is essential. If drainage is necessary, it should be accomplished with a closed system. Immediate colostomy and use of antibiotics should decrease the infectious complications.", "PMID": 642044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1155", "title": "Replantation of untidily amputated finger, hand, and arm: experience of 99 replantations in 66 cases.", "content": "Three problems the authors think important in replantation of untidy amputations are discussed based on our 99 replantations with the success rate of 92.6% over a 4-year period. To restore circulation in this type of amputation, such techniques as transfer of blood vessels, use of a neurovascular island flap with neurovascular anastomoses at its distal margin, vein graft, and free split-skin graft directly on the anastomosed blood vessels are recommended. Recovery of tendon gliding when replanted proximally to the MP joint was reasonably good but not when replanted distally to it. Recovery of intrinsic muscles was generally poor. Protective sensation was usually regained, although occasionally accompanied by paresthesia. Amputation of single digit was found not to be an absolute indication for replantation except for the thumb. In multiple digital amputation, more important digits should be restored by amputated digits in better condition. Replantation for cosmetic improvement may be justified in such cases as unmarried young females. In infants, replantation is especially worthwhile because good functional recovery and good further growth can be expected.", "contents": "Replantation of untidily amputated finger, hand, and arm: experience of 99 replantations in 66 cases. Three problems the authors think important in replantation of untidy amputations are discussed based on our 99 replantations with the success rate of 92.6% over a 4-year period. To restore circulation in this type of amputation, such techniques as transfer of blood vessels, use of a neurovascular island flap with neurovascular anastomoses at its distal margin, vein graft, and free split-skin graft directly on the anastomosed blood vessels are recommended. Recovery of tendon gliding when replanted proximally to the MP joint was reasonably good but not when replanted distally to it. Recovery of intrinsic muscles was generally poor. Protective sensation was usually regained, although occasionally accompanied by paresthesia. Amputation of single digit was found not to be an absolute indication for replantation except for the thumb. In multiple digital amputation, more important digits should be restored by amputated digits in better condition. Replantation for cosmetic improvement may be justified in such cases as unmarried young females. In infants, replantation is especially worthwhile because good functional recovery and good further growth can be expected.", "PMID": 642045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1156", "title": "External skeletal fixation in severe limb trauma.", "content": "Ten patients with 12 severe limb injuries managed by external skeletal fixation over 2 years are presented. Two major indications for external skeletal fixation divided the fractures into groups: A) extensively open fractures requiring wound care and closure by other than primary methods, and B) grossly unstable fractures requiring stabilization for soft-tissue support and fracture alignment. Group A was composed of five extremity fractures with skin and muscle loss and deep tissue contamination. Wound management was the primary problem. Wound closure, prevention of an infection, and limb salvage were the treatment goals in this group. Group B was seven severely comminuted extremity fractures with significant swelling and in some cases, questionable soft-tissue survival. Five were open, but not extensively. Instability was the primary problem. Fracture control, soft-tissue support, and limb salvage were the treatment goals in this group. Mean followup period for all fractures was 9.4 months. No amputations, deep infections, or deaths resulted. Wound care and closure were facilitated in all open fractures. Loss of contused tissues with marginal vascular supply was felt to be minimized. Delayed unions were common in both groups. Two malunions and one nonunion occurred. Treatment goals in both groups were accomplished.", "contents": "External skeletal fixation in severe limb trauma. Ten patients with 12 severe limb injuries managed by external skeletal fixation over 2 years are presented. Two major indications for external skeletal fixation divided the fractures into groups: A) extensively open fractures requiring wound care and closure by other than primary methods, and B) grossly unstable fractures requiring stabilization for soft-tissue support and fracture alignment. Group A was composed of five extremity fractures with skin and muscle loss and deep tissue contamination. Wound management was the primary problem. Wound closure, prevention of an infection, and limb salvage were the treatment goals in this group. Group B was seven severely comminuted extremity fractures with significant swelling and in some cases, questionable soft-tissue survival. Five were open, but not extensively. Instability was the primary problem. Fracture control, soft-tissue support, and limb salvage were the treatment goals in this group. Mean followup period for all fractures was 9.4 months. No amputations, deep infections, or deaths resulted. Wound care and closure were facilitated in all open fractures. Loss of contused tissues with marginal vascular supply was felt to be minimized. Delayed unions were common in both groups. Two malunions and one nonunion occurred. Treatment goals in both groups were accomplished.", "PMID": 642046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1157", "title": "Selective conservatism in penetrating abdominal wounds: a continuing reappraisal.", "content": "Our experience with 829 patients with penetrating abdominal trauma treated in an Adult Trauma Service over 8 1/2 years managed by \"selective conservatism\" is reviewed, and 207 additional patients with blunt abdominal trauma handled in the same fashion were also studied. This pattern of management prompted exploratory celiotomy in only 29% of stab wounds and 54% of gunshot wounds. Overall mortality for penetrating abdominal wounds, including patients moribund on admission, was 2.5%. Overall mortality was 19.3% for blunt abdominal trauma. There were no deaths or errors in management in  those patients definitively selected for nonoperative management. The philosophy of using specific objective indications for abdominal exploration in both penetrating and blunt abdominal trauma, especially when bolstered by routine abdominal paracentesis and lavage, is safe and reliable, and is  adaptable to all clinical facilities.", "contents": "Selective conservatism in penetrating abdominal wounds: a continuing reappraisal. Our experience with 829 patients with penetrating abdominal trauma treated in an Adult Trauma Service over 8 1/2 years managed by \"selective conservatism\" is reviewed, and 207 additional patients with blunt abdominal trauma handled in the same fashion were also studied. This pattern of management prompted exploratory celiotomy in only 29% of stab wounds and 54% of gunshot wounds. Overall mortality for penetrating abdominal wounds, including patients moribund on admission, was 2.5%. Overall mortality was 19.3% for blunt abdominal trauma. There were no deaths or errors in management in  those patients definitively selected for nonoperative management. The philosophy of using specific objective indications for abdominal exploration in both penetrating and blunt abdominal trauma, especially when bolstered by routine abdominal paracentesis and lavage, is safe and reliable, and is  adaptable to all clinical facilities.", "PMID": 642047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1158", "title": "Hypertension in children with burns.", "content": "Hypertension has been observed to occur frequently in children with burns. In a series of children admitted to the St. Agnes Burn Treatment Center, sustained systolic and diastolic hypertension occurred in 31.5%, and 57.4% of the children demonstrated episodic periods of hypertension which were unsustained. The only clinical finding which significantly correlated with the hypertension was the presence of tachycardia, which persisted into the late healing phase of the thermal injury. Hypertension was more prevalent at younger ages. However, there was no other correlation of the development of hypertension with sex, race, or extent of thermal injury. The development of hypertension in itself did not worsen the prognosis for survival in the cases presented in this series. Possible pathogenic mechanisms which result in hypertension (elevated catecholamines, norepinephrine, renin secretion) are discussed.", "contents": "Hypertension in children with burns. Hypertension has been observed to occur frequently in children with burns. In a series of children admitted to the St. Agnes Burn Treatment Center, sustained systolic and diastolic hypertension occurred in 31.5%, and 57.4% of the children demonstrated episodic periods of hypertension which were unsustained. The only clinical finding which significantly correlated with the hypertension was the presence of tachycardia, which persisted into the late healing phase of the thermal injury. Hypertension was more prevalent at younger ages. However, there was no other correlation of the development of hypertension with sex, race, or extent of thermal injury. The development of hypertension in itself did not worsen the prognosis for survival in the cases presented in this series. Possible pathogenic mechanisms which result in hypertension (elevated catecholamines, norepinephrine, renin secretion) are discussed.", "PMID": 642048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1159", "title": "Treatment and traumatic hemobilia with angiographic embolization.", "content": "Hemobilia is an uncommon but devastating complication of liver trauma. The recommended treatment is surgical resection of the involved liver lobe, but this is associated with high mortality and morbidity. An alternate treatment using emboli directed selectively into the involved hepatic artery was successful in obliterating the false aneurysm and eliminating the liver cavity. Since arteriography is generally performed during the diagnostic workup of such patients, embolization may provide a simple, safe, and effective treatment for hemobilia.", "contents": "Treatment and traumatic hemobilia with angiographic embolization. Hemobilia is an uncommon but devastating complication of liver trauma. The recommended treatment is surgical resection of the involved liver lobe, but this is associated with high mortality and morbidity. An alternate treatment using emboli directed selectively into the involved hepatic artery was successful in obliterating the false aneurysm and eliminating the liver cavity. Since arteriography is generally performed during the diagnostic workup of such patients, embolization may provide a simple, safe, and effective treatment for hemobilia.", "PMID": 642049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1160", "title": "Ligation of the main hepatic artery for exsanguinating liver laceration in an adolescent.", "content": "An adolescent with blunt injury to the liver was found to have bilobar posterior hepatic laceration. Hemostasis was achieved only after ligation of the hepatic artery proper. Postoperative liver function changes were minimal and transient. Her recovery was complete.", "contents": "Ligation of the main hepatic artery for exsanguinating liver laceration in an adolescent. An adolescent with blunt injury to the liver was found to have bilobar posterior hepatic laceration. Hemostasis was achieved only after ligation of the hepatic artery proper. Postoperative liver function changes were minimal and transient. Her recovery was complete.", "PMID": 642050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1161", "title": "Fracture of the navicular sesamoid bone: a case report.", "content": "The case history of a 45-year-old female patient who sustained a fracture of the right navicular sesamoid bone, probably due to sudden stretching of the tibialis posterior muscle, is described, and the literature briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Fracture of the navicular sesamoid bone: a case report. The case history of a 45-year-old female patient who sustained a fracture of the right navicular sesamoid bone, probably due to sudden stretching of the tibialis posterior muscle, is described, and the literature briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 642051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1162", "title": "Hepatic trauma and amoebic liver abscess.", "content": "A patient with a history of severe trauma over the hepatic area followed 2 weeks later by a large amoebic liver abscess of the right lobe is described. The possible role of hepatic trauma in the genesis of liver abscess is discussed. A history of hepatic trauma should not distract the clinician from diagnosing an amoebic liver abscess when suggestive symptoms and signs occur.", "contents": "Hepatic trauma and amoebic liver abscess. A patient with a history of severe trauma over the hepatic area followed 2 weeks later by a large amoebic liver abscess of the right lobe is described. The possible role of hepatic trauma in the genesis of liver abscess is discussed. A history of hepatic trauma should not distract the clinician from diagnosing an amoebic liver abscess when suggestive symptoms and signs occur.", "PMID": 642052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1163", "title": "Roles of bacteriophage lambda gene products O and P during early and late phases of infection cycle.", "content": "Ring-to-ring (early) replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA was blocked after heat inactivation of the P protein. Rolling circle (late) replication continued for several rounds at the rate reached when the temperature shift was carried out. The same differential effect was observed after inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis during the two different phases of replication. In contrast, inactivation of the O protein resulted in a fast stop of lambda DNA synthesis at early and late times after infection. The results were consistent with the following interpretations. (i) The lambda P gene product plays a role in the initiation of the ring-to-ring replication. (ii) Ring-to-ring replication continues parallel to rolling circle replication, possibly diminishing with time after infection. (iii) The O function is stable in and necessary for the structural integrity of an elongation complex. It is unstable in free form and probably released from such a replication complex after each round of replication at the ring-to-ring stage.", "contents": "Roles of bacteriophage lambda gene products O and P during early and late phases of infection cycle. Ring-to-ring (early) replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA was blocked after heat inactivation of the P protein. Rolling circle (late) replication continued for several rounds at the rate reached when the temperature shift was carried out. The same differential effect was observed after inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis during the two different phases of replication. In contrast, inactivation of the O protein resulted in a fast stop of lambda DNA synthesis at early and late times after infection. The results were consistent with the following interpretations. (i) The lambda P gene product plays a role in the initiation of the ring-to-ring replication. (ii) Ring-to-ring replication continues parallel to rolling circle replication, possibly diminishing with time after infection. (iii) The O function is stable in and necessary for the structural integrity of an elongation complex. It is unstable in free form and probably released from such a replication complex after each round of replication at the ring-to-ring stage.", "PMID": 642071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1164", "title": "Effect of low-NaCl medium on the envelope glycoproteins of Sindbis virus.", "content": "Lowering the NaCl concentration of the medium inhibits the release of Sindbis virus from infected chicks cells at a stage after the nucleocapsids have bound to the membranes of the infected cells. The failure of trypsin treatment to release the inhibited virus and the ratio of the proteins in the inhibited cells make it seem likely that the inhibited virus is all intracellular. Experiments using antisera specific for E1 and E2, the envelope glycoproteins of Sindbis, suggest that the inhibitory effect of low-salt medium is mediated through an effect on E2. Lactoperoxidase radioiodination experiments indicate that, even when cleaved from PE2, E2 is not exposed on the surface of low-NaCl-treated chick cells.", "contents": "Effect of low-NaCl medium on the envelope glycoproteins of Sindbis virus. Lowering the NaCl concentration of the medium inhibits the release of Sindbis virus from infected chicks cells at a stage after the nucleocapsids have bound to the membranes of the infected cells. The failure of trypsin treatment to release the inhibited virus and the ratio of the proteins in the inhibited cells make it seem likely that the inhibited virus is all intracellular. Experiments using antisera specific for E1 and E2, the envelope glycoproteins of Sindbis, suggest that the inhibitory effect of low-salt medium is mediated through an effect on E2. Lactoperoxidase radioiodination experiments indicate that, even when cleaved from PE2, E2 is not exposed on the surface of low-NaCl-treated chick cells.", "PMID": 642072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1165", "title": "Characterization of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with measles virus.", "content": "An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity has been found copurifying with measles virus infectivity and complement-fixing antigen in three Vero cell-grown variants of measles virus: the attenuated Edmonston B strain, the natural non-attenuated Edmonston strain, and a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis isolate, IP-3. Incubation of purified measles virions with immunoglobulin G derived from sera of monkeys hyperimmunized against measles specifically removes activity sedimenting in the density region of measles virions. The requirements of the reaction, which is RNase sensitive, are similar to those reported for other paramyxovirus-associated activities, including detergent, divalent cation, ribonucleoside triphosphates, and a reducing agent. The size classes of RNA synthesized correspond to those found in measles-infected cells, including 50, 35, and 16 to 20S. The product RNA of the Edmonston B virus-stimulated reaction was rendered RNase resistant by annealing with RNA extracted from purified Edmonston B virions. RNA from uninfected Vero cells was ineffective in the annealing reaction.", "contents": "Characterization of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with measles virus. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity has been found copurifying with measles virus infectivity and complement-fixing antigen in three Vero cell-grown variants of measles virus: the attenuated Edmonston B strain, the natural non-attenuated Edmonston strain, and a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis isolate, IP-3. Incubation of purified measles virions with immunoglobulin G derived from sera of monkeys hyperimmunized against measles specifically removes activity sedimenting in the density region of measles virions. The requirements of the reaction, which is RNase sensitive, are similar to those reported for other paramyxovirus-associated activities, including detergent, divalent cation, ribonucleoside triphosphates, and a reducing agent. The size classes of RNA synthesized correspond to those found in measles-infected cells, including 50, 35, and 16 to 20S. The product RNA of the Edmonston B virus-stimulated reaction was rendered RNase resistant by annealing with RNA extracted from purified Edmonston B virions. RNA from uninfected Vero cells was ineffective in the annealing reaction.", "PMID": 642073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1166", "title": "Evidence from UV transcription mapping that late adenovirus type 2 mRNA is derived from a large precursor molecule.", "content": "The UV inactivation of labeling of various late adenovirus type 2 mRNA's is as great or greater than the inactivation of labeling of the same sequences that are present in a large primary RNA transcript in the cell nucleus. Thus, the large nuclear adenovirus type 2-specific RNA appears to be the obligatory precursor of cytoplasmic mRNA. The majority of the mRNA's derived from the large precursor apparently require the synthesis of the whole nuclear molecule. A UV-sensitive target necessary for proper processing of all the mRNA's may exist near the end of the transcription unit.", "contents": "Evidence from UV transcription mapping that late adenovirus type 2 mRNA is derived from a large precursor molecule. The UV inactivation of labeling of various late adenovirus type 2 mRNA's is as great or greater than the inactivation of labeling of the same sequences that are present in a large primary RNA transcript in the cell nucleus. Thus, the large nuclear adenovirus type 2-specific RNA appears to be the obligatory precursor of cytoplasmic mRNA. The majority of the mRNA's derived from the large precursor apparently require the synthesis of the whole nuclear molecule. A UV-sensitive target necessary for proper processing of all the mRNA's may exist near the end of the transcription unit.", "PMID": 642074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1167", "title": "Groups of adenovirus type 2 mRNA's derived from a large primary transcript: probable nuclear origin and possible common 3' ends.", "content": "Late in adenovirus type 2 infection, a number of mRNA's apparently arise by processing a large nuclear transcript that represents the right-hand 85% of the genome (summarized in Evans et al., Cell 12:733-739, 1977). Hybridization of labeled late mRNA to a series of DNA restriction fragments representing the right-hand 70% of the genome demonstrates at least 12 discrete mRNA's that appear to fall into five groups, each possibly containing a common 3' terminus. The processing necessary to generate these mRNA's apparently occurs in the nucleus. All the mRNA's appear to contain a sequence of approximately 100 nucleotides complementary to a fragment with coordinates 25.5-27.9. This fragment contains one of the regions found by Berget et al. (Proc. Natl. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3171-3175, 1977), Chow et al. (Cell 12:1-18, 1977), and Klessig (Cell 12:9-22, 1977) to the \"spliced\" onto the 5' end of late adenovirus type 2 mRNA's. Because the sequences to be spliced exist only once per large transcript, any of the mRNA-specific regions might only be preserved from a small fraction of the transcripts. Measurement of the transport efficiency of regions of the large nuclear transcript, if fact, shows that only 15 to 25% of any particular region is transported to the cytoplasm. The overall conclusion of these experiments is that the large late nuclear transcript can be processed in the nucleus to yield any one of many (approximately 12) mRNA's; the unused portions of the primary transcript then accumulate in the nucleus or are destroyed.", "contents": "Groups of adenovirus type 2 mRNA's derived from a large primary transcript: probable nuclear origin and possible common 3' ends. Late in adenovirus type 2 infection, a number of mRNA's apparently arise by processing a large nuclear transcript that represents the right-hand 85% of the genome (summarized in Evans et al., Cell 12:733-739, 1977). Hybridization of labeled late mRNA to a series of DNA restriction fragments representing the right-hand 70% of the genome demonstrates at least 12 discrete mRNA's that appear to fall into five groups, each possibly containing a common 3' terminus. The processing necessary to generate these mRNA's apparently occurs in the nucleus. All the mRNA's appear to contain a sequence of approximately 100 nucleotides complementary to a fragment with coordinates 25.5-27.9. This fragment contains one of the regions found by Berget et al. (Proc. Natl. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3171-3175, 1977), Chow et al. (Cell 12:1-18, 1977), and Klessig (Cell 12:9-22, 1977) to the \"spliced\" onto the 5' end of late adenovirus type 2 mRNA's. Because the sequences to be spliced exist only once per large transcript, any of the mRNA-specific regions might only be preserved from a small fraction of the transcripts. Measurement of the transport efficiency of regions of the large nuclear transcript, if fact, shows that only 15 to 25% of any particular region is transported to the cytoplasm. The overall conclusion of these experiments is that the large late nuclear transcript can be processed in the nucleus to yield any one of many (approximately 12) mRNA's; the unused portions of the primary transcript then accumulate in the nucleus or are destroyed.", "PMID": 642075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1168", "title": "Head maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2. III. Isolation and characterization of particles produced by mutants in gene 17.", "content": "We have isolated and characterized two types of particles produced in comparable amounts by mutants in gene 17: the empty large particle and the empty small particle. Dimensions, morphology, stability, and protein composition of the empty large particle are very similar to those of the capsids or empty heads of mature phage. The other type of particle (empty small particle) is very similar in dimensions and stability to the prehead, but differs in that it is composed of processed proteins (gp23, gp24, IpIII). Structural analysis has shown that the protein subunits of the empty small particles are arranged in an unexpanded type of lattice (11.2 to 11.3 nm), whereas the empty large particles have an expanded lattice (13 nm). The characterization of the empty small particle as being composed of cleaved proteins, but still unexpanded, shows that the expansion of the T4 head shell is not necessarily linked to the cleavage of the structural proteins.", "contents": "Head maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2. III. Isolation and characterization of particles produced by mutants in gene 17. We have isolated and characterized two types of particles produced in comparable amounts by mutants in gene 17: the empty large particle and the empty small particle. Dimensions, morphology, stability, and protein composition of the empty large particle are very similar to those of the capsids or empty heads of mature phage. The other type of particle (empty small particle) is very similar in dimensions and stability to the prehead, but differs in that it is composed of processed proteins (gp23, gp24, IpIII). Structural analysis has shown that the protein subunits of the empty small particles are arranged in an unexpanded type of lattice (11.2 to 11.3 nm), whereas the empty large particles have an expanded lattice (13 nm). The characterization of the empty small particle as being composed of cleaved proteins, but still unexpanded, shows that the expansion of the T4 head shell is not necessarily linked to the cleavage of the structural proteins.", "PMID": 642076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1169", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 late mRNA's: structural evidence for 3'-coterminal species.", "content": "Adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells were labeled with 32PO4 during the period 14 to 17 h postinfection. Viral mRNA's with polyadenylic acid were isolated by polyuridylic acid Sepharose chromatography and fractionated according to size by electrophoresis through an acrylamide-agarose slab gel. Messenger bands were eluted and partially degraded with alkali. RNA fragments from each band that contain polyadenylic acid were isolated by polyuridylic acid Sepharose chromatography and fingerprinted two-dimensionally after T1 RNase digestion. Three bands, with mobilities of approximately 26S, 21S, and 18S, shared two large characteristic T1 oligonucleotides in common in the fingerprints of their 3'-terminal sequences. These oligonucleotides were mapped with a Hpa II restriction fragment of adenovirus type 2 DNA with coordinates 49-50.2. We conclude that the three mRNA's are coterminal in sequence at their 3' ends and overlap at internal positions. Implications for the protein-coding potential of these mRNA's and the mechanisms of adenovirus tyep 2 late RNA processing are discussed.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 late mRNA's: structural evidence for 3'-coterminal species. Adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells were labeled with 32PO4 during the period 14 to 17 h postinfection. Viral mRNA's with polyadenylic acid were isolated by polyuridylic acid Sepharose chromatography and fractionated according to size by electrophoresis through an acrylamide-agarose slab gel. Messenger bands were eluted and partially degraded with alkali. RNA fragments from each band that contain polyadenylic acid were isolated by polyuridylic acid Sepharose chromatography and fingerprinted two-dimensionally after T1 RNase digestion. Three bands, with mobilities of approximately 26S, 21S, and 18S, shared two large characteristic T1 oligonucleotides in common in the fingerprints of their 3'-terminal sequences. These oligonucleotides were mapped with a Hpa II restriction fragment of adenovirus type 2 DNA with coordinates 49-50.2. We conclude that the three mRNA's are coterminal in sequence at their 3' ends and overlap at internal positions. Implications for the protein-coding potential of these mRNA's and the mechanisms of adenovirus tyep 2 late RNA processing are discussed.", "PMID": 642077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1170", "title": "A report on the present status of undergraduate urologic teaching in medical schools and some resulting recommendations.", "content": "At the request of the Education Council of the American Urological Association a survey of urologic teaching in America's medical schools was done. The most startling and distressing finding, based upon the study of 99 medical schools, was that more than half (52 per cent) of the schools do not require any clinical exposure to urology before graduation. Suggestions are offered, based upon the documented importance of urology in the delivery of primary care, for an approach to medical school curriculum committees to mandate the return of urology as a required subject in our schools.", "contents": "A report on the present status of undergraduate urologic teaching in medical schools and some resulting recommendations. At the request of the Education Council of the American Urological Association a survey of urologic teaching in America's medical schools was done. The most startling and distressing finding, based upon the study of 99 medical schools, was that more than half (52 per cent) of the schools do not require any clinical exposure to urology before graduation. Suggestions are offered, based upon the documented importance of urology in the delivery of primary care, for an approach to medical school curriculum committees to mandate the return of urology as a required subject in our schools.", "PMID": 642078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1171", "title": "Validity of 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid renal uptake for an assessment for individual kidney function.", "content": "99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid is a new renal scanning agent that provides a good quality of renal image as a result of preferential cortical accumulation and also makes feasible a quantitative assessment of separate kidney function, correlating well with renal plasma flow obtained from a 131I hippuran renogram of each kidney. By measuring the dimercaptosuccinic acid uptake, the cortical functioning nephrons can be determined independent of the activity from the urinary outflow tract. Such evaluations may replace the conventional split renal function study in which traumatic procedures, such as cystoscopy and ureteral catheterizations, are required. 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy causes less discomfort to the patient and can be performed repeatedly and routinely even in children and debilitated geriatric patients.", "contents": "Validity of 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid renal uptake for an assessment for individual kidney function. 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid is a new renal scanning agent that provides a good quality of renal image as a result of preferential cortical accumulation and also makes feasible a quantitative assessment of separate kidney function, correlating well with renal plasma flow obtained from a 131I hippuran renogram of each kidney. By measuring the dimercaptosuccinic acid uptake, the cortical functioning nephrons can be determined independent of the activity from the urinary outflow tract. Such evaluations may replace the conventional split renal function study in which traumatic procedures, such as cystoscopy and ureteral catheterizations, are required. 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy causes less discomfort to the patient and can be performed repeatedly and routinely even in children and debilitated geriatric patients.", "PMID": 642079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1172", "title": "Commercial fibrinogen, autogenous plasma, whole blood and cryoprecipitate for coagulum pyelolithotomy: a comparative study.", "content": "Coagulation pyelolithotomy provides an effective means to remove multiple calculi from the renal collecting system. The strength of the coagulum is directly proportional to the concentration of fibrinogen and inversely proportional to the concentration of thrombin. Because of the fear of hepatitis fibrinogen may soon be unavailable commercially. It will then become necessary to use plasma from the patient as the source of fibrinogen. By the process of cryoprecipitation fibrinogen levels can be increased about 10-fold, yielding clots of greater tensile strength than would be obtained from non-concentrated plasma.", "contents": "Commercial fibrinogen, autogenous plasma, whole blood and cryoprecipitate for coagulum pyelolithotomy: a comparative study. Coagulation pyelolithotomy provides an effective means to remove multiple calculi from the renal collecting system. The strength of the coagulum is directly proportional to the concentration of fibrinogen and inversely proportional to the concentration of thrombin. Because of the fear of hepatitis fibrinogen may soon be unavailable commercially. It will then become necessary to use plasma from the patient as the source of fibrinogen. By the process of cryoprecipitation fibrinogen levels can be increased about 10-fold, yielding clots of greater tensile strength than would be obtained from non-concentrated plasma.", "PMID": 642080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1173", "title": "New approach to the splenic vessels.", "content": "The transperitoneal approach is used systematically for an arterial or a venous splenorenal anastomosis. However, this approach is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Because of our anatomical and surgical findings we have used the retroperitoneal approach to the splenic hilus by means of the lumbar region. The first splenorenal arterial anastomosis with this approach was done in 1972. The approach has proved to be less aggressive since it avoids the danger of damaging the pancreas, it is a more direct approach to the splenic vessels and it provides better exposure and facilitates the anastomosis. In addition, the loss or infection of ascitic fluid in cirrhotic patients is avoided with this approach, as well as intraoperative hemorrhaging caused by the great surplus circulation. There has been neither mortality nor complications in the 13 cases of arterial and venous splenorenal anastomoses that we have done with this method.", "contents": "New approach to the splenic vessels. The transperitoneal approach is used systematically for an arterial or a venous splenorenal anastomosis. However, this approach is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Because of our anatomical and surgical findings we have used the retroperitoneal approach to the splenic hilus by means of the lumbar region. The first splenorenal arterial anastomosis with this approach was done in 1972. The approach has proved to be less aggressive since it avoids the danger of damaging the pancreas, it is a more direct approach to the splenic vessels and it provides better exposure and facilitates the anastomosis. In addition, the loss or infection of ascitic fluid in cirrhotic patients is avoided with this approach, as well as intraoperative hemorrhaging caused by the great surplus circulation. There has been neither mortality nor complications in the 13 cases of arterial and venous splenorenal anastomoses that we have done with this method.", "PMID": 642081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1174", "title": "An incision for extended suprahilar retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.", "content": "To fulfill the necessary criteria for adequate exposure for extended suprahilar retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy we have used a thoracoabdominal midline extraperitoneal incision that affords the high exposure of a thoracoabdominal incision without sacrificing the broad exposure afforded by a midline incision and maintains the advantages of the extraperitoneal approach.", "contents": "An incision for extended suprahilar retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. To fulfill the necessary criteria for adequate exposure for extended suprahilar retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy we have used a thoracoabdominal midline extraperitoneal incision that affords the high exposure of a thoracoabdominal incision without sacrificing the broad exposure afforded by a midline incision and maintains the advantages of the extraperitoneal approach.", "PMID": 642082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1175", "title": "Semi-closed basket extraction of ureteral calculi.", "content": "A method is described for ureteral stone extraction using a partial closure of the Dormia stone dislodger. Of 97 attempted extractions 89 (91.8 per cent) were successful. No major complications occurred. The over-all morbidity rate was 3 per cent. The technique is especially useful in removing larger ureteral calculi.", "contents": "Semi-closed basket extraction of ureteral calculi. A method is described for ureteral stone extraction using a partial closure of the Dormia stone dislodger. Of 97 attempted extractions 89 (91.8 per cent) were successful. No major complications occurred. The over-all morbidity rate was 3 per cent. The technique is especially useful in removing larger ureteral calculi.", "PMID": 642083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1176", "title": "Ureteral trauma: effects of ureteral ligation with and without deligation--experimental studies and case reports.", "content": "Inadvertent ureteral ligation is a well recognized risk during abdominal, retroperitoneal and pelvic operations. The feasibility and the safety of ureteral ligation treated with deligation have been documented. Herein is presented an over-all evaluation of the experience with ureteral ligation treated by deligation in 32 dogs and 4 women.", "contents": "Ureteral trauma: effects of ureteral ligation with and without deligation--experimental studies and case reports. Inadvertent ureteral ligation is a well recognized risk during abdominal, retroperitoneal and pelvic operations. The feasibility and the safety of ureteral ligation treated with deligation have been documented. Herein is presented an over-all evaluation of the experience with ureteral ligation treated by deligation in 32 dogs and 4 women.", "PMID": 642085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1177", "title": "The role of ureteral stenting in the management of surgical injury of the ureter.", "content": "From 1965 through 1976, 35 patients with surgical injury of the ureter were treated by operations requiring ureteral anastomoses. Stenting devices were used in 31 patients with only 2 failures. Stents were omitted in 4 patients with 2 failures. We have been satisfied with and prefer stenting ureteral anastomoses in the management of surgical ureteral injury, particularly when there is delayed recognition of the injury or previous irradiation. Previous objections to stenting are unjustified.", "contents": "The role of ureteral stenting in the management of surgical injury of the ureter. From 1965 through 1976, 35 patients with surgical injury of the ureter were treated by operations requiring ureteral anastomoses. Stenting devices were used in 31 patients with only 2 failures. Stents were omitted in 4 patients with 2 failures. We have been satisfied with and prefer stenting ureteral anastomoses in the management of surgical ureteral injury, particularly when there is delayed recognition of the injury or previous irradiation. Previous objections to stenting are unjustified.", "PMID": 642086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1178", "title": "Paraganglia of the bladder.", "content": "Normal paraganglia containing high amounts of catecholamines are a constant feature of the wall of the bladder in elderly men. The paraganglia in this location might give rise to pheochromocytomas. The importance of the local endocrine effects in the regulation of the muscular tone in the bladder is discussed.", "contents": "Paraganglia of the bladder. Normal paraganglia containing high amounts of catecholamines are a constant feature of the wall of the bladder in elderly men. The paraganglia in this location might give rise to pheochromocytomas. The importance of the local endocrine effects in the regulation of the muscular tone in the bladder is discussed.", "PMID": 642088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1179", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in patients with carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase is an important enzyme in purine metabolism, and patients with abnormal lymphocyte and erythrocyte adenosine deaminase levels have been shown to have impaired immune competence. Since immune factors have been shown to be important in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder we studied adenosine deaminase activity in the hemic cells of 48 patients with this tumor. Lymphocyte adenosine deaminase levels were elevated in patients with transitional cell carcinoma and correlated with stage, activity, clinical course and tumor resection but not with tumor grade. Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase levels also were elevated in patients with transitional cell carcinoma but did not correlate with other disease parameters. Lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma may be a sensitive indicator of disease activity and further studies may provide insight into the host-tumor relationship at the enzyme level.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Adenosine deaminase is an important enzyme in purine metabolism, and patients with abnormal lymphocyte and erythrocyte adenosine deaminase levels have been shown to have impaired immune competence. Since immune factors have been shown to be important in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder we studied adenosine deaminase activity in the hemic cells of 48 patients with this tumor. Lymphocyte adenosine deaminase levels were elevated in patients with transitional cell carcinoma and correlated with stage, activity, clinical course and tumor resection but not with tumor grade. Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase levels also were elevated in patients with transitional cell carcinoma but did not correlate with other disease parameters. Lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma may be a sensitive indicator of disease activity and further studies may provide insight into the host-tumor relationship at the enzyme level.", "PMID": 642089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1180", "title": "The current status of the inflatable penile prosthesis in the management of impotence: Mayo Clinic experience updated.", "content": "During the last 2 years the inflatable penile prosthesis has been implanted at the Mayo Clinic in 63 organically impotent male subjects. Over-all functional success is between 90 and 95 per cent. Experience indicates that 25 per cent of the patients require a second surgical procedure to correct a mechanical problem. Further experience with the technique and improvement in the product design have significantly decreased the number of mechanical problems encountered. Patient partner acceptance of this device continues to be excellent.", "contents": "The current status of the inflatable penile prosthesis in the management of impotence: Mayo Clinic experience updated. During the last 2 years the inflatable penile prosthesis has been implanted at the Mayo Clinic in 63 organically impotent male subjects. Over-all functional success is between 90 and 95 per cent. Experience indicates that 25 per cent of the patients require a second surgical procedure to correct a mechanical problem. Further experience with the technique and improvement in the product design have significantly decreased the number of mechanical problems encountered. Patient partner acceptance of this device continues to be excellent.", "PMID": 642090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1181", "title": "Small-Carrion penile prosthesis: a report on 160 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The use of the Small-Carrion penile prosthesis in 160 patients is evaluated. Methods to determine those patients who will benefit from the use of this prosthesis and the size prosthesis needed are discussed. Suggestions are made on how to handle problems or complications that may occur during or after the operation, as well as the antibiotic regimen. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Small-Carrion penile prosthesis: a report on 160 cases and review of the literature. The use of the Small-Carrion penile prosthesis in 160 patients is evaluated. Methods to determine those patients who will benefit from the use of this prosthesis and the size prosthesis needed are discussed. Suggestions are made on how to handle problems or complications that may occur during or after the operation, as well as the antibiotic regimen. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 642091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1182", "title": "Synergistic gangrene of the scrotum and penis secondary to colorectal disease.", "content": "We recently encountered 5 patients with synergistic gangrene of the genitalia secondary to colorectal disease. This number of cases suggests that there may be an increasing incidence of this entity that has been reported only several times in the past. Pseudomonas was one of the organisms cultured in all cases. Because of the high mortality rate we advocate aggressive therapy, consisting of early and repeated radical d\u00e9bridement into normal tissues and appropriate management of the colorectal source of contamination. Our experience indicates that the lower gastrointestinal tract should be considered as a possible cause of infection in all cases of synergistic gangrene of the scrotum and penis.", "contents": "Synergistic gangrene of the scrotum and penis secondary to colorectal disease. We recently encountered 5 patients with synergistic gangrene of the genitalia secondary to colorectal disease. This number of cases suggests that there may be an increasing incidence of this entity that has been reported only several times in the past. Pseudomonas was one of the organisms cultured in all cases. Because of the high mortality rate we advocate aggressive therapy, consisting of early and repeated radical d\u00e9bridement into normal tissues and appropriate management of the colorectal source of contamination. Our experience indicates that the lower gastrointestinal tract should be considered as a possible cause of infection in all cases of synergistic gangrene of the scrotum and penis.", "PMID": 642092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1183", "title": "Testicular biopsies in 101 cases of varicocele.", "content": "Testicular biopsies were done on 101 patients who underwent ligation of the internal spermatic vein as primary treatment for infertility. Retrospective analysis included evaluation of tubular thickening, Leydig cell hyperplasia, premature sloughing, maturation arrest and decreased spermatogenesis. A comparison was made of biopsy profiles, sperm counts and pregnancies in an attempt to determine further the value of testicular biopsy in the subfertile man. The pregnancy rate was 40 per cent over-all, with 32 per cent of the patients with tubular thickening reporting pregnancies. There was only 1 pregnancy in patients with Leydig cell hyperplasia. The controversial finding of premature sloughing had no consistent relationship to results.", "contents": "Testicular biopsies in 101 cases of varicocele. Testicular biopsies were done on 101 patients who underwent ligation of the internal spermatic vein as primary treatment for infertility. Retrospective analysis included evaluation of tubular thickening, Leydig cell hyperplasia, premature sloughing, maturation arrest and decreased spermatogenesis. A comparison was made of biopsy profiles, sperm counts and pregnancies in an attempt to determine further the value of testicular biopsy in the subfertile man. The pregnancy rate was 40 per cent over-all, with 32 per cent of the patients with tubular thickening reporting pregnancies. There was only 1 pregnancy in patients with Leydig cell hyperplasia. The controversial finding of premature sloughing had no consistent relationship to results.", "PMID": 642093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1184", "title": "Antiandrogenic effects of spironolactone: hormonal and ultrastructural studies in dogs and men.", "content": "A decrease in the level of plasma testosterone and an increase in the level of plasma progesterone were noted after spironolactone had been administered for 20 days in 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma, as well as in 8 male dogs. Electron microscopic observation disclosed myelin-like bodies in the cytoplasm of Leydig and adrenocortical cells in dogs, contributing to a resolution of the mode of antiandrogenic action of spironolactone.", "contents": "Antiandrogenic effects of spironolactone: hormonal and ultrastructural studies in dogs and men. A decrease in the level of plasma testosterone and an increase in the level of plasma progesterone were noted after spironolactone had been administered for 20 days in 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma, as well as in 8 male dogs. Electron microscopic observation disclosed myelin-like bodies in the cytoplasm of Leydig and adrenocortical cells in dogs, contributing to a resolution of the mode of antiandrogenic action of spironolactone.", "PMID": 642094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1185", "title": "The prophylactic use--or misuse--of antibiotics in transurethral prostatectomy.", "content": "One hundred non-infected patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy were randomized prospectively into a controlled study to determine the influence of a prophylactic aminoglycoside (kanamycin) on the clinical course. In the non-risk patient prophylactic kanamycin had no beneficial influence on the incidence of bacteriuria, fever or length of hospitalization. Its use was associated with the development of a resistant Pseudomonas super infection in 1 patient. Prophylactic kanamycin did not protect the patient with carcinoma of the prostate from bacteriuria. There was no identifiable advantage in the use of routine prophylactic kanamycin in the uninfected, non-risk patient who was undergoing elective transurethral prostatectomy.", "contents": "The prophylactic use--or misuse--of antibiotics in transurethral prostatectomy. One hundred non-infected patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy were randomized prospectively into a controlled study to determine the influence of a prophylactic aminoglycoside (kanamycin) on the clinical course. In the non-risk patient prophylactic kanamycin had no beneficial influence on the incidence of bacteriuria, fever or length of hospitalization. Its use was associated with the development of a resistant Pseudomonas super infection in 1 patient. Prophylactic kanamycin did not protect the patient with carcinoma of the prostate from bacteriuria. There was no identifiable advantage in the use of routine prophylactic kanamycin in the uninfected, non-risk patient who was undergoing elective transurethral prostatectomy.", "PMID": 642095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1186", "title": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "The sensitivity of a recently developed solid phase radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase was compared to that of an enzymatic method using p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate. In 109 histologically verified untreated stages I to IV prostatic cancers and 200 men without such cancer the solid phase radioimmunoassay method demonstrated substantially greater sensitivity and specificity than the enzymatic technique. In the 109 prostatic malignancies the immunochemical method correctly classified 80 (73 per cent) versus 34 (31 per cent) for the p-nitrophenylphosphate enzymatic technique (p less than 10(-6). In 44 stages I and II cancers confined to the prostate the radioimmunoassay was abnormally elevated in 19 (43 per cent) with only 4 (9.1 per cent) enzymatic elevations (p less than 10(-3). In 65 stages III and IV extraprostatic cancers correct classifications were noted in 61 (94 per cent) of the radioimmunoassays and 30 (46 per cent) enzymatic tests (p less than 10(-6). The radioimmunoassay in 200 male controls yielded 11 (5.6 per cent) and the p-nitrophenylphosphate enzymatic test yielded 7 (3.5 per cent) falsely positive results. In 90 non-prostatic human cancer sera 85 (94.5 per cent) were correctly classified as negative by the radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase versus 66 (73 per cent) as negative by the enzymatic method. These data are discussed in terms of the merits of a radioimmunochemical approach for the measurement of human serum prostatic acid phosphatase.", "contents": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase. The sensitivity of a recently developed solid phase radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase was compared to that of an enzymatic method using p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate. In 109 histologically verified untreated stages I to IV prostatic cancers and 200 men without such cancer the solid phase radioimmunoassay method demonstrated substantially greater sensitivity and specificity than the enzymatic technique. In the 109 prostatic malignancies the immunochemical method correctly classified 80 (73 per cent) versus 34 (31 per cent) for the p-nitrophenylphosphate enzymatic technique (p less than 10(-6). In 44 stages I and II cancers confined to the prostate the radioimmunoassay was abnormally elevated in 19 (43 per cent) with only 4 (9.1 per cent) enzymatic elevations (p less than 10(-3). In 65 stages III and IV extraprostatic cancers correct classifications were noted in 61 (94 per cent) of the radioimmunoassays and 30 (46 per cent) enzymatic tests (p less than 10(-6). The radioimmunoassay in 200 male controls yielded 11 (5.6 per cent) and the p-nitrophenylphosphate enzymatic test yielded 7 (3.5 per cent) falsely positive results. In 90 non-prostatic human cancer sera 85 (94.5 per cent) were correctly classified as negative by the radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase versus 66 (73 per cent) as negative by the enzymatic method. These data are discussed in terms of the merits of a radioimmunochemical approach for the measurement of human serum prostatic acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 642096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1187", "title": "Suppressive effects of regional lymph node cells and extracts of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.", "content": "Lymphocytes from regional lymph nodes that drain tumors and extracts of such lymphocytes suppress antibody-dependent cell-mediated target cell lysis by effector cells from cancer patients and controls. In contrast, lymph node cells from control patients are not suppressive. Control extracts from normal lymphocytes and 2 immunologically inert tissues, muscle and kidney, exhibit some suppressive activity but significantly less than extracts from lymph nodes that drain tumors.", "contents": "Suppressive effects of regional lymph node cells and extracts of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Lymphocytes from regional lymph nodes that drain tumors and extracts of such lymphocytes suppress antibody-dependent cell-mediated target cell lysis by effector cells from cancer patients and controls. In contrast, lymph node cells from control patients are not suppressive. Control extracts from normal lymphocytes and 2 immunologically inert tissues, muscle and kidney, exhibit some suppressive activity but significantly less than extracts from lymph nodes that drain tumors.", "PMID": 642097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1188", "title": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on the spastic external urethral sphincter recorded by sphincterometry.", "content": "An improved method of sphincterometry is described, which is easy to perform in men and also may be used in women. It gives reproducible results in the individual patient. The maximum pressure was found by radiographic and reflexological examinations of the external urethral sphincter. When 0.5 mg./kg. body weight dantrolene sodium was injected intravenously the resistance of the external urethral sphincter was found to be reduced significantly, presumably reflecting a reduction of reflex activity.", "contents": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on the spastic external urethral sphincter recorded by sphincterometry. An improved method of sphincterometry is described, which is easy to perform in men and also may be used in women. It gives reproducible results in the individual patient. The maximum pressure was found by radiographic and reflexological examinations of the external urethral sphincter. When 0.5 mg./kg. body weight dantrolene sodium was injected intravenously the resistance of the external urethral sphincter was found to be reduced significantly, presumably reflecting a reduction of reflex activity.", "PMID": 642098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1189", "title": "Urethral striated sphincter responses to electro-bulbocavernosus stimulation.", "content": "Electric stimuli of known strength, duration and frequency were applied to the glans penis, and the cystosphincterometric and electromyographic responses of the urethral striated sphincter were recorded. Studies performed on male subjects, including normal men, patients with a neurologic deficit and patients who had undergone prostatectomy, indicate the usefulness of this technique in evaluating the striated sphincter excitability via the pudendal reflex arc. The intravenous administration of diazepam produced a notable increase in the striated sphincter threshold, indicating the applicability of this technique to evaluate the effect of various neuropharmacologic agents on the striated sphincter activity. In addition, the transit time through the pudendal reflex arc was measured with this method to assess the somatic neural integrity of the lower urinary tract. Also, studies on patients with post-radical prostatectomy incontinence have suggested that our technique of striated sphincter evaluation could be applied to the prediction of postoperative urinary incontinence.", "contents": "Urethral striated sphincter responses to electro-bulbocavernosus stimulation. Electric stimuli of known strength, duration and frequency were applied to the glans penis, and the cystosphincterometric and electromyographic responses of the urethral striated sphincter were recorded. Studies performed on male subjects, including normal men, patients with a neurologic deficit and patients who had undergone prostatectomy, indicate the usefulness of this technique in evaluating the striated sphincter excitability via the pudendal reflex arc. The intravenous administration of diazepam produced a notable increase in the striated sphincter threshold, indicating the applicability of this technique to evaluate the effect of various neuropharmacologic agents on the striated sphincter activity. In addition, the transit time through the pudendal reflex arc was measured with this method to assess the somatic neural integrity of the lower urinary tract. Also, studies on patients with post-radical prostatectomy incontinence have suggested that our technique of striated sphincter evaluation could be applied to the prediction of postoperative urinary incontinence.", "PMID": 642099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1190", "title": "Early angiography in the management of post-renal biopsy hematuria.", "content": "A case is reported in which the value of early angiography in the management of post-renal biopsy hematuria is exemplified. The decision of whether treatment should be conservative or surgical is based on the precise anatomical delineation of the cause of hematuria and the chances of spontaneous remission. When necessary an operation guided by the angiogram can be limited to partial resection of the lesion-bearing region.", "contents": "Early angiography in the management of post-renal biopsy hematuria. A case is reported in which the value of early angiography in the management of post-renal biopsy hematuria is exemplified. The decision of whether treatment should be conservative or surgical is based on the precise anatomical delineation of the cause of hematuria and the chances of spontaneous remission. When necessary an operation guided by the angiogram can be limited to partial resection of the lesion-bearing region.", "PMID": 642100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1191", "title": "Congenital posterior urethral perineal fistula: a case report.", "content": "A case of congenital posterior urethral perineal fistula is reported. The English literature is reviewed and anatomical findings, embryology, presenting signs and symptoms, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital posterior urethral perineal fistula: a case report. A case of congenital posterior urethral perineal fistula is reported. The English literature is reviewed and anatomical findings, embryology, presenting signs and symptoms, and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 642101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1192", "title": "Posterior urethral trauma and strictures: an attempt to solve a controversy.", "content": "Three cases of traumatic partial or complete posterior urethral rupture and subsequent stricture are reported. Treatment consisted of early suprapubic cystostomy, with/or without concomitant primary realignment of the urethra over a catheter, followed by urethral dilations and internal urethrotomy when indicated. Followup of 4 or more years showed excellent results.", "contents": "Posterior urethral trauma and strictures: an attempt to solve a controversy. Three cases of traumatic partial or complete posterior urethral rupture and subsequent stricture are reported. Treatment consisted of early suprapubic cystostomy, with/or without concomitant primary realignment of the urethra over a catheter, followed by urethral dilations and internal urethrotomy when indicated. Followup of 4 or more years showed excellent results.", "PMID": 642102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1193", "title": "Assisted ventilation for patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Forty-six patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 1 month to 32 years of age, had 51 episodes of assisted ventilation. Thirty-five (69%) died after 1 to 395 days of mechanical ventilation and six others (12%) died in the hospital 1 to 42 days after assisted ventilation therapy was discontinued. Only three patients survived longer than one year after discharge. These results are much poorer than those reported for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of other causes probably because of the different natural history and response to therapy in CF. Patients with CF whose conditions progressively deteriorated despite optimal therapy and no longer respond to antibiotic and physical therapy are not good candidates for mechanical ventilation. The occasional patient with good baseline status in whom acute respiratory failure develops should be considered for assisted ventilation.", "contents": "Assisted ventilation for patients with cystic fibrosis. Forty-six patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 1 month to 32 years of age, had 51 episodes of assisted ventilation. Thirty-five (69%) died after 1 to 395 days of mechanical ventilation and six others (12%) died in the hospital 1 to 42 days after assisted ventilation therapy was discontinued. Only three patients survived longer than one year after discharge. These results are much poorer than those reported for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of other causes probably because of the different natural history and response to therapy in CF. Patients with CF whose conditions progressively deteriorated despite optimal therapy and no longer respond to antibiotic and physical therapy are not good candidates for mechanical ventilation. The occasional patient with good baseline status in whom acute respiratory failure develops should be considered for assisted ventilation.", "PMID": 642113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1194", "title": "Ventriculographic-echocardiographic correlation in patients with asynergy.", "content": "The ability of echocardiography to detect segmental ventricular asynergy was evaluated in 41 patients before cardiac catheterization. Of 24 normal posterior wall segments by echocardiography, 23 were also normal by ventriculography, while one was hypokinetic. Of 17 asynergic posterior wall segments by echocardiography, 15 were asynergic and two were normal by ventriculography. Posterior wall excursion for the normal group was 1.30 +/- 0.18 cm (SD), while those demonstrating hypokinesis on ventriculography showed an excursion of 1.05 +/- 0.19 cm (P less than .005), and akinetic segments showed an excursion of 0.97 +/- 0.13 cm (P less than .005). In 15 patients, septal motion as determined by echocardiography was compared with the left anterior oblique ventriculogram. Of nine normal septal motions by echocardiography, seven were also normal by left anterior ventriculography (septal excursion, 0.84 +/- 0.25 cm). Of six patients with decreased echocardiographic septal motion, four were normal and two were abnormal by ventriculography. Although normal echocardiographic septal motion correlated well with ventriculography, decreased septal excursion by echocardiography did not.", "contents": "Ventriculographic-echocardiographic correlation in patients with asynergy. The ability of echocardiography to detect segmental ventricular asynergy was evaluated in 41 patients before cardiac catheterization. Of 24 normal posterior wall segments by echocardiography, 23 were also normal by ventriculography, while one was hypokinetic. Of 17 asynergic posterior wall segments by echocardiography, 15 were asynergic and two were normal by ventriculography. Posterior wall excursion for the normal group was 1.30 +/- 0.18 cm (SD), while those demonstrating hypokinesis on ventriculography showed an excursion of 1.05 +/- 0.19 cm (P less than .005), and akinetic segments showed an excursion of 0.97 +/- 0.13 cm (P less than .005). In 15 patients, septal motion as determined by echocardiography was compared with the left anterior oblique ventriculogram. Of nine normal septal motions by echocardiography, seven were also normal by left anterior ventriculography (septal excursion, 0.84 +/- 0.25 cm). Of six patients with decreased echocardiographic septal motion, four were normal and two were abnormal by ventriculography. Although normal echocardiographic septal motion correlated well with ventriculography, decreased septal excursion by echocardiography did not.", "PMID": 642114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1195", "title": "Circulating thrombin time anticoagulant in a procainamide-induced syndrome.", "content": "Circulating anticoagulants are unusual in drug-induced syndromes. We evaluated the prolonged thrombin time of plasma from a patient with a procainamide-induced syndrome. This defect was shown to be due to a circulating anticoagulant that was not of fibrin or fibrinogen origin and that prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times of plasma. Subclinical doses of heparin sodium induced hemorrhagic manifestations in this patient. Following cessation of heparin therapy, the circulating anticoagulant persisted but the bleeding tendency abated. All clinical and laboratory manifestations of this syndrome abated gradually following cessation of procainamide therapy.", "contents": "Circulating thrombin time anticoagulant in a procainamide-induced syndrome. Circulating anticoagulants are unusual in drug-induced syndromes. We evaluated the prolonged thrombin time of plasma from a patient with a procainamide-induced syndrome. This defect was shown to be due to a circulating anticoagulant that was not of fibrin or fibrinogen origin and that prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times of plasma. Subclinical doses of heparin sodium induced hemorrhagic manifestations in this patient. Following cessation of heparin therapy, the circulating anticoagulant persisted but the bleeding tendency abated. All clinical and laboratory manifestations of this syndrome abated gradually following cessation of procainamide therapy.", "PMID": 642115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1196", "title": "Tetracycline. Another example of generic bioinequivalence.", "content": "Because of the Food and Drug Administration batch certification assurances, state government systems generally purchase antibiotics from the lowest bidder. A tetracycline hydrochloride tablet purchased in this manner is shown to be inferior to the innovator capsule product.", "contents": "Tetracycline. Another example of generic bioinequivalence. Because of the Food and Drug Administration batch certification assurances, state government systems generally purchase antibiotics from the lowest bidder. A tetracycline hydrochloride tablet purchased in this manner is shown to be inferior to the innovator capsule product.", "PMID": 642116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1197", "title": "Hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is an extremely rare cause of hypercalcemia associated with malignant neoplasms. The case of a patient with extensive squamous cell carcinoma of both buttocks and thighs, with severe hypercalcemia is reported. The data presented indicate secretion of a humoral factor by the tumor, producing hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is an extremely rare cause of hypercalcemia associated with malignant neoplasms. The case of a patient with extensive squamous cell carcinoma of both buttocks and thighs, with severe hypercalcemia is reported. The data presented indicate secretion of a humoral factor by the tumor, producing hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 642117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1198", "title": "Latent and chronic infections imported from Southeast Asia.", "content": "This review is intended to remind physicians of exotic infections with latency of at least one year that could cause illness in refugees or US citizens exposed in Southeast Asia. Tuberculosis, melioidosis, and leprosy are the major chronic infections of bacterial origin. Intestinal protozoa, roundworms, and flatworms are considered with regard to pathogenic, potential and duration of infection. Malaria, filariasis, and schistosomiasis may be seen on occasion. Paragonimiasis and Chinese liver fluke infections are more common and may simulate other less exotic diseases.", "contents": "Latent and chronic infections imported from Southeast Asia. This review is intended to remind physicians of exotic infections with latency of at least one year that could cause illness in refugees or US citizens exposed in Southeast Asia. Tuberculosis, melioidosis, and leprosy are the major chronic infections of bacterial origin. Intestinal protozoa, roundworms, and flatworms are considered with regard to pathogenic, potential and duration of infection. Malaria, filariasis, and schistosomiasis may be seen on occasion. Paragonimiasis and Chinese liver fluke infections are more common and may simulate other less exotic diseases.", "PMID": 642122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1199", "title": "Preclinical hemochromatosis in a population on a high-iron-fortified diet.", "content": "Three hundred forty-seven (96.4%) of all persons aged 30 to 39 years were screened with serum iron and iron binding capacity measurements to determine the incidence of hemochromatosis in a population. No women had signs of iron overload; however, nine men (5%) had persistenly elevated serum iron levels. In four men (2%), increased iron stores was found with a distribution like that in the early stages of hemochromatosis. In combination with recent findings of clinical hemochromatosis at our hospital, this study suggests that this condition is not as rare as has been reported earlier.", "contents": "Preclinical hemochromatosis in a population on a high-iron-fortified diet. Three hundred forty-seven (96.4%) of all persons aged 30 to 39 years were screened with serum iron and iron binding capacity measurements to determine the incidence of hemochromatosis in a population. No women had signs of iron overload; however, nine men (5%) had persistenly elevated serum iron levels. In four men (2%), increased iron stores was found with a distribution like that in the early stages of hemochromatosis. In combination with recent findings of clinical hemochromatosis at our hospital, this study suggests that this condition is not as rare as has been reported earlier.", "PMID": 642130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1200", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "Information was collected among six participating medial centers on frequency of performance and the percentage of abnormality of 30 tests performed on patients with complaints suggesting transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). A number of these were commonly performed and commonly exhibited abnormalities. Although the diagnosis of TIA is made by history and  physical examination, these tests were of value in aiding the physician to determine possible causes of TIA, to detect risk factors of associated conditions, to rule out alternative diagnoses, and to assess the patient's ability to tolerate different types of therapy.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. Information was collected among six participating medial centers on frequency of performance and the percentage of abnormality of 30 tests performed on patients with complaints suggesting transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). A number of these were commonly performed and commonly exhibited abnormalities. Although the diagnosis of TIA is made by history and  physical examination, these tests were of value in aiding the physician to determine possible causes of TIA, to detect risk factors of associated conditions, to rule out alternative diagnoses, and to assess the patient's ability to tolerate different types of therapy.", "PMID": 642131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1201", "title": "Tuberculous Addison's disease and thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Addison's disease developed in two patients after they had tuberculosis. Thyrotoxicosis subsequently developed. In both cases, the adrenal glands were calcified, suggesting that Addison's disease was tuberculous in origin. Results of tests for antihyroglobulin, antimicrosomal, and adrenal cortex antibodies were normal. These findings do not suggest an autoimmune basis for the occurrence of the two endocrinopathies. The rarity of the simultaneous occurrence of both disorders suggests it to be fortuitous.", "contents": "Tuberculous Addison's disease and thyrotoxicosis. Addison's disease developed in two patients after they had tuberculosis. Thyrotoxicosis subsequently developed. In both cases, the adrenal glands were calcified, suggesting that Addison's disease was tuberculous in origin. Results of tests for antihyroglobulin, antimicrosomal, and adrenal cortex antibodies were normal. These findings do not suggest an autoimmune basis for the occurrence of the two endocrinopathies. The rarity of the simultaneous occurrence of both disorders suggests it to be fortuitous.", "PMID": 642133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1202", "title": "A new device for arterial blood gas sampling.", "content": "Artifacts in CO2 tension measurements owing to heparin dilution are eliminated by use of a sampling device employing crystalline heparin. The absence of a plunger and the low resistance to filling allows the use of small, 23- or 25-guage needles, thus reducing pain during arterial puncture and hematoma formation.", "contents": "A new device for arterial blood gas sampling. Artifacts in CO2 tension measurements owing to heparin dilution are eliminated by use of a sampling device employing crystalline heparin. The absence of a plunger and the low resistance to filling allows the use of small, 23- or 25-guage needles, thus reducing pain during arterial puncture and hematoma formation.", "PMID": 642134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1203", "title": "Enforcement of school immunization law in Alaska.", "content": "Investigation of measles outbreaks during the fall of 1976 led to the discovery that Alkaska's school immunization law was not being enforced. In an effort to control a large outbreak of measles in Fairbanks, children were required to show proof of measles vaccination or be excluded from school. Of the Fairbanks schoolchildren, 25% were vaccinated against measles; 1,251 (11%) of 11,727 unvaccinated schoolchildren were excluded in January, and no further cases of measles occurred. Subsequently, the school law was enforced statewide, and on March 1, 1977, all children not immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, and rubella were excluded from school (7,418 [8.3%] of 89,108). One month later, fewer than 51 children still did not meet immunization requirements. More than 35,000 children were vaccinated in the immunization campaign; no adverse side effects to any vaccine were reported.", "contents": "Enforcement of school immunization law in Alaska. Investigation of measles outbreaks during the fall of 1976 led to the discovery that Alkaska's school immunization law was not being enforced. In an effort to control a large outbreak of measles in Fairbanks, children were required to show proof of measles vaccination or be excluded from school. Of the Fairbanks schoolchildren, 25% were vaccinated against measles; 1,251 (11%) of 11,727 unvaccinated schoolchildren were excluded in January, and no further cases of measles occurred. Subsequently, the school law was enforced statewide, and on March 1, 1977, all children not immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, and rubella were excluded from school (7,418 [8.3%] of 89,108). One month later, fewer than 51 children still did not meet immunization requirements. More than 35,000 children were vaccinated in the immunization campaign; no adverse side effects to any vaccine were reported.", "PMID": 642153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1204", "title": "Long-term treatment of refractory hypertensive patients with minoxidil.", "content": "Twenty-nine hypertensive patients refractory to conventional medications were treated continuously with minoxidil, sympathetic suppressants, and diuretics for six months to five years (mean, 30 months). All had evidence of hypertensive end-organ damage before minoxidil therapy. Good blood pressure control was obtained in 21 (72%) of 29 patients when minoxidil was given in dosages up to 40 mg/day. No tolerance was found. In the remaining eight, good control was obtained in three when phenoxybenzamine therapy was added, and in one when clonidine therapy was added. Renal failure requiring hemodialysis developed in five of 29, one had temporary hemiparesis, and one had fatal cerebral hemorrhage. In the remainder, myocardial infarctions and strokes were effectively prevented. Patients receiving minoxidil and propranolol hydrochloride had elevated plasma norepinephrine levels while those receiving clonidine had normal plasma norepinephrine levels.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of refractory hypertensive patients with minoxidil. Twenty-nine hypertensive patients refractory to conventional medications were treated continuously with minoxidil, sympathetic suppressants, and diuretics for six months to five years (mean, 30 months). All had evidence of hypertensive end-organ damage before minoxidil therapy. Good blood pressure control was obtained in 21 (72%) of 29 patients when minoxidil was given in dosages up to 40 mg/day. No tolerance was found. In the remaining eight, good control was obtained in three when phenoxybenzamine therapy was added, and in one when clonidine therapy was added. Renal failure requiring hemodialysis developed in five of 29, one had temporary hemiparesis, and one had fatal cerebral hemorrhage. In the remainder, myocardial infarctions and strokes were effectively prevented. Patients receiving minoxidil and propranolol hydrochloride had elevated plasma norepinephrine levels while those receiving clonidine had normal plasma norepinephrine levels.", "PMID": 642154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1205", "title": "Retraining inactive physicians. A seven-year experience.", "content": "In 1969 the Medical College of Pennsylvania began a program to retrain clinically inactive physicians. Originally designed for women physicians who had discontinued their clinical training or practice in response to family responsibilities, the program has expanded its goals to encompass physicians in nonclinical careers who wish to reenter clinical practice. An eight week program, which provides didactic and clinical experience, has been designed as a first step or catalyst for these physicians. Since the program began, 102 physicians have matriculated to the program, and of these physicians, 78 have returned to clinical activity. Criteria have been developed in selecting those physicians most likely to return to clinical activity. There is a potential continued need for programs whose unique attributes and liabilities of retraining are a form of continuing medical education.", "contents": "Retraining inactive physicians. A seven-year experience. In 1969 the Medical College of Pennsylvania began a program to retrain clinically inactive physicians. Originally designed for women physicians who had discontinued their clinical training or practice in response to family responsibilities, the program has expanded its goals to encompass physicians in nonclinical careers who wish to reenter clinical practice. An eight week program, which provides didactic and clinical experience, has been designed as a first step or catalyst for these physicians. Since the program began, 102 physicians have matriculated to the program, and of these physicians, 78 have returned to clinical activity. Criteria have been developed in selecting those physicians most likely to return to clinical activity. There is a potential continued need for programs whose unique attributes and liabilities of retraining are a form of continuing medical education.", "PMID": 642155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1206", "title": "Transsexual surgery. A new tort?", "content": "Transsexual surgery became a modern reality 25 years ago when Christine Jorgenson's sex reversal shocked the world. Since that time, transsexuality has become both dilemma and controversy in medicine, psychiatry, and law. Transsexuality emerged into an interdisciplinary void. Today both scientists and courts are being asked to fill that void with answers. I have explored the legal aspects of transsexual surgery, both ancient common-law precedents and current developments, and possible answers to the sex change dilemma.", "contents": "Transsexual surgery. A new tort? Transsexual surgery became a modern reality 25 years ago when Christine Jorgenson's sex reversal shocked the world. Since that time, transsexuality has become both dilemma and controversy in medicine, psychiatry, and law. Transsexuality emerged into an interdisciplinary void. Today both scientists and courts are being asked to fill that void with answers. I have explored the legal aspects of transsexual surgery, both ancient common-law precedents and current developments, and possible answers to the sex change dilemma.", "PMID": 642156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1207", "title": "Continuous intravenous deferoxamine infusion. Treatment of secondary hemochromatosis in adults.", "content": "Adult patients with chronic iron overload were given oral ascorbic acid and continuous intravenous infusions of deferoxamine mesylate. The dosage of deferoxamine mesylate was altered every 48 hours from 1 g/sq m/24 hr to 2 or 4 g/sq m/24 hr. The average iron mobilization was 55.6 mg per day at the 1 g/sq m/24 hr dosage level, 78.6 mg every 24 hours at the 2 g/sq m/24 hr dosage level, and 90.1 mg every 24 hours at the 4 g/sq m/24 hr dosage level. Iron mobilization was undiminished when successive 14-day courses of deferoxamine separated by six-week intervals were administered.", "contents": "Continuous intravenous deferoxamine infusion. Treatment of secondary hemochromatosis in adults. Adult patients with chronic iron overload were given oral ascorbic acid and continuous intravenous infusions of deferoxamine mesylate. The dosage of deferoxamine mesylate was altered every 48 hours from 1 g/sq m/24 hr to 2 or 4 g/sq m/24 hr. The average iron mobilization was 55.6 mg per day at the 1 g/sq m/24 hr dosage level, 78.6 mg every 24 hours at the 2 g/sq m/24 hr dosage level, and 90.1 mg every 24 hours at the 4 g/sq m/24 hr dosage level. Iron mobilization was undiminished when successive 14-day courses of deferoxamine separated by six-week intervals were administered.", "PMID": 642157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1208", "title": "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Results in the newborn population of New England.", "content": "During the first year of operation, the New England Regional Hypothyroidism Screening Program determined the concentration of thyroxine (T4) levels in dried blood on filter paper from 129,028 infants born in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Specimens from approximately 3,800 neonates were found to have levels of T4 below the lower limit of normal (less than 6.0 microgram/dl) and were assayed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) content. Levels of TSH were elevated (greater than 20 muU/ml) in 31 infants, 23 of whom eventually proved to have unequivocal hypothyroidism. Based on these figures and including two hypothyroid infants who were not tested, the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in the New England region is approximately 1:5,200 births. The estimation of T4 values supplemented by measurement of TSH values on specimens with low T4 values has proved to be a satisfactory approach to large-scale screening for congenital hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Results in the newborn population of New England. During the first year of operation, the New England Regional Hypothyroidism Screening Program determined the concentration of thyroxine (T4) levels in dried blood on filter paper from 129,028 infants born in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Specimens from approximately 3,800 neonates were found to have levels of T4 below the lower limit of normal (less than 6.0 microgram/dl) and were assayed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) content. Levels of TSH were elevated (greater than 20 muU/ml) in 31 infants, 23 of whom eventually proved to have unequivocal hypothyroidism. Based on these figures and including two hypothyroid infants who were not tested, the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in the New England region is approximately 1:5,200 births. The estimation of T4 values supplemented by measurement of TSH values on specimens with low T4 values has proved to be a satisfactory approach to large-scale screening for congenital hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 642171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1209", "title": "Treatment of typhoid carriers with amoxicillin. Correlates of successful therapy.", "content": "Fifteen chronic enteric carriers of Salmonella typhi were treated with amoxicillin trihydrate, 2 g by mouth, three times per day. Nine of ten patients who were able to take the full amoxicillin regimen were cured; among five patients treated with a lower daily amoxicillin dosage because of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, only two were cured (P less than .05). The mean serum amoxicillin concentration at termination of therapy was higher (P less than .01) in five patients who were cured (10.4 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) than in the four who failed (3.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml), although the latter values were all above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for infecting organisms. This study suggests that amoxicillin treatment of chronic typhoid carriers could be enhanced by treating with doses sufficient to provide suprainhibitory serum concentrations of the antibiotic. However, GI intolerance to amoxicillin could limit this therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Treatment of typhoid carriers with amoxicillin. Correlates of successful therapy. Fifteen chronic enteric carriers of Salmonella typhi were treated with amoxicillin trihydrate, 2 g by mouth, three times per day. Nine of ten patients who were able to take the full amoxicillin regimen were cured; among five patients treated with a lower daily amoxicillin dosage because of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, only two were cured (P less than .05). The mean serum amoxicillin concentration at termination of therapy was higher (P less than .01) in five patients who were cured (10.4 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) than in the four who failed (3.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml), although the latter values were all above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for infecting organisms. This study suggests that amoxicillin treatment of chronic typhoid carriers could be enhanced by treating with doses sufficient to provide suprainhibitory serum concentrations of the antibiotic. However, GI intolerance to amoxicillin could limit this therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 642172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1210", "title": "Insights into the Israeli health care system. Reflections on a medical student's experience.", "content": "A two-month visit to the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, provided an opportunity to investigate some aspects of that country's health care system. Observations on the Israeli health care system and on the populations served, with highlights on cultural, demographic, political, and historic factors, are essential to an understanding of health care in Israel. A detailed description of the organization and administration of services at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center may aid in this understanding. It is essential to our understanding of this health care system to realize that Israel is not a purely Western nation. To gain insight into the system, we must consider the nation's political and economic situation. Such an awareness is crucial to the study of any foreign health care system.", "contents": "Insights into the Israeli health care system. Reflections on a medical student's experience. A two-month visit to the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, provided an opportunity to investigate some aspects of that country's health care system. Observations on the Israeli health care system and on the populations served, with highlights on cultural, demographic, political, and historic factors, are essential to an understanding of health care in Israel. A detailed description of the organization and administration of services at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center may aid in this understanding. It is essential to our understanding of this health care system to realize that Israel is not a purely Western nation. To gain insight into the system, we must consider the nation's political and economic situation. Such an awareness is crucial to the study of any foreign health care system.", "PMID": 642173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1211", "title": "Disease control programs in the United States. Control of streptococcal and poststreptococcal disease.", "content": "Programs administered by health departments and heart associations for control of streptococcal and poststreptococcal disease differ greatly from state to state. The year 1974 was used as a representative year when studying the variety of state policies and programs regarding surveillance of streptococcal disease, primary and secondary prevention of rheumatic fever, and prevention of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A uniform national policy for streptococcal control is desirable but should be based on evidence not now available concerning the impact of various elements of control programs on morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Disease control programs in the United States. Control of streptococcal and poststreptococcal disease. Programs administered by health departments and heart associations for control of streptococcal and poststreptococcal disease differ greatly from state to state. The year 1974 was used as a representative year when studying the variety of state policies and programs regarding surveillance of streptococcal disease, primary and secondary prevention of rheumatic fever, and prevention of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A uniform national policy for streptococcal control is desirable but should be based on evidence not now available concerning the impact of various elements of control programs on morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 642174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1212", "title": "Pseudomonas folliculitis acquired from a health spa whirlpool.", "content": "Three cases of an unusual Pseudomonas skin infection acquired from a health spa whirlpool were reported, and an epidemiologic survey showed 17 additional cases. This dermatosis is characterized by the abrupt onset of urticarial papules and superficial and deep papulopustules that spare only the head and neck and occur eight to 48 hours after using the whirlpool. Cultures from one patient's pustules and from the spa whirlpool environment were positive for P aeruginosa, serotype O-11. The condition cleared in all but one patient, without treatment, within seven to ten days. This patient continues to have recurrent follicular pustules three months after exposure. Samples from whirlpools at six other selected establishments were also positive for P aeruginosa.", "contents": "Pseudomonas folliculitis acquired from a health spa whirlpool. Three cases of an unusual Pseudomonas skin infection acquired from a health spa whirlpool were reported, and an epidemiologic survey showed 17 additional cases. This dermatosis is characterized by the abrupt onset of urticarial papules and superficial and deep papulopustules that spare only the head and neck and occur eight to 48 hours after using the whirlpool. Cultures from one patient's pustules and from the spa whirlpool environment were positive for P aeruginosa, serotype O-11. The condition cleared in all but one patient, without treatment, within seven to ten days. This patient continues to have recurrent follicular pustules three months after exposure. Samples from whirlpools at six other selected establishments were also positive for P aeruginosa.", "PMID": 642175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1213", "title": "Abuse of antiparkinsonism drugs. Feigning of extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain trihexyphenidyl.", "content": "Many physicians may be unaware of the abuse potential of antiparkinsonism medications. A case report suggests that the deliberate abuse of these drugs may be considerably more widespread than has been hitherto believed. Patients may feign extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain antiparkinsonism agents. Physicians should exercise greater caution when prescribing these drugs.", "contents": "Abuse of antiparkinsonism drugs. Feigning of extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain trihexyphenidyl. Many physicians may be unaware of the abuse potential of antiparkinsonism medications. A case report suggests that the deliberate abuse of these drugs may be considerably more widespread than has been hitherto believed. Patients may feign extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain antiparkinsonism agents. Physicians should exercise greater caution when prescribing these drugs.", "PMID": 642176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1214", "title": "The hemodynamics of cardiac tamponade.", "content": "The changes produced by acute pericardial tamponade were examined. Tamponade produced the expected hemodynamic alteration; namely, depression on cardiac output, left ventricular pressure and LV dp/dt and elevation of right atrial and intrapericardial pressures. The mechanism of the hemodynamic disturbances was that the elevation of the intrapericardial pressure produced a negative atrial transmural pressure and disturbed atrial and ventricle filling producing the vicious cycle: diminished venoatrial gradient leads to decreased cardiac output leads to attenuated effect of ventricular systole on atrial filling, and so forth. The myocardial contractility was not impaired in cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "The hemodynamics of cardiac tamponade. The changes produced by acute pericardial tamponade were examined. Tamponade produced the expected hemodynamic alteration; namely, depression on cardiac output, left ventricular pressure and LV dp/dt and elevation of right atrial and intrapericardial pressures. The mechanism of the hemodynamic disturbances was that the elevation of the intrapericardial pressure produced a negative atrial transmural pressure and disturbed atrial and ventricle filling producing the vicious cycle: diminished venoatrial gradient leads to decreased cardiac output leads to attenuated effect of ventricular systole on atrial filling, and so forth. The myocardial contractility was not impaired in cardiac tamponade.", "PMID": 642185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1215", "title": "Application of the ultrasonic technique for the pathophysiological analysis of the pericardial disease.", "content": "(1) In large pericardial effusion, echography showed a revolving motion of the heart. This characteristic motion was interfered by the pericardial adhesion. Real time cross-sectional scanning was useful for detecting the adhesion, especially the localized one. When excessive cardiac motion coexisted with tachycardia, alternation of the heart position accompanied by electrical alternans was observed. Based on the results, the mechanisms for the alternation of the heart position was discussed. (2) Echogram suggesting the pericardial thickening was found in about a half of patients with constrictive pericarditis. Another findings, which may reflect the anatomical and functional changes in constrictive pericarditis, were also presented. Although each of them is not pathognomonic, concurrence of them may suggest the presence of constrictive pericarditis. (3) Inflow velocity in jugular vein was markedly decreased in cardiac tamponade. The inspiratory increase in the inflow velocity was observed in mild cardiac tamponade, but not in severe one. Flow velocity pattern of jugular vein in constrictive pericarditis was characterized by the appearance of the reverse flow being coexistent with rapidly decelerating inflow in diastole.", "contents": "Application of the ultrasonic technique for the pathophysiological analysis of the pericardial disease. (1) In large pericardial effusion, echography showed a revolving motion of the heart. This characteristic motion was interfered by the pericardial adhesion. Real time cross-sectional scanning was useful for detecting the adhesion, especially the localized one. When excessive cardiac motion coexisted with tachycardia, alternation of the heart position accompanied by electrical alternans was observed. Based on the results, the mechanisms for the alternation of the heart position was discussed. (2) Echogram suggesting the pericardial thickening was found in about a half of patients with constrictive pericarditis. Another findings, which may reflect the anatomical and functional changes in constrictive pericarditis, were also presented. Although each of them is not pathognomonic, concurrence of them may suggest the presence of constrictive pericarditis. (3) Inflow velocity in jugular vein was markedly decreased in cardiac tamponade. The inspiratory increase in the inflow velocity was observed in mild cardiac tamponade, but not in severe one. Flow velocity pattern of jugular vein in constrictive pericarditis was characterized by the appearance of the reverse flow being coexistent with rapidly decelerating inflow in diastole.", "PMID": 642186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1216", "title": "A clinical study on idiopathic pericarditis.", "content": "1) Thirty-eight cases of idiopathic pericarditis in our institutes were analyzed and were classified into 3; group A: clinical picture of pericarditis, group B: clinical picture of peri-myocarditis and group C: dominant clinical picture of chronic pericardial effusion. 2) All cases of group A showed a good clinical course. 3) In group B cases with complete A--V block continued to have heart block with significant myocardial changes, and the prognosis may not be good. 4) Many cases of group C belonged to elderly female and the etiology was unclear. 5) Viral pericarditis was proven in only one case.", "contents": "A clinical study on idiopathic pericarditis. 1) Thirty-eight cases of idiopathic pericarditis in our institutes were analyzed and were classified into 3; group A: clinical picture of pericarditis, group B: clinical picture of peri-myocarditis and group C: dominant clinical picture of chronic pericardial effusion. 2) All cases of group A showed a good clinical course. 3) In group B cases with complete A--V block continued to have heart block with significant myocardial changes, and the prognosis may not be good. 4) Many cases of group C belonged to elderly female and the etiology was unclear. 5) Viral pericarditis was proven in only one case.", "PMID": 642188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1217", "title": "A clinicopathological study on pericardial heart disease in the aged.", "content": "A total of 87 cases of pericardial heart disease (73 of pericarditis and 14 of hemopericardium) among 870 consecutive autopsies of aged patients was studied. Fibrinofibrouspericarditis was found in 80.8% of pericarditis, neoplastic in  13.7% and purulent in 5.5%. Representative cases of each type of pericarditis were illustrated. Among fibrinofibrous pericarditis, idiopathic was the most common and the other causes included irradiation, myocardial infarction, renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism. Frequent association of congestive heart failure or anasarca with mild to moderate fibrinofibrous pericarditis was noted. Clinical and morphologic evidences of pulmonary tuberculosis were present in nearly one third of cases with fibrinofibrious pericarditis, but actual incidence of tuberculous pericarditis could not be determined. Incidence of clinical signs and symptoms of acute pericarditis was evaluated with the stress on the relatively high incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, especially in cases with histological evidence of sinus node involvement in aged cases.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study on pericardial heart disease in the aged. A total of 87 cases of pericardial heart disease (73 of pericarditis and 14 of hemopericardium) among 870 consecutive autopsies of aged patients was studied. Fibrinofibrouspericarditis was found in 80.8% of pericarditis, neoplastic in  13.7% and purulent in 5.5%. Representative cases of each type of pericarditis were illustrated. Among fibrinofibrous pericarditis, idiopathic was the most common and the other causes included irradiation, myocardial infarction, renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism. Frequent association of congestive heart failure or anasarca with mild to moderate fibrinofibrous pericarditis was noted. Clinical and morphologic evidences of pulmonary tuberculosis were present in nearly one third of cases with fibrinofibrious pericarditis, but actual incidence of tuberculous pericarditis could not be determined. Incidence of clinical signs and symptoms of acute pericarditis was evaluated with the stress on the relatively high incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, especially in cases with histological evidence of sinus node involvement in aged cases.", "PMID": 642189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1218", "title": "Electrophysiologic manifestations in so-called \"sick sinus syndrome\".", "content": "Electrophysiologic disorders in 17 patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were assessed by recording of intracardiac electrograms, atrial overdrive pacing and extrastimulus technique. Significant suppression of the sinoatrial node (SAN) by overdrive pacing (maximum corrected SAN recovery time of longer than 560 msec) was noted in 14 or 16 patients studied. In nine patients, scanning with atrial extrastimuli, sinus rest was defined in all. In one patient there was a longer interpolation zone. Calculated sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) in individual patients varied considerably. The mean SACT was over 110 msec in 5 of 9 patients (56%). Sinus echo was demonstrated in 3; one manifested SAN- re-entrant tachycardia with rates of 72 to 77 beats/min. AV nodal echo was demonstrated in 3, two of them manifested AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia. Intracardiac electrograms revealed prolonged AV conduction time in 2 of 15 patients and prolonged His-Purkinje system conduction time in 2 of 17 patients studied. Two patients disclosed what we thought to be manifestation of intraatrial conduction disturbance. Both had considerable time interval between pacing impulse and atrial response. In one of them Mobitz type 1 and 2:1 intraatrial blocks were observed on atrial pacing and a possible internodal tract depolarization was also recorded. It is concluded that the electrophysiologic manifestations of patients with SSS cover a wide spectrum. The machanism of tachycardia can be due to either SAN or AV nodal re-entry.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic manifestations in so-called \"sick sinus syndrome\". Electrophysiologic disorders in 17 patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were assessed by recording of intracardiac electrograms, atrial overdrive pacing and extrastimulus technique. Significant suppression of the sinoatrial node (SAN) by overdrive pacing (maximum corrected SAN recovery time of longer than 560 msec) was noted in 14 or 16 patients studied. In nine patients, scanning with atrial extrastimuli, sinus rest was defined in all. In one patient there was a longer interpolation zone. Calculated sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) in individual patients varied considerably. The mean SACT was over 110 msec in 5 of 9 patients (56%). Sinus echo was demonstrated in 3; one manifested SAN- re-entrant tachycardia with rates of 72 to 77 beats/min. AV nodal echo was demonstrated in 3, two of them manifested AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia. Intracardiac electrograms revealed prolonged AV conduction time in 2 of 15 patients and prolonged His-Purkinje system conduction time in 2 of 17 patients studied. Two patients disclosed what we thought to be manifestation of intraatrial conduction disturbance. Both had considerable time interval between pacing impulse and atrial response. In one of them Mobitz type 1 and 2:1 intraatrial blocks were observed on atrial pacing and a possible internodal tract depolarization was also recorded. It is concluded that the electrophysiologic manifestations of patients with SSS cover a wide spectrum. The machanism of tachycardia can be due to either SAN or AV nodal re-entry.", "PMID": 642192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1219", "title": "Long-term follow-up after cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients aged 39-80 years underwent implantation of a cardiac pacemaker and were followed for up to 9 years (average duration of pacing 39 months). Atrioventricular conduction disturbances (complete atrioventricular block, 2 : 1 atrioventricular block, bifascicular block, and atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular rate) were present in 49 patients and sick sinus syndrome (sinus arrest or sino-atrial block, and bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome) in 10. Pacing was required because of Adams-Stokes attacks in 41 patients, 2 of whom also had congestive heart failure. It was required in 6 because of frequent dizziness, in 10 because of congestive heart failure, and in 2 because of low cardiac output. The symptomatic improvement after cardiac pacing was well recognized in most of our patients, and 32 (54 percent) of the 59 patients pursued normal physical and daily activity. Although the efficacy of pacemaker therapy was of limited value in some patients with congestive heart failure or underlying or coexisting diseases, the beneficial effects following pacemaker implantation were: (1) abolishment of transient neurologic symptoms such as Adams-Stokes attack, (2) relief from a constant fear of a recurrence of an Adams-Stokes attack or sudden cardiac death, and (3) improvement in restricted physical activity due to low cardiac output. Thus, we conclude that pacemaker implantation in most patients with bradyarrhythmias is beneficial not only for the treatment of the acute problem but also because it prolongs life and greatly enhances its quality. However, in spite of the beneficial effects after pacemaker implantation, we still observe a number of complications connected with the use of a permanent pacemaker. Therefore, our policy is to implant a permanent pacemaker following the execution of sufficient studies of the bradyarrhythmia and the etiology of symptoms, and then under taking long-term follow-up of the patients.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up after cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias. Fifty-nine patients aged 39-80 years underwent implantation of a cardiac pacemaker and were followed for up to 9 years (average duration of pacing 39 months). Atrioventricular conduction disturbances (complete atrioventricular block, 2 : 1 atrioventricular block, bifascicular block, and atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular rate) were present in 49 patients and sick sinus syndrome (sinus arrest or sino-atrial block, and bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome) in 10. Pacing was required because of Adams-Stokes attacks in 41 patients, 2 of whom also had congestive heart failure. It was required in 6 because of frequent dizziness, in 10 because of congestive heart failure, and in 2 because of low cardiac output. The symptomatic improvement after cardiac pacing was well recognized in most of our patients, and 32 (54 percent) of the 59 patients pursued normal physical and daily activity. Although the efficacy of pacemaker therapy was of limited value in some patients with congestive heart failure or underlying or coexisting diseases, the beneficial effects following pacemaker implantation were: (1) abolishment of transient neurologic symptoms such as Adams-Stokes attack, (2) relief from a constant fear of a recurrence of an Adams-Stokes attack or sudden cardiac death, and (3) improvement in restricted physical activity due to low cardiac output. Thus, we conclude that pacemaker implantation in most patients with bradyarrhythmias is beneficial not only for the treatment of the acute problem but also because it prolongs life and greatly enhances its quality. However, in spite of the beneficial effects after pacemaker implantation, we still observe a number of complications connected with the use of a permanent pacemaker. Therefore, our policy is to implant a permanent pacemaker following the execution of sufficient studies of the bradyarrhythmia and the etiology of symptoms, and then under taking long-term follow-up of the patients.", "PMID": 642193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1220", "title": "Surgical treatment of tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "As a treatment for tachyarrhythmia, we have experienced 3 cases of Kent bundle division for WPW syndrome and 7 cases for implantation of atrial pacemaker. In two cases of Kent bundle division for A type and B type WPW syndrome, reappearance of premature supraventricular tachycardia was noticed but with less frequency and in number. A case of B type was cured surgically. Seven cases (including a case with elapse of 6 years) implanted with R-F atrial pacemaker termination of tachyarrhythmia resulted by rapid atrial pacing for 10 seconds.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of tachyarrhythmias. As a treatment for tachyarrhythmia, we have experienced 3 cases of Kent bundle division for WPW syndrome and 7 cases for implantation of atrial pacemaker. In two cases of Kent bundle division for A type and B type WPW syndrome, reappearance of premature supraventricular tachycardia was noticed but with less frequency and in number. A case of B type was cured surgically. Seven cases (including a case with elapse of 6 years) implanted with R-F atrial pacemaker termination of tachyarrhythmia resulted by rapid atrial pacing for 10 seconds.", "PMID": 642196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1221", "title": "Concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients, 23 of whom had documented attacks of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), were studied electrophysiologically and the following results were obtained: (1) Antegrade concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrom (AC WPW) was demonstrated in 7 out of 69 patients by atrial stimulation including extrastimulus. Six of these 7 patients presented an accessory pathway (AP) conduction of the Kent type, 5 of which showed Type A and another, Type B. The remaining one of these 7 patients showed an AP conduction of the Mahaim type. One of the 7 patients showed a combination with the James and Kent types AP conduction. (2) Retrograde concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (RC WPW) was demonstrated in 8 out of 49 patients in whom the presence of V-A conduction was revealed by ventricular stimulation, while PSVT was documented in 7 of these 8 patients. An AP of the Kent type was identified in the left side of the heart in 5 out of 7 patients with documented PSVT, the right side in one and in the septal region in one. (3) The presence of bilateral or two APs were demonstrated in 3 patients. In another one with documented PSVT, the presence of a branched AP from a left-sided Kent bundle was assumed. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that concealed APs may be more frequent than realized. For example, the frequency of RC WPW in patients with PSVT was 30.4% (7/23) in our series. Accordingly, it is postulated that RC WPW may also be indicated for surgical therapy and that detailed electrophysiologic examination by the physician should be carried out for the sake of determining the indication.", "contents": "Concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Sixty-nine patients, 23 of whom had documented attacks of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), were studied electrophysiologically and the following results were obtained: (1) Antegrade concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrom (AC WPW) was demonstrated in 7 out of 69 patients by atrial stimulation including extrastimulus. Six of these 7 patients presented an accessory pathway (AP) conduction of the Kent type, 5 of which showed Type A and another, Type B. The remaining one of these 7 patients showed an AP conduction of the Mahaim type. One of the 7 patients showed a combination with the James and Kent types AP conduction. (2) Retrograde concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (RC WPW) was demonstrated in 8 out of 49 patients in whom the presence of V-A conduction was revealed by ventricular stimulation, while PSVT was documented in 7 of these 8 patients. An AP of the Kent type was identified in the left side of the heart in 5 out of 7 patients with documented PSVT, the right side in one and in the septal region in one. (3) The presence of bilateral or two APs were demonstrated in 3 patients. In another one with documented PSVT, the presence of a branched AP from a left-sided Kent bundle was assumed. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that concealed APs may be more frequent than realized. For example, the frequency of RC WPW in patients with PSVT was 30.4% (7/23) in our series. Accordingly, it is postulated that RC WPW may also be indicated for surgical therapy and that detailed electrophysiologic examination by the physician should be carried out for the sake of determining the indication.", "PMID": 642199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1222", "title": "A temporal profile of myocardial zinc changes after isoproterenol induced cardiac necrosis.", "content": "Changes in myocardial zinc level was followed up over a period of 5 days after producing myocardial necrosis in albino rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg body weight. Myocardial necrosis was confirmed by ECG (Lead II), histology and serum enzyme studies (SGOT, SGPT and LDH). A decrease in myocardial zinc level was observed on all the five days. The possible mechanism and the therapeutic implications of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "A temporal profile of myocardial zinc changes after isoproterenol induced cardiac necrosis. Changes in myocardial zinc level was followed up over a period of 5 days after producing myocardial necrosis in albino rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg body weight. Myocardial necrosis was confirmed by ECG (Lead II), histology and serum enzyme studies (SGOT, SGPT and LDH). A decrease in myocardial zinc level was observed on all the five days. The possible mechanism and the therapeutic implications of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 642204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1223", "title": "Studies on the normal polarcardiogram using right to left axis as the polar axis.", "content": "Polarcardiograms using right to left axis as the polar axis were recorded in 112 cases of the clinically healthy subjects. The wave forms of the polarcardiogram of the normal subjects were classified into the several difinite patterns. The quantitative values obtained by the measurement of the polarcardiograms agreed well with those obtained by the vectorcardiograms reported by the various authors. Polarcardiography has advantages not only to let us know the spatial polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors at any instant very easily and quickly, but also to give us the informations of the time-related continuous pattern of the polar components of the cardiac vectors very easily which are difficult to obtain by the conventional ECG and VCG.", "contents": "Studies on the normal polarcardiogram using right to left axis as the polar axis. Polarcardiograms using right to left axis as the polar axis were recorded in 112 cases of the clinically healthy subjects. The wave forms of the polarcardiogram of the normal subjects were classified into the several difinite patterns. The quantitative values obtained by the measurement of the polarcardiograms agreed well with those obtained by the vectorcardiograms reported by the various authors. Polarcardiography has advantages not only to let us know the spatial polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors at any instant very easily and quickly, but also to give us the informations of the time-related continuous pattern of the polar components of the cardiac vectors very easily which are difficult to obtain by the conventional ECG and VCG.", "PMID": 642205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1224", "title": "[Analysis of the right ventricular function by simulation (author's transl)].", "content": "In the previous experiments it was reported that either the interventricular septum of the free wall of the right ventricle was replaceable with a non-contractile prosthesis. It was also reported that a new chamber constructed on the epicardium had capability of producing a pulsatile pressure. This study was to determine contribution of the septum and the free wall on performance of the right ventricle by using a simulator. Left-ward shift of the interventricular groove was not found along the basal half of the long axis and was limited only along the apical half. Bulging of the septum toward the right ventricular cavity did not occur at all, but on contrary the septum moved toward left, denying contribution of the septal movement to pump action of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Analysis of the right ventricular function by simulation (author's transl)]. In the previous experiments it was reported that either the interventricular septum of the free wall of the right ventricle was replaceable with a non-contractile prosthesis. It was also reported that a new chamber constructed on the epicardium had capability of producing a pulsatile pressure. This study was to determine contribution of the septum and the free wall on performance of the right ventricle by using a simulator. Left-ward shift of the interventricular groove was not found along the basal half of the long axis and was limited only along the apical half. Bulging of the septum toward the right ventricular cavity did not occur at all, but on contrary the septum moved toward left, denying contribution of the septal movement to pump action of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 642206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1225", "title": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6437 (Sustained release cephalexin granule for pediatric use) was studied with the following results: 1) Following the single oral administration of 25 mg/kg of S-6437 in 6 children 4 approximately 6 years old, the following blood levels (average) of cephalexin were obtained: 3.1 microgram/ml in one hour after the administration, 8.6 microgram/ml in 2 hours, 8.7 in 4 hours, 7.2 in 6 hours, 4.0 in 8 hours and 1.2 in 12 hours. Effective blood levels of cephalexin by S-6437 were maintained for longer period of time than those by regular cephalexine dry syrup. In 4 of 6 children receiving S-6437, cephalexin was scarcely detected in their blood in 12 hours after the administration. From this, it is not considered that S-6437 is accumulated in body. 2) S-6437 was administered to 38 patients including: 7 with pneumonia, 7 with acute bronchitis, 1 with suppurative lymphadenitis, 4 with acute pharyngitis, 15 with acute tonsillitis and 4 with acute urinary tract infections. Out of the 35 cases, 31 (88.6%) responded to S-6437, and 3 cases could not be evaluated. 3) Transient diarrhea in 2 patients, rash in 1 and elevation of serum GOT, GPT and LDH in 1 were observed. However, these side effects were improved by discontinuation of S-6437.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) in pediatrics (author's transl)]. S-6437 (Sustained release cephalexin granule for pediatric use) was studied with the following results: 1) Following the single oral administration of 25 mg/kg of S-6437 in 6 children 4 approximately 6 years old, the following blood levels (average) of cephalexin were obtained: 3.1 microgram/ml in one hour after the administration, 8.6 microgram/ml in 2 hours, 8.7 in 4 hours, 7.2 in 6 hours, 4.0 in 8 hours and 1.2 in 12 hours. Effective blood levels of cephalexin by S-6437 were maintained for longer period of time than those by regular cephalexine dry syrup. In 4 of 6 children receiving S-6437, cephalexin was scarcely detected in their blood in 12 hours after the administration. From this, it is not considered that S-6437 is accumulated in body. 2) S-6437 was administered to 38 patients including: 7 with pneumonia, 7 with acute bronchitis, 1 with suppurative lymphadenitis, 4 with acute pharyngitis, 15 with acute tonsillitis and 4 with acute urinary tract infections. Out of the 35 cases, 31 (88.6%) responded to S-6437, and 3 cases could not be evaluated. 3) Transient diarrhea in 2 patients, rash in 1 and elevation of serum GOT, GPT and LDH in 1 were observed. However, these side effects were improved by discontinuation of S-6437.", "PMID": 642208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1226", "title": "[Fundamental studies on combination of antibiotics; especially on pharmacokinetics. II. Combination of gentamicin and minocycline (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Minocycline (MNC) (10 mg/kg) and gentamicin (GM) (5 mg/kg), in combination with pre- or post-treatment, were intravenously injected to the rat or rabbit to investigate their pharmacokinetics. 2. The antibiotics in the samples were separated by the paper electrophoretic technique and their concentrations were determined by the cup thin-layer plate method using Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. 3. In the rat, the biological half life of MNC was shortened when combined with GM, and its initial level was elevated. On the other hand, the biological half life of GM was prolonged, and its initial level was decreased. Similar results were observed in the rabbit. 4. The urinary excretion rate of MNC in the rat was increased when combined with GM, while that of GM were decreased with MNC. 5. The biliary excretion rate of MNC in the rabbit was increased when combined with GM. 6. The binding rate of MNC to the serum proteins was apparently decreased when it was administered in combination with GM.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies on combination of antibiotics; especially on pharmacokinetics. II. Combination of gentamicin and minocycline (author's transl)]. 1. Minocycline (MNC) (10 mg/kg) and gentamicin (GM) (5 mg/kg), in combination with pre- or post-treatment, were intravenously injected to the rat or rabbit to investigate their pharmacokinetics. 2. The antibiotics in the samples were separated by the paper electrophoretic technique and their concentrations were determined by the cup thin-layer plate method using Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. 3. In the rat, the biological half life of MNC was shortened when combined with GM, and its initial level was elevated. On the other hand, the biological half life of GM was prolonged, and its initial level was decreased. Similar results were observed in the rabbit. 4. The urinary excretion rate of MNC in the rat was increased when combined with GM, while that of GM were decreased with MNC. 5. The biliary excretion rate of MNC in the rabbit was increased when combined with GM. 6. The binding rate of MNC to the serum proteins was apparently decreased when it was administered in combination with GM.", "PMID": 642209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1227", "title": "Fatal paraquat poisoning: tissue concentrations and implications for treatment.", "content": "A 27-year-old male died 30 1/2 hours following ingestion of paraquat. Hemodialysis removed 72 mg of paraquat, which represented only 2% of the calculated absorbed dose; paraquat concentrations were determined in post-mortem tissue and were high in the lungs and kidneys. Prominent histologic changes were already present in the lungs, which showed extensive evidence of alveolar injury, and in the adrenal gland, which showed massive selective necrosis of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis. These findings emphasize the inadequacy of treatment regimens that attempt only to remove paraquat from body tissues. Trials of treatments designed to prevent gastrointestinal absorption, including combinations of absorbents, cathartics and gut lavage, are warranted.", "contents": "Fatal paraquat poisoning: tissue concentrations and implications for treatment. A 27-year-old male died 30 1/2 hours following ingestion of paraquat. Hemodialysis removed 72 mg of paraquat, which represented only 2% of the calculated absorbed dose; paraquat concentrations were determined in post-mortem tissue and were high in the lungs and kidneys. Prominent histologic changes were already present in the lungs, which showed extensive evidence of alveolar injury, and in the adrenal gland, which showed massive selective necrosis of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis. These findings emphasize the inadequacy of treatment regimens that attempt only to remove paraquat from body tissues. Trials of treatments designed to prevent gastrointestinal absorption, including combinations of absorbents, cathartics and gut lavage, are warranted.", "PMID": 642229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1228", "title": "[Anti-ischemic action of diuretics].", "content": "Rat experiments were conducted for comparative study of the effect of diuretics, injected into the organism in a single dose prior to two-and-a-half-hour ischemia of an only kidney and after it, on the extent of the kidney affection and survival of the animals. It was established that furosemid, etacryn acid and mannitol exert a preventive protective effect in ischemia of the kidneys and considerably increase the survival of rats as compared to the control-group. Analysis of the renal function in the first five days of the postischemic period testifies to the property of the above-mentioned diuretics for normalizing excretory processes on the 2nd-4th days of the action of the injuring agent, and for relieving or shortening the oligoanuric phase of acute renal failure. The significance of metabolic shifts, intratubular hydrodynamics and vascular microcirculation in the mechanism of the protective effect of diuretics in ischemia of the kidneys is discussed.", "contents": "[Anti-ischemic action of diuretics]. Rat experiments were conducted for comparative study of the effect of diuretics, injected into the organism in a single dose prior to two-and-a-half-hour ischemia of an only kidney and after it, on the extent of the kidney affection and survival of the animals. It was established that furosemid, etacryn acid and mannitol exert a preventive protective effect in ischemia of the kidneys and considerably increase the survival of rats as compared to the control-group. Analysis of the renal function in the first five days of the postischemic period testifies to the property of the above-mentioned diuretics for normalizing excretory processes on the 2nd-4th days of the action of the injuring agent, and for relieving or shortening the oligoanuric phase of acute renal failure. The significance of metabolic shifts, intratubular hydrodynamics and vascular microcirculation in the mechanism of the protective effect of diuretics in ischemia of the kidneys is discussed.", "PMID": 642232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1229", "title": "[Coagulation properties of the blood and tissues of the cardiovascular system exposed to an electromagnetic field].", "content": "The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic field on the coagulant and fibrinolytic properties of blood and tissues of the cardiovascular system was studied. Phase character of changes in the coagulative properties of blood as well as in those of the heart and aorta was established. Irradiation of rats for 8 days is attended by an increase in the coagulating and fibrinolytic activity of blood and simultaneous inhibition of the thromboplastic compounds of the heart and vascular wall. Increase of exposure to 20 days leads to inactivation of tissue and plasma blood coagulation factors. The possible mechanism of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "[Coagulation properties of the blood and tissues of the cardiovascular system exposed to an electromagnetic field]. The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic field on the coagulant and fibrinolytic properties of blood and tissues of the cardiovascular system was studied. Phase character of changes in the coagulative properties of blood as well as in those of the heart and aorta was established. Irradiation of rats for 8 days is attended by an increase in the coagulating and fibrinolytic activity of blood and simultaneous inhibition of the thromboplastic compounds of the heart and vascular wall. Increase of exposure to 20 days leads to inactivation of tissue and plasma blood coagulation factors. The possible mechanism of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 642233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1230", "title": "[Aging of the intima of the human thoracic aorta].", "content": "The aging of the intima of the human thoracic aorta was studied on autopsy material collected from individuals aged from 1 day to 99 years. It has been established that the density of the cell population and the thickness of the intima and the content of cholesterol and phospholipids in it are signs of intima aging. There is an exponential relation between these signs and the age of an individual. The level of cholesterol concentration in the intima depends on its thickness.", "contents": "[Aging of the intima of the human thoracic aorta]. The aging of the intima of the human thoracic aorta was studied on autopsy material collected from individuals aged from 1 day to 99 years. It has been established that the density of the cell population and the thickness of the intima and the content of cholesterol and phospholipids in it are signs of intima aging. There is an exponential relation between these signs and the age of an individual. The level of cholesterol concentration in the intima depends on its thickness.", "PMID": 642234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1231", "title": "[Chronotropic reserve of the heart in stenocardia].", "content": "The rate of cardiac contractions was studied prior to and during the bicycle ergometry test and in the period of restitution in 140 patients with angina pectoris of various severity as compared to practically healthy males. In distinction to healthy individuals, patients with angina pectoris reacted to physical exertion of equal force by a higher rate of cardiac rhythm which returned back to normal more slowly in the period of restitution. They were also marked by more rapid \"uneconomical\" expenditure of the cardiac chronotropic reserves. In angina pectoris, the capacity of the heart to maximum increase in the rate of contractions was limited. With the growth in the severity of chronic coronary insufficiency, the attack of angina induced by muscular exertion developed at a lesser frequency of the cardiac rhythm (p is less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Chronotropic reserve of the heart in stenocardia]. The rate of cardiac contractions was studied prior to and during the bicycle ergometry test and in the period of restitution in 140 patients with angina pectoris of various severity as compared to practically healthy males. In distinction to healthy individuals, patients with angina pectoris reacted to physical exertion of equal force by a higher rate of cardiac rhythm which returned back to normal more slowly in the period of restitution. They were also marked by more rapid \"uneconomical\" expenditure of the cardiac chronotropic reserves. In angina pectoris, the capacity of the heart to maximum increase in the rate of contractions was limited. With the growth in the severity of chronic coronary insufficiency, the attack of angina induced by muscular exertion developed at a lesser frequency of the cardiac rhythm (p is less than 0.001).", "PMID": 642235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1232", "title": "[Effect of baxacor on the hemodynamics and contractile function of the myocardium in acute ischemia (an experimental study)].", "content": "The article discusses the results of experiments on 16 dogs in which acute myocardial ischemia was reproduced with intravenous infusion of baksacor and without the infusion of the drug; control experiments were also performed on an intact heart with baksacor infusion. Hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were studied throughout the entire experiment. It was found that baksacor had practically no effect on an intact heart. In acute ischemia the maximum effect of the drug was manifested on the 5th-25th minutes. An increase of the stroke volume and normalization of the rate of shortening of the contraction component were observed. An anti-arrhythmic effect of baksacor was noted.", "contents": "[Effect of baxacor on the hemodynamics and contractile function of the myocardium in acute ischemia (an experimental study)]. The article discusses the results of experiments on 16 dogs in which acute myocardial ischemia was reproduced with intravenous infusion of baksacor and without the infusion of the drug; control experiments were also performed on an intact heart with baksacor infusion. Hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were studied throughout the entire experiment. It was found that baksacor had practically no effect on an intact heart. In acute ischemia the maximum effect of the drug was manifested on the 5th-25th minutes. An increase of the stroke volume and normalization of the rate of shortening of the contraction component were observed. An anti-arrhythmic effect of baksacor was noted.", "PMID": 642242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1233", "title": "[Effect of a glucose load on lipid metabolic indices in coronary arteriosclerosis with varying types of hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "The dynamics of changes in the indices of lipid metabolism was studied in 130 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and different types of hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) during 3 hours of the standard glucose tolerance test. It was established that a single glucose load in patients with coronary atherosclerosis caused insufficient decrease in the level of NEFA in the blood, and sometimes even led to its paradoxical increase, and parallel accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood to a different degree in different patients. Significant differences were revealed in the changes in the lipid composition of blood in response to glucose load in patients with type IIa and type IV HLP. Analysis of the hypolipidemic effect of miscleron and liniksin depending on the type of HLP and on the reaction of the lipid metabolism indices to the conditions of a glucose load showed that besides determining the type of HLP in patients with coronary atherosclerosis it is expedient to study the dynamics of changes in the blood lipid composition after glucose intake.", "contents": "[Effect of a glucose load on lipid metabolic indices in coronary arteriosclerosis with varying types of hyperlipoproteinemia]. The dynamics of changes in the indices of lipid metabolism was studied in 130 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and different types of hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) during 3 hours of the standard glucose tolerance test. It was established that a single glucose load in patients with coronary atherosclerosis caused insufficient decrease in the level of NEFA in the blood, and sometimes even led to its paradoxical increase, and parallel accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood to a different degree in different patients. Significant differences were revealed in the changes in the lipid composition of blood in response to glucose load in patients with type IIa and type IV HLP. Analysis of the hypolipidemic effect of miscleron and liniksin depending on the type of HLP and on the reaction of the lipid metabolism indices to the conditions of a glucose load showed that besides determining the type of HLP in patients with coronary atherosclerosis it is expedient to study the dynamics of changes in the blood lipid composition after glucose intake.", "PMID": 642243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1234", "title": "[Taurine transport in the heart].", "content": "The rat heart accumulates taurine against the concentration gradient when perfused for 60 minutes with solutions containing taurine in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.5 mM. The uptake of taurine by the myocardium at 37 degrees C is characterized by kinetic constants Km equal to 3.3 micron and Vmax equal to 0.77 micron/min. Heart taurine uptake is inhibited by sodium azide and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrosone and reduced by 30-50% by ouabain. Partial or total replacement of Na+ or K+ by equimolar amounts of trihydrochloride reduces taurine uptake. Competitive inhibition of taurine transport by beta-alanine and GABA is noted. The presence of alpha-alanine in the external medium does not affect the passage of taurine from the perfusate into the myocardium. It is concluded that the uptake of taurine by the rat heart  is accomplished by means of active transport through a transport system which possesses affinity to gamma- and beta-amino acids.", "contents": "[Taurine transport in the heart]. The rat heart accumulates taurine against the concentration gradient when perfused for 60 minutes with solutions containing taurine in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.5 mM. The uptake of taurine by the myocardium at 37 degrees C is characterized by kinetic constants Km equal to 3.3 micron and Vmax equal to 0.77 micron/min. Heart taurine uptake is inhibited by sodium azide and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrosone and reduced by 30-50% by ouabain. Partial or total replacement of Na+ or K+ by equimolar amounts of trihydrochloride reduces taurine uptake. Competitive inhibition of taurine transport by beta-alanine and GABA is noted. The presence of alpha-alanine in the external medium does not affect the passage of taurine from the perfusate into the myocardium. It is concluded that the uptake of taurine by the rat heart  is accomplished by means of active transport through a transport system which possesses affinity to gamma- and beta-amino acids.", "PMID": 642244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1235", "title": "[Comparison of the effect of ildamen and nonachlazin on the blood supply and activities of the heart].", "content": "Instravenous infusion of ildamen (0.8-1 mg/kg) into anesthesized cats caused an increase in coronary blood flow and oxygen consumption by the heart to an approximately equal degree; the resistance of the coronary vessels diminished. The values of cardiac activity (cardiac output, contractions, pulse rate) increased simultaneously with increase of the coronary blood flow. In distinction to ildamen, nonachlasin (6 mg/kg) reduced the arterio-venous difference in oxygen and increased the content of oxyhemoglobin in the draining coronary blood. In anesthesized animals cardiac activity altered in two stages. Since beta-adrenergic blocking agents prevented the increase in coronary blood flow and the intensification of cardiac contractions induced by both drugs it is assumed that their effect is caused through  stimulation of the beta-adrenergic structures. Besides, ildamen and nonachlasin possess the property of inhibiting cardiac activity. The combination of these two opposite effects evidently plays an important role in the realization of the antianginal effect of the substances studied.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effect of ildamen and nonachlazin on the blood supply and activities of the heart]. Instravenous infusion of ildamen (0.8-1 mg/kg) into anesthesized cats caused an increase in coronary blood flow and oxygen consumption by the heart to an approximately equal degree; the resistance of the coronary vessels diminished. The values of cardiac activity (cardiac output, contractions, pulse rate) increased simultaneously with increase of the coronary blood flow. In distinction to ildamen, nonachlasin (6 mg/kg) reduced the arterio-venous difference in oxygen and increased the content of oxyhemoglobin in the draining coronary blood. In anesthesized animals cardiac activity altered in two stages. Since beta-adrenergic blocking agents prevented the increase in coronary blood flow and the intensification of cardiac contractions induced by both drugs it is assumed that their effect is caused through  stimulation of the beta-adrenergic structures. Besides, ildamen and nonachlasin possess the property of inhibiting cardiac activity. The combination of these two opposite effects evidently plays an important role in the realization of the antianginal effect of the substances studied.", "PMID": 642245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1236", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of eye muscle palsies (author's transl)].", "content": "After the discussion of the clinical symptomatology of paralytic squint (diplopia, variable angle of squint, compensatory head posture etc.) the importance of modern electromyography for differentiation between myopathy (affection of the eye muscles), myastherias (affection of the neuromuscular transmission) and peripheral neurogenic palsies (affection of the peripheral neuron up to the nuclear region) is discussed. The clinical symptomatology of these affections of different levels is discussed as well as the differential diagnosis. The treatment of eye muscle palsies in principle consists in: 1. medical treatment (local and general), 2. optical treatment (glasses, occlusions, prisms etc.), 3. orthoptic treatment, 4. surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of eye muscle palsies (author's transl)]. After the discussion of the clinical symptomatology of paralytic squint (diplopia, variable angle of squint, compensatory head posture etc.) the importance of modern electromyography for differentiation between myopathy (affection of the eye muscles), myastherias (affection of the neuromuscular transmission) and peripheral neurogenic palsies (affection of the peripheral neuron up to the nuclear region) is discussed. The clinical symptomatology of these affections of different levels is discussed as well as the differential diagnosis. The treatment of eye muscle palsies in principle consists in: 1. medical treatment (local and general), 2. optical treatment (glasses, occlusions, prisms etc.), 3. orthoptic treatment, 4. surgical treatment.", "PMID": 642369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1237", "title": "[Evaluation with the computer of infrared photos of the optic fundus. I. Technical basis (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of spectral analysis for the ophthalmology is explained by means of the optical properties of hamoglobin and pigment. Basic technical provisions for the applied infraredfundusphotography as well as methods of computer aided image analysis are explained.", "contents": "[Evaluation with the computer of infrared photos of the optic fundus. I. Technical basis (author's transl)]. The importance of spectral analysis for the ophthalmology is explained by means of the optical properties of hamoglobin and pigment. Basic technical provisions for the applied infraredfundusphotography as well as methods of computer aided image analysis are explained.", "PMID": 642370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1238", "title": "[Computer evaluation of infrared photos of the optic fundus. II. Clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption of retina and uvea pigment is very high in infrared light of 700-1000 nm, whereas hemoglobin absorbs light of lower frequencies much better. Density-Slicing is performed by a computer receiving information from an infrared film. Pigments of nevi and melanomas are demonstratable by this method and tumor growth is possible to see as well.", "contents": "[Computer evaluation of infrared photos of the optic fundus. II. Clinical aspects (author's transl)]. The absorption of retina and uvea pigment is very high in infrared light of 700-1000 nm, whereas hemoglobin absorbs light of lower frequencies much better. Density-Slicing is performed by a computer receiving information from an infrared film. Pigments of nevi and melanomas are demonstratable by this method and tumor growth is possible to see as well.", "PMID": 642371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1239", "title": "[Comparative ophthalmo-dynamographic and doppler-sonographic examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance of directional Ultrasound-Doppler-Sonography with measurements at the fronto-medial and fronto-lateral arteries for the presence of a haemodynamically effective stenosis of the internal carotid artery between the bifurcation and the origin of the ophthalmic artery tells us more than Infratone-ophthalmodynamography (Hager). This paper compares results in a neurological practice obtained during a period of 2 years, from which some cases in the publication complete with the curves obtained are presented.", "contents": "[Comparative ophthalmo-dynamographic and doppler-sonographic examinations (author's transl)]. The significance of directional Ultrasound-Doppler-Sonography with measurements at the fronto-medial and fronto-lateral arteries for the presence of a haemodynamically effective stenosis of the internal carotid artery between the bifurcation and the origin of the ophthalmic artery tells us more than Infratone-ophthalmodynamography (Hager). This paper compares results in a neurological practice obtained during a period of 2 years, from which some cases in the publication complete with the curves obtained are presented.", "PMID": 642372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1240", "title": "[The influence of gravity on the distribution of fat embolism in the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "In human fat embolism we often find different grades of changes in both eyes of a patient. This was experimentally verified in rabbits. The anesthetized animals were held in lateral position so that one eye was continuously higher than the other. Labelled fat was injected intravenously, and then the activity in each eye was measured by a scintillation-counter. By this method a significantly higher rate of fat embolism was found in the upper eye.", "contents": "[The influence of gravity on the distribution of fat embolism in the eye (author's transl)]. In human fat embolism we often find different grades of changes in both eyes of a patient. This was experimentally verified in rabbits. The anesthetized animals were held in lateral position so that one eye was continuously higher than the other. Labelled fat was injected intravenously, and then the activity in each eye was measured by a scintillation-counter. By this method a significantly higher rate of fat embolism was found in the upper eye.", "PMID": 642373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1241", "title": "[10 years' experience with our department for diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on 10 year's experience with 2500 diabetic patients, who were followed up and treated in a special department for diabetic retinopathy at the 1st Vienna University eye clinic. The criteria for treatment of diabetic retinopathy by means of photocoagulation, intrascleral diathermy-coagulation and vitrectomy or a combination of these treatment methods are outlined. The fluorescein angiogram served as the basis for the technic of photocoagulation used in a particular case of diabetic retinopathy and for the evaluation of the success of this treatment.", "contents": "[10 years' experience with our department for diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. A report is given on 10 year's experience with 2500 diabetic patients, who were followed up and treated in a special department for diabetic retinopathy at the 1st Vienna University eye clinic. The criteria for treatment of diabetic retinopathy by means of photocoagulation, intrascleral diathermy-coagulation and vitrectomy or a combination of these treatment methods are outlined. The fluorescein angiogram served as the basis for the technic of photocoagulation used in a particular case of diabetic retinopathy and for the evaluation of the success of this treatment.", "PMID": 642374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1242", "title": "[Problems of photocoagulation in simple diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The simple (exudative) diabetic retinopathy remains often spontaneously benign for long time. Therefore advantages and disadvantages of the photocoagulation in such cases must be weighed against each other very accurately. Appropriate therapeutic recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Problems of photocoagulation in simple diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. The simple (exudative) diabetic retinopathy remains often spontaneously benign for long time. Therefore advantages and disadvantages of the photocoagulation in such cases must be weighed against each other very accurately. Appropriate therapeutic recommendations are given.", "PMID": 642375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1243", "title": "[Disciform syndrome secondary to focal choroiditis in the macular region (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with an average age 44 years there developed from focal choroiditis in the macular region a disciform syndrome, clinically resembling the senile macular degeneration and with a poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Disciform syndrome secondary to focal choroiditis in the macular region (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with an average age 44 years there developed from focal choroiditis in the macular region a disciform syndrome, clinically resembling the senile macular degeneration and with a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 642376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1244", "title": "[Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescence angiographic findings in a case of Batten's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescence angiographic findings are an important contribution to the diagnosis of Batten's disease. The changes of retina and pigment epithelium observed in three patients are discussed. With fluorescence angiography the fundus changes of Batten's disease can be distinctly substantiated, thus facilitating the early diagnosis.", "contents": "[Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescence angiographic findings in a case of Batten's disease (author's transl)]. Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescence angiographic findings are an important contribution to the diagnosis of Batten's disease. The changes of retina and pigment epithelium observed in three patients are discussed. With fluorescence angiography the fundus changes of Batten's disease can be distinctly substantiated, thus facilitating the early diagnosis.", "PMID": 642377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1245", "title": "[Considerations on the rationalisation of an eye clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "The actual economical problems of hospital management demand critical considerations on the possibilities of rationalisation. Regarding the activities on an university eye-clinic in a big city the realisation of certain facilities could be well obtained: a decrease of the number of in-patients by treating of suitable cases as out-patients; shortening of the time of hospitalisation according to the progress of modern surgical and medical treatment; arrangment of departments for treating patients during the day in cases requiring intensive treatment and follow-up after full hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Considerations on the rationalisation of an eye clinic (author's transl)]. The actual economical problems of hospital management demand critical considerations on the possibilities of rationalisation. Regarding the activities on an university eye-clinic in a big city the realisation of certain facilities could be well obtained: a decrease of the number of in-patients by treating of suitable cases as out-patients; shortening of the time of hospitalisation according to the progress of modern surgical and medical treatment; arrangment of departments for treating patients during the day in cases requiring intensive treatment and follow-up after full hospitalisation.", "PMID": 642378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1246", "title": "[An unusual eyelid tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "A 68-year-old man presented with a rapidly growing upperlid tumor which due to multiple recurrences was excised 5 times within 4 years; and ultimately invaded the orbit. An orbital exenteration was performed. The unusual clinical course and the A-Scan sonographical findings of this tumor were most probably due to its uncommon histological features which proved to be an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma with features of Epithelioma metatypique intermediaire Darier.", "contents": "[An unusual eyelid tumor (author's transl)]. A 68-year-old man presented with a rapidly growing upperlid tumor which due to multiple recurrences was excised 5 times within 4 years; and ultimately invaded the orbit. An orbital exenteration was performed. The unusual clinical course and the A-Scan sonographical findings of this tumor were most probably due to its uncommon histological features which proved to be an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma with features of Epithelioma metatypique intermediaire Darier.", "PMID": 642379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1247", "title": "[Orbital tumor in Goodpasture's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Diplopia and unilateral exophthalmus of a female patient, aged 34, with Goodpasture's syndrome were the indication for echographic examination. A- and B-scan echography revealed a diffuse retrobulbar tumor carrying the characteristics of the sarcoma/lymphoma/pseudotumor group.", "contents": "[Orbital tumor in Goodpasture's syndrome (author's transl)]. Diplopia and unilateral exophthalmus of a female patient, aged 34, with Goodpasture's syndrome were the indication for echographic examination. A- and B-scan echography revealed a diffuse retrobulbar tumor carrying the characteristics of the sarcoma/lymphoma/pseudotumor group.", "PMID": 642381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1248", "title": "[Enucleation: causes of extrusion of orbital implants (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency and the causes of extrusion of orbital implants have been investigated. Of the 294 patients in which enucleation was done, in 17 cases (5.8%) extrusion of the first implant developed; in 9 cases with second or third implantations another 5 implants have been extruded. The extrusion of implants is caused mainly by the operative technique and only rarely by intolerance reactions. For a reliable healing exact sutures of the muscles and also exact closure of the implant with plenty of covering tissue is important.", "contents": "[Enucleation: causes of extrusion of orbital implants (author's transl)]. The frequency and the causes of extrusion of orbital implants have been investigated. Of the 294 patients in which enucleation was done, in 17 cases (5.8%) extrusion of the first implant developed; in 9 cases with second or third implantations another 5 implants have been extruded. The extrusion of implants is caused mainly by the operative technique and only rarely by intolerance reactions. For a reliable healing exact sutures of the muscles and also exact closure of the implant with plenty of covering tissue is important.", "PMID": 642382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1249", "title": "[Disturbances of fusion after extensive retinal haemorrhages in new-born infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Follow-up examinations of 21 non-squinting children aged six revealed, that most children who had had extensive bilateral post-partum retinal hemorrhages had a significantly higher incidence of impaired range of fusion (25 degrees max.) as compared to the cases without perinatal hemorrhages. Not a single case of impaired fusion could be improved by orthoptic treatment. The disorder is assumed to be due to a discrete perinatal impairment of the cerebral optomotor centers.", "contents": "[Disturbances of fusion after extensive retinal haemorrhages in new-born infants (author's transl)]. Follow-up examinations of 21 non-squinting children aged six revealed, that most children who had had extensive bilateral post-partum retinal hemorrhages had a significantly higher incidence of impaired range of fusion (25 degrees max.) as compared to the cases without perinatal hemorrhages. Not a single case of impaired fusion could be improved by orthoptic treatment. The disorder is assumed to be due to a discrete perinatal impairment of the cerebral optomotor centers.", "PMID": 642383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1250", "title": "[Treatment of covergence insufficiency by \"convergence-card\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on a simple possibility to influence favorably convergence insufficiencies by means of physiological diplopia; a so-called \"convergence-card\" is described as well as its usefulness for eye-training; the case reports of 4 typical patients are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of covergence insufficiency by \"convergence-card\" (author's transl)]. A report is given on a simple possibility to influence favorably convergence insufficiencies by means of physiological diplopia; a so-called \"convergence-card\" is described as well as its usefulness for eye-training; the case reports of 4 typical patients are described.", "PMID": 642384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1251", "title": "[The different forms of hypermetropia and the necessity of their precise correction (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a detailed analysis of hypermetropia. He defines its three pathogenetically important forms:--facultative, relative and absolute, starting from the principles of Donders and based upon the dioptrics of Gullstrand. The author then deals with the pathological processes caused by hypermetropia, especially with the formation of strabismus. Finally he discusses the effects of the three forms of hypermetropia and of the associated other deficiencies of refraction.", "contents": "[The different forms of hypermetropia and the necessity of their precise correction (author's transl)]. The author presents a detailed analysis of hypermetropia. He defines its three pathogenetically important forms:--facultative, relative and absolute, starting from the principles of Donders and based upon the dioptrics of Gullstrand. The author then deals with the pathological processes caused by hypermetropia, especially with the formation of strabismus. Finally he discusses the effects of the three forms of hypermetropia and of the associated other deficiencies of refraction.", "PMID": 642385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1252", "title": "[Pathomechanism and therapy of angle-closure glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathogenetically three types of primary angleclosure glaucoma can be differentiated. 1. Iridolenticular block; 2. Irido-trabecular block, 3. Cilioirido-lenticular block. The different types of angle-closure glaucoma are characterized by particular morphologic and functional criteria. Their therapy varies and should be oriented toward this classifikation.", "contents": "[Pathomechanism and therapy of angle-closure glaucoma (author's transl)]. Pathogenetically three types of primary angleclosure glaucoma can be differentiated. 1. Iridolenticular block; 2. Irido-trabecular block, 3. Cilioirido-lenticular block. The different types of angle-closure glaucoma are characterized by particular morphologic and functional criteria. Their therapy varies and should be oriented toward this classifikation.", "PMID": 642386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1253", "title": "[Trabeculectomy combined with radical lobelike iridencleisis (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1974 and 1977 the new combined operation was performed on 67 eyes with chronic, acute or secondary glaucoma. On observation i.o. pressure was found regulated in all eyes, but 15% needed subsidiary drugs. Complications did not occur more often than in the usual trabeculectomy. In performng surgery it is important to make the canal of Schlemm visible by diaphanoscopy to be sure to include it with the enlarged excision of sclerocorneal tissue. Through the method of excision and radial rupture of the iris lobe the entrance of the sclerociliary tunnel is opened widely. Imbedded iris tissue retards closing of the intended cleft and improves filtration.", "contents": "[Trabeculectomy combined with radical lobelike iridencleisis (author's transl)]. Between 1974 and 1977 the new combined operation was performed on 67 eyes with chronic, acute or secondary glaucoma. On observation i.o. pressure was found regulated in all eyes, but 15% needed subsidiary drugs. Complications did not occur more often than in the usual trabeculectomy. In performng surgery it is important to make the canal of Schlemm visible by diaphanoscopy to be sure to include it with the enlarged excision of sclerocorneal tissue. Through the method of excision and radial rupture of the iris lobe the entrance of the sclerociliary tunnel is opened widely. Imbedded iris tissue retards closing of the intended cleft and improves filtration.", "PMID": 642387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1254", "title": "[Comparative examinations in goniotrepanation and trabeculectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 patients with glaucoma simplex (15 cases) or angle closure glaucoma (5 cases) a trabeculectomy had been done on one eye and a goniotrepanation on the other eye within a period of a few days. As far as the operation-technic concerns neither ofthe two methods revealed a remarkable advantage nor a disadvantage. All patients have been controlled up to one year after the operations. There were only a few postoperative complications in both groups. There was no significant difference in the regulation of the intraocular pressure.", "contents": "[Comparative examinations in goniotrepanation and trabeculectomy (author's transl)]. In 20 patients with glaucoma simplex (15 cases) or angle closure glaucoma (5 cases) a trabeculectomy had been done on one eye and a goniotrepanation on the other eye within a period of a few days. As far as the operation-technic concerns neither ofthe two methods revealed a remarkable advantage nor a disadvantage. All patients have been controlled up to one year after the operations. There were only a few postoperative complications in both groups. There was no significant difference in the regulation of the intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 642388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1255", "title": "[Cryotherapy for glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short survey of the development of thermosurgery for glaucoma our own experiences with 120 cryocoagulation operations of the ciliary body are described. We observed postoperatively a general reduction of intraocular pressure--but pressure regulation appeared in only 1/3 of cases.", "contents": "[Cryotherapy for glaucoma (author's transl)]. After a short survey of the development of thermosurgery for glaucoma our own experiences with 120 cryocoagulation operations of the ciliary body are described. We observed postoperatively a general reduction of intraocular pressure--but pressure regulation appeared in only 1/3 of cases.", "PMID": 642389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1256", "title": "[Special sound probe for foreign body localisation (author's transl)].", "content": "A recently developed sound probe (10 MHz and 3 mm diameter) is suitable for sparing preoperative localisation of foreign bodies in perforated eyes; especially mural foreign bodies can be exactly located intraoperatively. Followed scleral incision foreign bodies can be extracted on the optimal route.", "contents": "[Special sound probe for foreign body localisation (author's transl)]. A recently developed sound probe (10 MHz and 3 mm diameter) is suitable for sparing preoperative localisation of foreign bodies in perforated eyes; especially mural foreign bodies can be exactly located intraoperatively. Followed scleral incision foreign bodies can be extracted on the optimal route.", "PMID": 642390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1257", "title": "[Siderosis bulbi et lentis produced by intralenticular rust (author's transl)].", "content": "A 17-year-old apprentice affected with siderosis bulbi and lentis of his right eye, was examined by biomicroscopy, ultrasonography and x-rays without evidence of an i.o. foreign body. After extraction of the cataractous lens all signs of siderosis disappeared within six weeks. The histologic examination of the lens showed a small particle of subcapsular rust.", "contents": "[Siderosis bulbi et lentis produced by intralenticular rust (author's transl)]. A 17-year-old apprentice affected with siderosis bulbi and lentis of his right eye, was examined by biomicroscopy, ultrasonography and x-rays without evidence of an i.o. foreign body. After extraction of the cataractous lens all signs of siderosis disappeared within six weeks. The histologic examination of the lens showed a small particle of subcapsular rust.", "PMID": 642391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1258", "title": "[Indications for pars plana vitrectomy after perforating injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "A preliminary report is given on 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy after perforating injuries due to nonmagnetic IOFB (9 cases), magnetic IOFB (32 cases) and lacerating injuries (19 cases). Pars plana vitrectomy was performed to remove persistent vitreous membranes, to prevent proliferative transformation with following retinal detachment or to make the IOFB become visible for extraction. These eyes were practically amaurotic but in 43 cases out of 100 a positive results could be achieved (i.e. the retina being attached, posterior pole becoming visible). Indications, technique and complications of both pars plana vitrectomy and FB extraction are discussed. As a result pars plana vitrectomy should be performed within an interval of at least 2 weeks after the first intervention (i.e. wound closure of FB extraction).", "contents": "[Indications for pars plana vitrectomy after perforating injuries (author's transl)]. A preliminary report is given on 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy after perforating injuries due to nonmagnetic IOFB (9 cases), magnetic IOFB (32 cases) and lacerating injuries (19 cases). Pars plana vitrectomy was performed to remove persistent vitreous membranes, to prevent proliferative transformation with following retinal detachment or to make the IOFB become visible for extraction. These eyes were practically amaurotic but in 43 cases out of 100 a positive results could be achieved (i.e. the retina being attached, posterior pole becoming visible). Indications, technique and complications of both pars plana vitrectomy and FB extraction are discussed. As a result pars plana vitrectomy should be performed within an interval of at least 2 weeks after the first intervention (i.e. wound closure of FB extraction).", "PMID": 642392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1259", "title": "[Does indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy influence the results of retinal deteachement surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The statistical comparison of two collectivs of patients showed, that with routine use of indrect binocular ophthalmoscopy and renunciation of drainage of the subretinal fluid (49% of the cases) the curing rate of the cases which were operated with a combination of cryopexie and plombage raised from 75% to 96%. Even the results of visual acuity improved.", "contents": "[Does indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy influence the results of retinal deteachement surgery (author's transl)]. The statistical comparison of two collectivs of patients showed, that with routine use of indrect binocular ophthalmoscopy and renunciation of drainage of the subretinal fluid (49% of the cases) the curing rate of the cases which were operated with a combination of cryopexie and plombage raised from 75% to 96%. Even the results of visual acuity improved.", "PMID": 642393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1260", "title": "[TV-pattern reversal stimulus (VECPs) in determination of refraction (author's transl)].", "content": "Pattern reversal VECPs show a dependence on visual acuity and therefore are suitable for objective determination of refraction, this method, however, was of limited clinical use for two reasons, as, on the one hand, the required impulse parameter was difficult to change using the traditional mechanically functioning pattern stimulator and, on the other hand, diagnosis war very timeconsuming. Using a pattern impulse picture presented on a monitor by an electornic impulse apparatus all impulse parameters can easily be changed and throught he introduction of a microprocessorsystem the evaluation can be observed on-line.", "contents": "[TV-pattern reversal stimulus (VECPs) in determination of refraction (author's transl)]. Pattern reversal VECPs show a dependence on visual acuity and therefore are suitable for objective determination of refraction, this method, however, was of limited clinical use for two reasons, as, on the one hand, the required impulse parameter was difficult to change using the traditional mechanically functioning pattern stimulator and, on the other hand, diagnosis war very timeconsuming. Using a pattern impulse picture presented on a monitor by an electornic impulse apparatus all impulse parameters can easily be changed and throught he introduction of a microprocessorsystem the evaluation can be observed on-line.", "PMID": 642394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1261", "title": "[Electroophthalmological investigations in amblyopia (author's transl)].", "content": "In the case of 8 amblyopic patients the ERG and the brightness VECP, as well as the TV-pattern reversal VECPs in whole field and upper and lower half field stimulation, were traced. In the ERG (a- and b-wave) and the brightness VECP significant differences were established neither in the amplitude nor in the latenz between amblyopic and healthy eyes. The amplitude of the pattern reversal VECPs in whole field and lower half field stimulation was significantly reduced in all 8 patients on the side of the amblyopic eye.", "contents": "[Electroophthalmological investigations in amblyopia (author's transl)]. In the case of 8 amblyopic patients the ERG and the brightness VECP, as well as the TV-pattern reversal VECPs in whole field and upper and lower half field stimulation, were traced. In the ERG (a- and b-wave) and the brightness VECP significant differences were established neither in the amplitude nor in the latenz between amblyopic and healthy eyes. The amplitude of the pattern reversal VECPs in whole field and lower half field stimulation was significantly reduced in all 8 patients on the side of the amblyopic eye.", "PMID": 642395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1262", "title": "[Electrooculographic examination in paralytic and concomitant squint (author's transl)].", "content": "There are shown some possibilities of electrooculographic diagnostics in different forms of strabismus. Kinetic disturbances in fusion in concomitant squint are usually frequent but not constant and in the majority they are different from incomitances in paralytic squint. In this mind electrooculography represents subtile and perspective method in examination of ocular motility.", "contents": "[Electrooculographic examination in paralytic and concomitant squint (author's transl)]. There are shown some possibilities of electrooculographic diagnostics in different forms of strabismus. Kinetic disturbances in fusion in concomitant squint are usually frequent but not constant and in the majority they are different from incomitances in paralytic squint. In this mind electrooculography represents subtile and perspective method in examination of ocular motility.", "PMID": 642396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1263", "title": "[Blood viscosity and red cell deformability in primary hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia (types IIa, IV, IIb) we determined by means of a Wells-Brookfield plateconeviscometer and an Ubbelohde capillary-viscometer the serum-, plasma-, apparent and relative apparent blood viscosity as well as the red cell deformability with a filtration technique. All parameters were found to be significantly changed in comparison to those of a normolipidemic control-group: The viscosity values of type IIb showed the greatest increase and of type IIa the smallest, while the red cell deformability was reduced in all types to the same degree.", "contents": "[Blood viscosity and red cell deformability in primary hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)]. In patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia (types IIa, IV, IIb) we determined by means of a Wells-Brookfield plateconeviscometer and an Ubbelohde capillary-viscometer the serum-, plasma-, apparent and relative apparent blood viscosity as well as the red cell deformability with a filtration technique. All parameters were found to be significantly changed in comparison to those of a normolipidemic control-group: The viscosity values of type IIb showed the greatest increase and of type IIa the smallest, while the red cell deformability was reduced in all types to the same degree.", "PMID": 642398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1264", "title": "[Alcohol-related disturbances in haematopoiesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol-related disturbances are seen against the three blood cell systems. They appear after important alcohol consumption within few days and are independent from the existence of liver cirrhosis with splenomegaly. They are promptly and completely reversible after interruption of alcohol supply. Disturbances in erythropoiesis are manifested in bone marrow with megaloblasts, ring sideroblasts, and vacuoles in cytoplasma and nucleus of nucleated red cells. They are caused by folate deficiency and by perturbations of iron utilization, which is perhaps connected with impaired heme synthesis following pyridoxal phosphate deficiency. Serum iron generally increases during alcohol consumption and decreases in the following alcohol-free period. The anemia may be macrocytic and normochromic or dimorphic with hypochromic microcytes. Anemias of hard alcohol drinkers are observed also as consequence of bleeding or hemolysis of different causes. The lability against infections of drinkers is associated with changes in granulopoiesis. The most important findings are granulocytopenia, vacuoles in the immature marrow cells, perturbations in granulopoietic maturation, and decrease of marrow response. Frequently, alcohol drinkers demonstrate thrombocytopenia which is caused by ineffective thrombopoiesis and by shortened life span of platelets as direct effect of ethanol. Functional impairments of thrombocytes have been published, too.", "contents": "[Alcohol-related disturbances in haematopoiesis (author's transl)]. Alcohol-related disturbances are seen against the three blood cell systems. They appear after important alcohol consumption within few days and are independent from the existence of liver cirrhosis with splenomegaly. They are promptly and completely reversible after interruption of alcohol supply. Disturbances in erythropoiesis are manifested in bone marrow with megaloblasts, ring sideroblasts, and vacuoles in cytoplasma and nucleus of nucleated red cells. They are caused by folate deficiency and by perturbations of iron utilization, which is perhaps connected with impaired heme synthesis following pyridoxal phosphate deficiency. Serum iron generally increases during alcohol consumption and decreases in the following alcohol-free period. The anemia may be macrocytic and normochromic or dimorphic with hypochromic microcytes. Anemias of hard alcohol drinkers are observed also as consequence of bleeding or hemolysis of different causes. The lability against infections of drinkers is associated with changes in granulopoiesis. The most important findings are granulocytopenia, vacuoles in the immature marrow cells, perturbations in granulopoietic maturation, and decrease of marrow response. Frequently, alcohol drinkers demonstrate thrombocytopenia which is caused by ineffective thrombopoiesis and by shortened life span of platelets as direct effect of ethanol. Functional impairments of thrombocytes have been published, too.", "PMID": 642397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1265", "title": "Purine nucleotide synthesis in normal and leukemic blood cells.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to obtain more precise information about the purine biosynthetic pathway in human blood cells. 5'phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) amidotransferase was found in cell-free extracts from all leukemic cells and normal lymphocytes and therefore these cells could synthesize the first intermediate of the purine-de-novo-synthesis. Normal leucocytes, erythrocytes and bone marrow cells lack this enzyme system and have an absolute requirement for externally supplied purines via salvage pathway. Leukemic blast cells show different enzyme activities independent of their cell count. Kinetic studies with the crude enzymes showed sigmoidal substrate velocity curves for PP-ribose-P, whereas glutamine shows hyperbolic kinetics. The leukemic cell enzymes from all four donor types (ALL, CLL, AML and CML) are rapidly saturated with low concentrations of PP-ribose-P and less inhibited by the physiological feedback inhibitor, adenosine 5'monophosphate. The crude enzymes of normal spleen lymphocytes and leukemic cells were further purified (10 to 15-fold) and substrate velocity curves for PP-ribose-P and glutamine show now hyperbolic kinetics and double reciprocal plots were linear with and apparent Km for PP-ribose-P of 0.14 mM and for glutamine 2.0 mM. In the presence of different concentrations of AMP, the PP-ribose-P substrate velocity plot changed from a hyperbolic to a sigmoidal curve; no difference in the degree of the inhibition between both partially purified enzymes (normal spleen lymphocytes and leukemic cells from all four donor types) could now be observed.", "contents": "Purine nucleotide synthesis in normal and leukemic blood cells. The present study was undertaken to obtain more precise information about the purine biosynthetic pathway in human blood cells. 5'phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) amidotransferase was found in cell-free extracts from all leukemic cells and normal lymphocytes and therefore these cells could synthesize the first intermediate of the purine-de-novo-synthesis. Normal leucocytes, erythrocytes and bone marrow cells lack this enzyme system and have an absolute requirement for externally supplied purines via salvage pathway. Leukemic blast cells show different enzyme activities independent of their cell count. Kinetic studies with the crude enzymes showed sigmoidal substrate velocity curves for PP-ribose-P, whereas glutamine shows hyperbolic kinetics. The leukemic cell enzymes from all four donor types (ALL, CLL, AML and CML) are rapidly saturated with low concentrations of PP-ribose-P and less inhibited by the physiological feedback inhibitor, adenosine 5'monophosphate. The crude enzymes of normal spleen lymphocytes and leukemic cells were further purified (10 to 15-fold) and substrate velocity curves for PP-ribose-P and glutamine show now hyperbolic kinetics and double reciprocal plots were linear with and apparent Km for PP-ribose-P of 0.14 mM and for glutamine 2.0 mM. In the presence of different concentrations of AMP, the PP-ribose-P substrate velocity plot changed from a hyperbolic to a sigmoidal curve; no difference in the degree of the inhibition between both partially purified enzymes (normal spleen lymphocytes and leukemic cells from all four donor types) could now be observed.", "PMID": 642399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1266", "title": "In vitro stimulation with mitogen and antigen in patients with monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 32 patients with defined paraproteinaemia (16 IgG, 9 IgA and 7 IgM) and from 15 healthy donors were studied for their in vitro response to various stimuli, including for unspecific mitogens such as Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Concanavalin A (ConA) as well as specific antigens such as purified Tuberculin, Candida, Varidase, Tetanus Toxoid, Vaccinia antigen and Vaccinia-control antigen. Mitogens and antigens were lyophilized in Microtiter plates. The lymphocytes of all tested patient-groups responded (measured by H3-Thymidin-uptake) significantly lower towards the unspecific mitogens than those of the control group. If the patients' lymphocytes were stimulated by the specific antigens, their in vitro response was significantly diminished to candida and vaccinia. Macroglobulinaemia showed significantly lower response to ConA if compared to myelomas of IgG- and IgA-type. No correlation was found between mitogen and antigen response and the serum concentration of the paraproteins or immunoglobulins. The results show that monoclonal gammopathy and especially macroglobulinaemia are associated with abnormalities of the cellular immunity which correlates with the clinical observation of increased fungal and viral infections.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation with mitogen and antigen in patients with monoclonal gammopathy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 32 patients with defined paraproteinaemia (16 IgG, 9 IgA and 7 IgM) and from 15 healthy donors were studied for their in vitro response to various stimuli, including for unspecific mitogens such as Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Concanavalin A (ConA) as well as specific antigens such as purified Tuberculin, Candida, Varidase, Tetanus Toxoid, Vaccinia antigen and Vaccinia-control antigen. Mitogens and antigens were lyophilized in Microtiter plates. The lymphocytes of all tested patient-groups responded (measured by H3-Thymidin-uptake) significantly lower towards the unspecific mitogens than those of the control group. If the patients' lymphocytes were stimulated by the specific antigens, their in vitro response was significantly diminished to candida and vaccinia. Macroglobulinaemia showed significantly lower response to ConA if compared to myelomas of IgG- and IgA-type. No correlation was found between mitogen and antigen response and the serum concentration of the paraproteins or immunoglobulins. The results show that monoclonal gammopathy and especially macroglobulinaemia are associated with abnormalities of the cellular immunity which correlates with the clinical observation of increased fungal and viral infections.", "PMID": 642400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1267", "title": "[The influence of diazepam (valium) on the effect of phenprocoumon (marcumar) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients who were treated with phenprocoumon (Marcumar) for thrombembolic diseases, we examined the influence of the combined therapy with diacepam (Valium) on the effect of the anticoagulant. After stopping the therapy with diacepam we saw a significant increase of the prothrombinetime (Quick) beyond the therapeutic level of 25%. By increasing the dosis of phenprocoumon the therapeutic level was achieved again not until after 8 days. The dosis needed for maintaining this level was on the average 32% higher than during the time of the therapy in which diacepam was used. Because of the increased thrombembolic risk, when going beyond the therapeutic level of the prothrombinetime, this interaction is of clinical importance.", "contents": "[The influence of diazepam (valium) on the effect of phenprocoumon (marcumar) (author's transl)]. In 10 patients who were treated with phenprocoumon (Marcumar) for thrombembolic diseases, we examined the influence of the combined therapy with diacepam (Valium) on the effect of the anticoagulant. After stopping the therapy with diacepam we saw a significant increase of the prothrombinetime (Quick) beyond the therapeutic level of 25%. By increasing the dosis of phenprocoumon the therapeutic level was achieved again not until after 8 days. The dosis needed for maintaining this level was on the average 32% higher than during the time of the therapy in which diacepam was used. Because of the increased thrombembolic risk, when going beyond the therapeutic level of the prothrombinetime, this interaction is of clinical importance.", "PMID": 642402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1268", "title": "Anti-HBc, HBeAg and DNApolymerase activity in healthy HBsAg carriers and patients with inflammatory liver diseases.", "content": "In this paper we report on anti-HBc-titers, HBcAg, DNApolymerase activity in the serum and intracellular HBsAg in healthy HBsAg-carriers and patients with HBsAg-positive inflammatory liver diseases. 32/44 patients with acure virus-B-hepatitis were negative for anti-HBc in the first week of the disease. Anti-HBc-titers in healthy HBsAg-carriers varied between 1:10 and 1:32,000 (medium titer 1:4,000). In HBsAg-positive CAH we found a medium titer between 1:32,000 and 1:64,000, in cases with CPH of about 1:16,000. All autoimmune type CAH showed anti-HBc-titers less than 1:10. By immunofluorescence we could demonstrate in a group of 71 asymptomatic HBsAg-carriers in none of the healthy HBsAg-carriers HBcAg in the liver cell nuclei. In contrast HBcAg could only be found in 4/5 HBsAg positive CAH- and 6/9 CPH patients. No elevated DNApolymerase activity could be demonstrated in healthy HBsAg-carriers. Out of 44 patients with virus-B-hepatitis only 3 showed elevated DNApolymerase activity. On the other hand DNApolymerase elevation was demonstrable in 17/37 cases with CAH and 9/15 with CPH. The investigations showed a strong correlation between the demonstration of HBcAg in the serum and the DNApolymerase activity. The characteristic findings enabled us to differentiate between \"healthy\" HBsAg-carriers and HBsAg-carriers with inflammatory liver diseases.", "contents": "Anti-HBc, HBeAg and DNApolymerase activity in healthy HBsAg carriers and patients with inflammatory liver diseases. In this paper we report on anti-HBc-titers, HBcAg, DNApolymerase activity in the serum and intracellular HBsAg in healthy HBsAg-carriers and patients with HBsAg-positive inflammatory liver diseases. 32/44 patients with acure virus-B-hepatitis were negative for anti-HBc in the first week of the disease. Anti-HBc-titers in healthy HBsAg-carriers varied between 1:10 and 1:32,000 (medium titer 1:4,000). In HBsAg-positive CAH we found a medium titer between 1:32,000 and 1:64,000, in cases with CPH of about 1:16,000. All autoimmune type CAH showed anti-HBc-titers less than 1:10. By immunofluorescence we could demonstrate in a group of 71 asymptomatic HBsAg-carriers in none of the healthy HBsAg-carriers HBcAg in the liver cell nuclei. In contrast HBcAg could only be found in 4/5 HBsAg positive CAH- and 6/9 CPH patients. No elevated DNApolymerase activity could be demonstrated in healthy HBsAg-carriers. Out of 44 patients with virus-B-hepatitis only 3 showed elevated DNApolymerase activity. On the other hand DNApolymerase elevation was demonstrable in 17/37 cases with CAH and 9/15 with CPH. The investigations showed a strong correlation between the demonstration of HBcAg in the serum and the DNApolymerase activity. The characteristic findings enabled us to differentiate between \"healthy\" HBsAg-carriers and HBsAg-carriers with inflammatory liver diseases.", "PMID": 642401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1269", "title": "Stress at birth: plasma noradrenaline concentrations of women in labour and in cord blood.", "content": "Radioenzymatically measured plasma noradrenaline concentrations, present at birth in umbilical veins of 19 healthy, 17 acutely asphyxiated, and 9 chronically distressed newborn infants were found to be elevated above maternal values proportional to the degree of distress and to plasma H ion concentrations.", "contents": "Stress at birth: plasma noradrenaline concentrations of women in labour and in cord blood. Radioenzymatically measured plasma noradrenaline concentrations, present at birth in umbilical veins of 19 healthy, 17 acutely asphyxiated, and 9 chronically distressed newborn infants were found to be elevated above maternal values proportional to the degree of distress and to plasma H ion concentrations.", "PMID": 642403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1270", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in cells of prolymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In a typical case of prolymphocytic leukemia, blood smears and lymph node imprints have been investigated cytologically and cytochemically. It could be shown that many leukemic cells in both blood smears and lymph node imprints contained tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity. Furthermore, the lymph node imprints disclosed many cells with a positive alkaline phosphatase reaction. Such a reaction hitherto has not been described in malignant cells of lymphoproliferative diseases. The cytochemical results underline that prolymphocytic leukemia indeed is a separate entity which can be differentiated from hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia not only morphologically but also cytochemically. In addition, the case shows that leukemic blood cells are not inevitably identical with those occurring in organ infiltrates.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in cells of prolymphocytic leukemia. In a typical case of prolymphocytic leukemia, blood smears and lymph node imprints have been investigated cytologically and cytochemically. It could be shown that many leukemic cells in both blood smears and lymph node imprints contained tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity. Furthermore, the lymph node imprints disclosed many cells with a positive alkaline phosphatase reaction. Such a reaction hitherto has not been described in malignant cells of lymphoproliferative diseases. The cytochemical results underline that prolymphocytic leukemia indeed is a separate entity which can be differentiated from hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia not only morphologically but also cytochemically. In addition, the case shows that leukemic blood cells are not inevitably identical with those occurring in organ infiltrates.", "PMID": 642404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1271", "title": "The role of kininogenases, kinin formation and kininogenase inhibition in post traumatic shock and related conditions.", "content": "The kinin system has for a long time been considered to play a role in the pathophysiology of trauma, particularly in blood pressure changes and in inflammatory effects. Recent findings necessitate a revision of this view. It is now necessary to differentiate between two kinin systems: 1. the plasma kallikrein-HMW kininogen-kinin-system, which besides forming kinin acts decisively in Hageman Factor activation, clotting and fibrinolysis; 2. the glandular and tissue kallikrein-LMW kininogen-kinin-system which is to our present day knowledge primarily involved in kinin formation. Kinins exert a variety of actions. By interfering with angiotensin II formation, kinins may contribute to blood pressure regulation. By enhancing cellular glucose uptake and/or metabolism, they regulate partly energy production. In post traumatic states death is preceded by a severe depletion of various factors of the system and an almost total loss of kinin forming capacity. Severity and time course of these phenomena suggest that early institution of direct (Trasylol) or indirect (heparins, cortocosteroids) proteinase inhibition, and if necessary a replacement of the lost factors, should be considered.", "contents": "The role of kininogenases, kinin formation and kininogenase inhibition in post traumatic shock and related conditions. The kinin system has for a long time been considered to play a role in the pathophysiology of trauma, particularly in blood pressure changes and in inflammatory effects. Recent findings necessitate a revision of this view. It is now necessary to differentiate between two kinin systems: 1. the plasma kallikrein-HMW kininogen-kinin-system, which besides forming kinin acts decisively in Hageman Factor activation, clotting and fibrinolysis; 2. the glandular and tissue kallikrein-LMW kininogen-kinin-system which is to our present day knowledge primarily involved in kinin formation. Kinins exert a variety of actions. By interfering with angiotensin II formation, kinins may contribute to blood pressure regulation. By enhancing cellular glucose uptake and/or metabolism, they regulate partly energy production. In post traumatic states death is preceded by a severe depletion of various factors of the system and an almost total loss of kinin forming capacity. Severity and time course of these phenomena suggest that early institution of direct (Trasylol) or indirect (heparins, cortocosteroids) proteinase inhibition, and if necessary a replacement of the lost factors, should be considered.", "PMID": 642405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1272", "title": "Investigations on latent erythropoietin (ESF) deficiency in non anemic patients with chronic renal disease using hypoxic stimulation methods.", "content": "So far the question has not been elucidated whether latent ESF-deficiency exists in patients with chronic renal disease during initial development of renal anemia. Therefore, ESF was determined in urine and serum of non anemic patients being exposed to acute hypoxia: 8 healthy volunteers and 8 patients who had a Ccreat below 48 ml/min were studied while in a hypobaric chamber for 4 subsequent periods of 10 h each (simulated maximal altitude 4000 m INA = 462 mm Hg). We also determined plasma iron turnover and reticulocyte counts. 10 h after the study began, the patients showed a significantly higher ESF-level than the normal volunteers. In the course of 48 h collection periods of urine under hypoxic conditions the mean ESF excretion in patients corresponded to 9.9 and in healthy persons to 7.3 Units. With regard to plasma iron turnover and reticulocyte count an increase was shown, but no significant differences existed between the two groups. A latent ESF-deficiency as the initial cause of renal anemia does not exist.", "contents": "Investigations on latent erythropoietin (ESF) deficiency in non anemic patients with chronic renal disease using hypoxic stimulation methods. So far the question has not been elucidated whether latent ESF-deficiency exists in patients with chronic renal disease during initial development of renal anemia. Therefore, ESF was determined in urine and serum of non anemic patients being exposed to acute hypoxia: 8 healthy volunteers and 8 patients who had a Ccreat below 48 ml/min were studied while in a hypobaric chamber for 4 subsequent periods of 10 h each (simulated maximal altitude 4000 m INA = 462 mm Hg). We also determined plasma iron turnover and reticulocyte counts. 10 h after the study began, the patients showed a significantly higher ESF-level than the normal volunteers. In the course of 48 h collection periods of urine under hypoxic conditions the mean ESF excretion in patients corresponded to 9.9 and in healthy persons to 7.3 Units. With regard to plasma iron turnover and reticulocyte count an increase was shown, but no significant differences existed between the two groups. A latent ESF-deficiency as the initial cause of renal anemia does not exist.", "PMID": 642406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1273", "title": "[Angiography of the left ventricle using right atrial injection (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular angiography as a diagnostic means is of considerable importance in the evaluation of myocardial and valvular dynamics. The injection of contrast medium into the left ventricle often causes premature ventricular contractions. In these cases quantitative analysis of the contraction pattern is impossible. This can be avoided by injection of the contrast medium into the right atrium. The technique described allows to obtain ventriculograms which meet the criteria for quantitative angiocardiography. 57 ventriculograms have been performed in 32 patients with various cardiac abnormalities. The study describes the technical procedure, the indications and limitations. Furthermore special applications are discussed (videometry, pressure-volume relationship).", "contents": "[Angiography of the left ventricle using right atrial injection (author's transl)]. Left ventricular angiography as a diagnostic means is of considerable importance in the evaluation of myocardial and valvular dynamics. The injection of contrast medium into the left ventricle often causes premature ventricular contractions. In these cases quantitative analysis of the contraction pattern is impossible. This can be avoided by injection of the contrast medium into the right atrium. The technique described allows to obtain ventriculograms which meet the criteria for quantitative angiocardiography. 57 ventriculograms have been performed in 32 patients with various cardiac abnormalities. The study describes the technical procedure, the indications and limitations. Furthermore special applications are discussed (videometry, pressure-volume relationship).", "PMID": 642408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1274", "title": "Platelet kinetics in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The pathogenesis of thrombocytosis in Crohn's disease was analized in ten non-treated patients using the 51Cr labelling method. The data obtained were compared to those taken from a control group. Besides platelet survival time, platelet turnover, surface radioactivity, platelet adhesiveness and morphological aspects of bone marrow were investigated. Platelet survival time in patients with Crohn's disease proved to be significantly shortened (p less than 0.001), whereas platelet turnover appeared augmented. No additional radioactivity is encountered from the organs scanned. The relative platelet adhesiveness is diminished while thrombocytopoesis in bone marrow is augmented.", "contents": "Platelet kinetics in Crohn's disease. The pathogenesis of thrombocytosis in Crohn's disease was analized in ten non-treated patients using the 51Cr labelling method. The data obtained were compared to those taken from a control group. Besides platelet survival time, platelet turnover, surface radioactivity, platelet adhesiveness and morphological aspects of bone marrow were investigated. Platelet survival time in patients with Crohn's disease proved to be significantly shortened (p less than 0.001), whereas platelet turnover appeared augmented. No additional radioactivity is encountered from the organs scanned. The relative platelet adhesiveness is diminished while thrombocytopoesis in bone marrow is augmented.", "PMID": 642410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1275", "title": "[Inhibin-like activity in human ovarian follicular fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "A steroid-free proteinaceous substance with inhibin-like activity has been extracted from human ovarian follicular fluid by alcohol precipitation. This substance was capable of inhibiting the ovarian weight increase of hCG-treated immature female rats and also of suppressing the post-castration rise of serum FSH levels in immature male rats. Follicular fluid from small follicls obtained from regularly cycling women was--on the basis of protein- found to be more active than cystic follicular fluid obtained from a premenopausal woman. The possible role of inhibin in the regulation of human ovarian cycle has been discussed.", "contents": "[Inhibin-like activity in human ovarian follicular fluid (author's transl)]. A steroid-free proteinaceous substance with inhibin-like activity has been extracted from human ovarian follicular fluid by alcohol precipitation. This substance was capable of inhibiting the ovarian weight increase of hCG-treated immature female rats and also of suppressing the post-castration rise of serum FSH levels in immature male rats. Follicular fluid from small follicls obtained from regularly cycling women was--on the basis of protein- found to be more active than cystic follicular fluid obtained from a premenopausal woman. The possible role of inhibin in the regulation of human ovarian cycle has been discussed.", "PMID": 642411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1276", "title": "Studies on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), angiotensinogen, angiotensin II (AT II) and plasma aldosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay in 77 patients with cirrhosis of the liver [group I: with ascites, untreated (n=23); group II: patients with ascites during treatment (n=32); group III: after removal of fluids, but under further spironolactone therapy (n=10); group IV: untreated subjects without ascites (n=12)]. With the exception of decreased angiotensinogen values in all groups ranging between 39% (group IV) and 73% (group III) no significant changes of the other parameters of the RAAS were found in untreated patients. A highly significant increase of PRA, PRC, AT II and plasma aldosterone was observed in treated cirrhotics with (group II) or without (group III) ascites. In the total series of patients AT II was closely related to PRA, PRC and aldosterone emphasizing aldosterone secretion. Plasma sodium was inversely correlated to PRA, PRC, AT II and aldosterone, but no relationship was detected between these parameters of the RAAS and plasma potassium. Our results indicate that hyperaldosteronism in cirrhosis appears unlikely to be the major determinant of avid renal sodium retention and ascites formation. An increased activity of the RAAS is most often initiated by therapeutic factors and/or markedly altered electrolyte metabolism. Therefore, basal conditions of the patients to be studied must be well defined to exclude any artificially induced stimulation of the RAAS.", "contents": "Studies on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), angiotensinogen, angiotensin II (AT II) and plasma aldosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay in 77 patients with cirrhosis of the liver [group I: with ascites, untreated (n=23); group II: patients with ascites during treatment (n=32); group III: after removal of fluids, but under further spironolactone therapy (n=10); group IV: untreated subjects without ascites (n=12)]. With the exception of decreased angiotensinogen values in all groups ranging between 39% (group IV) and 73% (group III) no significant changes of the other parameters of the RAAS were found in untreated patients. A highly significant increase of PRA, PRC, AT II and plasma aldosterone was observed in treated cirrhotics with (group II) or without (group III) ascites. In the total series of patients AT II was closely related to PRA, PRC and aldosterone emphasizing aldosterone secretion. Plasma sodium was inversely correlated to PRA, PRC, AT II and aldosterone, but no relationship was detected between these parameters of the RAAS and plasma potassium. Our results indicate that hyperaldosteronism in cirrhosis appears unlikely to be the major determinant of avid renal sodium retention and ascites formation. An increased activity of the RAAS is most often initiated by therapeutic factors and/or markedly altered electrolyte metabolism. Therefore, basal conditions of the patients to be studied must be well defined to exclude any artificially induced stimulation of the RAAS.", "PMID": 642412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1277", "title": "Total immunoreactive angiotensin ii, its hepta-octapeptide fraction, and its hexapeptide in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Arterial and venous plasma concentrations of total immunoreactive angiotensin II (AT II), its bioactive hepta-octapeptide fraction and its inactive hexapeptide were measured in normal subjects (n=16), in patients with acute viral hepatitis (n=12), and in treated (n=16) and untreated (n=17) patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. Independent of normal or increased values of total immunoreactive AT II, the ratio between the hepta-octapeptides and the hexapeptide remained unchanged. This might indicate continuous octapeptide generation and balanced metabolite turnover throughout the systemic circulation. Moreover, a significant arterio-venous peptide gradient was lacking. It has to be concluded that total venous plasma AT II sufficiently reflects both the arterial hormone concentration and its major fraction of hepta-octapeptides in arterial (79%) and venous (76%) blood.", "contents": "Total immunoreactive angiotensin ii, its hepta-octapeptide fraction, and its hexapeptide in patients with liver disease. Arterial and venous plasma concentrations of total immunoreactive angiotensin II (AT II), its bioactive hepta-octapeptide fraction and its inactive hexapeptide were measured in normal subjects (n=16), in patients with acute viral hepatitis (n=12), and in treated (n=16) and untreated (n=17) patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. Independent of normal or increased values of total immunoreactive AT II, the ratio between the hepta-octapeptides and the hexapeptide remained unchanged. This might indicate continuous octapeptide generation and balanced metabolite turnover throughout the systemic circulation. Moreover, a significant arterio-venous peptide gradient was lacking. It has to be concluded that total venous plasma AT II sufficiently reflects both the arterial hormone concentration and its major fraction of hepta-octapeptides in arterial (79%) and venous (76%) blood.", "PMID": 642413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1278", "title": "Nitrofurantoin damages DNA of human cells.", "content": "Nitrofurantoin causes damage to DNA of cultured diploid human fibroblasts. As a consequence DNA synthesis is blocked. The damage is removed by the normal enzymatic DNA repair system. Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts which are defective in the excision endonuclease fail to repair nitrofurantoin-caused lesions.", "contents": "Nitrofurantoin damages DNA of human cells. Nitrofurantoin causes damage to DNA of cultured diploid human fibroblasts. As a consequence DNA synthesis is blocked. The damage is removed by the normal enzymatic DNA repair system. Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts which are defective in the excision endonuclease fail to repair nitrofurantoin-caused lesions.", "PMID": 642414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1279", "title": "[Viscosity of pure pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with chronic pancreatitis viscosity is significantly increasesed compared to controls when pure pancreatic juice aspirated in the course of duodenoscopy is analysed. This parameter may represent a simple method for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Viscosity of pure pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. In patients with chronic pancreatitis viscosity is significantly increasesed compared to controls when pure pancreatic juice aspirated in the course of duodenoscopy is analysed. This parameter may represent a simple method for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 642415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1280", "title": "[Study of the body's reactivity using pharmacological tests].", "content": "Variations in the excretion of catecholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine and DOPA precursor) were studied in 34 test subjects who had undergone two drug tests at a two day interval: an insulin test at a dose of 0.15 Units/kg body weight and dopavein test at a dose of 800 microgram/day. In most cases these drugs caused an adequate response of the sympathoadrenal system which included its increased activity and reflected nonspecific reactions. It is concluded that a high (or an adequate) relative activity of the sympathoadrenal system during these tests is more favorable in terms of prediction of reactions of the body in harsh environments than a decreased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system, especially when it is combined with low background values of catecholamine excretion.", "contents": "[Study of the body's reactivity using pharmacological tests]. Variations in the excretion of catecholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine and DOPA precursor) were studied in 34 test subjects who had undergone two drug tests at a two day interval: an insulin test at a dose of 0.15 Units/kg body weight and dopavein test at a dose of 800 microgram/day. In most cases these drugs caused an adequate response of the sympathoadrenal system which included its increased activity and reflected nonspecific reactions. It is concluded that a high (or an adequate) relative activity of the sympathoadrenal system during these tests is more favorable in terms of prediction of reactions of the body in harsh environments than a decreased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system, especially when it is combined with low background values of catecholamine excretion.", "PMID": 642416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1281", "title": "[Use of freeze-dried products in weightlessness].", "content": "The paper describes the manufacture of food products that can be eaten in weightlessness with the aid of regular table-ware. The consistence of products was altered as a result of an addition of water or modified starch. The resultant products were tested during short-term weightlessness aboard the aircraft-laboratory TU-104A. It was demonstrated that in weightlessness products having sufficient viscosity can be eaten with the help of regular table-ware. An addition of thickening agents, e. g. modified starch, helped to obtain products with necessary properties.", "contents": "[Use of freeze-dried products in weightlessness]. The paper describes the manufacture of food products that can be eaten in weightlessness with the aid of regular table-ware. The consistence of products was altered as a result of an addition of water or modified starch. The resultant products were tested during short-term weightlessness aboard the aircraft-laboratory TU-104A. It was demonstrated that in weightlessness products having sufficient viscosity can be eaten with the help of regular table-ware. An addition of thickening agents, e. g. modified starch, helped to obtain products with necessary properties.", "PMID": 642417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1282", "title": "[Problems in the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders occurring under +Gz loads in combination with breathing of pure oxygen].", "content": "The effect of accelerations of different value and duration combined with air or pure oxygen breathing on the pulmonary function was investigated in centrifugation experiments on six healthy male test subjects, aged 20--23. The dynamics of the emergence and back development of the respiratory syndrome induced by the combined effect of acceleration and pure oxygen breathing, its symptoms, spyrographic and roentgenologic components were studied. It was demonstrated that both the value and duration of acceleration played a certain role in the pathogenesis of functional disorders of the respiratory system and atelectasis; however, the time factor exerted the major effect on their development.", "contents": "[Problems in the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders occurring under +Gz loads in combination with breathing of pure oxygen]. The effect of accelerations of different value and duration combined with air or pure oxygen breathing on the pulmonary function was investigated in centrifugation experiments on six healthy male test subjects, aged 20--23. The dynamics of the emergence and back development of the respiratory syndrome induced by the combined effect of acceleration and pure oxygen breathing, its symptoms, spyrographic and roentgenologic components were studied. It was demonstrated that both the value and duration of acceleration played a certain role in the pathogenesis of functional disorders of the respiratory system and atelectasis; however, the time factor exerted the major effect on their development.", "PMID": 642419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1283", "title": "[Verification of the effectiveness of preventing altitude decompression disorders by nitrogen desaturation of the organism through surrounding the body with an oxygen envelope].", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effect of nitrogen penetrating the human skin from the ambient atmosphere on the level of denitrogenization achieved by oxygen breathing. Young healthy male test subjects were exposed to denitrogenization for 5, 6 or 8 hours by breathing pure oxygen. During that time they wore an oxygen filled suit. Then they ascended an altitude of 11,000 m and remained there for 6 hours doing exercises. Altogether 38 investigations were carried out on 13 subjects, with and without a pressure suit. The investigation did not demonstrate any specific differences in the occurrence of decompression disease at an altitude of 11,000 m with or without a pressure suit. Nitrogen penetrating through the skin from the ambient atmosphere during oxygen breathing did not influence the level of denitrogenization.", "contents": "[Verification of the effectiveness of preventing altitude decompression disorders by nitrogen desaturation of the organism through surrounding the body with an oxygen envelope]. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effect of nitrogen penetrating the human skin from the ambient atmosphere on the level of denitrogenization achieved by oxygen breathing. Young healthy male test subjects were exposed to denitrogenization for 5, 6 or 8 hours by breathing pure oxygen. During that time they wore an oxygen filled suit. Then they ascended an altitude of 11,000 m and remained there for 6 hours doing exercises. Altogether 38 investigations were carried out on 13 subjects, with and without a pressure suit. The investigation did not demonstrate any specific differences in the occurrence of decompression disease at an altitude of 11,000 m with or without a pressure suit. Nitrogen penetrating through the skin from the ambient atmosphere during oxygen breathing did not influence the level of denitrogenization.", "PMID": 642418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1284", "title": "[Effect of indicator location on the psychophysiological characteristics of combined activities].", "content": "Investigation was carried out to estimate how efficiently can combined tasks of visual measurement and sensomotor reaction of choice be performed against tracking the sinusoidal signal at different sighting angles between their displays and different priority. It was found that, with a change in the sighting angle between the displays from 0 to 60 degrees, the time and number of tracking errors continuously increased; the probability of erroneous replies grew with an increase in the sighting angle to 30 degrees, remained essentially stable at angles of 30 and 45 degrees and decreased at 60 degrees. Combined performance of two equally important problems in case of an increase in the sighting angle between displays (from 30 to 45 degrees) was followed by a change in the structure of data acquisition.", "contents": "[Effect of indicator location on the psychophysiological characteristics of combined activities]. Investigation was carried out to estimate how efficiently can combined tasks of visual measurement and sensomotor reaction of choice be performed against tracking the sinusoidal signal at different sighting angles between their displays and different priority. It was found that, with a change in the sighting angle between the displays from 0 to 60 degrees, the time and number of tracking errors continuously increased; the probability of erroneous replies grew with an increase in the sighting angle to 30 degrees, remained essentially stable at angles of 30 and 45 degrees and decreased at 60 degrees. Combined performance of two equally important problems in case of an increase in the sighting angle between displays (from 30 to 45 degrees) was followed by a change in the structure of data acquisition.", "PMID": 642420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1285", "title": "[Tolerance for controlled physical loading in chronic hypercapnia in man].", "content": "Young healthy test subjects showed adaptation to chronic hypercapnia during long-term exposure to an atmosphere containing 0.8--1.8% CO2 at normal atmospheric pressure: bradycardia, increase in vital lung capacity and chest movements, improvement of tests with breathing retention and further decrease in oxyhemoglobin. Simultaneously they exhibited an increase in the alkaline reserve of the blood and of the 2 min step-test index. This can be interpreted both as cause and effect: products of glycolysis are bound by buffer bases, thus reducing oxygen uptake per time unit. Study of adaptation to exercises of increasing workload demonstrated an earlier involvement of anaerobic mechanisms than under normal conditions: linear relationship between the workload and heart rate persisted only up to 150 beats/min. By the end of the second and the beginning of the third month of isolation the test subjects displayed deteriorated health state and work capacity in parallel with compensated acidosis.", "contents": "[Tolerance for controlled physical loading in chronic hypercapnia in man]. Young healthy test subjects showed adaptation to chronic hypercapnia during long-term exposure to an atmosphere containing 0.8--1.8% CO2 at normal atmospheric pressure: bradycardia, increase in vital lung capacity and chest movements, improvement of tests with breathing retention and further decrease in oxyhemoglobin. Simultaneously they exhibited an increase in the alkaline reserve of the blood and of the 2 min step-test index. This can be interpreted both as cause and effect: products of glycolysis are bound by buffer bases, thus reducing oxygen uptake per time unit. Study of adaptation to exercises of increasing workload demonstrated an earlier involvement of anaerobic mechanisms than under normal conditions: linear relationship between the workload and heart rate persisted only up to 150 beats/min. By the end of the second and the beginning of the third month of isolation the test subjects displayed deteriorated health state and work capacity in parallel with compensated acidosis.", "PMID": 642421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1286", "title": "[Functional reserves of the sympathetic apparatus of the heart in hypoxia].", "content": "The functional reserves of sympathetic systems, i.e. their capacity to stabilize the level of norepinephrine in the enlarged myocardium of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia, increased with their adaptation to hypoxia and decreased with their deadaptation. The level of these reserves depended at large on the rate of norepinephrine biosynthesis. The degree of myocardial hypertrophy of this genesis increased with prolongation of the hypoxic exposure. It is concluded that optimal supply of norepinephrine to the enlarged heart due to increased functional reserves of sympathetic systems is possible only up to a certain level of an increase in the myocardial mass.", "contents": "[Functional reserves of the sympathetic apparatus of the heart in hypoxia]. The functional reserves of sympathetic systems, i.e. their capacity to stabilize the level of norepinephrine in the enlarged myocardium of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia, increased with their adaptation to hypoxia and decreased with their deadaptation. The level of these reserves depended at large on the rate of norepinephrine biosynthesis. The degree of myocardial hypertrophy of this genesis increased with prolongation of the hypoxic exposure. It is concluded that optimal supply of norepinephrine to the enlarged heart due to increased functional reserves of sympathetic systems is possible only up to a certain level of an increase in the myocardial mass.", "PMID": 642422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1287", "title": "[Formation of neoplasms in dogs after chronic gamma irradiation at a low-intensity dose].", "content": "In order to estimate end effects of chronic prolonged gammairradiation of dogs, an exposure of 80 animals to irradiation was terminated and they were followed up closely. Out of 80 animals 30 dogs (1st series) were irradiated for 3 years and 50 dogs (II series) for 6 years. The dogs were exposed to irradiation at doses of 21 to 190 rad per year. Out of the total number of animals 22 dogs died. Post-mortem examinations showed neoformations in 13 animals (7 malignant and 12 benign neoformations). The highest number of tumors developed in dogs of the II series (10 out of 11) one-two years after irradiation (6 malignant tumors--malignant pheochromocytoma of adrenals; malignant adenoma of the hypophysis: polymorphocellular sarcoma of the liver; leucomyosarcoma of the uterus; bladder cancer; breast cancer; and 10 benign tumors--pancreatic adenoma; liver angioma; 2 papillary adenomas of the prostate; 3 renal adenomas; lipoma; polyps of the gall-bladder). Animals of the 1st series displayed 3 neoformations (1 malignant tumor--bladder tumor and 2 benign tumorsliver hepatoma and spleen angioma) 4--5 years after irradiation.", "contents": "[Formation of neoplasms in dogs after chronic gamma irradiation at a low-intensity dose]. In order to estimate end effects of chronic prolonged gammairradiation of dogs, an exposure of 80 animals to irradiation was terminated and they were followed up closely. Out of 80 animals 30 dogs (1st series) were irradiated for 3 years and 50 dogs (II series) for 6 years. The dogs were exposed to irradiation at doses of 21 to 190 rad per year. Out of the total number of animals 22 dogs died. Post-mortem examinations showed neoformations in 13 animals (7 malignant and 12 benign neoformations). The highest number of tumors developed in dogs of the II series (10 out of 11) one-two years after irradiation (6 malignant tumors--malignant pheochromocytoma of adrenals; malignant adenoma of the hypophysis: polymorphocellular sarcoma of the liver; leucomyosarcoma of the uterus; bladder cancer; breast cancer; and 10 benign tumors--pancreatic adenoma; liver angioma; 2 papillary adenomas of the prostate; 3 renal adenomas; lipoma; polyps of the gall-bladder). Animals of the 1st series displayed 3 neoformations (1 malignant tumor--bladder tumor and 2 benign tumorsliver hepatoma and spleen angioma) 4--5 years after irradiation.", "PMID": 642424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1288", "title": "[Combined action on the body of a mixture of the volatile products of lubricating oil thermal oxidative breakdown and of hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "The experiments on white male mice have shown that the combined effect of different concentrations of mixtures of volatile products of thermooxidative decomposition of the lubricating oil 36/IKUA and hypoxia at altitudes 5,000; 7,000 and 8,000 m depends on the intensity of the combined factors. It is indicated that maximally allowable concentrations of the above mixtures in the space cabin atmosphere should be determined, taking into consideration the level of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Combined action on the body of a mixture of the volatile products of lubricating oil thermal oxidative breakdown and of hypoxic hypoxia]. The experiments on white male mice have shown that the combined effect of different concentrations of mixtures of volatile products of thermooxidative decomposition of the lubricating oil 36/IKUA and hypoxia at altitudes 5,000; 7,000 and 8,000 m depends on the intensity of the combined factors. It is indicated that maximally allowable concentrations of the above mixtures in the space cabin atmosphere should be determined, taking into consideration the level of hypoxia.", "PMID": 642425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1289", "title": "[Motor activity and the prevention of the sequelae of hypokinesia (according to tissue metabolic indices)].", "content": "The content of protein, DNA and RNA was measured in rats that had been exposed to 90-day hypokinesia: hypokinesia alternating with unrestrained maintenance and hypokinesia combined with exercises (swimming). Adverse effects of hypokinesia on metabolism seemed to build up. Short-term passive rest was insufficient to make up deficiency in motor activity. The recovery of metabolic disorders after prolonged hypokinesia proceeded in a non-uniform and slow manner: most parameters did not return to the initial level within one month. During the first two weeks exercises produced effects similar to those of hypokinesia. By the 30th and 60th days they shower their normalizing effect on tissue metabolism. When developing work-rest cycles for the people who are exposed to partial hypokinesia during work and do exercises as a countermeasure against hypokinetic effects, biochemical analysis of blood (nonesterified fatty acids, acetone bodies, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, urea) and urine (potassium, calcium, creatinine) should be made to measure metabolic processes in tissues.", "contents": "[Motor activity and the prevention of the sequelae of hypokinesia (according to tissue metabolic indices)]. The content of protein, DNA and RNA was measured in rats that had been exposed to 90-day hypokinesia: hypokinesia alternating with unrestrained maintenance and hypokinesia combined with exercises (swimming). Adverse effects of hypokinesia on metabolism seemed to build up. Short-term passive rest was insufficient to make up deficiency in motor activity. The recovery of metabolic disorders after prolonged hypokinesia proceeded in a non-uniform and slow manner: most parameters did not return to the initial level within one month. During the first two weeks exercises produced effects similar to those of hypokinesia. By the 30th and 60th days they shower their normalizing effect on tissue metabolism. When developing work-rest cycles for the people who are exposed to partial hypokinesia during work and do exercises as a countermeasure against hypokinetic effects, biochemical analysis of blood (nonesterified fatty acids, acetone bodies, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, urea) and urine (potassium, calcium, creatinine) should be made to measure metabolic processes in tissues.", "PMID": 642423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1290", "title": "Perputial gland abscess in mice.", "content": "Preputial gland abscesses were found in 321 (1.8%) of 17,422 mice from our production colonies. The lesions were observed only in males, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in pure culture from 84% of the cases. Experimental transmission of the disease was successfully accomplished through injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the penile urethra.", "contents": "Perputial gland abscess in mice. Preputial gland abscesses were found in 321 (1.8%) of 17,422 mice from our production colonies. The lesions were observed only in males, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in pure culture from 84% of the cases. Experimental transmission of the disease was successfully accomplished through injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the penile urethra.", "PMID": 642433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1291", "title": "Comparative stability of physiological parameters during sustained anesthesia in rats.", "content": "Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, pentobarbital and atropine, inactin [5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-propyl)-2-thiobarbiturate], ether and inactin, or urethane. Cardiovascular and arterial acid-base parameters were monitored over a 3-hour period of anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial pressures, and pH progressively decreased with duration of pentobarbital anesthesia. Changes observed in rats anesthetized with the thiobarbiturate, inactin, were similar although generally less severe. Most subjects treated with the barbiturates were markedly hypercapnic. Urethane anesthesia was characterized by a higher and more stable heart rate and greater pulse pressure. Arterial carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels in the urethane group were substantially lower at all sampling times than the values obtained in the barbiturate groups.", "contents": "Comparative stability of physiological parameters during sustained anesthesia in rats. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, pentobarbital and atropine, inactin [5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-propyl)-2-thiobarbiturate], ether and inactin, or urethane. Cardiovascular and arterial acid-base parameters were monitored over a 3-hour period of anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial pressures, and pH progressively decreased with duration of pentobarbital anesthesia. Changes observed in rats anesthetized with the thiobarbiturate, inactin, were similar although generally less severe. Most subjects treated with the barbiturates were markedly hypercapnic. Urethane anesthesia was characterized by a higher and more stable heart rate and greater pulse pressure. Arterial carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels in the urethane group were substantially lower at all sampling times than the values obtained in the barbiturate groups.", "PMID": 642434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1292", "title": "Artificial insemination in the European hare (Lepus europaeus syriacus).", "content": "A simple technique for artificial insemination in hares was performed and used routinely in mass breeding of hares in captivity. Sperm was collected directly from the epididymides of males. Ovulation was induced by intravenous injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Female hares were successfully inseminated throughout the year. Pregnancy occurred in 70% of inseminated females; the range in litter size was 1--3 offspring with a mean of 1.4. It was concluded that artificial insemination greatly simplified the breeding of hares in captivity.", "contents": "Artificial insemination in the European hare (Lepus europaeus syriacus). A simple technique for artificial insemination in hares was performed and used routinely in mass breeding of hares in captivity. Sperm was collected directly from the epididymides of males. Ovulation was induced by intravenous injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Female hares were successfully inseminated throughout the year. Pregnancy occurred in 70% of inseminated females; the range in litter size was 1--3 offspring with a mean of 1.4. It was concluded that artificial insemination greatly simplified the breeding of hares in captivity.", "PMID": 642435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1293", "title": "Effect of alfalfa and dietary fiber on the growth performance of weanling rabbits.", "content": "The addition of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% sun-cured alfalfa meal to a high-energy, low-fiber, basal diet for weanling rabbits gave increased average daily gains as compared to gain on the basal diet. Deaths from enteritis complex occurred only at the 0% and 10% alfalfa levels. When 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% alfalfa meal were used, the average daily gains were numerically higher for all alfalfa-fed groups than for the basal diet. Maximum gains were achieved at the 20% alfalfa level. Alfalfa extracted with 95% ethanol retained its growth-stimulating effect when added to the basal diet. Feed preference trials gave conflicting results. In one trial, the basal diet was preferred over all alfalfa  diets in a two-choice feed preference test, while in a second trial, all alfalfa diets were preferred over the basal diet. It was concluded that the growth of weaning rabbits fed a high energy diet was improved by the addition of alfalfa meal.", "contents": "Effect of alfalfa and dietary fiber on the growth performance of weanling rabbits. The addition of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% sun-cured alfalfa meal to a high-energy, low-fiber, basal diet for weanling rabbits gave increased average daily gains as compared to gain on the basal diet. Deaths from enteritis complex occurred only at the 0% and 10% alfalfa levels. When 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% alfalfa meal were used, the average daily gains were numerically higher for all alfalfa-fed groups than for the basal diet. Maximum gains were achieved at the 20% alfalfa level. Alfalfa extracted with 95% ethanol retained its growth-stimulating effect when added to the basal diet. Feed preference trials gave conflicting results. In one trial, the basal diet was preferred over all alfalfa  diets in a two-choice feed preference test, while in a second trial, all alfalfa diets were preferred over the basal diet. It was concluded that the growth of weaning rabbits fed a high energy diet was improved by the addition of alfalfa meal.", "PMID": 642436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1294", "title": "Two methods for producing peripheral anosmia in dogs.", "content": "Two methods for producing peripheral anosmia in the dog were described. One method involved infusion of 3.5% zinc sulfate into the nasal cavity. An anosmia lasting at least 6 weeks, and, in most cases, for several months, was produced. A second technique, producing short periods of reversible anosmia, was the insertion of a tracheostomy tube with inflatable cuff. Inflation of the cuff prevented the dogs from inhaling air over the olfactory mucosa. Deflation of the cuff restored functional olfaction. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique were discussed.", "contents": "Two methods for producing peripheral anosmia in dogs. Two methods for producing peripheral anosmia in the dog were described. One method involved infusion of 3.5% zinc sulfate into the nasal cavity. An anosmia lasting at least 6 weeks, and, in most cases, for several months, was produced. A second technique, producing short periods of reversible anosmia, was the insertion of a tracheostomy tube with inflatable cuff. Inflation of the cuff prevented the dogs from inhaling air over the olfactory mucosa. Deflation of the cuff restored functional olfaction. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique were discussed.", "PMID": 642437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1295", "title": "[Engineering psychological principles of optimizing the control systems of flying vehicles].", "content": "Having reviewed literature publications and their own findings, the authors have formulated principles of optimization of control systems of flying vehicles which reflect certain psychophysiological patterns of human activity. Of greatest importance are the following principles: consistence of the information model to the operational image of the pilot and pattern of distribution of his attention; estimation of operational thresholds of signal perception; information integration into an integrally perceived image; selection of an optimal algorithm for the solution of flying and other problems; decrease of the load on the short-term and long-term memory. The authors have shown that the practical application of these principles requires a preliminary analysis of the psychophysiological structure of the activity of crewmembers.", "contents": "[Engineering psychological principles of optimizing the control systems of flying vehicles]. Having reviewed literature publications and their own findings, the authors have formulated principles of optimization of control systems of flying vehicles which reflect certain psychophysiological patterns of human activity. Of greatest importance are the following principles: consistence of the information model to the operational image of the pilot and pattern of distribution of his attention; estimation of operational thresholds of signal perception; information integration into an integrally perceived image; selection of an optimal algorithm for the solution of flying and other problems; decrease of the load on the short-term and long-term memory. The authors have shown that the practical application of these principles requires a preliminary analysis of the psychophysiological structure of the activity of crewmembers.", "PMID": 642430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1296", "title": "Signs of impending parturition in the laboratory bitch.", "content": "The most consistent and reliable physical sign of impending parturition in pregnant laboratory beagle bitches was palpable relaxation of pelvic and abdominal musculature. A drop in rectal temperature was of some value but was found to be too variable between individuals to use as the sole criterion. Abrupt changes in attitude or appetite were the chief behavioral changes observed. Since the institution of a standardized record form for all pregnant dogs, 15 consecutive term litters have been successfully derived from pregnant dogs into gnotobiotic life isolation units.", "contents": "Signs of impending parturition in the laboratory bitch. The most consistent and reliable physical sign of impending parturition in pregnant laboratory beagle bitches was palpable relaxation of pelvic and abdominal musculature. A drop in rectal temperature was of some value but was found to be too variable between individuals to use as the sole criterion. Abrupt changes in attitude or appetite were the chief behavioral changes observed. Since the institution of a standardized record form for all pregnant dogs, 15 consecutive term litters have been successfully derived from pregnant dogs into gnotobiotic life isolation units.", "PMID": 642438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1297", "title": "The electrocardiogram of Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Electrocardiograms from 16 male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied. Standard and augmented limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) were obtained with the animals restrained in a sitting position. Normal electrocardiographic parameters were determined, including PR and QT intervals; P, QRS, and T wave axes; P and QRS wave widths. Voltages in all standard and augmented limb leads were lower than previously reported for similar size monkeys.", "contents": "The electrocardiogram of Macaca fascicularis. Electrocardiograms from 16 male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied. Standard and augmented limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) were obtained with the animals restrained in a sitting position. Normal electrocardiographic parameters were determined, including PR and QT intervals; P, QRS, and T wave axes; P and QRS wave widths. Voltages in all standard and augmented limb leads were lower than previously reported for similar size monkeys.", "PMID": 642439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1298", "title": "Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease and intestinal spirochetosis in guinea pigs.", "content": "Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) occurred in two young guinea pigs, causing unthriftiness and diarrhea which resulted in death. There was necrosis and inflammation of the ileum, cecum, and colon. Intestinal epithelial cells contained organisms resembling Bacillus piliformis. Spirochetes were found in the cecum and colon, mainly in crypts. Acute diarrhea occurred in another guinea pig which became cachetic and was killed. Histologically, large numbers of spirochetes were present in the wall of both the cecum and colon, and they were associated with severe necrosis and inflammation. Bacillus pilformis was not found in this animal.", "contents": "Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease and intestinal spirochetosis in guinea pigs. Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) occurred in two young guinea pigs, causing unthriftiness and diarrhea which resulted in death. There was necrosis and inflammation of the ileum, cecum, and colon. Intestinal epithelial cells contained organisms resembling Bacillus piliformis. Spirochetes were found in the cecum and colon, mainly in crypts. Acute diarrhea occurred in another guinea pig which became cachetic and was killed. Histologically, large numbers of spirochetes were present in the wall of both the cecum and colon, and they were associated with severe necrosis and inflammation. Bacillus pilformis was not found in this animal.", "PMID": 642440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1299", "title": "An ovarian teratoma in a guinea pig.", "content": "An ovarian teratoma was diagnosed in a one-year-old, virgin female, Strain 13 guinea pig that died unexpectedly. The left ovary was replaced by a 5.5 x 5 x 3 cm mass. Microscopically, dense fibrous connective tissue, immature neuroepithelium, central and peripheral nervous tissue, respiratory epithelium and cartilage were observed. A similar mass, 1.2 x 1 x 1 cm, composed largely of embryonal neural tissue, was adhered to the abdominal side of the diaphragm. The latter mass probably resulted from transcoelomic seeding by the ovarian tumor.", "contents": "An ovarian teratoma in a guinea pig. An ovarian teratoma was diagnosed in a one-year-old, virgin female, Strain 13 guinea pig that died unexpectedly. The left ovary was replaced by a 5.5 x 5 x 3 cm mass. Microscopically, dense fibrous connective tissue, immature neuroepithelium, central and peripheral nervous tissue, respiratory epithelium and cartilage were observed. A similar mass, 1.2 x 1 x 1 cm, composed largely of embryonal neural tissue, was adhered to the abdominal side of the diaphragm. The latter mass probably resulted from transcoelomic seeding by the ovarian tumor.", "PMID": 642441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1300", "title": "Acute peritonitis in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) resulting from a gastric trichobezoar.", "content": "A case of gastric ruputre secondary to a trihobezoar occurred in a rabbit. A review of the literature showed that, although trichobezoars are common in rabbits, antemortem gastric rupture has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Acute peritonitis in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) resulting from a gastric trichobezoar. A case of gastric ruputre secondary to a trihobezoar occurred in a rabbit. A review of the literature showed that, although trichobezoars are common in rabbits, antemortem gastric rupture has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 642442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1301", "title": "A record-keeping system for a pigeon breeding and research colony.", "content": "Seven different records were used to monitor a 2,000-bird pigeon colony. A nest card was placed on each nest box to record current production. This information was collected monthly and transferred to a breeding pair record which was used to evaluate yearly reproductive performance as well as to maintain a record of the number of offspring produced. An individual record was maintained on each bird to record it life history and pedigree. Weekly, when new offspring were banded, a squab data sheet was taken into the pen to record the offspring's permanent leg band number, hatch date, strain, pen number, and parents' band numbers. An individual pen record was used to record the leg band numbers of each bird occupying each pen. A monthly death record and a health record were maintained to monitor the colony's health status. From examination of the death record, one could determine if the mortality was excessive and if any specific pens were involved. On the health record were recorded diet, monthly morbidity and mortality, results of monitoring programs, and any treatments rendered. The system provided ready accessibility do detailed records of production, pedigrees, pen locations of birds, colony health status, and the number, strain, and age of birds available for research.", "contents": "A record-keeping system for a pigeon breeding and research colony. Seven different records were used to monitor a 2,000-bird pigeon colony. A nest card was placed on each nest box to record current production. This information was collected monthly and transferred to a breeding pair record which was used to evaluate yearly reproductive performance as well as to maintain a record of the number of offspring produced. An individual record was maintained on each bird to record it life history and pedigree. Weekly, when new offspring were banded, a squab data sheet was taken into the pen to record the offspring's permanent leg band number, hatch date, strain, pen number, and parents' band numbers. An individual pen record was used to record the leg band numbers of each bird occupying each pen. A monthly death record and a health record were maintained to monitor the colony's health status. From examination of the death record, one could determine if the mortality was excessive and if any specific pens were involved. On the health record were recorded diet, monthly morbidity and mortality, results of monitoring programs, and any treatments rendered. The system provided ready accessibility do detailed records of production, pedigrees, pen locations of birds, colony health status, and the number, strain, and age of birds available for research.", "PMID": 642443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1302", "title": "Antiserum-induced dissociation of myelinogenesis in vitro. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Mature, myelinated cultures of mouse spinal cord tissue exposed to heated (decomplemented) sera from animals suffering from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis demonstrate a unique pattern of myelin swelling without demyelination. In the present study, three concentrations of heated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis sera (5, 15, and 25 per cent) were applied to spinal cord cultures from the time of explantation and continued for 33 days therafter. The sera were obtained from rabbits with the exposed cultures, glial cell differentiation occurred at timepoints comparable to those in normal unexposed sister cultures. Oligodendroglia produced a profusion of cytoplasmic processes which compacted to form aberrant myelin with a periodicity double that of normal myelin, containing four leaflets in the position of the normally bilamellar intraperiod line. The degree of the oligodendroglial abnormality was dose dependent, 25 per cent heated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis serum being the most potent. Frequently, in older cultures, large diameter axons, which under normal circumstances would have been well myelinated, were devoid of myelin sheaths although abundant aberrant myelin could be seen around nearby oligodendroglial cells. Rarely similar aberrant myelin was deposited around axons. It appeared, therefore, that the oligodendroglial cells had proliferated myelin which was unable to reach axons, possibly reflecting a failure in recognition between the two.", "contents": "Antiserum-induced dissociation of myelinogenesis in vitro. An ultrastructural study. Mature, myelinated cultures of mouse spinal cord tissue exposed to heated (decomplemented) sera from animals suffering from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis demonstrate a unique pattern of myelin swelling without demyelination. In the present study, three concentrations of heated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis sera (5, 15, and 25 per cent) were applied to spinal cord cultures from the time of explantation and continued for 33 days therafter. The sera were obtained from rabbits with the exposed cultures, glial cell differentiation occurred at timepoints comparable to those in normal unexposed sister cultures. Oligodendroglia produced a profusion of cytoplasmic processes which compacted to form aberrant myelin with a periodicity double that of normal myelin, containing four leaflets in the position of the normally bilamellar intraperiod line. The degree of the oligodendroglial abnormality was dose dependent, 25 per cent heated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis serum being the most potent. Frequently, in older cultures, large diameter axons, which under normal circumstances would have been well myelinated, were devoid of myelin sheaths although abundant aberrant myelin could be seen around nearby oligodendroglial cells. Rarely similar aberrant myelin was deposited around axons. It appeared, therefore, that the oligodendroglial cells had proliferated myelin which was unable to reach axons, possibly reflecting a failure in recognition between the two.", "PMID": 642450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1303", "title": "Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic system to carbon. II. Morphologic studies.", "content": "The increased output of alveolar macrophages in response to a heavy load of particulate material is well known but the relationship of this cellular outpouring to the precise location of the particles is not clear. The present study utilized an overload situation in which 4 mg. of carbon were instilled into the lungs of mice; the sequential cellular events were correlated with the patterns of carbon transport over a 28-day period using light and electron microscopy. At 12 hours some free carbon crossed the type 1 cells to reach the interstitium; later it was observed in peribronchial and perivascular interstitial cells. In the alveoli, free macrophages were loaded with carbon but passage of these cells from airways to interstitium was never observed. The early increase in macrophagic output was related to monocytic migration from small pulmonary vessels. This initial cellular efflux may be a nonspecific inflammatory response that is possibly due to release of a chemotactic factor by the interaction of carbon with the type 1 cells. Maintenance of the large number of free macrophages appeared to be related to increased mitotic activity of the interstitial macrophagic population. Ii is suggested that the proliferative burst of these cells may be triggered by the arrival of free particles in the interstitium.", "contents": "Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic system to carbon. II. Morphologic studies. The increased output of alveolar macrophages in response to a heavy load of particulate material is well known but the relationship of this cellular outpouring to the precise location of the particles is not clear. The present study utilized an overload situation in which 4 mg. of carbon were instilled into the lungs of mice; the sequential cellular events were correlated with the patterns of carbon transport over a 28-day period using light and electron microscopy. At 12 hours some free carbon crossed the type 1 cells to reach the interstitium; later it was observed in peribronchial and perivascular interstitial cells. In the alveoli, free macrophages were loaded with carbon but passage of these cells from airways to interstitium was never observed. The early increase in macrophagic output was related to monocytic migration from small pulmonary vessels. This initial cellular efflux may be a nonspecific inflammatory response that is possibly due to release of a chemotactic factor by the interaction of carbon with the type 1 cells. Maintenance of the large number of free macrophages appeared to be related to increased mitotic activity of the interstitial macrophagic population. Ii is suggested that the proliferative burst of these cells may be triggered by the arrival of free particles in the interstitium.", "PMID": 642451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1304", "title": "Alterations in rat jejunal permeability to a macromolecular tracer during a hyperosmotic load.", "content": "The effects of intraluminal hyperosmolality on the intestinal permeability of a macromolecular tracer, horseradish peroxidase, was assessed in rats by light and electron microscopic cytochemistry. After 60 minutes of an intraluminal hypertonic perfusion of 600 mOsM mannitol, horseradish peroxidase was demonstrable in the intercellular spaces between adjacent absorptive epithelial cells of jejunal villi, along the microvillar brush border, in numerous pinocytotic vesicles, in multivesicular bodies, as well as in large lysosomes. Horseradish peroxidase was frequently found extending from the luminal surface of the cell through the tight junctional region and into more basal portions of the intercellular space. In occasional cells, fragments of the interdigitating plasma membranes of two adjacent absorptive cells appeared to bud off into the cytoplasm of one cell. In contrast, after 60 minutes of isotonic perfusion, horseradish peroxidase was confined to the microvillar brush border, a few pinocytotic vesicles, and occasional multivesicular bodies. These experiments suggest that the passage of macromolecules across the jejunal epithelium of adult rats is enhanced under conditions of luminal hyperosmotic stress. This may be due to an alteration in the functional integrity of the tight junctional macromolecular barrier or to an enhanced rate of pinocytosis.", "contents": "Alterations in rat jejunal permeability to a macromolecular tracer during a hyperosmotic load. The effects of intraluminal hyperosmolality on the intestinal permeability of a macromolecular tracer, horseradish peroxidase, was assessed in rats by light and electron microscopic cytochemistry. After 60 minutes of an intraluminal hypertonic perfusion of 600 mOsM mannitol, horseradish peroxidase was demonstrable in the intercellular spaces between adjacent absorptive epithelial cells of jejunal villi, along the microvillar brush border, in numerous pinocytotic vesicles, in multivesicular bodies, as well as in large lysosomes. Horseradish peroxidase was frequently found extending from the luminal surface of the cell through the tight junctional region and into more basal portions of the intercellular space. In occasional cells, fragments of the interdigitating plasma membranes of two adjacent absorptive cells appeared to bud off into the cytoplasm of one cell. In contrast, after 60 minutes of isotonic perfusion, horseradish peroxidase was confined to the microvillar brush border, a few pinocytotic vesicles, and occasional multivesicular bodies. These experiments suggest that the passage of macromolecules across the jejunal epithelium of adult rats is enhanced under conditions of luminal hyperosmotic stress. This may be due to an alteration in the functional integrity of the tight junctional macromolecular barrier or to an enhanced rate of pinocytosis.", "PMID": 642452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1305", "title": "Cholesterol in acute cholestasis induced by taurolithocholic acid. A cytochemical study in transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Rats were given intravenous injections of a single dose of sodium taurolithocholate, and an almost total cholestasis appeared after 10 minutes and lasted for 3 hours after the injection; then the choleresis began again and 24 hours after the injection, normal values of bile flow were restored. Ultrastructural analysis of the liver during the acute cholestasis and the restoration phase showed, beside usual modifications found in most cases of cholestasis, the \"characteristic\" alterations of sodium taurolithocholate-induced cholestasis. Cytochemical procedures were used, both in transmission and in scanning electron microscopy, in order to delineate the possible participation of free cholesterol in these cellular modifications. After Williamson's reaction procedure (Williamson JR:J Ultrastruct Res 27:118, 1969), not only were cholesterol-digitonin complexes found in large numbers, both in the hepatocytic cytoplasm and in the biliary canaliculi, but also their morphologic appearance revealed several new features: dark sticks and dark lamellae, frequently adsorbed on the outer surface of crystalline clear material were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and plugs, obliterating parts of biliary canaliculi, were observed using scanning electron microscopy. These observations seem to indicate that a significant amount of free cholesterol is released into the hepatocyte cytoplasm and into canalicular lumina within a few minutes after the infection of sodium taurolithocholate, probably originating from the hepatocytic membranes, especially from those limiting the canalicular lumen. Such a drastic modification in the chemical constitution of these membranes should coincide with a marked modification of their active and passive transport ability.", "contents": "Cholesterol in acute cholestasis induced by taurolithocholic acid. A cytochemical study in transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Rats were given intravenous injections of a single dose of sodium taurolithocholate, and an almost total cholestasis appeared after 10 minutes and lasted for 3 hours after the injection; then the choleresis began again and 24 hours after the injection, normal values of bile flow were restored. Ultrastructural analysis of the liver during the acute cholestasis and the restoration phase showed, beside usual modifications found in most cases of cholestasis, the \"characteristic\" alterations of sodium taurolithocholate-induced cholestasis. Cytochemical procedures were used, both in transmission and in scanning electron microscopy, in order to delineate the possible participation of free cholesterol in these cellular modifications. After Williamson's reaction procedure (Williamson JR:J Ultrastruct Res 27:118, 1969), not only were cholesterol-digitonin complexes found in large numbers, both in the hepatocytic cytoplasm and in the biliary canaliculi, but also their morphologic appearance revealed several new features: dark sticks and dark lamellae, frequently adsorbed on the outer surface of crystalline clear material were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and plugs, obliterating parts of biliary canaliculi, were observed using scanning electron microscopy. These observations seem to indicate that a significant amount of free cholesterol is released into the hepatocyte cytoplasm and into canalicular lumina within a few minutes after the infection of sodium taurolithocholate, probably originating from the hepatocytic membranes, especially from those limiting the canalicular lumen. Such a drastic modification in the chemical constitution of these membranes should coincide with a marked modification of their active and passive transport ability.", "PMID": 642453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1306", "title": "Plasma lipoprotein alterations and morphologic changes with lipid deposition in the kidney of patients with hepatorenal syndrome.", "content": "Four patients with advanced liver disease and progressive renal failure compatible with the diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome have been studied. All four patients had low lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in plasma, and the concentration of cholesteryl esters was markedly reduced. The main lipoprotein classes were abnormal with an increased content of polar lipids. Electron microscopy of negatively stained lipoproteins from two of the patients (H.K. and I.A.) revealed large particles with layered membranes (700 to 2000 A in diameter) corresponding to the large molecular weight fraction of the low density lipoproteins. These structures were not present in the low density lipoproteins from the other two patients. In the renal biopsy from H.K. and in the necropsy specimen from I.A.  deposition of osmophilic material was found in the glomeruli (especially located subendothelially), in the basement membrane, and in the mesangial regions. The deposits were similar to those we have previously described in patients with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and most probably represent cholesterol and phospholipids. It is suggested that the renal deposition of lipid may be related to the large molecular weight low density lipoprotein fraction and that the mechanisms involved in this lipid deposition are similar to those occurring in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency.", "contents": "Plasma lipoprotein alterations and morphologic changes with lipid deposition in the kidney of patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Four patients with advanced liver disease and progressive renal failure compatible with the diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome have been studied. All four patients had low lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in plasma, and the concentration of cholesteryl esters was markedly reduced. The main lipoprotein classes were abnormal with an increased content of polar lipids. Electron microscopy of negatively stained lipoproteins from two of the patients (H.K. and I.A.) revealed large particles with layered membranes (700 to 2000 A in diameter) corresponding to the large molecular weight fraction of the low density lipoproteins. These structures were not present in the low density lipoproteins from the other two patients. In the renal biopsy from H.K. and in the necropsy specimen from I.A.  deposition of osmophilic material was found in the glomeruli (especially located subendothelially), in the basement membrane, and in the mesangial regions. The deposits were similar to those we have previously described in patients with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and most probably represent cholesterol and phospholipids. It is suggested that the renal deposition of lipid may be related to the large molecular weight low density lipoprotein fraction and that the mechanisms involved in this lipid deposition are similar to those occurring in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency.", "PMID": 642455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1307", "title": "Endothelial regneration. I. Quantitative analysis of initial stages of endothelial regeneration in rat aortic intima.", "content": "The aortic endothelium is a naturally occurring monolayer which allows comparison between wound healing in the intact animal and similar phenomena studied with monolayers in tissue culture. We used the balloon catheter technique to abrade a defined portion of the lining of the aorta in rats. Proliferation and migration across the line of injury were quantitatively determined using tritiated thymidine autoradiography, incidenct light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The findings in vivo differ from those in vitro in three ways: (1) The response in vivo is not limited to the line of injury. Cells up to 100 cells behind this line are stimulated to enter S phase and undergo a characteristic change in shape not seen in the tissue culture systems. (2) This same \"regeneration zone\" escapes normal controls on cell density, producing three times as many cells per unit area as in unstimulated endothelium. (3) Cell migration, but not proliferation, occurs preferentially along the axis of the vessel, equally well against and with blood flow. These findings differ from results of tissue culture studies and suggest that the \"diffusion barrier\" mechanism proposed for control of monolyaer regeneration in vitro does not explain contact inhibition of endothelium in vivo and that regeneration of endothelium is controlled either by factors released from the site of injury or by cell to cell interactions.", "contents": "Endothelial regneration. I. Quantitative analysis of initial stages of endothelial regeneration in rat aortic intima. The aortic endothelium is a naturally occurring monolayer which allows comparison between wound healing in the intact animal and similar phenomena studied with monolayers in tissue culture. We used the balloon catheter technique to abrade a defined portion of the lining of the aorta in rats. Proliferation and migration across the line of injury were quantitatively determined using tritiated thymidine autoradiography, incidenct light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The findings in vivo differ from those in vitro in three ways: (1) The response in vivo is not limited to the line of injury. Cells up to 100 cells behind this line are stimulated to enter S phase and undergo a characteristic change in shape not seen in the tissue culture systems. (2) This same \"regeneration zone\" escapes normal controls on cell density, producing three times as many cells per unit area as in unstimulated endothelium. (3) Cell migration, but not proliferation, occurs preferentially along the axis of the vessel, equally well against and with blood flow. These findings differ from results of tissue culture studies and suggest that the \"diffusion barrier\" mechanism proposed for control of monolyaer regeneration in vitro does not explain contact inhibition of endothelium in vivo and that regeneration of endothelium is controlled either by factors released from the site of injury or by cell to cell interactions.", "PMID": 642457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1308", "title": "Transformation of monocytes into \"fat\" cells.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocytes, when cultured in soft agar give rise to giant (100 to 500 micrometer.) \"foam cells.\" Investigation of the origin and properties of the cells proved that they were derived from monocytes in that the cells adherent to glass after 24 hours in culture were phagocytic, elaborated lysozyme and bore receptors for complement and immunoglobulin. The increment in size was accounted for primarily by large inclusions which on histochemical and biochemical analyses were shown to consist predominantly fo neutral fat. Transformation to fat cells took place in the absence of mitosis. Fc receptors were retained but complement receptors were lost. These observations suggest a role for monocytes in the replacement of hematopoietic tissue by fat in certain hypoplastic states. The cultured monocytes may also serve to facilitate the study of fat synthesis and metabolism in vitro.", "contents": "Transformation of monocytes into \"fat\" cells. Human peripheral blood leukocytes, when cultured in soft agar give rise to giant (100 to 500 micrometer.) \"foam cells.\" Investigation of the origin and properties of the cells proved that they were derived from monocytes in that the cells adherent to glass after 24 hours in culture were phagocytic, elaborated lysozyme and bore receptors for complement and immunoglobulin. The increment in size was accounted for primarily by large inclusions which on histochemical and biochemical analyses were shown to consist predominantly fo neutral fat. Transformation to fat cells took place in the absence of mitosis. Fc receptors were retained but complement receptors were lost. These observations suggest a role for monocytes in the replacement of hematopoietic tissue by fat in certain hypoplastic states. The cultured monocytes may also serve to facilitate the study of fat synthesis and metabolism in vitro.", "PMID": 642458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1309", "title": "Structural characteristics of monologues in the speech of normal children: semantic and conversational aspects.", "content": "Semantic and conversational aspects of monologues in the speech of normal children were investigated. Subjects were nine children, three each at Brown's language Stages I, II, and III. A two-hour language sample, containing alternations of dialogue with the examiner and monologue produced during independent play, was collected from each child. Results indicate that the semantic and conversational categories that occurred in monologue speech were similar to those that appeared in contextually matched dialogue speech but the proportional frequencies differed. Monoloque subsamples were generally short in length and had a sequencing pattern that was highly consistent and sematically organized. Results are discussed in terms of Piagetian cognitive theory and pragmatic language models.", "contents": "Structural characteristics of monologues in the speech of normal children: semantic and conversational aspects. Semantic and conversational aspects of monologues in the speech of normal children were investigated. Subjects were nine children, three each at Brown's language Stages I, II, and III. A two-hour language sample, containing alternations of dialogue with the examiner and monologue produced during independent play, was collected from each child. Results indicate that the semantic and conversational categories that occurred in monologue speech were similar to those that appeared in contextually matched dialogue speech but the proportional frequencies differed. Monoloque subsamples were generally short in length and had a sequencing pattern that was highly consistent and sematically organized. Results are discussed in terms of Piagetian cognitive theory and pragmatic language models.", "PMID": 642480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1310", "title": "Conversational aspects of the speech of language-disordered children: revision behaviors.", "content": "Revision behaviors in the speech of language-disordered children were investigated. Subjects were 12 children, four at each of Brown's language States I, II, and III. During the taping of a one-hour spontaneous language sample from each child, one of the experimenters pretended 20 times not to understand and asked \"What?\". The relationship between the child's original utterance and his response to \"What?\" was analyzed. The results indicated a significantly greater use of revisions than repetitions or no responses at each stage and a pattern of revision behavior that was uniform across stages and qualitatively different from the previously reported patterns of normal children. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of languare disorder and its implications for pragmatic theories of language.", "contents": "Conversational aspects of the speech of language-disordered children: revision behaviors. Revision behaviors in the speech of language-disordered children were investigated. Subjects were 12 children, four at each of Brown's language States I, II, and III. During the taping of a one-hour spontaneous language sample from each child, one of the experimenters pretended 20 times not to understand and asked \"What?\". The relationship between the child's original utterance and his response to \"What?\" was analyzed. The results indicated a significantly greater use of revisions than repetitions or no responses at each stage and a pattern of revision behavior that was uniform across stages and qualitatively different from the previously reported patterns of normal children. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of languare disorder and its implications for pragmatic theories of language.", "PMID": 642481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1311", "title": "An experimental analysis of misarticulating children's generalization.", "content": "Five children who produced /theta/ for /s/ substitutions as a misarticulation were trained to produce /s/ correctly in three syllables. Untrained exemplars of syllables and words were tested throughout baseline and training. The 60 probe items contained both spontaneous and imitated words and syllables combined with high, low, front, back, vowels, and consonants. A functional analysis reversal design was used, and the gernalization patterns were analyzed. The effect of context was found to be less influential than expected while other factors such as stimulability, amount of training, and subject characteristics appeared as important variables in generalization.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of misarticulating children's generalization. Five children who produced /theta/ for /s/ substitutions as a misarticulation were trained to produce /s/ correctly in three syllables. Untrained exemplars of syllables and words were tested throughout baseline and training. The 60 probe items contained both spontaneous and imitated words and syllables combined with high, low, front, back, vowels, and consonants. A functional analysis reversal design was used, and the gernalization patterns were analyzed. The effect of context was found to be less influential than expected while other factors such as stimulability, amount of training, and subject characteristics appeared as important variables in generalization.", "PMID": 642482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1312", "title": "Children's use of spatial prepositions in two- and three-dimensional tasks.", "content": "This study evaluates children's performance on selected spatial prepositions and determines the age levels these prepositions are acquired in both receptive and expresive language, as revealed in tasks involving both two- and three-dimensional objects. Subjects were 80 children (40 males and 40 females), ranging in age from three years to four years and eleven months. All were native English speakers with no speech, hearing, or neurological disorders, and with normal intelligence. Results indicated a significant difference in test scores according to age (older children perform better than younger), task (comprehension scores higher than production scores), referent (three-dimensional tasks showing higher scores than two-dimensional tasks), and preposition. Children's use of selected spatial prepositions is dependent on the semantic complexity of the preposition. Prepositions whose meanings can be described in terms of simple topological notions are understood and used with greater facility than those involving dimensional or Euclidean spatial notions. When the prepositional variable interacts with age, dimension, task, age + dimension, age + task, dimension + task, and age + dimension + task, overall differential response are likely to occur.", "contents": "Children's use of spatial prepositions in two- and three-dimensional tasks. This study evaluates children's performance on selected spatial prepositions and determines the age levels these prepositions are acquired in both receptive and expresive language, as revealed in tasks involving both two- and three-dimensional objects. Subjects were 80 children (40 males and 40 females), ranging in age from three years to four years and eleven months. All were native English speakers with no speech, hearing, or neurological disorders, and with normal intelligence. Results indicated a significant difference in test scores according to age (older children perform better than younger), task (comprehension scores higher than production scores), referent (three-dimensional tasks showing higher scores than two-dimensional tasks), and preposition. Children's use of selected spatial prepositions is dependent on the semantic complexity of the preposition. Prepositions whose meanings can be described in terms of simple topological notions are understood and used with greater facility than those involving dimensional or Euclidean spatial notions. When the prepositional variable interacts with age, dimension, task, age + dimension, age + task, dimension + task, and age + dimension + task, overall differential response are likely to occur.", "PMID": 642483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1313", "title": "Acquisition of comprehension of the verb phrase anaphora construction.", "content": "The verb phrase (VP) anaphora is a commonly used construction in English in which part of a sentence, including the verb, is replaced or deleted. The present study investigated comprehension of four types of VP anaphora constructions. Significant diffferences demonstrated that second graders performed better than first graders, and and first graders better than kindergarteners. Significant differences were also found among the different types of VP anaphoric constructions: VP deletion was easier than pro-form, pro-form was easier than prosententialization, and prosententialization was easier than gapping. Implications for evaluation of language, and specifically evaluation of comprehension of language for learning, are discussed.", "contents": "Acquisition of comprehension of the verb phrase anaphora construction. The verb phrase (VP) anaphora is a commonly used construction in English in which part of a sentence, including the verb, is replaced or deleted. The present study investigated comprehension of four types of VP anaphora constructions. Significant diffferences demonstrated that second graders performed better than first graders, and and first graders better than kindergarteners. Significant differences were also found among the different types of VP anaphoric constructions: VP deletion was easier than pro-form, pro-form was easier than prosententialization, and prosententialization was easier than gapping. Implications for evaluation of language, and specifically evaluation of comprehension of language for learning, are discussed.", "PMID": 642484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1314", "title": "An ultrasonic--EMG transducer for biodynamic research.", "content": "This note describes a newly developed single-element muscle action potential/motion transducer. The transcuer was specially designed for speech research. Techniques for use of the transducer are described. Sample data are presented illustrating the capability of the transducer, and applications of the device are discussed.", "contents": "An ultrasonic--EMG transducer for biodynamic research. This note describes a newly developed single-element muscle action potential/motion transducer. The transcuer was specially designed for speech research. Techniques for use of the transducer are described. Sample data are presented illustrating the capability of the transducer, and applications of the device are discussed.", "PMID": 642485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1315", "title": "Temporal course of perceived vowel duration.", "content": "The current study explored the temporal course of the perception of vowel duration. A backward recognition masking paradigm was employed in which the subject was to determine which of two target vowels, differing only in duration, was presented on a given trial. The target was followed, after a variable silent intervowel interval, by a masking vowel having one of three possible durations. Subjects were instructed either to identify the long vowel as /i/ and the short vowel as /I/, or were told that the targets were nonsense sounds they were to identify as long or short. For both instruction conditions, identification of the long target improved consistently with increases in the intervowel interval, whereas identification of the short target was equally accurate at the long and the short intervals. Identification of the long target vowel was most accurate when followed by a long masking vowel, whereas identification of the short target vowel was most accurate when followed by a short masking vowel. An information-processing model provided a good description of the quantitative results.", "contents": "Temporal course of perceived vowel duration. The current study explored the temporal course of the perception of vowel duration. A backward recognition masking paradigm was employed in which the subject was to determine which of two target vowels, differing only in duration, was presented on a given trial. The target was followed, after a variable silent intervowel interval, by a masking vowel having one of three possible durations. Subjects were instructed either to identify the long vowel as /i/ and the short vowel as /I/, or were told that the targets were nonsense sounds they were to identify as long or short. For both instruction conditions, identification of the long target improved consistently with increases in the intervowel interval, whereas identification of the short target was equally accurate at the long and the short intervals. Identification of the long target vowel was most accurate when followed by a long masking vowel, whereas identification of the short target vowel was most accurate when followed by a short masking vowel. An information-processing model provided a good description of the quantitative results.", "PMID": 642486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1316", "title": "A comparison of the effects of filtering and sensorineural hearing loss on patients of consonant confusions.", "content": "It has been found that listeners with sensorineural hearing loss who show similar patterns of consonant confusions also tend to have similar audiometric profiles. The present study determined whether normal listeners, presented with filtered speech, would produce consonant confusions similar to those previously reported for the hearing-impaired listener. Consonant confusion matrices were obtained from eight normal-hearing subjects for four sets of CV and VC nonsense syllables presented under six high-pass and six-low pass filtering conditions. Patterns of consonant confusion for each condition were described using phonological features in sequential information analysis. Severe low-pass filtering produced consonant confusions comparable to those of listeners with high-frequency hearing loss. Severe high-pass filtering gave a result comparable to that of patients with flat or rising audiograms. And, mild filtering resulted in confusion patterns comparable to those of listeners with essentially normal hearing. An explanation in terms of the spectrum, the level of speech, and the configuration of this individual listener's audiogram is given.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of filtering and sensorineural hearing loss on patients of consonant confusions. It has been found that listeners with sensorineural hearing loss who show similar patterns of consonant confusions also tend to have similar audiometric profiles. The present study determined whether normal listeners, presented with filtered speech, would produce consonant confusions similar to those previously reported for the hearing-impaired listener. Consonant confusion matrices were obtained from eight normal-hearing subjects for four sets of CV and VC nonsense syllables presented under six high-pass and six-low pass filtering conditions. Patterns of consonant confusion for each condition were described using phonological features in sequential information analysis. Severe low-pass filtering produced consonant confusions comparable to those of listeners with high-frequency hearing loss. Severe high-pass filtering gave a result comparable to that of patients with flat or rising audiograms. And, mild filtering resulted in confusion patterns comparable to those of listeners with essentially normal hearing. An explanation in terms of the spectrum, the level of speech, and the configuration of this individual listener's audiogram is given.", "PMID": 642487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1317", "title": "Productive voice onset time characteristics of esophageal speech.", "content": "The voice onset times (VOT) of a large number of stop-consonant initiated syllables produced by esophageal and normal speakers were measured. Esophageal speakers systematically varied VOT during the production of speech-sound categories with the same manner of production. Average voice onset times associated with the production of prevocalic voiceless stops of esophageal speakers were significantly shorter than those of normal speakers, while takler-group comparisons associated with the production of voiced prevocalic stops were nonsignificant. Voice onset times of both esophageal and normal speakers were differentially sensitive to place of articulation. Findings are discussed in terms of furthering current understanding of how effectively esophageal speakers achieve important phonological contrasts.", "contents": "Productive voice onset time characteristics of esophageal speech. The voice onset times (VOT) of a large number of stop-consonant initiated syllables produced by esophageal and normal speakers were measured. Esophageal speakers systematically varied VOT during the production of speech-sound categories with the same manner of production. Average voice onset times associated with the production of prevocalic voiceless stops of esophageal speakers were significantly shorter than those of normal speakers, while takler-group comparisons associated with the production of voiced prevocalic stops were nonsignificant. Voice onset times of both esophageal and normal speakers were differentially sensitive to place of articulation. Findings are discussed in terms of furthering current understanding of how effectively esophageal speakers achieve important phonological contrasts.", "PMID": 642488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1318", "title": "Perceptual assessment of normalcy of speech following stuttering therapy.", "content": "Stuttering therapy procedures such as rhythmic or prolonged speech have been criticized because afterward the subject may speak fluently but also abnormally. Although assessments of the normalcy of speech behavior have been rare, some recent procedures have included perceptual assessments of certain dimensions of speech behavior. This study reports an evaluation procedure where listeners endeavored to distinguish between intermingled speech samples obtained from treated stutterers and a peer group of normally fluent speakers. Different groups of listeners were asked to judge the prosody, rate, fluency, and naturalness of posttreatment samples from a group of stutterers treated with a prolonged speech procedure, and a matched peer group of noramlly fluent speakers. No significant differences were found between the assessments of stutters and normally fluent speakers. However, when another group of listeners was asked to decide whether the speech samples were from treated stutters or normal speakers, the stutters received significantly fewer normal speaker judgements. Interrelationships between the judgment scales were evaluated along with a forced-choice procedure for assessing the normalcy of individual speech samples.", "contents": "Perceptual assessment of normalcy of speech following stuttering therapy. Stuttering therapy procedures such as rhythmic or prolonged speech have been criticized because afterward the subject may speak fluently but also abnormally. Although assessments of the normalcy of speech behavior have been rare, some recent procedures have included perceptual assessments of certain dimensions of speech behavior. This study reports an evaluation procedure where listeners endeavored to distinguish between intermingled speech samples obtained from treated stutterers and a peer group of normally fluent speakers. Different groups of listeners were asked to judge the prosody, rate, fluency, and naturalness of posttreatment samples from a group of stutterers treated with a prolonged speech procedure, and a matched peer group of noramlly fluent speakers. No significant differences were found between the assessments of stutters and normally fluent speakers. However, when another group of listeners was asked to decide whether the speech samples were from treated stutters or normal speakers, the stutters received significantly fewer normal speaker judgements. Interrelationships between the judgment scales were evaluated along with a forced-choice procedure for assessing the normalcy of individual speech samples.", "PMID": 642489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1319", "title": "Effects of stimulus duration and stimulus off time on the auditory and acoustic reflex thresholds.", "content": "The effects of stimulus duration and stimulus off time on the thresholds of hearing and the acoustic reflex were investigated in 10 normal-hearing subjects and 10 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. A 1000-Hz stimulus with on-off times of 500-500 msec and 30-30 msec was used to obtain hearing sensitivity and acoustic reflex thresholds via a tracking method. Auditory threshold was poorer for the 30-30 msec tone than the 500-500 msec stimulus in both groups. Using the different stimuli, no significant difference in acoustic reflex threshold was observed in either group. These results suggest that the addition of a short off time modifies the previously observed effects of both duration and off time on the acoustic reflex and auditory threshold.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus duration and stimulus off time on the auditory and acoustic reflex thresholds. The effects of stimulus duration and stimulus off time on the thresholds of hearing and the acoustic reflex were investigated in 10 normal-hearing subjects and 10 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. A 1000-Hz stimulus with on-off times of 500-500 msec and 30-30 msec was used to obtain hearing sensitivity and acoustic reflex thresholds via a tracking method. Auditory threshold was poorer for the 30-30 msec tone than the 500-500 msec stimulus in both groups. Using the different stimuli, no significant difference in acoustic reflex threshold was observed in either group. These results suggest that the addition of a short off time modifies the previously observed effects of both duration and off time on the acoustic reflex and auditory threshold.", "PMID": 642490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1320", "title": "Communicative performance of mentally retarded adults in four conversational settings.", "content": "A sociolinguistic analysis of the communicative performances and social interactions of four mentally retarded adults was conducted. Role relationships were examined along dimensions of dominance-submission and control in various conversational settings. Audiotape recordings were made of each adult's conversation while engaged in discourse with his speech-language pathologist, peers, parents, and with a normal young child. Relational communication coding schemes involving the analysis of questions and subsequent responses were applied to the data. Results indicated that the retarded adults, though not always able to hold a dominant position in a conversation, were capable of expressing the same types of control as normal adults. The types of control expressed by each subject varied as a function of the conversational setting. Furthermore, differences existed in the types and frequencies of control expressed across subjects. These findings suggest that a sociolinguistic approach provides important information regarding the mentally retarded adult's communicative performance.", "contents": "Communicative performance of mentally retarded adults in four conversational settings. A sociolinguistic analysis of the communicative performances and social interactions of four mentally retarded adults was conducted. Role relationships were examined along dimensions of dominance-submission and control in various conversational settings. Audiotape recordings were made of each adult's conversation while engaged in discourse with his speech-language pathologist, peers, parents, and with a normal young child. Relational communication coding schemes involving the analysis of questions and subsequent responses were applied to the data. Results indicated that the retarded adults, though not always able to hold a dominant position in a conversation, were capable of expressing the same types of control as normal adults. The types of control expressed by each subject varied as a function of the conversational setting. Furthermore, differences existed in the types and frequencies of control expressed across subjects. These findings suggest that a sociolinguistic approach provides important information regarding the mentally retarded adult's communicative performance.", "PMID": 642491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1321", "title": "Comprehension of pronominal reference by speakers of black English.", "content": "This study was concerned with the comprehension of pronoun reference by children from north Texas who used features of black English in their oral language. Forty-eight children were included in the study, eight selected from each chromological age group from four through nine years. Tasks required that the children listen to 15 sentences, five of which included a pronound with unrestricted reference and 10 of which included a pronoun operating under the nonidentity requirement with restricted reference to a subject outside of the sentence. In response to specific questions, subjects were required to point to toy figures that represented the pronoun referents in the sentences. Results showed a significant and uniform increase in comprehension as a function of chronological age, with no subject attaining less than 90% comprehension among the seven-, eight-, and nine-year-old children.", "contents": "Comprehension of pronominal reference by speakers of black English. This study was concerned with the comprehension of pronoun reference by children from north Texas who used features of black English in their oral language. Forty-eight children were included in the study, eight selected from each chromological age group from four through nine years. Tasks required that the children listen to 15 sentences, five of which included a pronound with unrestricted reference and 10 of which included a pronoun operating under the nonidentity requirement with restricted reference to a subject outside of the sentence. In response to specific questions, subjects were required to point to toy figures that represented the pronoun referents in the sentences. Results showed a significant and uniform increase in comprehension as a function of chronological age, with no subject attaining less than 90% comprehension among the seven-, eight-, and nine-year-old children.", "PMID": 642492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1322", "title": "Response of intramuscular Walker 256 rat tumor to sustained-release cyclophosphamide and ARA-C capsules.", "content": "Randomly bred Sprague-Dawley rats with the intramuscular form of Walker 256 tumor growing in the right thigh region were treated with sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsules as well as with cytosine arabinoside capsules. A disk-shaped caps-le was implanted subcutaneously adjacent to the tumor mass. Tumor regression, weight gain, and prolongation of lifespan were observed in animals treated with cyclophosphamide capsules of 10 mg or 20 mg total drug content each. However, the walker 256 intramuscular tumor did not respond to ARA-C capsules implanted, and the animals died at the same rate as the controls, with large ulcerated tumor masses and some metastasis. The in vitro diffusion data of ARA-C capsules is shown. Gross and histological changes associated with cyclophosphamide administered in this manner are reported.", "contents": "Response of intramuscular Walker 256 rat tumor to sustained-release cyclophosphamide and ARA-C capsules. Randomly bred Sprague-Dawley rats with the intramuscular form of Walker 256 tumor growing in the right thigh region were treated with sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsules as well as with cytosine arabinoside capsules. A disk-shaped caps-le was implanted subcutaneously adjacent to the tumor mass. Tumor regression, weight gain, and prolongation of lifespan were observed in animals treated with cyclophosphamide capsules of 10 mg or 20 mg total drug content each. However, the walker 256 intramuscular tumor did not respond to ARA-C capsules implanted, and the animals died at the same rate as the controls, with large ulcerated tumor masses and some metastasis. The in vitro diffusion data of ARA-C capsules is shown. Gross and histological changes associated with cyclophosphamide administered in this manner are reported.", "PMID": 642513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1323", "title": "Relative frequency and survival results of cancer seen at a county hospital.", "content": "The relative frequency of cancer cases (percentage of total malignancies) admitted to Los Angeles County-University of Southern California (LAC-USC) Medical Center from 1942 to 1974 was studied (basal cell and epidermoid carcinoma of the skin were excluded). Among cancers of the digestive system, the relative frequency of cancer of the stomach has definitely declined from a high of 9.5% before 1946 to a low of 2% in 1972. Carcinoma of the colorectum has shown a downward trend in the last decade. Among cancers of the respiratory system, cancer of the lung continues its steady increase from a relative frequency of 7% before 1946 to a high of 20% in 1974. The percentages of malignant lesions of the female organs (breast, uterine body, ovaries) have stayed relatively constant. Cancers of the central nervous system and malignancy of unknown primary site showed an increasing trend over the last 15 years. The 8 most common cancers according to their relative frequency at Los Angeles County Hospital in 1974 are: colon (10%), rectum (5%), breast (15%), lung (13%), prostate (7%), cervix uteri (6%), stomach (3%), and pancreas (3%). In general, survival results of patients in the California Tumor Registry are comparable with those reported in the national study, and survival rates of patients seen at the Los Angeles County Hospital are lower. But 5 year survival rates have improved by more than 3 percentage points for patients with all stages of cancer of the colon, breast, prostate, and cervix uteri diagnosed at the Los Angeles County Hospital in recent years.", "contents": "Relative frequency and survival results of cancer seen at a county hospital. The relative frequency of cancer cases (percentage of total malignancies) admitted to Los Angeles County-University of Southern California (LAC-USC) Medical Center from 1942 to 1974 was studied (basal cell and epidermoid carcinoma of the skin were excluded). Among cancers of the digestive system, the relative frequency of cancer of the stomach has definitely declined from a high of 9.5% before 1946 to a low of 2% in 1972. Carcinoma of the colorectum has shown a downward trend in the last decade. Among cancers of the respiratory system, cancer of the lung continues its steady increase from a relative frequency of 7% before 1946 to a high of 20% in 1974. The percentages of malignant lesions of the female organs (breast, uterine body, ovaries) have stayed relatively constant. Cancers of the central nervous system and malignancy of unknown primary site showed an increasing trend over the last 15 years. The 8 most common cancers according to their relative frequency at Los Angeles County Hospital in 1974 are: colon (10%), rectum (5%), breast (15%), lung (13%), prostate (7%), cervix uteri (6%), stomach (3%), and pancreas (3%). In general, survival results of patients in the California Tumor Registry are comparable with those reported in the national study, and survival rates of patients seen at the Los Angeles County Hospital are lower. But 5 year survival rates have improved by more than 3 percentage points for patients with all stages of cancer of the colon, breast, prostate, and cervix uteri diagnosed at the Los Angeles County Hospital in recent years.", "PMID": 642514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1324", "title": "Long-term survival with thorotrast cervical granuloma.", "content": "Thorium dioxide, a radioactive contrast material, was commonly used for cerebral angiography prior to recognition of its radiation hazard. Extravasation of the material into the extravascular tissue in the neck results in granuloma formation, thorotrastoma, long-term morbidity, and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors. We report our experience with the management of 2 patients who underwent cerebral angiography with thorotrast more than 25 years ago. Aggressive surgical excision of involved tissue is warranted to ameliorate symptoms and diminish the risk of malignancy.", "contents": "Long-term survival with thorotrast cervical granuloma. Thorium dioxide, a radioactive contrast material, was commonly used for cerebral angiography prior to recognition of its radiation hazard. Extravasation of the material into the extravascular tissue in the neck results in granuloma formation, thorotrastoma, long-term morbidity, and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors. We report our experience with the management of 2 patients who underwent cerebral angiography with thorotrast more than 25 years ago. Aggressive surgical excision of involved tissue is warranted to ameliorate symptoms and diminish the risk of malignancy.", "PMID": 642515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1325", "title": "Antitumor tests of amygdalin in transplantable animal tumor systems.", "content": "Except for oral administration, there was no grossly observed toxicity from carefully administered high doses of amygdalin in the experimental systems used. The compound in high doses was ineffective against the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma and the following transplanted experimental tumors: Sarcoma 180, plasma cell tumor LPC-1, leukemia L1210, Mecca lymphosarcoma, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, sarcoma T241, mammary carcinoma E0771, Taper liver tumor, Ehrlich carcinoma (solid and ascites), and Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Amygdalin did not noticeably influence the toxicity or impair the efficacy of these chemotherapeutic agents in their respective systems: Cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, cytoxan, or 5-fluorouracil in L1210; the latter two in LPC-1; 6-mercaptopurine in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma; estradiol-17beta or 2alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate in the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Antitumor tests of amygdalin in transplantable animal tumor systems. Except for oral administration, there was no grossly observed toxicity from carefully administered high doses of amygdalin in the experimental systems used. The compound in high doses was ineffective against the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma and the following transplanted experimental tumors: Sarcoma 180, plasma cell tumor LPC-1, leukemia L1210, Mecca lymphosarcoma, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, sarcoma T241, mammary carcinoma E0771, Taper liver tumor, Ehrlich carcinoma (solid and ascites), and Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Amygdalin did not noticeably influence the toxicity or impair the efficacy of these chemotherapeutic agents in their respective systems: Cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, cytoxan, or 5-fluorouracil in L1210; the latter two in LPC-1; 6-mercaptopurine in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma; estradiol-17beta or 2alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate in the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 642516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1326", "title": "Reoperation in symptomatic patients after direct coronary artery revascularization.", "content": "Seventy-nine patients underwent 85 reoperations to revascularize the myocardium at intervals from 2 days to 5 years (mean 13 months) after primary direct revascularization procedures. A total of 122 bypass grafts including 43 individual veins, 43 double or triple sequential veins, and 17 internal mammary arteries (IMA) were utilized. Failure of previous bypass grafting was the most common reason for recurrent symptoms, partially due to the high failure rate of radial artery segments used as bypass conduits. One operative and three late deaths have occurred. Coronary arteriography, performed after reoperation (mean 14 months) in 15 patients, revealed a graft patency rate of 68 percent. Significant differences in postoperative complications between the first and subsequent operation could not be demonstrated. Combined nonfatal perioperative infarctions with the first and subsequent operations decreased ventricular function and probably contributed to the improved symptomatic state of some patients. It is concluded that good symptomatic relief and long-term survival can be achieved by reoperation in selected patients who have recurrent symptoms after primary direct myocardial revascularization.", "contents": "Reoperation in symptomatic patients after direct coronary artery revascularization. Seventy-nine patients underwent 85 reoperations to revascularize the myocardium at intervals from 2 days to 5 years (mean 13 months) after primary direct revascularization procedures. A total of 122 bypass grafts including 43 individual veins, 43 double or triple sequential veins, and 17 internal mammary arteries (IMA) were utilized. Failure of previous bypass grafting was the most common reason for recurrent symptoms, partially due to the high failure rate of radial artery segments used as bypass conduits. One operative and three late deaths have occurred. Coronary arteriography, performed after reoperation (mean 14 months) in 15 patients, revealed a graft patency rate of 68 percent. Significant differences in postoperative complications between the first and subsequent operation could not be demonstrated. Combined nonfatal perioperative infarctions with the first and subsequent operations decreased ventricular function and probably contributed to the improved symptomatic state of some patients. It is concluded that good symptomatic relief and long-term survival can be achieved by reoperation in selected patients who have recurrent symptoms after primary direct myocardial revascularization.", "PMID": 642545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1327", "title": "The Marfan syndrome and cardiac surgery.", "content": "Of 31 patients with Marfan's syndrome and cardiovascular complications, 25 had ascending aortic aneurysms, five with aortic dissection; 26 had aortic regurgitation, two with aortic stenosis; and eight had mitral regurgitation, five with aortic regurgitation. Surgery included prosthetic aortic valve replacement in 24 patients and aortic valvular bicuspidization in two; 19 had resection of aneurysm with Dacron tube replacement, three had lateral aneurysmorrhaphy, and two had circumferential strip excision with end-to-end anastomosis. Four patients underwent mitral valve replacement. Operative complications occurred in 10 patients. There were nine (29 percent) hospital deaths, but only one death occurred in 12 patients operated upon since 1970. Late complications included prosthetic leak in six patients (23 percent) with reoperation in five; all survived. Five late deaths occurred (16 percent); one was unrelated and one was of unknown cause. Although risk of cardiac surgery remains high, our recent results support an aggressive surgical approach, particularly in patients with advanced or deteriorating cardiovascular complications.", "contents": "The Marfan syndrome and cardiac surgery. Of 31 patients with Marfan's syndrome and cardiovascular complications, 25 had ascending aortic aneurysms, five with aortic dissection; 26 had aortic regurgitation, two with aortic stenosis; and eight had mitral regurgitation, five with aortic regurgitation. Surgery included prosthetic aortic valve replacement in 24 patients and aortic valvular bicuspidization in two; 19 had resection of aneurysm with Dacron tube replacement, three had lateral aneurysmorrhaphy, and two had circumferential strip excision with end-to-end anastomosis. Four patients underwent mitral valve replacement. Operative complications occurred in 10 patients. There were nine (29 percent) hospital deaths, but only one death occurred in 12 patients operated upon since 1970. Late complications included prosthetic leak in six patients (23 percent) with reoperation in five; all survived. Five late deaths occurred (16 percent); one was unrelated and one was of unknown cause. Although risk of cardiac surgery remains high, our recent results support an aggressive surgical approach, particularly in patients with advanced or deteriorating cardiovascular complications.", "PMID": 642546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1328", "title": "Late sequelae of penetrating cardiac wounds.", "content": "Physiological and psychological parameters of 20 survivors of penetrating  wounds of the heart were examined 7 to 52 months after recovery. All survivors had cardiac complaints. The psychological parameters for hypochondriasis, compulsiveness, and internalization were much greater in the patients than in control subjects but were similar to those in victims of violent major abdominal trauma. Physiological abnormalities were present in 19, although no particular pattern or abnormality could be related with certainty to the type of wound, operative procedure, or postoperative course. One recovered and re-employed victim required late surgical repair of a traumatic ventricular septal defect and ventricular diverticulum. Although functional work capacity measured by stress testing was normal in 90 percent, only eight survivors resumed employment. Complete rehabilitation was impaired by a residual traumatic neurosis. Management goals for patients with penetrating cardiac wounds should be broadened to include prevention of psychological disabilities.", "contents": "Late sequelae of penetrating cardiac wounds. Physiological and psychological parameters of 20 survivors of penetrating  wounds of the heart were examined 7 to 52 months after recovery. All survivors had cardiac complaints. The psychological parameters for hypochondriasis, compulsiveness, and internalization were much greater in the patients than in control subjects but were similar to those in victims of violent major abdominal trauma. Physiological abnormalities were present in 19, although no particular pattern or abnormality could be related with certainty to the type of wound, operative procedure, or postoperative course. One recovered and re-employed victim required late surgical repair of a traumatic ventricular septal defect and ventricular diverticulum. Although functional work capacity measured by stress testing was normal in 90 percent, only eight survivors resumed employment. Complete rehabilitation was impaired by a residual traumatic neurosis. Management goals for patients with penetrating cardiac wounds should be broadened to include prevention of psychological disabilities.", "PMID": 642547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1329", "title": "Role of pulmonary vascular resistance measurements in preoperative evaluation of candidates for pulmonary resection.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests (PFT), arterial blood gases (ABG), lung scanning, and pulmonary artery balloon occlusion with measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) have all been used for preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. These tests, however, do not always accurately predict tolerance to lung resection. We have evaluated a new technique which promises to increase the accuracy of preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. Utilizing a balloon flotation catheter, we measured PVR at varying cardiac outputs. Forty-five patients underwent this study without morbidity or mortality. Five of 30 patients who subsequently underwent pulmonary surgery died of respiratory failure. All of these deaths were from the high-risk group as determined by PVR. Only one of the five had been judged to be at high risk by PFT and ABG. This technique has the advantages of low morbidity and simplicity and should be especially helpful in the evaluation of those patients who have borderline pulmonary function as determined by the more standard tests.", "contents": "Role of pulmonary vascular resistance measurements in preoperative evaluation of candidates for pulmonary resection. Pulmonary function tests (PFT), arterial blood gases (ABG), lung scanning, and pulmonary artery balloon occlusion with measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) have all been used for preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. These tests, however, do not always accurately predict tolerance to lung resection. We have evaluated a new technique which promises to increase the accuracy of preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. Utilizing a balloon flotation catheter, we measured PVR at varying cardiac outputs. Forty-five patients underwent this study without morbidity or mortality. Five of 30 patients who subsequently underwent pulmonary surgery died of respiratory failure. All of these deaths were from the high-risk group as determined by PVR. Only one of the five had been judged to be at high risk by PFT and ABG. This technique has the advantages of low morbidity and simplicity and should be especially helpful in the evaluation of those patients who have borderline pulmonary function as determined by the more standard tests.", "PMID": 642548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1330", "title": "The significance of multidose cardioplegia and hypothermia in myocardial preservation during ischemic arrest.", "content": "A standard experimental protocol was developed to explore the optimal technique for myocardial preservation during 120 minutes of ischemic arrest followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Eight different experimental groups were evaluated with the use of an in vivo pig heart preparation. The parameters measured included myocardial contractility and compliance, myocardial blood flow, and endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio. Myocardial preservation was inadequate after hypothermic arrest alone, cardioplegic arrest alone (at normothermia), and single-dose cardioplegia plus hypothermia. Adequate myocardial preservation was found only after hypothermia and multidose cardioplegia with either potassium (35 mEq. per liter) or magnesium-procaine solutions. Continuous cardioplegia and hypothermia, while providing a moderate degree of myocardial preservation, was not as satisfactory as multidose cardioplegia and hypothermia. No difference in myocardial preservation was apparent when potassium-induced cardioplegia was compared with magnesium-procaine-induced cardioplegia.", "contents": "The significance of multidose cardioplegia and hypothermia in myocardial preservation during ischemic arrest. A standard experimental protocol was developed to explore the optimal technique for myocardial preservation during 120 minutes of ischemic arrest followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Eight different experimental groups were evaluated with the use of an in vivo pig heart preparation. The parameters measured included myocardial contractility and compliance, myocardial blood flow, and endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio. Myocardial preservation was inadequate after hypothermic arrest alone, cardioplegic arrest alone (at normothermia), and single-dose cardioplegia plus hypothermia. Adequate myocardial preservation was found only after hypothermia and multidose cardioplegia with either potassium (35 mEq. per liter) or magnesium-procaine solutions. Continuous cardioplegia and hypothermia, while providing a moderate degree of myocardial preservation, was not as satisfactory as multidose cardioplegia and hypothermia. No difference in myocardial preservation was apparent when potassium-induced cardioplegia was compared with magnesium-procaine-induced cardioplegia.", "PMID": 642549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1331", "title": "Comparative studies of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. I. Pulsatile system employed and its hematologic effects.", "content": "A new, commercially available roller pump system able to deliver pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow has been studied in patients undergoing elective open-heart surgical procedures. The pulsatile pump (St\u00f6ckert Instrumente) may be used with standard extracorporeal circuit equipment and consistently produces a peripheral arterial pulse pressure of 25 to 30 mm. Hg at mean flow rates of 3.5 to 4.0 L. per minute. Twenty patients, arbitrarily allocated to pulsatile or nonpulsatile groups, have been studied. There were no significant differences between the groups in respect of age, weight, bypass time, pump flow, or mean arterial pressure during bypass. Comparative studies of the hematologic effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion were carried out. There was no evidence of increased hemolysis with pulsatile flow, nor was there increased depletion of red blood cells (RBC's) or platelets in the pulsatile group. This pulsatile pump system may therefore be used to produce pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass without the fear of producing excessive blood cell trauma.", "contents": "Comparative studies of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. I. Pulsatile system employed and its hematologic effects. A new, commercially available roller pump system able to deliver pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow has been studied in patients undergoing elective open-heart surgical procedures. The pulsatile pump (St\u00f6ckert Instrumente) may be used with standard extracorporeal circuit equipment and consistently produces a peripheral arterial pulse pressure of 25 to 30 mm. Hg at mean flow rates of 3.5 to 4.0 L. per minute. Twenty patients, arbitrarily allocated to pulsatile or nonpulsatile groups, have been studied. There were no significant differences between the groups in respect of age, weight, bypass time, pump flow, or mean arterial pressure during bypass. Comparative studies of the hematologic effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion were carried out. There was no evidence of increased hemolysis with pulsatile flow, nor was there increased depletion of red blood cells (RBC's) or platelets in the pulsatile group. This pulsatile pump system may therefore be used to produce pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass without the fear of producing excessive blood cell trauma.", "PMID": 642551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1332", "title": "Comparative studies of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. II. The effects on adrenal secretion of cortisol.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that a significant reduction in plasma cortisol levels occurs during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass as a result of adrenocorticol hypofunction. The St\u00f6ckert pulsatile pump system described in Part I has been employed in a comparative study of plasma cortisol levels in 20 patients subjected to pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion during open-heart surgery. The plasma cortisol response pattern in the nonpulsatile group was identical to the pattern previously described, with no significant rise in cortisol levels during the period of perfusion. In the pulsatile group, however, plasma cortisol levels rose significantly during perfusion, reaching a mean level at the end of perfusion which was highly significantly greater than that in the nonpulsatile group (p less than 0.001). Correction of the plasma cortisol values for the effect of hemodilution was performed and, again, corrected cortisol values indicated a highly significant increase in end-bypass levels in the pulsatile groups (p less than 0.001). These results clearly indicate that the reduction in cortisol secretion during nonpulsatile bypass may be prevented by the use of pulsatile perfusion.", "contents": "Comparative studies of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. II. The effects on adrenal secretion of cortisol. Previous studies have indicated that a significant reduction in plasma cortisol levels occurs during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass as a result of adrenocorticol hypofunction. The St\u00f6ckert pulsatile pump system described in Part I has been employed in a comparative study of plasma cortisol levels in 20 patients subjected to pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion during open-heart surgery. The plasma cortisol response pattern in the nonpulsatile group was identical to the pattern previously described, with no significant rise in cortisol levels during the period of perfusion. In the pulsatile group, however, plasma cortisol levels rose significantly during perfusion, reaching a mean level at the end of perfusion which was highly significantly greater than that in the nonpulsatile group (p less than 0.001). Correction of the plasma cortisol values for the effect of hemodilution was performed and, again, corrected cortisol values indicated a highly significant increase in end-bypass levels in the pulsatile groups (p less than 0.001). These results clearly indicate that the reduction in cortisol secretion during nonpulsatile bypass may be prevented by the use of pulsatile perfusion.", "PMID": 642552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1333", "title": "Transbronchial mucus transfer of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The metastatic transfer of cells from a primary bronchogenic carcinoma to other portions of the lung as a result of mucus embolization and inoculation has been demonstrated. Histologic observations indicate tumor implantation and survival in peripheral bronchioles. In these regions mucosal dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ changes which characteristically accompany a primary lesion are notably absent. Morphologic changes associated with acute bronchitis and focally denuded bronchial mucosa may be implicated.", "contents": "Transbronchial mucus transfer of bronchogenic carcinoma. The metastatic transfer of cells from a primary bronchogenic carcinoma to other portions of the lung as a result of mucus embolization and inoculation has been demonstrated. Histologic observations indicate tumor implantation and survival in peripheral bronchioles. In these regions mucosal dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ changes which characteristically accompany a primary lesion are notably absent. Morphologic changes associated with acute bronchitis and focally denuded bronchial mucosa may be implicated.", "PMID": 642553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1334", "title": "Hemodynamic assessment of Lillehei-Kaster tilting disc aortic and mitral prostheses.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic heart valves, 15 with aortic and 11 with mitral valves, were catheterized to assess their hemodynamic performance. The calculated effective orifice areas were linearly related to but always less than their actual orifice areas. There was no significant difference in the effective orifice area of the mitral or aortic prostheses of similar size. The aortic prosthesis with an annulus diameter of 21 mm. was found to have a mean effective orifice area of 0.77 sq. cm. Our catheter studies have demonstrated no hemodynamic advantages of the Lillehei-Kaster aortic and mitral prosthetic valves over prosthetic valves.", "contents": "Hemodynamic assessment of Lillehei-Kaster tilting disc aortic and mitral prostheses. Twenty-six patients with Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic heart valves, 15 with aortic and 11 with mitral valves, were catheterized to assess their hemodynamic performance. The calculated effective orifice areas were linearly related to but always less than their actual orifice areas. There was no significant difference in the effective orifice area of the mitral or aortic prostheses of similar size. The aortic prosthesis with an annulus diameter of 21 mm. was found to have a mean effective orifice area of 0.77 sq. cm. Our catheter studies have demonstrated no hemodynamic advantages of the Lillehei-Kaster aortic and mitral prosthetic valves over prosthetic valves.", "PMID": 642554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1335", "title": "Evaluation of the in vivo function of the Hancock porcine xenograft in the aortic position.", "content": "We evaluated the vivo hemodynamic function of the stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft in 23 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement from 2 days to 24 months prior to the study. Functional aortic valve orifice areas for the porcine xenograft ranged from 0.58 to 3.0 sq. cm., the average area being 1.36 sq. cm. Six patients had calculated prosthetic valve orifice areas less than 1.0 sq. cm. Valve orifice area did not correlate significantly with valve size or the time interval from surgery to postoperative study. Left ventricular stroke volume showed a significant, positive correlation with calculated xenograft orifice area. Systemic thromboembolism was not encountered. One patient required reoperation for xenograft stenosis caused by dense fibrin deposition on the aortic leaflets. We conclude that use of the stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft can be associated with significant functional stenosis which may be related to annulus size or inertial properties of the valve. These factors should be taken into consideration when considering use of the stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft in individual patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of the in vivo function of the Hancock porcine xenograft in the aortic position. We evaluated the vivo hemodynamic function of the stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft in 23 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement from 2 days to 24 months prior to the study. Functional aortic valve orifice areas for the porcine xenograft ranged from 0.58 to 3.0 sq. cm., the average area being 1.36 sq. cm. Six patients had calculated prosthetic valve orifice areas less than 1.0 sq. cm. Valve orifice area did not correlate significantly with valve size or the time interval from surgery to postoperative study. Left ventricular stroke volume showed a significant, positive correlation with calculated xenograft orifice area. Systemic thromboembolism was not encountered. One patient required reoperation for xenograft stenosis caused by dense fibrin deposition on the aortic leaflets. We conclude that use of the stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft can be associated with significant functional stenosis which may be related to annulus size or inertial properties of the valve. These factors should be taken into consideration when considering use of the stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft in individual patients.", "PMID": 642555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1336", "title": "Autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood after cardiac surgery: a prospective study.", "content": "In a randomized prospective study of patients having cardiac surgery, autologous blood collected from mediastinal tubes was autotransfused preferentially in 63 patients (ATS), whereas 51 patients received bank blood for transfusion (control). Comparison of the two groups showed no significant difference in regard to age, sex, operations performed, or total postoperative bleeding (ATS 813 +/- 121 ml. per square meter versus control 711 +/- 93 ml. per square meter; N.S.) Although mean postoperative blood replacement was similar in the two groups (ATS 4.3 +/- 0.6 units per patient versus control 4.8 +/- 0.6 units per patient), requirements for transfusion of stored bank blood were reduced by 50 percent in the ATS group (ATS 2.4 +/- 0.3 units per patient versus control 4.8 +/- 0.6 units per patient; p less than 0.005). Coagulation studies demonstrated that this blood was defibrinogenated; yet it contains significantly more platelets and clotting factors than does bank blood. In this study, autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood was safe and simple. It significantly reduced bank blood requirements and resulted in substantial financial savings for the patients and the hospital.", "contents": "Autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. In a randomized prospective study of patients having cardiac surgery, autologous blood collected from mediastinal tubes was autotransfused preferentially in 63 patients (ATS), whereas 51 patients received bank blood for transfusion (control). Comparison of the two groups showed no significant difference in regard to age, sex, operations performed, or total postoperative bleeding (ATS 813 +/- 121 ml. per square meter versus control 711 +/- 93 ml. per square meter; N.S.) Although mean postoperative blood replacement was similar in the two groups (ATS 4.3 +/- 0.6 units per patient versus control 4.8 +/- 0.6 units per patient), requirements for transfusion of stored bank blood were reduced by 50 percent in the ATS group (ATS 2.4 +/- 0.3 units per patient versus control 4.8 +/- 0.6 units per patient; p less than 0.005). Coagulation studies demonstrated that this blood was defibrinogenated; yet it contains significantly more platelets and clotting factors than does bank blood. In this study, autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood was safe and simple. It significantly reduced bank blood requirements and resulted in substantial financial savings for the patients and the hospital.", "PMID": 642556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1337", "title": "Chylothorax and chylopericardial tamponade following Blalock-Taussig anastomosis.", "content": "A case of chylothorax following a right-sided Blalock-Taussig shunt is presented. Chylopericardial tamponade eventually developed, because the mediastinal leakage of chyle was sealed off from the pleural cavity and diverted into the pericardium. Chylopericardium is a rare cause of an enlarged cardiac silhouette on a postoperative chest roentgenogram, but the importance of differentiating it from congestive heart failure is illustrated. When chylopericardial tamponade occurs, treatment consists of (1) aspiration for immediate relief and, if there is recurrence, (2) surgical evacuation of the pericardium with tube drainage or pericardiectomy and (3) ligation of the source of chylous drainage.", "contents": "Chylothorax and chylopericardial tamponade following Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. A case of chylothorax following a right-sided Blalock-Taussig shunt is presented. Chylopericardial tamponade eventually developed, because the mediastinal leakage of chyle was sealed off from the pleural cavity and diverted into the pericardium. Chylopericardium is a rare cause of an enlarged cardiac silhouette on a postoperative chest roentgenogram, but the importance of differentiating it from congestive heart failure is illustrated. When chylopericardial tamponade occurs, treatment consists of (1) aspiration for immediate relief and, if there is recurrence, (2) surgical evacuation of the pericardium with tube drainage or pericardiectomy and (3) ligation of the source of chylous drainage.", "PMID": 642557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1338", "title": "An alternative approach to the apex of the left ventricle.", "content": "Because of the risk of performing a left ventriculotomy in a patient with a left ventricular mass as well as decreased myocardial function, secondary to a myocardiopathy, my colleagues and I sought an alternate method for removal of the mass. Our decision to follow the procedure to be described in this report provided ideal access to the tumor, and the excellent results obtained in this and a subsequent case established the validity of this alternative to a left ventriculotomy. Although we realize not all masses of this nature need be removed, we present this technique as a useful addition to our armamentarium.", "contents": "An alternative approach to the apex of the left ventricle. Because of the risk of performing a left ventriculotomy in a patient with a left ventricular mass as well as decreased myocardial function, secondary to a myocardiopathy, my colleagues and I sought an alternate method for removal of the mass. Our decision to follow the procedure to be described in this report provided ideal access to the tumor, and the excellent results obtained in this and a subsequent case established the validity of this alternative to a left ventriculotomy. Although we realize not all masses of this nature need be removed, we present this technique as a useful addition to our armamentarium.", "PMID": 642558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1339", "title": "Clinical spectrum of septic pulmonary embolism and infarction.", "content": "Management of septic pulmonary embolism now suggests a predictability of the clinical course which often allows an early decision regarding the need for definitive thoracotomy. Sixty patients have been treated within the past 5 years. Antibiotics were employed in all patients, administered whenever possible according to cultures. In 12 patients thoracotomy was required. This involved decortication and varying amounts of pulmonary resection from wedge excision to pneumonectomy. Early appreciation of septic pulmonary embolism and prompt thoracotomy can frequently obviate the need for tardy open drainage procedures with consequent prolonged recovery. Sources of emboli must be controlled. Interruption of the inferior vena cava, vein excision, aggressive control of peripheral abscesses, and excision of the tricuspid valve may be required. Reliance on antiocagulants alone to control emboli is dangerous, and proper surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy reduce the need for long-term anticoagulation.", "contents": "Clinical spectrum of septic pulmonary embolism and infarction. Management of septic pulmonary embolism now suggests a predictability of the clinical course which often allows an early decision regarding the need for definitive thoracotomy. Sixty patients have been treated within the past 5 years. Antibiotics were employed in all patients, administered whenever possible according to cultures. In 12 patients thoracotomy was required. This involved decortication and varying amounts of pulmonary resection from wedge excision to pneumonectomy. Early appreciation of septic pulmonary embolism and prompt thoracotomy can frequently obviate the need for tardy open drainage procedures with consequent prolonged recovery. Sources of emboli must be controlled. Interruption of the inferior vena cava, vein excision, aggressive control of peripheral abscesses, and excision of the tricuspid valve may be required. Reliance on antiocagulants alone to control emboli is dangerous, and proper surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy reduce the need for long-term anticoagulation.", "PMID": 642559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1340", "title": "Surgery for coccidioidomycosis in 52 diabetic patients with special reference to related immunologic factors.", "content": "Fifty-two diabetic patients who underwent pulmonary surgery for coccidioiodmycosis were evaluated by a retrospective study which included classification by stage of disease, status of insulin dependency, and reaction to coccidioidin skin test. The insulin-dependent diabetic patient had a fourfold increase in the incidence of more severe (progressive) disease. Perioperative therapy with amphotericin B may be of value in the adult surgical candidate with progressive disease but is not necessary or desirable in the juvenile diabetic patient. Coccidioidomycosis is a disease of relative immunocompromise, and a negative skin test should herald such compromise and support a decision for surgery. Such surgery in the progressive stages should be totally extirpative. The presence of inadequately resected disease may adversely affect subsequent immunologic resistance of the host.", "contents": "Surgery for coccidioidomycosis in 52 diabetic patients with special reference to related immunologic factors. Fifty-two diabetic patients who underwent pulmonary surgery for coccidioiodmycosis were evaluated by a retrospective study which included classification by stage of disease, status of insulin dependency, and reaction to coccidioidin skin test. The insulin-dependent diabetic patient had a fourfold increase in the incidence of more severe (progressive) disease. Perioperative therapy with amphotericin B may be of value in the adult surgical candidate with progressive disease but is not necessary or desirable in the juvenile diabetic patient. Coccidioidomycosis is a disease of relative immunocompromise, and a negative skin test should herald such compromise and support a decision for surgery. Such surgery in the progressive stages should be totally extirpative. The presence of inadequately resected disease may adversely affect subsequent immunologic resistance of the host.", "PMID": 642560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1341", "title": "Ventricular septal defect associated with left ventricular outlfow tract obstruction below the defect.", "content": "Muscular subaortic stenosis associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but important anomaly. Two types of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction should be distinguished on the basis of morphologic as well as hemodynamic differences, depending on whether the stenosis is localized above (Type I) or below (Type II) the defect. The five cases presented are all in the latter category. In the first two cases the correct diagnosis was not made until after repair of the VSD. Two patients had previously undergone banding of the pulmonary artery (PAB). Marked carotid shudder and a vertical QRS axis in the frontal plane were presented in all cases. For the diagnosis to be established by catheterization, the catheter tip must be maneuvered into the apical part of the left ventricular cavity in order to detect the  stenosis on the withdrawal curve. It is difficult to visualize the stenosis by angiography. The surgical approach through the VSD via a right atriotomy is highly recommended for Type II subaortic stenosis.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect associated with left ventricular outlfow tract obstruction below the defect. Muscular subaortic stenosis associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but important anomaly. Two types of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction should be distinguished on the basis of morphologic as well as hemodynamic differences, depending on whether the stenosis is localized above (Type I) or below (Type II) the defect. The five cases presented are all in the latter category. In the first two cases the correct diagnosis was not made until after repair of the VSD. Two patients had previously undergone banding of the pulmonary artery (PAB). Marked carotid shudder and a vertical QRS axis in the frontal plane were presented in all cases. For the diagnosis to be established by catheterization, the catheter tip must be maneuvered into the apical part of the left ventricular cavity in order to detect the  stenosis on the withdrawal curve. It is difficult to visualize the stenosis by angiography. The surgical approach through the VSD via a right atriotomy is highly recommended for Type II subaortic stenosis.", "PMID": 642561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1342", "title": "Ligation of the patent ductus. Technical considerations at different ages.", "content": "Over a 10 year period, 185 patients have been treated for patent ductus, including nine premature infants with a respiratory distress syndrome. Thirty-five other infants have had duct obliteration during the neonatal period, the incidation for surgery being intractable heart failure. Six of 18 adults had calcification or aneurysm in the duct region. three of these required extracorporeal circulation for duct control and closure. The remaining patients were from 1 to 18 years of age and underwent elective duct obliteration. Double ligation of the duct is regarded as the simplest, safest, and quickest technique generally applicable. Special techniques are required for fragile, broad, calcified, hypertensive, and conical ducts.", "contents": "Ligation of the patent ductus. Technical considerations at different ages. Over a 10 year period, 185 patients have been treated for patent ductus, including nine premature infants with a respiratory distress syndrome. Thirty-five other infants have had duct obliteration during the neonatal period, the incidation for surgery being intractable heart failure. Six of 18 adults had calcification or aneurysm in the duct region. three of these required extracorporeal circulation for duct control and closure. The remaining patients were from 1 to 18 years of age and underwent elective duct obliteration. Double ligation of the duct is regarded as the simplest, safest, and quickest technique generally applicable. Special techniques are required for fragile, broad, calcified, hypertensive, and conical ducts.", "PMID": 642562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1343", "title": "Early and late results of aortoplasty with a left subclavian flap for coarctation of the aorta in infancy.", "content": "Between February, 1969, and December, 1976, 45 consecutive infants younger than 6 months old underwent aortoplasty with a subclavian flap for the relief of coarctation of the aorta. All infants had persistence of the ductus arteriosus, and 58 percent had associated intracardiac anomalies. The over-all hospital mortality rate was 24 percent, nad no deaths occurred in infants with coarctation associated with patent ductus arteriosus only. All the deaths were in the group of patients under 2 months of age who had associated intracardiac defects. Follow-up over a 7 year period shows no clinical, hemodynamic, or angiographic evidence of recoarctation in any of the survivors.", "contents": "Early and late results of aortoplasty with a left subclavian flap for coarctation of the aorta in infancy. Between February, 1969, and December, 1976, 45 consecutive infants younger than 6 months old underwent aortoplasty with a subclavian flap for the relief of coarctation of the aorta. All infants had persistence of the ductus arteriosus, and 58 percent had associated intracardiac anomalies. The over-all hospital mortality rate was 24 percent, nad no deaths occurred in infants with coarctation associated with patent ductus arteriosus only. All the deaths were in the group of patients under 2 months of age who had associated intracardiac defects. Follow-up over a 7 year period shows no clinical, hemodynamic, or angiographic evidence of recoarctation in any of the survivors.", "PMID": 642563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1344", "title": "Mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft in an infant.", "content": "Mitral valve replacement for congenital mitral stenosis has been performed infrequently in infants. In all but two previously reported infants, the valve has been replaced with a mechanical prosthesis. The case history of an infant is reported in whom emergency mitral valve replacement was successfully performed with a porcine heterograft excised from a tubular prosthesis. This approach is an acceptable alternative when a valve of appropriate size is unavailable.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft in an infant. Mitral valve replacement for congenital mitral stenosis has been performed infrequently in infants. In all but two previously reported infants, the valve has been replaced with a mechanical prosthesis. The case history of an infant is reported in whom emergency mitral valve replacement was successfully performed with a porcine heterograft excised from a tubular prosthesis. This approach is an acceptable alternative when a valve of appropriate size is unavailable.", "PMID": 642564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1345", "title": "Long-term survival after single aortic or mitral valve replacement with the present model of Smeloff-Cutter valves.", "content": "Two hundred fourteen survivors of single aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) were evaluated. The present model of the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was used in these patients, and the series was started in September, 1966, following the last structural change in the valve. Clinical follow-up ended in September, 1976. Bleeding, thromboembolism, and peristent left ventricular dysfunction were the major complications. Thromboembolism occurred at a rate of 0.13 percent per month of patient follow-up. Late deaths occurred in 19.2 percent of patients, half of these within the first year. Acturarial data indicated a 5 year survival rate of approximately 75 percent after both mitral and aortic replacements. Bleeding and thromboembolism were more frequent causes of death after mitral replacement. Myocardial function was of greatest importance in long-term survival after replacement of either valve. Variations in warfarin dosage significantly affected both bleeding and thromboembolic complications.", "contents": "Long-term survival after single aortic or mitral valve replacement with the present model of Smeloff-Cutter valves. Two hundred fourteen survivors of single aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) were evaluated. The present model of the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was used in these patients, and the series was started in September, 1966, following the last structural change in the valve. Clinical follow-up ended in September, 1976. Bleeding, thromboembolism, and peristent left ventricular dysfunction were the major complications. Thromboembolism occurred at a rate of 0.13 percent per month of patient follow-up. Late deaths occurred in 19.2 percent of patients, half of these within the first year. Acturarial data indicated a 5 year survival rate of approximately 75 percent after both mitral and aortic replacements. Bleeding and thromboembolism were more frequent causes of death after mitral replacement. Myocardial function was of greatest importance in long-term survival after replacement of either valve. Variations in warfarin dosage significantly affected both bleeding and thromboembolic complications.", "PMID": 642565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1346", "title": "Myocardial reactive hyperemia caused by initial myocardial anoxia during aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Reactive hyperemic response of individual coronary arteries and of the whole heart to anoxia during coronary cannulation was investigated in 10 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Reactive hyperemic response in man is identical to that reported in experimental investigations. The duration of hyperemic response was dependent on the length of the preceding period of anoxia; the longer the period of anoxia, the more prolonged was the hyperemic response. No significant collateral circulation between the coronary arteries could be demonstrated during prolonged anoxia of an individual coronary artery. Blood flow debt was almost always overpaid, but the repayment percentage decreased with the lengthening of the anoxic period, being 460 percent after a short period of anoxia (less than or equal to 2 minutes), 230 percent after an anoxic period of moderate length (3 to 5 minutes), and only 160 percent after a long period of anoxia (greater than or equal to 7 minutes). The total mean repayment of blood flow debt of the whole heart was 195 percent.", "contents": "Myocardial reactive hyperemia caused by initial myocardial anoxia during aortic valve replacement. Reactive hyperemic response of individual coronary arteries and of the whole heart to anoxia during coronary cannulation was investigated in 10 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Reactive hyperemic response in man is identical to that reported in experimental investigations. The duration of hyperemic response was dependent on the length of the preceding period of anoxia; the longer the period of anoxia, the more prolonged was the hyperemic response. No significant collateral circulation between the coronary arteries could be demonstrated during prolonged anoxia of an individual coronary artery. Blood flow debt was almost always overpaid, but the repayment percentage decreased with the lengthening of the anoxic period, being 460 percent after a short period of anoxia (less than or equal to 2 minutes), 230 percent after an anoxic period of moderate length (3 to 5 minutes), and only 160 percent after a long period of anoxia (greater than or equal to 7 minutes). The total mean repayment of blood flow debt of the whole heart was 195 percent.", "PMID": 642566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1347", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside and propranolol therapy for management of postcoarctectomy hypertension.", "content": "The cause of hypertension following satisfactory repair of coarctation of the aorta remains obscure. Most agree that significant elevation of the blood pressure after operation demands therapy. Previously the combination of trimethaphan and reserpine was utilized, but the incidence of adverse reactions was high. We recently have used the regimen of sodium nitroprusside and propranolol in six patients with gratifying results. This report reviews the problem as well as our use of nitroprusside and propranolol in managing hypertension following coarctation repair.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside and propranolol therapy for management of postcoarctectomy hypertension. The cause of hypertension following satisfactory repair of coarctation of the aorta remains obscure. Most agree that significant elevation of the blood pressure after operation demands therapy. Previously the combination of trimethaphan and reserpine was utilized, but the incidence of adverse reactions was high. We recently have used the regimen of sodium nitroprusside and propranolol in six patients with gratifying results. This report reviews the problem as well as our use of nitroprusside and propranolol in managing hypertension following coarctation repair.", "PMID": 642567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1348", "title": "Use of tolazoline in newborn infants with diaphragmatic hernia and severe cardiopulmonary disease. A preliminary report.", "content": "Two newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, one of whom died, had significant improvement in arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) after intravenous administration of tolazoline (Priscoline) (1 to 2 mg. per kilogram). In both infants, systemic hypotension developed within minutes of administration of the drug and required pharmacologic and hemodynamic intervention. The response to tolazoline was more dramatic in the infant who survived, and his oxygen requirements were significantly reduced after the use of this drug. The infant who died also had a significant response to tolazoline. Tolazoline appears to be an important pharmacologic agent for use in the postoperative care of infants with diaphragmatic hernia and associated hypoxemia and acidosis.", "contents": "Use of tolazoline in newborn infants with diaphragmatic hernia and severe cardiopulmonary disease. A preliminary report. Two newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, one of whom died, had significant improvement in arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) after intravenous administration of tolazoline (Priscoline) (1 to 2 mg. per kilogram). In both infants, systemic hypotension developed within minutes of administration of the drug and required pharmacologic and hemodynamic intervention. The response to tolazoline was more dramatic in the infant who survived, and his oxygen requirements were significantly reduced after the use of this drug. The infant who died also had a significant response to tolazoline. Tolazoline appears to be an important pharmacologic agent for use in the postoperative care of infants with diaphragmatic hernia and associated hypoxemia and acidosis.", "PMID": 642568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1349", "title": "Surgical management of massive pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Between 1972 and 1976, 24 patients have been treated by open pulmonary embolectomy with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In 17 (71 percent) acute pulmonary embolism occurred 3 to 60 days after a surgical procedure. The remaining seven (29 percent) patients had chronic medical diseases. The interval between clinical manifestation of acute pulmonary embolism and the performance of open embolectomy ranged from 8 to 36 hours. The definitive diagnosis in all patients was made by pulmonary arteriography. Candidates for pulmonary embolectomy were selected by assessment of hemodynamic stuides: shock, arterial Po2 less than 65 mm. Hg, acidosis, pulmonary artery pressure higher than 20 to 30 mm. Hg, and central venous pressure elevated (patients in Class III or IV according to the Greenfield classification). The definitive indication for embolectomy was occlusion of the main pulmonary artery of more than 50 percent as well as occlusion of the right or left pulmonary artery. Of the seven patients operated upon between 1973 and 1974, three (43 percent) died in the early postoperative period. Between 1975 and 1976 the operative mortality rate in 17 patients was 23 percent (four patients). Our results show that prompt diagnosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism and better selection of patients may improve significantly the survival rate after open pulmonary embolectomy with CPB.", "contents": "Surgical management of massive pulmonary embolism. Between 1972 and 1976, 24 patients have been treated by open pulmonary embolectomy with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In 17 (71 percent) acute pulmonary embolism occurred 3 to 60 days after a surgical procedure. The remaining seven (29 percent) patients had chronic medical diseases. The interval between clinical manifestation of acute pulmonary embolism and the performance of open embolectomy ranged from 8 to 36 hours. The definitive diagnosis in all patients was made by pulmonary arteriography. Candidates for pulmonary embolectomy were selected by assessment of hemodynamic stuides: shock, arterial Po2 less than 65 mm. Hg, acidosis, pulmonary artery pressure higher than 20 to 30 mm. Hg, and central venous pressure elevated (patients in Class III or IV according to the Greenfield classification). The definitive indication for embolectomy was occlusion of the main pulmonary artery of more than 50 percent as well as occlusion of the right or left pulmonary artery. Of the seven patients operated upon between 1973 and 1974, three (43 percent) died in the early postoperative period. Between 1975 and 1976 the operative mortality rate in 17 patients was 23 percent (four patients). Our results show that prompt diagnosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism and better selection of patients may improve significantly the survival rate after open pulmonary embolectomy with CPB.", "PMID": 642569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1350", "title": "The conducting tissues in primitive ventricle with outlet chamber. Two different possibilities.", "content": "The conducting tissues have been studied in two cases of primitive ventricle with outlet chamber. In one case the outlet chamber was to the right and in the other, to the left. In both cases there was an anterior node related to the anterior part of the right atrioventricular anulus. In the specimen with a left-sided outlet chamber (l-loop), the bundle passed through the atrioventricular-semilunar fibrous continuity and was intimately related to the posterior artery. Such a relation was absent in the specimen with a right-sided outlet chamber (d-loop), wherein the bundle directly descended on the posterior part of the septum between the main and outlet chambers. The septum is not considered to be the true ventricular septum but rather a hypertrophied trabecula septomarginalis.", "contents": "The conducting tissues in primitive ventricle with outlet chamber. Two different possibilities. The conducting tissues have been studied in two cases of primitive ventricle with outlet chamber. In one case the outlet chamber was to the right and in the other, to the left. In both cases there was an anterior node related to the anterior part of the right atrioventricular anulus. In the specimen with a left-sided outlet chamber (l-loop), the bundle passed through the atrioventricular-semilunar fibrous continuity and was intimately related to the posterior artery. Such a relation was absent in the specimen with a right-sided outlet chamber (d-loop), wherein the bundle directly descended on the posterior part of the septum between the main and outlet chambers. The septum is not considered to be the true ventricular septum but rather a hypertrophied trabecula septomarginalis.", "PMID": 642572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1351", "title": "High-dose steroids for perioperative management of patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy. A preliminary report.", "content": "To eliminate the morbidity associated with thymectomy, we used high-dose corticosteroids perioperatively in 32 patients who had Class II and III myasthenia gravis. All patients were extubated within 2 hours after the operation, and none required respiratory support postoperatively. The average stay in the intensive care unit was 20 hours and the average hospital stay, 6 days. Addition of high-dose corticosteroids to the perioperative managment of patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy improved the immediate operative results and eliminated the morbidity associated with this procedure.", "contents": "High-dose steroids for perioperative management of patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy. A preliminary report. To eliminate the morbidity associated with thymectomy, we used high-dose corticosteroids perioperatively in 32 patients who had Class II and III myasthenia gravis. All patients were extubated within 2 hours after the operation, and none required respiratory support postoperatively. The average stay in the intensive care unit was 20 hours and the average hospital stay, 6 days. Addition of high-dose corticosteroids to the perioperative managment of patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy improved the immediate operative results and eliminated the morbidity associated with this procedure.", "PMID": 642573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1352", "title": "\"False inhibition\" of demand pacemaker due to leakage of fluid into the pacemaker lead socket.", "content": "\"False inhibition\" of a demand pacemaker usually occurs with a microfracture of the lead system resulting in a galvanic potential at the site of the fracture or with sensing of myopotential with exercise. An increase in the slope of the leading half edge of the pulse contour is generally considered diagnostic of lead fracture. We report the case of a patient in whom \"false inhibition\" at rest and an increase in the slope of the leading half edge of the pulse contour were caused by leakage of fluid into the pacemaker lead socket.", "contents": "\"False inhibition\" of demand pacemaker due to leakage of fluid into the pacemaker lead socket. \"False inhibition\" of a demand pacemaker usually occurs with a microfracture of the lead system resulting in a galvanic potential at the site of the fracture or with sensing of myopotential with exercise. An increase in the slope of the leading half edge of the pulse contour is generally considered diagnostic of lead fracture. We report the case of a patient in whom \"false inhibition\" at rest and an increase in the slope of the leading half edge of the pulse contour were caused by leakage of fluid into the pacemaker lead socket.", "PMID": 642574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1353", "title": "Congenital hereditary lymphedema in the pig.", "content": "A histopathological investigation was performed in newborn pigs with congenital hereditary lymphedema. The edema varied greatly in degree and extension. Although mostly confined to the hind legs it may involve other parts of the body, and even attain a most severe generalized distribution. It was found due to malformations of the lymphatic system which were general in character in all animals irrespective the grade in their edema. Parallel to the grade of edema however, these lymphvascular abnormalities varied from minor hypoplasia and localized aplasia to a complete agenesis of the whole lymphatic system.", "contents": "Congenital hereditary lymphedema in the pig. A histopathological investigation was performed in newborn pigs with congenital hereditary lymphedema. The edema varied greatly in degree and extension. Although mostly confined to the hind legs it may involve other parts of the body, and even attain a most severe generalized distribution. It was found due to malformations of the lymphatic system which were general in character in all animals irrespective the grade in their edema. Parallel to the grade of edema however, these lymphvascular abnormalities varied from minor hypoplasia and localized aplasia to a complete agenesis of the whole lymphatic system.", "PMID": 642582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1354", "title": "The pathogenesis of congenital hereditary lymphedema in the pig.", "content": "The morphogenesis of congenital hereditary lymphedema was studied in pigs. The disorder, which is essentially a general underdevelopment or even total non-development of the lymphatic system proved to be present during the whole period of lymphatic development. It is suggested that a retardation in the differentiation of the lymphatic primordia from the primitive veins is the early event regulated by a chromosomal aberration. The longer this delay the more serious the lymphatic malformations.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of congenital hereditary lymphedema in the pig. The morphogenesis of congenital hereditary lymphedema was studied in pigs. The disorder, which is essentially a general underdevelopment or even total non-development of the lymphatic system proved to be present during the whole period of lymphatic development. It is suggested that a retardation in the differentiation of the lymphatic primordia from the primitive veins is the early event regulated by a chromosomal aberration. The longer this delay the more serious the lymphatic malformations.", "PMID": 642583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1355", "title": "The lymphatic spread of ovarian germinal and stromal tumors.", "content": "This paper reports the results of lymphography in germinal and stromal tumors of the ovary. The group of patients is made up of 30 cases of germ cell tumors (70% dysgerminomas) and 29 cases of stromal tumors (62% granulosa cell tumors). The overall incidence of metastases was 29%; 37% in germ cell and 21% in stromal tumors. There was bilateral involvement in 41% of the patients with metastases. The para-aortic region alone was involved in 23%, the iliac alone in 18% and both the regions were simultaneously involved in 59%. In 17/30 operated patients (57%) retroperitoneal node biopsies were performed and diagnostic accuracy was 9/10 in the radiographically positive and 6/7 in the negative cases.", "contents": "The lymphatic spread of ovarian germinal and stromal tumors. This paper reports the results of lymphography in germinal and stromal tumors of the ovary. The group of patients is made up of 30 cases of germ cell tumors (70% dysgerminomas) and 29 cases of stromal tumors (62% granulosa cell tumors). The overall incidence of metastases was 29%; 37% in germ cell and 21% in stromal tumors. There was bilateral involvement in 41% of the patients with metastases. The para-aortic region alone was involved in 23%, the iliac alone in 18% and both the regions were simultaneously involved in 59%. In 17/30 operated patients (57%) retroperitoneal node biopsies were performed and diagnostic accuracy was 9/10 in the radiographically positive and 6/7 in the negative cases.", "PMID": 642584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1356", "title": "Flow and composition of renal hilar lymph during volume expansion and saline diuresis.", "content": "Volume expansion of 5-10% body weight in dogs was achieved by infusion of 0.9%, 1.2% or 0.4% saline. The average diuretic response for each group was 9.9 +/- 2.1, 5.5 +/- 0.6 and 3.3 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- S.E.) ml/hr/kg respectively. Flow from single hilar lymphatics increased by an average of 150%, there being no significant difference between the groups. A significant (p less than 0.02) positive correlation was found between the increase in hilar lymph flow and thoracic duct lymph flow. No correlation was found between hilar lymph flow and the extent of the diuresis. Control hilar lymph contained higher concentrations of Na+ (L/P = 1.05) and C1- (L/P = 1.12) (p less than 0.001) and lower concentrations of glucose (L/P = 0.86) (P LESS than 0.001) than did simultaneous plasma. The electrolyte lymph-to-plasma differences were maintained despite increases or decreases in plasma concentrations. The results indicate that changes in hilar lymph flow are related to volume expansion rather than to the diuresis, and that the processes responsible for lymph-to-plasma compositional differences are relatively unaffected by changes in plasma levels.", "contents": "Flow and composition of renal hilar lymph during volume expansion and saline diuresis. Volume expansion of 5-10% body weight in dogs was achieved by infusion of 0.9%, 1.2% or 0.4% saline. The average diuretic response for each group was 9.9 +/- 2.1, 5.5 +/- 0.6 and 3.3 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- S.E.) ml/hr/kg respectively. Flow from single hilar lymphatics increased by an average of 150%, there being no significant difference between the groups. A significant (p less than 0.02) positive correlation was found between the increase in hilar lymph flow and thoracic duct lymph flow. No correlation was found between hilar lymph flow and the extent of the diuresis. Control hilar lymph contained higher concentrations of Na+ (L/P = 1.05) and C1- (L/P = 1.12) (p less than 0.001) and lower concentrations of glucose (L/P = 0.86) (P LESS than 0.001) than did simultaneous plasma. The electrolyte lymph-to-plasma differences were maintained despite increases or decreases in plasma concentrations. The results indicate that changes in hilar lymph flow are related to volume expansion rather than to the diuresis, and that the processes responsible for lymph-to-plasma compositional differences are relatively unaffected by changes in plasma levels.", "PMID": 642585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1357", "title": "Comparison of lactate pyruvate and potassium concentration in the cardiac lymph and, arterial and coronary sinus plasma in dogs.", "content": "Lactate (LA), pyruvate (PYR) and potassium (K) concentration in the cardiac lymph were compared with those in the arterial and coronary sinus plasma in dogs. In each substance, there was a good correlation between the plasma and cardiac lymph level in the control period. In respect to LA and PYR, the concentration in the cardiac lymph correlated more with that in the arterial plasma than in the coronary sinus one. During the infusion of isoproterenol, LA and PYR in the plasma increased, while K decreased. Each substance in the cardiac lymph changed to the same degree as in the plasma in mean values. Good correlation was also observed between the arterial plasma and cardiac lymph level during the administration of the agent. However, there was no correlation of PYR between the coronary sinus plasma and the cardiac lymph. During the administration of dipyridamole LA in the coronary sinus plasma increased and that in the arterial plasma decreased. LA in the cardiac lymph did decrease as in the arterial plasma. It is concluded that the concentrations of LA, PYR and K in the cardiac lymph can be changed depending upon changes in those in the plasma and the former two parameters seem to change depending upon those in the arterial plasma rather than the coronary sinus one.", "contents": "Comparison of lactate pyruvate and potassium concentration in the cardiac lymph and, arterial and coronary sinus plasma in dogs. Lactate (LA), pyruvate (PYR) and potassium (K) concentration in the cardiac lymph were compared with those in the arterial and coronary sinus plasma in dogs. In each substance, there was a good correlation between the plasma and cardiac lymph level in the control period. In respect to LA and PYR, the concentration in the cardiac lymph correlated more with that in the arterial plasma than in the coronary sinus one. During the infusion of isoproterenol, LA and PYR in the plasma increased, while K decreased. Each substance in the cardiac lymph changed to the same degree as in the plasma in mean values. Good correlation was also observed between the arterial plasma and cardiac lymph level during the administration of the agent. However, there was no correlation of PYR between the coronary sinus plasma and the cardiac lymph. During the administration of dipyridamole LA in the coronary sinus plasma increased and that in the arterial plasma decreased. LA in the cardiac lymph did decrease as in the arterial plasma. It is concluded that the concentrations of LA, PYR and K in the cardiac lymph can be changed depending upon changes in those in the plasma and the former two parameters seem to change depending upon those in the arterial plasma rather than the coronary sinus one.", "PMID": 642587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1358", "title": "Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging of the heart and great vessels. Technique, image orientation, structure identification, and validation.", "content": "Conventional M-mode echocardiography has become established as a diagnostic tool for noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular diseases. Now the advent of two-dimensional real-time echocardiography has opened a new era of investigation. This paper describes in detail the technique of a complete two-dimensional ultrasonic examination of the heart and great vessels. Four transducer locations were commonly utilized--namely, parasternal, apical, subxiphoid, and suprasternal notch positions. The tomographic sections of the heart obtained along the long and short axes of the heart and great vessels by utilizing the above positions were validated by detailed anatomic and contrast echocardiographic techniques.", "contents": "Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging of the heart and great vessels. Technique, image orientation, structure identification, and validation. Conventional M-mode echocardiography has become established as a diagnostic tool for noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular diseases. Now the advent of two-dimensional real-time echocardiography has opened a new era of investigation. This paper describes in detail the technique of a complete two-dimensional ultrasonic examination of the heart and great vessels. Four transducer locations were commonly utilized--namely, parasternal, apical, subxiphoid, and suprasternal notch positions. The tomographic sections of the heart obtained along the long and short axes of the heart and great vessels by utilizing the above positions were validated by detailed anatomic and contrast echocardiographic techniques.", "PMID": 642598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1359", "title": "Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis in an immunosuppressed host.", "content": "It is important that clinicians be aware that Strongyloides stercoralis can disseminate, because the helminth can exist as an asymptomatic infestation for years in a person from an endemic area and then become manifest when immunosuppressive therapy is given. A case of fatal strongyloidiasis is presented to emphasize this potential for causing serious infection in the compromised host.", "contents": "Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis in an immunosuppressed host. It is important that clinicians be aware that Strongyloides stercoralis can disseminate, because the helminth can exist as an asymptomatic infestation for years in a person from an endemic area and then become manifest when immunosuppressive therapy is given. A case of fatal strongyloidiasis is presented to emphasize this potential for causing serious infection in the compromised host.", "PMID": 642599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1360", "title": "Herpes zoster reactivation of phantom limb pain.", "content": "A case is reported in which a herpes zoster infection caused recurrence of phantom limb pain in a man whose left arm had been amputated 7 years previously. It is, to our knowledge, the first such case reported, and it shows the importance of peripheral mechanisms in the generation of phantom limb pain.", "contents": "Herpes zoster reactivation of phantom limb pain. A case is reported in which a herpes zoster infection caused recurrence of phantom limb pain in a man whose left arm had been amputated 7 years previously. It is, to our knowledge, the first such case reported, and it shows the importance of peripheral mechanisms in the generation of phantom limb pain.", "PMID": 642600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1361", "title": "[Replacement of the iliac veins and the infrarenal vena cava regment with heterologous grafts in animal tests (author's transl)].", "content": "A bovine collagen graft was implanted in 30 dogs for the replacement of the femoral vein, the iliac vein and the inferior vena cava. During the observation period up to 210 days six thromboses of the graft were observed. Histological results after 30 days: development of a \"neo-intima\" with collagen type III, originating from the anastomosis. After 90 to 210 days: Continuous endothelial layer of the graft with appearance of smooth muscle fibers in the neo-intima. From the graft bed there was found resorption of the bovine collagen and replacement by new collagen type III fibers.", "contents": "[Replacement of the iliac veins and the infrarenal vena cava regment with heterologous grafts in animal tests (author's transl)]. A bovine collagen graft was implanted in 30 dogs for the replacement of the femoral vein, the iliac vein and the inferior vena cava. During the observation period up to 210 days six thromboses of the graft were observed. Histological results after 30 days: development of a \"neo-intima\" with collagen type III, originating from the anastomosis. After 90 to 210 days: Continuous endothelial layer of the graft with appearance of smooth muscle fibers in the neo-intima. From the graft bed there was found resorption of the bovine collagen and replacement by new collagen type III fibers.", "PMID": 642650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1362", "title": "[Management of postoperative intestinal fistulas with elemental diet (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1973-1976 sixteen patients with clinically manifest post-operative fistulas (7 small intestinal and 9 colonic) were studied. These patients received an elemental diet (ED) as their only nutritional support for 9-44 days. On ED spontaneous closure was observed in 4 out of 7 small intestinal fistulas and in 7 out of 9 colonic fistulas. Hemoglobin and serum albumin increased significantly on ED and nitrogen balance performed on 7 patients was in equilibrium or positive. Advantages of ED over intravenous nutrition in the treatment of intestinal fistulas are discussed.", "contents": "[Management of postoperative intestinal fistulas with elemental diet (author's transl)]. From 1973-1976 sixteen patients with clinically manifest post-operative fistulas (7 small intestinal and 9 colonic) were studied. These patients received an elemental diet (ED) as their only nutritional support for 9-44 days. On ED spontaneous closure was observed in 4 out of 7 small intestinal fistulas and in 7 out of 9 colonic fistulas. Hemoglobin and serum albumin increased significantly on ED and nitrogen balance performed on 7 patients was in equilibrium or positive. Advantages of ED over intravenous nutrition in the treatment of intestinal fistulas are discussed.", "PMID": 642651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1363", "title": "[Pathological-anatomical aspects of organ-preserving surgical procedures for breast carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is an attempt to evaluate the necessity of radical surgery based on the incidence of tumor remnants and lymphnode metastases in amputated breast after diagnostic excision. The material included 600 female patients, from 27-86 years old (mean age 58 years) examined at the Institute of Pathology University of Munich between 1969 and 1974. Retrospectively 36% of the specimen would have been free of tumor after en bloc resection, 21% simple mastectomy and 19% after simple mastectomy with additional axillary lymph-node disection. In fact, however, radical mastectomy was necessary in 25% for total removal of the tumor. As no methods for exact preoperative determination of tumor extension are yet known and as there is a high risk of recurrant tumor because of insufficient excision, organ-preserving surgical procedures still will be restricted to a few individual and selected cases of breast carcinoma presuming the patients consent.", "contents": "[Pathological-anatomical aspects of organ-preserving surgical procedures for breast carcinomas (author's transl)]. This study is an attempt to evaluate the necessity of radical surgery based on the incidence of tumor remnants and lymphnode metastases in amputated breast after diagnostic excision. The material included 600 female patients, from 27-86 years old (mean age 58 years) examined at the Institute of Pathology University of Munich between 1969 and 1974. Retrospectively 36% of the specimen would have been free of tumor after en bloc resection, 21% simple mastectomy and 19% after simple mastectomy with additional axillary lymph-node disection. In fact, however, radical mastectomy was necessary in 25% for total removal of the tumor. As no methods for exact preoperative determination of tumor extension are yet known and as there is a high risk of recurrant tumor because of insufficient excision, organ-preserving surgical procedures still will be restricted to a few individual and selected cases of breast carcinoma presuming the patients consent.", "PMID": 642652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1364", "title": "[Surgery of gastric cancer in patients older than 70 years (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study it is reported about operative mortality and long-term results of surgery of gastric carcinoma in patients over the age of 70 years. The operative mortality in 50 patients with a distal partial gastrectomy was 16%, the mortality in 24 patients with total gastrectomy was 33.3% and in 14 patients with a proximal gastrectomy the mortality was 28%. The main cause of death (40%) was a pneumonia. There was no correlation between frequency of pneumonia and preoperative results of measurement of lung function. Only advanced arteriosclerotic disease in the heart and brain has a fatal influence on mortality rate. In the old patients the long-term results are determined by the staging of the tumor at the time of operation, too. In the 60 patients, who had left the hospital and who are in our control, the half year survival rate was 78.3%, the 1-year survival rate was 58.3% and the 2-years survival rate is exceeding 41.6%. 14 patients of the 17, who are still alive and who are after 2 1/2 years again explored, are in a very good condition. In comparison with the literature it is to conclude that for the indication to surgery of gastric carcinoma there is important not only the real age of the patient but rather the biological and mental condition of the patient.", "contents": "[Surgery of gastric cancer in patients older than 70 years (author's transl)]. In this study it is reported about operative mortality and long-term results of surgery of gastric carcinoma in patients over the age of 70 years. The operative mortality in 50 patients with a distal partial gastrectomy was 16%, the mortality in 24 patients with total gastrectomy was 33.3% and in 14 patients with a proximal gastrectomy the mortality was 28%. The main cause of death (40%) was a pneumonia. There was no correlation between frequency of pneumonia and preoperative results of measurement of lung function. Only advanced arteriosclerotic disease in the heart and brain has a fatal influence on mortality rate. In the old patients the long-term results are determined by the staging of the tumor at the time of operation, too. In the 60 patients, who had left the hospital and who are in our control, the half year survival rate was 78.3%, the 1-year survival rate was 58.3% and the 2-years survival rate is exceeding 41.6%. 14 patients of the 17, who are still alive and who are after 2 1/2 years again explored, are in a very good condition. In comparison with the literature it is to conclude that for the indication to surgery of gastric carcinoma there is important not only the real age of the patient but rather the biological and mental condition of the patient.", "PMID": 642653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1365", "title": "Eighty percent of cancer is related to the environment.", "content": "Five reasons lead us to believe that much of cancer is environmentally related: 1. Beginning with the work of Yamagiwa and Ichikawa in 1915, cancer has been produced in the laboratory under the control of man. 2. The trends of cancer incidence (and mortality) have been sharply up in some cases (lung), and sharply down in others (stomach, uterine cervix). 3. There are large differences in cancer among different parts of the world, and within the United States. 4. Migrants from one part of the world to another take on the rates of the part of the world to which they migrate. 5. Removal of known causes from the environment has been followed by reduced cancer incidence. Environmental causes of cancer lie in both personal environment: cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, sexual habits, perhaps diet; and in the impersonal environment: industrial and occupational pollutants, water and air contaminants, pesticides, flame retardants, diet additives, drugs. A joint effort by persons and by governments can reduce the incidence of cancer.", "contents": "Eighty percent of cancer is related to the environment. Five reasons lead us to believe that much of cancer is environmentally related: 1. Beginning with the work of Yamagiwa and Ichikawa in 1915, cancer has been produced in the laboratory under the control of man. 2. The trends of cancer incidence (and mortality) have been sharply up in some cases (lung), and sharply down in others (stomach, uterine cervix). 3. There are large differences in cancer among different parts of the world, and within the United States. 4. Migrants from one part of the world to another take on the rates of the part of the world to which they migrate. 5. Removal of known causes from the environment has been followed by reduced cancer incidence. Environmental causes of cancer lie in both personal environment: cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, sexual habits, perhaps diet; and in the impersonal environment: industrial and occupational pollutants, water and air contaminants, pesticides, flame retardants, diet additives, drugs. A joint effort by persons and by governments can reduce the incidence of cancer.", "PMID": 642654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1366", "title": "Lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction in patients with head and neck cancer.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes from 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lead and neck were incubated with autologous tumor explants. Four of the 12 patients demonstrated lymphocyte induced tumor cytotoxicity. These lymphocytes adhered to the tumor cells and deposited a radioactive label from their surface onto tumor cells. The deposition of this label was associated with tumor death. Tissue sections from those patients who demonstrated lymphocyte cytotoxicity showed a marked plasmacytic infiltration. This was in contrast to non-responders where only a desmoplastic tissue response was observed with few inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction in patients with head and neck cancer. Peripheral lymphocytes from 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lead and neck were incubated with autologous tumor explants. Four of the 12 patients demonstrated lymphocyte induced tumor cytotoxicity. These lymphocytes adhered to the tumor cells and deposited a radioactive label from their surface onto tumor cells. The deposition of this label was associated with tumor death. Tissue sections from those patients who demonstrated lymphocyte cytotoxicity showed a marked plasmacytic infiltration. This was in contrast to non-responders where only a desmoplastic tissue response was observed with few inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 642655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1367", "title": "Lymphoma of the head and neck.", "content": "The natural history of 88 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck were reviewed. An analysis is presented of the histopathologic, clinical, and prognostic features of these patients which presented to the Washington University Affiliated Hospitals between 1955-1975. All biopsies were histologically classified according to the criteria of Rappaport and staged accordingly to the Ann Arbor Classification. There were 38 histiocytic lymphomas, 29 poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, 16 well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, and 5 mixed lymphomas. The lesions were equally divided between Waldeyer's ring and other head and neck sites. Most of the lymphomas were extranodal in presentation. Sixty-one percent of all cases presented with disease localized to the site of origin; 17% had extension to regional nodes and 21% had generalized disease (Stage III and IV). In terms of treatment, localized well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was treated with radiation therapy. Generalized well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas were treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Most patients with histiocytic and poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma limited to the site of origin were treated with radiation and all others with combined therapy. Over 90% of patients with Stage I disease were considered cured at the end of three years while the overall survival was 72%.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the head and neck. The natural history of 88 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck were reviewed. An analysis is presented of the histopathologic, clinical, and prognostic features of these patients which presented to the Washington University Affiliated Hospitals between 1955-1975. All biopsies were histologically classified according to the criteria of Rappaport and staged accordingly to the Ann Arbor Classification. There were 38 histiocytic lymphomas, 29 poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, 16 well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, and 5 mixed lymphomas. The lesions were equally divided between Waldeyer's ring and other head and neck sites. Most of the lymphomas were extranodal in presentation. Sixty-one percent of all cases presented with disease localized to the site of origin; 17% had extension to regional nodes and 21% had generalized disease (Stage III and IV). In terms of treatment, localized well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was treated with radiation therapy. Generalized well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas were treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Most patients with histiocytic and poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma limited to the site of origin were treated with radiation and all others with combined therapy. Over 90% of patients with Stage I disease were considered cured at the end of three years while the overall survival was 72%.", "PMID": 642656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1368", "title": "Significance of node biopsy before definitive treatment of cervical metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "A survey was made of 714 radical neck dissections done alone or in combination with resection of a primary malignancy. Sixty-four (8.9%) of the patients had had a cervical node biopsy before diagnosis and definitive treatment. The complications of wound necrosis, local cervical recurrence, and distant metastasis were significantly higher in those patients than in patients who had had no biopsy or who had biopsy only at the time of definitive treatment. When 40 of the 64 patients were matched on the basis of age, sex, histological diagnosis, site and stage of the lesion and treatment protocol with 40 patients who had had no biopsy, this trend toward a higher complication rate when previous biopsy was done continued and was significantly higher for distant metastasis. The authors believe that these findings quantitatively confirm the accepted belief that, except for instances when no primary lesion can be found and the cervical mass must be biopsied for the purposes of diagnosis, such biopsy increases local complications and, by increasing the incidence of distant metastasis, decreases the chance for survival.", "contents": "Significance of node biopsy before definitive treatment of cervical metastatic carcinoma. A survey was made of 714 radical neck dissections done alone or in combination with resection of a primary malignancy. Sixty-four (8.9%) of the patients had had a cervical node biopsy before diagnosis and definitive treatment. The complications of wound necrosis, local cervical recurrence, and distant metastasis were significantly higher in those patients than in patients who had had no biopsy or who had biopsy only at the time of definitive treatment. When 40 of the 64 patients were matched on the basis of age, sex, histological diagnosis, site and stage of the lesion and treatment protocol with 40 patients who had had no biopsy, this trend toward a higher complication rate when previous biopsy was done continued and was significantly higher for distant metastasis. The authors believe that these findings quantitatively confirm the accepted belief that, except for instances when no primary lesion can be found and the cervical mass must be biopsied for the purposes of diagnosis, such biopsy increases local complications and, by increasing the incidence of distant metastasis, decreases the chance for survival.", "PMID": 642657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1369", "title": "Human laryngeal reinnervation: long-term experience with the nerve-muscle pedicle technique.", "content": "The nerve-muscle pedicle technique for reinnervation of bilateral vocal cord paralysis has now been applied in 45 cases over the past four years. EMG studies, volume flow loop, pulmonary function studies, and the ability to extubate the patient with good to excellent exercise tolerance for day-to-day activity have been used as parameters to judge success or failure of this procedure. To date there has been a primary success rate of 91.1% (41/45) and a long-term success rate of 88.8% (40/45). There has been one serious complication in the entire series and no significant morbidity other than this. Age of the patient and length of paralysis are not necessarily contraindications to the procedure. These results suggest that the nerve-muscle pedicle technique may be successfully used for reinnervation of bilaterally paralyzed vocal cords without sacrificing residual voice, as is the case with arytenoidectomy type procedures.", "contents": "Human laryngeal reinnervation: long-term experience with the nerve-muscle pedicle technique. The nerve-muscle pedicle technique for reinnervation of bilateral vocal cord paralysis has now been applied in 45 cases over the past four years. EMG studies, volume flow loop, pulmonary function studies, and the ability to extubate the patient with good to excellent exercise tolerance for day-to-day activity have been used as parameters to judge success or failure of this procedure. To date there has been a primary success rate of 91.1% (41/45) and a long-term success rate of 88.8% (40/45). There has been one serious complication in the entire series and no significant morbidity other than this. Age of the patient and length of paralysis are not necessarily contraindications to the procedure. These results suggest that the nerve-muscle pedicle technique may be successfully used for reinnervation of bilaterally paralyzed vocal cords without sacrificing residual voice, as is the case with arytenoidectomy type procedures.", "PMID": 642658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1370", "title": "The masseter muscle flap.", "content": "This little-used muscle flap has four significant applications in radical ablation about the palate, pharynx, and mesopharynx that include the ascending ramus of the mandible, a portion of the tongue and lateral neck, and in radical operations on the parotid gland causing a facial paralysis: 1. It assists in the rehabilitation of the act of swallowing when it is sutured to the lateral hyoid arch, thus elevating the thyrohyoid complex and reinforcing this portion of the upper lateral neck. 2. This flap may be transposed over the upper portion of the internal carotid artery to provide protection for this vital structure. 3. This flap may be transposed into the internal nasopharynx and then dressed with a free split thickness skin graft to close this wound and to augment the nasopharynx, with improvement in speec and swallowing. 4. In facial paralysis it can be used to restore facial movement around the oral commissure and melolabial folds, thus improving appearance in repose and animation.", "contents": "The masseter muscle flap. This little-used muscle flap has four significant applications in radical ablation about the palate, pharynx, and mesopharynx that include the ascending ramus of the mandible, a portion of the tongue and lateral neck, and in radical operations on the parotid gland causing a facial paralysis: 1. It assists in the rehabilitation of the act of swallowing when it is sutured to the lateral hyoid arch, thus elevating the thyrohyoid complex and reinforcing this portion of the upper lateral neck. 2. This flap may be transposed over the upper portion of the internal carotid artery to provide protection for this vital structure. 3. This flap may be transposed into the internal nasopharynx and then dressed with a free split thickness skin graft to close this wound and to augment the nasopharynx, with improvement in speec and swallowing. 4. In facial paralysis it can be used to restore facial movement around the oral commissure and melolabial folds, thus improving appearance in repose and animation.", "PMID": 642659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1371", "title": "Temporal arterial ligation in head and neck surgery with absorbable sutures.", "content": "Temporary arterial ligation is a useful concept in head and neck surgery for situations dealing with potential recurrent hemorrhage or recurrent vascular neoplasms. In this study, several absorbable sutures, including plain gut, chromic gut, and polyglycolic acid were used to ligate the common carotid artery in dogs. Arterial patency was followed by serial selective arteriograms. Only polyglycolic acid sutures proved to be a reliable material to achieve transient arterial occlusion.", "contents": "Temporal arterial ligation in head and neck surgery with absorbable sutures. Temporary arterial ligation is a useful concept in head and neck surgery for situations dealing with potential recurrent hemorrhage or recurrent vascular neoplasms. In this study, several absorbable sutures, including plain gut, chromic gut, and polyglycolic acid were used to ligate the common carotid artery in dogs. Arterial patency was followed by serial selective arteriograms. Only polyglycolic acid sutures proved to be a reliable material to achieve transient arterial occlusion.", "PMID": 642660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1372", "title": "Total laryngectomy and reconstruction of a pseudoglottis: problems and complications.", "content": "A modified procedure for the reconstruction of a pseudoglottis after total laryngectomy is examined. The history of this technique, including our experience, is reviewed with emphasis on problems and complications. Indications and justifications for surgery are discussed. Though we can only speculate on the basis of a few cases, we believe that a good voice can be obtained when a pseudoglottis is either primarily or secondarily constructed after laryngectomy. We acknowledge that perhaps the risk of liability tempers our approach and restricts our case selection which, no doubt, in part accounts for our modification of the procedure that was initially performed in Europe. We believe that continued careful application of this technique and its variations will improve the results of modern laryngeal surgery.", "contents": "Total laryngectomy and reconstruction of a pseudoglottis: problems and complications. A modified procedure for the reconstruction of a pseudoglottis after total laryngectomy is examined. The history of this technique, including our experience, is reviewed with emphasis on problems and complications. Indications and justifications for surgery are discussed. Though we can only speculate on the basis of a few cases, we believe that a good voice can be obtained when a pseudoglottis is either primarily or secondarily constructed after laryngectomy. We acknowledge that perhaps the risk of liability tempers our approach and restricts our case selection which, no doubt, in part accounts for our modification of the procedure that was initially performed in Europe. We believe that continued careful application of this technique and its variations will improve the results of modern laryngeal surgery.", "PMID": 642661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1373", "title": "Electromyographic correlation of tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles in man.", "content": "It is the purpose of this study to attempt a correlation of function, by electromyographic means, of the tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles in humans. Despite the small number of patients tested, it is believed that the similarities and characteristics of the two are unmistakably equivalent. A separate theory for the combined tensor function is discussed in distinction to the stapedius mediated acoustic reflex. The concept of a single tensor muscle, with two anatomic divisions, a common nerve supply, and parallel function, is therefore submitted.", "contents": "Electromyographic correlation of tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles in man. It is the purpose of this study to attempt a correlation of function, by electromyographic means, of the tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles in humans. Despite the small number of patients tested, it is believed that the similarities and characteristics of the two are unmistakably equivalent. A separate theory for the combined tensor function is discussed in distinction to the stapedius mediated acoustic reflex. The concept of a single tensor muscle, with two anatomic divisions, a common nerve supply, and parallel function, is therefore submitted.", "PMID": 642662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1374", "title": "The anatomy and movements of the cricoarytenoid joint.", "content": "The cricoarytenoid joints of 45 larynges were dissected and examined with respect to ligaments, articulating surfaces and movements. In this study the capsule of the joint was uniformly thin, and was strengthened by a superficial, medially placed, flattened band of fibers of one or two strata, known as the posterior cricoarytenoid ligament. Three movements of the arytenoid cartilage at this joint were found, the axes and ranges of which were directly related to the shape and position of the cricoid facet. Notwithstanding these differences, the positions of all the vocal folds in extreme adduction or abduction were similar. These findings contradict the traditional concepts of uniformity of the anatomy and movements of the cricoarytenoid joint and also the position and therefore name, of the \"posterior\" cricoarytenoid ligament.", "contents": "The anatomy and movements of the cricoarytenoid joint. The cricoarytenoid joints of 45 larynges were dissected and examined with respect to ligaments, articulating surfaces and movements. In this study the capsule of the joint was uniformly thin, and was strengthened by a superficial, medially placed, flattened band of fibers of one or two strata, known as the posterior cricoarytenoid ligament. Three movements of the arytenoid cartilage at this joint were found, the axes and ranges of which were directly related to the shape and position of the cricoid facet. Notwithstanding these differences, the positions of all the vocal folds in extreme adduction or abduction were similar. These findings contradict the traditional concepts of uniformity of the anatomy and movements of the cricoarytenoid joint and also the position and therefore name, of the \"posterior\" cricoarytenoid ligament.", "PMID": 642663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1375", "title": "Benign nasal polyps causing bone destruction in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Benign nasal polyposis, when extensive, can cause bone displacement and destruction within the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Consequently it may be difficult to distinguish this entity from a malignant neoplasm.", "contents": "Benign nasal polyps causing bone destruction in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Benign nasal polyposis, when extensive, can cause bone displacement and destruction within the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Consequently it may be difficult to distinguish this entity from a malignant neoplasm.", "PMID": 642664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1376", "title": "Relationship between laryngoceles and laryngeal carcinomas.", "content": "Because X-ray evaluation of the larynx is an unreliable method of detecting laryngoceles, a study based on the systematic measurement of the ventricular depth in surgical specimens was carried out to determine the frequency of laryngoceles and their relationship to laryngeal carcinomas. The frequency of laryngoceles was found to be about 2% in the normal larynx. The frequency in laryngeal cancer specimens was about 18%. This difference demonstrated the role of cancer in the genesis of laryngoceles. A close relationship between the ventricular diverticuli and the tumors was observed on microscopic examination in half of the laryngeal carcinomas associated with laryngoceles. These carcinomas can be considered to have developed on the laryngoceles. Depending upon the degree of tumor spread and the number of laryngoceles involved, different types of carcinoma developing in laryngoceles can be recognized. This particular form of tumor can be misinterpreted as an ulcerated vestibular tumor, in which case inappropriate treatment may be tried.", "contents": "Relationship between laryngoceles and laryngeal carcinomas. Because X-ray evaluation of the larynx is an unreliable method of detecting laryngoceles, a study based on the systematic measurement of the ventricular depth in surgical specimens was carried out to determine the frequency of laryngoceles and their relationship to laryngeal carcinomas. The frequency of laryngoceles was found to be about 2% in the normal larynx. The frequency in laryngeal cancer specimens was about 18%. This difference demonstrated the role of cancer in the genesis of laryngoceles. A close relationship between the ventricular diverticuli and the tumors was observed on microscopic examination in half of the laryngeal carcinomas associated with laryngoceles. These carcinomas can be considered to have developed on the laryngoceles. Depending upon the degree of tumor spread and the number of laryngoceles involved, different types of carcinoma developing in laryngoceles can be recognized. This particular form of tumor can be misinterpreted as an ulcerated vestibular tumor, in which case inappropriate treatment may be tried.", "PMID": 642665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1377", "title": "Treatment of \"trap door deformity.\".", "content": "We have shown the use of two techniques for preventing or treating undesirable sequelae noted so often following the closure of gouging or beveled U- or V-shaped flaps. These simple expedients have prevented \"trap door deformities\" in many hundreds of repairs carried out over the the years. Other modalities and precautions are mentioned.", "contents": "Treatment of \"trap door deformity.\". We have shown the use of two techniques for preventing or treating undesirable sequelae noted so often following the closure of gouging or beveled U- or V-shaped flaps. These simple expedients have prevented \"trap door deformities\" in many hundreds of repairs carried out over the the years. Other modalities and precautions are mentioned.", "PMID": 642668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1378", "title": "Hearing loss as a sequela of meningitis.", "content": "A retrospective study of 547 cases of meningitis was performed. Of these, 236 were bacterial, 304 were viral, and 7 were fungal in etiology. Of 110 survivors of bacterial meningitis over the age of 2 1/2 years, 23 or 21% suffered partial or complete sensorineural hearing loss. The site of auditory injury in cases of partial loss was the cochlea by audiologic criteria. A positive correlation with hearing loss was found for the species of organism, delay before treatment, low CSF sugar, and CSF pleocytosis. Of 7 patients with fungal meningitis, 3 suffered hearing loss with signs of a retrocochlear site. Of 304 cases of aseptic meningitis, none developed a hearing loss. The pathophysiology of hearing loss as a sequela of meningitis and the possible explanations for absence of hearing loss in viral meningitis are discussed.", "contents": "Hearing loss as a sequela of meningitis. A retrospective study of 547 cases of meningitis was performed. Of these, 236 were bacterial, 304 were viral, and 7 were fungal in etiology. Of 110 survivors of bacterial meningitis over the age of 2 1/2 years, 23 or 21% suffered partial or complete sensorineural hearing loss. The site of auditory injury in cases of partial loss was the cochlea by audiologic criteria. A positive correlation with hearing loss was found for the species of organism, delay before treatment, low CSF sugar, and CSF pleocytosis. Of 7 patients with fungal meningitis, 3 suffered hearing loss with signs of a retrocochlear site. Of 304 cases of aseptic meningitis, none developed a hearing loss. The pathophysiology of hearing loss as a sequela of meningitis and the possible explanations for absence of hearing loss in viral meningitis are discussed.", "PMID": 642669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1379", "title": "Bone-conduction electrocochleography: clinical applications.", "content": "Cases are presented which show the clinical utility of recording an electrocochleographic response to bone-conducted stimuli. The procedure is fraught with problems of acoustic control and artifact generation, but has distinct although limited values in clarifying masking dilemmas in patients with bilateral hearing loss.", "contents": "Bone-conduction electrocochleography: clinical applications. Cases are presented which show the clinical utility of recording an electrocochleographic response to bone-conducted stimuli. The procedure is fraught with problems of acoustic control and artifact generation, but has distinct although limited values in clarifying masking dilemmas in patients with bilateral hearing loss.", "PMID": 642670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1380", "title": "Fetal respiratory distress causing CNS and inner ear hemorrhage.", "content": "Fifty-two consecutive temporal bones of infants who died neonatally, or in utero of natural causes, were studied. Complete autopsies were performed. Twenty-eight infants had a variety of pulmonary disorders which resulted in severe respiratory distress prior to their death. Of these, the majority had bleeding intracranially and into the inner ear. There were five major pathways of central nervous system and subarachnoid hemorrhage involvement of the inner ear: 1) the modiolus, 2) cochlear aqueduct, 3) retrograde via the cochlear vein, 4) episodes of spontaneous bleeding into various compartments of the inner ear, and 4) hemorrhage via the otic capsule. The remaining 24 infants died of other natural causes. Two had CNS bleeding with no extension to the inner ear. We propose that there is a syndrome which consists of 1) neonatal respiratory distress, 2) intracranial hemorrhage, and 3) bleeding into the inner ear--an extension of a subarachnoid or subependymal matrix bleeding diathesis.", "contents": "Fetal respiratory distress causing CNS and inner ear hemorrhage. Fifty-two consecutive temporal bones of infants who died neonatally, or in utero of natural causes, were studied. Complete autopsies were performed. Twenty-eight infants had a variety of pulmonary disorders which resulted in severe respiratory distress prior to their death. Of these, the majority had bleeding intracranially and into the inner ear. There were five major pathways of central nervous system and subarachnoid hemorrhage involvement of the inner ear: 1) the modiolus, 2) cochlear aqueduct, 3) retrograde via the cochlear vein, 4) episodes of spontaneous bleeding into various compartments of the inner ear, and 4) hemorrhage via the otic capsule. The remaining 24 infants died of other natural causes. Two had CNS bleeding with no extension to the inner ear. We propose that there is a syndrome which consists of 1) neonatal respiratory distress, 2) intracranial hemorrhage, and 3) bleeding into the inner ear--an extension of a subarachnoid or subependymal matrix bleeding diathesis.", "PMID": 642671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1381", "title": "The true nature of Bell's palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients.", "content": "In a series of 1502 patients seen in our Facial Paralysis Research Clinic 1048 were diagnosed as having Bell's palsy. Review of clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory data, plus review of the literature, has led to the conclusion that Bell's palsy is an acute benign cranial polyneuritis probably caused by reactivation of the herpes-simplex virus, and the dysfunction of the motor cranial nerves (V, VII, X) may represent inflammation and demyelinization rather than ischemic compression. Spinal fluid analysis suggests that the disease is a phenomenon of the central nervous system with secondary peripheral neural manifestations. With our presently available information, treatment of a viral disease with an anti-inflammatory agent is rational. Prednisone treatment started within the first week of the disease can restore better function to the paralyzed face than is achieved without such therapy, and facial nerve decompression has been unnecessary.", "contents": "The true nature of Bell's palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. In a series of 1502 patients seen in our Facial Paralysis Research Clinic 1048 were diagnosed as having Bell's palsy. Review of clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory data, plus review of the literature, has led to the conclusion that Bell's palsy is an acute benign cranial polyneuritis probably caused by reactivation of the herpes-simplex virus, and the dysfunction of the motor cranial nerves (V, VII, X) may represent inflammation and demyelinization rather than ischemic compression. Spinal fluid analysis suggests that the disease is a phenomenon of the central nervous system with secondary peripheral neural manifestations. With our presently available information, treatment of a viral disease with an anti-inflammatory agent is rational. Prednisone treatment started within the first week of the disease can restore better function to the paralyzed face than is achieved without such therapy, and facial nerve decompression has been unnecessary.", "PMID": 642672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1382", "title": "Immunologic detection of acoustic neuroma: preliminary report.", "content": "In an attempto to provide preoperative histologic identification of internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle tumors, and to attempt to detect small tumors and recurrent tumors, immunologic aspects of acoustic neuroma patients and control subjects were studied. Reactions based upon the interaction of patients' fresh lymphocytes in contact with acoustic neuroma antigens were studied by a leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay and a locally developed refinement, the plasma effect assay. These were performed either preoperatively, postoperative, or both, in 17 patients with surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas and in 24 controls subjects. Preoperative tumor patients had a higher likelihood of having elevated LMI and plasma effect assay values than normals. False positive results were rare and the combination of the LMI and plasma effect assay decreased false negative responses to 20%. Meaningful conclusions must await more extensive testing but it has been demonstrated that tumor associated antigens do exist on the membranes of schwannoma cells and that most patients with an acoustic neuroma mount a cell-mediated immune response against these antigens.", "contents": "Immunologic detection of acoustic neuroma: preliminary report. In an attempto to provide preoperative histologic identification of internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle tumors, and to attempt to detect small tumors and recurrent tumors, immunologic aspects of acoustic neuroma patients and control subjects were studied. Reactions based upon the interaction of patients' fresh lymphocytes in contact with acoustic neuroma antigens were studied by a leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay and a locally developed refinement, the plasma effect assay. These were performed either preoperatively, postoperative, or both, in 17 patients with surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas and in 24 controls subjects. Preoperative tumor patients had a higher likelihood of having elevated LMI and plasma effect assay values than normals. False positive results were rare and the combination of the LMI and plasma effect assay decreased false negative responses to 20%. Meaningful conclusions must await more extensive testing but it has been demonstrated that tumor associated antigens do exist on the membranes of schwannoma cells and that most patients with an acoustic neuroma mount a cell-mediated immune response against these antigens.", "PMID": 642673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1383", "title": "Results of homografts in middle ear surgery.", "content": "Anatomical and hearing results following the use of the homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles either in combination or separately are reported for the period 1968 through 1975. The study is divided into two parts, the first covering the primary years 1968 through 1971, and the latter covering the last four years, 1972 through 1975. The original technique was to cover completely the homograft tympanic membrane with a canal skin graft. During the year 1969 new and different techniques were attempted. Unfortunately this resulted in a marked increase of graft failures; therefore, there was a prompt return to the original technique, which has been used without change throughout the study. The graft take rate for the first four years which included 1969 was 92%. There was a slight increase to 96% during the second part of the study. The hearing results show a greater discrepancy for the two periods with 89% of the patients receiving a satisfactory hearing result during the last four years, compared to 77% for the earlier period.", "contents": "Results of homografts in middle ear surgery. Anatomical and hearing results following the use of the homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles either in combination or separately are reported for the period 1968 through 1975. The study is divided into two parts, the first covering the primary years 1968 through 1971, and the latter covering the last four years, 1972 through 1975. The original technique was to cover completely the homograft tympanic membrane with a canal skin graft. During the year 1969 new and different techniques were attempted. Unfortunately this resulted in a marked increase of graft failures; therefore, there was a prompt return to the original technique, which has been used without change throughout the study. The graft take rate for the first four years which included 1969 was 92%. There was a slight increase to 96% during the second part of the study. The hearing results show a greater discrepancy for the two periods with 89% of the patients receiving a satisfactory hearing result during the last four years, compared to 77% for the earlier period.", "PMID": 642674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1384", "title": "Postinflammatory ossicular fixation in tympanoplasty.", "content": "Postinflammatory ossicular fixation in chronic ear surgery is a common problem faced by the otologic surgeon. This thesis presents a review of the evolution of the three forms of postinflammatory ossicular fixation. The surgical techniques used to correct ossicular fixation are discussed. A detailed evaluation of 311 patients diagnosed as having clinical tympanosclerosis is presented.", "contents": "Postinflammatory ossicular fixation in tympanoplasty. Postinflammatory ossicular fixation in chronic ear surgery is a common problem faced by the otologic surgeon. This thesis presents a review of the evolution of the three forms of postinflammatory ossicular fixation. The surgical techniques used to correct ossicular fixation are discussed. A detailed evaluation of 311 patients diagnosed as having clinical tympanosclerosis is presented.", "PMID": 642676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1385", "title": "Infiltrating lipomata of the head and neck.", "content": "Recent discovery and subsequent excision of two histologically benign but unusual infiltrating intramuscular lipomas prompted a review of available literature and a collection of lipomatous disorders of interest to the head and neck surgeon. Such lesions may, by their position, cause significant symptoms. Other instances occur wherein their unusual location causes initial confusion in diagnosis. Finally, accurate histologic identification may be obscured by the inclusion of other tissues within the benign fatty tissue.", "contents": "Infiltrating lipomata of the head and neck. Recent discovery and subsequent excision of two histologically benign but unusual infiltrating intramuscular lipomas prompted a review of available literature and a collection of lipomatous disorders of interest to the head and neck surgeon. Such lesions may, by their position, cause significant symptoms. Other instances occur wherein their unusual location causes initial confusion in diagnosis. Finally, accurate histologic identification may be obscured by the inclusion of other tissues within the benign fatty tissue.", "PMID": 642677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1386", "title": "Functional restoration for recurrent laryngeal paralysis: an experimental study.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to exclude abductor disturbance and to maintain phonation during recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis through a new surgical design. This new method consists of implantation of the ansa hypoglossi and sternothyroid muscle pedicle which has been shown to provide sufficient abductor function in a recent publication, and the selective severance of the abductor branch after neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal which is shown to be a sufficient adductor function in another study. The recovery of sufficient abductor function during inspiration and dyspnea was 67% and 89% of adductor function with phonation. However, after cutting an adductor nerve branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in cases of insufficient abduction, the vocal cord on the operated-on side regained abduction during inspiration. The effect of the ansa hypoglossi and sternothyroid muscle pedicle is also discussed.", "contents": "Functional restoration for recurrent laryngeal paralysis: an experimental study. The purpose of this investigation was to exclude abductor disturbance and to maintain phonation during recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis through a new surgical design. This new method consists of implantation of the ansa hypoglossi and sternothyroid muscle pedicle which has been shown to provide sufficient abductor function in a recent publication, and the selective severance of the abductor branch after neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal which is shown to be a sufficient adductor function in another study. The recovery of sufficient abductor function during inspiration and dyspnea was 67% and 89% of adductor function with phonation. However, after cutting an adductor nerve branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in cases of insufficient abduction, the vocal cord on the operated-on side regained abduction during inspiration. The effect of the ansa hypoglossi and sternothyroid muscle pedicle is also discussed.", "PMID": 642678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1387", "title": "[Reproducibility of the temperature field created by a cryosurgical applicator].", "content": "The relation between the non-reproducibility of the thermal field of the cryoapplicator and conditions of the thermal contact are reduced. Investigations of the thermal field were made on a model of tissue in a 3% aqueous gelatin solution. The results of the study show the nature of the thermal contact between the applicator and the tissue to play a significant part in the non-reproducibility of the cryoprobe thermal field. With any mode of the cryogenic action there exists a temperature differential on the borderline tissue--applicator. In the absence of adhesion this differential becomes quite considerable. To reduce the region of non-reproducibility of the thermal field it is necessary that cryosurgical operations be carried out with the applicator kept frozen to the tissue.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of the temperature field created by a cryosurgical applicator]. The relation between the non-reproducibility of the thermal field of the cryoapplicator and conditions of the thermal contact are reduced. Investigations of the thermal field were made on a model of tissue in a 3% aqueous gelatin solution. The results of the study show the nature of the thermal contact between the applicator and the tissue to play a significant part in the non-reproducibility of the cryoprobe thermal field. With any mode of the cryogenic action there exists a temperature differential on the borderline tissue--applicator. In the absence of adhesion this differential becomes quite considerable. To reduce the region of non-reproducibility of the thermal field it is necessary that cryosurgical operations be carried out with the applicator kept frozen to the tissue.", "PMID": 642752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1388", "title": "[4-channel electroencephalographic amplifier with integrated microcircuits].", "content": "To conduct electroencephalographic investigations of stationary and moving objects a small-sized 4-channel amplifier built with integrated microcircuits has been developed. Each channel includes a pre-amplifier, main amplifier, calibrator, high and low frequency filters and a power pack. The adoption of integrated microcircuits enables it to locate the pre-amplifiers directly on the object of investigations. The device is highly sensitive and secures a greater degree of noise-protection.", "contents": "[4-channel electroencephalographic amplifier with integrated microcircuits]. To conduct electroencephalographic investigations of stationary and moving objects a small-sized 4-channel amplifier built with integrated microcircuits has been developed. Each channel includes a pre-amplifier, main amplifier, calibrator, high and low frequency filters and a power pack. The adoption of integrated microcircuits enables it to locate the pre-amplifiers directly on the object of investigations. The device is highly sensitive and secures a greater degree of noise-protection.", "PMID": 642753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1389", "title": "[Troca and indicator].", "content": "For transthoracic puncture of tuberculous caverns a trochar equipped with a photo-indicator is recommended. A relatively simple design of the instrument enables the surgeon to determine the instant of the trochar's tip penetrating the hollow of the cavern. The trochar-indicator may find wide application at the establishments of the antituberculous service in treating cavitary tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Troca and indicator]. For transthoracic puncture of tuberculous caverns a trochar equipped with a photo-indicator is recommended. A relatively simple design of the instrument enables the surgeon to determine the instant of the trochar's tip penetrating the hollow of the cavern. The trochar-indicator may find wide application at the establishments of the antituberculous service in treating cavitary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 642755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1390", "title": "[Simulator for individual auditory training of hard-of-hearing persons].", "content": "A device-trainer intended for individual exercises with patients suffering from an intensively pronounced hearing defect is described. The device permits it to reproduce sound signals amplifying them up to 130 dB in the mono-binaural and also in the stereophonic modes and provides for a wide bandwidth. The originals can be presented by using the auditory and vibro-tactile reception.", "contents": "[Simulator for individual auditory training of hard-of-hearing persons]. A device-trainer intended for individual exercises with patients suffering from an intensively pronounced hearing defect is described. The device permits it to reproduce sound signals amplifying them up to 130 dB in the mono-binaural and also in the stereophonic modes and provides for a wide bandwidth. The originals can be presented by using the auditory and vibro-tactile reception.", "PMID": 642754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1391", "title": "[\"Pulse\" piezoceramic transducer].", "content": "A piezoceramic acceleration sensor \"Pulse\", devised by the Gorky Scientific-Research Radiphysical Institute is described. The use in the sensor's design of a flexing sensitive element provides for high sensitivity and great power output of the instrument. This helps to easily coordinate the operation of the sensor with that of the recording devices and to record both the low-frequency curves, viz. ballisto-, kineto-, seismocardiograms, tremorograms and the high-frequency ones, such as phonocardiograms, Korotkov's sounds, laryngograms.", "contents": "[\"Pulse\" piezoceramic transducer]. A piezoceramic acceleration sensor \"Pulse\", devised by the Gorky Scientific-Research Radiphysical Institute is described. The use in the sensor's design of a flexing sensitive element provides for high sensitivity and great power output of the instrument. This helps to easily coordinate the operation of the sensor with that of the recording devices and to record both the low-frequency curves, viz. ballisto-, kineto-, seismocardiograms, tremorograms and the high-frequency ones, such as phonocardiograms, Korotkov's sounds, laryngograms.", "PMID": 642757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1392", "title": "[Contactless indicator of the rhythm of implanted pacemakers].", "content": "Non-content indicators of the rhythm are employed to exercise operative control over the functions of implanted cardiostimulators. The paper discusses issues concerned with the circuitry and the setup of subassemblies in such indicators, e.g. the sensor, amplifier, pulse expander, oscillator and output stage.", "contents": "[Contactless indicator of the rhythm of implanted pacemakers]. Non-content indicators of the rhythm are employed to exercise operative control over the functions of implanted cardiostimulators. The paper discusses issues concerned with the circuitry and the setup of subassemblies in such indicators, e.g. the sensor, amplifier, pulse expander, oscillator and output stage.", "PMID": 642759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1393", "title": "[Possible use of new corrosion-resistant steels in the manufacture of medical instruments].", "content": "Demands on metals intended for the manufacture of medical instruments call for the use of corrosion-resisting grades of steel with high strength characteristics. Grades of steel of the martensite class reinforced by age hardening (martensive-aging) and mild grades of steel (chrome-manganese and chrome-nickel) have a number of valuable advantages over the steel of other classes. The possibility of obtaining high strength with low carbon dontent ensures great plasticity, toughness and brittle failure resistance along with corrosion-resistance and the possibility of achieving a substantial simplification in technology of making the instruments. Investigations of martensite-aging grades of steel--ep832,ochX11H9M2d2Tyu, O3X11HMd2yu and O3X13g3Md2 demostrated them to hold good promise for the manufacture of surgical and atraumatic needles, and rod-type stomatological instruments.", "contents": "[Possible use of new corrosion-resistant steels in the manufacture of medical instruments]. Demands on metals intended for the manufacture of medical instruments call for the use of corrosion-resisting grades of steel with high strength characteristics. Grades of steel of the martensite class reinforced by age hardening (martensive-aging) and mild grades of steel (chrome-manganese and chrome-nickel) have a number of valuable advantages over the steel of other classes. The possibility of obtaining high strength with low carbon dontent ensures great plasticity, toughness and brittle failure resistance along with corrosion-resistance and the possibility of achieving a substantial simplification in technology of making the instruments. Investigations of martensite-aging grades of steel--ep832,ochX11H9M2d2Tyu, O3X11HMd2yu and O3X13g3Md2 demostrated them to hold good promise for the manufacture of surgical and atraumatic needles, and rod-type stomatological instruments.", "PMID": 642760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1394", "title": "[Grid for the simultaneous calculation and determination of the dimensions of myelinated nerve fibers].", "content": "To make convenient a simultaneous calculation and measurement of myelinic nerve fibers a network with the known length of the square's side is proposed. The use of such a network in studying the myeloarchitectonics of the nerves helps economize the time needed for this purpose. The network is simple to manufacture and can be prepared at any photolaboratory. The possibility of using it also for other purposes is indicated.", "contents": "[Grid for the simultaneous calculation and determination of the dimensions of myelinated nerve fibers]. To make convenient a simultaneous calculation and measurement of myelinic nerve fibers a network with the known length of the square's side is proposed. The use of such a network in studying the myeloarchitectonics of the nerves helps economize the time needed for this purpose. The network is simple to manufacture and can be prepared at any photolaboratory. The possibility of using it also for other purposes is indicated.", "PMID": 642763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1395", "title": "[Use of the UKKM-1M apparatus for the cryopreservation of bone marrow and leukocytes].", "content": "The make-up of an installation for programmed congelation of the bone marrow and nuclei-containing blood cells with liquid nitrogen acting the part of a refrigerant is described. Experience gained as a result of a three-year long operation of the unit helped reveal additional conditions of its use that expand the field of its application in freezing other kinds of biological tissues and cells. An important feature of the installation includes the possibility of recording the temperature directly of the tissue undergoing congelation and not that in the freezing chamber.", "contents": "[Use of the UKKM-1M apparatus for the cryopreservation of bone marrow and leukocytes]. The make-up of an installation for programmed congelation of the bone marrow and nuclei-containing blood cells with liquid nitrogen acting the part of a refrigerant is described. Experience gained as a result of a three-year long operation of the unit helped reveal additional conditions of its use that expand the field of its application in freezing other kinds of biological tissues and cells. An important feature of the installation includes the possibility of recording the temperature directly of the tissue undergoing congelation and not that in the freezing chamber.", "PMID": 642764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1396", "title": "[New developments in measuring the cerebrospinal fluid pressure level and its controlled extraction].", "content": "To measure the spinal fluid pressure and its controlled extraction, including protracted drainage of the fluid-containing communications, a portable arrangement, in which a direct relationship between the extracted spinal fluid and its changing pressure is utilized, is recommended.", "contents": "[New developments in measuring the cerebrospinal fluid pressure level and its controlled extraction]. To measure the spinal fluid pressure and its controlled extraction, including protracted drainage of the fluid-containing communications, a portable arrangement, in which a direct relationship between the extracted spinal fluid and its changing pressure is utilized, is recommended.", "PMID": 642761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1397", "title": "[Increase in the information content of thermograms by compensating for tissue heat conduction].", "content": "There exist two groups of factors responsible for distorsion of thermograms, these are a subdued temperature relief due to thermal conduction of tissues and equipment-caused distorsions. Such distorsions lower the informativeness of thermograms which hampers the selection of diagnostic signs. A method is proposed which enables it to partially compensate distorsions through application of Viener's method of re-establishing distorted images, based on the use of the \u00e0 priori information on the distribution of temperature on the surface of the body and on the probable properties of thermal fields. The equipment-caused distorsions are then considered to be insignificant. The proposed algorythm of re-establishment has been tried out on the image of blood vessels in the rabbit's ear and on the factual image of the thermal field, the thermograms of mammary glands.", "contents": "[Increase in the information content of thermograms by compensating for tissue heat conduction]. There exist two groups of factors responsible for distorsion of thermograms, these are a subdued temperature relief due to thermal conduction of tissues and equipment-caused distorsions. Such distorsions lower the informativeness of thermograms which hampers the selection of diagnostic signs. A method is proposed which enables it to partially compensate distorsions through application of Viener's method of re-establishing distorted images, based on the use of the \u00e0 priori information on the distribution of temperature on the surface of the body and on the probable properties of thermal fields. The equipment-caused distorsions are then considered to be insignificant. The proposed algorythm of re-establishment has been tried out on the image of blood vessels in the rabbit's ear and on the factual image of the thermal field, the thermograms of mammary glands.", "PMID": 642771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1398", "title": "Synovial membrane histopathology in the differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, gout, pseudogout, systemic lupus erythematosus, infectious arthritis and degenerative joint disease.", "content": "The synovial membrane histologic sections from patients with six common rheumatic diseases were reviewed without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis. After histopathologic evaluation, the synovial membrane characteristics were grouped according to the patient's clinical diagnosis, and included 29 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 13 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 17 with degenerative joint disease, 10 with acute bacterial arthritis, 8 with gout, and 13 with pseudogout. The only specific characteristics identified were bacteria (infectious arthritis), crystals (gout, pseudogout), and lymphoid follicles (rheumatoid arthritis). Nevertheless, other characteristic features of differential diagnostic utility were recognized, including the intensity and nature of synovial lining cell hyperplasia and of leukocyte infiltration. Light microscopic histopathologic changes in the common rheumatic diseases are not specific, but are of diagnostic utility. Complete and exhaustive review of each pathologic synovial membrane characteristic provides more justification for the routine use of synovial membrane biopsy as an adjunct to arthrocentesis in the evaluation of common rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "Synovial membrane histopathology in the differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, gout, pseudogout, systemic lupus erythematosus, infectious arthritis and degenerative joint disease. The synovial membrane histologic sections from patients with six common rheumatic diseases were reviewed without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis. After histopathologic evaluation, the synovial membrane characteristics were grouped according to the patient's clinical diagnosis, and included 29 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 13 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 17 with degenerative joint disease, 10 with acute bacterial arthritis, 8 with gout, and 13 with pseudogout. The only specific characteristics identified were bacteria (infectious arthritis), crystals (gout, pseudogout), and lymphoid follicles (rheumatoid arthritis). Nevertheless, other characteristic features of differential diagnostic utility were recognized, including the intensity and nature of synovial lining cell hyperplasia and of leukocyte infiltration. Light microscopic histopathologic changes in the common rheumatic diseases are not specific, but are of diagnostic utility. Complete and exhaustive review of each pathologic synovial membrane characteristic provides more justification for the routine use of synovial membrane biopsy as an adjunct to arthrocentesis in the evaluation of common rheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 642792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1399", "title": "Randomized trial of protected environment--prophylactic antibiotics in 145 adults with acute leukemia.", "content": "One hundred and forty-five adults with acute leukemia were randomized to receive remission induction therapy in or out of a protected environment (PE) with prophylactic antibiotics orally (PA) or systemically (SA). Sixty-three patients were randomized in PE and 82 outside a PE. The proportion of patients who survived long enough to receive an adequate trial was higher in the PE (97%) than out (82%) (P = .01). The complete remission (CR) rate was 71% in and 43% out of the PE (P less than .01). Fifty-five patients received PA and 90 received SA. The CR rates were 61% and 45%, respectively. Of the 145 patients, 73 (50%) developed 102 episodes of major infections. Twenty-six of 63 patients in the PE developed major infection compared to 47 of 82 outside a PE (P = .08). The incidence rate of 13% fatal infections in a PE was significantly smaller than the 28% rate outside a PE (P = .04). The number of days with infections at less than 500 neutrophils/mm3 was also significantly lower inside a PE than outside (P less than .01). When comparing patients receiving SA or PA, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of infections. Forty-one patients received OAP Chemotherapy and 104 received adriamycin-OAP plus BCG. The CR rate on OAP was 44% compared with 60% on Ad-OAP + BCG. Infection rates were 76% and 40%, respectively (P less than .01). The median survival time was 72 weeks for patients in PE compared with 42 weeks for patients outside a PE (P less than .01). The prophylactic antibiotic regimens were well tolerated by most patients. This prospective randomized study has demonstrated statistically significant advantages for a lowered risk of fatal infection, higher CR rate and longer survival of patients treated in a PE with prophylactic antibiotics compared with patients treated in a conventional hospital room. Also, there was evidence for the superiority of adriamycin-OAP + BCG treatment compared with OAP.", "contents": "Randomized trial of protected environment--prophylactic antibiotics in 145 adults with acute leukemia. One hundred and forty-five adults with acute leukemia were randomized to receive remission induction therapy in or out of a protected environment (PE) with prophylactic antibiotics orally (PA) or systemically (SA). Sixty-three patients were randomized in PE and 82 outside a PE. The proportion of patients who survived long enough to receive an adequate trial was higher in the PE (97%) than out (82%) (P = .01). The complete remission (CR) rate was 71% in and 43% out of the PE (P less than .01). Fifty-five patients received PA and 90 received SA. The CR rates were 61% and 45%, respectively. Of the 145 patients, 73 (50%) developed 102 episodes of major infections. Twenty-six of 63 patients in the PE developed major infection compared to 47 of 82 outside a PE (P = .08). The incidence rate of 13% fatal infections in a PE was significantly smaller than the 28% rate outside a PE (P = .04). The number of days with infections at less than 500 neutrophils/mm3 was also significantly lower inside a PE than outside (P less than .01). When comparing patients receiving SA or PA, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of infections. Forty-one patients received OAP Chemotherapy and 104 received adriamycin-OAP plus BCG. The CR rate on OAP was 44% compared with 60% on Ad-OAP + BCG. Infection rates were 76% and 40%, respectively (P less than .01). The median survival time was 72 weeks for patients in PE compared with 42 weeks for patients outside a PE (P less than .01). The prophylactic antibiotic regimens were well tolerated by most patients. This prospective randomized study has demonstrated statistically significant advantages for a lowered risk of fatal infection, higher CR rate and longer survival of patients treated in a PE with prophylactic antibiotics compared with patients treated in a conventional hospital room. Also, there was evidence for the superiority of adriamycin-OAP + BCG treatment compared with OAP.", "PMID": 642793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1400", "title": "[Effect of cadmium on serum level of total protein and glycoprotein carbohydrate components in rats].", "content": "In experimental cadmium intoxication 100 rats were intraperitoneally injected with single doses of 0; 5 1,0, 2,0 5,0 mg Cd++/kg body weight as well as with 14 doses of 0,25 mg Cd++/kg. In the serum of animals the level of total protein and of glycoprotein carbohydrate components was determined. After doses in the range of cadmium concentration from 0,5 to 2,0 mg Cd++/kg body weight, a statistically and significant increase of the serum level of the protein-bound hexose hexoamine and sialic acids was stated. On the other hand the dose of 5,0 mg Cd++/kg caused only the increase of hexose in comparison with values of these constituents recorded in the control group. In animals receiving multiple doses of cadmium and also in those after a single administration of 1,0 mg Cd++/kg, a significant increase of the total protein level was started. The last group revealed the highest concentrations of protein and glycoprotein carbohydrate constituents on the third day after injection of cadmium while after 14 days, amouunts of these compounds approximated the levels estimated in the control group. A univocal evaluation of the obtained results is difficult, however in the mechanism of the quantitative alterations within the glycoprotein components of rats serum, the possibility of cadmium--induced biosynthesis of these compounds should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Effect of cadmium on serum level of total protein and glycoprotein carbohydrate components in rats]. In experimental cadmium intoxication 100 rats were intraperitoneally injected with single doses of 0; 5 1,0, 2,0 5,0 mg Cd++/kg body weight as well as with 14 doses of 0,25 mg Cd++/kg. In the serum of animals the level of total protein and of glycoprotein carbohydrate components was determined. After doses in the range of cadmium concentration from 0,5 to 2,0 mg Cd++/kg body weight, a statistically and significant increase of the serum level of the protein-bound hexose hexoamine and sialic acids was stated. On the other hand the dose of 5,0 mg Cd++/kg caused only the increase of hexose in comparison with values of these constituents recorded in the control group. In animals receiving multiple doses of cadmium and also in those after a single administration of 1,0 mg Cd++/kg, a significant increase of the total protein level was started. The last group revealed the highest concentrations of protein and glycoprotein carbohydrate constituents on the third day after injection of cadmium while after 14 days, amouunts of these compounds approximated the levels estimated in the control group. A univocal evaluation of the obtained results is difficult, however in the mechanism of the quantitative alterations within the glycoprotein components of rats serum, the possibility of cadmium--induced biosynthesis of these compounds should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 642794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1401", "title": "[Physical efficiency of women employed in the knitting industry].", "content": "Physical efficiency in 184 spinners of a modern knitting plant has been examined by determining a maximum absorbtion of oxygen (VO2 max) using an indirect method of Astrand--Ryhming. A significant effect of age and consequently duration of employment on the decrease in physical efficiency level has been found. The distribution of efficiency index according to Astrand's classifications is not equal, which may result from a particular stereotype of motorial activity, especially non-occupational one.", "contents": "[Physical efficiency of women employed in the knitting industry]. Physical efficiency in 184 spinners of a modern knitting plant has been examined by determining a maximum absorbtion of oxygen (VO2 max) using an indirect method of Astrand--Ryhming. A significant effect of age and consequently duration of employment on the decrease in physical efficiency level has been found. The distribution of efficiency index according to Astrand's classifications is not equal, which may result from a particular stereotype of motorial activity, especially non-occupational one.", "PMID": 642795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1402", "title": "[Comparative estimate of methods used in the examination of the sensitizing properties of chemical compounds].", "content": "The studies carried out aim at comparing and determining the usefulness of two methods most frequently used to evaluate the sensitizing properties of chemical compounds. In the studies, compounds of known sensitizing properties have been used: potassium dichromate and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Comparison of the percentage of sensitized guinea--pigs, intensity of sensitizing reaction and the time at which the reaction is being kept up, indicates a greater usefulness of Magnusson and Kligman's method for routine evaluation of sensitizing properties of chemical compounds.", "contents": "[Comparative estimate of methods used in the examination of the sensitizing properties of chemical compounds]. The studies carried out aim at comparing and determining the usefulness of two methods most frequently used to evaluate the sensitizing properties of chemical compounds. In the studies, compounds of known sensitizing properties have been used: potassium dichromate and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Comparison of the percentage of sensitized guinea--pigs, intensity of sensitizing reaction and the time at which the reaction is being kept up, indicates a greater usefulness of Magnusson and Kligman's method for routine evaluation of sensitizing properties of chemical compounds.", "PMID": 642796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1403", "title": "[Experimental silicosis. Evaluation of the silicogenic properties of apatites and phosphorites].", "content": "White rats were intratracheally injected with 50 mg of apatite or phosphorite dust. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 10 months after the injection. Fibrogenic properties were evaluated on the basis of biochemical and histopathological studies. It was found that the dusts under examination after 3 months of experiment induced a statistically significant increase of wet and dry lungs weight, of hydroxyproline and lipids content in the lungs, and intrathroacic lymph nodes as compared with the control group. After 3 and 10 months, a further but statistically insignificant increase of hydroxyproline content in lungs and of wet lung weight was observed, as compared with animals in the 3--months experiment. The obtained values of fibrogenic action indices for apatite and phosphorite dusts were quite similar to the values obtained in animals injected with inert dust of titanium dioxide. They were 4--5 times lower than the indices obtained after administrating the river sand--a dust of strong fibrogenic properties. Histopathological studies primarily revealed inflammatory changes in bronchial and peribronchial tissue, and focal emphysematous changes, whereas no features of a progressive development of fibrous changes in lungs. The MAC values of 6 mg/m3 for phosphorite dust of 8 mg/m3 for apatite dust--were suggested.", "contents": "[Experimental silicosis. Evaluation of the silicogenic properties of apatites and phosphorites]. White rats were intratracheally injected with 50 mg of apatite or phosphorite dust. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 10 months after the injection. Fibrogenic properties were evaluated on the basis of biochemical and histopathological studies. It was found that the dusts under examination after 3 months of experiment induced a statistically significant increase of wet and dry lungs weight, of hydroxyproline and lipids content in the lungs, and intrathroacic lymph nodes as compared with the control group. After 3 and 10 months, a further but statistically insignificant increase of hydroxyproline content in lungs and of wet lung weight was observed, as compared with animals in the 3--months experiment. The obtained values of fibrogenic action indices for apatite and phosphorite dusts were quite similar to the values obtained in animals injected with inert dust of titanium dioxide. They were 4--5 times lower than the indices obtained after administrating the river sand--a dust of strong fibrogenic properties. Histopathological studies primarily revealed inflammatory changes in bronchial and peribronchial tissue, and focal emphysematous changes, whereas no features of a progressive development of fibrous changes in lungs. The MAC values of 6 mg/m3 for phosphorite dust of 8 mg/m3 for apatite dust--were suggested.", "PMID": 642797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1404", "title": "[Urine phenol test as an index of exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons].", "content": "Results of phenol determinations in urine of the workers of petrochemical combine in P\u0142ock have been statistically compared over 10 years. Besides this reaction has been checked in other plants and even in non--exposed persons. Phenol content in urine has been found to increase from year to year, despite very low benzene and phenol concentrations on the work--posts. This trend is also apparent in other plants. Considerations of the nature of the reaction lead to the conclusion that the phenol test informs about a total exposure to hydrocarbons of benzene ring, which metabolize to simple phenols. The authors suggest allowable safe values (65 mg/l) and limit values (about 200 mg/l) of these concentrations.", "contents": "[Urine phenol test as an index of exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons]. Results of phenol determinations in urine of the workers of petrochemical combine in P\u0142ock have been statistically compared over 10 years. Besides this reaction has been checked in other plants and even in non--exposed persons. Phenol content in urine has been found to increase from year to year, despite very low benzene and phenol concentrations on the work--posts. This trend is also apparent in other plants. Considerations of the nature of the reaction lead to the conclusion that the phenol test informs about a total exposure to hydrocarbons of benzene ring, which metabolize to simple phenols. The authors suggest allowable safe values (65 mg/l) and limit values (about 200 mg/l) of these concentrations.", "PMID": 642799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1405", "title": "[TCDD (dioxin) toxicity].", "content": "Referring to intoxication of people with TCDD (dioxine) in Sevedo near Milan, the authors present a review of literature (primarily results of studies on animals) on the biological results of the effects of this intoxication.", "contents": "[TCDD (dioxin) toxicity]. Referring to intoxication of people with TCDD (dioxine) in Sevedo near Milan, the authors present a review of literature (primarily results of studies on animals) on the biological results of the effects of this intoxication.", "PMID": 642800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1406", "title": "[2,4-D poisoning].", "content": "The paper presents 2 cases of intoxication with herbicides--chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives. In the cases observed, the following symptoms were shown in the clinical picture; general weakness, dizziness, headache, abdominal pains, nausea. Clinical observation revealed changes in blood circulation with pathological changes in EKG and transitory reduction of RR. We also found some changes in laboratory examination, indicating noxious effects of chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives upon parenchymatous organs.", "contents": "[2,4-D poisoning]. The paper presents 2 cases of intoxication with herbicides--chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives. In the cases observed, the following symptoms were shown in the clinical picture; general weakness, dizziness, headache, abdominal pains, nausea. Clinical observation revealed changes in blood circulation with pathological changes in EKG and transitory reduction of RR. We also found some changes in laboratory examination, indicating noxious effects of chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives upon parenchymatous organs.", "PMID": 642801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1407", "title": "[Effect of industrial pollutants on mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract].", "content": "A survey of literature on upper respiratory tract diseases in workers exposed to irritating and toxic substances in industry has been presented. The effects of dusts of cotton, wood, rock-salt, hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, ammonia and fluorine compounds have been discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of industrial pollutants on mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract]. A survey of literature on upper respiratory tract diseases in workers exposed to irritating and toxic substances in industry has been presented. The effects of dusts of cotton, wood, rock-salt, hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, ammonia and fluorine compounds have been discussed.", "PMID": 642802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1408", "title": "[Identification procedures using gas chromatography in intoxications with various solvents].", "content": "An identification system of 31 volatile organic compounds has been worked out using gas chromatography with columns of various polarity (SE-30, OV-17, Porapak Q). The efficiency of the system for identifying an unknown solvent delivered with the intoxicated one, or a toxic substance in the material from a person intoxicated (blood, exhalated air, gastric rinsings) has been proved good in numerous cases of acute intoxications hospitalized in the Clinical Division of the Institute of Occupational Medicineur L\u00f3d\u017a.", "contents": "[Identification procedures using gas chromatography in intoxications with various solvents]. An identification system of 31 volatile organic compounds has been worked out using gas chromatography with columns of various polarity (SE-30, OV-17, Porapak Q). The efficiency of the system for identifying an unknown solvent delivered with the intoxicated one, or a toxic substance in the material from a person intoxicated (blood, exhalated air, gastric rinsings) has been proved good in numerous cases of acute intoxications hospitalized in the Clinical Division of the Institute of Occupational Medicineur L\u00f3d\u017a.", "PMID": 642804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1409", "title": "Stimulation of protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes by somatomedin.", "content": "Insulin (1 mU/ml) stimulated the incorporation of 14C-leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material by isolated hepatocytes from normal and hypophysectomized adult rats and 12-day-old rabbits. Somatomedin (200 ng/ml) purified from human plasma had an insulinlike effect in hepatocytes from hypophysectomized rats and baby rabbits but not from normal rats. This study suggests that, as well as being a site of somatomedin synthesis, the liver may be a target organ for this hormone.", "contents": "Stimulation of protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes by somatomedin. Insulin (1 mU/ml) stimulated the incorporation of 14C-leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material by isolated hepatocytes from normal and hypophysectomized adult rats and 12-day-old rabbits. Somatomedin (200 ng/ml) purified from human plasma had an insulinlike effect in hepatocytes from hypophysectomized rats and baby rabbits but not from normal rats. This study suggests that, as well as being a site of somatomedin synthesis, the liver may be a target organ for this hormone.", "PMID": 642821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1410", "title": "Dietary constituents and somatomedin activity.", "content": "Serum somatomedin activity of rats was measured under several dietary conditions by 35S incorporation into chick embryo pelvic rudiment. The mean (+/- SD) serum somatomedin activity (U/ml) was reduced following 3 days of fasting (0.41 +/- 0.12) and increased to prefasting levels in animals fed a balanced diet (0.95 +/- 0.11) for 2 days. The increase in mean somatomedin  activity following 2 days of refeeding a high-protein diet (0.79 +/- 0.09) was greater than that observed with a high-carbohydrate (0.56 +/- 0.10) or a high-fat (0.60 +/- 0.10) diet, but the level was not completely restored to normal. The data confirm the previous finding that fasting reduces serum somatomedin activity and suggest that the protein content of the diet plays a major role in the restoration of serum somatomedin activity following refeeding.", "contents": "Dietary constituents and somatomedin activity. Serum somatomedin activity of rats was measured under several dietary conditions by 35S incorporation into chick embryo pelvic rudiment. The mean (+/- SD) serum somatomedin activity (U/ml) was reduced following 3 days of fasting (0.41 +/- 0.12) and increased to prefasting levels in animals fed a balanced diet (0.95 +/- 0.11) for 2 days. The increase in mean somatomedin  activity following 2 days of refeeding a high-protein diet (0.79 +/- 0.09) was greater than that observed with a high-carbohydrate (0.56 +/- 0.10) or a high-fat (0.60 +/- 0.10) diet, but the level was not completely restored to normal. The data confirm the previous finding that fasting reduces serum somatomedin activity and suggest that the protein content of the diet plays a major role in the restoration of serum somatomedin activity following refeeding.", "PMID": 642822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1411", "title": "Diminished insulin response in highly trained athletes.", "content": "Insulin secretion and glucose tolerance were examined in 6 highly conditioned athletes in comparison with a control group of 115 normal healthy persons. During glucose infusion the athletes showed low insulin secretion although there was no difference in the levels of blood glucose compared to the control group. It is concluded that under physiologic conditions the extent of insulin secretion is not dependent only upon the blood glucose levels. The results show that a lack of insulin response can occur as a consequence of adaption to physical training. A reduced insulin response, therefore, does not necessarily indicate a diabetic or prediabetic state.", "contents": "Diminished insulin response in highly trained athletes. Insulin secretion and glucose tolerance were examined in 6 highly conditioned athletes in comparison with a control group of 115 normal healthy persons. During glucose infusion the athletes showed low insulin secretion although there was no difference in the levels of blood glucose compared to the control group. It is concluded that under physiologic conditions the extent of insulin secretion is not dependent only upon the blood glucose levels. The results show that a lack of insulin response can occur as a consequence of adaption to physical training. A reduced insulin response, therefore, does not necessarily indicate a diabetic or prediabetic state.", "PMID": 642823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1412", "title": "Musle protein breakdown rates in humans based on Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) content of mixed proteins in skeletal muscle and urinary output of Ntau-methylhistidine.", "content": "Samples of psoas muscle from nine infants (aged 1 day to 14 mo) and of several skeletal muscles from seven adult males (age 19-74 yr) were analyzed for content of protein-bound Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; 3-Mehis). The mean content of 3-Mehis (expressed as mumoles/g mixed protein) was 3.2 (range 2.4-3.7) in infants and 4.2 (range 3.7-4.6) in adults. The daily urinary excretion of 3-Mehis was measured in four young adult males receiving an egg-protein, flesh-free diet. Mean excretion of 3-Mehis was 211 (range 167-252) mumoles/day. From these two sets of data the mean rate of muscle protein breakdown in adult males was estimated to be 50 g/day, or 0.7 +/- 0.1 g/kg body weight/day. These results are compared with reported values for the 3-Mehis content of mixed proteins in muscle of various species, and with published estimates, computed by other techniques, of the rate of muscle protein breakdown in human subjects.", "contents": "Musle protein breakdown rates in humans based on Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) content of mixed proteins in skeletal muscle and urinary output of Ntau-methylhistidine. Samples of psoas muscle from nine infants (aged 1 day to 14 mo) and of several skeletal muscles from seven adult males (age 19-74 yr) were analyzed for content of protein-bound Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; 3-Mehis). The mean content of 3-Mehis (expressed as mumoles/g mixed protein) was 3.2 (range 2.4-3.7) in infants and 4.2 (range 3.7-4.6) in adults. The daily urinary excretion of 3-Mehis was measured in four young adult males receiving an egg-protein, flesh-free diet. Mean excretion of 3-Mehis was 211 (range 167-252) mumoles/day. From these two sets of data the mean rate of muscle protein breakdown in adult males was estimated to be 50 g/day, or 0.7 +/- 0.1 g/kg body weight/day. These results are compared with reported values for the 3-Mehis content of mixed proteins in muscle of various species, and with published estimates, computed by other techniques, of the rate of muscle protein breakdown in human subjects.", "PMID": 642824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1413", "title": "Effect of bombesin infused intrapancreatically on glucagon and insulin secretion.", "content": "Synthetic bombesin was infused at a dose of 20 pmoles/kg/min for 10 min into the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery of anesthetized dogs. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon concentrations in the cranial pancreaticoduodenal vein as well as in the femoral artery were concurrently and slowly elevated. However, the net release of glucagon from the pancreas did not increase significantly during infusion of bombesin. Plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations in the pancreatic vein were transiently raised, and a delayed rise was noted in arterial plasma IRI. Net release of insulin was significantly augmented during infusion of the tetradecapeptide. Plasma glucose levels did not change after bombesin. These results indicate that the gastrointestinal tetradecapeptide may stimulate secretion of both insulin and gut glucagonlike immunoreactivity in the dog.", "contents": "Effect of bombesin infused intrapancreatically on glucagon and insulin secretion. Synthetic bombesin was infused at a dose of 20 pmoles/kg/min for 10 min into the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery of anesthetized dogs. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon concentrations in the cranial pancreaticoduodenal vein as well as in the femoral artery were concurrently and slowly elevated. However, the net release of glucagon from the pancreas did not increase significantly during infusion of bombesin. Plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations in the pancreatic vein were transiently raised, and a delayed rise was noted in arterial plasma IRI. Net release of insulin was significantly augmented during infusion of the tetradecapeptide. Plasma glucose levels did not change after bombesin. These results indicate that the gastrointestinal tetradecapeptide may stimulate secretion of both insulin and gut glucagonlike immunoreactivity in the dog.", "PMID": 642826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1414", "title": "Effect of fasting on free and esterified carnitine levels in human serum and urine: correlation with serum levels of free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "Serum levels of free L-carnitine, acylcarnitines, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were determined in healthy volunteers during a 24-36-hr fast. The effect of oral administration of free L-carnitine (1 g/person) on these parameters was studied. Urinary excretion of carnitine and creatinine was monitored throughout. Serum and urine levels of free carnitine and its renal clearance decreased during the fast. However, the serum concentration and urinary excretion of acylcarnitines increased during the same interval. Following the ingestion of free L-carnitine, both serum and urinary levels of free L-carnitine rose. Within 6 hr of ingestion, 10% of the administered dose could be accounted for by urinary excretion. No significant effect on the other serum constituents under study was seen following the oral L-carnitine dose. A significant negative correlation was found between serum levels of free L-carnitine and beta-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids (r equal -0.567, p less than 0.001 and r equal -0.607, p less than 0.001, respectively) during the fast.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on free and esterified carnitine levels in human serum and urine: correlation with serum levels of free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Serum levels of free L-carnitine, acylcarnitines, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were determined in healthy volunteers during a 24-36-hr fast. The effect of oral administration of free L-carnitine (1 g/person) on these parameters was studied. Urinary excretion of carnitine and creatinine was monitored throughout. Serum and urine levels of free carnitine and its renal clearance decreased during the fast. However, the serum concentration and urinary excretion of acylcarnitines increased during the same interval. Following the ingestion of free L-carnitine, both serum and urinary levels of free L-carnitine rose. Within 6 hr of ingestion, 10% of the administered dose could be accounted for by urinary excretion. No significant effect on the other serum constituents under study was seen following the oral L-carnitine dose. A significant negative correlation was found between serum levels of free L-carnitine and beta-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids (r equal -0.567, p less than 0.001 and r equal -0.607, p less than 0.001, respectively) during the fast.", "PMID": 642827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1415", "title": "Glyceroneogenesis in rat and guinea pig adipose tissue during the fed and fasted states.", "content": "While both pyruvate and lactate are good substrates for glyceride-glycerol synthesis in isolated adipocytes from fed rats and guinea pigs, neither alanine nor serine appear to support glyceroneogenesis. Fasting increases the proportion of radioactive pyruvate or lactate incorporated into glyceride-glycerol and reciprocally decreases the proportion incorporated into fatty acids. However, the total incorporation of radioactivity into triacylglycerol is considerably lower in isolated adipocytes from fasted than from fed animals. Addition of glucose to the incubation medium promotes the incorporation of radioactive lactate into both fatty acids and glyceride-glycerol by adipocytes from fasted as well as fed animals. The concentration of alpha-glycerolphosphate is considerably higher in adipose tissue of fed than fasted animals. In general, these results support the presence of a glyceroneogenic pathway in rat and guinea pig adipose tissue. However, it would appear that the physiologic significance of this pathway is less important in the fasted than the fed state, where it may play some role in the esterification of intracellular fatty acids.", "contents": "Glyceroneogenesis in rat and guinea pig adipose tissue during the fed and fasted states. While both pyruvate and lactate are good substrates for glyceride-glycerol synthesis in isolated adipocytes from fed rats and guinea pigs, neither alanine nor serine appear to support glyceroneogenesis. Fasting increases the proportion of radioactive pyruvate or lactate incorporated into glyceride-glycerol and reciprocally decreases the proportion incorporated into fatty acids. However, the total incorporation of radioactivity into triacylglycerol is considerably lower in isolated adipocytes from fasted than from fed animals. Addition of glucose to the incubation medium promotes the incorporation of radioactive lactate into both fatty acids and glyceride-glycerol by adipocytes from fasted as well as fed animals. The concentration of alpha-glycerolphosphate is considerably higher in adipose tissue of fed than fasted animals. In general, these results support the presence of a glyceroneogenic pathway in rat and guinea pig adipose tissue. However, it would appear that the physiologic significance of this pathway is less important in the fasted than the fed state, where it may play some role in the esterification of intracellular fatty acids.", "PMID": 642828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1416", "title": "Diminished plasma free fatty acid clearance in obese subjects.", "content": "Obese subjects were compared with lean subjects to define the previously reported disturbance of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics in terms of altered net transport (lipolysis) or clearance (esterification). These measurements were made during prolonged constant infusions of 1--14C-palmitate toward the end of sustained glucose ingestion and again 6-8 hr after stopping glucose. Net transport of FFA was suppressed to equally low levels in obese and lean subjects, though at the expense of higher insulin concentrations in the obese. Whereas in the lean subjects the clearance of FFA was significantly stimulated with glucose, the obese subjects showed low clearance rates both during and after stopping glucose. When glucose was stopped, net transport rose more rapidly and to a greater extent in some obese than in the lean subjects. The increased influx of FFA led to a rise in the plasma triglyceride level only in the lean subjects. These studies suggest that clearance of plasma FFA, probably denoting esterification in tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue, is impaired in obesity and cannot be readily stimulated with glucose and insulin. Lipolysis, measured as net transport of FFA, however, is suppressible with glucose and insulin in the obese, though this might be achieved only at insulin levels that are higher than those in lean subjects.", "contents": "Diminished plasma free fatty acid clearance in obese subjects. Obese subjects were compared with lean subjects to define the previously reported disturbance of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics in terms of altered net transport (lipolysis) or clearance (esterification). These measurements were made during prolonged constant infusions of 1--14C-palmitate toward the end of sustained glucose ingestion and again 6-8 hr after stopping glucose. Net transport of FFA was suppressed to equally low levels in obese and lean subjects, though at the expense of higher insulin concentrations in the obese. Whereas in the lean subjects the clearance of FFA was significantly stimulated with glucose, the obese subjects showed low clearance rates both during and after stopping glucose. When glucose was stopped, net transport rose more rapidly and to a greater extent in some obese than in the lean subjects. The increased influx of FFA led to a rise in the plasma triglyceride level only in the lean subjects. These studies suggest that clearance of plasma FFA, probably denoting esterification in tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue, is impaired in obesity and cannot be readily stimulated with glucose and insulin. Lipolysis, measured as net transport of FFA, however, is suppressible with glucose and insulin in the obese, though this might be achieved only at insulin levels that are higher than those in lean subjects.", "PMID": 642829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1417", "title": "Recent developments in thyroid hormone metabolism: interpretation and significance of measurements of reverse T3, 3,3'T2, and thyroglobulin.", "content": "The development of specific radioimmunoassays has allowed measurements of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3), 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'T2), and thyroglobulin to be performed in serum and in various biological fluids both in normal and in altered states of thyroidal economy. The physiology, kinetics, and metabolic actions of reverse T3, 3,3'T2 and thyroglobulin are reviewed. Presently, it appears that reverse T3 and 3,3'T2 measurements in amniotic fluid and cord serum may potentially be useful in diagnosing fetal or neonatal thyroid dysfunction, and serum thyroglobulin measurements appear to be important as a measure of the efficacy of treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Recent developments in thyroid hormone metabolism: interpretation and significance of measurements of reverse T3, 3,3'T2, and thyroglobulin. The development of specific radioimmunoassays has allowed measurements of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3), 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'T2), and thyroglobulin to be performed in serum and in various biological fluids both in normal and in altered states of thyroidal economy. The physiology, kinetics, and metabolic actions of reverse T3, 3,3'T2 and thyroglobulin are reviewed. Presently, it appears that reverse T3 and 3,3'T2 measurements in amniotic fluid and cord serum may potentially be useful in diagnosing fetal or neonatal thyroid dysfunction, and serum thyroglobulin measurements appear to be important as a measure of the efficacy of treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 642830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1418", "title": "The use of live models in the teaching of gross anatomy.", "content": "Live models were introduced into the first-year gross anatomy course to provide medical students with an opportunity to apply to the living person what they learned from cadaver dissection. After each major segment of the cadaver dissection, clinical correlation sessions were presented for the students by clinicians using live models for demonstration, examination and correlation. At the completion of the course, an evaluation questionnaire was given to students. Their response indicated that the new teaching technique made anatomy seem more relevant to clinical medicine than using cadavers alone. Live models were rated superior to using cadavers, especially in demonstrating superficial anatomical structures and landmarks. On the basis of student response it was concluded that this programme provided medical students with a unique introduction to living human anatomy.", "contents": "The use of live models in the teaching of gross anatomy. Live models were introduced into the first-year gross anatomy course to provide medical students with an opportunity to apply to the living person what they learned from cadaver dissection. After each major segment of the cadaver dissection, clinical correlation sessions were presented for the students by clinicians using live models for demonstration, examination and correlation. At the completion of the course, an evaluation questionnaire was given to students. Their response indicated that the new teaching technique made anatomy seem more relevant to clinical medicine than using cadavers alone. Live models were rated superior to using cadavers, especially in demonstrating superficial anatomical structures and landmarks. On the basis of student response it was concluded that this programme provided medical students with a unique introduction to living human anatomy.", "PMID": 642836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1419", "title": "Follow-up study of male Liverpool graduates.", "content": "An attempt was made to trace all the male Medical Graduates from Liverpool University in the years 1950-1954 inclusive, in order to find out where they were working and what work they were doing 20 years later. Of the original group of 288 Graduates, 272 (94.4%) were both traceable and practising medicine. Of these 272, 15.1% were found to be working abroad and 84.9% working in the U.K. (51.5% in the North West and 33.5% elsewhere in the British Isles). Of those abroad (forty-one in number), about one third were in Canada, a further one third in Australia or New Zealand and about one quarter in the U.S.A.--these three areas accounting for 92.6% of all those abroad. The mean time of emigration was 9.6 years after graduation, with over two thirds emigrating between 5 and 14 years after graduation. Of those in the U.K. (231 in number), the majority were in General Practice (50.6%) and a further 32.1% had specialized in Hospital or Academic Medicine. These figures should be treated as orders of magnitude, since there are a number of possible sources of minor error.", "contents": "Follow-up study of male Liverpool graduates. An attempt was made to trace all the male Medical Graduates from Liverpool University in the years 1950-1954 inclusive, in order to find out where they were working and what work they were doing 20 years later. Of the original group of 288 Graduates, 272 (94.4%) were both traceable and practising medicine. Of these 272, 15.1% were found to be working abroad and 84.9% working in the U.K. (51.5% in the North West and 33.5% elsewhere in the British Isles). Of those abroad (forty-one in number), about one third were in Canada, a further one third in Australia or New Zealand and about one quarter in the U.S.A.--these three areas accounting for 92.6% of all those abroad. The mean time of emigration was 9.6 years after graduation, with over two thirds emigrating between 5 and 14 years after graduation. Of those in the U.K. (231 in number), the majority were in General Practice (50.6%) and a further 32.1% had specialized in Hospital or Academic Medicine. These figures should be treated as orders of magnitude, since there are a number of possible sources of minor error.", "PMID": 642838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1420", "title": "Progression of tumours and non-neoplastic disorders as manifestations of a common biological phenomenon.", "content": "The thesis is presented that progression, in both neoplastic and nonneoplastic disorders, involves a common biological mechanism. This view derives from the author's unified theory of growth and age-dependent disease. Diseases that show a reproducible age-dependence, satisfying certain statistical criteria, are held to be initiated by random 'errors'--somatic gene mutations--in stem cells of the central system of growth-control. A specifically mutant stem cell propagates a \"forbidden clone' (Burnet) of descendant cells and these cells, or their secreted humoral products, attack target cells at one or more anatomical locations. In certain disorders, a single forbidden clone gives rise to the first detectable symptoms and signs but progression of the disease depends on the (random) formation of further forbidden clones that attack additional target cells. This theory is discussed with reference to the neoplastic disorders, familial intestinal polyposis and tumours of the uterine cervix; and the non-neoplastic disorders, Parkinsonism and male baldness. Related problems concerning the fatal crisis in malignant disease and the unifocal/multifocal origin of tumours are also discussed.", "contents": "Progression of tumours and non-neoplastic disorders as manifestations of a common biological phenomenon. The thesis is presented that progression, in both neoplastic and nonneoplastic disorders, involves a common biological mechanism. This view derives from the author's unified theory of growth and age-dependent disease. Diseases that show a reproducible age-dependence, satisfying certain statistical criteria, are held to be initiated by random 'errors'--somatic gene mutations--in stem cells of the central system of growth-control. A specifically mutant stem cell propagates a \"forbidden clone' (Burnet) of descendant cells and these cells, or their secreted humoral products, attack target cells at one or more anatomical locations. In certain disorders, a single forbidden clone gives rise to the first detectable symptoms and signs but progression of the disease depends on the (random) formation of further forbidden clones that attack additional target cells. This theory is discussed with reference to the neoplastic disorders, familial intestinal polyposis and tumours of the uterine cervix; and the non-neoplastic disorders, Parkinsonism and male baldness. Related problems concerning the fatal crisis in malignant disease and the unifocal/multifocal origin of tumours are also discussed.", "PMID": 642845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1421", "title": "The aetiology of cancer: clues from spontaneous recovery.", "content": "There is indisputable scientific evidence of a spontaneous regression of cancer in several cases. The implication is that possibly there are other than the suspected aetiological factors involved in the problem of the origin, and even more important, in the cure of cancer.", "contents": "The aetiology of cancer: clues from spontaneous recovery. There is indisputable scientific evidence of a spontaneous regression of cancer in several cases. The implication is that possibly there are other than the suspected aetiological factors involved in the problem of the origin, and even more important, in the cure of cancer.", "PMID": 642846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1422", "title": "Physical damage caused by sexual deprivation in girls.", "content": "In parts of Europe and in the Americas there are still many girls who are prevented by cultural forces from acquiring sexual experience until they are six years or so past puberty. This period of sexual deprivation probably causes physical as well as functional damage. The functional damage was documented by Kinsey more than twenty years ago, but almost no one seems to be aware of it. The physical damage seems likely as the basis for the functional damage and also as the inevitable result of sensory deprivation as revealed by extensive studies of other sensory systems.", "contents": "Physical damage caused by sexual deprivation in girls. In parts of Europe and in the Americas there are still many girls who are prevented by cultural forces from acquiring sexual experience until they are six years or so past puberty. This period of sexual deprivation probably causes physical as well as functional damage. The functional damage was documented by Kinsey more than twenty years ago, but almost no one seems to be aware of it. The physical damage seems likely as the basis for the functional damage and also as the inevitable result of sensory deprivation as revealed by extensive studies of other sensory systems.", "PMID": 642847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1423", "title": "An hypothesis on information, memory and perception.", "content": "It is generally held that a sensory receptor serves, in some way to \"map\" an external event (such as a light or sound signal) onto some internal or neural event (such as a volley of impulses moving along an axon toward the brain). Or schematically (external event leads to neural event). It is postulated in this paper that it is not the external event, but rather uncertainty about the nature of the external event, which produces the neural activity. In place of the traditional map it is hypothesized that we should substitute (rate of change of uncertainty about an external event leads to neural event). It follows from this revised mapping process that one perceives only those external events about which he was initially uncertain. One cannot perceive something about which he is perfectly certain. It is seen that various observed sensory phenomena, such as the process of adaptation and the fading of a fixed retinal image, issue directly from this new hypothesis.", "contents": "An hypothesis on information, memory and perception. It is generally held that a sensory receptor serves, in some way to \"map\" an external event (such as a light or sound signal) onto some internal or neural event (such as a volley of impulses moving along an axon toward the brain). Or schematically (external event leads to neural event). It is postulated in this paper that it is not the external event, but rather uncertainty about the nature of the external event, which produces the neural activity. In place of the traditional map it is hypothesized that we should substitute (rate of change of uncertainty about an external event leads to neural event). It follows from this revised mapping process that one perceives only those external events about which he was initially uncertain. One cannot perceive something about which he is perfectly certain. It is seen that various observed sensory phenomena, such as the process of adaptation and the fading of a fixed retinal image, issue directly from this new hypothesis.", "PMID": 642848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1424", "title": "[Medications during psychotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The report is on medication in a specialized clinic for psychotherapy. The most important findings are the following: 1. The medications in the clinic in question are not more numerous than they are \"on the outside\" (=per capita consumption in the case of members of the compulsory health insurance); 2. personality sumptoms have great influence on the frequency of medicine given: older patients receive more medication than younger ones, women more than men. Obsessionally structured patients receive noticeably less medicine than the hysterically or depressively structured ones; 3. symptomes hardly have any influence: no decrease during the second half of therapy, no dependence on any fixed day of the week and the therapy hour. It is therefore concluded that with a totally smaller quantity the medications in the clinic in question show autonomy: they have evidently no direct relation to the psychotherapeutical course of treatment.", "contents": "[Medications during psychotherapy (author's transl)]. The report is on medication in a specialized clinic for psychotherapy. The most important findings are the following: 1. The medications in the clinic in question are not more numerous than they are \"on the outside\" (=per capita consumption in the case of members of the compulsory health insurance); 2. personality sumptoms have great influence on the frequency of medicine given: older patients receive more medication than younger ones, women more than men. Obsessionally structured patients receive noticeably less medicine than the hysterically or depressively structured ones; 3. symptomes hardly have any influence: no decrease during the second half of therapy, no dependence on any fixed day of the week and the therapy hour. It is therefore concluded that with a totally smaller quantity the medications in the clinic in question show autonomy: they have evidently no direct relation to the psychotherapeutical course of treatment.", "PMID": 642855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1425", "title": "Barrier contraceptive practice and male infertility as related factors to breast cancer in married women.", "content": "A case-control study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that a reduced exposure to human seminal factors in the early reproductive life of women is a risk factor in breast cancer. The relative risk of exposure to the hypothetical semen-factor deficiency is 4.7 times greater for breast-cancer patients than for the controls. When the contraceptive methods alone are taken into account, the relative risk increases up to 5.3. About 16 percent of the women using barrier methods (condom, and other) and 3.4 percent of women using non-barrier contraceptive methods (diaphragm, pill, IUDs, rhythm, tubal ligation, and other) would develop breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer within the same population in the U.S. is 5 times greater in women who use barrier methods than in women who use non-barrier contraceptive methods. The reduction in the incidence of breast cancer by eliminating the barrier contraceptive techniques would be not less than 50 percent in married women in the entire population. The possibility of preventive measures within an adequate family planning program is emphasized.", "contents": "Barrier contraceptive practice and male infertility as related factors to breast cancer in married women. A case-control study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that a reduced exposure to human seminal factors in the early reproductive life of women is a risk factor in breast cancer. The relative risk of exposure to the hypothetical semen-factor deficiency is 4.7 times greater for breast-cancer patients than for the controls. When the contraceptive methods alone are taken into account, the relative risk increases up to 5.3. About 16 percent of the women using barrier methods (condom, and other) and 3.4 percent of women using non-barrier contraceptive methods (diaphragm, pill, IUDs, rhythm, tubal ligation, and other) would develop breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer within the same population in the U.S. is 5 times greater in women who use barrier methods than in women who use non-barrier contraceptive methods. The reduction in the incidence of breast cancer by eliminating the barrier contraceptive techniques would be not less than 50 percent in married women in the entire population. The possibility of preventive measures within an adequate family planning program is emphasized.", "PMID": 642850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1426", "title": "[Morbidity patterns in a non-German population (migrant workers) (author's transl)].", "content": "Differing patterns of morbidity are demonstrated in a group of 181 foreign patients (from Turkey, Jugoslavia, Portugal, Italy, Spain) compared to an age matched group of native Germans hospitalized during a given time in the meidcal department of a regional urban hospital. In non-Germans peptic ulcers and severe infections more often lead to hospitalization than native patients. The expected statistical frequency of hospitalization is not different in the two groups investigated. Epidemiologic differences between the two populations are demonstrated by a higher percentage of tuberculosis and work accidents in the foreign group. At present there are no special obstetric problems leading to differing maternal or neonatal mortality. Concomitant imported infections do lead to complications in single cases in the foreign patient group. Parasitic infestation is more often found in the foreign group. Herditary diseases such as minor thalassemia or G-6-PD deficiency are rare as well in foreign patients. Chain infections due to imported poliomyelitis wild virus or salmonellosis have been observed in the foreign population. Epidemiologic progress may be highlighted by the decreasing percentage of hepatitis A and B antibody-positive-population in the central European countries.", "contents": "[Morbidity patterns in a non-German population (migrant workers) (author's transl)]. Differing patterns of morbidity are demonstrated in a group of 181 foreign patients (from Turkey, Jugoslavia, Portugal, Italy, Spain) compared to an age matched group of native Germans hospitalized during a given time in the meidcal department of a regional urban hospital. In non-Germans peptic ulcers and severe infections more often lead to hospitalization than native patients. The expected statistical frequency of hospitalization is not different in the two groups investigated. Epidemiologic differences between the two populations are demonstrated by a higher percentage of tuberculosis and work accidents in the foreign group. At present there are no special obstetric problems leading to differing maternal or neonatal mortality. Concomitant imported infections do lead to complications in single cases in the foreign patient group. Parasitic infestation is more often found in the foreign group. Herditary diseases such as minor thalassemia or G-6-PD deficiency are rare as well in foreign patients. Chain infections due to imported poliomyelitis wild virus or salmonellosis have been observed in the foreign population. Epidemiologic progress may be highlighted by the decreasing percentage of hepatitis A and B antibody-positive-population in the central European countries.", "PMID": 642857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1427", "title": "[Drug prescription and distribution on the wards. Evaluation of questionnaires (author's transl)].", "content": "Weaknesses in the practice of drug prescription and distribution on the wards are presented as the result of this survey. Suggestions for improvement are made which seem suitable for increasing drug safety and reducing drug costs. It should be possible to implement the suggested improvements without much expense. Probably, these improvements would hardly involve any additional time expenditure, since complete documentation, as suggested inter alia, might eliminate time-consuming queries and searching.", "contents": "[Drug prescription and distribution on the wards. Evaluation of questionnaires (author's transl)]. Weaknesses in the practice of drug prescription and distribution on the wards are presented as the result of this survey. Suggestions for improvement are made which seem suitable for increasing drug safety and reducing drug costs. It should be possible to implement the suggested improvements without much expense. Probably, these improvements would hardly involve any additional time expenditure, since complete documentation, as suggested inter alia, might eliminate time-consuming queries and searching.", "PMID": 642858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1428", "title": "A theory on the differentiation of bone-marrow stem cells.", "content": "Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is viewed in parallel with maturation of lymphoid cells. Both processes share many features each occurring within a reticular framework with its component RE cells. RE cells are seen as providing control over stem cell differentiation in marrow thus minimizing stem cell competition by concentrating differentiation stimuli of a particular kind. The differentiation molecules are considered to be histocompatibility and tissue specific antigen components derived from aging or activated mature blood cells. They are probably low molecular weight glycoproteins. Evidence that histocompatibility antigens are of importance in cellular differentiation is presented. The hypothesis presupposes positive feedback mechanisms to bone-marrow with threshold responses being determined by RE cells.", "contents": "A theory on the differentiation of bone-marrow stem cells. Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is viewed in parallel with maturation of lymphoid cells. Both processes share many features each occurring within a reticular framework with its component RE cells. RE cells are seen as providing control over stem cell differentiation in marrow thus minimizing stem cell competition by concentrating differentiation stimuli of a particular kind. The differentiation molecules are considered to be histocompatibility and tissue specific antigen components derived from aging or activated mature blood cells. They are probably low molecular weight glycoproteins. Evidence that histocompatibility antigens are of importance in cellular differentiation is presented. The hypothesis presupposes positive feedback mechanisms to bone-marrow with threshold responses being determined by RE cells.", "PMID": 642851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1429", "title": "[Results of screening for risk factors in a rural community (author's transl)].", "content": "515 women and 372 men from a rural community of 2862 inhabitants over 14 years volunteered to participate in a screening test for risk factors. We found an exceptionally high percentage of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia as well as overweight. Women were more frequently affected than men except for smoking, which occurred 3,6 times more often in men than in women. Since the life expectancy of men in this community was clearly lower than that of women, smoking seems to have the most weight as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "[Results of screening for risk factors in a rural community (author's transl)]. 515 women and 372 men from a rural community of 2862 inhabitants over 14 years volunteered to participate in a screening test for risk factors. We found an exceptionally high percentage of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia as well as overweight. Women were more frequently affected than men except for smoking, which occurred 3,6 times more often in men than in women. Since the life expectancy of men in this community was clearly lower than that of women, smoking seems to have the most weight as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.", "PMID": 642859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1430", "title": "[Hemagglutinins and immunoglobulins in surgical patients and blood donors (author's transl)].", "content": "In our investigations 60 patients with severe consuming surgical illness and 61 patients with tumors, especially of the bowel, have shown distinctly higher values of hemagglutinins and immunoglobulins than 60 other patients with slighter disease and 1181 healthy blood donors. Therefore we conclude that those are able to form much more humoral antibodies as supposed up to now, inspite of their severe illness. The stimulation of their immune-system may be caused by resorption of intestinal mucosa, containing compounds identical to the bloodgroup substances A and B, from ulcera and during surgery, or by resorption of similar bacterial antigens e.g. Common-Antigen. The good humoral situation of the tumor patients contrasts to their supposed insufficient cellular immune defense, not tested by us. Therefore the BCG stimulation is only necessary if an insufficient cellular immune situation is proved. X-rays and cytostatica used without severe indication, will destroy the humoral antibodies found by us.", "contents": "[Hemagglutinins and immunoglobulins in surgical patients and blood donors (author's transl)]. In our investigations 60 patients with severe consuming surgical illness and 61 patients with tumors, especially of the bowel, have shown distinctly higher values of hemagglutinins and immunoglobulins than 60 other patients with slighter disease and 1181 healthy blood donors. Therefore we conclude that those are able to form much more humoral antibodies as supposed up to now, inspite of their severe illness. The stimulation of their immune-system may be caused by resorption of intestinal mucosa, containing compounds identical to the bloodgroup substances A and B, from ulcera and during surgery, or by resorption of similar bacterial antigens e.g. Common-Antigen. The good humoral situation of the tumor patients contrasts to their supposed insufficient cellular immune defense, not tested by us. Therefore the BCG stimulation is only necessary if an insufficient cellular immune situation is proved. X-rays and cytostatica used without severe indication, will destroy the humoral antibodies found by us.", "PMID": 642863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1431", "title": "[Prognosis of thyroid carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of more than 5200 struma resections 2.2% were treated because of thyroid carcinoma. Over a 12 year' period records of 117 patients were analysed. Treatment consisted in radical thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine or radiation therapy and hormone-substitution. Differentiated carcinomas were observed more frequently, primarily extended disease decreased. The mean 5 year survival rate of differentiated tumours was 90%. Changing patterns in thyroid carcinoma, consequent postoperative care and modern radiotherapy after radical thyroidectomy without routine neck-dissection had a favourable effect on these results.", "contents": "[Prognosis of thyroid carcinoma (author's transl)]. Out of more than 5200 struma resections 2.2% were treated because of thyroid carcinoma. Over a 12 year' period records of 117 patients were analysed. Treatment consisted in radical thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine or radiation therapy and hormone-substitution. Differentiated carcinomas were observed more frequently, primarily extended disease decreased. The mean 5 year survival rate of differentiated tumours was 90%. Changing patterns in thyroid carcinoma, consequent postoperative care and modern radiotherapy after radical thyroidectomy without routine neck-dissection had a favourable effect on these results.", "PMID": 642864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1432", "title": "[Postoperative hyperamylasemia: determination of serum isoamylases following surgery of the parotid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative hyperamylasemia is found in 6 to 32% of patients undergoing abdominal and extraabdominal surgery. The minority of these patients exhibited the clinical signs of a postoperative pancreatitis. Isoamylase analysis revealed that the rise was in the pancreatic-type isoamylases or in the salivary-type isoamylases. We found an elevation of serum amylase following surgery of the parotid gland in 18 out of 20 patients, but the amylase levels were still below the normal upper limit. In 12 cases the increase of amylase activity was due to an increase of the salivary and pancreatic components of the serum amylase. 6 patients showed an increase of the pancreatic component only. The causes of the non-specific hyperamylasemia could lie in the operation itself, in the intubation and in pharmacons used during anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Postoperative hyperamylasemia: determination of serum isoamylases following surgery of the parotid gland (author's transl)]. Postoperative hyperamylasemia is found in 6 to 32% of patients undergoing abdominal and extraabdominal surgery. The minority of these patients exhibited the clinical signs of a postoperative pancreatitis. Isoamylase analysis revealed that the rise was in the pancreatic-type isoamylases or in the salivary-type isoamylases. We found an elevation of serum amylase following surgery of the parotid gland in 18 out of 20 patients, but the amylase levels were still below the normal upper limit. In 12 cases the increase of amylase activity was due to an increase of the salivary and pancreatic components of the serum amylase. 6 patients showed an increase of the pancreatic component only. The causes of the non-specific hyperamylasemia could lie in the operation itself, in the intubation and in pharmacons used during anaesthesia.", "PMID": 642865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1433", "title": "Fine structure of the arg-7 ciston in chlamydomonas reinhardi. Complementation between arg-7 mutants defective in argininosuccinate lyase.", "content": "In Chlamydomonas reinhardi, the arg-7 cistron is the structural gene for the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase which catalyzes the last reaction in the biosynthesis of arginine. Fourteen mutants (nine previously analyzed and five new mutants) defective in the lyase have been investigated so far: they all map within a cistron (length: 1.0--1.6 recombination units) of the linkage group I and fall within six groups of complementation. The enzyme activity found in the diploids formed by intragenic complementation was always lower than in wild-type haploid or diploid strains. The study of the denaturation curves obtained by heat treatment of the lyase indicates that in some diploids, several enzyme varieties can be present. These results and those previously obtained with diploids formed by intragenic and intergenic complementation (Matagne and Loppes, 1972; Matagne, 1976) are discussed in relation to the recent data showing that the argininosuccinate lyase is a multimeric enzyme probably composed of five identical polypeptide chains (Matagne and Schl\u00f6sser, 1977).", "contents": "Fine structure of the arg-7 ciston in chlamydomonas reinhardi. Complementation between arg-7 mutants defective in argininosuccinate lyase. In Chlamydomonas reinhardi, the arg-7 cistron is the structural gene for the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase which catalyzes the last reaction in the biosynthesis of arginine. Fourteen mutants (nine previously analyzed and five new mutants) defective in the lyase have been investigated so far: they all map within a cistron (length: 1.0--1.6 recombination units) of the linkage group I and fall within six groups of complementation. The enzyme activity found in the diploids formed by intragenic complementation was always lower than in wild-type haploid or diploid strains. The study of the denaturation curves obtained by heat treatment of the lyase indicates that in some diploids, several enzyme varieties can be present. These results and those previously obtained with diploids formed by intragenic and intergenic complementation (Matagne and Loppes, 1972; Matagne, 1976) are discussed in relation to the recent data showing that the argininosuccinate lyase is a multimeric enzyme probably composed of five identical polypeptide chains (Matagne and Schl\u00f6sser, 1977).", "PMID": 642927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1434", "title": "Effect of drugs on oxidation and precipitation of the isolated chains of human hemoglobin.", "content": "The paper deals with the action of: primaquine, epinephrine, adrenochrome, acetylphenylhydrazine and sulphanilamide on the autoxidation of the isolated chains from human hemoglobin and on the precipitation which follows. The effect of superoxide dismutase and catalase on the drug induced autoxidation allows the assessment of the possible role of O2 derivatives (notably superoxide or peroxide) in the overall reaction mechanism. It is also shown that primaquine and acetylphenylhydrazine enhance precipitation of the isolated oxidized chains, while epinephrine and adrenochrome display a small inhibitory effect on precipitation. These effects do not involve O2 radicals, but have presumably to be related to a destabilizing (or stabilizing) action of the drugs on the structure of the protein.", "contents": "Effect of drugs on oxidation and precipitation of the isolated chains of human hemoglobin. The paper deals with the action of: primaquine, epinephrine, adrenochrome, acetylphenylhydrazine and sulphanilamide on the autoxidation of the isolated chains from human hemoglobin and on the precipitation which follows. The effect of superoxide dismutase and catalase on the drug induced autoxidation allows the assessment of the possible role of O2 derivatives (notably superoxide or peroxide) in the overall reaction mechanism. It is also shown that primaquine and acetylphenylhydrazine enhance precipitation of the isolated oxidized chains, while epinephrine and adrenochrome display a small inhibitory effect on precipitation. These effects do not involve O2 radicals, but have presumably to be related to a destabilizing (or stabilizing) action of the drugs on the structure of the protein.", "PMID": 642935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1435", "title": "Phospholipid composition of human erythrocyte spectrin.", "content": "Human erythrocyte spectrin, which has been extracted at low ionic strength and precipitated at pH 5.1, contains 0.025 mumoles phospholipid/mg protein. The composition of the spectrin-phospholipids differs from that of the erythrocyte membrane. A remarkable similarity was found between the composition of the \"available\" phospholipids of the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer and the spectrin-associated phospholipids. Rebinding studies with 125I-labeled spectrin show that the labeled spectrin binds preferentially to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and that this binding is influenced by protein perturbations.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of human erythrocyte spectrin. Human erythrocyte spectrin, which has been extracted at low ionic strength and precipitated at pH 5.1, contains 0.025 mumoles phospholipid/mg protein. The composition of the spectrin-phospholipids differs from that of the erythrocyte membrane. A remarkable similarity was found between the composition of the \"available\" phospholipids of the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer and the spectrin-associated phospholipids. Rebinding studies with 125I-labeled spectrin show that the labeled spectrin binds preferentially to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and that this binding is influenced by protein perturbations.", "PMID": 642938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1436", "title": "The influence of Ca2+ ions on the difference absorption spectra of phosphorylase kinase.", "content": "A low iodide concentration causes a positive difference band in the 250-260 mm UV range. The effect of Ca2+ changes the direction of difference spectra. The concentration dependence is explained by multistage interaction. The addition of EDTA the solution restores the positive band.", "contents": "The influence of Ca2+ ions on the difference absorption spectra of phosphorylase kinase. A low iodide concentration causes a positive difference band in the 250-260 mm UV range. The effect of Ca2+ changes the direction of difference spectra. The concentration dependence is explained by multistage interaction. The addition of EDTA the solution restores the positive band.", "PMID": 642939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1437", "title": "Preparative density gradient centrifugation of RNA and DNA in cesium sulfate-urea mixture.", "content": "A new procedure is described for a large scale separation and purification of unfixed DNA and RNA from a mixture of partially extracted nucleic acids and lysates of subcellular fractions by centrifugation to equilibrium in cesium sulfate-urea mixture. Optimum conditions are described for the separation and quantative recovery of both RNA and DNA in a pure form. The procedure allows determination of peak buoyant densities of 4-5s RNA, 7-11s mRNA and total cytoplasmic RNA. The procedure also allows fractionation of small molecular weight classes of cytoplasmic RNAs from the 18s and 28s rRNAs.", "contents": "Preparative density gradient centrifugation of RNA and DNA in cesium sulfate-urea mixture. A new procedure is described for a large scale separation and purification of unfixed DNA and RNA from a mixture of partially extracted nucleic acids and lysates of subcellular fractions by centrifugation to equilibrium in cesium sulfate-urea mixture. Optimum conditions are described for the separation and quantative recovery of both RNA and DNA in a pure form. The procedure allows determination of peak buoyant densities of 4-5s RNA, 7-11s mRNA and total cytoplasmic RNA. The procedure also allows fractionation of small molecular weight classes of cytoplasmic RNAs from the 18s and 28s rRNAs.", "PMID": 642942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1438", "title": "[Results of immunotherapy in 244 children with asthma or allergic rhinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of immunotherapy in 244 children with asthma or allergic rhinitis have been evaluated by means of a questionaire directed at the parents. 86,9% of the children showed improvement. Additional information has been obtained about the side-effects of therapy--2,9% regularily showed dyspnoea--, the severity of symptoms before treatment and the influence of age on the above mentioned parameters. The results are discussed, compared with similar studies in adults and possible consequences for future diagnostic measures and therapy are proposed.", "contents": "[Results of immunotherapy in 244 children with asthma or allergic rhinitis (author's transl)]. The results of immunotherapy in 244 children with asthma or allergic rhinitis have been evaluated by means of a questionaire directed at the parents. 86,9% of the children showed improvement. Additional information has been obtained about the side-effects of therapy--2,9% regularily showed dyspnoea--, the severity of symptoms before treatment and the influence of age on the above mentioned parameters. The results are discussed, compared with similar studies in adults and possible consequences for future diagnostic measures and therapy are proposed.", "PMID": 642944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1439", "title": "[Toxicity of cyproheptadine. Side effects and accidental overdosage (author's transl)].", "content": "113 cases of accidental ingestion of cyproheptadine (Nuran) by children have been evaluated. Life threatening alterations have not been observed after doses ranging from 0.3-6.15 (x:1.89) mg per kg of body weight. Somnolence, excitation, hallucinations, ataxia, tachycardia, and muscle twitchings were observed frequently, and occasionally gastric pain, dry mucuous surfaces, mydriasis, and rubeosis of the face were present. Symptoms appeared rapidly after ingestion and generally did not last longer than 6-12 h. When given in therapeutic doses, cyproheptadine reduces the secretion of ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone, lowers blood glucose concentrations, and raises the levels of unesterified free fatty acids. Parents frequently complain about unsatisfactory eating habits of their children, but chronic lack of appetite needing therapeutical attention, in healthy children, is the rare exception. Cyproheptadine is an agent with considerable side effects, and it should be prescribed to children only after very careful deliberation.", "contents": "[Toxicity of cyproheptadine. Side effects and accidental overdosage (author's transl)]. 113 cases of accidental ingestion of cyproheptadine (Nuran) by children have been evaluated. Life threatening alterations have not been observed after doses ranging from 0.3-6.15 (x:1.89) mg per kg of body weight. Somnolence, excitation, hallucinations, ataxia, tachycardia, and muscle twitchings were observed frequently, and occasionally gastric pain, dry mucuous surfaces, mydriasis, and rubeosis of the face were present. Symptoms appeared rapidly after ingestion and generally did not last longer than 6-12 h. When given in therapeutic doses, cyproheptadine reduces the secretion of ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone, lowers blood glucose concentrations, and raises the levels of unesterified free fatty acids. Parents frequently complain about unsatisfactory eating habits of their children, but chronic lack of appetite needing therapeutical attention, in healthy children, is the rare exception. Cyproheptadine is an agent with considerable side effects, and it should be prescribed to children only after very careful deliberation.", "PMID": 642945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1440", "title": "[Acute viral hepatitis in children. Contribution to the epidemiology of HBsAg-positive and -negative hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1968 and 1975 146 patients were admitted to the W\u00fcrzburg University Hospital for Children because of acute viral hepatitis. 123 (85%) turned out to be HBsAg negative (hepatitis non-B), and 23 (15%) HBsAg-positive (hepatitis B), when tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Subtyping HBsAg revealed a trend from subtype D- towards subtype Y-infections. Analyzed retrospectively, 23 of the non-B and 6 of the B patients apparently had contracted their infection from family or household contacts. Amongst the hepatitis non-B patients, another 16 had contacts at school or nursery school, and 12 had spent their holidays in mediterranian countries. In any type of hepatitis 8 patients previously had been in hospital; in 4 of the 8 non-B cases hepatitis type non-A-non-B is discussed. All the persons who were the suspected source of infection for hepatitis non-B seemed to have suffered from acute hepatitis, while in hepatitis B the only two who could be traced, appeared to be chronically infected. In the W\u00fcrzburg area, hepatitis non-B, most likely A predominated during infancy whilst adults mostly suffered from hepatitis B. These differences are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute viral hepatitis in children. Contribution to the epidemiology of HBsAg-positive and -negative hepatitis (author's transl)]. Between 1968 and 1975 146 patients were admitted to the W\u00fcrzburg University Hospital for Children because of acute viral hepatitis. 123 (85%) turned out to be HBsAg negative (hepatitis non-B), and 23 (15%) HBsAg-positive (hepatitis B), when tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Subtyping HBsAg revealed a trend from subtype D- towards subtype Y-infections. Analyzed retrospectively, 23 of the non-B and 6 of the B patients apparently had contracted their infection from family or household contacts. Amongst the hepatitis non-B patients, another 16 had contacts at school or nursery school, and 12 had spent their holidays in mediterranian countries. In any type of hepatitis 8 patients previously had been in hospital; in 4 of the 8 non-B cases hepatitis type non-A-non-B is discussed. All the persons who were the suspected source of infection for hepatitis non-B seemed to have suffered from acute hepatitis, while in hepatitis B the only two who could be traced, appeared to be chronically infected. In the W\u00fcrzburg area, hepatitis non-B, most likely A predominated during infancy whilst adults mostly suffered from hepatitis B. These differences are discussed.", "PMID": 642946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1441", "title": "[Beclomethasone dipropionate seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment of children. A double blind cross over study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind cross over study on 25 children with seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment with Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)-Aerosol was found more effective than placebo. 17 children preferred BDP, two the placebo-aerosol, while 6 had no preferrence. During a period with very high pollen concentrations in the air the effect of BDP-therapy was no longer sufficient.", "contents": "[Beclomethasone dipropionate seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment of children. A double blind cross over study (author's transl)]. In a double-blind cross over study on 25 children with seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment with Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)-Aerosol was found more effective than placebo. 17 children preferred BDP, two the placebo-aerosol, while 6 had no preferrence. During a period with very high pollen concentrations in the air the effect of BDP-therapy was no longer sufficient.", "PMID": 642947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1442", "title": "[Use of the flow-guided catheter to check the course of congenital heart-disease in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1968 a flow-guided-catheter (Pulmocath) was used in 326 examinations of 217 children. This is an excellent method to control the course of congenital heart disease. The findings of children with pulmonary stenosis and with ventricular septal defect are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of the flow-guided catheter to check the course of congenital heart-disease in children (author's transl)]. Since 1968 a flow-guided-catheter (Pulmocath) was used in 326 examinations of 217 children. This is an excellent method to control the course of congenital heart disease. The findings of children with pulmonary stenosis and with ventricular septal defect are discussed.", "PMID": 642948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1443", "title": "[Digoxin intoxication in newborns correlation with digoxin plasma concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "During childhood digitalis glycosides are most frequently used during the newborn period. Within two years, we found evidence of digoxin intoxication in eight newborns. This was suspected when specific electrocardiographic signs developed under digoxin treatment and disappeared either after discontinuation of digoxin alone, or in combination with specific treatment. These eight newborns had plasma digoxin concentrations of 5 ng/ml or more, while the concentrations in unaffected newborns averaged 2.4 ng/ml (premature newborns) and 2.2 ng/ml, (mature newborns). The clinical and pathophysiological features of digoxin intoxication specific to the newborn period are discussed. Despite certain limitations it seems reasonable to check plasma digoxin concentrations during the newborn period, since clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations of a digoxin intoxication are frequently unspecific at this age. A digoxin intoxication is very likely with plasma digoxin concentrations of 5 ng/ml or more, but unlikely with concentrations below 3 ng/ml.", "contents": "[Digoxin intoxication in newborns correlation with digoxin plasma concentration (author's transl)]. During childhood digitalis glycosides are most frequently used during the newborn period. Within two years, we found evidence of digoxin intoxication in eight newborns. This was suspected when specific electrocardiographic signs developed under digoxin treatment and disappeared either after discontinuation of digoxin alone, or in combination with specific treatment. These eight newborns had plasma digoxin concentrations of 5 ng/ml or more, while the concentrations in unaffected newborns averaged 2.4 ng/ml (premature newborns) and 2.2 ng/ml, (mature newborns). The clinical and pathophysiological features of digoxin intoxication specific to the newborn period are discussed. Despite certain limitations it seems reasonable to check plasma digoxin concentrations during the newborn period, since clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations of a digoxin intoxication are frequently unspecific at this age. A digoxin intoxication is very likely with plasma digoxin concentrations of 5 ng/ml or more, but unlikely with concentrations below 3 ng/ml.", "PMID": 642949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1444", "title": "[Case report of a twin-monster, dicephalus, dibrachius (author's transl)].", "content": "The dicephalus dibrachius twin malformation is a rare developmental anomaly. Spontaeous birth is impossible. Prenatal diagnosis of this condition is difficult though essential to prevent danger to the life of the mother. Radiological examination before birth is necessary. Auscultation and bimanual examination only may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of a twin pregnancy, as in this case, where in the end a cesarean sectionwas performed because unseparated twins were suspected.", "contents": "[Case report of a twin-monster, dicephalus, dibrachius (author's transl)]. The dicephalus dibrachius twin malformation is a rare developmental anomaly. Spontaeous birth is impossible. Prenatal diagnosis of this condition is difficult though essential to prevent danger to the life of the mother. Radiological examination before birth is necessary. Auscultation and bimanual examination only may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of a twin pregnancy, as in this case, where in the end a cesarean sectionwas performed because unseparated twins were suspected.", "PMID": 642950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1445", "title": "Unusual dose--response of chromosome abberrations induced in human lymphocytes by very low dose exposures to tritium.", "content": "Leukocyte cultures of human peripheral blood were chronically exposed for 48 h to tritiated water and [3H]thymidine using a wide range of tritium doses, and aberrations in lymphocyte chromosomes at the first metaphases were examined. In the experimental conditions, the types of aberrations induced by radiation emitted from both tritiated water and [3H]thymidine were mostly chromatid types, such as chromatid gaps and deletions. The dose--response relations for chromatid breaks per cell exhibited unusual dose-dependency in both cases. It was demonstrated that at higher dose range the yields of chromatid breaks increased linearly with dose, while those at lower dose range were significantly higher than would be expected by a downward extrapolation from the linear relation. Partial-hit or partial-target kinetic events appears at very low dose exposure.", "contents": "Unusual dose--response of chromosome abberrations induced in human lymphocytes by very low dose exposures to tritium. Leukocyte cultures of human peripheral blood were chronically exposed for 48 h to tritiated water and [3H]thymidine using a wide range of tritium doses, and aberrations in lymphocyte chromosomes at the first metaphases were examined. In the experimental conditions, the types of aberrations induced by radiation emitted from both tritiated water and [3H]thymidine were mostly chromatid types, such as chromatid gaps and deletions. The dose--response relations for chromatid breaks per cell exhibited unusual dose-dependency in both cases. It was demonstrated that at higher dose range the yields of chromatid breaks increased linearly with dose, while those at lower dose range were significantly higher than would be expected by a downward extrapolation from the linear relation. Partial-hit or partial-target kinetic events appears at very low dose exposure.", "PMID": 642962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1446", "title": "Mutagenic and chromosome-breaking effects of azide in barley and human leukocytes.", "content": "Azide (10-3 M, solution buffered at pH 3) is more effective in inducing mutations in embryonic shoots of seeds germinated between 8 and 16 h than in non-germinated seeds and in seeds germinated between 0 and 8 h and 16 to 28 h. This peak of chlorophyll-deficient seedling mutation frequency coincides with maximum frequencies of seeding lethals and DNA replication in the cells of the embryonic shoot. The mutation data suggest azide may only act on replicating DNA. Azide induced no chromosome-aberration frequencies significantly above controls in (1) embryonic shoots of barley seeds germinated for 8--12 h, (2) microspores of barley and (3) human leukocytes. It appears to be a point-mutation mutagen.", "contents": "Mutagenic and chromosome-breaking effects of azide in barley and human leukocytes. Azide (10-3 M, solution buffered at pH 3) is more effective in inducing mutations in embryonic shoots of seeds germinated between 8 and 16 h than in non-germinated seeds and in seeds germinated between 0 and 8 h and 16 to 28 h. This peak of chlorophyll-deficient seedling mutation frequency coincides with maximum frequencies of seeding lethals and DNA replication in the cells of the embryonic shoot. The mutation data suggest azide may only act on replicating DNA. Azide induced no chromosome-aberration frequencies significantly above controls in (1) embryonic shoots of barley seeds germinated for 8--12 h, (2) microspores of barley and (3) human leukocytes. It appears to be a point-mutation mutagen.", "PMID": 642963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1447", "title": "Studies on chemically induced dominant lethality. III. Cytogenetic analyses of TEM-effects on maturing dictyate mouse oocytes.", "content": "A comparative cytogenetic study was done on metaphase-I oocytes and first cleavage mitoses following treatment of young mature female mice with triethylenemelamine (TEM). The ova were collected at intervals ranging from 12 h to 10.5 days after single intraperitoneal injection of TEM. Very few structural aberrations were seen in the metaphase-I cells after TEM treatment. There was, however, a very clear effect on the female genome when first cleavage mitoses were analyzed. The aberrations seen were principally chromatid deletions and interchanges, and their frequency varied with dose and the time between treatment and mating.", "contents": "Studies on chemically induced dominant lethality. III. Cytogenetic analyses of TEM-effects on maturing dictyate mouse oocytes. A comparative cytogenetic study was done on metaphase-I oocytes and first cleavage mitoses following treatment of young mature female mice with triethylenemelamine (TEM). The ova were collected at intervals ranging from 12 h to 10.5 days after single intraperitoneal injection of TEM. Very few structural aberrations were seen in the metaphase-I cells after TEM treatment. There was, however, a very clear effect on the female genome when first cleavage mitoses were analyzed. The aberrations seen were principally chromatid deletions and interchanges, and their frequency varied with dose and the time between treatment and mating.", "PMID": 642964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1448", "title": "The effects of busulphan on the chromosomes of normal human lymphocytes.", "content": "In vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to busulphan (BUS) produced an increase in chromosome aberrations and in sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. The distribution of chromosome breaks throughout the karyotype was non-random and they occurred mainly in the G-negative bands. Certain bands had a marked susceptibility to BUS and comparisons with the human chromosome-break distributions reported for a number of drugs revealed that some of these bands were equally susceptible to other alkylating agents. Both the number of chromosome gaps and breaks and the SCE frequency increased with BUS concentration, but only the SCE dose--response was a clearly defined linear relationship. Therefore a standard SCE dose--response curve was constructed for future comparison with the results of similar investigations of patients on BUS therapy.", "contents": "The effects of busulphan on the chromosomes of normal human lymphocytes. In vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to busulphan (BUS) produced an increase in chromosome aberrations and in sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. The distribution of chromosome breaks throughout the karyotype was non-random and they occurred mainly in the G-negative bands. Certain bands had a marked susceptibility to BUS and comparisons with the human chromosome-break distributions reported for a number of drugs revealed that some of these bands were equally susceptible to other alkylating agents. Both the number of chromosome gaps and breaks and the SCE frequency increased with BUS concentration, but only the SCE dose--response was a clearly defined linear relationship. Therefore a standard SCE dose--response curve was constructed for future comparison with the results of similar investigations of patients on BUS therapy.", "PMID": 642966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1449", "title": "The effects of high and low fluoride diets on the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges.", "content": "A recent report suggests that fluoride has mutagenic activity in mice. To examine the potential clastogenic effect of ingested fluoride, we examined the frequencies of baseline SCE and mitomycin C induced SCE as well as baseline chromsomal aberrations and cell-cycle kinetics in mice raised on high and low fluoride diets. The lack of significant differences in any of these parameters between the two groups of animals indicates that dietary fluoride is not clastogenic and supports the continued use of water fluoridation.", "contents": "The effects of high and low fluoride diets on the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges. A recent report suggests that fluoride has mutagenic activity in mice. To examine the potential clastogenic effect of ingested fluoride, we examined the frequencies of baseline SCE and mitomycin C induced SCE as well as baseline chromsomal aberrations and cell-cycle kinetics in mice raised on high and low fluoride diets. The lack of significant differences in any of these parameters between the two groups of animals indicates that dietary fluoride is not clastogenic and supports the continued use of water fluoridation.", "PMID": 642967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1450", "title": "The use of short-term tests to measure the preventive action of reducing agents on formation and activation of carcinogenic nitroso compounds.", "content": "The effect of reducing agents on the nitrosation of methylguanidine (MG) and on the in vitro activation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was examined by measuring DNA-repair synthesis (unscheduled incorporation of [3h]TdR), shifts in alkaline sucrose gradients, frequency of chromosome aberrations, and clone-forming capacity of cultured human fibroblasts. The reducing agents examined were sodium ascorbate, cysteine, cysteamine, and propyl gallate. Since the short-term bioassays used can be quantitated, it has become relatively easy to detect the inhibitory action of reducing compounds on the nitrosation reaction of MG and metabolic activation (with S-9 preparation) of the precarcinogen DMN, to measure their effective dose range, and to establish the most effective ratios between inhibitory agent and reactant. The results indicate that DNA-repair synthesis is a suitable short-term test for studying the numerous combinations and premutations between several carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic agents, and for estimating the capacity of inhibitory agents to affect formation and activation of chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "The use of short-term tests to measure the preventive action of reducing agents on formation and activation of carcinogenic nitroso compounds. The effect of reducing agents on the nitrosation of methylguanidine (MG) and on the in vitro activation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was examined by measuring DNA-repair synthesis (unscheduled incorporation of [3h]TdR), shifts in alkaline sucrose gradients, frequency of chromosome aberrations, and clone-forming capacity of cultured human fibroblasts. The reducing agents examined were sodium ascorbate, cysteine, cysteamine, and propyl gallate. Since the short-term bioassays used can be quantitated, it has become relatively easy to detect the inhibitory action of reducing compounds on the nitrosation reaction of MG and metabolic activation (with S-9 preparation) of the precarcinogen DMN, to measure their effective dose range, and to establish the most effective ratios between inhibitory agent and reactant. The results indicate that DNA-repair synthesis is a suitable short-term test for studying the numerous combinations and premutations between several carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic agents, and for estimating the capacity of inhibitory agents to affect formation and activation of chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 642968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1451", "title": "Mutagenic effect of orally given AF-2 on embryonic cells in pregnant Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Pregnant hamsters were given various doses of AF-2 by stomach tube; then the cells of their embryos were isolated and cultured in normal medium. Chromosome preparations were made within 24 h after the start of primary culture, and examined for chromosomal aberrations. Marked chromosomal abnormalities were observed in cells of embryos of animals treated with AF-2 at over 20 mg/kg. Samples of surviving cells were also cultured in normal medium for 48 h, and then selected in medium containing 8AG or 6TG. This treatment with AF-2 caused marked dose-dependent induction of 8AG- or 6TG-resistant mutations: mutant colonies were even obtained after a single treatment with 2 mg of AF-2 per kg. These results show that this is a sensitive and useful mammalian system for detecting environmental mutagens.", "contents": "Mutagenic effect of orally given AF-2 on embryonic cells in pregnant Syrian hamsters. Pregnant hamsters were given various doses of AF-2 by stomach tube; then the cells of their embryos were isolated and cultured in normal medium. Chromosome preparations were made within 24 h after the start of primary culture, and examined for chromosomal aberrations. Marked chromosomal abnormalities were observed in cells of embryos of animals treated with AF-2 at over 20 mg/kg. Samples of surviving cells were also cultured in normal medium for 48 h, and then selected in medium containing 8AG or 6TG. This treatment with AF-2 caused marked dose-dependent induction of 8AG- or 6TG-resistant mutations: mutant colonies were even obtained after a single treatment with 2 mg of AF-2 per kg. These results show that this is a sensitive and useful mammalian system for detecting environmental mutagens.", "PMID": 642969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1452", "title": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome after shigellosis. Relation to endotoxemia and circulating immune complexes.", "content": "To investigate three possible causes of the acute hemolysis in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, we studied prospectively 207 children and 34 adults with shigellosis in Bangladesh. Nineteen children showed acute hemolytic anemia, a leukemoid reaction, thrombocytopenia and oliguria; nine other had, in addition, a serum urea nitrogen level of over 100 mg per diciliter. Eight of the nine had pseudomembranous colitis, and six of the nine died. The frequency of bacteremia was similar in all grades of shigellosis. Circulating immune complexes were found in 10 of 20 patients with uncomplicated shigellosis and in four of six with severe hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Limulus assay for endotoxemia was positive in nine of 18 patients with hemolysis (50 per cent) and three of 61 with uncomplicated shigellosis (5 per cent) (P less than 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that severe colitis in shigellosis is associated with circulating endotoxin from the colon producing coagulopathy, renal microangiopathy and hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome after shigellosis. Relation to endotoxemia and circulating immune complexes. To investigate three possible causes of the acute hemolysis in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, we studied prospectively 207 children and 34 adults with shigellosis in Bangladesh. Nineteen children showed acute hemolytic anemia, a leukemoid reaction, thrombocytopenia and oliguria; nine other had, in addition, a serum urea nitrogen level of over 100 mg per diciliter. Eight of the nine had pseudomembranous colitis, and six of the nine died. The frequency of bacteremia was similar in all grades of shigellosis. Circulating immune complexes were found in 10 of 20 patients with uncomplicated shigellosis and in four of six with severe hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Limulus assay for endotoxemia was positive in nine of 18 patients with hemolysis (50 per cent) and three of 61 with uncomplicated shigellosis (5 per cent) (P less than 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that severe colitis in shigellosis is associated with circulating endotoxin from the colon producing coagulopathy, renal microangiopathy and hemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 642973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1453", "title": "Normal chest roentgenograms in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease.", "content": "We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of normal roentgenograms in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung diseases. Of 458 patients with such disorders histologically confirmed, 44, or 9.6 per cent, had normal pre-biopsy films. In this group with normal x-ray films, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis were the most frequent diagnoses. Dyspnea was the principal complaint, and fine rales were common. The vital capacity was reduced in 57 per cent, and the single-breath diffusing capacity in 71 per cent. In half, histological changes and functional impairment were moderately severe. Films may be normal in such cases because isolated foci are too small or too few, because diffuse interstitial or intra-alveolar disease may cast no discrete shadows or because the lesions primarily affect airways or blood vessels. Patients with normal chest roentgenograms and normal mechanics of breathing but with impaired gas exchange should have lung biopsy for early diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "Normal chest roentgenograms in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of normal roentgenograms in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung diseases. Of 458 patients with such disorders histologically confirmed, 44, or 9.6 per cent, had normal pre-biopsy films. In this group with normal x-ray films, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis were the most frequent diagnoses. Dyspnea was the principal complaint, and fine rales were common. The vital capacity was reduced in 57 per cent, and the single-breath diffusing capacity in 71 per cent. In half, histological changes and functional impairment were moderately severe. Films may be normal in such cases because isolated foci are too small or too few, because diffuse interstitial or intra-alveolar disease may cast no discrete shadows or because the lesions primarily affect airways or blood vessels. Patients with normal chest roentgenograms and normal mechanics of breathing but with impaired gas exchange should have lung biopsy for early diagnosis and therapy.", "PMID": 642974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1454", "title": "The Passovoy defect: further characterization of a hereditary hemorrhagic diathesis.", "content": "We studied a coagulation abnormality present in 12 members of five kindreds who bruised easily and bled excessively after minor trauma. Their activated partial thromboplastin times were between 32 and 39 seconds (normal, 22.8 to 28.8 seconds). Prothrombin times, thrombin times, platelet-function tests and the levels of factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen were normal. Within these kindreds inheritance of prolonged partial thromboplastin times followed an autosomal and probably dominant pattern. The prolonged thromboplastin times were corrected by normal plasma and by normal plasma adsorbed with celite, but there was no mutual correction between plasmas of the patients. These subjects shared a common defect in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation that we designate by the proband's surname, Passovoy.", "contents": "The Passovoy defect: further characterization of a hereditary hemorrhagic diathesis. We studied a coagulation abnormality present in 12 members of five kindreds who bruised easily and bled excessively after minor trauma. Their activated partial thromboplastin times were between 32 and 39 seconds (normal, 22.8 to 28.8 seconds). Prothrombin times, thrombin times, platelet-function tests and the levels of factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen were normal. Within these kindreds inheritance of prolonged partial thromboplastin times followed an autosomal and probably dominant pattern. The prolonged thromboplastin times were corrected by normal plasma and by normal plasma adsorbed with celite, but there was no mutual correction between plasmas of the patients. These subjects shared a common defect in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation that we designate by the proband's surname, Passovoy.", "PMID": 643012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1455", "title": "Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged.", "content": "To assess the factors responsible for oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli among elderly persons in institutions, we performed a cross-sectional survey of 407 volunteers, 65 years of age and older, who had not received antimicrobials in the previous four weeks. Colonization increased with level of care: from 9 per cent in independent residents of apartments to 60 per cent in patients on an acute hospital ward (P less than 0.0001). Klebsiella species was found in 41 per cent of those with colonization, Escherichia coli in 24 per cent and enterobacter species in 14 per cent. There was no association between numbers of normal flora and numbers of gram-negative bacilli. Associated with colonization were bladder incontinence, deteriorating or terminal clinical status, inability to walk or perform activities of daily living and incapacitation due to neoplastic, respiratory and cardiac disease (P less than 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that respiratory disease and being bedridden contributed most to colonization.", "contents": "Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged. To assess the factors responsible for oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli among elderly persons in institutions, we performed a cross-sectional survey of 407 volunteers, 65 years of age and older, who had not received antimicrobials in the previous four weeks. Colonization increased with level of care: from 9 per cent in independent residents of apartments to 60 per cent in patients on an acute hospital ward (P less than 0.0001). Klebsiella species was found in 41 per cent of those with colonization, Escherichia coli in 24 per cent and enterobacter species in 14 per cent. There was no association between numbers of normal flora and numbers of gram-negative bacilli. Associated with colonization were bladder incontinence, deteriorating or terminal clinical status, inability to walk or perform activities of daily living and incapacitation due to neoplastic, respiratory and cardiac disease (P less than 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that respiratory disease and being bedridden contributed most to colonization.", "PMID": 643028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1456", "title": "Mortality in selected cities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies.", "content": "Mortality rates (for blacks and whites only) in 24 cities with fluoridated and 22 with non-fluoridated water supplies in the United States were compared for the years 1969-1971. During these three years 570,671 deaths occurred in the cities with fluoridated water; the 1970 reference population in those cities was 15,972,817. The figures for the cities with non-fluoridated water were 351,053 and 11,106,746 respectively, so that the crude death rates for all causes were 1190.9 (fluoridated) and 1053.6 (non-fluoridated) per 100,000 person-years. Adjustments for age, sex and race reduced differences for some causes and removed them for others. Further correction, using analyses of covariance for city characteristics that influence mortality, gave adjusted death rates for all causes of 1123.9 and 1137.1, and for malignant neoplasms 195.3 and 196.9, in the cities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water respectively. I found no evidence of a harmful effect of fluoridation.", "contents": "Mortality in selected cities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies. Mortality rates (for blacks and whites only) in 24 cities with fluoridated and 22 with non-fluoridated water supplies in the United States were compared for the years 1969-1971. During these three years 570,671 deaths occurred in the cities with fluoridated water; the 1970 reference population in those cities was 15,972,817. The figures for the cities with non-fluoridated water were 351,053 and 11,106,746 respectively, so that the crude death rates for all causes were 1190.9 (fluoridated) and 1053.6 (non-fluoridated) per 100,000 person-years. Adjustments for age, sex and race reduced differences for some causes and removed them for others. Further correction, using analyses of covariance for city characteristics that influence mortality, gave adjusted death rates for all causes of 1123.9 and 1137.1, and for malignant neoplasms 195.3 and 196.9, in the cities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water respectively. I found no evidence of a harmful effect of fluoridation.", "PMID": 643029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1457", "title": "Myasthenic antibodies cross-link acetylcholine receptors to accelerate degradation.", "content": "The decrease of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions of myasthenic patients has been attributed to an antibody-mediated autoimmune process that accelerates receptor degradation. We studied the mechanism of this process in skeletal-muscle cultures, using intact antibodies and antibody fragments. Addition of myasthenic IgG or its divalent fragment, F(ab')2, to cultures accelerated the rate of acetylcholine-receptor degradation threefold. By contrast, the monovalent fragment, Fab, from myasthenic serum had no effect on degradation, although it bound to acetylcholine receptors. Addition of a second, \"piggyback\" antibody to cross-link the Fab:receptor complexes resulted in a threefold increase of the degradation rate. Similarly, when acetylcholine receptors with bound alpha-bungarotoxin were cross-linked by the addition of specific antibody against alpha-bungarotoxin, the degradation rate increased approximately threefold. The effect of myasthenic patients' antibodies in accelerating degradation of acetylcholine receptors is attributed to their ability to cross-link the receptors.", "contents": "Myasthenic antibodies cross-link acetylcholine receptors to accelerate degradation. The decrease of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions of myasthenic patients has been attributed to an antibody-mediated autoimmune process that accelerates receptor degradation. We studied the mechanism of this process in skeletal-muscle cultures, using intact antibodies and antibody fragments. Addition of myasthenic IgG or its divalent fragment, F(ab')2, to cultures accelerated the rate of acetylcholine-receptor degradation threefold. By contrast, the monovalent fragment, Fab, from myasthenic serum had no effect on degradation, although it bound to acetylcholine receptors. Addition of a second, \"piggyback\" antibody to cross-link the Fab:receptor complexes resulted in a threefold increase of the degradation rate. Similarly, when acetylcholine receptors with bound alpha-bungarotoxin were cross-linked by the addition of specific antibody against alpha-bungarotoxin, the degradation rate increased approximately threefold. The effect of myasthenic patients' antibodies in accelerating degradation of acetylcholine receptors is attributed to their ability to cross-link the receptors.", "PMID": 643030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1458", "title": "Prediction of chain turns in globular proteins on a hydrophobic basis.", "content": "Peptide chain turns are those parts of a globular protein where the backbone changes its direction. A simple, non-empirical hypothesis is presented to account for both the turns and the hydrophobic core of the protein using only the amino acid sequence.", "contents": "Prediction of chain turns in globular proteins on a hydrophobic basis. Peptide chain turns are those parts of a globular protein where the backbone changes its direction. A simple, non-empirical hypothesis is presented to account for both the turns and the hydrophobic core of the protein using only the amino acid sequence.", "PMID": 643051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1459", "title": "DRB-induced premature termination of late adenovirus transcription.", "content": "Exposure of HeLa cells to 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazde (DRB) late in the course of adenovirus 2 infection results in the inhibition of virus-specific RNA synthesis from all parts of the previously identified, very long (approximately 28 kilobases) late transcriptional unit, except for the first approximately 400-800 nucleotides. It is suggested that DRB acts not as an inhibitor of RNA chain initiation, but rather causes \"premature\" chain termination close to the promoter. A practical aspect of these findings may be that RNA sequences near promoter sites that are responsible for mRNA formation can be isolated from DRB-treated cells.", "contents": "DRB-induced premature termination of late adenovirus transcription. Exposure of HeLa cells to 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazde (DRB) late in the course of adenovirus 2 infection results in the inhibition of virus-specific RNA synthesis from all parts of the previously identified, very long (approximately 28 kilobases) late transcriptional unit, except for the first approximately 400-800 nucleotides. It is suggested that DRB acts not as an inhibitor of RNA chain initiation, but rather causes \"premature\" chain termination close to the promoter. A practical aspect of these findings may be that RNA sequences near promoter sites that are responsible for mRNA formation can be isolated from DRB-treated cells.", "PMID": 643052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1460", "title": "Mechanism of resistance to thiostrepton in the producing-organism Streptomyces azureus.", "content": "An antibiotic-producing organism, Streptomyces azureus, defends itself against its own toxic product by methylating the RNA of its ribosomes.", "contents": "Mechanism of resistance to thiostrepton in the producing-organism Streptomyces azureus. An antibiotic-producing organism, Streptomyces azureus, defends itself against its own toxic product by methylating the RNA of its ribosomes.", "PMID": 643068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1461", "title": "Why do nucleic acids have 3'5' phosphodiester bonds?", "content": "Details of the stereochemistry of the 2'5' and 3'5' dinucleoside monophosphates of polynucleotides have been delineated in aqueous solution using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Incorporation of these experimentally determined geometries into the structure of polynucleotides reveals that the intrinsic spatial configurations of the 2'5' bonds cannot support helical structures whereas the geometries of 3'5' bonds allow the formation of helical configurations for RNA.", "contents": "Why do nucleic acids have 3'5' phosphodiester bonds? Details of the stereochemistry of the 2'5' and 3'5' dinucleoside monophosphates of polynucleotides have been delineated in aqueous solution using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Incorporation of these experimentally determined geometries into the structure of polynucleotides reveals that the intrinsic spatial configurations of the 2'5' bonds cannot support helical structures whereas the geometries of 3'5' bonds allow the formation of helical configurations for RNA.", "PMID": 643069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1462", "title": "The covalent and tertiary structure of bovine liver rhodanese.", "content": "Bovine liver rhodanese is a single polypeptide of 293 amino acids in which the halves of the molecule assume analogous tertiary structures in the absence of substantial sequence homology. The sulphur atom transferred during catalysis is bound in persulphide linkage to Cys-247. Substrate binding seems to involve Arg-186 and Lys-249.", "contents": "The covalent and tertiary structure of bovine liver rhodanese. Bovine liver rhodanese is a single polypeptide of 293 amino acids in which the halves of the molecule assume analogous tertiary structures in the absence of substantial sequence homology. The sulphur atom transferred during catalysis is bound in persulphide linkage to Cys-247. Substrate binding seems to involve Arg-186 and Lys-249.", "PMID": 643076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1463", "title": "Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid.", "content": "The viroid of the potato spindle tuber disease (PSTV) is a covalently closed ring of 359 ribonucleotides. As a result of intramolecular base pairing, a serial arrangement of double-helical sections and internal loops form a unique rod-like secondary structure. PSTV is the first pathogen of a eukaryotic organism for which the complete molecular structure has been established.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid. The viroid of the potato spindle tuber disease (PSTV) is a covalently closed ring of 359 ribonucleotides. As a result of intramolecular base pairing, a serial arrangement of double-helical sections and internal loops form a unique rod-like secondary structure. PSTV is the first pathogen of a eukaryotic organism for which the complete molecular structure has been established.", "PMID": 643081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1464", "title": "Relation between the chemical structure and acute toxicity of 1-phenyl-3-methyltriazenes as activated metabolites during the carcinogenic action of 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazenes.", "content": "The mol LD50 values were correlated with Hammett sigma constants in terms of the Hansen empiric equation 6 for para substituted derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-methyltriazene. Good agreement was achieved and the line slope of the correlation, 0.3, is the same as that found during an identical experiment with derivatives of 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene [1]. This is an indirect evidence that the considered mechanism of the interaction with biological substrate goes through the \"activated carcinogen\" - derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-methyltriazene, formed through the oxidative N-demethylation of the initial 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazenes.", "contents": "Relation between the chemical structure and acute toxicity of 1-phenyl-3-methyltriazenes as activated metabolites during the carcinogenic action of 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazenes. The mol LD50 values were correlated with Hammett sigma constants in terms of the Hansen empiric equation 6 for para substituted derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-methyltriazene. Good agreement was achieved and the line slope of the correlation, 0.3, is the same as that found during an identical experiment with derivatives of 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene [1]. This is an indirect evidence that the considered mechanism of the interaction with biological substrate goes through the \"activated carcinogen\" - derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-methyltriazene, formed through the oxidative N-demethylation of the initial 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazenes.", "PMID": 643120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1465", "title": "The effects of continous irradiation on histological picture and deoxyribonucleoprotein content in spleen of rats.", "content": "The histological picture and deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) content in the spleen of the white male Wistar rats continuously irradiated with the daily dose rates 9.57 mGy (1 R), 95.7 mGy (10 R), 478.5 mGy (50 R) and 657.0 mGy (100 R) were studied. The animals were examined within the day until 60 of irradiation. The number of lymphocytes permanently decreased at the daily dose rates 95.7 mGy and higher ones. The increased activity of reticulum with the simultaneous multiplication of the erythroid cells in the red pulp of spleen was observed at day 10 and 60 of irradiation with 9.57 mGy and 95,7 mGy. Simultaneously DNP content in spleen increased in accordance with the increased activity of reticulum and extramedullar erythropoiesis. The significant decrease in DNP content alter the onset of irradiation with the daily dose rates 478.5 mGy and 957.0 mGy was caused mainly by the fall of lymphocytes. The incidence of eosinophilic leukocytes increased from day 40 irradiation with the daily dose rates 9.57 mGy, 95.7 mGy and 478.5 mGy and decreased with the daily dose rate 957.0 mGy. The plasma cells tended to increase in accordance with the increasing accumulated dose of irradiation with all daily dose rates.", "contents": "The effects of continous irradiation on histological picture and deoxyribonucleoprotein content in spleen of rats. The histological picture and deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) content in the spleen of the white male Wistar rats continuously irradiated with the daily dose rates 9.57 mGy (1 R), 95.7 mGy (10 R), 478.5 mGy (50 R) and 657.0 mGy (100 R) were studied. The animals were examined within the day until 60 of irradiation. The number of lymphocytes permanently decreased at the daily dose rates 95.7 mGy and higher ones. The increased activity of reticulum with the simultaneous multiplication of the erythroid cells in the red pulp of spleen was observed at day 10 and 60 of irradiation with 9.57 mGy and 95,7 mGy. Simultaneously DNP content in spleen increased in accordance with the increased activity of reticulum and extramedullar erythropoiesis. The significant decrease in DNP content alter the onset of irradiation with the daily dose rates 478.5 mGy and 957.0 mGy was caused mainly by the fall of lymphocytes. The incidence of eosinophilic leukocytes increased from day 40 irradiation with the daily dose rates 9.57 mGy, 95.7 mGy and 478.5 mGy and decreased with the daily dose rate 957.0 mGy. The plasma cells tended to increase in accordance with the increasing accumulated dose of irradiation with all daily dose rates.", "PMID": 643121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1466", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by tumor-associated antigen and its modification by serum; IgA as a blocking factor.", "content": "Based on the investigations of patients the migration inhibition assay proved to be a useful method for the detection of antitumorous cellular immunity. Out of the twenty patients tested 15 gave migratory inhibitory effect against specific tumor antigen. In 8 cases out of the above 15 the blocking activity of sera has been proved. This blocking activity is bound to IgA subclass. The complement played an \"unblocking\" role. The modifying role of serum factors in cellular immunity against tumors was discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by tumor-associated antigen and its modification by serum; IgA as a blocking factor. Based on the investigations of patients the migration inhibition assay proved to be a useful method for the detection of antitumorous cellular immunity. Out of the twenty patients tested 15 gave migratory inhibitory effect against specific tumor antigen. In 8 cases out of the above 15 the blocking activity of sera has been proved. This blocking activity is bound to IgA subclass. The complement played an \"unblocking\" role. The modifying role of serum factors in cellular immunity against tumors was discussed.", "PMID": 643122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1467", "title": "Individual serum proteins and acute phase reactants in monoclonal immunoglobulinopathies (a study in patients with IgG myeloma).", "content": "In 92 patients with multiple myeloma and IgG monoclonal proteinemia concentrations of seventeen different serum proteins were specifically determined. Prealbumin, albumin, alpha, HS-glycoprotein, alpha-macroglobulin, transferrin and immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgD were significantly decreased in patients with IgG myeloma. On the contrary the means found for the typical acute phase proteins i.e. haptoglobin, orosomucoid and CRP were significantly elevated. No significant differences were demonstrated for less typical acute phase protients, i.e. alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin and C3-component as well as for hemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein I. CRP values were strongly elevated in some sera, however in majority of patients they were within the normal limits. Negative correlation was found between monoclonal IgG and the most of the studied proteins inclusive immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgD. No correlation was demonstrated between the monoclonal IgG and the triad of typical acute phase proteins. Positive correlation was found between monoclonal IgG and the total serum protein and further among the proteins negatively correlated with monoclonal IgG as well as among the individual acute phase proteins. Explanation of the correlations reported has been suggested.", "contents": "Individual serum proteins and acute phase reactants in monoclonal immunoglobulinopathies (a study in patients with IgG myeloma). In 92 patients with multiple myeloma and IgG monoclonal proteinemia concentrations of seventeen different serum proteins were specifically determined. Prealbumin, albumin, alpha, HS-glycoprotein, alpha-macroglobulin, transferrin and immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgD were significantly decreased in patients with IgG myeloma. On the contrary the means found for the typical acute phase proteins i.e. haptoglobin, orosomucoid and CRP were significantly elevated. No significant differences were demonstrated for less typical acute phase protients, i.e. alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin and C3-component as well as for hemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein I. CRP values were strongly elevated in some sera, however in majority of patients they were within the normal limits. Negative correlation was found between monoclonal IgG and the most of the studied proteins inclusive immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgD. No correlation was demonstrated between the monoclonal IgG and the triad of typical acute phase proteins. Positive correlation was found between monoclonal IgG and the total serum protein and further among the proteins negatively correlated with monoclonal IgG as well as among the individual acute phase proteins. Explanation of the correlations reported has been suggested.", "PMID": 643123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1468", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of butocine.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of Butocine (glycine, N-[1-oxo-5-(1H-purin-6-ylthio)pentyl], ethyl ester) was studied in 8 individuals with malignant tumor after a single oral dose of 500 mg. Butocine is quickly absorbed from the alimentary tract. Highest serum levels were found 45 minutes after administration. Its urinary excretion is very low (2.5 per cent in 15 hours), 1.7 per cent being eliminated 3 hours after administration. Its renal clearance is likwise very low, i.e. 1.5 ml/min compared with endogenous creatinine clearance of 81.2 ml/min.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of butocine. The pharmacokinetics of Butocine (glycine, N-[1-oxo-5-(1H-purin-6-ylthio)pentyl], ethyl ester) was studied in 8 individuals with malignant tumor after a single oral dose of 500 mg. Butocine is quickly absorbed from the alimentary tract. Highest serum levels were found 45 minutes after administration. Its urinary excretion is very low (2.5 per cent in 15 hours), 1.7 per cent being eliminated 3 hours after administration. Its renal clearance is likwise very low, i.e. 1.5 ml/min compared with endogenous creatinine clearance of 81.2 ml/min.", "PMID": 643124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1469", "title": "Drill biopsy in the diagnosis of metastic and primary neoplasms of lymph nodes.", "content": "The author analyses the results of 300 drill biopsies, performed on peripheral lymph nodes of 266 patients. The usefulness of this method in the histological diagnosis of metastatic and primary neoplasms of lymph nodes is assessed. Drill biopsy proves to be especially valuable in the diagnosis of metastatic cancer. By means of the first biopsy, 90.4% of cases of metastatic cancer were diagnosed. In the great majority of cases, the histological type of metastatic neoplasms was precisely defined. Accuracy in the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas was lower. Drill biopsy of peripheral lymph nodes can be performed in outpatients.", "contents": "Drill biopsy in the diagnosis of metastic and primary neoplasms of lymph nodes. The author analyses the results of 300 drill biopsies, performed on peripheral lymph nodes of 266 patients. The usefulness of this method in the histological diagnosis of metastatic and primary neoplasms of lymph nodes is assessed. Drill biopsy proves to be especially valuable in the diagnosis of metastatic cancer. By means of the first biopsy, 90.4% of cases of metastatic cancer were diagnosed. In the great majority of cases, the histological type of metastatic neoplasms was precisely defined. Accuracy in the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas was lower. Drill biopsy of peripheral lymph nodes can be performed in outpatients.", "PMID": 643126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1470", "title": "Anaplastic transformation of medullary thyroid cancer.", "content": "The paper presents a detailed microscopic study of a case of medullary thyroid carcinoma with the loss of amyloid production and of argyrophilic cellular granules combined with the prevalence of giant multinucleated cells in a part of the primary tumor and namely in metastatic deposits. These changes are believed to give evidence of anaplastic dedifferentiation. Similar cases to that reported are reviewed with the conclusion that not only differentiated thyroid cancers but medullary thyroid cancers as well are capable of anaplastic transformation. However rare the medullary thyroid cancers are, they should be diagnosed and radically treated so as to prevent their fatal anaplastic transformation.", "contents": "Anaplastic transformation of medullary thyroid cancer. The paper presents a detailed microscopic study of a case of medullary thyroid carcinoma with the loss of amyloid production and of argyrophilic cellular granules combined with the prevalence of giant multinucleated cells in a part of the primary tumor and namely in metastatic deposits. These changes are believed to give evidence of anaplastic dedifferentiation. Similar cases to that reported are reviewed with the conclusion that not only differentiated thyroid cancers but medullary thyroid cancers as well are capable of anaplastic transformation. However rare the medullary thyroid cancers are, they should be diagnosed and radically treated so as to prevent their fatal anaplastic transformation.", "PMID": 643127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1471", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda-like syndrome in hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "Among 500 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, 6 patients (5 young women and a 49-year-old man) developed bullous dermatosis, 2-54 months after initiating dialysis treatment. The skin lesions occurred mainly in sunlight-exposed areas, and 4 out of the 6 patients showed increased cutaneous fragility in response to trauma. Skin biopsy revealed subepidermal blisters for all of them, and skin immunofluorescence studies were negative for 2 patients. No increase in fecal or red cell coproporhyrin and protoporphyrin levels was found in any of the 6 patients. The syndrome was clinically and histologically indistinguishable from porphyria cutanea tarda.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda-like syndrome in hemodialyzed patients. Among 500 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, 6 patients (5 young women and a 49-year-old man) developed bullous dermatosis, 2-54 months after initiating dialysis treatment. The skin lesions occurred mainly in sunlight-exposed areas, and 4 out of the 6 patients showed increased cutaneous fragility in response to trauma. Skin biopsy revealed subepidermal blisters for all of them, and skin immunofluorescence studies were negative for 2 patients. No increase in fecal or red cell coproporhyrin and protoporphyrin levels was found in any of the 6 patients. The syndrome was clinically and histologically indistinguishable from porphyria cutanea tarda.", "PMID": 643142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1472", "title": "Measurement of urinary renin activity by radioimmunoassay: sequential studies in acute renal failure in man.", "content": "Urinary renin activity (URA) was measured by radioimmunoassay in sequential studies of 5 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) and in 13 normal volunteers. URA was elevated during the oliguric phase of ARF and fell to low levels prior to resolution of oliguria. Plasma renin activity (PRA) varied approximately in response to changes in intravascular volume status. In normal volunteers, the very low URA values did not change following furosemide-induced increases in PRA. A simple, rapid, and accurate method is described for the measurement of URA in humans by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I generated during incubation of urine with homologous plasma substrate. The urinary enzyme exhibited the same properties as purified human renal renin and the incubation product appeared identical to angiotensin I standard. Renin activity in urine was directly proportional to enzyme concentration and no evidence was obtained for interference from other proteolytic activities or from inhibitors or promoters of renin in urine.", "contents": "Measurement of urinary renin activity by radioimmunoassay: sequential studies in acute renal failure in man. Urinary renin activity (URA) was measured by radioimmunoassay in sequential studies of 5 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) and in 13 normal volunteers. URA was elevated during the oliguric phase of ARF and fell to low levels prior to resolution of oliguria. Plasma renin activity (PRA) varied approximately in response to changes in intravascular volume status. In normal volunteers, the very low URA values did not change following furosemide-induced increases in PRA. A simple, rapid, and accurate method is described for the measurement of URA in humans by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I generated during incubation of urine with homologous plasma substrate. The urinary enzyme exhibited the same properties as purified human renal renin and the incubation product appeared identical to angiotensin I standard. Renin activity in urine was directly proportional to enzyme concentration and no evidence was obtained for interference from other proteolytic activities or from inhibitors or promoters of renin in urine.", "PMID": 643143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1473", "title": "Diabetic nephropathy: clinical course and effect of hemodialysis.", "content": "The clinical course of diabetic nephropathy was evaluated in 150 patients and the effect of hemodialysis in 68 of them. Proteinuria was the first sign of renal disease. Once renal dysfunction becomes evident, there is a rapid deterioration leading to dialysis within 3.0 +/- 0.2 years. Hypertension and circulatory congestion are common complications. The hypertension is probably volume dependent. Retinopathy was not invariably present at the onset of renal insufficiency but appeared with progression of renal failure. The course during hemodialysis was complicated by continued progression of diabetic vascular disease manifested by vascular access difficulties, worsening of retinopathy and blindness, and cardio- and cerebrovascular deaths. Mortality was higher than in nondiabetic dialysis patients.", "contents": "Diabetic nephropathy: clinical course and effect of hemodialysis. The clinical course of diabetic nephropathy was evaluated in 150 patients and the effect of hemodialysis in 68 of them. Proteinuria was the first sign of renal disease. Once renal dysfunction becomes evident, there is a rapid deterioration leading to dialysis within 3.0 +/- 0.2 years. Hypertension and circulatory congestion are common complications. The hypertension is probably volume dependent. Retinopathy was not invariably present at the onset of renal insufficiency but appeared with progression of renal failure. The course during hemodialysis was complicated by continued progression of diabetic vascular disease manifested by vascular access difficulties, worsening of retinopathy and blindness, and cardio- and cerebrovascular deaths. Mortality was higher than in nondiabetic dialysis patients.", "PMID": 643144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1474", "title": "[Oligodendroglioma. Clinical course in relation to histological grading].", "content": "The history of 99 patients, operated on for oligodendroglioma, has been related to the microscopic picture of the tumours which were graded in three stages of malignancy. Clinical course and histological grading fit together well. Certain signs and symptoms correlate with the kind of tumour. The prognosis in oligodendroglioma is as bad as in astrocytoma. The danger of recurrence is high, even after radical operation. Radiation therapy is useless.", "contents": "[Oligodendroglioma. Clinical course in relation to histological grading]. The history of 99 patients, operated on for oligodendroglioma, has been related to the microscopic picture of the tumours which were graded in three stages of malignancy. Clinical course and histological grading fit together well. Certain signs and symptoms correlate with the kind of tumour. The prognosis in oligodendroglioma is as bad as in astrocytoma. The danger of recurrence is high, even after radical operation. Radiation therapy is useless.", "PMID": 643146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1475", "title": "The analysis of the intracranial pressure by the concept of the driving pressure from the vascular system.", "content": "In order to understand the pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension, the intracranial pressure (ICP) has usually been studied with the concept of volumetric pressure. In other words, the ICP is held to derive from the volume of the intracranial elements (e.g., brain, blood and cerebrospinal fluid). In this paper, the authors propose a new concept of the so-called driving pressure and apply it to both clinical and experimental studies. The driving pressure (DP) consists of the combined pressure continuously exerted on the ICP by the arterial pressure (ADP) and venous pressure (VP) systems.", "contents": "The analysis of the intracranial pressure by the concept of the driving pressure from the vascular system. In order to understand the pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension, the intracranial pressure (ICP) has usually been studied with the concept of volumetric pressure. In other words, the ICP is held to derive from the volume of the intracranial elements (e.g., brain, blood and cerebrospinal fluid). In this paper, the authors propose a new concept of the so-called driving pressure and apply it to both clinical and experimental studies. The driving pressure (DP) consists of the combined pressure continuously exerted on the ICP by the arterial pressure (ADP) and venous pressure (VP) systems.", "PMID": 643147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1476", "title": "Cavernous angiomas of the skull.", "content": "The authors present a series of 25 cases of haemangioma of the skull and review the literature. Frontal localization was the most frequent, contrary to the data in the literature which suggest predominance in the parietal region. The reported predominance of females has not been confirmed. In the present series the relation of males to females was 17:8. The radiological findings and treatment of haemangiomas are discussed. Direct puncture and injection of contrast medium is the best method of visualization of the tumour. Treatment should be surgical, consisting of total extirpation of the tumour with a margin of healthy tissue. Simple extirpation is indicated only when the soft tissues are involved and there is no bone lesion. Excision en bloc is the tehcnique of choice.", "contents": "Cavernous angiomas of the skull. The authors present a series of 25 cases of haemangioma of the skull and review the literature. Frontal localization was the most frequent, contrary to the data in the literature which suggest predominance in the parietal region. The reported predominance of females has not been confirmed. In the present series the relation of males to females was 17:8. The radiological findings and treatment of haemangiomas are discussed. Direct puncture and injection of contrast medium is the best method of visualization of the tumour. Treatment should be surgical, consisting of total extirpation of the tumour with a margin of healthy tissue. Simple extirpation is indicated only when the soft tissues are involved and there is no bone lesion. Excision en bloc is the tehcnique of choice.", "PMID": 643148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1477", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on CO2-induced hyperaemia (CO2-response) in the rabbit brain.", "content": "It was studied in rabbits whether indomethacin, a prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, influences cerebral hyperaemia induced by inhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2-response). The aim of this experiment was to show whether prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of cerebral vascular tone. The animals were repeatedly ventilated with a CO2-room air mixture before and after the injection of indomethacin solution. Regional cerebral blood flow in one hemisphere was continously measured using a thermo-clearance method. In 10 out of 13 rabbits no effect of indomethacin on the CO2 response could be observed. In the other 3 animals a reduction of the CO2-response only occurred in the 15-45 minutes interval after the indomethacin injection. The authors, however, do not exclude the possibility of this reduction being an artefact. The reasons are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on CO2-induced hyperaemia (CO2-response) in the rabbit brain. It was studied in rabbits whether indomethacin, a prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, influences cerebral hyperaemia induced by inhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2-response). The aim of this experiment was to show whether prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of cerebral vascular tone. The animals were repeatedly ventilated with a CO2-room air mixture before and after the injection of indomethacin solution. Regional cerebral blood flow in one hemisphere was continously measured using a thermo-clearance method. In 10 out of 13 rabbits no effect of indomethacin on the CO2 response could be observed. In the other 3 animals a reduction of the CO2-response only occurred in the 15-45 minutes interval after the indomethacin injection. The authors, however, do not exclude the possibility of this reduction being an artefact. The reasons are discussed.", "PMID": 643149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1478", "title": "Giant intramedullary ependymoma. A case report.", "content": "After a review of the international literature, the authors report a case of intramedullary ependymoma extending from the 1st cervical level to the 1st lumbar level completely removed in a one stage operation. The good functional recovery of the patient is emphasized.", "contents": "Giant intramedullary ependymoma. A case report. After a review of the international literature, the authors report a case of intramedullary ependymoma extending from the 1st cervical level to the 1st lumbar level completely removed in a one stage operation. The good functional recovery of the patient is emphasized.", "PMID": 643150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1479", "title": "Cranial dermal sinuses in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Forty-six cases of cranial dermal sinus found in patients up to 16 years of age are described: forty cases are recorded from the literature, six are personal cases. The clinical anatomical and radiological features, as well as the surgical findings of these unusual cranial congenital lesions are reviewed.", "contents": "Cranial dermal sinuses in childhood and adolescence. Forty-six cases of cranial dermal sinus found in patients up to 16 years of age are described: forty cases are recorded from the literature, six are personal cases. The clinical anatomical and radiological features, as well as the surgical findings of these unusual cranial congenital lesions are reviewed.", "PMID": 643151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1480", "title": "[Surgical treatment of intracranial hematoma in an infant with hemophilia B (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical experience of intracerebral hematoma in an 8-month-old boy with severe hemophilia B, which was not diagnosed preoperatively, was presented. Carotid angiography and removal of hematoma by craniotomy were carried out quite safely under fresh-blood-transfusion. After several months ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed, because of progressing hydrocephalus and multiple porencephaly, this time, under the cover of the factor IX complex. The clinical features of the intracranial hemorrhage in hemophilia were discussed, with analysis of 52 operation cases. Whenever we encounter a patient with intracranial hemorrhage, especially in infancy, hemorrhagic diseases, as hemophilia, must always be borne in mind. Although intracranial hemorrhage is still the most fatal complication of hemophilia, the surgical risk has been greatly diminished by advanced replacement therapy. We stress the need of immediate diagnosis and positive surgical treatment with adequate replacement therapy, if indicated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of intracranial hematoma in an infant with hemophilia B (author's transl)]. Surgical experience of intracerebral hematoma in an 8-month-old boy with severe hemophilia B, which was not diagnosed preoperatively, was presented. Carotid angiography and removal of hematoma by craniotomy were carried out quite safely under fresh-blood-transfusion. After several months ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed, because of progressing hydrocephalus and multiple porencephaly, this time, under the cover of the factor IX complex. The clinical features of the intracranial hemorrhage in hemophilia were discussed, with analysis of 52 operation cases. Whenever we encounter a patient with intracranial hemorrhage, especially in infancy, hemorrhagic diseases, as hemophilia, must always be borne in mind. Although intracranial hemorrhage is still the most fatal complication of hemophilia, the surgical risk has been greatly diminished by advanced replacement therapy. We stress the need of immediate diagnosis and positive surgical treatment with adequate replacement therapy, if indicated.", "PMID": 643159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1481", "title": "The angiographic ocular choroidal crescent: distortion with intraorbital and remote intracranial pathology.", "content": "The ocular choroidal plexus can be identified on virtually all normal internal or common carotid angiograms. Posterior flattening of the choroid is often seen with retrobulbar tumors. This angiographic appearance can also be observed in some patients with papilledema and increased intracranial pressure. In these patients, ampulliform dilatation of the dura and subarachnoid space just posterior to the globe produces a retrobulbar mass effect that can mimic true retrobulbar tumor. Enlargement of the ocular choroid crescent is an unusual angiographic finding and can be seen with intraocular expansile lesions such as unilateral axial high myopia with posterior staphyloma. An abnormally small, shrunken choroidal blush can be seen with microphthalmia, extreme degrees of hyperopia, and in the phthisical eye.", "contents": "The angiographic ocular choroidal crescent: distortion with intraorbital and remote intracranial pathology. The ocular choroidal plexus can be identified on virtually all normal internal or common carotid angiograms. Posterior flattening of the choroid is often seen with retrobulbar tumors. This angiographic appearance can also be observed in some patients with papilledema and increased intracranial pressure. In these patients, ampulliform dilatation of the dura and subarachnoid space just posterior to the globe produces a retrobulbar mass effect that can mimic true retrobulbar tumor. Enlargement of the ocular choroid crescent is an unusual angiographic finding and can be seen with intraocular expansile lesions such as unilateral axial high myopia with posterior staphyloma. An abnormally small, shrunken choroidal blush can be seen with microphthalmia, extreme degrees of hyperopia, and in the phthisical eye.", "PMID": 643168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1482", "title": "Microradiographic study of cerebral and ocular aneurysms in hypertensive rabbits.", "content": "Cerebral and ocular microaneurysms were produced in rabbits made hypertensive by surgically induced silk-turpentine perinephritis combined with contralateral nephrectomy 7 days later. The aneurysms distributed throughout the brain and iris were studied by microradiography; a few representative aneurysms selected from the microradiographs were studied histologically. The microradiographic findings and histological sections correlated well. Intracranial microaneurysms were multiple and frequently located in the basal ganglia and near the cortex. Arterial changes in the iris paralleled intracranial arterial changes in degree and type except for the addition of hemorrhage around some microaneurysms. The results of this study show the potential of microradiography and histological sections guided by microradiography for studying the natural history of hypertensive arterial lesions and support the contention that hypertension, microaneurysms and intracerebral hemorrhages are related.", "contents": "Microradiographic study of cerebral and ocular aneurysms in hypertensive rabbits. Cerebral and ocular microaneurysms were produced in rabbits made hypertensive by surgically induced silk-turpentine perinephritis combined with contralateral nephrectomy 7 days later. The aneurysms distributed throughout the brain and iris were studied by microradiography; a few representative aneurysms selected from the microradiographs were studied histologically. The microradiographic findings and histological sections correlated well. Intracranial microaneurysms were multiple and frequently located in the basal ganglia and near the cortex. Arterial changes in the iris paralleled intracranial arterial changes in degree and type except for the addition of hemorrhage around some microaneurysms. The results of this study show the potential of microradiography and histological sections guided by microradiography for studying the natural history of hypertensive arterial lesions and support the contention that hypertension, microaneurysms and intracerebral hemorrhages are related.", "PMID": 643169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1483", "title": "Duplicate origin of left vertebral artery.", "content": "A verified case of duplicate origin of the left vertebral artery in association with a large aneurysm arising from the aortic arch immediately distal to the left subclavian artery is presented. An anomalous left vertebral artery arises directly from the aortic arch between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries, and joins with the normal left vertebral artery in the transverse foramen of the fifth cervical vertebra.", "contents": "Duplicate origin of left vertebral artery. A verified case of duplicate origin of the left vertebral artery in association with a large aneurysm arising from the aortic arch immediately distal to the left subclavian artery is presented. An anomalous left vertebral artery arises directly from the aortic arch between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries, and joins with the normal left vertebral artery in the transverse foramen of the fifth cervical vertebra.", "PMID": 643170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1484", "title": "The occipital artery. Anatomy--normal arteriographic aspects--embryological significance.", "content": "An anatomical and radioanatomical study of the intracranial branches of the occipital artery is presented and attempt to systematize the muscular branches of the occipital trunk and its vertebral anastomosis. An embryological hypothesis is presented to explain and memorize all the artrial variations of this area.", "contents": "The occipital artery. Anatomy--normal arteriographic aspects--embryological significance. An anatomical and radioanatomical study of the intracranial branches of the occipital artery is presented and attempt to systematize the muscular branches of the occipital trunk and its vertebral anastomosis. An embryological hypothesis is presented to explain and memorize all the artrial variations of this area.", "PMID": 643171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1485", "title": "Bilateral dural arteriovenous fistula in the region of the cavernous sinus.", "content": "The case of a patient with a fistula between the left internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and another fistula between the right external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, is reported. The clinical symptomatology, which was of spontaneous onset, was unilateral and consisted of exophthalmos and injection of the conjunctiva on the left side. Almost complete remission occurred after angiography.", "contents": "Bilateral dural arteriovenous fistula in the region of the cavernous sinus. The case of a patient with a fistula between the left internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and another fistula between the right external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, is reported. The clinical symptomatology, which was of spontaneous onset, was unilateral and consisted of exophthalmos and injection of the conjunctiva on the left side. Almost complete remission occurred after angiography.", "PMID": 643172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1486", "title": "[Stable contrast B-scan in thyroid diagnosis].", "content": "A new technique of bidimensional reproduction (B-Scan) is proposed. This is based on successive impressions on the same photogram of the same sections carried out at different amplification and on different frequencies. Frequency and amplification variations are based on constant A-Scan control for the bidimensional detection of echoes which at low frequency and weak amplification are not memorized.", "contents": "[Stable contrast B-scan in thyroid diagnosis]. A new technique of bidimensional reproduction (B-Scan) is proposed. This is based on successive impressions on the same photogram of the same sections carried out at different amplification and on different frequencies. Frequency and amplification variations are based on constant A-Scan control for the bidimensional detection of echoes which at low frequency and weak amplification are not memorized.", "PMID": 643212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1487", "title": "[Case of Pelger-Huet anomaly in its exceptional homozygotic variant].", "content": "After briefly recalling the cytomorphological aspects of Pelger-Huet anomaly, its statistical occurrence, the modalities of hereditary transmission and its differentiation from pseudo-Pelger, a case of the homozygotic variant is reported. The practical and theoretical importance of the anomaly is commented on briefly.", "contents": "[Case of Pelger-Huet anomaly in its exceptional homozygotic variant]. After briefly recalling the cytomorphological aspects of Pelger-Huet anomaly, its statistical occurrence, the modalities of hereditary transmission and its differentiation from pseudo-Pelger, a case of the homozygotic variant is reported. The practical and theoretical importance of the anomaly is commented on briefly.", "PMID": 643213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1488", "title": "[Old or elderly?].", "content": "The factors involved in and the significance of the so-called \"aging\" phenomenon, with particular regard to its manifestations in Italy and Sicily are discussed with particular regard to the different meaning of \"being elderly\" as a biological and clinical phenomenon linked with considerable individual variations to aging, and \"being old\", as a social and psychological exclusion factor connected with the essentially segregational and excluding attitude of society in general with regard to the old. The conditions for preventing a state of \"being old\" are indicated in terms of geriatrics methodology, sociosanitary aspects connected with health service structures, and personal aspects involving the responsibility of the aging man.", "contents": "[Old or elderly?]. The factors involved in and the significance of the so-called \"aging\" phenomenon, with particular regard to its manifestations in Italy and Sicily are discussed with particular regard to the different meaning of \"being elderly\" as a biological and clinical phenomenon linked with considerable individual variations to aging, and \"being old\", as a social and psychological exclusion factor connected with the essentially segregational and excluding attitude of society in general with regard to the old. The conditions for preventing a state of \"being old\" are indicated in terms of geriatrics methodology, sociosanitary aspects connected with health service structures, and personal aspects involving the responsibility of the aging man.", "PMID": 643214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1489", "title": "[Neurologic complications of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Neurological complications in the light of their clinical and topographical pattern are discussed with regard to the literature and 40 personal cases. Peripheral neuropathy is the most common (average frequency 26%). The main clinical, anatomical, histological and pathogenetic features of polyneuritis in diabetes are illustrated. Diabetic amyotrophy is a true clinical entity, though its site (neural or muscular) and pathogenesis are still the subject of discussion. Cranial nerve damage (oculomotor paralysis in particular) has the typical clinical, anatomical and histological picture of peripheral forms. Myelopathy leads to three distinct anatomical and clinical patterns: pseudo-tabes caused by degeneration of the roots and posterior cords; chronic anterior poliomyelitis due to degeneration of the cells of the anterior cornua; myelosis attributable to combined degeneration of the posterior and anterolateral cords. The main features of encephalopathy and the relation between epilepsy and diabetes are also examined.", "contents": "[Neurologic complications of diabetes mellitus]. Neurological complications in the light of their clinical and topographical pattern are discussed with regard to the literature and 40 personal cases. Peripheral neuropathy is the most common (average frequency 26%). The main clinical, anatomical, histological and pathogenetic features of polyneuritis in diabetes are illustrated. Diabetic amyotrophy is a true clinical entity, though its site (neural or muscular) and pathogenesis are still the subject of discussion. Cranial nerve damage (oculomotor paralysis in particular) has the typical clinical, anatomical and histological picture of peripheral forms. Myelopathy leads to three distinct anatomical and clinical patterns: pseudo-tabes caused by degeneration of the roots and posterior cords; chronic anterior poliomyelitis due to degeneration of the cells of the anterior cornua; myelosis attributable to combined degeneration of the posterior and anterolateral cords. The main features of encephalopathy and the relation between epilepsy and diabetes are also examined.", "PMID": 643215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1490", "title": "[Clinical significance of the determination of serum phosphohexose isomerase in malignant neoplasms].", "content": "The results of a preliminary study on the serous level of PHI in patients undergoing treatment at the Catania Oncology Institute are reported. Of 53 subjects with ongoing cancer, higher than normal values were encountered in 70% of cases. This percentage rose to 82.3% in cancer patients with metastasis affecting the skeleton. Of 12 subjects who underwent mastectomy with no clinical signs of recurrence only three showed abnormal values while in no case of fibrocystic mastopathy were levels higher than normal observed. A constant correlation was identified between effectiveness of surgical, radiotherapeutical or medical treatment and reduction in serous level of PHI. The usefulness of this investigation in oncology is thus confirmed.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of the determination of serum phosphohexose isomerase in malignant neoplasms]. The results of a preliminary study on the serous level of PHI in patients undergoing treatment at the Catania Oncology Institute are reported. Of 53 subjects with ongoing cancer, higher than normal values were encountered in 70% of cases. This percentage rose to 82.3% in cancer patients with metastasis affecting the skeleton. Of 12 subjects who underwent mastectomy with no clinical signs of recurrence only three showed abnormal values while in no case of fibrocystic mastopathy were levels higher than normal observed. A constant correlation was identified between effectiveness of surgical, radiotherapeutical or medical treatment and reduction in serous level of PHI. The usefulness of this investigation in oncology is thus confirmed.", "PMID": 643216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1491", "title": "[Positive effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on the biohumoral clinical aspect of cholesterin calculosis of the gallbladder].", "content": "The efficacy and possible sideeffects of chenodeoxycholic acid have been studied in 35 patients with biliary calculosis lithiasis. In 53% of the cases treated for six months or more partial or complete gallstone dissolution was observed. The action of this drug on hematic triglyceride level and on severity and frequency of the hypostenic dyspeptic symptoms and biliary colic is interesting from the viewpoint of new therapeutic prospects. Diarrhea has been the only relevant side-effect.", "contents": "[Positive effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on the biohumoral clinical aspect of cholesterin calculosis of the gallbladder]. The efficacy and possible sideeffects of chenodeoxycholic acid have been studied in 35 patients with biliary calculosis lithiasis. In 53% of the cases treated for six months or more partial or complete gallstone dissolution was observed. The action of this drug on hematic triglyceride level and on severity and frequency of the hypostenic dyspeptic symptoms and biliary colic is interesting from the viewpoint of new therapeutic prospects. Diarrhea has been the only relevant side-effect.", "PMID": 643217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1492", "title": "[Voluntuary stramonium poisoning. 2 clinical cases].", "content": "Two cases of acute voluptuary poisoning by infusions of dry leaves of stramonium are reported. Symptomatology was characterized by confusion and hallucination (visual hallucinations, loss of space-time relationships, etc.) associated with neurovegetal symptomatology ascribable to the active principles contained in the preparation used: mydriasis, disturbances in visual accomodation, dryness of the fauces. Tachycardia was observed in one case, bradycardia in the other. Symptoms were resolved in one case by administration of neuroleptics, and spontaneously in the other after about 12 hours. A brief description of the preparation employed is given, and risk of poisoning stressed.", "contents": "[Voluntuary stramonium poisoning. 2 clinical cases]. Two cases of acute voluptuary poisoning by infusions of dry leaves of stramonium are reported. Symptomatology was characterized by confusion and hallucination (visual hallucinations, loss of space-time relationships, etc.) associated with neurovegetal symptomatology ascribable to the active principles contained in the preparation used: mydriasis, disturbances in visual accomodation, dryness of the fauces. Tachycardia was observed in one case, bradycardia in the other. Symptoms were resolved in one case by administration of neuroleptics, and spontaneously in the other after about 12 hours. A brief description of the preparation employed is given, and risk of poisoning stressed.", "PMID": 643218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1493", "title": "[Oogenesis in Hydra. III. The growth and fusion of the oocytes].", "content": "The ultrastructure of oocytes in Hydra has been studied prior to the beginning of their phagocytic activity. The formation of Golgi complexes and vacuolar system by means of the rough endoplasmic reticulum budding and the formation of numerous enzymatic granules within the Golgi complex are considered with respect to the preparation of cells for the processes of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of structures. The oocyte situated in the center of each accumulation of syncytially connected cells, descendants of one interstitial cell, becomes the egg, whereas all others are consumed by it and transform into endocytes. The partial and complete confluence of oocytes is described. In the first case, a part of cytoplasm of the cells surrounding the growing oocyte is torn away and included in this oocyte. In the second case, the confluence of large oocytes containing endocytes in their cytoplasm takes place. The growing oocyte forms pseudopodia and cytoplasmic processes which move apart the epithelial-muscle cells, reach the mesogloea and come in contact with the gastroderm cells. The role of these contacts in the oocyte growth is discussed.", "contents": "[Oogenesis in Hydra. III. The growth and fusion of the oocytes]. The ultrastructure of oocytes in Hydra has been studied prior to the beginning of their phagocytic activity. The formation of Golgi complexes and vacuolar system by means of the rough endoplasmic reticulum budding and the formation of numerous enzymatic granules within the Golgi complex are considered with respect to the preparation of cells for the processes of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of structures. The oocyte situated in the center of each accumulation of syncytially connected cells, descendants of one interstitial cell, becomes the egg, whereas all others are consumed by it and transform into endocytes. The partial and complete confluence of oocytes is described. In the first case, a part of cytoplasm of the cells surrounding the growing oocyte is torn away and included in this oocyte. In the second case, the confluence of large oocytes containing endocytes in their cytoplasm takes place. The growing oocyte forms pseudopodia and cytoplasmic processes which move apart the epithelial-muscle cells, reach the mesogloea and come in contact with the gastroderm cells. The role of these contacts in the oocyte growth is discussed.", "PMID": 643242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1494", "title": "[Comparative study of the changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic spectra in the course of organogenesis in mice].", "content": "The dynamics of changes in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) spectra during organogenesis in CBA mice has been studied by means of ultramicroelectrophoresis. The embryonic period of development is characterized by the predominance of cathodic isozymes (LDH-5 and LDH-4) in all the organs under study. The increase of anodic isozymes (LDH-1 and LDH-2) takes place in the heart, kidneys and brain as the development proceeds. The first reliable differences in the LDH spectra of different organs appear on the 11th day of embryogenesis. On the basis of comparison with the help of criterion gamma, the LDH spectra of the organs under study can be divided into two groups: I--heart, lungs, kidneys and brain (tendency towards the increase of H-subunits) and II--intestine, liver and muscles (tendency towards the increase of of M-subunits). The LDH spectra of adult animals are divided into 4 distinct groups: I--heart and kidneys, II--brain, III--lungs and muscles, IV--liver.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic spectra in the course of organogenesis in mice]. The dynamics of changes in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) spectra during organogenesis in CBA mice has been studied by means of ultramicroelectrophoresis. The embryonic period of development is characterized by the predominance of cathodic isozymes (LDH-5 and LDH-4) in all the organs under study. The increase of anodic isozymes (LDH-1 and LDH-2) takes place in the heart, kidneys and brain as the development proceeds. The first reliable differences in the LDH spectra of different organs appear on the 11th day of embryogenesis. On the basis of comparison with the help of criterion gamma, the LDH spectra of the organs under study can be divided into two groups: I--heart, lungs, kidneys and brain (tendency towards the increase of H-subunits) and II--intestine, liver and muscles (tendency towards the increase of of M-subunits). The LDH spectra of adult animals are divided into 4 distinct groups: I--heart and kidneys, II--brain, III--lungs and muscles, IV--liver.", "PMID": 643243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1495", "title": "[Change in the tissue spectrum of carboxylic ester esterases in the postnatal period in rats].", "content": "A comparative investigation of the composition of electrophoretic fractions of esterases of compound ethers of carbonic acids has been carried out in the rat tissues. Carboxyl, aryl, acetyl and choline esterases were identified by the sensitivity to inhibitors. Changes in the composition of these esterases during the postnatal period were followed.", "contents": "[Change in the tissue spectrum of carboxylic ester esterases in the postnatal period in rats]. A comparative investigation of the composition of electrophoretic fractions of esterases of compound ethers of carbonic acids has been carried out in the rat tissues. Carboxyl, aryl, acetyl and choline esterases were identified by the sensitivity to inhibitors. Changes in the composition of these esterases during the postnatal period were followed.", "PMID": 643244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1496", "title": "[Effect of prednisolone injections in early postnatal ontogeny on the circadian rhythm of corticosteroid function in adult rats].", "content": "The effect of prednisolone injections during the early postnatal ontogenesis on the diurnal rhythm of corticosteroid function and stress reactivity in adult animals has been studied in rats. The injections of prednisolone to 7--9 days old rats resulted in the subsequent disturbance of diurnal rhythmicity in the suprarenal cortex functioning: the diurnal fluctuations of the content of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma are smoothed out; the diurnal changes in the hormonal reaction to the stress stimulation disappear. This disturbance appears to be due to changes in the central mechanisms of the control of hypophysis-suprarenal system. The reactivity of this system per se suffered no changes.", "contents": "[Effect of prednisolone injections in early postnatal ontogeny on the circadian rhythm of corticosteroid function in adult rats]. The effect of prednisolone injections during the early postnatal ontogenesis on the diurnal rhythm of corticosteroid function and stress reactivity in adult animals has been studied in rats. The injections of prednisolone to 7--9 days old rats resulted in the subsequent disturbance of diurnal rhythmicity in the suprarenal cortex functioning: the diurnal fluctuations of the content of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma are smoothed out; the diurnal changes in the hormonal reaction to the stress stimulation disappear. This disturbance appears to be due to changes in the central mechanisms of the control of hypophysis-suprarenal system. The reactivity of this system per se suffered no changes.", "PMID": 643245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1497", "title": "[Effect of experimental arrest of eye growth on the proliferation and polyploidization of the retinal pigment epithelium in rats].", "content": "Following the lens removal from the left eye of the newborn rats, animals were obtained with one normal (control) and another microphtalmic eye. The animals were sacrificed on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days of postnatal development after four injections of 3H-thymidine during 19 hrs. The number of labelled nuclei and mono- and binuclear cells in the central zone of the eye fundus was counted on the autographs. After the initial increase of the index of labelled nuclei in the operated eyes (on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th days) it fell below the control level (on the 7th and 9th days). The number of binuclear cells in the operated eyes, as well as in the control, attains on the 5th day 50% of the total number of cells and remains at this level up to the end of the experiment, whereas in the control eyes the number of binuclear cells increases up to 60% on the 7th and 80% on the 9th day. The results obtained have shown that in rats the factors of total eye growth participate in the control of proliferative activity and polyploidization of the pigment epithelium cells in the retina.", "contents": "[Effect of experimental arrest of eye growth on the proliferation and polyploidization of the retinal pigment epithelium in rats]. Following the lens removal from the left eye of the newborn rats, animals were obtained with one normal (control) and another microphtalmic eye. The animals were sacrificed on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days of postnatal development after four injections of 3H-thymidine during 19 hrs. The number of labelled nuclei and mono- and binuclear cells in the central zone of the eye fundus was counted on the autographs. After the initial increase of the index of labelled nuclei in the operated eyes (on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th days) it fell below the control level (on the 7th and 9th days). The number of binuclear cells in the operated eyes, as well as in the control, attains on the 5th day 50% of the total number of cells and remains at this level up to the end of the experiment, whereas in the control eyes the number of binuclear cells increases up to 60% on the 7th and 80% on the 9th day. The results obtained have shown that in rats the factors of total eye growth participate in the control of proliferative activity and polyploidization of the pigment epithelium cells in the retina.", "PMID": 643246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1498", "title": "[Melanin granule metabolism in the iris and retinal pigment epithelium in adult tritions after completion of eye regeneration].", "content": "It was concluded that the newly synthesized melanin granules were replaced in the pigmented tissues of the newt eye on the basis of redistribution of the cells of pigment epithelium of retina and iris labelled by 3H-DOPA 2.5 and 6.5 months after the isotope injection. The replacement of melanin granules and, correspondingly, melanin synthesis proceed more actively in the peripheral zones of the pigment epithelium of retina. The depigmentation of cells preceding the melanin synthesis appears to be realized with the participation of macrophages.", "contents": "[Melanin granule metabolism in the iris and retinal pigment epithelium in adult tritions after completion of eye regeneration]. It was concluded that the newly synthesized melanin granules were replaced in the pigmented tissues of the newt eye on the basis of redistribution of the cells of pigment epithelium of retina and iris labelled by 3H-DOPA 2.5 and 6.5 months after the isotope injection. The replacement of melanin granules and, correspondingly, melanin synthesis proceed more actively in the peripheral zones of the pigment epithelium of retina. The depigmentation of cells preceding the melanin synthesis appears to be realized with the participation of macrophages.", "PMID": 643247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1499", "title": "[Dynamics of neurospecific protein S-100 accumulation in the brain of AKR/J and DBA/2J strain mice in the process of postnatal development].", "content": "The content of total S-100 protein and its water-soluble fraction was determined in the brain of DBA/2J and AKR/J mice during postnatal development. Reliable differences between the two strains were found in the content of total S-100 protein (from the 27th day after birth on) and its water-soluble fraction (from the 35th day).", "contents": "[Dynamics of neurospecific protein S-100 accumulation in the brain of AKR/J and DBA/2J strain mice in the process of postnatal development]. The content of total S-100 protein and its water-soluble fraction was determined in the brain of DBA/2J and AKR/J mice during postnatal development. Reliable differences between the two strains were found in the content of total S-100 protein (from the 27th day after birth on) and its water-soluble fraction (from the 35th day).", "PMID": 643248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1500", "title": "[Cell proliferation study at various stages of gastrulation in axolotl embryos].", "content": "A study of cell proliferation in different regions of axolotl embryos has shown a rather uniform distribution of the S phase and mitotic indices in the animal half of the early and midgastrulae. The dorsal blastoporal lip is characterized by a very low S phase index as compared with the other regions of the embryo.", "contents": "[Cell proliferation study at various stages of gastrulation in axolotl embryos]. A study of cell proliferation in different regions of axolotl embryos has shown a rather uniform distribution of the S phase and mitotic indices in the animal half of the early and midgastrulae. The dorsal blastoporal lip is characterized by a very low S phase index as compared with the other regions of the embryo.", "PMID": 643249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1501", "title": "Surgical complications of pars plana vitreous surgery.", "content": "Evaluation of 200 consecutive pars plana vitrectomies shows delayed corneal epithelial healing after intentional scraping and formation of a posterior subcapsular cataract, presumably due to exposure to inadequate infusion fluids. Posterior retinal holes occur frequently, whereas entrance site complications have been reduced to an acceptable minimum. Temporary rise in intraocular pressure is common.", "contents": "Surgical complications of pars plana vitreous surgery. Evaluation of 200 consecutive pars plana vitrectomies shows delayed corneal epithelial healing after intentional scraping and formation of a posterior subcapsular cataract, presumably due to exposure to inadequate infusion fluids. Posterior retinal holes occur frequently, whereas entrance site complications have been reduced to an acceptable minimum. Temporary rise in intraocular pressure is common.", "PMID": 643250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1502", "title": "Late complications of pars plana vitreous surgery.", "content": "Late complications (following hospital discharge) occurring in 206 consecutive pars plana vitrectomy cases, comprising a subgroup of 100 consecutive cases for diabetic retinopathy, are reviewed. Ocular hypertension, occurring as neovascular glaucoma, was present in 18% of diabetic eyes, but other causes of ocular hypertension gave an overall incidence of 26%. Electron microscopy, scanning, and transmission photographs document the devastating ocular neovascularization occurring postvitrectomy.", "contents": "Late complications of pars plana vitreous surgery. Late complications (following hospital discharge) occurring in 206 consecutive pars plana vitrectomy cases, comprising a subgroup of 100 consecutive cases for diabetic retinopathy, are reviewed. Ocular hypertension, occurring as neovascular glaucoma, was present in 18% of diabetic eyes, but other causes of ocular hypertension gave an overall incidence of 26%. Electron microscopy, scanning, and transmission photographs document the devastating ocular neovascularization occurring postvitrectomy.", "PMID": 643251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1503", "title": "Complications of phacoemulsification.", "content": "Charles Kelman performed the first phacoemulsification operation in 1967, but it was not until 1971 that the technique had been sufficiently refined to allow its use by others. Now over 2,000 surgeons have been trained in the technique, and more than 100,000 cases have been performed. However, extended follow-up in any given series has been difficult because of the wide geographic distribution of patients, and interpretation is hampered by the frequent insertion of intraocular lenses in these patients. The present series attempts to carefully document operative and postoperative complications encountered in a consecutive series of patients whose senile cataracts were treated by phacoemulsification.", "contents": "Complications of phacoemulsification. Charles Kelman performed the first phacoemulsification operation in 1967, but it was not until 1971 that the technique had been sufficiently refined to allow its use by others. Now over 2,000 surgeons have been trained in the technique, and more than 100,000 cases have been performed. However, extended follow-up in any given series has been difficult because of the wide geographic distribution of patients, and interpretation is hampered by the frequent insertion of intraocular lenses in these patients. The present series attempts to carefully document operative and postoperative complications encountered in a consecutive series of patients whose senile cataracts were treated by phacoemulsification.", "PMID": 643252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1504", "title": "Retinal detachment following phacoemulsification.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 1,500 eyes in which phacoemulsification had been performed, the incidence of subsequent retinal detachment was 3.6%. Vitreous loss occurred in 4.2% (63) of the 1,500 cases, and in this group of eyes the incidence of retinal detachment was 14% (9). The characteristics of retinal breaks and the configurations of retinal detachments following phacoemulsification were in general similar to cases following intracapsular surgery. The surgical reattachment rates in these eyes compared favorably to previous reports on the repair of retinal detachments.", "contents": "Retinal detachment following phacoemulsification. In a consecutive series of 1,500 eyes in which phacoemulsification had been performed, the incidence of subsequent retinal detachment was 3.6%. Vitreous loss occurred in 4.2% (63) of the 1,500 cases, and in this group of eyes the incidence of retinal detachment was 14% (9). The characteristics of retinal breaks and the configurations of retinal detachments following phacoemulsification were in general similar to cases following intracapsular surgery. The surgical reattachment rates in these eyes compared favorably to previous reports on the repair of retinal detachments.", "PMID": 643253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1505", "title": "A one-year follow-up of cystoid macular edema following intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Retrospective and prospective techniques were used to analyze a consecutive series of 406 eyes to identify factors contributing to cystoid macular edema following lens implantation. Vitreous loss and rupture of the posterior capsule were highly significant in the production and persistence of this complication.", "contents": "A one-year follow-up of cystoid macular edema following intraocular lens implantation. Retrospective and prospective techniques were used to analyze a consecutive series of 406 eyes to identify factors contributing to cystoid macular edema following lens implantation. Vitreous loss and rupture of the posterior capsule were highly significant in the production and persistence of this complication.", "PMID": 643254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1506", "title": "Intraocular lenses: secondary membranes; cystoid macular edema.", "content": "In 650 consecutive Binkhorst lens implants, secondary membrane surgery was required more than eight times as frequently after an extracapsular than after an intracapsular cataract extraction. The visual acuity results after discussion were uniformly good. Transpars plana vitrectomy was reserved for more severe cases. The pupils were cleared, but the visual acuity results were mixed. A fluorescein angiographic study revealed little difference in the incidence of cystoid macular edema in implant and nonimplant cases. There was a lower incidence after extracapsular than intracapsular extractions in implant cases.", "contents": "Intraocular lenses: secondary membranes; cystoid macular edema. In 650 consecutive Binkhorst lens implants, secondary membrane surgery was required more than eight times as frequently after an extracapsular than after an intracapsular cataract extraction. The visual acuity results after discussion were uniformly good. Transpars plana vitrectomy was reserved for more severe cases. The pupils were cleared, but the visual acuity results were mixed. A fluorescein angiographic study revealed little difference in the incidence of cystoid macular edema in implant and nonimplant cases. There was a lower incidence after extracapsular than intracapsular extractions in implant cases.", "PMID": 643255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1507", "title": "Dwyer instrumentation of the spine.", "content": "The evolution of the Dwyer procedure during the past 10 years has enabled us to better define the indications and contraindications for the procedure. The role of the Dwyer procedure in the treatment of thoracolumbar or lumbar curves in both the adolescent and the adult has been found to be significant. When combined with Harrington rod instrumentation it can be used for either paralytic curves, curves associated with pelvic obliquity, or curves in which posterior elements are absent.", "contents": "Dwyer instrumentation of the spine. The evolution of the Dwyer procedure during the past 10 years has enabled us to better define the indications and contraindications for the procedure. The role of the Dwyer procedure in the treatment of thoracolumbar or lumbar curves in both the adolescent and the adult has been found to be significant. When combined with Harrington rod instrumentation it can be used for either paralytic curves, curves associated with pelvic obliquity, or curves in which posterior elements are absent.", "PMID": 643256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1508", "title": "Analytical radiography and the progressive approach in talipes equinovarus.", "content": "1. A radiographic method is described for making the diagnosis of talonavicular subluxation before ossification of the navicular occurs. 2. Seven basic deformity combinations are thought to occur in clubfoot. 3. Preoperative analytical radiography enables the surgeon to determine which of these combinations exists in a particular foot. 4. The progressive approach, a comprehensive sequential plan of corrective surgery, indicates the appropriate treatment for each of the seven deformity combinations that may exist in a clubfoot following initial conservative treatment. 5. At the time of surgery the surgeon uses analytical radiography during the operation to determine whether the surgery has been successful or whether the next stage of the progressive approach will be required to correct the deformity combination.", "contents": "Analytical radiography and the progressive approach in talipes equinovarus. 1. A radiographic method is described for making the diagnosis of talonavicular subluxation before ossification of the navicular occurs. 2. Seven basic deformity combinations are thought to occur in clubfoot. 3. Preoperative analytical radiography enables the surgeon to determine which of these combinations exists in a particular foot. 4. The progressive approach, a comprehensive sequential plan of corrective surgery, indicates the appropriate treatment for each of the seven deformity combinations that may exist in a clubfoot following initial conservative treatment. 5. At the time of surgery the surgeon uses analytical radiography during the operation to determine whether the surgery has been successful or whether the next stage of the progressive approach will be required to correct the deformity combination.", "PMID": 643260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1509", "title": "Pathology of congenital metatarsus varus and its relationship to other congenital deformities of the foot.", "content": "Congenital metatarsus varus may be regarded as a deformity caused by a dislocation and in that respect is similar to congenital clubfoot and vertical talus but not to calcaneovalgus. The dislocation causes adaptive bone changes as well as secondary contracture of the soft tissues. That the dislocation in the forepart of the foot may occur in a maximally dorsiflexed foot also may explain the valgus position of the hindfoot. The secondary changes in bone and soft tissue may explain the lack of spontaneous recovery and the difficulties in effecting correction in severe cases. It is still not possible to explain why the dislocation arises.", "contents": "Pathology of congenital metatarsus varus and its relationship to other congenital deformities of the foot. Congenital metatarsus varus may be regarded as a deformity caused by a dislocation and in that respect is similar to congenital clubfoot and vertical talus but not to calcaneovalgus. The dislocation causes adaptive bone changes as well as secondary contracture of the soft tissues. That the dislocation in the forepart of the foot may occur in a maximally dorsiflexed foot also may explain the valgus position of the hindfoot. The secondary changes in bone and soft tissue may explain the lack of spontaneous recovery and the difficulties in effecting correction in severe cases. It is still not possible to explain why the dislocation arises.", "PMID": 643262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1510", "title": "The pathoanatomy of congenital clubfoot.", "content": "Patients with resistant clubfeet were reviewed in their second and third decades. For comparison, normal embryological and fetal feet, untreated clubfeet, a recurrent clubfoot, and an amputated foot were dissected. In no child with a resistant clubfoot was the bone architecture normal. In untreated and recurrent clubfeet we found the lateral malleolus to be directed posteriorly, the head of the talus pointed laterally, and the navicular subluxated medially toward the medial malleolus. An operative technique to restore normal alignment of the talus in the ankle mortice, of the navicular and talus, and of the talus and os calcis is described.", "contents": "The pathoanatomy of congenital clubfoot. Patients with resistant clubfeet were reviewed in their second and third decades. For comparison, normal embryological and fetal feet, untreated clubfeet, a recurrent clubfoot, and an amputated foot were dissected. In no child with a resistant clubfoot was the bone architecture normal. In untreated and recurrent clubfeet we found the lateral malleolus to be directed posteriorly, the head of the talus pointed laterally, and the navicular subluxated medially toward the medial malleolus. An operative technique to restore normal alignment of the talus in the ankle mortice, of the navicular and talus, and of the talus and os calcis is described.", "PMID": 643263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1511", "title": "Neonatal surgery in clubfoot.", "content": "Neonatal surgery for clubfoot is conducted according to the following rules: One must work as close to the lesions as possible. It is important to avoid going beyond abnormal tissues. Dissection should be precise and economical. Opening of Lisfranc's joint or sectioning of the medial ligament must be avoided. One must operate with maximal accuracy. All areas of fibrosis must be excised, but care must be taken not to enter the interarticular space. If a bone deformity is present, one must accept an incomplete correction. One must act as soon as possible. This is the inverse of classic management in which orthopedic surgery was postponed. We prefer early surgery followed by intensive postoperative rehabilitation.", "contents": "Neonatal surgery in clubfoot. Neonatal surgery for clubfoot is conducted according to the following rules: One must work as close to the lesions as possible. It is important to avoid going beyond abnormal tissues. Dissection should be precise and economical. Opening of Lisfranc's joint or sectioning of the medial ligament must be avoided. One must operate with maximal accuracy. All areas of fibrosis must be excised, but care must be taken not to enter the interarticular space. If a bone deformity is present, one must accept an incomplete correction. One must act as soon as possible. This is the inverse of classic management in which orthopedic surgery was postponed. We prefer early surgery followed by intensive postoperative rehabilitation.", "PMID": 643264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1512", "title": "Muscular dystrophy: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The clinical signs and symptoms of the most common muscular dystrophies are presented. Plans for treatment and genetic counseling are outlined. A new operation for correction of scapular winging is described with illustrative cases.", "contents": "Muscular dystrophy: diagnosis and treatment. The clinical signs and symptoms of the most common muscular dystrophies are presented. Plans for treatment and genetic counseling are outlined. A new operation for correction of scapular winging is described with illustrative cases.", "PMID": 643265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1513", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of callus cartilage differentiation and calcification during fracture healing.", "content": "The morphologic and biochemical events during fracture callus cartilage differentiation and calcification are presented. 1. Histologic studies have demonstrated that unimmobilized fractures heal through endochondral ossification. 2. Biochemical studies have demonstrated an increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, enzymes involved with aerobic glucose metabolism, and lysosomal enzymes and a decrease in activities of enzymes involved with glycogen synthesis and anaerobic glycolysis. Hexosamines and hydroxyproline show a net decrease with cartilage differentiation. 3. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated the intracellular origin and aggregation of collagen molecules, the cellular origin of matrix vesicles, and the early sites of calcification in the fracture callus.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of callus cartilage differentiation and calcification during fracture healing. The morphologic and biochemical events during fracture callus cartilage differentiation and calcification are presented. 1. Histologic studies have demonstrated that unimmobilized fractures heal through endochondral ossification. 2. Biochemical studies have demonstrated an increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, enzymes involved with aerobic glucose metabolism, and lysosomal enzymes and a decrease in activities of enzymes involved with glycogen synthesis and anaerobic glycolysis. Hexosamines and hydroxyproline show a net decrease with cartilage differentiation. 3. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated the intracellular origin and aggregation of collagen molecules, the cellular origin of matrix vesicles, and the early sites of calcification in the fracture callus.", "PMID": 643267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1514", "title": "The management of arthrogryposis.", "content": "Arthrogryposis has an evil reputation among orthopedic surgeons, for the deformities are known to be resistant to correction and relapse during growth is common. It is suggested that many of these difficulties have been due to a delay in initiating treatment, to the use of unsuitable methods such as manipulation, and to a lack of appreciation of the pathologic changes. The author's experience with a large number of personally treated cases has convinced him that aggressive surgical treatment in infancy and early childhood is more successful than previously accepted methods of care (Figs. 22, 23).", "contents": "The management of arthrogryposis. Arthrogryposis has an evil reputation among orthopedic surgeons, for the deformities are known to be resistant to correction and relapse during growth is common. It is suggested that many of these difficulties have been due to a delay in initiating treatment, to the use of unsuitable methods such as manipulation, and to a lack of appreciation of the pathologic changes. The author's experience with a large number of personally treated cases has convinced him that aggressive surgical treatment in infancy and early childhood is more successful than previously accepted methods of care (Figs. 22, 23).", "PMID": 643268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1515", "title": "[Value and incidence rate of the inflammation of the bowels in a general children's autopsy material during twenty years (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute enteritis in the postneonatal period with or without dyspepsia appeared with an incidence ranging from 18,9% to 27,6% during twenty years period (1956--1975) observations in a general children's autopsy material. Bacteriological and serological analysis may be of success and complete the pathologic-anatomical diagnoses. Infective enteritis often is accompanied by pneumonia and/or otitis media. The acute enteritis can always be detected as an important feature in regard to the cause of death. Most children die within less than twenty-four hours from hospital admission. The hemorrhagic, ulcerous and necrotic form of the enterocolitis predominate the perinatal and neonatal period, frequently combined with peritonitis and bowel perforation. Bacteriological examinations should be obtained. This form of the acute enteritis and enterocolitis of the newborns must be taken into consideration of the ileus symptoms differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Value and incidence rate of the inflammation of the bowels in a general children's autopsy material during twenty years (author's transl)]. The acute enteritis in the postneonatal period with or without dyspepsia appeared with an incidence ranging from 18,9% to 27,6% during twenty years period (1956--1975) observations in a general children's autopsy material. Bacteriological and serological analysis may be of success and complete the pathologic-anatomical diagnoses. Infective enteritis often is accompanied by pneumonia and/or otitis media. The acute enteritis can always be detected as an important feature in regard to the cause of death. Most children die within less than twenty-four hours from hospital admission. The hemorrhagic, ulcerous and necrotic form of the enterocolitis predominate the perinatal and neonatal period, frequently combined with peritonitis and bowel perforation. Bacteriological examinations should be obtained. This form of the acute enteritis and enterocolitis of the newborns must be taken into consideration of the ileus symptoms differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 643288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1516", "title": "[Biochemical studies on familial neuroblastoma].", "content": "According to the two-mutation model of neuroblastoma several investigations were performed in order to find the gene carrier in a family with familial neuroblastoma. The results of these former studies are as follows: 1. Neither chromosomal analyses of the peripheral blood nor the examinations of catecholamines nor of cystathionine in the urine could mark the first step to neuroblastoma. 2. Since cystathioniuria was not only seen in blood-relations but also in relatives by marriage and since vitamin B6 deficiency was revealed, cystathioninuria was interpreted as secondary to vitamin B6 deficiency. In this study the normal values of cystathioninuria and vitamin B6 supply were examined. Furthermore the effect of oral vitamin B6 loading on cystathioninuria and oxaluria in familial neuroblastoma was investigated and the vitamin B6 supply in the neighbours of the family was analysed. The results permitted the following conclusions: 1. In 46 of 58 children and adults cystathioninuria was found in an immeasurable range by column chromatography. Only in 12 persons it could be measured quantitatively. With the exception of 6 explanable elevations no value exceeded 20 mumol/24 hr. These results show that the acceptance of the limiting value of 20 mumol/24 hr for increased cystathioninuria is justified. 2. Vitamine B6 deficiency was found in two of 7 patients. In one child this could be explained by the underlying disease. This finding supports the suggestion that vitamine B6 deficiency can relative frequently observed. 3. The examinations of cystathioninuria and oxaluria before and after loading with vitamine B6 showed different results. Whereas oxaluria decreased after loading cystathioninuria was not surely influenced. 4. The neighbours of the members with familial neuroblastoma showed mostly a reduced vitamine B6 supply. This fact could be an indication of exogenous reason of vitamine B6 deficiency in familial neuroblastoma.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on familial neuroblastoma]. According to the two-mutation model of neuroblastoma several investigations were performed in order to find the gene carrier in a family with familial neuroblastoma. The results of these former studies are as follows: 1. Neither chromosomal analyses of the peripheral blood nor the examinations of catecholamines nor of cystathionine in the urine could mark the first step to neuroblastoma. 2. Since cystathioniuria was not only seen in blood-relations but also in relatives by marriage and since vitamin B6 deficiency was revealed, cystathioninuria was interpreted as secondary to vitamin B6 deficiency. In this study the normal values of cystathioninuria and vitamin B6 supply were examined. Furthermore the effect of oral vitamin B6 loading on cystathioninuria and oxaluria in familial neuroblastoma was investigated and the vitamin B6 supply in the neighbours of the family was analysed. The results permitted the following conclusions: 1. In 46 of 58 children and adults cystathioninuria was found in an immeasurable range by column chromatography. Only in 12 persons it could be measured quantitatively. With the exception of 6 explanable elevations no value exceeded 20 mumol/24 hr. These results show that the acceptance of the limiting value of 20 mumol/24 hr for increased cystathioninuria is justified. 2. Vitamine B6 deficiency was found in two of 7 patients. In one child this could be explained by the underlying disease. This finding supports the suggestion that vitamine B6 deficiency can relative frequently observed. 3. The examinations of cystathioninuria and oxaluria before and after loading with vitamine B6 showed different results. Whereas oxaluria decreased after loading cystathioninuria was not surely influenced. 4. The neighbours of the members with familial neuroblastoma showed mostly a reduced vitamine B6 supply. This fact could be an indication of exogenous reason of vitamine B6 deficiency in familial neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 643289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1517", "title": "[Determination of faecal fat in infants and children with bacterial and viral infections (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 infants and children with bacterial or viral infections determination of faecal fat was done. None of the patients showed signs of malabsorption prior to investigation. The faecal fat content is expressed as percent of the dry weight of the stool. A fat content of up to 14% of the dry weight of the stool can be regared as normal. A faecal fat content of 15 to 20% is indicative for an elevated fat excretion, and a fat content of more than 20% gives evidence for steatorrhoea. In 80% of the infants with bacterial and in 50% of the infants with viral infections steatorrhoea could be demonstrated. In children with bacterial infections 18% showed a normal, 69% an elevated fat excretion ain 13% there was a steatorrhoea. In children with viral infections 6% showed a normal fat excretion whereas 81% had an elevated excretion and 13% exhibited steatorrhoea. Thus viral infections compared with bacterial infections seem to cause disturbances of fat absorption more frequent. Whereas the degree of the disturbance seems ot be less intense in viral infections.", "contents": "[Determination of faecal fat in infants and children with bacterial and viral infections (author's transl)]. In 100 infants and children with bacterial or viral infections determination of faecal fat was done. None of the patients showed signs of malabsorption prior to investigation. The faecal fat content is expressed as percent of the dry weight of the stool. A fat content of up to 14% of the dry weight of the stool can be regared as normal. A faecal fat content of 15 to 20% is indicative for an elevated fat excretion, and a fat content of more than 20% gives evidence for steatorrhoea. In 80% of the infants with bacterial and in 50% of the infants with viral infections steatorrhoea could be demonstrated. In children with bacterial infections 18% showed a normal, 69% an elevated fat excretion ain 13% there was a steatorrhoea. In children with viral infections 6% showed a normal fat excretion whereas 81% had an elevated excretion and 13% exhibited steatorrhoea. Thus viral infections compared with bacterial infections seem to cause disturbances of fat absorption more frequent. Whereas the degree of the disturbance seems ot be less intense in viral infections.", "PMID": 643291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1518", "title": "[The value of scintigraphy for the early detection of osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "For therapy and development of acute haematogenic osteomyelitis early detection of this disease is decisive. In our study 74 children were investigated scintigraphically with Tc-pyrophosphat because of suspicion of an inflammatory bone process. In all 23 cases of osteomyelitis scintigraphy showed an indication in form of increased activity in the respective bones; so the sensivity of this investigation, found in our study, was 1.0. In 10 of 51 cases without osteomyelitis scintigraphy, however, also showed increased activity. Because of this limited specifity of scanning further investigations are needed in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The main advantage of scintigraphy as compared with roentgen observation is the high sensitivity in the first days of illness. In addition scanning may supply valuable informations about the inflammatory process as long as it is active.", "contents": "[The value of scintigraphy for the early detection of osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. For therapy and development of acute haematogenic osteomyelitis early detection of this disease is decisive. In our study 74 children were investigated scintigraphically with Tc-pyrophosphat because of suspicion of an inflammatory bone process. In all 23 cases of osteomyelitis scintigraphy showed an indication in form of increased activity in the respective bones; so the sensivity of this investigation, found in our study, was 1.0. In 10 of 51 cases without osteomyelitis scintigraphy, however, also showed increased activity. Because of this limited specifity of scanning further investigations are needed in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The main advantage of scintigraphy as compared with roentgen observation is the high sensitivity in the first days of illness. In addition scanning may supply valuable informations about the inflammatory process as long as it is active.", "PMID": 643292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1519", "title": "[Renal glycosuria with loss of phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Three of six members of one family have a renal glycosuria of variable degree. In addition to this they have a mild loss of phosphate under normal conditions. In one patient the phosphate-loss becomes very high after a loading dose. After describing the different data the mechanism of renal glucose transport and its relationship to phosphate transport as well as the genetic of renal glucosuria are discussed. The combination of renal glycosuria and renal loss of phosphate is very rare. The difference in regard to gluco-phosphaturia is mentioned.", "contents": "[Renal glycosuria with loss of phosphate (author's transl)]. Three of six members of one family have a renal glycosuria of variable degree. In addition to this they have a mild loss of phosphate under normal conditions. In one patient the phosphate-loss becomes very high after a loading dose. After describing the different data the mechanism of renal glucose transport and its relationship to phosphate transport as well as the genetic of renal glucosuria are discussed. The combination of renal glycosuria and renal loss of phosphate is very rare. The difference in regard to gluco-phosphaturia is mentioned.", "PMID": 643293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1520", "title": "[The value of the \"impression smear\" in detecting giardia lamblia infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Giardia lamblia has a cosmopolitan distribution. The organism exists in two stages--the trophozoite and the cystic stage. Infected children may have acute or chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, anorexia, malasorption and poor weight gain and may be misdiagnosed as celiac disease. Infection may be selflimited or chronic even over years. Diagnosis is usually made by finding the characteristic cyst in stool specimens or by duodenal aspiration. Histological sections and impression smears (AMENT) of intestinal mucosa biopsies have been proved to be the most reliable method for detecting giardiasis. Evaluation of impression smears for parasites is easier and quicker than examining serial sections of biopsies. Out of 175 selected patients with intestinal complaints which were undergone small intestinal biopsy 11 were infected with giardia lamblia (6.2%). All infected children were symptomatic, malabsorption could be demonstrated in 5/8, lactase levels were reduced in most children. Examination of duodenal aspirates, stool specimens and histological sections (routine histology) alone would not have been diagnostic in every case. Evaluation of impression smears proved to be a reliable method in detecting giardia lamblia infection and is recommended whenever an intestinal biopsy is performed.", "contents": "[The value of the \"impression smear\" in detecting giardia lamblia infection (author's transl)]. Giardia lamblia has a cosmopolitan distribution. The organism exists in two stages--the trophozoite and the cystic stage. Infected children may have acute or chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, anorexia, malasorption and poor weight gain and may be misdiagnosed as celiac disease. Infection may be selflimited or chronic even over years. Diagnosis is usually made by finding the characteristic cyst in stool specimens or by duodenal aspiration. Histological sections and impression smears (AMENT) of intestinal mucosa biopsies have been proved to be the most reliable method for detecting giardiasis. Evaluation of impression smears for parasites is easier and quicker than examining serial sections of biopsies. Out of 175 selected patients with intestinal complaints which were undergone small intestinal biopsy 11 were infected with giardia lamblia (6.2%). All infected children were symptomatic, malabsorption could be demonstrated in 5/8, lactase levels were reduced in most children. Examination of duodenal aspirates, stool specimens and histological sections (routine histology) alone would not have been diagnostic in every case. Evaluation of impression smears proved to be a reliable method in detecting giardia lamblia infection and is recommended whenever an intestinal biopsy is performed.", "PMID": 643294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1521", "title": "[Vitamin K deficiency bleeding as a leading symptom in celiac disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemorrhagic diathesis was a leading symptom in diagnosing celiac disease in 4 patients. In all 4 patients, a duodenal biopsy showed total villous atrophy. Although 3 of the children were typically dystrophic, the weight of the 4th child, an 8 month old boy, was within the normal range. In this patient, who suffered from neither diarrhea nor vomiting, heavy cutaneous and mucous membrane bleeding were the only symptoms of the disease. In all 4 cases the haemorrhagic diathesis could be explained by a low prothrombin complex, whereas the rest of the coagulation tests were normal. After the administration of Vitamin K1 there was an immediate rise in the prothrombin complex and bleeding was quickly stopped. Noteworthy is that due to infections, 3 of the 4 patients, received antibiotics just before the onset of the bleeding. In celiac disease, the conversion from a K-hypovitaminosis into a K-avitaminosis by the administration of antibiotics is discussed.", "contents": "[Vitamin K deficiency bleeding as a leading symptom in celiac disease (author's transl)]. Haemorrhagic diathesis was a leading symptom in diagnosing celiac disease in 4 patients. In all 4 patients, a duodenal biopsy showed total villous atrophy. Although 3 of the children were typically dystrophic, the weight of the 4th child, an 8 month old boy, was within the normal range. In this patient, who suffered from neither diarrhea nor vomiting, heavy cutaneous and mucous membrane bleeding were the only symptoms of the disease. In all 4 cases the haemorrhagic diathesis could be explained by a low prothrombin complex, whereas the rest of the coagulation tests were normal. After the administration of Vitamin K1 there was an immediate rise in the prothrombin complex and bleeding was quickly stopped. Noteworthy is that due to infections, 3 of the 4 patients, received antibiotics just before the onset of the bleeding. In celiac disease, the conversion from a K-hypovitaminosis into a K-avitaminosis by the administration of antibiotics is discussed.", "PMID": 643295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1522", "title": "[Dimenhydrinate poisoning in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of a Dimenhydrinate poisoning (Vertirosan B6) with Physostigmine salicylate (Antrilirium) is reported. The symptoms of this anticholinergic poisoning (hyperactivity, ataxia, tremor, rubeosis faciei, hallucinations) disappeared rapidly after a single intravenous injection of Physostigmine salicylate. A table of some of the most common drugs capable of producing anticholinergic poisoning is added.", "contents": "[Dimenhydrinate poisoning in childhood (author's transl)]. Treatment of a Dimenhydrinate poisoning (Vertirosan B6) with Physostigmine salicylate (Antrilirium) is reported. The symptoms of this anticholinergic poisoning (hyperactivity, ataxia, tremor, rubeosis faciei, hallucinations) disappeared rapidly after a single intravenous injection of Physostigmine salicylate. A table of some of the most common drugs capable of producing anticholinergic poisoning is added.", "PMID": 643296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1523", "title": "[Hemostasis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of a girl aged 8 with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia showed an abnormality of primary hemostasis. The bleeding time was at the upper end of normal and platelet adhesiveness was decreased to a variable extent. Platelet life span was shortened, presumably due to the telangiectatic lesions typical of this disease. Platelet aggregation and ADP-content were normal as was the plasma coagulation system.", "contents": "[Hemostasis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (author's transl)]. The investigation of a girl aged 8 with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia showed an abnormality of primary hemostasis. The bleeding time was at the upper end of normal and platelet adhesiveness was decreased to a variable extent. Platelet life span was shortened, presumably due to the telangiectatic lesions typical of this disease. Platelet aggregation and ADP-content were normal as was the plasma coagulation system.", "PMID": 643297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1524", "title": "[Combined therapy for a compulsion neurosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the scope of the care of mother and child arranged according to behaviour therapeutic and playtherapeutic aspects, manifest fears of separation of a 6 year old, normal talented girl, could be largely reduced after ten meetings. The repeated occurrence of the primary symptoms after a longer, exclusive stay of the patient in her family, confirms the belief, that the striking behaviour of the girl does not express a starting psychotic process but points much more to the symptom-releasing and -reinforcing effect of the family environment. It is planned to continue the treatment in a family-therapeutic way.", "contents": "[Combined therapy for a compulsion neurosis (author's transl)]. Within the scope of the care of mother and child arranged according to behaviour therapeutic and playtherapeutic aspects, manifest fears of separation of a 6 year old, normal talented girl, could be largely reduced after ten meetings. The repeated occurrence of the primary symptoms after a longer, exclusive stay of the patient in her family, confirms the belief, that the striking behaviour of the girl does not express a starting psychotic process but points much more to the symptom-releasing and -reinforcing effect of the family environment. It is planned to continue the treatment in a family-therapeutic way.", "PMID": 643298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1525", "title": "[Treatment of pulmonary infections with cephalexin (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of Cephalexin--an oral cephalosporine--was assessed in 20 children with pulmonary infections including bronchopneumonia and infiltrative peribronchitis in an open study. In 16 patients prompt resolution of clinical and radiological signs was observed. The drug was well tolerated, there were no side effects or allergies to be demonstrated. Among the therapeutic agents for infections of the respiratory tract cephalexin should be considered among the antibiotics of first choice.", "contents": "[Treatment of pulmonary infections with cephalexin (author's transl)]. The efficacy of Cephalexin--an oral cephalosporine--was assessed in 20 children with pulmonary infections including bronchopneumonia and infiltrative peribronchitis in an open study. In 16 patients prompt resolution of clinical and radiological signs was observed. The drug was well tolerated, there were no side effects or allergies to be demonstrated. Among the therapeutic agents for infections of the respiratory tract cephalexin should be considered among the antibiotics of first choice.", "PMID": 643299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1526", "title": "Significance of pain in psychiatric hospital patients.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 227 psychiatric hospital admissions, data were recorded in respect of the complaint of pain. Eighty-six (38%) had pain. Fourty-four (19%) mentioned it spontaneously and 49 (22%) had no relevant physical cause. Women were affected more often than men (P less than 0.01) and tended to complain more often of severe pain (P less than 0.01). Severe pain was more often reported spontaneously (P less than 0.02). Also, the longer pain lasted the more likely the patient was to report it spontaneously (P less than 0.02). Men more often had a relevant physical diagnosis (P less than 0.05) and the low back was the commonest site of pain in them. Pain was relatively often associated with diagnoses of anxiety and personality disorder and relatively infrequently with schizophrenia, organic brain syndromes and transient situational disturbances. It is concluded that whilst there is a strong association between pain and psychiatric illness, this is less prominent, paradoxically, in some of the more severe psychiatric disturbances.", "contents": "Significance of pain in psychiatric hospital patients. In a consecutive series of 227 psychiatric hospital admissions, data were recorded in respect of the complaint of pain. Eighty-six (38%) had pain. Fourty-four (19%) mentioned it spontaneously and 49 (22%) had no relevant physical cause. Women were affected more often than men (P less than 0.01) and tended to complain more often of severe pain (P less than 0.01). Severe pain was more often reported spontaneously (P less than 0.02). Also, the longer pain lasted the more likely the patient was to report it spontaneously (P less than 0.02). Men more often had a relevant physical diagnosis (P less than 0.05) and the low back was the commonest site of pain in them. Pain was relatively often associated with diagnoses of anxiety and personality disorder and relatively infrequently with schizophrenia, organic brain syndromes and transient situational disturbances. It is concluded that whilst there is a strong association between pain and psychiatric illness, this is less prominent, paradoxically, in some of the more severe psychiatric disturbances.", "PMID": 643300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1527", "title": "The dissatisfied patient with chronic pain.", "content": "Patients with chronic pain may become dissatisfied because of their lack of improvement. Thirteen such patients, encountered in a pain-management program, registered formal complaints of their dissatisfaction. From their histories they were found to be the most chronic and treatment-refractory patients encountered, with problems of medication dependency, accident proneness, and dissatisfaction with previous treatment efforts. During hospitalization they opposed psychologic approaches, further manifested their dependency on medication, and some of them had circumscribed delusions. The pain-management program was difficult to apply to these patients; and further, they resisted other recommendations for treatment and even resisted discharge in in some instances. Further psychiatric screening is necessary to avoid the complications presented by this type of patient.", "contents": "The dissatisfied patient with chronic pain. Patients with chronic pain may become dissatisfied because of their lack of improvement. Thirteen such patients, encountered in a pain-management program, registered formal complaints of their dissatisfaction. From their histories they were found to be the most chronic and treatment-refractory patients encountered, with problems of medication dependency, accident proneness, and dissatisfaction with previous treatment efforts. During hospitalization they opposed psychologic approaches, further manifested their dependency on medication, and some of them had circumscribed delusions. The pain-management program was difficult to apply to these patients; and further, they resisted other recommendations for treatment and even resisted discharge in in some instances. Further psychiatric screening is necessary to avoid the complications presented by this type of patient.", "PMID": 643301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1528", "title": "[Morphology and development of the cysticercoids of Paricterotaenia porosa (Cestoda: Dilepididae)].", "content": "Studies of the development of Paricterotaenia porosa in its intermediate host Chironomus sp. were carried out. At 20 degrees C the development of the larva is completed in 24 days. The primary cavity is formed in 9 days, the separation of the cercomere anlage--in 11 to 12 days and the invagination of the larva--in 19 days. The larval development of P. porosa is characterized by its passing in the cavity of the external cyst, by the complete separation of anlages of the body of the larva and cercomere at the metamere stage and by the intensive growth of the cercomere after the invagination of the larva. The analysis of the cercomere structure suggests its protective function.", "contents": "[Morphology and development of the cysticercoids of Paricterotaenia porosa (Cestoda: Dilepididae)]. Studies of the development of Paricterotaenia porosa in its intermediate host Chironomus sp. were carried out. At 20 degrees C the development of the larva is completed in 24 days. The primary cavity is formed in 9 days, the separation of the cercomere anlage--in 11 to 12 days and the invagination of the larva--in 19 days. The larval development of P. porosa is characterized by its passing in the cavity of the external cyst, by the complete separation of anlages of the body of the larva and cercomere at the metamere stage and by the intensive growth of the cercomere after the invagination of the larva. The analysis of the cercomere structure suggests its protective function.", "PMID": 643306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1529", "title": "[Facts that explain the host specificity of helminths].", "content": "Extracts from larvae of Trichinella spiralis, mature Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum and blood sera of their possible hosts (rats, pigs, chicks, guinea pigs, mice and men) were investigated by the method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The protein component was found to be most identical in helminth and its obligate host. The host specificity is supposed to depend on the community of the protein content of the parasite and its host. The data on the difference in protein spectra are given and the peculiarities of the evolution of mono- and polyhost helminths are discussed.", "contents": "[Facts that explain the host specificity of helminths]. Extracts from larvae of Trichinella spiralis, mature Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum and blood sera of their possible hosts (rats, pigs, chicks, guinea pigs, mice and men) were investigated by the method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The protein component was found to be most identical in helminth and its obligate host. The host specificity is supposed to depend on the community of the protein content of the parasite and its host. The data on the difference in protein spectra are given and the peculiarities of the evolution of mono- and polyhost helminths are discussed.", "PMID": 643309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1530", "title": "[Acroloxus lacustris (fam. Ancylidae) as a new intermediate trematode host in the USSR].", "content": "585 specimens of the mollusk Acroloxus lacustris were parasitologically investigated in the Divichin Bay of the Caspian Sea. 3 species of cercarians (Echinostoma sp., Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Asymphylodora sp.), 2 species of parthenites (Echinostomatidae gen. sp. Redia I, Echinostomatidae gen. sp. Redia II) and 4 species of metacercarians (Metacercaria gen. sp. I, Metacercaria gen. sp. II. Metacercaria gen. sp. III, Tetracotyle sp.) were found in the specimens examined. A. lacustris is first reported as an intermediate host of trematodes.", "contents": "[Acroloxus lacustris (fam. Ancylidae) as a new intermediate trematode host in the USSR]. 585 specimens of the mollusk Acroloxus lacustris were parasitologically investigated in the Divichin Bay of the Caspian Sea. 3 species of cercarians (Echinostoma sp., Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Asymphylodora sp.), 2 species of parthenites (Echinostomatidae gen. sp. Redia I, Echinostomatidae gen. sp. Redia II) and 4 species of metacercarians (Metacercaria gen. sp. I, Metacercaria gen. sp. II. Metacercaria gen. sp. III, Tetracotyle sp.) were found in the specimens examined. A. lacustris is first reported as an intermediate host of trematodes.", "PMID": 643308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1531", "title": "[Population density of Ixodes persulcatus ticks (Ixodidae) in the western Sikhote-Alin].", "content": "The paper presents data on the population density of active ticks in different landscape zones of West Sykhote-Alyn as well as the material on the absolute abundance of ticks in four experimental 400 m2 areas. The abundance of active Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis japonica on vegetation at the peak of their activity was found to amount to half of all hibernated adult ticks.", "contents": "[Population density of Ixodes persulcatus ticks (Ixodidae) in the western Sikhote-Alin]. The paper presents data on the population density of active ticks in different landscape zones of West Sykhote-Alyn as well as the material on the absolute abundance of ticks in four experimental 400 m2 areas. The abundance of active Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis japonica on vegetation at the peak of their activity was found to amount to half of all hibernated adult ticks.", "PMID": 643311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1532", "title": "The detection of porphyria in photosensitive patients.", "content": "The biochemical diversity of the various porphyris often leads to incomplete investigation of photosensitive patients and porphyria may be excluded wrongly on the basis of normal urinary porphyrins alone. Establishing a biochemical referral centre for photosensitive patients suspected of having porphyria led to the diagnosis of 5 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and 2 cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) among 34 patients referred by dermatologists over a period of 12 months. Iron overload was conformed in 3 the PCT patients by plasma ferritin assay. Studies on the available families of the two EPP patients revealed elevated red cell protoporphyrin levels in several clinically asymptomatic relatives.", "contents": "The detection of porphyria in photosensitive patients. The biochemical diversity of the various porphyris often leads to incomplete investigation of photosensitive patients and porphyria may be excluded wrongly on the basis of normal urinary porphyrins alone. Establishing a biochemical referral centre for photosensitive patients suspected of having porphyria led to the diagnosis of 5 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and 2 cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) among 34 patients referred by dermatologists over a period of 12 months. Iron overload was conformed in 3 the PCT patients by plasma ferritin assay. Studies on the available families of the two EPP patients revealed elevated red cell protoporphyrin levels in several clinically asymptomatic relatives.", "PMID": 643317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1533", "title": "[Revision of the mites of the genus Miyatrombicula (Trombiculidae) in the fauna of the USSR].", "content": "6 species of the genus Miyatrombicula are recorded from the fauna of the USSR: M. esoensis, M. reptilica, M. muris, M. balcanica, M. caucasica, M. ramitensis sp. n. Characteristic of the genus, redescription of known and description of new species are given. Larvae of the mites parasitize in general small mammals. In addition, some of these species were found in West Europe, Japan and North America.", "contents": "[Revision of the mites of the genus Miyatrombicula (Trombiculidae) in the fauna of the USSR]. 6 species of the genus Miyatrombicula are recorded from the fauna of the USSR: M. esoensis, M. reptilica, M. muris, M. balcanica, M. caucasica, M. ramitensis sp. n. Characteristic of the genus, redescription of known and description of new species are given. Larvae of the mites parasitize in general small mammals. In addition, some of these species were found in West Europe, Japan and North America.", "PMID": 643312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1534", "title": "Striatonigral degeneration.", "content": "Striatonigral degeneration is a relatively uncommon form of parkinsonism. It is clinically characterized by greater debility and a relatively rapid course, often with other superimposed extrapyramidal signs and a poor response to L-dopa. Pathologically it si a multi-system degeneration of the central nervous system, dominated by atrophy of the neostriatum with striking putaminal pigmentation. The clinical and pathological features of this condition are illustrated with a case report and the entity as a nosologic problem is discussed in the light of a review of the literature. The pathogenesis of this condition and its position among the degenerative disorders of the nervous system remain unelucidated.", "contents": "Striatonigral degeneration. Striatonigral degeneration is a relatively uncommon form of parkinsonism. It is clinically characterized by greater debility and a relatively rapid course, often with other superimposed extrapyramidal signs and a poor response to L-dopa. Pathologically it si a multi-system degeneration of the central nervous system, dominated by atrophy of the neostriatum with striking putaminal pigmentation. The clinical and pathological features of this condition are illustrated with a case report and the entity as a nosologic problem is discussed in the light of a review of the literature. The pathogenesis of this condition and its position among the degenerative disorders of the nervous system remain unelucidated.", "PMID": 643319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1535", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme study of Trichinella larvae of different ages].", "content": "LDH isoenzymes of Trichinella larvae isolated from experimentally infected guinea pigs were investigated between days 30 and 400 inclusive after infection. It was found that on the 30 th day after infection the larvae have two isoenzymes while from the 40th to the 400 th day--three isoenzymes. The first of the latter is of fast responce and is located in the anod area near the indicator while the two others are of slow response and are located between the isoenzymes LDH-3 and LDH-5 of the muscular tissue of guinea pigs. This indicates that energetic metabolism of Trichinella larvae proceeds in muscular tissues by aerobic and anaerobic way. Since electrophoretic specificity of LDH-isoenzymes of Trichinella larvae differ from that of LDH-isoenzymes of muscular tissue the former are apparently characteristic of Trichinella larvae.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme study of Trichinella larvae of different ages]. LDH isoenzymes of Trichinella larvae isolated from experimentally infected guinea pigs were investigated between days 30 and 400 inclusive after infection. It was found that on the 30 th day after infection the larvae have two isoenzymes while from the 40th to the 400 th day--three isoenzymes. The first of the latter is of fast responce and is located in the anod area near the indicator while the two others are of slow response and are located between the isoenzymes LDH-3 and LDH-5 of the muscular tissue of guinea pigs. This indicates that energetic metabolism of Trichinella larvae proceeds in muscular tissues by aerobic and anaerobic way. Since electrophoretic specificity of LDH-isoenzymes of Trichinella larvae differ from that of LDH-isoenzymes of muscular tissue the former are apparently characteristic of Trichinella larvae.", "PMID": 643310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1536", "title": "An improved screening method for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid excretion in urine.", "content": "A screening method is described for urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid using an initial ion exchange procedure, vanillin formation and extraction into toluene. The technique, is simple, rapid and specific, with a reference value up to 35 mumol (7.0 mg)/day established on 92 normal human subjects. Over 200 patients' urines were analysed by the method of which 18 gave values above the reference range. The majority of these increased excretions are attributed to the metabolic effects of drugs, one patient suffered from phaeochromocytoma and only 2 results remaining unexplained.", "contents": "An improved screening method for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid excretion in urine. A screening method is described for urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid using an initial ion exchange procedure, vanillin formation and extraction into toluene. The technique, is simple, rapid and specific, with a reference value up to 35 mumol (7.0 mg)/day established on 92 normal human subjects. Over 200 patients' urines were analysed by the method of which 18 gave values above the reference range. The majority of these increased excretions are attributed to the metabolic effects of drugs, one patient suffered from phaeochromocytoma and only 2 results remaining unexplained.", "PMID": 643320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1537", "title": "[Experience with the laboratory cultivation of the mosquito, Aedes togoi (Culicidae)].", "content": "For cultivation of Aedes togoi the aquatic infusion of fallen leaves, peat and dry sphagnum (0.15%S) was used and a larval diet (children's haematogen with an addition of polyvitamin \"Undevit\" and glutamic acid) was offered. Such cultural medium provides a rapid development of larvae and their survival, high stable weight of pupae, high fecundity and viability of imago. 7 generations were obtained without reducing the quality of culture.", "contents": "[Experience with the laboratory cultivation of the mosquito, Aedes togoi (Culicidae)]. For cultivation of Aedes togoi the aquatic infusion of fallen leaves, peat and dry sphagnum (0.15%S) was used and a larval diet (children's haematogen with an addition of polyvitamin \"Undevit\" and glutamic acid) was offered. Such cultural medium provides a rapid development of larvae and their survival, high stable weight of pupae, high fecundity and viability of imago. 7 generations were obtained without reducing the quality of culture.", "PMID": 643313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1538", "title": "Tissue culture of isolated human glomeruli.", "content": "Glomerular cells have been grown in a reproducible manner from 5 normal human kidneys. A technique is described which combined mechanical disruption of renal cortex and microdissection, and provides large numbers of pure glomeruli within 30--45 mintues. Histological examination shows this technique produces intact glomeruli without cell disturbance. During tissue culture, glomeruli attach to the flask and the intrinsic cells migrate onto the flask and divide. Variations of culture conditions have shown that glomeruli are robust without fastidious culture requirements. Intact kidney tissue can be left at 4 degrees C for perios up to 24 hours prior to isolated of individual glomeruli without affecting subsequent cellular growth in culture. They grow in most commonly used media although the cells require 20% foetal calf serum for optimum growth. Their pH optimum is between 7.0 and 7.4 with temperature optimum of 37 degrees C. as glomeruli must attach prior to cell growth, minimum movement is critical to promote optimum growth. Under these optimum conditions a regular and predictable growth of cells of two distinct types, has been observed over 14 days; one of these types is probably epithelial.", "contents": "Tissue culture of isolated human glomeruli. Glomerular cells have been grown in a reproducible manner from 5 normal human kidneys. A technique is described which combined mechanical disruption of renal cortex and microdissection, and provides large numbers of pure glomeruli within 30--45 mintues. Histological examination shows this technique produces intact glomeruli without cell disturbance. During tissue culture, glomeruli attach to the flask and the intrinsic cells migrate onto the flask and divide. Variations of culture conditions have shown that glomeruli are robust without fastidious culture requirements. Intact kidney tissue can be left at 4 degrees C for perios up to 24 hours prior to isolated of individual glomeruli without affecting subsequent cellular growth in culture. They grow in most commonly used media although the cells require 20% foetal calf serum for optimum growth. Their pH optimum is between 7.0 and 7.4 with temperature optimum of 37 degrees C. as glomeruli must attach prior to cell growth, minimum movement is critical to promote optimum growth. Under these optimum conditions a regular and predictable growth of cells of two distinct types, has been observed over 14 days; one of these types is probably epithelial.", "PMID": 643321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1539", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity in human leucocytes after freezing.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leucocytes (neutrophil-rich) were collected either with heparin or acid citrate dextrose, frozen with dimethyl sulphoxide at a controlled rate, stored in liquid nitrogen at--196 degrees C and reconstituted with a solution containing dextran. After reconstitution, 20.2% of cells (in absolute numbers 1 in 5 fresh cells) showed a strongly positive nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reaction. The quantitative NBT test confirmed the synthesis of formazan/10(6) reconstituted neutrophilsa s15% of the fresh capacity. A slow titration reconstitution method for cells did not improve the functional capacity of thawed leucocytes as judged by the NBT test. When comparing anticoagulants, heparin increased the post-reconstitution cell yields after freezing and increased the absolute number of reconstituted cells capable of developing a positive NBT reaction.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity in human leucocytes after freezing. Human peripheral blood leucocytes (neutrophil-rich) were collected either with heparin or acid citrate dextrose, frozen with dimethyl sulphoxide at a controlled rate, stored in liquid nitrogen at--196 degrees C and reconstituted with a solution containing dextran. After reconstitution, 20.2% of cells (in absolute numbers 1 in 5 fresh cells) showed a strongly positive nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reaction. The quantitative NBT test confirmed the synthesis of formazan/10(6) reconstituted neutrophilsa s15% of the fresh capacity. A slow titration reconstitution method for cells did not improve the functional capacity of thawed leucocytes as judged by the NBT test. When comparing anticoagulants, heparin increased the post-reconstitution cell yields after freezing and increased the absolute number of reconstituted cells capable of developing a positive NBT reaction.", "PMID": 643322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1540", "title": "[New species of mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) sibiricus sp. n. (Culicidae)].", "content": "The description of female, male and 4th stage larva of a new species of mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) sibiricus, from Siberia and Far East of the USSR is given. This species belonging to the albopictus subgroup of the scutellaris group of species was formerly confused with A. (S.) galloisi Yam. The geographical distribution of A. sibiricus is related to the south of the East taiga and Okhotsk districts of the Euro-Siberian province of the Circumboreal subregion of the Palearctic, while A. galloisi is spread in the Chinese-Himalayan subregion and has been recorded in the Soviet Union from the Sakhalin Island only (the geographical distribution of this species is shown on a map).", "contents": "[New species of mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) sibiricus sp. n. (Culicidae)]. The description of female, male and 4th stage larva of a new species of mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) sibiricus, from Siberia and Far East of the USSR is given. This species belonging to the albopictus subgroup of the scutellaris group of species was formerly confused with A. (S.) galloisi Yam. The geographical distribution of A. sibiricus is related to the south of the East taiga and Okhotsk districts of the Euro-Siberian province of the Circumboreal subregion of the Palearctic, while A. galloisi is spread in the Chinese-Himalayan subregion and has been recorded in the Soviet Union from the Sakhalin Island only (the geographical distribution of this species is shown on a map).", "PMID": 643314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1541", "title": "Towards unified analyses in chemical pathology.", "content": "The use of different units, methods and instruments in chemical pathology has produced a situation in which different laboratories may produce numerically different results for the same analysis. The more complete use of SI, the introduction to Australia of reference methods and the production in Australia of a pool of reference material will reduce the extent of this problem.", "contents": "Towards unified analyses in chemical pathology. The use of different units, methods and instruments in chemical pathology has produced a situation in which different laboratories may produce numerically different results for the same analysis. The more complete use of SI, the introduction to Australia of reference methods and the production in Australia of a pool of reference material will reduce the extent of this problem.", "PMID": 643323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1542", "title": "[Epithelial ultrastructure of the midgut of the horsefly, Hybomitra schineri (Tabanidae)].", "content": "The study of the midgut of Hybomitra schineri by means of electron microscopy has shown that epithelial cells are of cylindrical shape. According to the electron density of cytoplasm the cells can be arranged into three subtypes. The apical surface of all the cells is covered by microvilli with filamentous glycocalyx. The peritrophic membrane of the 1st type is formed in females only during the blood digestion. Two types of secretion of digestive enzymes (merocrine and macroapocrine ones) were found, the latter being prevalent at the carbohydrate feeding.", "contents": "[Epithelial ultrastructure of the midgut of the horsefly, Hybomitra schineri (Tabanidae)]. The study of the midgut of Hybomitra schineri by means of electron microscopy has shown that epithelial cells are of cylindrical shape. According to the electron density of cytoplasm the cells can be arranged into three subtypes. The apical surface of all the cells is covered by microvilli with filamentous glycocalyx. The peritrophic membrane of the 1st type is formed in females only during the blood digestion. Two types of secretion of digestive enzymes (merocrine and macroapocrine ones) were found, the latter being prevalent at the carbohydrate feeding.", "PMID": 643315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1543", "title": "Posterior fossa measurements. I. The normal size of the posterior fossa.", "content": "The posterior fossa area was defined as that situated below Twining's line while the one above was called the supratentorial area. A ratio has been calculated: Posterior fossa area/Supratentorial area X 100 = posterior fossa ratio. Above 7 years this was (mean) 16.5% +/- 2 and below 7 years 14.0% +/- 4, with the ranges (13.2-20.2) and (9.0 - 19.4), respectively. When the ratio falls below 13% and 9% respectively, this implies therefore a malformation of the posterior fossa, i.e. too flat a space. Two formulas for calculation of the areas mentioned as well as two other ratios are also introduced.", "contents": "Posterior fossa measurements. I. The normal size of the posterior fossa. The posterior fossa area was defined as that situated below Twining's line while the one above was called the supratentorial area. A ratio has been calculated: Posterior fossa area/Supratentorial area X 100 = posterior fossa ratio. Above 7 years this was (mean) 16.5% +/- 2 and below 7 years 14.0% +/- 4, with the ranges (13.2-20.2) and (9.0 - 19.4), respectively. When the ratio falls below 13% and 9% respectively, this implies therefore a malformation of the posterior fossa, i.e. too flat a space. Two formulas for calculation of the areas mentioned as well as two other ratios are also introduced.", "PMID": 643346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1544", "title": "Posterior fossa measurements. II. Size of the posterior fossa in myelomeningocele.", "content": "In seven myelomeningocele patients, six were operated upon while in one severe case no surgery was performed. The posterior fossa areas were measured and expressed by the posterior fossa ratio method. In two shunted patients both ratios were primarily below the lowest normal limit, but following shunt operation the ratios become normal. In five patients who were not shunted one only showed a normal ratio, two showed borderline values and in a fourth instance the ratio normalized but before two years had passed. The fifth case remained unoperated and therefore the natural course could be followed. In this case the decrease in the posterior fossa ratio explained the progress of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Posterior fossa measurements. II. Size of the posterior fossa in myelomeningocele. In seven myelomeningocele patients, six were operated upon while in one severe case no surgery was performed. The posterior fossa areas were measured and expressed by the posterior fossa ratio method. In two shunted patients both ratios were primarily below the lowest normal limit, but following shunt operation the ratios become normal. In five patients who were not shunted one only showed a normal ratio, two showed borderline values and in a fourth instance the ratio normalized but before two years had passed. The fifth case remained unoperated and therefore the natural course could be followed. In this case the decrease in the posterior fossa ratio explained the progress of hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 643347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1545", "title": "Right aortic arch with left descending aorta (circumflex aorta). Roentgenographic diagnosis.", "content": "Right aortic arch with retroesophageal segment is a rare anomaly with distinctive roentgenographic features. We present 2 patients, who on the barium oesophogram had an additional finding which has not previously been described. The typical features include an indentation on the right upper barium filled oesophagus (in the antero-posterior view), an oblique indentation descending from right to left (caused by the retroesophageal segment) and the left descending aorta. The oblique identation has not previously been described. The embryology and incidence of the lesion are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Right aortic arch with left descending aorta (circumflex aorta). Roentgenographic diagnosis. Right aortic arch with retroesophageal segment is a rare anomaly with distinctive roentgenographic features. We present 2 patients, who on the barium oesophogram had an additional finding which has not previously been described. The typical features include an indentation on the right upper barium filled oesophagus (in the antero-posterior view), an oblique indentation descending from right to left (caused by the retroesophageal segment) and the left descending aorta. The oblique identation has not previously been described. The embryology and incidence of the lesion are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 643348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1546", "title": "Radiological abnormalities associated with anomalies of the ninth chromosome.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of Trisomy of the short arm of the ninth chromosome and of the Nail Patella Syndrome, both of which conditions are related to abnormalities of the ninth chromosome, are compared. Dislocation of the head of radius is seen in both conditions, as is a diminished patello condylar ratio. Several of the features described as being sporadic anomalies in the Nail Patella Syndrome are also seen in some patients with Trisomy of the Ninth Chromosome. The Trisomy 9 group also have several anomalies which are shared with Trisomy 21, Trisomy 17/18, Trisomy 13/15 and Trisomy 4, suggesting that some of these changes are a non-specific result of chromosome abnormality rather than being specific to the Trisomy 9.", "contents": "Radiological abnormalities associated with anomalies of the ninth chromosome. The clinical and radiological features of Trisomy of the short arm of the ninth chromosome and of the Nail Patella Syndrome, both of which conditions are related to abnormalities of the ninth chromosome, are compared. Dislocation of the head of radius is seen in both conditions, as is a diminished patello condylar ratio. Several of the features described as being sporadic anomalies in the Nail Patella Syndrome are also seen in some patients with Trisomy of the Ninth Chromosome. The Trisomy 9 group also have several anomalies which are shared with Trisomy 21, Trisomy 17/18, Trisomy 13/15 and Trisomy 4, suggesting that some of these changes are a non-specific result of chromosome abnormality rather than being specific to the Trisomy 9.", "PMID": 643350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1547", "title": "Wandering spleen in three children.", "content": "Three children with wandering spleen are presented. Liver-spleen technetium99m sulphur colloid scintigraphy is a helpful diagnostic tool that will demonstrate the abnormally located spleen or absent splenic activity when the blood supply is interrupted by a twisted pedicle. The diagnosis can also be made by angiography, but this relatively elaborate procedure is usually not necessary. Absence of the normal ligamentous attachments of the spleen associated with a long splenic pedicle may well be the cause of the wandering spleen and its torsion.", "contents": "Wandering spleen in three children. Three children with wandering spleen are presented. Liver-spleen technetium99m sulphur colloid scintigraphy is a helpful diagnostic tool that will demonstrate the abnormally located spleen or absent splenic activity when the blood supply is interrupted by a twisted pedicle. The diagnosis can also be made by angiography, but this relatively elaborate procedure is usually not necessary. Absence of the normal ligamentous attachments of the spleen associated with a long splenic pedicle may well be the cause of the wandering spleen and its torsion.", "PMID": 643349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1548", "title": "CT whole-body scanning in pediatric radiology.", "content": "In an 8 month period 57 scans in 28 children have been performed using an EMI-CT 5005 General Purpose Scanner. Thirteen primary malignant tumours were evaluated, and scanning was of great value in localizing and delineating the lesion, and hence predicting the operability. Furthermore, secondary spread of malignant tumours was easily detected. In the continuing evaluation of treated malignant tumours CT has been used to estimate regression and relapse.", "contents": "CT whole-body scanning in pediatric radiology. In an 8 month period 57 scans in 28 children have been performed using an EMI-CT 5005 General Purpose Scanner. Thirteen primary malignant tumours were evaluated, and scanning was of great value in localizing and delineating the lesion, and hence predicting the operability. Furthermore, secondary spread of malignant tumours was easily detected. In the continuing evaluation of treated malignant tumours CT has been used to estimate regression and relapse.", "PMID": 643351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1549", "title": "Angiographic evaluation of conjoined twins.", "content": "Two sets of conjoined twins were studied by angiocardiography and cerebral angiography. Conjoined heart was demonstrated in the thoracopagus twins and surgical separation was impossible. Cerebral angiography disclosed the separate circulations in craniopagus twins and surgical separation was performed.", "contents": "Angiographic evaluation of conjoined twins. Two sets of conjoined twins were studied by angiocardiography and cerebral angiography. Conjoined heart was demonstrated in the thoracopagus twins and surgical separation was impossible. Cerebral angiography disclosed the separate circulations in craniopagus twins and surgical separation was performed.", "PMID": 643352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1550", "title": "Thoracic and lumbar dural ectasia in a two-year-old boy.", "content": "A two year old boy, admitted for evaluation of failure to thrive was found to have multiple paraspinal masses and a widened spinal canal. The masses proved to be lateral meningoceles, present varying degrees at every thoracic and lumbar level.", "contents": "Thoracic and lumbar dural ectasia in a two-year-old boy. A two year old boy, admitted for evaluation of failure to thrive was found to have multiple paraspinal masses and a widened spinal canal. The masses proved to be lateral meningoceles, present varying degrees at every thoracic and lumbar level.", "PMID": 643353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1551", "title": "Passage of Gastrografin into the small mesenteric veins during an opaque enema.", "content": "An opaque enema was carried out with Gastrografin. The patient was a 2-year-old French boy. As the enema progressed we saw the small mesenteric veins opacify: no significant consequence followed. This is the first report of such an incident.", "contents": "Passage of Gastrografin into the small mesenteric veins during an opaque enema. An opaque enema was carried out with Gastrografin. The patient was a 2-year-old French boy. As the enema progressed we saw the small mesenteric veins opacify: no significant consequence followed. This is the first report of such an incident.", "PMID": 643354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1552", "title": "Ileal duplication cyst: the importance of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scanning.", "content": "Duplications of the alimentary tract may cause extensive bleeding when ectopic gastric mucosa is present. A successful diagnosis can be made preoperatively with the use of conventional barium studies as well as sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scans.", "contents": "Ileal duplication cyst: the importance of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scanning. Duplications of the alimentary tract may cause extensive bleeding when ectopic gastric mucosa is present. A successful diagnosis can be made preoperatively with the use of conventional barium studies as well as sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scans.", "PMID": 643355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1553", "title": "The normal calvaria indices of the human skull. 1. Absolute measurements. 2. Proportional measurements.", "content": "Using the bony reference points: Nasion (N), Tuberculum sellae (Ts), Bregma (B), Lambda (L) as well as Twining's line (Tw) the normal position of bregma, lambda and internal occipital protuberance can be expressed in proportional measures by the ratios: N-Ts/B, N-Ts/L and N-Ts/Tw. Thus the growth rate of the human calvaria is expressed as a proportion of the anterior cranial base and found to be independent of the shape and age of the skull.", "contents": "The normal calvaria indices of the human skull. 1. Absolute measurements. 2. Proportional measurements. Using the bony reference points: Nasion (N), Tuberculum sellae (Ts), Bregma (B), Lambda (L) as well as Twining's line (Tw) the normal position of bregma, lambda and internal occipital protuberance can be expressed in proportional measures by the ratios: N-Ts/B, N-Ts/L and N-Ts/Tw. Thus the growth rate of the human calvaria is expressed as a proportion of the anterior cranial base and found to be independent of the shape and age of the skull.", "PMID": 643356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1554", "title": "Regional enteritis in children: small bowel disease with normal terminal ileum.", "content": "Regional enteritis in children may affect the small bowel without involvement of the terminal ileum. We have noted this distribution of disease in 4 of 20 consecutive cases of Crohn's disease. The clinical and radiologic features of these 4 patients are reported together with a review of similar observations in the literature.", "contents": "Regional enteritis in children: small bowel disease with normal terminal ileum. Regional enteritis in children may affect the small bowel without involvement of the terminal ileum. We have noted this distribution of disease in 4 of 20 consecutive cases of Crohn's disease. The clinical and radiologic features of these 4 patients are reported together with a review of similar observations in the literature.", "PMID": 643357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1555", "title": "Unusual presentation of appendiceal abscess on barium contrast studies.", "content": "The defect of an appendiceal abscess on a barium enema is most often seen on the medial aspect of the cecum. However, the site of involvement may vary depending on the location of the appendix. This paper illustrates some of the unusual radiographic findings that were found on barium enemas in six pediatric patients with appendiceal abscess that were not involving the medial cecum.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of appendiceal abscess on barium contrast studies. The defect of an appendiceal abscess on a barium enema is most often seen on the medial aspect of the cecum. However, the site of involvement may vary depending on the location of the appendix. This paper illustrates some of the unusual radiographic findings that were found on barium enemas in six pediatric patients with appendiceal abscess that were not involving the medial cecum.", "PMID": 643358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1556", "title": "Posterior urethral valves as a cause of neonatal uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst (urinoma).", "content": "Two neonates with uriniferous perirenal pseudocysts (urinomas) secondary to posterior urethral valves are presented. Early diagnosis was achieved and both patients survived. The characteristic roentgenographic appearance of the pseudocyst is described. An investigation for lower urinary tract obstruction should always be undertaken when pseudocyst or ascites is seen in the neonate. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential to avoid irreversible renal damage, electrolyte or fluid imbalance, or respiratory compromise.", "contents": "Posterior urethral valves as a cause of neonatal uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst (urinoma). Two neonates with uriniferous perirenal pseudocysts (urinomas) secondary to posterior urethral valves are presented. Early diagnosis was achieved and both patients survived. The characteristic roentgenographic appearance of the pseudocyst is described. An investigation for lower urinary tract obstruction should always be undertaken when pseudocyst or ascites is seen in the neonate. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential to avoid irreversible renal damage, electrolyte or fluid imbalance, or respiratory compromise.", "PMID": 643359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1557", "title": "Fused labia. Clinical and radiological findings.", "content": "The clinical and radiological findings in fused labia are described. Some of the patients were asymptomatic. The others were referred because of a suspicion of urinary infection. Micturating cystourethrography showed collection of contrast material above the labia and marked reflux into the vagina in all patients examined. These findings were not seen after separation of the labia. Although the diagnosis is usually a clinical one, it is suggested that labial fusion may first be recognized by the radiologist through these cystourethrographic findings and while catheterizing the child.", "contents": "Fused labia. Clinical and radiological findings. The clinical and radiological findings in fused labia are described. Some of the patients were asymptomatic. The others were referred because of a suspicion of urinary infection. Micturating cystourethrography showed collection of contrast material above the labia and marked reflux into the vagina in all patients examined. These findings were not seen after separation of the labia. Although the diagnosis is usually a clinical one, it is suggested that labial fusion may first be recognized by the radiologist through these cystourethrographic findings and while catheterizing the child.", "PMID": 643360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1558", "title": "Focal osseous lesions in congenital lues.", "content": "Five babies, aged between one to three months presented with clinical and serological evidence of syphilis. In addition to the usual periosteal and metaphyseal bone lesions of lues, areas of focal lucencies and sequestra were present. The association of sequestra in focal diaphyseal erosions may represent a non-dystrophic manifestation of the disease. The lesions were attributed to the syphilitic process. Trivial trauma to disorganised metaphyses, dystrophic changes and possibly focal osteomyelitis account for the spectrum of bone lesions in congenital syphilis. No tubular bone appears immune to these processes.", "contents": "Focal osseous lesions in congenital lues. Five babies, aged between one to three months presented with clinical and serological evidence of syphilis. In addition to the usual periosteal and metaphyseal bone lesions of lues, areas of focal lucencies and sequestra were present. The association of sequestra in focal diaphyseal erosions may represent a non-dystrophic manifestation of the disease. The lesions were attributed to the syphilitic process. Trivial trauma to disorganised metaphyses, dystrophic changes and possibly focal osteomyelitis account for the spectrum of bone lesions in congenital syphilis. No tubular bone appears immune to these processes.", "PMID": 643361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1559", "title": "Syndromes of congenital bowing of the long bones.", "content": "Ten patients with congenital bone disease in whom bowing of the long bones was the predominant or only sign are described. The group was composed of three patients with Campomelic dwarfism, one with long bones bowing of Caffey's type, four with femoral bowing (two of them familial), one with bowing of the long bones of the lower limbs and one with bowing of the forearm bones.", "contents": "Syndromes of congenital bowing of the long bones. Ten patients with congenital bone disease in whom bowing of the long bones was the predominant or only sign are described. The group was composed of three patients with Campomelic dwarfism, one with long bones bowing of Caffey's type, four with femoral bowing (two of them familial), one with bowing of the long bones of the lower limbs and one with bowing of the forearm bones.", "PMID": 643362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1560", "title": "General lymphangiomatosis in a child.", "content": "The lymphographic findings in a 4 year old girl with general lymphangiomatosis are presented. The number of iliac and lumbar lymphatics had increased markedly and the lymph nodes were enlarged with very loose structure and with contrast medium distributed in scattered droplets and filiform channels.", "contents": "General lymphangiomatosis in a child. The lymphographic findings in a 4 year old girl with general lymphangiomatosis are presented. The number of iliac and lumbar lymphatics had increased markedly and the lymph nodes were enlarged with very loose structure and with contrast medium distributed in scattered droplets and filiform channels.", "PMID": 643363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1561", "title": "Acute bursitis calcarea trochanterica in an infant, with perforation into the hip joint demonstrated by arthrogram.", "content": "A case of bursitis calcarea trochanterica acuta is reported in a boy aged four months. The calcification was amorphous, and arthrography revealed extension into the hip joint. The lesion was treated surgically.", "contents": "Acute bursitis calcarea trochanterica in an infant, with perforation into the hip joint demonstrated by arthrogram. A case of bursitis calcarea trochanterica acuta is reported in a boy aged four months. The calcification was amorphous, and arthrography revealed extension into the hip joint. The lesion was treated surgically.", "PMID": 643364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1562", "title": "Acrodysostosis. A case of peripheral dysostosis, nasal hypoplasia, mental retardation and impaired hearing.", "content": "Acrodysostosis--a rare congenital malformation syndrome--is described in a 4 1/2 year old boy with peripheral dysostosis, nasal hypoplasia, mental retardation (PNM syndrome) and impaired hearing. The differential diagnosis includes pseudo (PH)--and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (PPH). The patient described here had severe peripheral dysostosis, typical of PNM as opposed to the above-mentioned conditions with only moderate peripheral dysostosis. Furthermore, there were no soft tissue calcifications and no intracranial calcification as can be seen in PH and PPH. Laboratory findings were normal.", "contents": "Acrodysostosis. A case of peripheral dysostosis, nasal hypoplasia, mental retardation and impaired hearing. Acrodysostosis--a rare congenital malformation syndrome--is described in a 4 1/2 year old boy with peripheral dysostosis, nasal hypoplasia, mental retardation (PNM syndrome) and impaired hearing. The differential diagnosis includes pseudo (PH)--and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (PPH). The patient described here had severe peripheral dysostosis, typical of PNM as opposed to the above-mentioned conditions with only moderate peripheral dysostosis. Furthermore, there were no soft tissue calcifications and no intracranial calcification as can be seen in PH and PPH. Laboratory findings were normal.", "PMID": 643365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1563", "title": "Hereditary malformation of the toes and fingers in a family with double translocation heterozygosity.", "content": "A hereditary malformation of the metatarsophalangeal joints, called here \"tear drop\" deformity, and a cut off appearance of the distal phalanges of the toes is described in a family with double translocation t (7; 12), t (2; 6) heterozygosity. A bracydactyly E was also found. These disorders seemed unrelated to the chromosomal aberration.", "contents": "Hereditary malformation of the toes and fingers in a family with double translocation heterozygosity. A hereditary malformation of the metatarsophalangeal joints, called here \"tear drop\" deformity, and a cut off appearance of the distal phalanges of the toes is described in a family with double translocation t (7; 12), t (2; 6) heterozygosity. A bracydactyly E was also found. These disorders seemed unrelated to the chromosomal aberration.", "PMID": 643366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1564", "title": "The radiological features of Histoplasma pericarditis.", "content": "The radiographic features of pericarditis due to Histoplasma capsulatum are described in 5 children. This diagnosis is suggested when enlargement of the cardiac silhouette is associated with pneumonia, parenchymal nodules or adenopathy. These findings are particularly significant if the patient lives or has lived in an area which is endemic for histoplasmosis. While pleural effusion is rare in primary histoplasmosis, it is frequently present in patients with histoplasma pericarditis.", "contents": "The radiological features of Histoplasma pericarditis. The radiographic features of pericarditis due to Histoplasma capsulatum are described in 5 children. This diagnosis is suggested when enlargement of the cardiac silhouette is associated with pneumonia, parenchymal nodules or adenopathy. These findings are particularly significant if the patient lives or has lived in an area which is endemic for histoplasmosis. While pleural effusion is rare in primary histoplasmosis, it is frequently present in patients with histoplasma pericarditis.", "PMID": 643367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1565", "title": "Effect of saliva from cystic fibrosis patients and from normal subjects on red blood cell sodium transport.", "content": "Saliva, whether taken from patients with cystic fibrosis or from normal subjects, caused an increase in red blood cell Na+ efflux (in the presence or absence of ouabain) of 19-29% as compared with non-saliva controls. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of cystic fibrosis saliva and normal saliva.", "contents": "Effect of saliva from cystic fibrosis patients and from normal subjects on red blood cell sodium transport. Saliva, whether taken from patients with cystic fibrosis or from normal subjects, caused an increase in red blood cell Na+ efflux (in the presence or absence of ouabain) of 19-29% as compared with non-saliva controls. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of cystic fibrosis saliva and normal saliva.", "PMID": 643368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1566", "title": "The role of pulmonary corticosteroid 11-reductase activity in lung maturation in the fetal rat.", "content": "Injection of 11-ketoprogesterone into fetal rats at day 17 of gestation reduced the pulmonary C-11 activation index (an indicator of net gain or loss of glucocorticoid activity) as measured at day 21 (P less than 0.001) and resulted in elevated levels of the inactive hormone 11-dehydrocorticosterone (P less than 0.001), but unchanged corticosterone levels. Adrenal weight was significantly increased (P less than 0.001). 11-Ketoprogesterone-injected fetuses had considerably larger lungs (P less than 0.001) with reduced saturated phosphatidylcholine content (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "The role of pulmonary corticosteroid 11-reductase activity in lung maturation in the fetal rat. Injection of 11-ketoprogesterone into fetal rats at day 17 of gestation reduced the pulmonary C-11 activation index (an indicator of net gain or loss of glucocorticoid activity) as measured at day 21 (P less than 0.001) and resulted in elevated levels of the inactive hormone 11-dehydrocorticosterone (P less than 0.001), but unchanged corticosterone levels. Adrenal weight was significantly increased (P less than 0.001). 11-Ketoprogesterone-injected fetuses had considerably larger lungs (P less than 0.001) with reduced saturated phosphatidylcholine content (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 643369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1567", "title": "Acid and neutral lipases of cultured adipocytes of infants and children.", "content": "In order to determine whether the mobilization of intracellular triglycerides observed in cultured human adipocytes is associated with changes in the activities of acid and neutral lipases, the activities of both enzymes were measured weekly on cultured adipocytes for several months. The activity of acid lipase was initially very low, but rose to levels 40 times the original activity within 3 months. The activity of neutral lipase decreased rapidly within the first 2-4 weeks and remained at approximately 25% of original levels thereafter.", "contents": "Acid and neutral lipases of cultured adipocytes of infants and children. In order to determine whether the mobilization of intracellular triglycerides observed in cultured human adipocytes is associated with changes in the activities of acid and neutral lipases, the activities of both enzymes were measured weekly on cultured adipocytes for several months. The activity of acid lipase was initially very low, but rose to levels 40 times the original activity within 3 months. The activity of neutral lipase decreased rapidly within the first 2-4 weeks and remained at approximately 25% of original levels thereafter.", "PMID": 643371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1568", "title": "Arginine vasopressin response to an osmotic stimulus in the fetal sheep.", "content": "Baseline plasma osmolality (pOsm) and plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) were measured in chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Mean baseline pAVP in fetuses from 101-120 days was 1.9 +/- 0.46 muU/ml (mean +/- SEM) with a pOsm of 293 +/- 1.8 mOsm/kg. In fetuses of 121-141 days of gestation, mean pAVP was significantly lower, 0.77 +/- 0.19 muU/ml (P less than 0.05), with a similar pOsm (293 +/- 1.9 mOsm/kg). The logarithmic baseline pAVP values were linearly correlated with pOsm for both groups. Hypertonic saline infusion resulted in a similar increase in the log pAVP corrected for the rise in pOsm in the 101-120-day fetuses and in 121-141-day fetuses. The slope of this response was similar to that of the steady state relationship. The data indicates that the fetal osmoreceptor system for control of arginine vasopressin secretion is fully functional in the last trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Arginine vasopressin response to an osmotic stimulus in the fetal sheep. Baseline plasma osmolality (pOsm) and plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) were measured in chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Mean baseline pAVP in fetuses from 101-120 days was 1.9 +/- 0.46 muU/ml (mean +/- SEM) with a pOsm of 293 +/- 1.8 mOsm/kg. In fetuses of 121-141 days of gestation, mean pAVP was significantly lower, 0.77 +/- 0.19 muU/ml (P less than 0.05), with a similar pOsm (293 +/- 1.9 mOsm/kg). The logarithmic baseline pAVP values were linearly correlated with pOsm for both groups. Hypertonic saline infusion resulted in a similar increase in the log pAVP corrected for the rise in pOsm in the 101-120-day fetuses and in 121-141-day fetuses. The slope of this response was similar to that of the steady state relationship. The data indicates that the fetal osmoreceptor system for control of arginine vasopressin secretion is fully functional in the last trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 643374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1569", "title": "Effects of cortisol and aminophylline upon survival, pulmonary mechanics, and secreted phosphatidyl choline of prematurely delivered rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits delivered at 27.0 days of gestation were studied after administration of cortisol (2 mg/kg/day), aminophylline (6.25 mg/kg/day), or sterile saline to the does on days 24-26 of gestation. Survival at 60 min was 52.9% in the aminophylline-treated group and 22.2% in the control and cortisol-treated groups with all animals being in a warm, oxygen-enriched environment and receiving frequent tactile stimulation. Lung volume at 30 cm H2O was lower in the cortisol-treated group than in the controls or aminophylline-treated group in animals surviving for 60 min (Table 2). The aminophylline-treated group retained significantly more gas at low pressures on the deflation curve (Table 2) and had significantly more phosphatidylcholine recovered in lung lavage fluid (Table 3) than the other groups. Aminophylline appears to have enhanced lung maturation better than cortisol in this experimental model.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol and aminophylline upon survival, pulmonary mechanics, and secreted phosphatidyl choline of prematurely delivered rabbits. Rabbits delivered at 27.0 days of gestation were studied after administration of cortisol (2 mg/kg/day), aminophylline (6.25 mg/kg/day), or sterile saline to the does on days 24-26 of gestation. Survival at 60 min was 52.9% in the aminophylline-treated group and 22.2% in the control and cortisol-treated groups with all animals being in a warm, oxygen-enriched environment and receiving frequent tactile stimulation. Lung volume at 30 cm H2O was lower in the cortisol-treated group than in the controls or aminophylline-treated group in animals surviving for 60 min (Table 2). The aminophylline-treated group retained significantly more gas at low pressures on the deflation curve (Table 2) and had significantly more phosphatidylcholine recovered in lung lavage fluid (Table 3) than the other groups. Aminophylline appears to have enhanced lung maturation better than cortisol in this experimental model.", "PMID": 643375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1570", "title": "Inotropic response of the neonatal canine myocardium to dopamine.", "content": "The inotropic responsiveness of the developing myocardium to dopamine and isoproterenol was evaluated using isolated, perfused ventricles and atrial strips from puppies ages 15 hr to 33 days. Responses were compared to those in adult animals. The maximum percentage of increase of left ventricular dF/dt increased from 12 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM) at 0-7 days (n = 6) to 100 +/- 40 at 21-33 days (n = 3) of postnatal age. At 7-14 days (n = 4) and 15-20 days (n = 5) of age the maximum percentage of increase of left ventricular dF/dt was 28 +/- 10 and 39 +/- 17, respectively. Puppy ventricle responded to isoproterenol at all ages equally (maximum percentage increase of left ventricular dF/dt = 46 +/- 13). Atrial muscle strips from puppies, ages 15 hr to 35 days (n = 22), and adult dogs (n = 19) demonstrated equal responsiveness to dopamine as well as to isoproterenol. The maximum percentage of increase of dF/dt was 117 +/- 18 with dopamine. Maximum percentage of increase of dF/dt with dopamine after propranolol (10(-7) M) was 52 +/- 18. Haloperidol (1.10(-7)-2.10(-6) M) did not alter responsiveness of atria to dopamine.", "contents": "Inotropic response of the neonatal canine myocardium to dopamine. The inotropic responsiveness of the developing myocardium to dopamine and isoproterenol was evaluated using isolated, perfused ventricles and atrial strips from puppies ages 15 hr to 33 days. Responses were compared to those in adult animals. The maximum percentage of increase of left ventricular dF/dt increased from 12 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM) at 0-7 days (n = 6) to 100 +/- 40 at 21-33 days (n = 3) of postnatal age. At 7-14 days (n = 4) and 15-20 days (n = 5) of age the maximum percentage of increase of left ventricular dF/dt was 28 +/- 10 and 39 +/- 17, respectively. Puppy ventricle responded to isoproterenol at all ages equally (maximum percentage increase of left ventricular dF/dt = 46 +/- 13). Atrial muscle strips from puppies, ages 15 hr to 35 days (n = 22), and adult dogs (n = 19) demonstrated equal responsiveness to dopamine as well as to isoproterenol. The maximum percentage of increase of dF/dt was 117 +/- 18 with dopamine. Maximum percentage of increase of dF/dt with dopamine after propranolol (10(-7) M) was 52 +/- 18. Haloperidol (1.10(-7)-2.10(-6) M) did not alter responsiveness of atria to dopamine.", "PMID": 643376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1571", "title": "A defect in branched-chain amino acid metabolism in a patient with congenital lactic acidosis due to dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "In a case of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency, there was not only an elevation of lactate and alpha-ketoglutarate but also of branched chain amino acids. The levels of branched-chain amino acids varied from the normal range to three times the upper limit of normal during the patient's lifetime, and alloisoleucine was detectable at all times. Examination of postmortem tissues revealed that the activity of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenases was between zero and 10% of that in control tissues. It is suggested that the multiple defects seen in oxidative decarboxylation in this patient is the consequence of a single genetic deletion of an enzyme common to pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenases.", "contents": "A defect in branched-chain amino acid metabolism in a patient with congenital lactic acidosis due to dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency. In a case of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency, there was not only an elevation of lactate and alpha-ketoglutarate but also of branched chain amino acids. The levels of branched-chain amino acids varied from the normal range to three times the upper limit of normal during the patient's lifetime, and alloisoleucine was detectable at all times. Examination of postmortem tissues revealed that the activity of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenases was between zero and 10% of that in control tissues. It is suggested that the multiple defects seen in oxidative decarboxylation in this patient is the consequence of a single genetic deletion of an enzyme common to pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenases.", "PMID": 643378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1572", "title": "Oxygen toxicity: comparison of lung biochemical responses in neonatal and adult rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats (4--7 days old) and adult rats (approximately 80 days old) were continuously exposed to either 96--98% oxygen or air. Examination of the lungs of neonatal rats, who survived 5 days of oxygen exposure with no evidence of respiratory distress, showed significant increases in the pulmonary superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (peak value: 144% of air-exposed controls), glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity (126%), glutathione reductase (GR) activity (122%), reduced glutathione (GSH) level (176%), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (151%). Adult rats, most of whom succumbed within 3 days of oxygen exposure, did not show any significant increase in the activities of pulmonary SOD, GP, GR, and the level of GSH as compared to the air-exposed adult animals. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly elevated in the 72-hr oxygen-exposed adult rats. It is concluded that increases in the lung complement of SOD, GR, GP, and GSH in the neonatal rat during oxygen challenge may provide the mechanism(s) for their increased tolerance to hyperoxia-induced lung injury as compared to the adults.", "contents": "Oxygen toxicity: comparison of lung biochemical responses in neonatal and adult rats. Neonatal rats (4--7 days old) and adult rats (approximately 80 days old) were continuously exposed to either 96--98% oxygen or air. Examination of the lungs of neonatal rats, who survived 5 days of oxygen exposure with no evidence of respiratory distress, showed significant increases in the pulmonary superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (peak value: 144% of air-exposed controls), glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity (126%), glutathione reductase (GR) activity (122%), reduced glutathione (GSH) level (176%), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (151%). Adult rats, most of whom succumbed within 3 days of oxygen exposure, did not show any significant increase in the activities of pulmonary SOD, GP, GR, and the level of GSH as compared to the air-exposed adult animals. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly elevated in the 72-hr oxygen-exposed adult rats. It is concluded that increases in the lung complement of SOD, GR, GP, and GSH in the neonatal rat during oxygen challenge may provide the mechanism(s) for their increased tolerance to hyperoxia-induced lung injury as compared to the adults.", "PMID": 643379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1573", "title": "Electrolyte economy and its hormonal regulation in congenital chloride diarrhea.", "content": "The economy of Cl-, K+, and Mg++, extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume, and the role of hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism were explored in 22 patients with congenital chloride diarrhea. Stool volume was in significant correlation with its Cl-, Na+ and K+ content, the correlation being significantly better with Cl- content than with the Na+ content. Low fecal Cl- concentrations were seen in chronic hypochloremic contraction, but acute episodes did not cause reduction of fecal Cl- concentration from the basal level of 140--150 mmol/liter. The adequate condition (defined as normal serum electrolyte concentrations and bl;od pH, and presence of Cl- in urine) was associated with high total exchangeable Cl- and ECV. This excess Cl- and ECV roughly equalled the high daily fecal amount of Cl- and volume. Reduced ECV was accompanied by high renin activities and hyperaldosteronism, but in the adequate condition these were normal. Hyperaldosteronism caused a decrease in urinary Na+-K+ ratio and, after the age of 2--6 months, in the fecal Na+-K+ ratio. Total exchangeable K+ was normal in the adequate condition. No Mg++ depletion was present, although the patients lack Mg++ substitution. The adequate condition could be maintained with an oral supplement of NaCl, KCl and water.", "contents": "Electrolyte economy and its hormonal regulation in congenital chloride diarrhea. The economy of Cl-, K+, and Mg++, extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume, and the role of hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism were explored in 22 patients with congenital chloride diarrhea. Stool volume was in significant correlation with its Cl-, Na+ and K+ content, the correlation being significantly better with Cl- content than with the Na+ content. Low fecal Cl- concentrations were seen in chronic hypochloremic contraction, but acute episodes did not cause reduction of fecal Cl- concentration from the basal level of 140--150 mmol/liter. The adequate condition (defined as normal serum electrolyte concentrations and bl;od pH, and presence of Cl- in urine) was associated with high total exchangeable Cl- and ECV. This excess Cl- and ECV roughly equalled the high daily fecal amount of Cl- and volume. Reduced ECV was accompanied by high renin activities and hyperaldosteronism, but in the adequate condition these were normal. Hyperaldosteronism caused a decrease in urinary Na+-K+ ratio and, after the age of 2--6 months, in the fecal Na+-K+ ratio. Total exchangeable K+ was normal in the adequate condition. No Mg++ depletion was present, although the patients lack Mg++ substitution. The adequate condition could be maintained with an oral supplement of NaCl, KCl and water.", "PMID": 643381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1574", "title": "Insulin effect on fetal glucose utilization.", "content": "Insulin infused into a sheep fetus over a 3-hr period at the rate of approximately 0.24 U.kg-1.h-1 increased fetal glucose uptake (utilization) from 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg.min-1.kg-1 to 6.9 +/- 0.9 mg.min-1.kg-1 as compared to a noninsulin control period. Insulin administration did not alter fetal oxygen consumption (8.6 +/- 0.7 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 7.7 +/- 0.7 ml.min-1.kg-1), umbilical blood flow (220 +/- 1 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 209 +/- 16 ml.min-1.kg-1), or the placental clearances of antipyrine (114 +/- 7 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 109 +/- 8ml.min-1.kg-1) and urea (24.5 +/- 2.2 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 25.0 +/- 2.1 ml.min-1.kg-1). Fetal plasma glucose concentration fell significantly (0.22 +/- 0.01 mg.ml-1 to 0.16 +/- 0.01 mg.ml-1) during insulin infusion. The insulin effect on fetal glucose uptake occurred over a range of maternal glucose concentrations (0.32 leads to 0.78 mg.ml-1), which were not altered by the infusion of insulin in the fetal compartment. Insulin has a specific effect on increasing fetal glucose uptake and utilization.", "contents": "Insulin effect on fetal glucose utilization. Insulin infused into a sheep fetus over a 3-hr period at the rate of approximately 0.24 U.kg-1.h-1 increased fetal glucose uptake (utilization) from 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg.min-1.kg-1 to 6.9 +/- 0.9 mg.min-1.kg-1 as compared to a noninsulin control period. Insulin administration did not alter fetal oxygen consumption (8.6 +/- 0.7 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 7.7 +/- 0.7 ml.min-1.kg-1), umbilical blood flow (220 +/- 1 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 209 +/- 16 ml.min-1.kg-1), or the placental clearances of antipyrine (114 +/- 7 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 109 +/- 8ml.min-1.kg-1) and urea (24.5 +/- 2.2 ml.min-1.kg-1 vs. 25.0 +/- 2.1 ml.min-1.kg-1). Fetal plasma glucose concentration fell significantly (0.22 +/- 0.01 mg.ml-1 to 0.16 +/- 0.01 mg.ml-1) during insulin infusion. The insulin effect on fetal glucose uptake occurred over a range of maternal glucose concentrations (0.32 leads to 0.78 mg.ml-1), which were not altered by the infusion of insulin in the fetal compartment. Insulin has a specific effect on increasing fetal glucose uptake and utilization.", "PMID": 643383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1575", "title": "Metabolic activity of developing rabbit lung.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of [3H]leucine, [U-14C]glucose, and [3H]palmitate were studied in rabbits aged --3, 1, 7, 28, and 90 days up to 1--1.5 years. Although lung composition did not change markedly, there were great differences in lung metabolism between the perinatal period (late fetal and newborn) and later stages of development. Leucine incorporation into lung protein was highest (3.1--3.4 nmol/mg protein/hr) in late fetal and newborn rabbits and decreased rapidly thereafter. Palmitic acid incorporation decreased during the first week after birth from 150 nmol/100 mg/hr to 85 nmol/100 mg/hr at 7 days of age; it increased thereafter to 170 nmol/100 mg/hr at 4 weeks of age and remained at that level throughout the entire period studied. Glucose uptake and lactate production were higher in fetal lungs than in all other age groups. Lipid biosynthesis from glucose was 2--4 times higher in fetal lungs than at all other ages; furthermore, more than 60% of glucose carbon atoms channeled into lipid was incorporated into fatty acids, whereas at all other ages glucose was chiefly a precursor of lipid glycerol.", "contents": "Metabolic activity of developing rabbit lung. The uptake and metabolism of [3H]leucine, [U-14C]glucose, and [3H]palmitate were studied in rabbits aged --3, 1, 7, 28, and 90 days up to 1--1.5 years. Although lung composition did not change markedly, there were great differences in lung metabolism between the perinatal period (late fetal and newborn) and later stages of development. Leucine incorporation into lung protein was highest (3.1--3.4 nmol/mg protein/hr) in late fetal and newborn rabbits and decreased rapidly thereafter. Palmitic acid incorporation decreased during the first week after birth from 150 nmol/100 mg/hr to 85 nmol/100 mg/hr at 7 days of age; it increased thereafter to 170 nmol/100 mg/hr at 4 weeks of age and remained at that level throughout the entire period studied. Glucose uptake and lactate production were higher in fetal lungs than in all other age groups. Lipid biosynthesis from glucose was 2--4 times higher in fetal lungs than at all other ages; furthermore, more than 60% of glucose carbon atoms channeled into lipid was incorporated into fatty acids, whereas at all other ages glucose was chiefly a precursor of lipid glycerol.", "PMID": 643385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1576", "title": "The lymphocyte transformation response of fetal hemolymphatic tissue to mitogens and antigens.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation responses to three different mitogens (phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and concanavalin A (Con A)) as well as four antigens (streptolysin O (SLO), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) and tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD)) were studied ontogenetically in 30 human fetuses ranging in gestational age from 6-19 weeks. In most organs lymphocyte responsiveness to Con A in human fetuses seemingly develops in concert with responsiveness to PHA and PWM. One 19 week fetus had an apparent antigen specific response to SLO with stimulation of cord blood and bone marrow lymphocytes. The same fetus also had mitogen responsiveness in bone marrow.", "contents": "The lymphocyte transformation response of fetal hemolymphatic tissue to mitogens and antigens. Lymphocyte transformation responses to three different mitogens (phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and concanavalin A (Con A)) as well as four antigens (streptolysin O (SLO), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) and tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD)) were studied ontogenetically in 30 human fetuses ranging in gestational age from 6-19 weeks. In most organs lymphocyte responsiveness to Con A in human fetuses seemingly develops in concert with responsiveness to PHA and PWM. One 19 week fetus had an apparent antigen specific response to SLO with stimulation of cord blood and bone marrow lymphocytes. The same fetus also had mitogen responsiveness in bone marrow.", "PMID": 643386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1577", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane proteins of premature and full-term newborn infants.", "content": "Erythrocyte membrane proteins of premature and full-term infants were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were no qualitative or gross quantitative differences in the pattern of membrane proteins from premature infants, full-term infants, and adults.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane proteins of premature and full-term newborn infants. Erythrocyte membrane proteins of premature and full-term infants were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were no qualitative or gross quantitative differences in the pattern of membrane proteins from premature infants, full-term infants, and adults.", "PMID": 643387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1578", "title": "Whole body protein synthesis in relation to basal energy expenditure in healthy children and in children recovering from burn injury.", "content": "Dynamic aspects of whole body nitrogen metabolism in children recovering from burn injury have been examined in relation to basal metabolic rate (BMR). A continuous administration of [15N]glycine was used to estimate the rates of whole body protein synthesis (S) and breakdown (C) in five acutely burned children (ages 5-16 years) and in nine healthy subjects (ages 9-18 years). S (grams of protein per kg body wt per day) and BMR were significantly correlated (r = +0.73; P less than 0.01). There was no significant correlation of C with BMR. The ratio of S (grams of protein per day) to BMR (kilocalories per day) was the same in burned and healthy children; the mean value for all children was 0.10 +/- 0.03 g protein synthesis/basal kcal. Calorie intake and S were significantly correlated (r = +0.70; P less than 0.01). There were significant correlations between BMR and percentage of total body surface area burned (r = +0.66; P less than 0.01), and BMR and age (r = -0.57; P less than 0.05). Age did not correlate significantly with percent of total body surface burned.", "contents": "Whole body protein synthesis in relation to basal energy expenditure in healthy children and in children recovering from burn injury. Dynamic aspects of whole body nitrogen metabolism in children recovering from burn injury have been examined in relation to basal metabolic rate (BMR). A continuous administration of [15N]glycine was used to estimate the rates of whole body protein synthesis (S) and breakdown (C) in five acutely burned children (ages 5-16 years) and in nine healthy subjects (ages 9-18 years). S (grams of protein per kg body wt per day) and BMR were significantly correlated (r = +0.73; P less than 0.01). There was no significant correlation of C with BMR. The ratio of S (grams of protein per day) to BMR (kilocalories per day) was the same in burned and healthy children; the mean value for all children was 0.10 +/- 0.03 g protein synthesis/basal kcal. Calorie intake and S were significantly correlated (r = +0.70; P less than 0.01). There were significant correlations between BMR and percentage of total body surface area burned (r = +0.66; P less than 0.01), and BMR and age (r = -0.57; P less than 0.05). Age did not correlate significantly with percent of total body surface burned.", "PMID": 643391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1579", "title": "Iron deficiency in the rat: biochemical studies of brain metabolism.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the effects of iron deficiency on brain metabolism in rats. Concentrations of cytochrome pigments, oxidative phosphorylation, and catalase and monoamine oxidase activities in brain tissue were unaffected by iron deficiency. However, activities of aldehyde oxidase, a key enzyme in the pathway of serotonin degradation, were significantly reduced, and concentrations of serotonin and total 5-hydroxyindole compounds were elevated in brain tissue of iron-deficient animals. Aldehyde oxidase activities and concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole compounds in brain tissues returned to approximately normal values one week after treatment of iron deficient animals with iron dextran.", "contents": "Iron deficiency in the rat: biochemical studies of brain metabolism. Studies were performed to determine the effects of iron deficiency on brain metabolism in rats. Concentrations of cytochrome pigments, oxidative phosphorylation, and catalase and monoamine oxidase activities in brain tissue were unaffected by iron deficiency. However, activities of aldehyde oxidase, a key enzyme in the pathway of serotonin degradation, were significantly reduced, and concentrations of serotonin and total 5-hydroxyindole compounds were elevated in brain tissue of iron-deficient animals. Aldehyde oxidase activities and concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole compounds in brain tissues returned to approximately normal values one week after treatment of iron deficient animals with iron dextran.", "PMID": 643392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1580", "title": "Asymptomatic hyperammonemia in low birthweight infants.", "content": "At 0-3 days of age the plasma ammonium concentration in full term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants was (mean +/- SEM) 27.5 +/- 0.5 micron; a value similar to that reported in adults. Ammonium levels in low birthweight AGA and SGA groups were 47.0 +/- 2.0 micron and 45.1 +/- 3.3 micron respectively; significantly elevated (P less than 0.001) as compared to the full term group. These increased ammonium levels persisted at 3-5 weeks of age. Associated with the hyperammonemia was a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in plasma alpha-ketoglutarate concentration: 11.8 +/- 1.0 micron, in the low birthweight AGA as compared to 20.7 +/- 0.6 micron in the full term AGA infants. There was an inverse linear correlation between plasma concentrations of ammonium and alpha-ketoglutarate r = -0.86, P less than 0.001. Urinary orotate excretion was significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) in low birthweight AGA infants. There was no difference in the plasma concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, or alanine among the various groups. Hyperammonemia was not associated with neurologic dysfunction.", "contents": "Asymptomatic hyperammonemia in low birthweight infants. At 0-3 days of age the plasma ammonium concentration in full term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants was (mean +/- SEM) 27.5 +/- 0.5 micron; a value similar to that reported in adults. Ammonium levels in low birthweight AGA and SGA groups were 47.0 +/- 2.0 micron and 45.1 +/- 3.3 micron respectively; significantly elevated (P less than 0.001) as compared to the full term group. These increased ammonium levels persisted at 3-5 weeks of age. Associated with the hyperammonemia was a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in plasma alpha-ketoglutarate concentration: 11.8 +/- 1.0 micron, in the low birthweight AGA as compared to 20.7 +/- 0.6 micron in the full term AGA infants. There was an inverse linear correlation between plasma concentrations of ammonium and alpha-ketoglutarate r = -0.86, P less than 0.001. Urinary orotate excretion was significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) in low birthweight AGA infants. There was no difference in the plasma concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, or alanine among the various groups. Hyperammonemia was not associated with neurologic dysfunction.", "PMID": 643393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1581", "title": "Essential fatty acids, prostaglandins, and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.", "content": "The lungs are a major metabolic site for the synthesis, release, and degradation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins of the E and F series exert a potent physiological effect on the smooth muscle of blood vessels and the tracheobronchial tree; prostaglandin E dilates while prostaglandin F constricts. Thus, altered prostaglandin metabolism may contribute to the pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Twenty-one infants with RDS and ten age- and weight-matched controls were studied by analyzing their plasma for prostaglandins and their precursor essential fatty acids. The two groups showed no differences in the essential fatty acid prostaglandin precursors, dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acids. During the acute phase of RDS, plasma levels of the primary prostaglandins E and F are significantly elevated compared with control values and the ratio of prostaglandin E to prostaglandin F significantly reduced. Prostaglandins E and F returned to control values on recovery from the acute stage of the disease. Two infants with persistent patent ductus arteriosus had significantly elevated prostglandin E values in their plasma compared with controls. The elevated levels of circulating plasma prostaglandins E and F and the reversal of their ratio during the acute phase of RDS may have adverse pulmonary and multisystem effects.", "contents": "Essential fatty acids, prostaglandins, and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. The lungs are a major metabolic site for the synthesis, release, and degradation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins of the E and F series exert a potent physiological effect on the smooth muscle of blood vessels and the tracheobronchial tree; prostaglandin E dilates while prostaglandin F constricts. Thus, altered prostaglandin metabolism may contribute to the pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Twenty-one infants with RDS and ten age- and weight-matched controls were studied by analyzing their plasma for prostaglandins and their precursor essential fatty acids. The two groups showed no differences in the essential fatty acid prostaglandin precursors, dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acids. During the acute phase of RDS, plasma levels of the primary prostaglandins E and F are significantly elevated compared with control values and the ratio of prostaglandin E to prostaglandin F significantly reduced. Prostaglandins E and F returned to control values on recovery from the acute stage of the disease. Two infants with persistent patent ductus arteriosus had significantly elevated prostglandin E values in their plasma compared with controls. The elevated levels of circulating plasma prostaglandins E and F and the reversal of their ratio during the acute phase of RDS may have adverse pulmonary and multisystem effects.", "PMID": 643409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1582", "title": "The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery from 1970 through 1976.", "content": "Results of seven years of epidemiologic surveillance for Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery are presented as a follow-up of a study from this same institution published in 1969. Surveillance of the previous study included years 1961 through 1968. A continued rise in S. aureus colonization rates among newborns occurred from 1973 through 1976 as compared to previous years studied. This was related primarily to the discontinuance of hexachlorophene (HCP) bathing. Other contributing factors were the addition in 1972 of the umbilical (as well as anterior nares) site for culturing, potentially doubling the S. aureus retrieval; the use, beginning in 1972, of an HCP-inhibiting medium for staphylococcal culturing; and probably the presence in previous  years of the Hawthorne effect. Clinical infection rates with S. aureus also increased significantly (P less than .001)when HCP bathing was in abeyance. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolated from 1970 through 1976 have remained the same. Five phage types were recurrent in causing clinical infections throughout the seven years. A recommended program for control of staphylococcal disease in the newborn nursery includes concentration on improvement of each staff member's individual technique, continuous epidemiologic surveillance, and routine umbilical care with triple dye or bacitracin. Bathing of infants with HCP should be considered a temporary treatment to be terminated as acute disease is controlled.", "contents": "The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery from 1970 through 1976. Results of seven years of epidemiologic surveillance for Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery are presented as a follow-up of a study from this same institution published in 1969. Surveillance of the previous study included years 1961 through 1968. A continued rise in S. aureus colonization rates among newborns occurred from 1973 through 1976 as compared to previous years studied. This was related primarily to the discontinuance of hexachlorophene (HCP) bathing. Other contributing factors were the addition in 1972 of the umbilical (as well as anterior nares) site for culturing, potentially doubling the S. aureus retrieval; the use, beginning in 1972, of an HCP-inhibiting medium for staphylococcal culturing; and probably the presence in previous  years of the Hawthorne effect. Clinical infection rates with S. aureus also increased significantly (P less than .001)when HCP bathing was in abeyance. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolated from 1970 through 1976 have remained the same. Five phage types were recurrent in causing clinical infections throughout the seven years. A recommended program for control of staphylococcal disease in the newborn nursery includes concentration on improvement of each staff member's individual technique, continuous epidemiologic surveillance, and routine umbilical care with triple dye or bacitracin. Bathing of infants with HCP should be considered a temporary treatment to be terminated as acute disease is controlled.", "PMID": 643410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1583", "title": "An attempt at prevention of obesity in infancy.", "content": "A study of The Prudent Diet in early infancy was undertaken in a test group of 80 infants as an attempt to prevent overweight in a private practice setting. This group was compared with another group of 50 infants born in 1964 who were fed the standard infant diet then in use. Although an incidence of 34.1% overweight was present in the comparison group as compared with 25% in the diet group at age 3 months, by age 3 years the comparison still showed a 25.5% prevalence of overweight as compared with the study group with a significantly lower incidence of only 1.28%. These results require confirmation from other investigators, as well as long-term follow-up observation of patients before one could consider recommending such a diet for widespread use.", "contents": "An attempt at prevention of obesity in infancy. A study of The Prudent Diet in early infancy was undertaken in a test group of 80 infants as an attempt to prevent overweight in a private practice setting. This group was compared with another group of 50 infants born in 1964 who were fed the standard infant diet then in use. Although an incidence of 34.1% overweight was present in the comparison group as compared with 25% in the diet group at age 3 months, by age 3 years the comparison still showed a 25.5% prevalence of overweight as compared with the study group with a significantly lower incidence of only 1.28%. These results require confirmation from other investigators, as well as long-term follow-up observation of patients before one could consider recommending such a diet for widespread use.", "PMID": 643411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1584", "title": "Mother-child relationships in the premature nursery: an observational study.", "content": "In an attempt to develop objective criteria for the process of mother-child bonding, 18 premature infants with a birth weight of less than 1,501 gm were regularly observed alone and together with their mothers during each nursery visit and three home visits, one, two, and three months after discharge from the hospital. Results indicate that (1) mothers visit longer and increase their caretaking behaviors over visits and remain consistent in the rank order of their caretaking behaviors over time. (2) Caretaking behaviors are highly intercorrelated and mothers can be divided into those who show a consistently high, medium, and low amount of interaction with their infants. (3) Highly interacting mothers also visit and telephone the nursery more and stimulate their infants more at home. Mothers who stimulate their infants little in the nursery also visit and phone less and stimulate them little at home. (4) Infant behaviors showed that infants whose gestation was less than 29 weeks did not respond to any type of maternal stimulation. Infants whose gestation was more than 29 weeks, however, showed significantly more eye-openings when their mothers touched them.", "contents": "Mother-child relationships in the premature nursery: an observational study. In an attempt to develop objective criteria for the process of mother-child bonding, 18 premature infants with a birth weight of less than 1,501 gm were regularly observed alone and together with their mothers during each nursery visit and three home visits, one, two, and three months after discharge from the hospital. Results indicate that (1) mothers visit longer and increase their caretaking behaviors over visits and remain consistent in the rank order of their caretaking behaviors over time. (2) Caretaking behaviors are highly intercorrelated and mothers can be divided into those who show a consistently high, medium, and low amount of interaction with their infants. (3) Highly interacting mothers also visit and telephone the nursery more and stimulate their infants more at home. Mothers who stimulate their infants little in the nursery also visit and phone less and stimulate them little at home. (4) Infant behaviors showed that infants whose gestation was less than 29 weeks did not respond to any type of maternal stimulation. Infants whose gestation was more than 29 weeks, however, showed significantly more eye-openings when their mothers touched them.", "PMID": 643412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1585", "title": "Teaching interviewing skills to pediatric house officers.", "content": "Interviewing skills of 34 pediatric house officers were compared with those of five practicing members of the clinical faculty. Interviews with a programmed mother were videotaped to evaluate physician-patient interaction, data gathering, hypothesis formation and provision of therapy education, reassurance, support, and anticipatory guidance. In addition, eight pediatric interns (PL-Is) were assigned to a study group and five to a control group at the beginning of their outpatient department rotation. The study group received feedback after the videotaped interviews and a 1 1/2-hour didactic session designed to teach interviewing skills. The control group received neither feedback nor the didactic session. Both groups were reevaluated at the end of the outpatient department rotation, again using the videotaped interview technique. Results showed that data-gathering ability increased significantly; that the focus of attention shifted from a more disease-oriented to a more patient-oriented interview; that data were obtained by means of less direct, less leading questions; and that more support and reassurance were provided as the level of training and experience increased. After the outpatient department rotation, members of both the study group and the control group of PL-1s had improved significantly and approached the proficiency-level of practicing pediatricians.", "contents": "Teaching interviewing skills to pediatric house officers. Interviewing skills of 34 pediatric house officers were compared with those of five practicing members of the clinical faculty. Interviews with a programmed mother were videotaped to evaluate physician-patient interaction, data gathering, hypothesis formation and provision of therapy education, reassurance, support, and anticipatory guidance. In addition, eight pediatric interns (PL-Is) were assigned to a study group and five to a control group at the beginning of their outpatient department rotation. The study group received feedback after the videotaped interviews and a 1 1/2-hour didactic session designed to teach interviewing skills. The control group received neither feedback nor the didactic session. Both groups were reevaluated at the end of the outpatient department rotation, again using the videotaped interview technique. Results showed that data-gathering ability increased significantly; that the focus of attention shifted from a more disease-oriented to a more patient-oriented interview; that data were obtained by means of less direct, less leading questions; and that more support and reassurance were provided as the level of training and experience increased. After the outpatient department rotation, members of both the study group and the control group of PL-1s had improved significantly and approached the proficiency-level of practicing pediatricians.", "PMID": 643413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1586", "title": "Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita as part of an inherited symptom complex: two case reports and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two first cousins appear to have an autosomal recessive disorder consisting of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), pterygium coli, congenital cervical spine fusions, and some features of the Eagle-Barrett syndrome. A review of the literature is summarized including the broad concepts of AMC as well as some syndromes in which AMC is but one manifestation.", "contents": "Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita as part of an inherited symptom complex: two case reports and a review of the literature. Two first cousins appear to have an autosomal recessive disorder consisting of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), pterygium coli, congenital cervical spine fusions, and some features of the Eagle-Barrett syndrome. A review of the literature is summarized including the broad concepts of AMC as well as some syndromes in which AMC is but one manifestation.", "PMID": 643415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1587", "title": "HLA-B27-negative sacroiliitis: a manifestation of familial Mediterranean fever in childhood.", "content": "Familial Mediterranean fever is a polysystemic disease seen most frequently in persons of Mediterranean ancestry. Arthritis is one of the common manifestations. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic sacroiliitis have been reported in adults. We report on two children with familial Mediterranean fever with radiographic abnormalities similar to those described in adults. Although sacroiliitis is strongly correlated with the presence of HLA-B27 in most arthropathies, these children were HLA-B27-negative. The diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever was delayed in both patients because the association of sacroiliitis with familial Mediterranean fever in childhood was not recognized.", "contents": "HLA-B27-negative sacroiliitis: a manifestation of familial Mediterranean fever in childhood. Familial Mediterranean fever is a polysystemic disease seen most frequently in persons of Mediterranean ancestry. Arthritis is one of the common manifestations. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic sacroiliitis have been reported in adults. We report on two children with familial Mediterranean fever with radiographic abnormalities similar to those described in adults. Although sacroiliitis is strongly correlated with the presence of HLA-B27 in most arthropathies, these children were HLA-B27-negative. The diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever was delayed in both patients because the association of sacroiliitis with familial Mediterranean fever in childhood was not recognized.", "PMID": 643416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1588", "title": "The Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.", "content": "The Gianotti-Crosti syndrome is an infrequently recognized disorder with distinctive characteristics. The eruption, which lasts for two to eight weeks, consists of large, flat-topped, nonpruritic papules on the face, buttocks, and limbs. Its onset may be preceded by fever and upper respiratory tract symptoms. Associated findings include generalized lymphadenopathy, anicteric hepatitis, and HBs antigenemia. Two children with the syndrome are described to bring this entity to the attention of pediatricians.", "contents": "The Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. The Gianotti-Crosti syndrome is an infrequently recognized disorder with distinctive characteristics. The eruption, which lasts for two to eight weeks, consists of large, flat-topped, nonpruritic papules on the face, buttocks, and limbs. Its onset may be preceded by fever and upper respiratory tract symptoms. Associated findings include generalized lymphadenopathy, anicteric hepatitis, and HBs antigenemia. Two children with the syndrome are described to bring this entity to the attention of pediatricians.", "PMID": 643417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1589", "title": "Bronchial reactivity in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "There is considerable dispute regarding the prevalence of asthma in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We studied 50 patients with CF and compared their responsiveness to inhaled histamine with that of asthmatic children. The incidence of positive responses to inhaled histamine was 24% in the patients with CF and more than 90% in the asthmatic patients. We found no correlation, in the patients with CF, between the histamine response and several indexes of atopy (clinical allergic disease and positive allergen skin tests). Positive responders to histamine were not evenly distributed over the disease spectrum of CF. Instead, positive responses occurred only in those patients whose prechallenge pulmonary function was abnormal. We conclude that the heightened bronchial reactivity in patients with CF reflects the severity of their underlying lung disease rather than the presence of coexistent asthma.", "contents": "Bronchial reactivity in cystic fibrosis. There is considerable dispute regarding the prevalence of asthma in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We studied 50 patients with CF and compared their responsiveness to inhaled histamine with that of asthmatic children. The incidence of positive responses to inhaled histamine was 24% in the patients with CF and more than 90% in the asthmatic patients. We found no correlation, in the patients with CF, between the histamine response and several indexes of atopy (clinical allergic disease and positive allergen skin tests). Positive responders to histamine were not evenly distributed over the disease spectrum of CF. Instead, positive responses occurred only in those patients whose prechallenge pulmonary function was abnormal. We conclude that the heightened bronchial reactivity in patients with CF reflects the severity of their underlying lung disease rather than the presence of coexistent asthma.", "PMID": 643418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1590", "title": "Injuries in high school sports.", "content": "A two-year study was made of injuries received in high school sports. Athletic trainers were placed in four high schools to conduct the investigation. Injuries occurred in women's sports at a rate of 22 per 100 participants; men's injuries occurred at a rate of 39 per 100 participants. Football and wrestling accounted for the highest injury rates; tennis and swimming accounted for the lowest rates for both sexes.", "contents": "Injuries in high school sports. A two-year study was made of injuries received in high school sports. Athletic trainers were placed in four high schools to conduct the investigation. Injuries occurred in women's sports at a rate of 22 per 100 participants; men's injuries occurred at a rate of 39 per 100 participants. Football and wrestling accounted for the highest injury rates; tennis and swimming accounted for the lowest rates for both sexes.", "PMID": 643419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1591", "title": "Medical correlates of infant development.", "content": "Attempts to correlate developmental outcome with medical complications affecting the fetus and infant have focused on the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods. The time beyond the newborn stage has not been explored in detail. The aim of this study was to relate events occurring during the gestational and neonatal periods as well as the infancy periods to later performance by the use of four medical scales. A total of 126 preterm infants were followed up prospectively from birth to 2 years of age. Medical complications occurring during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods as well as the first nine months of life were recovered. No relationship was found between obstetric and neonatal events and developmental outcome. Significant correlations were seen between medical events of later infancy and development at 2 years of age.", "contents": "Medical correlates of infant development. Attempts to correlate developmental outcome with medical complications affecting the fetus and infant have focused on the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods. The time beyond the newborn stage has not been explored in detail. The aim of this study was to relate events occurring during the gestational and neonatal periods as well as the infancy periods to later performance by the use of four medical scales. A total of 126 preterm infants were followed up prospectively from birth to 2 years of age. Medical complications occurring during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods as well as the first nine months of life were recovered. No relationship was found between obstetric and neonatal events and developmental outcome. Significant correlations were seen between medical events of later infancy and development at 2 years of age.", "PMID": 643420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1592", "title": "Variability of prior practice in learning and retention of a novel motor response.", "content": "The schema theory prediction that variability of practice would influence the strength of the motor response schema was investigated. Three groups of subjects, defined by much, little, or no variability of distances moved in prior practice on a linear-slide apparatus, completed 12 initial practice trials. Subjects then had 10 trials to estimate a novel distance from a new starting point. Knowledge of results was provided on the first three trials and withdrawn on the last seven trials. No differences in accuracy of production of the novel distance were noted although evidence for a stronger-schema by the group with little variability was noted on the second transfer trial. On the trials on which knowledge of results was withdrawn this stronger schema group maintained performance while the other two groups showed a decrement in performance.", "contents": "Variability of prior practice in learning and retention of a novel motor response. The schema theory prediction that variability of practice would influence the strength of the motor response schema was investigated. Three groups of subjects, defined by much, little, or no variability of distances moved in prior practice on a linear-slide apparatus, completed 12 initial practice trials. Subjects then had 10 trials to estimate a novel distance from a new starting point. Knowledge of results was provided on the first three trials and withdrawn on the last seven trials. No differences in accuracy of production of the novel distance were noted although evidence for a stronger-schema by the group with little variability was noted on the second transfer trial. On the trials on which knowledge of results was withdrawn this stronger schema group maintained performance while the other two groups showed a decrement in performance.", "PMID": 643467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1593", "title": "Nasality and precision of articulation.", "content": "Two reading passages, one with nasal consonants and one without, were tape-recorded for 72 subjects: 34 selected as having precise articulation and 38 selected as having imprecise articulation. These speech samples were evaluated for degree of precision and also for degree of nasality by the psychological scaling method of equal-appearing intervals employing a 7-point scale. Analysis indicated a relationship between degree of precision and degree of unpleasant nasality, that is, a tendency for decreases in precision to be accompanied by increased nasality and a tendency for males to be more imprecise in articulation and more nasal than females.", "contents": "Nasality and precision of articulation. Two reading passages, one with nasal consonants and one without, were tape-recorded for 72 subjects: 34 selected as having precise articulation and 38 selected as having imprecise articulation. These speech samples were evaluated for degree of precision and also for degree of nasality by the psychological scaling method of equal-appearing intervals employing a 7-point scale. Analysis indicated a relationship between degree of precision and degree of unpleasant nasality, that is, a tendency for decreases in precision to be accompanied by increased nasality and a tendency for males to be more imprecise in articulation and more nasal than females.", "PMID": 643468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1594", "title": "Conceptual deficits and aging: the Category Test.", "content": "Category Test performance of 41 bright aged normals was compared with the performance of 40 young normals and a group of 43 patients with suspected neurological dysfunction. The aged normals were not only as deficient as the neurologic patients but showed a similar pattern of deficits on Category subtests. The extreme difficulty experienced by aged normals and patients on Subtests III and IV was explained as a function of task complexity rather than of conceptual difficulty of conceptual principles and task complexity in a variety of impaired groups was suggested.", "contents": "Conceptual deficits and aging: the Category Test. Category Test performance of 41 bright aged normals was compared with the performance of 40 young normals and a group of 43 patients with suspected neurological dysfunction. The aged normals were not only as deficient as the neurologic patients but showed a similar pattern of deficits on Category subtests. The extreme difficulty experienced by aged normals and patients on Subtests III and IV was explained as a function of task complexity rather than of conceptual difficulty of conceptual principles and task complexity in a variety of impaired groups was suggested.", "PMID": 643469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1595", "title": "Physical activity, motor development and self-concept: race and age differences.", "content": "To investigate the effect of organized physical activity on the development of specific motor skills (body coordination and self-concept) of elementary age children, 344 children from the ethnic origins, black and white, were administered the Schilling Body Coordination Test and the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children. Motor development (body coordination) and self-concept scores were significantly higher for the group who participated in the physical activity program than for controls who did not. There was a linear trend in motor skill improvement, with Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 showing significantly higher gains than Grade 1. The self-concept scores indicated a significant decline for Grades 3, 4, and 5. There were no significant differences between blacks and whites. A two-way interaction was found between grade and race in motor development, with blacks demonstrating lower mean scores than whites in Grade 2 but higher mean scores in Grade 5. Correlations between self-concept and motor development were non-significant.", "contents": "Physical activity, motor development and self-concept: race and age differences. To investigate the effect of organized physical activity on the development of specific motor skills (body coordination and self-concept) of elementary age children, 344 children from the ethnic origins, black and white, were administered the Schilling Body Coordination Test and the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children. Motor development (body coordination) and self-concept scores were significantly higher for the group who participated in the physical activity program than for controls who did not. There was a linear trend in motor skill improvement, with Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 showing significantly higher gains than Grade 1. The self-concept scores indicated a significant decline for Grades 3, 4, and 5. There were no significant differences between blacks and whites. A two-way interaction was found between grade and race in motor development, with blacks demonstrating lower mean scores than whites in Grade 2 but higher mean scores in Grade 5. Correlations between self-concept and motor development were non-significant.", "PMID": 643470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1596", "title": "Effects of subliminal stimulation on masculinity-femininity ratings of a male model.", "content": "The effects of subliminal stimulation on masculinity-femininity ratings of a male model were tested for 100 male undergraduates, randomly divided into four groups and individually shown a slide of a male model. One group received no further stimulation. A second group received a subliminal flash of white light across the image of the model; a third group was presented with the subliminal message \"masculine,\" while a fourth group was presented with the subliminal message \"feminine.\" Subjects were asked to rate the model on a six-point scale of masculinity-femininity. The differences in ratings among groups were not significant, indicating that subliminal stimulation did not influence masculinity-femininity value-norm-anchor judgments. There were no significant differences in the reported perception of additional stimuli or the tendency to be relaxed among the four groups. However, subjects who received the \"masculine\" message and reported that they were more relaxed did tend to rate the model higher in masculinity.", "contents": "Effects of subliminal stimulation on masculinity-femininity ratings of a male model. The effects of subliminal stimulation on masculinity-femininity ratings of a male model were tested for 100 male undergraduates, randomly divided into four groups and individually shown a slide of a male model. One group received no further stimulation. A second group received a subliminal flash of white light across the image of the model; a third group was presented with the subliminal message \"masculine,\" while a fourth group was presented with the subliminal message \"feminine.\" Subjects were asked to rate the model on a six-point scale of masculinity-femininity. The differences in ratings among groups were not significant, indicating that subliminal stimulation did not influence masculinity-femininity value-norm-anchor judgments. There were no significant differences in the reported perception of additional stimuli or the tendency to be relaxed among the four groups. However, subjects who received the \"masculine\" message and reported that they were more relaxed did tend to rate the model higher in masculinity.", "PMID": 643471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1597", "title": "Eyewitness testimony: an exploration of question wording upon recall as a function of neuroticism.", "content": "Two experiments are reported in which subjects viewed films and were interrogated with questions employing the definite or the indefinite article. A significant interaction existed betweed a witness's level of neuroticism and question wording. There were also significant correlations between Neuroticism and errors resulting from questions containing the indefinite article.", "contents": "Eyewitness testimony: an exploration of question wording upon recall as a function of neuroticism. Two experiments are reported in which subjects viewed films and were interrogated with questions employing the definite or the indefinite article. A significant interaction existed betweed a witness's level of neuroticism and question wording. There were also significant correlations between Neuroticism and errors resulting from questions containing the indefinite article.", "PMID": 643473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1598", "title": "Lifted-weight difference thresholds as a function of hand.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine if the two hands of right-handers are differentially sensitive to changes in perceived weight. Using the method of limits, the left and right hands of 20 college students were tested at each of three reference weights: 90, 100, and 110 gm. Results indicated that, over-all, difference thresholds for the two hands were not reliably different, though a trend did emerge toward greater right-handed sensitivity to weight changes at smaller weights and greater left-handed sensitivity at greater weights.", "contents": "Lifted-weight difference thresholds as a function of hand. A study was conducted to determine if the two hands of right-handers are differentially sensitive to changes in perceived weight. Using the method of limits, the left and right hands of 20 college students were tested at each of three reference weights: 90, 100, and 110 gm. Results indicated that, over-all, difference thresholds for the two hands were not reliably different, though a trend did emerge toward greater right-handed sensitivity to weight changes at smaller weights and greater left-handed sensitivity at greater weights.", "PMID": 643474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1599", "title": "Relationship between birth order and leadership style for nursery school children.", "content": "36 nursery school children were given a revised form of Fiedler's (1967) least preferred co-worker scale designated as the least preferred playmate scale. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between least preferred playmate scores and the birth order of young children. A 2 X 2 contingency table was constructed between birth order (first and later born) and leadership style (high and low). The resulting chi squares were insignificant for the total population and for males. However, for females the results were significant with a higher percentage of firstborns being task-oriented (low score) and a higher percentage of later borns being relation-oriented (high score).", "contents": "Relationship between birth order and leadership style for nursery school children. 36 nursery school children were given a revised form of Fiedler's (1967) least preferred co-worker scale designated as the least preferred playmate scale. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between least preferred playmate scores and the birth order of young children. A 2 X 2 contingency table was constructed between birth order (first and later born) and leadership style (high and low). The resulting chi squares were insignificant for the total population and for males. However, for females the results were significant with a higher percentage of firstborns being task-oriented (low score) and a higher percentage of later borns being relation-oriented (high score).", "PMID": 643475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1600", "title": "Heart rate, recall, and reaction-time measures of levels of processing.", "content": "A problem of circularity emerges in any attempt to index depth by retention alone. In the present study, reaction time (RT), and heart-rate response were used to index the three qualitatively distinct levels of physical, phonemic, and semantic processing. An additional objective was to distinguish between the three levels under incidental vs intentional learning conditions. Subjects were 46 male undergraduates who were given 30 trials. A trial consisted of the presentation of an orienting question and an imperative word-stimulus separated by a 6-sec. interval. There were three types of questions in order to induce processing to one of the three target levels. The results indicated that recall as well as heart-rate acceleration distinguished between two (physical vs phonemic and semantic) rather than three levels of processing in the incidental condition. Heart-rate change differentiated between incidental and intentional, the intentional condition showing a smaller change. Semantic and phonemic RTs were faster than physical RT, but there were no differences between semantic and phonemic RTs. Intentional recall was superior to incidental recall. It is suggested that psychophysiological indices can provide independent evidence for 'levels of processing.'", "contents": "Heart rate, recall, and reaction-time measures of levels of processing. A problem of circularity emerges in any attempt to index depth by retention alone. In the present study, reaction time (RT), and heart-rate response were used to index the three qualitatively distinct levels of physical, phonemic, and semantic processing. An additional objective was to distinguish between the three levels under incidental vs intentional learning conditions. Subjects were 46 male undergraduates who were given 30 trials. A trial consisted of the presentation of an orienting question and an imperative word-stimulus separated by a 6-sec. interval. There were three types of questions in order to induce processing to one of the three target levels. The results indicated that recall as well as heart-rate acceleration distinguished between two (physical vs phonemic and semantic) rather than three levels of processing in the incidental condition. Heart-rate change differentiated between incidental and intentional, the intentional condition showing a smaller change. Semantic and phonemic RTs were faster than physical RT, but there were no differences between semantic and phonemic RTs. Intentional recall was superior to incidental recall. It is suggested that psychophysiological indices can provide independent evidence for 'levels of processing.'", "PMID": 643476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1601", "title": "Visual processing of simultaneously presented peripheral and foveal stimuli.", "content": "Results are reported for an experiment in which subjects were required to detect simple stimuli presented tachistoscopically to the periphery and/or fovea. Three modes of stimulus presentation were employed: an SMf mode in which foveal stimuli were presented alone; an SMp mode in which peripheral stimuli were presented alone; and an SIMfp mode in which peripheral stimuli were presented simultaneously. Stimulus detection was significantly better under SMf and SMp modes of presentation than under an SIMfp mode of presentation. Results are discussed in terms of a limited-capacity attentional model in which selective factors operate in the initial processing of visual stimuli and prior to short-term memory.", "contents": "Visual processing of simultaneously presented peripheral and foveal stimuli. Results are reported for an experiment in which subjects were required to detect simple stimuli presented tachistoscopically to the periphery and/or fovea. Three modes of stimulus presentation were employed: an SMf mode in which foveal stimuli were presented alone; an SMp mode in which peripheral stimuli were presented alone; and an SIMfp mode in which peripheral stimuli were presented simultaneously. Stimulus detection was significantly better under SMf and SMp modes of presentation than under an SIMfp mode of presentation. Results are discussed in terms of a limited-capacity attentional model in which selective factors operate in the initial processing of visual stimuli and prior to short-term memory.", "PMID": 643477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1602", "title": "Searching for multiple targets simultaneously: is it really possible?", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the findings of Neisser and his associates with respect to parallel processing of multiple target items in a visual search task, subjects were tested in a multiple-target search situation in which the various target sets were not nested. 20 sessions were run for each subject with 12 trials per day. The targets used were geometric forms, allowing for manipulation of the number of features in each form. The results do not confirm those of Neisser, in fact, the interaction of session x target-set size was in a direction opposite to that predicted by a parallel preattentive processing may in fact have reflected a tendency for subjects to scan for a master set of targets, regardless of which subset of that set was actually present on a given set.", "contents": "Searching for multiple targets simultaneously: is it really possible? In an attempt to clarify the findings of Neisser and his associates with respect to parallel processing of multiple target items in a visual search task, subjects were tested in a multiple-target search situation in which the various target sets were not nested. 20 sessions were run for each subject with 12 trials per day. The targets used were geometric forms, allowing for manipulation of the number of features in each form. The results do not confirm those of Neisser, in fact, the interaction of session x target-set size was in a direction opposite to that predicted by a parallel preattentive processing may in fact have reflected a tendency for subjects to scan for a master set of targets, regardless of which subset of that set was actually present on a given set.", "PMID": 643479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1603", "title": "Task difficulty and visual similarity increase a distractor's effects on random shapes.", "content": "Recognition of random shapes followed by a visual distractor is altered by the type of distractor and whether the distractor needs to be attended. Three experiments tested which characteristics modify a visual distractor's effect on random target shapes presented for 75 to 150 msec. Exp. 1 showed that increasing the number of digits to be remembered (1, 3, or 8) increased the effectiveness of digits as distractors. Exeir effect as visual distractors for random target shapes. Random shapes were highly effective as distractors, while pictures of faces or comples colored pictures had a relatively small effect. In Exp. 3 decreasing the presentation time for novel visual distractors decreased recognition of the distractors but not of random target shapes. However, adding a three-digit distractor after the novel visual distractor did decrease recognition of target shapes. Exps. 2 and 3 showed that the order of the recognition tests of the target and distracting stimuli altered target recognition if and only if subjects did know which was to be reported first. These experiments indicate that the effect of a visual distractor depends on both the extent to which it is allotted attention and its visual similarity to the target stimulus.", "contents": "Task difficulty and visual similarity increase a distractor's effects on random shapes. Recognition of random shapes followed by a visual distractor is altered by the type of distractor and whether the distractor needs to be attended. Three experiments tested which characteristics modify a visual distractor's effect on random target shapes presented for 75 to 150 msec. Exp. 1 showed that increasing the number of digits to be remembered (1, 3, or 8) increased the effectiveness of digits as distractors. Exeir effect as visual distractors for random target shapes. Random shapes were highly effective as distractors, while pictures of faces or comples colored pictures had a relatively small effect. In Exp. 3 decreasing the presentation time for novel visual distractors decreased recognition of the distractors but not of random target shapes. However, adding a three-digit distractor after the novel visual distractor did decrease recognition of target shapes. Exps. 2 and 3 showed that the order of the recognition tests of the target and distracting stimuli altered target recognition if and only if subjects did know which was to be reported first. These experiments indicate that the effect of a visual distractor depends on both the extent to which it is allotted attention and its visual similarity to the target stimulus.", "PMID": 643480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1604", "title": "Test expectancy and encoding of pictures and words.", "content": "Undergraduates were shown pictures or corresponding labels and then were tested for recognition either in the same mode or in a cross-over mode. Significantly more items were recognized in the picture-picture condition than in the picture-word and word-picture conditions. Informing subjects in advance of the change in modality significantly improved picture-word performance.", "contents": "Test expectancy and encoding of pictures and words. Undergraduates were shown pictures or corresponding labels and then were tested for recognition either in the same mode or in a cross-over mode. Significantly more items were recognized in the picture-picture condition than in the picture-word and word-picture conditions. Informing subjects in advance of the change in modality significantly improved picture-word performance.", "PMID": 643481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1605", "title": "Performance on a reciprocal tapping task with variations in intertapping interval.", "content": "Fitts' law was investigated in a study of the effect of the index of difficulty (ID) and intertapping interval upon reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) for a reciprocal tapping task. ID showed its well-established relationship with MT as described by Fitts' law: MT = aID + b. Improvement in the linearity of this relationship was, however, demonstrated by expressing MT in logarithmic units. While ID had an unsubstantial (though significant) effect on RT, increases in intertapping interval from zero to any level of discrete tapping led to significant increases in RT of about 135 msec. The results are interpreted as lending support to Fitts' thesis that RT and MT reflect independent phases of information processing.", "contents": "Performance on a reciprocal tapping task with variations in intertapping interval. Fitts' law was investigated in a study of the effect of the index of difficulty (ID) and intertapping interval upon reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) for a reciprocal tapping task. ID showed its well-established relationship with MT as described by Fitts' law: MT = aID + b. Improvement in the linearity of this relationship was, however, demonstrated by expressing MT in logarithmic units. While ID had an unsubstantial (though significant) effect on RT, increases in intertapping interval from zero to any level of discrete tapping led to significant increases in RT of about 135 msec. The results are interpreted as lending support to Fitts' thesis that RT and MT reflect independent phases of information processing.", "PMID": 643482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1606", "title": "Performance of institutional retardates on standard and new forms of the Quick Test.", "content": "121 institutionalized mentally retarded patients were tested on Forms 1-3 and 4-6 of the Quick Test; IQs were correlated with other IQs available from institution records. The forms of the Quick Test correlated significantly with the more traditional and time-consuming tests of intellectual performance. It was concluded that the Quick Test is an excellent tool for experimenters and educators who need an efficient and reliable estimate of intellectual development.", "contents": "Performance of institutional retardates on standard and new forms of the Quick Test. 121 institutionalized mentally retarded patients were tested on Forms 1-3 and 4-6 of the Quick Test; IQs were correlated with other IQs available from institution records. The forms of the Quick Test correlated significantly with the more traditional and time-consuming tests of intellectual performance. It was concluded that the Quick Test is an excellent tool for experimenters and educators who need an efficient and reliable estimate of intellectual development.", "PMID": 643484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1607", "title": "Visual short-term memory, response delay, and age.", "content": "Recall and recognition memory performance of 12 young (M = 19 yr.) and 12 older (M = 72 yr.) females was studied in relation to response delay (5, 25, and 125 sec.) and stimulus complexity (6.1 and 13.7 bits of information). The subjects were matched on verbal IQ, visual acuity, and educational levels. Stimuli were abstract, black and white, 4 X 4 square matrices. Age-related decrements in memory performance were associated with stimulus complexity but not with response delay. Older subjects also reported experiencing encoding difficulties during the registration phase. The results were discussed with reference to the locus of age-related decrements in visual short-term memory.", "contents": "Visual short-term memory, response delay, and age. Recall and recognition memory performance of 12 young (M = 19 yr.) and 12 older (M = 72 yr.) females was studied in relation to response delay (5, 25, and 125 sec.) and stimulus complexity (6.1 and 13.7 bits of information). The subjects were matched on verbal IQ, visual acuity, and educational levels. Stimuli were abstract, black and white, 4 X 4 square matrices. Age-related decrements in memory performance were associated with stimulus complexity but not with response delay. Older subjects also reported experiencing encoding difficulties during the registration phase. The results were discussed with reference to the locus of age-related decrements in visual short-term memory.", "PMID": 643485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1608", "title": "Affective response to exceptional children by students preparing to be teachers.", "content": "A semantic differential was administered to 56 majors in early childhood, elementary, and middle school at the University of Georgia. Subjects' affective response to exceptional children was higher when they perceived having only a single exceptional child vs many in a regular classroom.", "contents": "Affective response to exceptional children by students preparing to be teachers. A semantic differential was administered to 56 majors in early childhood, elementary, and middle school at the University of Georgia. Subjects' affective response to exceptional children was higher when they perceived having only a single exceptional child vs many in a regular classroom.", "PMID": 643486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1609", "title": "Motor development profiles of preschool deaf and hard-of-hearing children.", "content": "11 deaf and hard-of-hearing preschool children generally exhibited normal or at-age profiles of motor development. The few delays in certain functional areas were assumed to be due partially to lack of training and play experience rather than to deafness or hearing impairment. Two boys had a variety of motor and physical problems. Also some of the at-age children functioned above-age in a few skill areas. Two of the 4 children who demonstrated specific balance skill deficits had had meningitis at an early age; this supported the rationale that there was a relationship between etiology of meningitis and specific balance difficulties.", "contents": "Motor development profiles of preschool deaf and hard-of-hearing children. 11 deaf and hard-of-hearing preschool children generally exhibited normal or at-age profiles of motor development. The few delays in certain functional areas were assumed to be due partially to lack of training and play experience rather than to deafness or hearing impairment. Two boys had a variety of motor and physical problems. Also some of the at-age children functioned above-age in a few skill areas. Two of the 4 children who demonstrated specific balance skill deficits had had meningitis at an early age; this supported the rationale that there was a relationship between etiology of meningitis and specific balance difficulties.", "PMID": 643487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1610", "title": "Reliability of selected psychomotor measures with mentally retarded adult males.", "content": "Reliability estimates were determined for 24 moderately mentally retarded adult males on three psychomotor tasks. For four consecutive days measures were taken on reaction time, auditory and visual, 15 trials daily for each; grip strength, dominant and non-dominant hand, two trials daily for each; and standing long jump, three trials daily. Analyses of variance, adjusted for day-to-day trend, were applied to the data. Intraclass reliability coefficients for both dominant (R = .96) and non-dominant (R = .94) hand-grip strength were high. The reaction time scores for both the auditory (R = .87) and visual (R = .83) data were moderately reliable. A low reliability coefficient (R = .49) was obtained for the standing long jump.", "contents": "Reliability of selected psychomotor measures with mentally retarded adult males. Reliability estimates were determined for 24 moderately mentally retarded adult males on three psychomotor tasks. For four consecutive days measures were taken on reaction time, auditory and visual, 15 trials daily for each; grip strength, dominant and non-dominant hand, two trials daily for each; and standing long jump, three trials daily. Analyses of variance, adjusted for day-to-day trend, were applied to the data. Intraclass reliability coefficients for both dominant (R = .96) and non-dominant (R = .94) hand-grip strength were high. The reaction time scores for both the auditory (R = .87) and visual (R = .83) data were moderately reliable. A low reliability coefficient (R = .49) was obtained for the standing long jump.", "PMID": 643488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1611", "title": "Sex-role self-perceptions and sex-role stereotypes.", "content": "827 undergraduate students, 549 males and 278 females, responded to a set of 18 questions relating to individual self-perceptions. A second group of 35 males and 29 females responded to the questions in terms of population sex-role stereotypes for both sexes. It was hypothesized that the sexes would demonstrate convergence in self-perceptions when compared with their sex-role stereotypes. The results tended to support the hypothesis, with females demonstrating a greater deviation from the traditional sex-role stereotypes than males. The possible relationship to much publicized social movements was noted.", "contents": "Sex-role self-perceptions and sex-role stereotypes. 827 undergraduate students, 549 males and 278 females, responded to a set of 18 questions relating to individual self-perceptions. A second group of 35 males and 29 females responded to the questions in terms of population sex-role stereotypes for both sexes. It was hypothesized that the sexes would demonstrate convergence in self-perceptions when compared with their sex-role stereotypes. The results tended to support the hypothesis, with females demonstrating a greater deviation from the traditional sex-role stereotypes than males. The possible relationship to much publicized social movements was noted.", "PMID": 643490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1612", "title": "Teaching reading and writing skills to a teenaged spastic cerebral palsied person: a long-term case study.", "content": "After a 2-mo. combined reading and writing training period followed by a 1 1/2-yr. lapse, an initially 16-yr.-old paraplegic cerebral palsied boy received 1 yr. of reading training followed by 2 3/4 yr. of writing training. Reading speed increased from 5 pages/hr. to about 40 pages/hr. Tolerance for protracted reading increased from a maximum of 15 min. to well over 2 hr. Writing progressed from the printing of letters more than 1/2 in. high with a fist grasp of the pen, to cursive writing of letters 1/8 to 1/4 in. high. Writing speed increased to about one-third of the normal rate. Training modes ranged from biofeedback methods employing EMG, electrooculogram, inertia detector, strain gage, contact detector, and amplified-image closed-circuit TV to discussions of attitudes, task orientation, and time scheduling. Intermediate were methods employing intrinsic feedback mechansims. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, as well as trainability of this spastic boy well beyond childhood. The methods devised provide a base for further application and investigation.", "contents": "Teaching reading and writing skills to a teenaged spastic cerebral palsied person: a long-term case study. After a 2-mo. combined reading and writing training period followed by a 1 1/2-yr. lapse, an initially 16-yr.-old paraplegic cerebral palsied boy received 1 yr. of reading training followed by 2 3/4 yr. of writing training. Reading speed increased from 5 pages/hr. to about 40 pages/hr. Tolerance for protracted reading increased from a maximum of 15 min. to well over 2 hr. Writing progressed from the printing of letters more than 1/2 in. high with a fist grasp of the pen, to cursive writing of letters 1/8 to 1/4 in. high. Writing speed increased to about one-third of the normal rate. Training modes ranged from biofeedback methods employing EMG, electrooculogram, inertia detector, strain gage, contact detector, and amplified-image closed-circuit TV to discussions of attitudes, task orientation, and time scheduling. Intermediate were methods employing intrinsic feedback mechansims. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, as well as trainability of this spastic boy well beyond childhood. The methods devised provide a base for further application and investigation.", "PMID": 643491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1613", "title": "The lateral tongue reflex in human neonates.", "content": "We undertook an investigation of the lateral tongue reflex to determine whether reflex sensitivity was systematically related to selected perinatal factors. The subjects were 24 male and 27 female newborns with a mean age of 28.9 hr. (SD = 16.8, range 5--72 hr.). The lateral tongue reflex was elicited by applying tactile stimulation of varying intensity to the lateral edge of the tongue approximately 1 cm off midline. Eight different stimuli from the Semmes-Weinstein esthesiometer were used; forces ranged from 68 mg to 3.6 gm. A total of 32 stimulations were given in two repetitions of 16 each (8 on the right side and 8 on the left side). The mean number of positive responses was 19.9 (SD = 3.2, range 13--25), with a 5% response at the lowest level of stimulation and a 100% response at the highest level. There were not differences in total number of positive responses or thresholds on the right and left sides, or in Repetitions I and II. There were no differences between males and females, vaginally and caesarian delivered infants, or resuscitated and non-resuscitated infants. No systematic differences were observed as a function of length of labor, obstetric medications, postnatal age at time of testing, Apgar scores, birth weight, or gestational age. The results suggest that the lateral tongue reflex is a stable and reproducible response that could be used to measure oral sensation, both in normal neonates and in subjects with various anatomical and/or neurosensory deficits.", "contents": "The lateral tongue reflex in human neonates. We undertook an investigation of the lateral tongue reflex to determine whether reflex sensitivity was systematically related to selected perinatal factors. The subjects were 24 male and 27 female newborns with a mean age of 28.9 hr. (SD = 16.8, range 5--72 hr.). The lateral tongue reflex was elicited by applying tactile stimulation of varying intensity to the lateral edge of the tongue approximately 1 cm off midline. Eight different stimuli from the Semmes-Weinstein esthesiometer were used; forces ranged from 68 mg to 3.6 gm. A total of 32 stimulations were given in two repetitions of 16 each (8 on the right side and 8 on the left side). The mean number of positive responses was 19.9 (SD = 3.2, range 13--25), with a 5% response at the lowest level of stimulation and a 100% response at the highest level. There were not differences in total number of positive responses or thresholds on the right and left sides, or in Repetitions I and II. There were no differences between males and females, vaginally and caesarian delivered infants, or resuscitated and non-resuscitated infants. No systematic differences were observed as a function of length of labor, obstetric medications, postnatal age at time of testing, Apgar scores, birth weight, or gestational age. The results suggest that the lateral tongue reflex is a stable and reproducible response that could be used to measure oral sensation, both in normal neonates and in subjects with various anatomical and/or neurosensory deficits.", "PMID": 643492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1614", "title": "Retention of bilateral performance as a function of practice order.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of practice order and initial performance hand on the bilateral retention of a simple tracking skill for 44 undergraduate volunteers. The apparatus was a Lafayette Model 30014 photoelectric rotary pursuit. The circle template was employed with rotation speed set at 20 rpm. Subjects were given 20-sec. trials and required to reach a criterion of 70% time on target twice in succession with both hands. For original practice, subjects were randomly assigned to one of four practice groups: preferred serial, non-preferred serial, preferred sequence and non-preferred sequence. Subjects' performance was recorded as the number of trials required to achieve criterion for both hands. One month later subjects were retested and scored in the same manner. A 2 X 2 X 2 analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was used to determine the effects of initial hand, order of practice, testing periods, and the appropriate interactions. The results indicated that subjects' performance for the two testing periods differed significantly; retest was superior. Order of practice was significant and the sequential order more efficient during both learning and retest.", "contents": "Retention of bilateral performance as a function of practice order. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of practice order and initial performance hand on the bilateral retention of a simple tracking skill for 44 undergraduate volunteers. The apparatus was a Lafayette Model 30014 photoelectric rotary pursuit. The circle template was employed with rotation speed set at 20 rpm. Subjects were given 20-sec. trials and required to reach a criterion of 70% time on target twice in succession with both hands. For original practice, subjects were randomly assigned to one of four practice groups: preferred serial, non-preferred serial, preferred sequence and non-preferred sequence. Subjects' performance was recorded as the number of trials required to achieve criterion for both hands. One month later subjects were retested and scored in the same manner. A 2 X 2 X 2 analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was used to determine the effects of initial hand, order of practice, testing periods, and the appropriate interactions. The results indicated that subjects' performance for the two testing periods differed significantly; retest was superior. Order of practice was significant and the sequential order more efficient during both learning and retest.", "PMID": 643495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1615", "title": "Dimensions of assertiveness: factors underlying the college self-expression scale.", "content": "A total of 447 Israeli students, both males and females, from four educational institutions were administered the College Self-expression Scale, a measure of assertiveness. The obtained responses were factor analyzed using the principal axis solution and the varimax rotation method. The results showed four main factors which included 43 of the 50 items of the original scale. These factors were identified as the willingness to take risks in interpersonal interactions, the ability to communicate feelings, setting rules and rectifying injustices, and the presence or absence of a tendency to invoke a self-punitive attitude. The findings were interpreted as adding support to the validity of the scale as a measure of assertiveness.", "contents": "Dimensions of assertiveness: factors underlying the college self-expression scale. A total of 447 Israeli students, both males and females, from four educational institutions were administered the College Self-expression Scale, a measure of assertiveness. The obtained responses were factor analyzed using the principal axis solution and the varimax rotation method. The results showed four main factors which included 43 of the 50 items of the original scale. These factors were identified as the willingness to take risks in interpersonal interactions, the ability to communicate feelings, setting rules and rectifying injustices, and the presence or absence of a tendency to invoke a self-punitive attitude. The findings were interpreted as adding support to the validity of the scale as a measure of assertiveness.", "PMID": 643496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1616", "title": "Correlation between handedness and birth order: compilation of five studies.", "content": "Bakan has suggested that left-handedness is the result of left hemishperic pyramidal motor dysfunction following perinatal hypoxia. To a degree support for the validity of this hypothesis rests on Bakan's (1971, 1977a) findings that left-handed college students were more likely the progeny of birth orders designated as \"high-risk\" than right-handed students. Attempts by others to replicate Bakan's data have been unsuccessful. To achieve a more powerful test of this relationship than has been provided by any single study, the data from the five studies which have considered it were pooled and tested. The resulting correlation between birth order and handedness was near zero.", "contents": "Correlation between handedness and birth order: compilation of five studies. Bakan has suggested that left-handedness is the result of left hemishperic pyramidal motor dysfunction following perinatal hypoxia. To a degree support for the validity of this hypothesis rests on Bakan's (1971, 1977a) findings that left-handed college students were more likely the progeny of birth orders designated as \"high-risk\" than right-handed students. Attempts by others to replicate Bakan's data have been unsuccessful. To achieve a more powerful test of this relationship than has been provided by any single study, the data from the five studies which have considered it were pooled and tested. The resulting correlation between birth order and handedness was near zero.", "PMID": 643497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1617", "title": "Visual perseveration in normal and mentally retarded children.", "content": "Visual perseveration was investigated within mentally retarded and second, fifth, and eighth grade normal children (Ns = 12 each group). Subjects matched an auditorially presented click to the onset and offset of visually presented stimuli. Time differences between visual stimulus offset and the point at which subjects reported simultaneity of the click and  visual stimulus offset was assumed to reflect visual perseveration. Results showed: (a) no differences between the normal children as a function of age; (b) no difference between groups for stimuli of 100 msec. or longer duration; and (c) retarded subjects judged stimuli of 20 and 50 msec. to be of shorter duration than did normal subjects. This highly specific distinction between retarded and normal subjects suggests a difference in an early stage of perceptual processing.", "contents": "Visual perseveration in normal and mentally retarded children. Visual perseveration was investigated within mentally retarded and second, fifth, and eighth grade normal children (Ns = 12 each group). Subjects matched an auditorially presented click to the onset and offset of visually presented stimuli. Time differences between visual stimulus offset and the point at which subjects reported simultaneity of the click and  visual stimulus offset was assumed to reflect visual perseveration. Results showed: (a) no differences between the normal children as a function of age; (b) no difference between groups for stimuli of 100 msec. or longer duration; and (c) retarded subjects judged stimuli of 20 and 50 msec. to be of shorter duration than did normal subjects. This highly specific distinction between retarded and normal subjects suggests a difference in an early stage of perceptual processing.", "PMID": 643498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1618", "title": "Disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease: part I. Characteristics of tapping response to the periodic signals.", "content": "A tapping test in which the tasks required a synchronous response to a periodic sound signal by the finger tapping was performed by 27 normal subjects and 146 patients with Parkinson's disease. Some patients could not maintain a synchronous response at a critical frequency of 2.5 or 5 Hz (taps per second) and showed a hastened tapping of 5  6 Hz, independent of the input signal frequencies, i.e., the 'hastening phenomenon.' The other patients and normal subjects could respond synchronously up to 5  7 Hz. Autocorrelational analysis of the sequential tapping intervals suggested that the synchronized response was performed by a feedback control with the input signal as target except at 2.5 and 5 Hz, whereas the hastened tapping of patients was a random process. The frequency-dependence of the error in the tapping was interpreted as representing an intrinsic oscillation in the central nervous system, which would be masked in normal subjects but released in patients with Parkinson's disease. Around 2.5 or 5 Hz the error or response becomes so large that some patients can no longer maintain the synchronized response and show a hastened tapping due to this intrinsic oscillation.", "contents": "Disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease: part I. Characteristics of tapping response to the periodic signals. A tapping test in which the tasks required a synchronous response to a periodic sound signal by the finger tapping was performed by 27 normal subjects and 146 patients with Parkinson's disease. Some patients could not maintain a synchronous response at a critical frequency of 2.5 or 5 Hz (taps per second) and showed a hastened tapping of 5  6 Hz, independent of the input signal frequencies, i.e., the 'hastening phenomenon.' The other patients and normal subjects could respond synchronously up to 5  7 Hz. Autocorrelational analysis of the sequential tapping intervals suggested that the synchronized response was performed by a feedback control with the input signal as target except at 2.5 and 5 Hz, whereas the hastened tapping of patients was a random process. The frequency-dependence of the error in the tapping was interpreted as representing an intrinsic oscillation in the central nervous system, which would be masked in normal subjects but released in patients with Parkinson's disease. Around 2.5 or 5 Hz the error or response becomes so large that some patients can no longer maintain the synchronized response and show a hastened tapping due to this intrinsic oscillation.", "PMID": 643499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1619", "title": "Disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease: part II. a forced oscillation model.", "content": "The origin of the characteristic disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease (the hastening phenomenon) was discussed, using a second-order system of the periodic response. The input signal was regarded as a pulse series of a Dirac function. The output process of the system had maximal errors of response at input frequencies of f = omega0/n (n = 1, 2, . . .), where omega0 was the intrinsic frequency of the system. Damping coefficient epsilon represented a function of an inhibitor against these maximal errors and the errors diverged to infinity when epsilon = 0. The solution of this forced oscillation system indicated that the intrinsic oscillation of the system has a possibility to be excited at these critical frequencies f = omega/n. Inferred from data on the tapping test, the frequency of an intrinsic oscillation was 5 Hz in the central nervous system, then the critical frequencies were predicted 5/n = 5, 2.5, . . . Hz. On the tapping test the errors of response become maximum around 2.5 and 5 Hz (taps per second), and their peak heights increased from the minimum in well trained normal subjects to the maximum in patients. An inhibitory mechanism against the maximal error would function well, i.e. epsilon greater than 0, in normal subjects but so insufficiently (epsilon leads to 0) in patients that the excited intrinsic oscillation would control their response directly. Thus some patients could no longer maintain a synchronous tapping response at 2.5 Hz or 5 Hz and showed a hastened tapping of 5  6 Hz independent of the signal frequency.", "contents": "Disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease: part II. a forced oscillation model. The origin of the characteristic disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease (the hastening phenomenon) was discussed, using a second-order system of the periodic response. The input signal was regarded as a pulse series of a Dirac function. The output process of the system had maximal errors of response at input frequencies of f = omega0/n (n = 1, 2, . . .), where omega0 was the intrinsic frequency of the system. Damping coefficient epsilon represented a function of an inhibitor against these maximal errors and the errors diverged to infinity when epsilon = 0. The solution of this forced oscillation system indicated that the intrinsic oscillation of the system has a possibility to be excited at these critical frequencies f = omega/n. Inferred from data on the tapping test, the frequency of an intrinsic oscillation was 5 Hz in the central nervous system, then the critical frequencies were predicted 5/n = 5, 2.5, . . . Hz. On the tapping test the errors of response become maximum around 2.5 and 5 Hz (taps per second), and their peak heights increased from the minimum in well trained normal subjects to the maximum in patients. An inhibitory mechanism against the maximal error would function well, i.e. epsilon greater than 0, in normal subjects but so insufficiently (epsilon leads to 0) in patients that the excited intrinsic oscillation would control their response directly. Thus some patients could no longer maintain a synchronous tapping response at 2.5 Hz or 5 Hz and showed a hastened tapping of 5  6 Hz independent of the signal frequency.", "PMID": 643500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1620", "title": "Effects of a stimulant drug on extraversion level in hyperactive children.", "content": "7 hyperactive children in a pilot study, and 15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive control children in a later study, were assessed for salivation to lemon juice stimulation, reactive inhibition on an audio-vigilance task, and visual-motor maze errors. Hyperactive children were tested under stimulant drug and nondrug conditions and nonhyperactive children twice under nondrug conditions. Pilot study hyperactive children displayed significantly fewer maze errors and somewhat greater salivation and lesser reactive inhibition levels under the drug than the nondrug conditions. Follow-up study control children did not differ significantly between test occasions on any measure, while the hyperactive children displayed significantly fewer maze errors, more salivation, and less reactive inhibition under the stimulant drug, indicating significant decreases in extraversion after the stimulant drug.", "contents": "Effects of a stimulant drug on extraversion level in hyperactive children. 7 hyperactive children in a pilot study, and 15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive control children in a later study, were assessed for salivation to lemon juice stimulation, reactive inhibition on an audio-vigilance task, and visual-motor maze errors. Hyperactive children were tested under stimulant drug and nondrug conditions and nonhyperactive children twice under nondrug conditions. Pilot study hyperactive children displayed significantly fewer maze errors and somewhat greater salivation and lesser reactive inhibition levels under the drug than the nondrug conditions. Follow-up study control children did not differ significantly between test occasions on any measure, while the hyperactive children displayed significantly fewer maze errors, more salivation, and less reactive inhibition under the stimulant drug, indicating significant decreases in extraversion after the stimulant drug.", "PMID": 643501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1621", "title": "Hearing test for a profoundly retarded human subject.", "content": "A profoundly retarded 28-yr.-old female was trained to avoid an aversive but harmless shock to the foot by withdrawing the foot upon presentation of a visual cue. She was later unable to learn to avoid the shock consistently upon presentation of an auditory cue, confirming the ward staff's contention that she had a hearing disability. The audiometric technique using negative reinforcement bridges the problems of (1) difficulty in finding positive reinforcers for patients of low functioning and (2) satiation which may result from the continued use of positive reinforcers. The use of aversive stimuli raises ethical concerns. The growing trend in research is that aversive stimuli are permissible for individuals for whom positive techniques have not been effective and when used by trained professionals under careful review.", "contents": "Hearing test for a profoundly retarded human subject. A profoundly retarded 28-yr.-old female was trained to avoid an aversive but harmless shock to the foot by withdrawing the foot upon presentation of a visual cue. She was later unable to learn to avoid the shock consistently upon presentation of an auditory cue, confirming the ward staff's contention that she had a hearing disability. The audiometric technique using negative reinforcement bridges the problems of (1) difficulty in finding positive reinforcers for patients of low functioning and (2) satiation which may result from the continued use of positive reinforcers. The use of aversive stimuli raises ethical concerns. The growing trend in research is that aversive stimuli are permissible for individuals for whom positive techniques have not been effective and when used by trained professionals under careful review.", "PMID": 643502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1622", "title": "Panic-fear in asthma: a divergence between subjective report and behavioral patterns.", "content": "The reported frequency of occurrence of Panic-Fear symptoms during asthmatic attacks varies widely and is related to treatment response independently of the objective severity of asthma. In a previous study, symptom minimizers (Low Panic-Fear) requested few as-needed (PRN) medications and treatments while hospitalized, even on days when significant airway obstruction was present. In contrast symptom emphasizers (High Panic-Fear) requested PRNs frequently, even on days when no airway obstruction was present. In the present study, these behavioral differences toward PRNs occurred despite the similar ability of patients in various Panic-Fear groups to perceive and report changes in airway obstruction. Together these results suggest that specific behavioral strategies, which do not derive from differences in symptom perception, influence the treatment response of asthmatic patients differing in Panic-Fear symptomatology.", "contents": "Panic-fear in asthma: a divergence between subjective report and behavioral patterns. The reported frequency of occurrence of Panic-Fear symptoms during asthmatic attacks varies widely and is related to treatment response independently of the objective severity of asthma. In a previous study, symptom minimizers (Low Panic-Fear) requested few as-needed (PRN) medications and treatments while hospitalized, even on days when significant airway obstruction was present. In contrast symptom emphasizers (High Panic-Fear) requested PRNs frequently, even on days when no airway obstruction was present. In the present study, these behavioral differences toward PRNs occurred despite the similar ability of patients in various Panic-Fear groups to perceive and report changes in airway obstruction. Together these results suggest that specific behavioral strategies, which do not derive from differences in symptom perception, influence the treatment response of asthmatic patients differing in Panic-Fear symptomatology.", "PMID": 643503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1623", "title": "Complexity, incongruity, pre-exposure and the familiarity effect in visual selection.", "content": "A consistent finding in the literature concerning visual selection is that subjects spend more time viewing unfamiliar stimuli than familiar stimuli. In the present investigation a procedure to measure competitive viewing times to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli was used. Results of the analyses of viewing times showed that the magnitude of the familiarity effect was a positive function of the duration of stimulus pre-exposure. In addition no differences were found in subjects' \"preference\" for familial and unfamiliar stimuli as measured by \"like-disliked\" ratings.", "contents": "Complexity, incongruity, pre-exposure and the familiarity effect in visual selection. A consistent finding in the literature concerning visual selection is that subjects spend more time viewing unfamiliar stimuli than familiar stimuli. In the present investigation a procedure to measure competitive viewing times to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli was used. Results of the analyses of viewing times showed that the magnitude of the familiarity effect was a positive function of the duration of stimulus pre-exposure. In addition no differences were found in subjects' \"preference\" for familial and unfamiliar stimuli as measured by \"like-disliked\" ratings.", "PMID": 643504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1624", "title": "Prevalence of precipitating antibodies against mycoplasmas and viruses in egg-laying flocks in Northern Jutland.", "content": "Antibodies against infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenavirus and Newcastle disease virus were not demonstrated. The prevalence of infections caused by adeno- and reovirus in egg-laying flocks was 85 and 74% respectively. Approximately 25% of the flocks had antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease virus. A raised prevalence of antibodies against mycoplasmas was found with increasing age.", "contents": "Prevalence of precipitating antibodies against mycoplasmas and viruses in egg-laying flocks in Northern Jutland. Antibodies against infectious laryngotracheitis virus, influenavirus and Newcastle disease virus were not demonstrated. The prevalence of infections caused by adeno- and reovirus in egg-laying flocks was 85 and 74% respectively. Approximately 25% of the flocks had antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease virus. A raised prevalence of antibodies against mycoplasmas was found with increasing age.", "PMID": 643540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1625", "title": "[Tension band wiring of canine and feline supracondylar epiphyseal femoral fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "The present investigation describes the treatment of 27 cases of canine and feline supracondylar epiphyseal--metaphyseal femoral fractures with tension band wire. The wire was passed through transversal parallell drill holes, one in each fragment. The wires intercrossed dorsally. Stable fixation followed tightening of the wires. 20 out of 25 primarily successful cases were re-examined. 19 were completely well. One case showed a slight transient lameness following hard exercise.", "contents": "[Tension band wiring of canine and feline supracondylar epiphyseal femoral fractures (author's transl)]. The present investigation describes the treatment of 27 cases of canine and feline supracondylar epiphyseal--metaphyseal femoral fractures with tension band wire. The wire was passed through transversal parallell drill holes, one in each fragment. The wires intercrossed dorsally. Stable fixation followed tightening of the wires. 20 out of 25 primarily successful cases were re-examined. 19 were completely well. One case showed a slight transient lameness following hard exercise.", "PMID": 643541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1626", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of experimental cerebrocortical necrosis in calves (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) was experimentally induced in three calves with the thiamine antagonist Amprolium. The calves were followed clinically. At the time of development of typical clinical signs of CCN the calves were killed and necropsied and a complete histopathologic examination was performed. The light microscopic lesions of the cerebral cortex were those of middle laminar necrosis and deep laminar edema. The necrotic zone consisted of fine vesicles and differed only slightly from the edema zone. In the former some neurons were morphologically normal, others showed signs of injury, while in the latter all neurons were injured. The lesions are consistent with those found in natural cases of CCN. Biopsies from the cerebral cortex were taken at the time of early clinical signs. Ultrastructural studies of these biopsies showed no clear difference between the zones of necrosis and edema observed light microscopically. The ultrastructural changes were characterized by dilatations in the neuropil. The cytoplasm and foot plates of the astrocytes had a \"watery\" appearance and contained dilated mitochondria and large vesicles. The vesicles were continuous with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that the initial morphologic changes in CCN in calves were indicative of a cytotoxic edema of the astrocytes. This may be due to a cytotoxic edema with subsequent loss of cell volume control. The primary astrocytic changes could then lead to neuronal injury.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of experimental cerebrocortical necrosis in calves (author's transl)]. Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) was experimentally induced in three calves with the thiamine antagonist Amprolium. The calves were followed clinically. At the time of development of typical clinical signs of CCN the calves were killed and necropsied and a complete histopathologic examination was performed. The light microscopic lesions of the cerebral cortex were those of middle laminar necrosis and deep laminar edema. The necrotic zone consisted of fine vesicles and differed only slightly from the edema zone. In the former some neurons were morphologically normal, others showed signs of injury, while in the latter all neurons were injured. The lesions are consistent with those found in natural cases of CCN. Biopsies from the cerebral cortex were taken at the time of early clinical signs. Ultrastructural studies of these biopsies showed no clear difference between the zones of necrosis and edema observed light microscopically. The ultrastructural changes were characterized by dilatations in the neuropil. The cytoplasm and foot plates of the astrocytes had a \"watery\" appearance and contained dilated mitochondria and large vesicles. The vesicles were continuous with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that the initial morphologic changes in CCN in calves were indicative of a cytotoxic edema of the astrocytes. This may be due to a cytotoxic edema with subsequent loss of cell volume control. The primary astrocytic changes could then lead to neuronal injury.", "PMID": 643542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1627", "title": "Combined action of plant estrogens, F-2 toxin and natural estrogens.", "content": "The investigation concerns the interaction of plant estrogens, F-2 toxin, and natural estrogen (estradiol-benzoate) as causative factors of eostrogenic changes. Plant estrogens and F-2 toxin were applicated at three and estradiol-benzoate at two dosage levels. The estrogenic effect was studied by bioassay on immature rats taking uterine weight, uterine liquid and vaginal opening as criteria. When uterine weight is taken as a criterion, plant estrogens and F-2 toxin, no matter if they are administered alone or together, regularly increase the effect of estradiol-benzoate, but when uterine fluid is taken as a criterion they always decrease the effect of estradiol-benzoate. According to the present results it seems obvious, that the mode of action of estrogenic substances occurring in plants considerably differ from that of natural estrogens. Thus the mechanisms which cause disturbances may be different from those of natural estrogens.", "contents": "Combined action of plant estrogens, F-2 toxin and natural estrogens. The investigation concerns the interaction of plant estrogens, F-2 toxin, and natural estrogen (estradiol-benzoate) as causative factors of eostrogenic changes. Plant estrogens and F-2 toxin were applicated at three and estradiol-benzoate at two dosage levels. The estrogenic effect was studied by bioassay on immature rats taking uterine weight, uterine liquid and vaginal opening as criteria. When uterine weight is taken as a criterion, plant estrogens and F-2 toxin, no matter if they are administered alone or together, regularly increase the effect of estradiol-benzoate, but when uterine fluid is taken as a criterion they always decrease the effect of estradiol-benzoate. According to the present results it seems obvious, that the mode of action of estrogenic substances occurring in plants considerably differ from that of natural estrogens. Thus the mechanisms which cause disturbances may be different from those of natural estrogens.", "PMID": 643543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1628", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease: the value of prognostic criteria and of the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in localised lymphoid stages (I and II). 94 patients undergoing laparotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Criteria reputed to be of grave prognostic significance were studied in 94 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease at stages I and II, after laparotomy and splenectomy. The parameters studied (age, general signs, histological type, mediastinal involvement) are less prognostic factors than indications of unrecognised extension of the disease: almost 1/3 of unrecognised lesions in the presence of one of the criteria; almost 2/3 with two or more. Exploratory laparotomy revealed lesions unsuspected on the basis of clinical evaluation only in 10% of patients with no criteria of poor prognosis. The long term prognosis of the disease depends, in fact, not upon the existence of these criteria but upon the method used in initial treatment. Five year survival and cure rates are significantly better in patients treated with combined polychemotherapy (MOPP) and radiotherapy than in those treated with radiotherapy alone. These results would indicate that routine laparotomy should be abandoned in patients with a localised clinical staging if it is decided to begin treatment with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. So-called prognostic factors could then be used simply to vary the intensity of the treatment prescribed.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease: the value of prognostic criteria and of the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in localised lymphoid stages (I and II). 94 patients undergoing laparotomy (author's transl)]. Criteria reputed to be of grave prognostic significance were studied in 94 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease at stages I and II, after laparotomy and splenectomy. The parameters studied (age, general signs, histological type, mediastinal involvement) are less prognostic factors than indications of unrecognised extension of the disease: almost 1/3 of unrecognised lesions in the presence of one of the criteria; almost 2/3 with two or more. Exploratory laparotomy revealed lesions unsuspected on the basis of clinical evaluation only in 10% of patients with no criteria of poor prognosis. The long term prognosis of the disease depends, in fact, not upon the existence of these criteria but upon the method used in initial treatment. Five year survival and cure rates are significantly better in patients treated with combined polychemotherapy (MOPP) and radiotherapy than in those treated with radiotherapy alone. These results would indicate that routine laparotomy should be abandoned in patients with a localised clinical staging if it is decided to begin treatment with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. So-called prognostic factors could then be used simply to vary the intensity of the treatment prescribed.", "PMID": 643545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1629", "title": "[Systolic strangulation of the anterior interventricular artery : a rare cause of myocardial ischaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between myocardial ischaemia and the muscular bridge over the anterior interventricular artery with systolic strangulation has now been demonstrated. This forms part of the aetiology of angina pectoris with radiologically \"normal\" coronary arteries. A case is reported where the severity of the clinical picture justified surgery to divide the muscular bridge, without touching the underlying artery. The course has been satisfactory, with a two years follow-up.", "contents": "[Systolic strangulation of the anterior interventricular artery : a rare cause of myocardial ischaemia (author's transl)]. The relationship between myocardial ischaemia and the muscular bridge over the anterior interventricular artery with systolic strangulation has now been demonstrated. This forms part of the aetiology of angina pectoris with radiologically \"normal\" coronary arteries. A case is reported where the severity of the clinical picture justified surgery to divide the muscular bridge, without touching the underlying artery. The course has been satisfactory, with a two years follow-up.", "PMID": 643546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1630", "title": "[Tubal sterility: Disturbances in haemostasis and cardiac arrest during the shirodkar manoeuvre (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of 10 months (august 1975 to may 1976), the authors observed 6 successive accidents during the Shirodkar manoeuvre during operations for sterility of tubal origin: 1) 4 cases involved disturbances in haemostasis only, clinical manifestations being seen in only one case. In the laboratory, these quite atypical manifestations suggested either fibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. 2) In 2 cases there was cardiovascular collapse with cardiac arrest. In the first patient, cardiac arrest was followed by a period of coagulopathy quite similar to those seen previously. In the second case resuscitation failed, leading the authors to abandon use of the Shirodkar manoeuvre, which brought the study to an end. We are unable to provide any satisfactory pathological interpretation of these complications, thought two factors are worthy of consideration:--The hydrocortisone suspension used;--The uterine trauma related to peroperative manipulations.", "contents": "[Tubal sterility: Disturbances in haemostasis and cardiac arrest during the shirodkar manoeuvre (author's transl)]. Over a period of 10 months (august 1975 to may 1976), the authors observed 6 successive accidents during the Shirodkar manoeuvre during operations for sterility of tubal origin: 1) 4 cases involved disturbances in haemostasis only, clinical manifestations being seen in only one case. In the laboratory, these quite atypical manifestations suggested either fibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. 2) In 2 cases there was cardiovascular collapse with cardiac arrest. In the first patient, cardiac arrest was followed by a period of coagulopathy quite similar to those seen previously. In the second case resuscitation failed, leading the authors to abandon use of the Shirodkar manoeuvre, which brought the study to an end. We are unable to provide any satisfactory pathological interpretation of these complications, thought two factors are worthy of consideration:--The hydrocortisone suspension used;--The uterine trauma related to peroperative manipulations.", "PMID": 643547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1631", "title": "[Deep selective myocardial hypothermia (author's transl)].", "content": "This new method of myocardial protection was used to prevent complications of cardiac ischaemia during clamping of the aorta. 4 litres of Ringer lactate at 4 degrees C are used to perfuse the coronary arteries and produce a total, uniform and deep fall of all the pericardial and myocardial system. This results in a flat electrocardiogram, i.e. the interruption of electrical activity of the cardiac cells. This effect persists until the aortic clamp is released which results in reoxygenation, a rise in temperature and the restoration of function. The method has been used in more than 250 operations with extracorporeal circulation (valves, bypass procedures, transplants). Up until the present, it has proved superior to techniques of coronary perfusion or hypothermia obtained using Shumway's technique.", "contents": "[Deep selective myocardial hypothermia (author's transl)]. This new method of myocardial protection was used to prevent complications of cardiac ischaemia during clamping of the aorta. 4 litres of Ringer lactate at 4 degrees C are used to perfuse the coronary arteries and produce a total, uniform and deep fall of all the pericardial and myocardial system. This results in a flat electrocardiogram, i.e. the interruption of electrical activity of the cardiac cells. This effect persists until the aortic clamp is released which results in reoxygenation, a rise in temperature and the restoration of function. The method has been used in more than 250 operations with extracorporeal circulation (valves, bypass procedures, transplants). Up until the present, it has proved superior to techniques of coronary perfusion or hypothermia obtained using Shumway's technique.", "PMID": 643549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1632", "title": "[Familial sarcoidosis 26 cases in 12 families (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of 12 families with 2 or more members suffering from sarcoidosis led a number of findings:--the increased prevalence of sarcoidosis in persons of mixed race from the French Caribbean), which would suggest the intervention of a racial component in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis;--the rarity of cases where sarcoidosis affects more than 2 members of the same family;--the preponderance within the same family of subjects of identical sex, whether direct collaterals or a parent-child relationship (20 cases out of 26).--the importance of mother-child transmisstion (5 cases) as opposed to father-child transmission (1 case).", "contents": "[Familial sarcoidosis 26 cases in 12 families (author's transl)]. The analysis of 12 families with 2 or more members suffering from sarcoidosis led a number of findings:--the increased prevalence of sarcoidosis in persons of mixed race from the French Caribbean), which would suggest the intervention of a racial component in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis;--the rarity of cases where sarcoidosis affects more than 2 members of the same family;--the preponderance within the same family of subjects of identical sex, whether direct collaterals or a parent-child relationship (20 cases out of 26).--the importance of mother-child transmisstion (5 cases) as opposed to father-child transmission (1 case).", "PMID": 643557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1633", "title": "[Microbiological verification of the cleanliness of the hands in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for sampling organisms on the hands, the so-called \"disc method\" was tested in three surgical departments, in parallel with the classical method of direct finger print on a gel medium. The respective value of 6 products for washing the hands was assessed in order to demonstrate the possibilities offered by the technique proposed, which is truly quantitative. In particular, it was shown, \"in the field\", that three products had a very valuable action (Chlorhexidine, Hexachlorophene and a quarternary ammonium salt), but simple washing with Marseille soap followed by rincing with alcohol gave good results, limited only by the absence of any persistent bactericidal action.", "contents": "[Microbiological verification of the cleanliness of the hands in surgery (author's transl)]. A technique for sampling organisms on the hands, the so-called \"disc method\" was tested in three surgical departments, in parallel with the classical method of direct finger print on a gel medium. The respective value of 6 products for washing the hands was assessed in order to demonstrate the possibilities offered by the technique proposed, which is truly quantitative. In particular, it was shown, \"in the field\", that three products had a very valuable action (Chlorhexidine, Hexachlorophene and a quarternary ammonium salt), but simple washing with Marseille soap followed by rincing with alcohol gave good results, limited only by the absence of any persistent bactericidal action.", "PMID": 643558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1634", "title": "[Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia and mediastinal dysembryoma in a 6-year-old child (author's transl)].", "content": "In a six-year-old girl, suffering from an auto-immune haemolytic anaemia, routine radiological examination revealed the presence of a mediastinal tumour which was removed surgically and proved to be a multiple tissue polycystic dysembryoma. Haemolysis and signs of anti-erythrocyte auto-immunisation disappeared after the operation and total and stable cure obtained with a follow-up of 15 months. The target antigen of the anti-erythrocyte autoantibody could not be found within the tumour. However, the latter contained lymphoid tissue and a considerable quantity of antibody. Although indirect, these findings offer arguments in favour of the secretion of autoantibodies by the dysembryoma.", "contents": "[Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia and mediastinal dysembryoma in a 6-year-old child (author's transl)]. In a six-year-old girl, suffering from an auto-immune haemolytic anaemia, routine radiological examination revealed the presence of a mediastinal tumour which was removed surgically and proved to be a multiple tissue polycystic dysembryoma. Haemolysis and signs of anti-erythrocyte auto-immunisation disappeared after the operation and total and stable cure obtained with a follow-up of 15 months. The target antigen of the anti-erythrocyte autoantibody could not be found within the tumour. However, the latter contained lymphoid tissue and a considerable quantity of antibody. Although indirect, these findings offer arguments in favour of the secretion of autoantibodies by the dysembryoma.", "PMID": 643559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1635", "title": "[The excision of villous tumours of the rectum via a trans-sphincterian anal approach (author's transl)].", "content": "Cleavage in the thickness of the internal sphincter and of the circular layer of the rectum is performed. By progressive drawing down, this method makes it possible to obtain complete excision, passing at a distance from the tumour in its different planes.", "contents": "[The excision of villous tumours of the rectum via a trans-sphincterian anal approach (author's transl)]. Cleavage in the thickness of the internal sphincter and of the circular layer of the rectum is performed. By progressive drawing down, this method makes it possible to obtain complete excision, passing at a distance from the tumour in its different planes.", "PMID": 643560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1636", "title": "[Prolonged treatment with acebutolol: surveilance of ocular status (author's transl)].", "content": "A very through ocular examination was made in 48 hypertensive patients treated for 18 months with acebutolol in a daily dose of between 400 and 2400 mg. Abnormal symptoms in the form of a prickling sensation were seen in two cases. Microscopic punctate lesions of the conjunctive were seen in 9 subjects, either with the Bengal Pink or fluorescein tests. These very slight microscopic lesions were found in general only in the region of the palpebral slits, a zone normaly exposed to microtrauma, which decreases the value of this finding. The results of a Schirmer test were considered to be abnormal in six patients. These ocular abnormalities were generally mild and it could not be shown conclusively that they were related to treatment with acebutolol. Ocular surveillance, with examinations repeated every six months, indicated the absence of any harmful effect on the eye of prolonged used of acebutolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "[Prolonged treatment with acebutolol: surveilance of ocular status (author's transl)]. A very through ocular examination was made in 48 hypertensive patients treated for 18 months with acebutolol in a daily dose of between 400 and 2400 mg. Abnormal symptoms in the form of a prickling sensation were seen in two cases. Microscopic punctate lesions of the conjunctive were seen in 9 subjects, either with the Bengal Pink or fluorescein tests. These very slight microscopic lesions were found in general only in the region of the palpebral slits, a zone normaly exposed to microtrauma, which decreases the value of this finding. The results of a Schirmer test were considered to be abnormal in six patients. These ocular abnormalities were generally mild and it could not be shown conclusively that they were related to treatment with acebutolol. Ocular surveillance, with examinations repeated every six months, indicated the absence of any harmful effect on the eye of prolonged used of acebutolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 643570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1637", "title": "[Arterial hypertension: the role of the central nervous system. II. Experimental and clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Several models of experimental hypertension are described (neurogenic, mineralocorticoid, renovascular and genetic hypertension). An activation of the sympathetic nervous system is seen in these situations (increases in sympathetic nervous discharge, in the synthesis of noradrenaline and in the level of plasma catecholamines). This activation may be connected with biochemical abnormalities within the medulla which have been noticed for catecholamines and serotonin. These medullary abnormalities could themselves depend on abnormalities situated at higher levels (hypothalamus). The factors which determine the central problem and their mechanism of action are still hypothetical (e.g. the direct effect of sodium on the brain, the effect of stress and the environment as well as genetically determined biochemical abnormalities of the central nervous system). In the case of essential hypertension in man, available data are limited to the levels of plasma catecholamines which suggest an increased sympathetic activity of central origin when these levels are elevated.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension: the role of the central nervous system. II. Experimental and clinical study (author's transl)]. Several models of experimental hypertension are described (neurogenic, mineralocorticoid, renovascular and genetic hypertension). An activation of the sympathetic nervous system is seen in these situations (increases in sympathetic nervous discharge, in the synthesis of noradrenaline and in the level of plasma catecholamines). This activation may be connected with biochemical abnormalities within the medulla which have been noticed for catecholamines and serotonin. These medullary abnormalities could themselves depend on abnormalities situated at higher levels (hypothalamus). The factors which determine the central problem and their mechanism of action are still hypothetical (e.g. the direct effect of sodium on the brain, the effect of stress and the environment as well as genetically determined biochemical abnormalities of the central nervous system). In the case of essential hypertension in man, available data are limited to the levels of plasma catecholamines which suggest an increased sympathetic activity of central origin when these levels are elevated.", "PMID": 643571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1638", "title": "[Immunological changes during the immediate postoperative period (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative variations in the different parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were studied in 18 adult patients in general surgery. Levels of immunoglobulins G (igG) fell and those of immunoglobulins M (igM) increased significantly. Lymphocytic proliferation under the influence of PHA showed a significant fall. Neither polynuclear function nor total complement activity were modified. Patients in whom the postoperative course was complicated by sepsis differed from the others by a lower activity of the lymphocyte transformation test and by a higher level of igG and igM on the day prior to surgery. In addition, deficiency in the lymphoblastic transformation test increased during the postoperative period, there was a further fall in IgG and IgM increased less in these patients than in those in whom the postoperative course was uncomplicated.", "contents": "[Immunological changes during the immediate postoperative period (author's transl)]. Postoperative variations in the different parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were studied in 18 adult patients in general surgery. Levels of immunoglobulins G (igG) fell and those of immunoglobulins M (igM) increased significantly. Lymphocytic proliferation under the influence of PHA showed a significant fall. Neither polynuclear function nor total complement activity were modified. Patients in whom the postoperative course was complicated by sepsis differed from the others by a lower activity of the lymphocyte transformation test and by a higher level of igG and igM on the day prior to surgery. In addition, deficiency in the lymphoblastic transformation test increased during the postoperative period, there was a further fall in IgG and IgM increased less in these patients than in those in whom the postoperative course was uncomplicated.", "PMID": 643577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1639", "title": "[The prognosis in primary chronic glomerulonephritis in the adult. 298 clinicopathological cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The study involved 298 cases of chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) in adults. The results of renal biopsy were used to classify the patients into four groups: Membranous GN, 81 cases; focal glomerulo sclerosis, 80 cases; Membrano-proliferative GN, 62 cases; GN with mesangial deposits of IgA, 75 cases. The patients were observed over a period ranging from 1 month to 36 years. The average period of surveillance for each category was between 4 and 6 years. The course in each histological type was assessed on the basis of actuarial tates of renal death, of moderate renal insufficiency (plasma creatinine greater than 1.5 mg%( and of hypertension. Renal survival at 10 years was was arounds 90% for membranous GN. 85% for GN with mesangial deposits of IgA, 70% for focal glomerulo sclerosis and 50% for membrano-proliferative GN. The prognosis should be based upon a combination of histological and clinical findings. Severity of prolonged nephrotic syndrome, regardless of the histological type of the nephropathy, is worthy of emphasis. In the group fo focal glomerulo sclerosis, prognosis differs greatly in relation to the presence or absence of a nephrotic syndrome. Complete remission may be seen in the group of focal glomerulo sclerosis, and in membrano-proliferative GN despite the persistence or worsening of histological lesions seen on repeated biopsies.", "contents": "[The prognosis in primary chronic glomerulonephritis in the adult. 298 clinicopathological cases (author's transl)]. The study involved 298 cases of chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) in adults. The results of renal biopsy were used to classify the patients into four groups: Membranous GN, 81 cases; focal glomerulo sclerosis, 80 cases; Membrano-proliferative GN, 62 cases; GN with mesangial deposits of IgA, 75 cases. The patients were observed over a period ranging from 1 month to 36 years. The average period of surveillance for each category was between 4 and 6 years. The course in each histological type was assessed on the basis of actuarial tates of renal death, of moderate renal insufficiency (plasma creatinine greater than 1.5 mg%( and of hypertension. Renal survival at 10 years was was arounds 90% for membranous GN. 85% for GN with mesangial deposits of IgA, 70% for focal glomerulo sclerosis and 50% for membrano-proliferative GN. The prognosis should be based upon a combination of histological and clinical findings. Severity of prolonged nephrotic syndrome, regardless of the histological type of the nephropathy, is worthy of emphasis. In the group fo focal glomerulo sclerosis, prognosis differs greatly in relation to the presence or absence of a nephrotic syndrome. Complete remission may be seen in the group of focal glomerulo sclerosis, and in membrano-proliferative GN despite the persistence or worsening of histological lesions seen on repeated biopsies.", "PMID": 643578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1640", "title": "[Clinical usefulness of saralasin in human hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the effects of intravenous infusion of saralasin, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, in 27 hypertensive patients: 13 had essential hypertension, 14 had renal lesions which involved the renal artery in 9 cases. In essential hypertensives saralasin administration did not significantly lower blood pressure, even after mild salt depletion. It induced a decrease in blood pressure in 7 patients with renal abnormalities (5 with renal artery stenosis, 2 with unilateral parenchymal disease). It may be suggested that in these cases hypertension was dependent, at least partly, on the renin-angiotensin system. In agreement with other investigators, we have found a relationship between the level of plasma renin activity and the blood pressure decrease obtained by saralasin. In patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, blood pressure decrease was related to renal vein ratio of plasma renin activity.", "contents": "[Clinical usefulness of saralasin in human hypertension (author's transl)]. We have studied the effects of intravenous infusion of saralasin, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, in 27 hypertensive patients: 13 had essential hypertension, 14 had renal lesions which involved the renal artery in 9 cases. In essential hypertensives saralasin administration did not significantly lower blood pressure, even after mild salt depletion. It induced a decrease in blood pressure in 7 patients with renal abnormalities (5 with renal artery stenosis, 2 with unilateral parenchymal disease). It may be suggested that in these cases hypertension was dependent, at least partly, on the renin-angiotensin system. In agreement with other investigators, we have found a relationship between the level of plasma renin activity and the blood pressure decrease obtained by saralasin. In patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, blood pressure decrease was related to renal vein ratio of plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 643579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1641", "title": "[Cystic pneumatosis of the small intestine following jejuno-ileal by-pass for obesity (author's transl)].", "content": "The case reported is that of a young woman who underwent a termino-terminal jejno-ileal by-pass procedure for obesity which was refactory to usual forms of treatment. Eight months later, a cholecystectomy was carried out for lithiasis, presenting with abdominal pain. At the time of operation, lesions of cystic pneumatosis were discovered on the excluded length of small bowel. This complication frequently manifests itself in the form of pseudosurgical abdominal pain, or as diarrhoea. More rarly, it is a radiological finding. The pathogenesis remains a subject of discussion. The mechanical theory would seem the most logical, since colonic intraluminal pressure is higher than that in the intestine excluded from the circuit. Bacterial proliferation, classical in blind loops, would be a farourising factor.", "contents": "[Cystic pneumatosis of the small intestine following jejuno-ileal by-pass for obesity (author's transl)]. The case reported is that of a young woman who underwent a termino-terminal jejno-ileal by-pass procedure for obesity which was refactory to usual forms of treatment. Eight months later, a cholecystectomy was carried out for lithiasis, presenting with abdominal pain. At the time of operation, lesions of cystic pneumatosis were discovered on the excluded length of small bowel. This complication frequently manifests itself in the form of pseudosurgical abdominal pain, or as diarrhoea. More rarly, it is a radiological finding. The pathogenesis remains a subject of discussion. The mechanical theory would seem the most logical, since colonic intraluminal pressure is higher than that in the intestine excluded from the circuit. Bacterial proliferation, classical in blind loops, would be a farourising factor.", "PMID": 643580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1642", "title": "[Merits of the assay of plasma catecholamines in a glucagon test to diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In one female patient suffering from an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, a stimulation test with glucagon was performed. In spite of the absence of an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, a pronounced increase in plasma catecholamines showed this test to be positive. The authors discuss the reliability criteria of this test, and confirm its good tolerance.", "contents": "[Merits of the assay of plasma catecholamines in a glucagon test to diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. In one female patient suffering from an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, a stimulation test with glucagon was performed. In spite of the absence of an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, a pronounced increase in plasma catecholamines showed this test to be positive. The authors discuss the reliability criteria of this test, and confirm its good tolerance.", "PMID": 643581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1643", "title": "[Current concepts of bronchial fluidifiers (author's transl)].", "content": "Having summarised recent studies of the biochemical and rheological nature of bronchial secretions, the authors envisage different types of drugs which modify bronchial secretions: mucolytic agents, drugs modifying local water equilibrium and mucoregulators. According to the modes of action of these drugs and the nature of the secretory disturbances, the authors propose new therapeutic schemes. The treatment of chronic bronchial hypersecretion should not necessarily aim to fluidify the secretions but should normalize their rheological properties in order to improve mucociliary transport. The various fluidifiers and regulators of bronchial secretions are in no way interchangeable and should only be used when appropriate.", "contents": "[Current concepts of bronchial fluidifiers (author's transl)]. Having summarised recent studies of the biochemical and rheological nature of bronchial secretions, the authors envisage different types of drugs which modify bronchial secretions: mucolytic agents, drugs modifying local water equilibrium and mucoregulators. According to the modes of action of these drugs and the nature of the secretory disturbances, the authors propose new therapeutic schemes. The treatment of chronic bronchial hypersecretion should not necessarily aim to fluidify the secretions but should normalize their rheological properties in order to improve mucociliary transport. The various fluidifiers and regulators of bronchial secretions are in no way interchangeable and should only be used when appropriate.", "PMID": 643582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1644", "title": "[Hepatic arterial embolisation. 35 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty five cases of hepatic arterial embolisation are reported. The analgesic effect in association with tumour pathology (27 cases) was virtually constant (80% of cases). Arterial embolisation should thus replace surgical disarterialisation in the management of malignant tumours of the liver. It improves the quality of survival in painful tumours, above all when they are hypervascularised. Two fatal complications as a result of the technique emphasise the absolute need to respect its contraindications: portal thrombosis, even segmental, or hepatic failure. Two cavernous haemangiomas and one angioma with arterioportal fistula complicated by haemobilia were also successfully embolised. Five traumatic vascular lesions, two of which resulted in severe haemobilia, also benefited from superselective embolisation.", "contents": "[Hepatic arterial embolisation. 35 cases (author's transl)]. Thirty five cases of hepatic arterial embolisation are reported. The analgesic effect in association with tumour pathology (27 cases) was virtually constant (80% of cases). Arterial embolisation should thus replace surgical disarterialisation in the management of malignant tumours of the liver. It improves the quality of survival in painful tumours, above all when they are hypervascularised. Two fatal complications as a result of the technique emphasise the absolute need to respect its contraindications: portal thrombosis, even segmental, or hepatic failure. Two cavernous haemangiomas and one angioma with arterioportal fistula complicated by haemobilia were also successfully embolised. Five traumatic vascular lesions, two of which resulted in severe haemobilia, also benefited from superselective embolisation.", "PMID": 643591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1645", "title": "[Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis. A non-surgical acute abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of rupture of the renal pelvis in a young man, the course of which was spontaneously favourable over a period of a few days. No aetiology was determined, despite complete clinical, biological, pyelographic and arteriographic studies. The patient recovered completely without surgical or urological treatment. This condition is rare, 50 cases having been published in 1975.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis. A non-surgical acute abdomen (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of rupture of the renal pelvis in a young man, the course of which was spontaneously favourable over a period of a few days. No aetiology was determined, despite complete clinical, biological, pyelographic and arteriographic studies. The patient recovered completely without surgical or urological treatment. This condition is rare, 50 cases having been published in 1975.", "PMID": 643592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1646", "title": "Studies of the transcription of viral genome in adenovirus 5 transformed cells.", "content": "Transcription of the human adenovirus 5 genome in transformed rat embryo cells (DFK3) was investigated using two different approaches. Preferential digestion of transcribed viral sequences by DNase I was analysed using kinetics of renaturation of 32P-labeled Ad5 HpaI restriction fragments in the presence of material which was stable after nuclease treatment. The second approach was the hybridization of 32P-labeled nuclear RNA from transformed cells with Ad5 restriction fragments which were attached to a nitrocellulose filter. These two methods gave similar results. It was found that not all integrated regions of the Ad5 genome are active in transformed cells. 2,5 copies of the HpaI-E fragment of Ad5 DNA were found in transformed DFK3 cell line. Nuclear RNA from these cells hybridized to HpaI-E fragment of Ad5 DNA, but only about half of sequences of the integrated HpaI-E fragment was sensitive to DNase I digestion.", "contents": "Studies of the transcription of viral genome in adenovirus 5 transformed cells. Transcription of the human adenovirus 5 genome in transformed rat embryo cells (DFK3) was investigated using two different approaches. Preferential digestion of transcribed viral sequences by DNase I was analysed using kinetics of renaturation of 32P-labeled Ad5 HpaI restriction fragments in the presence of material which was stable after nuclease treatment. The second approach was the hybridization of 32P-labeled nuclear RNA from transformed cells with Ad5 restriction fragments which were attached to a nitrocellulose filter. These two methods gave similar results. It was found that not all integrated regions of the Ad5 genome are active in transformed cells. 2,5 copies of the HpaI-E fragment of Ad5 DNA were found in transformed DFK3 cell line. Nuclear RNA from these cells hybridized to HpaI-E fragment of Ad5 DNA, but only about half of sequences of the integrated HpaI-E fragment was sensitive to DNase I digestion.", "PMID": 643600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1647", "title": "The location of the globin mRNA sequence within its 16S precursor.", "content": "The coding sequence of globin mRNA has been located at or very close to the 3' end of its poly(A)-containing 16S precursor. The 16S RNA was annealed to globin cDNA and the hybrid digested with ribonuclease H. The undigested fragment did not bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose and its size was that expected for the intact 5' portion of the precursor.", "contents": "The location of the globin mRNA sequence within its 16S precursor. The coding sequence of globin mRNA has been located at or very close to the 3' end of its poly(A)-containing 16S precursor. The 16S RNA was annealed to globin cDNA and the hybrid digested with ribonuclease H. The undigested fragment did not bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose and its size was that expected for the intact 5' portion of the precursor.", "PMID": 643601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1648", "title": "Human uracil DNA N-glycosidase: studies in normal and repair defective cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Uracil DNA N-glycosidase, an enzyme which participates in the excision of uracil from DNA, was measured in extracts from fibroblasts lines cultured from normal subjects, from several subjects with the genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum, and from a subject with ataxia telangiectasia. The cell lines representative of complementation groups A and D of xeroderma pigmentosum and of ataxia telangiectasia had roughly the same level of activity as did the normal cells. On the other hand, cells from two xeroderma pigmentosum variants (XP4BE and XP13BE) had roughly half the normal level of activity, and cells from the heterozygous mother of XP4BE had an intermediate level of activity. In spite of these quantitative differences, no systematic alterations in reaction characteristics, apparent Km for substrate, or purification characteristics were noted for enzyme from any of the lines. Thus a causal relationship, if any, between levels of activity and the disease symptoms is equivocal.", "contents": "Human uracil DNA N-glycosidase: studies in normal and repair defective cultured fibroblasts. Uracil DNA N-glycosidase, an enzyme which participates in the excision of uracil from DNA, was measured in extracts from fibroblasts lines cultured from normal subjects, from several subjects with the genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum, and from a subject with ataxia telangiectasia. The cell lines representative of complementation groups A and D of xeroderma pigmentosum and of ataxia telangiectasia had roughly the same level of activity as did the normal cells. On the other hand, cells from two xeroderma pigmentosum variants (XP4BE and XP13BE) had roughly half the normal level of activity, and cells from the heterozygous mother of XP4BE had an intermediate level of activity. In spite of these quantitative differences, no systematic alterations in reaction characteristics, apparent Km for substrate, or purification characteristics were noted for enzyme from any of the lines. Thus a causal relationship, if any, between levels of activity and the disease symptoms is equivocal.", "PMID": 643602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1649", "title": "Helix geometry of single stranded DNA 'A' and 'B' forms from minimum energy conformations of dimeric subunits.", "content": "Low energy conformations with dihedral angles similar to those occurring in fibers of the 'A' and 'B' forms of DNAs have been calculated for the deoxydinucleoside phosphates dApdA, dCpdC, dTpdT, dGpdG and dGpdC (1-3). These conformers have been used as building blocks for generating larger single stranded polymers, whose helical parameters we have calculated. We find that single stranded 'A' and 'B' form helices tend to be narrower and more tightly wound than the duplexes obtained in fibers (4,5). This is consistent with experimental observations on single stranded fibers of poly (rC) (6). We also find that the different sequences have different helix geometries. In addition, it is observed that large variations in helix geometry for a given sequence are achievable at little energetic cost.", "contents": "Helix geometry of single stranded DNA 'A' and 'B' forms from minimum energy conformations of dimeric subunits. Low energy conformations with dihedral angles similar to those occurring in fibers of the 'A' and 'B' forms of DNAs have been calculated for the deoxydinucleoside phosphates dApdA, dCpdC, dTpdT, dGpdG and dGpdC (1-3). These conformers have been used as building blocks for generating larger single stranded polymers, whose helical parameters we have calculated. We find that single stranded 'A' and 'B' form helices tend to be narrower and more tightly wound than the duplexes obtained in fibers (4,5). This is consistent with experimental observations on single stranded fibers of poly (rC) (6). We also find that the different sequences have different helix geometries. In addition, it is observed that large variations in helix geometry for a given sequence are achievable at little energetic cost.", "PMID": 643603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1650", "title": "Thermal denaturation of nucleosomal core particles.", "content": "Thermal denaturation of very homogeneous preparations of core particles from chicken erythrocyte chromatin is studied by several techniques. The change in absorbance, which is very closely paralleled by changes in heat capacity, which is very closely paralleled by changes in heat capacity, is a biphasic process with inflexions at 60 degrees C and 74 degrees C. In contrast, isolated DNA of the same length denatures in a single transition around 44 degrees C. Monitoring the circular dichroism of the cores during thermal denaturation reveals biphasic changes in the secondary structure of the DNA, preceding the base unstacking by 10 degrees C in the first and 3 degrees C in the second phase. However, measurable alterations in the secondary structure of the histones are confined to the second phase with a melting temperature at 71 degrees C. Increase in the ionic strength of the buffer from 1 mM to 10 mM leads to almost monophasic melting curves as measured by absorbance and CD, while not causing any measurable conformational changes at room temperature. The melting of core particles is interpreted as a denaturation of about 40 base pairs in the first phase, followed by a massive breakdown of the native structure of a tight histone-DNA complex, which frees the remaining 100 base pairs for unstacking.", "contents": "Thermal denaturation of nucleosomal core particles. Thermal denaturation of very homogeneous preparations of core particles from chicken erythrocyte chromatin is studied by several techniques. The change in absorbance, which is very closely paralleled by changes in heat capacity, which is very closely paralleled by changes in heat capacity, is a biphasic process with inflexions at 60 degrees C and 74 degrees C. In contrast, isolated DNA of the same length denatures in a single transition around 44 degrees C. Monitoring the circular dichroism of the cores during thermal denaturation reveals biphasic changes in the secondary structure of the DNA, preceding the base unstacking by 10 degrees C in the first and 3 degrees C in the second phase. However, measurable alterations in the secondary structure of the histones are confined to the second phase with a melting temperature at 71 degrees C. Increase in the ionic strength of the buffer from 1 mM to 10 mM leads to almost monophasic melting curves as measured by absorbance and CD, while not causing any measurable conformational changes at room temperature. The melting of core particles is interpreted as a denaturation of about 40 base pairs in the first phase, followed by a massive breakdown of the native structure of a tight histone-DNA complex, which frees the remaining 100 base pairs for unstacking.", "PMID": 643604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1651", "title": "The interaction of ethidium with synthetic double-stranded polynucleotides at low ionic strength.", "content": "The interaction of ethidium with synthetic DNA and RNA double-stranded polymers at 0.01 M ionic strength, pH 7.0, has been studied by fluorimetry at low drug to nucleotide ratios. Binding constants have been calculated assuming an excluded-neighbouring site model for the interaction of ethidium with double-stranded polymers. The values obtained are poly d(AT).poly d(AT), 9.5 X 10(6) M-1; poly dA.poly dT, 6.5 X 10(5) M-1; poly d(GC).poly d(GC), 9.9 X 10(6) M-1; poly dG,poly dC, 4.5 X 1-(6) M-1; poly d(AC); poly d(GT), 9.8 X 10(6) M-1; poly d(AG).poly d(CT), 1.3 X 10(6) M-1; poly rA.poly rU, 4.1 X 10(7) M-1. The displacement of ethidium from poly d(AT).poly d(AT) by 9-aminoacridine and an acridine-containing antitumor agent (NSC 156303; 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide) has also been examined.", "contents": "The interaction of ethidium with synthetic double-stranded polynucleotides at low ionic strength. The interaction of ethidium with synthetic DNA and RNA double-stranded polymers at 0.01 M ionic strength, pH 7.0, has been studied by fluorimetry at low drug to nucleotide ratios. Binding constants have been calculated assuming an excluded-neighbouring site model for the interaction of ethidium with double-stranded polymers. The values obtained are poly d(AT).poly d(AT), 9.5 X 10(6) M-1; poly dA.poly dT, 6.5 X 10(5) M-1; poly d(GC).poly d(GC), 9.9 X 10(6) M-1; poly dG,poly dC, 4.5 X 1-(6) M-1; poly d(AC); poly d(GT), 9.8 X 10(6) M-1; poly d(AG).poly d(CT), 1.3 X 10(6) M-1; poly rA.poly rU, 4.1 X 10(7) M-1. The displacement of ethidium from poly d(AT).poly d(AT) by 9-aminoacridine and an acridine-containing antitumor agent (NSC 156303; 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide) has also been examined.", "PMID": 643605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1652", "title": "Effect of DNA on poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase and the degradation of histone H1-poly (ADP-ribose) complex from HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "A poly(ADP-ribose)-H1 histone complex has been isolated from HeLa cell nuclei incubated with NAD. The rate of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase catalyzed hydrolysis of the polymer in the complex is only 1/9 that of free poly(ADP-ribose), indicating that the polymer is in a protected environment within the complex. Comparison of the rate of hydrolysis of free poly(ADP-ribose) in the presence or absence of H1 to that in the complex synthesized de novo indicates a specific mode of packaging of the complex. This is further indicated by the fact that alkaline dissociation of the complex followed by neutralization markedly exposes the associated poly(ADP-ribose) to the glycohydrolase. The complex also partially unfolds when it binds to DNA as evidenced by a 2-fold increase in the rate of glycolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose). This effect of DNA is not due to a stimulation of the glycohydrolase per se since hydrolysis of free polymer by the enzyme is strongly inhibited by DNA, especially single-stranded DNA. Inhibition of glycohydrolase by DNA results from the binding of the enzyme to DNA and conditions which decrease this binding (increased ionic strength or addition of histone H1 which competes for DNA binding) relieve the DNA inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of DNA on poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase and the degradation of histone H1-poly (ADP-ribose) complex from HeLa cell nuclei. A poly(ADP-ribose)-H1 histone complex has been isolated from HeLa cell nuclei incubated with NAD. The rate of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase catalyzed hydrolysis of the polymer in the complex is only 1/9 that of free poly(ADP-ribose), indicating that the polymer is in a protected environment within the complex. Comparison of the rate of hydrolysis of free poly(ADP-ribose) in the presence or absence of H1 to that in the complex synthesized de novo indicates a specific mode of packaging of the complex. This is further indicated by the fact that alkaline dissociation of the complex followed by neutralization markedly exposes the associated poly(ADP-ribose) to the glycohydrolase. The complex also partially unfolds when it binds to DNA as evidenced by a 2-fold increase in the rate of glycolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose). This effect of DNA is not due to a stimulation of the glycohydrolase per se since hydrolysis of free polymer by the enzyme is strongly inhibited by DNA, especially single-stranded DNA. Inhibition of glycohydrolase by DNA results from the binding of the enzyme to DNA and conditions which decrease this binding (increased ionic strength or addition of histone H1 which competes for DNA binding) relieve the DNA inhibition.", "PMID": 643606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1653", "title": "Investigation of activation of phosphate groups in mono- and oligonucleotides with mesitoyl chloride.", "content": "It has been demonstrated with the use of 31P NMR pulsed spectroscopy that the reaction of mesitoyl chloride (MsCOCl) both with terminal and internucleotide phosphate groups pA, d(MeOTr)TpT and dpTpT (Ac) proceeds in a quantitative fashion within less than 2 min at 0 degrees C with the respective mixed anhydrides being thereby formed. The anhydrides of phosphomonoesters are resistant, unlike those of phosphodiesters which may be readily split by water, alcohol or amine without the internucleotide bonds being broken. Treatment of poly(U) with an excess of MsCOCl leads to rapid cyclization followed by formation of phosphotriesters. A comparatively easy hydrolysis leads to partial cleavage and isomerization of internucleotide bonds. A similar treatment of UpC showed that about 20% of the internucleotide bonds are cleaved, the remaining UpC being a mixture of approximately equal amounts of 3'-5'- and 2'-5'-isomers.", "contents": "Investigation of activation of phosphate groups in mono- and oligonucleotides with mesitoyl chloride. It has been demonstrated with the use of 31P NMR pulsed spectroscopy that the reaction of mesitoyl chloride (MsCOCl) both with terminal and internucleotide phosphate groups pA, d(MeOTr)TpT and dpTpT (Ac) proceeds in a quantitative fashion within less than 2 min at 0 degrees C with the respective mixed anhydrides being thereby formed. The anhydrides of phosphomonoesters are resistant, unlike those of phosphodiesters which may be readily split by water, alcohol or amine without the internucleotide bonds being broken. Treatment of poly(U) with an excess of MsCOCl leads to rapid cyclization followed by formation of phosphotriesters. A comparatively easy hydrolysis leads to partial cleavage and isomerization of internucleotide bonds. A similar treatment of UpC showed that about 20% of the internucleotide bonds are cleaved, the remaining UpC being a mixture of approximately equal amounts of 3'-5'- and 2'-5'-isomers.", "PMID": 643607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1654", "title": "Two initiation sites for adenovirus 5.5S RNA.", "content": "Adenovirus specific 5.5S RNA is heterogeneous at its 5' terminus. Complete pancreatic RNase digests of the RNA reveal a 5' terminal oligonucleotide (pp)pApGpCp in addition to the major 5' terminal (pp)pGpGpGpCp (1). Both 5' termini are detected early as well as late after adenovirus infection. In isolated nuclei, alpha-amanitin inhibits all 5.5S RNA transcription at a concentration of 200 microgram/ml, indicating that both initiation sites are recognized by RNA polymerase III.", "contents": "Two initiation sites for adenovirus 5.5S RNA. Adenovirus specific 5.5S RNA is heterogeneous at its 5' terminus. Complete pancreatic RNase digests of the RNA reveal a 5' terminal oligonucleotide (pp)pApGpCp in addition to the major 5' terminal (pp)pGpGpGpCp (1). Both 5' termini are detected early as well as late after adenovirus infection. In isolated nuclei, alpha-amanitin inhibits all 5.5S RNA transcription at a concentration of 200 microgram/ml, indicating that both initiation sites are recognized by RNA polymerase III.", "PMID": 643608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1655", "title": "Initiation of transcription in nuclei isolated from adenovirus infected cells.", "content": "Initiation of adenovirus transcription was analyzed by incubation of isolated nuclei from virus infected cells in the presence of beta-32P GTP or beta-32P ATP. Nucleotide analysis of RNA from nuclei incubated with beta-32P GTP shows that the label is incorporated exclusively into pppGp and ppGp. Under similar incubation conditions, the label from beta-32P ATP was incorporated primarily into the 5' phosphate of 5', 3' mononucleoside diphosphates, but label was also detected in pppAp, pppGp and in the 3' nucleoside monophosphates. Analysis of RNA, synthesized in the presence of different concentrations of alpha-amanitin, shows that only RNA polymerase III initiates virus specific transcription in isolated nuclei. The virus specific transcripts containing pppAp and pppGp in their 5' termini were identified as the 5.5S and 5.2S viral RNA species by hybridization and finger printing.", "contents": "Initiation of transcription in nuclei isolated from adenovirus infected cells. Initiation of adenovirus transcription was analyzed by incubation of isolated nuclei from virus infected cells in the presence of beta-32P GTP or beta-32P ATP. Nucleotide analysis of RNA from nuclei incubated with beta-32P GTP shows that the label is incorporated exclusively into pppGp and ppGp. Under similar incubation conditions, the label from beta-32P ATP was incorporated primarily into the 5' phosphate of 5', 3' mononucleoside diphosphates, but label was also detected in pppAp, pppGp and in the 3' nucleoside monophosphates. Analysis of RNA, synthesized in the presence of different concentrations of alpha-amanitin, shows that only RNA polymerase III initiates virus specific transcription in isolated nuclei. The virus specific transcripts containing pppAp and pppGp in their 5' termini were identified as the 5.5S and 5.2S viral RNA species by hybridization and finger printing.", "PMID": 643609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1656", "title": "HeLa DNA polymerase alpha activity in vitro: specific stimulation by a non-enzymic protein factor.", "content": "A non-enzymic protein factor that increases the in vitro rate of synthesis by HeLa DNA polymerase alpha 15- to 30-fold with denatured DNA as template has been partially purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of HeLa cells. The stimulatory effect is highly specific for HeLa DNA polymerase alpha and for DNA templates that contain extensive regions of single-strandedness. Synthesis with denatured DNA as template presumably proceeds from 3'-hydroxyl termini formed at loop-back regions since the synthesized DNA product and template are covalently linked. The stimulatory protein factor chromatographs as a basic protein, has an approximate molecular weight of 30,000 daltons and binds with moderate affinity to denatured DNA cellulose, being eluted by o.4M NaCl. The purified factor lacks detectable DNA polymerase, exo- and endodeoxyribonuclease and RNA polymerase activities. It also does not promote helix-coil transitions with poly[d(A-T)] and Clostridium perfringens DNA.", "contents": "HeLa DNA polymerase alpha activity in vitro: specific stimulation by a non-enzymic protein factor. A non-enzymic protein factor that increases the in vitro rate of synthesis by HeLa DNA polymerase alpha 15- to 30-fold with denatured DNA as template has been partially purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of HeLa cells. The stimulatory effect is highly specific for HeLa DNA polymerase alpha and for DNA templates that contain extensive regions of single-strandedness. Synthesis with denatured DNA as template presumably proceeds from 3'-hydroxyl termini formed at loop-back regions since the synthesized DNA product and template are covalently linked. The stimulatory protein factor chromatographs as a basic protein, has an approximate molecular weight of 30,000 daltons and binds with moderate affinity to denatured DNA cellulose, being eluted by o.4M NaCl. The purified factor lacks detectable DNA polymerase, exo- and endodeoxyribonuclease and RNA polymerase activities. It also does not promote helix-coil transitions with poly[d(A-T)] and Clostridium perfringens DNA.", "PMID": 643610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1657", "title": "Proximity and accessibility studies of histones in nuclei and free nucleosomes.", "content": "Histone proximity in chromatin was studied with the cleavable crosslinking reagent, dithiobissuccinimidyl propionate. Crosslinks between H4 and H2a, H4 and H2b, H4 and H3, H2a and H2b, H2b and H3 were found. H1 is also crosslinked to the nucleosomal histones. In nuclei, unsheared chromatin, and H1 depleted chromatin, the four nucleosomal histones are crosslinked at similar relative rates both in 5 mM salt and 100 mM salt. After micrococcal nuclease treatment to generate nucleosomes, H2a and H2b are crosslinked faster than H4 and H3. C14-NEM titration of thiopropionate residues bound to each histone shows that H2a and H2b are more accessible to this reagent after nuclease treatment but that the increased binding was not sufficient by itself to explain the increase in crosslinking. Bolton Hunter reagent was used to further study the accessibility of the four nucleosomal histones in whole chromatin and nuclease digested chromatin. These studies showed that salt increases the accessibility of all four histones while nuclease treatment decreases H4 accessibility.", "contents": "Proximity and accessibility studies of histones in nuclei and free nucleosomes. Histone proximity in chromatin was studied with the cleavable crosslinking reagent, dithiobissuccinimidyl propionate. Crosslinks between H4 and H2a, H4 and H2b, H4 and H3, H2a and H2b, H2b and H3 were found. H1 is also crosslinked to the nucleosomal histones. In nuclei, unsheared chromatin, and H1 depleted chromatin, the four nucleosomal histones are crosslinked at similar relative rates both in 5 mM salt and 100 mM salt. After micrococcal nuclease treatment to generate nucleosomes, H2a and H2b are crosslinked faster than H4 and H3. C14-NEM titration of thiopropionate residues bound to each histone shows that H2a and H2b are more accessible to this reagent after nuclease treatment but that the increased binding was not sufficient by itself to explain the increase in crosslinking. Bolton Hunter reagent was used to further study the accessibility of the four nucleosomal histones in whole chromatin and nuclease digested chromatin. These studies showed that salt increases the accessibility of all four histones while nuclease treatment decreases H4 accessibility.", "PMID": 643611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1658", "title": "Oestradiol-receptor complexes in subnuclear fractions of rat uterine tissue.", "content": "The subnuclear distribution of 3H-oestradiol-receptor complexes was studied in uterine tissue of ovariectomized adult rats. Nuclei were sonically disrupted and 8 different subnuclear fractions were isolated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 3H-Oestradiol-receptor complexes, measured by hydroxylapatite column chromatography, were localized in a light chromatin fraction as well as in a heavy chromatin fraction. Using the hydroxylapatite chromatography technique it was possible to demonstrate three classes of oestradiol-receptor complexes which differ in affinity for the chromatin. Oestradiol-receptor complexes with a high affinity for the chromatin were predominantly localized in the heavy chromatin fraction, whereas complexes with a lower affinity for their acceptor sites were present in the lighter chromatin fraction.", "contents": "Oestradiol-receptor complexes in subnuclear fractions of rat uterine tissue. The subnuclear distribution of 3H-oestradiol-receptor complexes was studied in uterine tissue of ovariectomized adult rats. Nuclei were sonically disrupted and 8 different subnuclear fractions were isolated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 3H-Oestradiol-receptor complexes, measured by hydroxylapatite column chromatography, were localized in a light chromatin fraction as well as in a heavy chromatin fraction. Using the hydroxylapatite chromatography technique it was possible to demonstrate three classes of oestradiol-receptor complexes which differ in affinity for the chromatin. Oestradiol-receptor complexes with a high affinity for the chromatin were predominantly localized in the heavy chromatin fraction, whereas complexes with a lower affinity for their acceptor sites were present in the lighter chromatin fraction.", "PMID": 643612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1659", "title": "Further procedures for sequence analysis by computer.", "content": "A previous paper(1) described programs for sequence data handling and analysis by computer. The facilities of this basic set are extended by further easily used programs.", "contents": "Further procedures for sequence analysis by computer. A previous paper(1) described programs for sequence data handling and analysis by computer. The facilities of this basic set are extended by further easily used programs.", "PMID": 643613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1660", "title": "Failure to detect \"cap\" structures in mitochondrial DNA-coded poly(A)-containing RNA from HeLa cells.", "content": "The structure of the 5'-termini has been investigated in mitochondrial DNA-coded poly(A)-containing RNA from HeLa cells. For this purpose, mitochondrial RNA isolated from cells labeled for 3 hours with [32P]orthophosphate in the presence of 20 microgram/ml camptothecin, and selected for poly(A) content by two passages through oligo(dT)-cellulose, was digested either with the nuclease P1 or with a mixture of RNases: the digestion products were then fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. No \"cap\" structures were detected under conditions where the presence of such structures in one out of five to ten RNA molecules would have been recognized. It is, therefore, likely that \"cap\" structures are completely absent in HeLa cell mitochondrial poly(A)-containing RNA.", "contents": "Failure to detect \"cap\" structures in mitochondrial DNA-coded poly(A)-containing RNA from HeLa cells. The structure of the 5'-termini has been investigated in mitochondrial DNA-coded poly(A)-containing RNA from HeLa cells. For this purpose, mitochondrial RNA isolated from cells labeled for 3 hours with [32P]orthophosphate in the presence of 20 microgram/ml camptothecin, and selected for poly(A) content by two passages through oligo(dT)-cellulose, was digested either with the nuclease P1 or with a mixture of RNases: the digestion products were then fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. No \"cap\" structures were detected under conditions where the presence of such structures in one out of five to ten RNA molecules would have been recognized. It is, therefore, likely that \"cap\" structures are completely absent in HeLa cell mitochondrial poly(A)-containing RNA.", "PMID": 643614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1661", "title": "Complexity of poly(A+) and poly(A-) polysomal RNA in mouse liver and cultured mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "RNA excess hybridization experiments were used to measure the complexity of nuclear RNA, poly(A+) mRNA, poly(A-) mRNA, and EDTA-released polysomal RNA sedimenting at less than 80 S in mouse liver and in cultured mouse cells. With both cell types, poly(A-) RNA was found to contain 30-40% of the sequence diversity of total mRNA. In the case of liver this represents 5,700 poly(A-) molecules and 8,600 poly(A+) molecules for a total of approximately 14,300 different mRNAs. Comparison of the complexity of mRNA with that of nuclear RNA revealed that in liver and in cultured cells, mRNA has only 10-20% of the sequence diversity present in nuclear RNA. This latter observation is consistent with existing data on mammalian cells from this and other laboratories.", "contents": "Complexity of poly(A+) and poly(A-) polysomal RNA in mouse liver and cultured mouse fibroblasts. RNA excess hybridization experiments were used to measure the complexity of nuclear RNA, poly(A+) mRNA, poly(A-) mRNA, and EDTA-released polysomal RNA sedimenting at less than 80 S in mouse liver and in cultured mouse cells. With both cell types, poly(A-) RNA was found to contain 30-40% of the sequence diversity of total mRNA. In the case of liver this represents 5,700 poly(A-) molecules and 8,600 poly(A+) molecules for a total of approximately 14,300 different mRNAs. Comparison of the complexity of mRNA with that of nuclear RNA revealed that in liver and in cultured cells, mRNA has only 10-20% of the sequence diversity present in nuclear RNA. This latter observation is consistent with existing data on mammalian cells from this and other laboratories.", "PMID": 643615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1662", "title": "Estrogen receptor in hen oviduct chromatin, digested by micrococcal nuclease.", "content": "Nuclei from laying hen oviduct were prepared according to Hewish and Burgoyne i.e. in the presence of spermine and spermidine and in the absence of divalent cations and were then moderately digested by micrococcal nuclease. When the resulting chromatin was analysed by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient, a peak of specific estradiol-binding sites was observed, sedimenting slightly faster (13-14 S) than the mononucleosomes (12 S). When the chromatin was centrifuged on a gradient containing heparin (5 microngram/ml) the sedimentation coefficient of the estradiol receptor peak shifted to 7-8 S; it returned to the 13-14 S position in the absence of heparin, when target organ chromatin was also present in the gradient. The preparation of the chromatin is described and the validity of the method to explore receptor localisation is discussed, as is the specificity of the receptor-DNA interaction.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor in hen oviduct chromatin, digested by micrococcal nuclease. Nuclei from laying hen oviduct were prepared according to Hewish and Burgoyne i.e. in the presence of spermine and spermidine and in the absence of divalent cations and were then moderately digested by micrococcal nuclease. When the resulting chromatin was analysed by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient, a peak of specific estradiol-binding sites was observed, sedimenting slightly faster (13-14 S) than the mononucleosomes (12 S). When the chromatin was centrifuged on a gradient containing heparin (5 microngram/ml) the sedimentation coefficient of the estradiol receptor peak shifted to 7-8 S; it returned to the 13-14 S position in the absence of heparin, when target organ chromatin was also present in the gradient. The preparation of the chromatin is described and the validity of the method to explore receptor localisation is discussed, as is the specificity of the receptor-DNA interaction.", "PMID": 643616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1663", "title": "Fractionation of chromatin by differential solubility in dilute salt.", "content": "Chromatin prepared from the livers of rats was fractionated on the basis of solubility in dilute NaCl. Neither of the fractions obtained was enriched in newly synthesized DNA. The salt-soluble fraction had a higher protein content (usually up to 50%) relative to the DNA, and contained 72% or more of the rapidly synthesized RNA. This RNA was found to be complexed with the salt-soluble deoxyribonucleoprotein, not merely co-solubilized with it. Also, polylysine-binding studies showed that about 70% or more of the nucleic acid phosphates were accessible as compared to about 40% in the unfractionated chromatin. These properties suggested that the soluble fraction was enriched in activity transcribed chromatin. In contrast molecular hybridization studies showed that the complexity of the DNA and its homology with cDNA transcribed from rat-liver polysomal mRNA were the same as those of DNA from unfractionated chromatin, or from the salt-insoluble fraction. This suggests that the criteria commonly accepted as distinguishing between euchromatin and heterochromatin in vitro are not invariably valid.", "contents": "Fractionation of chromatin by differential solubility in dilute salt. Chromatin prepared from the livers of rats was fractionated on the basis of solubility in dilute NaCl. Neither of the fractions obtained was enriched in newly synthesized DNA. The salt-soluble fraction had a higher protein content (usually up to 50%) relative to the DNA, and contained 72% or more of the rapidly synthesized RNA. This RNA was found to be complexed with the salt-soluble deoxyribonucleoprotein, not merely co-solubilized with it. Also, polylysine-binding studies showed that about 70% or more of the nucleic acid phosphates were accessible as compared to about 40% in the unfractionated chromatin. These properties suggested that the soluble fraction was enriched in activity transcribed chromatin. In contrast molecular hybridization studies showed that the complexity of the DNA and its homology with cDNA transcribed from rat-liver polysomal mRNA were the same as those of DNA from unfractionated chromatin, or from the salt-insoluble fraction. This suggests that the criteria commonly accepted as distinguishing between euchromatin and heterochromatin in vitro are not invariably valid.", "PMID": 643617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1664", "title": "Characterization of inverted repeated sequences in wheat nuclear DNA.", "content": "The properties of inverted repeated sequences in wheat nuclear DNA have been studied by HAP(1) chromatography, nuclease S1 digestion and electron microscopy. Inverted repeated sequences comprise 1.7% of wheat genome. The HAP studies show that the amount of \"foldback HAP bound DNA\" depends on DNA length. Inverted repeats appear to be clustered with an average intercluster distance of 25 kb. It is estimated that there are approximately 3 x 10(6) inverted repeats per haploid wheat genome. The sequences around inverted repeats involve all families of repetition frequencies. Inverted repeats are observed as hairpins in electron microscopy. 20% of hairpins are terminated by a single-stranded spacer ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 kb in length. Duplex regions of the inverted repeats range from 0.1 to 0.45 kb with number average values of 0.24 kb and 0.18 kb for unlooped and looped hairpin respectively. Thermal denaturations and nuclease S1 digestions have revealed a length of about 100 bases for duplex regions. The methods used to study inverted repeated sequences are compared and discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of inverted repeated sequences in wheat nuclear DNA. The properties of inverted repeated sequences in wheat nuclear DNA have been studied by HAP(1) chromatography, nuclease S1 digestion and electron microscopy. Inverted repeated sequences comprise 1.7% of wheat genome. The HAP studies show that the amount of \"foldback HAP bound DNA\" depends on DNA length. Inverted repeats appear to be clustered with an average intercluster distance of 25 kb. It is estimated that there are approximately 3 x 10(6) inverted repeats per haploid wheat genome. The sequences around inverted repeats involve all families of repetition frequencies. Inverted repeats are observed as hairpins in electron microscopy. 20% of hairpins are terminated by a single-stranded spacer ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 kb in length. Duplex regions of the inverted repeats range from 0.1 to 0.45 kb with number average values of 0.24 kb and 0.18 kb for unlooped and looped hairpin respectively. Thermal denaturations and nuclease S1 digestions have revealed a length of about 100 bases for duplex regions. The methods used to study inverted repeated sequences are compared and discussed.", "PMID": 643618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1665", "title": "Form of DNA and the nature of interactions with proteins in chromatin.", "content": "Studies of native chromatins and of isolated nucleosomes (from calf thymus) show that the DNA is in the B form or modified B form. This was determined by Raman spectroscopy of chromatins, of nucleosomes (from calf thymus) and of DNA fibres and directly correlated with X-ray diffraction studies. The Raman spectra of three forms of DNA (A, B and C) have been characterized in fibres both by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy on the same sample. In particular, the Raman spectrum of the C form of DNA is characterized by a band of about 870 cm(-1). For the first time, chromatins of different origins with increasing content of non-histone proteins have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The site of interaction of the non-histone proteins appears to involve the N7 position of guanine while the histone core does not interact at this site. It is proposed that the mechanism of specific recognition in chromatin involves the large groove.", "contents": "Form of DNA and the nature of interactions with proteins in chromatin. Studies of native chromatins and of isolated nucleosomes (from calf thymus) show that the DNA is in the B form or modified B form. This was determined by Raman spectroscopy of chromatins, of nucleosomes (from calf thymus) and of DNA fibres and directly correlated with X-ray diffraction studies. The Raman spectra of three forms of DNA (A, B and C) have been characterized in fibres both by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy on the same sample. In particular, the Raman spectrum of the C form of DNA is characterized by a band of about 870 cm(-1). For the first time, chromatins of different origins with increasing content of non-histone proteins have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The site of interaction of the non-histone proteins appears to involve the N7 position of guanine while the histone core does not interact at this site. It is proposed that the mechanism of specific recognition in chromatin involves the large groove.", "PMID": 643619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1666", "title": "Alterations in lysine transfer RNA during erythroid differentiation of the Friend cell.", "content": "The proportion of lysine tRNA represented by the isoacceptor species lysine tRNA4 has previously been shown to be largest in cells with the greatest ability to proliferate. Using reverse phase chromatography (RPC-5), we have analyzed the changes in the relative quantities of lysine tRNA species which occur in different cellular states of the Friend cell, a transformed murine cell infected with Friend erythroleukemia virus complex. This cell undergoes erythroid differentiation when exposed to various chemicals. Lysine tRNA4 comprises 32% of the total lysine tRNA in rapidly dividing, uninduced Friend cells, but only 16% of the total lysine tRNA in uninducase. Friend cells undergoing erythroid differentiation divide more slowly than uninduced cells, and finally cease proliferation, but lysine tRNA4 becomes the major lysine tRNA species (greater than 50%). This does not appear to reflect erythroid properties of the cell, since the lysine tRNA of the mouse reticulocyte contains very little lysine tRNA4. The non-dividing erythroid Friend cell, therefore, represents an exception to the finding that non-dividing cells usually have little or no lysine tRNA4 present.", "contents": "Alterations in lysine transfer RNA during erythroid differentiation of the Friend cell. The proportion of lysine tRNA represented by the isoacceptor species lysine tRNA4 has previously been shown to be largest in cells with the greatest ability to proliferate. Using reverse phase chromatography (RPC-5), we have analyzed the changes in the relative quantities of lysine tRNA species which occur in different cellular states of the Friend cell, a transformed murine cell infected with Friend erythroleukemia virus complex. This cell undergoes erythroid differentiation when exposed to various chemicals. Lysine tRNA4 comprises 32% of the total lysine tRNA in rapidly dividing, uninduced Friend cells, but only 16% of the total lysine tRNA in uninducase. Friend cells undergoing erythroid differentiation divide more slowly than uninduced cells, and finally cease proliferation, but lysine tRNA4 becomes the major lysine tRNA species (greater than 50%). This does not appear to reflect erythroid properties of the cell, since the lysine tRNA of the mouse reticulocyte contains very little lysine tRNA4. The non-dividing erythroid Friend cell, therefore, represents an exception to the finding that non-dividing cells usually have little or no lysine tRNA4 present.", "PMID": 643620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1667", "title": "Modified bases in tRNA: the structures of 5-carbamoylmethyl- and 5-carboxymethyl uridine.", "content": "The crystal structures of two nucleosides, 5-carbamoylmethyluridine (1) and 5-carboxymethyluridine (2), were determined from three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data, and refined to R = 0.036 and R = 0.047, respectively. Compound 1 is in the C3'-endo conformation with chi +5.2 degrees (anti), psiinfinity = +63.4 degrees and psialpha = +180.0 degrees (tt); 2 is in the C2'endo conformation with chi +49.4 degrees (anti), psiinfinity -60.5 degrees and psialpha +60.0 degrees (gg). For each derivative, the plane of the side chain substituent is skewed with respect to the plane of the nucleobase; for 1, the carboxamide group is on the same side of the uracil plane vis a vis the ribose ring; for 2, the carboxyl group is on the opposite side of this plane. No base pairing is observed for either structure. Incorporation of structure 1 into a 3'-stacked tRNA anticodon appears to place 08 within hydrogen bonding distance of the 02' hydroxyl of ribose 33, which may limit the ability of such a molecule of tRNA to \"wobble\".", "contents": "Modified bases in tRNA: the structures of 5-carbamoylmethyl- and 5-carboxymethyl uridine. The crystal structures of two nucleosides, 5-carbamoylmethyluridine (1) and 5-carboxymethyluridine (2), were determined from three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data, and refined to R = 0.036 and R = 0.047, respectively. Compound 1 is in the C3'-endo conformation with chi +5.2 degrees (anti), psiinfinity = +63.4 degrees and psialpha = +180.0 degrees (tt); 2 is in the C2'endo conformation with chi +49.4 degrees (anti), psiinfinity -60.5 degrees and psialpha +60.0 degrees (gg). For each derivative, the plane of the side chain substituent is skewed with respect to the plane of the nucleobase; for 1, the carboxamide group is on the same side of the uracil plane vis a vis the ribose ring; for 2, the carboxyl group is on the opposite side of this plane. No base pairing is observed for either structure. Incorporation of structure 1 into a 3'-stacked tRNA anticodon appears to place 08 within hydrogen bonding distance of the 02' hydroxyl of ribose 33, which may limit the ability of such a molecule of tRNA to \"wobble\".", "PMID": 643621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1668", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts of the D group lack an apurinic DNA endonuclease species with a low apparent Km.", "content": "Apurinic DNA endonuclease activity from cultured human fibroblasts was resolved into two species by phosphocellulose chromatography. The species had sedimentation coefficients of 3.3 S and 2.8 S and apparent Km's for apurinic sites of 5 and 44 nM, respectively. The low Km species was absent from extracts of cell lines XP5BE, XP6BE and XP7BE of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts of the D group lack an apurinic DNA endonuclease species with a low apparent Km. Apurinic DNA endonuclease activity from cultured human fibroblasts was resolved into two species by phosphocellulose chromatography. The species had sedimentation coefficients of 3.3 S and 2.8 S and apparent Km's for apurinic sites of 5 and 44 nM, respectively. The low Km species was absent from extracts of cell lines XP5BE, XP6BE and XP7BE of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D.", "PMID": 643622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1669", "title": "Yeast seryl tRNA synthetase: two sets of substrate sites involved in aminoacylation.", "content": "Seryl tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis C836 contains two sets of sites for tRNASer, L-serine, and Mg2+-ATP, both of which are involved in aminoacylation. This is based on the following experimental results: (a) at low serine concentrations, second order kinetics in tRNASer are observed; (b) biphasic kinetics result when the amino acid is the varied substrate indicating anticooperative binding of two serine molecules to the synthetase; (c) when two molecules of serine are bound the rate of aminoacylation increases strongly and becomes first order in tRNASer; (d) the involvement of more than one site for Mg2+ and ATP is deduced from systematic variations of the concentrations of Mg2+ and ATP. Implications of the anticooperative binding of the substrates for possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. The results indicate that under normal conditions, the activity of seryl tRNA synthetase is regulated mainly by tRNASer while at high serine concentrations regulation by the amino acid itself prevails.", "contents": "Yeast seryl tRNA synthetase: two sets of substrate sites involved in aminoacylation. Seryl tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis C836 contains two sets of sites for tRNASer, L-serine, and Mg2+-ATP, both of which are involved in aminoacylation. This is based on the following experimental results: (a) at low serine concentrations, second order kinetics in tRNASer are observed; (b) biphasic kinetics result when the amino acid is the varied substrate indicating anticooperative binding of two serine molecules to the synthetase; (c) when two molecules of serine are bound the rate of aminoacylation increases strongly and becomes first order in tRNASer; (d) the involvement of more than one site for Mg2+ and ATP is deduced from systematic variations of the concentrations of Mg2+ and ATP. Implications of the anticooperative binding of the substrates for possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. The results indicate that under normal conditions, the activity of seryl tRNA synthetase is regulated mainly by tRNASer while at high serine concentrations regulation by the amino acid itself prevails.", "PMID": 643623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1670", "title": "Conformational states of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus ribonucleic acid components.", "content": "The conditions determining conformational changes in the four ribonucleic acid components of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus have been studied. All four components have at least two electrophoretically separable conformers, the occurrence of which can be regulated by both monovalent and polyvalent cations. This phenomenon also occurs, in a much less striking way, in the ribonucleic acids of the two other members of the bromovirus group, brome mosaic virus and broad bean mottle virus. Although specific in some respects, these changes have much in common with effects which have been observed in tRNAs, 55 RNAs and rRNAs. A provisional interpretation of the conformational behaviour of the viral RNAs is given in terms which have been proposed for certain tRNAs which have been studied in great detail.", "contents": "Conformational states of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus ribonucleic acid components. The conditions determining conformational changes in the four ribonucleic acid components of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus have been studied. All four components have at least two electrophoretically separable conformers, the occurrence of which can be regulated by both monovalent and polyvalent cations. This phenomenon also occurs, in a much less striking way, in the ribonucleic acids of the two other members of the bromovirus group, brome mosaic virus and broad bean mottle virus. Although specific in some respects, these changes have much in common with effects which have been observed in tRNAs, 55 RNAs and rRNAs. A provisional interpretation of the conformational behaviour of the viral RNAs is given in terms which have been proposed for certain tRNAs which have been studied in great detail.", "PMID": 643624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1671", "title": "Analysis of the genome of type 7 simian adenovirus using restrictases.", "content": "The effect of the restricting endonucleases R.EcoRI, R.BamI and R.SalI on the genome of type 7 simian adenovirus (SA-7) has been studied. Since the DNA has only one site of R.EcoRI recognition the enzyme cleaves SA-7 DNA into two fragments with the molecular weights 12.0 and 10.0 . 10(6). The restrictase R.BamI cleaves the SA-7 DNA at six sites producing 7 fragments with the molecular weights 6.6, 5.9, 3.8, 2.7, 1.3, 0.7 and 0.6 . 10(6). R.SalI cleavage yields 6 fragments with the molecular weights 8.1, 5.5, 4.3, 2.45, 1.2 and 0.6 . 10(6). The R.BamI and R.SalI fragments are arranged in the orders E-A-D-F-C-G-B and A-B-D-F-E-C, respectively. The only R.EcoRI recognition site is localized in the C fragment produced by R.BamI and in the B fragment produced by R.SalI.", "contents": "Analysis of the genome of type 7 simian adenovirus using restrictases. The effect of the restricting endonucleases R.EcoRI, R.BamI and R.SalI on the genome of type 7 simian adenovirus (SA-7) has been studied. Since the DNA has only one site of R.EcoRI recognition the enzyme cleaves SA-7 DNA into two fragments with the molecular weights 12.0 and 10.0 . 10(6). The restrictase R.BamI cleaves the SA-7 DNA at six sites producing 7 fragments with the molecular weights 6.6, 5.9, 3.8, 2.7, 1.3, 0.7 and 0.6 . 10(6). R.SalI cleavage yields 6 fragments with the molecular weights 8.1, 5.5, 4.3, 2.45, 1.2 and 0.6 . 10(6). The R.BamI and R.SalI fragments are arranged in the orders E-A-D-F-C-G-B and A-B-D-F-E-C, respectively. The only R.EcoRI recognition site is localized in the C fragment produced by R.BamI and in the B fragment produced by R.SalI.", "PMID": 643625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1672", "title": "[Studies on renal clearance measurements by nuclear medicine methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Two mathematical models are employed to describe and interpret the time-activity course in the human body outside the reno-vesical compartment of a tracer that has been injected intravenously by the single-shot method and is excreted via the kidneys. From the results a method is derived which permits a practical determination of total clearance. The individual clearance of each kidney is calculated using a simplified method of background (EPA) correction.", "contents": "[Studies on renal clearance measurements by nuclear medicine methods (author's transl)]. Two mathematical models are employed to describe and interpret the time-activity course in the human body outside the reno-vesical compartment of a tracer that has been injected intravenously by the single-shot method and is excreted via the kidneys. From the results a method is derived which permits a practical determination of total clearance. The individual clearance of each kidney is calculated using a simplified method of background (EPA) correction.", "PMID": 643626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1673", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of \"silent regions\" in the thyroid scintiscan.", "content": "35 patients with scintigraphically silent thyroid regions without palpable cold nodules were further evaluated by ultrasonography. In 33 cases the sonographic diagnosis was confirmed by other examinations or the clinical course. 2 cases were misinterpreted right at the beginning of our series. The use of ultrasonography in evaluating silent thyroid regions in the totally decompensated autonomous adenoma, in unilateral thyroid aplasia, thyroiditis and hyperthyroidism is shown to be a reliable and valuable supplement to the clinical and radioisotopic evaluation procedures. When differentiating the totally decompensated autonomous adenoma from unilateral thyroid aplasia a stimulation test need not be performed in most cases. Suspected thyroiditis can be confirmed in a simple way. Being a non-invasive evaluation procedure, ultrasonography should be used before performing a needle biopsy.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of \"silent regions\" in the thyroid scintiscan. 35 patients with scintigraphically silent thyroid regions without palpable cold nodules were further evaluated by ultrasonography. In 33 cases the sonographic diagnosis was confirmed by other examinations or the clinical course. 2 cases were misinterpreted right at the beginning of our series. The use of ultrasonography in evaluating silent thyroid regions in the totally decompensated autonomous adenoma, in unilateral thyroid aplasia, thyroiditis and hyperthyroidism is shown to be a reliable and valuable supplement to the clinical and radioisotopic evaluation procedures. When differentiating the totally decompensated autonomous adenoma from unilateral thyroid aplasia a stimulation test need not be performed in most cases. Suspected thyroiditis can be confirmed in a simple way. Being a non-invasive evaluation procedure, ultrasonography should be used before performing a needle biopsy.", "PMID": 643627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1674", "title": "Correlations between geometrical parameters measured on liver scintigrams and clinical observations.", "content": "Various geometrical data, resulting from anterior scans, of both normal and pathological livers were classified and analyzed statistically from two points of view: Firstly, a static study resulting from observations on pooled scans. This study showed that the frequency distributions of some geometrical parameters in the liver are essentially normal in character. It equally demonstrated that the dimensions of the parameters depend on the degree of the pathology of the liver. Secondly, a study which was carried out on repeated scans recorded on the same patient. It showed that the relative variations of some geometrical parameters of the liver are a function of its degree of pathology, whatever the types of abnormalities considered. The definition of a variable is suggested, the knowledge of which can help to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Correlations between geometrical parameters measured on liver scintigrams and clinical observations. Various geometrical data, resulting from anterior scans, of both normal and pathological livers were classified and analyzed statistically from two points of view: Firstly, a static study resulting from observations on pooled scans. This study showed that the frequency distributions of some geometrical parameters in the liver are essentially normal in character. It equally demonstrated that the dimensions of the parameters depend on the degree of the pathology of the liver. Secondly, a study which was carried out on repeated scans recorded on the same patient. It showed that the relative variations of some geometrical parameters of the liver are a function of its degree of pathology, whatever the types of abnormalities considered. The definition of a variable is suggested, the knowledge of which can help to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 643628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1675", "title": "[Validity of hepato-biliary functional scintigraphy using 99mTc-diethyl-IDA (author's transl)].", "content": "99mTc-DAIDA is superior to other cholotropic radiopharmaceuticals. As radiochromatographic examinations with various systems showed, it is secreted by the hepatocytes into the bile as an unchanged anion. In a study of hepato-gastroenterologically selected patients (n = 45) values for liver function parameters such as Tmax' T/2, time of appearance in gall-bladder and duodenum were in the group of patients without any hepato-biliary disease (x +/- S.D.): 15.5, +/- 5.2 min, 30.8 +/- 8.2 min, 13.5 +/- 6.1 min, and 22.0 +/- 10.8 min. The clearance determined after comparison of different defining regions and types of calculation in this group was 323.8 +/- 145.8 ml/min x 1.73 m2 (x +/- S.D.); the renal excretion competitive with the hepato-biliary elimination amounted within 51 min p.i. to 5.15% of the injected activity. The values of the several time-parameters as well as the participation of the kidneys in the 99mTc-DAIDA excretion increased substantially in patients with intrahepatic jaundice, but only slightly in the group of other liver cell diseases. It was not possible to determine the various liver function values in patients with extrahepatic jaundice. Because of their large spread within the different groups these parameters were without diagnostic relevance in the individual case. The hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy with 99mTc-DAIDA appears to find its main use in morphologic diagnostics.", "contents": "[Validity of hepato-biliary functional scintigraphy using 99mTc-diethyl-IDA (author's transl)]. 99mTc-DAIDA is superior to other cholotropic radiopharmaceuticals. As radiochromatographic examinations with various systems showed, it is secreted by the hepatocytes into the bile as an unchanged anion. In a study of hepato-gastroenterologically selected patients (n = 45) values for liver function parameters such as Tmax' T/2, time of appearance in gall-bladder and duodenum were in the group of patients without any hepato-biliary disease (x +/- S.D.): 15.5, +/- 5.2 min, 30.8 +/- 8.2 min, 13.5 +/- 6.1 min, and 22.0 +/- 10.8 min. The clearance determined after comparison of different defining regions and types of calculation in this group was 323.8 +/- 145.8 ml/min x 1.73 m2 (x +/- S.D.); the renal excretion competitive with the hepato-biliary elimination amounted within 51 min p.i. to 5.15% of the injected activity. The values of the several time-parameters as well as the participation of the kidneys in the 99mTc-DAIDA excretion increased substantially in patients with intrahepatic jaundice, but only slightly in the group of other liver cell diseases. It was not possible to determine the various liver function values in patients with extrahepatic jaundice. Because of their large spread within the different groups these parameters were without diagnostic relevance in the individual case. The hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy with 99mTc-DAIDA appears to find its main use in morphologic diagnostics.", "PMID": 643629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1676", "title": "[Modified biological behaviour of 99mTc-pertechnetate in man as a result of a preceeding administration of tin (tin effect) (author's transl)].", "content": "An increased image of blood-filled spaces (Plexus choriodeus, Sinus transversus) was observed in 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy when it had been preceded by the administration of tin (e.g. of 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate). We have called this behaviour the \"tin effect\". In vitro studies demonstrated binding of about 80% of the administered activity in the blood with a biological half-life of about 44 hr and an effective half-life of about 5.3 hr. 95% of the blood activity was bound to red cells and 5% to plasma. This resulted in an increased radiation dose to the bone marrow of about 530 mrad/mCi 99mTc-pertechnetate (following tin). The extent of the tin effect decreased with the length of the interval between tin and 99mTc-pertechnetate administration. Because of the tin effect 99mTc-DTPA or 99mTc-citrate should be used for brain scintigraphy if this has to be performed within the first 5 or 7 days following a bone scintigraphy with a tin-containing radiopharmaceutical. The \"tin effect\" might be taken advantages of when labelling red cells and imaging vascular spaces.", "contents": "[Modified biological behaviour of 99mTc-pertechnetate in man as a result of a preceeding administration of tin (tin effect) (author's transl)]. An increased image of blood-filled spaces (Plexus choriodeus, Sinus transversus) was observed in 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy when it had been preceded by the administration of tin (e.g. of 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate). We have called this behaviour the \"tin effect\". In vitro studies demonstrated binding of about 80% of the administered activity in the blood with a biological half-life of about 44 hr and an effective half-life of about 5.3 hr. 95% of the blood activity was bound to red cells and 5% to plasma. This resulted in an increased radiation dose to the bone marrow of about 530 mrad/mCi 99mTc-pertechnetate (following tin). The extent of the tin effect decreased with the length of the interval between tin and 99mTc-pertechnetate administration. Because of the tin effect 99mTc-DTPA or 99mTc-citrate should be used for brain scintigraphy if this has to be performed within the first 5 or 7 days following a bone scintigraphy with a tin-containing radiopharmaceutical. The \"tin effect\" might be taken advantages of when labelling red cells and imaging vascular spaces.", "PMID": 643631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1677", "title": "The effect of aliphatic alcohols on certain vitamins of the B-complex group in the liver of the rat.", "content": "The effect of the oral administration of a series of aliphatic alcohols (methanol to butanol) in addition to isopropanol on the liver contents of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, and pantothenic acid was investigated in rats. It was found the tested alcohols caused a significant decrease in the liver contents of the studied vitamins. This effect was observed after daily oral administration of the tested alcohols in doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg for 7 days. The diminishing effect of alcohols on the liver contents of vitamins was directly proportional to the dose administered.", "contents": "The effect of aliphatic alcohols on certain vitamins of the B-complex group in the liver of the rat. The effect of the oral administration of a series of aliphatic alcohols (methanol to butanol) in addition to isopropanol on the liver contents of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, and pantothenic acid was investigated in rats. It was found the tested alcohols caused a significant decrease in the liver contents of the studied vitamins. This effect was observed after daily oral administration of the tested alcohols in doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg for 7 days. The diminishing effect of alcohols on the liver contents of vitamins was directly proportional to the dose administered.", "PMID": 643739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1678", "title": "Enzymatic changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in rats in subacute benzene vapours poisoning.", "content": "The activity of acid phosphatase (AcP), its intracellular distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the activity of lysosomal isoenzyme of acid phosphatase (AcPL) in serum of rats exposed to benzene vapour in the concentration 27 000 mg/m3 for 6 hours daily through 10 consecutive days were investigated. The statistically significant fall in the number of lymphocytes affecting AcP-positive and AcP-negative lymphocytes, reduction in the percentage of granular lymphocytes and increase in the percentage of granular-diffusive and diffusive lymphocytes were found. The increase in the activity of AcPL in serum was statistically insignificant. According to the authors opinion the phenomenon observed results from a damage to lymphocytic lysosomes by benzene.", "contents": "Enzymatic changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in rats in subacute benzene vapours poisoning. The activity of acid phosphatase (AcP), its intracellular distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the activity of lysosomal isoenzyme of acid phosphatase (AcPL) in serum of rats exposed to benzene vapour in the concentration 27 000 mg/m3 for 6 hours daily through 10 consecutive days were investigated. The statistically significant fall in the number of lymphocytes affecting AcP-positive and AcP-negative lymphocytes, reduction in the percentage of granular lymphocytes and increase in the percentage of granular-diffusive and diffusive lymphocytes were found. The increase in the activity of AcPL in serum was statistically insignificant. According to the authors opinion the phenomenon observed results from a damage to lymphocytic lysosomes by benzene.", "PMID": 643738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1679", "title": "Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness as well as blood lipids level in dogs treated with di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2')-butane and carbocromen.", "content": "The effect of di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2')-butane (S-147) on platelet aggregation and adhesiveness as well as on blood lipids level (total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol) was tested in mongrel dogs, in comparison with carbocromen. The compounds administered iv (2 mg/kg/day) over 7 days inhibited ADP-induced aggregation, being without depressive influence on platelet adhesiveness. S-147 exhibited slightly stronger effect than carbocromen. The inhibition of platelet aggregation was accompanied by the decrease of serum lipids level.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness as well as blood lipids level in dogs treated with di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2')-butane and carbocromen. The effect of di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2')-butane (S-147) on platelet aggregation and adhesiveness as well as on blood lipids level (total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol) was tested in mongrel dogs, in comparison with carbocromen. The compounds administered iv (2 mg/kg/day) over 7 days inhibited ADP-induced aggregation, being without depressive influence on platelet adhesiveness. S-147 exhibited slightly stronger effect than carbocromen. The inhibition of platelet aggregation was accompanied by the decrease of serum lipids level.", "PMID": 643741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1680", "title": "A sensitive and specific determination of gamma aminobutric acid in brain.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method for the determination of gamma aminobutyric acid in small (30 mg) brain samples is described. It is based on preparation of the dansyl-butyrolactam (DBL), subsequent separation by thin layer chromatography and measurement of fluorescence after elution. Recovery is checked by routinely adding 14C labelled GABA.", "contents": "A sensitive and specific determination of gamma aminobutric acid in brain. A sensitive and specific method for the determination of gamma aminobutyric acid in small (30 mg) brain samples is described. It is based on preparation of the dansyl-butyrolactam (DBL), subsequent separation by thin layer chromatography and measurement of fluorescence after elution. Recovery is checked by routinely adding 14C labelled GABA.", "PMID": 643737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1681", "title": "n-alkanes as a substratum for riboflavin production. I. Investigations of the dynamics of the flavinogenesis in chosen yeasts of the genus candida.", "content": "For the first time the flavinogenic abilities of Candida flareri on a simple, fully defined medium with hydrocarbons were demonstrated. C flareri and C. guilliermondi on a synthetic medium with biotin and n-alkanes (n-decane and hexadecane) overproduce riboflavin with a considerable but varying efficiency. Among the two hydrocarbons examined n-hexadecane proved to be a more favourable source of carbon for the biosynthesis of this vitamin than n-decane. The quantities of riboflavin accumulated by C. flareri in an aerated culture are twice higher than those for C. guilliermondii (50.5 microgram/ml on hexadecane) in analogous conditions.", "contents": "n-alkanes as a substratum for riboflavin production. I. Investigations of the dynamics of the flavinogenesis in chosen yeasts of the genus candida. For the first time the flavinogenic abilities of Candida flareri on a simple, fully defined medium with hydrocarbons were demonstrated. C flareri and C. guilliermondi on a synthetic medium with biotin and n-alkanes (n-decane and hexadecane) overproduce riboflavin with a considerable but varying efficiency. Among the two hydrocarbons examined n-hexadecane proved to be a more favourable source of carbon for the biosynthesis of this vitamin than n-decane. The quantities of riboflavin accumulated by C. flareri in an aerated culture are twice higher than those for C. guilliermondii (50.5 microgram/ml on hexadecane) in analogous conditions.", "PMID": 643742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1682", "title": "Search for potential psychotropic agents. Part II. N-benzylidene derivatives of 4-arylpiperazine-1-acetic acid hydrazides.", "content": "The authors in all have snythesised 24 new N-benzylidene derivatives of 4-arylpiperazine-1-acetic acid hydrazides as potent psychotropic agents. Six compounds subjected to pharmacological activity failed to show any significant activity.", "contents": "Search for potential psychotropic agents. Part II. N-benzylidene derivatives of 4-arylpiperazine-1-acetic acid hydrazides. The authors in all have snythesised 24 new N-benzylidene derivatives of 4-arylpiperazine-1-acetic acid hydrazides as potent psychotropic agents. Six compounds subjected to pharmacological activity failed to show any significant activity.", "PMID": 643743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1683", "title": "3-(p-tolyl)-4-aminobutanoic acid synthesis, resolution into enantiomers and pharmacological activity.", "content": "Racemic 3-(p-totyl)-4-aminobutyric acid was obtained, resolved into enantiomers and their absolute configuration was determined. Both the racemic acid and two enantiomers were screened for CNS activity. R (+) enantiomers is 14--27-fold more effective than the S(-) one and 1.2--2.1 fold more effective than the racemate.", "contents": "3-(p-tolyl)-4-aminobutanoic acid synthesis, resolution into enantiomers and pharmacological activity. Racemic 3-(p-totyl)-4-aminobutyric acid was obtained, resolved into enantiomers and their absolute configuration was determined. Both the racemic acid and two enantiomers were screened for CNS activity. R (+) enantiomers is 14--27-fold more effective than the S(-) one and 1.2--2.1 fold more effective than the racemate.", "PMID": 643744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1684", "title": "Reduced analgesic effects of morphine after bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus in rats.", "content": "Noradnenaline-depleting lesions involving the locus coerulcus markedly reduced morphine analgesia. Rats were tested for analgesia using the tail-compression method. The results indicate that locus coeruleus plays an important role in analgesic action of morphine.", "contents": "Reduced analgesic effects of morphine after bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus in rats. Noradnenaline-depleting lesions involving the locus coerulcus markedly reduced morphine analgesia. Rats were tested for analgesia using the tail-compression method. The results indicate that locus coeruleus plays an important role in analgesic action of morphine.", "PMID": 643740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1685", "title": "When \"lymphoma\" is not lymphoma: diagnosing immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, a newly described disease, is clinically similar to lymphoma but has a specific histologic picture. It usually does not have malignant potential and is best treated initially by corticosteroid in high doses. Chemotherapy is used when corticosteroid fails or when malignant conversion occurs.", "contents": "When \"lymphoma\" is not lymphoma: diagnosing immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, a newly described disease, is clinically similar to lymphoma but has a specific histologic picture. It usually does not have malignant potential and is best treated initially by corticosteroid in high doses. Chemotherapy is used when corticosteroid fails or when malignant conversion occurs.", "PMID": 643758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1686", "title": "Case report: metal fumes fever.", "content": "A young male foundry worker had headache, nonproductive cough, orthopnea, formication, rigor, fever, and substernal pain after exposure to concentrated metal fumes. Examination revealed bilateral basal rales. Serial spirometry suggested a transitory restrictive impairment with persistent mild to moderate obstructive impairment. Leukocytosis, hypoxemia, and the other symptoms resolved with no therapy other than the patient's removal from the polluted area.", "contents": "Case report: metal fumes fever. A young male foundry worker had headache, nonproductive cough, orthopnea, formication, rigor, fever, and substernal pain after exposure to concentrated metal fumes. Examination revealed bilateral basal rales. Serial spirometry suggested a transitory restrictive impairment with persistent mild to moderate obstructive impairment. Leukocytosis, hypoxemia, and the other symptoms resolved with no therapy other than the patient's removal from the polluted area.", "PMID": 643759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1687", "title": "Treating gout: successful methods of prevention and control.", "content": "For control of acute episodes of gout, administration of a full course of colchicine is the preferred method of therapy. This drug also is useful in prophylaxis of recurrent attacks, taken daily in combination with one or more drugs that influence uric acid metabolism. Weight reduction if the patient is obese, a balanced diet with restriction of foods high in purine content, and high fluid intake also are recommended.", "contents": "Treating gout: successful methods of prevention and control. For control of acute episodes of gout, administration of a full course of colchicine is the preferred method of therapy. This drug also is useful in prophylaxis of recurrent attacks, taken daily in combination with one or more drugs that influence uric acid metabolism. Weight reduction if the patient is obese, a balanced diet with restriction of foods high in purine content, and high fluid intake also are recommended.", "PMID": 643764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1688", "title": "Pregnancy testing. 1. Immunoassays and radioimmunoassays.", "content": "Immunoassays have virtually replaced bioassays for detection of pregnancy. Slide and tube tests are applicable in most clinical situations. Because of its sensitivity, radioimmunoassay is ideal for diagnosis of early and ectopic pregnancies.", "contents": "Pregnancy testing. 1. Immunoassays and radioimmunoassays. Immunoassays have virtually replaced bioassays for detection of pregnancy. Slide and tube tests are applicable in most clinical situations. Because of its sensitivity, radioimmunoassay is ideal for diagnosis of early and ectopic pregnancies.", "PMID": 643765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1689", "title": "Diagnosing ascites: the value of abdominal paracentesis.", "content": "Abdominal paracentesis is a useful and safe technique in the evaluation of ascites. The withdrawn ascitic fluid should be routinely analyzed for appearance, blood cell count, and amylase and total protein concentrations; examined cytologically; and cultured. Results should either substantiate the clinical diagnosis or alert the clinician to the presence of previously unsuspected disease.", "contents": "Diagnosing ascites: the value of abdominal paracentesis. Abdominal paracentesis is a useful and safe technique in the evaluation of ascites. The withdrawn ascitic fluid should be routinely analyzed for appearance, blood cell count, and amylase and total protein concentrations; examined cytologically; and cultured. Results should either substantiate the clinical diagnosis or alert the clinician to the presence of previously unsuspected disease.", "PMID": 643770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1690", "title": "Case report. Evolution of cerebral abscess: disparity between radionuclide and CT scans.", "content": "The course of frontal lobe cerebritis in a teenage boy was followed with serial radionuclide and CT scans. During treatment with high doses of dexamethasone and antibiotics, the radionuclide scans became normal, whereas the CT scans remained abnormal and ultimately demonstrated an encapsulated abscess that was successfully drained. In patients receiving steroid therapy, the radionuclide brain scan may not be a reliable technique in demonstrating an intracranial abscess.", "contents": "Case report. Evolution of cerebral abscess: disparity between radionuclide and CT scans. The course of frontal lobe cerebritis in a teenage boy was followed with serial radionuclide and CT scans. During treatment with high doses of dexamethasone and antibiotics, the radionuclide scans became normal, whereas the CT scans remained abnormal and ultimately demonstrated an encapsulated abscess that was successfully drained. In patients receiving steroid therapy, the radionuclide brain scan may not be a reliable technique in demonstrating an intracranial abscess.", "PMID": 643771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1691", "title": "Computed body tomography: how useful is it?", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of the body is becoming as well established a diagnostic procedure as CT of the head, often yielding information not available by other techniques and sparing patients unnecessary surgery. To take proper advantage of CT, physicians should understand the full potential and practical applications of this new technique. Properly used, it can expedite diagnosis and decrease the number of procedures needed per patient.", "contents": "Computed body tomography: how useful is it? Computed tomography (CT) of the body is becoming as well established a diagnostic procedure as CT of the head, often yielding information not available by other techniques and sparing patients unnecessary surgery. To take proper advantage of CT, physicians should understand the full potential and practical applications of this new technique. Properly used, it can expedite diagnosis and decrease the number of procedures needed per patient.", "PMID": 643773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1692", "title": "Iatrogenic factors in acute renal failure: can vigilance equal avoidance?", "content": "Physicians can aid substantially in reducing morbidity and mortality from acute renal failure by exercising particular care when using potentially nephrotoxic procedures or agents, by identifying patients at high risk before undertaking elective surgical procedures, and by acting promptly to correct predisposing conditions.", "contents": "Iatrogenic factors in acute renal failure: can vigilance equal avoidance? Physicians can aid substantially in reducing morbidity and mortality from acute renal failure by exercising particular care when using potentially nephrotoxic procedures or agents, by identifying patients at high risk before undertaking elective surgical procedures, and by acting promptly to correct predisposing conditions.", "PMID": 643774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1693", "title": "[Value of isotope study with ytterbium-169 citrate in the diagnosis of pulmonary opacities of cancerous nature].", "content": "Out of 60 observations, the authors deduct the value of the isotopic study with Ytterbium169 citrate in the diagnosis of cancerous pulmonary opacities. Ytterbium169 is a radiolanthanide with a period of 32 days. Patients receive intravenously 500 muCi of Ytterbium169 citrate. Recordings are made on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day. Valuable information on the data of the fixation rate on the 2nd and 14th day can be obtained from drawing a curve of fixation. As shown by the dosimetric study the radioactive pollution is minimal; nevertheless the dose of irradiation should not be underestimated and not recommended for young patients. Reliability of the examination is great: the percentage of true positive results is satisfactory (87%) and above all the percentage of false positive results (7.7%) much below that of other isotopes (30-40%). Results are excellent for peripheral opacities which escape the usual diagnostic mean. The main failure of the examination is the relatively frequent lack of fixation, not prejudicial in itself as it has no diagnostic value. Indications and limits of this examination are drawn from this study.", "contents": "[Value of isotope study with ytterbium-169 citrate in the diagnosis of pulmonary opacities of cancerous nature]. Out of 60 observations, the authors deduct the value of the isotopic study with Ytterbium169 citrate in the diagnosis of cancerous pulmonary opacities. Ytterbium169 is a radiolanthanide with a period of 32 days. Patients receive intravenously 500 muCi of Ytterbium169 citrate. Recordings are made on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day. Valuable information on the data of the fixation rate on the 2nd and 14th day can be obtained from drawing a curve of fixation. As shown by the dosimetric study the radioactive pollution is minimal; nevertheless the dose of irradiation should not be underestimated and not recommended for young patients. Reliability of the examination is great: the percentage of true positive results is satisfactory (87%) and above all the percentage of false positive results (7.7%) much below that of other isotopes (30-40%). Results are excellent for peripheral opacities which escape the usual diagnostic mean. The main failure of the examination is the relatively frequent lack of fixation, not prejudicial in itself as it has no diagnostic value. Indications and limits of this examination are drawn from this study.", "PMID": 643777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1694", "title": "[Apropos of a fatal case of poisoning by household aerosol].", "content": "The authors present a case of abusive use of nitrogen in aerosol. It produced an acute edema primarily toxic bringing a hypoxemia amidst the coronarian network already partially occluded. It is rapidly followed by a subendocardiac infarct of the myocardium with left ventricular failure. The abnormal gas exchanges (alveolo-capillary block) taking place on the 15th day are discussed. Autopsy revealed a typical \"cardiac lung\", the presence of hyalin membranes and an early fibroblastic proliferation. These abnormalities corroborate the hemodynamic character, perhaps toxic, of pulmonary lesions.", "contents": "[Apropos of a fatal case of poisoning by household aerosol]. The authors present a case of abusive use of nitrogen in aerosol. It produced an acute edema primarily toxic bringing a hypoxemia amidst the coronarian network already partially occluded. It is rapidly followed by a subendocardiac infarct of the myocardium with left ventricular failure. The abnormal gas exchanges (alveolo-capillary block) taking place on the 15th day are discussed. Autopsy revealed a typical \"cardiac lung\", the presence of hyalin membranes and an early fibroblastic proliferation. These abnormalities corroborate the hemodynamic character, perhaps toxic, of pulmonary lesions.", "PMID": 643781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1695", "title": "Isolation of viral double-stranded RNAs using a LiCl fractionation procedure.", "content": "A general procedure for the isolation of virus-specific double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) is discribed. The procedure is based on the differential solubility of different types of nucleic acids in LiCl. Principal advantages over conventional methods are simplicity, avoidance of enzymatic treatment, and relatively good yields of undegraded ds-RNA while permitting separation of several main groups of cellular and viral nucleic acids from the same batch of tissue. The method has been successfully applied in tissues infected by several representative plant RNA viruses. The virus-specific ds-RNAs obtained have been identified by their resistance to ribonuclease and comparison of their electrophoretic mobilities with those of the corresponding single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA) in polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weights of the ds-RNAs of tobacco mosaic virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and peanut stunt virus fit the curved log molecular weight-migration relationship constructed from a set of known marker ds-RNAs.", "contents": "Isolation of viral double-stranded RNAs using a LiCl fractionation procedure. A general procedure for the isolation of virus-specific double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) is discribed. The procedure is based on the differential solubility of different types of nucleic acids in LiCl. Principal advantages over conventional methods are simplicity, avoidance of enzymatic treatment, and relatively good yields of undegraded ds-RNA while permitting separation of several main groups of cellular and viral nucleic acids from the same batch of tissue. The method has been successfully applied in tissues infected by several representative plant RNA viruses. The virus-specific ds-RNAs obtained have been identified by their resistance to ribonuclease and comparison of their electrophoretic mobilities with those of the corresponding single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA) in polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weights of the ds-RNAs of tobacco mosaic virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and peanut stunt virus fit the curved log molecular weight-migration relationship constructed from a set of known marker ds-RNAs.", "PMID": 643823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1696", "title": "Large scale preparation of pure hog kidney renin.", "content": "The complete purification of renin raises difficult problems due to its extremely low concentration in kidney (less than 1/50,000 of total proteins). The complete purification of hog kidney renin has been realized on a large scale, starting from 300 kg of fresh hog kidneys. 14.6 mg of pure renin were obtained with an overall yield of 4%. The purification procedure involved 14 steps. The enzyme was extracted at pH 3.5. Subsequent purification steps were performed in the presence of protease inhibitors to decrease renin proteolysis. These steps included an ammonium sulfate precipitation and a batch-chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The major purification step was an affinity chromatography on Sepharose-hexamethylene-diaminopepstatin. The enzyme obtained was further purified by molecular sieving gel filtration and isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Large scale preparation of pure hog kidney renin. The complete purification of renin raises difficult problems due to its extremely low concentration in kidney (less than 1/50,000 of total proteins). The complete purification of hog kidney renin has been realized on a large scale, starting from 300 kg of fresh hog kidneys. 14.6 mg of pure renin were obtained with an overall yield of 4%. The purification procedure involved 14 steps. The enzyme was extracted at pH 3.5. Subsequent purification steps were performed in the presence of protease inhibitors to decrease renin proteolysis. These steps included an ammonium sulfate precipitation and a batch-chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The major purification step was an affinity chromatography on Sepharose-hexamethylene-diaminopepstatin. The enzyme obtained was further purified by molecular sieving gel filtration and isoelectric focusing.", "PMID": 643824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1697", "title": "[Absence of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase, the terminal enzyme in melatonin synthesis, in the rat intestine].", "content": "The absence of hydroxinol-o-methyltrapherase, the terminal enzyme in the chain of melatonin biosynthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of rats was revealed by means of radioisotopic biochemical methods. A high endogenous methylation in the mucosa of the small intestine of rats with the participation of S-adenozylmethionine, differing from melatonin synthesis in the epiphysis, was revealed during this study.", "contents": "[Absence of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase, the terminal enzyme in melatonin synthesis, in the rat intestine]. The absence of hydroxinol-o-methyltrapherase, the terminal enzyme in the chain of melatonin biosynthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of rats was revealed by means of radioisotopic biochemical methods. A high endogenous methylation in the mucosa of the small intestine of rats with the participation of S-adenozylmethionine, differing from melatonin synthesis in the epiphysis, was revealed during this study.", "PMID": 643825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1698", "title": "[Placental ultrastruct in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The placenta of Wistar rats with various forms of diabetes mellitis was studied by electron microscopy. Metabolic disturbances characteristic of alloxan diabetes mellitus failed to derange the trophoblast ultrastructure during the existence of placenta and produced no changes in the ultrastructure of the fetal vessels similar to the changes in the capillary ultrastructure of other organs and tissues in this pathology.", "contents": "[Placental ultrastruct in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus]. The placenta of Wistar rats with various forms of diabetes mellitis was studied by electron microscopy. Metabolic disturbances characteristic of alloxan diabetes mellitus failed to derange the trophoblast ultrastructure during the existence of placenta and produced no changes in the ultrastructure of the fetal vessels similar to the changes in the capillary ultrastructure of other organs and tissues in this pathology.", "PMID": 643826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1699", "title": "[Gonadal tumors in the testicular dysgenesis syndrome].", "content": "Morphological study of the gonads in 84 patients with the testis dysgenesis syndrome demonstrated the presence of the tumours in 26 (31%) of cases. They were mostly microscopic, benign, could affect both gonads simultaneously, and, in asymmetrical differentiation of the gonads, the connective tissue band as well. Two types of the tumours were revealed: gonadoblastomas (different variants) and dysgerminomas. No specific clinical signs of the tumour changes of the gonads accompanied the syndrome under study.", "contents": "[Gonadal tumors in the testicular dysgenesis syndrome]. Morphological study of the gonads in 84 patients with the testis dysgenesis syndrome demonstrated the presence of the tumours in 26 (31%) of cases. They were mostly microscopic, benign, could affect both gonads simultaneously, and, in asymmetrical differentiation of the gonads, the connective tissue band as well. Two types of the tumours were revealed: gonadoblastomas (different variants) and dysgerminomas. No specific clinical signs of the tumour changes of the gonads accompanied the syndrome under study.", "PMID": 643828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1700", "title": "[Electroencephalogram of patients with the idiopathic edema syndrome].", "content": "Patients (45) aged from 19 to 52 years with the syndrome of idiopathic edema were examined by the electroencephalographic method. The great majority of the patients displayed a distinct increase of the theta-activity with some reduction of the alpha-activity. Such shift in the frequency composition could be interpreted as a reflection of the involvement of diencephalic structures into the pathological process. An extreme irregularity of the frequency and the amplitude of the main rhythm was revealed in 14 of 45 patients on the EEG; this, in combination with clinical symptoms, led to a supposition that the regulatory functions of the hypothalamus were disturbed.", "contents": "[Electroencephalogram of patients with the idiopathic edema syndrome]. Patients (45) aged from 19 to 52 years with the syndrome of idiopathic edema were examined by the electroencephalographic method. The great majority of the patients displayed a distinct increase of the theta-activity with some reduction of the alpha-activity. Such shift in the frequency composition could be interpreted as a reflection of the involvement of diencephalic structures into the pathological process. An extreme irregularity of the frequency and the amplitude of the main rhythm was revealed in 14 of 45 patients on the EEG; this, in combination with clinical symptoms, led to a supposition that the regulatory functions of the hypothalamus were disturbed.", "PMID": 643829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1701", "title": "[Somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis in juvenile (pubertal) goiter].", "content": "Patients (86) with pubertal goiter were examined. There was an increase of the somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis. The functional acitivity of the thyroid gland is not disturbed. Observation results indicated that physiological thyroidin doses (0.03--0.05 g per 24 hours) were of expedience in pubertal goiter for the purpose of replacement therapy.", "contents": "[Somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis in juvenile (pubertal) goiter]. Patients (86) with pubertal goiter were examined. There was an increase of the somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis. The functional acitivity of the thyroid gland is not disturbed. Observation results indicated that physiological thyroidin doses (0.03--0.05 g per 24 hours) were of expedience in pubertal goiter for the purpose of replacement therapy.", "PMID": 643827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1702", "title": "[Regularity in the extreme character of the ontogenetic development of ovarian activity in the reproductive function self-regulation system].", "content": "Opposite conclusions were drawn depending on the sex hormones which different authors used to assess the functional condition of the ovaries at various age periods. A new index--reception coefficient (RC)--is suggested proceeding from the systemic approach to find the way out from this inconsistency. This coefficient represents the ratio of the peripheral hormone value and the gonadotropin level inducing it. Regularities of the extreme character in the ontogenetic development of the ovarian activity were established by means of RC: the maximum ovarian function under normal conditions fell on the age group of 20--29 years, and the minimum--on the age groups of under 7 and over 50 years. A sharp decline of the ovarian function began in the age group of 40--49 years.", "contents": "[Regularity in the extreme character of the ontogenetic development of ovarian activity in the reproductive function self-regulation system]. Opposite conclusions were drawn depending on the sex hormones which different authors used to assess the functional condition of the ovaries at various age periods. A new index--reception coefficient (RC)--is suggested proceeding from the systemic approach to find the way out from this inconsistency. This coefficient represents the ratio of the peripheral hormone value and the gonadotropin level inducing it. Regularities of the extreme character in the ontogenetic development of the ovarian activity were established by means of RC: the maximum ovarian function under normal conditions fell on the age group of 20--29 years, and the minimum--on the age groups of under 7 and over 50 years. A sharp decline of the ovarian function began in the age group of 40--49 years.", "PMID": 643830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1703", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat epiphysis].", "content": "A distinct 24-hour rhythm of the ornithindecarboxylase (ODC) was revealed in the epiphyses of rats kept under controlled illumination regimen (14 hours illumination and 10 hours darkness). ODC was an enzyme playing, according to modern views, a significant role in the regulation of the rate of protein biosynthesis at the level of transcription and translation. The maximum ODC activity was observed during the darkness period, and the minimum--during illumination. The 24-hour rhythm of the enzyme activity was levelled in the animals kept under constant illumination and in blinded animals. This indicated that the ODC rhythm was not oxogenous, but endogenous, circadian, whereas the external stimulus (the illumination regimen) synchronized the circadian changes in the enzyme activity with the time of the 24-hour period. The data obtained open one of the possible ways of analysing the mechanism of the pineal rhythms formation.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat epiphysis]. A distinct 24-hour rhythm of the ornithindecarboxylase (ODC) was revealed in the epiphyses of rats kept under controlled illumination regimen (14 hours illumination and 10 hours darkness). ODC was an enzyme playing, according to modern views, a significant role in the regulation of the rate of protein biosynthesis at the level of transcription and translation. The maximum ODC activity was observed during the darkness period, and the minimum--during illumination. The 24-hour rhythm of the enzyme activity was levelled in the animals kept under constant illumination and in blinded animals. This indicated that the ODC rhythm was not oxogenous, but endogenous, circadian, whereas the external stimulus (the illumination regimen) synchronized the circadian changes in the enzyme activity with the time of the 24-hour period. The data obtained open one of the possible ways of analysing the mechanism of the pineal rhythms formation.", "PMID": 643833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1704", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of the osteoarticular changes in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Changes in the osteo-articular apparatus of the type of degenerative-dystrophic affections with a cystoid reconstruction, deforming osteoarthrosis, osteoartrhopathy, etc. were revealed in roentgenological examination of 60% of 65 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus examined. Changes in the osteo-articular apparatus were mostly revealed in elderly patients with diabetes of moderate severity and severe in combination with angio- and neuropathies and sensitivity disturbances. The detected changes, except diabetic osteoarthropathy were apparently nonspecific and subject to further study.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of the osteoarticular changes in diabetes mellitus]. Changes in the osteo-articular apparatus of the type of degenerative-dystrophic affections with a cystoid reconstruction, deforming osteoarthrosis, osteoartrhopathy, etc. were revealed in roentgenological examination of 60% of 65 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus examined. Changes in the osteo-articular apparatus were mostly revealed in elderly patients with diabetes of moderate severity and severe in combination with angio- and neuropathies and sensitivity disturbances. The detected changes, except diabetic osteoarthropathy were apparently nonspecific and subject to further study.", "PMID": 643832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1705", "title": "[Effect of sulfonylurea preparations on the course of pregnancy and the state of the fetuses of female rats with alloxan prediabetes, latent diabetes and mild forms of manifest diabetes].", "content": "The influence of antidiabetic sulphanylamides, used before the occurrence of pregnancy, on the weight of fetuses and placentae was revealed in rats with alloxan \"prediabetes\", latent diabetes, and manifest diabetes. Diabetes compensation before the occurrence of pregnancy in rats with \"prediabetes\" and latent diabetes by means of chlorpropamide, and in rats with manifest diabetes with chlorpropamide together with biguanides led to a significant reduction of the weight of fetuses and prevented their death.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfonylurea preparations on the course of pregnancy and the state of the fetuses of female rats with alloxan prediabetes, latent diabetes and mild forms of manifest diabetes]. The influence of antidiabetic sulphanylamides, used before the occurrence of pregnancy, on the weight of fetuses and placentae was revealed in rats with alloxan \"prediabetes\", latent diabetes, and manifest diabetes. Diabetes compensation before the occurrence of pregnancy in rats with \"prediabetes\" and latent diabetes by means of chlorpropamide, and in rats with manifest diabetes with chlorpropamide together with biguanides led to a significant reduction of the weight of fetuses and prevented their death.", "PMID": 643834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1706", "title": "[Correlation of the changes in the calorimetric indices of energy metabolism and of the morphofunctional changes in the thyroid gland of rats with various forms of experimental obesity].", "content": "Changes in heat exchange were compared with the morphofunctional changes of the thyroid gland in rats with various forms of experimental adiposity. Reduction of the hormone-forming function of the thyroid gland proved to correlate with the changes in heat formation and thermoregulation, and corresponded to the degree of adiposity observed.", "contents": "[Correlation of the changes in the calorimetric indices of energy metabolism and of the morphofunctional changes in the thyroid gland of rats with various forms of experimental obesity]. Changes in heat exchange were compared with the morphofunctional changes of the thyroid gland in rats with various forms of experimental adiposity. Reduction of the hormone-forming function of the thyroid gland proved to correlate with the changes in heat formation and thermoregulation, and corresponded to the degree of adiposity observed.", "PMID": 643835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1707", "title": "[Comparison of the morphological changes in the capillaries and the state of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Microangiopathies were the earliest and most frequent complications of diabetes mellitus; however, their pathogenetic mechanisms are still obscure. Electron microscopic study of the capillaries of the gastrocnemius was conducted in 11 patients with diabetes mellitus at the state of decompensation and in 8--of clinical compensation; blood aldosterone level and the plasma renin activity were determined by the radio-immunological method. A marked thickening of the capillary basal membrane (the most marked sign of microvascular affection) was revealed in all the patients under study; there was also an increase in the aldosterone level and renin activity. The mentioned changes were to the greatest degree (statistically significant values) expressed in the patients at the state of decompensation. Analysis of the data obtained revealed a direct correlative relationship of these changes.", "contents": "[Comparison of the morphological changes in the capillaries and the state of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes mellitus]. Microangiopathies were the earliest and most frequent complications of diabetes mellitus; however, their pathogenetic mechanisms are still obscure. Electron microscopic study of the capillaries of the gastrocnemius was conducted in 11 patients with diabetes mellitus at the state of decompensation and in 8--of clinical compensation; blood aldosterone level and the plasma renin activity were determined by the radio-immunological method. A marked thickening of the capillary basal membrane (the most marked sign of microvascular affection) was revealed in all the patients under study; there was also an increase in the aldosterone level and renin activity. The mentioned changes were to the greatest degree (statistically significant values) expressed in the patients at the state of decompensation. Analysis of the data obtained revealed a direct correlative relationship of these changes.", "PMID": 643836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1708", "title": "[Insulin-like substance in the submaxillary glands of mice normally and in alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The content of an insulin-like substance, revealed in the submaxillary glands of mice by means of the radioimmunological method proved to decrease in alloxan diabetes, still remaining higher than in the blood serum of the same animals. Cells of the granular portions of the salivary ducts underwent some ultrastructural changes in this disease. The exogenous 125I-insulin was capable of being included into the cells of the salivary ducts. The percentage of labeled cells in these portions considerably exceeded such in acini of the submaxillary and the pancreatic ducts, and also in the islar cells. Incorporation of 125I-insulin into the salivary ducts proved to diminish in alloxan diabetes.", "contents": "[Insulin-like substance in the submaxillary glands of mice normally and in alloxan diabetes]. The content of an insulin-like substance, revealed in the submaxillary glands of mice by means of the radioimmunological method proved to decrease in alloxan diabetes, still remaining higher than in the blood serum of the same animals. Cells of the granular portions of the salivary ducts underwent some ultrastructural changes in this disease. The exogenous 125I-insulin was capable of being included into the cells of the salivary ducts. The percentage of labeled cells in these portions considerably exceeded such in acini of the submaxillary and the pancreatic ducts, and also in the islar cells. Incorporation of 125I-insulin into the salivary ducts proved to diminish in alloxan diabetes.", "PMID": 643837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1709", "title": "[Variants in the catecholamine effect on renal hemodynamics].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on dogs that intravenous injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline in a dose of 2 microgram/kg per min was accompanied by an increase of resistance of the renal vessels with unchanged general renal circulation, and administration of adrenaline against the background of obsidan action--by an increase of resistance and reduction of blood flow, and--against the background of phentholamine action--by a reduction of resistance with unchanged circulation. On the basis of these data and those obtained by the author earlier a supposition is put forward on a possible mechanism of a combination of functions in the systems of circulation and excrection in the control of general water-salt homeostatis in extraordinary hemodynamic shifts with the participation of the humoral factor--renin-angiotensine system.", "contents": "[Variants in the catecholamine effect on renal hemodynamics]. It was shown in experiments on dogs that intravenous injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline in a dose of 2 microgram/kg per min was accompanied by an increase of resistance of the renal vessels with unchanged general renal circulation, and administration of adrenaline against the background of obsidan action--by an increase of resistance and reduction of blood flow, and--against the background of phentholamine action--by a reduction of resistance with unchanged circulation. On the basis of these data and those obtained by the author earlier a supposition is put forward on a possible mechanism of a combination of functions in the systems of circulation and excrection in the control of general water-salt homeostatis in extraordinary hemodynamic shifts with the participation of the humoral factor--renin-angiotensine system.", "PMID": 643838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1710", "title": "Chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "The first step in the generation of a malignancy seems to be a transformation in the genetic apparatus of a single cell. The ultimate nature of the cancer which appears is a result of the interaction of that change with the control and regulatory apparatus of the whole animal. It appears that the primary cellular change which may be induced by physical, chemical or biological agents (or a combination of them) may be something which is common to all carcinogenesis. The nature of that primary change and how it may result from the action of viruses, chemicals, and radiation (or interaction between them) is the subject of this discussion.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogenesis. The first step in the generation of a malignancy seems to be a transformation in the genetic apparatus of a single cell. The ultimate nature of the cancer which appears is a result of the interaction of that change with the control and regulatory apparatus of the whole animal. It appears that the primary cellular change which may be induced by physical, chemical or biological agents (or a combination of them) may be something which is common to all carcinogenesis. The nature of that primary change and how it may result from the action of viruses, chemicals, and radiation (or interaction between them) is the subject of this discussion.", "PMID": 643881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1711", "title": "Carcinogenic bioassay of the herbicide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) with different 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) content in Swiss mice.", "content": "The carcinogenic effect of a herbicide trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) was investigated. The substance always contains 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) as a trace contaminant. Outbred Swiss-H/Riop mice were treated for 1 year with different doses of the various admixtures of the two compounds and those of dioxin alone to determine whether their carcinogenic effects are dose-dependent. Observation time after TCPE treatment was 1 and 2 years. The maximum tolerable dose of TCPE (70 mg/kg) with a dioxin concentration of 7.10(-6) mg/kg doubled the number of liver tumours as compared to the controls. The occurrence of liver tumours decreased at the administration of lower doses of the two compounds. No change in tumour frequency could be detected when the level of dioxin as a trace contaminant was raised, either (10 ppm). According to our preliminary results, dioxin has a more toxic than carcinogenic effect. The use of TCPE as a herbicide in accordance with the proper factory regulations and the consumption of products treated with it does not seem to bear a carcinogenic risk for the consumer.", "contents": "Carcinogenic bioassay of the herbicide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) with different 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) content in Swiss mice. The carcinogenic effect of a herbicide trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) was investigated. The substance always contains 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) as a trace contaminant. Outbred Swiss-H/Riop mice were treated for 1 year with different doses of the various admixtures of the two compounds and those of dioxin alone to determine whether their carcinogenic effects are dose-dependent. Observation time after TCPE treatment was 1 and 2 years. The maximum tolerable dose of TCPE (70 mg/kg) with a dioxin concentration of 7.10(-6) mg/kg doubled the number of liver tumours as compared to the controls. The occurrence of liver tumours decreased at the administration of lower doses of the two compounds. No change in tumour frequency could be detected when the level of dioxin as a trace contaminant was raised, either (10 ppm). According to our preliminary results, dioxin has a more toxic than carcinogenic effect. The use of TCPE as a herbicide in accordance with the proper factory regulations and the consumption of products treated with it does not seem to bear a carcinogenic risk for the consumer.", "PMID": 643884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1712", "title": "Myoelectrical and mechanical activity of isolated canine stomach perfused in vitro with fluorocarbon. Role of glucose, phosphate, calcium and strontium in the perfusate.", "content": "Myoelectrical and mechanical activities were recorded from whole isolated canine stomachs perfused, intravascularly, with fluorocarbon emulsion, oxygenated in vitro. The perfusate was composed of an oxygen carrier, fluorcarbon, emulsified with a surfactant added to a simulated physiological solution. Bipolar electrodes and a strain gauge were used for recordings. Stomachs perfused as above for 5 h displayed normal electrical and mechanical activities. 'Normal' meaning identical with those observed under in vivo conditions or during perfusion with homologous blood. Normal response to electrical stimulation of a vagus nerve branch or to intraarterial injection of methacholine or pentagastrin were also observed. These functions of smooth muscles were not altered when glucose-free or glucose-and phosphate-free perfusate were used. In calcium-free perfusate, electrical and mechanical activities were absent and no responses to stimulants used were recorded. When calcium was added to the perfusate, these functions were restored to normal. Strontium was found to be an adequate substitute for calcium in fluorocarbon perfusate. Gastric secretions were alkaline and contained fluorocarbon emulsion.", "contents": "Myoelectrical and mechanical activity of isolated canine stomach perfused in vitro with fluorocarbon. Role of glucose, phosphate, calcium and strontium in the perfusate. Myoelectrical and mechanical activities were recorded from whole isolated canine stomachs perfused, intravascularly, with fluorocarbon emulsion, oxygenated in vitro. The perfusate was composed of an oxygen carrier, fluorcarbon, emulsified with a surfactant added to a simulated physiological solution. Bipolar electrodes and a strain gauge were used for recordings. Stomachs perfused as above for 5 h displayed normal electrical and mechanical activities. 'Normal' meaning identical with those observed under in vivo conditions or during perfusion with homologous blood. Normal response to electrical stimulation of a vagus nerve branch or to intraarterial injection of methacholine or pentagastrin were also observed. These functions of smooth muscles were not altered when glucose-free or glucose-and phosphate-free perfusate were used. In calcium-free perfusate, electrical and mechanical activities were absent and no responses to stimulants used were recorded. When calcium was added to the perfusate, these functions were restored to normal. Strontium was found to be an adequate substitute for calcium in fluorocarbon perfusate. Gastric secretions were alkaline and contained fluorocarbon emulsion.", "PMID": 643895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1713", "title": "Effect of C 21 524-Su (pirprofen) on spontaneous osteoarthrosis in the mouse.", "content": "Mice of the C57 Black strain, aged 11-12 weeks, were treated once daily on 5 days a week for 4 months with C 21 524-Su (pirprofen) in doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg p.o. In this genetically predisposed strain of mice, increases in the incidence of gonarthrosis have been observed after the administration of certain anti-inflammatory agents such as acetylsalicylic acid. Radiography and in particular exact histological examination of the knee joints revealed, however, that neither the overall incidence nor the severity of osteoarthrosis was greater in the mice treated with C 21 524-Su than in the controls. On the contrary, in the treated animals there was a tendency for the incidence and the intensity of gonarthrosis to be lower.", "contents": "Effect of C 21 524-Su (pirprofen) on spontaneous osteoarthrosis in the mouse. Mice of the C57 Black strain, aged 11-12 weeks, were treated once daily on 5 days a week for 4 months with C 21 524-Su (pirprofen) in doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg p.o. In this genetically predisposed strain of mice, increases in the incidence of gonarthrosis have been observed after the administration of certain anti-inflammatory agents such as acetylsalicylic acid. Radiography and in particular exact histological examination of the knee joints revealed, however, that neither the overall incidence nor the severity of osteoarthrosis was greater in the mice treated with C 21 524-Su than in the controls. On the contrary, in the treated animals there was a tendency for the incidence and the intensity of gonarthrosis to be lower.", "PMID": 643896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1714", "title": "Relations between hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in rats and mice.", "content": "A dose-dependent increase of paracetamol serum half-life (t1/2) was found after oral and intravenous application in rats and oral application in mice. The hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol were not correlated with this prolongation of t1/2. Dithiocarb protected rats against paracetamol liver damage but did not change paracetamol t1/2. Paracetamol t1/2 was not influenced either by a hepatotoxic dose of carbon tetrachloride. In conclusion, the dose-dependent prolongation of paracetamol serum half-life is not due to paracetamol-induced liver damage but merely the consequence of saturated elimination processes.", "contents": "Relations between hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in rats and mice. A dose-dependent increase of paracetamol serum half-life (t1/2) was found after oral and intravenous application in rats and oral application in mice. The hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol were not correlated with this prolongation of t1/2. Dithiocarb protected rats against paracetamol liver damage but did not change paracetamol t1/2. Paracetamol t1/2 was not influenced either by a hepatotoxic dose of carbon tetrachloride. In conclusion, the dose-dependent prolongation of paracetamol serum half-life is not due to paracetamol-induced liver damage but merely the consequence of saturated elimination processes.", "PMID": 643897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1715", "title": "Neurobehavioral studies of tremorgenic mycotoxins verruculogen and penitrem A.", "content": "Verruculogen (V) and penitrem A (PA) represent a group of toxic secondary metabolites of mold contaminants of foodstuffs known as 'tremorgenic mycotoxins', which produce a unique neurotoxic syndrome characterized by sustained tremors, limb weakness, ataxia and convulsions. In the present study the intraperitoneal median tremogenic dose in mice for V was found to be 0.92 mg/kg and that for PA, 0.19 mg/kg. Behavioral and neurochemical parameters were assessed following acute exposure to varying neurotoxic and subneurotoxic doses of these mycotoxins. Measures of spontaneous motor activity (photoactometer) and exploratory reflex behaviors (open field) were markedly depressed by both V and PA. Notably, at dose levels of V or PA that were not accompanied by any overt signs of neurotoxicity, significant neuromotor depression was still observed. Acquisition of a conditioned avoidance shuttle response was disrupted, but only at a high neurotoxic dose level of V. Neurochemical analyses revealed no clear catecholaminergic or cholinergic involvement in the neurotoxic syndrome of eigher V or PA.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral studies of tremorgenic mycotoxins verruculogen and penitrem A. Verruculogen (V) and penitrem A (PA) represent a group of toxic secondary metabolites of mold contaminants of foodstuffs known as 'tremorgenic mycotoxins', which produce a unique neurotoxic syndrome characterized by sustained tremors, limb weakness, ataxia and convulsions. In the present study the intraperitoneal median tremogenic dose in mice for V was found to be 0.92 mg/kg and that for PA, 0.19 mg/kg. Behavioral and neurochemical parameters were assessed following acute exposure to varying neurotoxic and subneurotoxic doses of these mycotoxins. Measures of spontaneous motor activity (photoactometer) and exploratory reflex behaviors (open field) were markedly depressed by both V and PA. Notably, at dose levels of V or PA that were not accompanied by any overt signs of neurotoxicity, significant neuromotor depression was still observed. Acquisition of a conditioned avoidance shuttle response was disrupted, but only at a high neurotoxic dose level of V. Neurochemical analyses revealed no clear catecholaminergic or cholinergic involvement in the neurotoxic syndrome of eigher V or PA.", "PMID": 643898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1716", "title": "Stimulation of \"regulatory\" dopamine receptors by bromocriptine (CB-154).", "content": "Bromocriptine produces long-lasting hypomotility and decreases brain dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in mice. These effects are obtained with doses much lower than those which produce hypermotility. The decrease of brain DOPAC is correlated to the hypomotility both on a dose and on a time basis. Potent DA receptor blockers as pimozide, benzperidol and droperidol antagonize the hypomotility and the decrease of brain DOPAC produced by bromocriptine. These effects are obtained with very low doses (0.05-0.3 mg/kg) of neuroleptics which per se do not affect motility or brain DOPAC. The maximal decrease of brain DOPAC produced by bromocriptine is similar to that produced by apomorphine and the combination of these drugs does not result in a further decrease. On the basis of these results it is postulated that bromocriptine decreases DA turnover and produces hypomotility by acting on \"regulatory\" DA receptors different from the postsynaptic ones of the \"terminal\" dopaminergic areas.", "contents": "Stimulation of \"regulatory\" dopamine receptors by bromocriptine (CB-154). Bromocriptine produces long-lasting hypomotility and decreases brain dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in mice. These effects are obtained with doses much lower than those which produce hypermotility. The decrease of brain DOPAC is correlated to the hypomotility both on a dose and on a time basis. Potent DA receptor blockers as pimozide, benzperidol and droperidol antagonize the hypomotility and the decrease of brain DOPAC produced by bromocriptine. These effects are obtained with very low doses (0.05-0.3 mg/kg) of neuroleptics which per se do not affect motility or brain DOPAC. The maximal decrease of brain DOPAC produced by bromocriptine is similar to that produced by apomorphine and the combination of these drugs does not result in a further decrease. On the basis of these results it is postulated that bromocriptine decreases DA turnover and produces hypomotility by acting on \"regulatory\" DA receptors different from the postsynaptic ones of the \"terminal\" dopaminergic areas.", "PMID": 643899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1717", "title": "Evaluation of the central effects of ergot alkaloids by means of electroencephalography.", "content": "The effects of some ergot derivatives on the electroencephalogram and behavior of laboratory animals (mice, rats, rabbits) have been surveyed. The interference of bromocriptine on the dopaminergic central systems has been studied using behavioral (interference with the effects induced by L-dopa, 5HT, TRF or neuroleptic drugs) and electrophysiological (EEG) methods. While no clear effects of bromocriptine could be evidenced in mice, EEG recordings from the dorsal hippocampus of the rabbit showed a slight disruption of epsilon-waves after administration of 2 mg/kg i.v. of the drug or more.", "contents": "Evaluation of the central effects of ergot alkaloids by means of electroencephalography. The effects of some ergot derivatives on the electroencephalogram and behavior of laboratory animals (mice, rats, rabbits) have been surveyed. The interference of bromocriptine on the dopaminergic central systems has been studied using behavioral (interference with the effects induced by L-dopa, 5HT, TRF or neuroleptic drugs) and electrophysiological (EEG) methods. While no clear effects of bromocriptine could be evidenced in mice, EEG recordings from the dorsal hippocampus of the rabbit showed a slight disruption of epsilon-waves after administration of 2 mg/kg i.v. of the drug or more.", "PMID": 643900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1718", "title": "Effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on the ultrastructure of anterior pituitaries in different experimental conditions.", "content": "The morphology of anterior pituitaries has been investigated by electron microscopy after administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in different experimental conditions. These include: a 1- to 5-week treatment (1 mg/kg BW, daily) to rats and a 5-week treatment (0.3 mg/kg BW, daily) to dogs, a single injection (2.5 mg/kg BW, 4 h before autopsy) or a 15-day treatment (1 mg/kg BW, daily) to hypophysectomized rats bearing an ectopic pituitary, a single injection (10 mg/kg BW, 4 h before autopsy) to rats bearing the experimental MtW 15 tumor and an in vitro experiment with fragments of a human GH producing adenoma incubated for 2 h in a medium containing CB-154 (1 microgram/ml). Some possible explanations for the structural changes observed after CB-154 treatment are offered.", "contents": "Effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on the ultrastructure of anterior pituitaries in different experimental conditions. The morphology of anterior pituitaries has been investigated by electron microscopy after administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in different experimental conditions. These include: a 1- to 5-week treatment (1 mg/kg BW, daily) to rats and a 5-week treatment (0.3 mg/kg BW, daily) to dogs, a single injection (2.5 mg/kg BW, 4 h before autopsy) or a 15-day treatment (1 mg/kg BW, daily) to hypophysectomized rats bearing an ectopic pituitary, a single injection (10 mg/kg BW, 4 h before autopsy) to rats bearing the experimental MtW 15 tumor and an in vitro experiment with fragments of a human GH producing adenoma incubated for 2 h in a medium containing CB-154 (1 microgram/ml). Some possible explanations for the structural changes observed after CB-154 treatment are offered.", "PMID": 643901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1719", "title": "Effect of bromocriptine on acetylcholine output from the cerebral cortex.", "content": "The effect of bromocriptine on acetylcholine (ACh) output from the cerebral cortex was investigated in anaesthetized rats. Bromocriptine caused a brief decrease in ACh output at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. and a dose-related long-lasting increase at doses from 1.25 to 10 mg/kg i.p. Apomorphine elicited an increase in ACh output when injected intraperitoneally at doses from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg. When bromocriptine was administered to rats in which a septal lesion had been made 12 days prior to the test, no increase in ACh output was observed. Bromocriptine seems therefore to stimulate a cortical cholinergic pathway originating from or passing through the septum.", "contents": "Effect of bromocriptine on acetylcholine output from the cerebral cortex. The effect of bromocriptine on acetylcholine (ACh) output from the cerebral cortex was investigated in anaesthetized rats. Bromocriptine caused a brief decrease in ACh output at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. and a dose-related long-lasting increase at doses from 1.25 to 10 mg/kg i.p. Apomorphine elicited an increase in ACh output when injected intraperitoneally at doses from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg. When bromocriptine was administered to rats in which a septal lesion had been made 12 days prior to the test, no increase in ACh output was observed. Bromocriptine seems therefore to stimulate a cortical cholinergic pathway originating from or passing through the septum.", "PMID": 643902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1720", "title": "Bromocriptine and hydergine: a comparison on striatal or hypothalamic adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "We compared the effects of bromocriptine and of hydergine on striatal and hypothalamic adenylate cyclase activity. Rats treated with bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) or with hydergine (3 mg/kg), showed a stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in the striatum, but not in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, we considered the competitive action bromocriptine and hydergine had on the dopamine-stimulating effect of the adenylate cyclase activity. There was a definite inhibition of the dopamine-stimulating effect both in the striatum and in the hypothalamus of the rats treated with bromocriptine. In those treated with hydergine we observed an inhibiting effect on the striatum and an increased dopamine stimulation on the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Bromocriptine and hydergine: a comparison on striatal or hypothalamic adenylate cyclase activity. We compared the effects of bromocriptine and of hydergine on striatal and hypothalamic adenylate cyclase activity. Rats treated with bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) or with hydergine (3 mg/kg), showed a stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in the striatum, but not in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, we considered the competitive action bromocriptine and hydergine had on the dopamine-stimulating effect of the adenylate cyclase activity. There was a definite inhibition of the dopamine-stimulating effect both in the striatum and in the hypothalamus of the rats treated with bromocriptine. In those treated with hydergine we observed an inhibiting effect on the striatum and an increased dopamine stimulation on the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 643903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1721", "title": "Dihydroergotoxine(Hydergine) and ethanol-induced aging of C57BL/6J male mice.", "content": "The residual effects of dihydroergotoxine (Hydergine), ethanol, and Hydergine-plus-ethanol were investigated in old male mice of the C57BL/6J strain. Prolonged 10% v/v ethanol, concomitant with adequate nutrition, produced a significant decrease in life-span, decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced lipofuscin accumulation in neurons of the reticularis gigantocellularis. These effects were not apparent in mice treated with Hydergine or alcohol combined with Hydergine.", "contents": "Dihydroergotoxine(Hydergine) and ethanol-induced aging of C57BL/6J male mice. The residual effects of dihydroergotoxine (Hydergine), ethanol, and Hydergine-plus-ethanol were investigated in old male mice of the C57BL/6J strain. Prolonged 10% v/v ethanol, concomitant with adequate nutrition, produced a significant decrease in life-span, decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced lipofuscin accumulation in neurons of the reticularis gigantocellularis. These effects were not apparent in mice treated with Hydergine or alcohol combined with Hydergine.", "PMID": 643904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1722", "title": "Effect of ergot alkaloids on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in humans.", "content": "The effects of ergot alkaloids (mainly bromocriptine) on the secretion of GH and PRL in normal subjects and in pathological conditions (i.e. acromegaly and hyperprolactinemic states) are discussed. In the normal subjects, bromocriptine releases GH whereas in about 50% of acromegalics it causes a marked and long-lasting inhibition of the hormone secretion. PRL release is reduced by the drug both in normal subjects and in hyperprolactinemic states. Physiopathological studies in the humans indicate that, according to the experimental data, bromocriptine inhibits GH release in acromegaly and PRL secretion through a dopaminergic mechanism of action playing at the pituitary level. Data are reported on the effectiveness of bromocriptine in the medical treatment of acromegaly and of hyperprolactinemic states.", "contents": "Effect of ergot alkaloids on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in humans. The effects of ergot alkaloids (mainly bromocriptine) on the secretion of GH and PRL in normal subjects and in pathological conditions (i.e. acromegaly and hyperprolactinemic states) are discussed. In the normal subjects, bromocriptine releases GH whereas in about 50% of acromegalics it causes a marked and long-lasting inhibition of the hormone secretion. PRL release is reduced by the drug both in normal subjects and in hyperprolactinemic states. Physiopathological studies in the humans indicate that, according to the experimental data, bromocriptine inhibits GH release in acromegaly and PRL secretion through a dopaminergic mechanism of action playing at the pituitary level. Data are reported on the effectiveness of bromocriptine in the medical treatment of acromegaly and of hyperprolactinemic states.", "PMID": 643905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1723", "title": "Effects of hydergine on aging neuroblastoma cells in culture.", "content": "Exposure of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture to low pH for 8 days caused a sixfold increase in cell lipofuscin pigment. Pigment content was measured as the percent of cells having clumps of acid phosphatase-staining material. Hydergine, between 0.1 and 3 microgram/ml, caused a concentration-related decrease in pigment content. Hydergine also stimulated neurite formation in cells in regular pH medium and was slightly toxic to cells in low pH medium. These results support the use of neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro model for age pigment studies.", "contents": "Effects of hydergine on aging neuroblastoma cells in culture. Exposure of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture to low pH for 8 days caused a sixfold increase in cell lipofuscin pigment. Pigment content was measured as the percent of cells having clumps of acid phosphatase-staining material. Hydergine, between 0.1 and 3 microgram/ml, caused a concentration-related decrease in pigment content. Hydergine also stimulated neurite formation in cells in regular pH medium and was slightly toxic to cells in low pH medium. These results support the use of neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro model for age pigment studies.", "PMID": 643906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1724", "title": "Ergometrine and its biphasic action at dopaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens of rats.", "content": "Bilateral administration of ergometrine into the nucleus accumbens of rats pretreated 40 min earlier with apomorphine (0.9 mg/kg, s.c.) resulted in a shift from a predominant licking score to a predominant gnawing score. Bilateral administration of ergometrine or (3.4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline into the brain of rats treated 20 min later with apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) resulted in a shift from a predominant licking and gnawing score to a predominant walking and sniffing score. These and related data suggest a biphasic action at a certain group of dopamine receptors within the nucleus accumbens of rats: a short-term activation and along-term inhibition following this initial activation. The predictive value of the behavioural profile triggered by ergometrine for the evaluation of antidepressant effects of centrally acting drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Ergometrine and its biphasic action at dopaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Bilateral administration of ergometrine into the nucleus accumbens of rats pretreated 40 min earlier with apomorphine (0.9 mg/kg, s.c.) resulted in a shift from a predominant licking score to a predominant gnawing score. Bilateral administration of ergometrine or (3.4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline into the brain of rats treated 20 min later with apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) resulted in a shift from a predominant licking and gnawing score to a predominant walking and sniffing score. These and related data suggest a biphasic action at a certain group of dopamine receptors within the nucleus accumbens of rats: a short-term activation and along-term inhibition following this initial activation. The predictive value of the behavioural profile triggered by ergometrine for the evaluation of antidepressant effects of centrally acting drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 643907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1725", "title": "Open study with bromperidol (C-C 2489), a new neuroleptic, for the determination of the neuroleptic threshold and the neuroleptic-therapeutic range.", "content": "In an open study involving 30 schizophrenic patients the neuroleptic threshold dose (measured via Haase's graphopathological test), the maximum dose, and the maintenance dose were determined. The neuroleptic threshold dose was 5.6 mg/day (0.08 mg/kg body weight); the maximum dose was 11 mg/day (0.16 mg/kg body weight); and the maintenance dose was 6 mg/day (0.09 mg/kg body weight). With reference to the effectiveness, good to very good results were obtained in 19 cases. Regarding side effects 15 patients complained of extrapyramidal disturbances, this was to be expected in view of the study design aiming at the determination of the maximum dose level. When administered in one single dose in the evening, bromperidol influenced the night sleep positively, so that sleep-inducing drugs could be reduced, and, in some cases, even dispensed with.", "contents": "Open study with bromperidol (C-C 2489), a new neuroleptic, for the determination of the neuroleptic threshold and the neuroleptic-therapeutic range. In an open study involving 30 schizophrenic patients the neuroleptic threshold dose (measured via Haase's graphopathological test), the maximum dose, and the maintenance dose were determined. The neuroleptic threshold dose was 5.6 mg/day (0.08 mg/kg body weight); the maximum dose was 11 mg/day (0.16 mg/kg body weight); and the maintenance dose was 6 mg/day (0.09 mg/kg body weight). With reference to the effectiveness, good to very good results were obtained in 19 cases. Regarding side effects 15 patients complained of extrapyramidal disturbances, this was to be expected in view of the study design aiming at the determination of the maximum dose level. When administered in one single dose in the evening, bromperidol influenced the night sleep positively, so that sleep-inducing drugs could be reduced, and, in some cases, even dispensed with.", "PMID": 643910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1726", "title": "Object reconstruction from focused positron tomograms.", "content": "A major problem with the reconstruction of three-dimensional object distributions from focused tomographic images using Fourier transforms is the amplification of statistical noise in certain frequency components. This paper describes the use of a generalised matrix inversion technique to limit noise amplification to a level related to the spatial resolution of the imaging system. The reconstruction method is applied to a simulated positron camera, and results are presented on the imaging of an extended, three-dimensional object distribution. A significant improvement in the elimination of the background is achieved.", "contents": "Object reconstruction from focused positron tomograms. A major problem with the reconstruction of three-dimensional object distributions from focused tomographic images using Fourier transforms is the amplification of statistical noise in certain frequency components. This paper describes the use of a generalised matrix inversion technique to limit noise amplification to a level related to the spatial resolution of the imaging system. The reconstruction method is applied to a simulated positron camera, and results are presented on the imaging of an extended, three-dimensional object distribution. A significant improvement in the elimination of the background is achieved.", "PMID": 643919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1727", "title": "A proposal concerning the absorbed dose conversion factor.", "content": "New definitions of the absorbed dose conversion factors Clambda and CE are proposed. The absorbed dose in water is given by the product of absorbed dose conversion factor, exposure calibration factor, ionisation chamber reading, cap displacement correction factor and perturbation correction factor. At exposure calibration the material of the build-up cap must be the same as that of the chamber wall. An ionisation chamber of which the wall material is water-equivalent or air-equivalent may be used. In the latter case the wall must be thin. For these two cases absorbed dose conversion factors are introduced and it is recommended that either of the two sets should be adopted. Furthermore, if the chamber wall is neither water- nor air-equivalent, the factor by which these currently defines values should be mutliplied is also given: again the wall must be thin. The ICRU definitions of Clambda and CE are inconsistent, as recently pointed out, while the definitions presented here are consistent.", "contents": "A proposal concerning the absorbed dose conversion factor. New definitions of the absorbed dose conversion factors Clambda and CE are proposed. The absorbed dose in water is given by the product of absorbed dose conversion factor, exposure calibration factor, ionisation chamber reading, cap displacement correction factor and perturbation correction factor. At exposure calibration the material of the build-up cap must be the same as that of the chamber wall. An ionisation chamber of which the wall material is water-equivalent or air-equivalent may be used. In the latter case the wall must be thin. For these two cases absorbed dose conversion factors are introduced and it is recommended that either of the two sets should be adopted. Furthermore, if the chamber wall is neither water- nor air-equivalent, the factor by which these currently defines values should be mutliplied is also given: again the wall must be thin. The ICRU definitions of Clambda and CE are inconsistent, as recently pointed out, while the definitions presented here are consistent.", "PMID": 643920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1728", "title": "In vivo measurement of calcium by the 37Ar method: a study of the effect of recirculating breath collection systems on the exhalation rate.", "content": "A study has been made of the effect that different methods of breath collection have on the measurement of calcium in vivo by the 40Ca(n,alpha) 37Ar method. The effect of open and rebreathing breath collection methods has been examined by using intravenous injections of 133Xe. This study has indicated that comparison of calcium measurements between individuals and between centres is likely to be accurate only if breath is collected on 'open circuit'.", "contents": "In vivo measurement of calcium by the 37Ar method: a study of the effect of recirculating breath collection systems on the exhalation rate. A study has been made of the effect that different methods of breath collection have on the measurement of calcium in vivo by the 40Ca(n,alpha) 37Ar method. The effect of open and rebreathing breath collection methods has been examined by using intravenous injections of 133Xe. This study has indicated that comparison of calcium measurements between individuals and between centres is likely to be accurate only if breath is collected on 'open circuit'.", "PMID": 643922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1729", "title": "A computer driven photoscanner for medical imaging.", "content": "A novel and versatile instrument for producing high quality monochrome and colour hard-copy of medical images from an array of digital information is described. Images are produced on standard photographic print paper mounted on the bed of a conventional X-Y plotter by scanning a time-modulated light source over the paper using a computer driven raster. A matrix board gives control of both greyscale and colour attribution. Examples of NMR images produced by the system are presented. A refinement of the technique which allows two variables to be displayed on one image is also described.", "contents": "A computer driven photoscanner for medical imaging. A novel and versatile instrument for producing high quality monochrome and colour hard-copy of medical images from an array of digital information is described. Images are produced on standard photographic print paper mounted on the bed of a conventional X-Y plotter by scanning a time-modulated light source over the paper using a computer driven raster. A matrix board gives control of both greyscale and colour attribution. Examples of NMR images produced by the system are presented. A refinement of the technique which allows two variables to be displayed on one image is also described.", "PMID": 643924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1730", "title": "A new dosemeter for the measurement of natural ultraviolet radiation in the study of photodermatoses and drug photosensitivity.", "content": "The production and optical properties of a dosemeter for natural ultraviolet radiation are descirbed. The physical form of the dosemeter is a thin polymer film which incorporates 8-methoxypsoralen as the chromophore. The dosemeter responds to ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths up to 380 nm and is suitable for quantifying the UV exposure of patients suffering from some idiopathic photodermatoses or drug photosensitivity.", "contents": "A new dosemeter for the measurement of natural ultraviolet radiation in the study of photodermatoses and drug photosensitivity. The production and optical properties of a dosemeter for natural ultraviolet radiation are descirbed. The physical form of the dosemeter is a thin polymer film which incorporates 8-methoxypsoralen as the chromophore. The dosemeter responds to ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths up to 380 nm and is suitable for quantifying the UV exposure of patients suffering from some idiopathic photodermatoses or drug photosensitivity.", "PMID": 643925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1731", "title": "Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on mammalian cells and chromosomes in vitro.", "content": "Human peripheral blood and HeLa cells were irradiated in vitro at the ultrasonic frequency of 65 kHz. The whole blood and HeLa cell suspensions were exposed to continuous and pulsed ultrasonic power levels of 0.12, 0.16, 0.72, 1.12 and 2.24 W for a period of one minute. The method of ultrasonic irradiation was carried out with the whole blood or HeLa cell suspensions coupled directly to a cylindrical transducer while heating of the cell suspensions in excess of 41 degrees c was avoided. Irradiated and unirradiated peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosome cultures were prepared and scored for selected numerical and morphological abberrations. There was no significant difference in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations between irradiated and unirradiated cells. The fraction of cells S surviving after an exposure to an ultrasound dose of D can be represented by S = exp (-D/Do). Further, Do is shown to depend on the time after exposure at which survival is assayed.", "contents": "Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on mammalian cells and chromosomes in vitro. Human peripheral blood and HeLa cells were irradiated in vitro at the ultrasonic frequency of 65 kHz. The whole blood and HeLa cell suspensions were exposed to continuous and pulsed ultrasonic power levels of 0.12, 0.16, 0.72, 1.12 and 2.24 W for a period of one minute. The method of ultrasonic irradiation was carried out with the whole blood or HeLa cell suspensions coupled directly to a cylindrical transducer while heating of the cell suspensions in excess of 41 degrees c was avoided. Irradiated and unirradiated peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosome cultures were prepared and scored for selected numerical and morphological abberrations. There was no significant difference in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations between irradiated and unirradiated cells. The fraction of cells S surviving after an exposure to an ultrasound dose of D can be represented by S = exp (-D/Do). Further, Do is shown to depend on the time after exposure at which survival is assayed.", "PMID": 643926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1732", "title": "The effect of deep heat on isometric strength.", "content": "The effect of a 20-minute treatment of short-wave diathermy on isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle group was studied in 12 subjects over a 2-hour period. The heat treatment caused an initial decrease in isometric strength followed by an increase 30 minutes after the heat was terminated. Strength remained significantly above the control level for two hours following heat. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between the application of short wave diathermy and the optimal time which should elapse between the heat treatment and therapeutic exercise should be examined.", "contents": "The effect of deep heat on isometric strength. The effect of a 20-minute treatment of short-wave diathermy on isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle group was studied in 12 subjects over a 2-hour period. The heat treatment caused an initial decrease in isometric strength followed by an increase 30 minutes after the heat was terminated. Strength remained significantly above the control level for two hours following heat. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between the application of short wave diathermy and the optimal time which should elapse between the heat treatment and therapeutic exercise should be examined.", "PMID": 643932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1733", "title": "Effects of electromyographic feedback training on motor control in spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "Electromyographic feedback training may play a special role in increasing active range of motion in spastic cerebral palsied individuals. The effects of electromyographic feedback training were documented on four persons with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy within a single subject design. Subjects received immediate auditory and visual feedback twice daily during ten consecutive days. Electromyographic feedback training resulted in increases in the active range of motion of the ankle joint of from 20 percent to 500 percent in the limbs trained during the first five days with electromyographic feedback and of from 33 percent to 450 percent in the limbs trained in the last five days. The acquired active range of motion was maintained by two of the subjects over intervals of from four to nine weeks.", "contents": "Effects of electromyographic feedback training on motor control in spastic cerebral palsy. Electromyographic feedback training may play a special role in increasing active range of motion in spastic cerebral palsied individuals. The effects of electromyographic feedback training were documented on four persons with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy within a single subject design. Subjects received immediate auditory and visual feedback twice daily during ten consecutive days. Electromyographic feedback training resulted in increases in the active range of motion of the ankle joint of from 20 percent to 500 percent in the limbs trained during the first five days with electromyographic feedback and of from 33 percent to 450 percent in the limbs trained in the last five days. The acquired active range of motion was maintained by two of the subjects over intervals of from four to nine weeks.", "PMID": 643933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1734", "title": "Use of augmented sensory feedback to achieve symmetrical standing.", "content": "Ambulatory patients with hemiparesis were given auditory feedback of weight bearing on the involved leg in order to achieve symmetrical standing. A device for augmented sensory feedback, the Limb Load Monitor, was used for the training. Patients who could correct their limb loading pattern during the first treatment session learned to achieve symmetrical standing. Results are also related to the magnitude of weight bearing on the involved limb and the side on which the lesion occurs. These findings suggest that the patients utilized the feedback signal to control an inherent activity.", "contents": "Use of augmented sensory feedback to achieve symmetrical standing. Ambulatory patients with hemiparesis were given auditory feedback of weight bearing on the involved leg in order to achieve symmetrical standing. A device for augmented sensory feedback, the Limb Load Monitor, was used for the training. Patients who could correct their limb loading pattern during the first treatment session learned to achieve symmetrical standing. Results are also related to the magnitude of weight bearing on the involved limb and the side on which the lesion occurs. These findings suggest that the patients utilized the feedback signal to control an inherent activity.", "PMID": 643934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1735", "title": "Characteristics of physical therapy role models.", "content": "This study examined the personal and technical characteristics used in an investigation of role modeling in physical therapy. Recently graduated physical therapists performed a forced-choice Q sort composed of 49 physical therapist characteristics to describe 1) themselves, 2) their model academic instructor, and 3) their model clinical instructor. A significant difference between the frequency of personal and technical characteristics placed in the Most Descriptive section resulted for the self sort. The 10 characteristics ranked by highest mean values were all personal for self sorts, the majority were personal for the clinical model and combined sorts, and were equally divided between personal and technical for the academic model sorts.", "contents": "Characteristics of physical therapy role models. This study examined the personal and technical characteristics used in an investigation of role modeling in physical therapy. Recently graduated physical therapists performed a forced-choice Q sort composed of 49 physical therapist characteristics to describe 1) themselves, 2) their model academic instructor, and 3) their model clinical instructor. A significant difference between the frequency of personal and technical characteristics placed in the Most Descriptive section resulted for the self sort. The 10 characteristics ranked by highest mean values were all personal for self sorts, the majority were personal for the clinical model and combined sorts, and were equally divided between personal and technical for the academic model sorts.", "PMID": 643935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1736", "title": "Successful replantation of two avulsed scalps by microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "Two cases of immediate replantation of avulsed scalps by microvascular anastomosis are presented. This method of treatment seems to offer significant economic, social, and psychological advantages over split-skin grafting of the calvarium, or other presently used treatments. The need for secondary reconstructive procedures after a successful replantation is minimal, or nil. The mechanism of scalping is reviewed, and it is related anatomically to the structure of the galea aponeurotica. Specific recommendations are made regarding the immediate care of the avulsed scalp and the denuded calvarium, the value of a team approach in replantation, and various technical aspects of the procedure and postoperative management. The more frequent use of interpositional vein grafts is urged.", "contents": "Successful replantation of two avulsed scalps by microvascular anastomoses. Two cases of immediate replantation of avulsed scalps by microvascular anastomosis are presented. This method of treatment seems to offer significant economic, social, and psychological advantages over split-skin grafting of the calvarium, or other presently used treatments. The need for secondary reconstructive procedures after a successful replantation is minimal, or nil. The mechanism of scalping is reviewed, and it is related anatomically to the structure of the galea aponeurotica. Specific recommendations are made regarding the immediate care of the avulsed scalp and the denuded calvarium, the value of a team approach in replantation, and various technical aspects of the procedure and postoperative management. The more frequent use of interpositional vein grafts is urged.", "PMID": 643955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1737", "title": "Treatment of a lacrimal bulge in blepharoplasty by repositioning the gland.", "content": "We advise a simple solution to the problem of the bulging and ptotoic lacrimal gland in a blepharoplasty. A pocket is dissected above and behind the gland, and the gland is fixed there to the orbital periosteum. This technique safely produces a normal contour in the lateral third of the upper eyelid, where a bulge has been present before.", "contents": "Treatment of a lacrimal bulge in blepharoplasty by repositioning the gland. We advise a simple solution to the problem of the bulging and ptotoic lacrimal gland in a blepharoplasty. A pocket is dissected above and behind the gland, and the gland is fixed there to the orbital periosteum. This technique safely produces a normal contour in the lateral third of the upper eyelid, where a bulge has been present before.", "PMID": 643957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1738", "title": "Lymphedema of the eyelids.", "content": "Lymphedema of the eyelids is a relatively rare condition whose main effect is to obstruct vision, and it is unsightly. We present 3 cases in which the edema was treated by excision and skin grafting of the eyelid, with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. It is suggested that a split-skin graft be used for the upper eyelid and a full-thickenss graft for the lower eyelid. The lower eyelid skin can be \"de-fatted\" and used as a graft, but in the more severe cases we suggest a postauricular skin graft be used.", "contents": "Lymphedema of the eyelids. Lymphedema of the eyelids is a relatively rare condition whose main effect is to obstruct vision, and it is unsightly. We present 3 cases in which the edema was treated by excision and skin grafting of the eyelid, with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. It is suggested that a split-skin graft be used for the upper eyelid and a full-thickenss graft for the lower eyelid. The lower eyelid skin can be \"de-fatted\" and used as a graft, but in the more severe cases we suggest a postauricular skin graft be used.", "PMID": 643958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1739", "title": "Use of an encircling silicone rubber string for the correction of lagophthalmos.", "content": "We describe a modification of Arion's technique for the correction of lagophthalmos by a circle of silicone rubber string placed subcutaneously near the lid margin. We have operated on 14 cases by this technique, with good results observed in 13 after a two-year follow-up.", "contents": "Use of an encircling silicone rubber string for the correction of lagophthalmos. We describe a modification of Arion's technique for the correction of lagophthalmos by a circle of silicone rubber string placed subcutaneously near the lid margin. We have operated on 14 cases by this technique, with good results observed in 13 after a two-year follow-up.", "PMID": 643959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1740", "title": "A study of the evoked electromyography of the superior orbicularis oris muscle in man.", "content": "A study was made of the impulse conduction speed by moving recording electrodes at 5 mm intervals, successively, after stimulating facial nerves on one side in normal subjects. The findings showed that the speed of the potentials was fast and the amplitude was large, up to a distance of 0.5 cm across the midline. This makes us believe that there is an intermingling, of approximately one cm, of the left and right superior orbicularis oris muscles. Evoked potentials were recorded up to 1.5 to 2.5 cm across the midline--but as the speed reduced abruptly and the amplitude became small, we believe these potentials were conveyed by volume conductors. Six patients with facial palsy were studied, but in none were these findings indicating any reinnervation from the normal side. However, the conduction speed was delayed in them (as compared to normal subjects).", "contents": "A study of the evoked electromyography of the superior orbicularis oris muscle in man. A study was made of the impulse conduction speed by moving recording electrodes at 5 mm intervals, successively, after stimulating facial nerves on one side in normal subjects. The findings showed that the speed of the potentials was fast and the amplitude was large, up to a distance of 0.5 cm across the midline. This makes us believe that there is an intermingling, of approximately one cm, of the left and right superior orbicularis oris muscles. Evoked potentials were recorded up to 1.5 to 2.5 cm across the midline--but as the speed reduced abruptly and the amplitude became small, we believe these potentials were conveyed by volume conductors. Six patients with facial palsy were studied, but in none were these findings indicating any reinnervation from the normal side. However, the conduction speed was delayed in them (as compared to normal subjects).", "PMID": 643961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1741", "title": "Staged reconstruction of flexor tendons with a silicone rod and a \"pedicled\" sublimis transfer.", "content": "We report the results in 11 cases of secondary flexor tendon reconstruction, employing a silicone rubber rod and a sublimis/profundus tenorrhaphy in the first stage, then hinging out the sublimis tendon on the profundus motor at the second stage. Achievement of a healed proximal tenorrhaphy before the second stage allows (1) inspection of the proximal tenorrhaphy (with assessment of its location, apperance, and strength) and (2) early postoperative motion in a controlled range (with greater confidence in the proximal tenorrhaphy, as rupture after free tendon grafting is not uncommon. The functional results attained were comparable to those in other series of secondary flexor tendon reconstructions.", "contents": "Staged reconstruction of flexor tendons with a silicone rod and a \"pedicled\" sublimis transfer. We report the results in 11 cases of secondary flexor tendon reconstruction, employing a silicone rubber rod and a sublimis/profundus tenorrhaphy in the first stage, then hinging out the sublimis tendon on the profundus motor at the second stage. Achievement of a healed proximal tenorrhaphy before the second stage allows (1) inspection of the proximal tenorrhaphy (with assessment of its location, apperance, and strength) and (2) early postoperative motion in a controlled range (with greater confidence in the proximal tenorrhaphy, as rupture after free tendon grafting is not uncommon. The functional results attained were comparable to those in other series of secondary flexor tendon reconstructions.", "PMID": 643962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1742", "title": "Silicone prostheses and anti-tumor immunity: an in-vitro rat study.", "content": "We believe we have demonstrated that there is no difference in the immune responsiveness in normal animals which undergo sham surgery (as compared to those unoperated). With the addition of a simple placement of a silicone prosthesis, there was an increase in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity--but this was equalized by a blocking effect at both the target cell and the lymphocyte levels. This response appeared to be of short duration. The presence of tumor, as previously documented produces an increase in lymphocyte cytotoxicity with a concomitant increase in the target cell and the lymphocyte blocking effect. Importantly, we found no significant difference in the immune response when prostheses were placed as an adjunct to surgical excision of transplanted tumors in this rat model.", "contents": "Silicone prostheses and anti-tumor immunity: an in-vitro rat study. We believe we have demonstrated that there is no difference in the immune responsiveness in normal animals which undergo sham surgery (as compared to those unoperated). With the addition of a simple placement of a silicone prosthesis, there was an increase in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity--but this was equalized by a blocking effect at both the target cell and the lymphocyte levels. This response appeared to be of short duration. The presence of tumor, as previously documented produces an increase in lymphocyte cytotoxicity with a concomitant increase in the target cell and the lymphocyte blocking effect. Importantly, we found no significant difference in the immune response when prostheses were placed as an adjunct to surgical excision of transplanted tumors in this rat model.", "PMID": 643963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1743", "title": "[Suicide and its ethical and legal evaluation].", "content": "Suicide is--considering general principles to be judged both from ethical and legal viewpoints. Moreover special attentions has to be paid to the particularities of a single case and to the fact that these particularities do not recur. This is also true of the attempt to commit suicide. The \"suicideprophylaxis\" is of great social important. Attention has to be paid to the problems of a fellowman, who is possibly frightened of a think or who is ill and sees no wayout from his hopelessness. The author discusses regulations of the criminallaw such as indemniti in a case of suicide--if there was no \"suicide and also a putting death against another person without there own consent\" and the duty of help according to paragraph 119 StGB in an accident or represent a general danger. (\"erweiterter Suicid\")", "contents": "[Suicide and its ethical and legal evaluation]. Suicide is--considering general principles to be judged both from ethical and legal viewpoints. Moreover special attentions has to be paid to the particularities of a single case and to the fact that these particularities do not recur. This is also true of the attempt to commit suicide. The \"suicideprophylaxis\" is of great social important. Attention has to be paid to the problems of a fellowman, who is possibly frightened of a think or who is ill and sees no wayout from his hopelessness. The author discusses regulations of the criminallaw such as indemniti in a case of suicide--if there was no \"suicide and also a putting death against another person without there own consent\" and the duty of help according to paragraph 119 StGB in an accident or represent a general danger. (\"erweiterter Suicid\")", "PMID": 643970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1744", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of the electromyogram using triggered correlation].", "content": "A study has been made to determine the usefulness of triggered correlation as a method of automatic quantitative analysis of graphic representations of the somatic electric currents associated with muscular action. Although an electromyogram is neither a normally distributed nor a stationary random process, the method has been found to be suitable for clinical electromyography. The method is easy to use, with measuring values that may be used for diagnostic purposes being obtained within a few seconds. In the case of normal subjects and patients with neuromuscular diseases, parameters of triggered correlograms are compared with those of visuamanually analyzed or digitally averaged potentials of individual motor units.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of the electromyogram using triggered correlation]. A study has been made to determine the usefulness of triggered correlation as a method of automatic quantitative analysis of graphic representations of the somatic electric currents associated with muscular action. Although an electromyogram is neither a normally distributed nor a stationary random process, the method has been found to be suitable for clinical electromyography. The method is easy to use, with measuring values that may be used for diagnostic purposes being obtained within a few seconds. In the case of normal subjects and patients with neuromuscular diseases, parameters of triggered correlograms are compared with those of visuamanually analyzed or digitally averaged potentials of individual motor units.", "PMID": 643971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1745", "title": "[Hemispheric dominance in schizophrenics as determined on extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics].", "content": "Phenomena observed during treatment with neuroleptics were clinically measured in an attempt to determine the difference in vulnerability of the two hemispheres and the relation between this difference and schizophrenic diseases. In the group of systematic schizophrenias the increase in tonus was significantly higher in the dominant hemisphere. This finding is considered a verification of the nosological hypothesis of schizophrenias.", "contents": "[Hemispheric dominance in schizophrenics as determined on extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics]. Phenomena observed during treatment with neuroleptics were clinically measured in an attempt to determine the difference in vulnerability of the two hemispheres and the relation between this difference and schizophrenic diseases. In the group of systematic schizophrenias the increase in tonus was significantly higher in the dominant hemisphere. This finding is considered a verification of the nosological hypothesis of schizophrenias.", "PMID": 643972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1746", "title": "[Fibrin(ogen degradation product concentration (SFP) as a diagnostic parameter for the differentiation of artifical and essential blood in cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "The fibrin(ogen) degradation product concentration is another differential-diagnosis parameter for distinguishing between artificially blood-stained and essentially blood-stained CSF. Determination of the fibrin(ogen) degradation product concentration has been found to be a reliable method of recognizing natively and artificially blood-stained CSF as being different.", "contents": "[Fibrin(ogen degradation product concentration (SFP) as a diagnostic parameter for the differentiation of artifical and essential blood in cerebrospinal fluid]. The fibrin(ogen) degradation product concentration is another differential-diagnosis parameter for distinguishing between artificially blood-stained and essentially blood-stained CSF. Determination of the fibrin(ogen) degradation product concentration has been found to be a reliable method of recognizing natively and artificially blood-stained CSF as being different.", "PMID": 643973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1747", "title": "[Hospital legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany and its effects on psychiatric hospitals (author's transl)].", "content": "The article discusses the hospital laws of several land governments enacted subsequent to the hospital financing law of the Federal Government, in respect of the influence exercised by these laws on the internal structure of the hospital. The fact that the laws apply to all kinds of hospitals, and hence also to big psychiatric hospitals, is considered a disadvantage for psychiatric care. Such care is obviously hampered, on the one hand, by the legislative demand for departmentalization of the individual fields according to specialist subjects, representing a setup which is opposed to the realization of patient care in accordance with the requirements of the communities and citizens who expect to be cared for on an individual and not on a schematic basis, whereas, on the other hand, the new structures of management stipulated by the law do not provide for the inclusion of representatives of the new groups of professions now engaged in psychiatric activities. The model of regrouping the hospital structure into sectors instead of medical specialist departments, is presented and contrasted with the proposed model. It is recommended to arrange for representation of the non-medical and non-nursing professions in the managing boards, as well as to take into account the sociotherapeutico-rehabilitative interests as forming part of the conceptual approach to care in psychiatric hospitals, via special hospital committees.", "contents": "[Hospital legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany and its effects on psychiatric hospitals (author's transl)]. The article discusses the hospital laws of several land governments enacted subsequent to the hospital financing law of the Federal Government, in respect of the influence exercised by these laws on the internal structure of the hospital. The fact that the laws apply to all kinds of hospitals, and hence also to big psychiatric hospitals, is considered a disadvantage for psychiatric care. Such care is obviously hampered, on the one hand, by the legislative demand for departmentalization of the individual fields according to specialist subjects, representing a setup which is opposed to the realization of patient care in accordance with the requirements of the communities and citizens who expect to be cared for on an individual and not on a schematic basis, whereas, on the other hand, the new structures of management stipulated by the law do not provide for the inclusion of representatives of the new groups of professions now engaged in psychiatric activities. The model of regrouping the hospital structure into sectors instead of medical specialist departments, is presented and contrasted with the proposed model. It is recommended to arrange for representation of the non-medical and non-nursing professions in the managing boards, as well as to take into account the sociotherapeutico-rehabilitative interests as forming part of the conceptual approach to care in psychiatric hospitals, via special hospital committees.", "PMID": 643974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1748", "title": "[Steps toward a therapeutic community in a psychiatric hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychiatric hospital is conceptualized as a social organism with its own development. Every important change or new development follows certain laws. When those steps of phases of development are known their unfolding can be guided more easily. Resistance must be expected and tends to hinder the planned development. There is also a risk of wrong or defective development, endangering the overall goal. The different systematic phases, resistances or risks in changing a psychiatric hospital from a traditional-custodial to a milieu-active institution are summarized in a table. The described milieu therapy is that of a therapeutic community; its conceptualization is briefly discussed. Milieu therapy as a term is at the same time understood in a inclusive and in a complementary way: Inclusive in so far as all therapeutic procedures in a hospital are coordinated via milieu therapy; complementary in the sense that all activities which take place beside the classical therapies (pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy, etc.) are understood as therapeutic activities.", "contents": "[Steps toward a therapeutic community in a psychiatric hospital (author's transl)]. The psychiatric hospital is conceptualized as a social organism with its own development. Every important change or new development follows certain laws. When those steps of phases of development are known their unfolding can be guided more easily. Resistance must be expected and tends to hinder the planned development. There is also a risk of wrong or defective development, endangering the overall goal. The different systematic phases, resistances or risks in changing a psychiatric hospital from a traditional-custodial to a milieu-active institution are summarized in a table. The described milieu therapy is that of a therapeutic community; its conceptualization is briefly discussed. Milieu therapy as a term is at the same time understood in a inclusive and in a complementary way: Inclusive in so far as all therapeutic procedures in a hospital are coordinated via milieu therapy; complementary in the sense that all activities which take place beside the classical therapies (pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy, etc.) are understood as therapeutic activities.", "PMID": 643975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1749", "title": "[Crisis and crisis therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A psychic crisis is defined as a reaction to external events where the individual is unable to cope with these events by means of his usual adaptive mechanisms and earlier experiences. Examples of a traumatic crisis is the death of a near relative, the sudden onset of a severe illness, a sudden infidelity in marriage etc. So called transitional life situations may also elicit crisis reaction, i.e. the birth of a first child, retirement from work etc. A psychic crisis is often overdetermined from experiences in early childhood. The more \"pure\" crisis reactions are often seen in medical or surgical clinics while the psychiatrists usually meet the overdetermined crisis reaction. Four different phases of the crisis reaction are described. The goal of crisis therapy is to support the individual's and his surroundings own resources. It is not to replace the loss or to help the individual deny the emotional impact of what has happened. The function of the therapist can often be described in terms of \"containing function\" and \"vicarious hope\". Listening to a client in acute crisis often evokes feelings of anxiety and helplessness in the therapist. He often feels seduced to behave omnipotently, helping the patient to suppress the feelings of sorrow and anger. He may also be overprotective or may avoid discussing the pertinent feelings. The antitherapeutic risks of crisis psychotherapy are discussed and also illustrated with examples from the author's research on reactions of mothers to the birth of stillborn children.", "contents": "[Crisis and crisis therapy (author's transl)]. A psychic crisis is defined as a reaction to external events where the individual is unable to cope with these events by means of his usual adaptive mechanisms and earlier experiences. Examples of a traumatic crisis is the death of a near relative, the sudden onset of a severe illness, a sudden infidelity in marriage etc. So called transitional life situations may also elicit crisis reaction, i.e. the birth of a first child, retirement from work etc. A psychic crisis is often overdetermined from experiences in early childhood. The more \"pure\" crisis reactions are often seen in medical or surgical clinics while the psychiatrists usually meet the overdetermined crisis reaction. Four different phases of the crisis reaction are described. The goal of crisis therapy is to support the individual's and his surroundings own resources. It is not to replace the loss or to help the individual deny the emotional impact of what has happened. The function of the therapist can often be described in terms of \"containing function\" and \"vicarious hope\". Listening to a client in acute crisis often evokes feelings of anxiety and helplessness in the therapist. He often feels seduced to behave omnipotently, helping the patient to suppress the feelings of sorrow and anger. He may also be overprotective or may avoid discussing the pertinent feelings. The antitherapeutic risks of crisis psychotherapy are discussed and also illustrated with examples from the author's research on reactions of mothers to the birth of stillborn children.", "PMID": 643976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1750", "title": "[Definitive contraception and contraceptive responsibility (on the psychic situation in voluntary sterilization in men and women--results of psychologic-psychiatric research) (author's transl)].", "content": "Definitive contraception or voluntary sterilization in men and women has become more and more common as a final and permanent contraceptive measure. This family planning method combines all advantages of contraceptives under the psychological prerequisites: independent and free decision, clear motivation regarding the renouncement of reproduction, agreement between the partners, balanced partnership and personality, detailed advice before the operation. These prognostic criteria are derived from the author's evaluation of 73 psychologico-psychiatric series of catamneses of the past five decades in international literature.", "contents": "[Definitive contraception and contraceptive responsibility (on the psychic situation in voluntary sterilization in men and women--results of psychologic-psychiatric research) (author's transl)]. Definitive contraception or voluntary sterilization in men and women has become more and more common as a final and permanent contraceptive measure. This family planning method combines all advantages of contraceptives under the psychological prerequisites: independent and free decision, clear motivation regarding the renouncement of reproduction, agreement between the partners, balanced partnership and personality, detailed advice before the operation. These prognostic criteria are derived from the author's evaluation of 73 psychologico-psychiatric series of catamneses of the past five decades in international literature.", "PMID": 643977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1751", "title": "[Psychiatric treatment under unfavorable conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports on the first 12 months during which a large psychiatric hospital was undergoing reorganization and reform, resulting outwardly in a reduction of the number of occupied beds from 870 to 730, and in an increase in the number of admissions from 2100 to 2800. Despite sociopsychiatric orientation of the reformatory measures, medical and biological steps were taken first. Second in importance were the matters concerning reorganization in the sense of a differentiation between the various treatment groups. This was associated with the parallel development of initial socio-therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "[Psychiatric treatment under unfavorable conditions (author's transl)]. This paper reports on the first 12 months during which a large psychiatric hospital was undergoing reorganization and reform, resulting outwardly in a reduction of the number of occupied beds from 870 to 730, and in an increase in the number of admissions from 2100 to 2800. Despite sociopsychiatric orientation of the reformatory measures, medical and biological steps were taken first. Second in importance were the matters concerning reorganization in the sense of a differentiation between the various treatment groups. This was associated with the parallel development of initial socio-therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 643978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1752", "title": "[On the importance of the geographical position of psychiatric hospitals for the admission rates and hospitalization period (author's transl)].", "content": "Rates of admission, duration of hospitalization, chances of discharge and legal basis of admissions are analyzed with reference to the distances between the patients' domiciles and the hospital, basing on the figures which apply to the district hospitals Gabersee in Upper Bavaria. More patients from nearby are admitted, and also given long-term treatment, than from the more distant zones; in the long run, chances of discharge are not more favorable for patients living nearby; there is no variation regarding the share of voluntary admissions in relation to the distances between the respective domiciles and the hospital. These results show that there must be increased cooperation between hospitals or wards for inpatients, partial inpatients, and outpatients, in view of the expected increased hospitalization frequency in future psychiatric practice located in the immediate vicinity of the individual districts. Under no circumstances should it happen that instead of the expected saving in the number of hospital beds, the overall capacity of the hospitals is increased.", "contents": "[On the importance of the geographical position of psychiatric hospitals for the admission rates and hospitalization period (author's transl)]. Rates of admission, duration of hospitalization, chances of discharge and legal basis of admissions are analyzed with reference to the distances between the patients' domiciles and the hospital, basing on the figures which apply to the district hospitals Gabersee in Upper Bavaria. More patients from nearby are admitted, and also given long-term treatment, than from the more distant zones; in the long run, chances of discharge are not more favorable for patients living nearby; there is no variation regarding the share of voluntary admissions in relation to the distances between the respective domiciles and the hospital. These results show that there must be increased cooperation between hospitals or wards for inpatients, partial inpatients, and outpatients, in view of the expected increased hospitalization frequency in future psychiatric practice located in the immediate vicinity of the individual districts. Under no circumstances should it happen that instead of the expected saving in the number of hospital beds, the overall capacity of the hospitals is increased.", "PMID": 643980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1753", "title": "[Experiences with small groups in a psychiatric hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on her experience collected over a period of almost three years with psychoanalytic groups in an open ward of the Psychiatric (Land Government-financed) Hospital at D\u00fcren. The special feature of this study is that the groups remained together for a short period only (10-12 sessions), so that it was necessary to limit the subjects covered. The problems which came up in these groups were partly due to the specific character of groups made up of in-patients, and partly due to the structure of such short-lived groups. An attempt was made to take advantage of the opportunity of the dual function of the head of an in-patient group, namely, to be the object of reference and transference for the small group and a member of the team for the entire ward, to offer a chance to the group members of focusing conflicts based on the Oedipus complex. In this connection, it was found to be very useful to enlist the help of the nurse or male nurse as co-leader of the group. Patients with a subsiding psychosis derived the greatest benefit from participating in such groups, whereas in the case of patients suffering from depression, participation in such a short-lived group should be discouraged.", "contents": "[Experiences with small groups in a psychiatric hospital (author's transl)]. The author reports on her experience collected over a period of almost three years with psychoanalytic groups in an open ward of the Psychiatric (Land Government-financed) Hospital at D\u00fcren. The special feature of this study is that the groups remained together for a short period only (10-12 sessions), so that it was necessary to limit the subjects covered. The problems which came up in these groups were partly due to the specific character of groups made up of in-patients, and partly due to the structure of such short-lived groups. An attempt was made to take advantage of the opportunity of the dual function of the head of an in-patient group, namely, to be the object of reference and transference for the small group and a member of the team for the entire ward, to offer a chance to the group members of focusing conflicts based on the Oedipus complex. In this connection, it was found to be very useful to enlist the help of the nurse or male nurse as co-leader of the group. Patients with a subsiding psychosis derived the greatest benefit from participating in such groups, whereas in the case of patients suffering from depression, participation in such a short-lived group should be discouraged.", "PMID": 643981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1754", "title": "[Rare malpositions of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "3 unusual cases of colon malposition are presented which were detected primarily radiologically. The clinical and diagnostic significance in adults is discussed. These rare anomalies can be explaned by embryology. Previous results presented in the same issue are discussed also.", "contents": "[Rare malpositions of the colon (author's transl)]. 3 unusual cases of colon malposition are presented which were detected primarily radiologically. The clinical and diagnostic significance in adults is discussed. These rare anomalies can be explaned by embryology. Previous results presented in the same issue are discussed also.", "PMID": 644036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1755", "title": "[Duct pattern of the breast. An indicator of patients with increased risk of breast cancer development? A histological and mammographic study with 160 cases of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1975 John Wolfe proposed a classification of mammographic findings concerning the distribution of the duct pattern to select patients with high cancer risk. In a retrospective study we classified 160 patients with breast cancer according to the duct pattern classification. Our findings support well the results of Wolfe. Type N (normal duct pattern) is found in only 8,9% of all cancer patients whereas breast cancer was combined in 80% with the P2-DY-type. Our investigation confirms the classification of the duct pattern according to Wolfe as a valuable addition to the mammographic diagnosis of breast cancer.", "contents": "[Duct pattern of the breast. An indicator of patients with increased risk of breast cancer development? A histological and mammographic study with 160 cases of breast cancer (author's transl)]. In 1975 John Wolfe proposed a classification of mammographic findings concerning the distribution of the duct pattern to select patients with high cancer risk. In a retrospective study we classified 160 patients with breast cancer according to the duct pattern classification. Our findings support well the results of Wolfe. Type N (normal duct pattern) is found in only 8,9% of all cancer patients whereas breast cancer was combined in 80% with the P2-DY-type. Our investigation confirms the classification of the duct pattern according to Wolfe as a valuable addition to the mammographic diagnosis of breast cancer.", "PMID": 644037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1756", "title": "The patient-care gap.", "content": "Although adequate attention is paid to technical principles and equipment in the radiologic technology classroom and supporting literature, little if any is devoted to the patient. The humanity of the patient and his primacy in the profession demand that in radiologic technology education and practice he be given the consideration he should and must have whenever he is in the hands of radiologic technology personnel.", "contents": "The patient-care gap. Although adequate attention is paid to technical principles and equipment in the radiologic technology classroom and supporting literature, little if any is devoted to the patient. The humanity of the patient and his primacy in the profession demand that in radiologic technology education and practice he be given the consideration he should and must have whenever he is in the hands of radiologic technology personnel.", "PMID": 644032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1757", "title": "[Extracranial and intracerebral vascular obstructions (author's transl)].", "content": "Different types of extracranial and intracerebral vascular occlusion and their etiology are described. In infants the cause for cerebral vascular occlusion is infection or embolism in endocarditis. In women contraceptives evidently cause arterial thrombosis. After the fourth decade especially in men arteriosclerosis is prevalent. The results of vascular reconstruction are described.", "contents": "[Extracranial and intracerebral vascular obstructions (author's transl)]. Different types of extracranial and intracerebral vascular occlusion and their etiology are described. In infants the cause for cerebral vascular occlusion is infection or embolism in endocarditis. In women contraceptives evidently cause arterial thrombosis. After the fourth decade especially in men arteriosclerosis is prevalent. The results of vascular reconstruction are described.", "PMID": 644038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1758", "title": "[Radiolucent filling defects of the ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "Ureteral filling defects and their differential diagnosis are discussed. Excretory urography including late films and especially endoscopy in combination with retrograde ureterograms might clarify doubtful ureteral lesions.", "contents": "[Radiolucent filling defects of the ureter (author's transl)]. Ureteral filling defects and their differential diagnosis are discussed. Excretory urography including late films and especially endoscopy in combination with retrograde ureterograms might clarify doubtful ureteral lesions.", "PMID": 644039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1759", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of calcifications of the basal ganglia (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological appearance and main features of calcifications of the basal ganglia in metabolic, toxic and hypoxemic disorders, degenerative and systemic diseases, tumors as well as infectious and parasitic lesions are described and demonstrated by typical radiographs. The roentgenological differential diagnosis and etiological classification are debated on occurence, incidence, localization, and topography with regard to individual structures of the basal ganglia, distribution pattern and according to the dimension, shape, margin and density pattern of these calcifications.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of calcifications of the basal ganglia (author's transl)]. The radiological appearance and main features of calcifications of the basal ganglia in metabolic, toxic and hypoxemic disorders, degenerative and systemic diseases, tumors as well as infectious and parasitic lesions are described and demonstrated by typical radiographs. The roentgenological differential diagnosis and etiological classification are debated on occurence, incidence, localization, and topography with regard to individual structures of the basal ganglia, distribution pattern and according to the dimension, shape, margin and density pattern of these calcifications.", "PMID": 644040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1760", "title": "Radiologic technologists can communicate clearly.", "content": "To improve professional communications skills of students, a pilot course in \"Scientific Communications\" was included as a requirement in the new baccalaureate program in the Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Related Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, in 1973-74. During four years, the course has been revised to meet recognized needs of students. Learning objectives and course content are described as an encouragement to other schools to train radiologic technologists in professional communications.", "contents": "Radiologic technologists can communicate clearly. To improve professional communications skills of students, a pilot course in \"Scientific Communications\" was included as a requirement in the new baccalaureate program in the Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Related Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, in 1973-74. During four years, the course has been revised to meet recognized needs of students. Learning objectives and course content are described as an encouragement to other schools to train radiologic technologists in professional communications.", "PMID": 644035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1761", "title": "[Roentgenological differential diagnosis of calcifications of extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Calcifications of extremities are frequently encountered in radiological practice. Their etiology, localization and differential diagnosis related to topography, distribution, shape, and dimension of calcifications are discussed. The roentgenological appearance of different diseases is demonstrated by typical radiographs.", "contents": "[Roentgenological differential diagnosis of calcifications of extremities (author's transl)]. Calcifications of extremities are frequently encountered in radiological practice. Their etiology, localization and differential diagnosis related to topography, distribution, shape, and dimension of calcifications are discussed. The roentgenological appearance of different diseases is demonstrated by typical radiographs.", "PMID": 644041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1762", "title": "[The Nelson syndrome. Early diagnosis of minimal alterations of the sella turcica (author's transl)].", "content": "In Nelson Syndrome it is most important to reveal minimal alterations of the sella turcica in an early stage of the disease with pigmentation of the scar and light exposed areas of the skin. The lateral hypocycloidal tomography should be preferred. The early diagnosis may give information about the indication of a medical supressor treatment.", "contents": "[The Nelson syndrome. Early diagnosis of minimal alterations of the sella turcica (author's transl)]. In Nelson Syndrome it is most important to reveal minimal alterations of the sella turcica in an early stage of the disease with pigmentation of the scar and light exposed areas of the skin. The lateral hypocycloidal tomography should be preferred. The early diagnosis may give information about the indication of a medical supressor treatment.", "PMID": 644042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1763", "title": "[Different roentgenographic structures in ameloblastoma of jawbone (author's transl)].", "content": "The ameloblastoma is a benign, but locally invasively growing tumor with different radiographic structures. These structures may well be explained by typical development of the tumor. Occasionally differential diagnosis appears difficult. Various roentgenographic techniques do facilitate surgical planning if the diagnosis is confirmed microscopically.", "contents": "[Different roentgenographic structures in ameloblastoma of jawbone (author's transl)]. The ameloblastoma is a benign, but locally invasively growing tumor with different radiographic structures. These structures may well be explained by typical development of the tumor. Occasionally differential diagnosis appears difficult. Various roentgenographic techniques do facilitate surgical planning if the diagnosis is confirmed microscopically.", "PMID": 644043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1764", "title": "[Unusual angiographic technic in a ruptured aortic aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 65-year-old patient with amputation of both legs, a life-threatening acute abdominal hemorrhage necessitates aortography. Following surgical dissection of the right femoral artery a catheter could be inserted through the thrombosed vessel into the aortic lumen. This approach made the diagnosis of a perforated aortic aneurysm by angiography possible.", "contents": "[Unusual angiographic technic in a ruptured aortic aneurysm (author's transl)]. In a 65-year-old patient with amputation of both legs, a life-threatening acute abdominal hemorrhage necessitates aortography. Following surgical dissection of the right femoral artery a catheter could be inserted through the thrombosed vessel into the aortic lumen. This approach made the diagnosis of a perforated aortic aneurysm by angiography possible.", "PMID": 644044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1765", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of gallbladder distention by angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiography alterations of 42 cases with gallbladder distention in inflammatory or malignant disease are compared with 44 those of gallbaldder distension in distal occlusion of the common bile duct. Branches of the cystic artery were more frequent and wider in patients with gallbladder disease than those with distal common duct occlusion. In the first group, there is more often accumulation of contrast medium in the gallbladder wall, and the opacified wall is wider than in common duct obstruction. Tumor vessels are observed in 50% of malignant gallbladder disease, significant difference in the diameter of the cystic artery trunc could not be found.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of gallbladder distention by angiography (author's transl)]. The angiography alterations of 42 cases with gallbladder distention in inflammatory or malignant disease are compared with 44 those of gallbaldder distension in distal occlusion of the common bile duct. Branches of the cystic artery were more frequent and wider in patients with gallbladder disease than those with distal common duct occlusion. In the first group, there is more often accumulation of contrast medium in the gallbladder wall, and the opacified wall is wider than in common duct obstruction. Tumor vessels are observed in 50% of malignant gallbladder disease, significant difference in the diameter of the cystic artery trunc could not be found.", "PMID": 644045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1766", "title": "The spectrum of radiologic findings in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Early diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is important. Initiation of corticosteroid therapy in ABPA is essential to prevent progressive destruction of lung parenchyma. The earliest radiographic manifestations of the disease may be present only on bronchograms. In addition to the classic radiographic findings (infiltrate, massive homogeneous consolidation, tram-line shadow, parallel line shadow, ring shadow, toothpaste shadow, glove-finger shadow), perihilar infiltrates simulating adenopathy (pseudohilar adenopathy) and air fluid levels were frequently demonstrated.", "contents": "The spectrum of radiologic findings in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Early diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is important. Initiation of corticosteroid therapy in ABPA is essential to prevent progressive destruction of lung parenchyma. The earliest radiographic manifestations of the disease may be present only on bronchograms. In addition to the classic radiographic findings (infiltrate, massive homogeneous consolidation, tram-line shadow, parallel line shadow, ring shadow, toothpaste shadow, glove-finger shadow), perihilar infiltrates simulating adenopathy (pseudohilar adenopathy) and air fluid levels were frequently demonstrated.", "PMID": 644047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1767", "title": "Pulmonary changes in paraquat poisoning.", "content": "Paraquat is a commonly used herbicide. A case study of ingestion of paraquat is described. Chest radiographs showed coarse nodules, interstitial fibrosis, and pleural effusion. Pathological changes resembled hyaline membrane disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary changes in paraquat poisoning. Paraquat is a commonly used herbicide. A case study of ingestion of paraquat is described. Chest radiographs showed coarse nodules, interstitial fibrosis, and pleural effusion. Pathological changes resembled hyaline membrane disease.", "PMID": 644048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1768", "title": "Sarcoidosis and mediastinal emphysema.", "content": "Mediastinal emphysema developed in a 13-year-old boy with diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease, later proved to be sarcoid. No previous report was found.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis and mediastinal emphysema. Mediastinal emphysema developed in a 13-year-old boy with diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease, later proved to be sarcoid. No previous report was found.", "PMID": 644049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1769", "title": "The air-fluid level in cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Pulmonary tuberculosis has long been associated with the formation of cavities in the lung. Many reports in the literature indicate that the occurrence of air-fluid levels in tuberculosis is unusual. The authors present 18 cases of proved active cavitary tuberculosis where air-fluid levels occurred during the active phase of the disease. The consideration of tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of an air-fluid containing pulmonary cavity is emphasized and the pathogenesis of cavity formation is discussed.", "contents": "The air-fluid level in cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis has long been associated with the formation of cavities in the lung. Many reports in the literature indicate that the occurrence of air-fluid levels in tuberculosis is unusual. The authors present 18 cases of proved active cavitary tuberculosis where air-fluid levels occurred during the active phase of the disease. The consideration of tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of an air-fluid containing pulmonary cavity is emphasized and the pathogenesis of cavity formation is discussed.", "PMID": 644050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1770", "title": "The state of radiographic technique in the examination of the colon: a survey.", "content": "The results of an extensive, multiple choice questionnaire sent to 113 leading medical centers in the world (100 centers responded) were analyzed and compared to those of a similar survey from 1968: single-contrast and double-contrast barium enema procedures are still the standard methods of radiographic assessment of the colon; the double-contrast, barium enema examination is now used more frequently, especially in conjunction with the single-contrast barium enema; preparation of the colon is now more meticulous; and drugs are added more frequently to the barium enema. Equipment has become more sophisticated through increased use of image intensifiers, television, and remote controls. More use is made of videotapes. Water-soluble contrast media are administered more frequently. The use of special radiographic procedures to evaluate the colon has decreased.", "contents": "The state of radiographic technique in the examination of the colon: a survey. The results of an extensive, multiple choice questionnaire sent to 113 leading medical centers in the world (100 centers responded) were analyzed and compared to those of a similar survey from 1968: single-contrast and double-contrast barium enema procedures are still the standard methods of radiographic assessment of the colon; the double-contrast, barium enema examination is now used more frequently, especially in conjunction with the single-contrast barium enema; preparation of the colon is now more meticulous; and drugs are added more frequently to the barium enema. Equipment has become more sophisticated through increased use of image intensifiers, television, and remote controls. More use is made of videotapes. Water-soluble contrast media are administered more frequently. The use of special radiographic procedures to evaluate the colon has decreased.", "PMID": 644051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1771", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of the continent (Kock) ileostomy.", "content": "The continent ileostomy is a solution to the persistent difficulties of leakage, odor, and skin irritation produced by the conventional permanent ileostomy in patients who have had proctocolectomy. Patients with continent ileostomy do not use ileostomy appliances, have complete fecal continence, and need empty the ileal reservoir only 2 to 4 times a day. Radiographic examination is often of great value in assessing patients with continent ileostomy. Radiographic features of the normal continent ileostomy and complications of continent ileostomy are discussed with regard to plain film and contrast examinations.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of the continent (Kock) ileostomy. The continent ileostomy is a solution to the persistent difficulties of leakage, odor, and skin irritation produced by the conventional permanent ileostomy in patients who have had proctocolectomy. Patients with continent ileostomy do not use ileostomy appliances, have complete fecal continence, and need empty the ileal reservoir only 2 to 4 times a day. Radiographic examination is often of great value in assessing patients with continent ileostomy. Radiographic features of the normal continent ileostomy and complications of continent ileostomy are discussed with regard to plain film and contrast examinations.", "PMID": 644052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1772", "title": "Persistence of the dens as the body of C1. A case report of a rare anomaly.", "content": "A patient with persistence of the dens as the body of the first cervical vertebra is described. This is an extremely rare anomaly and in this patient was associated with instability of the first cervical vertebra. Embryologic considerations and the clinical implication- of this anomaly are discussed.", "contents": "Persistence of the dens as the body of C1. A case report of a rare anomaly. A patient with persistence of the dens as the body of the first cervical vertebra is described. This is an extremely rare anomaly and in this patient was associated with instability of the first cervical vertebra. Embryologic considerations and the clinical implication- of this anomaly are discussed.", "PMID": 644053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1773", "title": "Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: radiographic manifestations including cystlike lesions of the phalanges.", "content": "The radiographic findings in 25 patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome are presented. Cystlike lucencies of the phalanges, a previously unreported finding, were seen in 46% of the patients in whom hand films were obtained. Mandibular cysts, present in 42% of cases, and exuberant intracranial calcifications were also characteristic features. Brachymetacarpalia, and rib and spine anomalies were also associated with the syndrome but are less specific findings.", "contents": "Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: radiographic manifestations including cystlike lesions of the phalanges. The radiographic findings in 25 patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome are presented. Cystlike lucencies of the phalanges, a previously unreported finding, were seen in 46% of the patients in whom hand films were obtained. Mandibular cysts, present in 42% of cases, and exuberant intracranial calcifications were also characteristic features. Brachymetacarpalia, and rib and spine anomalies were also associated with the syndrome but are less specific findings.", "PMID": 644054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1774", "title": "Isolated clustered microcalcifications in the breast: radiologic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "Thirty-one consecutive cases of mammographic isolated, clustered microcalcifications which prompted breast biopsy were studied by radiologic and histopathologic methods. Isolated, clustered microcalcifications were sensitive, but nonspecific cancer markers; 35% of the lesions were malignant and half of these were noninvasive. Radiologic and histopathologic similarities, and overlap between benign and malignant disease, prevented accurate differentiation. Breast biopsy is indicated when isolated, clustered microcalcifications are discovered by mammography.", "contents": "Isolated clustered microcalcifications in the breast: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Thirty-one consecutive cases of mammographic isolated, clustered microcalcifications which prompted breast biopsy were studied by radiologic and histopathologic methods. Isolated, clustered microcalcifications were sensitive, but nonspecific cancer markers; 35% of the lesions were malignant and half of these were noninvasive. Radiologic and histopathologic similarities, and overlap between benign and malignant disease, prevented accurate differentiation. Breast biopsy is indicated when isolated, clustered microcalcifications are discovered by mammography.", "PMID": 644055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1775", "title": "Breast pattern classification and observer error.", "content": "Using the Wolfe breast pattern classification, a study was conducted to test the reproducibility of this classification in view of its likely significance for breast screening and rescreening programs. The results are highly encouraging, and there was good agreement. Reclassification from low risk occurred in 1% of the cases; reclassification from high risk to low risk occurred in 1.4%. There was a variance of 2.4% in the low-risk group and 0.6% in the high-risk group.", "contents": "Breast pattern classification and observer error. Using the Wolfe breast pattern classification, a study was conducted to test the reproducibility of this classification in view of its likely significance for breast screening and rescreening programs. The results are highly encouraging, and there was good agreement. Reclassification from low risk occurred in 1% of the cases; reclassification from high risk to low risk occurred in 1.4%. There was a variance of 2.4% in the low-risk group and 0.6% in the high-risk group.", "PMID": 644056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1776", "title": "Renal vein valves: incidence and significance.", "content": "Although autopsy studies have demonstrated valves in 28-70% of right and 4-36% of left renal veins, they have rarely been detected or described during life. In an analysis of 98 renal venograms, valves were found in 16% of patients on the right side and in 15% on the left, without predilection for any particular location. Angiographically, they appeared as thin, web-like structures which may block passage of the catheter or of contrast material, and hence cause poor venographic filling. Rarely, valves produce total obstruction to the retrograde flow of contrast material.", "contents": "Renal vein valves: incidence and significance. Although autopsy studies have demonstrated valves in 28-70% of right and 4-36% of left renal veins, they have rarely been detected or described during life. In an analysis of 98 renal venograms, valves were found in 16% of patients on the right side and in 15% on the left, without predilection for any particular location. Angiographically, they appeared as thin, web-like structures which may block passage of the catheter or of contrast material, and hence cause poor venographic filling. Rarely, valves produce total obstruction to the retrograde flow of contrast material.", "PMID": 644057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1777", "title": "Evaluation of the left renal vein in candidates for splenorenal shunts.", "content": "The authors describe 4 patients who had functioning distal splenorenal shunts despite obstruction of the left renal vein at its insertion into the inferior vena cava. The angiographic technique and findings of left renal vein evaluation in 40 shunted patients are reviewed. There were two important findings. First, no correlation existed between the degree of portal hypertension and the degree of filling of collateral tributaries of renal veins. Second, obstruction of the left renal vein does not impair a splenorenal shunt if good collateral pathways are present.", "contents": "Evaluation of the left renal vein in candidates for splenorenal shunts. The authors describe 4 patients who had functioning distal splenorenal shunts despite obstruction of the left renal vein at its insertion into the inferior vena cava. The angiographic technique and findings of left renal vein evaluation in 40 shunted patients are reviewed. There were two important findings. First, no correlation existed between the degree of portal hypertension and the degree of filling of collateral tributaries of renal veins. Second, obstruction of the left renal vein does not impair a splenorenal shunt if good collateral pathways are present.", "PMID": 644058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1778", "title": "Recognition of renal artery spasm during renal angiography.", "content": "During the performance of routine angiography in a community hospital, three different forms of renal arterial spasm were encountered. Renal artery spasm may involve either large or small arteries of the kidneys. The temporary nature of the spasms may be demonstrated by additional angiography which shows no defect. Either a sufficient waiting period for the spasm to relent or the employment of a vasodilating drug through the catheter will usually suffice for this demonstration. Differentiation of spasm from fixed, organic disease is essential to prevent diagnostic error and improper therapy.", "contents": "Recognition of renal artery spasm during renal angiography. During the performance of routine angiography in a community hospital, three different forms of renal arterial spasm were encountered. Renal artery spasm may involve either large or small arteries of the kidneys. The temporary nature of the spasms may be demonstrated by additional angiography which shows no defect. Either a sufficient waiting period for the spasm to relent or the employment of a vasodilating drug through the catheter will usually suffice for this demonstration. Differentiation of spasm from fixed, organic disease is essential to prevent diagnostic error and improper therapy.", "PMID": 644059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1779", "title": "Liver metastases discovered during high-dose excretory urography.", "content": "Liver metastases were discovered in 4 adults during high-dose excretory urography with upper abdominal tomograms. Previous reports in the English literature have noted incidental discovery of hepatic cysts or abscesses during urography, but no documented cases of liver metastases were found. All metastases were visualized as round, lucent, hepatic filling defects during total body opacification. Radiologists performing high dose excretory urography with tomography should routinely scrutinize the hepatogram, because metastases, cysts, or abscesses may be visualized. Final diagnosis of these masses usually depends on additional diagnostic modalities.", "contents": "Liver metastases discovered during high-dose excretory urography. Liver metastases were discovered in 4 adults during high-dose excretory urography with upper abdominal tomograms. Previous reports in the English literature have noted incidental discovery of hepatic cysts or abscesses during urography, but no documented cases of liver metastases were found. All metastases were visualized as round, lucent, hepatic filling defects during total body opacification. Radiologists performing high dose excretory urography with tomography should routinely scrutinize the hepatogram, because metastases, cysts, or abscesses may be visualized. Final diagnosis of these masses usually depends on additional diagnostic modalities.", "PMID": 644060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1780", "title": "Radiation dose in hysterosalpingography: modern 100mm fluorography vs. full-scale radiography.", "content": "Radiation doses of modern 100mm fluorography and full-scale radiography were compared experimentally and applied to hysterosalpingography. It was determined that 100mm fluorography reduced the doses by 28-29% per exposure and 37-47% per examination compared with full-scale radiography performed with fast tungstate screens in identical conditions (70-80 kV, 400 mA). The dose during one minute of videofluoroscopy was equivalent to the doses produced by one exposure in full-scale filming and three to four exposures in 100mm filming. Although electronic magnification in 100mm fluorography increases the doses by two or threefold, these are still less than the doses in full-scale radiography.", "contents": "Radiation dose in hysterosalpingography: modern 100mm fluorography vs. full-scale radiography. Radiation doses of modern 100mm fluorography and full-scale radiography were compared experimentally and applied to hysterosalpingography. It was determined that 100mm fluorography reduced the doses by 28-29% per exposure and 37-47% per examination compared with full-scale radiography performed with fast tungstate screens in identical conditions (70-80 kV, 400 mA). The dose during one minute of videofluoroscopy was equivalent to the doses produced by one exposure in full-scale filming and three to four exposures in 100mm filming. Although electronic magnification in 100mm fluorography increases the doses by two or threefold, these are still less than the doses in full-scale radiography.", "PMID": 644062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1781", "title": "Computed tomographic measurement of the xenon brain-blood partition coefficient and implications for regional cerebral blood flow: a preliminary report.", "content": "The calculation of regional cerebral blood flow requires, in addition to the measurement of the clearance, a knowledge of the regional brain-blood partition coefficient. The usual 133Xe washout techniques do not measure this latter parameter but use published values for normal brain tissue. This may lead to large errors in pathological tissue because the partition coefficient changes significantly in brain tumors. Investigations have begun into the use of CT and stable xenon to produce a cross sectional view of the brain in terms of its brain-blood partition coefficients. Results of experiments using an iodine phantom and xenon inhalation in animals are presented.", "contents": "Computed tomographic measurement of the xenon brain-blood partition coefficient and implications for regional cerebral blood flow: a preliminary report. The calculation of regional cerebral blood flow requires, in addition to the measurement of the clearance, a knowledge of the regional brain-blood partition coefficient. The usual 133Xe washout techniques do not measure this latter parameter but use published values for normal brain tissue. This may lead to large errors in pathological tissue because the partition coefficient changes significantly in brain tumors. Investigations have begun into the use of CT and stable xenon to produce a cross sectional view of the brain in terms of its brain-blood partition coefficients. Results of experiments using an iodine phantom and xenon inhalation in animals are presented.", "PMID": 644063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1782", "title": "Computed tomography of shearing injuries of the cerebral white matter.", "content": "Changes secondary to shearing injury of the cerebral white matter can be demonstrated on CT. These consist of eccentric hemorrhage in the corpus callosum, diffuse cerebral swelling, subarachnoid hemorrhage and less frequently, hemorrhage around the third ventricular region and in the cerebral white matter. These CT findings are associated with acute severe neurologic deficits and sequelae. Eight cases with this injury pattern were encountered in 286 acute head injuries. All 8 patients were involved in automobile accidents.", "contents": "Computed tomography of shearing injuries of the cerebral white matter. Changes secondary to shearing injury of the cerebral white matter can be demonstrated on CT. These consist of eccentric hemorrhage in the corpus callosum, diffuse cerebral swelling, subarachnoid hemorrhage and less frequently, hemorrhage around the third ventricular region and in the cerebral white matter. These CT findings are associated with acute severe neurologic deficits and sequelae. Eight cases with this injury pattern were encountered in 286 acute head injuries. All 8 patients were involved in automobile accidents.", "PMID": 644064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1783", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis. Comparison of computed tomography and conventional neuroradiology.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with tuberous sclerosis were studied by skull radiography. In addition, 16 had CT scanning, 26 had air studies, and 5 had cerebral angiography. Both subependymal and parenchymal tubers were shown on CT; all had a higher density than the brain and none were enhanced by contrast material. CT showed tubers in 13 of 16 patients, including 4 of 6 patients with glioma and hydrocephalus. Air studies showed subependymal tubers in 12 of 26 patients. Four other patients had intraventricular gliomas but no tubers. Skull radiographs showed spotty calcification, compatible with tuberous sclerosis, in 30 cases. Four patients had calcification compatible with tumor. Angiograms were nonspecific, showing intraventricular masses but no tubers.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis. Comparison of computed tomography and conventional neuroradiology. Sixty-two patients with tuberous sclerosis were studied by skull radiography. In addition, 16 had CT scanning, 26 had air studies, and 5 had cerebral angiography. Both subependymal and parenchymal tubers were shown on CT; all had a higher density than the brain and none were enhanced by contrast material. CT showed tubers in 13 of 16 patients, including 4 of 6 patients with glioma and hydrocephalus. Air studies showed subependymal tubers in 12 of 26 patients. Four other patients had intraventricular gliomas but no tubers. Skull radiographs showed spotty calcification, compatible with tuberous sclerosis, in 30 cases. Four patients had calcification compatible with tumor. Angiograms were nonspecific, showing intraventricular masses but no tubers.", "PMID": 644065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1784", "title": "Detection of myocardial ischemia in vitro by computed tomography.", "content": "The applicability of CT in the delineation of ischemic myocardium is defined. Twenty-six dogs had their left anterior descending coronary artery occluded, and radiolabeled microspheres were injected into the left atrium to measure myocardial blood flow. From 30 minutes to 7 weeks after coronary occlusion the hearts were excised and scanned in a CT head scanner. An unbiased observer divided selected CT scans slices into normal, abnormal, and borderline areas of attenuation coefficients; these were correlated with blood flow measurements and a progressive decrease in flow from normal to borderline and borderline to abnormal segments was found. As early as 2 hours after coronary arterial occlusion, areas of reduced attenuation coefficient, corresponding to regions of reduced blood flow, were seen. Areas of increased attenuation were seen in regions containing microcalcifications and fibrosis in several longer term experiments. Areas of reduced blood flow were visible immediately after coronary arterial occlusion with intravenous iodinated contrast material (1 ml/kg). CT detection of regions of reduced blood flow defined by radiolabeled microsphere is a promising means of detecting and sizing myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Detection of myocardial ischemia in vitro by computed tomography. The applicability of CT in the delineation of ischemic myocardium is defined. Twenty-six dogs had their left anterior descending coronary artery occluded, and radiolabeled microspheres were injected into the left atrium to measure myocardial blood flow. From 30 minutes to 7 weeks after coronary occlusion the hearts were excised and scanned in a CT head scanner. An unbiased observer divided selected CT scans slices into normal, abnormal, and borderline areas of attenuation coefficients; these were correlated with blood flow measurements and a progressive decrease in flow from normal to borderline and borderline to abnormal segments was found. As early as 2 hours after coronary arterial occlusion, areas of reduced attenuation coefficient, corresponding to regions of reduced blood flow, were seen. Areas of increased attenuation were seen in regions containing microcalcifications and fibrosis in several longer term experiments. Areas of reduced blood flow were visible immediately after coronary arterial occlusion with intravenous iodinated contrast material (1 ml/kg). CT detection of regions of reduced blood flow defined by radiolabeled microsphere is a promising means of detecting and sizing myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 644066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1785", "title": "Measurement of left ventricular cast volume by computed tomography.", "content": "Angiocardiographic methods available for cardiac-chamber volume measurements are neither consistently accurate nor precise. To explore the capability of computed tomography for left ventricular volume measurement, Silastic casts of 24 normal human left ventricles were measured by a displacement method, a conventional angiocardiographic biplane volume method, and computed tomography. The displacement method used degassing to remove air trapped in the casts; displacement was measured by Archimedes' principle. Cast volumes measured by biplane methods displayed spread around the regression line, caused by the chamber's irregular shape and its variations in orientation. Computed tomographic measurements were independent of chamber orientation and significantly more accurate.", "contents": "Measurement of left ventricular cast volume by computed tomography. Angiocardiographic methods available for cardiac-chamber volume measurements are neither consistently accurate nor precise. To explore the capability of computed tomography for left ventricular volume measurement, Silastic casts of 24 normal human left ventricles were measured by a displacement method, a conventional angiocardiographic biplane volume method, and computed tomography. The displacement method used degassing to remove air trapped in the casts; displacement was measured by Archimedes' principle. Cast volumes measured by biplane methods displayed spread around the regression line, caused by the chamber's irregular shape and its variations in orientation. Computed tomographic measurements were independent of chamber orientation and significantly more accurate.", "PMID": 644067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1786", "title": "A quantitative clinical comparison of three 99mTechnetium labeled brain imaging radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "In a comparison study of three commonly employed 99mTc brain imaging pharmaceuticals, 16 patients with proven brain lesions had imaging performed with DTPA, glucoheptonate, and pertechnetate over a short interval of time. Lesion detectability was assessed by a data processing system which evaluated average lesion-to-background activity ratios for each patient examination. Statistical analysis of the resultant data demonstrated a significant improvement (20%) in lesion-to-background ratio in favor of one hour delayed DTPA images versus two hour delayed pertechnetate images. Comparison of one hour delayed DTPA images with one hour delayed glucoheptonate images did not reveal a significant difference in lesion-to-background ratio. The authors conclude that both Tc-DTPA and Tc-glucoheptonate are superior alternatives to pertechnetate when employed in the manner described.", "contents": "A quantitative clinical comparison of three 99mTechnetium labeled brain imaging radiopharmaceuticals. In a comparison study of three commonly employed 99mTc brain imaging pharmaceuticals, 16 patients with proven brain lesions had imaging performed with DTPA, glucoheptonate, and pertechnetate over a short interval of time. Lesion detectability was assessed by a data processing system which evaluated average lesion-to-background activity ratios for each patient examination. Statistical analysis of the resultant data demonstrated a significant improvement (20%) in lesion-to-background ratio in favor of one hour delayed DTPA images versus two hour delayed pertechnetate images. Comparison of one hour delayed DTPA images with one hour delayed glucoheptonate images did not reveal a significant difference in lesion-to-background ratio. The authors conclude that both Tc-DTPA and Tc-glucoheptonate are superior alternatives to pertechnetate when employed in the manner described.", "PMID": 644068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1787", "title": "Correlation between intracoronary 201Tl myocardial scanning, coronary angiography and left ventriculography.", "content": "One hundred and six patients with angina pectoris who underwent routine coronary angiography and left ventriculography were given intracoronary injection of thallium 201. The myocardial images had excellent resolution because of lack of interference from the background activity. The myocardial images and the left ventriculograms showed 94% correlation. Correlation between scans and EKG was lower. There was no correlation between the degree of coronary artery stenosis and 201Tl scan. Currently, the intracoronary injection of 201Tl at rest does not yield additional information to coronary angiography and left ventriculography.", "contents": "Correlation between intracoronary 201Tl myocardial scanning, coronary angiography and left ventriculography. One hundred and six patients with angina pectoris who underwent routine coronary angiography and left ventriculography were given intracoronary injection of thallium 201. The myocardial images had excellent resolution because of lack of interference from the background activity. The myocardial images and the left ventriculograms showed 94% correlation. Correlation between scans and EKG was lower. There was no correlation between the degree of coronary artery stenosis and 201Tl scan. Currently, the intracoronary injection of 201Tl at rest does not yield additional information to coronary angiography and left ventriculography.", "PMID": 644069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1788", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary hemangiomatosis.", "content": "The authors describe three pediatric patients with diffuse pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Virtually identical clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings were observed in each case. The combination of diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltration and bloody pleural effusion in a child is pathognomonic. Early recognition of hemangiomatosis can allow more effective evaluation of therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary hemangiomatosis. The authors describe three pediatric patients with diffuse pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Virtually identical clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings were observed in each case. The combination of diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltration and bloody pleural effusion in a child is pathognomonic. Early recognition of hemangiomatosis can allow more effective evaluation of therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 644070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1789", "title": "Aicardi's syndrome; radiologic manifestations.", "content": "Features of Aicardi's syndrome include infantile spasms associated with pathognomonic chorioretinopathy, abnormalities of the corpus callosum with heterotopia of gray matter, and characteristic electroencephalographic findings. Vertebral abnormalities are also part of the syndrome, which is apparently limited to female infants. Subnormal mental development appears in all cases. It was first described in 1969 in French. Isolated cases in the literature have been associated with facial asymmetry, plagiocephaly, and the Dandy-Walker syndrome. Experience with two patients suggests that a search for cases among patients with chorioretinopathy and infantile spasms will show the syndrome to be more common than currently reported.", "contents": "Aicardi's syndrome; radiologic manifestations. Features of Aicardi's syndrome include infantile spasms associated with pathognomonic chorioretinopathy, abnormalities of the corpus callosum with heterotopia of gray matter, and characteristic electroencephalographic findings. Vertebral abnormalities are also part of the syndrome, which is apparently limited to female infants. Subnormal mental development appears in all cases. It was first described in 1969 in French. Isolated cases in the literature have been associated with facial asymmetry, plagiocephaly, and the Dandy-Walker syndrome. Experience with two patients suggests that a search for cases among patients with chorioretinopathy and infantile spasms will show the syndrome to be more common than currently reported.", "PMID": 644071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1790", "title": "An unusual location of an esteochondroma.", "content": "An unusual hip tumor was seen in a 13-year-old youth following a brief history of discomfort. The osteochondroma was differentiated from dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica by its location.", "contents": "An unusual location of an esteochondroma. An unusual hip tumor was seen in a 13-year-old youth following a brief history of discomfort. The osteochondroma was differentiated from dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica by its location.", "PMID": 644072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1791", "title": "Adrenal ultrasonography.", "content": "The adrenal gland was evaluated prospectively in 59 patients using gray-scale ultrasound. 95% accuracy was achieved. Recent modifications of this technique which affect the approach to the right adrenal gland are described, and the limitations of the technique as well as the role of ultrasonography in relation to other noninvasive imaging modalities are discussed.", "contents": "Adrenal ultrasonography. The adrenal gland was evaluated prospectively in 59 patients using gray-scale ultrasound. 95% accuracy was achieved. Recent modifications of this technique which affect the approach to the right adrenal gland are described, and the limitations of the technique as well as the role of ultrasonography in relation to other noninvasive imaging modalities are discussed.", "PMID": 644073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1792", "title": "Ultrasonography of adrenal masses: usual features.", "content": "Gray-scale B-scan was successful in delineating adrenal masses in 40 patients, all confirmed pathologically. Two patients with extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, two calcified cysts, and two patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are demonstrated. The usual ultrasonographic features are presented in this paper; they correlated well with urographic, angiographic, CT, and pathological findings. The smallest mass demonstrated was an aldosteronoma (1.3 cm in size).", "contents": "Ultrasonography of adrenal masses: usual features. Gray-scale B-scan was successful in delineating adrenal masses in 40 patients, all confirmed pathologically. Two patients with extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, two calcified cysts, and two patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are demonstrated. The usual ultrasonographic features are presented in this paper; they correlated well with urographic, angiographic, CT, and pathological findings. The smallest mass demonstrated was an aldosteronoma (1.3 cm in size).", "PMID": 644074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1793", "title": "Ultrasonography of adrenal masses: unusual manifestations.", "content": "Forty patients with pathologically-proved adrenal masses, and two patients with extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, were examined with gray scale B-scan. The authors describe unusual echo patterns of adrenal masses due to necrosis or hemorrhage, variations in the effects of large adrenal masses on surrounding organs and vessels, and the differential diagnosis. The complementary role of computed tomography is also discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of adrenal masses: unusual manifestations. Forty patients with pathologically-proved adrenal masses, and two patients with extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, were examined with gray scale B-scan. The authors describe unusual echo patterns of adrenal masses due to necrosis or hemorrhage, variations in the effects of large adrenal masses on surrounding organs and vessels, and the differential diagnosis. The complementary role of computed tomography is also discussed.", "PMID": 644075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1794", "title": "Parathyroid ultrasonography.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasound was used to evaluate patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Twenty-one of the 25 parathyroid glands shown pathologically and anatomically to be greater than 5 mm in diameter were identified and varied between 6 and 15 mm. Although the nosological sensitivity was poor, the false-positive rate was low. Important anatomical limitations and pitfalls are described. The role of ultrasonography is compared to that of other noninvasive diagnostic modalities and related to specific clinical situations and surgical approaches.", "contents": "Parathyroid ultrasonography. Gray-scale ultrasound was used to evaluate patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Twenty-one of the 25 parathyroid glands shown pathologically and anatomically to be greater than 5 mm in diameter were identified and varied between 6 and 15 mm. Although the nosological sensitivity was poor, the false-positive rate was low. Important anatomical limitations and pitfalls are described. The role of ultrasonography is compared to that of other noninvasive diagnostic modalities and related to specific clinical situations and surgical approaches.", "PMID": 644076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1795", "title": "A two-dimensional echoaortocardiographic approach to dissecting aneurysms of the aorta to prevent false-positive diagnoses.", "content": "Two patients with dissecting aneurysms of the aorta of Debakey type I and II, 10 healthy subjects, and 2 patients with signs mimicking aortic-root dissection were studied by two-dimensional echoaortocardiography, standard echocardiography, and M-mode scanning. In both electrocardiographically gated and nonelectrocardiographically gated two-dimensional echoaortocardiograms of each patient, aortic-root dissections were clearly visualized. Because of the possibility of a false-positive diagnosis of an aortic-root dissection by previously reported criteria (including cases in the authors' experience and in the literature), the authors are convinced that the combination of two-dimensional and standard echoaortocardiography provides the most reliable echo diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "A two-dimensional echoaortocardiographic approach to dissecting aneurysms of the aorta to prevent false-positive diagnoses. Two patients with dissecting aneurysms of the aorta of Debakey type I and II, 10 healthy subjects, and 2 patients with signs mimicking aortic-root dissection were studied by two-dimensional echoaortocardiography, standard echocardiography, and M-mode scanning. In both electrocardiographically gated and nonelectrocardiographically gated two-dimensional echoaortocardiograms of each patient, aortic-root dissections were clearly visualized. Because of the possibility of a false-positive diagnosis of an aortic-root dissection by previously reported criteria (including cases in the authors' experience and in the literature), the authors are convinced that the combination of two-dimensional and standard echoaortocardiography provides the most reliable echo diagnosis of this disease.", "PMID": 644077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1796", "title": "An experimental \"trans-molybdenum\" tube for mammography.", "content": "Possible mammographic advantages of \"trans-molybdenum\" anodes (atomic number greater than ZMo) are decreased dose because the fluorescent radiation is more penetrating, and increased useful output; contrast degradation is known to be tolerable. The output per mAs, the HVT in Al, and the penetration in Lucite were measured spectroscopically for an experimental Rh-anode tube and also for Mo- and W-anode mammographic tubes. The trans-molybdenum tube was shown to have output and dose advantages over Mo anodes, and output and contrast advantages over normal and selectively filtered W anodes. Possible applications in areas other than mammography are briefly discussed.", "contents": "An experimental \"trans-molybdenum\" tube for mammography. Possible mammographic advantages of \"trans-molybdenum\" anodes (atomic number greater than ZMo) are decreased dose because the fluorescent radiation is more penetrating, and increased useful output; contrast degradation is known to be tolerable. The output per mAs, the HVT in Al, and the penetration in Lucite were measured spectroscopically for an experimental Rh-anode tube and also for Mo- and W-anode mammographic tubes. The trans-molybdenum tube was shown to have output and dose advantages over Mo anodes, and output and contrast advantages over normal and selectively filtered W anodes. Possible applications in areas other than mammography are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 644079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1797", "title": "Optimization of electrostatic imaging systems for minimum patient dose or minimum exposure in mammography.", "content": "The x-ray photon energies that give the highest signal-to-noise ratios per unit of exposure or average dose in mammography are significantly greater than those used in current film/screen systems. Optimum photon energies for detection of calcifications in a range of thicknesses of water and fat were calculated. Soft-tissue targets were also considered. Comparison of the theoretical results and those obtained experimentally with the Stanton mammography phantom indicate that operation at less than optimum photon energies is a major cause of inefficiency in film/screen mammography. On the other hand, electrostatic imaging systems, because of their processing flexibility, can operate at the optimum photon energy levels, thus minimizing either dose or exposure.", "contents": "Optimization of electrostatic imaging systems for minimum patient dose or minimum exposure in mammography. The x-ray photon energies that give the highest signal-to-noise ratios per unit of exposure or average dose in mammography are significantly greater than those used in current film/screen systems. Optimum photon energies for detection of calcifications in a range of thicknesses of water and fat were calculated. Soft-tissue targets were also considered. Comparison of the theoretical results and those obtained experimentally with the Stanton mammography phantom indicate that operation at less than optimum photon energies is a major cause of inefficiency in film/screen mammography. On the other hand, electrostatic imaging systems, because of their processing flexibility, can operate at the optimum photon energy levels, thus minimizing either dose or exposure.", "PMID": 644080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1798", "title": "Edge enhancement of ECG-gated cardiac images using directional masks.", "content": "ECG-gated images were processed by a computer using a nonlinear digital filter and directional masks to improve delineation of cardiac chamber boundaries and identification of the aortic and mitral valve planes. This technique proved to be satisfactory in 30 patients with documented coronary or valvular heart disease.", "contents": "Edge enhancement of ECG-gated cardiac images using directional masks. ECG-gated images were processed by a computer using a nonlinear digital filter and directional masks to improve delineation of cardiac chamber boundaries and identification of the aortic and mitral valve planes. This technique proved to be satisfactory in 30 patients with documented coronary or valvular heart disease.", "PMID": 644081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1799", "title": "Development of a method of evaluating cardiac performance using interactive computer graphics.", "content": "The authors discuss an objective method of analyzing local wall motion to detect and measure the pattern of contraction of the left ventricle using computer graphics. The method's advantages include: (a) the use of modular hardward and software, which can be extended and upgraded; (b) a minimal expenditure of time and money; (c) uniformly calculated results; and (d) a graphic and legible report.", "contents": "Development of a method of evaluating cardiac performance using interactive computer graphics. The authors discuss an objective method of analyzing local wall motion to detect and measure the pattern of contraction of the left ventricle using computer graphics. The method's advantages include: (a) the use of modular hardward and software, which can be extended and upgraded; (b) a minimal expenditure of time and money; (c) uniformly calculated results; and (d) a graphic and legible report.", "PMID": 644082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1800", "title": "Simultaneous detection of myocardial perfusion and wall motion abnormalities by cinematic 201Tl imaging.", "content": "A method for simultaneous acquisition of static and ECG-synchronized 201Tl myocardial images is reported. The ECG-synchronized images are then displayed continuously in cinematic format. In studies of 37 patients, the cinematic technique provided detection of regional wall motion abnormalities and improved distinction of cardiac borders without losing perception of perfusion defects. Cinematic display is a useful addition to 201Tl myocardial imaging.", "contents": "Simultaneous detection of myocardial perfusion and wall motion abnormalities by cinematic 201Tl imaging. A method for simultaneous acquisition of static and ECG-synchronized 201Tl myocardial images is reported. The ECG-synchronized images are then displayed continuously in cinematic format. In studies of 37 patients, the cinematic technique provided detection of regional wall motion abnormalities and improved distinction of cardiac borders without losing perception of perfusion defects. Cinematic display is a useful addition to 201Tl myocardial imaging.", "PMID": 644083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1801", "title": "General purpose digital display system for computed tomography images.", "content": "The authors describe a microprocessor-based digital image display system utilizing a solid-state image memory with a high quality television-type monitor for display of computed tomography images. It is an alternative to a commercially available display system, and offers the potential for research in digital image display. It is now under clinical evaluation. Image input to the stand-alone display system is via 9-track magnetic tape common to almost all CT machines, and it may be programmed to accept digital tapes from any type of CT machine and display them in a common format.", "contents": "General purpose digital display system for computed tomography images. The authors describe a microprocessor-based digital image display system utilizing a solid-state image memory with a high quality television-type monitor for display of computed tomography images. It is an alternative to a commercially available display system, and offers the potential for research in digital image display. It is now under clinical evaluation. Image input to the stand-alone display system is via 9-track magnetic tape common to almost all CT machines, and it may be programmed to accept digital tapes from any type of CT machine and display them in a common format.", "PMID": 644084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1802", "title": "Improved method of evaluating the cervico-thoracic junction in lateral tomography and air myelography.", "content": "The author describes a method whereby the entire cervico-thoracic junction can be evaluated with one set of tomograms using a water-equivalent bolus. This technique has proved to be useful in lateral tomography of the spine and air myelography. Advantages include decreased procedure time and less radiation exposure to the patient.", "contents": "Improved method of evaluating the cervico-thoracic junction in lateral tomography and air myelography. The author describes a method whereby the entire cervico-thoracic junction can be evaluated with one set of tomograms using a water-equivalent bolus. This technique has proved to be useful in lateral tomography of the spine and air myelography. Advantages include decreased procedure time and less radiation exposure to the patient.", "PMID": 644086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1803", "title": "Sialography made easier.", "content": "The author describes a new method of cannulating stenotic salivary ducts. Due to its speed, simplicity, availability of materials, and rapid mastery by radiological technicians, it is recommended for routine use in sialography.", "contents": "Sialography made easier. The author describes a new method of cannulating stenotic salivary ducts. Due to its speed, simplicity, availability of materials, and rapid mastery by radiological technicians, it is recommended for routine use in sialography.", "PMID": 644088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1804", "title": "Patient immobilization with a low-temperature splint/brace material.", "content": "The authors describe a low-temperature plastic which is useful for the construction of immobilizing devices where beam orientation is critical.", "contents": "Patient immobilization with a low-temperature splint/brace material. The authors describe a low-temperature plastic which is useful for the construction of immobilizing devices where beam orientation is critical.", "PMID": 644089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1805", "title": "Report from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements.", "content": "A summary of the activities of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements since 1973 is presented.", "contents": "Report from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. A summary of the activities of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements since 1973 is presented.", "PMID": 644090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1806", "title": "The nonspecificity of some radiological signs in excretory urography.", "content": "Two radiological signs have recently been offered as being specific for an infected and obstructed urinary tract and renal infarction, respectively. The authors suggest that these signs suggest certain possibilities but do not indicate a specific diagnosis.", "contents": "The nonspecificity of some radiological signs in excretory urography. Two radiological signs have recently been offered as being specific for an infected and obstructed urinary tract and renal infarction, respectively. The authors suggest that these signs suggest certain possibilities but do not indicate a specific diagnosis.", "PMID": 644091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1807", "title": "Evaluation of regional myocardial function in ischemic heart disease by echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiography can display motion abnormalities of acutely or chronically ischemic myocardium. In experimental studies, this permits the evaluation of the effect on regional dyskinesis of potentially therapeutic interventions. In clinical studies, the demonstration of segmental dyskinesis has been primarily useful for diagnostic purposes. As more experience is gained with the newer two-dimensional cross-sectional ultrasound techniques, it appears likely that these will afford a major advance in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease by permitting the routine noninvasive demonstration of segmental ventricular dyskinesis and assessment of regional myocardial function.", "contents": "Evaluation of regional myocardial function in ischemic heart disease by echocardiography. Echocardiography can display motion abnormalities of acutely or chronically ischemic myocardium. In experimental studies, this permits the evaluation of the effect on regional dyskinesis of potentially therapeutic interventions. In clinical studies, the demonstration of segmental dyskinesis has been primarily useful for diagnostic purposes. As more experience is gained with the newer two-dimensional cross-sectional ultrasound techniques, it appears likely that these will afford a major advance in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease by permitting the routine noninvasive demonstration of segmental ventricular dyskinesis and assessment of regional myocardial function.", "PMID": 644094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1808", "title": "Photolysis in 131I, 35S or 14C labeled HgLSCN powders.", "content": "In 1938, S.V. Raghava Rao reported that a crystal of HgXSCN (X=halogen) has photropic properties and in 1955, the author reported the mechanism of the phototropy is identical with that of HgI2.2HgS. However, a behavior of S, I and C atoms in the crystals irradiated by sunlight was not known. Purpose of this paper is to clarify the behavior of these atoms by using radioactive tracer technique. The results obtained show that when electrons belonging to S2- or I- ions absorb photons and are excited to upper state, these electrons leave behind neutral S or I atoms, which diffuse thermally toward the crystal surface and escape into atmosphere. 14C atoms do not escape. S atoms are more sensitive to light than I or C atoms.", "contents": "Photolysis in 131I, 35S or 14C labeled HgLSCN powders. In 1938, S.V. Raghava Rao reported that a crystal of HgXSCN (X=halogen) has photropic properties and in 1955, the author reported the mechanism of the phototropy is identical with that of HgI2.2HgS. However, a behavior of S, I and C atoms in the crystals irradiated by sunlight was not known. Purpose of this paper is to clarify the behavior of these atoms by using radioactive tracer technique. The results obtained show that when electrons belonging to S2- or I- ions absorb photons and are excited to upper state, these electrons leave behind neutral S or I atoms, which diffuse thermally toward the crystal surface and escape into atmosphere. 14C atoms do not escape. S atoms are more sensitive to light than I or C atoms.", "PMID": 644110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1809", "title": "[Studies on halogen quenching through the Stern-Volmer plot (author's transl)].", "content": "The quenching effect for halogenated benzenes, methanes and ethanes have been investigated. The halogen quenching was accurately measured using the internal conversion electrons emitted from 113Sn-113mIn. From the quenching constants determined by the Stern-Volmer plots with respect to various halogen quenchers, the following results have been obtained. (1) The quenching constants increase with the number of halogen substituents, so as linearly in halogenated benzenes and exponentially in halogenated methanes and ehtanes. Even the isomers of halogenides have different quenching constants. (2) There is a linearity between logarithm of the quenching constant and a polarographic half-wave reduction potential. (3) Electron excitation provides larger quenching constants than UV excitation for halogenated methames. Based on these results, the mechanism of halogen quenching have been discussed in connection with the exciplex formation.", "contents": "[Studies on halogen quenching through the Stern-Volmer plot (author's transl)]. The quenching effect for halogenated benzenes, methanes and ethanes have been investigated. The halogen quenching was accurately measured using the internal conversion electrons emitted from 113Sn-113mIn. From the quenching constants determined by the Stern-Volmer plots with respect to various halogen quenchers, the following results have been obtained. (1) The quenching constants increase with the number of halogen substituents, so as linearly in halogenated benzenes and exponentially in halogenated methanes and ehtanes. Even the isomers of halogenides have different quenching constants. (2) There is a linearity between logarithm of the quenching constant and a polarographic half-wave reduction potential. (3) Electron excitation provides larger quenching constants than UV excitation for halogenated methames. Based on these results, the mechanism of halogen quenching have been discussed in connection with the exciplex formation.", "PMID": 644112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1810", "title": "Interaction of ethanol with amylobarbitone, phenobarbitone and methaqualone.", "content": "The presence and mechanism of synergism of action between ethanol and amylobarbitone, phenobarbitone or methaqualone was determined by application of simple pharmacokinetic models to log dose-response curves and plasma concentration-time curves for the hypnotics alone or when ethanol was given concurrently. For all three hypnotics, ethanol was found to increase the duration of hypnosis, but the mechanism of action was different for each. A sub-hypnotic dose of ethanol increased the volume of distribution of amylobarbitone and the consequent reduction in fractional elimination prolonged the half-life of the hypnotic. The distribution and elimination of methaqualone were not affected by ethanol, but there was a sensitisation of the target organ, shown by a reduced minimum effective dose. The minimum effective dose of phenobarbitone was also reduced by ethanol, but in addition, the rate of elimination of phenobarbitone was increased after the period of hypnosis.", "contents": "Interaction of ethanol with amylobarbitone, phenobarbitone and methaqualone. The presence and mechanism of synergism of action between ethanol and amylobarbitone, phenobarbitone or methaqualone was determined by application of simple pharmacokinetic models to log dose-response curves and plasma concentration-time curves for the hypnotics alone or when ethanol was given concurrently. For all three hypnotics, ethanol was found to increase the duration of hypnosis, but the mechanism of action was different for each. A sub-hypnotic dose of ethanol increased the volume of distribution of amylobarbitone and the consequent reduction in fractional elimination prolonged the half-life of the hypnotic. The distribution and elimination of methaqualone were not affected by ethanol, but there was a sensitisation of the target organ, shown by a reduced minimum effective dose. The minimum effective dose of phenobarbitone was also reduced by ethanol, but in addition, the rate of elimination of phenobarbitone was increased after the period of hypnosis.", "PMID": 644120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1811", "title": "Selective blockade of dopamine-induced vasodilation by ergonovine maleate in the vasculatures of dogs and rabbits.", "content": "In urethane anesthetized rabbits, ergonovine maleate significantly attenuated dopamine-induced systemic hypotension. Initial pressor responses to dopamine were significantly prolonged and potentiated by ergonovine. Mesenteric vasodilation elicited by dopamine in dogs was competitively inhibited by ergonovine at doses of 0.09 and 0.18 mg/kg, i.a. Failure of ergonovine to inhibit vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine or isoproterenol suggested selective blockade. These results confirm existing evidence that ergonovine selectively antagonizes peripheral dopaminergic receptors subserving vasodilation.", "contents": "Selective blockade of dopamine-induced vasodilation by ergonovine maleate in the vasculatures of dogs and rabbits. In urethane anesthetized rabbits, ergonovine maleate significantly attenuated dopamine-induced systemic hypotension. Initial pressor responses to dopamine were significantly prolonged and potentiated by ergonovine. Mesenteric vasodilation elicited by dopamine in dogs was competitively inhibited by ergonovine at doses of 0.09 and 0.18 mg/kg, i.a. Failure of ergonovine to inhibit vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine or isoproterenol suggested selective blockade. These results confirm existing evidence that ergonovine selectively antagonizes peripheral dopaminergic receptors subserving vasodilation.", "PMID": 644121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1812", "title": "The stability and reliability of radioimmunoassays for clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital in blood, serum or plasma.", "content": "The stability of Clonazepam, Diphenylhydantoin and Phenobarbital has been established in plasma and whole blood samples under a variety of storage conditions. Radioimmunoassay techniques for each of these anticonvulsants is not effected by the presence of the other anticonvulsants. Abnormal states such as icterus, hemolysis and lipemia were studied for their effects on the radioimmunoassay of these anticonvulsants. All the anticonvulsants can be stored at 37 degrees C with appropriate preservation for at least one week.", "contents": "The stability and reliability of radioimmunoassays for clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital in blood, serum or plasma. The stability of Clonazepam, Diphenylhydantoin and Phenobarbital has been established in plasma and whole blood samples under a variety of storage conditions. Radioimmunoassay techniques for each of these anticonvulsants is not effected by the presence of the other anticonvulsants. Abnormal states such as icterus, hemolysis and lipemia were studied for their effects on the radioimmunoassay of these anticonvulsants. All the anticonvulsants can be stored at 37 degrees C with appropriate preservation for at least one week.", "PMID": 644122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1813", "title": "Effects of imipramine, nitrite, and dimethylnitrosamine on reproduction in mice.", "content": "Administration of the tricyclic dibenzazepine drug imipramine, a tertiary amine, in the food (100 mg/kg) or sodium nitrite (1 g/liter) or dimethylnitrosamine (0.1 ppm) in the drinking water of Swiss CD-1 mice before and during pregnancy, resulted in increased perinatal death of the offspring compared to controls. Administration of imipramine and nitrite together had no effect on perinatal survival, but instead resulted in infertility or delayed impregnation in some females. A biological synergism or in vivo chemical interaction of the two chemicals is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of imipramine, nitrite, and dimethylnitrosamine on reproduction in mice. Administration of the tricyclic dibenzazepine drug imipramine, a tertiary amine, in the food (100 mg/kg) or sodium nitrite (1 g/liter) or dimethylnitrosamine (0.1 ppm) in the drinking water of Swiss CD-1 mice before and during pregnancy, resulted in increased perinatal death of the offspring compared to controls. Administration of imipramine and nitrite together had no effect on perinatal survival, but instead resulted in infertility or delayed impregnation in some females. A biological synergism or in vivo chemical interaction of the two chemicals is suggested.", "PMID": 644123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1814", "title": "Binding to radioactivity from [14C] paraquat to rat lung protein, in vitro.", "content": "In Vitro incubation of rat lung slices with [14C] parquat produces binding of radioactivity to acid precipitable protein. The binding is concentration and time dependent. More in vitro binding occurs to lung protein than liver, heart, kidney, or spleen.", "contents": "Binding to radioactivity from [14C] paraquat to rat lung protein, in vitro. In Vitro incubation of rat lung slices with [14C] parquat produces binding of radioactivity to acid precipitable protein. The binding is concentration and time dependent. More in vitro binding occurs to lung protein than liver, heart, kidney, or spleen.", "PMID": 644124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1815", "title": "Carbon tetrachloride activation, lipid peroxidation and liver necrosis in different strains of mice.", "content": "Males from three different strains of mice (GXF; CF1, and Swiss) were compared in their liver response to CCl4 effects. They were capable to intensively activate CCl4 to .CCl3. No CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation was detected in the liver microsomes from any of them. All the strains remakably responded to the CCl4 induced liver damage. Results further strengthen our previous hypothesis that covalent binding of CCl4 reactive metabolites to cellular constituents is more important in relation to liver cell injury than early changes in lipid peroxidation.", "contents": "Carbon tetrachloride activation, lipid peroxidation and liver necrosis in different strains of mice. Males from three different strains of mice (GXF; CF1, and Swiss) were compared in their liver response to CCl4 effects. They were capable to intensively activate CCl4 to .CCl3. No CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation was detected in the liver microsomes from any of them. All the strains remakably responded to the CCl4 induced liver damage. Results further strengthen our previous hypothesis that covalent binding of CCl4 reactive metabolites to cellular constituents is more important in relation to liver cell injury than early changes in lipid peroxidation.", "PMID": 644126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1816", "title": "In vitro and in vivo effects of promethazine (Phenergan) on drug metabolism.", "content": "Prolongation effects of promethazine on the pentobarbital sleeping time are not due to interactions of this drug with cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome c reductase or inhibition of drug metabolism because pentobarbital plasma levels in promethazine treated animals before awakening are not different than in controls. Results suggest additive effects of both drugs on the central nervous system. Those interactions do however play a role during in vitro studies.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo effects of promethazine (Phenergan) on drug metabolism. Prolongation effects of promethazine on the pentobarbital sleeping time are not due to interactions of this drug with cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome c reductase or inhibition of drug metabolism because pentobarbital plasma levels in promethazine treated animals before awakening are not different than in controls. Results suggest additive effects of both drugs on the central nervous system. Those interactions do however play a role during in vitro studies.", "PMID": 644127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1817", "title": "Is GABA involved in analgesia?", "content": "The effect of morphine and naloxone on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in discrete areas of the rat brain has been studied. Neither morphine nor naloxone had a significant effect on regional steady-state concentrations of GABA. The results have been discussed with respect to the role of GABA in pain and analgesia.", "contents": "Is GABA involved in analgesia? The effect of morphine and naloxone on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in discrete areas of the rat brain has been studied. Neither morphine nor naloxone had a significant effect on regional steady-state concentrations of GABA. The results have been discussed with respect to the role of GABA in pain and analgesia.", "PMID": 644128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1818", "title": "Zinc-induced protection against cadmium alteration of drug action.", "content": "Pretreatment of male rats with cadmium acetate potentiates the duration of hexobarbital hypnosis and inhibits the rate of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism. Pretreatment of rats with zinc acetate protects against these alterations in drug action elicited by cadmium.", "contents": "Zinc-induced protection against cadmium alteration of drug action. Pretreatment of male rats with cadmium acetate potentiates the duration of hexobarbital hypnosis and inhibits the rate of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism. Pretreatment of rats with zinc acetate protects against these alterations in drug action elicited by cadmium.", "PMID": 644129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1819", "title": "beta-Cyclodextrin as an aid to peritoneal dialysis. Renal toxicity of beta-cyclodextrin in the rat.", "content": "A peritoneal dialysate containing beta-cyclodextrin has been shown to accelerate the removal of intravenously administered phenobarbital in rats. It was found that high concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin were toxic to the animals in the single exchange technique employed. The renal toxicity was estimated by measuring blood urea nitrogen values in the rats following oral and intraperitoneal administration of the cyclic amylose.", "contents": "beta-Cyclodextrin as an aid to peritoneal dialysis. Renal toxicity of beta-cyclodextrin in the rat. A peritoneal dialysate containing beta-cyclodextrin has been shown to accelerate the removal of intravenously administered phenobarbital in rats. It was found that high concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin were toxic to the animals in the single exchange technique employed. The renal toxicity was estimated by measuring blood urea nitrogen values in the rats following oral and intraperitoneal administration of the cyclic amylose.", "PMID": 644130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1820", "title": "Biopterin content of human neuroblastoma cells in culture.", "content": "The biopterin (Crithidia activity) content of several cell lines of human neuroblastoma was quantified. Adrenergic cell lines contained markedly higher levels than those found in cholinergic neuroblastoma cells, fibroblast-like cells and glioblastoma cells in culture.", "contents": "Biopterin content of human neuroblastoma cells in culture. The biopterin (Crithidia activity) content of several cell lines of human neuroblastoma was quantified. Adrenergic cell lines contained markedly higher levels than those found in cholinergic neuroblastoma cells, fibroblast-like cells and glioblastoma cells in culture.", "PMID": 644131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1821", "title": "[Xenogenic transplantation of aortic segments. Korrelated serological and histological investigations of the rejection mechanism].", "content": "With CDF inbred strain rats and randomly bred guinea pigs one syngenic control group and two xenogenic experimental groups were examined. The two xenogenic groups had different transplantation sites of aortic segments, the first of which was orthotoply retroperitoneal, the second heterotoply subcutanous. The following results were obtained: 1. A xenogenic vessel graft induces a massive production of antibodies after the fifth day, reaching a maximum on the 42nd day, and slowly and continuously decreasing thereafter. The tissue of the graft becomes acellular within 12 to 24h p.op. After 5 to 6 days an infiltrate appears, firstly dominated by granulocyts and monocyts and later by lymphocyts and plasmacells. Following the continuous destruction of the elastic fibres aneurysms grow. 2. The two xenogenic groups show that these two transplantation sites have no significance for the humoral response. 3. Both the progress of the antibodytiters (strong increase after the fifth day) after transplantation of aortic segments and the acute and chronical histologic changes suggest an immunological mechanism of hyperacute rejection.", "contents": "[Xenogenic transplantation of aortic segments. Korrelated serological and histological investigations of the rejection mechanism]. With CDF inbred strain rats and randomly bred guinea pigs one syngenic control group and two xenogenic experimental groups were examined. The two xenogenic groups had different transplantation sites of aortic segments, the first of which was orthotoply retroperitoneal, the second heterotoply subcutanous. The following results were obtained: 1. A xenogenic vessel graft induces a massive production of antibodies after the fifth day, reaching a maximum on the 42nd day, and slowly and continuously decreasing thereafter. The tissue of the graft becomes acellular within 12 to 24h p.op. After 5 to 6 days an infiltrate appears, firstly dominated by granulocyts and monocyts and later by lymphocyts and plasmacells. Following the continuous destruction of the elastic fibres aneurysms grow. 2. The two xenogenic groups show that these two transplantation sites have no significance for the humoral response. 3. Both the progress of the antibodytiters (strong increase after the fifth day) after transplantation of aortic segments and the acute and chronical histologic changes suggest an immunological mechanism of hyperacute rejection.", "PMID": 644132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1822", "title": "Automatic column chromatographic analysis of saccharides and uronic acids.", "content": "Using n-proponal/water as the eluting solvent, a flow rate of 50 ml/h and a 90 degrees C column temperature, the separation of a complex mixture of 11 monosaccharides could be much improved over the procedure described by v. Wilm and Sord\u00e9 using isopropanol/water, 70--100 ml/h flow rate and temperatures of 83--90 degrees C. With a small total error of 3%, the saccharide analysis lies in the region of reproducibility that has also been reached in amino acid analysis. The limit of detection for saccharides lies at 1 x 10(-9) mole/ml.", "contents": "Automatic column chromatographic analysis of saccharides and uronic acids. Using n-proponal/water as the eluting solvent, a flow rate of 50 ml/h and a 90 degrees C column temperature, the separation of a complex mixture of 11 monosaccharides could be much improved over the procedure described by v. Wilm and Sord\u00e9 using isopropanol/water, 70--100 ml/h flow rate and temperatures of 83--90 degrees C. With a small total error of 3%, the saccharide analysis lies in the region of reproducibility that has also been reached in amino acid analysis. The limit of detection for saccharides lies at 1 x 10(-9) mole/ml.", "PMID": 644133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1823", "title": "The effect of haemorrhage and bone fracture on bone marrow circulation.", "content": "Blood flow was measured in the bone marrow and trabecular bone of the dog using 133Xe and hydrogen clearance technique. Estimated from hydrogen wash-out curves, flow in the marrow of the femoral diaphysis was 0.207 ml.min(-1).g(-1), in the marrow of the humerus 0.123ml.min(-1).g(-1) and in the trabecular bone of femoral metaphysis 0.173ml.min(-1).g(-1). Haemorrhagic hypotension and fracture reduced the medullary flow. After haemorrhage an exponential relationship was found between blood pressure and effective bone marrow and muscle blood flow. The correlation between systemic arterial and intramedullary pressures was found to be exponential and between intramedullary pressure and flow linear.", "contents": "The effect of haemorrhage and bone fracture on bone marrow circulation. Blood flow was measured in the bone marrow and trabecular bone of the dog using 133Xe and hydrogen clearance technique. Estimated from hydrogen wash-out curves, flow in the marrow of the femoral diaphysis was 0.207 ml.min(-1).g(-1), in the marrow of the humerus 0.123ml.min(-1).g(-1) and in the trabecular bone of femoral metaphysis 0.173ml.min(-1).g(-1). Haemorrhagic hypotension and fracture reduced the medullary flow. After haemorrhage an exponential relationship was found between blood pressure and effective bone marrow and muscle blood flow. The correlation between systemic arterial and intramedullary pressures was found to be exponential and between intramedullary pressure and flow linear.", "PMID": 644134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1824", "title": "[Investigations on the performance of calcium selective disc-electrodes with electrically charged and neutral ligands in anaerobic serum measurements (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaerobically prepared serum samples from healthy subjects were simultaneously analysed for Ca++ in a flow-through-system of three ion selective disc-electrodes (electrochemical multimeasurementsystem). Two of the sensors contained electrically charged ligands, the third contained a neutral carrier. With neutral carriers an improvement of performance was noted in that there was a large increase in selectivity toward H+- and NH+4-ions and a distinct enhancement of reproducibility.", "contents": "[Investigations on the performance of calcium selective disc-electrodes with electrically charged and neutral ligands in anaerobic serum measurements (author's transl)]. Anaerobically prepared serum samples from healthy subjects were simultaneously analysed for Ca++ in a flow-through-system of three ion selective disc-electrodes (electrochemical multimeasurementsystem). Two of the sensors contained electrically charged ligands, the third contained a neutral carrier. With neutral carriers an improvement of performance was noted in that there was a large increase in selectivity toward H+- and NH+4-ions and a distinct enhancement of reproducibility.", "PMID": 644135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1825", "title": "[The influence of capillary permeability on the extravascular protein quantities as measured in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "The extravascular protein contents in the perivascular connective tissue of a rat's mesenterial plate was measured ultramicrospectrophotometrically in situ and in vivo after changing the hydrostatic and colloidosmotic pressures of the blood. We analized the perivascular area of the different microcirculatory vessels, arterioles, capillaries and venules. The perivascular protein contents, which corresponds besides arterioles to 40% and besides venules to 59% in comparison to the intravascular blood plasma, decreased in a comparison group under the osmotic influence of the perfusion liquid on the mesenterial plate. An injection of an isotonic saline solution is followed only by small fluctuations of the perivascular protein contents during one hour. After blood loss a transitional increase of extravascular protein at the perivenular area was observed indicating the mobilisation of protein depots. Around arterioles the extravascular protein contents did not change significantly. An intravenous injection of albumin solution was followed by a short-termed increase of tissue protein around the arterioles. Around the venules after 50 minutes the extravascular protein contents increased significantly. Within one hour after the changes of the permeability conditions the maximal induceable protein movements in the perivascular space were calculated as +/- 1.35 g% plasma protein concentration corresponding to a maximun protein exchange of +/- 3.1 mg ml(-1) tissue.", "contents": "[The influence of capillary permeability on the extravascular protein quantities as measured in situ (author's transl)]. The extravascular protein contents in the perivascular connective tissue of a rat's mesenterial plate was measured ultramicrospectrophotometrically in situ and in vivo after changing the hydrostatic and colloidosmotic pressures of the blood. We analized the perivascular area of the different microcirculatory vessels, arterioles, capillaries and venules. The perivascular protein contents, which corresponds besides arterioles to 40% and besides venules to 59% in comparison to the intravascular blood plasma, decreased in a comparison group under the osmotic influence of the perfusion liquid on the mesenterial plate. An injection of an isotonic saline solution is followed only by small fluctuations of the perivascular protein contents during one hour. After blood loss a transitional increase of extravascular protein at the perivenular area was observed indicating the mobilisation of protein depots. Around arterioles the extravascular protein contents did not change significantly. An intravenous injection of albumin solution was followed by a short-termed increase of tissue protein around the arterioles. Around the venules after 50 minutes the extravascular protein contents increased significantly. Within one hour after the changes of the permeability conditions the maximal induceable protein movements in the perivascular space were calculated as +/- 1.35 g% plasma protein concentration corresponding to a maximun protein exchange of +/- 3.1 mg ml(-1) tissue.", "PMID": 644136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1826", "title": "Irradiation therapy with 131I-6beta-iodocholesterol of metapyralone induced adrenal hyperplasia in rats.", "content": "Marked weight reduction of rat adrenals was observed after 131I-6beta-Iodocholesterol administration whether or not the animals were treated with metapyralone. Damage or even histologic changes of the adrenals have not been found. Though the radiation dose is high with the applied dose of 131-i-6-beta-Iodocholesterol and might limit or even prevent its application in the treatment of human adrenal disease, the influence of endogenous irradiation on rat adrenals is obvious and justifies further investigations.", "contents": "Irradiation therapy with 131I-6beta-iodocholesterol of metapyralone induced adrenal hyperplasia in rats. Marked weight reduction of rat adrenals was observed after 131I-6beta-Iodocholesterol administration whether or not the animals were treated with metapyralone. Damage or even histologic changes of the adrenals have not been found. Though the radiation dose is high with the applied dose of 131-i-6-beta-Iodocholesterol and might limit or even prevent its application in the treatment of human adrenal disease, the influence of endogenous irradiation on rat adrenals is obvious and justifies further investigations.", "PMID": 644137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1827", "title": "[Investigations in the streaming blood of the alert animal and man. III. Postprandial and therapeutically induced changes of electrolyte concentration and hematocrit in man during hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial haematocrit and blood electrolyte concentrations are measured continuously by conductometry in three hemodialysis patients. Haematocrit elevation during meals, particularly when rich in carbohydrates, indicate fluid losses into the gut. Simultaneous biphasic responses in electrolyte concentration indicate osmotic and diffusional shifts of water and electrolytes. Similarly, blood volume and electrolyte concentration changes can be followed during and after intravenous infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions. The quantitative aspects of such measurements are discussed.", "contents": "[Investigations in the streaming blood of the alert animal and man. III. Postprandial and therapeutically induced changes of electrolyte concentration and hematocrit in man during hemodialysis (author's transl)]. Arterial haematocrit and blood electrolyte concentrations are measured continuously by conductometry in three hemodialysis patients. Haematocrit elevation during meals, particularly when rich in carbohydrates, indicate fluid losses into the gut. Simultaneous biphasic responses in electrolyte concentration indicate osmotic and diffusional shifts of water and electrolytes. Similarly, blood volume and electrolyte concentration changes can be followed during and after intravenous infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions. The quantitative aspects of such measurements are discussed.", "PMID": 644138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1828", "title": "Transplantation of the small intestine. An experimental study in young minipigs.", "content": "An experimental study on small intestinal transplantation on 82 young minipigs is reported. The selected experimental model allows for early recognition of complications in the graft. A monitoring system, based on multiple sequential mucosal suction biopsies is presented, Transplanted segments up to 120 cm were rejected in similar way as are other organs. There was no evidence of a graft versus host reaction.", "contents": "Transplantation of the small intestine. An experimental study in young minipigs. An experimental study on small intestinal transplantation on 82 young minipigs is reported. The selected experimental model allows for early recognition of complications in the graft. A monitoring system, based on multiple sequential mucosal suction biopsies is presented, Transplanted segments up to 120 cm were rejected in similar way as are other organs. There was no evidence of a graft versus host reaction.", "PMID": 644139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1829", "title": "[Mechanical aspects of bone stability by an in vivo testing method (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of a new method for in vivo determination of the Young modulus of human os radii. The failure of the apparatus is +/- 1.86 per cent. The accuracy of the measuring procedure on healthy subjects bases on a variation coefficient of nearly 10 per cent. 124 forearms of healthy persons had been studied in relation to age, sex and to the right and the left os radii. There was a statistically significant higher elastic property of the bones of adolescent versus elder men (over 60 years), but no significant differences between male and female. Right and left os radii had nearly the same amounts for the Young modulus.", "contents": "[Mechanical aspects of bone stability by an in vivo testing method (author's transl)]. This is a report of a new method for in vivo determination of the Young modulus of human os radii. The failure of the apparatus is +/- 1.86 per cent. The accuracy of the measuring procedure on healthy subjects bases on a variation coefficient of nearly 10 per cent. 124 forearms of healthy persons had been studied in relation to age, sex and to the right and the left os radii. There was a statistically significant higher elastic property of the bones of adolescent versus elder men (over 60 years), but no significant differences between male and female. Right and left os radii had nearly the same amounts for the Young modulus.", "PMID": 644140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1830", "title": "Haemodialysis in rats.", "content": "A plate dialyser requiring an extracorporeal blood volume of 1.5 ml was developed to dialyse conscious rats. In experiments in vitro and in vivo its function was tested. The in vitro clearances of urea, creatinine and potassium were 126+/-9 ml/min/m2, 70.5+/-9 ml/min/m2, and 132.5+/-13 ml/min/m2, respectively. The method appears to be suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies.", "contents": "Haemodialysis in rats. A plate dialyser requiring an extracorporeal blood volume of 1.5 ml was developed to dialyse conscious rats. In experiments in vitro and in vivo its function was tested. The in vitro clearances of urea, creatinine and potassium were 126+/-9 ml/min/m2, 70.5+/-9 ml/min/m2, and 132.5+/-13 ml/min/m2, respectively. The method appears to be suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies.", "PMID": 644141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1831", "title": "Pulmonary gas exchange in candidates for surgical treatment of ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The spirometry and pulmonary gas exchange in 38 patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), selected for direct revascularization of the myocardium (or combined with left ventricular aneurysmectomy), were examined on the basis of clinical investigation and coronary arteriography. Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was found in 40% at rest and in more than 50% of patients during exercise. Vital capacity was entirely within the normal limits. A relation was found between the period of time since the first acute myocardial infarction. In 20% of the patients the forced expiratory volume was below the predicted normal, but the decrease was not significant. A mild arterial hypoxaemia was found in 64% of patients at rest and in 70% during exercise; 79% showed an elevated alveolar arterial oxygen gradient. The abnormalities did not depend on the degree of coronary artery and left ventricular involvement nor on the haemodynamic parameters. However, a certain relation to history of cigarette smoking, which appears to affect pulmonary gas exchange more than IHD, was observed. The degree of respiratory disturbance does not in any way influence the proposed surgical treatment.", "contents": "Pulmonary gas exchange in candidates for surgical treatment of ischaemic heart disease. The spirometry and pulmonary gas exchange in 38 patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), selected for direct revascularization of the myocardium (or combined with left ventricular aneurysmectomy), were examined on the basis of clinical investigation and coronary arteriography. Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was found in 40% at rest and in more than 50% of patients during exercise. Vital capacity was entirely within the normal limits. A relation was found between the period of time since the first acute myocardial infarction. In 20% of the patients the forced expiratory volume was below the predicted normal, but the decrease was not significant. A mild arterial hypoxaemia was found in 64% of patients at rest and in 70% during exercise; 79% showed an elevated alveolar arterial oxygen gradient. The abnormalities did not depend on the degree of coronary artery and left ventricular involvement nor on the haemodynamic parameters. However, a certain relation to history of cigarette smoking, which appears to affect pulmonary gas exchange more than IHD, was observed. The degree of respiratory disturbance does not in any way influence the proposed surgical treatment.", "PMID": 644144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1832", "title": "Emphysema with minor airway obstruction and abnormal tests of small airway disease.", "content": "In 9 patients complaining primarily of exertional dyspnea, the diagnosis of early emphysema was made on the basis of a decrease of the elastic recoil of the lung and of the single breath diffusing capacity, in the presence of only minor airway obstruction as estimated from the routine pulmonary function tests. Closing volume, the alveolar plateau, dynamic compliance and maximal flow at 50% of the vital capacity were markedly abnormal; the maximal flow-static recoil pressure relationships suggest, however, that none of the patients suffered from small airway disease. We conclude that one should systematically consider early emphysema in the differential diagnosis of small airway disease.", "contents": "Emphysema with minor airway obstruction and abnormal tests of small airway disease. In 9 patients complaining primarily of exertional dyspnea, the diagnosis of early emphysema was made on the basis of a decrease of the elastic recoil of the lung and of the single breath diffusing capacity, in the presence of only minor airway obstruction as estimated from the routine pulmonary function tests. Closing volume, the alveolar plateau, dynamic compliance and maximal flow at 50% of the vital capacity were markedly abnormal; the maximal flow-static recoil pressure relationships suggest, however, that none of the patients suffered from small airway disease. We conclude that one should systematically consider early emphysema in the differential diagnosis of small airway disease.", "PMID": 644145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1833", "title": "The mechanism of rapid shallow breathing due to histamine and phenyldiguanide in cats and rabbits.", "content": "In anaesthetized cats and rabbits we analyzed the rapid shallow breathing following exposure to histamine aerosol (mainly an irritant receptor stimulant) and i.v. injection of phenyldiguanide (mainly a J receptor stimulant). Both drugs caused a marked leftward displacement of the tidal volume (VT) vs inspiratory time (TI) relationship (Hering-Breuer threshold curve) without a corresponding increase in inspiratory flow rate so that inspiration was cut off at a lower VT and TI. The leftward displacement of the VT vs TI relationship occurred with a great shortening of the duration of inspiration during occluded breaths (T0I) accompanied by a shortening of the expiratory phase (T0E). These parameters monitored the central respiratory rhythm in absence of the phasic lung volume related vagal loop. It is suggested that the increased central respiratory frequency was due to the augmented firing of fibers from stimulated irritant and J receptors. Stimulation of these endings also caused the TE vs TI relationship to become steeper in cats and to be displaced downwards in rabbits.", "contents": "The mechanism of rapid shallow breathing due to histamine and phenyldiguanide in cats and rabbits. In anaesthetized cats and rabbits we analyzed the rapid shallow breathing following exposure to histamine aerosol (mainly an irritant receptor stimulant) and i.v. injection of phenyldiguanide (mainly a J receptor stimulant). Both drugs caused a marked leftward displacement of the tidal volume (VT) vs inspiratory time (TI) relationship (Hering-Breuer threshold curve) without a corresponding increase in inspiratory flow rate so that inspiration was cut off at a lower VT and TI. The leftward displacement of the VT vs TI relationship occurred with a great shortening of the duration of inspiration during occluded breaths (T0I) accompanied by a shortening of the expiratory phase (T0E). These parameters monitored the central respiratory rhythm in absence of the phasic lung volume related vagal loop. It is suggested that the increased central respiratory frequency was due to the augmented firing of fibers from stimulated irritant and J receptors. Stimulation of these endings also caused the TE vs TI relationship to become steeper in cats and to be displaced downwards in rabbits.", "PMID": 644147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1834", "title": "Models of the pressure-volume relationship of the human lung.", "content": "The static pressure-volume (PV) curve from TLC to RV of 11 human subjects was fitted by a hyperbolic-sigmoid model: P = k1/(VM--V)+k2/(Vm--V)+k3, where VM and Vm are the upper and lower asymptotes respectively, and k1, k2, k3 are shape constants. Least-squares nonlinear regression was used to evaluate the constants for the individual and mean data. Average SD of residuals was 0.57 cm H2O and average reduction of residual variance was 99.93%. In spite of substantial differences between PV curves, the latter can be modelled accurately. For the mean PV curve, values for VM, Vm and k1, k2, k3 were 110% VC, -4.34% VC, 260 cm H2O/% VC, 50.5 cm H2O/% VC and 3.13 cm H2O respectively. Unlike previously proposed models, the above includes data below FRC. It describes the truly linear portion of the PV curve at and above FRC. The lower inflection point is accomodated at different lung volumes. When used in a compartmental analysis of a homogeneous lung exposed to a constant pleural pressure gradient, it predicts sequential emptying of dependent and nondependent lung regions consistent with that observed experimentally.", "contents": "Models of the pressure-volume relationship of the human lung. The static pressure-volume (PV) curve from TLC to RV of 11 human subjects was fitted by a hyperbolic-sigmoid model: P = k1/(VM--V)+k2/(Vm--V)+k3, where VM and Vm are the upper and lower asymptotes respectively, and k1, k2, k3 are shape constants. Least-squares nonlinear regression was used to evaluate the constants for the individual and mean data. Average SD of residuals was 0.57 cm H2O and average reduction of residual variance was 99.93%. In spite of substantial differences between PV curves, the latter can be modelled accurately. For the mean PV curve, values for VM, Vm and k1, k2, k3 were 110% VC, -4.34% VC, 260 cm H2O/% VC, 50.5 cm H2O/% VC and 3.13 cm H2O respectively. Unlike previously proposed models, the above includes data below FRC. It describes the truly linear portion of the PV curve at and above FRC. The lower inflection point is accomodated at different lung volumes. When used in a compartmental analysis of a homogeneous lung exposed to a constant pleural pressure gradient, it predicts sequential emptying of dependent and nondependent lung regions consistent with that observed experimentally.", "PMID": 644148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1835", "title": "Air flow in snake ventilation.", "content": "Ventilation in resting, unrestrained Boa constrictor, Python regius and Thanmophis s. sirtalis was monitored using various combinations of a closed Kopfkappe (head chamber), intratracheal pressure catheters, strain gauges around the trunk, and a flow meter connected to one of the nostrils. Records of intratracheal pressure with and without closing the Kopfkappe show that the latter device induces artifacts in the normal ventilatory pattern. Flow meter readings from quiescent snakes indicate that ventilation is biphasic (outflow-inflow-pause) rather than triphasic (outflow-inflow-outflow-pause), while simultaneous pressure and strain gauge records are variably tri- or quadriphasic.", "contents": "Air flow in snake ventilation. Ventilation in resting, unrestrained Boa constrictor, Python regius and Thanmophis s. sirtalis was monitored using various combinations of a closed Kopfkappe (head chamber), intratracheal pressure catheters, strain gauges around the trunk, and a flow meter connected to one of the nostrils. Records of intratracheal pressure with and without closing the Kopfkappe show that the latter device induces artifacts in the normal ventilatory pattern. Flow meter readings from quiescent snakes indicate that ventilation is biphasic (outflow-inflow-pause) rather than triphasic (outflow-inflow-outflow-pause), while simultaneous pressure and strain gauge records are variably tri- or quadriphasic.", "PMID": 644149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1836", "title": "Computed tomography of the thorax.", "content": "Computed tomography of the chest is found to be a useful method in selected cases. Lipomas of the chest and mediastinum can be specifically diagnosed. Extent of malignant pulmonary processes can be assessed for resectability, since it can detect mediastinal nodes not properly seen in conventional chest tomography. Computed tomography of the chest is indicated in these two diagnostic problems.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the thorax. Computed tomography of the chest is found to be a useful method in selected cases. Lipomas of the chest and mediastinum can be specifically diagnosed. Extent of malignant pulmonary processes can be assessed for resectability, since it can detect mediastinal nodes not properly seen in conventional chest tomography. Computed tomography of the chest is indicated in these two diagnostic problems.", "PMID": 644179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1837", "title": "Effect of pulmonary function of split-course radiation therapy for carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "A group of patients treated with radiation therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma were evaluated with serial pulmonary function testing. The patients were treated with a split-course technique with 60-Cobalt. A total of 30 patients with unresectable carcinoma have been studied. Measurements of vital capacity (V.C.) and forced expiratory volume at one second (F.E.V.1) were made prior to therapy; at the beginning and end of the split; upon completion of therapy; and thereafter at 1, 2, and 6 months post therapy. The percentage changes in V.C. and F.E.V.1 from pretreatment values are plotted against time. A trend to improve throughout the treatment course is suggested by these results. Twelve patients have been studied at six-month follow-up: eight of the patients showed less than a 10% reduction from pretreatment V.C. and F.E.V.1 and had no respiratory impairment; of the other four patients, three had evidence of progression of disease in the thorax.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary function of split-course radiation therapy for carcinoma of the lung. A group of patients treated with radiation therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma were evaluated with serial pulmonary function testing. The patients were treated with a split-course technique with 60-Cobalt. A total of 30 patients with unresectable carcinoma have been studied. Measurements of vital capacity (V.C.) and forced expiratory volume at one second (F.E.V.1) were made prior to therapy; at the beginning and end of the split; upon completion of therapy; and thereafter at 1, 2, and 6 months post therapy. The percentage changes in V.C. and F.E.V.1 from pretreatment values are plotted against time. A trend to improve throughout the treatment course is suggested by these results. Twelve patients have been studied at six-month follow-up: eight of the patients showed less than a 10% reduction from pretreatment V.C. and F.E.V.1 and had no respiratory impairment; of the other four patients, three had evidence of progression of disease in the thorax.", "PMID": 644180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1838", "title": "Renal blood flow changes following mannitol infusion.", "content": "The effect of mannitol infusion on the renal physiology, was evaluated in experimental animals and in man. In animals plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were determined by the PAH extraction and by the innulin clearance technique. In patients renal blood flow measurements were carried out using the Xenon133 washout technique. Baseline studies were obtained and repeated following the intravenous infusion of 20% mannitol. A significant increase in total renal blood flow could be demonstrated in experimental animals, but only a minimal increase of total flow was demonstrated in man following the infusion of mannitol. This observation suggests that the diuretic effect of mannitol is very likely due to the osmotic effect in the tubule causing increased interstitial renal pressure rather than by an increase of actual renal blood flow. This observation is supported by the clinical experience that mannitol remains a powerful diuretic in even hypotensive patients with low renal blood flow.", "contents": "Renal blood flow changes following mannitol infusion. The effect of mannitol infusion on the renal physiology, was evaluated in experimental animals and in man. In animals plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were determined by the PAH extraction and by the innulin clearance technique. In patients renal blood flow measurements were carried out using the Xenon133 washout technique. Baseline studies were obtained and repeated following the intravenous infusion of 20% mannitol. A significant increase in total renal blood flow could be demonstrated in experimental animals, but only a minimal increase of total flow was demonstrated in man following the infusion of mannitol. This observation suggests that the diuretic effect of mannitol is very likely due to the osmotic effect in the tubule causing increased interstitial renal pressure rather than by an increase of actual renal blood flow. This observation is supported by the clinical experience that mannitol remains a powerful diuretic in even hypotensive patients with low renal blood flow.", "PMID": 644181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1839", "title": "Pneumothorax in sarcoidosis.", "content": "We have observed four patients with sarcoidosis who developed pneumothorax. In one of the patients who had a thoracotomy, non-caseating granulomata were seen to be extensively involving the pleura. The patient had five episodes of spontaneous pneumothorax involving both lungs before and after surgery. Such episodes were not observed following insititution of corticosteroid therapy. Whether pneumothorax and sarcoidosis are two independent processes occurring in the same individual or whether the pneumothorax is causally related to the sarcoidosis has not been determined. The fact that the sarcoidosis is usually very extensive before pneumothroax develops would suggest the latter. Rupture of emphysematous blebs or necrosis of subpleural sarcoid tubercles have been proposed as the mechanisms of pneumothorax in sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Pneumothorax in sarcoidosis. We have observed four patients with sarcoidosis who developed pneumothorax. In one of the patients who had a thoracotomy, non-caseating granulomata were seen to be extensively involving the pleura. The patient had five episodes of spontaneous pneumothorax involving both lungs before and after surgery. Such episodes were not observed following insititution of corticosteroid therapy. Whether pneumothorax and sarcoidosis are two independent processes occurring in the same individual or whether the pneumothorax is causally related to the sarcoidosis has not been determined. The fact that the sarcoidosis is usually very extensive before pneumothroax develops would suggest the latter. Rupture of emphysematous blebs or necrosis of subpleural sarcoid tubercles have been proposed as the mechanisms of pneumothorax in sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 644182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1840", "title": "[Plummer-Vinson syndrome].", "content": "The Plummer-Vinson syndrome is very uncommon in Latin America. Four cases showing the clinical-radiological and hematological features of this syndrome are described. Three cases were treated with esophageal dilatation and Ferro therapy. The radiological evaluation may show deformities in the faringo-esophageal lumen other than the esophageal webs, such as hypertrophy of the cricopharingeal sphincter and of the retrocricoid venous plexus as well as the demonstration of esophageal webs in the patients without symptoms or signs of the Plummer Vinson Syndrome.", "contents": "[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]. The Plummer-Vinson syndrome is very uncommon in Latin America. Four cases showing the clinical-radiological and hematological features of this syndrome are described. Three cases were treated with esophageal dilatation and Ferro therapy. The radiological evaluation may show deformities in the faringo-esophageal lumen other than the esophageal webs, such as hypertrophy of the cricopharingeal sphincter and of the retrocricoid venous plexus as well as the demonstration of esophageal webs in the patients without symptoms or signs of the Plummer Vinson Syndrome.", "PMID": 644183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1841", "title": "Unusual complications of renal cyst puncture.", "content": "The authors present a case of subcapsular hematoma with compromise of renal function and a case of arteriovenous communication as two infrequent complications of renal cyst puncture.", "contents": "Unusual complications of renal cyst puncture. The authors present a case of subcapsular hematoma with compromise of renal function and a case of arteriovenous communication as two infrequent complications of renal cyst puncture.", "PMID": 644184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1842", "title": "Non-invasive estimation of male bladder retention.", "content": "Using opaque solution of varying amounts instilled in bladders already having indwelling catheters, radiographs were made by a standard technique. From a number of those showing the most common bladder contour (globoid, without distortion) an average was obtained and tracings of actual size made to form templates. This seems to compare favorably to other methods in accuracy and is quite superior in speed of estimating residuals after voiding, without invasion.", "contents": "Non-invasive estimation of male bladder retention. Using opaque solution of varying amounts instilled in bladders already having indwelling catheters, radiographs were made by a standard technique. From a number of those showing the most common bladder contour (globoid, without distortion) an average was obtained and tracings of actual size made to form templates. This seems to compare favorably to other methods in accuracy and is quite superior in speed of estimating residuals after voiding, without invasion.", "PMID": 644185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1843", "title": "The circumaortic left renal vein report of two cases diagnosed by renal venography.", "content": "The venographic appearance of the left circumaortic renal vein is described. This developmental abnormality is more common than may be evident from the radiological literature and awareness of its existance is important in the interpretation of the inferior vena cavogram and also for proper placement of the sampling catheter in renal vein renin collections.", "contents": "The circumaortic left renal vein report of two cases diagnosed by renal venography. The venographic appearance of the left circumaortic renal vein is described. This developmental abnormality is more common than may be evident from the radiological literature and awareness of its existance is important in the interpretation of the inferior vena cavogram and also for proper placement of the sampling catheter in renal vein renin collections.", "PMID": 644186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1844", "title": "[Combined use of iodine 123 and technetium 99m pertechnetate in a recurring struma ovarii].", "content": "A case of ovaric strauma diagnosed with combine use of I123 and tecnesium 99m pertecnetate is presented. We believe that I123 is more useful than I131 for the detection of ectopic thyroid tissue.", "contents": "[Combined use of iodine 123 and technetium 99m pertechnetate in a recurring struma ovarii]. A case of ovaric strauma diagnosed with combine use of I123 and tecnesium 99m pertecnetate is presented. We believe that I123 is more useful than I131 for the detection of ectopic thyroid tissue.", "PMID": 644187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1845", "title": "[Comparison between computer tomography and ultrasound in abdominal and renal growing and displacing processes (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages and limitations of both methods are analyzed and compared. The comparison is effected on the basis of the present standard of equipment. The results obtained with both methods are demonstrated by means of the example of frequent epigastric diseases. Despite the still limited number of patients examined simultaneously both by ultrasound and computer tomography, it seems that the sensitivity of both methods in case of growing and displacing processes in the epigastric or renal regions, does not differ greatly. A comparison of the specificity of both methods will be effected only after a large number of patients has been examined by both methods at the same time.", "contents": "[Comparison between computer tomography and ultrasound in abdominal and renal growing and displacing processes (author's transl)]. The advantages and limitations of both methods are analyzed and compared. The comparison is effected on the basis of the present standard of equipment. The results obtained with both methods are demonstrated by means of the example of frequent epigastric diseases. Despite the still limited number of patients examined simultaneously both by ultrasound and computer tomography, it seems that the sensitivity of both methods in case of growing and displacing processes in the epigastric or renal regions, does not differ greatly. A comparison of the specificity of both methods will be effected only after a large number of patients has been examined by both methods at the same time.", "PMID": 644191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1846", "title": "[Extension of thoracal diagnostics through computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The utilization of transverse layers in computer tomography opens up a new level of examination for localization of pathologic processes in the thorax and their spread. The good resolution of roentgen absorption differences in the soft parts enables the use of computer tomography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusions and for further differentiation of known mediastinal growing and displacing processes. This method is also suitable for the identification of aneurysms, since it is not invasive and places hardly any strain on the patient. Finally, computer tomography can also be used for radiotherapy and operation planning, as well as in target biopsy on account of the true-to-scale and reproducible image of the body cross-sections.", "contents": "[Extension of thoracal diagnostics through computer tomography (author's transl)]. The utilization of transverse layers in computer tomography opens up a new level of examination for localization of pathologic processes in the thorax and their spread. The good resolution of roentgen absorption differences in the soft parts enables the use of computer tomography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusions and for further differentiation of known mediastinal growing and displacing processes. This method is also suitable for the identification of aneurysms, since it is not invasive and places hardly any strain on the patient. Finally, computer tomography can also be used for radiotherapy and operation planning, as well as in target biopsy on account of the true-to-scale and reproducible image of the body cross-sections.", "PMID": 644192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1847", "title": "[Endobrachyesophagus (Barrett's syndrome)--a not sufficiently familiar disease pattern (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of endobrachyesophagus (Barrett's Syndrome) which is little known among radiologists, is described, taking the authors' own observations into account. As soon as the complications leading to clinically manifest complaints occur, consisting of high or centrally positioned peptic stenosis and/or ulceration, diagnosis can be established by means of the usually characteristic findings when a barium sulfate contrast medium is made to pass through the esophagus. Endoscopic-bioptic exploration of the esophagus is mandatory to verify the diagnosis, and, in particular, to exclude any malignant process, the more so since malignant degeneration of cylindrical cell metaplasia, on which endobrachesophagus is based, must be reckoned with in up to 10% of the cases.", "contents": "[Endobrachyesophagus (Barrett's syndrome)--a not sufficiently familiar disease pattern (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of endobrachyesophagus (Barrett's Syndrome) which is little known among radiologists, is described, taking the authors' own observations into account. As soon as the complications leading to clinically manifest complaints occur, consisting of high or centrally positioned peptic stenosis and/or ulceration, diagnosis can be established by means of the usually characteristic findings when a barium sulfate contrast medium is made to pass through the esophagus. Endoscopic-bioptic exploration of the esophagus is mandatory to verify the diagnosis, and, in particular, to exclude any malignant process, the more so since malignant degeneration of cylindrical cell metaplasia, on which endobrachesophagus is based, must be reckoned with in up to 10% of the cases.", "PMID": 644193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1848", "title": "[Recurrency in primary duodenal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "18 months after the operation (duodenectomy and partial pancreatectomy) a tumor recurrency is observed in a 64 years old patient with primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum. The roentgen diagnostic shows a partial destruction of the upper jejunal loops combined with a free passage.", "contents": "[Recurrency in primary duodenal carcinoma (author's transl)]. 18 months after the operation (duodenectomy and partial pancreatectomy) a tumor recurrency is observed in a 64 years old patient with primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum. The roentgen diagnostic shows a partial destruction of the upper jejunal loops combined with a free passage.", "PMID": 644194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1849", "title": "[About the angiographic diagnosis of intestinal carcinoids (author's transl)].", "content": "Using two angiographically well documented cases the angiomorphological features of intestinal carcinoid tumors are described. One case is a carcinoid of the terminal ileum with hepatic metastases, the other case a cecal carcinoid without distant metastases. The primary tumor of the second case is strikingly hypervascular--most primary carcinoid tumors heretofore described in literature were hypovascular. In both cases is the mesentery afflicted in the typical manner indicating spread to local lymph nodes. By reviewing the literature the pathophysiologic mechanisms causing the anatomic changes are explained.", "contents": "[About the angiographic diagnosis of intestinal carcinoids (author's transl)]. Using two angiographically well documented cases the angiomorphological features of intestinal carcinoid tumors are described. One case is a carcinoid of the terminal ileum with hepatic metastases, the other case a cecal carcinoid without distant metastases. The primary tumor of the second case is strikingly hypervascular--most primary carcinoid tumors heretofore described in literature were hypovascular. In both cases is the mesentery afflicted in the typical manner indicating spread to local lymph nodes. By reviewing the literature the pathophysiologic mechanisms causing the anatomic changes are explained.", "PMID": 644195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1850", "title": "[Cholangiography and diuretics (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrast media intended for use in cholangiography are partly eliminated heterotropically via the kidneys. This can create difficulties in properly evaluating a cholangiogram. To overcome this problem, other protections are used, especially tomography (2, 3, 4, 5). This paper discusses of a third possibility, namely, whether the contrast medium in the renal calyces can be diluted by means of a diuretic, and so eliminated as a disturbing factor. The condition for this is, however, that excretion of the contrast medium via the bile ducts is not influenced in any way. This problem is investigated both experimentally and by means of a clinical study.", "contents": "[Cholangiography and diuretics (author's transl)]. Contrast media intended for use in cholangiography are partly eliminated heterotropically via the kidneys. This can create difficulties in properly evaluating a cholangiogram. To overcome this problem, other protections are used, especially tomography (2, 3, 4, 5). This paper discusses of a third possibility, namely, whether the contrast medium in the renal calyces can be diluted by means of a diuretic, and so eliminated as a disturbing factor. The condition for this is, however, that excretion of the contrast medium via the bile ducts is not influenced in any way. This problem is investigated both experimentally and by means of a clinical study.", "PMID": 644196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1851", "title": "[Mammographic mass examinations for breast cancer among rural population selected via physical examination and epidemiologic questionnaire (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on their four years' experience in oncologic mass examinations focused on the age group above 30. After 43980 serial examinations, they performed mammography in 3082 women with mammary cancer risk. 156 operations were performed, and 33 histologically established cases of mammary carcinoma were recorded, with 21 early-stage cases. Of 21 occult tumors, 18 did not manifest any metastases. Thanks to the epidemiologic questionnaire, 10 mammary cancer patients were registered. The score of confirmed findings exceeded quantitatively, and, especially, qualitatively, the mammary carcinoma morbidity of the region. The results prove the feasibility of the combined method. The major part of the population did not appear for mass examination. The advanced stage of the 55 cases of breast cancer belonging to this group, as well as that of the 10 cases of which became manifest during the examination interval, would indicate that much is to be said for a more effective health promotion campaign among the population.", "contents": "[Mammographic mass examinations for breast cancer among rural population selected via physical examination and epidemiologic questionnaire (author's transl)]. The authors report on their four years' experience in oncologic mass examinations focused on the age group above 30. After 43980 serial examinations, they performed mammography in 3082 women with mammary cancer risk. 156 operations were performed, and 33 histologically established cases of mammary carcinoma were recorded, with 21 early-stage cases. Of 21 occult tumors, 18 did not manifest any metastases. Thanks to the epidemiologic questionnaire, 10 mammary cancer patients were registered. The score of confirmed findings exceeded quantitatively, and, especially, qualitatively, the mammary carcinoma morbidity of the region. The results prove the feasibility of the combined method. The major part of the population did not appear for mass examination. The advanced stage of the 55 cases of breast cancer belonging to this group, as well as that of the 10 cases of which became manifest during the examination interval, would indicate that much is to be said for a more effective health promotion campaign among the population.", "PMID": 644197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1852", "title": "[Synoviorthesis of the knee using osmic acid: apropos of 61 injections].", "content": "The authors report their experience of 61 injections of osmic acid into the knee during the course of rheumatoid polyarthritis. The results stated to be very good and good, are classified by the disappearance of pain, swelling and stiffness, or a improvement in any one of these criteria. As observed in 67% of cases at the third month the result following changed with time. While these favourable results persisted into the fifth month, there was a remarkable maintenance of them to the 30th month in those patients who it was able to follow so long. The most distinct and lasting results were seen in those joints which showed the least radiological change. Tolerance of the injection of osmic acid was satisfactory apart from several painful reactions which improved in the 24 hours following injection. Two cases of thrombo-phlebitis were seen and one case of rupture of the synovium. If the results obtained with osmic acid appear less impressive than those obtained with isotopes, the simplicity of the method attracts attention as it needs no complicated equipment and is applicable to young invalids.", "contents": "[Synoviorthesis of the knee using osmic acid: apropos of 61 injections]. The authors report their experience of 61 injections of osmic acid into the knee during the course of rheumatoid polyarthritis. The results stated to be very good and good, are classified by the disappearance of pain, swelling and stiffness, or a improvement in any one of these criteria. As observed in 67% of cases at the third month the result following changed with time. While these favourable results persisted into the fifth month, there was a remarkable maintenance of them to the 30th month in those patients who it was able to follow so long. The most distinct and lasting results were seen in those joints which showed the least radiological change. Tolerance of the injection of osmic acid was satisfactory apart from several painful reactions which improved in the 24 hours following injection. Two cases of thrombo-phlebitis were seen and one case of rupture of the synovium. If the results obtained with osmic acid appear less impressive than those obtained with isotopes, the simplicity of the method attracts attention as it needs no complicated equipment and is applicable to young invalids.", "PMID": 644233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1853", "title": "[Anatomopathological introduction to the study of chondrocalcinosis].", "content": "Although the macroscopic aspects of chondrocalcinosis easily permit diagnosis, the morphological analysis of the basic lesion--the crystalline microgeode--raises the problem of the relationship between chondrocalcinosis and the chondrocyte lodge and arthrotic lesions. According to studies with the optical and electron microscope, the crystalline precipitate of calcium pyrophosphate in the basic cartilaginous substance always appears distinct from the chondrocytes, but in its vicinity the chondrocytes are often altered by degenerative lesions. There appears to be no relationship between arthrosis and chondrocalcinosis of frequency alone is considered.", "contents": "[Anatomopathological introduction to the study of chondrocalcinosis]. Although the macroscopic aspects of chondrocalcinosis easily permit diagnosis, the morphological analysis of the basic lesion--the crystalline microgeode--raises the problem of the relationship between chondrocalcinosis and the chondrocyte lodge and arthrotic lesions. According to studies with the optical and electron microscope, the crystalline precipitate of calcium pyrophosphate in the basic cartilaginous substance always appears distinct from the chondrocytes, but in its vicinity the chondrocytes are often altered by degenerative lesions. There appears to be no relationship between arthrosis and chondrocalcinosis of frequency alone is considered.", "PMID": 644234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1854", "title": "[Study of 108 cases of cervico-brachial neuralgia: the concepts of idiopathic cervico-brachial neuralgia and cervico-arthrotic cervico-brachial neuralgia].", "content": "On the basis of a series of 108 cases of cervicobrachial neuralgia a study was made of the clinical characteristics, circumstances of appearance, associated neurological signs, sequelae, relapses, and aetiologies of these observations. This series permits consideration of the aetiopathogenesis of cervicobrachial neuralgias of rheumatic origin from a new angle. The disco-osteophytic nodule does not appear to play the role classically attributed to it. Three forms are distinguished: idiopathic cervicobrachial neuralgia of transient occurrence with a cyclic duration and little tendency to recurrence and not related to concomitant arthrotic lesions; long-term cervicobrachial neuralgia lasting more than 20 weeks and always requiring a search for narrow canal and root anomaly -sometimes the form of onset of cervicarthrotic myelopathies; cervico brachialgia caused by cervicarthrosis seen after the age of 60 and consisting of projected pain rather than true cervicobrachial neuralgia, often recurrent.", "contents": "[Study of 108 cases of cervico-brachial neuralgia: the concepts of idiopathic cervico-brachial neuralgia and cervico-arthrotic cervico-brachial neuralgia]. On the basis of a series of 108 cases of cervicobrachial neuralgia a study was made of the clinical characteristics, circumstances of appearance, associated neurological signs, sequelae, relapses, and aetiologies of these observations. This series permits consideration of the aetiopathogenesis of cervicobrachial neuralgias of rheumatic origin from a new angle. The disco-osteophytic nodule does not appear to play the role classically attributed to it. Three forms are distinguished: idiopathic cervicobrachial neuralgia of transient occurrence with a cyclic duration and little tendency to recurrence and not related to concomitant arthrotic lesions; long-term cervicobrachial neuralgia lasting more than 20 weeks and always requiring a search for narrow canal and root anomaly -sometimes the form of onset of cervicarthrotic myelopathies; cervico brachialgia caused by cervicarthrosis seen after the age of 60 and consisting of projected pain rather than true cervicobrachial neuralgia, often recurrent.", "PMID": 644235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1855", "title": "[Articular chondrocalcinosis after 80 years of age].", "content": "In 108 women over 80 (mean age 88,4 years, extremes 80 and 99 years) hospitalized in a geriatric service for various reasons, radiograms were made of both knees in the frontal aspect on standard film to detect calcinosis of the meniscus and chondrocalcinosis of the joint. In 25 women (23.1%) the radiographs revealed calcinosis of the meniscus with or without chondrocalcinosis. In these 25 cases a lateral X-ray was also made of the two knees, frontal X-rays were made of the pelvis, thumbs and shoulders. In 22 cases (88%) these revealed calcification of the fibrocartilages or articular cartilages in joints other than the knee. Seven of the 25 women had at least one attack of articular inflammation (especially of the knee) resembling a pseudo-gout crisis. The frequency of chronic arthropathies resembling arthroses was high in the 25 patients with chondrocalcinosis: 8 (32%) had an internal or external femoro-tibial arthrosis, as against 11 of the 83 patients (13%) of the same age without chondrocalcinosis, a significant difference. Eleven of the 25 women had signs of femororotular arthrosis on the lateral X-rays of the knees, 5 had coxarthrosis (with in 3 cases a radiological image of fibrocartilaginous or coxofemoral cartilaginous calcification). One women had chronic radiocarpal arthropathy evocative or chondrocalcinosis. Ten had a scaphotrapezoidal arthrosis, 5 arthrosis of the shoulder, 3 with radiological aspect of glenohumeral chondrocalcinosis.", "contents": "[Articular chondrocalcinosis after 80 years of age]. In 108 women over 80 (mean age 88,4 years, extremes 80 and 99 years) hospitalized in a geriatric service for various reasons, radiograms were made of both knees in the frontal aspect on standard film to detect calcinosis of the meniscus and chondrocalcinosis of the joint. In 25 women (23.1%) the radiographs revealed calcinosis of the meniscus with or without chondrocalcinosis. In these 25 cases a lateral X-ray was also made of the two knees, frontal X-rays were made of the pelvis, thumbs and shoulders. In 22 cases (88%) these revealed calcification of the fibrocartilages or articular cartilages in joints other than the knee. Seven of the 25 women had at least one attack of articular inflammation (especially of the knee) resembling a pseudo-gout crisis. The frequency of chronic arthropathies resembling arthroses was high in the 25 patients with chondrocalcinosis: 8 (32%) had an internal or external femoro-tibial arthrosis, as against 11 of the 83 patients (13%) of the same age without chondrocalcinosis, a significant difference. Eleven of the 25 women had signs of femororotular arthrosis on the lateral X-rays of the knees, 5 had coxarthrosis (with in 3 cases a radiological image of fibrocartilaginous or coxofemoral cartilaginous calcification). One women had chronic radiocarpal arthropathy evocative or chondrocalcinosis. Ten had a scaphotrapezoidal arthrosis, 5 arthrosis of the shoulder, 3 with radiological aspect of glenohumeral chondrocalcinosis.", "PMID": 644241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1856", "title": "[Dorsal medullary compression in vertebral hyperostosis].", "content": "The authors present two observations of dorsal medullary compression by intraspinal benign osseous proliferations developing in subjects who present with anterior vertebral hyperostosis. In the second observation operative intervention confirmed the site and nature of the lesion. The authors have researched the same radiological findings in other cases of vertebral hyperostosis. They describe the lesions which are of considerable practical importance as they are able to injure the spinal cord and the nerve roots, resulting in a hyperostotic dorsal myelopathy. All unexplained paraplegias should be investigated for such lesions by meticulous tomographic studies.", "contents": "[Dorsal medullary compression in vertebral hyperostosis]. The authors present two observations of dorsal medullary compression by intraspinal benign osseous proliferations developing in subjects who present with anterior vertebral hyperostosis. In the second observation operative intervention confirmed the site and nature of the lesion. The authors have researched the same radiological findings in other cases of vertebral hyperostosis. They describe the lesions which are of considerable practical importance as they are able to injure the spinal cord and the nerve roots, resulting in a hyperostotic dorsal myelopathy. All unexplained paraplegias should be investigated for such lesions by meticulous tomographic studies.", "PMID": 644242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1857", "title": "[Reflex algodystrophy of the lower limbs during pregnancy].", "content": "Four cases of neurotrophic rheumatism during the course of pregnancy are reported. Observations in 9 cases from the literature allowed the isolation of the principal features of this sort of algodystrophy. It occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy, attacking usually and almost exclusively the lower limbs, especially the left hip. There is rapid resolution after delivery, occasionally preceded by a rebound in the post-partum period. Responsability of pregnancy as the cause of the neurotrophic rheumatism is not in much doubt. It apparently arises from a shift of mechanical factors linked with the uterine enlargement which without doubt causes pressure of the pelvic sympathetics.", "contents": "[Reflex algodystrophy of the lower limbs during pregnancy]. Four cases of neurotrophic rheumatism during the course of pregnancy are reported. Observations in 9 cases from the literature allowed the isolation of the principal features of this sort of algodystrophy. It occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy, attacking usually and almost exclusively the lower limbs, especially the left hip. There is rapid resolution after delivery, occasionally preceded by a rebound in the post-partum period. Responsability of pregnancy as the cause of the neurotrophic rheumatism is not in much doubt. It apparently arises from a shift of mechanical factors linked with the uterine enlargement which without doubt causes pressure of the pelvic sympathetics.", "PMID": 644243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1858", "title": "[Pyrithioxine a new basic treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis: initial study of 72 cases with a 6-month follow-up].", "content": "Pyrithioxine has certain chemical resemblances to penicillamine and is used as original treatment in a series of 72 cases of rheumatoid arthritis over a period of six months in a dose of 600 mgs daily. Results were favourable in 63% of cases with important lowering of the articular index, return to normal of the sedimentation rate and less frequently a reversal of the Waaler-Rose reaction. Secondary complications were essentially muco-cutaneous, sometimes gastric and necessitated stopping treatment in 15% of cases. No other serious side effect has been observed. When compared with penicillamine pyrithioxine would appear less efficacious but better tolerated. The usefulness of this new medicament in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis needs to be further explored.", "contents": "[Pyrithioxine a new basic treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis: initial study of 72 cases with a 6-month follow-up]. Pyrithioxine has certain chemical resemblances to penicillamine and is used as original treatment in a series of 72 cases of rheumatoid arthritis over a period of six months in a dose of 600 mgs daily. Results were favourable in 63% of cases with important lowering of the articular index, return to normal of the sedimentation rate and less frequently a reversal of the Waaler-Rose reaction. Secondary complications were essentially muco-cutaneous, sometimes gastric and necessitated stopping treatment in 15% of cases. No other serious side effect has been observed. When compared with penicillamine pyrithioxine would appear less efficacious but better tolerated. The usefulness of this new medicament in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis needs to be further explored.", "PMID": 644244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1859", "title": "Platelet production in hypoxic and RBC-transfused mice.", "content": "Platelet production rates were studied in hypoxic, red blood cell (RBC) transfused, and normal mice. In addition, platelet depletion was induced in some of the mice by injection of rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS) to stimulate platelet production. Hypoxia alone caused an increase in haematocrit and platelet count at 1-3 d, followed by a decrease in platelet counts to below normal values at 6-7 d. On the otherhand, RBC transfusion caused increase haematocrit and decreased platelet count of mice at 1-4 d, with a return of platelet counts to normal by 5-6 d. Normal mice and mice transfused with RBC responded to platelet depletion with rebound-thrombocytosis with maximum platelet production 3-5 d later and elevated platelet counts on days 5-6. However, platelet production in platelet-depleted mice exposed to hypoxia was less marked, and platelet counts did not reach normal levels. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that hypoxia causes thrombocytopenia by stem cell competition between erythroid and megakaryocytic cell lines and/or inhibition of thrombopoietin production.", "contents": "Platelet production in hypoxic and RBC-transfused mice. Platelet production rates were studied in hypoxic, red blood cell (RBC) transfused, and normal mice. In addition, platelet depletion was induced in some of the mice by injection of rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS) to stimulate platelet production. Hypoxia alone caused an increase in haematocrit and platelet count at 1-3 d, followed by a decrease in platelet counts to below normal values at 6-7 d. On the otherhand, RBC transfusion caused increase haematocrit and decreased platelet count of mice at 1-4 d, with a return of platelet counts to normal by 5-6 d. Normal mice and mice transfused with RBC responded to platelet depletion with rebound-thrombocytosis with maximum platelet production 3-5 d later and elevated platelet counts on days 5-6. However, platelet production in platelet-depleted mice exposed to hypoxia was less marked, and platelet counts did not reach normal levels. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that hypoxia causes thrombocytopenia by stem cell competition between erythroid and megakaryocytic cell lines and/or inhibition of thrombopoietin production.", "PMID": 644251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1860", "title": "Effect of phenytoin on DNA synthesis by human bone marrow.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) when incubated with human marrow interfered with the synthesis of deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) by those cells. This interference was dose related but was present at all concentrations, 25 microgram/ml to 100 microgram/ml. Cells unable to complete DNA synthesis would die in the marrow, lead to ineffective haemopoiesis and an increased folate requirement.", "contents": "Effect of phenytoin on DNA synthesis by human bone marrow. Diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) when incubated with human marrow interfered with the synthesis of deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) by those cells. This interference was dose related but was present at all concentrations, 25 microgram/ml to 100 microgram/ml. Cells unable to complete DNA synthesis would die in the marrow, lead to ineffective haemopoiesis and an increased folate requirement.", "PMID": 644253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1861", "title": "Serum ferritin in megaloblastic anaemia.", "content": "Serum ferritin concentrations have been estimated in 30 patients with untreated megaloblastic anaemia, 27 with Addisonian pernicious anaemia. A significant difference was found between the mean serum ferritin level of the 27 pernicious anaemia patients (330 microgram/1) and of 22 normal control subjects (164 microgram/1) (P less than 0.05 greater than 0.02). There was an inverse correlation between serum ferritin and Hb concentration in men with pernicious anaemia but not in women. Serum ferritin levels were lower in 10 of 13 patients studied after 24 h of vitamin B12 therapy and in all 13 studied at 48 h after therapy. The fall continued during the haematological response to therapy. It seems likely that serum ferritin reflects reticuloendothelial iron and the high levels in untreated megaloblastic anaemia are due to the shift in iron from Hb to reticuloendothelial stores. The wide variation in serum ferritin at any given Hb level presumably reflects variation in iron stores of the individual patient.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in megaloblastic anaemia. Serum ferritin concentrations have been estimated in 30 patients with untreated megaloblastic anaemia, 27 with Addisonian pernicious anaemia. A significant difference was found between the mean serum ferritin level of the 27 pernicious anaemia patients (330 microgram/1) and of 22 normal control subjects (164 microgram/1) (P less than 0.05 greater than 0.02). There was an inverse correlation between serum ferritin and Hb concentration in men with pernicious anaemia but not in women. Serum ferritin levels were lower in 10 of 13 patients studied after 24 h of vitamin B12 therapy and in all 13 studied at 48 h after therapy. The fall continued during the haematological response to therapy. It seems likely that serum ferritin reflects reticuloendothelial iron and the high levels in untreated megaloblastic anaemia are due to the shift in iron from Hb to reticuloendothelial stores. The wide variation in serum ferritin at any given Hb level presumably reflects variation in iron stores of the individual patient.", "PMID": 644254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1862", "title": "Activation of complement by stroma from normal and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria red cells.", "content": "Stroma from normal, AET-treated and PNH red cells and their KC1-extracts (partially purified on Sephadex G-200) are able to trigger the activation of the alternative complement pathway. This fact has been demonstrated by: 1 - the lysis of PNH cells incubated in serum treated with stroma from normal or PHN-RBC or with their extracts; the addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ or of their chelators (EDTA, EGTA) to the extract-treated serum enhances or abolishes the lysis 2 - the reduction of complement acitvity in fresh serum incubated for 60' with PNH-extract 3 - the appearance of C3 breakdown products in serum incubated with PNH-extract, demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In contrast, the same stroma (or extract) inhibits the sucrose lysis test, in which the lysis takes place through the classical complement pathway. No differences on the complement activation were observed between PNH and normal RBC stroma and between their chromatographic extracts. These findings may suggest the possible role of diurnal variation of Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentration in precipitating haemolytic attacks and the possibility that small amount of circulating red cell stroma might maintain the haemolysis on PNH RBC.", "contents": "Activation of complement by stroma from normal and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria red cells. Stroma from normal, AET-treated and PNH red cells and their KC1-extracts (partially purified on Sephadex G-200) are able to trigger the activation of the alternative complement pathway. This fact has been demonstrated by: 1 - the lysis of PNH cells incubated in serum treated with stroma from normal or PHN-RBC or with their extracts; the addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ or of their chelators (EDTA, EGTA) to the extract-treated serum enhances or abolishes the lysis 2 - the reduction of complement acitvity in fresh serum incubated for 60' with PNH-extract 3 - the appearance of C3 breakdown products in serum incubated with PNH-extract, demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In contrast, the same stroma (or extract) inhibits the sucrose lysis test, in which the lysis takes place through the classical complement pathway. No differences on the complement activation were observed between PNH and normal RBC stroma and between their chromatographic extracts. These findings may suggest the possible role of diurnal variation of Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentration in precipitating haemolytic attacks and the possibility that small amount of circulating red cell stroma might maintain the haemolysis on PNH RBC.", "PMID": 644255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1863", "title": "Prognostic value of in vitro bone marrow culture in refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts.", "content": "Bone marrow from 17 patients with refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts (RAEM) was cultured in methylcellulose semi-solid medium. Compared with normal bone marrow, 3 patterns of growth occurred corresponding with different clinical stages of the condition. Patients whose bone marrow grew normal colonies and those who produced a predominance of microclusters had the longest life expectance, while those who produced a predominance of macroclusters had the shortest life expectancy with a high rate of acute leukaemic transformation. Colony culture appears to be a useful prognostic tool in the condition.", "contents": "Prognostic value of in vitro bone marrow culture in refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts. Bone marrow from 17 patients with refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts (RAEM) was cultured in methylcellulose semi-solid medium. Compared with normal bone marrow, 3 patterns of growth occurred corresponding with different clinical stages of the condition. Patients whose bone marrow grew normal colonies and those who produced a predominance of microclusters had the longest life expectance, while those who produced a predominance of macroclusters had the shortest life expectancy with a high rate of acute leukaemic transformation. Colony culture appears to be a useful prognostic tool in the condition.", "PMID": 644256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1864", "title": "A description of an intensive treatment project for the rehabilitation of severely brain-injured soldiers.", "content": "Thirteen severely brain-injured veterans are currently participating in an intensive rehabilitation project. This is a one-year vocational rehabilitation project conducted 30 hours weekly in a therapeutic workshop environment, in which all aspects of the patient's rehabilitation needs are dealt with. The three major goals of this project are: (a) Changing and modifying the behavior of the individual through the use of psychotherapy, cognitive training, training in the use of prosthetic devices and vocational training; (b) creating a supportive environment within the project in which staff and patients live together for a few hours daily and where patients are treated in groups; (c) generalizing the therapeutic effects to the community at large. This includes work with the social environment of the patient: family, friends, employer and rehabilitation workers of the Ministry of Defense. Preliminary results indicate that considerable therapeutic gains could be achieved while the patient is in a sheltered therapeutic milieu. However, there is less success in generalizing these effects to the behavior of the patient outside the sheltered environment.", "contents": "A description of an intensive treatment project for the rehabilitation of severely brain-injured soldiers. Thirteen severely brain-injured veterans are currently participating in an intensive rehabilitation project. This is a one-year vocational rehabilitation project conducted 30 hours weekly in a therapeutic workshop environment, in which all aspects of the patient's rehabilitation needs are dealt with. The three major goals of this project are: (a) Changing and modifying the behavior of the individual through the use of psychotherapy, cognitive training, training in the use of prosthetic devices and vocational training; (b) creating a supportive environment within the project in which staff and patients live together for a few hours daily and where patients are treated in groups; (c) generalizing the therapeutic effects to the community at large. This includes work with the social environment of the patient: family, friends, employer and rehabilitation workers of the Ministry of Defense. Preliminary results indicate that considerable therapeutic gains could be achieved while the patient is in a sheltered therapeutic milieu. However, there is less success in generalizing these effects to the behavior of the patient outside the sheltered environment.", "PMID": 644257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1865", "title": "Brain lesion diagnosis by recording cochlear and brainstem responses to sound stimuli.", "content": "A technique has been developed for the recording of the cochlear action potential (electrocochleography) and the brainstem evoked responses to click stimuli by means of earlobe and scalp electrodes with an average response computer. This technique has already proved its usefulness in diagnosis of hearing loss. Since the brainstem responses are generated in the successive brainstem auditory nuclei and since the auditory nuclei and pathways constitute a relatively large volume of brainstem tissue, there is reason to believe that this same technique can also contribute to the diagnosis of brain stem lesions and their localization. When these recordings were made in patients with clinical signs of brain stem involvement, one (or more) of the usual response waves was smaller in amplitude, prolonged in latency, or completely absent. Recording of the cochlear and brainstem evoked potentials thus seems to be a new, simple and rapid tool for the diagnosis of brainstem lesions.", "contents": "Brain lesion diagnosis by recording cochlear and brainstem responses to sound stimuli. A technique has been developed for the recording of the cochlear action potential (electrocochleography) and the brainstem evoked responses to click stimuli by means of earlobe and scalp electrodes with an average response computer. This technique has already proved its usefulness in diagnosis of hearing loss. Since the brainstem responses are generated in the successive brainstem auditory nuclei and since the auditory nuclei and pathways constitute a relatively large volume of brainstem tissue, there is reason to believe that this same technique can also contribute to the diagnosis of brain stem lesions and their localization. When these recordings were made in patients with clinical signs of brain stem involvement, one (or more) of the usual response waves was smaller in amplitude, prolonged in latency, or completely absent. Recording of the cochlear and brainstem evoked potentials thus seems to be a new, simple and rapid tool for the diagnosis of brainstem lesions.", "PMID": 644258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1866", "title": "Recovery of communicative functions after prolonged traumatic coma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with prolonged coma after craniocerebral injury were observed for a year or more, and their communicative functions were evaluated. Nine of them showed a considerable degree of recovery, while 6 remained in a vegative state. Of the 9 with recovery, 6 showed complete recovery of semantic functions, while 3 remained with aphasic deficits. Eight out of these 9 remained dysarthric. Communicative recovery began as late as 5.7 months after injury, and it roughly paralleled recovery in locomotion and A.D.L. Restlessness and sweating were favorable prognostic factors. Excessive salivation, snout reflex, corneomandibular reflex, retractory nystagmus and stereotypic movements were unfavorable. The 8 patients who remained dysarthric showed marked diminution of their expiratory and inspiratory reserves, and of their forced vital capacity.", "contents": "Recovery of communicative functions after prolonged traumatic coma. Fifteen patients with prolonged coma after craniocerebral injury were observed for a year or more, and their communicative functions were evaluated. Nine of them showed a considerable degree of recovery, while 6 remained in a vegative state. Of the 9 with recovery, 6 showed complete recovery of semantic functions, while 3 remained with aphasic deficits. Eight out of these 9 remained dysarthric. Communicative recovery began as late as 5.7 months after injury, and it roughly paralleled recovery in locomotion and A.D.L. Restlessness and sweating were favorable prognostic factors. Excessive salivation, snout reflex, corneomandibular reflex, retractory nystagmus and stereotypic movements were unfavorable. The 8 patients who remained dysarthric showed marked diminution of their expiratory and inspiratory reserves, and of their forced vital capacity.", "PMID": 644259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1867", "title": "Brain evoked potential use in a physical medicine and rehabilitation setting.", "content": "The objective of this effort was to explore the use of evoked potential (EP) procedure on a head injury unit in a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The method employed both auditory and visual stimulation presented bilaterally to various patients. Recordings of the brain's responses to such stimulation were obtained. Results permitted evaluation of brain stem, subcortical and cortical functioning, ipsilaterally, contralaterally, and bilaterally. EP data provided useful information for patient assessment and rehabilitation planning for head injured patients--particularly for those who were unable to cooperate in their own examination.", "contents": "Brain evoked potential use in a physical medicine and rehabilitation setting. The objective of this effort was to explore the use of evoked potential (EP) procedure on a head injury unit in a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The method employed both auditory and visual stimulation presented bilaterally to various patients. Recordings of the brain's responses to such stimulation were obtained. Results permitted evaluation of brain stem, subcortical and cortical functioning, ipsilaterally, contralaterally, and bilaterally. EP data provided useful information for patient assessment and rehabilitation planning for head injured patients--particularly for those who were unable to cooperate in their own examination.", "PMID": 644260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1868", "title": "Very prolonged unresponsive state following brain injury.", "content": "A study was made of patients suffering from a prolonged unconscious state following brain injury from road accidents, cardiac arrest, falls and post-operative unconsciousness after cardiac surgery. Seventeen patients (Group A) were admitted to Harzfeld Hospital several months after the injury in a state of continued unresponsiveness; 6 others (Group B) were admitted because of rehabilitation potential despite unconsciousness, or because of behaviour difficulties in their rehabilitation. The duration of unresponsiveness ranged from 3 months to 4 years. Observation and follow-up showed late neurologic recovery after 1 year or more in 6 subjects as shown by ability to swallow, improved posture of the head or trunk, limb movement and increased awareness. Five of the Group B subjects were discharged, 4 in a markedly improved state. Eleven of 17 unresponsive subjects of Group A died, and 6 remain alive in hospital, 2 significantly improved. The duration of hospital care was 12.8 months in Harzfeld Hospital, and a total of 21.9 months from the time of injury. Those who still survive in hospital have now a mean stay of 50 months. Complications, and implications for treatment are described and the attitude thought appropriate to the management of these long-term patients in the face of their families is discussed in the light of our experience over 6 years.", "contents": "Very prolonged unresponsive state following brain injury. A study was made of patients suffering from a prolonged unconscious state following brain injury from road accidents, cardiac arrest, falls and post-operative unconsciousness after cardiac surgery. Seventeen patients (Group A) were admitted to Harzfeld Hospital several months after the injury in a state of continued unresponsiveness; 6 others (Group B) were admitted because of rehabilitation potential despite unconsciousness, or because of behaviour difficulties in their rehabilitation. The duration of unresponsiveness ranged from 3 months to 4 years. Observation and follow-up showed late neurologic recovery after 1 year or more in 6 subjects as shown by ability to swallow, improved posture of the head or trunk, limb movement and increased awareness. Five of the Group B subjects were discharged, 4 in a markedly improved state. Eleven of 17 unresponsive subjects of Group A died, and 6 remain alive in hospital, 2 significantly improved. The duration of hospital care was 12.8 months in Harzfeld Hospital, and a total of 21.9 months from the time of injury. Those who still survive in hospital have now a mean stay of 50 months. Complications, and implications for treatment are described and the attitude thought appropriate to the management of these long-term patients in the face of their families is discussed in the light of our experience over 6 years.", "PMID": 644261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1869", "title": "Eye movements in brain damaged patients.", "content": "Saccades, smooth movements and vergence were recorded in 28 patients with brain lesions using an infrared scleral reflexion technique. Large impairment in eye movement responses under visual feedback were recorded from the majority of the patients. The implication of these deficiencies on the vocational rehabilitation of the patients is discussed.", "contents": "Eye movements in brain damaged patients. Saccades, smooth movements and vergence were recorded in 28 patients with brain lesions using an infrared scleral reflexion technique. Large impairment in eye movement responses under visual feedback were recorded from the majority of the patients. The implication of these deficiencies on the vocational rehabilitation of the patients is discussed.", "PMID": 644262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1870", "title": "Cranio-cerebral injured patients: A psychiatric clinical description.", "content": "It seems possible to outline a relatively constant progression of psychiatric symptoms in the brain injured patient. Preliminary observations indicate that two sub-groups merit more extensive investigation: The group with frontal pathology, in which a more extensive trial of amphetamine seems justified, and the other group, with tubular vision, in which more thorough premorbid and postmorbid psycho-dynamic evolution would be of great value.", "contents": "Cranio-cerebral injured patients: A psychiatric clinical description. It seems possible to outline a relatively constant progression of psychiatric symptoms in the brain injured patient. Preliminary observations indicate that two sub-groups merit more extensive investigation: The group with frontal pathology, in which a more extensive trial of amphetamine seems justified, and the other group, with tubular vision, in which more thorough premorbid and postmorbid psycho-dynamic evolution would be of great value.", "PMID": 644263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1871", "title": "Long-term exposure to jet fuel. II. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed industrial workers with special reference to the nervous system.", "content": "Thirty jet fuel exposed workers selected according to exposure criteria and thirty nonexposed controls from a jet motor factory were examined, with special reference to the nervous system, by occupational hygiene physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurophysiologists. The controls and the exposed subjects were matched with respect to age, employment duration, and education. Among the exposed subjects the mean exposure duration was 17 years, and 300 mg/m3 was calculated as a rough time-weighted average exposure level. The investigation revealed significant differences between the exposed and nonexposed groups for (a) incidence and prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, (b) psychological tests with the load on attention and sensorimotor speed and (c) electroencephalograms. When the control group was selected, it was ensured that the two groups were essentially equivalent except for exposure to jet fuel. It is concluded, therefore, that the differences found between the groups are probably related to exposure to jet fuel.", "contents": "Long-term exposure to jet fuel. II. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed industrial workers with special reference to the nervous system. Thirty jet fuel exposed workers selected according to exposure criteria and thirty nonexposed controls from a jet motor factory were examined, with special reference to the nervous system, by occupational hygiene physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurophysiologists. The controls and the exposed subjects were matched with respect to age, employment duration, and education. Among the exposed subjects the mean exposure duration was 17 years, and 300 mg/m3 was calculated as a rough time-weighted average exposure level. The investigation revealed significant differences between the exposed and nonexposed groups for (a) incidence and prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, (b) psychological tests with the load on attention and sensorimotor speed and (c) electroencephalograms. When the control group was selected, it was ensured that the two groups were essentially equivalent except for exposure to jet fuel. It is concluded, therefore, that the differences found between the groups are probably related to exposure to jet fuel.", "PMID": 644265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1872", "title": "Mining, lung cancer and smoking.", "content": "Several studies have shown an increased lung cancer mortality among Swedish metal and iron ore miners, as probably caused by exposure to radon and its daughters. An earlier study of zinc-lead miners has been updated. The results show a 16-fold increase in lung cancer mortality. Surprisingly, nonsmokers were more apt to develop lung cancer than smokers, but the induction-latency time was about nine years shorter on the average for the smokers. An explanation for these findings might be that smoking increases the thickness of the mucus layer and therefore protects the bronchial epithelium from alpha radiation, but it also promotes the development of cancer once induced by the radiation.", "contents": "Mining, lung cancer and smoking. Several studies have shown an increased lung cancer mortality among Swedish metal and iron ore miners, as probably caused by exposure to radon and its daughters. An earlier study of zinc-lead miners has been updated. The results show a 16-fold increase in lung cancer mortality. Surprisingly, nonsmokers were more apt to develop lung cancer than smokers, but the induction-latency time was about nine years shorter on the average for the smokers. An explanation for these findings might be that smoking increases the thickness of the mucus layer and therefore protects the bronchial epithelium from alpha radiation, but it also promotes the development of cancer once induced by the radiation.", "PMID": 644266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1873", "title": "Exposure-response relationship between styrene exposure and central nervous functions.", "content": "For the study of the relationship between styrene exposure and symptoms and signs of central nervous dysfunctions, 98 male workers occupationally exposed to styrene were given clinical, neurophysiological and psychological examinations; also a symptom survey was made. Urinary mandelic acid concentrations, measured once a week during five consecutive weeks, were used to express the exposure intensity. Different unexposed groups were used for reference. No exposure-response relationship was observed between symptoms of ill health and the urinary mandelic acid concentration, although the exposed group as a whole expressed significantly more symptoms than the reference group. The occurrence of abnormal electroencephalograms was about 10% in the group of workers with mandelic acid concentrations below 700 mg/l, but it was 30% among those whose mandelic acid concentration exceeded 700 mg/l, a level corresponding to the 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) of styrene exposure of about 30 ppm. With regard to psychological functions, the first change in visuomotor accuracy became discernible when the urinary mandelic acid concentration exceeded 800 mg/l. A more pronounced decrement appeared in both visuomotor accuracy and psychomotor performance when the mandelic acid concentration exceeded 1,200 mg/l, which corresponds to an 8-h TWA of styrene exposure of about 55 ppm.", "contents": "Exposure-response relationship between styrene exposure and central nervous functions. For the study of the relationship between styrene exposure and symptoms and signs of central nervous dysfunctions, 98 male workers occupationally exposed to styrene were given clinical, neurophysiological and psychological examinations; also a symptom survey was made. Urinary mandelic acid concentrations, measured once a week during five consecutive weeks, were used to express the exposure intensity. Different unexposed groups were used for reference. No exposure-response relationship was observed between symptoms of ill health and the urinary mandelic acid concentration, although the exposed group as a whole expressed significantly more symptoms than the reference group. The occurrence of abnormal electroencephalograms was about 10% in the group of workers with mandelic acid concentrations below 700 mg/l, but it was 30% among those whose mandelic acid concentration exceeded 700 mg/l, a level corresponding to the 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) of styrene exposure of about 30 ppm. With regard to psychological functions, the first change in visuomotor accuracy became discernible when the urinary mandelic acid concentration exceeded 800 mg/l. A more pronounced decrement appeared in both visuomotor accuracy and psychomotor performance when the mandelic acid concentration exceeded 1,200 mg/l, which corresponds to an 8-h TWA of styrene exposure of about 55 ppm.", "PMID": 644267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1874", "title": "Exposure of rabbits to styrene. Electronystagmographic findings correlated to the styrene level in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Objective methods for critically evaluating the toxic effect of industrial solvents are highly desirable. As many of these solvents are suspected to cause vertigo, an animal experimental model was set up for studying the effects of solvents on the vestibular systems. The vestibular function was studied by registration of involuntary eye movements--nystagmus--which are elicited via central vestibulo-oculomotor connections. During exposure to styrene a so-called positional nystagmus was demonstrated that indicated vestibular disturbances. Nystagmus is normally elicited by rotatory acceleration. During exposure to styrene the direction of this rotatory nystagmus was reversed. The incidence of the positional nystagmus correlated well with the blood level of the solvent, measured by gas chromatography. Kinetic studies also demonstrated a rapid equilibration between the level of the solvent in arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and therefore suggested that estimation of the arterial level reliably indicates the level in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Exposure of rabbits to styrene. Electronystagmographic findings correlated to the styrene level in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Objective methods for critically evaluating the toxic effect of industrial solvents are highly desirable. As many of these solvents are suspected to cause vertigo, an animal experimental model was set up for studying the effects of solvents on the vestibular systems. The vestibular function was studied by registration of involuntary eye movements--nystagmus--which are elicited via central vestibulo-oculomotor connections. During exposure to styrene a so-called positional nystagmus was demonstrated that indicated vestibular disturbances. Nystagmus is normally elicited by rotatory acceleration. During exposure to styrene the direction of this rotatory nystagmus was reversed. The incidence of the positional nystagmus correlated well with the blood level of the solvent, measured by gas chromatography. Kinetic studies also demonstrated a rapid equilibration between the level of the solvent in arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and therefore suggested that estimation of the arterial level reliably indicates the level in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 644268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1875", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of solvent vapors in man.", "content": "It is known from industrial experience and experimental studies that percutaneous absorption of concentrated liquid solvents may be considerable and even hazardous if large enough areas of skin are exposed for long periods of time. Percutaneous penetration of xylene, styrene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene vapors at ambient air concentrations of 600 ppm for 3.5 h was studied in a dynamic exposure chamber with a restricted number of human volunteers. Although the small number of exposed persons precluded conclusive quantitation of absorption and valid intercompound comparisons, aromatic solvents and tetrachloroethylene appear to penetrate skin much more readily than 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Skin penetrating properties of solvents seem, under the circumstances, to be associated primarily with lipid solubility. It was approximated that percutaneous exposure (total body surface) to 600 ppm of xylene vapor for 3.5 h corresponded to an equally long inhalation exposure of less than 10 ppm. Similar percutaneous exposure to 1,1,1,-trichloroethane corresponded to an inhalation exposure of only 0.6 ppm. Disease-affected skin may display altered permeability characteristics, and one volunteer with atopic dermatitis exhibited a more than three times larger absorption of xylene vapor when compared to subjects with normal skin. It may be concluded that in the work environment percutaneous absorption of solvent vapors from the surrounding air through undamaged skin is likely to be insignificant.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of solvent vapors in man. It is known from industrial experience and experimental studies that percutaneous absorption of concentrated liquid solvents may be considerable and even hazardous if large enough areas of skin are exposed for long periods of time. Percutaneous penetration of xylene, styrene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene vapors at ambient air concentrations of 600 ppm for 3.5 h was studied in a dynamic exposure chamber with a restricted number of human volunteers. Although the small number of exposed persons precluded conclusive quantitation of absorption and valid intercompound comparisons, aromatic solvents and tetrachloroethylene appear to penetrate skin much more readily than 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Skin penetrating properties of solvents seem, under the circumstances, to be associated primarily with lipid solubility. It was approximated that percutaneous exposure (total body surface) to 600 ppm of xylene vapor for 3.5 h corresponded to an equally long inhalation exposure of less than 10 ppm. Similar percutaneous exposure to 1,1,1,-trichloroethane corresponded to an inhalation exposure of only 0.6 ppm. Disease-affected skin may display altered permeability characteristics, and one volunteer with atopic dermatitis exhibited a more than three times larger absorption of xylene vapor when compared to subjects with normal skin. It may be concluded that in the work environment percutaneous absorption of solvent vapors from the surrounding air through undamaged skin is likely to be insignificant.", "PMID": 644269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1876", "title": "[Prevention of myocardial infarct?].", "content": "Myocardial infarction remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in spite of the medical and surgical therapy currently available. Only the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis seems likely to modify this situation. Epidemiological studies have established hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking, among others, as risk factors. Based on these findings, it was hypothesized that control of these factors might diminish the risk. This hypothesis has been tested in man repeatedly over the past twenty years. Except as regards cigarette smoking, the results of the studies are ambiguous. Before advising the general public on measures of prevention, more data on the etiology of atherosclerosis are needed.", "contents": "[Prevention of myocardial infarct?]. Myocardial infarction remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in spite of the medical and surgical therapy currently available. Only the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis seems likely to modify this situation. Epidemiological studies have established hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking, among others, as risk factors. Based on these findings, it was hypothesized that control of these factors might diminish the risk. This hypothesis has been tested in man repeatedly over the past twenty years. Except as regards cigarette smoking, the results of the studies are ambiguous. Before advising the general public on measures of prevention, more data on the etiology of atherosclerosis are needed.", "PMID": 644271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1877", "title": "[Lymphocyte stimulation in various age groups].", "content": "The study of lymphocyte functions is of great significance for evaluation of the immune response. One of the most valuable assays being the mitogenic response of lymphocytes to different antigens or mitogens, the question of the extent to which lymphocyte response decreased with advancing age has been studied. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals aged 21 to 97 years were assayed for the blastogenic response to different mitogens. A significant age-dependent reduction of lymphocyte stimulation could be observed with two of the three mitogens tested. Since these mitogens in the concentrations used are mainly T lymphocyte stimulators, it can be concluded that an age-dependent reduction in T lymphocyte functions is present. These findings are not only of diagnostic significance but also have therapeutic implications for all geriatric diseases in which immunity may play a role. Furthermore, the experiments described show that the lymphocyte transformation assay with different mitogens is a simple reproducible assay which has its place in every routine evaluation of the immune response system.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte stimulation in various age groups]. The study of lymphocyte functions is of great significance for evaluation of the immune response. One of the most valuable assays being the mitogenic response of lymphocytes to different antigens or mitogens, the question of the extent to which lymphocyte response decreased with advancing age has been studied. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals aged 21 to 97 years were assayed for the blastogenic response to different mitogens. A significant age-dependent reduction of lymphocyte stimulation could be observed with two of the three mitogens tested. Since these mitogens in the concentrations used are mainly T lymphocyte stimulators, it can be concluded that an age-dependent reduction in T lymphocyte functions is present. These findings are not only of diagnostic significance but also have therapeutic implications for all geriatric diseases in which immunity may play a role. Furthermore, the experiments described show that the lymphocyte transformation assay with different mitogens is a simple reproducible assay which has its place in every routine evaluation of the immune response system.", "PMID": 644272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1878", "title": "[Smoking, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolar obstruction and bronchial carcinoma].", "content": "The case histories of 474 patients with lung cancer were screened. Chronic bronchitis was assumed to precede lung cancer if chronic cough and sputum had been present for more than five years. Daily consumption of cigarettes, cigars (= 5 cigarettes) or pipes (= 1 cigarette) and the number of pack-years were noted. FEV1 in percent of the slowly inspired vital capacity (FEV1 %VC) was regarded as a sensitive index for the degree of bronchial obstruction. Group 1 included 221 lung cancer patients with a clear history of preexisting chronic bronchitis. Group 2 included 175 cases without such history. Heavy smokers and severely obstructed patients were found more often in group 1 than in group 2 (p less than 0.0005). A lack of correlation was evident between smoking habits and FEV1 %VC when group 1 was fused with group 2: r= -0.071, p greater than 0.20. Indeed, light, heavy, and very heavy smokers were evenly distributed in group 1 among severely and slightly obstructed patients. However, in group 2 heavy and very heavy smokers were found more frequently in patients with slight bronchial obstruction than in patients with severe bronchial obstruction (p less than 0.01). It appears that an important subgroup of heavy and very heavy smokers with lung cancer are protected from chronic bronchitis as well as from bronchial obstruction. The reasons for this protection are not clear.", "contents": "[Smoking, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolar obstruction and bronchial carcinoma]. The case histories of 474 patients with lung cancer were screened. Chronic bronchitis was assumed to precede lung cancer if chronic cough and sputum had been present for more than five years. Daily consumption of cigarettes, cigars (= 5 cigarettes) or pipes (= 1 cigarette) and the number of pack-years were noted. FEV1 in percent of the slowly inspired vital capacity (FEV1 %VC) was regarded as a sensitive index for the degree of bronchial obstruction. Group 1 included 221 lung cancer patients with a clear history of preexisting chronic bronchitis. Group 2 included 175 cases without such history. Heavy smokers and severely obstructed patients were found more often in group 1 than in group 2 (p less than 0.0005). A lack of correlation was evident between smoking habits and FEV1 %VC when group 1 was fused with group 2: r= -0.071, p greater than 0.20. Indeed, light, heavy, and very heavy smokers were evenly distributed in group 1 among severely and slightly obstructed patients. However, in group 2 heavy and very heavy smokers were found more frequently in patients with slight bronchial obstruction than in patients with severe bronchial obstruction (p less than 0.01). It appears that an important subgroup of heavy and very heavy smokers with lung cancer are protected from chronic bronchitis as well as from bronchial obstruction. The reasons for this protection are not clear.", "PMID": 644273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1879", "title": "[The re-emergence of human rabies in Switzerland. A case history].", "content": "The circumstances, clinical symptoms, and outcome of a case of human rabies are reported. The disease was conveyed by a housecat. Since the report gave no cause for concern, antirabies vaccination was not considered to be necessary. After a delay of 157 days prodromi appeared and the patient was finally hospitalized 3 days later displaying signs of the encephalitic stage. After 2 days, the patient went into the paralytic stage; death occurred 3 days later due to refractory circulatory and respiratory failure. In endemic rabies areas such as Switzerland, human rabies may, as demonstrated by our case report, always sporadically occur. Rabies should be considered in cases of encephalitis or encephalitis-like syndromes.", "contents": "[The re-emergence of human rabies in Switzerland. A case history]. The circumstances, clinical symptoms, and outcome of a case of human rabies are reported. The disease was conveyed by a housecat. Since the report gave no cause for concern, antirabies vaccination was not considered to be necessary. After a delay of 157 days prodromi appeared and the patient was finally hospitalized 3 days later displaying signs of the encephalitic stage. After 2 days, the patient went into the paralytic stage; death occurred 3 days later due to refractory circulatory and respiratory failure. In endemic rabies areas such as Switzerland, human rabies may, as demonstrated by our case report, always sporadically occur. Rabies should be considered in cases of encephalitis or encephalitis-like syndromes.", "PMID": 644275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1880", "title": "[Rabies in a veterinarian].", "content": "A 57-year-old veterinary surgeon developed rabies 174 days after injury during an oral palpation of a rabid cow. He had been vaccinated prophylactically with Duck embryo vaccine several months before exposure but never had his serum antibody level controlled. He died 45 days later. The prodromal and encephalitic stage lasted 5 days each. Intensive supportive medical treatment was given from the beginning of the paralytic stage. The clinical course was complicated by progredient respiratory failure, diabetes insipidus, severe hypotension, and increase of intracranial pressure. The diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by rising antibody titers prior to the patient's death.", "contents": "[Rabies in a veterinarian]. A 57-year-old veterinary surgeon developed rabies 174 days after injury during an oral palpation of a rabid cow. He had been vaccinated prophylactically with Duck embryo vaccine several months before exposure but never had his serum antibody level controlled. He died 45 days later. The prodromal and encephalitic stage lasted 5 days each. Intensive supportive medical treatment was given from the beginning of the paralytic stage. The clinical course was complicated by progredient respiratory failure, diabetes insipidus, severe hypotension, and increase of intracranial pressure. The diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by rising antibody titers prior to the patient's death.", "PMID": 644276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1881", "title": "[Determination of antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: clinico-immunological correlations in 30 patients with myasthenia gravis].", "content": "In 30 patients with myasthenia gravis, serum assays were performed for antibodies to human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. 19 of 20 generalized forms which were symptomatic and 6 of 9 patients in remission at the time of blood sample had detectable amounts of antibodies. The six highest levels were found in benign courses. 2 patients had a five- and twofold drop in antibody level during rapid deterioration. Patients in remission after thymectomy may still have low to moderate levels, while symptomatic patients occasionally have no detectable antibody.", "contents": "[Determination of antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: clinico-immunological correlations in 30 patients with myasthenia gravis]. In 30 patients with myasthenia gravis, serum assays were performed for antibodies to human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. 19 of 20 generalized forms which were symptomatic and 6 of 9 patients in remission at the time of blood sample had detectable amounts of antibodies. The six highest levels were found in benign courses. 2 patients had a five- and twofold drop in antibody level during rapid deterioration. Patients in remission after thymectomy may still have low to moderate levels, while symptomatic patients occasionally have no detectable antibody.", "PMID": 644277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1882", "title": "[Effect of tetrabamate, phenobarbital and a small quantity of alcohol on certain perceptive-motor aspects in connection with automobile driving].", "content": "Studies have been conducted of the respective effects a dose of 300 mg tetrabamate administered daily for one week, of 45 mg phenobarbital also given daily for one week (tetrabamate contains 15% phenobarbital) and of a small amount of alcohol alone or associated with one or the other of these drugs. Several perceptual-motor components involved in the driving function have been measured by testing signal detection of threshold contrast under mesopic vision following glare and without glare, critical fusion frequency, perceptual-motor reaction pattern for simple reaction time or choice reaction time during which the different signals do not appear with the same probability, and perceptual style by means of the rod-and-frame test.", "contents": "[Effect of tetrabamate, phenobarbital and a small quantity of alcohol on certain perceptive-motor aspects in connection with automobile driving]. Studies have been conducted of the respective effects a dose of 300 mg tetrabamate administered daily for one week, of 45 mg phenobarbital also given daily for one week (tetrabamate contains 15% phenobarbital) and of a small amount of alcohol alone or associated with one or the other of these drugs. Several perceptual-motor components involved in the driving function have been measured by testing signal detection of threshold contrast under mesopic vision following glare and without glare, critical fusion frequency, perceptual-motor reaction pattern for simple reaction time or choice reaction time during which the different signals do not appear with the same probability, and perceptual style by means of the rod-and-frame test.", "PMID": 644278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1883", "title": "[The value of submaximal ergometer tests for the determination of physical fitness].", "content": "Maximal work endurance of heart and circulation measured by submaximal work load on an ergometer can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by means of the physical working capacity 170 (PWC 170) only in healthy individuals aged 30 years or below. Limitation of exercise by pulmonary factors does not appear to bias the results essentially. In healthy people aged 40 or over, the risk of miscalculating maximal working ability based on PWC 170 increases considerably despite maintenance of high statistical correlation to maximal work load. In patients with coronary heart disease, there is no statistical correlation between PWC 170 and maximal work load; therefore, symptom-limited ergometry is required in these patients. For the assessment of quality in follow-up tests, the watt-pulse at submaximal work load appears to be the most adequate parameter. It is recommended that submaximal tests be also carried out in a rectangular-triangular manner, for the purpose of comparison with symptom-limited tests and for evaluation of changes in the dynamics of pulse and blood pressure regulation.", "contents": "[The value of submaximal ergometer tests for the determination of physical fitness]. Maximal work endurance of heart and circulation measured by submaximal work load on an ergometer can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by means of the physical working capacity 170 (PWC 170) only in healthy individuals aged 30 years or below. Limitation of exercise by pulmonary factors does not appear to bias the results essentially. In healthy people aged 40 or over, the risk of miscalculating maximal working ability based on PWC 170 increases considerably despite maintenance of high statistical correlation to maximal work load. In patients with coronary heart disease, there is no statistical correlation between PWC 170 and maximal work load; therefore, symptom-limited ergometry is required in these patients. For the assessment of quality in follow-up tests, the watt-pulse at submaximal work load appears to be the most adequate parameter. It is recommended that submaximal tests be also carried out in a rectangular-triangular manner, for the purpose of comparison with symptom-limited tests and for evaluation of changes in the dynamics of pulse and blood pressure regulation.", "PMID": 644280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1884", "title": "[Hyperventilation and oxygen supply to the myocardium].", "content": "1. Voluntary hyperventilation during rest and in the recumbent position induces a fall in H+ concentration, PCO2 and PO2 in mixed venous blood and in the blood of the coronary sinus. 2. In 7 of 12 patients the arterio-venous O2 difference increased by more than 10% of the control value (mean increase 21%). At the same time the O2 extraction of the myocard increased (mean increase 17%) in these subjects. Blood pressure and pulse rate varied only slightly in these experiments. 3. Chest pain and angina pectoris due to hyperventilation are the result of impaired myocardial O2 supply, a finding which is valid for subjects with and without coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Hyperventilation and oxygen supply to the myocardium]. 1. Voluntary hyperventilation during rest and in the recumbent position induces a fall in H+ concentration, PCO2 and PO2 in mixed venous blood and in the blood of the coronary sinus. 2. In 7 of 12 patients the arterio-venous O2 difference increased by more than 10% of the control value (mean increase 21%). At the same time the O2 extraction of the myocard increased (mean increase 17%) in these subjects. Blood pressure and pulse rate varied only slightly in these experiments. 3. Chest pain and angina pectoris due to hyperventilation are the result of impaired myocardial O2 supply, a finding which is valid for subjects with and without coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 644281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1885", "title": "[A case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome combined with bilateral breast cancer, an adenocarcinoma of the cervix and ovarian genital cord neoplasms with annular tubules].", "content": "The clinico-pathological findings are presented in a case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with a bilateral mammary invasive ductal carcinoma, a well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma of the cervix and microscopic, bilateral ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules. The sex cord tumor with annular tubules was described in 1970 by SCULLY, who recognized its striking association with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Two cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix and another case of uterine adenocarcinoma of unspecified localization associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome were found in the literature. It is possible that women with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome run an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "contents": "[A case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome combined with bilateral breast cancer, an adenocarcinoma of the cervix and ovarian genital cord neoplasms with annular tubules]. The clinico-pathological findings are presented in a case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with a bilateral mammary invasive ductal carcinoma, a well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma of the cervix and microscopic, bilateral ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules. The sex cord tumor with annular tubules was described in 1970 by SCULLY, who recognized its striking association with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Two cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix and another case of uterine adenocarcinoma of unspecified localization associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome were found in the literature. It is possible that women with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome run an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "PMID": 644282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1886", "title": "[Electric stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain].", "content": "Electrical stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain, though an old method, has become very attractive again in the last ten years. The use of transcutaneous, percutaneous and implanted stimulating devices is discussed. Although the method is sometimes contested and the mechanism of action not yet clear, it can no longer be ignored. Even if the clinical successes are in the long run only limited, the application of the method must be considered. If only one in three or four patients is still painfree after a few years by the use of an implanted electrical stimulating device, it is a tremendous boon for this particular patient when all other kinds of conservative and surgical treatment have failed.", "contents": "[Electric stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain]. Electrical stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain, though an old method, has become very attractive again in the last ten years. The use of transcutaneous, percutaneous and implanted stimulating devices is discussed. Although the method is sometimes contested and the mechanism of action not yet clear, it can no longer be ignored. Even if the clinical successes are in the long run only limited, the application of the method must be considered. If only one in three or four patients is still painfree after a few years by the use of an implanted electrical stimulating device, it is a tremendous boon for this particular patient when all other kinds of conservative and surgical treatment have failed.", "PMID": 644283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1887", "title": "[The role of prevention of infectious diseases in health maintenance].", "content": "The prophylaxis of infectious diseases is one of the triumphs of medical science. In examining the role and the responsibility of the physician in this activity the author emphasizes the importance of fundamental research (in the laboratory and the clinic), the need to employ prophylactic measures which are known to be effective, and, finally, the obligation of individual physicians and organized medicine to assume responsibility for problems which extend beyond their national boundaries. The encouragement of preventive medicine depends, among other factors, upon the development of a strong personal relationship between patient and physician. The current system for the remuneration of physicians hinders this relationship instead of promoting it.", "contents": "[The role of prevention of infectious diseases in health maintenance]. The prophylaxis of infectious diseases is one of the triumphs of medical science. In examining the role and the responsibility of the physician in this activity the author emphasizes the importance of fundamental research (in the laboratory and the clinic), the need to employ prophylactic measures which are known to be effective, and, finally, the obligation of individual physicians and organized medicine to assume responsibility for problems which extend beyond their national boundaries. The encouragement of preventive medicine depends, among other factors, upon the development of a strong personal relationship between patient and physician. The current system for the remuneration of physicians hinders this relationship instead of promoting it.", "PMID": 644284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1888", "title": "Legionnaires' Disease--the Benidorm episode.", "content": "The clinical pattern of illness in 2 fatal cases of Legionnaires' Disease is described. Common factors in the 2 patients were residence in a hotel in Benidorm, Spain, a severe and progressive pneumonia unaffected by wide-spectrum antibiotics and failure to incriminate an infecting organism. The similarities with the Philadelphia outbreak, in which a bacillus known as the Legionnaire agent was isolated, led to a retrospective diagnosis in the Benidorm episode. Subsequent serological surveys indicate that Legionnaires' Disease is widespread in nature; it is not a new disease.", "contents": "Legionnaires' Disease--the Benidorm episode. The clinical pattern of illness in 2 fatal cases of Legionnaires' Disease is described. Common factors in the 2 patients were residence in a hotel in Benidorm, Spain, a severe and progressive pneumonia unaffected by wide-spectrum antibiotics and failure to incriminate an infecting organism. The similarities with the Philadelphia outbreak, in which a bacillus known as the Legionnaire agent was isolated, led to a retrospective diagnosis in the Benidorm episode. Subsequent serological surveys indicate that Legionnaires' Disease is widespread in nature; it is not a new disease.", "PMID": 644294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1889", "title": "Serum protein analysis and bone marrow cytology in patients with an extreme elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.", "content": "One hundred patients in whom an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in excess of 100 mm. in the first hour was found on 2 consecutive occasions were investigated. Serum protein electrophoresis was performed on 96 of these patients and bone marrow examination on 55 patients. Acute infection was the commonest diagnosis though the majority of patients had 2 or more separate conditions each contributing to the elevation of the ESR. Quantitive serum protein electrophoresis was abnormal in all but one patient and was of limited diagnostic value. A definite band in the globulin region was detected in 11 patients, 7 of whom were found to have myelomatosis. Bone marrow examination was useful only in patients with a discrete band in the globulin fraction or with a specific haematological abnormality. It is suggested, therefore, that bone marrow examination be confined to patients with such abnormalities irrespective of an elevation of their ESR.", "contents": "Serum protein analysis and bone marrow cytology in patients with an extreme elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. One hundred patients in whom an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in excess of 100 mm. in the first hour was found on 2 consecutive occasions were investigated. Serum protein electrophoresis was performed on 96 of these patients and bone marrow examination on 55 patients. Acute infection was the commonest diagnosis though the majority of patients had 2 or more separate conditions each contributing to the elevation of the ESR. Quantitive serum protein electrophoresis was abnormal in all but one patient and was of limited diagnostic value. A definite band in the globulin region was detected in 11 patients, 7 of whom were found to have myelomatosis. Bone marrow examination was useful only in patients with a discrete band in the globulin fraction or with a specific haematological abnormality. It is suggested, therefore, that bone marrow examination be confined to patients with such abnormalities irrespective of an elevation of their ESR.", "PMID": 644295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1890", "title": "Cephalothin induced neutropenia during the treatment of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "The occurrence of cephalothin induced neutropenia in 3 patients with infective endocarditis is described. In each patient, withdrawal of cephalothin was followed by rapid haematological recovery. It is apparent that granulocytopenia may frequently occur in patients receiving prolonged, high dose, intravenous cephalothin for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Cephalothin induced neutropenia during the treatment of bacterial endocarditis. The occurrence of cephalothin induced neutropenia in 3 patients with infective endocarditis is described. In each patient, withdrawal of cephalothin was followed by rapid haematological recovery. It is apparent that granulocytopenia may frequently occur in patients receiving prolonged, high dose, intravenous cephalothin for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 644296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1891", "title": "Severe fat embolism: a review of 24 cases.", "content": "Twenty-four patients suffering from fat embolism syndrome, severe enough to warrant transfer to an artificial ventilation unit, are reviewed. All developed the condition following trauma. Five patients were managed with oxygen therapy and sedation, but the other 19 needed intubation and ventilation to achieve adequate arterial oxygenation. In spite of intensive supportive therapy, 6 patients (who had all required ventilation) died, one due to heparin therapy, the others from progression of the syndrome. A poor prognosis seemed to be associated with young age, a rapidly progressive condition and a continued need for 100 per cent oxygen after institution of artificial ventilation. There seemed to be no relationship between outcome and severity of injury, type of surgical management and time of onset after injury. The clinical features of these patients are discussed with reference to the many unanswered questions that surround this condition.", "contents": "Severe fat embolism: a review of 24 cases. Twenty-four patients suffering from fat embolism syndrome, severe enough to warrant transfer to an artificial ventilation unit, are reviewed. All developed the condition following trauma. Five patients were managed with oxygen therapy and sedation, but the other 19 needed intubation and ventilation to achieve adequate arterial oxygenation. In spite of intensive supportive therapy, 6 patients (who had all required ventilation) died, one due to heparin therapy, the others from progression of the syndrome. A poor prognosis seemed to be associated with young age, a rapidly progressive condition and a continued need for 100 per cent oxygen after institution of artificial ventilation. There seemed to be no relationship between outcome and severity of injury, type of surgical management and time of onset after injury. The clinical features of these patients are discussed with reference to the many unanswered questions that surround this condition.", "PMID": 644297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1892", "title": "The therapeutic uses of calcitonin.", "content": "Calcitonin is a potent hormonal inhibitor of bone resorption. Its major therapeutic effect is in the treatment of Paget's Disease of bone, in which it has been shown to reduce bone pain, lead to radiological and histological improvement in bone, and to restore abnormal biochemistry towards normal. Some patients are resistant to treatment, and in others resistance may develop during treatment. Although antibodies to pig or to salmon calcitonin develop in almost 50 per cent of treated patients it is only very rarely that resistance may be ascribed to antibodies. There are a number of other clinical states of increased resorption in which the value of calcitonin therapy has yet to be established.", "contents": "The therapeutic uses of calcitonin. Calcitonin is a potent hormonal inhibitor of bone resorption. Its major therapeutic effect is in the treatment of Paget's Disease of bone, in which it has been shown to reduce bone pain, lead to radiological and histological improvement in bone, and to restore abnormal biochemistry towards normal. Some patients are resistant to treatment, and in others resistance may develop during treatment. Although antibodies to pig or to salmon calcitonin develop in almost 50 per cent of treated patients it is only very rarely that resistance may be ascribed to antibodies. There are a number of other clinical states of increased resorption in which the value of calcitonin therapy has yet to be established.", "PMID": 644299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1893", "title": "Rifampicin inhibition of protein synthesis in mammalian cells.", "content": "Rifampicin produces a dose-dependent decrease in protein synthesis in rat thymocytes. At concentrations up to 200 micrograms per milliliter, rifampicin does not alter rat thymic transcription. Rifampicin causes a direct inhibition of protein synthesis in rat thymic and hepatic microsomes, and in cadaveric human hepatic microsomes. Protein synthesis inhibition could explain the toxicity of rifampicin in man.", "contents": "Rifampicin inhibition of protein synthesis in mammalian cells. Rifampicin produces a dose-dependent decrease in protein synthesis in rat thymocytes. At concentrations up to 200 micrograms per milliliter, rifampicin does not alter rat thymic transcription. Rifampicin causes a direct inhibition of protein synthesis in rat thymic and hepatic microsomes, and in cadaveric human hepatic microsomes. Protein synthesis inhibition could explain the toxicity of rifampicin in man.", "PMID": 644307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1894", "title": "Potassium activation associated with intraneuronal free calcium.", "content": "Relations between calcium entry and activation of a calcium-dependent outward current during depolarization were examined under voltage clamp in dorid giant neurons injected with the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin. Activation kinetics and amplitude of the slow calcium-dependent component were both found to be related to the rate and extent of free calcium accumulation and to the electromotive force acting on potassium ions, independent of the calcium activation kinetics. This indicates that the activation of the calcium-dependent outward current is more closely related to the transient intracellular accumulation of free calcium ions than to the movement of calcium through the plasma membrane during depolarization.", "contents": "Potassium activation associated with intraneuronal free calcium. Relations between calcium entry and activation of a calcium-dependent outward current during depolarization were examined under voltage clamp in dorid giant neurons injected with the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin. Activation kinetics and amplitude of the slow calcium-dependent component were both found to be related to the rate and extent of free calcium accumulation and to the electromotive force acting on potassium ions, independent of the calcium activation kinetics. This indicates that the activation of the calcium-dependent outward current is more closely related to the transient intracellular accumulation of free calcium ions than to the movement of calcium through the plasma membrane during depolarization.", "PMID": 644308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1895", "title": "Bursting neural networks: a reexamination.", "content": "Many of the motor neurons in the lobster (Panulirus interruptus) stomatogastric ganglion exhibit plateau potentials; that is, prolonged regenerative depolarizations resulting from active membrane properties, that drive the neurons to fire impulses during bursts. Plateaus are latent in isolated ganglia but are unmasked by central input. These findings emphasize the role of cellular properties as compared to synaptic wiring in the production of cyclic motor patterns by ensembles of neurons.", "contents": "Bursting neural networks: a reexamination. Many of the motor neurons in the lobster (Panulirus interruptus) stomatogastric ganglion exhibit plateau potentials; that is, prolonged regenerative depolarizations resulting from active membrane properties, that drive the neurons to fire impulses during bursts. Plateaus are latent in isolated ganglia but are unmasked by central input. These findings emphasize the role of cellular properties as compared to synaptic wiring in the production of cyclic motor patterns by ensembles of neurons.", "PMID": 644309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1896", "title": "Norepinephrine in chronic paranoid schizophrenia: above-normal levels in limbic forebrain.", "content": "In postmortem examination of brains of four patients with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, above-normal norepinephrine levels were measured in the ventral septum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus accumbens, and the mammillary bodies. No changes were detected in other limbic forebrain regions, including the hypothalamus and the medial olfactory (preoptic) area. The results point to the possibility of a malfunction of limbic noradrenergic mechanisms in schizophrenia, especially the paranoid variety.", "contents": "Norepinephrine in chronic paranoid schizophrenia: above-normal levels in limbic forebrain. In postmortem examination of brains of four patients with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, above-normal norepinephrine levels were measured in the ventral septum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus accumbens, and the mammillary bodies. No changes were detected in other limbic forebrain regions, including the hypothalamus and the medial olfactory (preoptic) area. The results point to the possibility of a malfunction of limbic noradrenergic mechanisms in schizophrenia, especially the paranoid variety.", "PMID": 644310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1897", "title": "The structure of crystalline tris: a plastic crystal precursor, buffer, and acetylcholine attenuator.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of the widely used buffer tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris) has been determined from single-crystal diffractometer data to a standard agreement factor (R value) of 0.026 and bond length standard deviations of 0.002 angstrom. Tris crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pn21a, with four molecules per unit cell; a = 8.844(1) angstroms, b = 7.794(1) angstroms, and c = 8.795(1) angstroms. The center-to-center distances of tris molecules in the ordered phase range from 0.4 to 1.0 angstrom less than they do in the orientationally disordered (plastic) phase of similar molecules.", "contents": "The structure of crystalline tris: a plastic crystal precursor, buffer, and acetylcholine attenuator. The crystal and molecular structure of the widely used buffer tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris) has been determined from single-crystal diffractometer data to a standard agreement factor (R value) of 0.026 and bond length standard deviations of 0.002 angstrom. Tris crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pn21a, with four molecules per unit cell; a = 8.844(1) angstroms, b = 7.794(1) angstroms, and c = 8.795(1) angstroms. The center-to-center distances of tris molecules in the ordered phase range from 0.4 to 1.0 angstrom less than they do in the orientationally disordered (plastic) phase of similar molecules.", "PMID": 644311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1898", "title": "Fluorinated molecule as a tracer: difluoroserotonin in human platelets mapped by electron energy-loss spectroscopy.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of fluorine has been delineated in human platelets incubated with 4,6-difluoroserotonin, utilizing a scanning-transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-loss spectrometer. Discrete intracellular structures corresponding in location to dense bodies contained high concentrations of fluorine. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy, which apparently can detect less than 10(-20) gram of fluorine in an area of 10 square nonometers, can thus localize fluorinated tracer molecules with biological activity.", "contents": "Fluorinated molecule as a tracer: difluoroserotonin in human platelets mapped by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The intracellular distribution of fluorine has been delineated in human platelets incubated with 4,6-difluoroserotonin, utilizing a scanning-transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-loss spectrometer. Discrete intracellular structures corresponding in location to dense bodies contained high concentrations of fluorine. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy, which apparently can detect less than 10(-20) gram of fluorine in an area of 10 square nonometers, can thus localize fluorinated tracer molecules with biological activity.", "PMID": 644312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1899", "title": "Ah locus: genetic differences in susceptibility to cataracts induced by acetaminophen.", "content": "The Ahb/Ahb homozygous and the Ahb/Ahd heterozygous inbred mouse strains from the (C57BL/6)(DBA/2)F1 X DBA/2 backcross are genetically responsive to 3-methylcholanthrene. They both also develop, within 6 hours after a large intraperitoneal dose of acetaminophen, an irreversible opacity in the anterior portion of the lens. Such cataract formation does not occur in similarly treated nonresponsive inbred strains or nonresponsive Ahd/Ahd individuals from the same backcross. Differences in acetaminophen metabolism and toxicity are associated with the Ah locus in the mouse, and differences in heritability at the Ah locus exist in the human. Our ophthalmologic findings may be important clinically to certain patients receiving either a single large overdose of this drug or high doses over a long period.", "contents": "Ah locus: genetic differences in susceptibility to cataracts induced by acetaminophen. The Ahb/Ahb homozygous and the Ahb/Ahd heterozygous inbred mouse strains from the (C57BL/6)(DBA/2)F1 X DBA/2 backcross are genetically responsive to 3-methylcholanthrene. They both also develop, within 6 hours after a large intraperitoneal dose of acetaminophen, an irreversible opacity in the anterior portion of the lens. Such cataract formation does not occur in similarly treated nonresponsive inbred strains or nonresponsive Ahd/Ahd individuals from the same backcross. Differences in acetaminophen metabolism and toxicity are associated with the Ah locus in the mouse, and differences in heritability at the Ah locus exist in the human. Our ophthalmologic findings may be important clinically to certain patients receiving either a single large overdose of this drug or high doses over a long period.", "PMID": 644313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1900", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity in man: effects of systemic anticoagulation.", "content": "Skin test reactivity, lymphocyte transformation, and mononuclear cell tissue factor generation were evaluated both before and during systemic anticoagulation in 24 volunteers. Anticoagulation with warfarin decreased skin test induration and tissue factor generation, but lymphocyte trnasformation remained unchanged. An intact coagulation mechanism, including tissue factor generation, appears to be important for the development of skin test induration in humans.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity in man: effects of systemic anticoagulation. Skin test reactivity, lymphocyte transformation, and mononuclear cell tissue factor generation were evaluated both before and during systemic anticoagulation in 24 volunteers. Anticoagulation with warfarin decreased skin test induration and tissue factor generation, but lymphocyte trnasformation remained unchanged. An intact coagulation mechanism, including tissue factor generation, appears to be important for the development of skin test induration in humans.", "PMID": 644314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1901", "title": "Saccharin-induced sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster and human cells.", "content": "Since the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured cells has been shown to be the most sensitive mammalian system to detect the effects of mutagenic carcinogens, Chinese hamster ovary cells and human lymphocytes were exposed to the sodium saccharin found to induce bladder cancer in rats. Both that saccharin and a highly purified extract of it increased the yield of sister chromatid exchanges in both types of cells. The results, which were repeatable and statistically highly significant, indicated that the weak carcinogen, saccharin, is also mutagenic in the sense that it induces cytogenetic changes.", "contents": "Saccharin-induced sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster and human cells. Since the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured cells has been shown to be the most sensitive mammalian system to detect the effects of mutagenic carcinogens, Chinese hamster ovary cells and human lymphocytes were exposed to the sodium saccharin found to induce bladder cancer in rats. Both that saccharin and a highly purified extract of it increased the yield of sister chromatid exchanges in both types of cells. The results, which were repeatable and statistically highly significant, indicated that the weak carcinogen, saccharin, is also mutagenic in the sense that it induces cytogenetic changes.", "PMID": 644315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1902", "title": "Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency: a new disease of muscle.", "content": "Five cases of a new disease presented with muscular weakness or cramping after exercise; three of the cases also had an elevated serum creatine phosphokinase. Muscle biopsies were histologically normal but lacked adenylate deaminase by stain and solution assay, while the erythrocyte isozyme was normal. A clinical diagnostic test has been developed, and the human enzyme was separated by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency: a new disease of muscle. Five cases of a new disease presented with muscular weakness or cramping after exercise; three of the cases also had an elevated serum creatine phosphokinase. Muscle biopsies were histologically normal but lacked adenylate deaminase by stain and solution assay, while the erythrocyte isozyme was normal. A clinical diagnostic test has been developed, and the human enzyme was separated by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 644316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1903", "title": "Ellipsosomes: organelles containing a cytochrome-like pigment in the retinal cones of certain fishes.", "content": "Ellipsosomes are dense spherical bodies containing a very large concentration of a heme pigment spectroscopically resembling pure cytochrome c. They are located at the outer ends of the inner segments of the cones of certain fishes. Although, superficially, they resemble the similarly located oil droplets in the cones of birds and reptiles, their ultrastructure and staining properties resemble those of the neighboring mitochondria. However, like the oil droplets, they may serve as intracellular color filters.", "contents": "Ellipsosomes: organelles containing a cytochrome-like pigment in the retinal cones of certain fishes. Ellipsosomes are dense spherical bodies containing a very large concentration of a heme pigment spectroscopically resembling pure cytochrome c. They are located at the outer ends of the inner segments of the cones of certain fishes. Although, superficially, they resemble the similarly located oil droplets in the cones of birds and reptiles, their ultrastructure and staining properties resemble those of the neighboring mitochondria. However, like the oil droplets, they may serve as intracellular color filters.", "PMID": 644317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1904", "title": "Tumor promoters inhibit morphological differentiation in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "When added to mouse neuroblastoma cultures, the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits spontaneous neurite formation as well as that induced in response to serum deprivation, prostaglandin E1, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and papaverine. Other tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes also inhibit neurite formation, whereas nonpromoting diterpenes do not. Inhibition by TPA was reversible and was unrelated to toxicity.", "contents": "Tumor promoters inhibit morphological differentiation in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. When added to mouse neuroblastoma cultures, the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits spontaneous neurite formation as well as that induced in response to serum deprivation, prostaglandin E1, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and papaverine. Other tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes also inhibit neurite formation, whereas nonpromoting diterpenes do not. Inhibition by TPA was reversible and was unrelated to toxicity.", "PMID": 644318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1905", "title": "Cortical neurons sensitive to combinations of information-bearing elements of biosonar signals in the mustache bat.", "content": "The auditory cortex of the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, is composed of functional divisions which are differently organized to be suited for processing the elements of its biosonar signal according to their biological significance. Unlike the Doppler-shifted-CF (constant frequency) processing area, the area processing the frequency-modulated components does not show clear tonotopic and amplitopic representations, but consists of several clusters of neurons, each of which is sensitive to a particular combination (or combinations) of information-bearing elements of the biosonar signal and echoes. The response properties of neurons in the major clusters indicate that processing of information carried by the frequency-modulated components of echoes is facilitated by the first harmonic of the emitted biosonar signal. The properties of some of these neurons suggest that they are tuned to a target which has a particular cross-sectional area and which is located at a particular distance.", "contents": "Cortical neurons sensitive to combinations of information-bearing elements of biosonar signals in the mustache bat. The auditory cortex of the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, is composed of functional divisions which are differently organized to be suited for processing the elements of its biosonar signal according to their biological significance. Unlike the Doppler-shifted-CF (constant frequency) processing area, the area processing the frequency-modulated components does not show clear tonotopic and amplitopic representations, but consists of several clusters of neurons, each of which is sensitive to a particular combination (or combinations) of information-bearing elements of the biosonar signal and echoes. The response properties of neurons in the major clusters indicate that processing of information carried by the frequency-modulated components of echoes is facilitated by the first harmonic of the emitted biosonar signal. The properties of some of these neurons suggest that they are tuned to a target which has a particular cross-sectional area and which is located at a particular distance.", "PMID": 644320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1906", "title": "Intracellular translocation of iodine-125-labeled insulin: direct demonstration in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "Insulin labeled with iodine-125 binds to receptors on isolated rat hepatocytes. At low temperatures initial binding is restricted to the plasma membrane as detected by direct quantitative autoradiographic analysis with the electron microscope. With increasing time and temperature of incubation there is a systematic and progressive translocation of autoradiographic grains to a highly limited area of the cell periphery representing no more than 15% of the radius of the cell.", "contents": "Intracellular translocation of iodine-125-labeled insulin: direct demonstration in isolated hepatocytes. Insulin labeled with iodine-125 binds to receptors on isolated rat hepatocytes. At low temperatures initial binding is restricted to the plasma membrane as detected by direct quantitative autoradiographic analysis with the electron microscope. With increasing time and temperature of incubation there is a systematic and progressive translocation of autoradiographic grains to a highly limited area of the cell periphery representing no more than 15% of the radius of the cell.", "PMID": 644321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1907", "title": "Spine stems on tectal interneurons in jewel fish are shortened by social stimulation.", "content": "Spined pyriform interneurons in community-reared jewel fish have more dendritic branches and spines in the deep tectal layers than those in isolates reared without visual-tactile contact with conspecifics. Furthermore, in the same dendritic loci in which the community-reared fish had more spines, the spine stems were shorter. The findings suggest that social stimulation induces localized formation of spines, which swell with synaptic activation. Shortening of the spine stem through elongated swelling of the spine head is likely to alter synaptic effectiveness through changes in electrotonic conductance.", "contents": "Spine stems on tectal interneurons in jewel fish are shortened by social stimulation. Spined pyriform interneurons in community-reared jewel fish have more dendritic branches and spines in the deep tectal layers than those in isolates reared without visual-tactile contact with conspecifics. Furthermore, in the same dendritic loci in which the community-reared fish had more spines, the spine stems were shorter. The findings suggest that social stimulation induces localized formation of spines, which swell with synaptic activation. Shortening of the spine stem through elongated swelling of the spine head is likely to alter synaptic effectiveness through changes in electrotonic conductance.", "PMID": 644322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1908", "title": "Regeneration of symmetrical hindlimbs in larval salamanders.", "content": "The complete circle rule of the polar coordinate model of pattern regulation was tested for regenerating hindlimbs of Ambystoma larvae. The hindlimbs were made symmetrical in the circumference of either the thigh or the shank, and their ability to regenerate from both levels was observed. Thighs composed of two anterior halves failed to regenerate, whereas thighs composed of two posterior halves often regenerated distally complete, correspondingly symmetrical limbs; shanks composed of either two anterior or two posterior halves regenerated distally complete, correspondingly symmetrical limbs. These results are in contrast to what is predicted by the complete circle rule and suggest a modification of this rule.", "contents": "Regeneration of symmetrical hindlimbs in larval salamanders. The complete circle rule of the polar coordinate model of pattern regulation was tested for regenerating hindlimbs of Ambystoma larvae. The hindlimbs were made symmetrical in the circumference of either the thigh or the shank, and their ability to regenerate from both levels was observed. Thighs composed of two anterior halves failed to regenerate, whereas thighs composed of two posterior halves often regenerated distally complete, correspondingly symmetrical limbs; shanks composed of either two anterior or two posterior halves regenerated distally complete, correspondingly symmetrical limbs. These results are in contrast to what is predicted by the complete circle rule and suggest a modification of this rule.", "PMID": 644323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1909", "title": "A neural map of auditory space in the owl.", "content": "Auditory units that responded to sound only when it originated from a limited area of space were found in the lateral and anterior portions of the midbrain auditory nucleus of the owl (Tyto alba). The areas of space to which these units responded (their receptive fields) were largely independent of the nature and intensity of the sound stimulus. The units were arranged systematically within the midbrain auditory nucleus according to the relative locations of their receptive fields, thus creating a physiological map of auditory space.", "contents": "A neural map of auditory space in the owl. Auditory units that responded to sound only when it originated from a limited area of space were found in the lateral and anterior portions of the midbrain auditory nucleus of the owl (Tyto alba). The areas of space to which these units responded (their receptive fields) were largely independent of the nature and intensity of the sound stimulus. The units were arranged systematically within the midbrain auditory nucleus according to the relative locations of their receptive fields, thus creating a physiological map of auditory space.", "PMID": 644324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1910", "title": "Intracellular calcium: its movement during pentylenetetrazole-induced bursting activity.", "content": "The intracellular calcium concentration in the cytoplasm decreased and the calcium concentration near the cell membrane increased during bursting activity induced by pentylenetetrazole in snail neuron. Incubation in medium containing cobalt chloride or lanthanum chloride did not change this tendency, which suggests that this calcium distribution change is due to the stored calcium in the subcellular structure moving toward the cell membrane.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium: its movement during pentylenetetrazole-induced bursting activity. The intracellular calcium concentration in the cytoplasm decreased and the calcium concentration near the cell membrane increased during bursting activity induced by pentylenetetrazole in snail neuron. Incubation in medium containing cobalt chloride or lanthanum chloride did not change this tendency, which suggests that this calcium distribution change is due to the stored calcium in the subcellular structure moving toward the cell membrane.", "PMID": 644325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1911", "title": "The development and regulation of new medications.", "content": "The unmet needs of many patients make the successful search for new and better drugs an urgent goal. Increasing regulatory demands have generated delays in the availability of new drugs and concerns about the long-term profitability of the innovative pharmaceutical industry. A rational and flexible approach to drug regulation could ease some of the most worrisome constraints without jeopardizing the public welfare. Changes in our national drug regulatory policy and in the performance of the Food and Drug Administration will serve our society better than drastic legislative mandates intended either to emasculate the FDA or to grant the agency broad new powers.", "contents": "The development and regulation of new medications. The unmet needs of many patients make the successful search for new and better drugs an urgent goal. Increasing regulatory demands have generated delays in the availability of new drugs and concerns about the long-term profitability of the innovative pharmaceutical industry. A rational and flexible approach to drug regulation could ease some of the most worrisome constraints without jeopardizing the public welfare. Changes in our national drug regulatory policy and in the performance of the Food and Drug Administration will serve our society better than drastic legislative mandates intended either to emasculate the FDA or to grant the agency broad new powers.", "PMID": 644328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1912", "title": "The problem of defensive medicine.", "content": "Defensive medicine--the use of diagnostic and end-treatment measures explicitly for the purposes of averting malpractice suits--is frequently cited as one of the least desirable effects of the current rise in medical litigation. Many physicians and policy-makers claim that defensive medicine is responsible not only for the increasing costs of health care but the exposing of patients to significant risks of harm from unnecessary procedures. Very little solid information is available about defensive medicine. The studies that have been conducted have been fraught with statistical difficulties and are by no means definitive. Even more important than the issue of defensive medicine is the more basic problem of our system of compensation for medical injuries.", "contents": "The problem of defensive medicine. Defensive medicine--the use of diagnostic and end-treatment measures explicitly for the purposes of averting malpractice suits--is frequently cited as one of the least desirable effects of the current rise in medical litigation. Many physicians and policy-makers claim that defensive medicine is responsible not only for the increasing costs of health care but the exposing of patients to significant risks of harm from unnecessary procedures. Very little solid information is available about defensive medicine. The studies that have been conducted have been fraught with statistical difficulties and are by no means definitive. Even more important than the issue of defensive medicine is the more basic problem of our system of compensation for medical injuries.", "PMID": 644329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1913", "title": "Risk factor intervention for health maintenance.", "content": "Risk factors for disease consist of (i) personal habits, such as cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and (ii) bodily characteristics, such as hypertension and high serum cholesterol. Progress in identifying and quantifying risk factors is opening the way to the prevention of disease and maintenance of health. Systematic, controlled trials of intervention against risk factors are beginning to produce evidence on the extent of success in reducing both the factors and the mortality from associated diseases.", "contents": "Risk factor intervention for health maintenance. Risk factors for disease consist of (i) personal habits, such as cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and (ii) bodily characteristics, such as hypertension and high serum cholesterol. Progress in identifying and quantifying risk factors is opening the way to the prevention of disease and maintenance of health. Systematic, controlled trials of intervention against risk factors are beginning to produce evidence on the extent of success in reducing both the factors and the mortality from associated diseases.", "PMID": 644333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1914", "title": "Medicine: meritorious or meretricious.", "content": "In spite of remarkable advances in medical therapy and in the development of fantastic diagnostic devices, American society appears increasingly disenchanted with the physician. The paradox can be explained by the high cost of medical care, the overselling of medicine's capabilities, the expectation that the physician will be both ultrascientific and as emphathic as yesterday's doctor, and little recognition that the curing of one illness in the elderly exposes this group to other disease. Finally, though the physician is trained to manage illnesses, he is also given the excessively broad task of improving personal and societal practices disadvantageous to health.", "contents": "Medicine: meritorious or meretricious. In spite of remarkable advances in medical therapy and in the development of fantastic diagnostic devices, American society appears increasingly disenchanted with the physician. The paradox can be explained by the high cost of medical care, the overselling of medicine's capabilities, the expectation that the physician will be both ultrascientific and as emphathic as yesterday's doctor, and little recognition that the curing of one illness in the elderly exposes this group to other disease. Finally, though the physician is trained to manage illnesses, he is also given the excessively broad task of improving personal and societal practices disadvantageous to health.", "PMID": 644336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1915", "title": "Genetics and Medicine: an evolving relationship.", "content": "The rapid expansion of knowledge in human and medical genetics has revealed at least 6 percent average heterozygosity per structural gene locus, in excess of 2300 Mendelian (single gene) variants and several hundred chromosomal variants in man. This means that with the exception of monozygous twins, no two individuals are alike in their phenotype. Therefore, each person has a relative state of health, and genetic factors contribute significantly to disease. The ubiquity of genetic diversity requires the development of services for genetic screening, diagnosis, and counseling to prevent and treat a major portion of disease in modern society. Specific programs in Quebec and Canada illustrate how individuals and populations can be served by such services. Better education of citizens and health professionals in human genetics is essential for the further improvement of genetics services in society.", "contents": "Genetics and Medicine: an evolving relationship. The rapid expansion of knowledge in human and medical genetics has revealed at least 6 percent average heterozygosity per structural gene locus, in excess of 2300 Mendelian (single gene) variants and several hundred chromosomal variants in man. This means that with the exception of monozygous twins, no two individuals are alike in their phenotype. Therefore, each person has a relative state of health, and genetic factors contribute significantly to disease. The ubiquity of genetic diversity requires the development of services for genetic screening, diagnosis, and counseling to prevent and treat a major portion of disease in modern society. Specific programs in Quebec and Canada illustrate how individuals and populations can be served by such services. Better education of citizens and health professionals in human genetics is essential for the further improvement of genetics services in society.", "PMID": 644337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1916", "title": "Iatrogenic supralevator fistula.", "content": "This study scrutinizes supralevator fistula and evaluates a method of successful management. We reviewed 3,190 anorectal operations done between January 1970 and July 1976; 370 of these were for fistula, an incidence of 11.7%. Our data of 350 low or midlevel fistulas and 17 supralevator fistulas (seven deep ischiorectal sinuses and ten high intermuscular abscesses intraluminally drained) are correlated with those from another series. Three extrasphincteric fistulas were studied. The initial origin of these fistulas is cryptoglandular disease with the extrasphincteric supralevator fistula probably resulting from surgery. Surgical technics are described. Improper management of supralevator abscesses can result in an iatrogenically produced extrasphincteric fistula, a difficult and sometimes impossible fistula to cure.", "contents": "Iatrogenic supralevator fistula. This study scrutinizes supralevator fistula and evaluates a method of successful management. We reviewed 3,190 anorectal operations done between January 1970 and July 1976; 370 of these were for fistula, an incidence of 11.7%. Our data of 350 low or midlevel fistulas and 17 supralevator fistulas (seven deep ischiorectal sinuses and ten high intermuscular abscesses intraluminally drained) are correlated with those from another series. Three extrasphincteric fistulas were studied. The initial origin of these fistulas is cryptoglandular disease with the extrasphincteric supralevator fistula probably resulting from surgery. Surgical technics are described. Improper management of supralevator abscesses can result in an iatrogenically produced extrasphincteric fistula, a difficult and sometimes impossible fistula to cure.", "PMID": 644353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1917", "title": "Hypertension after clonidine withdrawal.", "content": "Rebound hypertension occurred in two patients upon clonidine withdrawal. Treatment of the hypertensive crisis consists of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, reserpine, or the reintroduction of clonidine. With effective control of pressure during the crisis, long-term antihypertensive therapy must be resumed.", "contents": "Hypertension after clonidine withdrawal. Rebound hypertension occurred in two patients upon clonidine withdrawal. Treatment of the hypertensive crisis consists of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, reserpine, or the reintroduction of clonidine. With effective control of pressure during the crisis, long-term antihypertensive therapy must be resumed.", "PMID": 644354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1918", "title": "Grey scale ultrasonography: evaluating the jaundiced patient.", "content": "Over a period of one year, 75 patients with jaundice were evaluated by grey scale ultrasonography. Intravenous cholangiography was attempted in 26 instances (bilirubin value greater than 4.3 mg/100 ml) and was diagnostic in only four. Ultrasound, on the other hand, was diagnostic for surgical jaundice in 62 of the 75 cases (82%). In 52 of the 62 patients a cause for the extrahepatic obstruction was demonstrated: 40 had cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, and 12 had tumors (11 pancreatic tumors, one lymphoma). In the remaining ten instances, obstruction was sonographically demonstrated but the cause was not. Of these, four patients were subsequently proven to have distal common duct stones, five had carcinoma of the pancreas and one had cholangiocarcinoma. This evidence indicates that ultrasound should be the noninvasive procedure of choice in the clinical assessment of obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Grey scale ultrasonography: evaluating the jaundiced patient. Over a period of one year, 75 patients with jaundice were evaluated by grey scale ultrasonography. Intravenous cholangiography was attempted in 26 instances (bilirubin value greater than 4.3 mg/100 ml) and was diagnostic in only four. Ultrasound, on the other hand, was diagnostic for surgical jaundice in 62 of the 75 cases (82%). In 52 of the 62 patients a cause for the extrahepatic obstruction was demonstrated: 40 had cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, and 12 had tumors (11 pancreatic tumors, one lymphoma). In the remaining ten instances, obstruction was sonographically demonstrated but the cause was not. Of these, four patients were subsequently proven to have distal common duct stones, five had carcinoma of the pancreas and one had cholangiocarcinoma. This evidence indicates that ultrasound should be the noninvasive procedure of choice in the clinical assessment of obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 644355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1919", "title": "Multiple pneumococcal pyarthrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Pneumococcal pyarthrosis was documented in seven and ten joints, respectively, in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The recognition of multiple pyarthrosis superimposed upon rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult. The present cases are compared with eight previously reported cases of pneumococcal arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Multiple pneumococcal pyarthrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. Pneumococcal pyarthrosis was documented in seven and ten joints, respectively, in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The recognition of multiple pyarthrosis superimposed upon rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult. The present cases are compared with eight previously reported cases of pneumococcal arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 644356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1920", "title": "Late benign syphilis of the skin.", "content": "Two cases of late cutaneous syphilis are presented. After treatment for secondary syphilis in 1957 and retreatment for rising VDRL titers ten years later, one patient had developed a nodular syphilid. The other had several gummas. He had two quantitative nonreactive vDRL tests and a negative Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test, but two reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests. Syphilis was suspected histologically and was confirmed by the specific serologic testing, the characteristic clinical presentation, and the prompt response to penicillin treatment. The clinical, serologic, histologic, therapeutic, and pathogenetic aspects of late benign syphilis of the skin are discussed.", "contents": "Late benign syphilis of the skin. Two cases of late cutaneous syphilis are presented. After treatment for secondary syphilis in 1957 and retreatment for rising VDRL titers ten years later, one patient had developed a nodular syphilid. The other had several gummas. He had two quantitative nonreactive vDRL tests and a negative Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test, but two reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests. Syphilis was suspected histologically and was confirmed by the specific serologic testing, the characteristic clinical presentation, and the prompt response to penicillin treatment. The clinical, serologic, histologic, therapeutic, and pathogenetic aspects of late benign syphilis of the skin are discussed.", "PMID": 644357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1921", "title": "How to handle the rape victim.", "content": "All physicians should know the basics of care for the alleged rape victim. In a systematized approach, the procedure is presented for treating the patient and for collecting testimonial evidence in the event the assailant is apprehended and the crime becomes a legal case.", "contents": "How to handle the rape victim. All physicians should know the basics of care for the alleged rape victim. In a systematized approach, the procedure is presented for treating the patient and for collecting testimonial evidence in the event the assailant is apprehended and the crime becomes a legal case.", "PMID": 644358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1922", "title": "Continuous monitoring of skin temperature using a liquid-crystal thermometer during anesthesia.", "content": "Forehead skin temperature measured by a stip of liquid-crystal material was compared to esophageal, rectal, and axillary temperatures measured by thermistor probes in patients having general anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. Before extracorporeal circulation, forehead skin temperature was lower than axillary, rectal, and esophageal temperatures by approximately 2.2 C (4.0 F). During rapid warming, forehead skin temperature rose concurrently with the other temperatures measured but remained significantly different. The liquid-crystal strip may be useful as a safe, convenient method for routine monitoring of temperature trends during general anesthesia in patients whose exact core temperature need not be continuously monitored. We believe that infants, patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation, major abdominal, vascular, or neurosurgical procedures, or patients with a history of temperature regulatory problem are probably best monitored by a method which more exactly reflects core temperature.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring of skin temperature using a liquid-crystal thermometer during anesthesia. Forehead skin temperature measured by a stip of liquid-crystal material was compared to esophageal, rectal, and axillary temperatures measured by thermistor probes in patients having general anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. Before extracorporeal circulation, forehead skin temperature was lower than axillary, rectal, and esophageal temperatures by approximately 2.2 C (4.0 F). During rapid warming, forehead skin temperature rose concurrently with the other temperatures measured but remained significantly different. The liquid-crystal strip may be useful as a safe, convenient method for routine monitoring of temperature trends during general anesthesia in patients whose exact core temperature need not be continuously monitored. We believe that infants, patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation, major abdominal, vascular, or neurosurgical procedures, or patients with a history of temperature regulatory problem are probably best monitored by a method which more exactly reflects core temperature.", "PMID": 644359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1923", "title": "Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy of undifferentiated small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "We reviewed 76 cases of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma seen at the University of South Florida Medical Center. One third of the 55 patients who have subsequently died did so within one month of diagnosis. Thirty-five patients were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and radiation therapy including prophylactic cranial irradiation. Of these 35 patients, 40% demonstrated a complete remission for a total objective response rate of 63%. The projected median survival of patients referred for study is 14 months. Improved survival was found in patients less than 60 years of age, with limited disease, who responded to treatment and in whom there were no violations of protocol. Patients treated with combination therapy appear to survive longer than untreated patients and those treated with radiation therapy alone. Toxicity was tolerable and there were no deaths related to treatment. Small cell bronchogenic carcinoma is a rapidly progressive systemic disease responsive to multimodality therapy with long-term survival in some patients.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy of undifferentiated small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. We reviewed 76 cases of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma seen at the University of South Florida Medical Center. One third of the 55 patients who have subsequently died did so within one month of diagnosis. Thirty-five patients were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and radiation therapy including prophylactic cranial irradiation. Of these 35 patients, 40% demonstrated a complete remission for a total objective response rate of 63%. The projected median survival of patients referred for study is 14 months. Improved survival was found in patients less than 60 years of age, with limited disease, who responded to treatment and in whom there were no violations of protocol. Patients treated with combination therapy appear to survive longer than untreated patients and those treated with radiation therapy alone. Toxicity was tolerable and there were no deaths related to treatment. Small cell bronchogenic carcinoma is a rapidly progressive systemic disease responsive to multimodality therapy with long-term survival in some patients.", "PMID": 644360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1924", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy with delayed subpectoral augmentation.", "content": "National survival statistics for breast cancer victims are basically the same today as they have been for the last 50 years. Less than 60% survive five years after diagnosis, and they frequently must accept mutilating results of treatment. To improve this bleak picture, our efforts should be directed toward prevention. One aspect of prevention would be to identify the breasts most likely to develop malignancies and remove the breast tissue with planned restoration of contour. Subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate insertion of Silastic gel prostheses has not met with the desired results either medically or esthetically. The complications with this procedure are numerous, and there is an unnatural \"cystic\" appearance on the chest wall with a thin skin covering through which the prostheses can be palpated. We advocate subcutaneous mastectomy with appropriate fixation of the nipples and areolae on the pectoral muscle and fascia, followed several months later by subpectoral augmentation. This two-staged procedure has proved to be a reliable one with few serious complications. It is hoped it will play a significant role not only in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer but also in lessening the undesirable psychologic impact of the loss of breasts.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy with delayed subpectoral augmentation. National survival statistics for breast cancer victims are basically the same today as they have been for the last 50 years. Less than 60% survive five years after diagnosis, and they frequently must accept mutilating results of treatment. To improve this bleak picture, our efforts should be directed toward prevention. One aspect of prevention would be to identify the breasts most likely to develop malignancies and remove the breast tissue with planned restoration of contour. Subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate insertion of Silastic gel prostheses has not met with the desired results either medically or esthetically. The complications with this procedure are numerous, and there is an unnatural \"cystic\" appearance on the chest wall with a thin skin covering through which the prostheses can be palpated. We advocate subcutaneous mastectomy with appropriate fixation of the nipples and areolae on the pectoral muscle and fascia, followed several months later by subpectoral augmentation. This two-staged procedure has proved to be a reliable one with few serious complications. It is hoped it will play a significant role not only in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer but also in lessening the undesirable psychologic impact of the loss of breasts.", "PMID": 644361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1925", "title": "Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver.", "content": "A surgically treated case of a mesenchymal hamartoma, a rare, benign liver tumor of infants and occasionally children, is reported. The clinical picture is characterized by marked, usually rapid abdominal enlargement. If untreated, the tumor may compromise other organ systems, resulting in death. The treatment is surgical removal. The tumor is characterized by proliferation of collagenous connective tissue, immature mesenchyme, and multiple cysts or pseudocysts of varying sizes. The origin of the tumor has not yet been definitely determined. Ultrasonography combined with radionuclide scanning was useful in establishing a working, preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver. A surgically treated case of a mesenchymal hamartoma, a rare, benign liver tumor of infants and occasionally children, is reported. The clinical picture is characterized by marked, usually rapid abdominal enlargement. If untreated, the tumor may compromise other organ systems, resulting in death. The treatment is surgical removal. The tumor is characterized by proliferation of collagenous connective tissue, immature mesenchyme, and multiple cysts or pseudocysts of varying sizes. The origin of the tumor has not yet been definitely determined. Ultrasonography combined with radionuclide scanning was useful in establishing a working, preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 644362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1926", "title": "Clindamycin and gentamicin in surgical infections.", "content": "The combination of clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate in treating 53 patients with a variety of serious infections was studied. Initial cultures of specimens from 31 patients yielded both anaerobic and aerobic pathogens. Eleven cultures showed only anaerobic organisms and 11 showed only aerobes. Of patients treated with clindamycin and gentamicin and surgical intervention, 87.8% had bacteriologic cure. Clinical response was poor in only two cases. Two patients developed rash and one had diarrhea, but no reactions suggestive of pseudomembranous colitis were seen.", "contents": "Clindamycin and gentamicin in surgical infections. The combination of clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate in treating 53 patients with a variety of serious infections was studied. Initial cultures of specimens from 31 patients yielded both anaerobic and aerobic pathogens. Eleven cultures showed only anaerobic organisms and 11 showed only aerobes. Of patients treated with clindamycin and gentamicin and surgical intervention, 87.8% had bacteriologic cure. Clinical response was poor in only two cases. Two patients developed rash and one had diarrhea, but no reactions suggestive of pseudomembranous colitis were seen.", "PMID": 644363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1927", "title": "Extracardiac rhabdomyoma: a rare entity.", "content": "Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare benign lesions of striated muscle origin. A review of the world literature revealed about 27 acceptable cases of benign, adult-type rhabdomyoma with a distinct male predominance. In most of the reported cases, the tumor was located in the head and neck region, usually submucosal or deeper. The case reported here is unusual because the tumor was subcutaneously located in the neck. The tumor was fairly well circumscribed, multilobulated, and easily shelled out. Light microscopy showed large round to elongated cells with granular, highly eosinophilic cytoplasm, often with peripheral vacuolation. Cross striations were infrequent. The nuclei were often peripheral and had prominent nucleoli. Electron microscopic studies confirmed the tumor's myogenic origin. Myofibrils with Z band material, abundant mitochondria, and glycogen particles were observed.", "contents": "Extracardiac rhabdomyoma: a rare entity. Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare benign lesions of striated muscle origin. A review of the world literature revealed about 27 acceptable cases of benign, adult-type rhabdomyoma with a distinct male predominance. In most of the reported cases, the tumor was located in the head and neck region, usually submucosal or deeper. The case reported here is unusual because the tumor was subcutaneously located in the neck. The tumor was fairly well circumscribed, multilobulated, and easily shelled out. Light microscopy showed large round to elongated cells with granular, highly eosinophilic cytoplasm, often with peripheral vacuolation. Cross striations were infrequent. The nuclei were often peripheral and had prominent nucleoli. Electron microscopic studies confirmed the tumor's myogenic origin. Myofibrils with Z band material, abundant mitochondria, and glycogen particles were observed.", "PMID": 644364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1928", "title": "Tumors of the parapharyngeal space.", "content": "A variety of tumors of the parapharyngeal space were operated upon during one training year at the Pack Medical Foundation, New York. These tumors characteristically present as a mass of the upper neck, behind the angle of the mandible and/or as a lateral pharyngeal mass bulging medially. Surgeons who operate in the parapharyngeal space must be thoroughly familiar with the complex anatomy of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles in this area and possess a thorough knowledge of the variety of tumors in this region of the head and neck.", "contents": "Tumors of the parapharyngeal space. A variety of tumors of the parapharyngeal space were operated upon during one training year at the Pack Medical Foundation, New York. These tumors characteristically present as a mass of the upper neck, behind the angle of the mandible and/or as a lateral pharyngeal mass bulging medially. Surgeons who operate in the parapharyngeal space must be thoroughly familiar with the complex anatomy of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles in this area and possess a thorough knowledge of the variety of tumors in this region of the head and neck.", "PMID": 644365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1929", "title": "Are current rates of Cesarean justified?", "content": "Cesarean section is associated with increased maternal and fetal risks. It should not be done except for direct and positive indications. Current emphasis on early conduction anesthesia, the use of the fetal monitor in low-risk patients, section approach to breech delivery, and overemphasis on tests and roentgenograms contribute to excessive cesarean sections. Aggressive obstetrics is also expensive and compares unfavorably with a more conservative approach.", "contents": "Are current rates of Cesarean justified? Cesarean section is associated with increased maternal and fetal risks. It should not be done except for direct and positive indications. Current emphasis on early conduction anesthesia, the use of the fetal monitor in low-risk patients, section approach to breech delivery, and overemphasis on tests and roentgenograms contribute to excessive cesarean sections. Aggressive obstetrics is also expensive and compares unfavorably with a more conservative approach.", "PMID": 644366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1930", "title": "Pattern of combined collapse of right upper and right middle lobes.", "content": "Three cases of combined collapse of the right upper and middle lobes are presented. The appearance is the mirror image of collapse of the left upper lobe. The radiographic appearance is described, and possible causes and mechanisms of collapse are discussed.", "contents": "Pattern of combined collapse of right upper and right middle lobes. Three cases of combined collapse of the right upper and middle lobes are presented. The appearance is the mirror image of collapse of the left upper lobe. The radiographic appearance is described, and possible causes and mechanisms of collapse are discussed.", "PMID": 644367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1931", "title": "Tuberculous otitis media with complications.", "content": "Tuberculous otitis media, although uncommon today, is still a differential diagnosis of suppurative otitis media. Our patient's otitis progressed from a draining ear with hearing loss to include facial nerve paralysis and meningitis. Several surgical procedures including radical mastoidectomy were insufficient to halt progression of the disease. After culture of acid-fast bacilli from the aural drainage and the cerebrospinal fluid, antituberculous chemotherapy was started and the patient responded well to treatment.", "contents": "Tuberculous otitis media with complications. Tuberculous otitis media, although uncommon today, is still a differential diagnosis of suppurative otitis media. Our patient's otitis progressed from a draining ear with hearing loss to include facial nerve paralysis and meningitis. Several surgical procedures including radical mastoidectomy were insufficient to halt progression of the disease. After culture of acid-fast bacilli from the aural drainage and the cerebrospinal fluid, antituberculous chemotherapy was started and the patient responded well to treatment.", "PMID": 644369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1932", "title": "Multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary cysts.", "content": "In most cases of congenital cyst of the extrahepatic biliary system, a single choledochal cyst is described. We have reported a patient with multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary cysts. Intraoperative cholangiograms demonstrated free reflux among the multiple choledochal cysts, with reflux into the intrahepatic biliary ductal system. After a side-to-side choledochocystoduodenostomy, the patient recovered and has remained asymptomatic for over a year.", "contents": "Multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary cysts. In most cases of congenital cyst of the extrahepatic biliary system, a single choledochal cyst is described. We have reported a patient with multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary cysts. Intraoperative cholangiograms demonstrated free reflux among the multiple choledochal cysts, with reflux into the intrahepatic biliary ductal system. After a side-to-side choledochocystoduodenostomy, the patient recovered and has remained asymptomatic for over a year.", "PMID": 644370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1933", "title": "Management of chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycemia with diazoxide.", "content": "Diazoxide, as demonstrated by the case we present, may be of substantial value in abolishing hypoglycemia and in preventing its recurrence. The mainstay of treatment for the patient with chlorpropamide toxicity is the constant close monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters and the correction of hypoglycemia by administration of exogenous glucose when necessary. However, the need for exogenous glucose is reduced with the concomitant use of diazoxide. We therefore suggest that diazoxide should be considered as a part of the routine treatment of sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Management of chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycemia with diazoxide. Diazoxide, as demonstrated by the case we present, may be of substantial value in abolishing hypoglycemia and in preventing its recurrence. The mainstay of treatment for the patient with chlorpropamide toxicity is the constant close monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters and the correction of hypoglycemia by administration of exogenous glucose when necessary. However, the need for exogenous glucose is reduced with the concomitant use of diazoxide. We therefore suggest that diazoxide should be considered as a part of the routine treatment of sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 644371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1934", "title": "Recurrent hemolytic anemia secondary to acessory spleens.", "content": "A patient with recurrent hereditary spherocytosis due to a hypertrophied accessory spleen is presented. In patients in whom splenectomy is performed for hematologic disease, accessory spleens must be sought and removed. Recurrence of the inital disease should prompt a search for accessory spleens.", "contents": "Recurrent hemolytic anemia secondary to acessory spleens. A patient with recurrent hereditary spherocytosis due to a hypertrophied accessory spleen is presented. In patients in whom splenectomy is performed for hematologic disease, accessory spleens must be sought and removed. Recurrence of the inital disease should prompt a search for accessory spleens.", "PMID": 644372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1935", "title": "Calcific constrictive pericarditis in Degos' disease.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman presented with symptoms and signs of constrictive pericarditis. She had a history of Degos' disease, a rare disorder characterized by skin and bowel lesions thought to be secondary to vasculitis. A chest roentgenogram showed extensive calcification of the pericardium. Although pleural and pericardial involvement has been reported in this disease, constrictive pericarditis is most unusual, and radiographically demonstrable calcification of the pericardium has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Calcific constrictive pericarditis in Degos' disease. A 31-year-old woman presented with symptoms and signs of constrictive pericarditis. She had a history of Degos' disease, a rare disorder characterized by skin and bowel lesions thought to be secondary to vasculitis. A chest roentgenogram showed extensive calcification of the pericardium. Although pleural and pericardial involvement has been reported in this disease, constrictive pericarditis is most unusual, and radiographically demonstrable calcification of the pericardium has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 644373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1936", "title": "Disc excision and spine fusion in the management of lumbar disc disease. A minimum ten-year followup.", "content": "Seventy-nine percent of 312 patients who underwent lumbar disc surgery were evaluated at least 10 years postoperatively (mean equal to 13.7 years). Residual back and nerve root symptoms and functional impairment were equally as common among the 143 patients who underwent fusion as they were among the 64 patients who did not. Thirty percent of the patients whose spines were fused and 37.7% of those patients whose spines were not fused were considered long-term failures because of persistent symptoms or the need for reoperation. Thirty-seven percent of the fusion patients had persistent graft donor site symptoms. Examined patients showed a high percentage of residual neurologic defects. An unexplained positive Trendelenburg sign was present in 14.8% of the fusion patients and in 18.2% of the patients whose spines were not fused. Although retrospective studies often have problems of accuracy, this analysis confirms other observations that midline spinal fusion offers few benefits in the management of lumbar disc disease.", "contents": "Disc excision and spine fusion in the management of lumbar disc disease. A minimum ten-year followup. Seventy-nine percent of 312 patients who underwent lumbar disc surgery were evaluated at least 10 years postoperatively (mean equal to 13.7 years). Residual back and nerve root symptoms and functional impairment were equally as common among the 143 patients who underwent fusion as they were among the 64 patients who did not. Thirty percent of the patients whose spines were fused and 37.7% of those patients whose spines were not fused were considered long-term failures because of persistent symptoms or the need for reoperation. Thirty-seven percent of the fusion patients had persistent graft donor site symptoms. Examined patients showed a high percentage of residual neurologic defects. An unexplained positive Trendelenburg sign was present in 14.8% of the fusion patients and in 18.2% of the patients whose spines were not fused. Although retrospective studies often have problems of accuracy, this analysis confirms other observations that midline spinal fusion offers few benefits in the management of lumbar disc disease.", "PMID": 644389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1937", "title": "Microscopic lysis of lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis.", "content": "The results of a long-term study of 28 patients operated on for adhesive lumbar arachnoiditis are presented. The technique involved was microscopic lysis of adhesions. The first case of surgery was performed in 1966 and the last, in 1970, with followup through 1976. Numerous observations are made regarding the clinical picture and the appearance of arachnoiditis at the time of surgery. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the causes of this condition with some emphasis on the role of Pantopaque, multiple surgeries, and other trauma. The conclusion is that surgical attack on arachnoiditis is a straightforward surgical exercise that, when carried out with appropriate caution, produces no further neurologic deficits and some short-term improvement. However, the authors feel that this procedure should not be performed at the present time because there does not appear to be a method for preventing the reaccumulation of the scar tissue and subsequent recurrence of the symptoms.", "contents": "Microscopic lysis of lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis. The results of a long-term study of 28 patients operated on for adhesive lumbar arachnoiditis are presented. The technique involved was microscopic lysis of adhesions. The first case of surgery was performed in 1966 and the last, in 1970, with followup through 1976. Numerous observations are made regarding the clinical picture and the appearance of arachnoiditis at the time of surgery. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the causes of this condition with some emphasis on the role of Pantopaque, multiple surgeries, and other trauma. The conclusion is that surgical attack on arachnoiditis is a straightforward surgical exercise that, when carried out with appropriate caution, produces no further neurologic deficits and some short-term improvement. However, the authors feel that this procedure should not be performed at the present time because there does not appear to be a method for preventing the reaccumulation of the scar tissue and subsequent recurrence of the symptoms.", "PMID": 644390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1938", "title": "Spinal arachnoiditis. The postoperative variety in particular.", "content": "The diagnostic and therapeutic courses of 68 patients with the discharge diagnosis of spinal arachnoiditis were reviewed. The combination of oil myelography and spinal surgery was the probable cause of arachnoiditis in almost all cases. The clinical presentation featured leg pain (90%), low-back pain (80%), and sphincter disturbance (25%). Motor, sensory, and reflex changes were present in two thirds of the cases, with a majority having defects attributable to bilateral or multiple root level involvement. Specific analysis of previous operative procedures cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies, and myelographic patterns did not disclose any consistent correlation with the clinical presentation. Results are interpreted in light of prior clinical and experimental studies on the reaction of the meninges to trauma and myelography.", "contents": "Spinal arachnoiditis. The postoperative variety in particular. The diagnostic and therapeutic courses of 68 patients with the discharge diagnosis of spinal arachnoiditis were reviewed. The combination of oil myelography and spinal surgery was the probable cause of arachnoiditis in almost all cases. The clinical presentation featured leg pain (90%), low-back pain (80%), and sphincter disturbance (25%). Motor, sensory, and reflex changes were present in two thirds of the cases, with a majority having defects attributable to bilateral or multiple root level involvement. Specific analysis of previous operative procedures cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies, and myelographic patterns did not disclose any consistent correlation with the clinical presentation. Results are interpreted in light of prior clinical and experimental studies on the reaction of the meninges to trauma and myelography.", "PMID": 644391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1939", "title": "Lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis. Etiologic and pathologic aspects.", "content": "The etiologic factors and pathologic findings in 38 patients with lumbar arachnoiditis are presented. Lumbar spine surgery and the injection of contrast materials prior to the diagnosis of this condition are considered the most important factors in its genesis. In this series, there was microscopic evidence of arachnoiditis ossificans in 3 patients and arachnoiditis calcificans in 1 patient.", "contents": "Lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis. Etiologic and pathologic aspects. The etiologic factors and pathologic findings in 38 patients with lumbar arachnoiditis are presented. Lumbar spine surgery and the injection of contrast materials prior to the diagnosis of this condition are considered the most important factors in its genesis. In this series, there was microscopic evidence of arachnoiditis ossificans in 3 patients and arachnoiditis calcificans in 1 patient.", "PMID": 644392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1940", "title": "Cauda equina arachnoiditis. A correlative clinical and roentgenologic study.", "content": "A series of 93 consecutive patients whose myelograms were reported as showing arachnoiditis were studied, and correlations between the radiographic appearance and the clinical and surgical findings were tabulated. All but 1 patient had had either lumbar disc surgery and/or Pantopaque myelography. The study led to a classification of such roentgenogram changes which revealed that the majority of patients studied did not have the usual adhesive arachnoiditis, but the picture they projected was more commonly due to spinal stenosis, extraarachnoid dye injection, extradural scar, etc. Only 1 patient of the 93 presented the classic severely disabling paraparesis, intractable pain, and loss of bowel and bladder functions commonly ascribed to adhesive arachnoiditis. The presence of such myelographic changes need not deter necessary surgery for coexisting disc pathology, nerve root entrapment, or spinal stenosis. In only a small percentage of these patients could the symptoms be attributed to the arachnoiditis changes seen in the myelogram.", "contents": "Cauda equina arachnoiditis. A correlative clinical and roentgenologic study. A series of 93 consecutive patients whose myelograms were reported as showing arachnoiditis were studied, and correlations between the radiographic appearance and the clinical and surgical findings were tabulated. All but 1 patient had had either lumbar disc surgery and/or Pantopaque myelography. The study led to a classification of such roentgenogram changes which revealed that the majority of patients studied did not have the usual adhesive arachnoiditis, but the picture they projected was more commonly due to spinal stenosis, extraarachnoid dye injection, extradural scar, etc. Only 1 patient of the 93 presented the classic severely disabling paraparesis, intractable pain, and loss of bowel and bladder functions commonly ascribed to adhesive arachnoiditis. The presence of such myelographic changes need not deter necessary surgery for coexisting disc pathology, nerve root entrapment, or spinal stenosis. In only a small percentage of these patients could the symptoms be attributed to the arachnoiditis changes seen in the myelogram.", "PMID": 644393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1941", "title": "Failed lumbar disc surgery requiring second operation. A long-term follow-up study.", "content": "Forty-five patients who had lumbar disc surgery 10 or more years previously, and had required a second operative procedure, have been evaluated. Failures occurred up to 16 years after the first operation, and were most commonly due to pseudoarthrosis in the patients who underwent spinal fusion initially, and to recurrent disc lesions at the same level as previous surgery in the patients who did not have fusion. The clinical and functional results in the second group of patients who required a second procedure were comparable to those of patients who required only a single procedure. In contrast, patients who had undergone spinal fusion who required a second procedure had significantly worse clinical and functional results, both in comparison to the patients who did not undergo fusion as well as to patients who had had fusion as a single procedure. The only predictable, demonstrable source of failure was acquired spondylolysis. Frequently, repair of pseudoarthrosis did not lead to symptomatic relief. These data suggest that spinal fusion, when it fails, has a significantly worse prognosis than simple disc excision in the management of lumbar disc disease.", "contents": "Failed lumbar disc surgery requiring second operation. A long-term follow-up study. Forty-five patients who had lumbar disc surgery 10 or more years previously, and had required a second operative procedure, have been evaluated. Failures occurred up to 16 years after the first operation, and were most commonly due to pseudoarthrosis in the patients who underwent spinal fusion initially, and to recurrent disc lesions at the same level as previous surgery in the patients who did not have fusion. The clinical and functional results in the second group of patients who required a second procedure were comparable to those of patients who required only a single procedure. In contrast, patients who had undergone spinal fusion who required a second procedure had significantly worse clinical and functional results, both in comparison to the patients who did not undergo fusion as well as to patients who had had fusion as a single procedure. The only predictable, demonstrable source of failure was acquired spondylolysis. Frequently, repair of pseudoarthrosis did not lead to symptomatic relief. These data suggest that spinal fusion, when it fails, has a significantly worse prognosis than simple disc excision in the management of lumbar disc disease.", "PMID": 644394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1942", "title": "Arachnoiditis ossificans. Report of a case.", "content": "Arachnoiditis ossificans is uncommon and has been reported to occur in areas surrounding the brain stem, the spinal cord, and the cauda equina. Predisposing etiologic factors include vascular anomalies, spinal anesthetics, and meningitis. This report adds a case of arachnoiditis ossificans about the cauda equina occurring after septic complications following laminectomy. Surgical excision of the ossific tissue resulted in clinical improvement.", "contents": "Arachnoiditis ossificans. Report of a case. Arachnoiditis ossificans is uncommon and has been reported to occur in areas surrounding the brain stem, the spinal cord, and the cauda equina. Predisposing etiologic factors include vascular anomalies, spinal anesthetics, and meningitis. This report adds a case of arachnoiditis ossificans about the cauda equina occurring after septic complications following laminectomy. Surgical excision of the ossific tissue resulted in clinical improvement.", "PMID": 644395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1943", "title": "Chronic spinal arachnoiditis. A postoperative syndrome that may signal its onset.", "content": "Chronic lumbar radiculopathy following spinal surgery is reported, in which 7 of 25 patients reviewed developed a postoperative syndrome immediately after their original surgery. Later, sometimes years later, all 7 patients developed severe chronic spinal arachnoiditis. This syndrome was characterized by transient violent spasms in the legs, muscle cramps, increased radicular pain, and often fever and chills. The recognition of this syndrome and a proposed method of treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic spinal arachnoiditis. A postoperative syndrome that may signal its onset. Chronic lumbar radiculopathy following spinal surgery is reported, in which 7 of 25 patients reviewed developed a postoperative syndrome immediately after their original surgery. Later, sometimes years later, all 7 patients developed severe chronic spinal arachnoiditis. This syndrome was characterized by transient violent spasms in the legs, muscle cramps, increased radicular pain, and often fever and chills. The recognition of this syndrome and a proposed method of treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 644396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1944", "title": "Modified neurosyphilis in the Cape Peninsula.", "content": "A prospective study of 148 cases of neurosyphillis revealed that 85 patients exhibited a modified 'forme fruste' of the disease. A high proportion of these patients had evidence of activity in the cerebrospinal fluid, while 6 patients have developed features which are diagnostic of neurosyphills. During the study a significant number of active seronegative cases were diagnosed and 11 patients have deteriorated on treatment.", "contents": "Modified neurosyphilis in the Cape Peninsula. A prospective study of 148 cases of neurosyphillis revealed that 85 patients exhibited a modified 'forme fruste' of the disease. A high proportion of these patients had evidence of activity in the cerebrospinal fluid, while 6 patients have developed features which are diagnostic of neurosyphills. During the study a significant number of active seronegative cases were diagnosed and 11 patients have deteriorated on treatment.", "PMID": 644401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1945", "title": "Myeloid leukaemoid reactions in South African Blacks.", "content": "Myeloid leukaemoid reactions were observed in 18 Black adults and 20 Black children at Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, during a 10-month period. This represented an incidence of 1,3/1 000 adult medical admissions and 3,7/1 000 paediatric medical admissions. During the same period the incidence of myeloid leukaemoid reactions in White children in Johannesburg and in Black and White children in Buffalo, NY, was less than 1/1 000 admissions. The reactions were associated with bacterial infections, neoplasms, hepatorenal failure, acute metabolic disorders and non-malignant blood dyscrasias. The mortality in adults was 55,6% and in children 35%. Sixty-five per cent of all deaths occurred within 24--48 hours of admission. Residual morbidity in survivors was common. The pattern of acute leukaemia in the same hospital population is predominantly myelocytic in both adults and children.", "contents": "Myeloid leukaemoid reactions in South African Blacks. Myeloid leukaemoid reactions were observed in 18 Black adults and 20 Black children at Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, during a 10-month period. This represented an incidence of 1,3/1 000 adult medical admissions and 3,7/1 000 paediatric medical admissions. During the same period the incidence of myeloid leukaemoid reactions in White children in Johannesburg and in Black and White children in Buffalo, NY, was less than 1/1 000 admissions. The reactions were associated with bacterial infections, neoplasms, hepatorenal failure, acute metabolic disorders and non-malignant blood dyscrasias. The mortality in adults was 55,6% and in children 35%. Sixty-five per cent of all deaths occurred within 24--48 hours of admission. Residual morbidity in survivors was common. The pattern of acute leukaemia in the same hospital population is predominantly myelocytic in both adults and children.", "PMID": 644402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1946", "title": "The surgical management of chalasia of the oesophagus.", "content": "The Hill operation was used to correct chalasia of the oesophagus in 4 children under 1 year of age. Results in all 4 were good, 2 having been followed up for 2 years after surgery and the other 2 for 9 and 12 months respectively. There was no mortality or morbidity associated with surgery or endoscopy and biopsy. Oesophagitis is an important criterior for deciding which patient should be treated surgically in the under-1-year age group. Clinical assessment, radiological evaluation and finally endoscopy and biopsy are important in establishing the presence of persistent oesophagitis. Because of the difficulty of performing manometry in these patients, it has only been performed in those under 4 weeks of age.", "contents": "The surgical management of chalasia of the oesophagus. The Hill operation was used to correct chalasia of the oesophagus in 4 children under 1 year of age. Results in all 4 were good, 2 having been followed up for 2 years after surgery and the other 2 for 9 and 12 months respectively. There was no mortality or morbidity associated with surgery or endoscopy and biopsy. Oesophagitis is an important criterior for deciding which patient should be treated surgically in the under-1-year age group. Clinical assessment, radiological evaluation and finally endoscopy and biopsy are important in establishing the presence of persistent oesophagitis. Because of the difficulty of performing manometry in these patients, it has only been performed in those under 4 weeks of age.", "PMID": 644403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1947", "title": "A generalized epileptiform convulsion after intra-amniotic prostaglandin with intravenous oxytocin infusion: a case report.", "content": "A patient who had a generalized epileptiform convulsion after intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha administration with intravenous oxytocin infusion is described. The convulsion was possibly due to either or both of these drugs. The aetiological associations are reviewed. Intra-amniotic prostaglandins and intravenous oxytocin are frequently used to induce mid-trimester abortions, and the case described serves as a reminder of some of the dangers associated with this procedure.", "contents": "A generalized epileptiform convulsion after intra-amniotic prostaglandin with intravenous oxytocin infusion: a case report. A patient who had a generalized epileptiform convulsion after intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha administration with intravenous oxytocin infusion is described. The convulsion was possibly due to either or both of these drugs. The aetiological associations are reviewed. Intra-amniotic prostaglandins and intravenous oxytocin are frequently used to induce mid-trimester abortions, and the case described serves as a reminder of some of the dangers associated with this procedure.", "PMID": 644406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1948", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti in a Black baby: a case report.", "content": "This is a case report of a Black baby girl who presented at the age of 7 days with incontinentia pigmenti. While the classic 3 phases of inflammation, hyperkeratosis, and irregular pigmentation are the rule, this patient demonstrates an accepted variation, presenting with irregular pigmentation without having gone through the other phases. Ninety-five per cent of the described cases have been in females. A negative family history, as in this case, is not unusual.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti in a Black baby: a case report. This is a case report of a Black baby girl who presented at the age of 7 days with incontinentia pigmenti. While the classic 3 phases of inflammation, hyperkeratosis, and irregular pigmentation are the rule, this patient demonstrates an accepted variation, presenting with irregular pigmentation without having gone through the other phases. Ninety-five per cent of the described cases have been in females. A negative family history, as in this case, is not unusual.", "PMID": 644407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1949", "title": "Fanconi's anaemia, with special reference to erythrokinetic features.", "content": "Serial haematological investigations were carried out in 5 patients with Fanconi's anaemia over periods of 6 months--11 years. All the patients were pancytopenic with a depression of the granulocytic and megakaryocytic elements of the bone marrow throughout the greater part of their illnesses. Erythropoietic acitvity was variable. The initial bone marrow examination revealed depressed erythroid function in 3 patients. The erythroid hypoplasia persisted in 2 of them, while in the third, erythroid activity increased with time, possibly as the result of therapy with oxymetholone. Erythroid hyperplasia was present in the remaining 2 patients, both at presentation and throughout the course of the illness. This could not be attributed to treatment in either patient. Six erythrokinetic studies were carried out in the 5 patients at variable intervals after the diagnosis had been made. In 2 studies erythroid activity was unequivocally depressed, while in a further 3 a significant, though probably suboptimal, erythroid marrow response was present. In the final study erythropoiesis was increased but was markedly ineffective in terms of the delivery of viable red cells into the circulation. In vivo counting suggested that some degree of ineffective erythropoiesis was also present in the other patients and studies with 51Cr indicated a shortened red cell survival in all subjects studied. In 2 of them significant splenic sequestration was present. Leukaemic transformation occurred in 2 patients. In 1 of them its development was heralded by the appearance of micromegakaryocytes in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Fanconi's anaemia, with special reference to erythrokinetic features. Serial haematological investigations were carried out in 5 patients with Fanconi's anaemia over periods of 6 months--11 years. All the patients were pancytopenic with a depression of the granulocytic and megakaryocytic elements of the bone marrow throughout the greater part of their illnesses. Erythropoietic acitvity was variable. The initial bone marrow examination revealed depressed erythroid function in 3 patients. The erythroid hypoplasia persisted in 2 of them, while in the third, erythroid activity increased with time, possibly as the result of therapy with oxymetholone. Erythroid hyperplasia was present in the remaining 2 patients, both at presentation and throughout the course of the illness. This could not be attributed to treatment in either patient. Six erythrokinetic studies were carried out in the 5 patients at variable intervals after the diagnosis had been made. In 2 studies erythroid activity was unequivocally depressed, while in a further 3 a significant, though probably suboptimal, erythroid marrow response was present. In the final study erythropoiesis was increased but was markedly ineffective in terms of the delivery of viable red cells into the circulation. In vivo counting suggested that some degree of ineffective erythropoiesis was also present in the other patients and studies with 51Cr indicated a shortened red cell survival in all subjects studied. In 2 of them significant splenic sequestration was present. Leukaemic transformation occurred in 2 patients. In 1 of them its development was heralded by the appearance of micromegakaryocytes in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 644412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1950", "title": "[Evaluation of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the foam test as tests of fetal lung maturity].", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and the foam test to determine fetal lung maturity in order to prevent hyaline membrane disease (HMD) were used in 800 patients at Tygerberg Hospital. The incidence of HMD in all neonates diminished from 3.25% in 1971, when the lung maturity test was not done, to 2.12% in 1975, the 4th year that such determinations were done. In the same period the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) increased from 3.68% to 4.31%. Only 1% of fetuses in whom lung maturity was determined during the period 1972--1975 developed HMD. This reduced incidence of HMD is considered to be the result of prenatal determination of fetal lung maturity. No correlation was found between fetal lung maturity and length of gestation or physical condition of the neonate. The foam test results were compared with the L/S ratio, and a false positive figure of 8.3% and a false negative figure of 27.1% were found. It is recommended that the foam test be used for screening and the L/S determination be done only if the foam test is negative in high-risk patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the foam test as tests of fetal lung maturity]. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and the foam test to determine fetal lung maturity in order to prevent hyaline membrane disease (HMD) were used in 800 patients at Tygerberg Hospital. The incidence of HMD in all neonates diminished from 3.25% in 1971, when the lung maturity test was not done, to 2.12% in 1975, the 4th year that such determinations were done. In the same period the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) increased from 3.68% to 4.31%. Only 1% of fetuses in whom lung maturity was determined during the period 1972--1975 developed HMD. This reduced incidence of HMD is considered to be the result of prenatal determination of fetal lung maturity. No correlation was found between fetal lung maturity and length of gestation or physical condition of the neonate. The foam test results were compared with the L/S ratio, and a false positive figure of 8.3% and a false negative figure of 27.1% were found. It is recommended that the foam test be used for screening and the L/S determination be done only if the foam test is negative in high-risk patients.", "PMID": 644413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1951", "title": "Experience with amniocentesis at the Johannesburg Amniocentesis Clinic in 1976.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-six amniocenteses were performed in the Johannesburg Amniocentesis Clinic in 1976. These were for genetic studies, assessment of fetal lung maturity and assessment of the severity of rhesus disease. The indications for amniocentesis and the results are discussed. The overall complication rate was low. This was due to certain precautions and approaches taken, which are detailed.", "contents": "Experience with amniocentesis at the Johannesburg Amniocentesis Clinic in 1976. One hundred and seventy-six amniocenteses were performed in the Johannesburg Amniocentesis Clinic in 1976. These were for genetic studies, assessment of fetal lung maturity and assessment of the severity of rhesus disease. The indications for amniocentesis and the results are discussed. The overall complication rate was low. This was due to certain precautions and approaches taken, which are detailed.", "PMID": 644414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1952", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome: case report of a survivor.", "content": "A patient with Goodpasture's syndrome who presented with severe pulmonary haemorrhage and minimal renal involvement is described. The diagnosis was substantiated by immunofluorescence studies on a renal biopsy specimen and by the detection of circulating antiglomerular basement membrane antibody. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. He remains in good health 20 months after diagnosis, although there is a persisting abnormality in single-breath gas transfer for carbon monoxide. Recovery from Goodpasture's syndrome is reviewed in the light of recent advances.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome: case report of a survivor. A patient with Goodpasture's syndrome who presented with severe pulmonary haemorrhage and minimal renal involvement is described. The diagnosis was substantiated by immunofluorescence studies on a renal biopsy specimen and by the detection of circulating antiglomerular basement membrane antibody. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. He remains in good health 20 months after diagnosis, although there is a persisting abnormality in single-breath gas transfer for carbon monoxide. Recovery from Goodpasture's syndrome is reviewed in the light of recent advances.", "PMID": 644415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1953", "title": "Availability of retired persons for work: findings from the retirement history study.", "content": "The increase in the proportion of retirees in the population has given rise to concern that the financial burden on workers could become onerous. Consequently, considerable interest has developed in encouraging workers to delay retirement until age 65 and beyond. The effectiveness of programs to accomplish this objective would be enahnced by knowledge of the reasons for early retirement and the characteristics of those who have retired. On the basis of three waves of longitudinal data from the Retirement History Study, an availability measure has been constructed to provide estimates of how many recent retirees would be likely, given the opportunity, to return to work. Incorporating information on perceived income adequacy and work attitudes, the measure is applied in this article to men and women aged 62 to 67 in 1973 who had retired since 1969. An initial screening to determine those with work limitations removed half the retirees from consideration, and the measure indicates that relatively few of those remaining would have been readily available to return to work.", "contents": "Availability of retired persons for work: findings from the retirement history study. The increase in the proportion of retirees in the population has given rise to concern that the financial burden on workers could become onerous. Consequently, considerable interest has developed in encouraging workers to delay retirement until age 65 and beyond. The effectiveness of programs to accomplish this objective would be enahnced by knowledge of the reasons for early retirement and the characteristics of those who have retired. On the basis of three waves of longitudinal data from the Retirement History Study, an availability measure has been constructed to provide estimates of how many recent retirees would be likely, given the opportunity, to return to work. Incorporating information on perceived income adequacy and work attitudes, the measure is applied in this article to men and women aged 62 to 67 in 1973 who had retired since 1969. An initial screening to determine those with work limitations removed half the retirees from consideration, and the measure indicates that relatively few of those remaining would have been readily available to return to work.", "PMID": 644418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1954", "title": "Impact of recession on Swiss pension program.", "content": "Legislation drafted in Switzerland in 1975--77 aims at countering the effects of inflation and recession by bringing increased revenues into the system, reducing expenditures, devising a mechanism to adjust pensions automatically, and improving income maintenance for the unemployed. The proposed legislation to place the social security system on a sound financial basis now needs voter approval in a referendum. Swiss voters meanwhile rejected (in mid-1977) a government-proposed value-added tax designed to finance increasing government contributions during 1978-82. Still to be resolved, therefore, is the problem of how the government will finance higher contributions and still achieve its staged goal of a balanced budget.", "contents": "Impact of recession on Swiss pension program. Legislation drafted in Switzerland in 1975--77 aims at countering the effects of inflation and recession by bringing increased revenues into the system, reducing expenditures, devising a mechanism to adjust pensions automatically, and improving income maintenance for the unemployed. The proposed legislation to place the social security system on a sound financial basis now needs voter approval in a referendum. Swiss voters meanwhile rejected (in mid-1977) a government-proposed value-added tax designed to finance increasing government contributions during 1978-82. Still to be resolved, therefore, is the problem of how the government will finance higher contributions and still achieve its staged goal of a balanced budget.", "PMID": 644419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1955", "title": "Prepubertal infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: clinical and epidemiologic significance.", "content": "The family constellations and epidemiologic circumstances of three prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae are reported. In each instance, an infected asymptomatic man, himself a contact to a woman with pelvic inflammatory disease, could be implicated as the potential source of infection. In one instance, asymptomatic infection in a child was uncovered through epidemiologic investigation. Prepubertal gonococcal vaginitis is important not only as a potential indicator of child abuse, but also as a possible link to important transmitters of gonococcal infection. The need for meticulous epidemiologic investigation of these cases is stressed.", "contents": "Prepubertal infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: clinical and epidemiologic significance. The family constellations and epidemiologic circumstances of three prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae are reported. In each instance, an infected asymptomatic man, himself a contact to a woman with pelvic inflammatory disease, could be implicated as the potential source of infection. In one instance, asymptomatic infection in a child was uncovered through epidemiologic investigation. Prepubertal gonococcal vaginitis is important not only as a potential indicator of child abuse, but also as a possible link to important transmitters of gonococcal infection. The need for meticulous epidemiologic investigation of these cases is stressed.", "PMID": 644416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1956", "title": "Carcinoma of the fallopian tube.", "content": "Carcinoma of the fallopian tube is the least frequent tumor of the female genital tract. It may occur at any age but is more common in the sixth decade. The tumor involves both tubes in 26 per cent of cases. The spread is by direct extension to peritoneum. The symptoms include metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, abdominal pain, singly or in combination. The diagnosis is difficult but could be made more frequently if the causes of abnormal bleeding were thoroughly investigated by means of cytology and endometrial curettage. Treatment is by resection of the tumor, total hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate is 38 per cent.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Carcinoma of the fallopian tube is the least frequent tumor of the female genital tract. It may occur at any age but is more common in the sixth decade. The tumor involves both tubes in 26 per cent of cases. The spread is by direct extension to peritoneum. The symptoms include metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, abdominal pain, singly or in combination. The diagnosis is difficult but could be made more frequently if the causes of abnormal bleeding were thoroughly investigated by means of cytology and endometrial curettage. Treatment is by resection of the tumor, total hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate is 38 per cent.", "PMID": 644422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1957", "title": "Warfarin induced necrosis of the skin.", "content": "Necrosis of the skin is a rare complication of oral anticoagulation therapy by coumarin congeners. Three males receiving prophylactic warfarin anticoagulation therapy following cardiac valve replacement and one female similarly receiving anticoagulation drugs because of bilateral deep thrombophlebitis associated with carcinoma of the pancreas had typical skin necrosis develop. The lesions passed rapidly through stages beginning with pain, edema, erythema and petechiae. Ecchymoses followed in the localized area with a large bullae containing deep red fluid. Biopsy of the skin revealed involvement of the dermovascular loops with localized necrosis from extensive occlusion of dermal capillaries and venulae by fibrin thrombi. There was red cell extravasation, but inflammatory changes were inconstant. In the patients, in our study, the involvement ranged from small localized lesions of the trunk to extreme extensive skin involvement of both legs with full thickness necrosis in areas. This condition is not dose related nor the result of simple hypoprothrombinemia. It appears to be a conditioned and localized toxicity, although hypersensitivity has not been excluded. Once the diagnosis is made, orally administered anticoagulant drugs must be stopped immediately, and heparinization may be beneficial in confining the process.", "contents": "Warfarin induced necrosis of the skin. Necrosis of the skin is a rare complication of oral anticoagulation therapy by coumarin congeners. Three males receiving prophylactic warfarin anticoagulation therapy following cardiac valve replacement and one female similarly receiving anticoagulation drugs because of bilateral deep thrombophlebitis associated with carcinoma of the pancreas had typical skin necrosis develop. The lesions passed rapidly through stages beginning with pain, edema, erythema and petechiae. Ecchymoses followed in the localized area with a large bullae containing deep red fluid. Biopsy of the skin revealed involvement of the dermovascular loops with localized necrosis from extensive occlusion of dermal capillaries and venulae by fibrin thrombi. There was red cell extravasation, but inflammatory changes were inconstant. In the patients, in our study, the involvement ranged from small localized lesions of the trunk to extreme extensive skin involvement of both legs with full thickness necrosis in areas. This condition is not dose related nor the result of simple hypoprothrombinemia. It appears to be a conditioned and localized toxicity, although hypersensitivity has not been excluded. Once the diagnosis is made, orally administered anticoagulant drugs must be stopped immediately, and heparinization may be beneficial in confining the process.", "PMID": 644427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1958", "title": "Gastrocolic fistula in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The surgeon managing a patient with Crohn's disease should be aware of the possibility of a gastrocolic fistula being present. Readily available roentgenographic contrast studies, coupled with endoscopy, will undoubtedly provide all the necessary information with which to undertake a safe one stage en bloc resection of the diseased segments.", "contents": "Gastrocolic fistula in Crohn's disease. The surgeon managing a patient with Crohn's disease should be aware of the possibility of a gastrocolic fistula being present. Readily available roentgenographic contrast studies, coupled with endoscopy, will undoubtedly provide all the necessary information with which to undertake a safe one stage en bloc resection of the diseased segments.", "PMID": 644428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1959", "title": "Limitations of portable roentgenography of the chest in patients with acute respiratory failure.", "content": "The ability of the portable roentgenography of the chest to define the amount of physiologic shunting and the severity of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was evaluated in 37 observations of 11 patients. Ten of the 11 patients had acute respiratory failure. The roentgenologic assessment of the amount of pulmonary edema and the severity of left ventricular failure was compared with the physiologic shunt fraction, tracer measured lung water and the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. The roentgenologic scores for edema did not predict the shunt fraction or tracer measured lung water. The roentgenologic score for congestive heart failure correlated with the wedge pressure but not well enough to be clinically useful. Five per cent of the roentgenograms were false-positive and 11 per cent were false-negative. Roentgenologic findings lagged behind physiologic derangements. Thus, the roentgenogram could predict the shunt value of the preceding day. Results indicate that it is hazardous to accept a portable roentgenographic diagnosis of congestive heart failure as a cause of pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Limitations of portable roentgenography of the chest in patients with acute respiratory failure. The ability of the portable roentgenography of the chest to define the amount of physiologic shunting and the severity of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was evaluated in 37 observations of 11 patients. Ten of the 11 patients had acute respiratory failure. The roentgenologic assessment of the amount of pulmonary edema and the severity of left ventricular failure was compared with the physiologic shunt fraction, tracer measured lung water and the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. The roentgenologic scores for edema did not predict the shunt fraction or tracer measured lung water. The roentgenologic score for congestive heart failure correlated with the wedge pressure but not well enough to be clinically useful. Five per cent of the roentgenograms were false-positive and 11 per cent were false-negative. Roentgenologic findings lagged behind physiologic derangements. Thus, the roentgenogram could predict the shunt value of the preceding day. Results indicate that it is hazardous to accept a portable roentgenographic diagnosis of congestive heart failure as a cause of pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 644429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1960", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring during complete vascular exclusion for extensive hepatectomy.", "content": "Hemodynamic monitoring during normothermic vascular exclusion of the liver, with or without clamping of the upper part of the abdominal aorta appears mandatory, based upon an experience with ten patients. Nine patients underwent extensive liver resection for major tumors unsuitable for conventional surgical procedures. No operative accidents were observed. Permanent monitoring during the procedure included pulmonary artery pressures, radial artery pressures, heart rate and cardiac output, measured by the thermodilution method. Hemodynamic changes after short isolated venous or aortic and combined clampings were also studied. With this procedure, the most critical period occurred immediately after the release of the clamps, with a major rise in the pulmonary artery pressures, which led to hemodynamic pulmonary edema level. The acute modifications of circulating blood volume actually carried a high risk of vascular overloading, and the most reliable method to avoid this was the permanent control of the pulmonary artery pressures. Blood volume replacement was, at its best, adjusted with the use of such a parameter, especially when hemorrhage was important. Combined aortic clamping reduced blood losses and minimized pooling in the splanchnic area and the lower extremities.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring during complete vascular exclusion for extensive hepatectomy. Hemodynamic monitoring during normothermic vascular exclusion of the liver, with or without clamping of the upper part of the abdominal aorta appears mandatory, based upon an experience with ten patients. Nine patients underwent extensive liver resection for major tumors unsuitable for conventional surgical procedures. No operative accidents were observed. Permanent monitoring during the procedure included pulmonary artery pressures, radial artery pressures, heart rate and cardiac output, measured by the thermodilution method. Hemodynamic changes after short isolated venous or aortic and combined clampings were also studied. With this procedure, the most critical period occurred immediately after the release of the clamps, with a major rise in the pulmonary artery pressures, which led to hemodynamic pulmonary edema level. The acute modifications of circulating blood volume actually carried a high risk of vascular overloading, and the most reliable method to avoid this was the permanent control of the pulmonary artery pressures. Blood volume replacement was, at its best, adjusted with the use of such a parameter, especially when hemorrhage was important. Combined aortic clamping reduced blood losses and minimized pooling in the splanchnic area and the lower extremities.", "PMID": 644430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1961", "title": "Mammography in the detection, diagnosis and management of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Mammography is a major advance and essential in the earlier detection, diagnosis and management of carcinoma of the breast and should be more widely applied. Although mammography is at least as important as palpation and the only means of detecting nonpalpable lesions, both examinations are most effective as complementary procedures. A breast operation for suspected carcinoma should never be done without preoperative mammography. Mammographic needle localization and biopsy roentgenography are extremely useful, if not essential, in the surgical management of nonpalpable lesions.", "contents": "Mammography in the detection, diagnosis and management of carcinoma of the breast. Mammography is a major advance and essential in the earlier detection, diagnosis and management of carcinoma of the breast and should be more widely applied. Although mammography is at least as important as palpation and the only means of detecting nonpalpable lesions, both examinations are most effective as complementary procedures. A breast operation for suspected carcinoma should never be done without preoperative mammography. Mammographic needle localization and biopsy roentgenography are extremely useful, if not essential, in the surgical management of nonpalpable lesions.", "PMID": 644431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1962", "title": "Phenol sympathectomy for vascular occlusive disease.", "content": "Surgical lumbar sympathectomy is often performed as a last resort in treating peripheral vascular occlusive disease. However, the variable success rate and the morbidity of this procedure prompted us to examine phenol sympathectomy and to elucidate the factors which can be used to predict success with the procedure. During the past three years, 127 phenol sympathectomies have been performed for peripheral vascular disease using a standard technique. The technique has proved simple and harmless. The results of a prospective study of 52 patients indicate that it is possible to predict the chance of success after this procedure by using a combination of clinical criteria and systolic pressure measurements at the ankle. A good response is anticipated in patients with rest pain or night pain if the systolic pressure at the ankle is greater than 35 millimeters of mercury. Patients with gangrene of the digits responded if the pressure at the ankle was greater than 60 millimeters of mercury.", "contents": "Phenol sympathectomy for vascular occlusive disease. Surgical lumbar sympathectomy is often performed as a last resort in treating peripheral vascular occlusive disease. However, the variable success rate and the morbidity of this procedure prompted us to examine phenol sympathectomy and to elucidate the factors which can be used to predict success with the procedure. During the past three years, 127 phenol sympathectomies have been performed for peripheral vascular disease using a standard technique. The technique has proved simple and harmless. The results of a prospective study of 52 patients indicate that it is possible to predict the chance of success after this procedure by using a combination of clinical criteria and systolic pressure measurements at the ankle. A good response is anticipated in patients with rest pain or night pain if the systolic pressure at the ankle is greater than 35 millimeters of mercury. Patients with gangrene of the digits responded if the pressure at the ankle was greater than 60 millimeters of mercury.", "PMID": 644432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1963", "title": "The effect of fluid infusions upon serum protein concentrations during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Of 24 dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock, 12 resuscitated with intravenous infusions containing 2.5 per cent human serum albumin maintained significantly higher, p less than 0.05, serum albumin levels than did 12 others treated with Ringer's lactate solution, with or without 50 per cent dog plasma. These differences persisted for as long as six weeks after hemorrhage. Dogs resuscitated with Ringer's lactate solution and 50 per cent dog plasma had significantly higher serum globulin levels than did the dogs receiving 2.5 per cent albumin containing infusion during the first three days after hemorrhage. The simultaneous addition of 5 per cent glucose, potassium chloride and hydrocortisone sodium succinate to the infusion of dogs receiving 2.5 per cent albumin in Ringer's lactate solution did not provide significant alterations in the serum concentration of protein and protein fractions when compared with those of dogs receiving only 2.5 per cent albumin in Ringer's lactate solution. These findings corroborate the suggestion of a capillary leak of serum albumin into the interstitial space during hemorrhagic shock that persists for at least one week after hemorrhage. The administration of albumin containing solutions during the initial stages of hemorrhagic shock counteracts this albumin loss.", "contents": "The effect of fluid infusions upon serum protein concentrations during hemorrhagic shock. Of 24 dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock, 12 resuscitated with intravenous infusions containing 2.5 per cent human serum albumin maintained significantly higher, p less than 0.05, serum albumin levels than did 12 others treated with Ringer's lactate solution, with or without 50 per cent dog plasma. These differences persisted for as long as six weeks after hemorrhage. Dogs resuscitated with Ringer's lactate solution and 50 per cent dog plasma had significantly higher serum globulin levels than did the dogs receiving 2.5 per cent albumin containing infusion during the first three days after hemorrhage. The simultaneous addition of 5 per cent glucose, potassium chloride and hydrocortisone sodium succinate to the infusion of dogs receiving 2.5 per cent albumin in Ringer's lactate solution did not provide significant alterations in the serum concentration of protein and protein fractions when compared with those of dogs receiving only 2.5 per cent albumin in Ringer's lactate solution. These findings corroborate the suggestion of a capillary leak of serum albumin into the interstitial space during hemorrhagic shock that persists for at least one week after hemorrhage. The administration of albumin containing solutions during the initial stages of hemorrhagic shock counteracts this albumin loss.", "PMID": 644433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1964", "title": "Cutaneous blood flow and its relation to healing of below knee amputation.", "content": "Twenty-six patients undergoing below the knee amputation for ischemic disease of the lower part of the leg had skin blood flow determinations made at the level of the amputation. Flow was measured using the 133Xe clearance technique preoperatively as well as at four and eight weeks after amputation. Amputation was performed using the standard long posterior flap technique, and patients were treated with either an immediate postoperative prosthetic fit or a controlled environment treatment system. Healing occurred primarily in 19 patients; a local below the knee revision was required in two and an above the knee revision in one patient. Flow was lower than in the nondiseased control group in almost all instances preoperatively, but no definite level below which healing would not occur was identified. Postoperatively, skin flow increased in all instances and had reached levels equal to that for the normal control group by eight weeks or sooner. This suggests that, in many instances of nonhealing, local below the knee revisions may be successful without requiring the higher above the knee procedure. No significant differences were noted between patients with diabetes and those without diabetes or either method of postoperative treatment in terms of healing or cutaneous flow.", "contents": "Cutaneous blood flow and its relation to healing of below knee amputation. Twenty-six patients undergoing below the knee amputation for ischemic disease of the lower part of the leg had skin blood flow determinations made at the level of the amputation. Flow was measured using the 133Xe clearance technique preoperatively as well as at four and eight weeks after amputation. Amputation was performed using the standard long posterior flap technique, and patients were treated with either an immediate postoperative prosthetic fit or a controlled environment treatment system. Healing occurred primarily in 19 patients; a local below the knee revision was required in two and an above the knee revision in one patient. Flow was lower than in the nondiseased control group in almost all instances preoperatively, but no definite level below which healing would not occur was identified. Postoperatively, skin flow increased in all instances and had reached levels equal to that for the normal control group by eight weeks or sooner. This suggests that, in many instances of nonhealing, local below the knee revisions may be successful without requiring the higher above the knee procedure. No significant differences were noted between patients with diabetes and those without diabetes or either method of postoperative treatment in terms of healing or cutaneous flow.", "PMID": 644434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1965", "title": "Alterations in intestinal structure, fat absorption and body weight after intestinal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Eleven patients underwent jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Serial intestinal biopsies were obtained prior to, and at timed intervals following, operation in both fasted and fat-fed states. Villus height increased asymptotically, reaching a plateau one year after operation, with an increase of 80 per cent in mean villus length. The postbypass body weight reached a plateau at 63.9 per cent of initial body weight and correlated linearly with villus height following an asymptotic curvilinear course. The time required to attain 90 per cent of total body weight loss was 15.9 months. A study of intestinal fat absorption at both the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels showed that the enlarged villi are lined along the entire villus by functionally mature epithelium capable of transporting lipid. Villus hypertrophy is an important mechanism in the plateauing of weight loss after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "contents": "Alterations in intestinal structure, fat absorption and body weight after intestinal bypass for morbid obesity. Eleven patients underwent jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Serial intestinal biopsies were obtained prior to, and at timed intervals following, operation in both fasted and fat-fed states. Villus height increased asymptotically, reaching a plateau one year after operation, with an increase of 80 per cent in mean villus length. The postbypass body weight reached a plateau at 63.9 per cent of initial body weight and correlated linearly with villus height following an asymptotic curvilinear course. The time required to attain 90 per cent of total body weight loss was 15.9 months. A study of intestinal fat absorption at both the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels showed that the enlarged villi are lined along the entire villus by functionally mature epithelium capable of transporting lipid. Villus hypertrophy is an important mechanism in the plateauing of weight loss after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "PMID": 644435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1966", "title": "Function of the parathyroid glands after total thyroidectomy.", "content": "Parathyroid function, defined as the ability to maintain normocalcemia without substitution, was evaluated in 36 patients following total thyroidectomy for carcinoma. In 16 patients, all visualized parathyroid tissue was sliced and autotransplanted into muscle pockets; one year after the operation, 11 patients had substitution for lack of parathyroid function. In 20 patients, the parathyroid glands were preserved in situ with intact vascular supply; one year postoperatively, three patients had evidence of persistent hypoparathyroidism. The difference in the parathyroid insufficiency rate is significant, p less than 0.005. We conclude that parathyroid autotransplantation has been a failure io preserve the parathyroids in situ whenever this is feasible, autotransplantation being reserved for parathyroids unfortunately removed or devascularized.", "contents": "Function of the parathyroid glands after total thyroidectomy. Parathyroid function, defined as the ability to maintain normocalcemia without substitution, was evaluated in 36 patients following total thyroidectomy for carcinoma. In 16 patients, all visualized parathyroid tissue was sliced and autotransplanted into muscle pockets; one year after the operation, 11 patients had substitution for lack of parathyroid function. In 20 patients, the parathyroid glands were preserved in situ with intact vascular supply; one year postoperatively, three patients had evidence of persistent hypoparathyroidism. The difference in the parathyroid insufficiency rate is significant, p less than 0.005. We conclude that parathyroid autotransplantation has been a failure io preserve the parathyroids in situ whenever this is feasible, autotransplantation being reserved for parathyroids unfortunately removed or devascularized.", "PMID": 644437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1967", "title": "The significance of asymptomatic unilateral carotid bruits in preoperative patients.", "content": "The significance of asymptomatic carotid bruits was evaluated in patients undergoing major vascular operative procedures. A retrospective analysis of 588 patients was performed. Ninety-two patients (15%) had unilateral carotid bruits detected on admission examination. None had had cerebrovascular symptoms. Four postoperative strokes occurred in the total group of 588 patients. All occurred in patients without bruits. There were no permanent or transient postoperative neurological deficits in the group of patients with asymptomatic unilateral carotid bruits. We can find no data to support the necessity for preoperative carotid arteriography and endarterectomy in the patient with an asymptomatic carotid bruit prior to undergoing a major operative procedure.", "contents": "The significance of asymptomatic unilateral carotid bruits in preoperative patients. The significance of asymptomatic carotid bruits was evaluated in patients undergoing major vascular operative procedures. A retrospective analysis of 588 patients was performed. Ninety-two patients (15%) had unilateral carotid bruits detected on admission examination. None had had cerebrovascular symptoms. Four postoperative strokes occurred in the total group of 588 patients. All occurred in patients without bruits. There were no permanent or transient postoperative neurological deficits in the group of patients with asymptomatic unilateral carotid bruits. We can find no data to support the necessity for preoperative carotid arteriography and endarterectomy in the patient with an asymptomatic carotid bruit prior to undergoing a major operative procedure.", "PMID": 644444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1968", "title": "The results of surgery in amebic liver abscess: experiences in eighty-three patients.", "content": "Experiences with surgery in 83 patients with amebic liver abscess are presented. The patients' ages ranged from 8 months to 72 years; 85% were men. Symptoms had been present for an average of 4.6 weeks. In 36 (43%) the abscess already was ruptured at the time of admission to the hospital and in an additional eight it ruptured later. Rupture occurred more commonly upward through the diaphragm than downward, and into a serous cavity in 36 patients. Because of the poor general condition and associated illnesses of the patients, surgical procedures were limited to the minimum. Indications for operation were rupture or impending rupture of the abscess, failure of response to medical therapy, and inadequacy of aspiration of left lobe abscess. An additional 27 patients underwent operation because of diagnostic problems or symptoms of an acute abdomen. Two thirds of the patients had one or more complication. The overall mortality rate was 34%. Factors adversely affecting mortality rate were lack of preoperative drug therapy, rupture into a serous cavity, and presence of an associated amebic perforation of the colon.", "contents": "The results of surgery in amebic liver abscess: experiences in eighty-three patients. Experiences with surgery in 83 patients with amebic liver abscess are presented. The patients' ages ranged from 8 months to 72 years; 85% were men. Symptoms had been present for an average of 4.6 weeks. In 36 (43%) the abscess already was ruptured at the time of admission to the hospital and in an additional eight it ruptured later. Rupture occurred more commonly upward through the diaphragm than downward, and into a serous cavity in 36 patients. Because of the poor general condition and associated illnesses of the patients, surgical procedures were limited to the minimum. Indications for operation were rupture or impending rupture of the abscess, failure of response to medical therapy, and inadequacy of aspiration of left lobe abscess. An additional 27 patients underwent operation because of diagnostic problems or symptoms of an acute abdomen. Two thirds of the patients had one or more complication. The overall mortality rate was 34%. Factors adversely affecting mortality rate were lack of preoperative drug therapy, rupture into a serous cavity, and presence of an associated amebic perforation of the colon.", "PMID": 644445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1969", "title": "Screening for colorectal carcinoma in a rural area.", "content": "A screening project for cancer of the large bowel has been performed in a rural area. After an intensive educational program and with the help of many volunteers, 3,956 people participated in a stool guaiac determination. Five patients had a carcinoma, and five more had adenomas of the large bowel. We conclude that screening for cancer of the large bowel can be performed effectively in a rural area and that the results are gratifying.", "contents": "Screening for colorectal carcinoma in a rural area. A screening project for cancer of the large bowel has been performed in a rural area. After an intensive educational program and with the help of many volunteers, 3,956 people participated in a stool guaiac determination. Five patients had a carcinoma, and five more had adenomas of the large bowel. We conclude that screening for cancer of the large bowel can be performed effectively in a rural area and that the results are gratifying.", "PMID": 644446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1970", "title": "Contributions of bile and pancreatic juice to cell proliferation in ileal mucosa.", "content": "To determine the relative contributions of bile and pancreatic juice to adaptive intestinal hyperplasia, cell proliferation in rat ileal mucosa was studied after supplying bile alone or the combined pancreaticobiliary effluent direct to mid-small bowel. Bile was routed through the choledochus cannulated above the pancreas. Pancreaticobiliary secretions were diverted through a transposed duodenal segment containing the papilla. Diversion of bile into the mid-bowel with and without pancreatic juice caused similar increases in ileal ribonucleic acid (RNA) (16% to 50%) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (22% to 41%) contents at both 48 hours and 1 week after operation. Specific activity of DNA after injection of tritiated thymidine was greatest after diversion of the combined effluent. After 1 month nucleic acid contents in the upper ileum after pancreaticobiliary diversion were 37% to 59% higher than after transection or biliary diversion (P less than 0.005). Likewise, after biliary diversion villous height and crypt depth were increased only at 1 week, but after diversion of both secretions increases were found at 1 week and 1 month. High luminal concentrations of bile cause transient cell proliferation in ileal mucosa, but the additional presence of pancreatic juice prolongs this adaptive response.", "contents": "Contributions of bile and pancreatic juice to cell proliferation in ileal mucosa. To determine the relative contributions of bile and pancreatic juice to adaptive intestinal hyperplasia, cell proliferation in rat ileal mucosa was studied after supplying bile alone or the combined pancreaticobiliary effluent direct to mid-small bowel. Bile was routed through the choledochus cannulated above the pancreas. Pancreaticobiliary secretions were diverted through a transposed duodenal segment containing the papilla. Diversion of bile into the mid-bowel with and without pancreatic juice caused similar increases in ileal ribonucleic acid (RNA) (16% to 50%) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (22% to 41%) contents at both 48 hours and 1 week after operation. Specific activity of DNA after injection of tritiated thymidine was greatest after diversion of the combined effluent. After 1 month nucleic acid contents in the upper ileum after pancreaticobiliary diversion were 37% to 59% higher than after transection or biliary diversion (P less than 0.005). Likewise, after biliary diversion villous height and crypt depth were increased only at 1 week, but after diversion of both secretions increases were found at 1 week and 1 month. High luminal concentrations of bile cause transient cell proliferation in ileal mucosa, but the additional presence of pancreatic juice prolongs this adaptive response.", "PMID": 644449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1971", "title": "Reconstruction of an iliac vein: a case report and discussion.", "content": "A case report of a girl with anomalous venous drainage of a lower extremity who had a successful venous transplant is presented, along with a review of some factors thought to be important in venous grafting. In our patient there are several factors that may have contributed to long-term patency. As demonstrated by venogram, there was no alternative or competing pathway for blood to drain from the leg. This would imply a high venous pressure driving blood through the graft. Autogenous vein was used. Local heparin may have been a contributing factor as well. Although growth of anastomosed arteries has been demonstrated, this is the first time growth of a venous transplant has been demonstrated in a human. This growth was in length as well as in diameter. We believe this experience lends encouragement to the use of venous transplant surgery, which may become more common.", "contents": "Reconstruction of an iliac vein: a case report and discussion. A case report of a girl with anomalous venous drainage of a lower extremity who had a successful venous transplant is presented, along with a review of some factors thought to be important in venous grafting. In our patient there are several factors that may have contributed to long-term patency. As demonstrated by venogram, there was no alternative or competing pathway for blood to drain from the leg. This would imply a high venous pressure driving blood through the graft. Autogenous vein was used. Local heparin may have been a contributing factor as well. Although growth of anastomosed arteries has been demonstrated, this is the first time growth of a venous transplant has been demonstrated in a human. This growth was in length as well as in diameter. We believe this experience lends encouragement to the use of venous transplant surgery, which may become more common.", "PMID": 644450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1972", "title": "Effects of cholesterol gallstone induction on gallbladder function and bile salt pool size in the prairie dog model.", "content": "The prairie dog gallstone model was used to test the following hypotheses: (1) gallbladder stasis occurs in association with gallstone formation, and (2) bile salt pool size decreases as gallstones develop. Bile salt pool sizes and the extent of equilibration of hepatic and gallbladder bile salt over the course of gallstone development were measured. No evidence for bile salt pool reduction was found, but there was significant evidence of progressively inefficient equilibration of hepatic and gallbladder bile salt very early during gallstone formation. These changes, suggestive of gallbladder stasis and observed only in the presence of cholesterol crystals in bile, persisted as cholesterol stones developed and antedated any reduction in bile salt pool size.", "contents": "Effects of cholesterol gallstone induction on gallbladder function and bile salt pool size in the prairie dog model. The prairie dog gallstone model was used to test the following hypotheses: (1) gallbladder stasis occurs in association with gallstone formation, and (2) bile salt pool size decreases as gallstones develop. Bile salt pool sizes and the extent of equilibration of hepatic and gallbladder bile salt over the course of gallstone development were measured. No evidence for bile salt pool reduction was found, but there was significant evidence of progressively inefficient equilibration of hepatic and gallbladder bile salt very early during gallstone formation. These changes, suggestive of gallbladder stasis and observed only in the presence of cholesterol crystals in bile, persisted as cholesterol stones developed and antedated any reduction in bile salt pool size.", "PMID": 644451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1973", "title": "A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting as inferior vena caval obstruction.", "content": "The case report of a patient presenting with inferior vena caval obstruction secondary to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented. The cause of the obstruction was not diagnosed prior to laparotomy. Management included replacement of the aneurysm, plication of the thrombosed inferior vena cava, and evacuation of the hematoma. So far as the authors are aware, this is the first case of this type to be reported and one which adds another possible diagnostic consideration in managing inferior vena caval obstruction.", "contents": "A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting as inferior vena caval obstruction. The case report of a patient presenting with inferior vena caval obstruction secondary to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented. The cause of the obstruction was not diagnosed prior to laparotomy. Management included replacement of the aneurysm, plication of the thrombosed inferior vena cava, and evacuation of the hematoma. So far as the authors are aware, this is the first case of this type to be reported and one which adds another possible diagnostic consideration in managing inferior vena caval obstruction.", "PMID": 644452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1974", "title": "Iodine deficiency produces hypercalcemia and hypercalcitonemia in rats.", "content": "To determine the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on secretion of calcitonin by the thyroid, 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into seven groups. The groups received different diets, medications, or operations [propylthiouracil (PTU), iodine-deficient diet, (LID), acute or chronic thyroxine treatment, sham operation (SO), hemithyroidectomy (Htx), and total thyroidectomy (Ttx)]. two weeks to six months later, serum TSH concentrations were increased in the Htx, Ttx, and LID groups when compared with SO animals. Serum calcitonin concentrations were increased in the LID- and PTU-treated groups and were decreased in animals that chronically received thyroxine. Serum calcium concentrations were increased in the LID animals, decreased in the Ttx animals, and were similar in the other groups. These findings suggest that TSH stimulates both follicular and parafollicular cells in the rat thyroid and that iodine deficiency causes hypercalcemia and hypercalcitonemia.", "contents": "Iodine deficiency produces hypercalcemia and hypercalcitonemia in rats. To determine the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on secretion of calcitonin by the thyroid, 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into seven groups. The groups received different diets, medications, or operations [propylthiouracil (PTU), iodine-deficient diet, (LID), acute or chronic thyroxine treatment, sham operation (SO), hemithyroidectomy (Htx), and total thyroidectomy (Ttx)]. two weeks to six months later, serum TSH concentrations were increased in the Htx, Ttx, and LID groups when compared with SO animals. Serum calcitonin concentrations were increased in the LID- and PTU-treated groups and were decreased in animals that chronically received thyroxine. Serum calcium concentrations were increased in the LID animals, decreased in the Ttx animals, and were similar in the other groups. These findings suggest that TSH stimulates both follicular and parafollicular cells in the rat thyroid and that iodine deficiency causes hypercalcemia and hypercalcitonemia.", "PMID": 644456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1975", "title": "Comparison of cardiorespiratory effects of crystalline hemoglobin, whole blood, albumin, and Ringer's lactate in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in dogs.", "content": "We studied the time course and interactions of hemodynamic, oxygen transport, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and blood volume responses to 500 ml of crystalline hemoglobin (Hgb), 500 ml of whole blood (WB), 1,000 ml of Ringer's lactate (RL), and 500 ml of plasma protein fraction (PPF) given in random order to 12 mongrel dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock by the standard Wiggers' technique. In general, hemodynamic and oxygen transport responses were greater and more prolonged after the colloids than after RL. These responses were related to concomitant improvement in blood volume and COP. Of the colloids, Hgb appeared to produce somewhat greater hemodynamic and oxygen transport changes. This was particularly evidenced by comparison of these responses when each fluid was the first agent used after the hemorrhage. By virtue of its capacity to increase COP and plasma volume and to carry oxygen, Hgb improved both the gross circulation and the tissue perfusion, as indicated by cardiovascular hemodynamics and bulk oxygen transport variables.", "contents": "Comparison of cardiorespiratory effects of crystalline hemoglobin, whole blood, albumin, and Ringer's lactate in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in dogs. We studied the time course and interactions of hemodynamic, oxygen transport, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and blood volume responses to 500 ml of crystalline hemoglobin (Hgb), 500 ml of whole blood (WB), 1,000 ml of Ringer's lactate (RL), and 500 ml of plasma protein fraction (PPF) given in random order to 12 mongrel dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock by the standard Wiggers' technique. In general, hemodynamic and oxygen transport responses were greater and more prolonged after the colloids than after RL. These responses were related to concomitant improvement in blood volume and COP. Of the colloids, Hgb appeared to produce somewhat greater hemodynamic and oxygen transport changes. This was particularly evidenced by comparison of these responses when each fluid was the first agent used after the hemorrhage. By virtue of its capacity to increase COP and plasma volume and to carry oxygen, Hgb improved both the gross circulation and the tissue perfusion, as indicated by cardiovascular hemodynamics and bulk oxygen transport variables.", "PMID": 644457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1976", "title": "Reoperative parathyroid surgery for persistent hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "In a 2-year period 30 patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism following 59 prior unsuccessful procedures underwent reoperation. Preoperative arteriography was useful in planning the surgical approach in 56%, and retrospectively was correct in 63%. Selective venous catheterization gave localizing information in 83%, correctly predicting site or side in 60% of the total. Computerized axial tomography was helpful in identifying mediastinal glands before operation. Reoperation was successful in rendering the patient hypocalcemic or normocalcemic in 83%. Of the 11 patients (37%) who were rendered profoundly hypocalcemic, two were subsequently weaned from vitamin D and calcium support; seven have received either fresh or cryopreserved parathyroid autografts. Persistent hyperparathyroidism is a difficult surgical problem which we believe warrants aggressive localization attempts prior to operation. Autotransplantation with cryopreserved parathyroid tissue may be of value in the long-term management of the high incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia in this patient group.", "contents": "Reoperative parathyroid surgery for persistent hyperparathyroidism. In a 2-year period 30 patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism following 59 prior unsuccessful procedures underwent reoperation. Preoperative arteriography was useful in planning the surgical approach in 56%, and retrospectively was correct in 63%. Selective venous catheterization gave localizing information in 83%, correctly predicting site or side in 60% of the total. Computerized axial tomography was helpful in identifying mediastinal glands before operation. Reoperation was successful in rendering the patient hypocalcemic or normocalcemic in 83%. Of the 11 patients (37%) who were rendered profoundly hypocalcemic, two were subsequently weaned from vitamin D and calcium support; seven have received either fresh or cryopreserved parathyroid autografts. Persistent hyperparathyroidism is a difficult surgical problem which we believe warrants aggressive localization attempts prior to operation. Autotransplantation with cryopreserved parathyroid tissue may be of value in the long-term management of the high incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia in this patient group.", "PMID": 644460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1977", "title": "Randomized trial of adjuvant therapy for \"high risk\" primary malignant melanoma.", "content": "Retrospective pathological classification of 213 patients with malignant melanoma identified a group at high risk of recurrence (25% developed recurrence in 12 months, 50% by 5 years) after resection for apparent cure. Using these criteria, 70 patients were identified after resection of all apparent disease as being at high risk for recurrent melanoma. They were randomly assigned to one of the three adjuvant treatment arms: chemotherapy with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (DTIC), immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), or combined chemoimmunotherapy. Six of 20 patients receiving DTIC developed recurrence (30%) and four died (20%). Five of 28 patients receiving BCG developed recurrence (18%) and two died (7.5%). There have been no recurrences or deaths in 22 patients receiving combined chemoimmunotherapy. In the prevention of early recurrence, the combined therapy arm was significantly superior to both the immunotherapy arm (p less than 0.05) and the chemotherapy arm (p less than 0.01). In terms of survival, combined therapy also was superior to chemotherapy alone (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Randomized trial of adjuvant therapy for \"high risk\" primary malignant melanoma. Retrospective pathological classification of 213 patients with malignant melanoma identified a group at high risk of recurrence (25% developed recurrence in 12 months, 50% by 5 years) after resection for apparent cure. Using these criteria, 70 patients were identified after resection of all apparent disease as being at high risk for recurrent melanoma. They were randomly assigned to one of the three adjuvant treatment arms: chemotherapy with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (DTIC), immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), or combined chemoimmunotherapy. Six of 20 patients receiving DTIC developed recurrence (30%) and four died (20%). Five of 28 patients receiving BCG developed recurrence (18%) and two died (7.5%). There have been no recurrences or deaths in 22 patients receiving combined chemoimmunotherapy. In the prevention of early recurrence, the combined therapy arm was significantly superior to both the immunotherapy arm (p less than 0.05) and the chemotherapy arm (p less than 0.01). In terms of survival, combined therapy also was superior to chemotherapy alone (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 644461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1978", "title": "Effects of intra-arterial infusion of prostaglandin E1 on gastric secretion and blood flow.", "content": "The effect of intra-arterial infusion of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on gastrict total and mucosal blood flow and acid secretion was studied in an exteriorized, chambered preparation of canine fundic stomach. Total gastric blood flow was measured simultaneously by venous outflow and by gamma-labeled microspheres. Mucosal blood flow also was measured by microspheres. Intra-arterial infusion of PGE1 at 1.0 microgram/min completely inhibited histamine-stimulated acid secretion. This inhibition was accompanied by a significant increase in both total (p less than 0.01) and mucosal blood flow (p less than 0.01). The  ratio of mucosal to total blood flow remained unchanged during histamine stimulation (78 +/- 4%) and PGE1 inhibition (79 +/- 4%). The results suggest that inhibition of acid secretion can occur in the face of increased blood flow. This observation is contrary to the generally accepted concept that inhibition of acid secretion always is associated with a decrease is mucosal blood flow.", "contents": "Effects of intra-arterial infusion of prostaglandin E1 on gastric secretion and blood flow. The effect of intra-arterial infusion of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on gastrict total and mucosal blood flow and acid secretion was studied in an exteriorized, chambered preparation of canine fundic stomach. Total gastric blood flow was measured simultaneously by venous outflow and by gamma-labeled microspheres. Mucosal blood flow also was measured by microspheres. Intra-arterial infusion of PGE1 at 1.0 microgram/min completely inhibited histamine-stimulated acid secretion. This inhibition was accompanied by a significant increase in both total (p less than 0.01) and mucosal blood flow (p less than 0.01). The  ratio of mucosal to total blood flow remained unchanged during histamine stimulation (78 +/- 4%) and PGE1 inhibition (79 +/- 4%). The results suggest that inhibition of acid secretion can occur in the face of increased blood flow. This observation is contrary to the generally accepted concept that inhibition of acid secretion always is associated with a decrease is mucosal blood flow.", "PMID": 644464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1979", "title": "Influence of vagus on mechanisms for stimulation and inhibition of gastrin release.", "content": "In studies in dogs the gastrin response to food, to bombesin (1 micrgoram/kg-hr), and to somatostatin (2.5 and 5.0 microgram/kh-hr) plus food before and after truncal vagotomy was determined. Vagotomy caused an increase in basal levels of gastrin and in the release of gastrin after bombesin and food. Vagotomy augmented somatostatin suppression of food-stimulated gastrin release in a dose-dependent manner. We suggest that vagotomy causes a loss of both stimulatory and inhibitory vagal effects on gastrin release. Loss of vagal inhibition results in increased gastrin release to bombesin and food. Loss of vagal stimulation results in intensification of somatostatin-induced inhibition of postprandial gastrin release.", "contents": "Influence of vagus on mechanisms for stimulation and inhibition of gastrin release. In studies in dogs the gastrin response to food, to bombesin (1 micrgoram/kg-hr), and to somatostatin (2.5 and 5.0 microgram/kh-hr) plus food before and after truncal vagotomy was determined. Vagotomy caused an increase in basal levels of gastrin and in the release of gastrin after bombesin and food. Vagotomy augmented somatostatin suppression of food-stimulated gastrin release in a dose-dependent manner. We suggest that vagotomy causes a loss of both stimulatory and inhibitory vagal effects on gastrin release. Loss of vagal inhibition results in increased gastrin release to bombesin and food. Loss of vagal stimulation results in intensification of somatostatin-induced inhibition of postprandial gastrin release.", "PMID": 644465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1980", "title": "Congenital central nervous system malformations and vinyl chloride monomer exposure: a community study.", "content": "Incidence rates for central nervous system (CNS) malformations in infants born to residents of Kanawha County, West Virginia, 1970-1974, were significantly higher than comparable United States rates during those years. Since Kanawha County contains a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization plant, a case-control study was conducted on the possible relationship between the occurrence of CNS defects and parental occupational or residential exposure to vinyl chloride monomer emissions from this plant. No relationship with parental occupation was found. While a tendency was noted for residences of case families to be located in an area northeast of the plant, this observation did not entirely correlate with existing data on local patterns of wind direction and air pollution.", "contents": "Congenital central nervous system malformations and vinyl chloride monomer exposure: a community study. Incidence rates for central nervous system (CNS) malformations in infants born to residents of Kanawha County, West Virginia, 1970-1974, were significantly higher than comparable United States rates during those years. Since Kanawha County contains a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization plant, a case-control study was conducted on the possible relationship between the occurrence of CNS defects and parental occupational or residential exposure to vinyl chloride monomer emissions from this plant. No relationship with parental occupation was found. While a tendency was noted for residences of case families to be located in an area northeast of the plant, this observation did not entirely correlate with existing data on local patterns of wind direction and air pollution.", "PMID": 644500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1981", "title": "Teratogenicity of adriamycin and daunomycin in the rat and rabbit.", "content": "The antitumor drugs adriamycin and daunomycin were evaluated for effects on embryonal and fetal development in the rat and rabbit. Doses of adriamycin ranging from 1-2 mg/kg/day or daunomycin ranging from 1-4 mg/kg/day were administered ip to pregnant rats on days 6-15, 6-9, 9-12 or 12-15 of gestation. Both drugs were teratogenic in the rat, particularly when administered on days 6-15 or 6-9 of gestation. Relatively few anomalies resulted from treatment on days 9-12 or 12-15. On a mg/kg basis, adriamycin was the more potent teratogen, producing major anomalies at doses as low as 1.25 mg/kg. Similar anomalies, but at a lower incidence, were produced by daunomycin at dose levels of 4 mg/kg. Characteristic malformations included esophageal and intestinal atresia, tracheo-esophgeal fistula, hypoplasia of the urinary bladder and various cardiovascular anomalies. Neither drug was teratogenic when given iv to rabbits at doses up to and including 0.6 mg/kg/day on days 6-18 of gestation, but a high incidence of abortion occurred in rabbits treated with adriamycin.", "contents": "Teratogenicity of adriamycin and daunomycin in the rat and rabbit. The antitumor drugs adriamycin and daunomycin were evaluated for effects on embryonal and fetal development in the rat and rabbit. Doses of adriamycin ranging from 1-2 mg/kg/day or daunomycin ranging from 1-4 mg/kg/day were administered ip to pregnant rats on days 6-15, 6-9, 9-12 or 12-15 of gestation. Both drugs were teratogenic in the rat, particularly when administered on days 6-15 or 6-9 of gestation. Relatively few anomalies resulted from treatment on days 9-12 or 12-15. On a mg/kg basis, adriamycin was the more potent teratogen, producing major anomalies at doses as low as 1.25 mg/kg. Similar anomalies, but at a lower incidence, were produced by daunomycin at dose levels of 4 mg/kg. Characteristic malformations included esophageal and intestinal atresia, tracheo-esophgeal fistula, hypoplasia of the urinary bladder and various cardiovascular anomalies. Neither drug was teratogenic when given iv to rabbits at doses up to and including 0.6 mg/kg/day on days 6-18 of gestation, but a high incidence of abortion occurred in rabbits treated with adriamycin.", "PMID": 644501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1982", "title": "Cranio-dirachischisis totalis in cephalothoracopagus twins.", "content": "A set of conjoined 13-day-old male hamster twins is described. The twins were joined at the head and thorax. The brain was exencephalic and the neural plate was completely open throughout its length. The notochord was duplicated throughout its entire length. Partial twinning of the neural plate as indicated by histologic reconstruction is suggested with fusion or non-separation of the neural plates in the medial alar wing area. There was complete separation of the neural plates together with duplication of the lower extremities and tails in the caudal region of this specimen.", "contents": "Cranio-dirachischisis totalis in cephalothoracopagus twins. A set of conjoined 13-day-old male hamster twins is described. The twins were joined at the head and thorax. The brain was exencephalic and the neural plate was completely open throughout its length. The notochord was duplicated throughout its entire length. Partial twinning of the neural plate as indicated by histologic reconstruction is suggested with fusion or non-separation of the neural plates in the medial alar wing area. There was complete separation of the neural plates together with duplication of the lower extremities and tails in the caudal region of this specimen.", "PMID": 644502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1983", "title": "Effect of inorganic lead on the mouse blastocyst in vitro.", "content": "In vitro culture of mouse blastocysts over the implantation period was used (1) to find out whether embryos recovered from uteri of mice given an injection of lead, which has been shown in a previous study to inhibit implantation in vivo, were capable of attachment and outgrowth when transferred to a lead free culture medium; (2) to study the effect of different amounts of inorganic lead in the culture medium on blastocyst viability and ability to attach and grow out. The levels of lead used in the medium were comparable to those found in uterine tissue of animals given an implantation inhibiting dose of lead. It was found that the preimplantation blastocyst was unaffected by the administration of lead to the mother as regards the ability to attach and grow out. It was also shown that normal blastocysts were adversely affected by the presence of lead in the culture medium. Addition of increasing amounts of inorganic lead (5, 10 and 20 mumol/l) caused a corresponding decrease in the ability of the blastocysts to attach and grow out, the highest concentration also causing abnormal appearance of the embryos within 48 hours of culture.", "contents": "Effect of inorganic lead on the mouse blastocyst in vitro. In vitro culture of mouse blastocysts over the implantation period was used (1) to find out whether embryos recovered from uteri of mice given an injection of lead, which has been shown in a previous study to inhibit implantation in vivo, were capable of attachment and outgrowth when transferred to a lead free culture medium; (2) to study the effect of different amounts of inorganic lead in the culture medium on blastocyst viability and ability to attach and grow out. The levels of lead used in the medium were comparable to those found in uterine tissue of animals given an implantation inhibiting dose of lead. It was found that the preimplantation blastocyst was unaffected by the administration of lead to the mother as regards the ability to attach and grow out. It was also shown that normal blastocysts were adversely affected by the presence of lead in the culture medium. Addition of increasing amounts of inorganic lead (5, 10 and 20 mumol/l) caused a corresponding decrease in the ability of the blastocysts to attach and grow out, the highest concentration also causing abnormal appearance of the embryos within 48 hours of culture.", "PMID": 644503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1984", "title": "Teratogenicity of ethylenethiourea and thyroid function in the rat.", "content": "Ethylenethiourea (ETU) was given by gavage at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day from Days 7 through 15 of gestation to hypothyroid and euthyroid rats, and to rats given exogenous thyroxine, to determine whether ETU teratogenicity occurs through alteration of maternal thyroid function. At sacrifice on Day 20 of gestation 84-100% of the fetuses in all groups given ETU were malformed regardless of the thyroid status of the dams. Ten percent of the fetuses of dams thyroparathyroidectomized at 75 days of age that were not given ETU were malformed; no malformations were noted among the fetuses of the other groups not given ETU. Hence, ETU was found to induce teratogenicity in rats but not through alteration of maternal thyroid status. In addition, it was determined that ETU lowered serum thyroxine concentration, that hypothyroidism itself increased the background level of malformations in the rat, and that hypothyroidism qualitatively and quantitatively increased the incidence of specific malformations after ETU administration.", "contents": "Teratogenicity of ethylenethiourea and thyroid function in the rat. Ethylenethiourea (ETU) was given by gavage at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day from Days 7 through 15 of gestation to hypothyroid and euthyroid rats, and to rats given exogenous thyroxine, to determine whether ETU teratogenicity occurs through alteration of maternal thyroid function. At sacrifice on Day 20 of gestation 84-100% of the fetuses in all groups given ETU were malformed regardless of the thyroid status of the dams. Ten percent of the fetuses of dams thyroparathyroidectomized at 75 days of age that were not given ETU were malformed; no malformations were noted among the fetuses of the other groups not given ETU. Hence, ETU was found to induce teratogenicity in rats but not through alteration of maternal thyroid status. In addition, it was determined that ETU lowered serum thyroxine concentration, that hypothyroidism itself increased the background level of malformations in the rat, and that hypothyroidism qualitatively and quantitatively increased the incidence of specific malformations after ETU administration.", "PMID": 644504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1985", "title": "Familial combined cellular and humoral immune defect with multisystem granulomata.", "content": "A brother and sister presented with recurrent respiratory infections. Investigations showed combined cellular and humoral immune defects and non-caseating granulomata in lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and skin. Despite antimycobacterial chemotherapy and corticosteroids in the brother and the additional treatment of human immunoglobulin injections in the sister both patients deteriorated with pulmonary and hepatic involvement.", "contents": "Familial combined cellular and humoral immune defect with multisystem granulomata. A brother and sister presented with recurrent respiratory infections. Investigations showed combined cellular and humoral immune defects and non-caseating granulomata in lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and skin. Despite antimycobacterial chemotherapy and corticosteroids in the brother and the additional treatment of human immunoglobulin injections in the sister both patients deteriorated with pulmonary and hepatic involvement.", "PMID": 644530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1986", "title": "Unexpected longevity in patients with severe kyphoscoliosis.", "content": "The threat of premature death in the fourth or fifth decades of life from cardiorespiratory failure in kyphoscoliosis is well known. Ten patients with severe kyphoscoliosis (curves greater than 100 degrees), who had survived into their seventh decade free of cardiorespiratory failure, were encountered over a four-year period. Pulmonary function studies on five patients showed impaired chest bellows function. Four patients died of acute respiratory failure at ages 65, 73, 79, and 85. These patients illustrate that severe deformity is not incompatible with a long and active life.", "contents": "Unexpected longevity in patients with severe kyphoscoliosis. The threat of premature death in the fourth or fifth decades of life from cardiorespiratory failure in kyphoscoliosis is well known. Ten patients with severe kyphoscoliosis (curves greater than 100 degrees), who had survived into their seventh decade free of cardiorespiratory failure, were encountered over a four-year period. Pulmonary function studies on five patients showed impaired chest bellows function. Four patients died of acute respiratory failure at ages 65, 73, 79, and 85. These patients illustrate that severe deformity is not incompatible with a long and active life.", "PMID": 644531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1987", "title": "A late complication of a diagnostic mediastinoscopy.", "content": "A 69-year-old man with a moderately well differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung, underwent a mediastinoscopy. All histological examinations of the mediastinal nodes were negative. The patient was treated with a curative left pneumonectomy. Three months after this negative mediastinoscopy the patient developed a metastasis in the mediastinoscopy scar. A report of this case and a review of the literature are presented.", "contents": "A late complication of a diagnostic mediastinoscopy. A 69-year-old man with a moderately well differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung, underwent a mediastinoscopy. All histological examinations of the mediastinal nodes were negative. The patient was treated with a curative left pneumonectomy. Three months after this negative mediastinoscopy the patient developed a metastasis in the mediastinoscopy scar. A report of this case and a review of the literature are presented.", "PMID": 644532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1988", "title": "Neurofibroma of the trachea: a case report.", "content": "A tracheal tumour was discovered by radiology in a 36-year-old man with haemoptysis, bronchitis, and dyspnoea. The tumour was situated 5 cm below the vocal cords. A frozen section of a bronchoscopic biopsy specimen confirmed it to be a neurofibroma. Resection was performed endoscopically.", "contents": "Neurofibroma of the trachea: a case report. A tracheal tumour was discovered by radiology in a 36-year-old man with haemoptysis, bronchitis, and dyspnoea. The tumour was situated 5 cm below the vocal cords. A frozen section of a bronchoscopic biopsy specimen confirmed it to be a neurofibroma. Resection was performed endoscopically.", "PMID": 644533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1989", "title": "Acute pleurisy in sarcoidosis.", "content": "A 47-year-old white man with sarcoidosis presented with a six-week history of acute painful pleurisy. On auscultation a loud pleural rub was heard at the left base together with bilateral basal crepitations. The chest radiograph showed hilar enlargement as well as diffuse lung shadowing. A lung biopsy showed the presence of numerous epithelioid and giant-cell granulomata, particularly subpleurally. A patchy interstitial pneumonia was also present. He was given a six-month course of prednisolone, and lung function returned to normal.", "contents": "Acute pleurisy in sarcoidosis. A 47-year-old white man with sarcoidosis presented with a six-week history of acute painful pleurisy. On auscultation a loud pleural rub was heard at the left base together with bilateral basal crepitations. The chest radiograph showed hilar enlargement as well as diffuse lung shadowing. A lung biopsy showed the presence of numerous epithelioid and giant-cell granulomata, particularly subpleurally. A patchy interstitial pneumonia was also present. He was given a six-month course of prednisolone, and lung function returned to normal.", "PMID": 644534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1990", "title": "Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis.", "content": "A 53-year-old man, who had been exposed for 23 years to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the bagging area of a vinyl chloride polymerisation plant, presented with a diffuse micronodular infiltrate on his chest radiograph. Light microscopy of lung obtained by drill biopsy showed a diffuse infiltration with histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, with some collagen formation. Ultrastructural studies showed foreign particles in the macrophages, which were identical with PVC powder viewed under the electron microscope. Incubation of PVC powder with human lung macrophages in vitro showed that the macrophages englufed the powder to give a similar ultrastructural appearance.", "contents": "Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis. A 53-year-old man, who had been exposed for 23 years to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the bagging area of a vinyl chloride polymerisation plant, presented with a diffuse micronodular infiltrate on his chest radiograph. Light microscopy of lung obtained by drill biopsy showed a diffuse infiltration with histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, with some collagen formation. Ultrastructural studies showed foreign particles in the macrophages, which were identical with PVC powder viewed under the electron microscope. Incubation of PVC powder with human lung macrophages in vitro showed that the macrophages englufed the powder to give a similar ultrastructural appearance.", "PMID": 644535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1991", "title": "Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura in Barrow-in-Furness.", "content": "Ffty cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma (47 men and 3 women) have been diagnosed during the period 1966-76 in Barrow-in-Furness, all of them histologically proved and accepted by the Pneumoconiosis Panel. At the time of writing only three survive. There was a history of industrial exposure to asbestos in all 47 men, who had worked in various trades in the shipyard, as had one of the women. One of the women was married to a shipyard plumber, who may have brought home asbestos dust on his clothes. Only one patient, a housewife, aged 28 at diagnosis, had no known asbestos contact. The asbestos content of the lungs has been measured in the last 20 cases, in 18 of whom it was found to be substantially greater than the accepted levels for the general population. In a small number studied by electron microscopy, the predominant fibre was crocidolite. A positive histological diagnosis was achieved in 39 subjects during life in the expectation of securing industrial compensation, but, in spite of this, less than half of the dependants are currently receiving payments. Metastases, though never clinically apparent, were frequent at necropsy.", "contents": "Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura in Barrow-in-Furness. Ffty cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma (47 men and 3 women) have been diagnosed during the period 1966-76 in Barrow-in-Furness, all of them histologically proved and accepted by the Pneumoconiosis Panel. At the time of writing only three survive. There was a history of industrial exposure to asbestos in all 47 men, who had worked in various trades in the shipyard, as had one of the women. One of the women was married to a shipyard plumber, who may have brought home asbestos dust on his clothes. Only one patient, a housewife, aged 28 at diagnosis, had no known asbestos contact. The asbestos content of the lungs has been measured in the last 20 cases, in 18 of whom it was found to be substantially greater than the accepted levels for the general population. In a small number studied by electron microscopy, the predominant fibre was crocidolite. A positive histological diagnosis was achieved in 39 subjects during life in the expectation of securing industrial compensation, but, in spite of this, less than half of the dependants are currently receiving payments. Metastases, though never clinically apparent, were frequent at necropsy.", "PMID": 644536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1992", "title": "Evagination of smooth muscle cells in the hypoxic pulmonary trunk.", "content": "Six female Wistar albino rats were exposed to the hypoxia of a simulated altitude of 5500 m, three for a period of one week and three for a month. They developed ultrastructural changes in the pulmonary trunk consisting of evaginations of muscle cells of its media through gaps in the internal elastic lamina to press into the underlying endothelial cells. Such evaginations were usually devoid of myofilaments and organelles. Some appeared so electron-lucent as to be unrecognisable as muscle apart from the unequivocal connection with the parent smooth muscle cells. Elsewhere we have demonstrated that muscular evaginations in normal pulmonary blood vessels are an artefact brought about by collapse of lung tissue and that they can be avoided by distending the lung. Hence in the present investigation, in which the pulmonary trunk was fixed in distension, the evaginations are interpreted as indicating contraction of the muscle cells able to overcome the distending force. We interpret them as evidence of constriction of muscle cells in the media of the pulmonary trunk in response to hypoxia.", "contents": "Evagination of smooth muscle cells in the hypoxic pulmonary trunk. Six female Wistar albino rats were exposed to the hypoxia of a simulated altitude of 5500 m, three for a period of one week and three for a month. They developed ultrastructural changes in the pulmonary trunk consisting of evaginations of muscle cells of its media through gaps in the internal elastic lamina to press into the underlying endothelial cells. Such evaginations were usually devoid of myofilaments and organelles. Some appeared so electron-lucent as to be unrecognisable as muscle apart from the unequivocal connection with the parent smooth muscle cells. Elsewhere we have demonstrated that muscular evaginations in normal pulmonary blood vessels are an artefact brought about by collapse of lung tissue and that they can be avoided by distending the lung. Hence in the present investigation, in which the pulmonary trunk was fixed in distension, the evaginations are interpreted as indicating contraction of the muscle cells able to overcome the distending force. We interpret them as evidence of constriction of muscle cells in the media of the pulmonary trunk in response to hypoxia.", "PMID": 644538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1993", "title": "Ventilatory effects of aerosol gentamicin.", "content": "Bronchial provocation tests with gentamicin solution, 40 mg/ml, and with the drug vehicle solution alone were carried out in 29 subjects aged 19 to 66 years. There were 18 subjects with bronchial asthma, four with chronic bronchitis, four with primary carcinoma of the lung, and three with no chest disease. Two millilitres of each of the two test solutions was given to each subject, in duplicate, via a nebuliser driven by a Bird Mark 8 respirator. Ventilatory function (FEV1 and VC) was measured before and after each inhalation, and changes were expressed as percentage variations from baseline. Seven subjects, all from the asthmatic group, developed at least one immediate FEV1 fall of 20% or more. The reactions ranged up to 71% and occurred to both test solutions. There was a trend towards greater reactions to the vehicle. In two subjects pretreatment with salbutamol and sodium cromoglycate did not modify these reactions. In three of the seven, inhalation of 2 ml normal saline produced FEV1 falls of 25% to 30%, but these falls were not as great as each subject's reactions to the test solutions. Skin prick tests using the gentamicin solution were negative in all subjects. These results show that substantial obstructive reactions may occur in some asthmatic subjects after inhalation of gentamicin. The reactions appear to be non-immunological in nature and may be due to an irritant effect of the drug vehicle.", "contents": "Ventilatory effects of aerosol gentamicin. Bronchial provocation tests with gentamicin solution, 40 mg/ml, and with the drug vehicle solution alone were carried out in 29 subjects aged 19 to 66 years. There were 18 subjects with bronchial asthma, four with chronic bronchitis, four with primary carcinoma of the lung, and three with no chest disease. Two millilitres of each of the two test solutions was given to each subject, in duplicate, via a nebuliser driven by a Bird Mark 8 respirator. Ventilatory function (FEV1 and VC) was measured before and after each inhalation, and changes were expressed as percentage variations from baseline. Seven subjects, all from the asthmatic group, developed at least one immediate FEV1 fall of 20% or more. The reactions ranged up to 71% and occurred to both test solutions. There was a trend towards greater reactions to the vehicle. In two subjects pretreatment with salbutamol and sodium cromoglycate did not modify these reactions. In three of the seven, inhalation of 2 ml normal saline produced FEV1 falls of 25% to 30%, but these falls were not as great as each subject's reactions to the test solutions. Skin prick tests using the gentamicin solution were negative in all subjects. These results show that substantial obstructive reactions may occur in some asthmatic subjects after inhalation of gentamicin. The reactions appear to be non-immunological in nature and may be due to an irritant effect of the drug vehicle.", "PMID": 644539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1994", "title": "Airflow in unilateral vocal cord paralysis before and after Teflon injection.", "content": "The effect of unilateral vocal cord paralysis and intracordal Teflon injection on maximum expiratory and inspiratory flows was studied in 15 consecutive patients. Ten patients had a ratio of forced expiratory flow to forced inspiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (Ve50/Vi50) more than one. Of the remaining five, four had low Ve50 consistent with underlying bronchial disease. Repeat studies were obtained in 10 patients two or more weeks after Teflon injection into a vocal cord for voice therapy. Maximum expiratory flow rates did not change (means 6.64 +/- 0.881/sec before and 6.47 +/- 1.101/s after injection). Inspiratory flow at 50% vital capacity improved in all six patients with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) greater than 75% of the forced vital capacity (FVC). In patients with an FEV1 less than 75% FVC, no consistent changes could be seen. We conclude that a high Ve50/Vi50 suggestive of variable extrathoracic airways obstruction is a frequent finding in the presence of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Teflon injection does not cause a significant reduction in forced expiratory flows and improves inspiratory flows in subjects without evidence of underlying bronchial disease.", "contents": "Airflow in unilateral vocal cord paralysis before and after Teflon injection. The effect of unilateral vocal cord paralysis and intracordal Teflon injection on maximum expiratory and inspiratory flows was studied in 15 consecutive patients. Ten patients had a ratio of forced expiratory flow to forced inspiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (Ve50/Vi50) more than one. Of the remaining five, four had low Ve50 consistent with underlying bronchial disease. Repeat studies were obtained in 10 patients two or more weeks after Teflon injection into a vocal cord for voice therapy. Maximum expiratory flow rates did not change (means 6.64 +/- 0.881/sec before and 6.47 +/- 1.101/s after injection). Inspiratory flow at 50% vital capacity improved in all six patients with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) greater than 75% of the forced vital capacity (FVC). In patients with an FEV1 less than 75% FVC, no consistent changes could be seen. We conclude that a high Ve50/Vi50 suggestive of variable extrathoracic airways obstruction is a frequent finding in the presence of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Teflon injection does not cause a significant reduction in forced expiratory flows and improves inspiratory flows in subjects without evidence of underlying bronchial disease.", "PMID": 644540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1995", "title": "Management of pulmonary artery sling (anomalous left pulmonary artery arising from right pulmonary artery): a conservative approach.", "content": "An anomalous left pulmonary artery arising from a right pulmonary artery and passing between the trachea and oesophagus was seen in seven patients over a period of 20 years. All of them had main airway obstruction. Surgical division and re-anastomosis of the anomalous artery in front of the trachea produced an unsatisfactory result in the first two patients. The only surgical procedure undertaken in the subsequent five patients was division of a ligamentum arteriosum; this formed part of a compressing ring in one patient. Three patients, one of whom had associated tracheobronchial stenosis, became completely asymptomatic. Two others, both with tracheobronchial stenosis, still have symptoms; the older has shown considerable improvement, while the younger is only 7 months old. It is suggested that a more conservative approach to the management of this anomaly is justified. In patients with associated tracheobronchial stenosis, symptoms are most probably the result of that anomaly. Surgical division of the anomalous artery is unlikely to be beneficial, and death from postoperative complications frequently occurs. Surgical division of the anomalous artery in patients with extrinsic tracheal compression should be considered only if life is threatened, as spontaneous improvement can be anticipated. Recent advances in respiratory care should assist in the conservative management of distressed infants.", "contents": "Management of pulmonary artery sling (anomalous left pulmonary artery arising from right pulmonary artery): a conservative approach. An anomalous left pulmonary artery arising from a right pulmonary artery and passing between the trachea and oesophagus was seen in seven patients over a period of 20 years. All of them had main airway obstruction. Surgical division and re-anastomosis of the anomalous artery in front of the trachea produced an unsatisfactory result in the first two patients. The only surgical procedure undertaken in the subsequent five patients was division of a ligamentum arteriosum; this formed part of a compressing ring in one patient. Three patients, one of whom had associated tracheobronchial stenosis, became completely asymptomatic. Two others, both with tracheobronchial stenosis, still have symptoms; the older has shown considerable improvement, while the younger is only 7 months old. It is suggested that a more conservative approach to the management of this anomaly is justified. In patients with associated tracheobronchial stenosis, symptoms are most probably the result of that anomaly. Surgical division of the anomalous artery is unlikely to be beneficial, and death from postoperative complications frequently occurs. Surgical division of the anomalous artery in patients with extrinsic tracheal compression should be considered only if life is threatened, as spontaneous improvement can be anticipated. Recent advances in respiratory care should assist in the conservative management of distressed infants.", "PMID": 644541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1996", "title": "Ductus arteriosus sling: report of a newly recognised anomaly and its surgical correction.", "content": "Surgical exploration of a 7-week-old infant with a diagnosis of 'pulmonary artery sling' (left pulmonary artery arising from the right) revealed the true nature of the abnormality to be persistence of the ductus arteriosus which connected the right pulmonary artery to the aortic isthmus. This malformation has not been described previously. It has the same symptomatology as 'pulmonary artery sling' and it may be treated by surgical ligation and division. We suggest the term 'ductus arteriosus sling' to describe this rare congenital anomaly.", "contents": "Ductus arteriosus sling: report of a newly recognised anomaly and its surgical correction. Surgical exploration of a 7-week-old infant with a diagnosis of 'pulmonary artery sling' (left pulmonary artery arising from the right) revealed the true nature of the abnormality to be persistence of the ductus arteriosus which connected the right pulmonary artery to the aortic isthmus. This malformation has not been described previously. It has the same symptomatology as 'pulmonary artery sling' and it may be treated by surgical ligation and division. We suggest the term 'ductus arteriosus sling' to describe this rare congenital anomaly.", "PMID": 644542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1997", "title": "Chronic cor pulmonale in pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "Right-heart overload happens relatively rarely in sarcoidosis, even with fibroemphysematous changes. Of 21 cases that we studied, six (28%) had clinical and/or electrocardiographic features of cor pulmonale. The cause of cor pulmonale often evoked is an invasion of the walls of pulmonary vessels by sarcoid granulomas or their compression by the fibrotic process. Pathological studies in one patient showed compression of large pulmonary arteries associated with specific sarcoid lesions in small small and medium-sized arteries.", "contents": "Chronic cor pulmonale in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Right-heart overload happens relatively rarely in sarcoidosis, even with fibroemphysematous changes. Of 21 cases that we studied, six (28%) had clinical and/or electrocardiographic features of cor pulmonale. The cause of cor pulmonale often evoked is an invasion of the walls of pulmonary vessels by sarcoid granulomas or their compression by the fibrotic process. Pathological studies in one patient showed compression of large pulmonary arteries associated with specific sarcoid lesions in small small and medium-sized arteries.", "PMID": 644543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1998", "title": "Interpretation of lung function tests in the sickle-cell haemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Prediction equations have been evolved for the assessment of vital capacity, total lung capacity, and the single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor in haemoglobin SS and haemoglobin SC disease. These relationships take account of the growth disorder and anaemia in the sickle-cell states. The results suggest that, in the clinically stable state, any effects of alveolar capillary sickling and haemoconcentration and any altered reactivity of haemoglobins S and C with the test gas are of no significance for clinical respiratory physiology. Sex differences in lung function appear independent of haemoglobin type.", "contents": "Interpretation of lung function tests in the sickle-cell haemoglobinopathies. Prediction equations have been evolved for the assessment of vital capacity, total lung capacity, and the single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor in haemoglobin SS and haemoglobin SC disease. These relationships take account of the growth disorder and anaemia in the sickle-cell states. The results suggest that, in the clinically stable state, any effects of alveolar capillary sickling and haemoconcentration and any altered reactivity of haemoglobins S and C with the test gas are of no significance for clinical respiratory physiology. Sex differences in lung function appear independent of haemoglobin type.", "PMID": 644544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_1999", "title": "Cyclophosphamide pneumonitis.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide can rarely cause interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis. Although it has been reported previously in patients being treated for lymphoma, it occurred in this case in a man under treatment for glomerulonephritis. The temporal sequence of the respiratory insufficiency and the histopathology, when compared to the previous examples in the literature, suggest that cyclophosphamide was aetiologically responsible for the lung disease. There may be an interval of one or more months after discontinuation of cyclophosphamide therapy before clinical or radiological improvement occurs.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide pneumonitis. Cyclophosphamide can rarely cause interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis. Although it has been reported previously in patients being treated for lymphoma, it occurred in this case in a man under treatment for glomerulonephritis. The temporal sequence of the respiratory insufficiency and the histopathology, when compared to the previous examples in the literature, suggest that cyclophosphamide was aetiologically responsible for the lung disease. There may be an interval of one or more months after discontinuation of cyclophosphamide therapy before clinical or radiological improvement occurs.", "PMID": 644545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2000", "title": "Tuberculous pericarditis in Birmingham.", "content": "Forty-one patients with acute tuberculous pericarditis were studied retrospectively. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy alone was effective in thirty. Five patients died, two from unrelated causes, two due to delayed diagnosis, and one after pericardiectomy. Constrictive pericarditis developed in seven patients, six of whom had successful pericardiectomy. Corticosteroids could not be shown to have reduced the risk of developing constriction. When constriction occurred it did so within the first six months of illness in all cases in contrast to a separate series of 15 patients who presented with constrictive pericarditis. These had had no previous history of tuberculosis, and in 10 cases where pericardiectomy was done, no histological evidence of tuberculosis was found. They were European with an average age of 49 years whereas in the group with acute tuberculous pericarditis 33 were Asian and the average age was 36 years.", "contents": "Tuberculous pericarditis in Birmingham. Forty-one patients with acute tuberculous pericarditis were studied retrospectively. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy alone was effective in thirty. Five patients died, two from unrelated causes, two due to delayed diagnosis, and one after pericardiectomy. Constrictive pericarditis developed in seven patients, six of whom had successful pericardiectomy. Corticosteroids could not be shown to have reduced the risk of developing constriction. When constriction occurred it did so within the first six months of illness in all cases in contrast to a separate series of 15 patients who presented with constrictive pericarditis. These had had no previous history of tuberculosis, and in 10 cases where pericardiectomy was done, no histological evidence of tuberculosis was found. They were European with an average age of 49 years whereas in the group with acute tuberculous pericarditis 33 were Asian and the average age was 36 years.", "PMID": 644546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2001", "title": "Depression of central respiratory drive by nitrazepam.", "content": "In a group of patients with chronic bronchitis, repeated night sedation with 10 mg nitrazepam produced a fall in central respiratory drive and a steady rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension. The changes produced over a five-day period were not clinically important, except in two patients who were already hypercapnic before receiving nitrazepam. The use of this drug in patients with carbon dioxide retention should be avoided.", "contents": "Depression of central respiratory drive by nitrazepam. In a group of patients with chronic bronchitis, repeated night sedation with 10 mg nitrazepam produced a fall in central respiratory drive and a steady rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension. The changes produced over a five-day period were not clinically important, except in two patients who were already hypercapnic before receiving nitrazepam. The use of this drug in patients with carbon dioxide retention should be avoided.", "PMID": 644547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2002", "title": "[Effects of Mycoplasma synoviae infection on the state of health, reactions to vaccination and results of fattening in broiler chickens (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases in which contact infection was experimentally induced in broilers by Mycoplasma synoviae (M.s.) are reported. The chickens were inoculated against Newcastle disease (NCD) and infectious bronchitis (IB) in accordance with the Netherlands vaccination programme. Fattening was continued for six weeks. The rate of horizontal transmission of M. synoviae infection varied with the severity of the virus infection (i.e. vaccination). There was a close correlation between this finding and the adverse effects of M. synoviae infection on the severity of the reactions to vaccination, the final weight, the table quality and feed conversion. Moreover, there was evidence to suggest that M. synoviae accelerates the appearance of dyschondroplasia in broilers.", "contents": "[Effects of Mycoplasma synoviae infection on the state of health, reactions to vaccination and results of fattening in broiler chickens (author's transl)]. Four cases in which contact infection was experimentally induced in broilers by Mycoplasma synoviae (M.s.) are reported. The chickens were inoculated against Newcastle disease (NCD) and infectious bronchitis (IB) in accordance with the Netherlands vaccination programme. Fattening was continued for six weeks. The rate of horizontal transmission of M. synoviae infection varied with the severity of the virus infection (i.e. vaccination). There was a close correlation between this finding and the adverse effects of M. synoviae infection on the severity of the reactions to vaccination, the final weight, the table quality and feed conversion. Moreover, there was evidence to suggest that M. synoviae accelerates the appearance of dyschondroplasia in broilers.", "PMID": 644563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2003", "title": "The effect of diet on the establishment and growth of Ostertagia ostertagi in calves.", "content": "Three groups of four calves were raised parasite-free. Each group received a different diet. At the moment of infection one group was fed with milk equivalent artificially dried grass, and concentrates, the second with water, grass pellets (16 mm), and concentrates, while the third was fed with water, artificially dried grass, and concentrates. Each animal was infected at an age of 8 weeks with 10,000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and necropsied 28 days later, No significant differences between the groups were observed with regard to the number of worms post-mortem, length of worms, number of eggs per female, or gain of weight of the calves.", "contents": "The effect of diet on the establishment and growth of Ostertagia ostertagi in calves. Three groups of four calves were raised parasite-free. Each group received a different diet. At the moment of infection one group was fed with milk equivalent artificially dried grass, and concentrates, the second with water, grass pellets (16 mm), and concentrates, while the third was fed with water, artificially dried grass, and concentrates. Each animal was infected at an age of 8 weeks with 10,000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and necropsied 28 days later, No significant differences between the groups were observed with regard to the number of worms post-mortem, length of worms, number of eggs per female, or gain of weight of the calves.", "PMID": 644564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2004", "title": "Lysozyme and its presence in bovine milk and serum.", "content": "The literature on the presence of lysozyme in various biological fluids in physiological and pathological conditions is reviewed. Preliminary results of lysozyme estimations in bovine milk show that lysozyme levels are definitely higher in colostrum and mastitis milk than in normal milk. The biological role of the enzyme in the milk still has to be defined. On the other hand, lysozyme may interfere with microbiological screening techniques for penicillin in cow's milk; the lytic effect of purified human lysozyme on B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis was demonstrated microscopically.", "contents": "Lysozyme and its presence in bovine milk and serum. The literature on the presence of lysozyme in various biological fluids in physiological and pathological conditions is reviewed. Preliminary results of lysozyme estimations in bovine milk show that lysozyme levels are definitely higher in colostrum and mastitis milk than in normal milk. The biological role of the enzyme in the milk still has to be defined. On the other hand, lysozyme may interfere with microbiological screening techniques for penicillin in cow's milk; the lytic effect of purified human lysozyme on B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis was demonstrated microscopically.", "PMID": 644566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2005", "title": "A genetic study of Beh\u00e7et disease in Israel.", "content": "The frequency of HLA-B5 in 24 Israeli Beh\u00e7et disease (BD) patients from various subpopulations was significantly greater than in 615 control individuals (P less than 0.003). The relative risk for a B5 carrier to develop BD was calculated to be 5.0. Six patients were offspring of consanguineous marriages, which is not unexpected in the populations studied. Five of the patients had only one HLA-B antigen, which in four cases was B5. Two of the latter were B5 homozygotes, indicating a possible greater susceptibility. This study confirms the reported association between BD and HLA-B5 in a populationnot previously investigated. Furthermore, these data support the suggestion that B5 is associated with BD in populations deriving from the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and Far East.", "contents": "A genetic study of Beh\u00e7et disease in Israel. The frequency of HLA-B5 in 24 Israeli Beh\u00e7et disease (BD) patients from various subpopulations was significantly greater than in 615 control individuals (P less than 0.003). The relative risk for a B5 carrier to develop BD was calculated to be 5.0. Six patients were offspring of consanguineous marriages, which is not unexpected in the populations studied. Five of the patients had only one HLA-B antigen, which in four cases was B5. Two of the latter were B5 homozygotes, indicating a possible greater susceptibility. This study confirms the reported association between BD and HLA-B5 in a populationnot previously investigated. Furthermore, these data support the suggestion that B5 is associated with BD in populations deriving from the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and Far East.", "PMID": 644568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2006", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the channel catfish olfactory lamellae.", "content": "The olfactory lamellae of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are composed of sensory and indifferent (non-sensory) epithelia organized into two distinct regions on both surfaces of each lamella. The smaller sensory region located adjacent to the midline raphe has fewer cilia per unit surface area than the indifferent epithelium and contains the olfactory neurons whose ciliated dendritic terminals occur at the epithelial surface. The indifferent epithelium, comprising the greater surface area of the olfactory lamella, is covered with a dense mat of non-sensory cilia. Fractured carbon dioxide critical point dried lamellar tissue revealed the underlying cellular structure. The lamellae are composed of two layers of epithelium enclosing a thin stromal layer. Olfactory receptors were observed in the fractured tissue only within the sensory epithelium.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the channel catfish olfactory lamellae. The olfactory lamellae of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are composed of sensory and indifferent (non-sensory) epithelia organized into two distinct regions on both surfaces of each lamella. The smaller sensory region located adjacent to the midline raphe has fewer cilia per unit surface area than the indifferent epithelium and contains the olfactory neurons whose ciliated dendritic terminals occur at the epithelial surface. The indifferent epithelium, comprising the greater surface area of the olfactory lamella, is covered with a dense mat of non-sensory cilia. Fractured carbon dioxide critical point dried lamellar tissue revealed the underlying cellular structure. The lamellae are composed of two layers of epithelium enclosing a thin stromal layer. Olfactory receptors were observed in the fractured tissue only within the sensory epithelium.", "PMID": 644569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2007", "title": "Kupffer's vesicle in Fundulus heteroclitus: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study.", "content": "Kupffer's vesicle, a transitory organ peculiar to teleost embryos, was investigated in embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus by scanning electron microscopy. The roof of the vesicle is constructed to rather large columnar cells which are in continuity wiht hypoblast cells. Each of the roof cells is adorned with a single long cilium which emerges from a depression in the center of the surface and extends into the cavity of the vesicle. Studies with a transmission electron microscope confirm and extent these observations. The surface of the roof of the vesicle variously exhibits the presence of droplets and viscous and/or filamentous material. The exposed surface, however, sometimes appears clean and somtimes appears to have undergon partial destruction. The periblast floor of the vesicle is characterized by the presence of numerous folds and/or microvillus projections into the cavity of the vesicle. A filamentous precipitate is sometimes present. These observations are discussed in terms of the possible functional significance of this unique evanescent organ of the teleost embryo.", "contents": "Kupffer's vesicle in Fundulus heteroclitus: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study. Kupffer's vesicle, a transitory organ peculiar to teleost embryos, was investigated in embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus by scanning electron microscopy. The roof of the vesicle is constructed to rather large columnar cells which are in continuity wiht hypoblast cells. Each of the roof cells is adorned with a single long cilium which emerges from a depression in the center of the surface and extends into the cavity of the vesicle. Studies with a transmission electron microscope confirm and extent these observations. The surface of the roof of the vesicle variously exhibits the presence of droplets and viscous and/or filamentous material. The exposed surface, however, sometimes appears clean and somtimes appears to have undergon partial destruction. The periblast floor of the vesicle is characterized by the presence of numerous folds and/or microvillus projections into the cavity of the vesicle. A filamentous precipitate is sometimes present. These observations are discussed in terms of the possible functional significance of this unique evanescent organ of the teleost embryo.", "PMID": 644570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2008", "title": "Septate junctions in insects: comparison between intercellular and intramembranous structures.", "content": "Septate junctions have been studied in the hind-gut of Periplaneta americana, Incisitermes schwartzi and Thermobia domestica. The topographical disposition of intercellular septa revealed by lanthanum impregnation corresponds well with that of particle rows seen in freeze fracture preparations. However, there is no precise correspondence between the undulations of septa and the disposition of particles within a single row. The spacing of particles is variable and generally less than that of the undulation periodicity of septa. On the other hand, the disposition of septa, and of the rows of particles that correspond to them, appears to be variable: sometimes rectilinear and in close parallel, these may curve or form series of 'finger-print' loops. Moreover, the septa are evidently not deployed as continuous ribbons around the cell since intrruptions are freuqently observed. In addition to their mechanical role in intercellular cohesion, septate junctions apparently ensure a more or less complete closure of the intercellular space (i.e. provide a permeability barrier) and thus play a role comparable with that of tight junctions in epithelia of vertebrates.", "contents": "Septate junctions in insects: comparison between intercellular and intramembranous structures. Septate junctions have been studied in the hind-gut of Periplaneta americana, Incisitermes schwartzi and Thermobia domestica. The topographical disposition of intercellular septa revealed by lanthanum impregnation corresponds well with that of particle rows seen in freeze fracture preparations. However, there is no precise correspondence between the undulations of septa and the disposition of particles within a single row. The spacing of particles is variable and generally less than that of the undulation periodicity of septa. On the other hand, the disposition of septa, and of the rows of particles that correspond to them, appears to be variable: sometimes rectilinear and in close parallel, these may curve or form series of 'finger-print' loops. Moreover, the septa are evidently not deployed as continuous ribbons around the cell since intrruptions are freuqently observed. In addition to their mechanical role in intercellular cohesion, septate junctions apparently ensure a more or less complete closure of the intercellular space (i.e. provide a permeability barrier) and thus play a role comparable with that of tight junctions in epithelia of vertebrates.", "PMID": 644571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2009", "title": "Septate junctions between digestive vacuoles in human malacoplakia.", "content": "Typical septate junctions between digestive vacuoles in phagocytic cells of human malacoplakia are described in this paper. Evidence for a honeycomb pattern of hexagonal subunits is presented for their cleft material. Junctions were not observed between other organelles or in cells other than phagocytes. It is assumed that the septate junctions described here may reflect a pathological change in the organization of the membrane components of digestive organelles.", "contents": "Septate junctions between digestive vacuoles in human malacoplakia. Typical septate junctions between digestive vacuoles in phagocytic cells of human malacoplakia are described in this paper. Evidence for a honeycomb pattern of hexagonal subunits is presented for their cleft material. Junctions were not observed between other organelles or in cells other than phagocytes. It is assumed that the septate junctions described here may reflect a pathological change in the organization of the membrane components of digestive organelles.", "PMID": 644572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2010", "title": "Fine structure of muscle insertions on the larval shell and operculum of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) before and during metamorphosis.", "content": "In Phestilla, the attachment of the larval body to shell and operculum occurs at muscle insertion sites. Attachment zones are specialized areas of squamous epithelium wherein the cells contain structures considered to be cytoplasmic anchors. The anchors are intracellular organelles consisting of apical and basal hemidesmosomal plaques connected by bundles of tonofilaments which traverse the cells. Muscle-to-epithelium and epithelium-to-shell adhesion is probably due to an extracellular cement. At metamorphosis, both shell and operculum are lost. Electron microscopic investigation of shell and opercular attachment sites during metamorphosis has demonstrated that apical hemidesmosomes lose their integrity and tonofilament bundles pull away from the apical plasmalemma of the epithelial cells as the cells lose contact with the shell or operculum.", "contents": "Fine structure of muscle insertions on the larval shell and operculum of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) before and during metamorphosis. In Phestilla, the attachment of the larval body to shell and operculum occurs at muscle insertion sites. Attachment zones are specialized areas of squamous epithelium wherein the cells contain structures considered to be cytoplasmic anchors. The anchors are intracellular organelles consisting of apical and basal hemidesmosomal plaques connected by bundles of tonofilaments which traverse the cells. Muscle-to-epithelium and epithelium-to-shell adhesion is probably due to an extracellular cement. At metamorphosis, both shell and operculum are lost. Electron microscopic investigation of shell and opercular attachment sites during metamorphosis has demonstrated that apical hemidesmosomes lose their integrity and tonofilament bundles pull away from the apical plasmalemma of the epithelial cells as the cells lose contact with the shell or operculum.", "PMID": 644573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2011", "title": "Ultrastructure of a cephalic sensory organ in larvae of the gastropod Phestilla sibogae (Aeolidacea, Nudibrachia).", "content": "The cephalic sensory organ is a superficial sensory receptor located between the velar lobes at the level of the shell aperture. Three cell types make up this sensory area: (1) six flask-shaped cells bearing numerous cilia: (2) adjacent supporting or accessory cells which have numerous, often branched, microvilli; and (3) vacuolated cells which occupy the center of the area. The flask-shaped cells appear to be the sensory units. These cells have a deep invaginated lumen, with ciliar arising from the cell surface in the lumen oriented either toward the base of the lumen or toward the epidermal surface these cilia, some of which extend slightly above the body surface, are presumed to be non-motile, as they lack (dynein?) arms on the axonemal A tubules and lack striated rootlets. The six flask cells are in intimate contact with the underlying cerebral ganglia and axons from each cell pass into ganglionic tissue. The supporting cells may be sensory, but no direct connection with the nervous system was seen. The function of the central vacuolated cells is not known. This cephalic organ may be a derivative of the original apical tuft of the trochophore stage.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a cephalic sensory organ in larvae of the gastropod Phestilla sibogae (Aeolidacea, Nudibrachia). The cephalic sensory organ is a superficial sensory receptor located between the velar lobes at the level of the shell aperture. Three cell types make up this sensory area: (1) six flask-shaped cells bearing numerous cilia: (2) adjacent supporting or accessory cells which have numerous, often branched, microvilli; and (3) vacuolated cells which occupy the center of the area. The flask-shaped cells appear to be the sensory units. These cells have a deep invaginated lumen, with ciliar arising from the cell surface in the lumen oriented either toward the base of the lumen or toward the epidermal surface these cilia, some of which extend slightly above the body surface, are presumed to be non-motile, as they lack (dynein?) arms on the axonemal A tubules and lack striated rootlets. The six flask cells are in intimate contact with the underlying cerebral ganglia and axons from each cell pass into ganglionic tissue. The supporting cells may be sensory, but no direct connection with the nervous system was seen. The function of the central vacuolated cells is not known. This cephalic organ may be a derivative of the original apical tuft of the trochophore stage.", "PMID": 644574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2012", "title": "Flight muscle differentiation in nymphs of a dragonfly Anax imperator.", "content": "Flight muscle fibers of Anax imperator nymphs, in different developmental stages are analyzed for several morphological features, such as the arragnement and numerical ratio of actin and myosin filaments, the pattern of the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum, the number of microtubules and the fractional volume of mitochondria in each fiber. The T system is initially represented by longitudinal grooves on the cell surface, joined with vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; this pattern rapidly changes and the grooves start to break up into longitudinal segments. The thin to thick filament ratio is at first quite high (about 4-4.5:1) but rapidly falls to the final (3:1) when the myofibrils are well developed at the fiber periphery. Statistical analyses show that the measured values are significantly different in the various stages of development, also indicating a progressive reduction of the ratio variability. The reduction of thin to thick filament ratio and the variance decrease fit quite well with the hypothesis that the synthesis of actin and myosin depends on independently regulated messenger RNA molecules.", "contents": "Flight muscle differentiation in nymphs of a dragonfly Anax imperator. Flight muscle fibers of Anax imperator nymphs, in different developmental stages are analyzed for several morphological features, such as the arragnement and numerical ratio of actin and myosin filaments, the pattern of the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum, the number of microtubules and the fractional volume of mitochondria in each fiber. The T system is initially represented by longitudinal grooves on the cell surface, joined with vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; this pattern rapidly changes and the grooves start to break up into longitudinal segments. The thin to thick filament ratio is at first quite high (about 4-4.5:1) but rapidly falls to the final (3:1) when the myofibrils are well developed at the fiber periphery. Statistical analyses show that the measured values are significantly different in the various stages of development, also indicating a progressive reduction of the ratio variability. The reduction of thin to thick filament ratio and the variance decrease fit quite well with the hypothesis that the synthesis of actin and myosin depends on independently regulated messenger RNA molecules.", "PMID": 644575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2013", "title": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy of frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "A field emission-type scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the three-dimensional ultrastructure of frog sartorius muscles. Various preparative procedures were tested to seeks better specimen preparation for high resolution SEM observation. Procedures should be chosen depending on the information desired. The cell surface and intracellular organization of muscle fibers were best visualized when the tissues were fixed with tannic acid-OsO4 and torn after critical point drying. The basal lamina appeared as a continuous felt-like layer, onto which fine filamentous materials adhered. The true outer surface of the sarcolemma was not seen, whereas the true inner surface was occasionally exposed and exhibited numerous caveolae, membraneous fragments and fine filaments attached to its surface. In freeze-fractured and dried tissues, the cleaved sarcolemma showed numerous apertures of caveolae and T-system tubules. Inside the cell, the myofibrils showed a typical branding pattern of the sarcomere. Thick myofilaments were regularly beaded except for the pseudo-H-zone. Around the myofibrils the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system were also clearly observed. The results are discussed with special reference to the usefulness and limitation of the high resolution SEM in studying the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.", "contents": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy of frog sartorius muscle. A field emission-type scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the three-dimensional ultrastructure of frog sartorius muscles. Various preparative procedures were tested to seeks better specimen preparation for high resolution SEM observation. Procedures should be chosen depending on the information desired. The cell surface and intracellular organization of muscle fibers were best visualized when the tissues were fixed with tannic acid-OsO4 and torn after critical point drying. The basal lamina appeared as a continuous felt-like layer, onto which fine filamentous materials adhered. The true outer surface of the sarcolemma was not seen, whereas the true inner surface was occasionally exposed and exhibited numerous caveolae, membraneous fragments and fine filaments attached to its surface. In freeze-fractured and dried tissues, the cleaved sarcolemma showed numerous apertures of caveolae and T-system tubules. Inside the cell, the myofibrils showed a typical branding pattern of the sarcomere. Thick myofilaments were regularly beaded except for the pseudo-H-zone. Around the myofibrils the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system were also clearly observed. The results are discussed with special reference to the usefulness and limitation of the high resolution SEM in studying the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.", "PMID": 644576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2014", "title": "A single spiral artefact in arthropod cuticle.", "content": "Spirals are often seen in sections transverse to the axes of bumped structures in arthropod cuticle. (Sections through arthropod cornea or exocones yield excellent examples.) As arthropod cuticle has a helicoidal architecture (Bouligand, 1965), it might be expected that the spirals are a simple consequence of that structure. According to a symmetry argument, the spirals thus predicted must be double spirals. In contrast, the observed spirals are usually single. We propose that the single spirals result from an interaction between the microtome knife and the cuticle architecture. The direction of knife travel defines an orientation within the cuticle, subverting the symmetry arguments that require double spirals. Bouligand (1972) presented a model for the interaction of the knife with the cuticle. However, we offer arguments and observations show that Bouligand's model is incorrect. We argue from detailed observations of the single spiral that it is indeed a knifing artifact and that its explanation probably lies within a certain class of models. Two related models based on relative movements of cuticle components are examined via computer techniques.", "contents": "A single spiral artefact in arthropod cuticle. Spirals are often seen in sections transverse to the axes of bumped structures in arthropod cuticle. (Sections through arthropod cornea or exocones yield excellent examples.) As arthropod cuticle has a helicoidal architecture (Bouligand, 1965), it might be expected that the spirals are a simple consequence of that structure. According to a symmetry argument, the spirals thus predicted must be double spirals. In contrast, the observed spirals are usually single. We propose that the single spirals result from an interaction between the microtome knife and the cuticle architecture. The direction of knife travel defines an orientation within the cuticle, subverting the symmetry arguments that require double spirals. Bouligand (1972) presented a model for the interaction of the knife with the cuticle. However, we offer arguments and observations show that Bouligand's model is incorrect. We argue from detailed observations of the single spiral that it is indeed a knifing artifact and that its explanation probably lies within a certain class of models. Two related models based on relative movements of cuticle components are examined via computer techniques.", "PMID": 644577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2015", "title": "Ultrastructure of the anterior sense organs of adult Gastromermis Boophthorae (Nematoda: Mermithidae).", "content": "The amphids of adult Gastromermis boophthorae exhibit an organization unlike any previously reported. Each amphid consists of a distal cuticular channel which opens to the exterior, and a proximal amphidial gland. The cuticular channel is double and 15-18 cilia are held in a tight bundle by the inner channel. The amphidial gland contains an extensive reticulum, and the nerve axons which give rise to the amphidial cilia are arranged around the outside of the gland; anteriorly these axons are characteristically flattened. A granular secretion is produced by the amphidial gland and passes via the reticulum to the double cuticular channel, thus bathing the ciliary bundle. The ultrastructure of the amphids is discussed in relation to functional considerations.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the anterior sense organs of adult Gastromermis Boophthorae (Nematoda: Mermithidae). The amphids of adult Gastromermis boophthorae exhibit an organization unlike any previously reported. Each amphid consists of a distal cuticular channel which opens to the exterior, and a proximal amphidial gland. The cuticular channel is double and 15-18 cilia are held in a tight bundle by the inner channel. The amphidial gland contains an extensive reticulum, and the nerve axons which give rise to the amphidial cilia are arranged around the outside of the gland; anteriorly these axons are characteristically flattened. A granular secretion is produced by the amphidial gland and passes via the reticulum to the double cuticular channel, thus bathing the ciliary bundle. The ultrastructure of the amphids is discussed in relation to functional considerations.", "PMID": 644578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2016", "title": "Comparison of the ultrastructure of stimulated and unstimulated mechanoreceptors in the taste hairs of the blowfly Phaenicia serricata.", "content": "The structure of mechanoreceptors at the base of labellar taste hairs of the blowfly Phaenicia serricata were examined in stimulated and unstimulated conditions (i.e. with the hair bent or unbent). Physiological recordings from the mechano-receptor showed that the receptors responded when the hair is bent dorsally or ventrally and when the hair is bent at extreme angles. These conditions are the same as those placed on hairs in the anatomical studies. Bending the hair toward the ventral labellar surface caused the hair base to compress and indent the tubular body and its surrounding membrane and sheath at the distal end of the mechanoreceptor dendrite. In compressed tubular bodies, microtubules oriented longitudinally were bent and separated a greater distance from each other. Separation as much as 70 nm was observed in compressed tubular bodies as compared with a maximum of 26 nm between micro-tubules in tubular bodies of unbent hairs. The dense amorphous material between microtubules of compressed tubular bodies formed prominent bridges 18 nm thick connecting the microtubules at intervals of 48-74 nm. Thin 10 nm filaments were also evident in the spaces between microtubules. When the hair was bent toward the proximal end of the proboscis, the tip of the tubular body was bent about 15 degrees. The tubular body appears to function as a firm but resilient structure over which the dendritic membrane can be stretched during mechanostimulation. Comparison of morphology of bent and unbent hairs suggests a means by which mechanical force from the movement of the hair is transferred to the receptors by structures in the hair socket region. No differences were found in ciliary structures of stimulated and unstimulated receptors.", "contents": "Comparison of the ultrastructure of stimulated and unstimulated mechanoreceptors in the taste hairs of the blowfly Phaenicia serricata. The structure of mechanoreceptors at the base of labellar taste hairs of the blowfly Phaenicia serricata were examined in stimulated and unstimulated conditions (i.e. with the hair bent or unbent). Physiological recordings from the mechano-receptor showed that the receptors responded when the hair is bent dorsally or ventrally and when the hair is bent at extreme angles. These conditions are the same as those placed on hairs in the anatomical studies. Bending the hair toward the ventral labellar surface caused the hair base to compress and indent the tubular body and its surrounding membrane and sheath at the distal end of the mechanoreceptor dendrite. In compressed tubular bodies, microtubules oriented longitudinally were bent and separated a greater distance from each other. Separation as much as 70 nm was observed in compressed tubular bodies as compared with a maximum of 26 nm between micro-tubules in tubular bodies of unbent hairs. The dense amorphous material between microtubules of compressed tubular bodies formed prominent bridges 18 nm thick connecting the microtubules at intervals of 48-74 nm. Thin 10 nm filaments were also evident in the spaces between microtubules. When the hair was bent toward the proximal end of the proboscis, the tip of the tubular body was bent about 15 degrees. The tubular body appears to function as a firm but resilient structure over which the dendritic membrane can be stretched during mechanostimulation. Comparison of morphology of bent and unbent hairs suggests a means by which mechanical force from the movement of the hair is transferred to the receptors by structures in the hair socket region. No differences were found in ciliary structures of stimulated and unstimulated receptors.", "PMID": 644579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2017", "title": "A morphological study on gills of the brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus.", "content": "The gills of Penaeus aztecus were examined by light and electron microscopy. They are dendrobranchiate, consisting of a central axis with biserially arranged branches that subdivide into bifurcating filaments. A septum divides the lumina of these structures into afferent and efferent channels. Hemolymph from the sternal sinus flows through the afferent channels into the filaments where it is directed into the efferent channels and finally to the pericardial cavity. In addition to these channels, numerous blood vessels permeate the gill. The cuticle covering the gill overlies a thin epithelium which is separated from hemolymph by a basal lamina. The epithelium, which is active in cuticle secretion, has a series of pillar processes that form subcuticular lacunae. The apical membranes of epithelial cells become folded in shrimp exposed to hypo- and hyperosmotic salinities. Granular cells that contain elaborate Golgi apparati and several types of granules are present throughout the gill. Nephrocytes resembling glomerular podocytes line the efferent channels. A large nerve traverses the septum in the axis.", "contents": "A morphological study on gills of the brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus. The gills of Penaeus aztecus were examined by light and electron microscopy. They are dendrobranchiate, consisting of a central axis with biserially arranged branches that subdivide into bifurcating filaments. A septum divides the lumina of these structures into afferent and efferent channels. Hemolymph from the sternal sinus flows through the afferent channels into the filaments where it is directed into the efferent channels and finally to the pericardial cavity. In addition to these channels, numerous blood vessels permeate the gill. The cuticle covering the gill overlies a thin epithelium which is separated from hemolymph by a basal lamina. The epithelium, which is active in cuticle secretion, has a series of pillar processes that form subcuticular lacunae. The apical membranes of epithelial cells become folded in shrimp exposed to hypo- and hyperosmotic salinities. Granular cells that contain elaborate Golgi apparati and several types of granules are present throughout the gill. Nephrocytes resembling glomerular podocytes line the efferent channels. A large nerve traverses the septum in the axis.", "PMID": 644580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2018", "title": "Epithelial dysplasia in cancerous and noncancerous esophagi.", "content": "Subserial examinations of the noncancerous esophagus from 86 autopsy materials (male 47, female 39) in Kagoshima Prefecture revealed epithelial dysplasia in 54 instances (63%); 32 males (68%) and 22 females (57%). Higher grades of dysplasia were shown in 17 males (36%) and 3 females (8%). Histologically a formation of the rete ridge-like elongation of basal epithelium was characteristically conspicuous in these materials. Tabacco and alcohol intakes were regarded as promoting factors of dysplasia. Distribution and severity of dysplasia around carcinoma were histologically examined on semiserial blocks in 100 surgical materials under the consideration of preoperative treatment. A coexistence of carcinoma with extensive dysplasia was found in 24 instances and that with multifocal dysplasia in 46. Multicentric in situ carcinoma was found in 19 patients. These in situ carcinomas were frequently surrounded by severe dysplasia and occasionally showed gradual transition to the latter. The lesion of invasive carcinoma sometimes did not show sharp demarcation from the surrounding mucosa, especially in cases of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The results indicate that dysplasia plays a significant role on carcinogenesis of the esophagus as a precursor lesion.", "contents": "Epithelial dysplasia in cancerous and noncancerous esophagi. Subserial examinations of the noncancerous esophagus from 86 autopsy materials (male 47, female 39) in Kagoshima Prefecture revealed epithelial dysplasia in 54 instances (63%); 32 males (68%) and 22 females (57%). Higher grades of dysplasia were shown in 17 males (36%) and 3 females (8%). Histologically a formation of the rete ridge-like elongation of basal epithelium was characteristically conspicuous in these materials. Tabacco and alcohol intakes were regarded as promoting factors of dysplasia. Distribution and severity of dysplasia around carcinoma were histologically examined on semiserial blocks in 100 surgical materials under the consideration of preoperative treatment. A coexistence of carcinoma with extensive dysplasia was found in 24 instances and that with multifocal dysplasia in 46. Multicentric in situ carcinoma was found in 19 patients. These in situ carcinomas were frequently surrounded by severe dysplasia and occasionally showed gradual transition to the latter. The lesion of invasive carcinoma sometimes did not show sharp demarcation from the surrounding mucosa, especially in cases of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The results indicate that dysplasia plays a significant role on carcinogenesis of the esophagus as a precursor lesion.", "PMID": 644589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2019", "title": "Introduction of a method of valvuloplastic esophagogastrotomy in proximal gastrectomy.", "content": "A technique of valvuloplastic esophagogastrostomy is proximal gastrectomy to control postoperative reflux esophagitis is reported. After proximal resection of the stomach, the medial stump is closed in two layers. The mucosal layers of the lateral stump are sewn but leaving the seromuscular layers open. The esophagus is anastomosed to the mucosal stoma at the middle of the gastric stump. The distal esophagus is wrapped by the lateral stump like Nissen's fundoplication to create the artificial fundus. Intragastric esophageal wall facing the fundus acts as a long one-way flap valve to prevent reflux. Ten dogs were prepared with this method and were compared with end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis prepared in five dogs each. Cinefluoroscopy and esophageal pH demonstrated various degress of reflux in all the dogs with end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis, and mild reflux in one out of the ten dogs with valvular anastomosis. A sharp rise in pH at the anastomotic site was consistent in the remaining nine valvuloplastic dogs. High pressure zone, 9.9 mmHg on an average at the site of anastomosis was present in valvuloplastic dogs, while the pressure was 0 mmHg in end-to-end and 5.2 mmHg in end-to-side anastomosis dogs. Clinical application of this procedure in ten patients obtained satisfactory results. The technique offers a reliable method of valvuloplastic anastomosis in esophagogastrostomy.", "contents": "Introduction of a method of valvuloplastic esophagogastrotomy in proximal gastrectomy. A technique of valvuloplastic esophagogastrostomy is proximal gastrectomy to control postoperative reflux esophagitis is reported. After proximal resection of the stomach, the medial stump is closed in two layers. The mucosal layers of the lateral stump are sewn but leaving the seromuscular layers open. The esophagus is anastomosed to the mucosal stoma at the middle of the gastric stump. The distal esophagus is wrapped by the lateral stump like Nissen's fundoplication to create the artificial fundus. Intragastric esophageal wall facing the fundus acts as a long one-way flap valve to prevent reflux. Ten dogs were prepared with this method and were compared with end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis prepared in five dogs each. Cinefluoroscopy and esophageal pH demonstrated various degress of reflux in all the dogs with end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis, and mild reflux in one out of the ten dogs with valvular anastomosis. A sharp rise in pH at the anastomotic site was consistent in the remaining nine valvuloplastic dogs. High pressure zone, 9.9 mmHg on an average at the site of anastomosis was present in valvuloplastic dogs, while the pressure was 0 mmHg in end-to-end and 5.2 mmHg in end-to-side anastomosis dogs. Clinical application of this procedure in ten patients obtained satisfactory results. The technique offers a reliable method of valvuloplastic anastomosis in esophagogastrostomy.", "PMID": 644590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2020", "title": "Whole body bone scintigram and stage classification of the patients with adenocarcinoma of lung.", "content": "One hundred and six patients having adenocarcinoma of the lung were studied by whole body bone scanning with 99mTc-phosphates in connection with their clinical stages. Abnormal accumulation was found in 64 patients (60%). There were 64 patients who received surgical treatment. Among these 64 patients, 38 underwent bone scanning within 3 months after the establishment of their clinical stages. Twenty-two of them were classified as Stage I clinically. Pathological stage classification after the surgery revealed these 22 to be classified into 3 groups; 6 for Pathological Stage I, 4 for Pathological Stage II and 12 for Pathological Stage III. None of these 6 in Stage I showed abnormal accumulations. However, 1 of 4 in Stage II and 6 of 12 in Stage III were found to have abnormal accumulations. Therefore, if bone scintigrams had been taken into consideration for clinical stage classification, 7 patients would have never been placed into Clinical Stage I and could be expected more precise treatment. The authors recommend application of the results of whole body bone scanning to stage classification of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Needle biopsy is also recommended to confirm the metastasis at the site of radioisotope accumulation in the rib.", "contents": "Whole body bone scintigram and stage classification of the patients with adenocarcinoma of lung. One hundred and six patients having adenocarcinoma of the lung were studied by whole body bone scanning with 99mTc-phosphates in connection with their clinical stages. Abnormal accumulation was found in 64 patients (60%). There were 64 patients who received surgical treatment. Among these 64 patients, 38 underwent bone scanning within 3 months after the establishment of their clinical stages. Twenty-two of them were classified as Stage I clinically. Pathological stage classification after the surgery revealed these 22 to be classified into 3 groups; 6 for Pathological Stage I, 4 for Pathological Stage II and 12 for Pathological Stage III. None of these 6 in Stage I showed abnormal accumulations. However, 1 of 4 in Stage II and 6 of 12 in Stage III were found to have abnormal accumulations. Therefore, if bone scintigrams had been taken into consideration for clinical stage classification, 7 patients would have never been placed into Clinical Stage I and could be expected more precise treatment. The authors recommend application of the results of whole body bone scanning to stage classification of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Needle biopsy is also recommended to confirm the metastasis at the site of radioisotope accumulation in the rib.", "PMID": 644591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2021", "title": "Cytological diagnosis of cancer of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Results of cytological examination in 120 cases of colon and rectum cancer during the 11-year period ending in 1968 prior to the practical use of fibercolonscope were first studied. At that time, quite favorable results were obtained in cancer of the lower colon and the rectum, but the results were not so satisfactory in cancer of the right side of the colon. After 1969 when the fibercolonscope was introduced into the clinical practice, the range of cytological diagnosis under direct vision was at once expanded to the entire colon. Consequently, diagnosis by the cytological method in 140 cases of cancer of the colon and rectum experienced in 6-year period between 1969 and 1974 revealed favorable results. The results of the cytological diagnosis in cancer of the right sied of the colon, previously not always favorable, improved markedly after the introduction of the cytological method under direct vision through fibercolonscope. When early cancer of the colon and rectum is defined as in early gastric cancer, 40 lesions in 36 patients were detected during the past 19 years. The rate of positive result in cases of early cancer obtained by various diagnostic methods was 83% by the cytological method, 78% by biopsy and 91% by polypectomy. In cases in which both biopsy and cytological method were used, one or both frequently gave positive results. These results would indicate the possibility of correct diagnosis in many cases through the combined use of the cytological method and biopsy, without polypectomy.", "contents": "Cytological diagnosis of cancer of the colon and rectum. Results of cytological examination in 120 cases of colon and rectum cancer during the 11-year period ending in 1968 prior to the practical use of fibercolonscope were first studied. At that time, quite favorable results were obtained in cancer of the lower colon and the rectum, but the results were not so satisfactory in cancer of the right side of the colon. After 1969 when the fibercolonscope was introduced into the clinical practice, the range of cytological diagnosis under direct vision was at once expanded to the entire colon. Consequently, diagnosis by the cytological method in 140 cases of cancer of the colon and rectum experienced in 6-year period between 1969 and 1974 revealed favorable results. The results of the cytological diagnosis in cancer of the right sied of the colon, previously not always favorable, improved markedly after the introduction of the cytological method under direct vision through fibercolonscope. When early cancer of the colon and rectum is defined as in early gastric cancer, 40 lesions in 36 patients were detected during the past 19 years. The rate of positive result in cases of early cancer obtained by various diagnostic methods was 83% by the cytological method, 78% by biopsy and 91% by polypectomy. In cases in which both biopsy and cytological method were used, one or both frequently gave positive results. These results would indicate the possibility of correct diagnosis in many cases through the combined use of the cytological method and biopsy, without polypectomy.", "PMID": 644592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2022", "title": "The effect of oral chenodeoxycholic acid on cholesterol solubility in hepatic bile.", "content": "By oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) varying in dose for 7 consecutive days to patients who underwent cholecystectomy with biliary drainage for cholesterol gallstone, the biliary cholesterol dissolubility was studied in pursuit of the optimum dose in CDCA therapy for cholesterol gallstone. The rate of dissolution of biliary cholesterol by CDCA administration was highest in cases of 250 mg/day in dose, followed by those of 750 mg/day. When the dose was observed from per kg of body weight, the dissolubility of cholesterol was highest in the case of 6.3 mg/kg, followed by one of 12 mg/kg. Thus, it is presumed that in CDCA therapy for cholesterol gallstone a dose of 250 mg/day is too small and 750 mg/day too large in amount from the viewpoint of its effectiveness. The optimum dose probably lies between 5 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg. A transient elevation in levels of SGOT and SGPT was observed only in one case treated with 750 mg/kg.", "contents": "The effect of oral chenodeoxycholic acid on cholesterol solubility in hepatic bile. By oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) varying in dose for 7 consecutive days to patients who underwent cholecystectomy with biliary drainage for cholesterol gallstone, the biliary cholesterol dissolubility was studied in pursuit of the optimum dose in CDCA therapy for cholesterol gallstone. The rate of dissolution of biliary cholesterol by CDCA administration was highest in cases of 250 mg/day in dose, followed by those of 750 mg/day. When the dose was observed from per kg of body weight, the dissolubility of cholesterol was highest in the case of 6.3 mg/kg, followed by one of 12 mg/kg. Thus, it is presumed that in CDCA therapy for cholesterol gallstone a dose of 250 mg/day is too small and 750 mg/day too large in amount from the viewpoint of its effectiveness. The optimum dose probably lies between 5 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg. A transient elevation in levels of SGOT and SGPT was observed only in one case treated with 750 mg/kg.", "PMID": 644593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2023", "title": "[A review of 25 years' clinical application of fast electrons in radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The first betatron developed for current use of fast electrons in radiation therapy (15 MeV, Siemens) has been installed at the Dermatologische Klinik der Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen in 1952 (Bode, Markus). The first human carcinoma treated with fast electrons was irradiated using the first 6-MeV-betatron (Dr. Gund, Siemens) at the 2nd institute of physics of the G\u00f6ttingen university (Bode, Kopfermann, Paul, 1949). Characteristics of the electron radiation utilized for treatment and its particular advantages in dermatological radation therapy are reported. Two clinical examples, one of them the first human carcinoma irradiated with fast electrons, are described, and the frequency distribution of the indications for electron therapy at the dermatological clinics of the university is tabulated for a total of 3419 cases treated between 1949 and 1972 (Bode et al.).", "contents": "[A review of 25 years' clinical application of fast electrons in radiation therapy (author's transl)]. The first betatron developed for current use of fast electrons in radiation therapy (15 MeV, Siemens) has been installed at the Dermatologische Klinik der Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen in 1952 (Bode, Markus). The first human carcinoma treated with fast electrons was irradiated using the first 6-MeV-betatron (Dr. Gund, Siemens) at the 2nd institute of physics of the G\u00f6ttingen university (Bode, Kopfermann, Paul, 1949). Characteristics of the electron radiation utilized for treatment and its particular advantages in dermatological radation therapy are reported. Two clinical examples, one of them the first human carcinoma irradiated with fast electrons, are described, and the frequency distribution of the indications for electron therapy at the dermatological clinics of the university is tabulated for a total of 3419 cases treated between 1949 and 1972 (Bode et al.).", "PMID": 644594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2024", "title": "The neutron therapy facility (DT, 14 MeV) at the radiotherapy department of the university hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf.", "content": "The neutron therapy facility at the Radiotherapy Department of the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf is described. This unit has been developed for clinical purposes according to the initiative and conception of the radiotherapist by AEG/Fed. Rep. of Germany and RDI/USA since 1969. The installation was completed at the beginning of 1974. Special treatment head and bed systems allow isocentric treatment and arc or multiple port therapy. For routine work operation conditions of 8 to 12 mA total beam current and 500 kV accelerating voltage are used. The neutron output at 12 mA is about 3.5 x 10(12) n/s giving a phantom dose rate of more than 20 rad/min for a field size of 17.8 x 17.8 cm2 at 80 cm source-skin distance. Technical installations for improvement of dose rate and half-life of the target are planned. Results of physical measurements about neutron energy distributions, contributions from neutrons and gamma-rays to the total absorbed dose, build-up effect, axial and lateral dose distributions as well as isodose profiles for different field sizes in a homogeneous phantom are presented. Bewteen February 1976 and November 1977 up to 180 patients have been treated.", "contents": "The neutron therapy facility (DT, 14 MeV) at the radiotherapy department of the university hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf. The neutron therapy facility at the Radiotherapy Department of the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf is described. This unit has been developed for clinical purposes according to the initiative and conception of the radiotherapist by AEG/Fed. Rep. of Germany and RDI/USA since 1969. The installation was completed at the beginning of 1974. Special treatment head and bed systems allow isocentric treatment and arc or multiple port therapy. For routine work operation conditions of 8 to 12 mA total beam current and 500 kV accelerating voltage are used. The neutron output at 12 mA is about 3.5 x 10(12) n/s giving a phantom dose rate of more than 20 rad/min for a field size of 17.8 x 17.8 cm2 at 80 cm source-skin distance. Technical installations for improvement of dose rate and half-life of the target are planned. Results of physical measurements about neutron energy distributions, contributions from neutrons and gamma-rays to the total absorbed dose, build-up effect, axial and lateral dose distributions as well as isodose profiles for different field sizes in a homogeneous phantom are presented. Bewteen February 1976 and November 1977 up to 180 patients have been treated.", "PMID": 644595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2025", "title": "[Radiotherapy of blastomatous hemangiomas - under special consideration of 44 eyelid hemangiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The propriety of blastomatous hemangiomas to show spontaneous regression is underlined. Under certain indications, above all in case of eyelid hemangiomas, a radiotherapy is indicated. The moment of manifestation lies within the first three months of life, and the female sex is affected two times more frequently. The head represents the predilection spot within the distribution scheme of hemangiomas. 44 patients with eyelid hemangiomas who had been treated between 1968 and 1972 by the described irradiation method had check-up appointments five years later. The therapeutical results were evaluated according to certain criteria. 95,5% of the blastomatous hemangiomas showed a very good or satisfactory regression. Only 4,5% did not present any satisfactory success. In an advanced age of the patients, the hemangiomas do not always respond favourably to radiotherapy. In case of a strictly executed indication and a faultless irradiation technique, irradiation damages can be avoided. Our results show that, with regard to the spontaneous regression of blastomatous hemangiomas, total doses of 1000 to 1500 rd are sufficient. Finally the authors cite the standpoints of radiotherapy concerning the treatment of blastomatous hemangiomas and give recommendations for dosage principles.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of blastomatous hemangiomas - under special consideration of 44 eyelid hemangiomas (author's transl)]. The propriety of blastomatous hemangiomas to show spontaneous regression is underlined. Under certain indications, above all in case of eyelid hemangiomas, a radiotherapy is indicated. The moment of manifestation lies within the first three months of life, and the female sex is affected two times more frequently. The head represents the predilection spot within the distribution scheme of hemangiomas. 44 patients with eyelid hemangiomas who had been treated between 1968 and 1972 by the described irradiation method had check-up appointments five years later. The therapeutical results were evaluated according to certain criteria. 95,5% of the blastomatous hemangiomas showed a very good or satisfactory regression. Only 4,5% did not present any satisfactory success. In an advanced age of the patients, the hemangiomas do not always respond favourably to radiotherapy. In case of a strictly executed indication and a faultless irradiation technique, irradiation damages can be avoided. Our results show that, with regard to the spontaneous regression of blastomatous hemangiomas, total doses of 1000 to 1500 rd are sufficient. Finally the authors cite the standpoints of radiotherapy concerning the treatment of blastomatous hemangiomas and give recommendations for dosage principles.", "PMID": 644596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2026", "title": "[Therapy of carcinoma of the gingiva: results of radiotherapy and combined therapy in 88 patients in the years 1950 to 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of radiotherapy alone or in combination with surgery in the treatment of 58 patients with primary cancer of the gingiva and 30 patients with primary cancer of the buccal mucosa and secondary manifestation on the gingiva are represented. More than 60% of the patients after combined treatment survive symptomless for more than five years. The results of ratiotherapy are inferior to the results of the combined treatment also in early lesions. Analysis of the own experience and data from published series show that in most cases of gingiva cancer the combined treatment should be preferred.", "contents": "[Therapy of carcinoma of the gingiva: results of radiotherapy and combined therapy in 88 patients in the years 1950 to 1976 (author's transl)]. The results of radiotherapy alone or in combination with surgery in the treatment of 58 patients with primary cancer of the gingiva and 30 patients with primary cancer of the buccal mucosa and secondary manifestation on the gingiva are represented. More than 60% of the patients after combined treatment survive symptomless for more than five years. The results of ratiotherapy are inferior to the results of the combined treatment also in early lesions. Analysis of the own experience and data from published series show that in most cases of gingiva cancer the combined treatment should be preferred.", "PMID": 644597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2027", "title": "Five-year survival of patients with larynx carcinoma treated with irradiation.", "content": "182 cases of laryngeal carcinoma treated with irradiation alone or combined surgery and radiotherapy are presented. The five-year survival of the whole series was 56%. 109 (60%) of the cases had a glottic, and 73 (40%) a supraglottic tumour. Of the patients with glottic tumour 58% and of those with supraglottic tumour 53% survived five years. There was no significant difference between cases treated with conventional X-rays and cobalt therapy except in T1 cases which were treated with radiotherapy alone: of the 21 cases treated with X-rays eleven (52%), and of 29 treated with cobalt 24 (83%) survived five years.", "contents": "Five-year survival of patients with larynx carcinoma treated with irradiation. 182 cases of laryngeal carcinoma treated with irradiation alone or combined surgery and radiotherapy are presented. The five-year survival of the whole series was 56%. 109 (60%) of the cases had a glottic, and 73 (40%) a supraglottic tumour. Of the patients with glottic tumour 58% and of those with supraglottic tumour 53% survived five years. There was no significant difference between cases treated with conventional X-rays and cobalt therapy except in T1 cases which were treated with radiotherapy alone: of the 21 cases treated with X-rays eleven (52%), and of 29 treated with cobalt 24 (83%) survived five years.", "PMID": 644598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2028", "title": "[Advantages and disadvantages of a 5.7 MeV linear accelerator compared to a 60Co-unit (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison between a 60Co therapy unit and a 5.7 MeV linac shows the following advantages of the accelerator: 1. More favourable depth dose distribution with an improvement of the field homogeneity in the midplane for mantle techniques by a factor of 3 without the use of compensating filters. 2. Change of the maximum from 4 to 12 mm depth and thereby better skin sparing and greater dose tolerance of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. 3. Up to 10 times less penumbra. 4. Increased and stable dose rate of approximately 250 rd/min. At the moment the main disadvantages are the 20 to 30% higher purchase and running costs, and furthermore a downtime of at least 1 week per year for servicing and repair.", "contents": "[Advantages and disadvantages of a 5.7 MeV linear accelerator compared to a 60Co-unit (author's transl)]. A comparison between a 60Co therapy unit and a 5.7 MeV linac shows the following advantages of the accelerator: 1. More favourable depth dose distribution with an improvement of the field homogeneity in the midplane for mantle techniques by a factor of 3 without the use of compensating filters. 2. Change of the maximum from 4 to 12 mm depth and thereby better skin sparing and greater dose tolerance of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. 3. Up to 10 times less penumbra. 4. Increased and stable dose rate of approximately 250 rd/min. At the moment the main disadvantages are the 20 to 30% higher purchase and running costs, and furthermore a downtime of at least 1 week per year for servicing and repair.", "PMID": 644599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2029", "title": "[Sonographic representation of fibroses (a contribution to the problem of tissue differentiation) (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients with radiogenic fibroses were submitted to a sonographic examination by means of a grey-scale compound-scanner. As these skin fibroses are well suited for inspection and palpation, they are qualified to serve as a model with regard to the problem of sonographic tissue differentiation. Fibroses of medium and high degree are determined by characteristic properties in the B picture, whereas fibroses of low degree cannot be recorded by this technique.", "contents": "[Sonographic representation of fibroses (a contribution to the problem of tissue differentiation) (author's transl)]. Twelve patients with radiogenic fibroses were submitted to a sonographic examination by means of a grey-scale compound-scanner. As these skin fibroses are well suited for inspection and palpation, they are qualified to serve as a model with regard to the problem of sonographic tissue differentiation. Fibroses of medium and high degree are determined by characteristic properties in the B picture, whereas fibroses of low degree cannot be recorded by this technique.", "PMID": 644601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2030", "title": "[Short-term incubation in vitro with precursors of nucleic acids on human primary tumors and metastases of carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique of short-term tests in vitro by means of the incubation of tumor cell suspensions is utilized as a radioactive-biochemical method for pretherapeutic determination of the resistance in human cancers of the breast. Cell suspensions from primary tumors and metastases reveal individually different responses to cytostatics in vitro. It is possible, therewith, to differentiate two tumor collectives related to in vivo resistant or in vivo sensitive tumors. The responses of the primary lesion and the axillary lymphatic metastasis of the same carcinoma may in single cases also differ in vitro, according to clinical experience with the therapy of breast cancer. A distinct relation can be shown between the histological type of a carcinoma and its in vitro capacity of resistance.", "contents": "[Short-term incubation in vitro with precursors of nucleic acids on human primary tumors and metastases of carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. A technique of short-term tests in vitro by means of the incubation of tumor cell suspensions is utilized as a radioactive-biochemical method for pretherapeutic determination of the resistance in human cancers of the breast. Cell suspensions from primary tumors and metastases reveal individually different responses to cytostatics in vitro. It is possible, therewith, to differentiate two tumor collectives related to in vivo resistant or in vivo sensitive tumors. The responses of the primary lesion and the axillary lymphatic metastasis of the same carcinoma may in single cases also differ in vitro, according to clinical experience with the therapy of breast cancer. A distinct relation can be shown between the histological type of a carcinoma and its in vitro capacity of resistance.", "PMID": 644602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2031", "title": "Real time ultrasound tomography of the adult brain.", "content": "Initial clinical results are reported from a new real time, 2-dimensional ultrasound scanner modified for adult cephalic applications. An optimized transducer design and the use of the dynamically focused phased array imaging system have resulted in ultrasound tomograms of the brain which are significant improvements over previous attempts. Horizontal and coronal images of the ventricles, the corpus callosum and other midline structures are routinely displayed in a 45 degrees sector format. In addition, pulsating cerebral arteries are displayed in real time. Quantitative information can be obtained concerning cerebral vascular patency by using the selectable M-mode feature of this system. The results indicate that real time ultrasound tomography has potential for clinical application.", "contents": "Real time ultrasound tomography of the adult brain. Initial clinical results are reported from a new real time, 2-dimensional ultrasound scanner modified for adult cephalic applications. An optimized transducer design and the use of the dynamically focused phased array imaging system have resulted in ultrasound tomograms of the brain which are significant improvements over previous attempts. Horizontal and coronal images of the ventricles, the corpus callosum and other midline structures are routinely displayed in a 45 degrees sector format. In addition, pulsating cerebral arteries are displayed in real time. Quantitative information can be obtained concerning cerebral vascular patency by using the selectable M-mode feature of this system. The results indicate that real time ultrasound tomography has potential for clinical application.", "PMID": 644604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2032", "title": "Prolonged contraction of isolated human and canine cerebral arteries induced by uridine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "Uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) induced long-lasting contractions of isolated human brain arteries; contractions without decrement were observed for periods of up to 20-24 hours at which time the tissues were relaxed in a dose-dependent manner by theophylline. In some vessels, rhythmic oscillations accompanied the prolonged elevation in tension. In canine middle cerebral arteries, UTP produced dose related contractions within the dose range of 1.7 X 10(-6) to 1.7 X 10(-4) M; these responses were unaffected by methysergide 2.8 X 10(-7) M, phenoxybenzamine 2.9 X 10(-5) M or indomethacin 9.8 X 10(-6) M, suggesting that the UTP mechanism of action is probably independent of tryptaminergic or alpha adrenergic receptor activation, or of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The ability of UTP to produce prolonged contraction of cerebral vessels, thus, provides an in vitro preparation in which it is possible to study some of the basic mechanisms that are associated with cerebral vasospasm.", "contents": "Prolonged contraction of isolated human and canine cerebral arteries induced by uridine 5'-triphosphate. Uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) induced long-lasting contractions of isolated human brain arteries; contractions without decrement were observed for periods of up to 20-24 hours at which time the tissues were relaxed in a dose-dependent manner by theophylline. In some vessels, rhythmic oscillations accompanied the prolonged elevation in tension. In canine middle cerebral arteries, UTP produced dose related contractions within the dose range of 1.7 X 10(-6) to 1.7 X 10(-4) M; these responses were unaffected by methysergide 2.8 X 10(-7) M, phenoxybenzamine 2.9 X 10(-5) M or indomethacin 9.8 X 10(-6) M, suggesting that the UTP mechanism of action is probably independent of tryptaminergic or alpha adrenergic receptor activation, or of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The ability of UTP to produce prolonged contraction of cerebral vessels, thus, provides an in vitro preparation in which it is possible to study some of the basic mechanisms that are associated with cerebral vasospasm.", "PMID": 644605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2033", "title": "Serum lipids, platelets, and fibrinolytic activity in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Fifty patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease (ischemic thrombotic cerebrovascular disease--ITCBVC) were studied for clinical features, angiographic findings, serum lipids, platelet functions and fibrinolytic activity. Angiograms were abnormal in 24 of 36 cases. Two-thirds of these had an abnormality of the internal carotid artery in the neck; one-third had occlusion of the middle and/or anterior cerebral arteries. A statistically significant rise of serum triglycerides, pre-beta lipoproteins, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation, and a decrease in fibrinolytic activity were noticed in these patients as compared to age and sex matched controls. The correlation coefficient did not show any intercorrelation between the platelet adhesiveness and raised lipid fractions. These factors could be responsible for the atheroma resulting in large vessel occlusion.", "contents": "Serum lipids, platelets, and fibrinolytic activity in cerebrovascular disease. Fifty patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease (ischemic thrombotic cerebrovascular disease--ITCBVC) were studied for clinical features, angiographic findings, serum lipids, platelet functions and fibrinolytic activity. Angiograms were abnormal in 24 of 36 cases. Two-thirds of these had an abnormality of the internal carotid artery in the neck; one-third had occlusion of the middle and/or anterior cerebral arteries. A statistically significant rise of serum triglycerides, pre-beta lipoproteins, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation, and a decrease in fibrinolytic activity were noticed in these patients as compared to age and sex matched controls. The correlation coefficient did not show any intercorrelation between the platelet adhesiveness and raised lipid fractions. These factors could be responsible for the atheroma resulting in large vessel occlusion.", "PMID": 644606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2034", "title": "Cerebral protection with barbiturates: relation to anesthetic effect.", "content": "The effect of racemic mephobarbital and its optical isomers on survival time of mice exposed to 5% O2 was studied. There was an increase in survival time from 4.2 minutes to 12.6 minutes for 100 mg/kg of the anesthetically active (-) isomer and the racemic form, but no increase for 100 mg/kg of the inactive (+) isomer. Since it has been shown that there is no difference in brain concentrations between the isomers, we conclude that the barbiturate protective effect is bound to the anesthetic effect. All mice convulsed, and since the non-anesthetized animals convulsed earlier and stronger than the anesthetized, it was possible that barbiturate protection was accounted for by its anticonvulsant effects. Diazepam 7.5 mg/kg, while reducing convulsions to the same degree as barbiturates without producing anesthesia, only increased survival time to 6.2 minutes. Thus, the barbiturate protective effect is distinct from the anticonvulsant effect. It seems to be bound to a stereospecific receptor for both protection and anesthesia.", "contents": "Cerebral protection with barbiturates: relation to anesthetic effect. The effect of racemic mephobarbital and its optical isomers on survival time of mice exposed to 5% O2 was studied. There was an increase in survival time from 4.2 minutes to 12.6 minutes for 100 mg/kg of the anesthetically active (-) isomer and the racemic form, but no increase for 100 mg/kg of the inactive (+) isomer. Since it has been shown that there is no difference in brain concentrations between the isomers, we conclude that the barbiturate protective effect is bound to the anesthetic effect. All mice convulsed, and since the non-anesthetized animals convulsed earlier and stronger than the anesthetized, it was possible that barbiturate protection was accounted for by its anticonvulsant effects. Diazepam 7.5 mg/kg, while reducing convulsions to the same degree as barbiturates without producing anesthesia, only increased survival time to 6.2 minutes. Thus, the barbiturate protective effect is distinct from the anticonvulsant effect. It seems to be bound to a stereospecific receptor for both protection and anesthesia.", "PMID": 644607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2035", "title": "Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the rat.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBFA) to changes in perfusion pressure has not been previously reported in the rat. A modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique employing 133Xenon was used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in paralyzed adult Sprague Dawley rats passively ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen. At a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 121 +/- 19 mm Hg, and a mean arterial PCO2 of 36.2 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, mean CBF was 103 +/- 22 ml/min/100 gm of brain. CBF responses to hypercarbia were 4.9 ml/min/100 gm per mm Hg change in arterial PCO2. CBF was measured during steady state levels of hypo- and hypertension induced by phlebotomy, or by intravenous metaraminol, over the MABP range of 48-205 mm Hg. From a MABP of 80 to 160 mm Hg. CBF remained nearly constant, indicating the presence of CBFA. However, when MABP exceeded 160 mm Hg, CBF became pressure dependent, indicating a \"breakthrough\" of autoregulation in acute severe hypertension.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the rat. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBFA) to changes in perfusion pressure has not been previously reported in the rat. A modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique employing 133Xenon was used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in paralyzed adult Sprague Dawley rats passively ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen. At a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 121 +/- 19 mm Hg, and a mean arterial PCO2 of 36.2 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, mean CBF was 103 +/- 22 ml/min/100 gm of brain. CBF responses to hypercarbia were 4.9 ml/min/100 gm per mm Hg change in arterial PCO2. CBF was measured during steady state levels of hypo- and hypertension induced by phlebotomy, or by intravenous metaraminol, over the MABP range of 48-205 mm Hg. From a MABP of 80 to 160 mm Hg. CBF remained nearly constant, indicating the presence of CBFA. However, when MABP exceeded 160 mm Hg, CBF became pressure dependent, indicating a \"breakthrough\" of autoregulation in acute severe hypertension.", "PMID": 644608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2036", "title": "Experimental stroke in gerbils: correlation of clinical, pathological and electroencephalographic findings and protein synthesis.", "content": "Cerebral ischemia was produced in gerbils by ligation of the right common carotid artery and the resulting clinical manifestations and pathological alterations, along with electroencephalographic findings, were followed from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Protein synthesis was evaluated with brain slices in vitro and subsequent cellular and subcellular fractionations. One group of animals developed clinical signs of cerebral ischemia and stroke very rapidly and often died within 12 hours. In these animals cerebral infarction was diffuse in the right side of brain within a few hours post-operatively and there was persistent suppression in the electroencephalographic recordings. Amino acid incorporation into protein of subcellular fractions was decreased to 50% of the opposite side at 30 minutes and further declined to less than 10% in 8 to 10 hours. Another group of animals survived to 24 hours in spite of severe neurological manifestations, and protein synthesis was about 15% of the control side at 24 hours. The suppression of protein synthesis was observed both in the neuronal and neurologlial fractions indicating similar vulnerability of these cellular elements toward cerebral ischemia as shown with cerebral anoxia in the past. It was emphasized that the correlation of clinical manifestations and biochemical data is very important to extract meaningful information from biochemical investigations in this model.", "contents": "Experimental stroke in gerbils: correlation of clinical, pathological and electroencephalographic findings and protein synthesis. Cerebral ischemia was produced in gerbils by ligation of the right common carotid artery and the resulting clinical manifestations and pathological alterations, along with electroencephalographic findings, were followed from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Protein synthesis was evaluated with brain slices in vitro and subsequent cellular and subcellular fractionations. One group of animals developed clinical signs of cerebral ischemia and stroke very rapidly and often died within 12 hours. In these animals cerebral infarction was diffuse in the right side of brain within a few hours post-operatively and there was persistent suppression in the electroencephalographic recordings. Amino acid incorporation into protein of subcellular fractions was decreased to 50% of the opposite side at 30 minutes and further declined to less than 10% in 8 to 10 hours. Another group of animals survived to 24 hours in spite of severe neurological manifestations, and protein synthesis was about 15% of the control side at 24 hours. The suppression of protein synthesis was observed both in the neuronal and neurologlial fractions indicating similar vulnerability of these cellular elements toward cerebral ischemia as shown with cerebral anoxia in the past. It was emphasized that the correlation of clinical manifestations and biochemical data is very important to extract meaningful information from biochemical investigations in this model.", "PMID": 644609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2037", "title": "Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity: role of a cholinergic mechanism modulated by anesthesia.", "content": "Cerebral cortical blood flow was measured in rabbits with the hydrogen clearance technique. The reactivity to CO2, tested by changing the end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in steps from 2 to 6 volumes %, was highly dependent on the kind of anesthesia, being greatest under halothane and least under nitrous oxide. Reactivity to CO2 in halothane-anesthetized animals also depended on arterial blood pressure, being greatest when pressure was below 70 mm Hg. Intravenous atropine blocked the increase in reactivity in halothane-anesthetized animals at low blood pressures. Conversely, intravenous eserine (physostigmine) greatly increased the reactivity to CO2 in nitrous oxide-anesthetized animals. Precollicular decerebration considerably decreased CO2 reactivity of halothane-anesthetized rabbits, while partial brain stem lesions that spared midline structures had no effect on CO2 reactivity. It is concluded that a central neurogenic mechanism with a cholinergic link may be responsible, at least in part, for the cerebrovascular effect of CO2. Moreover, the cerebrovascular effects of halothane may result from stimulation of the same system.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity: role of a cholinergic mechanism modulated by anesthesia. Cerebral cortical blood flow was measured in rabbits with the hydrogen clearance technique. The reactivity to CO2, tested by changing the end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in steps from 2 to 6 volumes %, was highly dependent on the kind of anesthesia, being greatest under halothane and least under nitrous oxide. Reactivity to CO2 in halothane-anesthetized animals also depended on arterial blood pressure, being greatest when pressure was below 70 mm Hg. Intravenous atropine blocked the increase in reactivity in halothane-anesthetized animals at low blood pressures. Conversely, intravenous eserine (physostigmine) greatly increased the reactivity to CO2 in nitrous oxide-anesthetized animals. Precollicular decerebration considerably decreased CO2 reactivity of halothane-anesthetized rabbits, while partial brain stem lesions that spared midline structures had no effect on CO2 reactivity. It is concluded that a central neurogenic mechanism with a cholinergic link may be responsible, at least in part, for the cerebrovascular effect of CO2. Moreover, the cerebrovascular effects of halothane may result from stimulation of the same system.", "PMID": 644610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2038", "title": "Strokes in children and adolescents.", "content": "Strokes in children and adolescents, although rare, are serious when they occur. A practical clinical approach is to differentiate between those events that occur in the presence of systemic disease and those that are restricted conditions involving just the intracranial circulation. Division on the basis of the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage further narrows down the differential diagnosis and dictates the urgency with which angiography should be performed. Treatment depends on the underlying condition and on the development of seizures, increased intracranial pressure, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prognostic statements are difficult and must be highly individualized.", "contents": "Strokes in children and adolescents. Strokes in children and adolescents, although rare, are serious when they occur. A practical clinical approach is to differentiate between those events that occur in the presence of systemic disease and those that are restricted conditions involving just the intracranial circulation. Division on the basis of the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage further narrows down the differential diagnosis and dictates the urgency with which angiography should be performed. Treatment depends on the underlying condition and on the development of seizures, increased intracranial pressure, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prognostic statements are difficult and must be highly individualized.", "PMID": 644611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2039", "title": "Improved method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by 133Xenon inhalation. Part I: description of method and normal values obtained in healthy volunteers.", "content": "A clinical method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood volume (rCBV) is described, based on Obrist's 10 minute, desaturation method after 1 minute inhalation of 133Xe. Sixteen collimated probes are placed over both hemispheres and brain stem-cerebellar regions. End-tidal 133Xe curves are used for correction of recirculation. KEV discriminators are set to record gamma and x-ray activity separately. Values are printed out automatically by a computer on a brain map. Extracerebral contamination is reduced by 1) computing curves from gamma activity, 2) applying pressure on the scalp beneath the probes, 3) 1 minute inhalation of 133Xe and recording desaturation curves for 10 minutes, thereby minimizing slow clearance from extracranial tissues. Normal values for both fast and slow compartments are reproducible and are in good agreement with the carotid injection method. The speech dominant hemishpere has higher flow than the right under conditions described. Posterior portions of the cranium over the cerebellum and brain stem appear to have higher flow gray values than the cerebral cortex. Gray matter flow decreases with advancing age.", "contents": "Improved method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by 133Xenon inhalation. Part I: description of method and normal values obtained in healthy volunteers. A clinical method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood volume (rCBV) is described, based on Obrist's 10 minute, desaturation method after 1 minute inhalation of 133Xe. Sixteen collimated probes are placed over both hemispheres and brain stem-cerebellar regions. End-tidal 133Xe curves are used for correction of recirculation. KEV discriminators are set to record gamma and x-ray activity separately. Values are printed out automatically by a computer on a brain map. Extracerebral contamination is reduced by 1) computing curves from gamma activity, 2) applying pressure on the scalp beneath the probes, 3) 1 minute inhalation of 133Xe and recording desaturation curves for 10 minutes, thereby minimizing slow clearance from extracranial tissues. Normal values for both fast and slow compartments are reproducible and are in good agreement with the carotid injection method. The speech dominant hemishpere has higher flow than the right under conditions described. Posterior portions of the cranium over the cerebellum and brain stem appear to have higher flow gray values than the cerebral cortex. Gray matter flow decreases with advancing age.", "PMID": 644614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2040", "title": "Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 1: Production of thalamic infarction in dogs.", "content": "Difficulties in achieving focal temporary cerebral ischemia in experimental animals have delayed study of the prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction. We have succeeded in producing focal cerebral infarction by temporary occlusion of brain arteries. Infarction confined to the anterior portion of the thalamus was obtained by simultaneous occlusion of the 4 cerebral arteries: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries for 60-120 minutes. This experimental model in dogs is unique, since thalamic infarction can be produced with high frequency, and the dogs can be kept alive and managed for sufficient periods after temporary artery clipping. With this model it is possible to investigate cerebral infarction not only from the pathophysiological viewpoint, but also from the viewpoint of prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction in man.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 1: Production of thalamic infarction in dogs. Difficulties in achieving focal temporary cerebral ischemia in experimental animals have delayed study of the prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction. We have succeeded in producing focal cerebral infarction by temporary occlusion of brain arteries. Infarction confined to the anterior portion of the thalamus was obtained by simultaneous occlusion of the 4 cerebral arteries: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries for 60-120 minutes. This experimental model in dogs is unique, since thalamic infarction can be produced with high frequency, and the dogs can be kept alive and managed for sufficient periods after temporary artery clipping. With this model it is possible to investigate cerebral infarction not only from the pathophysiological viewpoint, but also from the viewpoint of prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction in man.", "PMID": 644616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2041", "title": "Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 2: Electroencephalographic changes produced by experimental thalamic infarction in dogs.", "content": "Previously, one of the authors developed a reliable experimental model in dogs for producing cerebral infarction. The EEG increased detection of experimental cerebral infarction, and was useful in predicting ischemic regions or infarction.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 2: Electroencephalographic changes produced by experimental thalamic infarction in dogs. Previously, one of the authors developed a reliable experimental model in dogs for producing cerebral infarction. The EEG increased detection of experimental cerebral infarction, and was useful in predicting ischemic regions or infarction.", "PMID": 644617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2042", "title": "Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 3: Protective effect of mannitol in thalamic infarction in dogs.", "content": "Whether or not mannitol can prevent infarctions in ischemic brain tissues was investigated utilizing the thalamic infarction model in dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into equal control and mannitol treatment groups. Temporary 4 vessel clipping for 60 minutes was adopted as the standard procedure for both groups. The only difference between the groups was the administration of 2 g/kg of mannitol before the arterial occlusion. In the controls, 6 of 10 dogs showed infarctions verified by histological changes at the seventh post-ischemic day. In the mannitol group only 1 dog in 10 showed infarction. The difference is statistically significant.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 3: Protective effect of mannitol in thalamic infarction in dogs. Whether or not mannitol can prevent infarctions in ischemic brain tissues was investigated utilizing the thalamic infarction model in dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into equal control and mannitol treatment groups. Temporary 4 vessel clipping for 60 minutes was adopted as the standard procedure for both groups. The only difference between the groups was the administration of 2 g/kg of mannitol before the arterial occlusion. In the controls, 6 of 10 dogs showed infarctions verified by histological changes at the seventh post-ischemic day. In the mannitol group only 1 dog in 10 showed infarction. The difference is statistically significant.", "PMID": 644618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2043", "title": "Effect of ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) on the response of brain metabolism to hypoxia in the dog.", "content": "Hypoxia is well known to cause an increase in brain anaerobic glycolysis. Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) given to six dogs was shown to attenuate these metabolic disturbances caused by hypoxia. Brain oxygen utilization was higher after ornithine alpha ketoglutarate during hypoxia than during a period of hypoxia alone. It is suggested that the clinical usefulness of OAKG should be explored in those situations where there is cerebral hypoxia or ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) on the response of brain metabolism to hypoxia in the dog. Hypoxia is well known to cause an increase in brain anaerobic glycolysis. Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) given to six dogs was shown to attenuate these metabolic disturbances caused by hypoxia. Brain oxygen utilization was higher after ornithine alpha ketoglutarate during hypoxia than during a period of hypoxia alone. It is suggested that the clinical usefulness of OAKG should be explored in those situations where there is cerebral hypoxia or ischemia.", "PMID": 644619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2044", "title": "Sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage there were increased concentrations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine when compared with those concentrations in a group of patients admitted to hospital with other illness. Reassessment after a variable period showed that in patients whose eventual clinical result was poor the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations increased further while in those with a good result those concentrations showed a decline. No such changes were evident in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities which were within normal range. In a sub-group of patients who had neurosurgery after admission for clipping an aneurysm, the post-operative changes of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were related to the clinical condition of the patients.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage there were increased concentrations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine when compared with those concentrations in a group of patients admitted to hospital with other illness. Reassessment after a variable period showed that in patients whose eventual clinical result was poor the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations increased further while in those with a good result those concentrations showed a decline. No such changes were evident in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities which were within normal range. In a sub-group of patients who had neurosurgery after admission for clipping an aneurysm, the post-operative changes of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were related to the clinical condition of the patients.", "PMID": 644621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2045", "title": "Cardiac cycle-dependent alternating flow in vertebral arteries with subclavian artery stenoses.", "content": "Continuous-wave Doppler sonography is a reliable method for detecting severe subclavian stenosis and occlusion as well as subclavian steal. Intermediate stages leading to subclavian steal can also be detected. These are characterized by a cardiac-phase-dependent alternating flow direction in the vertebral artery. Some cases of proximal subclavian or proximal vertebral artery stenosis produce a systolic deceleration of flow in the vertebral artery. Stenosis and occlusion of the subclavian artery as well as stenosis of the subclavian and vertebral arteries can be distinguished. The pulse curve changes described can be reversed by a vascular by-pass. Alternating flow direction or systolic deceleration of flow in the radial artery could also be observed or induced in a iatrogenic model using Cimino's a-v fistula in the arm in patients on dialysis. The results in beginning subclavian steal situations can be applied in principle to other collateral circulations, and in particular to the hemodynamics in the region of watersheds.", "contents": "Cardiac cycle-dependent alternating flow in vertebral arteries with subclavian artery stenoses. Continuous-wave Doppler sonography is a reliable method for detecting severe subclavian stenosis and occlusion as well as subclavian steal. Intermediate stages leading to subclavian steal can also be detected. These are characterized by a cardiac-phase-dependent alternating flow direction in the vertebral artery. Some cases of proximal subclavian or proximal vertebral artery stenosis produce a systolic deceleration of flow in the vertebral artery. Stenosis and occlusion of the subclavian artery as well as stenosis of the subclavian and vertebral arteries can be distinguished. The pulse curve changes described can be reversed by a vascular by-pass. Alternating flow direction or systolic deceleration of flow in the radial artery could also be observed or induced in a iatrogenic model using Cimino's a-v fistula in the arm in patients on dialysis. The results in beginning subclavian steal situations can be applied in principle to other collateral circulations, and in particular to the hemodynamics in the region of watersheds.", "PMID": 644620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2046", "title": "Delayed pentobarbital therapy of acute focal cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The efficacy of pentobarbital in the delayed treatment of acute cerebral ischemia was investigated in cats. Cerebral ischemia was produced by left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) ligation. Ten cats received 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital prior to ligation; a second group of 10 cats received the same dose of pentobarbital 2 hrs after ligation, and the control group of 7 cats received no pentobarbital. Brains were removed after spontaneous or induced death and the volume infarction was determined histologically. It was found that the volume of brain infarction in the group receiving pentobarbital 2 hrs after ligation was significantly less than that of the control group, which received no pentobarbital; but the volume of infarction in the former group was significantly greater than that found in the experimental group, which received pentobarbital prior to ligation. However, the mortality after LMCA ligation was higher in the 2 experimental groups, which received pentobarbital therapy, than in the control group, which did not receive pentobarbital. An hypothesis was advanced, which speculated that secondary adrenal insufficiency and altered cardiovascular function accounted for the increased mortality after pentobarbital treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.", "contents": "Delayed pentobarbital therapy of acute focal cerebral ischemia. The efficacy of pentobarbital in the delayed treatment of acute cerebral ischemia was investigated in cats. Cerebral ischemia was produced by left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) ligation. Ten cats received 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital prior to ligation; a second group of 10 cats received the same dose of pentobarbital 2 hrs after ligation, and the control group of 7 cats received no pentobarbital. Brains were removed after spontaneous or induced death and the volume infarction was determined histologically. It was found that the volume of brain infarction in the group receiving pentobarbital 2 hrs after ligation was significantly less than that of the control group, which received no pentobarbital; but the volume of infarction in the former group was significantly greater than that found in the experimental group, which received pentobarbital prior to ligation. However, the mortality after LMCA ligation was higher in the 2 experimental groups, which received pentobarbital therapy, than in the control group, which did not receive pentobarbital. An hypothesis was advanced, which speculated that secondary adrenal insufficiency and altered cardiovascular function accounted for the increased mortality after pentobarbital treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.", "PMID": 644622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2047", "title": "Clinical and arteriographic comparison of amaurosis fugax with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients with either amaurosis fugax (40 patients) or hemispheric transient ischemic attacks (47 patients) were studied to determine whether the two symptom groups could be differentiated clinically and arteriographically. Clinical data assessed were age of patient, incidence of cardiac disease, and presence of claudication, hypertension, diabetes, and carotid bruits. Contrary to a prior report, our results indicate no significant difference between the 2 patient groups based on clinical and arteriographic findings.", "contents": "Clinical and arteriographic comparison of amaurosis fugax with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks. Eighty-seven patients with either amaurosis fugax (40 patients) or hemispheric transient ischemic attacks (47 patients) were studied to determine whether the two symptom groups could be differentiated clinically and arteriographically. Clinical data assessed were age of patient, incidence of cardiac disease, and presence of claudication, hypertension, diabetes, and carotid bruits. Contrary to a prior report, our results indicate no significant difference between the 2 patient groups based on clinical and arteriographic findings.", "PMID": 644624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2048", "title": "Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia.", "content": "Ischemic brain damage can be partially ameliorated by barbiturate therapy applied postinsult. Catabolism-induced brain hyperosmolality during ischemia may contribute to the development of brain edema after restoration of circulation. To determine changes in brain osmolality during ischemia and the effect of barbiturate anesthetics in altering its course, we measured whole and regional (cerebral cortex, diencephalon-midbrain, and cerebellum) brain osmolality for up to 2 hours after decapitation ischemia in unanesthetized and pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Normal (nonischemic) brain osmolality in pentobarbital anesthetized rats was 319 +/- 2 mOsm/1 (mean +/- SEM) and higher than in unanesthetized rats (307 +/- 6 mOsm/1). The rate of increase in whole brain osmolality was 60% slower in pentobarbital anesthetized rats in the first 60 minutes of ischemia and regional brain osmolality increased by a maximum of 32 mOsm/1 compared to 45 mOsm/1 in unanesthetized rats. The potential for edema based on percent change in brain osmolality as well as the rapidity of the change was greater in unanesthetized rats. The significance of the increase in brain osmolality with barbiturate anesthesia and its attenuation of the rate and magnitude of increase during ischemia is discussed.", "contents": "Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia. Ischemic brain damage can be partially ameliorated by barbiturate therapy applied postinsult. Catabolism-induced brain hyperosmolality during ischemia may contribute to the development of brain edema after restoration of circulation. To determine changes in brain osmolality during ischemia and the effect of barbiturate anesthetics in altering its course, we measured whole and regional (cerebral cortex, diencephalon-midbrain, and cerebellum) brain osmolality for up to 2 hours after decapitation ischemia in unanesthetized and pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Normal (nonischemic) brain osmolality in pentobarbital anesthetized rats was 319 +/- 2 mOsm/1 (mean +/- SEM) and higher than in unanesthetized rats (307 +/- 6 mOsm/1). The rate of increase in whole brain osmolality was 60% slower in pentobarbital anesthetized rats in the first 60 minutes of ischemia and regional brain osmolality increased by a maximum of 32 mOsm/1 compared to 45 mOsm/1 in unanesthetized rats. The potential for edema based on percent change in brain osmolality as well as the rapidity of the change was greater in unanesthetized rats. The significance of the increase in brain osmolality with barbiturate anesthesia and its attenuation of the rate and magnitude of increase during ischemia is discussed.", "PMID": 644623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2049", "title": "Disappearing carotid defects.", "content": "Large intraluminal cervical carotid artery filling defects consistent with mural thrombi were angiographically demonstrated during acute hemispheric neurologic episodes. These thrombi disappeared benignly as shown by serial angiography in 2 patients treated with intravenous heparin and spontaneously in 1 patient treated surgically. Thus, partially obstructing cervical carotid artery thrombi may lyse either with the use of anticoagulant therapy or else spontaneously. The etiology of the thrombi may partly be related to underlying atheromatous disease.", "contents": "Disappearing carotid defects. Large intraluminal cervical carotid artery filling defects consistent with mural thrombi were angiographically demonstrated during acute hemispheric neurologic episodes. These thrombi disappeared benignly as shown by serial angiography in 2 patients treated with intravenous heparin and spontaneously in 1 patient treated surgically. Thus, partially obstructing cervical carotid artery thrombi may lyse either with the use of anticoagulant therapy or else spontaneously. The etiology of the thrombi may partly be related to underlying atheromatous disease.", "PMID": 644626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2050", "title": "Relationship between primitive reflexes in stroke patients and rehabilitation outcome.", "content": "The reappearance of developmental reflexes in the aged has been found to be associated with severe, diffuse cerebral damage. This study examined the relationship between the presence of such reflexes in stroke patients and the outcome of rehabilitation. Tests for the presence of snout, suck, jaw-jerk and palmomental reflexes were tested in 106 consecutive stroke patients admitted for rehabilitation treatment. A mental status test was also included in the usual medical admission examination. Functional status ratings for self-care and mobility at discharge, and the setting to which the patient was discharged, were used as outcome criteria. All of the reflex signs were negatively related to a favorable outcome, but the correlations were not high enough for predictive value. The mental status measures were more highly related to rehabilitation outcome than were the presence of developmental reflexes.", "contents": "Relationship between primitive reflexes in stroke patients and rehabilitation outcome. The reappearance of developmental reflexes in the aged has been found to be associated with severe, diffuse cerebral damage. This study examined the relationship between the presence of such reflexes in stroke patients and the outcome of rehabilitation. Tests for the presence of snout, suck, jaw-jerk and palmomental reflexes were tested in 106 consecutive stroke patients admitted for rehabilitation treatment. A mental status test was also included in the usual medical admission examination. Functional status ratings for self-care and mobility at discharge, and the setting to which the patient was discharged, were used as outcome criteria. All of the reflex signs were negatively related to a favorable outcome, but the correlations were not high enough for predictive value. The mental status measures were more highly related to rehabilitation outcome than were the presence of developmental reflexes.", "PMID": 644625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2051", "title": "Leptomeningeal artery atherosclerosis visualized by angiography: clinical correlates.", "content": "Circumscribed atherosclerotic involvement of secondary and tertiary branches of major cerebral arteries is a common angiographic finding whose nature is rarely in question. However, widespread and severe changes are unusual, and radiologic interpretation may be more difficult. We recently cared for a patient whose angiogram demonstrated extensive involvement of leptomeningeal vessels and were prompted to review the clinical courses and autopsy findings of a number of other patients with similar angiographic findings. Our observations suggest that the radiological appearance of leptomeningeal artery atherosclerosis can be confused with that of an arteritis. Atherosclerosis of leptomeningeal arteries is strongly associated with a history of arterial hypertension and seems to parallel arterial lesions thought responsible for lacunar infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Leptomeningeal artery atherosclerosis visualized by angiography: clinical correlates. Circumscribed atherosclerotic involvement of secondary and tertiary branches of major cerebral arteries is a common angiographic finding whose nature is rarely in question. However, widespread and severe changes are unusual, and radiologic interpretation may be more difficult. We recently cared for a patient whose angiogram demonstrated extensive involvement of leptomeningeal vessels and were prompted to review the clinical courses and autopsy findings of a number of other patients with similar angiographic findings. Our observations suggest that the radiological appearance of leptomeningeal artery atherosclerosis can be confused with that of an arteritis. Atherosclerosis of leptomeningeal arteries is strongly associated with a history of arterial hypertension and seems to parallel arterial lesions thought responsible for lacunar infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 644627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2052", "title": "Implenting family planning in a Ministry of Health: organizational barriers at the state and district levels.", "content": "1. Family planning occupied a subordinate position in the medical and health bureaucracy almost two decades after its introduction. Senior Ministry officials accorded low priority to formal program objectives, while the State Family Planning Officer, the highest state official concerned solely with the family planning program, suffered from a relatively subordinate position in the Directorate and a lack of authority and support. Within the medical profession, family planning was held in low esteem, and the medical and health bureaucracies did not have a mechanism for selecting personnel on the basis of interest and commitment. 2. Organizational adjustment to family planning in the Ministry of Health was a slow and painful process, absorbing the energy and attention of Ministry officials for almost a decade. The repeated reorganizations of the district setup revolving around the division of labor between medical, health, and family planning acitvities and between the rural and urban program, led to months of almost total inertia and detracted substantially from the supervisory capacity of the officials involved. 3. Decision making and guidance suffered from the quick turnover of the Secretary, the most powerful administrator in the Ministry. In Uttar Pradesh Secretaries stayed barely long enough to begin to understand the complex organizational setup of the program. 4. Multiple and often conflicting lines of authority characterized the relationships between the higher and lower echelons within the Ministry. This was accentuated when the District Family Planning Officer was placed under the administrative control of the District Magistrate. While intended to \"energize\" family planning through the association of the most prestigious and powerful district official with the program, this organizational arrangement resulted in conflicting instructions to the staffs of the primary health centers. 5. The organizational behavior of the Ministry of Health was shaped by the interplay of the various \"professional cultures\" of its key actors. The generalist administrators' short time horizon and eagerness to produce quantitative results clashed with the specialists' emphasis upon long-term goals and technical constraints; the politician's defense of the interest of his constituents clashed with the administrator's desire to defend his autonomy. The calculus of political survival made support for family planning goals a costly burden that few politicians have been willing to shoulder. As the party system does not reward the advocacy of family planning, ministers emphasize those programs within their ministry or those decisions within their discretion that correspond to the demands of their constituents.", "contents": "Implenting family planning in a Ministry of Health: organizational barriers at the state and district levels. 1. Family planning occupied a subordinate position in the medical and health bureaucracy almost two decades after its introduction. Senior Ministry officials accorded low priority to formal program objectives, while the State Family Planning Officer, the highest state official concerned solely with the family planning program, suffered from a relatively subordinate position in the Directorate and a lack of authority and support. Within the medical profession, family planning was held in low esteem, and the medical and health bureaucracies did not have a mechanism for selecting personnel on the basis of interest and commitment. 2. Organizational adjustment to family planning in the Ministry of Health was a slow and painful process, absorbing the energy and attention of Ministry officials for almost a decade. The repeated reorganizations of the district setup revolving around the division of labor between medical, health, and family planning acitvities and between the rural and urban program, led to months of almost total inertia and detracted substantially from the supervisory capacity of the officials involved. 3. Decision making and guidance suffered from the quick turnover of the Secretary, the most powerful administrator in the Ministry. In Uttar Pradesh Secretaries stayed barely long enough to begin to understand the complex organizational setup of the program. 4. Multiple and often conflicting lines of authority characterized the relationships between the higher and lower echelons within the Ministry. This was accentuated when the District Family Planning Officer was placed under the administrative control of the District Magistrate. While intended to \"energize\" family planning through the association of the most prestigious and powerful district official with the program, this organizational arrangement resulted in conflicting instructions to the staffs of the primary health centers. 5. The organizational behavior of the Ministry of Health was shaped by the interplay of the various \"professional cultures\" of its key actors. The generalist administrators' short time horizon and eagerness to produce quantitative results clashed with the specialists' emphasis upon long-term goals and technical constraints; the politician's defense of the interest of his constituents clashed with the administrator's desire to defend his autonomy. The calculus of political survival made support for family planning goals a costly burden that few politicians have been willing to shoulder. As the party system does not reward the advocacy of family planning, ministers emphasize those programs within their ministry or those decisions within their discretion that correspond to the demands of their constituents.", "PMID": 644632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2053", "title": "Differences between physicians and nurses in providing family planning services: findings from a Bogota clinic.", "content": "Having nurses provide a variety of services generally available only from physicians is one way to overcome shortages of physicians in family planning programs. To aid in determining if the quality of care provided by nurses is comparable to that of physicians, a study at a Profamilia clinic in Bogota, Colombia, evaluated the management of family planning clients by physicians and nurses. The study found significant differences between physicians and nurses in the prescription of contraceptives on the client's first visit, in prescription of methods to be used temporarily, in deferment of IUD insertions, and in changing of methods for the client. Continuation rates among the physicians' and nurses' clients, however, did not differ significantly, and clients of physicians and nurses were equally successful in preventing unwanted pregnancies.", "contents": "Differences between physicians and nurses in providing family planning services: findings from a Bogota clinic. Having nurses provide a variety of services generally available only from physicians is one way to overcome shortages of physicians in family planning programs. To aid in determining if the quality of care provided by nurses is comparable to that of physicians, a study at a Profamilia clinic in Bogota, Colombia, evaluated the management of family planning clients by physicians and nurses. The study found significant differences between physicians and nurses in the prescription of contraceptives on the client's first visit, in prescription of methods to be used temporarily, in deferment of IUD insertions, and in changing of methods for the client. Continuation rates among the physicians' and nurses' clients, however, did not differ significantly, and clients of physicians and nurses were equally successful in preventing unwanted pregnancies.", "PMID": 644633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2054", "title": "Female sterilization in small camp settings in rural India.", "content": "In an effort to provide female sterilization services in areas that lack modern surgical facilities and highly trained personnel, while avoiding the high complication rates associated with mass sterilization programs, small sterilization camps were held at six rural primary health centers (PHCs) in the Baroda District, Gujarat, India, beginning in 1972. Data collected for 2,009 women undergoing sterilization by the Pomeroy technique at these camps showed an operative and immediate postoperative complication rate of 2.1% and an early postoperative complication rate of 6.7%. These rates compare well with those found in sterilization series performed in modern, well equipped urban settings, further demonstrating that the small camp is an appropriate facility for female sterilization in rural India.", "contents": "Female sterilization in small camp settings in rural India. In an effort to provide female sterilization services in areas that lack modern surgical facilities and highly trained personnel, while avoiding the high complication rates associated with mass sterilization programs, small sterilization camps were held at six rural primary health centers (PHCs) in the Baroda District, Gujarat, India, beginning in 1972. Data collected for 2,009 women undergoing sterilization by the Pomeroy technique at these camps showed an operative and immediate postoperative complication rate of 2.1% and an early postoperative complication rate of 6.7%. These rates compare well with those found in sterilization series performed in modern, well equipped urban settings, further demonstrating that the small camp is an appropriate facility for female sterilization in rural India.", "PMID": 644634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2055", "title": "Developing a clinic strategy appropriate to community family planning needs and practices: an experience in Lagos, Nigeria.", "content": "In Southern Nigeria, desired birth intervals, typically two to three years in length, have been achieved largely through the traditional practices of breastfeeding and sexual abstinence. In order to make the most effective use of both traditional practices and modern contraception, the Lagos Family Health Clinic, after analyzing responses on family planning in their 1975 health survey, developed strategies to facilitate introduction of modern family planning methods during the weaning period. These programs include regular home visits to mothers of preschool children; family planning clinic counseling at the time of weaning; and the organizing of a fathers's club to provide education about the clinic's program.", "contents": "Developing a clinic strategy appropriate to community family planning needs and practices: an experience in Lagos, Nigeria. In Southern Nigeria, desired birth intervals, typically two to three years in length, have been achieved largely through the traditional practices of breastfeeding and sexual abstinence. In order to make the most effective use of both traditional practices and modern contraception, the Lagos Family Health Clinic, after analyzing responses on family planning in their 1975 health survey, developed strategies to facilitate introduction of modern family planning methods during the weaning period. These programs include regular home visits to mothers of preschool children; family planning clinic counseling at the time of weaning; and the organizing of a fathers's club to provide education about the clinic's program.", "PMID": 644635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2056", "title": "The effect of delayed refrigeration on red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF.", "content": "The effect of delaying blood processing for six hours while maintaining it at ambient temperature was investigated. Blood drawn from volunteers on two occasions was processed immediately (I) or after a six-hour delay (D). The effects of the delay on the efficacy and safety of red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF were studied. There was a more rapid decrease in 2,3-DPG in the delayed group during 21 days of refrigerated storage. ATP levels declined at similar rates. 24-hour survival of 51CR-labeled autologous cells was slightly better (p = .05) in the (I) group but excellent for both. Total platelets, per cent recovery and pH at 72 hours were identical for both groups. All cultures were sterile. There was no difference in total AHF recovered or per cent recovery between the two groups. To increase the availability of blood components, a six-hour processing delay seems warranted.", "contents": "The effect of delayed refrigeration on red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF. The effect of delaying blood processing for six hours while maintaining it at ambient temperature was investigated. Blood drawn from volunteers on two occasions was processed immediately (I) or after a six-hour delay (D). The effects of the delay on the efficacy and safety of red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF were studied. There was a more rapid decrease in 2,3-DPG in the delayed group during 21 days of refrigerated storage. ATP levels declined at similar rates. 24-hour survival of 51CR-labeled autologous cells was slightly better (p = .05) in the (I) group but excellent for both. Total platelets, per cent recovery and pH at 72 hours were identical for both groups. All cultures were sterile. There was no difference in total AHF recovered or per cent recovery between the two groups. To increase the availability of blood components, a six-hour processing delay seems warranted.", "PMID": 644636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2057", "title": "Platelet use in pediatric oncology: a review of 393 transfusions.", "content": "A total of 393 platelet transfusions, administered on the pediatric service at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between March, 1973, to December, 1974, were reviewed. Of these 64 were administered on indications of hemorrhage or surgery, while 324 were administered prophylactically. In only 33% was an adequate platelet rise seen, and in only 40% of those bleeding was the bleeding controlled. The primary factor precluding the success was the number of previously administered platelet transfusions. Infection, the use of random or single donors, and ABO matching had no effect on the outcome, but this was not accentuated in the bleeding patients. Surprisingly, transfusions in patients with leukemia resulted in greater success than transfusions in patients with solid tumors. The lower the platelet count prior to transfusion, the less likely the transfusion was to be successful.", "contents": "Platelet use in pediatric oncology: a review of 393 transfusions. A total of 393 platelet transfusions, administered on the pediatric service at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between March, 1973, to December, 1974, were reviewed. Of these 64 were administered on indications of hemorrhage or surgery, while 324 were administered prophylactically. In only 33% was an adequate platelet rise seen, and in only 40% of those bleeding was the bleeding controlled. The primary factor precluding the success was the number of previously administered platelet transfusions. Infection, the use of random or single donors, and ABO matching had no effect on the outcome, but this was not accentuated in the bleeding patients. Surprisingly, transfusions in patients with leukemia resulted in greater success than transfusions in patients with solid tumors. The lower the platelet count prior to transfusion, the less likely the transfusion was to be successful.", "PMID": 644637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2058", "title": "Community-based computerized donor record systems.", "content": "Computer programs for management of donor information have been developed for the Champaign County Blood Bank, a division of the Regional Health Resource Center, Urbana, Illinois. The system provides the blood bank with reports from the donor files, incorporating the donor's last donation dates, ABO groups and Rh factors, memberships in assurance programs, and rare donor information to generate lists to meet either daily or emergency inventory needs. The system was designed to decrease time requirements for donor recruitment, improve donor base sampling, aid in support of special recruitment programs, and provide statistical profiles of the community donor base. Experiences in the development and use of the system indicate requirements for effective development of such systems include careful design, strict monitoring of performance, use of a versatile programming language, and incorporation of program modifications via staff-programmer interaction throughout implementation.", "contents": "Community-based computerized donor record systems. Computer programs for management of donor information have been developed for the Champaign County Blood Bank, a division of the Regional Health Resource Center, Urbana, Illinois. The system provides the blood bank with reports from the donor files, incorporating the donor's last donation dates, ABO groups and Rh factors, memberships in assurance programs, and rare donor information to generate lists to meet either daily or emergency inventory needs. The system was designed to decrease time requirements for donor recruitment, improve donor base sampling, aid in support of special recruitment programs, and provide statistical profiles of the community donor base. Experiences in the development and use of the system indicate requirements for effective development of such systems include careful design, strict monitoring of performance, use of a versatile programming language, and incorporation of program modifications via staff-programmer interaction throughout implementation.", "PMID": 644638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2059", "title": "Patterns of blood utilization by physicians: transfusion of nonoperated anemic patients.", "content": "Prior studies have suggested that a high percentage of blood transfusions to hospital patients are unnecessary. If such transfusions can be reduced, more blood would be made available for those patients with legitimate blood requirements. In this study, blood transfusion of 401 nonoperated hospital patients with anemia as the final diagnosis explaining admission and with admission hemoglobin values equal to or greater than 10 gm/dl was analyzed. These patients were drawn from a 300 hospital sample distributed across the United States. Descriptive data showing the extent to which this selected population of patients is transfused with blood must be considered as one measure of unnecessary blood transfusion in this country. Hospital-based programs designed to identify and eliminate unnecessary blood transfusions should be established. The first step in the creation of such programs at the hospital level must be the development of guidelines for blood transfusion derived through the cooperative efforts of hospital physicians who fully understand and accept the rationale for them. Once guidelines for blood transfusion are established in a hospital, transfusion practice need only be measured against them.", "contents": "Patterns of blood utilization by physicians: transfusion of nonoperated anemic patients. Prior studies have suggested that a high percentage of blood transfusions to hospital patients are unnecessary. If such transfusions can be reduced, more blood would be made available for those patients with legitimate blood requirements. In this study, blood transfusion of 401 nonoperated hospital patients with anemia as the final diagnosis explaining admission and with admission hemoglobin values equal to or greater than 10 gm/dl was analyzed. These patients were drawn from a 300 hospital sample distributed across the United States. Descriptive data showing the extent to which this selected population of patients is transfused with blood must be considered as one measure of unnecessary blood transfusion in this country. Hospital-based programs designed to identify and eliminate unnecessary blood transfusions should be established. The first step in the creation of such programs at the hospital level must be the development of guidelines for blood transfusion derived through the cooperative efforts of hospital physicians who fully understand and accept the rationale for them. Once guidelines for blood transfusion are established in a hospital, transfusion practice need only be measured against them.", "PMID": 644640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2060", "title": "Statistical effects of varying blood life span from 14 to 28 days.", "content": "Human blood can be stored in the liquid state for only 21 days. Although the 21-day limit appears to have been somewhat arbitrarily set, there is general agreement that quality of blood, especially the red blood cells' oxygen carrying ability and viability declines with age. Lengthening the shelf life could help in reducing outdating and shortages. Shortening the shelf life, on the other hand, would make it even more difficult to supply blood needs. This paper studies the effect of varying the blood's life span from 14 to 28 days using a simulation model and collections and utilization data from an actual blood region.", "contents": "Statistical effects of varying blood life span from 14 to 28 days. Human blood can be stored in the liquid state for only 21 days. Although the 21-day limit appears to have been somewhat arbitrarily set, there is general agreement that quality of blood, especially the red blood cells' oxygen carrying ability and viability declines with age. Lengthening the shelf life could help in reducing outdating and shortages. Shortening the shelf life, on the other hand, would make it even more difficult to supply blood needs. This paper studies the effect of varying the blood's life span from 14 to 28 days using a simulation model and collections and utilization data from an actual blood region.", "PMID": 644639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2061", "title": "Studies on 4 C stored frozen-reconstituted red blood cells. III. Changes occurring in units which have been repeatedly frozen and thawed.", "content": "Units of frozen red blood cells were thawed, stored at 4 C for varying amounts of time up to five days, and then subsequently refrozen. This procedure was repeated for two or three cycles. Chemical and cytological studies showed that only a moderate number of red blood cells were lost and that the red blood cells would be transfusable with minimal danger to the patient. The units retained their sterility despite all of the manipulations. The ability to refreeze a unit of blood would extend the value of frozen blood greatly by preventing the loss of very rare units.", "contents": "Studies on 4 C stored frozen-reconstituted red blood cells. III. Changes occurring in units which have been repeatedly frozen and thawed. Units of frozen red blood cells were thawed, stored at 4 C for varying amounts of time up to five days, and then subsequently refrozen. This procedure was repeated for two or three cycles. Chemical and cytological studies showed that only a moderate number of red blood cells were lost and that the red blood cells would be transfusable with minimal danger to the patient. The units retained their sterility despite all of the manipulations. The ability to refreeze a unit of blood would extend the value of frozen blood greatly by preventing the loss of very rare units.", "PMID": 644641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2062", "title": "Suppression of human cytotoxic lymphocytes by methylprednisolone. An immunosuppressive mechanism of action of steroids.", "content": "In order to gain insight into the immunosuppresive mechanism of action of corticosteroids, an in vitro model of the cellular immune response was used to study the effect of methylprednisolone on human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Concentrations from 0.25 to 10 microgram/ml were equally effective in producing 74% suppression lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity when the steroid was present during the entire period of in vitro sensitization. A 12.5-fold increase in effector to target cell ratio was required to achieve 30% 51Cr release when cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated in the prescence of methylprednisolone. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was suppressed 48% when methylprednisolone was present only during the initial 24 hr of the 7-day in vitro sensitization period. Methylprednisolone also effectively inhibited cytotoxicity when it was incubated with sensitized lymphocytes for 3hr before incubating these cells with target cells. Our observations suggest that two of the major immunosuppressive mechanisms of action methylprednisolone are suppression of the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and suppression of specifically sensitized cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Suppression of human cytotoxic lymphocytes by methylprednisolone. An immunosuppressive mechanism of action of steroids. In order to gain insight into the immunosuppresive mechanism of action of corticosteroids, an in vitro model of the cellular immune response was used to study the effect of methylprednisolone on human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Concentrations from 0.25 to 10 microgram/ml were equally effective in producing 74% suppression lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity when the steroid was present during the entire period of in vitro sensitization. A 12.5-fold increase in effector to target cell ratio was required to achieve 30% 51Cr release when cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated in the prescence of methylprednisolone. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was suppressed 48% when methylprednisolone was present only during the initial 24 hr of the 7-day in vitro sensitization period. Methylprednisolone also effectively inhibited cytotoxicity when it was incubated with sensitized lymphocytes for 3hr before incubating these cells with target cells. Our observations suggest that two of the major immunosuppressive mechanisms of action methylprednisolone are suppression of the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and suppression of specifically sensitized cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 644647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2063", "title": "The effect of refreezing previously frozen-deglycerolized red blood cells.", "content": "Frozen red blood cells, once thawed and washed, must be used within 24 hours or discarded. In this study, three units of blood underwent two freeze-thaw cycles. It was shown that red blood cell survival, ATP, and 2,3-DPG were not adversely effected. The data suggest that previously frozen red blood cells should be refrozen, rather than discarded, if not used within 24 hours of deglycerolization.", "contents": "The effect of refreezing previously frozen-deglycerolized red blood cells. Frozen red blood cells, once thawed and washed, must be used within 24 hours or discarded. In this study, three units of blood underwent two freeze-thaw cycles. It was shown that red blood cell survival, ATP, and 2,3-DPG were not adversely effected. The data suggest that previously frozen red blood cells should be refrozen, rather than discarded, if not used within 24 hours of deglycerolization.", "PMID": 644642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2064", "title": "Transplantation of bovine odontogenic tissues and dissociated odontogenic cells to hypothymic mice.", "content": "It was demonstrated in this study that bovine odontogenic tissues and the dissociated cell preparations of such tissues, when transplated to the subcapsular kidney site of hypothymic mice, retained their phenotypic expression and continued function to produce their recognisable products, dentine and enamel matrices. It was also shown that in the grafts of dissociated odontogenic tissues, cell sorting occurred so that histotypical tissues were formed and that their function produced readily recognisable dentine and enamel matrices. Attention has been drawn to the usefulness of this model for studying a variety of events that occur during odontogenesis.", "contents": "Transplantation of bovine odontogenic tissues and dissociated odontogenic cells to hypothymic mice. It was demonstrated in this study that bovine odontogenic tissues and the dissociated cell preparations of such tissues, when transplated to the subcapsular kidney site of hypothymic mice, retained their phenotypic expression and continued function to produce their recognisable products, dentine and enamel matrices. It was also shown that in the grafts of dissociated odontogenic tissues, cell sorting occurred so that histotypical tissues were formed and that their function produced readily recognisable dentine and enamel matrices. Attention has been drawn to the usefulness of this model for studying a variety of events that occur during odontogenesis.", "PMID": 644648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2065", "title": "Quinidine-induced hemolytic anemia: immunohematologic characterization.", "content": "A 40-year-old white male with quinidine induced hemolytic anemia but no thrombocytopenia is described. Hemolysis was extravascular in nature and via the immune-complex mechanism. The quinidine antibody was an IgG immunoglobulin that did not activate complement.", "contents": "Quinidine-induced hemolytic anemia: immunohematologic characterization. A 40-year-old white male with quinidine induced hemolytic anemia but no thrombocytopenia is described. Hemolysis was extravascular in nature and via the immune-complex mechanism. The quinidine antibody was an IgG immunoglobulin that did not activate complement.", "PMID": 644643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2066", "title": "The multicellular spheroid as a model tumor allograft. I. Quantitative assessment of spheroid destruction in alloimmune mice.", "content": "A quantitative model for the assessment of in situ immunity to solid tumor allografts has been developed. Multicellular spheroids of murine EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of normal or specifically alloimmune mice. Damage to spheroids was quantitatively assessed at various times by trypsinizing the recovered spheroids and assaying for surviving EMT6 cells by a cloning technique. In alloimmune mice, significant destruction of spheroids was observed within 24 hr of implantation, and a 99% reduction in the number of clonogenic MT6 cells in spheroids was consistently found after 48 hr. In contrast, little or no cytotoxic effect was observed when spheroids were implanted for 48 hr in nonimmune mice or in mice immunized against unrelated alloantigens. Implantation of spheroids in alloimmune athymic (nu/nu) mice did not result in appreciable spheroid damage as compared with littermate controls. Histological analysis of spheroids taken from alloimmune mice at the time of maximum tumor cell destruction indicated that large numbers of mononuclear cells had infiltrated the spheroid. These results suggests that multicellular spheroids will be a useful model for quantitative studies of the cellular mechanisms responsible for tissue-damaging reactions in vivo.", "contents": "The multicellular spheroid as a model tumor allograft. I. Quantitative assessment of spheroid destruction in alloimmune mice. A quantitative model for the assessment of in situ immunity to solid tumor allografts has been developed. Multicellular spheroids of murine EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of normal or specifically alloimmune mice. Damage to spheroids was quantitatively assessed at various times by trypsinizing the recovered spheroids and assaying for surviving EMT6 cells by a cloning technique. In alloimmune mice, significant destruction of spheroids was observed within 24 hr of implantation, and a 99% reduction in the number of clonogenic MT6 cells in spheroids was consistently found after 48 hr. In contrast, little or no cytotoxic effect was observed when spheroids were implanted for 48 hr in nonimmune mice or in mice immunized against unrelated alloantigens. Implantation of spheroids in alloimmune athymic (nu/nu) mice did not result in appreciable spheroid damage as compared with littermate controls. Histological analysis of spheroids taken from alloimmune mice at the time of maximum tumor cell destruction indicated that large numbers of mononuclear cells had infiltrated the spheroid. These results suggests that multicellular spheroids will be a useful model for quantitative studies of the cellular mechanisms responsible for tissue-damaging reactions in vivo.", "PMID": 644649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2067", "title": "LISS--an effective way to increase blood utilization.", "content": "The low ionic strength solution (LISS) of Low and Messeter was compared with both the automated low ionic strength Polybrene and the manual IDAT techniques. A five minute incubation with the LISS was sufficient to detect all significant antibodies. By extending the incubation period to 15 minutes it was possible to increase the sensitivity of the reaction (as measured by titer) beyond that of either of the other methods. This LISS procedure has enabled us to greatly extend the applications of a \"standby procedure\" for elective surgery. In this procedure routine crossmatching is not done. Rather, the blood is placed on standby and if required, transfusion is provided by using the LISS. In one general hospital this resulted in the reduction by 1,600 units of unneccessary crossmatches and an increase of 10% in the total blood utilization rate over a nine-month period.", "contents": "LISS--an effective way to increase blood utilization. The low ionic strength solution (LISS) of Low and Messeter was compared with both the automated low ionic strength Polybrene and the manual IDAT techniques. A five minute incubation with the LISS was sufficient to detect all significant antibodies. By extending the incubation period to 15 minutes it was possible to increase the sensitivity of the reaction (as measured by titer) beyond that of either of the other methods. This LISS procedure has enabled us to greatly extend the applications of a \"standby procedure\" for elective surgery. In this procedure routine crossmatching is not done. Rather, the blood is placed on standby and if required, transfusion is provided by using the LISS. In one general hospital this resulted in the reduction by 1,600 units of unneccessary crossmatches and an increase of 10% in the total blood utilization rate over a nine-month period.", "PMID": 644644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2068", "title": "Cellular and humoral immune responses of mice during immunological enhancement of an allogeneic tumor.", "content": "Spleen cells obtained from C57BL/Ks (Ks, H-2d) mice carrying passively enhanced Sarcoma I (Sa I, H-2a) tumors were tested for alloantibody formation, lymphocyte blastogenesis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cell to cell cytotoxicity. Assays were usually performed approximately 6 weeks after tumor inoculation. The results of these assays indicate that spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice are actively synthesizing alloantibody, but have a depressed blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneneic cells, and manifest no detectable cytotoxic activity in 51Cr release assays for antibody-dependent or cell to cell cytotoxicity. The absence of cell to cell cytotoxicity was specific and could not be attributed to the activity of suppressor cells acting in vitro, or to immunoglobulin secreted during the in vitro assay. These results indicate that Ks mice carrying immunologically enhanced Sa I tumors have a strong humoral response but a defective cellular response to the alloantigens of their tumors. These results are compatible with a mechanism of immunological enhancement which involves suppression of the development of the cellular immune response throughout the course of tumor growth.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immune responses of mice during immunological enhancement of an allogeneic tumor. Spleen cells obtained from C57BL/Ks (Ks, H-2d) mice carrying passively enhanced Sarcoma I (Sa I, H-2a) tumors were tested for alloantibody formation, lymphocyte blastogenesis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cell to cell cytotoxicity. Assays were usually performed approximately 6 weeks after tumor inoculation. The results of these assays indicate that spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice are actively synthesizing alloantibody, but have a depressed blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneneic cells, and manifest no detectable cytotoxic activity in 51Cr release assays for antibody-dependent or cell to cell cytotoxicity. The absence of cell to cell cytotoxicity was specific and could not be attributed to the activity of suppressor cells acting in vitro, or to immunoglobulin secreted during the in vitro assay. These results indicate that Ks mice carrying immunologically enhanced Sa I tumors have a strong humoral response but a defective cellular response to the alloantigens of their tumors. These results are compatible with a mechanism of immunological enhancement which involves suppression of the development of the cellular immune response throughout the course of tumor growth.", "PMID": 644650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2069", "title": "[Investigations on the susceptibility of Mastomys natalensis to Trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei gambiense (author's transl)].", "content": "Mastomys natalensis (\"redeyed variant\") proved to be as susceptible as suckling rats to infections with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei gambiense (14 passages after isolation). The susceptibility of M. natalensis and rats was significantly higher than that of mice. After 21 further passages the T. (T.) b. gambiense strain was fully adapted to M. natalensis. Polymorphic trypanosome strains could be isolated from pigs and dogs in Liberia using M. natalensis as recipient rodents. Some of these strains were examined for their sensitivity to human plasma in the \"blood incubation infectivity test\" (BIIT) using M. natalensis as well. 6 strains were highly resistant resp. subresistant to human plasma and can be regarded as potentially infective (T. (T.) b. gambiense) for man. Referring to the investigations 1.) on the susceptibility, 2.) the isolation of trypanosome strains of the subgenus Trypanozoon from animal and 3.) the biological differentiation of these strains in the BIIT, M. natalensis can be regarded as suitable experimental animals for field and laboratory studies.", "contents": "[Investigations on the susceptibility of Mastomys natalensis to Trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei gambiense (author's transl)]. Mastomys natalensis (\"redeyed variant\") proved to be as susceptible as suckling rats to infections with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei gambiense (14 passages after isolation). The susceptibility of M. natalensis and rats was significantly higher than that of mice. After 21 further passages the T. (T.) b. gambiense strain was fully adapted to M. natalensis. Polymorphic trypanosome strains could be isolated from pigs and dogs in Liberia using M. natalensis as recipient rodents. Some of these strains were examined for their sensitivity to human plasma in the \"blood incubation infectivity test\" (BIIT) using M. natalensis as well. 6 strains were highly resistant resp. subresistant to human plasma and can be regarded as potentially infective (T. (T.) b. gambiense) for man. Referring to the investigations 1.) on the susceptibility, 2.) the isolation of trypanosome strains of the subgenus Trypanozoon from animal and 3.) the biological differentiation of these strains in the BIIT, M. natalensis can be regarded as suitable experimental animals for field and laboratory studies.", "PMID": 644653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2070", "title": "Mechanisms of the anemia in trypanosomiasis: studies on the role of the hemolytic fatty acids derived from Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "Trypanosoma congolense releases a number of hemolytic free fatty acids on autolysis of which the most potent is linoleic acid. These fatty acids can lyse washed rat and bovine erythrocytes in vitro. Autolysed T. congoleuse will cause increased fragility of erythrocytes in whole rat blood but not in whole bovine blood. The lack of effect of these fatty acids on bovine erythrocytes tends to be confirmed by the failure of this material to influence the survival of these cells in vivo. Calculations based on the amount of free fatty acids required to cause hemolysis in vivo also confirm that this mechanism of erythrocyte destruction is probably unimportant in bovine trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the anemia in trypanosomiasis: studies on the role of the hemolytic fatty acids derived from Trypanosoma congolense. Trypanosoma congolense releases a number of hemolytic free fatty acids on autolysis of which the most potent is linoleic acid. These fatty acids can lyse washed rat and bovine erythrocytes in vitro. Autolysed T. congoleuse will cause increased fragility of erythrocytes in whole rat blood but not in whole bovine blood. The lack of effect of these fatty acids on bovine erythrocytes tends to be confirmed by the failure of this material to influence the survival of these cells in vivo. Calculations based on the amount of free fatty acids required to cause hemolysis in vivo also confirm that this mechanism of erythrocyte destruction is probably unimportant in bovine trypanosomiasis.", "PMID": 644654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2071", "title": "The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis.", "content": "This study included 72 persons with ova of S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium in their stool or urine, 16 persons from Schistosomiasis-endemic areas but without demonstration of ova, and 9 healthy persons from areas with no schistosomiasis who served as controls. The sera were examined with ELISA using antigen from adult S. mansoni worms. All parasitologically proven cases had extinction values higher than those of controls. False positive results were obtained in 11 out of 16 persons from endemic areas but without ova. These results may have been due to cross-reactions, a past history of schistosomiasis or a missed diagnosis of S. mansoni-infections. Cases with S. haematobium and cases with S. mansoni showed signifcantly different extinction values. The differences between both sexes were not statistically significant.", "contents": "The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis. This study included 72 persons with ova of S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium in their stool or urine, 16 persons from Schistosomiasis-endemic areas but without demonstration of ova, and 9 healthy persons from areas with no schistosomiasis who served as controls. The sera were examined with ELISA using antigen from adult S. mansoni worms. All parasitologically proven cases had extinction values higher than those of controls. False positive results were obtained in 11 out of 16 persons from endemic areas but without ova. These results may have been due to cross-reactions, a past history of schistosomiasis or a missed diagnosis of S. mansoni-infections. Cases with S. haematobium and cases with S. mansoni showed signifcantly different extinction values. The differences between both sexes were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 644655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2072", "title": "[Seroepidemiological aspects of onchocerciasis in Liberia, West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of 1292 persons were examined for their antibodies to onchocercal antigen. The results were correlated with epidemiological data and microfilarial rates. They show that demonstration of antibodies is suitable for epidermiological studies although the frequency of antibodies does not increase in that degree like age and endemicity.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiological aspects of onchocerciasis in Liberia, West Africa (author's transl)]. Sera of 1292 persons were examined for their antibodies to onchocercal antigen. The results were correlated with epidemiological data and microfilarial rates. They show that demonstration of antibodies is suitable for epidermiological studies although the frequency of antibodies does not increase in that degree like age and endemicity.", "PMID": 644657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2073", "title": "Sequential affinity chromatography for the purification of antigens extracted from Onchocerca volvulus adult worms.", "content": "Adult Onchocerca volvulus worms were extracted sequentially with buffers of various ionic strengths. The extract was incubated with purified human onchocerciasis immunoglobulin-G (IgG) convalently coupled to Sepharose. Antigens were then eluted with 8 M urea and 7.5 M guanidine-HCl. IgG contained in the eluates was removed by incubating the eluates with rabbit anti-human IgG covalently coupled to Sepharose. As demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and \"double\" crossed immunoelectrophoresis at least three antigens were isolated. Most of the antigens were totally excluded from Sephadex G-200 but entered the included volume of Sepharose 6B. In electrofocusing they focused in acid regions. Antibodies were generated in rabbits against the three antigens isolated together. The antibodies were covalently coupled to Sepharose, which was subsequently used as a new affinity medium for the isolation of antigens. Such isolated antigens appeared to be identical with those with human onchocerciasis IgG. The isolated antigens and their corresponding artificial antibodies generated in rabbits were successfully applied in the enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay. Host material and onchocerciasis IgG left behind during the purification procedure interfered in the assay system.", "contents": "Sequential affinity chromatography for the purification of antigens extracted from Onchocerca volvulus adult worms. Adult Onchocerca volvulus worms were extracted sequentially with buffers of various ionic strengths. The extract was incubated with purified human onchocerciasis immunoglobulin-G (IgG) convalently coupled to Sepharose. Antigens were then eluted with 8 M urea and 7.5 M guanidine-HCl. IgG contained in the eluates was removed by incubating the eluates with rabbit anti-human IgG covalently coupled to Sepharose. As demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and \"double\" crossed immunoelectrophoresis at least three antigens were isolated. Most of the antigens were totally excluded from Sephadex G-200 but entered the included volume of Sepharose 6B. In electrofocusing they focused in acid regions. Antibodies were generated in rabbits against the three antigens isolated together. The antibodies were covalently coupled to Sepharose, which was subsequently used as a new affinity medium for the isolation of antigens. Such isolated antigens appeared to be identical with those with human onchocerciasis IgG. The isolated antigens and their corresponding artificial antibodies generated in rabbits were successfully applied in the enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay. Host material and onchocerciasis IgG left behind during the purification procedure interfered in the assay system.", "PMID": 644658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2074", "title": "[A new phoretic species, simulium melanocephalum sp. n. (simuliidae: Diptera) from kivu, zaire, with taxonomic notes on the S. diceros-group (author's transl)].", "content": "A new species of the Simulium diceros-group (subgenus Phoretomyia) is described, the larvae and pupae of which are living in phoretic association with mayfly nymphs. The systematic position of the group, and the taxonomy of its species are discussed.", "contents": "[A new phoretic species, simulium melanocephalum sp. n. (simuliidae: Diptera) from kivu, zaire, with taxonomic notes on the S. diceros-group (author's transl)]. A new species of the Simulium diceros-group (subgenus Phoretomyia) is described, the larvae and pupae of which are living in phoretic association with mayfly nymphs. The systematic position of the group, and the taxonomy of its species are discussed.", "PMID": 644659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2075", "title": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. I. Occurrence, frequency and distribution of multiple infections in rural communities in Chad, Peru, Afghanistan, and Zaire.", "content": "Parasitic diseases are predominantly rural diseases. They are often associated with poverty, illiteracy, poor sanitation and high risks of exposure to environmental and biological hazards. Because these factors are also essential determinants in the epidemiology of a variety of other infections with quite different etiologies, occurrence of multiple infections in the same people is common. In the tropics, polyparasitism may involve diseases of major public health inportance such as malaria, schistosomiasis, filarial infections, trypanosomiasis, and others. The paper presents data on the frequency and types of multiple infections with different parasitic and other infectious agents for thirteen villages of Chad, Peru and Afghanistan. The age and sex patterns of a number of observed combinations of parasitic and other diseases are shown for different ecological zones. Concomitant infections with up to five species of filarial worms are found in residents of villages in the Congo River Basin of Zaire. The specific types of combinations of these infections vary from place to place and appear to be closely linked to ecological factors.", "contents": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. I. Occurrence, frequency and distribution of multiple infections in rural communities in Chad, Peru, Afghanistan, and Zaire. Parasitic diseases are predominantly rural diseases. They are often associated with poverty, illiteracy, poor sanitation and high risks of exposure to environmental and biological hazards. Because these factors are also essential determinants in the epidemiology of a variety of other infections with quite different etiologies, occurrence of multiple infections in the same people is common. In the tropics, polyparasitism may involve diseases of major public health inportance such as malaria, schistosomiasis, filarial infections, trypanosomiasis, and others. The paper presents data on the frequency and types of multiple infections with different parasitic and other infectious agents for thirteen villages of Chad, Peru and Afghanistan. The age and sex patterns of a number of observed combinations of parasitic and other diseases are shown for different ecological zones. Concomitant infections with up to five species of filarial worms are found in residents of villages in the Congo River Basin of Zaire. The specific types of combinations of these infections vary from place to place and appear to be closely linked to ecological factors.", "PMID": 644660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2076", "title": "Improved continuous wave frequency modulated sonars with aural displays.", "content": "This paper discusses methods for reducing the effects of the reset hiatus and wavelength related variations in received signal strength on the aural displays produced by simple continuous wave frequency modulated sonars. Two techniques that have been developed for reducing the effects of signal phase and amplitude discontinuities are described. As a practical example of the improved performance afforded by one of these techniques, a novel short range sonar for examining cardiovascular structures is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Improved continuous wave frequency modulated sonars with aural displays. This paper discusses methods for reducing the effects of the reset hiatus and wavelength related variations in received signal strength on the aural displays produced by simple continuous wave frequency modulated sonars. Two techniques that have been developed for reducing the effects of signal phase and amplitude discontinuities are described. As a practical example of the improved performance afforded by one of these techniques, a novel short range sonar for examining cardiovascular structures is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 644683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2077", "title": "An adaptive correlation ratemeter: a new method for Doppler fetal heart rate measurements.", "content": "For use in a cardiotocograph, ultrasound Doppler fetal singles have been thought to provide merely a limited reliability of the fetal heart rate record because of the difficulty of signal processing to obtain a consistent trigger, although the signal itself is easy to obtain with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. However, the authors have developed a unique signal processing system using a correlation technique with an automatic adaptation algorithm, which solved almost all of the difficulties associated with the old Doppler cardiotocograph and showed that the ultrasound Doppler fetal signal can also provide heart rate records compatible to that obtained by a fetal ECG system. The authors are sure that their method is a most promising one in the coming age of microprocessor-oriented instrumentation.", "contents": "An adaptive correlation ratemeter: a new method for Doppler fetal heart rate measurements. For use in a cardiotocograph, ultrasound Doppler fetal singles have been thought to provide merely a limited reliability of the fetal heart rate record because of the difficulty of signal processing to obtain a consistent trigger, although the signal itself is easy to obtain with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. However, the authors have developed a unique signal processing system using a correlation technique with an automatic adaptation algorithm, which solved almost all of the difficulties associated with the old Doppler cardiotocograph and showed that the ultrasound Doppler fetal signal can also provide heart rate records compatible to that obtained by a fetal ECG system. The authors are sure that their method is a most promising one in the coming age of microprocessor-oriented instrumentation.", "PMID": 644684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2078", "title": "Exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy.", "content": "Classic bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy are grotesque anomalies in the eyes of young parents. An immediate evaluation by an experienced team is required to assess the variations in the condition and to devise a plan of treatment that can reassure the parents as to eventual prognosis and rehabilitation. This plan of treatment must include provisions for renal preservation, urinary control, cosmetic appearance, and sexual function. The newborn is usually normal in respect to nutrition and its cardiopulmonary state, and will tolerate surgery well. Passive parental immunity provides better resistance to intercurrent illness at this time than will be present in the later months of infancy. When applicable, the initial stages of surgery should be undertaken at birth when the pelvic ring can be approximated without osteotomy and the bladder mucosa has not deteriorated from inflammatory changes. Parental attitudes toward the child as well as successful reconstruction may both be best served by immediate surgery to begin reconstruction and reduce the visible defect.", "contents": "Exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy. Classic bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy are grotesque anomalies in the eyes of young parents. An immediate evaluation by an experienced team is required to assess the variations in the condition and to devise a plan of treatment that can reassure the parents as to eventual prognosis and rehabilitation. This plan of treatment must include provisions for renal preservation, urinary control, cosmetic appearance, and sexual function. The newborn is usually normal in respect to nutrition and its cardiopulmonary state, and will tolerate surgery well. Passive parental immunity provides better resistance to intercurrent illness at this time than will be present in the later months of infancy. When applicable, the initial stages of surgery should be undertaken at birth when the pelvic ring can be approximated without osteotomy and the bladder mucosa has not deteriorated from inflammatory changes. Parental attitudes toward the child as well as successful reconstruction may both be best served by immediate surgery to begin reconstruction and reduce the visible defect.", "PMID": 644708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2079", "title": "Induction of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in rats by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide. Histological and ultrastructural findings.", "content": "After feeding with 0.188% N-[4-(5-nitro-2 furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT), transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was induced in all female Wistar rats tested. Histological changes of the urothelium consisted of various degrees of hyperplasia and dysplasia. An infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma first appeared after 8 months. These results are compared with the findings of other authors, and divergencies of the tumour induction rates are discussed with respect to strain, sex and weight of experimental animals as well as concentration and amount of ingested carcinogen. Electron microscopy shows microvillous transformation of the luminal plasma membrane and appearance of a thick fluffy cell coat (glycocalyx). These changes are explained by an altered function of the Golgi complex occurring during malignancy and leading to a loss of the specific discoid vesicles of the urothelial cells.", "contents": "Induction of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in rats by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide. Histological and ultrastructural findings. After feeding with 0.188% N-[4-(5-nitro-2 furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT), transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was induced in all female Wistar rats tested. Histological changes of the urothelium consisted of various degrees of hyperplasia and dysplasia. An infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma first appeared after 8 months. These results are compared with the findings of other authors, and divergencies of the tumour induction rates are discussed with respect to strain, sex and weight of experimental animals as well as concentration and amount of ingested carcinogen. Electron microscopy shows microvillous transformation of the luminal plasma membrane and appearance of a thick fluffy cell coat (glycocalyx). These changes are explained by an altered function of the Golgi complex occurring during malignancy and leading to a loss of the specific discoid vesicles of the urothelial cells.", "PMID": 644727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2080", "title": "A soluble androgen receptor in the cytoplasm of the male Mastomys prostate.", "content": "A steroid receptor protein was isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of Mastomys prostate. Following in vivo and in vitro labelling of the tissue with tritiated testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, samples were analysed by gel exclusion chromatography or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A steroid receptor complex was isolated on Sephadex G-200. Analysis of the steroids associated with this complex showed that the major part of the bound radioactivity was 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The binding was inhibited by unlabelled testosterone and could not be demonstrated in the liver cytosol. Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the dihydrotestosterone receptor complex sedimented at 5.6 s together with heavier aggregates. In the presence of 0.4 M KCl a single complex was sedimented at 4.6 s. The results demonstrate a receptor protein in the cytosol of the Mastomys prostate which binds to dihydrotestosterone and is comparable to that of rat prostate.", "contents": "A soluble androgen receptor in the cytoplasm of the male Mastomys prostate. A steroid receptor protein was isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of Mastomys prostate. Following in vivo and in vitro labelling of the tissue with tritiated testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, samples were analysed by gel exclusion chromatography or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A steroid receptor complex was isolated on Sephadex G-200. Analysis of the steroids associated with this complex showed that the major part of the bound radioactivity was 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The binding was inhibited by unlabelled testosterone and could not be demonstrated in the liver cytosol. Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the dihydrotestosterone receptor complex sedimented at 5.6 s together with heavier aggregates. In the presence of 0.4 M KCl a single complex was sedimented at 4.6 s. The results demonstrate a receptor protein in the cytosol of the Mastomys prostate which binds to dihydrotestosterone and is comparable to that of rat prostate.", "PMID": 644728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2081", "title": "Consequences to the upper urinary tract after ureteric torsion.", "content": "The effects of ureteric torsion on the upper urinary tract were studied in 8 pigs. With 5 pigs the distal ureter was mobilised, torted 1 to 5 times and reimplanted into the bladder. With three pigs the proximal ureter was torted 1 to 3 times and re-anastomosed to the renal pelvis. It was shown that a torsion of 1 or 2 times in the distal ureter does not result in ureteral obstruction. However, as little as 360 degrees torsion in the proximal ureter may lead to dysfunction secondary to mechanical obstruction. Histological examination of the ureter showed ischaemic changes only after multiple torsions.", "contents": "Consequences to the upper urinary tract after ureteric torsion. The effects of ureteric torsion on the upper urinary tract were studied in 8 pigs. With 5 pigs the distal ureter was mobilised, torted 1 to 5 times and reimplanted into the bladder. With three pigs the proximal ureter was torted 1 to 3 times and re-anastomosed to the renal pelvis. It was shown that a torsion of 1 or 2 times in the distal ureter does not result in ureteral obstruction. However, as little as 360 degrees torsion in the proximal ureter may lead to dysfunction secondary to mechanical obstruction. Histological examination of the ureter showed ischaemic changes only after multiple torsions.", "PMID": 644729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2082", "title": "The impact of in-situ balloon occlusion of the renal artery and hypothermic perfusion on renal blood flow.", "content": "Unilateral renal blood flow was evaluated in-situ in 13 dogs by cineangiodensitometry and microsphere distribution studies before and after intermittent balloon occlusion with and without hypothermic perfusion of one kidney. The contralateral kidney served as control. No significant difference in renal blood flow and vascular resistance was noted before, and 5, 30 and 60 minutes after unilateral intra-arterial manipulation. Compartmental flow distribution studies in 5 dogs revealed no evidence of alteration of intra-renal haemodynamics. In a clinical pilot study, unilateral renal blood flow measured by cineangiodensitometry showed no change of clinical significance 5 and 60 minutes after intraluminal balloon occlusion of the renal artery for 60 seconds.", "contents": "The impact of in-situ balloon occlusion of the renal artery and hypothermic perfusion on renal blood flow. Unilateral renal blood flow was evaluated in-situ in 13 dogs by cineangiodensitometry and microsphere distribution studies before and after intermittent balloon occlusion with and without hypothermic perfusion of one kidney. The contralateral kidney served as control. No significant difference in renal blood flow and vascular resistance was noted before, and 5, 30 and 60 minutes after unilateral intra-arterial manipulation. Compartmental flow distribution studies in 5 dogs revealed no evidence of alteration of intra-renal haemodynamics. In a clinical pilot study, unilateral renal blood flow measured by cineangiodensitometry showed no change of clinical significance 5 and 60 minutes after intraluminal balloon occlusion of the renal artery for 60 seconds.", "PMID": 644730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2083", "title": "Current concepts in the study of bladder cancer.", "content": "Recent concepts may provide the basis for new insights into the etiology and prognosis of bladder cancer. Experimental observations related to the physiology, carcinogenesis and tumor growth of the bladder epithelium are providing useful information to the urologist and may soon extend our understanding of the characteristics of this disease. This article provides an overview of some of these theoretical and experimental considerations.", "contents": "Current concepts in the study of bladder cancer. Recent concepts may provide the basis for new insights into the etiology and prognosis of bladder cancer. Experimental observations related to the physiology, carcinogenesis and tumor growth of the bladder epithelium are providing useful information to the urologist and may soon extend our understanding of the characteristics of this disease. This article provides an overview of some of these theoretical and experimental considerations.", "PMID": 644731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2084", "title": "[Osteoangiography in early diagnosis of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the long tubular bones in children].", "content": "33% cardiotrast of 70% verographin were used for the vessels contrasting. Osteoangiography was carried out in 61 cases suspected for acute hematogenic osteomyelitis (AHO). The age of patients ranged from 2 to 5 years. The diagnosis was proved in 53 cases. In 8 children osteoangiography permitted to cancel the diagnosis of AHO, which was proved later by subsequent clinical observations.", "contents": "[Osteoangiography in early diagnosis of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the long tubular bones in children]. 33% cardiotrast of 70% verographin were used for the vessels contrasting. Osteoangiography was carried out in 61 cases suspected for acute hematogenic osteomyelitis (AHO). The age of patients ranged from 2 to 5 years. The diagnosis was proved in 53 cases. In 8 children osteoangiography permitted to cancel the diagnosis of AHO, which was proved later by subsequent clinical observations.", "PMID": 644761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2085", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of crush syndrome].", "content": "The analysis of case records of 24 injuried with crush syndrome is presented. The conclusion is drawn that it is necessary to start the treatment of such cases immediately after the removal of the traumatizing factor. These cases should be concentrated in medical institutions experienced in the use of program hemodialysis. The authors are convinced that hemodialysis should be applied when the organic nature of renal failure is revealed at the stage of oligoanuria. It has been shown that the fasciotomy incisions do not decrease the pronunciation of uremic intoxication, but they become the inlets for purulent infection in the injured extremity.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of crush syndrome]. The analysis of case records of 24 injuried with crush syndrome is presented. The conclusion is drawn that it is necessary to start the treatment of such cases immediately after the removal of the traumatizing factor. These cases should be concentrated in medical institutions experienced in the use of program hemodialysis. The authors are convinced that hemodialysis should be applied when the organic nature of renal failure is revealed at the stage of oligoanuria. It has been shown that the fasciotomy incisions do not decrease the pronunciation of uremic intoxication, but they become the inlets for purulent infection in the injured extremity.", "PMID": 644763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2086", "title": "[Current method of replacement of the ureter with the intestine].", "content": "The analysis of 19 operations of the replacement of the ureter with an intestine performed from 1965 to 1977 permitted to draw the conclusion on the advantages of the ileum for the replacement of the ureter. The other advantages of this operation are the following: one-stage performance of the operation, laparotomy approach, intra-abdominal and isoperistaltic localization of the graft, preservation of the natural ureter together with the new intestine-formed one, postoperative drainage-free management.", "contents": "[Current method of replacement of the ureter with the intestine]. The analysis of 19 operations of the replacement of the ureter with an intestine performed from 1965 to 1977 permitted to draw the conclusion on the advantages of the ileum for the replacement of the ureter. The other advantages of this operation are the following: one-stage performance of the operation, laparotomy approach, intra-abdominal and isoperistaltic localization of the graft, preservation of the natural ureter together with the new intestine-formed one, postoperative drainage-free management.", "PMID": 644767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2087", "title": "[Autologous blood transfusion in surgical treatment of peptic ulcer].", "content": "From 1975 the authors used autohemotransfusion in stomach resection for ulcer complications. The procedure was carried out upon 68 patients aged from 28 to 57. 200-350 ml of the blood were taken from these patients 4 to 7 days before operation. The routine method of donor blood conservation was used. The transfusion was performed during the operation. The patients did not develop any complications due to the blood exfusion and transfusion.", "contents": "[Autologous blood transfusion in surgical treatment of peptic ulcer]. From 1975 the authors used autohemotransfusion in stomach resection for ulcer complications. The procedure was carried out upon 68 patients aged from 28 to 57. 200-350 ml of the blood were taken from these patients 4 to 7 days before operation. The routine method of donor blood conservation was used. The transfusion was performed during the operation. The patients did not develop any complications due to the blood exfusion and transfusion.", "PMID": 644768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2088", "title": "[Effects of autologous blood transfusion on the indicators of blood serum iron in surgical cases].", "content": "The authors studied the indices of the serumal ferrum (total ferrum of the blood serum, total ferrum-binding ability of the blood serum and transferrin saturation with ferrum) before and at different terms after the exfusion of 400 cc of blood for the autotransfusion in planned surgical interventions upon 30 cases of pulmonary cancer, 21 cases of carcinoma of the stomach and 16 orthopedic cases. The same study was carried out upon a control group of normal individuals after exfusion of 400 cc of donor blood. Characteristic changes of the serumal ferrum metabolism due to the loss of a certain amount of hemoglobin after the exfusion were found in differen patients and in normal individuals.", "contents": "[Effects of autologous blood transfusion on the indicators of blood serum iron in surgical cases]. The authors studied the indices of the serumal ferrum (total ferrum of the blood serum, total ferrum-binding ability of the blood serum and transferrin saturation with ferrum) before and at different terms after the exfusion of 400 cc of blood for the autotransfusion in planned surgical interventions upon 30 cases of pulmonary cancer, 21 cases of carcinoma of the stomach and 16 orthopedic cases. The same study was carried out upon a control group of normal individuals after exfusion of 400 cc of donor blood. Characteristic changes of the serumal ferrum metabolism due to the loss of a certain amount of hemoglobin after the exfusion were found in differen patients and in normal individuals.", "PMID": 644769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2089", "title": "[Effect of L-dopa on the catecholamine content and myocardial ultrastructure and contractility in heart surgery].", "content": "The fluorometric and histochemical methods of the catecholamines contents determination and electronic microscopy of the ultrastructure were used in the examination of myocardium biopsy preparations. The heart operations were followed with the decrease of catecholamines contents in the myocardium and disorder of the mitochondria ultrastructure. The l-DOPA injection resulted in the increase of the myocardium contractile ability before the operation, but did not prevent from its decrease in the postoperative period. The postoperative l-DOPA administration combined with digitalis, according to the described scheme, contributed to the preservation of the myocardium contractile ability at the optimal level.", "contents": "[Effect of L-dopa on the catecholamine content and myocardial ultrastructure and contractility in heart surgery]. The fluorometric and histochemical methods of the catecholamines contents determination and electronic microscopy of the ultrastructure were used in the examination of myocardium biopsy preparations. The heart operations were followed with the decrease of catecholamines contents in the myocardium and disorder of the mitochondria ultrastructure. The l-DOPA injection resulted in the increase of the myocardium contractile ability before the operation, but did not prevent from its decrease in the postoperative period. The postoperative l-DOPA administration combined with digitalis, according to the described scheme, contributed to the preservation of the myocardium contractile ability at the optimal level.", "PMID": 644770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2090", "title": "[Reduction of the incidence of suppurative complications after mitral commissurotomy through the use of pentoxyl and methyluracil].", "content": "Clinico-experimental study of the pentoxyl and methyluracil effect upon the natural resistance in mitral stenosis cases is presented together with the findings obtained in the experiments dealing with the healing of the wounds infected with pathogenic staphylococcus. All the control animals developed subcutaneous abscesses leading to the separation of the wound margins. The inflammation of the wound was less pronounced in the animals treated with pentoxyl and methyluracil. The use of pyrimidin derivatives before and during operation and postoperatively resulted in the decrease of the incidence of postoperative suppurative complications.", "contents": "[Reduction of the incidence of suppurative complications after mitral commissurotomy through the use of pentoxyl and methyluracil]. Clinico-experimental study of the pentoxyl and methyluracil effect upon the natural resistance in mitral stenosis cases is presented together with the findings obtained in the experiments dealing with the healing of the wounds infected with pathogenic staphylococcus. All the control animals developed subcutaneous abscesses leading to the separation of the wound margins. The inflammation of the wound was less pronounced in the animals treated with pentoxyl and methyluracil. The use of pyrimidin derivatives before and during operation and postoperatively resulted in the decrease of the incidence of postoperative suppurative complications.", "PMID": 644774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2091", "title": "[State of circulating blood volume, blood components and the function of external respiration in lung cancer].", "content": "The data concerning the changes in the circulating blood volume, globular and plasma volumes, red blood cells indices and also some indices of the external respiration function in lung cancer cases are set forth. Radiopneumography has permitted to find out some significant disorders in the regional ventilation and in the pulmonary blood flow in early postoperative period, which in case of hypoventilation is likely to cause a severe respiratory insufficiency and, therefore, requires an energetic therapeutic control.", "contents": "[State of circulating blood volume, blood components and the function of external respiration in lung cancer]. The data concerning the changes in the circulating blood volume, globular and plasma volumes, red blood cells indices and also some indices of the external respiration function in lung cancer cases are set forth. Radiopneumography has permitted to find out some significant disorders in the regional ventilation and in the pulmonary blood flow in early postoperative period, which in case of hypoventilation is likely to cause a severe respiratory insufficiency and, therefore, requires an energetic therapeutic control.", "PMID": 644775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2092", "title": "[Insuring the possibility of surgical interventions on the \"dry\" liver under experimental conditions].", "content": "Experimentally on 116 dogs it has been found that intravascular shunts of a big diameter or those controlled by means of extracorporal shunts ensure stable hemodynamic indices, approximately the initial ones. The isolated hypothermal perfusion protects, in its turn, the liver from an ischemic trauma and prolongs the safety period of the liver blood flow break to 40 minutes and more.", "contents": "[Insuring the possibility of surgical interventions on the \"dry\" liver under experimental conditions]. Experimentally on 116 dogs it has been found that intravascular shunts of a big diameter or those controlled by means of extracorporal shunts ensure stable hemodynamic indices, approximately the initial ones. The isolated hypothermal perfusion protects, in its turn, the liver from an ischemic trauma and prolongs the safety period of the liver blood flow break to 40 minutes and more.", "PMID": 644776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2093", "title": "[Comparative hydrodynamic study of artificial heart valves in pulsating flow].", "content": "A comparative hydrodynamic study of artificial heart valves with spherical, hemispherical and lentil-shaped obturative elements has been carried out under the non-stationary conditions. The valves resistance coefficient is higher in the lentil-shaped valves. With the increase of pulse rate the stroke volume of the valves of all the types drops, and the regurgitation increases.", "contents": "[Comparative hydrodynamic study of artificial heart valves in pulsating flow]. A comparative hydrodynamic study of artificial heart valves with spherical, hemispherical and lentil-shaped obturative elements has been carried out under the non-stationary conditions. The valves resistance coefficient is higher in the lentil-shaped valves. With the increase of pulse rate the stroke volume of the valves of all the types drops, and the regurgitation increases.", "PMID": 644777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2094", "title": "[Characteristics of morphological and functional liver disorders in mechanical jaundice under clinical and experimental conditions].", "content": "Clinical and morphological studies on 19 cases of cholelithiasis complicated with mechanical jaundice have been carried out together with experiments on 36 white mongrel rats, in which mechanical jaundice was modelled. The recovery of liver morphology takes a long time. After the recovery of the biliary tract patency liver changes subside very slowly, and within 60 days dystrophic processes in the liver parenchyma get evident.", "contents": "[Characteristics of morphological and functional liver disorders in mechanical jaundice under clinical and experimental conditions]. Clinical and morphological studies on 19 cases of cholelithiasis complicated with mechanical jaundice have been carried out together with experiments on 36 white mongrel rats, in which mechanical jaundice was modelled. The recovery of liver morphology takes a long time. After the recovery of the biliary tract patency liver changes subside very slowly, and within 60 days dystrophic processes in the liver parenchyma get evident.", "PMID": 644778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2095", "title": "[Calculous pancreatitis].", "content": "On the grounds of 12 observations over calcareous pancreatitis cases (10 of them were operated upon) some problems of etiology and clinical picture of the disease have been considered. The longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy without resection or with distal pancreatic resection, the authors' method included, is accepted as the method of choice. The immediate and late results of this operation are satisfactory.", "contents": "[Calculous pancreatitis]. On the grounds of 12 observations over calcareous pancreatitis cases (10 of them were operated upon) some problems of etiology and clinical picture of the disease have been considered. The longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy without resection or with distal pancreatic resection, the authors' method included, is accepted as the method of choice. The immediate and late results of this operation are satisfactory.", "PMID": 644779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2096", "title": "[Change of the skin electrical resistance in the right iliac region in acute appendicitis].", "content": "The changes of skin electrical resistance in the dynamics of the disease were studied through the comparison of the right and left iliac regions. A reliable decrease of the right skin electrical resistance in various clinical forms of appendicitis, except for the gangrenous-perforating form, was found.", "contents": "[Change of the skin electrical resistance in the right iliac region in acute appendicitis]. The changes of skin electrical resistance in the dynamics of the disease were studied through the comparison of the right and left iliac regions. A reliable decrease of the right skin electrical resistance in various clinical forms of appendicitis, except for the gangrenous-perforating form, was found.", "PMID": 644783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2097", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of intraperitoneal abscesses after appendectomy].", "content": "The symptoms and complex treatment method of the post-appendectomy abscesses in destructive appendicitis are set forth in this work. The author believes that there is a number of characteristic signs helping to recognize these complications in due time within the postoperative period. An expedient surgical intervention and intense therapy have permitted to gain quite favorable results in the treatment of such severe cases.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of intraperitoneal abscesses after appendectomy]. The symptoms and complex treatment method of the post-appendectomy abscesses in destructive appendicitis are set forth in this work. The author believes that there is a number of characteristic signs helping to recognize these complications in due time within the postoperative period. An expedient surgical intervention and intense therapy have permitted to gain quite favorable results in the treatment of such severe cases.", "PMID": 644784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2098", "title": "[Gas composition and acid-base equilibrium of blood of patients operated on under conditions of epidural anesthesia].", "content": "The results of the studies on the gas composition and acid-base equilibrium of the blood in patients operated upon under epidural anesthesia have proved the rise of venous hyperoxia and the drop of the gas utilization percentage both in anesthetized and non-anesthetized regions. At the level of the whole organism, however, no essential changes of oxygen metabolism are noted.", "contents": "[Gas composition and acid-base equilibrium of blood of patients operated on under conditions of epidural anesthesia]. The results of the studies on the gas composition and acid-base equilibrium of the blood in patients operated upon under epidural anesthesia have proved the rise of venous hyperoxia and the drop of the gas utilization percentage both in anesthetized and non-anesthetized regions. At the level of the whole organism, however, no essential changes of oxygen metabolism are noted.", "PMID": 644785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2099", "title": "[Ultrasonic endarterectomy].", "content": "The authors used a generator of ultrasound oscillations and a special wave conductor in endarterectomy in the clinic and in the experiment. They assess positively the described method of endarterectomy.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic endarterectomy]. The authors used a generator of ultrasound oscillations and a special wave conductor in endarterectomy in the clinic and in the experiment. They assess positively the described method of endarterectomy.", "PMID": 644786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2100", "title": "[Femoro-femoral cross shunting in unilateral iliac artery occlusion or thrombosis of the aorto-femoral prosthesis].", "content": "The results of the experiment in investigating the hemodynamic changes following femoro-femoral cross shunting are analyzed and the outcome of 13 operations for unilateral occlusion of the iliac artery is discussed. The authors draw the conclusion on minor traumatism and on the effectiveness of such operation; the improvement of the blood circulation in the ischemized extremity is not followed by any circulatory impairment in the donor leg.", "contents": "[Femoro-femoral cross shunting in unilateral iliac artery occlusion or thrombosis of the aorto-femoral prosthesis]. The results of the experiment in investigating the hemodynamic changes following femoro-femoral cross shunting are analyzed and the outcome of 13 operations for unilateral occlusion of the iliac artery is discussed. The authors draw the conclusion on minor traumatism and on the effectiveness of such operation; the improvement of the blood circulation in the ischemized extremity is not followed by any circulatory impairment in the donor leg.", "PMID": 644787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2101", "title": "[Trigger mechanisms in the etiology of varicose and post-thrombophlebitic crural ulcers].", "content": "The results of clinical study of 247 cases suffering from trophic crural ulcer are set forth in this paper. Their occurrence is mainly due to various diseases of deep, communicant and superficial veins (236 cases 95%). Venous hypertension in the deep veins, while the patient is standing, is the leading cause of the microcirculation disorders, occurrence of interstitial edema, and opening of arterio-venous shunts. Tissue hypoxia and an infection, arising against this background, lead to the expansion of necrobiosis and to the occurrence of trophic ulcers. The therapeutic principles grounded upon the results of the presented study are brought about in this work.", "contents": "[Trigger mechanisms in the etiology of varicose and post-thrombophlebitic crural ulcers]. The results of clinical study of 247 cases suffering from trophic crural ulcer are set forth in this paper. Their occurrence is mainly due to various diseases of deep, communicant and superficial veins (236 cases 95%). Venous hypertension in the deep veins, while the patient is standing, is the leading cause of the microcirculation disorders, occurrence of interstitial edema, and opening of arterio-venous shunts. Tissue hypoxia and an infection, arising against this background, lead to the expansion of necrobiosis and to the occurrence of trophic ulcers. The therapeutic principles grounded upon the results of the presented study are brought about in this work.", "PMID": 644789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2102", "title": "[Criteria of radical sector resection in mastopathy].", "content": "Statistical investigations of morphological structure in 2 groups of patients with localized forms of fibroadenomatosis (93 observations) have been carried out. Histological findings of the morphological picture have been received both within the localized fibroadenomatosis sites and beyond them. The character of the distribution of morphological forms has been shown to remain the same in all the sites of a single and in both mammary glands. Close relationship between the morphological picture in the localized sites and in so called \"normal\" sites of the mammae has been established. This proves the expedience of radical sectoral resection and the necessity of longlasting conservative treatment.", "contents": "[Criteria of radical sector resection in mastopathy]. Statistical investigations of morphological structure in 2 groups of patients with localized forms of fibroadenomatosis (93 observations) have been carried out. Histological findings of the morphological picture have been received both within the localized fibroadenomatosis sites and beyond them. The character of the distribution of morphological forms has been shown to remain the same in all the sites of a single and in both mammary glands. Close relationship between the morphological picture in the localized sites and in so called \"normal\" sites of the mammae has been established. This proves the expedience of radical sectoral resection and the necessity of longlasting conservative treatment.", "PMID": 644790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2103", "title": "[Surgical treatment of defects of rotation and fixation of the \"mid-gut\" in newborn infants].", "content": "The systematization of malrotations according to their morphological patterns depending on topographic peculiarities of the duodenum and colon permits to ascertain an anatomical variant of the malformation in each case, which helps to make an adequate choice of the procedure of surgical correction. The author is convinced that in time of operation for any type of fixation and rotation abnormality it is necessary to explore the whole intestine, to evaluate the status and development of the superior mesenteric artery, to free the duodenum from abdominal formations along the outside curvature and to relieve the tissue pressure from the vessels of the pathologically developed mesentery.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of defects of rotation and fixation of the \"mid-gut\" in newborn infants]. The systematization of malrotations according to their morphological patterns depending on topographic peculiarities of the duodenum and colon permits to ascertain an anatomical variant of the malformation in each case, which helps to make an adequate choice of the procedure of surgical correction. The author is convinced that in time of operation for any type of fixation and rotation abnormality it is necessary to explore the whole intestine, to evaluate the status and development of the superior mesenteric artery, to free the duodenum from abdominal formations along the outside curvature and to relieve the tissue pressure from the vessels of the pathologically developed mesentery.", "PMID": 644795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2104", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in acute appendicitis in children].", "content": "The pharmocokynetics of a semisynthetic penicillin-ampicillin in acute appendicitis in children has been studied. Intramuscular and intravenous injections of 12,5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg single doses of the antibiotic were administered. 50 children aged from 4 to 14 years were examined. Both ways of administration led to the creation of the ampicillin therapeutic concentration in the blood serum, but in case of intramuscular injection the circulation of the antibiotic in the blood was more prolonged. With the increase of the dose the antibiotic concentration in the blood and tissues of the abdominal cavity rises but without any significant prolongation of its circulation time in the blood.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in acute appendicitis in children]. The pharmocokynetics of a semisynthetic penicillin-ampicillin in acute appendicitis in children has been studied. Intramuscular and intravenous injections of 12,5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg single doses of the antibiotic were administered. 50 children aged from 4 to 14 years were examined. Both ways of administration led to the creation of the ampicillin therapeutic concentration in the blood serum, but in case of intramuscular injection the circulation of the antibiotic in the blood was more prolonged. With the increase of the dose the antibiotic concentration in the blood and tissues of the abdominal cavity rises but without any significant prolongation of its circulation time in the blood.", "PMID": 644796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2105", "title": "The use of heat mount detectors in a large Iranian dairy herd.", "content": "Heat mount detectors were applied in a large Iranian dairy herd in an attempt to appraise their value for fertility improvement. A total of 100 cows with a recorded anoestrous period of at least 60 days were selected, 69 of them suffering from suboestrus or silent heat and 31 from true anoestrus due to inactive ovaries. The results indicate that inaccurate observation of heat is a major limiting factor in the reproductive performance of this herd and that heat detectors could be a valuable tool for improvement of oestrus detection and consequent reduction of the interval from calving to conception.", "contents": "The use of heat mount detectors in a large Iranian dairy herd. Heat mount detectors were applied in a large Iranian dairy herd in an attempt to appraise their value for fertility improvement. A total of 100 cows with a recorded anoestrous period of at least 60 days were selected, 69 of them suffering from suboestrus or silent heat and 31 from true anoestrus due to inactive ovaries. The results indicate that inaccurate observation of heat is a major limiting factor in the reproductive performance of this herd and that heat detectors could be a valuable tool for improvement of oestrus detection and consequent reduction of the interval from calving to conception.", "PMID": 644798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2106", "title": "Evaluation of the optical refractometer for lamb serum immunoglobulin estimation.", "content": "Resistance of lambs to neonatal diseases has been shown to be related to their serum immunoglobulin levels. These may be estimated in the laboratory by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT). An experiment was designed to evaluate the optical refractometer, a relatively simple and inexpensive piece of equipment which measures the refractive index of a serum sample and thus provides an estimate of its total protein content. Refractometer readings of neonatal lamb sera were found to be closely correlated to their ZSTT readings (r = 0.89). The refractometer appears eminently suited to farm use avoiding elaborate and time consuming laboratory procedures. The limitations of the tests are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the optical refractometer for lamb serum immunoglobulin estimation. Resistance of lambs to neonatal diseases has been shown to be related to their serum immunoglobulin levels. These may be estimated in the laboratory by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT). An experiment was designed to evaluate the optical refractometer, a relatively simple and inexpensive piece of equipment which measures the refractive index of a serum sample and thus provides an estimate of its total protein content. Refractometer readings of neonatal lamb sera were found to be closely correlated to their ZSTT readings (r = 0.89). The refractometer appears eminently suited to farm use avoiding elaborate and time consuming laboratory procedures. The limitations of the tests are discussed.", "PMID": 644799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2107", "title": "Functional infertility in sheep.", "content": "Most studies on reproductive efficiency in sheep have concerned the prolificacy of the ewe and the lambing rate of the flock. Some work has been done on reproductive failure but this has seldom separated fertilisation rate from embryonic and fetal loss. Inadequate attention has been given to the level of barrenness in working flocks and to the effect of the ram on conception rate and litter size.", "contents": "Functional infertility in sheep. Most studies on reproductive efficiency in sheep have concerned the prolificacy of the ewe and the lambing rate of the flock. Some work has been done on reproductive failure but this has seldom separated fertilisation rate from embryonic and fetal loss. Inadequate attention has been given to the level of barrenness in working flocks and to the effect of the ram on conception rate and litter size.", "PMID": 644812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2108", "title": "Transmission studies with bovine malignant catarrhal fever.", "content": "The intravenous administration of whole blood from a pathologically confirmed field case of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) resulted in the appearance of the disease in three of five experimental calves 18 to 28 days later. Infection was maintained by serial calf transmissions, and produced clinical and pathological changes identical to those of the field disease for a total of 10 passages. The sixth passage involved the simultaneous infection of 10 calves from a single donor animal; six of the 10 recipients developed the typical disease after incubation periods ranging from 20 to 36 days and in each of these MCF was confirmed by pathological examination. In addition, clinical and pathological changes in the four other calves which were slaughtered either seven or 14 days post-infection suggested that they too would have developed typical clinical signs had they been allowed to survive for the necessary length of time. The results of a detailed study of the onset, progress and duration of the clinical signs of experimentally induced MCF are presented and the opportunity has been taken to discuss the available information regarding the transmission of MCF under experimental conditions and in the field.", "contents": "Transmission studies with bovine malignant catarrhal fever. The intravenous administration of whole blood from a pathologically confirmed field case of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) resulted in the appearance of the disease in three of five experimental calves 18 to 28 days later. Infection was maintained by serial calf transmissions, and produced clinical and pathological changes identical to those of the field disease for a total of 10 passages. The sixth passage involved the simultaneous infection of 10 calves from a single donor animal; six of the 10 recipients developed the typical disease after incubation periods ranging from 20 to 36 days and in each of these MCF was confirmed by pathological examination. In addition, clinical and pathological changes in the four other calves which were slaughtered either seven or 14 days post-infection suggested that they too would have developed typical clinical signs had they been allowed to survive for the necessary length of time. The results of a detailed study of the onset, progress and duration of the clinical signs of experimentally induced MCF are presented and the opportunity has been taken to discuss the available information regarding the transmission of MCF under experimental conditions and in the field.", "PMID": 644823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2109", "title": "Hydatid disease in Whales: 1. Epidemiology.", "content": "The literature on the epidemiology of hydatid disease in domesticated animals in Wales is reviewed and the results of a recent survey in a restricted area of Mid Wales summarised. In this survey the epidemiology of hydatid disease was studied with a view to the formulation of methods of control.", "contents": "Hydatid disease in Whales: 1. Epidemiology. The literature on the epidemiology of hydatid disease in domesticated animals in Wales is reviewed and the results of a recent survey in a restricted area of Mid Wales summarised. In this survey the epidemiology of hydatid disease was studied with a view to the formulation of methods of control.", "PMID": 644824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2110", "title": "Hydatid disease in Wales: 2. Eradication.", "content": "The importance of hydatid disease in man and domesticated animals in Britain, and particularly in Wales, is reviewed. While the disease occurs throughout Wales the rural population in Powys shows the highest rate as estimated by hospital records and serological findings. The losses due to offal condemnation in sheep and cattle are estimated as at least 250,000. It is suggested that the feasibility of an area eradication scheme for Wales should be investigated; the form which this scheme might take is outlined.", "contents": "Hydatid disease in Wales: 2. Eradication. The importance of hydatid disease in man and domesticated animals in Britain, and particularly in Wales, is reviewed. While the disease occurs throughout Wales the rural population in Powys shows the highest rate as estimated by hospital records and serological findings. The losses due to offal condemnation in sheep and cattle are estimated as at least 250,000. It is suggested that the feasibility of an area eradication scheme for Wales should be investigated; the form which this scheme might take is outlined.", "PMID": 644825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2111", "title": "Amoxycillin: clinical trials in dogs and cats.", "content": "Amoxycillin, a new broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillin was subjected to preliminary clinical testing in 351 cases in dogs and 264 in cats in veterinary practices. Two formulations were used: capsules by mouth and an aqueous suspension by injection. Those taking part were asked to use amoxycillin in the treatment of all conditions that they considered required an antibiotic and to report their results in terms of success or failure according to criteria laid down. Samples were taken whenever practicable for bacteriology. Dose ranges were 4 to 11 mg per kg for the oral capsules twice daily in dogs and most cats and 11 mg per kg once daily in some cat cases over five days and 2 to 7 mg per kg for the injectable suspension once daily in both species for three to five days. Results for the full range of conditions are given in tabulated form. Overall percentage of success according to the criteria laid down was 80.1%.", "contents": "Amoxycillin: clinical trials in dogs and cats. Amoxycillin, a new broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillin was subjected to preliminary clinical testing in 351 cases in dogs and 264 in cats in veterinary practices. Two formulations were used: capsules by mouth and an aqueous suspension by injection. Those taking part were asked to use amoxycillin in the treatment of all conditions that they considered required an antibiotic and to report their results in terms of success or failure according to criteria laid down. Samples were taken whenever practicable for bacteriology. Dose ranges were 4 to 11 mg per kg for the oral capsules twice daily in dogs and most cats and 11 mg per kg once daily in some cat cases over five days and 2 to 7 mg per kg for the injectable suspension once daily in both species for three to five days. Results for the full range of conditions are given in tabulated form. Overall percentage of success according to the criteria laid down was 80.1%.", "PMID": 644834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2112", "title": "The handling of animal wastes.", "content": "Most farm problems with animal wastes occur in modern intensive livestock enterprises where manure is handled as a slurry. It is not practical to treat slurry in the same way as domestic sewage: it should be used on land as a source of plant nutrients. On most farms, this can be done only at certain times of the year and so slurry has to be stored. Storage gives rise to problems of mixing, handling, application, pollution, smell and pathogen survival which can often be solved by separating slurry with special machinery into solid and liquid fractions. Where odour is a serious problem, however, some form of limited aeration will usually provide the best solution. For intensive pig units on limited land close to houses, the NIAE has evolved a new system of slurry treatment which can convert all the slurry from a fattening piggery into inoffensive solids. When incorporated into a piggery for 500 pigs being planned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the system should also reduce smell substantially both inside and outside the building.", "contents": "The handling of animal wastes. Most farm problems with animal wastes occur in modern intensive livestock enterprises where manure is handled as a slurry. It is not practical to treat slurry in the same way as domestic sewage: it should be used on land as a source of plant nutrients. On most farms, this can be done only at certain times of the year and so slurry has to be stored. Storage gives rise to problems of mixing, handling, application, pollution, smell and pathogen survival which can often be solved by separating slurry with special machinery into solid and liquid fractions. Where odour is a serious problem, however, some form of limited aeration will usually provide the best solution. For intensive pig units on limited land close to houses, the NIAE has evolved a new system of slurry treatment which can convert all the slurry from a fattening piggery into inoffensive solids. When incorporated into a piggery for 500 pigs being planned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the system should also reduce smell substantially both inside and outside the building.", "PMID": 644856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2113", "title": "[Immunological reactivity of the body in cancer of the corpus uteri].", "content": "Under study were the factors of antitumor immunity (RHDT, the reaction of microprecipitation, the functional activity of lymphocytes, RFC and RBT) in 104 patients with cancer of the corpus uteri. It was found that most patients show an impaired immunobiological response, manifested in higher percentage of positive results with RHDT performed with the tumor antigen, and the reaction of microprecipitation with tumor and embryonal antigens, more week RFC and RBT. Immunological indices are getting worse with the process spread and are improved following the combination therapy. The process of treatment however (surgery and radiotherapy) renders a negative effect on immune indices. Normalization of the latter is noted not earlier than 1-3 years after the treatment.", "contents": "[Immunological reactivity of the body in cancer of the corpus uteri]. Under study were the factors of antitumor immunity (RHDT, the reaction of microprecipitation, the functional activity of lymphocytes, RFC and RBT) in 104 patients with cancer of the corpus uteri. It was found that most patients show an impaired immunobiological response, manifested in higher percentage of positive results with RHDT performed with the tumor antigen, and the reaction of microprecipitation with tumor and embryonal antigens, more week RFC and RBT. Immunological indices are getting worse with the process spread and are improved following the combination therapy. The process of treatment however (surgery and radiotherapy) renders a negative effect on immune indices. Normalization of the latter is noted not earlier than 1-3 years after the treatment.", "PMID": 644958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2114", "title": "[Skeletal characteristics of the hand in cervical cancer].", "content": "Under consideration is the status of hand skeleton studied electroradiographically in patients with cervical cancer and in females of the same age without cancer. It is shown that in cervical cancer patients skeleton ageing was less pronounced. The value of electroradiography for determining skeleton age is emphasized. An attention is given to the necessity of a more careful observation over persons with \"young\" skeleton age.", "contents": "[Skeletal characteristics of the hand in cervical cancer]. Under consideration is the status of hand skeleton studied electroradiographically in patients with cervical cancer and in females of the same age without cancer. It is shown that in cervical cancer patients skeleton ageing was less pronounced. The value of electroradiography for determining skeleton age is emphasized. An attention is given to the necessity of a more careful observation over persons with \"young\" skeleton age.", "PMID": 644959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2115", "title": "[Lymphographic data variants in cerival cancer after Wertheim's extended hysterectomy].", "content": "Lymphography data in 53 patients previously operated upon for cervical cancer were analysed. The results obtained enabled the author to state that the application of roentgenological investigation of the lymphatic system after Wertheim's radical operation makes it possible to define how adequately the iliac lymph apparatus was removed and also to recognize the presence of postoperative retroperitoneal lymph cysts. But the method is of little informative value, if it is necessary to settle whether metastases and recurrence are present or not. This is due to the fact that on roentgenographs changes related with traumatic injury to lymph nodes and vessels appear to be identical to the character of tumor-induced injuries.", "contents": "[Lymphographic data variants in cerival cancer after Wertheim's extended hysterectomy]. Lymphography data in 53 patients previously operated upon for cervical cancer were analysed. The results obtained enabled the author to state that the application of roentgenological investigation of the lymphatic system after Wertheim's radical operation makes it possible to define how adequately the iliac lymph apparatus was removed and also to recognize the presence of postoperative retroperitoneal lymph cysts. But the method is of little informative value, if it is necessary to settle whether metastases and recurrence are present or not. This is due to the fact that on roentgenographs changes related with traumatic injury to lymph nodes and vessels appear to be identical to the character of tumor-induced injuries.", "PMID": 644960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2116", "title": "[Mitotic activity of cervical cancer cells under different teleirradiation regimens].", "content": "Radiation pathomorphosis of cervical cancer stage I-II was estimated quantitatively in a comparative aspect under 4 different regimens of distance split-course irradiation, being the first step of an associated radiotherapy. Irradiation (using the Luch-1 machine) consisted of two two-week steps with an interval of 14-21 days. Tumor foci were given a total of 1800 rad during each step. An efficacy of radiation exposure in daily irradiation (180 radx5) was lowered as compared with an average fractionation (450 radx2). Fractionation of a daily dosage (225 radx2 with an interval of 5-6 hours and 150 radx3 with a 3 hour interval) was followed by less effect of radiation exposure, mostly manifest in triple fractionation of a daily dosage.", "contents": "[Mitotic activity of cervical cancer cells under different teleirradiation regimens]. Radiation pathomorphosis of cervical cancer stage I-II was estimated quantitatively in a comparative aspect under 4 different regimens of distance split-course irradiation, being the first step of an associated radiotherapy. Irradiation (using the Luch-1 machine) consisted of two two-week steps with an interval of 14-21 days. Tumor foci were given a total of 1800 rad during each step. An efficacy of radiation exposure in daily irradiation (180 radx5) was lowered as compared with an average fractionation (450 radx2). Fractionation of a daily dosage (225 radx2 with an interval of 5-6 hours and 150 radx3 with a 3 hour interval) was followed by less effect of radiation exposure, mostly manifest in triple fractionation of a daily dosage.", "PMID": 644961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2117", "title": "[Cytomorphological characteristics of glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium].", "content": "Cytomorphological pictures of smears prepared from endometrial aspirations and scrapings from 50 patients with glandular endometrial hyperplasia were analysed. Different vaiants of cell and tissue structures are described. It was shown that the difficulties in interpretation of smear elements might result from dystrophic and degenerative changes. An attention is paid to the fact that the diagnosis of glandular hyperplasia should be established with due account of patient's age, while the absence of signs of endometrial glandular hyperplasia in curettage specimens, evidenced hystologically, should not be considered as a disproof of the cytological conclusion.", "contents": "[Cytomorphological characteristics of glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium]. Cytomorphological pictures of smears prepared from endometrial aspirations and scrapings from 50 patients with glandular endometrial hyperplasia were analysed. Different vaiants of cell and tissue structures are described. It was shown that the difficulties in interpretation of smear elements might result from dystrophic and degenerative changes. An attention is paid to the fact that the diagnosis of glandular hyperplasia should be established with due account of patient's age, while the absence of signs of endometrial glandular hyperplasia in curettage specimens, evidenced hystologically, should not be considered as a disproof of the cytological conclusion.", "PMID": 644963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2118", "title": "[Background processes in the development of endometriosis and endometrioid cancer in the ovaries].", "content": "The author has based his study on the operation material from 110 patients. It was found that endometrioid ovarian neoplasms appear and develop against the background of the generation apparatus atrophy, microfollicular cysts and the comatosis of ovarian stroma. Clinico-morphological correlations indicated that ovarian endometriosis is a dyshormonal process proceeding under conditions of steroid hormones disbalance, hyperrestrinism in particular. Due to this, the prophylaxis and therapeutic policy should be aimed at the reduction of hormonal manifestations of the background ovarian structures in patients with ovarian endometriosis, endometrioid cysts and endometrioid adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "[Background processes in the development of endometriosis and endometrioid cancer in the ovaries]. The author has based his study on the operation material from 110 patients. It was found that endometrioid ovarian neoplasms appear and develop against the background of the generation apparatus atrophy, microfollicular cysts and the comatosis of ovarian stroma. Clinico-morphological correlations indicated that ovarian endometriosis is a dyshormonal process proceeding under conditions of steroid hormones disbalance, hyperrestrinism in particular. Due to this, the prophylaxis and therapeutic policy should be aimed at the reduction of hormonal manifestations of the background ovarian structures in patients with ovarian endometriosis, endometrioid cysts and endometrioid adenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 644964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2119", "title": "[Diagnostic potentials of lympho- and phlebography in tumors of the uterus and adnexa].", "content": "103 patients with neoplastic processes in the genitalia have been examined. Lymphography was performed in 73 patients, phlebography - in 52, a combined investigation (lympho- and phlebography) - in 22. Lymphography in malignant uterine and ovarian processes with the involvement of regional lymph nodes provides for direct and indirect signs of metastasization, that allows the stage to be determined with a greater precision and also the roentgenological control over the state of lymph nodes during the conservative therapy. Visceral phlebography gives a definite roentgenological characteristic depending on the site and character of a tumor. An associated use of lympho- and phlebography considerably enlarges the potentialities of these methods for determining the stage and character of tumors and seems to be a valuable adjunct for the differential diagnosis of neoplastic processes of the uterus and adnexa.", "contents": "[Diagnostic potentials of lympho- and phlebography in tumors of the uterus and adnexa]. 103 patients with neoplastic processes in the genitalia have been examined. Lymphography was performed in 73 patients, phlebography - in 52, a combined investigation (lympho- and phlebography) - in 22. Lymphography in malignant uterine and ovarian processes with the involvement of regional lymph nodes provides for direct and indirect signs of metastasization, that allows the stage to be determined with a greater precision and also the roentgenological control over the state of lymph nodes during the conservative therapy. Visceral phlebography gives a definite roentgenological characteristic depending on the site and character of a tumor. An associated use of lympho- and phlebography considerably enlarges the potentialities of these methods for determining the stage and character of tumors and seems to be a valuable adjunct for the differential diagnosis of neoplastic processes of the uterus and adnexa.", "PMID": 644965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2120", "title": "[Early detection of ovarian cancer].", "content": "The authors have analysed the results of the diagnosis and treatment in 144 patients with ovarian cancer, which took second place (28.8%) among malignant diseases of female gneitalia. Including in ovarian cancer high-risk group of females with impaired menstrual cycle and reproduction function, previously subjected to surgery on the adnexa, mammary glands, the intestine and also of those longterm followed up for uterine tumors and their detailed examination would contribute to earlier establishment of the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and enabled the percentage of far-advanced cases of the affection to be reliably reduced in 1974-75, and a percentage of clinical recovery to be increased in ovarian cancer patients to the moment of their discharge.", "contents": "[Early detection of ovarian cancer]. The authors have analysed the results of the diagnosis and treatment in 144 patients with ovarian cancer, which took second place (28.8%) among malignant diseases of female gneitalia. Including in ovarian cancer high-risk group of females with impaired menstrual cycle and reproduction function, previously subjected to surgery on the adnexa, mammary glands, the intestine and also of those longterm followed up for uterine tumors and their detailed examination would contribute to earlier establishment of the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and enabled the percentage of far-advanced cases of the affection to be reliably reduced in 1974-75, and a percentage of clinical recovery to be increased in ovarian cancer patients to the moment of their discharge.", "PMID": 644966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2121", "title": "[Blood serum protein study in oncological patients].", "content": "The authors report the data on the protein spectrum of blood serum, examined by DEP method in PAAG in 21 patients with ovarian and endometrial cancer and in 20 female-donors. Totally 27 fractions were obtained. The following differences in proteinographs of the groups under examination were revealed: protein in the patients was reliably decreased by 30-90% in the 4th, 9th, 26th fractions, and it was increased by 25-100% in the 15th, 16th, 18th and 22d fractions; 62 patients showed the fraction with Rt 2.10 in the prealbumin zone, which was usually absent in donor blood serum. Moreover, proteinographs from patients with malignant neoplasms of different locatization were studied comparatively. It is believed that the differnces revealed may be used for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Blood serum protein study in oncological patients]. The authors report the data on the protein spectrum of blood serum, examined by DEP method in PAAG in 21 patients with ovarian and endometrial cancer and in 20 female-donors. Totally 27 fractions were obtained. The following differences in proteinographs of the groups under examination were revealed: protein in the patients was reliably decreased by 30-90% in the 4th, 9th, 26th fractions, and it was increased by 25-100% in the 15th, 16th, 18th and 22d fractions; 62 patients showed the fraction with Rt 2.10 in the prealbumin zone, which was usually absent in donor blood serum. Moreover, proteinographs from patients with malignant neoplasms of different locatization were studied comparatively. It is believed that the differnces revealed may be used for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 644967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2122", "title": "[Immunogenic properties of adenocarcinoma of mouse large intestine].", "content": "The immunogenecity of a transplantable carcinoma, which has spontaneously developed from embryonal colonic tissues, ectopically transplanted into adult syngeneic mice, was investigated. Three methods were employed to check the immunogenicity of the tumor: 1) transplantation and subsequent surgical removal of the tumor; 2) injection of irradiated tumor cells, the effect of immunization in both cases was detected by the decreased weight of tumors, repeatedly transplanted into the immunized animals; 3) mice were immunized according to the 2nd method, the effect of the immunization was defined by calculating the number of tumors, arisen in lungs of mice injected i. v. tumoral cells. The 3rd method was found to be mostly sensitive. Significant differences in the immunogenicity of different passages of carcinoma were noted. An antigenic similarity of adenocarcinoma concerned and colonic sarcoma developed under identical conditions was revealed.", "contents": "[Immunogenic properties of adenocarcinoma of mouse large intestine]. The immunogenecity of a transplantable carcinoma, which has spontaneously developed from embryonal colonic tissues, ectopically transplanted into adult syngeneic mice, was investigated. Three methods were employed to check the immunogenicity of the tumor: 1) transplantation and subsequent surgical removal of the tumor; 2) injection of irradiated tumor cells, the effect of immunization in both cases was detected by the decreased weight of tumors, repeatedly transplanted into the immunized animals; 3) mice were immunized according to the 2nd method, the effect of the immunization was defined by calculating the number of tumors, arisen in lungs of mice injected i. v. tumoral cells. The 3rd method was found to be mostly sensitive. Significant differences in the immunogenicity of different passages of carcinoma were noted. An antigenic similarity of adenocarcinoma concerned and colonic sarcoma developed under identical conditions was revealed.", "PMID": 644968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2123", "title": "[Hematopoietic indices in rats with sarcoma 45 in the process of treatment with cytostatics and diuretic agents].", "content": "Sarcoma 45 growth in rats was noted to be followed by the development of anemia and leucocytosis. Sessional use of 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphane resulted in the enhancement of anemia, the development of leucopenia, and suppression of bone marrow hemopoiesis. The suppression of hemopoiesis was much less manifested, if cytostatics were used together with diuretics (diacarbe or furocemid).", "contents": "[Hematopoietic indices in rats with sarcoma 45 in the process of treatment with cytostatics and diuretic agents]. Sarcoma 45 growth in rats was noted to be followed by the development of anemia and leucocytosis. Sessional use of 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphane resulted in the enhancement of anemia, the development of leucopenia, and suppression of bone marrow hemopoiesis. The suppression of hemopoiesis was much less manifested, if cytostatics were used together with diuretics (diacarbe or furocemid).", "PMID": 644969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2124", "title": "[Morphological methods in the diagnosis of early cancer of the cervix uteri].", "content": "The authors have examined the registration cards of 673 patients, the cytological smears of which from the cervical canal, taken at mass prophylactic examination, showed changes of the IV-V th grade, while cytological diagnosis was not supported histologically. The conducted investigations seem to allow a suggestion to be made that one should not deny the cytological diagnosis of \"cancer\" or \"suspicion to cancer\" on the basis of a single negative pathohistological conclusion, since the percentage of cancer detection in repeat histological assays is high enough - 84.5%.", "contents": "[Morphological methods in the diagnosis of early cancer of the cervix uteri]. The authors have examined the registration cards of 673 patients, the cytological smears of which from the cervical canal, taken at mass prophylactic examination, showed changes of the IV-V th grade, while cytological diagnosis was not supported histologically. The conducted investigations seem to allow a suggestion to be made that one should not deny the cytological diagnosis of \"cancer\" or \"suspicion to cancer\" on the basis of a single negative pathohistological conclusion, since the percentage of cancer detection in repeat histological assays is high enough - 84.5%.", "PMID": 644970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2125", "title": "[Characteristics of rubella virus reproduction in human diploid cells].", "content": "The possibility of using diploid cell strains derived from some organs and tissues of human embryo for isolation and propagation of rubella virus has been demonstrated. The marked cytopathic effect of the virus was followed in the time course and shown to be readily reproducible.", "contents": "[Characteristics of rubella virus reproduction in human diploid cells]. The possibility of using diploid cell strains derived from some organs and tissues of human embryo for isolation and propagation of rubella virus has been demonstrated. The marked cytopathic effect of the virus was followed in the time course and shown to be readily reproducible.", "PMID": 645051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2126", "title": "[Adsorption of Escherichia coli B phage T2 by natural Cherkassy montmorrillonit\u00e9].", "content": "Adsorption of E. coli B phage T2 by natural Cherkassy montmorrillonite from water under isothermal conditions was studied. This natural Cherkassy montmorrillonite was found to be superior by its specific adsorption capacity to known materials for removal of viruses from water and therefore to be a prospective sorbent for treatment of water aimed at removal of viruses from it.", "contents": "[Adsorption of Escherichia coli B phage T2 by natural Cherkassy montmorrillonit\u00e9]. Adsorption of E. coli B phage T2 by natural Cherkassy montmorrillonite from water under isothermal conditions was studied. This natural Cherkassy montmorrillonite was found to be superior by its specific adsorption capacity to known materials for removal of viruses from water and therefore to be a prospective sorbent for treatment of water aimed at removal of viruses from it.", "PMID": 645053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2127", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of DNA of human adenovirus type 6].", "content": "Physico-chemical characteristics of human adenovirus type 6 DNA were studied. The sedimentation constant of adenovirus type 6 DNA was shown to be 32.7S. The intrinsic viscosity of DNA was on the average 93.8 dl/g. The average size of the molecular mass determined by the results of sedimentation and viscosimetry was 23.5 X 10(6) daltons which agreed favourably with the value calculated from the data of electron microscopic determination of the length of DNA molecule. The buoyant density of DNA in cesium chloride density gradient was 1.7126 g/cm3. The melting temperatures were 90.5 and 75 degrees C for 1 X SSC and 0.1 X SSC, respectively. Adenovirus type 6 DNA contained 52.6% GC pairs on the average.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of DNA of human adenovirus type 6]. Physico-chemical characteristics of human adenovirus type 6 DNA were studied. The sedimentation constant of adenovirus type 6 DNA was shown to be 32.7S. The intrinsic viscosity of DNA was on the average 93.8 dl/g. The average size of the molecular mass determined by the results of sedimentation and viscosimetry was 23.5 X 10(6) daltons which agreed favourably with the value calculated from the data of electron microscopic determination of the length of DNA molecule. The buoyant density of DNA in cesium chloride density gradient was 1.7126 g/cm3. The melting temperatures were 90.5 and 75 degrees C for 1 X SSC and 0.1 X SSC, respectively. Adenovirus type 6 DNA contained 52.6% GC pairs on the average.", "PMID": 645056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2128", "title": "[Long-term observations of dynamics of collective immunity to poliomyelitis in vaccinated children].", "content": "Examinations of children in the Moscow region in 1972 revealed low values of the herd immunity to poliomyolitis. This was suggested to be due to improper organization of vaccination of children. The regional health authorities took special measures for better organization of vaccination. The examinations two years later, in 1974, showed nearly 90% of children between the ages of 1 and 6 years to have antibody to all three types of poliomyelitis virus. The geometric mean antibody titre increased. In children of 10--14 years the heard immunity values did not differ significantly from those found in 1972. It is concluded that proper vaccination gives sufficiently intensive immunity nearly in 90% of children. It was found that in children vaccinated 10--12 times the herd immunity persists without significant changes for 3 years after the last vaccine feeding; at 4 years, however, some values of the herd immunity, particularly to poliomyelitis virus type III, were significantly lower than the original values. It is suggested that it is likely to be expedient to revaccinate 4-grade schoolchildren and to reduce the total number of vaccine feedings during the first 4 years of life.", "contents": "[Long-term observations of dynamics of collective immunity to poliomyelitis in vaccinated children]. Examinations of children in the Moscow region in 1972 revealed low values of the herd immunity to poliomyolitis. This was suggested to be due to improper organization of vaccination of children. The regional health authorities took special measures for better organization of vaccination. The examinations two years later, in 1974, showed nearly 90% of children between the ages of 1 and 6 years to have antibody to all three types of poliomyelitis virus. The geometric mean antibody titre increased. In children of 10--14 years the heard immunity values did not differ significantly from those found in 1972. It is concluded that proper vaccination gives sufficiently intensive immunity nearly in 90% of children. It was found that in children vaccinated 10--12 times the herd immunity persists without significant changes for 3 years after the last vaccine feeding; at 4 years, however, some values of the herd immunity, particularly to poliomyelitis virus type III, were significantly lower than the original values. It is suggested that it is likely to be expedient to revaccinate 4-grade schoolchildren and to reduce the total number of vaccine feedings during the first 4 years of life.", "PMID": 645055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2129", "title": "[Persistence of Sindbis virus in cultures either non-producing or irregularly producing oncornavirus].", "content": "Persistence of Sindbis virus (SV) was studied for 9 months in two lines of mouse cell cultures (BALB/C) in one of which the genome of endogenous ecotropic oncornaviruses was repressed. The other lines was exogenously infected at the level of plimary culture with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and SV and showed gradual inhibition of oncornavirus functions. The presence of oncornavirus type C was not the necessary condition for the development of persistent SV infection, however it influenced the character of persistence. In both systems, sequential loss of the hemagglutinating and interferon-inducing activities, then infectivity of SV (61--82 days), and persistence of the noninfectious antigen of the arbovirus for 9 months were observed. The differences consisted in the time of appearance of homologous interference to SV: in the presence of oncornavirus earlier (40 days), under conditions of repressed oncornavirus genome later (179 days). Electron microscopic examinations showed that in the system infected with RLV and SV there occurred in the course of persistence a sharp activation of phagosome-lysosome complex accompanied by incorporation into phagocytolysomes of numerous intact and partially destroyed virions of SV and RLV and their release from cell with cytoplasmic fragments. Possible mechanisms of inhibition of functions of the oncogenic and infectious viruses in the reported model of mixed chronic infection are discussed.", "contents": "[Persistence of Sindbis virus in cultures either non-producing or irregularly producing oncornavirus]. Persistence of Sindbis virus (SV) was studied for 9 months in two lines of mouse cell cultures (BALB/C) in one of which the genome of endogenous ecotropic oncornaviruses was repressed. The other lines was exogenously infected at the level of plimary culture with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and SV and showed gradual inhibition of oncornavirus functions. The presence of oncornavirus type C was not the necessary condition for the development of persistent SV infection, however it influenced the character of persistence. In both systems, sequential loss of the hemagglutinating and interferon-inducing activities, then infectivity of SV (61--82 days), and persistence of the noninfectious antigen of the arbovirus for 9 months were observed. The differences consisted in the time of appearance of homologous interference to SV: in the presence of oncornavirus earlier (40 days), under conditions of repressed oncornavirus genome later (179 days). Electron microscopic examinations showed that in the system infected with RLV and SV there occurred in the course of persistence a sharp activation of phagosome-lysosome complex accompanied by incorporation into phagocytolysomes of numerous intact and partially destroyed virions of SV and RLV and their release from cell with cytoplasmic fragments. Possible mechanisms of inhibition of functions of the oncogenic and infectious viruses in the reported model of mixed chronic infection are discussed.", "PMID": 645057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2130", "title": "[Effect of phosphonoacetic acid on experimental vaccinia infection].", "content": "The effect of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) on reproduction of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblast cultures and on the development of vaccinia virus infection in rabbits was studied. In vitro the preparation was tested as a solution, in vivo as a solution and ointment. In rabbits, the preparation was applied epicutaneously and inoculated subcutaneously and intravenously. All these routes were found to be effective. A single application conferred a much lower protective effect than daily administration for 4 days. Poly (I).poly (C) administered subcutaneously was found to be more effective than PAA. The latter in tissue culture exerted a marked inhibiting effect when used in a dose of 100 microgram/ml.", "contents": "[Effect of phosphonoacetic acid on experimental vaccinia infection]. The effect of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) on reproduction of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblast cultures and on the development of vaccinia virus infection in rabbits was studied. In vitro the preparation was tested as a solution, in vivo as a solution and ointment. In rabbits, the preparation was applied epicutaneously and inoculated subcutaneously and intravenously. All these routes were found to be effective. A single application conferred a much lower protective effect than daily administration for 4 days. Poly (I).poly (C) administered subcutaneously was found to be more effective than PAA. The latter in tissue culture exerted a marked inhibiting effect when used in a dose of 100 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 645058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2131", "title": "[Effect of virulent and anttenuated variants of viruses of American equine encephalomyelitis on the mitotic activity of the cells].", "content": "A comparative study of reproduction of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (VEE and EEE) viruses in L cell culture showed the disorders of the mitotic activity of the infected cultures to depend on the variant of the inoculated virus and the degree of its attenuation. The highest number of pathological mitosis was observed within 12--24 hours after inoculation of the cultures, the attenuated variants of both the viruses causing lower numbers of pathological mitoses than virulent variants. EEE virus was found to induce accumulation of pyknotized nuclei in the stage of telophase in the culture.", "contents": "[Effect of virulent and anttenuated variants of viruses of American equine encephalomyelitis on the mitotic activity of the cells]. A comparative study of reproduction of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (VEE and EEE) viruses in L cell culture showed the disorders of the mitotic activity of the infected cultures to depend on the variant of the inoculated virus and the degree of its attenuation. The highest number of pathological mitosis was observed within 12--24 hours after inoculation of the cultures, the attenuated variants of both the viruses causing lower numbers of pathological mitoses than virulent variants. EEE virus was found to induce accumulation of pyknotized nuclei in the stage of telophase in the culture.", "PMID": 645059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2132", "title": "[Production and testing of lyophilized standard preparation for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection by the indirect hemagglutination test].", "content": "A method for production of a reference lyophilized preparation for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia infections in the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test has been developed. The method is based on conjugation using bi-diasotized benzidine of acrolein-treated sheep erythrocytes and ultrasonicated whole Mycoplasma antigen. After lyophilization the diagnostic preparation retained its standard properties for 1.5 years (the observation period). The sensitivity of the preparation in detection of antibody exceeded those of the CFT and the metabolism inhibition (MI) test 16--64-fold and the specificity was as good as in these tests. The diagnostic value of the preparation in the IHA was 78.1%, in the CFT--64.7%. As compared with the CFT and the MI test, the IHA with Mycoplasma diagnostic preparation is simple and reproducible.", "contents": "[Production and testing of lyophilized standard preparation for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection by the indirect hemagglutination test]. A method for production of a reference lyophilized preparation for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia infections in the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test has been developed. The method is based on conjugation using bi-diasotized benzidine of acrolein-treated sheep erythrocytes and ultrasonicated whole Mycoplasma antigen. After lyophilization the diagnostic preparation retained its standard properties for 1.5 years (the observation period). The sensitivity of the preparation in detection of antibody exceeded those of the CFT and the metabolism inhibition (MI) test 16--64-fold and the specificity was as good as in these tests. The diagnostic value of the preparation in the IHA was 78.1%, in the CFT--64.7%. As compared with the CFT and the MI test, the IHA with Mycoplasma diagnostic preparation is simple and reproducible.", "PMID": 645060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2133", "title": "[Varicose veins: pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Valvular lesions of the main venous stems are regarded as the predominant cause of the formation of primary varicose veins. Peripheral arteriovenous shunts are regarded as sequelae of varicose veins rather than their cause. The perforating and communicating veins are not involved in the pathogenesis of varicose veins. This opinion is supported by the demonstration of insufficiency of the main superficial venous stems in a series of 200 consecutive cases of primary varicosis, even if only the more peripheral veins were dilated. In addition, histological examination of the uppermost valves in the saphenous veins of patients and experimental studies on post-thrombotic vein valves corroborated these views. The therapeutic importance of high ligature of the saphenous veins is stressed. Removal of the dilated veins by stripping is best, but unnecessarily radical procedures should be avoided. A combination of stripping with sclerotherapy is recommended. The dangers of both forms of treatment are outlined.", "contents": "[Varicose veins: pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)]. Valvular lesions of the main venous stems are regarded as the predominant cause of the formation of primary varicose veins. Peripheral arteriovenous shunts are regarded as sequelae of varicose veins rather than their cause. The perforating and communicating veins are not involved in the pathogenesis of varicose veins. This opinion is supported by the demonstration of insufficiency of the main superficial venous stems in a series of 200 consecutive cases of primary varicosis, even if only the more peripheral veins were dilated. In addition, histological examination of the uppermost valves in the saphenous veins of patients and experimental studies on post-thrombotic vein valves corroborated these views. The therapeutic importance of high ligature of the saphenous veins is stressed. Removal of the dilated veins by stripping is best, but unnecessarily radical procedures should be avoided. A combination of stripping with sclerotherapy is recommended. The dangers of both forms of treatment are outlined.", "PMID": 645068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2134", "title": "[Effect of various methods of administration of live poliovirus vaccine on the immunoglobulin levels in the blood serum and mouth mucosa secretion in children].", "content": "Oral vaccination with live trivalent poliomyelitis in the liquid form in drops exerts a considerable influence on the IgA content in oral cavity secretes. After immunization with same vaccine in capsules no significant changes in IgA levels could be observed in oral cavity secretes for a 18-week observation period. A considerable increase in IgA level in oral secretes in children vaccinated with vaccine in capsules was observed after a 4th administration of the vaccine given orally in drops. Inrrespective of the method of vaccine administrations in the blood serum there was a considerable increase in the levels of immunoglobulins of all classes in the course of vaccination.", "contents": "[Effect of various methods of administration of live poliovirus vaccine on the immunoglobulin levels in the blood serum and mouth mucosa secretion in children]. Oral vaccination with live trivalent poliomyelitis in the liquid form in drops exerts a considerable influence on the IgA content in oral cavity secretes. After immunization with same vaccine in capsules no significant changes in IgA levels could be observed in oral cavity secretes for a 18-week observation period. A considerable increase in IgA level in oral secretes in children vaccinated with vaccine in capsules was observed after a 4th administration of the vaccine given orally in drops. Inrrespective of the method of vaccine administrations in the blood serum there was a considerable increase in the levels of immunoglobulins of all classes in the course of vaccination.", "PMID": 645061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2135", "title": "[The effect of CO2 laser on skin lymphatics (author's transl)].", "content": "The intense infra-red rays of the CO2 laser effect instant evaporization and carbonization of superficial tissue layers. Simultaneously, small blood vessels in the immediate vicinity of the impact area are occluded, which results in a circumscribed ischaemic operating field. On the other hand, small lymphatic vessels are not sealed. The lymphatic drainage of an area can be blocked mechanically only by a relatively large wall of carbonized tissue. This is why laser surgery does not necessarily prevent propagation of suspended material in the lymphatics, e. g. tumour cells.", "contents": "[The effect of CO2 laser on skin lymphatics (author's transl)]. The intense infra-red rays of the CO2 laser effect instant evaporization and carbonization of superficial tissue layers. Simultaneously, small blood vessels in the immediate vicinity of the impact area are occluded, which results in a circumscribed ischaemic operating field. On the other hand, small lymphatic vessels are not sealed. The lymphatic drainage of an area can be blocked mechanically only by a relatively large wall of carbonized tissue. This is why laser surgery does not necessarily prevent propagation of suspended material in the lymphatics, e. g. tumour cells.", "PMID": 645069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2136", "title": "[Serum uric levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperuicaemia is a frequent finding in psoriasis vulgaris. Enhanced purine catabolism due to the rapid turnover of psoriatric epidermis is thought to be the cause of the raised serum uric acid levels. In the present study serum acid determinations were performed in 197 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Since no correlation was found between the extent of skin involvement and the incidence of hyperuricaemia, increased epidermopoesis does not seem to be an adequate explanation for hyperuricaemia in psoriasis. An analysis of body weight and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in psoriatic patients points to a combination of genetic predisposition and overeating as the causes of hyperuricaemia.", "contents": "[Serum uric levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (author's transl)]. Hyperuicaemia is a frequent finding in psoriasis vulgaris. Enhanced purine catabolism due to the rapid turnover of psoriatric epidermis is thought to be the cause of the raised serum uric acid levels. In the present study serum acid determinations were performed in 197 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Since no correlation was found between the extent of skin involvement and the incidence of hyperuricaemia, increased epidermopoesis does not seem to be an adequate explanation for hyperuricaemia in psoriasis. An analysis of body weight and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in psoriatic patients points to a combination of genetic predisposition and overeating as the causes of hyperuricaemia.", "PMID": 645070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2137", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen].", "content": "A modification of radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of HBsAg is described. The schedule for purification and the method of iodinization of purified HBsAg are presented. The sensitivity of RIA and other immunological methods for detection of HBsAg was analysed comparatively. RIA in the modification described detected HBsAg in a concentration of 50 mg/ml.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen]. A modification of radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of HBsAg is described. The schedule for purification and the method of iodinization of purified HBsAg are presented. The sensitivity of RIA and other immunological methods for detection of HBsAg was analysed comparatively. RIA in the modification described detected HBsAg in a concentration of 50 mg/ml.", "PMID": 645062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2138", "title": "[The implication of trace metals in household products in the causation of contact dermatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The 6 most common fluid and powder detergent brands in use in Austria were analyzed as to their nickel and chromium content. The analysis was carried out by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. 1. The above-mentioned metals were found to be present in each of the products analysed. On average, the fluid detergents contained ten times less nickel and chromium than the powders. 2. Repeated investigations revealed a considerable variation in metal ion content in different batches of the same detergent. Thus, presumably the raw products already contain nickel and chromium and it is unlikely that these ions get into the products during the manufacturing process. 3. In the appropriately diluted detergent powder solutions, as recommended by the producer, the content of nickel was found to lie between 0.4 ppm and 0.717 ppm and the chromium content ranged from 0.733 to 0.917 ppm. Since powder detergents also contain complex-producing agents, it can be assumed that these concentrations of metal ions do not suffice for sensitization. In the fluid detergents the nickel and chromium contents were found to be below the safety limit for the elicitation of an excematous reaction.", "contents": "[The implication of trace metals in household products in the causation of contact dermatitis (author's transl)]. The 6 most common fluid and powder detergent brands in use in Austria were analyzed as to their nickel and chromium content. The analysis was carried out by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. 1. The above-mentioned metals were found to be present in each of the products analysed. On average, the fluid detergents contained ten times less nickel and chromium than the powders. 2. Repeated investigations revealed a considerable variation in metal ion content in different batches of the same detergent. Thus, presumably the raw products already contain nickel and chromium and it is unlikely that these ions get into the products during the manufacturing process. 3. In the appropriately diluted detergent powder solutions, as recommended by the producer, the content of nickel was found to lie between 0.4 ppm and 0.717 ppm and the chromium content ranged from 0.733 to 0.917 ppm. Since powder detergents also contain complex-producing agents, it can be assumed that these concentrations of metal ions do not suffice for sensitization. In the fluid detergents the nickel and chromium contents were found to be below the safety limit for the elicitation of an excematous reaction.", "PMID": 645071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2139", "title": "[Allergic rhinitis--does the radioallergosorbent test improve the diagnosis? (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison between the skin test and radioallergosorbent test RAST) in 127 patients with allergic rhinitis reveals no advantage of RAST. This contrasts with the results obtained in other allergic diseases. However, the determination of a single pollen allergen allows the in vitro diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, which, obviously, is due to cross reactivity of pollen allergens. This makes the RAST a useful procedure in routine diagnosis, especially in the case of patients living far away from an allergy centre. In these cases RAST can easily be used as a screening test.", "contents": "[Allergic rhinitis--does the radioallergosorbent test improve the diagnosis? (author's transl)]. A comparison between the skin test and radioallergosorbent test RAST) in 127 patients with allergic rhinitis reveals no advantage of RAST. This contrasts with the results obtained in other allergic diseases. However, the determination of a single pollen allergen allows the in vitro diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, which, obviously, is due to cross reactivity of pollen allergens. This makes the RAST a useful procedure in routine diagnosis, especially in the case of patients living far away from an allergy centre. In these cases RAST can easily be used as a screening test.", "PMID": 645072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2140", "title": "Radioimmunoassay technique for detecting urinary excretion products after administration of synthetic anabolic steroids to the horse.", "content": "1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather than 10 days; laurate (200 mg) greater than 50 days. After administration of the parent steroid (150 mg) cross-reacting compounds were detectable in urine for ca. 3 days. 3. Urinary excretion of esters of other anabolic steroids cross-reacting with the 19-nortestosterone antibody (e.g. 1-dehydrotestosterone and trienbolone) could also be followed by analysing solvent extracts of urines by the radioimmunoassay. Cross-reacting compounds in urine after administration of 1-dehydrotestosterone undecylenate (250 mg) and trienbolone acetate (75 mg) could be detected for greater than 35 days and greather than 5 days, respectively.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay technique for detecting urinary excretion products after administration of synthetic anabolic steroids to the horse. 1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather than 10 days; laurate (200 mg) greater than 50 days. After administration of the parent steroid (150 mg) cross-reacting compounds were detectable in urine for ca. 3 days. 3. Urinary excretion of esters of other anabolic steroids cross-reacting with the 19-nortestosterone antibody (e.g. 1-dehydrotestosterone and trienbolone) could also be followed by analysing solvent extracts of urines by the radioimmunoassay. Cross-reacting compounds in urine after administration of 1-dehydrotestosterone undecylenate (250 mg) and trienbolone acetate (75 mg) could be detected for greater than 35 days and greather than 5 days, respectively.", "PMID": 645104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2141", "title": "Metabolites of 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy- and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane.", "content": "1. Rabbits and rats dosed with 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane excrete 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropionic acid and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)-L-cysteine. 2. Rabbits and rats dosed with 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane excrete 2-hydroxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propionic acid, N-acetyl-S-[2-hydroxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy/propyl)propyl]-L-cysteine and p-nitrophenol. 3. The administration of either epoxide to the rat produces a marked fall in hepatic GSH level. 4. The biliary excretion of metabolites of 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane is described.", "contents": "Metabolites of 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy- and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane. 1. Rabbits and rats dosed with 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane excrete 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropionic acid and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)-L-cysteine. 2. Rabbits and rats dosed with 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane excrete 2-hydroxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propionic acid, N-acetyl-S-[2-hydroxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy/propyl)propyl]-L-cysteine and p-nitrophenol. 3. The administration of either epoxide to the rat produces a marked fall in hepatic GSH level. 4. The biliary excretion of metabolites of 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane is described.", "PMID": 645105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2142", "title": "Biotransformation of chlormezanone, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-metathiazanone-1,1-dioxide, a muscle-relaxing and tranquillizing agent: the effect of combination with aspirin on its metabolic fate in rats and mice.", "content": "1. After oral administration of [14C]chlormezanone, about 74% of the dose was excreted into the urine of rats within 24 h and 21% into urine of mice within 2 h. 2. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was about 10% of the dose in rats. 3. Six metabolites in the urine of rats and mice were identified as p-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorohippuric acid, N-methyl-p-chlorobenzamide, 2-[N-methyl-N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)]carbamoylethylsulphonic acid, 3-sulphopropionic acid and the glucuronide of p-chlorobenzoid acid. 4. The effect of combination with aspirin on the metabolic fate of chlormezanone was investigated in rats and mice. Aspirin had no effect on the metabolite pattern in either species but reduced the rate of excretion, particularly in the mouse.", "contents": "Biotransformation of chlormezanone, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-metathiazanone-1,1-dioxide, a muscle-relaxing and tranquillizing agent: the effect of combination with aspirin on its metabolic fate in rats and mice. 1. After oral administration of [14C]chlormezanone, about 74% of the dose was excreted into the urine of rats within 24 h and 21% into urine of mice within 2 h. 2. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was about 10% of the dose in rats. 3. Six metabolites in the urine of rats and mice were identified as p-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorohippuric acid, N-methyl-p-chlorobenzamide, 2-[N-methyl-N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)]carbamoylethylsulphonic acid, 3-sulphopropionic acid and the glucuronide of p-chlorobenzoid acid. 4. The effect of combination with aspirin on the metabolic fate of chlormezanone was investigated in rats and mice. Aspirin had no effect on the metabolite pattern in either species but reduced the rate of excretion, particularly in the mouse.", "PMID": 645106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2143", "title": "Metabolism of butyl p-nitrophenyl ether in vitro with rabbit liver preparations.", "content": "1. The metabolism of butyl p-nitrophenyl ether in vitro has been investigated with rabbit liver preparations. 2. Evidence for three metabolic pathways is presented. These involve initial microsomal hydroxylation at alpha, omega--1 or the omega positions of the butyl chain. 3. (omega--1)-Hydroxybutyl p-nitrophenyl ether was oxidized chiefly by the soluble fraction to the corresponding (omega--1)-oxo derivative which spontaneously decomposed to give p-nitrophenol. 4. omega-Hydroxybutyl p-nitrophenyl ether identified as a metabolite was further oxidized by the soluble fraction to p-nitrophenoxybutyric acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of butyl p-nitrophenyl ether in vitro with rabbit liver preparations. 1. The metabolism of butyl p-nitrophenyl ether in vitro has been investigated with rabbit liver preparations. 2. Evidence for three metabolic pathways is presented. These involve initial microsomal hydroxylation at alpha, omega--1 or the omega positions of the butyl chain. 3. (omega--1)-Hydroxybutyl p-nitrophenyl ether was oxidized chiefly by the soluble fraction to the corresponding (omega--1)-oxo derivative which spontaneously decomposed to give p-nitrophenol. 4. omega-Hydroxybutyl p-nitrophenyl ether identified as a metabolite was further oxidized by the soluble fraction to p-nitrophenoxybutyric acid.", "PMID": 645107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2144", "title": "[Maintenance metabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus].", "content": "Investigations with the mycelium forming bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus IMET JA 6599 in glucose-limited chemostat cultures gave a maintenance coefficient of m = 0.031 h-1. This low maintenance coefficient corresponds to those of moulds (RIGHELATO et al. 1968, CARTER et al. 1971). With a simple model structured in active and inactive biomass (x1 and x2) it was tried to explain the low maintenance coefficient of S. hygroscopicus in relation to nonfilamentous growing microorganisms. The model contains the transition rate k, which describes the transition of active biomass in inactive one and the decay rate beta, which considers the decay of hyphae. The model was used to study the influence of beta on the maintenance coefficient and it was shown that maintenance metabolism can be simulated by the parameter beta alone.", "contents": "[Maintenance metabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus]. Investigations with the mycelium forming bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus IMET JA 6599 in glucose-limited chemostat cultures gave a maintenance coefficient of m = 0.031 h-1. This low maintenance coefficient corresponds to those of moulds (RIGHELATO et al. 1968, CARTER et al. 1971). With a simple model structured in active and inactive biomass (x1 and x2) it was tried to explain the low maintenance coefficient of S. hygroscopicus in relation to nonfilamentous growing microorganisms. The model contains the transition rate k, which describes the transition of active biomass in inactive one and the decay rate beta, which considers the decay of hyphae. The model was used to study the influence of beta on the maintenance coefficient and it was shown that maintenance metabolism can be simulated by the parameter beta alone.", "PMID": 645108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2145", "title": "[Structure of mannan of Candida guilliermondii H].", "content": "The mannan of Candida guilliermondii was acetolyzed and the seperation by gel chromatography gave five neutral fragments with the characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mannose, mannobiose, mannotriose, mannotetraose, and mannopentaose. All oligosaccharide fragments were composed of mannose in alpha-linkage. Methylation analysis combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated (1 leads to 6)-linked D-mannopyranose main chains with (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannopyranose side chains.", "contents": "[Structure of mannan of Candida guilliermondii H]. The mannan of Candida guilliermondii was acetolyzed and the seperation by gel chromatography gave five neutral fragments with the characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mannose, mannobiose, mannotriose, mannotetraose, and mannopentaose. All oligosaccharide fragments were composed of mannose in alpha-linkage. Methylation analysis combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated (1 leads to 6)-linked D-mannopyranose main chains with (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannopyranose side chains.", "PMID": 645109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2146", "title": "[Crohn's disease--observations on own patient material].", "content": "On the basis of own clinical material, consisting of 32 patients with Crohn's disease the picture of this disease is discussed. Patients with an acute terminal ileitis in whom no development in the sense of a Crohn's disease took place were not included in the study. It is typical that also in the number of our own patients that the perferred terminal ileum alone or in connection with other parts of the intestinum as well as a high coefficient of relapses could be proved. Of the complaints cramplike pains in the abdomen were the most frequent symptom. Of the laboratory findings an increased blood sedimentation rate, a decreased iron level, an anaemia and a pathologicial Schilling test were foremost. In 2 patients during a short period a toxic megacolon developed. In the two patients it was the first shift of the disease. In another patient the relatively seldom affection of the duodenum and the stomach by Crohn's disease could be diagnosed.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease--observations on own patient material]. On the basis of own clinical material, consisting of 32 patients with Crohn's disease the picture of this disease is discussed. Patients with an acute terminal ileitis in whom no development in the sense of a Crohn's disease took place were not included in the study. It is typical that also in the number of our own patients that the perferred terminal ileum alone or in connection with other parts of the intestinum as well as a high coefficient of relapses could be proved. Of the complaints cramplike pains in the abdomen were the most frequent symptom. Of the laboratory findings an increased blood sedimentation rate, a decreased iron level, an anaemia and a pathologicial Schilling test were foremost. In 2 patients during a short period a toxic megacolon developed. In the two patients it was the first shift of the disease. In another patient the relatively seldom affection of the duodenum and the stomach by Crohn's disease could be diagnosed.", "PMID": 645136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2147", "title": "[Thermographic thorax diagnostics].", "content": "Among several variants of devices the infra-red thermography has obtained a wide technical perfection allowing to measure the thermal energy emitted from the body surface without contact, quickly and dynamically, and to produce a picture for analysis. Since numerous functional and pathophysiological proceedings are connected with changes of temperature, the use of thermography for diagnosis of processes near the body surface may be recommended. Based on thermic observations in 63 patients and a control experiment in 15 persons, experiences with the thermography in the diagnosis of diseases, which are localized more profoundly in the thoracic cavity, were reported.", "contents": "[Thermographic thorax diagnostics]. Among several variants of devices the infra-red thermography has obtained a wide technical perfection allowing to measure the thermal energy emitted from the body surface without contact, quickly and dynamically, and to produce a picture for analysis. Since numerous functional and pathophysiological proceedings are connected with changes of temperature, the use of thermography for diagnosis of processes near the body surface may be recommended. Based on thermic observations in 63 patients and a control experiment in 15 persons, experiences with the thermography in the diagnosis of diseases, which are localized more profoundly in the thoracic cavity, were reported.", "PMID": 645137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2148", "title": "[Alternating ECG changes in dystrophia myotonica (Curschmann-Steinert)].", "content": "It is reported on a 39-year-old patient who revealed pathological ECG-findings of the most different kind during several years. Since there were no clues to a myocarditis, later on, however, pareses of atrophical skeletal muscles developed and a distropia myotonica could be diagnosed, the cardiological disturbances are to be regarded as a symptom of this disease. When also a participation of the myocardium in the distrophia myotonica is not unknown, so even in our case the frequently changing disturbances of the nervous impulses of the heart, of the ventricular stimulus conduction and of the replolarisation of different expression as well as the pronounced hypersensitivity to heart glycosides are remarkable individual findings. The interpretation of these findings is problematic. Morphologic and dystrophic changes of the myocardium as well as functional myotonic disturbances on the membraneous system may influence the process of stimulation and may cause the clinical appearances.", "contents": "[Alternating ECG changes in dystrophia myotonica (Curschmann-Steinert)]. It is reported on a 39-year-old patient who revealed pathological ECG-findings of the most different kind during several years. Since there were no clues to a myocarditis, later on, however, pareses of atrophical skeletal muscles developed and a distropia myotonica could be diagnosed, the cardiological disturbances are to be regarded as a symptom of this disease. When also a participation of the myocardium in the distrophia myotonica is not unknown, so even in our case the frequently changing disturbances of the nervous impulses of the heart, of the ventricular stimulus conduction and of the replolarisation of different expression as well as the pronounced hypersensitivity to heart glycosides are remarkable individual findings. The interpretation of these findings is problematic. Morphologic and dystrophic changes of the myocardium as well as functional myotonic disturbances on the membraneous system may influence the process of stimulation and may cause the clinical appearances.", "PMID": 645140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2149", "title": "[The cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with normal, marginally disordered and proven pathological glucose tolerance].", "content": "In 1.035 persons with reduced glucose tolerance (borderline diabetics, diabetic biophan G test admissions, spontaneous admissions and diabetics treated already for a longer time) the cardiovascular factors of risk over-weight (Broca-weight greater than or equal to 110%), hypertension (RR greater than or equal to 160/and/or 95 Torr), hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than or equal to 200 mg/100 ml), hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 300 mg/100 ml) and hyperuricaemia (greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/100 ml in males and 6.0 mg/100 ml in females) were determined and compared with the frequency of the same danger indicators of 255 persons with certainly normal glucose tolerance. Taking into consiteration the reduction of the glucose tolerance as cardiovascular factor of risk the glucosuria test admissions with 3.48 factor of risk/proband had no less factors of risk than the spontaneous diabetic admissions (3.29 factor of risk/proband). Already the borderline diabetic differed in the frequency of overweight, hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia significantly (p less than 0.01) from the normal case of the same age. Thus the glucose tolerance disturbed in its limit deserves increased consideration from the diabetological as well as from the cardiological point of view.", "contents": "[The cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with normal, marginally disordered and proven pathological glucose tolerance]. In 1.035 persons with reduced glucose tolerance (borderline diabetics, diabetic biophan G test admissions, spontaneous admissions and diabetics treated already for a longer time) the cardiovascular factors of risk over-weight (Broca-weight greater than or equal to 110%), hypertension (RR greater than or equal to 160/and/or 95 Torr), hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than or equal to 200 mg/100 ml), hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 300 mg/100 ml) and hyperuricaemia (greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/100 ml in males and 6.0 mg/100 ml in females) were determined and compared with the frequency of the same danger indicators of 255 persons with certainly normal glucose tolerance. Taking into consiteration the reduction of the glucose tolerance as cardiovascular factor of risk the glucosuria test admissions with 3.48 factor of risk/proband had no less factors of risk than the spontaneous diabetic admissions (3.29 factor of risk/proband). Already the borderline diabetic differed in the frequency of overweight, hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia significantly (p less than 0.01) from the normal case of the same age. Thus the glucose tolerance disturbed in its limit deserves increased consideration from the diabetological as well as from the cardiological point of view.", "PMID": 645141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2150", "title": "[Influence of oral antidiabetics on the fat metabolism in diabetics].", "content": "In the therapy of diabetes mellitus the avoidance of the late cardiovascular complications is at present the largest problem. By the American UGDP-study the attention was paid to an increased death rate of cardiovascular diseases induced possibly by sulfonyl ureas. Since it is ascertained that the disturbance of the fat metabolism which at the same time is frequently present also in diabetes mellitus significantly disturbs the risk for cardiovascular diseases the problem was pursued, to what extent the parameters of the fat metabolism are unfavourably influenced by a therapy with sulfonyl ureas. The result of the investigations was that by an additional intake of 5 mg glibenclamide a day in the usual dietetotherapy with clear improvement of the carbohydrate metabolism there appear no changes in the level of the triglycerides, the cholesterol or the beta-lipoproteids in the serum. By means of this a clear effect of the sulfonyl-ureas on the fat metabolism could be proved.", "contents": "[Influence of oral antidiabetics on the fat metabolism in diabetics]. In the therapy of diabetes mellitus the avoidance of the late cardiovascular complications is at present the largest problem. By the American UGDP-study the attention was paid to an increased death rate of cardiovascular diseases induced possibly by sulfonyl ureas. Since it is ascertained that the disturbance of the fat metabolism which at the same time is frequently present also in diabetes mellitus significantly disturbs the risk for cardiovascular diseases the problem was pursued, to what extent the parameters of the fat metabolism are unfavourably influenced by a therapy with sulfonyl ureas. The result of the investigations was that by an additional intake of 5 mg glibenclamide a day in the usual dietetotherapy with clear improvement of the carbohydrate metabolism there appear no changes in the level of the triglycerides, the cholesterol or the beta-lipoproteids in the serum. By means of this a clear effect of the sulfonyl-ureas on the fat metabolism could be proved.", "PMID": 645142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2151", "title": "[Haemiton compositum in the ambulatory therapy of hypertension].", "content": "Comparative treatments of 14 patients suffering from arterial hypertension of the stages II to IV with haemiton and haemiton compositum (haemiton, triamteren and hydrochlorothiazide) lasting three weeks each showed that under influence of haemiton compositum the systolic blood pressure was lower in which case particularly reactions of orthostasis were practically absent. Measured on the approach of the quotient duration of pulse period to duration of basic vibration T/Tfem to the integrity and to the temporary peak value after Jungmann and coworkers which is parallel to the contractility the regulatorily better behaviour of the circulation under haemiton compositum is significantly expressed. In this case no changes of glucose content in the blood and of the potassium content in the serum appear. The sodium content of the serum slightly decreased in the medication of the combination preparation containing the saluretic. Under haemiton compositum the side effects are more insignificant.", "contents": "[Haemiton compositum in the ambulatory therapy of hypertension]. Comparative treatments of 14 patients suffering from arterial hypertension of the stages II to IV with haemiton and haemiton compositum (haemiton, triamteren and hydrochlorothiazide) lasting three weeks each showed that under influence of haemiton compositum the systolic blood pressure was lower in which case particularly reactions of orthostasis were practically absent. Measured on the approach of the quotient duration of pulse period to duration of basic vibration T/Tfem to the integrity and to the temporary peak value after Jungmann and coworkers which is parallel to the contractility the regulatorily better behaviour of the circulation under haemiton compositum is significantly expressed. In this case no changes of glucose content in the blood and of the potassium content in the serum appear. The sodium content of the serum slightly decreased in the medication of the combination preparation containing the saluretic. Under haemiton compositum the side effects are more insignificant.", "PMID": 645143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2152", "title": "[The effect of glucagon on serum electrolyte concentrations in man].", "content": "Intravenous application of 1 mg glucagon causes a significant decrease of the magnesium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations in the serum. Concerning the potassium level there is a biphasic change of concentration. Initially a significant increase of the potassium concentration is to be measured which transgresses into a longer phase of decrease of concentration. The possible causes of these changes of electrolytes after application of glucagon are discussed and it is referred to the possible clinical importance. In longer therapeutic application of glucagon a control of the serum parameters of the electrolytes metabolism appears indicated.", "contents": "[The effect of glucagon on serum electrolyte concentrations in man]. Intravenous application of 1 mg glucagon causes a significant decrease of the magnesium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations in the serum. Concerning the potassium level there is a biphasic change of concentration. Initially a significant increase of the potassium concentration is to be measured which transgresses into a longer phase of decrease of concentration. The possible causes of these changes of electrolytes after application of glucagon are discussed and it is referred to the possible clinical importance. In longer therapeutic application of glucagon a control of the serum parameters of the electrolytes metabolism appears indicated.", "PMID": 645144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2153", "title": "[Behavior of hypertension and cardiovascular findings in hypertension within an observation period of 10 years (the Wurzen study 1961-1971)].", "content": "In concert with literary data during a mass X-ray examination in 1961 we established in 5,517 men of the district Wurzen a frequency of hypertension of 13.6% and in 1971 in the same group of test persons a frequency of hypertension of 19.4%. The percentage of the pathological cardiovascular X-ray findings was in normotonus 10.4% in 1961 and 11.2% in 1971, in hypertension 22.3% in 1961 and 27.5% in 1971. The dependence on the age of the test persons, on the degree of severity of hypertension, and particularly on the duration of the hypertension is clear. For prevention of a hypertensive heart disease the early recognition of a hypertension and an early therapy are necessary. On the basis of our studies the making of cardiovascular X-ray findings from photofluorograms is not suitable as screening test for the hypertension. The value of blood pressure controls in mass X-ray examinations must be emphasized. Important is the collection of cardiovascular X-ray findings from photofluorograms of the thorax for the establishment of a hypertensive heart disease, of not recognized vitia and age-conditioned cardiac and vascular changes. It implies an optimum use of the material collected in the mass X-ray examination.", "contents": "[Behavior of hypertension and cardiovascular findings in hypertension within an observation period of 10 years (the Wurzen study 1961-1971)]. In concert with literary data during a mass X-ray examination in 1961 we established in 5,517 men of the district Wurzen a frequency of hypertension of 13.6% and in 1971 in the same group of test persons a frequency of hypertension of 19.4%. The percentage of the pathological cardiovascular X-ray findings was in normotonus 10.4% in 1961 and 11.2% in 1971, in hypertension 22.3% in 1961 and 27.5% in 1971. The dependence on the age of the test persons, on the degree of severity of hypertension, and particularly on the duration of the hypertension is clear. For prevention of a hypertensive heart disease the early recognition of a hypertension and an early therapy are necessary. On the basis of our studies the making of cardiovascular X-ray findings from photofluorograms is not suitable as screening test for the hypertension. The value of blood pressure controls in mass X-ray examinations must be emphasized. Important is the collection of cardiovascular X-ray findings from photofluorograms of the thorax for the establishment of a hypertensive heart disease, of not recognized vitia and age-conditioned cardiac and vascular changes. It implies an optimum use of the material collected in the mass X-ray examination.", "PMID": 645145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2154", "title": "[Clinical studies on the paraneoplastic syndrome in intrathoracic neoplastic diseases].", "content": "Two own clinical observations concerning the paraneoplastic syndrome are reported: Gynecomastia and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The two symptoms appeared as primary manifestation of a bronchial carcinoma and an intrathoracically situated teratoma. The gynecomastia in an estrogen-producing teratoma of this localisation hitherto has not been described; its classification as paraneoplastic syndrome is established. The value of such individual observations may be that the knowledge of these syndromes should be deepened and thus should be indirectly contribute to the diagnostics of tumours, or even to the early recognition of the tumour.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the paraneoplastic syndrome in intrathoracic neoplastic diseases]. Two own clinical observations concerning the paraneoplastic syndrome are reported: Gynecomastia and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The two symptoms appeared as primary manifestation of a bronchial carcinoma and an intrathoracically situated teratoma. The gynecomastia in an estrogen-producing teratoma of this localisation hitherto has not been described; its classification as paraneoplastic syndrome is established. The value of such individual observations may be that the knowledge of these syndromes should be deepened and thus should be indirectly contribute to the diagnostics of tumours, or even to the early recognition of the tumour.", "PMID": 645146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2155", "title": "[Liver biopsy changes in chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Among 2 952 non-selected liver biopsies of adults in the 5-years-period 1970-1974 506 cases (17%) of clinically proved chronic alcoholics were found. Most of the patients are males, and even young men at an age of less than twenty years are taken with. The number of 31 professional drivers within this group is remarkable and alarming, too. The histomorphological picture may be divided into liver changes without any abnormal state (39%), fatty liver (40%), alcoholic hepatitis (18%) and cirrhosis (3%). Chronic alcoholism can be considered as one of the most important causes of the fatty liver. Clinical and pathological aspects of alcoholic liver changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Liver biopsy changes in chronic alcoholism]. Among 2 952 non-selected liver biopsies of adults in the 5-years-period 1970-1974 506 cases (17%) of clinically proved chronic alcoholics were found. Most of the patients are males, and even young men at an age of less than twenty years are taken with. The number of 31 professional drivers within this group is remarkable and alarming, too. The histomorphological picture may be divided into liver changes without any abnormal state (39%), fatty liver (40%), alcoholic hepatitis (18%) and cirrhosis (3%). Chronic alcoholism can be considered as one of the most important causes of the fatty liver. Clinical and pathological aspects of alcoholic liver changes are discussed.", "PMID": 645147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2156", "title": "[Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "In 50 patients with a laparoscopically ascertained liver cirrhosis the hydroxyproline excretion was estimated in the 24-hour-urine. There could not be found any significant differences between hydroxyprolinuria in normal persons and in patients with liver cirrhosis. The increased hydroxyproline excretion is an unspecific symptom and thus cannot contribute to the diagnosis and the observation of the course of a liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in liver cirrhosis]. In 50 patients with a laparoscopically ascertained liver cirrhosis the hydroxyproline excretion was estimated in the 24-hour-urine. There could not be found any significant differences between hydroxyprolinuria in normal persons and in patients with liver cirrhosis. The increased hydroxyproline excretion is an unspecific symptom and thus cannot contribute to the diagnosis and the observation of the course of a liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 645148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2157", "title": "[Evaluation of measurement accuracy in microcatheterization of the heart].", "content": "In 192 patients with silicosis the results of the cardiac micro-catheterisation under conditions of rest were compared with those ones of a secondary examination performed two years later. This allows conclusions to the behaviour of the pressure values measured in the period observed as well as to the evidence of an individual cardiac micro-catheterisation. No essential increase of the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery was observed. The dispersion of an individual measurement is 3 Torr. A pulmonary hypertension, which is given from 20 Torr upwards, consequently may be established with a 95% statistical certainty only from an individual measuring value of 26 Torr.", "contents": "[Evaluation of measurement accuracy in microcatheterization of the heart]. In 192 patients with silicosis the results of the cardiac micro-catheterisation under conditions of rest were compared with those ones of a secondary examination performed two years later. This allows conclusions to the behaviour of the pressure values measured in the period observed as well as to the evidence of an individual cardiac micro-catheterisation. No essential increase of the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery was observed. The dispersion of an individual measurement is 3 Torr. A pulmonary hypertension, which is given from 20 Torr upwards, consequently may be established with a 95% statistical certainty only from an individual measuring value of 26 Torr.", "PMID": 645149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2158", "title": "[Studies of stress-conditioned somatotropin secretion. Discussion note on the paper of F.E. Ulrich, U. Schneyer and K. Seige, Ber.Ges.Inn.Med.10,92 (1976)].", "content": "Before the beginning of a glucose infusion test already in the test preperiod a stress-induced STH-increase could be observed in 76 of 153 protodiabetics. There was no statistically clear relation between the STH basal value and the size of the STH reaction. The stress-induced STH reaction neither can be classified to the degree of the carbohydrate intolerance nor to the size of overweight. In a normal STH reaction during the glucose infusion test in about two thirds of the cases a stress-induced STH increase is observed. On the other hand a rigid STH reaction is associated with a stress-induced STH increase only in 21% of the cases and a paradoxal STH reaction in 41% of the cases. Only in 47 (30.7%) of 153 protodiabetics a STH increase was to be observed before and after the end of the glucose infusion. There was no statistically certain relation between the size of the stress-induced increase of STH and the STH reaction in the posthyperglycemic phase. Quality and quantity of the STH reaction before the beginning of a glucose infusion do not allow any conclusions to the following pattern of STH reaction.", "contents": "[Studies of stress-conditioned somatotropin secretion. Discussion note on the paper of F.E. Ulrich, U. Schneyer and K. Seige, Ber.Ges.Inn.Med.10,92 (1976)]. Before the beginning of a glucose infusion test already in the test preperiod a stress-induced STH-increase could be observed in 76 of 153 protodiabetics. There was no statistically clear relation between the STH basal value and the size of the STH reaction. The stress-induced STH reaction neither can be classified to the degree of the carbohydrate intolerance nor to the size of overweight. In a normal STH reaction during the glucose infusion test in about two thirds of the cases a stress-induced STH increase is observed. On the other hand a rigid STH reaction is associated with a stress-induced STH increase only in 21% of the cases and a paradoxal STH reaction in 41% of the cases. Only in 47 (30.7%) of 153 protodiabetics a STH increase was to be observed before and after the end of the glucose infusion. There was no statistically certain relation between the size of the stress-induced increase of STH and the STH reaction in the posthyperglycemic phase. Quality and quantity of the STH reaction before the beginning of a glucose infusion do not allow any conclusions to the following pattern of STH reaction.", "PMID": 645150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2159", "title": "[Cardiovascular x-ray findings, changes of the thoracic aorta, electrocardiographic and clinical parameters in hypertension. 1. Cardiovascular x-ray findings in hypertension].", "content": "We examined 142 hypertensive patients of special consulting hours for hypertension. In a subdivision into 3 degrees of severity of hypertension and into the age groups less than or equal to 50 years and greater than 50 years X-ray findings on the heart and on the large vessels near the heart were made. Patients with blood pressure values RRs greater than or equal to 160 Torr and RRd greater than or equal to 95 Torr had these findings in 78%. 56% of the test persons with a heart affected in the left ventricle (R1) were found and 23% of the test persons with left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides (R3). The positive correlation between age of the patients with hypertension, duration of hypertension and frequency of the heart deformation in the sense of the left-ventricularly affected heart and the left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides could statistically be ascertained. 62% of the patients less than or equal to 50 years and 89% of the patients greater than 50 years had these findings. In a duration of hypertension less than or equal to 5 years 64% had these findings, in a duration of hypertension greater than 5 years 64%. The total number of findings increases with the degree of severity of hypertension. In test persons with degree II of severity of hypertension (RRs 160-200 Torr, RRd greater than or equal to 95 Torr) 73% had these findings, in test persons with degree III (RRs greater than Torr, RRd greater than or equal to Torr) 86%. The relation of the heart deformation in the sense of the left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides between degree II and III of the severity of hypertension was contradictory. In hypertension II and duration of hypertension greater than 5 years the percentage of the test persons with left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides was 42%, in hypertension III and duration of hypertension greater than 5 years 19%.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular x-ray findings, changes of the thoracic aorta, electrocardiographic and clinical parameters in hypertension. 1. Cardiovascular x-ray findings in hypertension]. We examined 142 hypertensive patients of special consulting hours for hypertension. In a subdivision into 3 degrees of severity of hypertension and into the age groups less than or equal to 50 years and greater than 50 years X-ray findings on the heart and on the large vessels near the heart were made. Patients with blood pressure values RRs greater than or equal to 160 Torr and RRd greater than or equal to 95 Torr had these findings in 78%. 56% of the test persons with a heart affected in the left ventricle (R1) were found and 23% of the test persons with left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides (R3). The positive correlation between age of the patients with hypertension, duration of hypertension and frequency of the heart deformation in the sense of the left-ventricularly affected heart and the left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides could statistically be ascertained. 62% of the patients less than or equal to 50 years and 89% of the patients greater than 50 years had these findings. In a duration of hypertension less than or equal to 5 years 64% had these findings, in a duration of hypertension greater than 5 years 64%. The total number of findings increases with the degree of severity of hypertension. In test persons with degree II of severity of hypertension (RRs 160-200 Torr, RRd greater than or equal to 95 Torr) 73% had these findings, in test persons with degree III (RRs greater than Torr, RRd greater than or equal to Torr) 86%. The relation of the heart deformation in the sense of the left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides between degree II and III of the severity of hypertension was contradictory. In hypertension II and duration of hypertension greater than 5 years the percentage of the test persons with left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides was 42%, in hypertension III and duration of hypertension greater than 5 years 19%.", "PMID": 645152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2160", "title": "[Diagnostic value of renal urate excretion].", "content": "After a short survey of the purine metabolism, excretion of uric acid, theories of gout and urate nephropathy methodical references are given for the estimation of excretion of uric acid, a normal region on test persons was established and compared with other authors. The quantities of excretion and concentrations of uric acid from the 24 hours urine found on patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and manifest gout are the basis of the discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic value of these examinations. In patients with gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia the excretions of uric acid are a little higher than in healthy persons. A treatment with uricosuric remedies might not reduce the factor of risk hyperuricemia, since this does not lead to a prevention of the gout nephrophathy, on the contrary it furthers it.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of renal urate excretion]. After a short survey of the purine metabolism, excretion of uric acid, theories of gout and urate nephropathy methodical references are given for the estimation of excretion of uric acid, a normal region on test persons was established and compared with other authors. The quantities of excretion and concentrations of uric acid from the 24 hours urine found on patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and manifest gout are the basis of the discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic value of these examinations. In patients with gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia the excretions of uric acid are a little higher than in healthy persons. A treatment with uricosuric remedies might not reduce the factor of risk hyperuricemia, since this does not lead to a prevention of the gout nephrophathy, on the contrary it furthers it.", "PMID": 645153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2161", "title": "[Radiocardiographic assessment of the effect of digoxin on heart conduction insufficiency].", "content": "On 29 patients with heart insufficiency radiocardiographical investigations in rest and under stress were carried out before and after treatment with digoxin. Here it was shown that in existing functional insufficiency the determination of the stroke volume and of the minute volume in rest after digitalisation did not result in a remarkable change, but in obstructive insufficiency an improvement of the pump function of the heart began already under conditions of rest. Only in stress also in patients with functional insufficiency a significant increase of the heart-time volume and the stroke volume after application of glycoside was proved. An exacter information about the effect of glycoside was given by the temporary volume function particularly under stress.", "contents": "[Radiocardiographic assessment of the effect of digoxin on heart conduction insufficiency]. On 29 patients with heart insufficiency radiocardiographical investigations in rest and under stress were carried out before and after treatment with digoxin. Here it was shown that in existing functional insufficiency the determination of the stroke volume and of the minute volume in rest after digitalisation did not result in a remarkable change, but in obstructive insufficiency an improvement of the pump function of the heart began already under conditions of rest. Only in stress also in patients with functional insufficiency a significant increase of the heart-time volume and the stroke volume after application of glycoside was proved. An exacter information about the effect of glycoside was given by the temporary volume function particularly under stress.", "PMID": 645154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2162", "title": "[Incidence of toxic liver lesions due to Gravistat].", "content": "In 200 women who on the average 5.6 years took ovosiston and/or non-ovlon, and in 40 women who during the last three months had not taken an oral contraceptive we determined the GOT, the GPT, and LP-X and the cholesterol in the serum before and after a three weeks intake of gravistat. After a three weeks intake of gravistat of the two groups ca. one fourth showed pathological transaminases. 30 women with pathological transaminases and/or positive LP-X were hepatologically investigated including liver biopsy after an on an average 7.3 weeks exposition of gravistat. In ca. one third of the cases histologically provable changes of the liver (toxic hepatosis, fatty liver, infectious hepatitis) and in ca. two thirds of the cases the picture of the metabolic activation were found. Morphologically no signs of an intrahepatic cholostasis could be proved, so that it does not seem to be the leading parameter of the toxic liver damage.", "contents": "[Incidence of toxic liver lesions due to Gravistat]. In 200 women who on the average 5.6 years took ovosiston and/or non-ovlon, and in 40 women who during the last three months had not taken an oral contraceptive we determined the GOT, the GPT, and LP-X and the cholesterol in the serum before and after a three weeks intake of gravistat. After a three weeks intake of gravistat of the two groups ca. one fourth showed pathological transaminases. 30 women with pathological transaminases and/or positive LP-X were hepatologically investigated including liver biopsy after an on an average 7.3 weeks exposition of gravistat. In ca. one third of the cases histologically provable changes of the liver (toxic hepatosis, fatty liver, infectious hepatitis) and in ca. two thirds of the cases the picture of the metabolic activation were found. Morphologically no signs of an intrahepatic cholostasis could be proved, so that it does not seem to be the leading parameter of the toxic liver damage.", "PMID": 645155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2163", "title": "[Osteopenia--comments on the concept of osteoporosis].", "content": "On the basis of instances the problems of the simultaneous use of the notion of osteoporosis for a clinical picture of a disease and a roentgen-morphological symptom is discussed. The described errors of diagnostics avail themselves of the introduction of the notion of osteopenia as initial findings which then further must be differentiated into the defined clinical pictures of osteomalacia, fibroosteoclasia and into the so-called syndrome of osteoporosis. In the nomenclature proposed the radiologists have the main responsibility, since instead of osteoporosis as X-ray-morphological symptom they must propose the clinician the osteopenia with sings for an adequate clinical picture and so compel the clinician to perform the differential diagnosis of demineralisation of the bone as far as possible.", "contents": "[Osteopenia--comments on the concept of osteoporosis]. On the basis of instances the problems of the simultaneous use of the notion of osteoporosis for a clinical picture of a disease and a roentgen-morphological symptom is discussed. The described errors of diagnostics avail themselves of the introduction of the notion of osteopenia as initial findings which then further must be differentiated into the defined clinical pictures of osteomalacia, fibroosteoclasia and into the so-called syndrome of osteoporosis. In the nomenclature proposed the radiologists have the main responsibility, since instead of osteoporosis as X-ray-morphological symptom they must propose the clinician the osteopenia with sings for an adequate clinical picture and so compel the clinician to perform the differential diagnosis of demineralisation of the bone as far as possible.", "PMID": 645156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2164", "title": "[Diagnosis of a nonparasitic splenic cyst].", "content": "It is reported on a case of the infrequent non-parasitic cyst of the spleen. Here the difficulties of the diagnostics due to the poorness of clinical and laboratory-chemical symptoms are emphasized. After the radiological exclusion of the belonging of the spacial demand to the gastrointestinal canal and to the uropoietic system it is recommended to strive for the angiographical clarification and, when a cyst of the spleen is to be proven, for the splenectomy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of a nonparasitic splenic cyst]. It is reported on a case of the infrequent non-parasitic cyst of the spleen. Here the difficulties of the diagnostics due to the poorness of clinical and laboratory-chemical symptoms are emphasized. After the radiological exclusion of the belonging of the spacial demand to the gastrointestinal canal and to the uropoietic system it is recommended to strive for the angiographical clarification and, when a cyst of the spleen is to be proven, for the splenectomy.", "PMID": 645157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2165", "title": "[Sclerodermiform paraneoplastic syndrome during a kidney carcinoma].", "content": "Sclerodermiformous alterations of the skin are described as paraneoplasia in different malignant tumours. By an own observation sclerodermiformous alterations of the skin are described for the first time as paraneoplasmia in a female patient aged 60 with nephrous carcinoma. The cutaneous efflorescences receded after elimination of the tumour.", "contents": "[Sclerodermiform paraneoplastic syndrome during a kidney carcinoma]. Sclerodermiformous alterations of the skin are described as paraneoplasia in different malignant tumours. By an own observation sclerodermiformous alterations of the skin are described for the first time as paraneoplasmia in a female patient aged 60 with nephrous carcinoma. The cutaneous efflorescences receded after elimination of the tumour.", "PMID": 645158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2166", "title": "[Metabolic changes in experimental burns in the rabbit].", "content": "This study contributes to the experimental investigation of thermic injuries and their metabolic sequels. A model for burns is created in rabbits and normal values determined. Preliminary results are reported for shifts of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte count, as well as for changes in levels of proteins, electrolytes, and blood sugar. The meaning for clinical practics is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolic changes in experimental burns in the rabbit]. This study contributes to the experimental investigation of thermic injuries and their metabolic sequels. A model for burns is created in rabbits and normal values determined. Preliminary results are reported for shifts of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte count, as well as for changes in levels of proteins, electrolytes, and blood sugar. The meaning for clinical practics is discussed.", "PMID": 645159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2167", "title": "[ECG and hemodynamics in experimental coronary thrombosis induced by direct current in the closed thorax of the dog and mini-pig].", "content": "Coronary thrombosis is a life-threatening disease that, as a rule, leads to myocardial infarction. The onset and the course of this disease are followed in animal experiments with the aid of electrocardiograms and some haemodynamic parameters. There was a biphasic course, i.e., the authors observed first a rise and then a striking drop in peripheral arterial pressure and a rise in central venous pressure. The electrocardiograms and blood-pressure controls evidenced that the induction of coronary thrombosis is more difficult in the minipig than in the dog.", "contents": "[ECG and hemodynamics in experimental coronary thrombosis induced by direct current in the closed thorax of the dog and mini-pig]. Coronary thrombosis is a life-threatening disease that, as a rule, leads to myocardial infarction. The onset and the course of this disease are followed in animal experiments with the aid of electrocardiograms and some haemodynamic parameters. There was a biphasic course, i.e., the authors observed first a rise and then a striking drop in peripheral arterial pressure and a rise in central venous pressure. The electrocardiograms and blood-pressure controls evidenced that the induction of coronary thrombosis is more difficult in the minipig than in the dog.", "PMID": 645160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2168", "title": "[Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on burns of various depths in animal experiments].", "content": "In various diseases and injuries the application of hyperbaric oxygen is an additional measure of therapy using the oxygen physically dissolved in the plasma. This method is more and more applied in burn injuries. Some problems were studied in animal experiments. The treatment proved good in burns of different depths, as to spontaneous healing, histologic pattern, and integration of grafts.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on burns of various depths in animal experiments]. In various diseases and injuries the application of hyperbaric oxygen is an additional measure of therapy using the oxygen physically dissolved in the plasma. This method is more and more applied in burn injuries. Some problems were studied in animal experiments. The treatment proved good in burns of different depths, as to spontaneous healing, histologic pattern, and integration of grafts.", "PMID": 645161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2169", "title": "[Pharmacologic influencing of fetal phospholipide synthesis. Part I: Effect of betamethasone and bromohexine metabolit VIII (Ambroxol) (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Betamethasone and Bromhexine-Metabolite VIII, commonly used in RDS-prevention, was studied in pregnant rats and rabbits. 73 rats and 78 rabbits were treated for 4 days with doses, similar to those used in men. Cesarean section was performed in rats from the 18th-21th day of gestation (23 days), in rabbits from 27th-30th day (32 days). In the amniotic fluid, in fetal and maternal lungs the total phospholipid content, percentage of lecithins in total phospholipids and palmitic acid were determined and used as parameters for the surfactant content. There was no sign of induction with regard to synthesis. Premature deliveries and malformed fetusses were frequently observed under steroid-therapy. Clinical application should therefore be observed more critically.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic influencing of fetal phospholipide synthesis. Part I: Effect of betamethasone and bromohexine metabolit VIII (Ambroxol) (author's transl)]. The effect of Betamethasone and Bromhexine-Metabolite VIII, commonly used in RDS-prevention, was studied in pregnant rats and rabbits. 73 rats and 78 rabbits were treated for 4 days with doses, similar to those used in men. Cesarean section was performed in rats from the 18th-21th day of gestation (23 days), in rabbits from 27th-30th day (32 days). In the amniotic fluid, in fetal and maternal lungs the total phospholipid content, percentage of lecithins in total phospholipids and palmitic acid were determined and used as parameters for the surfactant content. There was no sign of induction with regard to synthesis. Premature deliveries and malformed fetusses were frequently observed under steroid-therapy. Clinical application should therefore be observed more critically.", "PMID": 645162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2170", "title": "[Psychosomatic aspects of pregnancy, parturition and puerperium (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnancy, delivery and post-partum period represent not only a special physical strain, but also an extra-ordinary psychic stress. Defective developments and neuroses, especially in the sexual field, as well as improperly adjusted current conflicts, can lead to somatic disturbances. The present-day situation is particularly characterized by the dual role played by the modern woman in society, and the resulting ambivalence of her attitude toward maternity. Over and above this, the technicalization of modern medicine can be associated with a loss of the human relationship between the patient and the physician, so that the patient gets the impression of being at the mercy of an inhuman apparatus. Hence, it is one of the fundamental problems of modern obstetrics not to transgress the limits where technicalization defeats its own purpose and becomes more harmful than useful. Although it cannot be the aim of psychosomatic training in obstetrics and gynecology to train the gynecologist in such a manner that he can also practise formal psychotherapy, it will become more and more important in future to expand our traditionally biologically oriented method of working by the aspect of the interactional and psychosocial fields of life.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic aspects of pregnancy, parturition and puerperium (author's transl)]. Pregnancy, delivery and post-partum period represent not only a special physical strain, but also an extra-ordinary psychic stress. Defective developments and neuroses, especially in the sexual field, as well as improperly adjusted current conflicts, can lead to somatic disturbances. The present-day situation is particularly characterized by the dual role played by the modern woman in society, and the resulting ambivalence of her attitude toward maternity. Over and above this, the technicalization of modern medicine can be associated with a loss of the human relationship between the patient and the physician, so that the patient gets the impression of being at the mercy of an inhuman apparatus. Hence, it is one of the fundamental problems of modern obstetrics not to transgress the limits where technicalization defeats its own purpose and becomes more harmful than useful. Although it cannot be the aim of psychosomatic training in obstetrics and gynecology to train the gynecologist in such a manner that he can also practise formal psychotherapy, it will become more and more important in future to expand our traditionally biologically oriented method of working by the aspect of the interactional and psychosocial fields of life.", "PMID": 645163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2171", "title": "[Trendanalysis attended with on-line fetal monitoring (a clinical study) (author's transl)].", "content": "Using some clinical examples, we have showed the importance of trend-analysis by application on-line fetal monitoring. The reference to data compression and data diminution is discussed. Trend analysis is at present time still integrated in the system of clinical computing. Valuation in order to clinical evidence is yet questionable.", "contents": "[Trendanalysis attended with on-line fetal monitoring (a clinical study) (author's transl)]. Using some clinical examples, we have showed the importance of trend-analysis by application on-line fetal monitoring. The reference to data compression and data diminution is discussed. Trend analysis is at present time still integrated in the system of clinical computing. Valuation in order to clinical evidence is yet questionable.", "PMID": 645164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2172", "title": "[Parturition under peridural anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on a study of 205 \"matched pairs\", it is shown to what extent peridural anesthesia (PA) influences the course of parturition, the type of termination of birth, and the intrapartal and post-partal condition of the child. The method of PA application is accurately described in the section \"Material and Methods\". The first stage of labor, or period of dilatation (PD) is not in any way effected by PA. However, PA will almost double the expulsion period (EP). Hence, elective termination of birth via technically simple, complication-free outlet forceps is usually propagated and employed significantly more often. Emergency sections or delivery by forceps due to mandatory indication, are not more frequent under PA than otherwise. The intrapartal condition of the child, measured with the cardiotocogram employing in the score according to Hammacher et al. (6) before and after application of PA, as well as during the last 30 minutes of birth (final score), is influenced only irrelevantly. The Apgar scores one minute and five minutes post partum, as well as the arterial umbilical cord pH values, do not differ significantly between the peridural and the control groups. The authors agree with the widespread opinion that, at the present moment, PA is the best obstetric analgesic method with simultaneous maximum possible safety for the fetus.", "contents": "[Parturition under peridural anesthesia (author's transl)]. Basing on a study of 205 \"matched pairs\", it is shown to what extent peridural anesthesia (PA) influences the course of parturition, the type of termination of birth, and the intrapartal and post-partal condition of the child. The method of PA application is accurately described in the section \"Material and Methods\". The first stage of labor, or period of dilatation (PD) is not in any way effected by PA. However, PA will almost double the expulsion period (EP). Hence, elective termination of birth via technically simple, complication-free outlet forceps is usually propagated and employed significantly more often. Emergency sections or delivery by forceps due to mandatory indication, are not more frequent under PA than otherwise. The intrapartal condition of the child, measured with the cardiotocogram employing in the score according to Hammacher et al. (6) before and after application of PA, as well as during the last 30 minutes of birth (final score), is influenced only irrelevantly. The Apgar scores one minute and five minutes post partum, as well as the arterial umbilical cord pH values, do not differ significantly between the peridural and the control groups. The authors agree with the widespread opinion that, at the present moment, PA is the best obstetric analgesic method with simultaneous maximum possible safety for the fetus.", "PMID": 645165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2173", "title": "[Enzyme values in the serum of newborn blood in relation to the course of parturition (author's transl)].", "content": "In 43 newborn, the enzyme activities of LDH, GOT, GLDH, and GPT in the umbilical cord blood, as well as 24 hours post partum was measured. Two groups were formed: 1. Newborn without decelerations during the course of parturition, and 2. Newborn with decelerations in the cardiotocogram. The oxygen partial pressure and the acid-base status in the umbilical cord blood, did not differ significantly in both groups. LDH, GOT and GLDH activities were significantly higher 24 hours post partum in the group of newborn with decelerations, than in the control group. The increase in GLDH by 75% was particularly remarkable. This GLDH increase seems to suggest an increased incidence of liver cell necroses, which must be interpreted as a result of the hypoxic conditions sub partu. A significant correlation between the magnitude of the deceleration areas and the extent of GLDH activities can be established. The correlation between duration of parturition and GLDH activity is likewise significant.", "contents": "[Enzyme values in the serum of newborn blood in relation to the course of parturition (author's transl)]. In 43 newborn, the enzyme activities of LDH, GOT, GLDH, and GPT in the umbilical cord blood, as well as 24 hours post partum was measured. Two groups were formed: 1. Newborn without decelerations during the course of parturition, and 2. Newborn with decelerations in the cardiotocogram. The oxygen partial pressure and the acid-base status in the umbilical cord blood, did not differ significantly in both groups. LDH, GOT and GLDH activities were significantly higher 24 hours post partum in the group of newborn with decelerations, than in the control group. The increase in GLDH by 75% was particularly remarkable. This GLDH increase seems to suggest an increased incidence of liver cell necroses, which must be interpreted as a result of the hypoxic conditions sub partu. A significant correlation between the magnitude of the deceleration areas and the extent of GLDH activities can be established. The correlation between duration of parturition and GLDH activity is likewise significant.", "PMID": 645166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2174", "title": "[Anamnesis and course of gestation associated with surgical closure of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "During a time interval of 2 years in 7% of the gravidae at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, a surgical closure of the cervix was performed. The anamnestic and clinical data of these 221 gravidae were compared with a compatible collective of another 221 gravidae without a surgical closure (control-group). In the closuregroup 27,6% were primigravidae. The mean age of the gravidae was 28,8 years and statistically higher than in the control group (25,7 years). Also the mean age of the multigravidae at the time of their first gestation was statistically higher (23,9 years and 22 years respectively). The anamnestic amount of abortion and perinatal mortality was 63,5% and 24,3% respectively, significantly higher was also the anamnestic rate of curettages. In most of the cases surgical closure was indicated by palpation of the cervix, 3 degrees of insufficiency of the cervix were differentiated. There was a great importance of a postsurgical treatment with tocolytic drugs (83% and 10% respectively), but there was also a different mode of application. During the course of gestation a lower frequency of EPH-gestosis (64 gravidae and 90 gravidae respectively) but a higher incidence of diabetes (11 gravidae and 5 gravidae respectively) and a higher incidence of urinary infection (20 gravidae and 7 gravidae respectively) were observed. In patients with a cervical closure a higher rate of rupture of membranes and premature labor were present. Surgical technique and time of closure had no significant influence on the outcome of pregnancy. The rate of success was 86.4%.", "contents": "[Anamnesis and course of gestation associated with surgical closure of the cervix (author's transl)]. During a time interval of 2 years in 7% of the gravidae at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, a surgical closure of the cervix was performed. The anamnestic and clinical data of these 221 gravidae were compared with a compatible collective of another 221 gravidae without a surgical closure (control-group). In the closuregroup 27,6% were primigravidae. The mean age of the gravidae was 28,8 years and statistically higher than in the control group (25,7 years). Also the mean age of the multigravidae at the time of their first gestation was statistically higher (23,9 years and 22 years respectively). The anamnestic amount of abortion and perinatal mortality was 63,5% and 24,3% respectively, significantly higher was also the anamnestic rate of curettages. In most of the cases surgical closure was indicated by palpation of the cervix, 3 degrees of insufficiency of the cervix were differentiated. There was a great importance of a postsurgical treatment with tocolytic drugs (83% and 10% respectively), but there was also a different mode of application. During the course of gestation a lower frequency of EPH-gestosis (64 gravidae and 90 gravidae respectively) but a higher incidence of diabetes (11 gravidae and 5 gravidae respectively) and a higher incidence of urinary infection (20 gravidae and 7 gravidae respectively) were observed. In patients with a cervical closure a higher rate of rupture of membranes and premature labor were present. Surgical technique and time of closure had no significant influence on the outcome of pregnancy. The rate of success was 86.4%.", "PMID": 645167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2175", "title": "[A contribution to the medical and organizational care of high-risk premature infants and newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Perinatal mortality is a qualitative parameter for the obstetric and neonatologic efficiency of an obstetric center. The present study conducted at the Herford clinical center, based on 3,700 case histories from 1972 to 1976, revealed a drop of the uncorrected perinatal mortality from 35.08% to 14.23%, and a drop of the corrected perinatal mortality from 21.35% to 5.02%. Two groups with an observation period of 2.5 years each, were compared with each other to demonstrate the efficiency of modern perinatologic care and control methods. The methods of intensive care and control of high-risk pregnancy and high-risk parturition (ultrasound, cardiotocography, fetal blood analysis; tocolysis, laboratory diagnostics of placental insufficiency), practised since 1974, and the close cooperation with a newborn intensive-care ward of the infant hospital of the Herford center have brought about a definite improvement in perinatologic efficiency.", "contents": "[A contribution to the medical and organizational care of high-risk premature infants and newborn (author's transl)]. Perinatal mortality is a qualitative parameter for the obstetric and neonatologic efficiency of an obstetric center. The present study conducted at the Herford clinical center, based on 3,700 case histories from 1972 to 1976, revealed a drop of the uncorrected perinatal mortality from 35.08% to 14.23%, and a drop of the corrected perinatal mortality from 21.35% to 5.02%. Two groups with an observation period of 2.5 years each, were compared with each other to demonstrate the efficiency of modern perinatologic care and control methods. The methods of intensive care and control of high-risk pregnancy and high-risk parturition (ultrasound, cardiotocography, fetal blood analysis; tocolysis, laboratory diagnostics of placental insufficiency), practised since 1974, and the close cooperation with a newborn intensive-care ward of the infant hospital of the Herford center have brought about a definite improvement in perinatologic efficiency.", "PMID": 645168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2176", "title": "[Modification of the vacuum extraction device (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes a bell-shaped vacuum extractor with a rigid tube neck connected via a ball and socket joint. The advantages of this device over the \"classical\" device described by Malmstr\u00f6m (2), are as follows: Easier insertion of the bell adjusted at an angle of 90 degrees, improved pushing-up of the bell for fastening to the head when this is still in elevated position, better placing of the bell at the desired location, better manipulation into the desired direction of pull, possibility of pushing up the anterior part in case of late cesarean section, and better sealing of the suction tube at the point of transition from the tube to the flexible hose. Another improvement concerns the adhesion, achieved by means of ring-shaped notches on the inside of the bell.", "contents": "[Modification of the vacuum extraction device (author's transl)]. The article describes a bell-shaped vacuum extractor with a rigid tube neck connected via a ball and socket joint. The advantages of this device over the \"classical\" device described by Malmstr\u00f6m (2), are as follows: Easier insertion of the bell adjusted at an angle of 90 degrees, improved pushing-up of the bell for fastening to the head when this is still in elevated position, better placing of the bell at the desired location, better manipulation into the desired direction of pull, possibility of pushing up the anterior part in case of late cesarean section, and better sealing of the suction tube at the point of transition from the tube to the flexible hose. Another improvement concerns the adhesion, achieved by means of ring-shaped notches on the inside of the bell.", "PMID": 645169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2177", "title": "The nomenclature of properdin factor B allotypes.", "content": "In a comparative study the presently known eleven allotypes of properdin factor B (Bf) were examined. Bf polymorphism consists of the two common alleles F and S, the two less common alleles F 1  and S 1 and seven further rare alleles. A variant designation has been proposed according to their relative electrophoretic mobility in comparison to the migration difference between the S and F 1 band. There rare variant alleles were redesignated: F 1.55, SO.45 and SO.7, which previously had been described as F 1.6, S 0.8 and S 1, respectively. Conversion studies did neither reveal variant mobility in the Bb nor in the Ba fragment of factor B in three of the rare alleles. This finding confirms the earlier report on one of the variants, possibly suggesting the existence of a so far unknown third clearing fragment.", "contents": "The nomenclature of properdin factor B allotypes. In a comparative study the presently known eleven allotypes of properdin factor B (Bf) were examined. Bf polymorphism consists of the two common alleles F and S, the two less common alleles F 1  and S 1 and seven further rare alleles. A variant designation has been proposed according to their relative electrophoretic mobility in comparison to the migration difference between the S and F 1 band. There rare variant alleles were redesignated: F 1.55, SO.45 and SO.7, which previously had been described as F 1.6, S 0.8 and S 1, respectively. Conversion studies did neither reveal variant mobility in the Bb nor in the Ba fragment of factor B in three of the rare alleles. This finding confirms the earlier report on one of the variants, possibly suggesting the existence of a so far unknown third clearing fragment.", "PMID": 645174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2178", "title": "Immunological studies of hsv-infection of resistant and susceptible inbred strains of mice.", "content": "DBA/2 mice were found to be quite susceptible to infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) while C57BL/6 mice and F1 hybrids between the 2 strains were relatively resistant. This difference was most marked after ip infection, but could also be demonstrated after intracerebral, intravenous or subcutaneous infection. In both strains the LD50 was considerably higher after ip infection than after iv infection, and a dose of X-irradiation was required to kill the mice by sc infection. A/J and BALB/c mice were equally susceptible after ip infection but differed significantly after iv infection. C57BL/6 were made susceptible to ip infection by immunosuppression with antilymphocyte serum or cyclophosphamide. LPS, when given simultaneously with HSV also markedly increased the susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice. Susceptible DBA/2 mice which surrvived a low dose of HSV ip were not immune but C57BL/6 mice surviving a high dose were immune against rechallenge. Both strains of mice could be protected by an apathogenic, tissue-culture-attenuated strain of HSV against infection with the virulent strain. They could also be protected by iv injection of a sublethal dose against a lethal ip infection.", "contents": "Immunological studies of hsv-infection of resistant and susceptible inbred strains of mice. DBA/2 mice were found to be quite susceptible to infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) while C57BL/6 mice and F1 hybrids between the 2 strains were relatively resistant. This difference was most marked after ip infection, but could also be demonstrated after intracerebral, intravenous or subcutaneous infection. In both strains the LD50 was considerably higher after ip infection than after iv infection, and a dose of X-irradiation was required to kill the mice by sc infection. A/J and BALB/c mice were equally susceptible after ip infection but differed significantly after iv infection. C57BL/6 were made susceptible to ip infection by immunosuppression with antilymphocyte serum or cyclophosphamide. LPS, when given simultaneously with HSV also markedly increased the susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice. Susceptible DBA/2 mice which surrvived a low dose of HSV ip were not immune but C57BL/6 mice surviving a high dose were immune against rechallenge. Both strains of mice could be protected by an apathogenic, tissue-culture-attenuated strain of HSV against infection with the virulent strain. They could also be protected by iv injection of a sublethal dose against a lethal ip infection.", "PMID": 645175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2179", "title": "Hemagglutinins in female fish gonads: comparative investigations on perch (Perca fluviatilis) gonads of different stages of development.", "content": "Female gonads of the perch (Perca fluviatilis) in various stages of development are tested for hemagglutinin activity against human erythrocytes. Based on the different agglutination patterns obtained, and on inhibition tests with L-fucose and a mature gonad of a male perch, the appearance two different agglutinins in the course of the development of the female gonad is assumed.", "contents": "Hemagglutinins in female fish gonads: comparative investigations on perch (Perca fluviatilis) gonads of different stages of development. Female gonads of the perch (Perca fluviatilis) in various stages of development are tested for hemagglutinin activity against human erythrocytes. Based on the different agglutination patterns obtained, and on inhibition tests with L-fucose and a mature gonad of a male perch, the appearance two different agglutinins in the course of the development of the female gonad is assumed.", "PMID": 645176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2180", "title": "Chemotactic activity of lectins in vitro.", "content": "The effects of concanavalin A (Con A) and leucoagglutinin (LA) on the locomotor response of phagocytes have been studied in vitro. At concentrations of 1 to 4 microgram/mol, Con A and LA induced maximal chemokinesis and chemotaxis of monocytes, macrophages and, to a lesser degree, also of neutrophils. The lectin-induced locomotion was accompanied by membrane alterations and metabolic changes, as shown by an increase of the 3H-uridine uptake and a rise of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity. The chemotactic activity of Con A was inhibited by alpha-methyl mannoside (50 mM) or by pretreatment of the cells with trypsin. These data indicate that lectins such as Con A induce chemotaxis by a specific binding to receptors of the cell membrane. It is suggested that bivalent ligand binding is required as a signal to elicit chemotactic locomotion.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity of lectins in vitro. The effects of concanavalin A (Con A) and leucoagglutinin (LA) on the locomotor response of phagocytes have been studied in vitro. At concentrations of 1 to 4 microgram/mol, Con A and LA induced maximal chemokinesis and chemotaxis of monocytes, macrophages and, to a lesser degree, also of neutrophils. The lectin-induced locomotion was accompanied by membrane alterations and metabolic changes, as shown by an increase of the 3H-uridine uptake and a rise of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity. The chemotactic activity of Con A was inhibited by alpha-methyl mannoside (50 mM) or by pretreatment of the cells with trypsin. These data indicate that lectins such as Con A induce chemotaxis by a specific binding to receptors of the cell membrane. It is suggested that bivalent ligand binding is required as a signal to elicit chemotactic locomotion.", "PMID": 645177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2181", "title": "In vivo development of Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 with notes on effects of population density, chemical composition and pathogenicity and in vitro excystment of the Metacercaria (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae).", "content": "In vivo development of Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 was studied in white rats and the developmental process was arbitrarily divided into four stages: organogeny, vitellogenesis, formation of Mehlis' gland complex and cirrus sac, and oviposition. The percentage of development was 86-94. Population density affected the prepatent period of flukes and the normal prepatent period of 13-16 days was altered to 18-23 days in infection with 500-800 flukes. The majority of flukes in heavy infection were undersized and in the immature stage of development at patency. Data from chemical analysis of flukes revealed that protein, lipids, calcium and ash decreased quantitatively in flukes from higher population densities but no such change was observed as regards glycogen. Pathological changes in the rat intestine included lysis and destruction of mucosa, increased activity of goblet cells, oedematous and reticulated appearance of lamina propria and slight to moderate hyperplasia of epithelial cells. The metacercariae excysted in the medium containing trypsin plus sodium cholate an pepsin, though not essential for a high percentage of excystment, affected the rate. The reductant sodium dithionite substantially enhanced the rate and percentage of excystment. Excystation was optimal at pH 8, and 42 degrees C was more effective than 39 degrees C.", "contents": "In vivo development of Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 with notes on effects of population density, chemical composition and pathogenicity and in vitro excystment of the Metacercaria (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). In vivo development of Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 was studied in white rats and the developmental process was arbitrarily divided into four stages: organogeny, vitellogenesis, formation of Mehlis' gland complex and cirrus sac, and oviposition. The percentage of development was 86-94. Population density affected the prepatent period of flukes and the normal prepatent period of 13-16 days was altered to 18-23 days in infection with 500-800 flukes. The majority of flukes in heavy infection were undersized and in the immature stage of development at patency. Data from chemical analysis of flukes revealed that protein, lipids, calcium and ash decreased quantitatively in flukes from higher population densities but no such change was observed as regards glycogen. Pathological changes in the rat intestine included lysis and destruction of mucosa, increased activity of goblet cells, oedematous and reticulated appearance of lamina propria and slight to moderate hyperplasia of epithelial cells. The metacercariae excysted in the medium containing trypsin plus sodium cholate an pepsin, though not essential for a high percentage of excystment, affected the rate. The reductant sodium dithionite substantially enhanced the rate and percentage of excystment. Excystation was optimal at pH 8, and 42 degrees C was more effective than 39 degrees C.", "PMID": 645180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2182", "title": "Taxonomy of Leucochloridium sp. (Digenea) infecting Succinea pfeifferi Rossm\u00e4ssler, 1835.", "content": "The anatomical and morphological variability of sporocysts and metacercariae of Leucochloridium sp. recovered from natural infected Succinea pfeifferi Rossm\u00e4ssler collected in the Agdenes area. Norway (63 degrees 35'N, 9 degrees 45'E), was studied by light microscopy. The results are compared with five species from the Nearctic and Palearctic with known adult stage (L. variae McIntosh, 1932; L. fuscostriatum Robinson, 1947; L. perturbatum Pojmanska, 1969; L. subtilis Pojmanska, 1969; L. fuscum Rietschel, 1970) and nine species with unknown adult stage. In the larval stages no morphological taxonomical characters were found to separate Leucochloridium sp. as a species distinct from the five (and nine) species. The variability and validity of the characters used is discussed.", "contents": "Taxonomy of Leucochloridium sp. (Digenea) infecting Succinea pfeifferi Rossm\u00e4ssler, 1835. The anatomical and morphological variability of sporocysts and metacercariae of Leucochloridium sp. recovered from natural infected Succinea pfeifferi Rossm\u00e4ssler collected in the Agdenes area. Norway (63 degrees 35'N, 9 degrees 45'E), was studied by light microscopy. The results are compared with five species from the Nearctic and Palearctic with known adult stage (L. variae McIntosh, 1932; L. fuscostriatum Robinson, 1947; L. perturbatum Pojmanska, 1969; L. subtilis Pojmanska, 1969; L. fuscum Rietschel, 1970) and nine species with unknown adult stage. In the larval stages no morphological taxonomical characters were found to separate Leucochloridium sp. as a species distinct from the five (and nine) species. The variability and validity of the characters used is discussed.", "PMID": 645181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2183", "title": "Duodenal ulcer disease: a fresh appraisal.", "content": "There have been remarkable recent advances in knowledge about duodenal ulcer, a disease which may be spontaneously disappearing. Multiple physiologic defects have been found including increased numbers of parietal cells and their increased sensitivity to gastrin, excessive gastrin release after food intake, decreased inhibition of gastrin release by low antral pH, more rapid gastric emptying, and, possibly, impaired duodenal mucosal resistance to acid. Antacid and diet therapies have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and their respective roles in the therapy of the duodenal ulcer are now better defined. New drugs have been developed which strongly inhibit gastric acid secretion in man--the recently marketed histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, as well as chemically modified prostaglandins. Clinical trials have shown cimetidine to be effective in healing duodenal ulcers and free of significant side effects with short-term usage. Its role in the prevention of ulcer recurrence is presently being evaluated. A new operation for duodenal ulcer has been introduced which shows great promise following pilot studies and some randomized trials. Only the parietal cell containing portion of the stomach is denervated. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion are markedly inhibited while gastric motility is unimpaired. This operation thus eliminates the need for a drainage procedure or distal antral resection and decreases the incidence and severity of undesirable side effects associated with earlier operations for duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Duodenal ulcer disease: a fresh appraisal. There have been remarkable recent advances in knowledge about duodenal ulcer, a disease which may be spontaneously disappearing. Multiple physiologic defects have been found including increased numbers of parietal cells and their increased sensitivity to gastrin, excessive gastrin release after food intake, decreased inhibition of gastrin release by low antral pH, more rapid gastric emptying, and, possibly, impaired duodenal mucosal resistance to acid. Antacid and diet therapies have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and their respective roles in the therapy of the duodenal ulcer are now better defined. New drugs have been developed which strongly inhibit gastric acid secretion in man--the recently marketed histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, as well as chemically modified prostaglandins. Clinical trials have shown cimetidine to be effective in healing duodenal ulcers and free of significant side effects with short-term usage. Its role in the prevention of ulcer recurrence is presently being evaluated. A new operation for duodenal ulcer has been introduced which shows great promise following pilot studies and some randomized trials. Only the parietal cell containing portion of the stomach is denervated. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion are markedly inhibited while gastric motility is unimpaired. This operation thus eliminates the need for a drainage procedure or distal antral resection and decreases the incidence and severity of undesirable side effects associated with earlier operations for duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 645191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2184", "title": "Allpurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: effects and treatment.", "content": "There have been recent reports of a characteristic hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the use of allopurinol. The authors describe this syndrome, emphasizing predisposing factors and clinical features.", "contents": "Allpurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: effects and treatment. There have been recent reports of a characteristic hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the use of allopurinol. The authors describe this syndrome, emphasizing predisposing factors and clinical features.", "PMID": 645192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2185", "title": "Microsurgical cerebral revascularization for the treatment of stroke.", "content": "A study of 1,000 STA-MCA by-pass procedures in stroke patients is described as \"extremely encouraging\", with greater than 90% patency rate and marked improvement in patients who had not responded to medical management or had been turned away from routine vascular surgery.", "contents": "Microsurgical cerebral revascularization for the treatment of stroke. A study of 1,000 STA-MCA by-pass procedures in stroke patients is described as \"extremely encouraging\", with greater than 90% patency rate and marked improvement in patients who had not responded to medical management or had been turned away from routine vascular surgery.", "PMID": 645193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2186", "title": "Changing survival rates in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The outcome of 434 infants with respiratory distress syndrome was reviewed for a three-year period, showing that survival rates have increased from 69.6% to 82.7%. Improved techniques in respiratory therapy and patient management have played major roles in lowering mortality rates.", "contents": "Changing survival rates in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. The outcome of 434 infants with respiratory distress syndrome was reviewed for a three-year period, showing that survival rates have increased from 69.6% to 82.7%. Improved techniques in respiratory therapy and patient management have played major roles in lowering mortality rates.", "PMID": 645194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2187", "title": "[Psychoanalytical-psychophysiological studies on patients with a functional cervical syndrome].", "content": "In two patients with painful muscle tension in the cervical area, the surface electromyogram of the neck was registered continuously during psychoanalytically orientated talks as an indirect measure of the changing tensions. The talks were videorecorded and afterwards analysed with the patient in conjunction with the curve of the action potentials, Phases of raised muscle action potentials correspond with a conflicting affective attitude and feelings consistent with an anxious flight disposition (conflict dominance). Phases of reduced action potentials are associated with a positive self-reliance and feeling of security (ego dominance). The different phases were recognised in approximately two thirds of the cases by the patient himself when looking at the videotape. One group of observers was even able to infer the changing intensity of the action potentials merely by looking at the videotape (r=0.74). A comparison of electromyogram recordings from one of the patients at the beginning and at the end of psychoanalysis revealed a high degree of lowering of the action potentials and a change in the structure of a psychosomatic symptom (muscle tensions as the equivalent of frustrated flight and anxiety reactions) to a conversional neurotic symptom manifestation (occasional appearance of release movements of the neck and head).", "contents": "[Psychoanalytical-psychophysiological studies on patients with a functional cervical syndrome]. In two patients with painful muscle tension in the cervical area, the surface electromyogram of the neck was registered continuously during psychoanalytically orientated talks as an indirect measure of the changing tensions. The talks were videorecorded and afterwards analysed with the patient in conjunction with the curve of the action potentials, Phases of raised muscle action potentials correspond with a conflicting affective attitude and feelings consistent with an anxious flight disposition (conflict dominance). Phases of reduced action potentials are associated with a positive self-reliance and feeling of security (ego dominance). The different phases were recognised in approximately two thirds of the cases by the patient himself when looking at the videotape. One group of observers was even able to infer the changing intensity of the action potentials merely by looking at the videotape (r=0.74). A comparison of electromyogram recordings from one of the patients at the beginning and at the end of psychoanalysis revealed a high degree of lowering of the action potentials and a change in the structure of a psychosomatic symptom (muscle tensions as the equivalent of frustrated flight and anxiety reactions) to a conversional neurotic symptom manifestation (occasional appearance of release movements of the neck and head).", "PMID": 645236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2188", "title": "[Changes in the untreated partner of the patient during analytical psychotherapy].", "content": "50 married patients, who after a prognostical judgement had been treated psychoanalytically at the Institut f\u00fcr Psychogene Erkrankungen der AOK Berlin, were examined catamnestically. In the partially structured interview symptomatic and structural changes within the patients and especially within their partners were inquired. Together 35 partners were symptom-bearers before, during and after the treatment. During therapy the partners primarily showed the psychogenous symptoms anxiety, depressive variation of humor, temporary impotence, gastro-intestinal disorder; after therapy aching back. 32 partners came to a partial (28) or satisfactory (4) structurally progressive development, 3 partners to a regressive development; 16 pairs succeeded in improving their professional positions. There was mostly no change in partners of patients with poor results of treatment. There were also alterations in the internal and external references of the pairs: 10 pairs divorced, whereas 16 patients now their marriage judged as satisfieing and 9 as good.", "contents": "[Changes in the untreated partner of the patient during analytical psychotherapy]. 50 married patients, who after a prognostical judgement had been treated psychoanalytically at the Institut f\u00fcr Psychogene Erkrankungen der AOK Berlin, were examined catamnestically. In the partially structured interview symptomatic and structural changes within the patients and especially within their partners were inquired. Together 35 partners were symptom-bearers before, during and after the treatment. During therapy the partners primarily showed the psychogenous symptoms anxiety, depressive variation of humor, temporary impotence, gastro-intestinal disorder; after therapy aching back. 32 partners came to a partial (28) or satisfactory (4) structurally progressive development, 3 partners to a regressive development; 16 pairs succeeded in improving their professional positions. There was mostly no change in partners of patients with poor results of treatment. There were also alterations in the internal and external references of the pairs: 10 pairs divorced, whereas 16 patients now their marriage judged as satisfieing and 9 as good.", "PMID": 645237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2189", "title": "[Results of telecobalt therapy in non-radically operated bladder neoplasms].", "content": "On the basis of the number of patients of the Radiological Clinic of Leipzig Karl Marx University from the years 1969 to 1971 is reported on the results of the telecobalt therapy of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Dependent on the local extension of the tumour and on metastasizing the 5-year-survival rate clearly decreases. The analysis of the death rate according to histological criteria refers to the dangerousness of the \"atypical papillomas\". The altogether favourable 5-year-survival rate of 43,6% of all 181 treated patients emphasizes the effectiveness of the telecobalt therapy. Radiogenic complications appearing should be kept as low as possible by suitable irradiation regimes.", "contents": "[Results of telecobalt therapy in non-radically operated bladder neoplasms]. On the basis of the number of patients of the Radiological Clinic of Leipzig Karl Marx University from the years 1969 to 1971 is reported on the results of the telecobalt therapy of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Dependent on the local extension of the tumour and on metastasizing the 5-year-survival rate clearly decreases. The analysis of the death rate according to histological criteria refers to the dangerousness of the \"atypical papillomas\". The altogether favourable 5-year-survival rate of 43,6% of all 181 treated patients emphasizes the effectiveness of the telecobalt therapy. Radiogenic complications appearing should be kept as low as possible by suitable irradiation regimes.", "PMID": 645243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2190", "title": "[Verbal and preverbal technics in residential psychotherapy (new therapeutic approaches to the patient with psychosomatic disorders)].", "content": "Many of patients with psychosomatic symptoms and patients of lower social strata do not possess the requirements to enter the psychotherapeutic process. They are not in the position for introspection, they need help to translate physical symptoms in a psychological and life history context. They have to undergo a labilisation process to reconceive the pre-determindes life situation. Here, inpatient psychotherapy is a valuable preparation and initiation to the psychotherapeutic process. In a therapeutic community informal contacts with other patients can provide stimulate facilitating the transposition of physical complaints. Concentrative movement therapy, group therapy and other methods are helpful for the psychosomatic patient. This results in a positive indication for patients regarded hitherto insuitable for psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Verbal and preverbal technics in residential psychotherapy (new therapeutic approaches to the patient with psychosomatic disorders)]. Many of patients with psychosomatic symptoms and patients of lower social strata do not possess the requirements to enter the psychotherapeutic process. They are not in the position for introspection, they need help to translate physical symptoms in a psychological and life history context. They have to undergo a labilisation process to reconceive the pre-determindes life situation. Here, inpatient psychotherapy is a valuable preparation and initiation to the psychotherapeutic process. In a therapeutic community informal contacts with other patients can provide stimulate facilitating the transposition of physical complaints. Concentrative movement therapy, group therapy and other methods are helpful for the psychosomatic patient. This results in a positive indication for patients regarded hitherto insuitable for psychotherapy.", "PMID": 645238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2191", "title": "[Punch and suction biopsy in the diagnosis of prostatic neoplasms].", "content": "133 prostate punch biopsies were examined in histologic way and 90 aspiration biopsies in cytologic way. The histologic and cytologic results of the altogether 116 patients are discussed in connection with the differently tentative findings of rectal palpation. Prostate punch and aspiration biopsies can be used as completion methods in cancer prophylaxis examination. The all-metal needle after Deutschmann (Zittau/GDR) repeatedly to be used for punch biopsy has proved its worth.", "contents": "[Punch and suction biopsy in the diagnosis of prostatic neoplasms]. 133 prostate punch biopsies were examined in histologic way and 90 aspiration biopsies in cytologic way. The histologic and cytologic results of the altogether 116 patients are discussed in connection with the differently tentative findings of rectal palpation. Prostate punch and aspiration biopsies can be used as completion methods in cancer prophylaxis examination. The all-metal needle after Deutschmann (Zittau/GDR) repeatedly to be used for punch biopsy has proved its worth.", "PMID": 645244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2192", "title": "[Recognition of the therapist's intervention style through automatic speech analysis].", "content": "A series of initial interviews were conducted by four therapists of the Psychosomatische Klinik Giessen, each therapist conducting 10 interviews. The types of intervention by the therapists were classified using transcripts of interviews, the classification being based on a modified version of the Strupp and Wallach categorization scheme. Speech behavior of patients and therapists was automatically analysed by the Giessener speech analyser, using 48 indices of speech behavior. The relationships between these indices and the interventions of the therapists were investigated, and it could be shown, that most types of interventions were related to speech behavior.", "contents": "[Recognition of the therapist's intervention style through automatic speech analysis]. A series of initial interviews were conducted by four therapists of the Psychosomatische Klinik Giessen, each therapist conducting 10 interviews. The types of intervention by the therapists were classified using transcripts of interviews, the classification being based on a modified version of the Strupp and Wallach categorization scheme. Speech behavior of patients and therapists was automatically analysed by the Giessener speech analyser, using 48 indices of speech behavior. The relationships between these indices and the interventions of the therapists were investigated, and it could be shown, that most types of interventions were related to speech behavior.", "PMID": 645239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2193", "title": "[Significance of the gestalt, primary, and family therapy for psychoanalysis].", "content": "The technical therapeutic premises and the application of gestalt-, primal- and familytherapy are investigated. It is concluded, that these premises and application attempt to do justice to the change of the patients and to the widely varied offer of serious syndromes rather than to psychoanalytic routine by \"Uberinvestierung\" in the patient. Not only the insistence on ego-psychology but also the emphasis on transference as the only therapeutic medium are viewed critically. The confrontation is in competition with the interpretion; The acting out can help to intensify experience. As the most important result for psychoanalytic work appears the conclusion \"ex omissione\".", "contents": "[Significance of the gestalt, primary, and family therapy for psychoanalysis]. The technical therapeutic premises and the application of gestalt-, primal- and familytherapy are investigated. It is concluded, that these premises and application attempt to do justice to the change of the patients and to the widely varied offer of serious syndromes rather than to psychoanalytic routine by \"Uberinvestierung\" in the patient. Not only the insistence on ego-psychology but also the emphasis on transference as the only therapeutic medium are viewed critically. The confrontation is in competition with the interpretion; The acting out can help to intensify experience. As the most important result for psychoanalytic work appears the conclusion \"ex omissione\".", "PMID": 645240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2194", "title": "[Therapy-oriented research in psychosomatic medicine].", "content": "The author takes the view the patients with psychosomoatic disturbances show peculiarities in their psychic structure based on psychological ego defects. These typical characteristics are closely related to what is described as the \"psychosomatic phenomenon\" and the patient's resulting inability to give himself over spontaneously to the therapeutic process. The objectification of these clinical observations in patients taken from various branches of medicine is described. These studies support a number of hypotheses on aspects of the characteristic \"lack\" and have contributed to the development of a special theoretical model based on an object-psychological approach to understanding psychosomatic pathology. On the basis of this model the author developed a special analytically-oriented therapeutic method for the treatment of psychosomatic patients, which has proved itself in many years of application in a model research ward. Follow-up studies show that the positive therapeutic results achieved remained stable over a period of at least 4 years.", "contents": "[Therapy-oriented research in psychosomatic medicine]. The author takes the view the patients with psychosomoatic disturbances show peculiarities in their psychic structure based on psychological ego defects. These typical characteristics are closely related to what is described as the \"psychosomatic phenomenon\" and the patient's resulting inability to give himself over spontaneously to the therapeutic process. The objectification of these clinical observations in patients taken from various branches of medicine is described. These studies support a number of hypotheses on aspects of the characteristic \"lack\" and have contributed to the development of a special theoretical model based on an object-psychological approach to understanding psychosomatic pathology. On the basis of this model the author developed a special analytically-oriented therapeutic method for the treatment of psychosomatic patients, which has proved itself in many years of application in a model research ward. Follow-up studies show that the positive therapeutic results achieved remained stable over a period of at least 4 years.", "PMID": 645241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2195", "title": "[The problem of structure and psychotherapy of neuroses and psychoses from Lacan's and Mannoni's viewpoints].", "content": "The author tries to give you some idea of Lacan's and Mannoni's concept of neurosis and psychosis in a very short form. The French structuralistic school, whose pupils the psychiatrist Lacan and the psychoanalyst Mannoni are, approaches the problem of psychosis by analysing the structure of the language. Mannoni, uses this sometimes very difficult system of terms successfully in the psychotherapy of severely disturbed children (with autistic, psychotic symptoms).", "contents": "[The problem of structure and psychotherapy of neuroses and psychoses from Lacan's and Mannoni's viewpoints]. The author tries to give you some idea of Lacan's and Mannoni's concept of neurosis and psychosis in a very short form. The French structuralistic school, whose pupils the psychiatrist Lacan and the psychoanalyst Mannoni are, approaches the problem of psychosis by analysing the structure of the language. Mannoni, uses this sometimes very difficult system of terms successfully in the psychotherapy of severely disturbed children (with autistic, psychotic symptoms).", "PMID": 645242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2196", "title": "[Differential diagnostic problems between juxtavesical uretheral calculi and bladder neoplasms].", "content": "In the present paper on the basis of casuistic contributions is reported on occasionally appearing differential-diagnostic difficulties between the presence of a juxtavesical ureterolith and a vesical tumour. Here the thesis is evolved that physiological and anatomical conditions in man cause these changes, whereas they cannot appear in women.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic problems between juxtavesical uretheral calculi and bladder neoplasms]. In the present paper on the basis of casuistic contributions is reported on occasionally appearing differential-diagnostic difficulties between the presence of a juxtavesical ureterolith and a vesical tumour. Here the thesis is evolved that physiological and anatomical conditions in man cause these changes, whereas they cannot appear in women.", "PMID": 645248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2197", "title": "[Clinical-experimental studies on the behavior of the normal bladder blood vessels and of tumor vessels towards elevated intravesical pressure].", "content": "In 17 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder angiographies of the pelvis were carried out and then the angiography was repeated during an increase of the intravesical pressure to 60--120 mm Hg. In the normal, angiographically depictable vessels of the urinary bladder the blood circulation could not be interrupted by increased intravesical pressure. On the other hand, the pathological vessels of the tumours clearly reacted to an increase of the intravesical pressure. In 9 cases the circulation was completely interrupted, in 6 patients nearly all pathological vessels were compressed, and in 2 patients a clear reduction of the vessels visible before was reached. The different behaviour of normal and pathological vessels in our opinion is based on the inferior construction of the walls of the pathological vessels as well as on the lower blood pressure in the vessels of the tumour.", "contents": "[Clinical-experimental studies on the behavior of the normal bladder blood vessels and of tumor vessels towards elevated intravesical pressure]. In 17 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder angiographies of the pelvis were carried out and then the angiography was repeated during an increase of the intravesical pressure to 60--120 mm Hg. In the normal, angiographically depictable vessels of the urinary bladder the blood circulation could not be interrupted by increased intravesical pressure. On the other hand, the pathological vessels of the tumours clearly reacted to an increase of the intravesical pressure. In 9 cases the circulation was completely interrupted, in 6 patients nearly all pathological vessels were compressed, and in 2 patients a clear reduction of the vessels visible before was reached. The different behaviour of normal and pathological vessels in our opinion is based on the inferior construction of the walls of the pathological vessels as well as on the lower blood pressure in the vessels of the tumour.", "PMID": 645249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2198", "title": "[Metal removal after osteosynthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to answer the question whether certain biochemical reactions may influence the date of metal removal after osteosynthesis, plasmaprotein and immunoglobulin levels were checked.", "contents": "[Metal removal after osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. In order to answer the question whether certain biochemical reactions may influence the date of metal removal after osteosynthesis, plasmaprotein and immunoglobulin levels were checked.", "PMID": 645255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2199", "title": "[Injuries of the pelvis (author'r transl)].", "content": "Fractures of the pelvis impair the statics of the body and the dynamics of trunk and leg movement. Concomitant injuries obtain vital importance for the digestive tract, the urogenital system and the greater blood vessels. The operative reconstruction of acetabulum fractures is recommended increasingly. The late results concerning prevention of arthrosis, however, are not convincing. Posterior marginal fractures of the acetabulum, such as those to be found after posterior luxation of the hip joint, should be fixed by operation.", "contents": "[Injuries of the pelvis (author'r transl)]. Fractures of the pelvis impair the statics of the body and the dynamics of trunk and leg movement. Concomitant injuries obtain vital importance for the digestive tract, the urogenital system and the greater blood vessels. The operative reconstruction of acetabulum fractures is recommended increasingly. The late results concerning prevention of arthrosis, however, are not convincing. Posterior marginal fractures of the acetabulum, such as those to be found after posterior luxation of the hip joint, should be fixed by operation.", "PMID": 645258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2200", "title": "[General classification, diagnostic standards, and therapeutic suggestions for malignant bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The nomenclature of bone tumours as elaborated by a WHO expert group is presented and compared with own experience. Based on these data as well as those collected in the bone tumour centre at Dresden, diagnostic and therapeutic standards are recommended.", "contents": "[General classification, diagnostic standards, and therapeutic suggestions for malignant bone tumours (author's transl)]. The nomenclature of bone tumours as elaborated by a WHO expert group is presented and compared with own experience. Based on these data as well as those collected in the bone tumour centre at Dresden, diagnostic and therapeutic standards are recommended.", "PMID": 645259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2201", "title": "[Diagnostics and therapy of benign bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of benign bone tumours must be confirmed histologically; only in rare cases this can be omitted. After having identified the kind of tumour, a specific therapy must be established, covering a wide range, like excochleation as well as amputation. Malignant degeneration and high rates of relapse are possible.", "contents": "[Diagnostics and therapy of benign bone tumours (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of benign bone tumours must be confirmed histologically; only in rare cases this can be omitted. After having identified the kind of tumour, a specific therapy must be established, covering a wide range, like excochleation as well as amputation. Malignant degeneration and high rates of relapse are possible.", "PMID": 645260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2202", "title": "[Bone tumour register and therapeutic centres (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with bone tumour centres in Dresden and Cottbus (G.D.R.). The data registered were computerized. A reference centre as suggested by the WHO is described with respect to the tumours of bones.", "contents": "[Bone tumour register and therapeutic centres (author's transl)]. This report deals with bone tumour centres in Dresden and Cottbus (G.D.R.). The data registered were computerized. A reference centre as suggested by the WHO is described with respect to the tumours of bones.", "PMID": 645261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2203", "title": "[Application of homologous tendons and ligaments (author's transl)].", "content": "The report deals with the postoperative results of homologous cialit-preserved tendons and ligaments in 237 patients with 281 homologous cialit-preserved transplants. This material proved to be equally effective to the autologous and even superior to it when grafting flexor tendons of the finger. 4.7% disturbed woundhealing, 5.2% infections, 5.5% mechanical insufficiency.", "contents": "[Application of homologous tendons and ligaments (author's transl)]. The report deals with the postoperative results of homologous cialit-preserved tendons and ligaments in 237 patients with 281 homologous cialit-preserved transplants. This material proved to be equally effective to the autologous and even superior to it when grafting flexor tendons of the finger. 4.7% disturbed woundhealing, 5.2% infections, 5.5% mechanical insufficiency.", "PMID": 645262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2204", "title": "[Resistance of pyogenic bacteria during a period of five years (author's transl)].", "content": "The bacteriological results of 4113 clinical specimens (wound-swabs) were analysed. In 40 per cent of positive findings Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, furthermore, in decreasing frequency Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococci and haemolysing Streptococci. During this study a considerable quota of the examined strains was observed to show large fluctuation in sensitivity, but more than half of the isolates demonstrated increasing resistance against the chemotherapeutics tested. In order to reduce the development of resistance, our results ascertain the necessity for a scientific antibacterial therapy as well as the strict observance of hospital hygienic measures.", "contents": "[Resistance of pyogenic bacteria during a period of five years (author's transl)]. The bacteriological results of 4113 clinical specimens (wound-swabs) were analysed. In 40 per cent of positive findings Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, furthermore, in decreasing frequency Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococci and haemolysing Streptococci. During this study a considerable quota of the examined strains was observed to show large fluctuation in sensitivity, but more than half of the isolates demonstrated increasing resistance against the chemotherapeutics tested. In order to reduce the development of resistance, our results ascertain the necessity for a scientific antibacterial therapy as well as the strict observance of hospital hygienic measures.", "PMID": 645263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2205", "title": "[Is Choledocho-duodenostomy in cholelithiasis still justifiable? (author's transl)].", "content": "2225 operations for gallstones were performed, from 1961 to 1972 and ended 397 times with choledocho-duodenostomy, 249 times with T-drainage and 84 times with sphincteroplasty. Only risky patients underwent an anastomosis. The mortality rate in all 3 procedures came up to 2.3 to 2.4%. Choledocho-duodenostomy proved to be a useful method especially in old aged people and patients with a high operative risk.", "contents": "[Is Choledocho-duodenostomy in cholelithiasis still justifiable? (author's transl)]. 2225 operations for gallstones were performed, from 1961 to 1972 and ended 397 times with choledocho-duodenostomy, 249 times with T-drainage and 84 times with sphincteroplasty. Only risky patients underwent an anastomosis. The mortality rate in all 3 procedures came up to 2.3 to 2.4%. Choledocho-duodenostomy proved to be a useful method especially in old aged people and patients with a high operative risk.", "PMID": 645264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2206", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis (authors' transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 15 resp. 25 years of experience with surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis the authors evaluate their results of urgent and acute operations in 1.080 patients in whom the intensive conservative treatment of acute attacks did not sufficiently influence the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. From this group of 1.080 patients operated on urgently or acutely 21 died, the operative mortality being thus 1.9%. The mortality rate was highest after urgent operations where from 58 patients 10 died, the mortality being 17.2%. From the group of 889 acute cases operated on during 12, 24 or 48 hours following hospital admission, only 5 patients died, the mortality rate being 0.6%.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis (authors' transl)]. On the basis of 15 resp. 25 years of experience with surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis the authors evaluate their results of urgent and acute operations in 1.080 patients in whom the intensive conservative treatment of acute attacks did not sufficiently influence the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. From this group of 1.080 patients operated on urgently or acutely 21 died, the operative mortality being thus 1.9%. The mortality rate was highest after urgent operations where from 58 patients 10 died, the mortality being 17.2%. From the group of 889 acute cases operated on during 12, 24 or 48 hours following hospital admission, only 5 patients died, the mortality rate being 0.6%.", "PMID": 645265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2207", "title": "[Diagnosis of intraabdominal abscesses by the ultrasound echo technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of abdominal abscesses with diagnostic methods generally used up to the present has not proved to be accurate and reliable. The authors give an account of their experience with a new ultrasound echo technique. By employing this technique, abdominal abscesses and effusions can be visualized with accuracy and their size can also be measured. From the examinations performed in 21 patients, 20 gave an accurate diagnosis and there was only one case presenting a false positive result. The authors emphasize the accuracy of this method and its non-invasive character as well.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of intraabdominal abscesses by the ultrasound echo technique (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of abdominal abscesses with diagnostic methods generally used up to the present has not proved to be accurate and reliable. The authors give an account of their experience with a new ultrasound echo technique. By employing this technique, abdominal abscesses and effusions can be visualized with accuracy and their size can also be measured. From the examinations performed in 21 patients, 20 gave an accurate diagnosis and there was only one case presenting a false positive result. The authors emphasize the accuracy of this method and its non-invasive character as well.", "PMID": 645266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2208", "title": "[Revascularisation in the femoro-crural region (author's transl)].", "content": "Femoro-crural revascularisation was performed in 132 operations in 126 patients. In 85.6% of these cases the operation was indicated because stage-III or stage-IV ischaemia was present. The necessity for surgery is determined by radiography of one artery of the lower extremity; in 31 of these patients it was necessary to perform a direct femoral puncture or an exploratory vascular operation followed by angiography. The authors' policy was to perform orthotopic reconstruction with autogenous vein grafts. In isolated cases a ring clearance or a prosthesis was used in the thigh region. Immediate patency was obtained in 93.9%. Of these operations, 120 were seen as follow-up; 78.3% of the bypasses were still patent, there was occlusion in 15 cases, and amputation was necessary in 11. Long-term results (2 to 9 years after the operation) were good in 64.4%.", "contents": "[Revascularisation in the femoro-crural region (author's transl)]. Femoro-crural revascularisation was performed in 132 operations in 126 patients. In 85.6% of these cases the operation was indicated because stage-III or stage-IV ischaemia was present. The necessity for surgery is determined by radiography of one artery of the lower extremity; in 31 of these patients it was necessary to perform a direct femoral puncture or an exploratory vascular operation followed by angiography. The authors' policy was to perform orthotopic reconstruction with autogenous vein grafts. In isolated cases a ring clearance or a prosthesis was used in the thigh region. Immediate patency was obtained in 93.9%. Of these operations, 120 were seen as follow-up; 78.3% of the bypasses were still patent, there was occlusion in 15 cases, and amputation was necessary in 11. Long-term results (2 to 9 years after the operation) were good in 64.4%.", "PMID": 645269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2209", "title": "[Relevance of lower oesophageal sphincter manometry in prae- and postoperative evaluation of gastrooesophageal reflux disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 27 patients with refluxoesophagitis the resting LES-pressure was approximatly 80% lower than in 12 patients with asymptomatic hiatal hernia and 15 controls. All patients in the first group were operated on and 21 fundoplications (Nissen) and 6 anterior plications (Dor) were performed. The postiperativ LES-pressures were 70% higher than praeoperative and almost identical for both methods. The effective restitution of a functional sphincter with these operations could be demonstrated in this way.", "contents": "[Relevance of lower oesophageal sphincter manometry in prae- and postoperative evaluation of gastrooesophageal reflux disease (author's transl)]. In 27 patients with refluxoesophagitis the resting LES-pressure was approximatly 80% lower than in 12 patients with asymptomatic hiatal hernia and 15 controls. All patients in the first group were operated on and 21 fundoplications (Nissen) and 6 anterior plications (Dor) were performed. The postiperativ LES-pressures were 70% higher than praeoperative and almost identical for both methods. The effective restitution of a functional sphincter with these operations could be demonstrated in this way.", "PMID": 645270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2210", "title": "[Breast cancer in the male (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognosis of breast cancer in the male is considerably worse than in the female. The longer neglect and the quicker formation of metastases are responsible for it. Modified radical mastectomy is the procedure of choice up to stage T3. In stage T4 only mastectomy should be performed. Radiotherapy with the megavolt technique is necessary in any case. The experience with castration, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy is limited, further experience must be awaited.", "contents": "[Breast cancer in the male (author's transl)]. The prognosis of breast cancer in the male is considerably worse than in the female. The longer neglect and the quicker formation of metastases are responsible for it. Modified radical mastectomy is the procedure of choice up to stage T3. In stage T4 only mastectomy should be performed. Radiotherapy with the megavolt technique is necessary in any case. The experience with castration, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy is limited, further experience must be awaited.", "PMID": 645271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2211", "title": "[Therapy and therapeutic results in carcinoma-in-situ- of the uterine cervix].", "content": "348 cases of carcinoma in situ are reported, which were diagnosed, without exception, by conization from 1966 to 1971. The atypical changes could be removed without leaving any detectable malignant cells in situ in 226 patients (65 per cent). These cases did not need any further therapy. In 45 cases (12,9 per cent) was doubtful if the conization could be performed without leaving malignant cells. In 77 cases (22,1 per cent) the conization was done leaving malignant cells in situ. 49 women of this group had a continued treatment, the vast majority was hysterectomized. All the other cases were strictly controlled. The 5-year healing quotient was 91,7 per cent. 7,1 per cent of the patients have not been heard of again. Only 3 patients (0,9 per cent) suffered a recurrence. They belong, without exception, to the control group in which the carcinoma in situ could not be primarily removed without leaving malignant cells in situ. The significance of an exact method of conization and a careful histotechnical perparation of the specimens in serial sections is especially pointed out. The necessity of a continued treatment by means of hysterectomy with vaginal cuff is stressed in carcinoma in situ which could not be removed without leaving malignant cells in situ.", "contents": "[Therapy and therapeutic results in carcinoma-in-situ- of the uterine cervix]. 348 cases of carcinoma in situ are reported, which were diagnosed, without exception, by conization from 1966 to 1971. The atypical changes could be removed without leaving any detectable malignant cells in situ in 226 patients (65 per cent). These cases did not need any further therapy. In 45 cases (12,9 per cent) was doubtful if the conization could be performed without leaving malignant cells. In 77 cases (22,1 per cent) the conization was done leaving malignant cells in situ. 49 women of this group had a continued treatment, the vast majority was hysterectomized. All the other cases were strictly controlled. The 5-year healing quotient was 91,7 per cent. 7,1 per cent of the patients have not been heard of again. Only 3 patients (0,9 per cent) suffered a recurrence. They belong, without exception, to the control group in which the carcinoma in situ could not be primarily removed without leaving malignant cells in situ. The significance of an exact method of conization and a careful histotechnical perparation of the specimens in serial sections is especially pointed out. The necessity of a continued treatment by means of hysterectomy with vaginal cuff is stressed in carcinoma in situ which could not be removed without leaving malignant cells in situ.", "PMID": 645277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2212", "title": "[Value of suspicious and doubtful cytological findings in gynecologic serial examinations].", "content": "Cytological follow-up and histological results of 2336 patients with Pap III and 10584 with Pap II control of 1973 and 1974 were checked up to May 1976 and compared with new literature. 50% of Pap III became to negatives, 10% of Pap III and 0,82% of Pap II control became positive (Pap IV and Pap V). Up to now histological findings has been resulted in 10% invasive cancers; in 53% carcinomata in situ and severe dysplasia, in 16% moderate and mild dysplasias, and in 5% normal epithelium from repeated Pap III. To avoid to many conizations we have introduced Pap IIID for moderate and mild dysplasia into screening cytology.", "contents": "[Value of suspicious and doubtful cytological findings in gynecologic serial examinations]. Cytological follow-up and histological results of 2336 patients with Pap III and 10584 with Pap II control of 1973 and 1974 were checked up to May 1976 and compared with new literature. 50% of Pap III became to negatives, 10% of Pap III and 0,82% of Pap II control became positive (Pap IV and Pap V). Up to now histological findings has been resulted in 10% invasive cancers; in 53% carcinomata in situ and severe dysplasia, in 16% moderate and mild dysplasias, and in 5% normal epithelium from repeated Pap III. To avoid to many conizations we have introduced Pap IIID for moderate and mild dysplasia into screening cytology.", "PMID": 645278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2213", "title": "[Mammographic evaluation of women with high-risk breast cancer development].", "content": "Mammography was performed in 427 healthy women and in 249 women with breast cancer. The types of breasts were clasified into 4 groups according to the age and period of life of women. The group of healthy women had analysis of the individual types of breast in a separate age periode different from those with breast cancer. On the basis of the information gathered, a screening of risk women could be undertaken and the percentage of incidency of breast cancer as well as that of unnecessary screening could be determined. The extent of screening is influenced by personnel and economic considerations.", "contents": "[Mammographic evaluation of women with high-risk breast cancer development]. Mammography was performed in 427 healthy women and in 249 women with breast cancer. The types of breasts were clasified into 4 groups according to the age and period of life of women. The group of healthy women had analysis of the individual types of breast in a separate age periode different from those with breast cancer. On the basis of the information gathered, a screening of risk women could be undertaken and the percentage of incidency of breast cancer as well as that of unnecessary screening could be determined. The extent of screening is influenced by personnel and economic considerations.", "PMID": 645279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2214", "title": "[Surgical management of vaginal prolapse following total uterus extirpation].", "content": "After discussing the frequency, aetiology, pathogenesis, possibilities for gynaecological surgery of true prolapse of the vaginal vault, which is limited of general vaginal prolapse following hysterectomy, were given information about own results of treatment in seven true cases (--0,65%) within eleven cases of prolapse of the vaginal vault under 1075 hysterectomies. The vaginal excision of peritoneal prolapse and plastic correction of the vaginal vault for preserving the functional capacity for intercourse were carried out with success in all the seven cases in one case bye the methode of SYMMONDS and PRATT. An anterior colporrhaphy snd a posterior colpoperineorrhaphy were carried out in other four cases. Hints were finally given for prophylaxis of prolapse of the vaginal vault.", "contents": "[Surgical management of vaginal prolapse following total uterus extirpation]. After discussing the frequency, aetiology, pathogenesis, possibilities for gynaecological surgery of true prolapse of the vaginal vault, which is limited of general vaginal prolapse following hysterectomy, were given information about own results of treatment in seven true cases (--0,65%) within eleven cases of prolapse of the vaginal vault under 1075 hysterectomies. The vaginal excision of peritoneal prolapse and plastic correction of the vaginal vault for preserving the functional capacity for intercourse were carried out with success in all the seven cases in one case bye the methode of SYMMONDS and PRATT. An anterior colporrhaphy snd a posterior colpoperineorrhaphy were carried out in other four cases. Hints were finally given for prophylaxis of prolapse of the vaginal vault.", "PMID": 645280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2215", "title": "[Tokolysis using Berotec aerosol].", "content": "It has been tested whehter the uterine motor activity could be suppressed by inhalation of Berotec--aerosol. Fast developing, effective but short-lived tocolytic effect was demonstrated. The treatment could be carried out easily and proved to be efficient by briefly quiescing the uterus in obstetrical emergencies or starting longterm tocolysis, as started by the authors.", "contents": "[Tokolysis using Berotec aerosol]. It has been tested whehter the uterine motor activity could be suppressed by inhalation of Berotec--aerosol. Fast developing, effective but short-lived tocolytic effect was demonstrated. The treatment could be carried out easily and proved to be efficient by briefly quiescing the uterus in obstetrical emergencies or starting longterm tocolysis, as started by the authors.", "PMID": 645281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2216", "title": "[Recommendations on the recording of the effects of birth mechanics on the newborn skull].", "content": "Recommendation of recording influence of birth mechanics on the head of the newborn. The birth mechanical influence, visible on the head of the neonate, by a single manner can be recorded. Two presented figures give an example for a possible registration of configuration and injuries. Visible configuration of the neonatal head is the extern finding of related dislocations of cerebral substance. Latters are most followed by a slight neurological symptomatology of the newborn, which most is reversible. The topical location of an irreversible brain damage in some cases, diagnosed in childhood, can be related to the mechanical course of birth.", "contents": "[Recommendations on the recording of the effects of birth mechanics on the newborn skull]. Recommendation of recording influence of birth mechanics on the head of the newborn. The birth mechanical influence, visible on the head of the neonate, by a single manner can be recorded. Two presented figures give an example for a possible registration of configuration and injuries. Visible configuration of the neonatal head is the extern finding of related dislocations of cerebral substance. Latters are most followed by a slight neurological symptomatology of the newborn, which most is reversible. The topical location of an irreversible brain damage in some cases, diagnosed in childhood, can be related to the mechanical course of birth.", "PMID": 645283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2217", "title": "[Acute syndromes of the brain stem in newborn infants with birth injuries--case report].", "content": "The acute syndroms of the brainstem of cerebral injuried newborns by the birth trauma (casuistry). The neurologic clinical symptomatology of the acute syndroms of the brainstem are described in brief. Three cases of damaged newborn with this syndroms are particular published. Especially performed are: the possibility of repair, the changing of the symptoms, the danger of manual transformation of abnormous cephalic positions and the need of topological diagnosis in follow-up of special care.", "contents": "[Acute syndromes of the brain stem in newborn infants with birth injuries--case report]. The acute syndroms of the brainstem of cerebral injuried newborns by the birth trauma (casuistry). The neurologic clinical symptomatology of the acute syndroms of the brainstem are described in brief. Three cases of damaged newborn with this syndroms are particular published. Especially performed are: the possibility of repair, the changing of the symptoms, the danger of manual transformation of abnormous cephalic positions and the need of topological diagnosis in follow-up of special care.", "PMID": 645284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2218", "title": "[Ultrasound and semiquantitative chorionic gonadotropin secretin in the diagnosis of abortion].", "content": "191 patients with signs of threatened abortion were assessed by means of ultrasound (Kretz-Technik, Vidoson, Siemens) and semiquantitative assay of urinary HCG-excretion. Sonar examination was able to establish an accurate diagnosis of fetal life (heart action and/or movements) in all pregnancies showing a gestation sac suitable to the 11th week. The remainder cases required a repeated investigation including HCG-levels and growth rate of the gestational sac. Thus the diagnosis of blighted ovum could be made within one or occassionally two weeks.", "contents": "[Ultrasound and semiquantitative chorionic gonadotropin secretin in the diagnosis of abortion]. 191 patients with signs of threatened abortion were assessed by means of ultrasound (Kretz-Technik, Vidoson, Siemens) and semiquantitative assay of urinary HCG-excretion. Sonar examination was able to establish an accurate diagnosis of fetal life (heart action and/or movements) in all pregnancies showing a gestation sac suitable to the 11th week. The remainder cases required a repeated investigation including HCG-levels and growth rate of the gestational sac. Thus the diagnosis of blighted ovum could be made within one or occassionally two weeks.", "PMID": 645285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2219", "title": "[Determination of residual bilirubin binding capacity in the serum of newborn infants using bromphenol blue].", "content": "In serum specimens collected from premature infants the residual bilirubin binding capacity was determined by a direct spectrometric method using bromphenol blue. The bindingin capacity determined in this way is strongly correlated to the serum bilirubin level. Changes in binding capacity are shown during the first 16 days of life. Experiments on model sera show the dependence of binding capacity for bromphenol blue on the ratio albumin/bilirubin. The results are discussed with respect to the urgency of blood exchange transfusions preventing danger of kernicterus.", "contents": "[Determination of residual bilirubin binding capacity in the serum of newborn infants using bromphenol blue]. In serum specimens collected from premature infants the residual bilirubin binding capacity was determined by a direct spectrometric method using bromphenol blue. The bindingin capacity determined in this way is strongly correlated to the serum bilirubin level. Changes in binding capacity are shown during the first 16 days of life. Experiments on model sera show the dependence of binding capacity for bromphenol blue on the ratio albumin/bilirubin. The results are discussed with respect to the urgency of blood exchange transfusions preventing danger of kernicterus.", "PMID": 645286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2220", "title": "[Transitory hyperbilirubinemia and oxytocin infusion].", "content": "Serum bilirubin levels at 5th day of life was compared between 100 mature newborns with oxytocin infusion to the mother during labour and 100 mature newborns without oxytocin. Newborns, whose mothers received more than 5 IU oxytocin had significant higher bilirubin values than the controll group without oxytocin and the cases with oxytocin administration under 5 U. Hyperbilirubinaemie was also present in babies after vacuum extraction and oxytocin infusion.", "contents": "[Transitory hyperbilirubinemia and oxytocin infusion]. Serum bilirubin levels at 5th day of life was compared between 100 mature newborns with oxytocin infusion to the mother during labour and 100 mature newborns without oxytocin. Newborns, whose mothers received more than 5 IU oxytocin had significant higher bilirubin values than the controll group without oxytocin and the cases with oxytocin administration under 5 U. Hyperbilirubinaemie was also present in babies after vacuum extraction and oxytocin infusion.", "PMID": 645287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2221", "title": "[Relief of pain in obstetrics using peridural anesthesia].", "content": "It is talked about the technical explanation and the theoretical foundations of the obstetrical peridural anesthesiologica. 250 births done under peridural segmental anaesthesie are compared with a control group by means of clinical dates. It was found out that this method doesn't correspond in some details to the classic de-mands of the obstetrical mitigation. Nevertheless it seems to be without any danger and effective under appropriate conditions.", "contents": "[Relief of pain in obstetrics using peridural anesthesia]. It is talked about the technical explanation and the theoretical foundations of the obstetrical peridural anesthesiologica. 250 births done under peridural segmental anaesthesie are compared with a control group by means of clinical dates. It was found out that this method doesn't correspond in some details to the classic de-mands of the obstetrical mitigation. Nevertheless it seems to be without any danger and effective under appropriate conditions.", "PMID": 645288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2222", "title": "Lactobacilli isolated from French saucisson (taxonomic study).", "content": "190 Lactobacilli strains originating from saucisson produced in France, were isolated. The use of numerical taxonomy enabled 6 representative taxa to be established, defined by average biochemical profiles, differing greatly from those of Lactobacilli from dairy origins. Two groups of tests seem to be of particular interest in order to characterize these strains: 1. Fermentaion of ribose: positive, Arginine dihydrolase: positive, Gas production: negative. 2. Fermentation of melibiose: positive, Fermentation of raffinose: negative.", "contents": "Lactobacilli isolated from French saucisson (taxonomic study). 190 Lactobacilli strains originating from saucisson produced in France, were isolated. The use of numerical taxonomy enabled 6 representative taxa to be established, defined by average biochemical profiles, differing greatly from those of Lactobacilli from dairy origins. Two groups of tests seem to be of particular interest in order to characterize these strains: 1. Fermentaion of ribose: positive, Arginine dihydrolase: positive, Gas production: negative. 2. Fermentation of melibiose: positive, Fermentation of raffinose: negative.", "PMID": 645290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2223", "title": "[The meteorological factors influencing the number of man-hours lost by workers in the engineering industry (author's transl)].", "content": "For 4,000 men aged from 35 to 50 years, all employed in an industrial plant in Poznan a record was made of the daily number of the first sick-notes issued as a result of accidents, acute inflammation of the respiratory tract and exacerbation of chronic diseases which accounted for a total of 82 per cent of the absence from work. On the days which showed an increased incidence of accidents and exacerbations of chronic diseases, the weather charts issued by the Institute of Meteorology indicated a statistically significant and more frequent prevalence of meteorotropically active weather conditions over Poland. In contrast, the number of sicknesses due to an acute inflammation of the respiratory tract increased significantly on the day following the passage of a warm or cold weather front in Poland. Such losses of working hours also occurred more frequently during the colder season, while absence from the workplace due to accidents increased during the warm season.", "contents": "[The meteorological factors influencing the number of man-hours lost by workers in the engineering industry (author's transl)]. For 4,000 men aged from 35 to 50 years, all employed in an industrial plant in Poznan a record was made of the daily number of the first sick-notes issued as a result of accidents, acute inflammation of the respiratory tract and exacerbation of chronic diseases which accounted for a total of 82 per cent of the absence from work. On the days which showed an increased incidence of accidents and exacerbations of chronic diseases, the weather charts issued by the Institute of Meteorology indicated a statistically significant and more frequent prevalence of meteorotropically active weather conditions over Poland. In contrast, the number of sicknesses due to an acute inflammation of the respiratory tract increased significantly on the day following the passage of a warm or cold weather front in Poland. Such losses of working hours also occurred more frequently during the colder season, while absence from the workplace due to accidents increased during the warm season.", "PMID": 645291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2224", "title": "[Arizona bacteria (salmonella subgenus III), a rarely identified cause of food infections (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of the infection, described under the clinical picture of enteritis, of a one-year old Turkish child with Salmonella arizonae 61:k:1,5,7 (Arizona 26:29-30) which is largely adapted to sheep. It appears that, outside of the USA reports have not been published on infections with this species of Salmonella. Considering that reports on human infections with Salmonellae of the subgenus III (Arizona bacteria) have rarely been published, it was decided to deal with these Salmonellae in general, especially with their reservoirs, the clinical pathological pictures and the problems associated with the bacteriological diagnosis which is made on the basis of the ready splitting of lactose of numerous species of the Arizona group.", "contents": "[Arizona bacteria (salmonella subgenus III), a rarely identified cause of food infections (author's transl)]. A report is given of the infection, described under the clinical picture of enteritis, of a one-year old Turkish child with Salmonella arizonae 61:k:1,5,7 (Arizona 26:29-30) which is largely adapted to sheep. It appears that, outside of the USA reports have not been published on infections with this species of Salmonella. Considering that reports on human infections with Salmonellae of the subgenus III (Arizona bacteria) have rarely been published, it was decided to deal with these Salmonellae in general, especially with their reservoirs, the clinical pathological pictures and the problems associated with the bacteriological diagnosis which is made on the basis of the ready splitting of lactose of numerous species of the Arizona group.", "PMID": 645292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2225", "title": "[Bite anomalies in familial Friedreich's ataxia].", "content": "Besides well-known deformations of the spine and foot in Friedreich's disease, special attention is drawn to the deformation of the maxillodental system, the state of which was not specially studied before. The authors detected pathology of occlusion in 16 of 24 patients with familial Friedreich's ataxia. As a rule this form of anomaly is combined with other bone deformations. In 2 families, where several patients were studied, there was the same occlusional pathology. On the basis of a study of 24 patients and control consisting of 151 individuals, the conclusion is made, that in Friedreich's disease, almost as frequent as deformations of the spine and foot there are also pathological occlusions.", "contents": "[Bite anomalies in familial Friedreich's ataxia]. Besides well-known deformations of the spine and foot in Friedreich's disease, special attention is drawn to the deformation of the maxillodental system, the state of which was not specially studied before. The authors detected pathology of occlusion in 16 of 24 patients with familial Friedreich's ataxia. As a rule this form of anomaly is combined with other bone deformations. In 2 families, where several patients were studied, there was the same occlusional pathology. On the basis of a study of 24 patients and control consisting of 151 individuals, the conclusion is made, that in Friedreich's disease, almost as frequent as deformations of the spine and foot there are also pathological occlusions.", "PMID": 645307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2226", "title": "[Nature and pathogenic significance of vertebral osteochondrosis].", "content": "On the basis of literary data the authors demonstrate that spinal osteochondrosis is due to aging changes in the biochemism and structure of intervertebral discs. Under the influence of such factors as physical, overtension, overcooling of the organism, osteochondrosis may acquire a pathogenic significance in the appearance of some diseases. This in its turn may be due to the development of supplementary processes in the discs and adjacent tissues. The authors discuss the insufficiently studied problem of overcooling of the organism in the development of sacro-lumbar radiculitis, underlining the facts of influence of overcooling on the hemodynamics and metabolism of the organism.", "contents": "[Nature and pathogenic significance of vertebral osteochondrosis]. On the basis of literary data the authors demonstrate that spinal osteochondrosis is due to aging changes in the biochemism and structure of intervertebral discs. Under the influence of such factors as physical, overtension, overcooling of the organism, osteochondrosis may acquire a pathogenic significance in the appearance of some diseases. This in its turn may be due to the development of supplementary processes in the discs and adjacent tissues. The authors discuss the insufficiently studied problem of overcooling of the organism in the development of sacro-lumbar radiculitis, underlining the facts of influence of overcooling on the hemodynamics and metabolism of the organism.", "PMID": 645308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2227", "title": "[Table of predicting the outcome of neurologic syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis].", "content": "Using the algorhythm of a successional statistical Wald procedure, the author elaborated a table for the assessment of the probability of a transition of an exacerbation into remission on the 20th day. The table was tested in the studied group (87 patients) and in control series (94 patients). In a 5% level of permissible error, with the aid of the table a correct prognostical evaluation was attained in 70.5% of the conclusions, incorrect ones in 7.9% and indefinite in 21.0%. Incorrect and indefinite responses prevailed in cases of sclerotomic and radicle lumbo ischalgia. The table is intended for selection of a more severe group, the treatment of which from the beginning of an exacerbation is expedient to conduct in a neurological ward.", "contents": "[Table of predicting the outcome of neurologic syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis]. Using the algorhythm of a successional statistical Wald procedure, the author elaborated a table for the assessment of the probability of a transition of an exacerbation into remission on the 20th day. The table was tested in the studied group (87 patients) and in control series (94 patients). In a 5% level of permissible error, with the aid of the table a correct prognostical evaluation was attained in 70.5% of the conclusions, incorrect ones in 7.9% and indefinite in 21.0%. Incorrect and indefinite responses prevailed in cases of sclerotomic and radicle lumbo ischalgia. The table is intended for selection of a more severe group, the treatment of which from the beginning of an exacerbation is expedient to conduct in a neurological ward.", "PMID": 645309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2228", "title": "[Complex conservative treatment of patients with chronic vertebral-basilar insufficiency against a background of cervical osteochondrosis].", "content": "The paper contains a description, concerning medicative treatment of 55 patients with chronic vertebro-basilar deficiency in cervical osteochondrosis. The purpose of this study was to remove irritation of the spinal plexus, insufficiency of the cerebral blood flow and secondary astheno-depressive conditions. The following measures were applied: physiotherapy (influences of sinusoidal modulated currents on the cervical part of the spine, massage), special medical gymnastics, drugs (vitamins of the B group, biogenic stimuli, spasmolytical and antihistamine drugs, tranquilizers) and psychotherapy. A comprehensive treatment leads to a steady improvment in 91% of the treated patients, and according to the REG data, to an activization of the blood supply in the zone of vascularization by spinal arteries, especially in the hemispheres with the largest initial blood repletion deficit.", "contents": "[Complex conservative treatment of patients with chronic vertebral-basilar insufficiency against a background of cervical osteochondrosis]. The paper contains a description, concerning medicative treatment of 55 patients with chronic vertebro-basilar deficiency in cervical osteochondrosis. The purpose of this study was to remove irritation of the spinal plexus, insufficiency of the cerebral blood flow and secondary astheno-depressive conditions. The following measures were applied: physiotherapy (influences of sinusoidal modulated currents on the cervical part of the spine, massage), special medical gymnastics, drugs (vitamins of the B group, biogenic stimuli, spasmolytical and antihistamine drugs, tranquilizers) and psychotherapy. A comprehensive treatment leads to a steady improvment in 91% of the treated patients, and according to the REG data, to an activization of the blood supply in the zone of vascularization by spinal arteries, especially in the hemispheres with the largest initial blood repletion deficit.", "PMID": 645310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2229", "title": "[Experience in treating vascular parkinsonism with metamysil].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of the effect of metamizil in 45 patients with different forms of vascular parkinsonism. It was established that metamizil exerts a positive effect on the development of neurological symptoms (rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor) in mild and moderately expressed degrees of lesions. In most of the cases the drugs appeared effective in doses of 0.001 g thrice daily, and in separate cases 0.001 g 6 times daily. In the majority of patients metazil was tolerated without significant side effects. In some patients the side effects (vertigo, dryness in the mouth) were slightly expressed. The effect of treatment was seen after 2 days up to 2 weeks and lasted during the whole course of treatment and sometimes after it. Metamizil possessing a moderate sedative action, as well as spasmolytical and hypotensive is indicated for patients with vascular parkinsonism.", "contents": "[Experience in treating vascular parkinsonism with metamysil]. The paper is concerned with a study of the effect of metamizil in 45 patients with different forms of vascular parkinsonism. It was established that metamizil exerts a positive effect on the development of neurological symptoms (rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor) in mild and moderately expressed degrees of lesions. In most of the cases the drugs appeared effective in doses of 0.001 g thrice daily, and in separate cases 0.001 g 6 times daily. In the majority of patients metazil was tolerated without significant side effects. In some patients the side effects (vertigo, dryness in the mouth) were slightly expressed. The effect of treatment was seen after 2 days up to 2 weeks and lasted during the whole course of treatment and sometimes after it. Metamizil possessing a moderate sedative action, as well as spasmolytical and hypotensive is indicated for patients with vascular parkinsonism.", "PMID": 645311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2230", "title": "[Autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain disease].", "content": "The authors give immunological characteristics of the brain traumatical disease on the basis of a dynamic study of autoimmune reactions in direct and retarded type with brain tissue antigenes in 156 patients. The conclusion is made of an interconnection of these indices and the dependence of the clinical syndrome and the type of development of the pathological process to these data.", "contents": "[Autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain disease]. The authors give immunological characteristics of the brain traumatical disease on the basis of a dynamic study of autoimmune reactions in direct and retarded type with brain tissue antigenes in 156 patients. The conclusion is made of an interconnection of these indices and the dependence of the clinical syndrome and the type of development of the pathological process to these data.", "PMID": 645312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2231", "title": "[Recovery of several higher cerebral functions in patients with mild cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "The dynamics of a restitution of higher brain functions was studied in 30 patients and 20 normals of the same age and educational census with the aid of an experimental psychological test (a proof test, a remembrance of 10 words, a search for numbers according to the Schulte table and an elimination of significant signs). The achieved data testify to the fact that restitution of cerebral functions is accomplished slowly and that disorders do not disappear at the end of the month following a mild brain trauma. For this reason the duration of treatment in such cases should be not less than 30--35 days.", "contents": "[Recovery of several higher cerebral functions in patients with mild cranio-cerebral injuries]. The dynamics of a restitution of higher brain functions was studied in 30 patients and 20 normals of the same age and educational census with the aid of an experimental psychological test (a proof test, a remembrance of 10 words, a search for numbers according to the Schulte table and an elimination of significant signs). The achieved data testify to the fact that restitution of cerebral functions is accomplished slowly and that disorders do not disappear at the end of the month following a mild brain trauma. For this reason the duration of treatment in such cases should be not less than 30--35 days.", "PMID": 645313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2232", "title": "[Epileptic syndromes in ascariasis and enterobiasis].", "content": "The report contains some results of a study of 18 patients where in 17 cases the authors believe that the convulsive syndrome was due to an infestation by ascarides, soatworms or by a combination of helminths with other enteral helminthosis. In one case intestinal parasitism aggravated the development of frontal epilepsy. It was demonstrated that the removal of helminths leads to an arrest of convulsive seizures, while a new infestation--to their appearance. The authors have attemped to give characteristics of the epileptical syndrome, provocated by ascarides and seat-worms.", "contents": "[Epileptic syndromes in ascariasis and enterobiasis]. The report contains some results of a study of 18 patients where in 17 cases the authors believe that the convulsive syndrome was due to an infestation by ascarides, soatworms or by a combination of helminths with other enteral helminthosis. In one case intestinal parasitism aggravated the development of frontal epilepsy. It was demonstrated that the removal of helminths leads to an arrest of convulsive seizures, while a new infestation--to their appearance. The authors have attemped to give characteristics of the epileptical syndrome, provocated by ascarides and seat-worms.", "PMID": 645314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2233", "title": "[Disruption of the homeostatic regulation of adrenal function in endogenous depression].", "content": "The authors studied the sensitivity to the inhibitory action of 0.5 mg of dexametasone (determined by a drop in 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood content) in 22 patients with endogenous depressions. In 20 cases among the 22, the dexametasone test appeared to be disturbed. In 14 patients refractory to the action of dexametasone during the depressive period in intermissions the inhibitory effect was restituted. In 7 among 8 cases of reactive depressions the indices did not differ from the control group. The insufficiency in the regulation of glucocorticosteroids is considered as a significant link in the pathogenesis of endogenous depression which may be due to disorders of metabolism of the brain biogenic amines.", "contents": "[Disruption of the homeostatic regulation of adrenal function in endogenous depression]. The authors studied the sensitivity to the inhibitory action of 0.5 mg of dexametasone (determined by a drop in 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood content) in 22 patients with endogenous depressions. In 20 cases among the 22, the dexametasone test appeared to be disturbed. In 14 patients refractory to the action of dexametasone during the depressive period in intermissions the inhibitory effect was restituted. In 7 among 8 cases of reactive depressions the indices did not differ from the control group. The insufficiency in the regulation of glucocorticosteroids is considered as a significant link in the pathogenesis of endogenous depression which may be due to disorders of metabolism of the brain biogenic amines.", "PMID": 645315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2234", "title": "[Rheoencephalographic findings in circular depressions].", "content": "The paper is related to a special study of the vascular brain pathology by REG methods in 50 patients with circular depressions. The REG data demonstrated changes of REG waves not only in the elderly patients, but in young patients as well. The study detected normalizing influence of electroconvulsive therapy on the REG indices which correlated with the clinical improvement. A REG study of brain vessels permitted to reveal different vascular conditions in circular depressions, which may be of definite significance fof differential diagnosis and adequate therapy.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalographic findings in circular depressions]. The paper is related to a special study of the vascular brain pathology by REG methods in 50 patients with circular depressions. The REG data demonstrated changes of REG waves not only in the elderly patients, but in young patients as well. The study detected normalizing influence of electroconvulsive therapy on the REG indices which correlated with the clinical improvement. A REG study of brain vessels permitted to reveal different vascular conditions in circular depressions, which may be of definite significance fof differential diagnosis and adequate therapy.", "PMID": 645316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2235", "title": "[Clinical features of manic-depressive psychosis with organic brain defects].", "content": "The authors studied the clinical picture of manic-depressive psychoses in 71 patients who had signs of an organic brain lesion (both anamnestically and clinically), which were confirmed by X-ray and EEG data. It was established that these patients more frequently exhibit atypical forms of affective conditions (anxious--depersonalizational syndromes, angry mania). As a rule, they also have a significant amount of supplementary psychopathological signs in the syndrome structure (dysphorea, obsessions, depersonalization). Such conditions quite often are refractory to therapy and require special therapeutical approaches.", "contents": "[Clinical features of manic-depressive psychosis with organic brain defects]. The authors studied the clinical picture of manic-depressive psychoses in 71 patients who had signs of an organic brain lesion (both anamnestically and clinically), which were confirmed by X-ray and EEG data. It was established that these patients more frequently exhibit atypical forms of affective conditions (anxious--depersonalizational syndromes, angry mania). As a rule, they also have a significant amount of supplementary psychopathological signs in the syndrome structure (dysphorea, obsessions, depersonalization). Such conditions quite often are refractory to therapy and require special therapeutical approaches.", "PMID": 645317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2236", "title": "[Effect of pyridoxine on the psychopathology and pathochemistry of involutional depressions].", "content": "In agreement with the catecholamine hypotheses of affective disorders the main role in the pathogenesis of depressive states is allocated to the central \"noradrenergic insufficiency\". The author thinks it feasible to use pyridoxine (vit. B6) in the treatment of depressive states, inasmuch as it is involved in the process of catecholamine synthesis as a cofactor of DOPA-decarboxylase. The author examined 48 patients among which 31 were with involutional melancholia and 17 with manic-depressive psychoses, manifesting after 40 years. Along with a positive therapeutical effect there was an increase in the noradrenaline excretion and a drop in the relative adrenaline content.", "contents": "[Effect of pyridoxine on the psychopathology and pathochemistry of involutional depressions]. In agreement with the catecholamine hypotheses of affective disorders the main role in the pathogenesis of depressive states is allocated to the central \"noradrenergic insufficiency\". The author thinks it feasible to use pyridoxine (vit. B6) in the treatment of depressive states, inasmuch as it is involved in the process of catecholamine synthesis as a cofactor of DOPA-decarboxylase. The author examined 48 patients among which 31 were with involutional melancholia and 17 with manic-depressive psychoses, manifesting after 40 years. Along with a positive therapeutical effect there was an increase in the noradrenaline excretion and a drop in the relative adrenaline content.", "PMID": 645318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2237", "title": "[Changes in the blood clotting system of patients with atherosclerotic and senile dementias].", "content": "The author studied changes of the coagulative blood system in patients with atherosclerotic and senile dementia (82 cases). In cases with simple forms of senile dementia a tendency towards hypercoagulability was established (an increased formation of thrombin, the amount of fibrinogen content). However, this group demonstrated a defensive activation of the anticoagulative system, sufficient to maintain an equilibrium in the whole system of hemocoagulation. An exhaustion of compensation may lead to stasis and microthrombosis in the smallest vessels and capillaries, which indicates to the pathogenetical significance of changes in the coagulative blood properties.", "contents": "[Changes in the blood clotting system of patients with atherosclerotic and senile dementias]. The author studied changes of the coagulative blood system in patients with atherosclerotic and senile dementia (82 cases). In cases with simple forms of senile dementia a tendency towards hypercoagulability was established (an increased formation of thrombin, the amount of fibrinogen content). However, this group demonstrated a defensive activation of the anticoagulative system, sufficient to maintain an equilibrium in the whole system of hemocoagulation. An exhaustion of compensation may lead to stasis and microthrombosis in the smallest vessels and capillaries, which indicates to the pathogenetical significance of changes in the coagulative blood properties.", "PMID": 645319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2238", "title": "[Vitamin C metabolism in patients with presenile psychoses].", "content": "The author studied vitamin C metabolism in 125 patients with presenile psychoses. There is a vitamin C deficit in patients, which does not disappear during treatment. In order to remove C hypovitaminosis and to exert a purposeful influence on the metabolism as a nonspecific agent increasing the reactions and reactivity of the organism, the author recommends the use of vitamin C in dosages not less than 500 mg daily.", "contents": "[Vitamin C metabolism in patients with presenile psychoses]. The author studied vitamin C metabolism in 125 patients with presenile psychoses. There is a vitamin C deficit in patients, which does not disappear during treatment. In order to remove C hypovitaminosis and to exert a purposeful influence on the metabolism as a nonspecific agent increasing the reactions and reactivity of the organism, the author recommends the use of vitamin C in dosages not less than 500 mg daily.", "PMID": 645320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2239", "title": "[The sex factor and mental disorders of advanced age].", "content": "With the aid of a clinico-statistical method the authors studied 1514 patients older than 60 years. The following facts were found. There was prevalence of females in schizophrenia, circular psychoses, neurosis, atherosclerosis and senile dementia. Depressive syndromes were more often seen in females, subaffective and paranoid--in males (these syndromes were most linked with sex). In aging schizophrenic patients there waa a significant increase of hallucinatory-delusional syndromes (both in males and females), depressions in females, a tendency towards a drop in the frequency of depression in males. The linkage of syndromes with sex decreased along with aging.", "contents": "[The sex factor and mental disorders of advanced age]. With the aid of a clinico-statistical method the authors studied 1514 patients older than 60 years. The following facts were found. There was prevalence of females in schizophrenia, circular psychoses, neurosis, atherosclerosis and senile dementia. Depressive syndromes were more often seen in females, subaffective and paranoid--in males (these syndromes were most linked with sex). In aging schizophrenic patients there waa a significant increase of hallucinatory-delusional syndromes (both in males and females), depressions in females, a tendency towards a drop in the frequency of depression in males. The linkage of syndromes with sex decreased along with aging.", "PMID": 645321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2240", "title": "[Clinical picture of hallucinatory-paranoid psychoses in cerebral atherosclerosis].", "content": "As a result of a clinico-psychopathological study of atherosclerotic hallucinatory-paranoid (endoform) psychoses the author eliminated 3 syndromological forms: 1) hallucinatory, 2) paranoid, 3) paranoid with their clinical variants. according to their development and clinical expression the endoform hallucinatory-paranoid psychoses are differentiated into acute transitory (exogenous type of reaction) and chronic progressive. Clinico-anotomical correlations demonstrated that of acute psychoses large focal changes are more typical, while of chronic--multiple small foci--brain lesions.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of hallucinatory-paranoid psychoses in cerebral atherosclerosis]. As a result of a clinico-psychopathological study of atherosclerotic hallucinatory-paranoid (endoform) psychoses the author eliminated 3 syndromological forms: 1) hallucinatory, 2) paranoid, 3) paranoid with their clinical variants. according to their development and clinical expression the endoform hallucinatory-paranoid psychoses are differentiated into acute transitory (exogenous type of reaction) and chronic progressive. Clinico-anotomical correlations demonstrated that of acute psychoses large focal changes are more typical, while of chronic--multiple small foci--brain lesions.", "PMID": 645322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2241", "title": "[Detecting patients at higher suicidal risk by psychological criteria].", "content": "On the basis of an experimental psychological analysis of the personality features in patients with suicidal tendencies the conclusion is made that an important role in the decision to commit suicide (84%) is allocated to such forms of thinking as unisignificant subjective models, a nonrepresentation in their development, a full negation in thinking, a selective perception of information. In 16% of the cases there was a drop in a very important adaptive function such as imagination. The detected features help to select patients with a high suicidal risk and consequently pose specific problems in psychotherpay.", "contents": "[Detecting patients at higher suicidal risk by psychological criteria]. On the basis of an experimental psychological analysis of the personality features in patients with suicidal tendencies the conclusion is made that an important role in the decision to commit suicide (84%) is allocated to such forms of thinking as unisignificant subjective models, a nonrepresentation in their development, a full negation in thinking, a selective perception of information. In 16% of the cases there was a drop in a very important adaptive function such as imagination. The detected features help to select patients with a high suicidal risk and consequently pose specific problems in psychotherpay.", "PMID": 645323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2242", "title": "Post-hatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken.", "content": "The authors studied the evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus) from hatching until 34 months of age. They describe the progressive decrease of the follicular cavities and the appearance of solid-looking cavities. The stroma increases with age, dividing the pineal parenchyma into territories of small caliber.", "contents": "Post-hatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken. The authors studied the evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus) from hatching until 34 months of age. They describe the progressive decrease of the follicular cavities and the appearance of solid-looking cavities. The stroma increases with age, dividing the pineal parenchyma into territories of small caliber.", "PMID": 645330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2243", "title": "Ultrastructure of the liver cells in Salamandra salamandra (L.) in the end of Winter.", "content": "Following hibernation, most salamander liver cells undergo alterations. The liver cells containing the structure of their active period present a normal nucleus, glycogen granules disseminated throughout the entire cytoplasm and granular mitochondria with several peripheral cristae. Most cells, however, possess altered mitochondria, transformed into electron-dense masses, or clear vesicles with the possibility of digesting the ambient organelles. Other cells have clear vacuoles with similar digestive possibilities. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly represented in the liver cells that have suffered advanced alteration. The nucleus of these cells is homogeneously granular. The sytoplasm is populated by electron-dense bodies and lipid vacuoles. The nucleolemma and plasmalemma are thickened. The pigmented cells, altered concomitantly with the liver cells, contain granular aggregates. Some of the pigmented cells exhibit electron-clear formations similar to the reflecting platelets of the iridocytes of the integument of lower vertebrates.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the liver cells in Salamandra salamandra (L.) in the end of Winter. Following hibernation, most salamander liver cells undergo alterations. The liver cells containing the structure of their active period present a normal nucleus, glycogen granules disseminated throughout the entire cytoplasm and granular mitochondria with several peripheral cristae. Most cells, however, possess altered mitochondria, transformed into electron-dense masses, or clear vesicles with the possibility of digesting the ambient organelles. Other cells have clear vacuoles with similar digestive possibilities. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly represented in the liver cells that have suffered advanced alteration. The nucleus of these cells is homogeneously granular. The sytoplasm is populated by electron-dense bodies and lipid vacuoles. The nucleolemma and plasmalemma are thickened. The pigmented cells, altered concomitantly with the liver cells, contain granular aggregates. Some of the pigmented cells exhibit electron-clear formations similar to the reflecting platelets of the iridocytes of the integument of lower vertebrates.", "PMID": 645331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2244", "title": "Comparative neurohistological observations on the pancreatic duct in certain birds and mammals as revealed by cholinesterase technique.", "content": "A comparative study of pancreatic duct innervation of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter) and Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) as revealed by cholinesterase technique has been done for investigation. In Suncus pancreas, the AChE-positive ganglia, elongated and irregularly shaped, medium and large-sized, were recorded either on the periphery of the excretory duct or on the wall of the duct. No ganglia were recorded on the periphery, although the fibres of the ganglia were in close association with the periductular plexus and the fibres of the peri-insular plexus in Francolinus. In Suncus, multipolar and AChE-positive ganglia of various shapes, arranged in chain-like fashion on the duct, were recorded, whereas in Francolinus the multipolar ganglia of AChE-positive nature and of various shapes, arranged in chain-like fashion, were observed in the duct region.", "contents": "Comparative neurohistological observations on the pancreatic duct in certain birds and mammals as revealed by cholinesterase technique. A comparative study of pancreatic duct innervation of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter) and Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) as revealed by cholinesterase technique has been done for investigation. In Suncus pancreas, the AChE-positive ganglia, elongated and irregularly shaped, medium and large-sized, were recorded either on the periphery of the excretory duct or on the wall of the duct. No ganglia were recorded on the periphery, although the fibres of the ganglia were in close association with the periductular plexus and the fibres of the peri-insular plexus in Francolinus. In Suncus, multipolar and AChE-positive ganglia of various shapes, arranged in chain-like fashion on the duct, were recorded, whereas in Francolinus the multipolar ganglia of AChE-positive nature and of various shapes, arranged in chain-like fashion, were observed in the duct region.", "PMID": 645332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2245", "title": "Influence of extrinsic factors on the development of the articular system.", "content": "In the present study, the results obtained after embryonic movements were paralyzed are described. Paralysis was produced by succinylcholine administered to chicken embryos during Hamburger-Hamilton's stages 25-29. The study of microscopic sections across all the articulations emphasize the absence of articular cavity formation. The cavities were replaced by a non-differentiated mass of mesenchymatous tissue. Regression of articular cavities and para-articular structures was noted in already formed embryos. Contrary to the opinion sustained by some authors, modifications on the articular surfaces were not produced. All of these data, reveal the importance of embryonic movements in articulation formation and conservation.", "contents": "Influence of extrinsic factors on the development of the articular system. In the present study, the results obtained after embryonic movements were paralyzed are described. Paralysis was produced by succinylcholine administered to chicken embryos during Hamburger-Hamilton's stages 25-29. The study of microscopic sections across all the articulations emphasize the absence of articular cavity formation. The cavities were replaced by a non-differentiated mass of mesenchymatous tissue. Regression of articular cavities and para-articular structures was noted in already formed embryos. Contrary to the opinion sustained by some authors, modifications on the articular surfaces were not produced. All of these data, reveal the importance of embryonic movements in articulation formation and conservation.", "PMID": 645333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2246", "title": "The cephalic arterial system in carnivores, with special reference to the systematic classification.", "content": "The cephalic arterial pattern in 53 fissipeds, representing all the classical families, is described on the basis of corrosion casts prepared by means of a special plastic injection and corrosion technique. The results are discussed on an ontogenetic and phylogenetic basis and related to current theories on the systematic classification of fissipeds at a higher taxonomic level (infraorders or superfamilies). In this respect, especially the systematic position of the canids and hyaenids in relation to the felids is discussed, the greatest importance being attached to the contribution of the external carotid artery system to the intracranial circulation. Also the very specific cephalic arterial pattern in the herpestines, one of the two viverrid subfamilies studied, is emphasized.", "contents": "The cephalic arterial system in carnivores, with special reference to the systematic classification. The cephalic arterial pattern in 53 fissipeds, representing all the classical families, is described on the basis of corrosion casts prepared by means of a special plastic injection and corrosion technique. The results are discussed on an ontogenetic and phylogenetic basis and related to current theories on the systematic classification of fissipeds at a higher taxonomic level (infraorders or superfamilies). In this respect, especially the systematic position of the canids and hyaenids in relation to the felids is discussed, the greatest importance being attached to the contribution of the external carotid artery system to the intracranial circulation. Also the very specific cephalic arterial pattern in the herpestines, one of the two viverrid subfamilies studied, is emphasized.", "PMID": 645334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2247", "title": "The collagen of the gingiva and of its blood vessels.", "content": "The collagen of the gingiva and that of its blood vessels of several animal species and of man were studied with the scanning electron microscope following corrosion with pancreatin at 0.3%. The gingival collagen forms fundamental cells or fasciculi that are distributed throughout the entire territory. In the interior of the cells there are small balls either detached or in clusters. Because of the contact and the fusion of these balls with the collagenic fasciculi, and due to their resistance to the pancreatin corrosion procedure, we believe them to be condensations of collagen. The approximate size of these balls was 2 micrometer. The fasciculi that surround these cells have either the form of bundles or are united in bands. There is an abundance of blood vessels in the gingiva and they are surrounded by collagen. This collagen can assume any of varied positions. The relations that exist between the vascular collagen and that of the gingiva are different in every case.", "contents": "The collagen of the gingiva and of its blood vessels. The collagen of the gingiva and that of its blood vessels of several animal species and of man were studied with the scanning electron microscope following corrosion with pancreatin at 0.3%. The gingival collagen forms fundamental cells or fasciculi that are distributed throughout the entire territory. In the interior of the cells there are small balls either detached or in clusters. Because of the contact and the fusion of these balls with the collagenic fasciculi, and due to their resistance to the pancreatin corrosion procedure, we believe them to be condensations of collagen. The approximate size of these balls was 2 micrometer. The fasciculi that surround these cells have either the form of bundles or are united in bands. There is an abundance of blood vessels in the gingiva and they are surrounded by collagen. This collagen can assume any of varied positions. The relations that exist between the vascular collagen and that of the gingiva are different in every case.", "PMID": 645335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2248", "title": "A rare origin of the superior thyroid artery.", "content": "In the course of a classroom dissection of a negro male (height: 167 cm; weight: 56.8 kg), and anomalous right superior thyroid artery was noted. It arose from the common carotid artery 27 mm proximal to the bifurcation into external and internal carotids. Previous reports indicate that the incidence of origin of the superior thyroid from the common carotid or its bifurcation varies from 5 to 45%, depending on the population sampled. Moreover, a low origin is more common in females than males, and appears approximately twice as often on the left as on the right. Previous reports also indicate that the origin is only very rarely more than 1 cm proximal to the bifurcation, only one case having been reported of an origin 25 mm proximal. The present case appears to be the most proximal origin so far recorded, and the first far proximal origin in negroes. The implications of such a low origin for surgical approach to the thyroid are considerable.", "contents": "A rare origin of the superior thyroid artery. In the course of a classroom dissection of a negro male (height: 167 cm; weight: 56.8 kg), and anomalous right superior thyroid artery was noted. It arose from the common carotid artery 27 mm proximal to the bifurcation into external and internal carotids. Previous reports indicate that the incidence of origin of the superior thyroid from the common carotid or its bifurcation varies from 5 to 45%, depending on the population sampled. Moreover, a low origin is more common in females than males, and appears approximately twice as often on the left as on the right. Previous reports also indicate that the origin is only very rarely more than 1 cm proximal to the bifurcation, only one case having been reported of an origin 25 mm proximal. The present case appears to be the most proximal origin so far recorded, and the first far proximal origin in negroes. The implications of such a low origin for surgical approach to the thyroid are considerable.", "PMID": 645337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2249", "title": "Interparietal bone.", "content": "The paper deals with the presence of interparietal bone in a single or more pieces out of a series of 1,500 skulls of the Anthropology Museum of Anatomy Department, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. It was found to be present in 0.3% of cases. It has no morphological importance but it certainly has a morphogenetic bearing.", "contents": "Interparietal bone. The paper deals with the presence of interparietal bone in a single or more pieces out of a series of 1,500 skulls of the Anthropology Museum of Anatomy Department, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. It was found to be present in 0.3% of cases. It has no morphological importance but it certainly has a morphogenetic bearing.", "PMID": 645338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2250", "title": "Fiber size and sensory endings of the middle cardiac nerve of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The middle cardiac nerve, a branch of the vagus, innervates the ventricles of the avian heart. Of 533 myelinated sensory fibers, the size range was 2 micron. The ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated sensory fibers ranged from 2.17 to 3.48. Sensory endings resembled a network pattern with no distinct receptor-like endings. Frequency of nerve population increased from apex to base of the heart.", "contents": "Fiber size and sensory endings of the middle cardiac nerve of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). The middle cardiac nerve, a branch of the vagus, innervates the ventricles of the avian heart. Of 533 myelinated sensory fibers, the size range was 2 micron. The ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated sensory fibers ranged from 2.17 to 3.48. Sensory endings resembled a network pattern with no distinct receptor-like endings. Frequency of nerve population increased from apex to base of the heart.", "PMID": 645339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2251", "title": "A quantitative histological study of the aortic nerve and the aortic body in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "In the buffalo, the left aortic nerve ramifies in the periarterial connective tissue between the ventral surface of the aortic arch and the truncus pulmonalis. The right aortic nerve ramifies over the dorsal and right aspects of the aorta ascendens near its origin. The histograms of myelinated fibres of both left and right aortic nerve are distinctly unimodal with peak around 4-6 micron (64.2-67.8%). The left aortic body is situated in the periarterial connective tissue between the ventral surface of the aortic arch and the truncus pulmonalis, while the right aortic body is located in the tunica adventitia of the dorsal and right aspects of the aorta ascendens near its origin. The greatest sagittal section area of the left aortic body is 0.102 +/- 0.009 mm2 and that of the right aortic body is 0.041 +/- 0.002 mm2. The organ is highly vascular. The mean size of the glomus cells from the left aortic body is 7.68 +/- 0.9 micron x 9.37 +/- 0.13 micron (short diameter x long diameter), whereas the corresponding value for the right aortic body is 7.84 +/- 0.14 micron x 9.86 +/- 0.21 micron; and their density values are (11,417 +/- 301.7)/mm2 and (9,839 +/- 213.3)/mm2 respectively.", "contents": "A quantitative histological study of the aortic nerve and the aortic body in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In the buffalo, the left aortic nerve ramifies in the periarterial connective tissue between the ventral surface of the aortic arch and the truncus pulmonalis. The right aortic nerve ramifies over the dorsal and right aspects of the aorta ascendens near its origin. The histograms of myelinated fibres of both left and right aortic nerve are distinctly unimodal with peak around 4-6 micron (64.2-67.8%). The left aortic body is situated in the periarterial connective tissue between the ventral surface of the aortic arch and the truncus pulmonalis, while the right aortic body is located in the tunica adventitia of the dorsal and right aspects of the aorta ascendens near its origin. The greatest sagittal section area of the left aortic body is 0.102 +/- 0.009 mm2 and that of the right aortic body is 0.041 +/- 0.002 mm2. The organ is highly vascular. The mean size of the glomus cells from the left aortic body is 7.68 +/- 0.9 micron x 9.37 +/- 0.13 micron (short diameter x long diameter), whereas the corresponding value for the right aortic body is 7.84 +/- 0.14 micron x 9.86 +/- 0.21 micron; and their density values are (11,417 +/- 301.7)/mm2 and (9,839 +/- 213.3)/mm2 respectively.", "PMID": 645340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2252", "title": "Effects of zinc deficiency on the chick embryo blastoderm.", "content": "A technique which permits the in vitro study of zinc deficiency in early embryos of Gallus domesticus is described using dithizone as a chelating agent. Zinc deficiency produces specific and constant lesions which are more severe as the embryo is cultivated in more early stages. The most serious alterations affect growth in general and the differentiation of the nervous system and mesoderm.", "contents": "Effects of zinc deficiency on the chick embryo blastoderm. A technique which permits the in vitro study of zinc deficiency in early embryos of Gallus domesticus is described using dithizone as a chelating agent. Zinc deficiency produces specific and constant lesions which are more severe as the embryo is cultivated in more early stages. The most serious alterations affect growth in general and the differentiation of the nervous system and mesoderm.", "PMID": 645341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2253", "title": "Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced growth retardation: impairment of cartilage mineralization.", "content": "Immature female mice were treated with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. Using histochemical and fluorescent methods, the mineralization pattern of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus was studied at various intervals. Following 1 injection, a noticeable decrease was noted in the oxytetracycline incorporation at the mineralizing zone of the growth plate. By the 10th injection, the mineralization process was almost totally arrested. Marked accumulation of phospholipids appeared in experimental plates concomitantly with a lack of acidic glycosaminoglycans' synthesis as well as degradation. Chondroclastic activity was also inhibited resulting in an increased number of hypertrophic chondrocytes at the mineralization zone. It is suggested that the hormone's antianabolic effect led to an impairment in the activity of the chondrocytes' hydrolytic enzymes and thereby interfered with the maturation of the matrix, a prerequisite phase for normal mineralization.", "contents": "Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced growth retardation: impairment of cartilage mineralization. Immature female mice were treated with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. Using histochemical and fluorescent methods, the mineralization pattern of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus was studied at various intervals. Following 1 injection, a noticeable decrease was noted in the oxytetracycline incorporation at the mineralizing zone of the growth plate. By the 10th injection, the mineralization process was almost totally arrested. Marked accumulation of phospholipids appeared in experimental plates concomitantly with a lack of acidic glycosaminoglycans' synthesis as well as degradation. Chondroclastic activity was also inhibited resulting in an increased number of hypertrophic chondrocytes at the mineralization zone. It is suggested that the hormone's antianabolic effect led to an impairment in the activity of the chondrocytes' hydrolytic enzymes and thereby interfered with the maturation of the matrix, a prerequisite phase for normal mineralization.", "PMID": 645343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2254", "title": "Innervation of the intrapulmonary bronchi of the female Funambulus pennanti.", "content": "Ganglia of various shapes (rounded, oval and irregular) and of large, medium and small size were recorded on, or near, the bronchial wall either in free form or arranged in chain-like fashion. Most of the ganglia were AChE-positive and connected with the myelinated nerve fibres.", "contents": "Innervation of the intrapulmonary bronchi of the female Funambulus pennanti. Ganglia of various shapes (rounded, oval and irregular) and of large, medium and small size were recorded on, or near, the bronchial wall either in free form or arranged in chain-like fashion. Most of the ganglia were AChE-positive and connected with the myelinated nerve fibres.", "PMID": 645344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2255", "title": "Lipid droplets in the lining epithelium of the crop of Columba livia.", "content": "Presence and distribution of lipid were studied in the lining epithelia of three regions of the pigeon (Columba liva) crop: lateral lobes, median region near the cervical esophagus and median region near the thoracic esophagus. During the resting phase of the 'milk gland', insulated lipid droplets were observed within the lining epithelium of the three regions studied. On the other hand, during the activity of the 'milk gland' (under action of exogenous prolactin and in natural incubation), only the lateral lobes showed a remarkable increase in the amount of lipid, whereas both median regions showed only an inexpressive increase of lipid within their epithelium.", "contents": "Lipid droplets in the lining epithelium of the crop of Columba livia. Presence and distribution of lipid were studied in the lining epithelia of three regions of the pigeon (Columba liva) crop: lateral lobes, median region near the cervical esophagus and median region near the thoracic esophagus. During the resting phase of the 'milk gland', insulated lipid droplets were observed within the lining epithelium of the three regions studied. On the other hand, during the activity of the 'milk gland' (under action of exogenous prolactin and in natural incubation), only the lateral lobes showed a remarkable increase in the amount of lipid, whereas both median regions showed only an inexpressive increase of lipid within their epithelium.", "PMID": 645345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2256", "title": "A mechanism for passive mandibular depression.", "content": "Retention of a retromandibular space has necessitated developing a system of mandibular protrusion in hominid species. It is possible that mandibular protrusion can be effected by a single muscle-the lateral pterygoid-and the motion controlled by the excentrically placed mandibular suspensory ligaments. The elasticity of the ligaments produces an integrity maintenance force between the articular condyle and eminence which is normally of minimal size. Excessive craniofacial flexion, or the retention of a juvenile configuration of the mandible, could result in increasing this integrity maintenance force and cause crepitation and clicking. Ajustment of the ligaments could reduce these pathological manifestations.", "contents": "A mechanism for passive mandibular depression. Retention of a retromandibular space has necessitated developing a system of mandibular protrusion in hominid species. It is possible that mandibular protrusion can be effected by a single muscle-the lateral pterygoid-and the motion controlled by the excentrically placed mandibular suspensory ligaments. The elasticity of the ligaments produces an integrity maintenance force between the articular condyle and eminence which is normally of minimal size. Excessive craniofacial flexion, or the retention of a juvenile configuration of the mandible, could result in increasing this integrity maintenance force and cause crepitation and clicking. Ajustment of the ligaments could reduce these pathological manifestations.", "PMID": 645346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2257", "title": "[The vascularization of the submucous external plexus (Schabadasch) and the submucous internal plexus (Meissner) in the small intestine of swine and cat].", "content": "Each ganglion of the plexus Schabadasch is supplied by a specific periganglionic capillary network. Within the plexus Meissner, several ganglia are connected to circulation areas. The communicating branches of the plexus Schabadasch have their own capillary system; as to the plexus Meissner, this is valid for the cat only. The results allow to conclude that the centres of the intramural nervous system of the intestinal wall are equipped with a preferred and self-acting vascularization.", "contents": "[The vascularization of the submucous external plexus (Schabadasch) and the submucous internal plexus (Meissner) in the small intestine of swine and cat]. Each ganglion of the plexus Schabadasch is supplied by a specific periganglionic capillary network. Within the plexus Meissner, several ganglia are connected to circulation areas. The communicating branches of the plexus Schabadasch have their own capillary system; as to the plexus Meissner, this is valid for the cat only. The results allow to conclude that the centres of the intramural nervous system of the intestinal wall are equipped with a preferred and self-acting vascularization.", "PMID": 645347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2258", "title": "Comparative morphometric analysis of vermilion border epithelium and lip epidermis.", "content": "A comparative morphometric study of lip epithelia in cattle, rats, and humans was undertaken using stereological techniques. Vermilion border and skin specimens of cattle, rats and humans were processed under standardized conditions for light microscopic observation. Stereological techniques were employed to obtain volumetric densities of each epithelial layer. The results obtained show that although the absolute volume of each epithelial stratum of the vermilion border and of the skin varies markedly in the different species studied, the relative volume of these strata in relation to the entire epithelium is similar in all epithelia.", "contents": "Comparative morphometric analysis of vermilion border epithelium and lip epidermis. A comparative morphometric study of lip epithelia in cattle, rats, and humans was undertaken using stereological techniques. Vermilion border and skin specimens of cattle, rats and humans were processed under standardized conditions for light microscopic observation. Stereological techniques were employed to obtain volumetric densities of each epithelial layer. The results obtained show that although the absolute volume of each epithelial stratum of the vermilion border and of the skin varies markedly in the different species studied, the relative volume of these strata in relation to the entire epithelium is similar in all epithelia.", "PMID": 645348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2259", "title": "Clinical features of the spinal form of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Out of a data pool of 1271 patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) a total of 109 cases are selected having a sole spinal symptomatology throughout the course of the disease. This group differs in three particular features from the non-spinal forms of MS: In this group there is a higher percentage of females, the age at onset of the disease is higher, and the course of the disease is more often chronic progressive from the beginning. After the mean duration of 11 years, the spinal and the non-spinal cases show the same grade of disability. The ability to work is slightly better for spinal cases; office workers are able to keep their jobs longer after the onset to the disease than patients with any other occupation. The spinal form of MS is discussed in respect to its relationship to the classical form of MS and as a differential diagnosis to other spinal processes.", "contents": "Clinical features of the spinal form of multiple sclerosis. Out of a data pool of 1271 patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) a total of 109 cases are selected having a sole spinal symptomatology throughout the course of the disease. This group differs in three particular features from the non-spinal forms of MS: In this group there is a higher percentage of females, the age at onset of the disease is higher, and the course of the disease is more often chronic progressive from the beginning. After the mean duration of 11 years, the spinal and the non-spinal cases show the same grade of disability. The ability to work is slightly better for spinal cases; office workers are able to keep their jobs longer after the onset to the disease than patients with any other occupation. The spinal form of MS is discussed in respect to its relationship to the classical form of MS and as a differential diagnosis to other spinal processes.", "PMID": 645350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2260", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on protein extravasation in the brain in acute hypertension induced by amphetamine.", "content": "Amphetamine productes protein leakage in the brain when given to rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia. The blood-brain barrier dysfunction is caused by the combined effect of blood pressure increase and vasodilatation. In the present experiments pretreatment with dexamethasone, 2 mg.kg-1, diminished the amphetamine-induced extravasation of Evans blue albumin and 125IHSA in the rats' brain. Possible explanations to the effect of dexamethasone on cerebrovascular permeability are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on protein extravasation in the brain in acute hypertension induced by amphetamine. Amphetamine productes protein leakage in the brain when given to rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia. The blood-brain barrier dysfunction is caused by the combined effect of blood pressure increase and vasodilatation. In the present experiments pretreatment with dexamethasone, 2 mg.kg-1, diminished the amphetamine-induced extravasation of Evans blue albumin and 125IHSA in the rats' brain. Possible explanations to the effect of dexamethasone on cerebrovascular permeability are discussed.", "PMID": 645352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2261", "title": "Spina bifida: epidemiological data from a pilot study.", "content": "The epidemiology of spina bifida has great geographical variation. A small unselected group of patients were registered as part of a pilot project on infantile hydrocephalus. Twenty-two patients, born 1963-69 in Vejle county, Denmark were identified, giving an incidence of 0.77 per 1000 births. The mothers had 26 pregnancies prior to the spina bifida children; 14 of these had resulted in normal viable infants (54%). Seven of the patients had other congenital malformations, unrelated to the neural tube defect. All unoperated patients died. Four of 10 operated children were alive at age 7-12 years, three of them without handicap.", "contents": "Spina bifida: epidemiological data from a pilot study. The epidemiology of spina bifida has great geographical variation. A small unselected group of patients were registered as part of a pilot project on infantile hydrocephalus. Twenty-two patients, born 1963-69 in Vejle county, Denmark were identified, giving an incidence of 0.77 per 1000 births. The mothers had 26 pregnancies prior to the spina bifida children; 14 of these had resulted in normal viable infants (54%). Seven of the patients had other congenital malformations, unrelated to the neural tube defect. All unoperated patients died. Four of 10 operated children were alive at age 7-12 years, three of them without handicap.", "PMID": 645353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2262", "title": "Development of perifocal edema in experimental epilepsy induced by cobalt-gelatin.", "content": "Two blood-borne tracers, Evans-blue albumin (EBA) and colloidal-iron (Ferrlecit) were applied to visualize the development of perifocal edema in experimental epilepsy induced by cobalt-gelatin (Co-gelatin). This model is known to produce central necrosis with gliomesenchymal scar and peripheral transitory zone in the brain cortex. Characteristic red fluorescence of EBA was detected diffusely in the necrotic area surrounding the Co-gelatin implant and EBA labelled individual neurons reflecting cell membrane injury in the transitory zone. The colloidal iron tracer was localized mainly in the gliomesenchymal scar. It is proposed that neurons with altered membrane permeability to EBA in the transitory zone may play a role in the genesis of epileptic spike activity. The marked labelling of the gliomesenchymal scar by colloidal-iron indicates furthermore that this newly vascularized tissue with leaky capillaries may be a source of perifocal edema.", "contents": "Development of perifocal edema in experimental epilepsy induced by cobalt-gelatin. Two blood-borne tracers, Evans-blue albumin (EBA) and colloidal-iron (Ferrlecit) were applied to visualize the development of perifocal edema in experimental epilepsy induced by cobalt-gelatin (Co-gelatin). This model is known to produce central necrosis with gliomesenchymal scar and peripheral transitory zone in the brain cortex. Characteristic red fluorescence of EBA was detected diffusely in the necrotic area surrounding the Co-gelatin implant and EBA labelled individual neurons reflecting cell membrane injury in the transitory zone. The colloidal iron tracer was localized mainly in the gliomesenchymal scar. It is proposed that neurons with altered membrane permeability to EBA in the transitory zone may play a role in the genesis of epileptic spike activity. The marked labelling of the gliomesenchymal scar by colloidal-iron indicates furthermore that this newly vascularized tissue with leaky capillaries may be a source of perifocal edema.", "PMID": 645355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2263", "title": "Axonal regeneration in experimental allergic peripheral neuritis.", "content": "It has recently been suggested that severed axons fail to regenerate in the mammalian central nervous system as a result of an autoimmune reaction to myelin basic protein released into the circulation at the time of injury. Since the autoantigenic components of peripheral myelin are rapidly phagocytosed after axonal transection, it is claimed that a comparable immune response does not occur following injury to peripheral nerves, so the regenerative process is not hindered. If this contention is correct, it should be possible to inhibit the regeneration of peripheral axons by inoculating animals with suitable neuritogenic homogenates of peripheral nervous tissue. It has been shown that axonal regneration proceeds at the same rate in rats with experimental allergic neuritis as in healthy controls inoculated only with Freund's adjuvant. It is unlikely, therefore, that myelin basic proteins can stimulate the production of antibodies capable of inhibiting regenerative axonal growth.", "contents": "Axonal regeneration in experimental allergic peripheral neuritis. It has recently been suggested that severed axons fail to regenerate in the mammalian central nervous system as a result of an autoimmune reaction to myelin basic protein released into the circulation at the time of injury. Since the autoantigenic components of peripheral myelin are rapidly phagocytosed after axonal transection, it is claimed that a comparable immune response does not occur following injury to peripheral nerves, so the regenerative process is not hindered. If this contention is correct, it should be possible to inhibit the regeneration of peripheral axons by inoculating animals with suitable neuritogenic homogenates of peripheral nervous tissue. It has been shown that axonal regneration proceeds at the same rate in rats with experimental allergic neuritis as in healthy controls inoculated only with Freund's adjuvant. It is unlikely, therefore, that myelin basic proteins can stimulate the production of antibodies capable of inhibiting regenerative axonal growth.", "PMID": 645356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2264", "title": "Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the adult. Electron microscopic observations.", "content": "The fine structure and reproductive mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii are described in a case of toxoplasma encephalitis. Replication was observed in glial cells by an internal budding process: endodyogeny. Distinctive ultrastructural features associated with host cell penetration, and encystation are described. Electron microscopic features previously reported in tissue culture and in experimentally produced infections with T. gondii are confirmed in the human brain tissue.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the adult. Electron microscopic observations. The fine structure and reproductive mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii are described in a case of toxoplasma encephalitis. Replication was observed in glial cells by an internal budding process: endodyogeny. Distinctive ultrastructural features associated with host cell penetration, and encystation are described. Electron microscopic features previously reported in tissue culture and in experimentally produced infections with T. gondii are confirmed in the human brain tissue.", "PMID": 645358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2265", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of malignant gliomas. A comparative study of glioma cells in smear preparations and in tissue culture.", "content": "Smear preparations from 15 malignant gliomas, 2 metastatic carcinomas and from normal brain were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Tissue culture preparations from malignant gliomas were also studied. In the better differentiated areas of gliomas, the cells in smears were stellate with multiple long interweaving processes 0.25--1.3 micrometer in diameter which could be distinguished from myelinated nerve fibers (1.3--5 micrometer) and from fibrin (0.08--0.3 micrometer) by their thickness and arrangement in the tissue. The relationship of glial processes to blood vessels within the tumour was well demonstrated in smears. Metastatic carcinoma cells lacked the processes seen in glioma cell smears and did not show the same relationship to blood vessels. The more anaplastic glioma cells had fewer processes and ovoid cell bodies covered with surface ruffles and microvilli similar to the cell membrane projections in the nuclear regions of glioma cells in culture. The relationship of the surface morphology of glioma cells in smears to the known invasive nature of these tumours is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of malignant gliomas. A comparative study of glioma cells in smear preparations and in tissue culture. Smear preparations from 15 malignant gliomas, 2 metastatic carcinomas and from normal brain were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Tissue culture preparations from malignant gliomas were also studied. In the better differentiated areas of gliomas, the cells in smears were stellate with multiple long interweaving processes 0.25--1.3 micrometer in diameter which could be distinguished from myelinated nerve fibers (1.3--5 micrometer) and from fibrin (0.08--0.3 micrometer) by their thickness and arrangement in the tissue. The relationship of glial processes to blood vessels within the tumour was well demonstrated in smears. Metastatic carcinoma cells lacked the processes seen in glioma cell smears and did not show the same relationship to blood vessels. The more anaplastic glioma cells had fewer processes and ovoid cell bodies covered with surface ruffles and microvilli similar to the cell membrane projections in the nuclear regions of glioma cells in culture. The relationship of the surface morphology of glioma cells in smears to the known invasive nature of these tumours is discussed.", "PMID": 645359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2266", "title": "Activities of enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway in nervous system tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea.", "content": "The activities of three enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) were measured in frozen samples of rat cerebral cortex and ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors of the rat nervous system. Results show that in most tumors, adequate amounts of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and transketolase (TK) were present so as not to be rate-limiting for utilization of the HMP. When enzyme activites were expressed on the basis of fresh weight, TK was increased in most tumors as compared with cerebral cortex; G6PDH and 6PGDH were more variable, showing either higher or lower activities in tumors as compared to control. Tumors in general had a lower protein content than cerebral cortex. When activities were expressed in terms of this protein content, mean values for the dehydrogenases in all groups of tumors were higher than the average value in cortex, indicating that G6PDH and 6PGDH were spared in tumors relative to other proteins. TK activities in tumors, expressed in terms of cytosol protein were lower than or in the same range as cortex. Increased activities of HMP enzymes in some tumors indicated that the potential activity of the HMP in some (but not all) tumors of the nervous system is greater than that of cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Activities of enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway in nervous system tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea. The activities of three enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) were measured in frozen samples of rat cerebral cortex and ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors of the rat nervous system. Results show that in most tumors, adequate amounts of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and transketolase (TK) were present so as not to be rate-limiting for utilization of the HMP. When enzyme activites were expressed on the basis of fresh weight, TK was increased in most tumors as compared with cerebral cortex; G6PDH and 6PGDH were more variable, showing either higher or lower activities in tumors as compared to control. Tumors in general had a lower protein content than cerebral cortex. When activities were expressed in terms of this protein content, mean values for the dehydrogenases in all groups of tumors were higher than the average value in cortex, indicating that G6PDH and 6PGDH were spared in tumors relative to other proteins. TK activities in tumors, expressed in terms of cytosol protein were lower than or in the same range as cortex. Increased activities of HMP enzymes in some tumors indicated that the potential activity of the HMP in some (but not all) tumors of the nervous system is greater than that of cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 645360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2267", "title": "Electron microscopic structure of the Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes in case of atypical senile dementia.", "content": "A man aged 70, showed early disorientation, memory defects, delusions and rages at 66, later mental deterioration with muteness and dysphagia. He died of cardiac failure. The postmortem examination revealed macroscopically and light microscopically the neuropathological findings of atypical senile dementia. Moreover, it is the interesting characteristic in the presented case that there are electron microscopically two types of filaments making the neurofibrillary tangles. One showed the so-called \"paired helical filaments\", which were observed in the cerebral cortex. The other showed paralled \"straight filaments\". These \"straight filaments\" were found in the bilateral hippocampi.", "contents": "Electron microscopic structure of the Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes in case of atypical senile dementia. A man aged 70, showed early disorientation, memory defects, delusions and rages at 66, later mental deterioration with muteness and dysphagia. He died of cardiac failure. The postmortem examination revealed macroscopically and light microscopically the neuropathological findings of atypical senile dementia. Moreover, it is the interesting characteristic in the presented case that there are electron microscopically two types of filaments making the neurofibrillary tangles. One showed the so-called \"paired helical filaments\", which were observed in the cerebral cortex. The other showed paralled \"straight filaments\". These \"straight filaments\" were found in the bilateral hippocampi.", "PMID": 645361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2268", "title": "Bovine normal peripheral nerve and nerve sheath tumour in explant culture.", "content": "When bovine normal nerve and nerve sheath tumours were cultured using explant techniques, the same morphological cell types were seen:thin bipolar cells with bulging nuclei;found refractile cells; large quadrangular cells; variable polar, wide-processed cells. However, differences in the pattern of cell growth and the proportions of morphological cell types occurred between normal and tumour nerve. The bovine nerve sheath tumours cultured showed a range of histological areas which did not appear to affect the pattern of cell growth in culture or the cell types present. Antoni type A tissue was prominent in many explant blocks and probably gave rise to most cell growth. On comparison with human schwannomas maintained in explant culture, bovine nerve sheath tumours appeared to have a similar range of morphological cell types. Although suggestions for the origin of human schwannomas have been made on the basis of cell morphology, it was felt that morphology alone did not allow speculation on the origin of cells present in bovine nerve sheath tumour explant cell growth.", "contents": "Bovine normal peripheral nerve and nerve sheath tumour in explant culture. When bovine normal nerve and nerve sheath tumours were cultured using explant techniques, the same morphological cell types were seen:thin bipolar cells with bulging nuclei;found refractile cells; large quadrangular cells; variable polar, wide-processed cells. However, differences in the pattern of cell growth and the proportions of morphological cell types occurred between normal and tumour nerve. The bovine nerve sheath tumours cultured showed a range of histological areas which did not appear to affect the pattern of cell growth in culture or the cell types present. Antoni type A tissue was prominent in many explant blocks and probably gave rise to most cell growth. On comparison with human schwannomas maintained in explant culture, bovine nerve sheath tumours appeared to have a similar range of morphological cell types. Although suggestions for the origin of human schwannomas have been made on the basis of cell morphology, it was felt that morphology alone did not allow speculation on the origin of cells present in bovine nerve sheath tumour explant cell growth.", "PMID": 645362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2269", "title": "Melanosis of the dentate nucleus: fine structure and histochemistry.", "content": "Ultrastructural and histochemical studies were done on a rare case of primary melanosis of the dentate nucleus. The coexistence of extraneuronal neuromelanin and glial lipofuscin in that region was observed and the interconvertability of these two pigments is suggested.", "contents": "Melanosis of the dentate nucleus: fine structure and histochemistry. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies were done on a rare case of primary melanosis of the dentate nucleus. The coexistence of extraneuronal neuromelanin and glial lipofuscin in that region was observed and the interconvertability of these two pigments is suggested.", "PMID": 645363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2270", "title": "Short-latency ventilatory responses to sudden withdrawal of hypoxia at normal and raised body temperature in man.", "content": "Approximately isopnoeic conditions (VE=40 l/min) were achieved by the inhalation of asphyxial gas mixtures (PA,O2 60 torr, PA,CO2 40-45 torr) in normothermia after a rise in rectal temperature of 1.6 degrees C had been induced by a heated flying suit. Arterial chemoreceptor drive was transiently reduced by either isocapnic removal of hypoxia (type (1) tests: two breaths of CO2 in O2) or simultaneous withdrawal of both hypercapnia and hypoxia (type (2) tests: two breaths of O2). 8-13 tests of each type were performed at both temperature conditions in 6 expts. on 4 healthy human subjects. Expired volume, total breath duration and inspiratory time were recorded, and minute ventilation and expiratory time subsequently computed breath by breath. In hyperthermia the steady-state ventilation of 40 l/min (at a relatively higher respiratory frequency and a correspondingly lower tidal volume) was achieved at a PA,CO2 which was 5 torr lower than in normothermia. Ventilation decreased significantly in all tests. Tested with a 3-way analysis of variance significant differences between the ventilatory responses at the two temperature conditions, and between the two test types were found. The rate of change of ventilation was greater in hyperthermia than in normothermia, and also greater in type (2) tests than in type (1) tests. Since isopnoeic conditions existed prior to the tests, this implies that the arterial chemoreceptor contribution to the total ventilatory drive is increased in hyperthermia. In type (2) tests a significant lengthening of expiratory time was observed in the first test breath. This finding confirms the effect in man of changes in airway PCO2 on lung stretch receptor discharge.", "contents": "Short-latency ventilatory responses to sudden withdrawal of hypoxia at normal and raised body temperature in man. Approximately isopnoeic conditions (VE=40 l/min) were achieved by the inhalation of asphyxial gas mixtures (PA,O2 60 torr, PA,CO2 40-45 torr) in normothermia after a rise in rectal temperature of 1.6 degrees C had been induced by a heated flying suit. Arterial chemoreceptor drive was transiently reduced by either isocapnic removal of hypoxia (type (1) tests: two breaths of CO2 in O2) or simultaneous withdrawal of both hypercapnia and hypoxia (type (2) tests: two breaths of O2). 8-13 tests of each type were performed at both temperature conditions in 6 expts. on 4 healthy human subjects. Expired volume, total breath duration and inspiratory time were recorded, and minute ventilation and expiratory time subsequently computed breath by breath. In hyperthermia the steady-state ventilation of 40 l/min (at a relatively higher respiratory frequency and a correspondingly lower tidal volume) was achieved at a PA,CO2 which was 5 torr lower than in normothermia. Ventilation decreased significantly in all tests. Tested with a 3-way analysis of variance significant differences between the ventilatory responses at the two temperature conditions, and between the two test types were found. The rate of change of ventilation was greater in hyperthermia than in normothermia, and also greater in type (2) tests than in type (1) tests. Since isopnoeic conditions existed prior to the tests, this implies that the arterial chemoreceptor contribution to the total ventilatory drive is increased in hyperthermia. In type (2) tests a significant lengthening of expiratory time was observed in the first test breath. This finding confirms the effect in man of changes in airway PCO2 on lung stretch receptor discharge.", "PMID": 645371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2271", "title": "Anticholeretic effect of substance P in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Nine anesthetized dogs were provided with acute common duct fistulas after exclusion of the gallbladder. Synthetic Substance P was administered as caval infusions in a dosage of 0.5-20 ng x kg-1 x min-1, duration 10 min. The output of hepatic bile, sodium and amylase decreased during infusion by 40-52 per cent at the highest doses. After termination of infusion all 3 parameters increased by 19-60 per cent above the basal level. The biliary concentration of sodium was constant, while that of amylase increased during infusion. The responses were dose-related. The anticholeresis induced by substance P might be due to inhibition of the canalicular bile fraction, which presumably is mediated by active sodium transport and independent of bile salt excretion.", "contents": "Anticholeretic effect of substance P in anesthetized dogs. Nine anesthetized dogs were provided with acute common duct fistulas after exclusion of the gallbladder. Synthetic Substance P was administered as caval infusions in a dosage of 0.5-20 ng x kg-1 x min-1, duration 10 min. The output of hepatic bile, sodium and amylase decreased during infusion by 40-52 per cent at the highest doses. After termination of infusion all 3 parameters increased by 19-60 per cent above the basal level. The biliary concentration of sodium was constant, while that of amylase increased during infusion. The responses were dose-related. The anticholeresis induced by substance P might be due to inhibition of the canalicular bile fraction, which presumably is mediated by active sodium transport and independent of bile salt excretion.", "PMID": 645372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2272", "title": "Maturation of circulating red blood cells in young baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.).", "content": "The maturation of circulating red blood cells (RBC) in salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been studied. A developmental RBC series of 6 classes based on morphological criteria was proposed. After a single dose of iron (55Fe) given to 5-6 months old salmon the incorporation of radioactivity in maturing RBC was followed by autoradiography on blood smears. The relative distribution of labelled RBC between the 6 classes in specimens taken 15, 20, 41, and 52 days after the injection of iron showed that the RBC matured along the proposed series. The projected area of the RBC increased by 100% during the maturation. This RBC growth was caused by an elongation of the RBC. Thus the ratio between short and long axes of the RBC decreased with maturation and can be used as a measure of the degree of maturation. The uptake of radioactive iron measured as grain count per RBC or per projected area of the RBC increased during the maturation in classes II-IV. Radioactive iron was not incorporated by mature RBC. The maturation time from class I to class VI was shorter than 41 days. RBC iron bound to non-haemoglobin proteins as a possible restriction in estimations of the haemoglobin concentrations of developing RBC is discussed.", "contents": "Maturation of circulating red blood cells in young baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The maturation of circulating red blood cells (RBC) in salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been studied. A developmental RBC series of 6 classes based on morphological criteria was proposed. After a single dose of iron (55Fe) given to 5-6 months old salmon the incorporation of radioactivity in maturing RBC was followed by autoradiography on blood smears. The relative distribution of labelled RBC between the 6 classes in specimens taken 15, 20, 41, and 52 days after the injection of iron showed that the RBC matured along the proposed series. The projected area of the RBC increased by 100% during the maturation. This RBC growth was caused by an elongation of the RBC. Thus the ratio between short and long axes of the RBC decreased with maturation and can be used as a measure of the degree of maturation. The uptake of radioactive iron measured as grain count per RBC or per projected area of the RBC increased during the maturation in classes II-IV. Radioactive iron was not incorporated by mature RBC. The maturation time from class I to class VI was shorter than 41 days. RBC iron bound to non-haemoglobin proteins as a possible restriction in estimations of the haemoglobin concentrations of developing RBC is discussed.", "PMID": 645373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2273", "title": "Insulin-stimulated bile formation in cats.", "content": "The effects of insulin on bile flow and composition were examined in fasting, chloralose-anesthetized cats. Insulin in doses from 0.01 to 2.00 U/kg increased bile flow and biliary erythritol clearance without any detectable change in the difference between them; thus insulin presumably had no effect on ductular fluid transport. Continuous infusion of insulin (0.8 U/kg+0.05 U/kg/min or 0.05 U/kg+0.002 U/kg/min) increased biliary erythritol clearance by 22%. The increase was caused by a rise in the bile acid-independent fraction of bile production and accompanied by a parallel increase in the rates of biliary excretion of Na+ and Cl-. When ouabain, 80 micrograms/kg, was injected intraportally during insulin infusion the erythritol clearance, bile flow and the rates of biliary excretion of Na+ and Cl- were lowered towards but not to their preinsulin levels. The effects of insulin on these parameters were unchanged after atropin or gastrectomy and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose was without effect on bile production. The results indicate that administration of insulin affects bile formation by stimulating the active transport of sodium across the canalicular membrane.", "contents": "Insulin-stimulated bile formation in cats. The effects of insulin on bile flow and composition were examined in fasting, chloralose-anesthetized cats. Insulin in doses from 0.01 to 2.00 U/kg increased bile flow and biliary erythritol clearance without any detectable change in the difference between them; thus insulin presumably had no effect on ductular fluid transport. Continuous infusion of insulin (0.8 U/kg+0.05 U/kg/min or 0.05 U/kg+0.002 U/kg/min) increased biliary erythritol clearance by 22%. The increase was caused by a rise in the bile acid-independent fraction of bile production and accompanied by a parallel increase in the rates of biliary excretion of Na+ and Cl-. When ouabain, 80 micrograms/kg, was injected intraportally during insulin infusion the erythritol clearance, bile flow and the rates of biliary excretion of Na+ and Cl- were lowered towards but not to their preinsulin levels. The effects of insulin on these parameters were unchanged after atropin or gastrectomy and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose was without effect on bile production. The results indicate that administration of insulin affects bile formation by stimulating the active transport of sodium across the canalicular membrane.", "PMID": 645374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2274", "title": "Circulatory and metabolic effects in the brain induced by amphetamine sulphate.", "content": "Cerebral circulatory and metabolic effects of amphetamine sulphate (0.25-25 mg.kg-1 i.v. or 5-10 mg.kg-1 i.p.) were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and artifically ventilated rats. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a modification of the Kety and Schmidt (1948) technique, and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) was calculated from CBF and arteriovenous differences in oxygen content. Regional CBF was evaluated from the uptake of 14C-ethanol. Cortical metabolites were analysed following freezing of tissue in situ. Amphetamine administration gave rise to a marked increase in CBF that was doubled following 0.25 mg.kg-1 and increased 4-fold following 15 mg.kg-1. However, such excessive increases in flow were confined to frontoparietal cortical regions, while other cortical or subcortical areas showed more moderate hyperemia. The increase in CBF was unrelated to changes in arterial PCO2, blood pressure, or tissue lactate content. CMRO2 increased by 30% to 95% depending on dose and rat strain used. At all doses employed, amphetamine gave rise to glycogenolysis in cerebral cortex but, in animals studied within the first 30 min after 5 mg.kg-1, or less, the only other changes were increases in glucose-6-phosphate and alpha-ketoglutarate concentrations. When the dose was increased to 15 mg.kg-1, there were moderate increased in lactate concentration and lactate/pyruvate ratio. Sixty min after 5 mg.kg-1 there were increases in tissue concentrations of pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates and alanine, as well.", "contents": "Circulatory and metabolic effects in the brain induced by amphetamine sulphate. Cerebral circulatory and metabolic effects of amphetamine sulphate (0.25-25 mg.kg-1 i.v. or 5-10 mg.kg-1 i.p.) were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and artifically ventilated rats. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a modification of the Kety and Schmidt (1948) technique, and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) was calculated from CBF and arteriovenous differences in oxygen content. Regional CBF was evaluated from the uptake of 14C-ethanol. Cortical metabolites were analysed following freezing of tissue in situ. Amphetamine administration gave rise to a marked increase in CBF that was doubled following 0.25 mg.kg-1 and increased 4-fold following 15 mg.kg-1. However, such excessive increases in flow were confined to frontoparietal cortical regions, while other cortical or subcortical areas showed more moderate hyperemia. The increase in CBF was unrelated to changes in arterial PCO2, blood pressure, or tissue lactate content. CMRO2 increased by 30% to 95% depending on dose and rat strain used. At all doses employed, amphetamine gave rise to glycogenolysis in cerebral cortex but, in animals studied within the first 30 min after 5 mg.kg-1, or less, the only other changes were increases in glucose-6-phosphate and alpha-ketoglutarate concentrations. When the dose was increased to 15 mg.kg-1, there were moderate increased in lactate concentration and lactate/pyruvate ratio. Sixty min after 5 mg.kg-1 there were increases in tissue concentrations of pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates and alanine, as well.", "PMID": 645375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2275", "title": "The extracellular potassium concentration in brain cortex following ischemia in hypo- and hyperglycemic rats.", "content": "The extracellular potassium concentration, [K+]e, was measured in the brain cortex of hypo-, normo- and hyperglycemic rats following brain ischemia. The increase in [K+]e in control rats could be characterized by 3 phases: an initial slow rate of rise where the [K+]e rose in 2 min from 3 to 9 mM followed by an abrupt, steep increase to 60 mM within 10 s and finally a slow rise to 80 mM. In the hyper- and hypoglycemic rats the same pattern appeared, but there were significant differences in the time course. The duration of the initial phase was approximately doubled in the hyperglycemic and halved in the hypoglycemic group. The [K+]e at which the steep increase was elicited was 8--10 mM in all groups. It is concluded that the duration of the initial phase is dependent upon available stores of glucose in the brain.", "contents": "The extracellular potassium concentration in brain cortex following ischemia in hypo- and hyperglycemic rats. The extracellular potassium concentration, [K+]e, was measured in the brain cortex of hypo-, normo- and hyperglycemic rats following brain ischemia. The increase in [K+]e in control rats could be characterized by 3 phases: an initial slow rate of rise where the [K+]e rose in 2 min from 3 to 9 mM followed by an abrupt, steep increase to 60 mM within 10 s and finally a slow rise to 80 mM. In the hyper- and hypoglycemic rats the same pattern appeared, but there were significant differences in the time course. The duration of the initial phase was approximately doubled in the hyperglycemic and halved in the hypoglycemic group. The [K+]e at which the steep increase was elicited was 8--10 mM in all groups. It is concluded that the duration of the initial phase is dependent upon available stores of glucose in the brain.", "PMID": 645376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2276", "title": "Electric activity of rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro.", "content": "Regenerative responses were seen in most cells either after cessation of an inward current pulse or during an outward current pulse. Two cell groups were distinguished electrophysiologically. Type I cells showed action potentials with maximum rate of rise of 21.2+/-9.0 V/sec (mean+/-S.D., n=19), while type II cells generated small graded depolarising responses with maximum rate of rise less than 3 V/s. The resting potentials of type I and II cells were 31.8+/-14.9 mV (n=19) and 41.7+/-9.8 mV (n=31), respectively. The steady-state current/voltage relationship was linear for both cell types when the membrane potential was more negative than -60 mV. An outward rectification appeared when the membrane potential was more positive than -40 mV. The input resistance was smaller in type I cells (274+/-212 Momega, n=19) than in type II cells (1 112+/-456 Momega, n=16). Even in Na-free solution regenerative responses were observed in most cells. When the Ca2+ concentration was increased tenfold to 24 mM, the maximum rate of rise of the off-response increased from 1.9+/-0.8 V/s (n=11) to 5.7+/-2.12 V/s (n=5). All-or-none action potentials could be evoked in this Ca2+ rich solution. Action potentials of similar maximum rate of rise could be evoked after replacing 24 mM Ca2+ with isomolar Sr2+. Prolonged action potentials were seen after subsitution of Ca2+ for Ba2+. It is concluded that action potentials in most anterior pituitary cells have a Ca component, which in type I cells is additional to a Na component.", "contents": "Electric activity of rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Regenerative responses were seen in most cells either after cessation of an inward current pulse or during an outward current pulse. Two cell groups were distinguished electrophysiologically. Type I cells showed action potentials with maximum rate of rise of 21.2+/-9.0 V/sec (mean+/-S.D., n=19), while type II cells generated small graded depolarising responses with maximum rate of rise less than 3 V/s. The resting potentials of type I and II cells were 31.8+/-14.9 mV (n=19) and 41.7+/-9.8 mV (n=31), respectively. The steady-state current/voltage relationship was linear for both cell types when the membrane potential was more negative than -60 mV. An outward rectification appeared when the membrane potential was more positive than -40 mV. The input resistance was smaller in type I cells (274+/-212 Momega, n=19) than in type II cells (1 112+/-456 Momega, n=16). Even in Na-free solution regenerative responses were observed in most cells. When the Ca2+ concentration was increased tenfold to 24 mM, the maximum rate of rise of the off-response increased from 1.9+/-0.8 V/s (n=11) to 5.7+/-2.12 V/s (n=5). All-or-none action potentials could be evoked in this Ca2+ rich solution. Action potentials of similar maximum rate of rise could be evoked after replacing 24 mM Ca2+ with isomolar Sr2+. Prolonged action potentials were seen after subsitution of Ca2+ for Ba2+. It is concluded that action potentials in most anterior pituitary cells have a Ca component, which in type I cells is additional to a Na component.", "PMID": 645377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2277", "title": "Blood flow distribution in the renal portal system of the intact hen. A study of venous system using microspheres.", "content": "The blood flow in the renal portal system of intact hens was characterized by determining the fractional distribution of 15 microns and 50 microns microspheres in this system after injection into a leg vein. Validation tests showed that only 50 microns spheres gave reliable estimation of this distribution. The blood flow in the coccy-geomesenteric vein was directed towards the liver in nearly all cases. On the average 44, 47 and 8% of the portal blood from the external iliac vein perfused the ipsilateral kidney, the liver and the lungs, respectively. However, the distribution of portal blood to these organs varied considerably between individuals and changed appreciably within 35 min in half the animals studied. The reason for these variations is not clear. The portal blood from the right and left external iliac veins was asymmetrically distributed in most animals illustrating the importance of local factors in its regulation. Variation was great in the regional distribution of portal blood within the kidney possibly due to local vasoconstriction of portal vessels. Further information e.g. on the regulation of renal portal blood flow is needed to explain its physiological significance. Microspheres provide a convenient method for such studies. A combination of microsphere and Sperber techniques allows us to determine the renal excretion efficiency of a given substance.", "contents": "Blood flow distribution in the renal portal system of the intact hen. A study of venous system using microspheres. The blood flow in the renal portal system of intact hens was characterized by determining the fractional distribution of 15 microns and 50 microns microspheres in this system after injection into a leg vein. Validation tests showed that only 50 microns spheres gave reliable estimation of this distribution. The blood flow in the coccy-geomesenteric vein was directed towards the liver in nearly all cases. On the average 44, 47 and 8% of the portal blood from the external iliac vein perfused the ipsilateral kidney, the liver and the lungs, respectively. However, the distribution of portal blood to these organs varied considerably between individuals and changed appreciably within 35 min in half the animals studied. The reason for these variations is not clear. The portal blood from the right and left external iliac veins was asymmetrically distributed in most animals illustrating the importance of local factors in its regulation. Variation was great in the regional distribution of portal blood within the kidney possibly due to local vasoconstriction of portal vessels. Further information e.g. on the regulation of renal portal blood flow is needed to explain its physiological significance. Microspheres provide a convenient method for such studies. A combination of microsphere and Sperber techniques allows us to determine the renal excretion efficiency of a given substance.", "PMID": 645378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2278", "title": "Effects of pindolol, sotalol and the optical isomers of propranolol on muscle action potentials and depolarization-secretion coupling in the rat.", "content": "Muscle action potentials and miniature end-plate potential frequency were studied in different concentrations of pindolol, d- and l-propranolol and sotalol using intracellular microelectrode recording from rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. d-and l-propranolol at concentrations of 10 to 40 mg/l and pindolol at 20 to 100 mg/l slowed down the rate of rise, prolonged rise and half-decay times and reduced the overshoot of the muscle action potentials. Sotalol had similar effects but only at higher concentrations (100 to 200 mg/l). The drugs had no effect on the increase in the miniature end-plate potential frequence obtained with depolarization by increased extracellular potassium concentration.", "contents": "Effects of pindolol, sotalol and the optical isomers of propranolol on muscle action potentials and depolarization-secretion coupling in the rat. Muscle action potentials and miniature end-plate potential frequency were studied in different concentrations of pindolol, d- and l-propranolol and sotalol using intracellular microelectrode recording from rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. d-and l-propranolol at concentrations of 10 to 40 mg/l and pindolol at 20 to 100 mg/l slowed down the rate of rise, prolonged rise and half-decay times and reduced the overshoot of the muscle action potentials. Sotalol had similar effects but only at higher concentrations (100 to 200 mg/l). The drugs had no effect on the increase in the miniature end-plate potential frequence obtained with depolarization by increased extracellular potassium concentration.", "PMID": 645379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2279", "title": "Estrogen and the relaxant effect of intramural noradrenaline on calcium induced contractures in depolarized rat uterus.", "content": "The influence of intramural noradrenaline on calcium induced contractures was studied in isolated preparations of rat uterus. The depolarized (127 mM KCl) myometrium of oophorectomized rats responded with contraction followed by a transient relaxation when exposed to 3 mM calcium. The threshold concentration of calcium, where the transient relaxation began to appear, was between 0.25 and 0.5 mM. Blockade of the beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol or noradrenaline depletion with reserpine completely removed the transient relaxation, indicating that the latter was due to release of intramural noradrenaline. Estrogen treatment abolished the relaxant effect of intramural noradrenaline, whereas progesterone was ineffective in this respect. Preparations from rats in natural estrus responded like estrogenized tissues, and diestrus preparations behaved as uteri of oophorectomized rats without estrogen treatment.", "contents": "Estrogen and the relaxant effect of intramural noradrenaline on calcium induced contractures in depolarized rat uterus. The influence of intramural noradrenaline on calcium induced contractures was studied in isolated preparations of rat uterus. The depolarized (127 mM KCl) myometrium of oophorectomized rats responded with contraction followed by a transient relaxation when exposed to 3 mM calcium. The threshold concentration of calcium, where the transient relaxation began to appear, was between 0.25 and 0.5 mM. Blockade of the beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol or noradrenaline depletion with reserpine completely removed the transient relaxation, indicating that the latter was due to release of intramural noradrenaline. Estrogen treatment abolished the relaxant effect of intramural noradrenaline, whereas progesterone was ineffective in this respect. Preparations from rats in natural estrus responded like estrogenized tissues, and diestrus preparations behaved as uteri of oophorectomized rats without estrogen treatment.", "PMID": 645380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2280", "title": "Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release: IV. Prostaglandin synthesis is stimulated by myocardial adrenoceptors differing from the alpha- and beta-type.", "content": "The release of prostaglandin E elicited by sympathomimetic amines was studied in the isolated rabbit heart. The hearts were prepared according to Langendorff, with conventional recording of stroke frequency and contractile force. Assays were made of the outflow of PGE during exposition to equimolar concentrations of methoxamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline, in the absence and in the presence of phentolamine or propranolol. Noradrenaline caused an almost four-fold increase in the basal outflow of PGE from the heart, while methoxamine (an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist) and isoprenaline (a beta-adrenoceptor agonist) were both ineffective in this respect. Thus, the PGE-releasing capacity of the drugs was not correlated to their ability to activate alpha- or or beta-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, no relation was obtained between the PGE release induced by the drugs and the increase in heart rate and contractile force elicited by them. It is suggested that sympathomimetic drugs trigger PGE synthesis and release in the rabbit myocardium following activation of a hitherto unobserved adrenoceptive mechanism, optimally stimulated by NA.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release: IV. Prostaglandin synthesis is stimulated by myocardial adrenoceptors differing from the alpha- and beta-type. The release of prostaglandin E elicited by sympathomimetic amines was studied in the isolated rabbit heart. The hearts were prepared according to Langendorff, with conventional recording of stroke frequency and contractile force. Assays were made of the outflow of PGE during exposition to equimolar concentrations of methoxamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline, in the absence and in the presence of phentolamine or propranolol. Noradrenaline caused an almost four-fold increase in the basal outflow of PGE from the heart, while methoxamine (an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist) and isoprenaline (a beta-adrenoceptor agonist) were both ineffective in this respect. Thus, the PGE-releasing capacity of the drugs was not correlated to their ability to activate alpha- or or beta-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, no relation was obtained between the PGE release induced by the drugs and the increase in heart rate and contractile force elicited by them. It is suggested that sympathomimetic drugs trigger PGE synthesis and release in the rabbit myocardium following activation of a hitherto unobserved adrenoceptive mechanism, optimally stimulated by NA.", "PMID": 645381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2281", "title": "The clinical genetics of Pick's disease.", "content": "The families of 11 probands with Pick's disease as determined by histopathological examination, were investigated by interview and acquisition of medical records. The estimated morbid risk was 0.25 +/- 0.08 for parents and 0.07 +/- 0.07 for siblings or probands. Further analyses are presented that seek associations between morbid risk and age, sex and age of onset. Data needed for genetic counseling are included.", "contents": "The clinical genetics of Pick's disease. The families of 11 probands with Pick's disease as determined by histopathological examination, were investigated by interview and acquisition of medical records. The estimated morbid risk was 0.25 +/- 0.08 for parents and 0.07 +/- 0.07 for siblings or probands. Further analyses are presented that seek associations between morbid risk and age, sex and age of onset. Data needed for genetic counseling are included.", "PMID": 645410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2282", "title": "Clinical trial with bromperidol in psychotic states.", "content": "The author has given bromperidol to a first group of fifteen patients with a clear psychotic condition, mostly of the schizophrenic type. The results of this study show that this neuroleptic drug possesses potent antipsychotic properties, being thus very interesting in the treatment of productive psychosis. Its antimanic activity is, however, not pronounced. Therefore, it is not indicated in agitation states requiring heavy and immediate sedation. The general tolerability of the product is excellent. Its side-effects are mostly of the extrapyramidal type, generally mild and easily controlled by antiparkinson medications. Bromperidol, given in one single daily dose, is well accepted by the patients. It is therefore a valuable addition in the neuroleptic therapy as concerns prevention of relapses in psychotic conditions. Its stimulating properties on activity, concentration and socioprofessional adaptation make it particularly adequate for readaptation programs.", "contents": "Clinical trial with bromperidol in psychotic states. The author has given bromperidol to a first group of fifteen patients with a clear psychotic condition, mostly of the schizophrenic type. The results of this study show that this neuroleptic drug possesses potent antipsychotic properties, being thus very interesting in the treatment of productive psychosis. Its antimanic activity is, however, not pronounced. Therefore, it is not indicated in agitation states requiring heavy and immediate sedation. The general tolerability of the product is excellent. Its side-effects are mostly of the extrapyramidal type, generally mild and easily controlled by antiparkinson medications. Bromperidol, given in one single daily dose, is well accepted by the patients. It is therefore a valuable addition in the neuroleptic therapy as concerns prevention of relapses in psychotic conditions. Its stimulating properties on activity, concentration and socioprofessional adaptation make it particularly adequate for readaptation programs.", "PMID": 645404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2283", "title": "Depressive syndrome in schizophrenia.", "content": "A depressive syndrome, closely resembling melancholia, was found in a large proportion of chronic schizophrenic men. Depression was most prominent during acute psychotic phases and was characterized by a delusional core of worthlessness and guilt. The depressive syndrome may persist throughout the patient's psychotic life and appears to be an integral component of schizophrenic psychopathology.", "contents": "Depressive syndrome in schizophrenia. A depressive syndrome, closely resembling melancholia, was found in a large proportion of chronic schizophrenic men. Depression was most prominent during acute psychotic phases and was characterized by a delusional core of worthlessness and guilt. The depressive syndrome may persist throughout the patient's psychotic life and appears to be an integral component of schizophrenic psychopathology.", "PMID": 645411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2284", "title": "The purely neuroleptic effects and its relation to the \"neuroleptic threshold\".", "content": "Since 1953 when for the first time author pointed at correlation between clinical-neuroleptic effectiveness and the extrapyramidal system, more than 50,000 investigations with 30 different short-term and long-term neuroleptics have been carried out on approximately 850 schizophrenics whose extrapyramidal fine movements were tested according to author's handwriting-test. The results have been comprehended by author as follows: 1. the neuroleptic threshold; 2. the neuroleptic potency according to the neuroleptic threshold; 3. the neuroleptic therapeutic range; 4. the disposition to the neuroleptic threshold-dosage.", "contents": "The purely neuroleptic effects and its relation to the \"neuroleptic threshold\". Since 1953 when for the first time author pointed at correlation between clinical-neuroleptic effectiveness and the extrapyramidal system, more than 50,000 investigations with 30 different short-term and long-term neuroleptics have been carried out on approximately 850 schizophrenics whose extrapyramidal fine movements were tested according to author's handwriting-test. The results have been comprehended by author as follows: 1. the neuroleptic threshold; 2. the neuroleptic potency according to the neuroleptic threshold; 3. the neuroleptic therapeutic range; 4. the disposition to the neuroleptic threshold-dosage.", "PMID": 645405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2285", "title": "Rates and risks of depressive symptoms in a United States urban community.", "content": "The results of a U.S. urban community survey, conducted in 1967 and in 1969, show that 16--18% of the population have depressive symptoms at any one time. Similar rates are reported in five other studies where self-report depression symptom scales have been used. The relationship between depressive symptoms and the diagnosis of major depressive disorders still requires investigation since the presence of depressive symptoms does not necessarily indicate the diagnosis of a major or minor depressive disorder.", "contents": "Rates and risks of depressive symptoms in a United States urban community. The results of a U.S. urban community survey, conducted in 1967 and in 1969, show that 16--18% of the population have depressive symptoms at any one time. Similar rates are reported in five other studies where self-report depression symptom scales have been used. The relationship between depressive symptoms and the diagnosis of major depressive disorders still requires investigation since the presence of depressive symptoms does not necessarily indicate the diagnosis of a major or minor depressive disorder.", "PMID": 645412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2286", "title": "Metabolic fate of bromperidol in humans: comparison with rats and dogs.", "content": "The metabolic fate of an oral dose of 2 mg of 3H-bromperidol has been studied in two human subjects. During 5 days, about 50% of the radioactive dose was excreted by both subjects, somewhat more in the urine than in the faeces. Excretion rates were slow. Concentrations of radioactivity in plasma were low reaching a peak of 6-10 ng equivalents/ml during 1.5-4 hours, but concentrations of the parent drug were less than 0.5 ng/ml at all times. A major metabolite, more polar than bromperidol was present in human urine and is under investigation. The metabolic fate of bromperidol in humans is different from that in rats or dogs.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of bromperidol in humans: comparison with rats and dogs. The metabolic fate of an oral dose of 2 mg of 3H-bromperidol has been studied in two human subjects. During 5 days, about 50% of the radioactive dose was excreted by both subjects, somewhat more in the urine than in the faeces. Excretion rates were slow. Concentrations of radioactivity in plasma were low reaching a peak of 6-10 ng equivalents/ml during 1.5-4 hours, but concentrations of the parent drug were less than 0.5 ng/ml at all times. A major metabolite, more polar than bromperidol was present in human urine and is under investigation. The metabolic fate of bromperidol in humans is different from that in rats or dogs.", "PMID": 645407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2287", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine content of the whole blood in psychiatric illness and alcoholism.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT, serotonin) content of the whole blood has been measured in hospitalized groups of manic, depressed, schizophrenic and alcoholic patients; values were compared to non-psychotic controls. Only depressives had significantly different values. Alcoholics occupied an intermediate position between depressives and controls. Schizophrenics had virtually the same average level. Manic patients showed a very weak tendency toward higher values. Neuroleptic drugs in mania did not alter the blood 5HT levels, but in depression tricyclic antidepressants caused an elevation after 3 weeks of treatment. These post-treatment levels no longer differed significantly from those of non-psychotic controls.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine content of the whole blood in psychiatric illness and alcoholism. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT, serotonin) content of the whole blood has been measured in hospitalized groups of manic, depressed, schizophrenic and alcoholic patients; values were compared to non-psychotic controls. Only depressives had significantly different values. Alcoholics occupied an intermediate position between depressives and controls. Schizophrenics had virtually the same average level. Manic patients showed a very weak tendency toward higher values. Neuroleptic drugs in mania did not alter the blood 5HT levels, but in depression tricyclic antidepressants caused an elevation after 3 weeks of treatment. These post-treatment levels no longer differed significantly from those of non-psychotic controls.", "PMID": 645413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2288", "title": "Analytical methods for the determination of bromperidol in plasma.", "content": "The treatment with neuroleptic drugs, such as the butyrophenones, has been based on clinical empiricism, rather than on pharmacokinetic knowledge or on a clear understanding of the mode of action of the drugs. To obtain pharmacokinetic data a specific and sensitive analytical method is necessary. The determination of butyrophenones in a biological medium poses many analytical problems, due to the low dose of these drugs. Very recently Forsman published a pharmacokinetic study of haloperidol in man by electron capture detection. No such study is available for bromperidol. In our paper, we will present comparative data for the quantitative determination of bromperidol by mass fragmentography, gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and radioimmunoassay. Our results show that for the determination of bromperidol in plasma, only radioimmunoassay is sensitive enough to allow the easy determination of the low plasma levels to be expected for bromperidol.", "contents": "Analytical methods for the determination of bromperidol in plasma. The treatment with neuroleptic drugs, such as the butyrophenones, has been based on clinical empiricism, rather than on pharmacokinetic knowledge or on a clear understanding of the mode of action of the drugs. To obtain pharmacokinetic data a specific and sensitive analytical method is necessary. The determination of butyrophenones in a biological medium poses many analytical problems, due to the low dose of these drugs. Very recently Forsman published a pharmacokinetic study of haloperidol in man by electron capture detection. No such study is available for bromperidol. In our paper, we will present comparative data for the quantitative determination of bromperidol by mass fragmentography, gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and radioimmunoassay. Our results show that for the determination of bromperidol in plasma, only radioimmunoassay is sensitive enough to allow the easy determination of the low plasma levels to be expected for bromperidol.", "PMID": 645408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2289", "title": "Current trends of mental health care in Belgium.", "content": "Till 1970, most psychiatric patients were \"treated\" in legally closeed wards. The nursing and medical personnel were scarce. A fundamental change is now slowly taking place. From a legal point of view, many patients forcedly admitted are no longer under this legal status. From a hospital point of view, new standards have been enforced concerning medical and paramedical personnel, architecture and function. Another fact: in 1972 the closed psychiatric institutes were at last regarded as hospitals. Paralleling these changes, an effort is being made to create mental health services outside of the hospital. All of these modifications should allow the setting up of a curative and preventive psychiatry. The therapeutic function of the hospital should replace the residential function of the psychiatric hospitals.", "contents": "Current trends of mental health care in Belgium. Till 1970, most psychiatric patients were \"treated\" in legally closeed wards. The nursing and medical personnel were scarce. A fundamental change is now slowly taking place. From a legal point of view, many patients forcedly admitted are no longer under this legal status. From a hospital point of view, new standards have been enforced concerning medical and paramedical personnel, architecture and function. Another fact: in 1972 the closed psychiatric institutes were at last regarded as hospitals. Paralleling these changes, an effort is being made to create mental health services outside of the hospital. All of these modifications should allow the setting up of a curative and preventive psychiatry. The therapeutic function of the hospital should replace the residential function of the psychiatric hospitals.", "PMID": 645409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2290", "title": "Has tryptophan any anticonvulsive effect?", "content": "In an an intra-individual crossover trial depressed patients were treated with the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor L-tryptophan (L-TP) and unilateral ECT, or with unilateral ECT alone. The oral dose of L-TP was 6 g the day before ECT and 3 g on the day of ECT, 4 hours before the treatment. The seizure duration was measured on EEG records. The time of the electrical stimulation needed to induce generalized seizures was similar for both treatment alternatives. Thus L-TP seems not to elevate the threshold to ECT-induced convulsions. The mean duration of a seizure was significantly shorter when the patients were treated with L-TP + ECT than when treated with ECT alone. It is suggested that L-TP exerts an inhibitory influence on the ability to sustain epileptic activity.", "contents": "Has tryptophan any anticonvulsive effect? In an an intra-individual crossover trial depressed patients were treated with the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor L-tryptophan (L-TP) and unilateral ECT, or with unilateral ECT alone. The oral dose of L-TP was 6 g the day before ECT and 3 g on the day of ECT, 4 hours before the treatment. The seizure duration was measured on EEG records. The time of the electrical stimulation needed to induce generalized seizures was similar for both treatment alternatives. Thus L-TP seems not to elevate the threshold to ECT-induced convulsions. The mean duration of a seizure was significantly shorter when the patients were treated with L-TP + ECT than when treated with ECT alone. It is suggested that L-TP exerts an inhibitory influence on the ability to sustain epileptic activity.", "PMID": 645414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2291", "title": "Testing of roentgen film quality.", "content": "Evaluation of film quality is often based upon the film's characteristic curve. A practical test method implying radiography of sandpaper sheets has been devised, yielding crucial information about the quality, which cannot be derived from the characteristic curve. Since this test appears to give more valid information about film quality than conventional sensitometry, it is suggested that the test procedure should be standardised and used by the manufacturers.", "contents": "Testing of roentgen film quality. Evaluation of film quality is often based upon the film's characteristic curve. A practical test method implying radiography of sandpaper sheets has been devised, yielding crucial information about the quality, which cannot be derived from the characteristic curve. Since this test appears to give more valid information about film quality than conventional sensitometry, it is suggested that the test procedure should be standardised and used by the manufacturers.", "PMID": 645418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2292", "title": "Elliptical narrow beam rotation radiography.", "content": "The basic mathematics for elliptical narrow beam rotation radiography are deduced and exemplified. An analysis of the functioning principle of elliptical systems shows that the essential factor in the image formation is the form of the evolute of the ellipse, which determines the projection of the object. The image layer does not necessarily coincide with the ellipse.", "contents": "Elliptical narrow beam rotation radiography. The basic mathematics for elliptical narrow beam rotation radiography are deduced and exemplified. An analysis of the functioning principle of elliptical systems shows that the essential factor in the image formation is the form of the evolute of the ellipse, which determines the projection of the object. The image layer does not necessarily coincide with the ellipse.", "PMID": 645419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2293", "title": "Colour presentation of radiologic images.", "content": "A technique is described for conversion of black and white fluoroscopic images into colour. The advantages of this technique were investigated with the aid of slides. Although the colour yield in slides is not perfect, this method was chosen because it gives a reproducible image. Lesions were recognized significantly better on colour slides than on black and white slides (p less than 0.02).", "contents": "Colour presentation of radiologic images. A technique is described for conversion of black and white fluoroscopic images into colour. The advantages of this technique were investigated with the aid of slides. Although the colour yield in slides is not perfect, this method was chosen because it gives a reproducible image. Lesions were recognized significantly better on colour slides than on black and white slides (p less than 0.02).", "PMID": 645420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2294", "title": "Renal circulation after cardiac arrest. Angiography and microangiography.", "content": "Renal circulation following 3 to 14 min of cardiac arrest was investigated in 21 mongrel dogs by angiography, microangiography and histology. Arrest longer than 7 min caused variable degrees of abnormal angiographic findings after resuscitation: (1) segmental perfusion defects and cortical areas without nephrographic effect, (2) loss of demarcation of cortex and medulla, (3) decreased nephrography, (4) faint and delayed filling of the renal veins, (5) diffuse segmental spasm of the interlobar arteries with delayed emptying. Microangiography demonstrated non-filling of glomeruli in segmental areas of renal cortex, diffuse malperfusion and vasoconstriction as well as obliteration of afferent arterioles due to red blood cell aggregation. No tendency toward recovery within the 5-hour resuscitation period.", "contents": "Renal circulation after cardiac arrest. Angiography and microangiography. Renal circulation following 3 to 14 min of cardiac arrest was investigated in 21 mongrel dogs by angiography, microangiography and histology. Arrest longer than 7 min caused variable degrees of abnormal angiographic findings after resuscitation: (1) segmental perfusion defects and cortical areas without nephrographic effect, (2) loss of demarcation of cortex and medulla, (3) decreased nephrography, (4) faint and delayed filling of the renal veins, (5) diffuse segmental spasm of the interlobar arteries with delayed emptying. Microangiography demonstrated non-filling of glomeruli in segmental areas of renal cortex, diffuse malperfusion and vasoconstriction as well as obliteration of afferent arterioles due to red blood cell aggregation. No tendency toward recovery within the 5-hour resuscitation period.", "PMID": 645421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2295", "title": "Proteinuria following nephroangiography. II. Influence of contrast medium and catheterization in dogs.", "content": "Major increases of urinary albumin were common following nephroangiography in dogs using Urografin (diatrizoate) or Isopaque Cerebral (metrizoate) as contrast medium. Neither the catheterization procedure nor the injection of a supposed inert solution resulted in significant albuminuria but following injection of contrast medium albuminuria commenced within a few minutes; normalization occurred within 2 days. Higher doses of contrast medium induced massive albuminuria than lower ones.", "contents": "Proteinuria following nephroangiography. II. Influence of contrast medium and catheterization in dogs. Major increases of urinary albumin were common following nephroangiography in dogs using Urografin (diatrizoate) or Isopaque Cerebral (metrizoate) as contrast medium. Neither the catheterization procedure nor the injection of a supposed inert solution resulted in significant albuminuria but following injection of contrast medium albuminuria commenced within a few minutes; normalization occurred within 2 days. Higher doses of contrast medium induced massive albuminuria than lower ones.", "PMID": 645422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2296", "title": "Uptake of 99Tcm-gluconate and early histologic findings in induced myocardial infarcts in dogs.", "content": "A new isotope, 99Tcm-gluconate, for detection of myocardial infarction has been investigated experimentally. Great differences in isotope uptake between infarcted myocardium and normal myocardium were found in dogs. A close correlation was found between the isotope uptake and the uptake of basic fuchsin (HBFP) at microscopy in early myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Uptake of 99Tcm-gluconate and early histologic findings in induced myocardial infarcts in dogs. A new isotope, 99Tcm-gluconate, for detection of myocardial infarction has been investigated experimentally. Great differences in isotope uptake between infarcted myocardium and normal myocardium were found in dogs. A close correlation was found between the isotope uptake and the uptake of basic fuchsin (HBFP) at microscopy in early myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 645424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2297", "title": "Angiographic localization of parathyroid adenomas.", "content": "The angiographic and operative findings in 35 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were compared. A non-selective angiography is proposed. The appearance of solid and cystic parathyroid adenomas is described and the differentiation between parathyroid and thyroid adenomas outlined. An overall diagnostic accuracy of 75 per cent was achieved. The indications for parathyroid angiography are discussed.", "contents": "Angiographic localization of parathyroid adenomas. The angiographic and operative findings in 35 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were compared. A non-selective angiography is proposed. The appearance of solid and cystic parathyroid adenomas is described and the differentiation between parathyroid and thyroid adenomas outlined. An overall diagnostic accuracy of 75 per cent was achieved. The indications for parathyroid angiography are discussed.", "PMID": 645425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2298", "title": "Scoliosis angle. Conceptual basis and proposed definition.", "content": "The most commonly used methods of assessing the scoliotic deviation measure angles that are not clearly defined in relation to the anatomy of the patient. In order to give an anatomic basis for such measurements it is proposed to define the scoliotic deviation as the deviation the vertebral column makes with the sagittal plane. Both the Copp and the Ferguson angles may be based on this definition. The present methods of measurement are then attempts to measure these angles. If the plane of these angles is parallel to the film, the measurement will be correct. Errors in the measurements may be incurred by the projection. A hypothetical projection, called a 'rectified orthogonal projection', is presented, which correctly represents all scoliotic angles in accordance with these principles. It can be constructed in practice with the aid of a computer and by performing measurements on two projections of the vertebral column; a scoliotic curve can be represented independent of the kyphosis and lordosis.", "contents": "Scoliosis angle. Conceptual basis and proposed definition. The most commonly used methods of assessing the scoliotic deviation measure angles that are not clearly defined in relation to the anatomy of the patient. In order to give an anatomic basis for such measurements it is proposed to define the scoliotic deviation as the deviation the vertebral column makes with the sagittal plane. Both the Copp and the Ferguson angles may be based on this definition. The present methods of measurement are then attempts to measure these angles. If the plane of these angles is parallel to the film, the measurement will be correct. Errors in the measurements may be incurred by the projection. A hypothetical projection, called a 'rectified orthogonal projection', is presented, which correctly represents all scoliotic angles in accordance with these principles. It can be constructed in practice with the aid of a computer and by performing measurements on two projections of the vertebral column; a scoliotic curve can be represented independent of the kyphosis and lordosis.", "PMID": 645426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2299", "title": "Immersion technique in soft tissue radiography of the hands.", "content": "Soft tissue radiography of hands using the technique of mammary radiography and immersion in a 2.5 cm layer of 1:1 water-ethanol solution is evaluated. Using immersion the average background density decreases with a factor of about 2.5:1, with little deterioration in resolution (MTF). The immersion procedure makes the demonstration and evaluation of soft tissue swelling and periarticular oedema easier.", "contents": "Immersion technique in soft tissue radiography of the hands. Soft tissue radiography of hands using the technique of mammary radiography and immersion in a 2.5 cm layer of 1:1 water-ethanol solution is evaluated. Using immersion the average background density decreases with a factor of about 2.5:1, with little deterioration in resolution (MTF). The immersion procedure makes the demonstration and evaluation of soft tissue swelling and periarticular oedema easier.", "PMID": 645427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2300", "title": "Roentgen stereophotogrammetry for determination of daily longitudinal bone growth in the rabbit.", "content": "The spatial location of points in an object can be determined by roentgen stereophotogrammetry. A technique of high accuracy was applied in a determination of the daily skeletal growth of young rabbits. The tibia was labelled with tantalum markers on each side of the growth zones, and the increasing distance between these markers due to longitudinal bone growth was measured. Three different types of markers were tested, and the methodologic error was estimated. It varied between 30 and 43 micrometer for one growth interval, depending on the type of marker used. The method has clinical implications currently under investigation.", "contents": "Roentgen stereophotogrammetry for determination of daily longitudinal bone growth in the rabbit. The spatial location of points in an object can be determined by roentgen stereophotogrammetry. A technique of high accuracy was applied in a determination of the daily skeletal growth of young rabbits. The tibia was labelled with tantalum markers on each side of the growth zones, and the increasing distance between these markers due to longitudinal bone growth was measured. Three different types of markers were tested, and the methodologic error was estimated. It varied between 30 and 43 micrometer for one growth interval, depending on the type of marker used. The method has clinical implications currently under investigation.", "PMID": 645428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2301", "title": "Complete reversibility of paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans after operation.", "content": "A patient with widespread acanthosis nigricans is described. No abdominal tumour was found. Explorative thoracotomy disclosed numerous enlarged lymph glands containing squamous cell carcinoma. The left lung was removed but meticulous search did not disclose any tumour. The glands were removed as radically as possible. After the operation the skin improved and the lesions have disappeared completely. The observation time is over three years.", "contents": "Complete reversibility of paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans after operation. A patient with widespread acanthosis nigricans is described. No abdominal tumour was found. Explorative thoracotomy disclosed numerous enlarged lymph glands containing squamous cell carcinoma. The left lung was removed but meticulous search did not disclose any tumour. The glands were removed as radically as possible. After the operation the skin improved and the lesions have disappeared completely. The observation time is over three years.", "PMID": 645436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2302", "title": "Surgical treatment of myelomatosis--a review of 18 cases.", "content": "The authors review 18 patients with multiple myeloma who had bone destruction of a kind that indicated surgical therapy. Eight patients had paralegic myelopathy and one had compression of the cauda equina. Four of them displayed partial to complete regression. One patient lived for 77 months after the operation, most of the time in excellent condition. The operative technique is discussed, with laminectomy, exeresis, filling of bone with cement and, in some instances, mechanical support from metal plates. Early diagnosis and operation is imperative, postoperative irradiation obligatory in severe cases. Radiation alone may be the method of choice in early stages. The other 9 patients were operated upon for bone destruction in the limbs. A Moore operation on the destroyed hip was performed in one patient, who lived in excellent condition for about four years. Active surgical therapy combined with radiation and cytostatics seems to be of value in many patients with multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of myelomatosis--a review of 18 cases. The authors review 18 patients with multiple myeloma who had bone destruction of a kind that indicated surgical therapy. Eight patients had paralegic myelopathy and one had compression of the cauda equina. Four of them displayed partial to complete regression. One patient lived for 77 months after the operation, most of the time in excellent condition. The operative technique is discussed, with laminectomy, exeresis, filling of bone with cement and, in some instances, mechanical support from metal plates. Early diagnosis and operation is imperative, postoperative irradiation obligatory in severe cases. Radiation alone may be the method of choice in early stages. The other 9 patients were operated upon for bone destruction in the limbs. A Moore operation on the destroyed hip was performed in one patient, who lived in excellent condition for about four years. Active surgical therapy combined with radiation and cytostatics seems to be of value in many patients with multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 645437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2303", "title": "Extreme hyponatremia in patients with myelomatosis: an effect of cationic paraproteins.", "content": "Three patients with IgG myelomatosis and extreme hyponatremia are described. By isoelectric focusing of the M-component it is demonstrated that the subnormal sodium value is most likely explained by a cationic effect of the myeloma globulin.", "contents": "Extreme hyponatremia in patients with myelomatosis: an effect of cationic paraproteins. Three patients with IgG myelomatosis and extreme hyponatremia are described. By isoelectric focusing of the M-component it is demonstrated that the subnormal sodium value is most likely explained by a cationic effect of the myeloma globulin.", "PMID": 645438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2304", "title": "Factors responsible for bone marrow toxicity after treatment of myeloma patients with different alkylating agents.", "content": "Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were studied after loading doses of melphalan (5 mg/daily for 18-25 days) in 71 myeloma patients. Seventy per cent of the patients developed pronounced leukopenia (white cells less than 2.0 X 10(9)/l) and/or thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100 X 10(9)/l). The patients with pronounced and moderate hematological side-effects, respectively, were compared for weight and age. The body weight was the same in the two groups, indicating that the patient's weight is of minor importance for the dosage of melphalan. There was a numerical difference in age, on the borderline for statistical significance, indicating that the age of the myeloma patient may be of minor importance for the dosage of melphalan. It is possible that more pronounced age differences may be of greater importance in this respect. Fifteen patients with myeloma were treated with cyclophosphamide. Compared with melphalan, the effect on white cells was the smae, while the incidence of thrombocytopenia was statistically significantly lower with cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Factors responsible for bone marrow toxicity after treatment of myeloma patients with different alkylating agents. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were studied after loading doses of melphalan (5 mg/daily for 18-25 days) in 71 myeloma patients. Seventy per cent of the patients developed pronounced leukopenia (white cells less than 2.0 X 10(9)/l) and/or thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100 X 10(9)/l). The patients with pronounced and moderate hematological side-effects, respectively, were compared for weight and age. The body weight was the same in the two groups, indicating that the patient's weight is of minor importance for the dosage of melphalan. There was a numerical difference in age, on the borderline for statistical significance, indicating that the age of the myeloma patient may be of minor importance for the dosage of melphalan. It is possible that more pronounced age differences may be of greater importance in this respect. Fifteen patients with myeloma were treated with cyclophosphamide. Compared with melphalan, the effect on white cells was the smae, while the incidence of thrombocytopenia was statistically significantly lower with cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 645439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2305", "title": "Relative value of sternal aspiration, iliac crest biopsy and biopsy imprint in the diagnosis of secondary cancer involvement of the bone marrow.", "content": "Sternal aspirates, iliac crest biopsies and biopsy imprints from 31 patients with verified metastatic cancer to bone marrow were reviewed. All three methods were shown to be complementary, as cancer cell deposits were detected in some cases by one procedure and missed by the others.", "contents": "Relative value of sternal aspiration, iliac crest biopsy and biopsy imprint in the diagnosis of secondary cancer involvement of the bone marrow. Sternal aspirates, iliac crest biopsies and biopsy imprints from 31 patients with verified metastatic cancer to bone marrow were reviewed. All three methods were shown to be complementary, as cancer cell deposits were detected in some cases by one procedure and missed by the others.", "PMID": 645440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2306", "title": "Relapsing annular erythema and myeloma successfully treated with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "We report the history of a patient, who had recurrent patches of erythema on the trunk and extremities for some years. The diagnosis of erythema elevatum diutinum or annulare centrifugum was discussed. The patient developed a monoclonal IgA lambda fraction and clinical signs of myeloma. Treatment with cyclophosphamide stopped the development of erythema and also caused the M-component to disappear. This improvement has persisted even without cytostatic treatment. Another patient with prostatic carcinoma and relapsing annular erythema was cured of his skin lesions, when his carcinoma was treated with estrogens. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Relapsing annular erythema and myeloma successfully treated with cyclophosphamide. We report the history of a patient, who had recurrent patches of erythema on the trunk and extremities for some years. The diagnosis of erythema elevatum diutinum or annulare centrifugum was discussed. The patient developed a monoclonal IgA lambda fraction and clinical signs of myeloma. Treatment with cyclophosphamide stopped the development of erythema and also caused the M-component to disappear. This improvement has persisted even without cytostatic treatment. Another patient with prostatic carcinoma and relapsing annular erythema was cured of his skin lesions, when his carcinoma was treated with estrogens. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 645441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2307", "title": "Pyoderma gangraenosum (dermatitis ulcerosa) and monoclonal (IgA) globulin healed after melphalan treatment. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Since 1968 we have been treating a patient, who has had a combination of pyoderma gangraenosum (dermatitis ulcerosa) and signs that may indicate early multiple myeloma. She also had carcinoma of the colon, which was successfully operated. The pyoderma healed later after intensive and successful cytostatic treatment of the \"myeloma\". The ulcers remain practically healed and the protein pattern is normal in May 1977. Such cases are rare and a search in the literature has not been very rewarding. In our own series of more than 200 cases with myeloma this combination is unique. The lieterature is discussed in detail with data on the follow-up on some of the patients.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangraenosum (dermatitis ulcerosa) and monoclonal (IgA) globulin healed after melphalan treatment. Case report and review of the literature. Since 1968 we have been treating a patient, who has had a combination of pyoderma gangraenosum (dermatitis ulcerosa) and signs that may indicate early multiple myeloma. She also had carcinoma of the colon, which was successfully operated. The pyoderma healed later after intensive and successful cytostatic treatment of the \"myeloma\". The ulcers remain practically healed and the protein pattern is normal in May 1977. Such cases are rare and a search in the literature has not been very rewarding. In our own series of more than 200 cases with myeloma this combination is unique. The lieterature is discussed in detail with data on the follow-up on some of the patients.", "PMID": 645442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2308", "title": "Osteosclerotic \"plasmocytoma\" with polyneuropathy, hypertrichosis and diabetes.", "content": "The combination of osteosclerosis, polyneuropathy, monoclonal immunoglobulin, hypertrichosis, serositis and a number of other symptoms is described. It seems probable that this is a special type of myeloma. Similar cases have been described in Japan and out findings are compared with the Japanese picture. The age of the patients is unusually low. The M-component in the plasma is small. There is very little Bence Jones protein in the urine and osteolytic lesions in the skull do not seem to have occurred. The polyneuropathy may improve during treatment with cytostatic drugs.", "contents": "Osteosclerotic \"plasmocytoma\" with polyneuropathy, hypertrichosis and diabetes. The combination of osteosclerosis, polyneuropathy, monoclonal immunoglobulin, hypertrichosis, serositis and a number of other symptoms is described. It seems probable that this is a special type of myeloma. Similar cases have been described in Japan and out findings are compared with the Japanese picture. The age of the patients is unusually low. The M-component in the plasma is small. There is very little Bence Jones protein in the urine and osteolytic lesions in the skull do not seem to have occurred. The polyneuropathy may improve during treatment with cytostatic drugs.", "PMID": 645443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2309", "title": "Reversible renal failure caused by hypercalcemia. A retrospective study.", "content": "The influence of hypercalcemia on renal function was studied retrospectively in 13 patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, vitamin D intoxication, malignant lymphoma or chronic lymphatic leucemia. Different kinds of treatment, depending upon the primary disease, often induced a rapid fall in the serum calcium concentration. The serum creatinine concentration always fell simultaneously. The serum phosphate concentration fell in all but two patients. Changes in serum calcium and serum creatinine correlated significantly (p less than 0.001), as did changes in serum calcium and serum phosphate concentrations (p less than 0.05). Serum calcium/serum creatinine and serum calcium/serum phosphate ratios were significantly higher in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism than in patients with hypercalcemia of non-hyperparathyroid origin (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.001). This suggests a different effect of calcium on the glomerular filtration rate in hyperparathyroid and non-hyperparathyroid patients, the latter group being more sensitive to the influence of hypercalcemia. Possible explanations for this difference, such as a protective effect of PTH on the glomerular filtration, are discussed.", "contents": "Reversible renal failure caused by hypercalcemia. A retrospective study. The influence of hypercalcemia on renal function was studied retrospectively in 13 patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, vitamin D intoxication, malignant lymphoma or chronic lymphatic leucemia. Different kinds of treatment, depending upon the primary disease, often induced a rapid fall in the serum calcium concentration. The serum creatinine concentration always fell simultaneously. The serum phosphate concentration fell in all but two patients. Changes in serum calcium and serum creatinine correlated significantly (p less than 0.001), as did changes in serum calcium and serum phosphate concentrations (p less than 0.05). Serum calcium/serum creatinine and serum calcium/serum phosphate ratios were significantly higher in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism than in patients with hypercalcemia of non-hyperparathyroid origin (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.001). This suggests a different effect of calcium on the glomerular filtration rate in hyperparathyroid and non-hyperparathyroid patients, the latter group being more sensitive to the influence of hypercalcemia. Possible explanations for this difference, such as a protective effect of PTH on the glomerular filtration, are discussed.", "PMID": 645444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2310", "title": "Serum inorganic phosphate and serum calcium in middle-aged men. II. Relation to glucose and insulin parameters in glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "Fasting serum inorganic phosphate and fasting serum calcium were measured in 752 49-year-old Malm\u00f6 males, in whom an oral or i.v. glucose tolerance test, in 189 cases including plasma insulin measurements, was performed as part of an internal medical screening examination. The serum inorganic phosphate and calcium levels were analysed statistically in relation to various glucose and insulin response parameters. A significant, positive correlation of serum inorganic phosphate with the early insulin response in the i.v. glucose tolerance tests was found but not with any of the other glucose or insulin response parameters included in the study. Serum calcium showed no significant correlations. These findings are discussed in relation to the pertinent literature.", "contents": "Serum inorganic phosphate and serum calcium in middle-aged men. II. Relation to glucose and insulin parameters in glucose tolerance tests. Fasting serum inorganic phosphate and fasting serum calcium were measured in 752 49-year-old Malm\u00f6 males, in whom an oral or i.v. glucose tolerance test, in 189 cases including plasma insulin measurements, was performed as part of an internal medical screening examination. The serum inorganic phosphate and calcium levels were analysed statistically in relation to various glucose and insulin response parameters. A significant, positive correlation of serum inorganic phosphate with the early insulin response in the i.v. glucose tolerance tests was found but not with any of the other glucose or insulin response parameters included in the study. Serum calcium showed no significant correlations. These findings are discussed in relation to the pertinent literature.", "PMID": 645445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2311", "title": "Humoral and cellular immunity in sarcoidosis.", "content": "The Kveim reaction was studied in vivo in 50 patients with sarcoidosis. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Kveim material and a new Danish Kveim material gave 14 and 8 positive reactions respectively, as well as 6 and 8 equivocal reactions. Forty-six of the patients were also tested in vitro for cell mediated immunity to the Danish Kveim material, using both the leucocyte migration agarose technique and the capillary technique. No significant migration inhibition or stimulation were found. A tuberculin skin test was performed in 49 of the patients, and in 45 a dinitrochlorobenzene sensitivity titer was determined. Both tests revealed a depression of the cell mediated immunity. The serum levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE were determined. The serum of each patient was also examined to determine if organ-non-specific and granulocyte-specific antinuclear factors of IgG class, antibodies against native DNA, rheumatoid factor, mitochondrial antibodies, antibodies against thyroid cytoplasm, and parietal cell antibodies were present. IgG levels were above normal in 28 patients; IgE was above normal in 10 patients, 4 of whom were atopics or had an atopic disposition. Organ-non-specific antinuclear factors were present in 17 patients.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immunity in sarcoidosis. The Kveim reaction was studied in vivo in 50 patients with sarcoidosis. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Kveim material and a new Danish Kveim material gave 14 and 8 positive reactions respectively, as well as 6 and 8 equivocal reactions. Forty-six of the patients were also tested in vitro for cell mediated immunity to the Danish Kveim material, using both the leucocyte migration agarose technique and the capillary technique. No significant migration inhibition or stimulation were found. A tuberculin skin test was performed in 49 of the patients, and in 45 a dinitrochlorobenzene sensitivity titer was determined. Both tests revealed a depression of the cell mediated immunity. The serum levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE were determined. The serum of each patient was also examined to determine if organ-non-specific and granulocyte-specific antinuclear factors of IgG class, antibodies against native DNA, rheumatoid factor, mitochondrial antibodies, antibodies against thyroid cytoplasm, and parietal cell antibodies were present. IgG levels were above normal in 28 patients; IgE was above normal in 10 patients, 4 of whom were atopics or had an atopic disposition. Organ-non-specific antinuclear factors were present in 17 patients.", "PMID": 645446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2312", "title": "The rheological behaviour of cortical bone and cartilage of Bos taurus. The importance of maximal damping capacity in collagen.", "content": "The relaxation behaviour of bone and cartilage was investigated with a free-oscillating torsional pendulum. Two relaxations (260 K, and 150 K) were found for bone an; two (at 260 K and 210 K) for cartilage at a frequency of 1 Hz. The translations were the same as those known for collagen. The translation at 260 K is consistent with the frequency of the impulses causing the contraction of skeleton muscles when extrapolated to 37 centrigrades and a frequency of 500 Hz.", "contents": "The rheological behaviour of cortical bone and cartilage of Bos taurus. The importance of maximal damping capacity in collagen. The relaxation behaviour of bone and cartilage was investigated with a free-oscillating torsional pendulum. Two relaxations (260 K, and 150 K) were found for bone an; two (at 260 K and 210 K) for cartilage at a frequency of 1 Hz. The translations were the same as those known for collagen. The translation at 260 K is consistent with the frequency of the impulses causing the contraction of skeleton muscles when extrapolated to 37 centrigrades and a frequency of 500 Hz.", "PMID": 645448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2313", "title": "Prostaglandins in the sheep fetus: implications for fetal function.", "content": "1. In chronically catheterized sheep fetuses, during normal pregnancy, the concentration of PGE in the fetal femoral arterial plasma is invariably greater than that of PGF, and increases during the 12 to 24 hr preceding delivery. The concentration of both PGE and PGF decreases repidly after birth. 2. These changes in fetal prostaglandin levels contrast with the marked increase in PGF, but negligible increase in PGE, in the maternal uteroovarian vein before parturition. 3. The changes in prostaglandin concentrations in fetal plasma at term are associated with only small changes in the concentrations of PGE and PGF in tracheal fluid. In amniotic fluid the concentrations of PGE and PGF increase during the last 4 days in utero. At birth the concentrations of PGE and PGF in fetal urine are similar to the concentrations in amniotic fluid. 4. The concentration of PGE in fetal plasma and in tracheal fluid is significantly elevated for up to 3 days after surgery. The concentration of PGF is significantly elevated in fetal plasma nad tracheal fluid for at least 24 hr after surgery. 5. Three fetuses which were chronically hypoxemic had elevated plasma PGE concentrations in utero. However, acute (1 hr) hypoxia or hypercapnia induced in the fetal lamb by making the ewe breathe appropriate gas mixtures did not produce consistent changes in fetal plasma prostaglandin concentrations. 6. During late pregnancy (day 128) exogenous PGE2 infused at about 1.6 microgram/min for 60 min into the fetal carotid artery achieved concentrations in the fetal femoral artery which were within the physiological range seen at term. At this infusion rate, there was no effect on fetal arterial Po2, Pco2, pH, or hematocrit, and no consistent effect on fetal blood pressure or heart rate. PGE2 infusion had no significant effect on the concentration of growth hormone or prolactin in fetal plasma. Within 30 min after beginning the infusion, however, there was a significant increase in the cortisol concentration in fetal plasma. This effect was seen even at times in pregnancy when the fetal adrenal gland responds only poorly to exogenous or endogenous ACTH.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in the sheep fetus: implications for fetal function. 1. In chronically catheterized sheep fetuses, during normal pregnancy, the concentration of PGE in the fetal femoral arterial plasma is invariably greater than that of PGF, and increases during the 12 to 24 hr preceding delivery. The concentration of both PGE and PGF decreases repidly after birth. 2. These changes in fetal prostaglandin levels contrast with the marked increase in PGF, but negligible increase in PGE, in the maternal uteroovarian vein before parturition. 3. The changes in prostaglandin concentrations in fetal plasma at term are associated with only small changes in the concentrations of PGE and PGF in tracheal fluid. In amniotic fluid the concentrations of PGE and PGF increase during the last 4 days in utero. At birth the concentrations of PGE and PGF in fetal urine are similar to the concentrations in amniotic fluid. 4. The concentration of PGE in fetal plasma and in tracheal fluid is significantly elevated for up to 3 days after surgery. The concentration of PGF is significantly elevated in fetal plasma nad tracheal fluid for at least 24 hr after surgery. 5. Three fetuses which were chronically hypoxemic had elevated plasma PGE concentrations in utero. However, acute (1 hr) hypoxia or hypercapnia induced in the fetal lamb by making the ewe breathe appropriate gas mixtures did not produce consistent changes in fetal plasma prostaglandin concentrations. 6. During late pregnancy (day 128) exogenous PGE2 infused at about 1.6 microgram/min for 60 min into the fetal carotid artery achieved concentrations in the fetal femoral artery which were within the physiological range seen at term. At this infusion rate, there was no effect on fetal arterial Po2, Pco2, pH, or hematocrit, and no consistent effect on fetal blood pressure or heart rate. PGE2 infusion had no significant effect on the concentration of growth hormone or prolactin in fetal plasma. Within 30 min after beginning the infusion, however, there was a significant increase in the cortisol concentration in fetal plasma. This effect was seen even at times in pregnancy when the fetal adrenal gland responds only poorly to exogenous or endogenous ACTH.", "PMID": 645501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2314", "title": "Preclinical safety evaluation of 15[S]15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha : reproduction and teratology.", "content": "The abortifacient 15[S]15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha, designated PGF2alpha (M), was tested in pregnant rats and rabbits for purposes of preclinical safety evaluation. The material tested was the tromethamine salt of PGF2alpha with the generic name, carboprost tromethamine. Doses of 0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg/kg given by subcutaneous injection to male and female rats for 3 or 6 consecutive days before mating did not have an adverse effect on reproduction. The principal finding in rat and rabbit teratology studies was that PGF2alpha (M) had a high order of embryolethality regardless of when it was administered. Rabbits were more sensitive than were rats and PGF2alpha (M) interfered with nidation or early embryonic development when given during the second week of gestation. The largest dose of PGF2alpha (M) that allowed some fetuses to survive was 0.25 mg/kg for rats and 0.005 mg/kg for rabbits when given by subcutaneous injection for 3 consecutive days at some point during organogenesis. Fetuses from rabbits given the doses of 0.0025 and 0.005 mg/kg were normal. There were a variety of skeletal anomalies (mostly of ribs and thoracic vertebrae) in fetuses from rats given, by subcutaneous injection, doses of PGF2alpha (M) ranging from 0.25 to 0.05 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days at some point during organogenesis. Although there were few gross or visceral anomaliies in either rats or rabbits, the incidence of osseous anomalies in rats was of both statistical and biologic significance. Rats given PGF2alpha (M) by subcutaneous injection beginning on the 15th day of gestation in a perinatal-postnatal study were most sensitive to the abortifacient. In that study the no-effect level was 0.0001 mg/kg. At larger doses ranging from 0.25 to 0.003 mg/kg, treatment was associated with abortion, poor viability, and impaired lactation.", "contents": "Preclinical safety evaluation of 15[S]15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha : reproduction and teratology. The abortifacient 15[S]15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha, designated PGF2alpha (M), was tested in pregnant rats and rabbits for purposes of preclinical safety evaluation. The material tested was the tromethamine salt of PGF2alpha with the generic name, carboprost tromethamine. Doses of 0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg/kg given by subcutaneous injection to male and female rats for 3 or 6 consecutive days before mating did not have an adverse effect on reproduction. The principal finding in rat and rabbit teratology studies was that PGF2alpha (M) had a high order of embryolethality regardless of when it was administered. Rabbits were more sensitive than were rats and PGF2alpha (M) interfered with nidation or early embryonic development when given during the second week of gestation. The largest dose of PGF2alpha (M) that allowed some fetuses to survive was 0.25 mg/kg for rats and 0.005 mg/kg for rabbits when given by subcutaneous injection for 3 consecutive days at some point during organogenesis. Fetuses from rabbits given the doses of 0.0025 and 0.005 mg/kg were normal. There were a variety of skeletal anomalies (mostly of ribs and thoracic vertebrae) in fetuses from rats given, by subcutaneous injection, doses of PGF2alpha (M) ranging from 0.25 to 0.05 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days at some point during organogenesis. Although there were few gross or visceral anomaliies in either rats or rabbits, the incidence of osseous anomalies in rats was of both statistical and biologic significance. Rats given PGF2alpha (M) by subcutaneous injection beginning on the 15th day of gestation in a perinatal-postnatal study were most sensitive to the abortifacient. In that study the no-effect level was 0.0001 mg/kg. At larger doses ranging from 0.25 to 0.003 mg/kg, treatment was associated with abortion, poor viability, and impaired lactation.", "PMID": 645504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2315", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of prostaglandin E1 on lambs in utero.", "content": "Fetal tissues and the uteroplacental circulation are known to be exquisitely sensitive to the prostaglandins. E-series prostaglandins cause generalized vasodilatation in mature animals. This phenomenon is observed in the fetus but its effects are markedly obscured by the decrease in umbilical-placental flow. Comparison to hemodynamic data in hypoxemic fetuses clearly demonstrates that these effects are both qualitatively and quantitatively different, and therefore are likely to be due either to the direct effect of the drug, or to reflexes elicited by the marked compromise of the umbilical-placental flow.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of prostaglandin E1 on lambs in utero. Fetal tissues and the uteroplacental circulation are known to be exquisitely sensitive to the prostaglandins. E-series prostaglandins cause generalized vasodilatation in mature animals. This phenomenon is observed in the fetus but its effects are markedly obscured by the decrease in umbilical-placental flow. Comparison to hemodynamic data in hypoxemic fetuses clearly demonstrates that these effects are both qualitatively and quantitatively different, and therefore are likely to be due either to the direct effect of the drug, or to reflexes elicited by the marked compromise of the umbilical-placental flow.", "PMID": 645506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2316", "title": "Identifying vestibular procession dysfunction in learning-disabled children.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to identify neurobehavioral functions of the vestibulo-proprioceptive system that would aid the clinician in evaluating vestibular processing dysfunction in learntibulo-proprioceptive function were subjected to multiple regression analysis. Data analysis revealed that four variables shared significant variance with Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test scores. It is suggested that these variables can provide additional information in evaluating vestibular processing dysfunction in learning-disabled children.", "contents": "Identifying vestibular procession dysfunction in learning-disabled children. The purpose of this investigation was to identify neurobehavioral functions of the vestibulo-proprioceptive system that would aid the clinician in evaluating vestibular processing dysfunction in learntibulo-proprioceptive function were subjected to multiple regression analysis. Data analysis revealed that four variables shared significant variance with Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test scores. It is suggested that these variables can provide additional information in evaluating vestibular processing dysfunction in learning-disabled children.", "PMID": 645524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2317", "title": "Postrotatory nystagmus duration as a function of communication disorders.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between functioning of the vestibular system, measured by duration of postrotatory mystagmus, and specific communiccation disorders (articulation, speech and language, and language). A total of 190 children participated in the study, 173 of which were included in the final data analysis. The findings revealed a depressed mean duration of postrotatory nystagmus in all categories of communication disorders when compared to the control group. In addition, the language group had a sig;ificantly lower mean duration of postrotatory nystagmus when compared to the articulation and speech and language groups. Although the test measure did discriminate between groups, it did not discriminate well between children within groups.", "contents": "Postrotatory nystagmus duration as a function of communication disorders. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between functioning of the vestibular system, measured by duration of postrotatory mystagmus, and specific communiccation disorders (articulation, speech and language, and language). A total of 190 children participated in the study, 173 of which were included in the final data analysis. The findings revealed a depressed mean duration of postrotatory nystagmus in all categories of communication disorders when compared to the control group. In addition, the language group had a sig;ificantly lower mean duration of postrotatory nystagmus when compared to the articulation and speech and language groups. Although the test measure did discriminate between groups, it did not discriminate well between children within groups.", "PMID": 645525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2318", "title": "Health policy and planning: Public Law 93-641.", "content": "The policy and planning aspects of Public Law 93-641 (The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act) introduce important implications for the health care delivery system. The law contains the first delineation of a national health policy, as well as innovative provisions for the development of regional health plans. On the basis of these policies and plans, decisions are made that affect the allocation of health resources such as manpower and facilities. This paper discusses the national policies called for in the law and the planning process at the regional level. By viewing the politics and technology of plan development, the importance of and avenues for participation are clarified.", "contents": "Health policy and planning: Public Law 93-641. The policy and planning aspects of Public Law 93-641 (The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act) introduce important implications for the health care delivery system. The law contains the first delineation of a national health policy, as well as innovative provisions for the development of regional health plans. On the basis of these policies and plans, decisions are made that affect the allocation of health resources such as manpower and facilities. This paper discusses the national policies called for in the law and the planning process at the regional level. By viewing the politics and technology of plan development, the importance of and avenues for participation are clarified.", "PMID": 645526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2319", "title": "Participating in health planning.", "content": "The implementation of the Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641) brought about the realization that occupational therapists can and should participate in a formalized manner in the health planning process. Successful attempts by District V of the Iowa Occupational Therapy Association, and by the Iowa Occupational Therapy Association, to seat an occupational therapist on the governing board of the Illowa Health Systems Agency and on the Iowa State Health Coordinating Council yielded a greater understanding of the law and of the activities of health systems agencies. This article describes the process of selecting representatives for health systems agencies governing boards as it pertains to allied health professionals.", "contents": "Participating in health planning. The implementation of the Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641) brought about the realization that occupational therapists can and should participate in a formalized manner in the health planning process. Successful attempts by District V of the Iowa Occupational Therapy Association, and by the Iowa Occupational Therapy Association, to seat an occupational therapist on the governing board of the Illowa Health Systems Agency and on the Iowa State Health Coordinating Council yielded a greater understanding of the law and of the activities of health systems agencies. This article describes the process of selecting representatives for health systems agencies governing boards as it pertains to allied health professionals.", "PMID": 645527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2320", "title": "Middle ear effusion: current concepts.", "content": "Middle ear fluid is a common problem in children. Eustachian tube dysfunction has been considered the key to the pathogenesis of this disorder, but new studies show that other factors may be operative. Inflammation appears to play a significant role in high-viscosity effusion, and these effusions may be related to acute suppurative otitis media. Since persistent mild hearing loss may adversely affect verbal development, new emphasis on early treatment of middle ear effusion is warranted.", "contents": "Middle ear effusion: current concepts. Middle ear fluid is a common problem in children. Eustachian tube dysfunction has been considered the key to the pathogenesis of this disorder, but new studies show that other factors may be operative. Inflammation appears to play a significant role in high-viscosity effusion, and these effusions may be related to acute suppurative otitis media. Since persistent mild hearing loss may adversely affect verbal development, new emphasis on early treatment of middle ear effusion is warranted.", "PMID": 645530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2321", "title": "What not to do in pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Use of a screening VMA procedure rather than a specific assay may yield false-positive results. Plasma catecholamine levels should be obtained in the unstressed, supine patient. Pharmacologic tests are less reliable than chemical tests. In the presence of a pheochromocytoma, phenoxybenzamine should be administered before any manipulative procedures, as well as prior to surgery. This agent should be given along initially; propranolol may be added preoperatively.", "contents": "What not to do in pheochromocytoma. Use of a screening VMA procedure rather than a specific assay may yield false-positive results. Plasma catecholamine levels should be obtained in the unstressed, supine patient. Pharmacologic tests are less reliable than chemical tests. In the presence of a pheochromocytoma, phenoxybenzamine should be administered before any manipulative procedures, as well as prior to surgery. This agent should be given along initially; propranolol may be added preoperatively.", "PMID": 645531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2322", "title": "The effectiveness of sickle cell counseling.", "content": "Patients received information about hemoglobinopathies before blood testing. Those in whom sickle cell trait was confirmed were counseled. Then, this group responded to a questionnaire to evaluate understanding and retention of information about sickle cell disease. Ninety percent correct responses were obtained on general information. However, only 70 percent correct responses were received on questions about genetics. Modifications of techniques of sickle cell counseling are suggested by these results.", "contents": "The effectiveness of sickle cell counseling. Patients received information about hemoglobinopathies before blood testing. Those in whom sickle cell trait was confirmed were counseled. Then, this group responded to a questionnaire to evaluate understanding and retention of information about sickle cell disease. Ninety percent correct responses were obtained on general information. However, only 70 percent correct responses were received on questions about genetics. Modifications of techniques of sickle cell counseling are suggested by these results.", "PMID": 645532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2323", "title": "Whiplash syndrome.", "content": "Whiplash, or cervical acceleration extension injury, is due predominantly to hyperextension and prolongation of the neck, with rebound flexion. A variety of disabling soft tissue injureries may result, including vertebral arter damage. While x-rays are generally unremarkable, they should be obtained. Rational management is based on rest, heat and analgesics, muscle relaxants, isometric exercises and an informed patient. The assumption that whiplash syndrome occurs only in neurotic or litigation-minded patients should be discouraged.", "contents": "Whiplash syndrome. Whiplash, or cervical acceleration extension injury, is due predominantly to hyperextension and prolongation of the neck, with rebound flexion. A variety of disabling soft tissue injureries may result, including vertebral arter damage. While x-rays are generally unremarkable, they should be obtained. Rational management is based on rest, heat and analgesics, muscle relaxants, isometric exercises and an informed patient. The assumption that whiplash syndrome occurs only in neurotic or litigation-minded patients should be discouraged.", "PMID": 645533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2324", "title": "Benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "Although antecedent factors are occasionally implication, most cases of benign intracranial hypertension are idiopathic and occur in young adult women who otherwise appear healthy. The natural course is usually one of spontaneous recovery, although medical intervention may accelerate improvement. Computerized tomographic scanning is the procedure of choice for excluding more ominous conditions, such as brain tumors. The most serious complication of this syndrome is visual loss and in these patients the disease is not \"benign.\"", "contents": "Benign intracranial hypertension. Although antecedent factors are occasionally implication, most cases of benign intracranial hypertension are idiopathic and occur in young adult women who otherwise appear healthy. The natural course is usually one of spontaneous recovery, although medical intervention may accelerate improvement. Computerized tomographic scanning is the procedure of choice for excluding more ominous conditions, such as brain tumors. The most serious complication of this syndrome is visual loss and in these patients the disease is not \"benign.\"", "PMID": 645534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2325", "title": "Breast feeding and infant nutrition.", "content": "Breast feeding is a management problem requiring knowledge of the physiology of lactation, maternal and infant nutritional requirements, and specifics such as drugs which enter the milk. The job of the physician is to allay anxiety; this helps establish the let-down reflex and increases milk production. \"Caking,\" mastitis and even abscesses are not indications for weaning. Rest, warm compresses and frequent nursing are indicated. Breast-fed infants have less tendency to obesity than those who are bottle-fed. Early solid foods in the diet are not needed.", "contents": "Breast feeding and infant nutrition. Breast feeding is a management problem requiring knowledge of the physiology of lactation, maternal and infant nutritional requirements, and specifics such as drugs which enter the milk. The job of the physician is to allay anxiety; this helps establish the let-down reflex and increases milk production. \"Caking,\" mastitis and even abscesses are not indications for weaning. Rest, warm compresses and frequent nursing are indicated. Breast-fed infants have less tendency to obesity than those who are bottle-fed. Early solid foods in the diet are not needed.", "PMID": 645543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2326", "title": "Dust exposures in the Canadian grain industry.", "content": "Total dust concentrations measured in 8 terminal, 9 transfer and 14 country grain elevators ranged from 0.18 to 781 mg/m3. Results indicate that elevatormen performing housekeeping and maintenance chores or working in transfer galleries are more likely to be exposed to high concentrations. Dust exposures can be related to the amount of grain handled and the extent of dust control measures in effect at a worksite. The respirable mass fraction of grain dust varies according to the type of grain handled. The quartz, inorganic material and fungal spore content and particle size of the dust from specific grains were also studied.", "contents": "Dust exposures in the Canadian grain industry. Total dust concentrations measured in 8 terminal, 9 transfer and 14 country grain elevators ranged from 0.18 to 781 mg/m3. Results indicate that elevatormen performing housekeeping and maintenance chores or working in transfer galleries are more likely to be exposed to high concentrations. Dust exposures can be related to the amount of grain handled and the extent of dust control measures in effect at a worksite. The respirable mass fraction of grain dust varies according to the type of grain handled. The quartz, inorganic material and fungal spore content and particle size of the dust from specific grains were also studied.", "PMID": 645544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2327", "title": "Theoretical modeling of fine-particle deposition in 3-dimensional bronchial bifurcations.", "content": "A theoretical model is developed for the prediction of the peak to average particle deposition flux in the human bronchial airways. The model involves the determination of the peak flux by a round-nose 2-dimensional bifurcation channel and the average deposition flux by a curved-tube model. The \"hot-spot\" effect for all generations in the human respiratory system is estimated. It is found that the peak deposition flux is higher than the average deposition flux by a factor ranging between 5 and 30, depending on the generation number. The importance of this peak to average deposition flux ratio on consideration of environmental safety studies is discussed.", "contents": "Theoretical modeling of fine-particle deposition in 3-dimensional bronchial bifurcations. A theoretical model is developed for the prediction of the peak to average particle deposition flux in the human bronchial airways. The model involves the determination of the peak flux by a round-nose 2-dimensional bifurcation channel and the average deposition flux by a curved-tube model. The \"hot-spot\" effect for all generations in the human respiratory system is estimated. It is found that the peak deposition flux is higher than the average deposition flux by a factor ranging between 5 and 30, depending on the generation number. The importance of this peak to average deposition flux ratio on consideration of environmental safety studies is discussed.", "PMID": 645545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2328", "title": "Methods developed for the mass sampling analysis of CO and carboxyhemoglobin in man.", "content": "Gas chromatography was used to quantitate CO in air and also as an indirect means of determining %COHb in blood. The blood was then used to calibrate four CO-Oximeters used in a survey to determine average COHb levels in various segments of the U.S. population. Mean differences, both between the two methods of analysis and between pairs of CO-Oximeters were less than 0.1% COHb saturation. COHb values obtained on consecutive days using one CO-Oximeter were repeatable within a S.D. +/- 0.13% COHb.", "contents": "Methods developed for the mass sampling analysis of CO and carboxyhemoglobin in man. Gas chromatography was used to quantitate CO in air and also as an indirect means of determining %COHb in blood. The blood was then used to calibrate four CO-Oximeters used in a survey to determine average COHb levels in various segments of the U.S. population. Mean differences, both between the two methods of analysis and between pairs of CO-Oximeters were less than 0.1% COHb saturation. COHb values obtained on consecutive days using one CO-Oximeter were repeatable within a S.D. +/- 0.13% COHb.", "PMID": 645546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2329", "title": "A portable optical particle counter system for measuring dust aerosols.", "content": "A portable battery-operated optical particle counter/multichannel analyzer system has been developed for the numbers size distribution and number concentration measurement of light-absorbing irregular-shaped dust particles. An inertial impactor technique has been used to obtain calibration curves by relating the magnitude of the optical counter's signal to the particle's aerodynamic or Stokes' diameter. These calibrations have been made for aerosols of coal, potash, silica, rock (copper ore), and Arizona road dust particles.", "contents": "A portable optical particle counter system for measuring dust aerosols. A portable battery-operated optical particle counter/multichannel analyzer system has been developed for the numbers size distribution and number concentration measurement of light-absorbing irregular-shaped dust particles. An inertial impactor technique has been used to obtain calibration curves by relating the magnitude of the optical counter's signal to the particle's aerodynamic or Stokes' diameter. These calibrations have been made for aerosols of coal, potash, silica, rock (copper ore), and Arizona road dust particles.", "PMID": 645547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2330", "title": "Dust loading characteristics of high inertial fibrous filters.", "content": "The dust retention efficiency of a model fibrous filter operated in the high inertia regime has been measured over the size range 2-22 micrometer. The results of a program to measure the influence of loading on grade efficiency are reported. It is shown that the efficiency of particle retention increases with loading initially, then falls off as the filter becomes loaded to its maximum capacity. The effect of test dust feed size distribution has also been investigated. Under some circumstances this parameter may have a critical effect on the overall efficiency. The mechanisms responsible for the observed behavior are described and their implications in fibrous filtration discussed.", "contents": "Dust loading characteristics of high inertial fibrous filters. The dust retention efficiency of a model fibrous filter operated in the high inertia regime has been measured over the size range 2-22 micrometer. The results of a program to measure the influence of loading on grade efficiency are reported. It is shown that the efficiency of particle retention increases with loading initially, then falls off as the filter becomes loaded to its maximum capacity. The effect of test dust feed size distribution has also been investigated. Under some circumstances this parameter may have a critical effect on the overall efficiency. The mechanisms responsible for the observed behavior are described and their implications in fibrous filtration discussed.", "PMID": 645548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2331", "title": "An automated system for the determination of lead in blood, manganese in urine and nickel in waste water.", "content": "An automated system has been developed to analyze lead in blood, manganese in urine and nickel in waste water at a rate of 20 to 30 samples per hour. The analysis is based on direct chelation without digestion, extraction into methyl isobutyl ketone and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The applicability of the system in the field of occupational and environmental medicine is discussed.", "contents": "An automated system for the determination of lead in blood, manganese in urine and nickel in waste water. An automated system has been developed to analyze lead in blood, manganese in urine and nickel in waste water at a rate of 20 to 30 samples per hour. The analysis is based on direct chelation without digestion, extraction into methyl isobutyl ketone and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The applicability of the system in the field of occupational and environmental medicine is discussed.", "PMID": 645549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2332", "title": "A field portable mass spectrometer for monitoring organic vapors.", "content": "A portable mass spectrometer has been designed and built under the sponsorship of the US Army for the purpose of monitoring low concentrations of specified organics in the ambient atmosphere. The goals of the development were discrimination, sensitivity, portability, simplicity of operation, economy and convenience. These objectives were met in a system consisting of a computer operated mass spectrometer with a Llewellyn membrane separator inlet system housed in two 26 x 18 x 9 inch aluminum cases with a total weight less than 150 pounds. This system has shown the capability for field detection of hundreds of specific organic vapors at the parts per billion level in the ambient and workplace environments.", "contents": "A field portable mass spectrometer for monitoring organic vapors. A portable mass spectrometer has been designed and built under the sponsorship of the US Army for the purpose of monitoring low concentrations of specified organics in the ambient atmosphere. The goals of the development were discrimination, sensitivity, portability, simplicity of operation, economy and convenience. These objectives were met in a system consisting of a computer operated mass spectrometer with a Llewellyn membrane separator inlet system housed in two 26 x 18 x 9 inch aluminum cases with a total weight less than 150 pounds. This system has shown the capability for field detection of hundreds of specific organic vapors at the parts per billion level in the ambient and workplace environments.", "PMID": 645550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2333", "title": "Phase equilibrium method for determination of desorption efficiencies.", "content": "The principle of phase equilibrium is applied to the determination of desorption efficiencies of organic compounds collected on activated charcoal. The method depends on the existance of a true equilibrium distribution between the adsorbed and solution phases of organics in the desorption solvent--adsorbent matrix. Improved and more consistant desorption efficiencies are obtained by considering the effects of variations in the adsorbent--solvent ratio and equilibrium temperature at time of analysis. The technique may also provide early detection of interaction or reaction of the sorbate on the adsorbent surface.", "contents": "Phase equilibrium method for determination of desorption efficiencies. The principle of phase equilibrium is applied to the determination of desorption efficiencies of organic compounds collected on activated charcoal. The method depends on the existance of a true equilibrium distribution between the adsorbed and solution phases of organics in the desorption solvent--adsorbent matrix. Improved and more consistant desorption efficiencies are obtained by considering the effects of variations in the adsorbent--solvent ratio and equilibrium temperature at time of analysis. The technique may also provide early detection of interaction or reaction of the sorbate on the adsorbent surface.", "PMID": 645551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2334", "title": "Effects of short-term exposures to sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate aerosols upon bronchial airway function in the donkey.", "content": "The effects of one-hour inhalation exposures to 0.3-0.6 micrometer H2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols in the donkey were studied in terms of alterations in pulmonary flow resistance and dynamic compliance, and changes in the regional deposition and tracheobronchial mucocilliary clearance of an inert test aerosol. Short-term slowing of clearance followed certain single exposures to H2SO4 at 194-1364 microgram/m3 in three of four animals, while two of the four demonstrated a more persistent slowing of their clearance. These exposure levels produced no measurable change in resistance, compliance or regional deposition. Exposures to (NH4)SO4 up to approximately 2000 microgram/m3 had no mearurable effect upon resistance, compliance, regional deposition or mucociliary clearance.", "contents": "Effects of short-term exposures to sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate aerosols upon bronchial airway function in the donkey. The effects of one-hour inhalation exposures to 0.3-0.6 micrometer H2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols in the donkey were studied in terms of alterations in pulmonary flow resistance and dynamic compliance, and changes in the regional deposition and tracheobronchial mucocilliary clearance of an inert test aerosol. Short-term slowing of clearance followed certain single exposures to H2SO4 at 194-1364 microgram/m3 in three of four animals, while two of the four demonstrated a more persistent slowing of their clearance. These exposure levels produced no measurable change in resistance, compliance or regional deposition. Exposures to (NH4)SO4 up to approximately 2000 microgram/m3 had no mearurable effect upon resistance, compliance, regional deposition or mucociliary clearance.", "PMID": 645555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2335", "title": "The generation of aerosols of carcinogenic aromatic amines.", "content": "A system for producing test atmospheres of carcinogenic aromatic amines is discussed. The aerosol generator, a specially disigned compressed-gas nebulizer, operated at a temperature above each compound's melting point utlizing nitrogen as the driving force. The nebulizer output and size distributions of aerosols of 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), benzidine, and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine are given.", "contents": "The generation of aerosols of carcinogenic aromatic amines. A system for producing test atmospheres of carcinogenic aromatic amines is discussed. The aerosol generator, a specially disigned compressed-gas nebulizer, operated at a temperature above each compound's melting point utlizing nitrogen as the driving force. The nebulizer output and size distributions of aerosols of 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), benzidine, and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine are given.", "PMID": 645556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2336", "title": "Biotransformation of n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone in guinea pigs and mice.", "content": "Peripheral neuropathies caused by exposures to the industrial solvents n-hexane and MBK exhibit strinkingly similar characteristics. In in vivo studies, the metabolites of MBK and n-hexane identified in blood and urine of guinea pigs were 2-hexanol (partly as glucuronide in urine); and 2,5-hexanedione which was detected only in MBK treated groups. Phenobarbital pretreatment increased 2-hexanol urinary excretion in both solvent treatment groups. In in vitro studies, hepatic reduction of MBK required the cytosol fraction to form 2-hexanol; whereas the oxidation of MBK and n-hexane required the microsomal fraction to form 2,5-hexanedione and 2-hexanol, respectively. The in vivo and in vitro biotransformation of MBK and n-hexane to a common metabolite (2-hexanol) suggests that the neurotoxic action of these solvents may be metabolite related.", "contents": "Biotransformation of n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone in guinea pigs and mice. Peripheral neuropathies caused by exposures to the industrial solvents n-hexane and MBK exhibit strinkingly similar characteristics. In in vivo studies, the metabolites of MBK and n-hexane identified in blood and urine of guinea pigs were 2-hexanol (partly as glucuronide in urine); and 2,5-hexanedione which was detected only in MBK treated groups. Phenobarbital pretreatment increased 2-hexanol urinary excretion in both solvent treatment groups. In in vitro studies, hepatic reduction of MBK required the cytosol fraction to form 2-hexanol; whereas the oxidation of MBK and n-hexane required the microsomal fraction to form 2,5-hexanedione and 2-hexanol, respectively. The in vivo and in vitro biotransformation of MBK and n-hexane to a common metabolite (2-hexanol) suggests that the neurotoxic action of these solvents may be metabolite related.", "PMID": 645557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2337", "title": "A field evaluation of noise-induced temporary threshold shift.", "content": "Noise-induced temporary and permanent threshold shifts of 9 brewery workers were obtained by means of 6 hearing tests during two consecutive days. Subjects had been exposed 6 to 8 hours daily to a bottling noise for approximately 15 years. Results confirm that empirical rules predicting exponential growth and recovery of TTS during and following a work-day apply in men who have a significant permanent threshold shift from repeated exposures to the same work-day noise for a number of previous years.", "contents": "A field evaluation of noise-induced temporary threshold shift. Noise-induced temporary and permanent threshold shifts of 9 brewery workers were obtained by means of 6 hearing tests during two consecutive days. Subjects had been exposed 6 to 8 hours daily to a bottling noise for approximately 15 years. Results confirm that empirical rules predicting exponential growth and recovery of TTS during and following a work-day apply in men who have a significant permanent threshold shift from repeated exposures to the same work-day noise for a number of previous years.", "PMID": 645558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2338", "title": "Clinical assessment of serum myosin light chains in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum myosin light chain levels were quantitated with radioimmunoassay in patients admitted to the coronary care unit. In this study there were 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 84 with chest pain but without myocardial infarction and 5 with chest pain but with preexisting electrocardiographic abnormalities that could not be interpreted using standard criteria. Values for human cardiac light chains in normal human sera averaged less than 2 ng/ml, and values in the 84 patients without myocardial infarction fell into this category. The 29 patients with myocardial infarction all had elevated light chain concentrations (average 10.9 +/- 1.3 ng/ml; range 4 to 35 ng/ml). In this study there were no false positive or false negative results. Use of this assay has permitted separation of patients with and without myocardial infarction. The assay for cardiac light chains provides a biochemical marker of high sensitivity and specificity that is useful in the diagnosis of infarction.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of serum myosin light chains in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Serum myosin light chain levels were quantitated with radioimmunoassay in patients admitted to the coronary care unit. In this study there were 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 84 with chest pain but without myocardial infarction and 5 with chest pain but with preexisting electrocardiographic abnormalities that could not be interpreted using standard criteria. Values for human cardiac light chains in normal human sera averaged less than 2 ng/ml, and values in the 84 patients without myocardial infarction fell into this category. The 29 patients with myocardial infarction all had elevated light chain concentrations (average 10.9 +/- 1.3 ng/ml; range 4 to 35 ng/ml). In this study there were no false positive or false negative results. Use of this assay has permitted separation of patients with and without myocardial infarction. The assay for cardiac light chains provides a biochemical marker of high sensitivity and specificity that is useful in the diagnosis of infarction.", "PMID": 645567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2339", "title": "Time-related changes in the Q-T interval in acute myocardial infarction: possible relation to local hypocalcemia.", "content": "In 63 patients with either acute transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarction, the Q-T interval was prolonged beyond normal limits on at least 1 of the 5 days after infarction in 27 patients (8 with transmural and 19 with nontransmural infarction). The time-related changes in the corrected Q-T (Q-Tc) interval were defined for the entire sample and showed significant expansion, maximal on day 2, from a preinfarction control value. By day 5, the Q-Tc interval was no longer significantly prolonged and was not expanded beyond normal limits in any patient. Various possible causes of Q-T prolongation in myocardial infarction are local hypothermia, local conduction delay, neurogenic effect and local hypocalcemia. Collateral evidence suggests that the letter may contribute significantly to prolongation.", "contents": "Time-related changes in the Q-T interval in acute myocardial infarction: possible relation to local hypocalcemia. In 63 patients with either acute transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarction, the Q-T interval was prolonged beyond normal limits on at least 1 of the 5 days after infarction in 27 patients (8 with transmural and 19 with nontransmural infarction). The time-related changes in the corrected Q-T (Q-Tc) interval were defined for the entire sample and showed significant expansion, maximal on day 2, from a preinfarction control value. By day 5, the Q-Tc interval was no longer significantly prolonged and was not expanded beyond normal limits in any patient. Various possible causes of Q-T prolongation in myocardial infarction are local hypothermia, local conduction delay, neurogenic effect and local hypocalcemia. Collateral evidence suggests that the letter may contribute significantly to prolongation.", "PMID": 645572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2340", "title": "Modification of intraaortic balloon catheter to permit introduction by cardiac catheterization techniques.", "content": "Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation has been widely applied for treatment of left ventricular pump failure and intractable angina. However, its use has been limited by the difficulty of balloon insertion in some patients and vascular complications in others. An AVCO intraaortic balloon was modified by the addition of a central lumen to allow pressure monitoring, injection of contrast medium and passage of a guide wire. The device was successfully used in 15 of 16 patients, including 4 of 5 in whom attempts to place a standard balloon catheter had failed. No significant vascular complications occurred in any patient. The modified balloon catheter appears to increase the efficacy and safety of insertion and allows immediate and continuous monitoring of arterial pressure.", "contents": "Modification of intraaortic balloon catheter to permit introduction by cardiac catheterization techniques. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation has been widely applied for treatment of left ventricular pump failure and intractable angina. However, its use has been limited by the difficulty of balloon insertion in some patients and vascular complications in others. An AVCO intraaortic balloon was modified by the addition of a central lumen to allow pressure monitoring, injection of contrast medium and passage of a guide wire. The device was successfully used in 15 of 16 patients, including 4 of 5 in whom attempts to place a standard balloon catheter had failed. No significant vascular complications occurred in any patient. The modified balloon catheter appears to increase the efficacy and safety of insertion and allows immediate and continuous monitoring of arterial pressure.", "PMID": 645579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2341", "title": "Pathologic anatomy of Ebstein's anomaly of the heart revisited.", "content": "The typical textbook description of Ebstein's anomaly of the heart usually singles out and emphasizes the downward displacement of septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve. An anatomic reappraisal of this uncommon anomaly suggests that other structural abnormalities of import should be equally stressed. Among the 15 well preserved autopsy specimens in this series, enlargement of the right atrioventricular (A-V) junction and malalignment of the giant and sometimes muscularized anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve were consistently found. In addition, massive aneurysmal dilation of the right ventricle was present in almost two thirds (9 of 15) of the hearts. Our observations raise the possibility that abnormal embryonic development of the right A-V junction may be the primary event that leads to malformation of the tricuspid valve apparatus.", "contents": "Pathologic anatomy of Ebstein's anomaly of the heart revisited. The typical textbook description of Ebstein's anomaly of the heart usually singles out and emphasizes the downward displacement of septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve. An anatomic reappraisal of this uncommon anomaly suggests that other structural abnormalities of import should be equally stressed. Among the 15 well preserved autopsy specimens in this series, enlargement of the right atrioventricular (A-V) junction and malalignment of the giant and sometimes muscularized anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve were consistently found. In addition, massive aneurysmal dilation of the right ventricle was present in almost two thirds (9 of 15) of the hearts. Our observations raise the possibility that abnormal embryonic development of the right A-V junction may be the primary event that leads to malformation of the tricuspid valve apparatus.", "PMID": 645580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2342", "title": "Pathogenesis of persistent truncus arteriosus in light of observations made in a dog embryo with the anomaly.", "content": "Among 36 embryos obtained from a strain of Keeshond dogs in which there is a large incidence of spontaneously occurring conotruncal anomalies, a specimen with persistent truncus arteriosus, type 1 was found. The embryo had a crown-rump length of 20 mm. The specimen was serially sectioned and a wax plate reconstruction was made of the heart and proximal great vessels at a magnification of X100. The truncal valve was quadricuspid and dysplastic; associated anomalies were a right subclavian artery arising anomalously from the descending aorta, a single coronary artery, an absent ductus arteriosus and a small persistent left cranial (superior) vena cava. The truncus cushions were hypoplastic, had failed to fuse and each had simply produced an arterial cusp. The observations made on this embryo support the view that in persistent truncus arteriosus there is failure of septation of the truncus arteriosus. No evidence was found in favor of the concept that persistent truncus arteriosus represents a form of tetralogy of Fallot with atresia of the subpulmonary infundibulum and partial or complete absence of the aorticopulmonary septum.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of persistent truncus arteriosus in light of observations made in a dog embryo with the anomaly. Among 36 embryos obtained from a strain of Keeshond dogs in which there is a large incidence of spontaneously occurring conotruncal anomalies, a specimen with persistent truncus arteriosus, type 1 was found. The embryo had a crown-rump length of 20 mm. The specimen was serially sectioned and a wax plate reconstruction was made of the heart and proximal great vessels at a magnification of X100. The truncal valve was quadricuspid and dysplastic; associated anomalies were a right subclavian artery arising anomalously from the descending aorta, a single coronary artery, an absent ductus arteriosus and a small persistent left cranial (superior) vena cava. The truncus cushions were hypoplastic, had failed to fuse and each had simply produced an arterial cusp. The observations made on this embryo support the view that in persistent truncus arteriosus there is failure of septation of the truncus arteriosus. No evidence was found in favor of the concept that persistent truncus arteriosus represents a form of tetralogy of Fallot with atresia of the subpulmonary infundibulum and partial or complete absence of the aorticopulmonary septum.", "PMID": 645581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2343", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of hydralazine on sinoatrial function in patients with sick sinus node syndrome.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of hydralazine were evaluated in nine hypertensive patients with sinoatrial dysfunction. Intravenous hydralazine, 0.15 mg/kg, caused no significant reduction in arterial blood pressure. Yet this dose of hydralazine increased heart rate from 61.9 +/- 4.1 beats/min (mean +/- standard error of the mean) to 68.6 +/- 4.9 (P less than 0.001). Sinus nodal recovery time upon termination of atrial pacing shortened from 3,207 +/- 1,098 to 2,064 +/- 573 msec (P less than 0.05) and second escape cycles shortened as well (P less than 0.025). Acceleration of heart rate and abbreviation of recovery time did not closely correlate with change in blood pressure (r = 0.41 and 0.18, respectively). Junctional escape beats became more frequent and junctional escape time shortened from 2,525 +/- 692 to 1,705 +/- 382 msec (P less than 0.05). Sinoatrial conduction time tended to shorten, but a significant change was not observed. Atrial tachyarrhythmias did not occur and atrial refractoriness was unchanged. Thus, a minimal blood pressure response to hydralazine was associated with enhanced automaticity. Hydralazine merits clinical trial for treatment of sick sinus syndrome with concomitant hypertension.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of hydralazine on sinoatrial function in patients with sick sinus node syndrome. The electrophysiologic effects of hydralazine were evaluated in nine hypertensive patients with sinoatrial dysfunction. Intravenous hydralazine, 0.15 mg/kg, caused no significant reduction in arterial blood pressure. Yet this dose of hydralazine increased heart rate from 61.9 +/- 4.1 beats/min (mean +/- standard error of the mean) to 68.6 +/- 4.9 (P less than 0.001). Sinus nodal recovery time upon termination of atrial pacing shortened from 3,207 +/- 1,098 to 2,064 +/- 573 msec (P less than 0.05) and second escape cycles shortened as well (P less than 0.025). Acceleration of heart rate and abbreviation of recovery time did not closely correlate with change in blood pressure (r = 0.41 and 0.18, respectively). Junctional escape beats became more frequent and junctional escape time shortened from 2,525 +/- 692 to 1,705 +/- 382 msec (P less than 0.05). Sinoatrial conduction time tended to shorten, but a significant change was not observed. Atrial tachyarrhythmias did not occur and atrial refractoriness was unchanged. Thus, a minimal blood pressure response to hydralazine was associated with enhanced automaticity. Hydralazine merits clinical trial for treatment of sick sinus syndrome with concomitant hypertension.", "PMID": 645582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2344", "title": "Propranolol rebound--a retrospective study.", "content": "To assess the effects of sudden withdrawal of propranolol on inpatients with coronary artery disease, 102 patients admitted for cardiac catheterization were evaluated. Criteria for inclusion in the study were angiographically documented coronary artery disease, propranolol therapy at a mean daily dose of at least 80 mg and abrupt discontinuation of propranolol therapy before catheterization. There were 55 patients (mean age 52.5) who discontinued propranolol therapy (mean daily dose 127 mg) and a control group of 47 patients (mean age 53) who continued to receive propranolol (mean daily dose 143 mg). The criteria for morbidity were death, myocardial infarction or change in pain pattern. In the withdrawal group there were no deaths, one myocardial infarction judged to be related to catheterization and only one instance of a change in pain pattern. Thus, propranolol rebound appears to occur infrequently among hospitalized patients with reduced activity.", "contents": "Propranolol rebound--a retrospective study. To assess the effects of sudden withdrawal of propranolol on inpatients with coronary artery disease, 102 patients admitted for cardiac catheterization were evaluated. Criteria for inclusion in the study were angiographically documented coronary artery disease, propranolol therapy at a mean daily dose of at least 80 mg and abrupt discontinuation of propranolol therapy before catheterization. There were 55 patients (mean age 52.5) who discontinued propranolol therapy (mean daily dose 127 mg) and a control group of 47 patients (mean age 53) who continued to receive propranolol (mean daily dose 143 mg). The criteria for morbidity were death, myocardial infarction or change in pain pattern. In the withdrawal group there were no deaths, one myocardial infarction judged to be related to catheterization and only one instance of a change in pain pattern. Thus, propranolol rebound appears to occur infrequently among hospitalized patients with reduced activity.", "PMID": 645584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2345", "title": "Effusive-constrictive hemodynamic pattern due to neoplastic involvement of the pericardium.", "content": "Eight patients with metastatic malignancy of the pericardium who demonstrated the hemodynamics of subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis were studied. All patients had clinical evidence of cardiac tamponade due to malignant pericardial effusion and were referred for therapeutic pericardiocentesis. In six in whom pericardiocentesis was successfully performed, right atrial pressure remained elevated after pericardiocentesis and return of the intrapericardial pressure to zero; in these patients, hemodynamic data were initially compatible with tamponade but suggested constriction after removal of the pericardial fluid. In the remaining two patients, echocardiography revealed pericardial fluid, but attempted pericardiocentesis was unsuccessful. In these two patients, the hemodynamic data suggested pericardial constriction; subsequent pathologic examination revealed neoplastic involvement of the visceral pericardium. Thus, subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis, previously recognized as a complication of tuberculosis or mediastinal radiation, may also be due to metastatic malignancy. The syndrome can readily be demonstrated when right heart catheterization is performed in conjunction with pericardiocentesis.", "contents": "Effusive-constrictive hemodynamic pattern due to neoplastic involvement of the pericardium. Eight patients with metastatic malignancy of the pericardium who demonstrated the hemodynamics of subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis were studied. All patients had clinical evidence of cardiac tamponade due to malignant pericardial effusion and were referred for therapeutic pericardiocentesis. In six in whom pericardiocentesis was successfully performed, right atrial pressure remained elevated after pericardiocentesis and return of the intrapericardial pressure to zero; in these patients, hemodynamic data were initially compatible with tamponade but suggested constriction after removal of the pericardial fluid. In the remaining two patients, echocardiography revealed pericardial fluid, but attempted pericardiocentesis was unsuccessful. In these two patients, the hemodynamic data suggested pericardial constriction; subsequent pathologic examination revealed neoplastic involvement of the visceral pericardium. Thus, subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis, previously recognized as a complication of tuberculosis or mediastinal radiation, may also be due to metastatic malignancy. The syndrome can readily be demonstrated when right heart catheterization is performed in conjunction with pericardiocentesis.", "PMID": 645585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2346", "title": "Significance of changes in R wave amplitude during treadmill stress testing: angiographic correlation.", "content": "Coronary angiograms and treadmill stress tests were reviewed in 89 patients. Changes in R wave amplitude were measured in the control and immediate postexercise periods. Of 45 patients with normal coronary arteries, 41 (91 percent) had a decrease in R wave amplitude (P less than 0.01); 3 (7 percent) had an increase in amplitude, including 2 with abnormal left ventriculograms. The remaining patient (2 percent) had abnormal wall motion but no change in R wave amplitude. Among the 44 patients with significant coronary artery disease (70 percent or greater luminal narrowing in one or more vessels), R wave amplitude increased after exercise in 26 (59 percent) with more severe coronary artery disease. R wave amplitude decreased in 18 patients (41 percent) with normal or minimally abnormal resting ventriculograms and less severe coronary artery disease (P less than 0.01). Changes in R wave amplitude reflect ventricular function, an increase in R wave amplitude reflecting more severe dysfunction and severe coronary narrowing. A decreased R wave amplitude indicates normal or minimal dysfunction and is strongly associated with normal coronary angiograms.", "contents": "Significance of changes in R wave amplitude during treadmill stress testing: angiographic correlation. Coronary angiograms and treadmill stress tests were reviewed in 89 patients. Changes in R wave amplitude were measured in the control and immediate postexercise periods. Of 45 patients with normal coronary arteries, 41 (91 percent) had a decrease in R wave amplitude (P less than 0.01); 3 (7 percent) had an increase in amplitude, including 2 with abnormal left ventriculograms. The remaining patient (2 percent) had abnormal wall motion but no change in R wave amplitude. Among the 44 patients with significant coronary artery disease (70 percent or greater luminal narrowing in one or more vessels), R wave amplitude increased after exercise in 26 (59 percent) with more severe coronary artery disease. R wave amplitude decreased in 18 patients (41 percent) with normal or minimally abnormal resting ventriculograms and less severe coronary artery disease (P less than 0.01). Changes in R wave amplitude reflect ventricular function, an increase in R wave amplitude reflecting more severe dysfunction and severe coronary narrowing. A decreased R wave amplitude indicates normal or minimal dysfunction and is strongly associated with normal coronary angiograms.", "PMID": 645592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2347", "title": "Correlative studies of serum digitalis levels and the arrhythmias of digitalis intoxication.", "content": "Correlative studies of serum digoxin levels, cardiac rhythm and related clinical laboratory data were carried out in 114 patients. Seventy-three patients who presented with 79 episodes of arrhythmias typical of digitalis intoxication could be separated into a normokalemic group of 55 patients whose serum digoxin level was 6.68 +/- 0.17 ng/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean), and a hypokalemic group of 24 with a mean serum digoxin level of 1.13 +/- 0.04 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). Of 45 consectutive normokalemic patients with a high serum digoxin level (more than 2 mg/ml) who underwent serial studies, 17 had arrhythmias. Serial studies in 10 hypokalemic patients revealed an inconsistent relation between presence of arrhythmia and serum digoxin level. During repletion of serum potassium in seven of these patients with an arrhythmia, the arrhythmia disappeared without a significant change in serum digoxin level in four patients. A group of seven patients had 16 episodes of serum digoxin level greater than 2.2 ng/ml, but an arrhythmia occurred during only 3 of these episodes. A sharp border between toxic and therapeutic serum digoxin values was not found in these groups of study patients. The serum digoxin level at which arrhythmias occurred appeared to be variable for both groups and individual patients. However, correlative studies utilizing serum digoxin levels can define existing thresholds for therapeutic and toxic effects and may often be more useful than isolated observations.", "contents": "Correlative studies of serum digitalis levels and the arrhythmias of digitalis intoxication. Correlative studies of serum digoxin levels, cardiac rhythm and related clinical laboratory data were carried out in 114 patients. Seventy-three patients who presented with 79 episodes of arrhythmias typical of digitalis intoxication could be separated into a normokalemic group of 55 patients whose serum digoxin level was 6.68 +/- 0.17 ng/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean), and a hypokalemic group of 24 with a mean serum digoxin level of 1.13 +/- 0.04 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). Of 45 consectutive normokalemic patients with a high serum digoxin level (more than 2 mg/ml) who underwent serial studies, 17 had arrhythmias. Serial studies in 10 hypokalemic patients revealed an inconsistent relation between presence of arrhythmia and serum digoxin level. During repletion of serum potassium in seven of these patients with an arrhythmia, the arrhythmia disappeared without a significant change in serum digoxin level in four patients. A group of seven patients had 16 episodes of serum digoxin level greater than 2.2 ng/ml, but an arrhythmia occurred during only 3 of these episodes. A sharp border between toxic and therapeutic serum digoxin values was not found in these groups of study patients. The serum digoxin level at which arrhythmias occurred appeared to be variable for both groups and individual patients. However, correlative studies utilizing serum digoxin levels can define existing thresholds for therapeutic and toxic effects and may often be more useful than isolated observations.", "PMID": 645593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2348", "title": "Hemodynamic significance of the length of a coronary arterial narrowing.", "content": "The hemodynamic significance of the length of a coronary arterial narrowing is unclear. Accordingly, the influence of the length of a given coronary narrowing on coronary hemodynamic responses was studied in 14 dogs. Recordings were made as short fixed diameter reductions were progressivley lengthened to 5, 10 and 15 mm by the addition of plastic occluders. Resting coronary blood flow decreased and pressure gradients developed across short (snare) narrowings greater than 80 percent (critical stenosis). Short 40 to 60 percent narrowings had no significant resting hemodynamic influence, but increasing their length to 10 and 15 mm consistently resulted in significant pressure gradients and flow reductions. Reactive hyperemic coronary blood flow expressed as repayment of flow debt (after 10 seconds of coronary occlusion) decreased progressively as these narrowings were lengthed. The effect of 15 mm long narrowings on resting and reactive hyperemic flows was similar to that of short 90 percent narrowings. These data indicate that there is uncertainty about the significance of coronary diameter reductions previously considered hemodynamically unimportant. In our studies, significant changes in resting and reactive hyperemic coronary flows and resting pressure gradients occurred as the length of a given degree of narrowing was increased.", "contents": "Hemodynamic significance of the length of a coronary arterial narrowing. The hemodynamic significance of the length of a coronary arterial narrowing is unclear. Accordingly, the influence of the length of a given coronary narrowing on coronary hemodynamic responses was studied in 14 dogs. Recordings were made as short fixed diameter reductions were progressivley lengthened to 5, 10 and 15 mm by the addition of plastic occluders. Resting coronary blood flow decreased and pressure gradients developed across short (snare) narrowings greater than 80 percent (critical stenosis). Short 40 to 60 percent narrowings had no significant resting hemodynamic influence, but increasing their length to 10 and 15 mm consistently resulted in significant pressure gradients and flow reductions. Reactive hyperemic coronary blood flow expressed as repayment of flow debt (after 10 seconds of coronary occlusion) decreased progressively as these narrowings were lengthed. The effect of 15 mm long narrowings on resting and reactive hyperemic flows was similar to that of short 90 percent narrowings. These data indicate that there is uncertainty about the significance of coronary diameter reductions previously considered hemodynamically unimportant. In our studies, significant changes in resting and reactive hyperemic coronary flows and resting pressure gradients occurred as the length of a given degree of narrowing was increased.", "PMID": 645594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2349", "title": "Techniques for right and left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy.", "content": "Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy using percutaneous right internal jugular approach proved a safe and easily performed technique in more than 1,300 procedures. Adequate tissue was obtained in more than 98 percent of patients and morbidity rate was remarkably low. Other approaches to the right ventricle may be used, but retrograde left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy appears to be the safest and most reliable alternative to transjugular right ventricular biopsy. The safety and success of the techniques for right and left heart biopsy described depend on meticulous attention to methodologic detail.", "contents": "Techniques for right and left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy using percutaneous right internal jugular approach proved a safe and easily performed technique in more than 1,300 procedures. Adequate tissue was obtained in more than 98 percent of patients and morbidity rate was remarkably low. Other approaches to the right ventricle may be used, but retrograde left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy appears to be the safest and most reliable alternative to transjugular right ventricular biopsy. The safety and success of the techniques for right and left heart biopsy described depend on meticulous attention to methodologic detail.", "PMID": 645597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2350", "title": "Retrograde left ventricular catheterization in patients with an aortic valve prosthesis.", "content": "Twenty-seven consecutive patients with an aortic valve prosthesis were evaluated with retrograde left ventricular catheterization. The prosthesis was successfully crossed, permitting hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation of function of the prosthetic valve, left ventricle and mitral valve in all 27 cases. No complications were encountered. In patients with active endocarditis or recent embolization, the retrograde technique was avoided when possible, and attempts were made to utilize other techniques for study. However, three such patients were evaluated with the retrograde technique without complication. Examination of pressure tracings and cineangiographic films suggested only minor interference with valve poppet movement induced by the catheter transversing the valve. In three cases, hemodynamic data were recorded with the catheter crossing the prosthesis at one time and a paraprosthetic valve defect at another time. Identical gradients were recorded. This series documents the safety and efficacy of the retrograde approach, which is proposed as an alternative to the transseptal technique and left ventricular puncture.", "contents": "Retrograde left ventricular catheterization in patients with an aortic valve prosthesis. Twenty-seven consecutive patients with an aortic valve prosthesis were evaluated with retrograde left ventricular catheterization. The prosthesis was successfully crossed, permitting hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation of function of the prosthetic valve, left ventricle and mitral valve in all 27 cases. No complications were encountered. In patients with active endocarditis or recent embolization, the retrograde technique was avoided when possible, and attempts were made to utilize other techniques for study. However, three such patients were evaluated with the retrograde technique without complication. Examination of pressure tracings and cineangiographic films suggested only minor interference with valve poppet movement induced by the catheter transversing the valve. In three cases, hemodynamic data were recorded with the catheter crossing the prosthesis at one time and a paraprosthetic valve defect at another time. Identical gradients were recorded. This series documents the safety and efficacy of the retrograde approach, which is proposed as an alternative to the transseptal technique and left ventricular puncture.", "PMID": 645598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2351", "title": "Assessment of cardiac performance with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography: right ventricular ejection fraction with reference to findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "A reproducible noninvasive technique for measuring righ ventricular ejection fraction was developed using first pass quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. Studies were obtained in the anterior position with a computerized multicrystal scintillation camera with high count rate capabilities. Right ventricular ejection fraction was calculated on a beat to beat basis from the high frequency components of the background-corrected right ventricular time-activity curve. In 50 normal adults, right ventricular ejection fraction averaged 55 percent (range of 45 to 65 percent). This radionuclide measure of right ventricular function was reproducible, with minimal inter- and intraobserver variability, and was sensitive to changes in inotropic state induced with isoproterenol. In 36 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, right ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 19 to 71 percent. All 10 patients with corpulmonale, as well as 9 additional patients, had an abnormal right ventricular ejection fraction. Arterial oxygen tension and forced expiratory volume were depressed significantly more in patients with abnormal right ventricular ejection fraction than in subjects with normal right ventricular function. There was no relation between abnormalities in right and left ventricular ejection fraction.", "contents": "Assessment of cardiac performance with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography: right ventricular ejection fraction with reference to findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A reproducible noninvasive technique for measuring righ ventricular ejection fraction was developed using first pass quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. Studies were obtained in the anterior position with a computerized multicrystal scintillation camera with high count rate capabilities. Right ventricular ejection fraction was calculated on a beat to beat basis from the high frequency components of the background-corrected right ventricular time-activity curve. In 50 normal adults, right ventricular ejection fraction averaged 55 percent (range of 45 to 65 percent). This radionuclide measure of right ventricular function was reproducible, with minimal inter- and intraobserver variability, and was sensitive to changes in inotropic state induced with isoproterenol. In 36 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, right ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 19 to 71 percent. All 10 patients with corpulmonale, as well as 9 additional patients, had an abnormal right ventricular ejection fraction. Arterial oxygen tension and forced expiratory volume were depressed significantly more in patients with abnormal right ventricular ejection fraction than in subjects with normal right ventricular function. There was no relation between abnormalities in right and left ventricular ejection fraction.", "PMID": 645599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2352", "title": "Primary repair of complete atrioventricular canal in patients less than 2 years old.", "content": "Twenty-seven consecutive patients less than 2 years of age underwent primary intracardiac repair of complete atrioventricular (A-V) canal. Three (19 percent) of the 16 operated on after January 1, 1975 died in the hospital, a smaller proportion than the 8 of 11 patients who died in the hospital after operation between 1972 and 1975 (P = 0.005). The date of operation as a continuous variable is also related to the probability of hospital death (P = 0.016). Age at operation was not related to hospital mortality among the total group of 27 infants, nor were the anatomic characteristics of the anterior and posterior bridging leaflets, the location and size of the interventricular communications or the duration or technique of profound hypothermia (total circulatory arrest versus low perfusion flow rate). The improved results in the 16 patients operated on since January 1, 1975 are believed to be primarily the result of an improved ability to construct \"mitral\" and \"tricuspid\" valves from the common A-V valve. Fourteen of the 16 hospital survivors are alive and well 5 to 60 months after operation. These results and the natural history of patients with this malformation indicate that there should be no change in the policy of performing elective intracardiac repair before age 2 years and primary repair rather than pulmonary arterial banding when operation is required in the early months of life.", "contents": "Primary repair of complete atrioventricular canal in patients less than 2 years old. Twenty-seven consecutive patients less than 2 years of age underwent primary intracardiac repair of complete atrioventricular (A-V) canal. Three (19 percent) of the 16 operated on after January 1, 1975 died in the hospital, a smaller proportion than the 8 of 11 patients who died in the hospital after operation between 1972 and 1975 (P = 0.005). The date of operation as a continuous variable is also related to the probability of hospital death (P = 0.016). Age at operation was not related to hospital mortality among the total group of 27 infants, nor were the anatomic characteristics of the anterior and posterior bridging leaflets, the location and size of the interventricular communications or the duration or technique of profound hypothermia (total circulatory arrest versus low perfusion flow rate). The improved results in the 16 patients operated on since January 1, 1975 are believed to be primarily the result of an improved ability to construct \"mitral\" and \"tricuspid\" valves from the common A-V valve. Fourteen of the 16 hospital survivors are alive and well 5 to 60 months after operation. These results and the natural history of patients with this malformation indicate that there should be no change in the policy of performing elective intracardiac repair before age 2 years and primary repair rather than pulmonary arterial banding when operation is required in the early months of life.", "PMID": 645600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2353", "title": "Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in alpha-transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "In subjects with classic complete transposition (d-transposition) of the great arteries, the pulmonary arterial plexiform lesion, characteristic of chronic high levels of pulmonary arterial pressure, was observed in those with an intact ventricular septum as well as in those with a ventricular septal defect. The lesion was not observed before age 12 months. Among 16 patients aged 12 to 30 months, the plexiform lesion was observed in 6 of 12 patients (50 percent) with an intact ventricular septum and a closed ductus arteriosus and in 1 of 4 patinets with an associated ventricular septal defect. The basis of the plexiform lesion, which is considered a sign of chronic severe pulmonary hypertension, occurring in subjects with an intact ventricular septum and a closed ductus arteriosus is not explained. The phenomenon observed in this study confirms the earlier observations of others.", "contents": "Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in alpha-transposition of the great arteries. In subjects with classic complete transposition (d-transposition) of the great arteries, the pulmonary arterial plexiform lesion, characteristic of chronic high levels of pulmonary arterial pressure, was observed in those with an intact ventricular septum as well as in those with a ventricular septal defect. The lesion was not observed before age 12 months. Among 16 patients aged 12 to 30 months, the plexiform lesion was observed in 6 of 12 patients (50 percent) with an intact ventricular septum and a closed ductus arteriosus and in 1 of 4 patinets with an associated ventricular septal defect. The basis of the plexiform lesion, which is considered a sign of chronic severe pulmonary hypertension, occurring in subjects with an intact ventricular septum and a closed ductus arteriosus is not explained. The phenomenon observed in this study confirms the earlier observations of others.", "PMID": 645602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2354", "title": "Musical murmurs: an echo-phonocardiographic study.", "content": "Five patients with muscial murmurs were studied noninvasively with simultaneous echocardiography and phonocardiograpy and phonocardiography. Three patients had aortic regurgitation, one mitral regurgitation and one tricuspid regurgitation. The frequency of the muscial murmurs ranged from 40 to 158 cycles/sec. The patient with tricuspid regurgitation manifested an inspiratory honk. Simultaneous echo-phonocardiography revealed regular valve leaflet flutter (aortic, mitral or tricuspid) at a frequency identical to that of the simultaneously recorded muscial murmur. This study demonstrates that echocardiography is a useful noninvasive tool in identifying the site of origin of musical murmurs.", "contents": "Musical murmurs: an echo-phonocardiographic study. Five patients with muscial murmurs were studied noninvasively with simultaneous echocardiography and phonocardiograpy and phonocardiography. Three patients had aortic regurgitation, one mitral regurgitation and one tricuspid regurgitation. The frequency of the muscial murmurs ranged from 40 to 158 cycles/sec. The patient with tricuspid regurgitation manifested an inspiratory honk. Simultaneous echo-phonocardiography revealed regular valve leaflet flutter (aortic, mitral or tricuspid) at a frequency identical to that of the simultaneously recorded muscial murmur. This study demonstrates that echocardiography is a useful noninvasive tool in identifying the site of origin of musical murmurs.", "PMID": 645605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2355", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the cavernous bodies in the lamprey gill filaments.", "content": "The cavernous body in the lamprey gill filament was studied by electron microscopy. This body lies along the outer border of the axial plate of each gill filament and freely communicates with an afferent filament artery. Two series of blood channels run alternately, passing through the cavernous body, and lead to the marginal channels in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, narrow blood spaces left in the cavernous body lead to the blood lacunae in the axial plate (osmoregulatory region) and to those in the secondary lamellae (respiratory region). All the blood in the cavernous body is finally collected by an efferent filament artery. The cavernous body is traversed by numerous trabeculae and collagenous columns which run diagonally in the blood spaces to connect the walls of the cavernous body. All the walls of the cavernous body, including trabeculae and collagenous columns, are completely surrounded by the cytoplasmic flanges of specialized cells called here \"cavernous body cells.\" These cells are about 30 mu in diameter and characterized by (1) association with collagenous columns or trabeculae and also by the presence of (2) coated caveolae and vesicles, (3) vacuoles and (4) cytoplasmic granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are considered to be related to the pillar cells in origin because of their close association with collagenous columns or trabecule. The functional significance of the cavernous body and the cavernous body cells is discussed.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the cavernous bodies in the lamprey gill filaments. The cavernous body in the lamprey gill filament was studied by electron microscopy. This body lies along the outer border of the axial plate of each gill filament and freely communicates with an afferent filament artery. Two series of blood channels run alternately, passing through the cavernous body, and lead to the marginal channels in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, narrow blood spaces left in the cavernous body lead to the blood lacunae in the axial plate (osmoregulatory region) and to those in the secondary lamellae (respiratory region). All the blood in the cavernous body is finally collected by an efferent filament artery. The cavernous body is traversed by numerous trabeculae and collagenous columns which run diagonally in the blood spaces to connect the walls of the cavernous body. All the walls of the cavernous body, including trabeculae and collagenous columns, are completely surrounded by the cytoplasmic flanges of specialized cells called here \"cavernous body cells.\" These cells are about 30 mu in diameter and characterized by (1) association with collagenous columns or trabeculae and also by the presence of (2) coated caveolae and vesicles, (3) vacuoles and (4) cytoplasmic granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are considered to be related to the pillar cells in origin because of their close association with collagenous columns or trabecule. The functional significance of the cavernous body and the cavernous body cells is discussed.", "PMID": 645606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2356", "title": "Isolated perfused dog lungs: a comparative stereologic comparison with normal dog lungs.", "content": "Established stereologic techniques were used to evaluate the morphologic integrity of isolated dog lungs perfused with plasma for periods of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. The morphometric data from the isolated lung preparations were compared to similar morphometric evaluations of dog lungs fixed immediately after removal from the thorax. In the isolated lungs capillary surface and volume densities were both substantially decreased. These estimations of capillary surface density provide a morphologic definition of capillary surface area which should be useful in the estimations of endothelial permeability in isolated lungs. This morphometrically defined decrease in capillary volume density was attributed, in part, to swelling of the endothelial cells. Alveolar surface density was also decreased and the type-I epithelial cells were increased in thickness. In both the endothelial and epithelial cells, cytoplasmic volume densities of the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were increased, while those of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and micropinocytotic vesicles were unchanged. The thickness of the interstitial compartment of the air-blood barrier and the volume densities of the peribronchial, peribronchiolar, and perivascular connective tissue sleeves were unchanged; there was no evidence of interstitial edema in the isolated lungs. These morphologic change must be considered in the interpretation of physiologic studies which employ isolated perfused dog lung preparations.", "contents": "Isolated perfused dog lungs: a comparative stereologic comparison with normal dog lungs. Established stereologic techniques were used to evaluate the morphologic integrity of isolated dog lungs perfused with plasma for periods of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. The morphometric data from the isolated lung preparations were compared to similar morphometric evaluations of dog lungs fixed immediately after removal from the thorax. In the isolated lungs capillary surface and volume densities were both substantially decreased. These estimations of capillary surface density provide a morphologic definition of capillary surface area which should be useful in the estimations of endothelial permeability in isolated lungs. This morphometrically defined decrease in capillary volume density was attributed, in part, to swelling of the endothelial cells. Alveolar surface density was also decreased and the type-I epithelial cells were increased in thickness. In both the endothelial and epithelial cells, cytoplasmic volume densities of the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were increased, while those of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and micropinocytotic vesicles were unchanged. The thickness of the interstitial compartment of the air-blood barrier and the volume densities of the peribronchial, peribronchiolar, and perivascular connective tissue sleeves were unchanged; there was no evidence of interstitial edema in the isolated lungs. These morphologic change must be considered in the interpretation of physiologic studies which employ isolated perfused dog lung preparations.", "PMID": 645607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2357", "title": "An ultrastructural study of developing extracellular matrix in vitelline blood vessels of the early chick embryo.", "content": "This investigation was designed to describe the morphological events in embryonic development of peripheral blood vessels (vasculogenesis) and to relate this process to the appearance of extracellular matrix (ECM) during growth and maturation of these tissues. Extraembryonic vitelline vessels of the early chick embryo were chosen for this study and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out on vessels excised from chick embryos (Hamburger-Hamilton stages 8 through 23). Our data show that early (stage 10) vessels are composed of two distinct epithelial layers, an inner layer of presumptive endothelium surrounded by a layer of splanchnopleuric mesoderm. During development, the inner layer gives rise to mature vascular endothelium while splanchnopleuric mesoderm differentiates to form primitive vascular smooth muscle. Ultrastructural studies show the presence of collagen and basal lamina in the extracellular space between these two layers during initiation of endothelial and smooth muscle cytodifferentiation. Furthermore, ruthenium red-positive material is present on basal surfaces of developing vascular endothelium at this time, indicating possible glycosaminoglycans (GAG) or other polyanionic components of the ECM. These data suggest that the sequential production of basal lamina, collagen (s), and/or GAG's by developing peripheral vessel wall epithelia may be critical to their final differentiation.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of developing extracellular matrix in vitelline blood vessels of the early chick embryo. This investigation was designed to describe the morphological events in embryonic development of peripheral blood vessels (vasculogenesis) and to relate this process to the appearance of extracellular matrix (ECM) during growth and maturation of these tissues. Extraembryonic vitelline vessels of the early chick embryo were chosen for this study and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out on vessels excised from chick embryos (Hamburger-Hamilton stages 8 through 23). Our data show that early (stage 10) vessels are composed of two distinct epithelial layers, an inner layer of presumptive endothelium surrounded by a layer of splanchnopleuric mesoderm. During development, the inner layer gives rise to mature vascular endothelium while splanchnopleuric mesoderm differentiates to form primitive vascular smooth muscle. Ultrastructural studies show the presence of collagen and basal lamina in the extracellular space between these two layers during initiation of endothelial and smooth muscle cytodifferentiation. Furthermore, ruthenium red-positive material is present on basal surfaces of developing vascular endothelium at this time, indicating possible glycosaminoglycans (GAG) or other polyanionic components of the ECM. These data suggest that the sequential production of basal lamina, collagen (s), and/or GAG's by developing peripheral vessel wall epithelia may be critical to their final differentiation.", "PMID": 645608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2358", "title": "Early postnatal development of ependyma in the third ventricle of male and female rats.", "content": "Ependyma in the third ventricle of developing male and female rats (0, 5, and 10 days postpartum) were compared with those of sexually mature male rats by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No sexual dimorphism appeared in the developmental group. At all ages the dorsolateral ventricular wall was composed of ciliated ependymal cells, while ependymal cells of the ventrolateral wall exhibited apical microvilli and bleb-like irregularities. While SEM revealed similarities in apical morphology between ependymal cells adult and developing animals, TEM revealed marked differences between these cells. Many ciliated ependymal cells in developing animals resembled those of the adult while other neonatal cell profiles suggested ciliogenesis. Adult male rats exhibited two distinct tanycyte populations. One population, characterized by elaborate intercellular interdigitations and basal processes containing predominantly fine filaments, occurred adjacent to the ventromedial nucleus (VMN). The second population, characterized by less extensive intercellular interdigitations and basal processes containing, primarily microtubules, lined the roof of the lateral recess adjacent to the arcuate nucleus. Many tanycytes at the level of the arcuate nucleus in developing rats resembled closely those of the adult. In contrast, developing ependymal cells at the level of the VMN differed differed from their adult counterparts in that they exhibited little intercellular interdigitation and projected basal processes characterized by an internal framework of microtubules. Similarities in cytology between developing and adult tanycytes of the arcuate region suggest that the adult function of this population may be operative in the early postnatal period. In contrast, the differing cytology between adult and developing tanycytes of the VMN region suggests that the function of these cells is age-dependent.", "contents": "Early postnatal development of ependyma in the third ventricle of male and female rats. Ependyma in the third ventricle of developing male and female rats (0, 5, and 10 days postpartum) were compared with those of sexually mature male rats by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No sexual dimorphism appeared in the developmental group. At all ages the dorsolateral ventricular wall was composed of ciliated ependymal cells, while ependymal cells of the ventrolateral wall exhibited apical microvilli and bleb-like irregularities. While SEM revealed similarities in apical morphology between ependymal cells adult and developing animals, TEM revealed marked differences between these cells. Many ciliated ependymal cells in developing animals resembled those of the adult while other neonatal cell profiles suggested ciliogenesis. Adult male rats exhibited two distinct tanycyte populations. One population, characterized by elaborate intercellular interdigitations and basal processes containing predominantly fine filaments, occurred adjacent to the ventromedial nucleus (VMN). The second population, characterized by less extensive intercellular interdigitations and basal processes containing, primarily microtubules, lined the roof of the lateral recess adjacent to the arcuate nucleus. Many tanycytes at the level of the arcuate nucleus in developing rats resembled closely those of the adult. In contrast, developing ependymal cells at the level of the VMN differed differed from their adult counterparts in that they exhibited little intercellular interdigitation and projected basal processes characterized by an internal framework of microtubules. Similarities in cytology between developing and adult tanycytes of the arcuate region suggest that the adult function of this population may be operative in the early postnatal period. In contrast, the differing cytology between adult and developing tanycytes of the VMN region suggests that the function of these cells is age-dependent.", "PMID": 645609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2359", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies of the papilla basilaris of some turtles and snakes.", "content": "The papillae basilares of three species of turtles and four species of snakes were studied by SEM. The papillae of turtle are relatively large among reptiles and are characterized by a long, horizontal middle section resting on wide basilar membrane. Both terminal ends of the papilla extend onto the surrounding limbus in the form of a forked or \"T\" -shaped end or as a curved, \"hook\"- like processes. Details vary with the species. In the three species of turtles studied, there were between 1,100 and 1,400 hair cells on a papilla. The tectorial membrane covering the horizontal portion of the papilla is heavy in appearance and tightly attached to the kinocilial bulbs. The terminal ends of the papilla are covered by a thin gelatinous material. In addition, mat-like tectorial network covers the supporting cells and extends from the microvilli of the supporting cells to the overlying tectorial membrane. All hair cells are unidirectionally and abneurally oriented. The supporting cell surfaces form a large part of the papilla and, thus, hair cell density is low. The papillae of the two boid snake species studied are moderately long among snakes and contain a moderate number of hair cells (574 in Epicrates and 710-780 in Constrictor). Papillar form is elongate, avoid, or canoe-shaped. The tectorial membrane may be either highly fenestrated or moderately dense and covers all but a few of the terminal hair cells. A tectorial-like mat covers all but a few of the terminal hair cells. Most hair cells are unidirectionally and abneurally oriented. A few terminal cells in boids may show reverse orientation. Hair cell density is similar to that of turtles.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies of the papilla basilaris of some turtles and snakes. The papillae basilares of three species of turtles and four species of snakes were studied by SEM. The papillae of turtle are relatively large among reptiles and are characterized by a long, horizontal middle section resting on wide basilar membrane. Both terminal ends of the papilla extend onto the surrounding limbus in the form of a forked or \"T\" -shaped end or as a curved, \"hook\"- like processes. Details vary with the species. In the three species of turtles studied, there were between 1,100 and 1,400 hair cells on a papilla. The tectorial membrane covering the horizontal portion of the papilla is heavy in appearance and tightly attached to the kinocilial bulbs. The terminal ends of the papilla are covered by a thin gelatinous material. In addition, mat-like tectorial network covers the supporting cells and extends from the microvilli of the supporting cells to the overlying tectorial membrane. All hair cells are unidirectionally and abneurally oriented. The supporting cell surfaces form a large part of the papilla and, thus, hair cell density is low. The papillae of the two boid snake species studied are moderately long among snakes and contain a moderate number of hair cells (574 in Epicrates and 710-780 in Constrictor). Papillar form is elongate, avoid, or canoe-shaped. The tectorial membrane may be either highly fenestrated or moderately dense and covers all but a few of the terminal hair cells. A tectorial-like mat covers all but a few of the terminal hair cells. Most hair cells are unidirectionally and abneurally oriented. A few terminal cells in boids may show reverse orientation. Hair cell density is similar to that of turtles.", "PMID": 645610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2360", "title": "A light and scanning electron microscopic study of the basial papilla in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum.", "content": "The basilar papilla and basilar recess of Ambystoma tigrinum have been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The recess is an evagination of the lagena, and is invested externally by dense periotic connective tissue, except over a thin area of one wall abutting against a periotic diverticulum communicating with the periotic sac. The surface and histological features of the non-sensory lining epithelium are described. The basilar papilla occupies both slopes of an elevation adjacent to the thin wall of the recess, and consists of 40 to 80 sensory cells interposed between sustentacular cells. The sensory cells are innervated by 30 to 40 nerve fibers exhibiting two ranges of diameter, and they are capped by typical ciliary bundles that are taller at the center of the receptor than at its periphery. Bundles in the proximal and distal halves of the papilla are polarized, respectively, toward the saccule and toward the thin wall in contact with the periotic diverticulum; this divergent pattern of polarization has not been reported previously in the basilar papilla of other vertebrates. A tectorial body overlies only the bundles in the distal half of the receptor, and is attached to both the neuroepithelium and the opposite wall of the recess. Functional considerations are discussed, and comparisons are made with conditions reported in frogs and toads. The findings suggest that the basilar papilla and recess in caudate and anuran amphibians arose from common precursors and probably function in a similar manner.", "contents": "A light and scanning electron microscopic study of the basial papilla in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. The basilar papilla and basilar recess of Ambystoma tigrinum have been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The recess is an evagination of the lagena, and is invested externally by dense periotic connective tissue, except over a thin area of one wall abutting against a periotic diverticulum communicating with the periotic sac. The surface and histological features of the non-sensory lining epithelium are described. The basilar papilla occupies both slopes of an elevation adjacent to the thin wall of the recess, and consists of 40 to 80 sensory cells interposed between sustentacular cells. The sensory cells are innervated by 30 to 40 nerve fibers exhibiting two ranges of diameter, and they are capped by typical ciliary bundles that are taller at the center of the receptor than at its periphery. Bundles in the proximal and distal halves of the papilla are polarized, respectively, toward the saccule and toward the thin wall in contact with the periotic diverticulum; this divergent pattern of polarization has not been reported previously in the basilar papilla of other vertebrates. A tectorial body overlies only the bundles in the distal half of the receptor, and is attached to both the neuroepithelium and the opposite wall of the recess. Functional considerations are discussed, and comparisons are made with conditions reported in frogs and toads. The findings suggest that the basilar papilla and recess in caudate and anuran amphibians arose from common precursors and probably function in a similar manner.", "PMID": 645611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2361", "title": "Ultrastructure of Merkel corpuscles and so-called \"transitional\" cells in the white Leghorn chicken.", "content": "In the chicken Merkel corpuscles are located in the dermis and consist of specialized Merkel cells, discoid nerve endings and lamellar cells. Merkel cells contain characteristic membrane-bound dense-core granules and bundles of microfilaments. Asymmetric junctions, synapse like, with thickened membranes and clusters of dense-core vesicles were observed between the Merkel cells and the nerve endings. The nerve ending is derived from myelinated nerves and sometimes contains clusters of clear vesicles. A laminar system formed by lamellar cells of the Schwann cell type encloses the Merkel cells and the nerve endings. So called \"transitional\" cells, showing some of the morphological features of both keratinocytes and Merkel cells, were observed in the basal layer of the epidermis. One was located partly in the epidermis and partly in the dermis. The structure of Merkel corpuscles is compared with that of Merkel cells in other tetrapods. The developmental significance of \"transitional\" cells and the origin of Merkel cells are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Merkel corpuscles and so-called \"transitional\" cells in the white Leghorn chicken. In the chicken Merkel corpuscles are located in the dermis and consist of specialized Merkel cells, discoid nerve endings and lamellar cells. Merkel cells contain characteristic membrane-bound dense-core granules and bundles of microfilaments. Asymmetric junctions, synapse like, with thickened membranes and clusters of dense-core vesicles were observed between the Merkel cells and the nerve endings. The nerve ending is derived from myelinated nerves and sometimes contains clusters of clear vesicles. A laminar system formed by lamellar cells of the Schwann cell type encloses the Merkel cells and the nerve endings. So called \"transitional\" cells, showing some of the morphological features of both keratinocytes and Merkel cells, were observed in the basal layer of the epidermis. One was located partly in the epidermis and partly in the dermis. The structure of Merkel corpuscles is compared with that of Merkel cells in other tetrapods. The developmental significance of \"transitional\" cells and the origin of Merkel cells are discussed.", "PMID": 645612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2362", "title": "Development of the diarthrodial joints in the rat embryo.", "content": "The development of appendicular synovial joints of both legs was studied with histological and histochemical techniques in 43 rat embryos aged 12 to 21 days. From this and previous studies, it appears that joints develop by a sequence of cellular events leading to a full expression of the phenotypic characteristics. The classically described stages: cell condensation, three layered mesenchyme, vascular invasion and joint clefting, were chronologically recorded in all joints. The observations relevant to the intra-articular structures, such as joint capsule, menisci and ligaments, were also presented. Previously unreported, cellular aspects were described during joint morphogenesis and their biological significance was discussed. Among these cellular aspects, of particular interest are: a. an early wave of cell necrosis occurring immediately after differentiation of the interzone. Disappearance of necrotic cells is thought to prevent chondrification of this tissue by clearing up the cells with chondroblastic potentialities; and b. a morphologically peculiar type of cells that differentiate alongside, and by the time of, clefting and seem to be related to this process. Thus, the joint clefting appears also to result from a cell-tissue related phenomenon, acting in conjunction with the joint motion, the importance of which has been previously demonstrated.", "contents": "Development of the diarthrodial joints in the rat embryo. The development of appendicular synovial joints of both legs was studied with histological and histochemical techniques in 43 rat embryos aged 12 to 21 days. From this and previous studies, it appears that joints develop by a sequence of cellular events leading to a full expression of the phenotypic characteristics. The classically described stages: cell condensation, three layered mesenchyme, vascular invasion and joint clefting, were chronologically recorded in all joints. The observations relevant to the intra-articular structures, such as joint capsule, menisci and ligaments, were also presented. Previously unreported, cellular aspects were described during joint morphogenesis and their biological significance was discussed. Among these cellular aspects, of particular interest are: a. an early wave of cell necrosis occurring immediately after differentiation of the interzone. Disappearance of necrotic cells is thought to prevent chondrification of this tissue by clearing up the cells with chondroblastic potentialities; and b. a morphologically peculiar type of cells that differentiate alongside, and by the time of, clefting and seem to be related to this process. Thus, the joint clefting appears also to result from a cell-tissue related phenomenon, acting in conjunction with the joint motion, the importance of which has been previously demonstrated.", "PMID": 645613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2363", "title": "Glucocorticoid-induced alterations in collagen of neonatal mouse condylar cartilage.", "content": "Neonatal mice were treated with a single dose of triamcinolone hexacetonide, a long-acting synthetic analogue of cortisol, and their mandibular condyles were studied ultrastructurally ten days thereafter. A pronounced decrease in the number and size of matrix granules (proteoglycans) was found in the cartilaginous matrix of triamcinolone-treated condyles. In contrast, a marked increase concomitant with significant structural changes was noted in collagen fibrils. An obvious enhancement of collagen fibrillogenesis was noticed in the pre-mineralizing extracellular matrix. Atypical, wider than normal, banded collagen fibrils were found to form dense meshworks which appeared to lack any specific orientation or organization. It is proposed that glucocorticoid hormones, given systemically to neonatal mice, interfere with regulatory mechanisms involved with the biosynthesis of cartilaginous matrical macromolecules, i.e., proteoglycans and collagen and thereby promote certain aging processes within active growth centers.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid-induced alterations in collagen of neonatal mouse condylar cartilage. Neonatal mice were treated with a single dose of triamcinolone hexacetonide, a long-acting synthetic analogue of cortisol, and their mandibular condyles were studied ultrastructurally ten days thereafter. A pronounced decrease in the number and size of matrix granules (proteoglycans) was found in the cartilaginous matrix of triamcinolone-treated condyles. In contrast, a marked increase concomitant with significant structural changes was noted in collagen fibrils. An obvious enhancement of collagen fibrillogenesis was noticed in the pre-mineralizing extracellular matrix. Atypical, wider than normal, banded collagen fibrils were found to form dense meshworks which appeared to lack any specific orientation or organization. It is proposed that glucocorticoid hormones, given systemically to neonatal mice, interfere with regulatory mechanisms involved with the biosynthesis of cartilaginous matrical macromolecules, i.e., proteoglycans and collagen and thereby promote certain aging processes within active growth centers.", "PMID": 645616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2364", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of epidermal cell migration in wound healing during limb regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "The epidermal cells which migrate over the wound surface of the amputated limb of the adult newt were examined using the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were prepared routinely for scanning electron microscopy or were embedded in Epon 812 for light microscopic observations. A cuff of epidermal cells was seen at the edge of the wound, from which cells appeared to migrate over the wound surface. As early as five hours after transection of the limb, the basal layers of this cuff appeared to send out pseudopodial projections. These seemed to establish a physical contact with a fibrin-like substratum, which apparently served as a means of support for the migrating cells. Subsequently, the epidermal cells became elongate and had the appearance of streaming toward the center of the wound. Between 10 and 13 hours post-amputation, the cells in the central region of the stump were rounded up and some possessed microappendages resembling microplicae and microvilli. Throughout the entire period of wound coverage, the cells seemed to maintain contact with the fibrin network, which appeared to be the first structural element of wound architecture. As a result of these observations, the mechanism by which the epidermal cells migrate has been clarified.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of epidermal cell migration in wound healing during limb regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. The epidermal cells which migrate over the wound surface of the amputated limb of the adult newt were examined using the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were prepared routinely for scanning electron microscopy or were embedded in Epon 812 for light microscopic observations. A cuff of epidermal cells was seen at the edge of the wound, from which cells appeared to migrate over the wound surface. As early as five hours after transection of the limb, the basal layers of this cuff appeared to send out pseudopodial projections. These seemed to establish a physical contact with a fibrin-like substratum, which apparently served as a means of support for the migrating cells. Subsequently, the epidermal cells became elongate and had the appearance of streaming toward the center of the wound. Between 10 and 13 hours post-amputation, the cells in the central region of the stump were rounded up and some possessed microappendages resembling microplicae and microvilli. Throughout the entire period of wound coverage, the cells seemed to maintain contact with the fibrin network, which appeared to be the first structural element of wound architecture. As a result of these observations, the mechanism by which the epidermal cells migrate has been clarified.", "PMID": 645617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2365", "title": "Insemination-induced histolysis of the flight musculature in fire ants (Solenopsis, spp.): an ultrastructural study (1).", "content": "The fine structure of the insemination-induced flight muscle degeneration (histolysis) in the queen fire ant (Solenopsis spp.) has been investigated. Within 2 hours post-insemination, degenerative changes are detectable in the most peripheral fasciculi of the fibrillar flight muscle. Histolysis proceeds internally with time. Myofibril (sarcomere) dissolution begins with myofilament breakdown and continues until only free Z-line material remains. The latter subsequently disappears leaving, at the terminal stages, only nuclei, lamellar bodies (myelin figures), and tracheoles as residual myoid elements. Lysosomes and/or phagocytes do not appear to play a primary role in the initiation and continuance of this process.", "contents": "Insemination-induced histolysis of the flight musculature in fire ants (Solenopsis, spp.): an ultrastructural study (1). The fine structure of the insemination-induced flight muscle degeneration (histolysis) in the queen fire ant (Solenopsis spp.) has been investigated. Within 2 hours post-insemination, degenerative changes are detectable in the most peripheral fasciculi of the fibrillar flight muscle. Histolysis proceeds internally with time. Myofibril (sarcomere) dissolution begins with myofilament breakdown and continues until only free Z-line material remains. The latter subsequently disappears leaving, at the terminal stages, only nuclei, lamellar bodies (myelin figures), and tracheoles as residual myoid elements. Lysosomes and/or phagocytes do not appear to play a primary role in the initiation and continuance of this process.", "PMID": 645619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2366", "title": "Energy expenditure and body composition during weight reduction in hyperplastic obese women.", "content": "The energy expenditure and body composition changes in out-patients during a long-term weight reduction with a diet recommended to provide 1100 kcal were studied in eight hyperplastic obese women. The study was focused on finding plausible explanations for the decreasing weight loss rate after several weeks of successful weight reduction. Using a heart rate monitoring method, the energy expenditure was measured four times at selected intervals during the study. Then, the energy intake was calculated on the basis of three dietary recordings lasting from 4 to 7 days. The recorded energy intake increased at the end of the weight reduction, but no changes in daily energy expenditure were found. The oxygen consumption during standardized cycling, walking, and domestic work decreased, but when the patient was at rest, no changes occurred during the weight reduction. The weight loss predicted from the energy balance and body composition changes was considerably greater than the actually determined weight loss. Large discrepancies were found after 5 weeks on the weight reducing regimen between the recorded dietary intake and what could be calculated from urinary nitrogen losses. With the available methods for determining energy intake and expenditure, it was considered impossible to fully explain the reason for the weight plateau observed after long-term weight reduction in out-patients.", "contents": "Energy expenditure and body composition during weight reduction in hyperplastic obese women. The energy expenditure and body composition changes in out-patients during a long-term weight reduction with a diet recommended to provide 1100 kcal were studied in eight hyperplastic obese women. The study was focused on finding plausible explanations for the decreasing weight loss rate after several weeks of successful weight reduction. Using a heart rate monitoring method, the energy expenditure was measured four times at selected intervals during the study. Then, the energy intake was calculated on the basis of three dietary recordings lasting from 4 to 7 days. The recorded energy intake increased at the end of the weight reduction, but no changes in daily energy expenditure were found. The oxygen consumption during standardized cycling, walking, and domestic work decreased, but when the patient was at rest, no changes occurred during the weight reduction. The weight loss predicted from the energy balance and body composition changes was considerably greater than the actually determined weight loss. Large discrepancies were found after 5 weeks on the weight reducing regimen between the recorded dietary intake and what could be calculated from urinary nitrogen losses. With the available methods for determining energy intake and expenditure, it was considered impossible to fully explain the reason for the weight plateau observed after long-term weight reduction in out-patients.", "PMID": 645623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2367", "title": "Relation of specific dynamic action of food (SDA) to growth in rats.", "content": "The relation between food induced thermogenesis and anabolic processes was investigated in normal and malnourished rats. The metabolic rate was measured 5 and 17 hr after food removal. The difference between the two measurements was 3.9% during growth arrest of malnourished rats gaining 0.6 g/day, but 20.0 and 28.7% during growth recovery when rats were gaining 4.1 and 5.3 g/day, respectively. The 5 hr postprandial metabolic rates rose in normal rats from 15.6 kcal/day at 4 weeks to 45.3 kcal/day at 15 weeks, and then declined to 38.5 kcal/day at 36 weeks. The difference between 5 and 17 hr postprandial metabolic rates was 28.8% in 5 to 15-week-old rats gaining 5.2 g/day, and 1.1% in 24 to 32-week-old rats who were no longer gaining weight.", "contents": "Relation of specific dynamic action of food (SDA) to growth in rats. The relation between food induced thermogenesis and anabolic processes was investigated in normal and malnourished rats. The metabolic rate was measured 5 and 17 hr after food removal. The difference between the two measurements was 3.9% during growth arrest of malnourished rats gaining 0.6 g/day, but 20.0 and 28.7% during growth recovery when rats were gaining 4.1 and 5.3 g/day, respectively. The 5 hr postprandial metabolic rates rose in normal rats from 15.6 kcal/day at 4 weeks to 45.3 kcal/day at 15 weeks, and then declined to 38.5 kcal/day at 36 weeks. The difference between 5 and 17 hr postprandial metabolic rates was 28.8% in 5 to 15-week-old rats gaining 5.2 g/day, and 1.1% in 24 to 32-week-old rats who were no longer gaining weight.", "PMID": 645624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2368", "title": "Effect of oral alanine loads on plasma amino acids in oral contraceptive users and control women.", "content": "Plasma amino acids were determined before and after orally administered alanine loads in five women using an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and four healthy female controls. Oral contraceptive users and significant reductions in fasting plasma valine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamic acid, and alpha-aminobutyric acid. With the exception of alpha-aminobutyric acid, these differences between the two groups were eliminated within 3 hr of alanine ingestion. This effect was due to a gradual increase in the plasma amino acids of the oral contraceptive-treated women, plus no change or slight reductions in the controls.", "contents": "Effect of oral alanine loads on plasma amino acids in oral contraceptive users and control women. Plasma amino acids were determined before and after orally administered alanine loads in five women using an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and four healthy female controls. Oral contraceptive users and significant reductions in fasting plasma valine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamic acid, and alpha-aminobutyric acid. With the exception of alpha-aminobutyric acid, these differences between the two groups were eliminated within 3 hr of alanine ingestion. This effect was due to a gradual increase in the plasma amino acids of the oral contraceptive-treated women, plus no change or slight reductions in the controls.", "PMID": 645627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2369", "title": "Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of erythrocytes, of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, and of adipose tissue, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and vitamin B12 concentrations, weights, heights and skinfold thickness were determined on 22 vegans and 22 age and sex matched omnivore controls. The fatty acid composition of breast milk from four vegan and four omnivore control mothers, and of erythrocytes from three infants breast fed by vegan mothers and six infants breast fed by omnivore control mothers was determined. The proportions of linoleic acid and its long-chain derivatives were higher, the proportion of the long-chain derivatives of alpha-linolenic acid was lower, and the ratio of 22:5omega3/22:6omega3 was greater in the tissues of the vegans and infants breast-fed by vegans than in controls; the most marked differences were in the proportions of linoleic (18:2omega6) and docosahexenoic (22:6omega3) acids. Weights, skinfold thickness, serum vitamin B12, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were less in vegans than in controls. The difference in serum cholesterol concentration was most marked. It is concluded that a vegan-type diet may be the one of choice in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, and certain hyperlipidemias.", "contents": "Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls. The fatty acid composition of erythrocytes, of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, and of adipose tissue, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and vitamin B12 concentrations, weights, heights and skinfold thickness were determined on 22 vegans and 22 age and sex matched omnivore controls. The fatty acid composition of breast milk from four vegan and four omnivore control mothers, and of erythrocytes from three infants breast fed by vegan mothers and six infants breast fed by omnivore control mothers was determined. The proportions of linoleic acid and its long-chain derivatives were higher, the proportion of the long-chain derivatives of alpha-linolenic acid was lower, and the ratio of 22:5omega3/22:6omega3 was greater in the tissues of the vegans and infants breast-fed by vegans than in controls; the most marked differences were in the proportions of linoleic (18:2omega6) and docosahexenoic (22:6omega3) acids. Weights, skinfold thickness, serum vitamin B12, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were less in vegans than in controls. The difference in serum cholesterol concentration was most marked. It is concluded that a vegan-type diet may be the one of choice in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, and certain hyperlipidemias.", "PMID": 645628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2370", "title": "Vitamin B12 assimilation from chicken meat.", "content": "Chicken meat labeled in vivo with radio-B12 was ingested by normal volunteers. The absorption, measured by the fecal excretion method, was similar to that reported for crystalline radiocyanocobalamin and for mutton, but exceeded that from eggs. Parenteral injection of 1000 microgram of nonlabeled vitamin B12 did not interfere with the absorption of the radio-B12 from the meat. The urinary radioactivities, which were as low as those after oral administration of radioactive hydroxocobalamin and vitamin B12 coenzyme, suggested that the radio-B12 was present in meat in coenzyme form or was converted into the stable hydroxoform during the process of cooking and digestion. Patients with pernicious anemia showed insignificant urinary radioactivities in a standardized urinary excretion test using chicken meat whereas subjects with simple gastric achlorhydria and partial gastrectomy had subnormal values although their absorption of crystalline radiocyanocobalamin was normal. The subnormal serum vitamin B12 concentration seen in these latter subjects may, therefore, be due to impaired assimilation of vitamin B12 from food.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 assimilation from chicken meat. Chicken meat labeled in vivo with radio-B12 was ingested by normal volunteers. The absorption, measured by the fecal excretion method, was similar to that reported for crystalline radiocyanocobalamin and for mutton, but exceeded that from eggs. Parenteral injection of 1000 microgram of nonlabeled vitamin B12 did not interfere with the absorption of the radio-B12 from the meat. The urinary radioactivities, which were as low as those after oral administration of radioactive hydroxocobalamin and vitamin B12 coenzyme, suggested that the radio-B12 was present in meat in coenzyme form or was converted into the stable hydroxoform during the process of cooking and digestion. Patients with pernicious anemia showed insignificant urinary radioactivities in a standardized urinary excretion test using chicken meat whereas subjects with simple gastric achlorhydria and partial gastrectomy had subnormal values although their absorption of crystalline radiocyanocobalamin was normal. The subnormal serum vitamin B12 concentration seen in these latter subjects may, therefore, be due to impaired assimilation of vitamin B12 from food.", "PMID": 645629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2371", "title": "Effect of physical activity on human potassium metabolism in a hot and humid environment.", "content": "Previous investigations have suggested that there are high potassium losses during heavy physical activities in hot climates. In order to determine if high levels of potassium losses could be offset by potassium loading, this study was conducted with five long-distance track runners who had trained in hot and humid environments. The liquid supplements containing 4.3, 98.0, and 0.0 mEq/liter of potassium were given 1 to 2 hr before physical activity. The daily diet contained 2.6 g of potassium. A sodium and potassium balance study was conducted in which stool, urine, and dermal losses were measured. In order to determine if there was a change in the distribution of body potassium during physical exercise, seven subjects total body potassium was estimated before and after exercise. This measurement was performed by counting 40K in a whole body counter. Although the subjects with potassium supplementation and higher urinary sodium and potassium losses, the 98 mEq/liter of potassium supplement resulted in a positive potassium balance. The subjects' potassium requirements exceeded the National Research Council suggested dietary intake. The total body potassium measurements indicated that the counting efficiency of 40K increases significantly immediately after the period of vigorous exercise.", "contents": "Effect of physical activity on human potassium metabolism in a hot and humid environment. Previous investigations have suggested that there are high potassium losses during heavy physical activities in hot climates. In order to determine if high levels of potassium losses could be offset by potassium loading, this study was conducted with five long-distance track runners who had trained in hot and humid environments. The liquid supplements containing 4.3, 98.0, and 0.0 mEq/liter of potassium were given 1 to 2 hr before physical activity. The daily diet contained 2.6 g of potassium. A sodium and potassium balance study was conducted in which stool, urine, and dermal losses were measured. In order to determine if there was a change in the distribution of body potassium during physical exercise, seven subjects total body potassium was estimated before and after exercise. This measurement was performed by counting 40K in a whole body counter. Although the subjects with potassium supplementation and higher urinary sodium and potassium losses, the 98 mEq/liter of potassium supplement resulted in a positive potassium balance. The subjects' potassium requirements exceeded the National Research Council suggested dietary intake. The total body potassium measurements indicated that the counting efficiency of 40K increases significantly immediately after the period of vigorous exercise.", "PMID": 645630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2372", "title": "Biochemical effects of mercury poisoning in rats.", "content": "Acute HgCl2 poisoning was shown to decrease significantly the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PyDH) and alpha-ketoglutanic dehydrogenese (alphaKgDH) activity in the kidney and liver but not in the brain. Rats receiving 77% of the 2 hr 50% lethal dose showed 57% of normal renal PyDH activity and 69% of normal renal alphaKgDH activity. Chronic Hg Cl2 poisoning resulted in an unexpected increase in PyDH and alphaKgDH activity in the kidneys where mercury was most concentrated. In acute methyl mercury injection, no significant effect on PyDH or alpha KgDH activities was observed after 2 days. Less mercury was accumulated in the tissues with methyl mercury poisoning than in the other treatments.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of mercury poisoning in rats. Acute HgCl2 poisoning was shown to decrease significantly the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PyDH) and alpha-ketoglutanic dehydrogenese (alphaKgDH) activity in the kidney and liver but not in the brain. Rats receiving 77% of the 2 hr 50% lethal dose showed 57% of normal renal PyDH activity and 69% of normal renal alphaKgDH activity. Chronic Hg Cl2 poisoning resulted in an unexpected increase in PyDH and alphaKgDH activity in the kidneys where mercury was most concentrated. In acute methyl mercury injection, no significant effect on PyDH or alpha KgDH activities was observed after 2 days. Less mercury was accumulated in the tissues with methyl mercury poisoning than in the other treatments.", "PMID": 645631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2373", "title": "Hematopoietic studies in vitamin A deficiency.", "content": "Recent studies of experimental vitamin A deficiency in man led the authors to conclude that anemia may result from lack of vitamin A. A review of numerous nutrition surveys in underdeveloped countries enhanced the suspicion that deficiency of vitamin A does contribute to the prevalence of anemia. Preliminary studies of vitamin A-deficient rats confirmed previous observations that anemia may result from lack of this vitamin. The livers of these animals had very low concentrations of vitamin A but normal or increased concentrations of iron. The finding of anemia is in contrast with other reports that vitamin A deficiency may cause elevated values for hemoglobin and hematocrit. The authors suggest that loss of taste and smell as a result of deficiency may account for refusal of experimental animals to eat and drink enough to prevent inanitation and dehydration. The resulting hemoconcentration may mask the true hematological picture, which is one of anemia.", "contents": "Hematopoietic studies in vitamin A deficiency. Recent studies of experimental vitamin A deficiency in man led the authors to conclude that anemia may result from lack of vitamin A. A review of numerous nutrition surveys in underdeveloped countries enhanced the suspicion that deficiency of vitamin A does contribute to the prevalence of anemia. Preliminary studies of vitamin A-deficient rats confirmed previous observations that anemia may result from lack of this vitamin. The livers of these animals had very low concentrations of vitamin A but normal or increased concentrations of iron. The finding of anemia is in contrast with other reports that vitamin A deficiency may cause elevated values for hemoglobin and hematocrit. The authors suggest that loss of taste and smell as a result of deficiency may account for refusal of experimental animals to eat and drink enough to prevent inanitation and dehydration. The resulting hemoconcentration may mask the true hematological picture, which is one of anemia.", "PMID": 645632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2374", "title": "Vitamin B6 status in women with postpartum depression.", "content": "We have assessed the vitamin B6 status of 40 nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 30 pregnant women, 20 postpartum, not depressed, women and 24 postpartum, depressed women by means of the erythrocyte glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activation test (alpha EGOT). The level of mental depression was evaluated in the nonpregnant controls, the postpartum controls and the postpartum, depressed patients by the Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression Adjective Check Lists. The results of the alpha EGOT did not indicate any significant differences between the postpartum, depressed patients and any of the control groups. The Beck and Depression Adjective Check Lists scores were significantly higher in the postpartum depressed patients than in the postpartum controls or nonpregnant controls. On the basis of this study, there is no evidence for vitamin B6 deficiency in women suffering from postpartum depression.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 status in women with postpartum depression. We have assessed the vitamin B6 status of 40 nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 30 pregnant women, 20 postpartum, not depressed, women and 24 postpartum, depressed women by means of the erythrocyte glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activation test (alpha EGOT). The level of mental depression was evaluated in the nonpregnant controls, the postpartum controls and the postpartum, depressed patients by the Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression Adjective Check Lists. The results of the alpha EGOT did not indicate any significant differences between the postpartum, depressed patients and any of the control groups. The Beck and Depression Adjective Check Lists scores were significantly higher in the postpartum depressed patients than in the postpartum controls or nonpregnant controls. On the basis of this study, there is no evidence for vitamin B6 deficiency in women suffering from postpartum depression.", "PMID": 645633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2375", "title": "Attained growth status of selected groups of Israeli children.", "content": "Analyses of available growth data from different groups of Israeli children revealed wide differences in attained growth in groups of children whose parents immigrated from different countries. By means of analyses of variance, it was shown that these differences in growth are most likely due to differences in the socioeconomic level of the family, rather than being related to parental country of origin. The data also suggest that nutrition problems among Israeli children, although not very severe, reflect a moderate degree of maldistribution of available food resources in different socioeconomic and cultural subgroups. The data also support the applicability and usefulness of a reference population data base drawn from children in the United States, in evaluating the attained growth status of children in different population groups.", "contents": "Attained growth status of selected groups of Israeli children. Analyses of available growth data from different groups of Israeli children revealed wide differences in attained growth in groups of children whose parents immigrated from different countries. By means of analyses of variance, it was shown that these differences in growth are most likely due to differences in the socioeconomic level of the family, rather than being related to parental country of origin. The data also suggest that nutrition problems among Israeli children, although not very severe, reflect a moderate degree of maldistribution of available food resources in different socioeconomic and cultural subgroups. The data also support the applicability and usefulness of a reference population data base drawn from children in the United States, in evaluating the attained growth status of children in different population groups.", "PMID": 645634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2376", "title": "Investigation of statistical decision rules for sequential hematologic laboratory tests.", "content": "A statistical data processing program for identifying patients who are likely to have abnormalities on various hematologic laboratory tests is described. The prediction of abnormal levels of serum vitamin B12, serum folate, transferrin saturation, and reticulocyte counts is based on a statistical analysis of the patient's age, sex, and routine blood cell measurements. The program was developed using data from normal-value studies and data from patients who had these laboratory abnormalities. The sensitivity and specificity of the program were evaluated in a controlled prospective study of about 5,000 ambulatory adult patients. The program's predictions also were compared with the laboratory tests requested by the patients' attending physicians. The program was most sensitive for predicting low serum vitamin B12 (74%) and low transferrin saturation (78%). In the prospective evaluation, the predictive values varied from 11% for predicting low serum folate to 65% for predicting low transferrin saturation.", "contents": "Investigation of statistical decision rules for sequential hematologic laboratory tests. A statistical data processing program for identifying patients who are likely to have abnormalities on various hematologic laboratory tests is described. The prediction of abnormal levels of serum vitamin B12, serum folate, transferrin saturation, and reticulocyte counts is based on a statistical analysis of the patient's age, sex, and routine blood cell measurements. The program was developed using data from normal-value studies and data from patients who had these laboratory abnormalities. The sensitivity and specificity of the program were evaluated in a controlled prospective study of about 5,000 ambulatory adult patients. The program's predictions also were compared with the laboratory tests requested by the patients' attending physicians. The program was most sensitive for predicting low serum vitamin B12 (74%) and low transferrin saturation (78%). In the prospective evaluation, the predictive values varied from 11% for predicting low serum folate to 65% for predicting low transferrin saturation.", "PMID": 645635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2377", "title": "The analytic basis for the use of platelet estimates from peripheral blood smears. Laboratory and clinical applications.", "content": "Estimation of the platelet count from examination of peripheral blood smears is a widely practiced procedure, but statistical validity to judge the accuracy of the technic has been lacking. More than 400 patients' platelet estimates and counts were analyzed to develop a simple working formula to permit a reasonably accurate platelet estimate. Smear-to-smear and technician-to-technician variabilities were defined, and the influences of different microscopes on the platelet estimates were demonstrated. Platelet estimates can be used as a rapid, convenient measurement suitable for providing useful information for clinical judgement of a patient's platelet status providing that the method's limitations are recognized.", "contents": "The analytic basis for the use of platelet estimates from peripheral blood smears. Laboratory and clinical applications. Estimation of the platelet count from examination of peripheral blood smears is a widely practiced procedure, but statistical validity to judge the accuracy of the technic has been lacking. More than 400 patients' platelet estimates and counts were analyzed to develop a simple working formula to permit a reasonably accurate platelet estimate. Smear-to-smear and technician-to-technician variabilities were defined, and the influences of different microscopes on the platelet estimates were demonstrated. Platelet estimates can be used as a rapid, convenient measurement suitable for providing useful information for clinical judgement of a patient's platelet status providing that the method's limitations are recognized.", "PMID": 645636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2378", "title": "Manual micromethods for bilirubin determination in sera of adults and children and investigation of reasons for observed differences.", "content": "This study compared three micromanual methods for determining bilirubin concentration. The two microchemical methods for total bilirubin, a Jendrassik-Grof procedure and a Unopette procedure, using dimethyl sulfoxide as an accelerator and protein solubilizer, gave comparable results in sera of adults and children. A microspectrophotometric method and the microchemical methods for total bilirubin gave similar results in plasmas of newborns with physiologic hyperbilirubinemia and in sera of older children with no hepatic abnormality. However, the microspectrophotometric method gave higher values in normal and hyperbilirubinemic adult sera. The results obtained with the Jendrassik-Grof and Unopette microchemical methods for direct bilirubin in sera of adults and children showed the values determined by the Unopette to be higher. Using the presently accepted normal range, this difference is significant enough to preclude recommendation of the use of the Unopette method for distinguishing normal from elevated levels of direct bilirubin. Direct bilirubin in newborn serum measured by the Unopette method is considerably higher than that measured by the Jendrassik-Grof method. An investigation to determine the reason for the difference in the direct bilirubin results indicated that the Unopette direct method measures diconjugated bilirubin in amounts similar to those measured by the Jendrassik-Grof method but significantly more monoconjugated bilirubin than the Jendrassik-Grof method.", "contents": "Manual micromethods for bilirubin determination in sera of adults and children and investigation of reasons for observed differences. This study compared three micromanual methods for determining bilirubin concentration. The two microchemical methods for total bilirubin, a Jendrassik-Grof procedure and a Unopette procedure, using dimethyl sulfoxide as an accelerator and protein solubilizer, gave comparable results in sera of adults and children. A microspectrophotometric method and the microchemical methods for total bilirubin gave similar results in plasmas of newborns with physiologic hyperbilirubinemia and in sera of older children with no hepatic abnormality. However, the microspectrophotometric method gave higher values in normal and hyperbilirubinemic adult sera. The results obtained with the Jendrassik-Grof and Unopette microchemical methods for direct bilirubin in sera of adults and children showed the values determined by the Unopette to be higher. Using the presently accepted normal range, this difference is significant enough to preclude recommendation of the use of the Unopette method for distinguishing normal from elevated levels of direct bilirubin. Direct bilirubin in newborn serum measured by the Unopette method is considerably higher than that measured by the Jendrassik-Grof method. An investigation to determine the reason for the difference in the direct bilirubin results indicated that the Unopette direct method measures diconjugated bilirubin in amounts similar to those measured by the Jendrassik-Grof method but significantly more monoconjugated bilirubin than the Jendrassik-Grof method.", "PMID": 645637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2379", "title": "Multivariate estimation of reference ranges.", "content": "This paper describes a new method for estimating reference ranges of 21 frequently performed laboratory tests utilizing routine test results of selected hospital patients. Computer programs perform the selection of patient records and the statistical analysis. The patient selection criteria of (1) short hospital stay and (2) short laboratory record provide a data base rich in normal results. The statistical program excludes records with excessive variation, and in repeated data-exclusion passes through the data base progressively narrows the range of acceptability. The decision to exclude a record is based on the \"pooled variation.\" The average value of the \"pooled variation\" increases as the range is narrowed. This approach insures that the process stops after a few passes, and the most consistent data remain included in the calculation of reference ranges. Statistical properties of the data sets, as well as comparison with normal ranges for healthy subjects and review of 560 clinical charts, support the idea that serviceable reference ranges are obtained. The method is suitable for monitoring the reference ranges of the laboratory at frequent intervals.", "contents": "Multivariate estimation of reference ranges. This paper describes a new method for estimating reference ranges of 21 frequently performed laboratory tests utilizing routine test results of selected hospital patients. Computer programs perform the selection of patient records and the statistical analysis. The patient selection criteria of (1) short hospital stay and (2) short laboratory record provide a data base rich in normal results. The statistical program excludes records with excessive variation, and in repeated data-exclusion passes through the data base progressively narrows the range of acceptability. The decision to exclude a record is based on the \"pooled variation.\" The average value of the \"pooled variation\" increases as the range is narrowed. This approach insures that the process stops after a few passes, and the most consistent data remain included in the calculation of reference ranges. Statistical properties of the data sets, as well as comparison with normal ranges for healthy subjects and review of 560 clinical charts, support the idea that serviceable reference ranges are obtained. The method is suitable for monitoring the reference ranges of the laboratory at frequent intervals.", "PMID": 645638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2380", "title": "Effects of sodium azide on the quantitation of the chemical constituents of serum. Inhibition of bilirubin and cholesterol.", "content": "Azide salts frequently are added as a preservative to biologic fluids and reagents, or are introduced into serum through accidental exposure, intoxication, or pharmaceuticals. Sodium azide can interfere with the quantitation of biochemical constituents in serum. Serum pools containing 0.2-9.0 mg/dl (3.42-153.9 mumol/l) total bilirubin, 0.2-5.0 mg/dl (3.42-94.1 mumol/l) direct bilirubin, and 175-313 mg/dl (4.55-8.14 mmol/l) cholesterol were analyzed using the SMA 12/60. Sodium azide was added in concentrations of 0.1-1.0% (13.6-136 mmol/l). Sodium azide in concentrations of 0.1% (13.6 mmol/l) or more reduced total and direct bilirubin values 60-100%. At concentrations above 0.5% (68 mmol/l), no bilirubin, or only a very small quantity, was measured. Sodium azide at concentrations above 0.05% (6.8 mmol/l) exerted a significant decreasing effect on serum cholesterol values. At 0.1% (13.6 mmol/l) or more, reductions in cholesterol values ranging from 30 to 85% were observed. These studies showed that sodium azide (0.1%, 13.6 mmol/l, or more) in the serum can result in falsely low bilirubin or cholesterol values.", "contents": "Effects of sodium azide on the quantitation of the chemical constituents of serum. Inhibition of bilirubin and cholesterol. Azide salts frequently are added as a preservative to biologic fluids and reagents, or are introduced into serum through accidental exposure, intoxication, or pharmaceuticals. Sodium azide can interfere with the quantitation of biochemical constituents in serum. Serum pools containing 0.2-9.0 mg/dl (3.42-153.9 mumol/l) total bilirubin, 0.2-5.0 mg/dl (3.42-94.1 mumol/l) direct bilirubin, and 175-313 mg/dl (4.55-8.14 mmol/l) cholesterol were analyzed using the SMA 12/60. Sodium azide was added in concentrations of 0.1-1.0% (13.6-136 mmol/l). Sodium azide in concentrations of 0.1% (13.6 mmol/l) or more reduced total and direct bilirubin values 60-100%. At concentrations above 0.5% (68 mmol/l), no bilirubin, or only a very small quantity, was measured. Sodium azide at concentrations above 0.05% (6.8 mmol/l) exerted a significant decreasing effect on serum cholesterol values. At 0.1% (13.6 mmol/l) or more, reductions in cholesterol values ranging from 30 to 85% were observed. These studies showed that sodium azide (0.1%, 13.6 mmol/l, or more) in the serum can result in falsely low bilirubin or cholesterol values.", "PMID": 645639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2381", "title": "Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas species to tetracycline, minocycline, gentamicin, and tobramycin.", "content": "Members of the genus Pseudomonas are widely implicated in human disease. Although most isolates are P. aeruginosa, there have been serious outbreaks of infection with other members of the genus. The susceptibility patterns of 5) Pseudomonas isolates are reported. It was notable that of the four antibiotics tested, uniform susceptibility was observed with minocycline.", "contents": "Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas species to tetracycline, minocycline, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Members of the genus Pseudomonas are widely implicated in human disease. Although most isolates are P. aeruginosa, there have been serious outbreaks of infection with other members of the genus. The susceptibility patterns of 5) Pseudomonas isolates are reported. It was notable that of the four antibiotics tested, uniform susceptibility was observed with minocycline.", "PMID": 645640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2382", "title": "Hydrogen sulfide-producing Citrobacter diversus. A re-emphasis of the potential ability of all Enterobacteriaceae to manifest this quality.", "content": "Among 68 strains of Citrobacter diversus isolated in a community hospital in a year and a half, six were characterized by late H2S production in iron-agar slants, while otherwise typical. Although not recorded in standard tabulations, the potential for Enterobacteriaciae to develop this quality by plasmid transfer appears to be virtually unlimited, and dictates caution in the use of failure to produce H2S as a criterion for exclusion. In the present group, the use of the adonitol reaction as a means of distinguishing these organisms from more typical H2S producers is emphasized.", "contents": "Hydrogen sulfide-producing Citrobacter diversus. A re-emphasis of the potential ability of all Enterobacteriaceae to manifest this quality. Among 68 strains of Citrobacter diversus isolated in a community hospital in a year and a half, six were characterized by late H2S production in iron-agar slants, while otherwise typical. Although not recorded in standard tabulations, the potential for Enterobacteriaciae to develop this quality by plasmid transfer appears to be virtually unlimited, and dictates caution in the use of failure to produce H2S as a criterion for exclusion. In the present group, the use of the adonitol reaction as a means of distinguishing these organisms from more typical H2S producers is emphasized.", "PMID": 645641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2383", "title": "The histopathology of mammographic patterns.", "content": "No significant correlation between the types of histologic alteration and various mammographic densities as described by Wolfe was found in specimen mammograms from 50 patients with cancer of the breast and a similar number with fibrocystic disease except for a greater incidence of fibrous mazoplasia in the \"highest-risk\" densities designated DY. This information is inconsistent with prevailing views that relate such risk for the development of mammary cancer to proliferative fibrocystic disease, vis-\u00e0-vis epithelial rather than stromal proliferation. This observation does not necessarily mitigate claims of risk attendant with various mammographic patterns, but indicates the need for further evaluation of this stromal alteration as a discriminant in this regard.", "contents": "The histopathology of mammographic patterns. No significant correlation between the types of histologic alteration and various mammographic densities as described by Wolfe was found in specimen mammograms from 50 patients with cancer of the breast and a similar number with fibrocystic disease except for a greater incidence of fibrous mazoplasia in the \"highest-risk\" densities designated DY. This information is inconsistent with prevailing views that relate such risk for the development of mammary cancer to proliferative fibrocystic disease, vis-\u00e0-vis epithelial rather than stromal proliferation. This observation does not necessarily mitigate claims of risk attendant with various mammographic patterns, but indicates the need for further evaluation of this stromal alteration as a discriminant in this regard.", "PMID": 645642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2384", "title": "Histogenesis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of five typical lesions of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans revealed that the basic cell is fusiform and has a somewhat indented nucleus and an even distribution of cytoplasmic organelles. Fragments of basal lamina, intercellular junctions, abundant intercellular fibers, and a tendency to form cellular sheaths also were found. The tumor cells had a strong resemblance to pericytes and perineural cells, as well as marked ultrastructural similarities to neurofibroma. The authors conclude that dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arises from a primitive fibroblastic cell with a \"sheath forming cell\" differentiation that has a closer relationship to the perineural cell than to the pericyte.", "contents": "Histogenesis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. An ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural study of five typical lesions of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans revealed that the basic cell is fusiform and has a somewhat indented nucleus and an even distribution of cytoplasmic organelles. Fragments of basal lamina, intercellular junctions, abundant intercellular fibers, and a tendency to form cellular sheaths also were found. The tumor cells had a strong resemblance to pericytes and perineural cells, as well as marked ultrastructural similarities to neurofibroma. The authors conclude that dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arises from a primitive fibroblastic cell with a \"sheath forming cell\" differentiation that has a closer relationship to the perineural cell than to the pericyte.", "PMID": 645643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2385", "title": "Scleromyxedema myopathy. Histochemical and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "A biopsy-proven case of scleromyxedema (papular mucinosis) with IgG lambda light chain paraproteinemia, eosinophilia and severe proximal myopathy is presented. Muscle biopsy revealed an atypical necrotizing vacuolar myopathy. Histochemical studies of cryostat sections revealed fiber necrosis, severe type II fiber atrophy, and fiber vacuolization with NADH tetrazolium reductase hyperactivity. Electron microscopy showed myocytolysis, reduplication of the basement membrane, and unit membrane-lined vacuoles negative for acid mucopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Scleromyxedema myopathy. Histochemical and electron microscopic observations. A biopsy-proven case of scleromyxedema (papular mucinosis) with IgG lambda light chain paraproteinemia, eosinophilia and severe proximal myopathy is presented. Muscle biopsy revealed an atypical necrotizing vacuolar myopathy. Histochemical studies of cryostat sections revealed fiber necrosis, severe type II fiber atrophy, and fiber vacuolization with NADH tetrazolium reductase hyperactivity. Electron microscopy showed myocytolysis, reduplication of the basement membrane, and unit membrane-lined vacuoles negative for acid mucopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 645644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2386", "title": "Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Electron microscopic features of the eighth documented case of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata identify the main proliferative cell type as a mature leiomyocyte with all its associated ultrastructural features. The histogenesis of this neoplasm is considered to be a multicentric metaplastic change determined by an abnormal tissue response to the elevated hormonal levels occurring in pregnancy or ovarian functioning tumors. It is suggested that the cell of origin is the multipotent subcelomic mesenchymal cell, which retains the capacity to differentiate into several tissues, among them smooth muscle. To illustrate this possibility, myofibroblasts, cells with hybrid characters of fibroblasts and leiomyocytes, were observed; these may represent a transitional stage between the mesenchymal cell and the smooth muscle proliferating cell.", "contents": "Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata. An ultrastructural study. Electron microscopic features of the eighth documented case of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata identify the main proliferative cell type as a mature leiomyocyte with all its associated ultrastructural features. The histogenesis of this neoplasm is considered to be a multicentric metaplastic change determined by an abnormal tissue response to the elevated hormonal levels occurring in pregnancy or ovarian functioning tumors. It is suggested that the cell of origin is the multipotent subcelomic mesenchymal cell, which retains the capacity to differentiate into several tissues, among them smooth muscle. To illustrate this possibility, myofibroblasts, cells with hybrid characters of fibroblasts and leiomyocytes, were observed; these may represent a transitional stage between the mesenchymal cell and the smooth muscle proliferating cell.", "PMID": 645645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2387", "title": "Peritoneal mesothelioma in a male pseudohermaphrodite with asymmetrical gonadal differentiation.", "content": "A diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma occurring in a patient with male pseudohermaphroditism and asymmetrical gonadal differentiation (mixed gonadal dysgenesis) is described. Malignancies of mesodermal origin, usually derivatives of the urogenital ridge, appear to occur with increased frequency in male pseudohermaphrodites. This appears to be the first reported instance of a mesothelioma in a male pseudohermaphrodite with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The clinical and pathologic features of this tumor, including the electron microscopic findings, are presented.", "contents": "Peritoneal mesothelioma in a male pseudohermaphrodite with asymmetrical gonadal differentiation. A diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma occurring in a patient with male pseudohermaphroditism and asymmetrical gonadal differentiation (mixed gonadal dysgenesis) is described. Malignancies of mesodermal origin, usually derivatives of the urogenital ridge, appear to occur with increased frequency in male pseudohermaphrodites. This appears to be the first reported instance of a mesothelioma in a male pseudohermaphrodite with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The clinical and pathologic features of this tumor, including the electron microscopic findings, are presented.", "PMID": 645646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2388", "title": "Localized lymphadenitis due to leishmania simulating toxoplasmosis. Value of electron microscopy for differentiation.", "content": "Two cases of cervical adenopathy are described. One manifested as lymphoma clinically. Both patients were found to have primary lymph node leishmaniasis without cutaneous, mucosal or visceral involvement. The histologic appearance simulated toxoplasma lymphadenitis. Electron microscopic study differentiated the organism from Toxoplasma, and the condition responded well to antimony therapy.", "contents": "Localized lymphadenitis due to leishmania simulating toxoplasmosis. Value of electron microscopy for differentiation. Two cases of cervical adenopathy are described. One manifested as lymphoma clinically. Both patients were found to have primary lymph node leishmaniasis without cutaneous, mucosal or visceral involvement. The histologic appearance simulated toxoplasma lymphadenitis. Electron microscopic study differentiated the organism from Toxoplasma, and the condition responded well to antimony therapy.", "PMID": 645647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2389", "title": "Peripheral lymphadenopathy in childhood. Ten-year experience with excisional biopsy.", "content": "We reviewed our experience with excisional lymph node biopsy over a ten-year period in an attempt to determine which clinical features, if any, were predictive of histologic diagnosis. A total of 75 patients, aged 8 months to 17 years, were available for review. Of these patients, 41 (55%) had nodes with nondiagnostic hyperplasia, 16 (21%) had noncaseating granulomatous lymphadenitis, 5 (7%) showed the caseating lesion of tuberculosis, while 13 (17%) showed a lymphoreticular malignant neoplasm. While patients with lymphoma more frequently had a history of weight loss or arthralgia, no one clinical feature, by either its presence or absence, could predict the biopsy diagnosis. All five patients with supraclavicular lymhadenopathy were found to have mediastinal disease. Of the 41 patients initially found to have nondiagnostic reactive hyperplasia, seven (17%) ultimately proved to have a specific pathologic process.", "contents": "Peripheral lymphadenopathy in childhood. Ten-year experience with excisional biopsy. We reviewed our experience with excisional lymph node biopsy over a ten-year period in an attempt to determine which clinical features, if any, were predictive of histologic diagnosis. A total of 75 patients, aged 8 months to 17 years, were available for review. Of these patients, 41 (55%) had nodes with nondiagnostic hyperplasia, 16 (21%) had noncaseating granulomatous lymphadenitis, 5 (7%) showed the caseating lesion of tuberculosis, while 13 (17%) showed a lymphoreticular malignant neoplasm. While patients with lymphoma more frequently had a history of weight loss or arthralgia, no one clinical feature, by either its presence or absence, could predict the biopsy diagnosis. All five patients with supraclavicular lymhadenopathy were found to have mediastinal disease. Of the 41 patients initially found to have nondiagnostic reactive hyperplasia, seven (17%) ultimately proved to have a specific pathologic process.", "PMID": 645650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2390", "title": "Narcotic addiction, pregnancy, and the newborn.", "content": "Between 1954 and 1973, 101 heroin-addicted mothers gave birth to 149 babies at Vancouver General Hospital. Thirty-seven percent of the infants had low birth weights and two thirds were born preterm. Average birth weight was 2,710 gm as compared with an overall average of 3,420 gm for this hospital. Tobacco and alcohol abuse, and poor maternal nutrition probably contributed to the growth retardation. Withdrawal symptoms were observed in 68% of the babies, and this may have been aggravated by multiple drug use, which was prevalent, including alcohol, barbiturates, and \"soft drugs.\" Neonatal mortality rate of 6.7% and a stillbirth rate of 4% resulted in a perinatal mortality rate of 10.7%. Prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, and other perinatal complications related to an unfavorable social background accounted for most neonatal deaths, but none was attributable directly to narcotic withdrawal.", "contents": "Narcotic addiction, pregnancy, and the newborn. Between 1954 and 1973, 101 heroin-addicted mothers gave birth to 149 babies at Vancouver General Hospital. Thirty-seven percent of the infants had low birth weights and two thirds were born preterm. Average birth weight was 2,710 gm as compared with an overall average of 3,420 gm for this hospital. Tobacco and alcohol abuse, and poor maternal nutrition probably contributed to the growth retardation. Withdrawal symptoms were observed in 68% of the babies, and this may have been aggravated by multiple drug use, which was prevalent, including alcohol, barbiturates, and \"soft drugs.\" Neonatal mortality rate of 6.7% and a stillbirth rate of 4% resulted in a perinatal mortality rate of 10.7%. Prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, and other perinatal complications related to an unfavorable social background accounted for most neonatal deaths, but none was attributable directly to narcotic withdrawal.", "PMID": 645651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2391", "title": "The nephrotic syndrome and renal vein thrombosis.", "content": "In recent years, there has been a shift away from the concept that renal vein thrombosis is a cause of the nephrotic syndrome. A careful analysis of this subject favors the opposite contention that nephrotic syndrome is a cause of renal vein thrombosis when these two conditions occur in the same patient.", "contents": "The nephrotic syndrome and renal vein thrombosis. In recent years, there has been a shift away from the concept that renal vein thrombosis is a cause of the nephrotic syndrome. A careful analysis of this subject favors the opposite contention that nephrotic syndrome is a cause of renal vein thrombosis when these two conditions occur in the same patient.", "PMID": 645652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2392", "title": "The changing epidemiology of pertussis in young infants. The role of adults as reservoirs of infection.", "content": "We reviewed 400 bacteriologically confirmed cases of pertussis in infants and children during the past 18 years. Several changes in the epidemiology have occurred in the most recent six-year period. The incidence of whooping cough in children has decreased by at least 50%, but the proportion of cases occurring in infants younger than 12 weeks of age has doubled to 30% of all cases. Formerly most young infants acquired their illness from siblings or other children, but in the recent period adults in the household were the most common source of infection to neonates and young infants. This observation plus the increasingly high level of immunization in preschool and school-aged children suggest that young adults with waning immunity and mild illness are a major reservoir for transmission of pertussis to infants too young to be immunized.", "contents": "The changing epidemiology of pertussis in young infants. The role of adults as reservoirs of infection. We reviewed 400 bacteriologically confirmed cases of pertussis in infants and children during the past 18 years. Several changes in the epidemiology have occurred in the most recent six-year period. The incidence of whooping cough in children has decreased by at least 50%, but the proportion of cases occurring in infants younger than 12 weeks of age has doubled to 30% of all cases. Formerly most young infants acquired their illness from siblings or other children, but in the recent period adults in the household were the most common source of infection to neonates and young infants. This observation plus the increasingly high level of immunization in preschool and school-aged children suggest that young adults with waning immunity and mild illness are a major reservoir for transmission of pertussis to infants too young to be immunized.", "PMID": 645653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2393", "title": "T3 thyrotoxicosis in a child.", "content": "We report the case of a 5-year-old hyperthyroid boy with normal serum T4 levels are elevated serum T3 levels. The findings are diagnostic of T3 thyrotoxicosis, a condition that has been very infrequently reported in childhood. We postulate that low dietary iodine intake may be an etiologic factor in some cases of T3 thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "T3 thyrotoxicosis in a child. We report the case of a 5-year-old hyperthyroid boy with normal serum T4 levels are elevated serum T3 levels. The findings are diagnostic of T3 thyrotoxicosis, a condition that has been very infrequently reported in childhood. We postulate that low dietary iodine intake may be an etiologic factor in some cases of T3 thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 645654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2394", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of hydrocephalus and associated abnormalities in infants.", "content": "Improved gray scale ultrasonic equipment has made two-dimensional echoencephalography a useful diagnostic tool in the examination of the infant brain for fluid-containing structures such as dilated ventricles and cysts. Eighteen infants have been examined to exclude hydrocephalus and other abnormalities. Ten had significantly dilated lateral ventricles and three of these were shown to have associated intracerebral abnormalities. Another infant was demonstrated to have an arachnoid cyst or subdural hygroma with normal size ventricles. Ten of the 11 abnormalities were confirmed by some other neuroradiologic study.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of hydrocephalus and associated abnormalities in infants. Improved gray scale ultrasonic equipment has made two-dimensional echoencephalography a useful diagnostic tool in the examination of the infant brain for fluid-containing structures such as dilated ventricles and cysts. Eighteen infants have been examined to exclude hydrocephalus and other abnormalities. Ten had significantly dilated lateral ventricles and three of these were shown to have associated intracerebral abnormalities. Another infant was demonstrated to have an arachnoid cyst or subdural hygroma with normal size ventricles. Ten of the 11 abnormalities were confirmed by some other neuroradiologic study.", "PMID": 645655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2395", "title": "Sensory neuropathy with onion-bulb formation. Report of a case with onset in infancy.", "content": "A 27-month-old girl suffered from severe sensory neuropathy with minimal motor dysfunction. The CSF protein level was increased and nerve conduction was severely impaired. Sural nerve biopsy specimen showed increased endoneurial connective tissue. An onion-bulb pattern with concentric interdigitations of Schwann cell cytoplasmic processes and redunbant basal laminae were prominent features under electron microscopy. Degress of myelination in individual fiber was far less than expected. Although the clinical manifestations of onion-bulb neuropathy with onset in infancy have been reported to resemble infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, the present case demonstrates that the condition can also appear as severe sensory ataxia.", "contents": "Sensory neuropathy with onion-bulb formation. Report of a case with onset in infancy. A 27-month-old girl suffered from severe sensory neuropathy with minimal motor dysfunction. The CSF protein level was increased and nerve conduction was severely impaired. Sural nerve biopsy specimen showed increased endoneurial connective tissue. An onion-bulb pattern with concentric interdigitations of Schwann cell cytoplasmic processes and redunbant basal laminae were prominent features under electron microscopy. Degress of myelination in individual fiber was far less than expected. Although the clinical manifestations of onion-bulb neuropathy with onset in infancy have been reported to resemble infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, the present case demonstrates that the condition can also appear as severe sensory ataxia.", "PMID": 645656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2396", "title": "Dyssegmental dwarfism. A lethal anisospondylic camptomicromelic dwarfism.", "content": "Dyssegment dwarfism is a lethal anisospondylic camptomicromelic form of growth retardation that appears to have autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by short neck, cleft palate, narrow chest, severe shortening of long bones and trunk, reduced joint mobility, inguinal hernia, and probably hirsutism and hydroureter/hydronephrosis. Some cases are seen with occipital exencephalocele. The long bones are short and bent with metaphyseal flaring. The vertebral bodies are of different size and many consist of separate ossified masses. The iliac bones are small with hypoplasia of the horizontal and inferior margina. Maturation of cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plates is grossly disturbed and there are puddle-like spaces among the resting cartilage cells.", "contents": "Dyssegmental dwarfism. A lethal anisospondylic camptomicromelic dwarfism. Dyssegment dwarfism is a lethal anisospondylic camptomicromelic form of growth retardation that appears to have autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by short neck, cleft palate, narrow chest, severe shortening of long bones and trunk, reduced joint mobility, inguinal hernia, and probably hirsutism and hydroureter/hydronephrosis. Some cases are seen with occipital exencephalocele. The long bones are short and bent with metaphyseal flaring. The vertebral bodies are of different size and many consist of separate ossified masses. The iliac bones are small with hypoplasia of the horizontal and inferior margina. Maturation of cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plates is grossly disturbed and there are puddle-like spaces among the resting cartilage cells.", "PMID": 645657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2397", "title": "The Coffin-Siris syndrome.", "content": "We present the sixth reported case of the Coffin-Siris syndrome. This disorder is characterized by the absence of the nails of the fifth fingers and toes, severe mental and developmental retardation, and postnatal growth deficiency. Feeding and respiratory problems are prominent features. The Dandy-Walker malformation was found at autopsy in our patient. This malformation was also present in the only other patient with this syndrome whose autopsy has been reported.", "contents": "The Coffin-Siris syndrome. We present the sixth reported case of the Coffin-Siris syndrome. This disorder is characterized by the absence of the nails of the fifth fingers and toes, severe mental and developmental retardation, and postnatal growth deficiency. Feeding and respiratory problems are prominent features. The Dandy-Walker malformation was found at autopsy in our patient. This malformation was also present in the only other patient with this syndrome whose autopsy has been reported.", "PMID": 645658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2398", "title": "Leukocyte counts in children with sickle cell disease. Comparative values in the steady state, vaso-occlusive crisis, and bacterial infection.", "content": "Total and differential WBC counts were measured in 88 children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies during the steady state, vaso-occlusive crisis, and bacterial infection. Steady state leukocyte values were lower than anticipated on the basis of currently available information. Total and segmented leukocyte numbers were greatly increased during vaso-occlusive crisis and infection, but only with bacterial infection was there a consistent increase in bands or nonsegmented leukocytes (mean, 4,580/microliter). On the basis of these data we believe that total and differential leukocyte counts are of value for identifying those children with potentially serious bacterial infections.", "contents": "Leukocyte counts in children with sickle cell disease. Comparative values in the steady state, vaso-occlusive crisis, and bacterial infection. Total and differential WBC counts were measured in 88 children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies during the steady state, vaso-occlusive crisis, and bacterial infection. Steady state leukocyte values were lower than anticipated on the basis of currently available information. Total and segmented leukocyte numbers were greatly increased during vaso-occlusive crisis and infection, but only with bacterial infection was there a consistent increase in bands or nonsegmented leukocytes (mean, 4,580/microliter). On the basis of these data we believe that total and differential leukocyte counts are of value for identifying those children with potentially serious bacterial infections.", "PMID": 645659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2399", "title": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in premature infants with cerebral injury.", "content": "We describe 11 premature infants with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). The syndrome is far more common than the single case report in the literature would indicate. All the infants had either asphyxiation at birth, intracranial hemorrhage, or meningitis. Of the nine children available for follow-up observation, seven demonstrated serious neurological sequelae. The diagnosis of SIADH in the premature neonate may be difficult to establish due to the complexity of precipitating factors.", "contents": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in premature infants with cerebral injury. We describe 11 premature infants with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). The syndrome is far more common than the single case report in the literature would indicate. All the infants had either asphyxiation at birth, intracranial hemorrhage, or meningitis. Of the nine children available for follow-up observation, seven demonstrated serious neurological sequelae. The diagnosis of SIADH in the premature neonate may be difficult to establish due to the complexity of precipitating factors.", "PMID": 645660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2400", "title": "Behavioral treatment of obesity in children.", "content": "The development of behavioral techniques for the control of obesity in children is reviewed. Techniques developed for the treatment of obese adults have recently been modified for use with children, and to date, six studies exist that have evaluated their use. The results are encouraging and it appears that behavior therapy offers new promise in the treatment of this difficult problem. The review ends with a survey of behavioral techniques and suggestions for further reading.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of obesity in children. The development of behavioral techniques for the control of obesity in children is reviewed. Techniques developed for the treatment of obese adults have recently been modified for use with children, and to date, six studies exist that have evaluated their use. The results are encouraging and it appears that behavior therapy offers new promise in the treatment of this difficult problem. The review ends with a survey of behavioral techniques and suggestions for further reading.", "PMID": 645661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2401", "title": "Clinical estimation of liver span in infants and children.", "content": "The liver span in 350 infants and children was determined by percussion of the upper and lower borders in the midclavicular line. Mean liver span was found to be related to age curvilinearly and ranged from a minimum of 1.9 cm at 1 week of age to a maximum of 7.7 cm in males and 6.3 cm in females at 20 years of age. In children with normal growth patterns, age and sex were found to be the major factors influencing liver size. Though height and weight also correlated with liver span, these variables did not add substantially to the correlation using age and sex alone. The presence of minor systemic illnesses, eg, otitis and gastroenteritis, did not affect liver span. The expected normal values for liver span at different ages for male and female children have been established and provide the basis for comparison during routine physical examination.", "contents": "Clinical estimation of liver span in infants and children. The liver span in 350 infants and children was determined by percussion of the upper and lower borders in the midclavicular line. Mean liver span was found to be related to age curvilinearly and ranged from a minimum of 1.9 cm at 1 week of age to a maximum of 7.7 cm in males and 6.3 cm in females at 20 years of age. In children with normal growth patterns, age and sex were found to be the major factors influencing liver size. Though height and weight also correlated with liver span, these variables did not add substantially to the correlation using age and sex alone. The presence of minor systemic illnesses, eg, otitis and gastroenteritis, did not affect liver span. The expected normal values for liver span at different ages for male and female children have been established and provide the basis for comparison during routine physical examination.", "PMID": 645673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2402", "title": "Intraventricular and parenteral gentamicin therapy for ventriculitis in children.", "content": "Five children with intraventricular shunts developed ventriculitis due to organisms resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents but sensitive to gentamicin sulfate. No gentamicin was detected in ventricular CSF of four patients at a time when gentamicin was being administered only intravenously. The intraventricular administration of 1 mg of gentamicin resulted in ventricular CSF concentrations greater than 20 microgram/ml one hour and 5 to 14 microgram/ml 36 hours after administration. Patients were treated with intraventricularly given gentamicin for an average of 16 days, with no apparent complications or relapses during the 12- to 24-month follow-up period. Intraventricularly administered gentamicin sulfate (1 mg every 24 to 36 hours) in conjunction with complete shunt removal was an effective means of therapy of ventriculitis caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics that readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Intraventricular and parenteral gentamicin therapy for ventriculitis in children. Five children with intraventricular shunts developed ventriculitis due to organisms resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents but sensitive to gentamicin sulfate. No gentamicin was detected in ventricular CSF of four patients at a time when gentamicin was being administered only intravenously. The intraventricular administration of 1 mg of gentamicin resulted in ventricular CSF concentrations greater than 20 microgram/ml one hour and 5 to 14 microgram/ml 36 hours after administration. Patients were treated with intraventricularly given gentamicin for an average of 16 days, with no apparent complications or relapses during the 12- to 24-month follow-up period. Intraventricularly administered gentamicin sulfate (1 mg every 24 to 36 hours) in conjunction with complete shunt removal was an effective means of therapy of ventriculitis caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics that readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 645674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2403", "title": "Distichiasis complicating allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.", "content": "Three patients had four lid distichiasis and signs and symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The findings consisted of ocular irritation with tearing, photophobia, periodic lid swelling, rhinorrhea, and boggy nasal mucosa. Treatment of the allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was unsuccessful until the distichiasis was relieved. Exacerbations of signs and symptoms recurred when lashes regrew. A neural reflex relationship exists to explain most of the symptom complex resulting from ocular irritation. In the evaluation of patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, trichiasis should be looked for, especially if there is noticeable photophobia present.", "contents": "Distichiasis complicating allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Three patients had four lid distichiasis and signs and symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The findings consisted of ocular irritation with tearing, photophobia, periodic lid swelling, rhinorrhea, and boggy nasal mucosa. Treatment of the allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was unsuccessful until the distichiasis was relieved. Exacerbations of signs and symptoms recurred when lashes regrew. A neural reflex relationship exists to explain most of the symptom complex resulting from ocular irritation. In the evaluation of patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, trichiasis should be looked for, especially if there is noticeable photophobia present.", "PMID": 645675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2404", "title": "The diagnosis of Leydig cell tumors in childhood.", "content": "We report the clinical and hormonal findings in two boys with isosexual precocity secondary to Levdig cell tumor of the testis. The hormonal profile at the initial evaluation was quite different in the two cases suggesting differences in steroid biosynthesis by the tumors. These differences indicate that a dexamethasone suppression test may be required to differentiate between Leydig cell tumors and congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia with adrenal rest tissue located within the testes.", "contents": "The diagnosis of Leydig cell tumors in childhood. We report the clinical and hormonal findings in two boys with isosexual precocity secondary to Levdig cell tumor of the testis. The hormonal profile at the initial evaluation was quite different in the two cases suggesting differences in steroid biosynthesis by the tumors. These differences indicate that a dexamethasone suppression test may be required to differentiate between Leydig cell tumors and congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia with adrenal rest tissue located within the testes.", "PMID": 645676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2405", "title": "Inherited partial trisomy 8q (22 leads to qter).", "content": "We report clinical observations and cytogenetic studies of an inherited form of partial trisomy 8q. Although complete trisomy 8 has in recent years proven to be a clinically recognizable syndrome, partial trisomy 8q has been documented in only six individuals. Of these, five were familial and also partially trisomic for chromosome 22. There has been only one prior report of partial trisomy 8q without partial trisomy 22. Review of these cases provides support for the recent suggestion that the phenotype of trisomy 8 may be caused principally by trisomy of the distal segment of 8q.", "contents": "Inherited partial trisomy 8q (22 leads to qter). We report clinical observations and cytogenetic studies of an inherited form of partial trisomy 8q. Although complete trisomy 8 has in recent years proven to be a clinically recognizable syndrome, partial trisomy 8q has been documented in only six individuals. Of these, five were familial and also partially trisomic for chromosome 22. There has been only one prior report of partial trisomy 8q without partial trisomy 22. Review of these cases provides support for the recent suggestion that the phenotype of trisomy 8 may be caused principally by trisomy of the distal segment of 8q.", "PMID": 645677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2406", "title": "Giant hyperplastic polyp of the colon simulating adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Hyperplastic polyps of the colon have been previously reported as frequent incidental asymptomatic lesions limited to 1 cm. in size. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of a hyperplastic polyp of such magnitude as to cause obstructive symptoms and clinically simulate adenocarcinoma of the colon.", "contents": "Giant hyperplastic polyp of the colon simulating adenocarcinoma. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon have been previously reported as frequent incidental asymptomatic lesions limited to 1 cm. in size. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of a hyperplastic polyp of such magnitude as to cause obstructive symptoms and clinically simulate adenocarcinoma of the colon.", "PMID": 645684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2407", "title": "The coordination of gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nerves.", "content": "We have conducted investigations on the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nervous system. In this paper are described main themes of our investigations where a close association between gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nervous system was shown from the functional and morphological points of view. The \"nervism\" proposed by Pavlov, where the regulation of various organs in the body was thought to be accomplished wholly by the nervous system, was based on the findings on the physiology of the digestive glands. In the meantime, the discovery of secretin from the duodenal mucosa led Bayliss and Starling to propose a chemical co-ordination or a humoral regulatory mechanism in addition to the nervous system for the regulation of the various organs in the body. It is indeed surprising that the principle of two major regulatory mechanisms in the body was thus developed originally on the basic studies of the exocrine and endocrine function of the digestive system. Our investigations reported in this paper disclosed the fact that the neural and humoral regulatory mechanisms for gastrointestinal secretions acted not separately but in close association both morphologically and functionally.", "contents": "The coordination of gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nerves. We have conducted investigations on the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nervous system. In this paper are described main themes of our investigations where a close association between gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nervous system was shown from the functional and morphological points of view. The \"nervism\" proposed by Pavlov, where the regulation of various organs in the body was thought to be accomplished wholly by the nervous system, was based on the findings on the physiology of the digestive glands. In the meantime, the discovery of secretin from the duodenal mucosa led Bayliss and Starling to propose a chemical co-ordination or a humoral regulatory mechanism in addition to the nervous system for the regulation of the various organs in the body. It is indeed surprising that the principle of two major regulatory mechanisms in the body was thus developed originally on the basic studies of the exocrine and endocrine function of the digestive system. Our investigations reported in this paper disclosed the fact that the neural and humoral regulatory mechanisms for gastrointestinal secretions acted not separately but in close association both morphologically and functionally.", "PMID": 645686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2408", "title": "Immunological studies in chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic (superficial) gastritis.", "content": "Detection of autoantibodies, HLA typing and immunofluorescence studies on gastric biopsies were carried out in subjects with histologically proven chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and chronic superficial gastritis (CG). All were seronegative for parietal cell antibody and did not have pernicious anemia. Except for positive antismooth muscle and antimitochrondrial antibodies in one patient with CAG, autoantibodies (antinuclear, smooth muscle, mitochrondrial, parietal cell) were absent in patients with CAG and CG. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Ig-G and IgA were presented in the lamina propria of all cases with CAG or CG and of subjects with normal gastric histology. Ig-M was seen less often, in about half the cases. Complement C3 was an uncommon finding, being positive in only one case with CAG and one case with CG and in none of the cases with normal gastric histology. Fibrinogen was more commonly seen in patients with CG (5/5 cases) than in those with CAG (3/11 cases). Fibrinogen was found in one case with normal gastric histology. The most consistent fluorescence was obtained with antiparietal cell antiserum. All subjects with CAG showed negative or weak staining only. In contrast, subjects with CG and normal gastric histology had strong specific fluorescence. An increased frequency of HLA-A1 plus HLA-B8 was found in subjects with CAG (20.7% in controls; 40% in CAG).", "contents": "Immunological studies in chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic (superficial) gastritis. Detection of autoantibodies, HLA typing and immunofluorescence studies on gastric biopsies were carried out in subjects with histologically proven chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and chronic superficial gastritis (CG). All were seronegative for parietal cell antibody and did not have pernicious anemia. Except for positive antismooth muscle and antimitochrondrial antibodies in one patient with CAG, autoantibodies (antinuclear, smooth muscle, mitochrondrial, parietal cell) were absent in patients with CAG and CG. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Ig-G and IgA were presented in the lamina propria of all cases with CAG or CG and of subjects with normal gastric histology. Ig-M was seen less often, in about half the cases. Complement C3 was an uncommon finding, being positive in only one case with CAG and one case with CG and in none of the cases with normal gastric histology. Fibrinogen was more commonly seen in patients with CG (5/5 cases) than in those with CAG (3/11 cases). Fibrinogen was found in one case with normal gastric histology. The most consistent fluorescence was obtained with antiparietal cell antiserum. All subjects with CAG showed negative or weak staining only. In contrast, subjects with CG and normal gastric histology had strong specific fluorescence. An increased frequency of HLA-A1 plus HLA-B8 was found in subjects with CAG (20.7% in controls; 40% in CAG).", "PMID": 645687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2409", "title": "Enteric fever: a clinicopathologic study of 104 cases.", "content": "The records of 104 patients with culture-proven enteric fever were reviewed and evaluated as to the clinical signs, laboratory findings, pathologic features and complications of the disease. One patient with fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation and enteric fever is also presented. Fever and bradycardia were the leading clinical signs followed by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and rose spots. The principal complications of enteric fever included anemia, typhoid hepatitis, relapse and bleeding. Evidence of typhoid hepatitis was present in 30% of the patients tested. The pathology consisted of typhoid nodules of variable frequency and size depending upon the severity of the condition. The relationship of typhoid hepatitis to relapse seems to be more than coincidental as four out of seven patients who had relapse had abnormal liver tests. The occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in enteric fever is rare; however, awareness of such a potential complication may be life-saving to the patient.", "contents": "Enteric fever: a clinicopathologic study of 104 cases. The records of 104 patients with culture-proven enteric fever were reviewed and evaluated as to the clinical signs, laboratory findings, pathologic features and complications of the disease. One patient with fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation and enteric fever is also presented. Fever and bradycardia were the leading clinical signs followed by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and rose spots. The principal complications of enteric fever included anemia, typhoid hepatitis, relapse and bleeding. Evidence of typhoid hepatitis was present in 30% of the patients tested. The pathology consisted of typhoid nodules of variable frequency and size depending upon the severity of the condition. The relationship of typhoid hepatitis to relapse seems to be more than coincidental as four out of seven patients who had relapse had abnormal liver tests. The occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in enteric fever is rare; however, awareness of such a potential complication may be life-saving to the patient.", "PMID": 645689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2410", "title": "Tolazamide-induced hepatic dysfunction.", "content": "A case of tolazamide-induced hepatic injury is reported. Injury was documented by abnormal liver tests, including an elevated alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Liver biopsy confirmed the degree and type of injury which consisted of severe portal inflammation, bile duct proliferation and early fibrosis. The case is reported to further establish tolazamide as a drug capable of producing hepatic injury and to report a new form of hepatic injury attributable to a sulfonylurea agent.", "contents": "Tolazamide-induced hepatic dysfunction. A case of tolazamide-induced hepatic injury is reported. Injury was documented by abnormal liver tests, including an elevated alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Liver biopsy confirmed the degree and type of injury which consisted of severe portal inflammation, bile duct proliferation and early fibrosis. The case is reported to further establish tolazamide as a drug capable of producing hepatic injury and to report a new form of hepatic injury attributable to a sulfonylurea agent.", "PMID": 645691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2411", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst presenting as massive hemothorax: a case report.", "content": "The case of a 36-year old man who presented with massive recurrent hemothorax as a complication of a pancreatic pseudocyst is described. Some of the complications of pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts are discussed. Recurrent hemothorax represents an unusual pulmonary complication of pancreatic pseudocysts to be included in the differential diagnosis of pleural fluid collections in pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst presenting as massive hemothorax: a case report. The case of a 36-year old man who presented with massive recurrent hemothorax as a complication of a pancreatic pseudocyst is described. Some of the complications of pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts are discussed. Recurrent hemothorax represents an unusual pulmonary complication of pancreatic pseudocysts to be included in the differential diagnosis of pleural fluid collections in pancreatitis.", "PMID": 645692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2412", "title": "Peritoneal lavage in the treatment of acute pancreatic ascites.", "content": "A case of intraperitoneal rupture of a pseudocyst associated with ascites is presented. Peritoneal lavage was successful in the initial management and allowed definitive surgery to be performed at a more opportune time. When faced with a case of intraperitoneal rupture of a pseudocyst, peritoneal lavage should be considered as an alternative to emergency surgery.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage in the treatment of acute pancreatic ascites. A case of intraperitoneal rupture of a pseudocyst associated with ascites is presented. Peritoneal lavage was successful in the initial management and allowed definitive surgery to be performed at a more opportune time. When faced with a case of intraperitoneal rupture of a pseudocyst, peritoneal lavage should be considered as an alternative to emergency surgery.", "PMID": 645693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2413", "title": "Gastric outlet obstruction due to a pancreatic pseudocyst: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of gastric outlet obstruction, secondary to a pseudocyst of the pancreas, are described. The striking radiologic pictures are shown. The pathogenesis of this complication is discussed and a greater awareness of this entity is stressed.", "contents": "Gastric outlet obstruction due to a pancreatic pseudocyst: report of two cases. Two cases of gastric outlet obstruction, secondary to a pseudocyst of the pancreas, are described. The striking radiologic pictures are shown. The pathogenesis of this complication is discussed and a greater awareness of this entity is stressed.", "PMID": 645694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2414", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect: trends in reported frequency.", "content": "Nationwide secular increases in the reported frequency of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) are presented. Detailed examination of data from one locality, Metropolitan Atlanta, indicates that the increases were primarily the result of a rise in the reported frequency of these heart defects in isolated form (i.e., without other malformations). During the latter years of the study more Atlanta babies with isolated PDA were of low birth weight and short gestational age, and more cases were diagnosed in the infants' first week of life. The increase in VSD was not as consistent nor as dramatic as that of PDA. Neither were there any changes over time in the demographic characteristics of Atlanta infants affected by isolated VSD. At least part and perhaps all of the increase in PDA may be explained by an increased awareness on the part of physicians who take care of premature infants. While the increase in reported VSD may be explainable on the basis of awareness or secular shifts in diagnostic standards, the problem seems qualitatively different from that of PDA.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect: trends in reported frequency. Nationwide secular increases in the reported frequency of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) are presented. Detailed examination of data from one locality, Metropolitan Atlanta, indicates that the increases were primarily the result of a rise in the reported frequency of these heart defects in isolated form (i.e., without other malformations). During the latter years of the study more Atlanta babies with isolated PDA were of low birth weight and short gestational age, and more cases were diagnosed in the infants' first week of life. The increase in VSD was not as consistent nor as dramatic as that of PDA. Neither were there any changes over time in the demographic characteristics of Atlanta infants affected by isolated VSD. At least part and perhaps all of the increase in PDA may be explained by an increased awareness on the part of physicians who take care of premature infants. While the increase in reported VSD may be explainable on the basis of awareness or secular shifts in diagnostic standards, the problem seems qualitatively different from that of PDA.", "PMID": 645697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2415", "title": "Induced abortion and spontaneous abortion: no connection?", "content": "The hypothesis that spontaneous abortion is associated with prior induced abortion is tested in an epidemiologic study. The reproductive histories of a consecutive series of women admitted to hospital with spontaneous abortions were compared with those of a control series of women who delivered after 28 weeks gestation. There is no association between spontaneous abortion and prior induced abortion. The power of the analysis to detect a 30% excess in the frequency of induced abortion in cases as compared to controls is 82% at alpha = .05. The design and analysis effectually controlled for all potentially confounding factors.", "contents": "Induced abortion and spontaneous abortion: no connection? The hypothesis that spontaneous abortion is associated with prior induced abortion is tested in an epidemiologic study. The reproductive histories of a consecutive series of women admitted to hospital with spontaneous abortions were compared with those of a control series of women who delivered after 28 weeks gestation. There is no association between spontaneous abortion and prior induced abortion. The power of the analysis to detect a 30% excess in the frequency of induced abortion in cases as compared to controls is 82% at alpha = .05. The design and analysis effectually controlled for all potentially confounding factors.", "PMID": 645698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2416", "title": "The epidemiology of respiratory distress syndrome in Norway.", "content": "Information collected through the Medical Birth Registry of Norway on a seven-year cohort of 457,465 live births for the years 1967--73 were used to determine the factors associated with the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). A total of 1235 cases were identified and 510 of these died, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.7 and a mortality rate of 1.1 per 1000 live births. From a geographic breakdown of counties there was no association of the incidence or mortality of RDS with such environmental factors as latitude, longitude, urbanization, industrialization or level of obstetric care. There was an increase in reported incidence and mortality over time, and a slight peak during fall months. The major factors associated with the risk of RDS in Norway were birth weight, gestational age, male sex, cesarean sections and some other complications of pregnancy or delivery. When rates were adjusted for birth weight and gestational age there was no association with maternal age, parity or marital status. Such adjustments reversed the risk of RDS among multiple births to a rate lower than that for single births.", "contents": "The epidemiology of respiratory distress syndrome in Norway. Information collected through the Medical Birth Registry of Norway on a seven-year cohort of 457,465 live births for the years 1967--73 were used to determine the factors associated with the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). A total of 1235 cases were identified and 510 of these died, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.7 and a mortality rate of 1.1 per 1000 live births. From a geographic breakdown of counties there was no association of the incidence or mortality of RDS with such environmental factors as latitude, longitude, urbanization, industrialization or level of obstetric care. There was an increase in reported incidence and mortality over time, and a slight peak during fall months. The major factors associated with the risk of RDS in Norway were birth weight, gestational age, male sex, cesarean sections and some other complications of pregnancy or delivery. When rates were adjusted for birth weight and gestational age there was no association with maternal age, parity or marital status. Such adjustments reversed the risk of RDS among multiple births to a rate lower than that for single births.", "PMID": 645699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2417", "title": "Prostatic cancer: mortality and incidence rates by race and social class.", "content": "Among the most striking epidemiologic characteristics of prostatic cancer in the United States is the sizeable excess in rates for the disease among blacks as compared with whites. This study attempted to determine whether the higher black rates might be explained by controlling for social class, using mortality data from Alameda County for the pericensal period 1968--1972 (n = 400), and the population-based series of cases for Alameda County included in the Third National Cancer Survey, 1969--1971 (n = 750). Reviewed first are previous studies addressed to the relationship of prostatic cancer and socioeconomic status (SES), most of which have been confined to whites. In the present study, each death or case was assigned to a socioeconomic class based on census tract of residence and rates by race and social class determined. Comparison of age-specific mortality and incidence rates by SES reveals no gradient for prostatic cancer in either whites or blacks.", "contents": "Prostatic cancer: mortality and incidence rates by race and social class. Among the most striking epidemiologic characteristics of prostatic cancer in the United States is the sizeable excess in rates for the disease among blacks as compared with whites. This study attempted to determine whether the higher black rates might be explained by controlling for social class, using mortality data from Alameda County for the pericensal period 1968--1972 (n = 400), and the population-based series of cases for Alameda County included in the Third National Cancer Survey, 1969--1971 (n = 750). Reviewed first are previous studies addressed to the relationship of prostatic cancer and socioeconomic status (SES), most of which have been confined to whites. In the present study, each death or case was assigned to a socioeconomic class based on census tract of residence and rates by race and social class determined. Comparison of age-specific mortality and incidence rates by SES reveals no gradient for prostatic cancer in either whites or blacks.", "PMID": 645700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2418", "title": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus outbreak associated with peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Investigation of an outbreak of contamination of dialysis drainage fluid with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus identified a previously unrecognized source for dialysis associated infections. Over a 4-month period, 25 peritoneal dialysis treatments were administered to 13 hospital patients. Of the 25 treatments for which culture results were available, 14 were associated with dialysis drainage fluid cultures positive for A. calcoaceticus. A water bath used to warm bottles of peritoneal dialysate before use was the reservoir for the bacteria, and investigation showed in vitro that bath water could contaminate the dialysate. It appears likely that the dialysate became contaminated when the prong of the fluid administration set was inserted through the rubber bung on the dialysate bottles. This outbreak illustrates the potential importance of environmental reservoirs in infections complicating peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus outbreak associated with peritoneal dialysis. Investigation of an outbreak of contamination of dialysis drainage fluid with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus identified a previously unrecognized source for dialysis associated infections. Over a 4-month period, 25 peritoneal dialysis treatments were administered to 13 hospital patients. Of the 25 treatments for which culture results were available, 14 were associated with dialysis drainage fluid cultures positive for A. calcoaceticus. A water bath used to warm bottles of peritoneal dialysate before use was the reservoir for the bacteria, and investigation showed in vitro that bath water could contaminate the dialysate. It appears likely that the dialysate became contaminated when the prong of the fluid administration set was inserted through the rubber bung on the dialysate bottles. This outbreak illustrates the potential importance of environmental reservoirs in infections complicating peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 645702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2419", "title": "An explanation for the high incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in Ryukyu.", "content": "An exceptionally high incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has been noted in Ryukan children who were infants in utero during an extensive rubella epidemic in the Ryukyu Islands in 1964 through the spring of 1965. In 1965, the Congenital Rubella Study Group of Kyushu University registered in the Ryukyus 408 cases of CRS and an incidence of 20 cases of CRS per 1000 births. The nearby Amami Islands, on the other hand, had a low incidence of CRS. Seroepidemiologic studies indicated a high prevalence of antibodies in the Ryukyus but a low prevalence in the Amamis. Since CRS is uncommon throughout Japan, some investigators have hypothesized that Japanese strains of the virus are avirulent and that a virulent American strain caused the epidemic in the Ryukyus. However, retrospective seroepidemiologic studies reported here indicate that the high incidence of CRS in the Ryukyus was more probably due to low seropositivity and a resultant high attack rate of rubella among pregnant women, rather than to a hypothetical virulent teratogenic strain of rubella virus. Conversely, the data suggest that the low incidence of CRS in Japan may reflect the infrequency of rubella nonimmunes in women of childbearing age.", "contents": "An explanation for the high incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in Ryukyu. An exceptionally high incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has been noted in Ryukan children who were infants in utero during an extensive rubella epidemic in the Ryukyu Islands in 1964 through the spring of 1965. In 1965, the Congenital Rubella Study Group of Kyushu University registered in the Ryukyus 408 cases of CRS and an incidence of 20 cases of CRS per 1000 births. The nearby Amami Islands, on the other hand, had a low incidence of CRS. Seroepidemiologic studies indicated a high prevalence of antibodies in the Ryukyus but a low prevalence in the Amamis. Since CRS is uncommon throughout Japan, some investigators have hypothesized that Japanese strains of the virus are avirulent and that a virulent American strain caused the epidemic in the Ryukyus. However, retrospective seroepidemiologic studies reported here indicate that the high incidence of CRS in the Ryukyus was more probably due to low seropositivity and a resultant high attack rate of rubella among pregnant women, rather than to a hypothetical virulent teratogenic strain of rubella virus. Conversely, the data suggest that the low incidence of CRS in Japan may reflect the infrequency of rubella nonimmunes in women of childbearing age.", "PMID": 645703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2420", "title": "Macro-monitoring: a step toward rational psychopharmacotherapy.", "content": "A 15-item checklist was used to monitor the drug therapy of 516 patients in five clinical settings. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the extent of irrational drug use in these several settings. After gathering baseline data, two similar clinical units were selected for a six-month follow-up to determine the impact of drug consultation by an expert clinical psychopharmacologist. In the unit where drug consultation was provided, there was a significnat reduction in extended antiparkinsonian agent use (p less than 0.001), multiple daily dosage (p less than 0.001), inappropriate anxiolytic use (p less than 0.01), polypharmacy (p less than 0.001) and too rapid change in medication (p less than 0.01). The unit that did not have drug consultation continued to have a high percentage of patients receiving drugs in an inappropriate manner. Although the consultant had a significant impact on drug use, it was recognized that such consultation is not feasible for most psychiatric facilities. The checklist itself is a systematic tool that can be used to identify prescribing practices of questionable appropriateness. If used properly by the pharmacist, the checklist can serve as a supportive system to assist the physician in providing better patient care.", "contents": "Macro-monitoring: a step toward rational psychopharmacotherapy. A 15-item checklist was used to monitor the drug therapy of 516 patients in five clinical settings. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the extent of irrational drug use in these several settings. After gathering baseline data, two similar clinical units were selected for a six-month follow-up to determine the impact of drug consultation by an expert clinical psychopharmacologist. In the unit where drug consultation was provided, there was a significnat reduction in extended antiparkinsonian agent use (p less than 0.001), multiple daily dosage (p less than 0.001), inappropriate anxiolytic use (p less than 0.01), polypharmacy (p less than 0.001) and too rapid change in medication (p less than 0.01). The unit that did not have drug consultation continued to have a high percentage of patients receiving drugs in an inappropriate manner. Although the consultant had a significant impact on drug use, it was recognized that such consultation is not feasible for most psychiatric facilities. The checklist itself is a systematic tool that can be used to identify prescribing practices of questionable appropriateness. If used properly by the pharmacist, the checklist can serve as a supportive system to assist the physician in providing better patient care.", "PMID": 645711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2421", "title": "Structural codes and patient safety: does strict compliance make sense?", "content": "The authors of this Comment note recent trends rigidifying the enforcement of building and safety codes for health care facilities and compare the estimated costs (in terms of dollars spent) of those trends with their anticipated benefits (in terms of potential years of human life saved). They estimate that for each potential year of life saved, strict enforcement of the Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association would cost $12.7 to $63.5 million for hospitals and $1.1 to $2.6 million for nursing homes, the latter figure based on Massachusett's experience. These figures are contrasted to the cost of routine kidney dialysis, which is generally acknowledged to be an extremely expensive technology, costing approximately $20,000 per potential year of life saved. The authors suggest that even if strict enforcement of the Code were fully effective (which, given the current structure of the Code, seems doubtful), a portion of the substantial financial resources expended from our limited national health care budget in hewing to the letter of the Code might be better spent on other activities with greater potential yield in improving the quality of life for patients in hospitals and nursing homes.", "contents": "Structural codes and patient safety: does strict compliance make sense? The authors of this Comment note recent trends rigidifying the enforcement of building and safety codes for health care facilities and compare the estimated costs (in terms of dollars spent) of those trends with their anticipated benefits (in terms of potential years of human life saved). They estimate that for each potential year of life saved, strict enforcement of the Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association would cost $12.7 to $63.5 million for hospitals and $1.1 to $2.6 million for nursing homes, the latter figure based on Massachusett's experience. These figures are contrasted to the cost of routine kidney dialysis, which is generally acknowledged to be an extremely expensive technology, costing approximately $20,000 per potential year of life saved. The authors suggest that even if strict enforcement of the Code were fully effective (which, given the current structure of the Code, seems doubtful), a portion of the substantial financial resources expended from our limited national health care budget in hewing to the letter of the Code might be better spent on other activities with greater potential yield in improving the quality of life for patients in hospitals and nursing homes.", "PMID": 645706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2422", "title": "Clinical relevance of the effect of hepatic disease on drug disposition.", "content": "The effect of hepatic disease on the metabolism of drugs is reviewed. Drugs discussed include those acting on the central nervous system (phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, clorazepate, chlorpromazine, morphine, meperidine, phenytoin); those acting on the cardiopulmonary system (digoxin, digitoxin, lidocaine, theophylline); antineoplastic agents (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, doxorubicin), antimicrobials (carbenicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, rifampin, isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid) and antiinflammatory agents (phenylbutazone, prednisone). The effect of hepatic dysfunction on drug disposition is not consistent or predictable. The efficiency with which drugs are metabolized by the liver, the extent of drug plasma binding, and the etiology and stage of the hepatic disorder are each important in determining whether drug disposition will be altered.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of the effect of hepatic disease on drug disposition. The effect of hepatic disease on the metabolism of drugs is reviewed. Drugs discussed include those acting on the central nervous system (phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, clorazepate, chlorpromazine, morphine, meperidine, phenytoin); those acting on the cardiopulmonary system (digoxin, digitoxin, lidocaine, theophylline); antineoplastic agents (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, doxorubicin), antimicrobials (carbenicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, rifampin, isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid) and antiinflammatory agents (phenylbutazone, prednisone). The effect of hepatic dysfunction on drug disposition is not consistent or predictable. The efficiency with which drugs are metabolized by the liver, the extent of drug plasma binding, and the etiology and stage of the hepatic disorder are each important in determining whether drug disposition will be altered.", "PMID": 645712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2423", "title": "Perceived benefits of the Pharm.D. as a second pharmacy degree.", "content": "The perceived benefits of the Pharm.D. as a second degree was studied among pharmacists who earned the degree after the B.S. degree in pharmacy. A questionnaire was mailed to post-B.S. Pharm.D. recipients who graduated after 1968. The 224 pharmacists (72%) who responded represented 54 baccalaurate and 12 Pharm.D. programs. Sixty-seven percent had gained hospital practice experience prior to returning to school for their Pharm.D. degree. The data did not show \"job dissatisfaction\" to be a major factor prompting pursuit of the Pharm.D. Most initially sought the advanced degree in an attempt to gain greater patient involvement (43%). In 10 years, 51% hope to have attained some kind of administrative position, 15% desire to have combined clinical and administrative responsibilities, while 37% prefer a purely clinical position. Thirty-four percent would like to have a position in education. Most respondents in institutional practice (59.4%) and education (88.6%) felt they would not have their present position without the Pharm.D. degree. Fifty-nine percent receive an annual salary greater than $21,000 including fringe benefits. Most pharmacists who earned a post-B.S. Pharm.D. degree believe they have benefited from their advanced professional degree, both in job responsibilities and salary.", "contents": "Perceived benefits of the Pharm.D. as a second pharmacy degree. The perceived benefits of the Pharm.D. as a second degree was studied among pharmacists who earned the degree after the B.S. degree in pharmacy. A questionnaire was mailed to post-B.S. Pharm.D. recipients who graduated after 1968. The 224 pharmacists (72%) who responded represented 54 baccalaurate and 12 Pharm.D. programs. Sixty-seven percent had gained hospital practice experience prior to returning to school for their Pharm.D. degree. The data did not show \"job dissatisfaction\" to be a major factor prompting pursuit of the Pharm.D. Most initially sought the advanced degree in an attempt to gain greater patient involvement (43%). In 10 years, 51% hope to have attained some kind of administrative position, 15% desire to have combined clinical and administrative responsibilities, while 37% prefer a purely clinical position. Thirty-four percent would like to have a position in education. Most respondents in institutional practice (59.4%) and education (88.6%) felt they would not have their present position without the Pharm.D. degree. Fifty-nine percent receive an annual salary greater than $21,000 including fringe benefits. Most pharmacists who earned a post-B.S. Pharm.D. degree believe they have benefited from their advanced professional degree, both in job responsibilities and salary.", "PMID": 645713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2424", "title": "Rapid miniaturized chromatographic quality control procedures for iodinated radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "A rapid, miniaturized chromatographic system was developed to determine the labeling efficiency of iodinated radio-pharmaceuticals including I-131 orthoiodohippurate, I-131 rose bengal, I-125 RISA, and I-131 19-iodocholesterol. The system consists of three specific chromatography strips (Whatman 31ET paper chromatography, silica gel and silicic acid instant thin-layer chromatography) and three solvents (chloroform:glacial acetic acid in a 1.00:0.05 v/v mixture, absolute methanol, and 0.9% sodium chloride). The strips are color-coded, miniaturized, and appropriately labeled. The chromatographic quality control procedures are easy to use, rapid, and can be incorporated easily in a routine quality control program.", "contents": "Rapid miniaturized chromatographic quality control procedures for iodinated radiopharmaceuticals. A rapid, miniaturized chromatographic system was developed to determine the labeling efficiency of iodinated radio-pharmaceuticals including I-131 orthoiodohippurate, I-131 rose bengal, I-125 RISA, and I-131 19-iodocholesterol. The system consists of three specific chromatography strips (Whatman 31ET paper chromatography, silica gel and silicic acid instant thin-layer chromatography) and three solvents (chloroform:glacial acetic acid in a 1.00:0.05 v/v mixture, absolute methanol, and 0.9% sodium chloride). The strips are color-coded, miniaturized, and appropriately labeled. The chromatographic quality control procedures are easy to use, rapid, and can be incorporated easily in a routine quality control program.", "PMID": 645714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2425", "title": "The pharmacy clinic: a new approach to ambulatory care.", "content": "A pharmacy clinic was established to provide consultation and services to practitioners and patients in the ambulatory care department of a Veterans Administration hospital. Among the services provided by the pharmacist are drug therapy consultations and monitoring, drug use review, drug information, and patient education. The pharmacy clinic assures the staff of the pharmacist's availability for consultation, allows the pharmacist to better organize the time required for consultation, makes the services of the pharmacist available to all outpatients, and provides a good training environment for students.", "contents": "The pharmacy clinic: a new approach to ambulatory care. A pharmacy clinic was established to provide consultation and services to practitioners and patients in the ambulatory care department of a Veterans Administration hospital. Among the services provided by the pharmacist are drug therapy consultations and monitoring, drug use review, drug information, and patient education. The pharmacy clinic assures the staff of the pharmacist's availability for consultation, allows the pharmacist to better organize the time required for consultation, makes the services of the pharmacist available to all outpatients, and provides a good training environment for students.", "PMID": 645715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2426", "title": "Errors remaining in unit dose carts after checking by pharmacists versus pharmacy technicians.", "content": "The accuracy of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in checking unit dose carts was compared. One-half of the unit dose patient medication drawers, for a 92-bed medicine service in a 450-bed teaching hospital, were checked by pharmacy technicians and the remaining by pharmacists. These drawers then were checked again to determine the number and type of checking errors committed by technicians and pharmacists. During the 10-day study, carts checked by pharmacists contained over twice as many errors (1.85%) as similar carts checked by technicians (0.87%). The results suggest that pharmacy technicians could probably be trained to perform the cart-checking task in unit dose drug distribution systems. Time-extended studies should be done to determine if technician performance is maintained after the novelty of the task wears off.", "contents": "Errors remaining in unit dose carts after checking by pharmacists versus pharmacy technicians. The accuracy of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in checking unit dose carts was compared. One-half of the unit dose patient medication drawers, for a 92-bed medicine service in a 450-bed teaching hospital, were checked by pharmacy technicians and the remaining by pharmacists. These drawers then were checked again to determine the number and type of checking errors committed by technicians and pharmacists. During the 10-day study, carts checked by pharmacists contained over twice as many errors (1.85%) as similar carts checked by technicians (0.87%). The results suggest that pharmacy technicians could probably be trained to perform the cart-checking task in unit dose drug distribution systems. Time-extended studies should be done to determine if technician performance is maintained after the novelty of the task wears off.", "PMID": 645716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2427", "title": "Drug information services in an oncology institution.", "content": "Information requests received over a 14-month period in the drug information service of an oncology hospital were reviewed. Requests were classified as to the nature of the question, category of requestor and geographical distribution of both questions and requestors. Inquiries were tabulated as either oncology-related or nononcology and further divided into one of 12 information categoreis. Those questions concerning investigational chemotherapy and unproven cancer remedies were tabulated. An average of 104 requests monthly were received. Prescribing practitioners accounted for 47.7% of all inquirers. Overall, 39.4% of total requests were oncology-related. The majority (72%) of total requests originated within the institution. The greatest number of requests (17.7%) were of a general review nature. The second greatest number (14.3%) were efficacy-related questions which solicited an opinion as to the appropriateness of drug use. Methods need to be developed for measuring the impact of drug information services on prescribing habits.", "contents": "Drug information services in an oncology institution. Information requests received over a 14-month period in the drug information service of an oncology hospital were reviewed. Requests were classified as to the nature of the question, category of requestor and geographical distribution of both questions and requestors. Inquiries were tabulated as either oncology-related or nononcology and further divided into one of 12 information categoreis. Those questions concerning investigational chemotherapy and unproven cancer remedies were tabulated. An average of 104 requests monthly were received. Prescribing practitioners accounted for 47.7% of all inquirers. Overall, 39.4% of total requests were oncology-related. The majority (72%) of total requests originated within the institution. The greatest number of requests (17.7%) were of a general review nature. The second greatest number (14.3%) were efficacy-related questions which solicited an opinion as to the appropriateness of drug use. Methods need to be developed for measuring the impact of drug information services on prescribing habits.", "PMID": 645717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2428", "title": "Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy II: Rapid estimates of dosage regimens and blood levels without knowledge of pharmacokinetic variables.", "content": "A modification of the superposition method, which yields fast and reasonably accurate estimates of dosage regimens and steady-state maximum and minimum blood levels, is described. In the modified superposition method, input data are obtained from the blood, plasma or serum concentration vs time profile resulting from administration of a single dose of the drug. These estimates are valid only when the pharmacokinetics of the drugs are linear and elimination from the body occurs according to first-order kinetics. Limitations of the method are discussed. It is concluded that this is a rapid and clinically useful method for pharmacokinetic estimations.", "contents": "Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy II: Rapid estimates of dosage regimens and blood levels without knowledge of pharmacokinetic variables. A modification of the superposition method, which yields fast and reasonably accurate estimates of dosage regimens and steady-state maximum and minimum blood levels, is described. In the modified superposition method, input data are obtained from the blood, plasma or serum concentration vs time profile resulting from administration of a single dose of the drug. These estimates are valid only when the pharmacokinetics of the drugs are linear and elimination from the body occurs according to first-order kinetics. Limitations of the method are discussed. It is concluded that this is a rapid and clinically useful method for pharmacokinetic estimations.", "PMID": 645719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2429", "title": "Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with transfusion-dependent anemia and secondary myocardial iron deposition.", "content": "The heart was evaluated by echocardiography in 56 patients at risk for myocardial iron deposition. Fifty-four had congenital anemia for which they required repeated transfusions, and two had primary hemochromatosis. The data, plotted according to one of three functions of the body surface area, were compared to values obtained in 105 normal subjects whose age spanned a similar range. Left ventricular wall thickness, transverse dimension and mass, as well as left atrial transverse dimension, were increased in the majority of patients with chronic iron overload despite the infrequent occurrence of cardiac enlargement on routine chest films (32 per cent) or electrocardiographic abnormality (16 per cent). Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in all but four patients. These four patients died within a six month follow-up period suggesting that deterioration in systolic function is an indicator of poor prognosis. Our findings indicate that echocardiography provides a simple noninvasive means for assessing changes in cardiac structure and function that should prove useful in the serial evaluation of patients who are at risk for the development of myocardial iron deposition.", "contents": "Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with transfusion-dependent anemia and secondary myocardial iron deposition. The heart was evaluated by echocardiography in 56 patients at risk for myocardial iron deposition. Fifty-four had congenital anemia for which they required repeated transfusions, and two had primary hemochromatosis. The data, plotted according to one of three functions of the body surface area, were compared to values obtained in 105 normal subjects whose age spanned a similar range. Left ventricular wall thickness, transverse dimension and mass, as well as left atrial transverse dimension, were increased in the majority of patients with chronic iron overload despite the infrequent occurrence of cardiac enlargement on routine chest films (32 per cent) or electrocardiographic abnormality (16 per cent). Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in all but four patients. These four patients died within a six month follow-up period suggesting that deterioration in systolic function is an indicator of poor prognosis. Our findings indicate that echocardiography provides a simple noninvasive means for assessing changes in cardiac structure and function that should prove useful in the serial evaluation of patients who are at risk for the development of myocardial iron deposition.", "PMID": 645720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2430", "title": "Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness.", "content": "A sensitive technic using indium111 chloride was devised to investigate the occurrence of pharyngeal aspiration. Twenty normal subjects and 10 patients with depressed consciousness were studied. Forty-five per cent of the normal subjects aspirated during deep sleep. Normal subjects who did not aspirate were noted to sleep poorly. Seventy per cent of the patients with depressed consciousness aspirated. Aspiration of pharyngeal secretions occurs frequently in patients with depressed sensorium and also in normal adults during deep sleep. Bacterial pneumonia may result when aspirated bacteria are not effectively cleared. This may result when clearance mechanisms are impaired or when they are overwhelmed by large volumes of aspirated secretions.", "contents": "Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. A sensitive technic using indium111 chloride was devised to investigate the occurrence of pharyngeal aspiration. Twenty normal subjects and 10 patients with depressed consciousness were studied. Forty-five per cent of the normal subjects aspirated during deep sleep. Normal subjects who did not aspirate were noted to sleep poorly. Seventy per cent of the patients with depressed consciousness aspirated. Aspiration of pharyngeal secretions occurs frequently in patients with depressed sensorium and also in normal adults during deep sleep. Bacterial pneumonia may result when aspirated bacteria are not effectively cleared. This may result when clearance mechanisms are impaired or when they are overwhelmed by large volumes of aspirated secretions.", "PMID": 645722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2431", "title": "Renal oxalate excretion following oral oxalate loads in patients with ileal disease and with renal and absorptive hypercalciurias. Effect of calcium and magnesium.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of oxalate was assessed indirectly from the increase in renal oxalate excretion following the oral administration of 5 mmol of stable oxalate. When sodium oxalate alone was given without divalent cations to patients in the fasting state, the urinary oxalate increased promptly (within 2 hours). The increase was more prominent and sustained in those with ileal disease (ileal resection or jujunoileal bypass); thus, 35 per cent of the orally administered oxalate eventually appeared in the urine in the group with ileal disease, 8 per cent in the group with stones (renal and absorptive hypercalciurias) and 9 per cent in the control group. This hyperexcretion of oxalate could be largely, but not totally, ameliorated by the concurrent oral administration of divalent cations. Although urinary oxalate decreased significantly following the oral administration of calcium or magnesium, hyperoxaluria persisted in most patients. The results suggested that the hyperabsorption of oxalate in ileal disease cannot be accounted for solely by an increased absorbable oxalate pool associated with calcium-fatty acid complexation. Moreover, although urinary oxalate decreased, urinary calcium increased concurrently when either calcium or magnesium was given. Thus, there was no significant change or increase in the urinary state of saturation with respect to calcium oxalate.", "contents": "Renal oxalate excretion following oral oxalate loads in patients with ileal disease and with renal and absorptive hypercalciurias. Effect of calcium and magnesium. Intestinal absorption of oxalate was assessed indirectly from the increase in renal oxalate excretion following the oral administration of 5 mmol of stable oxalate. When sodium oxalate alone was given without divalent cations to patients in the fasting state, the urinary oxalate increased promptly (within 2 hours). The increase was more prominent and sustained in those with ileal disease (ileal resection or jujunoileal bypass); thus, 35 per cent of the orally administered oxalate eventually appeared in the urine in the group with ileal disease, 8 per cent in the group with stones (renal and absorptive hypercalciurias) and 9 per cent in the control group. This hyperexcretion of oxalate could be largely, but not totally, ameliorated by the concurrent oral administration of divalent cations. Although urinary oxalate decreased significantly following the oral administration of calcium or magnesium, hyperoxaluria persisted in most patients. The results suggested that the hyperabsorption of oxalate in ileal disease cannot be accounted for solely by an increased absorbable oxalate pool associated with calcium-fatty acid complexation. Moreover, although urinary oxalate decreased, urinary calcium increased concurrently when either calcium or magnesium was given. Thus, there was no significant change or increase in the urinary state of saturation with respect to calcium oxalate.", "PMID": 645724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2432", "title": "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis.", "content": "During a five year period, 28 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were documented. The number of cases recognized annually increased during the study period. Clinical and laboratory features of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were similar to those previously reported; however, mortality was considerably lower (57 per cent). Factors associated with adverse prognosis were increasing hepatic encephalopathy, more than 85 per cent granulocytes in peripheral blood or ascitic fluid, total bilirubin greater than 8 mg/dl and serum albumin less than 2.5 g/dl. Temperature greater than 38 degrees C was associated with increased survival. Infection by enteric organisms was associated with higher mortality than infection by nonenteric organisms. Unexpectedly, patients with bacteremia fared no worse than those whose blood remained sterile. The data suggest that in patients with leukocyte counts greater than 1,000 cells/mm3 and more than 85 per cent granulocytes in their ascitic fluid, the likelihood of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is high. Such patients deserve empiric antibiotic therapy pending the results of appropriate cultures.", "contents": "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis. During a five year period, 28 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were documented. The number of cases recognized annually increased during the study period. Clinical and laboratory features of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were similar to those previously reported; however, mortality was considerably lower (57 per cent). Factors associated with adverse prognosis were increasing hepatic encephalopathy, more than 85 per cent granulocytes in peripheral blood or ascitic fluid, total bilirubin greater than 8 mg/dl and serum albumin less than 2.5 g/dl. Temperature greater than 38 degrees C was associated with increased survival. Infection by enteric organisms was associated with higher mortality than infection by nonenteric organisms. Unexpectedly, patients with bacteremia fared no worse than those whose blood remained sterile. The data suggest that in patients with leukocyte counts greater than 1,000 cells/mm3 and more than 85 per cent granulocytes in their ascitic fluid, the likelihood of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is high. Such patients deserve empiric antibiotic therapy pending the results of appropriate cultures.", "PMID": 645725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2433", "title": "The assessment of immunologic and clinical changes occurring during corticosteroid therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis have been treated and evaluated for a period ranging from two months to nine years. Twelve are available for periodic blood sampling. Data are presented suggesting the following: (1) Patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis have high initial levels of total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). These levels are significantly higher in those patients who had not been previously treated with prednisone for the control of asthma. (2) Treatment with alternate day prednisone (0.5 mg/kg given on alternate days) caused clinical and roentgenologic improvement as well as marked decreases in total serum IgE but does not necessarily prevent recurrence of the disease. (3) Total and specific IgE against Aspergillus antigen may increase prior to and during exacerbations of disease. (4) Specific IgG and IgE against Aspergillus antigen are increased in most patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and reflect disease activity as evidenced by x-ray and clinical exacerbations in some cases. (5) Lymphocyte transformation using Aspergillis antigen, as measured by the whole blood technic, is present in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, but serial changes in lymphocyte transformation do not correlate with disease activity. (6) Precipitin reactions are present in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, but presence or absence does not reflect disease activity in most cases.", "contents": "The assessment of immunologic and clinical changes occurring during corticosteroid therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Twenty-two patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis have been treated and evaluated for a period ranging from two months to nine years. Twelve are available for periodic blood sampling. Data are presented suggesting the following: (1) Patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis have high initial levels of total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). These levels are significantly higher in those patients who had not been previously treated with prednisone for the control of asthma. (2) Treatment with alternate day prednisone (0.5 mg/kg given on alternate days) caused clinical and roentgenologic improvement as well as marked decreases in total serum IgE but does not necessarily prevent recurrence of the disease. (3) Total and specific IgE against Aspergillus antigen may increase prior to and during exacerbations of disease. (4) Specific IgG and IgE against Aspergillus antigen are increased in most patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and reflect disease activity as evidenced by x-ray and clinical exacerbations in some cases. (5) Lymphocyte transformation using Aspergillis antigen, as measured by the whole blood technic, is present in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, but serial changes in lymphocyte transformation do not correlate with disease activity. (6) Precipitin reactions are present in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, but presence or absence does not reflect disease activity in most cases.", "PMID": 645726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2434", "title": "The role of vasopressin in the impaired water excretion of myxedema.", "content": "The plasma vasopressin response to acute water ingestion was evaluated in 20 patients with myxedema prior to definitive treatment and in eight of these same patients following therapy of their hypothyroidism. Vasopressin levels were elevated and failed to completely suppress following water ingestion in 15 subjects (75 per cent). Two hypothyroid patients with elevated plasma vasopressin levels (10 per cent) had a normal renal response to the water challenge suggesting partial end organ hormonal unresponsiveness. In three (15 per cent) of the five patients with suppressible vasopressin, water excretion was impaired indicating a nonvasopressin-mediated renal defect. In eight patients restudied after achievement of a euthyroid state, vasopressin inhibition and urinary excretion were normal following the oral water load. Although intrinsic renal changes in the hypothyroid state may contribute to the observed defect in water diuresis, the present study suggests a role of endogenous vasopressin in this disorder.", "contents": "The role of vasopressin in the impaired water excretion of myxedema. The plasma vasopressin response to acute water ingestion was evaluated in 20 patients with myxedema prior to definitive treatment and in eight of these same patients following therapy of their hypothyroidism. Vasopressin levels were elevated and failed to completely suppress following water ingestion in 15 subjects (75 per cent). Two hypothyroid patients with elevated plasma vasopressin levels (10 per cent) had a normal renal response to the water challenge suggesting partial end organ hormonal unresponsiveness. In three (15 per cent) of the five patients with suppressible vasopressin, water excretion was impaired indicating a nonvasopressin-mediated renal defect. In eight patients restudied after achievement of a euthyroid state, vasopressin inhibition and urinary excretion were normal following the oral water load. Although intrinsic renal changes in the hypothyroid state may contribute to the observed defect in water diuresis, the present study suggests a role of endogenous vasopressin in this disorder.", "PMID": 645727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2435", "title": "Correlation of antistaphylococcal antibody titers with severity of staphylococcal disease.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was utilized to determine antistaphylococcal precipitin antibody titers in patients with various staphylococcal diseases and in control subjects. Patients with staphylococcal disease comprised five cases of endocarditis, 22 of deep tissue infection (including seven cases of osteomyelitis), six of bacteremia and six of skin infection. Control subjects consisted of 31 patients with nonstaphylococcal bacteremias, 29 hospitalized patients without infection and 30 healthy subjects. Antistaphylococcal antibodies were present in all patients with staphylococcal endocarditis and deep tissue staphylococcal infection, and all but three had titers greater than or equal to 1:4. No significant difference in titers was found between these two groups of patients. Antibodies, although present in some patients in the other categories, were detected less frequently; only two patients had titers greater than or equal to 1:4. Thus, an antistaphylococcal antibody titer by CIE of 1:4 or greater may be an additional diagnostic parameter helpful in distinguishing patients with staphylococcal endocarditis or deep tissue infection from those with other forms of staphylococcal infection and from noninfected subjects.", "contents": "Correlation of antistaphylococcal antibody titers with severity of staphylococcal disease. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was utilized to determine antistaphylococcal precipitin antibody titers in patients with various staphylococcal diseases and in control subjects. Patients with staphylococcal disease comprised five cases of endocarditis, 22 of deep tissue infection (including seven cases of osteomyelitis), six of bacteremia and six of skin infection. Control subjects consisted of 31 patients with nonstaphylococcal bacteremias, 29 hospitalized patients without infection and 30 healthy subjects. Antistaphylococcal antibodies were present in all patients with staphylococcal endocarditis and deep tissue staphylococcal infection, and all but three had titers greater than or equal to 1:4. No significant difference in titers was found between these two groups of patients. Antibodies, although present in some patients in the other categories, were detected less frequently; only two patients had titers greater than or equal to 1:4. Thus, an antistaphylococcal antibody titer by CIE of 1:4 or greater may be an additional diagnostic parameter helpful in distinguishing patients with staphylococcal endocarditis or deep tissue infection from those with other forms of staphylococcal infection and from noninfected subjects.", "PMID": 645729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2436", "title": "Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure in patients with acute cardiorespiratory failure.", "content": "Close relationships between progressive respiratory failure, roentgenographic signs of pulmonary opacification and decreases in the difference between colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (colloid-hydrosatic pressure gradient) were demonstrated in 49 critically ill patients with multisystem failure, in patients in shock. The potential importance of this relationship is underscored by the observation that fatal progression of pulmonary edema was related to a critical reduction in the colloid-hydrostatic pressure gradient to levels of less than 0 mm Hg. More often, reduction in colloid osmotic pressure rather than increases in left ventricular filling pressure (pulmonary artery wedge pressure) accounted for the decline in colloid-hydrostatic pressure gradient. Routine measurement of colloid osmotic pressure, preferably in conjunction with pulmonary artery wedge pressure, is likely to improve understanding of the mechanisms of acute pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure in patients with acute cardiorespiratory failure. Close relationships between progressive respiratory failure, roentgenographic signs of pulmonary opacification and decreases in the difference between colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (colloid-hydrosatic pressure gradient) were demonstrated in 49 critically ill patients with multisystem failure, in patients in shock. The potential importance of this relationship is underscored by the observation that fatal progression of pulmonary edema was related to a critical reduction in the colloid-hydrostatic pressure gradient to levels of less than 0 mm Hg. More often, reduction in colloid osmotic pressure rather than increases in left ventricular filling pressure (pulmonary artery wedge pressure) accounted for the decline in colloid-hydrostatic pressure gradient. Routine measurement of colloid osmotic pressure, preferably in conjunction with pulmonary artery wedge pressure, is likely to improve understanding of the mechanisms of acute pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 645730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2437", "title": "Decrease in circulating immune complexes during hemodialysis.", "content": "Raji cell radioimmunoassay and Clq solid phase radioimmunoassay were used to determine serially circulating immune complexes in a patient with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis who was receiving hemodialysis therapy. Initiation of hemodialysis was associated with a significant decrease in detectable immune complexes which, in turn, was associated with improvement and stabilization of renal function. We suggest that hemodialysis may remove immune complexes from the circulation and that it could be of therapeutic benefit in selected patients with presumed immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Decrease in circulating immune complexes during hemodialysis. Raji cell radioimmunoassay and Clq solid phase radioimmunoassay were used to determine serially circulating immune complexes in a patient with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis who was receiving hemodialysis therapy. Initiation of hemodialysis was associated with a significant decrease in detectable immune complexes which, in turn, was associated with improvement and stabilization of renal function. We suggest that hemodialysis may remove immune complexes from the circulation and that it could be of therapeutic benefit in selected patients with presumed immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 645732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2438", "title": "Left atrial myxoma infected with Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom a left atrial myxoma was found to be infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Histoplasmosis has not been previously associated with this tumor, nor has any fungus without preceding bacterial endocarditis and long-term antibiotic therapy. The clinical course in foru previously reported cases of bacterially infected myxoma is reviewed. There have been 18 prior cases of Histoplasma endocarditis and in two the patients have survived. Their clinical presentation and response to therapy are also reviewed, and pertinent therapeutic conclusions drawn. The role of echocardiography in this patient's evaluation and the ultimate successful therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Left atrial myxoma infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. A patient is presented in whom a left atrial myxoma was found to be infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Histoplasmosis has not been previously associated with this tumor, nor has any fungus without preceding bacterial endocarditis and long-term antibiotic therapy. The clinical course in foru previously reported cases of bacterially infected myxoma is reviewed. There have been 18 prior cases of Histoplasma endocarditis and in two the patients have survived. Their clinical presentation and response to therapy are also reviewed, and pertinent therapeutic conclusions drawn. The role of echocardiography in this patient's evaluation and the ultimate successful therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 645733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2439", "title": "Hemodialysis for methanol intoxication.", "content": "We describe nine patients with methyl alcohol poisoning who were treated with hemodialysis. The time from ingestion to dialysis varied from 4 to 100 hours. Predialysis blood methanol levels ranged from 3 to 570 mg/dl. All patients were acidotic and had an increased anion gap. Two patients died, seven recovered, but three had permanent visual impairment. There was little correlation between the blood methanol level or anion gap and visual outcome. The interval from ingestion to treatment appears to be more important than the initial biochemical status. We recommend prompt hemodialysis if the blood methanol level is above 50 mg/dl, when an amount of methanol exceeding the minimal lethal dose (30 ml) is known to have been ingested, when there is evidence of acidosis or when an abnormality has developed in vision, funduscopic examination or mental state. Concurrent therapy with alkali and ethanol is vital.", "contents": "Hemodialysis for methanol intoxication. We describe nine patients with methyl alcohol poisoning who were treated with hemodialysis. The time from ingestion to dialysis varied from 4 to 100 hours. Predialysis blood methanol levels ranged from 3 to 570 mg/dl. All patients were acidotic and had an increased anion gap. Two patients died, seven recovered, but three had permanent visual impairment. There was little correlation between the blood methanol level or anion gap and visual outcome. The interval from ingestion to treatment appears to be more important than the initial biochemical status. We recommend prompt hemodialysis if the blood methanol level is above 50 mg/dl, when an amount of methanol exceeding the minimal lethal dose (30 ml) is known to have been ingested, when there is evidence of acidosis or when an abnormality has developed in vision, funduscopic examination or mental state. Concurrent therapy with alkali and ethanol is vital.", "PMID": 645740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2440", "title": "Serious infections caused by Streptococcus milleri.", "content": "Viridans streptococci continue to be the most common etiologic agents in bacterial endocarditis. The spectrum of diseases other than endocarditis caused by these organisms, however, has received sparse attention. Moreover, little clinical information is available concerning the individual viridans streptococcal species. During the 16 months of this study, one species of viridans streptococci, Streptococcus milleri, caused a surprising number of clinically significant suppurative infections. Clinical syndromes included the following: abscesses, 10 cases; peritonitis, four cases; endocarditis, three cases; cholangitis, empyema and cellulitis, one case each. A gastrointestinal source was apparent in eight of these 20 cases. Review of 58 cases of viridans streptococcal endocarditis demonstrated that although Strep. milleri was an infrequent cause of endocarditis, this species was associated with an unusual frequency of suppurative complications. Our experience suggests that Strep. milleri may be more commonly associated with serious suppurative infections than other viridans streptococci and that species identification may be a clinically useful procedure.", "contents": "Serious infections caused by Streptococcus milleri. Viridans streptococci continue to be the most common etiologic agents in bacterial endocarditis. The spectrum of diseases other than endocarditis caused by these organisms, however, has received sparse attention. Moreover, little clinical information is available concerning the individual viridans streptococcal species. During the 16 months of this study, one species of viridans streptococci, Streptococcus milleri, caused a surprising number of clinically significant suppurative infections. Clinical syndromes included the following: abscesses, 10 cases; peritonitis, four cases; endocarditis, three cases; cholangitis, empyema and cellulitis, one case each. A gastrointestinal source was apparent in eight of these 20 cases. Review of 58 cases of viridans streptococcal endocarditis demonstrated that although Strep. milleri was an infrequent cause of endocarditis, this species was associated with an unusual frequency of suppurative complications. Our experience suggests that Strep. milleri may be more commonly associated with serious suppurative infections than other viridans streptococci and that species identification may be a clinically useful procedure.", "PMID": 645741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2441", "title": "Reduction of renal function by newer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "Because aspirin and indomethacin, two structurally dissimilar anti-inflammatory agents which reduce prostaglandin synthesis, both alter renal function, we studied the effect on renal function of three new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which also reduce prostaglandin synthesis. We have shown that ibuprofen, naproxen, and fenoprofen are able to reduce renal function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and that such changes are associated with reduced excretion of urinary prostaglandin E (PGE)-like compounds. The changes may attenuate despite continued drug administration. These findings emphasize that renal function must be assessed with caution in patients taking these and perhaps other drugs which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Reduction of renal function by newer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Because aspirin and indomethacin, two structurally dissimilar anti-inflammatory agents which reduce prostaglandin synthesis, both alter renal function, we studied the effect on renal function of three new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which also reduce prostaglandin synthesis. We have shown that ibuprofen, naproxen, and fenoprofen are able to reduce renal function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and that such changes are associated with reduced excretion of urinary prostaglandin E (PGE)-like compounds. The changes may attenuate despite continued drug administration. These findings emphasize that renal function must be assessed with caution in patients taking these and perhaps other drugs which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 645744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2442", "title": "Lactobacillemia--report of nine cases. Important clinical and therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Serious infections due to lactobacilli have been rarely cited. We report our findings in nine recent patients with lactobacillemia. In the combined literature and current experience, endocarditis and sepsis from localized suppuration were the most common clinical syndromes, most frequently arising from prior oropharyngeal infections. Lactobacillus endocarditis showed a predilection for left-sided cardiac involvement (100 per cent) and systemic arterial embolization (55 per cent). The nine clinical isolates were tested for minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs and MBCs) against five drugs with broad gram-positive spectrums; of note, these organisms demonstrated a high incidence of both unachievable MBCs (64 per cent) and widely disparate (greater than 100 fold) MIC:MBC ratios (38 per cent). This is in accord with observations in Lactobacillus endocarditis of poor in vivo clinical response despite \"appropriate\" regimens and achievable MICs of the organisms. Bactericidal synergistic studies on two endocarditis isolates indicated that the penicillins plus aminoglycosides may be potentially useful in the treatment of deep-seated Lactobacillus infections when single antimicrobials fail to achieve a cure.", "contents": "Lactobacillemia--report of nine cases. Important clinical and therapeutic considerations. Serious infections due to lactobacilli have been rarely cited. We report our findings in nine recent patients with lactobacillemia. In the combined literature and current experience, endocarditis and sepsis from localized suppuration were the most common clinical syndromes, most frequently arising from prior oropharyngeal infections. Lactobacillus endocarditis showed a predilection for left-sided cardiac involvement (100 per cent) and systemic arterial embolization (55 per cent). The nine clinical isolates were tested for minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs and MBCs) against five drugs with broad gram-positive spectrums; of note, these organisms demonstrated a high incidence of both unachievable MBCs (64 per cent) and widely disparate (greater than 100 fold) MIC:MBC ratios (38 per cent). This is in accord with observations in Lactobacillus endocarditis of poor in vivo clinical response despite \"appropriate\" regimens and achievable MICs of the organisms. Bactericidal synergistic studies on two endocarditis isolates indicated that the penicillins plus aminoglycosides may be potentially useful in the treatment of deep-seated Lactobacillus infections when single antimicrobials fail to achieve a cure.", "PMID": 645745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2443", "title": "Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Natural history in 241 cases.", "content": "Two hundred forty-one patients with a monoclonal protein in the serum but initially no evidence of multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis or lymphoma were followed up for more than five years. At the conclusion of the studies the patients were classified as follows: Group 1, patients without significant increase in monoclonal protein, 57 per cent; group 2, patients with more than 50 per cent increase in monoclonal serum protein or development of monoclonal urine protein, 9 per cent; group 3, patients who died without five-year serum studies, 23 per cent; and group 4, patients in whom myeloma, macroglobulinemia or amyloidosis developed, 11 per cent. Initially, the hemoglobin level, size of serum monoclonal protein peak, number of plasma cells in the bone marrow and levels of normal immunoglobulins were not significantly different among the four groups. The median interval from recognition of the monoclonal protein to diagnosis of multiple myeloma was 64 months, of macroglobulinemia 103 months and of amyloidosis 92 months. A significant increase of the monoclonal protein or development of myeloma, macroglobulinemia or amyloidosis occurred in 18 per cent of the patients with monoclonal immunoglobulin G(IgG), in 28 per cent with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and in 25 per cent with immunoglobulin M (IgM). Retrospective analysis of age, sex, presence of organomegaly, hemoglobin level, size and type of serum monoclonal protein peak, presence of small amounts monoclonal light chain in the urine, serum albumin level, levels of uninvolved immunoglobulins, IgG subclass and level of plasma cells in the bone marrow did not show how to distinguish initially between stable benign disease and progressive disease. Therefore, periodic reexamination of patients with monoclonal gammopathy is essential.", "contents": "Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Natural history in 241 cases. Two hundred forty-one patients with a monoclonal protein in the serum but initially no evidence of multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis or lymphoma were followed up for more than five years. At the conclusion of the studies the patients were classified as follows: Group 1, patients without significant increase in monoclonal protein, 57 per cent; group 2, patients with more than 50 per cent increase in monoclonal serum protein or development of monoclonal urine protein, 9 per cent; group 3, patients who died without five-year serum studies, 23 per cent; and group 4, patients in whom myeloma, macroglobulinemia or amyloidosis developed, 11 per cent. Initially, the hemoglobin level, size of serum monoclonal protein peak, number of plasma cells in the bone marrow and levels of normal immunoglobulins were not significantly different among the four groups. The median interval from recognition of the monoclonal protein to diagnosis of multiple myeloma was 64 months, of macroglobulinemia 103 months and of amyloidosis 92 months. A significant increase of the monoclonal protein or development of myeloma, macroglobulinemia or amyloidosis occurred in 18 per cent of the patients with monoclonal immunoglobulin G(IgG), in 28 per cent with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and in 25 per cent with immunoglobulin M (IgM). Retrospective analysis of age, sex, presence of organomegaly, hemoglobin level, size and type of serum monoclonal protein peak, presence of small amounts monoclonal light chain in the urine, serum albumin level, levels of uninvolved immunoglobulins, IgG subclass and level of plasma cells in the bone marrow did not show how to distinguish initially between stable benign disease and progressive disease. Therefore, periodic reexamination of patients with monoclonal gammopathy is essential.", "PMID": 645746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2444", "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis. A report of two cases.", "content": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a suppurative infection of the renal parenchyma characterized by the production of gas by bacteria through fermentation. Although seemingly rare, this condition occurred in two diabetic patients on general medical wards over a two year period. Diagnosis, in an appropriate clinical setting, is confirmed roetgenologically. Escherichia coli is the most common etiologic organism. Despite appropriate medical and surgical intervention, this severe form of renal parenchymal infection carries a high mortality.", "contents": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis. A report of two cases. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a suppurative infection of the renal parenchyma characterized by the production of gas by bacteria through fermentation. Although seemingly rare, this condition occurred in two diabetic patients on general medical wards over a two year period. Diagnosis, in an appropriate clinical setting, is confirmed roetgenologically. Escherichia coli is the most common etiologic organism. Despite appropriate medical and surgical intervention, this severe form of renal parenchymal infection carries a high mortality.", "PMID": 645748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2445", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis--a sequel to HBsAg hepatitis.", "content": "Reported here is the first case of classic rheumatoid arthritis emerging in the setting of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG)-positive viral hepatitis. Polyfocal arthritis and myalgia, lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms were the presenting manifestations of anicteric hepatitis in this 23 year old man. Smooth muscles antibodies, HBsAg and \"rheumatoid\" factor were demonstrated initially. The hepatocellular disease, biopsy-proved, resolved completely and without recurrence; clinically and serologically. Latex test positivity persisted, increasing in titer, and polyarthritis progressed to fulfull criteria for classic rheumatoid arthritis, with erosions on roentgenogram and characteristic synovial disease. After 60 months of follow-up, the rheumatoid synovitis has continued to progress despite appropriate therapy. The arthritis of viral hepatitis and the significance of rheumatoid factor in association with hepatocellular disease are discussed.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis--a sequel to HBsAg hepatitis. Reported here is the first case of classic rheumatoid arthritis emerging in the setting of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG)-positive viral hepatitis. Polyfocal arthritis and myalgia, lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms were the presenting manifestations of anicteric hepatitis in this 23 year old man. Smooth muscles antibodies, HBsAg and \"rheumatoid\" factor were demonstrated initially. The hepatocellular disease, biopsy-proved, resolved completely and without recurrence; clinically and serologically. Latex test positivity persisted, increasing in titer, and polyarthritis progressed to fulfull criteria for classic rheumatoid arthritis, with erosions on roentgenogram and characteristic synovial disease. After 60 months of follow-up, the rheumatoid synovitis has continued to progress despite appropriate therapy. The arthritis of viral hepatitis and the significance of rheumatoid factor in association with hepatocellular disease are discussed.", "PMID": 645749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2446", "title": "Membranes nephropathy associated with renal cell carcinoma. Evidence against a role of renal tubular or tumor antibodies in pathogenesis.", "content": "A patient with the nephrotic syndrome due to membranous nephropathy was found to have renal cell carcinoma. Since membranous nephropathy in patients with malignancies has been attributed to a tumor antigen-antibody complex form of glomerulonephritis, an attempt was made to implicate tumor antigens and/or renal tubular epithelial antigens in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy in our patient with renal cell carcinoma. Antibodies directed against tumor antigens and renal tubular antigens and renal tubular eipthelial antigens were sought in his serum and in eluates of his glomeruli; no such antibodies were found. The concurrence of the two renal lesions may have been fortuitous in this patient. However, their association temporally suggests that they were related, and our immunologic studies demonstrate that tumor antigen-antibody complexes are not invariably involved in the pathogenesis of malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy.", "contents": "Membranes nephropathy associated with renal cell carcinoma. Evidence against a role of renal tubular or tumor antibodies in pathogenesis. A patient with the nephrotic syndrome due to membranous nephropathy was found to have renal cell carcinoma. Since membranous nephropathy in patients with malignancies has been attributed to a tumor antigen-antibody complex form of glomerulonephritis, an attempt was made to implicate tumor antigens and/or renal tubular epithelial antigens in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy in our patient with renal cell carcinoma. Antibodies directed against tumor antigens and renal tubular antigens and renal tubular eipthelial antigens were sought in his serum and in eluates of his glomeruli; no such antibodies were found. The concurrence of the two renal lesions may have been fortuitous in this patient. However, their association temporally suggests that they were related, and our immunologic studies demonstrate that tumor antigen-antibody complexes are not invariably involved in the pathogenesis of malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy.", "PMID": 645750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2447", "title": "Diabetes and hypoglycemia due to insulin antibodies.", "content": "A patient with \"autoimmune diabetes\" with reactive hypoglycemia due to anti-insulin antibodies is described. The pathophysiology of the impaired carbohydrate tolerance and reactive hypoglycemia is illustrated by measurements of C-peptide, and free and antibody-bound insulin. Detailed analysis of her antibodies did not provide any evidence in favor of exogenous insulin immunization. Nevertheless, a possible cause of unsuspected insulin immunization was present in her history which should be considered in other reported cases of \"autoimmune diabetes\" due to insulin antibodies in which exposure to insulin cannot be documented.", "contents": "Diabetes and hypoglycemia due to insulin antibodies. A patient with \"autoimmune diabetes\" with reactive hypoglycemia due to anti-insulin antibodies is described. The pathophysiology of the impaired carbohydrate tolerance and reactive hypoglycemia is illustrated by measurements of C-peptide, and free and antibody-bound insulin. Detailed analysis of her antibodies did not provide any evidence in favor of exogenous insulin immunization. Nevertheless, a possible cause of unsuspected insulin immunization was present in her history which should be considered in other reported cases of \"autoimmune diabetes\" due to insulin antibodies in which exposure to insulin cannot be documented.", "PMID": 645751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2448", "title": "Unusual renal manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with previously undescribed renal manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis are described. A 24 year old man, who presented with typical necrotizing granulomatous sinus disease and cavitary pulmonary lesions, had multiple bilateral renal arterial aneurysms demonstrated angiographically. One of these aneurysms ruptured, leading to a massive perinephric hematoma. The bleeding artery was successfully occluded with Gelfoam embolization, thereby obviating the need for nephrectomy. A 60 year old woman presented with glomerulonephritis and mononeuritis multiplex two years before the development of classic necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of her sinuses and nose, along with pulmonary nodules. In addition, her left ureter became obstructed due to necrotizing vasculitis of the periureteral vessels. Both patients responded dramatically to cyclophosphamide therapy. The diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis should be considered in patients who present with multiple renal aneurysms, a spontaneous perinephric hematoma, necrotizing glomerulitis or ureteral obstruction due to vasculitis, even though the characteristic granulomatous respiratory involvement may be absent at that time. It is important to recognize these unusual renal manifestations as features of Wegener's granulomatosis because of the therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents in this disease.", "contents": "Unusual renal manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Report of two cases. Two patients with previously undescribed renal manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis are described. A 24 year old man, who presented with typical necrotizing granulomatous sinus disease and cavitary pulmonary lesions, had multiple bilateral renal arterial aneurysms demonstrated angiographically. One of these aneurysms ruptured, leading to a massive perinephric hematoma. The bleeding artery was successfully occluded with Gelfoam embolization, thereby obviating the need for nephrectomy. A 60 year old woman presented with glomerulonephritis and mononeuritis multiplex two years before the development of classic necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of her sinuses and nose, along with pulmonary nodules. In addition, her left ureter became obstructed due to necrotizing vasculitis of the periureteral vessels. Both patients responded dramatically to cyclophosphamide therapy. The diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis should be considered in patients who present with multiple renal aneurysms, a spontaneous perinephric hematoma, necrotizing glomerulitis or ureteral obstruction due to vasculitis, even though the characteristic granulomatous respiratory involvement may be absent at that time. It is important to recognize these unusual renal manifestations as features of Wegener's granulomatosis because of the therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents in this disease.", "PMID": 645752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2449", "title": "Central nervous system histoplasmosis with obstructive hydrocephalus.", "content": "A case of central nervous system histoplasmosis complicated by obstruction of the fourth ventricle is described. The patient rarely exhibited systemic symtoms of infection despite positive cultures for Histoplasma capsulatum from bone marrow, blood and urine. Infection recurred despite the administration of a total of 5 g of systemic amphotericin B. An additional course combined with intrathecal amphotericin B was terminated because of transverse myelitis.", "contents": "Central nervous system histoplasmosis with obstructive hydrocephalus. A case of central nervous system histoplasmosis complicated by obstruction of the fourth ventricle is described. The patient rarely exhibited systemic symtoms of infection despite positive cultures for Histoplasma capsulatum from bone marrow, blood and urine. Infection recurred despite the administration of a total of 5 g of systemic amphotericin B. An additional course combined with intrathecal amphotericin B was terminated because of transverse myelitis.", "PMID": 645753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2450", "title": "Successful treatment of Brucella melitensis end-carditis.", "content": "Brucella endocarditis is a rare, but often fatal, complication of brucellosis. A 32 year old man acquired brucellosis while on a visit to his former home in Greece and presented six months later with malaise, fever and aortic regurgitation. Blood cultures grew Brucella melitensis biotype 1. Combined chemotherapy with streptomycin, tetracycline and rifampin sterilized his blood; however, his aortic valve was replaced owing to recurrent emboli and cardiac failure. Over the next 18 months the patient's antibody titer to Brucella fell and his blood reamined sterile. Cure was achieved by resection of the infected aortic valve and 10 weeks of bactericidal therapy for B. melitensis.", "contents": "Successful treatment of Brucella melitensis end-carditis. Brucella endocarditis is a rare, but often fatal, complication of brucellosis. A 32 year old man acquired brucellosis while on a visit to his former home in Greece and presented six months later with malaise, fever and aortic regurgitation. Blood cultures grew Brucella melitensis biotype 1. Combined chemotherapy with streptomycin, tetracycline and rifampin sterilized his blood; however, his aortic valve was replaced owing to recurrent emboli and cardiac failure. Over the next 18 months the patient's antibody titer to Brucella fell and his blood reamined sterile. Cure was achieved by resection of the infected aortic valve and 10 weeks of bactericidal therapy for B. melitensis.", "PMID": 645754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2451", "title": "Hypercalcemic crisis associated with the hypereosinophilic syndrome.", "content": "A patient with the idiopathic hyperosinophilic syndrome had severe, life-threatening hypercalcemia, a previously unreported complication of this unusual disease. Postmortem examination revelaed multiorgan eosinophilic infiltration and diffuse metastatic calcifications, but it did not disclose a definitive cause for the persistent hypercalcemia. It is concluded that the marked proliferation of eosinophils was the probable etiologic factor. Proposed mechanisms for this complication include (1) the destruction of bone by an expanding eosinophilic cell mass with subsequent calcium mobilization and (2) the production of a hypercalcemic humoral substance, possibly by the patient's eosinophils or as a consequence of their presence.", "contents": "Hypercalcemic crisis associated with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. A patient with the idiopathic hyperosinophilic syndrome had severe, life-threatening hypercalcemia, a previously unreported complication of this unusual disease. Postmortem examination revelaed multiorgan eosinophilic infiltration and diffuse metastatic calcifications, but it did not disclose a definitive cause for the persistent hypercalcemia. It is concluded that the marked proliferation of eosinophils was the probable etiologic factor. Proposed mechanisms for this complication include (1) the destruction of bone by an expanding eosinophilic cell mass with subsequent calcium mobilization and (2) the production of a hypercalcemic humoral substance, possibly by the patient's eosinophils or as a consequence of their presence.", "PMID": 645755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2452", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of plasmablastic identity. A neoplasm with both \"immunoblastic\" and plasma cellular features.", "content": "A solitary extramedullary lymphoid neoplasm had characteristics of plasma cell precursors or plasmablasts. Conventional microscopic study classified this tumor as a diffuse large cell lymphoma of \"immunoblastic sarcoma\" type. Immunologic cell surface markers could not be detected, but cytoplasmic immunoglobulin G (IgG)-kappa was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase technic, and IgG was present in the supernatant of the tumor tissue culture. The distinction between lymphoid and plasma cellular neoplasms is made.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of plasmablastic identity. A neoplasm with both \"immunoblastic\" and plasma cellular features. A solitary extramedullary lymphoid neoplasm had characteristics of plasma cell precursors or plasmablasts. Conventional microscopic study classified this tumor as a diffuse large cell lymphoma of \"immunoblastic sarcoma\" type. Immunologic cell surface markers could not be detected, but cytoplasmic immunoglobulin G (IgG)-kappa was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase technic, and IgG was present in the supernatant of the tumor tissue culture. The distinction between lymphoid and plasma cellular neoplasms is made.", "PMID": 645756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2453", "title": "The interdisciplinary approach to laboratory medicine.", "content": "The clinical laboratory is a melting pot of diverse scientific experiences, perspectives, and approaches, all directed to the solution of particular medical problems. Integration of separate disciplines and areas of expertise is involved at serveral different levels of laboratory medicine. At the outset, one sees that any one area of the laboratory must depend upon all other laboratory areas for the proper interpretation of its data. Stated another way, all laboratory disciplines are involved in the integrated functioning of each individual area. Examination of the origin of analytical concepts fundamental to procedures and instruments utilized in the clinical laboratory leads one to realize that all areas of science contribute to laboratory medicine.", "contents": "The interdisciplinary approach to laboratory medicine. The clinical laboratory is a melting pot of diverse scientific experiences, perspectives, and approaches, all directed to the solution of particular medical problems. Integration of separate disciplines and areas of expertise is involved at serveral different levels of laboratory medicine. At the outset, one sees that any one area of the laboratory must depend upon all other laboratory areas for the proper interpretation of its data. Stated another way, all laboratory disciplines are involved in the integrated functioning of each individual area. Examination of the origin of analytical concepts fundamental to procedures and instruments utilized in the clinical laboratory leads one to realize that all areas of science contribute to laboratory medicine.", "PMID": 645762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2454", "title": "The cardiac profile.", "content": "The clinical laboratory furnishes information valuable not only in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), but also in screening for possible causes of ischemic heart disease through definition of the lipid status of individuals. Accordingly, the panels used in the study of hyperlipidemia as a possible cause of ischemic heart disease are reviewed, including the determination of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and electrophoretic development of the lipoprotein pattern. The results of an on-going study of more than 500 patients admitted to the emergency room of a general hospital with symptoms of \"chest pain\" are presented--including the electrocardiogram, enzyme tests, and isoenzyme patterns, in conjuction with the clinical picture. The relative diagnostic value of test procedures is considered, convering the pre-enzymatic period, current test panels, and possible future approaches. It is concluded that the laboratory's position in providing data for diagnosis of MI would be enhanced through development of procedures with as great or greater specificity than the isoenzyme patterns of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, currently the most specific indicators of MI, but which have results available in two to five minutes.", "contents": "The cardiac profile. The clinical laboratory furnishes information valuable not only in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), but also in screening for possible causes of ischemic heart disease through definition of the lipid status of individuals. Accordingly, the panels used in the study of hyperlipidemia as a possible cause of ischemic heart disease are reviewed, including the determination of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and electrophoretic development of the lipoprotein pattern. The results of an on-going study of more than 500 patients admitted to the emergency room of a general hospital with symptoms of \"chest pain\" are presented--including the electrocardiogram, enzyme tests, and isoenzyme patterns, in conjuction with the clinical picture. The relative diagnostic value of test procedures is considered, convering the pre-enzymatic period, current test panels, and possible future approaches. It is concluded that the laboratory's position in providing data for diagnosis of MI would be enhanced through development of procedures with as great or greater specificity than the isoenzyme patterns of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, currently the most specific indicators of MI, but which have results available in two to five minutes.", "PMID": 645763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2455", "title": "Analytical interferences of drugs in clinical chemistry.", "content": "The effects of several drugs were tested on analytical methods used in the clinical laboratory to measure the concentration of certain chemical constituents and activity of enzymes in body fluids. Drugs were studied initially at reported toxic concentrations, but if they had an effect at this level effects of lower concentrations were also investigated. The drugs were first studied on the methods of the Technicon SMACTM analyzer. Subsequently, methods in use with the Du Pont ACA and Technicon AutoAnalyzerTM I or II were evaluated. The most commonly affected method was the phosphotungstate reduction procedure for measuring uric acid. However, methods for measuring total protein and albumin were also affected frequently, as were determinations of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "Analytical interferences of drugs in clinical chemistry. The effects of several drugs were tested on analytical methods used in the clinical laboratory to measure the concentration of certain chemical constituents and activity of enzymes in body fluids. Drugs were studied initially at reported toxic concentrations, but if they had an effect at this level effects of lower concentrations were also investigated. The drugs were first studied on the methods of the Technicon SMACTM analyzer. Subsequently, methods in use with the Du Pont ACA and Technicon AutoAnalyzerTM I or II were evaluated. The most commonly affected method was the phosphotungstate reduction procedure for measuring uric acid. However, methods for measuring total protein and albumin were also affected frequently, as were determinations of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity.", "PMID": 645764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2456", "title": "The emerging role of carcinodevelopmental antigens in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "Patterns of carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) in fetal gut, seminal plasma, and amniotic fluids were investigated. In fetal gut the broadest range of CEA-expression occurred during the period of maximal mucosal differentiation. While normal adult colon or other fetal stages expressed lower quantitative and qualitative amounts of CEA, maximal CEA expression could be found in a pool of 20 primary adenocarcinomas of the colon. Low levels of CEA in seminal plasma were associated with subfertile, poorly differentiated sperm as opposed to CEA levels found in either normal ejaculates or those obtained from vasectomized, previously fertile males. In amniotic fluid CEA remained at a constant level between the 16th and 22nd week in utero as did fructose and urea levels. Glucose and histaminase levels showed great variance. The relationship of these latter findings to genetic defects is currently being investigated. These data suggest that an ever increasing number of biologic samples will be tested in the clinical laboratories for carcinodevelopmental antigen levels. These will be used for the prognosis and/or diagnosis of abnormal differentiation patterns in patients with cancer or in the developing fetus.", "contents": "The emerging role of carcinodevelopmental antigens in the clinical laboratory. Patterns of carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) in fetal gut, seminal plasma, and amniotic fluids were investigated. In fetal gut the broadest range of CEA-expression occurred during the period of maximal mucosal differentiation. While normal adult colon or other fetal stages expressed lower quantitative and qualitative amounts of CEA, maximal CEA expression could be found in a pool of 20 primary adenocarcinomas of the colon. Low levels of CEA in seminal plasma were associated with subfertile, poorly differentiated sperm as opposed to CEA levels found in either normal ejaculates or those obtained from vasectomized, previously fertile males. In amniotic fluid CEA remained at a constant level between the 16th and 22nd week in utero as did fructose and urea levels. Glucose and histaminase levels showed great variance. The relationship of these latter findings to genetic defects is currently being investigated. These data suggest that an ever increasing number of biologic samples will be tested in the clinical laboratories for carcinodevelopmental antigen levels. These will be used for the prognosis and/or diagnosis of abnormal differentiation patterns in patients with cancer or in the developing fetus.", "PMID": 645765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2457", "title": "AMTEC: a cooperative effort in medical technology education.", "content": "A committee in the St. Louis Metropolitan area has been established to promote communication and cooperation among the area's existing hospital-based programs in medical technology. Area Medical Technology Education Coordinators (AMTEC) was established three years ago primarily to facilitate the administrative functions of medical technology education and to serve as an instrument for the exchange of ideas. Its primary undertaking has been the central processing of applications to the area programs, as an aid in the admission process. In addition, a continuing education program sponsored by the committee has been established, and various \"curriculum sharing\" activities have been sponsored for the students enrolled in the schools. Future plans for the committee include sponsoring an on-going evaluation process of graduates by employers, and establishing a criterion-referenced question pool. The authors describe the experiences of the committee to date and plans for the implementation of future goals.", "contents": "AMTEC: a cooperative effort in medical technology education. A committee in the St. Louis Metropolitan area has been established to promote communication and cooperation among the area's existing hospital-based programs in medical technology. Area Medical Technology Education Coordinators (AMTEC) was established three years ago primarily to facilitate the administrative functions of medical technology education and to serve as an instrument for the exchange of ideas. Its primary undertaking has been the central processing of applications to the area programs, as an aid in the admission process. In addition, a continuing education program sponsored by the committee has been established, and various \"curriculum sharing\" activities have been sponsored for the students enrolled in the schools. Future plans for the committee include sponsoring an on-going evaluation process of graduates by employers, and establishing a criterion-referenced question pool. The authors describe the experiences of the committee to date and plans for the implementation of future goals.", "PMID": 645768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2458", "title": "Stem cells: a negative approach.", "content": "A discussion of the stem-cell concept from a negative point of view is presented to highlight the kinetics of the hematopoietic system. The negative approach documents the need for 318 pounds of stem cells to produce the red blood cells and neutrophils necessary to sustain a person for an average lifespan, assuming that the human organism did not have a self-sustaining pluripotent stem cell pool.", "contents": "Stem cells: a negative approach. A discussion of the stem-cell concept from a negative point of view is presented to highlight the kinetics of the hematopoietic system. The negative approach documents the need for 318 pounds of stem cells to produce the red blood cells and neutrophils necessary to sustain a person for an average lifespan, assuming that the human organism did not have a self-sustaining pluripotent stem cell pool.", "PMID": 645769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2459", "title": "Hyperosmolar urea for elective midtrimester abortion. Experience in 1,913 cases.", "content": "Intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea (59.7 per cent) augmented by intravenous oxytocin (332 millimicron per minute), prostaglandin F2alpha (20 mg.), prostaglandin F2alpha (10 mg.), or prostaglandin F2alpha (5 mg.) was utilized for 1,913 patients requesting elective midtrimester abortion. Injection-abortion intervals ranging from 13.70 to 21.49 hours were achieved with failure rates of 0.7 to 6.7 per cent. Despite frequent pre-existing medical conditions, the complication rate compared favorably with those of other methods for terminating midtrimester pregnancy such as saline amnioinfusion or dilatation and evacuation.", "contents": "Hyperosmolar urea for elective midtrimester abortion. Experience in 1,913 cases. Intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea (59.7 per cent) augmented by intravenous oxytocin (332 millimicron per minute), prostaglandin F2alpha (20 mg.), prostaglandin F2alpha (10 mg.), or prostaglandin F2alpha (5 mg.) was utilized for 1,913 patients requesting elective midtrimester abortion. Injection-abortion intervals ranging from 13.70 to 21.49 hours were achieved with failure rates of 0.7 to 6.7 per cent. Despite frequent pre-existing medical conditions, the complication rate compared favorably with those of other methods for terminating midtrimester pregnancy such as saline amnioinfusion or dilatation and evacuation.", "PMID": 645773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2460", "title": "Intrauterine resuscitation with terbutaline: a method for the management of acute intrapartum fetal distress.", "content": "Terbutaline, a selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor stimulator, has been used to decrease myometrial activity and improve uteroplacental blood flow in 15 patients with acute intrapartum fetal distress. In all cases electronic monitoring gave evidence of partial or total fetal recovery after therapy. Thirteen of these patients were delivered by cesarean section and two were allowed to resume labor and deliver vaginally. In 10 cases the initial Apgar score was 7 or more and in all cases the score was 7 or more after 5 minutes of life. No significant maternal morbidity occurred as a consequence of the treatment. These results suggest that inhibition of uterine activity with terbutaline may be a valuable maneuver in the management of patients with severe intrapartum fetal distress.", "contents": "Intrauterine resuscitation with terbutaline: a method for the management of acute intrapartum fetal distress. Terbutaline, a selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor stimulator, has been used to decrease myometrial activity and improve uteroplacental blood flow in 15 patients with acute intrapartum fetal distress. In all cases electronic monitoring gave evidence of partial or total fetal recovery after therapy. Thirteen of these patients were delivered by cesarean section and two were allowed to resume labor and deliver vaginally. In 10 cases the initial Apgar score was 7 or more and in all cases the score was 7 or more after 5 minutes of life. No significant maternal morbidity occurred as a consequence of the treatment. These results suggest that inhibition of uterine activity with terbutaline may be a valuable maneuver in the management of patients with severe intrapartum fetal distress.", "PMID": 645781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2461", "title": "Obstetric and psychological effects of psychoprophylactic preparation for childbirth.", "content": "Medical records, personal interviews about the childbirth experience, and self-administered attitudinal and socioeconomic data were obtained 1 to 3 days post partum in a large metropolitan hospital, for 249 women, 95 of whom had taken psychoprophylaxis training for childbirth prior to delivery. When controlled by parity, psychoprophylactic preparation was not related to any obstetric differences except for lower levels of anesthesia for both primiparas and multiparas and lower levels of analgesia among multiparas only. Preparation was significantly related to lower levels of pain and higher levels of enjoyment during childbirth, and these psychological benefits did not diminish when controlled for parity, socioeconomic status, and four sets of psychological and attitudinal characteristics.", "contents": "Obstetric and psychological effects of psychoprophylactic preparation for childbirth. Medical records, personal interviews about the childbirth experience, and self-administered attitudinal and socioeconomic data were obtained 1 to 3 days post partum in a large metropolitan hospital, for 249 women, 95 of whom had taken psychoprophylaxis training for childbirth prior to delivery. When controlled by parity, psychoprophylactic preparation was not related to any obstetric differences except for lower levels of anesthesia for both primiparas and multiparas and lower levels of analgesia among multiparas only. Preparation was significantly related to lower levels of pain and higher levels of enjoyment during childbirth, and these psychological benefits did not diminish when controlled for parity, socioeconomic status, and four sets of psychological and attitudinal characteristics.", "PMID": 645782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2462", "title": "Biological variation in the biparietal diameter and its bearing on clinical ultrasonography.", "content": "Interpopulation differences in the term BPD and its relations to BW stress the need for each institution to analyze its own data. Variations in the BPD as a function of BW do not connote differences in the brain: body weight relationship, because the neurocrania of all term fetuses are not homomorphic. Differentiation of neurocranial form accounts for there being no consistent relationship between the BPD and calculated brain weight in interpopulation comparisons. The wide scatter of BPD and BW values in data from a single source challenges the wisdom of judging individual serial BPD readings by mean population values. Because the correlation between BW and the common indices of maternal size (stature, weight, and surface area) is too low (r = 0.27, 0.27, and 0.35, respectively) to provide a useful means of determining the fetal growth potential, each fetus should be used as its own control in serial cephalometry.", "contents": "Biological variation in the biparietal diameter and its bearing on clinical ultrasonography. Interpopulation differences in the term BPD and its relations to BW stress the need for each institution to analyze its own data. Variations in the BPD as a function of BW do not connote differences in the brain: body weight relationship, because the neurocrania of all term fetuses are not homomorphic. Differentiation of neurocranial form accounts for there being no consistent relationship between the BPD and calculated brain weight in interpopulation comparisons. The wide scatter of BPD and BW values in data from a single source challenges the wisdom of judging individual serial BPD readings by mean population values. Because the correlation between BW and the common indices of maternal size (stature, weight, and surface area) is too low (r = 0.27, 0.27, and 0.35, respectively) to provide a useful means of determining the fetal growth potential, each fetus should be used as its own control in serial cephalometry.", "PMID": 645783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2463", "title": "Maternal peripheral testosterone levels during the first half of pregnancy.", "content": "Peripheral serum testosterone levels were determined in 180 women during weeks 7 to 20 of pregnancy with a specific radioimmunoassay. After a normal pregnancy and delivery 90 serum samples were randomly selected from mothers of boys and 90 serum samples from mothers of girls. The testosterone concentrations were correlated with the sex of the fetuses. The mean testosterone level +/- S.D. in pregnant women with female fetuses was 597 +/- 167 pg. per milliliter. In pregnant women with male fetuses the testosterone concentrations were on the average significantly higher (p less than 0.01), with a mean value of 828 +/- 298 pg. per milliliter. The course of the testosterone concentrations in women with male fetuses showed an increase beginning in week 7, reaching a maximum during weeks 9 to 11, followed by a decrease until weeks 15 to 20. During weeks 9 to 11 of pregnancy fetal sex determination was possible in 28 per cent of the males and in 5 per cent of the females, with a probability of 95.5 per cent.", "contents": "Maternal peripheral testosterone levels during the first half of pregnancy. Peripheral serum testosterone levels were determined in 180 women during weeks 7 to 20 of pregnancy with a specific radioimmunoassay. After a normal pregnancy and delivery 90 serum samples were randomly selected from mothers of boys and 90 serum samples from mothers of girls. The testosterone concentrations were correlated with the sex of the fetuses. The mean testosterone level +/- S.D. in pregnant women with female fetuses was 597 +/- 167 pg. per milliliter. In pregnant women with male fetuses the testosterone concentrations were on the average significantly higher (p less than 0.01), with a mean value of 828 +/- 298 pg. per milliliter. The course of the testosterone concentrations in women with male fetuses showed an increase beginning in week 7, reaching a maximum during weeks 9 to 11, followed by a decrease until weeks 15 to 20. During weeks 9 to 11 of pregnancy fetal sex determination was possible in 28 per cent of the males and in 5 per cent of the females, with a probability of 95.5 per cent.", "PMID": 645784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2464", "title": "Differentiation of amylase isozyme in amniotic fluid with fetal age.", "content": "Composition of the amylase isozymes in the amniotic fluid and their transition with fetal age were studied by means of thin-layer acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that amylase isozymes in the amniotic fluid were composed of a pancreatic type faint major isozyme and several salivary type isozymes consisting of an intense major and a few less intense minor bands. Characteristic changes in the pattern of these isozymes with fetal age consisted of a marked increase of the salivary type isozymes rather than of the pancreatic type isozyme. A densitometric analysis of the isozyme patterns proved that the ratio of the pancreatic type isozyme to the salivary type major isozyme was highly correlated with fetal age regardless of levels of amylase activity.", "contents": "Differentiation of amylase isozyme in amniotic fluid with fetal age. Composition of the amylase isozymes in the amniotic fluid and their transition with fetal age were studied by means of thin-layer acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that amylase isozymes in the amniotic fluid were composed of a pancreatic type faint major isozyme and several salivary type isozymes consisting of an intense major and a few less intense minor bands. Characteristic changes in the pattern of these isozymes with fetal age consisted of a marked increase of the salivary type isozymes rather than of the pancreatic type isozyme. A densitometric analysis of the isozyme patterns proved that the ratio of the pancreatic type isozyme to the salivary type major isozyme was highly correlated with fetal age regardless of levels of amylase activity.", "PMID": 645785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2465", "title": "Human placental lactogen, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone levels in the third trimester and their respective values for detecting twin pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma levels of HPL, P, and E2 was serially measured between weeks 30 to 36 in simplex and duplex pregnancies. Levels of both HPL and P were significantly higher in duplex than in simplex pregnancies. However, this was not the case for E2. There was a significant correlation between HPL and P levels. It is indicated that measurement of plasma P levels, as those of HPL levels, but not E2 levels is of value for detecting twin pregnancy.", "contents": "Human placental lactogen, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone levels in the third trimester and their respective values for detecting twin pregnancy. Plasma levels of HPL, P, and E2 was serially measured between weeks 30 to 36 in simplex and duplex pregnancies. Levels of both HPL and P were significantly higher in duplex than in simplex pregnancies. However, this was not the case for E2. There was a significant correlation between HPL and P levels. It is indicated that measurement of plasma P levels, as those of HPL levels, but not E2 levels is of value for detecting twin pregnancy.", "PMID": 645786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2466", "title": "Developmental patterns of intestinal disaccharidases in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "A close relationship exists between relative disaccharidase activities (maltase, sucrase, trehalase, palatinase, turanase, lactase, and cellobiase) in amniotic fluid and corresponding jejunal mucosa of five human fetuses (16 to 21 weeks of gestation) suggesting that these intestinal enzymes pass into amniotic fluid. Serial determination of disaccharidase activities in amniotic fluid samples collected between 10 and 42 weeks of gestation showed maximum mean activities at 14 to 17 weeks of gestation and a rapid drop to less than 12 per cent maximum values at about 22 weeks. This drop is probably caused by combined effects of decreased extrusion rate of intestinal disaccharidases and increased reabsorption of the enzymes in swallowed amniotic fluid with fetal development.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of intestinal disaccharidases in human amniotic fluid. A close relationship exists between relative disaccharidase activities (maltase, sucrase, trehalase, palatinase, turanase, lactase, and cellobiase) in amniotic fluid and corresponding jejunal mucosa of five human fetuses (16 to 21 weeks of gestation) suggesting that these intestinal enzymes pass into amniotic fluid. Serial determination of disaccharidase activities in amniotic fluid samples collected between 10 and 42 weeks of gestation showed maximum mean activities at 14 to 17 weeks of gestation and a rapid drop to less than 12 per cent maximum values at about 22 weeks. This drop is probably caused by combined effects of decreased extrusion rate of intestinal disaccharidases and increased reabsorption of the enzymes in swallowed amniotic fluid with fetal development.", "PMID": 645787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2467", "title": "Role of endocervical curettage in colposcopy.", "content": "A series of 1,850 patients with atypical Papanicolaou smears referred to the Colposcopy Clinic at Cook County Hospital were evaluated. There were 2,000 colposcopic examinations with or without directed biopsy and 495 endocervical curettements. Records of 126 patients who had definitive diagnoses were reviewed. Of 126 patients, 41 had diagnostic conization following colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettage; 85 had only colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettage. There were two instances in which an invasive cancer was missed prior to therapy, one in the group of 41 patients (incidence of 2.4 per cent), the other in the group of 85 patients (incidence of 1.1 per cent). Cone biopsy contributed very little to establishing the diagnosis of invasive cancer following colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettage. Safety measures for endocervical curettage performed during pregnancy are presented. The management of patients evaluated by colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettement requires careful correlation of histo- and cytopathology.", "contents": "Role of endocervical curettage in colposcopy. A series of 1,850 patients with atypical Papanicolaou smears referred to the Colposcopy Clinic at Cook County Hospital were evaluated. There were 2,000 colposcopic examinations with or without directed biopsy and 495 endocervical curettements. Records of 126 patients who had definitive diagnoses were reviewed. Of 126 patients, 41 had diagnostic conization following colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettage; 85 had only colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettage. There were two instances in which an invasive cancer was missed prior to therapy, one in the group of 41 patients (incidence of 2.4 per cent), the other in the group of 85 patients (incidence of 1.1 per cent). Cone biopsy contributed very little to establishing the diagnosis of invasive cancer following colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettage. Safety measures for endocervical curettage performed during pregnancy are presented. The management of patients evaluated by colposcopy-directed biopsy and endocervical curettement requires careful correlation of histo- and cytopathology.", "PMID": 645788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2468", "title": "A new technique for and additional experience with hysteroscopic resection of submucous fibroids.", "content": "New instrumentation and a new technique are described which simplify the hysteroscopic removal of the pedunculated submucous fibroid and make possible the partial removal of the sessile variety. Experience with the method is presented including the follow-up of four patients.", "contents": "A new technique for and additional experience with hysteroscopic resection of submucous fibroids. New instrumentation and a new technique are described which simplify the hysteroscopic removal of the pedunculated submucous fibroid and make possible the partial removal of the sessile variety. Experience with the method is presented including the follow-up of four patients.", "PMID": 645789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2469", "title": "Salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "Three hundred fifty-five cases of vaginal hysterectomy associated with bilateral or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were reviewed to assess the safety and feasibility of adnexa removal when such was necessary or desirable. Other than one instance of hemorrhage from ovarian vessels, no serious complications, including ureteral injuries, could be assigned specifically to the removal of the adnexa. Our opinion is that the techniques for salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of vaginal hysterectomy should be taught to residents and practiced by gynecologic surgeons.", "contents": "Salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of vaginal hysterectomy. Three hundred fifty-five cases of vaginal hysterectomy associated with bilateral or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were reviewed to assess the safety and feasibility of adnexa removal when such was necessary or desirable. Other than one instance of hemorrhage from ovarian vessels, no serious complications, including ureteral injuries, could be assigned specifically to the removal of the adnexa. Our opinion is that the techniques for salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of vaginal hysterectomy should be taught to residents and practiced by gynecologic surgeons.", "PMID": 645791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2470", "title": "Practical considerations for the routine application of left lateral Sims' position for vaginal delivery.", "content": "The lateral Sims' position was evaluated for routine use in vaginal deliveries. The study demonstrates that delivery in the lateral Sims' position is practical and easily mastered; most easily applied for spontaneous or uncomplicated outlet forceps delivery; of special advantage in breech deliveries, congestive heart failure, hip joint restriction, and leg varicosities; and well accepted by women looking for a less restricted and more natural delivery experience.", "contents": "Practical considerations for the routine application of left lateral Sims' position for vaginal delivery. The lateral Sims' position was evaluated for routine use in vaginal deliveries. The study demonstrates that delivery in the lateral Sims' position is practical and easily mastered; most easily applied for spontaneous or uncomplicated outlet forceps delivery; of special advantage in breech deliveries, congestive heart failure, hip joint restriction, and leg varicosities; and well accepted by women looking for a less restricted and more natural delivery experience.", "PMID": 645792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2471", "title": "Cooper ligament repair of vaginal vault prolapse twenty-eight years later.", "content": "Sir Astley P. Cooper, a British surgeon, first described Cooper's ligament in 1841; in 1949 this ligament was, to our knowledge, first used to support prolapse of the vaginal vault. The first preliminary report in 1965 was based on anatomical dissection of 60 autopsy cases and stressed mainly the length, thickness, width, and strength of the Cooper ligament strip and the adjacent fascia overlying the symphysis pubis. The preliminary report suggested that this was indeed a strong fascial support and would support the vaginal vault. Since 1965, some 85 cases have been treated and in each case, since 1965, every effort has been made to incorporate all of the available extra fascial planes in the pelvic structure to add further support to the vaginal vault prolapse. No major complications have been encountered. The risk of infection of Mersilene strips and synthetics is avoided by using homologous Cooper ligament strips and adjacent fascia. No postoperative stress incontinence was encountered in any of the 63 cases.", "contents": "Cooper ligament repair of vaginal vault prolapse twenty-eight years later. Sir Astley P. Cooper, a British surgeon, first described Cooper's ligament in 1841; in 1949 this ligament was, to our knowledge, first used to support prolapse of the vaginal vault. The first preliminary report in 1965 was based on anatomical dissection of 60 autopsy cases and stressed mainly the length, thickness, width, and strength of the Cooper ligament strip and the adjacent fascia overlying the symphysis pubis. The preliminary report suggested that this was indeed a strong fascial support and would support the vaginal vault. Since 1965, some 85 cases have been treated and in each case, since 1965, every effort has been made to incorporate all of the available extra fascial planes in the pelvic structure to add further support to the vaginal vault prolapse. No major complications have been encountered. The risk of infection of Mersilene strips and synthetics is avoided by using homologous Cooper ligament strips and adjacent fascia. No postoperative stress incontinence was encountered in any of the 63 cases.", "PMID": 645793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2472", "title": "The effect of glucocorticoids on the maturation of premature lung membranes. Preventing the respiratory distress syndrome by glucocorticoids.", "content": "The effect of glucocorticoid on the maturation of premature lung membranes was studied in 121 premature infants by administering variable dosages of Decadron to the 114 mothers prior to delivery. The results were compared with findings in a group of 390 infants born in the same hospital during this study. Administration of all three test doses, 8, 16, and 24 mg., significantly decreased the incidence of RDS in all gestational age and birth weight categories. For infants less than 32 weeks, the incidence was decreased from 75 to 46.2%; those 32 to 36 weeks, from 58 to 20.2%; and in those older than 36 weeks, from 24.4 to 0 per cent. The incidence in infants less than 1,000 grams was reduced from 100 to 71.5%; 1,000 to 1,500 grams, from 67.4 to 21.6%; 1,500 to 2,000 grams, from 52.3 to 22.6%; and in heavier than 2,000 grams, from 38.1 to 13.4%. The results also showed that glucocorticoid does not significantly reduce RDS if administered less than 24 hours prior to delivery. The incidence is reduced more than 50% if administered more than 24 hours prior to delivery.", "contents": "The effect of glucocorticoids on the maturation of premature lung membranes. Preventing the respiratory distress syndrome by glucocorticoids. The effect of glucocorticoid on the maturation of premature lung membranes was studied in 121 premature infants by administering variable dosages of Decadron to the 114 mothers prior to delivery. The results were compared with findings in a group of 390 infants born in the same hospital during this study. Administration of all three test doses, 8, 16, and 24 mg., significantly decreased the incidence of RDS in all gestational age and birth weight categories. For infants less than 32 weeks, the incidence was decreased from 75 to 46.2%; those 32 to 36 weeks, from 58 to 20.2%; and in those older than 36 weeks, from 24.4 to 0 per cent. The incidence in infants less than 1,000 grams was reduced from 100 to 71.5%; 1,000 to 1,500 grams, from 67.4 to 21.6%; 1,500 to 2,000 grams, from 52.3 to 22.6%; and in heavier than 2,000 grams, from 38.1 to 13.4%. The results also showed that glucocorticoid does not significantly reduce RDS if administered less than 24 hours prior to delivery. The incidence is reduced more than 50% if administered more than 24 hours prior to delivery.", "PMID": 645794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2473", "title": "Pelvic abscess in association with intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "Serious pelvic infection associated with the use of IUDs is of increasing concern to obstetricians and gynecologists. This review of the literature is accompanied by analysis of 5 years' experience at the Arizona Health Sciences Center. Of 169 patients with acute infections, 34% had an IUD in place at the onset of infection. In addition, 24 of the patients were less than 20 years of age and 35% were nulliparous. Of the nulliparous patients, 11 were rendered sterile following surgical extirpative therapy. Sixty-six patients developed pelvic and tubo-ovarian abscesses; 38% of those were related to IUD usage. Six of the pelvic abscesses and eight of the unilateral tubo-ovarian abscesses came to pelvic cleanout. Evidence presented documents the serious infection potential that IUD usage entails, the antibiotic and surgical management, the infertility that results, and the mechanism assumed responsible. In addition, the high-risk patient has been identified (young, nulliparous, sexually active, and, especially, of the lower socioeconomic strata).", "contents": "Pelvic abscess in association with intrauterine contraceptive device. Serious pelvic infection associated with the use of IUDs is of increasing concern to obstetricians and gynecologists. This review of the literature is accompanied by analysis of 5 years' experience at the Arizona Health Sciences Center. Of 169 patients with acute infections, 34% had an IUD in place at the onset of infection. In addition, 24 of the patients were less than 20 years of age and 35% were nulliparous. Of the nulliparous patients, 11 were rendered sterile following surgical extirpative therapy. Sixty-six patients developed pelvic and tubo-ovarian abscesses; 38% of those were related to IUD usage. Six of the pelvic abscesses and eight of the unilateral tubo-ovarian abscesses came to pelvic cleanout. Evidence presented documents the serious infection potential that IUD usage entails, the antibiotic and surgical management, the infertility that results, and the mechanism assumed responsible. In addition, the high-risk patient has been identified (young, nulliparous, sexually active, and, especially, of the lower socioeconomic strata).", "PMID": 645795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2474", "title": "A computerized perinatal data system for a region.", "content": "The development of regionalized systems for perinatal care requires a record system which will provide a flow of patient information to and from referring and center hospitals. It should also provide for the risk evaluation of patients being cared for within the region as well as for the quality and statistical evaluation. When the Arizona Perinatal Program was established in 1975 with funding by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the decision was made to adopt and expand a perinatal data system under development at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix. This data system is made up of two major components: (1) a paper record system in which the documents completed by physician or nurse serve both as the medical record and a computer-input document and (2) a computer capable of simultaneous communication with 17 different terminals, directly or by telephone lines. Programs to meet the goals of patient care, quality evaluation, and statistical assessment are described.", "contents": "A computerized perinatal data system for a region. The development of regionalized systems for perinatal care requires a record system which will provide a flow of patient information to and from referring and center hospitals. It should also provide for the risk evaluation of patients being cared for within the region as well as for the quality and statistical evaluation. When the Arizona Perinatal Program was established in 1975 with funding by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the decision was made to adopt and expand a perinatal data system under development at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix. This data system is made up of two major components: (1) a paper record system in which the documents completed by physician or nurse serve both as the medical record and a computer-input document and (2) a computer capable of simultaneous communication with 17 different terminals, directly or by telephone lines. Programs to meet the goals of patient care, quality evaluation, and statistical assessment are described.", "PMID": 645796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2475", "title": "Stage II endometrial carcinoma: two modalities of treatment.", "content": "Forty-five cases of Stage II endometrial cancer are analyzed with regard to histologic grade, therapy, site of recurrence, survival, and cause of death. This group represents 5% of all endometrial cancer patients registered at the Southern California Cancer Center from 1954 to 1974. Thirty-two (71.2%) were classified as poorly differentiated tumors. A significant analysis of survival data comparing the 26 patients treated by RT alone, and 17 patients managed by surgery and RT, could not be obtained because of the small number of patients. However, the frequency of residual tumor in the uterus and intraperitoneal recurrence in the RT only group suggests that RT plus surgery should provide a better survival than RT alone.", "contents": "Stage II endometrial carcinoma: two modalities of treatment. Forty-five cases of Stage II endometrial cancer are analyzed with regard to histologic grade, therapy, site of recurrence, survival, and cause of death. This group represents 5% of all endometrial cancer patients registered at the Southern California Cancer Center from 1954 to 1974. Thirty-two (71.2%) were classified as poorly differentiated tumors. A significant analysis of survival data comparing the 26 patients treated by RT alone, and 17 patients managed by surgery and RT, could not be obtained because of the small number of patients. However, the frequency of residual tumor in the uterus and intraperitoneal recurrence in the RT only group suggests that RT plus surgery should provide a better survival than RT alone.", "PMID": 645797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2476", "title": "Massive peripheral giant-cell reparative granuloma of the jaw: a pregnancy dependent tumor.", "content": "The case of a pregnant patient with giant-cell granuloma is presented. Differential diagnosis and treatment are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Massive peripheral giant-cell reparative granuloma of the jaw: a pregnancy dependent tumor. The case of a pregnant patient with giant-cell granuloma is presented. Differential diagnosis and treatment are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 645798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2477", "title": "The randomized management of term frank breech presentation: vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section.", "content": "A prospective study of the management of term frank breech presentation is currently ongoing at LAC-USC Medical Center. To date, 57 patients have been randomized to an elective cesarean section group and 70 to a vaginal delivery group. Of the 70 patients selected for vaginal delivery, 35 had one or more inadequate pelvic measurements by x-ray pelvimetry and were scheduled for indicated cesarean section. Of the remaining 35 patients in this group, 30 delivered vaginally without perinatal death. Two of the infants, however sustained brachial plexus injuries. Of the 57 patients scheduled, 55 underwent elective cesarean section. There were no maternal deaths, but 20 (36.4%) patients experienced morbidity and 5(9.1 per cent) patients experienced intraoperative complications. Based on the data accumulated to date, it seems reasonable to allow vaginal delivery in carefully selected cases of term frank breech presentation.", "contents": "The randomized management of term frank breech presentation: vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section. A prospective study of the management of term frank breech presentation is currently ongoing at LAC-USC Medical Center. To date, 57 patients have been randomized to an elective cesarean section group and 70 to a vaginal delivery group. Of the 70 patients selected for vaginal delivery, 35 had one or more inadequate pelvic measurements by x-ray pelvimetry and were scheduled for indicated cesarean section. Of the remaining 35 patients in this group, 30 delivered vaginally without perinatal death. Two of the infants, however sustained brachial plexus injuries. Of the 57 patients scheduled, 55 underwent elective cesarean section. There were no maternal deaths, but 20 (36.4%) patients experienced morbidity and 5(9.1 per cent) patients experienced intraoperative complications. Based on the data accumulated to date, it seems reasonable to allow vaginal delivery in carefully selected cases of term frank breech presentation.", "PMID": 645799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2478", "title": "Crohn's disease: \"its gynecologic aspect\".", "content": "An analysis of the medical records of 103 women with Crohn's disease points up the following observations. There is a slight increase in spontaneous abortions and a substantial degree of subfertility. The obstetric experience is the same as in the normal obstetric population and the effects of the disease on pregnancy and of pregnancy on the disease are minimal. Features seemingly unrelated to Crohn's disease and of a gynecologic nature may be present months before the onset of the main bowel inflammation. These features consist of abscesses, fistulas, ulcers, fissures, and infections involving not only the internal pelvic organs but also the vulvovagina, perineum, labia, rectovaginal septum, rectum, and anus. The onset of Crohn's disease may be acute and present the picture of an abdomen requiring surgical treatment. A tender, low abdominal, adnexal, or pelvic mass may incorrectly be diagnosed as acute appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or ovarian cyst, and lead to surgery. In 23 instances the diagnosis of Crohn's disease was established only after laparotomy. A total of 27 appendectomies were performed and none of these patients had acute appendicitis. Four pelvic abscesses developed after the appendectomies. To avoid the pitfalls of misdiagnosis and mismanagement, the nature of Crohn's disease should be understood and the gynecologic aspects of the disease recognized.", "contents": "Crohn's disease: \"its gynecologic aspect\". An analysis of the medical records of 103 women with Crohn's disease points up the following observations. There is a slight increase in spontaneous abortions and a substantial degree of subfertility. The obstetric experience is the same as in the normal obstetric population and the effects of the disease on pregnancy and of pregnancy on the disease are minimal. Features seemingly unrelated to Crohn's disease and of a gynecologic nature may be present months before the onset of the main bowel inflammation. These features consist of abscesses, fistulas, ulcers, fissures, and infections involving not only the internal pelvic organs but also the vulvovagina, perineum, labia, rectovaginal septum, rectum, and anus. The onset of Crohn's disease may be acute and present the picture of an abdomen requiring surgical treatment. A tender, low abdominal, adnexal, or pelvic mass may incorrectly be diagnosed as acute appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or ovarian cyst, and lead to surgery. In 23 instances the diagnosis of Crohn's disease was established only after laparotomy. A total of 27 appendectomies were performed and none of these patients had acute appendicitis. Four pelvic abscesses developed after the appendectomies. To avoid the pitfalls of misdiagnosis and mismanagement, the nature of Crohn's disease should be understood and the gynecologic aspects of the disease recognized.", "PMID": 645800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2479", "title": "Transabdominal repair of cystocele, a 20 year experience, compared with the traditional vaginal approach.", "content": "In patients with pelvic floor relaxation and concomitant pelvic pathology indicating the abdominal approach the so-called \"combined\" operation is not a satisfactory technique. During the course of the total abdominal hysterectomy the cystocele can well be repaired by mobilizing the bladder and excising the relaxed vaginal mucosa. The technique is described and its efficiency in 76 cases is compared to 109 cases repaired by the traditional vaginal approach. Over a 20 year period, 92% of the former as compared to 78% of the latter showed a satisfactory result. Both series revealed that time plus anatomic stress are the major factors in those patients in whom the pelvic floor relaxation recurred.", "contents": "Transabdominal repair of cystocele, a 20 year experience, compared with the traditional vaginal approach. In patients with pelvic floor relaxation and concomitant pelvic pathology indicating the abdominal approach the so-called \"combined\" operation is not a satisfactory technique. During the course of the total abdominal hysterectomy the cystocele can well be repaired by mobilizing the bladder and excising the relaxed vaginal mucosa. The technique is described and its efficiency in 76 cases is compared to 109 cases repaired by the traditional vaginal approach. Over a 20 year period, 92% of the former as compared to 78% of the latter showed a satisfactory result. Both series revealed that time plus anatomic stress are the major factors in those patients in whom the pelvic floor relaxation recurred.", "PMID": 645801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2480", "title": "The primary-care physician and cancer detection: the role of the Pap smear.", "content": "This is a retrospective 5 year study of cancer detection in the suburban office of a primary-care physician. There were 127 diagnoses of malignancy confirmed in 5,011 patients, 62 in the reproductive system and 62 in other organ systems. More than 9,000 Pap smears resulted in the final diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix in only seven patients. 374 curettages yielded 37 cases of endometrial carcinoma. All of these patients had Class I Pap smears preoperatively.", "contents": "The primary-care physician and cancer detection: the role of the Pap smear. This is a retrospective 5 year study of cancer detection in the suburban office of a primary-care physician. There were 127 diagnoses of malignancy confirmed in 5,011 patients, 62 in the reproductive system and 62 in other organ systems. More than 9,000 Pap smears resulted in the final diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix in only seven patients. 374 curettages yielded 37 cases of endometrial carcinoma. All of these patients had Class I Pap smears preoperatively.", "PMID": 645802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2481", "title": "Intramural pregnancy with uterine rupture: a case report.", "content": "A case of intramural pregnancy is presented which mimicked early abruptio placentae and was associated with placenta percreta. The literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Intramural pregnancy with uterine rupture: a case report. A case of intramural pregnancy is presented which mimicked early abruptio placentae and was associated with placenta percreta. The literature is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 645803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2482", "title": "Growth regulators in connective tissue. Systemic administration of an aortic extract inhibits tumor growth in mice.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight fraction prepared from extracts of bovine aorta inhibits the growth of a transplantable mammary tumor and a fibrosarcoma in mice when injected systemically. It also inhibits the growth of the fibrosarcoma in cell culture. The effect on the fibrosarcoma is much more marked than on the mammary tumor. Since the extract is more effective against the fibrosarcoma and is known to inhibit the growth of endothelial cells, it appears that the enhanced effect on this tumor is due to its activity on the endothelial cells of the host and the tumor cells themselves. The material injected is enriched in an antiproteinase we have previously isolated, which has anticollagneolytic activity and is presumed to be the effector molecule.", "contents": "Growth regulators in connective tissue. Systemic administration of an aortic extract inhibits tumor growth in mice. A low-molecular-weight fraction prepared from extracts of bovine aorta inhibits the growth of a transplantable mammary tumor and a fibrosarcoma in mice when injected systemically. It also inhibits the growth of the fibrosarcoma in cell culture. The effect on the fibrosarcoma is much more marked than on the mammary tumor. Since the extract is more effective against the fibrosarcoma and is known to inhibit the growth of endothelial cells, it appears that the enhanced effect on this tumor is due to its activity on the endothelial cells of the host and the tumor cells themselves. The material injected is enriched in an antiproteinase we have previously isolated, which has anticollagneolytic activity and is presumed to be the effector molecule.", "PMID": 645813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2483", "title": "Differences in peroxidase localization of rabbit peritoneal macrophages after surface adherence.", "content": "Unlike resident peritoneal macrophages, which contain peroxidase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and perinuclear cisternae (PN), macrophages elicited into the rabbit peritoneal cavity by various stimulants lack the enzyme. Since we had previously found that such peroxidase reactivity rapidly appears in the RER and PN of blood monocytes after surface adherence in vitro, we wondered whether the enzyme could be similarly produced in elicited macrophages by adherence. Cells from peritoneal exudates (96 hours after endotoxin injection) were harvested, suspended in culture medium, and allowed to adhere to fibrin-coated or plastic surfaces. Following culture for various intervals, they were fixed, incubated for peroxidase, and examined by electron microscopy. We observed that these elicited cells, which initially contained no cytochemically detectable peroxidase, acquired peroxidatic activity in the RER and PN within 2 hours after adherence in culture. Thus macrophages, like blood monocytes, may rapidly acquire peroxidase reactivity as a consequence of plasma membrane: external surface interaction. In view of this finding, it would seem unwise to use peroxidase localization as the basis for advocating the existence of two separate lines of peritoneal macrophages, as has been proposed by previous investigators.", "contents": "Differences in peroxidase localization of rabbit peritoneal macrophages after surface adherence. Unlike resident peritoneal macrophages, which contain peroxidase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and perinuclear cisternae (PN), macrophages elicited into the rabbit peritoneal cavity by various stimulants lack the enzyme. Since we had previously found that such peroxidase reactivity rapidly appears in the RER and PN of blood monocytes after surface adherence in vitro, we wondered whether the enzyme could be similarly produced in elicited macrophages by adherence. Cells from peritoneal exudates (96 hours after endotoxin injection) were harvested, suspended in culture medium, and allowed to adhere to fibrin-coated or plastic surfaces. Following culture for various intervals, they were fixed, incubated for peroxidase, and examined by electron microscopy. We observed that these elicited cells, which initially contained no cytochemically detectable peroxidase, acquired peroxidatic activity in the RER and PN within 2 hours after adherence in culture. Thus macrophages, like blood monocytes, may rapidly acquire peroxidase reactivity as a consequence of plasma membrane: external surface interaction. In view of this finding, it would seem unwise to use peroxidase localization as the basis for advocating the existence of two separate lines of peritoneal macrophages, as has been proposed by previous investigators.", "PMID": 645814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2484", "title": "Effect of gonadectomy on the follicular cell and inclusions in mitochondria of rabbit thyroid gland.", "content": "Thyroid glands of male rabbits were studied 2, 4, and 6 weeks after gonadectomy. In the gonadectomized group of animals, at the end of 2 weeks the follicular cell did not present any significant change except for the reduction of the supranuclear portion of the cell. By the end of 4 weeks there was a marked decrease in the microvilli of the apical border, dense granules, colloid droplets, ribosomes, and ergastoplasmic sacs. The lateral and basal cell margins were less convoluted. These changes reached a peak by the end of 6 weeks. The mitochondria with the inclusions also showed an apparent decrease in incidence at the end of 4 weeks and were rarely encountered by the end of 6 weeks. The thyroid gland morphologially resembled a hypothroid state, indicating that gonadectomy depresses the function and, therefore, may affect the metabolic process controlled by the gland.", "contents": "Effect of gonadectomy on the follicular cell and inclusions in mitochondria of rabbit thyroid gland. Thyroid glands of male rabbits were studied 2, 4, and 6 weeks after gonadectomy. In the gonadectomized group of animals, at the end of 2 weeks the follicular cell did not present any significant change except for the reduction of the supranuclear portion of the cell. By the end of 4 weeks there was a marked decrease in the microvilli of the apical border, dense granules, colloid droplets, ribosomes, and ergastoplasmic sacs. The lateral and basal cell margins were less convoluted. These changes reached a peak by the end of 6 weeks. The mitochondria with the inclusions also showed an apparent decrease in incidence at the end of 4 weeks and were rarely encountered by the end of 6 weeks. The thyroid gland morphologially resembled a hypothroid state, indicating that gonadectomy depresses the function and, therefore, may affect the metabolic process controlled by the gland.", "PMID": 645816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2485", "title": "A morphologic study of unexplained hepatitis following halothane anesthesia.", "content": "A survey of postoperative jaundice throughout the United Kingdom allowed the detailed analysis of 76 patients with unexplained hepatitis following halothane anesthesia (\"halothane hepatitis\"). In 16 patients liver biopsy specimens were examined by light and/or electron microscopy to determine whether the liver morphology could aid the differentiation between \"halothane\" and \"acute viral\" hepatitis. The mitochondrial changes often claimed to be characteristic of holothane hepatitis were unremarkable in our patients. Since lipid vacuolation and a predominantly centrilobular distribution of necrosis are not classically described in fatal viral hepatitis, the presence of these features in some of our fatal cases was of some diagnostic interest. In general, however, the results of light and electron microscopy in patients with unexplained postoperative hepatitis is considered to have little differential diagnositc value.", "contents": "A morphologic study of unexplained hepatitis following halothane anesthesia. A survey of postoperative jaundice throughout the United Kingdom allowed the detailed analysis of 76 patients with unexplained hepatitis following halothane anesthesia (\"halothane hepatitis\"). In 16 patients liver biopsy specimens were examined by light and/or electron microscopy to determine whether the liver morphology could aid the differentiation between \"halothane\" and \"acute viral\" hepatitis. The mitochondrial changes often claimed to be characteristic of holothane hepatitis were unremarkable in our patients. Since lipid vacuolation and a predominantly centrilobular distribution of necrosis are not classically described in fatal viral hepatitis, the presence of these features in some of our fatal cases was of some diagnostic interest. In general, however, the results of light and electron microscopy in patients with unexplained postoperative hepatitis is considered to have little differential diagnositc value.", "PMID": 645815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2486", "title": "Autofluorescent particles of human uterine muscle cells.", "content": "Smooth muscle tissue collected from the uterine fundus of 24 patients undergoing hysterectomy was examined for chromolipoid pigments by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Certain cytoplasmic particles were found, mainly in smooth muscle cells, which exhibited characteristic autofluorescence, sudanophilia, and acid phosphatase activity but did not correspond to any typical pigment described previously. These particles were present in all subjects and they tended to increase in number with age. Chemical tests on tissue lipid extracts failed to prove that vitamin A was responsible for the fluorescence. The ultrastructural appearance of the particles somewhat variable, but most particles were rounded and of low electron density, with a lucent central space and dense bodies, probably lysosomes, at the periphery. The whole complex was enclosed by a single trilaminar membrane.", "contents": "Autofluorescent particles of human uterine muscle cells. Smooth muscle tissue collected from the uterine fundus of 24 patients undergoing hysterectomy was examined for chromolipoid pigments by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Certain cytoplasmic particles were found, mainly in smooth muscle cells, which exhibited characteristic autofluorescence, sudanophilia, and acid phosphatase activity but did not correspond to any typical pigment described previously. These particles were present in all subjects and they tended to increase in number with age. Chemical tests on tissue lipid extracts failed to prove that vitamin A was responsible for the fluorescence. The ultrastructural appearance of the particles somewhat variable, but most particles were rounded and of low electron density, with a lucent central space and dense bodies, probably lysosomes, at the periphery. The whole complex was enclosed by a single trilaminar membrane.", "PMID": 645817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2487", "title": "Reversible papillary hyperplasia of the rat urinary bladder.", "content": "A rapid reproducible method for the production of ulcers and reversible regenerative hyperplasia of the urinary bladder of rats is described. This method does not involve administration of a toxic chemical or retention of a foreign body. Ulceration was produced by means of applying a steel rod, 5 mm in diameter, frozen at -78 C, to the serosal surface of the bladder for 2 seconds, twice, with a 5-second interval between each application. Sequential histologic observations showed that ulcers were accompanied by necrosis of the entire thickness of the bladder at the site of freezing with extensive acute inflammation. Regenerative hyperplasia was evident at the edge of the ulcer by the second day, with greatest severity at 5 days when papillary and nodular hyperplasia were present. At 15 days the bladders were normal or had only minimal hyperplasia. The labeling index by autoradiography was highest in the mildly hyperplastic area near the ulcer at 2 days and remained relatively high through 5 days. The hyperplastic epithelium surrounding the ulcer observed by scanning electron microscopy had numerous degenerative cells on the surface, and small epithelial cells with numerous short, uniform microvilli on their luminal surface were also observed. The numerous short, uniform microvilli on their luminal surface were also observed. The microvilli had a symmetric luminal membrane, as observed on trasmission electron microscopy. More peripherally the cells had microridges only or microvilli and microridges on their luminal surface. Neither pleomorphic microvili nor a structured glycocalyx fuzz on microvilli was observed during the process of regenerative hyperplasia, distinguishing it from neoplastic bladder proliferations.", "contents": "Reversible papillary hyperplasia of the rat urinary bladder. A rapid reproducible method for the production of ulcers and reversible regenerative hyperplasia of the urinary bladder of rats is described. This method does not involve administration of a toxic chemical or retention of a foreign body. Ulceration was produced by means of applying a steel rod, 5 mm in diameter, frozen at -78 C, to the serosal surface of the bladder for 2 seconds, twice, with a 5-second interval between each application. Sequential histologic observations showed that ulcers were accompanied by necrosis of the entire thickness of the bladder at the site of freezing with extensive acute inflammation. Regenerative hyperplasia was evident at the edge of the ulcer by the second day, with greatest severity at 5 days when papillary and nodular hyperplasia were present. At 15 days the bladders were normal or had only minimal hyperplasia. The labeling index by autoradiography was highest in the mildly hyperplastic area near the ulcer at 2 days and remained relatively high through 5 days. The hyperplastic epithelium surrounding the ulcer observed by scanning electron microscopy had numerous degenerative cells on the surface, and small epithelial cells with numerous short, uniform microvilli on their luminal surface were also observed. The numerous short, uniform microvilli on their luminal surface were also observed. The microvilli had a symmetric luminal membrane, as observed on trasmission electron microscopy. More peripherally the cells had microridges only or microvilli and microridges on their luminal surface. Neither pleomorphic microvili nor a structured glycocalyx fuzz on microvilli was observed during the process of regenerative hyperplasia, distinguishing it from neoplastic bladder proliferations.", "PMID": 645820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2488", "title": "Effect of cycloheximide on glucagon-induced autophagy. Quantitative examinations on hepatocytes in the rat.", "content": "By means of fine structural evaluation, a highly significant inhibitory effect of cycloheximide (20 mg/kg) on glucagon-induced autophagy is demonstrated in rat hepatocytes, which also presumably affects physiologic autophagic activities. Contrary to other investigators, we think in vivo global inhibition experiments using cycloheximide as an inhibitor of protein synthesis do not provide substantial information on the origin of the segregating membranes.", "contents": "Effect of cycloheximide on glucagon-induced autophagy. Quantitative examinations on hepatocytes in the rat. By means of fine structural evaluation, a highly significant inhibitory effect of cycloheximide (20 mg/kg) on glucagon-induced autophagy is demonstrated in rat hepatocytes, which also presumably affects physiologic autophagic activities. Contrary to other investigators, we think in vivo global inhibition experiments using cycloheximide as an inhibitor of protein synthesis do not provide substantial information on the origin of the segregating membranes.", "PMID": 645821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2489", "title": "The results of pancreatography during pancreatic carcinogenesis.", "content": "Systematic histologic-pancreatographic examination of the pancreas during pancreatic ductal carcinogenesis revealed both specific and nonspecific diagnostic criteria. Ductal changes due to hyperplasia of ductal epithelium were recognized as distention rather than narrowing. This condition, however, occurred in limited numbers during advanced ductal alteration and was found to be an insignificant criterion. The most reliable tumor marker was complete ductal obstruction: ductal deterioration (displacement, deformity) occurred in 63% of the tumor cases, a pooling effect occurred in 44%, and a filling defect occurred in 42%. In both histologic and pancreatographic studies was found the \"chain of lakes\" caused by ductular proliferation or adenomas both of which seem to represent precursor stages of adenocarcinomas. Some neoplasms escaped diagnosis, due to either their small size, anatomic location, or specific histologic patterns. The data indicated that pancreatography per se as an early detection tool is unreliable.", "contents": "The results of pancreatography during pancreatic carcinogenesis. Systematic histologic-pancreatographic examination of the pancreas during pancreatic ductal carcinogenesis revealed both specific and nonspecific diagnostic criteria. Ductal changes due to hyperplasia of ductal epithelium were recognized as distention rather than narrowing. This condition, however, occurred in limited numbers during advanced ductal alteration and was found to be an insignificant criterion. The most reliable tumor marker was complete ductal obstruction: ductal deterioration (displacement, deformity) occurred in 63% of the tumor cases, a pooling effect occurred in 44%, and a filling defect occurred in 42%. In both histologic and pancreatographic studies was found the \"chain of lakes\" caused by ductular proliferation or adenomas both of which seem to represent precursor stages of adenocarcinomas. Some neoplasms escaped diagnosis, due to either their small size, anatomic location, or specific histologic patterns. The data indicated that pancreatography per se as an early detection tool is unreliable.", "PMID": 645822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2490", "title": "Studies on \"end-stage\" kidneys. II. Embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium.", "content": "Clusters of deeply staining \"embryonal-type\" epithelial cells surround hyaline glomeruli in some patients with end-stage renal disease treated with dialysis. The kidneys of 40 patients, dialyzed for 2 months to 2 years, were studied with a variety of histologic and histochemical staining techniques. In 4 of these cases such \"embryonal-type\" cell clusters, arising from the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule and here termed \"embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsule epithelium\" (EHBCE), are identified. In 6 additional cases there are similar cells in a tubular pattern, resembling the adenomatoid or pseudotubule structures of chronic, cresentic glomerulonephritis. The largest lesions are often found in groups within localized areas of cortex, giving their distribution a \"field\" effect. In such cases they have the appearance of new growths, suggesting the induction of a less differentiated cell type in these diseased adult tissues.", "contents": "Studies on \"end-stage\" kidneys. II. Embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium. Clusters of deeply staining \"embryonal-type\" epithelial cells surround hyaline glomeruli in some patients with end-stage renal disease treated with dialysis. The kidneys of 40 patients, dialyzed for 2 months to 2 years, were studied with a variety of histologic and histochemical staining techniques. In 4 of these cases such \"embryonal-type\" cell clusters, arising from the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule and here termed \"embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsule epithelium\" (EHBCE), are identified. In 6 additional cases there are similar cells in a tubular pattern, resembling the adenomatoid or pseudotubule structures of chronic, cresentic glomerulonephritis. The largest lesions are often found in groups within localized areas of cortex, giving their distribution a \"field\" effect. In such cases they have the appearance of new growths, suggesting the induction of a less differentiated cell type in these diseased adult tissues.", "PMID": 645823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2491", "title": "Platelet dysfunction induced by parenteral carbenicillin and ticarcillin. Studies of the dose-response relationship and mechanism of action in dogs.", "content": "Sequential studies of platelet function were performed in dogs receiving continuous intravenous carbenicillin (CARB) or ticarcillin (TIC). Dose- and time-dependent platelet dysfunction was uniformly observed during the administration of CARB or TIC, 250 to 1000 mg/kg/24 hr. ADP-induced primary and secondary platelet aggregation was markedly inhibited within 24 to 48 hours in dogs receiving 750 or 1000 mg/kg/24 hr, but maximum impairment of aggregation did not occur until 3 to 5 days in dogs receiving 250 or 500 mg/kg/24 hr. Platelet glass bead column retention was abnormal in all dogs studied, and platelet factor 3 availability was impaired in 91%. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was consistently impaired and the bleeding time was prolonged only during the infusion of greater than or equal to 750 mg/kg/24 hr. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations and thrombin times remained normal. CARB and TIC infusions resulted in inhibition of 14C-serotonin release and slightly decreased platelet ADP, while serotonin, ATP, and ultrastructure remained unchanged. The mutual correction of abnormal platelet aggregation by mixing CARB or TIC platelets with aspirin-treated platelets suggested that CARB and TIC inhibited the platelet release reaction by a mechanism other than inhibition of platelet cyclo-oxygenase. The platelet inhibitory properties of CARB and TIC demonstrated in this study suggest that they may be useful antithrombotic agents.", "contents": "Platelet dysfunction induced by parenteral carbenicillin and ticarcillin. Studies of the dose-response relationship and mechanism of action in dogs. Sequential studies of platelet function were performed in dogs receiving continuous intravenous carbenicillin (CARB) or ticarcillin (TIC). Dose- and time-dependent platelet dysfunction was uniformly observed during the administration of CARB or TIC, 250 to 1000 mg/kg/24 hr. ADP-induced primary and secondary platelet aggregation was markedly inhibited within 24 to 48 hours in dogs receiving 750 or 1000 mg/kg/24 hr, but maximum impairment of aggregation did not occur until 3 to 5 days in dogs receiving 250 or 500 mg/kg/24 hr. Platelet glass bead column retention was abnormal in all dogs studied, and platelet factor 3 availability was impaired in 91%. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was consistently impaired and the bleeding time was prolonged only during the infusion of greater than or equal to 750 mg/kg/24 hr. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations and thrombin times remained normal. CARB and TIC infusions resulted in inhibition of 14C-serotonin release and slightly decreased platelet ADP, while serotonin, ATP, and ultrastructure remained unchanged. The mutual correction of abnormal platelet aggregation by mixing CARB or TIC platelets with aspirin-treated platelets suggested that CARB and TIC inhibited the platelet release reaction by a mechanism other than inhibition of platelet cyclo-oxygenase. The platelet inhibitory properties of CARB and TIC demonstrated in this study suggest that they may be useful antithrombotic agents.", "PMID": 645824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2492", "title": "Effects of whole-body irradiation on neonatally thymectomized mice. Incidence of benign and malignant tumors.", "content": "The individual and combined effects of neonatal thymectomy and whole-body irradiation on the prevalence of benign and malignant tumors in germ-free female mice of the Charles Rivers line were studied to determine if a portion of the tumorigenic effects of irradiation can be attributed to injury of the thymic-dependent component of the immune response. Neonatal thymectomy increased a) the incidence of benign and malignant tumors and b) the prevalence of multiple primary neoplasms in an individual mouse. Whole-body exposure to 700 rad at 6 weeks of age further increased th incidence of tumors, but the relative magnitude of this increase was less pronounced than in sham-operated controls. Thus, the cumulative effects of thymectomy plus irradiation are less pronounced than the sum of the individual effects. One of several possible explanations for this observation is that a portion of the carcinogenic effects of whole-body irradiation is mediated by suppression of the thymic-dependent component of the immune response.", "contents": "Effects of whole-body irradiation on neonatally thymectomized mice. Incidence of benign and malignant tumors. The individual and combined effects of neonatal thymectomy and whole-body irradiation on the prevalence of benign and malignant tumors in germ-free female mice of the Charles Rivers line were studied to determine if a portion of the tumorigenic effects of irradiation can be attributed to injury of the thymic-dependent component of the immune response. Neonatal thymectomy increased a) the incidence of benign and malignant tumors and b) the prevalence of multiple primary neoplasms in an individual mouse. Whole-body exposure to 700 rad at 6 weeks of age further increased th incidence of tumors, but the relative magnitude of this increase was less pronounced than in sham-operated controls. Thus, the cumulative effects of thymectomy plus irradiation are less pronounced than the sum of the individual effects. One of several possible explanations for this observation is that a portion of the carcinogenic effects of whole-body irradiation is mediated by suppression of the thymic-dependent component of the immune response.", "PMID": 645825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2493", "title": "Endothelial proliferation in inflammation. II. Autoradiographic studies in x-irradiated leukopenic rats after thermal injury to the skin.", "content": "The effect of leukocyte depletion on endothelial proliferation in the microvasculature of skin sites of acute inflammation was studied. Leukocytes were suppressed by 800 rad of whole-body irradiation 2 or 4 days prior to producing necrotizing thermal injuries (60 C, 20 seconds) on a shielded area of skin. Endothelial proliferation was assayed 3 days after thermal injury by quantitating the labeling index after injection of 3H-thymidine. Circulating mononuclear cells were depressed to 1.3% of pre-irradiation levels by 2 days and remained at similar levels at 5 days. Lesions developing over this interval were devoid of mononuclear infiltrate, although neutrophils emigrated as usual. Three-day lesions without mononuclear infiltrate had a mean endothelial-labeling index of 8.97%, and this was not significantly different control controls (9.42%). Lesions induced at 4 days, when circulating neutrophils were also suppressed, had reduced infiltration of neutrophils, but endothelial-labeling indexes were similar to those of controls. The results indicate that infiltration by monocytes is not a necessary stimulus for endothelial proliferation of new vessel growth in sites of nonimmunologic acute inflammation.", "contents": "Endothelial proliferation in inflammation. II. Autoradiographic studies in x-irradiated leukopenic rats after thermal injury to the skin. The effect of leukocyte depletion on endothelial proliferation in the microvasculature of skin sites of acute inflammation was studied. Leukocytes were suppressed by 800 rad of whole-body irradiation 2 or 4 days prior to producing necrotizing thermal injuries (60 C, 20 seconds) on a shielded area of skin. Endothelial proliferation was assayed 3 days after thermal injury by quantitating the labeling index after injection of 3H-thymidine. Circulating mononuclear cells were depressed to 1.3% of pre-irradiation levels by 2 days and remained at similar levels at 5 days. Lesions developing over this interval were devoid of mononuclear infiltrate, although neutrophils emigrated as usual. Three-day lesions without mononuclear infiltrate had a mean endothelial-labeling index of 8.97%, and this was not significantly different control controls (9.42%). Lesions induced at 4 days, when circulating neutrophils were also suppressed, had reduced infiltration of neutrophils, but endothelial-labeling indexes were similar to those of controls. The results indicate that infiltration by monocytes is not a necessary stimulus for endothelial proliferation of new vessel growth in sites of nonimmunologic acute inflammation.", "PMID": 645826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2494", "title": "Immunopathology of the renal vascular lesion of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "Patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, scleroderma) exhibit a variety of immunologic abnormalities. To verify whether the renal vascular lesions of such patients might be mediated by an immunologic mechanism, kidney tissues of 16 patients with PSS were investigated by means of fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy; elution of tissue-bound antibody; and fixation of heterologous (guinea pig) complement. Controls consisted of 12 nonsclerodermatous patients with similar levels of hypertension with no evidence of associated immunologic abnormalities. Diffuse vascular deposits of immunoglobulins (predominantly IgM) and/or complement (predominantly Clq) were found in all 16 patients with PSS. These deposits were bound to the intima of intralobular and arcuate arteries which, by light microscopy, often exhibited typical fibromucinous alterations. Elution of antibody and heterologous complement fixation studies suggested that such reactants may represent the interaction of complement-fixing antibody and antigen. Electron microscopies studies demonstrated abundant fibrillar and ground substance material in the arterial intima but features of deposited (circulating) immune complexes were not found. By contrast, in the hypertensive (control) group, deposits of immunoglobulin (s) and/or complement were rare and, when present, were mostly confined to the arterioles. As judged by the results of elution and heterologous complement fixation, these arteriolar deposits appeared to represent trapped rather than specifically bound serum proteins. The possible signficance of these findings are discussed in relation to immunologic mechanisms which might be implicated in the pathogenesis of the renal vascular disease of PSS.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the renal vascular lesion of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, scleroderma) exhibit a variety of immunologic abnormalities. To verify whether the renal vascular lesions of such patients might be mediated by an immunologic mechanism, kidney tissues of 16 patients with PSS were investigated by means of fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy; elution of tissue-bound antibody; and fixation of heterologous (guinea pig) complement. Controls consisted of 12 nonsclerodermatous patients with similar levels of hypertension with no evidence of associated immunologic abnormalities. Diffuse vascular deposits of immunoglobulins (predominantly IgM) and/or complement (predominantly Clq) were found in all 16 patients with PSS. These deposits were bound to the intima of intralobular and arcuate arteries which, by light microscopy, often exhibited typical fibromucinous alterations. Elution of antibody and heterologous complement fixation studies suggested that such reactants may represent the interaction of complement-fixing antibody and antigen. Electron microscopies studies demonstrated abundant fibrillar and ground substance material in the arterial intima but features of deposited (circulating) immune complexes were not found. By contrast, in the hypertensive (control) group, deposits of immunoglobulin (s) and/or complement were rare and, when present, were mostly confined to the arterioles. As judged by the results of elution and heterologous complement fixation, these arteriolar deposits appeared to represent trapped rather than specifically bound serum proteins. The possible signficance of these findings are discussed in relation to immunologic mechanisms which might be implicated in the pathogenesis of the renal vascular disease of PSS.", "PMID": 645827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2495", "title": "Immune synovitis in rabbits. Effects of differing schedules for intra-articular challenge with antigen.", "content": "The effects of varying intra-articular (ia) doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigen on immune synovitis in rabbits have been investigated. Chronic synovitis, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration in synovial tissues, was induced by a single ia challenge with BSA in sensitized rabbits. However, cartilage and bone erosions and pannus formation were rarely observed. By varying the number and magnitude of the BSA challenges, lesions with different characteristics were observed at different times of analysis of joint pathology. In 3- to 10-week studies, multiple ia challenges with BSA produced lesions characterized by severe cartilage and bone changes; polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) exudates; and mononuclear cells and, sometimes, PMNs in synovial tissues. Substantial increases in knee widths and synovial tissue weights also observed. By increasing the frequency of ia injections, more severe changes were produced more rapidly, so that within a 3-week period, the animals also experienced pain and were unable to fully extend their antigen-challenged knees. Some of the lesions observed in immune synovis resembled those in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the presence of large numbers of PMNs in synovial tissue under certain conditions suggests some possible differences between the pathogenesis of experimental synovitis and RA.", "contents": "Immune synovitis in rabbits. Effects of differing schedules for intra-articular challenge with antigen. The effects of varying intra-articular (ia) doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigen on immune synovitis in rabbits have been investigated. Chronic synovitis, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration in synovial tissues, was induced by a single ia challenge with BSA in sensitized rabbits. However, cartilage and bone erosions and pannus formation were rarely observed. By varying the number and magnitude of the BSA challenges, lesions with different characteristics were observed at different times of analysis of joint pathology. In 3- to 10-week studies, multiple ia challenges with BSA produced lesions characterized by severe cartilage and bone changes; polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) exudates; and mononuclear cells and, sometimes, PMNs in synovial tissues. Substantial increases in knee widths and synovial tissue weights also observed. By increasing the frequency of ia injections, more severe changes were produced more rapidly, so that within a 3-week period, the animals also experienced pain and were unable to fully extend their antigen-challenged knees. Some of the lesions observed in immune synovis resembled those in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the presence of large numbers of PMNs in synovial tissue under certain conditions suggests some possible differences between the pathogenesis of experimental synovitis and RA.", "PMID": 645828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2496", "title": "Lymphocyte migratory pathways in adjuvant disease. I. Distribution of 51Cr-labeled thoracic duct lymph-borne.", "content": "Evidence for selective extravasation of thoracic duct lymph-borne cells, derived from rats with adjuvant disease, within joints of normal or adjuvant arthritic recipients was sough by adoptive transfer of radiolabeled cells. Control studies were carried out in parallel using thoracic ducts cells from normal donors. No increased homing of lymph-borne cells to inflamed portions of the limbs was detected when cells from adjuvant arthritic donors were compared with those of normal controls. Inflammatory changes, ie, adjuvant-induced disease, in the recipient produced a significant nonspecific enhancement of extravasation; cells from normal and adjuvant arthritic donors responded equally well. One difference in migratory behavior between lymph-borne cells from adjuvant arthritic and normal animals was the increased ability of the former to localize within certain lymph nodes. A possible association between this traffic and the development of chronic inflammatory processes within joints is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte migratory pathways in adjuvant disease. I. Distribution of 51Cr-labeled thoracic duct lymph-borne. Evidence for selective extravasation of thoracic duct lymph-borne cells, derived from rats with adjuvant disease, within joints of normal or adjuvant arthritic recipients was sough by adoptive transfer of radiolabeled cells. Control studies were carried out in parallel using thoracic ducts cells from normal donors. No increased homing of lymph-borne cells to inflamed portions of the limbs was detected when cells from adjuvant arthritic donors were compared with those of normal controls. Inflammatory changes, ie, adjuvant-induced disease, in the recipient produced a significant nonspecific enhancement of extravasation; cells from normal and adjuvant arthritic donors responded equally well. One difference in migratory behavior between lymph-borne cells from adjuvant arthritic and normal animals was the increased ability of the former to localize within certain lymph nodes. A possible association between this traffic and the development of chronic inflammatory processes within joints is discussed.", "PMID": 645829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2497", "title": "Renal lesions induced induced by tilorone and an analog. Ultrastructure and acid phosphatase study.", "content": "Tilorone, 2,7-bis-(diethylaminoethoxy)-fluoren-9-one hydrochloride, an interferon inducer, has been shown to cause hydropic degeneration in choroid plexus and distal convoluted tubules of kidney. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the renal lesion produced by tilorone and one of its analogs revealed striking accumulation of vacuoles and/or acid-phosphatase-positive lemellar bodies retricted to glomeruli, ascending limb of Henle's loop, and distal convoluted tubules.", "contents": "Renal lesions induced induced by tilorone and an analog. Ultrastructure and acid phosphatase study. Tilorone, 2,7-bis-(diethylaminoethoxy)-fluoren-9-one hydrochloride, an interferon inducer, has been shown to cause hydropic degeneration in choroid plexus and distal convoluted tubules of kidney. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the renal lesion produced by tilorone and one of its analogs revealed striking accumulation of vacuoles and/or acid-phosphatase-positive lemellar bodies retricted to glomeruli, ascending limb of Henle's loop, and distal convoluted tubules.", "PMID": 645830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2498", "title": "Children's concepts of healing: cognitive development and locus of control factors.", "content": "This study of young children's understanding of the process of healing indicates that both level of cognitive development and locus of control are relevant factors. The importance of the children's locus of control orienation to their understanding was found to depend upon the interaction of the cognitive level and the complexity of the concept considered.", "contents": "Children's concepts of healing: cognitive development and locus of control factors. This study of young children's understanding of the process of healing indicates that both level of cognitive development and locus of control are relevant factors. The importance of the children's locus of control orienation to their understanding was found to depend upon the interaction of the cognitive level and the complexity of the concept considered.", "PMID": 645832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2499", "title": "Temporal integration and children's understanding of social information of television.", "content": "Recent studies are reviewed that suggest that preschool and young grade-school children often have incomplete or distorted impressions of social portrayals on television. It is suggested that cognitive-processing factors in understanding television dramas may put these younger viewers at special risk for deleterious effects of television viewing.", "contents": "Temporal integration and children's understanding of social information of television. Recent studies are reviewed that suggest that preschool and young grade-school children often have incomplete or distorted impressions of social portrayals on television. It is suggested that cognitive-processing factors in understanding television dramas may put these younger viewers at special risk for deleterious effects of television viewing.", "PMID": 645833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2500", "title": "Television and children: issues involved in corrective action.", "content": "Economic, legal, and political/moral factors affecting the state of children's programming on television are reviewed, and their effects on the effort to encourage \"pro-social\" programming are considered. It is suggested that the leadership of child-care professionals is essential in the battle to reduce gratuitous violence, limit questionable advertising, and increase positive programming for children.", "contents": "Television and children: issues involved in corrective action. Economic, legal, and political/moral factors affecting the state of children's programming on television are reviewed, and their effects on the effort to encourage \"pro-social\" programming are considered. It is suggested that the leadership of child-care professionals is essential in the battle to reduce gratuitous violence, limit questionable advertising, and increase positive programming for children.", "PMID": 645834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2501", "title": "The relation of reflection and action.", "content": "This paper maintains that mental health delivery systems must be supplemented by critical analyses of the hidden assumptions that guide policy and technique decisions. It compares the intellectual and clinical impact of B.F. Skinner with that of R.D. Laing, and considers the significance of Skinner's generally less preferred theoretical position having gained more widespread practical application, in the form of token economies, than has Laing's Kingsley Hall concept.", "contents": "The relation of reflection and action. This paper maintains that mental health delivery systems must be supplemented by critical analyses of the hidden assumptions that guide policy and technique decisions. It compares the intellectual and clinical impact of B.F. Skinner with that of R.D. Laing, and considers the significance of Skinner's generally less preferred theoretical position having gained more widespread practical application, in the form of token economies, than has Laing's Kingsley Hall concept.", "PMID": 645835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2502", "title": "Anger, disability, and demands in the family.", "content": "Parents' tendency to perceive children with behavior problems as \"disabled\" frequently represents a projection of helplessness, and can be interpreted as a defense against anger. Shared family presumptions regarding the disabling effects of \"anger\" may lead to revision of behavioral goals or preclude adoption of effective problem-solving tactics. Implications for therapy are offered.", "contents": "Anger, disability, and demands in the family. Parents' tendency to perceive children with behavior problems as \"disabled\" frequently represents a projection of helplessness, and can be interpreted as a defense against anger. Shared family presumptions regarding the disabling effects of \"anger\" may lead to revision of behavioral goals or preclude adoption of effective problem-solving tactics. Implications for therapy are offered.", "PMID": 645836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2503", "title": "Sexual abuse of children: a clinical spectrum.", "content": "This paper suggests that incest has been underestimated as a significant determinant of emotional disturbance, and that misuse of sexuality between parents and children can have detrimental consequences that parallel those resulting from other forms of child abuse. The spectrum of parent-child sexuality is classified into ten categories as a guide to the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of sexually abusive behavior.", "contents": "Sexual abuse of children: a clinical spectrum. This paper suggests that incest has been underestimated as a significant determinant of emotional disturbance, and that misuse of sexuality between parents and children can have detrimental consequences that parallel those resulting from other forms of child abuse. The spectrum of parent-child sexuality is classified into ten categories as a guide to the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of sexually abusive behavior.", "PMID": 645837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2504", "title": "Common problems of stepparents and their spouses.", "content": "The half-million adults annually who become stepparents in this country have relatively little guidance available to them from mental health professionals or from the public. This paper examines conflictual situations that frequently interfere with the successful blending and establishment of new stepfamilies.", "contents": "Common problems of stepparents and their spouses. The half-million adults annually who become stepparents in this country have relatively little guidance available to them from mental health professionals or from the public. This paper examines conflictual situations that frequently interfere with the successful blending and establishment of new stepfamilies.", "PMID": 645838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2505", "title": "Preparation for remarriage following divorce: the use of group techniques.", "content": "The experiences of four series of weekly group meetings with a total of 22 couples, in which at least one partner had children by a previous marriage, are discussed. Major complexitis arose from the permeable boundaries of the second marriage due to continuing ties to the former marriage, and from resultant ambiguity of roles among new partners and their spouses' children. The group experience was found to be beneficial in clarifying roles in the remarriage family.", "contents": "Preparation for remarriage following divorce: the use of group techniques. The experiences of four series of weekly group meetings with a total of 22 couples, in which at least one partner had children by a previous marriage, are discussed. Major complexitis arose from the permeable boundaries of the second marriage due to continuing ties to the former marriage, and from resultant ambiguity of roles among new partners and their spouses' children. The group experience was found to be beneficial in clarifying roles in the remarriage family.", "PMID": 645839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2506", "title": "Mental health interventions in divorce proceedings.", "content": "The protracted process involved in family disruption provides the opportunity for different types of mental health intervention. In addition to the traditional diagnostic and evaluative services typically requested by the legal system, preventive and therapeutic programs can be developed. Implementation of a program by the UCLA Section on Legal Psychiatry is described.", "contents": "Mental health interventions in divorce proceedings. The protracted process involved in family disruption provides the opportunity for different types of mental health intervention. In addition to the traditional diagnostic and evaluative services typically requested by the legal system, preventive and therapeutic programs can be developed. Implementation of a program by the UCLA Section on Legal Psychiatry is described.", "PMID": 645840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2507", "title": "Psychological problems following recovery from acute life-threatening illness.", "content": "Counseling of a group of families in which a child had been stricken with a sudden, life-threatening illness is described. Although all children made good medical recoveries, family adjustment problems were marked; incomplete mourning, sense of helplessness and lack of control, and fantasies of death and return on the part of children and of parents were noted. Strategies for helping families cope with this variant of the vulnerable child syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological problems following recovery from acute life-threatening illness. Counseling of a group of families in which a child had been stricken with a sudden, life-threatening illness is described. Although all children made good medical recoveries, family adjustment problems were marked; incomplete mourning, sense of helplessness and lack of control, and fantasies of death and return on the part of children and of parents were noted. Strategies for helping families cope with this variant of the vulnerable child syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 645841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2508", "title": "Maternal sensitivity to children in problem situations.", "content": "Sixty mothers and their preschool children were placed in interactions structured to involve a problem situation for the child, the mother, or both. Maternal sensitivity and insensitivity were measured to test a number of parent effectiveness constructs. Results indicate that mothers were more insensitive than sensitive to their children, and that some major assumptions of the parent effectiveness model lack sufficient support to justify its training procedures.", "contents": "Maternal sensitivity to children in problem situations. Sixty mothers and their preschool children were placed in interactions structured to involve a problem situation for the child, the mother, or both. Maternal sensitivity and insensitivity were measured to test a number of parent effectiveness constructs. Results indicate that mothers were more insensitive than sensitive to their children, and that some major assumptions of the parent effectiveness model lack sufficient support to justify its training procedures.", "PMID": 645842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2509", "title": "Problem children's adult adjustment predicted from teachers' ratings.", "content": "Teacher ratings of 187 children seen at a guidance clinic are compared to interview-based ratings of social adjustment nine to fifteen years later. Children described as failing to get along with others are seen to be relatively disturbed at follow-up, and differences are found between teacher-rated behavior patterns relating to later social adjustment for boys and those for girls. It is concluded that teacher ratings can be useful predictors of adjustment, especially if focused on the child's peer relationships.", "contents": "Problem children's adult adjustment predicted from teachers' ratings. Teacher ratings of 187 children seen at a guidance clinic are compared to interview-based ratings of social adjustment nine to fifteen years later. Children described as failing to get along with others are seen to be relatively disturbed at follow-up, and differences are found between teacher-rated behavior patterns relating to later social adjustment for boys and those for girls. It is concluded that teacher ratings can be useful predictors of adjustment, especially if focused on the child's peer relationships.", "PMID": 645843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2510", "title": "Effects of sensory-motor training on the language development of retarded preschoolers.", "content": "Previous research indicates that perceptual-motor training positively influences the development of language in retarded children. In this year-long study, 30 retarded children attending a preschool training center were divided into three equal groups given perceptual-motor training, movement training, or no systematic training. No significant differences were found among the groups on language measures, suggesting that the total remedial environment may be an important factor in the effectiveness of perceptual-motor and of movement training programs.", "contents": "Effects of sensory-motor training on the language development of retarded preschoolers. Previous research indicates that perceptual-motor training positively influences the development of language in retarded children. In this year-long study, 30 retarded children attending a preschool training center were divided into three equal groups given perceptual-motor training, movement training, or no systematic training. No significant differences were found among the groups on language measures, suggesting that the total remedial environment may be an important factor in the effectiveness of perceptual-motor and of movement training programs.", "PMID": 645844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2511", "title": "Coping with pregnancy resolution among never-married women.", "content": "The Janis-Mann model of decision-making provides the theoretical orientation for empirical analyses of decisions to deliver or abort in matched samples of never-married women. Results focus on four variables: happiness about pregnancy; initial acceptance of delivery or abortion; ease of decision-making; and satisfaction with final choice. Path analyses summarize findings, which are discussed in terms of conflict resolution strategies.", "contents": "Coping with pregnancy resolution among never-married women. The Janis-Mann model of decision-making provides the theoretical orientation for empirical analyses of decisions to deliver or abort in matched samples of never-married women. Results focus on four variables: happiness about pregnancy; initial acceptance of delivery or abortion; ease of decision-making; and satisfaction with final choice. Path analyses summarize findings, which are discussed in terms of conflict resolution strategies.", "PMID": 645845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2512", "title": "Father-absent and father-present families of disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents.", "content": "In a study of intact and of father-absent families, male adolescent disturbance in both groups was found to be related to less warm, supportive, and expressive intrafamilial relations; less of a family orientation toward personal growth; and less successful participation in extrafamilial involvement. Disturbance in father-absent boys was not related to negative father-typing by the mother or maternal restrictions, and the findings do not support the assumption of family conditions peculiar to the father-absent home as a factor in adolescent pathology.", "contents": "Father-absent and father-present families of disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents. In a study of intact and of father-absent families, male adolescent disturbance in both groups was found to be related to less warm, supportive, and expressive intrafamilial relations; less of a family orientation toward personal growth; and less successful participation in extrafamilial involvement. Disturbance in father-absent boys was not related to negative father-typing by the mother or maternal restrictions, and the findings do not support the assumption of family conditions peculiar to the father-absent home as a factor in adolescent pathology.", "PMID": 645846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2513", "title": "Speed-force relations in the motor units of the cat tibialis posterior muscle.", "content": "The neuro-mechanical properties and speed-force relations of 81 cat tibialis posterior motor units have been studied. Statistically significant correlations were found between alpha-axonal conduction velocity (CV) and average twitch tension (log10 TwT; r = 0.459, p less than 0.001), between CV and twitch contraction time (CT; r = -0.395, p less than 0.001) and between CT and log10 TwT (r = -0.277, p less than 0.02). The present correlations for the intermediate-sized tibialis posterior are stronger than those previously reported for large muscles such as soleus, medial gastrocnemius, plantaris and flexor hallucis longus. However, they are considerably weaker than those reported for the much smaller lumbrical muscles of the cat's foot. These findings support the contention that the spinal mechanisms governing an orderly recruitment of motor units according to the size of their muscle units must be more complex for large than for small muscles, at least in the cat hindlimb.", "contents": "Speed-force relations in the motor units of the cat tibialis posterior muscle. The neuro-mechanical properties and speed-force relations of 81 cat tibialis posterior motor units have been studied. Statistically significant correlations were found between alpha-axonal conduction velocity (CV) and average twitch tension (log10 TwT; r = 0.459, p less than 0.001), between CV and twitch contraction time (CT; r = -0.395, p less than 0.001) and between CT and log10 TwT (r = -0.277, p less than 0.02). The present correlations for the intermediate-sized tibialis posterior are stronger than those previously reported for large muscles such as soleus, medial gastrocnemius, plantaris and flexor hallucis longus. However, they are considerably weaker than those reported for the much smaller lumbrical muscles of the cat's foot. These findings support the contention that the spinal mechanisms governing an orderly recruitment of motor units according to the size of their muscle units must be more complex for large than for small muscles, at least in the cat hindlimb.", "PMID": 645847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2514", "title": "Provision of rehabilitation services for a rural mountainous region in Colorado.", "content": "1. Four alternative methods for provision of rehabilitative services to a rural, mountainous region of Colorado were examined. These concepts were: minicenter, clinic-on-wheels, ambulance taxi, and temporary rest home. 2. From the standpoint of breakeven facts and resource efficiency the minicenter and clinic-on-wheels were similar and superior to the other two. 3. Further comparison between the minicenter and clinic-on-wheels in eight areas revealed that the former had more areas of superiority. Since the items were not weighed, final choice between these two alternatives would have to depend upon the value judgement of the community.", "contents": "Provision of rehabilitation services for a rural mountainous region in Colorado. 1. Four alternative methods for provision of rehabilitative services to a rural, mountainous region of Colorado were examined. These concepts were: minicenter, clinic-on-wheels, ambulance taxi, and temporary rest home. 2. From the standpoint of breakeven facts and resource efficiency the minicenter and clinic-on-wheels were similar and superior to the other two. 3. Further comparison between the minicenter and clinic-on-wheels in eight areas revealed that the former had more areas of superiority. Since the items were not weighed, final choice between these two alternatives would have to depend upon the value judgement of the community.", "PMID": 645848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2515", "title": "Magnesium-fluoride interrelationships in man II. Effect of magnesium on fluoride metabolism.", "content": "The effect of magnesium on the fluoride balance was investigated in man by determining metabolic balances of fluoride and magnesium in control studies and during magnesium supplementation. The magnesium intake averaged 264 mg/day in the control studies and 825 in the experimental studies. The studies were carried out during four calcium intakes that ranged from 200 to 2,200 mg/day and during phosphorus intakes ranging from 800 to 2,000 mg/day. The studies were carried out during a fluoride intake of about 4 mg/day that was due to the dietary fluoride content and the intake of water and during a high fluoride intake of 25 mg/day that was due to the addition of sodium fluoride. During the high magnesium intake, both the urinary and fecal magnesium excretions increased and the magnesium balances became more positive. These changes were not associated with any significant changes of either the urinary or fecal fluoride excretions or of the fluoride balances during the different intakes of calcium phosphorus, or fluoride.", "contents": "Magnesium-fluoride interrelationships in man II. Effect of magnesium on fluoride metabolism. The effect of magnesium on the fluoride balance was investigated in man by determining metabolic balances of fluoride and magnesium in control studies and during magnesium supplementation. The magnesium intake averaged 264 mg/day in the control studies and 825 in the experimental studies. The studies were carried out during four calcium intakes that ranged from 200 to 2,200 mg/day and during phosphorus intakes ranging from 800 to 2,000 mg/day. The studies were carried out during a fluoride intake of about 4 mg/day that was due to the dietary fluoride content and the intake of water and during a high fluoride intake of 25 mg/day that was due to the addition of sodium fluoride. During the high magnesium intake, both the urinary and fecal magnesium excretions increased and the magnesium balances became more positive. These changes were not associated with any significant changes of either the urinary or fecal fluoride excretions or of the fluoride balances during the different intakes of calcium phosphorus, or fluoride.", "PMID": 645849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2516", "title": "Effect of thoracic vagotomy and vagal stimulation on esophageal function.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thoracic vagotomy and thoracic vagal stimulation upon esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function in the opossum. The thoracic portion of the vagus nerve was sectioned in the upper or lower thorax. Bilateral, but not unilateral, thoracic vagotomy above the level of the heart abolished peristalsis and LES relaxation in response to swallowing or cervical vagal electrical stimulation. Thoracic vagotomy at the level of the ventricle or below did not alter either peristalsis or LES relaxation during swallowing or cervical vagal stimulation. Secondary peristalsis and its associated LES relaxation was unaltered by thoracic vagotomy at any level. Electrical stimulation of the distal end of the upper thoracic vagus elicited both peristalsis and LES relaxation. Electrical stimulation of the distal end of the lower thoracic vagus elicited both peristalsis and LES relaxation. Electrical stimulation of the distal end of the lower thoracic vagus, as well as stimulation of the vagal branches to the terminal esophagus, gave only LES relaxation. These studies suggest that: a) the major extrinsic vagal innervation mediating primary peristalsis terminates in the upper portion of the esophagus, whereas the vagal innervation mediating LES relaxation responses are present throughout the length of the esophagus; and b) secondary peristalsis and its associated LES relaxation occurs independent of extrinsic vagal innervation.", "contents": "Effect of thoracic vagotomy and vagal stimulation on esophageal function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thoracic vagotomy and thoracic vagal stimulation upon esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function in the opossum. The thoracic portion of the vagus nerve was sectioned in the upper or lower thorax. Bilateral, but not unilateral, thoracic vagotomy above the level of the heart abolished peristalsis and LES relaxation in response to swallowing or cervical vagal electrical stimulation. Thoracic vagotomy at the level of the ventricle or below did not alter either peristalsis or LES relaxation during swallowing or cervical vagal stimulation. Secondary peristalsis and its associated LES relaxation was unaltered by thoracic vagotomy at any level. Electrical stimulation of the distal end of the upper thoracic vagus elicited both peristalsis and LES relaxation. Electrical stimulation of the distal end of the lower thoracic vagus elicited both peristalsis and LES relaxation. Electrical stimulation of the distal end of the lower thoracic vagus, as well as stimulation of the vagal branches to the terminal esophagus, gave only LES relaxation. These studies suggest that: a) the major extrinsic vagal innervation mediating primary peristalsis terminates in the upper portion of the esophagus, whereas the vagal innervation mediating LES relaxation responses are present throughout the length of the esophagus; and b) secondary peristalsis and its associated LES relaxation occurs independent of extrinsic vagal innervation.", "PMID": 645850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2517", "title": "A potential artifact in use of a new technique for rapid brain removal.", "content": "New techniques are are continuously being developed to obtain animal brain tissue that is as close as possible to its in vivo status. The brain-blowing technique provides a swift freezing of brain tissue (within 1 s) in which postmortem changes have been said to be minimal. Higher concentrations of glucose were present in brain samples removed by this method than have previously been found when the brain was frozen in situ, but at the same time the plasma levels of glucose were higher. It is suggested that, although the procedure did not appear to involve any stress, the hyperglycemia was stress related. Modifications of the procedure are described, by which these changes in blood glucose have been minimized.", "contents": "A potential artifact in use of a new technique for rapid brain removal. New techniques are are continuously being developed to obtain animal brain tissue that is as close as possible to its in vivo status. The brain-blowing technique provides a swift freezing of brain tissue (within 1 s) in which postmortem changes have been said to be minimal. Higher concentrations of glucose were present in brain samples removed by this method than have previously been found when the brain was frozen in situ, but at the same time the plasma levels of glucose were higher. It is suggested that, although the procedure did not appear to involve any stress, the hyperglycemia was stress related. Modifications of the procedure are described, by which these changes in blood glucose have been minimized.", "PMID": 645851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2518", "title": "Histamine receptors in mesenteric circulation of the cat and rat.", "content": "This study was designed to ascertain the types and functions of histamine receptors in the mesenteric circulation of the cat and rat. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow was measured via an electromagnetic probe in the cat and intestinal submucosal arteriolar diameter by an image-splitting in vivo microscopy technique in the cat and rat. Histamine infusion into the SMA caused dose-dependent decreases in mesenteric vascular resistance. Mepyramine, an H1 receptor antagonist (H1A), inhibited this effect, displacing the histamine dose-response curve to the right. Metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist (H2A), alone had no effect, but in the presence of H1A caused further displacement of the curve to the right. In both the cat and the rat, histamine superfusion dilated the submucosal arterioles. H1A attenuated this effect. H2A alone had no effect, but in the presence of H1A there was nearly complete inhibition of the histamine effect. In conclusion, both H1 and H2 histamine receptors, both subserving vasodilatation, are present in the mesenteric circulation and the H1 receptor effect predominates.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in mesenteric circulation of the cat and rat. This study was designed to ascertain the types and functions of histamine receptors in the mesenteric circulation of the cat and rat. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow was measured via an electromagnetic probe in the cat and intestinal submucosal arteriolar diameter by an image-splitting in vivo microscopy technique in the cat and rat. Histamine infusion into the SMA caused dose-dependent decreases in mesenteric vascular resistance. Mepyramine, an H1 receptor antagonist (H1A), inhibited this effect, displacing the histamine dose-response curve to the right. Metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist (H2A), alone had no effect, but in the presence of H1A caused further displacement of the curve to the right. In both the cat and the rat, histamine superfusion dilated the submucosal arterioles. H1A attenuated this effect. H2A alone had no effect, but in the presence of H1A there was nearly complete inhibition of the histamine effect. In conclusion, both H1 and H2 histamine receptors, both subserving vasodilatation, are present in the mesenteric circulation and the H1 receptor effect predominates.", "PMID": 645852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2519", "title": "Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying by acting on both proximal stomach and pylorus.", "content": "Cholecystokinin is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. It is known to both relax the proximal stomach and contract the pyloric sphincter, and either one or both of these actions could mediate inhibition of gastric emptying. We investigated the relative importance of these two actions by studying the effectiveness of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) to inhibit the emptying of a liquid meal (300 ml saline) before and after operations that either remove or destroy the pyloric mechanism (antrectomy and pyloroplasty), or lead to loss of accommodation of the proximal stomach (vagotomy), and after both vagotomy and antrectomy, and vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The results show that OP-CCK causes dose-related inhibition of gastric emptying in the intact dog. After either pyloroplasty or antrectomy the effectiveness of low but not of high doses of OP-CCK is lost. After vagotomy, OP-CCK at any dose was ineffective. The findings suggest that cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying by acting both on the pylorus and on the proximal stomach.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying by acting on both proximal stomach and pylorus. Cholecystokinin is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. It is known to both relax the proximal stomach and contract the pyloric sphincter, and either one or both of these actions could mediate inhibition of gastric emptying. We investigated the relative importance of these two actions by studying the effectiveness of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) to inhibit the emptying of a liquid meal (300 ml saline) before and after operations that either remove or destroy the pyloric mechanism (antrectomy and pyloroplasty), or lead to loss of accommodation of the proximal stomach (vagotomy), and after both vagotomy and antrectomy, and vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The results show that OP-CCK causes dose-related inhibition of gastric emptying in the intact dog. After either pyloroplasty or antrectomy the effectiveness of low but not of high doses of OP-CCK is lost. After vagotomy, OP-CCK at any dose was ineffective. The findings suggest that cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying by acting both on the pylorus and on the proximal stomach.", "PMID": 645853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2520", "title": "Effects of intestinal bypass surgery on appetite, food intake, and body weight in obese and lean rats.", "content": "Jejunoileal bypass surgery or sham surgery was performed in female rats made obese with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) knife cuts, and in lean control rats. After bypass surgery, the VMH rats underate and lost weight until they reached the body weight of the control sham rats, and they then maintained their weight at control levels. Bypass surgery in lean rats produced much smaller reductions in food intake and body weight. Both bypass groups initially consumed less of a sucrose solution and milk diet during 1 h/day tests, but their intakes returned to near normal levels during the second postoperative month. Reconnection of the intestinal tract in the VMH-bypass rats led to renewed hyperphagia and return to obese body weights. A second experiment revealed that bypass surgery reduces food intake and body weight in genetically obese (fatty) rats, but this effect is not as pronounced as that displayed by VMH rats. These results confirm recent clinical observations that reduced appetite and caloric intake are the major causes of the weight loss produced by intestinal bypass surgery.", "contents": "Effects of intestinal bypass surgery on appetite, food intake, and body weight in obese and lean rats. Jejunoileal bypass surgery or sham surgery was performed in female rats made obese with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) knife cuts, and in lean control rats. After bypass surgery, the VMH rats underate and lost weight until they reached the body weight of the control sham rats, and they then maintained their weight at control levels. Bypass surgery in lean rats produced much smaller reductions in food intake and body weight. Both bypass groups initially consumed less of a sucrose solution and milk diet during 1 h/day tests, but their intakes returned to near normal levels during the second postoperative month. Reconnection of the intestinal tract in the VMH-bypass rats led to renewed hyperphagia and return to obese body weights. A second experiment revealed that bypass surgery reduces food intake and body weight in genetically obese (fatty) rats, but this effect is not as pronounced as that displayed by VMH rats. These results confirm recent clinical observations that reduced appetite and caloric intake are the major causes of the weight loss produced by intestinal bypass surgery.", "PMID": 645855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2521", "title": "Involvement of hepatic metallothioneins in hypozincemia associated with bacterial infection.", "content": "Hypozincemia was induced in rats by Salmonella typhimurium and live vaccine strain Francisella tularensis (LVS) infections. Hepatic synthesis of zinc-binding proteins (ZBP) was studied in order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of zinc from plasma to liver occurring during infectious illness. ZBP, labeled in vivo with 65Zn, were isolated and identified as metallothioneins based, in part, on their heat stability, dimorphism, and amino acid composition. Cysteine was the major amino acid found in both forms of metallothionein and constituted 28-31% of total residues. The apparent half-life of these proteins as measured by disappearance of 65Zn was determined to be 19 h in a relatively mild infection (LVS) and 38 h in a more severe S. typhimurium infection. Results provide evidence that metallothioneins not only have the previously postulated regulatory role in normal zinc homeostasis but are intimately involved in the zinc redistribution occurring during the acute stage of infectious illness.", "contents": "Involvement of hepatic metallothioneins in hypozincemia associated with bacterial infection. Hypozincemia was induced in rats by Salmonella typhimurium and live vaccine strain Francisella tularensis (LVS) infections. Hepatic synthesis of zinc-binding proteins (ZBP) was studied in order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of zinc from plasma to liver occurring during infectious illness. ZBP, labeled in vivo with 65Zn, were isolated and identified as metallothioneins based, in part, on their heat stability, dimorphism, and amino acid composition. Cysteine was the major amino acid found in both forms of metallothionein and constituted 28-31% of total residues. The apparent half-life of these proteins as measured by disappearance of 65Zn was determined to be 19 h in a relatively mild infection (LVS) and 38 h in a more severe S. typhimurium infection. Results provide evidence that metallothioneins not only have the previously postulated regulatory role in normal zinc homeostasis but are intimately involved in the zinc redistribution occurring during the acute stage of infectious illness.", "PMID": 645856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2522", "title": "Permissive effect of ATP on insulin-stimulated sugar transport by rat soleus muscle.", "content": "The stimulatory effect of insulin (0.1 U/ml) on D-xylose uptake was progressively lost when rat soleus muscles were preincubated at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions for longer than 30 min; after 90 min these muscles were completely insensitive to insulin. This effect was associated with the loss of muscle ATP. When the breakdown of ATP was retarded either by lowering the preincubation temperature or by preincubation with 5 mM glucose, the effect of insulin in anaerobic muscle was correspondingly prolonged. Under certain conditions, externally added ATP promoted an effect of insulin in otherwise insulin-unresponsive muscles. This effect was small in magnitude and was complicated by the degradation of the added ATP in the incubation medium and by the fact that ATP also tended to inhibit insulin-stimulated xylose uptake. These results indicate that there is a relationship between insulin-stimulated sugar transport and muscle ATP levels. This supports the proposal that there may be some ATP-dependent reaction(s) involved in the mechanism whereby insulin promotes the process of muscle sugar transport.", "contents": "Permissive effect of ATP on insulin-stimulated sugar transport by rat soleus muscle. The stimulatory effect of insulin (0.1 U/ml) on D-xylose uptake was progressively lost when rat soleus muscles were preincubated at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions for longer than 30 min; after 90 min these muscles were completely insensitive to insulin. This effect was associated with the loss of muscle ATP. When the breakdown of ATP was retarded either by lowering the preincubation temperature or by preincubation with 5 mM glucose, the effect of insulin in anaerobic muscle was correspondingly prolonged. Under certain conditions, externally added ATP promoted an effect of insulin in otherwise insulin-unresponsive muscles. This effect was small in magnitude and was complicated by the degradation of the added ATP in the incubation medium and by the fact that ATP also tended to inhibit insulin-stimulated xylose uptake. These results indicate that there is a relationship between insulin-stimulated sugar transport and muscle ATP levels. This supports the proposal that there may be some ATP-dependent reaction(s) involved in the mechanism whereby insulin promotes the process of muscle sugar transport.", "PMID": 645857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2523", "title": "Effect of modified sham feeding on jejunal transport and pancreatic and biliary secretion in man.", "content": "Because previous evidence suggested that intestinal secretion was under parasympathetic control, we investigated the effect of modified sham feeding on the intestinal transport of water and electrolytes by jejunal perfusion using a triple lumen tube. By measuring the concentration of amylase, protein, and bile acids entering the intestinal test segment, we were also able to obtain data on the influence of sham feeding on pancreatic and biliary secretion. Gastric contents were aspirated throughout the experiment. Although we observed a clear-cut cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, sham feeding had no effect on jejunal transport of water and electrolytes or on the rate at which bile acids, protein, or amylase were secreted into the duodenum.", "contents": "Effect of modified sham feeding on jejunal transport and pancreatic and biliary secretion in man. Because previous evidence suggested that intestinal secretion was under parasympathetic control, we investigated the effect of modified sham feeding on the intestinal transport of water and electrolytes by jejunal perfusion using a triple lumen tube. By measuring the concentration of amylase, protein, and bile acids entering the intestinal test segment, we were also able to obtain data on the influence of sham feeding on pancreatic and biliary secretion. Gastric contents were aspirated throughout the experiment. Although we observed a clear-cut cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, sham feeding had no effect on jejunal transport of water and electrolytes or on the rate at which bile acids, protein, or amylase were secreted into the duodenum.", "PMID": 645858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2524", "title": "Uric acid metabolism in homozygous and heterozygous muscular dystrophic mice.", "content": "The homozygous muscular dystrophic mice (dydy) were found to have significantly higher plasma uric acid than their heterozygous littermate controls (Dydy), and the Swiss albino mice. Because the rate of uric acid excretion did not compensate for the elevated plasma levels, U/P (urine/plasma) urate was lower in dydy mice. With RNA supplement, plasma and urinary urate were increased in both dydy and Dydy mice; again U/P urate was lower in dydy mice. It appears that the dydy mice to a certain extent are comparable to some gouty subjects, whose hyperuricemia is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in urinary uric acid. There was no difference in converting uric acid to allantoin either on basal diet alone or with RNA supplement. Oxonic acid effectively, though transiently, blocked the uricase activity in both dydy and Dydy mice resulting in hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria with decreased allantoin. Uric acid content was increased markedly in the kidney without histological evidence of urate deposition, apparently related to the unsustained effect of oxonic acid, which was rapidly excreted.", "contents": "Uric acid metabolism in homozygous and heterozygous muscular dystrophic mice. The homozygous muscular dystrophic mice (dydy) were found to have significantly higher plasma uric acid than their heterozygous littermate controls (Dydy), and the Swiss albino mice. Because the rate of uric acid excretion did not compensate for the elevated plasma levels, U/P (urine/plasma) urate was lower in dydy mice. With RNA supplement, plasma and urinary urate were increased in both dydy and Dydy mice; again U/P urate was lower in dydy mice. It appears that the dydy mice to a certain extent are comparable to some gouty subjects, whose hyperuricemia is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in urinary uric acid. There was no difference in converting uric acid to allantoin either on basal diet alone or with RNA supplement. Oxonic acid effectively, though transiently, blocked the uricase activity in both dydy and Dydy mice resulting in hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria with decreased allantoin. Uric acid content was increased markedly in the kidney without histological evidence of urate deposition, apparently related to the unsustained effect of oxonic acid, which was rapidly excreted.", "PMID": 645859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2525", "title": "Spike bursts in rabbit oviduct. I. Effect of ovulation.", "content": "Electrical activity of rabbit oviducts was recorded in vitro at 18, 24, and 68 h after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. An array of eight suction electrodes 1-2 mm apart was moved sequentially to cover nearly the whole oviduct. The frequency of spike bursts, pacemaker frequency, percentage of nonpropagating bursts, and probability of propagating in the uterine direction varied steeply within a few millimeters along the oviduct. On the average, spreading was only slightly prouterine. Compared to 18 and 24-h, 68-h oviducts showed higher frequency of activity and longer distances of propagation, particularly in the isthmus. The activity extended to 65.8 and 69.6% of the distance from the fimbriae at 18 and 24 h, respectively, and at 68 h to 70.8% and 84.6% in those oviducts that contained and did not contain ova, respectively. Ova were recovered on the uterine side of the border of activity or in regions in which the percentage of nonpropagating bursts was high or, at 18 and 24 h, in segments containing local regions of inactivity. Apparently, frequency of activity, the degree to which propagation of activity deviates from randomness, and the length of the inactive area regulate the location of ova in the isthmus.", "contents": "Spike bursts in rabbit oviduct. I. Effect of ovulation. Electrical activity of rabbit oviducts was recorded in vitro at 18, 24, and 68 h after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. An array of eight suction electrodes 1-2 mm apart was moved sequentially to cover nearly the whole oviduct. The frequency of spike bursts, pacemaker frequency, percentage of nonpropagating bursts, and probability of propagating in the uterine direction varied steeply within a few millimeters along the oviduct. On the average, spreading was only slightly prouterine. Compared to 18 and 24-h, 68-h oviducts showed higher frequency of activity and longer distances of propagation, particularly in the isthmus. The activity extended to 65.8 and 69.6% of the distance from the fimbriae at 18 and 24 h, respectively, and at 68 h to 70.8% and 84.6% in those oviducts that contained and did not contain ova, respectively. Ova were recovered on the uterine side of the border of activity or in regions in which the percentage of nonpropagating bursts was high or, at 18 and 24 h, in segments containing local regions of inactivity. Apparently, frequency of activity, the degree to which propagation of activity deviates from randomness, and the length of the inactive area regulate the location of ova in the isthmus.", "PMID": 645860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2526", "title": "Spike bursts in rabbit oviduct. II. Effects of estrogen and progesterone.", "content": "Electrical activity of rabbit oviducts was recorded in vitro at 48 h after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), 18 or 24 h after HCG with progesterone pretreatment, and 48 or 68 h after HCG with estrogen treatment 24 or 0 h after HCG, respectively. Frequency of spike bursts, pacemaker frequency, percentage of nonpropagating bursts, and probability of propagating in the uterine direction were obtained. Estrogen treatment decreased frequency of activity; at 48 h distance of propagation was increased and activity extended to 72.4% of the length of the oviduct compared to 65.7% in oviducts removed 48 h after HCG without estrogen. Only the ampullary-isthmic junction was active at 68 h after estrogen and HCG injection. Progesterone increased frequency and imposed a uterine bias, and activity extended to 73.6% of the length of the oviduct. These data support the hypothesis that properties of activity in the active area and the location of the active-inactive border regulate the location of ova in the isthmus of the rabbit oviduct.", "contents": "Spike bursts in rabbit oviduct. II. Effects of estrogen and progesterone. Electrical activity of rabbit oviducts was recorded in vitro at 48 h after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), 18 or 24 h after HCG with progesterone pretreatment, and 48 or 68 h after HCG with estrogen treatment 24 or 0 h after HCG, respectively. Frequency of spike bursts, pacemaker frequency, percentage of nonpropagating bursts, and probability of propagating in the uterine direction were obtained. Estrogen treatment decreased frequency of activity; at 48 h distance of propagation was increased and activity extended to 72.4% of the length of the oviduct compared to 65.7% in oviducts removed 48 h after HCG without estrogen. Only the ampullary-isthmic junction was active at 68 h after estrogen and HCG injection. Progesterone increased frequency and imposed a uterine bias, and activity extended to 73.6% of the length of the oviduct. These data support the hypothesis that properties of activity in the active area and the location of the active-inactive border regulate the location of ova in the isthmus of the rabbit oviduct.", "PMID": 645861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2527", "title": "Renal response of the starling (Sturnus ;ulgaris) to an intravenous salt load.", "content": "Total kidney GFR's, urine flow, inorganic ion excretion, and single nephron glomerular filtration rates (SNGFRs) were evaluated in anesthetized starlings under control conditions (2.5% mannitol infusion) and in starlings subjected to an osmotic stress induced by the intravenous infusion of 5.8% sodium chloride. Under control conditions the GFR was 2.92 ml/kg per min, urine flow 0.20 ml/kg per min, 63% of filtered sodium was reabsorbed, mean mammalian type (MT) SNGFR was 15.6 nl/min, and mean reptilian type (RT) SNGFR was 7.0 nl/min. During osmotic stress the GFR did not change, urine flow increased to 3 times the control level, the percentage of filtered sodium reabsorbed did not change, both the mean MT SNGFR (24.3 nl/min) and the mean RT SNGFR (10.3 nl/min) were significantly higher than the control levels. During the osmotic stress more MT and fewer RT nephrons were filtering than during control conditions. Under control conditions 98.5% of the sodium excreted by the kidney was associated with uric acid. This percentage decreased as the osmotic stress increased. The starlings tended to excrete the osmotic load imposed by the infusion of NaCl to prevent the plasma osmolality from increasing.", "contents": "Renal response of the starling (Sturnus ;ulgaris) to an intravenous salt load. Total kidney GFR's, urine flow, inorganic ion excretion, and single nephron glomerular filtration rates (SNGFRs) were evaluated in anesthetized starlings under control conditions (2.5% mannitol infusion) and in starlings subjected to an osmotic stress induced by the intravenous infusion of 5.8% sodium chloride. Under control conditions the GFR was 2.92 ml/kg per min, urine flow 0.20 ml/kg per min, 63% of filtered sodium was reabsorbed, mean mammalian type (MT) SNGFR was 15.6 nl/min, and mean reptilian type (RT) SNGFR was 7.0 nl/min. During osmotic stress the GFR did not change, urine flow increased to 3 times the control level, the percentage of filtered sodium reabsorbed did not change, both the mean MT SNGFR (24.3 nl/min) and the mean RT SNGFR (10.3 nl/min) were significantly higher than the control levels. During the osmotic stress more MT and fewer RT nephrons were filtering than during control conditions. Under control conditions 98.5% of the sodium excreted by the kidney was associated with uric acid. This percentage decreased as the osmotic stress increased. The starlings tended to excrete the osmotic load imposed by the infusion of NaCl to prevent the plasma osmolality from increasing.", "PMID": 645862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2528", "title": "Characteristics of glucose-phlorizin interactions in isolated proximal tubules.", "content": "Characteristics of phlorizin's interaction with the bidirectional fluxes of glucose were examined using isolated proximal convoluted tubules from the rabbit kidney. Radioisotopic glucose fluxes were determined with artificial perfusates having glucose concentrations of 5-15 mM. Rabbit serum was used as the bath. Phlorizin in intraluminal concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M progressively reduced the lumen-to-bath flux of glucose without affecting the bath-to-lumen flux. At 10(-4) M phlorizin in the lumen, the lumen-to-bath flux decreased from 92.86 +/- 5.71 to 7.83 +/- 3.04 pmol/mm.min (P less than 0.001), with bath-to-lumen fluxes averaging 4.58 +/- 0.58 pmol/mm-min. Similar changes occurred when phlorizin was added to the bath, although concentrations approximately 10-100 times higher were required. Phlorizin 10(-3) M in the bath also reduced the bath-to-lumen glucose flux from 10.20 +/- 3.07 to 7.16 +/- 2.20 pmol/mm.min (P less than 0.05). Phlorizin transport was passive. The kinetics of phlorizin's inhibition of the lumen-to-bath glucose flux were determined by varying the glucose delivery rate over a range of phlorizin concentrations. Phlorizin reduced the maximal glucose transport rate and increased the delivery rate of glucose at which glucose absorption was half maximal. These data indicate that the interaction of phlorizin with proximal renal glucose transport involves elements of both competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.", "contents": "Characteristics of glucose-phlorizin interactions in isolated proximal tubules. Characteristics of phlorizin's interaction with the bidirectional fluxes of glucose were examined using isolated proximal convoluted tubules from the rabbit kidney. Radioisotopic glucose fluxes were determined with artificial perfusates having glucose concentrations of 5-15 mM. Rabbit serum was used as the bath. Phlorizin in intraluminal concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M progressively reduced the lumen-to-bath flux of glucose without affecting the bath-to-lumen flux. At 10(-4) M phlorizin in the lumen, the lumen-to-bath flux decreased from 92.86 +/- 5.71 to 7.83 +/- 3.04 pmol/mm.min (P less than 0.001), with bath-to-lumen fluxes averaging 4.58 +/- 0.58 pmol/mm-min. Similar changes occurred when phlorizin was added to the bath, although concentrations approximately 10-100 times higher were required. Phlorizin 10(-3) M in the bath also reduced the bath-to-lumen glucose flux from 10.20 +/- 3.07 to 7.16 +/- 2.20 pmol/mm.min (P less than 0.05). Phlorizin transport was passive. The kinetics of phlorizin's inhibition of the lumen-to-bath glucose flux were determined by varying the glucose delivery rate over a range of phlorizin concentrations. Phlorizin reduced the maximal glucose transport rate and increased the delivery rate of glucose at which glucose absorption was half maximal. These data indicate that the interaction of phlorizin with proximal renal glucose transport involves elements of both competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.", "PMID": 645863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2529", "title": "Nephron heterogeneity of phosphate reabsorption.", "content": "Previous micropuncture studies in rats have demonstrated that fractional phosphate delivery (FDP%) from superficial distal nephrons is higher than in urine. To determine whether this apparent reabsorption could be accounted for by a lower FDP% from the deep nephrons, FDP% was determined in free-low micropuncture from deep nephrons (DN) (ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the papilla), superficial nephrons (SN) (distal tubules in the cortex), and urine (duct of Bellini). In six acute thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats, FDP% in DN was significantly less than SN. The urinary fractional phosphate excretion (FEP%) was significantly less than in the SN, but not significantly different from the DN. In six chronic TPTX rats, FDP% in DN was significantly less than in SN. The urinary FEP% was significantly less than the FDP% in the SN, and significantly less than the FDP% in the DN, evidence which favors phosphate reabsorption in the terminal nephron. We conclude that in TPTX rats, which are conserving phosphate, deep nephrons reabsorb phosphate more avidly than superficial nephrons.", "contents": "Nephron heterogeneity of phosphate reabsorption. Previous micropuncture studies in rats have demonstrated that fractional phosphate delivery (FDP%) from superficial distal nephrons is higher than in urine. To determine whether this apparent reabsorption could be accounted for by a lower FDP% from the deep nephrons, FDP% was determined in free-low micropuncture from deep nephrons (DN) (ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the papilla), superficial nephrons (SN) (distal tubules in the cortex), and urine (duct of Bellini). In six acute thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats, FDP% in DN was significantly less than SN. The urinary fractional phosphate excretion (FEP%) was significantly less than in the SN, but not significantly different from the DN. In six chronic TPTX rats, FDP% in DN was significantly less than in SN. The urinary FEP% was significantly less than the FDP% in the SN, and significantly less than the FDP% in the DN, evidence which favors phosphate reabsorption in the terminal nephron. We conclude that in TPTX rats, which are conserving phosphate, deep nephrons reabsorb phosphate more avidly than superficial nephrons.", "PMID": 645864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2530", "title": "Influence of steady-state PaCO2 on escape from ADH-induced water retention in the dog.", "content": "The influence of the prevailing PaCO2 on the water-retaining effects of sustained elevations in ADH was assessed by administering vasopressin (5 U in oil, twice daily) and a fixed water intake to dogs with eucapnia (n, 7), chronic hypercapnia (n, 6), and chronic hypocapnia (n, 8). Although water excretion initially fell to a similar extent in all three groups, cumulative water retention by day 4 of vasopressin administration was 77 mg/kg in the hypocapnic group, 46 ml/kg in the eucapnic group, and only 14 ml/kg in the hypercapnic group. These differences were reflected in a marked disparity in the degree of hyposmolality of body fluids, plasma osmolality falling by day 4 to an average value of 223, 237, and 268 mosmol/kg in the hypocapnic, eucapnic, and hypercapnic animals, respectively. In a separate group of dogs, water deprivation and water loading studies revealed that sustained hypercapnia does not affect the maximal concentrating or diluting ability of the kidney. We conclude, therefore, that the striking influence of the prevailing PaCO2 on the water-retaining effects of administered vasopressin cannot be ascribed to an altered responsiveness of the nephron per se, but that this influence reflects an alteration in the ease with which the kidney can escape from the antidiuretic effects of this substance.", "contents": "Influence of steady-state PaCO2 on escape from ADH-induced water retention in the dog. The influence of the prevailing PaCO2 on the water-retaining effects of sustained elevations in ADH was assessed by administering vasopressin (5 U in oil, twice daily) and a fixed water intake to dogs with eucapnia (n, 7), chronic hypercapnia (n, 6), and chronic hypocapnia (n, 8). Although water excretion initially fell to a similar extent in all three groups, cumulative water retention by day 4 of vasopressin administration was 77 mg/kg in the hypocapnic group, 46 ml/kg in the eucapnic group, and only 14 ml/kg in the hypercapnic group. These differences were reflected in a marked disparity in the degree of hyposmolality of body fluids, plasma osmolality falling by day 4 to an average value of 223, 237, and 268 mosmol/kg in the hypocapnic, eucapnic, and hypercapnic animals, respectively. In a separate group of dogs, water deprivation and water loading studies revealed that sustained hypercapnia does not affect the maximal concentrating or diluting ability of the kidney. We conclude, therefore, that the striking influence of the prevailing PaCO2 on the water-retaining effects of administered vasopressin cannot be ascribed to an altered responsiveness of the nephron per se, but that this influence reflects an alteration in the ease with which the kidney can escape from the antidiuretic effects of this substance.", "PMID": 645865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2531", "title": "Effect of SITS on organic anion transport in the rabbit kidney cortical slice.", "content": "The effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene) on the transport of organic ions in the rabbit kidney cortical slice was studied. SITS at a concentration of 10(-4) to 10(-3) M significantly decreased the slice-to-medium (S/M) concentration ratio of the organic anions p-aminohippurate (PAH), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate, but had no significant effect on that of the organic cation tetraethylammonium. The S/M ratio of PAH decreased to 0.52 +/- 0.03 (SE) in the presence of 10(-3) M SITS. The inhibition of PAH uptake caused by SITS was reversed in the presence of 0.5% bovine serum albumin in the medium. SITS at a concentration of 10(-4) M had no significant effect on the efflux of PAH. However, there was a small increase in PAH efflux at a concentration of 10(-3) M SITS. A Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the data indicates that SITS competitively inhibits PAH uptake and that SITS has a Ki value of 2.3 X 10(-4) M. SITS had no effect on the tissue water content, [14C]inulin space, or intracellular Na and K concentrations. It is suggested that the primary effect of SITS is to inhibit the entry of organic anions from the medium into the cell across the basolateral membrane.", "contents": "Effect of SITS on organic anion transport in the rabbit kidney cortical slice. The effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene) on the transport of organic ions in the rabbit kidney cortical slice was studied. SITS at a concentration of 10(-4) to 10(-3) M significantly decreased the slice-to-medium (S/M) concentration ratio of the organic anions p-aminohippurate (PAH), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate, but had no significant effect on that of the organic cation tetraethylammonium. The S/M ratio of PAH decreased to 0.52 +/- 0.03 (SE) in the presence of 10(-3) M SITS. The inhibition of PAH uptake caused by SITS was reversed in the presence of 0.5% bovine serum albumin in the medium. SITS at a concentration of 10(-4) M had no significant effect on the efflux of PAH. However, there was a small increase in PAH efflux at a concentration of 10(-3) M SITS. A Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the data indicates that SITS competitively inhibits PAH uptake and that SITS has a Ki value of 2.3 X 10(-4) M. SITS had no effect on the tissue water content, [14C]inulin space, or intracellular Na and K concentrations. It is suggested that the primary effect of SITS is to inhibit the entry of organic anions from the medium into the cell across the basolateral membrane.", "PMID": 645866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2532", "title": "Phenomenological model relating cell shape to water reabsorption in proximal nephron.", "content": "If the complex pattern of intercellular channels in proximal tubule is determined in part by the forces of large transepithelial water flow, the shape of the cells is an indicator of the type and magnitude of the forces required for water movement and the routes of that flow. To test this thesis, morphologic data and volume flow parameters for rabbit proximal tubule are related generally by a mass balance equation. If the intercellular boundaries are assumed to be highly deformable and to respond to changes in hydrostatic pressure, the solution to that equation is a simple relationship between cell shape and the forces required for water movement. The resulting phenomenological model suggests an important new role for peritubular serum proteins and can be used to compute reasonable values for cell wall hydraulic conductivity, intercellular protein diffusion constant, and a channel fluid osmolality not more than 1% greater than that of luminal fluid. It is concluded that quantitative morphologic studies may serve as a powerful means for evaluating and understanding transport phenomena in the nephron.", "contents": "Phenomenological model relating cell shape to water reabsorption in proximal nephron. If the complex pattern of intercellular channels in proximal tubule is determined in part by the forces of large transepithelial water flow, the shape of the cells is an indicator of the type and magnitude of the forces required for water movement and the routes of that flow. To test this thesis, morphologic data and volume flow parameters for rabbit proximal tubule are related generally by a mass balance equation. If the intercellular boundaries are assumed to be highly deformable and to respond to changes in hydrostatic pressure, the solution to that equation is a simple relationship between cell shape and the forces required for water movement. The resulting phenomenological model suggests an important new role for peritubular serum proteins and can be used to compute reasonable values for cell wall hydraulic conductivity, intercellular protein diffusion constant, and a channel fluid osmolality not more than 1% greater than that of luminal fluid. It is concluded that quantitative morphologic studies may serve as a powerful means for evaluating and understanding transport phenomena in the nephron.", "PMID": 645867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2533", "title": "Effects of constituent amino acids on tubular handling of microinfused angiotensin II.", "content": "[14C]angiotensin II ([14C]AII) was microinjected alone or with excess L-isoleucine (IIe) or L-aspartic acid (Asp) into renal tubules of anesthetized rats. Urinary excretion of 14C-labeled material was measured, and the intact peptide and its metabolites were identified and quantified. When isoleucine was administered with [14C]AII, urinary recovery of the 14C-labeled material increased directly with distance of infusion site from glomerulus, and most of the radioactivity in urine was [14C]Ile. The data suggest that isoleucine interfered with reabsorption of [14C]Ile derived from hydrolysis of [14C]AII and less so with the hydrolysis itself. When aspartic acid was administered with [14C]AII into the proximal 5/6 of the proximal convolution, total urinary recovery of the 14C-labeled material was unchanged, but percentage of recovery as [14C]AII increased; with infusion into the distal 1/6 of the proximal convolution, total urinary recovery of the 14C labele increased. The data suggest that aspartic acid interfered with the enzymatic hydrolysis of [14C]AII and reabsorption of isoleucine. In distal tubules the 14C label was almost completely recovered as intact [14C]AII in all protocols. The results show that free amino acids influence proximal tubular handling of small linear peptides in rats.", "contents": "Effects of constituent amino acids on tubular handling of microinfused angiotensin II. [14C]angiotensin II ([14C]AII) was microinjected alone or with excess L-isoleucine (IIe) or L-aspartic acid (Asp) into renal tubules of anesthetized rats. Urinary excretion of 14C-labeled material was measured, and the intact peptide and its metabolites were identified and quantified. When isoleucine was administered with [14C]AII, urinary recovery of the 14C-labeled material increased directly with distance of infusion site from glomerulus, and most of the radioactivity in urine was [14C]Ile. The data suggest that isoleucine interfered with reabsorption of [14C]Ile derived from hydrolysis of [14C]AII and less so with the hydrolysis itself. When aspartic acid was administered with [14C]AII into the proximal 5/6 of the proximal convolution, total urinary recovery of the 14C-labeled material was unchanged, but percentage of recovery as [14C]AII increased; with infusion into the distal 1/6 of the proximal convolution, total urinary recovery of the 14C labele increased. The data suggest that aspartic acid interfered with the enzymatic hydrolysis of [14C]AII and reabsorption of isoleucine. In distal tubules the 14C label was almost completely recovered as intact [14C]AII in all protocols. The results show that free amino acids influence proximal tubular handling of small linear peptides in rats.", "PMID": 645868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2534", "title": "Volume absorption in the pars recta. II. Hydraulic conductivity coefficient.", "content": "We evaluated the hydraulic conductivity (Pf, micron s-1) of superficial proximal straight tubules isolated from rabbit kidney. Tubules were perfused with hypotonic (270 mosmol/kg H2O) and bathed with isotonic (290 mosmol/kg H2O) NaCl buffers at 25 degrees C. Due to the tendency of transepithelial osmosis plus solute entry to produce osmotic equilibrium along the perfused length, we observed that the total net volume absorption ('JV, nl min-1) increased from 0.64 to 2.21 when the perfusion rate (VO, nl min-1) was increased from 11 to 45 in a group of tubules with an average length of 0.86 mm. From a 'JV of 2.21 nl min-1 at VO = 45 nl min-1 we computed a minimum Pf of 2,200 micron s-1. And extrapolation of the data to VO leads to infinity gave a Pf value of 5,200-7,600 micron s-1. The same perfusion rate dependence of 'JV in a group of tubules with an average length of 3.29 mm gave quantitatively similar results. A theoretical analysis of radial osmosis occurring simultaneously with axial osmotic equilibration showed that Pf values in the range of 3,000-4,000 micron s-1 accurately predicted the observed relations between VO, 'JV, and tubule length.", "contents": "Volume absorption in the pars recta. II. Hydraulic conductivity coefficient. We evaluated the hydraulic conductivity (Pf, micron s-1) of superficial proximal straight tubules isolated from rabbit kidney. Tubules were perfused with hypotonic (270 mosmol/kg H2O) and bathed with isotonic (290 mosmol/kg H2O) NaCl buffers at 25 degrees C. Due to the tendency of transepithelial osmosis plus solute entry to produce osmotic equilibrium along the perfused length, we observed that the total net volume absorption ('JV, nl min-1) increased from 0.64 to 2.21 when the perfusion rate (VO, nl min-1) was increased from 11 to 45 in a group of tubules with an average length of 0.86 mm. From a 'JV of 2.21 nl min-1 at VO = 45 nl min-1 we computed a minimum Pf of 2,200 micron s-1. And extrapolation of the data to VO leads to infinity gave a Pf value of 5,200-7,600 micron s-1. The same perfusion rate dependence of 'JV in a group of tubules with an average length of 3.29 mm gave quantitatively similar results. A theoretical analysis of radial osmosis occurring simultaneously with axial osmotic equilibration showed that Pf values in the range of 3,000-4,000 micron s-1 accurately predicted the observed relations between VO, 'JV, and tubule length.", "PMID": 645869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2535", "title": "Volume absorption in the pars recta. III. Luminal hypotonicity as a driving force for isotonic volume absorption.", "content": "This paper examines the possibility that osmotic disequilibrium between luminal and bathing solutions may account for isotonic fluid absorption coupled to active Na+ absorption observed when superficial proximal straight tubules isolated from rabbit kidney are perfused and bathed with NaCl solutions in the absence of CO2, HCO3-, and luminal organic solutes. If luminal hypotonicity provides a driving force for isotonic fluid absorption under these conditions, the luminal fluid must be nearly isotonic; and steady-state luminal hypotonicity should develop sufficiently rapidly that the absolute rate of volume absorption ('JV, nl min-1) coupled to active Na+ transport is relatively independent of perfusion rate, so that the normalized rate of fluid absorption (JV, nl min-1 mm-1) is approximately constant. Our theoretical calculations indicate that these expectations are fulfilled. A 0.42-0.56 mM reduction in luminal NaCl concentration adequately accounts for the JV observed under such conditions, because of the high hydraulic conductivity of these tubules; and within the range of tubule lengths normally employed with isolated proximal straight tubules, JV is relatively indepedent of perfusion rate within the generally observed range of experimental error.", "contents": "Volume absorption in the pars recta. III. Luminal hypotonicity as a driving force for isotonic volume absorption. This paper examines the possibility that osmotic disequilibrium between luminal and bathing solutions may account for isotonic fluid absorption coupled to active Na+ absorption observed when superficial proximal straight tubules isolated from rabbit kidney are perfused and bathed with NaCl solutions in the absence of CO2, HCO3-, and luminal organic solutes. If luminal hypotonicity provides a driving force for isotonic fluid absorption under these conditions, the luminal fluid must be nearly isotonic; and steady-state luminal hypotonicity should develop sufficiently rapidly that the absolute rate of volume absorption ('JV, nl min-1) coupled to active Na+ transport is relatively independent of perfusion rate, so that the normalized rate of fluid absorption (JV, nl min-1 mm-1) is approximately constant. Our theoretical calculations indicate that these expectations are fulfilled. A 0.42-0.56 mM reduction in luminal NaCl concentration adequately accounts for the JV observed under such conditions, because of the high hydraulic conductivity of these tubules; and within the range of tubule lengths normally employed with isolated proximal straight tubules, JV is relatively indepedent of perfusion rate within the generally observed range of experimental error.", "PMID": 645870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2536", "title": "Low-grade intravascular coagulation and reticuloendothelial function.", "content": "The present study evaluated the influence of experimentally produced intravascular coagulation on reticuloendothelial (RE) stability. Intravascular coagulation was initiated by the intraperitoneal injection of bovine thrombin (500 U/100 g body wt) into male rats. RE function was evaluated by the vascular clearance of an 131I-labeled RE test colloid. Thrombin injection resulted in a transient (0.5-2 h) (P less than .05) depression of the phagocytic index (K) with maximal depression at 1 h postthrombin challenge. The phagocytic index was unaltered after injection of saline or heat-inactivated thrombin. Vascular clearance depression was primarily due to a 37% decrease (P less than .001) in hepatic Kupffer cell colloid clearance and was associated with increments in lung (82%) and marrow (100%) colloid localization with no splenic alterations. While intravascular coagulation was associated with decreased hepatic blood flow at 30 min and 120 min, sinusoidal flow was normal during maximum RE impairment at 60 min. The in vivo clearance depression was not reflected as an intrinsic Kupffer cellular deficit when evaluated in an in vitro system. The results indicate a transient RE dysfunction during intravascular coagulation, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Low-grade intravascular coagulation and reticuloendothelial function. The present study evaluated the influence of experimentally produced intravascular coagulation on reticuloendothelial (RE) stability. Intravascular coagulation was initiated by the intraperitoneal injection of bovine thrombin (500 U/100 g body wt) into male rats. RE function was evaluated by the vascular clearance of an 131I-labeled RE test colloid. Thrombin injection resulted in a transient (0.5-2 h) (P less than .05) depression of the phagocytic index (K) with maximal depression at 1 h postthrombin challenge. The phagocytic index was unaltered after injection of saline or heat-inactivated thrombin. Vascular clearance depression was primarily due to a 37% decrease (P less than .001) in hepatic Kupffer cell colloid clearance and was associated with increments in lung (82%) and marrow (100%) colloid localization with no splenic alterations. While intravascular coagulation was associated with decreased hepatic blood flow at 30 min and 120 min, sinusoidal flow was normal during maximum RE impairment at 60 min. The in vivo clearance depression was not reflected as an intrinsic Kupffer cellular deficit when evaluated in an in vitro system. The results indicate a transient RE dysfunction during intravascular coagulation, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 645871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2537", "title": "Extent of utilization of the Frank-Starling mechanism in conscious dogs.", "content": "The extent to which an increase in preload increases left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic (ED) diameter (D) was studied in seven conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic D transducers and miniature LV pressure (P) gauges. Preload was elevated by three techniques: 1) volume loading with saline infusion, 2) induction of global myocardial ischemia by constricting the left main coronary artery, and 3) infusion of methoxamine. These three interventions increased LVEDP to over 30 mmHg from a control of 10 +/- 1 mmHg. With volume loading, LVEDD rose by only 1.55 +/- 0.39 mm from a control of 44.08 +/- 1.08 mm; with ischemia LVEDD rose by only .96 +/- .29 mm from a control of 42.55 +/- 2.18 mm, while with methoxamine LVEDD rose by only 1.34 +/- 0.38 mm from a control of 43.89 +/- 2.07 mm. In contrast, in the open-chest, anesthetized dog, LVEDD was greatly reduced and volume expansion resulted in a profound increase in LVEDD. Thus, the Frank-Starling mechanism is not an important controlling mechanism in the normal, reclining, conscious animal, since LVEDD appears to be near maximal at rest and does not increase substantially despite striking increases in LVEDP.", "contents": "Extent of utilization of the Frank-Starling mechanism in conscious dogs. The extent to which an increase in preload increases left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic (ED) diameter (D) was studied in seven conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic D transducers and miniature LV pressure (P) gauges. Preload was elevated by three techniques: 1) volume loading with saline infusion, 2) induction of global myocardial ischemia by constricting the left main coronary artery, and 3) infusion of methoxamine. These three interventions increased LVEDP to over 30 mmHg from a control of 10 +/- 1 mmHg. With volume loading, LVEDD rose by only 1.55 +/- 0.39 mm from a control of 44.08 +/- 1.08 mm; with ischemia LVEDD rose by only .96 +/- .29 mm from a control of 42.55 +/- 2.18 mm, while with methoxamine LVEDD rose by only 1.34 +/- 0.38 mm from a control of 43.89 +/- 2.07 mm. In contrast, in the open-chest, anesthetized dog, LVEDD was greatly reduced and volume expansion resulted in a profound increase in LVEDD. Thus, the Frank-Starling mechanism is not an important controlling mechanism in the normal, reclining, conscious animal, since LVEDD appears to be near maximal at rest and does not increase substantially despite striking increases in LVEDP.", "PMID": 645872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2538", "title": "Responses of cerebral arteries and arterioles to acute hypotension and hypertension.", "content": "The responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to changes in arterial blood pressure were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Vessel responses were found to be size dependent. Between mean arterial pressures of 110 and 160 mmHg autoregulatory adjustments in caliber, e.g., constriction when the pressure rose and dilation when the pressure decreased, occurred only in vessels larger than 200 micron in diameter. Small arterioles, less than 100 micron in diameter, dilated only at pressures equal to or less than 90 mmHg; below 70 mmHg their dilation exceeded that of the larger vessels. When pressure rose to 170- 200 mmHg, small vessels dilated while the larger vessels remained constricted. At very high pressures (greater than 200 mmHg) forced dilation was frequently irreversible and was accompanied by loss of responsiveness to hypocapnia. Measurement of the pressure differences across various segments of the cerebral vascular bed showed that the larger surface cerebral vessels, extending from the circle of Willis to pial arteries 200 micron in diameter, were primarily responsible for the adjustments in flow over most of the pressure range.", "contents": "Responses of cerebral arteries and arterioles to acute hypotension and hypertension. The responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to changes in arterial blood pressure were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Vessel responses were found to be size dependent. Between mean arterial pressures of 110 and 160 mmHg autoregulatory adjustments in caliber, e.g., constriction when the pressure rose and dilation when the pressure decreased, occurred only in vessels larger than 200 micron in diameter. Small arterioles, less than 100 micron in diameter, dilated only at pressures equal to or less than 90 mmHg; below 70 mmHg their dilation exceeded that of the larger vessels. When pressure rose to 170- 200 mmHg, small vessels dilated while the larger vessels remained constricted. At very high pressures (greater than 200 mmHg) forced dilation was frequently irreversible and was accompanied by loss of responsiveness to hypocapnia. Measurement of the pressure differences across various segments of the cerebral vascular bed showed that the larger surface cerebral vessels, extending from the circle of Willis to pial arteries 200 micron in diameter, were primarily responsible for the adjustments in flow over most of the pressure range.", "PMID": 645875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2539", "title": "Neural control of nutritional and nonnutritional circuits in the dog hindpaw.", "content": "The neural control of blood flow and volume distribution between parallel nutritional and nonnutritional circuits has been investigated in the vascularly and neurally isolated dog hindpaw. Twelve paws were perfused by controlled pressure and ten paws were perfused by controlled flow via the cranial tibial artery. Venous outflow was measured and collected from the lateral saphenous vein. The superficial and deep fibular nerves and the tibial nerve were cut and individually stimulated, resulting in rates which at least doubled the blood flow resistance. Vascular volume changes were measured by injections of 51Cr-labeled red cells and 131I-labeled albumin. Tissue volume changes were measured by plethysmography. Capillary diffusion capacity was calculated from 86Rb extractions, and capillary filtration coefficients were determined. Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve stimulations apparently resulted in nonnutritional circuit constriction with resulting blood flow redistribution to nutritional circuits, possibly located in tissues other than the skin, e.g., adipose tissue. Tibial nerve stimulation caused no redistribution of blood flow between the two circuits presumably due to a uniform constriction of arteries and small vessel segments.", "contents": "Neural control of nutritional and nonnutritional circuits in the dog hindpaw. The neural control of blood flow and volume distribution between parallel nutritional and nonnutritional circuits has been investigated in the vascularly and neurally isolated dog hindpaw. Twelve paws were perfused by controlled pressure and ten paws were perfused by controlled flow via the cranial tibial artery. Venous outflow was measured and collected from the lateral saphenous vein. The superficial and deep fibular nerves and the tibial nerve were cut and individually stimulated, resulting in rates which at least doubled the blood flow resistance. Vascular volume changes were measured by injections of 51Cr-labeled red cells and 131I-labeled albumin. Tissue volume changes were measured by plethysmography. Capillary diffusion capacity was calculated from 86Rb extractions, and capillary filtration coefficients were determined. Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve stimulations apparently resulted in nonnutritional circuit constriction with resulting blood flow redistribution to nutritional circuits, possibly located in tissues other than the skin, e.g., adipose tissue. Tibial nerve stimulation caused no redistribution of blood flow between the two circuits presumably due to a uniform constriction of arteries and small vessel segments.", "PMID": 645876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2540", "title": "Comparison of left ventricular free wall and septal diastolic compliance in the dog.", "content": "Septal to free wall dimensions are frequently employed for the analysis of diastolic compliance. However, the diastolic properties of these anatomically distinct regions of left ventricle are not well characterized. Regional compliance was studied in eight open-chest anesthetized dogs. Pairs of 2-mm-diameter piezoelectric crystals were implanted in the left ventricular free wall or septum 1.38 +/- 0.06 cm apart at a midwall location 58% +/- 1.9 of the left ventricular endocardial-epicardial or left ventricular endocardial-right ventricular endocardial distance. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was increased from an average of 8.1-21.0 mmHg, with a resulting average maximum end-diastolic strain of 11% (end-diastolic (ED) segment length/control ED length). Regional stiffness was assessed at all sites based on the relationship between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and regional strain. Neither strain nor calculated stiffness coefficients differed significantly among the three sites. Septal transmural pressure (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure--right ventricular end-diastolic pressure) was nearly constant as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased during volume infusion and thus did not account for the observed septal strain.", "contents": "Comparison of left ventricular free wall and septal diastolic compliance in the dog. Septal to free wall dimensions are frequently employed for the analysis of diastolic compliance. However, the diastolic properties of these anatomically distinct regions of left ventricle are not well characterized. Regional compliance was studied in eight open-chest anesthetized dogs. Pairs of 2-mm-diameter piezoelectric crystals were implanted in the left ventricular free wall or septum 1.38 +/- 0.06 cm apart at a midwall location 58% +/- 1.9 of the left ventricular endocardial-epicardial or left ventricular endocardial-right ventricular endocardial distance. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was increased from an average of 8.1-21.0 mmHg, with a resulting average maximum end-diastolic strain of 11% (end-diastolic (ED) segment length/control ED length). Regional stiffness was assessed at all sites based on the relationship between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and regional strain. Neither strain nor calculated stiffness coefficients differed significantly among the three sites. Septal transmural pressure (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure--right ventricular end-diastolic pressure) was nearly constant as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased during volume infusion and thus did not account for the observed septal strain.", "PMID": 645877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2541", "title": "Mechanical responses of isolated dog cerebral arteries to reduction of external K, Na, and Cl.", "content": "Reduction of the extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]0) caused a significant contraction in helical strips of dog cerebral arteries, but only a slight contraction, or none, in peripheral (coronary, mesenteric, renal, and femoral) arteries. The cerebroarterial contraction was abolished by treatment with ouabain or by substitution of Li+ for Na+, and suppressed by exposure to Ca2+-free media or verapamil. When one-half of the NaCl of the bathing solution was substituted with choline chloride a moderate, sustained contraction was produced in cerebral and peripheral arteries. Ouabain potentiated this contraction, whereas exposure to Ca2+-free media abolished it. Substitution of Na propionate, NaI, or Na acetylglycinate for one-half of the NaCl elicited a marked, transient contraction in only the cerebral arteries. This contractile response was potentiated by ouabain and markedly attenuated by exposure to Ca2+-free media. It may thus be concluded that cerebroarterial contractions induced by a reduction in [K+]0 are due to inhibition of the electrogenic Na+ pump, which results in depolarization of smooth muscle cells. Substitution of Cl- with less permeant anions appears to produce cerebroarterial contraction in association with depolarization of smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Mechanical responses of isolated dog cerebral arteries to reduction of external K, Na, and Cl. Reduction of the extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]0) caused a significant contraction in helical strips of dog cerebral arteries, but only a slight contraction, or none, in peripheral (coronary, mesenteric, renal, and femoral) arteries. The cerebroarterial contraction was abolished by treatment with ouabain or by substitution of Li+ for Na+, and suppressed by exposure to Ca2+-free media or verapamil. When one-half of the NaCl of the bathing solution was substituted with choline chloride a moderate, sustained contraction was produced in cerebral and peripheral arteries. Ouabain potentiated this contraction, whereas exposure to Ca2+-free media abolished it. Substitution of Na propionate, NaI, or Na acetylglycinate for one-half of the NaCl elicited a marked, transient contraction in only the cerebral arteries. This contractile response was potentiated by ouabain and markedly attenuated by exposure to Ca2+-free media. It may thus be concluded that cerebroarterial contractions induced by a reduction in [K+]0 are due to inhibition of the electrogenic Na+ pump, which results in depolarization of smooth muscle cells. Substitution of Cl- with less permeant anions appears to produce cerebroarterial contraction in association with depolarization of smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 645879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2542", "title": "Progressive postnatal changes in sinus node response to atropine and propranolol.", "content": "Postnatal development of autonomic control of heart rate was evaluated in the sinus nodes of isolated, perfused right atria obtained from 21 sibling puppies in three different litters between 3 and 11 wk postpartum. Age-related changes in response to autonomic blockade indicated that propranolol administered after atropine had its most profound direct depressive effect on less mature atrial cells. In the youngest sinus nodes the familial antimuscarinic action (increase in sinus rate) of atropine was regularly preceded by a brief period of cholinomimetic action (a marked slowing of sinus rate) in the youngest sinus nodes. These two opposing effects of atropine underwent a developmental change during the 2-mo study. The cholinomimetic action diminished, whereas the antimuscarinic action increased as a function of age.", "contents": "Progressive postnatal changes in sinus node response to atropine and propranolol. Postnatal development of autonomic control of heart rate was evaluated in the sinus nodes of isolated, perfused right atria obtained from 21 sibling puppies in three different litters between 3 and 11 wk postpartum. Age-related changes in response to autonomic blockade indicated that propranolol administered after atropine had its most profound direct depressive effect on less mature atrial cells. In the youngest sinus nodes the familial antimuscarinic action (increase in sinus rate) of atropine was regularly preceded by a brief period of cholinomimetic action (a marked slowing of sinus rate) in the youngest sinus nodes. These two opposing effects of atropine underwent a developmental change during the 2-mo study. The cholinomimetic action diminished, whereas the antimuscarinic action increased as a function of age.", "PMID": 645880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2543", "title": "Diastolic stress-strain relation of nonexcised blood-perfused canine papillary muscle.", "content": "We studied diastolic stiffness of 10 coronary-perfused twitching papillary muscles of the canine right ventricle. The muscle beat at a regular sinus rhythm of 122 +/- 20 (SD) beats/min at 37 degrees C. They were stretched slowly at a constant rate. Diastolic force increased exponentially with the stretch. Calculating Lagrangian stress (sigma) and strain (epsilon) from diastolic force and length, we found a linear relationship between ln sigma and epsilon within the physiological range of strain (0.025 less than epsilon less than 0.4). This indicates that the diastolic stress-strain relationship of the canine papillary muscle can be approximated by a single exponential curve: sigma = a.exp(b.epsilon). The mean +/- SD of the stiffness constant b was 18.0 +/- 3.2 (dimensionless). Our b values are comparable to those of dogs and human subjects, either indirectly assessed from the ventricular pressure-volume relationship or directly obtained in excised quiescent muscle specimens. Different coronary perfusion pressures (75-125 mmHg) in 10 muscles showed a statistically significant positive correlation to b values.", "contents": "Diastolic stress-strain relation of nonexcised blood-perfused canine papillary muscle. We studied diastolic stiffness of 10 coronary-perfused twitching papillary muscles of the canine right ventricle. The muscle beat at a regular sinus rhythm of 122 +/- 20 (SD) beats/min at 37 degrees C. They were stretched slowly at a constant rate. Diastolic force increased exponentially with the stretch. Calculating Lagrangian stress (sigma) and strain (epsilon) from diastolic force and length, we found a linear relationship between ln sigma and epsilon within the physiological range of strain (0.025 less than epsilon less than 0.4). This indicates that the diastolic stress-strain relationship of the canine papillary muscle can be approximated by a single exponential curve: sigma = a.exp(b.epsilon). The mean +/- SD of the stiffness constant b was 18.0 +/- 3.2 (dimensionless). Our b values are comparable to those of dogs and human subjects, either indirectly assessed from the ventricular pressure-volume relationship or directly obtained in excised quiescent muscle specimens. Different coronary perfusion pressures (75-125 mmHg) in 10 muscles showed a statistically significant positive correlation to b values.", "PMID": 645881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2544", "title": "Increased contractile potential of papillary muscles from exercise-trained rat hearts.", "content": "Female rats (n = 24) swam 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for over 6 wk. Training increased both wet and dry weight of ventricles 15% above control. The active length-tension curve for trained left ventricular papillary muscles (LVPM) was elevated, with maximum tension (Tmax) at optimal length 37% higher than that of untrained LVPM. Training did not alter passive length-tension, time-to-peak tension (TPT), or half-relaxation time (1/2RT). The maximum rate of tension development (dT/dt), however, was increased 22% by training. The force-velocity curve of trained LVPM was shifted upward; both estimated Vmax and the minimum isometric load where shortening equals zero were greater than control. Exogenous isoproterenol (5.8 nM) did not affect Tmax but significantly decreased TPT and 1/2RT to the same extent for both groups of muscles. Maximum dT/dt was increased to a greater extent by isoproterenol for trained LVPM. These findings indicate hearts hypertrophied by exercise have an increased contractile potential per unit of myocardial mass.", "contents": "Increased contractile potential of papillary muscles from exercise-trained rat hearts. Female rats (n = 24) swam 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for over 6 wk. Training increased both wet and dry weight of ventricles 15% above control. The active length-tension curve for trained left ventricular papillary muscles (LVPM) was elevated, with maximum tension (Tmax) at optimal length 37% higher than that of untrained LVPM. Training did not alter passive length-tension, time-to-peak tension (TPT), or half-relaxation time (1/2RT). The maximum rate of tension development (dT/dt), however, was increased 22% by training. The force-velocity curve of trained LVPM was shifted upward; both estimated Vmax and the minimum isometric load where shortening equals zero were greater than control. Exogenous isoproterenol (5.8 nM) did not affect Tmax but significantly decreased TPT and 1/2RT to the same extent for both groups of muscles. Maximum dT/dt was increased to a greater extent by isoproterenol for trained LVPM. These findings indicate hearts hypertrophied by exercise have an increased contractile potential per unit of myocardial mass.", "PMID": 645882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2545", "title": "Hypotensive effect of [Sar1,Thr8]angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive sodium-depleted rats.", "content": "Under inactin anesthesia, intravenous infusion of [Sar1,Thr8]angiotensin II produced a hypotensive effect in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) treated with furosemide and in mature SH rats fed a low-sodium diet. The angiotensin antagonist also lowered blood pressure of young and mature SH rats receiving a normal diet. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) plus saline reversed the hypotensive effect of [Saru,Thr8]angiotensin II in young SH rats, but did not do so in mature SH rats. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was not significantly changed by anesthesia. Furosemide or the low-sodium diet significantly increased PRA in young and mature SH rats. In contrast, DOCA plus saline significantly reduced PRA in both young and mature SH rats. However, there was no correlation between PRA and the action of the angiotensin II antagonist. These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in genetic hypertension.", "contents": "Hypotensive effect of [Sar1,Thr8]angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive sodium-depleted rats. Under inactin anesthesia, intravenous infusion of [Sar1,Thr8]angiotensin II produced a hypotensive effect in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) treated with furosemide and in mature SH rats fed a low-sodium diet. The angiotensin antagonist also lowered blood pressure of young and mature SH rats receiving a normal diet. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) plus saline reversed the hypotensive effect of [Saru,Thr8]angiotensin II in young SH rats, but did not do so in mature SH rats. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was not significantly changed by anesthesia. Furosemide or the low-sodium diet significantly increased PRA in young and mature SH rats. In contrast, DOCA plus saline significantly reduced PRA in both young and mature SH rats. However, there was no correlation between PRA and the action of the angiotensin II antagonist. These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in genetic hypertension.", "PMID": 645884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2546", "title": "Gonadal hormones and pathogenesis of occlusive arterial thrombosis.", "content": "Arterial thrombus formation was induced in male and female Wistar rats (3 mo) by inserting a loop-shaped polyethylene cannula into the abdominal aorta. Thrombogenesis was also induced in mature male and female New Zealand rabbits by constriction of the femoral artery and injection of ellagic acid. The criteria for thrombus development in the cannulated rats were: incidence of thrombosis (IT), obstruction time (OT), and thrombus weight (TW). We observed a significant sex difference in all these criteria of thrombogenesis in both rats and rabbits. Pretreatment of either sex with Depo-testosterone shortened OT, increased TW about fivefold in males and threefold in females, and increased mortality rate (MR) more than fourfold in both sexes. Prolonged pretreatment with Depo-testosterone increased in all aspects of thrombogenesis. Depo-estradiol had marginal ameliorating effects in male rats only. Both the antiandrogen Flutamide, and aspirin, significantly decreased the thrombogenic effects of testosterone. Thus, testosterone may be a significant risk factor in experimentally induced thrombogenesis in rats and rabbits.", "contents": "Gonadal hormones and pathogenesis of occlusive arterial thrombosis. Arterial thrombus formation was induced in male and female Wistar rats (3 mo) by inserting a loop-shaped polyethylene cannula into the abdominal aorta. Thrombogenesis was also induced in mature male and female New Zealand rabbits by constriction of the femoral artery and injection of ellagic acid. The criteria for thrombus development in the cannulated rats were: incidence of thrombosis (IT), obstruction time (OT), and thrombus weight (TW). We observed a significant sex difference in all these criteria of thrombogenesis in both rats and rabbits. Pretreatment of either sex with Depo-testosterone shortened OT, increased TW about fivefold in males and threefold in females, and increased mortality rate (MR) more than fourfold in both sexes. Prolonged pretreatment with Depo-testosterone increased in all aspects of thrombogenesis. Depo-estradiol had marginal ameliorating effects in male rats only. Both the antiandrogen Flutamide, and aspirin, significantly decreased the thrombogenic effects of testosterone. Thus, testosterone may be a significant risk factor in experimentally induced thrombogenesis in rats and rabbits.", "PMID": 645885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2547", "title": "Role of sodium in strophanthidin toxicity of Purkinje fibers.", "content": "The action of strophanthidin on the membrane potentials and contractile force of canine Purkinje fibers was studied in vitro. Purkinje fibers were exposed to strophanthidin (10(-6) M) until spontaneous fast discharge occurred. In Tyrode solution, strophanthidin increased and subsequently decreased (\"mechanical toxicity\") contractile force. The onset of spontaneous rhythms (\"electrical toxicity\") usually occurred when force was declining. In low-Na Tyrode (-71 mM NaCl), force increased: on exposure to strophanthidin, mechanical toxicity occurred sooner and electrical toxicity later. In low-Na low-Ca Tyrode, electrical toxicity developed sooner than in low-Na Tyrode. In high-Na Tyrode (+27 mM NaCl), force increased, and the time to electrical and mechanical toxicities was decreased. Increasing osmolarity (+54 mosM) with either sucrose or choline chloride increased force and shortened the time to the onset of strophanthidin toxicities. In the presence of arrhythmias, lowering [Na]o decreased transient oscillations and led to disappearance of arrhythmias. It is concluded that Na plays a role in strophanthidin-induced electrical toxicity, whereas Ca appears more important for mechanical toxicity.", "contents": "Role of sodium in strophanthidin toxicity of Purkinje fibers. The action of strophanthidin on the membrane potentials and contractile force of canine Purkinje fibers was studied in vitro. Purkinje fibers were exposed to strophanthidin (10(-6) M) until spontaneous fast discharge occurred. In Tyrode solution, strophanthidin increased and subsequently decreased (\"mechanical toxicity\") contractile force. The onset of spontaneous rhythms (\"electrical toxicity\") usually occurred when force was declining. In low-Na Tyrode (-71 mM NaCl), force increased: on exposure to strophanthidin, mechanical toxicity occurred sooner and electrical toxicity later. In low-Na low-Ca Tyrode, electrical toxicity developed sooner than in low-Na Tyrode. In high-Na Tyrode (+27 mM NaCl), force increased, and the time to electrical and mechanical toxicities was decreased. Increasing osmolarity (+54 mosM) with either sucrose or choline chloride increased force and shortened the time to the onset of strophanthidin toxicities. In the presence of arrhythmias, lowering [Na]o decreased transient oscillations and led to disappearance of arrhythmias. It is concluded that Na plays a role in strophanthidin-induced electrical toxicity, whereas Ca appears more important for mechanical toxicity.", "PMID": 645886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2548", "title": "Quantitation of collateral and ischemic flows with microspheres and diffusible indicator.", "content": "Flow to myocardium following coronary occlusion may not originate solely from collateral channels. Some flow might be derived from overlapping coronary arteries which also perfuse tissue within the territory of the obstructed vessel prior to occlusion. Left atrial microsphere injection during perfusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery from a special reservoir containing microsphere-free blood and again after LAD occlusion permitted measurement of noncollateral overlap and total ischemic LAD (TIF) flows, respectively, and mathematical derivation of true collateral flow (TCF). Whereas TIF averaged 0.25 +/- 0.03 ml/min per g, TCF was 0.14 +/- 0.03 ml/min per g, only 50.6% of TIF. The remainder of the TIF represented either inadvertant inclusion of normally perfused tissue with the ischemic LAD myocardium or actual overlap of LAD and left circumflex circulations. 86RbCl was injected simultaneously with the microspheres following coronary occlusion. 86Rb and microsphere densities in the whole heart and ischemic area were closely correlated, although microsphere distribution tended to be more heterogeneous. No segment of ischemic myocardium containing 86Rb was free of microspheres. Therefore, the geometry of undeveloped collateral channels is adequate to permit passage of 15-micron particles. Absolute 86Rb flows were consistently less than microsphere flows.", "contents": "Quantitation of collateral and ischemic flows with microspheres and diffusible indicator. Flow to myocardium following coronary occlusion may not originate solely from collateral channels. Some flow might be derived from overlapping coronary arteries which also perfuse tissue within the territory of the obstructed vessel prior to occlusion. Left atrial microsphere injection during perfusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery from a special reservoir containing microsphere-free blood and again after LAD occlusion permitted measurement of noncollateral overlap and total ischemic LAD (TIF) flows, respectively, and mathematical derivation of true collateral flow (TCF). Whereas TIF averaged 0.25 +/- 0.03 ml/min per g, TCF was 0.14 +/- 0.03 ml/min per g, only 50.6% of TIF. The remainder of the TIF represented either inadvertant inclusion of normally perfused tissue with the ischemic LAD myocardium or actual overlap of LAD and left circumflex circulations. 86RbCl was injected simultaneously with the microspheres following coronary occlusion. 86Rb and microsphere densities in the whole heart and ischemic area were closely correlated, although microsphere distribution tended to be more heterogeneous. No segment of ischemic myocardium containing 86Rb was free of microspheres. Therefore, the geometry of undeveloped collateral channels is adequate to permit passage of 15-micron particles. Absolute 86Rb flows were consistently less than microsphere flows.", "PMID": 645887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2549", "title": "Effect of lanthanum and reduced temperature on 45Ca efflux from rabbit aorta.", "content": "The ability of lanthanum (La3+) to block calcium efflux from smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta has been examined. La3+ promotes the very early phase of 45Ca efflux, which is extracellular in origin, and partially inhibits the latter, cellular portion. Stimulation of 45Ca efflux caused by the release of intracellular 45Ca with either 10(-4) M dinitrophenol or 10 mM caffeine was not reduced by pretreatment with 10 mM La for 40 min, whereas stimulation due to norepinephrine was abolished. It was concluded that during the use of the \"La method\" for measuring cellular 45Ca there is an underestimation due to unblocked 45Ca loss. This loss can be reduced by processing tissue at 2 degrees C, which inhibits transport processes. The time course of 45Ca uptake and the stimulation of uptake by high K+ are qualitatively but not quantitatively similar if tissues are washed at 37 and 2 degrees C. Tissues washed in La3+ at 2 degrees C for 60 min retain approximately double the cellular 45Ca of those washed at 37 degrees C. This methodology provides an improved correlation between estimates of cellular calcium derived from 45Ca uptake and 45Ca efflux experiments.", "contents": "Effect of lanthanum and reduced temperature on 45Ca efflux from rabbit aorta. The ability of lanthanum (La3+) to block calcium efflux from smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta has been examined. La3+ promotes the very early phase of 45Ca efflux, which is extracellular in origin, and partially inhibits the latter, cellular portion. Stimulation of 45Ca efflux caused by the release of intracellular 45Ca with either 10(-4) M dinitrophenol or 10 mM caffeine was not reduced by pretreatment with 10 mM La for 40 min, whereas stimulation due to norepinephrine was abolished. It was concluded that during the use of the \"La method\" for measuring cellular 45Ca there is an underestimation due to unblocked 45Ca loss. This loss can be reduced by processing tissue at 2 degrees C, which inhibits transport processes. The time course of 45Ca uptake and the stimulation of uptake by high K+ are qualitatively but not quantitatively similar if tissues are washed at 37 and 2 degrees C. Tissues washed in La3+ at 2 degrees C for 60 min retain approximately double the cellular 45Ca of those washed at 37 degrees C. This methodology provides an improved correlation between estimates of cellular calcium derived from 45Ca uptake and 45Ca efflux experiments.", "PMID": 645888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2550", "title": "A mechanism for minimizing temperature effects on repetitive firing frequency.", "content": "The magnitudes and time courses of conductance changes in molluscan neurons show marked temperature dependence. Interestingly, though, the relationship between repetitive firing frequency  and stimulus current is not greatly affected by moderated temperature changes (6-8 degrees C). The transient potassium current, IA, is largely reponsible for the interspike voltage trajectory, hence, repetitive interval, in molluscan neurons. It is shown in this study that temperature dependencies of the rate constants and magnitude of the IA system are balanced in such a way that the observed temperature insensitivity of the repetitive response is predicted.", "contents": "A mechanism for minimizing temperature effects on repetitive firing frequency. The magnitudes and time courses of conductance changes in molluscan neurons show marked temperature dependence. Interestingly, though, the relationship between repetitive firing frequency  and stimulus current is not greatly affected by moderated temperature changes (6-8 degrees C). The transient potassium current, IA, is largely reponsible for the interspike voltage trajectory, hence, repetitive interval, in molluscan neurons. It is shown in this study that temperature dependencies of the rate constants and magnitude of the IA system are balanced in such a way that the observed temperature insensitivity of the repetitive response is predicted.", "PMID": 645890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2551", "title": "Inhibition of mammary gland lactose secretion by colchicine and vincristine.", "content": "The possible role of microtubules in milk production was examined in mammary gland slices from lactating guinea pigs. Colchicine, 10(-5)-10(-4) M, depressed lactose secretion within 15 min, maintaining maximal inhibition over 2.5 h, accompanied by retention of lactose within the slices. In colchicine dose-response studies (2 h, 10(-8)-10(-5) M), secretion was depressed 22% by 10(-5) M, whereas tissue lactose increased with dose up to +25% at 10(-5) M. Lactose synthesis was inhibited 3-19% without correlation to colchicine concentration. In another study, incubation with 10(-5) M lumicolchicine yielded one-third less inhibition of secretion than 10(-5) M colchicine with no increase in tissue lactose. Both drugs depressed  synthesis 31%. Lactose secretion showed a negative correlation with 10(-7)-10(-4) M vincristine yielding a maximal 66% inhibition at 10(-4) M, whereas tissue retention showed a linear increase with concentration up to 151% of control at 10(-4) M. Effects on synthesis were sporadic. These data suggest that microtubules have a role in facilitating the transport and/or secretion of lactose and perhaps other milk components.", "contents": "Inhibition of mammary gland lactose secretion by colchicine and vincristine. The possible role of microtubules in milk production was examined in mammary gland slices from lactating guinea pigs. Colchicine, 10(-5)-10(-4) M, depressed lactose secretion within 15 min, maintaining maximal inhibition over 2.5 h, accompanied by retention of lactose within the slices. In colchicine dose-response studies (2 h, 10(-8)-10(-5) M), secretion was depressed 22% by 10(-5) M, whereas tissue lactose increased with dose up to +25% at 10(-5) M. Lactose synthesis was inhibited 3-19% without correlation to colchicine concentration. In another study, incubation with 10(-5) M lumicolchicine yielded one-third less inhibition of secretion than 10(-5) M colchicine with no increase in tissue lactose. Both drugs depressed  synthesis 31%. Lactose secretion showed a negative correlation with 10(-7)-10(-4) M vincristine yielding a maximal 66% inhibition at 10(-4) M, whereas tissue retention showed a linear increase with concentration up to 151% of control at 10(-4) M. Effects on synthesis were sporadic. These data suggest that microtubules have a role in facilitating the transport and/or secretion of lactose and perhaps other milk components.", "PMID": 645891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2552", "title": "Pulmonary absorption of drugs in the neonatal rat.", "content": "To compare the pulmonary absorption of drugs in newborn rats (3-27 days old) with that  in adults, 0.01-0.1 ml of Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution (pH 7.4) containing a drug was administered to anesthetized animals by way of a catheter introduced through a tight-fitting tracheal cannula. After various times, lungs and trachea were removed and assayed for drug that remained. Semilogarithmic plots of percent drug remaining against time yielded a straight line for each compound. The lipid-soluble drugs procaine amide and sulfisoxazole were absorbed at similar rates in newborn and adult rats. In contrast, the lipid-insoluble drugs tetraethylammonium, p-aminohippuric acid, and mannitol were absorbed approximately 2 times more rapidly in younger rats (3-12 days) than in older animals (18 day, 27 day, or adult). The results suggested that the respiratory tract membranes of 3- to 12-day-old rats have a greater porosity than those of older animals.", "contents": "Pulmonary absorption of drugs in the neonatal rat. To compare the pulmonary absorption of drugs in newborn rats (3-27 days old) with that  in adults, 0.01-0.1 ml of Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution (pH 7.4) containing a drug was administered to anesthetized animals by way of a catheter introduced through a tight-fitting tracheal cannula. After various times, lungs and trachea were removed and assayed for drug that remained. Semilogarithmic plots of percent drug remaining against time yielded a straight line for each compound. The lipid-soluble drugs procaine amide and sulfisoxazole were absorbed at similar rates in newborn and adult rats. In contrast, the lipid-insoluble drugs tetraethylammonium, p-aminohippuric acid, and mannitol were absorbed approximately 2 times more rapidly in younger rats (3-12 days) than in older animals (18 day, 27 day, or adult). The results suggested that the respiratory tract membranes of 3- to 12-day-old rats have a greater porosity than those of older animals.", "PMID": 645892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2553", "title": "A bipolar electrode for electromyography of limb muscles of small animals.", "content": "A bipolar electrode for recording from or stimulating the skinned surface of small, moving muscles is described. The electrode is so light that it clings to the moist surface of the muscle and moves with it, like a piece of confetti. It can be positioned or repositioned instantly and with no damage to the muscle. Because of its small size and bipolar nature, it records from or stimulates a very small volume. It is inexpensive, simple, and requires no special apparatus for its consturction. The electrode is especially suited for muscles in the limbs of small animals, in which movement and small size present special problems.", "contents": "A bipolar electrode for electromyography of limb muscles of small animals. A bipolar electrode for recording from or stimulating the skinned surface of small, moving muscles is described. The electrode is so light that it clings to the moist surface of the muscle and moves with it, like a piece of confetti. It can be positioned or repositioned instantly and with no damage to the muscle. Because of its small size and bipolar nature, it records from or stimulates a very small volume. It is inexpensive, simple, and requires no special apparatus for its consturction. The electrode is especially suited for muscles in the limbs of small animals, in which movement and small size present special problems.", "PMID": 645893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2554", "title": "Oxygen consumption during cimetidine and prostaglandin E2 inhibition of acid secretion.", "content": "Oxygen consumption was determined during cimetidine and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 inhibition of acid secretion in exteriorized segments of the greater curvature of dog stomach. Steady-state acid secretion during histamine infusion correlated well with O2 consumption (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01). Cimetidine and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 inhibition of acid secretion produced a reduction of oxygen consumption to resting levels. In contrast, oxygen consumption did not decrease appreciably during thiocyanate inhibition of acid secretion. These observations suggest that the inhibitory action of cimetidine and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 precedes, whereas that of thiocyanate is at a point beyond the transfer of energy to the process of acid production.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption during cimetidine and prostaglandin E2 inhibition of acid secretion. Oxygen consumption was determined during cimetidine and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 inhibition of acid secretion in exteriorized segments of the greater curvature of dog stomach. Steady-state acid secretion during histamine infusion correlated well with O2 consumption (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01). Cimetidine and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 inhibition of acid secretion produced a reduction of oxygen consumption to resting levels. In contrast, oxygen consumption did not decrease appreciably during thiocyanate inhibition of acid secretion. These observations suggest that the inhibitory action of cimetidine and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 precedes, whereas that of thiocyanate is at a point beyond the transfer of energy to the process of acid production.", "PMID": 645895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2555", "title": "Vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of man, dog, and rat.", "content": "Arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP) levels were measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of three species man, dog, and rat (Wistar and the Brattleboro strain). Basal plasma values were 1.7 pg/ml in Wistar rat, and 2.4 pg/ml in dog. Pentobarbitone, used as anesthetic during collection of CSF from dog and rat, caused a significant rise of plasma AVP values in Wistar rats, but not in dogs. After withdrawal of CSF, the plasma AVP levels of Wistar rats were increased to 29.5 +/- 9.5 pg/ml, whereas the CSF levels from the same animals were 11.5 +/- 3.9 pg/ml. The response to the various stimuli was similar in Brattleboro rats, heterozygous for hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, and in Wistar rats. In Brattleboro rats, homozygous for hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, AVP was neither detectable in plasma nor in CSF. In dog and man, AVP levels in CSF samples were higher than in simultaneously obtained plasma samples. The possibility that AVP present in CSF, might be released directly from the synthetizing hypothalamic nuclei into the ventricular system is discussed.", "contents": "Vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of man, dog, and rat. Arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP) levels were measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of three species man, dog, and rat (Wistar and the Brattleboro strain). Basal plasma values were 1.7 pg/ml in Wistar rat, and 2.4 pg/ml in dog. Pentobarbitone, used as anesthetic during collection of CSF from dog and rat, caused a significant rise of plasma AVP values in Wistar rats, but not in dogs. After withdrawal of CSF, the plasma AVP levels of Wistar rats were increased to 29.5 +/- 9.5 pg/ml, whereas the CSF levels from the same animals were 11.5 +/- 3.9 pg/ml. The response to the various stimuli was similar in Brattleboro rats, heterozygous for hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, and in Wistar rats. In Brattleboro rats, homozygous for hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, AVP was neither detectable in plasma nor in CSF. In dog and man, AVP levels in CSF samples were higher than in simultaneously obtained plasma samples. The possibility that AVP present in CSF, might be released directly from the synthetizing hypothalamic nuclei into the ventricular system is discussed.", "PMID": 645897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2556", "title": "Evidence for pyloropancreatic reflux for pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "content": "In seven dogs provided with innervated pouch of the pyloric antrum, gastric fistula, and chronic pancreatic fistula, the effect of graded antral distenion on pancreatic exocrine secretion was studied. The effect of antral distension was tested both when gastrin release was promoted (alkaline distention) and when gastrin release was blocked (acid distension). These studies were performed both before and after transthoracic truncal vagotomy. Graded alkaline antral distension caused graded rise in protein-rich pancreatic secretion and graded increase in the concentration of serum immunoreactive gastrin. A similar pancreatic response was also seen with graded acid distention although this time no rise in serum gastrin concentration occurred. Pancreatic response to antral distension with either alkali or acid is completely inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with systemic atropine. Truncal vagotomy reduced pancreatic response to alkaline antral distension by 90% but completely abolished pancreatic response to distension of the antrum with acid. These studies provide evidence for a pyloropancreatic reflex mechanism for pancreatic secretion that is cholinergic and requires intact long vagal pathways.", "contents": "Evidence for pyloropancreatic reflux for pancreatic exocrine secretion. In seven dogs provided with innervated pouch of the pyloric antrum, gastric fistula, and chronic pancreatic fistula, the effect of graded antral distenion on pancreatic exocrine secretion was studied. The effect of antral distension was tested both when gastrin release was promoted (alkaline distention) and when gastrin release was blocked (acid distension). These studies were performed both before and after transthoracic truncal vagotomy. Graded alkaline antral distension caused graded rise in protein-rich pancreatic secretion and graded increase in the concentration of serum immunoreactive gastrin. A similar pancreatic response was also seen with graded acid distention although this time no rise in serum gastrin concentration occurred. Pancreatic response to antral distension with either alkali or acid is completely inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with systemic atropine. Truncal vagotomy reduced pancreatic response to alkaline antral distension by 90% but completely abolished pancreatic response to distension of the antrum with acid. These studies provide evidence for a pyloropancreatic reflex mechanism for pancreatic secretion that is cholinergic and requires intact long vagal pathways.", "PMID": 645898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2557", "title": "Aldosterone metabolism in isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The renal metabolism and handling of [1,2-3H]aldosterone ([3H]A) was studied using isolated perfused rat kidney under different perfusion conditions. The metabolite production rate (MPR) and the urinary excretion of [3H]A together with its radiometabolites (UV/P3H) were studied. Among the formed metabolites, no acid-labile conjugate of aldosterone (ALC) was detected. The MPR was not altered in studies using nonfiltering kidney, a result that suggests that the majority of metabolites were formed without requirement of the process of glomerular filtration and tubular uptake of the hormone. High perfusion pressure (high PP) resulted in a striking increase in whole metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone (MCR[3H]A) due mostly to an enhanced urinary excretion of intact aldosterone and, to a lesser degree, to a significant increase in MPR. Factors determining the excretion rate of [3H]A and its metabolites were than investigated under administration of diuretics. Mannitol (44 mM) induced a marked increase in urine volume (UV) accompanied by a significant UV/P3H increase. Meanwhile, 0.1 mM furosemide resulted in an increase only in UV, but not in UV/P3H. These results revealed the UV dependence of aldosterone excretion in certain diuretic conditions.", "contents": "Aldosterone metabolism in isolated perfused rat kidney. The renal metabolism and handling of [1,2-3H]aldosterone ([3H]A) was studied using isolated perfused rat kidney under different perfusion conditions. The metabolite production rate (MPR) and the urinary excretion of [3H]A together with its radiometabolites (UV/P3H) were studied. Among the formed metabolites, no acid-labile conjugate of aldosterone (ALC) was detected. The MPR was not altered in studies using nonfiltering kidney, a result that suggests that the majority of metabolites were formed without requirement of the process of glomerular filtration and tubular uptake of the hormone. High perfusion pressure (high PP) resulted in a striking increase in whole metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone (MCR[3H]A) due mostly to an enhanced urinary excretion of intact aldosterone and, to a lesser degree, to a significant increase in MPR. Factors determining the excretion rate of [3H]A and its metabolites were than investigated under administration of diuretics. Mannitol (44 mM) induced a marked increase in urine volume (UV) accompanied by a significant UV/P3H increase. Meanwhile, 0.1 mM furosemide resulted in an increase only in UV, but not in UV/P3H. These results revealed the UV dependence of aldosterone excretion in certain diuretic conditions.", "PMID": 645899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2558", "title": "Studies of glucose transport system of fat cells: effects of insulin and insulin mimickers.", "content": "The rate of uptake of [U-14C]glucose or 3-O-[14C]methylglucose by isolated fat cells was rapidly measured (within 30 s) by an oil-centrifugation method. Insulin and the chemical agents, H2O2 (0.3 mM), vitamin K5 (48 micron), and spermine (0.3 mM), enhanced the uptake of both sugars. Each agent required a characteristic time period of incubation with the cells to produce maximum activation of transport. Insulin and the chemical agents increased the equilibrium exchange rate of methylglucose by the cells. The increase in rate elicited by the hormone and the reagents resulted primarily from increasing the Vmax of the exchange process. The Kt ranged from 7.5 to 10 mM after treatment of cells with insulin or the other agents. Basal Kt values were more difficult to measure, but in a sugar concentration range of 5-15 mM the values were similar to those found under conditions of stimulated exchange. Overall, these findings suggest that the chemical agents may be useful as probes to study certain aspects of insulin-mediated activation of glucose transport. However, because of the differences in time courses needed for activation, the actual steps that lead to stimulation may differ for the chemical agents and insulin.", "contents": "Studies of glucose transport system of fat cells: effects of insulin and insulin mimickers. The rate of uptake of [U-14C]glucose or 3-O-[14C]methylglucose by isolated fat cells was rapidly measured (within 30 s) by an oil-centrifugation method. Insulin and the chemical agents, H2O2 (0.3 mM), vitamin K5 (48 micron), and spermine (0.3 mM), enhanced the uptake of both sugars. Each agent required a characteristic time period of incubation with the cells to produce maximum activation of transport. Insulin and the chemical agents increased the equilibrium exchange rate of methylglucose by the cells. The increase in rate elicited by the hormone and the reagents resulted primarily from increasing the Vmax of the exchange process. The Kt ranged from 7.5 to 10 mM after treatment of cells with insulin or the other agents. Basal Kt values were more difficult to measure, but in a sugar concentration range of 5-15 mM the values were similar to those found under conditions of stimulated exchange. Overall, these findings suggest that the chemical agents may be useful as probes to study certain aspects of insulin-mediated activation of glucose transport. However, because of the differences in time courses needed for activation, the actual steps that lead to stimulation may differ for the chemical agents and insulin.", "PMID": 645900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2559", "title": "Effect of carnitine on branched-chain amino acid oxidation by liver and skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of L-carnitine (0.5-2.0 mM) on the rates of alpha-decarboxylation of 1-14C-labeled branched-chain amino acids by gastrocnemius muscle and liver homogenates of fed rats was investigated. Carnitine increased the rate of alpha-decarboxylation of leucine (125%) and valine (28%) by muscle, but it was without effect on the oxidation of these amino acids by liver. Carnitine increased the rate of alpha-decarboxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproate by both tissues. This effect was more pronounced in muscle (130% increase) than in liver (41% increase). The activity of carnitine acyltransferase, with isovaleryl-CoA as a substrate, was 18 times higher in muscle mitochondria than in liver mitochondria. Both starvation and diabetes increased the rate of alpha-decarboxylation of leucine by muscle without having a remarkable effect on the concentration of carnitine or the activity of carnitine acyltransferase. We conclude that: a) carnitine stimulates decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids by increasing the conversion of their ketoanalogues into carnitine esters, b) a greater carnitine acyltransferase activity in muscle than in liver may be responsible for the greater carnitine effect in muscle, c) carnitine does not appear responsible for the enhancement of leucine oxidation by muscle of starved and diabetic rats.", "contents": "Effect of carnitine on branched-chain amino acid oxidation by liver and skeletal muscle. The effect of L-carnitine (0.5-2.0 mM) on the rates of alpha-decarboxylation of 1-14C-labeled branched-chain amino acids by gastrocnemius muscle and liver homogenates of fed rats was investigated. Carnitine increased the rate of alpha-decarboxylation of leucine (125%) and valine (28%) by muscle, but it was without effect on the oxidation of these amino acids by liver. Carnitine increased the rate of alpha-decarboxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproate by both tissues. This effect was more pronounced in muscle (130% increase) than in liver (41% increase). The activity of carnitine acyltransferase, with isovaleryl-CoA as a substrate, was 18 times higher in muscle mitochondria than in liver mitochondria. Both starvation and diabetes increased the rate of alpha-decarboxylation of leucine by muscle without having a remarkable effect on the concentration of carnitine or the activity of carnitine acyltransferase. We conclude that: a) carnitine stimulates decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids by increasing the conversion of their ketoanalogues into carnitine esters, b) a greater carnitine acyltransferase activity in muscle than in liver may be responsible for the greater carnitine effect in muscle, c) carnitine does not appear responsible for the enhancement of leucine oxidation by muscle of starved and diabetic rats.", "PMID": 645901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2560", "title": "Mutual influence of rats having different circadian rhythm of adrenocortical activity.", "content": "The possibility of a mutual influence between male adult rats having different circadian adrenocortical rhythms was studied under two different lighting conditions. Intact and optic-enucleated rats were housed together in the same cage in various ratios of intact to blinded rats. Twenty-four- or forty-eight-hour patterns of plasma corticosterone levels were determined individually at 4-h intervals. Under diurnal light-dark alternation, the circadian periodicity of the intact rats always synchronized with light, whereas single blinded rats in cages with three intact rats demonstrated free-running rhythms throughout the experimental period of 15 wk. Under constant light the circadian rhythm free-ran in both intact and blinded rats for the first 2 wk. A phase reversal of the rhythm was observed in the intact rats at the end of the 2nd wk, and between 5 and 8 wk after binding in the blinded rats. These results indicate that the circadian adrenocortical rhythms in intact and blinded rats are not entrained to each other, even when the two types of rats live together in the same cage.", "contents": "Mutual influence of rats having different circadian rhythm of adrenocortical activity. The possibility of a mutual influence between male adult rats having different circadian adrenocortical rhythms was studied under two different lighting conditions. Intact and optic-enucleated rats were housed together in the same cage in various ratios of intact to blinded rats. Twenty-four- or forty-eight-hour patterns of plasma corticosterone levels were determined individually at 4-h intervals. Under diurnal light-dark alternation, the circadian periodicity of the intact rats always synchronized with light, whereas single blinded rats in cages with three intact rats demonstrated free-running rhythms throughout the experimental period of 15 wk. Under constant light the circadian rhythm free-ran in both intact and blinded rats for the first 2 wk. A phase reversal of the rhythm was observed in the intact rats at the end of the 2nd wk, and between 5 and 8 wk after binding in the blinded rats. These results indicate that the circadian adrenocortical rhythms in intact and blinded rats are not entrained to each other, even when the two types of rats live together in the same cage.", "PMID": 645902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2561", "title": "Fatty liver in hypervitaminosis A: synthesis and release of hepatic triglycerides.", "content": "Feeding large doses (30,000 IU/100 g body wt per day) of vitamin A to young rats for 2 days produced fatty liver, caused a stimulation of oxidation and esterification of [1-14C]palmitate by liver slices, and increased the activity of hepatic palmitoyl-CoA synthetase. Under similar conditions, however, release of hepatic triglycerides into the plasma, as judged from the post-Triton triglyceridemia, remained unaffected. It is indicated by the present findings that excessive intake of vitamin A produces fatty liver by stimulating the synthesis of triglycerides in liver without affecting the rate of secretion of hepatic triglycerides. An involvement of altered oxidation of fatty acids in the liver can also be ruled out because in hypervitaminosis A this process is increased rather than decreased as required for fatty liver production.", "contents": "Fatty liver in hypervitaminosis A: synthesis and release of hepatic triglycerides. Feeding large doses (30,000 IU/100 g body wt per day) of vitamin A to young rats for 2 days produced fatty liver, caused a stimulation of oxidation and esterification of [1-14C]palmitate by liver slices, and increased the activity of hepatic palmitoyl-CoA synthetase. Under similar conditions, however, release of hepatic triglycerides into the plasma, as judged from the post-Triton triglyceridemia, remained unaffected. It is indicated by the present findings that excessive intake of vitamin A produces fatty liver by stimulating the synthesis of triglycerides in liver without affecting the rate of secretion of hepatic triglycerides. An involvement of altered oxidation of fatty acids in the liver can also be ruled out because in hypervitaminosis A this process is increased rather than decreased as required for fatty liver production.", "PMID": 645903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2562", "title": "Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone.", "content": "The synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acids 172-191, 176-191, 177-191, 178-191, 179-191, and 180-191 of human growth hormone (hGH) have been studied for their in vivo effects in normal rats. Four of the peptides (hGH 172-191, 176-191, 177-191, and 178-191) produced a short-lived rise in blood glucose and a more sustained rise in plasma insulin, whereas the other two (hGH 179-191 and 180-191) were inert in the systems tested. A single dose (5 nmol/kg body wt) of the peptides containing the amino acids sequence 178-191 of the hGH molecule significantly reduced insulin sensitivity of the animals in intravenous insulin tolerance tests. The findings also indicate that the biologically active peptides must not only have the minimum of the informational sequence but also that this must be in correct physical configuration.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone. The synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acids 172-191, 176-191, 177-191, 178-191, 179-191, and 180-191 of human growth hormone (hGH) have been studied for their in vivo effects in normal rats. Four of the peptides (hGH 172-191, 176-191, 177-191, and 178-191) produced a short-lived rise in blood glucose and a more sustained rise in plasma insulin, whereas the other two (hGH 179-191 and 180-191) were inert in the systems tested. A single dose (5 nmol/kg body wt) of the peptides containing the amino acids sequence 178-191 of the hGH molecule significantly reduced insulin sensitivity of the animals in intravenous insulin tolerance tests. The findings also indicate that the biologically active peptides must not only have the minimum of the informational sequence but also that this must be in correct physical configuration.", "PMID": 645904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2563", "title": "Measurement of oxygen consumption and locomotor activity in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity.", "content": "Oxygen consumption and locomotor activity were studied in mice developing obesity after neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in untreated controls. MSG-treated mice became obese in the absence of increased food intake. Locomotor activity was significantly less in MSG-treated mice 2, 10, and 20 wk after weaning. Oxygen consumption expressed in terms of the Lee index was not significantly different at 2 wk after weaning although at 10 and 20 wk it was significantly lower in MSG-treated mice. Plasma thyroxine was not different between MSG-treated and control mice. It is suggested that diminished energy expenditure is the major factor in the etiology of obesity after neonatal administration of MSG.", "contents": "Measurement of oxygen consumption and locomotor activity in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. Oxygen consumption and locomotor activity were studied in mice developing obesity after neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in untreated controls. MSG-treated mice became obese in the absence of increased food intake. Locomotor activity was significantly less in MSG-treated mice 2, 10, and 20 wk after weaning. Oxygen consumption expressed in terms of the Lee index was not significantly different at 2 wk after weaning although at 10 and 20 wk it was significantly lower in MSG-treated mice. Plasma thyroxine was not different between MSG-treated and control mice. It is suggested that diminished energy expenditure is the major factor in the etiology of obesity after neonatal administration of MSG.", "PMID": 645905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2564", "title": "Renal potassium excretion in sheep during sodium sulfate, phosphate, and chloride infusion.", "content": "The renal excretion of potassium by unanesthetized sheep was studied in clearance studies in which water and sodium excretion were elevated by intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride, hypertonic sodium phosphate, or hypertonic sodium sulfate. Aldosterone was infused at 10 microgram/h in some experiments with sodium sulfate. Sodium excretion increased in all experiments, rising at times to equal 25% of the filtered load. Urine flow increased in most experiments. Glomerular filtration rate increased only with infusion of isotonic saline. No consistent change in potassium excretion occurred under any of these loading conditions. This finding contrasts with the increase in potassium excretion commonly seen in man, dogs, and rats intravenously loaded with sodium salts.", "contents": "Renal potassium excretion in sheep during sodium sulfate, phosphate, and chloride infusion. The renal excretion of potassium by unanesthetized sheep was studied in clearance studies in which water and sodium excretion were elevated by intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride, hypertonic sodium phosphate, or hypertonic sodium sulfate. Aldosterone was infused at 10 microgram/h in some experiments with sodium sulfate. Sodium excretion increased in all experiments, rising at times to equal 25% of the filtered load. Urine flow increased in most experiments. Glomerular filtration rate increased only with infusion of isotonic saline. No consistent change in potassium excretion occurred under any of these loading conditions. This finding contrasts with the increase in potassium excretion commonly seen in man, dogs, and rats intravenously loaded with sodium salts.", "PMID": 645906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2565", "title": "Effect of potassium on proximal tubular function.", "content": "In order to study the effect of potassium on the renal tubule, proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. Omitting potassium from both the perfusate and bath caused the rate of fluid absorption and the transtubular potential difference to fall to zero. This effect was due to the absence of potassium in the bathing medium since no change was observed when potassium was omitted from the perfusate only. With 0.5 and 1.0 meq/liter of potassium in the bath, there was still a significant decrease from control in both the potential difference and the rate of fluid absorption. With 2.5 meq/liter of potassium in the bath, the results did not differ from control. In further studies, tubules were perfused with 10 meq/liter of potassium in both perfusate and bath. There was no change in the potential difference of fluid absorption. These results are consistent with the view that active transtubular transport of sodium is linked to the influx of potassium into the cell at the peritubular membrane and that this is probably mediated by sodium-potassium-ATPase. Our results also suggest that the variations of potassium concentration in the physiological range do not affect proximal tubular function.", "contents": "Effect of potassium on proximal tubular function. In order to study the effect of potassium on the renal tubule, proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. Omitting potassium from both the perfusate and bath caused the rate of fluid absorption and the transtubular potential difference to fall to zero. This effect was due to the absence of potassium in the bathing medium since no change was observed when potassium was omitted from the perfusate only. With 0.5 and 1.0 meq/liter of potassium in the bath, there was still a significant decrease from control in both the potential difference and the rate of fluid absorption. With 2.5 meq/liter of potassium in the bath, the results did not differ from control. In further studies, tubules were perfused with 10 meq/liter of potassium in both perfusate and bath. There was no change in the potential difference of fluid absorption. These results are consistent with the view that active transtubular transport of sodium is linked to the influx of potassium into the cell at the peritubular membrane and that this is probably mediated by sodium-potassium-ATPase. Our results also suggest that the variations of potassium concentration in the physiological range do not affect proximal tubular function.", "PMID": 645908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2566", "title": "Apparent escape rate of RIHSA and 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes from the blood of volume-expanded rats.", "content": "The disappearance rate constant of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA) and 51Cr-tagged erythrocytes was measured in rats before and after intravenous, isoncotic blood volume expansion (6% bovine albumin; 75 or 33% of blood volume). Before volume expansion the average slope of the semilogarithmically plotted plasma RIHSA activity was -2.068 X 10(-3) +/- 0.146 X 10(-3) (SE) min-1. The slope was not significantly changed when tested by subsequent tracer injections which were made immediately after and 1 h after volume expansion. Preinfusion plasma volume (PV) was constant, but total erythrocyte volume (RCV) increased at a significant rate from 0.0253 +/- 0.0030 to 0.0300 +/- 0.0038 ml/g body wt over the 2-h period. PV was elevated and RCV was unchanged by the infusion, but both decreased significantly thereafter. The observed erythrocyte loss could not be accounted for by sampling or bleeding. Arterial hematocrit remained constant while RCV and PV were decreasing, and it was identical to whole-body hematocrit throughout. It was concluded that 1) isoncotic albumin expansion did not change the rate constant of transcapillary albumin loss; 2) nonsteady state PV could be calculated from a single preinfusion RIHSA dose; and 3) sequestration of blood may be a part of the rat's response to volume expansion.", "contents": "Apparent escape rate of RIHSA and 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes from the blood of volume-expanded rats. The disappearance rate constant of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA) and 51Cr-tagged erythrocytes was measured in rats before and after intravenous, isoncotic blood volume expansion (6% bovine albumin; 75 or 33% of blood volume). Before volume expansion the average slope of the semilogarithmically plotted plasma RIHSA activity was -2.068 X 10(-3) +/- 0.146 X 10(-3) (SE) min-1. The slope was not significantly changed when tested by subsequent tracer injections which were made immediately after and 1 h after volume expansion. Preinfusion plasma volume (PV) was constant, but total erythrocyte volume (RCV) increased at a significant rate from 0.0253 +/- 0.0030 to 0.0300 +/- 0.0038 ml/g body wt over the 2-h period. PV was elevated and RCV was unchanged by the infusion, but both decreased significantly thereafter. The observed erythrocyte loss could not be accounted for by sampling or bleeding. Arterial hematocrit remained constant while RCV and PV were decreasing, and it was identical to whole-body hematocrit throughout. It was concluded that 1) isoncotic albumin expansion did not change the rate constant of transcapillary albumin loss; 2) nonsteady state PV could be calculated from a single preinfusion RIHSA dose; and 3) sequestration of blood may be a part of the rat's response to volume expansion.", "PMID": 645909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2567", "title": "Influence of parathyroid hormone on glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 22 plasma-expanded Munich-Wistar rats to investigated the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration. Mean values for single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), glomerular plasma flow rate (QA), systemic oncotic pressure, and transglomerular hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP) were similar in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats and non-TPTX rats. Nevertheless, the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) was uniformly higher in TPTX rats (greater than 0.113 +/- 0.005 (SE) nl/(s.mmHg)] than in non-TPTX controls (0.088 +/- 0.005). In TPTX rats, infusion of a submaximal dose (1 U/kg per min) of PTH resulted in significant decreases in SNGFR at constant QA and deltaP, due primarily to return of Kf to non-TPTX levels. Infusion of 10 U/kg per min of PTH to non-TPTX rats further reduced Kf, on average to 0.042 +/- 0.001 nl/(s.mmHg), leading to further reduction in SNGFR, whereas QA and deltaP again remained constant. These findings suggest that PTH may play an important role in modulating Kf, and consequently, SNGFR.", "contents": "Influence of parathyroid hormone on glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. Experiments were performed on 22 plasma-expanded Munich-Wistar rats to investigated the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration. Mean values for single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), glomerular plasma flow rate (QA), systemic oncotic pressure, and transglomerular hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP) were similar in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats and non-TPTX rats. Nevertheless, the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) was uniformly higher in TPTX rats (greater than 0.113 +/- 0.005 (SE) nl/(s.mmHg)] than in non-TPTX controls (0.088 +/- 0.005). In TPTX rats, infusion of a submaximal dose (1 U/kg per min) of PTH resulted in significant decreases in SNGFR at constant QA and deltaP, due primarily to return of Kf to non-TPTX levels. Infusion of 10 U/kg per min of PTH to non-TPTX rats further reduced Kf, on average to 0.042 +/- 0.001 nl/(s.mmHg), leading to further reduction in SNGFR, whereas QA and deltaP again remained constant. These findings suggest that PTH may play an important role in modulating Kf, and consequently, SNGFR.", "PMID": 645910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2568", "title": "Comparison using central core model of renal medulla of the rabbit and rat.", "content": "The studies presented here use a central core model of the renal medulla, the details of which have been given elsewhere (Foster et al., Mathematical Biosci. 32: 307-335, 337-360, 1976). The central core model of the rabbit medulla predicts concentration gradients and volume flow rates in line with what is known for the rabbit. The handling of urea, however, is not consistent with the scheme proposed by Kokko and Rector (Kidney Intern. 2: 214-233, 1972). Moreover, the low concentration of urea predicted for the urine suggests an absence in the model of some form of mediated transport for urea in the inner medulla. The central core model of the rat medulla failed to predict results consistent with what is known about the rat. Substitution of the rabbit thermodynamic parameters into the model for the rat resulted in predictions that more closely resembled what one might expect, but were not entirely satisfactory. The implication is that there may be an interspecies difference in the concentration machinery between the rabbit and rat.", "contents": "Comparison using central core model of renal medulla of the rabbit and rat. The studies presented here use a central core model of the renal medulla, the details of which have been given elsewhere (Foster et al., Mathematical Biosci. 32: 307-335, 337-360, 1976). The central core model of the rabbit medulla predicts concentration gradients and volume flow rates in line with what is known for the rabbit. The handling of urea, however, is not consistent with the scheme proposed by Kokko and Rector (Kidney Intern. 2: 214-233, 1972). Moreover, the low concentration of urea predicted for the urine suggests an absence in the model of some form of mediated transport for urea in the inner medulla. The central core model of the rat medulla failed to predict results consistent with what is known about the rat. Substitution of the rabbit thermodynamic parameters into the model for the rat resulted in predictions that more closely resembled what one might expect, but were not entirely satisfactory. The implication is that there may be an interspecies difference in the concentration machinery between the rabbit and rat.", "PMID": 645911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2569", "title": "Muscle buffer values.", "content": "The in vitro skeletal and cardiac muscle buffer values have been determined for normal and potassium-depleted dogs. Depletion produced a statistically significant decrease in buffer value for both skeletal 66 vs. 61 sl, and cardiac muscle, 64 vs. 55 sl. The decreased cardiac muscle buffer value was obtained despite no statistically significant loss of cardiac muscle potassium.", "contents": "Muscle buffer values. The in vitro skeletal and cardiac muscle buffer values have been determined for normal and potassium-depleted dogs. Depletion produced a statistically significant decrease in buffer value for both skeletal 66 vs. 61 sl, and cardiac muscle, 64 vs. 55 sl. The decreased cardiac muscle buffer value was obtained despite no statistically significant loss of cardiac muscle potassium.", "PMID": 645913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2570", "title": "Quantitation of renal uric acid synthesis in the chicken.", "content": "The contribution of uric acid synthesized in the kidney (nephrogenic uric acid) to the total uric acid excreted in the urine was studied in the chicken by use of the isotope-dilution technique. In the non-fasted chicken the urine-to-plasma specific activity ratio (SAR) of [14C]uric acid was 0.83, suggesting that a minimum of 17% of the uric acid excreted in the urine is synthesized in the kidney. During allopurinol infusion into the renal portal circulation of one kidney the SAR increased to 0.99, indicating that the renal synthesis of uric acid was almost completely inhibited and that the SAR is a valid indicator of the contribution of nephrogenic uric acid excreted into the urine without first entering the circulation. Chickens fasted for 18 h showed a lower rate of renal synthesis of uric acid. Hypoxanthine infusion into the systemic circulation increased the rate of renal synthesis of uric acid in both fasted and nonfasted chickens, suggesting that circulating precursor levels may in part regulate the renal synthesis of uric acid.", "contents": "Quantitation of renal uric acid synthesis in the chicken. The contribution of uric acid synthesized in the kidney (nephrogenic uric acid) to the total uric acid excreted in the urine was studied in the chicken by use of the isotope-dilution technique. In the non-fasted chicken the urine-to-plasma specific activity ratio (SAR) of [14C]uric acid was 0.83, suggesting that a minimum of 17% of the uric acid excreted in the urine is synthesized in the kidney. During allopurinol infusion into the renal portal circulation of one kidney the SAR increased to 0.99, indicating that the renal synthesis of uric acid was almost completely inhibited and that the SAR is a valid indicator of the contribution of nephrogenic uric acid excreted into the urine without first entering the circulation. Chickens fasted for 18 h showed a lower rate of renal synthesis of uric acid. Hypoxanthine infusion into the systemic circulation increased the rate of renal synthesis of uric acid in both fasted and nonfasted chickens, suggesting that circulating precursor levels may in part regulate the renal synthesis of uric acid.", "PMID": 645914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2571", "title": "Cardiac output changes during neonatal growth.", "content": "Changes in resting cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during neonatal growth were studied in chronically instrumented lambs from the 1st to 5th wk of age; adult nonpregnant sheep values measured simultaneously were used as standard reference. Neonatal responses to autonomic agonists and antagonists were also investigated. Total CO increased linearly with neonatal growth, but decreased strikingly when expressed per weight unit; at 5 wk of age, CO/kg was still significantly higher than the adult value. SV also increased with neonatal growth but did not change when related to body weight; at 5 wk of age, SV/kg values were still higher than those of adult sheep. SVR changed reciprocally to CO. The decrease in CO/kg during neonatal growth paralleled the progressive decline in heart rate (HR). Beta receptor stimulation increased neonatal CO markedly and the increment was the same from the first through the fifth neonatal week. Beta blockade had insignificant effects, but cholinergic blockade produced moderate CO increases.", "contents": "Cardiac output changes during neonatal growth. Changes in resting cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during neonatal growth were studied in chronically instrumented lambs from the 1st to 5th wk of age; adult nonpregnant sheep values measured simultaneously were used as standard reference. Neonatal responses to autonomic agonists and antagonists were also investigated. Total CO increased linearly with neonatal growth, but decreased strikingly when expressed per weight unit; at 5 wk of age, CO/kg was still significantly higher than the adult value. SV also increased with neonatal growth but did not change when related to body weight; at 5 wk of age, SV/kg values were still higher than those of adult sheep. SVR changed reciprocally to CO. The decrease in CO/kg during neonatal growth paralleled the progressive decline in heart rate (HR). Beta receptor stimulation increased neonatal CO markedly and the increment was the same from the first through the fifth neonatal week. Beta blockade had insignificant effects, but cholinergic blockade produced moderate CO increases.", "PMID": 645916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2572", "title": "Cardiac performance: independence of adrenergic inotropic and chronotropic effects.", "content": "During right atrial pacing in open-chest anesthetized dogs, the relationships between reduction in stroke volume and rise in heart rate were identical in control experiments, during intravenous infusion of isoproterenol, and after blockade of adrenergic beta-receptors by propranolol. To examine the mechanism of this constant relationship, left ventricular volume was estimated by continuous recordings of myocardial chord length (MCL) between ultrasonic elements inserted into the anterior ventricular wall. Diastolic filling curves were curtailed by raising heart rate and end-diastolic MCL was reduced. At constant heart rate, end-diastolic MCL was not altered by isoproterenol infusion, except for a slight rise at heart rates exceeding 220 beats/min. End-systolic MCL, however, was reduced, accounting for larger stroke volume during isoproterenol than during propranolol infusion. The reduction in end-systolic MCL was constant at all heart rates examined. Hence, chronotropic changes influence end-diastolic volume and inotropic changes influence end-systolic volume; their effects on stroke volume regulation are, therefore, virtually independent.", "contents": "Cardiac performance: independence of adrenergic inotropic and chronotropic effects. During right atrial pacing in open-chest anesthetized dogs, the relationships between reduction in stroke volume and rise in heart rate were identical in control experiments, during intravenous infusion of isoproterenol, and after blockade of adrenergic beta-receptors by propranolol. To examine the mechanism of this constant relationship, left ventricular volume was estimated by continuous recordings of myocardial chord length (MCL) between ultrasonic elements inserted into the anterior ventricular wall. Diastolic filling curves were curtailed by raising heart rate and end-diastolic MCL was reduced. At constant heart rate, end-diastolic MCL was not altered by isoproterenol infusion, except for a slight rise at heart rates exceeding 220 beats/min. End-systolic MCL, however, was reduced, accounting for larger stroke volume during isoproterenol than during propranolol infusion. The reduction in end-systolic MCL was constant at all heart rates examined. Hence, chronotropic changes influence end-diastolic volume and inotropic changes influence end-systolic volume; their effects on stroke volume regulation are, therefore, virtually independent.", "PMID": 645917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2573", "title": "Regional variation of series elasticity in canine arterial smooth muscles.", "content": "Segments of carotid, iliac, renal, mesenteric, coronary, and internal thoracic arteries were studied in vitro to correlate the mechanical properties of series (SE) and parallel (PE) elastic elements with connective tissue (CT) composition and with active responses to potassium activation. The PE properties were determined using pressure-diameter data with passive smooth muscle (SM). SE properties were determined from periodic incremental releases imposed during isometric responses to [K+]O at a diameter corresponding to Lmax, the optimum muscle length. Active stress responses and diameter responses were determined using pressure-diameter data for active and passive conditions. Collagen and elastin contents were determined for each sample. No correlation was found between CT content and PE or SE properties for the various sites. A close correlation was found to exist between SE and PE properties at each site, i.e., the sites with the stiffest PE also had the stiffest SE. SM, with stiffer SE, had a larger diameter response with the same active stress response and the same diameter response with a smaller active stress response, compared to SM with more compliant SE. This suggests that passive properties of SM can have a significant influence on the external manifestations of contractile element properties.", "contents": "Regional variation of series elasticity in canine arterial smooth muscles. Segments of carotid, iliac, renal, mesenteric, coronary, and internal thoracic arteries were studied in vitro to correlate the mechanical properties of series (SE) and parallel (PE) elastic elements with connective tissue (CT) composition and with active responses to potassium activation. The PE properties were determined using pressure-diameter data with passive smooth muscle (SM). SE properties were determined from periodic incremental releases imposed during isometric responses to [K+]O at a diameter corresponding to Lmax, the optimum muscle length. Active stress responses and diameter responses were determined using pressure-diameter data for active and passive conditions. Collagen and elastin contents were determined for each sample. No correlation was found between CT content and PE or SE properties for the various sites. A close correlation was found to exist between SE and PE properties at each site, i.e., the sites with the stiffest PE also had the stiffest SE. SM, with stiffer SE, had a larger diameter response with the same active stress response and the same diameter response with a smaller active stress response, compared to SM with more compliant SE. This suggests that passive properties of SM can have a significant influence on the external manifestations of contractile element properties.", "PMID": 645919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2574", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha on uterine blood flow in nonpregnant sheep.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, and PGE2alpha, respectively) on uterine blood flow were investigated in chronically catheterized, nonpregnant sheep equipped with electromagnetic flow probes. PGE1 was found to be a potent dilator of the uterine vascular bed and, at initial arterial concentratios of 1.5 micron (500 ng/ml), produced peak uterine blood flows similar to those achieved by a pulsed dose of 1 microgram 17beta-estradiol; PGE2 had less active vasodilating activity. Conversely, uterine intra-arterial PGF2alpha infusions, which produced initial concentrations of 0.1 micron (50 ng/ml), promptly reduced peak estrogen-stimulated uterine blood flow by 60%. All prostaglandin infusions stimulated increases in uterine contractile frequency and base-line tone. The findings demonstrate the sensitivity of the nonpregnant sheep uterine vasculature to prostaglandins.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha on uterine blood flow in nonpregnant sheep. The effects of prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, and PGE2alpha, respectively) on uterine blood flow were investigated in chronically catheterized, nonpregnant sheep equipped with electromagnetic flow probes. PGE1 was found to be a potent dilator of the uterine vascular bed and, at initial arterial concentratios of 1.5 micron (500 ng/ml), produced peak uterine blood flows similar to those achieved by a pulsed dose of 1 microgram 17beta-estradiol; PGE2 had less active vasodilating activity. Conversely, uterine intra-arterial PGF2alpha infusions, which produced initial concentrations of 0.1 micron (50 ng/ml), promptly reduced peak estrogen-stimulated uterine blood flow by 60%. All prostaglandin infusions stimulated increases in uterine contractile frequency and base-line tone. The findings demonstrate the sensitivity of the nonpregnant sheep uterine vasculature to prostaglandins.", "PMID": 645921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2575", "title": "Myoglobin function in the isolated fluorocarbon-perfused dog heart.", "content": "An isolated dog heart preparation perfused with hemoglobin-free fluorocarbon suspension has been developed to study the role of myoglobin in myocardial function. The coronary vasculature was perfused at constant flow, with oxygen consumption determined from arteriovenous PO2 differences. Muscle function was assessed by measurement of pressures generated in a latex balloon placed in the left ventricle. The perfusate consisted of 20% perfluorotributylamine and 80% Ringer's lactate with 16 mM glucose. Steady-state oxygen consumption decreased from 0.30 to 0.11 ml/min per gram dry weight left ventricle, as perfusate PO2 decreased from 690 to 150 mmHg. Left ventricular pressure generation and oxygen consumption were determined before and after addition of 8 mM sodium nitrite, which changed functional ferrous myoglobin to high-spin ferric myoglobin. Over the range of perfusate PO2 studied, nitrite addition did not alter mechanical performance or myocardial oxygen consumption. These data suggest that those conditions necessary for substantial myoglobin-facilitated diffusion of oxygen in the myocardium are not present in the isolated fluorocarbon-perfused dog heart.", "contents": "Myoglobin function in the isolated fluorocarbon-perfused dog heart. An isolated dog heart preparation perfused with hemoglobin-free fluorocarbon suspension has been developed to study the role of myoglobin in myocardial function. The coronary vasculature was perfused at constant flow, with oxygen consumption determined from arteriovenous PO2 differences. Muscle function was assessed by measurement of pressures generated in a latex balloon placed in the left ventricle. The perfusate consisted of 20% perfluorotributylamine and 80% Ringer's lactate with 16 mM glucose. Steady-state oxygen consumption decreased from 0.30 to 0.11 ml/min per gram dry weight left ventricle, as perfusate PO2 decreased from 690 to 150 mmHg. Left ventricular pressure generation and oxygen consumption were determined before and after addition of 8 mM sodium nitrite, which changed functional ferrous myoglobin to high-spin ferric myoglobin. Over the range of perfusate PO2 studied, nitrite addition did not alter mechanical performance or myocardial oxygen consumption. These data suggest that those conditions necessary for substantial myoglobin-facilitated diffusion of oxygen in the myocardium are not present in the isolated fluorocarbon-perfused dog heart.", "PMID": 645923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2576", "title": "Role of tissue hypoxia in local regulation of cerebral microcirculation.", "content": "The mechanism of action of hypoxia on cerebral blood vessels and its role in the regulation of the cerebral circulation were investigated in anesthetized cats. Arterial hypoxia produced marked cerebral arteriolar vasodilation, which was partially reversed by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 6-94% oxygen. More marked increase in the local supply of oxygen, via perfusion of the space under the cranial window with fluorocarbon FC-80 equilibrated with 100% oxygen, completely eliminated the vasodilation induced by arterial hypoxia. Fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% N2 had no effect on the vasodilation. The vasodilation associated with hypotension was completely reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% oxygen and was unaffected by perfusion with fluorocarbon or CSF equilibrated with gas not containing oxygen. The vasodilation associated with Metrazole-induced seizures was partially reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon containing oxygen. The results show that hypoxia dilated cerebral blood vessels entirely via a local mechanism, that hypoxia is the dominant mechanism involved in the vasodilation associated with hypotension, and that it is, at least partially, responsible for the vasodilation associated with seizures.", "contents": "Role of tissue hypoxia in local regulation of cerebral microcirculation. The mechanism of action of hypoxia on cerebral blood vessels and its role in the regulation of the cerebral circulation were investigated in anesthetized cats. Arterial hypoxia produced marked cerebral arteriolar vasodilation, which was partially reversed by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 6-94% oxygen. More marked increase in the local supply of oxygen, via perfusion of the space under the cranial window with fluorocarbon FC-80 equilibrated with 100% oxygen, completely eliminated the vasodilation induced by arterial hypoxia. Fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% N2 had no effect on the vasodilation. The vasodilation associated with hypotension was completely reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon equilibrated with 100% oxygen and was unaffected by perfusion with fluorocarbon or CSF equilibrated with gas not containing oxygen. The vasodilation associated with Metrazole-induced seizures was partially reversed by perfusion with fluorocarbon containing oxygen. The results show that hypoxia dilated cerebral blood vessels entirely via a local mechanism, that hypoxia is the dominant mechanism involved in the vasodilation associated with hypotension, and that it is, at least partially, responsible for the vasodilation associated with seizures.", "PMID": 645924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2577", "title": "Segment stroke work and metabolism depend on coronary blood flow in the pig.", "content": "We determined the mechanical and metabolic effects of graded myocardial ischemia in 23 open-chest, anesthetized pigs. By connecting the midportion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to the carotid artery via a constant volume, calibrated pump, we reduced the flow in the LAD to 0, 25, 50, and 75% of control rates for periods of 1 h. Flows of 100% and 150% were also examined. Using pairs of ultrasonic crystals to measure segment dimensions, we calculated segment shortening and thickening, and total and systolic stroke work in the ischemic and normally perfused segments. Blood gases, pH, and lactate and inosine balances were determined from the regional coronary venous blood. At coronary blood flows of 0, 25, 50, and 75% of normal resting flow, total segment work was 8 +/- 8, 25 +/- 4, 51 +/- 5, and 80 +/- 6% of control, respectively, while systolic segment work was -2 +/- 5, -10 +/- 5, 40 +/- 5, and 86 +/- 7% of control, respectively (means +/- SE). Thus, the decrease in total segment stroke work is proportional to the decrease in flow over the range 0-100%. However, no useful work (i.e., systolic work) is done until flow exceeds 25%. Segment shortening and thickening are significantly depressed with flows diminished by only 25%. Segmental inosine production correlates with lactate production and parallels decreased mechanical performance.", "contents": "Segment stroke work and metabolism depend on coronary blood flow in the pig. We determined the mechanical and metabolic effects of graded myocardial ischemia in 23 open-chest, anesthetized pigs. By connecting the midportion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to the carotid artery via a constant volume, calibrated pump, we reduced the flow in the LAD to 0, 25, 50, and 75% of control rates for periods of 1 h. Flows of 100% and 150% were also examined. Using pairs of ultrasonic crystals to measure segment dimensions, we calculated segment shortening and thickening, and total and systolic stroke work in the ischemic and normally perfused segments. Blood gases, pH, and lactate and inosine balances were determined from the regional coronary venous blood. At coronary blood flows of 0, 25, 50, and 75% of normal resting flow, total segment work was 8 +/- 8, 25 +/- 4, 51 +/- 5, and 80 +/- 6% of control, respectively, while systolic segment work was -2 +/- 5, -10 +/- 5, 40 +/- 5, and 86 +/- 7% of control, respectively (means +/- SE). Thus, the decrease in total segment stroke work is proportional to the decrease in flow over the range 0-100%. However, no useful work (i.e., systolic work) is done until flow exceeds 25%. Segment shortening and thickening are significantly depressed with flows diminished by only 25%. Segmental inosine production correlates with lactate production and parallels decreased mechanical performance.", "PMID": 645926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2578", "title": "Effects of endurance exercise on coronary collateral blood flow in miniature swine.", "content": "Coronary collateral blood flow was measured in 7 miniature pigs, exercise trained (ET) for 10 mo by running about 35 km/wk, and in 10 sedentary control pigs (SC). In acute, open-chest preparations, radiolabeled (85SR, 141CE, or 51Cr) microspheres, 15 +/- 5 micron in diameter, were injected into the left atrium during each of three conditions: control (C), total occlusion of the left circumflex artery (TO), and TO plus mechanically elevated aortic pressure (TOP). Blood flow to the circumflex bed during control condition in ET and SC was 0.36 +/- 0.07 (SE) and 0.43 +/- 0.10 ml.g-1.min-1, respectively. During TO, circumflex flow in ET and SC fell to 0.05 +/- 0.01 and 0.06 +/- 0.01 ml.g-1.min-1, respectively. In the presence of TOP, left circumflex flow in ET and SC rose to 0.11 +/- 0.04 and 0.11 +/- 0.02 ml.g-1.min-1, respectively. Blood flow to the tissue bed of the left anterior descendens was the same in both groups of pigs under all conditions. Thus, 10 mo of endurance exercise training seems to have no effect on the development of coronary collaterals in the left ventricles of pig hearts.", "contents": "Effects of endurance exercise on coronary collateral blood flow in miniature swine. Coronary collateral blood flow was measured in 7 miniature pigs, exercise trained (ET) for 10 mo by running about 35 km/wk, and in 10 sedentary control pigs (SC). In acute, open-chest preparations, radiolabeled (85SR, 141CE, or 51Cr) microspheres, 15 +/- 5 micron in diameter, were injected into the left atrium during each of three conditions: control (C), total occlusion of the left circumflex artery (TO), and TO plus mechanically elevated aortic pressure (TOP). Blood flow to the circumflex bed during control condition in ET and SC was 0.36 +/- 0.07 (SE) and 0.43 +/- 0.10 ml.g-1.min-1, respectively. During TO, circumflex flow in ET and SC fell to 0.05 +/- 0.01 and 0.06 +/- 0.01 ml.g-1.min-1, respectively. In the presence of TOP, left circumflex flow in ET and SC rose to 0.11 +/- 0.04 and 0.11 +/- 0.02 ml.g-1.min-1, respectively. Blood flow to the tissue bed of the left anterior descendens was the same in both groups of pigs under all conditions. Thus, 10 mo of endurance exercise training seems to have no effect on the development of coronary collaterals in the left ventricles of pig hearts.", "PMID": 645928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2579", "title": "Myocardial ATP synthesis and mechanical function following oxygen deficiency.", "content": "The relationship between oxygen deficiency-reduced high energy phosphate levels and their resynthesis upon return to aerobic conditions was investigated in the isolated perfused rat heart. Any net adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis during anoxia tended to impair ATP resynthesis with subsequent aerobic perfusion. Thirty minutes of ischemia reduced myocardial ATP 50%, and with restoration of aerobic conditions ATP increased to only 60% of control levels. The major source of postischemic and postanoxic ATP was adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine 5'-disphosphate. Loss of purine base from oxygen-deficient cells limited restoration of ATP. The inclusion of adenosine, ATP, or creatine phosphate (CP) in the perfusate did not enhance postischemic tissue adenine-nucleotide concentrations. Postischemic and postanoxic CP concentrations returned to control values and were independent of ischemic and anoxic ATP and CP concentrations. Complete resynthesis of CP suggests that cellular energy-producing pathways were functional. Ventricular performance was directly related to tissue ATP concentration in aerobic control, postischemic, and postanoxic hearts. Thus, loss of adenine nucleotides during oxygen deficiency may impair subsequent aerobic synthesis of ATP and mechanical function.", "contents": "Myocardial ATP synthesis and mechanical function following oxygen deficiency. The relationship between oxygen deficiency-reduced high energy phosphate levels and their resynthesis upon return to aerobic conditions was investigated in the isolated perfused rat heart. Any net adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis during anoxia tended to impair ATP resynthesis with subsequent aerobic perfusion. Thirty minutes of ischemia reduced myocardial ATP 50%, and with restoration of aerobic conditions ATP increased to only 60% of control levels. The major source of postischemic and postanoxic ATP was adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine 5'-disphosphate. Loss of purine base from oxygen-deficient cells limited restoration of ATP. The inclusion of adenosine, ATP, or creatine phosphate (CP) in the perfusate did not enhance postischemic tissue adenine-nucleotide concentrations. Postischemic and postanoxic CP concentrations returned to control values and were independent of ischemic and anoxic ATP and CP concentrations. Complete resynthesis of CP suggests that cellular energy-producing pathways were functional. Ventricular performance was directly related to tissue ATP concentration in aerobic control, postischemic, and postanoxic hearts. Thus, loss of adenine nucleotides during oxygen deficiency may impair subsequent aerobic synthesis of ATP and mechanical function.", "PMID": 645929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2580", "title": "Decreased reactive hyperemia after coronary perfusion with nonoxygenated solution.", "content": "To gain more knowledge about the factors involved in reactive hyperemia in the coronary vessels, we performed comparative studies on the reactive hyperemia occurring after coronary occlusion and after coronary perfusion with nonoxygenated Tyrode solution. The peak coronary reactive hyperemic flow following 3 min of coronary perfusion with nonoxygenated Tyrode solution increased to only 142 +/- 16% of the control in contrast to 455 +/- 75% following 3 min of coronary occlusion alone. Myocardial oxygen uptake during reactive hyperemia was also much smaller after perfusion with Tyrode solution. First, the evidence suggests that the decreased reactive hyperemia after coronary perfusion with the nonoxygenated Tyrode solution is due to \"washout\" of the vasodilatory metabolites from the myocardium. Second, it suggests that there is a smaller \"energy debt\" during perfusion with Tyrode solution, so that deterioration of myocardial function due to oxygen deficiency is less severe than in coronary occlusion alone.", "contents": "Decreased reactive hyperemia after coronary perfusion with nonoxygenated solution. To gain more knowledge about the factors involved in reactive hyperemia in the coronary vessels, we performed comparative studies on the reactive hyperemia occurring after coronary occlusion and after coronary perfusion with nonoxygenated Tyrode solution. The peak coronary reactive hyperemic flow following 3 min of coronary perfusion with nonoxygenated Tyrode solution increased to only 142 +/- 16% of the control in contrast to 455 +/- 75% following 3 min of coronary occlusion alone. Myocardial oxygen uptake during reactive hyperemia was also much smaller after perfusion with Tyrode solution. First, the evidence suggests that the decreased reactive hyperemia after coronary perfusion with the nonoxygenated Tyrode solution is due to \"washout\" of the vasodilatory metabolites from the myocardium. Second, it suggests that there is a smaller \"energy debt\" during perfusion with Tyrode solution, so that deterioration of myocardial function due to oxygen deficiency is less severe than in coronary occlusion alone.", "PMID": 645930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2581", "title": "Effects of central and peripheral angiotensin blockade in hypertensive rats.", "content": "The angiotensin II (AII) antagonist [Sar1-Ala8]AII (Saralasin) was injected into the brain ventricles (IVT) and intravenously (IV) in five different types of hypertensive unanesthetized rats. Renal hypertension was studied 16-22 days after kidney clipping. Intravenous infusions of cumulative doses (0.1-100 microgram/kg per min) and IVT injections (5-40 microgram) of Saralasin did not change mean arterial pressure (MAP) in controls and in one-clip, one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, whereas MAP decreased in one-clip, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension following IV and IVT Saralasin. In two-clip, two kidney hypertensive rats, IVT Saralasin decreased MAP but was ineffective when infused IV. Both IV and IVT Saralasin increased MAP in DOC hypertension. In spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, IV Saralasin increased MAP; IVT injection decreased MAP. The effect of IVT Saralasin in SH rats persisted 15-20 h after nephrectomy. We conclude that plasma AII may contribute to peripheral and central mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. The dissociation of the effects of IV and IVT Saralasin and the persistance of blood pressure decrease in nephrectomized SH rats following IVT Saralasin further support a role for locally formed brain angiotensin.", "contents": "Effects of central and peripheral angiotensin blockade in hypertensive rats. The angiotensin II (AII) antagonist [Sar1-Ala8]AII (Saralasin) was injected into the brain ventricles (IVT) and intravenously (IV) in five different types of hypertensive unanesthetized rats. Renal hypertension was studied 16-22 days after kidney clipping. Intravenous infusions of cumulative doses (0.1-100 microgram/kg per min) and IVT injections (5-40 microgram) of Saralasin did not change mean arterial pressure (MAP) in controls and in one-clip, one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, whereas MAP decreased in one-clip, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension following IV and IVT Saralasin. In two-clip, two kidney hypertensive rats, IVT Saralasin decreased MAP but was ineffective when infused IV. Both IV and IVT Saralasin increased MAP in DOC hypertension. In spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, IV Saralasin increased MAP; IVT injection decreased MAP. The effect of IVT Saralasin in SH rats persisted 15-20 h after nephrectomy. We conclude that plasma AII may contribute to peripheral and central mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. The dissociation of the effects of IV and IVT Saralasin and the persistance of blood pressure decrease in nephrectomized SH rats following IVT Saralasin further support a role for locally formed brain angiotensin.", "PMID": 645931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2582", "title": "Microbubble elimination during priming improves biocompatibility of membrane oxygenators.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that platelet loss following blood contact with foreign materials is partly related to the presence of microbubbles of gas (gas nuclei) trapped in surface defects on the membrane material. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator perfusions were conducted in two groups of sheep, with use of standard priming techniques for the oxygenator in one group and a new vacuum priming technique in the other group. The vacuum priming technique was developed to eliminate gas nuclei from the oxygenator surface. With denucleation priming, platelet loss during perfusion was markedly reduced, as was thrombus formation on the membrane surface. The platelet particle-size distribution curve showed a shift consistent with platelet aggregation with the standard priming technique but not with the vacuum priming technique. We conclude that the elimination of trapped gas nuclei from the membrane surface during priming reduces the initial interaction between blood elements and the foreign surface.", "contents": "Microbubble elimination during priming improves biocompatibility of membrane oxygenators. We tested the hypothesis that platelet loss following blood contact with foreign materials is partly related to the presence of microbubbles of gas (gas nuclei) trapped in surface defects on the membrane material. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator perfusions were conducted in two groups of sheep, with use of standard priming techniques for the oxygenator in one group and a new vacuum priming technique in the other group. The vacuum priming technique was developed to eliminate gas nuclei from the oxygenator surface. With denucleation priming, platelet loss during perfusion was markedly reduced, as was thrombus formation on the membrane surface. The platelet particle-size distribution curve showed a shift consistent with platelet aggregation with the standard priming technique but not with the vacuum priming technique. We conclude that the elimination of trapped gas nuclei from the membrane surface during priming reduces the initial interaction between blood elements and the foreign surface.", "PMID": 645932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2583", "title": "Temperature dynamics of the fertile chicken egg.", "content": "Two thermistor temperature probes were mounted in fertile chicken eggs, one at the position normally occupied by an early embryo and the other in the center of the yolk. Temperature changes were constantly monitored while the eggs were removed from holding refrigerator to incubator, incubator to room temperature, or room temperature to incubator. Computer analysis was used to develop a mathematical model of heat fluxes in the egg. Graphs derived from this model are presented which permit any investigator to predict approximate time and temperature variables under conditions commonly encountered when using the chicken egg in biological research. We found that when the egg is moved from an incubator (38 degrees C) to laboratory bench (25 degrees C), there was a very rapid initial heat loss (over 8 degrees C in 10 min) at a site in the egg which would be occupied by an early embryo. Conversely, when the egg is moved from the bench back to the incubator, nearly 2 h is required for the egg to recover 90% of the heat that it had lost while cooling to 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature dynamics of the fertile chicken egg. Two thermistor temperature probes were mounted in fertile chicken eggs, one at the position normally occupied by an early embryo and the other in the center of the yolk. Temperature changes were constantly monitored while the eggs were removed from holding refrigerator to incubator, incubator to room temperature, or room temperature to incubator. Computer analysis was used to develop a mathematical model of heat fluxes in the egg. Graphs derived from this model are presented which permit any investigator to predict approximate time and temperature variables under conditions commonly encountered when using the chicken egg in biological research. We found that when the egg is moved from an incubator (38 degrees C) to laboratory bench (25 degrees C), there was a very rapid initial heat loss (over 8 degrees C in 10 min) at a site in the egg which would be occupied by an early embryo. Conversely, when the egg is moved from the bench back to the incubator, nearly 2 h is required for the egg to recover 90% of the heat that it had lost while cooling to 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 645936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2584", "title": "Oxygen exchange and vascular resistance in the totally perfused rainbow trout.", "content": "A whole trout preparation (Salmo gairdneri) externally ventilated with water and internally perfused with artificial medium via a cardiac pump is discribed for the study of O2 exchange and vascular resistance. As cardiac output (Q) was raised, ventral and dorsal aortic pressures increased while branchial (Rg) and systemic (Rs) vascular resistances fell, reflecting considerable passive distensibility. Arterial oxygenation was negative at low Qs due to significant internal O2 demand by the gill tissue, but increased to zero or positive values at intermediate Qs, and eventually declined at high Qs because of transit time limitation. O2 uptake from the ventilatory flow rose with increasing Q. Epinephrine (10(-5) M) decreased Rg, increased Rs, and enhanced arterial oxygenation. Artificial elevation of dorsal aortic pressure decreased Rg but did not affect arterial oxygenation. A 10-fold elevation of ventilatory flow increased arterial oxygenation but did not alter Rg or Rs. Endogenous metabolism of branchial tissue accounted for 11.7% of resting O2 uptake in vivo, and comprised an internal component taking O2 from perfusion flow and an external component drawing O2 from ventilatory flow.", "contents": "Oxygen exchange and vascular resistance in the totally perfused rainbow trout. A whole trout preparation (Salmo gairdneri) externally ventilated with water and internally perfused with artificial medium via a cardiac pump is discribed for the study of O2 exchange and vascular resistance. As cardiac output (Q) was raised, ventral and dorsal aortic pressures increased while branchial (Rg) and systemic (Rs) vascular resistances fell, reflecting considerable passive distensibility. Arterial oxygenation was negative at low Qs due to significant internal O2 demand by the gill tissue, but increased to zero or positive values at intermediate Qs, and eventually declined at high Qs because of transit time limitation. O2 uptake from the ventilatory flow rose with increasing Q. Epinephrine (10(-5) M) decreased Rg, increased Rs, and enhanced arterial oxygenation. Artificial elevation of dorsal aortic pressure decreased Rg but did not affect arterial oxygenation. A 10-fold elevation of ventilatory flow increased arterial oxygenation but did not alter Rg or Rs. Endogenous metabolism of branchial tissue accounted for 11.7% of resting O2 uptake in vivo, and comprised an internal component taking O2 from perfusion flow and an external component drawing O2 from ventilatory flow.", "PMID": 645939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2585", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the newborn dog.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF), CBF responses to changes in arterial CO2 tension, and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) were measured in newborn dogs, by means of a modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique employing 133Xe. Mongrel dogs of 1-7 days of age were paralyzed and passively ventilated with 70% N2O and 30% O2. CBF was derived by analysis of paired serial 20-microliter samples of arterial and of cerebral venous blood from the superior sagittal sinus. At an arterial PCO2 of 36.9 +/- 3.7 Torr and a mean arterial blood pressure of 62 +/- 10 Torr, CBF was 23 +/- 8 ml/min per 100 g. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference averaged 5.6 vol%, and CMRO2 was 1.13 +/- 0.30 ml O2/min per 100 g. CBF increased or decreased by 0.58 ml/min/100 g per Torr change in PCO2. Our results suggest that in the newborn, basal CBF and CBF responses to CO2 are considerably lower than in the adult and parallel the lower metabolic needs of the newborn brain.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the newborn dog. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), CBF responses to changes in arterial CO2 tension, and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) were measured in newborn dogs, by means of a modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique employing 133Xe. Mongrel dogs of 1-7 days of age were paralyzed and passively ventilated with 70% N2O and 30% O2. CBF was derived by analysis of paired serial 20-microliter samples of arterial and of cerebral venous blood from the superior sagittal sinus. At an arterial PCO2 of 36.9 +/- 3.7 Torr and a mean arterial blood pressure of 62 +/- 10 Torr, CBF was 23 +/- 8 ml/min per 100 g. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference averaged 5.6 vol%, and CMRO2 was 1.13 +/- 0.30 ml O2/min per 100 g. CBF increased or decreased by 0.58 ml/min/100 g per Torr change in PCO2. Our results suggest that in the newborn, basal CBF and CBF responses to CO2 are considerably lower than in the adult and parallel the lower metabolic needs of the newborn brain.", "PMID": 645940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2586", "title": "Micropuncture studies of the osmoregulation in the nauplius of Artemia salina.", "content": "The osmoregulation of the nauplius of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, was investigated using micropuncture and microanalytical techniques. The naupliar body fluid, hemolymph was hyposmotic to and had lower Na concentrations than the suspending medium for the range of medium salinities from 80 to 4,900 mM NaCl. In medium containing 20 mM NaCl, the hemolymph was hyperosmotic to the medium, with osmolarity of 101 +/- 8 mosmol/1 and with [Na] of 49 +/- 11 meq/1. Whereas the maximal observed NaCl concentration gradient between hemolymph and medium was 4,785 mM, during the incubation of nauplii in artificial seawater (osmolarity: 932 mosmol/1; and [Na]: 502 meq/1) the osmolarity and [Na] of the naupliar hemolymph were 161 +/- SD 16 mosmol/1 and 86 +/- 14 meq/1, respectively. The influx and efflux of Na between medium and hemolymph were measured using 22Na. The fluxes of this ion were temperature dependent. The main site of efflux of 22Na was the neck organ as was shown by experiments of differential recovery of 22Na introduced in the hemolymph. These studies demonstrate that the nauplius of A. salina has the ability to osmoregulate not only against high environmental salinities but also against low salinities approaching those of freshwater.", "contents": "Micropuncture studies of the osmoregulation in the nauplius of Artemia salina. The osmoregulation of the nauplius of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, was investigated using micropuncture and microanalytical techniques. The naupliar body fluid, hemolymph was hyposmotic to and had lower Na concentrations than the suspending medium for the range of medium salinities from 80 to 4,900 mM NaCl. In medium containing 20 mM NaCl, the hemolymph was hyperosmotic to the medium, with osmolarity of 101 +/- 8 mosmol/1 and with [Na] of 49 +/- 11 meq/1. Whereas the maximal observed NaCl concentration gradient between hemolymph and medium was 4,785 mM, during the incubation of nauplii in artificial seawater (osmolarity: 932 mosmol/1; and [Na]: 502 meq/1) the osmolarity and [Na] of the naupliar hemolymph were 161 +/- SD 16 mosmol/1 and 86 +/- 14 meq/1, respectively. The influx and efflux of Na between medium and hemolymph were measured using 22Na. The fluxes of this ion were temperature dependent. The main site of efflux of 22Na was the neck organ as was shown by experiments of differential recovery of 22Na introduced in the hemolymph. These studies demonstrate that the nauplius of A. salina has the ability to osmoregulate not only against high environmental salinities but also against low salinities approaching those of freshwater.", "PMID": 645941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2587", "title": "Parabrachial pons mediates hypothalamically induced renal vasoconstriction.", "content": "The role of the parabrachial region of the dorsal rostral pons (PB) in mediating control of renal blood flow and of systemic arterial blood pressure was investigated in nine cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan. Electrical stimulation through electrodes placed stereotaxically in lateral and medial positions in the hypothalamus (LH and MH) in PB and in ventrolateral reticular formation (VLRF) of each cat elicited pronounced systemic arterial pressor responses and renal vasoconstrictions. Stimulation parameters were adjusted so that renal flow responses elicited from each site were equal. Following a unilateral lesion in the PB, responses of renal vasoconstriction induced by hypothalamic stimulation were attenuated, but responses of arterial pressure were not altered. Stimulation of the VLRF, posterior to the lesion, consistently produced undiminished systemic pressor responses and renal vasoconstriction throughout the durations of the experiments excluding decay of renal vascular responsiveness. Thus, the data suggest that pathways mediating renal vasoconstriction in response to hypothalamic stimulation was discrete and pass through the parabrachial region, whereas pathways mediating systemic vasoconstriction in response to hypothalamic stimulation are distinct or less compact.", "contents": "Parabrachial pons mediates hypothalamically induced renal vasoconstriction. The role of the parabrachial region of the dorsal rostral pons (PB) in mediating control of renal blood flow and of systemic arterial blood pressure was investigated in nine cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan. Electrical stimulation through electrodes placed stereotaxically in lateral and medial positions in the hypothalamus (LH and MH) in PB and in ventrolateral reticular formation (VLRF) of each cat elicited pronounced systemic arterial pressor responses and renal vasoconstrictions. Stimulation parameters were adjusted so that renal flow responses elicited from each site were equal. Following a unilateral lesion in the PB, responses of renal vasoconstriction induced by hypothalamic stimulation were attenuated, but responses of arterial pressure were not altered. Stimulation of the VLRF, posterior to the lesion, consistently produced undiminished systemic pressor responses and renal vasoconstriction throughout the durations of the experiments excluding decay of renal vascular responsiveness. Thus, the data suggest that pathways mediating renal vasoconstriction in response to hypothalamic stimulation was discrete and pass through the parabrachial region, whereas pathways mediating systemic vasoconstriction in response to hypothalamic stimulation are distinct or less compact.", "PMID": 645942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2588", "title": "Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression.", "content": "According to the cognitive view, the individual's negative and distorted thinking is the basic psychological problem in the depressive syndrome. The distorted cognitions are supported by maladaptive cognitive schemata, which involve immature \"either-or\" rules of conduct or inflexible and unattainable self-expectations. These schemata are probably acquired early in development and, if uncritically carried into adulthood, serve to predispose the individual to depression. Since these schemata are long-term identifiable psychological patterns that influence attitude and behavioral responses, they may constitute a cognitive dimension of the depression-prone individual's personality. The authors discuss the treatment implications of the cognitive approach to depression.", "contents": "Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. According to the cognitive view, the individual's negative and distorted thinking is the basic psychological problem in the depressive syndrome. The distorted cognitions are supported by maladaptive cognitive schemata, which involve immature \"either-or\" rules of conduct or inflexible and unattainable self-expectations. These schemata are probably acquired early in development and, if uncritically carried into adulthood, serve to predispose the individual to depression. Since these schemata are long-term identifiable psychological patterns that influence attitude and behavioral responses, they may constitute a cognitive dimension of the depression-prone individual's personality. The authors discuss the treatment implications of the cognitive approach to depression.", "PMID": 645943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2589", "title": "The cardiac effects of therapeutic plasma concentrations of imipramine.", "content": "The authors studied the effects of imipramine hydrochloride at plasma concentrations associated with antidepressant activity in seven patients hospitalized for severe depressive illness. They found that the drug usually produced prolongation of intraventricular cardiac conduction. Although this was generally well tolerated, the authors suggest that patients with preexisting conduction system disease may be at increased risk when taking tricyclic antidepressants. They feel that the orthostatic hypotension seen in all seven patients represents a potentially serious problem with tricyclic antidepressants. They discuss the antiarrhythmic properties associated with imipramine and significant interactions between imipramine and drugs taken by patients with cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "The cardiac effects of therapeutic plasma concentrations of imipramine. The authors studied the effects of imipramine hydrochloride at plasma concentrations associated with antidepressant activity in seven patients hospitalized for severe depressive illness. They found that the drug usually produced prolongation of intraventricular cardiac conduction. Although this was generally well tolerated, the authors suggest that patients with preexisting conduction system disease may be at increased risk when taking tricyclic antidepressants. They feel that the orthostatic hypotension seen in all seven patients represents a potentially serious problem with tricyclic antidepressants. They discuss the antiarrhythmic properties associated with imipramine and significant interactions between imipramine and drugs taken by patients with cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 645944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2590", "title": "Use of the extended family in the treatment of multiple personality.", "content": "The author describes a patient with the diagnosis of multiple personality who was treated by several therapists with different theoretical perspectives, including psychoanalysis and family systems theory. The latter approaches to the patient's illness are compared, a new methodology of treatment is reported, and the impact of different ways of thinking about the patient is discussed.", "contents": "Use of the extended family in the treatment of multiple personality. The author describes a patient with the diagnosis of multiple personality who was treated by several therapists with different theoretical perspectives, including psychoanalysis and family systems theory. The latter approaches to the patient's illness are compared, a new methodology of treatment is reported, and the impact of different ways of thinking about the patient is discussed.", "PMID": 645945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2591", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of mastectomy: II. the man's perspective.", "content": "In order to assess factors related to men's adjustment to mastectomy and its aftermath the authors administered a questionnaire to 31 men whose wives or partners had had mastectomies. Most men reported a good overall adjustment, but a subgroup remained distressed and reported adverse effects on their relationships with wives or lovers. The data indicate that the nodal points in the process are the involvement of partners in the decision-making process, the frequency of hospital visits, resumption of the sexual relationship, and the man looking at his partner's body after surgery. These findings have implications for counseling couples who face this emotionally stressful procedure.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of mastectomy: II. the man's perspective. In order to assess factors related to men's adjustment to mastectomy and its aftermath the authors administered a questionnaire to 31 men whose wives or partners had had mastectomies. Most men reported a good overall adjustment, but a subgroup remained distressed and reported adverse effects on their relationships with wives or lovers. The data indicate that the nodal points in the process are the involvement of partners in the decision-making process, the frequency of hospital visits, resumption of the sexual relationship, and the man looking at his partner's body after surgery. These findings have implications for counseling couples who face this emotionally stressful procedure.", "PMID": 645946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2592", "title": "Obesity and psychoanalysis.", "content": "Seventy-two psychoanalysts collected information on 84 obese patients and on a control sample of 63 of their patients of normal weight. Despite the fact that obesity was the chief complaint of only 6% of the obese patients, weight losses at 42 months of psychoanalytic treatment compared favorably with those after traditional medical efforts: 47% of the obese psychoanalytic patients lost more than 9 kg, and 19% lost more than 18 kg. There was also a striking decrease in the percentage of obese patients suffering from body image disparagement--from 44% to 12%, an unexpectedly good result for this chronic and intractable disorder.", "contents": "Obesity and psychoanalysis. Seventy-two psychoanalysts collected information on 84 obese patients and on a control sample of 63 of their patients of normal weight. Despite the fact that obesity was the chief complaint of only 6% of the obese patients, weight losses at 42 months of psychoanalytic treatment compared favorably with those after traditional medical efforts: 47% of the obese psychoanalytic patients lost more than 9 kg, and 19% lost more than 18 kg. There was also a striking decrease in the percentage of obese patients suffering from body image disparagement--from 44% to 12%, an unexpectedly good result for this chronic and intractable disorder.", "PMID": 645947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2593", "title": "Prediction of antidepressant responses to lithium.", "content": "The authors studied 53 patients hospitalized for depression to evaluate possible associations between pretreatment responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and behaviorally rated responses to lithium. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B) in which responders and nonresponders were balanced for sex. For the 18 women in group A, a lithium response scale discriminated responders with 89% accuracy. For the 9 males, a separate scale discriminated responders with 100% accuracy. In a cross-validation, the two scales discriminated responders and nonresponders with 100% accuracy in group B. The empirical methodology of this study suggests an alternative to the theoretical-rational approach of predicting response to antidepressant drugs based on pretreatment depressive symptoms.", "contents": "Prediction of antidepressant responses to lithium. The authors studied 53 patients hospitalized for depression to evaluate possible associations between pretreatment responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and behaviorally rated responses to lithium. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B) in which responders and nonresponders were balanced for sex. For the 18 women in group A, a lithium response scale discriminated responders with 89% accuracy. For the 9 males, a separate scale discriminated responders with 100% accuracy. In a cross-validation, the two scales discriminated responders and nonresponders with 100% accuracy in group B. The empirical methodology of this study suggests an alternative to the theoretical-rational approach of predicting response to antidepressant drugs based on pretreatment depressive symptoms.", "PMID": 645948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2594", "title": "MAO activity, csf amine metabolites, and drug-free improvement in schizophrenia.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid were compared in 22 schizophrenic patients, 8 of whom improved during a 30-day drug-free period. CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid did not distinguish between drug-free improvers and nonimprovers. However, drug-free improvers had lower platelet MAO activities than did normal controls. The authors suggest that looking at clinical variables in patients with low MAO activity might provide a means of biologically subtyping schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "MAO activity, csf amine metabolites, and drug-free improvement in schizophrenia. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid were compared in 22 schizophrenic patients, 8 of whom improved during a 30-day drug-free period. CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid did not distinguish between drug-free improvers and nonimprovers. However, drug-free improvers had lower platelet MAO activities than did normal controls. The authors suggest that looking at clinical variables in patients with low MAO activity might provide a means of biologically subtyping schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 645949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2595", "title": "Minor physical anomalies in young psychotic children.", "content": "The authors examined three groups of children for minor physical anomalies: 52 autistic children, 34 nonautistic siblings of these patients, and 29 normal controls. The total number of anomalies and the weighted score were significantly higher in the autistic children. The formation of these anomalies in the first three months of fetal life may concur with the developmental deviation of the central nervous system in some of these individuals.", "contents": "Minor physical anomalies in young psychotic children. The authors examined three groups of children for minor physical anomalies: 52 autistic children, 34 nonautistic siblings of these patients, and 29 normal controls. The total number of anomalies and the weighted score were significantly higher in the autistic children. The formation of these anomalies in the first three months of fetal life may concur with the developmental deviation of the central nervous system in some of these individuals.", "PMID": 645950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2596", "title": "Self-destructive behavior in battered children.", "content": "Fifty-nine physically abused children demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of self-destructive behavior than two control groups of nonabused children, one neglected and one normal. The self-destructive behavior, including suicide attempts and self-mutilation, was potentiated by interrelated variables operating in the abused child and his environment. Often enhanced by the ego deficits and impaired impulse control of the abused children, this behavior seemed to represent a learned pattern originating in early traumatic experiences with hostile primary objects.", "contents": "Self-destructive behavior in battered children. Fifty-nine physically abused children demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of self-destructive behavior than two control groups of nonabused children, one neglected and one normal. The self-destructive behavior, including suicide attempts and self-mutilation, was potentiated by interrelated variables operating in the abused child and his environment. Often enhanced by the ego deficits and impaired impulse control of the abused children, this behavior seemed to represent a learned pattern originating in early traumatic experiences with hostile primary objects.", "PMID": 645951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2597", "title": "Concurrent validity of the Depression Adjective Check List in a normal population.", "content": "A random sample of 309 employees of a state mental hospital completed form E of the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. Two psychiatrists then interviewed and independently rated all subjects on a 5-point scale. Most of the correlations between the DACL and the other measurements were significant and of sufficient magnitude to warrant interpretation as support for the concurrent validity of the DACL.", "contents": "Concurrent validity of the Depression Adjective Check List in a normal population. A random sample of 309 employees of a state mental hospital completed form E of the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. Two psychiatrists then interviewed and independently rated all subjects on a 5-point scale. Most of the correlations between the DACL and the other measurements were significant and of sufficient magnitude to warrant interpretation as support for the concurrent validity of the DACL.", "PMID": 645952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2598", "title": "The \"relief effect\": a sociobiological model for neurotic distress and large-group therapy.", "content": "The author discusses the new discipline of sociobiology. He develops the hypothesis that relief of neurotic distress may be associated with experiencing social affiliation and presents data that demonstrate a decline in neurotic symptom intensity in individuals who joined a cohesive religious sect. Anthropological and ethological evidence for the adaptive value of this \"relief effect\" provides a basis for the evolution of this trait. The author proposes a corresponding model for psychotherapy in large groups.", "contents": "The \"relief effect\": a sociobiological model for neurotic distress and large-group therapy. The author discusses the new discipline of sociobiology. He develops the hypothesis that relief of neurotic distress may be associated with experiencing social affiliation and presents data that demonstrate a decline in neurotic symptom intensity in individuals who joined a cohesive religious sect. Anthropological and ethological evidence for the adaptive value of this \"relief effect\" provides a basis for the evolution of this trait. The author proposes a corresponding model for psychotherapy in large groups.", "PMID": 645953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2599", "title": "The psychiatric house call.", "content": "Although caregivers in many disciplines have provided home visits as part of their services, psychiatrists have rarely made house calls. The author discusses some of the practical and emotional issues that have traditionally caused both patient and psychiatrist sufficient discomfort to limit this model of therapeutic intervention. Special emphasis is made in support of the psychiatric house call for elderly persons.", "contents": "The psychiatric house call. Although caregivers in many disciplines have provided home visits as part of their services, psychiatrists have rarely made house calls. The author discusses some of the practical and emotional issues that have traditionally caused both patient and psychiatrist sufficient discomfort to limit this model of therapeutic intervention. Special emphasis is made in support of the psychiatric house call for elderly persons.", "PMID": 645954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2600", "title": "Day hospital treatment of borderline patients: a clinical perspective.", "content": "The authors suggest that day hospitalization can provide a useful therapeutic framework for patients with borderline personality organization without creating the ego regression often seen in such patients during 24-hour hospitalization. The lack of room and board facilities and of contact with patients who need 24-hour hospitalization plus the maintenance of contact with the people in the patient's nonhospital life facilitate treatment in this setting.", "contents": "Day hospital treatment of borderline patients: a clinical perspective. The authors suggest that day hospitalization can provide a useful therapeutic framework for patients with borderline personality organization without creating the ego regression often seen in such patients during 24-hour hospitalization. The lack of room and board facilities and of contact with patients who need 24-hour hospitalization plus the maintenance of contact with the people in the patient's nonhospital life facilitate treatment in this setting.", "PMID": 645955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2601", "title": "Oral contraceptive use: association with frequency of hospitalization and chronic disease risk indicators.", "content": "A questionnaire was mailed to 97,364 married women, aged 26--50, resident in Greater Boston in 1970, requesting information on lifetime oral contraceptive (OC) use, reproductive history, education, and hospitalization experience in 1969; 65,843 women responded. In 1973 a second questionnaire was mailed to 37,292 of these women, including all OC users and an equal number of non-users matched on age, parity, education, and town of residence. This questionnaire related to use of OCs, other female hormones, and the menopause. OC use was most strongly related to age, with a sixfold increase in use from the oldest women (of whom 10 per cent had used OCs at some time) to the youngest. Use was directly related to education and mobility and inversely related to parity. Reasons for beginning and ceasing use differed for women of different ages and educational attainment. Thus, use of OCs varies with social and reproductive characteristics that are risk indicators for many diseases. OC use was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for thromboembolic disease (risk ratio = 1.5, 95 per cent confidence limits 1.2, 3.2) and for mental illness, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, and cancer of the cervix. OC users were hospitalized for many non-life threatening conditions 20 to 40 per cent more frequently than were non-users.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive use: association with frequency of hospitalization and chronic disease risk indicators. A questionnaire was mailed to 97,364 married women, aged 26--50, resident in Greater Boston in 1970, requesting information on lifetime oral contraceptive (OC) use, reproductive history, education, and hospitalization experience in 1969; 65,843 women responded. In 1973 a second questionnaire was mailed to 37,292 of these women, including all OC users and an equal number of non-users matched on age, parity, education, and town of residence. This questionnaire related to use of OCs, other female hormones, and the menopause. OC use was most strongly related to age, with a sixfold increase in use from the oldest women (of whom 10 per cent had used OCs at some time) to the youngest. Use was directly related to education and mobility and inversely related to parity. Reasons for beginning and ceasing use differed for women of different ages and educational attainment. Thus, use of OCs varies with social and reproductive characteristics that are risk indicators for many diseases. OC use was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for thromboembolic disease (risk ratio = 1.5, 95 per cent confidence limits 1.2, 3.2) and for mental illness, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, and cancer of the cervix. OC users were hospitalized for many non-life threatening conditions 20 to 40 per cent more frequently than were non-users.", "PMID": 645979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2602", "title": "Socioeconomic differentials in selected causes of death.", "content": "The areal approach utilized in mortality analysis for cities in the past is argued to be fruitful for suburban mortality analysis as well. Through factor analysis of four Census Tract indicators, weighted scores were computed and socioeconomic groups were constructed for each central city and each suburban area for three selected metropolitan areas: Birmingham, AL, Buffalo, NY, and Indianapolis, IN. Mortality rates from Heart Diseases, Malignant Neoplasms, and All Other Causes of death were found to be inversely associated with socioeconomic status in both the central cities and the suburban communities of these selected metropolitan areas. Evidence points to increasing socioeconomic differentials between 1960 and 1970 especially for males for the central cities and for suburban rings in spite of reductions in mortality during this period.", "contents": "Socioeconomic differentials in selected causes of death. The areal approach utilized in mortality analysis for cities in the past is argued to be fruitful for suburban mortality analysis as well. Through factor analysis of four Census Tract indicators, weighted scores were computed and socioeconomic groups were constructed for each central city and each suburban area for three selected metropolitan areas: Birmingham, AL, Buffalo, NY, and Indianapolis, IN. Mortality rates from Heart Diseases, Malignant Neoplasms, and All Other Causes of death were found to be inversely associated with socioeconomic status in both the central cities and the suburban communities of these selected metropolitan areas. Evidence points to increasing socioeconomic differentials between 1960 and 1970 especially for males for the central cities and for suburban rings in spite of reductions in mortality during this period.", "PMID": 645980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2603", "title": "Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965--1973: I. Priorities for intervention.", "content": "Changes in United States infant and perinatal mortality in the period 1965--1973 were examined by race, age at death or length of gestation, and degree of urbanization. The decline of postneonatal mortality rates was greater than the declines of fetal and neonatal mortality rates. Other-than white infant and fetal mortality rates improved more than the white rates, except in the first day of life. Postneonatal mortality rates improved more in rural than in urban areas, while neonatal and perinatal mortality rates improved more in urban areas than in rural. These improvements in mortality rates have occurred at the same time as changes in medical techniques and the organization and availability of health services, improvements in economic conditions and standards of living, and changes in the demographic characteristics of the child-bearing population of the United States. Each of these changes was in a direction expected to have a favorable effect on infant and perinatal mortality. Nevertheless, the improvement of infant mortality rates has not changed the relative position of the United States in comparison with other countries. Programs to improve infant and perinatal mortality can use the data in this study to define high priority target groups using a method based on the size of the problem in the target group, the severity of the problem, and the amount and direction of change.", "contents": "Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965--1973: I. Priorities for intervention. Changes in United States infant and perinatal mortality in the period 1965--1973 were examined by race, age at death or length of gestation, and degree of urbanization. The decline of postneonatal mortality rates was greater than the declines of fetal and neonatal mortality rates. Other-than white infant and fetal mortality rates improved more than the white rates, except in the first day of life. Postneonatal mortality rates improved more in rural than in urban areas, while neonatal and perinatal mortality rates improved more in urban areas than in rural. These improvements in mortality rates have occurred at the same time as changes in medical techniques and the organization and availability of health services, improvements in economic conditions and standards of living, and changes in the demographic characteristics of the child-bearing population of the United States. Each of these changes was in a direction expected to have a favorable effect on infant and perinatal mortality. Nevertheless, the improvement of infant mortality rates has not changed the relative position of the United States in comparison with other countries. Programs to improve infant and perinatal mortality can use the data in this study to define high priority target groups using a method based on the size of the problem in the target group, the severity of the problem, and the amount and direction of change.", "PMID": 645981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2604", "title": "The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in North Carolina's cities and counties: 1972--1974.", "content": "Between January 1, 1972 and December 31, 1974, 534 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome cases were reported in North Carolina. All but the out-of-state cases were mapped by county and city locations to determine if urban or rural cases predominated. The mapping was also undertaken to see if significant spatial variabilities could be detected between the county and city populations of infants at risk. The state had an overall SIDS rate of 2.06 per thousand live births. The mapping revealed that counties had a range from zero to a high of 6.6 and that cities with populations of over 10,000 had SIDS rates which ranged from zero to a high of 10.6. The proportions of SIDS cases occurring in either urban or rural locations roughly approximated the distribution of the state's population, with neither location accounting for disproportionately more cases. The larger cities, however, reported more cases than did their suburbs and the immediately surrounding rural areas. The largest and smallest cities, when grouped accordingly, had the lowest urban SIDS rates. The summary SIDS rates for whites was 1.23 per thousant live births, for blacks it was 3.75, and for Indians it was 6.56 per thousand live births.", "contents": "The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in North Carolina's cities and counties: 1972--1974. Between January 1, 1972 and December 31, 1974, 534 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome cases were reported in North Carolina. All but the out-of-state cases were mapped by county and city locations to determine if urban or rural cases predominated. The mapping was also undertaken to see if significant spatial variabilities could be detected between the county and city populations of infants at risk. The state had an overall SIDS rate of 2.06 per thousand live births. The mapping revealed that counties had a range from zero to a high of 6.6 and that cities with populations of over 10,000 had SIDS rates which ranged from zero to a high of 10.6. The proportions of SIDS cases occurring in either urban or rural locations roughly approximated the distribution of the state's population, with neither location accounting for disproportionately more cases. The larger cities, however, reported more cases than did their suburbs and the immediately surrounding rural areas. The largest and smallest cities, when grouped accordingly, had the lowest urban SIDS rates. The summary SIDS rates for whites was 1.23 per thousant live births, for blacks it was 3.75, and for Indians it was 6.56 per thousand live births.", "PMID": 645982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2605", "title": "Health services needs of children in day care centers.", "content": "In order to assess health services needs of children in day care centers, interviews were carried out with health coordinators or directors of 52 licensed day care centers in Berkeley, California. Over one-third of the centers lacked a designated health coordinator; one-fourth of the centers lacked written health guidelines and/or emergency guidelines; almost one-half lacked nutrition education services; and over two-thirds lacked a dental health education program. Only one out of five centers was willing to admit mildly ill children. Health coordinators and directors showed strong preference for care of mildly ill children at home by a trained worker. The presence of a designated health coordinator and of state funds was highly associated with the content and scope of health services provided.", "contents": "Health services needs of children in day care centers. In order to assess health services needs of children in day care centers, interviews were carried out with health coordinators or directors of 52 licensed day care centers in Berkeley, California. Over one-third of the centers lacked a designated health coordinator; one-fourth of the centers lacked written health guidelines and/or emergency guidelines; almost one-half lacked nutrition education services; and over two-thirds lacked a dental health education program. Only one out of five centers was willing to admit mildly ill children. Health coordinators and directors showed strong preference for care of mildly ill children at home by a trained worker. The presence of a designated health coordinator and of state funds was highly associated with the content and scope of health services provided.", "PMID": 645983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2606", "title": "Audience interest in mass media messages about lung disease in Vermont.", "content": "This study pretested audience interest in 25 potential message concepts to be used in a mass media campaign designed to change knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding lung disease. A group of 150 respondents reflecting specific target audiences (smokers, older persons, etc.) rated each concept on the basis of a two-sentence description using Haskins' 0--100 scale. Results indicated that older persons were most interested in message concepts suggesting ways to deal with various lung disease symptoms, and smokers showed highest interest in concepts offering positive and straightforward advice on how to quit smoking, rather than concepts that were negative, cute, or satirical in approach. Recommendations based on audience interest were made for the design of future lung disease media campaigns.", "contents": "Audience interest in mass media messages about lung disease in Vermont. This study pretested audience interest in 25 potential message concepts to be used in a mass media campaign designed to change knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding lung disease. A group of 150 respondents reflecting specific target audiences (smokers, older persons, etc.) rated each concept on the basis of a two-sentence description using Haskins' 0--100 scale. Results indicated that older persons were most interested in message concepts suggesting ways to deal with various lung disease symptoms, and smokers showed highest interest in concepts offering positive and straightforward advice on how to quit smoking, rather than concepts that were negative, cute, or satirical in approach. Recommendations based on audience interest were made for the design of future lung disease media campaigns.", "PMID": 645984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2607", "title": "Problems in suicide statistics for whites and blacks.", "content": "The accuracy of suicide statistics was assessed by comparing published Health Department suicide rates for an area of New York City with Medical Examiner records. For the period 1968--1979, records from the Medical Examiner's Office were searched to determine all deaths classified as definite suicides. Another group of deaths was considered suicide by the Medical Examiner but never classified as such. These deaths we labeled \"assigned suicides.\" When definite suicides were compared with all deaths considered suicide by the Medical Examiner (definite and assigned suicides), black suicide was underestimated by 80 per cent and white suicide by 42 per cent. Underestimation was the same for males and females but varied by age group. In 1968, when the seventh revision of the International Classification of Deaths (ICD) was used, Health Department suicide rates for blacks were almost identical to Medical Examiner rates, while white rates were underestimated by 25 per cent. In 1969--1970, when the eighth revision was used, Health Department statistics underestimated black suicides by 82 per cent and white suicides by 66 per cent. Reasons for the underestimations were related to the methods used in committing suicide by the two ethnic groups and to the ways that suicide classification has changed from the seventh to eighth revision. Implications for research using official death certificate reports are discussed.", "contents": "Problems in suicide statistics for whites and blacks. The accuracy of suicide statistics was assessed by comparing published Health Department suicide rates for an area of New York City with Medical Examiner records. For the period 1968--1979, records from the Medical Examiner's Office were searched to determine all deaths classified as definite suicides. Another group of deaths was considered suicide by the Medical Examiner but never classified as such. These deaths we labeled \"assigned suicides.\" When definite suicides were compared with all deaths considered suicide by the Medical Examiner (definite and assigned suicides), black suicide was underestimated by 80 per cent and white suicide by 42 per cent. Underestimation was the same for males and females but varied by age group. In 1968, when the seventh revision of the International Classification of Deaths (ICD) was used, Health Department suicide rates for blacks were almost identical to Medical Examiner rates, while white rates were underestimated by 25 per cent. In 1969--1970, when the eighth revision was used, Health Department statistics underestimated black suicides by 82 per cent and white suicides by 66 per cent. Reasons for the underestimations were related to the methods used in committing suicide by the two ethnic groups and to the ways that suicide classification has changed from the seventh to eighth revision. Implications for research using official death certificate reports are discussed.", "PMID": 645985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2608", "title": "Planning and developing a prehospital mobile intensive care system in an urban setting.", "content": "A suggested model for the development of an urban based prehospital emergency care system is described. Factors considered in the planning and development include: 1) demand for services, projected and actual; 2) analysis of costs; 3) design and maintenance of the delivery system; and 4) establishment of the evaluation mechanisms. Over one year's experience and 1,144 mobile intensive care unit (MICU) calls in a densely populated urban setting with over 500,000 persons are reported. During the peak 8-hour period, predetermined dispatch categories were employed to activate one MICU operating in conjunction with three conventional ambulances. This partial conversion imparted MICU capability to the entire system at an 11 per cent increase in the ambulance budget. MICU calls averaged 4.5 per 8-hour peak shift and took 45 minutes each.", "contents": "Planning and developing a prehospital mobile intensive care system in an urban setting. A suggested model for the development of an urban based prehospital emergency care system is described. Factors considered in the planning and development include: 1) demand for services, projected and actual; 2) analysis of costs; 3) design and maintenance of the delivery system; and 4) establishment of the evaluation mechanisms. Over one year's experience and 1,144 mobile intensive care unit (MICU) calls in a densely populated urban setting with over 500,000 persons are reported. During the peak 8-hour period, predetermined dispatch categories were employed to activate one MICU operating in conjunction with three conventional ambulances. This partial conversion imparted MICU capability to the entire system at an 11 per cent increase in the ambulance budget. MICU calls averaged 4.5 per 8-hour peak shift and took 45 minutes each.", "PMID": 645986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2609", "title": "Dental examinations for quality control: peer review versus self-assessment.", "content": "This paper reports the dental care norms for restorative dentistry collected from examinations of 1,466 patients in 105 dental offices in Washington State during 1976. These results are part of a larger study, \"Assessment of Care and Continuing Dental Education,\" being conducted by the University of Washington with the endorsement and cooperation of the Washington State Dental Association. Treatments in volunteer offices were evaluated either by colleagues (peer review) or by the practitioner himself (self-assessment). Two hundred twenty-four of 1,196 eligible dentists volunteered for the study. Patients from the practitioners' offices were randomly selected from office files by project staff. The study tests the proposition that, using standardized clinical evaluation procedures and comparable samples of treatment, dentists will be more critical of their own work than that of others. Results suggest a generally high level of care provided by volunteer practitioners and that self-assessments were significantly more critical than peer review.", "contents": "Dental examinations for quality control: peer review versus self-assessment. This paper reports the dental care norms for restorative dentistry collected from examinations of 1,466 patients in 105 dental offices in Washington State during 1976. These results are part of a larger study, \"Assessment of Care and Continuing Dental Education,\" being conducted by the University of Washington with the endorsement and cooperation of the Washington State Dental Association. Treatments in volunteer offices were evaluated either by colleagues (peer review) or by the practitioner himself (self-assessment). Two hundred twenty-four of 1,196 eligible dentists volunteered for the study. Patients from the practitioners' offices were randomly selected from office files by project staff. The study tests the proposition that, using standardized clinical evaluation procedures and comparable samples of treatment, dentists will be more critical of their own work than that of others. Results suggest a generally high level of care provided by volunteer practitioners and that self-assessments were significantly more critical than peer review.", "PMID": 645987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2610", "title": "Psychiatry and general health care.", "content": "The paper presents a study of psychiatric morbidity in the general health care program of a Health Maintenance Organization. Mental health services are built into the program as an integral component of primary care teams in internal medicine and pediatrics. The following were some of the findings: 15.7% of patients visiting the Health Center over a two-year period presented emotional problems; 72% were treated by primary care clinicians alone and 28% by mental health clinicians. Treatment by primary and mental health clinicians is broken down by diagnostic categories. A study of patients with chronic emotional problems revealed that they tended to be high utilizers of all Health Center services for both physical and emotional difficulties. Chronic patients represented 2% of all patients who visited in 1974; of these, 54% were seen by mental health clinicians and 46% by primary care clinicians. In the case of patients with non-chronic emotional problems, over a two-year period, there was an increase in the per cent seen by primary clinicians. The use of psychoactive drugs by primary physicians and the advantages and difficulties of developing a program of integrated health-mental services are described.", "contents": "Psychiatry and general health care. The paper presents a study of psychiatric morbidity in the general health care program of a Health Maintenance Organization. Mental health services are built into the program as an integral component of primary care teams in internal medicine and pediatrics. The following were some of the findings: 15.7% of patients visiting the Health Center over a two-year period presented emotional problems; 72% were treated by primary care clinicians alone and 28% by mental health clinicians. Treatment by primary and mental health clinicians is broken down by diagnostic categories. A study of patients with chronic emotional problems revealed that they tended to be high utilizers of all Health Center services for both physical and emotional difficulties. Chronic patients represented 2% of all patients who visited in 1974; of these, 54% were seen by mental health clinicians and 46% by primary care clinicians. In the case of patients with non-chronic emotional problems, over a two-year period, there was an increase in the per cent seen by primary clinicians. The use of psychoactive drugs by primary physicians and the advantages and difficulties of developing a program of integrated health-mental services are described.", "PMID": 645993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2611", "title": "Health status indices and access to medical care.", "content": "This paper examines the uses of some health status indices in measuring equity of access to medical care. Empirical examples are provided using data from national surveys of the U.S. population conducted from 1964 through 1976. A simple indicator, mean number of physician visits, suggests that between 1963 and 1976 the poor improved their position relative to the rest of the population and, indeed, currently enjoy the highest level of access. However, a second measure, the use-disability ratio indicates that the poor may still receive less care relative to their need. A third measure, the symptoms-response ratio suggests how norms of appropriate behavior might be incorporated into an access measure.", "contents": "Health status indices and access to medical care. This paper examines the uses of some health status indices in measuring equity of access to medical care. Empirical examples are provided using data from national surveys of the U.S. population conducted from 1964 through 1976. A simple indicator, mean number of physician visits, suggests that between 1963 and 1976 the poor improved their position relative to the rest of the population and, indeed, currently enjoy the highest level of access. However, a second measure, the use-disability ratio indicates that the poor may still receive less care relative to their need. A third measure, the symptoms-response ratio suggests how norms of appropriate behavior might be incorporated into an access measure.", "PMID": 645994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2612", "title": "A method for selecting criteria to evaluate medical care.", "content": "This study tests a questionnaire method for eliciting process criteria for medical care appraisal. The questionnaire was sent to national samples of family physicians, pediatricians, and pediatricians specializing in infectious diseases asking their opinions about various clinical actions in 125 clinical situations concerning respiratory infection in infants. Five hundred twenty-four (54%) physicians returned completed questionnaires. Questionnaire responses favored the performance of a majority of actions and opposed very few. Opinions concerning individual actions, particularly diagnostic tests and treatments, varied widely depending upon the clinical situation presented. A second questionnaire sent one year later indicated that the opinions expressed in the first questionnaire remained stable over time, especially if the initial opinion favored performance of the action. Comparison of the questionnaire responses and medical records of a group of practitioners demonstrated that only 55% of actions favored in a practitioner's questionnaire appeared in his records. Although the questionnaire method appears to be a feasible, specific, and reliable means of identifying clinical opinion, there remains considerable discordance between opinion as expressed in the questionnaire and recorded clinical practice.", "contents": "A method for selecting criteria to evaluate medical care. This study tests a questionnaire method for eliciting process criteria for medical care appraisal. The questionnaire was sent to national samples of family physicians, pediatricians, and pediatricians specializing in infectious diseases asking their opinions about various clinical actions in 125 clinical situations concerning respiratory infection in infants. Five hundred twenty-four (54%) physicians returned completed questionnaires. Questionnaire responses favored the performance of a majority of actions and opposed very few. Opinions concerning individual actions, particularly diagnostic tests and treatments, varied widely depending upon the clinical situation presented. A second questionnaire sent one year later indicated that the opinions expressed in the first questionnaire remained stable over time, especially if the initial opinion favored performance of the action. Comparison of the questionnaire responses and medical records of a group of practitioners demonstrated that only 55% of actions favored in a practitioner's questionnaire appeared in his records. Although the questionnaire method appears to be a feasible, specific, and reliable means of identifying clinical opinion, there remains considerable discordance between opinion as expressed in the questionnaire and recorded clinical practice.", "PMID": 645995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2613", "title": "Impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health.", "content": "A \"treatment-control\" research design incorporating a modified \"tracer disease\" methodology for measuring health outcomes has been applied to the evaluation of a rural pediatric outreach preventive health care program in Appalachia. The primary research objective was to assess the general level of effectiveness of the health services provided by the program in preventing and/or reducing illness due to common childhood diseases among children receiving these services, when compared to similar (i.e., \"matched\") children receiving standard pediatric outpatient care but without such outreach services. The research findings indicate that prevalence rates for the selected tracer diseases were generally comparable among program children and their controls. However, evidence of effective identification and treatment of an increased prevalence of iron deficiency anemia by the program was demonstrated. Comparison of the program and control children on their sociocultural characteristics also suggests that the comparable health outcomes for the two groups may have been achieved in the case of the program children despite their somewhat disadvantaged socioeconomic and environmental circumstances relative to the controls; and apparently with lower outpatient services utilization and lower overall costs.", "contents": "Impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health. A \"treatment-control\" research design incorporating a modified \"tracer disease\" methodology for measuring health outcomes has been applied to the evaluation of a rural pediatric outreach preventive health care program in Appalachia. The primary research objective was to assess the general level of effectiveness of the health services provided by the program in preventing and/or reducing illness due to common childhood diseases among children receiving these services, when compared to similar (i.e., \"matched\") children receiving standard pediatric outpatient care but without such outreach services. The research findings indicate that prevalence rates for the selected tracer diseases were generally comparable among program children and their controls. However, evidence of effective identification and treatment of an increased prevalence of iron deficiency anemia by the program was demonstrated. Comparison of the program and control children on their sociocultural characteristics also suggests that the comparable health outcomes for the two groups may have been achieved in the case of the program children despite their somewhat disadvantaged socioeconomic and environmental circumstances relative to the controls; and apparently with lower outpatient services utilization and lower overall costs.", "PMID": 645996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2614", "title": "Considerations in the design of mental health benefits under National Health Insurance.", "content": "The existing insurance coverage for mental health benefits provides incentives for hospital as compared with community care and reinforces a medical approach to psychological disability. Moreover, the structure of benefits favors the affluent as compared with the disadvantaged and provides little assistance for the community integration of the chronic mental patient. In considering mental health benefits under National Health Insurance we must be careful to  avoid reinforcing these patterns. It is suggested that NHI include a mental health resource development fund intended for building a stronger network of community mental health care and that the pattern of insurance benefits under NHI be consistent with developing psychiatric services on a capitation basis.", "contents": "Considerations in the design of mental health benefits under National Health Insurance. The existing insurance coverage for mental health benefits provides incentives for hospital as compared with community care and reinforces a medical approach to psychological disability. Moreover, the structure of benefits favors the affluent as compared with the disadvantaged and provides little assistance for the community integration of the chronic mental patient. In considering mental health benefits under National Health Insurance we must be careful to  avoid reinforcing these patterns. It is suggested that NHI include a mental health resource development fund intended for building a stronger network of community mental health care and that the pattern of insurance benefits under NHI be consistent with developing psychiatric services on a capitation basis.", "PMID": 645997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2615", "title": "Health input into land use planning experiences in a land use program.", "content": "The experiences of a health professional in a land use program in a California County are described: providing health input into the land use planning process by counseling elected and appointed government officials, individual developers, and citizen groups; interpreting existing standards and evaluating proposed ordinances and land use proposals. The significance of such input and the need for guiding standards are emphasized.", "contents": "Health input into land use planning experiences in a land use program. The experiences of a health professional in a land use program in a California County are described: providing health input into the land use planning process by counseling elected and appointed government officials, individual developers, and citizen groups; interpreting existing standards and evaluating proposed ordinances and land use proposals. The significance of such input and the need for guiding standards are emphasized.", "PMID": 645998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2616", "title": "Thoracic outlet compression in athletes a report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of thoracic outlet compression have been presented. The occurrence of this syndrome in athletes has not to our knowledge been previously reported. We do not feel eliminating athletic participation is a viable option for our patients. We have been satisfied with nonoperative treatment but would not hestitate offering surgery if indicated, since most authors have had good results in those who have failed conservative care. Thoracic outlet compression should be considered in all patients with upper extremity pain including athletes.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet compression in athletes a report of four cases. Four cases of thoracic outlet compression have been presented. The occurrence of this syndrome in athletes has not to our knowledge been previously reported. We do not feel eliminating athletic participation is a viable option for our patients. We have been satisfied with nonoperative treatment but would not hestitate offering surgery if indicated, since most authors have had good results in those who have failed conservative care. Thoracic outlet compression should be considered in all patients with upper extremity pain including athletes.", "PMID": 646006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2617", "title": "An analysis of 100 symptomatic baseball players.", "content": "The management of baseball elbow injuries, both operative and nonoperative, was usually successful, permitting continued high-level athletic participation. Surgery was particularly effective in those cases with loose bodies. In the shoulder, symptoms occurred in the anterior and posterior regions. Each area presented difficulties in accurate diagnosis. The management of anterior symptoms was primarily nonoperative, surgery being reserved as a salvage procedure. In the posterior capsular syndrome, the source of pain is still unclear.", "contents": "An analysis of 100 symptomatic baseball players. The management of baseball elbow injuries, both operative and nonoperative, was usually successful, permitting continued high-level athletic participation. Surgery was particularly effective in those cases with loose bodies. In the shoulder, symptoms occurred in the anterior and posterior regions. Each area presented difficulties in accurate diagnosis. The management of anterior symptoms was primarily nonoperative, surgery being reserved as a salvage procedure. In the posterior capsular syndrome, the source of pain is still unclear.", "PMID": 646009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2618", "title": "Protective immunity to Naegleria fowleri in experimental amebic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Naegleria fowleri, a free-living ameboflagellate, is the causative organism of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Intranasal inoculation of N. fowleri in mice produces an infection similar to human disease. Mice immunized with live N. fowleri by intraperitoneal injection were found to be more resistant to subsequent intranasal challenge. These results may provide a lead to the development of immunotherapy for this virulent disease for which satisfactory chemotherapy is presently unavailable.", "contents": "Protective immunity to Naegleria fowleri in experimental amebic meningoencephalitis. Naegleria fowleri, a free-living ameboflagellate, is the causative organism of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Intranasal inoculation of N. fowleri in mice produces an infection similar to human disease. Mice immunized with live N. fowleri by intraperitoneal injection were found to be more resistant to subsequent intranasal challenge. These results may provide a lead to the development of immunotherapy for this virulent disease for which satisfactory chemotherapy is presently unavailable.", "PMID": 646016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2619", "title": "Further experience with mebendazole in the treatment of symptomatic trichuriasis in children.", "content": "Mebendazole (methyl-5-benzoylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate: Vermox), a broad spectrum anthelmintic, cured 22 (88%) children with symptomatic trichuriasis when given as a single 6-day course in a dosage of 100 mg twice daily. A further 3 (12%) were cured after a repeat 6-day course of therapy. Thus complete parasite eradication was achieved in all. The administration of an antidiarrheal agent, loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium), appeared to enhance the efficacy of mebendazole. Both drugs were well tolerated and completely free of any toxic effects.", "contents": "Further experience with mebendazole in the treatment of symptomatic trichuriasis in children. Mebendazole (methyl-5-benzoylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate: Vermox), a broad spectrum anthelmintic, cured 22 (88%) children with symptomatic trichuriasis when given as a single 6-day course in a dosage of 100 mg twice daily. A further 3 (12%) were cured after a repeat 6-day course of therapy. Thus complete parasite eradication was achieved in all. The administration of an antidiarrheal agent, loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium), appeared to enhance the efficacy of mebendazole. Both drugs were well tolerated and completely free of any toxic effects.", "PMID": 646017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2620", "title": "Scanning electron microscope observations on tegument maturation in Schistosoma mansoni grown in permissive and non-permissive hosts.", "content": "Observations were made on details of tegument development of schistosomes grown in mouse, hamster, and rat hosts. In permissive hosts (mouse and hamster) the surface of the worm alters rapidly during early maturity and is characterized by fusing of a highly undulate surface network into smooth folds and spine-covered tubercles. In non-permissive hosts maturation of the tegument is both delayed and incomplete, and the tubercles are aspinous. Scanning views of the oral cavity and the gynegophoral canal, both sites of transitional tegumental organization, are also shown. The gynecophoral canal tegument seems to be a site of active lipid secretion.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope observations on tegument maturation in Schistosoma mansoni grown in permissive and non-permissive hosts. Observations were made on details of tegument development of schistosomes grown in mouse, hamster, and rat hosts. In permissive hosts (mouse and hamster) the surface of the worm alters rapidly during early maturity and is characterized by fusing of a highly undulate surface network into smooth folds and spine-covered tubercles. In non-permissive hosts maturation of the tegument is both delayed and incomplete, and the tubercles are aspinous. Scanning views of the oral cavity and the gynegophoral canal, both sites of transitional tegumental organization, are also shown. The gynecophoral canal tegument seems to be a site of active lipid secretion.", "PMID": 646018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2621", "title": "Tissue eosinophil proliferation and maturation in schistosome-infected mice and hamsters.", "content": "Extramedullary eosinophilopoiesis is described as a regular pathological feature of murine and cricetine schistosome infections. Using the Dominici staining technique, colonies of developing eosinophils were commonly found in certain tissue sites of dense oviposition, particularly in the liver, and in associated lymphoreticular tissues. The relationship of these observations to the role of eosinophilic leukocytes in schistosomiasis is discussed.", "contents": "Tissue eosinophil proliferation and maturation in schistosome-infected mice and hamsters. Extramedullary eosinophilopoiesis is described as a regular pathological feature of murine and cricetine schistosome infections. Using the Dominici staining technique, colonies of developing eosinophils were commonly found in certain tissue sites of dense oviposition, particularly in the liver, and in associated lymphoreticular tissues. The relationship of these observations to the role of eosinophilic leukocytes in schistosomiasis is discussed.", "PMID": 646019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2622", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the detection of antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was used to detect antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen in 118 sera from people living in a schistosomiasis endemic area in the Philippines. The sera were also tested for antibodies by the circumoval precipitin test (COPT); 53% were found positive by CIE and 48% positive by COPT. No significant differences were found between the tests (P = 0.18 by McNemar's test). Cross-reactions with sera from patients with intestinal capillariasis and monkeys with experimental angiostrongyliasis were not found and no false reactions were detected with sera from \"normal\" controls. The CIE test as used in the present studies was found to be comparable to the COPT in sensitivity and specificity as related to cross-reactivity with sera from nematode infections such as intestinal capillariasis and angiostrongyliasis. Results are usually available quickly with nearly 70% of any reactions occurring within 1 h. The test should be of value in seroepidemiologic surveys in schistosomiasis-endemic areas.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the detection of antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was used to detect antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen in 118 sera from people living in a schistosomiasis endemic area in the Philippines. The sera were also tested for antibodies by the circumoval precipitin test (COPT); 53% were found positive by CIE and 48% positive by COPT. No significant differences were found between the tests (P = 0.18 by McNemar's test). Cross-reactions with sera from patients with intestinal capillariasis and monkeys with experimental angiostrongyliasis were not found and no false reactions were detected with sera from \"normal\" controls. The CIE test as used in the present studies was found to be comparable to the COPT in sensitivity and specificity as related to cross-reactivity with sera from nematode infections such as intestinal capillariasis and angiostrongyliasis. Results are usually available quickly with nearly 70% of any reactions occurring within 1 h. The test should be of value in seroepidemiologic surveys in schistosomiasis-endemic areas.", "PMID": 646020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2623", "title": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. I. Natural infection in a Guatemalan enzootic focus.", "content": "A serological survey of 939 Neotropical bats of 22 species from an enzootic focus of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus on the Pacific lowlands of Guatemala during 1971--1975 revealed VE virus specific antibodies in seven species, three belonging to the genus Artibeus. VE virus was isolated from the blood of one Uroderma bilobatum. Antibody frequency was considerably lower in bats than in terrestrial mammals, and tended to vary within any given species from locality to locality and from year to year. At the village of La Avellana where VE virus was most active, antibody rates in the two best-sampled Artibeus species were 0.14 in 1971, 0.11 in 1972, 0.03 in 1973, and 0.11 in 1975. The positive rate of 0.10 over all years at La Avellana for the genus Artibeus suggests that these and possibly other bats regularly are infected by VE virus, and may possibly serve as alternate hosts to maintain virus circulation if most terrestrial animals become immune.", "contents": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. I. Natural infection in a Guatemalan enzootic focus. A serological survey of 939 Neotropical bats of 22 species from an enzootic focus of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus on the Pacific lowlands of Guatemala during 1971--1975 revealed VE virus specific antibodies in seven species, three belonging to the genus Artibeus. VE virus was isolated from the blood of one Uroderma bilobatum. Antibody frequency was considerably lower in bats than in terrestrial mammals, and tended to vary within any given species from locality to locality and from year to year. At the village of La Avellana where VE virus was most active, antibody rates in the two best-sampled Artibeus species were 0.14 in 1971, 0.11 in 1972, 0.03 in 1973, and 0.11 in 1975. The positive rate of 0.10 over all years at La Avellana for the genus Artibeus suggests that these and possibly other bats regularly are infected by VE virus, and may possibly serve as alternate hosts to maintain virus circulation if most terrestrial animals become immune.", "PMID": 646021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2624", "title": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. II. Experimental infections.", "content": "Eighty-nine Neotropical bats of five species were inoculated subcutaneously with epizootic or enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus. Viremia was detected in 92.5% of all bats, but no illness attributable to virus infection was observed. Detectable viremias averaged slightly over 4 days in Artibeus jamaicensis and A. lituratus, and 2.8 days in Phyllostomus discolor, and maximal viremia titers in these three species averaged 6.9, 6.6, and 4.6 log10 SMicLD50 per ml of blood, respectively. In general Artibeus developed and maintained detectable levels of both hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibody for as long as tested (up to 506 days), although HI antibody to enzootic VE virus strains disappeared in some A. lituratus. The detectable antibody response of P. discolor was slower and of lower magnitude and shorter duration than that of Artibeus, although individual P. discolor which had lost detectable HI and N antibody resisted challenge. Vertical passage of antibody was observed in three A. lituratus offspring. Artibeus jamaicensis were found to be only slightly less susceptible to VE virus infection than a U.S. subspecies of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). No virus was recovered by mouse inoculation of organ pools of bats killed as early as 2 days and as late as 299 days after the last day of detectable viremia.", "contents": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. II. Experimental infections. Eighty-nine Neotropical bats of five species were inoculated subcutaneously with epizootic or enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus. Viremia was detected in 92.5% of all bats, but no illness attributable to virus infection was observed. Detectable viremias averaged slightly over 4 days in Artibeus jamaicensis and A. lituratus, and 2.8 days in Phyllostomus discolor, and maximal viremia titers in these three species averaged 6.9, 6.6, and 4.6 log10 SMicLD50 per ml of blood, respectively. In general Artibeus developed and maintained detectable levels of both hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibody for as long as tested (up to 506 days), although HI antibody to enzootic VE virus strains disappeared in some A. lituratus. The detectable antibody response of P. discolor was slower and of lower magnitude and shorter duration than that of Artibeus, although individual P. discolor which had lost detectable HI and N antibody resisted challenge. Vertical passage of antibody was observed in three A. lituratus offspring. Artibeus jamaicensis were found to be only slightly less susceptible to VE virus infection than a U.S. subspecies of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). No virus was recovered by mouse inoculation of organ pools of bats killed as early as 2 days and as late as 299 days after the last day of detectable viremia.", "PMID": 646022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2625", "title": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. III. Experimental studies on virus excretion and non-arthropod transmission.", "content": "A total of 80 Neotropical bats of five species was inoculated with one of four strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus. Virus was detected in the oropharynges of 56% of bats, and most regularly in Artibeus jamaicensis (75%). Titers of virus in oropharyngeal secretions were occasionally very high (8.5 log10 SMicLD50/ml in one A. jamaicensis). Only 2 of 123 urine samples from 50 bats and 2 of 86 fecal samples from 46 bats yielded VE virus. No contact or aerosol virus transmission from bat to bat was detected. VE virus passed transplacentally from two infected mothers to their fetuses, which were aborted. Virus did not pass from one infected mother to her nursing young.", "contents": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus infection in neotropical bats. III. Experimental studies on virus excretion and non-arthropod transmission. A total of 80 Neotropical bats of five species was inoculated with one of four strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus. Virus was detected in the oropharynges of 56% of bats, and most regularly in Artibeus jamaicensis (75%). Titers of virus in oropharyngeal secretions were occasionally very high (8.5 log10 SMicLD50/ml in one A. jamaicensis). Only 2 of 123 urine samples from 50 bats and 2 of 86 fecal samples from 46 bats yielded VE virus. No contact or aerosol virus transmission from bat to bat was detected. VE virus passed transplacentally from two infected mothers to their fetuses, which were aborted. Virus did not pass from one infected mother to her nursing young.", "PMID": 646023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2626", "title": "Selection of a strain of Culex tarsalis highly resistant to infection following ingestion of western equine encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "After prolonged selection, two hybrid strains of Culex tarsalis were evolved that were highly resistant to infection following ingestion of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. These strains were greater than 25,000-fold more resistant than the most susceptible parental strain when fed on viremic chicks. Resistance was associated with a mesenteronal barrier since both refractory and parental strains were equally susceptible to infection by intrathoracic inoculation. Susceptibility was dominant, possibly incompletely dominant, over resistance. Inheritance was probably polyfactorial but this could not be determined with certainty since a small proportion of individuals appeared to become infected by nongenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "Selection of a strain of Culex tarsalis highly resistant to infection following ingestion of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. After prolonged selection, two hybrid strains of Culex tarsalis were evolved that were highly resistant to infection following ingestion of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. These strains were greater than 25,000-fold more resistant than the most susceptible parental strain when fed on viremic chicks. Resistance was associated with a mesenteronal barrier since both refractory and parental strains were equally susceptible to infection by intrathoracic inoculation. Susceptibility was dominant, possibly incompletely dominant, over resistance. Inheritance was probably polyfactorial but this could not be determined with certainty since a small proportion of individuals appeared to become infected by nongenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 646024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2627", "title": "Towards a quantitative understanding of the epidemiology of Keystone virus in the eastern United States.", "content": "The implications of the Keystone virus--Aedes atlanticus transmission cycle are explored in the context of a quantitative model. Among the variables considered are the vertical transmission rate, the effect of the virus upon vector fertility and survival, vector densities and distributions, the proportion susceptible in the vertebrate population, the attractiveness of different vertebrates to the vector and vector survival rates. The logical relationships between these several variables are explored. It is concluded that the current view of Keystone virus maintenance is quantitatively feasible, and that certain predictions may be made as to the magnitude of several parameters which have not yet been measured. Such predictions allow direct testing of the model. The general structure of the model is such that it may prove useful in describing the epidemiology of other vector-borne infections in which vertical transmission is essential for infection maintenance at certain periods of the year.", "contents": "Towards a quantitative understanding of the epidemiology of Keystone virus in the eastern United States. The implications of the Keystone virus--Aedes atlanticus transmission cycle are explored in the context of a quantitative model. Among the variables considered are the vertical transmission rate, the effect of the virus upon vector fertility and survival, vector densities and distributions, the proportion susceptible in the vertebrate population, the attractiveness of different vertebrates to the vector and vector survival rates. The logical relationships between these several variables are explored. It is concluded that the current view of Keystone virus maintenance is quantitatively feasible, and that certain predictions may be made as to the magnitude of several parameters which have not yet been measured. Such predictions allow direct testing of the model. The general structure of the model is such that it may prove useful in describing the epidemiology of other vector-borne infections in which vertical transmission is essential for infection maintenance at certain periods of the year.", "PMID": 646025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2628", "title": "Epizootiology of epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) in flying squirrels.", "content": "Vector transmission of Rickettsia prowazekii among wild flying squirrels, Glaucomys volans, was suggested by the occurrence of natural infection of squirrel lice and fleas. Lice, mostly Neohaematopinus sciuropteri Osburn, were found infected in the fall in each of 2 consecutive years; 4 of the 8 pools of this insect tested were infected. Fleas, Orchopeas howardii (Baker), were found infected on two occasions in 1 of the 2 consecutive years. However, only 2 of 14 flea pools were infected. No evidence of infection was found in mites, Haemogamasus reidi Ewing and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Berlese). These findings implicate the flying squirrel louse and flea as possible vectors in nature. Serologic tests of flying squirrel sera revealed a maximum incidence of seroconversions in the fall and early winter months, coincident with the maximum increase in abundance of the suspected arthropod vectors. The infection was found to persist form year to year in the same enzootic foci. Infection appeared to spread most rapidly in young, non-immune animals born in the preceding spring and summer after congregating in dense aggregations in the fall. No other animals in the same habitat were found to have been infected. Aspects of the ecology of the ectoparasites associated with the flying squirrels are described, especially seasonal activity and abundance in nests. The potential public health importance of this sylvan disease in flying squirrels and in its ectoparasites, particularly the non-host specific, wide ranging squirrel flea, is noted.", "contents": "Epizootiology of epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) in flying squirrels. Vector transmission of Rickettsia prowazekii among wild flying squirrels, Glaucomys volans, was suggested by the occurrence of natural infection of squirrel lice and fleas. Lice, mostly Neohaematopinus sciuropteri Osburn, were found infected in the fall in each of 2 consecutive years; 4 of the 8 pools of this insect tested were infected. Fleas, Orchopeas howardii (Baker), were found infected on two occasions in 1 of the 2 consecutive years. However, only 2 of 14 flea pools were infected. No evidence of infection was found in mites, Haemogamasus reidi Ewing and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Berlese). These findings implicate the flying squirrel louse and flea as possible vectors in nature. Serologic tests of flying squirrel sera revealed a maximum incidence of seroconversions in the fall and early winter months, coincident with the maximum increase in abundance of the suspected arthropod vectors. The infection was found to persist form year to year in the same enzootic foci. Infection appeared to spread most rapidly in young, non-immune animals born in the preceding spring and summer after congregating in dense aggregations in the fall. No other animals in the same habitat were found to have been infected. Aspects of the ecology of the ectoparasites associated with the flying squirrels are described, especially seasonal activity and abundance in nests. The potential public health importance of this sylvan disease in flying squirrels and in its ectoparasites, particularly the non-host specific, wide ranging squirrel flea, is noted.", "PMID": 646026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2629", "title": "Inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses by quinine.", "content": "In vitro mitogen-induced proliferative responses of human lymphocytes were inhibited by concentrations of quinine normally attainable during therapy of malaria infections. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses by quinine. In vitro mitogen-induced proliferative responses of human lymphocytes were inhibited by concentrations of quinine normally attainable during therapy of malaria infections. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 646027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2630", "title": "Clinical and histological kidney involvement in human kala-azar.", "content": "A 19-year-old women developed prolonged fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia, and hyperglobulinemia. Appropriate tests indicated that she had visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Urinalysis demonstrated significant proteinuria and microhematuria with the presence of red cell casts. A kidney biopsy was performed. Light microscopy showed a slight mesangial thickening and segmental mesangial proliferation. Immunofluorescence demonstrated deposits of immunoglobulins A and M, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopy showed subendothelial and intramembranous deposits. After treatment with N-methylglucamine antimonate the proteinuria and microhematuria disappeared and the patient recovered uneventfully.", "contents": "Clinical and histological kidney involvement in human kala-azar. A 19-year-old women developed prolonged fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia, and hyperglobulinemia. Appropriate tests indicated that she had visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Urinalysis demonstrated significant proteinuria and microhematuria with the presence of red cell casts. A kidney biopsy was performed. Light microscopy showed a slight mesangial thickening and segmental mesangial proliferation. Immunofluorescence demonstrated deposits of immunoglobulins A and M, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopy showed subendothelial and intramembranous deposits. After treatment with N-methylglucamine antimonate the proteinuria and microhematuria disappeared and the patient recovered uneventfully.", "PMID": 646028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2631", "title": "Seizures and electroencephalograph changes associated with oxamniquine therapy.", "content": "A Tanzanian man with a known seizure disorder was admitted to hospital for treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. He suffered a grand mal seizure soon after the second dose of oxamniquine. This is the first recorded seizured associated with use of this drug. Two other cases are reported in which transient electroencephalograph changes occurred during oxamniquine therapy. The central nervous system effects of oxamniquine are reviewed with respect to its possible epileptogenic effects.", "contents": "Seizures and electroencephalograph changes associated with oxamniquine therapy. A Tanzanian man with a known seizure disorder was admitted to hospital for treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. He suffered a grand mal seizure soon after the second dose of oxamniquine. This is the first recorded seizured associated with use of this drug. Two other cases are reported in which transient electroencephalograph changes occurred during oxamniquine therapy. The central nervous system effects of oxamniquine are reviewed with respect to its possible epileptogenic effects.", "PMID": 646029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2632", "title": "Intradermal test with histamine in Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Histamine diphosphate was injected intradermally, at dilutions of 10(-3), 10(-4), and 10(-5), into 25 boys (10--12 yr old), and 25 men (20--30 yr old) with active schistosomiasis mansoni. A linear relationship between the mean area of the wheals and the logarithm of histamine concentrations was determined. Both equations (men and boys) were significant (P less than 0.05) but showed no difference between their regression coefficients. These findings contrast with those obtained with the intradermal test performed with Schistosoma mansoni antigens, in which skin response in men is significantly greater than in boys.", "contents": "Intradermal test with histamine in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Histamine diphosphate was injected intradermally, at dilutions of 10(-3), 10(-4), and 10(-5), into 25 boys (10--12 yr old), and 25 men (20--30 yr old) with active schistosomiasis mansoni. A linear relationship between the mean area of the wheals and the logarithm of histamine concentrations was determined. Both equations (men and boys) were significant (P less than 0.05) but showed no difference between their regression coefficients. These findings contrast with those obtained with the intradermal test performed with Schistosoma mansoni antigens, in which skin response in men is significantly greater than in boys.", "PMID": 646030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2633", "title": "Cholecystectomy with drainage. Factors influencing wound infection in 1,000 elective cases.", "content": "A retrospective review of 1,000 elective cholecystectomies was undertaken to identify factors associated with wound infection. The technic of wound drainage appears to influence the incidence of infectious wound complications to a significant degree.", "contents": "Cholecystectomy with drainage. Factors influencing wound infection in 1,000 elective cases. A retrospective review of 1,000 elective cholecystectomies was undertaken to identify factors associated with wound infection. The technic of wound drainage appears to influence the incidence of infectious wound complications to a significant degree.", "PMID": 646033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2634", "title": "The web factor in cholangitis.", "content": "Choledochoscopy demonstrates that stone-related suppurative cholangitis has the pathologic characteristics of a multiloculated intraductal abscess. The fibrin web compartmentalizes the duct, traps calculi, and limits spontaneous extrusion. The stones act as foreign bodies and stasis maintains the bacterobilia. This is the anatomic basis and rationale for early direct surgical drainage as the definite effective treatment.", "contents": "The web factor in cholangitis. Choledochoscopy demonstrates that stone-related suppurative cholangitis has the pathologic characteristics of a multiloculated intraductal abscess. The fibrin web compartmentalizes the duct, traps calculi, and limits spontaneous extrusion. The stones act as foreign bodies and stasis maintains the bacterobilia. This is the anatomic basis and rationale for early direct surgical drainage as the definite effective treatment.", "PMID": 646034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2635", "title": "Late occurrence of perineal wound abscess years after total colectomy.", "content": "Seven patients presented with a large perineal abscess eight months to seven years after complete healing of the perineal wound following proctocolectomy. Six patients had had total proctocolectomies for ulcerative colitis and a seventh had undergone abdominoperineal resection for cancer. A typical clinical picture of perineal pain, fever, urinary tract complaints (including retention), and minimal local perineal findings was present. Prostatitis or a urinary tract infection was considered in five patients, but none of them responded to antibiotics. Ultrasound examination of the perineum may confirm the diagnosis; however, diagnostic and therapeutic surgical exploration of the healed perineum is recommended when this diagnosis is unclear.", "contents": "Late occurrence of perineal wound abscess years after total colectomy. Seven patients presented with a large perineal abscess eight months to seven years after complete healing of the perineal wound following proctocolectomy. Six patients had had total proctocolectomies for ulcerative colitis and a seventh had undergone abdominoperineal resection for cancer. A typical clinical picture of perineal pain, fever, urinary tract complaints (including retention), and minimal local perineal findings was present. Prostatitis or a urinary tract infection was considered in five patients, but none of them responded to antibiotics. Ultrasound examination of the perineum may confirm the diagnosis; however, diagnostic and therapeutic surgical exploration of the healed perineum is recommended when this diagnosis is unclear.", "PMID": 646035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2636", "title": "An anterior transversalis fascia repair for adult inguinal hernias.", "content": "During the eight year period from 1967 to 1975, 1,020 patients more than eighteen years old underwent 1,311 inguinal herniorrhaphies. Group I consisted of 723 inguinal herniorrhaphies in which either a Bassini or a Cooper's ligament repair was used. During a four to nine year follow-up period, the total recurrence rate was 11.5 per cent; the recurrence rate for the primary repair group was 7 per cent and for the recurrent group 32 per cent. The follow-up rate was 93.7 per cent. Group II consisted of 591 herniorrhaphies in which the repair was performed by an anterior transversalis fascia technic. During a two to five year follow-up period, the total recurrence rate was 2.7 per cent; 1.8 per cent for primary repairs and 8.0 per cent for recurrent hernias. The follow-up rate was 98 per cent (95 per cent by personal examination). Assuming that the recurrences in group II will occur with the same frequency as in group I, our projected four to nine year recurrence rate is 3.4 per cent. This suggests that the anterior transversalis fascia repair results in a lower recurrence rate than either the Bassini or Cooper's ligament repairs.", "contents": "An anterior transversalis fascia repair for adult inguinal hernias. During the eight year period from 1967 to 1975, 1,020 patients more than eighteen years old underwent 1,311 inguinal herniorrhaphies. Group I consisted of 723 inguinal herniorrhaphies in which either a Bassini or a Cooper's ligament repair was used. During a four to nine year follow-up period, the total recurrence rate was 11.5 per cent; the recurrence rate for the primary repair group was 7 per cent and for the recurrent group 32 per cent. The follow-up rate was 93.7 per cent. Group II consisted of 591 herniorrhaphies in which the repair was performed by an anterior transversalis fascia technic. During a two to five year follow-up period, the total recurrence rate was 2.7 per cent; 1.8 per cent for primary repairs and 8.0 per cent for recurrent hernias. The follow-up rate was 98 per cent (95 per cent by personal examination). Assuming that the recurrences in group II will occur with the same frequency as in group I, our projected four to nine year recurrence rate is 3.4 per cent. This suggests that the anterior transversalis fascia repair results in a lower recurrence rate than either the Bassini or Cooper's ligament repairs.", "PMID": 646036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2637", "title": "Mechanisms of late recurrence after radical surgery for gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Factors involved in late recurrence of gastric carcinoma were investigated in 25 patients with late recurrence who died five or more years after radical surgery and 129 with early recurrence who died within two years after surgery. In the patients with late recurrence, the important routes of cancer spread in the initial phase of the recurrence were contiguous invasion and lymphatic spread. Whether early or late recurrence occurred had a high correlation with the following four conditions: (1) the amount of residual cancer left at the time of surgery; (2) the spread of the residual cancer; (3) the rate of cancer proliferation; and (4) the resistance of the host. To prevent late recurrence, it is necessary not to leave any cancer tissue in these routes at the time of gastrectomy, as well as to employ adjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy for the inhibition of cancer proliferation and elevation of the host resistance.", "contents": "Mechanisms of late recurrence after radical surgery for gastric carcinoma. Factors involved in late recurrence of gastric carcinoma were investigated in 25 patients with late recurrence who died five or more years after radical surgery and 129 with early recurrence who died within two years after surgery. In the patients with late recurrence, the important routes of cancer spread in the initial phase of the recurrence were contiguous invasion and lymphatic spread. Whether early or late recurrence occurred had a high correlation with the following four conditions: (1) the amount of residual cancer left at the time of surgery; (2) the spread of the residual cancer; (3) the rate of cancer proliferation; and (4) the resistance of the host. To prevent late recurrence, it is necessary not to leave any cancer tissue in these routes at the time of gastrectomy, as well as to employ adjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy for the inhibition of cancer proliferation and elevation of the host resistance.", "PMID": 646037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2638", "title": "The cost of misadventures in colonic surgery. A model for the analysis of adverse outcomes in standard procedures.", "content": "Analysis revealed an impressive number of patients transferred to intensive care at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital after misadventures in standard medical and surgical procedures. The model explored here is that of colon surgery, a therapy standardized for decades. The courses of sixteen patients were studied, wherein adverse outcomes appeared to have been preventable. Failure to diagnose colonic leakage and failure to provide colostomy (or to do so safely) were the major underlying causes. Nephrotoxic antibiotics and immunosuppression were sometimes in the background. Nine patients died, all with severe sepsis. Multiple organ failure occurred in the majority of cases. The mortality was tenfold, the cost sevenfold, and the length of hospitalization fourfold that expected after uneventful operation. Current interest in cost-benefit analysis should be broadened standard medical and surgical procedures. Litigious potential should not be allowed to impede such analyses.", "contents": "The cost of misadventures in colonic surgery. A model for the analysis of adverse outcomes in standard procedures. Analysis revealed an impressive number of patients transferred to intensive care at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital after misadventures in standard medical and surgical procedures. The model explored here is that of colon surgery, a therapy standardized for decades. The courses of sixteen patients were studied, wherein adverse outcomes appeared to have been preventable. Failure to diagnose colonic leakage and failure to provide colostomy (or to do so safely) were the major underlying causes. Nephrotoxic antibiotics and immunosuppression were sometimes in the background. Nine patients died, all with severe sepsis. Multiple organ failure occurred in the majority of cases. The mortality was tenfold, the cost sevenfold, and the length of hospitalization fourfold that expected after uneventful operation. Current interest in cost-benefit analysis should be broadened standard medical and surgical procedures. Litigious potential should not be allowed to impede such analyses.", "PMID": 646038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2639", "title": "The use of stroma-free hemoglobin solution for partial exchange transfusion in aortic resection in dogs.", "content": "Vascular surgery involves multiple transfusions with their concomitant hazards. At the start of each vascular procedure, 20 per cent of each patient's blood (approximately 1,000 of 5,600 ml) is removed and replaced with colloid and crystalloid and the withdrawn blood returned at the end of surgery. Theoretically, if 40 per cent of the blood volume (2,000+ ml) could be withdrawn, essentially no banked blood would be required for a major vascular procedure. Therefore, 40 per cent (900+ ml) of the blood volume of twenty greyhounds was withdrawn under anesthesia and replaced with stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS). Abdominal aortic resection and graft replacement was performed, and any blood lost during the procedure was replaced with SFHS. After surgery the withdrawn blood was returned to the dog and excess volume removed with postoperative hemodilution diuresis. The study included a battery of twenty tests for monitoring during the procedure and at intervals from this project that in greyhounds 40 per cent or more of the blood volume may be removed and replaced with SFHS and major vascular surgery done without undue risk and with unaltered kidney function.", "contents": "The use of stroma-free hemoglobin solution for partial exchange transfusion in aortic resection in dogs. Vascular surgery involves multiple transfusions with their concomitant hazards. At the start of each vascular procedure, 20 per cent of each patient's blood (approximately 1,000 of 5,600 ml) is removed and replaced with colloid and crystalloid and the withdrawn blood returned at the end of surgery. Theoretically, if 40 per cent of the blood volume (2,000+ ml) could be withdrawn, essentially no banked blood would be required for a major vascular procedure. Therefore, 40 per cent (900+ ml) of the blood volume of twenty greyhounds was withdrawn under anesthesia and replaced with stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS). Abdominal aortic resection and graft replacement was performed, and any blood lost during the procedure was replaced with SFHS. After surgery the withdrawn blood was returned to the dog and excess volume removed with postoperative hemodilution diuresis. The study included a battery of twenty tests for monitoring during the procedure and at intervals from this project that in greyhounds 40 per cent or more of the blood volume may be removed and replaced with SFHS and major vascular surgery done without undue risk and with unaltered kidney function.", "PMID": 646039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2640", "title": "Evaluation of tracheal incisions for tracheostomy.", "content": "Three standard tracheostomy incisions in dogs were compared to determine whether any were more likely associated with stomal stenosis. Each incision resulted in an average reduction in tracheal lumen of 25 per cent, with a 50 per cent maximum. The incision selected should depend on the conditions present.", "contents": "Evaluation of tracheal incisions for tracheostomy. Three standard tracheostomy incisions in dogs were compared to determine whether any were more likely associated with stomal stenosis. Each incision resulted in an average reduction in tracheal lumen of 25 per cent, with a 50 per cent maximum. The incision selected should depend on the conditions present.", "PMID": 646041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2641", "title": "Experimental retained antrum. Diagnostic technics and histopathologic correlations.", "content": "Retained gastric antrum was evaluated in six dogs, and diagnostic methods correlated with histopathology. Secretin and calcium infusion did not significantly alter circulating gastrin levels. 99 mTc scanning was uniformly positive and did not depend on the presence of parietal cells. The failure to consistently develop hypergastrinemia and the absence of gastrin cell hyperplasia suggest that factors other than gastrin may be implicated in the recurrent ulceration seen with retained antrum.", "contents": "Experimental retained antrum. Diagnostic technics and histopathologic correlations. Retained gastric antrum was evaluated in six dogs, and diagnostic methods correlated with histopathology. Secretin and calcium infusion did not significantly alter circulating gastrin levels. 99 mTc scanning was uniformly positive and did not depend on the presence of parietal cells. The failure to consistently develop hypergastrinemia and the absence of gastrin cell hyperplasia suggest that factors other than gastrin may be implicated in the recurrent ulceration seen with retained antrum.", "PMID": 646042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2642", "title": "Systemic anaphylaxis secondary to the use of 5 per cent plasma protein fractions.", "content": "A severe anaphylactic reaction developed in a twenty-six year old female after the administration of only 40 ml of 5 per cent plasma protein fractions (Plasmanate). The reaction was characterized by generalized tingling, chest pain, sudden severe hypotension, and urticaria. The patient responded to intravenous fluid, epinephrine, diphenylhydramine, and steroid administration.", "contents": "Systemic anaphylaxis secondary to the use of 5 per cent plasma protein fractions. A severe anaphylactic reaction developed in a twenty-six year old female after the administration of only 40 ml of 5 per cent plasma protein fractions (Plasmanate). The reaction was characterized by generalized tingling, chest pain, sudden severe hypotension, and urticaria. The patient responded to intravenous fluid, epinephrine, diphenylhydramine, and steroid administration.", "PMID": 646044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2643", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the rectum.", "content": "Carcinoid tumors of the rectum are not uncommon. However, multiple rectal carcinoids are very rare but can occur. The behavior of the rectal carcinoids is different than that of carcinoid tumors in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. All carcinoids are malignant, and management is based on size and depth of invasion.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the rectum. Carcinoid tumors of the rectum are not uncommon. However, multiple rectal carcinoids are very rare but can occur. The behavior of the rectal carcinoids is different than that of carcinoid tumors in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. All carcinoids are malignant, and management is based on size and depth of invasion.", "PMID": 646045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2644", "title": "Ileostomy of the distal end of the bypassed intestine in a patient with jejunoileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "Ileostomy of the distal end of the bypassed segment of small intestine was done twenty-three months after a 28 to 20 cm (12 to 8 inch) end-to-end jejunoileal bypass for obesity (Scott operation) in a forty-eight year old white female, thus creating a Thiry fistula. Weight prior to jejunoileal bypass was 130 kg (287 pounds). Before ileostomy it had stabilized at 80.3 kg (177 pounds). Indications for ileostomy were three episodes of blind loop syndrome and three episodes of severe bleeding from the ileotransverse colostomy anastomotic site. Culture of the bypassed segment at laparotomy revealed bacteroides, clostridia, and other anaerobes as well as the usual aerobic large bowel flora. After ileostomy the bypassed segment contained no anaerobic bacteria. Daily fluid output from the ileostomy has decreased with time, averaging 436 ml per day for the first postileostomy month and 50 ml per day for the ninth month. Beneficial effects of the ileostomy include: (1) better sense of well being; (2) no further episodes of blind loop syndrome or intestinal bleeding; and (3) cessation of anal itching. Nine months after ileostomy, hyperoxaluria and acquired megacolon were present. Weight was 5.9 kg (13 pounds) greater than before ileostomy.", "contents": "Ileostomy of the distal end of the bypassed intestine in a patient with jejunoileal bypass for obesity. Ileostomy of the distal end of the bypassed segment of small intestine was done twenty-three months after a 28 to 20 cm (12 to 8 inch) end-to-end jejunoileal bypass for obesity (Scott operation) in a forty-eight year old white female, thus creating a Thiry fistula. Weight prior to jejunoileal bypass was 130 kg (287 pounds). Before ileostomy it had stabilized at 80.3 kg (177 pounds). Indications for ileostomy were three episodes of blind loop syndrome and three episodes of severe bleeding from the ileotransverse colostomy anastomotic site. Culture of the bypassed segment at laparotomy revealed bacteroides, clostridia, and other anaerobes as well as the usual aerobic large bowel flora. After ileostomy the bypassed segment contained no anaerobic bacteria. Daily fluid output from the ileostomy has decreased with time, averaging 436 ml per day for the first postileostomy month and 50 ml per day for the ninth month. Beneficial effects of the ileostomy include: (1) better sense of well being; (2) no further episodes of blind loop syndrome or intestinal bleeding; and (3) cessation of anal itching. Nine months after ileostomy, hyperoxaluria and acquired megacolon were present. Weight was 5.9 kg (13 pounds) greater than before ileostomy.", "PMID": 646046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2645", "title": "Mediastinal parathyroid cyst. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of mediastinal parathyroid cyst is presented, including a review of the world literature and a discussion of the etiology, diagnosis, and management.", "contents": "Mediastinal parathyroid cyst. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of mediastinal parathyroid cyst is presented, including a review of the world literature and a discussion of the etiology, diagnosis, and management.", "PMID": 646047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2646", "title": "A simple method for percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular vein.", "content": "A safe and rapid technic for internal jugular vein cannulation is described. The success rate is almost as high and the serious complication rate is much lower than subclavian vein cannulation.", "contents": "A simple method for percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A safe and rapid technic for internal jugular vein cannulation is described. The success rate is almost as high and the serious complication rate is much lower than subclavian vein cannulation.", "PMID": 646050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2647", "title": "Surgical technic for the resection of internal carotid aneurysms using an internal shunt.", "content": "A technic for reconstruction of the internal carotid artery after resection of carotid aneurysms is presented. Reconstruction is performed over an internal shunt using a vein or Dacron patch. Total interruption of cerebral circulation is usually less than three minutes. The technic is described in detail. Oculoplethysmographic and phonoangiographic follow-up studies demonstrate normal carotid flow.", "contents": "Surgical technic for the resection of internal carotid aneurysms using an internal shunt. A technic for reconstruction of the internal carotid artery after resection of carotid aneurysms is presented. Reconstruction is performed over an internal shunt using a vein or Dacron patch. Total interruption of cerebral circulation is usually less than three minutes. The technic is described in detail. Oculoplethysmographic and phonoangiographic follow-up studies demonstrate normal carotid flow.", "PMID": 646051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2648", "title": "Transdiaphragmatic approach to the descending thoracic aorta for proximal control during surgery on the abdominal aorta.", "content": "A technic of mobilizing and clamping the lower descending thoracic aorta from the abdomen through the incision in the diaphragm is described. This technic is simple and may be useful when it is difficult to obtain proximal control of the abdominal aorta during surgery. In addition, certain surgical procedures on the upper abdominal aorta may be facilitated by the use of this technic.", "contents": "Transdiaphragmatic approach to the descending thoracic aorta for proximal control during surgery on the abdominal aorta. A technic of mobilizing and clamping the lower descending thoracic aorta from the abdomen through the incision in the diaphragm is described. This technic is simple and may be useful when it is difficult to obtain proximal control of the abdominal aorta during surgery. In addition, certain surgical procedures on the upper abdominal aorta may be facilitated by the use of this technic.", "PMID": 646052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2649", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of three allergens of timothy pollen.", "content": "Three allergens, antigen Nos. 3, 25, and 30, were isolated from freeze-dried aqueous extract of timothy pollen by various combinations of anionic and cationic exchange and gel chromatography. The allergens were all of protein nature and contained less than 2% (w/w) immunochem;cally detectable impurities. Molecular weights and pI's were determined to less than 10 X 10(3), 15 X 10(3) and 3.9, 4.5, 9.4, respectively, and antigen 25 was determined as the major component of the earlier isolated antigen B. amino acid analyses performed an antigens 3 and 30 revealed large variation s in the amino acid composition. The allergenic activities were verified by means of RAST inhibition and pick tests and proved antigen 25 to be quantitatively the most important allergen of timothy pollen.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of three allergens of timothy pollen. Three allergens, antigen Nos. 3, 25, and 30, were isolated from freeze-dried aqueous extract of timothy pollen by various combinations of anionic and cationic exchange and gel chromatography. The allergens were all of protein nature and contained less than 2% (w/w) immunochem;cally detectable impurities. Molecular weights and pI's were determined to less than 10 X 10(3), 15 X 10(3) and 3.9, 4.5, 9.4, respectively, and antigen 25 was determined as the major component of the earlier isolated antigen B. amino acid analyses performed an antigens 3 and 30 revealed large variation s in the amino acid composition. The allergenic activities were verified by means of RAST inhibition and pick tests and proved antigen 25 to be quantitatively the most important allergen of timothy pollen.", "PMID": 646072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2650", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme release from the lungs after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The activity of some lysosomal enzymes has been investigated in venous and arterial blood collected from patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Before bypass, there is no arterio-venous difference in the activity of n-acetyl-beta glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase or lysozyme. After operation, the activity of n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase is greater in arterial than in superior caval blood within the first 24 h after bypass, and a small arterio-venous increment in the activity of beta-glucuronidase can also be detected towards the end of the first day. The site of enzyme release has not been identified with certainty but may lie within the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme release from the lungs after cardiopulmonary bypass. The activity of some lysosomal enzymes has been investigated in venous and arterial blood collected from patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Before bypass, there is no arterio-venous difference in the activity of n-acetyl-beta glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase or lysozyme. After operation, the activity of n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase is greater in arterial than in superior caval blood within the first 24 h after bypass, and a small arterio-venous increment in the activity of beta-glucuronidase can also be detected towards the end of the first day. The site of enzyme release has not been identified with certainty but may lie within the pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 646073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2651", "title": "Unblocked segments in obstetric epidural blocks. The influence of previous regional block on obstetric patients receiving lumbar epidural analgesia during labour.", "content": "Two hundred and six patients were studied to discover if previous regional analgesia influenced the incidence of unblocked segments and unilateral analgesia during lumbar epidural block in labour. Previous lumbar epidural or subarachnoid or sacral epidural blocks alone did not appear to influence the incidence of unilateral block or of unblocked segments. The practice of using epidural analgesia to facilitate the insertion of cervical circumsuture during pregnancy did not appear to be contra-indicated.", "contents": "Unblocked segments in obstetric epidural blocks. The influence of previous regional block on obstetric patients receiving lumbar epidural analgesia during labour. Two hundred and six patients were studied to discover if previous regional analgesia influenced the incidence of unblocked segments and unilateral analgesia during lumbar epidural block in labour. Previous lumbar epidural or subarachnoid or sacral epidural blocks alone did not appear to influence the incidence of unilateral block or of unblocked segments. The practice of using epidural analgesia to facilitate the insertion of cervical circumsuture during pregnancy did not appear to be contra-indicated.", "PMID": 646074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2652", "title": "Pricing of anaesthetic techniques.", "content": "The costs of various anaesthetic techniques have been measured using the costs of the various anaesthetic drugs supplied to one hospital in the National Health Service. These costs have been used as a basis for a discussion of the economies that might be practised in the conduct of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Pricing of anaesthetic techniques. The costs of various anaesthetic techniques have been measured using the costs of the various anaesthetic drugs supplied to one hospital in the National Health Service. These costs have been used as a basis for a discussion of the economies that might be practised in the conduct of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 646075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2653", "title": "Vascular surgery in an anephric patient.", "content": "A 33-year-old man with chronic renal failure underwent repair of an expanding aortic aneurysm. The management of the case is described and the anaesthetic problems discussed.", "contents": "Vascular surgery in an anephric patient. A 33-year-old man with chronic renal failure underwent repair of an expanding aortic aneurysm. The management of the case is described and the anaesthetic problems discussed.", "PMID": 646076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2654", "title": "Anaesthesia with ketamine and thiopentone for short surgical procedures: with reference to anaesthesia in developing countries.", "content": "A technique of general anaesthesia using small doses of intravenous ketamine and thiopentone is described. The method provides satisfactory operating conditions combined with cardiovascular stability and an apparently safe airway at little more than half the cost of a comparable technique using ketamine alone.", "contents": "Anaesthesia with ketamine and thiopentone for short surgical procedures: with reference to anaesthesia in developing countries. A technique of general anaesthesia using small doses of intravenous ketamine and thiopentone is described. The method provides satisfactory operating conditions combined with cardiovascular stability and an apparently safe airway at little more than half the cost of a comparable technique using ketamine alone.", "PMID": 646077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2655", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory aspects of malignant hyperthermia in children with special reference to creatine kinase isoenzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in 4 children with signs of malignant hyperthermia are reported. In all cases an extraordinary elevation of creatine kinase activity in serum was observed. By investigation of the creatine kinase isoenzyme activities we tried to determine the origin of creatine kinase. In contrast to other reports, creatine kinase BB derived from brain was found to be absent in all cases, although creatine kinase MM and MB showed remarkable alterations. A certificate for all patients who have survived malignant hyperthermia is suggested.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory aspects of malignant hyperthermia in children with special reference to creatine kinase isoenzymes (author's transl)]. The clinical and laboratory findings in 4 children with signs of malignant hyperthermia are reported. In all cases an extraordinary elevation of creatine kinase activity in serum was observed. By investigation of the creatine kinase isoenzyme activities we tried to determine the origin of creatine kinase. In contrast to other reports, creatine kinase BB derived from brain was found to be absent in all cases, although creatine kinase MM and MB showed remarkable alterations. A certificate for all patients who have survived malignant hyperthermia is suggested.", "PMID": 646084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2656", "title": "[Microaggregates in stored blood: comparative evaluation of whole blood and buffycoat-free red cell concentrates (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine preparation of red cell concentrates in our institute removes 90% of platelets and 70% of leucocytes in whole blood. Microaggregate formation in whole blood and red cell concentrates was comparatively evaluated by blood passage through a membrane filter with a pore size of 12 micron. Dry weight residues on the filter due to microaggregates were 5 to 10 times lower in red cell concentrates as compared to whole blood at any point of a 20 day storage period. In addition, the decrease in flow rate with increasing storage time was much more marked for whole blood than for red cell concentrates.", "contents": "[Microaggregates in stored blood: comparative evaluation of whole blood and buffycoat-free red cell concentrates (author's transl)]. Routine preparation of red cell concentrates in our institute removes 90% of platelets and 70% of leucocytes in whole blood. Microaggregate formation in whole blood and red cell concentrates was comparatively evaluated by blood passage through a membrane filter with a pore size of 12 micron. Dry weight residues on the filter due to microaggregates were 5 to 10 times lower in red cell concentrates as compared to whole blood at any point of a 20 day storage period. In addition, the decrease in flow rate with increasing storage time was much more marked for whole blood than for red cell concentrates.", "PMID": 646085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2657", "title": "[Emergencies and aspiration. Can the usual methods for the prophylaxis of aspiration be further developed? (author's transl)].", "content": "There are two prerequisites for aspiration of gastric contents, namely material near the larynx and the possibility for an influx into the tracheobronchial system. We discussed the value of common measures in protecting against aspiration. To take notice of the normal emptying time of the stomach, suction of liquid gastric contents by a stomach tube, evacuation of the stomach by inducing vomiting (large bore stomach tube or apomorphine), mechanical blockade of the oesophagus or of the gastrooesophageal junction, modification of general anaesthesia (induction with an inhalation anaesthetic or intravenous agents), cricoid pressure, foot-down, lateral or horizontal position are not able to prevent the passage of gastric contents into the oro- and nasopharynx. Aspiration is unavoidable if there is a possibility of influx into the tracheobronchial system. Induction of anaesthesia with the patient lying on his left side in the head-down position gives the maximum protection against the danger of aspiration. An easy method of enabling a patient to be placed in the left lateral, head-down position, when only two persons are present, is highly desirable.", "contents": "[Emergencies and aspiration. Can the usual methods for the prophylaxis of aspiration be further developed? (author's transl)]. There are two prerequisites for aspiration of gastric contents, namely material near the larynx and the possibility for an influx into the tracheobronchial system. We discussed the value of common measures in protecting against aspiration. To take notice of the normal emptying time of the stomach, suction of liquid gastric contents by a stomach tube, evacuation of the stomach by inducing vomiting (large bore stomach tube or apomorphine), mechanical blockade of the oesophagus or of the gastrooesophageal junction, modification of general anaesthesia (induction with an inhalation anaesthetic or intravenous agents), cricoid pressure, foot-down, lateral or horizontal position are not able to prevent the passage of gastric contents into the oro- and nasopharynx. Aspiration is unavoidable if there is a possibility of influx into the tracheobronchial system. Induction of anaesthesia with the patient lying on his left side in the head-down position gives the maximum protection against the danger of aspiration. An easy method of enabling a patient to be placed in the left lateral, head-down position, when only two persons are present, is highly desirable.", "PMID": 646086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2658", "title": "[A rare cumulation of vena cava catheter complications in the same patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Two complications that occurred in connection with the use of CVP catheters in the SVC and IVC in one patient are described: 1. Extravascular injection in the superior mediastinum and in the extrapleural space. 2. Massive thrombosis of the IVC. The differential diagnosis of a wedening of superior mediastinum is discussed. Recommendations are made to prevent these complications.", "contents": "[A rare cumulation of vena cava catheter complications in the same patient (author's transl)]. Two complications that occurred in connection with the use of CVP catheters in the SVC and IVC in one patient are described: 1. Extravascular injection in the superior mediastinum and in the extrapleural space. 2. Massive thrombosis of the IVC. The differential diagnosis of a wedening of superior mediastinum is discussed. Recommendations are made to prevent these complications.", "PMID": 646087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2659", "title": "[The catheterembolisation for permanent occlusion of the renal artery--anaesthesiologic views (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with a new radiological technique, namely embolisation of the renal artery with a spiral from Gianturco, are reported. Continuous epidural block has been found to be the best method of anaesthetic management. The technique of embolisation was used in 17 patients. As a preoperative measure it facilitates tumournephrectomy, saves blood and reduces the danger of dissemination of tumour-cells during operation.", "contents": "[The catheterembolisation for permanent occlusion of the renal artery--anaesthesiologic views (author's transl)]. Experiences with a new radiological technique, namely embolisation of the renal artery with a spiral from Gianturco, are reported. Continuous epidural block has been found to be the best method of anaesthetic management. The technique of embolisation was used in 17 patients. As a preoperative measure it facilitates tumournephrectomy, saves blood and reduces the danger of dissemination of tumour-cells during operation.", "PMID": 646088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2660", "title": "[A new method to avoid aspirations (author's transl)].", "content": "When treating accident victims and other high-risk patients there is always the danger of aspiration until intubation has been completed. An ancillary unit is described that can be connected to any type of tracheal aspirator, working on the principle of increasing the suction. Thus liquids and solid particles can always be sucked out quickly and effectively. In this way the danger of aspiration is considerably reduced or avoided altogether.", "contents": "[A new method to avoid aspirations (author's transl)]. When treating accident victims and other high-risk patients there is always the danger of aspiration until intubation has been completed. An ancillary unit is described that can be connected to any type of tracheal aspirator, working on the principle of increasing the suction. Thus liquids and solid particles can always be sucked out quickly and effectively. In this way the danger of aspiration is considerably reduced or avoided altogether.", "PMID": 646089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2661", "title": "[A new CO2 analyzer for monitoring of artificial ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A new CO2-Analyzer for continuous measurement of CO2 content during artificial respiration is described. Based on infra red absorption, this device may be used for measuring the carbon dioxide content of expiration in anaesthesia and intensive care. Carbon dioxide infrared absorption is affected by nitrous oxide. This side effect can be compensated by a single switch, if the sample contans N2O.", "contents": "[A new CO2 analyzer for monitoring of artificial ventilation (author's transl)]. A new CO2-Analyzer for continuous measurement of CO2 content during artificial respiration is described. Based on infra red absorption, this device may be used for measuring the carbon dioxide content of expiration in anaesthesia and intensive care. Carbon dioxide infrared absorption is affected by nitrous oxide. This side effect can be compensated by a single switch, if the sample contans N2O.", "PMID": 646090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2662", "title": "[Data processing in the blood gas laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "A computer-assisted system for the calculation of derived blood-gas and acid-base parameters, consisting of an analysator (AVL 937) desk calculator (HP 9825A) and external printer (HP 5150A) is described. For the calculation of the derived parameters corrections were made for patient temperature, plasma protein, reduced haemoglobin and CO2-carbamino haemoglobin. The time needed for calculating and feed back was shortened.", "contents": "[Data processing in the blood gas laboratory (author's transl)]. A computer-assisted system for the calculation of derived blood-gas and acid-base parameters, consisting of an analysator (AVL 937) desk calculator (HP 9825A) and external printer (HP 5150A) is described. For the calculation of the derived parameters corrections were made for patient temperature, plasma protein, reduced haemoglobin and CO2-carbamino haemoglobin. The time needed for calculating and feed back was shortened.", "PMID": 646091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2663", "title": "Morphological changes in cooked longissimus dorsi muscle of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry.", "content": "In an effort to establish the morphological differences between the cooked muscles of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry longissimus dorsi were examined. Cooking at 100 degrees C produced shrinkage of muscle fibres in all species. The demarcation of the fascicles was also lost. Cooking at 121 degrees C destroyed even the granulated structure of collagen, reducing it to an amorphous state. The transverse striations were lost and the muscle fibres showed cracking, breaking and splitting. In relation to the control the per cent values of the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibre after treatment at 100 degrees C decreased by 28.6% in pig, 17.8% in buffalo, 20.4% in sheep, 24.3% in goat and 34.8% in poultry, whereas the respective values after cooking at 121 degrees C were 38.3%, 28.6%, 32%, 33.9% and 44.1%. Besides, the muscle fibre diameter in all species was also reduced after cooking. The number of muscle fibres and fascicles per mm2 were found to increase after cooking at 100 degrees C and 121 degrees C.", "contents": "Morphological changes in cooked longissimus dorsi muscle of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry. In an effort to establish the morphological differences between the cooked muscles of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry longissimus dorsi were examined. Cooking at 100 degrees C produced shrinkage of muscle fibres in all species. The demarcation of the fascicles was also lost. Cooking at 121 degrees C destroyed even the granulated structure of collagen, reducing it to an amorphous state. The transverse striations were lost and the muscle fibres showed cracking, breaking and splitting. In relation to the control the per cent values of the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibre after treatment at 100 degrees C decreased by 28.6% in pig, 17.8% in buffalo, 20.4% in sheep, 24.3% in goat and 34.8% in poultry, whereas the respective values after cooking at 121 degrees C were 38.3%, 28.6%, 32%, 33.9% and 44.1%. Besides, the muscle fibre diameter in all species was also reduced after cooking. The number of muscle fibres and fascicles per mm2 were found to increase after cooking at 100 degrees C and 121 degrees C.", "PMID": 646123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2664", "title": "A note on the limb nerves of the frog (Rana tigrina).", "content": "In the frog (Rana tigrina) the mean length of the brain was 17.5 mm and that of the spinal cord 61 mm. The weight of the brain and spinal cord (together) was 389 mg. The fascicular number, fascicular area, total number of fibres and their density were studied in the left and right brachial nerves, left and right sciatic nerves and the sympathetic trunk (nerve). The largest number of nerve fascicles (12) was noticed in the sympathetic trunk while the right brachial nerve comprised of only one nerve fascicle. As for the mean fascicular area, the left brachial nerve had the greatest area (0.7963 mm2) while the least (0.1312 mm2) was noticed in the sympathetic trunk. The sympathetic trunk revealed the highest number (mean value 2176) of myelinated fibres. The least value in this regard (598) was noticed in the left sciatic nerve. As for the external diameter of the nerve fibres, more than 50% of the fibres in all the nerves were of the order 6--8 micrometer. The histograms confirmed this trend. The greatest density of myelinated nerve fibres was noted in the left brachial nerve (288/mm2). Based on the retrograde degeneration, the ventral horn neurons giving origin to the motor fibres in the brachial nerves were traced to spinal cord segments 2 (Preponderantly) and 3. The ventral horn neurons of spinal cord segments 7 and 8 appear to contribute motor fibres to the sciatic nerves.", "contents": "A note on the limb nerves of the frog (Rana tigrina). In the frog (Rana tigrina) the mean length of the brain was 17.5 mm and that of the spinal cord 61 mm. The weight of the brain and spinal cord (together) was 389 mg. The fascicular number, fascicular area, total number of fibres and their density were studied in the left and right brachial nerves, left and right sciatic nerves and the sympathetic trunk (nerve). The largest number of nerve fascicles (12) was noticed in the sympathetic trunk while the right brachial nerve comprised of only one nerve fascicle. As for the mean fascicular area, the left brachial nerve had the greatest area (0.7963 mm2) while the least (0.1312 mm2) was noticed in the sympathetic trunk. The sympathetic trunk revealed the highest number (mean value 2176) of myelinated fibres. The least value in this regard (598) was noticed in the left sciatic nerve. As for the external diameter of the nerve fibres, more than 50% of the fibres in all the nerves were of the order 6--8 micrometer. The histograms confirmed this trend. The greatest density of myelinated nerve fibres was noted in the left brachial nerve (288/mm2). Based on the retrograde degeneration, the ventral horn neurons giving origin to the motor fibres in the brachial nerves were traced to spinal cord segments 2 (Preponderantly) and 3. The ventral horn neurons of spinal cord segments 7 and 8 appear to contribute motor fibres to the sciatic nerves.", "PMID": 646124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2665", "title": "Intramammary lymph nodes in cow in early fetal period.", "content": "The analysis of serial sections of 4 fetal mammary glands of cattle revealed that the intramammary lymph nodes occurred in these glands. In two cases they were present in both halves of the gland and the number of nodes was 1 to 3 in one half. The nodes were of ovoid shape and their length  ranged from 170 to 920 micrometer. The nodes were situated within the mesenchymal primordium of the mammary gland in the neighbourhood of the ramification of the primary epithelial bud into the secondary ones. The microstructure of node was rather primitive. Their capsulae consisted of condensed adjacent mesenchyme and passed over without septa in the supporting nodal reticulum. The lymphoid tissue was not differentiated into the cortex and medulla and consisted of clusters of immature lymphocytes", "contents": "Intramammary lymph nodes in cow in early fetal period. The analysis of serial sections of 4 fetal mammary glands of cattle revealed that the intramammary lymph nodes occurred in these glands. In two cases they were present in both halves of the gland and the number of nodes was 1 to 3 in one half. The nodes were of ovoid shape and their length  ranged from 170 to 920 micrometer. The nodes were situated within the mesenchymal primordium of the mammary gland in the neighbourhood of the ramification of the primary epithelial bud into the secondary ones. The microstructure of node was rather primitive. Their capsulae consisted of condensed adjacent mesenchyme and passed over without septa in the supporting nodal reticulum. The lymphoid tissue was not differentiated into the cortex and medulla and consisted of clusters of immature lymphocytes", "PMID": 646125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2666", "title": "Hematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina. III. Hemoglobin and hematocrit.", "content": "The hemoglobin and hematocrit values studied in two years averaged 6.22 and 3.87 g/100 ml and 31.8 and 19.5 percent in female and male Rana tigrina respectively. The peak values in females and males are observed in May and June respectively. The breeding season is characterized by low hemoglobin and hematocrit values. The starvation upto 28 days is observed to cause a decrease in hemoglobin level.", "contents": "Hematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina. III. Hemoglobin and hematocrit. The hemoglobin and hematocrit values studied in two years averaged 6.22 and 3.87 g/100 ml and 31.8 and 19.5 percent in female and male Rana tigrina respectively. The peak values in females and males are observed in May and June respectively. The breeding season is characterized by low hemoglobin and hematocrit values. The starvation upto 28 days is observed to cause a decrease in hemoglobin level.", "PMID": 646126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2667", "title": "Morphogenesis and histogenesis of the cartilaginous tracheal rings in the domestic fowl (gallus domesticus).", "content": "The morphogenesis, histogenesis and growth pattern of the tracheal rings were studied in chick embryos and in chickens up to 4 months of age. The blastemas representing the earliest ring primordia are seen to arise in the embryo in the cranial portion of the tracheal tube on the 10th day of incubation, and to extend rapidly caudalwards. They form first in the anterior wall of the tracheal tube and expand successively laterally and posteriorly. The mesenchymal blastemas that have acquired the shape of complete rings differentiate into precartilage and then into typical hyaline cartilage. During growth, the tracheal rings undergo striking changes in both shape and position. In the embryo, an active growth rate in a craniocaudal direction prevails, and after hatching each ring outstretches cranially and caudally into two long expansions (winglike projections). Moreover, these rings, which in early embryos were regularly aligned in a longitudinal row, are seen to become alternately located with their higher halves on an inner plane and their lower halves on a more superficial plane. Such a peculiar ring displacement on two different planes may reasonably be assumed to obey spatial requirements, since ring growth rate according to a craniocaudal direction is far more vigorous than growth, in the same direction, of the tracheal wall housing them.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and histogenesis of the cartilaginous tracheal rings in the domestic fowl (gallus domesticus). The morphogenesis, histogenesis and growth pattern of the tracheal rings were studied in chick embryos and in chickens up to 4 months of age. The blastemas representing the earliest ring primordia are seen to arise in the embryo in the cranial portion of the tracheal tube on the 10th day of incubation, and to extend rapidly caudalwards. They form first in the anterior wall of the tracheal tube and expand successively laterally and posteriorly. The mesenchymal blastemas that have acquired the shape of complete rings differentiate into precartilage and then into typical hyaline cartilage. During growth, the tracheal rings undergo striking changes in both shape and position. In the embryo, an active growth rate in a craniocaudal direction prevails, and after hatching each ring outstretches cranially and caudally into two long expansions (winglike projections). Moreover, these rings, which in early embryos were regularly aligned in a longitudinal row, are seen to become alternately located with their higher halves on an inner plane and their lower halves on a more superficial plane. Such a peculiar ring displacement on two different planes may reasonably be assumed to obey spatial requirements, since ring growth rate according to a craniocaudal direction is far more vigorous than growth, in the same direction, of the tracheal wall housing them.", "PMID": 646127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2668", "title": "Caudal neurosecretory system and the neurohemal organ of Tor tor (Ham.).", "content": "The Caudal neurosecretory system and the neurohemal organ of a fresh water fish, Tor tor, is described. In this fish the neurosecretory system is well developed which extends upon an stretch of the last 6--7 caudal vertebrae. This region of the spinal cord is characterised by the presence of large Dahlgren cells. These cells send off long processes into a ventrally situated storage release centre, \"the neurohemal organ\" termed as \"urophysis\". In Tor tor the urophysis is a distinct, whitish, unpaired and ventral prominence of typical teleostean type. It remains located in a shallow concavity formed at the urostyle and communicates with the spinal cord broadly. Gross morphology of this system provides the evidence that the caudal spinal cord is composed of Dahlgren cells, glial cells, ependymal cells, blood capillaries, ordinary nerve fibres and the central with Reisnner's fibres. The Dahlgren cells are recognized to be of two types--small and large. These cells are polymorphic and usually multinucleated. Polymorphic and lobulated nuclei have also been encountered. Histologically the urophysis can be divided into two regions--an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is composed of epedymal cells, glial cells, connective tissue and the blood capillaries while the medulla consists of the neurosecretory processes of the Dahlgren cells, connective tissue fibres, secretory droplets including large size herring bodies and abundantly present blood capillaries. A few of the herring bodies are also observed with vacuoles, a feature suggesting them to be in the functional state.", "contents": "Caudal neurosecretory system and the neurohemal organ of Tor tor (Ham.). The Caudal neurosecretory system and the neurohemal organ of a fresh water fish, Tor tor, is described. In this fish the neurosecretory system is well developed which extends upon an stretch of the last 6--7 caudal vertebrae. This region of the spinal cord is characterised by the presence of large Dahlgren cells. These cells send off long processes into a ventrally situated storage release centre, \"the neurohemal organ\" termed as \"urophysis\". In Tor tor the urophysis is a distinct, whitish, unpaired and ventral prominence of typical teleostean type. It remains located in a shallow concavity formed at the urostyle and communicates with the spinal cord broadly. Gross morphology of this system provides the evidence that the caudal spinal cord is composed of Dahlgren cells, glial cells, ependymal cells, blood capillaries, ordinary nerve fibres and the central with Reisnner's fibres. The Dahlgren cells are recognized to be of two types--small and large. These cells are polymorphic and usually multinucleated. Polymorphic and lobulated nuclei have also been encountered. Histologically the urophysis can be divided into two regions--an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is composed of epedymal cells, glial cells, connective tissue and the blood capillaries while the medulla consists of the neurosecretory processes of the Dahlgren cells, connective tissue fibres, secretory droplets including large size herring bodies and abundantly present blood capillaries. A few of the herring bodies are also observed with vacuoles, a feature suggesting them to be in the functional state.", "PMID": 646129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2669", "title": "[The mechanisms of fracture in the human skull under static loads while still covered by tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Static compression tests were undertaken on 40 human skulls while still covered by tissue. The compression tests were performed on the median sagittal part of the calotte. It was found that the skull, like the tubular bones, is fully elastic. Dissection revealed considerably more fractures, particularly in the basal region, than were shown on x-ray pictures (50%). With regard to the mechanisms of fracture, Fig. 2 shows that fractures occur only while the last third of the load is being applied. The following parameters were determined: maximum stress upon fracture, strain, elongation, elasticity module and elasticity coefficient.", "contents": "[The mechanisms of fracture in the human skull under static loads while still covered by tissue (author's transl)]. Static compression tests were undertaken on 40 human skulls while still covered by tissue. The compression tests were performed on the median sagittal part of the calotte. It was found that the skull, like the tubular bones, is fully elastic. Dissection revealed considerably more fractures, particularly in the basal region, than were shown on x-ray pictures (50%). With regard to the mechanisms of fracture, Fig. 2 shows that fractures occur only while the last third of the load is being applied. The following parameters were determined: maximum stress upon fracture, strain, elongation, elasticity module and elasticity coefficient.", "PMID": 646130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2670", "title": "[Contribution to three-dimensional consideration of surfaces of joints of condyli femoris (author's transl)].", "content": "There were laid sections in a difference of 1 cm across the condyli femoris of 5 human formalin-fixed femora and was looked for the curvature of the areas of joints at their marks. In comparing with literature was to be seen that corresponding dats failed at the orientation of the bone. Model conceptions used in case of compensation can't be accepted. Exact calculations of the three-dimensional curvature of surface are presumed for taking into account the mechanism of transfer of forces in the knee joint.", "contents": "[Contribution to three-dimensional consideration of surfaces of joints of condyli femoris (author's transl)]. There were laid sections in a difference of 1 cm across the condyli femoris of 5 human formalin-fixed femora and was looked for the curvature of the areas of joints at their marks. In comparing with literature was to be seen that corresponding dats failed at the orientation of the bone. Model conceptions used in case of compensation can't be accepted. Exact calculations of the three-dimensional curvature of surface are presumed for taking into account the mechanism of transfer of forces in the knee joint.", "PMID": 646131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2671", "title": "Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the effects of sublethal doses of methotrexate on the rat small intestine.", "content": "The small intestines of adult rats were examined by light and scanning-electron microscopy after sublethal doses of methotrexate were injected at 5, 3 and 1 mg, respectively, per rat per day, for three days. Methotrexate inhibited mitosis and thereby disrupted the steady state system of the epithelium. Villi and crypts progressively diminished up to about four and one-half days after the initial injection. Thereafter, recovery began and, by day 7, relatively normal morphology was restored. In the degenerative phase, the loss of crypt-villus continuum was frequently observed, the former crypts forming cyst-like structures. The columnar cells became flat and pleomorphic but epithelial continuity was maintained. Goblet cells apparently decreased in number. Paneth cells, especially in the ileum, appreciably increased in size and number. During the recovery phase, the cystic crypts apparently re-established continuity with the villus epithelium. Size and proportion of all epithelial cell types returned to normal. Scanning electron microscopy showed villus fusion and the cellular pleomorphism and loss of microvilli during the degenerative phase. During recovery of the villi some alteration in orientation and shape remained as shown by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the effects of sublethal doses of methotrexate on the rat small intestine. The small intestines of adult rats were examined by light and scanning-electron microscopy after sublethal doses of methotrexate were injected at 5, 3 and 1 mg, respectively, per rat per day, for three days. Methotrexate inhibited mitosis and thereby disrupted the steady state system of the epithelium. Villi and crypts progressively diminished up to about four and one-half days after the initial injection. Thereafter, recovery began and, by day 7, relatively normal morphology was restored. In the degenerative phase, the loss of crypt-villus continuum was frequently observed, the former crypts forming cyst-like structures. The columnar cells became flat and pleomorphic but epithelial continuity was maintained. Goblet cells apparently decreased in number. Paneth cells, especially in the ileum, appreciably increased in size and number. During the recovery phase, the cystic crypts apparently re-established continuity with the villus epithelium. Size and proportion of all epithelial cell types returned to normal. Scanning electron microscopy showed villus fusion and the cellular pleomorphism and loss of microvilli during the degenerative phase. During recovery of the villi some alteration in orientation and shape remained as shown by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 646132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2672", "title": "Fenestrae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of Xenopus laevis hepatocytes.", "content": "The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of Xenopus laevis hepatocytes was examined by freeze-fracture and by conventional thin section electron microscopy. Much of the RER was present as stacks of cisternae at the cell periphery but, in addition, large whorls of cisternae were seen in the cytoplasm in most sections. Freeze-fracture replicas revealed fenestrae in both stacked and whorled cisternae, although the fenestrae were more numerous in the whorls. The role of these fenestrae is unknown, but such structures would facilitate access of precursors to the protein synthetic machinery in this highly metabolically active cell type. This would be particularly important in RER whorls, where the innermost cisternae would otherwise be isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Fenestrae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of Xenopus laevis hepatocytes. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of Xenopus laevis hepatocytes was examined by freeze-fracture and by conventional thin section electron microscopy. Much of the RER was present as stacks of cisternae at the cell periphery but, in addition, large whorls of cisternae were seen in the cytoplasm in most sections. Freeze-fracture replicas revealed fenestrae in both stacked and whorled cisternae, although the fenestrae were more numerous in the whorls. The role of these fenestrae is unknown, but such structures would facilitate access of precursors to the protein synthetic machinery in this highly metabolically active cell type. This would be particularly important in RER whorls, where the innermost cisternae would otherwise be isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 646133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2673", "title": "Embryologic origin of the various epithelial cell types in the second kind of thyroid follicle in the C3H mouse.", "content": "The thyroid gland of the C3H mouse is composed largely of the usual follicle but it also contains a second kind of follicle. To ascertain the embryologic origin of the cell types in each of these follicles, ventral pharyngeal outpocketings and ultimobranchial outpocketings were isolated (before they fused to form the thyroid gland) from the 12-day-old fetus of the C3H mouse. The outpocketings were implanted into different kidney capsules of adult C3H mice and were allowed to grow for several months. Transplants were then excised and examined by electron microscopy. The ventral contribution formed large aggregates of follicles and was recognized as a distinct bump on the surface of the kidney. It formed only typical thyroid ultimobranchial contribution usually formed only a small number of follicles, generally of small size. It was readily located because the follicles occurred next to a white plaque of bone or cartilage at the site of implantation. The ultimobranchial contribution formed follicles containing four cell types: a ciliated cell, a cell with abundant agranular reticulum, a cell with many free ribosomes and fiber and occasional hemidesmosomes, and the C cell which was the most frequent cell type. No typical thyroid epithelium was observed in the ultimobranchial transplant. These observations suggest that the C cell in the usual follicle is derived from the ultimobranchial contribution, and that the second kind of follicle is largely an ultimobranchial contribution but the typical thyroid epithelium in it is largely or entirely a ventral contribution.", "contents": "Embryologic origin of the various epithelial cell types in the second kind of thyroid follicle in the C3H mouse. The thyroid gland of the C3H mouse is composed largely of the usual follicle but it also contains a second kind of follicle. To ascertain the embryologic origin of the cell types in each of these follicles, ventral pharyngeal outpocketings and ultimobranchial outpocketings were isolated (before they fused to form the thyroid gland) from the 12-day-old fetus of the C3H mouse. The outpocketings were implanted into different kidney capsules of adult C3H mice and were allowed to grow for several months. Transplants were then excised and examined by electron microscopy. The ventral contribution formed large aggregates of follicles and was recognized as a distinct bump on the surface of the kidney. It formed only typical thyroid ultimobranchial contribution usually formed only a small number of follicles, generally of small size. It was readily located because the follicles occurred next to a white plaque of bone or cartilage at the site of implantation. The ultimobranchial contribution formed follicles containing four cell types: a ciliated cell, a cell with abundant agranular reticulum, a cell with many free ribosomes and fiber and occasional hemidesmosomes, and the C cell which was the most frequent cell type. No typical thyroid epithelium was observed in the ultimobranchial transplant. These observations suggest that the C cell in the usual follicle is derived from the ultimobranchial contribution, and that the second kind of follicle is largely an ultimobranchial contribution but the typical thyroid epithelium in it is largely or entirely a ventral contribution.", "PMID": 646134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2674", "title": "Autoradiographic analysis of altered glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the epiphyseal cartilage of neonatal brachymorphic mice.", "content": "Brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are disproportionately short in stature. Past biochemical studies on neonatal mice (Orkin et al., '76) demonstrated that epiphyseal cartilage from these mutants synthesizes glycosaminoglycans (GAG) that are undersulfated. In this study, synthesis of GAG, as determined autoradiographically with Na2 35SO4 and 3H-glucosamine was reduced in all areas of bm/bm epiphyses both in vivo and in vitro as compared to normal C57BL/6J mice. Incorporation of both isotopic precursors into GAG of the brachymorphic proliferative zone was reduced to a greater extent than in the reserve zone. In addition, incorporation of these precursors into GAG of epiphyseal cartilages in vitro, as determined biochemically, was reduced by 40%. In contrast, the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into protein did not show differences between mutant and normal epiphyses. These results suggest that alterations in GAG synthesis in bm/bm epiphyseal growth plates are not exclusive to any one zone, but do appear to be most pronounced in the proliferative zone.", "contents": "Autoradiographic analysis of altered glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the epiphyseal cartilage of neonatal brachymorphic mice. Brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are disproportionately short in stature. Past biochemical studies on neonatal mice (Orkin et al., '76) demonstrated that epiphyseal cartilage from these mutants synthesizes glycosaminoglycans (GAG) that are undersulfated. In this study, synthesis of GAG, as determined autoradiographically with Na2 35SO4 and 3H-glucosamine was reduced in all areas of bm/bm epiphyses both in vivo and in vitro as compared to normal C57BL/6J mice. Incorporation of both isotopic precursors into GAG of the brachymorphic proliferative zone was reduced to a greater extent than in the reserve zone. In addition, incorporation of these precursors into GAG of epiphyseal cartilages in vitro, as determined biochemically, was reduced by 40%. In contrast, the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into protein did not show differences between mutant and normal epiphyses. These results suggest that alterations in GAG synthesis in bm/bm epiphyseal growth plates are not exclusive to any one zone, but do appear to be most pronounced in the proliferative zone.", "PMID": 646135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2675", "title": "Synergistic effects of prolactin and testosterone in the restoration of rat prostatic epithelium following castration.", "content": "Prolactin is known to enhance the uptake and metabolism of testosterone in male accessory sex organs and to increase the weight of accessory sex organs from castrated rats over those from controls treated with testosterone alone. The present study was directed toward defining fine structural changes detectable with scanning and transmission electron microscopy which might accompany such responses. Accordingly, rat ventral prostate gland was examined from castrated animals which had received testosterone propionate and ovine prolactin singly or together, or which had received vehicle only. Unoperated animals served as additional controls. Post-castration glandular atrophy was not influenced by prolactin treatment alone. Testosterone restored epithelial height, secretory product, Golgi complexes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, such that cellular and tissue morphology was generally indistinguishable from that of unoperated controls. Prostatic tissue from animals given testosterone and prolactin simultaneously exhibited pleomorphic, cytoplasmic apical projections which extended into the acinar lumen. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that these blebs were devoid of organelles and microvilli; scanning electron microscopy revealed that the blebs were highly wrinkled and more numerous than were the projections observed in tissue from animals treated with testosterone alone, or in tissue from unoperated controls. It is suggested that such blebbing may reflect enhanced apocrine secretion in prolactin/testosterone stimulated restoration of the prostate gland in castrated rats.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of prolactin and testosterone in the restoration of rat prostatic epithelium following castration. Prolactin is known to enhance the uptake and metabolism of testosterone in male accessory sex organs and to increase the weight of accessory sex organs from castrated rats over those from controls treated with testosterone alone. The present study was directed toward defining fine structural changes detectable with scanning and transmission electron microscopy which might accompany such responses. Accordingly, rat ventral prostate gland was examined from castrated animals which had received testosterone propionate and ovine prolactin singly or together, or which had received vehicle only. Unoperated animals served as additional controls. Post-castration glandular atrophy was not influenced by prolactin treatment alone. Testosterone restored epithelial height, secretory product, Golgi complexes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, such that cellular and tissue morphology was generally indistinguishable from that of unoperated controls. Prostatic tissue from animals given testosterone and prolactin simultaneously exhibited pleomorphic, cytoplasmic apical projections which extended into the acinar lumen. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that these blebs were devoid of organelles and microvilli; scanning electron microscopy revealed that the blebs were highly wrinkled and more numerous than were the projections observed in tissue from animals treated with testosterone alone, or in tissue from unoperated controls. It is suggested that such blebbing may reflect enhanced apocrine secretion in prolactin/testosterone stimulated restoration of the prostate gland in castrated rats.", "PMID": 646136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2676", "title": "The effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the bone marrow of the rat.", "content": "Bone marrow from adult rats fed a vitamin B6 deficient diet for two weeks was found to have reduced numbers of neutrophils, erythroid cells and small lymphocytes. The numbers of transitional cells were not reduced. Since the small lymphocyte population in the bone marrow consists of B cells and null cells in approximately the same proportion, it was concluded that both cell types were reduced as a result of the deficiency. A complete recovery in the cellularity of the bone marrow was brought about by returning the vitamin B6 deficient animals to a normal diet for four weeks. Other effects of the two-week vitamin B6 deficient diet included a failure to gain weight, a decrease in thymus weight and a reduction in the numbers of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. All of these defects were corrected after the animals had been fed a normal diet for four weeks.", "contents": "The effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the bone marrow of the rat. Bone marrow from adult rats fed a vitamin B6 deficient diet for two weeks was found to have reduced numbers of neutrophils, erythroid cells and small lymphocytes. The numbers of transitional cells were not reduced. Since the small lymphocyte population in the bone marrow consists of B cells and null cells in approximately the same proportion, it was concluded that both cell types were reduced as a result of the deficiency. A complete recovery in the cellularity of the bone marrow was brought about by returning the vitamin B6 deficient animals to a normal diet for four weeks. Other effects of the two-week vitamin B6 deficient diet included a failure to gain weight, a decrease in thymus weight and a reduction in the numbers of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. All of these defects were corrected after the animals had been fed a normal diet for four weeks.", "PMID": 646137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2677", "title": "Intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat.", "content": "The intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat was studied using neurohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Innervation was restricted primarily to vessels in the portal space and hilus. Both adrenergic and cholinergic fibers were observed in the adventitia of hepatic arteries, and to a lesser extent adjacent to portal veins. Some of the cholinergic fibers, however, were not contiguous with the vasculature. Near the hilus many of these fibers were associated with ganglia while peripherally some coursed into the immediately adjacent parenchyma where end bulbs abutted on hepatocytes. Ultrastructurally, scattered small nerves, devoid of neurolemma, were found contiguous with the portal lamina of hepatocytes. Nerve fibers deeper within the lobule were not seen but numerous gap junctions were observed between contiguous hepatocytes. Central and sublobular hepatic veins lacked innervation but adrenergic nerves were demonstrated in the walls of larger hepatic veins. Innervation of the biliary system was sparse. While nerves were interposed between vessels and bile ducts, such nerves tended to be associated more closely with the vasculature.", "contents": "Intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat. The intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat was studied using neurohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Innervation was restricted primarily to vessels in the portal space and hilus. Both adrenergic and cholinergic fibers were observed in the adventitia of hepatic arteries, and to a lesser extent adjacent to portal veins. Some of the cholinergic fibers, however, were not contiguous with the vasculature. Near the hilus many of these fibers were associated with ganglia while peripherally some coursed into the immediately adjacent parenchyma where end bulbs abutted on hepatocytes. Ultrastructurally, scattered small nerves, devoid of neurolemma, were found contiguous with the portal lamina of hepatocytes. Nerve fibers deeper within the lobule were not seen but numerous gap junctions were observed between contiguous hepatocytes. Central and sublobular hepatic veins lacked innervation but adrenergic nerves were demonstrated in the walls of larger hepatic veins. Innervation of the biliary system was sparse. While nerves were interposed between vessels and bile ducts, such nerves tended to be associated more closely with the vasculature.", "PMID": 646138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2678", "title": "A study of the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to investigate the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Situated in the posterior part of the utricle, the receptor is innervated by a branch of the posterior ampullary nerve and is covered by an extracellular membrane that exhibits a tapering extension into the orifice of the utriculo-saccular duct. The neuroepithelium contains two populations of sensory cells within a matrix of sustentacular cells; one population (non-calyceal hair cells) is supplied primarily by boutons and clublike terminals, while the other (calyceal hair cells) is served by calycine terminals that invest from one to five sensory cells. The apices of calyceal hair cells bulge into the utricular lumen and have larger diameters and ciliary counts than non-calyceal cells, but other differences are not marked. Although the bases of calyceal hair cells are deeply indented by calyceal processes, both types show similar afferent synaptic structures confined to the nuclear and infranuclear regions. Efferent terminals synapse on afferent endings and hair cells in both cases; synapses directly on calyceal hair cells lie above the calyx, just beneath the apicolateral junctional complexes. Those complexes are basically similar throughout the receptor, except that a hemispheroidal gap junction between a supporting cell and adjacent hair cell was noted in several instances. Arrays of endoplasmic reticulum and specialized mitochondria occur adjacent to aggregations of afferent synaptic vesicles in both types of sensory cell; it is suggested that such arrays may participate in the production of the vesicles in a process involving membrane recycling similar to that at the neuromuscular junction. Differences between calycine units and the type I hair cell of mammals are discussed, and evidence that suggests an equilibratory function for the lacertilian papilla neglecta is presented.", "contents": "A study of the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to investigate the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Situated in the posterior part of the utricle, the receptor is innervated by a branch of the posterior ampullary nerve and is covered by an extracellular membrane that exhibits a tapering extension into the orifice of the utriculo-saccular duct. The neuroepithelium contains two populations of sensory cells within a matrix of sustentacular cells; one population (non-calyceal hair cells) is supplied primarily by boutons and clublike terminals, while the other (calyceal hair cells) is served by calycine terminals that invest from one to five sensory cells. The apices of calyceal hair cells bulge into the utricular lumen and have larger diameters and ciliary counts than non-calyceal cells, but other differences are not marked. Although the bases of calyceal hair cells are deeply indented by calyceal processes, both types show similar afferent synaptic structures confined to the nuclear and infranuclear regions. Efferent terminals synapse on afferent endings and hair cells in both cases; synapses directly on calyceal hair cells lie above the calyx, just beneath the apicolateral junctional complexes. Those complexes are basically similar throughout the receptor, except that a hemispheroidal gap junction between a supporting cell and adjacent hair cell was noted in several instances. Arrays of endoplasmic reticulum and specialized mitochondria occur adjacent to aggregations of afferent synaptic vesicles in both types of sensory cell; it is suggested that such arrays may participate in the production of the vesicles in a process involving membrane recycling similar to that at the neuromuscular junction. Differences between calycine units and the type I hair cell of mammals are discussed, and evidence that suggests an equilibratory function for the lacertilian papilla neglecta is presented.", "PMID": 646139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2679", "title": "Cephalexin concentration in the human ejaculate following oral and parenteral administration.", "content": "Cephalexin levels in the ejaculates of 31 infection-free volunteers have been determined following the administration of 1 g of antibiotic. In 16 subjects the cephalexin was administered by intramuscular injection and in 15 by mouth. In each case the volunteers were divided into groups of five each of which received the drug, 1, 2 or 4 hours before the collection of semen. Antibiotic concentrations were determined microbiologically on agar plates using Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341. For selection purposes healthy subjects were considered to be those showing a normal anamnesis and physical exploration, an absence of leucocytes demonstrable by a cytomorphological evaluation of the semen, semen citric acid and fructose levels within normal limits and a qualitatively and quantitatively similar saprophytic flora to that seen in a culture of urine taken immediately before the collection of semen. Maximum concentrations were obtained 2 hours after the administration of the antibiotic and the concentration following intramuscular injection (6.9 microgram/ml) was significantly greater than that following oral administration (4.7 microgram/ml).", "contents": "Cephalexin concentration in the human ejaculate following oral and parenteral administration. Cephalexin levels in the ejaculates of 31 infection-free volunteers have been determined following the administration of 1 g of antibiotic. In 16 subjects the cephalexin was administered by intramuscular injection and in 15 by mouth. In each case the volunteers were divided into groups of five each of which received the drug, 1, 2 or 4 hours before the collection of semen. Antibiotic concentrations were determined microbiologically on agar plates using Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341. For selection purposes healthy subjects were considered to be those showing a normal anamnesis and physical exploration, an absence of leucocytes demonstrable by a cytomorphological evaluation of the semen, semen citric acid and fructose levels within normal limits and a qualitatively and quantitatively similar saprophytic flora to that seen in a culture of urine taken immediately before the collection of semen. Maximum concentrations were obtained 2 hours after the administration of the antibiotic and the concentration following intramuscular injection (6.9 microgram/ml) was significantly greater than that following oral administration (4.7 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 646144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2680", "title": "Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes after ether or halothane.", "content": "Hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and hepatic ultrastructure were studied in rats after two hours of anesthesia with 1 MAC halothane or diethyl ether. Twelve hours after cessation of either anesthetic smooth endoplasmic reticulum was increased in centrilobular but not in periportal hepatocytes. This change persisted at 24- and 36-hour sampling times. Microsomal cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 decreased after halothane anesthesia (by 7 to 20 per cent of control). Diethyl ether caused increased cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 (27 and 18 per cent, respectively) at the 36-hour sampling time. NADPH cytochrome c reductase did not change significantly after either agent. The authors interpret these results to mean that both agents promote conversion of rough endoplasmic reticulum to smooth endoplasmic reticulum or, alternatively, that the anesthetics decrease degradation of smooth endoplasmic membranes. Since only ether caused an increase in the microsomal content of enzymes of the drug-metabolizing enzyme system, it is concluded that these two anesthetics act on hepatic cells by dissimilar mechanisms.", "contents": "Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes after ether or halothane. Hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and hepatic ultrastructure were studied in rats after two hours of anesthesia with 1 MAC halothane or diethyl ether. Twelve hours after cessation of either anesthetic smooth endoplasmic reticulum was increased in centrilobular but not in periportal hepatocytes. This change persisted at 24- and 36-hour sampling times. Microsomal cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 decreased after halothane anesthesia (by 7 to 20 per cent of control). Diethyl ether caused increased cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 (27 and 18 per cent, respectively) at the 36-hour sampling time. NADPH cytochrome c reductase did not change significantly after either agent. The authors interpret these results to mean that both agents promote conversion of rough endoplasmic reticulum to smooth endoplasmic reticulum or, alternatively, that the anesthetics decrease degradation of smooth endoplasmic membranes. Since only ether caused an increase in the microsomal content of enzymes of the drug-metabolizing enzyme system, it is concluded that these two anesthetics act on hepatic cells by dissimilar mechanisms.", "PMID": 646150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2681", "title": "Microvascular responses to norepinephrine and vasopressin during halothane anesthesia in the rat.", "content": "This experiment was designed to determine the microvascular responses to the two known naturally occurring vasoconstrictors, norepinephrine (NE) and vasopressin, at known levels of central vasomotor activity before, during and after halothane anesthesia. The responses to topical application of NE and vasopressin were studied in the microvasculature of the mesentery and cremaster muscle, using microscopic methods. Neural (CNS) stimulation was accomplished through electrodes chronically implanted in vasoactive sites of the forebrain and midbrain. The increase in blood pressure in response to CNS stimulation was decreased during halothane anesthesia (32.4 +/- 5.4 per cent before and 24.7 +/- 6.1 per cent during; P less than 0.001). There was no significant change in the steady-state diameter of the microvasculature under study during or after halothane anesthesia. Marked abatement of arteriolar vasoconstriction in response to CNS stimulation was seen prior to halothane. However, the same target vessel showed increased constriction in response to topically applied NE (from 32.3 +/- 4.7 to 53.2 +/- 7.8 per cent; P less than 0.01) during halothane anesthesia. By contrast, the response to vasopressin decreased (from 42.4 +/- 5.7 to 1.0 +/- 6 per cent; P less than 0.001) with halothane. The precise mechanism(s) underlying the described hypersensitivity to NE and hyposensitivity to vasopressin in the same vascular structure during halothane anesthesia remains undetermined.", "contents": "Microvascular responses to norepinephrine and vasopressin during halothane anesthesia in the rat. This experiment was designed to determine the microvascular responses to the two known naturally occurring vasoconstrictors, norepinephrine (NE) and vasopressin, at known levels of central vasomotor activity before, during and after halothane anesthesia. The responses to topical application of NE and vasopressin were studied in the microvasculature of the mesentery and cremaster muscle, using microscopic methods. Neural (CNS) stimulation was accomplished through electrodes chronically implanted in vasoactive sites of the forebrain and midbrain. The increase in blood pressure in response to CNS stimulation was decreased during halothane anesthesia (32.4 +/- 5.4 per cent before and 24.7 +/- 6.1 per cent during; P less than 0.001). There was no significant change in the steady-state diameter of the microvasculature under study during or after halothane anesthesia. Marked abatement of arteriolar vasoconstriction in response to CNS stimulation was seen prior to halothane. However, the same target vessel showed increased constriction in response to topically applied NE (from 32.3 +/- 4.7 to 53.2 +/- 7.8 per cent; P less than 0.01) during halothane anesthesia. By contrast, the response to vasopressin decreased (from 42.4 +/- 5.7 to 1.0 +/- 6 per cent; P less than 0.001) with halothane. The precise mechanism(s) underlying the described hypersensitivity to NE and hyposensitivity to vasopressin in the same vascular structure during halothane anesthesia remains undetermined.", "PMID": 646151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2682", "title": "Antispermatogenic effect of aspirin and its prevention by prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Aspirin treatment causes a decrease in Leydig cell function, change in Sertoli cell morphology and a subsequent decrease in Spermatid count. Administration of Prostaglandin E2 prevents the effect of Aspirin on the Sertoli cell morphology and Spermatid degeneration without significant improvement of the Leydig cell function. On the basis of these findings, a possible relationship between Prostaglandin and testicular spermatogenesis has been discussed.", "contents": "Antispermatogenic effect of aspirin and its prevention by prostaglandin E2. Aspirin treatment causes a decrease in Leydig cell function, change in Sertoli cell morphology and a subsequent decrease in Spermatid count. Administration of Prostaglandin E2 prevents the effect of Aspirin on the Sertoli cell morphology and Spermatid degeneration without significant improvement of the Leydig cell function. On the basis of these findings, a possible relationship between Prostaglandin and testicular spermatogenesis has been discussed.", "PMID": 646143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2683", "title": "Demonstration of the reversibility of spermatozoa suppression by testosterone oenanthate.", "content": "Long-term treatment with testosterone oenanthate in seven healthy young men was conducted with the aim of inducing reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis. During the observation period following discontinuation of the therapy spermatogenesis showed a gradual recovery. In three cases, however, the sperm counts did not reach pre-treatment levels. The subjects were re-examined 3 years after the start of the study, i.e. 2.5 years after the last injection of testosterone oenanthate. This examination confirmed that the testosterone treatment had had no recognizable negative influence on testicular function--on the contrary, in three cases analysis of the seminal fluid yielded higher sperm counts than previously.", "contents": "Demonstration of the reversibility of spermatozoa suppression by testosterone oenanthate. Long-term treatment with testosterone oenanthate in seven healthy young men was conducted with the aim of inducing reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis. During the observation period following discontinuation of the therapy spermatogenesis showed a gradual recovery. In three cases, however, the sperm counts did not reach pre-treatment levels. The subjects were re-examined 3 years after the start of the study, i.e. 2.5 years after the last injection of testosterone oenanthate. This examination confirmed that the testosterone treatment had had no recognizable negative influence on testicular function--on the contrary, in three cases analysis of the seminal fluid yielded higher sperm counts than previously.", "PMID": 646145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2684", "title": "Spermatozoa motility and fructolysis--comparative study of samples obtained by masturbation and with plastic collectors.", "content": "A comparative study was made of spermatozoa motility and fructolysis with semen normal donors incubated in glass flasks and plastic collectors at room temperature (22 degrees to 25 degrees C). With the results obtained we came to the conclusion that poliethylene plastic collectors of low density, polimero 0.921, thickeness 20 to 30 mu, do not affect motility of fructose consumption of semen from normal donors. This material showed similar conditions to those in glass flasks.", "contents": "Spermatozoa motility and fructolysis--comparative study of samples obtained by masturbation and with plastic collectors. A comparative study was made of spermatozoa motility and fructolysis with semen normal donors incubated in glass flasks and plastic collectors at room temperature (22 degrees to 25 degrees C). With the results obtained we came to the conclusion that poliethylene plastic collectors of low density, polimero 0.921, thickeness 20 to 30 mu, do not affect motility of fructose consumption of semen from normal donors. This material showed similar conditions to those in glass flasks.", "PMID": 646147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2685", "title": "Paternity cases.", "content": "Through analysis of 350 expertises in suits, where the man was accused of paternity, was found that these examinees often lived in a sterile marriage. When examined they often try to influence negatively the result of spermiologic examination. Sterility was ascertained here in only about 10% of cases. In the material consisting of 98 expertises in suits for denial of paternity it was found that about one half of these men were either divorced or in the course of divorce proceedings and about one third of them stated the infidelity of the wife. In more than one third of these cases sterility was proved. The court expert must often express his opinion as to the fertility of the man two or more years previously. His conclusion is especially difficult, where the spermiologic findings repeatedly vary within the limits of severe oligozoospermia with less than 5 million spermatozoids per 1 ml and where the motility is poor.", "contents": "Paternity cases. Through analysis of 350 expertises in suits, where the man was accused of paternity, was found that these examinees often lived in a sterile marriage. When examined they often try to influence negatively the result of spermiologic examination. Sterility was ascertained here in only about 10% of cases. In the material consisting of 98 expertises in suits for denial of paternity it was found that about one half of these men were either divorced or in the course of divorce proceedings and about one third of them stated the infidelity of the wife. In more than one third of these cases sterility was proved. The court expert must often express his opinion as to the fertility of the man two or more years previously. His conclusion is especially difficult, where the spermiologic findings repeatedly vary within the limits of severe oligozoospermia with less than 5 million spermatozoids per 1 ml and where the motility is poor.", "PMID": 646146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2686", "title": "Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section.", "content": "Elective cesarean section was performed in a consecutive series of 30 patients with full-term pregnancies who were not in labor. Epidural (lidocaine, 1.5 per cent, with epinephrine, 1:200,000) and general anesthesia (thiopental, nitrous oxide-oxygen, succinylcholine infusion) was used alternately. Neonatal acid-base values and Apgar scores showed no significant difference between the two anesthetic groups, and most infants were vigorous at birth. The neurologic recoveries of the infants showed no significant difference between the two groups. In the group receiving epidural anesthesia, there was a significant correlation between maternal hypotension and weak rooting and sucking reflexes of the infants during the first two days. All infants of high-risk obstetric patients in the series, independent of anesthetic technique used, had abnormal neurologic activity, as evidenced by either depression of muscle tone and the reflexes or all the tested variables. Neurologic assessment as followed in this series is a sensitive indicator of the effects of fetal stress factors acting during cesarean section.", "contents": "Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section. Elective cesarean section was performed in a consecutive series of 30 patients with full-term pregnancies who were not in labor. Epidural (lidocaine, 1.5 per cent, with epinephrine, 1:200,000) and general anesthesia (thiopental, nitrous oxide-oxygen, succinylcholine infusion) was used alternately. Neonatal acid-base values and Apgar scores showed no significant difference between the two anesthetic groups, and most infants were vigorous at birth. The neurologic recoveries of the infants showed no significant difference between the two groups. In the group receiving epidural anesthesia, there was a significant correlation between maternal hypotension and weak rooting and sucking reflexes of the infants during the first two days. All infants of high-risk obstetric patients in the series, independent of anesthetic technique used, had abnormal neurologic activity, as evidenced by either depression of muscle tone and the reflexes or all the tested variables. Neurologic assessment as followed in this series is a sensitive indicator of the effects of fetal stress factors acting during cesarean section.", "PMID": 646154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2687", "title": "[Drinking of eye secretion by malloghages].", "content": "The until now known facts on the phenomenon that biting lice may drink the eye-fluids of their hosts are listed. These data are supplemented by further relevant observations (own and from others). In this respect, the menoponid species Myrsidea (Wolfdietrichia) cornicis and Gallacanthus kaddoui are concerned.", "contents": "[Drinking of eye secretion by malloghages]. The until now known facts on the phenomenon that biting lice may drink the eye-fluids of their hosts are listed. These data are supplemented by further relevant observations (own and from others). In this respect, the menoponid species Myrsidea (Wolfdietrichia) cornicis and Gallacanthus kaddoui are concerned.", "PMID": 646168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2688", "title": "[Biology of lapwing lice].", "content": "(1) An analysis of the correlation between the number of chewing lice appearing on the nestlings of lapwing and their age is presented (fig. 2). As soon as a few hours after hatching most of the birds are parasitized by at least two species of mallophaga. Specimens of Quadraceps rapidly increase in the total during the first week of the host's life. At this time they predominantly inhabit the down on the belly. On waders this genus is abundant and generally takes the dominant position in frequency, while members of the superfamily Amblycera remain scarce components in the simple communities constituted by the parasites (fig. 3). -- (2) Nothing is known about a niche overlap of Austromenopon and Actornithophilus. Probably some competition exists between these genera on a certain host, as the mean-times of numerous occurrence and of transmigration from a parent bird to the nestlings are different in the two species considered (fig. 1). Confident generalization are not permitted, however. (3) Quadraceps junceus is an habitual blood-feeder. Most females of this species are haemophagous when invading the nestlings but males select blood only occasionally. The difference in food preference shown by the sexes proved to be highly significant and may be innate. Hence, perhaps the females have to seek a blood meal before maturation of the eggs just as mosquitoes do. Actornithophilus swarmed from the corpus of its host immediately fro considerable distance. (4) In sporadic cases overcrowding of feather-lice occurs even on birds which show no signs of weakness or injury. So far such outbursts of a population have been found only on full-grown birds, however. Here an example is given concerning a lapwing's nestlings that had hatched the same morning. In turn, attention is drawn to the factors normally regulating the variation in the order of dominance among the parasites involved and limiting their population-size. As a rule juvenile birds possess larger populations of mallophaga than adults do (fig. 4).", "contents": "[Biology of lapwing lice]. (1) An analysis of the correlation between the number of chewing lice appearing on the nestlings of lapwing and their age is presented (fig. 2). As soon as a few hours after hatching most of the birds are parasitized by at least two species of mallophaga. Specimens of Quadraceps rapidly increase in the total during the first week of the host's life. At this time they predominantly inhabit the down on the belly. On waders this genus is abundant and generally takes the dominant position in frequency, while members of the superfamily Amblycera remain scarce components in the simple communities constituted by the parasites (fig. 3). -- (2) Nothing is known about a niche overlap of Austromenopon and Actornithophilus. Probably some competition exists between these genera on a certain host, as the mean-times of numerous occurrence and of transmigration from a parent bird to the nestlings are different in the two species considered (fig. 1). Confident generalization are not permitted, however. (3) Quadraceps junceus is an habitual blood-feeder. Most females of this species are haemophagous when invading the nestlings but males select blood only occasionally. The difference in food preference shown by the sexes proved to be highly significant and may be innate. Hence, perhaps the females have to seek a blood meal before maturation of the eggs just as mosquitoes do. Actornithophilus swarmed from the corpus of its host immediately fro considerable distance. (4) In sporadic cases overcrowding of feather-lice occurs even on birds which show no signs of weakness or injury. So far such outbursts of a population have been found only on full-grown birds, however. Here an example is given concerning a lapwing's nestlings that had hatched the same morning. In turn, attention is drawn to the factors normally regulating the variation in the order of dominance among the parasites involved and limiting their population-size. As a rule juvenile birds possess larger populations of mallophaga than adults do (fig. 4).", "PMID": 646169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2689", "title": "[Pharaoh ants in a ward for premature infants].", "content": "Pharaoh's ants (Monomorium pharaonis) appeared in a children's hospital and wounded the skin of the pre-mature births. Possibilities for control are discussed.", "contents": "[Pharaoh ants in a ward for premature infants]. Pharaoh's ants (Monomorium pharaonis) appeared in a children's hospital and wounded the skin of the pre-mature births. Possibilities for control are discussed.", "PMID": 646170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2690", "title": "Insects and other pests affecting man and animals in Saudi Arabia.", "content": "Survey of the insects and other pests attacking farmers and domestic animals was carried out during three successive years (1968, 1969 and 1970) in the Central province of Saudi Arabia. In this paper, the insects and other pests found were given. Also, location and time of appearance for each pest were mentioned. The pests recorded were 6 species of insects belonging to 5 families and 4 orders attacking farmers; 9 species of insects belonging to 8 families and 4 orders, and 9 species of mites and ticks belonging to 5 families attacking domestic animals.", "contents": "Insects and other pests affecting man and animals in Saudi Arabia. Survey of the insects and other pests attacking farmers and domestic animals was carried out during three successive years (1968, 1969 and 1970) in the Central province of Saudi Arabia. In this paper, the insects and other pests found were given. Also, location and time of appearance for each pest were mentioned. The pests recorded were 6 species of insects belonging to 5 families and 4 orders attacking farmers; 9 species of insects belonging to 8 families and 4 orders, and 9 species of mites and ticks belonging to 5 families attacking domestic animals.", "PMID": 646171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2691", "title": "[Parasitologic collection technic and examination methods in equatorial West Africa].", "content": "The author has been a medical doctor and parasitologist over some years in different West-African countries. Based on his personal experience he underlines the special methodological conditions as well for the diagnoser as for the collector of parasitological documenting material. In this respect, the climatological factors have to be regarded as well as sociological and religious situations.", "contents": "[Parasitologic collection technic and examination methods in equatorial West Africa]. The author has been a medical doctor and parasitologist over some years in different West-African countries. Based on his personal experience he underlines the special methodological conditions as well for the diagnoser as for the collector of parasitological documenting material. In this respect, the climatological factors have to be regarded as well as sociological and religious situations.", "PMID": 646172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2692", "title": "[Genetic control of Blattella germanica].", "content": "Based on a literature survey, the possibilities of a genetic control of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) are shown. First, an oversight is given on the cytogenetics of the German cockroach, including some important mutations. Then the control methods by genetic mechanisms are explained. This chapter begins with analysing the relevant biological pecularities. In control measures, the dominant lethal mutations (induced by rays rich with energy and by chemosterilants) have only a chance if they can be applied in the scope of autosterilization of natural populations. Reciprocal translocations may expect maximum consideration in the future of the control of the German cockroach. Some of these are already available in the heterozygote state. But the establishment of homozygous strains was not yet successful up to now. The possibilities of the application of translocation-heterozygotes are discussed. Such mutant strains of cockroaches which bear several translocations in the heterozygous state, offer the most promising way of control. This may even include the population's eradication. A long-lasting regulation of the population may be achieved with the introduction of insects mutated in this manner even in the case if a complete eradication is not attainable. It might be expected that also other genetic mechanisms may contribute, in future, to the improvement of cockroach control. Such mechanisms may be conditional lethal factors, sex distortions, and others more.", "contents": "[Genetic control of Blattella germanica]. Based on a literature survey, the possibilities of a genetic control of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) are shown. First, an oversight is given on the cytogenetics of the German cockroach, including some important mutations. Then the control methods by genetic mechanisms are explained. This chapter begins with analysing the relevant biological pecularities. In control measures, the dominant lethal mutations (induced by rays rich with energy and by chemosterilants) have only a chance if they can be applied in the scope of autosterilization of natural populations. Reciprocal translocations may expect maximum consideration in the future of the control of the German cockroach. Some of these are already available in the heterozygote state. But the establishment of homozygous strains was not yet successful up to now. The possibilities of the application of translocation-heterozygotes are discussed. Such mutant strains of cockroaches which bear several translocations in the heterozygous state, offer the most promising way of control. This may even include the population's eradication. A long-lasting regulation of the population may be achieved with the introduction of insects mutated in this manner even in the case if a complete eradication is not attainable. It might be expected that also other genetic mechanisms may contribute, in future, to the improvement of cockroach control. Such mechanisms may be conditional lethal factors, sex distortions, and others more.", "PMID": 646173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2693", "title": "[Parasites in the GDR - introduction].", "content": "The registration of the parasitic fauna all over the world is a fundamental supposition for the strategy of antiparasitic measures. The authors make some statements about the documentation of parasite-fauna realized in some European countries and base the necessity of examinations.", "contents": "[Parasites in the GDR - introduction]. The registration of the parasitic fauna all over the world is a fundamental supposition for the strategy of antiparasitic measures. The authors make some statements about the documentation of parasite-fauna realized in some European countries and base the necessity of examinations.", "PMID": 646174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2694", "title": "[Parasites in the GDR.1. Studies on helminths occurrence in European wild pigs (Sus scrofa)].", "content": "In two different hunting-grounds in the north-eastern part of the GDR from November 1972 to March 1974 the authors tested a series of 102 killed wild boars, aged mostly from 7 month to 3 years by means of helminthological dissection and by coprological methods for helminthic stages. From more than 30 well known species of helminths the following 10 species were found: Cysticercus tenuicollis, Echinococcus hydatidosus, Ascaris suum, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Metastrongylus elongatus, M.pudentodectus, M.salmi and Trichuris suis. Trichinella spiralis could not be found in any case. Finally some information given of extensity and intensity of helminth-infection, parasite-host-relation with regard to the age of host and the occurrence of helminths of wild-boars in the middle-european region.", "contents": "[Parasites in the GDR.1. Studies on helminths occurrence in European wild pigs (Sus scrofa)]. In two different hunting-grounds in the north-eastern part of the GDR from November 1972 to March 1974 the authors tested a series of 102 killed wild boars, aged mostly from 7 month to 3 years by means of helminthological dissection and by coprological methods for helminthic stages. From more than 30 well known species of helminths the following 10 species were found: Cysticercus tenuicollis, Echinococcus hydatidosus, Ascaris suum, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Metastrongylus elongatus, M.pudentodectus, M.salmi and Trichuris suis. Trichinella spiralis could not be found in any case. Finally some information given of extensity and intensity of helminth-infection, parasite-host-relation with regard to the age of host and the occurrence of helminths of wild-boars in the middle-european region.", "PMID": 646175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2695", "title": "Percutaneous indirect lymphography with a new experimental contrast medium: a preliminary report.", "content": "Suspension of tetraiodotheraphtalic acid-bis-oxyethylester (120-480 mg I/ml) was injected percutaneously into the testicles, mammary glands, and the cervix of the uterus in mongrel dogs. The suspension was rapidly absorbed by the lymphatics draining the injection sites and transported to the regional lymph nodes. Excellent filling of lymphatics and nodes was apparent immediately or a few minutes after injection. Because of locally produced inflammatory reaction, percutaneous indirect lymphography with tetraiodotherephtalic acid-bis-oxyethylester is now applicable only in experimental animal studies.", "contents": "Percutaneous indirect lymphography with a new experimental contrast medium: a preliminary report. Suspension of tetraiodotheraphtalic acid-bis-oxyethylester (120-480 mg I/ml) was injected percutaneously into the testicles, mammary glands, and the cervix of the uterus in mongrel dogs. The suspension was rapidly absorbed by the lymphatics draining the injection sites and transported to the regional lymph nodes. Excellent filling of lymphatics and nodes was apparent immediately or a few minutes after injection. Because of locally produced inflammatory reaction, percutaneous indirect lymphography with tetraiodotherephtalic acid-bis-oxyethylester is now applicable only in experimental animal studies.", "PMID": 646179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2696", "title": "Silent coronary artery-left ventricular fistula: a disorder of the thebesian system?", "content": "Two cases with abnormal electrocardiogram were found to have the unusual direct communication between the coronary artery and left ventricular chamber without any manifestations of the other reported coronary arterial fistula.", "contents": "Silent coronary artery-left ventricular fistula: a disorder of the thebesian system? Two cases with abnormal electrocardiogram were found to have the unusual direct communication between the coronary artery and left ventricular chamber without any manifestations of the other reported coronary arterial fistula.", "PMID": 646180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2697", "title": "Nonprolapsing atrial myxoma; clinical, echocardiographic, and angiographic correlations.", "content": "The auscultatory features typical of myxoma were absent in a patient with nonprolapsing left atrial myxoma. Angiocardiographic and echocardiographic findings including B-mode cross-sectional scanning are presented.", "contents": "Nonprolapsing atrial myxoma; clinical, echocardiographic, and angiographic correlations. The auscultatory features typical of myxoma were absent in a patient with nonprolapsing left atrial myxoma. Angiocardiographic and echocardiographic findings including B-mode cross-sectional scanning are presented.", "PMID": 646181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2698", "title": "Potassium-related cardiac arrhythmias and their treatment.", "content": "Severe abnormalities of potassium balance constitute medical emergencies. Symptoms of hypokalemia are vague between 3.5 and 3.0 mEq/liter. Clinical problems can occur with the plasma potassium value lower than 2.7 mEq/liter. Hypokalemia and digitalis glycosides share electrophysiologic actions. Hypokalemia is both synergistic and potentiating for digitalis. In the presence of a normal amount of digitalis, toxicity may be prompted by coexisting hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia does not threaten life until plasma potassium values are greater than 7.0 mEq/liter. The immediate suspicion and recognition of hypokalemia or hyperkalemia in various clinical situations is imperative. Once suspected, confirmation of the diagnosis should follow immediately. Probably the single most useful diagnostic aid is the electrocardiogram, especially in critical situations with hyperkalemia. Prompt intravenous infusion of a calcium preparation, sodium bicarbonate, glucose, and insulin will provide rapid relief from serious hyperkalemia. The appropriate administration of these readily available drugs may obviate an otherwise critical situation.", "contents": "Potassium-related cardiac arrhythmias and their treatment. Severe abnormalities of potassium balance constitute medical emergencies. Symptoms of hypokalemia are vague between 3.5 and 3.0 mEq/liter. Clinical problems can occur with the plasma potassium value lower than 2.7 mEq/liter. Hypokalemia and digitalis glycosides share electrophysiologic actions. Hypokalemia is both synergistic and potentiating for digitalis. In the presence of a normal amount of digitalis, toxicity may be prompted by coexisting hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia does not threaten life until plasma potassium values are greater than 7.0 mEq/liter. The immediate suspicion and recognition of hypokalemia or hyperkalemia in various clinical situations is imperative. Once suspected, confirmation of the diagnosis should follow immediately. Probably the single most useful diagnostic aid is the electrocardiogram, especially in critical situations with hyperkalemia. Prompt intravenous infusion of a calcium preparation, sodium bicarbonate, glucose, and insulin will provide rapid relief from serious hyperkalemia. The appropriate administration of these readily available drugs may obviate an otherwise critical situation.", "PMID": 646184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2699", "title": "Theophylline half-life in infants and young children.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline elimination were studied in a 54-child population. Subjects' ages ranged from three months to six years. The mean half life was 4.92 hours, with S.D. +/- 1.88 hours. This is at variance with previous reports. Ages and half lives were compared and there were no correlations in this young age group.", "contents": "Theophylline half-life in infants and young children. Pharmacokinetics of theophylline elimination were studied in a 54-child population. Subjects' ages ranged from three months to six years. The mean half life was 4.92 hours, with S.D. +/- 1.88 hours. This is at variance with previous reports. Ages and half lives were compared and there were no correlations in this young age group.", "PMID": 646186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2700", "title": "Diagnosis of honey bee venom allergy.", "content": "Studies using both an optimized RAST assay and intradermal skin testing with whole bee venom indicate that both methods should be used for diagnosis. RAST and skin test are of similar sensitivity but each misses some patients found positive by the other. Correlation between the tests was 91% with an additional 5% only RAST positive and 4% only skin test positive.", "contents": "Diagnosis of honey bee venom allergy. Studies using both an optimized RAST assay and intradermal skin testing with whole bee venom indicate that both methods should be used for diagnosis. RAST and skin test are of similar sensitivity but each misses some patients found positive by the other. Correlation between the tests was 91% with an additional 5% only RAST positive and 4% only skin test positive.", "PMID": 646187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2701", "title": "A study on the IgE levels of military recruits and association with HLA antigens.", "content": "To identify antigen marker(s) on lymphocytes for the immunoregulation of IgE immunoglobulin. For this purpose, IgE determinations were performed on 58 recruits who were arbitrarily selected for HLA typing. Thirty-three recruits with IgE values ranging from 24 to 142 U/ml (71 U/ml (71 U/ml average) showed a slight increase in incidence for HLA-A23, -A33 and BW-15 when compared to a group of 25 recruits whose IgE values ranged from 153 to 2128 U/ml (615 U/ml average). Examination for C-loci specificity indicated that CW-1, CW-3 and CW-4 similar for both groups; however, the \"low\" IgE group had a frequency of 55.5% of recruits possessing CW-2 antigen compared with only 15% for the \"high\" group. The value for the \"high\" IgE appears to be similar to that of the normal population (10% incidence) and only slightly elevated when compared to 7% (2/29) found when the identical CW-2 antisera were tested with laboratory personnel. Thus the associations of HLA-CW2 with the recruits within the \"low\" IgE group suggests that this HLA marker may be an expression for a suppressed response for IgE immunoglobulin. Viral and bacterial infections, found frequently in these recruits, are discussed as a possible cause of this suppression.", "contents": "A study on the IgE levels of military recruits and association with HLA antigens. To identify antigen marker(s) on lymphocytes for the immunoregulation of IgE immunoglobulin. For this purpose, IgE determinations were performed on 58 recruits who were arbitrarily selected for HLA typing. Thirty-three recruits with IgE values ranging from 24 to 142 U/ml (71 U/ml (71 U/ml average) showed a slight increase in incidence for HLA-A23, -A33 and BW-15 when compared to a group of 25 recruits whose IgE values ranged from 153 to 2128 U/ml (615 U/ml average). Examination for C-loci specificity indicated that CW-1, CW-3 and CW-4 similar for both groups; however, the \"low\" IgE group had a frequency of 55.5% of recruits possessing CW-2 antigen compared with only 15% for the \"high\" group. The value for the \"high\" IgE appears to be similar to that of the normal population (10% incidence) and only slightly elevated when compared to 7% (2/29) found when the identical CW-2 antisera were tested with laboratory personnel. Thus the associations of HLA-CW2 with the recruits within the \"low\" IgE group suggests that this HLA marker may be an expression for a suppressed response for IgE immunoglobulin. Viral and bacterial infections, found frequently in these recruits, are discussed as a possible cause of this suppression.", "PMID": 646188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2702", "title": "Airborne fungal spores in Ahwaz, Iran.", "content": "A one-year study of airborne fungi in Ahwaz, Iran, indicated that opportunistic fungi of clinical significance varied in response to environmental conditions. Saprophytic strains did not vary significantly. The most prevalent airbone fungi were Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium. This information can be useful in the study of clinically important fungal diseases in Ahwaz and other areas.", "contents": "Airborne fungal spores in Ahwaz, Iran. A one-year study of airborne fungi in Ahwaz, Iran, indicated that opportunistic fungi of clinical significance varied in response to environmental conditions. Saprophytic strains did not vary significantly. The most prevalent airbone fungi were Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium. This information can be useful in the study of clinically important fungal diseases in Ahwaz and other areas.", "PMID": 646189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2703", "title": "Experimentally induced feline chlamydial infection (feline pneumonitis).", "content": "Cats exposed to aerosols of feline Chlamydia psittaci developed a disease characterized principally by conjunctivitis. Signs of conjunctivitis appeared between postexposure days (PED) 5 and 10, were often unilateral initially, and persisted for 22 to 45 days. Fever followed the onset of conjunctivitis (PED 11 to 15) and persisted for 3 to 8 days. Signs of mild rhinitis (occasional sneezing and mild serous nasal discharge) occurred in some cats between PED 8 and 37. Neither signs of lower respiratory tract disease nor significant pulmonary lesions were produced by the feline pneumonitis agent. Small foci of pneumonia were detected microscopically in 3 of 6 cats examined between PED 7 and 14. Chlamydiae were identified between PED 7 and 14 in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in stained conjunctival smears. Conjunctivitis persisted for at least 18 days after chlamydiae no longer were detectable in conjunctival smears. Low levels of chlamydial infectivity, however, still were present in conjunctiva and lung on PED 45.", "contents": "Experimentally induced feline chlamydial infection (feline pneumonitis). Cats exposed to aerosols of feline Chlamydia psittaci developed a disease characterized principally by conjunctivitis. Signs of conjunctivitis appeared between postexposure days (PED) 5 and 10, were often unilateral initially, and persisted for 22 to 45 days. Fever followed the onset of conjunctivitis (PED 11 to 15) and persisted for 3 to 8 days. Signs of mild rhinitis (occasional sneezing and mild serous nasal discharge) occurred in some cats between PED 8 and 37. Neither signs of lower respiratory tract disease nor significant pulmonary lesions were produced by the feline pneumonitis agent. Small foci of pneumonia were detected microscopically in 3 of 6 cats examined between PED 7 and 14. Chlamydiae were identified between PED 7 and 14 in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in stained conjunctival smears. Conjunctivitis persisted for at least 18 days after chlamydiae no longer were detectable in conjunctival smears. Low levels of chlamydial infectivity, however, still were present in conjunctiva and lung on PED 45.", "PMID": 646190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2704", "title": "Isolation of feline syncytia-forming virus from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells.", "content": "Thirteen of 40 female cats were found to be chronically infected with feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV). Attempts to isolate the virus from these cats by conventional methods were not successful. However, virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells. A new method was used involving inoculation of actively dividing Crandell feline kidney cell cultures. Cultures were trypsinized 3 days after inoculation and, as a result, cytopathic effect was amplified and ability to detect the virus was enhanced. The FeSFV was detected in 93% (92/88) of the oropharyngeal swab samples and 100% (14/14) of the buffy coat cell specimens. Feline sera were tested by immunodiffusion for precipitating antibody against FeSFV antigen. There was 100% correlation between viral infection and the presence of precipitating antibody. Virus and antibody persisted in infected cats for the duration of this study (8 months for 5 of the infected cats). Urolithiasis was observed in 15 of 28 male cats. Although a direct relationship between FeSFV infection and urolithiasis was not established, most of these male cats (20 of 21) had antibody to FeSFV.", "contents": "Isolation of feline syncytia-forming virus from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells. Thirteen of 40 female cats were found to be chronically infected with feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV). Attempts to isolate the virus from these cats by conventional methods were not successful. However, virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells. A new method was used involving inoculation of actively dividing Crandell feline kidney cell cultures. Cultures were trypsinized 3 days after inoculation and, as a result, cytopathic effect was amplified and ability to detect the virus was enhanced. The FeSFV was detected in 93% (92/88) of the oropharyngeal swab samples and 100% (14/14) of the buffy coat cell specimens. Feline sera were tested by immunodiffusion for precipitating antibody against FeSFV antigen. There was 100% correlation between viral infection and the presence of precipitating antibody. Virus and antibody persisted in infected cats for the duration of this study (8 months for 5 of the infected cats). Urolithiasis was observed in 15 of 28 male cats. Although a direct relationship between FeSFV infection and urolithiasis was not established, most of these male cats (20 of 21) had antibody to FeSFV.", "PMID": 646192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2705", "title": "Potency of enflurane in dogs: comparison with halothane and isoflurane.", "content": "Circulatory and respiratory responses to graded increases in alveolar concentrations of enflurane were investigated in unpremedicated healthy dogs during conditions of spontaneous and controlled ventilation. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of enflurane that prevented movement in response to a standard painful stimulus was determined for each dog and averaged 2.06 vol%. In these studies, enflurane produced cardiopulmonary depression in proportion to the alveolar dose. The average end-tidal enflurane concentration that produced at least 60 s of apnea was 5.29 vol% (ie, MAC 2.57). A comparison of these data with previous studies in dogs indicates that equipotent concentrations of enflurane are at least as depressant to the cardiopulmonary system as halothane and isoflurane.", "contents": "Potency of enflurane in dogs: comparison with halothane and isoflurane. Circulatory and respiratory responses to graded increases in alveolar concentrations of enflurane were investigated in unpremedicated healthy dogs during conditions of spontaneous and controlled ventilation. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of enflurane that prevented movement in response to a standard painful stimulus was determined for each dog and averaged 2.06 vol%. In these studies, enflurane produced cardiopulmonary depression in proportion to the alveolar dose. The average end-tidal enflurane concentration that produced at least 60 s of apnea was 5.29 vol% (ie, MAC 2.57). A comparison of these data with previous studies in dogs indicates that equipotent concentrations of enflurane are at least as depressant to the cardiopulmonary system as halothane and isoflurane.", "PMID": 646193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2706", "title": "Bovine dental fluorosis: histologic and physical characteristics.", "content": "Incisor teeth from 5- to 6-year-old Holstein-Friesian cattle maintained on a ration averaging 40 ppm F annually from 4 months of age were analyzed by a variety of histologic techniques. These techniques included photomicroscopy, microradiography, protein staining, and microhardness testing. The features of fluorotic enamel that were noted were: hypomineralized outer enamel, coronal cementum hyperplasia, disrupted subsurface pigment band, hypoplastic pits, puckered incremental lines, periodic radiolucent regions, positive protein staining, and decreased microhardness of the outer enamel. These results were similar to the lesions of dental fluorosis observed in other species, and explain the external appearance of fluorotic bovine teeth observed under field conditions.", "contents": "Bovine dental fluorosis: histologic and physical characteristics. Incisor teeth from 5- to 6-year-old Holstein-Friesian cattle maintained on a ration averaging 40 ppm F annually from 4 months of age were analyzed by a variety of histologic techniques. These techniques included photomicroscopy, microradiography, protein staining, and microhardness testing. The features of fluorotic enamel that were noted were: hypomineralized outer enamel, coronal cementum hyperplasia, disrupted subsurface pigment band, hypoplastic pits, puckered incremental lines, periodic radiolucent regions, positive protein staining, and decreased microhardness of the outer enamel. These results were similar to the lesions of dental fluorosis observed in other species, and explain the external appearance of fluorotic bovine teeth observed under field conditions.", "PMID": 646194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2707", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of halothane in the horse.", "content": "Cardiovascular effects of venous alveolar concentrations of halothane in oxygen were studied in 8 young, healthy horses under conditions of constant arterial carbon dioxide tension. The alveolar concentration of halothane was expressed as a multiple of the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) which was known for each animal. Increasing alveolar halothane concentrations to MAC 2.0 resulted in a progressive and significant (P less than 0.05) decline in systemic arterial pressure and left ventricular work. Cardiac output decreased between MAC 1.0 and MAC 2.0 as a result of a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in stroke volume. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, pulmonary artery pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, arterial oxygen tension, and arterial pH remained constant over the same range of anesthetic dosages. Continuation of anesthesia, spontaneous ventilation, and the accompanying rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation of the horse's oral mucous membranes produced varying degrees of stimulation of cardiovascular function at MAC 1.5.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of halothane in the horse. Cardiovascular effects of venous alveolar concentrations of halothane in oxygen were studied in 8 young, healthy horses under conditions of constant arterial carbon dioxide tension. The alveolar concentration of halothane was expressed as a multiple of the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) which was known for each animal. Increasing alveolar halothane concentrations to MAC 2.0 resulted in a progressive and significant (P less than 0.05) decline in systemic arterial pressure and left ventricular work. Cardiac output decreased between MAC 1.0 and MAC 2.0 as a result of a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in stroke volume. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, pulmonary artery pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, arterial oxygen tension, and arterial pH remained constant over the same range of anesthetic dosages. Continuation of anesthesia, spontaneous ventilation, and the accompanying rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation of the horse's oral mucous membranes produced varying degrees of stimulation of cardiovascular function at MAC 1.5.", "PMID": 646195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2708", "title": "Survival of 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes in cross-transfused equine blood.", "content": "Whole blood containing 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes (RBC) and unlabeled serum was transfused from a donor horse on 2 occasions into each of 6 recipient horses. Survival of transfused cells was monitored in the recipients as a function of time after transfusion by measuring RBC radioactivity in the recipients. After the 1st transfusion, RBC concentration of 59Fe remained at 60% to 100% of the transfused dose for 4 days, after which radioactivity values dropped to less than 10% of the dose by 6 days in 3 horses. In the 3 other horses, RBC radioactivity dropped immediately after transfusion, reaching minimal values in approximately 48 hours. After the 2nd transfusion, 1 horse retained 80% of the dose in circulating RBC for 4 days; 2 horses demonstrated a rapid loss of circulating radiolabeled RBC, reaching minimal values in 48 hours; and 2 horses demonstrated minimal radioactivity in the RBC mass even immediately after the transfusion. One horse died of anaphylactic shock during the 2nd transfusion. Erythrocyte compatibility tests, using the direct agglutination test, the antiglobulin test, and the hemolytic test, were not effective in predicting survival of transfused RBC.", "contents": "Survival of 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes in cross-transfused equine blood. Whole blood containing 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes (RBC) and unlabeled serum was transfused from a donor horse on 2 occasions into each of 6 recipient horses. Survival of transfused cells was monitored in the recipients as a function of time after transfusion by measuring RBC radioactivity in the recipients. After the 1st transfusion, RBC concentration of 59Fe remained at 60% to 100% of the transfused dose for 4 days, after which radioactivity values dropped to less than 10% of the dose by 6 days in 3 horses. In the 3 other horses, RBC radioactivity dropped immediately after transfusion, reaching minimal values in approximately 48 hours. After the 2nd transfusion, 1 horse retained 80% of the dose in circulating RBC for 4 days; 2 horses demonstrated a rapid loss of circulating radiolabeled RBC, reaching minimal values in 48 hours; and 2 horses demonstrated minimal radioactivity in the RBC mass even immediately after the transfusion. One horse died of anaphylactic shock during the 2nd transfusion. Erythrocyte compatibility tests, using the direct agglutination test, the antiglobulin test, and the hemolytic test, were not effective in predicting survival of transfused RBC.", "PMID": 646196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2709", "title": "Efficacy of trivalent inactivated encephalomyelitis virus vaccine in horses.", "content": "Twenty-nine horses were vaccinated with a trivalent (Venezuelan, eastern, and western) inactivated equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine. The vaccine purchased for this study was the only one licensed and commercially available in May, 1975. Plaque-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in response to each of the 3 equine encephalomyelitis viruses were determined after vaccination. Horses had rising levels of plaque-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies shortly after injection with the 1st and 2nd doses of the vaccine (given 3 weeks apart) and were refractory to challenge of immunity with virulent homologous virus at 3, 8, and 12 months after vaccination. After 12 months, 8 horses were revaccinated; maximum antigenic stimulation was achieved with the 1st dose of the 2nd series of vaccinations.", "contents": "Efficacy of trivalent inactivated encephalomyelitis virus vaccine in horses. Twenty-nine horses were vaccinated with a trivalent (Venezuelan, eastern, and western) inactivated equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine. The vaccine purchased for this study was the only one licensed and commercially available in May, 1975. Plaque-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in response to each of the 3 equine encephalomyelitis viruses were determined after vaccination. Horses had rising levels of plaque-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies shortly after injection with the 1st and 2nd doses of the vaccine (given 3 weeks apart) and were refractory to challenge of immunity with virulent homologous virus at 3, 8, and 12 months after vaccination. After 12 months, 8 horses were revaccinated; maximum antigenic stimulation was achieved with the 1st dose of the 2nd series of vaccinations.", "PMID": 646197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2710", "title": "Partial inhibition of the humoral immune response of pigs after early postnatal immunization.", "content": "The ability of young pigs to be immunized during the postnatal period was studied. Eight groups of pigs born on the same day from 3 sows were injected with hen egg-white lysozyme in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10 after birth. The serum antibody titers were determined each week. Results indicated that pigs injected within the first 3 days of life exhibited a delay of 10 days in the appearance of the humoral antibodies, compared with the antibody response observed in pigs injected later. Serum antibody titers were markedly lower in the early immunized pigs. The secondary immune response was similar in all pigs. This partial inhibition is not directly linked to the corticoids present in the serum at the immunization day. Possible reasons for this impairment of the humoral immune response were reviewed.", "contents": "Partial inhibition of the humoral immune response of pigs after early postnatal immunization. The ability of young pigs to be immunized during the postnatal period was studied. Eight groups of pigs born on the same day from 3 sows were injected with hen egg-white lysozyme in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10 after birth. The serum antibody titers were determined each week. Results indicated that pigs injected within the first 3 days of life exhibited a delay of 10 days in the appearance of the humoral antibodies, compared with the antibody response observed in pigs injected later. Serum antibody titers were markedly lower in the early immunized pigs. The secondary immune response was similar in all pigs. This partial inhibition is not directly linked to the corticoids present in the serum at the immunization day. Possible reasons for this impairment of the humoral immune response were reviewed.", "PMID": 646198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2711", "title": "Hemostatic function in swine as influenced by warfarin and an oral antibacterial combination.", "content": "Pertinent literature on naturally occurring hemorrhagic diseases in poultry and livestock were reviewed and compared with reports on recent outbreaks of a hemorrhagic syndrome in swine. Epizootiologic, clinical, and hematologic data from porcine hemorrhagic disease suggest vitamin K-responsive hypoprothrombinemia. In weanling pigs, the toxicity of warfarin was compared with that in swine given tylosin and sulfamethazine antibacterial combination versus those given warfarin only. Toxicosis was induced in weanling swine fed warfarin daily at dose level of 0.055 mg/kg of body weight. Approximately 5 days after feeding was started, signs of poisoning appeared: lameness, anorexia, subcutaneous hematomata, melena, and periarticular enlargement. Administration of warfarin at dose level of 0.017 mg/kg did not cause clinical toxicosis, and 0.028 mg/kg produced significant increases in one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), but no evidence of clinical bleeding. When tylosin-sulfamethazine antibacterial combination was fed at normal and high dose levels concurrently with warfarin at dose level of 0.017 mg/kg of body weight, increase of clotting time, OPST, or APTT did not occur due to antibacterial influence. The antibacterial combination fed alone did not produce changes in clotting time, OSPT, APTT, fibrinogen, total protein, differential leukocyte count, or packed cell volume.", "contents": "Hemostatic function in swine as influenced by warfarin and an oral antibacterial combination. Pertinent literature on naturally occurring hemorrhagic diseases in poultry and livestock were reviewed and compared with reports on recent outbreaks of a hemorrhagic syndrome in swine. Epizootiologic, clinical, and hematologic data from porcine hemorrhagic disease suggest vitamin K-responsive hypoprothrombinemia. In weanling pigs, the toxicity of warfarin was compared with that in swine given tylosin and sulfamethazine antibacterial combination versus those given warfarin only. Toxicosis was induced in weanling swine fed warfarin daily at dose level of 0.055 mg/kg of body weight. Approximately 5 days after feeding was started, signs of poisoning appeared: lameness, anorexia, subcutaneous hematomata, melena, and periarticular enlargement. Administration of warfarin at dose level of 0.017 mg/kg did not cause clinical toxicosis, and 0.028 mg/kg produced significant increases in one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), but no evidence of clinical bleeding. When tylosin-sulfamethazine antibacterial combination was fed at normal and high dose levels concurrently with warfarin at dose level of 0.017 mg/kg of body weight, increase of clotting time, OPST, or APTT did not occur due to antibacterial influence. The antibacterial combination fed alone did not produce changes in clotting time, OSPT, APTT, fibrinogen, total protein, differential leukocyte count, or packed cell volume.", "PMID": 646199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2712", "title": "Ontogeny of immunity and leukocytes in the ovine fetus and elevation of immunoglobulins related to congenital infection.", "content": "Certain humoral and cellular aspects of the immune response were observed during gestation in the ovine fetus. Emergence and development of leukocytes in peripheral blood were observed. Morphologically mature lymphocytes were consistently present at 32 days of gestation, but mature neutrophils were not neutrophils were not consistently present until gestational day 123. Monocytes were first observed at 63 days and eosinophils at 112 days of gestational age. Numbers of each class of leukocyte increased from the time of their appearance until just prior to birth when they declined. Production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) was monitored from the time of their appearance at 56 and 77 days, respectively, until birth. In contrast to consistently low base-line values of IgG and IgM (below 0.22 mg/ml and 0.21 mg/ml, respectively) found in clinically normal, unstimulated fetuses, the immunoglobulin values in experimentally infected animals increased with the age of the fetus. This finding can be utilized in diagnosis of several congenital infections and anomalies.", "contents": "Ontogeny of immunity and leukocytes in the ovine fetus and elevation of immunoglobulins related to congenital infection. Certain humoral and cellular aspects of the immune response were observed during gestation in the ovine fetus. Emergence and development of leukocytes in peripheral blood were observed. Morphologically mature lymphocytes were consistently present at 32 days of gestation, but mature neutrophils were not neutrophils were not consistently present until gestational day 123. Monocytes were first observed at 63 days and eosinophils at 112 days of gestational age. Numbers of each class of leukocyte increased from the time of their appearance until just prior to birth when they declined. Production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) was monitored from the time of their appearance at 56 and 77 days, respectively, until birth. In contrast to consistently low base-line values of IgG and IgM (below 0.22 mg/ml and 0.21 mg/ml, respectively) found in clinically normal, unstimulated fetuses, the immunoglobulin values in experimentally infected animals increased with the age of the fetus. This finding can be utilized in diagnosis of several congenital infections and anomalies.", "PMID": 646200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2713", "title": "Development of the hamster retina: a morphologic study.", "content": "Hamster retinas were examined by light and electron microscopy during the first 15 postnatal days and at the adult stage. At birth, these retinas were more primitive than those of other rodents, but eventually they became very similar. Initial postnatal growth and development were more rapid than in other rodents of comparable ages. Mitotic figures were present throughout the first 9 days. The primitive inner plexiform layer formed during days 2 to 4; on day 7, several developmental changes became apparent: outer segment disks of the photoreceptor cells formed from flattened, smooth vesicles, horizontal cells became readily identifiable, the outer plexiform layer appeared, and ribbon synapses formed in the receptor cell axon terminals. By day 11, there were numerous conventional synapses in the inner plexiform layer, and ribbon synapses were beginning to appear in the terminal portions of the bipolar axons. The retinal tissue was progressively invaded by developing vasculature. The first photoreceptor outer segment disks formed from smooth membranous vesicles flattening radially around the ends of the connecting cilium. After the outer segment assumed a more mature appearance, with a stacked disk arrangement, further disk formation occurred by plasma membrane infoldings at the outer segment base. The adult hamster retinas were similar to those of other rodents.", "contents": "Development of the hamster retina: a morphologic study. Hamster retinas were examined by light and electron microscopy during the first 15 postnatal days and at the adult stage. At birth, these retinas were more primitive than those of other rodents, but eventually they became very similar. Initial postnatal growth and development were more rapid than in other rodents of comparable ages. Mitotic figures were present throughout the first 9 days. The primitive inner plexiform layer formed during days 2 to 4; on day 7, several developmental changes became apparent: outer segment disks of the photoreceptor cells formed from flattened, smooth vesicles, horizontal cells became readily identifiable, the outer plexiform layer appeared, and ribbon synapses formed in the receptor cell axon terminals. By day 11, there were numerous conventional synapses in the inner plexiform layer, and ribbon synapses were beginning to appear in the terminal portions of the bipolar axons. The retinal tissue was progressively invaded by developing vasculature. The first photoreceptor outer segment disks formed from smooth membranous vesicles flattening radially around the ends of the connecting cilium. After the outer segment assumed a more mature appearance, with a stacked disk arrangement, further disk formation occurred by plasma membrane infoldings at the outer segment base. The adult hamster retinas were similar to those of other rodents.", "PMID": 646201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2714", "title": "Vaccination for fowl plague.", "content": "Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens. The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for chickens and turkeys.", "contents": "Vaccination for fowl plague. Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens. The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for chickens and turkeys.", "PMID": 646202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2715", "title": "Serologic and hematologic response of rabbits to Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes.", "content": "New Zeland White rabbits inoculated with Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes produced specific humoral antibodies to this parasite. Specific antibody production as measured by the card and complement-fixation (CF) tests was maximal in 7 to 21 days after inoculation; however, none of the rabbits became infected. Geometric mean CF titers of rabbits inoculated with RBC from cattle with acute anaplasmosis were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than those of rabbits given RBC from normal cattle. Significant difference was not seen between geometric mean CF titers of rabbits given RBC from carrier cattle and those of rabbits given RBC from normal cattle. It is concluded, therefore, that rabbit inoculations cannot effectively be substituted for calf inoculations to determine the anaplasmosis status of carrier cattle.", "contents": "Serologic and hematologic response of rabbits to Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes. New Zeland White rabbits inoculated with Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes produced specific humoral antibodies to this parasite. Specific antibody production as measured by the card and complement-fixation (CF) tests was maximal in 7 to 21 days after inoculation; however, none of the rabbits became infected. Geometric mean CF titers of rabbits inoculated with RBC from cattle with acute anaplasmosis were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than those of rabbits given RBC from normal cattle. Significant difference was not seen between geometric mean CF titers of rabbits given RBC from carrier cattle and those of rabbits given RBC from normal cattle. It is concluded, therefore, that rabbit inoculations cannot effectively be substituted for calf inoculations to determine the anaplasmosis status of carrier cattle.", "PMID": 646203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2716", "title": "Comparison of whole blood and purified canine lymphocytes in a lymphocyte-stimulation microassay.", "content": "The optimum mitogen concentration and time required for using whole blood from dogs in a microassay were determined, and this test then was compared with a standard lymphocyte-stimulation microtest, using gradient-isolated lymphocytes, 2 different mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A), and 2 different culture media. Statistical analysis of the data from 10 dogs showed that whole blood was significantly more reactive than were gradient-isolated lymphocytes (P less than 0.05). Waymouth's medium was significantly better than RPMI 1640 (P less than 0.001), and concanavalin A was significantly more mitogenic than phytohemagglutinin (P less than 0.001). The interaction between lymphocyte source and mitogens was the only one of the various interactions that was significant at P less than 0.05.", "contents": "Comparison of whole blood and purified canine lymphocytes in a lymphocyte-stimulation microassay. The optimum mitogen concentration and time required for using whole blood from dogs in a microassay were determined, and this test then was compared with a standard lymphocyte-stimulation microtest, using gradient-isolated lymphocytes, 2 different mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A), and 2 different culture media. Statistical analysis of the data from 10 dogs showed that whole blood was significantly more reactive than were gradient-isolated lymphocytes (P less than 0.05). Waymouth's medium was significantly better than RPMI 1640 (P less than 0.001), and concanavalin A was significantly more mitogenic than phytohemagglutinin (P less than 0.001). The interaction between lymphocyte source and mitogens was the only one of the various interactions that was significant at P less than 0.05.", "PMID": 646204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2717", "title": "Aerobic bacterial flora of the prepuce, urethra, and vagina of normal adult dogs.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus and Mycoplasma spp were the most frequently isolated aerobic microorganisms in specimens obtained from the prepuce and the urethra of 20 normal, adult male dogs. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus canis were the most frequently isolated bacteria in specimens collected from the vagina (in the area of the urethral orifice) of 20 normal intact bitches and 20 spayed bitches. A significant difference was not found in the observed frequency of occurrence of any of the microorganisms isolated from the intact vs the spayed bitches.", "contents": "Aerobic bacterial flora of the prepuce, urethra, and vagina of normal adult dogs. Staphylococcus aureus and Mycoplasma spp were the most frequently isolated aerobic microorganisms in specimens obtained from the prepuce and the urethra of 20 normal, adult male dogs. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus canis were the most frequently isolated bacteria in specimens collected from the vagina (in the area of the urethral orifice) of 20 normal intact bitches and 20 spayed bitches. A significant difference was not found in the observed frequency of occurrence of any of the microorganisms isolated from the intact vs the spayed bitches.", "PMID": 646206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2718", "title": "Cone and rod photoreceptors in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus.", "content": "Duplicity of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) retina, ie, cone and rod function, was established by histologic and electrophysiologic data. The presence of cones and rods in the deer retina was shown by light and electron microscopy. Electroretinography revealed distinct photopic (bp) and scotopic (bs) components in the b-wave of the electroretinogram that are characteristic of the cone and rod activity. These findings are in contrasts to the popular belief that deer have retina composed entirely of rods.", "contents": "Cone and rod photoreceptors in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus. Duplicity of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) retina, ie, cone and rod function, was established by histologic and electrophysiologic data. The presence of cones and rods in the deer retina was shown by light and electron microscopy. Electroretinography revealed distinct photopic (bp) and scotopic (bs) components in the b-wave of the electroretinogram that are characteristic of the cone and rod activity. These findings are in contrasts to the popular belief that deer have retina composed entirely of rods.", "PMID": 646207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2719", "title": "Echocardiography in swine.", "content": "Twelve clinically normal pigs were anesthetized with fentanyl citrate and sodium pentobarbital and placed in left lateral recumbency. M-mode echograms were recorded from the area of the 4th intercostal space with a 3.5 mmHz transducer. Changes in the internal minor axis diameter %deltaD were measured at 44.8 +/- 3.3 cm. An index of contractility (Vcf) was 1.12 +/- 0.16 cm/s. The caudal wall thickness dimension measured 0.61 +/- 0.04 cm and the aortic root dimension was 1.9 +/- 0.11 cm. To corroborate the echocardiographic findings, echocardiographic, cineangiographic, and postmortem studies were conducted on a 2nd group of 3 pigs. Aortic root, diastolic lumenal dimensions, and wall thickness were compared and the results never differed more than 2 mm. Echograms can conveniently be acquired from restrained, mature swine, and they provide useful, reliable structural and hemodynamic information, without the hazards or expense of invasive techniques.", "contents": "Echocardiography in swine. Twelve clinically normal pigs were anesthetized with fentanyl citrate and sodium pentobarbital and placed in left lateral recumbency. M-mode echograms were recorded from the area of the 4th intercostal space with a 3.5 mmHz transducer. Changes in the internal minor axis diameter %deltaD were measured at 44.8 +/- 3.3 cm. An index of contractility (Vcf) was 1.12 +/- 0.16 cm/s. The caudal wall thickness dimension measured 0.61 +/- 0.04 cm and the aortic root dimension was 1.9 +/- 0.11 cm. To corroborate the echocardiographic findings, echocardiographic, cineangiographic, and postmortem studies were conducted on a 2nd group of 3 pigs. Aortic root, diastolic lumenal dimensions, and wall thickness were compared and the results never differed more than 2 mm. Echograms can conveniently be acquired from restrained, mature swine, and they provide useful, reliable structural and hemodynamic information, without the hazards or expense of invasive techniques.", "PMID": 646208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2720", "title": "Effects of feeding Oxytropis and Astragalus pollen to mice and Astragalus seeds to rats.", "content": "Pollens collected from Astragalus lentiginosus and Oxytropis sericea were fed to mice. At the end of the feeding period, uterine weights were taken to determine estrogenic activity, and tissue was collected for microscopic examination. The pollen from A lentiginosus, but not from O sericea, induced lesions similar to those of locoweed poisoning. The pollen from neither plant was estrogenic. Seeds from A lentiginosus produced toxicosis when fed to rats.", "contents": "Effects of feeding Oxytropis and Astragalus pollen to mice and Astragalus seeds to rats. Pollens collected from Astragalus lentiginosus and Oxytropis sericea were fed to mice. At the end of the feeding period, uterine weights were taken to determine estrogenic activity, and tissue was collected for microscopic examination. The pollen from A lentiginosus, but not from O sericea, induced lesions similar to those of locoweed poisoning. The pollen from neither plant was estrogenic. Seeds from A lentiginosus produced toxicosis when fed to rats.", "PMID": 646209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2721", "title": "Hematologic and serum protein reference values of the Octodon degus.", "content": "Blood and serum from normal degus (Octodon degus) that ranged in age from 3 to 48 months were analyzed to determine reference hematologic and serum protein values. Both sexes were evaluated and were similar. The hematologic and serum protein values for males were: erythrocytes, 8.69 +/- 0.19 X 10(6) /microliter; packed cell volume, 42.1% +/- 0.59%; hemoglobin, 12.0 +/- 0.15 g/dl; leukocytes, 8.50 +/- 0.39 X 10(3)/microliter; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ration, 40:60; and total protein, 5.70 +/- 0.20 g/dl. The hematologic and serum protein values for females were: erythrocytes, 8.94 +/- 0.16 X 10(6)/microliter; packed cell volume, 40.0% +/- 0.61%; hemoglobin, 11.7 +/- 0.17 g/dl; leukocytes, 8.20 +/- 0.36 X 10(3)/microliter; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, 40:60; and total protein, 5.62 +/- 0.18 g/dl. The hematologic and serum protein values for the degu were similar in some respects to values reported for guinea pigs and rats.", "contents": "Hematologic and serum protein reference values of the Octodon degus. Blood and serum from normal degus (Octodon degus) that ranged in age from 3 to 48 months were analyzed to determine reference hematologic and serum protein values. Both sexes were evaluated and were similar. The hematologic and serum protein values for males were: erythrocytes, 8.69 +/- 0.19 X 10(6) /microliter; packed cell volume, 42.1% +/- 0.59%; hemoglobin, 12.0 +/- 0.15 g/dl; leukocytes, 8.50 +/- 0.39 X 10(3)/microliter; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ration, 40:60; and total protein, 5.70 +/- 0.20 g/dl. The hematologic and serum protein values for females were: erythrocytes, 8.94 +/- 0.16 X 10(6)/microliter; packed cell volume, 40.0% +/- 0.61%; hemoglobin, 11.7 +/- 0.17 g/dl; leukocytes, 8.20 +/- 0.36 X 10(3)/microliter; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, 40:60; and total protein, 5.62 +/- 0.18 g/dl. The hematologic and serum protein values for the degu were similar in some respects to values reported for guinea pigs and rats.", "PMID": 646210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2722", "title": "Problems in diagnosis and therapy of Mycobacterium fortuitum infections.", "content": "Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated 11 times from 8 patients during a 6-year period. Six of the isolates were from sputum; one was from aspiration of a lymph node, and 4 were from wound cultures. The isolation from sputum was believed not to be associated with pulmonary infection in all 6 instances. The difficulty in diagnosis and therapy of infections with Mycobacterium fortuitum is illustrated by these cases and by others from the literature. Amikacin and doxycycline may offer some therapeutic benefit for patients with Mycobacterium fortuitum infections.", "contents": "Problems in diagnosis and therapy of Mycobacterium fortuitum infections. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated 11 times from 8 patients during a 6-year period. Six of the isolates were from sputum; one was from aspiration of a lymph node, and 4 were from wound cultures. The isolation from sputum was believed not to be associated with pulmonary infection in all 6 instances. The difficulty in diagnosis and therapy of infections with Mycobacterium fortuitum is illustrated by these cases and by others from the literature. Amikacin and doxycycline may offer some therapeutic benefit for patients with Mycobacterium fortuitum infections.", "PMID": 646215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2723", "title": "Relationships among digital clubbing, disease severity, and serum prostaglandins F2alpha and E concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "Nine patients with cystic fibrosis but without digital clubbing (Group A) were matched, prospectively, by sex and approximate age to 9 cystic fibrosis patients with digital clubbing (Group B) and to 9 normal persons (control subjects). Patients in Group B had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower clinical scores and forced vital capacity than did those in Group A, indicating more severe pulmonary disease in the former; however, other spirometer tests of pulmonary function revealed no differences between Groups A and B. The degree of digital clubbing had significant (P less than 0.05) linear relationships to forced vital capacity (r = -0.73) and clinical scores (r = 0.853) for Groups A and B. Plasma concentrations of prostaglandins F2alpha and E were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in both Group A (X +/- SE, 0.48 +/- 0.03 and 0.87 +/- 0.10 ng per ml, respectively) and Group B (X +/- SE, 0.68 +/- 0.04 and 1.81 +/- 0.16 ng per ml, respectively) compared to the control group (X +/- SE, 0.14 +/- 0.01 and 0.39 +/- 0.02 ng per ml, respectively). Group B had significantly larger concentrations than did Group A; however, plasma concentrations of prostaglandin 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro metabolite were not different in Groups A and B, and were significantly smaller than in the control group. These studies suggest that the degree of digital clubbing in cystic fibrosis is related to the severity of the pulmonary involvement and that the prostaglandin system may play an important role in this disease.", "contents": "Relationships among digital clubbing, disease severity, and serum prostaglandins F2alpha and E concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients. Nine patients with cystic fibrosis but without digital clubbing (Group A) were matched, prospectively, by sex and approximate age to 9 cystic fibrosis patients with digital clubbing (Group B) and to 9 normal persons (control subjects). Patients in Group B had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower clinical scores and forced vital capacity than did those in Group A, indicating more severe pulmonary disease in the former; however, other spirometer tests of pulmonary function revealed no differences between Groups A and B. The degree of digital clubbing had significant (P less than 0.05) linear relationships to forced vital capacity (r = -0.73) and clinical scores (r = 0.853) for Groups A and B. Plasma concentrations of prostaglandins F2alpha and E were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in both Group A (X +/- SE, 0.48 +/- 0.03 and 0.87 +/- 0.10 ng per ml, respectively) and Group B (X +/- SE, 0.68 +/- 0.04 and 1.81 +/- 0.16 ng per ml, respectively) compared to the control group (X +/- SE, 0.14 +/- 0.01 and 0.39 +/- 0.02 ng per ml, respectively). Group B had significantly larger concentrations than did Group A; however, plasma concentrations of prostaglandin 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro metabolite were not different in Groups A and B, and were significantly smaller than in the control group. These studies suggest that the degree of digital clubbing in cystic fibrosis is related to the severity of the pulmonary involvement and that the prostaglandin system may play an important role in this disease.", "PMID": 646216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2724", "title": "Mouse model of pulmonary blastomycosis: utility, simplicity, and quantitative parameters.", "content": "A murine model of pulmonary mycotic disease using Blastomyces dermatitidis is defined quantitatively. Intranasal inoculation with yeasts avoids delays in growing microconidia and can be performed with routine precautions without sophisticated biohazard facilities. The particles rapidly reach the bronchioles and alveoli, producing a progressive focal pneumonia, studied histologically. In vitro growth conditions are defined to titer inocula reproducibly with visual methods. Median survival can be titrated with the challenge inocula. Although initial postchallenge lung cultures are not always positive, replication eventually proceeds, at a rate defined for various challenge sizes, to a ceiling of 10(7) to 10(8) colony-forming units per g of tissue incompatible with life. Lung weight correlates closely with colony-forming units per g above a threshold. Lethality correlates with initial body weight and with age. During the course of infection, weight is an accurate predictor of mortality. Extrapulmonary dissemination occurs as a premortem event in protracted infections. A wide variation in fungal strain virulence is documented. Quantification of these features of the model makes it useful for study of host response or therapeutic intervention, because efficacy can be related to stage of disease and parasitic burden.", "contents": "Mouse model of pulmonary blastomycosis: utility, simplicity, and quantitative parameters. A murine model of pulmonary mycotic disease using Blastomyces dermatitidis is defined quantitatively. Intranasal inoculation with yeasts avoids delays in growing microconidia and can be performed with routine precautions without sophisticated biohazard facilities. The particles rapidly reach the bronchioles and alveoli, producing a progressive focal pneumonia, studied histologically. In vitro growth conditions are defined to titer inocula reproducibly with visual methods. Median survival can be titrated with the challenge inocula. Although initial postchallenge lung cultures are not always positive, replication eventually proceeds, at a rate defined for various challenge sizes, to a ceiling of 10(7) to 10(8) colony-forming units per g of tissue incompatible with life. Lung weight correlates closely with colony-forming units per g above a threshold. Lethality correlates with initial body weight and with age. During the course of infection, weight is an accurate predictor of mortality. Extrapulmonary dissemination occurs as a premortem event in protracted infections. A wide variation in fungal strain virulence is documented. Quantification of these features of the model makes it useful for study of host response or therapeutic intervention, because efficacy can be related to stage of disease and parasitic burden.", "PMID": 646221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2725", "title": "Tuberculous infection in a large urban population.", "content": "A positive tuberculin reaction, which indicates tuberculous infection, is known to correlate with increased rates of tuberculous disease, but current data concerning possible relationships with factors such as ethnic group, socioeconomic status, age, and sex are unpublished or unavailable. Current background rates of tuberculous infection are also generally not available, so that expected prevalence rates of tuberculous infection in urban areas have not been confidently established. In 1973/74, the New York City Health Code presented an opportunity to study these factors in more than 50,000 employees of the Board of Education. For the first time, a specific index was used to quantitate socioeconomic status. The relative effect of each of these variables on reactor rate was measured. It was found that tuberculous infection was related to race or ethnic group, socioeconomic status, age, and sex, in that order. The over-all data presented a recent picture of the prevalence of tuberculous infection in an urban population.", "contents": "Tuberculous infection in a large urban population. A positive tuberculin reaction, which indicates tuberculous infection, is known to correlate with increased rates of tuberculous disease, but current data concerning possible relationships with factors such as ethnic group, socioeconomic status, age, and sex are unpublished or unavailable. Current background rates of tuberculous infection are also generally not available, so that expected prevalence rates of tuberculous infection in urban areas have not been confidently established. In 1973/74, the New York City Health Code presented an opportunity to study these factors in more than 50,000 employees of the Board of Education. For the first time, a specific index was used to quantitate socioeconomic status. The relative effect of each of these variables on reactor rate was measured. It was found that tuberculous infection was related to race or ethnic group, socioeconomic status, age, and sex, in that order. The over-all data presented a recent picture of the prevalence of tuberculous infection in an urban population.", "PMID": 646222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2726", "title": "The effect of Swan-Ganz catheter height on the wedge pressure-left atrial pressure relationships in edema during positive-pressure ventilation.", "content": "We have studied the effect of the ventrical height of the pulmonary wedge catheter in the lung on the pulmonary wedge pressure-left atrial relationship during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation in oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema. Pulmonary wedge catheters were placed above and below the left atrium in normal dogs and in dogs with oleic acid-induced edema. Wedge pressure and left atrial pressure were measured simultaneously during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (range, 0 to 30 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure). Pulmonary wedge catheters below the left atrium correctly recorded left atrial pressure and change in left atrial pressure at all positive end-expiratory pressures studied. Pulmonary wedge catheters above the atrium consistently recorded pressures higher than the normal left atrial pressure. They did not correctly respond to increases in left atrial pressure until it was increased to a value higher than the initial upper pulmonary wedge pressure. Pulmonary arterial catheters, when properly placed, should be reliable indicators of left atrial pressure during positive-pressure ventilation in normal and edematous lungs.", "contents": "The effect of Swan-Ganz catheter height on the wedge pressure-left atrial pressure relationships in edema during positive-pressure ventilation. We have studied the effect of the ventrical height of the pulmonary wedge catheter in the lung on the pulmonary wedge pressure-left atrial relationship during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation in oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema. Pulmonary wedge catheters were placed above and below the left atrium in normal dogs and in dogs with oleic acid-induced edema. Wedge pressure and left atrial pressure were measured simultaneously during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (range, 0 to 30 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure). Pulmonary wedge catheters below the left atrium correctly recorded left atrial pressure and change in left atrial pressure at all positive end-expiratory pressures studied. Pulmonary wedge catheters above the atrium consistently recorded pressures higher than the normal left atrial pressure. They did not correctly respond to increases in left atrial pressure until it was increased to a value higher than the initial upper pulmonary wedge pressure. Pulmonary arterial catheters, when properly placed, should be reliable indicators of left atrial pressure during positive-pressure ventilation in normal and edematous lungs.", "PMID": 646223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2727", "title": "Granulomatous biliary tract obstruction due to sarcoidosis. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 29-year-old woman with sarcoidosis developed obstructive jaundice due to granulomatous involvement of the common hepatic duct and surrounding lymph nodes. After temporary decompression by T-tube, obstruction was alleviated by corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Granulomatous biliary tract obstruction due to sarcoidosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. A 29-year-old woman with sarcoidosis developed obstructive jaundice due to granulomatous involvement of the common hepatic duct and surrounding lymph nodes. After temporary decompression by T-tube, obstruction was alleviated by corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 646224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2728", "title": "Mesothelioma associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "A patient with a malignant mesothelioma developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The electrolyte abnormalities were corrected by treatment with demethylchlortetracycline. Arginine vasopressin concentrations were increased in serum and urine. It is suggested that the syndrome might have been mediated by secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary, because arginine vasopressin was not detected in the patient's tumor using a sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Mesothelioma associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A patient with a malignant mesothelioma developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The electrolyte abnormalities were corrected by treatment with demethylchlortetracycline. Arginine vasopressin concentrations were increased in serum and urine. It is suggested that the syndrome might have been mediated by secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary, because arginine vasopressin was not detected in the patient's tumor using a sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 646225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2729", "title": "Superior vena cava syndrome caused by Nocardia asteroides.", "content": "A patient developed the superior vena cava syndrome from Nocardia asteroides pneumonia with mediastinitis. Specific treatment was dangerously delayed because malignancy was primarily suspected, and nocardial infection was not initially considered. The correct diagnosis was eventually made by appropriate stains and culture of a lung aspirate. Specific therapy with sulfonamide resulted in a cure of the infection, disappearance of facial swelling, and a long-term state of clinical well-being. Active nocardial pneumonia with mediastinitis is a treatable cause of the superior vena cava syndrome and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Superior vena cava syndrome caused by Nocardia asteroides. A patient developed the superior vena cava syndrome from Nocardia asteroides pneumonia with mediastinitis. Specific treatment was dangerously delayed because malignancy was primarily suspected, and nocardial infection was not initially considered. The correct diagnosis was eventually made by appropriate stains and culture of a lung aspirate. Specific therapy with sulfonamide resulted in a cure of the infection, disappearance of facial swelling, and a long-term state of clinical well-being. Active nocardial pneumonia with mediastinitis is a treatable cause of the superior vena cava syndrome and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 646226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2730", "title": "Pulmonary tumorlets associated with Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Tumorlets of the lung generally have been considered benign nests of cells, usually found with bronchiectasis or fibrosis. We saw a patient with Cushing's syndrome whose tumorlets ultimately became roentgenographically visible as multiple small nodules throughout both lungs and metastasized to the mediastinum. The plasma corticotropin concentration was increased, as were the concentrations of corticotropin-like peptides in the tumor tissue. This experience lends support to the concept that some tumorlets arise from Kulchitsky's cells in the epithelium of peripheral bronchioles, as do carcinoid tumors, and have the same peptide-producing potential. The possibility of such tumors should be considered in patients with Cushing's syndrome who have no initial roentgenographic abnormality.", "contents": "Pulmonary tumorlets associated with Cushing's syndrome. Tumorlets of the lung generally have been considered benign nests of cells, usually found with bronchiectasis or fibrosis. We saw a patient with Cushing's syndrome whose tumorlets ultimately became roentgenographically visible as multiple small nodules throughout both lungs and metastasized to the mediastinum. The plasma corticotropin concentration was increased, as were the concentrations of corticotropin-like peptides in the tumor tissue. This experience lends support to the concept that some tumorlets arise from Kulchitsky's cells in the epithelium of peripheral bronchioles, as do carcinoid tumors, and have the same peptide-producing potential. The possibility of such tumors should be considered in patients with Cushing's syndrome who have no initial roentgenographic abnormality.", "PMID": 646227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2731", "title": "Thyroid hormones in the adult rat lung.", "content": "Thyroid hormones have been postulated to be involved in lung development and the regulation of the surfactant system. This study was designed to determine the concentration of thyroxine and of triiodothyronine in adult rat lung. Tissue-to-plasma ratios of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were determined in adult rats by the equilibrium distribution of radiolabeled hormones. Extracellular thyroid hormone space was estimated by equilibrium distribution of radiolabeled bovine serum albumin. The mean +/- SE ratio of lung triiodothyronine to plasma triiodothyronine, corrected for extracellular space, as 2.57 +/- 0.40, indicating appreciable concentration of this hormone. In contrast, lung thyroxine ratios indicate that this hormone is virtually excluded from adult lung parenchyma. Such results support the hypothesis that thyroid hormone may have a significant role in the regulation of the surfactant system.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones in the adult rat lung. Thyroid hormones have been postulated to be involved in lung development and the regulation of the surfactant system. This study was designed to determine the concentration of thyroxine and of triiodothyronine in adult rat lung. Tissue-to-plasma ratios of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were determined in adult rats by the equilibrium distribution of radiolabeled hormones. Extracellular thyroid hormone space was estimated by equilibrium distribution of radiolabeled bovine serum albumin. The mean +/- SE ratio of lung triiodothyronine to plasma triiodothyronine, corrected for extracellular space, as 2.57 +/- 0.40, indicating appreciable concentration of this hormone. In contrast, lung thyroxine ratios indicate that this hormone is virtually excluded from adult lung parenchyma. Such results support the hypothesis that thyroid hormone may have a significant role in the regulation of the surfactant system.", "PMID": 646228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2732", "title": "Microbial flora of the diseased stomach at resection.", "content": "The relation of microbial flora in stomach contents and stomach wall was examined in paired specimens from 10 surgical patients and in specimens of wall from 10 additional patients. The flora of both contents and wall were similar. Paired specimens from five patients contained the same kinds of bacteria. Paired specimens from these patients were sterile. Contents from two patients contained bacteria, but the wall was sterile. Microorganisms isolated were streptococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, staphylococci yeast, and coliforms. Bacterial counts ranged from 0 to 10(7.5) per ml or g in both contents and tissue. Survey of the literature shows that most specimens from patients with gastric ulcers or gastric malignancies are positive for bacteria, while only about 60% of specimens from patients with duodenal ulcers are positive.", "contents": "Microbial flora of the diseased stomach at resection. The relation of microbial flora in stomach contents and stomach wall was examined in paired specimens from 10 surgical patients and in specimens of wall from 10 additional patients. The flora of both contents and wall were similar. Paired specimens from five patients contained the same kinds of bacteria. Paired specimens from these patients were sterile. Contents from two patients contained bacteria, but the wall was sterile. Microorganisms isolated were streptococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, staphylococci yeast, and coliforms. Bacterial counts ranged from 0 to 10(7.5) per ml or g in both contents and tissue. Survey of the literature shows that most specimens from patients with gastric ulcers or gastric malignancies are positive for bacteria, while only about 60% of specimens from patients with duodenal ulcers are positive.", "PMID": 646232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2733", "title": "Review of 555 cholecystectomies without drainage.", "content": "During a 10-year period, 555 cholecystectomies were performed without drainage of the gallbladder bed or subhepatic space. Six per cent of the patients had acute cholecystitis or hydrops of the gallbaldder and 11% had common duct exploration. Only in those patients with frank infection, spillage of obviously infected bile or in whom satisfactory closure of the gallbladder bed could not be accomplished was a drain used. Meticulous closure of the gallbladder bed was performed to minimize leakage of bile. The series was critically studied to evaluate complications, morbidity, mortality and hospital stay. It was concluded that drainage following cholecystectomy or choledochotomy can safely be omitted except for the indications mentioned.", "contents": "Review of 555 cholecystectomies without drainage. During a 10-year period, 555 cholecystectomies were performed without drainage of the gallbladder bed or subhepatic space. Six per cent of the patients had acute cholecystitis or hydrops of the gallbaldder and 11% had common duct exploration. Only in those patients with frank infection, spillage of obviously infected bile or in whom satisfactory closure of the gallbladder bed could not be accomplished was a drain used. Meticulous closure of the gallbladder bed was performed to minimize leakage of bile. The series was critically studied to evaluate complications, morbidity, mortality and hospital stay. It was concluded that drainage following cholecystectomy or choledochotomy can safely be omitted except for the indications mentioned.", "PMID": 646233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2734", "title": "Adenoacanthoma of the pancreas: report of four cases and literature review.", "content": "Cases of 20 patients with adenoacenthoma of the pancreas with clinicopathologic data, including the four added, are reviewed. The clinical manifestations, sites of metastases, survival and gross pathology appear to be similar to the usual adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Adenoacanthoma of the pancreas most probably represents squamous metaplasia of an adenocarcinoma or arises from an undifferentiated cell in the pancreatic duct system. The metastases are typically an admixture of both elements but in four cases, pure squamous or adenocarcinoma metastases were encountered. It is suggested that the pancreas should be included as a possible source in those patients with an unknown primary who have a metastasis consisting of either an admixture of squamous and glandular elements or a pure squamous type and in those instances in which a pure squamous and a pure adenocarcinoma are encountered in different metastases.", "contents": "Adenoacanthoma of the pancreas: report of four cases and literature review. Cases of 20 patients with adenoacenthoma of the pancreas with clinicopathologic data, including the four added, are reviewed. The clinical manifestations, sites of metastases, survival and gross pathology appear to be similar to the usual adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Adenoacanthoma of the pancreas most probably represents squamous metaplasia of an adenocarcinoma or arises from an undifferentiated cell in the pancreatic duct system. The metastases are typically an admixture of both elements but in four cases, pure squamous or adenocarcinoma metastases were encountered. It is suggested that the pancreas should be included as a possible source in those patients with an unknown primary who have a metastasis consisting of either an admixture of squamous and glandular elements or a pure squamous type and in those instances in which a pure squamous and a pure adenocarcinoma are encountered in different metastases.", "PMID": 646234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2735", "title": "Surveillance for postoperative wound infections: practical aspects.", "content": "Intensive surveillance for postoperative wound infections was conducted for one month on three separate occasions at the Veterans Administration Hospital, West Haven, Connecticut. The mean wound infection rates for clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty wounds were 6, 11, 17 and 18%, respectively. During the second survey, the clean-contaminated rate was 25% and was significantly higher than at other periods (p less than 0.05). Most of these infections occurred on a single surgical subspecialty service. The methods used to conduct intensive wound surveillance and the need for close liaison between the infection control team and the surgical service is emphasized. Current problems with wound surveillance are reviewed.", "contents": "Surveillance for postoperative wound infections: practical aspects. Intensive surveillance for postoperative wound infections was conducted for one month on three separate occasions at the Veterans Administration Hospital, West Haven, Connecticut. The mean wound infection rates for clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty wounds were 6, 11, 17 and 18%, respectively. During the second survey, the clean-contaminated rate was 25% and was significantly higher than at other periods (p less than 0.05). Most of these infections occurred on a single surgical subspecialty service. The methods used to conduct intensive wound surveillance and the need for close liaison between the infection control team and the surgical service is emphasized. Current problems with wound surveillance are reviewed.", "PMID": 646235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2736", "title": "Staging laparotomy and splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The major objective of diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease is to define the extent of involvement not detectable by nonoperative means. Fifty patients in this institution had operative staging procedures; six for recurrent disease three to 11 years after initial therapy. Twenty-four patients had nodular sclerosis, 23 mixed cellularity, and three had other types. The clinical stages were advanced in 13 patients and decreased in seven patients. Two patients (both had mixed cellularity and systemic symptoms) had positive wedge biopsy of the liver, whereas direct needle biopsy was negative. Nineteen spleens contained Hodgkin's disease but only three could be palpated on physical examination. About half the patients with abnormal lymphangiograms had positive periaortic nodes; lymphangiogram had a false negative rate of 12%. Additional procedures performed included appendectomy, oophoropexy, and resection of Meckel's diverticulum. There was no mortality and only one case had severe postoperative Salmonella septicemia. Our findings are comparable with those reported in the literature.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy and splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease. The major objective of diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease is to define the extent of involvement not detectable by nonoperative means. Fifty patients in this institution had operative staging procedures; six for recurrent disease three to 11 years after initial therapy. Twenty-four patients had nodular sclerosis, 23 mixed cellularity, and three had other types. The clinical stages were advanced in 13 patients and decreased in seven patients. Two patients (both had mixed cellularity and systemic symptoms) had positive wedge biopsy of the liver, whereas direct needle biopsy was negative. Nineteen spleens contained Hodgkin's disease but only three could be palpated on physical examination. About half the patients with abnormal lymphangiograms had positive periaortic nodes; lymphangiogram had a false negative rate of 12%. Additional procedures performed included appendectomy, oophoropexy, and resection of Meckel's diverticulum. There was no mortality and only one case had severe postoperative Salmonella septicemia. Our findings are comparable with those reported in the literature.", "PMID": 646236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2737", "title": "Use of Allen Brown shunt between profunda femoris artery and long saphenous vein for hemodialysis access.", "content": "Maintaining circulatory access in some patients on chronic hemodialysis can tax the ingenuity and skill of the best of surgeons. For the last few years, we have used the Allen Brown shunt between the profunda femoris artery and the long saphenous vein in selected patients with considerable success. This procedure adds another useful weapon to the armamentarium of the surgeon who has the responsibility of maintaining circulatory access in patients on chronichemodialysis.", "contents": "Use of Allen Brown shunt between profunda femoris artery and long saphenous vein for hemodialysis access. Maintaining circulatory access in some patients on chronic hemodialysis can tax the ingenuity and skill of the best of surgeons. For the last few years, we have used the Allen Brown shunt between the profunda femoris artery and the long saphenous vein in selected patients with considerable success. This procedure adds another useful weapon to the armamentarium of the surgeon who has the responsibility of maintaining circulatory access in patients on chronichemodialysis.", "PMID": 646237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2738", "title": "Hypothalamic insufficiency: the cause of hypopituitarism in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Ten patients with generalized sarcoidosis and hypopituitarism were studied. Six of these 10 patients presented with sarcoid involvement of the optic nerves resulting in asymmetric visual field defects. All patients had deficiencies of two or more anterior pituitary hormones and seven had abnormalities of water metabolism. Despite hypopituitarism, nine patients had a pituitary responsive to the synthetic hypothalamic releasing factors, thyrotropin releasing hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormone, and the tenth patient had a partially responsive pituitary. The demonstration of pituitary responsiveness allows us to infer hypothalamic insufficiency as the major cause for hypopituitarism in these patients. The combination of visual field defects and hypopituitarism in sarcoidosis is a medically treatable condition that simulates the clinical presentation of a pituitary tumor.", "contents": "Hypothalamic insufficiency: the cause of hypopituitarism in sarcoidosis. Ten patients with generalized sarcoidosis and hypopituitarism were studied. Six of these 10 patients presented with sarcoid involvement of the optic nerves resulting in asymmetric visual field defects. All patients had deficiencies of two or more anterior pituitary hormones and seven had abnormalities of water metabolism. Despite hypopituitarism, nine patients had a pituitary responsive to the synthetic hypothalamic releasing factors, thyrotropin releasing hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormone, and the tenth patient had a partially responsive pituitary. The demonstration of pituitary responsiveness allows us to infer hypothalamic insufficiency as the major cause for hypopituitarism in these patients. The combination of visual field defects and hypopituitarism in sarcoidosis is a medically treatable condition that simulates the clinical presentation of a pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 646239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2739", "title": "Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone in kindreds with maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people.", "content": "Two kindreds affected by maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people were studied. The postglucose-load hyperglycemia segregated as an autosomal dominant trait; it was always mild, never requiring insulin, and generally seemed to start in the first two decades of life. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone were measured during glucose-tolerance tests in patients, relatives, and control subjects. Most hyperglycemic patients were found to have insulin deficiency. There was no correlation between the age of the patients and insulin secretion. Plasma glucagon and growth hormone were normal. Maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people may be a frequent type of hyperglycemia, and its identification will generally depend on the presence of a strong family history. The recognition of maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people as a specific disease different from juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes is important, especially to prevent unnecessary use of insulin in hyperglycemic children.", "contents": "Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone in kindreds with maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people. Two kindreds affected by maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people were studied. The postglucose-load hyperglycemia segregated as an autosomal dominant trait; it was always mild, never requiring insulin, and generally seemed to start in the first two decades of life. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone were measured during glucose-tolerance tests in patients, relatives, and control subjects. Most hyperglycemic patients were found to have insulin deficiency. There was no correlation between the age of the patients and insulin secretion. Plasma glucagon and growth hormone were normal. Maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people may be a frequent type of hyperglycemia, and its identification will generally depend on the presence of a strong family history. The recognition of maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people as a specific disease different from juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes is important, especially to prevent unnecessary use of insulin in hyperglycemic children.", "PMID": 646240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2740", "title": "Non-cholera vibrio infections in the United States. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory features.", "content": "Non-cholera vibrios are organisms that are biochemically indistinguishable from Vibrio cholerae but do not agglutinate in vibrio 0 group 1 antiserum. Since 1972 there has been a dramatic increase in the number of these organisms referred to the Center for Disease Control for identification. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory data were analyzed for 26 of 28 patients with isolates identified between January 1972 and March 1975. Thirteen (50%) of the isolates were obtained from feces of patients who had an acute diarrheal illness; no other pathogens were isolated from their feces, and all patients survived. Four (15%) patients had non-cholera vibrios isolated from other gastrointestinal or biliary tract sites; none of these patients had acute illness definitely attributable to non-cholera vibrios. Nine (35%) patients had non-cholera vibrios isolated from other tissues and body fluids; four deaths occurred in this group. Patients with acute diarrhea frequently had a history of recent shellfish ingestion or foreign travel, whereas some patients with systemic non-cholera vibrio infection had a history of recent occupational or recreational exposure to salt water.", "contents": "Non-cholera vibrio infections in the United States. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory features. Non-cholera vibrios are organisms that are biochemically indistinguishable from Vibrio cholerae but do not agglutinate in vibrio 0 group 1 antiserum. Since 1972 there has been a dramatic increase in the number of these organisms referred to the Center for Disease Control for identification. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory data were analyzed for 26 of 28 patients with isolates identified between January 1972 and March 1975. Thirteen (50%) of the isolates were obtained from feces of patients who had an acute diarrheal illness; no other pathogens were isolated from their feces, and all patients survived. Four (15%) patients had non-cholera vibrios isolated from other gastrointestinal or biliary tract sites; none of these patients had acute illness definitely attributable to non-cholera vibrios. Nine (35%) patients had non-cholera vibrios isolated from other tissues and body fluids; four deaths occurred in this group. Patients with acute diarrhea frequently had a history of recent shellfish ingestion or foreign travel, whereas some patients with systemic non-cholera vibrio infection had a history of recent occupational or recreational exposure to salt water.", "PMID": 646241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2741", "title": "Water disturbances in patients treated with oral lithium carbonate.", "content": "Forty-eight patients treated with oral lithium carbonate and 20 control subjects were studied to define the causes of lithium-induced water disturbances. Measurement of plasma immunoreactive arginine vasopressin, plasma osmolality, and urine osmolality after a period of dehydration separated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, cranial diabetes insipidus, and primary polydipsia, the three postulated mechanisms of lithium-induced polyuria. Seventeen patients had a urinary concentrating defect despite serum lithium concentrations in the therapeutic range. Ten of these patients had nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, one had results suggestive of cranial diabetes insipidus, but none had evidence of primary polydipsia. Symptoms of thirst and polyuria were poor indicators of the degree of hypo-osmolar urine. No patient had electrolyte abnormalities, and none had sufficiently severe polyuria to stop lithium treatment.", "contents": "Water disturbances in patients treated with oral lithium carbonate. Forty-eight patients treated with oral lithium carbonate and 20 control subjects were studied to define the causes of lithium-induced water disturbances. Measurement of plasma immunoreactive arginine vasopressin, plasma osmolality, and urine osmolality after a period of dehydration separated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, cranial diabetes insipidus, and primary polydipsia, the three postulated mechanisms of lithium-induced polyuria. Seventeen patients had a urinary concentrating defect despite serum lithium concentrations in the therapeutic range. Ten of these patients had nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, one had results suggestive of cranial diabetes insipidus, but none had evidence of primary polydipsia. Symptoms of thirst and polyuria were poor indicators of the degree of hypo-osmolar urine. No patient had electrolyte abnormalities, and none had sufficiently severe polyuria to stop lithium treatment.", "PMID": 646242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2742", "title": "Recurrent myoglobinuria due to muscle carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency.", "content": "Three new cases of carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency are described. The syndrome consists of recurrent attacks of muscle cramps, weakness, malaise, and myoglobinuria. These attacks are especially likely to occur during prolonged exercise after fasting, eating a high-fat diet, or during cold weather. Occasionally after fasting alone, spontaneous muscle breakdown may occur. One patient studied in detail was excessively slow in producing ketones when he fasted. His mylagias and weakness appeared to be alleviated by beta-hydroxybutyrate. Of eight other patients thought to have idiopathic recurrent myoglobinuria, three were found to have myophosphorylase deficiency, whereas five did not have deficiency of either enzyme. Carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency may be more common than previously supposed, may be in part amenable to dietary therapy, can be easily distinguished from myophosphorylase deficiency, and may provide insight into the metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies as well as energy requirements of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Recurrent myoglobinuria due to muscle carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency. Three new cases of carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency are described. The syndrome consists of recurrent attacks of muscle cramps, weakness, malaise, and myoglobinuria. These attacks are especially likely to occur during prolonged exercise after fasting, eating a high-fat diet, or during cold weather. Occasionally after fasting alone, spontaneous muscle breakdown may occur. One patient studied in detail was excessively slow in producing ketones when he fasted. His mylagias and weakness appeared to be alleviated by beta-hydroxybutyrate. Of eight other patients thought to have idiopathic recurrent myoglobinuria, three were found to have myophosphorylase deficiency, whereas five did not have deficiency of either enzyme. Carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency may be more common than previously supposed, may be in part amenable to dietary therapy, can be easily distinguished from myophosphorylase deficiency, and may provide insight into the metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies as well as energy requirements of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 646243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2743", "title": "Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Review of 13 cases.", "content": "Thirteen patients with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1966 through 1976. The group included nine women and four men, with a mean age of 50.7 years. Their primary complaints were cough, dyspnea, and loss of weight. Chest roentgenographic features were predominantly basilar, coarse interstitial-alveolar infiltrations. Pulmonary function studies showed restrictive ventilatory impairments with a low CO diffusing capacity in all 13 patients. Lung biopsies in all cases showed diffuse interstitial infiltrations, consisting of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. Ten of the 13 patients had an associated dysproteinemia, including two patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Three patients had coexistent Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, including two with localized amyloidosis. Although lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is a histologically distinct pulmonary lesions, it occurs with a variety of immune disorders.", "contents": "Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Review of 13 cases. Thirteen patients with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1966 through 1976. The group included nine women and four men, with a mean age of 50.7 years. Their primary complaints were cough, dyspnea, and loss of weight. Chest roentgenographic features were predominantly basilar, coarse interstitial-alveolar infiltrations. Pulmonary function studies showed restrictive ventilatory impairments with a low CO diffusing capacity in all 13 patients. Lung biopsies in all cases showed diffuse interstitial infiltrations, consisting of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. Ten of the 13 patients had an associated dysproteinemia, including two patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Three patients had coexistent Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, including two with localized amyloidosis. Although lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is a histologically distinct pulmonary lesions, it occurs with a variety of immune disorders.", "PMID": 646244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2744", "title": "Serial plasma carcinoembryonic antigen measurements in the management of metastatic colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) measurements were evaluated in a group of 263 patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Initial CEA levels were not found to be of value in predicting the likelihood of subsequent tumor response. Although a general relation between serial CEA measurements and clinical tumor measurements was noted, these measurements were discordant in a substantial proportion of patients. Tumor measurements as an index of response to therapy were strongly correlated with survival, whereas changes in CEA values and patient survival were not correlated at a statistically significant level. Serial CEA measurements were perhaps of some value in predicting progression of malignant disease, and were roughly comparable to serum alkaline phosphatase assay in assessing response of liver metastasis to chemotherapy. Overall, serial CEA measurements added little to the standard clinical assessment of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma receiving chemotherapy.", "contents": "Serial plasma carcinoembryonic antigen measurements in the management of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) measurements were evaluated in a group of 263 patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Initial CEA levels were not found to be of value in predicting the likelihood of subsequent tumor response. Although a general relation between serial CEA measurements and clinical tumor measurements was noted, these measurements were discordant in a substantial proportion of patients. Tumor measurements as an index of response to therapy were strongly correlated with survival, whereas changes in CEA values and patient survival were not correlated at a statistically significant level. Serial CEA measurements were perhaps of some value in predicting progression of malignant disease, and were roughly comparable to serum alkaline phosphatase assay in assessing response of liver metastasis to chemotherapy. Overall, serial CEA measurements added little to the standard clinical assessment of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma receiving chemotherapy.", "PMID": 646245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2745", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in benign and malignant pleural effusions.", "content": "One hundred ninety-one unselected fluid specimens submitted routinely for cytologic examination were assayed to determine whether the measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in pleural effusions is useful in detecting malignancy. The mean +/- SD CEA level of 103 benign effusions was 4.1 +/- 2.9 ng/ml. Only one benign effusion had a level greater than 12 ng/ml (18 ng/ml). Benign inflammatory effusions (pneumonia, empyema) had a higher mean CEA activity (6.2 +/- 3.4) than effusions caused by congestive heart failure (2.9 +/- 1.5) (p less than 0.001). Twenty-four (34%) of 70 malignant effusions had a CEA level greater than 12 ng/ml, and 28 (40%) were \"positive\" by cytologic study. Thirty-eight (54%) were detected by one or both methods. Ten malignant effusions were positive by CEA (greater than 12 ng/ml) alone. These data suggest that the determination of CEA activity levels, when used in conjunction with other clinical findings, may be useful in detecting malignant pleural effusions.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in benign and malignant pleural effusions. One hundred ninety-one unselected fluid specimens submitted routinely for cytologic examination were assayed to determine whether the measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in pleural effusions is useful in detecting malignancy. The mean +/- SD CEA level of 103 benign effusions was 4.1 +/- 2.9 ng/ml. Only one benign effusion had a level greater than 12 ng/ml (18 ng/ml). Benign inflammatory effusions (pneumonia, empyema) had a higher mean CEA activity (6.2 +/- 3.4) than effusions caused by congestive heart failure (2.9 +/- 1.5) (p less than 0.001). Twenty-four (34%) of 70 malignant effusions had a CEA level greater than 12 ng/ml, and 28 (40%) were \"positive\" by cytologic study. Thirty-eight (54%) were detected by one or both methods. Ten malignant effusions were positive by CEA (greater than 12 ng/ml) alone. These data suggest that the determination of CEA activity levels, when used in conjunction with other clinical findings, may be useful in detecting malignant pleural effusions.", "PMID": 646246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2746", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen assay of ascites and detection of malignancy.", "content": "Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity were measured in 105 unselected samples of ascitic fluid submitted for routine cytologic analysis to ascertain whether this assay was useful in the detection of malignancy. The highest CEA level found in the 70 specimens of \"benign\" ascites was 10 ng/ml. Using values greater than 10 ng/ml as indicating a cancerous effusion, CEA assay successfully detected 14 of the 29 malignant ascites studied. Cytology, on the other hand, detected only 12 of these fluids. Combining the two methods increased the yield to 20. The CEA assay alone thus detected more than one fourth of these malignant fluids. The assay was particularly useful in detecting malignant transudates, nearly half of which had elevated CEA levels despite negative cytologic findings. The CEA assay of ascites thus showed promise as an adjunct to cytology in the detection of malignant ascites when used as part of a complete clinical and laboratory assessment.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen assay of ascites and detection of malignancy. Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity were measured in 105 unselected samples of ascitic fluid submitted for routine cytologic analysis to ascertain whether this assay was useful in the detection of malignancy. The highest CEA level found in the 70 specimens of \"benign\" ascites was 10 ng/ml. Using values greater than 10 ng/ml as indicating a cancerous effusion, CEA assay successfully detected 14 of the 29 malignant ascites studied. Cytology, on the other hand, detected only 12 of these fluids. Combining the two methods increased the yield to 20. The CEA assay alone thus detected more than one fourth of these malignant fluids. The assay was particularly useful in detecting malignant transudates, nearly half of which had elevated CEA levels despite negative cytologic findings. The CEA assay of ascites thus showed promise as an adjunct to cytology in the detection of malignant ascites when used as part of a complete clinical and laboratory assessment.", "PMID": 646247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2747", "title": "Effects of rapid smoking. Physiologic evaluation of a smoking-cessation therapy.", "content": "We studied 24 healthy young male smokers to ascertain the medical safety of a highly effective smoking-abatement technique called rapid smoking. In comparison with results obtained after a 12-h cigarette fast or after normal smoking, statistically significant increases occurred after rapid smoking in heart and respiratory rates, systolic blood pressure, carboxyhemoglobin, and pH (p less than 0.05), while arterial PCO2, HCO3-, and serum [K+] fell (p less than 0.05). Rapid smoking produced alveolar hyperventilation in all subjects. In eight, arterial PO2 increased appropriately, but in 16, fell paradoxically (p less than 0.01); seven had arterial PO2 below 80 torr. Because this fall could represent ventilation/perfusion mismatch due to early bronchoconstrictive disease, in subjects with normal flow/volume loops and spirometry rapid smoking may be a simple, provocative screening test for early airway disease. Despite the changes produced there were no arrhythmias. Rapid smoking is safe for healthy subjects but should not now be used for higher-risk patients.", "contents": "Effects of rapid smoking. Physiologic evaluation of a smoking-cessation therapy. We studied 24 healthy young male smokers to ascertain the medical safety of a highly effective smoking-abatement technique called rapid smoking. In comparison with results obtained after a 12-h cigarette fast or after normal smoking, statistically significant increases occurred after rapid smoking in heart and respiratory rates, systolic blood pressure, carboxyhemoglobin, and pH (p less than 0.05), while arterial PCO2, HCO3-, and serum [K+] fell (p less than 0.05). Rapid smoking produced alveolar hyperventilation in all subjects. In eight, arterial PO2 increased appropriately, but in 16, fell paradoxically (p less than 0.01); seven had arterial PO2 below 80 torr. Because this fall could represent ventilation/perfusion mismatch due to early bronchoconstrictive disease, in subjects with normal flow/volume loops and spirometry rapid smoking may be a simple, provocative screening test for early airway disease. Despite the changes produced there were no arrhythmias. Rapid smoking is safe for healthy subjects but should not now be used for higher-risk patients.", "PMID": 646248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2748", "title": "Ovarian (corpus luteum) hemorrhage during anticoagulation therapy.", "content": "Corpus luteum hemorrhage is a complication of long-term anticoagulant therapy that has rarely been reported in the literature. Within 16 months, we saw six cases in which young women taking anticoagulants to prevent clotting of prosthetic heart valves suffered corpus luteum hemorrhages. Diagnosis was difficult and delayed. Medication stopped the bleeding in three patients; bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was necessary in the remaining three. Our patients had great difficulty controlling their anticoagulant therapy and had histories of previous bleeding episodes. We believe corpus luteum hemorrhage may become more common as more premenopausal women undergo cardiac valvular surgery.", "contents": "Ovarian (corpus luteum) hemorrhage during anticoagulation therapy. Corpus luteum hemorrhage is a complication of long-term anticoagulant therapy that has rarely been reported in the literature. Within 16 months, we saw six cases in which young women taking anticoagulants to prevent clotting of prosthetic heart valves suffered corpus luteum hemorrhages. Diagnosis was difficult and delayed. Medication stopped the bleeding in three patients; bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was necessary in the remaining three. Our patients had great difficulty controlling their anticoagulant therapy and had histories of previous bleeding episodes. We believe corpus luteum hemorrhage may become more common as more premenopausal women undergo cardiac valvular surgery.", "PMID": 646249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2749", "title": "Nutritional vitamin-B12 deficiency. Possible contributory role of subtle vitamin-B12 malabsorption.", "content": "Dietary deficiency of vitamin B-12 has been reported, yet most people ingesting vitamin-B12-deficient diets even for many years appear to achieve a balance that does not lead to overt signs and symptoms of deficiency. I present the case of a vegan of 25 years' duration who developed severe neurologic abnormalities due to vitamin-B12 deficiency. His diet provided 1.2 microgram of vitamin B12 daily at most. Despite normal Schilling test findings, he absorbed subnormal amounts of vitamin B12 given with ovalbumin. This poor absorption appeared to be related to his gastritis, achlorhydria, and subnormal intrinsic-factor secretion. Probably, vitamin-B12 deficiency in this patient resulted from both dietary restriction and the subtle malabsorption, neither of which would have sufficed alone to produce the clinical problem. Possibly such malabsorption may also be present in many of those vegans developing overt vitamin-B12 deficiency in whom Schilling test findings have been normal.", "contents": "Nutritional vitamin-B12 deficiency. Possible contributory role of subtle vitamin-B12 malabsorption. Dietary deficiency of vitamin B-12 has been reported, yet most people ingesting vitamin-B12-deficient diets even for many years appear to achieve a balance that does not lead to overt signs and symptoms of deficiency. I present the case of a vegan of 25 years' duration who developed severe neurologic abnormalities due to vitamin-B12 deficiency. His diet provided 1.2 microgram of vitamin B12 daily at most. Despite normal Schilling test findings, he absorbed subnormal amounts of vitamin B12 given with ovalbumin. This poor absorption appeared to be related to his gastritis, achlorhydria, and subnormal intrinsic-factor secretion. Probably, vitamin-B12 deficiency in this patient resulted from both dietary restriction and the subtle malabsorption, neither of which would have sufficed alone to produce the clinical problem. Possibly such malabsorption may also be present in many of those vegans developing overt vitamin-B12 deficiency in whom Schilling test findings have been normal.", "PMID": 646250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2750", "title": "Resistant hypertension: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Fortunately, hypertension resistant to a good drug regimen is rare. When hypertension fails to respond to medical treatment there is usually another explanation, such as poor patient compliance, excessive salt ingestion, drug interactions, spuriously high office readings, or an unsuspected secondary cause for the hypertension. Management of resistant hypertension can be aided by identifying the hemodynamic and humoral mechanisms responsible for its resistance and redesigning the therapeutic regimens accordingly. When they become available, two investigational drugs, minoxidil and an oral converting enzyme inhibitor, both of which lower total peripheral resistance, will offer a new approach to controlling truly resistant hypertension.", "contents": "Resistant hypertension: diagnosis and management. Fortunately, hypertension resistant to a good drug regimen is rare. When hypertension fails to respond to medical treatment there is usually another explanation, such as poor patient compliance, excessive salt ingestion, drug interactions, spuriously high office readings, or an unsuspected secondary cause for the hypertension. Management of resistant hypertension can be aided by identifying the hemodynamic and humoral mechanisms responsible for its resistance and redesigning the therapeutic regimens accordingly. When they become available, two investigational drugs, minoxidil and an oral converting enzyme inhibitor, both of which lower total peripheral resistance, will offer a new approach to controlling truly resistant hypertension.", "PMID": 646259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2751", "title": "Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: the case for conservative management.", "content": "The management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia is controversial. Reported benefits from treatment prevention of acute gouty arthritis, chronic tophaceous gout, urolithiasis, or gouty nephropathy. A review of experimental and clinical data suggests that the risks of asymptomatic hyperuricemia are small or unknown and the efficacy of long-term treatment in preventing gout or renal disease is unproved. The costs and risks of prolonged drug administration and practical considerations such as patient compliance mitigate against long-term therapy in asymptomatic persons. We offer some recommendations for an expectant approach to the management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: the case for conservative management. The management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia is controversial. Reported benefits from treatment prevention of acute gouty arthritis, chronic tophaceous gout, urolithiasis, or gouty nephropathy. A review of experimental and clinical data suggests that the risks of asymptomatic hyperuricemia are small or unknown and the efficacy of long-term treatment in preventing gout or renal disease is unproved. The costs and risks of prolonged drug administration and practical considerations such as patient compliance mitigate against long-term therapy in asymptomatic persons. We offer some recommendations for an expectant approach to the management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.", "PMID": 646260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2752", "title": "Plasma levels of norepinephrine.", "content": "Plasma norepinephrine derives from sympathetic nerves, but the proportion reaching the circulation before being metabolized varies with the type of nerve ending-effector junctions in the tissue. Plasma levels of norepinephrine also will fluctuate because of rapid metabolism rates and environmental, emotional, and endogenous stimuli provoking a sympathetic response. The responses of plasma catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in normotensive rats of the same strain were compared after exposure to a variety of stressors. Drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase, or neuronal uptake were administered to show the effects of metabolic enzymes and neuronal uptake on the amounts of catecholamines reaching the circulation. Sympathetic nervous activity and the ability of the sympathetic nervous system to respond to a uniform stimulus are studied in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. A survey of the plasma levels of norepinephrine in a variety of neurologic disorders is given.", "contents": "Plasma levels of norepinephrine. Plasma norepinephrine derives from sympathetic nerves, but the proportion reaching the circulation before being metabolized varies with the type of nerve ending-effector junctions in the tissue. Plasma levels of norepinephrine also will fluctuate because of rapid metabolism rates and environmental, emotional, and endogenous stimuli provoking a sympathetic response. The responses of plasma catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in normotensive rats of the same strain were compared after exposure to a variety of stressors. Drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase, or neuronal uptake were administered to show the effects of metabolic enzymes and neuronal uptake on the amounts of catecholamines reaching the circulation. Sympathetic nervous activity and the ability of the sympathetic nervous system to respond to a uniform stimulus are studied in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. A survey of the plasma levels of norepinephrine in a variety of neurologic disorders is given.", "PMID": 646261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2753", "title": "Death, dying, and the zealous phase.", "content": "During the past decade an unprecedented public and professional interest has developed around issues involving death and dying. Persons of differing backgrounds and with different objectives are rushing onto this scene in rapidly increasing numbers. Some of these persons have little understanding of the medical complexities of dying and no clinical experience with dying patients. In this essay I attempt to identify a number of ways in which well-intentioned persons engage dying patients or influence public opinion on death and dying, ways that might prove less than salutary for all concerned.", "contents": "Death, dying, and the zealous phase. During the past decade an unprecedented public and professional interest has developed around issues involving death and dying. Persons of differing backgrounds and with different objectives are rushing onto this scene in rapidly increasing numbers. Some of these persons have little understanding of the medical complexities of dying and no clinical experience with dying patients. In this essay I attempt to identify a number of ways in which well-intentioned persons engage dying patients or influence public opinion on death and dying, ways that might prove less than salutary for all concerned.", "PMID": 646262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2754", "title": "Eustachian tube function assessed with tympanometry.", "content": "On 15 normal ears and 14 pathological ears of adults with intact tympanic membranes, Eustachian tube function was measured by using tympanometry in an effort to reproduce the results published by Holmquist. His method appeared to be a promising tool for clinical determination of Eustachian tube function. However, our results on normal ears were not significantly different from our results on pathological ears and were inconsistent with Holmquist's results. In contrast to Holmquist, 60% of our normal ears were unable to attain achieved negative middle ear pressures of -100 mm to -250 mm H2O. Our normal ears, as well as our pathological ears, required repeated swallows to normalize negative pressure. Tests in both our groups were not always repeatable even though recorded applied nasopharyngeal pressure was identical. Therefore, our findings do not substantiate this procedure as a useful, reliable clinical tool for measuring Eustachian tube function on ears with intact tympanic membranes.", "contents": "Eustachian tube function assessed with tympanometry. On 15 normal ears and 14 pathological ears of adults with intact tympanic membranes, Eustachian tube function was measured by using tympanometry in an effort to reproduce the results published by Holmquist. His method appeared to be a promising tool for clinical determination of Eustachian tube function. However, our results on normal ears were not significantly different from our results on pathological ears and were inconsistent with Holmquist's results. In contrast to Holmquist, 60% of our normal ears were unable to attain achieved negative middle ear pressures of -100 mm to -250 mm H2O. Our normal ears, as well as our pathological ears, required repeated swallows to normalize negative pressure. Tests in both our groups were not always repeatable even though recorded applied nasopharyngeal pressure was identical. Therefore, our findings do not substantiate this procedure as a useful, reliable clinical tool for measuring Eustachian tube function on ears with intact tympanic membranes.", "PMID": 646282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2755", "title": "Melanocyte system of the endolymphatic duct and sac.", "content": "One hundred fourteen human temporal bones from 64 individuals were studied for the presence of melanized melanocytes about the endolymphatic duct and sac. Specimens were from Caucasians (104), Orientals (6) and Negroes (4). Of the specimens from people above nine years of age 79% demonstrated melanized melanocytes about the endolymphatic duct and sac, as well as occasionally about blood vessels in the adjacent bone. These represented 74% of the Caucasian and 75% of the Negro and Oriental individuals. Pigment granules were noted in occasional epithelial lining cells and in macrophage-type cells within the lumen. Heavily melanized melanocytes were noted in five of six specimens of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease (all from Caucasian individuals), five of five specimens with previous labyrinthitis (two of which were from a Negro woman), and in occasional specimens from patients with presbycusis, metastatic carcinoma (three of the four adult Oriental patients), chronic otitis media, otosclerosis and lymphoma, as well as in several apparently normal specimens. No clear cut correlation of degree of melanization with specific disease processes can be discerned.", "contents": "Melanocyte system of the endolymphatic duct and sac. One hundred fourteen human temporal bones from 64 individuals were studied for the presence of melanized melanocytes about the endolymphatic duct and sac. Specimens were from Caucasians (104), Orientals (6) and Negroes (4). Of the specimens from people above nine years of age 79% demonstrated melanized melanocytes about the endolymphatic duct and sac, as well as occasionally about blood vessels in the adjacent bone. These represented 74% of the Caucasian and 75% of the Negro and Oriental individuals. Pigment granules were noted in occasional epithelial lining cells and in macrophage-type cells within the lumen. Heavily melanized melanocytes were noted in five of six specimens of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease (all from Caucasian individuals), five of five specimens with previous labyrinthitis (two of which were from a Negro woman), and in occasional specimens from patients with presbycusis, metastatic carcinoma (three of the four adult Oriental patients), chronic otitis media, otosclerosis and lymphoma, as well as in several apparently normal specimens. No clear cut correlation of degree of melanization with specific disease processes can be discerned.", "PMID": 646284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2756", "title": "Neoglottic reconstruction after total laryngectomy: a preliminary report.", "content": "This paper is a preliminary report on neoglottic reconstruction of the larynx after total laryngectomy following the techniques described by Staffieri. Also included are general observations on the criteria for selecting candidates for this procedure. At the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, this procedure has been attempted on eight candidates. Reconstruction was accomplished in six, of whom five achieved satisfactory speech, providing an 80% success rate. One of the five did not like the quality of his voice and refused to use it. The sixth produced speech with difficulty and is still undergoing speech therapy. One patient died from recurrence before a second stage could be carried out, and another patient did not have sufficient tissue for neoglottic reconstruction after total laryngectomy. Three patients developed salivary fistulas at the drain site, but all closed spontaneously with the application of pressure. From this data, one may conclude that this technique offers much potential and warrants further study.", "contents": "Neoglottic reconstruction after total laryngectomy: a preliminary report. This paper is a preliminary report on neoglottic reconstruction of the larynx after total laryngectomy following the techniques described by Staffieri. Also included are general observations on the criteria for selecting candidates for this procedure. At the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, this procedure has been attempted on eight candidates. Reconstruction was accomplished in six, of whom five achieved satisfactory speech, providing an 80% success rate. One of the five did not like the quality of his voice and refused to use it. The sixth produced speech with difficulty and is still undergoing speech therapy. One patient died from recurrence before a second stage could be carried out, and another patient did not have sufficient tissue for neoglottic reconstruction after total laryngectomy. Three patients developed salivary fistulas at the drain site, but all closed spontaneously with the application of pressure. From this data, one may conclude that this technique offers much potential and warrants further study.", "PMID": 646285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2757", "title": "Otitis media with effusion: a steroid and antibiotic therapeutic trial before surgery.", "content": "Eustachian tube dysfunction has been considered the main factor in the etiology of otitis media with effusion (OME). A short-term systemic steroid therapy, with combined chemotherapeutics, yielded 53.1% cure in 160 children in which OME had been diagnosed, whereas only 12.5% of similar 116 children were cured by chemotherapeutic treatment alone. It is postulated that steroids, acting by a mechanism much similar to the one in the newborn lung, increase the level of a tubal surface active agent, thus enhancing Eustachian tube refunctioning. This combined treatment, we believe, deserves its place as a routine conservative trial before surgery.", "contents": "Otitis media with effusion: a steroid and antibiotic therapeutic trial before surgery. Eustachian tube dysfunction has been considered the main factor in the etiology of otitis media with effusion (OME). A short-term systemic steroid therapy, with combined chemotherapeutics, yielded 53.1% cure in 160 children in which OME had been diagnosed, whereas only 12.5% of similar 116 children were cured by chemotherapeutic treatment alone. It is postulated that steroids, acting by a mechanism much similar to the one in the newborn lung, increase the level of a tubal surface active agent, thus enhancing Eustachian tube refunctioning. This combined treatment, we believe, deserves its place as a routine conservative trial before surgery.", "PMID": 646286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2758", "title": "Air calorics: a technique and results.", "content": "A major problem with air calorics appears to be one of technique. A pilot study led to the design of irrigating tips which allow consistant air presentation and simultaneous measurements of irrigating temperature at the delivery orifice (adding a second sensor). Preset temperatures of 24 C and 50 C in our system yielded air equilibration mean temperatures of 27.4 C and 45 C at the delivery orifice during testing. A normal study was carried out at these temperatures with an air flow of six liters per minute for 60 seconds. The range of caloric responses, mean maximum speed, and standard deviation are comparable to values previously reported with water stimulations. Statistical testing indicated no difference between ears for either warm or cold. Also, there was no significant difference for warm versus cold responses. We have performed over 2000 clinical examinations that incorporate this technique with satisfactory results and remarkable acceptance by the patients. The normal or \"standard\" probe size has been found to be adequate for the majority of the clinic population.", "contents": "Air calorics: a technique and results. A major problem with air calorics appears to be one of technique. A pilot study led to the design of irrigating tips which allow consistant air presentation and simultaneous measurements of irrigating temperature at the delivery orifice (adding a second sensor). Preset temperatures of 24 C and 50 C in our system yielded air equilibration mean temperatures of 27.4 C and 45 C at the delivery orifice during testing. A normal study was carried out at these temperatures with an air flow of six liters per minute for 60 seconds. The range of caloric responses, mean maximum speed, and standard deviation are comparable to values previously reported with water stimulations. Statistical testing indicated no difference between ears for either warm or cold. Also, there was no significant difference for warm versus cold responses. We have performed over 2000 clinical examinations that incorporate this technique with satisfactory results and remarkable acceptance by the patients. The normal or \"standard\" probe size has been found to be adequate for the majority of the clinic population.", "PMID": 646290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2759", "title": "Immunoglobulin E in chronic middle ear effusions: conmparison of RIST, PRIST, and RIA techniques.", "content": "To investigate the possible role of allergy in otitis media with effusion (OME), the immunoglobulin E (IgE) content of 138 middle ear effusions (MEE) and paired serum samples from patients with chronic otitis media with effusion was determined. The initial 62 paired specimens were assayed for IgE by the radioimmunosorbent test (RIST), while the later 76 paired specimens were assayed for IgE by the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST). When the results obtained by these two techniques were compared, it was noted that the PRIST procedure gave significantly lower IgE values for effusions than the RIST method. When the effusion-to-serum ratios (E/S ratios) were computed from the PRIST data, the E/S ratio was less than one, while RIST data gave an E/S ratio greater than one. The results obtained with the PRIST procedure were confirmed by double antibody radioimmunoassay for IgE. Thus, the PRIST procedure appears to measure the IgE content of MEE more accurately, and the results obtained by this procedure fail to support the concept of allergy as a major causative factor in OME.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E in chronic middle ear effusions: conmparison of RIST, PRIST, and RIA techniques. To investigate the possible role of allergy in otitis media with effusion (OME), the immunoglobulin E (IgE) content of 138 middle ear effusions (MEE) and paired serum samples from patients with chronic otitis media with effusion was determined. The initial 62 paired specimens were assayed for IgE by the radioimmunosorbent test (RIST), while the later 76 paired specimens were assayed for IgE by the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST). When the results obtained by these two techniques were compared, it was noted that the PRIST procedure gave significantly lower IgE values for effusions than the RIST method. When the effusion-to-serum ratios (E/S ratios) were computed from the PRIST data, the E/S ratio was less than one, while RIST data gave an E/S ratio greater than one. The results obtained with the PRIST procedure were confirmed by double antibody radioimmunoassay for IgE. Thus, the PRIST procedure appears to measure the IgE content of MEE more accurately, and the results obtained by this procedure fail to support the concept of allergy as a major causative factor in OME.", "PMID": 646287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2760", "title": "Morphology of tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, and dilatator tubae muscles.", "content": "The relationships among the paratubal muscles were studied in human fetal and adult Eustachian tubes. That which has, in recent years, been labeled the tensor veli palatini muscle actually consists of two distinct groups of muscle fibers: a medial group, henceforth termed dilatator tubae, and a lateral group, called tensor veli palatini. The latter was found to have no Eustachian tube origin, but was continuous superiorly with the tensor tympani muscle. The dilatator tubae muscle was found to have a tubal attachment. The participation of this muscle system in the normal functioning of the Eustachian tube-middle ear system in man, and the problems inherent in the development of animal models simulating the physiology of the physiology of the human system, are discussed.", "contents": "Morphology of tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, and dilatator tubae muscles. The relationships among the paratubal muscles were studied in human fetal and adult Eustachian tubes. That which has, in recent years, been labeled the tensor veli palatini muscle actually consists of two distinct groups of muscle fibers: a medial group, henceforth termed dilatator tubae, and a lateral group, called tensor veli palatini. The latter was found to have no Eustachian tube origin, but was continuous superiorly with the tensor tympani muscle. The dilatator tubae muscle was found to have a tubal attachment. The participation of this muscle system in the normal functioning of the Eustachian tube-middle ear system in man, and the problems inherent in the development of animal models simulating the physiology of the physiology of the human system, are discussed.", "PMID": 646288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2761", "title": "Neomycin ototoxicity.", "content": "A case of oral neomycin ototoxicity is presented, followed by a summary of known cases in the English literature. While it is known that neomycin is concentrated in the inner ear fluids, at the present time the biochemical basis of its ototoxic effect has not been definitively elucidated. High frequency audiometry can aid in the early detection of the onset of neomycin-induced deafness. Dialysis has a limited but useful role in preventing neomycin ototoxicity.", "contents": "Neomycin ototoxicity. A case of oral neomycin ototoxicity is presented, followed by a summary of known cases in the English literature. While it is known that neomycin is concentrated in the inner ear fluids, at the present time the biochemical basis of its ototoxic effect has not been definitively elucidated. High frequency audiometry can aid in the early detection of the onset of neomycin-induced deafness. Dialysis has a limited but useful role in preventing neomycin ototoxicity.", "PMID": 646289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2762", "title": "Actinomycosis: masquerader in the head and neck.", "content": "The diagnosis of cervicofacial actinomycosis is usually not simple, but may be essential for adequate treatment. Cases seen in a Head and Neck Service illustrate some of the many guises under which actinomycosis may be concealed, and a review of recent literature confirms its propensity to be a masquerader. A combination of techniques is necessary to diagnose, and both surgical and medical approaches are needed to treat this often distressingly persistent affliction.", "contents": "Actinomycosis: masquerader in the head and neck. The diagnosis of cervicofacial actinomycosis is usually not simple, but may be essential for adequate treatment. Cases seen in a Head and Neck Service illustrate some of the many guises under which actinomycosis may be concealed, and a review of recent literature confirms its propensity to be a masquerader. A combination of techniques is necessary to diagnose, and both surgical and medical approaches are needed to treat this often distressingly persistent affliction.", "PMID": 646293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2763", "title": "Clinical significance of rebound nystagmus in neuro-otological diagnosis.", "content": "The present study is concerned with a clinical analysis of 17 patients with \"rebound nystagmus\" examined over a period of three years. All of them have shown a short duration second degree nystagmus evoked by changes in the direction of fixation, from the lateral to straight ahead gaze. This nystagmus was a fixation nystagmus, that is to say, it was enhanced in the presence of active optic fixation and inhibited in its absence. Almost all the patients (16 out of 17) had cerebellar signs on neurological examination (in one subject rebound nystagmus was the first sign suggesting cerebellar involvement and appeared several months before any other cerebellar sign was present). Rebound nystagmus was far more common than the other neuro-otological signs suggesting cerebellar dysfunction (vestibular hyperexcitability, dysrhythmia in postcaloric nystagmus and ocular dysmetria). In three out of four patients with unilateral lesions rebound nystagmus was ipsilateral with respect to the side of the lesion. Postmortem studies were carried out upon five cases and showed either pathological changes in the cerebellum or a lesion involving the cerebellar peduncles in the brain stem.", "contents": "Clinical significance of rebound nystagmus in neuro-otological diagnosis. The present study is concerned with a clinical analysis of 17 patients with \"rebound nystagmus\" examined over a period of three years. All of them have shown a short duration second degree nystagmus evoked by changes in the direction of fixation, from the lateral to straight ahead gaze. This nystagmus was a fixation nystagmus, that is to say, it was enhanced in the presence of active optic fixation and inhibited in its absence. Almost all the patients (16 out of 17) had cerebellar signs on neurological examination (in one subject rebound nystagmus was the first sign suggesting cerebellar involvement and appeared several months before any other cerebellar sign was present). Rebound nystagmus was far more common than the other neuro-otological signs suggesting cerebellar dysfunction (vestibular hyperexcitability, dysrhythmia in postcaloric nystagmus and ocular dysmetria). In three out of four patients with unilateral lesions rebound nystagmus was ipsilateral with respect to the side of the lesion. Postmortem studies were carried out upon five cases and showed either pathological changes in the cerebellum or a lesion involving the cerebellar peduncles in the brain stem.", "PMID": 646294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2764", "title": "Fine-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland: a cytohistological comparison in cases of goiter.", "content": "At the ENT Clinic of the Regional Hospital in Orebro, cytological investigation of fine-needle biopsy specimens has been carried out to a steadily increasing extent for more than ten years as a complement to clinical methods in investigation and laboratory tests in cases of goiter. Evaluated here are the method's diagnostic accuracy and its value in investigatory work. The material consists of 303 patients with goiter who were operated from 1964 to 1971 following fine-needle biopsy. Cases where biopsy only was undertaken are not included. Assessable cytological material was obtained in 284 cases (94%). Although not less than 15 doctors carried out the fine-needle biopsies there was approximately a 93% agreement between the cytological and histological diagnoses. In 15 of 28 cases of thyroid carcinoma it was possible to make a definite diagnosis preoperatively, while in 12 of the remaining cases atypia suspected of malignancy was found. The possibility of being able to demonstrate or suspect a carcinoma preoperatively is of greate importance for the surgeon, as a more extensive intervention can be planned in advance and the patient informed before the operation.", "contents": "Fine-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland: a cytohistological comparison in cases of goiter. At the ENT Clinic of the Regional Hospital in Orebro, cytological investigation of fine-needle biopsy specimens has been carried out to a steadily increasing extent for more than ten years as a complement to clinical methods in investigation and laboratory tests in cases of goiter. Evaluated here are the method's diagnostic accuracy and its value in investigatory work. The material consists of 303 patients with goiter who were operated from 1964 to 1971 following fine-needle biopsy. Cases where biopsy only was undertaken are not included. Assessable cytological material was obtained in 284 cases (94%). Although not less than 15 doctors carried out the fine-needle biopsies there was approximately a 93% agreement between the cytological and histological diagnoses. In 15 of 28 cases of thyroid carcinoma it was possible to make a definite diagnosis preoperatively, while in 12 of the remaining cases atypia suspected of malignancy was found. The possibility of being able to demonstrate or suspect a carcinoma preoperatively is of greate importance for the surgeon, as a more extensive intervention can be planned in advance and the patient informed before the operation.", "PMID": 646291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2765", "title": "Results of new air caloric testing method among normal subjects. I. Biphasic testing.", "content": "A new air caloric testing method is described in which the temperature of a continuous aural irrigation is switched hot and cold values at times calculated to control the intensity of the resulting vestibular stimulation. Applications of low or high caloric stimulus intensities to normal subjects were well tolerated and reliably produced appropriate low or high intensity nystagmic responses. Nystagmus intensity values obtained from this study were compared with predicted intensity values from a computerized simulation of the actual test conditions, and also with values obtained when using biphasic water irrigations. As a result, further improvements in our methodology have been effected.", "contents": "Results of new air caloric testing method among normal subjects. I. Biphasic testing. A new air caloric testing method is described in which the temperature of a continuous aural irrigation is switched hot and cold values at times calculated to control the intensity of the resulting vestibular stimulation. Applications of low or high caloric stimulus intensities to normal subjects were well tolerated and reliably produced appropriate low or high intensity nystagmic responses. Nystagmus intensity values obtained from this study were compared with predicted intensity values from a computerized simulation of the actual test conditions, and also with values obtained when using biphasic water irrigations. As a result, further improvements in our methodology have been effected.", "PMID": 646296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2766", "title": "Use of heart rate response for the assessment of hearing in infants.", "content": "The clinical utility of the heart rate (HR) response as an index of hearing in infant children under 12 months of age was investigated. The most prominent component of the averaged HR response elicited with a short tone burst of 100 msec duration was a brief HR deceleration which mostly occurred between the first and second beats after stimulation. The mean response detectability for tones of 250 Hz and 1 kHz were 50, 82 and 100%, with stimulations of 40, 60 and 80 dB above subjective threshold of normal adults, respectively. The detectability decreased a little at 4 kHz stimulation. Though there was an individual variability in the appearance of the response, the method was considered to be useful as a supplementary tool for evaluating hearing in infant children.", "contents": "Use of heart rate response for the assessment of hearing in infants. The clinical utility of the heart rate (HR) response as an index of hearing in infant children under 12 months of age was investigated. The most prominent component of the averaged HR response elicited with a short tone burst of 100 msec duration was a brief HR deceleration which mostly occurred between the first and second beats after stimulation. The mean response detectability for tones of 250 Hz and 1 kHz were 50, 82 and 100%, with stimulations of 40, 60 and 80 dB above subjective threshold of normal adults, respectively. The detectability decreased a little at 4 kHz stimulation. Though there was an individual variability in the appearance of the response, the method was considered to be useful as a supplementary tool for evaluating hearing in infant children.", "PMID": 646295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2767", "title": "Earmold configuration: relation to speech discrimination scores.", "content": "Choice of the earmold for a particular individual is perhaps the most subjective of all decisions made by clinicians in hearing aid fitting. The four earmold designs used in this study were standard-long, standard-short, belled-vented, and cavernous. Conslusions were: 1) performance differences in earmolds of contrasting design can be assessed by discrimination scores with monosyllabic word lists of equal difficulty; 2) among the physical measures taken of the earmold-receiver systems, frequency-response overall range (HAIC) ranked the devices in agreement with group responses to a word identification task; and 3) these data offer a basis for endorsement of the standard-long and cavernous-short earmold types over the other two with their superiority evident in each of the discrimination categories of excellent, good, and poor.", "contents": "Earmold configuration: relation to speech discrimination scores. Choice of the earmold for a particular individual is perhaps the most subjective of all decisions made by clinicians in hearing aid fitting. The four earmold designs used in this study were standard-long, standard-short, belled-vented, and cavernous. Conslusions were: 1) performance differences in earmolds of contrasting design can be assessed by discrimination scores with monosyllabic word lists of equal difficulty; 2) among the physical measures taken of the earmold-receiver systems, frequency-response overall range (HAIC) ranked the devices in agreement with group responses to a word identification task; and 3) these data offer a basis for endorsement of the standard-long and cavernous-short earmold types over the other two with their superiority evident in each of the discrimination categories of excellent, good, and poor.", "PMID": 646297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2768", "title": "Masticator space abscess complicating removal of suspension wires: case report.", "content": "Masticator space abscesses have been reported more frequently in recent years. They are usually secondary to extractions of the first and second mandibular molar teeth. The use of antibiotics has changed the presentation and clinical course of these abscesses, masking the symptoms and resulting in secondary infection by resistant organisms. Therefore, selection of appropriate antibiotics is important, but surgical intervention remains the cornerstone of treatment. Suspension wires are being used widely in the treatment of midface fractures. These wires may extend from the zygomatic arch or frontal bone through the masticator space into the oral cavity to attach to arch bars. A case of masticator space abscess resulting from the removal of suspension wires is reported, and the relevant literature is reviewed. Suggestions are made for preventing and treating this complication.", "contents": "Masticator space abscess complicating removal of suspension wires: case report. Masticator space abscesses have been reported more frequently in recent years. They are usually secondary to extractions of the first and second mandibular molar teeth. The use of antibiotics has changed the presentation and clinical course of these abscesses, masking the symptoms and resulting in secondary infection by resistant organisms. Therefore, selection of appropriate antibiotics is important, but surgical intervention remains the cornerstone of treatment. Suspension wires are being used widely in the treatment of midface fractures. These wires may extend from the zygomatic arch or frontal bone through the masticator space into the oral cavity to attach to arch bars. A case of masticator space abscess resulting from the removal of suspension wires is reported, and the relevant literature is reviewed. Suggestions are made for preventing and treating this complication.", "PMID": 646298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2769", "title": "[The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (Giedion) (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe here six members of a family with Giedion's syndrome: sparse, fine, slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose, cone-shaped epiphyses of the middle phalanges and variable growth retardation. There are other signs: elongated philtrum, thin upper lip, big and low set ears, medially broad eyebrows but narrow at the tip, clinobrachydactyly and marked dental caries, are as well observed in those patients. Differential diagnosis with other dysplasias is pointed out and both histological and trichological data are being valued.", "contents": "[The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (Giedion) (author's transl)]. We describe here six members of a family with Giedion's syndrome: sparse, fine, slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose, cone-shaped epiphyses of the middle phalanges and variable growth retardation. There are other signs: elongated philtrum, thin upper lip, big and low set ears, medially broad eyebrows but narrow at the tip, clinobrachydactyly and marked dental caries, are as well observed in those patients. Differential diagnosis with other dysplasias is pointed out and both histological and trichological data are being valued.", "PMID": 646306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2770", "title": "Effects of adenoidectomy: a controlled two-year follow-up.", "content": "A prospective controlled study was made on the effect of adenoidectomy performed on 105 children. For various reasons, mainly severe long-standing nasal obstruction, 29 children were omitted from the study. The remaining 76 children were randomly divided into two groups, one adenoidectomy, and one control. Both groups were slightly reduced in number due to drop out. Thus 36 adenoidectomized children were followed during one year and 35 children during two years. The corresponding numbers for the children in the control group were 37 and 33. The incidence of common cold, purulent and serous otitis media and moderate nasal obstruction was compared in the two groups. A considerable reduction in the incidence of these variables was observed in both groups. The occurrence of moderate nasal obstruction was reduced more among the operated than among the unoperated children. The difference was only slightly significant during the first and not at all during the second year. Regarding the other variables, the differences were not significant, implying that adenoidectomy seems to have no effect on the incidence of common cold, serous and purulent otitis media.", "contents": "Effects of adenoidectomy: a controlled two-year follow-up. A prospective controlled study was made on the effect of adenoidectomy performed on 105 children. For various reasons, mainly severe long-standing nasal obstruction, 29 children were omitted from the study. The remaining 76 children were randomly divided into two groups, one adenoidectomy, and one control. Both groups were slightly reduced in number due to drop out. Thus 36 adenoidectomized children were followed during one year and 35 children during two years. The corresponding numbers for the children in the control group were 37 and 33. The incidence of common cold, purulent and serous otitis media and moderate nasal obstruction was compared in the two groups. A considerable reduction in the incidence of these variables was observed in both groups. The occurrence of moderate nasal obstruction was reduced more among the operated than among the unoperated children. The difference was only slightly significant during the first and not at all during the second year. Regarding the other variables, the differences were not significant, implying that adenoidectomy seems to have no effect on the incidence of common cold, serous and purulent otitis media.", "PMID": 646300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2771", "title": "Dermoid of the nasopharynx.", "content": "A case of a cystic polyp of the nasopharynx in a three-year-old Caucasian female is presented. Although cases of teratomas of the nasopharynx have been reported, our literature search revealed only one prior report of a hamartoma. To our knowledge, a lesion with these histological features occurring in the nasopharynx has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Dermoid of the nasopharynx. A case of a cystic polyp of the nasopharynx in a three-year-old Caucasian female is presented. Although cases of teratomas of the nasopharynx have been reported, our literature search revealed only one prior report of a hamartoma. To our knowledge, a lesion with these histological features occurring in the nasopharynx has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 646299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2772", "title": "[Contribution to the etiologic diagnosis of hypertrichosis and hirsutism of functional origin in women during active genital life by statistical study of observations (author's transl)].", "content": "After a recall of the etiologies of hypertrichosis and hirsutism, a method of diagnosis limited to functional pathological cases, was established. Having 31 complete case reports of functional hirsutism or hypertrichosis in women whose diagnosis--ovarian dystrophy or corticosuprarenal hyperplasia--was confirmed, the authors established a decision procedure based on the confrontation of two criteria obtained with a discriminant analysis program. These criteria included a clinical examination (intensity and localization of pilosity) and the effect of dexamethasone blockade on two plasmatic steroids, i. e., 17-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone. The proposed diagnosis was furnished with a confidence index. 43 new cases confirmed the consistency between the clinical diagnosis and the automatic diagnosis.", "contents": "[Contribution to the etiologic diagnosis of hypertrichosis and hirsutism of functional origin in women during active genital life by statistical study of observations (author's transl)]. After a recall of the etiologies of hypertrichosis and hirsutism, a method of diagnosis limited to functional pathological cases, was established. Having 31 complete case reports of functional hirsutism or hypertrichosis in women whose diagnosis--ovarian dystrophy or corticosuprarenal hyperplasia--was confirmed, the authors established a decision procedure based on the confrontation of two criteria obtained with a discriminant analysis program. These criteria included a clinical examination (intensity and localization of pilosity) and the effect of dexamethasone blockade on two plasmatic steroids, i. e., 17-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone. The proposed diagnosis was furnished with a confidence index. 43 new cases confirmed the consistency between the clinical diagnosis and the automatic diagnosis.", "PMID": 646307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2773", "title": "[Anetodermic cutaneous changes above Malherbe's tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and histological anetoderma-like changes of the skin above Malherbe's tumor (pilomatricoma) may be of diagnostic value since they have been observed 5 times in a series of 22 consecutive cases. The histological study of 46 cases of Malherbe's tumor shows a high incidence of dermal atrophy and decrease of elastic fibers in reticular dermis above the tumor, a possible consequence of cellular infiltrates surrounding the tumor and seen in half our cases.", "contents": "[Anetodermic cutaneous changes above Malherbe's tumors (author's transl)]. Clinical and histological anetoderma-like changes of the skin above Malherbe's tumor (pilomatricoma) may be of diagnostic value since they have been observed 5 times in a series of 22 consecutive cases. The histological study of 46 cases of Malherbe's tumor shows a high incidence of dermal atrophy and decrease of elastic fibers in reticular dermis above the tumor, a possible consequence of cellular infiltrates surrounding the tumor and seen in half our cases.", "PMID": 646308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2774", "title": "[Piebaldism. Clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative study of achromic and normally pigmented skin of three piebald patients from two families is reported here. DOPA-positive cells were not seen in the achromic areas, but the number of ATPase sites appeared to be normal; therefore the assumption of the replacement of the melanocytes by Langerhans cells cannot be supported. Through electron microscope, Langerhans cells looked strictly normal. Melanosomes appeared reduced in size and some alterations were noticed in their shape and contents. Ultrastructurally, a more prominent change consisted in increased undefined clear cells in the achromic skin. These dendritic suprabasal cells were devoid of melanosomes or Langerhans granules and might represent undifferentiated melanocytes. These features were discussed according to previous literature.", "contents": "[Piebaldism. Clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of three cases (author's transl)]. Comparative study of achromic and normally pigmented skin of three piebald patients from two families is reported here. DOPA-positive cells were not seen in the achromic areas, but the number of ATPase sites appeared to be normal; therefore the assumption of the replacement of the melanocytes by Langerhans cells cannot be supported. Through electron microscope, Langerhans cells looked strictly normal. Melanosomes appeared reduced in size and some alterations were noticed in their shape and contents. Ultrastructurally, a more prominent change consisted in increased undefined clear cells in the achromic skin. These dendritic suprabasal cells were devoid of melanosomes or Langerhans granules and might represent undifferentiated melanocytes. These features were discussed according to previous literature.", "PMID": 646309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2775", "title": "[Dermatosis caused by bone graft material (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases of dermatosis caused by surgical implants are not infrequently observed. They are represented by many clinical forms. The pathology slides most often reveal a more or less dense dermal infiltration associated with signs of allergic angeitis. The pathophysiology is described as an intermediate or retarded hypersensibility or continuous non-specific antigen stimulation. The diagnosis is confirmed by the cure following removal of the surgical implants since the epicutaneous tests are not always fiable. We noted two patients whose clinical profile ressembled that of hematodermie.", "contents": "[Dermatosis caused by bone graft material (author's transl)]. Cases of dermatosis caused by surgical implants are not infrequently observed. They are represented by many clinical forms. The pathology slides most often reveal a more or less dense dermal infiltration associated with signs of allergic angeitis. The pathophysiology is described as an intermediate or retarded hypersensibility or continuous non-specific antigen stimulation. The diagnosis is confirmed by the cure following removal of the surgical implants since the epicutaneous tests are not always fiable. We noted two patients whose clinical profile ressembled that of hematodermie.", "PMID": 646311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2776", "title": "A new family of mathematical models describing the human growth curve.", "content": "A new family of mathematical functions to fit longitudinal growth data is described. All members derive from the differential equation dh/dt = s(t). (h1-h) where h1 is adult size and s(t) is a function of time. The form of s(t) is given by one of many functions, all solutions of differential equations, thus generating a family of different models. Three versions were compared. All were superior to previously described models. Model 1, in which s(t) was defined by ds/dt = (s1 - s)(s - s0) was especially accurate and robust, containing only five parameters to describe growth in stature from age two to maturity. Derived \"biological\" parameters such as Peak Height Velocity were very consistent between these three members of the family but, in some cases, differed signficantly from previous estimates.", "contents": "A new family of mathematical models describing the human growth curve. A new family of mathematical functions to fit longitudinal growth data is described. All members derive from the differential equation dh/dt = s(t). (h1-h) where h1 is adult size and s(t) is a function of time. The form of s(t) is given by one of many functions, all solutions of differential equations, thus generating a family of different models. Three versions were compared. All were superior to previously described models. Model 1, in which s(t) was defined by ds/dt = (s1 - s)(s - s0) was especially accurate and robust, containing only five parameters to describe growth in stature from age two to maturity. Derived \"biological\" parameters such as Peak Height Velocity were very consistent between these three members of the family but, in some cases, differed signficantly from previous estimates.", "PMID": 646321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2777", "title": "A method for studying shape change in children.", "content": "A method is given measuring shape change with age, utilizing two dimensional body outlines. Problems of standardization for overall size are discussed and it is shown how the method can be used to draw D'Arcy Thompson-type transformation grids. The method is applied to serial measurements on a girl from 31/2 to 19 years of age.", "contents": "A method for studying shape change in children. A method is given measuring shape change with age, utilizing two dimensional body outlines. Problems of standardization for overall size are discussed and it is shown how the method can be used to draw D'Arcy Thompson-type transformation grids. The method is applied to serial measurements on a girl from 31/2 to 19 years of age.", "PMID": 646322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2778", "title": "Tooth emergence in Australian Aboriginals.", "content": "Patterns of dental development in 125 Australian Aboriginal boys and girls, in a growth study at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia, were compared with Australians of European origin using mean tooth emergence curves constructed from the emergence times of right and left side permanent teeth. There were two active phases of tooth emergence separated by a quiescent period of 1.4 years in boys and 1.0 years in girls. Phase one included emergence of the first 12 teeth, that is the first permanent molars and all incisors; phase two included emergence of the canines, premolars and second molars. In Aboriginal girls most teeth emerged earlier than in boys. Compared with the European-descended, the Aboriginal children displayed earlier emergence of most teeth during phase two and a shorter quiescent period between the two phases, an emergence pattern similar to that reported in other non-European populations. In Aboriginals the process tooth emergence and subsequent alignment is aided by adequate space and compensatory bone growth growth in the alveolar regions. These factors, as well as the genetic differences between groups, contribute to the earlier emergence of teeth during phase two in the Aboriginal children.", "contents": "Tooth emergence in Australian Aboriginals. Patterns of dental development in 125 Australian Aboriginal boys and girls, in a growth study at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia, were compared with Australians of European origin using mean tooth emergence curves constructed from the emergence times of right and left side permanent teeth. There were two active phases of tooth emergence separated by a quiescent period of 1.4 years in boys and 1.0 years in girls. Phase one included emergence of the first 12 teeth, that is the first permanent molars and all incisors; phase two included emergence of the canines, premolars and second molars. In Aboriginal girls most teeth emerged earlier than in boys. Compared with the European-descended, the Aboriginal children displayed earlier emergence of most teeth during phase two and a shorter quiescent period between the two phases, an emergence pattern similar to that reported in other non-European populations. In Aboriginals the process tooth emergence and subsequent alignment is aided by adequate space and compensatory bone growth growth in the alveolar regions. These factors, as well as the genetic differences between groups, contribute to the earlier emergence of teeth during phase two in the Aboriginal children.", "PMID": 646323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2779", "title": "A step function model using tooth counts to assess the developmental timing of the dentition.", "content": "Step functions representing median attainment ages of successive counts on numbers of permanent teeth present in the mouth were obtained separately for 12 early-emerging teeth (I1, I2 and M1) and for 16 late-emerging teeth (C, Pm1, Pm2, and M2). Displacement of each step function to best fit of individual tooth counts defined the variation in dental maturation for early teeth and for late teeth. Moreover, differences in the displacements of the two-step functions defined individual variations in the duration of the emergence process.", "contents": "A step function model using tooth counts to assess the developmental timing of the dentition. Step functions representing median attainment ages of successive counts on numbers of permanent teeth present in the mouth were obtained separately for 12 early-emerging teeth (I1, I2 and M1) and for 16 late-emerging teeth (C, Pm1, Pm2, and M2). Displacement of each step function to best fit of individual tooth counts defined the variation in dental maturation for early teeth and for late teeth. Moreover, differences in the displacements of the two-step functions defined individual variations in the duration of the emergence process.", "PMID": 646324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2780", "title": "Size and shape differences among six South American Indian tribes.", "content": "Measurements of height, face height, nose height, nose breadth, head length and head breadth from individuals living in 17 villages of six South American Indian tribes were compared using Mahalanobis's morphological distances and their partition into size and shape components. Total D2 values correlate well with estimates of linguistic differentiation, but not with geographic distances between tribes. Three of the six tribes were also studied for blood polymorphisms, and again measures of distances based on these haematological traits did not correlate well with the morphological ones. The shape component was about three times as important as size in contributing to the intertribal variation.", "contents": "Size and shape differences among six South American Indian tribes. Measurements of height, face height, nose height, nose breadth, head length and head breadth from individuals living in 17 villages of six South American Indian tribes were compared using Mahalanobis's morphological distances and their partition into size and shape components. Total D2 values correlate well with estimates of linguistic differentiation, but not with geographic distances between tribes. Three of the six tribes were also studied for blood polymorphisms, and again measures of distances based on these haematological traits did not correlate well with the morphological ones. The shape component was about three times as important as size in contributing to the intertribal variation.", "PMID": 646325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2781", "title": "Combinations of cytotoxic agents that have less than expected toxicity on normal tissues in mice.", "content": "A pretreatment dose of cyclophosphamide reduced lethality caused by high doses of busulphan or cyclophosphamide. In the case of cyclophosphamide given prior to busulphan, increased survival could be attributed to greater regeneration of haemopoietic stem cells in animals that received the combined dose compared with those that received busulphan alone. The mechanism by which cyclophosphamide pretreatment increased the animals' tolerance to a large dose of cyclophosphamide has not yet been elucidated. However, the urothelium in mice given the combined treatment was much less damaged than the urothelium in mice given the large dose alone, and its a known that bladder damage is a major feature of toxicity in patients given high-dose cyclophosphamide. This sparing combination exerted its expected toxicity on Lewis lung tumours, however, and so provided a useful differential effect against tumour tissue.", "contents": "Combinations of cytotoxic agents that have less than expected toxicity on normal tissues in mice. A pretreatment dose of cyclophosphamide reduced lethality caused by high doses of busulphan or cyclophosphamide. In the case of cyclophosphamide given prior to busulphan, increased survival could be attributed to greater regeneration of haemopoietic stem cells in animals that received the combined dose compared with those that received busulphan alone. The mechanism by which cyclophosphamide pretreatment increased the animals' tolerance to a large dose of cyclophosphamide has not yet been elucidated. However, the urothelium in mice given the combined treatment was much less damaged than the urothelium in mice given the large dose alone, and its a known that bladder damage is a major feature of toxicity in patients given high-dose cyclophosphamide. This sparing combination exerted its expected toxicity on Lewis lung tumours, however, and so provided a useful differential effect against tumour tissue.", "PMID": 646327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2782", "title": "[Admixture in commercial tetracycline preparations].", "content": "The content of admixtures in tetracycline stored under different conditions was determined with chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Biological activity, toxicity and colour of the drugs was tested. The changes in teh colour of tetracycline most pronounced on its storage at a temperature of 37 degrees C and elevated humidity were not accompanied by an increase in the content of anhydrotetracyclines. In parallel with the changes in the colour of tetracycline, the loss of its biological activity up to 30 per cent and increased toxicity were registered. The LD50 decreased by 40 per cent as compared to the initial level. Simultaneously an additional spot with high chromatographic mobility (Rf 0.98--1.0) was detected on thin-layer chromatograms. It was shown that the processes of tetracycline degradation resulting in marked darkening of the drug colour were not accompanied by an increase in the content of anhydro admixtures. They were probably the result of accumulation of other products which are as highly toxic and low active as the anhydroderivatives of tetracycline.", "contents": "[Admixture in commercial tetracycline preparations]. The content of admixtures in tetracycline stored under different conditions was determined with chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Biological activity, toxicity and colour of the drugs was tested. The changes in teh colour of tetracycline most pronounced on its storage at a temperature of 37 degrees C and elevated humidity were not accompanied by an increase in the content of anhydrotetracyclines. In parallel with the changes in the colour of tetracycline, the loss of its biological activity up to 30 per cent and increased toxicity were registered. The LD50 decreased by 40 per cent as compared to the initial level. Simultaneously an additional spot with high chromatographic mobility (Rf 0.98--1.0) was detected on thin-layer chromatograms. It was shown that the processes of tetracycline degradation resulting in marked darkening of the drug colour were not accompanied by an increase in the content of anhydro admixtures. They were probably the result of accumulation of other products which are as highly toxic and low active as the anhydroderivatives of tetracycline.", "PMID": 646330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2783", "title": "[Experimental studies to set hygienic standards for benzylpenicillin in the air of a work area].", "content": "The character and level of benzylpenicillin toxic effect was studied in accordance with the methodic instruction for performance of the experiments on toxicological estimation and hygienic norms of antibiotics in the air of working areas in production premises. It was shown that the antibiotic was of low toxicity under conditions of a single exposure, did not cumulate and had no local irritating and resorbing effect. It was shown to be an allergen. Prolonged inhalation of benzylpenicillin in a concentration of 14 mg/m3 resulted in reversible changes in the function of the kidneys and liver of the animals, their sensitization and development of pronounced dysbacteriosis of the mouth and intestine mucosa. In a concentration of 1 mg/m3 benzylpenicillin had no general toxic and sensitizing effect but induced reversible changes in the normal autoflora. This allowed the authors to consider the above concentration to be maximum with respect to the antibacterial effect. On the basis of the experiments the maximum permissible norm (MPN) of the aerosol of benzylpenicillin disintegration was recommended at the level of 0.1 mg/m3.", "contents": "[Experimental studies to set hygienic standards for benzylpenicillin in the air of a work area]. The character and level of benzylpenicillin toxic effect was studied in accordance with the methodic instruction for performance of the experiments on toxicological estimation and hygienic norms of antibiotics in the air of working areas in production premises. It was shown that the antibiotic was of low toxicity under conditions of a single exposure, did not cumulate and had no local irritating and resorbing effect. It was shown to be an allergen. Prolonged inhalation of benzylpenicillin in a concentration of 14 mg/m3 resulted in reversible changes in the function of the kidneys and liver of the animals, their sensitization and development of pronounced dysbacteriosis of the mouth and intestine mucosa. In a concentration of 1 mg/m3 benzylpenicillin had no general toxic and sensitizing effect but induced reversible changes in the normal autoflora. This allowed the authors to consider the above concentration to be maximum with respect to the antibacterial effect. On the basis of the experiments the maximum permissible norm (MPN) of the aerosol of benzylpenicillin disintegration was recommended at the level of 0.1 mg/m3.", "PMID": 646331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2784", "title": "[Effect of industrial contact with grizin on nonspecific immunity factors].", "content": "Data on the dynamic examination of persons being in professional contact with grizin, an antibiotic used as a food additive are presented. It was shown that contact with grizin resulted in changes in the humoral, cell and barrier factors of the non-specific immunity. The trends of the changes and their manifestations were different depending on the age, period and contact level. The levels of lysozyme, absorption and digestion activity of the neutrophils provided differentiation of the adaptive reactions and phenomena of frustation in the compensatory mechanism. The methods used in the study allowed the authors to detect changes in the state of the nonspecific immunological reactivity of the persons being in contact with grizin before the appearance of the clinicaly pronounced forms of the pathology.", "contents": "[Effect of industrial contact with grizin on nonspecific immunity factors]. Data on the dynamic examination of persons being in professional contact with grizin, an antibiotic used as a food additive are presented. It was shown that contact with grizin resulted in changes in the humoral, cell and barrier factors of the non-specific immunity. The trends of the changes and their manifestations were different depending on the age, period and contact level. The levels of lysozyme, absorption and digestion activity of the neutrophils provided differentiation of the adaptive reactions and phenomena of frustation in the compensatory mechanism. The methods used in the study allowed the authors to detect changes in the state of the nonspecific immunological reactivity of the persons being in contact with grizin before the appearance of the clinicaly pronounced forms of the pathology.", "PMID": 646332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2785", "title": "[Combined action of aminoglycoside group antibiotics and bile acids on staphylococci].", "content": "The results of in vitro studies on the potentiating effect of cholic, taurocholic, glycocholic and desoxicholic acids on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics are presented. Ten fresh isolates of staphylococci were used in the experiments. Sensitivity of the isolates to the antibiotics and bile acids and their combinations was determined by the method of serial dilutions. Investigation of the combined effect of gentamicin, monomycin, kanamycin and neomycin with the bile acids showed that all of them had potentiating effect on the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotics. The potentiating effect of different acids and antibiotics was not the same. The highest potentiating activity was observed with the use of gentamicin or neomycin in combination with desoxycholic and cholic bile acids. Desoxycholic acid increased the bacteriostatic activity of gentamicin and neomycin by 781.3 and 2083.3 times respectively and cholic acid increased it by 382.7 and 2083.3 times. Cholic and desoxycholic acids potentiated also the bactericidal effect of gentamicin and neomycin. Taurocholic and glycocholic acids produced potentiation of various antibiotics by 8 to 60 times.", "contents": "[Combined action of aminoglycoside group antibiotics and bile acids on staphylococci]. The results of in vitro studies on the potentiating effect of cholic, taurocholic, glycocholic and desoxicholic acids on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics are presented. Ten fresh isolates of staphylococci were used in the experiments. Sensitivity of the isolates to the antibiotics and bile acids and their combinations was determined by the method of serial dilutions. Investigation of the combined effect of gentamicin, monomycin, kanamycin and neomycin with the bile acids showed that all of them had potentiating effect on the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotics. The potentiating effect of different acids and antibiotics was not the same. The highest potentiating activity was observed with the use of gentamicin or neomycin in combination with desoxycholic and cholic bile acids. Desoxycholic acid increased the bacteriostatic activity of gentamicin and neomycin by 781.3 and 2083.3 times respectively and cholic acid increased it by 382.7 and 2083.3 times. Cholic and desoxycholic acids potentiated also the bactericidal effect of gentamicin and neomycin. Taurocholic and glycocholic acids produced potentiation of various antibiotics by 8 to 60 times.", "PMID": 646333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2786", "title": "[Action of lincomycin, chymotrypsin and their combinations on the course of experimental staphylococcal infection].", "content": "The culture of Staphylococcus aureus was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of LD30 to albino mice. The animals of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups were treated with lincomycin, chymotripsin and combination of lincomycin with chymotripsin respectively. The animals of the 4th group were used as control and were not subjected to the treatment with the drugs. A part of the animals from every group was killed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and subsequent days and their organs were investigated microscopically and bacteriologically. It was found that staphylococci was isolated from the control mice during a 50-day period after inoculation. Complete liberation of the organs from the causative agent within 25 days from the beginning of the experiment was registered in the animals treated with lincomycin. Isolation of the staphylococci was over by the 27th day in the animals treated with chymotrypsin. Liberation of the organs from the causative agent by the 17th day was observed in the albino mice treated with the combination of lincomycin with chymotrypsin. The combined use of lincomycin with chymotrypsin proved to be most effective: no death was registered among the albino mice, the levels of the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance in the pathogenic staphylococci decreased.", "contents": "[Action of lincomycin, chymotrypsin and their combinations on the course of experimental staphylococcal infection]. The culture of Staphylococcus aureus was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of LD30 to albino mice. The animals of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups were treated with lincomycin, chymotripsin and combination of lincomycin with chymotripsin respectively. The animals of the 4th group were used as control and were not subjected to the treatment with the drugs. A part of the animals from every group was killed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and subsequent days and their organs were investigated microscopically and bacteriologically. It was found that staphylococci was isolated from the control mice during a 50-day period after inoculation. Complete liberation of the organs from the causative agent within 25 days from the beginning of the experiment was registered in the animals treated with lincomycin. Isolation of the staphylococci was over by the 27th day in the animals treated with chymotrypsin. Liberation of the organs from the causative agent by the 17th day was observed in the albino mice treated with the combination of lincomycin with chymotrypsin. The combined use of lincomycin with chymotrypsin proved to be most effective: no death was registered among the albino mice, the levels of the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance in the pathogenic staphylococci decreased.", "PMID": 646334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2787", "title": "[Experimental study of the organotropic properties of dactinomycin].", "content": "Dactinomycin was studied pharmacologically on experimental animals. When dactinomycin was administered to the test-animals in doses close to the therapeutic ones for humans, suppression of the bone marrow blood formation was registered in spite of some increase in the number of the reticulocytes and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood and acceleration of the process of blood coagulation. In addition, the urea nitrogen blood levels increased. When the drug was administered in higher doses, suppression of the bone marrow blood formation was pronounced and the number of the leucocytes, reticulocytes and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood decreased. The rate of the blood coagulation decreased, while the biochemical values of the blood were indicative of impairement of the liver and kidney functions.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the organotropic properties of dactinomycin]. Dactinomycin was studied pharmacologically on experimental animals. When dactinomycin was administered to the test-animals in doses close to the therapeutic ones for humans, suppression of the bone marrow blood formation was registered in spite of some increase in the number of the reticulocytes and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood and acceleration of the process of blood coagulation. In addition, the urea nitrogen blood levels increased. When the drug was administered in higher doses, suppression of the bone marrow blood formation was pronounced and the number of the leucocytes, reticulocytes and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood decreased. The rate of the blood coagulation decreased, while the biochemical values of the blood were indicative of impairement of the liver and kidney functions.", "PMID": 646336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2788", "title": "[Role of the adrenal glands in the cytostatic action mechanism of antitumor antibiotics].", "content": "The state of the steroidogenic function of the adrenal glands, lipid spectrum of the adrenal gland tissue and metabolism rate of 11-oxycorticosteroids (11-OCS) in the liver tissue and their levels in the blood plasma were studied on rats after a single administration of karminomycin in a dose of LD50 (1.55 mg/kg). The hormones of the adrenal cortex were shown to play a definite role in the mechanism of the karminomycin damaging effect. Dependence of the changes on the time of the drug effect was noted. The shifts were of a reversible character. No direct toxic damages in the tissue of the adrenal glands were observed. Only an increase in the 11-OCS blood levels and a decrease in the steroid metabolism in the liver tissue were shown. The latter must be due to the direct cytotoxic effect of karminomycin on the tissue of this organ.", "contents": "[Role of the adrenal glands in the cytostatic action mechanism of antitumor antibiotics]. The state of the steroidogenic function of the adrenal glands, lipid spectrum of the adrenal gland tissue and metabolism rate of 11-oxycorticosteroids (11-OCS) in the liver tissue and their levels in the blood plasma were studied on rats after a single administration of karminomycin in a dose of LD50 (1.55 mg/kg). The hormones of the adrenal cortex were shown to play a definite role in the mechanism of the karminomycin damaging effect. Dependence of the changes on the time of the drug effect was noted. The shifts were of a reversible character. No direct toxic damages in the tissue of the adrenal glands were observed. Only an increase in the 11-OCS blood levels and a decrease in the steroid metabolism in the liver tissue were shown. The latter must be due to the direct cytotoxic effect of karminomycin on the tissue of this organ.", "PMID": 646337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2789", "title": "Reversible inhibition of cellular metabolism by ribavirin.", "content": "The broad spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin (Virazole, 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) inhibits cellular macromolecular synthesis as well as cell division in eucaryotic cells. The concentration and time dependence have been studied. One-hour treatment with 25 muM ribavirin or 18 h with 2 muM inhibited the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis to 50%. Higher concentrations of ribavirin were required to obtain a similar inhibition of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. This effect on cell metabolism and cell division can be reversed by removing the drug from the cells.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of cellular metabolism by ribavirin. The broad spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin (Virazole, 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) inhibits cellular macromolecular synthesis as well as cell division in eucaryotic cells. The concentration and time dependence have been studied. One-hour treatment with 25 muM ribavirin or 18 h with 2 muM inhibited the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis to 50%. Higher concentrations of ribavirin were required to obtain a similar inhibition of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. This effect on cell metabolism and cell division can be reversed by removing the drug from the cells.", "PMID": 646339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2790", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of mezlocillin.", "content": "Mezlocillin is a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin that has shown encouraging in vitro activity against the infecting organisms most likely to cause mortality and morbidity in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The serum clearances and urine recoveries of mezlocillin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin were compared after the intravenous administration of single 3-g doses. The peak mean serum concentrations of mezlocillin and carbenicillin were 269 and 278 mug/ml, respectively, whereas the peak ampicillin level was lower at 167 mug/ml. The terminal half-life of mezlocillin, 66 min, was not significantly different from those of ampicillin and carbencillin (63 and 77 min, respectively). Recoveries of mezlocillin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin from urine over 6-h periods after drug dosage were 45, 61, and 80%, respectively. A further study in 11 cancer patients examined serum maintenance levels of mezlocillin when 3-g doses were given intravenously every 4 h for at least 7 consecutive days. After 3 days of therapy, the mean serum concentrations were maintained above 50 mug/ml. Although therapeutic efficacy was not an objective of this study, all of three documented bacterial infections were cured, and no serious toxicity was encountered.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of mezlocillin. Mezlocillin is a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin that has shown encouraging in vitro activity against the infecting organisms most likely to cause mortality and morbidity in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The serum clearances and urine recoveries of mezlocillin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin were compared after the intravenous administration of single 3-g doses. The peak mean serum concentrations of mezlocillin and carbenicillin were 269 and 278 mug/ml, respectively, whereas the peak ampicillin level was lower at 167 mug/ml. The terminal half-life of mezlocillin, 66 min, was not significantly different from those of ampicillin and carbencillin (63 and 77 min, respectively). Recoveries of mezlocillin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin from urine over 6-h periods after drug dosage were 45, 61, and 80%, respectively. A further study in 11 cancer patients examined serum maintenance levels of mezlocillin when 3-g doses were given intravenously every 4 h for at least 7 consecutive days. After 3 days of therapy, the mean serum concentrations were maintained above 50 mug/ml. Although therapeutic efficacy was not an objective of this study, all of three documented bacterial infections were cured, and no serious toxicity was encountered.", "PMID": 646340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2791", "title": "Synthesis and antibiotic properties of chloramphenicol reduction products.", "content": "Analogs of chloramphenicol were prepared for the first time in which the nitro group was replaced by hydroxylamine, nitroso, hydroxamic acid, methyl hydroxamate, and O-acetyl hydroxamate functional groups. These compounds were tested for antibiotic activity in order to determine whether the antibiotic activity of chloramphenicol is mediated by one or more of these potential metabolites of chloramphenicol. None of these analogs was as active as chloramphenicol against the four test organisms, and two of the compounds were essentially devoid of activity. The significance of these findings with regard to the importance of the nitro group to the biological activity of chloramphenicol is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibiotic properties of chloramphenicol reduction products. Analogs of chloramphenicol were prepared for the first time in which the nitro group was replaced by hydroxylamine, nitroso, hydroxamic acid, methyl hydroxamate, and O-acetyl hydroxamate functional groups. These compounds were tested for antibiotic activity in order to determine whether the antibiotic activity of chloramphenicol is mediated by one or more of these potential metabolites of chloramphenicol. None of these analogs was as active as chloramphenicol against the four test organisms, and two of the compounds were essentially devoid of activity. The significance of these findings with regard to the importance of the nitro group to the biological activity of chloramphenicol is discussed.", "PMID": 646341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2792", "title": "Use of high-pressure liquid chromatography to determine plasma levels of metronidazole and metabolites after intravenous administration.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography assay for metronidazole and its two principle metabolites, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl-2-hydroxymethyl)-5-nitro-imidazole [hydroxy metabolite] and 1-acetic acid-2-methyl-5-metronidazole [acid metabolite], was developed. The retention times observed were 5.7, 3.3, and 4.5 min, respectively. A reverse-phase muC(18) Bondapak column using a solvent system of methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.005 M pH 4 potassium dihydrogen phosphate (4:3:93, vol/vol) was used to achieve separation of the three compounds. Patients receiving metronidazole therapy were given a loading dose of 13.6 mg of drug per kg intravenously over 1 h, followed by a maintenance dose of 1.43 mg/kg per h. The range of metronidazole concentrations observed was 6.8 to 47.5 mug/ml. These levels are well above the minimal inhibitory concentrations of most clinically significant anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis. Little of the acid metabolite was observed in the plasma. The concentration of hydroxy metabolite ranged from 1.6 to 16 mug/ml. The latter may represent an additional source of antimicrobial activity since the hydroxy metabolite has approximately 30% the biological activity of metronidazole.", "contents": "Use of high-pressure liquid chromatography to determine plasma levels of metronidazole and metabolites after intravenous administration. A rapid and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography assay for metronidazole and its two principle metabolites, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl-2-hydroxymethyl)-5-nitro-imidazole [hydroxy metabolite] and 1-acetic acid-2-methyl-5-metronidazole [acid metabolite], was developed. The retention times observed were 5.7, 3.3, and 4.5 min, respectively. A reverse-phase muC(18) Bondapak column using a solvent system of methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.005 M pH 4 potassium dihydrogen phosphate (4:3:93, vol/vol) was used to achieve separation of the three compounds. Patients receiving metronidazole therapy were given a loading dose of 13.6 mg of drug per kg intravenously over 1 h, followed by a maintenance dose of 1.43 mg/kg per h. The range of metronidazole concentrations observed was 6.8 to 47.5 mug/ml. These levels are well above the minimal inhibitory concentrations of most clinically significant anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis. Little of the acid metabolite was observed in the plasma. The concentration of hydroxy metabolite ranged from 1.6 to 16 mug/ml. The latter may represent an additional source of antimicrobial activity since the hydroxy metabolite has approximately 30% the biological activity of metronidazole.", "PMID": 646342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2793", "title": "In vitro activity of cefaclor against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Cefaclor (CCL), a new cephalosporin, was tested in vitro against 602 (271 anaerobic and 331 aerobic) clinical isolates in comparison with cephalothin, cefazolin, cephradine, and cefamandole. Sixteen micrograms of CCL per ml inhibited 68% of all aerobes tested and 80% of the 211 enteropathogenic organisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella) isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea. CCL inhibited 88% of gram-positive anaerobic cocci and 72% of Bacteroides other than B. fragilis at a concentration of 16 mug/ml. B. fragilis and Clostridia were resistant to CCL. Increased inoculum of E. coli from 10(5) to 10(9) increased the minimal inhibitory concentration of CCL and cefamandole by fourfold against 7 of the 64 strains tested. All seven were beta-lactamase negative. No antimicrobial synergism was noted between CCL and penicillin. The in vitro efficacy of CCL, an oral cephalosporin, against enteropathogenic E. coli, if proven safe, may be tested in vivo against such infections.", "contents": "In vitro activity of cefaclor against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cefaclor (CCL), a new cephalosporin, was tested in vitro against 602 (271 anaerobic and 331 aerobic) clinical isolates in comparison with cephalothin, cefazolin, cephradine, and cefamandole. Sixteen micrograms of CCL per ml inhibited 68% of all aerobes tested and 80% of the 211 enteropathogenic organisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella) isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea. CCL inhibited 88% of gram-positive anaerobic cocci and 72% of Bacteroides other than B. fragilis at a concentration of 16 mug/ml. B. fragilis and Clostridia were resistant to CCL. Increased inoculum of E. coli from 10(5) to 10(9) increased the minimal inhibitory concentration of CCL and cefamandole by fourfold against 7 of the 64 strains tested. All seven were beta-lactamase negative. No antimicrobial synergism was noted between CCL and penicillin. The in vitro efficacy of CCL, an oral cephalosporin, against enteropathogenic E. coli, if proven safe, may be tested in vivo against such infections.", "PMID": 646343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2794", "title": "Quantitation of antibiotics by high-pressure liquid chromatography: cephalothin.", "content": "A technique for quantitative determination of cephalothin and desacetylcephalothin in serum using a method based on high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. Both compounds were quantitatively extracted from serum by using dimethylformamide. After separation of the drugs by reverse-phase chromatography and detection by ultraviolet light absorption at 254 nm, serum concentrations of cephalothin and desacetylcephalothin as low as 1.0 mug/ml were measured. No interfering absorption was found in extracts of serum samples from normal humans or patients receiving a variety of other drugs, including other antimicrobial agents. Serum specimens obtained after an intravenous infusion of cephalothin to two human subjects and three dogs were assayed by the chemical and microbiological assays. When values, as determined by the chemical method and the microbiological assay in samples from human subjects, were compared, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.96, whereas, in the dogs, the r value was 0.79. The chemical procedure described in this report for determination of cephalothin and desacetylcephalothin permits future pharmacokinetic investigations of these compounds. This assay is sensitive, specific, accurate, and rapid (approximately 30 min), and appears suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "Quantitation of antibiotics by high-pressure liquid chromatography: cephalothin. A technique for quantitative determination of cephalothin and desacetylcephalothin in serum using a method based on high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. Both compounds were quantitatively extracted from serum by using dimethylformamide. After separation of the drugs by reverse-phase chromatography and detection by ultraviolet light absorption at 254 nm, serum concentrations of cephalothin and desacetylcephalothin as low as 1.0 mug/ml were measured. No interfering absorption was found in extracts of serum samples from normal humans or patients receiving a variety of other drugs, including other antimicrobial agents. Serum specimens obtained after an intravenous infusion of cephalothin to two human subjects and three dogs were assayed by the chemical and microbiological assays. When values, as determined by the chemical method and the microbiological assay in samples from human subjects, were compared, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.96, whereas, in the dogs, the r value was 0.79. The chemical procedure described in this report for determination of cephalothin and desacetylcephalothin permits future pharmacokinetic investigations of these compounds. This assay is sensitive, specific, accurate, and rapid (approximately 30 min), and appears suitable for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 646344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2795", "title": "Diffusion disk susceptibility testing with cefaclor.", "content": "The reliability of the standardized 30-mug cephalothin disk and that of an experimental 30-mug cefaclor disk in predicting probable clinical susceptibility to cefaclor were compared. Quantitative determinations of cefaclor susceptibility were measured by the World Health Organization International Collaborative Study agar dilution procedure; diffusion disk tests were performed by the standardized U.S. Food and Drug Administration disk test. The cephalothin disk erred in predicting probable susceptibility in 52% of isolates of Enterococcus spp. resistant to 16 mug or less of cefaclor per ml; the cefaclor disk did not. The cephalothin disk erred in correctly predicting susceptibility in only 20% of cefaclor-susceptible isolates of Enterobacter spp.; the cefaclor disk correctly predicted susceptibility for 70%. These results indicate the need for further evaluation of a separate cefaclor disk for use in susceptibility testing with this new cephalosporin.", "contents": "Diffusion disk susceptibility testing with cefaclor. The reliability of the standardized 30-mug cephalothin disk and that of an experimental 30-mug cefaclor disk in predicting probable clinical susceptibility to cefaclor were compared. Quantitative determinations of cefaclor susceptibility were measured by the World Health Organization International Collaborative Study agar dilution procedure; diffusion disk tests were performed by the standardized U.S. Food and Drug Administration disk test. The cephalothin disk erred in predicting probable susceptibility in 52% of isolates of Enterococcus spp. resistant to 16 mug or less of cefaclor per ml; the cefaclor disk did not. The cephalothin disk erred in correctly predicting susceptibility in only 20% of cefaclor-susceptible isolates of Enterobacter spp.; the cefaclor disk correctly predicted susceptibility for 70%. These results indicate the need for further evaluation of a separate cefaclor disk for use in susceptibility testing with this new cephalosporin.", "PMID": 646345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2796", "title": "In vitro response to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamicin, and beta-lactamase production by halophilic Vibrios from human and environmental sources.", "content": "Isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus from human and environmental sources were examined for antibiotic susceptibility by the methods of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in broth and agar diffusion. These strains were found to be almost uniformly susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline within attainable serum levels. The relationships of zone sizes to MICs for these two antimicrobial agents and ampicillin conformed essentially to those obtained by standard methods with gram-negative rods. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin and exhibited beta-lactamase activity, which accounted for this resistance. Nine of 30 V. alginolyticus strains from environmental sources were ampicillin resistant but did not produce measurable amounts of beta-lactamase. Three strains exhibited multiresistance to high concentrations of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin, which suggests the presence of plasmids. Although the great majority of vibrios appeared to be susceptible to gentamicin by agar diffusion, susceptibility could not be measured by MIC because the added NaCl, required for growth by the halophilic vibrios, diminished gentamicin activity.", "contents": "In vitro response to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamicin, and beta-lactamase production by halophilic Vibrios from human and environmental sources. Isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus from human and environmental sources were examined for antibiotic susceptibility by the methods of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in broth and agar diffusion. These strains were found to be almost uniformly susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline within attainable serum levels. The relationships of zone sizes to MICs for these two antimicrobial agents and ampicillin conformed essentially to those obtained by standard methods with gram-negative rods. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin and exhibited beta-lactamase activity, which accounted for this resistance. Nine of 30 V. alginolyticus strains from environmental sources were ampicillin resistant but did not produce measurable amounts of beta-lactamase. Three strains exhibited multiresistance to high concentrations of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin, which suggests the presence of plasmids. Although the great majority of vibrios appeared to be susceptible to gentamicin by agar diffusion, susceptibility could not be measured by MIC because the added NaCl, required for growth by the halophilic vibrios, diminished gentamicin activity.", "PMID": 646346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2797", "title": "Turbidimetric studies of growth inhibition of yeasts with three drugs: inquiry into inoculum-dependent susceptibility testing, time of onset of drug effect, and implications for current and newer methods.", "content": "Susceptibility testing with the broth-dilution visual end-point method is inoculum dependent with miconazole and 5-fluorocystosine, but not with amphotericin B. Turbidimetric measurements of yeast growth in the presence of antifungal drugs were therefore performed. With miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine, over the range of concentrations studied, growth occurred until a plateau phase was reached. With drug present prior to log phase growth, a delayed onset of effect was noted which was proportional to the generation time of the organism. With amphotericin B, in contrast, there was sharp transition with increasing drug concentration from no inhibition to complete arrest of growth, and no relation of onset of effect to generation time. These findings provide a possible explanation of inoculum dependence; i.e., at higher inocula, partially inhibited but growing yeasts become visible at higher drug concentrations. Supporting evidence derives from observations with different starting inocula, varying time of reading end points, and other methods of studying growth inhibition. The delay in miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine effect described suggests that rapid methods of susceptibility testing should be utilized with cultures already in log phase.", "contents": "Turbidimetric studies of growth inhibition of yeasts with three drugs: inquiry into inoculum-dependent susceptibility testing, time of onset of drug effect, and implications for current and newer methods. Susceptibility testing with the broth-dilution visual end-point method is inoculum dependent with miconazole and 5-fluorocystosine, but not with amphotericin B. Turbidimetric measurements of yeast growth in the presence of antifungal drugs were therefore performed. With miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine, over the range of concentrations studied, growth occurred until a plateau phase was reached. With drug present prior to log phase growth, a delayed onset of effect was noted which was proportional to the generation time of the organism. With amphotericin B, in contrast, there was sharp transition with increasing drug concentration from no inhibition to complete arrest of growth, and no relation of onset of effect to generation time. These findings provide a possible explanation of inoculum dependence; i.e., at higher inocula, partially inhibited but growing yeasts become visible at higher drug concentrations. Supporting evidence derives from observations with different starting inocula, varying time of reading end points, and other methods of studying growth inhibition. The delay in miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine effect described suggests that rapid methods of susceptibility testing should be utilized with cultures already in log phase.", "PMID": 646347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2798", "title": "Amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B were studied in two patients at the conclusion of long-term therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis. The distribution kinetics of this drug were adequately described by a three-compartment mamillary model with a total distribution volume averaging 4 liters/kg. The elimination phase half-life of amphotericin B was approximately 15 days, reflecting slow release of amphotericin B from a peripheral compartment. In accordance with previous reports, renal excretion accounted for only 3% of total amphotericin B elimination. The pharmacokinetic model for one of the patients also was used to compare the simulated amphotericin B serum levels that would be expected if initial therapy followed two recommended regimens.", "contents": "Amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in humans. The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B were studied in two patients at the conclusion of long-term therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis. The distribution kinetics of this drug were adequately described by a three-compartment mamillary model with a total distribution volume averaging 4 liters/kg. The elimination phase half-life of amphotericin B was approximately 15 days, reflecting slow release of amphotericin B from a peripheral compartment. In accordance with previous reports, renal excretion accounted for only 3% of total amphotericin B elimination. The pharmacokinetic model for one of the patients also was used to compare the simulated amphotericin B serum levels that would be expected if initial therapy followed two recommended regimens.", "PMID": 646348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2799", "title": "Isolation of beta-lactamase from a penicillin-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "It is generally accepted that strains of Staphylococcus aureus which are susceptible to penicillin G do not produce beta-lactamase. However, we have found that such a strain susceptible to 0.06 mug of penicillin per ml and 0.56 mug of methicillin per ml produces beta-lactamase(s) which hydrolyzes penicillin G, methicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and probably cephaloridine. The enzyme which is found only during very early log phase of the growth cycle is not inducible either by penicillin or methicillin and is cell bound and liberated only by disruption of the cell. The rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of methicillin was 60% that of benzylpenicillin. This finding suggests that the elaboration per se of beta-lactamase does not necessarily afford resistance to penicillin in this gram-positive-producing cell.", "contents": "Isolation of beta-lactamase from a penicillin-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus. It is generally accepted that strains of Staphylococcus aureus which are susceptible to penicillin G do not produce beta-lactamase. However, we have found that such a strain susceptible to 0.06 mug of penicillin per ml and 0.56 mug of methicillin per ml produces beta-lactamase(s) which hydrolyzes penicillin G, methicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and probably cephaloridine. The enzyme which is found only during very early log phase of the growth cycle is not inducible either by penicillin or methicillin and is cell bound and liberated only by disruption of the cell. The rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of methicillin was 60% that of benzylpenicillin. This finding suggests that the elaboration per se of beta-lactamase does not necessarily afford resistance to penicillin in this gram-positive-producing cell.", "PMID": 646349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2800", "title": "Evaluation of miconazole therapy in experimental disseminated candidiasis in laboratory rats.", "content": "Miconazole, a broad-spectrum antimycotic agent with some antibacterial activity, has recently become available for experimental parenteral use in the United States. Its efficacy as an anticandidal drug was tested in adult Wistar rats. A previously established infectious dose of 5 x 10(6)Candida albicans was intravenously injected into 250- to 300-g animals. This dose was fatal to 95% (20/21) of placebo-treated control animals within the 2-week postinfection observation period. Only 4% (2/53) of rats receiving intramuscular miconazole treatment died. Miconazole therapy in Candida-infected rats at a dosage of 50 mg/kg per day resulted in 85% survival, and, although 100 mg/kg per day was 100% efficacious, it was a relatively large volume to give intramuscularly to a rat. Therefore, 75 mg/kg per day was used as a therapeutic dose, and it gave favorable results in this study. Histological examination of all placebo-treated animals revealed C. albicans and a marked inflammatory response in the kidney, brain, and heart. C. albicans organisms were observed to be very prominent in these tissues by using the Gomori methenamine silver stain, and were cultured from these organs. Miconazole-treated rats that were killed after surviving the 2-week observation period had minimal histopathological changes, and the organisms present did not exhibit the same staining characteristics, nor were they isolated like those in the placebo-treated group. Miconazole appears to be an efficacious drug for parenteral therapy, as demonstrated in this reproducible model of disseminated candidiasis in laboratory rats, and more extensive experimental studies are indicated.", "contents": "Evaluation of miconazole therapy in experimental disseminated candidiasis in laboratory rats. Miconazole, a broad-spectrum antimycotic agent with some antibacterial activity, has recently become available for experimental parenteral use in the United States. Its efficacy as an anticandidal drug was tested in adult Wistar rats. A previously established infectious dose of 5 x 10(6)Candida albicans was intravenously injected into 250- to 300-g animals. This dose was fatal to 95% (20/21) of placebo-treated control animals within the 2-week postinfection observation period. Only 4% (2/53) of rats receiving intramuscular miconazole treatment died. Miconazole therapy in Candida-infected rats at a dosage of 50 mg/kg per day resulted in 85% survival, and, although 100 mg/kg per day was 100% efficacious, it was a relatively large volume to give intramuscularly to a rat. Therefore, 75 mg/kg per day was used as a therapeutic dose, and it gave favorable results in this study. Histological examination of all placebo-treated animals revealed C. albicans and a marked inflammatory response in the kidney, brain, and heart. C. albicans organisms were observed to be very prominent in these tissues by using the Gomori methenamine silver stain, and were cultured from these organs. Miconazole-treated rats that were killed after surviving the 2-week observation period had minimal histopathological changes, and the organisms present did not exhibit the same staining characteristics, nor were they isolated like those in the placebo-treated group. Miconazole appears to be an efficacious drug for parenteral therapy, as demonstrated in this reproducible model of disseminated candidiasis in laboratory rats, and more extensive experimental studies are indicated.", "PMID": 646350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2801", "title": "Mechanism of transferable resistance to chloramphenicol in Haemophilus parainfluenzae.", "content": "A clinical isolate of Haemophilus parainfluenzae resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline transferred both cam and tet determinants to Escherichia coli K-12 during mixed cultivation on solid media irrespective of the selection employed. The doubly resistant transconjugant was found to contain levels of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) comparable to those found in R plasmid-bearing chloramphenicol-resistant enteric bacteria. Purification of CAT from the transconjugant was achieved by affinity chromatography, and the electrophoretically homogeneous protein was compared with previously characterized CAT variants specified by R plasmids. Although the CAT associated with cam from H. parainfluenzae was found to be distinct from the three types described previously, its N-terminal peptide amino acid sequence was identical with that determined for a type II CAT. Attempts to demonstrate covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid in the H. parainfluenzae donor and the E. coli transconjugant were unsuccessful. The cam and tet determinants were nontransmissible from E. coli but could be cotransferred following the introduction of a suitable conjugative plasmid.", "contents": "Mechanism of transferable resistance to chloramphenicol in Haemophilus parainfluenzae. A clinical isolate of Haemophilus parainfluenzae resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline transferred both cam and tet determinants to Escherichia coli K-12 during mixed cultivation on solid media irrespective of the selection employed. The doubly resistant transconjugant was found to contain levels of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) comparable to those found in R plasmid-bearing chloramphenicol-resistant enteric bacteria. Purification of CAT from the transconjugant was achieved by affinity chromatography, and the electrophoretically homogeneous protein was compared with previously characterized CAT variants specified by R plasmids. Although the CAT associated with cam from H. parainfluenzae was found to be distinct from the three types described previously, its N-terminal peptide amino acid sequence was identical with that determined for a type II CAT. Attempts to demonstrate covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid in the H. parainfluenzae donor and the E. coli transconjugant were unsuccessful. The cam and tet determinants were nontransmissible from E. coli but could be cotransferred following the introduction of a suitable conjugative plasmid.", "PMID": 646351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2802", "title": "Acute toxicity of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes in one-day-old broiler chicks.", "content": "Acute toxic effects of several 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes were investigated in 1-day-old broiler chicks by single oral doses. The 7-day median lethal dose values of purified 8-acetylneosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, deacetyl-HT-2 toxin, and T-2 tetraol were 3.22 +/- 0.26, 3.82 +/- 0.40, 4.97 +/- 0.44, 7.22 +/- 0.39, 24.87 +/- 2.64, 30.18 +/- 7.53 (incomplete value), and 33.79 +/- 5.39 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Deaths occurred during the 8- to 60-h period after dosing with the tested trichothecenes. Within 4 to 10 h after dosing, inappetence, asthenia, diarrhea, and coma generally developed. Sublethal doses of each toxin decreased feed consumption and weight gain proportionally with the amounts of toxins administered. These results demonstrate that the toxic potency of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes varies depending on the modification of side chains in the molecule.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes in one-day-old broiler chicks. Acute toxic effects of several 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes were investigated in 1-day-old broiler chicks by single oral doses. The 7-day median lethal dose values of purified 8-acetylneosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, deacetyl-HT-2 toxin, and T-2 tetraol were 3.22 +/- 0.26, 3.82 +/- 0.40, 4.97 +/- 0.44, 7.22 +/- 0.39, 24.87 +/- 2.64, 30.18 +/- 7.53 (incomplete value), and 33.79 +/- 5.39 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Deaths occurred during the 8- to 60-h period after dosing with the tested trichothecenes. Within 4 to 10 h after dosing, inappetence, asthenia, diarrhea, and coma generally developed. Sublethal doses of each toxin decreased feed consumption and weight gain proportionally with the amounts of toxins administered. These results demonstrate that the toxic potency of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes varies depending on the modification of side chains in the molecule.", "PMID": 646352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2803", "title": "Molds on vegetables at the time of harvest.", "content": "The mean numbers of colony-forming units of molds present on vegetables at the time of harvest were in the range of 4.2 X 10(3) to 6.7 X 10(3)/g for all vegetables except cucurbits and asparagus. The numbers were not influenced by cultivars within species, duration of the growing season, distant separation of the growing fields, or elevation above ground. Numbers increased with rainfall during either of 3 days before harvest and decreased when the mean daily temperature exceeded 24 degrees C. The most frequently isolated fungi were Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium species, Alternaria tenuis, Epicoccum nigrum, Mucor species, Chaetomium fimeti, Rhizopus nigricans, and Phoma species, in decreasing order. All other molds comprised less than 2% of the isolates. Aspergilli and penicillia occurred sporadically and in low numbers. Fusarium species were dominant on cucurbits.", "contents": "Molds on vegetables at the time of harvest. The mean numbers of colony-forming units of molds present on vegetables at the time of harvest were in the range of 4.2 X 10(3) to 6.7 X 10(3)/g for all vegetables except cucurbits and asparagus. The numbers were not influenced by cultivars within species, duration of the growing season, distant separation of the growing fields, or elevation above ground. Numbers increased with rainfall during either of 3 days before harvest and decreased when the mean daily temperature exceeded 24 degrees C. The most frequently isolated fungi were Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium species, Alternaria tenuis, Epicoccum nigrum, Mucor species, Chaetomium fimeti, Rhizopus nigricans, and Phoma species, in decreasing order. All other molds comprised less than 2% of the isolates. Aspergilli and penicillia occurred sporadically and in low numbers. Fusarium species were dominant on cucurbits.", "PMID": 646353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2804", "title": "Nonsporing, anaerobic, gram-positive rods in saliva and the gingival crevice of humans.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative examination of anaerobically isolated flora of the gingival crevice and saliva was carried out. It was found that half the organisms were anaerobes and that there were twice as many gram-positive organisms as there were gram-negative ones. Rods were predominant in the gingival crevice (60.5%) and cocci in saliva (69.1%). Of the total organisms, nonsporing, gram-positive anaerobic rods accounted for 24% in the gingival crevice and 9.7% in saliva. These organisms were characterized on the basis of the type of fatty acids produced from glucose and various biochemical reactions. They belonged to the following genera: Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Arachnia, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium. Bifidobacteria were present only in saliva. Although members of the other genera were present both in the gingival crevice and saliva, there were considerable differences in the proportion of any particular organism (in relation to the total anaerobic viable count) between the two sites. The result of this study also indicates a greater than previously appreciated level of Propionibacterium and Arachnia in the human mouth.", "contents": "Nonsporing, anaerobic, gram-positive rods in saliva and the gingival crevice of humans. Quantitative and qualitative examination of anaerobically isolated flora of the gingival crevice and saliva was carried out. It was found that half the organisms were anaerobes and that there were twice as many gram-positive organisms as there were gram-negative ones. Rods were predominant in the gingival crevice (60.5%) and cocci in saliva (69.1%). Of the total organisms, nonsporing, gram-positive anaerobic rods accounted for 24% in the gingival crevice and 9.7% in saliva. These organisms were characterized on the basis of the type of fatty acids produced from glucose and various biochemical reactions. They belonged to the following genera: Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Arachnia, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium. Bifidobacteria were present only in saliva. Although members of the other genera were present both in the gingival crevice and saliva, there were considerable differences in the proportion of any particular organism (in relation to the total anaerobic viable count) between the two sites. The result of this study also indicates a greater than previously appreciated level of Propionibacterium and Arachnia in the human mouth.", "PMID": 646354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2805", "title": "Bacterial oxidation of polyethylene glycol.", "content": "The metabolism of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was investigated with a synergistic, mixed culture of Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas species, which are individually unable to utilize PEGs. The PEG dehydrogenase linked with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol was found in the particulate fraction of sonic extracts and catalyzed the formation of a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-positive compound, possibly an an aldehyde. The enzyme has a wide substrate specificity towards PEGs: from diethylene glycol to PEG 20,000 Km values for tetraethylene glycol (TEG), PEG 400, and PEG 6,000 were 11, 1.7, and 15 mM, respectively. The metabolic products formed from TEG by intact cells were isolated and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as triethylene glycol and TEG-monocarboxylic acid plus small amounts of TEG-dicarboxylic acid, diethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol. From these enzymatic and analytical data, the following metabolic pathway was proposed for PEG: HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH leads to HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CHO leads to HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2COOH leads to HO(CH2CH2O)n-1CH2CH2OH.", "contents": "Bacterial oxidation of polyethylene glycol. The metabolism of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was investigated with a synergistic, mixed culture of Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas species, which are individually unable to utilize PEGs. The PEG dehydrogenase linked with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol was found in the particulate fraction of sonic extracts and catalyzed the formation of a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-positive compound, possibly an an aldehyde. The enzyme has a wide substrate specificity towards PEGs: from diethylene glycol to PEG 20,000 Km values for tetraethylene glycol (TEG), PEG 400, and PEG 6,000 were 11, 1.7, and 15 mM, respectively. The metabolic products formed from TEG by intact cells were isolated and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as triethylene glycol and TEG-monocarboxylic acid plus small amounts of TEG-dicarboxylic acid, diethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol. From these enzymatic and analytical data, the following metabolic pathway was proposed for PEG: HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH leads to HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CHO leads to HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2COOH leads to HO(CH2CH2O)n-1CH2CH2OH.", "PMID": 646355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2806", "title": "Biocidal properties of anti-icing additives for aircraft fuels.", "content": "The biocidal and biostatic activities of seven glycol monoalkyl ether compounds were evaluated as part of an effort to find an improved anti-icing additive for jet aircraft fuel. Typical fuel contaminants, Cladosporium resinae, Gliomastix sp., Candida sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a mixed culture containing sulfate-reducing bacteria were used as assay organisms. Studies were carried out over 3 to 4 months in two-phase systems containing jet fuel and aqueous media. Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and 2-methoxyethanol were generally biocidal in aqueous concentrations of 10 to 17% for all organisms except Gliomastix, which required 25% or more. 2-Ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol were biocidal at progressively lower concentrations down to 1 to 2% for 2-butoxyethanol. The enhanced antimicrobial activity of these three compounds was attributed to cytoplasmic membrane damage because of the correlation between surface tension measurements and lytic activity with P. aeruginosa cells. The mechanism of action of the less active compounds appeared to be due to osmotic (dehydrating) effects. When all requirements are taken into account, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether appears to be the most promising replacement for the currently used additive, 2-methoxyethanol.", "contents": "Biocidal properties of anti-icing additives for aircraft fuels. The biocidal and biostatic activities of seven glycol monoalkyl ether compounds were evaluated as part of an effort to find an improved anti-icing additive for jet aircraft fuel. Typical fuel contaminants, Cladosporium resinae, Gliomastix sp., Candida sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a mixed culture containing sulfate-reducing bacteria were used as assay organisms. Studies were carried out over 3 to 4 months in two-phase systems containing jet fuel and aqueous media. Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and 2-methoxyethanol were generally biocidal in aqueous concentrations of 10 to 17% for all organisms except Gliomastix, which required 25% or more. 2-Ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol were biocidal at progressively lower concentrations down to 1 to 2% for 2-butoxyethanol. The enhanced antimicrobial activity of these three compounds was attributed to cytoplasmic membrane damage because of the correlation between surface tension measurements and lytic activity with P. aeruginosa cells. The mechanism of action of the less active compounds appeared to be due to osmotic (dehydrating) effects. When all requirements are taken into account, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether appears to be the most promising replacement for the currently used additive, 2-methoxyethanol.", "PMID": 646356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2807", "title": "Effects of low concentrations of bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite on microorganisms.", "content": "A wide range of microorganisms was tested to determine their sensitivity to low concentrations of bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite, solubility products of SO2 and NO2, respectively. Photosynthesis by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) was more strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM bisulfite-sulfite and 1 mM nitrite at pH 6.0 than photosynthesis by eucaryotic algae and respiration of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. At pH 7.7, blue-green algae were still more sensitive to bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite than eucaryotic algae, but the toxicity of bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite decreased as the pH increased. Photosynthesis by Anabaena flos-aquae at pH 6.0 was inhibited 25% by a bisulfite-sulfite concentration of 10 micrometer and 15% by a nitrite concentration of 50 micrometer. Photosynthesis by the blue-green alga, Lyngbya sp., was not exceptionally sensitive to chlorate and thiosulfate. Acetylene-reducing activity of Beijerinckia indica was completely inhibited by 0.1 mM bisulfite-sulfite at pH 4.0, the suppression being decreased with increasing pH.", "contents": "Effects of low concentrations of bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite on microorganisms. A wide range of microorganisms was tested to determine their sensitivity to low concentrations of bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite, solubility products of SO2 and NO2, respectively. Photosynthesis by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) was more strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM bisulfite-sulfite and 1 mM nitrite at pH 6.0 than photosynthesis by eucaryotic algae and respiration of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. At pH 7.7, blue-green algae were still more sensitive to bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite than eucaryotic algae, but the toxicity of bisulfite-sulfite and nitrite decreased as the pH increased. Photosynthesis by Anabaena flos-aquae at pH 6.0 was inhibited 25% by a bisulfite-sulfite concentration of 10 micrometer and 15% by a nitrite concentration of 50 micrometer. Photosynthesis by the blue-green alga, Lyngbya sp., was not exceptionally sensitive to chlorate and thiosulfate. Acetylene-reducing activity of Beijerinckia indica was completely inhibited by 0.1 mM bisulfite-sulfite at pH 4.0, the suppression being decreased with increasing pH.", "PMID": 646357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2808", "title": "Response of terrestrial microorganisms to a simulated Martian environment.", "content": "Soil samples from Cape Canaveral were subjected to a simulated Martian environment and assayed periodically over 45 days to determine the effect of various environmental parameters on bacterial populations. The simulated environment was based on the most recent available data, prior to the Viking spacecraft, describing Martian conditions and consisted of a pressure of 7 millibars, an atmosphere of 99.9% CO2 and 0.1% O2, a freeze-thaw cycle of -65 degrees C for 16 h and 24 degrees C for 8 h, and variable moisture and nutrients. Reduced pressure had a significant effect, reducing growth under these conditions. Slight variations in gaseous composition of the simulated atmosphere had negligible effect on growth. The freeze-thaw cycle did not inhibit growth but did result in a slower rate of decline after growth had occurred. Dry samples exhibited no change during the 45-day experiment, indicating that the simulated Martian environment was not toxic to bacterial populations. Psychotrophic organisms responded more favorably to this environment than mesophiles, although both types exhibited increases of approximately 3 logs in 7 to 14 days when moisture and nutrients were available.", "contents": "Response of terrestrial microorganisms to a simulated Martian environment. Soil samples from Cape Canaveral were subjected to a simulated Martian environment and assayed periodically over 45 days to determine the effect of various environmental parameters on bacterial populations. The simulated environment was based on the most recent available data, prior to the Viking spacecraft, describing Martian conditions and consisted of a pressure of 7 millibars, an atmosphere of 99.9% CO2 and 0.1% O2, a freeze-thaw cycle of -65 degrees C for 16 h and 24 degrees C for 8 h, and variable moisture and nutrients. Reduced pressure had a significant effect, reducing growth under these conditions. Slight variations in gaseous composition of the simulated atmosphere had negligible effect on growth. The freeze-thaw cycle did not inhibit growth but did result in a slower rate of decline after growth had occurred. Dry samples exhibited no change during the 45-day experiment, indicating that the simulated Martian environment was not toxic to bacterial populations. Psychotrophic organisms responded more favorably to this environment than mesophiles, although both types exhibited increases of approximately 3 logs in 7 to 14 days when moisture and nutrients were available.", "PMID": 646358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2809", "title": "Bacteria isolated from the duodenum, ileum, and cecum of young chicks.", "content": "Facultatively anaerobic and strictly anaerobic bacteria colonizing the intestinal tracts of 14-day-old chicks fed a corn-based diet were enumerated, isolated, and identified. Colony counts from anaerobic roll tubes (rumen fluid medium) or aerobic plates (brain heart infusion agar) recovered from homogenates of the duodenum, upper and lower ileum, and cecum varied appreciably among samples from individual birds. Anaerobic and aerobic counts from the duodenum and ileum were similar. Anaerobic counts were highest from the cecum (0.7 X 10(11) to 1.6 X 10(11)/g of dry tissue) and exceeded aerobic plate counts by a factor of at least 10(2). Facultatively anaerobic groups (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli) comprised the predominant flora of the duodenum and ileum, although large numbers of anaerobes (9 to 39% of the small intestine isolates), represented by species of Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, Gemmiger, and Fusobacterium, were also recovered. Strict anaerobes (anaerobic gram-positive cocci, Eubacterium, Clostridium Gemmiger, Fusobacterium, and Bacteriodes) made up nearly the entire microbial population of the cecum. Scanning electron microscopy of the intestinal epithelia of chicks revealed populations of microbes on the duodenal, ileal, and cecal mucosal surfaces.", "contents": "Bacteria isolated from the duodenum, ileum, and cecum of young chicks. Facultatively anaerobic and strictly anaerobic bacteria colonizing the intestinal tracts of 14-day-old chicks fed a corn-based diet were enumerated, isolated, and identified. Colony counts from anaerobic roll tubes (rumen fluid medium) or aerobic plates (brain heart infusion agar) recovered from homogenates of the duodenum, upper and lower ileum, and cecum varied appreciably among samples from individual birds. Anaerobic and aerobic counts from the duodenum and ileum were similar. Anaerobic counts were highest from the cecum (0.7 X 10(11) to 1.6 X 10(11)/g of dry tissue) and exceeded aerobic plate counts by a factor of at least 10(2). Facultatively anaerobic groups (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli) comprised the predominant flora of the duodenum and ileum, although large numbers of anaerobes (9 to 39% of the small intestine isolates), represented by species of Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, Gemmiger, and Fusobacterium, were also recovered. Strict anaerobes (anaerobic gram-positive cocci, Eubacterium, Clostridium Gemmiger, Fusobacterium, and Bacteriodes) made up nearly the entire microbial population of the cecum. Scanning electron microscopy of the intestinal epithelia of chicks revealed populations of microbes on the duodenal, ileal, and cecal mucosal surfaces.", "PMID": 646359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2810", "title": "Interactions between the diatom Thallasiosira pseudonanna and an associated pseudomonad in a mariculture system.", "content": "The marine diatom Thallasiosira pseudonanna (3H) and several bacteria associated with it were isolated from batch cultures at the University of Delaware mariculture facility. The interaction between the algae and each of the bacteria was investigated. One of the isolates, T827/2B (Pseudomonas sp.), was incapable of surviving in f/2 culture medium unless the algae were present. When the algae and T827/2B were grown together in the f/2 medium, the bacterial growth was stimulated and the algal growth was inhibited. Bacterial filtrate had a similar effect on the algae, indicating that the bacterial effect is an indirect one most likely resulting from the excretion of a harmful compound into the medium. Preliminary characterization of the material excreted by the bacteria indicates that it s proteinaceous in nature. The interactions observed does not fit into any single category of interactions but can be explained as a combination of competition and indirect parasitism.", "contents": "Interactions between the diatom Thallasiosira pseudonanna and an associated pseudomonad in a mariculture system. The marine diatom Thallasiosira pseudonanna (3H) and several bacteria associated with it were isolated from batch cultures at the University of Delaware mariculture facility. The interaction between the algae and each of the bacteria was investigated. One of the isolates, T827/2B (Pseudomonas sp.), was incapable of surviving in f/2 culture medium unless the algae were present. When the algae and T827/2B were grown together in the f/2 medium, the bacterial growth was stimulated and the algal growth was inhibited. Bacterial filtrate had a similar effect on the algae, indicating that the bacterial effect is an indirect one most likely resulting from the excretion of a harmful compound into the medium. Preliminary characterization of the material excreted by the bacteria indicates that it s proteinaceous in nature. The interactions observed does not fit into any single category of interactions but can be explained as a combination of competition and indirect parasitism.", "PMID": 646360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2811", "title": "Catabolism of 2,4,5-trimethyoxybenzoic acid and 3-methoxycrotonic acid.", "content": "4-Methoxygentisic acid was an intermediate formed when Arthrobacter degraded, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid. Isolates of Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter from soil grew at the expense of 3-methoxycrotonic acid. Evidence is presented that enzymatic hydration, with elimination of methanol, accounted for replacement of the methoxyl group of 3-methoxycrotonic acid and also of one methoxyl group of 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid.", "contents": "Catabolism of 2,4,5-trimethyoxybenzoic acid and 3-methoxycrotonic acid. 4-Methoxygentisic acid was an intermediate formed when Arthrobacter degraded, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid. Isolates of Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter from soil grew at the expense of 3-methoxycrotonic acid. Evidence is presented that enzymatic hydration, with elimination of methanol, accounted for replacement of the methoxyl group of 3-methoxycrotonic acid and also of one methoxyl group of 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid.", "PMID": 646361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2812", "title": "Dermatologic manifestations of the hypereosinophilic syndrome.", "content": "We report the histopathologic and dermatologic manifestations of eight patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Skin lesions occurred in eight patients (53%) in a group of 15 patients with HES, and were generally of two types: (1) erythematous pruritic papules and nodules, or (2) urticaria and angioedema. As HES was treated with appropriate therapy, the skin lesions improved. Skin eruption may be the only manifestation of disease in otherwise asymptomatic patients with HES.", "contents": "Dermatologic manifestations of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. We report the histopathologic and dermatologic manifestations of eight patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Skin lesions occurred in eight patients (53%) in a group of 15 patients with HES, and were generally of two types: (1) erythematous pruritic papules and nodules, or (2) urticaria and angioedema. As HES was treated with appropriate therapy, the skin lesions improved. Skin eruption may be the only manifestation of disease in otherwise asymptomatic patients with HES.", "PMID": 646363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2813", "title": "Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents; II. Role of the stratum corneum barrier and serum complement as a mediator of a protective infalmmatory response.", "content": "Of six species of Candida applied epicutaneously to rodents, only C albicans and C stellatoidea penetrate the stratum corneum and produce inflammation. The role of the stratum corneum and produce inflammation. The role of the stratum corneum in experimental murine Candida infections was studied, therefore, by intraepidermal injection of blastospores in mice that received a prior injection of staphylococcal epidermolysin. All six species caused accumulation of neutrophils if placed within an intraepidermal cleft in contact with viable epidermis. The role of serum complement in cutaneous candidiasis was also studied in vivo in rodents depleted of complement with cobra venom factor or deficient in the fifth component of complement. These animals failed to develop neutrophilic inflammatory responses to the six Candida species tested in contrast to control animals. Candida albicans, C stellatoidea, and C tropicalis developed extensive hyphal proliferation with invasion of the entire cutis and subcutis in these animals. The stratum corneum provides an effective barrier to some, but not all Candida species. When this barrier is penetrated, complement mediates an acute neutrophilic pustular response that resticts Candida proliferation and prevents deep invasion of tissue.", "contents": "Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents; II. Role of the stratum corneum barrier and serum complement as a mediator of a protective infalmmatory response. Of six species of Candida applied epicutaneously to rodents, only C albicans and C stellatoidea penetrate the stratum corneum and produce inflammation. The role of the stratum corneum and produce inflammation. The role of the stratum corneum in experimental murine Candida infections was studied, therefore, by intraepidermal injection of blastospores in mice that received a prior injection of staphylococcal epidermolysin. All six species caused accumulation of neutrophils if placed within an intraepidermal cleft in contact with viable epidermis. The role of serum complement in cutaneous candidiasis was also studied in vivo in rodents depleted of complement with cobra venom factor or deficient in the fifth component of complement. These animals failed to develop neutrophilic inflammatory responses to the six Candida species tested in contrast to control animals. Candida albicans, C stellatoidea, and C tropicalis developed extensive hyphal proliferation with invasion of the entire cutis and subcutis in these animals. The stratum corneum provides an effective barrier to some, but not all Candida species. When this barrier is penetrated, complement mediates an acute neutrophilic pustular response that resticts Candida proliferation and prevents deep invasion of tissue.", "PMID": 646364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2814", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with atopic dermatitis without infection.", "content": "Atopic dermatitis has been associated with recurrent infection and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in some patients. In order to determine if dermatitis per se could decrease polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, we investigated chemotaxis in 13 patients with atopic dermatitis and no clinical or historical evidence of recurrent or severe infections. Most patients had extensive, but mild, disease. Leukocyte chemotaxis was measured by the Boyden chamber and agarose techniques; There was no difference between patient and control neutrophil chemoatactic activity. These findings suggest that atopic dermatitis is not ordinarily associated with impaired PMN chemotaxis in the absence of generalized erythroderma or increased susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with atopic dermatitis without infection. Atopic dermatitis has been associated with recurrent infection and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in some patients. In order to determine if dermatitis per se could decrease polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, we investigated chemotaxis in 13 patients with atopic dermatitis and no clinical or historical evidence of recurrent or severe infections. Most patients had extensive, but mild, disease. Leukocyte chemotaxis was measured by the Boyden chamber and agarose techniques; There was no difference between patient and control neutrophil chemoatactic activity. These findings suggest that atopic dermatitis is not ordinarily associated with impaired PMN chemotaxis in the absence of generalized erythroderma or increased susceptibility to infection.", "PMID": 646365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2815", "title": "Phototoxicity to a sunscreen ingredient. Padimate A.", "content": "Para-aminobenzoic acid and certain of its esters are widely used in sunscreens. We found that one of these, amyl paradimethylaminobenzoate (padimate A) was capable of provoking phototoxic reactions; With ultraviolet A (UV-A) dosages of about 30 joules/sq cm, a reaction grossly resembling sunburn developed in most subjects. The dominant histological feature was vacuolar degeneration of the epidermis without sunburn cells. Proprietary sunscreens containing padimate A were also shown to produce a similar reaction. Our explanation for the paradox of a sunscreen that promotes \"sunburn\" is that, as affected users have concluded, the product was ineffective. The similarity between sunburn and a phototoxic response has delayed recognition of this adverse effect until now.", "contents": "Phototoxicity to a sunscreen ingredient. Padimate A. Para-aminobenzoic acid and certain of its esters are widely used in sunscreens. We found that one of these, amyl paradimethylaminobenzoate (padimate A) was capable of provoking phototoxic reactions; With ultraviolet A (UV-A) dosages of about 30 joules/sq cm, a reaction grossly resembling sunburn developed in most subjects. The dominant histological feature was vacuolar degeneration of the epidermis without sunburn cells. Proprietary sunscreens containing padimate A were also shown to produce a similar reaction. Our explanation for the paradox of a sunscreen that promotes \"sunburn\" is that, as affected users have concluded, the product was ineffective. The similarity between sunburn and a phototoxic response has delayed recognition of this adverse effect until now.", "PMID": 646366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2816", "title": "Migraine and systemic scleroderma.", "content": "Scleroderma with typical migraine headaches occurred in 16 well-documented cases observed over a 25-year period. Although the number of cases is within the expected range of coincidence of both diseases, in 13 of the 16 patients the scleroderma developed after 15 years or more of therapy with ergot or methysergide preparations. Eleven of the 13 patients had Raynaud's vasospastic phenomenon as part of their systemic scleroderma. The vascular pathology of scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon, and ergotism is similar enough to suggest caution in the administration of these drugs to patients with migraine and extra caution in observing for signs of Raynaud's phenomenon or early vascular scleroderma.", "contents": "Migraine and systemic scleroderma. Scleroderma with typical migraine headaches occurred in 16 well-documented cases observed over a 25-year period. Although the number of cases is within the expected range of coincidence of both diseases, in 13 of the 16 patients the scleroderma developed after 15 years or more of therapy with ergot or methysergide preparations. Eleven of the 13 patients had Raynaud's vasospastic phenomenon as part of their systemic scleroderma. The vascular pathology of scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon, and ergotism is similar enough to suggest caution in the administration of these drugs to patients with migraine and extra caution in observing for signs of Raynaud's phenomenon or early vascular scleroderma.", "PMID": 646367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2817", "title": "The Shulman syndrome.", "content": "The Shulman syndrome is a symptom complex recently described in the rheumatology literature that is characterized by eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and a diffuse scleroderma-like process of the extremities. The onset of illness has been associated with a period of unusual physical exertion. The condition seems to respond to corticosteroid therapy for systemic effect.", "contents": "The Shulman syndrome. The Shulman syndrome is a symptom complex recently described in the rheumatology literature that is characterized by eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and a diffuse scleroderma-like process of the extremities. The onset of illness has been associated with a period of unusual physical exertion. The condition seems to respond to corticosteroid therapy for systemic effect.", "PMID": 646368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2818", "title": "Primary inoculation tuberculosis of the skin. Prosector's paronychia,.", "content": "Subsequent to an autopsy of a tuberculotic cadaver, a pathology resident presented with a painless paronychia and axillary adenopathy after surgical incision and broad-spectrum antibiotics had failed to improve his condition. Demonstration by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var hominis, positive smears, and findings of acid-fast organisms in a skin biopsy specimen proved the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Conversion of a previously negative skin test permitted the diagnosis of primary inoculation tuberculosis of the skin. The disease responded well to treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyridoxine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Primary inoculation tuberculosis of the skin. Prosector's paronychia,. Subsequent to an autopsy of a tuberculotic cadaver, a pathology resident presented with a painless paronychia and axillary adenopathy after surgical incision and broad-spectrum antibiotics had failed to improve his condition. Demonstration by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var hominis, positive smears, and findings of acid-fast organisms in a skin biopsy specimen proved the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Conversion of a previously negative skin test permitted the diagnosis of primary inoculation tuberculosis of the skin. The disease responded well to treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyridoxine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 646369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2819", "title": "Carcinoid in an umbilical nodule.", "content": "An umbilical nodule may be an early or late sign of metastasis from an internal location. To our knowledge, we are reporting the first case of carcinoid occuring as an umbilical mass. The occurrence in our patient of idiopathic hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and carcinoid suggests the diagnosis of multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type I, which may result from a developmental defect in the amine and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell system.", "contents": "Carcinoid in an umbilical nodule. An umbilical nodule may be an early or late sign of metastasis from an internal location. To our knowledge, we are reporting the first case of carcinoid occuring as an umbilical mass. The occurrence in our patient of idiopathic hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and carcinoid suggests the diagnosis of multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type I, which may result from a developmental defect in the amine and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell system.", "PMID": 646370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2820", "title": "Atypical purpura fulminans with benign monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman with a history of thrombophlebitis had been taking warfarin sodium for 1 1/2 years when she developed multiple skin lesions resembling warfarin-induced skin necrosis or purpura fulminans. Despite discontinuing the warfarin and administering prednisone, the lesions increased in size. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was found and resolved with heparin sodium therapy, and her skin lesions healed. This patient was believed to have an atypical form of purpura fulminans rather than warfarin-induced skin necrosis because of the duration of warfarin therapy and the dramatic resolution with heparin. A monoclonal (IgG) gammopathy was found, which stabilized as the skin lesions resolved, and fulfilled the criteria for a benign (asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "Atypical purpura fulminans with benign monoclonal gammopathy. A 67-year-old woman with a history of thrombophlebitis had been taking warfarin sodium for 1 1/2 years when she developed multiple skin lesions resembling warfarin-induced skin necrosis or purpura fulminans. Despite discontinuing the warfarin and administering prednisone, the lesions increased in size. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was found and resolved with heparin sodium therapy, and her skin lesions healed. This patient was believed to have an atypical form of purpura fulminans rather than warfarin-induced skin necrosis because of the duration of warfarin therapy and the dramatic resolution with heparin. A monoclonal (IgG) gammopathy was found, which stabilized as the skin lesions resolved, and fulfilled the criteria for a benign (asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathy.", "PMID": 646371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2821", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis.", "content": "Two patients had limited necrotizing fascilitis. The morbidity and mortality from this infectious necrotizing process of the superficial fascia have not changed significantly since its initial description in 1924. The characteristic clinical findings of necrotizing fascilitis makes early recognition possible. Within 24 to 48 hours, redness, pain, and edema rapidly progress to central patches of dusky blue discoloration, with or without serosanguineous blisters. By the fourth or fifth day, these purple areas become gangrenous. Although necrotizing fascilities originally was associated exclusively with beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, recent cases have shown a variety of bacteria. The essential treatment remains wide local surgical d\u00e9bridement.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis. Two patients had limited necrotizing fascilitis. The morbidity and mortality from this infectious necrotizing process of the superficial fascia have not changed significantly since its initial description in 1924. The characteristic clinical findings of necrotizing fascilitis makes early recognition possible. Within 24 to 48 hours, redness, pain, and edema rapidly progress to central patches of dusky blue discoloration, with or without serosanguineous blisters. By the fourth or fifth day, these purple areas become gangrenous. Although necrotizing fascilities originally was associated exclusively with beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, recent cases have shown a variety of bacteria. The essential treatment remains wide local surgical d\u00e9bridement.", "PMID": 646372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2822", "title": "Multiple cutaneous metastases of a scapular chondrosarcoma.", "content": "The onset of metastatic chondrosarcoma in a young woman was heralded by the appearance of multiple firm, tender, cutaneous nodules two years after the primary tumor in the left scapula had been resected. Chondrosarcoma rarely metastasizes to the skin, but when it does, it may have an identical histological appearance to a cartilaginous tumor of the skin, an entity that is generally considered clinically benign. Although it is very unlikely that an occult chondrosarcoma will be first manifested clinically by a solitary cutaneous metastasis, the abrupt appearance of multiple cutaneous cartilaginous lesions would seem to warrant an investigation for primary chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "Multiple cutaneous metastases of a scapular chondrosarcoma. The onset of metastatic chondrosarcoma in a young woman was heralded by the appearance of multiple firm, tender, cutaneous nodules two years after the primary tumor in the left scapula had been resected. Chondrosarcoma rarely metastasizes to the skin, but when it does, it may have an identical histological appearance to a cartilaginous tumor of the skin, an entity that is generally considered clinically benign. Although it is very unlikely that an occult chondrosarcoma will be first manifested clinically by a solitary cutaneous metastasis, the abrupt appearance of multiple cutaneous cartilaginous lesions would seem to warrant an investigation for primary chondrosarcoma.", "PMID": 646373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2823", "title": "Aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery.", "content": "An aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery is a rare lesion, which should be suspected after blunt trauma to the forehead that is followed by the appearance of a pulsatile cystic lesion in the region of the superficial temporal artery. Treatment by excision of the aneurysm with ligation of the afferent and efferent arteries is curative. As this lesion may be mistaken clinically for an epidermal inclusion cyst, aneurysm should be included in the differential diagnosis prior to therapy.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. An aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery is a rare lesion, which should be suspected after blunt trauma to the forehead that is followed by the appearance of a pulsatile cystic lesion in the region of the superficial temporal artery. Treatment by excision of the aneurysm with ligation of the afferent and efferent arteries is curative. As this lesion may be mistaken clinically for an epidermal inclusion cyst, aneurysm should be included in the differential diagnosis prior to therapy.", "PMID": 646374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2824", "title": "Aspiration metastases from basal cell carcinoma: the 92nd known case.", "content": "Was aspiration a cause of lung metastases from basal cell carcinoma? We compared our case to prior reported cases with metastases to the lung attributable to aspiration and considered a prior experimental model. We are convinced we have another case of aspiration metastases from basal cell carcinoma, and hereby report \"the 92nd known case.\"", "contents": "Aspiration metastases from basal cell carcinoma: the 92nd known case. Was aspiration a cause of lung metastases from basal cell carcinoma? We compared our case to prior reported cases with metastases to the lung attributable to aspiration and considered a prior experimental model. We are convinced we have another case of aspiration metastases from basal cell carcinoma, and hereby report \"the 92nd known case.\"", "PMID": 646375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2825", "title": "Hereditary painful callosities.", "content": "An autosomal dominant genodermatosis that is characterized by painful callosities develops over pressure points. Histologically, these lesions are similar to epidermal nevi.", "contents": "Hereditary painful callosities. An autosomal dominant genodermatosis that is characterized by painful callosities develops over pressure points. Histologically, these lesions are similar to epidermal nevi.", "PMID": 646376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2826", "title": "Human infection with Dirofilaria.", "content": "Human infection with Dirofilaria is rare. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the world's literature. Among the cases reported in the United States, most of the patients have been from Florida and Louisiana. The majority of the patients had a single lesion that involved either the skin or the lung. The case presented here is unusual because the patient had two skin lesions, and because the condition occurred in a patient who lived in the North-Central portion of the United States (Upper Michigan).", "contents": "Human infection with Dirofilaria. Human infection with Dirofilaria is rare. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the world's literature. Among the cases reported in the United States, most of the patients have been from Florida and Louisiana. The majority of the patients had a single lesion that involved either the skin or the lung. The case presented here is unusual because the patient had two skin lesions, and because the condition occurred in a patient who lived in the North-Central portion of the United States (Upper Michigan).", "PMID": 646377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2827", "title": "Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii in a Canadian immigrant.", "content": "Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii developed in a Canadian immigrant one year after his entry into Canada. He had lived in Guinea for two years prior to immigration. Lymphatic infection characterized the course of his illness. The clinical and pathologic features of this disease's distinctive skin and bone manifestations are outlined. The causal agent's mycologic features are compared with those of H capsulatum var capsulatum. Treatment with amphotericin B was successful.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii in a Canadian immigrant. Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii developed in a Canadian immigrant one year after his entry into Canada. He had lived in Guinea for two years prior to immigration. Lymphatic infection characterized the course of his illness. The clinical and pathologic features of this disease's distinctive skin and bone manifestations are outlined. The causal agent's mycologic features are compared with those of H capsulatum var capsulatum. Treatment with amphotericin B was successful.", "PMID": 646378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2828", "title": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with lymph node and pulmonary metastases.", "content": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a locally aggressive histiocytic tumor that, on rare occasions, may metastasize to regional lymph nodes or even to distant sites. We report a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with lymph node involvement in a 27-year-old woman. This tumor recurred repeatedly after local excisions, and ten years after the first resection, widespread pulmonary metastases developed in the patient and she died four years later. More than 400 patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans have been reported in the literature; including the present case, five of these patients had lymph node metastases, 17 patients had hematogenous spread, and three had both lymphatic and blood-borne metastases.", "contents": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with lymph node and pulmonary metastases. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a locally aggressive histiocytic tumor that, on rare occasions, may metastasize to regional lymph nodes or even to distant sites. We report a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with lymph node involvement in a 27-year-old woman. This tumor recurred repeatedly after local excisions, and ten years after the first resection, widespread pulmonary metastases developed in the patient and she died four years later. More than 400 patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans have been reported in the literature; including the present case, five of these patients had lymph node metastases, 17 patients had hematogenous spread, and three had both lymphatic and blood-borne metastases.", "PMID": 646379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2829", "title": "Nasopharyngeal cardcinoma associated with long-term arsenic ingestion.", "content": "A nasopharyngeal carcinoma occurred in a 41-year-old white woman who had received Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite) almost yearly for more than 20 years for the treatment of psoriasis. Palmar and plantar keratoses were present. Because of the rarity of this malignant neoplasm in white people, a relationship with arsenic ingestion is suggested.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal cardcinoma associated with long-term arsenic ingestion. A nasopharyngeal carcinoma occurred in a 41-year-old white woman who had received Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite) almost yearly for more than 20 years for the treatment of psoriasis. Palmar and plantar keratoses were present. Because of the rarity of this malignant neoplasm in white people, a relationship with arsenic ingestion is suggested.", "PMID": 646380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2830", "title": "Psoralen-UVA-treated psoriatic lesions. Ultrastructural changes.", "content": "Psoralen-ultraviolet light (PUVA)-treated psoriatic lesions were studied for ultrastructural changes. In early stages of treatment, sunburn cells in the epidermis and bizarre giant cells in the dermis were more frequently observed. When clinical improvement was apparent, these changes had subsided. Dermal abnormality in long-term therapy consisted of a thick perivascular coat of amorphous substance. No abnormality was found in the epidermal keratinocytes in long-term therapy, except a clustering and giant cell formation of melanocytes, a heavy melanization of keratinocytes, and hyperkeratosis. Low-dose initiation and slow increment of both 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA is probably a reasonable regimen for benign dermatoses such as psoriasis because it will allow enough time for the skin to become more protected, while the therapeutic results are as satisfactory as in a high-dose schedule.", "contents": "Psoralen-UVA-treated psoriatic lesions. Ultrastructural changes. Psoralen-ultraviolet light (PUVA)-treated psoriatic lesions were studied for ultrastructural changes. In early stages of treatment, sunburn cells in the epidermis and bizarre giant cells in the dermis were more frequently observed. When clinical improvement was apparent, these changes had subsided. Dermal abnormality in long-term therapy consisted of a thick perivascular coat of amorphous substance. No abnormality was found in the epidermal keratinocytes in long-term therapy, except a clustering and giant cell formation of melanocytes, a heavy melanization of keratinocytes, and hyperkeratosis. Low-dose initiation and slow increment of both 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA is probably a reasonable regimen for benign dermatoses such as psoriasis because it will allow enough time for the skin to become more protected, while the therapeutic results are as satisfactory as in a high-dose schedule.", "PMID": 646392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2831", "title": "Variably occlusive tape systems and the mitotic activity of stripped human epidermis. Effects with and without hydrocortisone.", "content": "This study elaborates on the effect of occlusive, partially occlusive, and nonocclusive tape systems containing hydrocoritsone on human epidermal mitotic activity that has been increased by tape stripping. The experimental variables included tape delivery systems affording total, partial (50%), or no occlusion to normal human skin. The test corticosteroid was hydrocortisone at a dose range of 1, 4, and 20 microgram/sq cm. Utilizing demecolcine cream, biopsy specimens, were taken and mitotic figures determined. Results suggest that potent antimitotic effects occur equally with semiocclusive and nonocclusive tapes containing hydrocortisone as with total occlusive tapes. Verification of the practicality of this in clinical use will depend on appropriate clinical trials in diseased states.", "contents": "Variably occlusive tape systems and the mitotic activity of stripped human epidermis. Effects with and without hydrocortisone. This study elaborates on the effect of occlusive, partially occlusive, and nonocclusive tape systems containing hydrocoritsone on human epidermal mitotic activity that has been increased by tape stripping. The experimental variables included tape delivery systems affording total, partial (50%), or no occlusion to normal human skin. The test corticosteroid was hydrocortisone at a dose range of 1, 4, and 20 microgram/sq cm. Utilizing demecolcine cream, biopsy specimens, were taken and mitotic figures determined. Results suggest that potent antimitotic effects occur equally with semiocclusive and nonocclusive tapes containing hydrocortisone as with total occlusive tapes. Verification of the practicality of this in clinical use will depend on appropriate clinical trials in diseased states.", "PMID": 646393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2832", "title": "Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions. 'The B-K mole syndrome'.", "content": "Distinctive melanocytic moles are described in 37 patients from six melanoma families. Among the family members examined by the authors, 15 of 17 patients with melanoma and 22 of 41 nonmelanoma relatives had the unique moles. The clinical and histological features of these moles have been designated the \"B-K mole syndrome.\" The clinical features of the syndrome include the presence of less than 10 to greater than 100 moles prominent of the upper trunk and extremities, and variability of mole size (5 mm to 15 mm), outline, and color combination. Histologically, B-K moles show atypical melanocytic hyperplasia, lymphocytic infiltration, delicate fibroplasia, and new blood vessels that occur within a compound nevus or de novo. The transformation of two B-K moles into malignant melanomas was documented photographically.", "contents": "Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions. 'The B-K mole syndrome'. Distinctive melanocytic moles are described in 37 patients from six melanoma families. Among the family members examined by the authors, 15 of 17 patients with melanoma and 22 of 41 nonmelanoma relatives had the unique moles. The clinical and histological features of these moles have been designated the \"B-K mole syndrome.\" The clinical features of the syndrome include the presence of less than 10 to greater than 100 moles prominent of the upper trunk and extremities, and variability of mole size (5 mm to 15 mm), outline, and color combination. Histologically, B-K moles show atypical melanocytic hyperplasia, lymphocytic infiltration, delicate fibroplasia, and new blood vessels that occur within a compound nevus or de novo. The transformation of two B-K moles into malignant melanomas was documented photographically.", "PMID": 646394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2833", "title": "Scalpel excision of basal cell carcinomas.", "content": "A total of 468 coded, histologically proved basal cell carcinomas were excised from 446 patients in the Skin and Cancer Unit of New York University Medical Center from 1955 to 1967. The five-year cumulative recurrence rate was 6.8%. The highest recurrence rates, in areas in which sufficient data were available, were for the periocular regions, the scalp, and the nose and paranasal areas. Following re-treatment of recurrences, 464 of the 468 lesions (99.1%) were cured at the time of the most recent examination. After the second postoperative year, at least 70% of results were recorded as cosmetically good or excellent at the time of last follow-up. The most common complication was hypertrophic scars. There was a tendency for increasing incidence of such scars with increasing diameters of the lesions.", "contents": "Scalpel excision of basal cell carcinomas. A total of 468 coded, histologically proved basal cell carcinomas were excised from 446 patients in the Skin and Cancer Unit of New York University Medical Center from 1955 to 1967. The five-year cumulative recurrence rate was 6.8%. The highest recurrence rates, in areas in which sufficient data were available, were for the periocular regions, the scalp, and the nose and paranasal areas. Following re-treatment of recurrences, 464 of the 468 lesions (99.1%) were cured at the time of the most recent examination. After the second postoperative year, at least 70% of results were recorded as cosmetically good or excellent at the time of last follow-up. The most common complication was hypertrophic scars. There was a tendency for increasing incidence of such scars with increasing diameters of the lesions.", "PMID": 646395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2834", "title": "Multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease).", "content": "The four male patients with multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease) in this report, have most of the previously reported findings associated with this syndrome and several important unreported findings that include multiple cutaneous trichilemmomas, cafe-au-lait spots, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, pathologic fracture, craniomegaly, probable malignant lung tumor, retinal glioma, drusens of the optic disk and retina, pseudotumor cerebri, mediastinal mass, and multiple small papillomatous lesions of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.", "contents": "Multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease). The four male patients with multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease) in this report, have most of the previously reported findings associated with this syndrome and several important unreported findings that include multiple cutaneous trichilemmomas, cafe-au-lait spots, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, pathologic fracture, craniomegaly, probable malignant lung tumor, retinal glioma, drusens of the optic disk and retina, pseudotumor cerebri, mediastinal mass, and multiple small papillomatous lesions of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.", "PMID": 646396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2835", "title": "The epidemiology of scabies in Denmark, 1900 to 1975.", "content": "Denmark is the only country in which scabies has been reported for many decades. The present study is based on 850,629 cases reported between 1900 and 1975. The incidence of scabies showed pronounced peaks around 1918 and 1945. Since the end of the 1960s, a new increase in incidence has been observed. The rates were high and rather uniform among infants, children, and young adults. Before puberty, the rate for girls was on an average 1.4 times higher than for boys. Scabies showed the same incidence in the capital as in the provinces, and marked seasonal variations occurred, with a winter maximum and a summer minimum. No single factor could be identified to explain the cyclic occurrence in time, the sex and age pattern, and the seasonal variation. These patterns probably have a multifactorial genesis!", "contents": "The epidemiology of scabies in Denmark, 1900 to 1975. Denmark is the only country in which scabies has been reported for many decades. The present study is based on 850,629 cases reported between 1900 and 1975. The incidence of scabies showed pronounced peaks around 1918 and 1945. Since the end of the 1960s, a new increase in incidence has been observed. The rates were high and rather uniform among infants, children, and young adults. Before puberty, the rate for girls was on an average 1.4 times higher than for boys. Scabies showed the same incidence in the capital as in the provinces, and marked seasonal variations occurred, with a winter maximum and a summer minimum. No single factor could be identified to explain the cyclic occurrence in time, the sex and age pattern, and the seasonal variation. These patterns probably have a multifactorial genesis!", "PMID": 646397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2836", "title": "Tumbleweed dermatitis.", "content": "Russian thistle (Salsola kali), the most common plant referred to as \"tumbleweed\" in the western United States, can cause a dermatitis in persons who come into direct contract with it. Tests were conducted to determine the mechanism of this dermatitis. Mechanical contact with plant branches, as well as scratch, patch, and photopatch tests with Russian thistle extract and scratch tests with 1.5% potassium nitrate, a plant constituent, were employed. These tests, along with transparent adhesive tape preparations and a skin biopsy, showed that in nonsensitized persons, dermatitis was due only to mechanical irritation of plant floral bracts. In sensitized individuals, Russian thistle floral bracts pierced the skin and stimulated an urticarial reaction.", "contents": "Tumbleweed dermatitis. Russian thistle (Salsola kali), the most common plant referred to as \"tumbleweed\" in the western United States, can cause a dermatitis in persons who come into direct contract with it. Tests were conducted to determine the mechanism of this dermatitis. Mechanical contact with plant branches, as well as scratch, patch, and photopatch tests with Russian thistle extract and scratch tests with 1.5% potassium nitrate, a plant constituent, were employed. These tests, along with transparent adhesive tape preparations and a skin biopsy, showed that in nonsensitized persons, dermatitis was due only to mechanical irritation of plant floral bracts. In sensitized individuals, Russian thistle floral bracts pierced the skin and stimulated an urticarial reaction.", "PMID": 646398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2837", "title": "Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans. An infant with failure to thrive, deafness, and recurrent infections.", "content": "A 10-month-old male infant had keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, an X-linked dominant disorder. His cutaneous abnormalities consisted of generalized hyperkeratosis, spiny follicular papular lesions, universal alopecia, and hypoplastic nails. Ocular changes characteristic of the disease were also present. Unusual findings included deafness, failure to thrive, predisposition to bacterial infections without demonstrable immune defect, and transient hepatomegaly with abnormal liver function studies.", "contents": "Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans. An infant with failure to thrive, deafness, and recurrent infections. A 10-month-old male infant had keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, an X-linked dominant disorder. His cutaneous abnormalities consisted of generalized hyperkeratosis, spiny follicular papular lesions, universal alopecia, and hypoplastic nails. Ocular changes characteristic of the disease were also present. Unusual findings included deafness, failure to thrive, predisposition to bacterial infections without demonstrable immune defect, and transient hepatomegaly with abnormal liver function studies.", "PMID": 646399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2838", "title": "Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome.", "content": "A 24-year old woman had the major features of the hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: recurrent staphylococcal skin infections (from the age of 6 months), an extremely elevated serum immunoglobulin E level (25,000 units/ml), and defective neutrophil chemotaxis. This patient also had peripheral blood eosinophilia and cutaneous candidiasis. There was a family history of asthma, but the patient herself did not have a history of asthma or hay fever, and, on examination, had no evidence of atopic dermatitis. The patient has not had any systemic infections. Results of the skin biopsy showed dermal edema and a perivascular infiltrate with eosinophils and an increased number of mast cells. The clinical spectrum of the hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome may include atopic dermatitis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, systemic infections, and/or the features of Job's syndrome.", "contents": "Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. A 24-year old woman had the major features of the hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: recurrent staphylococcal skin infections (from the age of 6 months), an extremely elevated serum immunoglobulin E level (25,000 units/ml), and defective neutrophil chemotaxis. This patient also had peripheral blood eosinophilia and cutaneous candidiasis. There was a family history of asthma, but the patient herself did not have a history of asthma or hay fever, and, on examination, had no evidence of atopic dermatitis. The patient has not had any systemic infections. Results of the skin biopsy showed dermal edema and a perivascular infiltrate with eosinophils and an increased number of mast cells. The clinical spectrum of the hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome may include atopic dermatitis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, systemic infections, and/or the features of Job's syndrome.", "PMID": 646400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2839", "title": "Unilateral segmental hyperhidrosis. Response to 20% aluminum chloride solution and plastic wrap.", "content": "A young woman had unilateral dermatomal hyperhidrosis documented by a starch-iodine technique. Evaluation failed to reveal any associated causative conditions. She was treated with 20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution in absolute alcohol (Drysol) with a favorable response. With recurrent use, however, she developed miliaria following exertion. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate was shown to be an effective agent to treat this unusual condition, but miliaria with exertion secondary to its use may be a limiting factor.", "contents": "Unilateral segmental hyperhidrosis. Response to 20% aluminum chloride solution and plastic wrap. A young woman had unilateral dermatomal hyperhidrosis documented by a starch-iodine technique. Evaluation failed to reveal any associated causative conditions. She was treated with 20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution in absolute alcohol (Drysol) with a favorable response. With recurrent use, however, she developed miliaria following exertion. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate was shown to be an effective agent to treat this unusual condition, but miliaria with exertion secondary to its use may be a limiting factor.", "PMID": 646401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2840", "title": "Universal acquired melanosis. The carbon baby.", "content": "A Mexican child was born white and progressively became black. At the age of 21 months, the whole integument was deep black in the absence of other alterations. Electron microscopy showed a Negroid pattern in the epidermal melanosomes. Among the different forms of progressive mucocutaneous pigmentations previously described in the literature, we were unable to find a similar case.", "contents": "Universal acquired melanosis. The carbon baby. A Mexican child was born white and progressively became black. At the age of 21 months, the whole integument was deep black in the absence of other alterations. Electron microscopy showed a Negroid pattern in the epidermal melanosomes. Among the different forms of progressive mucocutaneous pigmentations previously described in the literature, we were unable to find a similar case.", "PMID": 646402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2841", "title": "Aggressive basal cell carcinoma of the scalp.", "content": "Three examples of an unusually aggressive form of basal cell carcinoma in the skin of the scalp were treated surgically. The extent of each tumor was verified with gross and microscopic examination. The tumors invaded fat, muscle, fascia, and bone. Dural involvement was seen in one case. Light microscopy showed a marked variation in growth patterns and cytologic types from one portion of the tumor to another. Characteristics included a diffusely infiltrating pattern with a fibrotic stromal response, rare intraepidermal tumor nests, formation of occasional duct-like structures, poor cellular cohesion with single-life invasion through dermal collagen, perineural invasion, and pleomorphism with varying nuclear cytoplasmic ratios. Basaloid populations with peripheral palisading were seen in each tumor. These malignancies may be representative of an unusual basal cell carcinoma variant unique to the scalp.", "contents": "Aggressive basal cell carcinoma of the scalp. Three examples of an unusually aggressive form of basal cell carcinoma in the skin of the scalp were treated surgically. The extent of each tumor was verified with gross and microscopic examination. The tumors invaded fat, muscle, fascia, and bone. Dural involvement was seen in one case. Light microscopy showed a marked variation in growth patterns and cytologic types from one portion of the tumor to another. Characteristics included a diffusely infiltrating pattern with a fibrotic stromal response, rare intraepidermal tumor nests, formation of occasional duct-like structures, poor cellular cohesion with single-life invasion through dermal collagen, perineural invasion, and pleomorphism with varying nuclear cytoplasmic ratios. Basaloid populations with peripheral palisading were seen in each tumor. These malignancies may be representative of an unusual basal cell carcinoma variant unique to the scalp.", "PMID": 646403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2842", "title": "Essential IgG cryoglobulinemia with purpura and cold urticaria.", "content": "An 80-year-old woman with essential cryoglobulinemia developed recurrent, widespread, purpuric lesions with superficial skin ulcers and cold urticaria. No disorders of other organ systems were recognized. Attempts to transfer the cold sensitivity passively by serum and isolated cryoprecipitate of the patient were successful. Immunochemical studies showed that the cryoglobulin was composed of IgG only. It was suggested that the cryoprecipitate might not be due to immune complex formation in this case.", "contents": "Essential IgG cryoglobulinemia with purpura and cold urticaria. An 80-year-old woman with essential cryoglobulinemia developed recurrent, widespread, purpuric lesions with superficial skin ulcers and cold urticaria. No disorders of other organ systems were recognized. Attempts to transfer the cold sensitivity passively by serum and isolated cryoprecipitate of the patient were successful. Immunochemical studies showed that the cryoglobulin was composed of IgG only. It was suggested that the cryoprecipitate might not be due to immune complex formation in this case.", "PMID": 646404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2843", "title": "Effect of children's and parents' smoking on respiratory symptoms.", "content": "It has been suggested that the apparent relationship between children's cigarette smoking and their respiratory symptoms could be explained by the effect of parents' smoking upon both child's smoking and symptoms. This was investigated in a study of 6000 Derbyshire schoolchildren. Children who smoked regularly were more likely than nonsmokers to report cough first thing in the morning, cough at other times during the day or at night, and breathlessness. Children whose parents smoked were also more likely to report these symptoms than were the children of nonsmokers. Both the child's and parents' smoking were independently related to the child's respiratory symptoms. Morning cough was less prevalent than cough at other times during the day or at night, but the relationship between the child's smoking and morning cough was much closer than its relationship to cough at other times. The relationship between parents' smoking and the child's symptoms was similar for each symptom.", "contents": "Effect of children's and parents' smoking on respiratory symptoms. It has been suggested that the apparent relationship between children's cigarette smoking and their respiratory symptoms could be explained by the effect of parents' smoking upon both child's smoking and symptoms. This was investigated in a study of 6000 Derbyshire schoolchildren. Children who smoked regularly were more likely than nonsmokers to report cough first thing in the morning, cough at other times during the day or at night, and breathlessness. Children whose parents smoked were also more likely to report these symptoms than were the children of nonsmokers. Both the child's and parents' smoking were independently related to the child's respiratory symptoms. Morning cough was less prevalent than cough at other times during the day or at night, but the relationship between the child's smoking and morning cough was much closer than its relationship to cough at other times. The relationship between parents' smoking and the child's symptoms was similar for each symptom.", "PMID": 646412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2844", "title": "Computed tomography in diagnosis of abdominal masses in infancy and childhood. Comparison with excretory urography.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis was performed in 26 instances of suspected mass in 24 infants and children. The information obtained was compared to that of standard abdominal radiography and excretory urography (IVP). Results were analyzed prospectively. CT was able to detect and define masses more precisely than abdominal radiography and IVP. The information obtained by CT, in a single noninvasive examination emitting minimal ionising radiation, seems comparable to that offered by a combination of multiple radiological and other imaging procedures. It is conceivable that with accumulating experience and further technological improvement CT may become an excellent screening procedure in the investigation of abdominal and pelvic masses. The high cost of CT scanning may be offset by the benefits cited.", "contents": "Computed tomography in diagnosis of abdominal masses in infancy and childhood. Comparison with excretory urography. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis was performed in 26 instances of suspected mass in 24 infants and children. The information obtained was compared to that of standard abdominal radiography and excretory urography (IVP). Results were analyzed prospectively. CT was able to detect and define masses more precisely than abdominal radiography and IVP. The information obtained by CT, in a single noninvasive examination emitting minimal ionising radiation, seems comparable to that offered by a combination of multiple radiological and other imaging procedures. It is conceivable that with accumulating experience and further technological improvement CT may become an excellent screening procedure in the investigation of abdominal and pelvic masses. The high cost of CT scanning may be offset by the benefits cited.", "PMID": 646413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2845", "title": "Management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Urinary steroid estimations--review of their value.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 16 children with 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia of the salt-losing variety, who were treated with fludrocortisone and prednisone and were in good health during the period under review. The height velocity of the children was subnormal, height achievement was poor, and their bone ages retarded. Urinary 17-oxosteroid and pregnanetriol excretion were used to monitor the therapy of the children and these data have been related to growth velocities. In spite of urinary steroid figures in excess of those published as desirable for monitoring therapy, the children failed to grow properly, probably as a result of glucocorticoid overdosage. Published urinary steroid criteria are considered too strict and in order to achieve them one would need to give unnecessarily high doses of steroid. Regular measurement of height velocity and skeletal maturation rate are better indicators of therapeutic control and should lead to more satisfactory growth and ultimate height.", "contents": "Management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Urinary steroid estimations--review of their value. A retrospective study was made of 16 children with 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia of the salt-losing variety, who were treated with fludrocortisone and prednisone and were in good health during the period under review. The height velocity of the children was subnormal, height achievement was poor, and their bone ages retarded. Urinary 17-oxosteroid and pregnanetriol excretion were used to monitor the therapy of the children and these data have been related to growth velocities. In spite of urinary steroid figures in excess of those published as desirable for monitoring therapy, the children failed to grow properly, probably as a result of glucocorticoid overdosage. Published urinary steroid criteria are considered too strict and in order to achieve them one would need to give unnecessarily high doses of steroid. Regular measurement of height velocity and skeletal maturation rate are better indicators of therapeutic control and should lead to more satisfactory growth and ultimate height.", "PMID": 646414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2846", "title": "Serial determinations of oxygen profiles in infants with respiratory distress.", "content": "Serial oxygen profiles were determined for 20 newborn infants by measuring arterial tensions at low (20--40%), intermediate (60--80%), and high (95--100%) levels of inspired oxygen. These points were plotted on a graph which estimated the percentage of venous admixture at any particular level of inspired oxygen. The infants' oxygen profiles were then determined. As much as 25% of venous admixture could be attributed to the presence of diffusion and distribution abnormalities in infants with hyaline membrane disease. A substantial number of infants showed increased shunting at high levels of oxygen, even in the presence of continuous distending airway pressure. It is hypothesised that a rising shunt is due to complete absorption of gas in poorly ventilated alveoli at high concentrations of inspired oxygen, resulting in the presence of atelectasis and redistribution of blood to poorly ventilated areas.", "contents": "Serial determinations of oxygen profiles in infants with respiratory distress. Serial oxygen profiles were determined for 20 newborn infants by measuring arterial tensions at low (20--40%), intermediate (60--80%), and high (95--100%) levels of inspired oxygen. These points were plotted on a graph which estimated the percentage of venous admixture at any particular level of inspired oxygen. The infants' oxygen profiles were then determined. As much as 25% of venous admixture could be attributed to the presence of diffusion and distribution abnormalities in infants with hyaline membrane disease. A substantial number of infants showed increased shunting at high levels of oxygen, even in the presence of continuous distending airway pressure. It is hypothesised that a rising shunt is due to complete absorption of gas in poorly ventilated alveoli at high concentrations of inspired oxygen, resulting in the presence of atelectasis and redistribution of blood to poorly ventilated areas.", "PMID": 646415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2847", "title": "Occurrence of circulating immune complexes in beta-thalassaemia major.", "content": "The presence of circulating soluble immune complexes and the level of complement were investigated in sera from 21 patients with beta-thalassaemia major, including both splenectomised and nonsplenectomised patients. A high level of immune complexes was found in half of these cases. Reduced complement levels were seen less frequently. There was no correlation between the presence of circulating immune complexes, decreased complement levels, and thpresence or absence of the spleen. The level of immune complexes increased with the age ofthe individual, i.e. with the duration of the disease.", "contents": "Occurrence of circulating immune complexes in beta-thalassaemia major. The presence of circulating soluble immune complexes and the level of complement were investigated in sera from 21 patients with beta-thalassaemia major, including both splenectomised and nonsplenectomised patients. A high level of immune complexes was found in half of these cases. Reduced complement levels were seen less frequently. There was no correlation between the presence of circulating immune complexes, decreased complement levels, and thpresence or absence of the spleen. The level of immune complexes increased with the age ofthe individual, i.e. with the duration of the disease.", "PMID": 646416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2848", "title": "Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. An important factor in prolonging diarrhoea of acute infective enteritis in early infancy.", "content": "The possible role of cows' milk protein in prolonging diarrhoea in very young infants with acute infective enteritis was studied in 14 infants, 9 under the age of 2 months and 5 older than 6 months. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from the stools of 4 infants from the younger age group. After appropriate initial treatment the infants were maintained on a cows' milk protein-free formula. 6 weeks later jejunal biopsies were performed before and 24 hours after challenge with a low lactose cows' milk protein formula. The immunoglobulin and complement levels in the serum and duodenal juice were also estimated at these times. Attempts to isolate bacterial and viral pathogens in stools were again made in all patients. The 5 older infants clinically tolerated cows' milk protein and their pre- and postchallenge jejunal biopsies were within normal limits. However, significant histological changes were observed in the postchallenge jejunal biopsies of all 9 infants under 2 months of age. In addition, 5 of these infants developed diarrhoea. This suggests that the jejunal mucosa of very young infants previously fed a cows' milk protein-based formula and who contract infective enteritis suffers damage when rechallenged with cows' milk protein.", "contents": "Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. An important factor in prolonging diarrhoea of acute infective enteritis in early infancy. The possible role of cows' milk protein in prolonging diarrhoea in very young infants with acute infective enteritis was studied in 14 infants, 9 under the age of 2 months and 5 older than 6 months. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from the stools of 4 infants from the younger age group. After appropriate initial treatment the infants were maintained on a cows' milk protein-free formula. 6 weeks later jejunal biopsies were performed before and 24 hours after challenge with a low lactose cows' milk protein formula. The immunoglobulin and complement levels in the serum and duodenal juice were also estimated at these times. Attempts to isolate bacterial and viral pathogens in stools were again made in all patients. The 5 older infants clinically tolerated cows' milk protein and their pre- and postchallenge jejunal biopsies were within normal limits. However, significant histological changes were observed in the postchallenge jejunal biopsies of all 9 infants under 2 months of age. In addition, 5 of these infants developed diarrhoea. This suggests that the jejunal mucosa of very young infants previously fed a cows' milk protein-based formula and who contract infective enteritis suffers damage when rechallenged with cows' milk protein.", "PMID": 646417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2849", "title": "Structure of periadrenal brown fat in childhood in both expected and cot deaths.", "content": "A quantitative study was carried out of the fat cells of the hilar pannicle of the adrenal in 150 infants comprising 60 hospital deaths, 2 accidental deaths, and 88 cot deaths. The cells were rated in categories of fat vacuolation. For a period of up to 8 weeks after birth there is an apparent depletion in the number and size of overt fat vacuoles in the cell and from this time on there is a progressive change to monolocular fat cells. The postnatal discharge of fat from the cell in the pannicle seems to be reduced in some children presenting as unexpectec death in infancy.", "contents": "Structure of periadrenal brown fat in childhood in both expected and cot deaths. A quantitative study was carried out of the fat cells of the hilar pannicle of the adrenal in 150 infants comprising 60 hospital deaths, 2 accidental deaths, and 88 cot deaths. The cells were rated in categories of fat vacuolation. For a period of up to 8 weeks after birth there is an apparent depletion in the number and size of overt fat vacuoles in the cell and from this time on there is a progressive change to monolocular fat cells. The postnatal discharge of fat from the cell in the pannicle seems to be reduced in some children presenting as unexpectec death in infancy.", "PMID": 646418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2850", "title": "Aortic thrombosis in the newborn period.", "content": "Three cases are reported in which thrombi were found in the aorta at postmortem. In each case the thrombus had originated within the ductus arteriosus. We believe that in recent years the attention paid to the presence of indwelling cannulae as a cause of embolic phenomena in the newborn period has led to a reduction in emphasis on the importance of the ductus in this field. We think that the ductus should still be regarded as an important source of some emboli.", "contents": "Aortic thrombosis in the newborn period. Three cases are reported in which thrombi were found in the aorta at postmortem. In each case the thrombus had originated within the ductus arteriosus. We believe that in recent years the attention paid to the presence of indwelling cannulae as a cause of embolic phenomena in the newborn period has led to a reduction in emphasis on the importance of the ductus in this field. We think that the ductus should still be regarded as an important source of some emboli.", "PMID": 646420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2851", "title": "Effect of practical timing of dosage on theophylline blood levels in asthmatic children treated with choline theophyllinate.", "content": "Two dosage schedules, 8 mg/kg per dose daily and 10 mg/kg per dose tds of choline theophyllinate were evaluated in asthmatic children. The times of the doses were considered the most practical for use outside hospital. Theophylline levels were measured 2 hours after each dose and were satisfactory in both schedules. The levels before the first dose of the day were, however, unsatisfactory. We emphasis the desirability of measuring blood levels in any patient receiving a theophylline compound.", "contents": "Effect of practical timing of dosage on theophylline blood levels in asthmatic children treated with choline theophyllinate. Two dosage schedules, 8 mg/kg per dose daily and 10 mg/kg per dose tds of choline theophyllinate were evaluated in asthmatic children. The times of the doses were considered the most practical for use outside hospital. Theophylline levels were measured 2 hours after each dose and were satisfactory in both schedules. The levels before the first dose of the day were, however, unsatisfactory. We emphasis the desirability of measuring blood levels in any patient receiving a theophylline compound.", "PMID": 646421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2852", "title": "Computer system for recording and display of data from newborn infants with respiratory illnesses.", "content": "A computer system has been used for the recording and display of data from 277 infants with respiratory illnesses consecutively admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit during a period of 25 months. Improved efficiency of data handling was demonstrated, and the system proved valuable for teaching and research.", "contents": "Computer system for recording and display of data from newborn infants with respiratory illnesses. A computer system has been used for the recording and display of data from 277 infants with respiratory illnesses consecutively admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit during a period of 25 months. Improved efficiency of data handling was demonstrated, and the system proved valuable for teaching and research.", "PMID": 646422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2853", "title": "Effect of phototherapy on thermal environment of the newborn.", "content": "Oxygen consumption was studied in 40 newborn babies undergoing phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia, both when enclosed within an incubator or nursed in an open cot. Exposure to phototherapy caused a rise in temperature at the mattress surface. This could result in overheating a baby nursed in an incubator, but by contrast is likely only partially to compensate for the loss of insulation of an unclothed baby in an open cot.", "contents": "Effect of phototherapy on thermal environment of the newborn. Oxygen consumption was studied in 40 newborn babies undergoing phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia, both when enclosed within an incubator or nursed in an open cot. Exposure to phototherapy caused a rise in temperature at the mattress surface. This could result in overheating a baby nursed in an incubator, but by contrast is likely only partially to compensate for the loss of insulation of an unclothed baby in an open cot.", "PMID": 646423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2854", "title": "Tubular duplication of the bowel. Use of technetium 99m pertechnetate in diagnosis.", "content": "Preoperative identification of tubular duplication of the bowel is possible by the use of technetium 99m pertechnetate if gastric mucosa is present within the duplicated bowel. A case of a 4-year-old boy with abdominal pain is described. The scan showed diffuse activity which increased in step with gastric activity.", "contents": "Tubular duplication of the bowel. Use of technetium 99m pertechnetate in diagnosis. Preoperative identification of tubular duplication of the bowel is possible by the use of technetium 99m pertechnetate if gastric mucosa is present within the duplicated bowel. A case of a 4-year-old boy with abdominal pain is described. The scan showed diffuse activity which increased in step with gastric activity.", "PMID": 646425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2855", "title": "Acute neonatal and benign citrullinaemia in one sibship.", "content": "Citrullinaemia was diagnosed in an infant who died at age 8 days. The clinical picture was of the disease in its acute neonatal form. A sib has a blood citrulline of 100 times normal and about 10% of normal argininosuccinic acid synthetase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Clinically he is normal with an IQ of 94 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.", "contents": "Acute neonatal and benign citrullinaemia in one sibship. Citrullinaemia was diagnosed in an infant who died at age 8 days. The clinical picture was of the disease in its acute neonatal form. A sib has a blood citrulline of 100 times normal and about 10% of normal argininosuccinic acid synthetase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Clinically he is normal with an IQ of 94 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.", "PMID": 646426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2856", "title": "Fundamental voice frequence during normal and abnormal growth, and after androgen treatment.", "content": "A simple treatment was shown to be suitable for clinical measurement of fundamental voice frequency. Basal frequency (SFF) and lowest frequency (LF) were determined in 374 normal subjects aged 6 years to adulthood. SFF fell between ages 8 and 10 years in boys (from 259 to 247 Hz), but not in girls (253 Hz). LF fell between ages 6 and 10 years in boys (from 234 to 203 Hz) and girls (from 230 to 218 Hz), and a sex difference appeared. In puberty, parallel to pubic hair (PH) development, a gradual fall of SFF and LF occurred in both boys (to 100 and 90 Hz, respectively) and girls (to 213 and 180 Hz). As a group, young hypopituitary children and girls with Turner's syndrome had a high SFF, and prepubertal boys with delayed maturation a low SFF. In some children with prenatal growth failure, SFF was abnormally high. The girls with Turner's syndrome exhibited a high, though individually variable, sensitivity of voice to androgen; their voices became lower before the appearance of any other masculinising effects. The instrument is useful for characterisation of growth failure syndromes and stages of puberty. It is particularly recommended for monitoring an undesirable effect on the voice during androgen treatment.", "contents": "Fundamental voice frequence during normal and abnormal growth, and after androgen treatment. A simple treatment was shown to be suitable for clinical measurement of fundamental voice frequency. Basal frequency (SFF) and lowest frequency (LF) were determined in 374 normal subjects aged 6 years to adulthood. SFF fell between ages 8 and 10 years in boys (from 259 to 247 Hz), but not in girls (253 Hz). LF fell between ages 6 and 10 years in boys (from 234 to 203 Hz) and girls (from 230 to 218 Hz), and a sex difference appeared. In puberty, parallel to pubic hair (PH) development, a gradual fall of SFF and LF occurred in both boys (to 100 and 90 Hz, respectively) and girls (to 213 and 180 Hz). As a group, young hypopituitary children and girls with Turner's syndrome had a high SFF, and prepubertal boys with delayed maturation a low SFF. In some children with prenatal growth failure, SFF was abnormally high. The girls with Turner's syndrome exhibited a high, though individually variable, sensitivity of voice to androgen; their voices became lower before the appearance of any other masculinising effects. The instrument is useful for characterisation of growth failure syndromes and stages of puberty. It is particularly recommended for monitoring an undesirable effect on the voice during androgen treatment.", "PMID": 646429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2857", "title": "Renal scarring and vesicoureteric reflux.", "content": "A review of 105 children with urinary tract infection showed an increasing prevalence of grades II-III vesicoureteric reflux with diminishing age. During infancy reflux was almost always severe, and affected boys as often as girls. Radiologically scarred kidneys were drained by refluxing ureters in 98% of cases. The prevalence of scars also rose significantly with increasinglyly severe reflux. Deterioration of existing scars or new scar formation was seen in 15 children; 18 out of 20 affected kidneys (90%) were associated with grade III vesicoureteric reflux. 2 out of 5 children who developed new scars did so after 5 years of age. Because severe reflux may occasionally be seen in the presence of a normal intravenous urogram, and since the finding of grades II-III vesicoureteric reflux is an indication for chemoprophylaxis, we consider cystourethrography essential in children of all ages with recurrent urinary tract infection. In children under 5 years the increased prevalence of both severe reflux and renal scarring are arguments for regarding cystourethrography as a necessary initial investigation.", "contents": "Renal scarring and vesicoureteric reflux. A review of 105 children with urinary tract infection showed an increasing prevalence of grades II-III vesicoureteric reflux with diminishing age. During infancy reflux was almost always severe, and affected boys as often as girls. Radiologically scarred kidneys were drained by refluxing ureters in 98% of cases. The prevalence of scars also rose significantly with increasinglyly severe reflux. Deterioration of existing scars or new scar formation was seen in 15 children; 18 out of 20 affected kidneys (90%) were associated with grade III vesicoureteric reflux. 2 out of 5 children who developed new scars did so after 5 years of age. Because severe reflux may occasionally be seen in the presence of a normal intravenous urogram, and since the finding of grades II-III vesicoureteric reflux is an indication for chemoprophylaxis, we consider cystourethrography essential in children of all ages with recurrent urinary tract infection. In children under 5 years the increased prevalence of both severe reflux and renal scarring are arguments for regarding cystourethrography as a necessary initial investigation.", "PMID": 646430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2858", "title": "Tests of skeletal muscle function in children.", "content": "The contractile properties of a large proximal muscle (quadriceps femoris) and a small distal muscle (adductor pollicis) have been measured in normal children and children with neuromuscular disorders. The method of stimulating the quadriceps femoris to contract, previously evaluated in adults, was found to be acceptable to children. In normal children a number of indices of muscle function were found to be similar to those in adults. A small study of the function of the adductor pollicis using supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve was carried out in boys with Duchenne dystrophy. Decreased contractile force and prolonged relaxation times from a tetanic stimulation were noted in both the proximal and distal muscles of the boys with Duchenne dystrophy.", "contents": "Tests of skeletal muscle function in children. The contractile properties of a large proximal muscle (quadriceps femoris) and a small distal muscle (adductor pollicis) have been measured in normal children and children with neuromuscular disorders. The method of stimulating the quadriceps femoris to contract, previously evaluated in adults, was found to be acceptable to children. In normal children a number of indices of muscle function were found to be similar to those in adults. A small study of the function of the adductor pollicis using supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve was carried out in boys with Duchenne dystrophy. Decreased contractile force and prolonged relaxation times from a tetanic stimulation were noted in both the proximal and distal muscles of the boys with Duchenne dystrophy.", "PMID": 646431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2859", "title": "Homocystinuria in New South Wales.", "content": "Homocystinuria was studied in 27 patients from 15 families in New South Wales. All 2 had biochemical findings consistent with cystathionine synthetase deficiency. One patient was ascertained by newborn screening, but the remaining index cases were detected because of symptoms: poor eyesight 6, mental retardation 3, thromboses 2, skeletal abnormalities 2, and urinary infection1. 9 patients, one-third of all cases, were mildly affected: either they had no features of the disease, or these did not occur until the late teens. Pyridoxine responsiveness was found in 8 sibships, and clinically there were two distinct kinds of response. For patients born in the decade 1960-69 the ascertainment rate for the total population was 1:58 000. The true incidence must be much higher. Our series indicates that homocystinuria occurs more frequently than has heretofore been thought, and that mild cases are common. It is likely that cases are often missed in current newborn screening programmes.", "contents": "Homocystinuria in New South Wales. Homocystinuria was studied in 27 patients from 15 families in New South Wales. All 2 had biochemical findings consistent with cystathionine synthetase deficiency. One patient was ascertained by newborn screening, but the remaining index cases were detected because of symptoms: poor eyesight 6, mental retardation 3, thromboses 2, skeletal abnormalities 2, and urinary infection1. 9 patients, one-third of all cases, were mildly affected: either they had no features of the disease, or these did not occur until the late teens. Pyridoxine responsiveness was found in 8 sibships, and clinically there were two distinct kinds of response. For patients born in the decade 1960-69 the ascertainment rate for the total population was 1:58 000. The true incidence must be much higher. Our series indicates that homocystinuria occurs more frequently than has heretofore been thought, and that mild cases are common. It is likely that cases are often missed in current newborn screening programmes.", "PMID": 646432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2860", "title": "Tracheal compression as a cause of respiratory symptoms after repair of oesophageal atresia.", "content": "A case of tracheal compression in an infant after repair of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia is reported. Tracheopexy completely relieved the symptoms of apnoeic attacks, cyanosis, and convulsions. We suggest that tracheal compression in infants and children with repaired oesophgeal atresia can not only cause life-threatening attacks but also be responsible for recurrent chest infections. All infants and children with signs and symptoms of tracheal compression as shown by the presence of a barking type of cough, recurrent chest infections, or persistent mild respiratory symptoms should be referred for thorough investigation of the tracheobronchial tree.", "contents": "Tracheal compression as a cause of respiratory symptoms after repair of oesophageal atresia. A case of tracheal compression in an infant after repair of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia is reported. Tracheopexy completely relieved the symptoms of apnoeic attacks, cyanosis, and convulsions. We suggest that tracheal compression in infants and children with repaired oesophgeal atresia can not only cause life-threatening attacks but also be responsible for recurrent chest infections. All infants and children with signs and symptoms of tracheal compression as shown by the presence of a barking type of cough, recurrent chest infections, or persistent mild respiratory symptoms should be referred for thorough investigation of the tracheobronchial tree.", "PMID": 646433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2861", "title": "Preventable death in oesophageal atresia.", "content": "We report on experience gained in the treatment of 158 cases of oesophageal atresia presenting during a period of 10 years. The factors influencing mortality were analysed. During the period studied there was a slight improvement in survival, and this was probably due mainly to improved preoperative preparation of those babies undergoing primary repair. At best, 'staging' was thought to have had little influence on the survival of poor risk cases. Midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians, surgeons, and general practitioners did not do all that they could have done to prevent morbidity and mortality in these babies. At least one-third of the 79 deaths could have been prevented, and several deaths were caused solely by lack of awareness of the possible complications and associated abnormalities.", "contents": "Preventable death in oesophageal atresia. We report on experience gained in the treatment of 158 cases of oesophageal atresia presenting during a period of 10 years. The factors influencing mortality were analysed. During the period studied there was a slight improvement in survival, and this was probably due mainly to improved preoperative preparation of those babies undergoing primary repair. At best, 'staging' was thought to have had little influence on the survival of poor risk cases. Midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians, surgeons, and general practitioners did not do all that they could have done to prevent morbidity and mortality in these babies. At least one-third of the 79 deaths could have been prevented, and several deaths were caused solely by lack of awareness of the possible complications and associated abnormalities.", "PMID": 646439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2862", "title": "Nutrition, sex, gestational age, and hair growth in babies.", "content": "Hair growth measurements are a sensitive indicator of nutrition and we have assessed their value in the perinatal period. The proportion of growing roots and their diameter were studied at birth in 114 babies and repeated 3 weeks later in 29 low birthweight babies. Intrauterine malnutrition resulted in thinner roots but the changes after birth were not related to nutrition and these measurements will not be useful in feeding studies in this period. At birth, gestational age and sex affected the hair root, and it may be important to recognise these differences if the hair root is used in biochemical screening tests. We have used a new simple technique for measuring the root diameter using an image-splitting eye-piece.", "contents": "Nutrition, sex, gestational age, and hair growth in babies. Hair growth measurements are a sensitive indicator of nutrition and we have assessed their value in the perinatal period. The proportion of growing roots and their diameter were studied at birth in 114 babies and repeated 3 weeks later in 29 low birthweight babies. Intrauterine malnutrition resulted in thinner roots but the changes after birth were not related to nutrition and these measurements will not be useful in feeding studies in this period. At birth, gestational age and sex affected the hair root, and it may be important to recognise these differences if the hair root is used in biochemical screening tests. We have used a new simple technique for measuring the root diameter using an image-splitting eye-piece.", "PMID": 646440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2863", "title": "Increase in hospitalisation for childhood asthma.", "content": "Asthma admissions among children under 15 years of age have increased nearly three-fold over the period 1959-73. The possible reasons for this increase have been examined using available data supplemented by the results of a special study of hospital disease indexes and case notes. Changes in diagnostic coding and trends in diagnostic fashion do not appear to be important. Part of the increase may be due to an increase in readmission rates. Changes in admission criteria resulting from changes in therapy, organisation of care, and illness behaviour have been considered. However, on present evidence an increase in morbidity cannot be excluded, and this could be investigated by repeat prevalence surveys of schoolchildren. If morbidity remains unchanged, admission policies for children with asthma should be reviewed.", "contents": "Increase in hospitalisation for childhood asthma. Asthma admissions among children under 15 years of age have increased nearly three-fold over the period 1959-73. The possible reasons for this increase have been examined using available data supplemented by the results of a special study of hospital disease indexes and case notes. Changes in diagnostic coding and trends in diagnostic fashion do not appear to be important. Part of the increase may be due to an increase in readmission rates. Changes in admission criteria resulting from changes in therapy, organisation of care, and illness behaviour have been considered. However, on present evidence an increase in morbidity cannot be excluded, and this could be investigated by repeat prevalence surveys of schoolchildren. If morbidity remains unchanged, admission policies for children with asthma should be reviewed.", "PMID": 646441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2864", "title": "Normocalcaemic pseudohypoparathyroidism with unusual phenotype.", "content": "We describe a boy who presented at 4 years of age with radiological hyperparathyroidism, osteosclerosis, and necrosis of the femoral heads. Plasma biochemistry was normal but the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was very high. He was deaf and had an unusual facies but did not have the phenotype of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. Plasma and urine cyclic AMP reponses to bovine PTH were markedly subnormal. Vitamin D produced sustained hypercalcaemia and a fall in plasma phosphorus. After four hyperplastic parathyroid glands were removed he became hypocalcaemic and plasma phosphorus rose. After operation he remained unresponsive to exogenous PTH; We suggest that he had a form of pseudohypoparathyroidism without the phenotype of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy and with some residual skeletal and renal responsiveness to PTH.", "contents": "Normocalcaemic pseudohypoparathyroidism with unusual phenotype. We describe a boy who presented at 4 years of age with radiological hyperparathyroidism, osteosclerosis, and necrosis of the femoral heads. Plasma biochemistry was normal but the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was very high. He was deaf and had an unusual facies but did not have the phenotype of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. Plasma and urine cyclic AMP reponses to bovine PTH were markedly subnormal. Vitamin D produced sustained hypercalcaemia and a fall in plasma phosphorus. After four hyperplastic parathyroid glands were removed he became hypocalcaemic and plasma phosphorus rose. After operation he remained unresponsive to exogenous PTH; We suggest that he had a form of pseudohypoparathyroidism without the phenotype of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy and with some residual skeletal and renal responsiveness to PTH.", "PMID": 646442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2865", "title": "Value of serum ferritin estimation in sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "In a group of 35 children with sickle cell anaemia serum ferritin concentration ranged from 70 to 2460 microgram/l (mean 367, median 180 microgram/l). This was significantly higher than the ferritin levels (range 8-101, mean 34, median 30 microgram/l) in a group of 63 normal control children of the same age group. 30 (86%) of the sickle cell children showed serum ferritin levels greater than 101 microgram/l, and 2 (6%) levels greater than 1000 microgram/l. 7 of the patients had not been transfused before this study. Their serum ferritin levels were all raised and showed a significant correlation with age but not with haemoglobin level. In the remainder of the patients the serum ferritin bore no significant correlation with age, haemoglobin level, or number of units of blood transfused. 2 children with HbSC disease had levels within the control range. Since patients with sickle cell anaemia have an increasing chance of long survival, we suggest that serial estimations of their iron status be made by means of serum ferritin assay in order to determine which patients are accumulating excessive iron.", "contents": "Value of serum ferritin estimation in sickle cell anaemia. In a group of 35 children with sickle cell anaemia serum ferritin concentration ranged from 70 to 2460 microgram/l (mean 367, median 180 microgram/l). This was significantly higher than the ferritin levels (range 8-101, mean 34, median 30 microgram/l) in a group of 63 normal control children of the same age group. 30 (86%) of the sickle cell children showed serum ferritin levels greater than 101 microgram/l, and 2 (6%) levels greater than 1000 microgram/l. 7 of the patients had not been transfused before this study. Their serum ferritin levels were all raised and showed a significant correlation with age but not with haemoglobin level. In the remainder of the patients the serum ferritin bore no significant correlation with age, haemoglobin level, or number of units of blood transfused. 2 children with HbSC disease had levels within the control range. Since patients with sickle cell anaemia have an increasing chance of long survival, we suggest that serial estimations of their iron status be made by means of serum ferritin assay in order to determine which patients are accumulating excessive iron.", "PMID": 646443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2866", "title": "Clinical applications of serum theophylline measurement by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Serum theophylline concentration was measured in children both during treatment of status asthmaticus with intravenous aminophylline, and as outpatients while they were taking oral theophylline compounds for long-term management of asthma. The clinical value of the measurements was assessed. Measurement using high-pressure liquid chromatography is simple and requires only a small volume of blood. Knowledge of serum theophylline concentration facilitates careful control of dosage of both intravenous aminophylline during treatment of status asthmaticus, and of oral theophylline in outpatients. It is useful in the evaluation of symptoms which may be due to toxic side effects of treatment. It also makes possible an assessment of patient compliance with prescribed treatment among those whose symptoms have not improved.", "contents": "Clinical applications of serum theophylline measurement by high pressure liquid chromatography. Serum theophylline concentration was measured in children both during treatment of status asthmaticus with intravenous aminophylline, and as outpatients while they were taking oral theophylline compounds for long-term management of asthma. The clinical value of the measurements was assessed. Measurement using high-pressure liquid chromatography is simple and requires only a small volume of blood. Knowledge of serum theophylline concentration facilitates careful control of dosage of both intravenous aminophylline during treatment of status asthmaticus, and of oral theophylline in outpatients. It is useful in the evaluation of symptoms which may be due to toxic side effects of treatment. It also makes possible an assessment of patient compliance with prescribed treatment among those whose symptoms have not improved.", "PMID": 646444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2867", "title": "Deafness and biochemical imbalance after burns treatment with topical antibiotics in young children. Report of 6 cases.", "content": "Six children are described in whom deafness followed treatment of full thickness burns with topical antibiotic spray containing neomycin. 3 children developed hypocalcaemic tetany, and were shown to have a metabolic disorder involving hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypokalaemia. The dangers of treating burns with topical ototoxic and nephrotoxic antibiotics are emphasised.", "contents": "Deafness and biochemical imbalance after burns treatment with topical antibiotics in young children. Report of 6 cases. Six children are described in whom deafness followed treatment of full thickness burns with topical antibiotic spray containing neomycin. 3 children developed hypocalcaemic tetany, and were shown to have a metabolic disorder involving hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypokalaemia. The dangers of treating burns with topical ototoxic and nephrotoxic antibiotics are emphasised.", "PMID": 646445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2868", "title": "Simple and versatile method for measuring oxygen consumption in infants.", "content": "A simple, rapid, and accurate method for measuring oxygen consumption in infants is described. Expired gas is entrained in a stream of air drawn through a gently applied face mask. Oxygen consumption is derived from (1) gas flow rate, measured with a flowmeter, and (2) the fall in oxygen concentration of the gas mixture, measured with a paramagnetic analyser. A measurement can be made at the bedside within 2 minutes without disturbing the infant. In 17 mature 2-day-old neonates mean oxygen consumption was 6.52 ml/kg per min, SD 0.90, similar to that previously reported using less simple methods,", "contents": "Simple and versatile method for measuring oxygen consumption in infants. A simple, rapid, and accurate method for measuring oxygen consumption in infants is described. Expired gas is entrained in a stream of air drawn through a gently applied face mask. Oxygen consumption is derived from (1) gas flow rate, measured with a flowmeter, and (2) the fall in oxygen concentration of the gas mixture, measured with a paramagnetic analyser. A measurement can be made at the bedside within 2 minutes without disturbing the infant. In 17 mature 2-day-old neonates mean oxygen consumption was 6.52 ml/kg per min, SD 0.90, similar to that previously reported using less simple methods,", "PMID": 646446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2869", "title": "Dosage schedule of gentamicin for chronic renal insufficiency in children.", "content": "Gentamicin was given to paediatric patients with chronic renal disease complicated by infections by Gram-negative organisms, in which renal function varied from normal to severely insufficient. Peak serum levels after an intramuscular dose of 1 mg/kg body weight ranged from 3.1 to 9.4 microgram/ml, which appeared adequate for therapy. The peak value was not related to the renal function of the individual patients. The serum half-life of gentamicin correlated inversely with the value for endogenous creatinine clearance. A diagram for the estimation of the serum half-life of gentamicin using the creatinine clearance value is presented. As a practical guide, it is recommended that the dose of gentamicin in children with renal function impairment be 1 mg/kg given intramuscularly and that the interval between doses be almost three times as long as the serum half-life, which can be estimated by means of the diagram for individual patients. The accuracy and safety of this method were confirmed by treating children with this adjusted dosage schedule.", "contents": "Dosage schedule of gentamicin for chronic renal insufficiency in children. Gentamicin was given to paediatric patients with chronic renal disease complicated by infections by Gram-negative organisms, in which renal function varied from normal to severely insufficient. Peak serum levels after an intramuscular dose of 1 mg/kg body weight ranged from 3.1 to 9.4 microgram/ml, which appeared adequate for therapy. The peak value was not related to the renal function of the individual patients. The serum half-life of gentamicin correlated inversely with the value for endogenous creatinine clearance. A diagram for the estimation of the serum half-life of gentamicin using the creatinine clearance value is presented. As a practical guide, it is recommended that the dose of gentamicin in children with renal function impairment be 1 mg/kg given intramuscularly and that the interval between doses be almost three times as long as the serum half-life, which can be estimated by means of the diagram for individual patients. The accuracy and safety of this method were confirmed by treating children with this adjusted dosage schedule.", "PMID": 646447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2870", "title": "Late functioning adrenocortical carcinoma in a 5-year-old girl.", "content": "A 5-year-old with adrenocortical carcinoma presented with acute paraplegia. The tumour was initially nonfunctioning but finally showed rapid dissemination and the patient then developed Cushingoid features and virilisation.", "contents": "Late functioning adrenocortical carcinoma in a 5-year-old girl. A 5-year-old with adrenocortical carcinoma presented with acute paraplegia. The tumour was initially nonfunctioning but finally showed rapid dissemination and the patient then developed Cushingoid features and virilisation.", "PMID": 646449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2871", "title": "Unusual case of adrenal cortical carcinoma in a female infant.", "content": "Adrenal cortical carcinoma in a 4 1/4-month-old girl was treated by surgery in combination with actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil given daily for 5 days every third week for 13 1/2 months. Postoperative hypertension and raised 24-hour 17-hydroxy- and 21-oxosteroids suggested residual microscopical tumour activity. These findings resolved during chemotherapy. The patient is alive and well 22 months after completing chemotherapy. Adrenal cortical carcinoma may rarely mimic neuroblastoma or nephroblastoma when the tumour is not clinically secretory.", "contents": "Unusual case of adrenal cortical carcinoma in a female infant. Adrenal cortical carcinoma in a 4 1/4-month-old girl was treated by surgery in combination with actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil given daily for 5 days every third week for 13 1/2 months. Postoperative hypertension and raised 24-hour 17-hydroxy- and 21-oxosteroids suggested residual microscopical tumour activity. These findings resolved during chemotherapy. The patient is alive and well 22 months after completing chemotherapy. Adrenal cortical carcinoma may rarely mimic neuroblastoma or nephroblastoma when the tumour is not clinically secretory.", "PMID": 646450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2872", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as chorea.", "content": "A child presenting with chorea developed the full clinical and laboratory findings of systemic lupus erythematosus after hospitalisation. He responded dramatically to haloperidol. 6 months after diagnosis he began to manifest renal involvement.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as chorea. A child presenting with chorea developed the full clinical and laboratory findings of systemic lupus erythematosus after hospitalisation. He responded dramatically to haloperidol. 6 months after diagnosis he began to manifest renal involvement.", "PMID": 646451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2873", "title": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in thalassaemia.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured in 36 thalassaemic children and 27 controls aged 5-15 years. Blood specimens were collected from the beginning of April until the end of October 1976. We considered as the winter period the first 3 months and the summer period the last 4 months. We found that (a) thalassaemic children had lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D than controls: (b) there was a seasonal variation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in both groups; and (c) the thalassaemic children had malabsorption of vitamin D. We suggest that the bone lesions in thalassaemic children are related to vitamin D deficiency.", "contents": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in thalassaemia. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured in 36 thalassaemic children and 27 controls aged 5-15 years. Blood specimens were collected from the beginning of April until the end of October 1976. We considered as the winter period the first 3 months and the summer period the last 4 months. We found that (a) thalassaemic children had lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D than controls: (b) there was a seasonal variation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in both groups; and (c) the thalassaemic children had malabsorption of vitamin D. We suggest that the bone lesions in thalassaemic children are related to vitamin D deficiency.", "PMID": 646452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2874", "title": "Short- and long-term cadmium distribution in rat livers after different routes of administration.", "content": "Intracellular hepatic distribution of cadmium in male Wistar rats were determined after various time intervals up to 6 months following a single intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (3.75 mg/kg). After an initial liver accumulation period of approximately 2 weeks, cadmium was slowly eliminated. This decrease occurred primarily in the soluble fraction, but also to a lesser extent in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. No detectable decrease of cadmium was observed in the microsomal fraction. There was no apparent redistribution of cadmium within these hepatic fractions during the 6-month period of study. A comparison of the intracellular cadmium distribution following administration by intraperitoneal, oral, and pulmonary routes revealed that in each instance the soluble fraction contained the greatest amount of this element by far with decreasing amounts in the microsomes, mitochondria, and nuclei in that order.", "contents": "Short- and long-term cadmium distribution in rat livers after different routes of administration. Intracellular hepatic distribution of cadmium in male Wistar rats were determined after various time intervals up to 6 months following a single intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (3.75 mg/kg). After an initial liver accumulation period of approximately 2 weeks, cadmium was slowly eliminated. This decrease occurred primarily in the soluble fraction, but also to a lesser extent in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. No detectable decrease of cadmium was observed in the microsomal fraction. There was no apparent redistribution of cadmium within these hepatic fractions during the 6-month period of study. A comparison of the intracellular cadmium distribution following administration by intraperitoneal, oral, and pulmonary routes revealed that in each instance the soluble fraction contained the greatest amount of this element by far with decreasing amounts in the microsomes, mitochondria, and nuclei in that order.", "PMID": 646457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2875", "title": "In vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemmagglutinin.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 human subjects exposed to 784 microgram/m3 ozone for 4 hours, and from 11 subjects exposed to clean air for the same length of time were studied for in vitro responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte response to PHA (normal response is proliferation of lymphocytes) was significantly suppressed (P less than .01) in samples obtained immediately after subjects' exposure to ozone. Recovery of response occurred 2 weeks postexposure. Responses were unchanged in subjects exposed to clean air. Existing studies suggest that ozone exposure may generate free radicals or other reactive molecules or both, that could be responsible for immediate changes in metabolic events leading to blockage or inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in T lymphocytes as shown in this study. It is possible that some prerequisite to active cell metabolism such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be impaired by ozone exposure. The significance of the suppression of T-cell response noted in this study is that: (1) if continuous exposures to ozone are shown to induce an immunosuppressed state for a significant time period, an important factor in carcinogenesis might be elucidated; (2) immunosuppression may cause a progression of an already present tumor; (3) immunosuppression may enable endogenous latent infections such as tuberculosis to reactivate; and (4) immunosuppression may explain in part the relationship between chronic oxidant air pollution and influenza-like illnesses in population.", "contents": "In vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemmagglutinin. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 human subjects exposed to 784 microgram/m3 ozone for 4 hours, and from 11 subjects exposed to clean air for the same length of time were studied for in vitro responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte response to PHA (normal response is proliferation of lymphocytes) was significantly suppressed (P less than .01) in samples obtained immediately after subjects' exposure to ozone. Recovery of response occurred 2 weeks postexposure. Responses were unchanged in subjects exposed to clean air. Existing studies suggest that ozone exposure may generate free radicals or other reactive molecules or both, that could be responsible for immediate changes in metabolic events leading to blockage or inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in T lymphocytes as shown in this study. It is possible that some prerequisite to active cell metabolism such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be impaired by ozone exposure. The significance of the suppression of T-cell response noted in this study is that: (1) if continuous exposures to ozone are shown to induce an immunosuppressed state for a significant time period, an important factor in carcinogenesis might be elucidated; (2) immunosuppression may cause a progression of an already present tumor; (3) immunosuppression may enable endogenous latent infections such as tuberculosis to reactivate; and (4) immunosuppression may explain in part the relationship between chronic oxidant air pollution and influenza-like illnesses in population.", "PMID": 646458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2876", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. A prospective analysis.", "content": "The spectrum of organ involvement in 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has been assessed in a prospective study. All patients were admitted to hospital electively for 2 days and a complete clinical and laboratory assessment protocol completed. Subsequent hospital admissions depended on clinical status. The overall mean observation period was 29 months. Widespread multisystem involvement was found in every patient. Subclinical abnormalities of respiratory and cerebral function were common even in patients in clinical remission. A more conservative approach than has been generally recommended was used for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus and is supported by the estimated 5-year survival of 98%.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. A prospective analysis. The spectrum of organ involvement in 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has been assessed in a prospective study. All patients were admitted to hospital electively for 2 days and a complete clinical and laboratory assessment protocol completed. Subsequent hospital admissions depended on clinical status. The overall mean observation period was 29 months. Widespread multisystem involvement was found in every patient. Subclinical abnormalities of respiratory and cerebral function were common even in patients in clinical remission. A more conservative approach than has been generally recommended was used for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus and is supported by the estimated 5-year survival of 98%.", "PMID": 646463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2877", "title": "A tobacco smoke inhalation exposure device for rodents.", "content": "A system which utilizes a piston pump to generate cigarette smoke under standard conditions, and expose rodents to the inhalation of diluted smoke for controlled periods of time is described. Variations of the basic system have been employed to exposure groups of ten to twenty hamsters or rats, and should allow exposures of up to forty mice. The system has been in use for approximately 24 months in routine chronic exposures of rats. Data are presented to define the operating characteristics and typical dosimetry. Animal containment peculiar to this apparatus is described.", "contents": "A tobacco smoke inhalation exposure device for rodents. A system which utilizes a piston pump to generate cigarette smoke under standard conditions, and expose rodents to the inhalation of diluted smoke for controlled periods of time is described. Variations of the basic system have been employed to exposure groups of ten to twenty hamsters or rats, and should allow exposures of up to forty mice. The system has been in use for approximately 24 months in routine chronic exposures of rats. Data are presented to define the operating characteristics and typical dosimetry. Animal containment peculiar to this apparatus is described.", "PMID": 646459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2878", "title": "Electric kettles as a source of human lead exposure.", "content": "Five hundred and seventy-four households in Ottawa were surveyed to evaluate water boiled in electric kettles as a source of lead exposure. Samples of boiled water exceeded the World Health Organization mandatory limit for drinking water (50 microgram/l) in 42.5% of the households. Excessive lead concentrations were observed in 62.8% of water samples from kettles more than 5 years old. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, sex, and cigarette smoking habits, but not lead concentration in boiled water, nor weekly consumption of boiled water were significantly associated with blood-lead concentration. Lead exposure from electric kettles may be a significant problem only in infants receiving formula prepared with boiled water.", "contents": "Electric kettles as a source of human lead exposure. Five hundred and seventy-four households in Ottawa were surveyed to evaluate water boiled in electric kettles as a source of lead exposure. Samples of boiled water exceeded the World Health Organization mandatory limit for drinking water (50 microgram/l) in 42.5% of the households. Excessive lead concentrations were observed in 62.8% of water samples from kettles more than 5 years old. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, sex, and cigarette smoking habits, but not lead concentration in boiled water, nor weekly consumption of boiled water were significantly associated with blood-lead concentration. Lead exposure from electric kettles may be a significant problem only in infants receiving formula prepared with boiled water.", "PMID": 646460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2879", "title": "Immunological studies in frozen shoulder.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels were determined in 25 patients with frozen shoulder and in 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum IgA levels were significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) in the patients with frozen shoulder and remained so after clinical recovery. Lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin in 21 patients also showed significant depression (P less than 0.01). These results support the suggested immunological pathogenesis of this condition.", "contents": "Immunological studies in frozen shoulder. Serum immunoglobulin levels were determined in 25 patients with frozen shoulder and in 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum IgA levels were significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) in the patients with frozen shoulder and remained so after clinical recovery. Lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin in 21 patients also showed significant depression (P less than 0.01). These results support the suggested immunological pathogenesis of this condition.", "PMID": 646464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2880", "title": "Phenol poisoning due to contaminated drinking water.", "content": "Accidental spillage of 37,900 1 of 100% phenol (carbolic acid) in July 1974 caused chemical contamination of wells in a rural area of southern Wisconsin. Human illness characterized by diarrhea, mouth sores, dark urine, and burning of the mouth was subsequently reported by seventeen individuals who consumed the contaminated water; their estimated intake of phenol was 10 to 240 mg/person/day. Clustering of the illnesses in time and place, as well as the similarity of these cases to previously documented cases of phenol poisoning, suggest that phenol in water caused the illness. Physical and laboratory examinations 6 months after the exposure revealed no residual abnormality in exposed persons. Water testing and geologic evaluations indicate that contamination of the underground water system may persist for many years.", "contents": "Phenol poisoning due to contaminated drinking water. Accidental spillage of 37,900 1 of 100% phenol (carbolic acid) in July 1974 caused chemical contamination of wells in a rural area of southern Wisconsin. Human illness characterized by diarrhea, mouth sores, dark urine, and burning of the mouth was subsequently reported by seventeen individuals who consumed the contaminated water; their estimated intake of phenol was 10 to 240 mg/person/day. Clustering of the illnesses in time and place, as well as the similarity of these cases to previously documented cases of phenol poisoning, suggest that phenol in water caused the illness. Physical and laboratory examinations 6 months after the exposure revealed no residual abnormality in exposed persons. Water testing and geologic evaluations indicate that contamination of the underground water system may persist for many years.", "PMID": 646461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2881", "title": "Synovial pathology in Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "Eight specimens of synovial membrane from 6 patients with 'definite' Behcet's syndrome were available for histological examination. Only the superficial zones of the synovia were affected, all except one being replaced by dense inflamed granulation tissue composed of lymphocytes mingled with macrophages, vascular elements, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. There was a marked plasma cell infiltrate and lymphoid follicle formation in one synovium only, and there was no evidence of infection. Pannus and erosive change were present in the three specimens which included the articular surface, the erosive change being visualised radiologically in two of these. It is suggested that these appearances are characteristic of Behcet's syndrome and should be added to the list of diagnostic criteria.", "contents": "Synovial pathology in Behcet's syndrome. Eight specimens of synovial membrane from 6 patients with 'definite' Behcet's syndrome were available for histological examination. Only the superficial zones of the synovia were affected, all except one being replaced by dense inflamed granulation tissue composed of lymphocytes mingled with macrophages, vascular elements, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. There was a marked plasma cell infiltrate and lymphoid follicle formation in one synovium only, and there was no evidence of infection. Pannus and erosive change were present in the three specimens which included the articular surface, the erosive change being visualised radiologically in two of these. It is suggested that these appearances are characteristic of Behcet's syndrome and should be added to the list of diagnostic criteria.", "PMID": 646465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2882", "title": "Immune response inversion after hyperimmunisation. Possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of HLA-linked diseases.", "content": "The crosstolerance hypothesis suggests that animals sharing antigens with some microorganisms will produce low antibody levels in the early part and high levels in the latter part of an infection. Antibody responses have been measured in high responder B10.M and B10.D2 mice and low responder C3H and A.Thy-1.1, as well as F1 hybrids (B10.M X A.Thy-1.1) and (B10.M X C3H/He), after repeated immunisation with the antigen ferritin, involving altogether 483 mice. An inversion in the immune response was found to occur and similar delayed high antibody responses have been described in rheumatic fever. It is suggested a mechanism of immune inversion may operate in the pathogenesis of HLA and blood group-linked diseases.", "contents": "Immune response inversion after hyperimmunisation. Possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of HLA-linked diseases. The crosstolerance hypothesis suggests that animals sharing antigens with some microorganisms will produce low antibody levels in the early part and high levels in the latter part of an infection. Antibody responses have been measured in high responder B10.M and B10.D2 mice and low responder C3H and A.Thy-1.1, as well as F1 hybrids (B10.M X A.Thy-1.1) and (B10.M X C3H/He), after repeated immunisation with the antigen ferritin, involving altogether 483 mice. An inversion in the immune response was found to occur and similar delayed high antibody responses have been described in rheumatic fever. It is suggested a mechanism of immune inversion may operate in the pathogenesis of HLA and blood group-linked diseases.", "PMID": 646466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2883", "title": "Detection of immune complexes in serum of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Immune complexes were measured in the sera of 18 patients iwth ankylosing spondylitis and 5 normal control subjects by their ability to inhibit antibody-mediated lymphocyte-induced cytotoxicity. 11 of the spondylitis and none of the control sera contained circulating complexes. Fractionation of sera on Sephadex G-200 showed that complexes were of two molecular sizes, one of intermediate and the other of large molecular weight. The presence of immune complexes did not correlate with activity of disease or the presence of peripheral arthritis although the one patient with polyarthritis had the highest level of complexes detected in this study. The nature of the antigen in these antigen-antibody complexes is of great interest since it may provide evidence of the aetiological agent in the disease.", "contents": "Detection of immune complexes in serum of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Immune complexes were measured in the sera of 18 patients iwth ankylosing spondylitis and 5 normal control subjects by their ability to inhibit antibody-mediated lymphocyte-induced cytotoxicity. 11 of the spondylitis and none of the control sera contained circulating complexes. Fractionation of sera on Sephadex G-200 showed that complexes were of two molecular sizes, one of intermediate and the other of large molecular weight. The presence of immune complexes did not correlate with activity of disease or the presence of peripheral arthritis although the one patient with polyarthritis had the highest level of complexes detected in this study. The nature of the antigen in these antigen-antibody complexes is of great interest since it may provide evidence of the aetiological agent in the disease.", "PMID": 646467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2884", "title": "Impairment of lachrymal and salivary secretion and cellular immune responses to salivary antigens in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "During a systematic investigation of 100 unselected outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, 58 were found to have reduced lachrymal or salivary secretion. No correlation could be detected between the presence or absence of secretory abnormalities and the age or sex of the patient, the presence of nodules or salivary duct antibody, or the occurrence of vasculitis. However, there was a significant correlation between diminished salivary of lachrymal flow and the occurrence of cellular immune responses to a protein fraction of normal human saliva, sensitisation being found in 94% of those with impairment of salivary and lachrymal secretion as compared with 33% of those without.", "contents": "Impairment of lachrymal and salivary secretion and cellular immune responses to salivary antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. During a systematic investigation of 100 unselected outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, 58 were found to have reduced lachrymal or salivary secretion. No correlation could be detected between the presence or absence of secretory abnormalities and the age or sex of the patient, the presence of nodules or salivary duct antibody, or the occurrence of vasculitis. However, there was a significant correlation between diminished salivary of lachrymal flow and the occurrence of cellular immune responses to a protein fraction of normal human saliva, sensitisation being found in 94% of those with impairment of salivary and lachrymal secretion as compared with 33% of those without.", "PMID": 646468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2885", "title": "Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the synovial fluid of a hypogrammaglobulinaemic patient in a survey of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis.", "content": "Mycoplasmas were not isolated from synovial fluid or membrane specimens taken from 41 patients suffering from inflammatory polyarthritis. However, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated in two laboratories and on two occasions from the knee joint of a hypogammaglobulinaemic patient with a chronic polyarthritis.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the synovial fluid of a hypogrammaglobulinaemic patient in a survey of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Mycoplasmas were not isolated from synovial fluid or membrane specimens taken from 41 patients suffering from inflammatory polyarthritis. However, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated in two laboratories and on two occasions from the knee joint of a hypogammaglobulinaemic patient with a chronic polyarthritis.", "PMID": 646469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2886", "title": "Rheumatoid synovial cells in culture produce a growth inhibitor.", "content": "Cultures of synovial cells obtained at surgery from patients with rheumatoid arthritis produced a protein which inhibits the mitosis of normal rabbit and human synovial cells, and of human lung fibroblasts. This mitotic inhibitory effect can be transferred to rabbit synovial cells by intra-articular injection of the animals with rheumatoid synovial cell cultures.", "contents": "Rheumatoid synovial cells in culture produce a growth inhibitor. Cultures of synovial cells obtained at surgery from patients with rheumatoid arthritis produced a protein which inhibits the mitosis of normal rabbit and human synovial cells, and of human lung fibroblasts. This mitotic inhibitory effect can be transferred to rabbit synovial cells by intra-articular injection of the animals with rheumatoid synovial cell cultures.", "PMID": 646470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2887", "title": "Diagnostic value of sacroiliac joint scintigraphy with 99m technetium pyrophosphate in sacroiliitis.", "content": "Using a quantitative method, scintigraphy of SI joints was performed by means of 99m technetium pyrophosphate in 21 patients with definite ankylosing spondylitis, in 17 control patients, and in 26 patients 'at risk', i.e. patients with complaints of back pain of the inflammatory type where on clinical grounds there was a possibility of sacroiliitis developing but with normal x-ray findings of the SI joints. Radioisotope uptake was higher in the ankylosing spondylitis group than in the other two groups, although the difference was not statistically significant with regard to the group 'at risk'. The high variance in the three groups considerably reduces the diagnostic value of the examination. In the ankylosing spondylitis group no correlation was found between radioisotope uptake and age, duration of disease, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or radiological stage of scaroiliitis. Since the specificity and sensitivity of scintiscanning are lower than that of clinical and radiological diagnosis of the disease, we conclude that scintigraphy is not very helpful in the early diagnosis of sacroiliitis, at least by the techniques used here.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of sacroiliac joint scintigraphy with 99m technetium pyrophosphate in sacroiliitis. Using a quantitative method, scintigraphy of SI joints was performed by means of 99m technetium pyrophosphate in 21 patients with definite ankylosing spondylitis, in 17 control patients, and in 26 patients 'at risk', i.e. patients with complaints of back pain of the inflammatory type where on clinical grounds there was a possibility of sacroiliitis developing but with normal x-ray findings of the SI joints. Radioisotope uptake was higher in the ankylosing spondylitis group than in the other two groups, although the difference was not statistically significant with regard to the group 'at risk'. The high variance in the three groups considerably reduces the diagnostic value of the examination. In the ankylosing spondylitis group no correlation was found between radioisotope uptake and age, duration of disease, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or radiological stage of scaroiliitis. Since the specificity and sensitivity of scintiscanning are lower than that of clinical and radiological diagnosis of the disease, we conclude that scintigraphy is not very helpful in the early diagnosis of sacroiliitis, at least by the techniques used here.", "PMID": 646471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2888", "title": "Intra-articular yttrium 90 in rabbits. Comparison of behaviour of various radiocolloids in rabbits and in man.", "content": "Comparative studies of the retention of various yttrium 90 radiocolloids and of noncolloidal yttrium 90 chloride were performed in rabbits with arthritis induced in one knee. Two colloids, the citrate and resin forms, showed a statistically significant difference in retention between inflamed and normal knees, isotope being retained better in the normal knee. Marked differences were found in the handling of the various yttrium preparations in rabbits compared with previously reported results in man. These differences suggest that the rabbit with induced arthritis is not a suitable model in which to test retention of different radiocolloids before use in man.", "contents": "Intra-articular yttrium 90 in rabbits. Comparison of behaviour of various radiocolloids in rabbits and in man. Comparative studies of the retention of various yttrium 90 radiocolloids and of noncolloidal yttrium 90 chloride were performed in rabbits with arthritis induced in one knee. Two colloids, the citrate and resin forms, showed a statistically significant difference in retention between inflamed and normal knees, isotope being retained better in the normal knee. Marked differences were found in the handling of the various yttrium preparations in rabbits compared with previously reported results in man. These differences suggest that the rabbit with induced arthritis is not a suitable model in which to test retention of different radiocolloids before use in man.", "PMID": 646472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2889", "title": "Angiography as an aid in extra-enteric gastrointestinal bleeding due to visceral artery aneurysm.", "content": "Three unusual patients with visceral artery aneurysms involving the hepatic artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and a mesenteric branch artery are presented. Each of these lesions is unusual and all were diagnosed preoperatively. Surgical intervention was planned on the basis of angiography. In two patients with hypovolemia a simple diagnostic approach employing emergency selective angiography was formulated and successfully used.", "contents": "Angiography as an aid in extra-enteric gastrointestinal bleeding due to visceral artery aneurysm. Three unusual patients with visceral artery aneurysms involving the hepatic artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and a mesenteric branch artery are presented. Each of these lesions is unusual and all were diagnosed preoperatively. Surgical intervention was planned on the basis of angiography. In two patients with hypovolemia a simple diagnostic approach employing emergency selective angiography was formulated and successfully used.", "PMID": 646473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2890", "title": "Systemic prophylaxis with doxycycline in surgery of the colon and rectum.", "content": "A prospective double-blind study on the effects of doxycycline as a prophylactic antimicrobial in elective colonic surgery is presented. One hundred-eighteen patients were evaluated. Fifty-eight were treated and 60 were controls. Two hundred milligrams, doxycycline or placebo (two capsules) were given orally four to six hours prior to surgery and 100 mg or placebo (one capsule) for five days postoperatively. Doxycycline levels in serum and tissues were determined and related to the MICvalues of the contaminants of the operative field. A significantly lower incidence of abdominal wound sepsis, intra-abdominal complications, and septicemia was recorded in the doxycycline group compared to the control group, 12.1 and 45% respectively. The prophylactic effect was most pronounced in patients with a negative wound culture upon closure. Macroscopical peritoneal contamination was associated with less severe consequencies in the doxycycline group. Infections in the perineal field, 3/15 vs 8/17, appeared alone in the doxycycline group, whereas they were combined with abdominal sepsis in 6/8 among the controls. Treatment also reduced the incidence of repeat laparotomy due to septic complications, 0 vs 8. Thus systemic per and postoperative prophylaxis with doxycycline significantly reduced both the incidence and the severity of postoperative sepsis in potentially contaminated elective colorectal surgery without any adverse reactions.", "contents": "Systemic prophylaxis with doxycycline in surgery of the colon and rectum. A prospective double-blind study on the effects of doxycycline as a prophylactic antimicrobial in elective colonic surgery is presented. One hundred-eighteen patients were evaluated. Fifty-eight were treated and 60 were controls. Two hundred milligrams, doxycycline or placebo (two capsules) were given orally four to six hours prior to surgery and 100 mg or placebo (one capsule) for five days postoperatively. Doxycycline levels in serum and tissues were determined and related to the MICvalues of the contaminants of the operative field. A significantly lower incidence of abdominal wound sepsis, intra-abdominal complications, and septicemia was recorded in the doxycycline group compared to the control group, 12.1 and 45% respectively. The prophylactic effect was most pronounced in patients with a negative wound culture upon closure. Macroscopical peritoneal contamination was associated with less severe consequencies in the doxycycline group. Infections in the perineal field, 3/15 vs 8/17, appeared alone in the doxycycline group, whereas they were combined with abdominal sepsis in 6/8 among the controls. Treatment also reduced the incidence of repeat laparotomy due to septic complications, 0 vs 8. Thus systemic per and postoperative prophylaxis with doxycycline significantly reduced both the incidence and the severity of postoperative sepsis in potentially contaminated elective colorectal surgery without any adverse reactions.", "PMID": 646474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2891", "title": "Non-mechanical hemorrhage in severe liver injury.", "content": "Coagulopathy, or non-mechanical hemorrhage, complicated the operative course of 17 of 33 (51.5%) patients suffering severe liver trauma. The highest incidence of non-mechanical hemorrhage (66.7%) occurred in patients undergoing anatomic lobectomy. Serial hemostatic parameters were assessed and thrombocytopenia was the most striking abnormality in patients with non-mechanical hemorrhage. The degree of thrombocytopenia was directly correlated with the number of blood transfusions administered. The mean operative blood transfusion requirement was significantly greater in patients with non-mechanical hemorrhage, 25.1 +/- 2.87 (S.E.M.) units, than in those without, 12.2 +/- 1.83 units (p < 0.001). The bulk of this transfusion was given before the onset of clinically overt coagulopathy. Massive transfusion of stored blood was felt to be the most important factor in causing non-mechanical hemorrhage. Convincing evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was lacking, and abnormal fibrinolysis was infrequent and mild when observed. Although uneventful in most, in six patients non-mechanical hemorrhage resulted in excessive blood transfusion, unnecessary operation or death. Infusions of platelet concentrate, fresh frozen plasma, and fresh blood were used to successfully treat most cases of non-mechanical hemorrhage. In all cases, these components were not started until non-mechanical hemorrhage was clinically apparent. The value of prophylactic use of blood components is stressed. Because of troublesome side effects associated with the use of prothrombin complex concentrates, these agents are contraindicated in patients with severe liver injury. After receiving concentrates, one patient developed severe hypotension leading to ventricular fibrillation, two developed transient thrombocytopenia and two others demonstrated multiple pulmonary microthrombi at autopsy, a finding not observed in autopsied patients not receiving the concentrates.", "contents": "Non-mechanical hemorrhage in severe liver injury. Coagulopathy, or non-mechanical hemorrhage, complicated the operative course of 17 of 33 (51.5%) patients suffering severe liver trauma. The highest incidence of non-mechanical hemorrhage (66.7%) occurred in patients undergoing anatomic lobectomy. Serial hemostatic parameters were assessed and thrombocytopenia was the most striking abnormality in patients with non-mechanical hemorrhage. The degree of thrombocytopenia was directly correlated with the number of blood transfusions administered. The mean operative blood transfusion requirement was significantly greater in patients with non-mechanical hemorrhage, 25.1 +/- 2.87 (S.E.M.) units, than in those without, 12.2 +/- 1.83 units (p < 0.001). The bulk of this transfusion was given before the onset of clinically overt coagulopathy. Massive transfusion of stored blood was felt to be the most important factor in causing non-mechanical hemorrhage. Convincing evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was lacking, and abnormal fibrinolysis was infrequent and mild when observed. Although uneventful in most, in six patients non-mechanical hemorrhage resulted in excessive blood transfusion, unnecessary operation or death. Infusions of platelet concentrate, fresh frozen plasma, and fresh blood were used to successfully treat most cases of non-mechanical hemorrhage. In all cases, these components were not started until non-mechanical hemorrhage was clinically apparent. The value of prophylactic use of blood components is stressed. Because of troublesome side effects associated with the use of prothrombin complex concentrates, these agents are contraindicated in patients with severe liver injury. After receiving concentrates, one patient developed severe hypotension leading to ventricular fibrillation, two developed transient thrombocytopenia and two others demonstrated multiple pulmonary microthrombi at autopsy, a finding not observed in autopsied patients not receiving the concentrates.", "PMID": 646475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2892", "title": "Modification of the Longmire procedure.", "content": "Two modifications of the Longmire procedure of intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy are reported. The first involves the preoperative placement under fluoroscopic control of a large Teflon catheter in the distal left hepatic duct to facilitate the identification and isolation of the duct at the time of surgery. The second modification is the use of a transhepatic silastic biliary stent positioned by utilizing the Teflon catheter. These modifications make the Longmire procedure technically much easier, and should help insure long-term success in both benign and malignant strictures. A successful case utilizing these modifications is reported.", "contents": "Modification of the Longmire procedure. Two modifications of the Longmire procedure of intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy are reported. The first involves the preoperative placement under fluoroscopic control of a large Teflon catheter in the distal left hepatic duct to facilitate the identification and isolation of the duct at the time of surgery. The second modification is the use of a transhepatic silastic biliary stent positioned by utilizing the Teflon catheter. These modifications make the Longmire procedure technically much easier, and should help insure long-term success in both benign and malignant strictures. A successful case utilizing these modifications is reported.", "PMID": 646476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2893", "title": "Increased rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown in children recovering from burns.", "content": "The rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown were determined, with the aid of a constant administration of [15N]glycine, during recovery in 11 acutely burned children, involving a total of 24 studies. Eleven studies were also conducted in seven healthy children before and after reconstructive surgery. Rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown, expressed as g protein/kg body weight/day, were significantly (p less than 0.05) and positiviely correlated with per cent body surface area total burn, per cent third-degree burn, and per cent open wound. These rates (synthesis, 7.1 +/- 2.1 g protein/kg/day; breakdown, 6.3 +/- 1.8 g protein/kg/day) were 80 to 100% greater (p less than 0.05) in patients with total burns greater than or equal to 60%, as compared to patients with less than 25% total burns or to the surgical patients. Because of the high energy cost of protein synthesis, it is proposed that an increased whole body protein turnover is partly responsible for the reported elevations in rates of heat production occurring in patients recovering from thermal injury.", "contents": "Increased rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown in children recovering from burns. The rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown were determined, with the aid of a constant administration of [15N]glycine, during recovery in 11 acutely burned children, involving a total of 24 studies. Eleven studies were also conducted in seven healthy children before and after reconstructive surgery. Rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown, expressed as g protein/kg body weight/day, were significantly (p less than 0.05) and positiviely correlated with per cent body surface area total burn, per cent third-degree burn, and per cent open wound. These rates (synthesis, 7.1 +/- 2.1 g protein/kg/day; breakdown, 6.3 +/- 1.8 g protein/kg/day) were 80 to 100% greater (p less than 0.05) in patients with total burns greater than or equal to 60%, as compared to patients with less than 25% total burns or to the surgical patients. Because of the high energy cost of protein synthesis, it is proposed that an increased whole body protein turnover is partly responsible for the reported elevations in rates of heat production occurring in patients recovering from thermal injury.", "PMID": 646477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2894", "title": "Appendicitis in the elderly.", "content": "The charts of 68 patients from 65 to 99 years of age who underwent appendectomy for appendicitis were reviewed between 1964 and 1976. Thirty-three were men and 35 women. All patients underwent appendectomy. Four patients had normal appendices. The remainder had appendicitis; 74% were ruptured. The duration of symptoms varied greatly, and was related to outcome. The mean duration was 58 hours, but both those who died and those who suffered complications had significantly longer mean duration while those who had an uncomplicated course had a shorter mean duration of symptoms. The incidence of rupture rose from 60% in those seen with symptoms less than 48 hours to 90% in those with symptoms longer than 49 hours. Delay was invariably related to delay in seeking medical treatment. In no case was the patient under the care of another physician for an extended period of time. Pain was the chief complaint in 63 patients, and was present in all. Seventy-four per cent had fever and 78% had leukocytosis. Those with normal appendices had normal white blood cell counts. Right lower quadrant tenderness was present in 80%. Thirty-nine per cent had significant additional medical problems. Most (73%) had operation within six hours of their original evaluation, and yet the overall complication rate was 34% including six deaths. Delay during evaluation did not correlate with unsatisfactory outcome as did delay in seeking medical attention. The most common complications were due to infection. In at least three of the deaths wound infection was associated with sepsis and death. Delay in seeking medical care, advanced age, and underlying problems were the most significant factors in those who died.", "contents": "Appendicitis in the elderly. The charts of 68 patients from 65 to 99 years of age who underwent appendectomy for appendicitis were reviewed between 1964 and 1976. Thirty-three were men and 35 women. All patients underwent appendectomy. Four patients had normal appendices. The remainder had appendicitis; 74% were ruptured. The duration of symptoms varied greatly, and was related to outcome. The mean duration was 58 hours, but both those who died and those who suffered complications had significantly longer mean duration while those who had an uncomplicated course had a shorter mean duration of symptoms. The incidence of rupture rose from 60% in those seen with symptoms less than 48 hours to 90% in those with symptoms longer than 49 hours. Delay was invariably related to delay in seeking medical treatment. In no case was the patient under the care of another physician for an extended period of time. Pain was the chief complaint in 63 patients, and was present in all. Seventy-four per cent had fever and 78% had leukocytosis. Those with normal appendices had normal white blood cell counts. Right lower quadrant tenderness was present in 80%. Thirty-nine per cent had significant additional medical problems. Most (73%) had operation within six hours of their original evaluation, and yet the overall complication rate was 34% including six deaths. Delay during evaluation did not correlate with unsatisfactory outcome as did delay in seeking medical attention. The most common complications were due to infection. In at least three of the deaths wound infection was associated with sepsis and death. Delay in seeking medical care, advanced age, and underlying problems were the most significant factors in those who died.", "PMID": 646478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2895", "title": "Infrarenal aortic occlusion.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with total occlusion of the infrarenal aorta have been seen at the UCLA Hospitals in the past 11 years. Claudication was the presenting complaint in all but one patient, with one-third having ischemic rest pain. The average age of these patients was 54 years, and their histories revealed a surprising absence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or diabetes, although 40% had essential hypertension. Heavy tobacco use, however, was characteristic of the entire group. Arteriography proved valuable in identifying and characterizing the vascular abnormalities, but posed problems in technique and interpretation. Significant distal arterial disease was detected radiographically in only 21% of these patients. Operative correction of the aortic occlusion was performed on 26 patients, 18 by aortic bypass grafts and eight by aorto-iliac endarterectomy, with one early postoperative death. Although the thrombus extended to the renal artery origins in 77% of the cases, a well-designed technical approach did not require renal artery occlusion. Using serial creatinine determinations, one case of renal insufficiency was detected which was associated with prolonged postoperative hypotension. Although the extent of distal disease was more severe in those who underwent bypass, symptoms of claudication returned earlier and were more prominent in the endarterectomy group. This recurrence of systems was not favorably altered by sympathectomy performed concomitantly with the initial procedure. Even though this condition seems to pose difficult technical obstacles and has a poor prognosis, infrarenal aortic occlusion can be successfully treated by aortic bypass, with favorable long-term results, if particular attention is paid to elements of the preoperative evaluation and the intraoperative technical requirements peculiar to this relatively uncommon disease entity.", "contents": "Infrarenal aortic occlusion. Twenty-eight patients with total occlusion of the infrarenal aorta have been seen at the UCLA Hospitals in the past 11 years. Claudication was the presenting complaint in all but one patient, with one-third having ischemic rest pain. The average age of these patients was 54 years, and their histories revealed a surprising absence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or diabetes, although 40% had essential hypertension. Heavy tobacco use, however, was characteristic of the entire group. Arteriography proved valuable in identifying and characterizing the vascular abnormalities, but posed problems in technique and interpretation. Significant distal arterial disease was detected radiographically in only 21% of these patients. Operative correction of the aortic occlusion was performed on 26 patients, 18 by aortic bypass grafts and eight by aorto-iliac endarterectomy, with one early postoperative death. Although the thrombus extended to the renal artery origins in 77% of the cases, a well-designed technical approach did not require renal artery occlusion. Using serial creatinine determinations, one case of renal insufficiency was detected which was associated with prolonged postoperative hypotension. Although the extent of distal disease was more severe in those who underwent bypass, symptoms of claudication returned earlier and were more prominent in the endarterectomy group. This recurrence of systems was not favorably altered by sympathectomy performed concomitantly with the initial procedure. Even though this condition seems to pose difficult technical obstacles and has a poor prognosis, infrarenal aortic occlusion can be successfully treated by aortic bypass, with favorable long-term results, if particular attention is paid to elements of the preoperative evaluation and the intraoperative technical requirements peculiar to this relatively uncommon disease entity.", "PMID": 646479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2896", "title": "Experimental subcapsular hematoma of the spleen: natural history and radioisotope scan correlation.", "content": "An experimental model was developed in dogs to correlate radioisotope scan findings of iatrogenic, in vivo, splenic injury with the natural history of the injury as determined by the clinical course and both gross and microscopic observations. It was found that small subcapsular injuries do not appear as discrete focal defects on scanning as do larger injuries; however, both small and large injuries cause an increased uptake of the radioactive colloid and increased clearing from the blood. In no dog did the subcapsular injury lead to delayed rupture, bleeding, or cyst formation, and all injuries healed by scarring and thickening of the overlying capsule. This study suggests that the entity of delayed rupture of the spleen in humans is, in fact, delayed diagnosis and not delayed bleeding.", "contents": "Experimental subcapsular hematoma of the spleen: natural history and radioisotope scan correlation. An experimental model was developed in dogs to correlate radioisotope scan findings of iatrogenic, in vivo, splenic injury with the natural history of the injury as determined by the clinical course and both gross and microscopic observations. It was found that small subcapsular injuries do not appear as discrete focal defects on scanning as do larger injuries; however, both small and large injuries cause an increased uptake of the radioactive colloid and increased clearing from the blood. In no dog did the subcapsular injury lead to delayed rupture, bleeding, or cyst formation, and all injuries healed by scarring and thickening of the overlying capsule. This study suggests that the entity of delayed rupture of the spleen in humans is, in fact, delayed diagnosis and not delayed bleeding.", "PMID": 646480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2897", "title": "A three year experience using modified bovine arterial heterografts for vascular access in patients requiring hemodialysis.", "content": "Between January 1974 and December 1976 28 arteriovenous fistulae were created in 25 uremic patients using modified bovine arterial heterografts. Bovine grafts were inserted only if the patient's own vessels were deemed inadequate to permit the development of a useable Brescia fistula. Graft patency by the life-table method was 92% at three months and 75% at one year. Complications leading to graft failure included late thrombosis, inadequate healing of skin flaps, and graft disruption secondary to faulty cannulation. Ten patients died; none of the deaths were graft-related. At the end of the period of observation all patients requiring hemodialysis had functioning bovine grafts. It is felt that for this purpose the modified bovine arterial heterograft is superior to any other currently available vascular conduit. The location of these grafts should be planned so as to make maximal use of distal vasculature and allow multiple sequential access procedures in the same extremity. An idealized approach which encompasses these principles is presented.", "contents": "A three year experience using modified bovine arterial heterografts for vascular access in patients requiring hemodialysis. Between January 1974 and December 1976 28 arteriovenous fistulae were created in 25 uremic patients using modified bovine arterial heterografts. Bovine grafts were inserted only if the patient's own vessels were deemed inadequate to permit the development of a useable Brescia fistula. Graft patency by the life-table method was 92% at three months and 75% at one year. Complications leading to graft failure included late thrombosis, inadequate healing of skin flaps, and graft disruption secondary to faulty cannulation. Ten patients died; none of the deaths were graft-related. At the end of the period of observation all patients requiring hemodialysis had functioning bovine grafts. It is felt that for this purpose the modified bovine arterial heterograft is superior to any other currently available vascular conduit. The location of these grafts should be planned so as to make maximal use of distal vasculature and allow multiple sequential access procedures in the same extremity. An idealized approach which encompasses these principles is presented.", "PMID": 646481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2898", "title": "Diagnosis and thereapy of necrotizing soft tissue infections of the perineum.", "content": "Nine patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection of the perineum and adjacent areas developed following perirectal absecess, retroperitoneal infection, local trauma or apparently spontaneously. Skin changes and crepitus were often present but severe local pain was the only indication of infection in three patients. Repeated surgery or in one case, a necropsy, were required to uncover the extensive, dissecting, purulent and necrotizing subcutaneous process. Myonecrosis had occurred in three cases. Operation was often delayed for several days because of the difficulty in recognizing the presence of infection or because the urgency for treating an already apparent infection was not appreciated. The mortality was high (5/9 cases). The bacterial isolates were predominantly of a mixed aerobic-anaerobic nature. Needle aspiration of suspicious areas, even where classic signs of inflammation are lacking and Gram staining of exudate are valuable procedures for diagnosis and institution of appropriate presumptive antibiotic treatment. Thorough surgical exploration and debridement must be performed promptly to maximize chances for survival.", "contents": "Diagnosis and thereapy of necrotizing soft tissue infections of the perineum. Nine patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection of the perineum and adjacent areas developed following perirectal absecess, retroperitoneal infection, local trauma or apparently spontaneously. Skin changes and crepitus were often present but severe local pain was the only indication of infection in three patients. Repeated surgery or in one case, a necropsy, were required to uncover the extensive, dissecting, purulent and necrotizing subcutaneous process. Myonecrosis had occurred in three cases. Operation was often delayed for several days because of the difficulty in recognizing the presence of infection or because the urgency for treating an already apparent infection was not appreciated. The mortality was high (5/9 cases). The bacterial isolates were predominantly of a mixed aerobic-anaerobic nature. Needle aspiration of suspicious areas, even where classic signs of inflammation are lacking and Gram staining of exudate are valuable procedures for diagnosis and institution of appropriate presumptive antibiotic treatment. Thorough surgical exploration and debridement must be performed promptly to maximize chances for survival.", "PMID": 646482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2899", "title": "Rubber band seton in the management of abscess-anal fistula.", "content": "An elastic seton has been used in more than 35 patients in the surgical management of anterior abscess-anal fistula and anterolateral anal fistula in women. Elastic setons are applicalbe in the treatment of other complicated abscess-anal fistulas. The advantage of this method is the good functional result, with a minimal deformity of the anus. The treatment can be administered with a minimal number of hospital days or, in some instances, on an outpatient basis.", "contents": "Rubber band seton in the management of abscess-anal fistula. An elastic seton has been used in more than 35 patients in the surgical management of anterior abscess-anal fistula and anterolateral anal fistula in women. Elastic setons are applicalbe in the treatment of other complicated abscess-anal fistulas. The advantage of this method is the good functional result, with a minimal deformity of the anus. The treatment can be administered with a minimal number of hospital days or, in some instances, on an outpatient basis.", "PMID": 646483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2900", "title": "Cardiac function at rest and during exercise in normals and in patients with coronary heart disease: evaluation by radionuclide angiocardiography.", "content": "This study demonstrates that radionuclide angiocardiography provides a simple and noninvasive approach for evaluation of myocardial function. Previous work concerning myocardial performance has been generally conducted with the patient in the supine position. Radionuclide angiocardiograms were performed in the present study at rest and during exercise in 30 normal subjects and in 30 patients with ischemic coronary artery disease. There were 30 normal controls (Group I), ten with single coronary artery disease (Group II), and 20 patients with multiple vessel coronary disease (Group III). All subjects were studied in the erect posture on a bicycle ergometer. In the normal controls, the mean heart rate doubled and the cardiac output tripled during exercise. Intensive training can lead to extraordinary levels of cardiac performance as shown in a world-class athlete who during peak exercise attained a heart rate of 210, an ejection fraction of 97%, and a cardiac output of 56 litres per minute. In the patients with coronary artery disease, both groups, were able to increase cardiac output to approximately twice the resting value. The magnitude of increase in blood pressure during exercise was not significantly different in the three groups. However, definite changes were present in the end-diastolic volume at rest was 116 and rose to 128 ml in Group I, 93 rising to 132 ml in Group II, and 138 increasing to 216 ml in Group III. The stroke volume increased comparably in all three groups, but the ejection fraction from rest to exercise showed a marked contrast in the controls compared to those with multivessel coronary disease. The ejection fraction rose in Group I from 66 to 80% during exercise, while in Group II it fell from 69 to 67%, and in Group III from 60 to 46%. These findings indicate that patients with ischemic myocardial disease respond to the stress of exercise by cardiac dilatation to maintain of increase stroke volume at increased heart rates. Moreover, the magnitude of this response appears to be greatest in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis. This approach for evaluating myocardial function during exercise provides useful data of importance in selecting medical versus surgical management of patients with ischemic coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Cardiac function at rest and during exercise in normals and in patients with coronary heart disease: evaluation by radionuclide angiocardiography. This study demonstrates that radionuclide angiocardiography provides a simple and noninvasive approach for evaluation of myocardial function. Previous work concerning myocardial performance has been generally conducted with the patient in the supine position. Radionuclide angiocardiograms were performed in the present study at rest and during exercise in 30 normal subjects and in 30 patients with ischemic coronary artery disease. There were 30 normal controls (Group I), ten with single coronary artery disease (Group II), and 20 patients with multiple vessel coronary disease (Group III). All subjects were studied in the erect posture on a bicycle ergometer. In the normal controls, the mean heart rate doubled and the cardiac output tripled during exercise. Intensive training can lead to extraordinary levels of cardiac performance as shown in a world-class athlete who during peak exercise attained a heart rate of 210, an ejection fraction of 97%, and a cardiac output of 56 litres per minute. In the patients with coronary artery disease, both groups, were able to increase cardiac output to approximately twice the resting value. The magnitude of increase in blood pressure during exercise was not significantly different in the three groups. However, definite changes were present in the end-diastolic volume at rest was 116 and rose to 128 ml in Group I, 93 rising to 132 ml in Group II, and 138 increasing to 216 ml in Group III. The stroke volume increased comparably in all three groups, but the ejection fraction from rest to exercise showed a marked contrast in the controls compared to those with multivessel coronary disease. The ejection fraction rose in Group I from 66 to 80% during exercise, while in Group II it fell from 69 to 67%, and in Group III from 60 to 46%. These findings indicate that patients with ischemic myocardial disease respond to the stress of exercise by cardiac dilatation to maintain of increase stroke volume at increased heart rates. Moreover, the magnitude of this response appears to be greatest in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis. This approach for evaluating myocardial function during exercise provides useful data of importance in selecting medical versus surgical management of patients with ischemic coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 646486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2901", "title": "Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Staging laparotomy was performed at the University of Virginia Medical Center on 111 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The operation included multiple liver and lymph node biopsies and, excepting three patients, splenectomy. The histopathology was reviewed and the 111 patients were classified as follows: nodular sclerosis, 74; mixed cellularity, 28; lymphocyte predominance, 7; and undetermined, 2. There were no deaths. Wound, pulmonary or urinary tract complications occurred in 11 patients. One case of postoperative thrombophlebitis occurred and in another case small bowel obstruction developed, and resolved without reoperation. The pathologic stage (PS) following laparotomy was unchanged from the clinical stage (CS) in 64%, reduced in 20%, and advanced in 16%. The therapy, however, was altered in 38% of the patients. Lymphangiography in 103 patients was interpreted as showing lymph node involvement in 38, equivocal involvement in 11, and no involvement in 54. Among the 92 examinations reported as either positive or negative, 77% were confirmed histopathologically, 21% were falsely positive, and 2% were falsely negative. The spleen was positive for Hodgkin's disease in 39% of cases, and in these patients with positive spleens there was no reason to suspect intra-abdominal involvement preoperatively in 21%.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease. Staging laparotomy was performed at the University of Virginia Medical Center on 111 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The operation included multiple liver and lymph node biopsies and, excepting three patients, splenectomy. The histopathology was reviewed and the 111 patients were classified as follows: nodular sclerosis, 74; mixed cellularity, 28; lymphocyte predominance, 7; and undetermined, 2. There were no deaths. Wound, pulmonary or urinary tract complications occurred in 11 patients. One case of postoperative thrombophlebitis occurred and in another case small bowel obstruction developed, and resolved without reoperation. The pathologic stage (PS) following laparotomy was unchanged from the clinical stage (CS) in 64%, reduced in 20%, and advanced in 16%. The therapy, however, was altered in 38% of the patients. Lymphangiography in 103 patients was interpreted as showing lymph node involvement in 38, equivocal involvement in 11, and no involvement in 54. Among the 92 examinations reported as either positive or negative, 77% were confirmed histopathologically, 21% were falsely positive, and 2% were falsely negative. The spleen was positive for Hodgkin's disease in 39% of cases, and in these patients with positive spleens there was no reason to suspect intra-abdominal involvement preoperatively in 21%.", "PMID": 646487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2902", "title": "Breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer.", "content": "Breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer is a feasible procedure. The selection of the proper type of mastectomy should be the decision of the cancer surgeon. However, with the advent of modified mastectomies, the use of fewer primary skin grafts, and the preservation of all or part of the pectoralis major muscle, breast reconstruction has become more satisfactory. Since many women adjust poorly to mastectomy, the chance for reconstruction offers hope for a fuller life. Reconstruction of the postmastectomy cancer patient can be accomplished in three basic steps: 1) An adequate breast mound can be constructed with a prosthesis. A flap may be used if the skin cover is inadequate. 2) The size and shape of the remaining breast can be adjusted to obtain symmetry. 3) The nipple-areola complex can be reconstructed if the patient desires. Correction of the infraclavicular and axillary defects may be required. The techniques employed in 14 patients are presented.", "contents": "Breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer. Breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer is a feasible procedure. The selection of the proper type of mastectomy should be the decision of the cancer surgeon. However, with the advent of modified mastectomies, the use of fewer primary skin grafts, and the preservation of all or part of the pectoralis major muscle, breast reconstruction has become more satisfactory. Since many women adjust poorly to mastectomy, the chance for reconstruction offers hope for a fuller life. Reconstruction of the postmastectomy cancer patient can be accomplished in three basic steps: 1) An adequate breast mound can be constructed with a prosthesis. A flap may be used if the skin cover is inadequate. 2) The size and shape of the remaining breast can be adjusted to obtain symmetry. 3) The nipple-areola complex can be reconstructed if the patient desires. Correction of the infraclavicular and axillary defects may be required. The techniques employed in 14 patients are presented.", "PMID": 646488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2903", "title": "The prevention of bypass enteritis after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "The symptoms of bypass enteritis are disabling sequelae in many patients after jejunoileal bypass. This is a preliminary report of efforts to devise a valve to prevent reflux into the bypassed intestine after jejunoileal bypass. Valve I (42 cases) was formed by dividing the ileum, everting the proximal end as one matures an ileostomy, and inserting this into the distal ileum. Only 12 of these valves were competent. Valve II (six cases) was formed by dividing the ileum and merely inserting the proximal bowel into the distal, allowing it to evert spontaneously as with an unmatured ileostomy. In two cases the valve was competent, but four cases became obstructed and this valve is mentioned only to be condemned. Valve III (19 cases) is similar to an isoperistaltic Kock valve, except that the intussuscepted ileum is first divested of its mesentery. All such valves have been competent. All 33 patients with a competent valve have been free of the stigmata of bypass enteritis, whereas 54% of 156 patients showed the symptoms of enteritis after conventional jejunoileal bypass.", "contents": "The prevention of bypass enteritis after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. The symptoms of bypass enteritis are disabling sequelae in many patients after jejunoileal bypass. This is a preliminary report of efforts to devise a valve to prevent reflux into the bypassed intestine after jejunoileal bypass. Valve I (42 cases) was formed by dividing the ileum, everting the proximal end as one matures an ileostomy, and inserting this into the distal ileum. Only 12 of these valves were competent. Valve II (six cases) was formed by dividing the ileum and merely inserting the proximal bowel into the distal, allowing it to evert spontaneously as with an unmatured ileostomy. In two cases the valve was competent, but four cases became obstructed and this valve is mentioned only to be condemned. Valve III (19 cases) is similar to an isoperistaltic Kock valve, except that the intussuscepted ileum is first divested of its mesentery. All such valves have been competent. All 33 patients with a competent valve have been free of the stigmata of bypass enteritis, whereas 54% of 156 patients showed the symptoms of enteritis after conventional jejunoileal bypass.", "PMID": 646489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2904", "title": "The comparative survivals of alcoholics versus nonalcoholics after distal splenorenal shunt.", "content": "Survival after distal splenorenal shunt in appreciably better in nonalcoholic patients than in alcoholics. This increase in survival does not appear to be dependent upon the state of biochemical liver function or the severity of changes in liver histology since these latter were similar for both groups. We suggest that the poorer survival of alcoholics may be related to continuing alcohol toxicity, and that a possible reason for the failure to demonstrate this difference in survival after portacaval shunts may be due to the harmful effects of total portal diversion on the liver.", "contents": "The comparative survivals of alcoholics versus nonalcoholics after distal splenorenal shunt. Survival after distal splenorenal shunt in appreciably better in nonalcoholic patients than in alcoholics. This increase in survival does not appear to be dependent upon the state of biochemical liver function or the severity of changes in liver histology since these latter were similar for both groups. We suggest that the poorer survival of alcoholics may be related to continuing alcohol toxicity, and that a possible reason for the failure to demonstrate this difference in survival after portacaval shunts may be due to the harmful effects of total portal diversion on the liver.", "PMID": 646490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2905", "title": "Comparison of the results of resection, bypass, and bypass with exclusion for ileocecal Crohn's disease.", "content": "Controversy continues regarding the optimal surgical treatment of Crohn's disease involving the ileum and cecum. Over 43-years, 161 patients underwent primary surgery for this disease at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Resection was performed in 115 patients, bypass with exclusion in 25, and side-to-side ileotranverse colostomy in 21. Overall recurrence rates were 25% for resection, 63% for bypass with exclusion, and 75% for simple bypass. Expressed as 15 year follow-up, recurrence rate were 65% for resection, 82% for bypass with exclusion, and 94% for simple bypass. Much of the difference in final outcome was accounted for by early recurrence or by persistent disease in the two bypass groups. This amounted to 21% for the bypass with exclusion and 45% for simple bypass as compared to 3% for patients who had resection. Conclusions from this review are that 1) resection can be performed with a morbidity and mortality equivalent to either of the bypass procedures; 2) the recurrence rat following resection is significantly lower than bypass with exclusion or simple bypass, and amounts to about 4% per year; 3) continuing disease in the bypassed loop accounts for a high percentage of reoperations in the bypass groups, while appearance of new disease is the usual problem following resection; 4) resection is the surgical treatment of choice for ileocecal Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Comparison of the results of resection, bypass, and bypass with exclusion for ileocecal Crohn's disease. Controversy continues regarding the optimal surgical treatment of Crohn's disease involving the ileum and cecum. Over 43-years, 161 patients underwent primary surgery for this disease at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Resection was performed in 115 patients, bypass with exclusion in 25, and side-to-side ileotranverse colostomy in 21. Overall recurrence rates were 25% for resection, 63% for bypass with exclusion, and 75% for simple bypass. Expressed as 15 year follow-up, recurrence rate were 65% for resection, 82% for bypass with exclusion, and 94% for simple bypass. Much of the difference in final outcome was accounted for by early recurrence or by persistent disease in the two bypass groups. This amounted to 21% for the bypass with exclusion and 45% for simple bypass as compared to 3% for patients who had resection. Conclusions from this review are that 1) resection can be performed with a morbidity and mortality equivalent to either of the bypass procedures; 2) the recurrence rat following resection is significantly lower than bypass with exclusion or simple bypass, and amounts to about 4% per year; 3) continuing disease in the bypassed loop accounts for a high percentage of reoperations in the bypass groups, while appearance of new disease is the usual problem following resection; 4) resection is the surgical treatment of choice for ileocecal Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 646491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2906", "title": "The surgical aspects of chronic mucosal inflammatory bowel disease (chronic ulcerative colitis).", "content": "The surgical aspects of chronic mucosal inflammatory bowel disease were reviewed by comparing the experience at our institution between two periods, one a decade later than the other (1961-1965 and 1971-1975). The striking findings were a marked decrease in the incidence of carcinoma and toxic megacolon and a marked increase in use of one-stage proctocolectomy with either Brooke ileostomy or Kock pouch. There was, in addition, a corresponding decrease in the operative mortality for elective cases, from 2.4 to 1.3%; yet the operative mortality for emergency cases remained relatively stable at about 25%. The reason for the decrease in the incidence of carcinoma and toxic megacolon appears to be on the basis of selection outside of our institution, in that fewer of these cases are being referred.", "contents": "The surgical aspects of chronic mucosal inflammatory bowel disease (chronic ulcerative colitis). The surgical aspects of chronic mucosal inflammatory bowel disease were reviewed by comparing the experience at our institution between two periods, one a decade later than the other (1961-1965 and 1971-1975). The striking findings were a marked decrease in the incidence of carcinoma and toxic megacolon and a marked increase in use of one-stage proctocolectomy with either Brooke ileostomy or Kock pouch. There was, in addition, a corresponding decrease in the operative mortality for elective cases, from 2.4 to 1.3%; yet the operative mortality for emergency cases remained relatively stable at about 25%. The reason for the decrease in the incidence of carcinoma and toxic megacolon appears to be on the basis of selection outside of our institution, in that fewer of these cases are being referred.", "PMID": 646492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2907", "title": "Urinary tract complications with rectal surgery.", "content": "The possibility of urinary tract injury should always be considered in the course of anterior resection or combined abdominoperineal resection of the lower colon and rectum. Controlled studies of ureteral and other injuries and fistulas cannot be made; but fortunately, unanticipated damage to the lower urinary tract does not occur often. The surgeon operating in the pelvis should be aware of the problems rarely encountered and should be capable of their management. If a urologic surgeon is available, consultation often is desirable. Prompt intraoperative recognition is most important so remedial procedures can be carried out immediately. Delay in recognition and treatment jeopardizes the patient's course and the function of the urinary tract. Postoperative urinary tract infections should be diagnosed early so prompt treatment can be instituted.", "contents": "Urinary tract complications with rectal surgery. The possibility of urinary tract injury should always be considered in the course of anterior resection or combined abdominoperineal resection of the lower colon and rectum. Controlled studies of ureteral and other injuries and fistulas cannot be made; but fortunately, unanticipated damage to the lower urinary tract does not occur often. The surgeon operating in the pelvis should be aware of the problems rarely encountered and should be capable of their management. If a urologic surgeon is available, consultation often is desirable. Prompt intraoperative recognition is most important so remedial procedures can be carried out immediately. Delay in recognition and treatment jeopardizes the patient's course and the function of the urinary tract. Postoperative urinary tract infections should be diagnosed early so prompt treatment can be instituted.", "PMID": 646493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2908", "title": "Reassessment of intraoperative decisions: why operations for cancer of the large bowel fail.", "content": "A program developed for the intraoperative judgement decisions commonly faced in cancer of the colon and rectum has been published and has been found to correlate frequently with the management carried out in a cancer hospital and on the ward services of university programs in city/county and Veterans Administration hospitals. Those patients whose management varies with the recommendations of the program are subject to statistically significant excess risk of dying in the hospital and excess risk of failure of ultimate control of their malignant process. It is our opinion that this program is not only useful in demonstrating the explicit nature of surgical judgement but is also useful to the operating surgeon as an indication for the need for consultation or reassessment of his obwervations.", "contents": "Reassessment of intraoperative decisions: why operations for cancer of the large bowel fail. A program developed for the intraoperative judgement decisions commonly faced in cancer of the colon and rectum has been published and has been found to correlate frequently with the management carried out in a cancer hospital and on the ward services of university programs in city/county and Veterans Administration hospitals. Those patients whose management varies with the recommendations of the program are subject to statistically significant excess risk of dying in the hospital and excess risk of failure of ultimate control of their malignant process. It is our opinion that this program is not only useful in demonstrating the explicit nature of surgical judgement but is also useful to the operating surgeon as an indication for the need for consultation or reassessment of his obwervations.", "PMID": 646494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2909", "title": "Management of pancreatic trauma.", "content": "Since 1950, 300 patients sustaining pancreatic injuries have been managed. Three-fourths of the injuries were due to penetrating trauma with a 20% mortality and one-fourth due to blunt trauma resulting in an 18% mortality. The pancreatic injury was responsible for death in only 3% of patients. Early onset of shock resulted in 38% mortality whereas only 4% of normotensive patients died. No patient died of an isolated pancreatic injury. Sepsis was the second most common cause of death following hemorrhage. Preoperative serum amylase was elevated more frequently following blunt trauma than penetrating trauma, but did not correlate with injury. There has been a tendency toward more frequent use of distal pancreatectomy for simple penetrating injuries without obvious ductal violation which increases operative time, blood loss and possible intra-abdominal abscess since resection usually requires splenectomy. Patients considered for an 80% distal resection are better managed with a Roux-en-Y limb to the distal pancreas since three patients developed diabetes following an 80% or greater resection. A conservative approach consisting of Penrose and sump drainage is adequate for most injuries.", "contents": "Management of pancreatic trauma. Since 1950, 300 patients sustaining pancreatic injuries have been managed. Three-fourths of the injuries were due to penetrating trauma with a 20% mortality and one-fourth due to blunt trauma resulting in an 18% mortality. The pancreatic injury was responsible for death in only 3% of patients. Early onset of shock resulted in 38% mortality whereas only 4% of normotensive patients died. No patient died of an isolated pancreatic injury. Sepsis was the second most common cause of death following hemorrhage. Preoperative serum amylase was elevated more frequently following blunt trauma than penetrating trauma, but did not correlate with injury. There has been a tendency toward more frequent use of distal pancreatectomy for simple penetrating injuries without obvious ductal violation which increases operative time, blood loss and possible intra-abdominal abscess since resection usually requires splenectomy. Patients considered for an 80% distal resection are better managed with a Roux-en-Y limb to the distal pancreas since three patients developed diabetes following an 80% or greater resection. A conservative approach consisting of Penrose and sump drainage is adequate for most injuries.", "PMID": 646495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2910", "title": "Results of elective duodenal ulcer surgery in women: comparison of truncal vagotomy and antrectomy, gastric selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty, proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "This study provides a retrospective comparative analysis of results in 90 women patients who underwent three different elective operations for intractable duodenal ulcer disease. Group I (30 patients) underwent truncal vagotomy/antrectomy (TV + A); group II (30 patients) gastric selective vagotomy/pyloroplasty (GSV + P); and Group III proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). There were no operative deaths among the 90 patients. No patient after TV + A has developed a recurrent ulcer. Two recurrent ulcers developed after GSV + P, and one gastric ulcer occurred after PGV. Dumping, diarrhea, and reflux gastritis were lower after PGV than with TV + A and GSV + P. Follow-up studies have been from six months to ten years. The clinical results among the three groups of women patients compare favorably with results obtained in a recent prospective randomized study using the identical operative procedures in three groups of men patients operated upon for intractability. There was no statistically significant difference between women and men after similar operative procedures, but the postgastrectomy sequelae were less after PGV in both women and men patients.", "contents": "Results of elective duodenal ulcer surgery in women: comparison of truncal vagotomy and antrectomy, gastric selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty, proximal gastric vagotomy. This study provides a retrospective comparative analysis of results in 90 women patients who underwent three different elective operations for intractable duodenal ulcer disease. Group I (30 patients) underwent truncal vagotomy/antrectomy (TV + A); group II (30 patients) gastric selective vagotomy/pyloroplasty (GSV + P); and Group III proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). There were no operative deaths among the 90 patients. No patient after TV + A has developed a recurrent ulcer. Two recurrent ulcers developed after GSV + P, and one gastric ulcer occurred after PGV. Dumping, diarrhea, and reflux gastritis were lower after PGV than with TV + A and GSV + P. Follow-up studies have been from six months to ten years. The clinical results among the three groups of women patients compare favorably with results obtained in a recent prospective randomized study using the identical operative procedures in three groups of men patients operated upon for intractability. There was no statistically significant difference between women and men after similar operative procedures, but the postgastrectomy sequelae were less after PGV in both women and men patients.", "PMID": 646496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2911", "title": "The role of peritoneal lavage in severe acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Encouraged by reports of the therapeutic efficacy of peritoneal lavage in small series of five or six patients with acute pancreatitis, we have evaluated this treatment in 24 patients with \"severe\" pancreatitis. One hundred and three patients with \"severe\" pancreatitis (28% mortality) were separated from 347 with \"mild\" pancreatitis (0.9% mortality) by previously described early objective signs. Early treatment (Day 0-7) of \"severe\" pancreatitis included peritoneal lavage through catheters placed nonoperatively in 18 (Group A) and by catheters placed at laparotomy in six (Group C). Early treatment of nonlavaged patients with \"severe\" pancreatitis was by standard nonoperative measures in 61 (Group B) and included early operation in 18 (Group D). Lavage was continued for 48-96 hours, usually using 36-48 L/24 hours of balanced isotonic dialysate fluid, and was uncomplicated. Lavage led to striking immediate clinical improvement and no lavaged patient (Groups A and C) died during the first 10 days of treatment of pancreatitis. By contrast, 45% of deaths in nonlavaged patients (Group B and D) occurred during this early period, usually from cardiovascular or respiratory failure. Although lavage reduced mortality in subgroups of patients, ultimate overall survival was no affected (Group A, 83%; B, 84%; C, 33%; D,33%). Late peripancreatic abscesses caused most deaths in lavaged patients. These data show that peritoneal complications of severe acute pancreatitis and dramatically reduces early mortality. Lavage does not prevent the late local sequelae of peripancreatic necrosis.", "contents": "The role of peritoneal lavage in severe acute pancreatitis. Encouraged by reports of the therapeutic efficacy of peritoneal lavage in small series of five or six patients with acute pancreatitis, we have evaluated this treatment in 24 patients with \"severe\" pancreatitis. One hundred and three patients with \"severe\" pancreatitis (28% mortality) were separated from 347 with \"mild\" pancreatitis (0.9% mortality) by previously described early objective signs. Early treatment (Day 0-7) of \"severe\" pancreatitis included peritoneal lavage through catheters placed nonoperatively in 18 (Group A) and by catheters placed at laparotomy in six (Group C). Early treatment of nonlavaged patients with \"severe\" pancreatitis was by standard nonoperative measures in 61 (Group B) and included early operation in 18 (Group D). Lavage was continued for 48-96 hours, usually using 36-48 L/24 hours of balanced isotonic dialysate fluid, and was uncomplicated. Lavage led to striking immediate clinical improvement and no lavaged patient (Groups A and C) died during the first 10 days of treatment of pancreatitis. By contrast, 45% of deaths in nonlavaged patients (Group B and D) occurred during this early period, usually from cardiovascular or respiratory failure. Although lavage reduced mortality in subgroups of patients, ultimate overall survival was no affected (Group A, 83%; B, 84%; C, 33%; D,33%). Late peripancreatic abscesses caused most deaths in lavaged patients. These data show that peritoneal complications of severe acute pancreatitis and dramatically reduces early mortality. Lavage does not prevent the late local sequelae of peripancreatic necrosis.", "PMID": 646497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2912", "title": "A clinical evaluation of the surgical treatment of anorectal malformations (imperforate anus).", "content": "The surgical correction of anorectal malformations remains a serious problem despite their relatively frequent occurrence. Our surgical experience with 90 patients, seen in the past ten years, includes abdominal-perineal or sacro-abdominal-perineal repair in 28 patients, complete perineal anoplasty in 13 patients, and \"cut-back\" perineal anoplasty in 38 patients. Secondary surgical procedures for \"fecal reservoir syndrome\" (seven patients), revision for stricture (11 patients) and excision of redundant mucous membrane (ten patients). The observations made from this clinical study are: 1) The importance of thorough urological and neurological evaluation of \"high\" abnormalities and the value of the cremasteric and bulbocavernosus reflexes as indicators of sacral innervation. 2) Increasing satisfaction with the \"cut-back\" anoplasty as a definitive procedure or as a temporary stage in low recto-vaginal or recto-vestibular fistulas. The technique for the \"cut-back\" is improved by the use of Burow's triangles and the use of nonabsorbable sutures. 3) The advisability of the complete perineal anoplasty with posterior positioning of the anus and construction of a perineal body in patients with low recto-vaginal and recto-vestibular fistulas. 4) A concern over the functional capacity of the distal bowel segment in high abnormalities. This is emphasized by the experience with six secondary resections of the rectosigmoid or left colon for \"fecal reservoir syndrome.\" 5) Heartening results with secondary operations for stricture and redundant mucous membrane which suggest the desirability of an earlier surgical approach to these complications.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of the surgical treatment of anorectal malformations (imperforate anus). The surgical correction of anorectal malformations remains a serious problem despite their relatively frequent occurrence. Our surgical experience with 90 patients, seen in the past ten years, includes abdominal-perineal or sacro-abdominal-perineal repair in 28 patients, complete perineal anoplasty in 13 patients, and \"cut-back\" perineal anoplasty in 38 patients. Secondary surgical procedures for \"fecal reservoir syndrome\" (seven patients), revision for stricture (11 patients) and excision of redundant mucous membrane (ten patients). The observations made from this clinical study are: 1) The importance of thorough urological and neurological evaluation of \"high\" abnormalities and the value of the cremasteric and bulbocavernosus reflexes as indicators of sacral innervation. 2) Increasing satisfaction with the \"cut-back\" anoplasty as a definitive procedure or as a temporary stage in low recto-vaginal or recto-vestibular fistulas. The technique for the \"cut-back\" is improved by the use of Burow's triangles and the use of nonabsorbable sutures. 3) The advisability of the complete perineal anoplasty with posterior positioning of the anus and construction of a perineal body in patients with low recto-vaginal and recto-vestibular fistulas. 4) A concern over the functional capacity of the distal bowel segment in high abnormalities. This is emphasized by the experience with six secondary resections of the rectosigmoid or left colon for \"fecal reservoir syndrome.\" 5) Heartening results with secondary operations for stricture and redundant mucous membrane which suggest the desirability of an earlier surgical approach to these complications.", "PMID": 646498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2913", "title": "Abdominal drainage following appendectomy and cholecystectomy.", "content": "Consecutive patients undergoing emergency appendectomy (283) or urgent cholecystectomy (51) were prospectively studied for the development of post-operative incisional or peritoneal sepsis. Severity of the original peritoneal infection was carefully recorded, while use of a Penrose dam to drain the peritoneum was randomized according to pre-assigned hospital number. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were taken from the abdomen at the time of operation as well as from all postoperative infectious foci. Results demonstrated no essential differences in incidence of wound and peritoneal infection following appendectomy for simple or suppurative appendicitis (187) or following cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (51). However, with gangrenous or perforative appendicitis (94), incisional and intra-abdominal infection rates were 43% and 45%, respectively, when a drain was used; yet only 29 and 13%, respectively, without a drain. These latter differences were significant (p < 0.001). In addition, intra-abdominal abscesses were three times as likely to drain through the incision than along any tract provided by the rubber conduit. Cultures revealed that hospital pathogens accounted for a greater proportion of wound and peritoneal sepsis after cholecystectomy and appendectomy for simple or suppurative appendicitis if a drain had been inserted than if managed otherwise. By contrast, a mixed bacterial flora was responsible for most infections following appendectomy for gangrenous or perforated appendicitis, irrespective as to use of a drain.", "contents": "Abdominal drainage following appendectomy and cholecystectomy. Consecutive patients undergoing emergency appendectomy (283) or urgent cholecystectomy (51) were prospectively studied for the development of post-operative incisional or peritoneal sepsis. Severity of the original peritoneal infection was carefully recorded, while use of a Penrose dam to drain the peritoneum was randomized according to pre-assigned hospital number. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were taken from the abdomen at the time of operation as well as from all postoperative infectious foci. Results demonstrated no essential differences in incidence of wound and peritoneal infection following appendectomy for simple or suppurative appendicitis (187) or following cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (51). However, with gangrenous or perforative appendicitis (94), incisional and intra-abdominal infection rates were 43% and 45%, respectively, when a drain was used; yet only 29 and 13%, respectively, without a drain. These latter differences were significant (p < 0.001). In addition, intra-abdominal abscesses were three times as likely to drain through the incision than along any tract provided by the rubber conduit. Cultures revealed that hospital pathogens accounted for a greater proportion of wound and peritoneal sepsis after cholecystectomy and appendectomy for simple or suppurative appendicitis if a drain had been inserted than if managed otherwise. By contrast, a mixed bacterial flora was responsible for most infections following appendectomy for gangrenous or perforated appendicitis, irrespective as to use of a drain.", "PMID": 646499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2914", "title": "Intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in experimental peritonitis.", "content": "Two experimental models were utilized to study the efficacy of intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in an established peritonitis. In both models, there was a 100% mortality in the povidone-iodine treated group. In laboratories which have reported favorable results, the animals were treated before peritonitis was allowed to develop. Clinical studies with povidone-iodine lavage have used dilute solutions which did not remain in the infected space. The effectiveness of this method was probably due to mechanical continuous irrigation. Our toxicity studies showed povidone-iodine to be fatal in normal animals in dosages exceeding 4.0 ml/kg. However, a dose of 2.0 ml/kg, which was nontoxic in normal animals, was fatal in animals with peritonitis. This study strongly suggests that the intraperitoneal administration of povidone-iodine can be fatal when the animal is compromised by peritonitis. The mechanism of this effect is unclear. On the basis of these studies, the intraperitoneal administration of povidone-iodine cannot be recommended for therapy of peritonitis.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in experimental peritonitis. Two experimental models were utilized to study the efficacy of intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in an established peritonitis. In both models, there was a 100% mortality in the povidone-iodine treated group. In laboratories which have reported favorable results, the animals were treated before peritonitis was allowed to develop. Clinical studies with povidone-iodine lavage have used dilute solutions which did not remain in the infected space. The effectiveness of this method was probably due to mechanical continuous irrigation. Our toxicity studies showed povidone-iodine to be fatal in normal animals in dosages exceeding 4.0 ml/kg. However, a dose of 2.0 ml/kg, which was nontoxic in normal animals, was fatal in animals with peritonitis. This study strongly suggests that the intraperitoneal administration of povidone-iodine can be fatal when the animal is compromised by peritonitis. The mechanism of this effect is unclear. On the basis of these studies, the intraperitoneal administration of povidone-iodine cannot be recommended for therapy of peritonitis.", "PMID": 646500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2915", "title": "Microsurgical composite tissue transplantation.", "content": "Since 1974, 69 patients with extensive defects have undergone reconstruction by microsurgical composite tissue transplantation. Using this method, donor composite tissue is isolated on its blood supply, removed to a distant recipient site, and the continuity of blood flow re-established by microvascular anastomoses. In this series, 56 patients (81%) were completely successful. There have been eight (12%) failures, primarily in the extremities. There have been five (7%) partial successes, (i.e., a microvascular flap in which a portion was lost requiring a secondary procedure such as a split thickness graft). In those patients with a severely injured lower extremity, the failure rate was the greatest. Most of these were arterial (six of seven). These failures occurred early in the series and were thought to be related to a severely damaged recipient vasculature. This problem has been circumvented by an autogenous interpositional vein graft, permitting more mobility of flap placement. In the upper extremity, all but one case were successful. Early motion was permitted, preventing joint capsular contractures and loss of function. Twenty-three cases in the head and neck region were successful (one partial success). This included two composite rib grafts to the mandible. Prolonged delays in reconstruction following extirpation of a malignancy were avoided. A rapid return to society following complete reconstruction was ensured. Nine patients presented for reconstruction of the breast and thorax following radical mastectomy. All were successfully reconstructed with this new technique except one patient. Its many advantages include immediate reconstruction without delayed procedures and no secondary deformity of the donor site. Healthy, well vascularized tissue can now be transferred to a previously irradiated area with no tissue loss. This new method offers many advantages to older methods of reconstruction. Length of hospital stay and immobilization are reduced. The total number of operative procedures required in achieving the desired result is also less, thus decreasing the cost of hospital care.", "contents": "Microsurgical composite tissue transplantation. Since 1974, 69 patients with extensive defects have undergone reconstruction by microsurgical composite tissue transplantation. Using this method, donor composite tissue is isolated on its blood supply, removed to a distant recipient site, and the continuity of blood flow re-established by microvascular anastomoses. In this series, 56 patients (81%) were completely successful. There have been eight (12%) failures, primarily in the extremities. There have been five (7%) partial successes, (i.e., a microvascular flap in which a portion was lost requiring a secondary procedure such as a split thickness graft). In those patients with a severely injured lower extremity, the failure rate was the greatest. Most of these were arterial (six of seven). These failures occurred early in the series and were thought to be related to a severely damaged recipient vasculature. This problem has been circumvented by an autogenous interpositional vein graft, permitting more mobility of flap placement. In the upper extremity, all but one case were successful. Early motion was permitted, preventing joint capsular contractures and loss of function. Twenty-three cases in the head and neck region were successful (one partial success). This included two composite rib grafts to the mandible. Prolonged delays in reconstruction following extirpation of a malignancy were avoided. A rapid return to society following complete reconstruction was ensured. Nine patients presented for reconstruction of the breast and thorax following radical mastectomy. All were successfully reconstructed with this new technique except one patient. Its many advantages include immediate reconstruction without delayed procedures and no secondary deformity of the donor site. Healthy, well vascularized tissue can now be transferred to a previously irradiated area with no tissue loss. This new method offers many advantages to older methods of reconstruction. Length of hospital stay and immobilization are reduced. The total number of operative procedures required in achieving the desired result is also less, thus decreasing the cost of hospital care.", "PMID": 646501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2916", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus remains a medical and surgical challenge. Its diagnosis is often missed or delayed resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, and controversy exists as to the mode of therapy for the cases seen later than 12 hours after rupture. During the last seven years, nine patients were treated at Grady Memorial Hospital. Four patients, \"early group,\" were operated upon within 12 hours from the onset of their symptoms and five, \"late group,\" were operated upon between 20-76 hours (average 41) after rupture. All four patients in the \"early group\" had primary repair of the rupture and two had, in addition, fundoplication. From the two patients with primary repair alone, one developed postoperative leakage at the esophageal suture line, which closed spontaneously; whereas, in the two patients with fundoplication, no leakage occurred. Three of the four patients recovered and one died from renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastric perforation. In the \"late group\" one patient had T-tube drainage of the esophagus and died. Two had primary repair alone with one death and the other two had primary repair with fundoplication 20 and 76 hours postrupture and both recovered. The two deaths in the \"late group\" were due to leakage at the site of the rupture. This study suggests that even in patients diagnosed late as having rupture of the esophagus, primary repair can be implemented with reasonable success. Good mediastinal, pleural and gastric drainage, high levels of appropriate antibiotics, and provision of good nourishment are of paramount importance for the successful management of these desperately ill patients.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus. Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus remains a medical and surgical challenge. Its diagnosis is often missed or delayed resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, and controversy exists as to the mode of therapy for the cases seen later than 12 hours after rupture. During the last seven years, nine patients were treated at Grady Memorial Hospital. Four patients, \"early group,\" were operated upon within 12 hours from the onset of their symptoms and five, \"late group,\" were operated upon between 20-76 hours (average 41) after rupture. All four patients in the \"early group\" had primary repair of the rupture and two had, in addition, fundoplication. From the two patients with primary repair alone, one developed postoperative leakage at the esophageal suture line, which closed spontaneously; whereas, in the two patients with fundoplication, no leakage occurred. Three of the four patients recovered and one died from renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastric perforation. In the \"late group\" one patient had T-tube drainage of the esophagus and died. Two had primary repair alone with one death and the other two had primary repair with fundoplication 20 and 76 hours postrupture and both recovered. The two deaths in the \"late group\" were due to leakage at the site of the rupture. This study suggests that even in patients diagnosed late as having rupture of the esophagus, primary repair can be implemented with reasonable success. Good mediastinal, pleural and gastric drainage, high levels of appropriate antibiotics, and provision of good nourishment are of paramount importance for the successful management of these desperately ill patients.", "PMID": 646503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2917", "title": "Inferior mesenteric artery stump pressure: a reliable index for safe IMA ligation during abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy.", "content": "Fifty-two patients undergoing nonemergent abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy were prospectively studied to determine when the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) could be ligated without subsequent development of ischemic colitis. Cannulation of the severed distal IMA for blood pressure measurement (IMA stump pressure) before and after aortic reconstruction was attempted in all and possible in 39 individuals. In 13 the IMA was thrombosed precluding pressure measurement. Prereconstruction and postreconstruction mean IMA stump and systemic arterial blood pressure measurements were computed and mean IMA/systemic pressure ratios were calculated. All patients underwent postoperative colonoscopy. One patient developed postoperative ischemic colitis. Her postreconstruction ratio was 0.37 and her postreconstruction mean IMA blood pressure was 33 mmHg, the only individual with a ratio and pressure less than 0.40 and 40 mmHg, respectively. Internal iliac arterial pulsations could not be restored in two patients. Although postresection indices were less than preresection indices in both, postresection indices were greater than 0.40 and 40 mmHg. In this study, if the IMA was thrombosed or if postresection pressures and ratios measured greater than 40 mmHg and 0.40 respectively, ischemic colitis did not develop following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. This simple test may prove useful in identifying patients at risk for developing postoperative ischemic colitis or if IMA revascularization is required.", "contents": "Inferior mesenteric artery stump pressure: a reliable index for safe IMA ligation during abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Fifty-two patients undergoing nonemergent abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy were prospectively studied to determine when the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) could be ligated without subsequent development of ischemic colitis. Cannulation of the severed distal IMA for blood pressure measurement (IMA stump pressure) before and after aortic reconstruction was attempted in all and possible in 39 individuals. In 13 the IMA was thrombosed precluding pressure measurement. Prereconstruction and postreconstruction mean IMA stump and systemic arterial blood pressure measurements were computed and mean IMA/systemic pressure ratios were calculated. All patients underwent postoperative colonoscopy. One patient developed postoperative ischemic colitis. Her postreconstruction ratio was 0.37 and her postreconstruction mean IMA blood pressure was 33 mmHg, the only individual with a ratio and pressure less than 0.40 and 40 mmHg, respectively. Internal iliac arterial pulsations could not be restored in two patients. Although postresection indices were less than preresection indices in both, postresection indices were greater than 0.40 and 40 mmHg. In this study, if the IMA was thrombosed or if postresection pressures and ratios measured greater than 40 mmHg and 0.40 respectively, ischemic colitis did not develop following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. This simple test may prove useful in identifying patients at risk for developing postoperative ischemic colitis or if IMA revascularization is required.", "PMID": 646504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2918", "title": "Extra-anatomic bypass of the abdominal aorta: management of postoperative thrombosis.", "content": "Extra-anatomic bypass of the abdominal aorta was performed in 25 patients too ill to undergo abdominal operation (Group I) and in 22 patients with graft sepsis or hemorrhage (Group II). The graft patency rate determined by life table analysis in Group I patients was 83.5% at one year and 60% at two years. The graft patency rate for Group II patients of 47% at one year was significantly lower than the patency rate for Group I patients (p <.01). Thrombectomy was attempted in 11 of the 18 grafts that occluded postoperatively. Patency was re-established by this method in nine grafts (82%), failures resulted in amputation. Recurrent occlusion of three thrombectomized grafts was treated by multiple thrombectomies with cumulative patencies up to 44.5 months. Thrombectomy was not attempted in seven occluded grafts. Two graft occlusions resulted in amputation of extremities. Contralateral axillofemoral grafts were performed in three of the patients, ipsilateral axillofemoral graft in one patient, and aortobifemoral graft in one patient. Thrombectomy is the treatment of choice for occluded extra-anatomic bypass grafts. It can be performed easily under local anesthesia. If unsuccessful, contralateral axillofemoral or femoro-femoral grafts are indicated to re-establish blood flow.", "contents": "Extra-anatomic bypass of the abdominal aorta: management of postoperative thrombosis. Extra-anatomic bypass of the abdominal aorta was performed in 25 patients too ill to undergo abdominal operation (Group I) and in 22 patients with graft sepsis or hemorrhage (Group II). The graft patency rate determined by life table analysis in Group I patients was 83.5% at one year and 60% at two years. The graft patency rate for Group II patients of 47% at one year was significantly lower than the patency rate for Group I patients (p <.01). Thrombectomy was attempted in 11 of the 18 grafts that occluded postoperatively. Patency was re-established by this method in nine grafts (82%), failures resulted in amputation. Recurrent occlusion of three thrombectomized grafts was treated by multiple thrombectomies with cumulative patencies up to 44.5 months. Thrombectomy was not attempted in seven occluded grafts. Two graft occlusions resulted in amputation of extremities. Contralateral axillofemoral grafts were performed in three of the patients, ipsilateral axillofemoral graft in one patient, and aortobifemoral graft in one patient. Thrombectomy is the treatment of choice for occluded extra-anatomic bypass grafts. It can be performed easily under local anesthesia. If unsuccessful, contralateral axillofemoral or femoro-femoral grafts are indicated to re-establish blood flow.", "PMID": 646505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2919", "title": "Hemoptysis and pulmonary aspergilloma: operative versus nonoperative treatment.", "content": "The clinical experience with 42 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma evaluated at the Vanderbilt University Affliated Hospitals in a 22-year period was reviewed to determine the necessity and advisability of pulmonary resection. Twenty-nine patients (69%) had sustained one or more episodes of gross hemoptysis. Eleven of the 42 patients were treated operatively with lobectomy, wedge resection, or cavernostomy. Five of them had had hemoptysis preoperatively, but in only 1 patient was massive hemoptysis the primary indication for operation. The single death among these 11 patients occurred in the patient undergoing operation for control of massive hemoptysis. Nonoperative treatment was selected in 31 patients because of advanced chronic lung disease. Twenty-four of these 31 patients experienced 41 episodes of gross hemoptysis during observation periods up to 8 years (average, 32 months). Superimposed bacterial infection usually accompanied the episodes of hemoptysis, and medical therapy with bedrest, antibiotics, and postural drainage was successful in controlling the hemorrhage in 40 of the 41 episodes. One patient died from massive hemoptysis. On the basis of this experience, pulmonary resection for aspergilloma in patients with hemoptysis seems rarely indicated.", "contents": "Hemoptysis and pulmonary aspergilloma: operative versus nonoperative treatment. The clinical experience with 42 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma evaluated at the Vanderbilt University Affliated Hospitals in a 22-year period was reviewed to determine the necessity and advisability of pulmonary resection. Twenty-nine patients (69%) had sustained one or more episodes of gross hemoptysis. Eleven of the 42 patients were treated operatively with lobectomy, wedge resection, or cavernostomy. Five of them had had hemoptysis preoperatively, but in only 1 patient was massive hemoptysis the primary indication for operation. The single death among these 11 patients occurred in the patient undergoing operation for control of massive hemoptysis. Nonoperative treatment was selected in 31 patients because of advanced chronic lung disease. Twenty-four of these 31 patients experienced 41 episodes of gross hemoptysis during observation periods up to 8 years (average, 32 months). Superimposed bacterial infection usually accompanied the episodes of hemoptysis, and medical therapy with bedrest, antibiotics, and postural drainage was successful in controlling the hemorrhage in 40 of the 41 episodes. One patient died from massive hemoptysis. On the basis of this experience, pulmonary resection for aspergilloma in patients with hemoptysis seems rarely indicated.", "PMID": 646506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2920", "title": "The effects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy with and without atropine premedication on pulmonary function in humans.", "content": "Pulmonary function studies, including arterial blood gas analysis, were performed in 21 patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Eight received premedication with atropine and 13 did not. In the atropine-treated group there was no significant deterioration in pulmonary function immediately after bronchoscopy compared with baseline. Compared with the values obtained after topical lidocaine anesthesia, however, there was a decrease in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (20 +/- 20%), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) (11 +/- 12%), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) (22 +/- 16%), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of exhaled vital capacity (FEF75) (28 +/- 38%) and an increase in residual volume (RV) (16 +/- 19%). In the no-atropine group, postbronchoscopy values showed a decrease in PEFR (13 +/- 19%), forced vital capacity (FVC) (13 +/- )9%), FEV1.0 (14 +/- 16%), and oxygen partial pressure (Pa02) (11 +/- 9%) and an increase in RV (19 +/- 31%) and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient (deltaAaPO2) (91 +/- 129%) compared with baseline values. In this group also, topical lidocaine anesthesia resulted in a decrease in FVC compared with baseline. We conclude that the deleterious effect of bronchoscopy on pulmonary function is counterbalanced by the beneficial effect of atropine and that atropine is therefore a useful premedication for fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "contents": "The effects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy with and without atropine premedication on pulmonary function in humans. Pulmonary function studies, including arterial blood gas analysis, were performed in 21 patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Eight received premedication with atropine and 13 did not. In the atropine-treated group there was no significant deterioration in pulmonary function immediately after bronchoscopy compared with baseline. Compared with the values obtained after topical lidocaine anesthesia, however, there was a decrease in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (20 +/- 20%), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) (11 +/- 12%), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) (22 +/- 16%), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of exhaled vital capacity (FEF75) (28 +/- 38%) and an increase in residual volume (RV) (16 +/- 19%). In the no-atropine group, postbronchoscopy values showed a decrease in PEFR (13 +/- 19%), forced vital capacity (FVC) (13 +/- )9%), FEV1.0 (14 +/- 16%), and oxygen partial pressure (Pa02) (11 +/- 9%) and an increase in RV (19 +/- 31%) and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient (deltaAaPO2) (91 +/- 129%) compared with baseline values. In this group also, topical lidocaine anesthesia resulted in a decrease in FVC compared with baseline. We conclude that the deleterious effect of bronchoscopy on pulmonary function is counterbalanced by the beneficial effect of atropine and that atropine is therefore a useful premedication for fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "PMID": 646507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2921", "title": "Esophageal intubation in the management of perforated esophagus with stricture.", "content": "Insertion of a Celestin tube was employed in the treatment of 5 elderly patients who sustained perforations of the thoracic or abdominal esophagus during dilation of benign or malignant strictures. Two perforations treated within 24 hours were closed by direct suture in addition to intubation. There was a delay of 24 to 48 hours between the occurrence of the perforation and treatment in the other 3 cases. Only 1 of the latter patients subsequently developed pleural effusion, and this responded to drainage. One patient died 3 weeks after intubation; there was no evidence to suggest continued leakage through the perforation. The Celestin tube appears to be effective in sealing off esophageal perforations while healing occurs and merits consideration in the management of esophageal perforations associated with stricture in elderly patients when more radical treatment is not envisaged.", "contents": "Esophageal intubation in the management of perforated esophagus with stricture. Insertion of a Celestin tube was employed in the treatment of 5 elderly patients who sustained perforations of the thoracic or abdominal esophagus during dilation of benign or malignant strictures. Two perforations treated within 24 hours were closed by direct suture in addition to intubation. There was a delay of 24 to 48 hours between the occurrence of the perforation and treatment in the other 3 cases. Only 1 of the latter patients subsequently developed pleural effusion, and this responded to drainage. One patient died 3 weeks after intubation; there was no evidence to suggest continued leakage through the perforation. The Celestin tube appears to be effective in sealing off esophageal perforations while healing occurs and merits consideration in the management of esophageal perforations associated with stricture in elderly patients when more radical treatment is not envisaged.", "PMID": 646508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2922", "title": "Late results of triple valve replacement: a 14-year review.", "content": "Forty-eight patients have undergone simultaneous triple valve replacement at our institution over the past 14 years. This series was reviewed as a baseline for comparison with more recent tricuspid valve reparative procedures and to assess the natural history of advanced rheumatic heart disease with surgically corrected valvular lesions. Survival was 81% at one month and 32% at 14 years, not significantly different from results with double valve replacement during the same period, and not related to whether the tricuspid involvement was organic or functional. Forty-three percent of the late deaths were clearly valve related, a percentage which would undoubtedly be lowered with currently available prostheses. Functional class was determined in 13 of the 17 current survivors (mean follow-up, 10.3 years), and was improved over preoperative functional class in all but 3 patients. Three patients died of progressive congestive heart failure despite normally functioning prostheses; the reasons for these deaths are open to speculation.", "contents": "Late results of triple valve replacement: a 14-year review. Forty-eight patients have undergone simultaneous triple valve replacement at our institution over the past 14 years. This series was reviewed as a baseline for comparison with more recent tricuspid valve reparative procedures and to assess the natural history of advanced rheumatic heart disease with surgically corrected valvular lesions. Survival was 81% at one month and 32% at 14 years, not significantly different from results with double valve replacement during the same period, and not related to whether the tricuspid involvement was organic or functional. Forty-three percent of the late deaths were clearly valve related, a percentage which would undoubtedly be lowered with currently available prostheses. Functional class was determined in 13 of the 17 current survivors (mean follow-up, 10.3 years), and was improved over preoperative functional class in all but 3 patients. Three patients died of progressive congestive heart failure despite normally functioning prostheses; the reasons for these deaths are open to speculation.", "PMID": 646509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2923", "title": "Intraoperative changes in coronary resistance during aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Coronary vascular resistance was investigated in 10 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement using continuous constant-pressure coronary perfusion at 32 degrees C. After coronary flow was initiated, resistance was low but increased steadily until it reached a certain resting level. The plateau was attained faster after a short period of anoxia than after a longer period. The initial postischemic resistance was dependent on the duration preceding anoxia, being of the same magnitude after short and moderate periods of anoxia but significantly higher after a long period. This resistance difference between the groups lasted for the whole perfusion. The total coronary resistance and flow reached a plateau in 30 minutes, while resistance increased threefold but flow decreased to half of the initial postanoxia flow. Our results indicate the importance of initiating coronary perfusion soon after aortic cross-clamping to avoid increase in the initial vascular resistance and subsequent inadequate myocardial flow.", "contents": "Intraoperative changes in coronary resistance during aortic valve replacement. Coronary vascular resistance was investigated in 10 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement using continuous constant-pressure coronary perfusion at 32 degrees C. After coronary flow was initiated, resistance was low but increased steadily until it reached a certain resting level. The plateau was attained faster after a short period of anoxia than after a longer period. The initial postischemic resistance was dependent on the duration preceding anoxia, being of the same magnitude after short and moderate periods of anoxia but significantly higher after a long period. This resistance difference between the groups lasted for the whole perfusion. The total coronary resistance and flow reached a plateau in 30 minutes, while resistance increased threefold but flow decreased to half of the initial postanoxia flow. Our results indicate the importance of initiating coronary perfusion soon after aortic cross-clamping to avoid increase in the initial vascular resistance and subsequent inadequate myocardial flow.", "PMID": 646510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2924", "title": "Current results with construction and interruption of the Waterston anastomosis.", "content": "The Waterston anastomosis was constructed in 21 infants and neonates between 1973 and 1977. Sixteen neonates were 1 week old or less and 8 were less than 24 hours old. There were 2 operative deaths, giving a hospital survival of 90%. There were 3 late deaths. All surviving infants received satisfactory palliation except 1 who required a Potts anastomosis one year later. During the same time interval, 9 other patients who had had a Waterston anastomosis underwent complete intracardiac repair. Seven of them had significant angulation of the right pulmonary artery necessitating patch reconstruction. All patients survived operation, and follow-up pulmonary angiograms demonstrated only a slight persistent narrowing of the right pulmonary artery in 2 patients. We conclude that the Waterston anastomosis can be constructed with a low operative mortality even in the severely cyanotic neonate and that it can be taken down at the time of complete repair with minimal morbidity and no mortality even if it has significantly angulated the right pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Current results with construction and interruption of the Waterston anastomosis. The Waterston anastomosis was constructed in 21 infants and neonates between 1973 and 1977. Sixteen neonates were 1 week old or less and 8 were less than 24 hours old. There were 2 operative deaths, giving a hospital survival of 90%. There were 3 late deaths. All surviving infants received satisfactory palliation except 1 who required a Potts anastomosis one year later. During the same time interval, 9 other patients who had had a Waterston anastomosis underwent complete intracardiac repair. Seven of them had significant angulation of the right pulmonary artery necessitating patch reconstruction. All patients survived operation, and follow-up pulmonary angiograms demonstrated only a slight persistent narrowing of the right pulmonary artery in 2 patients. We conclude that the Waterston anastomosis can be constructed with a low operative mortality even in the severely cyanotic neonate and that it can be taken down at the time of complete repair with minimal morbidity and no mortality even if it has significantly angulated the right pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 646511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2925", "title": "Massive mitral regrgitation from chordal rupture and coronary artery disease.", "content": "The precise mechanism that causes spontaneous rupture of chordae tendineae remains unknown. That it may occur in patients with no disease other than underlying or associated coronary artery occlusion has not been previously reported. Six patients with chordal rupture were found among 600 patients who underwent operation for mitral regurgitation in a 6-year period. All 6 patients without exception underwent simultaneous mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularization. The salient clinical features of these patients are summarized, and 1 case is reported in detail.", "contents": "Massive mitral regrgitation from chordal rupture and coronary artery disease. The precise mechanism that causes spontaneous rupture of chordae tendineae remains unknown. That it may occur in patients with no disease other than underlying or associated coronary artery occlusion has not been previously reported. Six patients with chordal rupture were found among 600 patients who underwent operation for mitral regurgitation in a 6-year period. All 6 patients without exception underwent simultaneous mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularization. The salient clinical features of these patients are summarized, and 1 case is reported in detail.", "PMID": 646512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2926", "title": "Improved myocardial performance in postoperative cardiac surgical patients with sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "Myocardial performance in the immediate postoperative period was studied 49 cardiac surgical patients treated with nitroprusside alone. With a thermodilution catheter positioned in the pulmonary artery, cardiac output was calculated and cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, and stroke work index were derived before after treatment with nitroprusside. The drug was a administered to all patients because of elevated systemic vascular resistance index. Based on their mean arterial pressure and cardiac index before treatment, the patients fell into two groups. Group I patients (N = 25) had elevated mean arterial pressure and normal cardiac index. Group II patients (N = 24) had normal mean arterial pressure and subnormal cardiac index. Nitroprusside administration resulted in a significant reduction of systemic vascular resistance index in all patients. In Group I the mean arterial pressure was lowered significantly while cardiac index increased only slightly. In Group II there was no change in arterial pressure, but cardiac index improved significantly. The results not only confirm that nitroprusside is effective in managing postoperative hypertension, but also demonstrate that in patients with postoperative left ventricular failure, the drug can improve cardiac output by reducing systemic vascular resistance without significantly lowering arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Improved myocardial performance in postoperative cardiac surgical patients with sodium nitroprusside. Myocardial performance in the immediate postoperative period was studied 49 cardiac surgical patients treated with nitroprusside alone. With a thermodilution catheter positioned in the pulmonary artery, cardiac output was calculated and cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, and stroke work index were derived before after treatment with nitroprusside. The drug was a administered to all patients because of elevated systemic vascular resistance index. Based on their mean arterial pressure and cardiac index before treatment, the patients fell into two groups. Group I patients (N = 25) had elevated mean arterial pressure and normal cardiac index. Group II patients (N = 24) had normal mean arterial pressure and subnormal cardiac index. Nitroprusside administration resulted in a significant reduction of systemic vascular resistance index in all patients. In Group I the mean arterial pressure was lowered significantly while cardiac index increased only slightly. In Group II there was no change in arterial pressure, but cardiac index improved significantly. The results not only confirm that nitroprusside is effective in managing postoperative hypertension, but also demonstrate that in patients with postoperative left ventricular failure, the drug can improve cardiac output by reducing systemic vascular resistance without significantly lowering arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 646513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2927", "title": "Decompression of the heart with siphon drainage.", "content": "A simple technique for inducing intracavitary hypothermic cardioplegia and decompressing the left heart through the ascending aorta is presented. The technique is based on siphon drainage, which eliminates the dangers of air embolism.", "contents": "Decompression of the heart with siphon drainage. A simple technique for inducing intracavitary hypothermic cardioplegia and decompressing the left heart through the ascending aorta is presented. The technique is based on siphon drainage, which eliminates the dangers of air embolism.", "PMID": 646514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2928", "title": "A simplified cardiac cannulation technique.", "content": "A technique for venous cannulation, left heart venting, and aortic root cannulation is described. It is simple and tidy and permits full mobility of the cannula with minimal manipulation and no blood loss.", "contents": "A simplified cardiac cannulation technique. A technique for venous cannulation, left heart venting, and aortic root cannulation is described. It is simple and tidy and permits full mobility of the cannula with minimal manipulation and no blood loss.", "PMID": 646515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2929", "title": "Closure of the complicated patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "A technique for closure of the complicated ductus arteriosus is described which has proved both simple and safe. The technique embodies the use of profound hypothermia, low flow, and direct suture of the pulmonary end of the ductus arteriosus through a pulmonary arteriotomy. No operative deaths have occurred among 4 patients so treated, and no complications from air embolism or hemorrhage have been encountered.", "contents": "Closure of the complicated patent ductus arteriosus. A technique for closure of the complicated ductus arteriosus is described which has proved both simple and safe. The technique embodies the use of profound hypothermia, low flow, and direct suture of the pulmonary end of the ductus arteriosus through a pulmonary arteriotomy. No operative deaths have occurred among 4 patients so treated, and no complications from air embolism or hemorrhage have been encountered.", "PMID": 646516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2930", "title": "Delayed mediastinal infection after ventricular aneurysm resection.", "content": "A patient developing delayed mediastinal infection following ventricular aneurysm resection and double coronary bypass is presented. The source of sepsis was infection of a ventriculotomy incision that had been closed with Teflon-felt buttresses. Diagnosis was established by an increasing opacity on the lateral chest roentgenogram with a stable sternal wound. Treatment was ultimately successful only after removal of the infected Teflon and replacement by simple mattress closure. The need to remove the infected foreign body was clearly established by the initially unsuccessful attempt at simple debridement.", "contents": "Delayed mediastinal infection after ventricular aneurysm resection. A patient developing delayed mediastinal infection following ventricular aneurysm resection and double coronary bypass is presented. The source of sepsis was infection of a ventriculotomy incision that had been closed with Teflon-felt buttresses. Diagnosis was established by an increasing opacity on the lateral chest roentgenogram with a stable sternal wound. Treatment was ultimately successful only after removal of the infected Teflon and replacement by simple mattress closure. The need to remove the infected foreign body was clearly established by the initially unsuccessful attempt at simple debridement.", "PMID": 646517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2931", "title": "Traumatic subarachnoid-pleural fistula.", "content": "A patient with a traumatic subarachnoid-pleural fistula successfully managed by closed tube thoracostomy is presented. Management of this patient differed significantly from that previously reported for similar cases.", "contents": "Traumatic subarachnoid-pleural fistula. A patient with a traumatic subarachnoid-pleural fistula successfully managed by closed tube thoracostomy is presented. Management of this patient differed significantly from that previously reported for similar cases.", "PMID": 646518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2932", "title": "Possible sites of temperature-dependent changes in sensitivity of the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to sympathomimetic amines by comparisons of the temperature optima for a range of agonists.", "content": "The temperature optimum for the positive inotropic response of guinea-pig isolated atria to single submaximal doses of isoprenaline was 25 degrees C. This was well separated from that for rate responses (37.5 degrees C). This separation was not due to changes in catechol-0-methyl-transferase or phosphodiesterase activity since it occurred with orciprenaline alone and in the presence of theophylline. The rate optima for aminophylline, histamine, glucagon, ouabain, calcium chloride and dibutyryl cAMP were essentially the same as for isoprenaline. The temperature-dependences therefore lie at a common ultimate pathway leading to the rate response. The site of temperature-dependence of the inotropic response to isoprenaline is not at the common contractile mechanisms since its optimum differed from those of ouabain and CaCl2. Activity of cAMP and its production were also eliminated as possible sites from differing optima of aminophylline, histamine and dibutyryl cAMP. The temperature-dependence may lie at the beta-adrenoceptor itself, possibly adenyl cyclase. This may be shared by glucagon although tachyphaylaxis made its optimum difficult to determine.", "contents": "Possible sites of temperature-dependent changes in sensitivity of the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to sympathomimetic amines by comparisons of the temperature optima for a range of agonists. The temperature optimum for the positive inotropic response of guinea-pig isolated atria to single submaximal doses of isoprenaline was 25 degrees C. This was well separated from that for rate responses (37.5 degrees C). This separation was not due to changes in catechol-0-methyl-transferase or phosphodiesterase activity since it occurred with orciprenaline alone and in the presence of theophylline. The rate optima for aminophylline, histamine, glucagon, ouabain, calcium chloride and dibutyryl cAMP were essentially the same as for isoprenaline. The temperature-dependences therefore lie at a common ultimate pathway leading to the rate response. The site of temperature-dependence of the inotropic response to isoprenaline is not at the common contractile mechanisms since its optimum differed from those of ouabain and CaCl2. Activity of cAMP and its production were also eliminated as possible sites from differing optima of aminophylline, histamine and dibutyryl cAMP. The temperature-dependence may lie at the beta-adrenoceptor itself, possibly adenyl cyclase. This may be shared by glucagon although tachyphaylaxis made its optimum difficult to determine.", "PMID": 646519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2933", "title": "In vitro analysis of Ca-antagonistic effects of prenylamine as mechanisms for its cardiac actions.", "content": "Ca-antagonistic properties of prenylamine were studied using isolated guinea-pig and canine cardiac preparations. Prenylamine is a weak Ca-antagonist compared to nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem. Lower doses of prenylamine slightly increased the tension, but higher doses decreased the tension of both the guinea-pig and canine cardiac preparations. It decreased the tension while maintaining the action potential of the normal guinea-pig atrial preparation and decreased both the tension and Ca-action potential of the depolarized guinea-pig atrial preparation. Similar to antiarrhythmic agents, prenylamine also decreased the max dV/dt of the normal guinea-pig atrial action potential.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of Ca-antagonistic effects of prenylamine as mechanisms for its cardiac actions. Ca-antagonistic properties of prenylamine were studied using isolated guinea-pig and canine cardiac preparations. Prenylamine is a weak Ca-antagonist compared to nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem. Lower doses of prenylamine slightly increased the tension, but higher doses decreased the tension of both the guinea-pig and canine cardiac preparations. It decreased the tension while maintaining the action potential of the normal guinea-pig atrial preparation and decreased both the tension and Ca-action potential of the depolarized guinea-pig atrial preparation. Similar to antiarrhythmic agents, prenylamine also decreased the max dV/dt of the normal guinea-pig atrial action potential.", "PMID": 646520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2934", "title": "Effect of lorcainide, a new antiarrhythmic compound, on the changes in heart rhythm induced by intravenous injection of adenosine-5'-diphosphate in rats.", "content": "In rats, the intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg A.D.P. (adenosine-5'-diphosphate) results in transient thrombocytopenia, bradycardia and arrhythmias. Pre-treatment of the animals with the antiarrhythmic compounds lorcainide, aprindine, procaine (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg i.v.) and xylocaine (5, 10, 20 mg/kg i.v.) before A.D.P. injection results in a reduction of bradycardia and a faster normalization of heart rate. All 4 compounds were equipotent in this respect, but the higher dose of xylocaine used should be stressed. The duration of irregular heart rhythm after A.D.P. injection was significantly shortened by all 4 compounds. Peak thrombocytopenia after A.D.P. administration is reduced only by lorcainide and the highest dose of aprindine, with two dose levels of xylocaine, but is not reduced by procaine. Suloctidyl (50 mg/kg orally) had no effect on any of the parameters registered. From this study we conclude that the normalization by the compounds of cardiac rate and rhythm disturbances after A.D.P. is due to their direct antiarrhythmic effect rather than to inhibition of platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Effect of lorcainide, a new antiarrhythmic compound, on the changes in heart rhythm induced by intravenous injection of adenosine-5'-diphosphate in rats. In rats, the intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg A.D.P. (adenosine-5'-diphosphate) results in transient thrombocytopenia, bradycardia and arrhythmias. Pre-treatment of the animals with the antiarrhythmic compounds lorcainide, aprindine, procaine (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg i.v.) and xylocaine (5, 10, 20 mg/kg i.v.) before A.D.P. injection results in a reduction of bradycardia and a faster normalization of heart rate. All 4 compounds were equipotent in this respect, but the higher dose of xylocaine used should be stressed. The duration of irregular heart rhythm after A.D.P. injection was significantly shortened by all 4 compounds. Peak thrombocytopenia after A.D.P. administration is reduced only by lorcainide and the highest dose of aprindine, with two dose levels of xylocaine, but is not reduced by procaine. Suloctidyl (50 mg/kg orally) had no effect on any of the parameters registered. From this study we conclude that the normalization by the compounds of cardiac rate and rhythm disturbances after A.D.P. is due to their direct antiarrhythmic effect rather than to inhibition of platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 646521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2935", "title": "Ouabain-induced potentiation of Ca2+-contraction in the depolarized vas deferens of guinea-pig.", "content": "The effect of ouabain (10(-5) M) on the Ca2+-evoked phasic contraction was examined in various depolarized vas deferens of the guinea-pig. Ouabain-induced potentiation of the contraction occurred in muscle depolarized with 40 mM K+, but not in muscle depolarized with 0 mM or 137 mM K+. Furthermore, this potentiating effect of ouabain was investigated in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+, each of which has an inhibitory effect on Ca2+-contraction. It was strongly inhibited by Mn2+, but unaffected by Mg2+. From these findings it is suggested that ouabain facilitates Ca2+-entry, which is accompanied by the spike generation.", "contents": "Ouabain-induced potentiation of Ca2+-contraction in the depolarized vas deferens of guinea-pig. The effect of ouabain (10(-5) M) on the Ca2+-evoked phasic contraction was examined in various depolarized vas deferens of the guinea-pig. Ouabain-induced potentiation of the contraction occurred in muscle depolarized with 40 mM K+, but not in muscle depolarized with 0 mM or 137 mM K+. Furthermore, this potentiating effect of ouabain was investigated in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+, each of which has an inhibitory effect on Ca2+-contraction. It was strongly inhibited by Mn2+, but unaffected by Mg2+. From these findings it is suggested that ouabain facilitates Ca2+-entry, which is accompanied by the spike generation.", "PMID": 646522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2936", "title": "Competitive antagonism between calcium and antibiotics at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The neuromuscular blockade produced by the amino-glycosidic-aminocyclitolic antibiotics streptomycin and kanamycin and its reversal by calcium was quantitatively studied in the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. The low dose-response curves obtained presenting no significant deviation from parallelism are highly suggestive of a competitive type of antagonism between those substances. The streptidinic moiety of streptomycin showed the same properties as the original antibiotic. Streptomycin and kanamycin decreased the amplitude of intracellularly recorded e.p.p.'s of the toad sartorius muscle in a manner quite similar to that described for magnesium ions which suggests an interference of the antibiotics with the cooperative interaction of calcium ions with specific receptive sites at the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Competitive antagonism between calcium and antibiotics at the neuromuscular junction. The neuromuscular blockade produced by the amino-glycosidic-aminocyclitolic antibiotics streptomycin and kanamycin and its reversal by calcium was quantitatively studied in the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. The low dose-response curves obtained presenting no significant deviation from parallelism are highly suggestive of a competitive type of antagonism between those substances. The streptidinic moiety of streptomycin showed the same properties as the original antibiotic. Streptomycin and kanamycin decreased the amplitude of intracellularly recorded e.p.p.'s of the toad sartorius muscle in a manner quite similar to that described for magnesium ions which suggests an interference of the antibiotics with the cooperative interaction of calcium ions with specific receptive sites at the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.", "PMID": 646525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2937", "title": "The inhibitory action of ketamine on the rat's gastric secretion.", "content": "Ketamine exhibited effects on gastric acid secretion total acidity and acid output. Reduction of secretion by ketamine did not appe,r to be significantly different from values obtained with atropine or hexamethonium. In addition to atropine- and hexamethonium-like effects, ketamine also appeared to decrease gastric secretion through a potentiating activity on the sympathetic nervous system. When sympathetic activity was potentiated by cocaine, the antisecretory effect of ketamine appeared to be significantly reduced, compared with that of atropine. Furthermore, after alpha- or alpha- and beta-blockade, ketamine produced similar decreases in secretion, although maximum inhibitory effect was obtained after beta-blockade. Potentiation of adrenergic activity by ketamine seemed to be mediated through alpha-receptors. Histamine H2 receptors did not appear to be involved in the antisecretory action of ketamine.", "contents": "The inhibitory action of ketamine on the rat's gastric secretion. Ketamine exhibited effects on gastric acid secretion total acidity and acid output. Reduction of secretion by ketamine did not appe,r to be significantly different from values obtained with atropine or hexamethonium. In addition to atropine- and hexamethonium-like effects, ketamine also appeared to decrease gastric secretion through a potentiating activity on the sympathetic nervous system. When sympathetic activity was potentiated by cocaine, the antisecretory effect of ketamine appeared to be significantly reduced, compared with that of atropine. Furthermore, after alpha- or alpha- and beta-blockade, ketamine produced similar decreases in secretion, although maximum inhibitory effect was obtained after beta-blockade. Potentiation of adrenergic activity by ketamine seemed to be mediated through alpha-receptors. Histamine H2 receptors did not appear to be involved in the antisecretory action of ketamine.", "PMID": 646526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2938", "title": "Competitive antagonism between calcium and aminoglycoside antibiotics on guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "Streptomycin and related aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium ions antagonize in a competitive manner the contractile response elicited by calcium ion on the potassium-depolarized guinea-pig ileum. The inhibitory potency decreases in the following way: gentamicin greater than magnesium greater than neomycin greater than streptomycin=streptidine greater than kanamycin. Streptomycin was also found to reduce the uptake and to increase the efflux of 45Ca. To explain these effects two alternative mechanisms are proposed: 1) a competition of the antibiotics with calcium ions for binding sites of a transport system which carries the activator ion to the myoplasm, and 2) an interaction of the antibiotics with membrane sites that regulate calcium permeability with a consequent reduction of calcium passage to the cell.", "contents": "Competitive antagonism between calcium and aminoglycoside antibiotics on guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle. Streptomycin and related aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium ions antagonize in a competitive manner the contractile response elicited by calcium ion on the potassium-depolarized guinea-pig ileum. The inhibitory potency decreases in the following way: gentamicin greater than magnesium greater than neomycin greater than streptomycin=streptidine greater than kanamycin. Streptomycin was also found to reduce the uptake and to increase the efflux of 45Ca. To explain these effects two alternative mechanisms are proposed: 1) a competition of the antibiotics with calcium ions for binding sites of a transport system which carries the activator ion to the myoplasm, and 2) an interaction of the antibiotics with membrane sites that regulate calcium permeability with a consequent reduction of calcium passage to the cell.", "PMID": 646527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2939", "title": "Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of creatine.", "content": "Creatine is an aminoacid which has been found to posses anti-inflammatory activity. It is orally effective in modifying the inflammatory response in all of the test models employed. It does not produce gastrointestinal ulceration in the effective doses. In common with many of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents creatin exhibits analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to that of phenylbutazone and merits further studies.", "contents": "Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of creatine. Creatine is an aminoacid which has been found to posses anti-inflammatory activity. It is orally effective in modifying the inflammatory response in all of the test models employed. It does not produce gastrointestinal ulceration in the effective doses. In common with many of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents creatin exhibits analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to that of phenylbutazone and merits further studies.", "PMID": 646528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2940", "title": "Roentgenologic, immunologic, and therapeutic study of erosive (inflammatory) osteoarthritis.", "content": "The terms erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis refer to an inflammatory condition of the interphalangeal joints of the hand. In this report, observations of 15 patients with erosive osteoarthritis are described. The principal clinical features are symmetrical synovitis of the interphalangeal joints of the hand, the knees, and the first carpometacarpal, interphalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints. The principal roentgenographic features are productive and destructive osseous changes. These changes, found particularly at the interphalangeal joints of the hand, consist of both central and peripheral articular erosions and cysts associated with adjacent osteophyte formation. Serologic abnormalities commonly found in rheumatoid arthritis are rarely encountered. In two thirds of the patients, the synovial fluid is noninflammatory; in the remainder, it is mildly to severely inflammatory. The injection of intra-articular corticosteroids predictably results in decreased synovitis but does not seem to affect the subsequent development of erosions.", "contents": "Roentgenologic, immunologic, and therapeutic study of erosive (inflammatory) osteoarthritis. The terms erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis refer to an inflammatory condition of the interphalangeal joints of the hand. In this report, observations of 15 patients with erosive osteoarthritis are described. The principal clinical features are symmetrical synovitis of the interphalangeal joints of the hand, the knees, and the first carpometacarpal, interphalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints. The principal roentgenographic features are productive and destructive osseous changes. These changes, found particularly at the interphalangeal joints of the hand, consist of both central and peripheral articular erosions and cysts associated with adjacent osteophyte formation. Serologic abnormalities commonly found in rheumatoid arthritis are rarely encountered. In two thirds of the patients, the synovial fluid is noninflammatory; in the remainder, it is mildly to severely inflammatory. The injection of intra-articular corticosteroids predictably results in decreased synovitis but does not seem to affect the subsequent development of erosions.", "PMID": 646532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2941", "title": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in nonhospitalized patients.", "content": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is employed extensively in the examination of patients with pulmonary disease. As demonstrated in this large series, the procedure can be performed safely and efficiently on an outpatient basis, with the use of only topical anesthesia. Discomfort is minimal and readily accepted by most patients. Bronchial biopsies of suspected neoplastic lesions can be performed without difficulty. Outpatient bronchoscopy in an appropriate clinical setting can hasten the medical evaluation without compromising patient care.", "contents": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in nonhospitalized patients. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is employed extensively in the examination of patients with pulmonary disease. As demonstrated in this large series, the procedure can be performed safely and efficiently on an outpatient basis, with the use of only topical anesthesia. Discomfort is minimal and readily accepted by most patients. Bronchial biopsies of suspected neoplastic lesions can be performed without difficulty. Outpatient bronchoscopy in an appropriate clinical setting can hasten the medical evaluation without compromising patient care.", "PMID": 646533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2942", "title": "Improving hypertension detection and referral in an ambulatory setting.", "content": "A paraprofessional aide working in an urban hospital's ambulatory clinics encouraged nurses to take and record blood pressures; he then contacted patients with elevated pressures who were not referred by clinic staff or who did not return for follow-up of their own accord. Blood pressure recording by clinic staff increased during the intervention from 54% to 68% of patients seen. Appointment keeping increased with intervention from 13% to 73% of those eligible for referral. The yield of hypertensive patients initiating management increased from a control level of 7% to 22% of total patients eligible for referral. Thus, a health aide can be effective in improving detection and referral of hypertensive patients at low cost.", "contents": "Improving hypertension detection and referral in an ambulatory setting. A paraprofessional aide working in an urban hospital's ambulatory clinics encouraged nurses to take and record blood pressures; he then contacted patients with elevated pressures who were not referred by clinic staff or who did not return for follow-up of their own accord. Blood pressure recording by clinic staff increased during the intervention from 54% to 68% of patients seen. Appointment keeping increased with intervention from 13% to 73% of those eligible for referral. The yield of hypertensive patients initiating management increased from a control level of 7% to 22% of total patients eligible for referral. Thus, a health aide can be effective in improving detection and referral of hypertensive patients at low cost.", "PMID": 646534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2943", "title": "Thoracic and pulmonary abnormalities in multiple myeloma. A review of 958 cases.", "content": "Review of the records of 958 patients with multiple myeloma disclosed thoracic skeletal or pleuropulmonary abnormalities or both in 443 patients (46%). The abnormalities were an initial finding on 25% of the chest roentgenograms. The most common finding, exclusive of plasmacytomas, was thoracic skeletal abnormality in 28% (the initial finding in 15%)--osteolytic lesions being the most frequent abnormality. Localized or diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, most often caused by infections, were present in 10%. Four patients had a diffuse infiltrate thought to be caused by a plasma cell infiltrate (proven in one). In 113 patients, plasmacytomas were seen (intramedullary 102, extramedullary 11)--as an initial finding in 8%. Fifty-eight patients (6%) had pleural effusions. Eight patients with pleural effusion caused by myeloma are added to the eight cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Thoracic and pulmonary abnormalities in multiple myeloma. A review of 958 cases. Review of the records of 958 patients with multiple myeloma disclosed thoracic skeletal or pleuropulmonary abnormalities or both in 443 patients (46%). The abnormalities were an initial finding on 25% of the chest roentgenograms. The most common finding, exclusive of plasmacytomas, was thoracic skeletal abnormality in 28% (the initial finding in 15%)--osteolytic lesions being the most frequent abnormality. Localized or diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, most often caused by infections, were present in 10%. Four patients had a diffuse infiltrate thought to be caused by a plasma cell infiltrate (proven in one). In 113 patients, plasmacytomas were seen (intramedullary 102, extramedullary 11)--as an initial finding in 8%. Fifty-eight patients (6%) had pleural effusions. Eight patients with pleural effusion caused by myeloma are added to the eight cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 646535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2944", "title": "Coagulation and complement studies in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "A patient with laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and concomitant influenza virus infection was studied from the third day of clinical illness. The course of his illness was marked by petechial rash, thrombocytopenia, and elevation of fibrin split products. No evidence of complement activation was observed. Plasma proteins were elevated in a pattern characteristic of the \"acute phase reaction.\" The patient recovered completely, and vascular collapse or clinically important disseminated intravascular coagulation had developed. In febrile patients who had influenza or a clinically similar noninfluenzal respiratory syndrome, no changes in coagulation, complement, or plasma proteins developed. We conclude that aberrations in the patient's laboratory values reflected RMSF, and that complement played no critical role in his illness.", "contents": "Coagulation and complement studies in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A patient with laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and concomitant influenza virus infection was studied from the third day of clinical illness. The course of his illness was marked by petechial rash, thrombocytopenia, and elevation of fibrin split products. No evidence of complement activation was observed. Plasma proteins were elevated in a pattern characteristic of the \"acute phase reaction.\" The patient recovered completely, and vascular collapse or clinically important disseminated intravascular coagulation had developed. In febrile patients who had influenza or a clinically similar noninfluenzal respiratory syndrome, no changes in coagulation, complement, or plasma proteins developed. We conclude that aberrations in the patient's laboratory values reflected RMSF, and that complement played no critical role in his illness.", "PMID": 646536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2945", "title": "Decreased taste and smell acuity in cirrhosis.", "content": "The sensory modalities of taste and smell were evaluated in eight patients with cirrhosis that was proved by biopsy specimens and in 13 control subjects. Additionally, the following serum levels were determined in these same subjects: zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, manganese, and selenium. Fourteen concentrations each of sucrose, sodium chloride, urea, and hydrochloric acid were used to evaluate taste acuity. Smell was evaluated with 11 concentrations each of nitrobenzene, thiophene, and pyridine. These studies show that decreased acuity of taste and smell occurred in conjunction with cirrhosis in the patients who were tested. There were no trace element abnormalities that consistently correlated with decreased acuity in perception of the individual test substances.", "contents": "Decreased taste and smell acuity in cirrhosis. The sensory modalities of taste and smell were evaluated in eight patients with cirrhosis that was proved by biopsy specimens and in 13 control subjects. Additionally, the following serum levels were determined in these same subjects: zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, manganese, and selenium. Fourteen concentrations each of sucrose, sodium chloride, urea, and hydrochloric acid were used to evaluate taste acuity. Smell was evaluated with 11 concentrations each of nitrobenzene, thiophene, and pyridine. These studies show that decreased acuity of taste and smell occurred in conjunction with cirrhosis in the patients who were tested. There were no trace element abnormalities that consistently correlated with decreased acuity in perception of the individual test substances.", "PMID": 646537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2946", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of bone in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relationship to corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "The relationship of corticosteroid therapy to the development of aseptic necrosis (AN) in 365 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated. Seventeen patients (4.7%) were identified as having AN. The dosage of corticosteroids ingested during the initial period of therapy in patients with AN was tabulated and compared with that of 25 SLE control patients. There was a substantially greater dose of costicosteroids ingested in the first one, three, and six months of therapy in the patients with AN than in the control SLE group. Severity of disease and duration of therapy were not found to correlate with AN. Total corticosteroid dose was virtually identical in both groups. Thus, high initial corticosteroid dosages in patients with SLE seem to be associated with the development of AN.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of bone in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relationship to corticosteroid therapy. The relationship of corticosteroid therapy to the development of aseptic necrosis (AN) in 365 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated. Seventeen patients (4.7%) were identified as having AN. The dosage of corticosteroids ingested during the initial period of therapy in patients with AN was tabulated and compared with that of 25 SLE control patients. There was a substantially greater dose of costicosteroids ingested in the first one, three, and six months of therapy in the patients with AN than in the control SLE group. Severity of disease and duration of therapy were not found to correlate with AN. Total corticosteroid dose was virtually identical in both groups. Thus, high initial corticosteroid dosages in patients with SLE seem to be associated with the development of AN.", "PMID": 646538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2947", "title": "Benign retroperitoneal emphysema associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "It is important to realize that retroperitoneal emphysema may be seen as a complication of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Because of the increased frequency of endoscopic and associated procedures, it is important to realize that these striking roentgenographic findings may be associated with a benign clinical condition that will resolve with expectant management alone. Clinically, we might be forced to differentiate this complication with pathological perforation from the original lesion or with free perforation by the instrument depending on the clinical conditions.", "contents": "Benign retroperitoneal emphysema associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. It is important to realize that retroperitoneal emphysema may be seen as a complication of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Because of the increased frequency of endoscopic and associated procedures, it is important to realize that these striking roentgenographic findings may be associated with a benign clinical condition that will resolve with expectant management alone. Clinically, we might be forced to differentiate this complication with pathological perforation from the original lesion or with free perforation by the instrument depending on the clinical conditions.", "PMID": 646539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2948", "title": "Septic arthritis caused by Enterobacter agglomerans.", "content": "A case of septic arthritis was caused by Enterobacter agglomerans, an association that to our knowledge has not been described previously. The right knee joint of a previously healthy 11-year-old boy became infected when the organism was introduced through the overlying skin by a contaminated wooden splinter. Conservative management with antibiotic therapy and repeated arthrocenteses was successful. Enterobacter agglomerans is a known plant pathogen, and a relationship between human infections caused by this organism and contact with plants is well recognized. The patient described here demonstrates that, when given a suitable set of environmental circumstances, E agglomerans can cause infection in man, including septic arthritis.", "contents": "Septic arthritis caused by Enterobacter agglomerans. A case of septic arthritis was caused by Enterobacter agglomerans, an association that to our knowledge has not been described previously. The right knee joint of a previously healthy 11-year-old boy became infected when the organism was introduced through the overlying skin by a contaminated wooden splinter. Conservative management with antibiotic therapy and repeated arthrocenteses was successful. Enterobacter agglomerans is a known plant pathogen, and a relationship between human infections caused by this organism and contact with plants is well recognized. The patient described here demonstrates that, when given a suitable set of environmental circumstances, E agglomerans can cause infection in man, including septic arthritis.", "PMID": 646543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2949", "title": "Exacerbation of renal failure associated with doxycycline.", "content": "Doxycycline has been considered a safe broad-spectrum antibiotic for patients with renal failure. Although doxycycline possesses many of the metabolic properties of the tetracycline group, toxic blood levels usually do not occur because of the drug's unique extrarenal route of excretion. We report here a patient with stable chronic renal failure whose renal function acutely and reversibly deteriorated coincident with a 14-day course of doxycycline. Review of the literature suggests that occasional patients may have impairment of the nonrenal excretory pathway for doxycycline. We speculate that these patients are at risk for developing nephrotoxic levels of this antibiotic.", "contents": "Exacerbation of renal failure associated with doxycycline. Doxycycline has been considered a safe broad-spectrum antibiotic for patients with renal failure. Although doxycycline possesses many of the metabolic properties of the tetracycline group, toxic blood levels usually do not occur because of the drug's unique extrarenal route of excretion. We report here a patient with stable chronic renal failure whose renal function acutely and reversibly deteriorated coincident with a 14-day course of doxycycline. Review of the literature suggests that occasional patients may have impairment of the nonrenal excretory pathway for doxycycline. We speculate that these patients are at risk for developing nephrotoxic levels of this antibiotic.", "PMID": 646544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2950", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia. An allergic reaction to thioridazine therapy.", "content": "A case of allergic rash associated with malignant hyperthermia (body temperature of 41 C) occurred in a patient who had been taking 400 mg of thioridazine hydrochloride (Mellaril) daily for two days. The condition responded well to supportive measures and immediate discontinuation of the drug use.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. An allergic reaction to thioridazine therapy. A case of allergic rash associated with malignant hyperthermia (body temperature of 41 C) occurred in a patient who had been taking 400 mg of thioridazine hydrochloride (Mellaril) daily for two days. The condition responded well to supportive measures and immediate discontinuation of the drug use.", "PMID": 646545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2951", "title": "Successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with intraventricular miconazole.", "content": "A patient with cryptococcal meningitis retractory to amphotericin B was treated primarily with intraventricular miconazole. All parameters of disease improved, and the patient was dischared after four months of therapy. In selected persons with cryptococcosis, it may be possible to successfully utilize intraventricular miconazole in the absence of concurrent intravenous medication.", "contents": "Successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with intraventricular miconazole. A patient with cryptococcal meningitis retractory to amphotericin B was treated primarily with intraventricular miconazole. All parameters of disease improved, and the patient was dischared after four months of therapy. In selected persons with cryptococcosis, it may be possible to successfully utilize intraventricular miconazole in the absence of concurrent intravenous medication.", "PMID": 646546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2952", "title": "Hydralazine-induced tachycardia and sodium retention in heart failure. Hemodynamic and symptomatic correction by prazosin therapy.", "content": "Severe tachycardia, ventricular ectopy, and sodium retention manifested by hemodynamic deterioration developed with hydralazine hydrochloride therapy in chronic coronary heart disease with congestive failure refractory to digitalis, diuretics, and nitrates. Coronary care unit admission with Swan-Ganz catheterization corrected hemodynamics by sodium nitroprusside treatment after hydralazine withdrawal. Satisfactory cardiac performance with oral long-acting nitrates were unsuccessful. However, the new oral vasocilator, prazosin hydrochloride, achieved considerable hemodynamic benefit by greatly reducing elevated left ventricular filling pressure and increasing severely depressed cardiac index to normal, accompanied by striking symptomatic improvement. Furthermore, long-term enhancement of cardiac dynamics and salutary functional status was maintained by ambulatory oral prazosin therapy for several months. This experience demonstrates the favorable alternative of prazosin nitroprusside-like actions over hydralazine-nitrate therapy in heart failure therapy and emphasizes prazosin's utility when untoward side effects to hydralazine develop.", "contents": "Hydralazine-induced tachycardia and sodium retention in heart failure. Hemodynamic and symptomatic correction by prazosin therapy. Severe tachycardia, ventricular ectopy, and sodium retention manifested by hemodynamic deterioration developed with hydralazine hydrochloride therapy in chronic coronary heart disease with congestive failure refractory to digitalis, diuretics, and nitrates. Coronary care unit admission with Swan-Ganz catheterization corrected hemodynamics by sodium nitroprusside treatment after hydralazine withdrawal. Satisfactory cardiac performance with oral long-acting nitrates were unsuccessful. However, the new oral vasocilator, prazosin hydrochloride, achieved considerable hemodynamic benefit by greatly reducing elevated left ventricular filling pressure and increasing severely depressed cardiac index to normal, accompanied by striking symptomatic improvement. Furthermore, long-term enhancement of cardiac dynamics and salutary functional status was maintained by ambulatory oral prazosin therapy for several months. This experience demonstrates the favorable alternative of prazosin nitroprusside-like actions over hydralazine-nitrate therapy in heart failure therapy and emphasizes prazosin's utility when untoward side effects to hydralazine develop.", "PMID": 646547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2953", "title": "Osteolysis with detritic synovitis. A new syndrome.", "content": "A new pattern of osteolysis accompanied by detritic synovitis occurred in a 71-year-old woman. The patient had a severe, destructive, and multilating arthropathy of her hands, with distal phalangeal deformity. Radiographs outlined bone resorption of the appendicular and axial skeleton, with involvement of phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicles, long bones, and spine. There was no notable occupational history nor laboratory evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Pathological evaluation revealed synovial ulceration and necrosis, and necrotic bone embedded with fibrotic synovium. This patient's abnormalities appear to represent a new pattern of osteolysis that can be distinguished from other disorders.", "contents": "Osteolysis with detritic synovitis. A new syndrome. A new pattern of osteolysis accompanied by detritic synovitis occurred in a 71-year-old woman. The patient had a severe, destructive, and multilating arthropathy of her hands, with distal phalangeal deformity. Radiographs outlined bone resorption of the appendicular and axial skeleton, with involvement of phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicles, long bones, and spine. There was no notable occupational history nor laboratory evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Pathological evaluation revealed synovial ulceration and necrosis, and necrotic bone embedded with fibrotic synovium. This patient's abnormalities appear to represent a new pattern of osteolysis that can be distinguished from other disorders.", "PMID": 646553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2954", "title": "Neuromuscular disease in tertiary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A 38-year-old woman with chronic renal failure had disabling proximal myopathy of the lower extremities. Investigation revealed \"tertiary hyperparathyroidism\". Neuromuscular evaluation, including clinical examination, electromyogram, and muscle biopsy, revealed neuropathic muscle disease. These findings are quite similar to the neuromuscular changes in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This suggests that the same neuropathic mechanism may be present in all forms of parathyroid hyperfunction.", "contents": "Neuromuscular disease in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. A 38-year-old woman with chronic renal failure had disabling proximal myopathy of the lower extremities. Investigation revealed \"tertiary hyperparathyroidism\". Neuromuscular evaluation, including clinical examination, electromyogram, and muscle biopsy, revealed neuropathic muscle disease. These findings are quite similar to the neuromuscular changes in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This suggests that the same neuropathic mechanism may be present in all forms of parathyroid hyperfunction.", "PMID": 646555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2955", "title": "Antacid-induced osteomalacia and nephrolithiasis.", "content": "A 36-year-old woman suffered from bone pain, muscle weakness, and renal stones after prolonged ingestion of antacids for esophageal reflux. Investigation disclosed hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and osteomalacia by bone biopsy. All symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings reversed with a regimen of oral phosphate supplementation and cessation of antacid intake.", "contents": "Antacid-induced osteomalacia and nephrolithiasis. A 36-year-old woman suffered from bone pain, muscle weakness, and renal stones after prolonged ingestion of antacids for esophageal reflux. Investigation disclosed hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and osteomalacia by bone biopsy. All symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings reversed with a regimen of oral phosphate supplementation and cessation of antacid intake.", "PMID": 646554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2956", "title": "Adverse reactions to methicillin and nafcillin during treatment of serious Staphylococcus aureaus infections.", "content": "Relative toxicities of methicillin and nafcillin were compared in 70 patients with serious infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Of the 29 patients treated with nafcillin, four had fever, rash, and leukopenia and 1 had absolute neutropenia. Of the 41 patients treated with methicillin, 16 experienced 27 reactions. In addition to fever and skin rash, neutropenia and urinary tract abnormalities were common. Methicillin and nafcillin are equally effective in treating S aureus infections, but methicillin was significantly and more frequently associated with adverse drug reaction that was nafcillin.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to methicillin and nafcillin during treatment of serious Staphylococcus aureaus infections. Relative toxicities of methicillin and nafcillin were compared in 70 patients with serious infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Of the 29 patients treated with nafcillin, four had fever, rash, and leukopenia and 1 had absolute neutropenia. Of the 41 patients treated with methicillin, 16 experienced 27 reactions. In addition to fever and skin rash, neutropenia and urinary tract abnormalities were common. Methicillin and nafcillin are equally effective in treating S aureus infections, but methicillin was significantly and more frequently associated with adverse drug reaction that was nafcillin.", "PMID": 646562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2957", "title": "Hepatitis associated with high-dose oxacillin therapy.", "content": "A prospective survey of liver function during oxacillin sodium therapy revealed five cases of drug-related abnormalities among 41 patients. In each instance, the serum transaminase level was increased from normal to greater than 100 units. The serum alkaline phosphatase level was mildly elevated and bilirubin levels remained normal. All of the patients were asymptomatic. Hepatic dysfunction was reversible on withdrawal of oxacillin therapy and substitution of a cephalosporin or clindamycin. The observed abnormalities in liver function were associated with a daily oxacillin sodium dose of greater than or equal to 12 gm as well as with heroin addiction and staphylococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Hepatitis associated with high-dose oxacillin therapy. A prospective survey of liver function during oxacillin sodium therapy revealed five cases of drug-related abnormalities among 41 patients. In each instance, the serum transaminase level was increased from normal to greater than 100 units. The serum alkaline phosphatase level was mildly elevated and bilirubin levels remained normal. All of the patients were asymptomatic. Hepatic dysfunction was reversible on withdrawal of oxacillin therapy and substitution of a cephalosporin or clindamycin. The observed abnormalities in liver function were associated with a daily oxacillin sodium dose of greater than or equal to 12 gm as well as with heroin addiction and staphylococcal endocarditis.", "PMID": 646563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2958", "title": "Mucormycosis. A complication of critical care.", "content": "Lethal nosocomial mucormycosis developed in three previously well individuals while they were receiving intensive care for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, for cardiogenic shock, and for a ruptured intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm. In two cases, the condition was first seen as progressive cavitary pneumonia refractory to antibacterial therapy; Mucoraceae was identified in all three patients only at autopsy. Each patient had received large doses of corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics, and all had suffered from respiratory failure, acute renal failure with acidosis, and severe hyperglycemia in association with total parenteral nutrition. Mucoraceae should be regarded as an additional nosocomial pathogen in the setting of advanced life-support care.", "contents": "Mucormycosis. A complication of critical care. Lethal nosocomial mucormycosis developed in three previously well individuals while they were receiving intensive care for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, for cardiogenic shock, and for a ruptured intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm. In two cases, the condition was first seen as progressive cavitary pneumonia refractory to antibacterial therapy; Mucoraceae was identified in all three patients only at autopsy. Each patient had received large doses of corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics, and all had suffered from respiratory failure, acute renal failure with acidosis, and severe hyperglycemia in association with total parenteral nutrition. Mucoraceae should be regarded as an additional nosocomial pathogen in the setting of advanced life-support care.", "PMID": 646564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2959", "title": "Partial exchange transfusion as treatment for hemoglobin SC disease in pregnancy.", "content": "Serious infarctions and embolic events can complicate the course of pregnant patients with hemoglobin SC disease. In two cases, partial exchange transfusion preceded recovery in severely ill pregnant women with hemoglobin SC disease. There seem to be pathophysiological correlations for the observed clinical findings, and there are potential beneficial effects of partial exchange transfusion. Based on our experience, partial exchange transfusion should be considered as a means of reversing the often fatal complications attending hemoglobin SC disease and pregnancy. The exchange should be of sufficient volume to ensure a postexchange level of hemoglobin A of at least 30%.", "contents": "Partial exchange transfusion as treatment for hemoglobin SC disease in pregnancy. Serious infarctions and embolic events can complicate the course of pregnant patients with hemoglobin SC disease. In two cases, partial exchange transfusion preceded recovery in severely ill pregnant women with hemoglobin SC disease. There seem to be pathophysiological correlations for the observed clinical findings, and there are potential beneficial effects of partial exchange transfusion. Based on our experience, partial exchange transfusion should be considered as a means of reversing the often fatal complications attending hemoglobin SC disease and pregnancy. The exchange should be of sufficient volume to ensure a postexchange level of hemoglobin A of at least 30%.", "PMID": 646565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2960", "title": "Prevailing patterns and predictor variables in patients with acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "The courses of 276 acute tubular necrosis patients referred for dialysis were reviewed in search for prognostic indicators. Sixty-three percent survived. Of 28 possible predictor variables, a posttoxic cause and nonoliguria were favorable, whereas myocardial infarction and peritonitis affected survival unfavorably. Total pareneral nutrition influenced survival favorably only in those with multiple complications or peritonitis. No single variable or combination predicted a lethal outcome. Since survivors were frequently restored to complete health, we advocate an aggressive therapeutic approach even in the face of multiple complications.", "contents": "Prevailing patterns and predictor variables in patients with acute tubular necrosis. The courses of 276 acute tubular necrosis patients referred for dialysis were reviewed in search for prognostic indicators. Sixty-three percent survived. Of 28 possible predictor variables, a posttoxic cause and nonoliguria were favorable, whereas myocardial infarction and peritonitis affected survival unfavorably. Total pareneral nutrition influenced survival favorably only in those with multiple complications or peritonitis. No single variable or combination predicted a lethal outcome. Since survivors were frequently restored to complete health, we advocate an aggressive therapeutic approach even in the face of multiple complications.", "PMID": 646566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2961", "title": "Sensitivity of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "An elevated amylase-creatinine clearance ratio has been established as being highly specific for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. In the present study, the sensitivity of this test was compared to that of the serum amylase and the one-hour urinary amylase test in 29 patients with acute pancreatitis. Abnormal elevations of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio were found less frequently than abnormal elevations of the serum and one-hour urinary amylases. Moreover, abnormal elevations of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio showed less deviation from normal and values returned to normal sooner than those of the serum and one-hour urinary amylases. When compared to the serum amylase and the one-hour urinary amylase tests, the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio is a relatively insensitive test in patients with acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Sensitivity of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis. An elevated amylase-creatinine clearance ratio has been established as being highly specific for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. In the present study, the sensitivity of this test was compared to that of the serum amylase and the one-hour urinary amylase test in 29 patients with acute pancreatitis. Abnormal elevations of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio were found less frequently than abnormal elevations of the serum and one-hour urinary amylases. Moreover, abnormal elevations of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio showed less deviation from normal and values returned to normal sooner than those of the serum and one-hour urinary amylases. When compared to the serum amylase and the one-hour urinary amylase tests, the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio is a relatively insensitive test in patients with acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 646567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2962", "title": "Pulmonary candidiasis. A clinical and pathological correlation.", "content": "Thirty patients with systemic Candida infection underwent autopsy during a 13-year prospective study. Eleven patients had tissue-verified pulmonary candidiasis. Nine of these patients had hematogenous dissemination, as evidenced by multiple organ invasion; two had aspiration pneumonia with lung involvement only. Aspiration Candida pneumonia is rare. Pulmonary candidiasis usually arises from a focus of infection implanted during hematogenous dissemination. An infected indwelling venous catheter was the source of candidemia in six of these patients. Organisms in the lumen of pulmonary vessels caused a necrotizing vasculitis and appeared to invade the parenchyma from these areas.", "contents": "Pulmonary candidiasis. A clinical and pathological correlation. Thirty patients with systemic Candida infection underwent autopsy during a 13-year prospective study. Eleven patients had tissue-verified pulmonary candidiasis. Nine of these patients had hematogenous dissemination, as evidenced by multiple organ invasion; two had aspiration pneumonia with lung involvement only. Aspiration Candida pneumonia is rare. Pulmonary candidiasis usually arises from a focus of infection implanted during hematogenous dissemination. An infected indwelling venous catheter was the source of candidemia in six of these patients. Organisms in the lumen of pulmonary vessels caused a necrotizing vasculitis and appeared to invade the parenchyma from these areas.", "PMID": 646568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2963", "title": "Bronchial endometriosis and bronchiectasis. A possible relationship.", "content": "A 60-year-old patient with cyclic hemoptysis for 30 years was found to have bronchiectasis that was not present when hemoptysis began. Thoracic endometriosis and its possible relationship to bronchiectasis are discussed.", "contents": "Bronchial endometriosis and bronchiectasis. A possible relationship. A 60-year-old patient with cyclic hemoptysis for 30 years was found to have bronchiectasis that was not present when hemoptysis began. Thoracic endometriosis and its possible relationship to bronchiectasis are discussed.", "PMID": 646569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2964", "title": "Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis with cholangitis and a sarcoid-like reaction.", "content": "A 36-year-old man had pain in both knees and an elevated uric acid concentration; his liver function was normal. Allopurinol therapy was started, 100 mg twice daily. After one month fever, lethargy, and severe polyarthralgia developed. On admission to our hospital liver function was abnormal, and a liver biopsy specimen showed granulomas with cholangitis and pericholangitis. He also had lymphopenia with a reduced number of T cells and granulomas in the bone marrow. One month after discontinuation of allopurinol therapy the patient was clinically well with normal liver function and a normal lymphocyte count. A repeated liver biopsy specimen showed normal liver tissue with no granulomas. The onset of the symptoms and findings shortly after the initiation of allopurinol therapy, and their disappearance after the discontinuation of therapy suggest a drug-induced hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis with cholangitis and a sarcoid-like reaction. A 36-year-old man had pain in both knees and an elevated uric acid concentration; his liver function was normal. Allopurinol therapy was started, 100 mg twice daily. After one month fever, lethargy, and severe polyarthralgia developed. On admission to our hospital liver function was abnormal, and a liver biopsy specimen showed granulomas with cholangitis and pericholangitis. He also had lymphopenia with a reduced number of T cells and granulomas in the bone marrow. One month after discontinuation of allopurinol therapy the patient was clinically well with normal liver function and a normal lymphocyte count. A repeated liver biopsy specimen showed normal liver tissue with no granulomas. The onset of the symptoms and findings shortly after the initiation of allopurinol therapy, and their disappearance after the discontinuation of therapy suggest a drug-induced hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 646570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2965", "title": "Metabolic products of microorganisms. 170. On the antibiotic activity of cladosporin.", "content": "Cladosporin was isolated from the cultures of three species of the genus Eurotium. Cladosporin inhibited the growth of several fungi and at very low concentrations the growth of Bacillus brevis and Clostridium pasteurianum. Bacillus subtilis and most other Gram-positive bacteria were not sensitive. Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts were not affected by concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml. Dimethyl cladosporin showed only week activity against Bacillus brevis with the minimal inhibitory concentrations being a 100 times higher than of cladosporin. The incorporation of leucine and uracil into acid insoluble material in Bacillus brevis cells was completely inhibited by concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml cladosporin. The incorporation of thymidine was not affected at this concentration.", "contents": "Metabolic products of microorganisms. 170. On the antibiotic activity of cladosporin. Cladosporin was isolated from the cultures of three species of the genus Eurotium. Cladosporin inhibited the growth of several fungi and at very low concentrations the growth of Bacillus brevis and Clostridium pasteurianum. Bacillus subtilis and most other Gram-positive bacteria were not sensitive. Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts were not affected by concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml. Dimethyl cladosporin showed only week activity against Bacillus brevis with the minimal inhibitory concentrations being a 100 times higher than of cladosporin. The incorporation of leucine and uracil into acid insoluble material in Bacillus brevis cells was completely inhibited by concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml cladosporin. The incorporation of thymidine was not affected at this concentration.", "PMID": 646581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2966", "title": "Effect of light intensity of vesicle formation in chlorobium.", "content": "1. Chlorobium limicola forma sp. thiosulfatophilum was cultivated at 22 and 22000 lux. 2. The content of bchl d on a protein basis in the low light intensity cultures was about twice that of the high light intensity cultures; 3. After growth at 22 lux the red bchl d peak was at c. 743 nm, while at the higher intensity this peak was at c. 732 nm; 4. Electron microscopy of thin sections of Chlorobium revealed that vesicle size was greater at the low light intensity than at the high. 5. This was confirmed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of differentially 14C-labelled vesicles from cultures grown at the two intensities. 6. The optimum temperature for growth was about 35 degrees C. Incubation at the optimum temperature was particularly beneficial at high light intensity.", "contents": "Effect of light intensity of vesicle formation in chlorobium. 1. Chlorobium limicola forma sp. thiosulfatophilum was cultivated at 22 and 22000 lux. 2. The content of bchl d on a protein basis in the low light intensity cultures was about twice that of the high light intensity cultures; 3. After growth at 22 lux the red bchl d peak was at c. 743 nm, while at the higher intensity this peak was at c. 732 nm; 4. Electron microscopy of thin sections of Chlorobium revealed that vesicle size was greater at the low light intensity than at the high. 5. This was confirmed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of differentially 14C-labelled vesicles from cultures grown at the two intensities. 6. The optimum temperature for growth was about 35 degrees C. Incubation at the optimum temperature was particularly beneficial at high light intensity.", "PMID": 646582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2967", "title": "Biomass yields of Chlorella from iron (Yx/Fe) in iron-limited batch cultures.", "content": "The maximum biomass in iron-limited photosynthetic batch cultures of chlorella increased as the logarithm of the iron concentration. The growth yield from iron (UxFe) showed a marked inverse relation to the specific growth rate. The maximum biomass yield, g dry biomass/g iron consumed, was 7.5 X 10(3) with specific growth rate 0.108h-1; the minimum was 0.79 X 10(3) with specific growth rate 0.145 h-1. The maximum specific growth rate in the exponential phase of Fe limited cultures varied as the initial Fe concentration. Fe-limited growth made the cells adhere to a glass surface.", "contents": "Biomass yields of Chlorella from iron (Yx/Fe) in iron-limited batch cultures. The maximum biomass in iron-limited photosynthetic batch cultures of chlorella increased as the logarithm of the iron concentration. The growth yield from iron (UxFe) showed a marked inverse relation to the specific growth rate. The maximum biomass yield, g dry biomass/g iron consumed, was 7.5 X 10(3) with specific growth rate 0.108h-1; the minimum was 0.79 X 10(3) with specific growth rate 0.145 h-1. The maximum specific growth rate in the exponential phase of Fe limited cultures varied as the initial Fe concentration. Fe-limited growth made the cells adhere to a glass surface.", "PMID": 646583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2968", "title": "Functional capabilities of lower extremity amputees.", "content": "One hundred thirty-four lower extremity amputees were evaluated from six months to 12 years postamputation by means of retrospective questionnaires. Patient population was similar to that of the \"Amputee Census\" in terms of sex, amputation level and cause of amputation. Information was gathered on activities generally considered essential for daily living, vocation and recreation, living arrangements and adjustments therein, as well as feedback on the patients' beliefs concerning what rehabilitation personnel should be doing to improve amputees' lifestyle. The relationship of functional outcome to age, amputation level, and cause of amputation was also evaluated. Results showed that most amputees did not resume a completely normal lifestyle and many modifications were made. The most popular recreational activities were fishing and swimming. Activities that amputees found most difficult were running and walking long distances. Patients requested better communication between professional staff and themselves. Below-knee amputees were significantly more independent than above-knee and bilateral amputees, but the differences between above-knee and bilateral amputees were statistically insignificant. Tumor patients did better than the other three etiologic groups. As age increased, functional independence decreased.", "contents": "Functional capabilities of lower extremity amputees. One hundred thirty-four lower extremity amputees were evaluated from six months to 12 years postamputation by means of retrospective questionnaires. Patient population was similar to that of the \"Amputee Census\" in terms of sex, amputation level and cause of amputation. Information was gathered on activities generally considered essential for daily living, vocation and recreation, living arrangements and adjustments therein, as well as feedback on the patients' beliefs concerning what rehabilitation personnel should be doing to improve amputees' lifestyle. The relationship of functional outcome to age, amputation level, and cause of amputation was also evaluated. Results showed that most amputees did not resume a completely normal lifestyle and many modifications were made. The most popular recreational activities were fishing and swimming. Activities that amputees found most difficult were running and walking long distances. Patients requested better communication between professional staff and themselves. Below-knee amputees were significantly more independent than above-knee and bilateral amputees, but the differences between above-knee and bilateral amputees were statistically insignificant. Tumor patients did better than the other three etiologic groups. As age increased, functional independence decreased.", "PMID": 646596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2969", "title": "Rehabilitation outcome of patients with dual disability of hemiplegia and amputation.", "content": "The records of 30 patients with the dual disability of hemiplegia and amputation were reviewed. Six factors noted to have influenced the success of rehabilitation were: (1) age; (2) sequence of onset of disability, whether amputation or hemiplegia first; (3) localization of dual disability, whether ipsilateral or contralateral; (4) side of hemiplegia; (5) level of amputation; (6) availability of prolonged hospital stay and training. The final functional status was better if: (1) the amputation preceded the CVA; (2) the amputation and hemiplegia were ipsilateral; (3) amputation and hemiplegia were both on the right side. The hospital stay of patients with dual disability ranged from 4 months to 1 year. Those who had disability on contralateral sides and those who had left hemiplegia required a more prolonged hospital stay.", "contents": "Rehabilitation outcome of patients with dual disability of hemiplegia and amputation. The records of 30 patients with the dual disability of hemiplegia and amputation were reviewed. Six factors noted to have influenced the success of rehabilitation were: (1) age; (2) sequence of onset of disability, whether amputation or hemiplegia first; (3) localization of dual disability, whether ipsilateral or contralateral; (4) side of hemiplegia; (5) level of amputation; (6) availability of prolonged hospital stay and training. The final functional status was better if: (1) the amputation preceded the CVA; (2) the amputation and hemiplegia were ipsilateral; (3) amputation and hemiplegia were both on the right side. The hospital stay of patients with dual disability ranged from 4 months to 1 year. Those who had disability on contralateral sides and those who had left hemiplegia required a more prolonged hospital stay.", "PMID": 646597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2970", "title": "Amputations resulting from electrical injury: a review of 22 cases.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of electrical injury with a combined total of 43 major amputations are reviewed. Electrical injury resulting from contact with high-voltage current (greater than 1000 volts) commonly results in significant systemic damage. The purpose of this study was to develop statistical data on the rehabilitation and eventual outcome of these patients. Most of the injuries were job related and involved young male adults. Upper-extremity amputations were predominant, and more than 50% of the patients had two or more limbs amputated. In addition to major amputations, other obstacles to rehabilitation included skin burns and limitation of joint motion. The length of hospitalization in a rehabilitation facility for these amputees was greater than for patients with amputations due to other causes. Prostheses were fitted for 95% of the amputated limbs. At the follow-up stage of rehabilitation, 50% of the patients were either employed or pursuing career training or educational goals.", "contents": "Amputations resulting from electrical injury: a review of 22 cases. Twenty-two cases of electrical injury with a combined total of 43 major amputations are reviewed. Electrical injury resulting from contact with high-voltage current (greater than 1000 volts) commonly results in significant systemic damage. The purpose of this study was to develop statistical data on the rehabilitation and eventual outcome of these patients. Most of the injuries were job related and involved young male adults. Upper-extremity amputations were predominant, and more than 50% of the patients had two or more limbs amputated. In addition to major amputations, other obstacles to rehabilitation included skin burns and limitation of joint motion. The length of hospitalization in a rehabilitation facility for these amputees was greater than for patients with amputations due to other causes. Prostheses were fitted for 95% of the amputated limbs. At the follow-up stage of rehabilitation, 50% of the patients were either employed or pursuing career training or educational goals.", "PMID": 646598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2971", "title": "Orthostatic hypotension in amputees and subjects with spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Orthostatic examinations were performed with a tilt table on 64 male volunteers, of whom 21 had sustained amputation of one or both lower limbs and 23 were paraplegic due to spinal cord injuries (SCI), with 20 healthy subjects as controls. Following tilting, signs and symptoms of fainting appeared in five of the SCI subjects, four of whom had spinal injuries above the level of D5. These phenomena appeared in only two of the controls and in none of the amputees. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the amputees at rest and standing were higher than those recorded in the other two groups. The mean pulse pressures were lower in the amputees than in the other two groups. The changes in the systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures were more profound in those subjects with high spinal cord injuries than in subjects with lower cord injuries. ECG changes and fainting were more frequent among the SCI subjects than in the other two groups.", "contents": "Orthostatic hypotension in amputees and subjects with spinal cord injuries. Orthostatic examinations were performed with a tilt table on 64 male volunteers, of whom 21 had sustained amputation of one or both lower limbs and 23 were paraplegic due to spinal cord injuries (SCI), with 20 healthy subjects as controls. Following tilting, signs and symptoms of fainting appeared in five of the SCI subjects, four of whom had spinal injuries above the level of D5. These phenomena appeared in only two of the controls and in none of the amputees. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the amputees at rest and standing were higher than those recorded in the other two groups. The mean pulse pressures were lower in the amputees than in the other two groups. The changes in the systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures were more profound in those subjects with high spinal cord injuries than in subjects with lower cord injuries. ECG changes and fainting were more frequent among the SCI subjects than in the other two groups.", "PMID": 646599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2972", "title": "Videotape immediate playback: a tool in rehabilitation of persons with amputations.", "content": "This study attempted to measure whether immediate videotape feedback would improve the degree of motor learning and ambulation performances of amputee patients. Twelve amputee patients were randomly assigned either to a control or to an experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group were videotaped during four sessions at weekly intervals and were permitted to view tapes to discuss their performances with the experimenter, to attempt to correct mistakes and to view the second effort again. Members of the control group were also videotaped at weekly intervals but they did not view the tapes or discuss their performances. Initial and final tapes of both groups were rated by a group of physicians and physical therapists on an Amputee Gait Rating Scale which consisted of objective behavioral measures of ambulation. Reliability of ratings was determined and difference scores between the groups were calculated. Results indicate that immediate television feedback is a valuable adjunct in the teaching process for the amputee patient.", "contents": "Videotape immediate playback: a tool in rehabilitation of persons with amputations. This study attempted to measure whether immediate videotape feedback would improve the degree of motor learning and ambulation performances of amputee patients. Twelve amputee patients were randomly assigned either to a control or to an experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group were videotaped during four sessions at weekly intervals and were permitted to view tapes to discuss their performances with the experimenter, to attempt to correct mistakes and to view the second effort again. Members of the control group were also videotaped at weekly intervals but they did not view the tapes or discuss their performances. Initial and final tapes of both groups were rated by a group of physicians and physical therapists on an Amputee Gait Rating Scale which consisted of objective behavioral measures of ambulation. Reliability of ratings was determined and difference scores between the groups were calculated. Results indicate that immediate television feedback is a valuable adjunct in the teaching process for the amputee patient.", "PMID": 646600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2973", "title": "Vibration influence on control of single motor unit activity.", "content": "Effects of vibratory stimulation and maximal isometric contraction on a fine motor control task were evaluated in 17 human subjects. Electromyographic audiovisual feedback cues derived from two fine-wire bipolar electrodes, inserted to a depth of 12 and 6 mm respectively, were used to train the subjects to isolate a motor unit in the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. A specially designed compressed air driven vibrator providing vibratory stimulation with an amplitude of 2 mm and a frequency range of 120-160 cycles per second was applied to the muscle tendon. A significant decrease was found in the subjects; ability to isolate the pretest motor unit during and after continuous and interrupted periods of vibration and following a maximal isometric contraction of the extensor carpi radials brevis muscle. Individual variations in the subjects' responses to the forms of application of the vibratory stimulus, electrode preference and feedback specificity were observed. Results suggest that marked spatial recruitment of motor units, brought into action by the vibration stimulus or by the maximal isometric contraction, interfered with inhibitory mechanisms necessary to achieve isolation and control of a single motor unit. A therapeutic application of vibration, based on the marked spatial recruitment observed during and after vibration, is proposed for muscle reeducation.", "contents": "Vibration influence on control of single motor unit activity. Effects of vibratory stimulation and maximal isometric contraction on a fine motor control task were evaluated in 17 human subjects. Electromyographic audiovisual feedback cues derived from two fine-wire bipolar electrodes, inserted to a depth of 12 and 6 mm respectively, were used to train the subjects to isolate a motor unit in the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. A specially designed compressed air driven vibrator providing vibratory stimulation with an amplitude of 2 mm and a frequency range of 120-160 cycles per second was applied to the muscle tendon. A significant decrease was found in the subjects; ability to isolate the pretest motor unit during and after continuous and interrupted periods of vibration and following a maximal isometric contraction of the extensor carpi radials brevis muscle. Individual variations in the subjects' responses to the forms of application of the vibratory stimulus, electrode preference and feedback specificity were observed. Results suggest that marked spatial recruitment of motor units, brought into action by the vibration stimulus or by the maximal isometric contraction, interfered with inhibitory mechanisms necessary to achieve isolation and control of a single motor unit. A therapeutic application of vibration, based on the marked spatial recruitment observed during and after vibration, is proposed for muscle reeducation.", "PMID": 646601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2974", "title": "Hand function after metacarpophalangeal joint replacement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Hand function, determined by a standardized test, was compared before and after total metacarpophalangeal joint replacement with the Swanson Silastic rubber metacarpophalangeal prosthesis in patients with destructive rheumatoid arthritis. Two groups of rheumatoid patients were tested. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients who were examined 3 to 4 months after surgery. Group 2 included 11 patients who were evaluated 6 to 12 months postoperatively. Each group represented 43 prosthetic replacement procedures performed on 12 hands. Results indicate substantial postoperative improvement in tip prehension and grasp, while performance remained essentially unchanged for lateral prehension, pinch force, and power grip. A postoperative program of therapeutic exercises, functional hand activities and splinting is discussed.", "contents": "Hand function after metacarpophalangeal joint replacement in rheumatoid arthritis. Hand function, determined by a standardized test, was compared before and after total metacarpophalangeal joint replacement with the Swanson Silastic rubber metacarpophalangeal prosthesis in patients with destructive rheumatoid arthritis. Two groups of rheumatoid patients were tested. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients who were examined 3 to 4 months after surgery. Group 2 included 11 patients who were evaluated 6 to 12 months postoperatively. Each group represented 43 prosthetic replacement procedures performed on 12 hands. Results indicate substantial postoperative improvement in tip prehension and grasp, while performance remained essentially unchanged for lateral prehension, pinch force, and power grip. A postoperative program of therapeutic exercises, functional hand activities and splinting is discussed.", "PMID": 646604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2975", "title": "Research trends in physical medicine and rehabilitation.", "content": "Titles and abstracts of the 700 papers presented in the scientific sessions of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation from 1972 to 1976 were reviewed. There were 81 papers in 1972, 123 in 1973, 131 in 1974, 158 in 1975 and 207 in 1976. Two hundred thirty-seven (34%) of the papers were presented by 11 Research and Training Centers and 463 papers (66%) were presented by other institutions. One hundred fifteen papers were related to spinal cord injury, 84 to electromyography, 57 to stroke, 51 to muscle histology, physiology and chemistry, 49 to orthotics and 43 to urologic problems. Only six papers were related to cerebral palsy, only one to myelodysplasia, 4 to burns, 8 to cancer, 13 to human sexuality and 10 to prosthetics. It is believed that appropriate funding of research and an emphasis on the neglected subjects through seminars and courses may provoke the curiosity of the research and encourage him to do research in important areas other than the few which are currently most popular.", "contents": "Research trends in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Titles and abstracts of the 700 papers presented in the scientific sessions of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation from 1972 to 1976 were reviewed. There were 81 papers in 1972, 123 in 1973, 131 in 1974, 158 in 1975 and 207 in 1976. Two hundred thirty-seven (34%) of the papers were presented by 11 Research and Training Centers and 463 papers (66%) were presented by other institutions. One hundred fifteen papers were related to spinal cord injury, 84 to electromyography, 57 to stroke, 51 to muscle histology, physiology and chemistry, 49 to orthotics and 43 to urologic problems. Only six papers were related to cerebral palsy, only one to myelodysplasia, 4 to burns, 8 to cancer, 13 to human sexuality and 10 to prosthetics. It is believed that appropriate funding of research and an emphasis on the neglected subjects through seminars and courses may provoke the curiosity of the research and encourage him to do research in important areas other than the few which are currently most popular.", "PMID": 646605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2976", "title": "Stroke rehabilitation: evaluation of its quality by assessing patient outcomes.", "content": "A modified version of an outcome-oriented quality-assurance system was used to assess the care received by patients, aged 21 to 60 years, with completed stroke, who had participated for at least three weeks in a rehabilitation program. Care for 110 patients was evaluated by comparing actual results with a set of standards for outcomes produced by practicing rehabilitation professionals using small-group estimation techniques. Outcomes were better than estimated, standards having indicated that 29% of patients should be capable of self-care, while actually 43% were. When 50 of the 110 outcomes were individually investigated; only 5% of the total study population were probably not functioning at an optimal level, and 3% more might reach optimal functioning if existing follow-up procedures were extended and made more routine. Since only an estimated 3 to 6 cases per year would be affected, the cost of instituting such care would not be justified. Participants concluded that assessment of outcomes justified continuation on the existing processes for stroke rehabilitation.", "contents": "Stroke rehabilitation: evaluation of its quality by assessing patient outcomes. A modified version of an outcome-oriented quality-assurance system was used to assess the care received by patients, aged 21 to 60 years, with completed stroke, who had participated for at least three weeks in a rehabilitation program. Care for 110 patients was evaluated by comparing actual results with a set of standards for outcomes produced by practicing rehabilitation professionals using small-group estimation techniques. Outcomes were better than estimated, standards having indicated that 29% of patients should be capable of self-care, while actually 43% were. When 50 of the 110 outcomes were individually investigated; only 5% of the total study population were probably not functioning at an optimal level, and 3% more might reach optimal functioning if existing follow-up procedures were extended and made more routine. Since only an estimated 3 to 6 cases per year would be affected, the cost of instituting such care would not be justified. Participants concluded that assessment of outcomes justified continuation on the existing processes for stroke rehabilitation.", "PMID": 646606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2977", "title": "Sensory nerve conduction: effect of ultrasound.", "content": "Bilateral antidromic sensory conduction measurements of the lateral cutaneous branch of the radial nerves of 5 men were performed at intervals before and for 15 minutes following ultrasonic application over a segment of the nerve. The ultrasound was applied over the area of the radial nerve for 5 minutes at a frequency of 1 MHz, continuous wave and using 1.5 watts/sq cm dosage. Nerve bed temperature was continuously recorded during the study via a subcutaneous needle thermistor probe. Eighty measurements were made of temperature latency, amplitude and duration of the nerve action potentials. Amplitude and duration of the nerve action potentials did not change following sonation. Latency and temperature values changed significantly following the application of ultrasound. The latencies decreased, indicating increased speed of conduction, as the subcutaneous temperatures increased. The ultrasound dosage used in this study increased the speed of nerve conduction.", "contents": "Sensory nerve conduction: effect of ultrasound. Bilateral antidromic sensory conduction measurements of the lateral cutaneous branch of the radial nerves of 5 men were performed at intervals before and for 15 minutes following ultrasonic application over a segment of the nerve. The ultrasound was applied over the area of the radial nerve for 5 minutes at a frequency of 1 MHz, continuous wave and using 1.5 watts/sq cm dosage. Nerve bed temperature was continuously recorded during the study via a subcutaneous needle thermistor probe. Eighty measurements were made of temperature latency, amplitude and duration of the nerve action potentials. Amplitude and duration of the nerve action potentials did not change following sonation. Latency and temperature values changed significantly following the application of ultrasound. The latencies decreased, indicating increased speed of conduction, as the subcutaneous temperatures increased. The ultrasound dosage used in this study increased the speed of nerve conduction.", "PMID": 646607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2978", "title": "H reflex latency in radiculopathy.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate whether the H reflex latency obtained from the triceps surae following tibial-nerve stimulation was of value in detecting and differentiating S1 from L5 radiculopathy. Thirty-two patients were studied, 15 with a definite unilateral L5 radiculopathy and 17 with a definite unilateral S1 radiculopathy. Data revealed a mean H reflex latency difference of 0.03 msec (range--0.1 to 0.2 msec) between the affected and unaffected extremities for the 15 patients with L5 radiculopathy and of 2.9 msec (range 1.3 to 4.1 msec) for the 13 patients with S1 radiculopathy where an H reflex could be recorded. The H reflex was unobtainable in the affected extremity in four of the patients with S1 radiculopathy. It is concluded that H reflex latency testing is a valuable tool in helping to differentiate S1 from L5 radiculopathy.", "contents": "H reflex latency in radiculopathy. This study was designed to evaluate whether the H reflex latency obtained from the triceps surae following tibial-nerve stimulation was of value in detecting and differentiating S1 from L5 radiculopathy. Thirty-two patients were studied, 15 with a definite unilateral L5 radiculopathy and 17 with a definite unilateral S1 radiculopathy. Data revealed a mean H reflex latency difference of 0.03 msec (range--0.1 to 0.2 msec) between the affected and unaffected extremities for the 15 patients with L5 radiculopathy and of 2.9 msec (range 1.3 to 4.1 msec) for the 13 patients with S1 radiculopathy where an H reflex could be recorded. The H reflex was unobtainable in the affected extremity in four of the patients with S1 radiculopathy. It is concluded that H reflex latency testing is a valuable tool in helping to differentiate S1 from L5 radiculopathy.", "PMID": 646608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2979", "title": "Nerve conduction impairment in patients with respiratory insufficiency and severe chronic hypoxemia.", "content": "Sixteen patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency and severe hypoxemia were studied to determine the effect of chronic respiratory insufficiency on peripheral sensory and motor nerve conduction. When matched with a control group, a statistically significant slowing (from p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) of nerve conduction was noted in the motor median, ulnar peroneal, and tibial nerves and also in the sensory median nerve. The peripheral neuropathy was probably due to chronic hypoxemia.", "contents": "Nerve conduction impairment in patients with respiratory insufficiency and severe chronic hypoxemia. Sixteen patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency and severe hypoxemia were studied to determine the effect of chronic respiratory insufficiency on peripheral sensory and motor nerve conduction. When matched with a control group, a statistically significant slowing (from p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) of nerve conduction was noted in the motor median, ulnar peroneal, and tibial nerves and also in the sensory median nerve. The peripheral neuropathy was probably due to chronic hypoxemia.", "PMID": 646609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2980", "title": "Surgical treatment of pressure ulcers.", "content": "The authors' philosophy and regimen of treatment, based on experience with 103 pressure ulcers in 75 patients, are presented. This experience illustrates that the problem of pressure ulcers can be managed well by the application of sound surgical principles in a community hospital with a rehabilitation unit. With some simplification, the standard treatment procedures can be applied easily in this setting.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of pressure ulcers. The authors' philosophy and regimen of treatment, based on experience with 103 pressure ulcers in 75 patients, are presented. This experience illustrates that the problem of pressure ulcers can be managed well by the application of sound surgical principles in a community hospital with a rehabilitation unit. With some simplification, the standard treatment procedures can be applied easily in this setting.", "PMID": 646610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2981", "title": "How do normal subjects learn a simple adaptative task: how and why do paranoid schizophrenic patients fail?", "content": "The authors studied the behavior of normal subjects and paranoid schizophrenic patients in a simple problem-solving situation. The schizophrenics were divided into two sample groups, one of individuals under treatment and the other of individuals not under treatment. The learning process involved in this problem-solving situation is very similar to an instrumental conditioning, and can be understood by means of the following assumptions: (1) the subjects use decision functions in reacting to the stimuli, although they may be not fully aware of this; (2) learning is the result of successive transformations of these decisions in the course of time; (3) the changes have specific probabilities and are related to (a) those responses which are made to the latest stimuli, and (b) a differential probability for decision functions which were effective, or only interrupted painful reinforcement, or were completely ineffective. In schizophrenics further factors of importance were (1) an 'inertia' factor and (2) the rigidly continued use of unsuccessfuly or only partially successful decision criteria. The authors used a systems theory based on Galois field theory and a calculus of operators specifying three groups of subjects. A computer program based on thses hypotheses was tested in a stimulation experiment. The statistical evaluation of the results showed a congruence between the theoretical approach and the experimental data.", "contents": "How do normal subjects learn a simple adaptative task: how and why do paranoid schizophrenic patients fail? The authors studied the behavior of normal subjects and paranoid schizophrenic patients in a simple problem-solving situation. The schizophrenics were divided into two sample groups, one of individuals under treatment and the other of individuals not under treatment. The learning process involved in this problem-solving situation is very similar to an instrumental conditioning, and can be understood by means of the following assumptions: (1) the subjects use decision functions in reacting to the stimuli, although they may be not fully aware of this; (2) learning is the result of successive transformations of these decisions in the course of time; (3) the changes have specific probabilities and are related to (a) those responses which are made to the latest stimuli, and (b) a differential probability for decision functions which were effective, or only interrupted painful reinforcement, or were completely ineffective. In schizophrenics further factors of importance were (1) an 'inertia' factor and (2) the rigidly continued use of unsuccessfuly or only partially successful decision criteria. The authors used a systems theory based on Galois field theory and a calculus of operators specifying three groups of subjects. A computer program based on thses hypotheses was tested in a stimulation experiment. The statistical evaluation of the results showed a congruence between the theoretical approach and the experimental data.", "PMID": 646611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2982", "title": "[Interrater reliability of amp symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Two psychiatrists examined 48 patients (25 depressed and 23 schizophrenic). Each documented the symptoms on AMP sheets 3 (psychopathologic symptoms) and 4 (somatic signs, first column only). The study deals with 139 AMP symptoms. Seventy could be judged concerning symptom exists/does not exist. Of these 70 symptoms, 45 showed a good or moderate interrater reliability. Specific symptoms had a better reliability than nonspecific. Symptoms described by the patients had a better reliability than those judged by the doctor alone. The results indicate that expanded use of the AMP system in its present form is problematic. Work on a new version of the AMP system has already begun.", "contents": "[Interrater reliability of amp symptoms (author's transl)]. Two psychiatrists examined 48 patients (25 depressed and 23 schizophrenic). Each documented the symptoms on AMP sheets 3 (psychopathologic symptoms) and 4 (somatic signs, first column only). The study deals with 139 AMP symptoms. Seventy could be judged concerning symptom exists/does not exist. Of these 70 symptoms, 45 showed a good or moderate interrater reliability. Specific symptoms had a better reliability than nonspecific. Symptoms described by the patients had a better reliability than those judged by the doctor alone. The results indicate that expanded use of the AMP system in its present form is problematic. Work on a new version of the AMP system has already begun.", "PMID": 646612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2983", "title": "Intravenous cholangiography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "We reviewed our experience with intravenous cholangiography in the evaluation of 70 patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Twenty-one of these patients had visualization of the biliary ducts without opacification of the gallbladder, a roentgenographic finding that was considered diagnostic of acute cholecystitis. Twenty of the 21 patients were noted to have acute cholecystitis during exploratory laparotomy. The remaining patient had a normal gallbladder, but was found to have a liver abscess. Opacification of the gallbladder with evidence of gallstones was found in eight patients; all had acute cholecystitis. Visualization of the gallbladder without gallstones was found in 22 patients, revealing no acute cholecystitis in this group. Many of these patients were admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and were spared an unnecessary surgical exploration. Nineteen patients had nonvisualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts. This roentgenographic finding may be caused by acute intra-abdominal conditions other than cholecystitis and caution is warranted in its interpretation. This test has been found to be a reliable adjunct in the work-up of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "Intravenous cholangiography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. We reviewed our experience with intravenous cholangiography in the evaluation of 70 patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Twenty-one of these patients had visualization of the biliary ducts without opacification of the gallbladder, a roentgenographic finding that was considered diagnostic of acute cholecystitis. Twenty of the 21 patients were noted to have acute cholecystitis during exploratory laparotomy. The remaining patient had a normal gallbladder, but was found to have a liver abscess. Opacification of the gallbladder with evidence of gallstones was found in eight patients; all had acute cholecystitis. Visualization of the gallbladder without gallstones was found in 22 patients, revealing no acute cholecystitis in this group. Many of these patients were admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and were spared an unnecessary surgical exploration. Nineteen patients had nonvisualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts. This roentgenographic finding may be caused by acute intra-abdominal conditions other than cholecystitis and caution is warranted in its interpretation. This test has been found to be a reliable adjunct in the work-up of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.", "PMID": 646614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2984", "title": "Reduction of free water clearance with cephalic venous hypertension.", "content": "A laboratory model was developed in the dog to quantitate the effects of cerebral venous hypertension on inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. When cerebral venous pressure was abruptly increased during continuous water loading, there was a sharp rise in urine osmolality within 30 minutes. Urine osmolality continued to increase during, and ten minutes after, the period of hypertension. On lowering cerebral venous pressure, the osmolality returned to baseline within 60 minutes. The effects could be extended for at least three hours and presumably longer. A 50% response threshold for this ADH effect occurred at a cerebral venous pressure between 18 and 19 cm of water. The effect correlated with plasma ADH levels. The study paralled documented clinical observations. The results are discussed in light of the recognition and management of surgical states where increased cerebral venous pressure might produce a severe antidiuretic effect.", "contents": "Reduction of free water clearance with cephalic venous hypertension. A laboratory model was developed in the dog to quantitate the effects of cerebral venous hypertension on inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. When cerebral venous pressure was abruptly increased during continuous water loading, there was a sharp rise in urine osmolality within 30 minutes. Urine osmolality continued to increase during, and ten minutes after, the period of hypertension. On lowering cerebral venous pressure, the osmolality returned to baseline within 60 minutes. The effects could be extended for at least three hours and presumably longer. A 50% response threshold for this ADH effect occurred at a cerebral venous pressure between 18 and 19 cm of water. The effect correlated with plasma ADH levels. The study paralled documented clinical observations. The results are discussed in light of the recognition and management of surgical states where increased cerebral venous pressure might produce a severe antidiuretic effect.", "PMID": 646615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2985", "title": "Renal failure in ascites secondary to hepatic, renal, and pancreatic disease. Treatment with a LeVeen peritoneovenous shunt.", "content": "Renal failure occurs in ascites of diverse causes. Functional renal failure (the hepatorenal syndrome) in cirrhotic patients is usually progressive and rapidly fatal. Insertion of a LeVeen shunt significantly reduces weight, as well as abdominal girth, and improves preoperative urine flow (488 vs 2,318 ml/24 hr; P less than .001) and natriuresis (12 +/- 15 vs 45 +/- 33 mEq/liter; P less than .003). The shunt should not be inserted in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (bilirubin level greater than 8 mg/100 ml). Ascitic fluid should be discarded at the time of surgery in patients with impaired cardiac function, a bleeding diathesis, and when liver function is more severely deranged.", "contents": "Renal failure in ascites secondary to hepatic, renal, and pancreatic disease. Treatment with a LeVeen peritoneovenous shunt. Renal failure occurs in ascites of diverse causes. Functional renal failure (the hepatorenal syndrome) in cirrhotic patients is usually progressive and rapidly fatal. Insertion of a LeVeen shunt significantly reduces weight, as well as abdominal girth, and improves preoperative urine flow (488 vs 2,318 ml/24 hr; P less than .001) and natriuresis (12 +/- 15 vs 45 +/- 33 mEq/liter; P less than .003). The shunt should not be inserted in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (bilirubin level greater than 8 mg/100 ml). Ascitic fluid should be discarded at the time of surgery in patients with impaired cardiac function, a bleeding diathesis, and when liver function is more severely deranged.", "PMID": 646616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2986", "title": "Anomalies encountered during varicose vein surgery.", "content": "During 5,050 stripping operations for varicose veins, three noticeable deviations from the normal anatomy were encountered. In two patients (0.04%) the long saphenous vein entered the femoral vein completely separate from its branches, which joined to form a common trunk before emptying into the femoral vein. In one patient (0.02%), the femoral vein and artery were transposed in the region of the fossa ovalis. In one patient (0.02%), a long saphenous artery was encountered. It arose from the femoral artery just proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery and accompanied the long saphenous vein along the medial aspect of the upper thigh. In some patients, a large venous cluster overlying the fossa ovalis was encountered, usually the result of a congenital venous anomaly. Surgical problems can be minimized if the possibility of these congenital anomalies is always considered.", "contents": "Anomalies encountered during varicose vein surgery. During 5,050 stripping operations for varicose veins, three noticeable deviations from the normal anatomy were encountered. In two patients (0.04%) the long saphenous vein entered the femoral vein completely separate from its branches, which joined to form a common trunk before emptying into the femoral vein. In one patient (0.02%), the femoral vein and artery were transposed in the region of the fossa ovalis. In one patient (0.02%), a long saphenous artery was encountered. It arose from the femoral artery just proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery and accompanied the long saphenous vein along the medial aspect of the upper thigh. In some patients, a large venous cluster overlying the fossa ovalis was encountered, usually the result of a congenital venous anomaly. Surgical problems can be minimized if the possibility of these congenital anomalies is always considered.", "PMID": 646617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2987", "title": "Allograft vein arterial bypass.", "content": "Untreated allograft saphenous veins used for arterial bypass failed in ten of 11 cases. The precise cause of failure was uncertain, but immune reactions of the recipient against the allograft seemed to be related to failure.", "contents": "Allograft vein arterial bypass. Untreated allograft saphenous veins used for arterial bypass failed in ten of 11 cases. The precise cause of failure was uncertain, but immune reactions of the recipient against the allograft seemed to be related to failure.", "PMID": 646618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2988", "title": "Calcified ballbladder (porcelain gallbladder).", "content": "Calcification of the gallbladder wall, otherwise known as porcelain gallbladder, is a relatively rare disease and is frequently asymptomatic. Symptoms suggestive of biliary disease are often absent in patients with this manifestation. Since the condition is uncommon, it is important to recognize the clinical as well as the roentgenographic characteristics of the disease because of the high frequency (22%) of adenocarcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder. To our knowledge, no pathognomic sign of symptoms of the disease have been reported so far. Of five cases of porcelain gallbladder reported, carcinoma of the gallbladder was discovered in one patient. This disease seems to appear mostly in the sixth decade of life and is more prevalent in women. Diagnosis is made in most cases by a simple flat plate of the abdomen, and workup should include other roentgenographic examinations to exclude calcification of other viscera or the thoracic wall. Surgery should not be delayed even if the patient is asymptomatic since the occurence of carcinoma in porcelain gallbladder is remarkably high.", "contents": "Calcified ballbladder (porcelain gallbladder). Calcification of the gallbladder wall, otherwise known as porcelain gallbladder, is a relatively rare disease and is frequently asymptomatic. Symptoms suggestive of biliary disease are often absent in patients with this manifestation. Since the condition is uncommon, it is important to recognize the clinical as well as the roentgenographic characteristics of the disease because of the high frequency (22%) of adenocarcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder. To our knowledge, no pathognomic sign of symptoms of the disease have been reported so far. Of five cases of porcelain gallbladder reported, carcinoma of the gallbladder was discovered in one patient. This disease seems to appear mostly in the sixth decade of life and is more prevalent in women. Diagnosis is made in most cases by a simple flat plate of the abdomen, and workup should include other roentgenographic examinations to exclude calcification of other viscera or the thoracic wall. Surgery should not be delayed even if the patient is asymptomatic since the occurence of carcinoma in porcelain gallbladder is remarkably high.", "PMID": 646619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2989", "title": "Radioimmunoassayable plasma vasopressin associated with surgery.", "content": "Plasma vasopressin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay before, during, and after anesthesia and surgery in ten subjects. During the short period between the onset of anesthesia and the start of operation, small elevations of vasopressin level were noted. Surgery itself was associated with significant elevations of up to 82 pg/ml. Highest levels of vasopressin were noted with major intra-abdominal surgery and lowest levels with limb surgery. The immediate postoperative period was marked by plasma vasopressin levels that were often higher than during surgery itself. Levels gradually fell to their preoperative state after three to four days. The elevated levels of vasopressin can be associated with oliguria and excessive water retention. Among the possible mechanisms for the stimulus to vasopressin secretion are pain, stress, positive pressure respiration and anoxia. This study confirms by radioimmunoassay the changes in plasma vasopressin level with surgery that have been previously described by bioassay.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassayable plasma vasopressin associated with surgery. Plasma vasopressin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay before, during, and after anesthesia and surgery in ten subjects. During the short period between the onset of anesthesia and the start of operation, small elevations of vasopressin level were noted. Surgery itself was associated with significant elevations of up to 82 pg/ml. Highest levels of vasopressin were noted with major intra-abdominal surgery and lowest levels with limb surgery. The immediate postoperative period was marked by plasma vasopressin levels that were often higher than during surgery itself. Levels gradually fell to their preoperative state after three to four days. The elevated levels of vasopressin can be associated with oliguria and excessive water retention. Among the possible mechanisms for the stimulus to vasopressin secretion are pain, stress, positive pressure respiration and anoxia. This study confirms by radioimmunoassay the changes in plasma vasopressin level with surgery that have been previously described by bioassay.", "PMID": 646620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2990", "title": "Long-term results of operative therapy for aortoiliac disease.", "content": "Over a period of 11 1/2 years, 140 patients were operated on for aortoiliac disease; 81 had coexisting superficial femoral artery occlusions (combined segment disease). Patients with combined segment disease were older, had twice the incidence of diabetes, and significantly more rest pain and gangrene on presentation. Aortic bifurcation grafts were placed in 114 patients. Relief of rest pain and threatened gangrene was uniformly good. However, relief of claudication was significantly poorer in patients with combined segment disease. There were 11 \"late\" thrombotic graft occlusions. Six grafts with distal anastamoses to the external iliacs failed because of limb outflow problems, while five grafts to the common femoral position exhibited more diffuse problems. Late graft failures were due to progression of disease and not problems intrinsic to the grafts. Cumulative patency rates were 98.0% at one year and 94.6% at three years.", "contents": "Long-term results of operative therapy for aortoiliac disease. Over a period of 11 1/2 years, 140 patients were operated on for aortoiliac disease; 81 had coexisting superficial femoral artery occlusions (combined segment disease). Patients with combined segment disease were older, had twice the incidence of diabetes, and significantly more rest pain and gangrene on presentation. Aortic bifurcation grafts were placed in 114 patients. Relief of rest pain and threatened gangrene was uniformly good. However, relief of claudication was significantly poorer in patients with combined segment disease. There were 11 \"late\" thrombotic graft occlusions. Six grafts with distal anastamoses to the external iliacs failed because of limb outflow problems, while five grafts to the common femoral position exhibited more diffuse problems. Late graft failures were due to progression of disease and not problems intrinsic to the grafts. Cumulative patency rates were 98.0% at one year and 94.6% at three years.", "PMID": 646621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2991", "title": "Gastric secretory response to intravenous amino acids in eviscerated dogs.", "content": "Eight dogs, four with intact vagi and four with vagotomy, were studied to see if the gastric secretory effect of intravenously administered L-amino acids is mediated by a gastrointestinal (GI) hormone or hormones. Intravenous infusion of amino acids produced a significant secretory response in denervated and in innervated stomachs. When the known sites of formation of GI hormones were removed by resection of antrum, duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, ileum, and colon, the gastric stimulatory effect of amino acids was not changed significantly in denervated stomachs but was greatly increased in innervated stomachs. We conclude that amino acids have a direct effect on parietal cell secretion that is not dependent on the intermediary release of a stimulatory hormone, and that evisceration enhances this effect in dogs with intact vagi.", "contents": "Gastric secretory response to intravenous amino acids in eviscerated dogs. Eight dogs, four with intact vagi and four with vagotomy, were studied to see if the gastric secretory effect of intravenously administered L-amino acids is mediated by a gastrointestinal (GI) hormone or hormones. Intravenous infusion of amino acids produced a significant secretory response in denervated and in innervated stomachs. When the known sites of formation of GI hormones were removed by resection of antrum, duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, ileum, and colon, the gastric stimulatory effect of amino acids was not changed significantly in denervated stomachs but was greatly increased in innervated stomachs. We conclude that amino acids have a direct effect on parietal cell secretion that is not dependent on the intermediary release of a stimulatory hormone, and that evisceration enhances this effect in dogs with intact vagi.", "PMID": 646622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2992", "title": "Immunological enhancement of rat small intestinal allografts.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate whether survival of rat intestinal allografts could be extended by the administration of enhancing serum, Lewis-Brown Norway small intestine was transplanted to Lewis recipients, using microsurgical techniques. Only multiple injections of serum, administered on alternate days, resulted in a prolongation of survival by a few days. Neither graft irradiation nor a single injection of antiserum was effective in increasing survival time of the transplanted intestine. Clinical trials of intestinal transplantation from cadaver donors will probably have to await a clearer understanding of various methods of altering host responsiveness to foreign tissue. At the present time, central venous nutrition offers the best solution to the patient with an insufficient length of small intestine.", "contents": "Immunological enhancement of rat small intestinal allografts. In an attempt to evaluate whether survival of rat intestinal allografts could be extended by the administration of enhancing serum, Lewis-Brown Norway small intestine was transplanted to Lewis recipients, using microsurgical techniques. Only multiple injections of serum, administered on alternate days, resulted in a prolongation of survival by a few days. Neither graft irradiation nor a single injection of antiserum was effective in increasing survival time of the transplanted intestine. Clinical trials of intestinal transplantation from cadaver donors will probably have to await a clearer understanding of various methods of altering host responsiveness to foreign tissue. At the present time, central venous nutrition offers the best solution to the patient with an insufficient length of small intestine.", "PMID": 646623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2993", "title": "Prevention of dermal ischemia after thermal injury.", "content": "One percent methylprednisolone acetate was evaluated as a pharmacologic agent in the prevention of dermal ischemia following burning. Standardized partial thickness burns were inflicted on guinea pigs. Burned guinea pigs were separated into five groups; one was treated with topical steroid, one with systemic steroid, one with both, one with emollient base without steroid, and one served as an untreated control. Histology and depth of dermal ischemia were evaluated by india ink perfusion technique. Untreated controls showed progressive dermal ischemia with complete absence of india ink-filled vessels in the dermis by 24 hours. Topical steroid alone improved dermal perfusion as suggested by relative levels of india ink filling. Topical steroid in the dosage used does not potentiate infection in standard burn wound sepsis models. Preservation of dermal appendages was seen secondary to improved dermal microcirculation with a ninefold increase in hair follicles in treated guinea pigs compared with controls.", "contents": "Prevention of dermal ischemia after thermal injury. One percent methylprednisolone acetate was evaluated as a pharmacologic agent in the prevention of dermal ischemia following burning. Standardized partial thickness burns were inflicted on guinea pigs. Burned guinea pigs were separated into five groups; one was treated with topical steroid, one with systemic steroid, one with both, one with emollient base without steroid, and one served as an untreated control. Histology and depth of dermal ischemia were evaluated by india ink perfusion technique. Untreated controls showed progressive dermal ischemia with complete absence of india ink-filled vessels in the dermis by 24 hours. Topical steroid alone improved dermal perfusion as suggested by relative levels of india ink filling. Topical steroid in the dosage used does not potentiate infection in standard burn wound sepsis models. Preservation of dermal appendages was seen secondary to improved dermal microcirculation with a ninefold increase in hair follicles in treated guinea pigs compared with controls.", "PMID": 646624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2994", "title": "Condyloma. A new epidemic.", "content": "Condyloma acuminatum of the anus is an increasingly frequent disease that may require a combination of therapies. Large bulky lesions can be reduced with topical freezing, cautery, or the scapel. Topical chemotherapy with podophyllum resin can be supplemented with cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Many of these drugs probably act, at least in part, by stimulating a strong local cellular immune reaction. Dinitrochlorobenzene was used to eradicate lesions that had been resistant to treatment with podophyllum resin. 5-Flourouracil was used as a control. All 23 patients studied were initially skin tested with both agents and randomized to either treatment group. All but one of the dinitrochlorobenzene-treated patients had excellent regressions. Immunotherapeutic agents, such as dinitrochlorobenzene, warrant further study as adjuvant therapeutic agents for this disease.", "contents": "Condyloma. A new epidemic. Condyloma acuminatum of the anus is an increasingly frequent disease that may require a combination of therapies. Large bulky lesions can be reduced with topical freezing, cautery, or the scapel. Topical chemotherapy with podophyllum resin can be supplemented with cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Many of these drugs probably act, at least in part, by stimulating a strong local cellular immune reaction. Dinitrochlorobenzene was used to eradicate lesions that had been resistant to treatment with podophyllum resin. 5-Flourouracil was used as a control. All 23 patients studied were initially skin tested with both agents and randomized to either treatment group. All but one of the dinitrochlorobenzene-treated patients had excellent regressions. Immunotherapeutic agents, such as dinitrochlorobenzene, warrant further study as adjuvant therapeutic agents for this disease.", "PMID": 646625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2995", "title": "Excision of pulmonary and renal aspergillomas. Its use in treating chronic granulomatous disease of childhood.", "content": "Renal and pulmonary Aspergillus granulomas in two 6-year-old boys with chronic granulomatous disease were treated by nephrectomy and lobectomy as well as intravenous amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusion. After lobectomy two smaller pulmonary aspergillomas resolved with medical therapy. The second child's condition improved after nephrectomy, but he died with disseminated Aspergillus infection. This experience suggests that surgical excision of localized Aspergillus granulomas in conjunction with specific antimicrobial therapy provides temporary clinical improvement and may prevent further blood-borne dissemination of the fungus.", "contents": "Excision of pulmonary and renal aspergillomas. Its use in treating chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Renal and pulmonary Aspergillus granulomas in two 6-year-old boys with chronic granulomatous disease were treated by nephrectomy and lobectomy as well as intravenous amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusion. After lobectomy two smaller pulmonary aspergillomas resolved with medical therapy. The second child's condition improved after nephrectomy, but he died with disseminated Aspergillus infection. This experience suggests that surgical excision of localized Aspergillus granulomas in conjunction with specific antimicrobial therapy provides temporary clinical improvement and may prevent further blood-borne dissemination of the fungus.", "PMID": 646626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2996", "title": "Preoperative angiographic diagnosis of small bowel leiomyomas.", "content": "Two patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding underwent preoperative selective visceral arteriography that demonstrated small-bowel tumors compatible with leiomyoma. A review of the material indicates that 42% of patients with small-bowel leiomyomas also have GI tract bleeding. Arteriography is valuable in obtaining a preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Preoperative angiographic diagnosis of small bowel leiomyomas. Two patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding underwent preoperative selective visceral arteriography that demonstrated small-bowel tumors compatible with leiomyoma. A review of the material indicates that 42% of patients with small-bowel leiomyomas also have GI tract bleeding. Arteriography is valuable in obtaining a preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 646627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2997", "title": "Salt and water balance before and after peritoneojugular and portacaval shunts.", "content": "Renal salt and water handling were studied in a patient who had refractory ascites that were due to alcoholic liver disease. The patient underwent a peritoneojugular shunt that was followed eight weeks later by a portacaval shunt. Ingestion of a 10-mEq sodium diet and albumin infusion had no effect on sodium balance but increased free water clearance before and after the operative procedures. After peritoneojugular shunt, free water clearance and sodium excretion increased. After portacaval shunt, free water clearance decreased and sodium retention occurred.", "contents": "Salt and water balance before and after peritoneojugular and portacaval shunts. Renal salt and water handling were studied in a patient who had refractory ascites that were due to alcoholic liver disease. The patient underwent a peritoneojugular shunt that was followed eight weeks later by a portacaval shunt. Ingestion of a 10-mEq sodium diet and albumin infusion had no effect on sodium balance but increased free water clearance before and after the operative procedures. After peritoneojugular shunt, free water clearance and sodium excretion increased. After portacaval shunt, free water clearance decreased and sodium retention occurred.", "PMID": 646628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2998", "title": "Intraoperative measurement of common duct resistance.", "content": "Biliary tract resistance was measured in 142 patients at the time of cholecystectomy, using a simple technique in which contrast media is infused through the cystic duct at a fixed flow rate. A sharp demarcation exists between the resistance of patients with normal and abnormal common bile ducts. A resistance of less than 2.5 units was found in only one patient with a common duct abnormality, and the test was improperly performed in that case. Two patients with normal common ducts had resistance values of greater than 2.5 units, for a false-positive rate of 1.63%. Overall, the technique gave accurate results in 97.9% of the cases studied.", "contents": "Intraoperative measurement of common duct resistance. Biliary tract resistance was measured in 142 patients at the time of cholecystectomy, using a simple technique in which contrast media is infused through the cystic duct at a fixed flow rate. A sharp demarcation exists between the resistance of patients with normal and abnormal common bile ducts. A resistance of less than 2.5 units was found in only one patient with a common duct abnormality, and the test was improperly performed in that case. Two patients with normal common ducts had resistance values of greater than 2.5 units, for a false-positive rate of 1.63%. Overall, the technique gave accurate results in 97.9% of the cases studied.", "PMID": 646629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_2999", "title": "Abortive infection of influenza virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Unusual fragility of virus particles.", "content": "Noninfectious virus particles were produced in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected intraperitoneally with fowl plague virus. The PFU yield of virus per cell was less than 0.1 and the ratio PFU/HA units in the progeny virus was less than 10(3). The virus particles had the same morphology and size as egg-grown virus but were more fragile. They were disrupted by centrifugation through sucrose and caesium chloride gradients, but this disruption was avoided by fixing the particles with formaldehyde before centrifugation. Analysis of polypeptides by SDS-PAGE showed that ascites-grown virus particles contained reduced amounts of matrix protein compared with egg-grown virus.", "contents": "Abortive infection of influenza virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Unusual fragility of virus particles. Noninfectious virus particles were produced in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected intraperitoneally with fowl plague virus. The PFU yield of virus per cell was less than 0.1 and the ratio PFU/HA units in the progeny virus was less than 10(3). The virus particles had the same morphology and size as egg-grown virus but were more fragile. They were disrupted by centrifugation through sucrose and caesium chloride gradients, but this disruption was avoided by fixing the particles with formaldehyde before centrifugation. Analysis of polypeptides by SDS-PAGE showed that ascites-grown virus particles contained reduced amounts of matrix protein compared with egg-grown virus.", "PMID": 646630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3000", "title": "[Development of neuron-capillary interrelationships in the nuclei of the anterior portion of the human hypothalamus during ontogenesis].", "content": "Three periods in the formation of the spatial arrangement of the neuronal nuclei have been stated: 1) from the prenatal period, infancy including--pronounced decrease in the density of the neuronal cells arrangement; 2) from the childhood up to adolescence--relative stabilization in the hypothalamic cellular composition; 3) mature and old age--secondary decrease in the dencity of the neuronal cells arrangement. Certain peculiarities in the nuclear capillary composition and in their neuronal-capillary relationships have been revealed: during the prenatal ontogenesis, the dencity of the neuronal cells arrangement decreases and their size increases that is followed by decrease in their capillary loops. In postnatal ontogenesis no proportional relationship between the dencity of neuronal cells arrangement and that of capillary network in the nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus was noted.", "contents": "[Development of neuron-capillary interrelationships in the nuclei of the anterior portion of the human hypothalamus during ontogenesis]. Three periods in the formation of the spatial arrangement of the neuronal nuclei have been stated: 1) from the prenatal period, infancy including--pronounced decrease in the density of the neuronal cells arrangement; 2) from the childhood up to adolescence--relative stabilization in the hypothalamic cellular composition; 3) mature and old age--secondary decrease in the dencity of the neuronal cells arrangement. Certain peculiarities in the nuclear capillary composition and in their neuronal-capillary relationships have been revealed: during the prenatal ontogenesis, the dencity of the neuronal cells arrangement decreases and their size increases that is followed by decrease in their capillary loops. In postnatal ontogenesis no proportional relationship between the dencity of neuronal cells arrangement and that of capillary network in the nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus was noted.", "PMID": 646632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3001", "title": "[Microcirculatory bed of the human trigeminal nerve].", "content": "Studies of film preparations from the sheaths of the human trigeminal nerve impregnated with silver nitrate demonstrated all the parts of the microcirculatory bed to be situated in the soft sheath of the root, in the capsule and stroma of the trigeminal ganglion, in epineurium and in the outer layers of perineurium of the nerve branches. In the internal layers of perineurium, pericapillaries, capillaries and postcapillaries are present; in the sheaths surrounding the root fibers and in endoneurium, there are only capillaries. Ontogenic peculiarities in the microcirculatory pathways of the trigeminal nerve are noted; varieties in arterio-venular anastomoses are described. The data obtained and those available in literature make it possible to conclude that the circulatory bed of epineurium and the external layers of perineurium possess the greatest compensatory-adaptive resources. The microcirculatory bed of the internal layers of perineurium and, especially, those of endoneurium possess the least compensatory resources.", "contents": "[Microcirculatory bed of the human trigeminal nerve]. Studies of film preparations from the sheaths of the human trigeminal nerve impregnated with silver nitrate demonstrated all the parts of the microcirculatory bed to be situated in the soft sheath of the root, in the capsule and stroma of the trigeminal ganglion, in epineurium and in the outer layers of perineurium of the nerve branches. In the internal layers of perineurium, pericapillaries, capillaries and postcapillaries are present; in the sheaths surrounding the root fibers and in endoneurium, there are only capillaries. Ontogenic peculiarities in the microcirculatory pathways of the trigeminal nerve are noted; varieties in arterio-venular anastomoses are described. The data obtained and those available in literature make it possible to conclude that the circulatory bed of epineurium and the external layers of perineurium possess the greatest compensatory-adaptive resources. The microcirculatory bed of the internal layers of perineurium and, especially, those of endoneurium possess the least compensatory resources.", "PMID": 646633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3002", "title": "[Establishment of the capillary-receptor connections of laminar bodies in the hand muscles of fetuses and newborn infants].", "content": "The first findings of capillary-receptor connections of the laminar bodies in the hand short muscles are related with 5--6 months of embryogenesis. These connections become gradually more complex by the time of birth and in early postnatal life. Arterial portions of the capillaries penetration to the laminar bodies, arrange along the border of the internal cone and the external capsule and within the internal cone itself, along the course of the axonal cylinder. Venous capillary loops form a dense network on the surface of the laminar bodies. In the group accumulations of the laminar bodies (reflexogenic zones) the capillary network is denser than in identical areceptor zones  of the hand muscles.", "contents": "[Establishment of the capillary-receptor connections of laminar bodies in the hand muscles of fetuses and newborn infants]. The first findings of capillary-receptor connections of the laminar bodies in the hand short muscles are related with 5--6 months of embryogenesis. These connections become gradually more complex by the time of birth and in early postnatal life. Arterial portions of the capillaries penetration to the laminar bodies, arrange along the border of the internal cone and the external capsule and within the internal cone itself, along the course of the axonal cylinder. Venous capillary loops form a dense network on the surface of the laminar bodies. In the group accumulations of the laminar bodies (reflexogenic zones) the capillary network is denser than in identical areceptor zones  of the hand muscles.", "PMID": 646634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3003", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on several morphofunctional characteristics of mouse embryos during the pre-implantation period of development].", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo and in vitro effects were studied in mouse embryos at different developmental stages. Inhibiting effect of this factor on cell reproduction (cleavage) was demonstrated, and in vivo experiments the process of the embryo release from the zona pellucida was also investigated. The studies were carried out in a large statistically significant material with an adequate mathematical processing of the data obtained. The critical point of the greatest sensitivity in the embryo to prostaglandin F2alpha effect was determined--the morula stage (16 cells).", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on several morphofunctional characteristics of mouse embryos during the pre-implantation period of development]. Prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo and in vitro effects were studied in mouse embryos at different developmental stages. Inhibiting effect of this factor on cell reproduction (cleavage) was demonstrated, and in vivo experiments the process of the embryo release from the zona pellucida was also investigated. The studies were carried out in a large statistically significant material with an adequate mathematical processing of the data obtained. The critical point of the greatest sensitivity in the embryo to prostaglandin F2alpha effect was determined--the morula stage (16 cells).", "PMID": 646635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3004", "title": "[Critical period in the work of the form-inducing apparatus of the lens in chick embryos, detected after chloramphenicol application].", "content": "The inhibitor of protein synthesis chloramphenicol (2 mg/egg) was applied to elucidate the critical period in the chicken lens development. Chloramphenicol injected before incubation and at 24, 30 and 48 h of incubation did not prevent the formation of parts in the lens-inducing apparatus (the optic vesicle, and the presumptive lens ectoderm), but the injection at the stage of 24--30 h of incubation resulted, in many survived for 5--7 days of incubation, in lack of the lens. Therefore, it is possible to speak about a disturbance in the activity of the inducing apparatus during the period of determination, or about a critical period of the lens development.", "contents": "[Critical period in the work of the form-inducing apparatus of the lens in chick embryos, detected after chloramphenicol application]. The inhibitor of protein synthesis chloramphenicol (2 mg/egg) was applied to elucidate the critical period in the chicken lens development. Chloramphenicol injected before incubation and at 24, 30 and 48 h of incubation did not prevent the formation of parts in the lens-inducing apparatus (the optic vesicle, and the presumptive lens ectoderm), but the injection at the stage of 24--30 h of incubation resulted, in many survived for 5--7 days of incubation, in lack of the lens. Therefore, it is possible to speak about a disturbance in the activity of the inducing apparatus during the period of determination, or about a critical period of the lens development.", "PMID": 646636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3005", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the incretory granules of the EC- and ECL-cells of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "At least three varieties of EC-cells differing in their density, form and fine structure can be revealed at the ultrastructural study of EC- and ECL-cells of the intestinal tract. Different forms of the incretory granules of the ECL-cells and heterogenous ultrastructural organization of their dense contents in man and animals make is possible not only to distinguish several forms of these cellular elements, but to speak of their specific peculiarities. It is not impossible that the ultrastructural peculiarities revealed in the incretory granules of the endocrine cells explain differences in the nature of histologically active substance which they produce.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the incretory granules of the EC- and ECL-cells of the gastrointestinal tract]. At least three varieties of EC-cells differing in their density, form and fine structure can be revealed at the ultrastructural study of EC- and ECL-cells of the intestinal tract. Different forms of the incretory granules of the ECL-cells and heterogenous ultrastructural organization of their dense contents in man and animals make is possible not only to distinguish several forms of these cellular elements, but to speak of their specific peculiarities. It is not impossible that the ultrastructural peculiarities revealed in the incretory granules of the endocrine cells explain differences in the nature of histologically active substance which they produce.", "PMID": 646637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3006", "title": "[Histochemical characteristics of the secretory cells of gastric glands compared].", "content": "The work is dedicated to complex histological studies of the secreting cells in the gastric fundal glands, in their comparative aspect. In the representatives of Amphibia, Reptilians and birds, histochemical differentiation of oxyntopeptic cells was demonstrated to be independent on the peculiarities of the animal nutrition. In mammals, histochemical characteristic of the carbohydrate component in the glandular secreting cells depends on the type of nutrition.", "contents": "[Histochemical characteristics of the secretory cells of gastric glands compared]. The work is dedicated to complex histological studies of the secreting cells in the gastric fundal glands, in their comparative aspect. In the representatives of Amphibia, Reptilians and birds, histochemical differentiation of oxyntopeptic cells was demonstrated to be independent on the peculiarities of the animal nutrition. In mammals, histochemical characteristic of the carbohydrate component in the glandular secreting cells depends on the type of nutrition.", "PMID": 646638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3007", "title": "[Reactive-destructive changes in the nervous elements of the capsule of the hip joint in coxarthrosis].", "content": "Specimens of the hip joint capsule were obtained during surgical treatment in 56 patients suffering from different kinds and stages of coxarthrosis. Neuronal elements of the capsule were stated to undergo reactive-destructive changes. Demyelinization of the capsule nerve fibers seems to be one of the causes producing painful sensation in the affected joint at coxarthrosis. Displastic and idiopathic coxarthrosis produces the destruction of less degree with preservation of the capsule nerves for a longer period; traumatic coxarthrosis with an aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is followed by a more profound destruction and the development of the disease is of shorter duration.", "contents": "[Reactive-destructive changes in the nervous elements of the capsule of the hip joint in coxarthrosis]. Specimens of the hip joint capsule were obtained during surgical treatment in 56 patients suffering from different kinds and stages of coxarthrosis. Neuronal elements of the capsule were stated to undergo reactive-destructive changes. Demyelinization of the capsule nerve fibers seems to be one of the causes producing painful sensation in the affected joint at coxarthrosis. Displastic and idiopathic coxarthrosis produces the destruction of less degree with preservation of the capsule nerves for a longer period; traumatic coxarthrosis with an aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is followed by a more profound destruction and the development of the disease is of shorter duration.", "PMID": 646640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3008", "title": "[Results of a microscopic study of several remains of the internal organs of Shandrin's mammoth].", "content": "The survived portion of an organ which topographically can be considered as a part of the lung, as well as a section of muscular tissue, perhaps that of the heart, has been studied. Under weak systems, the portion resembles the lung, spaces resembling alveoles, alveolar ducts and alveolar saccules are seen. \"Alveolar\" walls are stained dark grey by different methods; \"alveoles\" contain yellow granules, ferric components are not detected in them. The intestinal wall and that of the large vessel in the mesenteric cavity preserves a fibrillar carcass, fibrillar ultrastructure corresponding to collagen.", "contents": "[Results of a microscopic study of several remains of the internal organs of Shandrin's mammoth]. The survived portion of an organ which topographically can be considered as a part of the lung, as well as a section of muscular tissue, perhaps that of the heart, has been studied. Under weak systems, the portion resembles the lung, spaces resembling alveoles, alveolar ducts and alveolar saccules are seen. \"Alveolar\" walls are stained dark grey by different methods; \"alveoles\" contain yellow granules, ferric components are not detected in them. The intestinal wall and that of the large vessel in the mesenteric cavity preserves a fibrillar carcass, fibrillar ultrastructure corresponding to collagen.", "PMID": 646642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3009", "title": "[Dynamics of the restoration of a population of peritoneal mast cells following their destruction].", "content": "Removal of the mast cells from the mouse abdominal cavity by repeated washings as well as their osmotic destruction with distilled water are suitable methods to study regeneration of mast cells in postnatal ontogenesis. Simultaneous application of their differential staining with alcian blue-safranin makes it possible to reveal successive stages of the newly formed mast cells maturation and determine duration of every stage. The time of complete renovation of the peritoneal mast cells has been stated to be, according to the mode of the stimulation, 60--80 days. Total duration of the first two stages of maturation is 1--2 days. Mast cell differentiation is fully completed by the 11th day.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the restoration of a population of peritoneal mast cells following their destruction]. Removal of the mast cells from the mouse abdominal cavity by repeated washings as well as their osmotic destruction with distilled water are suitable methods to study regeneration of mast cells in postnatal ontogenesis. Simultaneous application of their differential staining with alcian blue-safranin makes it possible to reveal successive stages of the newly formed mast cells maturation and determine duration of every stage. The time of complete renovation of the peritoneal mast cells has been stated to be, according to the mode of the stimulation, 60--80 days. Total duration of the first two stages of maturation is 1--2 days. Mast cell differentiation is fully completed by the 11th day.", "PMID": 646643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3010", "title": "[Recapitulatory significance of coeloblastulas].", "content": "The problem is discussed whether in Metasoa evolution there was a blastea stage, or else they were of parenchymal structure from the very beginning. The author favours the colonal theory in Metasoa origin and, as their progressive form, he considers spherical colonies where the cells are not united by intracellular substance but have immediate contact with each other. There are two ways of flagellar cells union: by their lateral surfaces or by basal ends. With the first way of union, a rather large colony acquires inevitably the form of blastea. With the second way of union, the number of cells increases, the colony becomes either a homogenous parenchimella or a blastea. The possibility of both ways of evolutionary development were studied experimentally. The results of artificial mutant selection of zootrophic colonial Euglena, Anthophysa vegetans are represented. The author comes to the following conclusions from the results obtained: 1. In Metosoa phylogenesis a blastea-like stage should be present. 2. Recapitulatory significance of the coeloblastulas is evident.", "contents": "[Recapitulatory significance of coeloblastulas]. The problem is discussed whether in Metasoa evolution there was a blastea stage, or else they were of parenchymal structure from the very beginning. The author favours the colonal theory in Metasoa origin and, as their progressive form, he considers spherical colonies where the cells are not united by intracellular substance but have immediate contact with each other. There are two ways of flagellar cells union: by their lateral surfaces or by basal ends. With the first way of union, a rather large colony acquires inevitably the form of blastea. With the second way of union, the number of cells increases, the colony becomes either a homogenous parenchimella or a blastea. The possibility of both ways of evolutionary development were studied experimentally. The results of artificial mutant selection of zootrophic colonial Euglena, Anthophysa vegetans are represented. The author comes to the following conclusions from the results obtained: 1. In Metosoa phylogenesis a blastea-like stage should be present. 2. Recapitulatory significance of the coeloblastulas is evident.", "PMID": 646644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3011", "title": "[Morphometric findings in the microcirculatory bed of the sigmoid serosa during the fetal period in man].", "content": "During fetal life, formation and arrangement of the microcirculatory bed in the serous membrane of the sigmoid colon correspond to the growth and functioning of the latter at different stages of ontogenesis. Two periods in the development of the microcirculatory bed of the serous membrane of the sigmoid colon are revealed: the first period coincides with the first half of the fetal development when capillary growth is considerable, i.e. with the growth of metabolic part in the microcirculatory bed; the second period coincides with the second half of the fetal development when intensified growth of the sigmoid portion of the large intenstine and its transport sections in the microcirculatory bed (arterioles, precapillaries, postcapillaries, venules) are observed.", "contents": "[Morphometric findings in the microcirculatory bed of the sigmoid serosa during the fetal period in man]. During fetal life, formation and arrangement of the microcirculatory bed in the serous membrane of the sigmoid colon correspond to the growth and functioning of the latter at different stages of ontogenesis. Two periods in the development of the microcirculatory bed of the serous membrane of the sigmoid colon are revealed: the first period coincides with the first half of the fetal development when capillary growth is considerable, i.e. with the growth of metabolic part in the microcirculatory bed; the second period coincides with the second half of the fetal development when intensified growth of the sigmoid portion of the large intenstine and its transport sections in the microcirculatory bed (arterioles, precapillaries, postcapillaries, venules) are observed.", "PMID": 646645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3012", "title": "[Anatomy of the lymphangions of the small intestine].", "content": "Anatomy of lymphangions (valve segments) has been studied in 120 human and animal cadavers. Methods of investigation were: polychrome injection of arteries, veins and lymphatic bed; macro-microscopic preparation; staining of histopreparations after van Gieson, hematoxylin-eosin, complex technique after A.V. Borisov (1973); impregnation after V.V. Kuprianov (1965); detection of bundle collagene fibers after Mallory and elastic fibers after Weighert. The data collected on the lymphangions demonstrate that the valve segments (lymphangions) in the small intestinal wall appear in phylogenesis at first in birds. Avian lymphangions are cylindric and the valves are of semilunar form and the distance between them is 2--3 cm. In predators (dog, cat, fox, marten) lymphangions are round or conical. Their size is within 6--8 mm. In other animals (rodents, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla) the lymphangions are 3--5 times longer comparing their width. In human ontogenesis the valve segments of the lymph vessels are formed in tela submucosa of the small intestine in 6--7-month-old fetuses. Some other peculiarities in animal and human anatomy of lymphangions have been revealed.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the lymphangions of the small intestine]. Anatomy of lymphangions (valve segments) has been studied in 120 human and animal cadavers. Methods of investigation were: polychrome injection of arteries, veins and lymphatic bed; macro-microscopic preparation; staining of histopreparations after van Gieson, hematoxylin-eosin, complex technique after A.V. Borisov (1973); impregnation after V.V. Kuprianov (1965); detection of bundle collagene fibers after Mallory and elastic fibers after Weighert. The data collected on the lymphangions demonstrate that the valve segments (lymphangions) in the small intestinal wall appear in phylogenesis at first in birds. Avian lymphangions are cylindric and the valves are of semilunar form and the distance between them is 2--3 cm. In predators (dog, cat, fox, marten) lymphangions are round or conical. Their size is within 6--8 mm. In other animals (rodents, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla) the lymphangions are 3--5 times longer comparing their width. In human ontogenesis the valve segments of the lymph vessels are formed in tela submucosa of the small intestine in 6--7-month-old fetuses. Some other peculiarities in animal and human anatomy of lymphangions have been revealed.", "PMID": 646646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3013", "title": "[Structure of the venous and lymphatic beds of the heart and their alteration in experimental pathology].", "content": "The investigation performed has demonstrated that under a great deal of coronary, pulmonary and other organs' disorders, in the venous and lymphatic beds of the heart compensatory-adaptive and pathological changes occur. The earliest and deepest changes are noted in the microcirculatory bed. Most of morphological signs on vascular reconstruction are not specific and are observed at different kinds of clinical and experimental pathology. Changes in venous and lymphatic vessels of pathological conditions& do not only result from damage in the organ's wall or hemodynamical changes in the cavities of the cardiac vessels but they themselves can cause some disturbances in the miocardial microcirculation intensifying its hypoxia, congestive symptoms and enhancing the development of decompensation in the organ.", "contents": "[Structure of the venous and lymphatic beds of the heart and their alteration in experimental pathology]. The investigation performed has demonstrated that under a great deal of coronary, pulmonary and other organs' disorders, in the venous and lymphatic beds of the heart compensatory-adaptive and pathological changes occur. The earliest and deepest changes are noted in the microcirculatory bed. Most of morphological signs on vascular reconstruction are not specific and are observed at different kinds of clinical and experimental pathology. Changes in venous and lymphatic vessels of pathological conditions& do not only result from damage in the organ's wall or hemodynamical changes in the cavities of the cardiac vessels but they themselves can cause some disturbances in the miocardial microcirculation intensifying its hypoxia, congestive symptoms and enhancing the development of decompensation in the organ.", "PMID": 646647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3014", "title": "[Architectonics of the arteries of the latissimus dorsi muscle in humans and dogs].", "content": "Vascularisation of musculus latissimus dorsi in man and dog was studied in 50 preparations. Methods of x-ray angiography, preparation and macro-microscopy of cleared preparations were used. The nutrition of the muscle was stated to carry out at the expense of the thoracodorsal artery and of the musculocutaneous branches of the intercostal arteries. Vascular-neuronal \"gate\" of the muscle is projected on the upper third of its lateral portions. A rich network of intrasystemic and intersystemic anastomoses makes it possible to switch off one or several sources of additional nutrition for the muscle. The most favourable conditions of blood supply exist for the muscle lateral portions which are reasonable to use for plastic purposes.", "contents": "[Architectonics of the arteries of the latissimus dorsi muscle in humans and dogs]. Vascularisation of musculus latissimus dorsi in man and dog was studied in 50 preparations. Methods of x-ray angiography, preparation and macro-microscopy of cleared preparations were used. The nutrition of the muscle was stated to carry out at the expense of the thoracodorsal artery and of the musculocutaneous branches of the intercostal arteries. Vascular-neuronal \"gate\" of the muscle is projected on the upper third of its lateral portions. A rich network of intrasystemic and intersystemic anastomoses makes it possible to switch off one or several sources of additional nutrition for the muscle. The most favourable conditions of blood supply exist for the muscle lateral portions which are reasonable to use for plastic purposes.", "PMID": 646648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3015", "title": "[Analysis of the spatial organization of the endothelium of several major vessels].", "content": "The aim of the investigation was to appreciate quantitatively the degree of endothelial heteromorphy and its spatial organization according to some indices allowing morphofunctional interpretation of their importance. Endothelium of the rabbit protal and jugular veins was studied in the flat film preparations along the length of 16--20 mm continuously. To elucidate changeability in tissue state, autocorrelative function was calculated with the following determination of spectral density. The latter makes it possible to reveal the presence of a monotonous trend and rhythmicity in vessel structure. Spectral analysis demonstrated that in different parts of endothelium the indices involved varied in their character. The parameters reflecting cell histophysiology are characterized by a marked monotonous trend. The parameters influenced by hemodynamic conditions change rhythmically. Nearly all the indices in the portal vein, evidently because of its peculiar physiological conditions, distinguish themselves by their more complex spectral composition than those of the jugular vein. The quantitative data obtained support heteromorphic character of endothelium and demonstrate that physiology and hemodynamics of the vessel are responsible for its degree of significance as there is a constant interrelation between the vessel and blood.", "contents": "[Analysis of the spatial organization of the endothelium of several major vessels]. The aim of the investigation was to appreciate quantitatively the degree of endothelial heteromorphy and its spatial organization according to some indices allowing morphofunctional interpretation of their importance. Endothelium of the rabbit protal and jugular veins was studied in the flat film preparations along the length of 16--20 mm continuously. To elucidate changeability in tissue state, autocorrelative function was calculated with the following determination of spectral density. The latter makes it possible to reveal the presence of a monotonous trend and rhythmicity in vessel structure. Spectral analysis demonstrated that in different parts of endothelium the indices involved varied in their character. The parameters reflecting cell histophysiology are characterized by a marked monotonous trend. The parameters influenced by hemodynamic conditions change rhythmically. Nearly all the indices in the portal vein, evidently because of its peculiar physiological conditions, distinguish themselves by their more complex spectral composition than those of the jugular vein. The quantitative data obtained support heteromorphic character of endothelium and demonstrate that physiology and hemodynamics of the vessel are responsible for its degree of significance as there is a constant interrelation between the vessel and blood.", "PMID": 646649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3016", "title": "[Synaptoarchitectonics of the ganglia of the celiac plexus in white rats].", "content": "In 50 intact white rats at the age of 6, 15, 23 and 30 months synapsoarchitectonics of the celiac plexus nodes was studied by an electron microscopy method. Peculiarities in synapsoarchitectonics are stipulated by pericaryon processes in neurons, some of them have no contacts with the axonal terminals, while others have contacts with the axonal terminals. The former include small (about 0.5 mkm) drop-like and large (up to 1.5 mkm) polymorphous processes within the limits of perisomatic membrane, as well as processes penetrating the neuronal capsule. All of them contain, in different combinations, vesicles, ribosomas, fibrillae, and the largest processes--small cisterns of granular cytoplasmatic network and single mitochondria. The processes of the first group are considered as original stages for the development of the second group processes. The latter are represented by different in size (about 1.0--2.0 mkm) in form (digital, cone-, pin-, goblet-shaped, cylindrical, branching) and in content formations. There is, as a rule, one contact on the processes of an uncomplicated form, while on the branching processes there can be up to three and more contacting axonal terminals. Peculiar features in the composition of the processes taken as a whole (specific forms, absence of dendritic tubes, sometimes numerous contacts with axonal terminals in spite of small size) distinguish them from newly forming dendritic processes and these formations are considered as independent specialized receptor apparatus in the pericaryon of neurons of the celiac plexus.", "contents": "[Synaptoarchitectonics of the ganglia of the celiac plexus in white rats]. In 50 intact white rats at the age of 6, 15, 23 and 30 months synapsoarchitectonics of the celiac plexus nodes was studied by an electron microscopy method. Peculiarities in synapsoarchitectonics are stipulated by pericaryon processes in neurons, some of them have no contacts with the axonal terminals, while others have contacts with the axonal terminals. The former include small (about 0.5 mkm) drop-like and large (up to 1.5 mkm) polymorphous processes within the limits of perisomatic membrane, as well as processes penetrating the neuronal capsule. All of them contain, in different combinations, vesicles, ribosomas, fibrillae, and the largest processes--small cisterns of granular cytoplasmatic network and single mitochondria. The processes of the first group are considered as original stages for the development of the second group processes. The latter are represented by different in size (about 1.0--2.0 mkm) in form (digital, cone-, pin-, goblet-shaped, cylindrical, branching) and in content formations. There is, as a rule, one contact on the processes of an uncomplicated form, while on the branching processes there can be up to three and more contacting axonal terminals. Peculiar features in the composition of the processes taken as a whole (specific forms, absence of dendritic tubes, sometimes numerous contacts with axonal terminals in spite of small size) distinguish them from newly forming dendritic processes and these formations are considered as independent specialized receptor apparatus in the pericaryon of neurons of the celiac plexus.", "PMID": 646650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3017", "title": "[Effect of physical loads on the mineral saturation of osseous tissue of experimental animals].", "content": "The aim of the work was to investigate regularities in the effect of physical loading on quantitative and qualitative mineral composition of the white rat femoral bones and on their properties of stability. Different physical loadings were stated to influence in various ways the degree of mineral composition and the properties of bone stability. Rats with static regime of work had the most mineralized bones, then came the animals with dynamic regime and the controls showed the least degree of mineralization. The greatest stability of osseous tissue was revealed in the rats at dynamic regime of work, then in the group of static regime and in the control animals.", "contents": "[Effect of physical loads on the mineral saturation of osseous tissue of experimental animals]. The aim of the work was to investigate regularities in the effect of physical loading on quantitative and qualitative mineral composition of the white rat femoral bones and on their properties of stability. Different physical loadings were stated to influence in various ways the degree of mineral composition and the properties of bone stability. Rats with static regime of work had the most mineralized bones, then came the animals with dynamic regime and the controls showed the least degree of mineralization. The greatest stability of osseous tissue was revealed in the rats at dynamic regime of work, then in the group of static regime and in the control animals.", "PMID": 646651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3018", "title": "[Structure and development of the microcirculatory bed of the pleural villi in man and animals].", "content": "The structure of the microcirculatory bed in the pleural villi was studied by the method of impregnation with silver nitrate, after V.V. Kuprianov. In human and animal mediastinal pleura, the microcirculatory ways are regulated within polymerously repeated complexes--moduli. A characteristic feature of the pleural villi blood supply is the presence of capillary glomeruli with a vascular peduncle consisting of an arteriole and a venule. Four types of structure are revealed in the vascular peduncle consisting of an arteriole and a venule. Four types of structure are revealed in the vascular peduncle of the pleural villi. They were studied morphometrically. Correlation in the development of the villi microcirculatory bed and that of the vascular peduncle was stated. Participation of villous vessels in the regulation of fluid balance in the pleural cavity was discussed.", "contents": "[Structure and development of the microcirculatory bed of the pleural villi in man and animals]. The structure of the microcirculatory bed in the pleural villi was studied by the method of impregnation with silver nitrate, after V.V. Kuprianov. In human and animal mediastinal pleura, the microcirculatory ways are regulated within polymerously repeated complexes--moduli. A characteristic feature of the pleural villi blood supply is the presence of capillary glomeruli with a vascular peduncle consisting of an arteriole and a venule. Four types of structure are revealed in the vascular peduncle consisting of an arteriole and a venule. Four types of structure are revealed in the vascular peduncle of the pleural villi. They were studied morphometrically. Correlation in the development of the villi microcirculatory bed and that of the vascular peduncle was stated. Participation of villous vessels in the regulation of fluid balance in the pleural cavity was discussed.", "PMID": 646652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3019", "title": "[X-ray anatomic features of the skeleton in the 47, XYY syndrome].", "content": "The data are represented on the examination of 11 men with 47, XYY karyotype, roengenography of some parts of their skeletals including. The result are compared with the data on investigation of 430 human males chosen from a population. This anomaly in the karyotype stipulates, in the skeletal formation, a tendency to high stature, a certain flattening in the head of the radiocarpal articulation, the kneepan and the distal contour of the femoral bone. Nearly in a half of all observations valgus deviation of the ulnar articulation was somewhat increased, in 3 cases--inhibition of some synostoses in the growth zones of the extremities was noted. A supposition is made that in males the insidence of cleft in sesamoid bones in the lower extremities is increased in the presence of the extra Y-chromosome.", "contents": "[X-ray anatomic features of the skeleton in the 47, XYY syndrome]. The data are represented on the examination of 11 men with 47, XYY karyotype, roengenography of some parts of their skeletals including. The result are compared with the data on investigation of 430 human males chosen from a population. This anomaly in the karyotype stipulates, in the skeletal formation, a tendency to high stature, a certain flattening in the head of the radiocarpal articulation, the kneepan and the distal contour of the femoral bone. Nearly in a half of all observations valgus deviation of the ulnar articulation was somewhat increased, in 3 cases--inhibition of some synostoses in the growth zones of the extremities was noted. A supposition is made that in males the insidence of cleft in sesamoid bones in the lower extremities is increased in the presence of the extra Y-chromosome.", "PMID": 646653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3020", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the dendrites of neurons of the brain stem reticular formation in acute hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "In 45 adult rats (Wistar strain) neuronal dendrites of the reticular formation were studied electron microscopically at an acute hypoxic hypoxia. Structural changes in neurons of the reticular formation, were demonstrated to begin, as a rule, in the terminal portions of the dendrites. Dystrophic and destructive changes in dendrites are always more pronounced than in the pericaryon and are not infrequently they terminate in destruction of cytoplasmic islets. Submicroscopic changes in the dendrites are classified according to the dynamics of their development. Taking into consideration a specific role of the neuronal dendrites of the reticular formation under certain physiological conditions, it is possible to conclude that dendritic damage is of major importance in functional disturbance of the reticular formation at hypoxic hypoxia.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the dendrites of neurons of the brain stem reticular formation in acute hypoxic hypoxia]. In 45 adult rats (Wistar strain) neuronal dendrites of the reticular formation were studied electron microscopically at an acute hypoxic hypoxia. Structural changes in neurons of the reticular formation, were demonstrated to begin, as a rule, in the terminal portions of the dendrites. Dystrophic and destructive changes in dendrites are always more pronounced than in the pericaryon and are not infrequently they terminate in destruction of cytoplasmic islets. Submicroscopic changes in the dendrites are classified according to the dynamics of their development. Taking into consideration a specific role of the neuronal dendrites of the reticular formation under certain physiological conditions, it is possible to conclude that dendritic damage is of major importance in functional disturbance of the reticular formation at hypoxic hypoxia.", "PMID": 646654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3021", "title": "[Granular neurons of the cochlear complex in rats].", "content": "In the cochlear complex of white male rats the dorsal nucleus, the anterior ventral nucleus, the posterior ventral nucleus and the granular layer were studied histologically and morphometrically. While counting the number of different cells in all the above mentioned formations, by means of ocular grid (S.B. Stefanov, 1974) it was revealed that the granular neurons of the cochlear nuclei of the rats form 72--86 per cent of all the cells. The granular cells represent an independent type of neurons and these differ clearly from other neurons by the diameter of their nuclei and by the size of the pericarion. The granular cells form two cell types according to patterns of their nuclei, and these cell types are independent of each other within the limits of every cochlear complex. Percentage of different types of neurons in different parts of cochlear nuclei depends on the cell density. The distribution of the granular neurons is independent on that of large and middle size neurons.", "contents": "[Granular neurons of the cochlear complex in rats]. In the cochlear complex of white male rats the dorsal nucleus, the anterior ventral nucleus, the posterior ventral nucleus and the granular layer were studied histologically and morphometrically. While counting the number of different cells in all the above mentioned formations, by means of ocular grid (S.B. Stefanov, 1974) it was revealed that the granular neurons of the cochlear nuclei of the rats form 72--86 per cent of all the cells. The granular cells represent an independent type of neurons and these differ clearly from other neurons by the diameter of their nuclei and by the size of the pericarion. The granular cells form two cell types according to patterns of their nuclei, and these cell types are independent of each other within the limits of every cochlear complex. Percentage of different types of neurons in different parts of cochlear nuclei depends on the cell density. The distribution of the granular neurons is independent on that of large and middle size neurons.", "PMID": 646655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3022", "title": "Multinucleated erythroid cells in blood of golden hamster embryos.", "content": "Blood smears of 11 and 13-day-old embryos (20) and newborns (10) of golden hamsters were analysed. The smears were stained with brilliant cresyl blue in a moist chamber for 5--7 min. About 2--6 thousand cells were counted in 200 visual fields. By means of an ocular micrometer MOB-1 the diameters of 300 cells were measured and the curves on cell distribution were plotted according to the diameters. It was found that the blood of 11-day-old golden hamster embryos contained about 8% of binuclear and sixnuclear megaloblasts, and that of 13-day-old embryos--about 2.5% of binuclear and sixnuclear erythroblasts and megablasts of the second generation. In the bloood of newborn hamster polynuclear cells are absent.", "contents": "Multinucleated erythroid cells in blood of golden hamster embryos. Blood smears of 11 and 13-day-old embryos (20) and newborns (10) of golden hamsters were analysed. The smears were stained with brilliant cresyl blue in a moist chamber for 5--7 min. About 2--6 thousand cells were counted in 200 visual fields. By means of an ocular micrometer MOB-1 the diameters of 300 cells were measured and the curves on cell distribution were plotted according to the diameters. It was found that the blood of 11-day-old golden hamster embryos contained about 8% of binuclear and sixnuclear megaloblasts, and that of 13-day-old embryos--about 2.5% of binuclear and sixnuclear erythroblasts and megablasts of the second generation. In the bloood of newborn hamster polynuclear cells are absent.", "PMID": 646656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3023", "title": "[Effect of several inhibitors of atmospheric metal corrosion (amines of the polymethylene series) on embryogenesis].", "content": "The influence of some polymethylene amines (inhibitors protecting metals from atmospheric corrosion) on the generative function in general and on the embryogenesis in particular was studied. Such inhibitors as MCDA-II (dicyclohexylamine salt dissolving in oil), HDA (dicyclohexylamine nitrate) and M-I (cyclohexylamine salt dissolving in oil) were investigated by intraorganic injection during the whole course of gestation (21 days), 2 and 4 months. The compounds in question were stated to possess a pronounced gonado- and embryotoxic effect depending on the dose and chemical composition of the substance. The least active was M-I inhibitor. Doses not affecting rat gonades were: for HDA--0.825 mg/kg, MCDA-II--4.7 mg/kg, M-I--34.9 mg/kg; their embryonic effects were 0.54, 2.35 and 349 mg/kg respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of several inhibitors of atmospheric metal corrosion (amines of the polymethylene series) on embryogenesis]. The influence of some polymethylene amines (inhibitors protecting metals from atmospheric corrosion) on the generative function in general and on the embryogenesis in particular was studied. Such inhibitors as MCDA-II (dicyclohexylamine salt dissolving in oil), HDA (dicyclohexylamine nitrate) and M-I (cyclohexylamine salt dissolving in oil) were investigated by intraorganic injection during the whole course of gestation (21 days), 2 and 4 months. The compounds in question were stated to possess a pronounced gonado- and embryotoxic effect depending on the dose and chemical composition of the substance. The least active was M-I inhibitor. Doses not affecting rat gonades were: for HDA--0.825 mg/kg, MCDA-II--4.7 mg/kg, M-I--34.9 mg/kg; their embryonic effects were 0.54, 2.35 and 349 mg/kg respectively.", "PMID": 646657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3024", "title": "[Use of potassium ferricyanide in histochemistry].", "content": "Karnovsky and Roots offer to use potassium ferricianide for coloured detecting the products of acetylcholine hydrolysis by cholinesterase. The method is based on the reduction of ferricianide to ferrocianide which forms with copper ions, present in the solution, unsoluble ferrocianide. Some properties of ferricianide ion, however, (stability, large size and great hydratation) make it difficult for the substance to penetrate the native cell membranes. The method by Karnovsky and Roots applied to laminated muscular tissue and to the rat nonfixed whole diaphragm, and to the sections from nonfixed tissue of the cat skeletal muscle verifies space isolation of ferricianide from the enzyme localized at the other side of cell membrane.", "contents": "[Use of potassium ferricyanide in histochemistry]. Karnovsky and Roots offer to use potassium ferricianide for coloured detecting the products of acetylcholine hydrolysis by cholinesterase. The method is based on the reduction of ferricianide to ferrocianide which forms with copper ions, present in the solution, unsoluble ferrocianide. Some properties of ferricianide ion, however, (stability, large size and great hydratation) make it difficult for the substance to penetrate the native cell membranes. The method by Karnovsky and Roots applied to laminated muscular tissue and to the rat nonfixed whole diaphragm, and to the sections from nonfixed tissue of the cat skeletal muscle verifies space isolation of ferricianide from the enzyme localized at the other side of cell membrane.", "PMID": 646658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3025", "title": "[Specificity of histochemical reactions to melanin].", "content": "The data on complex histochemical and electron histochemical investigation reflecting specificity of the reactions applied in histochemical practice to reveal melanin are represented. Various ultrastructural localization of the substance is demonstrated both with silver and iron use (this demonstrate nonspecificity of the reactions mentioned above to melanin). Ultrastructures possessing affinity to the metal ions involved are detected; possible mechanisms of interaction between silver and iron with different cellular elements are suggested.", "contents": "[Specificity of histochemical reactions to melanin]. The data on complex histochemical and electron histochemical investigation reflecting specificity of the reactions applied in histochemical practice to reveal melanin are represented. Various ultrastructural localization of the substance is demonstrated both with silver and iron use (this demonstrate nonspecificity of the reactions mentioned above to melanin). Ultrastructures possessing affinity to the metal ions involved are detected; possible mechanisms of interaction between silver and iron with different cellular elements are suggested.", "PMID": 646659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3026", "title": "[Method of quantitative assessment of the cerebral vascular bed in experimental morphologic studies].", "content": "Cleared brain sections 20 mkm thick with injected vessels are photographed and then projected on the screen. Vascular contours are sketched on the paper, cut out and weighed. Vessel-capillary network/the whole section field ratio in percents is then calculated. Having separated the area of the vessels, the area occupied by the capillaries is divided into the mean capillary diameter, thus it is possible to estimate the capillary length per area unit and the volume of the brain substance.", "contents": "[Method of quantitative assessment of the cerebral vascular bed in experimental morphologic studies]. Cleared brain sections 20 mkm thick with injected vessels are photographed and then projected on the screen. Vascular contours are sketched on the paper, cut out and weighed. Vessel-capillary network/the whole section field ratio in percents is then calculated. Having separated the area of the vessels, the area occupied by the capillaries is divided into the mean capillary diameter, thus it is possible to estimate the capillary length per area unit and the volume of the brain substance.", "PMID": 646660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3027", "title": "[Electron-microscopic study of myogenic neoplasms].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of leiomyoma of skin arteries, oesophagus leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma was carried out. In the tumor cells myofilaments were found sometimes forming hexagonally packed myofibrilles, formations resembling desmosomes. This permitted the establishment of valid myogenic histogenesis of these neoplasias.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic study of myogenic neoplasms]. Electron microscopic study of leiomyoma of skin arteries, oesophagus leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma was carried out. In the tumor cells myofilaments were found sometimes forming hexagonally packed myofibrilles, formations resembling desmosomes. This permitted the establishment of valid myogenic histogenesis of these neoplasias.", "PMID": 646661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3028", "title": "[Jejunal mucosa in infants with the syndrome of disorders of intestinal absorption (ultrastructure and morphometry)].", "content": "Ultrastructural studies and counts of interepithelial lymphocytes and the density of cellular infiltration of the lamina propria were carried out on 10 biopsies of the small intestine from infants of 4 months to 2 years with the syndrome of disturbed intestinal absorption. The greatest disorders were found to occur in celiac disease and intolerance to cow milk protein and to be manifested in subtotal atrophy of villi and destructive lesions of enterocytes. The authors believe that the marked infiltration of the epithelial layer with lymphocytes and the lamina propria of the mucous membrane with plasma cells represent manifestations of the local immunological response.", "contents": "[Jejunal mucosa in infants with the syndrome of disorders of intestinal absorption (ultrastructure and morphometry)]. Ultrastructural studies and counts of interepithelial lymphocytes and the density of cellular infiltration of the lamina propria were carried out on 10 biopsies of the small intestine from infants of 4 months to 2 years with the syndrome of disturbed intestinal absorption. The greatest disorders were found to occur in celiac disease and intolerance to cow milk protein and to be manifested in subtotal atrophy of villi and destructive lesions of enterocytes. The authors believe that the marked infiltration of the epithelial layer with lymphocytes and the lamina propria of the mucous membrane with plasma cells represent manifestations of the local immunological response.", "PMID": 646663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3029", "title": "[Morphological and immunomorphological changes in the intestines and regional lymph nodes of gnotobiotic rats--chronic carriers of Vibrio cholerae El-Tor].", "content": "In the course of chronic carrier state of El-Tor vibrio cholerae gnotobiotic rats develop an immunomorphological reaction in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines, Peter's patches, and mesenterial lymph nodes consisting in activation of reactive centers of follicles, hyperplasia of reticular cells, and an increase in the number of pyroninophilic plasma cells. The vibrio cholerae caused no pathological changes in enterocytes and other cells but its inoculation was accompanied by a \"minor inflammation\" in the intestinal wall and mesenterial lymph nodes. Eosinophilic infiltration in the intestinal tract, intensive mast cell reaction with degranulation in the small and large intestines and regional lymph nodes was observed.", "contents": "[Morphological and immunomorphological changes in the intestines and regional lymph nodes of gnotobiotic rats--chronic carriers of Vibrio cholerae El-Tor]. In the course of chronic carrier state of El-Tor vibrio cholerae gnotobiotic rats develop an immunomorphological reaction in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines, Peter's patches, and mesenterial lymph nodes consisting in activation of reactive centers of follicles, hyperplasia of reticular cells, and an increase in the number of pyroninophilic plasma cells. The vibrio cholerae caused no pathological changes in enterocytes and other cells but its inoculation was accompanied by a \"minor inflammation\" in the intestinal wall and mesenterial lymph nodes. Eosinophilic infiltration in the intestinal tract, intensive mast cell reaction with degranulation in the small and large intestines and regional lymph nodes was observed.", "PMID": 646664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3030", "title": "[Ultrastructure of skeletal muscles in children with dermatomyositis].", "content": "The ultrastructure of skeletal muscles was studied on 6 bioptates collected from children with the idiopathic form of dermatomyositis. The main type of the affection of muscle fibers was myolysis the intensity of which correlated with the degree of activity of the disease. In focal myolysis, signs of intracellular regeneration were found in fibers. Diffuse myolysis was characterized by retained hypertrophic nuclei and basal membranes of sarcolemma against the background of complete degeneration of myofibrillae and a sharp decrease in the fiber diameter. Considerable hyperplastic changes in myosatellitocytes were found, but with no regenerating fibers, however. The permanent features included hypertrophic and dystrophic changes in the vascular endothelium and pericytes. In the maximally active disease, destruction of capillaries and a decrease in their numbers were found. Microtubular structures and nuclear bodies were found in the endothelium, pericytes, and less frequently in other cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of skeletal muscles in children with dermatomyositis]. The ultrastructure of skeletal muscles was studied on 6 bioptates collected from children with the idiopathic form of dermatomyositis. The main type of the affection of muscle fibers was myolysis the intensity of which correlated with the degree of activity of the disease. In focal myolysis, signs of intracellular regeneration were found in fibers. Diffuse myolysis was characterized by retained hypertrophic nuclei and basal membranes of sarcolemma against the background of complete degeneration of myofibrillae and a sharp decrease in the fiber diameter. Considerable hyperplastic changes in myosatellitocytes were found, but with no regenerating fibers, however. The permanent features included hypertrophic and dystrophic changes in the vascular endothelium and pericytes. In the maximally active disease, destruction of capillaries and a decrease in their numbers were found. Microtubular structures and nuclear bodies were found in the endothelium, pericytes, and less frequently in other cells.", "PMID": 646665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3031", "title": "[Changes in skeletal bones in residents of the Baltic area studied on the paleoanthropological material].", "content": "Examinations of 4481 skeletons revealed 70 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, 9 cases of osteotuberculosis and 10 cases of concha bullosa of the concha media nasalis in bronze age. Metadiaphysary forms of osteomyelitis in the long tubular bones with prevalence of ossific proliferation were observed most frequently. Osteotuberculosis existed in Latvia since the most ancient times mainly in the form of spondylitis tuberculosa.", "contents": "[Changes in skeletal bones in residents of the Baltic area studied on the paleoanthropological material]. Examinations of 4481 skeletons revealed 70 cases of chronic osteomyelitis, 9 cases of osteotuberculosis and 10 cases of concha bullosa of the concha media nasalis in bronze age. Metadiaphysary forms of osteomyelitis in the long tubular bones with prevalence of ossific proliferation were observed most frequently. Osteotuberculosis existed in Latvia since the most ancient times mainly in the form of spondylitis tuberculosa.", "PMID": 646666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3032", "title": "[Cysticercosis of the brain].", "content": "Cysticercosis, a chronic helminthic disease rarely diagnosed during the patients' life is found in the practice of pathoanatomists. The paper presents two observations in one of which cystic and branching forms of the disease were combined.", "contents": "[Cysticercosis of the brain]. Cysticercosis, a chronic helminthic disease rarely diagnosed during the patients' life is found in the practice of pathoanatomists. The paper presents two observations in one of which cystic and branching forms of the disease were combined.", "PMID": 646667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3033", "title": "[Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney].", "content": "A section observation of a massive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney in a man of 76 is described. The cancer had no connection with the pelvis. It is presumed that the source of the carcinoma development was the metaplasied epithelium of the collecting tubes.", "contents": "[Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney]. A section observation of a massive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney in a man of 76 is described. The cancer had no connection with the pelvis. It is presumed that the source of the carcinoma development was the metaplasied epithelium of the collecting tubes.", "PMID": 646668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3034", "title": "[Pathological analysis of the quality of clinical diagnosis of perinatal diseases].", "content": "The features of the method of pathoanatomic analysis of the quality of clinical diagnosis of perinatal diseases based on the nosological principle are discussed. Additional new categories of assessment have been introduced: (1) \"the disease is not diagnosed at all\", and (2) \"the disease of the fetus (baby) is diagnosed correctly but its cause is not stated\". Underestimation of the examination of the placenta is considered to be a negative feature. Examples are presented of various categories of the estimation of accuracy of clinical diagnosis, principles of divergence of the clinical and anatomical diagnosis, combined main perinatal disease. With a sufficiently large number of autopsies, the author recommends to carry out pathoanatomical analysis of the quality of the clinical diagnosis of perinatal disease separately by perinatal periods of death, groups of prematurely born and born in time, stillborns and dying newborns, and by groups of diseases typical for the perinatal period (congenital malformations, asphyxia and pneumopathies, birth trauma, infections, disease due to immune conflicts, others).", "contents": "[Pathological analysis of the quality of clinical diagnosis of perinatal diseases]. The features of the method of pathoanatomic analysis of the quality of clinical diagnosis of perinatal diseases based on the nosological principle are discussed. Additional new categories of assessment have been introduced: (1) \"the disease is not diagnosed at all\", and (2) \"the disease of the fetus (baby) is diagnosed correctly but its cause is not stated\". Underestimation of the examination of the placenta is considered to be a negative feature. Examples are presented of various categories of the estimation of accuracy of clinical diagnosis, principles of divergence of the clinical and anatomical diagnosis, combined main perinatal disease. With a sufficiently large number of autopsies, the author recommends to carry out pathoanatomical analysis of the quality of the clinical diagnosis of perinatal disease separately by perinatal periods of death, groups of prematurely born and born in time, stillborns and dying newborns, and by groups of diseases typical for the perinatal period (congenital malformations, asphyxia and pneumopathies, birth trauma, infections, disease due to immune conflicts, others).", "PMID": 646669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3035", "title": "[Device for smoothing out sections in paraffin embedding].", "content": "An uncomplicated device with automatically maintained optimal temperature of the water is suggested for smoothing out paraffin sections. The device is mounted on the basis of an electric sterilizer switched into the current via a thermoregulator. In the working regimen of the device the required temperature of the water is reached within 15-20 min after switching on.", "contents": "[Device for smoothing out sections in paraffin embedding]. An uncomplicated device with automatically maintained optimal temperature of the water is suggested for smoothing out paraffin sections. The device is mounted on the basis of an electric sterilizer switched into the current via a thermoregulator. In the working regimen of the device the required temperature of the water is reached within 15-20 min after switching on.", "PMID": 646670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3036", "title": "[Characteristics of the morphofunctional state of the adrenals in generalized forms of meningococcal infection].", "content": "Changes in the cortical and medullar substances of the adrenals were found to develop in generalized forms of meningococcal infection, the picture of the adrenal involvement changing in relation to the clinical form of infection. In meningococcemia, the leading findings are disturbed circulation and marked affection of the vessel walls in the microcirculatory bed. In meningitis, with spasm of arterioles and small arteries and involvement of the large arteries most important are dystrophic changes in the adrenal parenchyma which depend upon the duration of the disease. Constant finding of lipids, cholesteron and RNA in cells of the extended cortex and RNA, noradrenaline and adrenaline in chromaffin cells, as well as cell proliferation indicate the functional activity and high potentials of the adrenals.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the morphofunctional state of the adrenals in generalized forms of meningococcal infection]. Changes in the cortical and medullar substances of the adrenals were found to develop in generalized forms of meningococcal infection, the picture of the adrenal involvement changing in relation to the clinical form of infection. In meningococcemia, the leading findings are disturbed circulation and marked affection of the vessel walls in the microcirculatory bed. In meningitis, with spasm of arterioles and small arteries and involvement of the large arteries most important are dystrophic changes in the adrenal parenchyma which depend upon the duration of the disease. Constant finding of lipids, cholesteron and RNA in cells of the extended cortex and RNA, noradrenaline and adrenaline in chromaffin cells, as well as cell proliferation indicate the functional activity and high potentials of the adrenals.", "PMID": 646671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3037", "title": "[Morphology and morphogenesis of recurrent experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "The results of morphological investigations of relapsing myocardial infarction in 148 rabbits are presented. In most cases the relapses occurred spontaneously at intervals of several to 45 days after reproduction of the primary myocardial infarction by high ligation of the anterior interventricle artery of the heart. It was found that relapses of myocardial infarction could develop in animals normal before the experiment (I series), against the background of cholesterol atherosclerosis (II series), renal hypertension (III series) and particularly frequently in combinations of cholesterol atherosclerosis and renal hypertension (IV series) as well as after repeated delayed ligation of the anterior interventricle artery (V series). The relapses occurred early in primary infarction and in the period of its scarring. The regularities of mutual location of foci of primary infarction and relapses, the frequency and number of their occurrences, location and size were investigated.", "contents": "[Morphology and morphogenesis of recurrent experimental myocardial infarct]. The results of morphological investigations of relapsing myocardial infarction in 148 rabbits are presented. In most cases the relapses occurred spontaneously at intervals of several to 45 days after reproduction of the primary myocardial infarction by high ligation of the anterior interventricle artery of the heart. It was found that relapses of myocardial infarction could develop in animals normal before the experiment (I series), against the background of cholesterol atherosclerosis (II series), renal hypertension (III series) and particularly frequently in combinations of cholesterol atherosclerosis and renal hypertension (IV series) as well as after repeated delayed ligation of the anterior interventricle artery (V series). The relapses occurred early in primary infarction and in the period of its scarring. The regularities of mutual location of foci of primary infarction and relapses, the frequency and number of their occurrences, location and size were investigated.", "PMID": 646672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3038", "title": "[Study of the total nucleic acid content of lymphoid tissue plasma cells for assessing the immunodepressive action of various antirheumatic agents].", "content": "The influence of antirheumatic drugs, acetylsalicylic acid, diacetoxibenzoic acid, imurane and D-penicillamine, on the status of immunocompetent cells in experimental infectious-allergic carditis was studied morphologically in 70 rabbits. The immunosuppressive effect of all 4 drugs was established which was manifested by a decrease in the number of plasma cells in the lymphoid tissue and a decrease in the content of nucleic acids in their cytoplasm. D-penicillamine was the exception as after its use the content of nucleic acids in the cell cytoplasm was found to be increased which was considered to be due to clasmatosis of plasma cells, marginal karyolysis, damage of the nuclear membrane and release of nucleic acids from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Acetylsalicylic acid and diacetooxybenzoic acid decrease RNA content in the cytoplasm of plasma cells less than imurane and do not cause cell degeneration with contamination of the extracellular environment with products of cells degeneration.", "contents": "[Study of the total nucleic acid content of lymphoid tissue plasma cells for assessing the immunodepressive action of various antirheumatic agents]. The influence of antirheumatic drugs, acetylsalicylic acid, diacetoxibenzoic acid, imurane and D-penicillamine, on the status of immunocompetent cells in experimental infectious-allergic carditis was studied morphologically in 70 rabbits. The immunosuppressive effect of all 4 drugs was established which was manifested by a decrease in the number of plasma cells in the lymphoid tissue and a decrease in the content of nucleic acids in their cytoplasm. D-penicillamine was the exception as after its use the content of nucleic acids in the cell cytoplasm was found to be increased which was considered to be due to clasmatosis of plasma cells, marginal karyolysis, damage of the nuclear membrane and release of nucleic acids from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Acetylsalicylic acid and diacetooxybenzoic acid decrease RNA content in the cytoplasm of plasma cells less than imurane and do not cause cell degeneration with contamination of the extracellular environment with products of cells degeneration.", "PMID": 646673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3039", "title": "[Action of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate on the glandular hyperplasia of human endometrium].", "content": "The effect of 17-oxyprogesterone capronate on the proliferative activity and metabolic processes in the endometrium of patients with glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium was studied. It was shown that the proliferative activity was inhibited while the secretory processes in the glandular epithelium were activated. This effect was achieved only after a long-term (6-9 months) administration of the hormone.", "contents": "[Action of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate on the glandular hyperplasia of human endometrium]. The effect of 17-oxyprogesterone capronate on the proliferative activity and metabolic processes in the endometrium of patients with glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium was studied. It was shown that the proliferative activity was inhibited while the secretory processes in the glandular epithelium were activated. This effect was achieved only after a long-term (6-9 months) administration of the hormone.", "PMID": 646674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3040", "title": "[Morphology of the liver and duodenum in excluded small intestine].", "content": "The results of light microscope and ultrastructural examinations of the liver and duodenum when the small intestine was excluded from the food passage. Along-side with liver steatosis and focal hyperplasia of endocrine cells, an unknown type of cell elements was discovered in duodenal glands most likely related to the humoral regulation of the functional activity of the digestive organs. The leading role of disregeneratory processes in cyst formation in the stomach and duodenum is suggested.", "contents": "[Morphology of the liver and duodenum in excluded small intestine]. The results of light microscope and ultrastructural examinations of the liver and duodenum when the small intestine was excluded from the food passage. Along-side with liver steatosis and focal hyperplasia of endocrine cells, an unknown type of cell elements was discovered in duodenal glands most likely related to the humoral regulation of the functional activity of the digestive organs. The leading role of disregeneratory processes in cyst formation in the stomach and duodenum is suggested.", "PMID": 646675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3041", "title": "[Rare complication of subclavian vein catheterization in an infant].", "content": "The authors observed a rare case of complication of catheterization of the subclavian vein in an infant of 1 1/2 months old with staphylococcal pleuropneumonia. After catheterization the baby developed crude blowing systolic murmur in the heart. Forty-one hours after catheterization the baby died with signs of acute cardia insufficiency. The autopsy revealed that the catheter had entered the cavity of the right ventricle where it bent arch-like and its end went into the right atrium. The catheter was a kind of spreader causing insufficiency of the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "[Rare complication of subclavian vein catheterization in an infant]. The authors observed a rare case of complication of catheterization of the subclavian vein in an infant of 1 1/2 months old with staphylococcal pleuropneumonia. After catheterization the baby developed crude blowing systolic murmur in the heart. Forty-one hours after catheterization the baby died with signs of acute cardia insufficiency. The autopsy revealed that the catheter had entered the cavity of the right ventricle where it bent arch-like and its end went into the right atrium. The catheter was a kind of spreader causing insufficiency of the tricuspid valve.", "PMID": 646676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3042", "title": "[Semiautomatic sharpener for microtome knives].", "content": "An electromechanical drive of the knife frame turning the machine of the model of C1310 into semiautomatic is proposed. A reversive electric motor RD-09 is used as the drive. The modified machine gives a high quality of the cutting edge of knives and excluded the constant presence of a laboratory technician.", "contents": "[Semiautomatic sharpener for microtome knives]. An electromechanical drive of the knife frame turning the machine of the model of C1310 into semiautomatic is proposed. A reversive electric motor RD-09 is used as the drive. The modified machine gives a high quality of the cutting edge of knives and excluded the constant presence of a laboratory technician.", "PMID": 646677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3043", "title": "Antibodies against arboviruses in postencephalitic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Serum and CSF from patients with classic von Economo's postencephalitic Parkinson's disease, idiopathic Parkinson's disease and non-Parkinsonian neurological controls were tested for hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to 17 arboviruses. All 35 CSF specimens from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and controls were negative (ie, no inhibition of hemagglutination) with all the antigens. Of the total of 124 serums from the three study groups, 105 were also negative with all antigens tested. The only positive results were given by 19 serum specimens against one or more of group B arbovirus antigens, and/or against Batai and western equine encephalomyelitis antigens. There were no definitive differences in the distribution of these positive serum titers among controls, idiopathic Parkinson's, and postencephalitic Parkinson's cases. A causal relationship of the arboviruses tested with either the classical postencephalitic or idiopathic Parkinson's disease is not supported by the results of this study.", "contents": "Antibodies against arboviruses in postencephalitic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Serum and CSF from patients with classic von Economo's postencephalitic Parkinson's disease, idiopathic Parkinson's disease and non-Parkinsonian neurological controls were tested for hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to 17 arboviruses. All 35 CSF specimens from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and controls were negative (ie, no inhibition of hemagglutination) with all the antigens. Of the total of 124 serums from the three study groups, 105 were also negative with all antigens tested. The only positive results were given by 19 serum specimens against one or more of group B arbovirus antigens, and/or against Batai and western equine encephalomyelitis antigens. There were no definitive differences in the distribution of these positive serum titers among controls, idiopathic Parkinson's, and postencephalitic Parkinson's cases. A causal relationship of the arboviruses tested with either the classical postencephalitic or idiopathic Parkinson's disease is not supported by the results of this study.", "PMID": 646678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3044", "title": "Onset and end-of-dose levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Possible treatment by increasing the daily doses of levodopa.", "content": "Ballistic and dystonic involuntary movements occurring at the beginning and end of the period of levodopa efficacy are described in nine patients exhibiting dyskinesis during long-term levodopa therapy. In contrast to classical abnormal interdose movements, these biphasic dyskinesias were reduced by increasing and fractionating the daily doses of levodopa.", "contents": "Onset and end-of-dose levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Possible treatment by increasing the daily doses of levodopa. Ballistic and dystonic involuntary movements occurring at the beginning and end of the period of levodopa efficacy are described in nine patients exhibiting dyskinesis during long-term levodopa therapy. In contrast to classical abnormal interdose movements, these biphasic dyskinesias were reduced by increasing and fractionating the daily doses of levodopa.", "PMID": 646679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3045", "title": "Cerebral microembolization. II. Morphological studies.", "content": "Cats underwent massive microembolization via carotid infusion of 10.5 million microspheres (15 +/- 5 mu in diameter), resulting in brain death within four hours; 87.4 +/- 10.2% of emboli reaching the brain were in the ipsilateral hemisphere; 87.9 +/- 4.4% were in the grey matter; and 12.1 +/- 4.4% were in the white matter. Evans blue and sodium fluorescein dyes were given intravascularly before and at different times after embolization. Fluorescence microscopy disclosed that embolization initially provoked a hyperemic engorgement of both the embolized and nonembolized hemispheres. Multifocal, blood-brain barrier extravasations occurred throughout the ipsilateral cortex and oral basal ganglia. Severe vasogenic brain edema ensued, with migration of extravasations from cortex into the white matter, which initially showed only minimal injury. Migration and accumulation of edema in white matter, with subsequent uptake and swelling of neuroglia and axons, may be related to secondary white matter damage following cortical embolic lesions. Degenerative foci developed throughout the embolized cortex over the one- to four-hour period of this study. These sites may correspond to those areas in which hyperemia and damage to the blood-brain barrier was present shortly after embolization.", "contents": "Cerebral microembolization. II. Morphological studies. Cats underwent massive microembolization via carotid infusion of 10.5 million microspheres (15 +/- 5 mu in diameter), resulting in brain death within four hours; 87.4 +/- 10.2% of emboli reaching the brain were in the ipsilateral hemisphere; 87.9 +/- 4.4% were in the grey matter; and 12.1 +/- 4.4% were in the white matter. Evans blue and sodium fluorescein dyes were given intravascularly before and at different times after embolization. Fluorescence microscopy disclosed that embolization initially provoked a hyperemic engorgement of both the embolized and nonembolized hemispheres. Multifocal, blood-brain barrier extravasations occurred throughout the ipsilateral cortex and oral basal ganglia. Severe vasogenic brain edema ensued, with migration of extravasations from cortex into the white matter, which initially showed only minimal injury. Migration and accumulation of edema in white matter, with subsequent uptake and swelling of neuroglia and axons, may be related to secondary white matter damage following cortical embolic lesions. Degenerative foci developed throughout the embolized cortex over the one- to four-hour period of this study. These sites may correspond to those areas in which hyperemia and damage to the blood-brain barrier was present shortly after embolization.", "PMID": 646680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3046", "title": "Fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "Fibromuscular dysplasia is an increasingly recognized cause of vascular disease in young or middle-aged persons and may be amenable to medical or surgical management. We report five patients, one of whom died, with emphasis on the beaded and irregular pattern of change in the carotid arteries. Neck pain, bruit, and transient ischemic attacks are the most usual clinical symptoms. The cause of fibromuscular dysplasia remains obscure, but in view of the increased incidence in young women, hormonal factors may be involved. Dilation or resection can be considered, as in two patients reported here, and anticoagulation may benefit other patients.", "contents": "Fibromuscular dysplasia. Fibromuscular dysplasia is an increasingly recognized cause of vascular disease in young or middle-aged persons and may be amenable to medical or surgical management. We report five patients, one of whom died, with emphasis on the beaded and irregular pattern of change in the carotid arteries. Neck pain, bruit, and transient ischemic attacks are the most usual clinical symptoms. The cause of fibromuscular dysplasia remains obscure, but in view of the increased incidence in young women, hormonal factors may be involved. Dilation or resection can be considered, as in two patients reported here, and anticoagulation may benefit other patients.", "PMID": 646681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3047", "title": "Acetazolamide in the treatment of pyruvate dysmetabolism syndromes.", "content": "Two children with periodic weakness beginning in infancy were demonstrated to have abnormalities in pyruvate metabolism by the production of lactic acidosis following a glucose load. Daily oral doses of acetazolamide reduced the frequency of attacks and reversed the abnormal response to glucose loading. The mechanism of action of acetazolamide in these patients is not clear.", "contents": "Acetazolamide in the treatment of pyruvate dysmetabolism syndromes. Two children with periodic weakness beginning in infancy were demonstrated to have abnormalities in pyruvate metabolism by the production of lactic acidosis following a glucose load. Daily oral doses of acetazolamide reduced the frequency of attacks and reversed the abnormal response to glucose loading. The mechanism of action of acetazolamide in these patients is not clear.", "PMID": 646682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3048", "title": "Megalencephaly in infants and children. The possible role of increased dural sinus pressure.", "content": "Seven children studied because of clinical macrocephaly and suspected hydrocephalus ultimately proved to have megalencephaly apparently due to an increase in sagittal sinus venous pressure as established from infusion studies. Unexplainably, these patients were all males. All were seen initially between 2 and 8 months of age. Head enlargement exceeded two standard deviations in all seven. Pneumoencephalography, ventriculography, or computerized tomography demonstrated normal or minimally enlarged ventricles that did not progress in size. Isotope cisternography was abnormal. Studies of CSF formation and absorption demonstrated normal absorption rates but high calculated sagittal sinus pressures. Though therapy was usually not required, in one unusual infant, severe progressive macrocephaly with minimal hydrocephalus required a shunt. Another had a transient episode of acute hydrocephalus associated with a low CSF absorption rate and ventricular enlargement. In this report, we review the intracranial hydrodynamics of benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), communicating hydrocephalus, and the pathogenesis of megalencephaly. Benign intracranial hypertension and the type of megalencephaly demonstrated by our patients appear to develop similarly except that the presence of open cranial sutures may allow a transient nonhydrostatic loading of brain parenchyma in infants, resulting in mild, nonprogressive macrocephaly.", "contents": "Megalencephaly in infants and children. The possible role of increased dural sinus pressure. Seven children studied because of clinical macrocephaly and suspected hydrocephalus ultimately proved to have megalencephaly apparently due to an increase in sagittal sinus venous pressure as established from infusion studies. Unexplainably, these patients were all males. All were seen initially between 2 and 8 months of age. Head enlargement exceeded two standard deviations in all seven. Pneumoencephalography, ventriculography, or computerized tomography demonstrated normal or minimally enlarged ventricles that did not progress in size. Isotope cisternography was abnormal. Studies of CSF formation and absorption demonstrated normal absorption rates but high calculated sagittal sinus pressures. Though therapy was usually not required, in one unusual infant, severe progressive macrocephaly with minimal hydrocephalus required a shunt. Another had a transient episode of acute hydrocephalus associated with a low CSF absorption rate and ventricular enlargement. In this report, we review the intracranial hydrodynamics of benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), communicating hydrocephalus, and the pathogenesis of megalencephaly. Benign intracranial hypertension and the type of megalencephaly demonstrated by our patients appear to develop similarly except that the presence of open cranial sutures may allow a transient nonhydrostatic loading of brain parenchyma in infants, resulting in mild, nonprogressive macrocephaly.", "PMID": 646683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3049", "title": "Atlantoaxial malformation in a 46,XY, 17q+ child.", "content": "A child with 46,XY, 17q+ chromosome aberration and unusual skeletal abnormalities had the presenting symptom of respiratory arrest after a fall and minor head trauma. He exhibited proportionate short stature, peculiar facies with antimongoloid slant, simian creases, postaxial hexadactyly, metatarsus adductus deformity, and anomalous penoscrotal configuration. Delayed speech and mild mental retardation were also present. Atlantoaxial dislocation secondary to odontoid process hypoplasia was demonstrated. Additional skeletal abnormalities included dysplastic changes in the first and fourth metacarpals, the middle phalanx of the second finger, and hypoplasia of the first metatarsal, with medial insertion of the great toe. Treatment consisted of halo jacket cast and fusion of the occiput to C1, C2, and C3. Early detection and preventive surgery for atlantoaxial dislocation is necessary to prevent neurological deficit and possibly death by respiratory failure.", "contents": "Atlantoaxial malformation in a 46,XY, 17q+ child. A child with 46,XY, 17q+ chromosome aberration and unusual skeletal abnormalities had the presenting symptom of respiratory arrest after a fall and minor head trauma. He exhibited proportionate short stature, peculiar facies with antimongoloid slant, simian creases, postaxial hexadactyly, metatarsus adductus deformity, and anomalous penoscrotal configuration. Delayed speech and mild mental retardation were also present. Atlantoaxial dislocation secondary to odontoid process hypoplasia was demonstrated. Additional skeletal abnormalities included dysplastic changes in the first and fourth metacarpals, the middle phalanx of the second finger, and hypoplasia of the first metatarsal, with medial insertion of the great toe. Treatment consisted of halo jacket cast and fusion of the occiput to C1, C2, and C3. Early detection and preventive surgery for atlantoaxial dislocation is necessary to prevent neurological deficit and possibly death by respiratory failure.", "PMID": 646684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3050", "title": "Is there a characteristic personality profile in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory study.", "content": "A comparison of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles of 21 men and 17 women who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with the profiles of 50,500 general medical patients showed no marked deviations. The validating scales of the men and the women were similar to those of the general medical population. There was no evidence of increased defensiveness in the group with ALS, as measured by either the L or the K scale, when compared with the general medical population. Individual patient interviews also showed no characteristic personality profile for ALS patients.", "contents": "Is there a characteristic personality profile in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory study. A comparison of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles of 21 men and 17 women who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with the profiles of 50,500 general medical patients showed no marked deviations. The validating scales of the men and the women were similar to those of the general medical population. There was no evidence of increased defensiveness in the group with ALS, as measured by either the L or the K scale, when compared with the general medical population. Individual patient interviews also showed no characteristic personality profile for ALS patients.", "PMID": 646685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3051", "title": "Intracerebral venous angioma. Case report and review.", "content": "Only a few cases of angiographically demonstrated and pathologically proved cases of venous angiomas have been published. In contrast to the scarcity of recorded cases of angiographically studied venous angiomas, they are the most common incidentally encountered angiomatous lesions at autopsy. Their angiographic characterization, though highly suggestive, is not pathognomonic. The angiographic characteristics include small radiating veins that drain into a larger transcerebral vein that in turn empties into a dural sinus; blush and early draining veins also may be seen. The differential diagnosis includes telangiectasia, infiltrating glioma, and probably a cavernous angioma. We report an angiographically demonstrated and pathologically proved case of a venous angioma and also review the literature.", "contents": "Intracerebral venous angioma. Case report and review. Only a few cases of angiographically demonstrated and pathologically proved cases of venous angiomas have been published. In contrast to the scarcity of recorded cases of angiographically studied venous angiomas, they are the most common incidentally encountered angiomatous lesions at autopsy. Their angiographic characterization, though highly suggestive, is not pathognomonic. The angiographic characteristics include small radiating veins that drain into a larger transcerebral vein that in turn empties into a dural sinus; blush and early draining veins also may be seen. The differential diagnosis includes telangiectasia, infiltrating glioma, and probably a cavernous angioma. We report an angiographically demonstrated and pathologically proved case of a venous angioma and also review the literature.", "PMID": 646686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3052", "title": "Idiopathic serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Twenty-one patients under age 55 had idiopathic serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) one-fifth disc diameter or larger in size. In the absence of other choroidal diseases, such as senile mascular degeneration, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, or anglioid streaks, serous RPE detachments have a good prognosis and probably are a variant of idiopathic central serous choroidopathy. The presence of associated subretinal fluid involving the macula was the factor that had the most effect on visual acuity. Serous detachments of the RPE should be distinguished from multiple vitelliform lesions (a variant of vitelliform dystrophy).", "contents": "Idiopathic serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium. Twenty-one patients under age 55 had idiopathic serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) one-fifth disc diameter or larger in size. In the absence of other choroidal diseases, such as senile mascular degeneration, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, or anglioid streaks, serous RPE detachments have a good prognosis and probably are a variant of idiopathic central serous choroidopathy. The presence of associated subretinal fluid involving the macula was the factor that had the most effect on visual acuity. Serous detachments of the RPE should be distinguished from multiple vitelliform lesions (a variant of vitelliform dystrophy).", "PMID": 646687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3053", "title": "Correlation of epinephrine use and macular edema in aphakic glaucomatous eyes.", "content": "One hundred twenty-eight consecutive aphakic glaucomatous eyes of 91 patients were examined by fluorescein angiography. Macular edema was present in 16 (28%) of 56 eyes currently being treated with epinephrine and 9 (13%) of 72 eyes not currently being treated with epinephrine. This difference is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Epinephrine therapy was discontinued in seven eyes with macular edema. A follow-up of these patients for six months to one year with serial anglograms showed resolution of edema in six of seven eyes. In one eye without macular edema, administration of epinephrine was associated with appearance of edema. Discontinuing epinephrine therapy was associated with resolution of edema. No significant correlation was found between use of other antiglaucomatous medications and macular edema. It is evident from this study that there is statistical support for the concept of an epinephrine-induced macular edema.", "contents": "Correlation of epinephrine use and macular edema in aphakic glaucomatous eyes. One hundred twenty-eight consecutive aphakic glaucomatous eyes of 91 patients were examined by fluorescein angiography. Macular edema was present in 16 (28%) of 56 eyes currently being treated with epinephrine and 9 (13%) of 72 eyes not currently being treated with epinephrine. This difference is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Epinephrine therapy was discontinued in seven eyes with macular edema. A follow-up of these patients for six months to one year with serial anglograms showed resolution of edema in six of seven eyes. In one eye without macular edema, administration of epinephrine was associated with appearance of edema. Discontinuing epinephrine therapy was associated with resolution of edema. No significant correlation was found between use of other antiglaucomatous medications and macular edema. It is evident from this study that there is statistical support for the concept of an epinephrine-induced macular edema.", "PMID": 646688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3054", "title": "Retinal detachment in the second eye.", "content": "Bilateral retinal detachment (RD) occurred in 13% of 737 patients, with an interval between detachments of up to 30 years. Bilateral RD was more common in male patients and in those having more than 3 diopters of myopia. Detachment in the second eye was caused by retinal breaks in previously observed degeneration in 43% and in unsuspected diseased retina 57%. A significant number of patients with bilateral RD had multiple breaks. Aphakic RD occurred in bilateral RD and in unilateral RD patients at a comparable frequency; 28% of bilateral (mean duration, four years) and 35% of unilateral aphakic RDs occurred within one year of cataract surgery. Symptoms from retinal breaks were not reliable prognostic factors; only 39% of patients had warning before RD. Patients with bilateral RD had more reoperations with fewer successes, factors suggesting greater severity than unilateral RD.", "contents": "Retinal detachment in the second eye. Bilateral retinal detachment (RD) occurred in 13% of 737 patients, with an interval between detachments of up to 30 years. Bilateral RD was more common in male patients and in those having more than 3 diopters of myopia. Detachment in the second eye was caused by retinal breaks in previously observed degeneration in 43% and in unsuspected diseased retina 57%. A significant number of patients with bilateral RD had multiple breaks. Aphakic RD occurred in bilateral RD and in unilateral RD patients at a comparable frequency; 28% of bilateral (mean duration, four years) and 35% of unilateral aphakic RDs occurred within one year of cataract surgery. Symptoms from retinal breaks were not reliable prognostic factors; only 39% of patients had warning before RD. Patients with bilateral RD had more reoperations with fewer successes, factors suggesting greater severity than unilateral RD.", "PMID": 646689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3055", "title": "Absorption of subretinal fluid after nondrainage retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A total of 134 cases of retinal detachment treated with a single successful nondrainage operation were studied to assess the rate of absorption of subretinal fluid in the postoperative period. It has been found that the relationship of the tear to the buckle at the end of the operation is an indicator of the rate of absorption of subretinal fluid that can be expected in the postoperative period. The age of the detachment or the age of the patient did not appear to be significant factors in influencing absorption. In 28 cases (21%), absorption of subretinal fluid took longer than one week. This delay in absorption shows that conservatism regarding early reoperation should be urged unless a definite cause of failure (such as a missed tear) can be found.", "contents": "Absorption of subretinal fluid after nondrainage retinal detachment surgery. A total of 134 cases of retinal detachment treated with a single successful nondrainage operation were studied to assess the rate of absorption of subretinal fluid in the postoperative period. It has been found that the relationship of the tear to the buckle at the end of the operation is an indicator of the rate of absorption of subretinal fluid that can be expected in the postoperative period. The age of the detachment or the age of the patient did not appear to be significant factors in influencing absorption. In 28 cases (21%), absorption of subretinal fluid took longer than one week. This delay in absorption shows that conservatism regarding early reoperation should be urged unless a definite cause of failure (such as a missed tear) can be found.", "PMID": 646690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3056", "title": "Ciliary muscle dysfunction in Adie's syndrome.", "content": "Ciliary muscle function in patients with Adie's syndrome was studied retrospectively in 122 patients and prospectively in 17 patients. When a careful history was taken, two thirds of the patients had ciliary muscle-related symptoms. Most of the patients with Adie's syndrome had a moderate accomodative paresis, but there was a strong tendency for the ciliary muscle to recover with time. Many patients showed a tonicity of accommodation, especially those who had had the condition for several years. Astigmatism could be induced with accommodation in one third of patients. This may be related to segmental paralysis of the ciliary muscle. Seventy-three percent of the patients showed supersensitivity of the ciliary muscle in the involved eye, when both eyes were treated with a mixture of 0.25% pilocarpine hydrochloride and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Isopto Carpine). This may be a clinical aid in diagnosing Adie's syndrome. Two patients were found to have bilateral ciliary muscle dysfunction but only unilateral pupillary abnormalities. These two patients may have had a \"pupil-sparing\" Adie's syndrome.", "contents": "Ciliary muscle dysfunction in Adie's syndrome. Ciliary muscle function in patients with Adie's syndrome was studied retrospectively in 122 patients and prospectively in 17 patients. When a careful history was taken, two thirds of the patients had ciliary muscle-related symptoms. Most of the patients with Adie's syndrome had a moderate accomodative paresis, but there was a strong tendency for the ciliary muscle to recover with time. Many patients showed a tonicity of accommodation, especially those who had had the condition for several years. Astigmatism could be induced with accommodation in one third of patients. This may be related to segmental paralysis of the ciliary muscle. Seventy-three percent of the patients showed supersensitivity of the ciliary muscle in the involved eye, when both eyes were treated with a mixture of 0.25% pilocarpine hydrochloride and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Isopto Carpine). This may be a clinical aid in diagnosing Adie's syndrome. Two patients were found to have bilateral ciliary muscle dysfunction but only unilateral pupillary abnormalities. These two patients may have had a \"pupil-sparing\" Adie's syndrome.", "PMID": 646691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3057", "title": "Chandler's syndrome as a variant of essential iris atrophy. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens from one male and two female patients with Chandler's syndrome (age, 30 to 42 years) showed that all had unilateral corneal endothelial \"dystrophy,\" corneal edema, mild to moderate iris atrophy without holes, peripheral anterior synechiae, and glaucoma. In one, fluorescein angiography of the iris disclosed a sector filling delay of limbal and conjunctival vessels and pupillary and extrapupillary leakage. Histopathologic examination showed a layer of degenerated corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane extending across the inner uveal trabeculum. Descemet's membrane displayed irregular, nodular, scroll-like excrescences in some cases, and thinner placoid configurations with abnormal widely spaced collagen (100 nm) in others. Corneal endothelial cells exhibited increased microvilli, widened cellular interdigitations, and occasional shrunken cells with enlarged or disrupted cytoplasmic blebs. Peripheral iris specimens displayed mild to moderate stromal atrophy without vascular occlusions. Pigment epithelium was normal.", "contents": "Chandler's syndrome as a variant of essential iris atrophy. A clinicopathologic study. Trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens from one male and two female patients with Chandler's syndrome (age, 30 to 42 years) showed that all had unilateral corneal endothelial \"dystrophy,\" corneal edema, mild to moderate iris atrophy without holes, peripheral anterior synechiae, and glaucoma. In one, fluorescein angiography of the iris disclosed a sector filling delay of limbal and conjunctival vessels and pupillary and extrapupillary leakage. Histopathologic examination showed a layer of degenerated corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane extending across the inner uveal trabeculum. Descemet's membrane displayed irregular, nodular, scroll-like excrescences in some cases, and thinner placoid configurations with abnormal widely spaced collagen (100 nm) in others. Corneal endothelial cells exhibited increased microvilli, widened cellular interdigitations, and occasional shrunken cells with enlarged or disrupted cytoplasmic blebs. Peripheral iris specimens displayed mild to moderate stromal atrophy without vascular occlusions. Pigment epithelium was normal.", "PMID": 646692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3058", "title": "Optic tract syndrome. A review of 21 patients.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with lesions compromising the optic tract were reviewed. The involvement of the optic tract may be diagnosed in the presence of highly incongruous hemianopia, an afferent pupillary defect, and characteristic atrophy of the optic discs. Behr's pupil, hemianopic pupillary reaction (Wernicke's sign), and associated major neurologic deficits were encountered rarely.", "contents": "Optic tract syndrome. A review of 21 patients. Twenty-one patients with lesions compromising the optic tract were reviewed. The involvement of the optic tract may be diagnosed in the presence of highly incongruous hemianopia, an afferent pupillary defect, and characteristic atrophy of the optic discs. Behr's pupil, hemianopic pupillary reaction (Wernicke's sign), and associated major neurologic deficits were encountered rarely.", "PMID": 646693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3059", "title": "Increased corneal thickness simulating elevated intraocular pressure.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl had intraocular pressure readings of 30 to 40 mm Hg in both eyes, with normal visual fields and optic nerve heads. Medical treatment was unsuccessful in lowering the IOP measurements substantially. The central corneal thickness was 0.90 mm in each eye in the absence of corneal edema. Cannulation of the left anterior chamber revealed an IOP of 11 mm Hg, while the Perkins' and Schi\u014ftz' tonometers gave readings of 35 and 34 mm Hg, respectively. Previously, elevated tonometry readings had been obtained by Goldmann's, Perkins', Schi\u014ftz', MacKay and Marg's, pneumatic tonometer and air puff tonometer. This suggested that measurement of central corneal thickness be performed in cases in which IOP recordings do not correspond to other clinical findings.", "contents": "Increased corneal thickness simulating elevated intraocular pressure. A 17-year-old girl had intraocular pressure readings of 30 to 40 mm Hg in both eyes, with normal visual fields and optic nerve heads. Medical treatment was unsuccessful in lowering the IOP measurements substantially. The central corneal thickness was 0.90 mm in each eye in the absence of corneal edema. Cannulation of the left anterior chamber revealed an IOP of 11 mm Hg, while the Perkins' and Schi\u014ftz' tonometers gave readings of 35 and 34 mm Hg, respectively. Previously, elevated tonometry readings had been obtained by Goldmann's, Perkins', Schi\u014ftz', MacKay and Marg's, pneumatic tonometer and air puff tonometer. This suggested that measurement of central corneal thickness be performed in cases in which IOP recordings do not correspond to other clinical findings.", "PMID": 646694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3060", "title": "Primary orbital hemangiopericytoma. An aggressive and potentially malignant neoplasm.", "content": "The aggressive behavior and potentially lethal nature of some hemangiopericytomas primary in the orbit are generally unknown in the field of ophthalmology. The neoplasm is not common in the orbit, and reports in the ophthalmic literature usually describe single-case examples of the neoplasm with short-term periods of observation. Two in our series of 11 patients died of metastasis 35 years after the onset of symptoms. Another patient died of local orbital recurrence with secondary invasion of the intracranial vault, which was possibly related to heavy radiotherapy. In the orbit, those neoplasms frequently are circumscribed in their growth. Complete and intact removal is recommended. If the tumors are incompletely excised, recurrences are frequent but may not be manifest as long as ten years after surgery.", "contents": "Primary orbital hemangiopericytoma. An aggressive and potentially malignant neoplasm. The aggressive behavior and potentially lethal nature of some hemangiopericytomas primary in the orbit are generally unknown in the field of ophthalmology. The neoplasm is not common in the orbit, and reports in the ophthalmic literature usually describe single-case examples of the neoplasm with short-term periods of observation. Two in our series of 11 patients died of metastasis 35 years after the onset of symptoms. Another patient died of local orbital recurrence with secondary invasion of the intracranial vault, which was possibly related to heavy radiotherapy. In the orbit, those neoplasms frequently are circumscribed in their growth. Complete and intact removal is recommended. If the tumors are incompletely excised, recurrences are frequent but may not be manifest as long as ten years after surgery.", "PMID": 646695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3061", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in human tears.", "content": "The incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been increasing every year in the United States, particularly among medical personnel. Only half of these cases are associated with exposure to blood or blood products. Respiratory, fecal-oral, and venereal methods of transmission of hepatitis B virus infection are supported by epidemiological evidence and by the demonstration of hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) antigen in several body secretions. In this investigation, tears were collected from patients whose serum was positive for HBsAg. These tears were tested for the same antigen, which was found to be present in half the cases. There is a risk of transferring hepatitis B virus infection by tonometers or soft contact lenses contaminated by HBsAg.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in human tears. The incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been increasing every year in the United States, particularly among medical personnel. Only half of these cases are associated with exposure to blood or blood products. Respiratory, fecal-oral, and venereal methods of transmission of hepatitis B virus infection are supported by epidemiological evidence and by the demonstration of hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) antigen in several body secretions. In this investigation, tears were collected from patients whose serum was positive for HBsAg. These tears were tested for the same antigen, which was found to be present in half the cases. There is a risk of transferring hepatitis B virus infection by tonometers or soft contact lenses contaminated by HBsAg.", "PMID": 646696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3062", "title": "Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.", "content": "Determinations of tear film osmolarity were performed to evaluate their usefulness in diagnosing keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to evaluate the possible role of elevated tear osmolarity in this disorder's pathogenesis. Tear samples were obtained using a new technique that virtually eliminates the problems of reflex tearing and sample evaporation. The tear osmolarity of 36 samples obtained from 31 normals eyes averaged 302 +/- 6.3 (SD) mOsm/liter; 38 samples obtained from 30 KCS eyes averaged 343 +/- 32.3 (SD) mOsm/liter. The sensitivity of a single measurement was 94.7% and the specificity was 93.7%. Tear samples taken on separate occasions from one normal subject ranged between 295 and 309 mOsm/liter; those obtained from a KCS patient ranged between 312 and 424 mOsm/liter. Hypersmolarity of the tear film in KCS may play an important role in inducing the disease seen in the cornea and conjunctiva.", "contents": "Osmolarity of tear microvolumes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Determinations of tear film osmolarity were performed to evaluate their usefulness in diagnosing keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to evaluate the possible role of elevated tear osmolarity in this disorder's pathogenesis. Tear samples were obtained using a new technique that virtually eliminates the problems of reflex tearing and sample evaporation. The tear osmolarity of 36 samples obtained from 31 normals eyes averaged 302 +/- 6.3 (SD) mOsm/liter; 38 samples obtained from 30 KCS eyes averaged 343 +/- 32.3 (SD) mOsm/liter. The sensitivity of a single measurement was 94.7% and the specificity was 93.7%. Tear samples taken on separate occasions from one normal subject ranged between 295 and 309 mOsm/liter; those obtained from a KCS patient ranged between 312 and 424 mOsm/liter. Hypersmolarity of the tear film in KCS may play an important role in inducing the disease seen in the cornea and conjunctiva.", "PMID": 646697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3063", "title": "Mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body associated with a nevus.", "content": "A ciliary body tumor that was believed clinically to be a malignant melanoma developed in a 28-year-old woman and led to enucleation of her eye. The light microscopic appearance of the tumor was interpreted by light microscopy as a neurogenic neoplasm, possibly a choristomatous astrocytoma. Electron microscopic studies disclosed the smooth muscle origin of the tumor. Results of experimental embryologic studies performed on lower animals have proved that the neural crest contributes most of the connective tissues, \"mesectoderm,\" of the globe and orbit in these species. The occurrence of hybrid neurogenic-myogenic tumors in the human eye supports the applicability of these embryologic discoveries to man. The association of a pigmented nevus with the present tumor is additional evidence of the neural crest origin of mesectodermal leiomyomas, since melanocytes are well-recognized descendants from the neural crest.", "contents": "Mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body associated with a nevus. A ciliary body tumor that was believed clinically to be a malignant melanoma developed in a 28-year-old woman and led to enucleation of her eye. The light microscopic appearance of the tumor was interpreted by light microscopy as a neurogenic neoplasm, possibly a choristomatous astrocytoma. Electron microscopic studies disclosed the smooth muscle origin of the tumor. Results of experimental embryologic studies performed on lower animals have proved that the neural crest contributes most of the connective tissues, \"mesectoderm,\" of the globe and orbit in these species. The occurrence of hybrid neurogenic-myogenic tumors in the human eye supports the applicability of these embryologic discoveries to man. The association of a pigmented nevus with the present tumor is additional evidence of the neural crest origin of mesectodermal leiomyomas, since melanocytes are well-recognized descendants from the neural crest.", "PMID": 646698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3064", "title": "Retinitis pigmentosa and exudative vasculopathy.", "content": "A patient with bilateral retinitis pigmentosa and exudative vasculopathy was initially seen with a blind and painful left eye, which was enucleated. Results of clinical study of the right eye and histopathologic and ultrastructural study of the enucleated left eye showed the abnormal vessels to be derived from the choroidal circulation. Previous clinical reports of retinitis pigmentosa with exudative vasculopathy have described retinal vascular abnormalities similar to those found in Coats' disease. From the comparison of our case with those previously reported, we conclude that different types of exudative vasculopathy may develop in the setting of retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Retinitis pigmentosa and exudative vasculopathy. A patient with bilateral retinitis pigmentosa and exudative vasculopathy was initially seen with a blind and painful left eye, which was enucleated. Results of clinical study of the right eye and histopathologic and ultrastructural study of the enucleated left eye showed the abnormal vessels to be derived from the choroidal circulation. Previous clinical reports of retinitis pigmentosa with exudative vasculopathy have described retinal vascular abnormalities similar to those found in Coats' disease. From the comparison of our case with those previously reported, we conclude that different types of exudative vasculopathy may develop in the setting of retinitis pigmentosa.", "PMID": 646699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3065", "title": "Anterior segment fluorescein angiography with a retinal fundus camera.", "content": "We use a technique for anterior segment fluorescein angiography that employs an unmodified retinal fundus camera. Examples of conjunctival, corneal, iris, anterior chamber angle, and posterior chamber fluorescein angiograms are illustrated. The advantages of this method include rapid-sequence exposures, high resolution and contrast for small vessel detail, time/frame recordings, and the dual capability of retinal and anterior segment fluorangiography with use of the same camera.", "contents": "Anterior segment fluorescein angiography with a retinal fundus camera. We use a technique for anterior segment fluorescein angiography that employs an unmodified retinal fundus camera. Examples of conjunctival, corneal, iris, anterior chamber angle, and posterior chamber fluorescein angiograms are illustrated. The advantages of this method include rapid-sequence exposures, high resolution and contrast for small vessel detail, time/frame recordings, and the dual capability of retinal and anterior segment fluorangiography with use of the same camera.", "PMID": 646701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3066", "title": "Response detection in respiration audiometry.", "content": "The respiration of ten adults with normal hearing was monitored to determine how well changes in respiration could be detected after auditory stimulation. Three judges used two methods of response scoring. The first was without knowledge of signal presentation, and the second was with knowledge of signal presentation. Judges detected the presence of respiratory responses not only during signal presentations (hits) but also during silent intervals (false alarms). Hits and false alarms co-varied in a manner predicted by the theory of signal detectability. A low false alarm rate could be purchased only at the expense of a low hit rate. The implications of this finding for the clinical efficacy of respiration audiometry are considered.", "contents": "Response detection in respiration audiometry. The respiration of ten adults with normal hearing was monitored to determine how well changes in respiration could be detected after auditory stimulation. Three judges used two methods of response scoring. The first was without knowledge of signal presentation, and the second was with knowledge of signal presentation. Judges detected the presence of respiratory responses not only during signal presentations (hits) but also during silent intervals (false alarms). Hits and false alarms co-varied in a manner predicted by the theory of signal detectability. A low false alarm rate could be purchased only at the expense of a low hit rate. The implications of this finding for the clinical efficacy of respiration audiometry are considered.", "PMID": 646705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3067", "title": "Giant-cell lesions of the facial skeleton.", "content": "Differentiation of brown tumors of primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, giant-cell reparative granulomas, and the \"true\" giant-cell tumors requires consideration of the clinical presentation, anatomic location, roentgenographic features, and results of metabolic studies. These lesions are indistinguishable by histologic appearance alone. Of the 32 giant-cell lesions of bone that were treated at UCLA during the preceding 20 years, seven were from the head and neck region. Four giant-cell reparative granulomas were easily accessible and were treated by local excision. The three \"true\" giant-cell tumors were found to be in inaccessible locations and thus were treated with full course irradiation. This resulted in tumor shrinkage, but it is probably not curative. Tumor type, location, and clinical setting are important in planning treatment of these lesions.", "contents": "Giant-cell lesions of the facial skeleton. Differentiation of brown tumors of primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, giant-cell reparative granulomas, and the \"true\" giant-cell tumors requires consideration of the clinical presentation, anatomic location, roentgenographic features, and results of metabolic studies. These lesions are indistinguishable by histologic appearance alone. Of the 32 giant-cell lesions of bone that were treated at UCLA during the preceding 20 years, seven were from the head and neck region. Four giant-cell reparative granulomas were easily accessible and were treated by local excision. The three \"true\" giant-cell tumors were found to be in inaccessible locations and thus were treated with full course irradiation. This resulted in tumor shrinkage, but it is probably not curative. Tumor type, location, and clinical setting are important in planning treatment of these lesions.", "PMID": 646706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3068", "title": "Biocompatible ossicular implants.", "content": "Proplast and Plastipore, two new biocompatible implant materials that encourage tissue ingrowth, were used in 225 tympanoplasties. A 12 to 28-month follow-up shows that in 133 tympanoplasties using a drum-to-footplate or total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP), there was an average air conduction gain of 19 dB and 65% closure of the air-bone gap to within 20 dB. In 17 tympanoplasties using a drum-to-stapes or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP), there was an average air conduction gain of 20 dB and 100% closure of the air-bone gap. In 53 tympanoplasties/mastoidectomies using a TORP, there was an average air conduction gain of 19 dB and 87% closure of the air-bone gap. In 22 tympanoplasties mastoidectomies using a PORP, there was an average air conduction gain of 25 dB and 100% closure of the air-bone gap. Five (2.2%) of the 225 Plastipore prostheses have extruded.", "contents": "Biocompatible ossicular implants. Proplast and Plastipore, two new biocompatible implant materials that encourage tissue ingrowth, were used in 225 tympanoplasties. A 12 to 28-month follow-up shows that in 133 tympanoplasties using a drum-to-footplate or total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP), there was an average air conduction gain of 19 dB and 65% closure of the air-bone gap to within 20 dB. In 17 tympanoplasties using a drum-to-stapes or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP), there was an average air conduction gain of 20 dB and 100% closure of the air-bone gap. In 53 tympanoplasties/mastoidectomies using a TORP, there was an average air conduction gain of 19 dB and 87% closure of the air-bone gap. In 22 tympanoplasties mastoidectomies using a PORP, there was an average air conduction gain of 25 dB and 100% closure of the air-bone gap. Five (2.2%) of the 225 Plastipore prostheses have extruded.", "PMID": 646707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3069", "title": "Nasal and paranasal sarcoidosis.", "content": "Previous publications have dealt with the anatomic location, morphology, and natural history of sarcoidosis in the head and neck region. Different treatment modalities intranasal granulomas have included submucosal injection of depocorticosteroids and corticosteroid aerosol spray. This article presents an overview of nasal and paranasal granulomatous disease, a brief review of the natural history of the disease, and a hypothesis of the cause of granulomatous formation in the nose and paranasal sinuses. With the presentation of two cases of nasal and paranasal sarcoid, an attempt is made to correlate the degree of involvement, stage of development, and effect of the granulomas with the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Nasal and paranasal sarcoidosis. Previous publications have dealt with the anatomic location, morphology, and natural history of sarcoidosis in the head and neck region. Different treatment modalities intranasal granulomas have included submucosal injection of depocorticosteroids and corticosteroid aerosol spray. This article presents an overview of nasal and paranasal granulomatous disease, a brief review of the natural history of the disease, and a hypothesis of the cause of granulomatous formation in the nose and paranasal sinuses. With the presentation of two cases of nasal and paranasal sarcoid, an attempt is made to correlate the degree of involvement, stage of development, and effect of the granulomas with the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 646708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3070", "title": "Pathologic features of the cochlear nerve in profound deafness.", "content": "Cochlear nerves transected in the internal meatus were studied in six totally deaf ears and in one ear with profound deafness. In five ears deafness had followed surgical procedures in the oval window, in one it was the result of a mumps infection, and one was probably due to a virus infection or a vascular lesion. In four cases there was no great reduction in the nerve fiber population and the ultrastructure appeared normal. In three nerves there was a reduction in the number of nerve fibers, interfibrillar fibrosis, and disorganized material or extensive degenerative changes in the myelin sheaths. In all specimens artificial myelin changes were seen that apparently resulted from manipulation of the specimens at removal. Analysis of these cochlear nerves suggests that retrograde degeneration after severe cochlear insults may not be as frequent as has been thought on the basis of animal studies.", "contents": "Pathologic features of the cochlear nerve in profound deafness. Cochlear nerves transected in the internal meatus were studied in six totally deaf ears and in one ear with profound deafness. In five ears deafness had followed surgical procedures in the oval window, in one it was the result of a mumps infection, and one was probably due to a virus infection or a vascular lesion. In four cases there was no great reduction in the nerve fiber population and the ultrastructure appeared normal. In three nerves there was a reduction in the number of nerve fibers, interfibrillar fibrosis, and disorganized material or extensive degenerative changes in the myelin sheaths. In all specimens artificial myelin changes were seen that apparently resulted from manipulation of the specimens at removal. Analysis of these cochlear nerves suggests that retrograde degeneration after severe cochlear insults may not be as frequent as has been thought on the basis of animal studies.", "PMID": 646709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3071", "title": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the palate.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 80 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the palate that were treated at the UCLA Center for the Health Sciences between 1955 and 1977. Tumor size larger than 3 cm, extension to neighboring structures, and contralateral, bilateral, and \"fixed\" lymph node metastases substantially decreased survival. The presence of ipsilateral nodes and the modality of treatment used (surgery or irradiation) did not appear to affect the outcome. Three-year cure rates for all cases was 40%. Ninety percent of recurrences took place during the first two years after treatment, and additional cancers developed in the upper aerodigestive tract of 20% of the patients.", "contents": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the palate. A retrospective study was made of 80 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the palate that were treated at the UCLA Center for the Health Sciences between 1955 and 1977. Tumor size larger than 3 cm, extension to neighboring structures, and contralateral, bilateral, and \"fixed\" lymph node metastases substantially decreased survival. The presence of ipsilateral nodes and the modality of treatment used (surgery or irradiation) did not appear to affect the outcome. Three-year cure rates for all cases was 40%. Ninety percent of recurrences took place during the first two years after treatment, and additional cancers developed in the upper aerodigestive tract of 20% of the patients.", "PMID": 646710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3072", "title": "Use of tragal cartilage with the total ossicular replacement prosthesis.", "content": "A method was developed for the use of tragal cartilage and perichondrium with the total ossicular replacement prosthesis. The method involves securing the flat base of the prosthesis in a perichondrial tunnel on the cartilage to stabilize the prosthesis, prevent extrusion, and promote vascularization.", "contents": "Use of tragal cartilage with the total ossicular replacement prosthesis. A method was developed for the use of tragal cartilage and perichondrium with the total ossicular replacement prosthesis. The method involves securing the flat base of the prosthesis in a perichondrial tunnel on the cartilage to stabilize the prosthesis, prevent extrusion, and promote vascularization.", "PMID": 646711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3073", "title": "Deafness in Osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy had osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles and a mixed conductive and perceptive deafness of both ears. Deafness in this rare, inherited skeletal disorder is exceptional. Structurally, the pinnae and external auditory canals were small; thin, serous fluid was found in both middle ears, and on surgical exploration of the right ear, no round window could be found.", "contents": "Deafness in Osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles. A 12-year-old boy had osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles and a mixed conductive and perceptive deafness of both ears. Deafness in this rare, inherited skeletal disorder is exceptional. Structurally, the pinnae and external auditory canals were small; thin, serous fluid was found in both middle ears, and on surgical exploration of the right ear, no round window could be found.", "PMID": 646712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3074", "title": "Rehabilitation problems after pharyngogastric anastomosis.", "content": "Fifty-three patients had pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy during the years 1965 to 1976 for lower hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer. The operative mortality--defined as the percent of patients who died within seven days of operation--was 7.5%, which is reduced to 5.6% if one patient with inoperable disease is excluded. Twenty-eight percent of patients survived for longer than one year, and there have been no problems with swallowing. Communication is possible in every patient who possesses good motivation, but the problems of long-term management of calcium metabolism still require attention.", "contents": "Rehabilitation problems after pharyngogastric anastomosis. Fifty-three patients had pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy during the years 1965 to 1976 for lower hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer. The operative mortality--defined as the percent of patients who died within seven days of operation--was 7.5%, which is reduced to 5.6% if one patient with inoperable disease is excluded. Twenty-eight percent of patients survived for longer than one year, and there have been no problems with swallowing. Communication is possible in every patient who possesses good motivation, but the problems of long-term management of calcium metabolism still require attention.", "PMID": 646715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3075", "title": "Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. I. Introduction and clinicopathologic study of squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma (41 cases) represented 45% of all neoplasms of the ear that were treated in the study period from 1964 to 1975. The auricle was the primary site in 17 cases, and the external auditory canal was the primary site in the remaining 24 cases. Although the overall histologic appearance and differentiation were similar in both sites, there were important age, six, and prognostic differences. Tumor-related deaths occurred in only 6% (1/17) of patients with auricular neoplasms, in contrast with 52% (11/21) of those with carcinomas of the external auditory canal. Actinic damage of the epidermis was uniformly associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the auricle, but no such relationship existed for the lesions of the auditory canal.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. I. Introduction and clinicopathologic study of squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma (41 cases) represented 45% of all neoplasms of the ear that were treated in the study period from 1964 to 1975. The auricle was the primary site in 17 cases, and the external auditory canal was the primary site in the remaining 24 cases. Although the overall histologic appearance and differentiation were similar in both sites, there were important age, six, and prognostic differences. Tumor-related deaths occurred in only 6% (1/17) of patients with auricular neoplasms, in contrast with 52% (11/21) of those with carcinomas of the external auditory canal. Actinic damage of the epidermis was uniformly associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the auricle, but no such relationship existed for the lesions of the auditory canal.", "PMID": 646716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3076", "title": "Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. II. A clinicopathologic study of 14 paragangliomas and three meningiomas.", "content": "Paragangliomas (chemodectomas, glomus jugulare tumors) represented 15% of all neoplasms of the ear in the period from 1964 to 1975 at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Women in the fifth to sixthe decades of life were mainly affected, and hearing loss and tinnitus were the principal symptoms. Although most tumors had the typical histopathologic appearance, two neoplasms that were initially diagnosed as paragangliomas illustrated the problems in differential diagnosis. One of these latter two tumors had metastasized and was thought to represent a malignant paraganglioma. Retrospectively, both neoplasms were adenomatous tumors of the middle ear. For the remaining patients with typical jugular paragangliomas, surgery and/or irradiation therapy controlled the local tumor in 12 cases. Two of the three meningiomas occurring in the middle ear were preceded by or associated with an intracranial component. There were only four prior examples in the literature, excluding our one case, of primary meningiomas of the ear-mastoid region. Histologically, the features were virtually identical to the usual intracranial meningioma.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. II. A clinicopathologic study of 14 paragangliomas and three meningiomas. Paragangliomas (chemodectomas, glomus jugulare tumors) represented 15% of all neoplasms of the ear in the period from 1964 to 1975 at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Women in the fifth to sixthe decades of life were mainly affected, and hearing loss and tinnitus were the principal symptoms. Although most tumors had the typical histopathologic appearance, two neoplasms that were initially diagnosed as paragangliomas illustrated the problems in differential diagnosis. One of these latter two tumors had metastasized and was thought to represent a malignant paraganglioma. Retrospectively, both neoplasms were adenomatous tumors of the middle ear. For the remaining patients with typical jugular paragangliomas, surgery and/or irradiation therapy controlled the local tumor in 12 cases. Two of the three meningiomas occurring in the middle ear were preceded by or associated with an intracranial component. There were only four prior examples in the literature, excluding our one case, of primary meningiomas of the ear-mastoid region. Histologically, the features were virtually identical to the usual intracranial meningioma.", "PMID": 646717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3077", "title": "Branching microvilli in the nasal respiratory epithelium.", "content": "In an ultrastructural study of the respiratory epithelial covering of 14 human nasal mucous polyps, some of the microvilli overlying the ciliated cells were shown to exhibit a complex form of branching with a resultant increase in surface area. This apparently original observation is of uncertain significance but is not of definite pathological significance.", "contents": "Branching microvilli in the nasal respiratory epithelium. In an ultrastructural study of the respiratory epithelial covering of 14 human nasal mucous polyps, some of the microvilli overlying the ciliated cells were shown to exhibit a complex form of branching with a resultant increase in surface area. This apparently original observation is of uncertain significance but is not of definite pathological significance.", "PMID": 646718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3078", "title": "Thyroid surgery: surgical and metabolic causes of hypocalcemia.", "content": "Patients undergoing radical surgical treatment of head and neck neoplasms often are seen with a history of cirrhotic liver disease, electrolyte abnormalities, and other stigma of chronic disease. Despite skillful thyroid surgical technique performed as an isolated procedure or in combination with other procedures such as laryngectomy, hypocalcemia can occur. Common causes of lowered serum calcium levels secondary to removal of parathyroid glands, blood transfusions, hypoalbuminemia, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and renal insufficiency are well known. Less well known is the recently elucidated role of dependence of calcium metabolism on magnesium. Recently, it has been well documented that alcoholism directly lowers serum magnesium levels in both human and animal models without prior liver disease or malabsorption. The fact that three mechanisms are needed to explain calcium homeostasis implies that the magnesium-calcium interdependence is not clearly understood.", "contents": "Thyroid surgery: surgical and metabolic causes of hypocalcemia. Patients undergoing radical surgical treatment of head and neck neoplasms often are seen with a history of cirrhotic liver disease, electrolyte abnormalities, and other stigma of chronic disease. Despite skillful thyroid surgical technique performed as an isolated procedure or in combination with other procedures such as laryngectomy, hypocalcemia can occur. Common causes of lowered serum calcium levels secondary to removal of parathyroid glands, blood transfusions, hypoalbuminemia, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and renal insufficiency are well known. Less well known is the recently elucidated role of dependence of calcium metabolism on magnesium. Recently, it has been well documented that alcoholism directly lowers serum magnesium levels in both human and animal models without prior liver disease or malabsorption. The fact that three mechanisms are needed to explain calcium homeostasis implies that the magnesium-calcium interdependence is not clearly understood.", "PMID": 646719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3079", "title": "Arytenoid dislocation.", "content": "The reported incidence of arytenoid cartilage dislocation is low. This may be due to the wide range and orientation of motion allowed by the cricoarytenoid articulation and the laxity of its joint capsule. In two previously reported instances of arytenoid dislocation, the authors have suggested that endotracheal intubation is generally not sufficient to cause dislocation of an arytenoid cartilage, but that, in their cases, a predisposing factor had set the occasion for dislocation. In this communication, three cases of arytenoid cartilage dislocation, which each followed a single instance of endotracheal intubation are presented. In all three cases, painful swallowing was the main presenting symptom. Clinical features that differentiate arytenoid cartilage dislocation from vocal cord paresis are summarized. Early reduction of the dislocation, while the patient is under local anesthesia, is recommended, and the techniques are described in detail.", "contents": "Arytenoid dislocation. The reported incidence of arytenoid cartilage dislocation is low. This may be due to the wide range and orientation of motion allowed by the cricoarytenoid articulation and the laxity of its joint capsule. In two previously reported instances of arytenoid dislocation, the authors have suggested that endotracheal intubation is generally not sufficient to cause dislocation of an arytenoid cartilage, but that, in their cases, a predisposing factor had set the occasion for dislocation. In this communication, three cases of arytenoid cartilage dislocation, which each followed a single instance of endotracheal intubation are presented. In all three cases, painful swallowing was the main presenting symptom. Clinical features that differentiate arytenoid cartilage dislocation from vocal cord paresis are summarized. Early reduction of the dislocation, while the patient is under local anesthesia, is recommended, and the techniques are described in detail.", "PMID": 646720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3080", "title": "Teratomas of the neck in adults.", "content": "True teratomas of the neck in adults are unusual neoplasms. Their clinicopathologic aspects are distinctly different from the counterpart tumor of the neonate and infant. While the latter is almost always a benign tumor, adult teratomas are both histologically and clinically malignant neoplasms. To our knowledge, we report the tenth case of a teratoma of the neck in an adult.", "contents": "Teratomas of the neck in adults. True teratomas of the neck in adults are unusual neoplasms. Their clinicopathologic aspects are distinctly different from the counterpart tumor of the neonate and infant. While the latter is almost always a benign tumor, adult teratomas are both histologically and clinically malignant neoplasms. To our knowledge, we report the tenth case of a teratoma of the neck in an adult.", "PMID": 646721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3081", "title": "Tympanic neurectomy and chorda tympanectomy for the control of drooling.", "content": "Seventeen patients suffered from drooling that either occurred as a sequelae of extensive head and neck cancer resections or was due to neurological disorders. In these patients, a tympanic neurectomy and/or chorda tympanectomy was performed in an attempt to eliminate the drooling. The conditions in five of 12 (41%) patients with head and neck cancer were improved following such surgery. Two of four children with cerebral palsy initially had a good result. However, the long-term follow-up of the patients demonstrated that the drooling recurred. An additional patient suffering from bulbar weakness and drooling owing to a cerevrobascular accident had less problems with salivary secretions. The results were relatively disappointing; there are several possible explanations for this.", "contents": "Tympanic neurectomy and chorda tympanectomy for the control of drooling. Seventeen patients suffered from drooling that either occurred as a sequelae of extensive head and neck cancer resections or was due to neurological disorders. In these patients, a tympanic neurectomy and/or chorda tympanectomy was performed in an attempt to eliminate the drooling. The conditions in five of 12 (41%) patients with head and neck cancer were improved following such surgery. Two of four children with cerebral palsy initially had a good result. However, the long-term follow-up of the patients demonstrated that the drooling recurred. An additional patient suffering from bulbar weakness and drooling owing to a cerevrobascular accident had less problems with salivary secretions. The results were relatively disappointing; there are several possible explanations for this.", "PMID": 646722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3082", "title": "Oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: surgical treatment in irradiated and nonirradiated patients.", "content": "Surgical treatment was used in 45 cases of oral cavity carcinoma and in 23 cases of oropharyngeal carcinoma. The three-year cure rate was 47% for oral cavity tumors and 9% for orophayngeal lesions. The cure rate was substantially higher in female patients than in males and in white patients than in nonwhites. Results of composite resections in 23 previously irradiated patients and 23 nonirradiated patients with T-2 and T-3 lesions are compared. The irradiated patients with oral cavity carcinoma had a lower cure rate and a much greater incidence of postoperative morbidity than the patients treated with operation alone. Surgical results for oropharyngeal carcinomas were poor in both radiated and nonirradiated patients, although the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality was higher in the irradiated group.", "contents": "Oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: surgical treatment in irradiated and nonirradiated patients. Surgical treatment was used in 45 cases of oral cavity carcinoma and in 23 cases of oropharyngeal carcinoma. The three-year cure rate was 47% for oral cavity tumors and 9% for orophayngeal lesions. The cure rate was substantially higher in female patients than in males and in white patients than in nonwhites. Results of composite resections in 23 previously irradiated patients and 23 nonirradiated patients with T-2 and T-3 lesions are compared. The irradiated patients with oral cavity carcinoma had a lower cure rate and a much greater incidence of postoperative morbidity than the patients treated with operation alone. Surgical results for oropharyngeal carcinomas were poor in both radiated and nonirradiated patients, although the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality was higher in the irradiated group.", "PMID": 646723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3083", "title": "Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is a common lesion that is not always acknowledged as a potentially lethal disease. We reviewed the cases of 27 patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Our data confirm that patients in an older age group are at greater risk for development of metastases than the general population of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. We also found a universally grave prognosis for patients who exhibit fixation of tumor to the mandible or erosion of the mandible. We were unable to confirm a greater risk for development of metastases among more advanced (T3 and T4) lesions. A number of our patients had T1 and T2 primary lesions. We also could not establish a relationship between a patient's delay before seeking medical assistance and subsequent development of metastases.", "contents": "Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is a common lesion that is not always acknowledged as a potentially lethal disease. We reviewed the cases of 27 patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Our data confirm that patients in an older age group are at greater risk for development of metastases than the general population of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. We also found a universally grave prognosis for patients who exhibit fixation of tumor to the mandible or erosion of the mandible. We were unable to confirm a greater risk for development of metastases among more advanced (T3 and T4) lesions. A number of our patients had T1 and T2 primary lesions. We also could not establish a relationship between a patient's delay before seeking medical assistance and subsequent development of metastases.", "PMID": 646724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3084", "title": "Ethmoidal mucoceles.", "content": "Twenty ethmoidal mucoceles were treated and observed for a minimum of two years after surgery. Unilateral exophthalmos was the initial complaint in all cases and nasal polyposis was a noteworthy finding in more than half of the patients. The lesions always extended into the orbit and usually eroded the floor of the frontal sinus. Exenteration through an ethmoidectomy approach was successful in 16 cases. Failure was due to recurrence of the mucocele in one case and in three cases to uncontrolled polypoid disease that produced recurrence of the exophthalmos. Long-term follow-up is mandatory since recurrences may take several years to occur.", "contents": "Ethmoidal mucoceles. Twenty ethmoidal mucoceles were treated and observed for a minimum of two years after surgery. Unilateral exophthalmos was the initial complaint in all cases and nasal polyposis was a noteworthy finding in more than half of the patients. The lesions always extended into the orbit and usually eroded the floor of the frontal sinus. Exenteration through an ethmoidectomy approach was successful in 16 cases. Failure was due to recurrence of the mucocele in one case and in three cases to uncontrolled polypoid disease that produced recurrence of the exophthalmos. Long-term follow-up is mandatory since recurrences may take several years to occur.", "PMID": 646725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3085", "title": "Autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing impairment, dizziness, and hypodontia.", "content": "A previously undescribed syndrome with profound sensorineural hearing loss since early infancy, episodes of dizziness, and hypodontia developed in a brother and sister. The presence of two unaffected children and unaffected parents suggests autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing impairment, dizziness, and hypodontia. A previously undescribed syndrome with profound sensorineural hearing loss since early infancy, episodes of dizziness, and hypodontia developed in a brother and sister. The presence of two unaffected children and unaffected parents suggests autosomal recessive inheritance.", "PMID": 646726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3086", "title": "Capillary hemangioma of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "Hemangiomas of the tympanic membrane are extremely rare. We present the third reported case and, to our knowledge, the first capillary hemangioma of the tympanic membrane. These deep purple polypoid tumors are asymptomatic while small but enlarge slowly to erode adjacent structures. They arise characteristically from the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane without involving the middle ear. Early recognition permits simple excision with preservation of the lamina propria, avoiding the need for tympanic membrane resection and reconstruction.", "contents": "Capillary hemangioma of the tympanic membrane. Hemangiomas of the tympanic membrane are extremely rare. We present the third reported case and, to our knowledge, the first capillary hemangioma of the tympanic membrane. These deep purple polypoid tumors are asymptomatic while small but enlarge slowly to erode adjacent structures. They arise characteristically from the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane without involving the middle ear. Early recognition permits simple excision with preservation of the lamina propria, avoiding the need for tympanic membrane resection and reconstruction.", "PMID": 646727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3087", "title": "Impedance and admittance tympanometry. II. Mathematical approach.", "content": "The W-notching of susceptance, conductance and admittance tympanograms, as well as inverted-V shapes, found at high probe tone frequencies are explained, starting from realistic assumptions on the shape of resistance and reactance tympanograms. Necessary conditions for obtaining the different types of tympanograms are given. The theory shows that no pathology is necessary to explain W-notching or inverted-V shapes at higher-frequency probe tones.", "contents": "Impedance and admittance tympanometry. II. Mathematical approach. The W-notching of susceptance, conductance and admittance tympanograms, as well as inverted-V shapes, found at high probe tone frequencies are explained, starting from realistic assumptions on the shape of resistance and reactance tympanograms. Necessary conditions for obtaining the different types of tympanograms are given. The theory shows that no pathology is necessary to explain W-notching or inverted-V shapes at higher-frequency probe tones.", "PMID": 646729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3088", "title": "Psychoacoustical tuning curves in audiology.", "content": "The correlation between classic masking patterns and psychoacoustical tuning curves is discussed quantitatively. A simplified method to measure such tuning curves in clinical use is described. They are shown to be insensitive to the frequency dependence of the hearing loss. Tuning curve data of six different groups including normal and hard-or-hearing observers are given: normal hearing, conductive hearing loss, degenerative hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, otosclerosis and Meni\u00e8re's disease. The resulting tuning curve data indicate that the frequency resolving power of the four groups mentioned last is greatley reduced but not completely absent, especially in the range of greater hearing loss. The correspondence between the frequency-resolving power measured by the tuning curve method and the result of speech discrimination tests is demonstrated. The measured data indicate that more than 50% of the patients with otosclerosis show reduced frequency selectivity although otosclerosis is commonly regarded as a conductive hearing loss.", "contents": "Psychoacoustical tuning curves in audiology. The correlation between classic masking patterns and psychoacoustical tuning curves is discussed quantitatively. A simplified method to measure such tuning curves in clinical use is described. They are shown to be insensitive to the frequency dependence of the hearing loss. Tuning curve data of six different groups including normal and hard-or-hearing observers are given: normal hearing, conductive hearing loss, degenerative hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, otosclerosis and Meni\u00e8re's disease. The resulting tuning curve data indicate that the frequency resolving power of the four groups mentioned last is greatley reduced but not completely absent, especially in the range of greater hearing loss. The correspondence between the frequency-resolving power measured by the tuning curve method and the result of speech discrimination tests is demonstrated. The measured data indicate that more than 50% of the patients with otosclerosis show reduced frequency selectivity although otosclerosis is commonly regarded as a conductive hearing loss.", "PMID": 646730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3089", "title": "Late evoked responses to acoustic stimuli in relation to age.", "content": "Late hearing potentials (contigent negative variations; CNV) were studied in 66 subjects of different ages: 15 children, 26 adults and 25 elderly people (extreme ages of 4 and 100 years). Particular care was taken in selection of phonetic material suitable for each age. No CNVs were recorded in children under the age of 5 years; only 2 of the children examined presented late responses for all the phonetic lists. In adults, such cases rose to 5(19.2%), while another 16(61.5%) presented responses for some or a good part of the lists in question. Only in 9 elderly people were typical CNVs observed (36%). The discussion outlines the reasons for the low percentages of late responses obtained in children and point out that in some elderly subject accustomed to psychic and motor activities typical CNV are present.", "contents": "Late evoked responses to acoustic stimuli in relation to age. Late hearing potentials (contigent negative variations; CNV) were studied in 66 subjects of different ages: 15 children, 26 adults and 25 elderly people (extreme ages of 4 and 100 years). Particular care was taken in selection of phonetic material suitable for each age. No CNVs were recorded in children under the age of 5 years; only 2 of the children examined presented late responses for all the phonetic lists. In adults, such cases rose to 5(19.2%), while another 16(61.5%) presented responses for some or a good part of the lists in question. Only in 9 elderly people were typical CNVs observed (36%). The discussion outlines the reasons for the low percentages of late responses obtained in children and point out that in some elderly subject accustomed to psychic and motor activities typical CNV are present.", "PMID": 646732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3090", "title": "Electrophysiological investigation of auditory recruitment by averaged electroencephalographic-evoked response.", "content": "An objective study of auditory recruitment by the method of the slow vertex-evoked potentials was carried out on 18 subjects presenting recruitment at 4 000 Hz. Evoked potentials were induced by tone burst stimulation of the recruiting ear and recorded by means of an active electrode located on the vertex. For each subject a study was made: (1) of the input-output curves of the N1P2 amplitudes and of the latencies of N1 and P2 of the evoked potentials as a function of the intensity of the stimulation and (2) of the best estimation of the input-output curve of N1P2 to a power function and a logarithmic function by the least-squares regression line, after checking that it was statistically possible. The results of the 18 recruiting subjects, classified according to their audiometric thresholds, were statistically compared with those of 9 normal subjects. The relation between the amplitude of the auditory-evoked response and the intensity of the stimulation could be expressed nearly equally well by a logarithmic function and a power function. The studies revealed a very significant increase of the slope of the least-squares regression line in recruiting subjects compared with normal subjects. No significant difference was obtained by the analysis of the latencies.", "contents": "Electrophysiological investigation of auditory recruitment by averaged electroencephalographic-evoked response. An objective study of auditory recruitment by the method of the slow vertex-evoked potentials was carried out on 18 subjects presenting recruitment at 4 000 Hz. Evoked potentials were induced by tone burst stimulation of the recruiting ear and recorded by means of an active electrode located on the vertex. For each subject a study was made: (1) of the input-output curves of the N1P2 amplitudes and of the latencies of N1 and P2 of the evoked potentials as a function of the intensity of the stimulation and (2) of the best estimation of the input-output curve of N1P2 to a power function and a logarithmic function by the least-squares regression line, after checking that it was statistically possible. The results of the 18 recruiting subjects, classified according to their audiometric thresholds, were statistically compared with those of 9 normal subjects. The relation between the amplitude of the auditory-evoked response and the intensity of the stimulation could be expressed nearly equally well by a logarithmic function and a power function. The studies revealed a very significant increase of the slope of the least-squares regression line in recruiting subjects compared with normal subjects. No significant difference was obtained by the analysis of the latencies.", "PMID": 646731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3091", "title": "Dominantly inherited low-frequency hearing loss.", "content": "Two families with dominantly inherited low-frequency hearing loss are described. The two families are different in mode of transmission and in audiological findings. On the basis of these two differences, it is claimed that two types of inherited low-frequency hearing loss can be distinguished. One type is the dominantly inherited low-frequency hearing loss with fully penetrant abnormal genes. The other is also most probably due to an autosomal dominant gene, but with incomplete penetrance and probably represents a malformation in the middle ear combined with a defect in the apical part of the cochlear mechanism.", "contents": "Dominantly inherited low-frequency hearing loss. Two families with dominantly inherited low-frequency hearing loss are described. The two families are different in mode of transmission and in audiological findings. On the basis of these two differences, it is claimed that two types of inherited low-frequency hearing loss can be distinguished. One type is the dominantly inherited low-frequency hearing loss with fully penetrant abnormal genes. The other is also most probably due to an autosomal dominant gene, but with incomplete penetrance and probably represents a malformation in the middle ear combined with a defect in the apical part of the cochlear mechanism.", "PMID": 646734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3092", "title": "Intelligibility of time-expanded speech with normally hearing and elderly subjects.", "content": "The effects of time-expanded monosyllabic words (NU-6) on the auditory discrimination performance of 15 young adults with normal hearing and 20 elderly subjects were studied. Three conditions of time expansion, 30, 60 and 100%, plus a 0% control condition, were presented at four sensation levels (8, 16, 24 and 32 dB). For the normally hearing subjects, auditory discrimination performance at all ratios of time expansion was equal to the 0% condition. Results for the elderly subjects indicated intelligibility was inversely related to time expansion at the 30 and 60% conditions. However, at the 100% condition, speech intelligibility improved over the 60% condition at 8 and 16 dB sensation level. At 24 and 32 dB sensation level, performance at 100% was equal to the 60% condition. With the normal and elderly subjects, ear and list effects were minimal. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical value of this procedure and in light of literature that reviews the performance of subjects on tests employing various temporally altered stimuli.", "contents": "Intelligibility of time-expanded speech with normally hearing and elderly subjects. The effects of time-expanded monosyllabic words (NU-6) on the auditory discrimination performance of 15 young adults with normal hearing and 20 elderly subjects were studied. Three conditions of time expansion, 30, 60 and 100%, plus a 0% control condition, were presented at four sensation levels (8, 16, 24 and 32 dB). For the normally hearing subjects, auditory discrimination performance at all ratios of time expansion was equal to the 0% condition. Results for the elderly subjects indicated intelligibility was inversely related to time expansion at the 30 and 60% conditions. However, at the 100% condition, speech intelligibility improved over the 60% condition at 8 and 16 dB sensation level. At 24 and 32 dB sensation level, performance at 100% was equal to the 60% condition. With the normal and elderly subjects, ear and list effects were minimal. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical value of this procedure and in light of literature that reviews the performance of subjects on tests employing various temporally altered stimuli.", "PMID": 646733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3093", "title": "Childhood accidents--can they be prevented?", "content": "Accidents cause 10,000 children to attend Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital Casualty Department each year. Most of these children sustain trivial injuries, which apart from some initial pain, cause no long term effects. About 1,000 of these children are admitted to hospital, many being discharged within a day or so with minimal upset to their way of life. However, some of these children suffer badly, and some die.", "contents": "Childhood accidents--can they be prevented? Accidents cause 10,000 children to attend Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital Casualty Department each year. Most of these children sustain trivial injuries, which apart from some initial pain, cause no long term effects. About 1,000 of these children are admitted to hospital, many being discharged within a day or so with minimal upset to their way of life. However, some of these children suffer badly, and some die.", "PMID": 646740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3094", "title": "Accidents in old age.", "content": "Elderly persons particularly are liable to falls which in women often cause major fractures and other injuries. In Australia, some two per cent of deaths of women aged 65 and over are attributed to non-traffic accidents, and the length of hospital care and subsequent disability following fractures are both important aspects of the total morbidity resulting from falls suffered by older persons.", "contents": "Accidents in old age. Elderly persons particularly are liable to falls which in women often cause major fractures and other injuries. In Australia, some two per cent of deaths of women aged 65 and over are attributed to non-traffic accidents, and the length of hospital care and subsequent disability following fractures are both important aspects of the total morbidity resulting from falls suffered by older persons.", "PMID": 646741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3095", "title": "Resuscitation at the site of a road accident.", "content": "Seven per cent of deaths resulting from motor car accidents are due to asphyxia without any other major injury. This highlights the importance of maintaining an unobstructed airway in patients following motor vehicle accidents. These cases of asphyxia are due to laryngeal spasm, aspirated foreign material, or pharyngeal obstruction by the tongue in a semi-conscious or unconscious patient. It is reasonable to assume that many of these lives could be saved by simple techniques, such as removing foreign material from the pharynx, pulling the chin and head back firmly, and turning the patient into the lateral position.", "contents": "Resuscitation at the site of a road accident. Seven per cent of deaths resulting from motor car accidents are due to asphyxia without any other major injury. This highlights the importance of maintaining an unobstructed airway in patients following motor vehicle accidents. These cases of asphyxia are due to laryngeal spasm, aspirated foreign material, or pharyngeal obstruction by the tongue in a semi-conscious or unconscious patient. It is reasonable to assume that many of these lives could be saved by simple techniques, such as removing foreign material from the pharynx, pulling the chin and head back firmly, and turning the patient into the lateral position.", "PMID": 646743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3096", "title": "Intravenous regional analgesia.", "content": "Despite its introduction in 1908, the technique of intravenous regional analgesia did not achieve popularity until it was reintroduced by Holmes in 1963. This simple technique has proved its usefulness in most operative and manipulative procedures on the extremities, including suture of lacerations, tendon repair, abscess incision and fracture work. It is more often used in the upper limb, as the arm requires a lesser total dose of the local anaesthetic agent, and does not have the same potential for precipitation of vascular pathology.", "contents": "Intravenous regional analgesia. Despite its introduction in 1908, the technique of intravenous regional analgesia did not achieve popularity until it was reintroduced by Holmes in 1963. This simple technique has proved its usefulness in most operative and manipulative procedures on the extremities, including suture of lacerations, tendon repair, abscess incision and fracture work. It is more often used in the upper limb, as the arm requires a lesser total dose of the local anaesthetic agent, and does not have the same potential for precipitation of vascular pathology.", "PMID": 646745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3097", "title": "Earmold modification effect measured by coupler, threshold and probe techniques.", "content": "The validity of probe tube microphone measurements in providing data indicative of the magnitude of the change in subjects' threshold resulting from changes in earmold configuration was investigated. The relationship between these measures in the real ear canal and the changes observed in 2-cm3 and Zwislocki couplers under similar circumstances or earmold modification was also measured. Standard, vented and 'open' earmold conditions were utilized. Threshold and probe-tube measurements were made. Statistical evaluation revealed that these two techniques did not produce significantly different results except at 125--165 Hz, where noise masking may have been a factor influencing the threshold data. Neither coupler as used gave an accurate quantitative estimate of the in-use effects of vented earmolds or the open earmold configuration, but the Zwislocki coupler gave a better approximation than the 2-cm3 coupler.", "contents": "Earmold modification effect measured by coupler, threshold and probe techniques. The validity of probe tube microphone measurements in providing data indicative of the magnitude of the change in subjects' threshold resulting from changes in earmold configuration was investigated. The relationship between these measures in the real ear canal and the changes observed in 2-cm3 and Zwislocki couplers under similar circumstances or earmold modification was also measured. Standard, vented and 'open' earmold conditions were utilized. Threshold and probe-tube measurements were made. Statistical evaluation revealed that these two techniques did not produce significantly different results except at 125--165 Hz, where noise masking may have been a factor influencing the threshold data. Neither coupler as used gave an accurate quantitative estimate of the in-use effects of vented earmolds or the open earmold configuration, but the Zwislocki coupler gave a better approximation than the 2-cm3 coupler.", "PMID": 646735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3098", "title": "Impedance and admittance tympanometry. I. Experimental approach.", "content": "In this experimental study a procedure is developed which enables the conversion of susceptance and conductane tympanograms to reactance and resistance tympanograms. Special attention was given to the subtraction of the ear canal admittance. The procedure was applied to bell-shaped and W-notched susceptance and conductance tympanograms. Computed reactance curves showed always an inverted-V shape, computed resistance curves were always flat.", "contents": "Impedance and admittance tympanometry. I. Experimental approach. In this experimental study a procedure is developed which enables the conversion of susceptance and conductane tympanograms to reactance and resistance tympanograms. Special attention was given to the subtraction of the ear canal admittance. The procedure was applied to bell-shaped and W-notched susceptance and conductance tympanograms. Computed reactance curves showed always an inverted-V shape, computed resistance curves were always flat.", "PMID": 646736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3099", "title": "Dietary therapy of gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "Diet therapy is mandatory in only a very small number of GIT disorders. While the available evidence does not support its use in other conditions, many physicians will wish to make an individual decision regarding diet therapy according to the patient's symptoms, to the patient's attitudes and expectations and very importantly, to the financial and social implications of the diet in question.", "contents": "Dietary therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Diet therapy is mandatory in only a very small number of GIT disorders. While the available evidence does not support its use in other conditions, many physicians will wish to make an individual decision regarding diet therapy according to the patient's symptoms, to the patient's attitudes and expectations and very importantly, to the financial and social implications of the diet in question.", "PMID": 646750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3100", "title": "The association of psycho-social factors and gynaecological symptoms.", "content": "This paper analyzes the results of a Community Health Survey conducted in Melbourne in 1971. The Survey finds that gynaecological disorders are found more often in the married and working; in those smoking more than 15 cigarettes; and in those women with family problems. The lowest incidence of gynaecological disorders was found in women from households where the main income earner was either semi-skilled, or unskilled.", "contents": "The association of psycho-social factors and gynaecological symptoms. This paper analyzes the results of a Community Health Survey conducted in Melbourne in 1971. The Survey finds that gynaecological disorders are found more often in the married and working; in those smoking more than 15 cigarettes; and in those women with family problems. The lowest incidence of gynaecological disorders was found in women from households where the main income earner was either semi-skilled, or unskilled.", "PMID": 646751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3101", "title": "The development of dermatitis (scabby-hip) on the hip and thigh of broiler chickens.", "content": "Broiler chicks grown on litter or in cages at high bird density developed skin lesions on the thigh and hip. Changes in bird denisty markedly influenced lesion incidence (100% at 0.0185 sq m of floor space per bird). The dermatitis was characterized by crusted dry \"scabs\" at the base of feather follicles and between follicles. The lesions often coalesced to cover wide areas. The scab consisted of a mass of pyknotic nuclei and cellular debris, and when the epidermis was intact there was little inflammatory reaction in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis was destroyed in some lesions, with heterophils penetrating into the subcutaneous tissue. Colonies of gram-positive cocci were present in the lesions.", "contents": "The development of dermatitis (scabby-hip) on the hip and thigh of broiler chickens. Broiler chicks grown on litter or in cages at high bird density developed skin lesions on the thigh and hip. Changes in bird denisty markedly influenced lesion incidence (100% at 0.0185 sq m of floor space per bird). The dermatitis was characterized by crusted dry \"scabs\" at the base of feather follicles and between follicles. The lesions often coalesced to cover wide areas. The scab consisted of a mass of pyknotic nuclei and cellular debris, and when the epidermis was intact there was little inflammatory reaction in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis was destroyed in some lesions, with heterophils penetrating into the subcutaneous tissue. Colonies of gram-positive cocci were present in the lesions.", "PMID": 646753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3102", "title": "Response of young chickens and turkeys to virulent and avirulent Pasteurella multocida administered by various routes.", "content": "Groups of 20 young chickens and turkeys obtained from commercial flocks and placed in pens with pine shavings over concrete floors or from the hatchery and grown on wire, were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 cross or virulent P. multocida serotype 3 by drinking water, ocular, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, or palatine cleft routes. A secondary exposure to virulent P. multocida serotype 1 by the palatine cleft route was given 14 days later, except that birds exposed by palatine cleft on the initial exposure were reexposed by drinking water. There was a group of each species for each floor type and each exposure route except palatine cleft, which was performed on litter only. Chickens were more resistant to initial exposure to virulent P. multocida by all routes than turkeys. Chickens showed much less resistance to subsequent exposure to P. multocida serotype 1 than turkeys after exposure to the avirulent organism by the drinking-water route. Avirulent P. multocida administered to chickens or turkeys by subcutaneous or intracutaneous routes and turkeys by drinking water route produced a high degree of resistance to subsequent exposure to P. multocida serotype 1. In a second experiment it was found that wire floors caused many more breast blisters than pine shavings on Pasteurella-exposed or unexposed chickens.", "contents": "Response of young chickens and turkeys to virulent and avirulent Pasteurella multocida administered by various routes. Groups of 20 young chickens and turkeys obtained from commercial flocks and placed in pens with pine shavings over concrete floors or from the hatchery and grown on wire, were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 cross or virulent P. multocida serotype 3 by drinking water, ocular, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, or palatine cleft routes. A secondary exposure to virulent P. multocida serotype 1 by the palatine cleft route was given 14 days later, except that birds exposed by palatine cleft on the initial exposure were reexposed by drinking water. There was a group of each species for each floor type and each exposure route except palatine cleft, which was performed on litter only. Chickens were more resistant to initial exposure to virulent P. multocida by all routes than turkeys. Chickens showed much less resistance to subsequent exposure to P. multocida serotype 1 than turkeys after exposure to the avirulent organism by the drinking-water route. Avirulent P. multocida administered to chickens or turkeys by subcutaneous or intracutaneous routes and turkeys by drinking water route produced a high degree of resistance to subsequent exposure to P. multocida serotype 1. In a second experiment it was found that wire floors caused many more breast blisters than pine shavings on Pasteurella-exposed or unexposed chickens.", "PMID": 646754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3103", "title": "Infectious coryza: preventing complicated coryza with Haemophilus gallinarum and Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterins.", "content": "Three types of infectious coryza were produced in unvaccinated chickens by challenge inoculums containing different combinations of Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Monovalent and combination bacterins of HG and MG were tested to determine their efficacy against chronic complicated infectious coryza. Challenge exposure of vaccinates with MG and HG showed protection against the HG component to be immunotype-specific. Some protection against complicated coryza resulted from HG bacterins only, whereas MG bacterin was ineffective. Protection against transient and chronic coryza was provided by a combination MG-HG bacterin. Two doses of this bacterin gave better protection against upper respiratory clinical signs and lowered the incidence of airsacculitis.", "contents": "Infectious coryza: preventing complicated coryza with Haemophilus gallinarum and Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterins. Three types of infectious coryza were produced in unvaccinated chickens by challenge inoculums containing different combinations of Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Monovalent and combination bacterins of HG and MG were tested to determine their efficacy against chronic complicated infectious coryza. Challenge exposure of vaccinates with MG and HG showed protection against the HG component to be immunotype-specific. Some protection against complicated coryza resulted from HG bacterins only, whereas MG bacterin was ineffective. Protection against transient and chronic coryza was provided by a combination MG-HG bacterin. Two doses of this bacterin gave better protection against upper respiratory clinical signs and lowered the incidence of airsacculitis.", "PMID": 646755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3104", "title": "Eimeria tenella: sensitivity of recent field isolants to monensin.", "content": "Coccidia were propagated from litter samples obtained from broiler production flocks being medicated with monensin. Eimeria tenella was isolated from 48.9% of the litter samples from which coccidia were propagated. Tests of the monensin sensitivity of the 73 E. tenella isolants obtained revealed no monensin-resistant isolants.", "contents": "Eimeria tenella: sensitivity of recent field isolants to monensin. Coccidia were propagated from litter samples obtained from broiler production flocks being medicated with monensin. Eimeria tenella was isolated from 48.9% of the litter samples from which coccidia were propagated. Tests of the monensin sensitivity of the 73 E. tenella isolants obtained revealed no monensin-resistant isolants.", "PMID": 646756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3105", "title": "First isolation of a Yucaipa-like virus in Africa.", "content": "A virus having a hemagglutinin closely related to that of paramyxovirus Yucaipa was isolated from the feces of a wild bird in Senegal, West Africa.", "contents": "First isolation of a Yucaipa-like virus in Africa. A virus having a hemagglutinin closely related to that of paramyxovirus Yucaipa was isolated from the feces of a wild bird in Senegal, West Africa.", "PMID": 646759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3106", "title": "Massive liver hemorrhage in Ontario broiler chickens.", "content": "A massive liver hemorrhage (MLH) recognized in Ontario broiler chickens had a characteristic clinical course and pathological lesions. Affected flocks had a higher death rate than normal, with no obvious clinical signs. Deaths from MLH began at two weeks of age; the mortality rate returned to a normal level by four weeks. The main necropsy finding was massive multiple liver hemorrhage with consequent profuse hemoperitoneum.", "contents": "Massive liver hemorrhage in Ontario broiler chickens. A massive liver hemorrhage (MLH) recognized in Ontario broiler chickens had a characteristic clinical course and pathological lesions. Affected flocks had a higher death rate than normal, with no obvious clinical signs. Deaths from MLH began at two weeks of age; the mortality rate returned to a normal level by four weeks. The main necropsy finding was massive multiple liver hemorrhage with consequent profuse hemoperitoneum.", "PMID": 646760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3107", "title": "Sero-epidemiology of Q-fever in poultry.", "content": "The sero-epidemiology of Q-fever was studied by capillary agglutination test at 25 poultry farms in the Nainital and Ajmer districts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Of 589 birds tested, 78 (13.24%) had Q-fever agglutinins (CAT titers 1:8 to 1:64), involving 16 of the farms. There were more sero-reactors in Ajmer (17.56%) than in Nainital (3.35%). The sero-positive reactors were respectively 19.74% and 5.55% among the age groups above and below 6 months. The breed difference and comparatively high infection rates in poultry attendants of a Q-fever-positive farm are discussed.", "contents": "Sero-epidemiology of Q-fever in poultry. The sero-epidemiology of Q-fever was studied by capillary agglutination test at 25 poultry farms in the Nainital and Ajmer districts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Of 589 birds tested, 78 (13.24%) had Q-fever agglutinins (CAT titers 1:8 to 1:64), involving 16 of the farms. There were more sero-reactors in Ajmer (17.56%) than in Nainital (3.35%). The sero-positive reactors were respectively 19.74% and 5.55% among the age groups above and below 6 months. The breed difference and comparatively high infection rates in poultry attendants of a Q-fever-positive farm are discussed.", "PMID": 646757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3108", "title": "Efficacy of arprinocid against coccidiosis of broilers in battery and floor-pen trials.", "content": "Medication of broilers with arprinocid [9-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenylmethyl)-9H-purine-6-amine] gave protection against the effects of coccidiosis in both battery and floor-pen trials. In battery trials, efficacy was tested on single-species inoculations of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. Brunetti, and E. tenella. Two strains of each species recently recovered from the field, were tested separately. In floor-pen trials, all six species, both field and laboratory strains, were used as a mixed infection. In batteries, 60 and 70 ppm essentially eliminated coccidiosis-induced mortality and weight depression. Effects of 50 ppm on weight gain were variable. The effectiveness of different medication levels varied between strains within a species. In floor-pen trials, 40, 60, or 80 ppm was effective in controlling mortality and weight depression, and increasing feel-conversion ratios. All levels were significantly as effective as monensin in protecting against coccidiosis. With severe exposure to coccidia, 60 and 80 ppm gave significantly lower lesion socres than did 40 ppm of arprinocid or 120 ppm monensin.", "contents": "Efficacy of arprinocid against coccidiosis of broilers in battery and floor-pen trials. Medication of broilers with arprinocid [9-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenylmethyl)-9H-purine-6-amine] gave protection against the effects of coccidiosis in both battery and floor-pen trials. In battery trials, efficacy was tested on single-species inoculations of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. Brunetti, and E. tenella. Two strains of each species recently recovered from the field, were tested separately. In floor-pen trials, all six species, both field and laboratory strains, were used as a mixed infection. In batteries, 60 and 70 ppm essentially eliminated coccidiosis-induced mortality and weight depression. Effects of 50 ppm on weight gain were variable. The effectiveness of different medication levels varied between strains within a species. In floor-pen trials, 40, 60, or 80 ppm was effective in controlling mortality and weight depression, and increasing feel-conversion ratios. All levels were significantly as effective as monensin in protecting against coccidiosis. With severe exposure to coccidia, 60 and 80 ppm gave significantly lower lesion socres than did 40 ppm of arprinocid or 120 ppm monensin.", "PMID": 646762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3109", "title": "A new serotype of Pasteurella multocida associated with fowl cholera.", "content": "Gel-diffusion precipitin tests demonstrated an additional Pasteurella multocida serotype, designated serotype 16. Isolate P-2723, antigenically distinct from the other (previously reported) 15 serotypes, was from a turkey affected with fowl cholera. This serotype is not widely distributed. Isolate P-2723 was of mild virulence in turkeys, resulting in local infections in the hock joint and sternal bursa of only 1 of 9 turkeys exposed.", "contents": "A new serotype of Pasteurella multocida associated with fowl cholera. Gel-diffusion precipitin tests demonstrated an additional Pasteurella multocida serotype, designated serotype 16. Isolate P-2723, antigenically distinct from the other (previously reported) 15 serotypes, was from a turkey affected with fowl cholera. This serotype is not widely distributed. Isolate P-2723 was of mild virulence in turkeys, resulting in local infections in the hock joint and sternal bursa of only 1 of 9 turkeys exposed.", "PMID": 646758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3110", "title": "Protection of day-old poults against Arizona hinshawii challenge by preincubation streptomycin egg treatment.", "content": "Poults were protected against challenge with Arizona hinshawii 7:1,7,8 inoculated into the yolk sac 30 hours post-hatching by preincubation streptomycin treatment of turkey eggs, administered by temperature-differential egg dipping in a solution composed of 250 ppm of a quaternary ammonium compound, 10 ppm of ethylenediaminetraacetate and streptomycin at 9 mg per ml. Mortalities at 17 hours and 22 days postchallenge were respectively 8% and 44% in poults from treated eggs vs 47% and 93% from untreated eggs. Liver isolation rates at 17 hours and 22 days postchallenge were respectively 0% and 16% in poults from treated eggs, vs 71% and 80% from untreated eggs.", "contents": "Protection of day-old poults against Arizona hinshawii challenge by preincubation streptomycin egg treatment. Poults were protected against challenge with Arizona hinshawii 7:1,7,8 inoculated into the yolk sac 30 hours post-hatching by preincubation streptomycin treatment of turkey eggs, administered by temperature-differential egg dipping in a solution composed of 250 ppm of a quaternary ammonium compound, 10 ppm of ethylenediaminetraacetate and streptomycin at 9 mg per ml. Mortalities at 17 hours and 22 days postchallenge were respectively 8% and 44% in poults from treated eggs vs 47% and 93% from untreated eggs. Liver isolation rates at 17 hours and 22 days postchallenge were respectively 0% and 16% in poults from treated eggs, vs 71% and 80% from untreated eggs.", "PMID": 646763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3111", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of damage to the cecal mucosae of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella.", "content": "A group of chickens were inoculated with 100,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts each. The birds were sacrificed on days 4-14 postinoculation. Tissue samples from 4 different areas of each cecum examined were obtained and processed by the osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium technique. Examination of the prepared tissues with the scanning electron microscope revealed lesions ranging from localized tissue swelling to complete disruption of the mucosal epithelium due to the rupture of large numbers of epithelial cells. The amount of damage to the tissue varied greatly, tending to be most obvious in the 2 more distal regions of the ceca examined. Observed in addition to the pathological changes demonstrated were some specific stages of the parasite, including schizonts, merozoites, and oocysts.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of damage to the cecal mucosae of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. A group of chickens were inoculated with 100,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts each. The birds were sacrificed on days 4-14 postinoculation. Tissue samples from 4 different areas of each cecum examined were obtained and processed by the osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium technique. Examination of the prepared tissues with the scanning electron microscope revealed lesions ranging from localized tissue swelling to complete disruption of the mucosal epithelium due to the rupture of large numbers of epithelial cells. The amount of damage to the tissue varied greatly, tending to be most obvious in the 2 more distal regions of the ceca examined. Observed in addition to the pathological changes demonstrated were some specific stages of the parasite, including schizonts, merozoites, and oocysts.", "PMID": 646764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3112", "title": "Influenza viruses related to A/Shearwater/Australia/1/72 (Hav6 Nav5) in domestic and feral birds.", "content": "One influenza-A virus isolated from domestic turkeys in California in 1964 and two from migrating ducks in Delaware in 1973 were classified as Hav6 and Nav5, i.e., antigenically the same as A/Shearwater/Australia/1/72. The detection of antigenically related viruses in three different species over a ten-year period suggests a broad host range, contributing to continued circulation in nature. The turkeys suffered severe respiratory disease although infected migratory birds have not revealed signs of disease. These results suggest migratory birds, which travel over vast areas, as a source of influenza viruses infecting domestic species.", "contents": "Influenza viruses related to A/Shearwater/Australia/1/72 (Hav6 Nav5) in domestic and feral birds. One influenza-A virus isolated from domestic turkeys in California in 1964 and two from migrating ducks in Delaware in 1973 were classified as Hav6 and Nav5, i.e., antigenically the same as A/Shearwater/Australia/1/72. The detection of antigenically related viruses in three different species over a ten-year period suggests a broad host range, contributing to continued circulation in nature. The turkeys suffered severe respiratory disease although infected migratory birds have not revealed signs of disease. These results suggest migratory birds, which travel over vast areas, as a source of influenza viruses infecting domestic species.", "PMID": 646761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3113", "title": "Biochemical genetics of altered acetylcholinesterase resistance to insecticides in the house fly.", "content": "Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide tetrachlorvinphos was examined in a house fly (Musca domestica L.) strain with an altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of decreased sensitivity to inhibition by the insecticide. Genetic tests showed that both resistance and the altered AChE were controlled by semi-dominant gene(s) on chromosome II. The gene for resistance was five crossover units from the mutant marker stubby wing (stw). A house fly strain was prepared in which resistance was introduced in to a susceptible stw strain by recombination. Biochemical assays revealed that the altered AChE was introduced along with resistance. Assays of the AChE of resistant and susceptible stw strains by two independent methods showed that the enzyme from resistant flies was 30 times more slowly inhibited by tetrachlorvinphos than the enzyme from susceptible flies.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of altered acetylcholinesterase resistance to insecticides in the house fly. Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide tetrachlorvinphos was examined in a house fly (Musca domestica L.) strain with an altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of decreased sensitivity to inhibition by the insecticide. Genetic tests showed that both resistance and the altered AChE were controlled by semi-dominant gene(s) on chromosome II. The gene for resistance was five crossover units from the mutant marker stubby wing (stw). A house fly strain was prepared in which resistance was introduced in to a susceptible stw strain by recombination. Biochemical assays revealed that the altered AChE was introduced along with resistance. Assays of the AChE of resistant and susceptible stw strains by two independent methods showed that the enzyme from resistant flies was 30 times more slowly inhibited by tetrachlorvinphos than the enzyme from susceptible flies.", "PMID": 646783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3114", "title": "Effects of floury-2 locus on zein accumulation and RNA metabolism during maize endosperm development.", "content": "Zein accumulation patterns during mutant and normal maize endosperm development were determined. Accompanying an increase in the number of floury-2 alleles present in the endosperm was a well-defined stepwise depression in zein accumulation. Analysis of the zein accumulated in endosperms containing zero, one, two, and three doses of the floury-2 allele by sodium dodecylsulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a proportionate reduction in the two major zein components, Z1 and Z2. In contrast, the relative proportions of the minor zein bands were altered. Membrane-bound polysomes isolated from kernels of floury-2 and normal maize were predominantly large size classes. The presence of increasing numbers of the floury-2 allele in the endosperm decreased recovery of membrane-bound polysomal material in a stepwise fashion. However, major alterations in polysome size-class distributions were not observed. The reduction in membrane-bound polysome material correlated linearly with reductions in in vitro zein synthesis and in vivo zein accumulation.", "contents": "Effects of floury-2 locus on zein accumulation and RNA metabolism during maize endosperm development. Zein accumulation patterns during mutant and normal maize endosperm development were determined. Accompanying an increase in the number of floury-2 alleles present in the endosperm was a well-defined stepwise depression in zein accumulation. Analysis of the zein accumulated in endosperms containing zero, one, two, and three doses of the floury-2 allele by sodium dodecylsulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a proportionate reduction in the two major zein components, Z1 and Z2. In contrast, the relative proportions of the minor zein bands were altered. Membrane-bound polysomes isolated from kernels of floury-2 and normal maize were predominantly large size classes. The presence of increasing numbers of the floury-2 allele in the endosperm decreased recovery of membrane-bound polysomal material in a stepwise fashion. However, major alterations in polysome size-class distributions were not observed. The reduction in membrane-bound polysome material correlated linearly with reductions in in vitro zein synthesis and in vivo zein accumulation.", "PMID": 646784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3115", "title": "Association between cholesterol and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in genetically selected hooded rat lines.", "content": "We have developed two strains of hooded rats with differing erythrocyte oxygen affinities by selection on red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels. Genetic studies have shown that these strains differ at one DPG-level-determining locus. This article reports the results of a study which involved measurement of plasma cholesterol levels in rats from the strains and the F2 progeny of strain intercrosses. Low-DPG strain rats, with high oxygen affinity, had significantly higher mean cholesterol levels than High-DPG rats. Animals from the extremes of the F2 distribution of DPG levels showed similar, significantly different mean cholesterol levels, indicating that the negative association between DPG and cholesterol levels in strain rats was not due to inadvertent fixation of unrelated genes during selection on DPG. The possibility is discussed that high oxygen affinity, brought about by low DPG levels, may be causative in increasing cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Association between cholesterol and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in genetically selected hooded rat lines. We have developed two strains of hooded rats with differing erythrocyte oxygen affinities by selection on red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels. Genetic studies have shown that these strains differ at one DPG-level-determining locus. This article reports the results of a study which involved measurement of plasma cholesterol levels in rats from the strains and the F2 progeny of strain intercrosses. Low-DPG strain rats, with high oxygen affinity, had significantly higher mean cholesterol levels than High-DPG rats. Animals from the extremes of the F2 distribution of DPG levels showed similar, significantly different mean cholesterol levels, indicating that the negative association between DPG and cholesterol levels in strain rats was not due to inadvertent fixation of unrelated genes during selection on DPG. The possibility is discussed that high oxygen affinity, brought about by low DPG levels, may be causative in increasing cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 646785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3116", "title": "Glutathione S-transferase in human lymphoid cell lines and fractionated peripheral leucocytes.", "content": "Glutathione S-transferase activity was identified in cytosol from human lymphoid-cell lines and peripheral leucocytes (polymorphonuclear-leucocyte/monocyte and small-lymphocyte fractions) and compared with human liver enzyme. The findings of closely similar elution volume in gel filtration, substrate (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and inhibitory (probenecid) kinetics indicate that the liver, leucocyte and lymphoid-cell transferases are closely related. The interaction of reduced glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was shown to occur in intact-lymphoid-cell culture, to be linear with time and quantity of cells and to have kinetics similar to those of the enzyme reaction catalysed by cytosol.", "contents": "Glutathione S-transferase in human lymphoid cell lines and fractionated peripheral leucocytes. Glutathione S-transferase activity was identified in cytosol from human lymphoid-cell lines and peripheral leucocytes (polymorphonuclear-leucocyte/monocyte and small-lymphocyte fractions) and compared with human liver enzyme. The findings of closely similar elution volume in gel filtration, substrate (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and inhibitory (probenecid) kinetics indicate that the liver, leucocyte and lymphoid-cell transferases are closely related. The interaction of reduced glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was shown to occur in intact-lymphoid-cell culture, to be linear with time and quantity of cells and to have kinetics similar to those of the enzyme reaction catalysed by cytosol.", "PMID": 646786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3117", "title": "Oestrogen receptor of mammary gland. Inhibition of aggregation and characterization of receptor from lactating gland in the presence of sodium bromide.", "content": "1. When NaBr, a chaotropic salt, is added, in concentrations ranging from 0.5m to 2m, to low-salt mammary cytosol, (i) age-dependent aggregation of oestrogen receptor is inhibited, (ii) the receptor sediments as a sharp peak at 4.2S on sucrose-gradient centrifugation, with complete disappearance of heavier forms, and (iii) on gel filtration with Sephadex G-200, the receptor is included in the gel matrix. On a calibrated column, the receptor has a Stokes radius of 3.7nm (+/-6%). 2. Because NaBr inhibits interaction of receptor with other components of cytosol, the values of the sedimentation coefficient, measured by sucrose-gradient sedimentation, and of the Stokes radius, measured by gel filtration, can be accepted with confidence. From these values, it can be computed that the oestrogen-receptor form in NaBr has a mol.wt. of 64000, with a frictional ratio of 1.4. 3. Also, inhibition of aggregation by NaBr allows a 30-90-fold purification of oestrogen receptor. Analysis of this partially purified receptor by sucrose-gradient sedimentation and gel filtration in NaBr gives the same results as for receptor in crude cytosol. On electrofocusing on a pH5-8 gradient, the partially purified oestrogen receptor focuses at pH6.2. On removal of NaBr, receptor aggregates even in this partially purified state. It seems likely that at the protein and ionic concentrations of cytoplasm in vivo, the 64000-mol.wt. receptor form is part of higher states of self- and/or hetero-association with other cytoplasmic components. 4. NaBr up to a concentration of 2m does not inhibit binding of oestrogen by receptor, nor does it decrease the affinity of the interaction (K(D) approximately 8.9x10(-10)m). The total number of binding sites in cytosol, however, decreases by approx. 10%, but this decrease may actually be the result of elimination of lower-affinity binding by non-receptor components of cytosol. 5. NaSCN, another chaotropic salt, was also tested but gave less satisfactory results with the mammary cytosol than with uterine cytosol. EDTA was omitted from the buffers because it favours aggregation of mammary oestrogen receptor. KCl (0.4m), sucrose (15%) and ZnSO(4) (3mm) did not prevent aggregation of receptor.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptor of mammary gland. Inhibition of aggregation and characterization of receptor from lactating gland in the presence of sodium bromide. 1. When NaBr, a chaotropic salt, is added, in concentrations ranging from 0.5m to 2m, to low-salt mammary cytosol, (i) age-dependent aggregation of oestrogen receptor is inhibited, (ii) the receptor sediments as a sharp peak at 4.2S on sucrose-gradient centrifugation, with complete disappearance of heavier forms, and (iii) on gel filtration with Sephadex G-200, the receptor is included in the gel matrix. On a calibrated column, the receptor has a Stokes radius of 3.7nm (+/-6%). 2. Because NaBr inhibits interaction of receptor with other components of cytosol, the values of the sedimentation coefficient, measured by sucrose-gradient sedimentation, and of the Stokes radius, measured by gel filtration, can be accepted with confidence. From these values, it can be computed that the oestrogen-receptor form in NaBr has a mol.wt. of 64000, with a frictional ratio of 1.4. 3. Also, inhibition of aggregation by NaBr allows a 30-90-fold purification of oestrogen receptor. Analysis of this partially purified receptor by sucrose-gradient sedimentation and gel filtration in NaBr gives the same results as for receptor in crude cytosol. On electrofocusing on a pH5-8 gradient, the partially purified oestrogen receptor focuses at pH6.2. On removal of NaBr, receptor aggregates even in this partially purified state. It seems likely that at the protein and ionic concentrations of cytoplasm in vivo, the 64000-mol.wt. receptor form is part of higher states of self- and/or hetero-association with other cytoplasmic components. 4. NaBr up to a concentration of 2m does not inhibit binding of oestrogen by receptor, nor does it decrease the affinity of the interaction (K(D) approximately 8.9x10(-10)m). The total number of binding sites in cytosol, however, decreases by approx. 10%, but this decrease may actually be the result of elimination of lower-affinity binding by non-receptor components of cytosol. 5. NaSCN, another chaotropic salt, was also tested but gave less satisfactory results with the mammary cytosol than with uterine cytosol. EDTA was omitted from the buffers because it favours aggregation of mammary oestrogen receptor. KCl (0.4m), sucrose (15%) and ZnSO(4) (3mm) did not prevent aggregation of receptor.", "PMID": 646787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3118", "title": "The binding of porphyrins by ligandin.", "content": "Spectrophotometric and equilibrium-dialysis measurements show that ligandin (glutathione S-transferase B, EC 2.5.1.18) binds monomeric porphyrins at a single site with association constants in the range 10(4)-10(6) litre/mol at pH 7.0. Binding affinities are paralleled by the tendencies of the porphyrins to aggregate, increasing in the order: uroporphyrins I and III less than coproporphyrins I and III approximately haematoporphyrin less than protoporphyrin IX. From this it is deduced that the hydrophobic effect is the predominant driving-force for binding. The porphyrins can be displaced from their binding site on ligandin by bromosulphophthalein and oestrone sulphate. In enzyme inhibition studies, 50% inhibition was brought about by 8 micron-haematoporphyrin and by 1 micron-protoporphyrin IX. In the analysis of the haemotoporphyrin-ligandin system the self-association of haematoporphyrin was studied in detail. It was found to be limited to dimerization in the concentration range 0-200 micron at pH 7.0, 25 degrees C and a dimerization constant of 1.9 x 10(5) litre/mol was determined. Coproporphrin III has a dimerization constant of 5.2 x 10(5) litre/mol under the same conditions.", "contents": "The binding of porphyrins by ligandin. Spectrophotometric and equilibrium-dialysis measurements show that ligandin (glutathione S-transferase B, EC 2.5.1.18) binds monomeric porphyrins at a single site with association constants in the range 10(4)-10(6) litre/mol at pH 7.0. Binding affinities are paralleled by the tendencies of the porphyrins to aggregate, increasing in the order: uroporphyrins I and III less than coproporphyrins I and III approximately haematoporphyrin less than protoporphyrin IX. From this it is deduced that the hydrophobic effect is the predominant driving-force for binding. The porphyrins can be displaced from their binding site on ligandin by bromosulphophthalein and oestrone sulphate. In enzyme inhibition studies, 50% inhibition was brought about by 8 micron-haematoporphyrin and by 1 micron-protoporphyrin IX. In the analysis of the haemotoporphyrin-ligandin system the self-association of haematoporphyrin was studied in detail. It was found to be limited to dimerization in the concentration range 0-200 micron at pH 7.0, 25 degrees C and a dimerization constant of 1.9 x 10(5) litre/mol was determined. Coproporphrin III has a dimerization constant of 5.2 x 10(5) litre/mol under the same conditions.", "PMID": 646788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3119", "title": "Characterization of the keratan sulphate proteoglycans from bovine corneal stroma.", "content": "The keratan sulphate proteoglycans that can be prepared from bovine corneal stroma [Axelsson & Heineg\u00e5rd (1975) Biochem. J. 145, 491-500] were characterized by gel chromatography, gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation in associative (0.6 M-NaCl) and dissociative (6M-guanidinum chloride) solvents. The proteoglycans aggreagated at low salt concentrations and pH. The weight-average molecular weight of the monomer proteoglycans was established. Keratan sulphate peptides and oligosaccharide peptides were isolated after proteolysis. Their composition indicated that both are linked to protein via asparagine residues. A tentative model for corneal keratan sulphate proteoglycans is suggested.", "contents": "Characterization of the keratan sulphate proteoglycans from bovine corneal stroma. The keratan sulphate proteoglycans that can be prepared from bovine corneal stroma [Axelsson & Heineg\u00e5rd (1975) Biochem. J. 145, 491-500] were characterized by gel chromatography, gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation in associative (0.6 M-NaCl) and dissociative (6M-guanidinum chloride) solvents. The proteoglycans aggreagated at low salt concentrations and pH. The weight-average molecular weight of the monomer proteoglycans was established. Keratan sulphate peptides and oligosaccharide peptides were isolated after proteolysis. Their composition indicated that both are linked to protein via asparagine residues. A tentative model for corneal keratan sulphate proteoglycans is suggested.", "PMID": 646789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3120", "title": "Partial purification and properties of an acid nucleotidase from the postmicrosomal supernatant of rat spleen.", "content": "1. The dephosphorylation of 3'-AMP, 3'-dAMP, 3'-CMP and 3'-dCMP was studied in the postmicrosomal supernatant of rat spleen and liver. In both organs 3'-AMP and 3'-dAMP were dephosphorylated at an appreciable rate, in both the presence and the absence of Mg(2+). The pH optimum for this dephosphorylation was in the range 4.5-5.0. 3'-CMP and 3'-dCMP were very slowly degraded, though the activity towards 3'-dCMP increased somewhat in the presence of Mg(2+). The optimum pH for this Mg(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation was 5.5-6.0. 2. The rate of dephosphorylation of 3'-AMP and 3'-dAMP per mg of protein was about 5 times as high in spleen as in liver. 3. The dephosphorylation of 3'-AMP could be ascribed to a single enzyme with pH optimum about 4.5. The activity towards 3'-dAMP could be resolved into one component coinciding with the 3'-dAMP-degrading enzyme, and one Mg(2+)-requiring component probably identical with the soluble deoxyinosine-activated nucleotidase. The dephosphorylation of 3'-dCMP seemed to be performed only by the latter enzyme. 4. The enzyme dephosphorylating 3'-AMP was purified 200-fold from the postmicrosomal supernatant and its physical and catalytic properties were compared with those of acid nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.31) purified from rat liver lysosomes. The two enzymes were identical in all properties tested (substrate specificity, K(m), molecular weight, response to phosphatase inhibitors), but some of the data differed from earlier reports on the acid nucleotidase. 5. The subcellular localization of the acid nucleotidase, its relationship to the acid phosphatase(s) and its role in the breakdown of nucleic acid constituents are discussed.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of an acid nucleotidase from the postmicrosomal supernatant of rat spleen. 1. The dephosphorylation of 3'-AMP, 3'-dAMP, 3'-CMP and 3'-dCMP was studied in the postmicrosomal supernatant of rat spleen and liver. In both organs 3'-AMP and 3'-dAMP were dephosphorylated at an appreciable rate, in both the presence and the absence of Mg(2+). The pH optimum for this dephosphorylation was in the range 4.5-5.0. 3'-CMP and 3'-dCMP were very slowly degraded, though the activity towards 3'-dCMP increased somewhat in the presence of Mg(2+). The optimum pH for this Mg(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation was 5.5-6.0. 2. The rate of dephosphorylation of 3'-AMP and 3'-dAMP per mg of protein was about 5 times as high in spleen as in liver. 3. The dephosphorylation of 3'-AMP could be ascribed to a single enzyme with pH optimum about 4.5. The activity towards 3'-dAMP could be resolved into one component coinciding with the 3'-dAMP-degrading enzyme, and one Mg(2+)-requiring component probably identical with the soluble deoxyinosine-activated nucleotidase. The dephosphorylation of 3'-dCMP seemed to be performed only by the latter enzyme. 4. The enzyme dephosphorylating 3'-AMP was purified 200-fold from the postmicrosomal supernatant and its physical and catalytic properties were compared with those of acid nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.31) purified from rat liver lysosomes. The two enzymes were identical in all properties tested (substrate specificity, K(m), molecular weight, response to phosphatase inhibitors), but some of the data differed from earlier reports on the acid nucleotidase. 5. The subcellular localization of the acid nucleotidase, its relationship to the acid phosphatase(s) and its role in the breakdown of nucleic acid constituents are discussed.", "PMID": 646790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3121", "title": "The oxygen-linked zinc-binding site of human haemoglobin.", "content": "Zn2+ is known to increase the 02 affinity of human haemoglobin. Previous data suggested that Zn2+ exerts its effect by directly binding to haemoglobin, rather than by competing with or binding to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. It was also shown that there are two 02-linked zinc-binding sites in haemoglobin, and that Zn2+ does not significantly alter haemoglobin co-operativity or the alkaline Bohr effect. The effect of Zn2+ on 02 affinity of haemoglobin can also be observed for other haemoglobins as diverse as those of cow and chicken. This paper presents new data on the haemoglobin-zinc interaction for normal haemoglobin, des-His146beta-haemoglobin and N-ethylsuccinimide-haemoglobin of humans. For normal haemoglobin (0.05 mM in tetramers), at 20 degrees C in buffer containing 0.1 M-Cl-, 02-dissociation-curve experiments showed that the addition of 0.4-0.5 mM-ZnS04 did not change the Bohr effect between pH 6.71 and 7.29. Similar experiments, with \"zinc-ion buffers\", showed that the value of the Hill coefficient, h, decreased only slightly if the concentration of free Zn2+ was held constant. For N-ethylsuccinimide-haemoglobin, Zn2+ caused less increase in O2 affinity than for normal haemoglobin. These studies, together with data on the equilibrium binding of Zn2+ to oxy-, deoxy- and des-His146beta-haemoglobins, suggest that zinc is chelated in oxyhaemoglobin by at least three amino acids, two of which are histidine-146beta and cysteine-93beta.", "contents": "The oxygen-linked zinc-binding site of human haemoglobin. Zn2+ is known to increase the 02 affinity of human haemoglobin. Previous data suggested that Zn2+ exerts its effect by directly binding to haemoglobin, rather than by competing with or binding to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. It was also shown that there are two 02-linked zinc-binding sites in haemoglobin, and that Zn2+ does not significantly alter haemoglobin co-operativity or the alkaline Bohr effect. The effect of Zn2+ on 02 affinity of haemoglobin can also be observed for other haemoglobins as diverse as those of cow and chicken. This paper presents new data on the haemoglobin-zinc interaction for normal haemoglobin, des-His146beta-haemoglobin and N-ethylsuccinimide-haemoglobin of humans. For normal haemoglobin (0.05 mM in tetramers), at 20 degrees C in buffer containing 0.1 M-Cl-, 02-dissociation-curve experiments showed that the addition of 0.4-0.5 mM-ZnS04 did not change the Bohr effect between pH 6.71 and 7.29. Similar experiments, with \"zinc-ion buffers\", showed that the value of the Hill coefficient, h, decreased only slightly if the concentration of free Zn2+ was held constant. For N-ethylsuccinimide-haemoglobin, Zn2+ caused less increase in O2 affinity than for normal haemoglobin. These studies, together with data on the equilibrium binding of Zn2+ to oxy-, deoxy- and des-His146beta-haemoglobins, suggest that zinc is chelated in oxyhaemoglobin by at least three amino acids, two of which are histidine-146beta and cysteine-93beta.", "PMID": 646791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3122", "title": "Preparation of internally labelled rat pituitary somatotropin (growth hormone).", "content": "Rat somatotropin (growth hormone) was labelled biosynthetically by incubating anterior pituitary lobes with radioactive amino acids for 24 h in a simple buffered salts medium containing glucose. The labelled hormone was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis or by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and then DEAE-cellulose. The labelled material was pure by several criteria and cross-reacted immunologically with unlabelled rat somatotropin. When a mixture of 14C-labelled amino acids was used for labelling the protein, label could be introduced into these same amino acids of somatotropin, though relative specific radioactivities varied considerably. Somatotropin labelled by the procedures described in the present paper was suitable for structural studies and could be used for a variety of other biochemical experiments.", "contents": "Preparation of internally labelled rat pituitary somatotropin (growth hormone). Rat somatotropin (growth hormone) was labelled biosynthetically by incubating anterior pituitary lobes with radioactive amino acids for 24 h in a simple buffered salts medium containing glucose. The labelled hormone was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis or by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and then DEAE-cellulose. The labelled material was pure by several criteria and cross-reacted immunologically with unlabelled rat somatotropin. When a mixture of 14C-labelled amino acids was used for labelling the protein, label could be introduced into these same amino acids of somatotropin, though relative specific radioactivities varied considerably. Somatotropin labelled by the procedures described in the present paper was suitable for structural studies and could be used for a variety of other biochemical experiments.", "PMID": 646792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3123", "title": "The dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Comparison with dye-linked methanol dehydrogenases.", "content": "1. A dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase was purified 20-fold from extracts of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila 10050 grown anaerobically in the light on methanol/HCO3-. 2. The enzyme resembled many previously reported methanol dehydrogenases from other methylotrophic organisms in coupling to phenazine methosulphate, requiring ammonia as an activator, possessing a pH optimum of 9 and a mol.wt. of approx. 116000. In many other respects the enzyme showed singular properties. 3. The stability of the enzyme under various conditions of temperature and pH was studied. 4. Primary aliphatic amines containing up to nine carbon atoms (the longest tested) were better activators than ammonia. 5. A wide range of primary alcohols and aldehydes served as substrates, with apparent Km values ranging from 57 mM for methanol to 6 micron for ethanol. 6. O2 was an inhibitor competitive with respect to the alcohol substrate. In the presence of O2, apparent Km values of 145 mM were recorded for methanol. 6. Cyanide and alphaalpha'-bipyridine were inhibitors competitive with respect to the amine activator. 7. The properties of the enzyme from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila are compared with those of similar enzymes from other organisms, and implications of the salient differences are discussed.", "contents": "The dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Comparison with dye-linked methanol dehydrogenases. 1. A dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenase was purified 20-fold from extracts of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila 10050 grown anaerobically in the light on methanol/HCO3-. 2. The enzyme resembled many previously reported methanol dehydrogenases from other methylotrophic organisms in coupling to phenazine methosulphate, requiring ammonia as an activator, possessing a pH optimum of 9 and a mol.wt. of approx. 116000. In many other respects the enzyme showed singular properties. 3. The stability of the enzyme under various conditions of temperature and pH was studied. 4. Primary aliphatic amines containing up to nine carbon atoms (the longest tested) were better activators than ammonia. 5. A wide range of primary alcohols and aldehydes served as substrates, with apparent Km values ranging from 57 mM for methanol to 6 micron for ethanol. 6. O2 was an inhibitor competitive with respect to the alcohol substrate. In the presence of O2, apparent Km values of 145 mM were recorded for methanol. 6. Cyanide and alphaalpha'-bipyridine were inhibitors competitive with respect to the amine activator. 7. The properties of the enzyme from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila are compared with those of similar enzymes from other organisms, and implications of the salient differences are discussed.", "PMID": 646793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3124", "title": "Rapid and convenient method for the assay of aminopropyltransferases.", "content": "A new method for the assay of aminopropyltransferase activity is described. The method measures the formation of [methyl-14C]methylthioadenosine from decarboxylated S-adenosyl[methyl-14C]methionine in the presence of an amine acceptor. When used with extracts from rat ventral prostate, kidney, liver or brain, and with putrescine or spermidine as amines, the method gave results in excellent agreement with those obtained by the much more time-consuming conventional method. It was found that 1,3-diamino-propane and 1,8-diamino-octane were not acceptors for the prostatic enzyme fraction, but 1,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) was active and 1,9-diaminononane and 1,12-diaminododecane also lead to the production of [methyl-14C]methylthioadenosine.", "contents": "Rapid and convenient method for the assay of aminopropyltransferases. A new method for the assay of aminopropyltransferase activity is described. The method measures the formation of [methyl-14C]methylthioadenosine from decarboxylated S-adenosyl[methyl-14C]methionine in the presence of an amine acceptor. When used with extracts from rat ventral prostate, kidney, liver or brain, and with putrescine or spermidine as amines, the method gave results in excellent agreement with those obtained by the much more time-consuming conventional method. It was found that 1,3-diamino-propane and 1,8-diamino-octane were not acceptors for the prostatic enzyme fraction, but 1,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) was active and 1,9-diaminononane and 1,12-diaminododecane also lead to the production of [methyl-14C]methylthioadenosine.", "PMID": 646794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3125", "title": "Isolation and separation of alpha and beta-tubulin from chick-embryo brain, muscle and skin.", "content": "Two kinds of tubulin, alpha and beta, have been described in microtubules from many different systems. In the present study a new method is described for isolating and separating these two kinds of tubulin from chick-embryo brain, muscle and skin. The isolated tubulins were characterized by polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis in the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "contents": "Isolation and separation of alpha and beta-tubulin from chick-embryo brain, muscle and skin. Two kinds of tubulin, alpha and beta, have been described in microtubules from many different systems. In the present study a new method is described for isolating and separating these two kinds of tubulin from chick-embryo brain, muscle and skin. The isolated tubulins were characterized by polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis in the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "PMID": 646795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3126", "title": "Proteinase inhibitors of bovine nasal cartilage.", "content": "Extracts from bovine nasal cartilage with 1 M-guanidinium chloride were fractionated by ultrafiltration. Gel chromatography of the low-molecular-weight material resolved three distinct fractions with inhibitory activity against (a) collagenases (22000 mol.wt.), (b) thiol proteinases cathepsin B and papain (13000 mol.wt.), and (c) trypsin and other serine proteinases (7000 mol.wt.).", "contents": "Proteinase inhibitors of bovine nasal cartilage. Extracts from bovine nasal cartilage with 1 M-guanidinium chloride were fractionated by ultrafiltration. Gel chromatography of the low-molecular-weight material resolved three distinct fractions with inhibitory activity against (a) collagenases (22000 mol.wt.), (b) thiol proteinases cathepsin B and papain (13000 mol.wt.), and (c) trypsin and other serine proteinases (7000 mol.wt.).", "PMID": 646796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3127", "title": "The formation of lipid-linked sugars by cell-free preparations of lactating rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "1. A lactating rabbit mammary-gland microsomal system catalysed the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[U-14C]mannose into three endogenous acceptors, (i) polyprenyl phosphate mannose, (ii) lipid-linked oligosaccharide and (iii) protein. 2. Synthesis of polyprenyl phosphate mannose was stimulated by addition of dolichol phosphate to the incubation medium and was reversed by addition of GDP. The product had properties identical with those of authentic dolichol phosphate mannose. 3. The oligosaccharides derived from acid hydrolysis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide fraction were of six, eight and nine to ten monosaccharide units, the octasaccharide being the major species formed. The oligosaccharide appeared to be attached to the lipid via a pyrophosphate bridge, since strong alkaline hydrolysis liberated an oligosaccharide phosphate. 4. Polyprenyl phosphate mannose served as a mannose donor to lipid-linked oligosaccharides and protein. When added as exogenous substrate it gave rise to a lipid-linked oligosaccharide of about six units. 5. Incorporation of radioactivity in protein was low, but polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the protein fractions indicated that polypeptides of mol.wts. 115000, 75000 and 33000 were labelled.", "contents": "The formation of lipid-linked sugars by cell-free preparations of lactating rabbit mammary gland. 1. A lactating rabbit mammary-gland microsomal system catalysed the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[U-14C]mannose into three endogenous acceptors, (i) polyprenyl phosphate mannose, (ii) lipid-linked oligosaccharide and (iii) protein. 2. Synthesis of polyprenyl phosphate mannose was stimulated by addition of dolichol phosphate to the incubation medium and was reversed by addition of GDP. The product had properties identical with those of authentic dolichol phosphate mannose. 3. The oligosaccharides derived from acid hydrolysis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide fraction were of six, eight and nine to ten monosaccharide units, the octasaccharide being the major species formed. The oligosaccharide appeared to be attached to the lipid via a pyrophosphate bridge, since strong alkaline hydrolysis liberated an oligosaccharide phosphate. 4. Polyprenyl phosphate mannose served as a mannose donor to lipid-linked oligosaccharides and protein. When added as exogenous substrate it gave rise to a lipid-linked oligosaccharide of about six units. 5. Incorporation of radioactivity in protein was low, but polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the protein fractions indicated that polypeptides of mol.wts. 115000, 75000 and 33000 were labelled.", "PMID": 646797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3128", "title": "Conversion of choline methyl groups through trimethylamine into methane in the rumen.", "content": "1. Choline methyl groups were rapidly metabolized to trimethylamine by rumen micro-organisms. 2. Trimethylamine was further metabolized to methane, but this system was more easily saturated by an excess of substrate, so that trimethylamine accumulated in the rumen of the fed animal. 3. Although trimethylamine was the only intermediate isolated in the conversion of the methyl groups of choline into methane, methylamine also served as a substrate for methane production. 4. The methyl group of methionine was also converted into methane by rumen fluid, but the methyl groups of carnitine were not.", "contents": "Conversion of choline methyl groups through trimethylamine into methane in the rumen. 1. Choline methyl groups were rapidly metabolized to trimethylamine by rumen micro-organisms. 2. Trimethylamine was further metabolized to methane, but this system was more easily saturated by an excess of substrate, so that trimethylamine accumulated in the rumen of the fed animal. 3. Although trimethylamine was the only intermediate isolated in the conversion of the methyl groups of choline into methane, methylamine also served as a substrate for methane production. 4. The methyl group of methionine was also converted into methane by rumen fluid, but the methyl groups of carnitine were not.", "PMID": 646798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3129", "title": "Calcium-ion transport by intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. Role of respiratory substrates, Pi and temperature.", "content": "1. The interaction of intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells with Ca2+ at 37 degrees C consists of Ca2+ uptake followed by efflux from the cells. Under optimum conditions, two or three cycles of uptake and efflux are observed in the first 15 min after Ca2+ addition. 2. The respiratory substrates malate, succinate and ascorbate plus p-phenylenediamine support Ca2+ uptake. Ca2+ uptake at 37 degrees C is sensitive to the respiratory inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A when appropriate substrates are present. Ca2+ uptake and retention are inhibited by the uncoupler S-13. 3. Increasing extracellular Pi (12 to 30 mM) stimulates uncoupler-sensitive Ca2+ uptake, which reaches a maximum extent of 15 nmol/mg of protein when supported by succinate respiration. Ca2+ efflux is partially inhibited at 30 mM-Pi. 4. Optimum Ca2+ uptake occurs in the presence of succinate and Pi, suggesting that availability of substrate and Pi are rate-limiting. K. Ca2+ uptake occurs at 4 degrees C and is sensitive to uncouplers and oligomycin. Ca2+ efflux at this temperature is minimal. These data are consistent with a model in which passive diffusion of Ca2+ through the plasma membrane is followed by active uptake by the mitochondria. Ca2+ uptake is supported by substrates entering respiration at all three energy-coupling sites. Ca2+ efflux appears to be an active process with a high temperature coefficient.", "contents": "Calcium-ion transport by intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. Role of respiratory substrates, Pi and temperature. 1. The interaction of intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells with Ca2+ at 37 degrees C consists of Ca2+ uptake followed by efflux from the cells. Under optimum conditions, two or three cycles of uptake and efflux are observed in the first 15 min after Ca2+ addition. 2. The respiratory substrates malate, succinate and ascorbate plus p-phenylenediamine support Ca2+ uptake. Ca2+ uptake at 37 degrees C is sensitive to the respiratory inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A when appropriate substrates are present. Ca2+ uptake and retention are inhibited by the uncoupler S-13. 3. Increasing extracellular Pi (12 to 30 mM) stimulates uncoupler-sensitive Ca2+ uptake, which reaches a maximum extent of 15 nmol/mg of protein when supported by succinate respiration. Ca2+ efflux is partially inhibited at 30 mM-Pi. 4. Optimum Ca2+ uptake occurs in the presence of succinate and Pi, suggesting that availability of substrate and Pi are rate-limiting. K. Ca2+ uptake occurs at 4 degrees C and is sensitive to uncouplers and oligomycin. Ca2+ efflux at this temperature is minimal. These data are consistent with a model in which passive diffusion of Ca2+ through the plasma membrane is followed by active uptake by the mitochondria. Ca2+ uptake is supported by substrates entering respiration at all three energy-coupling sites. Ca2+ efflux appears to be an active process with a high temperature coefficient.", "PMID": 646799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3130", "title": "Inhibition of lactate glucogneogenesis in rat kidney by dichloroacetate.", "content": "1. Sodium dichloroacetate (1mM) inhibited glucose production from L-lactate in kidney-cortex slices from fed, starved or alloxan-diabetic rates. In general gluconeogenesis from other substrates was no inhibited. 2. Sodium dichloracetate inhibited glucose production from L-lactate but no from pyruvate in perfused isolated kidneys from normal or alloxan-diabetic rats. 3. Sodium dichloroacetate is an inhibitor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase reaction and it effected conversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase into its its active (dephosphorylated) form in kidney in vivo. In general, pyruvate dehydrogenase was mainly in the active form in kidneys perfused or incubated with L-lactate and the inhibitory effect of dichloroacetate on glucose production was not dependent on activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 4. Balance data from kidney slices showed that dichloroacetate inhibits lactate uptake, glucose and pyruvate production from lactate, but no oxidation of lactate. 5. The mechanism of this effect of dichloroactetate on glucose production from lactate has not been fully defined, but evidence suggests that it may involve a fall in tissue pyruvate concentration and inhibition of pyruvate carboxylation.", "contents": "Inhibition of lactate glucogneogenesis in rat kidney by dichloroacetate. 1. Sodium dichloroacetate (1mM) inhibited glucose production from L-lactate in kidney-cortex slices from fed, starved or alloxan-diabetic rates. In general gluconeogenesis from other substrates was no inhibited. 2. Sodium dichloracetate inhibited glucose production from L-lactate but no from pyruvate in perfused isolated kidneys from normal or alloxan-diabetic rats. 3. Sodium dichloroacetate is an inhibitor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase reaction and it effected conversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase into its its active (dephosphorylated) form in kidney in vivo. In general, pyruvate dehydrogenase was mainly in the active form in kidneys perfused or incubated with L-lactate and the inhibitory effect of dichloroacetate on glucose production was not dependent on activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 4. Balance data from kidney slices showed that dichloroacetate inhibits lactate uptake, glucose and pyruvate production from lactate, but no oxidation of lactate. 5. The mechanism of this effect of dichloroactetate on glucose production from lactate has not been fully defined, but evidence suggests that it may involve a fall in tissue pyruvate concentration and inhibition of pyruvate carboxylation.", "PMID": 646800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3131", "title": "Effect of L-alanine infusion on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the rat in vivo.", "content": "1. In 48 h-starved 6-week-old rats the 14C incorporation in vivo into blood glucose from a constant-specific-radioactivity pool of circulating [14c]actateconfirmed that lactate is the preferred gluconeogenic substrate. 2. Increasing the blood [alanine] to that occurrring in the fed state increased 14C incorporation into blood glucose 2.3-fold from [14c]alanine and 1.7-fold from [14c]lactate. 3. When the blood [alanine] was increased to that in the fed state, the 14C incorporation into liver glycogen from circulating [14c]alanine or [14c]lactate increased 13.5- and 1.7-fold respectively. 4. The incorporation of 14C into blood acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate from a constant-specific-radioactivity pool of circulating [14c]oleate was virtually abolished by increasing the blood [alanine] to that existing in the fed state. However, the [acetoacetate] remained unchanged, whereas [3-hydroxybutyrate] decreased, although less rapidly than did its radiochemical concentration. 5. It is concluded that during starvation in 6-week-old rats, the blood [alanine] appears to influence ketogenesis for circulating unesterfied fatty acids and inversely affects gluconeogenesis from either lactate or alanine. A different pattern of gluconeogenesis may exist for alanine and lactate as evidenced by comparative 14C incorporation into liver glycogen and blood glucose.", "contents": "Effect of L-alanine infusion on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the rat in vivo. 1. In 48 h-starved 6-week-old rats the 14C incorporation in vivo into blood glucose from a constant-specific-radioactivity pool of circulating [14c]actateconfirmed that lactate is the preferred gluconeogenic substrate. 2. Increasing the blood [alanine] to that occurrring in the fed state increased 14C incorporation into blood glucose 2.3-fold from [14c]alanine and 1.7-fold from [14c]lactate. 3. When the blood [alanine] was increased to that in the fed state, the 14C incorporation into liver glycogen from circulating [14c]alanine or [14c]lactate increased 13.5- and 1.7-fold respectively. 4. The incorporation of 14C into blood acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate from a constant-specific-radioactivity pool of circulating [14c]oleate was virtually abolished by increasing the blood [alanine] to that existing in the fed state. However, the [acetoacetate] remained unchanged, whereas [3-hydroxybutyrate] decreased, although less rapidly than did its radiochemical concentration. 5. It is concluded that during starvation in 6-week-old rats, the blood [alanine] appears to influence ketogenesis for circulating unesterfied fatty acids and inversely affects gluconeogenesis from either lactate or alanine. A different pattern of gluconeogenesis may exist for alanine and lactate as evidenced by comparative 14C incorporation into liver glycogen and blood glucose.", "PMID": 646801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3132", "title": "The structure and function of glycoproteins synthesized during slime-polysaccharide production by membranes of the root-cap cells of maize (Zea mays).", "content": "The synthesis of the maize root slime polysaccharides was investigated by using [1-3H]-fucose as a marker for slime production. Three fractions were separated by centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. Two of these were glycoproteins and occurred within the membranes of the cells of the root tip; the third was the slime polysaccharides. Radioactive pulse-chase experiments showed that the glycoproteins were precursors of the slime polysaccharides, and the carbohydrate portion of the glycoproteins had a similar composition to that of the free slime. The linkage between the protein and the carbohydrate of one of the glycoproteins was shown to be a xylose-threonine bond. It is postulated that the slime polysaccharides are synthesized and transported on proteins within the membrane system of the root tip.", "contents": "The structure and function of glycoproteins synthesized during slime-polysaccharide production by membranes of the root-cap cells of maize (Zea mays). The synthesis of the maize root slime polysaccharides was investigated by using [1-3H]-fucose as a marker for slime production. Three fractions were separated by centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. Two of these were glycoproteins and occurred within the membranes of the cells of the root tip; the third was the slime polysaccharides. Radioactive pulse-chase experiments showed that the glycoproteins were precursors of the slime polysaccharides, and the carbohydrate portion of the glycoproteins had a similar composition to that of the free slime. The linkage between the protein and the carbohydrate of one of the glycoproteins was shown to be a xylose-threonine bond. It is postulated that the slime polysaccharides are synthesized and transported on proteins within the membrane system of the root tip.", "PMID": 646802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3133", "title": "Control of glucose metabolism in isolated acini of the lactating mamary gland of the rat. Effects of oleate on glucose utilization and lipogenesis.", "content": "Oleate (1mM) had only small inhibitory effects on glucose utilization and lipogenesis in acini isolated from rat mammary gland. Esterification of [1-14C]oleate was unaffected by insulin but were decreased by 60% by acetoacetate (2mM). Glycerol (1mM), but not insulin, relieved this inhibition. These experiments provide further support for the role of acetoacetate in regulating substrate utilization by the gland.", "contents": "Control of glucose metabolism in isolated acini of the lactating mamary gland of the rat. Effects of oleate on glucose utilization and lipogenesis. Oleate (1mM) had only small inhibitory effects on glucose utilization and lipogenesis in acini isolated from rat mammary gland. Esterification of [1-14C]oleate was unaffected by insulin but were decreased by 60% by acetoacetate (2mM). Glycerol (1mM), but not insulin, relieved this inhibition. These experiments provide further support for the role of acetoacetate in regulating substrate utilization by the gland.", "PMID": 646803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3134", "title": "Maintenance of glutathione content is isolated hepatocyctes.", "content": "1. During the standard procedure for the preparation of rat hepatocytes, about half of the cellular GSH (reduced glutathione) is lost. 2. This loss is prevented by the addition of 0.1 mM-EGTA (but no EDTA) to the perfusion medium. 3. On incubation with and without EGTA, isolated hepatocytes prepared in the presence of EGTA lose GSH. This loss is prevented by near-physiological concentrations of methionine or homocysteine, but not of cysteine. 4. Cysteine, at concentrations above 0.2 mM, causes a loss of GSH probably by non-enzymic formation of a mixed disulphide. 5. Serine together with methionine or homocystein increases GSH above the value in cells from starved rats in vivo. This is taken to suggest that cystathionine may be a cysteine donor in the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine, the precursor of GSH.", "contents": "Maintenance of glutathione content is isolated hepatocyctes. 1. During the standard procedure for the preparation of rat hepatocytes, about half of the cellular GSH (reduced glutathione) is lost. 2. This loss is prevented by the addition of 0.1 mM-EGTA (but no EDTA) to the perfusion medium. 3. On incubation with and without EGTA, isolated hepatocytes prepared in the presence of EGTA lose GSH. This loss is prevented by near-physiological concentrations of methionine or homocysteine, but not of cysteine. 4. Cysteine, at concentrations above 0.2 mM, causes a loss of GSH probably by non-enzymic formation of a mixed disulphide. 5. Serine together with methionine or homocystein increases GSH above the value in cells from starved rats in vivo. This is taken to suggest that cystathionine may be a cysteine donor in the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine, the precursor of GSH.", "PMID": 646804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3135", "title": "Protein degradation rates in regions of the central nervous system in vivo during development.", "content": "The rate of protein degradation was estimated in several regions of rat brain at various ages by subtracting the rate of accumulation of protein from the rate of synthesis. The rate of degradation in cerebral hemisphere, which was 1.3%/h at 2 days of age, declined steadily with age, approaching the synthesis rate is about 30 days of age (0.8%/h). Degradation rates in the pons medulla, mid-brain and spinal cord were of a similar order to that in the cerebral hemisphere. The cerebellum had an exceptionally high rate of degradation in young rats, 1.9%/h at 2 days of age, which complemented its high rates of synthesis and accumulation. The degradation rate in the young was 2-2.5 times the rate in older rats and was approx. 65% of the synthesis rate during the more active phase of growth. The rapid accumulation of protein in the nervous system during the first week post partum was accompanied by high rates of breakdown, and was the result of a relatively small difference between that high rate of degradation and an even higher synthesis rate.", "contents": "Protein degradation rates in regions of the central nervous system in vivo during development. The rate of protein degradation was estimated in several regions of rat brain at various ages by subtracting the rate of accumulation of protein from the rate of synthesis. The rate of degradation in cerebral hemisphere, which was 1.3%/h at 2 days of age, declined steadily with age, approaching the synthesis rate is about 30 days of age (0.8%/h). Degradation rates in the pons medulla, mid-brain and spinal cord were of a similar order to that in the cerebral hemisphere. The cerebellum had an exceptionally high rate of degradation in young rats, 1.9%/h at 2 days of age, which complemented its high rates of synthesis and accumulation. The degradation rate in the young was 2-2.5 times the rate in older rats and was approx. 65% of the synthesis rate during the more active phase of growth. The rapid accumulation of protein in the nervous system during the first week post partum was accompanied by high rates of breakdown, and was the result of a relatively small difference between that high rate of degradation and an even higher synthesis rate.", "PMID": 646805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3136", "title": "Evidence for lysosomal enzyme recognition by human fibroblasts via a phosphorylated carbohydrate moiety.", "content": "Adsorptive endocytosis of five different lysosomal enzymes from various human and non-human sources was susceptible to inhibition by mannose and l-fucose, methyl alpha-d-mannoside, alpha-anomeric p-nitrophenyl glycosides of mannose and l-fucose, mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate. A few exceptions from this general scheme were observed for particular enzymes, particularly for beta-glucuronidase from human urine. The inhibition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis by mannose, p-nitrophenyl alpha-d-mannoside and mannose 6-phosphate was shown to be competitive. The loss of endocytosis after alkaline phosphatase treatment of lysosomal enzymes supports the hypothesis that the phosphorylated sugars compete with a phosphorylated carbohydrate on the enzymes for binding to the cell-surface receptors [Kaplan, Achord & Sly (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.74, 2026-2030]. Endocytosis of ;low-uptake' forms of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase was likewise susceptible to inhibition by sugar phosphates and by alkaline phosphatase treatment, suggesting that ;low-uptake' forms are either contaminated with ;high-uptake' forms or are internalized via the same route as ;high-uptake' forms. The existence of an alternative route for adsorptive endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes is indicated by the unaffected adsorptive endocytosis of rat liver beta-glucuronidase in the presence of phosphorylated sugars and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Evidence for lysosomal enzyme recognition by human fibroblasts via a phosphorylated carbohydrate moiety. Adsorptive endocytosis of five different lysosomal enzymes from various human and non-human sources was susceptible to inhibition by mannose and l-fucose, methyl alpha-d-mannoside, alpha-anomeric p-nitrophenyl glycosides of mannose and l-fucose, mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate. A few exceptions from this general scheme were observed for particular enzymes, particularly for beta-glucuronidase from human urine. The inhibition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis by mannose, p-nitrophenyl alpha-d-mannoside and mannose 6-phosphate was shown to be competitive. The loss of endocytosis after alkaline phosphatase treatment of lysosomal enzymes supports the hypothesis that the phosphorylated sugars compete with a phosphorylated carbohydrate on the enzymes for binding to the cell-surface receptors [Kaplan, Achord & Sly (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.74, 2026-2030]. Endocytosis of ;low-uptake' forms of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase was likewise susceptible to inhibition by sugar phosphates and by alkaline phosphatase treatment, suggesting that ;low-uptake' forms are either contaminated with ;high-uptake' forms or are internalized via the same route as ;high-uptake' forms. The existence of an alternative route for adsorptive endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes is indicated by the unaffected adsorptive endocytosis of rat liver beta-glucuronidase in the presence of phosphorylated sugars and after treatment with alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 646806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3137", "title": "Effects of aliphatic diamines on rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "content": "Rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity was decreased by administration of putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) or other diamines, including 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,5-diaminopentane and 1,6-diaminohexane. This effect was seen in control rats and in rats in which hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity had been increased by administration of growth hormone (somatotropin) or thioacetamide. Loss of activity was not dependent on the conversion of putrescine into polyamines and was short-lived. Within 6h after intraperitoneal administration of 0.8 mmol/kg body wt., ornithine decarboxylase activity had returned to normal values. This return correlated with the rapid loss of the diamines from the liver, and the decrease in activity could be slightly prolonged by treatment with aminoguanidine, a diamine oxidase inhibitor. A decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity by these diamines was accompanied by the accumulation in the liver of a nondiffusible inhibitor that decreased the activity of a purified ornithine decarboxylase preparation. The possibility that administration of non-physiological diamines that are not converted into polyamines might be useful for the inhibition of polyamine synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of aliphatic diamines on rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity. Rat liver ornithine decarboxylase activity was decreased by administration of putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) or other diamines, including 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,5-diaminopentane and 1,6-diaminohexane. This effect was seen in control rats and in rats in which hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity had been increased by administration of growth hormone (somatotropin) or thioacetamide. Loss of activity was not dependent on the conversion of putrescine into polyamines and was short-lived. Within 6h after intraperitoneal administration of 0.8 mmol/kg body wt., ornithine decarboxylase activity had returned to normal values. This return correlated with the rapid loss of the diamines from the liver, and the decrease in activity could be slightly prolonged by treatment with aminoguanidine, a diamine oxidase inhibitor. A decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity by these diamines was accompanied by the accumulation in the liver of a nondiffusible inhibitor that decreased the activity of a purified ornithine decarboxylase preparation. The possibility that administration of non-physiological diamines that are not converted into polyamines might be useful for the inhibition of polyamine synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 646807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3138", "title": "Stimulation of precipitation of calcium phosphate by matrix vesicles.", "content": "The ability of matrix vesicles isolated from the epiphysial growth plate of 6-week-old chicks to facilitate the precipitation of calcium phosphate was studied in vitro. The vesicles lowered the minimum concentration product [ca2+]X[p1] needed to induce crystal formation, thereby showing the vesicles are nucleators of crystallization. After freezing and thawing the vesicles at pH6.0, part but not all of this ability to nucleate disappeared. Freezing and thawing markedly decreased the Ca and Pi content of the vesicles, suggesting that part of the nucleating activity may have been due to mineral already present. After removal of the mineral the residual nucleating activity could be destroyed by extracting the vesicles with lipid solvents or by treatment with enzymes such as phosphoilipase C, neuraminidase or proteinase. Matrix vesicles obtained from chicks treated with 1-hydroxyethane-1, 1-diphosphonate, a compound that inhibits calcification in vivo, showed impaired nucleating activity, both before and after treatment at pH6.0. The vesicle preparation bound some diphosphonate in vitro, probably to the mineral present in the preparation, since no binding could be detected in vesicles preincubated at pH6.0. No difference was found in the nucleating activity of vesicles isolated from rachitic chicks which had or had not received cholacalciferol 48 h before death. These results suggest that matrix vesicles possess intrinsic nucleating activity that may be important in biological calcification.", "contents": "Stimulation of precipitation of calcium phosphate by matrix vesicles. The ability of matrix vesicles isolated from the epiphysial growth plate of 6-week-old chicks to facilitate the precipitation of calcium phosphate was studied in vitro. The vesicles lowered the minimum concentration product [ca2+]X[p1] needed to induce crystal formation, thereby showing the vesicles are nucleators of crystallization. After freezing and thawing the vesicles at pH6.0, part but not all of this ability to nucleate disappeared. Freezing and thawing markedly decreased the Ca and Pi content of the vesicles, suggesting that part of the nucleating activity may have been due to mineral already present. After removal of the mineral the residual nucleating activity could be destroyed by extracting the vesicles with lipid solvents or by treatment with enzymes such as phosphoilipase C, neuraminidase or proteinase. Matrix vesicles obtained from chicks treated with 1-hydroxyethane-1, 1-diphosphonate, a compound that inhibits calcification in vivo, showed impaired nucleating activity, both before and after treatment at pH6.0. The vesicle preparation bound some diphosphonate in vitro, probably to the mineral present in the preparation, since no binding could be detected in vesicles preincubated at pH6.0. No difference was found in the nucleating activity of vesicles isolated from rachitic chicks which had or had not received cholacalciferol 48 h before death. These results suggest that matrix vesicles possess intrinsic nucleating activity that may be important in biological calcification.", "PMID": 646808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3139", "title": "Prolone metabolism in isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "The metabolism of proline was studied in liver cells isolated from starved rats. The following observations were made. 1. Consumption of proline could be largely accounted for by production of glucose, urea, glutamate and glutamine. 2. At least 50% of the total consumption of oxygen was used for proline catabolism. 3. Ureogenesis and gluconeogenesis from proline could be stimulated by partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Addition of ethanol had little effect on either proline uptake or oxygen consumption, but strongly inhibited the production of both urea and glucose and caused further accumulation of glutamate and lactate. Accumulation of glutamine was not affected by ethanol. 5. The effects of ethanol could be overcome by partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. 6. The apparent K(m) values of argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) for aspartate and citrulline in the intact hepatocyte are higher than those reported for the isolated enzyme. 7. 3-Mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32), greatly enhanced cytosolic aspartate accumulation during proline metabolism, but inhibited urea synthesis. 8. It is concluded that when proline is provided as a source of nitrogen to liver cells, production of ammonia by oxidative deamination of glutamate is inhibited by the highly reduced state of the nicotinamide nucleotides within the mitochondria. 9. Conversion of proline into glucose and urea is a net-energy-yielding process, and the high state of reduction of the nicotinamide nucleotides is presumably maintained by a high phosphorylation potential. Thus when proline is present as sole substrate, the further oxidation of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) is limited by the rate of energy expenditure of the cell.", "contents": "Prolone metabolism in isolated rat liver cells. The metabolism of proline was studied in liver cells isolated from starved rats. The following observations were made. 1. Consumption of proline could be largely accounted for by production of glucose, urea, glutamate and glutamine. 2. At least 50% of the total consumption of oxygen was used for proline catabolism. 3. Ureogenesis and gluconeogenesis from proline could be stimulated by partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Addition of ethanol had little effect on either proline uptake or oxygen consumption, but strongly inhibited the production of both urea and glucose and caused further accumulation of glutamate and lactate. Accumulation of glutamine was not affected by ethanol. 5. The effects of ethanol could be overcome by partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. 6. The apparent K(m) values of argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) for aspartate and citrulline in the intact hepatocyte are higher than those reported for the isolated enzyme. 7. 3-Mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32), greatly enhanced cytosolic aspartate accumulation during proline metabolism, but inhibited urea synthesis. 8. It is concluded that when proline is provided as a source of nitrogen to liver cells, production of ammonia by oxidative deamination of glutamate is inhibited by the highly reduced state of the nicotinamide nucleotides within the mitochondria. 9. Conversion of proline into glucose and urea is a net-energy-yielding process, and the high state of reduction of the nicotinamide nucleotides is presumably maintained by a high phosphorylation potential. Thus when proline is present as sole substrate, the further oxidation of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) is limited by the rate of energy expenditure of the cell.", "PMID": 646809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3140", "title": "The identification of glycoproteins associated with elastic-tissue microfibrils.", "content": "Cell cultures derived from foetal bovine ligamentum nuchae accumulate extracellular fibrils morphologically identical with elastic-tissue microfibrils. Two glycoproteins synthesized by the ligament cells are closely related to the matrix microfibrils as assessed by immunological and chemical extraction techniques.", "contents": "The identification of glycoproteins associated with elastic-tissue microfibrils. Cell cultures derived from foetal bovine ligamentum nuchae accumulate extracellular fibrils morphologically identical with elastic-tissue microfibrils. Two glycoproteins synthesized by the ligament cells are closely related to the matrix microfibrils as assessed by immunological and chemical extraction techniques.", "PMID": 646810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3141", "title": "Self-association of proteoglycan subunits from pig laryngeal cartilage.", "content": "Proteoglycans from pig laryngeal cartilage prepared by dissociative extraction in guanidine hydrochloride were studied in dilute solution by light-scattering and ultracentrifugation. In buffered 150mM-NaCl, pH7.4, the proteoglycan particle weights were about 5x10(6) daltons, but at 100mM-, 200mM- and 300mM-NaCl particle weights of 2.5x10(6)--3.0x10(6) daltons were observed. These results, together with corroborative evidence from sedimentation-velocity experiments, were interpreted in terms of proteoglycans self-associating at physiological ionic strength. The data were examined by using a proteoglycan monomer-dimer model. Proteoglycan preparations that had thiol groups partially carboxymethylated gave particle weights of 3.2x10(6)--3.5x10(6) daltons in 150mM-NaCl, which suggested that carboxymethylation inhibited multimerization and hence that the protein core is implicated in the binding site. Further studies showed that the multimers were stable to 60 degrees C, unlike the hyaluronate-proteoglycan complex.", "contents": "Self-association of proteoglycan subunits from pig laryngeal cartilage. Proteoglycans from pig laryngeal cartilage prepared by dissociative extraction in guanidine hydrochloride were studied in dilute solution by light-scattering and ultracentrifugation. In buffered 150mM-NaCl, pH7.4, the proteoglycan particle weights were about 5x10(6) daltons, but at 100mM-, 200mM- and 300mM-NaCl particle weights of 2.5x10(6)--3.0x10(6) daltons were observed. These results, together with corroborative evidence from sedimentation-velocity experiments, were interpreted in terms of proteoglycans self-associating at physiological ionic strength. The data were examined by using a proteoglycan monomer-dimer model. Proteoglycan preparations that had thiol groups partially carboxymethylated gave particle weights of 3.2x10(6)--3.5x10(6) daltons in 150mM-NaCl, which suggested that carboxymethylation inhibited multimerization and hence that the protein core is implicated in the binding site. Further studies showed that the multimers were stable to 60 degrees C, unlike the hyaluronate-proteoglycan complex.", "PMID": 646812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3142", "title": "Cytosol oestrogen receptor of lactating mammary gland. Effect of heparin on the aggregation of the receptor and interaction of the receptor with heparin-Sepharose.", "content": "1. An oestrogen receptor is present in low-salt cytosol of the mammary gland of lactating mice as a large aggregate; it is excluded from gel matrix when filtered on a Sephadex G-200 column and sediments at 7S in sucrose gradients. After incubation of cytosol with heparin, the receptor is dissociated. On a Sephadex G-200 column, it is included in the gel matrix and eluted as a protein with mol.wt. 260000 and a Stokes radius of 6.8nm; it sediments at 6S in sucrose gradients. 2. Dissociation of the mammary-gland cytosol oestrogen receptor seems to be the result of interaction of the oestrogen-receptor complex with heparin. This receptor interacts with heparin covalently bound to Sepharose, thereafter sedimenting at 6S. By using this interaction, the cytosol receptor was purified 200-fold compared with the homogenate, with a yield of 70%. 3. The cytosol receptor that was not incubated or was incubated with heparin was much smaller during sucrose-gradient centrifugation than during gel filtration. This discrepancy can be explained by pressure-induced dissociation during high-speed centrifugation. This possibility is supported by the decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the receptor with increased duration of centrifugation.", "contents": "Cytosol oestrogen receptor of lactating mammary gland. Effect of heparin on the aggregation of the receptor and interaction of the receptor with heparin-Sepharose. 1. An oestrogen receptor is present in low-salt cytosol of the mammary gland of lactating mice as a large aggregate; it is excluded from gel matrix when filtered on a Sephadex G-200 column and sediments at 7S in sucrose gradients. After incubation of cytosol with heparin, the receptor is dissociated. On a Sephadex G-200 column, it is included in the gel matrix and eluted as a protein with mol.wt. 260000 and a Stokes radius of 6.8nm; it sediments at 6S in sucrose gradients. 2. Dissociation of the mammary-gland cytosol oestrogen receptor seems to be the result of interaction of the oestrogen-receptor complex with heparin. This receptor interacts with heparin covalently bound to Sepharose, thereafter sedimenting at 6S. By using this interaction, the cytosol receptor was purified 200-fold compared with the homogenate, with a yield of 70%. 3. The cytosol receptor that was not incubated or was incubated with heparin was much smaller during sucrose-gradient centrifugation than during gel filtration. This discrepancy can be explained by pressure-induced dissociation during high-speed centrifugation. This possibility is supported by the decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the receptor with increased duration of centrifugation.", "PMID": 646813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3143", "title": "Renal inactivation of substance P in the rat.", "content": "The activity and distribution of substance P-catabolizing enzyme(s) were studied in the rat kidney. Kidney homogenates inactive substance P 5-20 times as fast as do homogenates of intestine, liver, lung, heart or brain. The catabolizing activity was highest in the cortex and decreased progressively down the papilla. Cortex of rat kidney was homogenized and fractions enriched in microsomal membrane, final supernatant, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, brush border and intact glomeruli were prepared. The identity and homogeneity of the preparations were determined by assaying marker enzymes and by morphological examination. Substance P was catabolized most rapidly by the microsomal and plasma-membrane-enriched fractions, and least rapidly by endoplasmic reticulum or final supernatant fractions. Purified brush border of proximal tubules inactivated substance P more than 10 times as fast as isolated glomeruli. Our experiments show that substance P is catabolized at a rate that is similar to the rates of inactivation of bradykinin and angiotensin II. Further, the distribution of substance P-catabolizing activity in various kidney fractions is similar to the distribution of kininase and angiotensinase activities previously reported.", "contents": "Renal inactivation of substance P in the rat. The activity and distribution of substance P-catabolizing enzyme(s) were studied in the rat kidney. Kidney homogenates inactive substance P 5-20 times as fast as do homogenates of intestine, liver, lung, heart or brain. The catabolizing activity was highest in the cortex and decreased progressively down the papilla. Cortex of rat kidney was homogenized and fractions enriched in microsomal membrane, final supernatant, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, brush border and intact glomeruli were prepared. The identity and homogeneity of the preparations were determined by assaying marker enzymes and by morphological examination. Substance P was catabolized most rapidly by the microsomal and plasma-membrane-enriched fractions, and least rapidly by endoplasmic reticulum or final supernatant fractions. Purified brush border of proximal tubules inactivated substance P more than 10 times as fast as isolated glomeruli. Our experiments show that substance P is catabolized at a rate that is similar to the rates of inactivation of bradykinin and angiotensin II. Further, the distribution of substance P-catabolizing activity in various kidney fractions is similar to the distribution of kininase and angiotensinase activities previously reported.", "PMID": 646814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3144", "title": "Maximizing the purification of the activated glucocorticoid receptor by DNA-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "With heat treatment (20 degrees C for 30 min), the glucocorticoid-receptor complex becomes 'activated' and undergoes an increase in affinity for DNA. A two-stage procedure was used to separate sequentially the rat liver glucocorticoid-receptor complex from proteins with high and low affinity for DNA. DNA-cellulose column chromatography of unheated cytosol resulted in the retention of DNA-binding proteins, but not the unactivated receptor complex. Heat treatment of the column eluate resulted in increased affinity of the receptor complex to DNA, and chromatography on DNA-cellulose then yielded receptor complex free from proteins with low affinity for DNA. Removal of DNA-binding proteins during the first chromatographic step was critically dependent on ionic conditions and the ratio of cytosol chromatographed to DNA-cellulose. A purification of 11000-fold (85% yield) was achieved by this procedure. The partially purified receptor complex was taken up by rat liver nuclei.", "contents": "Maximizing the purification of the activated glucocorticoid receptor by DNA-cellulose chromatography. With heat treatment (20 degrees C for 30 min), the glucocorticoid-receptor complex becomes 'activated' and undergoes an increase in affinity for DNA. A two-stage procedure was used to separate sequentially the rat liver glucocorticoid-receptor complex from proteins with high and low affinity for DNA. DNA-cellulose column chromatography of unheated cytosol resulted in the retention of DNA-binding proteins, but not the unactivated receptor complex. Heat treatment of the column eluate resulted in increased affinity of the receptor complex to DNA, and chromatography on DNA-cellulose then yielded receptor complex free from proteins with low affinity for DNA. Removal of DNA-binding proteins during the first chromatographic step was critically dependent on ionic conditions and the ratio of cytosol chromatographed to DNA-cellulose. A purification of 11000-fold (85% yield) was achieved by this procedure. The partially purified receptor complex was taken up by rat liver nuclei.", "PMID": 646815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3145", "title": "Glucuronic acid conjugates of bilirubin-IXalpha in normal bile compared with post-obstructive bile. Transformation of the 1-O-acylglucuronide into 2-, 3-, and 4-O-acylglucuronides.", "content": "Structures have been determined for bilirubin-IXalpha conjugates in freshly collected bile of normal rats, dogs and man and in post-obstructive bile of man and rats. The originally secreted conjugate has been characterized as azopigment (I), i.e. a 1-O-acyl-beta-d-glucopyranuronic acid glycoside. Conversion of the acetylated methyl ester of azopigment (I) into methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranuronate (V) indicates the pyranose ring structure for the carbohydrate and a C-1 attachment for the bilirubin-IXalpha acyl group. Alternative procedures for deconjugation of azopigment (I) and its derivatives are also described. In post-obstructive bile, the 1-O-acylglucuronide is converted into 2-, 3- and 4-O-acylglucuronides via sequential intramolecular migrations of the bilirubin acyl group. The following approach was utilized. (1) The tetrapyrrole conjugates were cleaved to dipyrrolic aniline and ethyl anthranilate azopigments, and the azopigments were separated as the acids or methyl esters. (2) The isomeric methyl esters were characterized by mass spectral analysis of the acetates and silyl ethers. (3) The free glycosidic function was demonstrated by 1-oxime and 1-methoxime derivative formation. (4) The position of the dipyrrolic O-acyl group was determined for the methyl esters by protecting the free hydroxyl groups of the glucuronic acid moieties as the acetals formed with ethyl vinyl ether and by further conversion of the carbohydrates into partially methylated alditol acetates. These were analysed by using g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. The relevance of the present results with regard to previous reports on disaccharidic conjugates is discussed. Details of procedures for the formation of chemical derivatives for g.l.c. and mass spectrometry have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50081 (15 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978), 169, 5.", "contents": "Glucuronic acid conjugates of bilirubin-IXalpha in normal bile compared with post-obstructive bile. Transformation of the 1-O-acylglucuronide into 2-, 3-, and 4-O-acylglucuronides. Structures have been determined for bilirubin-IXalpha conjugates in freshly collected bile of normal rats, dogs and man and in post-obstructive bile of man and rats. The originally secreted conjugate has been characterized as azopigment (I), i.e. a 1-O-acyl-beta-d-glucopyranuronic acid glycoside. Conversion of the acetylated methyl ester of azopigment (I) into methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranuronate (V) indicates the pyranose ring structure for the carbohydrate and a C-1 attachment for the bilirubin-IXalpha acyl group. Alternative procedures for deconjugation of azopigment (I) and its derivatives are also described. In post-obstructive bile, the 1-O-acylglucuronide is converted into 2-, 3- and 4-O-acylglucuronides via sequential intramolecular migrations of the bilirubin acyl group. The following approach was utilized. (1) The tetrapyrrole conjugates were cleaved to dipyrrolic aniline and ethyl anthranilate azopigments, and the azopigments were separated as the acids or methyl esters. (2) The isomeric methyl esters were characterized by mass spectral analysis of the acetates and silyl ethers. (3) The free glycosidic function was demonstrated by 1-oxime and 1-methoxime derivative formation. (4) The position of the dipyrrolic O-acyl group was determined for the methyl esters by protecting the free hydroxyl groups of the glucuronic acid moieties as the acetals formed with ethyl vinyl ether and by further conversion of the carbohydrates into partially methylated alditol acetates. These were analysed by using g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. The relevance of the present results with regard to previous reports on disaccharidic conjugates is discussed. Details of procedures for the formation of chemical derivatives for g.l.c. and mass spectrometry have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50081 (15 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978), 169, 5.", "PMID": 646816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3146", "title": "DNA polymerases from Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Further characterization, action of inhibitors and associated nuclease activities.", "content": "The properties of three DNA polymerase species A, B and C, purified from Chlamydomonas reinhardii were compared. DNA polymerases A and B have Km values with respect to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates of 19 micron and 3 micron respectively. DNA polymerase A is most active with activated DNA, but will also use native DNA and synthetic RNA and DNA templates with DNA primers. DNA polymerase B is also most active with activated DNA, but will use denatured DNA and synthetic DNA templates. It is inactive with RNA templates. DNA polymerase B is completely inactive in the presence of 100 micron-heparin, which has no effect on DNA polymerase A activity. Heparin dissociates DNA polymerase B into subunits that are still catalytically active, but which heparin inhibited. DNA polymerase B possesses deoxyribonuclease activity that is inhibited by 5 micron-heparin, suggesting that the deoxyribonuclease is an integral part of the DNA polymerase moiety. DNA polymerase A is devoid of nuclease activity. DNA polymerase C is similar to DNA polymerase B in all these properties, though it is more active with RNA primers and has greater heat-sensitivity.", "contents": "DNA polymerases from Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Further characterization, action of inhibitors and associated nuclease activities. The properties of three DNA polymerase species A, B and C, purified from Chlamydomonas reinhardii were compared. DNA polymerases A and B have Km values with respect to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates of 19 micron and 3 micron respectively. DNA polymerase A is most active with activated DNA, but will also use native DNA and synthetic RNA and DNA templates with DNA primers. DNA polymerase B is also most active with activated DNA, but will use denatured DNA and synthetic DNA templates. It is inactive with RNA templates. DNA polymerase B is completely inactive in the presence of 100 micron-heparin, which has no effect on DNA polymerase A activity. Heparin dissociates DNA polymerase B into subunits that are still catalytically active, but which heparin inhibited. DNA polymerase B possesses deoxyribonuclease activity that is inhibited by 5 micron-heparin, suggesting that the deoxyribonuclease is an integral part of the DNA polymerase moiety. DNA polymerase A is devoid of nuclease activity. DNA polymerase C is similar to DNA polymerase B in all these properties, though it is more active with RNA primers and has greater heat-sensitivity.", "PMID": 646818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3147", "title": "Kinetics of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis by rabbit brain dihydrofolate reductase.", "content": "Product identification and kinetic data are presented for the conversion of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin into tetrahydrobiopterin by purified rabbit brain dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Kinetics of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis by rabbit brain dihydrofolate reductase. Product identification and kinetic data are presented for the conversion of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin into tetrahydrobiopterin by purified rabbit brain dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 646819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3148", "title": "A study of the role of the reactive thiol group of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with a chromophoric reporter group.", "content": "Substrate- and ligand-induced conformational changes were studied in a series of thiol-modified derivatives of rabbit muscle creatine kinase that retained different amounts of enzymic activity. The results indicate that the 'reactive' thiol group of the enzyme is required for the conformational changes associated with formation of a 'transition-state analogue' complex.", "contents": "A study of the role of the reactive thiol group of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with a chromophoric reporter group. Substrate- and ligand-induced conformational changes were studied in a series of thiol-modified derivatives of rabbit muscle creatine kinase that retained different amounts of enzymic activity. The results indicate that the 'reactive' thiol group of the enzyme is required for the conformational changes associated with formation of a 'transition-state analogue' complex.", "PMID": 646820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3149", "title": "The intracellular location of pyruvate carboxylase, citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in lactating rat mammary gland.", "content": "The intracellular location of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) in rat mammary gland was investigated by using a fractional-extraction technique. The results indicate a mitochondrial location for all three enzymes.", "contents": "The intracellular location of pyruvate carboxylase, citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in lactating rat mammary gland. The intracellular location of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) in rat mammary gland was investigated by using a fractional-extraction technique. The results indicate a mitochondrial location for all three enzymes.", "PMID": 646821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3150", "title": "Crystallization of human oxyhaemoglobin from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions.", "content": "Crystals of human oxyhaemoglobin were obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions. Spectroscopic and spectrophotometric measurements on the solutions during crystallization and on the dissolved crystals indicate that the method yields stable crystals of oxyhaemoglobin. Preliminary X-ray studies showed that the crystals obtained are isomorphous with those of deoxyhaemoglobin obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions [Ward, Wishner, Lattman & Love (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 161-177].", "contents": "Crystallization of human oxyhaemoglobin from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions. Crystals of human oxyhaemoglobin were obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions. Spectroscopic and spectrophotometric measurements on the solutions during crystallization and on the dissolved crystals indicate that the method yields stable crystals of oxyhaemoglobin. Preliminary X-ray studies showed that the crystals obtained are isomorphous with those of deoxyhaemoglobin obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) solutions [Ward, Wishner, Lattman & Love (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 161-177].", "PMID": 646822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3151", "title": "Conformational variation in superhelical deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Sedimentation experiments have shown that superhelical DNA undergoes a sharp structural transition at low ionic strength. Light-scattering experiments show that this is due to a change in conformation of the DNA rather than to a change in interactions among DNA molecules. The results show that two possible conformations can occur for superhelical DNA under routine experimental conditions and may explain the discrepancies in the number of early unwinding sites exposed by different techniques.", "contents": "Conformational variation in superhelical deoxyribonucleic acid. Sedimentation experiments have shown that superhelical DNA undergoes a sharp structural transition at low ionic strength. Light-scattering experiments show that this is due to a change in conformation of the DNA rather than to a change in interactions among DNA molecules. The results show that two possible conformations can occur for superhelical DNA under routine experimental conditions and may explain the discrepancies in the number of early unwinding sites exposed by different techniques.", "PMID": 646823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3152", "title": "A simple high-yield procedure for isolation of human urinary kallikreins.", "content": "Two human urinary kallikreins (fractions A-1 and A-2) were purified to apparently homogeneous forms. The two kallikreins were separated by affinity chromatography using Trasylol (aprotinin) covalently bound to Sepharose. The kallikreins were eluted with a pH gradient (pH 9.5-3.0). Fraction A-1 was eluted between pH 6.2 and 4.2 and fraction A-2 was eluted between pH 4.2 and 3.1. Final purification was obtained by chromatography on Sephacryl SS-200. Antibodies prepared against fraction A-2 were also reactive with fraction A-1; thus it may be possible to measure both by radioimmunoassay using the same antibody preparation.", "contents": "A simple high-yield procedure for isolation of human urinary kallikreins. Two human urinary kallikreins (fractions A-1 and A-2) were purified to apparently homogeneous forms. The two kallikreins were separated by affinity chromatography using Trasylol (aprotinin) covalently bound to Sepharose. The kallikreins were eluted with a pH gradient (pH 9.5-3.0). Fraction A-1 was eluted between pH 6.2 and 4.2 and fraction A-2 was eluted between pH 4.2 and 3.1. Final purification was obtained by chromatography on Sephacryl SS-200. Antibodies prepared against fraction A-2 were also reactive with fraction A-1; thus it may be possible to measure both by radioimmunoassay using the same antibody preparation.", "PMID": 646824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3153", "title": "Characterization of monoferric fragments obtained by tryptic cleavage of bovine transferrin.", "content": "1. The electrophoretically fast (F) and slow (S) fragments obtained by tryptic cleavage of bovine iron-saturated transferrin differed in carbohydrate content and peptide 'maps'. 2. A fragment capable of binding one Fe3+ ion per molecule was isolated after brief tryptic digestion of bovine apotransferrin and shown closely to resemble the S fragment obtained from the iron-saturated protein. 3. Fragments F and S are probably derived from the N- and C-terminal halves of the transferrin molecule respectively. 4. Bovine transferrin could donate iron to rabbit reticulocytes, but the monoferric fragments possessed little iron-donating ability.", "contents": "Characterization of monoferric fragments obtained by tryptic cleavage of bovine transferrin. 1. The electrophoretically fast (F) and slow (S) fragments obtained by tryptic cleavage of bovine iron-saturated transferrin differed in carbohydrate content and peptide 'maps'. 2. A fragment capable of binding one Fe3+ ion per molecule was isolated after brief tryptic digestion of bovine apotransferrin and shown closely to resemble the S fragment obtained from the iron-saturated protein. 3. Fragments F and S are probably derived from the N- and C-terminal halves of the transferrin molecule respectively. 4. Bovine transferrin could donate iron to rabbit reticulocytes, but the monoferric fragments possessed little iron-donating ability.", "PMID": 646825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3154", "title": "A simple sensitive method, applicable to small polypeptides, for the determination of proteins in polyacrylamide gels after isoelectric focusing.", "content": "A simple method is described for the determination of polypeptides and proteins in polyacrylamide gels after isoelectric focusing. Precipitates formed in trichloroacetic acid, under controlled conditions, are quantified densitometrically by measuring the proportion of light scattered. The procedure is of particular value in its applicability to smaller polypeptides, with mol.wts. of 3000-6000, which are not fixed adequately in gels by other procedures currently in use. The working range, over which polypeptide concentration is proportional to the effective absorbance, is approx. 1-30 microgram per component.", "contents": "A simple sensitive method, applicable to small polypeptides, for the determination of proteins in polyacrylamide gels after isoelectric focusing. A simple method is described for the determination of polypeptides and proteins in polyacrylamide gels after isoelectric focusing. Precipitates formed in trichloroacetic acid, under controlled conditions, are quantified densitometrically by measuring the proportion of light scattered. The procedure is of particular value in its applicability to smaller polypeptides, with mol.wts. of 3000-6000, which are not fixed adequately in gels by other procedures currently in use. The working range, over which polypeptide concentration is proportional to the effective absorbance, is approx. 1-30 microgram per component.", "PMID": 646826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3155", "title": "Lymphopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic significance.", "content": "One hundred fifty-eight patients with active, untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied from the time of diagnosis. Lymphopenia was present in 75%, and another 18% of those patients developed lymphopenia subsequent to disease reactivation. Lymphopenia of less than 1500 cells/microliter occurred more frequently than any of the preliminary criteria for the classification of SLE, and it was the most prevalent initial laboratory abnormality. Lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in lupus than in the other connective tissue diseases except mixed connective tissue disease and polymyositis.", "contents": "Lymphopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic significance. One hundred fifty-eight patients with active, untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied from the time of diagnosis. Lymphopenia was present in 75%, and another 18% of those patients developed lymphopenia subsequent to disease reactivation. Lymphopenia of less than 1500 cells/microliter occurred more frequently than any of the preliminary criteria for the classification of SLE, and it was the most prevalent initial laboratory abnormality. Lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in lupus than in the other connective tissue diseases except mixed connective tissue disease and polymyositis.", "PMID": 646828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3156", "title": "Occurrence and characterization of stable intermediate state(s) in the unfolding of ovomucoid by guanidine hydrochloride.", "content": "Reversible unfolding of ovomucoid by guanidine hydrochloride, as followed by viscosity and difference-spectral measurements at 25 degrees C, pH6, occurred in two distinct steps involving at least three major conformational states, namely the native, intermediate and completely denatured states, occurring respectively in 60mm-sodium phosphate buffer, 3.5m-guanidine hydrochloride and 6m-guanidine hydrochloride. The overall native conformation of ovomucoid, as indicated by its intrinsic viscosity (5.24ml/g) and gel-filtration behaviour, differs significantly from that of a typical globular protein. Exposures of tyrosine residues in native ovomucoid measured by difference spectroscopy following perturbation with glycerol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulphoxide were, respectively, 0.42, 0.56 and 0.57. Of the exposed phenolic groups only one titrated normally (pK(int.), 9.91, electrostatic-interaction factor, w, 0.04). Results on difference spectra, solvent perturbation, phenolic titration and intrinsic viscosity (7.4ml/g) taken together showed that, although ovomucoid in 3.5m-guanidine hydrochloride was significantly unfolded, it retained a degree of native structure, removable with 6m-guanidine hydrochloride. In the latter, all the six tyrosine residues were available for titration, and the intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid increased to 9.4ml/g. Furthermore, the characteristic fine structures in circular-dichrosim spectra of ovomucoid, associated with the elements of native structure, were abolished in 6m-guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting that the completely denatured state is structureless and presumably behaves as a cross-linked random coil. The latter state has been shown by analysis of the results on guanidine hydrochloride-dependence of the transition, intermediateright harpoon over left harpoondenatured, to be less stable than the intermediate state under native conditions by about 46kJ/mol at 25 degrees C. Attempts have been made to interpret the above results in the light of available information on the amino acid sequence of ovomucoid.", "contents": "Occurrence and characterization of stable intermediate state(s) in the unfolding of ovomucoid by guanidine hydrochloride. Reversible unfolding of ovomucoid by guanidine hydrochloride, as followed by viscosity and difference-spectral measurements at 25 degrees C, pH6, occurred in two distinct steps involving at least three major conformational states, namely the native, intermediate and completely denatured states, occurring respectively in 60mm-sodium phosphate buffer, 3.5m-guanidine hydrochloride and 6m-guanidine hydrochloride. The overall native conformation of ovomucoid, as indicated by its intrinsic viscosity (5.24ml/g) and gel-filtration behaviour, differs significantly from that of a typical globular protein. Exposures of tyrosine residues in native ovomucoid measured by difference spectroscopy following perturbation with glycerol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulphoxide were, respectively, 0.42, 0.56 and 0.57. Of the exposed phenolic groups only one titrated normally (pK(int.), 9.91, electrostatic-interaction factor, w, 0.04). Results on difference spectra, solvent perturbation, phenolic titration and intrinsic viscosity (7.4ml/g) taken together showed that, although ovomucoid in 3.5m-guanidine hydrochloride was significantly unfolded, it retained a degree of native structure, removable with 6m-guanidine hydrochloride. In the latter, all the six tyrosine residues were available for titration, and the intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid increased to 9.4ml/g. Furthermore, the characteristic fine structures in circular-dichrosim spectra of ovomucoid, associated with the elements of native structure, were abolished in 6m-guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting that the completely denatured state is structureless and presumably behaves as a cross-linked random coil. The latter state has been shown by analysis of the results on guanidine hydrochloride-dependence of the transition, intermediateright harpoon over left harpoondenatured, to be less stable than the intermediate state under native conditions by about 46kJ/mol at 25 degrees C. Attempts have been made to interpret the above results in the light of available information on the amino acid sequence of ovomucoid.", "PMID": 646827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3157", "title": "Relationshipp of HLA-Dw3 and HLA-B8 to Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "Nineteen patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were evaluated for the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-Dw3. HLA-B8 was found in 57.8% of patients and 20.1% of 96 controls (P less than 0.001). HLA-Dw3 was detected in 73.7% of the patients and 24.0% of controls (P less than 0.0001). Statistical evaluation of the association of both antigens with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome revealed that the primary association was with HLA-Dw3 (P less than 0.005). Patients with HLA-Dw3 had a lower mean parotid salivary flow rate (0.8 +/- 0.3 ml/10 minutes/gland versus 5.6 +/- 1.2 ml/10 minutes/gland, P less than 0.0004) and a more intense lymphocytic infiltration into labial salivary glands (focus score 7.2 +/- 0.9 versus 3.4 +/- 0.9, P less than 0.04) than did patients without HLA-Dw3. The difference in the intensity of the lymphocytic infiltration was even more significant when patients with both HLA-Dw3 and HLA-B8 were compared with patients with neither antigen (focus score 7.5 +/- 1.0 versus 2.8 +/- 0.8, P less than 0.02). In addition, all patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca had both antigens. Our observations suggest that a number of genes may interact to determine susceptibility and severity in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Relationshipp of HLA-Dw3 and HLA-B8 to Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Nineteen patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were evaluated for the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-Dw3. HLA-B8 was found in 57.8% of patients and 20.1% of 96 controls (P less than 0.001). HLA-Dw3 was detected in 73.7% of the patients and 24.0% of controls (P less than 0.0001). Statistical evaluation of the association of both antigens with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome revealed that the primary association was with HLA-Dw3 (P less than 0.005). Patients with HLA-Dw3 had a lower mean parotid salivary flow rate (0.8 +/- 0.3 ml/10 minutes/gland versus 5.6 +/- 1.2 ml/10 minutes/gland, P less than 0.0004) and a more intense lymphocytic infiltration into labial salivary glands (focus score 7.2 +/- 0.9 versus 3.4 +/- 0.9, P less than 0.04) than did patients without HLA-Dw3. The difference in the intensity of the lymphocytic infiltration was even more significant when patients with both HLA-Dw3 and HLA-B8 were compared with patients with neither antigen (focus score 7.5 +/- 1.0 versus 2.8 +/- 0.8, P less than 0.02). In addition, all patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca had both antigens. Our observations suggest that a number of genes may interact to determine susceptibility and severity in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "PMID": 646830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3158", "title": "Fibrinogen turnover in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Large amounts of fibrin are seen in the intima of the renal arterioles in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). The half-life or half disappearance time of plasma fibrinogen in 15 patients with scleroderma was studied using 125I fibrinogen to find whether there is an increased turnover of plasma fibrinogen paralleling this morphologic abnormality. Patients had a more rapid fibrinogen turnover than normal controls (60.7 versus 90.6 hours); the subgroup of patients with \"progressive\" scleroderma had a more rapid fibrinogen half-life than those with \"stable\" scleroderma (56.5 versus 73.2 hours). The mean fibrinogen half-life of 8 patients given intravenous heparin increased to within one standard deviation of normal, a finding that suggested that the fibrinogen molecule in these patients was capable of normal survival. There was a considerable variation of normal survival. There was a considerable variation of fibrinogen half-lives in individual scleroderma patients over time (not seen in the normal controls) which may be the result of intermittently increased fibrinogen consumption.", "contents": "Fibrinogen turnover in progressive systemic sclerosis. Large amounts of fibrin are seen in the intima of the renal arterioles in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). The half-life or half disappearance time of plasma fibrinogen in 15 patients with scleroderma was studied using 125I fibrinogen to find whether there is an increased turnover of plasma fibrinogen paralleling this morphologic abnormality. Patients had a more rapid fibrinogen turnover than normal controls (60.7 versus 90.6 hours); the subgroup of patients with \"progressive\" scleroderma had a more rapid fibrinogen half-life than those with \"stable\" scleroderma (56.5 versus 73.2 hours). The mean fibrinogen half-life of 8 patients given intravenous heparin increased to within one standard deviation of normal, a finding that suggested that the fibrinogen molecule in these patients was capable of normal survival. There was a considerable variation of normal survival. There was a considerable variation of fibrinogen half-lives in individual scleroderma patients over time (not seen in the normal controls) which may be the result of intermittently increased fibrinogen consumption.", "PMID": 646831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3159", "title": "Rapid assessment of 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in the knee joint as a parameter of inflammatory activity.", "content": "Shortly after intravenous injection of 99mTechnetium-pertechnetate (99mTcO4-)(200 muCi), the activity of the knee joints was studied in patients with clinical arthritis of one or both knees and compared with that in normal subjects. A rest period directly before the study improved reproducibility. The values found shortly after injection were comparable with measurements at the maximum. The significance of the 99mTcO4- uptake in comparison with the histologic findings in cases of doubtful arthritis was examined.", "contents": "Rapid assessment of 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in the knee joint as a parameter of inflammatory activity. Shortly after intravenous injection of 99mTechnetium-pertechnetate (99mTcO4-)(200 muCi), the activity of the knee joints was studied in patients with clinical arthritis of one or both knees and compared with that in normal subjects. A rest period directly before the study improved reproducibility. The values found shortly after injection were comparable with measurements at the maximum. The significance of the 99mTcO4- uptake in comparison with the histologic findings in cases of doubtful arthritis was examined.", "PMID": 646832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3160", "title": "Immunoglobulin in tophi and on the surface of monosodium urate crystals.", "content": "By means of immunohistologic techniques IgG, IgM, and to a lesser degree, IgA were found in the intercrystalline matrix of gouty tophi. Smaller amounts of IgG and IgM were inconstantly found in association with tissue deposits of calcium pyrophosphate. When a technique of immune agglutination was used, the affinity of all three major classes of immunoglobulin to the surface of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals was demonstrated. Immunoglobulin and fibrin were found on MSU aspirated from large tophi.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin in tophi and on the surface of monosodium urate crystals. By means of immunohistologic techniques IgG, IgM, and to a lesser degree, IgA were found in the intercrystalline matrix of gouty tophi. Smaller amounts of IgG and IgM were inconstantly found in association with tissue deposits of calcium pyrophosphate. When a technique of immune agglutination was used, the affinity of all three major classes of immunoglobulin to the surface of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals was demonstrated. Immunoglobulin and fibrin were found on MSU aspirated from large tophi.", "PMID": 646833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3161", "title": "Non-giant cell temporal arteritis. Three cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "We report two cases of polyarteritis and some of hypersensitivity angiitis diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy. Autopsies showed no evidence of giant cell arteritis. A review of the English literature provides seven further autopsy cases of necrotizing vasculitis diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy. The term temporal arteritis includes many types of vasculitis, giant cell arteritis being one of them.", "contents": "Non-giant cell temporal arteritis. Three cases and a review of the literature. We report two cases of polyarteritis and some of hypersensitivity angiitis diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy. Autopsies showed no evidence of giant cell arteritis. A review of the English literature provides seven further autopsy cases of necrotizing vasculitis diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy. The term temporal arteritis includes many types of vasculitis, giant cell arteritis being one of them.", "PMID": 646834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3162", "title": "Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis. Report of an affected father and son.", "content": "Genetic, rheumatologic, immunologic, metabolic, and renal studies of a father and son with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis are reported. The disorder appeared through mutation. The father developed symptoms as an infant, his son at age 4 years and 9 months. Both have micrognathia and hypotelorism and were exceptionally tall during the symptomatic phase of their disease. Biopsies of the son's wrist showed normal synovium, encroachment on cartilage by fibrocellular tissue, and both osteoclastic resorption and repair of affected bone. Hydroxyproline in his urine was increased. No immunologic, renal, or other metabolic abnormalities were identified.", "contents": "Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis. Report of an affected father and son. Genetic, rheumatologic, immunologic, metabolic, and renal studies of a father and son with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis are reported. The disorder appeared through mutation. The father developed symptoms as an infant, his son at age 4 years and 9 months. Both have micrognathia and hypotelorism and were exceptionally tall during the symptomatic phase of their disease. Biopsies of the son's wrist showed normal synovium, encroachment on cartilage by fibrocellular tissue, and both osteoclastic resorption and repair of affected bone. Hydroxyproline in his urine was increased. No immunologic, renal, or other metabolic abnormalities were identified.", "PMID": 646835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3163", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis with subsequent development of rheumatoid arthritis, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and rheumatoid vasculitis.", "content": "Twelve years after the onset of ankylosing spondylitis, a patient developed severe seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with subcutaneous nodules. This was subsequently complicated by Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid vasculitis. The literature is reviewed, and the nature of the association between ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis with subsequent development of rheumatoid arthritis, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and rheumatoid vasculitis. Twelve years after the onset of ankylosing spondylitis, a patient developed severe seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with subcutaneous nodules. This was subsequently complicated by Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid vasculitis. The literature is reviewed, and the nature of the association between ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.", "PMID": 646836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3164", "title": "Effect of garlic oil in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis.", "content": "Addition of cholesterol in the diet of male albino rabbits produced hypercholesterolaemia, increased tissue cholesterol, and atheromatous changes in the aorta. Supplementation of garlic oil along with cholesterol significantly inhibited the hypercholesterolaemia, decreased tissue cholesterol and minimised the atheromatous changes in the aorta. These results show that the active constituent(s) in garlic responsible for its anti-atherogenic action is present in the oily fraction of garlic.", "contents": "Effect of garlic oil in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis. Addition of cholesterol in the diet of male albino rabbits produced hypercholesterolaemia, increased tissue cholesterol, and atheromatous changes in the aorta. Supplementation of garlic oil along with cholesterol significantly inhibited the hypercholesterolaemia, decreased tissue cholesterol and minimised the atheromatous changes in the aorta. These results show that the active constituent(s) in garlic responsible for its anti-atherogenic action is present in the oily fraction of garlic.", "PMID": 646845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3165", "title": "Compounds that increase oxygen diffusion in plasma.", "content": "The rate of diffusion of oxygen in blood plasma is increased by adding certain compounds to plasma at very low concentration levels. Decreased oxygen diffusion rates in plasma causes local hypoxic conditions and this may play an important part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Compounds that increase oxygen diffusion in plasma. The rate of diffusion of oxygen in blood plasma is increased by adding certain compounds to plasma at very low concentration levels. Decreased oxygen diffusion rates in plasma causes local hypoxic conditions and this may play an important part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 646846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3166", "title": "Studies on the occurrence of circulating immune complexes in vascular diseases.", "content": "The presence of circulating immune complexes was studied in 347 samples of serum from 212 patients with various vascular diseases. Two quantitative methods (complement-consumption assay and C1q-solubility test) were used for the measurement of the concentration of the complexes. Immune complexes were detected in each group of patients tested (coronary arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery sclerosis, arteriosclerosis obliterans, phlebothrombosis, pulmonary infarction). A high proportion of positivity was recorded in myocardial infarction (in 43 patients out of the 94 tested) and in arteriosclerosis obliterans (7 out of 11 cases). The possible pathogenic role of the circulating immune complexes is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the occurrence of circulating immune complexes in vascular diseases. The presence of circulating immune complexes was studied in 347 samples of serum from 212 patients with various vascular diseases. Two quantitative methods (complement-consumption assay and C1q-solubility test) were used for the measurement of the concentration of the complexes. Immune complexes were detected in each group of patients tested (coronary arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral artery sclerosis, arteriosclerosis obliterans, phlebothrombosis, pulmonary infarction). A high proportion of positivity was recorded in myocardial infarction (in 43 patients out of the 94 tested) and in arteriosclerosis obliterans (7 out of 11 cases). The possible pathogenic role of the circulating immune complexes is discussed.", "PMID": 646847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3167", "title": "Connective tissue components in normal and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries.", "content": "Human coronary arteries with various degrees of atherosclerosis were analyzed for the concentration of different types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The changes in GAGs were considered against the background of macroscopic atherosclerosis, and the concentration of glycoprotein-bound hexosamines, collagen, calcium and cholesterol. The concentration of calcium was increased and that of hyaluronic acid decreased even in mildly atherosclerotic coronary arteries. The additional changes in advanced atherosclerosis included the increase of collagen and dermatan sulphate and the decrease of heparan sulphate. Cholesterol was increased in mild, and even further in advanced, atheroslcerosis. The concentrations of chondroitin sulphates and glycoprotein-bound hexosamines were not significantly affected by atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Connective tissue components in normal and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Human coronary arteries with various degrees of atherosclerosis were analyzed for the concentration of different types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The changes in GAGs were considered against the background of macroscopic atherosclerosis, and the concentration of glycoprotein-bound hexosamines, collagen, calcium and cholesterol. The concentration of calcium was increased and that of hyaluronic acid decreased even in mildly atherosclerotic coronary arteries. The additional changes in advanced atherosclerosis included the increase of collagen and dermatan sulphate and the decrease of heparan sulphate. Cholesterol was increased in mild, and even further in advanced, atheroslcerosis. The concentrations of chondroitin sulphates and glycoprotein-bound hexosamines were not significantly affected by atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 646848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3168", "title": "The in vitro inhibition of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase by a glycoprotein preparation from human atherosclerotic intima.", "content": "Intimal tissue from human atherosclerotic aortae was collected by the Dermatome procedure. The tissue was extraved with 5 mM Tris.HCl buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl and 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4. The ammonium sulfate precipitate between 0.4--0.8 saturation obtained from the extract was fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column and the effluent was monitored for lipoprotein lipase inhibition employing purified bovine milk enzyme. The substrate used was an emulsion of purified olive oil and tritiated triolein. Human serum was the source of activator of the substrate. A peak of inhibitory activity was eluted between 0.15--0.17 M NaCl. The major component in the purified material had properties similar to a glycoprotein (lipolipin) which has previously been purified from porcine aorta and shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity. The partially purified human inhibitor decreased both the basal and the serum-stimulated activity of milk lipoprotein lipase. The  inhibition was non-competitive with respect to serum. However, high levels of triglyceride substrate appeared to relieve the inhibitory effect. It is postulated that the inhibitor may be involved in an interaction with the emulsified lipid denying the enzyme access to its substrate.", "contents": "The in vitro inhibition of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase by a glycoprotein preparation from human atherosclerotic intima. Intimal tissue from human atherosclerotic aortae was collected by the Dermatome procedure. The tissue was extraved with 5 mM Tris.HCl buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl and 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4. The ammonium sulfate precipitate between 0.4--0.8 saturation obtained from the extract was fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column and the effluent was monitored for lipoprotein lipase inhibition employing purified bovine milk enzyme. The substrate used was an emulsion of purified olive oil and tritiated triolein. Human serum was the source of activator of the substrate. A peak of inhibitory activity was eluted between 0.15--0.17 M NaCl. The major component in the purified material had properties similar to a glycoprotein (lipolipin) which has previously been purified from porcine aorta and shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity. The partially purified human inhibitor decreased both the basal and the serum-stimulated activity of milk lipoprotein lipase. The  inhibition was non-competitive with respect to serum. However, high levels of triglyceride substrate appeared to relieve the inhibitory effect. It is postulated that the inhibitor may be involved in an interaction with the emulsified lipid denying the enzyme access to its substrate.", "PMID": 646849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3169", "title": "Fibrinogenemia, determined immunonephelometrically, as a possible parameter in the evaluation of peripheral arteriosclerotic arteriopathy.", "content": "The concentration of plasma fibrinogen increases with age and is particularly elevated in subjects with vascular changes due to atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen, which is the meeting point of the \"cascade\" of the coagulation factors and an important regulating factor of plasma viscosity, occupies a key position in atherosclerotic vascular pathology. This indicates the necessity to keep its value within normal limits, to avoid the clinical development of the disease or improve its evolution. Thus, frequent checks of the fibrinogenemia are necessary at various ages even if this means a big organizational burden. However, this checking can be facilitated by using automatic techniques, such as the immunonephelometric method, with which it is possible to carry out a large number of determinations in a short time.", "contents": "Fibrinogenemia, determined immunonephelometrically, as a possible parameter in the evaluation of peripheral arteriosclerotic arteriopathy. The concentration of plasma fibrinogen increases with age and is particularly elevated in subjects with vascular changes due to atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen, which is the meeting point of the \"cascade\" of the coagulation factors and an important regulating factor of plasma viscosity, occupies a key position in atherosclerotic vascular pathology. This indicates the necessity to keep its value within normal limits, to avoid the clinical development of the disease or improve its evolution. Thus, frequent checks of the fibrinogenemia are necessary at various ages even if this means a big organizational burden. However, this checking can be facilitated by using automatic techniques, such as the immunonephelometric method, with which it is possible to carry out a large number of determinations in a short time.", "PMID": 646850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3170", "title": "A xerographic method for the quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesions.", "content": "A new method has been developed for the quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesions, in which a conventional xerox machine is the sole equipment used. As an example, the aorta from a cholesterol-fed rabbit was removed in toto, opened longitudinally along its anterior margin, flattened in a transparent polypropylene bag and then xeroxed. The outlines of the atherosclerotic lesions were traced on translucent graph paper ruled into 1 mm squares. The squares within those outlines were counted and expressed as a percentage of the whole surface. This xerographic method is rapid and reproducible and is achieved without changing the magnification; it gives comparable or better results than other staining methods. As the aortic specimen is undamaged by fixation or staining, the specimen can be used for subsequent morphological or biochemical studies. Thus, the degree of surface involvement can be correlated with other morphological or biochemical changes in the same arterial samples.", "contents": "A xerographic method for the quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesions. A new method has been developed for the quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesions, in which a conventional xerox machine is the sole equipment used. As an example, the aorta from a cholesterol-fed rabbit was removed in toto, opened longitudinally along its anterior margin, flattened in a transparent polypropylene bag and then xeroxed. The outlines of the atherosclerotic lesions were traced on translucent graph paper ruled into 1 mm squares. The squares within those outlines were counted and expressed as a percentage of the whole surface. This xerographic method is rapid and reproducible and is achieved without changing the magnification; it gives comparable or better results than other staining methods. As the aortic specimen is undamaged by fixation or staining, the specimen can be used for subsequent morphological or biochemical studies. Thus, the degree of surface involvement can be correlated with other morphological or biochemical changes in the same arterial samples.", "PMID": 646852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3171", "title": "A quantitative study of the development of sudanophilic lesions in the aorta of rabbits fed a low-cholesterol diet for up to six months.", "content": "Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were placed on a diet containing 0.25% cholesterol and 6% corn oil for periods of up to 6 months. The animals were divided into 4 gours and sacrificed after 2, 3, 4, and 6 months. The aortae were removed, stained with Sudan III, and analyzed with the polar coordinate technique. While the periorificial lesions developed more slowly on this diet than on the diet with 2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil we had used previously, there was no differences in either the location or the shape of the lesions. In the descending thoracic aorta, lesions developed initially distal  to orifices; however, significant lateral and proximal components were observed as atherogenesis progressed. The coronary lesions completely surrounded the ostia in all stages of development. The total area of the lesions was more related to time (r = 0.74, P less than 0.01), than to serum cholesterol (r - 0.51, P less than 0.05) or to cholesterol-time product (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01).", "contents": "A quantitative study of the development of sudanophilic lesions in the aorta of rabbits fed a low-cholesterol diet for up to six months. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were placed on a diet containing 0.25% cholesterol and 6% corn oil for periods of up to 6 months. The animals were divided into 4 gours and sacrificed after 2, 3, 4, and 6 months. The aortae were removed, stained with Sudan III, and analyzed with the polar coordinate technique. While the periorificial lesions developed more slowly on this diet than on the diet with 2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil we had used previously, there was no differences in either the location or the shape of the lesions. In the descending thoracic aorta, lesions developed initially distal  to orifices; however, significant lateral and proximal components were observed as atherogenesis progressed. The coronary lesions completely surrounded the ostia in all stages of development. The total area of the lesions was more related to time (r = 0.74, P less than 0.01), than to serum cholesterol (r - 0.51, P less than 0.05) or to cholesterol-time product (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 646853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3172", "title": "Afferents to brain stem nuclei (brain stem raphe, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus gigantocellularis) in the rat as demonstrated by microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Using a retrograde tracer technique with microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP), afferent projections to the brain stem raphe nuclei (BR, raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus) and to two adjacent reticular nuclei, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (nRPC) and nucleus gigantocellularis (nGC) were identified. The most striking difference between the afferent projections to the BR and the adjacent nuclei as determined by this method is that afferents to the BR originate primarily from structures rostral to the pons, especially the mesencephalic central gray and the dorsal and ventral tegmentum. In contrast, the two reticular nuclei studied (nGC and nRPC) received afferent projections within or caudal to the pons-medulla. For example, the nGC receives prominent afferent projections from the gray matter of the spinal cord. In addition, evidence for interconnections between all of the adjacent nuclei (BR, nGC and nRPC) was found. Such afferent projections are compatible with the notion that the brain stem raphe nuclei may serve as connections within the brain stem for a descending system, while the nGC may be a relay in a feedback loop between the spinal cord and the reticular formation.", "contents": "Afferents to brain stem nuclei (brain stem raphe, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus gigantocellularis) in the rat as demonstrated by microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase. Using a retrograde tracer technique with microiontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP), afferent projections to the brain stem raphe nuclei (BR, raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus) and to two adjacent reticular nuclei, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (nRPC) and nucleus gigantocellularis (nGC) were identified. The most striking difference between the afferent projections to the BR and the adjacent nuclei as determined by this method is that afferents to the BR originate primarily from structures rostral to the pons, especially the mesencephalic central gray and the dorsal and ventral tegmentum. In contrast, the two reticular nuclei studied (nGC and nRPC) received afferent projections within or caudal to the pons-medulla. For example, the nGC receives prominent afferent projections from the gray matter of the spinal cord. In addition, evidence for interconnections between all of the adjacent nuclei (BR, nGC and nRPC) was found. Such afferent projections are compatible with the notion that the brain stem raphe nuclei may serve as connections within the brain stem for a descending system, while the nGC may be a relay in a feedback loop between the spinal cord and the reticular formation.", "PMID": 646855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3173", "title": "Excitation and inhibition of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis following periaqueductal gray stimulation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation (3-4 shocks, 300 Hz, 30-150 microamperemeter) of the periaqueductal gray matter (CG) or dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus (DR) of decerebrate cats reduced or abolished the jaw-opening reflex response evoked by stimulation of either the tooth pulp or infraorbital nerve. In addition, CG or DR stimulation inhibited the response of 12 out of 16 trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons to activation of their sensory afferent inputs. Ten other neurons recorded in the same sites, and often at the same time, but which did not respond to the sensory inputs utilized, were excited by identical stimuli to CG or DR. This excitatory response was blocked by intravenously administered naloxone (0.1-0.2 mg/kg). It is suggested that those neurons which are excited by CG and DR stimulation may be interneurons involved in pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of sensory transmission during stimulus-produced or narcotic analgesia.", "contents": "Excitation and inhibition of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis following periaqueductal gray stimulation. Electrical stimulation (3-4 shocks, 300 Hz, 30-150 microamperemeter) of the periaqueductal gray matter (CG) or dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus (DR) of decerebrate cats reduced or abolished the jaw-opening reflex response evoked by stimulation of either the tooth pulp or infraorbital nerve. In addition, CG or DR stimulation inhibited the response of 12 out of 16 trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons to activation of their sensory afferent inputs. Ten other neurons recorded in the same sites, and often at the same time, but which did not respond to the sensory inputs utilized, were excited by identical stimuli to CG or DR. This excitatory response was blocked by intravenously administered naloxone (0.1-0.2 mg/kg). It is suggested that those neurons which are excited by CG and DR stimulation may be interneurons involved in pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of sensory transmission during stimulus-produced or narcotic analgesia.", "PMID": 646856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3174", "title": "Tumor membrane lymphocyte stimulation assay in patients with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 15 patients with hypernephroma were stimulated with partially purified tumor plasma membranes to incorporate [3H]thymidine. Kidney tumor and normal kidney membranes were adjusted to antigenic equivalence as determined by their ability to inhibit in the HLA 51Cr microcytotoxicity assay. Membranes from control \"normal\" kidney adjacent to the tumor stimulated less than did the tumor. Six of eight patients responded to autologous tumor (p less than 0.05). One patient responded to allogeneic tumor of the same histological type. The importance of statistical analyses of tumor membrane lymphocyte stimulation data is discussed in relation to the assay system. Sequential studies suggest that this assay may be useful as a guideline for the monitoring of current therapeutic regimens and future immunotherapy. The results of this assay are discussed in relation to other in vitro tumor lymphocyte stimulation assays. The limitations of this assay appear to be two: (a) it can be used only in large tumor systems where there is adequate tissue for analysis and controls; (b) it may detect nontumorous antigens or nonspecific stimulators in allogeneic studies. Further studies are needed to correlate the blastogenic response with the patient's prognosis.", "contents": "Tumor membrane lymphocyte stimulation assay in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 15 patients with hypernephroma were stimulated with partially purified tumor plasma membranes to incorporate [3H]thymidine. Kidney tumor and normal kidney membranes were adjusted to antigenic equivalence as determined by their ability to inhibit in the HLA 51Cr microcytotoxicity assay. Membranes from control \"normal\" kidney adjacent to the tumor stimulated less than did the tumor. Six of eight patients responded to autologous tumor (p less than 0.05). One patient responded to allogeneic tumor of the same histological type. The importance of statistical analyses of tumor membrane lymphocyte stimulation data is discussed in relation to the assay system. Sequential studies suggest that this assay may be useful as a guideline for the monitoring of current therapeutic regimens and future immunotherapy. The results of this assay are discussed in relation to other in vitro tumor lymphocyte stimulation assays. The limitations of this assay appear to be two: (a) it can be used only in large tumor systems where there is adequate tissue for analysis and controls; (b) it may detect nontumorous antigens or nonspecific stimulators in allogeneic studies. Further studies are needed to correlate the blastogenic response with the patient's prognosis.", "PMID": 646859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3175", "title": "Regional choline acetyltransferase activity in the guinea pig heart.", "content": "Choline acetyltransferase is the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic system. To assess the extent of parasympathetic innervation, enzyme activity was measured in specialized and contractile regions throughout the guinea pig heart. Enzyme activity in the right atrial appendage was 137 nmol g(-1) hr(-1). Activity was greatest in the region of the sinoatrial node (187 nmol g(-1) hr(-1). Also, enzyme activity was high in the regions of the atrioventricular node (153 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), the proximal conduction bundles (133 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), and the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle (179 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), which contains the moderator band and Purkinje fibers. In contrast, the enzyme activity in the inferior interventricular septum and the free walls of the right and left ventricles, which are more predominantly contractile tissue, was 67 +/- 6,108 +/- 14, and 56 +/- 11 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), respectively. This activity is significantly lower than in the right atrial appendage. These results suggest that the density of parasympathetic innervation is similar in all the components of the conduction system, from the sinoatrial node to Purkinje tissues. Furthermore, the parasympathetic innervation of regions specialized for conduction is up to four times more dense than that of contractile regions.", "contents": "Regional choline acetyltransferase activity in the guinea pig heart. Choline acetyltransferase is the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic system. To assess the extent of parasympathetic innervation, enzyme activity was measured in specialized and contractile regions throughout the guinea pig heart. Enzyme activity in the right atrial appendage was 137 nmol g(-1) hr(-1). Activity was greatest in the region of the sinoatrial node (187 nmol g(-1) hr(-1). Also, enzyme activity was high in the regions of the atrioventricular node (153 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), the proximal conduction bundles (133 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), and the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle (179 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), which contains the moderator band and Purkinje fibers. In contrast, the enzyme activity in the inferior interventricular septum and the free walls of the right and left ventricles, which are more predominantly contractile tissue, was 67 +/- 6,108 +/- 14, and 56 +/- 11 nmol g(-1) hr(-1), respectively. This activity is significantly lower than in the right atrial appendage. These results suggest that the density of parasympathetic innervation is similar in all the components of the conduction system, from the sinoatrial node to Purkinje tissues. Furthermore, the parasympathetic innervation of regions specialized for conduction is up to four times more dense than that of contractile regions.", "PMID": 646860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3176", "title": "Serum chromium and angiographically determined coronary artery disease.", "content": "Human aortas sampled from populations where there is little advanced atheromatous plaque formation contain higher concentrations of chromium than do aortas from populations in which atheromatosis is prevalent. In the present study serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and chromium (Cr3+) concentrations were measured in 32 subjects in whom coronary artery disease was assessed by cineangiography. The distribution of subjects with diseased and normal arteries overlapped below 5.50 microgram of chromium per liter. Only subjects free of coronary artery disease had chromium concentrations greater than or equal to 5.50 microgram/liter. The role of chromium was assessed in the context of the selected risk factors: cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The group with coronary artery disease had significantly lower serum chromium concentrations than did the group with normally patent arteries.", "contents": "Serum chromium and angiographically determined coronary artery disease. Human aortas sampled from populations where there is little advanced atheromatous plaque formation contain higher concentrations of chromium than do aortas from populations in which atheromatosis is prevalent. In the present study serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and chromium (Cr3+) concentrations were measured in 32 subjects in whom coronary artery disease was assessed by cineangiography. The distribution of subjects with diseased and normal arteries overlapped below 5.50 microgram of chromium per liter. Only subjects free of coronary artery disease had chromium concentrations greater than or equal to 5.50 microgram/liter. The role of chromium was assessed in the context of the selected risk factors: cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The group with coronary artery disease had significantly lower serum chromium concentrations than did the group with normally patent arteries.", "PMID": 646861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3177", "title": "The structure of hemoglobin Hopkins-2.", "content": "Hemoglobin Hopkins-2 was originally reported to contain two abnormal alpha chains. Both had aspartic acid instead of the normal histidine at position alpha 112; the second alpha chain also contained two additional amino acid substitutions. In subsequent reports of the structure of this hemoglobin, only the His replaced by Asp substitution was found. To determine whether the second abnormal alpha chain was limited to the original kindred, the structure of their hemoglobin was redetermined. Only the His replaced by Asp substitution was present.", "contents": "The structure of hemoglobin Hopkins-2. Hemoglobin Hopkins-2 was originally reported to contain two abnormal alpha chains. Both had aspartic acid instead of the normal histidine at position alpha 112; the second alpha chain also contained two additional amino acid substitutions. In subsequent reports of the structure of this hemoglobin, only the His replaced by Asp substitution was found. To determine whether the second abnormal alpha chain was limited to the original kindred, the structure of their hemoglobin was redetermined. Only the His replaced by Asp substitution was present.", "PMID": 646867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3178", "title": "The fine structure of ventricular cells in the brains of mouse embryos homozygous for the loop-tail gene.", "content": "The neural tube in normal (+/+), heterozygous (Lp/+), and abnormal (Lp/Lp) mutant mouse embryos ranging in age from 10 to 12 days of gestation was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. In the abnormal embryos, ventricular cells in defective regions of the brain show distortions and crowding together of internal cellular processes and a decrease in blebs and bulbous projections, as compared  with their normal counterparts. At 12 days' gestation the abnormal brains show a scarcity of the T-shaped internal cellular processes characteristic of normal brains. The abnormal brains also show increased amounts of intercellular space and extensive gaps between the cells, particularly in basal regions. There are no striking differences between the normal and abnormal brains at 10 to 12 days' gestation with respect to the appearance and distribution of cilia, microfilaments, microtubules, tight junctions, and ribosomes.", "contents": "The fine structure of ventricular cells in the brains of mouse embryos homozygous for the loop-tail gene. The neural tube in normal (+/+), heterozygous (Lp/+), and abnormal (Lp/Lp) mutant mouse embryos ranging in age from 10 to 12 days of gestation was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. In the abnormal embryos, ventricular cells in defective regions of the brain show distortions and crowding together of internal cellular processes and a decrease in blebs and bulbous projections, as compared  with their normal counterparts. At 12 days' gestation the abnormal brains show a scarcity of the T-shaped internal cellular processes characteristic of normal brains. The abnormal brains also show increased amounts of intercellular space and extensive gaps between the cells, particularly in basal regions. There are no striking differences between the normal and abnormal brains at 10 to 12 days' gestation with respect to the appearance and distribution of cilia, microfilaments, microtubules, tight junctions, and ribosomes.", "PMID": 646870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3179", "title": "Postnatal development of the granule cell in the kitten cerebellum.", "content": "Newborn to 9-week-old kittens were anesthetized and then sacrificed by inserting a scalpel into the thoracic cavity and severing the descending aorta. The cerebella were removed and processed according to Golgi-Cox and rapid Golgi modifications. The results indicate that the dendritic processes of the granule cells undergo a marked postnatal maturation even though there is little postmigratory change in the size and shape of the cell body. A club-shaped swelling of the distal portions of the dendrites is observed by the end of the first week; this \"claw\" becomes multilobated by three weeks and displays elaborate digitiform projections by nine weeks. The sequence of postnatal development in the kitten appears to follow a time course similar to that observed in other species. A possible correlation between the postnatal development of the granule cell and the postnatal development of the spincocerebellar system is discussed.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the granule cell in the kitten cerebellum. Newborn to 9-week-old kittens were anesthetized and then sacrificed by inserting a scalpel into the thoracic cavity and severing the descending aorta. The cerebella were removed and processed according to Golgi-Cox and rapid Golgi modifications. The results indicate that the dendritic processes of the granule cells undergo a marked postnatal maturation even though there is little postmigratory change in the size and shape of the cell body. A club-shaped swelling of the distal portions of the dendrites is observed by the end of the first week; this \"claw\" becomes multilobated by three weeks and displays elaborate digitiform projections by nine weeks. The sequence of postnatal development in the kitten appears to follow a time course similar to that observed in other species. A possible correlation between the postnatal development of the granule cell and the postnatal development of the spincocerebellar system is discussed.", "PMID": 646872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3180", "title": "Successful treatment by overdrive pacing of recurrent quinidine syncope due to ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A 54 year old patient who experienced recurrent ventricular tachycardia subsequent to quinidine administration for conversion of atrial fibrillation is described. Over a 10 hour period, 25 sustained episodes of ventricular tachycardia occurred for which electrical cardioversion was required in addition to numerous self-terminating paroxysms. Medical therapy with lidocaine, procainamide and propranolol was unsuccessful in controlling the arrhythmia. However, placement of a transvenous right ventricular pacemaker with overdrive pacing at a rate of 110 beats/min abrupty terminated all further ventricular ectopic activity during the period of quinidine elimination. Temporary overdrive pacing may be the treatment of choice for refractory, recurrent, ventricular tachycardia associated with quinidine therapy.", "contents": "Successful treatment by overdrive pacing of recurrent quinidine syncope due to ventricular tachycardia. A 54 year old patient who experienced recurrent ventricular tachycardia subsequent to quinidine administration for conversion of atrial fibrillation is described. Over a 10 hour period, 25 sustained episodes of ventricular tachycardia occurred for which electrical cardioversion was required in addition to numerous self-terminating paroxysms. Medical therapy with lidocaine, procainamide and propranolol was unsuccessful in controlling the arrhythmia. However, placement of a transvenous right ventricular pacemaker with overdrive pacing at a rate of 110 beats/min abrupty terminated all further ventricular ectopic activity during the period of quinidine elimination. Temporary overdrive pacing may be the treatment of choice for refractory, recurrent, ventricular tachycardia associated with quinidine therapy.", "PMID": 646873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3181", "title": "Radiographic abnormalities in tubular bone after rigid plate fixation in rabbits.", "content": "Rigid stainless steel osteosynthesis plates (DCP/ASIF) were attached bilaterally onto the intact tibio-fibular bone in 40 rabbits. Axial compression was used on the right side, neutral plate fixation on the left. The radiographic appearances of the bone were analysed 1 day, and 1, 3, 12, 24 and 36 weeks postoperatively. The changes in the bone were progressive, related to the time of fixation, and similar in the right and left leg. The main alterations were a progressive thinning of the cortical bone under the plate and a progressive cancellous transformation of the tubular bone.", "contents": "Radiographic abnormalities in tubular bone after rigid plate fixation in rabbits. Rigid stainless steel osteosynthesis plates (DCP/ASIF) were attached bilaterally onto the intact tibio-fibular bone in 40 rabbits. Axial compression was used on the right side, neutral plate fixation on the left. The radiographic appearances of the bone were analysed 1 day, and 1, 3, 12, 24 and 36 weeks postoperatively. The changes in the bone were progressive, related to the time of fixation, and similar in the right and left leg. The main alterations were a progressive thinning of the cortical bone under the plate and a progressive cancellous transformation of the tubular bone.", "PMID": 646875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3182", "title": "Medical adrenalectomy with aminoglutethimide: clinical studies in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "The use of adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in the management of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma is reserved for highly selected patients. As an alternate approach, a pharmacologic method of inhibiting adrenal cortical secretion was developed which consisted of the daily administration of 1000 mg of aminoglutethimide to block steroidogensis and either dexamethasone (2.0-3.0 mg/day) or hydrocortisone (40-60 mg/day) as replacement glucocorticoid. This regimen markedly suppressed plasma levels of DHA-S, androstenedione, estrone, and estradiol, and urinary levels of aldosterone. Of 50 patients treated, 19 (38%) demonstrated either a complete (8/19) or a partial (11/19) objective disease remission which lasted for 18.05 +/- 3.1 months (mean +/- SEM). In 10 (20%) patients, there was stabilization of disease (7.8 +/- 1.2 months), accompanied by symptomatic relief of bone pain in six (12%). There was disease progression in 20 (40%) patients. The acute side effects of aminoglutethimide therapy were significant and consisted of transient lethargy (41.5%) and a cutaneous rash (35.8%). Chronic toxicity was negligible. The medical adrenalectomy regimen of aminoglutethimide plus glucocorticoid offers a suitable alternative to surgical adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy in the management of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Medical adrenalectomy with aminoglutethimide: clinical studies in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. The use of adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in the management of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma is reserved for highly selected patients. As an alternate approach, a pharmacologic method of inhibiting adrenal cortical secretion was developed which consisted of the daily administration of 1000 mg of aminoglutethimide to block steroidogensis and either dexamethasone (2.0-3.0 mg/day) or hydrocortisone (40-60 mg/day) as replacement glucocorticoid. This regimen markedly suppressed plasma levels of DHA-S, androstenedione, estrone, and estradiol, and urinary levels of aldosterone. Of 50 patients treated, 19 (38%) demonstrated either a complete (8/19) or a partial (11/19) objective disease remission which lasted for 18.05 +/- 3.1 months (mean +/- SEM). In 10 (20%) patients, there was stabilization of disease (7.8 +/- 1.2 months), accompanied by symptomatic relief of bone pain in six (12%). There was disease progression in 20 (40%) patients. The acute side effects of aminoglutethimide therapy were significant and consisted of transient lethargy (41.5%) and a cutaneous rash (35.8%). Chronic toxicity was negligible. The medical adrenalectomy regimen of aminoglutethimide plus glucocorticoid offers a suitable alternative to surgical adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy in the management of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 646874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3183", "title": "Anterior border of the left atrium on conventional heart films.", "content": "The appearance of the anterior left atrial wall on conventional lateral chest films is presented. The position of this structure is often marked by fatty tissue surrounding the posterior wall of the ascending aorta. A markedly enlarged left atrium may overlap the aorta. The delineation of the anterior border is still sometimes possible by observing a layer of epicardial fat surrounding the atrial wall or the interatrial sulcus. The importance of short exposure time as well as the use of the findings in practical diagnostic work is discussed.", "contents": "Anterior border of the left atrium on conventional heart films. The appearance of the anterior left atrial wall on conventional lateral chest films is presented. The position of this structure is often marked by fatty tissue surrounding the posterior wall of the ascending aorta. A markedly enlarged left atrium may overlap the aorta. The delineation of the anterior border is still sometimes possible by observing a layer of epicardial fat surrounding the atrial wall or the interatrial sulcus. The importance of short exposure time as well as the use of the findings in practical diagnostic work is discussed.", "PMID": 646876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3184", "title": "[Enteritis and its complications. Etiology and most frequent anatomoclinical picture].", "content": "A study is made of the environmental, etiologic, pathogenic, clinical and anatomical characteristics of the bacterial or parasitic enteral processes which most frequently cause death to the patients. Considerations on the pathogenesis of the complications found at the postmortem studies in children with diarrhea are likewise offered.", "contents": "[Enteritis and its complications. Etiology and most frequent anatomoclinical picture]. A study is made of the environmental, etiologic, pathogenic, clinical and anatomical characteristics of the bacterial or parasitic enteral processes which most frequently cause death to the patients. Considerations on the pathogenesis of the complications found at the postmortem studies in children with diarrhea are likewise offered.", "PMID": 646885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3185", "title": "[Intrauterine infection in relation to the frequence of prematurity and congenital malformations].", "content": "In order to find the relationship between intrauterine infection with frequency of prematurity and of congenital malformations, 1,016 newborns were studied and were divided into four groups: 324 normal babies, 606 prematures, 44 with malformations and 42 infected patients; the latter were confirmed through titration of serum antibodies. The first index of infection was the concentration of IgM greater than or equal to 28 mg. %; thus, the first groups showed evidence of infection in 0.9%; the second in 11%; the third in 40.9% and the fourth, in 100%.", "contents": "[Intrauterine infection in relation to the frequence of prematurity and congenital malformations]. In order to find the relationship between intrauterine infection with frequency of prematurity and of congenital malformations, 1,016 newborns were studied and were divided into four groups: 324 normal babies, 606 prematures, 44 with malformations and 42 infected patients; the latter were confirmed through titration of serum antibodies. The first index of infection was the concentration of IgM greater than or equal to 28 mg. %; thus, the first groups showed evidence of infection in 0.9%; the second in 11%; the third in 40.9% and the fourth, in 100%.", "PMID": 646884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3186", "title": "[Skin response to phytohemagglutinin in patients with typhoid fever, bronchial asthma and Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "The skin response to phytohemagglutinin was investigated as an index of cellular immunity in group of 50 children made up of 11 with thypoid fever, 13 with bronchial asthma type I, 15 with Hodgkin's disease and 11 controls. A mild but statistically significant (p less than 0.005) depression was found in the skin response of patients with typhoid fever and moderate in patients with Hodgkin's disease. In patients with bronchial asthma, it was similar to control cases; thus, in the future, finer parameters are considered necessary in these cases to investigate cellular immunity.", "contents": "[Skin response to phytohemagglutinin in patients with typhoid fever, bronchial asthma and Hodgkin's disease]. The skin response to phytohemagglutinin was investigated as an index of cellular immunity in group of 50 children made up of 11 with thypoid fever, 13 with bronchial asthma type I, 15 with Hodgkin's disease and 11 controls. A mild but statistically significant (p less than 0.005) depression was found in the skin response of patients with typhoid fever and moderate in patients with Hodgkin's disease. In patients with bronchial asthma, it was similar to control cases; thus, in the future, finer parameters are considered necessary in these cases to investigate cellular immunity.", "PMID": 646883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3187", "title": "[Polyradiculoneuritis. Increase of the occurrence of the severe forms].", "content": "The clinical histories of 97 cases admitted from 1963 to June 1977 with the diagnosis of polyradiculoneuritis were reviewed. A change in the epidemiology related with an increase in frequency of severe forms that reached up to 50.0% during the last 3 years, against 15% for the previous years, was observed. Overall lethality was 4.1%. Permanent sequelae resulted in 18.3% of the patients and the greatest contribution to this came from the group of severe forms, since 53.3% of them was definitely affected.", "contents": "[Polyradiculoneuritis. Increase of the occurrence of the severe forms]. The clinical histories of 97 cases admitted from 1963 to June 1977 with the diagnosis of polyradiculoneuritis were reviewed. A change in the epidemiology related with an increase in frequency of severe forms that reached up to 50.0% during the last 3 years, against 15% for the previous years, was observed. Overall lethality was 4.1%. Permanent sequelae resulted in 18.3% of the patients and the greatest contribution to this came from the group of severe forms, since 53.3% of them was definitely affected.", "PMID": 646886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3188", "title": "[Neonatal infection and high IgM at birth].", "content": "To determine the concentration of IgM to be used as intrauterine infection indicator, the sera of 2,906 newborns were studied. Five hundred and sixty-three (19.4%), showed high concentrations of IgM and out of 199 pair sera studied, serologic evidence of infection was found in 21.1%. Out of these cases, 80.9% showed no clinical disturbances during their first two months of life. The agents most frequently found responsible for intrauterine infection were cytomegalovirus, influenza A2 H-K, influenza B, parotiditis and rubella. Based on this study, we may conclude that determinations of high concentrations of IgM with the technique used is still a good index to detect intrauterine infections, specially considering that the clinical manifestations of disease may be minimal or may pass unnoticed during the first days of life and that by no means should this test be done instead of other clinical or laboratory studies to investigate such questions.", "contents": "[Neonatal infection and high IgM at birth]. To determine the concentration of IgM to be used as intrauterine infection indicator, the sera of 2,906 newborns were studied. Five hundred and sixty-three (19.4%), showed high concentrations of IgM and out of 199 pair sera studied, serologic evidence of infection was found in 21.1%. Out of these cases, 80.9% showed no clinical disturbances during their first two months of life. The agents most frequently found responsible for intrauterine infection were cytomegalovirus, influenza A2 H-K, influenza B, parotiditis and rubella. Based on this study, we may conclude that determinations of high concentrations of IgM with the technique used is still a good index to detect intrauterine infections, specially considering that the clinical manifestations of disease may be minimal or may pass unnoticed during the first days of life and that by no means should this test be done instead of other clinical or laboratory studies to investigate such questions.", "PMID": 646887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3189", "title": "[Osteomyelitis in the newborn].", "content": "The study included 17 cases of osteomyelitis in the newborn period, admitted through a period of 10 years. Males showed a rate of 1.8:1 over females. The possible port of entry was established in 11 cases. The most important clinical signs were: edema, erythema, hypomotility and fluctuation. In one third of the cases, systemic infection signs were eident and in 4 cases, confirmation resulted from blood cultures positive to gram-negative germs. The germ most frequently isolated in the secretion was S. aureus, followed by Klebsiella. The analysis included the pathogenesis that explains the high percentage of articular participation (65%) and the presence of multiple foci which, together with other characteristics, make osteomyelitis at this age, different from that seen during other stages of life in terms of diagnosis, management and prognosis.", "contents": "[Osteomyelitis in the newborn]. The study included 17 cases of osteomyelitis in the newborn period, admitted through a period of 10 years. Males showed a rate of 1.8:1 over females. The possible port of entry was established in 11 cases. The most important clinical signs were: edema, erythema, hypomotility and fluctuation. In one third of the cases, systemic infection signs were eident and in 4 cases, confirmation resulted from blood cultures positive to gram-negative germs. The germ most frequently isolated in the secretion was S. aureus, followed by Klebsiella. The analysis included the pathogenesis that explains the high percentage of articular participation (65%) and the presence of multiple foci which, together with other characteristics, make osteomyelitis at this age, different from that seen during other stages of life in terms of diagnosis, management and prognosis.", "PMID": 646888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3190", "title": "[Supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia as a pediatric cardiologic emergency].", "content": "Seven cases with the diagnosis of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, confirmed by the electrocardiogram were included in the study. Their ages fluctuated from 19 days to 14 years, with predominance of small infants. The etiology was varied. They were managed with digitalis and conversion to sinusal rhythm in a short term. The drug was maintained to prevent relapses and/or heart failure. No mortality issued. We recommend the use of digitalis as selective drug because it may be readily obtained and its appication and response are sure. The clinical findings and results agree with the literature reviewed.", "contents": "[Supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia as a pediatric cardiologic emergency]. Seven cases with the diagnosis of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, confirmed by the electrocardiogram were included in the study. Their ages fluctuated from 19 days to 14 years, with predominance of small infants. The etiology was varied. They were managed with digitalis and conversion to sinusal rhythm in a short term. The drug was maintained to prevent relapses and/or heart failure. No mortality issued. We recommend the use of digitalis as selective drug because it may be readily obtained and its appication and response are sure. The clinical findings and results agree with the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 646889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3191", "title": "[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Study of 46 cases].", "content": "Forty-six children with the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were studied according to the criterion of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA). No predominance was seen in terms of sex. Preschool age was preferably affected and the poliarticular form was the most frequent at the initiation. Sixty per cent of the cases followed a recurrent course. The routine clinical manifestations were fever, arthralgia, visceromegalia and exanthema. The knees were found to be the joints most frequently affected in one half of the cases. The laboratory tests showed in all of the cases, increased sedimentation rate, hypergammaglobulinemia and in 33% of the cases, the rheumatoid factor was positive. The most frequent X-ray changes were: increase of soft parts and osteoporosis in 38% of the cases, without radiological changes in 25% of them. Thirty-four percent of the patients remained without articular sequelae and approximately in one half of the cases, functional incapacity was minimal.", "contents": "[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Study of 46 cases]. Forty-six children with the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were studied according to the criterion of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA). No predominance was seen in terms of sex. Preschool age was preferably affected and the poliarticular form was the most frequent at the initiation. Sixty per cent of the cases followed a recurrent course. The routine clinical manifestations were fever, arthralgia, visceromegalia and exanthema. The knees were found to be the joints most frequently affected in one half of the cases. The laboratory tests showed in all of the cases, increased sedimentation rate, hypergammaglobulinemia and in 33% of the cases, the rheumatoid factor was positive. The most frequent X-ray changes were: increase of soft parts and osteoporosis in 38% of the cases, without radiological changes in 25% of them. Thirty-four percent of the patients remained without articular sequelae and approximately in one half of the cases, functional incapacity was minimal.", "PMID": 646890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3192", "title": "[Long term mental consequences in children with purulent meningoencephalitis].", "content": "Long-term intellectual sequelae were studied in 14 children who suffered purulent meningitis during their first two years of life. A proportion of 50.0% showed an I.Q. under 90 points, but no statistical difference was found when compared with a control group made up with siblings of the patients. The main difference between both groups corresponded to a greater percentage of inadequate development in patients who had suffered meningitis. This disturbance is chiefly related with environmental factors that showed the existence of familial and social integration problems in 86% of children having an I.Q. under 90 points, against only 14% of cases showing an I.Q. above 90 points.", "contents": "[Long term mental consequences in children with purulent meningoencephalitis]. Long-term intellectual sequelae were studied in 14 children who suffered purulent meningitis during their first two years of life. A proportion of 50.0% showed an I.Q. under 90 points, but no statistical difference was found when compared with a control group made up with siblings of the patients. The main difference between both groups corresponded to a greater percentage of inadequate development in patients who had suffered meningitis. This disturbance is chiefly related with environmental factors that showed the existence of familial and social integration problems in 86% of children having an I.Q. under 90 points, against only 14% of cases showing an I.Q. above 90 points.", "PMID": 646891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3193", "title": "[Postmortem examination of patients with non-surgically treated ruptured aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "The is no doubt that radical surgery has been successful in preserving the lives of patients with ruptured aneurysms. On the other hand, no matter how successful we have been we cannot and must not forget the patients who died without undergoing surgery. Therefore, we investigated from clinical course, laboratory work, including angiography and autopsy, 38 cases who died during hospitalization in order to elucidate the causes of death in the natural course and to find the possibilities of minnimizing the number of non-operative fatalies. We classified the causes of death into 3 groups: intracranial hemmatomas, brain ischemia due to vasospasm, and aggravation of the general condition. From the study, it was concluded that most of the lives could have been saved, if appropriate diagnosis and treatment had been made as soon as possible after the initial hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Postmortem examination of patients with non-surgically treated ruptured aneurysms (author's transl)]. The is no doubt that radical surgery has been successful in preserving the lives of patients with ruptured aneurysms. On the other hand, no matter how successful we have been we cannot and must not forget the patients who died without undergoing surgery. Therefore, we investigated from clinical course, laboratory work, including angiography and autopsy, 38 cases who died during hospitalization in order to elucidate the causes of death in the natural course and to find the possibilities of minnimizing the number of non-operative fatalies. We classified the causes of death into 3 groups: intracranial hemmatomas, brain ischemia due to vasospasm, and aggravation of the general condition. From the study, it was concluded that most of the lives could have been saved, if appropriate diagnosis and treatment had been made as soon as possible after the initial hemorrhage.", "PMID": 646896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3194", "title": "[Analysis of urine in the child without renal disease and with fever].", "content": "The study comprised 24 patients with ages between 5 months and 13 years and fever from different extrarenal infectious diseases. Seventy-nine samples of urine were taken to determine proteins, glucose, ketone, hemoglobine and study of the urinary sediment. Electrophoresis of proteins was practiced to samples with higher content of them. Considering a normal rate of protein the figure above 4 mg/hr/m2, 70% of the patients and 39% of samples showed abnormality with figures up to 52 mg/hr/m2, or 1,259 mg/l. All of them excreted albumin and alphaglobulins; 15, betaglobulins and 4, gammaglobulins. No relationship was found between the amount or type of protein excreted and the degree of fever, age of the patient or type of disease. Thirty-seven per cent of the patients showed ketonuria, 29% erythrocyturia, 21% hemoglobinuria, 16% glycosuria, 12% cylindruria, and 8% leukocyturia. The duration of abnormalities lasted from 1 to 4 days and the magnitude was usually mild, having obtained in all of the cases, a normal sample of urine and a negative urine culture before discharge of the patient. Findings with other studies are compared and the pathogenesis of abnormalities is discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of urine in the child without renal disease and with fever]. The study comprised 24 patients with ages between 5 months and 13 years and fever from different extrarenal infectious diseases. Seventy-nine samples of urine were taken to determine proteins, glucose, ketone, hemoglobine and study of the urinary sediment. Electrophoresis of proteins was practiced to samples with higher content of them. Considering a normal rate of protein the figure above 4 mg/hr/m2, 70% of the patients and 39% of samples showed abnormality with figures up to 52 mg/hr/m2, or 1,259 mg/l. All of them excreted albumin and alphaglobulins; 15, betaglobulins and 4, gammaglobulins. No relationship was found between the amount or type of protein excreted and the degree of fever, age of the patient or type of disease. Thirty-seven per cent of the patients showed ketonuria, 29% erythrocyturia, 21% hemoglobinuria, 16% glycosuria, 12% cylindruria, and 8% leukocyturia. The duration of abnormalities lasted from 1 to 4 days and the magnitude was usually mild, having obtained in all of the cases, a normal sample of urine and a negative urine culture before discharge of the patient. Findings with other studies are compared and the pathogenesis of abnormalities is discussed.", "PMID": 646892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3195", "title": "[A case of cerebral vascular disease associated with prosopagnosia and minor hemisphere syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of \"apractognosia\", a syndrome of minor hemisphere, and prosopagnosia was described. A 68 years old, right handed, hypertensive man who had experienced an episode of left hemiparesis of several weeks' duration developed a syndrome of minor hemisphere, metamorphopsia, visuoconstructive disability, spatial dysgraphia, topographical and geographical disorientation and dressing apraxia, with associated left homonymous hemianopsia. A right occipital lesion was disclosed by an isotopic brain scan and a CT scan. The CT scan also disclosed a generalized cerebral atrophy. Memory disturbance, both verbal and visual, was observed. Verbal memory was examined by coupled words test, digit span and 10-words learning test, and visual memory by spatial pointing span and memorizing unfamiliar faces. The patient was able to differentiate unfamiliar faces, but was not able to memorize them correctly. Although the patient has complained of a disturbance of recognizing familiar faces (prosopagnosia), but actually, sometimes he was able to recognize the members of his family by the faces and sometimes he was not. He has stated that he could not recall familiar faces. The authors suggested prosopagnosia is, as Benton (1975) has supposed, considered to be the limited disorders of memory and association.", "contents": "[A case of cerebral vascular disease associated with prosopagnosia and minor hemisphere syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of \"apractognosia\", a syndrome of minor hemisphere, and prosopagnosia was described. A 68 years old, right handed, hypertensive man who had experienced an episode of left hemiparesis of several weeks' duration developed a syndrome of minor hemisphere, metamorphopsia, visuoconstructive disability, spatial dysgraphia, topographical and geographical disorientation and dressing apraxia, with associated left homonymous hemianopsia. A right occipital lesion was disclosed by an isotopic brain scan and a CT scan. The CT scan also disclosed a generalized cerebral atrophy. Memory disturbance, both verbal and visual, was observed. Verbal memory was examined by coupled words test, digit span and 10-words learning test, and visual memory by spatial pointing span and memorizing unfamiliar faces. The patient was able to differentiate unfamiliar faces, but was not able to memorize them correctly. Although the patient has complained of a disturbance of recognizing familiar faces (prosopagnosia), but actually, sometimes he was able to recognize the members of his family by the faces and sometimes he was not. He has stated that he could not recall familiar faces. The authors suggested prosopagnosia is, as Benton (1975) has supposed, considered to be the limited disorders of memory and association.", "PMID": 646899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3196", "title": "[Intracranial pressure in patients with diffuse cerebral arterial spasm following ruptured intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "Intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded continuously for 2 to days in 12 pre-operative patients with angiographic evidence of diffuse cerebral arterial spasm due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The ICP pattern of the low level (below 15 mmHg) and flat type was registered in the early stage of the arterial spasm in 11 patients in whom the ICP recording was made within 11 days after the hemorrhagic attack. During the period of low and flat ICP pattern, 6 patients showed little or no neurological deterioration whereas 5 patient showed impaired consciousness or neurological deficits. In 9 out 11 patients, the low level of ICP was followed by an abnormal deterioration. Continuous ventricular drainage was performed to control the secondary increased ICP in 7 patients and they survived, 4 of them with good results but remaining 3 with severe neurological deficits.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure in patients with diffuse cerebral arterial spasm following ruptured intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)]. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded continuously for 2 to days in 12 pre-operative patients with angiographic evidence of diffuse cerebral arterial spasm due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The ICP pattern of the low level (below 15 mmHg) and flat type was registered in the early stage of the arterial spasm in 11 patients in whom the ICP recording was made within 11 days after the hemorrhagic attack. During the period of low and flat ICP pattern, 6 patients showed little or no neurological deterioration whereas 5 patient showed impaired consciousness or neurological deficits. In 9 out 11 patients, the low level of ICP was followed by an abnormal deterioration. Continuous ventricular drainage was performed to control the secondary increased ICP in 7 patients and they survived, 4 of them with good results but remaining 3 with severe neurological deficits.", "PMID": 646900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3197", "title": "Detection of abnormal left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic contraction and early relaxation. Comparison of echo- and angiocardiography.", "content": "Abnormal left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic contraction and early relaxation was assessed from simultaneous apex and echocardiograms in 50 patients with ischaemic heart disease, and compared with estimates from the corresponding digitised left ventriculograms. During isovolumic contraction, a normal angiogram was accompanied by normal apex-dimension relations in 13 out of 14 cases. In 19 cases, there was angiographic evidence of discrete outward wall movement during isovolumic contraction which was associated with abnormal apex-dimension relations in 15. During isovolumic relaxation, of 14 cases who were normal angiographically, apex-dimension relations were normal also in 11, which in 36 patients with abnormal wall movement on angiogram, apex-dimension relations were abnormal in 30. Correlation was less good between echocardiographic and angiographic estimates of left ventricular minor dimension (r = 0.75), and was absent between those of peak rates of dimension change during systole and diastole. Asynchronous onset of inward wall movement and the distribution of regional abnormalities of overall wall movement amplitude were unrelated to apex-dimension relations. The apex-dimension relation is thus a sensitive and specific means of detecting abnormalities of left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic contraction and early relaxation, unaffected by other manifestation", "contents": "Detection of abnormal left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic contraction and early relaxation. Comparison of echo- and angiocardiography. Abnormal left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic contraction and early relaxation was assessed from simultaneous apex and echocardiograms in 50 patients with ischaemic heart disease, and compared with estimates from the corresponding digitised left ventriculograms. During isovolumic contraction, a normal angiogram was accompanied by normal apex-dimension relations in 13 out of 14 cases. In 19 cases, there was angiographic evidence of discrete outward wall movement during isovolumic contraction which was associated with abnormal apex-dimension relations in 15. During isovolumic relaxation, of 14 cases who were normal angiographically, apex-dimension relations were normal also in 11, which in 36 patients with abnormal wall movement on angiogram, apex-dimension relations were abnormal in 30. Correlation was less good between echocardiographic and angiographic estimates of left ventricular minor dimension (r = 0.75), and was absent between those of peak rates of dimension change during systole and diastole. Asynchronous onset of inward wall movement and the distribution of regional abnormalities of overall wall movement amplitude were unrelated to apex-dimension relations. The apex-dimension relation is thus a sensitive and specific means of detecting abnormalities of left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic contraction and early relaxation, unaffected by other manifestation", "PMID": 646902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3198", "title": "Echocardiographic analysis of posterior mitral leaflet movement in mitral stenosis.", "content": "Echocardiographic analysis of the movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet in 60 patients with lone mitral stenosis, 35 patients with aortic stenosis, and 18 patients with aortic and mitral stenosis showed a spectrum of initial posterior mitral valve leaflet movement in early diastole. The classical anterior movement was seen in 36 out of 60 patients with mitral stenosis (60%), and 8 out of 16 patients with aortic and mitral stenosis (50%). Normal posterior movement was present in all patients with lone aortic stenosis but was also seen in 10 patients (17%) with mitral stenosis and 6 patients (33%) with aortic and mitral stenosis. The remaining patients with mitral stenosis or aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis showed a biphasic type of initial movement. Patients with anterior movement had a mean calculated mitral valve area from cardiac catheterisation significantly smaller than the rest (P less than 0.001), but neither biphasic nor posterior movement excluded severe mitral stenosis. The distinction between patients with mitral stenosis and initial movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and patients with left ventricular discompliance is possible when there is sinus rhythm. Late diastolic anterior movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet during atrial contraction is diagnostic of true mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic analysis of posterior mitral leaflet movement in mitral stenosis. Echocardiographic analysis of the movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet in 60 patients with lone mitral stenosis, 35 patients with aortic stenosis, and 18 patients with aortic and mitral stenosis showed a spectrum of initial posterior mitral valve leaflet movement in early diastole. The classical anterior movement was seen in 36 out of 60 patients with mitral stenosis (60%), and 8 out of 16 patients with aortic and mitral stenosis (50%). Normal posterior movement was present in all patients with lone aortic stenosis but was also seen in 10 patients (17%) with mitral stenosis and 6 patients (33%) with aortic and mitral stenosis. The remaining patients with mitral stenosis or aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis showed a biphasic type of initial movement. Patients with anterior movement had a mean calculated mitral valve area from cardiac catheterisation significantly smaller than the rest (P less than 0.001), but neither biphasic nor posterior movement excluded severe mitral stenosis. The distinction between patients with mitral stenosis and initial movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and patients with left ventricular discompliance is possible when there is sinus rhythm. Late diastolic anterior movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet during atrial contraction is diagnostic of true mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 646903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3199", "title": "Echocardiographic identification of aorta and main pulmonary artery in complete transposition.", "content": "No completely reliable echocardiographic technique has been described for the separate identification of the aorta and main pulmonary artery in complete transposition of the great arteries. A mechanical wide-angle (60 degrees) sector scanner has been applied to this problem in 17 infants and young children, including 8 newborns before angiocardiography. In all patients a longitudinal scan (saggital section) identified the main pulmonary artery by its directly posterior course immediately beyond the pulmonary valve, and the aorta by its retrosternal course upwards before turning posteriorly above the main pulmonary artery. In addition, a high transverse scan showed the precise spatial relation of the great arteries, and, in 11 of the 17, tilting the scanning plane upwards showed branching of the main pulmonary artery. In 8 infants examined with M-mode echocardiography, an upward sweep from the pulmonary valve showed abrupt termination of the echo from the posterior wall coinciding with the posterior arching of the main pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Echocardiographic identification of aorta and main pulmonary artery in complete transposition. No completely reliable echocardiographic technique has been described for the separate identification of the aorta and main pulmonary artery in complete transposition of the great arteries. A mechanical wide-angle (60 degrees) sector scanner has been applied to this problem in 17 infants and young children, including 8 newborns before angiocardiography. In all patients a longitudinal scan (saggital section) identified the main pulmonary artery by its directly posterior course immediately beyond the pulmonary valve, and the aorta by its retrosternal course upwards before turning posteriorly above the main pulmonary artery. In addition, a high transverse scan showed the precise spatial relation of the great arteries, and, in 11 of the 17, tilting the scanning plane upwards showed branching of the main pulmonary artery. In 8 infants examined with M-mode echocardiography, an upward sweep from the pulmonary valve showed abrupt termination of the echo from the posterior wall coinciding with the posterior arching of the main pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 646904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3200", "title": "Natural history and evaluation of Q waves during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial 72 point praecordial electrocardiographic maps were recorded in 45 patients with uncomplicated acute anterior myocardial infarction. These were analysed and the serial changes in Q waves and ST segments were recorded. Cardiospecific enzyme release curves were constructed from repeated measurements of the plasma activity of the myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB CK) during 4 days after the onset of chest pain. The praecordial maps showed that Q waves appeared in the second hour after the onset of chest pain and the development of this electrocardiographic sign was completed within 12 hours. There were complex relations between the development of Q waves, the natural history of ST segment elevation, and the release of MB CK activity. The praecordial area of ST segment elevation at 2 hours was directly related to the fully developed Q wave area at 24 hours after the onset of chest pain. The electrical activity of affected myocardium was lost before peak plasma MB CK activity.", "contents": "Natural history and evaluation of Q waves during acute myocardial infarction. Serial 72 point praecordial electrocardiographic maps were recorded in 45 patients with uncomplicated acute anterior myocardial infarction. These were analysed and the serial changes in Q waves and ST segments were recorded. Cardiospecific enzyme release curves were constructed from repeated measurements of the plasma activity of the myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB CK) during 4 days after the onset of chest pain. The praecordial maps showed that Q waves appeared in the second hour after the onset of chest pain and the development of this electrocardiographic sign was completed within 12 hours. There were complex relations between the development of Q waves, the natural history of ST segment elevation, and the release of MB CK activity. The praecordial area of ST segment elevation at 2 hours was directly related to the fully developed Q wave area at 24 hours after the onset of chest pain. The electrical activity of affected myocardium was lost before peak plasma MB CK activity.", "PMID": 646905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3201", "title": "Coronary artery ectasia--a variant of occlusive coronary arteriosclerosis.", "content": "In a study of 1000 consecutive coronary arteriograms, 12 patients (all men) had coronary artery ectasia. Ectasia was found most frequently in the circumflex or right coronary artery. Only 1 patient had ectasia in the left anterior descending coronary artery. In 11 patients, ectasia of one artery was associated with severe stenosis or occlusion of other vessels, typical of arteriosclerosis. Histology from an ectatic segment in one of this group showed changes of severe arteriosclerosis with extensive intimal fibrosis and destruction of the media. One patient had a mixed collagen vascular disease. Measurement of coronary sinus flow in 2 patients with coronary artery ectasia showed flows in the range of patients with non-ectatic coronary artery disease. At cardiac surgery flows down the graft to ectatic arteries were in the same range as in grafts to non-ectatic vessels. Patients with coronary artery ectasia should be anticoagulated.", "contents": "Coronary artery ectasia--a variant of occlusive coronary arteriosclerosis. In a study of 1000 consecutive coronary arteriograms, 12 patients (all men) had coronary artery ectasia. Ectasia was found most frequently in the circumflex or right coronary artery. Only 1 patient had ectasia in the left anterior descending coronary artery. In 11 patients, ectasia of one artery was associated with severe stenosis or occlusion of other vessels, typical of arteriosclerosis. Histology from an ectatic segment in one of this group showed changes of severe arteriosclerosis with extensive intimal fibrosis and destruction of the media. One patient had a mixed collagen vascular disease. Measurement of coronary sinus flow in 2 patients with coronary artery ectasia showed flows in the range of patients with non-ectatic coronary artery disease. At cardiac surgery flows down the graft to ectatic arteries were in the same range as in grafts to non-ectatic vessels. Patients with coronary artery ectasia should be anticoagulated.", "PMID": 646906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3202", "title": "Height and weight gain after total correction of Fallot's tetralogy.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 100 cases of Fallot's tetralogy undergoing total correction, the mean birthweight was found to be just below the 50th centile. Blalock-Taussig or Waterston shunts were performed in 45 patients. Before their shunt operations a significant number of patients had become retarded in height and weight development but after the shunt operations many patients showed accelerated height and weight gain. Of the 73 patients followed up 2 years after correction, 23 had experienced accelerated development in both weight and height, but 11 patients remained on or below the 3rd centile for weight and height. In terms of the age at shunting, the oxygen saturation immediately before total correction, the age at total correction, the number of ventriculotomy patch repairs, and the post-correction ventricular pressure ratios, no significant difference could be detected between those 23 patients who had undergone accelerated development and those 11 who had remained retarded. More shunts, particularly of the Waterston type, were performed in the retarded group.", "contents": "Height and weight gain after total correction of Fallot's tetralogy. In a consecutive series of 100 cases of Fallot's tetralogy undergoing total correction, the mean birthweight was found to be just below the 50th centile. Blalock-Taussig or Waterston shunts were performed in 45 patients. Before their shunt operations a significant number of patients had become retarded in height and weight development but after the shunt operations many patients showed accelerated height and weight gain. Of the 73 patients followed up 2 years after correction, 23 had experienced accelerated development in both weight and height, but 11 patients remained on or below the 3rd centile for weight and height. In terms of the age at shunting, the oxygen saturation immediately before total correction, the age at total correction, the number of ventriculotomy patch repairs, and the post-correction ventricular pressure ratios, no significant difference could be detected between those 23 patients who had undergone accelerated development and those 11 who had remained retarded. More shunts, particularly of the Waterston type, were performed in the retarded group.", "PMID": 646909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3203", "title": "Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia in a newborn infant.", "content": "A case of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia of torsade de pointes variety occurring in a newborn infant is described. A rare problem in the newborn, ventricular tachycardia has been associated with congenital heart disease, electrolyte abnormality, and cardiac tumour. In this case, the association was with myocarditis. The arrhythmia was refractory to treatment, and the infant died.", "contents": "Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia in a newborn infant. A case of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia of torsade de pointes variety occurring in a newborn infant is described. A rare problem in the newborn, ventricular tachycardia has been associated with congenital heart disease, electrolyte abnormality, and cardiac tumour. In this case, the association was with myocarditis. The arrhythmia was refractory to treatment, and the infant died.", "PMID": 646910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3204", "title": "Diarrhoea induced by migration of a pacemaker generator.", "content": "A case of intraperitoneal migration of a pacemaker generator is described. Chronic diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort were relieved by its removal.", "contents": "Diarrhoea induced by migration of a pacemaker generator. A case of intraperitoneal migration of a pacemaker generator is described. Chronic diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort were relieved by its removal.", "PMID": 646911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3205", "title": "Equations for vapour pressure versus temperature: derivation and use of the Antoine equation on a hand-held programmable calculator.", "content": "The Antoine equation is a semi-empirical equation which expresses vapour pressure as a function of temperature. A new, rapid and highly accurate method for obtaining its three constants from experimental data is presented and applied to ethanol, water and 14 anaesthetic substances. Alternative vapour pressure equations are discussed and references for original temperature--vapour pressure data are summarized. A series of equations utilizing vapour pressure is detailed: these formulas are of use in both the practice and teaching of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Equations for vapour pressure versus temperature: derivation and use of the Antoine equation on a hand-held programmable calculator. The Antoine equation is a semi-empirical equation which expresses vapour pressure as a function of temperature. A new, rapid and highly accurate method for obtaining its three constants from experimental data is presented and applied to ethanol, water and 14 anaesthetic substances. Alternative vapour pressure equations are discussed and references for original temperature--vapour pressure data are summarized. A series of equations utilizing vapour pressure is detailed: these formulas are of use in both the practice and teaching of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 646913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3206", "title": "A vaporizing system for programmed anaesthesia.", "content": "A vaporizing system for closed circuit \"programmed\" anaesthesia is described. Despite its location within the circuit, the vaporizer controls directly the input of volatile anaesthetic agents irrespective of fluctuations in ventilation of the anaesthetized subject. It is interfaced easily with electronic controllers and has an accuracy approaching 1.0% under laboratory conditions. During experimental anaesthesia, it maintained stable end-tidial concentrations of halothane at 1.2 MAC (the intended value) despite wide variations in ventilation.", "contents": "A vaporizing system for programmed anaesthesia. A vaporizing system for closed circuit \"programmed\" anaesthesia is described. Despite its location within the circuit, the vaporizer controls directly the input of volatile anaesthetic agents irrespective of fluctuations in ventilation of the anaesthetized subject. It is interfaced easily with electronic controllers and has an accuracy approaching 1.0% under laboratory conditions. During experimental anaesthesia, it maintained stable end-tidial concentrations of halothane at 1.2 MAC (the intended value) despite wide variations in ventilation.", "PMID": 646914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3207", "title": "Bedside estimation of whole blood lactate.", "content": "A new instrument for the measurement of lactate in biological fluids, the Lactate Analyzer 640, has been evaluated. The method of use recommended by the manufacturer for blood samples was found to be inadequate. A new method of sample preparation for the instrument, based upon immediate haemolysis and fluoridation of blood, has been developed, allowing measurement of whole blood lactate concentration to be performed on samples as small as 150 microlitre within 5 min of withdrawal. The instrument is designed to be operated by a medical practitioner. Excellent correlation with a conventional enzymatic assay was found. These features make this new method particularly applicable to rapidly changing clinical situations such as shock in adult patients, asphyxia neonatorum and intrapartum foetal hypoxia.", "contents": "Bedside estimation of whole blood lactate. A new instrument for the measurement of lactate in biological fluids, the Lactate Analyzer 640, has been evaluated. The method of use recommended by the manufacturer for blood samples was found to be inadequate. A new method of sample preparation for the instrument, based upon immediate haemolysis and fluoridation of blood, has been developed, allowing measurement of whole blood lactate concentration to be performed on samples as small as 150 microlitre within 5 min of withdrawal. The instrument is designed to be operated by a medical practitioner. Excellent correlation with a conventional enzymatic assay was found. These features make this new method particularly applicable to rapidly changing clinical situations such as shock in adult patients, asphyxia neonatorum and intrapartum foetal hypoxia.", "PMID": 646915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3208", "title": "Preliminary investigation into a new method of assessing the quality of anaesthesia: the cardiovascular response to a measured noxious stimulus.", "content": "It is suggested that the autonomic response to noxious stimulation may be measured during anaesthesia. The response may be marked despite considerable depression of cortical activity as measured by the cerebral function monitor. Preliminary results suggest that large doses of narcotic analgesics reduce the autonomic response to noxious stimulation and this may be used as a test to compare the potency and duration of action of narcotic drugs during anaesthesia. It is possible that the measurement of beat-to-beat variation in heart rate may be used to monitor autonomic nervous system activity and, indirectly, the degree of stress during surgery, provided that the efferent limb of the reflex arc remains intact. With the aid of the cerebral function monitor and with an index of reflex response to noxious stimulation it should be possible to monitor the effect of anaesthesia on the central nervous system more precisely.", "contents": "Preliminary investigation into a new method of assessing the quality of anaesthesia: the cardiovascular response to a measured noxious stimulus. It is suggested that the autonomic response to noxious stimulation may be measured during anaesthesia. The response may be marked despite considerable depression of cortical activity as measured by the cerebral function monitor. Preliminary results suggest that large doses of narcotic analgesics reduce the autonomic response to noxious stimulation and this may be used as a test to compare the potency and duration of action of narcotic drugs during anaesthesia. It is possible that the measurement of beat-to-beat variation in heart rate may be used to monitor autonomic nervous system activity and, indirectly, the degree of stress during surgery, provided that the efferent limb of the reflex arc remains intact. With the aid of the cerebral function monitor and with an index of reflex response to noxious stimulation it should be possible to monitor the effect of anaesthesia on the central nervous system more precisely.", "PMID": 646916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3209", "title": "Haemodynamic responses to induced arterial hypotension in children.", "content": "Cardiovascular measurements were made in 12 children in whom arterial hypotension was induced with pentolinium and halothane. Propranolol was given to five patients who exhibited tachycardia. Measurements were made at the following stages: before induction of hypotension, 5 min after the administration of pentolinium, when a \"dry\" opening field was obtained, at the time of maximum hypotension and when arterial pressure had returned to 90% of the control values. The decrease in arterial pressure 5 min after the administration of pentolinium was accompanied by tachycardia, but there was no significant change in cardiac index and the operative field was congested. A substantial decrease in cardiac output occurred when a \"dry\" field was obtained.", "contents": "Haemodynamic responses to induced arterial hypotension in children. Cardiovascular measurements were made in 12 children in whom arterial hypotension was induced with pentolinium and halothane. Propranolol was given to five patients who exhibited tachycardia. Measurements were made at the following stages: before induction of hypotension, 5 min after the administration of pentolinium, when a \"dry\" opening field was obtained, at the time of maximum hypotension and when arterial pressure had returned to 90% of the control values. The decrease in arterial pressure 5 min after the administration of pentolinium was accompanied by tachycardia, but there was no significant change in cardiac index and the operative field was congested. A substantial decrease in cardiac output occurred when a \"dry\" field was obtained.", "PMID": 646917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3210", "title": "Glucose tolerance during anaesthesia and surgery. Comparison of general and extradural anaesthesia.", "content": "The effects of general and extradural anaesthesia on glucose tolerance and plasma cortisol concentration in the surgical patient were assessed. Normal glucose tolerance and insulin release were observed under extradural anaesthesia, whereas general anaesthesia produced decreases in both glucose tolerance and insulin release. The plasma cortisol concentration was increased in both groups. These results indicate possible nutritional advantages in conducting surgery under extradural anaesthesia.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance during anaesthesia and surgery. Comparison of general and extradural anaesthesia. The effects of general and extradural anaesthesia on glucose tolerance and plasma cortisol concentration in the surgical patient were assessed. Normal glucose tolerance and insulin release were observed under extradural anaesthesia, whereas general anaesthesia produced decreases in both glucose tolerance and insulin release. The plasma cortisol concentration was increased in both groups. These results indicate possible nutritional advantages in conducting surgery under extradural anaesthesia.", "PMID": 646918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3211", "title": "Acute epiglottitis in children. Review of 27 patients.", "content": "Of 27 children treated for acute epiglottitis, 26 survived. Eighteen patients treated by nasotracheal intubation were devoid of sequelae, whereas of six patients in whom tracheotomy was performed, one developed an ugly scar and two had slight tracheal stenosis at the tracheostomy site. In 22 of the 27 children the diagnosis of the referring physician was wrong, causing serious delay in securing the airway. We conclude that short-term nasotracheal intubation and antibiotic prophylaxis is the optimal treatment for acute epiglottitis in children. However, such patients are often in a critical condition, and it is essential that a well-planned procedure for examination and treatment is established in each hospital.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis in children. Review of 27 patients. Of 27 children treated for acute epiglottitis, 26 survived. Eighteen patients treated by nasotracheal intubation were devoid of sequelae, whereas of six patients in whom tracheotomy was performed, one developed an ugly scar and two had slight tracheal stenosis at the tracheostomy site. In 22 of the 27 children the diagnosis of the referring physician was wrong, causing serious delay in securing the airway. We conclude that short-term nasotracheal intubation and antibiotic prophylaxis is the optimal treatment for acute epiglottitis in children. However, such patients are often in a critical condition, and it is essential that a well-planned procedure for examination and treatment is established in each hospital.", "PMID": 646919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3212", "title": "The fibreoptic laryngoscope in the management of cut throat injuries.", "content": "The trachea of a man who had cut his own throat was successfully intubated using a fibreoptic laryngoscope after attempts at conventional oral intubation had failed. The advantages of the fibreoptic instrument and the method of use in such an injury are discussed.", "contents": "The fibreoptic laryngoscope in the management of cut throat injuries. The trachea of a man who had cut his own throat was successfully intubated using a fibreoptic laryngoscope after attempts at conventional oral intubation had failed. The advantages of the fibreoptic instrument and the method of use in such an injury are discussed.", "PMID": 646920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3213", "title": "Specific active immunotherapy does not prolong survival in surgically treated patients with stage IIB malignant melanoma and may promote early recurrence.", "content": "A prospective trial with concurrent controls was designed to assess the effects of specific active immunotherapy in patients receiving intermittent cytotoxic chemotherapy (DTIC + Vincristine) as an adjuvant to surgery in Stage IIB malignant melanoma. The treated group received monthly irradiated allogeneic melanoma cells and BCG, and the controls BCG only. Sixteen patients in the treatment arm had a median relapse-free interval of 5 months, compared to 8 months in 12 controls given chemotherapy and BCG, and because of this we felt that continuation of the study was unjustified on ethical grounds. Although all the controls who relapsed did so at distant sites, 7/11 patients given specific active immunotherapy relapsed initially within the lymphatic drainage area of the primary tumour. The median intervals from starting treatment to relapse at distant sites, and the median survival were identical in the 2 groups. We conclude that immunotherapy comprising irradiated allogenic melanoma cells as employed in this study does not prolong survival in surgically treated Stage IIB malignant melanoma and may even promote early, local relapse.", "contents": "Specific active immunotherapy does not prolong survival in surgically treated patients with stage IIB malignant melanoma and may promote early recurrence. A prospective trial with concurrent controls was designed to assess the effects of specific active immunotherapy in patients receiving intermittent cytotoxic chemotherapy (DTIC + Vincristine) as an adjuvant to surgery in Stage IIB malignant melanoma. The treated group received monthly irradiated allogeneic melanoma cells and BCG, and the controls BCG only. Sixteen patients in the treatment arm had a median relapse-free interval of 5 months, compared to 8 months in 12 controls given chemotherapy and BCG, and because of this we felt that continuation of the study was unjustified on ethical grounds. Although all the controls who relapsed did so at distant sites, 7/11 patients given specific active immunotherapy relapsed initially within the lymphatic drainage area of the primary tumour. The median intervals from starting treatment to relapse at distant sites, and the median survival were identical in the 2 groups. We conclude that immunotherapy comprising irradiated allogenic melanoma cells as employed in this study does not prolong survival in surgically treated Stage IIB malignant melanoma and may even promote early, local relapse.", "PMID": 646922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3214", "title": "Relationship of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against melanoma cells to prognosis in melanoma patients.", "content": "The cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of blood mononuclear cells against cultured human melanoma cells was measured in patients after surgical removal of localized melanoma, at a time when they were considered on clinical grounds to be free of melanoma. It was found that the distribution of CMC values against melanoma cells in melanoma patients was different from that in control subjects, and several sub-populations of melanoma patients were evident on the basis of these measurements. No difference in distribution of CMC values was found against non-melanoma cells, which suggested the changes were specific for melanoma. The proportion of patients with recurrence of melanoma was compared between the patient groups with low, normal or high CMC values against cultured melanoma cells after surgery. Analysis for periods extending to 2 years showed that patients with low CMC values after surgery had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence from melanoma than patients with normal or high CMC values. These results suggest there may be a sub-group of melanoma patients who have intrinsically low CMC against melanoma cells, and that this may be an important predisposing factor in the development of recurrent melanoma.", "contents": "Relationship of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against melanoma cells to prognosis in melanoma patients. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of blood mononuclear cells against cultured human melanoma cells was measured in patients after surgical removal of localized melanoma, at a time when they were considered on clinical grounds to be free of melanoma. It was found that the distribution of CMC values against melanoma cells in melanoma patients was different from that in control subjects, and several sub-populations of melanoma patients were evident on the basis of these measurements. No difference in distribution of CMC values was found against non-melanoma cells, which suggested the changes were specific for melanoma. The proportion of patients with recurrence of melanoma was compared between the patient groups with low, normal or high CMC values against cultured melanoma cells after surgery. Analysis for periods extending to 2 years showed that patients with low CMC values after surgery had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence from melanoma than patients with normal or high CMC values. These results suggest there may be a sub-group of melanoma patients who have intrinsically low CMC against melanoma cells, and that this may be an important predisposing factor in the development of recurrent melanoma.", "PMID": 646923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3215", "title": "Complement receptor subtypes C3b and C3d in lymphatic tissue and follicular lymphoma.", "content": "To substantiate the origin of follicular (nodular) lymphoma cells from germinal-centre cells, the lymphoma cells from 7 patients with follicular lymphoma and from 9 tonsils and 2 lymph nodes were studied for the presence and distribution of complement-receptor subtypes (i.e., the receptors for C3b and C3d). It was found that erythrocytes coated with antibodies and C3d (EAC3d) adhered exclusively to germinal centres, whereas erythrocytes coated with antibodies and C3b (EAC3b) adhered to germinal centres and in many instances to the regions between them. These findings indicate that germinal-centre cells bear both complement-receptor subtypes and that the B cells of the interfollicular area, which belong at least in part to the precursors of plasma cells, bear only a receptor for C3b. In frozen sections of follicular lymphomas, a similar distribution of complement-receptor subtypes was observed; EAC3d was bound exclusively to the neoplastic nodules, and EAC3b adhered to the neoplastic nodules and adjacent paranodular tissue. Receptor studies on suspended cells of both normal tonsils and follicular lymphomas revealed a slight predominance of EAC3d(+) cells or equal numbers of EAC3b(+) and EAC3d(+) cells. The complete congruence in the expression and distribution of complement-receptor subtypes between tissues from follicular lymphomas and those from normal and hyperplastic tonsils or lymph nodes suggests that follicular lymphoma represents the neoplastic counterpart of the reactive germinal centre.", "contents": "Complement receptor subtypes C3b and C3d in lymphatic tissue and follicular lymphoma. To substantiate the origin of follicular (nodular) lymphoma cells from germinal-centre cells, the lymphoma cells from 7 patients with follicular lymphoma and from 9 tonsils and 2 lymph nodes were studied for the presence and distribution of complement-receptor subtypes (i.e., the receptors for C3b and C3d). It was found that erythrocytes coated with antibodies and C3d (EAC3d) adhered exclusively to germinal centres, whereas erythrocytes coated with antibodies and C3b (EAC3b) adhered to germinal centres and in many instances to the regions between them. These findings indicate that germinal-centre cells bear both complement-receptor subtypes and that the B cells of the interfollicular area, which belong at least in part to the precursors of plasma cells, bear only a receptor for C3b. In frozen sections of follicular lymphomas, a similar distribution of complement-receptor subtypes was observed; EAC3d was bound exclusively to the neoplastic nodules, and EAC3b adhered to the neoplastic nodules and adjacent paranodular tissue. Receptor studies on suspended cells of both normal tonsils and follicular lymphomas revealed a slight predominance of EAC3d(+) cells or equal numbers of EAC3b(+) and EAC3d(+) cells. The complete congruence in the expression and distribution of complement-receptor subtypes between tissues from follicular lymphomas and those from normal and hyperplastic tonsils or lymph nodes suggests that follicular lymphoma represents the neoplastic counterpart of the reactive germinal centre.", "PMID": 646924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3216", "title": "Lymphocyte defect in plasmacytoma-bearing mice.", "content": "Multiple myeloma is often associated with humoral immunodepression in both man and mouse. When mice bearing the humorally immunodepressive plasmacytomas TEPC-183 and SPQC-11 were injected with SRBC, the rise of serum haemolysins was significantly less than that of non-tumour-bearing mice. Mice with the plasmacytomas MPC-11 and MOPC-315 have an antibody response similar to normal mice when injected with SRBC. Following immunization, normal mice and those bearing MPC-11 showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in total spleen lymphocytes. Mice bearing TEPC-183 or SPQC-11, the plasmacytomas causing an impaired antibody response, has significant increase in spleen lymphocytes under the same conditions. Mice bearing MOPC-315 had a very high initial count of spleen lymphocytes, which did not further increase upon immune stimulation.Incubation of lymphocytes from plasmacytoma-bearing mice with PHA did not produce an increase in TdR incorporation and in some cases even caused a decrease in TdR incorporation.Lymphocytes from mice bearing TEPC-183, SPQC-11, and MOPC-315 incorporated less TdR in response to LPS than did normal mice. On the other hand, mice bearing MPC-11 incorporated about as much TdR as did normal mice following LPS stimulation. Thus, the defect in the ability to respond to LPS in vitro correlated with the lack of an increase of spleen lymphocytes in mice bearing these tumours following antigenic stimulation in vivo.No immunodepressive properties of serum from mice with plasmacytoma could be detected.", "contents": "Lymphocyte defect in plasmacytoma-bearing mice. Multiple myeloma is often associated with humoral immunodepression in both man and mouse. When mice bearing the humorally immunodepressive plasmacytomas TEPC-183 and SPQC-11 were injected with SRBC, the rise of serum haemolysins was significantly less than that of non-tumour-bearing mice. Mice with the plasmacytomas MPC-11 and MOPC-315 have an antibody response similar to normal mice when injected with SRBC. Following immunization, normal mice and those bearing MPC-11 showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in total spleen lymphocytes. Mice bearing TEPC-183 or SPQC-11, the plasmacytomas causing an impaired antibody response, has significant increase in spleen lymphocytes under the same conditions. Mice bearing MOPC-315 had a very high initial count of spleen lymphocytes, which did not further increase upon immune stimulation.Incubation of lymphocytes from plasmacytoma-bearing mice with PHA did not produce an increase in TdR incorporation and in some cases even caused a decrease in TdR incorporation.Lymphocytes from mice bearing TEPC-183, SPQC-11, and MOPC-315 incorporated less TdR in response to LPS than did normal mice. On the other hand, mice bearing MPC-11 incorporated about as much TdR as did normal mice following LPS stimulation. Thus, the defect in the ability to respond to LPS in vitro correlated with the lack of an increase of spleen lymphocytes in mice bearing these tumours following antigenic stimulation in vivo.No immunodepressive properties of serum from mice with plasmacytoma could be detected.", "PMID": 646925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3217", "title": "Effects of amputation and Corynebacterium parvum on tumour metastases in mice.", "content": "The effects of operation (lower-limb amputation) on the growth of the Lewis lung tumour and its metastases were studied. The role of C. parvum in counteracting these effects was investigated. Anaesthesia alone or with amputation did not affect primary tumour growth. C. parvum depressed this growth. Anaesthesia did not affect the number of pulmonary metastases, but amputation caused a significant increase. C. parvum inhibited metastases and completely counteracted the effects of operation on them. Large doses of cortisone acetate significantly increased metastases but small doses had no effect. Experiments with adrenalectomized mice suggested the effects of operation were due to non-specific stress.", "contents": "Effects of amputation and Corynebacterium parvum on tumour metastases in mice. The effects of operation (lower-limb amputation) on the growth of the Lewis lung tumour and its metastases were studied. The role of C. parvum in counteracting these effects was investigated. Anaesthesia alone or with amputation did not affect primary tumour growth. C. parvum depressed this growth. Anaesthesia did not affect the number of pulmonary metastases, but amputation caused a significant increase. C. parvum inhibited metastases and completely counteracted the effects of operation on them. Large doses of cortisone acetate significantly increased metastases but small doses had no effect. Experiments with adrenalectomized mice suggested the effects of operation were due to non-specific stress.", "PMID": 646927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3218", "title": "Variation in response of xenografts of colo-rectal carcinoma to chemotherapy.", "content": "Ten xenograft lines of human colonic and rectal carcinomas have been established in immune-suppressed mice. Mice bearing tumours in the 2nd to 6th passage were treated with maximum tolerated doses of 8 chemotherapeutic agents and tumour growth delay was estimated in terms of the number of volume doubling times gained by the treatment. The average response corresponded to a delay of only about 0.5 doubling times, but some tumour lines showed a good response to some agents. Twenty-three out of about 700 treated tumours failed to regrow. Statistical analysis showed no consistent difference in sensitivity among the tumour lines, but melphalan, 5-fluorouracil and hexamethylmelamine stood out as the most effective agents. A study of two-drug combinations showed that their order of administration had little effect on response. Only 4 of the patients who donated the xenografts were treated with chemotherapy, but among these there was some evidence that response in the xenografts correlated with response in the patient.", "contents": "Variation in response of xenografts of colo-rectal carcinoma to chemotherapy. Ten xenograft lines of human colonic and rectal carcinomas have been established in immune-suppressed mice. Mice bearing tumours in the 2nd to 6th passage were treated with maximum tolerated doses of 8 chemotherapeutic agents and tumour growth delay was estimated in terms of the number of volume doubling times gained by the treatment. The average response corresponded to a delay of only about 0.5 doubling times, but some tumour lines showed a good response to some agents. Twenty-three out of about 700 treated tumours failed to regrow. Statistical analysis showed no consistent difference in sensitivity among the tumour lines, but melphalan, 5-fluorouracil and hexamethylmelamine stood out as the most effective agents. A study of two-drug combinations showed that their order of administration had little effect on response. Only 4 of the patients who donated the xenografts were treated with chemotherapy, but among these there was some evidence that response in the xenografts correlated with response in the patient.", "PMID": 646928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3219", "title": "Repeated partial hepatectomy as a promoting stimulus for carcinogenic response of liver to nitrosamines in rats.", "content": "Partial hepatectomy 24 h before a single i.p. dose of dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine or ethylmethylnitrosamine increased the carcinogenic response in the liver of rats as determined by the number of tumours and the number of \"focal proliferations\" produced. Secondly, in rats given a single i.p. dose of diethylnitrosamine, 3 partial hepatectomies 5, 10 and 15 weeks after dosing the animals increased the carcinogenic response in the liver. The stimulus of repeated partial hepatectomy therefore appears to act as a \"promoting agent\" for liver carcinogenesis, that is if the single dose of diethylnitrosamine is regarded as an \"initiating agent\" in the terms of the two-stage hypothesis.", "contents": "Repeated partial hepatectomy as a promoting stimulus for carcinogenic response of liver to nitrosamines in rats. Partial hepatectomy 24 h before a single i.p. dose of dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine or ethylmethylnitrosamine increased the carcinogenic response in the liver of rats as determined by the number of tumours and the number of \"focal proliferations\" produced. Secondly, in rats given a single i.p. dose of diethylnitrosamine, 3 partial hepatectomies 5, 10 and 15 weeks after dosing the animals increased the carcinogenic response in the liver. The stimulus of repeated partial hepatectomy therefore appears to act as a \"promoting agent\" for liver carcinogenesis, that is if the single dose of diethylnitrosamine is regarded as an \"initiating agent\" in the terms of the two-stage hypothesis.", "PMID": 646929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3220", "title": "Influence of repeated liver regeneration on hepatic carcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine in mice.", "content": "In mice given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine, a hepatonecrotic dose of carbon tetrachloride, 5 weeks after dosing with DEN and repeated 6 times at 4-weekly intervals, augmented the tumour yield in the livers. A single hepatonecrotic dose of CCl4 24 h before a single dose of DEN also increased the number of tumours produced. The effect of the repeated administration of CCl4 after the dose of DEN occurred in addition to, and was therefore independent of, the enhancing effect of a single dose of CCl4 before DEN. These results may be interpreted as implying (1) that the liver in the regenerative phase after a hepatonecrotic dose of CCl4 is more susceptible to an initiating action of DEN, i.e. produces more potential foci of tumour growth than in the normal liver and (2) that the repeated doses of CCl4 leading to repeated phases of regeneration, after the dose of DEN, provide a promoting stimulus.", "contents": "Influence of repeated liver regeneration on hepatic carcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine in mice. In mice given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine, a hepatonecrotic dose of carbon tetrachloride, 5 weeks after dosing with DEN and repeated 6 times at 4-weekly intervals, augmented the tumour yield in the livers. A single hepatonecrotic dose of CCl4 24 h before a single dose of DEN also increased the number of tumours produced. The effect of the repeated administration of CCl4 after the dose of DEN occurred in addition to, and was therefore independent of, the enhancing effect of a single dose of CCl4 before DEN. These results may be interpreted as implying (1) that the liver in the regenerative phase after a hepatonecrotic dose of CCl4 is more susceptible to an initiating action of DEN, i.e. produces more potential foci of tumour growth than in the normal liver and (2) that the repeated doses of CCl4 leading to repeated phases of regeneration, after the dose of DEN, provide a promoting stimulus.", "PMID": 646930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3221", "title": "Ultrastructure and biological markers of neoplastic change in adult mouse epithelial cells transformed in vitro.", "content": "The ultrastructure and in vitro growth properties of 5 tumorigenic mouse submandibular-gland epithelial cell lines were studied. In all lines, in vitro acinus formation occurred, and well differentiated epithelial cells showing epithelial microvilli and desmosomes and cytoplasmic tonofilaments were present. None of the cells showed specific ultratructural features of the normal differentiated submandibular-gland ducts. All the lines formed colonies in semi-solid agar and on confluent monolayers of BALB/c 3T3 cells, and all lacked density-dependent inhibition of growth, as demonstrated by a random distribution of [3H]TdR labelling throughout growing colonies. These 3 growth properties appear to be reliable in vitro markers for epithelial neoplastic transformation in this system, but colony-forming efficiency in agar is lower than that reported for many transformed mesenchymal cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and biological markers of neoplastic change in adult mouse epithelial cells transformed in vitro. The ultrastructure and in vitro growth properties of 5 tumorigenic mouse submandibular-gland epithelial cell lines were studied. In all lines, in vitro acinus formation occurred, and well differentiated epithelial cells showing epithelial microvilli and desmosomes and cytoplasmic tonofilaments were present. None of the cells showed specific ultratructural features of the normal differentiated submandibular-gland ducts. All the lines formed colonies in semi-solid agar and on confluent monolayers of BALB/c 3T3 cells, and all lacked density-dependent inhibition of growth, as demonstrated by a random distribution of [3H]TdR labelling throughout growing colonies. These 3 growth properties appear to be reliable in vitro markers for epithelial neoplastic transformation in this system, but colony-forming efficiency in agar is lower than that reported for many transformed mesenchymal cells.", "PMID": 646931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3222", "title": "Serial cytogenetic studies of human colonic tumour xenografts.", "content": "Chromosome studies have been made of 2 human colonic tumour lines maintained as xenografts in immune-deprived mice. In both tumours human karyotypes were retained, although progressive changes occurred during serial passage. In one tumour, independent gain of a chromosome 19 was found in the stemline and 2 sidelines. In the other tumour there was selection for a sideline containing a particular deleted marker chromosome. The advantages of chromosome analysis in a xenograft system, both for the study of human solid tumour karyotypes and for monitoring the continued presence of the human genome, are discussed.", "contents": "Serial cytogenetic studies of human colonic tumour xenografts. Chromosome studies have been made of 2 human colonic tumour lines maintained as xenografts in immune-deprived mice. In both tumours human karyotypes were retained, although progressive changes occurred during serial passage. In one tumour, independent gain of a chromosome 19 was found in the stemline and 2 sidelines. In the other tumour there was selection for a sideline containing a particular deleted marker chromosome. The advantages of chromosome analysis in a xenograft system, both for the study of human solid tumour karyotypes and for monitoring the continued presence of the human genome, are discussed.", "PMID": 646932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3223", "title": "Incidence of bilateral tumours in a population-based series of breast-cancer patients. I. Two approaches to an epidemiological analysis.", "content": "This paper gives the incidence in the Birmingham Regional Cancer Registry (England) of a second primary tumour in the contralateral breast among nearly 22,000 patients registered with a first primary in the breast between the years 1936 and 1964. The results, based on more than 90,000 women-years at risk and 399 second primary tumours, are presented with reference to 2 methods of analysis. In assessing risk, the principal factors investigated were age at first and second primary diagnoses and the interval between diagnoses. The results are discussed in terms of current aetiological hypotheses. On the basis of a method which included coincidental tumours, the overall risk of a tumour in the contraleteral breast was found to be 3.0 times that in the general population of a first primary. The corresponding risks for 3 main age-ranges (at the time of diagnosis of the first primary tumour) were 5.6 (ages 15-44 years), 3.7 (45--59 years) and 1.8 (60+ years). When coincidental tumours were excluded from the analysis, the relative risk was found to be 2.4 overall and 5.3, 3.0 and 1.0 for the 3 age-ranges, respectively. The level of risk was negatively correlated with age at first primary and the relative risk remained substantially constant over time.", "contents": "Incidence of bilateral tumours in a population-based series of breast-cancer patients. I. Two approaches to an epidemiological analysis. This paper gives the incidence in the Birmingham Regional Cancer Registry (England) of a second primary tumour in the contralateral breast among nearly 22,000 patients registered with a first primary in the breast between the years 1936 and 1964. The results, based on more than 90,000 women-years at risk and 399 second primary tumours, are presented with reference to 2 methods of analysis. In assessing risk, the principal factors investigated were age at first and second primary diagnoses and the interval between diagnoses. The results are discussed in terms of current aetiological hypotheses. On the basis of a method which included coincidental tumours, the overall risk of a tumour in the contraleteral breast was found to be 3.0 times that in the general population of a first primary. The corresponding risks for 3 main age-ranges (at the time of diagnosis of the first primary tumour) were 5.6 (ages 15-44 years), 3.7 (45--59 years) and 1.8 (60+ years). When coincidental tumours were excluded from the analysis, the relative risk was found to be 2.4 overall and 5.3, 3.0 and 1.0 for the 3 age-ranges, respectively. The level of risk was negatively correlated with age at first primary and the relative risk remained substantially constant over time.", "PMID": 646933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3224", "title": "Transbronchial lung biopsy through the fibreoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Fifty-five patients were investigated using transbronchial lung biopsy through the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope under fluoroscopic guidance, 51 by the transnasal route under local anaesthesia, two via an endotracheal tube whilst undergoing assisted ventilation and two by the same route under general anaesthesia. Multiple specimens of lung tissue subjects with diffuse pulmonary disease and in 16 of 32 (50%) with localized lesions, giving a positive yield of 64% of all cases. The only complication was an haemoptysis of 50 ml in one patient. Our results suggest that transbronchial lung biopsy is a relatively safe procedure which gives results comparable with other lung biopsy techniques.", "contents": "Transbronchial lung biopsy through the fibreoptic bronchoscope. Fifty-five patients were investigated using transbronchial lung biopsy through the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope under fluoroscopic guidance, 51 by the transnasal route under local anaesthesia, two via an endotracheal tube whilst undergoing assisted ventilation and two by the same route under general anaesthesia. Multiple specimens of lung tissue subjects with diffuse pulmonary disease and in 16 of 32 (50%) with localized lesions, giving a positive yield of 64% of all cases. The only complication was an haemoptysis of 50 ml in one patient. Our results suggest that transbronchial lung biopsy is a relatively safe procedure which gives results comparable with other lung biopsy techniques.", "PMID": 646936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3225", "title": "An evaluation of the tuberculosis agglutination test.", "content": "The tuberculosis agglutination titre as described by Nicholls (1975) was measured without prior knowledge of the diagnosis in 27 patients with open pulmonary tuberculosis, 100 patients with other diseases and 14 control patients with no apparent disease. Reproducibility of the test, as judged by repeat estimations on split samples, was poor. When attempting to distinguish between the disease categories the test gave 29% false negatives in patients with tuberculosis and 52% false positives in patients with other disease. Therefore the tuberculosis agglutination titre cannot be recommended for use in distinguishing tuberculosis from other conditions.", "contents": "An evaluation of the tuberculosis agglutination test. The tuberculosis agglutination titre as described by Nicholls (1975) was measured without prior knowledge of the diagnosis in 27 patients with open pulmonary tuberculosis, 100 patients with other diseases and 14 control patients with no apparent disease. Reproducibility of the test, as judged by repeat estimations on split samples, was poor. When attempting to distinguish between the disease categories the test gave 29% false negatives in patients with tuberculosis and 52% false positives in patients with other disease. Therefore the tuberculosis agglutination titre cannot be recommended for use in distinguishing tuberculosis from other conditions.", "PMID": 646937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3226", "title": "Sarcoidosis and selective IgA deficiency.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom selective deficiency of IgA coexisted with a clinical condition compatible with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The literature on the rare association of the two conditions is reviewed. Any such association is probably coincidental.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis and selective IgA deficiency. Two patients are described in whom selective deficiency of IgA coexisted with a clinical condition compatible with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The literature on the rare association of the two conditions is reviewed. Any such association is probably coincidental.", "PMID": 646938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3227", "title": "Pleuropulmonary amoebiasis in Ghana: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of pleuropulmonary amoebiasis are reported for the first time from Ghana. It is suggested that where facilities for identification of the causal agent are not available a therapeutic trial should be given with drugs effective against Entamoeba histolytica.", "contents": "Pleuropulmonary amoebiasis in Ghana: a report of three cases. Three cases of pleuropulmonary amoebiasis are reported for the first time from Ghana. It is suggested that where facilities for identification of the causal agent are not available a therapeutic trial should be given with drugs effective against Entamoeba histolytica.", "PMID": 646939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3228", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.", "content": "Three cases of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are reported at the symptom-free stage of this condition. Two were siblings.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Three cases of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are reported at the symptom-free stage of this condition. Two were siblings.", "PMID": 646940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3229", "title": "Intrapleural haemorrhage complicating pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Rupture of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula caused intrapleural haemorrhage in a young woman with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and multiple bilateral fistulas. Bleeding was limited and exsanguination was probably prevented by pleural adhesions. Treatment included decortication, excision of the bleeding fistula, and prophylactic sclerosis of the opposite pleural space.", "contents": "Intrapleural haemorrhage complicating pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Rupture of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula caused intrapleural haemorrhage in a young woman with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and multiple bilateral fistulas. Bleeding was limited and exsanguination was probably prevented by pleural adhesions. Treatment included decortication, excision of the bleeding fistula, and prophylactic sclerosis of the opposite pleural space.", "PMID": 646941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3230", "title": "The pulmonary vasculature in haematite lung.", "content": "A histological study was made of the pulmonary vasculature in two cases of haematite lung. Between fibrotic nodules in the lung the muscular pulmonary arteries showed the development of longitudinal muscle in the intima, a change thought to be associated with stretch and distortion of these vessels. In some arteries this muscular layer in the intima showed secondary fibrosis. No muscularized pulmonary arterioles were seen, indicating an absence of constriction of the terminal portions of the pulmonary arterial tree. Pulmonary arteries in fibrotic areas had become progressively engulfed by the fibrous tissue. The occlusive and obliterative vascular changes in 'haematite lung' are in reality those of silicosis which are brought about by the inhalation of silica particles with the iron sesquioxide. The only feature peculiar to haematite lung is the intense accumulation of iron-containing dust in and around the pulmonary blood vessels.", "contents": "The pulmonary vasculature in haematite lung. A histological study was made of the pulmonary vasculature in two cases of haematite lung. Between fibrotic nodules in the lung the muscular pulmonary arteries showed the development of longitudinal muscle in the intima, a change thought to be associated with stretch and distortion of these vessels. In some arteries this muscular layer in the intima showed secondary fibrosis. No muscularized pulmonary arterioles were seen, indicating an absence of constriction of the terminal portions of the pulmonary arterial tree. Pulmonary arteries in fibrotic areas had become progressively engulfed by the fibrous tissue. The occlusive and obliterative vascular changes in 'haematite lung' are in reality those of silicosis which are brought about by the inhalation of silica particles with the iron sesquioxide. The only feature peculiar to haematite lung is the intense accumulation of iron-containing dust in and around the pulmonary blood vessels.", "PMID": 646943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3231", "title": "Patterns of response to bronchodilators in asthma.", "content": "Twenty-eight asthmatics inhaled an isoprenaline aerosol on several occasions. The dose administered was constant for each subject on each occasion, yet the responses of each subject measured spirometrically differed on most of the separate occasions. The individual response patterns showed the following features. Spontaneous worsening of the asthma was associated with spirometric responses which in some cases increased directly and predictably with the corresponding fall in pre-treatment FEV1. In other cases the increase in response was less regular and in a few it bore no relation whatsoever to the pre-treatment FEV1. In three subjects a response occurred when the pre-treatment FEV1 was greater than the predicted value. There were variations between subjects in the magnitude of increase in spirometric response to inhaled bronchodilator occurring when there was a fall in pre-treatment FEV1. The great majority of subjects never achieved their predicted FEV1 after maximal doses of isoprenaline. The study of individual response patterns is of value in the selection of subjects for comparative trials of different bronchodilator drugs. The present study draws attention to an irreversible component in the reduction of airways calibre that occurs in asthma.", "contents": "Patterns of response to bronchodilators in asthma. Twenty-eight asthmatics inhaled an isoprenaline aerosol on several occasions. The dose administered was constant for each subject on each occasion, yet the responses of each subject measured spirometrically differed on most of the separate occasions. The individual response patterns showed the following features. Spontaneous worsening of the asthma was associated with spirometric responses which in some cases increased directly and predictably with the corresponding fall in pre-treatment FEV1. In other cases the increase in response was less regular and in a few it bore no relation whatsoever to the pre-treatment FEV1. In three subjects a response occurred when the pre-treatment FEV1 was greater than the predicted value. There were variations between subjects in the magnitude of increase in spirometric response to inhaled bronchodilator occurring when there was a fall in pre-treatment FEV1. The great majority of subjects never achieved their predicted FEV1 after maximal doses of isoprenaline. The study of individual response patterns is of value in the selection of subjects for comparative trials of different bronchodilator drugs. The present study draws attention to an irreversible component in the reduction of airways calibre that occurs in asthma.", "PMID": 646944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3232", "title": "Cytochemical, ultrastructural and immunological studies of circulating Reed-Sternberg cells.", "content": "Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells in the circulating blood of a patient with Hodgkin's disease were cytochemically peroxidase and Sudan black negative, devoid of alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterase, mostly PAS negative but occasionally showing positivity, and nearly always showing moderately strong granular positivity for acid phosphatase. Electron microscopy showed irregular nuclear profiles, conspicuous nucleoli, a moderate development of cytoplasmic organelles but absence of structures resembling monocytic granules. The R-S cells frequently possessed receptors for the Fc region of IgG and were mostly positive for SmIg, but did not form rosettes with sheep or mouse erythrocytes nor have receptors for the Fc region of IgM or the C3 component of complement. The combined results suggest that R-S cells are of B-cell lineage.", "contents": "Cytochemical, ultrastructural and immunological studies of circulating Reed-Sternberg cells. Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells in the circulating blood of a patient with Hodgkin's disease were cytochemically peroxidase and Sudan black negative, devoid of alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterase, mostly PAS negative but occasionally showing positivity, and nearly always showing moderately strong granular positivity for acid phosphatase. Electron microscopy showed irregular nuclear profiles, conspicuous nucleoli, a moderate development of cytoplasmic organelles but absence of structures resembling monocytic granules. The R-S cells frequently possessed receptors for the Fc region of IgG and were mostly positive for SmIg, but did not form rosettes with sheep or mouse erythrocytes nor have receptors for the Fc region of IgM or the C3 component of complement. The combined results suggest that R-S cells are of B-cell lineage.", "PMID": 646947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3233", "title": "Chronic lymphatic leukaemia: cellular effects of glucocorticoids in vitro.", "content": "Glucocorticoid receptor levels and steroid induced inhibition of nucleic acid precursors have been examined in lymphocytes from 27 patients at different stages of chronic lymphatic leukaemia. No correlation can be found between the level of glucocorticoid receptors and the stage of the disease. On the other hand, a significant difference (P less than 0.02) was found between stage O and stage III/IV patients, in terms of the in vitro effect of dexamethasone on [3H] uridine incorporation.", "contents": "Chronic lymphatic leukaemia: cellular effects of glucocorticoids in vitro. Glucocorticoid receptor levels and steroid induced inhibition of nucleic acid precursors have been examined in lymphocytes from 27 patients at different stages of chronic lymphatic leukaemia. No correlation can be found between the level of glucocorticoid receptors and the stage of the disease. On the other hand, a significant difference (P less than 0.02) was found between stage O and stage III/IV patients, in terms of the in vitro effect of dexamethasone on [3H] uridine incorporation.", "PMID": 646948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3234", "title": "The effects of glucocorticoids on cultured human endothelial cells.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and prednisone on the morphology, replication, DNA synthesis, cell protein content and protein synthesis of cultured, human endothelial cells were evaluated. After culturing the cells with these glucocorticoids for 24-48 h, the cells covered a greater portion of the culture surface area. The mean surface area of the individual endothelial cell treated with glucocorticoids was 1.53 times greater than that of the untreated control endothelial cell. When compared with controls, the endothelial cover provided by the cells treated with glucocorticoids was more extensive and in many instances covered the entire culture surface. The change in morphology was associated with an increase in protein synthesis and protein content of the cells without an increase in DNA synthesis or cellular replication. Dexamethasone was approximately 10-fold more effective than hydrocortisone, while prednisone was the least effective. Aldosterone, DOCA, testosterone, progesterone, oestradiol and oestriol were ineffective. These studies indicate that glucocorticoids can alter the morphology and biochemistry of cultured endothelial cells and may have implications for the effects of steroids in the treatment of thrombocytopenic states and vascular disorders in man.", "contents": "The effects of glucocorticoids on cultured human endothelial cells. The effects of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and prednisone on the morphology, replication, DNA synthesis, cell protein content and protein synthesis of cultured, human endothelial cells were evaluated. After culturing the cells with these glucocorticoids for 24-48 h, the cells covered a greater portion of the culture surface area. The mean surface area of the individual endothelial cell treated with glucocorticoids was 1.53 times greater than that of the untreated control endothelial cell. When compared with controls, the endothelial cover provided by the cells treated with glucocorticoids was more extensive and in many instances covered the entire culture surface. The change in morphology was associated with an increase in protein synthesis and protein content of the cells without an increase in DNA synthesis or cellular replication. Dexamethasone was approximately 10-fold more effective than hydrocortisone, while prednisone was the least effective. Aldosterone, DOCA, testosterone, progesterone, oestradiol and oestriol were ineffective. These studies indicate that glucocorticoids can alter the morphology and biochemistry of cultured endothelial cells and may have implications for the effects of steroids in the treatment of thrombocytopenic states and vascular disorders in man.", "PMID": 646949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3235", "title": "Myelomatosis and the hyperviscosity syndrome.", "content": "Eleven patients are described in whom myelomatosis was complicated by the laboratory and clinical features of the hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS). The myeloma type was IgA in nine and IgG3 in two. In those patients with IgA myeloma the HVS was related to the presence of high molecular weight complexes in the serum. Remission of clinical features was obtained in all patients by plasma exchange. Clinical improvement coincided with reduction of whole blood viscosity and in those patients with IgA myeloma, with a parallel reduction of the high molecular weight complexes. The relationship between the IgA complexes and blood viscosity has been examined by physicochemical analysis of purified IgA monomer and polymers and evidence is presented to show that the IgA polymer has a higher intrinsic viscosity and axial ratio than the larger IgM molecule. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Myelomatosis and the hyperviscosity syndrome. Eleven patients are described in whom myelomatosis was complicated by the laboratory and clinical features of the hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS). The myeloma type was IgA in nine and IgG3 in two. In those patients with IgA myeloma the HVS was related to the presence of high molecular weight complexes in the serum. Remission of clinical features was obtained in all patients by plasma exchange. Clinical improvement coincided with reduction of whole blood viscosity and in those patients with IgA myeloma, with a parallel reduction of the high molecular weight complexes. The relationship between the IgA complexes and blood viscosity has been examined by physicochemical analysis of purified IgA monomer and polymers and evidence is presented to show that the IgA polymer has a higher intrinsic viscosity and axial ratio than the larger IgM molecule. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 646950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3236", "title": "The role of adherence to human mononuclear phagocytes in the destruction of red cells sensitized with non-complement binding IgG antibodies.", "content": "In patients with IgG incomplete non-complement binding warm autoantibodies, the subclass composition of the antibodies was studied in relation to the occurrence of increased haemolysis in vivo and the adherence of the patients red cells to peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) in vitro. The presence of IgG3 autoantibodies was almost always accompanied by haemolytic anaemia, but the presence of IgG1 autoantibodies only in some patients but not in others. IgG2 and IgG4 autoantibodies were not associated with increased red cell destruction. A relation identical to that between subclass composition and increased haemolysis was found between subclass composition and adherence of the patients erythrocytes to PBM and thus a strong correlation between positive adherence in vitro and increased red cell destruction in vivo. These results support an important role of adherence to mononuclear phagocytic cells in the destruction of red cells sensitized with non-complement binding IgG antibodies. Strong indications were found that IgG1 autoantibodies are of two kinds, only one of which causes adherence to phagocytes and thus increased red cell destruction.", "contents": "The role of adherence to human mononuclear phagocytes in the destruction of red cells sensitized with non-complement binding IgG antibodies. In patients with IgG incomplete non-complement binding warm autoantibodies, the subclass composition of the antibodies was studied in relation to the occurrence of increased haemolysis in vivo and the adherence of the patients red cells to peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) in vitro. The presence of IgG3 autoantibodies was almost always accompanied by haemolytic anaemia, but the presence of IgG1 autoantibodies only in some patients but not in others. IgG2 and IgG4 autoantibodies were not associated with increased red cell destruction. A relation identical to that between subclass composition and increased haemolysis was found between subclass composition and adherence of the patients erythrocytes to PBM and thus a strong correlation between positive adherence in vitro and increased red cell destruction in vivo. These results support an important role of adherence to mononuclear phagocytic cells in the destruction of red cells sensitized with non-complement binding IgG antibodies. Strong indications were found that IgG1 autoantibodies are of two kinds, only one of which causes adherence to phagocytes and thus increased red cell destruction.", "PMID": 646952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3237", "title": "An inhibitor of fibrin formation in thromboplastins prepared by saline extraction of human brain.", "content": "Human brain is a common source of thromboplastin for the prothrombin time, where the end point is the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Experiments showed that human brain also contains a proteolipid which inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The proteolipid is removed when brain tissue is washed with acetone, but remains as a contaminant when brain is extracted with saline. For this reason prothrombin times on the same plasma are longer when saline extracts, rather than acetone dried preparations, are the source of thromboplastin. The proteolipid explains why the prothrombin time becomes shorter when saline extracts are diluted to standardize their activity against the British comparative thromboplastin.", "contents": "An inhibitor of fibrin formation in thromboplastins prepared by saline extraction of human brain. Human brain is a common source of thromboplastin for the prothrombin time, where the end point is the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Experiments showed that human brain also contains a proteolipid which inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The proteolipid is removed when brain tissue is washed with acetone, but remains as a contaminant when brain is extracted with saline. For this reason prothrombin times on the same plasma are longer when saline extracts, rather than acetone dried preparations, are the source of thromboplastin. The proteolipid explains why the prothrombin time becomes shorter when saline extracts are diluted to standardize their activity against the British comparative thromboplastin.", "PMID": 646953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3238", "title": "A case of brief psychotherapy.", "content": "The six-month psychotherapeutic treatment of a 29-year-old woman with a hysterical personality is described. Criteria for selection of patients suitable for brief psychotherapy and the various applications of this technique are discussed. Aspects of the psychopathology of the hysterical personality are described and related to that of the patient presented, whose sexualized transference exemplifies the important task of 'focusing' this form of treatment.", "contents": "A case of brief psychotherapy. The six-month psychotherapeutic treatment of a 29-year-old woman with a hysterical personality is described. Criteria for selection of patients suitable for brief psychotherapy and the various applications of this technique are discussed. Aspects of the psychopathology of the hysterical personality are described and related to that of the patient presented, whose sexualized transference exemplifies the important task of 'focusing' this form of treatment.", "PMID": 646960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3239", "title": "Movement therapy with psychotic adolescents.", "content": "Non-verbal behaviour has long been a focus of attention in the psychiatric literature. Furthermore, most psychiatric hospitals make use of non-verbal therapies in their milieu programmes. These include art, music and dance therapy, and related to the latter, movement therapy. This paper represents the beginning of an attempt to assess more scientifically the effectiveness of movement therapy. It describes the movement therapy programme on our adolescent unit, the evolution of a measuring scale and compares three groups of patients: (A) a group which had received individual therapy; (B) A group which had received group therapy; and (C) a control group. The results tend to confirm the effectiveness of movement therapy for psychotic adolescents.", "contents": "Movement therapy with psychotic adolescents. Non-verbal behaviour has long been a focus of attention in the psychiatric literature. Furthermore, most psychiatric hospitals make use of non-verbal therapies in their milieu programmes. These include art, music and dance therapy, and related to the latter, movement therapy. This paper represents the beginning of an attempt to assess more scientifically the effectiveness of movement therapy. It describes the movement therapy programme on our adolescent unit, the evolution of a measuring scale and compares three groups of patients: (A) a group which had received individual therapy; (B) A group which had received group therapy; and (C) a control group. The results tend to confirm the effectiveness of movement therapy for psychotic adolescents.", "PMID": 646961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3240", "title": "Ego defences and affects in women with breast symptoms: a preliminary measurement paradigm.", "content": "Terms derived from psychoanalytic theory such as the concepts of ego defences and affects, have often been regarded as inaccessible to operational analysis and measurement and therefore devoid of empirical meaning. However, these explanatory terms are frequently employed in hypotheses concerning the determinants of behaviour and outcome in naturally occurring illnesses, such as breast cancer as well as other life crises and stress situations. The results of the present study demonstrate not only that it is possible to operationally define and measure the ego defences and affects associated with the crisis induced by finding a breast symptom suggesting cancer and awaiting biopsy, but also that on the basis of such measurement, behaviour related to breast cancer can be predicted and hypotheses concerning the relevance of these variables to aetiology put to the test. The operational definitions and measurement methods described could also be modified for application in other crisis situations to which ego defences and affects are thought to be pertinent and the results of these operations compared empirically to determine the extent of their convergence. the methods can be used by independent observers with different theoretical and professional backgrounds. The delay by women in reporting breast symptoms to their doctors was strongly related to a combination of non-rational, unconscious psychological factors. Those who delayed used the ego defences of denial and suppression, not intellectualization-isolation, and verbally expressed depression but not anxiety while showing behavioural manifestations of anxiety. Conscious factors such as fear and education were unrelated to the length of delay. These findings have important implications for educators and doctors concerned with the early detection of breast cancer.", "contents": "Ego defences and affects in women with breast symptoms: a preliminary measurement paradigm. Terms derived from psychoanalytic theory such as the concepts of ego defences and affects, have often been regarded as inaccessible to operational analysis and measurement and therefore devoid of empirical meaning. However, these explanatory terms are frequently employed in hypotheses concerning the determinants of behaviour and outcome in naturally occurring illnesses, such as breast cancer as well as other life crises and stress situations. The results of the present study demonstrate not only that it is possible to operationally define and measure the ego defences and affects associated with the crisis induced by finding a breast symptom suggesting cancer and awaiting biopsy, but also that on the basis of such measurement, behaviour related to breast cancer can be predicted and hypotheses concerning the relevance of these variables to aetiology put to the test. The operational definitions and measurement methods described could also be modified for application in other crisis situations to which ego defences and affects are thought to be pertinent and the results of these operations compared empirically to determine the extent of their convergence. the methods can be used by independent observers with different theoretical and professional backgrounds. The delay by women in reporting breast symptoms to their doctors was strongly related to a combination of non-rational, unconscious psychological factors. Those who delayed used the ego defences of denial and suppression, not intellectualization-isolation, and verbally expressed depression but not anxiety while showing behavioural manifestations of anxiety. Conscious factors such as fear and education were unrelated to the length of delay. These findings have important implications for educators and doctors concerned with the early detection of breast cancer.", "PMID": 646963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3241", "title": "The reactions to child-bearing and early maternal experience of women with differing marital relationships.", "content": "The type of marital relationships of 200 women was significantly associated with the attitudes toward child-bearing and their affective reactions, as measured by the application of twelve content analysis scales to their retrospective accounts of a child-bearing year. Positive marital relationships were linked with calmer reactions. Self-oriented relationships were characterized by mutilation anxiety. In ambivalent and negative relationships early separation anxiety and hostility occurred but only the negative group continued in crisis after birth. Women with positive and ambivalent relationships expressed greater maternal warmth.", "contents": "The reactions to child-bearing and early maternal experience of women with differing marital relationships. The type of marital relationships of 200 women was significantly associated with the attitudes toward child-bearing and their affective reactions, as measured by the application of twelve content analysis scales to their retrospective accounts of a child-bearing year. Positive marital relationships were linked with calmer reactions. Self-oriented relationships were characterized by mutilation anxiety. In ambivalent and negative relationships early separation anxiety and hostility occurred but only the negative group continued in crisis after birth. Women with positive and ambivalent relationships expressed greater maternal warmth.", "PMID": 646964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3242", "title": "Self-mutilation.", "content": "A controlled study of self-mutilators found them to be significantly more introverted, neurotic and hostile. They report excessive physical punishment in childhood, sado-masochistic fantasies and more suicidal attempts.", "contents": "Self-mutilation. A controlled study of self-mutilators found them to be significantly more introverted, neurotic and hostile. They report excessive physical punishment in childhood, sado-masochistic fantasies and more suicidal attempts.", "PMID": 646965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3243", "title": "A six-point scoring system for antenatal cardiotocographs.", "content": "A six-point scoring system for antenatal cardiotocography based upon baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) ad FHR response to fetal movements and Braxton-Hicks contractions has been described and tested in 89 patients. The 'six-point score' obtained within 24 hours of delivery or death of the fetus (D--1) was shown to be strongly associated both with the one-minute Apgar score and the nutritional status of the infant as reflected by centile birth weight. In 21 patients whose D--1 'six-point score' was 4 or less, analysis ofthe cardiologicographs performed on the previous day (D--2) showed that 14 infants already showed evidence of hypoxia. In the remaining seven patients, however, the previous day's six-point score had been normal (5 or 6); in six of these patients a persistently low daily fetal movement count or placental abruption led to repeat cardiotocography. Hypoxia affected the three components of the score in a progressive manner. Firstly there were alterations in the response of the FHR to Braxton-Hicks contractions followed by changes in the FHR response to fetal movements. Finally, fetal movements ceased and baseline FHR changes occurred mainly in the form of a trachycardia. The method of scoring was simple to use and could standardize reporting.", "contents": "A six-point scoring system for antenatal cardiotocographs. A six-point scoring system for antenatal cardiotocography based upon baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) ad FHR response to fetal movements and Braxton-Hicks contractions has been described and tested in 89 patients. The 'six-point score' obtained within 24 hours of delivery or death of the fetus (D--1) was shown to be strongly associated both with the one-minute Apgar score and the nutritional status of the infant as reflected by centile birth weight. In 21 patients whose D--1 'six-point score' was 4 or less, analysis ofthe cardiologicographs performed on the previous day (D--2) showed that 14 infants already showed evidence of hypoxia. In the remaining seven patients, however, the previous day's six-point score had been normal (5 or 6); in six of these patients a persistently low daily fetal movement count or placental abruption led to repeat cardiotocography. Hypoxia affected the three components of the score in a progressive manner. Firstly there were alterations in the response of the FHR to Braxton-Hicks contractions followed by changes in the FHR response to fetal movements. Finally, fetal movements ceased and baseline FHR changes occurred mainly in the form of a trachycardia. The method of scoring was simple to use and could standardize reporting.", "PMID": 646966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3244", "title": "The site of umbilical cord insertion and birth weight.", "content": "The site of the insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta was determined in 940 consecutive term infants. No relation was found between birth weight and whether the cord was inserted centrally, eccentrically or marginally.", "contents": "The site of umbilical cord insertion and birth weight. The site of the insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta was determined in 940 consecutive term infants. No relation was found between birth weight and whether the cord was inserted centrally, eccentrically or marginally.", "PMID": 646967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3245", "title": "Observations on maternal and fetal ferritin concentrations at term.", "content": "The concentration of serum ferritin was measured in 115 paired maternal and cord specimens obtained from patients delivering at term. There was a significantly lower concentration of ferritin in cord serum when the maternal value was 10 microgram/l or less. The maternal ferritin appeared to be lower in mothers who had three or more previous pregnancies or were socially deprived.", "contents": "Observations on maternal and fetal ferritin concentrations at term. The concentration of serum ferritin was measured in 115 paired maternal and cord specimens obtained from patients delivering at term. There was a significantly lower concentration of ferritin in cord serum when the maternal value was 10 microgram/l or less. The maternal ferritin appeared to be lower in mothers who had three or more previous pregnancies or were socially deprived.", "PMID": 646968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3246", "title": "The comparative effects of a synthetic and a 'natural' oestrogen on the haemostatic mechanism in patients with primary amenorrhoea.", "content": "A synthetic and a natural oestrogen were administered alternately for three months to nine women with primary amenorrhoea using a randomized cross-over schedule. Measurements of haemostatic function were performed before and at the end of each treatment period. No significant change in haemostatic function was observed after treatment with the 'natural' oestrogen, oestriol succinate. In contrast, treatment with a synthetic oestrogen, ethinyloestradiol, caused shortening of the prothrombin time and an increase in plasma concentration of factor VII and plasminogen. These data support other observations in suggesting that natural oestrogens may have fewer potentially adverse effects on haemostatic function than synthetic oestrogen.", "contents": "The comparative effects of a synthetic and a 'natural' oestrogen on the haemostatic mechanism in patients with primary amenorrhoea. A synthetic and a natural oestrogen were administered alternately for three months to nine women with primary amenorrhoea using a randomized cross-over schedule. Measurements of haemostatic function were performed before and at the end of each treatment period. No significant change in haemostatic function was observed after treatment with the 'natural' oestrogen, oestriol succinate. In contrast, treatment with a synthetic oestrogen, ethinyloestradiol, caused shortening of the prothrombin time and an increase in plasma concentration of factor VII and plasminogen. These data support other observations in suggesting that natural oestrogens may have fewer potentially adverse effects on haemostatic function than synthetic oestrogen.", "PMID": 646969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3247", "title": "The effects of long-term therapy with oestriol succinate on the haemostatic mechanism in postmenopausal women.", "content": "In a previous report we showed that oestriol succinate administered to postmenopausal women caused fewer changes in haemostatic function over a four-month period than ethinyloestradiol. Potential longer-term effects were studied in postmenopausal women treated for osteoporosis with oestriol succinate for up to 12 months. Over this period there was no significant change in concentration of plasma coagulation factors, an increase in plasminogen concentration and euglobulin lysis activity, and an inconsistent increase in platelet sensitivity to aggregation induced by ADP and collagen. The relative lack of effect of oestriol succinate on coagulation function is encouraging with regard to the future incidence of thromboembolic complications of therapy.", "contents": "The effects of long-term therapy with oestriol succinate on the haemostatic mechanism in postmenopausal women. In a previous report we showed that oestriol succinate administered to postmenopausal women caused fewer changes in haemostatic function over a four-month period than ethinyloestradiol. Potential longer-term effects were studied in postmenopausal women treated for osteoporosis with oestriol succinate for up to 12 months. Over this period there was no significant change in concentration of plasma coagulation factors, an increase in plasminogen concentration and euglobulin lysis activity, and an inconsistent increase in platelet sensitivity to aggregation induced by ADP and collagen. The relative lack of effect of oestriol succinate on coagulation function is encouraging with regard to the future incidence of thromboembolic complications of therapy.", "PMID": 646970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3248", "title": "Serum FSH, LH and oestrone levels in postmenopausal patients on oestrogen therapy.", "content": "Serum FSH, LH and oestrone levels were determined in postmenopausal women before and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the onset of cyclical treatment with 0.05 mg of ethinyl oestradiol (n = 19) or 2 mg of oestradiol valerianate (n = 20). Most samples from the women taking oestradiol valerianate were also analyzed for oestradiol. Vaginal smears were obtained from all patients. Although all women were relieved of vasomotor symptoms, the FSH levels usually exceeded the fertile range. Ethinyl oestradiol reduced FSH by 70 to 75 per cent and LH by 30 to 40 per cent while oestrone was increased by 20 to 40 per cent. In the women taking oestradiol valerianate, FSH and LH levels were both reduced by 20 to 25 per cent wheras serum oestradiol increased by 200 to 300 per cent and oestrone increased by 600 to 700 per cent. The mean vaginal maturation value rose equally in the two groups but 40 per cent of the patients in both groups showed no change in the value. There was no correlation between the appearance of vaginal endocrine smears and hormone levels.", "contents": "Serum FSH, LH and oestrone levels in postmenopausal patients on oestrogen therapy. Serum FSH, LH and oestrone levels were determined in postmenopausal women before and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the onset of cyclical treatment with 0.05 mg of ethinyl oestradiol (n = 19) or 2 mg of oestradiol valerianate (n = 20). Most samples from the women taking oestradiol valerianate were also analyzed for oestradiol. Vaginal smears were obtained from all patients. Although all women were relieved of vasomotor symptoms, the FSH levels usually exceeded the fertile range. Ethinyl oestradiol reduced FSH by 70 to 75 per cent and LH by 30 to 40 per cent while oestrone was increased by 20 to 40 per cent. In the women taking oestradiol valerianate, FSH and LH levels were both reduced by 20 to 25 per cent wheras serum oestradiol increased by 200 to 300 per cent and oestrone increased by 600 to 700 per cent. The mean vaginal maturation value rose equally in the two groups but 40 per cent of the patients in both groups showed no change in the value. There was no correlation between the appearance of vaginal endocrine smears and hormone levels.", "PMID": 646971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3249", "title": "The percentage of granulocyte-like cells in human oviduct epithelium.", "content": "The ratio of granulocyte-like cells to epithelial cells was examined in the fimbriae, ampullary, and isthmic regions of oviducts obtained from normal women of reproductive age, from postpartum women, from menopausal women, from women on combined oral contraceptives and from women with adnexal pathology. Only patients on oral contraceptives had a significantly high percentage of granulocyte-like cells as did one patient with acute salpingitis.", "contents": "The percentage of granulocyte-like cells in human oviduct epithelium. The ratio of granulocyte-like cells to epithelial cells was examined in the fimbriae, ampullary, and isthmic regions of oviducts obtained from normal women of reproductive age, from postpartum women, from menopausal women, from women on combined oral contraceptives and from women with adnexal pathology. Only patients on oral contraceptives had a significantly high percentage of granulocyte-like cells as did one patient with acute salpingitis.", "PMID": 646972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3250", "title": "Successful pregnancy in a 44-year-old haemodialysis patient.", "content": "A 44-year-old patient had been treated by intermittent haemodialysis for almost three years when she presented with a 28-week pregnancy. Successful delivery of a healthy but small infant was achieved by Caesarean section at 36 weeks. The successful outcome of this pregnancy was attributed to close control of the haemoglobin concentration and blood chemistry, and to increased frequency of dialysis. The relative value of various chemical tests of fetal maturity in the presence of maternal renal failure are discussed.", "contents": "Successful pregnancy in a 44-year-old haemodialysis patient. A 44-year-old patient had been treated by intermittent haemodialysis for almost three years when she presented with a 28-week pregnancy. Successful delivery of a healthy but small infant was achieved by Caesarean section at 36 weeks. The successful outcome of this pregnancy was attributed to close control of the haemoglobin concentration and blood chemistry, and to increased frequency of dialysis. The relative value of various chemical tests of fetal maturity in the presence of maternal renal failure are discussed.", "PMID": 646973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3251", "title": "Uterine cirsoid aneurysm.", "content": "Cirsoid (or varicose) aneurysm of the uterine vessels causes severe, life-threatening uterine bleeding. Previous trophoblastic neoplasia is a common predisposing factor. Diagnosis is by arteriography and may be missed without it.", "contents": "Uterine cirsoid aneurysm. Cirsoid (or varicose) aneurysm of the uterine vessels causes severe, life-threatening uterine bleeding. Previous trophoblastic neoplasia is a common predisposing factor. Diagnosis is by arteriography and may be missed without it.", "PMID": 646974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3252", "title": "The Arden grating test of visual function: a preliminary study of its practicability and application in a rural community in north-west Iran.", "content": "In a preliminary study involving 75 normal and 10 abnormal eyes the Arden grating acuity test was assessed under difficult conditions of rural field work. It was found to be adequately sensitive and specific for screening out individuals with visual impairment due to refractive errors or ocular disease, and to distinguish between these. Inexperienced paramedical personnel could carry out the test satisfactorily with no difficulty and with a minimum of training. In spite of the unusually distracting conditions under which the test was carried out 95% of the subjects tested performed satisfactorily. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the Arden grating test is a valuable tool for screening large populations in rural areas of developing countries.", "contents": "The Arden grating test of visual function: a preliminary study of its practicability and application in a rural community in north-west Iran. In a preliminary study involving 75 normal and 10 abnormal eyes the Arden grating acuity test was assessed under difficult conditions of rural field work. It was found to be adequately sensitive and specific for screening out individuals with visual impairment due to refractive errors or ocular disease, and to distinguish between these. Inexperienced paramedical personnel could carry out the test satisfactorily with no difficulty and with a minimum of training. In spite of the unusually distracting conditions under which the test was carried out 95% of the subjects tested performed satisfactorily. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the Arden grating test is a valuable tool for screening large populations in rural areas of developing countries.", "PMID": 646977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3253", "title": "An investigation into the variation of human contrast sensitivity with age and ocular pathology.", "content": "The contrast sensitivities to sine-wave grating stimuli were measured for 36 observers with ages in the range 8 to 67 years. Thirty-one observers had normal, healthy vision while 4 were suffering from diabetic retinopathy and 1 had a early lens opacities and macular degeneration. The younger members of the group with normal vision were less sensitive to low spatial frequencies and the older members were less sensitive to high spatial frequencies than the middle-aged observers. The 5 observers with pathological conditions were less sensitive to most grating stimuli than those with normal vision.", "contents": "An investigation into the variation of human contrast sensitivity with age and ocular pathology. The contrast sensitivities to sine-wave grating stimuli were measured for 36 observers with ages in the range 8 to 67 years. Thirty-one observers had normal, healthy vision while 4 were suffering from diabetic retinopathy and 1 had a early lens opacities and macular degeneration. The younger members of the group with normal vision were less sensitive to low spatial frequencies and the older members were less sensitive to high spatial frequencies than the middle-aged observers. The 5 observers with pathological conditions were less sensitive to most grating stimuli than those with normal vision.", "PMID": 646978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3254", "title": "Cortical potentials evoked by a TV pattern reversal stimulus with varying check sizes and stimulus field.", "content": "With the use of television equipment the influence of check size and stimulus field on the pattern evoked cortical potentials was investigated. Maximum responses were found with 20' and 40' checks. The major part of the responses was initiated from a ring between 1.25 degrees and 2.5 degrees eccentricity, though relatively per stimulus area the response became progressively larger the smaller the stimulus field.", "contents": "Cortical potentials evoked by a TV pattern reversal stimulus with varying check sizes and stimulus field. With the use of television equipment the influence of check size and stimulus field on the pattern evoked cortical potentials was investigated. Maximum responses were found with 20' and 40' checks. The major part of the responses was initiated from a ring between 1.25 degrees and 2.5 degrees eccentricity, though relatively per stimulus area the response became progressively larger the smaller the stimulus field.", "PMID": 646979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3255", "title": "Variation in latency times of visually evoked cortical potentials.", "content": "Latency times of visually evoked cortical potentials stimulated by reversal of a slow checkerboard pattern are highly dependent on the time needed to accomplish the reversal movement. If, owing to the method, the pattern reversal time is not kept stable, variability of the latency times is unnecessarily high for clinical purposes. This may be the case when television equipment is used.", "contents": "Variation in latency times of visually evoked cortical potentials. Latency times of visually evoked cortical potentials stimulated by reversal of a slow checkerboard pattern are highly dependent on the time needed to accomplish the reversal movement. If, owing to the method, the pattern reversal time is not kept stable, variability of the latency times is unnecessarily high for clinical purposes. This may be the case when television equipment is used.", "PMID": 646980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3256", "title": "The electro-oculogram in human retinal detachment.", "content": "Thirteen patients with retinal detachment and surgical reattachment were studied with preoperative and multiple postoperative electro-oculograms. The light rise was reduced to a mean of 1.17 with detachment but recovered in 77% to a 1.87 ratio, the equivalent of the control eye. This recovery was complete within 66 days in 80% of patients who eventually did return to normal. This rapid recovery parallels the rapid return of anatomical, biochemical, and electrophysiological function demonstrated in experimental detachment.", "contents": "The electro-oculogram in human retinal detachment. Thirteen patients with retinal detachment and surgical reattachment were studied with preoperative and multiple postoperative electro-oculograms. The light rise was reduced to a mean of 1.17 with detachment but recovered in 77% to a 1.87 ratio, the equivalent of the control eye. This recovery was complete within 66 days in 80% of patients who eventually did return to normal. This rapid recovery parallels the rapid return of anatomical, biochemical, and electrophysiological function demonstrated in experimental detachment.", "PMID": 646981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3257", "title": "Long-term follow-up of photocoagulated retinal breaks.", "content": "126 cases of retinal breaks treated in our department by photocoagulation during a period of 10 years (1963-1973) were selected for a close annual follow-up. Eliminated from the study were cases of macular holes, breaks which developed in an eye after retinal detachment surgery, and cases in which a close follow-up was impossible for various reasons. The study includes symptomatic retinal breaks in myopic, non-myopic, and aphakic eyes as well as asymptomatic holes which were found in the undetached fellow eye. Four eyes treated by photocoagulation (3.2%) developed a retinal detachment. The causes of failures and complications, such as retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage, and macular pucker, are discussed.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of photocoagulated retinal breaks. 126 cases of retinal breaks treated in our department by photocoagulation during a period of 10 years (1963-1973) were selected for a close annual follow-up. Eliminated from the study were cases of macular holes, breaks which developed in an eye after retinal detachment surgery, and cases in which a close follow-up was impossible for various reasons. The study includes symptomatic retinal breaks in myopic, non-myopic, and aphakic eyes as well as asymptomatic holes which were found in the undetached fellow eye. Four eyes treated by photocoagulation (3.2%) developed a retinal detachment. The causes of failures and complications, such as retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage, and macular pucker, are discussed.", "PMID": 646983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3258", "title": "Diversion of retinal blood flow by photocoagulation.", "content": "The normal distribution of the retinal blood flow in the cat eye was modified by photocoagulation to part of the territory supplied by a major arteriole, or by occluding a branch. Volume inflow to the treated territory was reduced, and there was also a reduction of linear flow and, to a less extent, calibre in the parent vessel. Branches of the parent vessel supplying untreated territory showed marginal increases of volume inflow. An  autoregulatory effect appeared to be operative. The relevance of these findings to clinical panretinal photocoagulation is discussed.", "contents": "Diversion of retinal blood flow by photocoagulation. The normal distribution of the retinal blood flow in the cat eye was modified by photocoagulation to part of the territory supplied by a major arteriole, or by occluding a branch. Volume inflow to the treated territory was reduced, and there was also a reduction of linear flow and, to a less extent, calibre in the parent vessel. Branches of the parent vessel supplying untreated territory showed marginal increases of volume inflow. An  autoregulatory effect appeared to be operative. The relevance of these findings to clinical panretinal photocoagulation is discussed.", "PMID": 646984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3259", "title": "Fluorescence in Best's vitelliform dystrophy, lipofuscin, and fundus flavimaculatus.", "content": "Control photographs, with the Baird Atomic B4 and B5 filters in place prior to fluorescein injection, show exposure of the film corresponding to (1) the small yellow vitelliform lesions at the edge of a disrupted disc, (2) the pseudohpopyon in a vitelliform cyst, (3) orange lipofuscin overlying a malignant melanoma, and (4) some of the flecks in a case of funds flavimaculatus. Because of transmission overlap between the filters, the relative contribtution reflected light and true autofluorescence is difficult to quantitate. Reflectile structures such as the optic nerve or a white scar were essentially unexposed, but minimal fundus detail was seen. Some parallels exist between lipofuscin and the content of a disrupted vitelliform lesion.", "contents": "Fluorescence in Best's vitelliform dystrophy, lipofuscin, and fundus flavimaculatus. Control photographs, with the Baird Atomic B4 and B5 filters in place prior to fluorescein injection, show exposure of the film corresponding to (1) the small yellow vitelliform lesions at the edge of a disrupted disc, (2) the pseudohpopyon in a vitelliform cyst, (3) orange lipofuscin overlying a malignant melanoma, and (4) some of the flecks in a case of funds flavimaculatus. Because of transmission overlap between the filters, the relative contribtution reflected light and true autofluorescence is difficult to quantitate. Reflectile structures such as the optic nerve or a white scar were essentially unexposed, but minimal fundus detail was seen. Some parallels exist between lipofuscin and the content of a disrupted vitelliform lesion.", "PMID": 646985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3260", "title": "Familial bilateral macular colobomata.", "content": "A mother and daugher had a life-long history of poor vision and photophobia, bilateral macular colobomata, and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities; psychoelectrophysiological testing indicated extensive loss of cone or cone-rod function. These cases suggest this is a genetically determined condition unrelated to infection.", "contents": "Familial bilateral macular colobomata. A mother and daugher had a life-long history of poor vision and photophobia, bilateral macular colobomata, and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities; psychoelectrophysiological testing indicated extensive loss of cone or cone-rod function. These cases suggest this is a genetically determined condition unrelated to infection.", "PMID": 646986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3261", "title": "Constant perfusion for dry eyes and sockets.", "content": "Several techniques have been used to treat dry eye, to irrigate the eye surface, or to apply drugs in solution. The commonest method is to apply drops. But a technique is needed for giving solutions over long periods either as drops or continuously. The apparatus described here consists of a replaceable plastic tank under mechanical pressure attached to capillary tubing which is kept in contact with the inner canthus of the eye. It was found to alleviate symptoms in severe dry eye conditions not alleviated by other methods.", "contents": "Constant perfusion for dry eyes and sockets. Several techniques have been used to treat dry eye, to irrigate the eye surface, or to apply drugs in solution. The commonest method is to apply drops. But a technique is needed for giving solutions over long periods either as drops or continuously. The apparatus described here consists of a replaceable plastic tank under mechanical pressure attached to capillary tubing which is kept in contact with the inner canthus of the eye. It was found to alleviate symptoms in severe dry eye conditions not alleviated by other methods.", "PMID": 646987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3262", "title": "Inhibition of adenylosuccinase by adenylophosphonopropionate and related compounds.", "content": "Adenylosuccinase from muscle, liver and yeast is strongly inhibited by the substrate analogue adenylophosphonopropionate (N6-(DL-1-carboxy-2-phosphonoethyl)-adenosine 5'-monophosphate). The inhibition is freely reversible and of the competitive type, with apparent K1 values between 5.4 and 86 nM depending on the source of enzyme. Ratios of Km/K1 with adenylosuccinate as substrate fall in the range of 44 to 1350. Comparison of four carboxyl analogues of adenylosuccinate with the corresponding phosphonate analogues shows that the phosphonates are much better inhibitors. Adenylosuccinate analogues in which the beta-carboxyl is replaced by other functional groups are much poorer inhibitors. The exceptionally high affinity of adenylosuccinase for adenylophosphonopropionate appears to involve the dianion of the phosphonate group.", "contents": "Inhibition of adenylosuccinase by adenylophosphonopropionate and related compounds. Adenylosuccinase from muscle, liver and yeast is strongly inhibited by the substrate analogue adenylophosphonopropionate (N6-(DL-1-carboxy-2-phosphonoethyl)-adenosine 5'-monophosphate). The inhibition is freely reversible and of the competitive type, with apparent K1 values between 5.4 and 86 nM depending on the source of enzyme. Ratios of Km/K1 with adenylosuccinate as substrate fall in the range of 44 to 1350. Comparison of four carboxyl analogues of adenylosuccinate with the corresponding phosphonate analogues shows that the phosphonates are much better inhibitors. Adenylosuccinate analogues in which the beta-carboxyl is replaced by other functional groups are much poorer inhibitors. The exceptionally high affinity of adenylosuccinase for adenylophosphonopropionate appears to involve the dianion of the phosphonate group.", "PMID": 646988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3263", "title": "Interaction of an amine oxide detergent with lecithin vesicles as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "The interaction of an amine oxide detergent with single bilayer lecithin vesicles was investigated with proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance. The addition of the detergent micelles to vesicles suspensions leads to rapid detergent incorporation into the vesicle bilayer, resulting in a heterogenous vesicle population. Initially, some vesicles take up the equivalent of one detergent micelle, whereas others contain no detergent. Subsequently, the detergent is distributed between the vesicles by vesicle-vesicle collisions. This can be followed by the change in the Pr3+-shifted spectral positions of the detergent and lecithin head groups with time. From the intensity of the head-group signals, it can be concluded that after about 20 h the detergent is almost equally distributed between the outer and inner vesicle membrane monolayers. Vesicles obtained by cosonication of the detergent and lecithin take up metal ions. This ion permeability depends on the vesicle concentration and can be attributed to vesicle-vesicle or vesicle-mixed micelle collisions. Egg lecithin vesicles are stable against the detergent up to molar ratios of detergent to lecithin of 0.2--0.3. At larger ratios mixed micells and multibilayers are formed. Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation times confirmed that the internal architecture of the vesicle bilayer is almost unaffected by the incorporated detergent.", "contents": "Interaction of an amine oxide detergent with lecithin vesicles as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. The interaction of an amine oxide detergent with single bilayer lecithin vesicles was investigated with proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance. The addition of the detergent micelles to vesicles suspensions leads to rapid detergent incorporation into the vesicle bilayer, resulting in a heterogenous vesicle population. Initially, some vesicles take up the equivalent of one detergent micelle, whereas others contain no detergent. Subsequently, the detergent is distributed between the vesicles by vesicle-vesicle collisions. This can be followed by the change in the Pr3+-shifted spectral positions of the detergent and lecithin head groups with time. From the intensity of the head-group signals, it can be concluded that after about 20 h the detergent is almost equally distributed between the outer and inner vesicle membrane monolayers. Vesicles obtained by cosonication of the detergent and lecithin take up metal ions. This ion permeability depends on the vesicle concentration and can be attributed to vesicle-vesicle or vesicle-mixed micelle collisions. Egg lecithin vesicles are stable against the detergent up to molar ratios of detergent to lecithin of 0.2--0.3. At larger ratios mixed micells and multibilayers are formed. Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation times confirmed that the internal architecture of the vesicle bilayer is almost unaffected by the incorporated detergent.", "PMID": 646992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3264", "title": "Subunit association and heterogeneity of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin.", "content": "The molecular weights of the 6S, 24S, 36S, and 60S components of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin were determined by high speed sedimentation equilibrium to be 69 400, 856 000, 1 690 000, and 3 160 000. The behavior of this hemocyanin appears to be similar to that of other arthropod hemocyanins where the first aggregation step is the formation of a hexamer of the 6S monomer. Here the larger aggregated states (24S, 36S, and 60S) are successive dimers of an unobserved hexamer (16S). The 24S-36S-60S association was found to be heterogeneous, suggesting that 24S components of different composition may be present.", "contents": "Subunit association and heterogeneity of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin. The molecular weights of the 6S, 24S, 36S, and 60S components of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin were determined by high speed sedimentation equilibrium to be 69 400, 856 000, 1 690 000, and 3 160 000. The behavior of this hemocyanin appears to be similar to that of other arthropod hemocyanins where the first aggregation step is the formation of a hexamer of the 6S monomer. Here the larger aggregated states (24S, 36S, and 60S) are successive dimers of an unobserved hexamer (16S). The 24S-36S-60S association was found to be heterogeneous, suggesting that 24S components of different composition may be present.", "PMID": 646993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3265", "title": "Effects of Hofmeister salts on the self-association of glucagon.", "content": "The trimerization constants of glucagon at pH 10.6 in 0.76 M K2HPO4 have been calculated from circular dichroism data between 5 and 50 degrees C. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of transfer have been evaluated from the current results and published data in 0.20 M phosphate. The free energies of transfer are derived completely from an increase in the entropy of transfer, since the enthalpy of transfer is less favorable at all temperatures. These parameters are compared with those of various model groups and compounds: CH2, peptide, methane, ethane, and the 1--13 N-terminal fragments of ribonuclease. The effects of fluoride and chloride on the self-association of glucagon have been compared with that of phosphate at 25 degrees C. These effects are consistent with the binding of approximately one molecule of salt to the trimer and a systematic decrease in the number of water molecules bound to the trimer compared to the monomer for the series K2HPO4, KF, and KCl.", "contents": "Effects of Hofmeister salts on the self-association of glucagon. The trimerization constants of glucagon at pH 10.6 in 0.76 M K2HPO4 have been calculated from circular dichroism data between 5 and 50 degrees C. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of transfer have been evaluated from the current results and published data in 0.20 M phosphate. The free energies of transfer are derived completely from an increase in the entropy of transfer, since the enthalpy of transfer is less favorable at all temperatures. These parameters are compared with those of various model groups and compounds: CH2, peptide, methane, ethane, and the 1--13 N-terminal fragments of ribonuclease. The effects of fluoride and chloride on the self-association of glucagon have been compared with that of phosphate at 25 degrees C. These effects are consistent with the binding of approximately one molecule of salt to the trimer and a systematic decrease in the number of water molecules bound to the trimer compared to the monomer for the series K2HPO4, KF, and KCl.", "PMID": 646994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3266", "title": "Thermodynamics of protein cross-links.", "content": "The thermal transitions of native lysozyme and a well-characterized cross-linked derivative of lysozyme [Imoto, T., and Rupley, J. A. (1973), J. Mol. Biol. 80, 657] have been studied in 1.94 M guanidine hydrochloride at pH 2. The observed increase in the melting temperature from 32.4 degrees C for native lysozyme to 61.8 degrees C for the cross-linked derivative corresponds to a calculated 5.2 kcal/mol increase in the free energy of denaturation. This free-energy change is attributed to the decreased entropy of the unfolded polypeptide chain following introduction of a cross-link and is shown to compare well with theoretical predictions. The possibility that an introduction of a cross-link could also affect the enthalpy of an unfolded protein was investigated. The heats of reduction of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme by dithioerythritol in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride were determined and compared to that for the model peptide, oxidized glutathione. The near identity of the observed heats was taken as evidence that the introduction of cross-links into a random-coil protein does not, in general, introduce strain.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of protein cross-links. The thermal transitions of native lysozyme and a well-characterized cross-linked derivative of lysozyme [Imoto, T., and Rupley, J. A. (1973), J. Mol. Biol. 80, 657] have been studied in 1.94 M guanidine hydrochloride at pH 2. The observed increase in the melting temperature from 32.4 degrees C for native lysozyme to 61.8 degrees C for the cross-linked derivative corresponds to a calculated 5.2 kcal/mol increase in the free energy of denaturation. This free-energy change is attributed to the decreased entropy of the unfolded polypeptide chain following introduction of a cross-link and is shown to compare well with theoretical predictions. The possibility that an introduction of a cross-link could also affect the enthalpy of an unfolded protein was investigated. The heats of reduction of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme by dithioerythritol in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride were determined and compared to that for the model peptide, oxidized glutathione. The near identity of the observed heats was taken as evidence that the introduction of cross-links into a random-coil protein does not, in general, introduce strain.", "PMID": 646996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3267", "title": "Preparation of protein conjugates via intermolecular disulfide bond formation.", "content": "Conjugates of two unlike proteins can be prepared via the intermolecular disulfide interchange reaction, namely, protein A containing thiol groups reacts with protein B containing 4-dithiopyridyl groups to yield a conjugate with the release of 4-thiopyridone. Thiol groups can be introduced into proteins upon amidination with methyl 3-mercaptopropionimidate ester or 2-iminothiolane, and 4-dithiopyridyl groups can be introduced into proteins with these same reagents in the presence of 4,4'-dithiodipyridine. 2-Iminothiolane is stable on storage in contrast to the known lability of imidate esters; therefore 2-iminothiolane is a more convenient reagent for the modification of protein than are the imidate esters. All the reactions can be carried out easily under mild conditions in good yields. Conjugates of bovine plasma albumin with itself, ribonuclease, or a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine and of sheep antibody and horseradish peroxidase were prepared with modified proteins containing an average of 1 to 5 thiol or dithiopyridyl groups per mol. These conjugates formed mainly dimers, trimers, and tetramers. The peroxidase labeled antibody retained more than 80% of its enzymatic and antigenic binding activities.", "contents": "Preparation of protein conjugates via intermolecular disulfide bond formation. Conjugates of two unlike proteins can be prepared via the intermolecular disulfide interchange reaction, namely, protein A containing thiol groups reacts with protein B containing 4-dithiopyridyl groups to yield a conjugate with the release of 4-thiopyridone. Thiol groups can be introduced into proteins upon amidination with methyl 3-mercaptopropionimidate ester or 2-iminothiolane, and 4-dithiopyridyl groups can be introduced into proteins with these same reagents in the presence of 4,4'-dithiodipyridine. 2-Iminothiolane is stable on storage in contrast to the known lability of imidate esters; therefore 2-iminothiolane is a more convenient reagent for the modification of protein than are the imidate esters. All the reactions can be carried out easily under mild conditions in good yields. Conjugates of bovine plasma albumin with itself, ribonuclease, or a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine and of sheep antibody and horseradish peroxidase were prepared with modified proteins containing an average of 1 to 5 thiol or dithiopyridyl groups per mol. These conjugates formed mainly dimers, trimers, and tetramers. The peroxidase labeled antibody retained more than 80% of its enzymatic and antigenic binding activities.", "PMID": 646998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3268", "title": "Pressure-induced changes in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a biopolymer in aqueous solution.", "content": "High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the poly(amino acid)poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine], of degrees of polymerization 685 and 137, were measured in a mixed D2O and H2O solvent, at pressures from 1.03 to 1968.5 kg/cm2, and at temperatures of 2 and 10 degrees C. Increasing the pressure appeared to cause an increased mobility of the side chain hydrocarbon residues, and also of the alpha-hydrocarbon residue of the polymer chain. This is interpreted to imply the occurrence of a volume decrease on unfolding of the polymer from a helix to a random coli, with subsequent exposure of hydrophobic groups to the solvent.", "contents": "Pressure-induced changes in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a biopolymer in aqueous solution. High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the poly(amino acid)poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine], of degrees of polymerization 685 and 137, were measured in a mixed D2O and H2O solvent, at pressures from 1.03 to 1968.5 kg/cm2, and at temperatures of 2 and 10 degrees C. Increasing the pressure appeared to cause an increased mobility of the side chain hydrocarbon residues, and also of the alpha-hydrocarbon residue of the polymer chain. This is interpreted to imply the occurrence of a volume decrease on unfolding of the polymer from a helix to a random coli, with subsequent exposure of hydrophobic groups to the solvent.", "PMID": 646999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3269", "title": "Structural similarities and differences among metal ion complexes of phosphoglucomutase by solvent perturbation and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy.", "content": "Although the binding of bivalent metal-ion activators to phosphoglucomutase produces substantial changes in the near ultraviolet spectrum of the enzyme, the extent to which aromatic residues are exposed to the aqueous environment, as assessed by means of solvent perturbation spectroscopy (using D2O), does not appear to be significantly altered by the binding process. Other ways in which the spectral effects induced by activation might arise are considered by making comparisons with those changes induced by various nonactivating monovalent and bivalent cations. The observed differences are most easily interpreted in terms of an electrostatic perturbation of (at least) two different tryptophan residues. This interpretation is supported by using cationic vs, neutral (zwitterionic) tryptophan in various solvent systems to generate difference spectra that are similar either to the observed metal-ion induced spectral differences or to the differences in the spectral changes produced by various pairs of metal ions. Although a rationale for the striking similarity in the spectral changes produced by Mg2+ and by Li+ (which elicits less than 2 X 10(-8) of the enzymic activity induced by Mg2+) cannot be ascribed to a simple electrostatic effect, alone, the involvement of an additional, negatively charged group in the binding of Mg2+ (but not Li+) could reduce the effective charge of bound Mg2+ to a value close to that of bound Li+.", "contents": "Structural similarities and differences among metal ion complexes of phosphoglucomutase by solvent perturbation and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. Although the binding of bivalent metal-ion activators to phosphoglucomutase produces substantial changes in the near ultraviolet spectrum of the enzyme, the extent to which aromatic residues are exposed to the aqueous environment, as assessed by means of solvent perturbation spectroscopy (using D2O), does not appear to be significantly altered by the binding process. Other ways in which the spectral effects induced by activation might arise are considered by making comparisons with those changes induced by various nonactivating monovalent and bivalent cations. The observed differences are most easily interpreted in terms of an electrostatic perturbation of (at least) two different tryptophan residues. This interpretation is supported by using cationic vs, neutral (zwitterionic) tryptophan in various solvent systems to generate difference spectra that are similar either to the observed metal-ion induced spectral differences or to the differences in the spectral changes produced by various pairs of metal ions. Although a rationale for the striking similarity in the spectral changes produced by Mg2+ and by Li+ (which elicits less than 2 X 10(-8) of the enzymic activity induced by Mg2+) cannot be ascribed to a simple electrostatic effect, alone, the involvement of an additional, negatively charged group in the binding of Mg2+ (but not Li+) could reduce the effective charge of bound Mg2+ to a value close to that of bound Li+.", "PMID": 647000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3270", "title": "Over two hundred polypeptides resolved from the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "A modification of O'Farrell's method of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has allowed for the resolution of erythrocyte membranes showing up to 200 individual components. Data is presented which indicates that this protein heterogeneity is not produced by artifactual protein-protein aggregation, ednogenous protease activity of secondary charge modification. Similar patterns are obtained when the samples are added to the unpolymerized isoelectric focusing gel, and isolated and stored in protease inhibitor. Individual spots could be eluted off of stained gels, resolubilized under extreme detergent solubilization conditions and run on one-dimensional gels; these run as sodium dodecyl sulfate in the solubilization procedure. The method chosen for solubilization prior to isoelectric focusing appears to cause selective aggregation of all or most of the spectrin and band 3 proteins. This further allows for excellent resolution of more components.", "contents": "Over two hundred polypeptides resolved from the human erythrocyte membrane. A modification of O'Farrell's method of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has allowed for the resolution of erythrocyte membranes showing up to 200 individual components. Data is presented which indicates that this protein heterogeneity is not produced by artifactual protein-protein aggregation, ednogenous protease activity of secondary charge modification. Similar patterns are obtained when the samples are added to the unpolymerized isoelectric focusing gel, and isolated and stored in protease inhibitor. Individual spots could be eluted off of stained gels, resolubilized under extreme detergent solubilization conditions and run on one-dimensional gels; these run as sodium dodecyl sulfate in the solubilization procedure. The method chosen for solubilization prior to isoelectric focusing appears to cause selective aggregation of all or most of the spectrin and band 3 proteins. This further allows for excellent resolution of more components.", "PMID": 647002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3271", "title": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XXXVII. Evidence for lateral aggregation of rhodopsin molecules in phospholipase C-treated bovine photoreceptor membranes.", "content": "Photoreceptor membranes derived from isolated bovine rod outer segments, are subjected to treatment with phospholipase C (Bacillus cereus). This results in varying degrees of hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids into diglycerides and water soluble phosphate esters without loss of rhodopsin. Electron microscopic observations of thin sections and freeze-fractured preparations indicate extrusion of diglycerides from the membranes and their coalescence to lipid droplets, beginning at 20% hydrolysis of phospholipids. After 90% hydrolysis of phospholipids membranous structures are still present. The rhodopsin is located in these structures, presumably in the form of two-dimensional lateral aggregates. This explains the cross-fracturing of the membranous structures, regularly observed upon freeze-fracturing of the phospholipase-treated photoreceptor membranes.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XXXVII. Evidence for lateral aggregation of rhodopsin molecules in phospholipase C-treated bovine photoreceptor membranes. Photoreceptor membranes derived from isolated bovine rod outer segments, are subjected to treatment with phospholipase C (Bacillus cereus). This results in varying degrees of hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids into diglycerides and water soluble phosphate esters without loss of rhodopsin. Electron microscopic observations of thin sections and freeze-fractured preparations indicate extrusion of diglycerides from the membranes and their coalescence to lipid droplets, beginning at 20% hydrolysis of phospholipids. After 90% hydrolysis of phospholipids membranous structures are still present. The rhodopsin is located in these structures, presumably in the form of two-dimensional lateral aggregates. This explains the cross-fracturing of the membranous structures, regularly observed upon freeze-fracturing of the phospholipase-treated photoreceptor membranes.", "PMID": 647003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3272", "title": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XXXVIII. Effects of lateral aggregation on rhodopsin in phospholipase C-treated photoreceptor membranes.", "content": "Treatment of bovine rod outer segments with phospholipase C leads to largely lipid-depleted membranous structures. Under these conditions rhodopsin remains spectrally intact, but its thermal stability and regeneration capacity are decreased, whereas upon illumination the metarhodopsin I to II transition is blocked. These observations can be explained on the basis of the previously demonstrated lateral aggregation of rhodopsin molecules which, on the one hand leads to a (partial) shielding of these molecules and, on the other hand, might impose constraints on the flexibility of the molecule to undergo light-induced conformational changes. Upon reconstitution of these lipid-depleted preparations with amphipathic lipids by means of a detergent dialysis procedure, the aggregates are apparently rearranged to lipid bilayer structures with complete recovery of the original rhodopsin properties. Under our conditions the nature of the polar head groups and the fatty acids is not critical in this respect. Simple addition of amphipathic lipids, without the use of detergent, restores the rhodopsin properties only in the case of rod outer segment lipids and of didecanoylphosphatidylcholine, and even then only occasionally. These results are discussed in the light of the strong analogy in properties between phospholipase C-treated rod outer segment membranes and lipid- and detergent-free rhodopsin obtained by affinity chromatography. It is concluded that rhodopsin must be in a freely dispersed state in order to function properly. Apparently, a non-specific lipid bilayer fulfills this condition for the regeneration capacity, whereas normal photolytic behaviour requires, in addition, a minimal membrane fluidity according to the observations of other investigators. Presumably, the uniquely high phospholipid unsaturation of rod outer segment membranes is important for another, as yet unassessed, function of rhodopsin or the photoreceptor membrane.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XXXVIII. Effects of lateral aggregation on rhodopsin in phospholipase C-treated photoreceptor membranes. Treatment of bovine rod outer segments with phospholipase C leads to largely lipid-depleted membranous structures. Under these conditions rhodopsin remains spectrally intact, but its thermal stability and regeneration capacity are decreased, whereas upon illumination the metarhodopsin I to II transition is blocked. These observations can be explained on the basis of the previously demonstrated lateral aggregation of rhodopsin molecules which, on the one hand leads to a (partial) shielding of these molecules and, on the other hand, might impose constraints on the flexibility of the molecule to undergo light-induced conformational changes. Upon reconstitution of these lipid-depleted preparations with amphipathic lipids by means of a detergent dialysis procedure, the aggregates are apparently rearranged to lipid bilayer structures with complete recovery of the original rhodopsin properties. Under our conditions the nature of the polar head groups and the fatty acids is not critical in this respect. Simple addition of amphipathic lipids, without the use of detergent, restores the rhodopsin properties only in the case of rod outer segment lipids and of didecanoylphosphatidylcholine, and even then only occasionally. These results are discussed in the light of the strong analogy in properties between phospholipase C-treated rod outer segment membranes and lipid- and detergent-free rhodopsin obtained by affinity chromatography. It is concluded that rhodopsin must be in a freely dispersed state in order to function properly. Apparently, a non-specific lipid bilayer fulfills this condition for the regeneration capacity, whereas normal photolytic behaviour requires, in addition, a minimal membrane fluidity according to the observations of other investigators. Presumably, the uniquely high phospholipid unsaturation of rod outer segment membranes is important for another, as yet unassessed, function of rhodopsin or the photoreceptor membrane.", "PMID": 647004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3273", "title": "Mobilization of iron from the plasma membrane of the murine reticulocyte. The role of ferritin.", "content": "1. Plasma membranes prepared by pre-incumbation of mouse reticulocytes with 125I, 59Fe-labeled murine transferrin were able to release 59Fe in preference to 125I when incubated in the presence of murine reticulocyte cytosol, demonstrating that the latter mobilized iron which had been dissociated from transferrin. 2. 59Fe in cytosol was associated with at least two components in addition to hemoglobin, a high molecular weight component, identified as ferritin by specific immunoprecipitation, and an as yet unidentified, low molecular weight component of approx 17 00. 3. Ferritin itself, in the absence of added cytosol, was abloe to mobilize 59Fe from s9Fe-labeled reticulocyte plasma membranes. 4. Lysates of reticulocytes synthesized 59Fe-labeled heme when incubated with 59Fe-labeled ferritin. 5. These findings reflect a pathway of iron uptake and incorporation into heme in which ferritin plays an active role.", "contents": "Mobilization of iron from the plasma membrane of the murine reticulocyte. The role of ferritin. 1. Plasma membranes prepared by pre-incumbation of mouse reticulocytes with 125I, 59Fe-labeled murine transferrin were able to release 59Fe in preference to 125I when incubated in the presence of murine reticulocyte cytosol, demonstrating that the latter mobilized iron which had been dissociated from transferrin. 2. 59Fe in cytosol was associated with at least two components in addition to hemoglobin, a high molecular weight component, identified as ferritin by specific immunoprecipitation, and an as yet unidentified, low molecular weight component of approx 17 00. 3. Ferritin itself, in the absence of added cytosol, was abloe to mobilize 59Fe from s9Fe-labeled reticulocyte plasma membranes. 4. Lysates of reticulocytes synthesized 59Fe-labeled heme when incubated with 59Fe-labeled ferritin. 5. These findings reflect a pathway of iron uptake and incorporation into heme in which ferritin plays an active role.", "PMID": 647005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3274", "title": "Spectrin as a stabilizer of the phospholipid asymmetry in the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "After treatment of intact human erythrocytes with SH-oxidizing agents (e.g. tetrathionate and diamide) phospholipase A2 cleaves approx. 30% of the phosphatidylserine and 50% of the phosphatidylethanolamine without causing hemolysis (Haest, C.W.M. and Deuticke, B (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 436, 353--365). These phospholipids are scarcely hydrolysed in fresh erythrocytes and are assumed to be located in the inner lipid layer of the membrane (Verkleij, A.J., Zwaal, R.F.A., Roelofsen, B., Comfurius, P., Kastelijn, D. and van Deenen, L.L.M. (1973) Biochim. Biophys Acta 323, 178--193). The enhancement of the phospholipid cleavage is now shown to be accompanied by a 50% decrease of the membrane SH-groups and a cross-linking of spectrin, located at the inner surface of the membrane, to oligomers of less than 10(6) dalton. Blocking approx. 10% of the membrane SH groups with N-ethylmaleimide suppresses both the polymerization of spectrin and the enhancement of the phospholipid cleavage. N-Ethylmaleimide, under these conditions, reacts with three SH groups per molecule of spectrin, 0.7 SH groups per major intrinsic 100 000 dalton protein (band 3) and 1.1 SH groups per molecule of an extrinsic protein of 72 000 daltons (band 4.2). Blocking studies with iodoacetamide demonstrate that the SH groups of the 100 000-dalton protein are not involved in the effects of the SH-oxidizing agents. It is suggested that a release of constraints imposed by spectrin enables phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine to move from the inner to the outer lipid layer of the erythrocyte membrane and that spectrin, in the native erythrocyte, stabilizes the orientation of these phospholipids to the inner surface of the membrane.", "contents": "Spectrin as a stabilizer of the phospholipid asymmetry in the human erythrocyte membrane. After treatment of intact human erythrocytes with SH-oxidizing agents (e.g. tetrathionate and diamide) phospholipase A2 cleaves approx. 30% of the phosphatidylserine and 50% of the phosphatidylethanolamine without causing hemolysis (Haest, C.W.M. and Deuticke, B (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 436, 353--365). These phospholipids are scarcely hydrolysed in fresh erythrocytes and are assumed to be located in the inner lipid layer of the membrane (Verkleij, A.J., Zwaal, R.F.A., Roelofsen, B., Comfurius, P., Kastelijn, D. and van Deenen, L.L.M. (1973) Biochim. Biophys Acta 323, 178--193). The enhancement of the phospholipid cleavage is now shown to be accompanied by a 50% decrease of the membrane SH-groups and a cross-linking of spectrin, located at the inner surface of the membrane, to oligomers of less than 10(6) dalton. Blocking approx. 10% of the membrane SH groups with N-ethylmaleimide suppresses both the polymerization of spectrin and the enhancement of the phospholipid cleavage. N-Ethylmaleimide, under these conditions, reacts with three SH groups per molecule of spectrin, 0.7 SH groups per major intrinsic 100 000 dalton protein (band 3) and 1.1 SH groups per molecule of an extrinsic protein of 72 000 daltons (band 4.2). Blocking studies with iodoacetamide demonstrate that the SH groups of the 100 000-dalton protein are not involved in the effects of the SH-oxidizing agents. It is suggested that a release of constraints imposed by spectrin enables phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine to move from the inner to the outer lipid layer of the erythrocyte membrane and that spectrin, in the native erythrocyte, stabilizes the orientation of these phospholipids to the inner surface of the membrane.", "PMID": 647006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3275", "title": "Effects of bile salts of human erythrocytes. Plasma membrane vesiculation, phospholipid solubilization and their possible relationships to bile secretion.", "content": "Glycocholate removed approximately 25% of the membrane acetylcholinesterase and 10% of the membrane phospholipid from intact human erythrocytes prior to the onset of cell lysis. At low concentrations (up to 6 mM), glycocholate caused human erythrocytes to become echinocytic and to pinch off microvesicles, whereas at higher concentrations glycocholate also specifically released components from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in a 'soluble' form (as defined by their presence in a 150 00 X g/60 min supernatant) and caused the cells to become stomatocytic. Whilst the phospholipdi profile of the 'soluble' material differed from that of the whole membrane, the profile of the microvesicle fraction was similar. The microvesicles were depleted in several membrane proteins with respect to phospholipids. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible role of bile salts in the origins of biliary phospholipid and protein.", "contents": "Effects of bile salts of human erythrocytes. Plasma membrane vesiculation, phospholipid solubilization and their possible relationships to bile secretion. Glycocholate removed approximately 25% of the membrane acetylcholinesterase and 10% of the membrane phospholipid from intact human erythrocytes prior to the onset of cell lysis. At low concentrations (up to 6 mM), glycocholate caused human erythrocytes to become echinocytic and to pinch off microvesicles, whereas at higher concentrations glycocholate also specifically released components from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in a 'soluble' form (as defined by their presence in a 150 00 X g/60 min supernatant) and caused the cells to become stomatocytic. Whilst the phospholipdi profile of the 'soluble' material differed from that of the whole membrane, the profile of the microvesicle fraction was similar. The microvesicles were depleted in several membrane proteins with respect to phospholipids. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible role of bile salts in the origins of biliary phospholipid and protein.", "PMID": 647007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3276", "title": "Loss of resealing ability in erythrocyte membranes. Effect of divalent cations and spectrin release.", "content": "Washed human erythrocyte membranes can recover impermeability to macromolecules upon warming in solutions of sufficient ionic strength. This ability is rapidly lost from most ghost preparations in dilute salt solution at temperatures of 15 degrees C of higher. Divalent cations both reseal ghosts in the absence of high ionic strength and prevent loss of resealing ability. The effective concentrations are 40 micron for Ca2+ and 200 micron for Mg2+. The loss of resealing ability is associated with the release of spectrin polypeptides from the inner surface of the membrane. In ghost preparations that have not become irreversibly leaky, or in the presence of Ca2+, loss of spectrin does not occur. These results suggest that an intact spectrin netwoek is required for resealing to macromolecules, and divalent cations stabilize this network. In light of this information, the effect of temperature on resealing kinetics is described.", "contents": "Loss of resealing ability in erythrocyte membranes. Effect of divalent cations and spectrin release. Washed human erythrocyte membranes can recover impermeability to macromolecules upon warming in solutions of sufficient ionic strength. This ability is rapidly lost from most ghost preparations in dilute salt solution at temperatures of 15 degrees C of higher. Divalent cations both reseal ghosts in the absence of high ionic strength and prevent loss of resealing ability. The effective concentrations are 40 micron for Ca2+ and 200 micron for Mg2+. The loss of resealing ability is associated with the release of spectrin polypeptides from the inner surface of the membrane. In ghost preparations that have not become irreversibly leaky, or in the presence of Ca2+, loss of spectrin does not occur. These results suggest that an intact spectrin netwoek is required for resealing to macromolecules, and divalent cations stabilize this network. In light of this information, the effect of temperature on resealing kinetics is described.", "PMID": 647009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3277", "title": "Oxidized cholesterol bilayers. Dependence of electrical properties on degree of oxidation and aging.", "content": "Black lipid membranes made from oxidized cholesterol were examined for their specific resistance, capacitance, and physical stability, as a function of cholesterol oxidation time and of age. Membranes formed from cholesterol oxidized in n-octane were not physically stable even after 7 h of oxidation unless they were aged for at least a month. Membranes formed from cholesterol oxidized in decane and tetradecane (1 : 1) were stable immediately after 2--6 h of oxidation. Oxidation times outside this range produced unstable membranes. After 1 month storage, membranes from cholesterol solutions oxidized in decane and tetradecane from 0.75--3 h were stable. After 11 months, only the 0.75 oxidation time produced stable membranes. Storage in nitrogen retarded the aging process. After initial forming of the membrane, total membrane area and capacity increased and then stabilized, although specific capacity and resistance did not change, indicating inherent stability in the bilayer's intrinsic electrical properties. Bilayers formed soon after cholesterol oxidation had membrane capacity which ranged from 0.42 to 0.55 muF/cm2. Specific membrane resistance ranged initially from 2 . 10(6) to 37 . 10(6) omega/cm2 in 0.2 M NaCl with lower resistances in the more oxidized membranes. With aging, membrane capacity decreased gradually over 11 months to values approaching 0.1 muF/cm2 indicating membrane thickening. Membrane resistance ordinarily decreases with storage time. The rate of these changes with age is dependent on the extent of initial cholesterol oxidation and subsequent oxidation, with long term stability best in the least oxidized membranes.", "contents": "Oxidized cholesterol bilayers. Dependence of electrical properties on degree of oxidation and aging. Black lipid membranes made from oxidized cholesterol were examined for their specific resistance, capacitance, and physical stability, as a function of cholesterol oxidation time and of age. Membranes formed from cholesterol oxidized in n-octane were not physically stable even after 7 h of oxidation unless they were aged for at least a month. Membranes formed from cholesterol oxidized in decane and tetradecane (1 : 1) were stable immediately after 2--6 h of oxidation. Oxidation times outside this range produced unstable membranes. After 1 month storage, membranes from cholesterol solutions oxidized in decane and tetradecane from 0.75--3 h were stable. After 11 months, only the 0.75 oxidation time produced stable membranes. Storage in nitrogen retarded the aging process. After initial forming of the membrane, total membrane area and capacity increased and then stabilized, although specific capacity and resistance did not change, indicating inherent stability in the bilayer's intrinsic electrical properties. Bilayers formed soon after cholesterol oxidation had membrane capacity which ranged from 0.42 to 0.55 muF/cm2. Specific membrane resistance ranged initially from 2 . 10(6) to 37 . 10(6) omega/cm2 in 0.2 M NaCl with lower resistances in the more oxidized membranes. With aging, membrane capacity decreased gradually over 11 months to values approaching 0.1 muF/cm2 indicating membrane thickening. Membrane resistance ordinarily decreases with storage time. The rate of these changes with age is dependent on the extent of initial cholesterol oxidation and subsequent oxidation, with long term stability best in the least oxidized membranes.", "PMID": 647010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3278", "title": "The myoglobin of an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus aculeatus).", "content": "The skeletal myoglobin of the echidna was composed of 153 residues. Its primary amino acid sequence has been determined and compared with that of platypus. Nine differences were found. The number of differences from known marsupial and eutherian myoglobin is about twice as much.", "contents": "The myoglobin of an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus aculeatus). The skeletal myoglobin of the echidna was composed of 153 residues. Its primary amino acid sequence has been determined and compared with that of platypus. Nine differences were found. The number of differences from known marsupial and eutherian myoglobin is about twice as much.", "PMID": 647011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3279", "title": "The role of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in the positive cooperative binding of Ca2+ to blood coagulation factor X.", "content": "1. The calcium binding properties of factor X and its analogous decarboxyprotein have been compared with the aid of flow rate dialysis and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. 2. Factor X binds approx. 20 mol of calcium per mol of protein. The first four sites exhibit positive cooperativity. 3. Changes in the ultraviolet difference spectrum when Ca2+ is bound suggest a conformational change. 4. In decarboxyfactor X low affinity of Ca2+ and no ligand-induced conformational change was observed. It is concluded that the presence of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues is a prerequisite for positive cooperative Ca2+ binding.", "contents": "The role of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in the positive cooperative binding of Ca2+ to blood coagulation factor X. 1. The calcium binding properties of factor X and its analogous decarboxyprotein have been compared with the aid of flow rate dialysis and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. 2. Factor X binds approx. 20 mol of calcium per mol of protein. The first four sites exhibit positive cooperativity. 3. Changes in the ultraviolet difference spectrum when Ca2+ is bound suggest a conformational change. 4. In decarboxyfactor X low affinity of Ca2+ and no ligand-induced conformational change was observed. It is concluded that the presence of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues is a prerequisite for positive cooperative Ca2+ binding.", "PMID": 647012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3280", "title": "The effect of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues on the enzymatic properties of the activated blood clotting factor X. I. Activity towards synthetic substrates.", "content": "The esterolytic and amidolytic properties of activated blood coagulation factor X (factor Xa) and the analogous decarboxy species were compared in order to find out if the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues influence the function of the active centre. It was found that the two proteins (1) showed similar kinetic parameters when titrated with p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate hydrochloride (2) had a similar Km and kcat for various synthetic chromogenic tri- and tetrapeptides and (3) were inhibited in the same way by benzamidine. Further it was observed that (4) Ca2+ inactivates factor Xa, but has no influence on the amidase activity of decarbyxyfactor Xa (5) factor V prevents Ca2+-induced inactivation of factor Xa but does not influence the amidase activity of both factor Xa and decarboxyfactor Xa. We conclude that the interaction of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues with Ca2+ in factor X has no measurable influence on the properties of the active site per se.", "contents": "The effect of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues on the enzymatic properties of the activated blood clotting factor X. I. Activity towards synthetic substrates. The esterolytic and amidolytic properties of activated blood coagulation factor X (factor Xa) and the analogous decarboxy species were compared in order to find out if the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues influence the function of the active centre. It was found that the two proteins (1) showed similar kinetic parameters when titrated with p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate hydrochloride (2) had a similar Km and kcat for various synthetic chromogenic tri- and tetrapeptides and (3) were inhibited in the same way by benzamidine. Further it was observed that (4) Ca2+ inactivates factor Xa, but has no influence on the amidase activity of decarbyxyfactor Xa (5) factor V prevents Ca2+-induced inactivation of factor Xa but does not influence the amidase activity of both factor Xa and decarboxyfactor Xa. We conclude that the interaction of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues with Ca2+ in factor X has no measurable influence on the properties of the active site per se.", "PMID": 647013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3281", "title": "Molecular data on urinary glycoproteins with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) activity.", "content": "Two glycoproteins characterized by their serological activities (HLA-A9 and HLA-B12), their isoelectric points and their molecular weights were purified from urine from a patient suffering from tubular proteinuria (cystinosis). Their physicochemical properties as well as an important increase of their specific activities during the different purification steps suggested that they behave as human leucocyte antigens (HLA) which had been excreted into urine. Their amino acid compositions and N-terminal sequences were different to those described for HLA solubilized from cultured human lymphoblast cell lines. The N-terminal sequences of the two serologically active glycoproteins were identical to the N-terminal sequence of another recently purified human urinary glycoprotein called human complex-forming glycoprotein. The relationship between HLA, human complex-forming glycoprotein and the serologically active urinary glycoproteins is discussed.", "contents": "Molecular data on urinary glycoproteins with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) activity. Two glycoproteins characterized by their serological activities (HLA-A9 and HLA-B12), their isoelectric points and their molecular weights were purified from urine from a patient suffering from tubular proteinuria (cystinosis). Their physicochemical properties as well as an important increase of their specific activities during the different purification steps suggested that they behave as human leucocyte antigens (HLA) which had been excreted into urine. Their amino acid compositions and N-terminal sequences were different to those described for HLA solubilized from cultured human lymphoblast cell lines. The N-terminal sequences of the two serologically active glycoproteins were identical to the N-terminal sequence of another recently purified human urinary glycoprotein called human complex-forming glycoprotein. The relationship between HLA, human complex-forming glycoprotein and the serologically active urinary glycoproteins is discussed.", "PMID": 647014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3282", "title": "Sepharose-linked concanavalin A in the purification and characterization of glycoprotein hormones of the bovine pituitary.", "content": "Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose is a time saving step in both large and small scale isolations of the bovine pituitary glycoprotein hormones. After ion-exchange chromatography, the final yield of purified lutropin is 40-50% of material in starting concentrates and of purified thyrotropin is approximately 20%. The final products have the same electrophoretic and immunological properties and amino acid compositions as previous preparations. Less than 3% of the immunoreactive lutropin, follitropin and thyrotropin are present as non-glycosylated forms in either crude pituitary extracts or concentrates. Thyrotropin and follitropin elute from the immobilized lectin as a single fraction, whereas lutropin separates into two glycosylated fractions. Gel filtration of both crude extracts and the glycoprotein fractions shows that less than 5% of the immunoreactivity of the hormones is present as material of apparently high molecular weight. Substantial alpha subunit immunoreactivity, however, is in three fractions (as found by others in human pituitary extracts) corresponding to \"high molecular weight material\" (7%), intact hormones (46%) and free subunit (47%).", "contents": "Sepharose-linked concanavalin A in the purification and characterization of glycoprotein hormones of the bovine pituitary. Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose is a time saving step in both large and small scale isolations of the bovine pituitary glycoprotein hormones. After ion-exchange chromatography, the final yield of purified lutropin is 40-50% of material in starting concentrates and of purified thyrotropin is approximately 20%. The final products have the same electrophoretic and immunological properties and amino acid compositions as previous preparations. Less than 3% of the immunoreactive lutropin, follitropin and thyrotropin are present as non-glycosylated forms in either crude pituitary extracts or concentrates. Thyrotropin and follitropin elute from the immobilized lectin as a single fraction, whereas lutropin separates into two glycosylated fractions. Gel filtration of both crude extracts and the glycoprotein fractions shows that less than 5% of the immunoreactivity of the hormones is present as material of apparently high molecular weight. Substantial alpha subunit immunoreactivity, however, is in three fractions (as found by others in human pituitary extracts) corresponding to \"high molecular weight material\" (7%), intact hormones (46%) and free subunit (47%).", "PMID": 647015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3283", "title": "Complexes of chromogranin A and dopamine beta-hydroxylase among the chromogranins of the bovine adrenal medulla.", "content": "1. The core proteins of chromaffin granules have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis against monospecific antisera. 2. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine beta-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.17.1) appeared as the major immunogen of the core proteins and accounted for 4 and 8% by weight of the crude lysate and membrane-containing fractions, respectively. 3. The non-ionic detergent, Berol, solubilized dopamine beta-hydroxylase from the membranes in a form which was immunologically identical but of lower relative mobility by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In the absence of detergent a difference in relative mobility was also noted between the purified enzyme and that contaminated by chromogranin A. These observations suggest that several molecular forms of dopamine beta-hydroxylase may occur which differ in size and/or charge due to interactions with the contaminants under the experimental conditions. 4. The main chromogranin in the crude lysate was absent from electropherograms of the acidic chromogranins (95--96% of total protein in lysate). These were obtained free of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by concanavalin A adsorption at high ionic strength or by acidification in 2 M acetic acid. The main band reappeared upon recombination with dopamine beta-hydroxylase, indicating the presence of some dopamine beta-hydroxylase, possibly as dimers, in this main, chromogranin A band. A protein concentration-dependent aggregate of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-free chromogranin A was detected, with a relative mobility slightly faster than the main band of the crude lysate.", "contents": "Complexes of chromogranin A and dopamine beta-hydroxylase among the chromogranins of the bovine adrenal medulla. 1. The core proteins of chromaffin granules have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis against monospecific antisera. 2. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine beta-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.17.1) appeared as the major immunogen of the core proteins and accounted for 4 and 8% by weight of the crude lysate and membrane-containing fractions, respectively. 3. The non-ionic detergent, Berol, solubilized dopamine beta-hydroxylase from the membranes in a form which was immunologically identical but of lower relative mobility by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In the absence of detergent a difference in relative mobility was also noted between the purified enzyme and that contaminated by chromogranin A. These observations suggest that several molecular forms of dopamine beta-hydroxylase may occur which differ in size and/or charge due to interactions with the contaminants under the experimental conditions. 4. The main chromogranin in the crude lysate was absent from electropherograms of the acidic chromogranins (95--96% of total protein in lysate). These were obtained free of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by concanavalin A adsorption at high ionic strength or by acidification in 2 M acetic acid. The main band reappeared upon recombination with dopamine beta-hydroxylase, indicating the presence of some dopamine beta-hydroxylase, possibly as dimers, in this main, chromogranin A band. A protein concentration-dependent aggregate of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-free chromogranin A was detected, with a relative mobility slightly faster than the main band of the crude lysate.", "PMID": 647016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3284", "title": "Thermodynamic studies of the interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with water. I. Determination of the isosteric enthalpies and entropies of water binding to the native enzyme.", "content": "The enthalpies (deltaH) and entropies (deltaS) of the interaction of water with alpha-chymotrypsin were evaluated from multitemperature sorption isotherms in the temperature range 283--313 K, determined in a fully automatized, computer controlled sorption apparatus. The temperature dependence of deltaH and deltaS shows a marked anomaly in the temperature range 295--298 K. The experimental results are interpreted by a phase transition of the enzyme protein, and by the existence of a low- and high-temperature conformer of alpha-chymotrypsin below and above the transition region. The two conformers differ significantly in their water binding energetics, as proved by two F-tests based on analyses of variance. The deltaH and deltaS versus water content functions of the high and low temperature conformer show markedly different anomalies at and below 70 mol H2O per mol protein. This water content corresponds closely to the monolayer volume vm, (as defined by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller). The protein surface covered by one water-monolayer, agrees well with the polar and charged surface area of chymotrypsin, computed from X-ray data. The experimental results suggest that the interaction of the first water-monolayer with the protein surface induces major conformational changes. The energetic contributions of these structural changes dominate the deltaH and deltaS terms below vm, giving rise to the anomalies observed. Above this water content, their influence is drastically reduced, and the isosteric quantities are predominantly determined by the water binding process per se. This process is possibly related to the pronounced enthalphy-entropy compensation pattern exhibited by the deltaH and deltaS terms. A more detailed analysis and discussion of this compensation effect will be given.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies of the interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with water. I. Determination of the isosteric enthalpies and entropies of water binding to the native enzyme. The enthalpies (deltaH) and entropies (deltaS) of the interaction of water with alpha-chymotrypsin were evaluated from multitemperature sorption isotherms in the temperature range 283--313 K, determined in a fully automatized, computer controlled sorption apparatus. The temperature dependence of deltaH and deltaS shows a marked anomaly in the temperature range 295--298 K. The experimental results are interpreted by a phase transition of the enzyme protein, and by the existence of a low- and high-temperature conformer of alpha-chymotrypsin below and above the transition region. The two conformers differ significantly in their water binding energetics, as proved by two F-tests based on analyses of variance. The deltaH and deltaS versus water content functions of the high and low temperature conformer show markedly different anomalies at and below 70 mol H2O per mol protein. This water content corresponds closely to the monolayer volume vm, (as defined by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller). The protein surface covered by one water-monolayer, agrees well with the polar and charged surface area of chymotrypsin, computed from X-ray data. The experimental results suggest that the interaction of the first water-monolayer with the protein surface induces major conformational changes. The energetic contributions of these structural changes dominate the deltaH and deltaS terms below vm, giving rise to the anomalies observed. Above this water content, their influence is drastically reduced, and the isosteric quantities are predominantly determined by the water binding process per se. This process is possibly related to the pronounced enthalphy-entropy compensation pattern exhibited by the deltaH and deltaS terms. A more detailed analysis and discussion of this compensation effect will be given.", "PMID": 647017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3285", "title": "The reaction of tryptophan with cystine during acid hydrolysis of proteins. Formation of tryptathionine as a transient intermediate in a model system.", "content": "Under the conditions commonly used to hydrolyze proteins with 6 M HCl, tryptophan reacted with cystine to give a transient intermediate, which was isolated and identified as 2-(2-amino-2-carboxyethylthio)tryptophan (tryptathionine) by NMR studies, etc. Studies on the formation and degradation of the above compound showed that beta-3-oxoindolylalanine and cysteine, which were previously reported to be the main degradation products of tryptophan and cystine, respectively, are formed by the hydrolysis of this intermediate during the course of the reaction.", "contents": "The reaction of tryptophan with cystine during acid hydrolysis of proteins. Formation of tryptathionine as a transient intermediate in a model system. Under the conditions commonly used to hydrolyze proteins with 6 M HCl, tryptophan reacted with cystine to give a transient intermediate, which was isolated and identified as 2-(2-amino-2-carboxyethylthio)tryptophan (tryptathionine) by NMR studies, etc. Studies on the formation and degradation of the above compound showed that beta-3-oxoindolylalanine and cysteine, which were previously reported to be the main degradation products of tryptophan and cystine, respectively, are formed by the hydrolysis of this intermediate during the course of the reaction.", "PMID": 647018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3286", "title": "Pseudo-dynamic contact surface areas: estimation of apolar bonding.", "content": "A new Monte Carlo based algorithm has been written for the computation of pseudo-dynamic contact surface areas. The linear correlation of this contact area with solute transfer free energies (water leads to organic liquid) is established for apolar amino acid side chains. The slope of these linear plots, deltaGosp, is a unitary free energy which has potential use in the estimation of apolar bond free energies in proteins. The magnitude of deltaGosp is dependent upon the nature of the organic solvent involved in the transfer process, varying from 86 to 130 cal/A2. Analogues linear correlations with the same range of deltaGosp values are observed for inhibitors of protein-catalyzed reactions.", "contents": "Pseudo-dynamic contact surface areas: estimation of apolar bonding. A new Monte Carlo based algorithm has been written for the computation of pseudo-dynamic contact surface areas. The linear correlation of this contact area with solute transfer free energies (water leads to organic liquid) is established for apolar amino acid side chains. The slope of these linear plots, deltaGosp, is a unitary free energy which has potential use in the estimation of apolar bond free energies in proteins. The magnitude of deltaGosp is dependent upon the nature of the organic solvent involved in the transfer process, varying from 86 to 130 cal/A2. Analogues linear correlations with the same range of deltaGosp values are observed for inhibitors of protein-catalyzed reactions.", "PMID": 647019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3287", "title": "Structural stability of glycophorin. Effects of heat and guanidine . HCl.", "content": "The effects of guanidine hydrochloride and high temperature on human glycophorin and sialic acid-free glycophorin were monitored by circular dichroism, viscosity, and fluorescence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalane sulfonate (ANS). The following observations were made: 1. Glycophorin and its sialic acid-free counterpart are unusually stable to both guanidine . HCl and heat. 2. CD and viscosity measurements indicate that guanidine . HCl neither causes a cooperative unfolding nor generates a random coil. 3. The ANS binding site is much more sensitive to guanidine . HCl than the ellipticity at 220 nm (theta 220). 4. The effect of temperature on CD is reversible whereas the effect of guanidine . HCl is not. 5. The carbohydrate moiety influences the viscosity, and also contributes to the changes in theta 220 when solutions of glycophorin are heated. These unusual properties indicate a complex mechanism of unfolding for this structurally stable macromolecule.", "contents": "Structural stability of glycophorin. Effects of heat and guanidine . HCl. The effects of guanidine hydrochloride and high temperature on human glycophorin and sialic acid-free glycophorin were monitored by circular dichroism, viscosity, and fluorescence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalane sulfonate (ANS). The following observations were made: 1. Glycophorin and its sialic acid-free counterpart are unusually stable to both guanidine . HCl and heat. 2. CD and viscosity measurements indicate that guanidine . HCl neither causes a cooperative unfolding nor generates a random coil. 3. The ANS binding site is much more sensitive to guanidine . HCl than the ellipticity at 220 nm (theta 220). 4. The effect of temperature on CD is reversible whereas the effect of guanidine . HCl is not. 5. The carbohydrate moiety influences the viscosity, and also contributes to the changes in theta 220 when solutions of glycophorin are heated. These unusual properties indicate a complex mechanism of unfolding for this structurally stable macromolecule.", "PMID": 647020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3288", "title": "Effect of salt concentration on immunoglobulin G structure.", "content": "An effect of salt concentration on the human myeloma immunoglobulin G structure was studied by means of circular dichroism, thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy and isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient created by a concentration gradient of glucose in borate buffer solution. Immunoglobulin G (K) Iva showed a significant shift of isoelectric point to the alkaline region as a result of the increase in salt concentration. The difference spectra indicated a change in the exposure of tyrosine residues as a result of increase in salt concentration. No changes in the circular dichroic spectra with salt concentration were observed between 205 and 250 nm. Spectral changes observed for the undigested immunoglobulin G molecule are more marked than those observed for the isolated Fab fragments.", "contents": "Effect of salt concentration on immunoglobulin G structure. An effect of salt concentration on the human myeloma immunoglobulin G structure was studied by means of circular dichroism, thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy and isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient created by a concentration gradient of glucose in borate buffer solution. Immunoglobulin G (K) Iva showed a significant shift of isoelectric point to the alkaline region as a result of the increase in salt concentration. The difference spectra indicated a change in the exposure of tyrosine residues as a result of increase in salt concentration. No changes in the circular dichroic spectra with salt concentration were observed between 205 and 250 nm. Spectral changes observed for the undigested immunoglobulin G molecule are more marked than those observed for the isolated Fab fragments.", "PMID": 647022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3289", "title": "Quantitation of submicrogram quantities of protein by an improved protein-dye binding assay.", "content": "A quantitative assay method for protein is described which is based on the color change occurring in Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 when it binds to protein. This modification of two similar procedures further increases the sensitivity, simplicity, and stability of the protein-dye binding assay over those of other commonly used assays for protein.", "contents": "Quantitation of submicrogram quantities of protein by an improved protein-dye binding assay. A quantitative assay method for protein is described which is based on the color change occurring in Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 when it binds to protein. This modification of two similar procedures further increases the sensitivity, simplicity, and stability of the protein-dye binding assay over those of other commonly used assays for protein.", "PMID": 647023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3290", "title": "Conformation of oxytocin studied by laser Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "The peptide backbone conformation and salient structural details of oxytocin were examined by laser Raman spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained in the solid phase, water, 2H2O, and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. A distinct Amide I band was obtained at 1663 cm-1 for aqueous and deuterated samples and 1666 cm-1 for the solid sample. A relatively high frequency Amide III band at 1260 cm-1 was obtained. It is concluded that these Amide I and III bands arise from the \"beta-turn\"-like conformation of oxytocin. The tyrosine side chain, according to the I850 cm-1/I830 cm-1 intensity ratio, is exposed to the solvent. The S-S stretching vibration at 512 cm-1 indicates the conformation of C-C-S-S-C-C in the disulfide bridge of oxytocin in the ring is gauche-gauche-gauche.", "contents": "Conformation of oxytocin studied by laser Raman spectroscopy. The peptide backbone conformation and salient structural details of oxytocin were examined by laser Raman spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained in the solid phase, water, 2H2O, and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. A distinct Amide I band was obtained at 1663 cm-1 for aqueous and deuterated samples and 1666 cm-1 for the solid sample. A relatively high frequency Amide III band at 1260 cm-1 was obtained. It is concluded that these Amide I and III bands arise from the \"beta-turn\"-like conformation of oxytocin. The tyrosine side chain, according to the I850 cm-1/I830 cm-1 intensity ratio, is exposed to the solvent. The S-S stretching vibration at 512 cm-1 indicates the conformation of C-C-S-S-C-C in the disulfide bridge of oxytocin in the ring is gauche-gauche-gauche.", "PMID": 647024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3291", "title": "Infrared stretching frequencies of CO in carbomonoxyhemoglobin from trout.", "content": "The infrared spectra of the carbomonoxy derivatives of the hemoglobin components I and IV from trout have been measured in the CO stretching frequency region using a high resolution infrared spectrometer. The CO stretching frequency of Hb I CO is very close to that of carbomonoxy human hemoglobin and is pH-independent. In contrast, the CO stretching frequency of Hb IV CO is higher and shows a small but significant pH dependence in the range 6.2-7.8. These results point to a decreased strength of the iron-CO bond in Hb IV CO at low pH, in agreement with the conclusions drawn from the reported difference spectra of Hb IV CO as a function of pH.", "contents": "Infrared stretching frequencies of CO in carbomonoxyhemoglobin from trout. The infrared spectra of the carbomonoxy derivatives of the hemoglobin components I and IV from trout have been measured in the CO stretching frequency region using a high resolution infrared spectrometer. The CO stretching frequency of Hb I CO is very close to that of carbomonoxy human hemoglobin and is pH-independent. In contrast, the CO stretching frequency of Hb IV CO is higher and shows a small but significant pH dependence in the range 6.2-7.8. These results point to a decreased strength of the iron-CO bond in Hb IV CO at low pH, in agreement with the conclusions drawn from the reported difference spectra of Hb IV CO as a function of pH.", "PMID": 647025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3292", "title": "Ultraviolet flow dichroism of brain microtubule.", "content": "Ultraviolet flow dichroism of brain microtubule was measured. Large positive dichroisms were observed at 255 nm, 285 nm and 292 nm. The dichroism at about 255 nm is due to bound GDP or GTP. The dichroism at 285 nm is due to tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and that at 292 nm is due to the tryptophan residues of the protein. These results show that the electronic transition moments of nucleotides and aromatic groups are both nearly parallel to the polymer axis.", "contents": "Ultraviolet flow dichroism of brain microtubule. Ultraviolet flow dichroism of brain microtubule was measured. Large positive dichroisms were observed at 255 nm, 285 nm and 292 nm. The dichroism at about 255 nm is due to bound GDP or GTP. The dichroism at 285 nm is due to tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and that at 292 nm is due to the tryptophan residues of the protein. These results show that the electronic transition moments of nucleotides and aromatic groups are both nearly parallel to the polymer axis.", "PMID": 647026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3293", "title": "[Study of the relationship between secondary DNA strucure and base sequence by the technic of theoretical conformational analysis].", "content": "An investigation of double-stranded polynucleotide conformations using the algorithm for exclusion of redundant dihedral angles and flexible sugar unit has been performed. The fragment of DNA including three nucleotide pairs was taken into account for polynucleotides poly[d(A--T)].poly[d(T--A)], poly[d(G--C)].poly[d(C--G)], poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC). The resulting structures being energetically optimal have helical parameters corresponding to X-ray experimental values for A- and B-forms. It was revealed that B-form is the most energetically favorable structure, therefore the earlier conception that water is of importance for B-form stabilisation may be revised. Relative stabilities of B- and A-forms depend upon base sequence because unequal contributions of the stacking and backbone energy in whole potential energy of the structrues with different sequences.", "contents": "[Study of the relationship between secondary DNA strucure and base sequence by the technic of theoretical conformational analysis]. An investigation of double-stranded polynucleotide conformations using the algorithm for exclusion of redundant dihedral angles and flexible sugar unit has been performed. The fragment of DNA including three nucleotide pairs was taken into account for polynucleotides poly[d(A--T)].poly[d(T--A)], poly[d(G--C)].poly[d(C--G)], poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC). The resulting structures being energetically optimal have helical parameters corresponding to X-ray experimental values for A- and B-forms. It was revealed that B-form is the most energetically favorable structure, therefore the earlier conception that water is of importance for B-form stabilisation may be revised. Relative stabilities of B- and A-forms depend upon base sequence because unequal contributions of the stacking and backbone energy in whole potential energy of the structrues with different sequences.", "PMID": 647028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3294", "title": "[Effect of ultrasound on porphyrin biosynthesis. I. Changes in the levels of proto-, copro- and uroporphyrins after a single exposure to ultrasound].", "content": "Abdominal region of white rat males was exposed to ultrasound with the intensity of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.0 Wt/cm2. 1, 24 and 48 hours after sonication proto-, copro- and uroporphyrines were determined in erythrocytes and excrements, copro- and uroporphyrines in urea. Single ultrasonic exposure does not affect the biosynthesis of uro- and coproporphyrines in gialoplasm, however, it results in the change of their excretion with excrements and urea. Biosynthesis of protoporphyrine IX which is the final stage of haemoglobin biosynthesis is changed under the effect of ultrasonic energy.", "contents": "[Effect of ultrasound on porphyrin biosynthesis. I. Changes in the levels of proto-, copro- and uroporphyrins after a single exposure to ultrasound]. Abdominal region of white rat males was exposed to ultrasound with the intensity of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.0 Wt/cm2. 1, 24 and 48 hours after sonication proto-, copro- and uroporphyrines were determined in erythrocytes and excrements, copro- and uroporphyrines in urea. Single ultrasonic exposure does not affect the biosynthesis of uro- and coproporphyrines in gialoplasm, however, it results in the change of their excretion with excrements and urea. Biosynthesis of protoporphyrine IX which is the final stage of haemoglobin biosynthesis is changed under the effect of ultrasonic energy.", "PMID": 647027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3295", "title": "[Calorimetric study of the fusion of the liquid-crystalline structure of poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate solutions].", "content": "A calorimetric study has been carried out of the specific features of melting of liquid-crystalline structure in the system PBG--dioxan depending on the conditions of its formation on the one hand, and on destruction rate on the other. It has been found that an increase of the temperature of solution crystallization as well as an increase in crystallization time shifts the conformation transition to the region of high temperatures, the value of the temperature shift decreasing with the rise of multiplication of heating for all the concentrations studied. By means of kinetic studies a sharp increase of heat effect with the rise of the velocity of heating the system has been found. A change in the scanning rate does not displace the beginning of the conformation transition, while Tmax and Tult is increased with an increase of Vheat. The kinetic regularities obtained allowed to suggest the presence of two processes proceeding when the system studied is passing the interval of conformation transition--the melting processes and subsequent aggregation of PBG molecules. They allowed also to separate these two processes.", "contents": "[Calorimetric study of the fusion of the liquid-crystalline structure of poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate solutions]. A calorimetric study has been carried out of the specific features of melting of liquid-crystalline structure in the system PBG--dioxan depending on the conditions of its formation on the one hand, and on destruction rate on the other. It has been found that an increase of the temperature of solution crystallization as well as an increase in crystallization time shifts the conformation transition to the region of high temperatures, the value of the temperature shift decreasing with the rise of multiplication of heating for all the concentrations studied. By means of kinetic studies a sharp increase of heat effect with the rise of the velocity of heating the system has been found. A change in the scanning rate does not displace the beginning of the conformation transition, while Tmax and Tult is increased with an increase of Vheat. The kinetic regularities obtained allowed to suggest the presence of two processes proceeding when the system studied is passing the interval of conformation transition--the melting processes and subsequent aggregation of PBG molecules. They allowed also to separate these two processes.", "PMID": 647029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3296", "title": "[Heat denaturation of alpha-tropomyosin and its fragments].", "content": "The reasons for three heterogeneity of tropomyosin melting curves are considered. It is shown that this phenomenon is due to the molecular heterogeneity of the preparation. Different states of the SH-groups as well as the different stability of molecule regions. The melting curves of alpha-tropomyosin and two of its fragments are obtained. The thermodynamic parameters stabilizing their helical structure are determined. The existence of a thermodynamical transition at 31 degrees C is shown for alpha-tropomyosin leading to the loss of the ability of the molecule to form supra-molecular structures.", "contents": "[Heat denaturation of alpha-tropomyosin and its fragments]. The reasons for three heterogeneity of tropomyosin melting curves are considered. It is shown that this phenomenon is due to the molecular heterogeneity of the preparation. Different states of the SH-groups as well as the different stability of molecule regions. The melting curves of alpha-tropomyosin and two of its fragments are obtained. The thermodynamic parameters stabilizing their helical structure are determined. The existence of a thermodynamical transition at 31 degrees C is shown for alpha-tropomyosin leading to the loss of the ability of the molecule to form supra-molecular structures.", "PMID": 647030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3297", "title": "[Study of the conformational mobility of globular proteins in aqueous solutions according to their proton relaxation in a rotating system of coordinates].", "content": "Measurements of the nuclear magnetization decay in the rotating frame for protons of SA and RNAase proteins in aqueous solutions indicate the dispersion of the relaxation rate for SA protons within the region of correlation frequencies of 10(5)--10(6) s-1. These frequencies are much lower than frequencies of rotational diffusion movements of the SA macromolecules in aqueous solutions. These must be ascribed to internal movement within protein globules due to which the distances between interacting magnetic moments are changed. This conclusion gives direct evidence in favour of existence of conformational mobility in most of the protein globule volume.", "contents": "[Study of the conformational mobility of globular proteins in aqueous solutions according to their proton relaxation in a rotating system of coordinates]. Measurements of the nuclear magnetization decay in the rotating frame for protons of SA and RNAase proteins in aqueous solutions indicate the dispersion of the relaxation rate for SA protons within the region of correlation frequencies of 10(5)--10(6) s-1. These frequencies are much lower than frequencies of rotational diffusion movements of the SA macromolecules in aqueous solutions. These must be ascribed to internal movement within protein globules due to which the distances between interacting magnetic moments are changed. This conclusion gives direct evidence in favour of existence of conformational mobility in most of the protein globule volume.", "PMID": 647031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3298", "title": "[Qualitative analysis of a mathematical model of a open enzyme reaction].", "content": "A general case of the set of two differential equations, describing an open reaction v1 leads to S v reversible E P v2 leads to, has been considered. The requirements to the character of the functions v1([S]), v2([P]) and v([S], [P]) were formulated for the case of existence and absence of alternative steady states and sustained oscillations. The formulae were derived to determine the slope of the unstable portion of the quasi-steady state characteristic. The generalized model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux has been considered as an example of v([S], [P]). It has been shown that with monotonically decreasing v1 and monotonically increasing v2, the alternative steady states and oscillations are possible only in the presence of substrate inhibition or product activation. However, under the joint action of substrate inhibition and product activation, the system will exhibit bistability rather than an oscillatory behavior. In the case of an irreversible two-substrate reaction which can be described by a similar mathematical model, inhibition by the first and second substrate is equivalent to substrate inhibition and product activation.", "contents": "[Qualitative analysis of a mathematical model of a open enzyme reaction]. A general case of the set of two differential equations, describing an open reaction v1 leads to S v reversible E P v2 leads to, has been considered. The requirements to the character of the functions v1([S]), v2([P]) and v([S], [P]) were formulated for the case of existence and absence of alternative steady states and sustained oscillations. The formulae were derived to determine the slope of the unstable portion of the quasi-steady state characteristic. The generalized model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux has been considered as an example of v([S], [P]). It has been shown that with monotonically decreasing v1 and monotonically increasing v2, the alternative steady states and oscillations are possible only in the presence of substrate inhibition or product activation. However, under the joint action of substrate inhibition and product activation, the system will exhibit bistability rather than an oscillatory behavior. In the case of an irreversible two-substrate reaction which can be described by a similar mathematical model, inhibition by the first and second substrate is equivalent to substrate inhibition and product activation.", "PMID": 647034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3299", "title": "[Study of the aqueous phase transition in a collagen--water system by the calorimetric and NMR methods].", "content": "Heat capacity and line width of proton magnetic resonance of collagen were studied by means of low-temperature calorimatry and high resolution NMR spectroscopy at different values of moisture in the temperature range of ice-water phase transition. Peculiarities of water phase transition in the presence of biopolymers were revealed. It was shown that a definite part of H2O in the \"hydration layers\" of the macromolecules (0.35 g of H2O/g of protein) is not transformed into ice even at a temperature decrease up to 4 K. The NMR data show that the total mobility of the bound water molecules remains high enough up to the water concentration at which the inner hydration layer of the macromolecule is formed. After the formation of hydrogen-bound water chains in the hydrate layers of collagen the mobility of the bound water molecules decreases.", "contents": "[Study of the aqueous phase transition in a collagen--water system by the calorimetric and NMR methods]. Heat capacity and line width of proton magnetic resonance of collagen were studied by means of low-temperature calorimatry and high resolution NMR spectroscopy at different values of moisture in the temperature range of ice-water phase transition. Peculiarities of water phase transition in the presence of biopolymers were revealed. It was shown that a definite part of H2O in the \"hydration layers\" of the macromolecules (0.35 g of H2O/g of protein) is not transformed into ice even at a temperature decrease up to 4 K. The NMR data show that the total mobility of the bound water molecules remains high enough up to the water concentration at which the inner hydration layer of the macromolecule is formed. After the formation of hydrogen-bound water chains in the hydrate layers of collagen the mobility of the bound water molecules decreases.", "PMID": 647033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3300", "title": "[Membrane mechanisms of activating depolarized smooth muscle contraction (guinea pig small intestine) during exposure to physiologically active compounds].", "content": "The experiments were performed on the depolarized smooth muscle of taenia coli with the use of double sucrose-gap arrangement. Muscle contractions were induced by 1) application of hystamin or bradikynin; 2) rectangular long-lasting (10--20 s) pulses of hyperpolarizing current--the strong contraction appeared in response to the switching off the current (off-response). Both the on- and off-responses to the hyperpolarizing current recorded before, during and after hystamine (or bradikynin)-induced contration were, as a rule, very similar. Treatment of smooth muscle with local anaesthetics (procaine, trimecaine, QX-572) removed hystamine- and bradikynin-induced contrations and only decreased off-responses. The analysis of the data obtained suggested the existence of the independent electrically and chemically excitable systems (channels?) OF Ca2+ ion transport in the membrane of smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "[Membrane mechanisms of activating depolarized smooth muscle contraction (guinea pig small intestine) during exposure to physiologically active compounds]. The experiments were performed on the depolarized smooth muscle of taenia coli with the use of double sucrose-gap arrangement. Muscle contractions were induced by 1) application of hystamin or bradikynin; 2) rectangular long-lasting (10--20 s) pulses of hyperpolarizing current--the strong contraction appeared in response to the switching off the current (off-response). Both the on- and off-responses to the hyperpolarizing current recorded before, during and after hystamine (or bradikynin)-induced contration were, as a rule, very similar. Treatment of smooth muscle with local anaesthetics (procaine, trimecaine, QX-572) removed hystamine- and bradikynin-induced contrations and only decreased off-responses. The analysis of the data obtained suggested the existence of the independent electrically and chemically excitable systems (channels?) OF Ca2+ ion transport in the membrane of smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 647035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3301", "title": "[Electrodiffusion model of a nerve impulse].", "content": "Electrodiffusion equations are deduced which describe the formation of the action potential in the axone. It is suggested that the membrane dividing internal and external axone electrolytes after being stimulated with an electric impulse returns after some time to the initial \"closed\" state. It is shown that the overshut of the action potential takes place due to non-linear profile distortion of the shock wave of electrical field tension vector created by the movement of sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the axone.", "contents": "[Electrodiffusion model of a nerve impulse]. Electrodiffusion equations are deduced which describe the formation of the action potential in the axone. It is suggested that the membrane dividing internal and external axone electrolytes after being stimulated with an electric impulse returns after some time to the initial \"closed\" state. It is shown that the overshut of the action potential takes place due to non-linear profile distortion of the shock wave of electrical field tension vector created by the movement of sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the axone.", "PMID": 647037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3302", "title": "[Basis for application of the Monod formula to the process of biological purification of flocs of active sludge].", "content": "Monod's empyrical relationship for the growth of active silt biomass is explained by diffusion of the limiting substrate inside active silt flakes. The Michaelis constant is determined not by the bacteria species which are a part of the flakes, but by flake dimensions. Calculations have shown that the concentration of solved oxygen in the mixer-tank which does not limit the total process of biological purification can be maintained at the level of 1 mg/l. In the plug flow-tank the concentration of solved oxygen must be considerably higher.", "contents": "[Basis for application of the Monod formula to the process of biological purification of flocs of active sludge]. Monod's empyrical relationship for the growth of active silt biomass is explained by diffusion of the limiting substrate inside active silt flakes. The Michaelis constant is determined not by the bacteria species which are a part of the flakes, but by flake dimensions. Calculations have shown that the concentration of solved oxygen in the mixer-tank which does not limit the total process of biological purification can be maintained at the level of 1 mg/l. In the plug flow-tank the concentration of solved oxygen must be considerably higher.", "PMID": 647038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3303", "title": "[Thermal fluctuations in membranes and the problem of mechanoreception].", "content": "In order to estimate thermal fluctuations in erythrocyte and mechanoreceptor membranes the transverse fluctuations of plane and spherical bilayer membranes and the fluctuations of the surface of a part of such a membrane, possessing disc shape of the radius R are calculated. The obtained values of the transverse fluctuations are two orders smaller than in the paper [5]. Total plane fluctuations of the disc with R=5.10(-7) cm are some orders higher than the threshold values epsilonpi of relative deformation in mechanoreceptor membranes, but their value in the frequency range of 0 dividied by 20 kHz is of the same order as epsilonpi. The estimates of fluctuations are also produced for Pacinian corpuscle membrane and for the globular protein molecule. The conditions necessary for high sensitivity of mechanoreceptor membranes are the large value of Young modulus E and low membrane viscosity eta.", "contents": "[Thermal fluctuations in membranes and the problem of mechanoreception]. In order to estimate thermal fluctuations in erythrocyte and mechanoreceptor membranes the transverse fluctuations of plane and spherical bilayer membranes and the fluctuations of the surface of a part of such a membrane, possessing disc shape of the radius R are calculated. The obtained values of the transverse fluctuations are two orders smaller than in the paper [5]. Total plane fluctuations of the disc with R=5.10(-7) cm are some orders higher than the threshold values epsilonpi of relative deformation in mechanoreceptor membranes, but their value in the frequency range of 0 dividied by 20 kHz is of the same order as epsilonpi. The estimates of fluctuations are also produced for Pacinian corpuscle membrane and for the globular protein molecule. The conditions necessary for high sensitivity of mechanoreceptor membranes are the large value of Young modulus E and low membrane viscosity eta.", "PMID": 647036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3304", "title": "[Modeling atrial and ventricular contractility of the heart muscle. I. Modeling single contractions].", "content": "A system of differential equations describing myocardium contractions in isometric and isotonic regimes has been obtained. On the basis of these equations functioning of myocardium was modelled on an electronic computer. An effect has been revealed of the coefficients of rheological equations and activation function on isometric and isotonic contraction of the force/rate ratio. A good agreement between the results of modelling and the experimental data has been observed.", "contents": "[Modeling atrial and ventricular contractility of the heart muscle. I. Modeling single contractions]. A system of differential equations describing myocardium contractions in isometric and isotonic regimes has been obtained. On the basis of these equations functioning of myocardium was modelled on an electronic computer. An effect has been revealed of the coefficients of rheological equations and activation function on isometric and isotonic contraction of the force/rate ratio. A good agreement between the results of modelling and the experimental data has been observed.", "PMID": 647039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3305", "title": "[Modification of a model of a cell population inhibiting its mitotic activity].", "content": "A series of mathematical models of cell population is analysed. The mitotic activity of stem cells of this population is controlled by population density. The effect of different factors on autooscillation regimes has been studied. The effect of reversible stages of cell differentiation is analysed, as well as that of cell losses at each stage of differentiation. The behaviour of cell population under the conditions of a limited supply of the limiting substrate was analysed. The effect of cell doubling at each differentiation stage on the stability of the population was studied too.", "contents": "[Modification of a model of a cell population inhibiting its mitotic activity]. A series of mathematical models of cell population is analysed. The mitotic activity of stem cells of this population is controlled by population density. The effect of different factors on autooscillation regimes has been studied. The effect of reversible stages of cell differentiation is analysed, as well as that of cell losses at each stage of differentiation. The behaviour of cell population under the conditions of a limited supply of the limiting substrate was analysed. The effect of cell doubling at each differentiation stage on the stability of the population was studied too.", "PMID": 647040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3306", "title": "[Torsion movements of the human eye. IV. Passive body movements, effect of skeletal muscle reflexes, opticokinetic torsion tracking].", "content": "A comparative study of torsional movement of the eye in passive and active tilting of the head and body of the object was carried out. Similarity of torsional movement of the eyes in passive and active movements was shown. It was found by the method of exclusion and selective stimulation of vestibular, cervikal, lumbar optokinetic reflexes, that neither the cervikal, nor lumbar reflexes elicited spontaneous torsional movements of the eyes and had no influence on them. A direct study (coinciding with rotation direction of the stimulus of head rotation) and the reverse (noncoinciding) torsional tracing of a rotating disc and tracing without head movements was investigated. During direct tracing depression of saccades and extention of the slow phase of torsion was found; during the reverse one--a decrease of the eye drist and increase of the amplitude and number of saccades. Phenomena of a seeming acceleration and deceleration of disc rotation etc. have been observed. It was found that with torsional saccades vision was retained. The presence of optokinetic control of phases of torsional eye movements formation has been recorded. Tracing without rotation of the head was accompanied by torsional nistagmus. Possible causes of incomplete stabilisation and optokinetic torsional tracing are discussed.", "contents": "[Torsion movements of the human eye. IV. Passive body movements, effect of skeletal muscle reflexes, opticokinetic torsion tracking]. A comparative study of torsional movement of the eye in passive and active tilting of the head and body of the object was carried out. Similarity of torsional movement of the eyes in passive and active movements was shown. It was found by the method of exclusion and selective stimulation of vestibular, cervikal, lumbar optokinetic reflexes, that neither the cervikal, nor lumbar reflexes elicited spontaneous torsional movements of the eyes and had no influence on them. A direct study (coinciding with rotation direction of the stimulus of head rotation) and the reverse (noncoinciding) torsional tracing of a rotating disc and tracing without head movements was investigated. During direct tracing depression of saccades and extention of the slow phase of torsion was found; during the reverse one--a decrease of the eye drist and increase of the amplitude and number of saccades. Phenomena of a seeming acceleration and deceleration of disc rotation etc. have been observed. It was found that with torsional saccades vision was retained. The presence of optokinetic control of phases of torsional eye movements formation has been recorded. Tracing without rotation of the head was accompanied by torsional nistagmus. Possible causes of incomplete stabilisation and optokinetic torsional tracing are discussed.", "PMID": 647047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3307", "title": "[Model studies of lateral inhibition as a mechanism of detecting motion. II. Modeling feedback inhibition].", "content": "A program is worked out which imitates non-stationary lateral inhibition in two-dimensional retina with physiologically real characteristics. Experiments with moving and flashing stimuli of different size are carried out. It is shown that lateral inhibition may serve as a mechanism which forms selective sensitivity of the elements involved to the movement of the stimuli. Recurrent inhibition proves to be more effective than the direct one providing that a longer delay in time exists. The results obtained are explained by the peculiarities of recurrent inhibition as the feedback system.", "contents": "[Model studies of lateral inhibition as a mechanism of detecting motion. II. Modeling feedback inhibition]. A program is worked out which imitates non-stationary lateral inhibition in two-dimensional retina with physiologically real characteristics. Experiments with moving and flashing stimuli of different size are carried out. It is shown that lateral inhibition may serve as a mechanism which forms selective sensitivity of the elements involved to the movement of the stimuli. Recurrent inhibition proves to be more effective than the direct one providing that a longer delay in time exists. The results obtained are explained by the peculiarities of recurrent inhibition as the feedback system.", "PMID": 647046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3308", "title": "Iron-binding ligands in the catalytic site of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase.", "content": "The tryptophan fluorescence maximum for holoprotocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase(holo PCD) is blue-shifted slightly (3 nm) from that of the apoenzyme. In the preparation of apoenzyme, increases in tryptophan fluorescence intensity coincided with decreases in enzyme activity and decreases in iron content. The tryptophan emission intensity of reconstituted enzyme having full enzyme activity was about 90% of that of the holoenzyme. Although apo PCD has similar molecular weight, amino acid content and essentially the same gross quaternary conformation as holo PCD, the absence of iron in apo PCD causes the changes in emission intensity of tryptophan. Findings indicate that some tryptophan residues may be (or may be near) the iron-binding ligands in the catalytic site of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase.", "contents": "Iron-binding ligands in the catalytic site of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. The tryptophan fluorescence maximum for holoprotocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase(holo PCD) is blue-shifted slightly (3 nm) from that of the apoenzyme. In the preparation of apoenzyme, increases in tryptophan fluorescence intensity coincided with decreases in enzyme activity and decreases in iron content. The tryptophan emission intensity of reconstituted enzyme having full enzyme activity was about 90% of that of the holoenzyme. Although apo PCD has similar molecular weight, amino acid content and essentially the same gross quaternary conformation as holo PCD, the absence of iron in apo PCD causes the changes in emission intensity of tryptophan. Findings indicate that some tryptophan residues may be (or may be near) the iron-binding ligands in the catalytic site of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase.", "PMID": 647056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3309", "title": "[Suppression of singlet oxygen luminescence by porphyrins and metalloporphyrins].", "content": "The luminescene of 1O2 (1270 nm) has been observed upon illumination of air saturated solutions of different porphyrins and their complexes with Zn in CCl4. In solutions of Co-, Cu-, Ni- and Fe-porphyrins this luminescence has not been revealed. All the porphyrins studied have shown to quench 1O2, the rate constants of the \"physical\" and \"chemical\" quenching being measured. The physical way of quenching is found to be much more effective. The quenching activity of the pigments depends greatly on the presence and nature of the central metall atom incorporated into porphyrin (H2 less than Cu less than Zn less than Co approximately Ni approximately Fe) increases with hydrogenation of the semiisolated double bonds (porphyrins are less active than chlorins and bacteriochlorins).", "contents": "[Suppression of singlet oxygen luminescence by porphyrins and metalloporphyrins]. The luminescene of 1O2 (1270 nm) has been observed upon illumination of air saturated solutions of different porphyrins and their complexes with Zn in CCl4. In solutions of Co-, Cu-, Ni- and Fe-porphyrins this luminescence has not been revealed. All the porphyrins studied have shown to quench 1O2, the rate constants of the \"physical\" and \"chemical\" quenching being measured. The physical way of quenching is found to be much more effective. The quenching activity of the pigments depends greatly on the presence and nature of the central metall atom incorporated into porphyrin (H2 less than Cu less than Zn less than Co approximately Ni approximately Fe) increases with hydrogenation of the semiisolated double bonds (porphyrins are less active than chlorins and bacteriochlorins).", "PMID": 647052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3310", "title": "Biological function of metallothionein-IV. Biosynthesis and degradation of liver and kidney metallothionein in rats fed diets containing zinc or cadmium.", "content": "The half-lives of liver and kidney metallothionein of rats fed diets containing either 2,000 ppm Zn or 100 ppm Cd were determined by a single injection of 14C-cystine. This protein was purified by Sephadex G-75 and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. Half-lives of liver metallothionein in rats fed the basal (18 ppm Zn), high Zn (2,000 ppm Zn), high Zn then basal, and high Cd (100 ppm) diet were, respectively, 3.4, 2.7 1.3, and 3.3 days, and that of kidney metallothionein were, respectively, 2.0, 2.2, 1.4, and 3.6 days. Thus, Cd-thionein has a longer half-life than Zn-thionein in both liver and kidney. The major species of metallothionein, which were separated on DEAE cellulose, had similar half-lives. Metallothionein, a protein having high content of metals and relatively short half-life, is possibly involved in cellular regulatory function.", "contents": "Biological function of metallothionein-IV. Biosynthesis and degradation of liver and kidney metallothionein in rats fed diets containing zinc or cadmium. The half-lives of liver and kidney metallothionein of rats fed diets containing either 2,000 ppm Zn or 100 ppm Cd were determined by a single injection of 14C-cystine. This protein was purified by Sephadex G-75 and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. Half-lives of liver metallothionein in rats fed the basal (18 ppm Zn), high Zn (2,000 ppm Zn), high Zn then basal, and high Cd (100 ppm) diet were, respectively, 3.4, 2.7 1.3, and 3.3 days, and that of kidney metallothionein were, respectively, 2.0, 2.2, 1.4, and 3.6 days. Thus, Cd-thionein has a longer half-life than Zn-thionein in both liver and kidney. The major species of metallothionein, which were separated on DEAE cellulose, had similar half-lives. Metallothionein, a protein having high content of metals and relatively short half-life, is possibly involved in cellular regulatory function.", "PMID": 647057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3311", "title": "The relationship of some copper (II) complexes of facultative tetrathioethers to the coordination environment in the \"blue\" copper proteins.", "content": "The facultative potentially tetradentate thioether ligands 1,2-bis(methylthioethylthio)ethane (2,2,2), 1,3-bis(2-methylthioethylthio)propane (2,3,2) and 1,2-bis(3-methylthiopropylthio)ethane (3,2,3) react with copper(II) salts to form Cu2(2,2,2)Cl4, Cu3(ligand)X6 (ligand = 2,3,2 and 3,2,3 X = Cl; ligand = 2,2,2 2,3,2 and 3,2,3 X = Br), and Cu(ligand)(ClO4)2. The stoichiometry and structures of these complexes are discussed in terms of the steric demands of the ligand and the nature of the halide. The [Cu(2,3,2)(ClO4)] ClO4 and [Cu(3,2,3)(ClO4) [ClO4 complexes have electronic spectra which exhibit the intense 600 nm band characteristic of the \"blue\" copper proteins. In fact, the spectrum of [Cu(2,3,2)(ClO4)]ClO4 is very similar to that of pseudomonas aeroginosa azurin.", "contents": "The relationship of some copper (II) complexes of facultative tetrathioethers to the coordination environment in the \"blue\" copper proteins. The facultative potentially tetradentate thioether ligands 1,2-bis(methylthioethylthio)ethane (2,2,2), 1,3-bis(2-methylthioethylthio)propane (2,3,2) and 1,2-bis(3-methylthiopropylthio)ethane (3,2,3) react with copper(II) salts to form Cu2(2,2,2)Cl4, Cu3(ligand)X6 (ligand = 2,3,2 and 3,2,3 X = Cl; ligand = 2,2,2 2,3,2 and 3,2,3 X = Br), and Cu(ligand)(ClO4)2. The stoichiometry and structures of these complexes are discussed in terms of the steric demands of the ligand and the nature of the halide. The [Cu(2,3,2)(ClO4)] ClO4 and [Cu(3,2,3)(ClO4) [ClO4 complexes have electronic spectra which exhibit the intense 600 nm band characteristic of the \"blue\" copper proteins. In fact, the spectrum of [Cu(2,3,2)(ClO4)]ClO4 is very similar to that of pseudomonas aeroginosa azurin.", "PMID": 647058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3312", "title": "[Formation kinetics of the AT-specific complex: DNA-distamycin A].", "content": "The kinetics of DNA-distamycin A complex formation and dissociation was studied by means of the stop-flow method. It has been found that the complex formation has at least five steps, the formation of AT-specific complex is limited by the dissociation of less specific intermediate complexes, then follows the statistical rearrangement of the ligand molecules and \"fixation\" of the specific complex with the longest lifetime and the biggest number of the additional H-bounds with the matrix. The energy of a single specific H-bond between the ligand molecule and AT-pair is equal to--1.05 kcal/mol.", "contents": "[Formation kinetics of the AT-specific complex: DNA-distamycin A]. The kinetics of DNA-distamycin A complex formation and dissociation was studied by means of the stop-flow method. It has been found that the complex formation has at least five steps, the formation of AT-specific complex is limited by the dissociation of less specific intermediate complexes, then follows the statistical rearrangement of the ligand molecules and \"fixation\" of the specific complex with the longest lifetime and the biggest number of the additional H-bounds with the matrix. The energy of a single specific H-bond between the ligand molecule and AT-pair is equal to--1.05 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 647050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3313", "title": "[Free radical lipid oxidation and several ways of regulating it with ascorbic acid].", "content": "The correlation between the content of primary molecular product of free radical fat acyls oxidation--hydrolipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid amount in guinea-pig tissue was presented by means of polarographic method. The data obtained led to the following conclusion: the importance of ascorbic acid as prooxidant in vivo is rather great and its deficiency is the reason for an increase of its content in the primary products of lipid free radical oxidation, which probably plays the main role in C-avitaminosis pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Free radical lipid oxidation and several ways of regulating it with ascorbic acid]. The correlation between the content of primary molecular product of free radical fat acyls oxidation--hydrolipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid amount in guinea-pig tissue was presented by means of polarographic method. The data obtained led to the following conclusion: the importance of ascorbic acid as prooxidant in vivo is rather great and its deficiency is the reason for an increase of its content in the primary products of lipid free radical oxidation, which probably plays the main role in C-avitaminosis pathogenesis.", "PMID": 647053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3314", "title": "Activity of glutamate and malate dehydrogenases in liver and kidneys of rats subjected to multiple exposures of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite.", "content": "Rats were subjected for 2 weeks to separate and combined exposures to mercuric chloride and sodium selenite at doses of 0.5 mg Hg/kg and 0.5 mg Se/kg. The content of mercury, selenium and protein as well as the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined in homogenates, mitochondria and intramitochondrial structures of the exposed animals. It was found that both separate and combined exposures of rats to mercuric chloride and sodium selenite inhibited GLDH activity and did not affect MDH activity in the examined organs. Mercury-selenium interaction brought about a decrease in the content of mercury in the intramitochondrial structures of kidneys and an increased accumulation of both elements in the outer and inner membranes of liver mitochondria. The biochemical mechanism of mercury-selenium interaction is discussed.", "contents": "Activity of glutamate and malate dehydrogenases in liver and kidneys of rats subjected to multiple exposures of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite. Rats were subjected for 2 weeks to separate and combined exposures to mercuric chloride and sodium selenite at doses of 0.5 mg Hg/kg and 0.5 mg Se/kg. The content of mercury, selenium and protein as well as the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined in homogenates, mitochondria and intramitochondrial structures of the exposed animals. It was found that both separate and combined exposures of rats to mercuric chloride and sodium selenite inhibited GLDH activity and did not affect MDH activity in the examined organs. Mercury-selenium interaction brought about a decrease in the content of mercury in the intramitochondrial structures of kidneys and an increased accumulation of both elements in the outer and inner membranes of liver mitochondria. The biochemical mechanism of mercury-selenium interaction is discussed.", "PMID": 647059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3315", "title": "Selenium in human nutrition: dietary intakes and effects of supplementation.", "content": "The dietary selenium intakes of a young couple residing in Southern California were determined to be 107 and 99 micrograms/day for the husband and the wife, respectively, on the basis of a 30 day study. For other young adult Californians, the selenium intakes were estimated from 90 to 168 micrograms/day. The highest intakes were observed in individuals subsisting on diets rich in whole wheat grain cereal products and seafoods. The selenium concentrations in whole blood of the subjects under study correlated with the dietary selenium intakes directly (P less than 0.001). The administration of 150 micrograms of selenium/day in the form of commercially available supplements increases the blood selenium concentrations. After 3 weeks of supplementation, the selenium concentrations in whole blood of our subjects reached 0.21 micrograms/ml. Prolonged supplementation at higher Se dosage levels causes further increases of the blood concentrations: Two individuals who had been ingesting 350 and 600 micrograms/day for 18 months exhibited blood selenium levels of 0.35 and 0.62 micrograms/ml. The blood selenium concentration of all subjects declined slowly after cessation of supplementation. Selenium uptake from the supplements was not affected by the joint administration of zinc supplements at 15 mg zinc/day. Glutathione peroxidase blood levels did not correlate with blood Se concentrations.", "contents": "Selenium in human nutrition: dietary intakes and effects of supplementation. The dietary selenium intakes of a young couple residing in Southern California were determined to be 107 and 99 micrograms/day for the husband and the wife, respectively, on the basis of a 30 day study. For other young adult Californians, the selenium intakes were estimated from 90 to 168 micrograms/day. The highest intakes were observed in individuals subsisting on diets rich in whole wheat grain cereal products and seafoods. The selenium concentrations in whole blood of the subjects under study correlated with the dietary selenium intakes directly (P less than 0.001). The administration of 150 micrograms of selenium/day in the form of commercially available supplements increases the blood selenium concentrations. After 3 weeks of supplementation, the selenium concentrations in whole blood of our subjects reached 0.21 micrograms/ml. Prolonged supplementation at higher Se dosage levels causes further increases of the blood concentrations: Two individuals who had been ingesting 350 and 600 micrograms/day for 18 months exhibited blood selenium levels of 0.35 and 0.62 micrograms/ml. The blood selenium concentration of all subjects declined slowly after cessation of supplementation. Selenium uptake from the supplements was not affected by the joint administration of zinc supplements at 15 mg zinc/day. Glutathione peroxidase blood levels did not correlate with blood Se concentrations.", "PMID": 647060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3316", "title": "Interactions of cis- and trans-platinum(II) complexes with dehydrogenase enzymes in the presence of different mono- and polynucleotides: evidence for a ternary complex.", "content": "The inhibition of several dehydrogenase enzymes by cis- and trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 have been measured in the presence of baker yeast ribonucleic acid (RNA), calf thymus and salmon sperm deoxyribonuclic acid (DNA) and several mononucleotides (AMP and ATP). The binding constants for the interaction of the platinum complexes to the nucleotides have been calculated and a comparison of those values to the previously calculated platinum complex-enzyme binding constants strongly suggest that platinum compounds are more tightly bound to the enzymes. The binding of the platinum complexes to most of the enzymes was decreased in the presence of any nucleotide, yet it was observed that when using rabbit muscle (M4) lactate dehydrogenase the mononucleotides reduced the binding to a lesser degree while the polynucleotides actually enhanced the platinum-enzyme interaction. The implications of these interactions are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of cis- and trans-platinum(II) complexes with dehydrogenase enzymes in the presence of different mono- and polynucleotides: evidence for a ternary complex. The inhibition of several dehydrogenase enzymes by cis- and trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 have been measured in the presence of baker yeast ribonucleic acid (RNA), calf thymus and salmon sperm deoxyribonuclic acid (DNA) and several mononucleotides (AMP and ATP). The binding constants for the interaction of the platinum complexes to the nucleotides have been calculated and a comparison of those values to the previously calculated platinum complex-enzyme binding constants strongly suggest that platinum compounds are more tightly bound to the enzymes. The binding of the platinum complexes to most of the enzymes was decreased in the presence of any nucleotide, yet it was observed that when using rabbit muscle (M4) lactate dehydrogenase the mononucleotides reduced the binding to a lesser degree while the polynucleotides actually enhanced the platinum-enzyme interaction. The implications of these interactions are discussed.", "PMID": 647061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3317", "title": "A proposed mechanism relating the antitumor behavior of cis-platinum amine complexes to their inhibition of a model enzyme.", "content": "The twenty-four hour inhibition of m-malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37) by various complexes of cis-platinum(II) and cis-platinum(IV) was measured as a function of the platinum concentration. It was observed that increased alkylation of the amine groups of Pt(II) and to a lesser degree of Pt(IV) decreased the activity consistently. It was also observed that the Pt(IV) analogues inhibit the enzyme to about an order of magnitude greater than the Pt(II) complexes. These phenomena will be interpreted.", "contents": "A proposed mechanism relating the antitumor behavior of cis-platinum amine complexes to their inhibition of a model enzyme. The twenty-four hour inhibition of m-malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37) by various complexes of cis-platinum(II) and cis-platinum(IV) was measured as a function of the platinum concentration. It was observed that increased alkylation of the amine groups of Pt(II) and to a lesser degree of Pt(IV) decreased the activity consistently. It was also observed that the Pt(IV) analogues inhibit the enzyme to about an order of magnitude greater than the Pt(II) complexes. These phenomena will be interpreted.", "PMID": 647062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3318", "title": "A fluorescence study of the binding of calcium and terbium ions to angiotensin.", "content": "The interactions of angiotensin II and a synthetic analogue, [Asn1, Val5] angiotensin II, with Ca2+ and Tb3+ have been monitored using the intrinsic fluorescence of the tyrosine residue at position 4 in both molecules. The data indicate that angiotensin II binds both metals with a dissociation constant of approximately 1 X 10(-4) M-1, while no significant binding was observed with the amide analogue. This suggests that the side chain carboxyl group of aspartic acid forms part of the binding site. Since the value of the dissociation constant suggests chelation of the metals by the hormone, the terminal carboxyl group of the peptide is also probably involved in metal binding. The fact that energy transfer was observed between Tb3+ and the tyrosine of angiotensin places the hydroxl or carbonyl group of the tyrosine close to the metal binding site.", "contents": "A fluorescence study of the binding of calcium and terbium ions to angiotensin. The interactions of angiotensin II and a synthetic analogue, [Asn1, Val5] angiotensin II, with Ca2+ and Tb3+ have been monitored using the intrinsic fluorescence of the tyrosine residue at position 4 in both molecules. The data indicate that angiotensin II binds both metals with a dissociation constant of approximately 1 X 10(-4) M-1, while no significant binding was observed with the amide analogue. This suggests that the side chain carboxyl group of aspartic acid forms part of the binding site. Since the value of the dissociation constant suggests chelation of the metals by the hormone, the terminal carboxyl group of the peptide is also probably involved in metal binding. The fact that energy transfer was observed between Tb3+ and the tyrosine of angiotensin places the hydroxl or carbonyl group of the tyrosine close to the metal binding site.", "PMID": 647063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3319", "title": "[Extraction and purification of tissue phosphopeptides].", "content": "We describe a method of extraction and partial purification of phosphopeptides isolated from pig brain or from the electrical organ of Torpedo marmorata. The extraction of the phosphopeptides was achieved by alcoholic 0,04 N potassium hydroxyde solution or by 10(-1) M KCL containing 10(-3) M EDTA and 10(-4) M DTT. After having tried various fractionation methods like ion exchange chromatography or gel filtration we chose chromatography on DEAE Sephadex followed by purification of the isolated fractions by Sephadex G 25 filtration. The most important phosphate fractions (one was purified to about 90 per cent) were characterized by the determination of the N/P ratio which was different from one phosphopeptide to another. The amino acid composition showed a high glycin, serine and \"acid\" amino acid content. The presence of phosphoserine was shown by electrophoresis and chromatography of a partial hydrolysate of in vivo 32P labelled phosphopeptides isolated from rat liver. The polyanionic structure of these phosphopeptides allow them to act as real ion exchangers which might be involved during active transport mechanisms in cellular membranes.", "contents": "[Extraction and purification of tissue phosphopeptides]. We describe a method of extraction and partial purification of phosphopeptides isolated from pig brain or from the electrical organ of Torpedo marmorata. The extraction of the phosphopeptides was achieved by alcoholic 0,04 N potassium hydroxyde solution or by 10(-1) M KCL containing 10(-3) M EDTA and 10(-4) M DTT. After having tried various fractionation methods like ion exchange chromatography or gel filtration we chose chromatography on DEAE Sephadex followed by purification of the isolated fractions by Sephadex G 25 filtration. The most important phosphate fractions (one was purified to about 90 per cent) were characterized by the determination of the N/P ratio which was different from one phosphopeptide to another. The amino acid composition showed a high glycin, serine and \"acid\" amino acid content. The presence of phosphoserine was shown by electrophoresis and chromatography of a partial hydrolysate of in vivo 32P labelled phosphopeptides isolated from rat liver. The polyanionic structure of these phosphopeptides allow them to act as real ion exchangers which might be involved during active transport mechanisms in cellular membranes.", "PMID": 647067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3320", "title": "Glycosyl transfers from UDP-sugars to lipids of plant membranes: identification and specificity of the transferases.", "content": "Microsome preparations extracted from wheat roots or sycamore cell suspensions catalyzed the transfer of sugar from nucleotide-sugars to endogenous lipidic acceptors. The nature of the products biosynthesized from UDP-Glc, GDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, UDP-Xyl or UDP-Arab was examined. Sterylglycosides were obtained from UDP-Gglc, GDP-Glc or UDP-Xyl. Galactosyldiglycerides were synthesized from UDP-Gal. When UDP-Glc or UDP-Gal was used as a substrate, a membrane-bound 4-epimerase interconverted the epimeric nucleotide-sugars, thereby allowing the simultaneous biosynthesis of galactosyldiglycerides and sterylglucosides. The biosynthesis of free and acylated sterylglucosides from UDP-Glc, without interference of other glycosyl transfer reactions, was obtained by the omission of Mg++ ions from the incubation medium. The biosynthesis of galactosyldiglycerides from UDP-Gal without interference of other transfer reactions was obtained when digitonin was added to the incubation medium of sycamore microsomes.", "contents": "Glycosyl transfers from UDP-sugars to lipids of plant membranes: identification and specificity of the transferases. Microsome preparations extracted from wheat roots or sycamore cell suspensions catalyzed the transfer of sugar from nucleotide-sugars to endogenous lipidic acceptors. The nature of the products biosynthesized from UDP-Glc, GDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, UDP-Xyl or UDP-Arab was examined. Sterylglycosides were obtained from UDP-Gglc, GDP-Glc or UDP-Xyl. Galactosyldiglycerides were synthesized from UDP-Gal. When UDP-Glc or UDP-Gal was used as a substrate, a membrane-bound 4-epimerase interconverted the epimeric nucleotide-sugars, thereby allowing the simultaneous biosynthesis of galactosyldiglycerides and sterylglucosides. The biosynthesis of free and acylated sterylglucosides from UDP-Glc, without interference of other glycosyl transfer reactions, was obtained by the omission of Mg++ ions from the incubation medium. The biosynthesis of galactosyldiglycerides from UDP-Gal without interference of other transfer reactions was obtained when digitonin was added to the incubation medium of sycamore microsomes.", "PMID": 647068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3321", "title": "[Demonstration, kinetic study and solubilization of particular adenylate cyclase from Nocardia restricta].", "content": "An adenylate cyclase (EC r.6.1.1.) was found in cell-free extracts of several Nocardia species. The enzyme from Nocardia restricta has been specially studied. It is a membrane enzyme which exhibits a strong specific activity, one hundred times greater than that of mammals. It has an optimal pH of 8.5 in Tris buffer and an absolute requirement for divalent ions, Mg++ or Mn++ (Mn++ ions are the most efficient). The kinetic properties of this adenylate cyclase are similar to those that could be expected of an allosteric enzyme having, as a substrate, the ATP-Mg++ complex and, as an activator, free Mn++ ions. Ca++ ions are activators: they set up the maximum velocity without modification of the KM. GTP is a competitive inhibitor (KI = 5.10(-5) M). Fluoride ions have no detectable effect on activity. Non-ionic detergents, Lubrol WX and Triton X 100, are inhibitors of the enzyme which has been partially solubilized by repeated freezing and thawing, following by brief ultra-sonic treatment. Catalytic sites are not modified after the solubilization, but cooperative effects between moles of substrate ATP-Mn++ are diminished: the KM becomes smaller and the sigmoidal shape of the curve v = f (ATP-Mn++) is attenuated.", "contents": "[Demonstration, kinetic study and solubilization of particular adenylate cyclase from Nocardia restricta]. An adenylate cyclase (EC r.6.1.1.) was found in cell-free extracts of several Nocardia species. The enzyme from Nocardia restricta has been specially studied. It is a membrane enzyme which exhibits a strong specific activity, one hundred times greater than that of mammals. It has an optimal pH of 8.5 in Tris buffer and an absolute requirement for divalent ions, Mg++ or Mn++ (Mn++ ions are the most efficient). The kinetic properties of this adenylate cyclase are similar to those that could be expected of an allosteric enzyme having, as a substrate, the ATP-Mg++ complex and, as an activator, free Mn++ ions. Ca++ ions are activators: they set up the maximum velocity without modification of the KM. GTP is a competitive inhibitor (KI = 5.10(-5) M). Fluoride ions have no detectable effect on activity. Non-ionic detergents, Lubrol WX and Triton X 100, are inhibitors of the enzyme which has been partially solubilized by repeated freezing and thawing, following by brief ultra-sonic treatment. Catalytic sites are not modified after the solubilization, but cooperative effects between moles of substrate ATP-Mn++ are diminished: the KM becomes smaller and the sigmoidal shape of the curve v = f (ATP-Mn++) is attenuated.", "PMID": 647069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3322", "title": "[Fatty acid distribution of the normal sciatic nerve lipids in the rat].", "content": "We isolated and purified the main lipids of the rat sciatic nerve. After methanolysis, fatty acids were isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography, and studied by gas chromatography. C 16 and C 18 fatty acids are the most abundant. Among the long-chain fatty acids, arachidonic acid (20:4) is present in some lipids; highly desaturated fatty acids in C 22 and C 24 are also present. In general, the fatty acids are highly saturated; cholesterol esters and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fatty acids are highly unsaturated.", "contents": "[Fatty acid distribution of the normal sciatic nerve lipids in the rat]. We isolated and purified the main lipids of the rat sciatic nerve. After methanolysis, fatty acids were isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography, and studied by gas chromatography. C 16 and C 18 fatty acids are the most abundant. Among the long-chain fatty acids, arachidonic acid (20:4) is present in some lipids; highly desaturated fatty acids in C 22 and C 24 are also present. In general, the fatty acids are highly saturated; cholesterol esters and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fatty acids are highly unsaturated.", "PMID": 647070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3323", "title": "[Kinetic and spectral parameters of the amines oxidative N-dealkylation with participation of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Amines oxidation with organic hydroperoxides].", "content": "Kinetics of demethylation of a number of amines involving hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and organic hydroperoxides (tret-butyl- and cumylhydroperoxide) have been investigated. Decomposition rate constants for the substrate-cytochrome P-450-ROOH complexes have been determined in a generalized form. Activation parameters, deltaH* and deltaS*, are calculated for decomposition of the complexes. There is a linear relation between deltaH* and deltaS*: deltaH*=18.7 kcal + 333 degrees K deltaS*. Compensation relationship is characterized by the value of alpha=333 degrees K/Taverage=1.11. The nature of the limiting step in the cytochrome P-450-NADPH-O2-system and the cytochrome P-450-ROOH-system is discussed.", "contents": "[Kinetic and spectral parameters of the amines oxidative N-dealkylation with participation of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Amines oxidation with organic hydroperoxides]. Kinetics of demethylation of a number of amines involving hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and organic hydroperoxides (tret-butyl- and cumylhydroperoxide) have been investigated. Decomposition rate constants for the substrate-cytochrome P-450-ROOH complexes have been determined in a generalized form. Activation parameters, deltaH* and deltaS*, are calculated for decomposition of the complexes. There is a linear relation between deltaH* and deltaS*: deltaH*=18.7 kcal + 333 degrees K deltaS*. Compensation relationship is characterized by the value of alpha=333 degrees K/Taverage=1.11. The nature of the limiting step in the cytochrome P-450-NADPH-O2-system and the cytochrome P-450-ROOH-system is discussed.", "PMID": 647071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3324", "title": "[Interconversions of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in rat liver under the effect of alpha-tocopherol].", "content": "Incubation of ground liver preparation isolated from vitamin E-deficient rats resulted in correlated in time changes of ubiquinone and ubichromenol contents and their ration in tissues. A suggestion is made on the possibility of ubiquinone and ubichromenol interconversions and of the existence of a system controlling (depending on a functional state of the organism) a certain ratio of the quinones contents in animal tissues. Possible biochemical role of ubichromenol in animals is discussed.", "contents": "[Interconversions of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in rat liver under the effect of alpha-tocopherol]. Incubation of ground liver preparation isolated from vitamin E-deficient rats resulted in correlated in time changes of ubiquinone and ubichromenol contents and their ration in tissues. A suggestion is made on the possibility of ubiquinone and ubichromenol interconversions and of the existence of a system controlling (depending on a functional state of the organism) a certain ratio of the quinones contents in animal tissues. Possible biochemical role of ubichromenol in animals is discussed.", "PMID": 647072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3325", "title": "[Changes in peroxidation under conditions of 3,4-benzypyrene-induced carcinogenesis].", "content": "The activities of enzymatic systems generating and destroying peroxides and the lipid peroxide content in neoplastic rat liver and 3,4-benzpyrene-induced sarcoma were studied. The tumour was characterized by high activity of glutathione peroxidase and low activity of catalase. No urate- and glycolate oxidases or ascorbat dependent peroxidation of lipids and lipid peroxides were found in the tumour. In the liver of neoplastic animals the activities of glutathione peroxidase and NADPH-dependent system of microsomal phospholipid peroxidation and the lipd peroxides content were increased, whereas the activities of catalase and urate oxidase were decreased.", "contents": "[Changes in peroxidation under conditions of 3,4-benzypyrene-induced carcinogenesis]. The activities of enzymatic systems generating and destroying peroxides and the lipid peroxide content in neoplastic rat liver and 3,4-benzpyrene-induced sarcoma were studied. The tumour was characterized by high activity of glutathione peroxidase and low activity of catalase. No urate- and glycolate oxidases or ascorbat dependent peroxidation of lipids and lipid peroxides were found in the tumour. In the liver of neoplastic animals the activities of glutathione peroxidase and NADPH-dependent system of microsomal phospholipid peroxidation and the lipd peroxides content were increased, whereas the activities of catalase and urate oxidase were decreased.", "PMID": 647073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3326", "title": "[On the impossibility of the incorporation of 5-methylcytosine and its nucleosides into higher plant DNA].", "content": "No radioactivity was detected in 5-methylcytosine isolated from wheat DNA after incubation of wheat seedlings with 3H-labelled 5-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytidine and 5-methyldeoxycytidine. No label from 3H-5-methylcytosine was found in DNA of seedlings. After incubation of seedlings with 3H-labelled nucleosides of 5-methylcytosine, radioactivity was discovered only in thymine of DNA. Thus 5-methylcytosine and its nucleosides can not be used in plants as direct precursors of 5-methyl cytosine residues in DNA, but nucleosides of 5-methylcytosine may be deaminated to thymidine (or deoxythymidine) and subsequently incorporated into DNA.", "contents": "[On the impossibility of the incorporation of 5-methylcytosine and its nucleosides into higher plant DNA]. No radioactivity was detected in 5-methylcytosine isolated from wheat DNA after incubation of wheat seedlings with 3H-labelled 5-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytidine and 5-methyldeoxycytidine. No label from 3H-5-methylcytosine was found in DNA of seedlings. After incubation of seedlings with 3H-labelled nucleosides of 5-methylcytosine, radioactivity was discovered only in thymine of DNA. Thus 5-methylcytosine and its nucleosides can not be used in plants as direct precursors of 5-methyl cytosine residues in DNA, but nucleosides of 5-methylcytosine may be deaminated to thymidine (or deoxythymidine) and subsequently incorporated into DNA.", "PMID": 647074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3327", "title": "[Estimation of mescaline and pellotine in Lophophora coulter plants (Cactaceae) by means of the oscillographic polarography].", "content": "Oscillographic polarography has been applied for the mescaline and pellotine estimation. These alkaloids produce in 0.5 N NaOH electrolyte a sharp peak within the cathode region of the oscillogram, each of them showing different potential. It makes possible to estimate them at a concentration of 5.10(-6) g/ml. All the forms of Lophophora williamsii were found to contain mescaline and lower content of pellothine, L. jourdaniana--to have equal content of both alkaloide, L. diffusa and L. fricii--to contain pellotine and only traces of mescaline. Plants grown in the greenhouse accumulated the same amount of alkaloids as native plants. Grafting on roodstock which does not produce essential amount of the alkaloids, does not affect the ability of Lophophora to synthesize mescaline and pellotine.", "contents": "[Estimation of mescaline and pellotine in Lophophora coulter plants (Cactaceae) by means of the oscillographic polarography]. Oscillographic polarography has been applied for the mescaline and pellotine estimation. These alkaloids produce in 0.5 N NaOH electrolyte a sharp peak within the cathode region of the oscillogram, each of them showing different potential. It makes possible to estimate them at a concentration of 5.10(-6) g/ml. All the forms of Lophophora williamsii were found to contain mescaline and lower content of pellothine, L. jourdaniana--to have equal content of both alkaloide, L. diffusa and L. fricii--to contain pellotine and only traces of mescaline. Plants grown in the greenhouse accumulated the same amount of alkaloids as native plants. Grafting on roodstock which does not produce essential amount of the alkaloids, does not affect the ability of Lophophora to synthesize mescaline and pellotine.", "PMID": 647075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3328", "title": "[Removal of surface-active substances from proteins by reversible immobilization on water-insoluble carrier].", "content": "Techniques for removing of surface-active substances from cysteine and cystine-containing proteins preliminarily immobilized by thiol-disulfide exchange on water-insoluble carrier, followed by protein transfer into solution, as examplified in sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and bovine serum albumin are described. This procedure may be used to remove any sort of material non-covalently bound to protein.", "contents": "[Removal of surface-active substances from proteins by reversible immobilization on water-insoluble carrier]. Techniques for removing of surface-active substances from cysteine and cystine-containing proteins preliminarily immobilized by thiol-disulfide exchange on water-insoluble carrier, followed by protein transfer into solution, as examplified in sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and bovine serum albumin are described. This procedure may be used to remove any sort of material non-covalently bound to protein.", "PMID": 647076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3329", "title": "[Oxidation of 4-N-(aniline)-5-methoxy-1,2-dioxybenzene via the mitochondrial respiratory chain].", "content": "A possibility of efficient oxidation of 4-N-(aniline)-5-methoxy-1,2-dioxybenzene (AMOBQH2) via the mitochondrial respiratory chain is demonstrated. The AMOBQH2 oxidation is accompanied by oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. The site of AMOBQH2 interaction is located in the region of cytochrome b, between rotenone and antimycin block. The bimolecular rate constant of AMOBQH2 oxidation using a steady-state approach is found to be 7.8.10(5) M(-1) S(-1). Differentiation of the two Amobqh2 oxidation pathways (mitochondrial one and that of auto-oxidation) and modelling of the auto-oxidation are carried out. Biochemical estimates of biological activities of AMOBQH2 analogues are discussed and proposed.", "contents": "[Oxidation of 4-N-(aniline)-5-methoxy-1,2-dioxybenzene via the mitochondrial respiratory chain]. A possibility of efficient oxidation of 4-N-(aniline)-5-methoxy-1,2-dioxybenzene (AMOBQH2) via the mitochondrial respiratory chain is demonstrated. The AMOBQH2 oxidation is accompanied by oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. The site of AMOBQH2 interaction is located in the region of cytochrome b, between rotenone and antimycin block. The bimolecular rate constant of AMOBQH2 oxidation using a steady-state approach is found to be 7.8.10(5) M(-1) S(-1). Differentiation of the two Amobqh2 oxidation pathways (mitochondrial one and that of auto-oxidation) and modelling of the auto-oxidation are carried out. Biochemical estimates of biological activities of AMOBQH2 analogues are discussed and proposed.", "PMID": 647077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3330", "title": "[Isoenzyme system of lactate dehydrogenase in human cells and tissues].", "content": "Comparative investigation of total activity and molar ratio of M-polypeptide chains (MM) of lactate dehydrogenase in diploid human cells with normal karyotype is carried out. It is found that the activity values in the passages studied (from 8 to 22) varies considerably, the variation coefficient Wn being 47.5%. Molar ratio of M-polypeptide chains of lactate dehydrogenase turned to be more stable (Wn=9.1%). Comparison of cell lines from different tissues and of respective initial tissues for MM values has revealed an increase of the content of lactate dehydrogenase M-polypeptide chains in embryonic cell lines with respect to initial tissues. Nevertheless, reliable differences in MM values between some cell lines of different tissue origin retain through 9--20 passages. A mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase biosynthesis and a system controlling the ratio of its subunits are discussed.", "contents": "[Isoenzyme system of lactate dehydrogenase in human cells and tissues]. Comparative investigation of total activity and molar ratio of M-polypeptide chains (MM) of lactate dehydrogenase in diploid human cells with normal karyotype is carried out. It is found that the activity values in the passages studied (from 8 to 22) varies considerably, the variation coefficient Wn being 47.5%. Molar ratio of M-polypeptide chains of lactate dehydrogenase turned to be more stable (Wn=9.1%). Comparison of cell lines from different tissues and of respective initial tissues for MM values has revealed an increase of the content of lactate dehydrogenase M-polypeptide chains in embryonic cell lines with respect to initial tissues. Nevertheless, reliable differences in MM values between some cell lines of different tissue origin retain through 9--20 passages. A mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase biosynthesis and a system controlling the ratio of its subunits are discussed.", "PMID": 647078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3331", "title": "[Incorporation of radioactive protein and RNA precursors into animal liver polysomes under hydroxythiamine injection].", "content": "Effect of hydroxythiamine, B1 antivitamin, on the incorporation of labelled protein precursor (14C-hydrolysate of chlorella protein, 14C-leucine) and 14C-orotic acid into polysomes and RNA fractions of rat and mouse liver is investigated. Single subcutaneous injection of hydroxythiamine (400 mg/kg) is found to inhibit in 24 hours the synthesis of 28S and 18S rRNAs, polysome profile being unchanged and the incorporation of the label into protein being increased. Hydroxythiamine is proposed to induce the synthesis of TDP-dependent enzyme proteins responsing the decrease of their activity.", "contents": "[Incorporation of radioactive protein and RNA precursors into animal liver polysomes under hydroxythiamine injection]. Effect of hydroxythiamine, B1 antivitamin, on the incorporation of labelled protein precursor (14C-hydrolysate of chlorella protein, 14C-leucine) and 14C-orotic acid into polysomes and RNA fractions of rat and mouse liver is investigated. Single subcutaneous injection of hydroxythiamine (400 mg/kg) is found to inhibit in 24 hours the synthesis of 28S and 18S rRNAs, polysome profile being unchanged and the incorporation of the label into protein being increased. Hydroxythiamine is proposed to induce the synthesis of TDP-dependent enzyme proteins responsing the decrease of their activity.", "PMID": 647079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3332", "title": "[The aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols of the plastid membrane system in the process of chloroplast biogenesis].", "content": "The composition of aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols in maize plastids at different stages of chloroplast differentiation has been studied. In the course of incubation of 14C amino acids or 14CO2 with maize and bean seedlings in vivo the 14C amino acids were incorporated preferably into the acid phospholipid fraction, forming O-esters of amino acids with phosphatidylglycerols. The rate of lipoamino acid compounds formation increased with the chloroplast differentiation and reached its maximum in the seedlings containing chloroplasts with a developed lamellar system. Changes in the amino acid composition of 14C aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols were observed at all stages of chloroplast ultrastructure development.", "contents": "[The aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols of the plastid membrane system in the process of chloroplast biogenesis]. The composition of aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols in maize plastids at different stages of chloroplast differentiation has been studied. In the course of incubation of 14C amino acids or 14CO2 with maize and bean seedlings in vivo the 14C amino acids were incorporated preferably into the acid phospholipid fraction, forming O-esters of amino acids with phosphatidylglycerols. The rate of lipoamino acid compounds formation increased with the chloroplast differentiation and reached its maximum in the seedlings containing chloroplasts with a developed lamellar system. Changes in the amino acid composition of 14C aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols were observed at all stages of chloroplast ultrastructure development.", "PMID": 647080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3333", "title": "[Heterogeneity of leghemoglobin from yellow lupine nodules].", "content": "A possibility is demonstrated to separate summary lupine leghemoglobins (which are salted out within 55--90% of ammonium sulphate saturation) into Lb I and Lb II components by means of ionic exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Lb I is eluted at lower ionic strength buffer than LbII, and differs from the latter in the form and the size of crystals. Both components have the same electrophoretic mobility and contain N-terminal glycine. LbII and LbI precipitate under gradual salting out within 55--75% and 78--90% of saturation respectively.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of leghemoglobin from yellow lupine nodules]. A possibility is demonstrated to separate summary lupine leghemoglobins (which are salted out within 55--90% of ammonium sulphate saturation) into Lb I and Lb II components by means of ionic exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Lb I is eluted at lower ionic strength buffer than LbII, and differs from the latter in the form and the size of crystals. Both components have the same electrophoretic mobility and contain N-terminal glycine. LbII and LbI precipitate under gradual salting out within 55--75% and 78--90% of saturation respectively.", "PMID": 647081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3334", "title": "[Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis of cationic substrates by the reaction product].", "content": "The kinetics of acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the two cationic substrates (I and II in Russian text) was analyzed by means of the integrated Michaelis equation (3). The constants kII, kcat Km and the enzyme-product complex dissociation constant Ki were determined. (Table 1). It was shown that acetylcholine (II) binds to to the enzyme active center more effectively than the alcohol product of its hydrolysis. In case of the pipecholine derivative (I) reversed situation occurs. The different dependence of the ester substrate and appropriate alcohol binding effectiveness upon the reagent structure indicates the dissimilar location of the molecules in the active center of acetylcholinesterase. Some structural implications of the enzyme active center were discussed.", "contents": "[Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis of cationic substrates by the reaction product]. The kinetics of acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the two cationic substrates (I and II in Russian text) was analyzed by means of the integrated Michaelis equation (3). The constants kII, kcat Km and the enzyme-product complex dissociation constant Ki were determined. (Table 1). It was shown that acetylcholine (II) binds to to the enzyme active center more effectively than the alcohol product of its hydrolysis. In case of the pipecholine derivative (I) reversed situation occurs. The different dependence of the ester substrate and appropriate alcohol binding effectiveness upon the reagent structure indicates the dissimilar location of the molecules in the active center of acetylcholinesterase. Some structural implications of the enzyme active center were discussed.", "PMID": 647082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3335", "title": "[Analysis of brain chromatin subunit organization].", "content": "Autodigestion of chromosomal DNA does not take place during the brain nuclei incubation in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The kinetic of chromatin digestion in brain and liver nuclei by staphylococcal nuclease and the formation of DNP-fragments suggest that subnucleosomes are generated in both cases by digesting of monomer specific sites. This monomer contains 185--200 DNA base pairs and the most starting DNA going throughout it. However the quantity of nuclease-resistant DNA in brain chromatin is more and the rate of subnucleosome formation is less than in liver chromatin. Redigestion of isolated monomers of brain chromatin results in the appearance of subnucleosomes similar to those which are formed under limited digestion of nuclear chromatin. The incubation of brain nuclei in the presence of Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease prepared from liver nuclei results in the appearance of fragment. DNA-spectra of these fragments are similar to those prepared under digestion of liver chromatin in situ. These data suggest definite resemblance of subunit organization in brain and liver chromatin.", "contents": "[Analysis of brain chromatin subunit organization]. Autodigestion of chromosomal DNA does not take place during the brain nuclei incubation in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The kinetic of chromatin digestion in brain and liver nuclei by staphylococcal nuclease and the formation of DNP-fragments suggest that subnucleosomes are generated in both cases by digesting of monomer specific sites. This monomer contains 185--200 DNA base pairs and the most starting DNA going throughout it. However the quantity of nuclease-resistant DNA in brain chromatin is more and the rate of subnucleosome formation is less than in liver chromatin. Redigestion of isolated monomers of brain chromatin results in the appearance of subnucleosomes similar to those which are formed under limited digestion of nuclear chromatin. The incubation of brain nuclei in the presence of Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease prepared from liver nuclei results in the appearance of fragment. DNA-spectra of these fragments are similar to those prepared under digestion of liver chromatin in situ. These data suggest definite resemblance of subunit organization in brain and liver chromatin.", "PMID": 647083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3336", "title": "[Skeletal muscle troponin and phosphorylation: a site of troponin T, that is phosphorylated by specific protein kinase].", "content": "A procedure is described of the isolation of protein kinase, which phosphorylates isolated troponin T with a rate, 5--30 fold exceeding the phosphorylation rate of other substrates (phosvitine, caseine, protamine sulphate, H1, H2A, H2b, H3, H4 histones). Troponin T-specific protein kinase transfers 0.85--0.95 moles of P per 1 mol of dephosphorylated troponin T. It phosphorylates only N-terminal acetylated serine residue, i. e. the site of troponin T structure, which is normally phosphorylated, when the whole troponin complex is isolated from skeletal muscles. Protein kinase is incapable to phosphorylate N-terminal serine residue in a mixture of triptic peptides of troponon T.", "contents": "[Skeletal muscle troponin and phosphorylation: a site of troponin T, that is phosphorylated by specific protein kinase]. A procedure is described of the isolation of protein kinase, which phosphorylates isolated troponin T with a rate, 5--30 fold exceeding the phosphorylation rate of other substrates (phosvitine, caseine, protamine sulphate, H1, H2A, H2b, H3, H4 histones). Troponin T-specific protein kinase transfers 0.85--0.95 moles of P per 1 mol of dephosphorylated troponin T. It phosphorylates only N-terminal acetylated serine residue, i. e. the site of troponin T structure, which is normally phosphorylated, when the whole troponin complex is isolated from skeletal muscles. Protein kinase is incapable to phosphorylate N-terminal serine residue in a mixture of triptic peptides of troponon T.", "PMID": 647084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3337", "title": "[Inhibition of the phosphorylase kinase activity by ATP analogs and their binding to the enzyme subunits].", "content": "The interaction between phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38), isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles, and the ATP analogs with the modified triphosphate fragment: adenosine-5'-chloromethane pyrophosphonate (1), adenosine-5'-chloroethyl phosphate (2), adenosine-5'-bromethane pyrophosphonate (3), adenosine-5'-bromoethane phosphonate (4), adenosine-5'-chloroacetylaminomethane phosphonate (5), adenosine-5'-chloroacetylaminomethane pyrophosphonate (6) and adenosine-5'-chloromethane phosphonate (7), was studied. The compounds 1, 2 and 3 irreversibly inhibit the enzyme activity. In the presence of ATP the rate of inactivation is decreased. The radioactive compounds 1, 2 and 3 are stoicheometrically incorporated into the beta- and gamma-subunits of phosphorylase kinase. A correlation is shown to exist between the degree of the beta-subunit modification by compound 1 and the enzyme inactivation. The compounds 4, 5 and 6 inhibit the enzyme reversibly: in the presence of ATP complete protection of the enzyme activity is observed. The compound 7 does not affect the kinase activity; however, it binds itself to the beta-subunit of the enzyme. The binding of analogs 1 and 7 to the beta-subunit occurs at different sites. The data obtained are indicative of the catalytic role of the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the phosphorylase kinase activity by ATP analogs and their binding to the enzyme subunits]. The interaction between phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38), isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles, and the ATP analogs with the modified triphosphate fragment: adenosine-5'-chloromethane pyrophosphonate (1), adenosine-5'-chloroethyl phosphate (2), adenosine-5'-bromethane pyrophosphonate (3), adenosine-5'-bromoethane phosphonate (4), adenosine-5'-chloroacetylaminomethane phosphonate (5), adenosine-5'-chloroacetylaminomethane pyrophosphonate (6) and adenosine-5'-chloromethane phosphonate (7), was studied. The compounds 1, 2 and 3 irreversibly inhibit the enzyme activity. In the presence of ATP the rate of inactivation is decreased. The radioactive compounds 1, 2 and 3 are stoicheometrically incorporated into the beta- and gamma-subunits of phosphorylase kinase. A correlation is shown to exist between the degree of the beta-subunit modification by compound 1 and the enzyme inactivation. The compounds 4, 5 and 6 inhibit the enzyme reversibly: in the presence of ATP complete protection of the enzyme activity is observed. The compound 7 does not affect the kinase activity; however, it binds itself to the beta-subunit of the enzyme. The binding of analogs 1 and 7 to the beta-subunit occurs at different sites. The data obtained are indicative of the catalytic role of the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase.", "PMID": 647085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3338", "title": "Bilateral electrodermal activity in depressive patients.", "content": "Integrated bilateral skin conductance response and reactive lateral eye movements were studied in 19 depressive patients and 14 normal subjects during visual and verbal tasks and tone habituation sequence. Distinct right-left differences between depressed and normal subjects in reactive lateral eye movements were revealed. Both endogenous and reactive depression patients were classified as 'left-movers'. Marked bilateral differences were observed in electrodermal activity (EDA) in patients during verbal and visual tasks. In endogenous depression EDA was higher on the left hand compared with the right under all the conditions studied (visual and verbal, and tone habituation sequence). In reactive depression EDA was higher on the left side during the verbal task and tone habituation sequence and on the right side in the visual task. Neither result in reactive depression group attained significance. The results are interpreted as a reflection of a different pathophysiology underlying reactive and endogenous depression.", "contents": "Bilateral electrodermal activity in depressive patients. Integrated bilateral skin conductance response and reactive lateral eye movements were studied in 19 depressive patients and 14 normal subjects during visual and verbal tasks and tone habituation sequence. Distinct right-left differences between depressed and normal subjects in reactive lateral eye movements were revealed. Both endogenous and reactive depression patients were classified as 'left-movers'. Marked bilateral differences were observed in electrodermal activity (EDA) in patients during verbal and visual tasks. In endogenous depression EDA was higher on the left hand compared with the right under all the conditions studied (visual and verbal, and tone habituation sequence). In reactive depression EDA was higher on the left side during the verbal task and tone habituation sequence and on the right side in the visual task. Neither result in reactive depression group attained significance. The results are interpreted as a reflection of a different pathophysiology underlying reactive and endogenous depression.", "PMID": 647086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3339", "title": "Components of skin impedance level.", "content": "Eighty students were trained on a maze-like ballboard over a series of 24 trials, while the skin impedance level was recorded from the palmar and dorsal sides of their fingers. A principal component analysis of the cross-products for the palmar and dorsal data treated separately resulted in two components for the palmar data (55% and 25% of variance) and one component for the dorsal data (80% of variance) and thus supported Edelberg's findings.", "contents": "Components of skin impedance level. Eighty students were trained on a maze-like ballboard over a series of 24 trials, while the skin impedance level was recorded from the palmar and dorsal sides of their fingers. A principal component analysis of the cross-products for the palmar and dorsal data treated separately resulted in two components for the palmar data (55% and 25% of variance) and one component for the dorsal data (80% of variance) and thus supported Edelberg's findings.", "PMID": 647087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3340", "title": "Measurement of the evoked cardiac response: the problem of prestimulus variability.", "content": "This paper discusses the problem of prestimulus variability in cardiac activity and its implications for the measurement of evoked cardiac responses (ECRs). Two methods which have been proposed to reduce error arising from respiratory sinus arrhythmis (SA) were reviewed critically. The first approach attempts to control only for the error associated with the sampling of the prestimulus level. This is considered inappropriate since it does not take into account the continuation of SA into the poststimulus period. The second approach reviewed was time series analysis which provides an elegant statistical solution of the problem. Unfortunately, the application of time series analysis has not yet been evaluated for adult cardiac data. A third approach which utilizes an adjustment for SA by employing the actual prestimulus values of an SA cycle was proposed. The application of this technique in the case of a pseudostimulus demonstrated that correction for SA results in significantly smaller 'responses' with less variance than does a conventional procedure which does not take prestimulus variability into account.", "contents": "Measurement of the evoked cardiac response: the problem of prestimulus variability. This paper discusses the problem of prestimulus variability in cardiac activity and its implications for the measurement of evoked cardiac responses (ECRs). Two methods which have been proposed to reduce error arising from respiratory sinus arrhythmis (SA) were reviewed critically. The first approach attempts to control only for the error associated with the sampling of the prestimulus level. This is considered inappropriate since it does not take into account the continuation of SA into the poststimulus period. The second approach reviewed was time series analysis which provides an elegant statistical solution of the problem. Unfortunately, the application of time series analysis has not yet been evaluated for adult cardiac data. A third approach which utilizes an adjustment for SA by employing the actual prestimulus values of an SA cycle was proposed. The application of this technique in the case of a pseudostimulus demonstrated that correction for SA results in significantly smaller 'responses' with less variance than does a conventional procedure which does not take prestimulus variability into account.", "PMID": 647088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3341", "title": "The EEG, brain function, and Thomson's sampling theory.", "content": "If the EEG is regarded as a measure of functional organisation in the brain, it may yet be possible to use it as an independent variable in psychological studies. The method of Maxwell et al. (1974) suggest how this relationship may be quantified. These authors develop the hypothesis that EEG power is proportional to p, the number of brain components involved in cognition. However, evidence is reviewed here to suggest an alternative hypothesis for the case of EEG alpha activity, namely that power is proportional to (1--p).", "contents": "The EEG, brain function, and Thomson's sampling theory. If the EEG is regarded as a measure of functional organisation in the brain, it may yet be possible to use it as an independent variable in psychological studies. The method of Maxwell et al. (1974) suggest how this relationship may be quantified. These authors develop the hypothesis that EEG power is proportional to p, the number of brain components involved in cognition. However, evidence is reviewed here to suggest an alternative hypothesis for the case of EEG alpha activity, namely that power is proportional to (1--p).", "PMID": 647089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3342", "title": "Plasma catecholamines, stress and aggression in maximum security patients.", "content": "Investigations into the stress response of patients committed to a special hospital for criminally deviant offences have identified a group of sympathetically hypoactive patients who excrete more noradrenaline and less adrenaline in the urine than either the remaining hospital population or control subjects, during conditions of stresser anticipation. Further investigation of these patients has shown that similar differences in plasma catecholamines exist, and that the group of patients characterised by this imbalance tend to have been committed for the most physically violent crimes.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines, stress and aggression in maximum security patients. Investigations into the stress response of patients committed to a special hospital for criminally deviant offences have identified a group of sympathetically hypoactive patients who excrete more noradrenaline and less adrenaline in the urine than either the remaining hospital population or control subjects, during conditions of stresser anticipation. Further investigation of these patients has shown that similar differences in plasma catecholamines exist, and that the group of patients characterised by this imbalance tend to have been committed for the most physically violent crimes.", "PMID": 647090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3343", "title": "Diphasic electrodermal response, heart rate and moods.", "content": "The simultaneous recording of spontaneous EDA (mono and diphasic SPR), HR and mood self-rating (Q-sort of adjectives), on 35 normal subjects, for 5 consecutive weeks has shown that: (1) The emission of diphasic SPR is significantly related to an increase in monophasic EDA (in frequency and in amplitude) and to a lesser degree with HR acceleration; (2) Such a physiological pattern is significantly associated with depressive mood, though independent from anxious mood. These results confirm the importance of morphological aspects of SPR in assessing normal mood states.", "contents": "Diphasic electrodermal response, heart rate and moods. The simultaneous recording of spontaneous EDA (mono and diphasic SPR), HR and mood self-rating (Q-sort of adjectives), on 35 normal subjects, for 5 consecutive weeks has shown that: (1) The emission of diphasic SPR is significantly related to an increase in monophasic EDA (in frequency and in amplitude) and to a lesser degree with HR acceleration; (2) Such a physiological pattern is significantly associated with depressive mood, though independent from anxious mood. These results confirm the importance of morphological aspects of SPR in assessing normal mood states.", "PMID": 647091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3344", "title": "Field dependence, laterality and the EEG.", "content": "There is evidence that an individual's 'cognitive style' is related to lateralization of function in the brain, and that this in turn is associated with characteristic EEG coherence spectra. We tested the hypothesis that field dependence (a measure of cognitive organization) and hand preference (a measure of functional organisation) relate to EEG coherence measures in a specific way. The predicted associations were based on the proposal that right preferent individuals have a more specific, and left preferents a more diffuse, system of functional units in the cortex. The association between alpha band resting EEG coherence (sampled on two occasions for both hemispheres from 12 right and 12 left preferent individuals), field dependence (Nyborg's criterion of frame dependence on a rod and frame test), and laterality scores (questionnaire and manual performance), was measured by Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). Significant associations support the proposed model except for coherence within the left preferents' right hemisphere. It is argued that the right hemisphere is more specifically organised in strong sinistrals than the general model would predict. These and other results support the use of EEC coherence measures in the study of cerebral functional organisation.", "contents": "Field dependence, laterality and the EEG. There is evidence that an individual's 'cognitive style' is related to lateralization of function in the brain, and that this in turn is associated with characteristic EEG coherence spectra. We tested the hypothesis that field dependence (a measure of cognitive organization) and hand preference (a measure of functional organisation) relate to EEG coherence measures in a specific way. The predicted associations were based on the proposal that right preferent individuals have a more specific, and left preferents a more diffuse, system of functional units in the cortex. The association between alpha band resting EEG coherence (sampled on two occasions for both hemispheres from 12 right and 12 left preferent individuals), field dependence (Nyborg's criterion of frame dependence on a rod and frame test), and laterality scores (questionnaire and manual performance), was measured by Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). Significant associations support the proposed model except for coherence within the left preferents' right hemisphere. It is argued that the right hemisphere is more specifically organised in strong sinistrals than the general model would predict. These and other results support the use of EEC coherence measures in the study of cerebral functional organisation.", "PMID": 647092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3345", "title": "Linear dichroism studies of binding site structures in solution. Complexes between DNA and basic arylmethane dyes.", "content": "The interaction between B-form DNA and twelve cationic triaryl-methane dyes was studied with respect to optical properties and stabilities, using linear dichroism (LD) and aqueous two-phase partition techniques. Monovalent dyes derived from crystal violet as a rule form a single strong complex (K1 ca 10(5) M-1; site density per nucleotide base n1 ca 0.1 at 0.1M ionic strength) in which the plane of the dye is at an angle of less than 50 degrees to the local DNA helix axis. The complex with fuchsin is weaker (10(4) M-1) but can be explained by a similar orientation. For some of the dyes (those with pseudo-C2v symmetry) the angular orientations of two molecule-fixed axes can be obtained. For the divalent methyl green a second complex appears to be formed at low ionic strength. Methyl green (and to some extent 2-thiophene green and malachite green) show exciton splitting in the LD spectrum and circular dichroism assignable to exciton coupling between transition dipoles roughly parallel to the helical strands, indicating a dye-dye interaction. The optical data, supported by fitting experiments with space-filling models, suggests a general structure for the binding site. The dye is not intercalated but is bound to exposed hydrophobic regions in the major groove. The ligand is in part (the charged amino groups) in contact with the phosphoribose chain but its main surface lies against the hydrophobic base-pair stack. For a diphenylmethane dye, Michler's hydro blue, a perpendicular orientation was observed, possibly due to intercalation.", "contents": "Linear dichroism studies of binding site structures in solution. Complexes between DNA and basic arylmethane dyes. The interaction between B-form DNA and twelve cationic triaryl-methane dyes was studied with respect to optical properties and stabilities, using linear dichroism (LD) and aqueous two-phase partition techniques. Monovalent dyes derived from crystal violet as a rule form a single strong complex (K1 ca 10(5) M-1; site density per nucleotide base n1 ca 0.1 at 0.1M ionic strength) in which the plane of the dye is at an angle of less than 50 degrees to the local DNA helix axis. The complex with fuchsin is weaker (10(4) M-1) but can be explained by a similar orientation. For some of the dyes (those with pseudo-C2v symmetry) the angular orientations of two molecule-fixed axes can be obtained. For the divalent methyl green a second complex appears to be formed at low ionic strength. Methyl green (and to some extent 2-thiophene green and malachite green) show exciton splitting in the LD spectrum and circular dichroism assignable to exciton coupling between transition dipoles roughly parallel to the helical strands, indicating a dye-dye interaction. The optical data, supported by fitting experiments with space-filling models, suggests a general structure for the binding site. The dye is not intercalated but is bound to exposed hydrophobic regions in the major groove. The ligand is in part (the charged amino groups) in contact with the phosphoribose chain but its main surface lies against the hydrophobic base-pair stack. For a diphenylmethane dye, Michler's hydro blue, a perpendicular orientation was observed, possibly due to intercalation.", "PMID": 647099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3346", "title": "Interaction of phenosafranine with nucleic acids and model polyphosphates. I. Self-aggregation and complex formation with inorganic polyphosphates.", "content": "Aggregation of phenosafranine in concentrated aqueous solutions and interaction with polyphosphates was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. At concentrations greater than 10(-3)M phenosafranine forms dimers (Kd = 3.8 x 10(2) 1.mole-1), which are characterized by a hypsochromic shift of the visible and near ultraviolet absorption maxima accompanied by a hypochromic effect. No fluorescence could be detected from phenosafranine dimers. Analogues spectra changes were observed when a polyphosphate was titrated with phenosafranine, which indicated that with increasing saturation of the polyphosphate binding sites phenosafranine gradually became bound in the aggregated form. Full saturation of the polyphosphate binding sites with phenosafranine was reached only when an excess of free dye was present. The cooperative binding of phenosafranine to a polyphosphate could be evaluated by means of a theory proposed by Schwarz et al. At the zero ionic strength and at 25 degrees C the binding was characterized by cooperative binding constant K = 6.2 x 10(5) 1.mole-1, number of binding sites per monomeric phosphate residue g = 0.4, and cooperativity parameter q-30. Spectroscopic properties of phenosafranine in the aggregated and polyphosphate-bound states were compared with those of ethidium bromide.", "contents": "Interaction of phenosafranine with nucleic acids and model polyphosphates. I. Self-aggregation and complex formation with inorganic polyphosphates. Aggregation of phenosafranine in concentrated aqueous solutions and interaction with polyphosphates was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. At concentrations greater than 10(-3)M phenosafranine forms dimers (Kd = 3.8 x 10(2) 1.mole-1), which are characterized by a hypsochromic shift of the visible and near ultraviolet absorption maxima accompanied by a hypochromic effect. No fluorescence could be detected from phenosafranine dimers. Analogues spectra changes were observed when a polyphosphate was titrated with phenosafranine, which indicated that with increasing saturation of the polyphosphate binding sites phenosafranine gradually became bound in the aggregated form. Full saturation of the polyphosphate binding sites with phenosafranine was reached only when an excess of free dye was present. The cooperative binding of phenosafranine to a polyphosphate could be evaluated by means of a theory proposed by Schwarz et al. At the zero ionic strength and at 25 degrees C the binding was characterized by cooperative binding constant K = 6.2 x 10(5) 1.mole-1, number of binding sites per monomeric phosphate residue g = 0.4, and cooperativity parameter q-30. Spectroscopic properties of phenosafranine in the aggregated and polyphosphate-bound states were compared with those of ethidium bromide.", "PMID": 647100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3347", "title": "A unified theory of nucleation-rate-limited DNA renaturation kinetics.", "content": "DNA renaturations under nucleation-rate-limiting conditions on simple DNA such as bacterial and bacteriophage DNA show significant deviation from ideal second-order kinetics when followed by optical density measurements at 260 nm. Ideal second-order kinetics yield linear plots when the data is plotted in the standard reciprocal second-order (RSO) manner. The observed deviations from ideal second-order behavior take the form of steadily downward-curving RSO plots. In this paper, experiments are presented for E. coli and T2 DNA documenting this non-ideal behavior. Since experiments using T4, T5 and B, subtilis DNA yield identical non-ideal behavior, this behavior appears to be a property of DNA renaturation followed by optical density, not a peculiarity of a particular DNA. Identical non-ideal behavior is also seen in kinetics followed by S1 nuclease assay. A theory is developed to explain this deviation from ideal second-order kinetics. The theory also explains why kinetics followed by hydroxyapatite chromatography show nearly ideal second-order kinetics. In contrast to the approach taken by others in developing equations that describe S1 nuclease monitored reactions, our view is that nonideal second-order kinetics are fundamentally due to the reacton of free single strands to yield partially helical duplex species. Later reactions of these species tend to reduce the deviations from non-ideal second-order kinetics.", "contents": "A unified theory of nucleation-rate-limited DNA renaturation kinetics. DNA renaturations under nucleation-rate-limiting conditions on simple DNA such as bacterial and bacteriophage DNA show significant deviation from ideal second-order kinetics when followed by optical density measurements at 260 nm. Ideal second-order kinetics yield linear plots when the data is plotted in the standard reciprocal second-order (RSO) manner. The observed deviations from ideal second-order behavior take the form of steadily downward-curving RSO plots. In this paper, experiments are presented for E. coli and T2 DNA documenting this non-ideal behavior. Since experiments using T4, T5 and B, subtilis DNA yield identical non-ideal behavior, this behavior appears to be a property of DNA renaturation followed by optical density, not a peculiarity of a particular DNA. Identical non-ideal behavior is also seen in kinetics followed by S1 nuclease assay. A theory is developed to explain this deviation from ideal second-order kinetics. The theory also explains why kinetics followed by hydroxyapatite chromatography show nearly ideal second-order kinetics. In contrast to the approach taken by others in developing equations that describe S1 nuclease monitored reactions, our view is that nonideal second-order kinetics are fundamentally due to the reacton of free single strands to yield partially helical duplex species. Later reactions of these species tend to reduce the deviations from non-ideal second-order kinetics.", "PMID": 647102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3348", "title": "Analysis of ligand binding curves in terms of species fractions.", "content": "The ligand binding curve for a macromolecular system presents the average number of ligand molecules bound per macromolecule as a function of the chemical potential or the logarithm of the ligand concentration. We show that various observable properties of this curve, for example its asymptotes and derivatives, are expressible in terms of linear combinations of the mole fractions alphai of macromolecules binding i molecules of ligand. Whenever enough such properties of the binding curve are known, the linear equations in alphai can be solved to give the mole fractions of each of the various macromolecular species. An application of these results is that a Hill plot for hemoglobin-ligand equilibrium where the asymptotes approach unit slope can be made to yield the four Adair constants by a simple algebraic method. A second use is that a knowledge of the first and second derivatives of the binding curve at points along the curve can yield the species fractions as functions of the degree of saturation without direct knowledge of the ligand binding constants. These methods are illustrated by some numerical examples.", "contents": "Analysis of ligand binding curves in terms of species fractions. The ligand binding curve for a macromolecular system presents the average number of ligand molecules bound per macromolecule as a function of the chemical potential or the logarithm of the ligand concentration. We show that various observable properties of this curve, for example its asymptotes and derivatives, are expressible in terms of linear combinations of the mole fractions alphai of macromolecules binding i molecules of ligand. Whenever enough such properties of the binding curve are known, the linear equations in alphai can be solved to give the mole fractions of each of the various macromolecular species. An application of these results is that a Hill plot for hemoglobin-ligand equilibrium where the asymptotes approach unit slope can be made to yield the four Adair constants by a simple algebraic method. A second use is that a knowledge of the first and second derivatives of the binding curve at points along the curve can yield the species fractions as functions of the degree of saturation without direct knowledge of the ligand binding constants. These methods are illustrated by some numerical examples.", "PMID": 647103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3349", "title": "Field-induced instabilities in two-component systems: the cell-free glycolytic system.", "content": "The effects of weak static electric field on a cell-free glycolytic system, which is known to exhibit oscillatory behavior, have been studied using an allosteric model (due to Goldbeter and Lefever). Linear stability analysis is used to determine the change in the nature of stability and the consequent appearance of dissipative structures, due to the electric field. The results show that for this system all the necessary conditions for a field induced instability are satisfied. An order of magnitude calculation of the field strength shows that field strength in the range 10-100 V/cm is required to produce observable change in the system's behavior.", "contents": "Field-induced instabilities in two-component systems: the cell-free glycolytic system. The effects of weak static electric field on a cell-free glycolytic system, which is known to exhibit oscillatory behavior, have been studied using an allosteric model (due to Goldbeter and Lefever). Linear stability analysis is used to determine the change in the nature of stability and the consequent appearance of dissipative structures, due to the electric field. The results show that for this system all the necessary conditions for a field induced instability are satisfied. An order of magnitude calculation of the field strength shows that field strength in the range 10-100 V/cm is required to produce observable change in the system's behavior.", "PMID": 647104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3350", "title": "An analysis of rod outer segment adaptation based on a simple equivalent circuit.", "content": "This model of rod outer segment adaptation is based on the hypothesis that transmitter substance released by bleached rhodopsin closes sodium channels in the outer segment plasma membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the receptor. The outer segment adaptation processes of the model are associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage. Changes in the three model parameters correspond to the three types of outer segment adaptation process. According to the model the stimulus-response function is in every adaptational state U/Umax = I/(I + IH). The model predicts how each adaptation process affects IH and Umax. Specifically, when the number of liberated transmitter molecules per isomerizing quantum decreases, the amplitude Umax remains constant but IH increases. A short description of this model has been published in a paper reporting experimental results on background adaptation (Hemil\u00e4, 1977).", "contents": "An analysis of rod outer segment adaptation based on a simple equivalent circuit. This model of rod outer segment adaptation is based on the hypothesis that transmitter substance released by bleached rhodopsin closes sodium channels in the outer segment plasma membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the receptor. The outer segment adaptation processes of the model are associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage. Changes in the three model parameters correspond to the three types of outer segment adaptation process. According to the model the stimulus-response function is in every adaptational state U/Umax = I/(I + IH). The model predicts how each adaptation process affects IH and Umax. Specifically, when the number of liberated transmitter molecules per isomerizing quantum decreases, the amplitude Umax remains constant but IH increases. A short description of this model has been published in a paper reporting experimental results on background adaptation (Hemil\u00e4, 1977).", "PMID": 647106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3351", "title": "Flash photolysis of rhodopsin in rabbit.", "content": "Flash photolysis of rhodopsin in rabbit's retina has been analysed theoretically, and the results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results of Hagins (1957). We have also obtained the variation of relative concentrations of rhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, isorhodopsin and metarhodopsin I during the period of the flash corresponding to two different intensities of the flash. It has been found that the quantum efficiencies of conversion of lumirhodopsin into rhodopsin and isorhodopsin will lie in the range 0.24--0.45 and 0.20--0.44 respectively; quantum efficiency of conversion of metarhodopsin I into rhodopsin and isorhodopsin are found to have values greater than 0.52 and 0.45 respectively and the quantum efficiency of conversion of isorhodopsin into lumirhodopsin has been found to be approximately 0.865. Also the maximum value of the rate constant of the reaction metarhodopsin I leads to metarhodopsin II at 37 degrees C has been determined in decerebrated eye and it has been found that it is of the same order as found by Pugh (1975) in the case of human eye.", "contents": "Flash photolysis of rhodopsin in rabbit. Flash photolysis of rhodopsin in rabbit's retina has been analysed theoretically, and the results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results of Hagins (1957). We have also obtained the variation of relative concentrations of rhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, isorhodopsin and metarhodopsin I during the period of the flash corresponding to two different intensities of the flash. It has been found that the quantum efficiencies of conversion of lumirhodopsin into rhodopsin and isorhodopsin will lie in the range 0.24--0.45 and 0.20--0.44 respectively; quantum efficiency of conversion of metarhodopsin I into rhodopsin and isorhodopsin are found to have values greater than 0.52 and 0.45 respectively and the quantum efficiency of conversion of isorhodopsin into lumirhodopsin has been found to be approximately 0.865. Also the maximum value of the rate constant of the reaction metarhodopsin I leads to metarhodopsin II at 37 degrees C has been determined in decerebrated eye and it has been found that it is of the same order as found by Pugh (1975) in the case of human eye.", "PMID": 647107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3352", "title": "Cross bridge slippage induced by the ATP analogue AMP-PNP and stretch in glycerol-extracted fibrillar muscle fibres.", "content": "Glycerol-extracted insect fibillar muscle fibers in rigor exhibited both an elastic and a plastic phase in the length-tension diagram. The transition between these phases took place at a critical tension, the \"yield point\" or elastic limit. In the plastic phase the apparent static elastic modulus became zero, whereas the immediate elastic modulus (measured by rapid length changes completed within 4 ms) exhibited no abrupt change at the yield point. The tension value of the yield point (but not immediate stiffness) was lowered by addition of AMP-PNP and was partially restored by washing out AMP-PNP. The dependence of the critical tension at which plastic flow begins on cooperative cross bridge behaviour is discussed in terms of breaking and reforming acto-myosin linkages. Evidence is presented that addition of AMP-PNP induces slippage of cross bridges on the actin filament by affecting the interaction between myosin and actin.", "contents": "Cross bridge slippage induced by the ATP analogue AMP-PNP and stretch in glycerol-extracted fibrillar muscle fibres. Glycerol-extracted insect fibillar muscle fibers in rigor exhibited both an elastic and a plastic phase in the length-tension diagram. The transition between these phases took place at a critical tension, the \"yield point\" or elastic limit. In the plastic phase the apparent static elastic modulus became zero, whereas the immediate elastic modulus (measured by rapid length changes completed within 4 ms) exhibited no abrupt change at the yield point. The tension value of the yield point (but not immediate stiffness) was lowered by addition of AMP-PNP and was partially restored by washing out AMP-PNP. The dependence of the critical tension at which plastic flow begins on cooperative cross bridge behaviour is discussed in terms of breaking and reforming acto-myosin linkages. Evidence is presented that addition of AMP-PNP induces slippage of cross bridges on the actin filament by affecting the interaction between myosin and actin.", "PMID": 647108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3353", "title": "Unmaintained remissions in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with multiple myeloma responding to prior melphalan-prednisone combinations, but without additional chemotherapy, were followed until relapse. Patients receiving no further treatment had a median survival time similar to that of those receiving indefinite courses of melphalan-prednisone or carmustine-prednisone. Prolonged periods of unmaintained remission occurred primarily in patients without extensive disease at the time of diagnosis or in whom the abnormal protein disappeared from the electrophoresis strip. The initial relapse after an unmaintained remission was controlled in 80% of patients with the resumption of melphalan-prednisone, but second remissions were usually less marked in degree and shorter in duration. Results supported the long-term evaluation without chemotherapy of selected patients with low numbers of plasma cells after treatment who were likely to experience long durations of disease stability and respond again to retreatment with melphalan-prednisone.", "contents": "Unmaintained remissions in multiple myeloma. Twenty-eight patients with multiple myeloma responding to prior melphalan-prednisone combinations, but without additional chemotherapy, were followed until relapse. Patients receiving no further treatment had a median survival time similar to that of those receiving indefinite courses of melphalan-prednisone or carmustine-prednisone. Prolonged periods of unmaintained remission occurred primarily in patients without extensive disease at the time of diagnosis or in whom the abnormal protein disappeared from the electrophoresis strip. The initial relapse after an unmaintained remission was controlled in 80% of patients with the resumption of melphalan-prednisone, but second remissions were usually less marked in degree and shorter in duration. Results supported the long-term evaluation without chemotherapy of selected patients with low numbers of plasma cells after treatment who were likely to experience long durations of disease stability and respond again to retreatment with melphalan-prednisone.", "PMID": 647110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3354", "title": "Polyamine synthesis in bone marrow granulocytes: effect of cell maturity and early changes following an inflammatory stimulus.", "content": "Enriched fractions of mature and immature neutrophil granulocytes, isolated from guinea pig bone marrow, were assayed for ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine content. The results show that immature granulocytes contain at least ten times more ornithine decarboxylase activity and two times more spermidine than mature granulocytes. The incorporation of 14C-ornithine into putrescine and spermidine of intact immature granulocytes was three to four times and ten times, respectively, that of mature granulocyte preparations. Six hours after an inflammatory stimulus, transient increases of 14-fold and 3-fold in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, respectively, were observed in immature bone marrow granulocytes. At this time the incorporation of 14C-ornithine into putrescine and spermidine in bone marrow granulocytes from stimulated animals was 14 times that of cells from controls. A maximum increase in DNA synthesis in these cells during the inflammatory response occurred 6 hr after the maximum increase in the polyamine synthetic activity. Together these data suggest that polyamine synthesis in the granulocyte compartment of the bone marrow is associated chiefly with immature proliferating cells and that increased polyamine synthesis precedes increased granulocyte proliferation in the bone marrow following an inflammatory stimulus.", "contents": "Polyamine synthesis in bone marrow granulocytes: effect of cell maturity and early changes following an inflammatory stimulus. Enriched fractions of mature and immature neutrophil granulocytes, isolated from guinea pig bone marrow, were assayed for ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine content. The results show that immature granulocytes contain at least ten times more ornithine decarboxylase activity and two times more spermidine than mature granulocytes. The incorporation of 14C-ornithine into putrescine and spermidine of intact immature granulocytes was three to four times and ten times, respectively, that of mature granulocyte preparations. Six hours after an inflammatory stimulus, transient increases of 14-fold and 3-fold in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, respectively, were observed in immature bone marrow granulocytes. At this time the incorporation of 14C-ornithine into putrescine and spermidine in bone marrow granulocytes from stimulated animals was 14 times that of cells from controls. A maximum increase in DNA synthesis in these cells during the inflammatory response occurred 6 hr after the maximum increase in the polyamine synthetic activity. Together these data suggest that polyamine synthesis in the granulocyte compartment of the bone marrow is associated chiefly with immature proliferating cells and that increased polyamine synthesis precedes increased granulocyte proliferation in the bone marrow following an inflammatory stimulus.", "PMID": 647112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3355", "title": "Acquired IgG antibody occurring in a thrombasthenic patient: its effect on human platelet function.", "content": "In subagglutinating amounts, an IgG antibody isolated from the plasma of a polytransfused thrombasthenic patient (L) inhibited ADP-, epinephrine-, collagen-, and thrombin-induced aggregation of normal human platelets. The inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation was strongly diminished following the prior incubation of the antibody with control human platelet stroma but not with the stroma prepared from the platelets of two different thrombasthenic patients. The IgG(L) did not affect the binding of 14C-ADP to control human platelet membranes and did not inhibit the ADP-induced shape change. Bovine factor VIIIVWF-induced agglutination and ristocetin-induced aggregation of control human platelets were not inhibited in the presence of the antibody. The IgG(L) strongly inhibited ADP-induced retraction of reptilase clot and thrombin-induced clot retraction. This antibody therefore induced a thrombasthenialike state in normal human platelets, suggesting that the antigenic site recognized by the antibody plays a central role in the later stages of the mechanism of platelet aggregation induced by physiologic aggregation-inducing agents.", "contents": "Acquired IgG antibody occurring in a thrombasthenic patient: its effect on human platelet function. In subagglutinating amounts, an IgG antibody isolated from the plasma of a polytransfused thrombasthenic patient (L) inhibited ADP-, epinephrine-, collagen-, and thrombin-induced aggregation of normal human platelets. The inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation was strongly diminished following the prior incubation of the antibody with control human platelet stroma but not with the stroma prepared from the platelets of two different thrombasthenic patients. The IgG(L) did not affect the binding of 14C-ADP to control human platelet membranes and did not inhibit the ADP-induced shape change. Bovine factor VIIIVWF-induced agglutination and ristocetin-induced aggregation of control human platelets were not inhibited in the presence of the antibody. The IgG(L) strongly inhibited ADP-induced retraction of reptilase clot and thrombin-induced clot retraction. This antibody therefore induced a thrombasthenialike state in normal human platelets, suggesting that the antigenic site recognized by the antibody plays a central role in the later stages of the mechanism of platelet aggregation induced by physiologic aggregation-inducing agents.", "PMID": 647114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3356", "title": "Role of the hypophysis in erythropoietin production during hypoxia.", "content": "Hypophysectomized or sham-operated male rats were exposed to hypoxia (0.42--0.40 or 0.37--0.35 atm for 6, 12, or 24 hr) applied 2 wk to 7 mo after surgery. Erythropoietin (Ep) levels in rat serum were evaluated on the basis of the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. Ep activity evoked by hypoxia was significantly lower in hypophysectomized rats than in sham-operated controls. Progressive increase of the EP response to hypoxia correlated with extension of the time interval between hypophysectomy and hypoxia from 2 wk to 2--4 mo apparently mediated by the simultaneous inverse decline of red cell mass (RCM) values, i.e., of the \"relative plethora\" induced by a low O2 demand associated with relatively high RCM values. However, after 3--7 mo hypoxic Ep activity was still lower than in sham-operated controls. In these ablated animals the relative plethora became negligible or absent; accordingly, the Ep response apparently had reached plateau levels. These studies indicate that hypophysis (hypophyseal and target hormones, with the exception of estrogens) modulates Ep production under hypoxic conditions, possibly via a permissive enhancement of renal Ep activity.", "contents": "Role of the hypophysis in erythropoietin production during hypoxia. Hypophysectomized or sham-operated male rats were exposed to hypoxia (0.42--0.40 or 0.37--0.35 atm for 6, 12, or 24 hr) applied 2 wk to 7 mo after surgery. Erythropoietin (Ep) levels in rat serum were evaluated on the basis of the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. Ep activity evoked by hypoxia was significantly lower in hypophysectomized rats than in sham-operated controls. Progressive increase of the EP response to hypoxia correlated with extension of the time interval between hypophysectomy and hypoxia from 2 wk to 2--4 mo apparently mediated by the simultaneous inverse decline of red cell mass (RCM) values, i.e., of the \"relative plethora\" induced by a low O2 demand associated with relatively high RCM values. However, after 3--7 mo hypoxic Ep activity was still lower than in sham-operated controls. In these ablated animals the relative plethora became negligible or absent; accordingly, the Ep response apparently had reached plateau levels. These studies indicate that hypophysis (hypophyseal and target hormones, with the exception of estrogens) modulates Ep production under hypoxic conditions, possibly via a permissive enhancement of renal Ep activity.", "PMID": 647115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3357", "title": "Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: evidence against cell-mediated erythropoietic suppression.", "content": "The profound anemia of Diamond-Blackfan syndrome (DBS) is due to marrow red cell failure, but the pathogenesis is not understood. Studies by others indicated cell-mediated erythropoietic suppression in this condition. To explore this mechanism further, Ficoll-Hypaque--separated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from four anemic untreated patients with DBS, or from normals were cocultured with control marrow in vitro and the growth of erythropoietin-responsive stem cell colonies (CFU-E) was dermined. CFU-E numbers obtained from cultures with added normal PBL were not significantly different from the number without PBL. Similarly, CFU-E from cultures with added DBS PBL were not significantly different from the number without PBL (215 versus 220, 229 versus 220 and 84 versus 60, 74 versus 94/10(5) cells, respectively). Mixing marrows from a control and one DBS patient in ratios of 2:1, 1:1, or 1:2 prior to culture failed to disclose a decrease of colony growth. We could not show cellular inhibition of erythropoiesis in these patients with DBS. The mechanism of anemia in this disorder remains an open question.", "contents": "Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: evidence against cell-mediated erythropoietic suppression. The profound anemia of Diamond-Blackfan syndrome (DBS) is due to marrow red cell failure, but the pathogenesis is not understood. Studies by others indicated cell-mediated erythropoietic suppression in this condition. To explore this mechanism further, Ficoll-Hypaque--separated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from four anemic untreated patients with DBS, or from normals were cocultured with control marrow in vitro and the growth of erythropoietin-responsive stem cell colonies (CFU-E) was dermined. CFU-E numbers obtained from cultures with added normal PBL were not significantly different from the number without PBL. Similarly, CFU-E from cultures with added DBS PBL were not significantly different from the number without PBL (215 versus 220, 229 versus 220 and 84 versus 60, 74 versus 94/10(5) cells, respectively). Mixing marrows from a control and one DBS patient in ratios of 2:1, 1:1, or 1:2 prior to culture failed to disclose a decrease of colony growth. We could not show cellular inhibition of erythropoiesis in these patients with DBS. The mechanism of anemia in this disorder remains an open question.", "PMID": 647116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3358", "title": "Marrow culture in diffusion chambers in rabbits. II. Effect of competing demands for red cell and white cell production on cell growth.", "content": "Studies were done of cell production by marrow in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of rabbits subjected to various stimuli to hematopoiesis. In chambers in neutropenic hosts and in hosts injected with endotoxin, animals presumed to have an increased stimulus to granulopoiesis, there was increased production of granulocytes but there was also increased production of red cells. Although red cell production was decreased in chambers in polycythemic hosts, granulocyte production was not different from that in controls. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by erythropoietin injections or by exposure to hypoxia increased red cell production by marrow in the implanted diffusion chambers without diminishing granulopoiesis. Only in chambers in hosts made anemic by bleeding was there an increase in red cell production accompanied by a decrease in granulocyte production. In these anemic hosts induction of neutropenia led to an increase in granulopoiesis without any depression of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Marrow culture in diffusion chambers in rabbits. II. Effect of competing demands for red cell and white cell production on cell growth. Studies were done of cell production by marrow in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of rabbits subjected to various stimuli to hematopoiesis. In chambers in neutropenic hosts and in hosts injected with endotoxin, animals presumed to have an increased stimulus to granulopoiesis, there was increased production of granulocytes but there was also increased production of red cells. Although red cell production was decreased in chambers in polycythemic hosts, granulocyte production was not different from that in controls. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by erythropoietin injections or by exposure to hypoxia increased red cell production by marrow in the implanted diffusion chambers without diminishing granulopoiesis. Only in chambers in hosts made anemic by bleeding was there an increase in red cell production accompanied by a decrease in granulocyte production. In these anemic hosts induction of neutropenia led to an increase in granulopoiesis without any depression of erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 647117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3359", "title": "Separation of rabbit marrow precursor cells by combined isopycnic sedimentation and electronic cell sorting.", "content": "Separation of developing cells into fractions of differing stages of maturity is critical to effective biochemical study of the process of cellular differentiation. Density gradient techniques utilizing rate-zonal or isopycnic separations have permitted partial separations based on cell mass or cell density. In this study the separation of various rabbit marrow cells was improved by high-speed flow analysis and sorting in a Coulter Two-Parameter Cell Sorter. After preliminary isopycnic separation of marrow cells in Ficoll-Hypaque, cells were sorted into lymphoid and myeloid elements, utilizing light-scatter (LS) profiles to determine sorting. Characteristic LS patterns were present for erythrocytes, lymphocytes, devitalized cells, and granulocytes. When erythrocytes and their precursors were removed by hypotonic lysis, the remaining granulocytes could be sorted to give samples with much greater purity with respect to developmental stage than was possible with density gradients alone. Thus the combination of techniques represents a significant improvement in the ability to study the mechanisms of normal or altered cellular maturation.", "contents": "Separation of rabbit marrow precursor cells by combined isopycnic sedimentation and electronic cell sorting. Separation of developing cells into fractions of differing stages of maturity is critical to effective biochemical study of the process of cellular differentiation. Density gradient techniques utilizing rate-zonal or isopycnic separations have permitted partial separations based on cell mass or cell density. In this study the separation of various rabbit marrow cells was improved by high-speed flow analysis and sorting in a Coulter Two-Parameter Cell Sorter. After preliminary isopycnic separation of marrow cells in Ficoll-Hypaque, cells were sorted into lymphoid and myeloid elements, utilizing light-scatter (LS) profiles to determine sorting. Characteristic LS patterns were present for erythrocytes, lymphocytes, devitalized cells, and granulocytes. When erythrocytes and their precursors were removed by hypotonic lysis, the remaining granulocytes could be sorted to give samples with much greater purity with respect to developmental stage than was possible with density gradients alone. Thus the combination of techniques represents a significant improvement in the ability to study the mechanisms of normal or altered cellular maturation.", "PMID": 647118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3360", "title": "Marked reduction of spectrinin hereditary spherocytosis in the common house mouse.", "content": "In contrast to the disease in humans, hereditary spherocytosis in the common house mouse produces an extreme spherocytosis. The cells show a broad distribution in size ranging from microcytic to macrocytic. Of particular interest is the finding of a substantial reduction in the major membrane polypeptide called spectrin, supporting a critical role for this protein in the control of erythrocyte shape and membrane stability.", "contents": "Marked reduction of spectrinin hereditary spherocytosis in the common house mouse. In contrast to the disease in humans, hereditary spherocytosis in the common house mouse produces an extreme spherocytosis. The cells show a broad distribution in size ranging from microcytic to macrocytic. Of particular interest is the finding of a substantial reduction in the major membrane polypeptide called spectrin, supporting a critical role for this protein in the control of erythrocyte shape and membrane stability.", "PMID": 647119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3361", "title": "Hormone-stimulated heme synthesis by isolated mitochondria.", "content": "Erythropoietin (Ep), insulin, and prostaglandins E1 and A1 (PGE1, PGA1) enhanced heme synthesis by mitochondria isolated from embryonic and adult mouse liver cells. The combination of Ep with PGE1 had an antagonistic effect, while that of Ep with PGA1 gave an additive result. The capability of isolated human platelet mitochondria to synthesize heme was also shown. This activity was stimulated by Ep.", "contents": "Hormone-stimulated heme synthesis by isolated mitochondria. Erythropoietin (Ep), insulin, and prostaglandins E1 and A1 (PGE1, PGA1) enhanced heme synthesis by mitochondria isolated from embryonic and adult mouse liver cells. The combination of Ep with PGE1 had an antagonistic effect, while that of Ep with PGA1 gave an additive result. The capability of isolated human platelet mitochondria to synthesize heme was also shown. This activity was stimulated by Ep.", "PMID": 647120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3362", "title": "Failure of the alpha-thalassemia gene to decrease the severity of sickle cell anemia.", "content": "A 15-yr-old black male with homozygous sickle cell disease was severely growth retarded and had a chronic hemolytic anemia requiring transfusions. Globin chain synthetic studies of both peripheral blood reticulocytes and bone marrow cells revealed a ratio of alpha to betas globin synthesis (alpha/betas ratio) of 0.5, indicating the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene. Messenger RNA isolated from the bone marrow of the patient was translated in the wheat germ cell-free system, and the globin synthesized had an alpha/betas ratio of 0.7. The hemolysate prepared from incubated bone marrow cells was fractionated on a Sephadex G100 column. The results showed that there was a peak of radioactivity that eluted after the hemoglobin peak. When this pooled peak was analyzed by CMC chromatography, the alpha/betas ratio was 0.9. These globin intermediates, probably dimers, may have contributed to the hemolysis in this patient.", "contents": "Failure of the alpha-thalassemia gene to decrease the severity of sickle cell anemia. A 15-yr-old black male with homozygous sickle cell disease was severely growth retarded and had a chronic hemolytic anemia requiring transfusions. Globin chain synthetic studies of both peripheral blood reticulocytes and bone marrow cells revealed a ratio of alpha to betas globin synthesis (alpha/betas ratio) of 0.5, indicating the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene. Messenger RNA isolated from the bone marrow of the patient was translated in the wheat germ cell-free system, and the globin synthesized had an alpha/betas ratio of 0.7. The hemolysate prepared from incubated bone marrow cells was fractionated on a Sephadex G100 column. The results showed that there was a peak of radioactivity that eluted after the hemoglobin peak. When this pooled peak was analyzed by CMC chromatography, the alpha/betas ratio was 0.9. These globin intermediates, probably dimers, may have contributed to the hemolysis in this patient.", "PMID": 647121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3363", "title": "Monovalent cation composition and ATP and lipid content of irreversibly sickled cells.", "content": "Discontinuous Stractan gradients were used to separate heterogeneous populations of sickle cells into discrete subpopulations containing varying proportions of reticulocytes, mature discoid cells, and irreversibly sickled cells (ISC). The improved homogeneity of these preparations, together with an enhanced yield of ISC, allowed us to distinguish effects of cell maturation from those of irreversible sickling. With these cell preparations we have begun to define physical properties of ISC. We confirmed the marked abnormalities in cation composition of native ISC. Measurements of ATP in ISC did not substantiate prior reports of ATP deficits. Finally, no evidence for substantial loss of membrane lipids during the process of ISC formation could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Monovalent cation composition and ATP and lipid content of irreversibly sickled cells. Discontinuous Stractan gradients were used to separate heterogeneous populations of sickle cells into discrete subpopulations containing varying proportions of reticulocytes, mature discoid cells, and irreversibly sickled cells (ISC). The improved homogeneity of these preparations, together with an enhanced yield of ISC, allowed us to distinguish effects of cell maturation from those of irreversible sickling. With these cell preparations we have begun to define physical properties of ISC. We confirmed the marked abnormalities in cation composition of native ISC. Measurements of ATP in ISC did not substantiate prior reports of ATP deficits. Finally, no evidence for substantial loss of membrane lipids during the process of ISC formation could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 647122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3364", "title": "[Comparison between cytochemical and gelelectrophoretic demonstration of acid phosphatases from leukocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytochemical and gelelectrophoretic demonstration of acid phosphatases with substrates alpha-naphthyl phosphate and naphthol AS-BI phosphate and with couplers fast garnet GBC and hexazotized pararosanilin is described. Cytochemically best results are achieved wit naphthol AS-BI phosphate and pararosanilin, electrophoretically however with alpha-naphthyl phosphate and pararosanilin. This discrepancy ist explained by a different substrate affinity and membrane penetration of substrates.", "contents": "[Comparison between cytochemical and gelelectrophoretic demonstration of acid phosphatases from leukocytes (author's transl)]. The cytochemical and gelelectrophoretic demonstration of acid phosphatases with substrates alpha-naphthyl phosphate and naphthol AS-BI phosphate and with couplers fast garnet GBC and hexazotized pararosanilin is described. Cytochemically best results are achieved wit naphthol AS-BI phosphate and pararosanilin, electrophoretically however with alpha-naphthyl phosphate and pararosanilin. This discrepancy ist explained by a different substrate affinity and membrane penetration of substrates.", "PMID": 647127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3365", "title": "Effects of petroleum hydrocarbon solvents on alkaline phosphatase of rats.", "content": "After administration of benzene, gasoline, IOMEX or petroleum ether, liver alkaline phosphatase showed over 200% increase in activity whereas kidney alkaline phosphatase activity was depressed by 50%. The pattern of separation of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in liver, kidney and serum indicated involvement of one of the isoenzymes. A simple method of detecting the incipent toxicity is described.", "contents": "Effects of petroleum hydrocarbon solvents on alkaline phosphatase of rats. After administration of benzene, gasoline, IOMEX or petroleum ether, liver alkaline phosphatase showed over 200% increase in activity whereas kidney alkaline phosphatase activity was depressed by 50%. The pattern of separation of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in liver, kidney and serum indicated involvement of one of the isoenzymes. A simple method of detecting the incipent toxicity is described.", "PMID": 647132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3366", "title": "Mirex and behavior in the Long-Evans rat.", "content": "In two experiments, adult male Long-Evans rats were fed chow containing mirex (1.78 ppm and 17.8 ppm in Experiment 1, 17.8 ppm in Experiment 2) over a several week period and were tested on a variety of behavioral tasks. No differences in behavior were seen between control and experimental animals tested in an open-field apparatus, on VI 30-sec and DRL 20-sec operant paradigms, or on a discrimination-reversal task motivated by escape from footshock.", "contents": "Mirex and behavior in the Long-Evans rat. In two experiments, adult male Long-Evans rats were fed chow containing mirex (1.78 ppm and 17.8 ppm in Experiment 1, 17.8 ppm in Experiment 2) over a several week period and were tested on a variety of behavioral tasks. No differences in behavior were seen between control and experimental animals tested in an open-field apparatus, on VI 30-sec and DRL 20-sec operant paradigms, or on a discrimination-reversal task motivated by escape from footshock.", "PMID": 647139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3367", "title": "The clinical reliability of brain stem auditory evoked responses.", "content": "Auditory evoked responses thought to originate in the brain stem were investigated in patients with and without good evidence of brain stem pathology, and in healthy volunteers. The purpose of the investigation was to find a method of quantifying these evoked responses which would be clinically useful. The best quantitative measure was the latencies of certain peaks in the evoked response considered in combination. This measure indicated abnormal brain stem evoked responses in 64% of patients with good independent evidence of brain stem pathology; 23% of patients with equivocal independent evidence of brain stem pathology; and 0% of healthy volunteers.", "contents": "The clinical reliability of brain stem auditory evoked responses. Auditory evoked responses thought to originate in the brain stem were investigated in patients with and without good evidence of brain stem pathology, and in healthy volunteers. The purpose of the investigation was to find a method of quantifying these evoked responses which would be clinically useful. The best quantitative measure was the latencies of certain peaks in the evoked response considered in combination. This measure indicated abnormal brain stem evoked responses in 64% of patients with good independent evidence of brain stem pathology; 23% of patients with equivocal independent evidence of brain stem pathology; and 0% of healthy volunteers.", "PMID": 647147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3368", "title": "The availability of statistics relating to deafness in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Statistics concerning the prevalence of deafness in the United Kingdom are constantly being requested. Authoritative figures do not exist concerning the adult deaf population. However, a variety of statistics is available and an attempt has been made to collate these in order that some assessment of the size of the problem may be made.", "contents": "The availability of statistics relating to deafness in the United Kingdom. Statistics concerning the prevalence of deafness in the United Kingdom are constantly being requested. Authoritative figures do not exist concerning the adult deaf population. However, a variety of statistics is available and an attempt has been made to collate these in order that some assessment of the size of the problem may be made.", "PMID": 647148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3369", "title": "Selection of hearing aids for severely deaf children.", "content": "Procedures are described for selecting the gain and frequency response of hearing aids for deaf children and for evaluating aided hearing. These include a comparison of aided thresholds with the speech spectrum to determine how much of the frequency range is functional for each child. This provides a basis for deciding whether to select an aid having a \"conventional\" (C) response, which de-emphasises the low frequencies, or a low frequency (LF) response which provides more low frequency gain, although not necessarily low frequency emphasis. It is concluded that, for optical aid fitting, some children require \"C\" responses for both ears, others \"LF\" responses for both ears and others a \"C\" response for one ear and an \"LF\" response for the other. These three possibilities are all required sufficiently commonly that exclusive use of any one would inevitably result in relatively ineffective amplification for many deaf children.", "contents": "Selection of hearing aids for severely deaf children. Procedures are described for selecting the gain and frequency response of hearing aids for deaf children and for evaluating aided hearing. These include a comparison of aided thresholds with the speech spectrum to determine how much of the frequency range is functional for each child. This provides a basis for deciding whether to select an aid having a \"conventional\" (C) response, which de-emphasises the low frequencies, or a low frequency (LF) response which provides more low frequency gain, although not necessarily low frequency emphasis. It is concluded that, for optical aid fitting, some children require \"C\" responses for both ears, others \"LF\" responses for both ears and others a \"C\" response for one ear and an \"LF\" response for the other. These three possibilities are all required sufficiently commonly that exclusive use of any one would inevitably result in relatively ineffective amplification for many deaf children.", "PMID": 647149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3370", "title": "Tolmesoxide, a drug that lowers blood pressure by a direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "1 The blood pressure of conscious, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive and 1 kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats and renal hypertensive and normotensive cats was reduced by tolmesoxide (4,5-dimethoxy-o-tolyl methyl sulphoxide). 2 Tachycardia accompanied the hypotension. In rats the increase in heart rate was abolished by concurrent administration of propranolol. Tachycardia did not occur in pithed rats. 3 Vascoconstriction induced by sympathetic stimulation, noradrenaline, tyramine, angiotensin or vasporessin was antagonized by tolmesoxide. 4 The antagonism of vasoconstrictor responses produced by tolmesoxide was unaffected by beta-adrenoceptor, muscarinic or histamine antagonists. 5 It is concluded that the lowering of pressure produced by tolmesoxide results from a defect relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Tolmesoxide, a drug that lowers blood pressure by a direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle. 1 The blood pressure of conscious, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive and 1 kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats and renal hypertensive and normotensive cats was reduced by tolmesoxide (4,5-dimethoxy-o-tolyl methyl sulphoxide). 2 Tachycardia accompanied the hypotension. In rats the increase in heart rate was abolished by concurrent administration of propranolol. Tachycardia did not occur in pithed rats. 3 Vascoconstriction induced by sympathetic stimulation, noradrenaline, tyramine, angiotensin or vasporessin was antagonized by tolmesoxide. 4 The antagonism of vasoconstrictor responses produced by tolmesoxide was unaffected by beta-adrenoceptor, muscarinic or histamine antagonists. 5 It is concluded that the lowering of pressure produced by tolmesoxide results from a defect relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 647155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3371", "title": "The effects of D-pencillamine and levamisole on leucocyte chemotaxis in the rat.", "content": "The administration of D-penicillamine (25 mg/kg) or levamisole (5 mg/kg) had no effect on leucocyte emigration into the exudates formed in inert sponges implanted in normal rats. 2 In rats, previously sensitized to Bordetella pertussis and implanted with sponges containing pertussis vaccine, an increased leucocyte migration into the exudates occurred; this was significantly enhanced by the administration of the drugs. 3 Neither drug in vitro affected the chemotaxis of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes although random migration was significantly increased by levamisole (2 microgram to 1 mg/ml). Neither drug affected the chemotaxis of rat mononuclear cells although levamisole (25 microgram/ml) significantly increased that of human monocytes. 4 It is concluded that both drugs produce similar effects in an animal model of delayed hypersensitivity and that their clinical antirheumatic actions may have common elements.", "contents": "The effects of D-pencillamine and levamisole on leucocyte chemotaxis in the rat. The administration of D-penicillamine (25 mg/kg) or levamisole (5 mg/kg) had no effect on leucocyte emigration into the exudates formed in inert sponges implanted in normal rats. 2 In rats, previously sensitized to Bordetella pertussis and implanted with sponges containing pertussis vaccine, an increased leucocyte migration into the exudates occurred; this was significantly enhanced by the administration of the drugs. 3 Neither drug in vitro affected the chemotaxis of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes although random migration was significantly increased by levamisole (2 microgram to 1 mg/ml). Neither drug affected the chemotaxis of rat mononuclear cells although levamisole (25 microgram/ml) significantly increased that of human monocytes. 4 It is concluded that both drugs produce similar effects in an animal model of delayed hypersensitivity and that their clinical antirheumatic actions may have common elements.", "PMID": 647156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3372", "title": "Effects of some pyrazinecarboxamides on sodium transport in frog skin.", "content": "1 The inhibitory effect of amiloride (N-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxamide) on sodium transport in isolated skin of frog has been compared with 17 of its analogues. The dissociation constant of amiloride for passive sodium channels was 181.9 +/- 8.9 nM, and the maximal percentage inhibition of sodium transport was 101.3 +/- 0.4% (means of 123 measurements) when measured at a sodium concentration of 111 mM. 2 The N-benzylamidino and N-o-chlorobenzylamidino compounds had affinities approximately 20 times larger than those for amiloride, and produced maximal inhibition of transport. 3 Substitution of chlorine in the 6-position by other halogens showed that the bromo-compound was equally active to amiloride, whereas the iodo derivative had an affinity equal to 15% of that for amiloride. 4 Substitution in the 5-amino group in 10 compounds reduced the affinities to less than 1% of that of amiloride, without affecting their ability to produce complete inhibition of transport. 5 N-Amidino-3,5-diaminopyrazinecarboxamide was unique in that it produced an unusual concentration-response relationship.", "contents": "Effects of some pyrazinecarboxamides on sodium transport in frog skin. 1 The inhibitory effect of amiloride (N-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxamide) on sodium transport in isolated skin of frog has been compared with 17 of its analogues. The dissociation constant of amiloride for passive sodium channels was 181.9 +/- 8.9 nM, and the maximal percentage inhibition of sodium transport was 101.3 +/- 0.4% (means of 123 measurements) when measured at a sodium concentration of 111 mM. 2 The N-benzylamidino and N-o-chlorobenzylamidino compounds had affinities approximately 20 times larger than those for amiloride, and produced maximal inhibition of transport. 3 Substitution of chlorine in the 6-position by other halogens showed that the bromo-compound was equally active to amiloride, whereas the iodo derivative had an affinity equal to 15% of that for amiloride. 4 Substitution in the 5-amino group in 10 compounds reduced the affinities to less than 1% of that of amiloride, without affecting their ability to produce complete inhibition of transport. 5 N-Amidino-3,5-diaminopyrazinecarboxamide was unique in that it produced an unusual concentration-response relationship.", "PMID": 647157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3373", "title": "The uptake and release of [3-H]-2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthlane (ADTN) by striatal nerve terminals.", "content": "A study has been made of the uptake and release of [G-3H]-2-amino 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) by crude striatal synaptosomes of the rat. 2 Uptake was rapid, temperature-dependent and could be suppressed by a variety of metabolic inhibitors. 3 The Michaelis-Menten kinetincs indicated the presence of two distinct transport systems in the striatum which were of much higher capacity than those found in the cerebellum, which lacks dopaminergic innervation. 4 Uptake of [3-H]ADTN was strongly inhibited by dopamine and the two potent dopamine-uptake inhibitors, benztropine and nomifensine, but only weakly by imipramine and amphetamine (the latter in non-reserpine-treated animals). 5 Accumulated [3-H]ADTN could be released from striatal slices by elevated K+. A similar release was evoked upon the addition of the ionophore, A23187. 6 The most potent releaser of [3-H]ADTN was (+)-amphetamine. This effect occurred at concentrations inactive against ADTN uptake. The neuroleptic cis-flupenthixol produced an inhibition of the spontaneous release. 7 It is concluded that [3-H]ADTN is accumulated preferentially into areas of the rat brain rich in dopamine. The pharmacological specificity of the uptake suggests that it is a good substrate for the dopamine carrier. Following uptake, [3-H]-ADTN may be released by K+ and a calcium ioniphore, which raises the possibility that ADTN might act as a false transmitter.", "contents": "The uptake and release of [3-H]-2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthlane (ADTN) by striatal nerve terminals. A study has been made of the uptake and release of [G-3H]-2-amino 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) by crude striatal synaptosomes of the rat. 2 Uptake was rapid, temperature-dependent and could be suppressed by a variety of metabolic inhibitors. 3 The Michaelis-Menten kinetincs indicated the presence of two distinct transport systems in the striatum which were of much higher capacity than those found in the cerebellum, which lacks dopaminergic innervation. 4 Uptake of [3-H]ADTN was strongly inhibited by dopamine and the two potent dopamine-uptake inhibitors, benztropine and nomifensine, but only weakly by imipramine and amphetamine (the latter in non-reserpine-treated animals). 5 Accumulated [3-H]ADTN could be released from striatal slices by elevated K+. A similar release was evoked upon the addition of the ionophore, A23187. 6 The most potent releaser of [3-H]ADTN was (+)-amphetamine. This effect occurred at concentrations inactive against ADTN uptake. The neuroleptic cis-flupenthixol produced an inhibition of the spontaneous release. 7 It is concluded that [3-H]ADTN is accumulated preferentially into areas of the rat brain rich in dopamine. The pharmacological specificity of the uptake suggests that it is a good substrate for the dopamine carrier. Following uptake, [3-H]-ADTN may be released by K+ and a calcium ioniphore, which raises the possibility that ADTN might act as a false transmitter.", "PMID": 647158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3374", "title": "Tachyphylaxis to ethacrynic acid in the isolated atrium of guinea-pig and its relation to noradrenaline stores.", "content": "1 The isolated electrically-paced atrium of the guinea-pig developed a dose-dependent increase in the force of contraction in response to ethacrynic acid (12-100 microgram/ml) which was blocked by pretreatment of the animals with reserpine but was unaffected by desipramine or colchicine added to the bathing medium. 2 There was a rapidly developing tachyphylaxis to repeated doses of ethacrynic acid which was not reversed by rest or incubation of the tissue with noradrenaline. 3 There was no cross tachyphylaxis between ethacrynic acid and tyramine, amphetamine or nicotine. 4 Ethacrynic acid (200 microgram/ml) decreased the noradrenaline content of the atria by 32%. 5 It is concluded that ethacrynic acid exerts its effects indirectly through the release of endogenous noradrenaline and that the mechanism of release seems to be different from that of other known indirect sympathomimetic drugs.", "contents": "Tachyphylaxis to ethacrynic acid in the isolated atrium of guinea-pig and its relation to noradrenaline stores. 1 The isolated electrically-paced atrium of the guinea-pig developed a dose-dependent increase in the force of contraction in response to ethacrynic acid (12-100 microgram/ml) which was blocked by pretreatment of the animals with reserpine but was unaffected by desipramine or colchicine added to the bathing medium. 2 There was a rapidly developing tachyphylaxis to repeated doses of ethacrynic acid which was not reversed by rest or incubation of the tissue with noradrenaline. 3 There was no cross tachyphylaxis between ethacrynic acid and tyramine, amphetamine or nicotine. 4 Ethacrynic acid (200 microgram/ml) decreased the noradrenaline content of the atria by 32%. 5 It is concluded that ethacrynic acid exerts its effects indirectly through the release of endogenous noradrenaline and that the mechanism of release seems to be different from that of other known indirect sympathomimetic drugs.", "PMID": 647159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3375", "title": "Interaction of pentobarbitone and gamma-aminobutyric acid on mammalian sympathetic ganglion cells.", "content": "1. Interactions of bath-applied pentobarbitone and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on neurones in isolated superior cervical ganglia of the rat have been examined with intracellular microelectrodes. 2. Pentobarbitone itself (30 micrometer-1 mM) showed no clear or consistent GABA-like effects: changes in resting input conductance and membrane potential were small and variable. 3. Pentobarbitone (100 micrometer) strikingly enhanced the conductance increases produced by GABA and 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid, and reversed the depression of GABA-evoked responses by bicuculline. 4. It is concluded that reversal of bicuculline action at the membrane conductance level might be explained by augmentation of GABA-action. This augmentation cannot be attributed to 'partial agonist' properties of pentobarbitone or to interference with glial transport processes.", "contents": "Interaction of pentobarbitone and gamma-aminobutyric acid on mammalian sympathetic ganglion cells. 1. Interactions of bath-applied pentobarbitone and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on neurones in isolated superior cervical ganglia of the rat have been examined with intracellular microelectrodes. 2. Pentobarbitone itself (30 micrometer-1 mM) showed no clear or consistent GABA-like effects: changes in resting input conductance and membrane potential were small and variable. 3. Pentobarbitone (100 micrometer) strikingly enhanced the conductance increases produced by GABA and 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid, and reversed the depression of GABA-evoked responses by bicuculline. 4. It is concluded that reversal of bicuculline action at the membrane conductance level might be explained by augmentation of GABA-action. This augmentation cannot be attributed to 'partial agonist' properties of pentobarbitone or to interference with glial transport processes.", "PMID": 647160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3376", "title": "Effects of propylbenzilylcholine mustard on injection into the liquor space of cats.", "content": "In unanaesthetized cats the effects were examined of propylbenzilylcholine mustard (PrBCM) on injection into the cannulated cerebral ventricles and cisterna magna. Extreme motor excitation, vocalization, shivering leading to fever, tachypnoea, panting, piloerection and salivation were produced on ventricular, vigorous scratching bouts on cisternal, injections. The sites of these actions are discussed. None of the effects was produced by atropine similarly injected. All effects were suppressed by anaesthetizing doses of pentobarbitone sodium injected intraperitoneally.", "contents": "Effects of propylbenzilylcholine mustard on injection into the liquor space of cats. In unanaesthetized cats the effects were examined of propylbenzilylcholine mustard (PrBCM) on injection into the cannulated cerebral ventricles and cisterna magna. Extreme motor excitation, vocalization, shivering leading to fever, tachypnoea, panting, piloerection and salivation were produced on ventricular, vigorous scratching bouts on cisternal, injections. The sites of these actions are discussed. None of the effects was produced by atropine similarly injected. All effects were suppressed by anaesthetizing doses of pentobarbitone sodium injected intraperitoneally.", "PMID": 647161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3377", "title": "Role of platelets in aspirin-sensitive bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig; interactions with salicylic acid.", "content": "1 The bronchoconstriction caused in the guinea-pig by arachidonic acid (AA), bradykinin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was correlated with effects on platelets. ATP and ADP produced a brief thrombocytopenia and AA a more prolonged one. Bradykinin had no effect on platelets.2 Aspirin inhibited bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia produced by AA and part of the bronchoconstriction produced by ATP, but had no effect against ADP. Thrombocytopenia produced by ADP and ATP was not affected by aspirin or indomethacin.3 Platelet depletion by antiserum prevented bronchoconstriction in response to ADP and to ATP, but not in response to bradykinin or to AA, showing that platelets are not involved in aspirin-sensitive bronchoconstriction. Infusions of ADP reduced bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia in response to ADP itself and to ATP, but not to AA. Bronchoconstriction by ADP or ATP involves an action on platelets. Only that due to ATP is partially dependent on the activity of prostaglandin synthetase.4 ATP induced aggregation in vitro in guinea-pig platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Rabbit PRP responded only when ATP was first incubated with guinea-pig plasma. The aggregating compound formed was probably ADP, since it was destroyed by apyrase. Its formation was not inhibited by aspirin or indomethacin, indicating that aspirin inhibits ATP-induced bronchoconstriction by a different mechanism.5 The aggregating effect of ATP on guinea-pig platelets was inhibited by concentrations of apyrase that block ADP-induced aggregation, and potentiated by lower concentrations of apyrase.6 Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate did not aggregate platelets in vivo or in vitro. In vitro aggregation occurred when apyrase was added, suggesting transformation into ADP. Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate and apyrase inhibited aggregation due to ADP, but failed to affect that due to AA. This suggests that aggregation involving products of prostaglandin synthesis does not require ADP.7 Salicylic acid did not interfere with bronchoconstriction or aggregation due to AA, but prevented inhibition by aspirin when the weight ratio, salicylic acid:aspirin was 4:1. Salicyclic acid may be useful in studies of potential inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthesis and of thromboxane A2-dependent processes in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Role of platelets in aspirin-sensitive bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig; interactions with salicylic acid. 1 The bronchoconstriction caused in the guinea-pig by arachidonic acid (AA), bradykinin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was correlated with effects on platelets. ATP and ADP produced a brief thrombocytopenia and AA a more prolonged one. Bradykinin had no effect on platelets.2 Aspirin inhibited bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia produced by AA and part of the bronchoconstriction produced by ATP, but had no effect against ADP. Thrombocytopenia produced by ADP and ATP was not affected by aspirin or indomethacin.3 Platelet depletion by antiserum prevented bronchoconstriction in response to ADP and to ATP, but not in response to bradykinin or to AA, showing that platelets are not involved in aspirin-sensitive bronchoconstriction. Infusions of ADP reduced bronchoconstriction and thrombocytopenia in response to ADP itself and to ATP, but not to AA. Bronchoconstriction by ADP or ATP involves an action on platelets. Only that due to ATP is partially dependent on the activity of prostaglandin synthetase.4 ATP induced aggregation in vitro in guinea-pig platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Rabbit PRP responded only when ATP was first incubated with guinea-pig plasma. The aggregating compound formed was probably ADP, since it was destroyed by apyrase. Its formation was not inhibited by aspirin or indomethacin, indicating that aspirin inhibits ATP-induced bronchoconstriction by a different mechanism.5 The aggregating effect of ATP on guinea-pig platelets was inhibited by concentrations of apyrase that block ADP-induced aggregation, and potentiated by lower concentrations of apyrase.6 Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate did not aggregate platelets in vivo or in vitro. In vitro aggregation occurred when apyrase was added, suggesting transformation into ADP. Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate and apyrase inhibited aggregation due to ADP, but failed to affect that due to AA. This suggests that aggregation involving products of prostaglandin synthesis does not require ADP.7 Salicylic acid did not interfere with bronchoconstriction or aggregation due to AA, but prevented inhibition by aspirin when the weight ratio, salicylic acid:aspirin was 4:1. Salicyclic acid may be useful in studies of potential inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthesis and of thromboxane A2-dependent processes in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 647162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3378", "title": "Inhibition by morphine of prostaglandin-stimulated fluid secretion in rat jejunum.", "content": "1 Anesthetized rats (225 to 300 g) were used to study the inhibitory effect of morphine on fluid secreted by the small intestine. 2 Small intestinal fluid secretion was stimulated by infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into the aortic arch, the jejunum being more sensitive than the ileum. Infusion of PGE1 2 microgram/min caused maximal net fluid secretion in the jejunum but inhibited net fluid absorption in the ileum. 3 Morphine caused a dose-related inhibition of maximal PGE1-stimulated fluid secretion in the jejunum. At the higher doses of morphine used (5 to 20 mg/kg) the fluid transporting function of the jejunum was restored almost to normal net absorption. 4 The inhibitory effect of morphine on PGE1-stimulated fluid secretion was antagonized by naloxone. Naloxone caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for morphine. 5 Two other narcotic analgesics were assayed relative to morphine and their descending order of potency was oxymorphone greater than morphine greater than pethidine. 6 It is suggested that the antisecretory effect of morphine in the small intestine may contribute to its efficacy as an anti-diarrhoeal drug. Further studies on the rat jejunum may show it to be a useful model for predicting narcotic drug activity and as such, may give some insight into the mechanisms of action of these drugs.", "contents": "Inhibition by morphine of prostaglandin-stimulated fluid secretion in rat jejunum. 1 Anesthetized rats (225 to 300 g) were used to study the inhibitory effect of morphine on fluid secreted by the small intestine. 2 Small intestinal fluid secretion was stimulated by infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into the aortic arch, the jejunum being more sensitive than the ileum. Infusion of PGE1 2 microgram/min caused maximal net fluid secretion in the jejunum but inhibited net fluid absorption in the ileum. 3 Morphine caused a dose-related inhibition of maximal PGE1-stimulated fluid secretion in the jejunum. At the higher doses of morphine used (5 to 20 mg/kg) the fluid transporting function of the jejunum was restored almost to normal net absorption. 4 The inhibitory effect of morphine on PGE1-stimulated fluid secretion was antagonized by naloxone. Naloxone caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for morphine. 5 Two other narcotic analgesics were assayed relative to morphine and their descending order of potency was oxymorphone greater than morphine greater than pethidine. 6 It is suggested that the antisecretory effect of morphine in the small intestine may contribute to its efficacy as an anti-diarrhoeal drug. Further studies on the rat jejunum may show it to be a useful model for predicting narcotic drug activity and as such, may give some insight into the mechanisms of action of these drugs.", "PMID": 647163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3379", "title": "Hyperthermic responses to central and peripheral injections of morphine sulphate in the cat.", "content": "1 The effect of morphine on body temperature was studied in conscious, unrestrained cats provided with implanted third or lateral cerebral ventricular cannulae, jugular venous catheters and retroperitoneal thermocouples.2 Intraventricular injections of 2.5-50 mug and intravenous injections of 1-10 mg/kg morphine sulphate produced dose-related hyperthermic responses. Similar mean increases in body temperature after administration of a given dose were elicited in cats which had not previously received morphine and, provided that tolerance was avoided by spacing injections at least 72 h apart, in cats which received a series of injections of morphine. Morphine was at least 850 times more potent when injected into the third ventricle than when given intravenously. Increasing the dose of morphine sulphate injected into the third ventricle to 1250 mug only prolonged the hyperthermia. Morphine did not produce hypothermia at any dose tested.3 Injection of 10 mug morphine sulphate into the third ventricle produced similar hyperthermias at ambient temperatures (tas) of 4-6, 21-23 and 33-36 degrees C. The increase in body temperature was associated with shivering at the lower tas. At the highest ta, shivering was not evoked, but respiratory rate decreased after morphine if it was initially elevated. These results suggest that morphine increased the level at which body temperature was regulated.4 Neither metiamide nor indomethacin antagonized morphine so histamine and prostaglandins were apparently not required for the hyperthermic effect.", "contents": "Hyperthermic responses to central and peripheral injections of morphine sulphate in the cat. 1 The effect of morphine on body temperature was studied in conscious, unrestrained cats provided with implanted third or lateral cerebral ventricular cannulae, jugular venous catheters and retroperitoneal thermocouples.2 Intraventricular injections of 2.5-50 mug and intravenous injections of 1-10 mg/kg morphine sulphate produced dose-related hyperthermic responses. Similar mean increases in body temperature after administration of a given dose were elicited in cats which had not previously received morphine and, provided that tolerance was avoided by spacing injections at least 72 h apart, in cats which received a series of injections of morphine. Morphine was at least 850 times more potent when injected into the third ventricle than when given intravenously. Increasing the dose of morphine sulphate injected into the third ventricle to 1250 mug only prolonged the hyperthermia. Morphine did not produce hypothermia at any dose tested.3 Injection of 10 mug morphine sulphate into the third ventricle produced similar hyperthermias at ambient temperatures (tas) of 4-6, 21-23 and 33-36 degrees C. The increase in body temperature was associated with shivering at the lower tas. At the highest ta, shivering was not evoked, but respiratory rate decreased after morphine if it was initially elevated. These results suggest that morphine increased the level at which body temperature was regulated.4 Neither metiamide nor indomethacin antagonized morphine so histamine and prostaglandins were apparently not required for the hyperthermic effect.", "PMID": 647164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3380", "title": "Central adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors in cardiovascular control.", "content": "1. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose, adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor agonists and antagonists were localized to the posterior hypothalamus (PH), lateral medullary pressor area (LMPA) and spinal autonomic loci to delineate the role of central cholinoceptors and adrenoceptors in cardiovascular control. 2 All along the neuroaxis, the alpha-adrenoceptors seem to subserve an inhibitory and the beta-adrenoceptors a facilitatory role in cardiovascular control. There appear to be a predominance of alpha-adrenoceptors at the medullary level and beta-adrenoceptors at the hypothalamic level. 3 The nicotinic cholinoceptors at the hypothalamic, medullary and spinal levels were facilitatory, whereas muscarinic cholinoceptors were inhibitory for cardiovascular control. However, muscarinic receptors were undetectable at the posterior hypothalamus. 4 The central cardiovascular effects of nicotine are attributed to nicotinic receptor activation and release of central catecholamines. 5 There appears to be a relationship between central cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms in cardiovascular control.", "contents": "Central adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors in cardiovascular control. 1. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose, adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor agonists and antagonists were localized to the posterior hypothalamus (PH), lateral medullary pressor area (LMPA) and spinal autonomic loci to delineate the role of central cholinoceptors and adrenoceptors in cardiovascular control. 2 All along the neuroaxis, the alpha-adrenoceptors seem to subserve an inhibitory and the beta-adrenoceptors a facilitatory role in cardiovascular control. There appear to be a predominance of alpha-adrenoceptors at the medullary level and beta-adrenoceptors at the hypothalamic level. 3 The nicotinic cholinoceptors at the hypothalamic, medullary and spinal levels were facilitatory, whereas muscarinic cholinoceptors were inhibitory for cardiovascular control. However, muscarinic receptors were undetectable at the posterior hypothalamus. 4 The central cardiovascular effects of nicotine are attributed to nicotinic receptor activation and release of central catecholamines. 5 There appears to be a relationship between central cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms in cardiovascular control.", "PMID": 647165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3381", "title": "Interpersonal distance as a function of situationally induced anxiety.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of situationally induced anxiety on interpersonal distance in a two-person conversation. In the anxiety-arousing situation subjects were asked to discuss an interesting incident while their social competence was assessed from behind a one-way screen. The briefing and debriefing periods were used for control purposes. Analysis of speech disturbance rates showed that the anxiety manipulation was successful. A significant increase in interpersonal distance was found in the anxiety-inducing situation relative to the low stress situation. The implications for the controversy concerning the effect of anxiety on the need for affliation are discussed.", "contents": "Interpersonal distance as a function of situationally induced anxiety. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of situationally induced anxiety on interpersonal distance in a two-person conversation. In the anxiety-arousing situation subjects were asked to discuss an interesting incident while their social competence was assessed from behind a one-way screen. The briefing and debriefing periods were used for control purposes. Analysis of speech disturbance rates showed that the anxiety manipulation was successful. A significant increase in interpersonal distance was found in the anxiety-inducing situation relative to the low stress situation. The implications for the controversy concerning the effect of anxiety on the need for affliation are discussed.", "PMID": 647167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3382", "title": "Retrieval from long-term memory in presenile dementia:two tests of an hypothesis.", "content": "Recent experimental studies have suggested that patients with presenile dementia might have diffculty in retrieving information from memory as well as a reduced ability to acquire new information. The hypothesis that this retrieval difficulty might be due to an inability to inhibit the recall of irrelevant information was tested by two investigations. Free recall data failed to give clear support for the hypothesis but a prediction based upon recognition testing was confirmed.", "contents": "Retrieval from long-term memory in presenile dementia:two tests of an hypothesis. Recent experimental studies have suggested that patients with presenile dementia might have diffculty in retrieving information from memory as well as a reduced ability to acquire new information. The hypothesis that this retrieval difficulty might be due to an inability to inhibit the recall of irrelevant information was tested by two investigations. Free recall data failed to give clear support for the hypothesis but a prediction based upon recognition testing was confirmed.", "PMID": 647169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3383", "title": "Reducing multiple problem behaviours in a profoundly retarded child.", "content": "The purpose of the present paper is to describe two behaviour management programmes developed for a profoundly retarded child in a special education classroom. The target behaviours were:(1)inappropriate object contract,(2)wild running about the room, and(3)consistent refusal to eat. Literature was reviewed in an effort to fine information which would help in the management of these behaviours. However,only a limited number of studies were found to be directly relevant. Salzberg & Napolitan(1974)modified inappropriate object contact through physical restraint. Neumann & Gaoni(1975)increased food consumption in a woman suffering from anorexia nervosa by using preferred foods. No literature was found which demonstrated the suppression of wild running behavior.", "contents": "Reducing multiple problem behaviours in a profoundly retarded child. The purpose of the present paper is to describe two behaviour management programmes developed for a profoundly retarded child in a special education classroom. The target behaviours were:(1)inappropriate object contract,(2)wild running about the room, and(3)consistent refusal to eat. Literature was reviewed in an effort to fine information which would help in the management of these behaviours. However,only a limited number of studies were found to be directly relevant. Salzberg & Napolitan(1974)modified inappropriate object contact through physical restraint. Neumann & Gaoni(1975)increased food consumption in a woman suffering from anorexia nervosa by using preferred foods. No literature was found which demonstrated the suppression of wild running behavior.", "PMID": 647170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3384", "title": "Controlled drinking training with a female alcoholic.", "content": "Controlled drinking training based upon an avoidance conditioning paradigm (Mills, Sobell & Schaefer, 1971) has previously been demonstrated to offer an alternative to abstinence for some alcoholics. This paper describes the treatment and outcome of controlled drinking training as applied to a 33 year old female who had previously attempted abstinence and who could engage in sexual intercourse only after drinking.", "contents": "Controlled drinking training with a female alcoholic. Controlled drinking training based upon an avoidance conditioning paradigm (Mills, Sobell & Schaefer, 1971) has previously been demonstrated to offer an alternative to abstinence for some alcoholics. This paper describes the treatment and outcome of controlled drinking training as applied to a 33 year old female who had previously attempted abstinence and who could engage in sexual intercourse only after drinking.", "PMID": 647171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3385", "title": "An investigation of the role of 'hypnosis', hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic induction in the production of age regression.", "content": "In response to criticisms of the methodology of Barber's(1969)experiments, a 2x2 factorial design, varying hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic treatment, was used to study the role of 'hypnosis' in the production of age regression by suggestion. Twenty subjects of high hypnotic susceptibility and 20 subjects of low hypnotic susceptibility were randomly allocated to one of two treatment conditions:hypnotic induction procedure or motivational instructions. Both  treatments were followed by suggestions to regress to the age of seven years. Two measures of age regression were taken:the Draw-A-Man-Test and a subjective rating of the reality of the experience. The results showed significant effects of both variables, with high suceptibility and induction treatment producing better regression on both measures than low susceptibility and motivation treatment. Hypnotic susceptibility was the stronger of the two variables. The ranking of the four conditions corresponded with predictions of hypnotic depth from the state theory of hypnosis, but the findings were not inconsistent with the non-state theory. The drawings of all regressed groups were more mature than the norms for the age of seven and the drawings of a group of seven year old children.", "contents": "An investigation of the role of 'hypnosis', hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic induction in the production of age regression. In response to criticisms of the methodology of Barber's(1969)experiments, a 2x2 factorial design, varying hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic treatment, was used to study the role of 'hypnosis' in the production of age regression by suggestion. Twenty subjects of high hypnotic susceptibility and 20 subjects of low hypnotic susceptibility were randomly allocated to one of two treatment conditions:hypnotic induction procedure or motivational instructions. Both  treatments were followed by suggestions to regress to the age of seven years. Two measures of age regression were taken:the Draw-A-Man-Test and a subjective rating of the reality of the experience. The results showed significant effects of both variables, with high suceptibility and induction treatment producing better regression on both measures than low susceptibility and motivation treatment. Hypnotic susceptibility was the stronger of the two variables. The ranking of the four conditions corresponded with predictions of hypnotic depth from the state theory of hypnosis, but the findings were not inconsistent with the non-state theory. The drawings of all regressed groups were more mature than the norms for the age of seven and the drawings of a group of seven year old children.", "PMID": 647173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3386", "title": "Attention, eye tracking and schizophrenia.", "content": "Two experiments are reported. The first experiment successfully replicated the finding that Smooth Pursuit Eye-Tracking(SPET) performance recorded using electronsystagmographic techniques statistically differentiates between groups of clinically diagnosed shizophrenic patients and normal controls. Ratings taken of spontaneous patient behaviour during testing indicated that behaviour which on a priori grounds was thought to preclude optimum attention to eye tracking was related to greater impairment of schizophrenic performance. The second experiment investigated the effect of experimentally induced distraction on SPET performance by normal controls. It was found that competing tasks of increasing levels of difficulty produced increasing degrees of impairment in SPET performance. The results of the two experiments were interpreted as evidence that SPET performance is sensitive to superficial inattention, and that deficits in schizophrenic SPET performance are best explained by attentional deficits in the schizophrenics.", "contents": "Attention, eye tracking and schizophrenia. Two experiments are reported. The first experiment successfully replicated the finding that Smooth Pursuit Eye-Tracking(SPET) performance recorded using electronsystagmographic techniques statistically differentiates between groups of clinically diagnosed shizophrenic patients and normal controls. Ratings taken of spontaneous patient behaviour during testing indicated that behaviour which on a priori grounds was thought to preclude optimum attention to eye tracking was related to greater impairment of schizophrenic performance. The second experiment investigated the effect of experimentally induced distraction on SPET performance by normal controls. It was found that competing tasks of increasing levels of difficulty produced increasing degrees of impairment in SPET performance. The results of the two experiments were interpreted as evidence that SPET performance is sensitive to superficial inattention, and that deficits in schizophrenic SPET performance are best explained by attentional deficits in the schizophrenics.", "PMID": 647174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3387", "title": "Sixth interim progress report of the British Institute of Radiology fractionation study of 3F/week versus 5F/week in radiotherapy of the laryngo-pharynx.", "content": "The results are reported of the multicentre BIR fractionation trial of 3F/week versus 5F/week in radiotherapy of the laryngo-pharynx. 687 patient records have been analysed with respect to survival rates, recurrence-free rates and laryngectomy-free rates. For the group as a whole these analyses show no difference between the two fractionation regimes. Analysis of the sub-group which had early disease confined to the vocal cords does, however, show a better recurrence-free and laryngectomy-free rate for those patients treated with 5F/week, though the survival rate for the two groups remains similar. Acute and late normal tissue reactions are reported for up to six years after treatment. It appears that treatment with 3F/week can be given safely to patients with advanced disease. The differences between the two treatment groups who had early disease of the vocal cords are discussed, but until more data become available in the future the problems raised cannot be resolved.", "contents": "Sixth interim progress report of the British Institute of Radiology fractionation study of 3F/week versus 5F/week in radiotherapy of the laryngo-pharynx. The results are reported of the multicentre BIR fractionation trial of 3F/week versus 5F/week in radiotherapy of the laryngo-pharynx. 687 patient records have been analysed with respect to survival rates, recurrence-free rates and laryngectomy-free rates. For the group as a whole these analyses show no difference between the two fractionation regimes. Analysis of the sub-group which had early disease confined to the vocal cords does, however, show a better recurrence-free and laryngectomy-free rate for those patients treated with 5F/week, though the survival rate for the two groups remains similar. Acute and late normal tissue reactions are reported for up to six years after treatment. It appears that treatment with 3F/week can be given safely to patients with advanced disease. The differences between the two treatment groups who had early disease of the vocal cords are discussed, but until more data become available in the future the problems raised cannot be resolved.", "PMID": 647178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3388", "title": "Ioglycamide (Biligram) studies in man--plasma binding, renal and biliary excretion studies in jaundiced and anicteric patients.", "content": "When five patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment and a T-tube in situ were given intravenous ioglycamide at a rate of 2 mg/kg/min for two hours the mean biliary excretion in the first two hours was only 3.2% of the administered dose. In contrast, in five T-tube patients with relatively normal liver function the mean biliary excretion over the same time interval was 20.6%. The mean plasma concentration of ioglycamide achieved at the end of a two-hour intravenous infusion at 2 mg/kg/min was 1427 +/- 187 microgram/ml in six anicteric patients and 1262 +/- 82 in six jaundiced patients. Despite these very similar plasma levels the 24-hour urinary excretion of ioglycamide was 42.3 +/- 3.8% of the administered dose in the patients with jaundice compared with only 18.1 +/- 2.4% in the anicteric group. These differences probably reflect the fact that the percentage of unbound contrast agent in the plasma of the jaundiced group (11.9 +/- 1.9%) was significantly higher than that of the anicteric group (6.4 +/- 0.9%). It is suggested that bilirubin and possibly other substances in the plasma are competing with ioglycamide for binding sites on albumin. These factors need to be borne in mind when performing intravenous cholangiograms on jaundiced patients.", "contents": "Ioglycamide (Biligram) studies in man--plasma binding, renal and biliary excretion studies in jaundiced and anicteric patients. When five patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment and a T-tube in situ were given intravenous ioglycamide at a rate of 2 mg/kg/min for two hours the mean biliary excretion in the first two hours was only 3.2% of the administered dose. In contrast, in five T-tube patients with relatively normal liver function the mean biliary excretion over the same time interval was 20.6%. The mean plasma concentration of ioglycamide achieved at the end of a two-hour intravenous infusion at 2 mg/kg/min was 1427 +/- 187 microgram/ml in six anicteric patients and 1262 +/- 82 in six jaundiced patients. Despite these very similar plasma levels the 24-hour urinary excretion of ioglycamide was 42.3 +/- 3.8% of the administered dose in the patients with jaundice compared with only 18.1 +/- 2.4% in the anicteric group. These differences probably reflect the fact that the percentage of unbound contrast agent in the plasma of the jaundiced group (11.9 +/- 1.9%) was significantly higher than that of the anicteric group (6.4 +/- 0.9%). It is suggested that bilirubin and possibly other substances in the plasma are competing with ioglycamide for binding sites on albumin. These factors need to be borne in mind when performing intravenous cholangiograms on jaundiced patients.", "PMID": 647179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3389", "title": "Endoscopic and radiological assessment of recurrent ulceration after peptic ulcer surgery.", "content": "One hundred and eighteen patients with dyspepsia after peptic ulcer surgery were assessed by a double contrast barium meal and fibre-optic endoscopy, for the possibility of recurrent ulceration. There was overall endoscopic-radiological agreement in 89%. It is concluded that the two techniques are complementary and that a double contrast barium meal performed and interpreted by an experienced radiologist can demonstrate the presence or absence of a recurrent peptic ulcer with an acceptable degree of accuracy.", "contents": "Endoscopic and radiological assessment of recurrent ulceration after peptic ulcer surgery. One hundred and eighteen patients with dyspepsia after peptic ulcer surgery were assessed by a double contrast barium meal and fibre-optic endoscopy, for the possibility of recurrent ulceration. There was overall endoscopic-radiological agreement in 89%. It is concluded that the two techniques are complementary and that a double contrast barium meal performed and interpreted by an experienced radiologist can demonstrate the presence or absence of a recurrent peptic ulcer with an acceptable degree of accuracy.", "PMID": 647180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3390", "title": "Protection of the eye during carotid angiography.", "content": "An eye shield was developed for use in neurological examinations in projections in which it does not interfere with the information sought. Use of this shield in A.P., oblique, 30 deg Towne's and 12 deg carotid Towne's projections reduced the corneal dose to approximately 5% of the unshielded value. For lateral projections, doses were reduced to approximately 5-15%. Use of the shield resulted in corneal doses of the order of 0.5 mrad/mAs and 1.0 mrad/mAs for standard and magnified projections respectively, with the exception of the lateral projections for which the corresponding values were approximately 0.3 mrad/mAs and 0.7 mrad/mAs. Corneal dose for a typical carotid angiogram was estimated to be reduced from 6.2 rad to 0.33 rad by the use of the shield.", "contents": "Protection of the eye during carotid angiography. An eye shield was developed for use in neurological examinations in projections in which it does not interfere with the information sought. Use of this shield in A.P., oblique, 30 deg Towne's and 12 deg carotid Towne's projections reduced the corneal dose to approximately 5% of the unshielded value. For lateral projections, doses were reduced to approximately 5-15%. Use of the shield resulted in corneal doses of the order of 0.5 mrad/mAs and 1.0 mrad/mAs for standard and magnified projections respectively, with the exception of the lateral projections for which the corresponding values were approximately 0.3 mrad/mAs and 0.7 mrad/mAs. Corneal dose for a typical carotid angiogram was estimated to be reduced from 6.2 rad to 0.33 rad by the use of the shield.", "PMID": 647181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3391", "title": "A computer simulation study of optimal thyroid radiation protection during investigations involving the administration of radioiodine-labelled pharmaceuticals.", "content": "The administration of iodide for thyroid blocking is now known to carry its own risks, at least in certain categories of patients. We have therefore made a theoretical study by computer simulation of the efficacy of various thyroid blocking regimes. In the case of injected 125I- or 131I-iodide, substantial thyroid protection may theoretically be achieved by a single oral dose of inorganic iodide, for example a 90% reduction in radiation dose is produced by only 20 mg iodide. Repeating the initial blocking dose is of little value. A single blocking dose, however, affords poor protection against radioiodine released from labelled plasma proteins. Both for short-lived proteins such as fibrinogen, and for the longer-lived proteins such as albumin, the optimum dosage schedule appears to be stable iodide given daily for two to three weeks. For instance, 10 mg daily for a fortnight will reduce thyroid irradiation by a factor of ten following injection of 125I-fibrinogen.", "contents": "A computer simulation study of optimal thyroid radiation protection during investigations involving the administration of radioiodine-labelled pharmaceuticals. The administration of iodide for thyroid blocking is now known to carry its own risks, at least in certain categories of patients. We have therefore made a theoretical study by computer simulation of the efficacy of various thyroid blocking regimes. In the case of injected 125I- or 131I-iodide, substantial thyroid protection may theoretically be achieved by a single oral dose of inorganic iodide, for example a 90% reduction in radiation dose is produced by only 20 mg iodide. Repeating the initial blocking dose is of little value. A single blocking dose, however, affords poor protection against radioiodine released from labelled plasma proteins. Both for short-lived proteins such as fibrinogen, and for the longer-lived proteins such as albumin, the optimum dosage schedule appears to be stable iodide given daily for two to three weeks. For instance, 10 mg daily for a fortnight will reduce thyroid irradiation by a factor of ten following injection of 125I-fibrinogen.", "PMID": 647182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3392", "title": "Display of cross sectional anatomy by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.", "content": "High definition cross-sectional images produced by a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique are shown. The images are a series of thin section scans in the coronal plane of the head of a rabbit. The NMR images are derived from the distribution of the density of mobile hydrogen atoms. Various tissue types can be distinguished and a clear registration of gross anatomy is demonstrated. No known hazards are associated with the technique.", "contents": "Display of cross sectional anatomy by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. High definition cross-sectional images produced by a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique are shown. The images are a series of thin section scans in the coronal plane of the head of a rabbit. The NMR images are derived from the distribution of the density of mobile hydrogen atoms. Various tissue types can be distinguished and a clear registration of gross anatomy is demonstrated. No known hazards are associated with the technique.", "PMID": 647183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3393", "title": "Rectilinear bone scanning: differentiation between metastases and degenerative spinal disease.", "content": "Criteria have been developed for radioisotope scanning of bone with an eight-colour-display rectilinear scanner, to differentiate metastases from degenerative spinal disease. If the area of increased uptake is two or more colours \"hotter\" than normal, this is probably due to metastases even if degenerative spinal disease coexists. The positivity of a scan due to degenerative spinal disease is a function of the degree of sclerosis adjacent to the intervertebral discs and apophyseal joints; it is not related to the degree of osteophyte formation.", "contents": "Rectilinear bone scanning: differentiation between metastases and degenerative spinal disease. Criteria have been developed for radioisotope scanning of bone with an eight-colour-display rectilinear scanner, to differentiate metastases from degenerative spinal disease. If the area of increased uptake is two or more colours \"hotter\" than normal, this is probably due to metastases even if degenerative spinal disease coexists. The positivity of a scan due to degenerative spinal disease is a function of the degree of sclerosis adjacent to the intervertebral discs and apophyseal joints; it is not related to the degree of osteophyte formation.", "PMID": 647184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3394", "title": "Central airways obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus treated by radiotherapy: a study of pulmonary function.", "content": "A battery of lung function tests was performed on 28 patients with carcinoma of the bronchus, before radiotherapy, six weeks later, and at three months. Twenty-five had evidence of ariways obstruction, though only five had a forced expiratory ratio of less than 50%. Nine were shown to have obstruction to a main or lobar bronchus, while 11 definitely did not, but the only significant difference in lung function between groups was in the residual volume calculated from single breath helium dilution. Eight of ten cases of squamous cell carcinoma were central, and seven of these obstructive. Of seven cases with undifferentiated cells only two were central (p less than 0.05) and one obstructive. Breathlessness on presentation was significantly more common in patients with central tumours (6/12) than those with peripheral lesions (1/8), and all six breathless patients with central tumours claimed that this symptom improved after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy may have a palliative effect for breathlessness in patients with central airways obstruction due to tumour.", "contents": "Central airways obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus treated by radiotherapy: a study of pulmonary function. A battery of lung function tests was performed on 28 patients with carcinoma of the bronchus, before radiotherapy, six weeks later, and at three months. Twenty-five had evidence of ariways obstruction, though only five had a forced expiratory ratio of less than 50%. Nine were shown to have obstruction to a main or lobar bronchus, while 11 definitely did not, but the only significant difference in lung function between groups was in the residual volume calculated from single breath helium dilution. Eight of ten cases of squamous cell carcinoma were central, and seven of these obstructive. Of seven cases with undifferentiated cells only two were central (p less than 0.05) and one obstructive. Breathlessness on presentation was significantly more common in patients with central tumours (6/12) than those with peripheral lesions (1/8), and all six breathless patients with central tumours claimed that this symptom improved after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy may have a palliative effect for breathlessness in patients with central airways obstruction due to tumour.", "PMID": 647185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3395", "title": "Response of selected tumour cell populations separated from a fibrosarcoma following irradiation in situ with fast neutrons.", "content": "We have characterized selected populations of fibrosarcoma cells separated on density gradients of Renografin with respect to distribution in the cell cycle, clonogenic ability, and response to radiation. The latter two parameters have been observed to be related to the density of the cells, the denser populations being less clonogenic but more resistant to both low and high LET radiation. We have determined that these cells effectively repair potentially lethal damage if allowed to remain in situ following exposure to low LET radiation. This repair ability is not observed, however, following neutron irradiation. In addition, cells left in situ are relatively more sensitive to low doses of either low or high LET radiation. This difference in response is believed to be due to differences in the expression of damage by cells left in situ as compared to those assayed immediately. These data reflect the usefulness of cell separation methods in the study of solid tumour systems. Specifically, these methods reduce the heterogeneity found in the solid tumour by allowing for the isolation of subpopulations which then can be studied either individually or in relation to the entire tumour.", "contents": "Response of selected tumour cell populations separated from a fibrosarcoma following irradiation in situ with fast neutrons. We have characterized selected populations of fibrosarcoma cells separated on density gradients of Renografin with respect to distribution in the cell cycle, clonogenic ability, and response to radiation. The latter two parameters have been observed to be related to the density of the cells, the denser populations being less clonogenic but more resistant to both low and high LET radiation. We have determined that these cells effectively repair potentially lethal damage if allowed to remain in situ following exposure to low LET radiation. This repair ability is not observed, however, following neutron irradiation. In addition, cells left in situ are relatively more sensitive to low doses of either low or high LET radiation. This difference in response is believed to be due to differences in the expression of damage by cells left in situ as compared to those assayed immediately. These data reflect the usefulness of cell separation methods in the study of solid tumour systems. Specifically, these methods reduce the heterogeneity found in the solid tumour by allowing for the isolation of subpopulations which then can be studied either individually or in relation to the entire tumour.", "PMID": 647186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3396", "title": "Hyperthermic sensitization of mouse intestine to damage by X rays: the effect of sequence and temporal separation of the two treatments.", "content": "Adult mice were irradiated with between 7 and 15 Gy of X rays to the abdomen either before or after immersion of the lower half of the body in water at various temperatures. The thermal enhancement of X-irradiation damage to the intestine was estimated using survival at five days as the endpoint. Thermal enhancement ratios (defined as the ratio between the dose of X rays and the dose of X rays plus heat to produce the same level of damage) were calculated at the 50% survival level. If only a few minutes separated the application of heat and irradiation, the values obtained were similar to those reported for other normal tissues. There was only a slight dependence on the sequence of the two treatments. As the time interval between the two treatments was increased the effect of heat was reduced and a normal irradiation response was obtained when the separation was greater than about four hours. The results are compared with those for other normal tissues and tumours and the relevance of these findings in the design of optimal therapeutic schedules of combined heat and X rays is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperthermic sensitization of mouse intestine to damage by X rays: the effect of sequence and temporal separation of the two treatments. Adult mice were irradiated with between 7 and 15 Gy of X rays to the abdomen either before or after immersion of the lower half of the body in water at various temperatures. The thermal enhancement of X-irradiation damage to the intestine was estimated using survival at five days as the endpoint. Thermal enhancement ratios (defined as the ratio between the dose of X rays and the dose of X rays plus heat to produce the same level of damage) were calculated at the 50% survival level. If only a few minutes separated the application of heat and irradiation, the values obtained were similar to those reported for other normal tissues. There was only a slight dependence on the sequence of the two treatments. As the time interval between the two treatments was increased the effect of heat was reduced and a normal irradiation response was obtained when the separation was greater than about four hours. The results are compared with those for other normal tissues and tumours and the relevance of these findings in the design of optimal therapeutic schedules of combined heat and X rays is discussed.", "PMID": 647187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3397", "title": "The therapeutic advantage of combined heat and X rays on a mouse fibrosarcoma.", "content": "The response of an experimental fibrosarcoma to combined heat and X rays has been assessed using delay in tumour regrowth. No thermal sensitization was observed for one hour of heating at 41.5 degrees C. A thermal enhancement ratio of 1.4 to 1.5 was seen for one hour of heating at 42.5 or 43.5 degrees C immediately after irradiation. The importance of the sequence and time interval between the two modalities was tested using a constant heat treatment of 42.5 degrees C for one hour. Heating was most effective when given after irradiation, with little change in TER for an interval of a half to six hours. When heat preceded the irradiation the pattern was more complex, with no sensitization at half, one, and six hours, but with a significant effect at two and three hours. The degree of sensitization often depended upon the X-ray dose, being lower below X-ray doses of about 20 Gy. The therapeutic advantage of the combined treatment was assessed by comparison with previously published results for skin reactions. No therapeutic benefit was found for treatments when heat and X-rays were separated by one hour or less. A therapeutic gain factor of about 1.3 was observed for heat given two to six hours after irradiation of this fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "The therapeutic advantage of combined heat and X rays on a mouse fibrosarcoma. The response of an experimental fibrosarcoma to combined heat and X rays has been assessed using delay in tumour regrowth. No thermal sensitization was observed for one hour of heating at 41.5 degrees C. A thermal enhancement ratio of 1.4 to 1.5 was seen for one hour of heating at 42.5 or 43.5 degrees C immediately after irradiation. The importance of the sequence and time interval between the two modalities was tested using a constant heat treatment of 42.5 degrees C for one hour. Heating was most effective when given after irradiation, with little change in TER for an interval of a half to six hours. When heat preceded the irradiation the pattern was more complex, with no sensitization at half, one, and six hours, but with a significant effect at two and three hours. The degree of sensitization often depended upon the X-ray dose, being lower below X-ray doses of about 20 Gy. The therapeutic advantage of the combined treatment was assessed by comparison with previously published results for skin reactions. No therapeutic benefit was found for treatments when heat and X-rays were separated by one hour or less. A therapeutic gain factor of about 1.3 was observed for heat given two to six hours after irradiation of this fibrosarcoma.", "PMID": 647188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3398", "title": "Causes of failure in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: lessons from 51 successful reoperations.", "content": "A review of 51 successful reoperations for persisting hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism shows that inadequate anatomical knowledge, inadequate surgical technique and unusual localizations of the parathyroids are the most frequent causes of failure of the primary operation. The majority of these failures are therefore preventable. There is a frequent need for cervical thymectomy in parathyroid surgery. Sternotomy is only very rarely necessary.", "contents": "Causes of failure in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: lessons from 51 successful reoperations. A review of 51 successful reoperations for persisting hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism shows that inadequate anatomical knowledge, inadequate surgical technique and unusual localizations of the parathyroids are the most frequent causes of failure of the primary operation. The majority of these failures are therefore preventable. There is a frequent need for cervical thymectomy in parathyroid surgery. Sternotomy is only very rarely necessary.", "PMID": 647190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3399", "title": "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy in patients with vascular disease.", "content": "An attempt has been made to determine the effect on vasomotor tone and sweating of peripheral neuropathy in the feet of diabetics with vascular disease. There was a loss of vasomotor tone in 48 per cent of patients with peripheral neuropathy and in 12 per cent of those without neuropathy (P less than 0.01). Complete loss of sudomotor activity was rare in both groups.", "contents": "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy in patients with vascular disease. An attempt has been made to determine the effect on vasomotor tone and sweating of peripheral neuropathy in the feet of diabetics with vascular disease. There was a loss of vasomotor tone in 48 per cent of patients with peripheral neuropathy and in 12 per cent of those without neuropathy (P less than 0.01). Complete loss of sudomotor activity was rare in both groups.", "PMID": 647192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3400", "title": "Intestinal ischaemia associated with ileal carcinoid tumours.", "content": "A case of intestinal infarction due to multiple ileal carcinoid tumours is presented in which abdominal pain due to intestinal ischaemia was the first manifestation of the underlying tumour. It is postulated that intestinal ischaemia may be of more importance in the production of abdominal pain by carcinoid tumours than has been generally accepted, and that it is the result of functional and structural changes in the around the mesenteric blood vessels, caused by substances secreted by the carcinoid tumour.", "contents": "Intestinal ischaemia associated with ileal carcinoid tumours. A case of intestinal infarction due to multiple ileal carcinoid tumours is presented in which abdominal pain due to intestinal ischaemia was the first manifestation of the underlying tumour. It is postulated that intestinal ischaemia may be of more importance in the production of abdominal pain by carcinoid tumours than has been generally accepted, and that it is the result of functional and structural changes in the around the mesenteric blood vessels, caused by substances secreted by the carcinoid tumour.", "PMID": 647194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3401", "title": "Abdominal apoplexy.", "content": "Two cases of the rare condition of abdominal apoplexy are described. The two main clincial presentations of this condition are discussed as is the aetiology. It is suggested that selective visceral angiography might prove helpful in preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Abdominal apoplexy. Two cases of the rare condition of abdominal apoplexy are described. The two main clincial presentations of this condition are discussed as is the aetiology. It is suggested that selective visceral angiography might prove helpful in preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 647195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3402", "title": "Abdominal apoplexy.", "content": "Seven patients with abdominal apoplexy have been treated between 1975 and 1977 and their clinical features and management are reviewed. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is difficult but the condition should be considered in patients with abdominal pain and vomiting or diarrhoea who have signs of shock, peritonism or a falling haemoglobin level. Urgent laparotomy to identify and ligate the bleeding artery offers the best chance of survival.", "contents": "Abdominal apoplexy. Seven patients with abdominal apoplexy have been treated between 1975 and 1977 and their clinical features and management are reviewed. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is difficult but the condition should be considered in patients with abdominal pain and vomiting or diarrhoea who have signs of shock, peritonism or a falling haemoglobin level. Urgent laparotomy to identify and ligate the bleeding artery offers the best chance of survival.", "PMID": 647196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3403", "title": "Roux diversion for bile reflux following gastric surgery.", "content": "Regurgitation of bile into the stomach after gastric surgery often causes severe and distressing symptoms, though the onset may be delayed for some years. We have used a Roux loop diversion as a secondary procedure for bile reflux in 36 patients, making the anastomosis from 18 to 40 cm below the stomach. There were no deaths and the clinical results were good in 20 of 27 patients followed up from 1 to 10 years. Vagotomy was omitted in 13 patients, 2 of whom subsequently developed jejunal ulceration. One patient developed an unexplained gastric ulcer and 2 operations failed because the loop was too short. The optimum length may well be 40 cm and vagotomy should be added in all cases. In 3 patients with associated dumping the upper 10 cm of the Roux loop was reversed.", "contents": "Roux diversion for bile reflux following gastric surgery. Regurgitation of bile into the stomach after gastric surgery often causes severe and distressing symptoms, though the onset may be delayed for some years. We have used a Roux loop diversion as a secondary procedure for bile reflux in 36 patients, making the anastomosis from 18 to 40 cm below the stomach. There were no deaths and the clinical results were good in 20 of 27 patients followed up from 1 to 10 years. Vagotomy was omitted in 13 patients, 2 of whom subsequently developed jejunal ulceration. One patient developed an unexplained gastric ulcer and 2 operations failed because the loop was too short. The optimum length may well be 40 cm and vagotomy should be added in all cases. In 3 patients with associated dumping the upper 10 cm of the Roux loop was reversed.", "PMID": 647197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3404", "title": "Parietal wound drainage in abdominal surgery.", "content": "A prospective randomized study of wound drainage in 250 surgical abdominal wounds was undertaken to determine (a) what effect wound drains had on clean surgical wounds; (b) whether wound drains reduced infection in potentially contaminated wounds; (c) whether wound drainage was an acceptable alternative to the use of topical antibiotics in frankly contaminated wounds. Ten per cent of clean wounds which had been drained became infected, compared with 2 per cent of control wounds in the same group (P less than 0.002). Infection was also more common in potentially and frankly contaminated wounds in the presence of a drain. Skin organisms were grown from 8 drained and 2 nondrained wounds in this group (P less than 0.005), suggesting contamination by the drains. Drains were, however, associated with a lower infection rate in 23 obese patients with frankly contaminated wounds.", "contents": "Parietal wound drainage in abdominal surgery. A prospective randomized study of wound drainage in 250 surgical abdominal wounds was undertaken to determine (a) what effect wound drains had on clean surgical wounds; (b) whether wound drains reduced infection in potentially contaminated wounds; (c) whether wound drainage was an acceptable alternative to the use of topical antibiotics in frankly contaminated wounds. Ten per cent of clean wounds which had been drained became infected, compared with 2 per cent of control wounds in the same group (P less than 0.002). Infection was also more common in potentially and frankly contaminated wounds in the presence of a drain. Skin organisms were grown from 8 drained and 2 nondrained wounds in this group (P less than 0.005), suggesting contamination by the drains. Drains were, however, associated with a lower infection rate in 23 obese patients with frankly contaminated wounds.", "PMID": 647198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3405", "title": "A prospective study of the clinical value and accuracy of grey scale ultrasound in detecting gallstones.", "content": "The accuracy and possible clinical value of grey scale ultrasonography in the detection of gallstones has been prospectively studied in 100 unselected patients presenting with recurrent biliary colic, acute cholecystitis or acute pancreatitis. Adequate visualization of the gallbladder was obtained in 79 cases, with 3 false positive  and no false negative reports. Oral cholecystography remains the initial investigation of choice in patients presenting with recurrent biliary colic, but grey scale ultrasound has been shown in this study to be a reliable means of detecting gallstones in the 'acute' situation, when conventional contrast radiology is of limited value.", "contents": "A prospective study of the clinical value and accuracy of grey scale ultrasound in detecting gallstones. The accuracy and possible clinical value of grey scale ultrasonography in the detection of gallstones has been prospectively studied in 100 unselected patients presenting with recurrent biliary colic, acute cholecystitis or acute pancreatitis. Adequate visualization of the gallbladder was obtained in 79 cases, with 3 false positive  and no false negative reports. Oral cholecystography remains the initial investigation of choice in patients presenting with recurrent biliary colic, but grey scale ultrasound has been shown in this study to be a reliable means of detecting gallstones in the 'acute' situation, when conventional contrast radiology is of limited value.", "PMID": 647199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3406", "title": "Non-operative removal of retained stones in the common bile duct.", "content": "A method of removal of retained common bile duct stones under radiological control is described and its use in 16 patients reported. The ease of the method, the minimal associated morbidity and the inexpensiveness of the equipment suggest that this should be the primary method of removal of retained stones when a T tube has been placed into the common bile duct.", "contents": "Non-operative removal of retained stones in the common bile duct. A method of removal of retained common bile duct stones under radiological control is described and its use in 16 patients reported. The ease of the method, the minimal associated morbidity and the inexpensiveness of the equipment suggest that this should be the primary method of removal of retained stones when a T tube has been placed into the common bile duct.", "PMID": 647200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3407", "title": "Drug therapy in intermittent claudication: an objective assessment of the effects of three drugs on patients with intermittent claudication.", "content": "It has been suggested that, by reducing the viscosity of blood, flow through capillaries is increased with consequent improvement in the symptoms of patients with peripheral vascular disease. We examined the effects of treatment with drugs purported to reduce blood viscosity to test the validity of this claim. Measurements of viscosity and the rate of blood flow to the leg were made in a group of patients before and after treatment with three different drugs--tetranicotinoylfructose (Bradilan), oxypentifylline (Trental) and cinnarizine (Stugeron). All patients had intermittent claudication in one leg and the distribution of arteriosclerosis was similar in each patient. After treatment there was little or no change in blood viscosity and no change in the rate of flow recorded in the symptomatic legs. We did not find any objective evidence to support the use of these drugs in patients with intermittent claudication.", "contents": "Drug therapy in intermittent claudication: an objective assessment of the effects of three drugs on patients with intermittent claudication. It has been suggested that, by reducing the viscosity of blood, flow through capillaries is increased with consequent improvement in the symptoms of patients with peripheral vascular disease. We examined the effects of treatment with drugs purported to reduce blood viscosity to test the validity of this claim. Measurements of viscosity and the rate of blood flow to the leg were made in a group of patients before and after treatment with three different drugs--tetranicotinoylfructose (Bradilan), oxypentifylline (Trental) and cinnarizine (Stugeron). All patients had intermittent claudication in one leg and the distribution of arteriosclerosis was similar in each patient. After treatment there was little or no change in blood viscosity and no change in the rate of flow recorded in the symptomatic legs. We did not find any objective evidence to support the use of these drugs in patients with intermittent claudication.", "PMID": 647201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3408", "title": "The treatment of early colorectal cancer by local excision.", "content": "An analysis is presented of 143 patients with early colorectal carcinoma treated by local excision between 1948 and 1972 at St Mark's Hospital. The tumours are considered in three groups; colonic tumours, pedunculated rectal tumours and non-pedunculated rectal tumours. The importance of careful clinical assessment and accurate pathological examination is emphasized. Local excision of the tumours, using various operative techniques, gave good results and this method of management can be recommended in the carefully selected case.", "contents": "The treatment of early colorectal cancer by local excision. An analysis is presented of 143 patients with early colorectal carcinoma treated by local excision between 1948 and 1972 at St Mark's Hospital. The tumours are considered in three groups; colonic tumours, pedunculated rectal tumours and non-pedunculated rectal tumours. The importance of careful clinical assessment and accurate pathological examination is emphasized. Local excision of the tumours, using various operative techniques, gave good results and this method of management can be recommended in the carefully selected case.", "PMID": 647202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3409", "title": "Balloon catheter contol of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with Cullen's sign.", "content": "A patient with Cullen's sign due to a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is reported. At operation a balloon catheter was used to stop severe retroperitoneal bleeding and the aneurysm was replaced with a graft.", "contents": "Balloon catheter contol of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with Cullen's sign. A patient with Cullen's sign due to a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is reported. At operation a balloon catheter was used to stop severe retroperitoneal bleeding and the aneurysm was replaced with a graft.", "PMID": 647203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3410", "title": "Popliteal vein entrapment.", "content": "A case of popliteal vein entrapment by an abnormal 'third' head of the gastrocnemius muscle is reported. Complete relief of disabling symptoms was obtained by dividing the abnormal muscle band.", "contents": "Popliteal vein entrapment. A case of popliteal vein entrapment by an abnormal 'third' head of the gastrocnemius muscle is reported. Complete relief of disabling symptoms was obtained by dividing the abnormal muscle band.", "PMID": 647204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3411", "title": "A new method of nerve repair: repair of a lesion of the radial nerve with a branch to the triceps muscle.", "content": "Regeneration of the radial nerve following a new technique of nerve anastomosis in the humeral spiral groove is reported. Neurorrhaphy was performed by anastomosing a branch supplying the medial head of the triceps to the distal cut end of the radial nerve at the level of the lateral intermuscular septum. The progress of the nerve is detailed and has been confirmed by electromyographic studies showing regeneration of the radial nerve 3 years after operation and 4 years after injury. This technique for repair of the radial nerve has not been previously described.", "contents": "A new method of nerve repair: repair of a lesion of the radial nerve with a branch to the triceps muscle. Regeneration of the radial nerve following a new technique of nerve anastomosis in the humeral spiral groove is reported. Neurorrhaphy was performed by anastomosing a branch supplying the medial head of the triceps to the distal cut end of the radial nerve at the level of the lateral intermuscular septum. The progress of the nerve is detailed and has been confirmed by electromyographic studies showing regeneration of the radial nerve 3 years after operation and 4 years after injury. This technique for repair of the radial nerve has not been previously described.", "PMID": 647205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3412", "title": "Factors influencing the incidence of neonatal jaundice.", "content": "A retrospective study of 12 461 single births confirmed an association between maternal oxytocin infusion and neonatal jaundice. The effect of oxytocin on jaundice was independent of gestational age at birth, sex, race, epidural anaesthesia, method of delivery, and birth weight, each of which was significantly associated with neonatal jaundice. The effect of oxytocin was, however, small, producing a calculated mean increase in peak plasma bilirubin concentration of 8.6 mumol/1 (0.5 mg/100 ml); this excess was independent of sex and less than the effect of the baby being born one week earlier.", "contents": "Factors influencing the incidence of neonatal jaundice. A retrospective study of 12 461 single births confirmed an association between maternal oxytocin infusion and neonatal jaundice. The effect of oxytocin on jaundice was independent of gestational age at birth, sex, race, epidural anaesthesia, method of delivery, and birth weight, each of which was significantly associated with neonatal jaundice. The effect of oxytocin was, however, small, producing a calculated mean increase in peak plasma bilirubin concentration of 8.6 mumol/1 (0.5 mg/100 ml); this excess was independent of sex and less than the effect of the baby being born one week earlier.", "PMID": 647211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3413", "title": "High prevalence of hyperuricaemia and gout in an urbanised Micronesian population.", "content": "The prevalence of hyperuricaemia and gout was investigated in the Micronesian inhabitants of the highly urbanised central Pacific island of Nauru. Sixty-four per cent of men and 60% of women aged 20 years and over had hyperuricaemia--the highest prevalence rates yet reported for a population. The hyperuricaemia in men was accompanied by a high prevalence of clinical gout (6.9%). While the hyperuricaemia is probably genetic, the high prevalence of gout may be related to the environmental change from the traditional island style of living to one of almost complete Westernisation.", "contents": "High prevalence of hyperuricaemia and gout in an urbanised Micronesian population. The prevalence of hyperuricaemia and gout was investigated in the Micronesian inhabitants of the highly urbanised central Pacific island of Nauru. Sixty-four per cent of men and 60% of women aged 20 years and over had hyperuricaemia--the highest prevalence rates yet reported for a population. The hyperuricaemia in men was accompanied by a high prevalence of clinical gout (6.9%). While the hyperuricaemia is probably genetic, the high prevalence of gout may be related to the environmental change from the traditional island style of living to one of almost complete Westernisation.", "PMID": 647212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3414", "title": "Mechanism of action of insulin in diabetic patients: a dose-related effect on glucose production and utilisation.", "content": "Six insulin-requiring diabetics were studied after insulin had been withheld for 24 hours. On three separate occasions each received a two-hour infusion of insulin at a low dose (2.6 U/h) and a high dose (10.6 U/h) and an infusion of saline as control. The rates of production and utilisation of glucose were measured isotopically. The rate of fall of plasma glucose concentration was faster on the high-dose infusion of insulin than on the low, whereas the fall in plasma free fatty acids, glycerol, and keton bodies was the same on both insulin infusions. The mechanism whereby the two rates of insulin administration lowered plasma glucose concentration differed: during the low-dose infusion the decrease in the glucose concentration was produced entirely by a fall of hepatic glucose output, whereas during the high-dose insulin infusion the glucose concentration fell because both the rate of glucose production fell and the rate of glucose utilisation rose. In all experiments there was a direct relation between a fall in serum potassium concentration and the fall in plasma glucose concentration irrespective of the mechanism that reduced the glucose concentration.These results indicate that in uncontrolled diabetics low-dose insulin infusions lower the blood glucose concentration entirely by reducing glucose production from the liver and that the effect of insulin on potassium transport is independent of its effect on glucose uptake.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of insulin in diabetic patients: a dose-related effect on glucose production and utilisation. Six insulin-requiring diabetics were studied after insulin had been withheld for 24 hours. On three separate occasions each received a two-hour infusion of insulin at a low dose (2.6 U/h) and a high dose (10.6 U/h) and an infusion of saline as control. The rates of production and utilisation of glucose were measured isotopically. The rate of fall of plasma glucose concentration was faster on the high-dose infusion of insulin than on the low, whereas the fall in plasma free fatty acids, glycerol, and keton bodies was the same on both insulin infusions. The mechanism whereby the two rates of insulin administration lowered plasma glucose concentration differed: during the low-dose infusion the decrease in the glucose concentration was produced entirely by a fall of hepatic glucose output, whereas during the high-dose insulin infusion the glucose concentration fell because both the rate of glucose production fell and the rate of glucose utilisation rose. In all experiments there was a direct relation between a fall in serum potassium concentration and the fall in plasma glucose concentration irrespective of the mechanism that reduced the glucose concentration.These results indicate that in uncontrolled diabetics low-dose insulin infusions lower the blood glucose concentration entirely by reducing glucose production from the liver and that the effect of insulin on potassium transport is independent of its effect on glucose uptake.", "PMID": 647213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3415", "title": "How much physical therapy for patients with stroke?", "content": "The use of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy for patients with stroke was investigated, and the three treatments were compared. Out of 135 patients with stroke surviving at two weeks, 107 received physiotherapy, but only 35 received occupational therapy and 19 speech therapy. Those who received most physiotherapy were the most severely disabled and had the worst prognosis, and, although almost no recovery occurred after six months, 30 patients continued with treatment beyond this time. Stiff and painful shoulders were present in 21 of the patients by two weeks and had developed in a further 37 by one year. Physiotherapy did not prevent this. The objectives of physiotherapy for patients with stroke need careful definition, with emphasis on treatment in the early months. Alternative treatment, possibly carried out by volunteers or more simply trained personnel, merits further consideration.", "contents": "How much physical therapy for patients with stroke? The use of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy for patients with stroke was investigated, and the three treatments were compared. Out of 135 patients with stroke surviving at two weeks, 107 received physiotherapy, but only 35 received occupational therapy and 19 speech therapy. Those who received most physiotherapy were the most severely disabled and had the worst prognosis, and, although almost no recovery occurred after six months, 30 patients continued with treatment beyond this time. Stiff and painful shoulders were present in 21 of the patients by two weeks and had developed in a further 37 by one year. Physiotherapy did not prevent this. The objectives of physiotherapy for patients with stroke need careful definition, with emphasis on treatment in the early months. Alternative treatment, possibly carried out by volunteers or more simply trained personnel, merits further consideration.", "PMID": 647253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3416", "title": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage: long-term follow-up results of late surgical versus conservative treatment.", "content": "During 1964-9, 178 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage from a single intracranial arterial aneurysm were allocated at random to receive operative or conservative treatment at an average of seven weeks after bleeding. During the follow-up fatal rebleeding episodes occurred in six of the 86 patients treated surgically and 16 of the 92 treated conservatively. This difference was significant. Fatal rebleeding occurred on average 40 months after the first episode. Deaths from all causes occurred in 17 of the 86 patients treated surgically and 22 of the 92 treated conservatively. Life-table analysis of the chances of surviving 1, 5, and 11 years gave probabilities of 95 and 91%, 87 and 86%, and 76 and 75% in the two treatment groups respectively. Of the 139 patients alive after a mean follow-up of nine years, 130 (94%) were fully independent in their daily lives, and only 43 (31%) were unable to work. The method of treatment did not affect the quality of survival.The results show that fatal rebleeding may occur even many years after the first episode. Nevertheless, if the patient is in good condition seven weeks after a haemorrhage from a single intracranial arterial aneurysm the outcome is good irrespective of whether operation is performed at this late stage.", "contents": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage: long-term follow-up results of late surgical versus conservative treatment. During 1964-9, 178 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage from a single intracranial arterial aneurysm were allocated at random to receive operative or conservative treatment at an average of seven weeks after bleeding. During the follow-up fatal rebleeding episodes occurred in six of the 86 patients treated surgically and 16 of the 92 treated conservatively. This difference was significant. Fatal rebleeding occurred on average 40 months after the first episode. Deaths from all causes occurred in 17 of the 86 patients treated surgically and 22 of the 92 treated conservatively. Life-table analysis of the chances of surviving 1, 5, and 11 years gave probabilities of 95 and 91%, 87 and 86%, and 76 and 75% in the two treatment groups respectively. Of the 139 patients alive after a mean follow-up of nine years, 130 (94%) were fully independent in their daily lives, and only 43 (31%) were unable to work. The method of treatment did not affect the quality of survival.The results show that fatal rebleeding may occur even many years after the first episode. Nevertheless, if the patient is in good condition seven weeks after a haemorrhage from a single intracranial arterial aneurysm the outcome is good irrespective of whether operation is performed at this late stage.", "PMID": 647254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3417", "title": "Vision screening in children tested at 7, 11, and 16 years.", "content": "Distant vision screenings of a national sample of children were performed at the ages of 7, 11, and 16. Many children with normal vision at one screening showed defects at later screenings, and altogether 18% of children with normal vision at the age of 7 had defects by the time they were 16. Twelve per cent of those with normal vision at 7 and 11 had developed a visual defect by the age of 16. Apparent improvements between screenings probably resulted largely from technical difficulties inherent in testing young children. The results clearly indicate the importance of regular vision screening during the school years and the need for comprehensive but flexible back-up services.", "contents": "Vision screening in children tested at 7, 11, and 16 years. Distant vision screenings of a national sample of children were performed at the ages of 7, 11, and 16. Many children with normal vision at one screening showed defects at later screenings, and altogether 18% of children with normal vision at the age of 7 had defects by the time they were 16. Twelve per cent of those with normal vision at 7 and 11 had developed a visual defect by the age of 16. Apparent improvements between screenings probably resulted largely from technical difficulties inherent in testing young children. The results clearly indicate the importance of regular vision screening during the school years and the need for comprehensive but flexible back-up services.", "PMID": 647255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3418", "title": "The consultation and the therapeutic illusion.", "content": "At 45 general-practice surgery sessions 200 patients in whom no definite diagnosis could be made were randomly selected for one of two procedures. Either they were given a symptomatic diagnosis and medications, or they were told that they had no evidence of disease and therefore they required no treatment. No difference in outcome was found between these two methods as judged by the return or not of the patient within one month and his statement that he did or did not get better.", "contents": "The consultation and the therapeutic illusion. At 45 general-practice surgery sessions 200 patients in whom no definite diagnosis could be made were randomly selected for one of two procedures. Either they were given a symptomatic diagnosis and medications, or they were told that they had no evidence of disease and therefore they required no treatment. No difference in outcome was found between these two methods as judged by the return or not of the patient within one month and his statement that he did or did not get better.", "PMID": 647263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3419", "title": "Intermittent claudication: factors determining outcome.", "content": "Two groups of patients were followed up for four to eight years after first referral or admission to hospital for intermittent claudication (IC) in a study of the natural history of the disease and of factors determining its outcome. In one series of 60 patients, those who stopped or reduced smoking after referral had a much improved prognosis. Thus even after the diagnosis of IC it is extremely important that patients should be encouraged to stop smoking, since this correctable factor appears to be of greater importance in determining outcome than other medical risk factors for the disease that are less amenable to treatment. In the second study, 160 patients were followed up for eight years after first hospital admission. They had a total of 480 hospital admissions and had spent 11 190 days in hospital; their life expectancy after the age of 60 was about half that of the general population. Age, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes were associated with an adverse outcome.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication: factors determining outcome. Two groups of patients were followed up for four to eight years after first referral or admission to hospital for intermittent claudication (IC) in a study of the natural history of the disease and of factors determining its outcome. In one series of 60 patients, those who stopped or reduced smoking after referral had a much improved prognosis. Thus even after the diagnosis of IC it is extremely important that patients should be encouraged to stop smoking, since this correctable factor appears to be of greater importance in determining outcome than other medical risk factors for the disease that are less amenable to treatment. In the second study, 160 patients were followed up for eight years after first hospital admission. They had a total of 480 hospital admissions and had spent 11 190 days in hospital; their life expectancy after the age of 60 was about half that of the general population. Age, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes were associated with an adverse outcome.", "PMID": 647300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3420", "title": "Intermittent claudication: prevalence and risk factors.", "content": "Risk factors for intermittent claudication (IC) were studied in 54 patients--that is, all patients with IC on the lists of two general practices--and 108 controls. Smoking was the factor most strongly associated with the development of IC, but systolic and diastolic blood pressures and concentrations of triglyceride, urate, and fibrinogen were all significantly higher among the patients with IC than the controls. The presence of more than one factor appeared to be associated with a multiplicative increase in risk. Cholesterol, an important risk factor for ischaemic heart disease, was not associated with an increased risk of IC. IC was present in about 2% of the men and 1% of the women, who were aged 45-69 years. These findings suggest that IC, a common and disabling manifestation of atheroslcerosis, may be largely preventable.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication: prevalence and risk factors. Risk factors for intermittent claudication (IC) were studied in 54 patients--that is, all patients with IC on the lists of two general practices--and 108 controls. Smoking was the factor most strongly associated with the development of IC, but systolic and diastolic blood pressures and concentrations of triglyceride, urate, and fibrinogen were all significantly higher among the patients with IC than the controls. The presence of more than one factor appeared to be associated with a multiplicative increase in risk. Cholesterol, an important risk factor for ischaemic heart disease, was not associated with an increased risk of IC. IC was present in about 2% of the men and 1% of the women, who were aged 45-69 years. These findings suggest that IC, a common and disabling manifestation of atheroslcerosis, may be largely preventable.", "PMID": 647301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3421", "title": "Is 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol a calcium-regulating hormone in man?", "content": "Small doses (1-10 microgram daily) of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)2D3), a renal metabolite of vitamin D of uncertain function, increased intestinal absorption of calcium in normal people and in patients with various disorders or mineral metabolism, including anephric subjects. In five of six patients studied, calcium balance increased, but, unlike 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-(OH)2D3 did not increase plasma or urinary calcium concentrations. These results suggest that 24,25-(OH)2D3 may be an important regulator of skeletal metabolism in man with potential value as a therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Is 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol a calcium-regulating hormone in man? Small doses (1-10 microgram daily) of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)2D3), a renal metabolite of vitamin D of uncertain function, increased intestinal absorption of calcium in normal people and in patients with various disorders or mineral metabolism, including anephric subjects. In five of six patients studied, calcium balance increased, but, unlike 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-(OH)2D3 did not increase plasma or urinary calcium concentrations. These results suggest that 24,25-(OH)2D3 may be an important regulator of skeletal metabolism in man with potential value as a therapeutic agent.", "PMID": 647302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3422", "title": "Simplified oesophageal transection for bleeding varices.", "content": "Thirty patients with bleeding oesophageal varices were treated by oesophageal transection using the SPTU gun. Any form of shunt was contraindicated in all the patients. Twelve operations were done as urgent procedures within 36 hours of haemorrhage. The overall operative mortality rate was 10%, and there were two late deaths during follow-up, which has so far extended from two months to two years. Three of the patients had recurrent bleeding, and residual varices were probably the source in two. There were no cases of portal systemic encephalopathy. Although the follow-up is too short to allow any definite conclusions, these early results suggest that oesophageal transection with the SPTU gun may be useful in the large proportion of patients in whom injection sclerotherapy, shunt surgery, or conservative treatment is inappropriate.", "contents": "Simplified oesophageal transection for bleeding varices. Thirty patients with bleeding oesophageal varices were treated by oesophageal transection using the SPTU gun. Any form of shunt was contraindicated in all the patients. Twelve operations were done as urgent procedures within 36 hours of haemorrhage. The overall operative mortality rate was 10%, and there were two late deaths during follow-up, which has so far extended from two months to two years. Three of the patients had recurrent bleeding, and residual varices were probably the source in two. There were no cases of portal systemic encephalopathy. Although the follow-up is too short to allow any definite conclusions, these early results suggest that oesophageal transection with the SPTU gun may be useful in the large proportion of patients in whom injection sclerotherapy, shunt surgery, or conservative treatment is inappropriate.", "PMID": 647303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3423", "title": "Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity.", "content": "To define the type of dietary fibre of fibre analogue with the greatest potential use in diabetic treatment, groups of four to six volunteers underwent 50-g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) with and without the addition of either guar, pectin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, wheat bran, or cholestyramine equivalent to 12 g fibre. The addition of each substance significantly reduced blood glucose concentration at one or more points during the GTT and generally reduced serum insulin concentrations. The greatest flattening of the glucose response was seen with guar, but this effect was abolished when hydrolysed non-viscous guar was used. The reduction in the mean peak rise in blood glucose concentration for each substance correlated positively with its viscosity (r = 0.926; P less than 0.01), as did delay in mouth-to-caecum transit time (r = 0.885; P less than 0.02). Viscous types of dietary fibre are therefore most likely to be therapeutically useful in modifying postprandial hyperglycaemia.", "contents": "Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity. To define the type of dietary fibre of fibre analogue with the greatest potential use in diabetic treatment, groups of four to six volunteers underwent 50-g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) with and without the addition of either guar, pectin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, wheat bran, or cholestyramine equivalent to 12 g fibre. The addition of each substance significantly reduced blood glucose concentration at one or more points during the GTT and generally reduced serum insulin concentrations. The greatest flattening of the glucose response was seen with guar, but this effect was abolished when hydrolysed non-viscous guar was used. The reduction in the mean peak rise in blood glucose concentration for each substance correlated positively with its viscosity (r = 0.926; P less than 0.01), as did delay in mouth-to-caecum transit time (r = 0.885; P less than 0.02). Viscous types of dietary fibre are therefore most likely to be therapeutically useful in modifying postprandial hyperglycaemia.", "PMID": 647304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3424", "title": "How patients use domiciliary oxygen.", "content": "Forty-five patients in Southampton who received domiciliary oxygen were visited at home to find out how they used and coped with their oxygen. Generally, the organisation and administration of supplies presented no problems, nearly all the apparatus complied with the drug tariff, and most patients coped well with the equipment. Only two patients were taking oxygen for prescribed periods; the others were taking it when necessary for symptomatic relief. No patient received oxygen for over five hours daily. Most patients thought that they were helped by oxygen, but only four said that it allowed them to increase their level of activity, and the overall benefit seemed slight. This was partly because oxygen was usually limited to one room, so patients used oxygen after rather than during exercise. The amount of oxygen consumed differed widely, ranging from three and a half cylinders a week in three patients to less than one cylinder in six months in 17 patients. The average yearly cost of oxygen per patient ranged from 500 pounds in patients consuming one cylinder or more per week, to 15 pounds in those consuming less than one cylinder in six months. The main cost of domiciliary oxygen is determined by the number of cylinder refills, so patients who use it infrequently are a relatively small drain on resources.", "contents": "How patients use domiciliary oxygen. Forty-five patients in Southampton who received domiciliary oxygen were visited at home to find out how they used and coped with their oxygen. Generally, the organisation and administration of supplies presented no problems, nearly all the apparatus complied with the drug tariff, and most patients coped well with the equipment. Only two patients were taking oxygen for prescribed periods; the others were taking it when necessary for symptomatic relief. No patient received oxygen for over five hours daily. Most patients thought that they were helped by oxygen, but only four said that it allowed them to increase their level of activity, and the overall benefit seemed slight. This was partly because oxygen was usually limited to one room, so patients used oxygen after rather than during exercise. The amount of oxygen consumed differed widely, ranging from three and a half cylinders a week in three patients to less than one cylinder in six months in 17 patients. The average yearly cost of oxygen per patient ranged from 500 pounds in patients consuming one cylinder or more per week, to 15 pounds in those consuming less than one cylinder in six months. The main cost of domiciliary oxygen is determined by the number of cylinder refills, so patients who use it infrequently are a relatively small drain on resources.", "PMID": 647308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3425", "title": "Prevalence of retinopathy in a diabetic clinic.", "content": "In a prospective study lasting 14 months an attempt was made to measure the visual acuity and examine the fundi, after mydriasis, of all patients attending the diabetic clinic of a district general hospital. Of 704 patients, 160 (22.7%) had some evidence of retinopathy, and 52 (7.4%) of these were already attending an ophthalmologist. A further 18 (2.6%) were known to have retinopathy and were being followed up in the diabetic clinic. Ninety (12.8%) new patients with diabetic retinopathy were discovered. Most had minimal changes, but 30 (4.3%) were considered to have changes severe enough to be referred to an ophthalmologist. Twenty-two (2.1%) underwent, or were awaiting, photocoagulation, and half of these had had no visual symptoms when first seen. Although some of these patients were already being treated or observed for retinopathy, it is encouraging that relatively few new patients needing treatment for retinopathy were discovered. If retinopathy could be detected early enough physicians might be able to deal with it and so ease pressure on ophthalmological services.", "contents": "Prevalence of retinopathy in a diabetic clinic. In a prospective study lasting 14 months an attempt was made to measure the visual acuity and examine the fundi, after mydriasis, of all patients attending the diabetic clinic of a district general hospital. Of 704 patients, 160 (22.7%) had some evidence of retinopathy, and 52 (7.4%) of these were already attending an ophthalmologist. A further 18 (2.6%) were known to have retinopathy and were being followed up in the diabetic clinic. Ninety (12.8%) new patients with diabetic retinopathy were discovered. Most had minimal changes, but 30 (4.3%) were considered to have changes severe enough to be referred to an ophthalmologist. Twenty-two (2.1%) underwent, or were awaiting, photocoagulation, and half of these had had no visual symptoms when first seen. Although some of these patients were already being treated or observed for retinopathy, it is encouraging that relatively few new patients needing treatment for retinopathy were discovered. If retinopathy could be detected early enough physicians might be able to deal with it and so ease pressure on ophthalmological services.", "PMID": 647328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3426", "title": "Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations and antidiuretic action of carbamazepine.", "content": "Twelve subjects given therapeutic doses of carbamazepine showed no change in their plasma electrolyte concentrations. Ten of the 12 had abnormal water metabolism, however, their ability to excrete water loads being decreased. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations fell while the subjects were taking the drug, indicating that the mechanism is unlikely to be increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. We suggest that the water-retaining property of carbamazepine is a physiological effect of the drug, mediated by increased renal sensitivity to normal plasma concentrations of AVP and resetting of osmoreceptors.", "contents": "Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations and antidiuretic action of carbamazepine. Twelve subjects given therapeutic doses of carbamazepine showed no change in their plasma electrolyte concentrations. Ten of the 12 had abnormal water metabolism, however, their ability to excrete water loads being decreased. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations fell while the subjects were taking the drug, indicating that the mechanism is unlikely to be increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. We suggest that the water-retaining property of carbamazepine is a physiological effect of the drug, mediated by increased renal sensitivity to normal plasma concentrations of AVP and resetting of osmoreceptors.", "PMID": 647329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3427", "title": "Haemophilia A home therapy in the United Kingdom 1975-6.", "content": "Data on home treatment for patients with haemophilia A (factor VIII deficient haemophilia) were compiled for 1975 and 1976 from questionnaires answered by directors of haemophilia centres throughout the United Kingdom. There were 48 haemophilia centres in 1975 and 71 in 1976. The number of patients on or in training for home treatment increased from 267 to 488 in the two years, and a further 241 haemophiliacs were considered suitable for home therapy by the end of 1976. Apart from a small (but increasing) number of haemophiliacs on prophylactic treatment, most patients were on low-dose (250-500 units) on-demand regimens, using a mean of 20 000 factor VIII units per patient per year in 1976. An estimated 55% of the blood product used for home therapy in the UK in 1976 was imported from commercial sources. Despite the fact that the numbers of patients on home treatment have increased, so that about 60% of the potential population were receiving or being considered for home treatment in 1976, inadequacies in the service still remain. In some centres follow-up is clearly inadequate; about 15% of patients still rely on cryoprecipitate; and too little money has been invested in making the NHS self-sufficient in factor VIII production.", "contents": "Haemophilia A home therapy in the United Kingdom 1975-6. Data on home treatment for patients with haemophilia A (factor VIII deficient haemophilia) were compiled for 1975 and 1976 from questionnaires answered by directors of haemophilia centres throughout the United Kingdom. There were 48 haemophilia centres in 1975 and 71 in 1976. The number of patients on or in training for home treatment increased from 267 to 488 in the two years, and a further 241 haemophiliacs were considered suitable for home therapy by the end of 1976. Apart from a small (but increasing) number of haemophiliacs on prophylactic treatment, most patients were on low-dose (250-500 units) on-demand regimens, using a mean of 20 000 factor VIII units per patient per year in 1976. An estimated 55% of the blood product used for home therapy in the UK in 1976 was imported from commercial sources. Despite the fact that the numbers of patients on home treatment have increased, so that about 60% of the potential population were receiving or being considered for home treatment in 1976, inadequacies in the service still remain. In some centres follow-up is clearly inadequate; about 15% of patients still rely on cryoprecipitate; and too little money has been invested in making the NHS self-sufficient in factor VIII production.", "PMID": 647330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3428", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Sixteen patients with severe pre-eclampsia had more IgG-containing and C1q-binding circulating soluble immune complexes than did 16 matched women with normal pregnancies. The clinical features of preeclampsia may be explained by damage due to such complexes, although raised complex levels were also present in a few women with normal pregnancies. As immune complexes are so heterogenous in terms of the type of antigen, class and subclass of immunoglobulin, size, and complement-binding capacity, further investigations are needed to determine their role in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in pre-eclampsia. Sixteen patients with severe pre-eclampsia had more IgG-containing and C1q-binding circulating soluble immune complexes than did 16 matched women with normal pregnancies. The clinical features of preeclampsia may be explained by damage due to such complexes, although raised complex levels were also present in a few women with normal pregnancies. As immune complexes are so heterogenous in terms of the type of antigen, class and subclass of immunoglobulin, size, and complement-binding capacity, further investigations are needed to determine their role in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "PMID": 647331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3429", "title": "Comparison of the tine and Mantoux tuberculin tests. Report of the Tuberculin Subcommittee of the Researched Committee of the British Thoracic Association.", "content": "Intracutaneous (Mantoux 5 TU) and tine tuberculin tests were performed on the opposite arms of 307 people. The results of each test were read by two independent observers at either 48 or 72 hours. Positive readings were recorded in 59% of the Mantoux tests; induration was 10 mm or more in 34.7% of cases. Positive readings were recorded for 3.9% of the tine tests, and a further 15.5% were recorded in the doubtful category. The tine test is unsuitable for epidemiological use because of the high proportion of negative and doubtful results in people positive on the Mantoux test. For the same reasons its usefulness in clinical practice is very limited.", "contents": "Comparison of the tine and Mantoux tuberculin tests. Report of the Tuberculin Subcommittee of the Researched Committee of the British Thoracic Association. Intracutaneous (Mantoux 5 TU) and tine tuberculin tests were performed on the opposite arms of 307 people. The results of each test were read by two independent observers at either 48 or 72 hours. Positive readings were recorded in 59% of the Mantoux tests; induration was 10 mm or more in 34.7% of cases. Positive readings were recorded for 3.9% of the tine tests, and a further 15.5% were recorded in the doubtful category. The tine test is unsuitable for epidemiological use because of the high proportion of negative and doubtful results in people positive on the Mantoux test. For the same reasons its usefulness in clinical practice is very limited.", "PMID": 647332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3430", "title": "Evidence for intestinal origin of transcobalamin II during vitamin B12 absorption.", "content": "The plasma binding of newly absorbed, radioactively labelled vitamin B12 was studied during a urinary excretion (Schilling) test. Vitamin B12, after being absorbed from the gut, enters blood attached to transcobalamin II, which seems to be derived from the ileal enterocyte. The absorbed B12 re-enters the blood stream after the transcobalamin II-B12 complex is cleared by the liver and it is then excreted into the urine during the Schilling test.", "contents": "Evidence for intestinal origin of transcobalamin II during vitamin B12 absorption. The plasma binding of newly absorbed, radioactively labelled vitamin B12 was studied during a urinary excretion (Schilling) test. Vitamin B12, after being absorbed from the gut, enters blood attached to transcobalamin II, which seems to be derived from the ileal enterocyte. The absorbed B12 re-enters the blood stream after the transcobalamin II-B12 complex is cleared by the liver and it is then excreted into the urine during the Schilling test.", "PMID": 647333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3431", "title": "Cost of carrying out clinical diagnostic tests.", "content": "The total cost of performing diagnostic tests in a hospital laboratory during one year was assessed. The largest single item of expenditure was the cost of the salaries of the technical staff, while the cost of reagents (including radiopharmaceuticals) was relatively small. The total costs of carrying out diagnostic tests are much higher than is often recognised by those who request them. The use of relatively expensive, commercially available assay kits saves time and gives good value for money. It may be worth taking this into account when planning hospital budgets.", "contents": "Cost of carrying out clinical diagnostic tests. The total cost of performing diagnostic tests in a hospital laboratory during one year was assessed. The largest single item of expenditure was the cost of the salaries of the technical staff, while the cost of reagents (including radiopharmaceuticals) was relatively small. The total costs of carrying out diagnostic tests are much higher than is often recognised by those who request them. The use of relatively expensive, commercially available assay kits saves time and gives good value for money. It may be worth taking this into account when planning hospital budgets.", "PMID": 647338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3432", "title": "Synapse development within the spinal trigeminal nucleus.", "content": "Pars interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of kittens has been studied with the electron microscope at birth and at several subsequent ages during the first month of life. Attention has been given to ultrastructural maturational changes that occur in this neuropil, especially events in synaptogenesis. The results of this investigation include the following observations: (1) the neuropil, even at the earliest ages studied (three-hour-old kittens), is strikingly mature, necessitating a quantitative assessment in order to determine subtle developmental changes in synaptic patterns; (2) the number of axoaxonic contacts at birth are few, and their emergence is essentially a postnatal phenomenon; (3) it appears that the immature Gray type II or symmetrical synapse possesses distinct cleft material and dense, parallel membrane specializations. Synaptic vesicle accumulation at this contact appears to occur after the membrane specializations have formed. A previous study by Kerr26 has shown a reduced potential for primary afferent reorganization with the spinal trigeminal nucleus when kittens are subjected to trigeminal rhizotomy after three days of age. Our observations on the development of axoaxonic synaptic arrangements in the neonatal period may provide an explanation for these earlier results.", "contents": "Synapse development within the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Pars interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of kittens has been studied with the electron microscope at birth and at several subsequent ages during the first month of life. Attention has been given to ultrastructural maturational changes that occur in this neuropil, especially events in synaptogenesis. The results of this investigation include the following observations: (1) the neuropil, even at the earliest ages studied (three-hour-old kittens), is strikingly mature, necessitating a quantitative assessment in order to determine subtle developmental changes in synaptic patterns; (2) the number of axoaxonic contacts at birth are few, and their emergence is essentially a postnatal phenomenon; (3) it appears that the immature Gray type II or symmetrical synapse possesses distinct cleft material and dense, parallel membrane specializations. Synaptic vesicle accumulation at this contact appears to occur after the membrane specializations have formed. A previous study by Kerr26 has shown a reduced potential for primary afferent reorganization with the spinal trigeminal nucleus when kittens are subjected to trigeminal rhizotomy after three days of age. Our observations on the development of axoaxonic synaptic arrangements in the neonatal period may provide an explanation for these earlier results.", "PMID": 647370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3433", "title": "Properties of cells projecting rostrally from the superficial layers of the cats superior colliculus.", "content": "Cells projecting rostrally from the cat's superior colliculus were identified by antidromic activation from the posterior thalamus. These cells occurred principally in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, although some were also encountered in deeper laminae. The rostrally projecting neurons of the superficial laminae formed a heterogeneous group with respect to axonal conduction velocity, receptive field dimensions and special response properties, such as directional and velocity sensitivity. No correlation was detected between receptive field size and estimated axonal conduction velocity in these units. Cells with the smallest receptive fields, were rarely excited antidromically from the thalamus.", "contents": "Properties of cells projecting rostrally from the superficial layers of the cats superior colliculus. Cells projecting rostrally from the cat's superior colliculus were identified by antidromic activation from the posterior thalamus. These cells occurred principally in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, although some were also encountered in deeper laminae. The rostrally projecting neurons of the superficial laminae formed a heterogeneous group with respect to axonal conduction velocity, receptive field dimensions and special response properties, such as directional and velocity sensitivity. No correlation was detected between receptive field size and estimated axonal conduction velocity in these units. Cells with the smallest receptive fields, were rarely excited antidromically from the thalamus.", "PMID": 647371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3434", "title": "Properties of X- and Y-type retinal ganglion cells in Siamese cats.", "content": "There is ample evidence that the visual system of the Siamese cat is different from common cats. These abnormalities suggest possible retinal origins, although no documentation exists. In the present study, single unit recordings were made from 91 misrouted and 209 normally-routed optic tract fibers in Siamese cats. Electrophysiological responses of the misrouted fibers did not differ from those found in the normally-routed fibers of the Siamese cat with the exception of depressed responses to contrast reversal stimuli. X/Y classification of units and experiments on receptive field center sizes, intensity-response functions, and responses to flicker failed to demonstrate significant differences between the misrouted and normally-routed fibers in Siamese cats. These results were not affected by different degrees of interocular misalignment exhibited by the Siamese cat studied. Response properties of retinal ganglion cells in Siamese cats, however, were found to be quite abnormal when compared with common cats. Only 14% (42/300) of all units studied were Y-cells in Siamese cats in comparison to 35% (60/170) in common cats. The percentage of Y-units also was correlated with the severity of interocular misalignment in Siamese cats, i.e. the greater the misalignment of the eyes, the lower the percentage of Y-cells. Experiments on response to contrast reversal stimuli, intensity-response functions and responses to flicker revealed that the ganglion cells in Siamese cats are not as responsive as those in common cats.", "contents": "Properties of X- and Y-type retinal ganglion cells in Siamese cats. There is ample evidence that the visual system of the Siamese cat is different from common cats. These abnormalities suggest possible retinal origins, although no documentation exists. In the present study, single unit recordings were made from 91 misrouted and 209 normally-routed optic tract fibers in Siamese cats. Electrophysiological responses of the misrouted fibers did not differ from those found in the normally-routed fibers of the Siamese cat with the exception of depressed responses to contrast reversal stimuli. X/Y classification of units and experiments on receptive field center sizes, intensity-response functions, and responses to flicker failed to demonstrate significant differences between the misrouted and normally-routed fibers in Siamese cats. These results were not affected by different degrees of interocular misalignment exhibited by the Siamese cat studied. Response properties of retinal ganglion cells in Siamese cats, however, were found to be quite abnormal when compared with common cats. Only 14% (42/300) of all units studied were Y-cells in Siamese cats in comparison to 35% (60/170) in common cats. The percentage of Y-units also was correlated with the severity of interocular misalignment in Siamese cats, i.e. the greater the misalignment of the eyes, the lower the percentage of Y-cells. Experiments on response to contrast reversal stimuli, intensity-response functions and responses to flicker revealed that the ganglion cells in Siamese cats are not as responsive as those in common cats.", "PMID": 647372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3435", "title": "The electromicrophysiology of delta waves induced by systemic atropine.", "content": "Delta waves in the EEG can be induced by the intravenous administration of atropine. In cats we have investigated with several computer averaging programs the relationship of extracellular unit discharge to the EEG on the surface and within the cortex. We have also studied the laminar profiles and the vertical current density profiles of these slow waves. Our results indicate that surface-positive delta waves are related to events associated with excitation of cortical neurons, while surface-negative delta waves are related to a decreased probability of unit firing suggesting the possibility of inhibition. Laminar analysis of atropine-induced slow waves indicated that these were probably generated by pyramidal cells in a similar way to delta waves induced by brain lesions. These results suggest that a disturbance in cholinergic input to the cortex might be responsible for delta waves in the EEG.", "contents": "The electromicrophysiology of delta waves induced by systemic atropine. Delta waves in the EEG can be induced by the intravenous administration of atropine. In cats we have investigated with several computer averaging programs the relationship of extracellular unit discharge to the EEG on the surface and within the cortex. We have also studied the laminar profiles and the vertical current density profiles of these slow waves. Our results indicate that surface-positive delta waves are related to events associated with excitation of cortical neurons, while surface-negative delta waves are related to a decreased probability of unit firing suggesting the possibility of inhibition. Laminar analysis of atropine-induced slow waves indicated that these were probably generated by pyramidal cells in a similar way to delta waves induced by brain lesions. These results suggest that a disturbance in cholinergic input to the cortex might be responsible for delta waves in the EEG.", "PMID": 647373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3436", "title": "Quantitative effects of methylzoxymethanol acetate on Purkinje cell dendritic growth.", "content": "A quantitative analysis was made of alterations in the dendritic organisation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rat following the administration of the degranulating agent, methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). This drug depleted the granule cell population of the cerebellar cortex and disturbed Purkinje cell alignment such that a number of Purkinje cells became inverted and grew in the white matter. The quantitative changes that occurred in the dendritic trees of these cells (increase in segment length, decrease in segment numbers, trichotomy and branching probability) were similar to those seen following other degranulation procedures. The size of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree was found to be related to the number of parallel fibres present in the molecular layer. These results were discussed in relation to current theories of neuronal development and were shown to lend further support to the filopodial attachment hypothesis of dendritic growth.", "contents": "Quantitative effects of methylzoxymethanol acetate on Purkinje cell dendritic growth. A quantitative analysis was made of alterations in the dendritic organisation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rat following the administration of the degranulating agent, methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). This drug depleted the granule cell population of the cerebellar cortex and disturbed Purkinje cell alignment such that a number of Purkinje cells became inverted and grew in the white matter. The quantitative changes that occurred in the dendritic trees of these cells (increase in segment length, decrease in segment numbers, trichotomy and branching probability) were similar to those seen following other degranulation procedures. The size of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree was found to be related to the number of parallel fibres present in the molecular layer. These results were discussed in relation to current theories of neuronal development and were shown to lend further support to the filopodial attachment hypothesis of dendritic growth.", "PMID": 647374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3437", "title": "Drug-induced differentiation of a rat glioma in vitro: II. the expression of S-100, a glial specific protein and steroid sulfatase.", "content": "Amethopterin and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) were used to induce morphological changes in cloned rat glioma (C6). The expression of S-100 protein, an acidic protein localized in glial cells, and steroid sulfatase, an ubiquitously distributed enzyme found in high concentration in glial cells, were followed during cell growth, from subculture to well into the stationary phase of control and drug-treated cultures. Amethopterin and BUdR differed in their effects on glioma morphology and in the expression of the biochemical parameters. Amethopterin coordinately stimualted both the production of S-100 protein and steroid sulfatase activity when cell division was inhibited during early logarithmic growth phase. BUdR stimulated steroid sulfatase activity but repressed production of S-100 protein. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of regulation of the differentiated state of tumor cells.", "contents": "Drug-induced differentiation of a rat glioma in vitro: II. the expression of S-100, a glial specific protein and steroid sulfatase. Amethopterin and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) were used to induce morphological changes in cloned rat glioma (C6). The expression of S-100 protein, an acidic protein localized in glial cells, and steroid sulfatase, an ubiquitously distributed enzyme found in high concentration in glial cells, were followed during cell growth, from subculture to well into the stationary phase of control and drug-treated cultures. Amethopterin and BUdR differed in their effects on glioma morphology and in the expression of the biochemical parameters. Amethopterin coordinately stimualted both the production of S-100 protein and steroid sulfatase activity when cell division was inhibited during early logarithmic growth phase. BUdR stimulated steroid sulfatase activity but repressed production of S-100 protein. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of regulation of the differentiated state of tumor cells.", "PMID": 647375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3438", "title": "Analgesia from rostral brain stem stimulation in the rat.", "content": "Rats implanted with bipolar stimulating electrodes in the rostral medial brain stem were tested for brain stimulation-produced analgesia using tail-flick, pinch and hot-plate tests. Potent analgesia across all three tests was obtained from stimulation of sites in the gray matter surrounding the aqueduct and the caudal portion of the third ventricle, the posterior hypothalamus, the midline area of the caudal thalamus and the pretectal region of the meso-diencephalic junction. The analgesia obtained from these sites was comparable to that produced by stimulation of the previously studied caudal periaqueductal gray matter: it outlasted the period of brain stimulation, was not due to a generalized motor debilitation of the animal, and was not correlated with changes in electrographic activity. Stimulation of sites in the caudal thalamus and pretectal area yielded analgesia without stimulation-induced aversive reactions, confirming the potential of these sites for use in the relief of clinical pain in man.", "contents": "Analgesia from rostral brain stem stimulation in the rat. Rats implanted with bipolar stimulating electrodes in the rostral medial brain stem were tested for brain stimulation-produced analgesia using tail-flick, pinch and hot-plate tests. Potent analgesia across all three tests was obtained from stimulation of sites in the gray matter surrounding the aqueduct and the caudal portion of the third ventricle, the posterior hypothalamus, the midline area of the caudal thalamus and the pretectal region of the meso-diencephalic junction. The analgesia obtained from these sites was comparable to that produced by stimulation of the previously studied caudal periaqueductal gray matter: it outlasted the period of brain stimulation, was not due to a generalized motor debilitation of the animal, and was not correlated with changes in electrographic activity. Stimulation of sites in the caudal thalamus and pretectal area yielded analgesia without stimulation-induced aversive reactions, confirming the potential of these sites for use in the relief of clinical pain in man.", "PMID": 647376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3439", "title": "Centrally programmed feeding in Helisoma: identification and chracteristics of an electrically coupled premotor neuron network.", "content": "(1) The oscillatory network underlying centrally programmed feeding in the fresh water pulmonate, Helisoma trivolvis, was studied using intracellular recording and staining techniques. These premotor neurons have been termed cyberchron neurons. (2) Intracellular staining with Procoin yellow has allowed the construction of a soma map and tentative identification of axonal projections of the cyberchron neurons. (3) Cyberchron neurons form a tightly electrically coupled network. Coupling coefficients range from 0.15 to 0.5, and electrotonic junctions allow the passage of Procion dye from cell to cell. Electrical synapses act as low pass filters, and allow spatial and temporal summation. (4) Burst generation within the network is the result of network interaction manifest as regeneration positive feedback from neuron to neuron via attenuating electrical synapses. (5) Decreased coupling between cyberchron neurons during and immediately following a burst is observed, and is discussed as a possible mechanism for burst termination.", "contents": "Centrally programmed feeding in Helisoma: identification and chracteristics of an electrically coupled premotor neuron network. (1) The oscillatory network underlying centrally programmed feeding in the fresh water pulmonate, Helisoma trivolvis, was studied using intracellular recording and staining techniques. These premotor neurons have been termed cyberchron neurons. (2) Intracellular staining with Procoin yellow has allowed the construction of a soma map and tentative identification of axonal projections of the cyberchron neurons. (3) Cyberchron neurons form a tightly electrically coupled network. Coupling coefficients range from 0.15 to 0.5, and electrotonic junctions allow the passage of Procion dye from cell to cell. Electrical synapses act as low pass filters, and allow spatial and temporal summation. (4) Burst generation within the network is the result of network interaction manifest as regeneration positive feedback from neuron to neuron via attenuating electrical synapses. (5) Decreased coupling between cyberchron neurons during and immediately following a burst is observed, and is discussed as a possible mechanism for burst termination.", "PMID": 647382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3440", "title": "Self-stimulation at the lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus after specific unilateral lesions of the dopamine system.", "content": "A group of rats was trained to press levers for electrical stimulation from bipolar electrodes aimed at the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and another group was trained to self-stimulate from electrodes in the locus coeruleus (LC). All rats in both groups were subjected to unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra and midbrain ventral tegmentum. The lesions produced profound depletions of dopamine from the ipsilateral frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, and corpus striatum. Pretreatment with desmethylimipramine prevented loss of noradrenaline in excess of that caused by electrode implantation. The destruction of the dopamine projections produced a persistent and pronounced deficit in intracranial self-stimulation from ipsilateral electrodes in both the LH and LC groups, but only transient effects on self-stimulation from contralateral electrodes at these sites. These results suggest that an intact dopamine system is required for the expression of self-stimulation behaviour.", "contents": "Self-stimulation at the lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus after specific unilateral lesions of the dopamine system. A group of rats was trained to press levers for electrical stimulation from bipolar electrodes aimed at the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and another group was trained to self-stimulate from electrodes in the locus coeruleus (LC). All rats in both groups were subjected to unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra and midbrain ventral tegmentum. The lesions produced profound depletions of dopamine from the ipsilateral frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, and corpus striatum. Pretreatment with desmethylimipramine prevented loss of noradrenaline in excess of that caused by electrode implantation. The destruction of the dopamine projections produced a persistent and pronounced deficit in intracranial self-stimulation from ipsilateral electrodes in both the LH and LC groups, but only transient effects on self-stimulation from contralateral electrodes at these sites. These results suggest that an intact dopamine system is required for the expression of self-stimulation behaviour.", "PMID": 647383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3441", "title": "Saturating summation of the afterhyperpolarization conductance in spinal motoneurones: a mechanism for 'secondary range' repetitive firing.", "content": "Summation of the potassium conductance (GK) changes underlying the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) has been studied in cat spinal motoneurones. Cells were directly activated by one to five short current pulses at constant rate, each evoking an action potential. The analysis was restricted to cells displaying an approximately exponential decay of the AHP conductance. In these neurones the AHP conductances given by successive spikes were found to summate in a non-linear manner. This nonlinear summation seemed well described by a neurone model based on modified Hodgkin-Huxley equations. From the model equations the total AHP conductance in motoneurones could be calculated from values of GK measured experimentally at different times during the summation process. Adaptation and steady-state firing in motoneurones are assumed to be governed by summation of AHP conductance. The same model was then utilized for simulating neuronal repetitive firing in response to current steps. Such simulations were performed after substitution of the model parameters with values measured in individual motoneurones which had also been fired repetitively by intracellular injection of long-lasting current steps. The amount of adaptation and the shape and slopes of the steady-state frequency-to-current relation were found to coincide in the model and in the corresponding motoneurones.", "contents": "Saturating summation of the afterhyperpolarization conductance in spinal motoneurones: a mechanism for 'secondary range' repetitive firing. Summation of the potassium conductance (GK) changes underlying the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) has been studied in cat spinal motoneurones. Cells were directly activated by one to five short current pulses at constant rate, each evoking an action potential. The analysis was restricted to cells displaying an approximately exponential decay of the AHP conductance. In these neurones the AHP conductances given by successive spikes were found to summate in a non-linear manner. This nonlinear summation seemed well described by a neurone model based on modified Hodgkin-Huxley equations. From the model equations the total AHP conductance in motoneurones could be calculated from values of GK measured experimentally at different times during the summation process. Adaptation and steady-state firing in motoneurones are assumed to be governed by summation of AHP conductance. The same model was then utilized for simulating neuronal repetitive firing in response to current steps. Such simulations were performed after substitution of the model parameters with values measured in individual motoneurones which had also been fired repetitively by intracellular injection of long-lasting current steps. The amount of adaptation and the shape and slopes of the steady-state frequency-to-current relation were found to coincide in the model and in the corresponding motoneurones.", "PMID": 647388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3442", "title": "Effects of intraventricular injections of norepinephrine on brain-pituitary-ovarian function in the rabbit.", "content": "In estrous estrogen-primed female rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in various subcortical regions of the brain, the intraventricular injection of an ovulation-inducing dose of norepinephrine (NE) stimulated a prolonged episode of high amplitude 40-60 cps electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the olfactory bulb (OB) and its projections. This activity, which started usually between 30 and 60 min after NE injection and was maintained continously for periods up to an hour thereafter, was regularly absent in the same rabbits when they were pseudopregnant and non-ovulatory to NE. Similar OB-EEG activity and ovulation had been observed earlier in response to intraventricular histamine under light pentobarbital anesthesia. The ovulatory response to histamine was eliminated by massive midbrain lesions or removal of the olfactory bulb, but intraventricular NE still induced ovulation after such losses. The ovulatory effectiveness of NE was blocked, however, by low doses of pentobarbital or high doses of atropine, neither of which inhibited the ovulatory response to intraventricular epinephrine. Atropine and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents also prevented the ovulatory response to intraventricular histamine. It is suggested that histamine activates pituitary-ovarian function by stimulating central noradrenergic elements and that NE has more of the physiological-pharmacological characteristics of a natural central nervous activator of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone than has epinephrine.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular injections of norepinephrine on brain-pituitary-ovarian function in the rabbit. In estrous estrogen-primed female rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in various subcortical regions of the brain, the intraventricular injection of an ovulation-inducing dose of norepinephrine (NE) stimulated a prolonged episode of high amplitude 40-60 cps electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the olfactory bulb (OB) and its projections. This activity, which started usually between 30 and 60 min after NE injection and was maintained continously for periods up to an hour thereafter, was regularly absent in the same rabbits when they were pseudopregnant and non-ovulatory to NE. Similar OB-EEG activity and ovulation had been observed earlier in response to intraventricular histamine under light pentobarbital anesthesia. The ovulatory response to histamine was eliminated by massive midbrain lesions or removal of the olfactory bulb, but intraventricular NE still induced ovulation after such losses. The ovulatory effectiveness of NE was blocked, however, by low doses of pentobarbital or high doses of atropine, neither of which inhibited the ovulatory response to intraventricular epinephrine. Atropine and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents also prevented the ovulatory response to intraventricular histamine. It is suggested that histamine activates pituitary-ovarian function by stimulating central noradrenergic elements and that NE has more of the physiological-pharmacological characteristics of a natural central nervous activator of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone than has epinephrine.", "PMID": 647389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3443", "title": "Postnatal development of retinogeniculate, retinopretectal and retinotectal projections in the opossum.", "content": "The postnatal development of retinogeniculate, retinopretectal and retinotectal projections has been studied by the anterograde transport of proline-labeled proteins in 20 pouch young opossums aged from 10 to 60 days. Radioautographical findings suggest delayed development of uncrossed as compared to crossed projections. There is a phase of overlapping projections from both eyes in thalamic and tectal target sites. Partial segregation of projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (GLD) is preceded by differential distribution of crossed and uncrossed terminal fields along its dorsoventral axis (at age 23 days). The quasilaminar pattern of projections in the dorsocaudal region of GLD pars alpha is incipient by 42 days and is fully established at 60 days of age, as eye opening starts. The mature pattern of projections to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (GLV) is established much earlier, at 23 days of age. The development of retinopretectal projections is assessed mostly from the analysis of the olivary pretectal nucleus (PO). Distribution of silver grains into discrete areas coextensive with PO is relatively delayed (by 23 days of age) as compared to the nuclei of the lateral geniculate body. Soon after, however, the mature pattern of projections to PO is established (at 33 days of age). The early development of retinotectal projections (from 10 to 23 days) is compatible with an initial tangential course of crossed optic fibers in the superior colliculus (CS) but other alternatives remain open, such as a sequential outside-in arrangement of terminal fields of deeply coursing fibers. Arborization of uncrossed fibers is delayed at extreme rostromedial and caudolateral portion of the territory of the main uncrossed retinotectal projection. Segregation of uncrossed projections at different depths of CS is nearly complete by 42 days. Differences in the development of terminal fields in different target nuclei or in regions of a given target site are discussed in relation to retinal and local factors.", "contents": "Postnatal development of retinogeniculate, retinopretectal and retinotectal projections in the opossum. The postnatal development of retinogeniculate, retinopretectal and retinotectal projections has been studied by the anterograde transport of proline-labeled proteins in 20 pouch young opossums aged from 10 to 60 days. Radioautographical findings suggest delayed development of uncrossed as compared to crossed projections. There is a phase of overlapping projections from both eyes in thalamic and tectal target sites. Partial segregation of projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (GLD) is preceded by differential distribution of crossed and uncrossed terminal fields along its dorsoventral axis (at age 23 days). The quasilaminar pattern of projections in the dorsocaudal region of GLD pars alpha is incipient by 42 days and is fully established at 60 days of age, as eye opening starts. The mature pattern of projections to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (GLV) is established much earlier, at 23 days of age. The development of retinopretectal projections is assessed mostly from the analysis of the olivary pretectal nucleus (PO). Distribution of silver grains into discrete areas coextensive with PO is relatively delayed (by 23 days of age) as compared to the nuclei of the lateral geniculate body. Soon after, however, the mature pattern of projections to PO is established (at 33 days of age). The early development of retinotectal projections (from 10 to 23 days) is compatible with an initial tangential course of crossed optic fibers in the superior colliculus (CS) but other alternatives remain open, such as a sequential outside-in arrangement of terminal fields of deeply coursing fibers. Arborization of uncrossed fibers is delayed at extreme rostromedial and caudolateral portion of the territory of the main uncrossed retinotectal projection. Segregation of uncrossed projections at different depths of CS is nearly complete by 42 days. Differences in the development of terminal fields in different target nuclei or in regions of a given target site are discussed in relation to retinal and local factors.", "PMID": 647390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3444", "title": "Postnatal hippocampal granule cell agenesis in the rat: effects on two types of rhythmical slow activity (RSA) in two hippocampal generators.", "content": "Hippocampal slow wave activity was studied in rats which were normal or had been subjected to denate gyrus granule cell agenesis by focal X-irradiation starting at birth (0-day group) or two days (2-day group) of age. X-irradiation reduced adult brain weight, abolished most (2-day) or all (0-day) granule cells in the lower (endal) blade of the dentate gyrus, and reduced granule cell density by up to 70% in the upper (ectal) blade of the dentate gyrus. X-irradiation did not affect pyramidal cells of the hippocampus proper. Tracking with microelectrodes in urethane anesthetized rats given eserine, sensory, or brain stimulation showed two foci of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (theta or RSA), one in stratum oriens of CA1 and one in stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus. These were opposite in phase by approximately 180 degrees and separated by a null zone and phase reversal point occurring at stratum radiatum. There were no significant differences in the amplitude, frequency, null, or phase reveral points in the normal or X-irradiated groups. However, the width of the RSA amplitude peak in the ectal blade was reduced, correlated with the reduction in the length of the ectal blade, and the RSA amplitude peak in the lower blade was absent, correlated with the absence of the lower blade. The fast activity recorded in the hilus of normal rats was absent in the X-irradiated groups. RSA recorded during spontaneous movement (walking) had identical amplitude, frequency, anatomical foci, and phase in both the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus in normal and X-irradiated rats. Antimuscarinic, but not antinicotinic, agents abolished anesthesia-related RSA, but not movement-related RSA, in all groups of rats. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the two-generator hypothesis of RSA.", "contents": "Postnatal hippocampal granule cell agenesis in the rat: effects on two types of rhythmical slow activity (RSA) in two hippocampal generators. Hippocampal slow wave activity was studied in rats which were normal or had been subjected to denate gyrus granule cell agenesis by focal X-irradiation starting at birth (0-day group) or two days (2-day group) of age. X-irradiation reduced adult brain weight, abolished most (2-day) or all (0-day) granule cells in the lower (endal) blade of the dentate gyrus, and reduced granule cell density by up to 70% in the upper (ectal) blade of the dentate gyrus. X-irradiation did not affect pyramidal cells of the hippocampus proper. Tracking with microelectrodes in urethane anesthetized rats given eserine, sensory, or brain stimulation showed two foci of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (theta or RSA), one in stratum oriens of CA1 and one in stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus. These were opposite in phase by approximately 180 degrees and separated by a null zone and phase reversal point occurring at stratum radiatum. There were no significant differences in the amplitude, frequency, null, or phase reveral points in the normal or X-irradiated groups. However, the width of the RSA amplitude peak in the ectal blade was reduced, correlated with the reduction in the length of the ectal blade, and the RSA amplitude peak in the lower blade was absent, correlated with the absence of the lower blade. The fast activity recorded in the hilus of normal rats was absent in the X-irradiated groups. RSA recorded during spontaneous movement (walking) had identical amplitude, frequency, anatomical foci, and phase in both the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus in normal and X-irradiated rats. Antimuscarinic, but not antinicotinic, agents abolished anesthesia-related RSA, but not movement-related RSA, in all groups of rats. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the two-generator hypothesis of RSA.", "PMID": 647391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3445", "title": "Dopamine receptors and ergot drugs. Evidence that an ergolene derivative is a differential agonist at subcortical limbic dopamine receptors.", "content": "The actions of a new type of ergolene derivative, MPME ((5R, 8R)-8-(4-p-methoxyphenyl-1-piperazinyl methyl)-6-methylergolene), have been evaluated on central catecholamine (CA) neurons in the rat by means of a combined biochemical, histochemical and behavioural analysis. The evidence suggests that this ergolene derivative is a preferential agonist at subcortical limbic dopamine (DA) receptors and at DA receptors belonging to the neostriatal DA islands. (1) MPME does not change the DA and noradrenaline (NA) levels 4 h after the injection in doses ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg/kg. MPME significantly reduced DA turnover in doses from 0.5 to 5 mg/kg, whereas the NA turnover was increased in the same dose range. (2) Histochemically, using quantitative microfluorometry, DA levels were unchanged, except in the islands of the nucleus caudatus following administration of MPME. The drug selectively reduced DA turnover in the subcortical limbic regions (tuberculum olfactorium and nucleus accumbens) and in the DA terminal islands of the nucleus caudatus in doses of 1-5 mg/kg, whereas the large diffuse DA terminal systems of the nucleus caudatus were unaffected. Using this ergolene derivative the islandic small neostriatal DA system can be excellently demonstrated also in the adult rat. The effects of MPME on DA turnover, are blocked by haloperiodol but not by methergoline (which blocks 5-HT receptors). (3) Studies on uptake of tritiated DA in the nucleus caudatus and tuberculum olfactorium reveal a weak inhibition of DA uptake and retention only in high concentrations (10(-5)-10(-6) M). Such actions therefore can probably not explain the changes in DA turnover observed. (4) Behavioural effects of MPME were evaluated in the rotometer model of Ungerstedt25. This model will reveal actions on supersensitive striatal DA receptors. MPME was found to mimic the action of apomorphine and cause a prolonged rotational behaviour towards the nonoperated side in doses of 0.25-0.5 mg/kg. A marked potentiation of the action of MPME was obtained by means of pretreatment with phosphodiesterase inhibitors suggesting that the effect of MPME might be mediated by cyclic AMP. Studies with the DA receptor blocking agent pimozide indicated a high affinity of MPME for the supersensitive striatal DA receptors, since only very high doses of pimozide (15 mg/kg) were capable of blocking the actions of MPME. (5) Studies on the effect of MPME on DA sensitive adenylate cyclase in the nucleus caudatus and the subcortical limbic system (mainly tuberculum olfactorium and nucleus accumbens) suggested that MPME is a partial DA receptor agonist with different intrinsic activity on the DA receptors of the subcortical limbic system and of the nucleus caudatus, the effects in the subcortical limbic system being considerably larger than in the nucleus caudatus. Thus, the present paper gives evidence that the various DA receptor populations in the brain are sufficiently different to allow their preferential activation by drugs.", "contents": "Dopamine receptors and ergot drugs. Evidence that an ergolene derivative is a differential agonist at subcortical limbic dopamine receptors. The actions of a new type of ergolene derivative, MPME ((5R, 8R)-8-(4-p-methoxyphenyl-1-piperazinyl methyl)-6-methylergolene), have been evaluated on central catecholamine (CA) neurons in the rat by means of a combined biochemical, histochemical and behavioural analysis. The evidence suggests that this ergolene derivative is a preferential agonist at subcortical limbic dopamine (DA) receptors and at DA receptors belonging to the neostriatal DA islands. (1) MPME does not change the DA and noradrenaline (NA) levels 4 h after the injection in doses ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg/kg. MPME significantly reduced DA turnover in doses from 0.5 to 5 mg/kg, whereas the NA turnover was increased in the same dose range. (2) Histochemically, using quantitative microfluorometry, DA levels were unchanged, except in the islands of the nucleus caudatus following administration of MPME. The drug selectively reduced DA turnover in the subcortical limbic regions (tuberculum olfactorium and nucleus accumbens) and in the DA terminal islands of the nucleus caudatus in doses of 1-5 mg/kg, whereas the large diffuse DA terminal systems of the nucleus caudatus were unaffected. Using this ergolene derivative the islandic small neostriatal DA system can be excellently demonstrated also in the adult rat. The effects of MPME on DA turnover, are blocked by haloperiodol but not by methergoline (which blocks 5-HT receptors). (3) Studies on uptake of tritiated DA in the nucleus caudatus and tuberculum olfactorium reveal a weak inhibition of DA uptake and retention only in high concentrations (10(-5)-10(-6) M). Such actions therefore can probably not explain the changes in DA turnover observed. (4) Behavioural effects of MPME were evaluated in the rotometer model of Ungerstedt25. This model will reveal actions on supersensitive striatal DA receptors. MPME was found to mimic the action of apomorphine and cause a prolonged rotational behaviour towards the nonoperated side in doses of 0.25-0.5 mg/kg. A marked potentiation of the action of MPME was obtained by means of pretreatment with phosphodiesterase inhibitors suggesting that the effect of MPME might be mediated by cyclic AMP. Studies with the DA receptor blocking agent pimozide indicated a high affinity of MPME for the supersensitive striatal DA receptors, since only very high doses of pimozide (15 mg/kg) were capable of blocking the actions of MPME. (5) Studies on the effect of MPME on DA sensitive adenylate cyclase in the nucleus caudatus and the subcortical limbic system (mainly tuberculum olfactorium and nucleus accumbens) suggested that MPME is a partial DA receptor agonist with different intrinsic activity on the DA receptors of the subcortical limbic system and of the nucleus caudatus, the effects in the subcortical limbic system being considerably larger than in the nucleus caudatus. Thus, the present paper gives evidence that the various DA receptor populations in the brain are sufficiently different to allow their preferential activation by drugs.", "PMID": 647392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3446", "title": "Independent masculinization of neuroendocrine systems by intracerebral implants of testosterone or estradiol in the neonatal female rat.", "content": "Small pellets of testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2), but not cholesterol (CH), when implanted into the brain of neonatal female rats on day 2 or day 5 of life, produce masculinization of the adult regulation of gonadotropic hormone (GTH) release, female sexual behavior or masculine sexual behavior, specific to the site and time of implantation and the hormone implanted. Site specificity: There appear to be specific neuronal sites where implantation of T or E2 produces independent masculinization of GTH, female sexual behavior or masculine sexual behavior patterns. Implants of T or E2 placed in the dorsal preoptic area (POA) perinatally increase the amount of masculine sexual behavior displayed by adults. On the other hand, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the only area in which neonatal implants of T or E2 produce GTH acyclicity in adults. Female sexual behavior is affected in opposite directions by hormonal implants in two different areas. Neonatal implants of T or E2 in the POA increase adult behavioral responsiveness to estradiol benzoate (EB) alone, whereas implants in the VMH decrease adult responsiveness to EB plus progesterone therapy. Temporal specificity: The most effective time for augmenting masculine sexual behavior is before day 5, since hormone implants on that day produce marginal effects on male sexual behavior, whereas day 2 implants in POA results in substantial increases in both mount and intromission patterns. GTH release in masculinized equally well by implants of hormones on either day 2 or day 5. Female sexual behavior is affected only by neonatal implants on day 2. Hormone specificity: Estradiol is as effective as T in masculinizing all three neuroendocrine parameters. In any particular neural site in which T implants produce an alteration in the neuroendocrine response, a similar effect is produced by E2 implants in the same site. It is suggested that independent masculinization of GTH, female sexual behavior and masculine sexual behavior patterns is produced by the action of T and/or E2 on separate neural areas, and that these neural areas may be susceptible to the action of hormones at different times.", "contents": "Independent masculinization of neuroendocrine systems by intracerebral implants of testosterone or estradiol in the neonatal female rat. Small pellets of testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2), but not cholesterol (CH), when implanted into the brain of neonatal female rats on day 2 or day 5 of life, produce masculinization of the adult regulation of gonadotropic hormone (GTH) release, female sexual behavior or masculine sexual behavior, specific to the site and time of implantation and the hormone implanted. Site specificity: There appear to be specific neuronal sites where implantation of T or E2 produces independent masculinization of GTH, female sexual behavior or masculine sexual behavior patterns. Implants of T or E2 placed in the dorsal preoptic area (POA) perinatally increase the amount of masculine sexual behavior displayed by adults. On the other hand, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the only area in which neonatal implants of T or E2 produce GTH acyclicity in adults. Female sexual behavior is affected in opposite directions by hormonal implants in two different areas. Neonatal implants of T or E2 in the POA increase adult behavioral responsiveness to estradiol benzoate (EB) alone, whereas implants in the VMH decrease adult responsiveness to EB plus progesterone therapy. Temporal specificity: The most effective time for augmenting masculine sexual behavior is before day 5, since hormone implants on that day produce marginal effects on male sexual behavior, whereas day 2 implants in POA results in substantial increases in both mount and intromission patterns. GTH release in masculinized equally well by implants of hormones on either day 2 or day 5. Female sexual behavior is affected only by neonatal implants on day 2. Hormone specificity: Estradiol is as effective as T in masculinizing all three neuroendocrine parameters. In any particular neural site in which T implants produce an alteration in the neuroendocrine response, a similar effect is produced by E2 implants in the same site. It is suggested that independent masculinization of GTH, female sexual behavior and masculine sexual behavior patterns is produced by the action of T and/or E2 on separate neural areas, and that these neural areas may be susceptible to the action of hormones at different times.", "PMID": 647393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3447", "title": "Prosencephalic pathways related to the paleostriatum of the pigeon (Columba livia).", "content": "Afferent connections of the avian paleostriatal complex were traced by means of anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The paleostriatum augmentatum (PA), a cell field comparable to mammalian caudate nucleus and putamen, was found to receive projections from a distinct population of elencephalic neurons in the temporal-parietal-occipital (TPO) and lateral cortical (CDL) areas of the neostriatum. TPO neurons, in turn, were found to receive projections from the contralateral ventral archistriatum (Av) and from neurons in the ipsilateral frontal neostriatum adjacent to the rostral portion of the ectostriatum (e). the paleostriatum primitivum (PP), comparable to globus pallidus, receives projections from the small cells of PA, and from neutrons in the anterior nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (ALa). ALa appears similar to the mammalian subthalamic nucleus on the basis of its afferent and efferent connections. In addition, PA was also found to receive extensive projections from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus of the midbrain, a dopamine-containing cell group. Evidence of projections from the nucleus dorointermedius posterior (DIP), a cell group receiving both cerebellar and paleostriatal afferents, to the rostral telencephalon was also found.", "contents": "Prosencephalic pathways related to the paleostriatum of the pigeon (Columba livia). Afferent connections of the avian paleostriatal complex were traced by means of anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The paleostriatum augmentatum (PA), a cell field comparable to mammalian caudate nucleus and putamen, was found to receive projections from a distinct population of elencephalic neurons in the temporal-parietal-occipital (TPO) and lateral cortical (CDL) areas of the neostriatum. TPO neurons, in turn, were found to receive projections from the contralateral ventral archistriatum (Av) and from neurons in the ipsilateral frontal neostriatum adjacent to the rostral portion of the ectostriatum (e). the paleostriatum primitivum (PP), comparable to globus pallidus, receives projections from the small cells of PA, and from neutrons in the anterior nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (ALa). ALa appears similar to the mammalian subthalamic nucleus on the basis of its afferent and efferent connections. In addition, PA was also found to receive extensive projections from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus of the midbrain, a dopamine-containing cell group. Evidence of projections from the nucleus dorointermedius posterior (DIP), a cell group receiving both cerebellar and paleostriatal afferents, to the rostral telencephalon was also found.", "PMID": 647399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3448", "title": "Identification of the cells of origin of a central pathway which sprouts following lesions in mature rats.", "content": "Following unilateral destruction of the entorhinal cortical region of the adult rat, the denervated granule cells of the dentate gyrus are reinnervated as a result of the proliferation of a pathway from the surviving contralateral entorhinal area. The present study investigates the cells of origin of this lesion-induced pathway. Following HRP injections into the reinnervated dentate gyrus, heavily labeled cells were evident in layers II and III of the contralateral entorhinal area, in marked contrast to the pattern of labeling in normal animals, where labeled cells are restricted almost entirely to layer III. The atypically labeled cells in the operated animals were found predominantly in the dorsal half of the entorhinal area, and were concentrated in the medial most portion of layer II. These atypically labeled cells in layer II of the operated animals were an average of 16% larger than their unlabeled neighbors in the same lamina. This was not related to the loading with HRP, however, since in normal animals, cells in layer II which are labeled with HRP were no different in size than unlabeled cells. The atypically labeled cells in layer II of operated animals could also be identified at the electron microscopic level, and could be distinguished from the cells in layer III which normally project to regio superior of the contralateral hippocampal formation. While labeled cells were evident in layers II and III following injections into the reinnervated dentate gyrus, no labeled cells were found in the presubiculum or parasubiculum. In combination, these results suggest (1) the pathway which reinnervates the dentate gyrus from the contralateral entorhinal area originates predominantly, if not exclusively, from the cells in layer II, (2) these cells in layer II have the same preferential distribution within the entorhinal area as the rare lightly labeled cells which can be found contralateral to an injection in normal animals and (3) cells which participate in the reinnervation are larger than their unlabeled neighbors which presumably do not give rise to fibers which reinnervate the contralateral dentate gyrus. Since the cells in layer II which sprout following lesions can be identified at both the light and elctron microscopic level, a potentially valuable model system is available in which to analyze cellular changes during sprouting.", "contents": "Identification of the cells of origin of a central pathway which sprouts following lesions in mature rats. Following unilateral destruction of the entorhinal cortical region of the adult rat, the denervated granule cells of the dentate gyrus are reinnervated as a result of the proliferation of a pathway from the surviving contralateral entorhinal area. The present study investigates the cells of origin of this lesion-induced pathway. Following HRP injections into the reinnervated dentate gyrus, heavily labeled cells were evident in layers II and III of the contralateral entorhinal area, in marked contrast to the pattern of labeling in normal animals, where labeled cells are restricted almost entirely to layer III. The atypically labeled cells in the operated animals were found predominantly in the dorsal half of the entorhinal area, and were concentrated in the medial most portion of layer II. These atypically labeled cells in layer II of the operated animals were an average of 16% larger than their unlabeled neighbors in the same lamina. This was not related to the loading with HRP, however, since in normal animals, cells in layer II which are labeled with HRP were no different in size than unlabeled cells. The atypically labeled cells in layer II of operated animals could also be identified at the electron microscopic level, and could be distinguished from the cells in layer III which normally project to regio superior of the contralateral hippocampal formation. While labeled cells were evident in layers II and III following injections into the reinnervated dentate gyrus, no labeled cells were found in the presubiculum or parasubiculum. In combination, these results suggest (1) the pathway which reinnervates the dentate gyrus from the contralateral entorhinal area originates predominantly, if not exclusively, from the cells in layer II, (2) these cells in layer II have the same preferential distribution within the entorhinal area as the rare lightly labeled cells which can be found contralateral to an injection in normal animals and (3) cells which participate in the reinnervation are larger than their unlabeled neighbors which presumably do not give rise to fibers which reinnervate the contralateral dentate gyrus. Since the cells in layer II which sprout following lesions can be identified at both the light and elctron microscopic level, a potentially valuable model system is available in which to analyze cellular changes during sprouting.", "PMID": 647400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3449", "title": "Abnormal recrossing retinotectal projections after early lesions in Syrian hamsters: age-related effects.", "content": "If the superficial layers of the right superior colliculus (SC) of a newborn hamster are removed, fibers from the left eye not only terminate in the surviving deeper layers of the right SC, but also cross the tectal midline and terminate in the medial third of the left SC. If the right eye is also removed at birth, the abnormally recrossing fibers from the left eye will spread over the entire surface of the left SC31. In this series of experiments, we ablated the right SC of hamsters at birth, but enucleated the right eye on different days postnatally in order to examine the spreading of the axon terminal pattern as a function of age. When the animals were young adults, the pattern of retinofugal projection of the left eye was traced using the Fink-Heimer technique or with autoradiography. It was found that the projections from the left eye continue to spread over the entire left SC when the right eye was removed up until day 10, though their distribution was more sparse when the eye was removed on days 7-10 than when it was removed on days 0-6. When the removal of the right eye was delayed until day 12, the lateral spreading of recrossing axons was markedly reduced. When the right eye was removed on day 14, the distribution of the projections from the left eye was restricted to the medial third of the left SC, just as if no early eye removal had been performed. It appears that after a critical age is reached, even when terminal space is available the axons and axon terminals will not move, at least not over any appreciable distance.", "contents": "Abnormal recrossing retinotectal projections after early lesions in Syrian hamsters: age-related effects. If the superficial layers of the right superior colliculus (SC) of a newborn hamster are removed, fibers from the left eye not only terminate in the surviving deeper layers of the right SC, but also cross the tectal midline and terminate in the medial third of the left SC. If the right eye is also removed at birth, the abnormally recrossing fibers from the left eye will spread over the entire surface of the left SC31. In this series of experiments, we ablated the right SC of hamsters at birth, but enucleated the right eye on different days postnatally in order to examine the spreading of the axon terminal pattern as a function of age. When the animals were young adults, the pattern of retinofugal projection of the left eye was traced using the Fink-Heimer technique or with autoradiography. It was found that the projections from the left eye continue to spread over the entire left SC when the right eye was removed up until day 10, though their distribution was more sparse when the eye was removed on days 7-10 than when it was removed on days 0-6. When the removal of the right eye was delayed until day 12, the lateral spreading of recrossing axons was markedly reduced. When the right eye was removed on day 14, the distribution of the projections from the left eye was restricted to the medial third of the left SC, just as if no early eye removal had been performed. It appears that after a critical age is reached, even when terminal space is available the axons and axon terminals will not move, at least not over any appreciable distance.", "PMID": 647401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3450", "title": "Replacement of receptor neurones after section of the vomeronasal nerves in the adult mouse.", "content": "Eight days after vomeronasal nerve section or removal of the accessory olfactory bulb, the majority of receptor cells of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium degenerate and disappear, leaving a regular framework consisting of supporting cells and their radial processes. The cell clusters at the boundaries of the epithelial sheet (which have been shown to be actively dividing in the normal, unoperated adult mouse) are also spared. The epithelium is subsequently repopulated by receptor cells appearing first in the basal part of the receptor cell layer and later occupying the full width of the receptor layer. These cells are anatomically fully differentiated receptor cells with normal sensory dendrites. Their axons form conspicuous intraepithelial neuromatous masses. Administration of [3H]thymidine on days 10-20 postoperatively labels some clusters of supporting cells and virtually all of the receptor cells, indicating that the repopulation of the epithelium is due to new formation of receptor cells.", "contents": "Replacement of receptor neurones after section of the vomeronasal nerves in the adult mouse. Eight days after vomeronasal nerve section or removal of the accessory olfactory bulb, the majority of receptor cells of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium degenerate and disappear, leaving a regular framework consisting of supporting cells and their radial processes. The cell clusters at the boundaries of the epithelial sheet (which have been shown to be actively dividing in the normal, unoperated adult mouse) are also spared. The epithelium is subsequently repopulated by receptor cells appearing first in the basal part of the receptor cell layer and later occupying the full width of the receptor layer. These cells are anatomically fully differentiated receptor cells with normal sensory dendrites. Their axons form conspicuous intraepithelial neuromatous masses. Administration of [3H]thymidine on days 10-20 postoperatively labels some clusters of supporting cells and virtually all of the receptor cells, indicating that the repopulation of the epithelium is due to new formation of receptor cells.", "PMID": 647402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3451", "title": "Electrophysiological evidences of mutual modulatory influences on the retinal activity of the crayfish Procambarus bouvieri (O).", "content": "Electroretinographic evoked potentials (ERGs) were recorded in dark adapted crayfish by the application of pulses of light (0.09 Cd/ft2) presented every 2.5 min. Heterolateral illumination (HI) for sixty min (0.06-0.3 Cd/ft2) induced up to 50% decrease in ERG after a latency of 12-25 min. ERG depression was proportional to the intensity of HI and also showed a circadian rhythm. During the alpha phase the ERG recovery started 3-10 min after HI was turned off. In contrast it started only after 10-20 min during the rho phase. The time course of the ERG depression, which was abolished in splitbrain animals, strongly suggests that a mutual modulatory influence, probably of neuroendocrine nature, is present in the crayfish visual system.", "contents": "Electrophysiological evidences of mutual modulatory influences on the retinal activity of the crayfish Procambarus bouvieri (O). Electroretinographic evoked potentials (ERGs) were recorded in dark adapted crayfish by the application of pulses of light (0.09 Cd/ft2) presented every 2.5 min. Heterolateral illumination (HI) for sixty min (0.06-0.3 Cd/ft2) induced up to 50% decrease in ERG after a latency of 12-25 min. ERG depression was proportional to the intensity of HI and also showed a circadian rhythm. During the alpha phase the ERG recovery started 3-10 min after HI was turned off. In contrast it started only after 10-20 min during the rho phase. The time course of the ERG depression, which was abolished in splitbrain animals, strongly suggests that a mutual modulatory influence, probably of neuroendocrine nature, is present in the crayfish visual system.", "PMID": 647410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3452", "title": "Space-time correlations of neuronal firing related to memory storage capacity.", "content": "Most viable theories of memory require some form of synaptic modification dependent on the correlation of pre- and postsynaptic neuronal firing (which we will denote as the Hebb hypothesis). We show here that a possible consequence of this hypothesis is that the storage capacity of a network of highly interconnected neurons is related to the number of synapses and that this implies that the network can be excited into many different time sequence of firing patterns of assemblies of neurons. The important role played by the assembly (as defined by E. R. John) is discussed in detail. A modified Hebb hypothesis is proposed. The crucial experiments to test the model involve the use of two (or more) extracellular microelectrodes to record, simultaneously, the firing activity of several neurons and thus determine the spatial and temporal cross correlations after presenting a mature animal with a variety of stimuli.", "contents": "Space-time correlations of neuronal firing related to memory storage capacity. Most viable theories of memory require some form of synaptic modification dependent on the correlation of pre- and postsynaptic neuronal firing (which we will denote as the Hebb hypothesis). We show here that a possible consequence of this hypothesis is that the storage capacity of a network of highly interconnected neurons is related to the number of synapses and that this implies that the network can be excited into many different time sequence of firing patterns of assemblies of neurons. The important role played by the assembly (as defined by E. R. John) is discussed in detail. A modified Hebb hypothesis is proposed. The crucial experiments to test the model involve the use of two (or more) extracellular microelectrodes to record, simultaneously, the firing activity of several neurons and thus determine the spatial and temporal cross correlations after presenting a mature animal with a variety of stimuli.", "PMID": 647411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3453", "title": "Effect of visceral afferent activation on leg extension induced by sciatic afferent stimulation.", "content": "In cats under light chloralose and sodium pentobarbital anesthesia the effects of electrical stimulation of various visceral afferent nerves on leg extension induced by sciatic afferent stimulation were studied. Stimulation of the central end of the cervical vagus and stellate ganglion produced inhibition of induced leg extension while stimulation of the distal end of the thoracic vagus, coeliac ganglion, and splanchnic nerves produced facilitation. Decortication slightly reduced the inhibitory effect and greatly reduced the facilitatory effect. Additional decerebration greatly reduced the inhibitory effect and almost abolished the facilitatory effect. Spinal transection at C1 completely abolished the inhibitory and facilitatory effects on induced leg extension. These results suggest that visceral afferents facilitate sciatic induced leg extension principally through the cortex while they inhibit extension through the midbrain and hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of visceral afferent activation on leg extension induced by sciatic afferent stimulation. In cats under light chloralose and sodium pentobarbital anesthesia the effects of electrical stimulation of various visceral afferent nerves on leg extension induced by sciatic afferent stimulation were studied. Stimulation of the central end of the cervical vagus and stellate ganglion produced inhibition of induced leg extension while stimulation of the distal end of the thoracic vagus, coeliac ganglion, and splanchnic nerves produced facilitation. Decortication slightly reduced the inhibitory effect and greatly reduced the facilitatory effect. Additional decerebration greatly reduced the inhibitory effect and almost abolished the facilitatory effect. Spinal transection at C1 completely abolished the inhibitory and facilitatory effects on induced leg extension. These results suggest that visceral afferents facilitate sciatic induced leg extension principally through the cortex while they inhibit extension through the midbrain and hypothalamus.", "PMID": 647412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3454", "title": "Elevations in nociceptive thresholds following locus coeruleus lesions.", "content": "Serotonin depletion or lesions of the midbrain dorsal raphe nuclei attenuate both morphine-produced and stimulation-produced analgesia. In contrast, norepinephrine depletion enhances both types of analgesia. To extend these findings, the effects of destruction of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) upon nociceptive flinch-jump thresholds were investigated. after four preoperative baseline sessions, lesions were placed in the LC bilaterally and nociceptive thresholds were determined for up to five weeks postoperatively. The lesions were localized by monoamine histofluorescence procedures together with conventional histological staining techniques. In 9 of 13 animals, the LC or its ascending dorsal noradrenergic bundle sustained either bilateral or unilateral damage, evidenced by green fluorescent back-up caudal to the lesions. Eight of these animals demonstrated significantly increased jump thresholds. In the remaining four animals, both lesions spared the LC and nociceptive thresholds were either unchanged or significantly decreased. In three of the four, raphe damage was noted, evidenced by yellow fluorescent back-up. The results suggest apparently contrasting roles of norepinephrine and serotonin in nociception.", "contents": "Elevations in nociceptive thresholds following locus coeruleus lesions. Serotonin depletion or lesions of the midbrain dorsal raphe nuclei attenuate both morphine-produced and stimulation-produced analgesia. In contrast, norepinephrine depletion enhances both types of analgesia. To extend these findings, the effects of destruction of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) upon nociceptive flinch-jump thresholds were investigated. after four preoperative baseline sessions, lesions were placed in the LC bilaterally and nociceptive thresholds were determined for up to five weeks postoperatively. The lesions were localized by monoamine histofluorescence procedures together with conventional histological staining techniques. In 9 of 13 animals, the LC or its ascending dorsal noradrenergic bundle sustained either bilateral or unilateral damage, evidenced by green fluorescent back-up caudal to the lesions. Eight of these animals demonstrated significantly increased jump thresholds. In the remaining four animals, both lesions spared the LC and nociceptive thresholds were either unchanged or significantly decreased. In three of the four, raphe damage was noted, evidenced by yellow fluorescent back-up. The results suggest apparently contrasting roles of norepinephrine and serotonin in nociception.", "PMID": 647413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3455", "title": "The influence of the conventional microflora on the body temperature of the chick.", "content": "1. Deep body temperature was measured daily in germ-free and conventional chicks from 1 to 16 of age. 2. The temperature of germ-free chicks rose rapidly during the first 4 d and thereafter only slowly, whereas that of conventional birds increased gradually throughout. 3. Body temperature attained by the germ-free birds was about 0.3 degrees C higher than that of conventional birds.", "contents": "The influence of the conventional microflora on the body temperature of the chick. 1. Deep body temperature was measured daily in germ-free and conventional chicks from 1 to 16 of age. 2. The temperature of germ-free chicks rose rapidly during the first 4 d and thereafter only slowly, whereas that of conventional birds increased gradually throughout. 3. Body temperature attained by the germ-free birds was about 0.3 degrees C higher than that of conventional birds.", "PMID": 647419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3456", "title": "Maternal effects on embryonic and postembryonic growth in poultry.", "content": "1. It was found that the environment determined by the hen, namely protein, fat and moisture, had no effect on the growth of the embryo during the first 14 d of development. 2. The amount of protein available influenced growth during the last week of incubation but the amount of fat and water had no effect. 3. The regression of embryo on egg weight for the pooled data of large (mean 62 g) and small (53 g) eggs was 0.85 +/- 0.06 at day 20. 4. Embryos from large eggs were significantly heavier than those from small eggs on day 20: this difference persisted to the end of the experiment at 56 d of age when it had increased to 100 g. 5. A 1-g difference in egg weight was reflected in about a 10-g difference in chick weight at 56 d of age.", "contents": "Maternal effects on embryonic and postembryonic growth in poultry. 1. It was found that the environment determined by the hen, namely protein, fat and moisture, had no effect on the growth of the embryo during the first 14 d of development. 2. The amount of protein available influenced growth during the last week of incubation but the amount of fat and water had no effect. 3. The regression of embryo on egg weight for the pooled data of large (mean 62 g) and small (53 g) eggs was 0.85 +/- 0.06 at day 20. 4. Embryos from large eggs were significantly heavier than those from small eggs on day 20: this difference persisted to the end of the experiment at 56 d of age when it had increased to 100 g. 5. A 1-g difference in egg weight was reflected in about a 10-g difference in chick weight at 56 d of age.", "PMID": 647420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3457", "title": "Taste responsivity of amygdaloid units in behaving rabbit: a methodological report.", "content": "A technique is described for studying unit electrophysiology of taste in the behaving animal. Preliminary observations on response patterns by amygdaloid units to four putative basic types of taste qualities (represented by sucrose, saline, acid, and quinine), which also vary in motivational properties, revealed evidence of units with exclusive or highly differential response to either sucrose or saline in food-deprived animals. Small quantities (0.3 ml) of these palatable tastants injected intra-orally evoked neural responses lasting 5-8 sec that did not relate directly to the characteristics of the oro-lingual reaction as detected electromyographically; such sensorimotor relations were found in units sampled in the globus pallidus. Some amygdaloid units displayed differential excitatory and inhibitory modes of response to different tastants. Other cells exhibited more phasic patterns of response lasting 1-2 sec to 2 or more tastants, including unpalatable acid and quinine. The results underscore the sensitivity of the technique to stimulus parameters of taste-processing, which is basic to the study of all neurobehavioral functions of taste stimuli.", "contents": "Taste responsivity of amygdaloid units in behaving rabbit: a methodological report. A technique is described for studying unit electrophysiology of taste in the behaving animal. Preliminary observations on response patterns by amygdaloid units to four putative basic types of taste qualities (represented by sucrose, saline, acid, and quinine), which also vary in motivational properties, revealed evidence of units with exclusive or highly differential response to either sucrose or saline in food-deprived animals. Small quantities (0.3 ml) of these palatable tastants injected intra-orally evoked neural responses lasting 5-8 sec that did not relate directly to the characteristics of the oro-lingual reaction as detected electromyographically; such sensorimotor relations were found in units sampled in the globus pallidus. Some amygdaloid units displayed differential excitatory and inhibitory modes of response to different tastants. Other cells exhibited more phasic patterns of response lasting 1-2 sec to 2 or more tastants, including unpalatable acid and quinine. The results underscore the sensitivity of the technique to stimulus parameters of taste-processing, which is basic to the study of all neurobehavioral functions of taste stimuli.", "PMID": 647414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3458", "title": "Endogenous uric acid and urea metabolism in the chicken.", "content": "1. Four chickens were used in nine successive experiments using a single injection radioisotope dilution technique to study the kinetics of endogenous uric acid and urea metabolism. 2. Starvation lowered uric acid and urea entry rates, but elevated the extent of degradation of these compounds. 3. Urea turnover time and the extent of urea pool degradation were higher, and urea excretion rate was lower than that of uric acid. 4. In colostomised chickens, the extent of uric acid and urea degradation were lower than in non-colostomised birds. 5. The average uric acid and urea entry rates in chickens fed on a diet containing 200 g protein/kg were 7.32 and 2.6 mumol/h g liver, respectively. 6. It is concluded that the contribution of uric acid and urea to the nitrogen economy of the birds is negligible.", "contents": "Endogenous uric acid and urea metabolism in the chicken. 1. Four chickens were used in nine successive experiments using a single injection radioisotope dilution technique to study the kinetics of endogenous uric acid and urea metabolism. 2. Starvation lowered uric acid and urea entry rates, but elevated the extent of degradation of these compounds. 3. Urea turnover time and the extent of urea pool degradation were higher, and urea excretion rate was lower than that of uric acid. 4. In colostomised chickens, the extent of uric acid and urea degradation were lower than in non-colostomised birds. 5. The average uric acid and urea entry rates in chickens fed on a diet containing 200 g protein/kg were 7.32 and 2.6 mumol/h g liver, respectively. 6. It is concluded that the contribution of uric acid and urea to the nitrogen economy of the birds is negligible.", "PMID": 647421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3459", "title": "Mesencephalic multiple-unit activity during acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilation.", "content": "Multiple-unit recordings were obtained from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the superior colliculus of the cat during acquisition of classically conditioned pupillary dilation. Multiple-unit responses in all regions were enhanced by conditioning procedures. However, only the acquisition functions for the accessory oculomotor nuclei, i.e., interstitial nucleus of Cajal and nucleus of Darkschewitsch, were significantly correlated with the acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilation. These results were discussed in relation to the mechanism of autonomic control of conditioned pupillary dilation. It was concluded that inhibition of parasympathetic pupillomotor efferents via the accessory oculomotor nuclei may play a role in the acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilation.", "contents": "Mesencephalic multiple-unit activity during acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilation. Multiple-unit recordings were obtained from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the superior colliculus of the cat during acquisition of classically conditioned pupillary dilation. Multiple-unit responses in all regions were enhanced by conditioning procedures. However, only the acquisition functions for the accessory oculomotor nuclei, i.e., interstitial nucleus of Cajal and nucleus of Darkschewitsch, were significantly correlated with the acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilation. These results were discussed in relation to the mechanism of autonomic control of conditioned pupillary dilation. It was concluded that inhibition of parasympathetic pupillomotor efferents via the accessory oculomotor nuclei may play a role in the acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilation.", "PMID": 647415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3460", "title": "Construction of wire leads and electrodes for use in slow wave recording in small animals.", "content": "Techniques are described for the construction of wire electrodes and leads for use in recording slow wave activity in chronic animal preparations. Advantages of the technique include durability, lightness and absence of significant interference with animal movement.", "contents": "Construction of wire leads and electrodes for use in slow wave recording in small animals. Techniques are described for the construction of wire electrodes and leads for use in recording slow wave activity in chronic animal preparations. Advantages of the technique include durability, lightness and absence of significant interference with animal movement.", "PMID": 647416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3461", "title": "Effect of restraint upon hypothalamic and adrenal catecholamines in Japanese quail.", "content": "1. Changes in catecholamine concentration after periods of restraint up to 48 h in male Japanese quail have been measured. 2. Hypothalamic catecholamines decreased after 10 min restraint. Dopamine concentration increased after 4 h and persisted to 48 h. 3. Plasma catecholamines increased after 10 min, remained high for 2 h and then decreased despite continuing restraint. Catecholamine content of adrenals slightly decreased during restraint. 4. The activity of adrenal phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase increased from the 4th hour of restraint.", "contents": "Effect of restraint upon hypothalamic and adrenal catecholamines in Japanese quail. 1. Changes in catecholamine concentration after periods of restraint up to 48 h in male Japanese quail have been measured. 2. Hypothalamic catecholamines decreased after 10 min restraint. Dopamine concentration increased after 4 h and persisted to 48 h. 3. Plasma catecholamines increased after 10 min, remained high for 2 h and then decreased despite continuing restraint. Catecholamine content of adrenals slightly decreased during restraint. 4. The activity of adrenal phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase increased from the 4th hour of restraint.", "PMID": 647422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3462", "title": "Transient heterosynaptic depression in the hippocampal slice.", "content": "Two independent, excitatory, monosynaptic afferent fiber systems projecting onto basal and apical dendritic layers of the CA1 sub-field of the hippocampus were tested for interactive effects. Long-term potentiation of either of the pathways was accompanied by a transient depression in the other pathway. Similar transient depression could be elicited by antidromic stimulation of the CA1 cells. No long-term heterosynaptic effects were observed.", "contents": "Transient heterosynaptic depression in the hippocampal slice. Two independent, excitatory, monosynaptic afferent fiber systems projecting onto basal and apical dendritic layers of the CA1 sub-field of the hippocampus were tested for interactive effects. Long-term potentiation of either of the pathways was accompanied by a transient depression in the other pathway. Similar transient depression could be elicited by antidromic stimulation of the CA1 cells. No long-term heterosynaptic effects were observed.", "PMID": 647417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3463", "title": "Entrainment of oviposition in the fowl using light-dark cycles.", "content": "1. Fourteen experiments were performed to determine the minimum photoperiod and minimum scotoperiod needed for entrainment of oviposition in hens exposed to 21-h, 24-h and 30-h cycles. Entrainment was measured by the proportion of total eggs laid in a modal 8-h segment of each cycle. 2. In a 24-h light and dark cycle, a 15-min photoperiod or a 5-h scotoperiod produced essentially the same degree of entrainment as 6 h light, 18 h darkness (6L : 18D) or 14L : 10D, which were used as control treatments. Under 21-h light and dark cycles a minimum 3-h photoperiod or a minimum 9-h scotoperiod was needed to achieve full phase setting. When the cycle length was increased to 30 h a minimum 8-h photoperiod or a minimum 12-h scotoperiod was required for full entrainment. 3. This study demonstrates that photoperiod is a stronger signal than scotoperiod for the purpose of phase setting oviposition. It also shows that a stronger signal is required to achieve entrainment when the length of the light-dark cycle is several hours shorter or longer than the natural period of 24 h.", "contents": "Entrainment of oviposition in the fowl using light-dark cycles. 1. Fourteen experiments were performed to determine the minimum photoperiod and minimum scotoperiod needed for entrainment of oviposition in hens exposed to 21-h, 24-h and 30-h cycles. Entrainment was measured by the proportion of total eggs laid in a modal 8-h segment of each cycle. 2. In a 24-h light and dark cycle, a 15-min photoperiod or a 5-h scotoperiod produced essentially the same degree of entrainment as 6 h light, 18 h darkness (6L : 18D) or 14L : 10D, which were used as control treatments. Under 21-h light and dark cycles a minimum 3-h photoperiod or a minimum 9-h scotoperiod was needed to achieve full phase setting. When the cycle length was increased to 30 h a minimum 8-h photoperiod or a minimum 12-h scotoperiod was required for full entrainment. 3. This study demonstrates that photoperiod is a stronger signal than scotoperiod for the purpose of phase setting oviposition. It also shows that a stronger signal is required to achieve entrainment when the length of the light-dark cycle is several hours shorter or longer than the natural period of 24 h.", "PMID": 647423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3464", "title": "Entrainment of oviposition in the fowl using bright and dim light cycles.", "content": "1. Nine short trial, involving 96 different treatments, were used to investigate the critical intensities and duration of bright and dim periods of lighting needed to entrain oviposition in cycles ranging from 21 to 30 h. 2. Entrainment was shown to depend upon the contrast between bright and dim lighting, and to be independent of the absolute light intensity. 3. A bright: dim ratio of 13:1 fully entrained oviposition in cycles of 25 h and 27 h. For 23-h and 28-h cycles a 30:1 ratio was required. Twenty-one-hour cycles required a ratio of 300:1 and with 30-h cycles a ratio of 1000:1 was needed to achieve full entrainment of oviposition. 4. In 24-h cycles, 1 h of bright lighting at 02.00 h was sufficient to override other environmental signals and cause eggs to be laid in the late evening, but a minimum bright period of 6 h was needed to cause full phase setting with 21-h cycles. 5. Circadian periodicity can easily be imposed on hens by providing a short exposure to bright light with a background of continuous dim light; but the signal must be increased (by providing a greater contrast between bright and dim lights and/or a longer period of bright lighting) to entrain oviposition when the cycle deviates markedly from the natural period of 24 h.", "contents": "Entrainment of oviposition in the fowl using bright and dim light cycles. 1. Nine short trial, involving 96 different treatments, were used to investigate the critical intensities and duration of bright and dim periods of lighting needed to entrain oviposition in cycles ranging from 21 to 30 h. 2. Entrainment was shown to depend upon the contrast between bright and dim lighting, and to be independent of the absolute light intensity. 3. A bright: dim ratio of 13:1 fully entrained oviposition in cycles of 25 h and 27 h. For 23-h and 28-h cycles a 30:1 ratio was required. Twenty-one-hour cycles required a ratio of 300:1 and with 30-h cycles a ratio of 1000:1 was needed to achieve full entrainment of oviposition. 4. In 24-h cycles, 1 h of bright lighting at 02.00 h was sufficient to override other environmental signals and cause eggs to be laid in the late evening, but a minimum bright period of 6 h was needed to cause full phase setting with 21-h cycles. 5. Circadian periodicity can easily be imposed on hens by providing a short exposure to bright light with a background of continuous dim light; but the signal must be increased (by providing a greater contrast between bright and dim lights and/or a longer period of bright lighting) to entrain oviposition when the cycle deviates markedly from the natural period of 24 h.", "PMID": 647424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3465", "title": "Acetylcholine content in different regions of the rat brain.", "content": "Acetylcholine content of different rat brain regions was measured. A correlation between acetylcholine content and cholineacetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in discrete brain regions was found. However there are regions such as cerebellar nuclei, cerebellar hemisphere, caudal medial forebrain bundle, zone incerta, nucleus vestibularis lateralis where the acetylcholine content is relatively much higher than the ChAc activity, and regions such as n.cochleares, n.motor n.V., N.motor N.VII., n.motor, n.XII where ChAc activity was high and the content of acetylcholine is relatively low.", "contents": "Acetylcholine content in different regions of the rat brain. Acetylcholine content of different rat brain regions was measured. A correlation between acetylcholine content and cholineacetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in discrete brain regions was found. However there are regions such as cerebellar nuclei, cerebellar hemisphere, caudal medial forebrain bundle, zone incerta, nucleus vestibularis lateralis where the acetylcholine content is relatively much higher than the ChAc activity, and regions such as n.cochleares, n.motor n.V., N.motor N.VII., n.motor, n.XII where ChAc activity was high and the content of acetylcholine is relatively low.", "PMID": 647418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3466", "title": "The relative importance of sunrise and sunset for entrainment of oviposition in the fowl.", "content": "1. A series of four \"sunset\" signals, without associated sunrises, was given to laying hens by reducing light intensity in steps from 190 lx to 63, 21, 7 and 2 lx at 24-h intervals. Four \"sunrises\" were given by reversing the process. Treatments involving single \"sunrises\", single \"sunsets\" and combinations of sunrises and sunsets at 12-h intervals were also tested. 2. Only treatments which included one or more sunset signals were found to give full entrainment of oviposition, as judged by the proportion of eggs laid in a modal 8-h segment of each 24-h cycle. Full entrainment was achieved if the sunset occurred between 16.00 h and midnight, but not if the sunset occurred in the morning hours. Treatments involving only sunrise signals did not fully entrain oviposition but did have effect on the timing and distribution of ovipositions. Sunrises given in association with sunsets increased the degree of entrainment achieved, as compared with the sunset signal alone. 3. This study indicates that sunset is a potent synchronising agent for phase setting oviposition and, presumably, for phase setting the endogenous circadian rhythm of the fowl. Sunrise can also exert a modifying influence.", "contents": "The relative importance of sunrise and sunset for entrainment of oviposition in the fowl. 1. A series of four \"sunset\" signals, without associated sunrises, was given to laying hens by reducing light intensity in steps from 190 lx to 63, 21, 7 and 2 lx at 24-h intervals. Four \"sunrises\" were given by reversing the process. Treatments involving single \"sunrises\", single \"sunsets\" and combinations of sunrises and sunsets at 12-h intervals were also tested. 2. Only treatments which included one or more sunset signals were found to give full entrainment of oviposition, as judged by the proportion of eggs laid in a modal 8-h segment of each 24-h cycle. Full entrainment was achieved if the sunset occurred between 16.00 h and midnight, but not if the sunset occurred in the morning hours. Treatments involving only sunrise signals did not fully entrain oviposition but did have effect on the timing and distribution of ovipositions. Sunrises given in association with sunsets increased the degree of entrainment achieved, as compared with the sunset signal alone. 3. This study indicates that sunset is a potent synchronising agent for phase setting oviposition and, presumably, for phase setting the endogenous circadian rhythm of the fowl. Sunrise can also exert a modifying influence.", "PMID": 647425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3467", "title": "The effect of growth retardation and of osteomalacia on the uptake of albumin by bone.", "content": "125I-labeled rat albumin injected intravenously into rats was taken up by growing bone. Some of this radioactive albumin could be removed from bone by washing with saline, the proportion so removed decreasing from 82.5% at 1 day to 7.4% at 8 days. Both the total radioactivity, and that remaining in bone after saline wash, were reduced when growth was slowed by alteration or restriction of the diet. Although the amount of 125I albumin in rachitic bone was reduced, autoradiography showed that radioactivity was present in rachitic osteoid. Immunoprecipitation using anti-rat-albumin serum showed that about half of the radioactivity released from normal bone by EDTA was still attached to albumin. These results suggest that albumin plays some part in the growth of bone.", "contents": "The effect of growth retardation and of osteomalacia on the uptake of albumin by bone. 125I-labeled rat albumin injected intravenously into rats was taken up by growing bone. Some of this radioactive albumin could be removed from bone by washing with saline, the proportion so removed decreasing from 82.5% at 1 day to 7.4% at 8 days. Both the total radioactivity, and that remaining in bone after saline wash, were reduced when growth was slowed by alteration or restriction of the diet. Although the amount of 125I albumin in rachitic bone was reduced, autoradiography showed that radioactivity was present in rachitic osteoid. Immunoprecipitation using anti-rat-albumin serum showed that about half of the radioactivity released from normal bone by EDTA was still attached to albumin. These results suggest that albumin plays some part in the growth of bone.", "PMID": 647435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3468", "title": "The crystal sheaths from bivalve hinge ligaments.", "content": "The aragonite crystals in the molluscan bivalve hinge ligament are surrounded by an organic sheath which is distinct from the remainder of the ligament matrix. Methods have been developed to isolate these sheathed crystals from the ligaments of Spisula solidissima and Mercenaria mercenaria employing a papain digestion of the matrix protein. The sheathed crystals from Spisula have a CaCO3/protein ratio of 11.1 and those from Mercenaria a ratio of 29.6. The sheathed crystals and the empty crystal sheaths have been examined by electron microscopy for structural integrity. The sheath proteins exhibit much smaller proportions of the amino acids glycine and methionine than the hinge ligaments. These are characteristic amino acids of high concentrations in the hinge ligaments of both species. The concentrations of acidic and basic amino acids are increased about two fold in the sheaths over those of the ligaments. Otherwise there is little similarity in the amino acid composition of the sheaths in the two species. However, SDS electrophoresis shows the sheaths of both to contain a major protein component with a molecular weight of about 25,000. The sheath protein from the Mercenaria ligament contains about 5% carbohydrate and that of Spisula sheaths less than 1% carbohydrate.", "contents": "The crystal sheaths from bivalve hinge ligaments. The aragonite crystals in the molluscan bivalve hinge ligament are surrounded by an organic sheath which is distinct from the remainder of the ligament matrix. Methods have been developed to isolate these sheathed crystals from the ligaments of Spisula solidissima and Mercenaria mercenaria employing a papain digestion of the matrix protein. The sheathed crystals from Spisula have a CaCO3/protein ratio of 11.1 and those from Mercenaria a ratio of 29.6. The sheathed crystals and the empty crystal sheaths have been examined by electron microscopy for structural integrity. The sheath proteins exhibit much smaller proportions of the amino acids glycine and methionine than the hinge ligaments. These are characteristic amino acids of high concentrations in the hinge ligaments of both species. The concentrations of acidic and basic amino acids are increased about two fold in the sheaths over those of the ligaments. Otherwise there is little similarity in the amino acid composition of the sheaths in the two species. However, SDS electrophoresis shows the sheaths of both to contain a major protein component with a molecular weight of about 25,000. The sheath protein from the Mercenaria ligament contains about 5% carbohydrate and that of Spisula sheaths less than 1% carbohydrate.", "PMID": 647436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3469", "title": "Prostaglandin PGE2: a possible mechanism for bone destruction in calcinosis circumscripta.", "content": "A patient showed evident osteolysis in phalanges and heavy periarticular calcium deposits of the fingers, wrists and toes which avidly took up 47Ca. The dense, white, tooth-paste like fluid contained in the periarticular calcium deposits has been studied by two different X-ray diffraction methods, by Ubatuba's bioassay for prostaglandin, by thin layer chromatography and by mass spectrometry. The calcium deposits were hydroxyapatite and prostaglandin PGE2 was detected in them. The bone resorption stimulating activity of PGE2 would be expected to result in increased bone destruction with release of calcium salts and this could be a working hypothesis of the pathogenesis of calcinosis circumscripta.", "contents": "Prostaglandin PGE2: a possible mechanism for bone destruction in calcinosis circumscripta. A patient showed evident osteolysis in phalanges and heavy periarticular calcium deposits of the fingers, wrists and toes which avidly took up 47Ca. The dense, white, tooth-paste like fluid contained in the periarticular calcium deposits has been studied by two different X-ray diffraction methods, by Ubatuba's bioassay for prostaglandin, by thin layer chromatography and by mass spectrometry. The calcium deposits were hydroxyapatite and prostaglandin PGE2 was detected in them. The bone resorption stimulating activity of PGE2 would be expected to result in increased bone destruction with release of calcium salts and this could be a working hypothesis of the pathogenesis of calcinosis circumscripta.", "PMID": 647437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3470", "title": "Failure of heterotopic osteogenesis by epithelial mesenchymal cell interactions in xenogeneic transplants in the kidney.", "content": "Transitional epithelium of the guinea pig and rabbit and an established WISH cell line, when grafted under the kidney capsule of cortisone treated mice, survived and proliferated, but never induced bone formation. On the contrary, when grafted intramuscularly into the same recipients, readily induced cartilage and/or bone.", "contents": "Failure of heterotopic osteogenesis by epithelial mesenchymal cell interactions in xenogeneic transplants in the kidney. Transitional epithelium of the guinea pig and rabbit and an established WISH cell line, when grafted under the kidney capsule of cortisone treated mice, survived and proliferated, but never induced bone formation. On the contrary, when grafted intramuscularly into the same recipients, readily induced cartilage and/or bone.", "PMID": 647439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3471", "title": "Scanning electron microscopical study on the fluorosis of enamel in rats.", "content": "Sixteen 28-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. The changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopical study on the fluorosis of enamel in rats. Sixteen 28-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. The changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.", "PMID": 647440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3472", "title": "Influence of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on the healing of rickets in the rat.", "content": "Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were administered phenobarbital or diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin, dilantin, DPH), or a combination of the two drugs, while receiving a high calcium, low phosphorus vitamin D-deficient diet. A Line Test evaluation for calcification of the distal end of the radius was performed to determine the presence of rickets and the healing of the disease. After a period of 16 days, rickets had developed in a uniform manner in all groups regardless of drug treatment. Four I.U. of vitamin D3 were then administered to each animal and they were sacrificed either 3 or 9 days later. Three days after the administration of D3, bone calcification had started in all groups, with the greatest response being observed in the control group. Nine days after D3 administration, bone calcification was clearly impaired in PB and PB-DPH treated animals and slightly impaired in the DPH treated group when compared to controls. Weight gain was also impaired after PB and combined PB-DPH treatments. Based on these observations, it is suggested that anticonvulsant drugs, and in particular PB, inhibit, in a yet undetermined fashion, the normal calcification of the growth cartilage which accompanies a single physiological dose of cholecalciferol in the rat.", "contents": "Influence of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on the healing of rickets in the rat. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were administered phenobarbital or diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin, dilantin, DPH), or a combination of the two drugs, while receiving a high calcium, low phosphorus vitamin D-deficient diet. A Line Test evaluation for calcification of the distal end of the radius was performed to determine the presence of rickets and the healing of the disease. After a period of 16 days, rickets had developed in a uniform manner in all groups regardless of drug treatment. Four I.U. of vitamin D3 were then administered to each animal and they were sacrificed either 3 or 9 days later. Three days after the administration of D3, bone calcification had started in all groups, with the greatest response being observed in the control group. Nine days after D3 administration, bone calcification was clearly impaired in PB and PB-DPH treated animals and slightly impaired in the DPH treated group when compared to controls. Weight gain was also impaired after PB and combined PB-DPH treatments. Based on these observations, it is suggested that anticonvulsant drugs, and in particular PB, inhibit, in a yet undetermined fashion, the normal calcification of the growth cartilage which accompanies a single physiological dose of cholecalciferol in the rat.", "PMID": 647442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3473", "title": "Recharacterization of fungal dinucleoside polyphosphate (HS3).", "content": "Three polyphosphorylated dinucleosides given the pseudonyms of HS3, HS2, and HS1 that were erroneously described as diguanosine polyphosphates (L\u00e9John, H. B., Cameron, L. E., McNaughton, D. R. & Klassen, G. R. (1975) Biochem, Biophys, Res, Commun. 66, 460-467) have been repurified and partially recharacterized. They have proved to be extremely complex molecules; chemical (HCl and KOH hydrolysis), physical (ultraviolet-light spectral analysis and ion-exchange chromatography), and enzymic (nucleotide pyrophosphatase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase hydrolysis) studies showed that (i) all three HS compounds are uracil rich and (ii) only HS3 contains a purine nucleoside and glutamate. The partial structure of HS3 was deciphered as a moiety of ADP--sugar X--glutamate (the mode of attachment of glutamate is obscure) that is covalently linked to another moiety composed of UDP, mannitol, and four phosphates. Sugar X had chromatographic characteristics of ribitol, but the chromatographic isolate also contained a ninhydrin-sensitive entity presumed to be an amino group. Sugar X, THEREFore, may be an amino sugar polyol. Only the general chemical compositions of HS2 and  HS1 were determined. Each contained two uridines and HS2 had 10 phosphates whereas HS1 had 12.", "contents": "Recharacterization of fungal dinucleoside polyphosphate (HS3). Three polyphosphorylated dinucleosides given the pseudonyms of HS3, HS2, and HS1 that were erroneously described as diguanosine polyphosphates (L\u00e9John, H. B., Cameron, L. E., McNaughton, D. R. & Klassen, G. R. (1975) Biochem, Biophys, Res, Commun. 66, 460-467) have been repurified and partially recharacterized. They have proved to be extremely complex molecules; chemical (HCl and KOH hydrolysis), physical (ultraviolet-light spectral analysis and ion-exchange chromatography), and enzymic (nucleotide pyrophosphatase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase hydrolysis) studies showed that (i) all three HS compounds are uracil rich and (ii) only HS3 contains a purine nucleoside and glutamate. The partial structure of HS3 was deciphered as a moiety of ADP--sugar X--glutamate (the mode of attachment of glutamate is obscure) that is covalently linked to another moiety composed of UDP, mannitol, and four phosphates. Sugar X had chromatographic characteristics of ribitol, but the chromatographic isolate also contained a ninhydrin-sensitive entity presumed to be an amino group. Sugar X, THEREFore, may be an amino sugar polyol. Only the general chemical compositions of HS2 and  HS1 were determined. Each contained two uridines and HS2 had 10 phosphates whereas HS1 had 12.", "PMID": 647443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3474", "title": "Glucose transport in Achlya: characterization and possible regulatory aspects.", "content": "The freshwater fungus Achlya transported D-(+)glucose (glucose) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (deoxyglucose) by an energy-related system. Their transport4 was inhibited by uncouplers of metabolic energy such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, azide, and carbonylcyanide-p-chlorophenylhydrazone. Besides inhibiting each other, glucose and deoxyglucose transport was inhibited by D-(+)galactose, D-(+)mannose, and D-(+)xylose. Many other sugars tested failed to inhibit glucose transport implying a certain degree of specificity. Glucose transport was pH (optimum at 6.5) and temperature (optimum at 30-40 degrees C) dependent. Glucose transport was also inhibited by citrate, N6-substituted adenines (cytokinins), and iodine. None of these agents penetrated the cell membrane within the brief (1-3-min) period in which glucose transport was measured. In every case, transport was inhibited within 10 s (the shortest time in which measurements could be made). When cells were osmotically shocked to release a cell-wall membrane phosphorylated proteoglycan (PPG), they became incapable of transporting glucose for several hours until new PPG material was reisolable from the membrane by osmotic-shock treatment. The osmotically shocked cells could not transport glucose or deoxyglucose. No glucose-binding protein was detected in the shock fluid. Practically all of the glucose transported within 1-2 min was recovered as glucose-6-phosphate. No other phosphorylated sugar was detected suggesting that glucose may be phosphorylated in transport. Related studies have shown that citrate removed calcium bound by PPG; N6-substituted adenines were bound by PPG while three polyphosphorylated dinucleosides, HS3, HS2, and HS1, were displaced from it. Iodine formed stable complexes with the HS compounds. All of these agents inhibited glucose transport without entering the cell. It is therefore possible that HS compounds, calcium and PPG may be involved in maintaining the cell membrane in proper form for glucose transport.", "contents": "Glucose transport in Achlya: characterization and possible regulatory aspects. The freshwater fungus Achlya transported D-(+)glucose (glucose) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (deoxyglucose) by an energy-related system. Their transport4 was inhibited by uncouplers of metabolic energy such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, azide, and carbonylcyanide-p-chlorophenylhydrazone. Besides inhibiting each other, glucose and deoxyglucose transport was inhibited by D-(+)galactose, D-(+)mannose, and D-(+)xylose. Many other sugars tested failed to inhibit glucose transport implying a certain degree of specificity. Glucose transport was pH (optimum at 6.5) and temperature (optimum at 30-40 degrees C) dependent. Glucose transport was also inhibited by citrate, N6-substituted adenines (cytokinins), and iodine. None of these agents penetrated the cell membrane within the brief (1-3-min) period in which glucose transport was measured. In every case, transport was inhibited within 10 s (the shortest time in which measurements could be made). When cells were osmotically shocked to release a cell-wall membrane phosphorylated proteoglycan (PPG), they became incapable of transporting glucose for several hours until new PPG material was reisolable from the membrane by osmotic-shock treatment. The osmotically shocked cells could not transport glucose or deoxyglucose. No glucose-binding protein was detected in the shock fluid. Practically all of the glucose transported within 1-2 min was recovered as glucose-6-phosphate. No other phosphorylated sugar was detected suggesting that glucose may be phosphorylated in transport. Related studies have shown that citrate removed calcium bound by PPG; N6-substituted adenines were bound by PPG while three polyphosphorylated dinucleosides, HS3, HS2, and HS1, were displaced from it. Iodine formed stable complexes with the HS compounds. All of these agents inhibited glucose transport without entering the cell. It is therefore possible that HS compounds, calcium and PPG may be involved in maintaining the cell membrane in proper form for glucose transport.", "PMID": 647446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3475", "title": "Age, breed and seasonal patterns in the occurrence of ten dairy cow diseases: a case control study.", "content": "A total of 5,990 occurences of the diseases abomasal displacement, cystic graafian follicles, endometritis, hypocalcemia, ketosis, mastitis, metritis, ovarian hypofuction, pyometra and retained placenta were included in a case control study. The study was based on a hospital population of Holstein, Ayrshire, Guernsey and Jersey cows who were at least two years of age. The data were retrieved from computer storage of material abstracted for the Veterinary Medical Data Program. The transcription of data from original case records to these abstracts was examined as a source of error. An attempt was made to define each of the diseases by reference to random samples of the clinical records. Using the log-odds method, trends were noted for the youngest cows to be at increased risk of the reproductive diseases and for the Guernsey cows to be at increased risk of the uterine diseases. There was a tendency for peaks in disease occurrences in the winter (as opposed to summer) months.", "contents": "Age, breed and seasonal patterns in the occurrence of ten dairy cow diseases: a case control study. A total of 5,990 occurences of the diseases abomasal displacement, cystic graafian follicles, endometritis, hypocalcemia, ketosis, mastitis, metritis, ovarian hypofuction, pyometra and retained placenta were included in a case control study. The study was based on a hospital population of Holstein, Ayrshire, Guernsey and Jersey cows who were at least two years of age. The data were retrieved from computer storage of material abstracted for the Veterinary Medical Data Program. The transcription of data from original case records to these abstracts was examined as a source of error. An attempt was made to define each of the diseases by reference to random samples of the clinical records. Using the log-odds method, trends were noted for the youngest cows to be at increased risk of the reproductive diseases and for the Guernsey cows to be at increased risk of the uterine diseases. There was a tendency for peaks in disease occurrences in the winter (as opposed to summer) months.", "PMID": 647447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3476", "title": "Bovine allergic pneumonitis: an acute outbreak associated with mouldy hay.", "content": "An outbreak of acute bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia is reported in association with feeding mouldy hay. Results of serological investigation and of provocation challenge indicated a hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to allergens of Micropolyspora faeni. Macroscopic and microscopic pulmonary changes were predominantly those of oedema and emphysema. These lesions were contrasted with more chronic changes reported in allergic pneumonitis of housed cattle.", "contents": "Bovine allergic pneumonitis: an acute outbreak associated with mouldy hay. An outbreak of acute bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia is reported in association with feeding mouldy hay. Results of serological investigation and of provocation challenge indicated a hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to allergens of Micropolyspora faeni. Macroscopic and microscopic pulmonary changes were predominantly those of oedema and emphysema. These lesions were contrasted with more chronic changes reported in allergic pneumonitis of housed cattle.", "PMID": 647448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3477", "title": "Manganese status of pasturing ewes, of pregnant ewes and doe rabbits on low manganese diets and of dairy cows with cystic ovaries.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to obtain information on the manganese (Mn) status of ewes, doe rabbits and dairy cows with cystic ovaries. Manganese was not concentrated specifically in any one tissue or organ but the use of 54Mn has indicated that the isotope was retained by the liver for a longer time. Significantly lower (P less than 0.01) levels of Mn were observed in the liver, kidney and blood of pregnant ewes fed a synthetic diet containing low levels (5 ppm) of Mn than those that were supplemented with 60 ppm Mn. It would appear that the determination of blood Mn concentration would provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the assessment of the Mn status of the pregnant ewe and could be more reliable than data based on tissue (liver, kidney, ovary) levels of Mn. The cortical stroma of dairy cows with cystic ovaries had lower Mn contents than those cows that were without cystic ovaries. The data on blood suggests that cystic ovaries cannot be diagnosed by blood Mn levels if Mn was indeed a contributing factor of the development of this condition. The doe rabbit responded to supplemental dietary Mn in a manner analogous to the ewes.", "contents": "Manganese status of pasturing ewes, of pregnant ewes and doe rabbits on low manganese diets and of dairy cows with cystic ovaries. Four experiments were conducted to obtain information on the manganese (Mn) status of ewes, doe rabbits and dairy cows with cystic ovaries. Manganese was not concentrated specifically in any one tissue or organ but the use of 54Mn has indicated that the isotope was retained by the liver for a longer time. Significantly lower (P less than 0.01) levels of Mn were observed in the liver, kidney and blood of pregnant ewes fed a synthetic diet containing low levels (5 ppm) of Mn than those that were supplemented with 60 ppm Mn. It would appear that the determination of blood Mn concentration would provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the assessment of the Mn status of the pregnant ewe and could be more reliable than data based on tissue (liver, kidney, ovary) levels of Mn. The cortical stroma of dairy cows with cystic ovaries had lower Mn contents than those cows that were without cystic ovaries. The data on blood suggests that cystic ovaries cannot be diagnosed by blood Mn levels if Mn was indeed a contributing factor of the development of this condition. The doe rabbit responded to supplemental dietary Mn in a manner analogous to the ewes.", "PMID": 647449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3478", "title": "Experimental induction of an immunohaemolytic anaemia in the chicken with Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin.", "content": "The possibility that the extreme refractoriness of the chicken to injected endotoxin would permit the buildup of sufficient free endotoxin in the circulation to immunologically modify the erythrocytes in vivo and thereby cause them to be eliminated from the circulation was investigated. It was shown that a moderately severe immunohaemolytic anaemia accompanied by a mild spenomegaly could be induced in chickens by single (large) or multiple injections of Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin (SgE). Varying degrees of reticulocytosis, with corresponding decreases in haemoglobin and haematocrit values, were observed from the tenth day after the injection of the SgE. All the injected animals also showed significant immune responses to SgE, peak haemagglutinin titres occurring coincidentally with the peaks of the haemolytic episodes. A similar injection schedule in specifically immune chickens also showed the anaemia appearing much earlier, persisting longer and being much more profound in intensity. It is considered that the in vivo erythrocyte sensitization induced by SgE injection initiates the erythrocytic changes observed and that the underlying mechanism responsible for the subsequent development of the haemolytic anaemia is immunologically mediated.", "contents": "Experimental induction of an immunohaemolytic anaemia in the chicken with Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin. The possibility that the extreme refractoriness of the chicken to injected endotoxin would permit the buildup of sufficient free endotoxin in the circulation to immunologically modify the erythrocytes in vivo and thereby cause them to be eliminated from the circulation was investigated. It was shown that a moderately severe immunohaemolytic anaemia accompanied by a mild spenomegaly could be induced in chickens by single (large) or multiple injections of Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin (SgE). Varying degrees of reticulocytosis, with corresponding decreases in haemoglobin and haematocrit values, were observed from the tenth day after the injection of the SgE. All the injected animals also showed significant immune responses to SgE, peak haemagglutinin titres occurring coincidentally with the peaks of the haemolytic episodes. A similar injection schedule in specifically immune chickens also showed the anaemia appearing much earlier, persisting longer and being much more profound in intensity. It is considered that the in vivo erythrocyte sensitization induced by SgE injection initiates the erythrocytic changes observed and that the underlying mechanism responsible for the subsequent development of the haemolytic anaemia is immunologically mediated.", "PMID": 647450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3479", "title": "Intraperitoneal immunization against necrobacillosis in experimental animals.", "content": "Experiments employing recently developed mouse models indicated that intraperitoneal immunization with the cytoplasm (intracellular fraction) of Fusobacterium necrophorum protected the animals from a lethal challenge of the pathogen. The critical immunization schedule needed to achieve complete protection involved six weekly intraperitoneal doses of the intracellular antigen. Livers of immunized mice were cleared of infecting fusobacterial within 24 hours whereas those of nonimmunized mice harboured increasing numbers of hte bacteria. Sera from both groups did not protect recipient mice form developing liver abscesses after challenge. Sheep immunized intraperitoneally with 20 mg of cytoplasmic protein given in three doseases were protected against the development of abscesses induced by F. necrophorum.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal immunization against necrobacillosis in experimental animals. Experiments employing recently developed mouse models indicated that intraperitoneal immunization with the cytoplasm (intracellular fraction) of Fusobacterium necrophorum protected the animals from a lethal challenge of the pathogen. The critical immunization schedule needed to achieve complete protection involved six weekly intraperitoneal doses of the intracellular antigen. Livers of immunized mice were cleared of infecting fusobacterial within 24 hours whereas those of nonimmunized mice harboured increasing numbers of hte bacteria. Sera from both groups did not protect recipient mice form developing liver abscesses after challenge. Sheep immunized intraperitoneally with 20 mg of cytoplasmic protein given in three doseases were protected against the development of abscesses induced by F. necrophorum.", "PMID": 647451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3480", "title": "Blood serum tocopherol levels in calves born from cows winter fed hay or grass silage.", "content": "Blood serum tocopherol was determined in 44 calves born in the spring from cows that had been fed either timothy grass silage or timothy hay produced in Norther Ontario. On all sampling dates (at birth and at eight, 21, 35 and 60 days of age), calves from the silage group had higher average tocopherol levels than those from the hay group. Studies on serum tocopherol distribution in cows and their calves obtained 60 days after birth from the silage group showed that alpha-tocopherol averaged 85% and beta +  gamma-tocopherols 12%. Only trace quantities of delta-tocopherol were detected in the serum of cows but none in those of calves.", "contents": "Blood serum tocopherol levels in calves born from cows winter fed hay or grass silage. Blood serum tocopherol was determined in 44 calves born in the spring from cows that had been fed either timothy grass silage or timothy hay produced in Norther Ontario. On all sampling dates (at birth and at eight, 21, 35 and 60 days of age), calves from the silage group had higher average tocopherol levels than those from the hay group. Studies on serum tocopherol distribution in cows and their calves obtained 60 days after birth from the silage group showed that alpha-tocopherol averaged 85% and beta +  gamma-tocopherols 12%. Only trace quantities of delta-tocopherol were detected in the serum of cows but none in those of calves.", "PMID": 647452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3481", "title": "Effect of prednisolone treatment on selected respiratory parameters and cardiac output in prematurely delivered neonatal lambs.", "content": "Lambs were delivered by hysterotomy on days 142 and 143 postcoitum and were assigned to either a control group or a prednisolone-treated group (10 mg/kg daily for four days). On days 1 through 3 of life erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate values were significantly increased in the treated group. Prednisolone treatment did not result in significantly increased P50 values. Mean plasma corticoid values in the control group decreased gradually postpartum. The prednisolone-treated lambs compared to the control lambs had depressed corticoid values, differing significantly on day 4. Body weight gains were significantly depressed by treatment and this effect lasted beyond the treatment period. On day 1 of life (24 hours postinitial treatment) oxygen consumption and cardiac output were significantly elevated in the treated group.", "contents": "Effect of prednisolone treatment on selected respiratory parameters and cardiac output in prematurely delivered neonatal lambs. Lambs were delivered by hysterotomy on days 142 and 143 postcoitum and were assigned to either a control group or a prednisolone-treated group (10 mg/kg daily for four days). On days 1 through 3 of life erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate values were significantly increased in the treated group. Prednisolone treatment did not result in significantly increased P50 values. Mean plasma corticoid values in the control group decreased gradually postpartum. The prednisolone-treated lambs compared to the control lambs had depressed corticoid values, differing significantly on day 4. Body weight gains were significantly depressed by treatment and this effect lasted beyond the treatment period. On day 1 of life (24 hours postinitial treatment) oxygen consumption and cardiac output were significantly elevated in the treated group.", "PMID": 647453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3482", "title": "Radioimmunological study of rat uterine extract.", "content": "A radioassay was used to demonstrate the high affinitiy of a crude rat uterine extract for tritiated estradiol-17B. Although no other chemical procedures were employed to further characterize the extract, it may contain the estrogen binding protein isolated by others. The isolate was antigenic in rabbits and administration of immune serum to female rats significantly lowered the in vitro retention of tritiated estradiol-17B in the rat uterus. It is thought that this immune serum could be successfully used to study the estrogen binding activity of rat uterus.", "contents": "Radioimmunological study of rat uterine extract. A radioassay was used to demonstrate the high affinitiy of a crude rat uterine extract for tritiated estradiol-17B. Although no other chemical procedures were employed to further characterize the extract, it may contain the estrogen binding protein isolated by others. The isolate was antigenic in rabbits and administration of immune serum to female rats significantly lowered the in vitro retention of tritiated estradiol-17B in the rat uterus. It is thought that this immune serum could be successfully used to study the estrogen binding activity of rat uterus.", "PMID": 647454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3483", "title": "Bordetella rhinitis in pigs: serum and nasal antibody response to Bordetella bacterins.", "content": "The nasal and serum antibody response of two groups of pigs, vaccinated with adjuvant containing formalinized or sonicated Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins was compared with the response of a nonvaccinated group. The tube agglutination test was used to determine agglutinin titers. Following vaccination, all pigs were challenged intranasally with the vaccine strain of Bordetella, after which the nasal Bordetella flora of vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs was investigated. Sera and nasal secretions from both vaccinated groups exhibited markedly higher agglutinin titers than the control group and serum titers were higher than those in nasal secretions. No differences in agglutinating antibody response were evident between the two vaccines. Serum antibody titers exceeded nasal titers and persisted over a longer period of time. Systemic vaccination resulted in an increased nasal clearance of the vaccine strain by the groups of pigs vaccinated with sonicated or formalined bacterin, whereas no such clearance was evident in the nonvaccinated control group.", "contents": "Bordetella rhinitis in pigs: serum and nasal antibody response to Bordetella bacterins. The nasal and serum antibody response of two groups of pigs, vaccinated with adjuvant containing formalinized or sonicated Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins was compared with the response of a nonvaccinated group. The tube agglutination test was used to determine agglutinin titers. Following vaccination, all pigs were challenged intranasally with the vaccine strain of Bordetella, after which the nasal Bordetella flora of vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs was investigated. Sera and nasal secretions from both vaccinated groups exhibited markedly higher agglutinin titers than the control group and serum titers were higher than those in nasal secretions. No differences in agglutinating antibody response were evident between the two vaccines. Serum antibody titers exceeded nasal titers and persisted over a longer period of time. Systemic vaccination resulted in an increased nasal clearance of the vaccine strain by the groups of pigs vaccinated with sonicated or formalined bacterin, whereas no such clearance was evident in the nonvaccinated control group.", "PMID": 647455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3484", "title": "Prevalence of Toxocara spp. and other parasites in dogs and cats in Halifax, Nova Scotia.", "content": "Several cases of visceral larva migrans syndrome in children led to an investigation of the ova of Toxocara spp. and other species in stool specimens from stray dogs and cats in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fecal samples from 474 stray dogs and 299 stray cats were examined. Ova of Toxocara canis or cati were present in stools from 26.6% of the dogs and 25.1% of the cats. In dogs the prevalence of Toxocara canis was noticeably greater in puppies (56.1%) than in mature animals (11.9%).", "contents": "Prevalence of Toxocara spp. and other parasites in dogs and cats in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Several cases of visceral larva migrans syndrome in children led to an investigation of the ova of Toxocara spp. and other species in stool specimens from stray dogs and cats in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fecal samples from 474 stray dogs and 299 stray cats were examined. Ova of Toxocara canis or cati were present in stools from 26.6% of the dogs and 25.1% of the cats. In dogs the prevalence of Toxocara canis was noticeably greater in puppies (56.1%) than in mature animals (11.9%).", "PMID": 647456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3485", "title": "Control of the time of parturition in sows with prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Pregnant gilts and sows were given a single intramuscular injection of from 5-10 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha-tromethamine salt (dependent on liveweight) on day 111, 112 or 113 of pregnancy (first day of estrus = day 0) to induce parturition. When injected on day 111, 44% of the pigs farrowed within 40 hours compared with 93% injected on days 112 or 113. The mean time to the induced parturition was 27.3 +/- 4.7 hours. Signs of discomfort were observed during the first hour posttreatment but there were no apparent effects on lactation or on the mothering ability of the dams after farrowing.", "contents": "Control of the time of parturition in sows with prostaglandin F2alpha. Pregnant gilts and sows were given a single intramuscular injection of from 5-10 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha-tromethamine salt (dependent on liveweight) on day 111, 112 or 113 of pregnancy (first day of estrus = day 0) to induce parturition. When injected on day 111, 44% of the pigs farrowed within 40 hours compared with 93% injected on days 112 or 113. The mean time to the induced parturition was 27.3 +/- 4.7 hours. Signs of discomfort were observed during the first hour posttreatment but there were no apparent effects on lactation or on the mothering ability of the dams after farrowing.", "PMID": 647457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3486", "title": "Depression of hyperglycemic response to glucagon by parenteral lead administration in sheep.", "content": "The insulin and glucose responses to glucagon infusions (27 microgram/hr) were determined in sheep before and after parenteral lead treatment (6 mg/kg intravenously). Glucose production was measured by primed continuous infusion of [6-3H]glucose. Glucagon and insulin concentrations before and during glucagon infusions were not significantly different between lead treatment and control experiments. Lead administration did not affect the concentration or production of glucose in the preinfusion period. However, depressed hyperglycemia during glucagon infusion in lead treated experiments tended to be associated with decreased glucose production. The reduced glucogenic response to glucagon may be the result of reduced function of pyruvate carboxylase, a key hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme in sheep, from lead induced impairment of mitochondrial function.", "contents": "Depression of hyperglycemic response to glucagon by parenteral lead administration in sheep. The insulin and glucose responses to glucagon infusions (27 microgram/hr) were determined in sheep before and after parenteral lead treatment (6 mg/kg intravenously). Glucose production was measured by primed continuous infusion of [6-3H]glucose. Glucagon and insulin concentrations before and during glucagon infusions were not significantly different between lead treatment and control experiments. Lead administration did not affect the concentration or production of glucose in the preinfusion period. However, depressed hyperglycemia during glucagon infusion in lead treated experiments tended to be associated with decreased glucose production. The reduced glucogenic response to glucagon may be the result of reduced function of pyruvate carboxylase, a key hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme in sheep, from lead induced impairment of mitochondrial function.", "PMID": 647458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3487", "title": "Acute urea toxicity in sheep.", "content": "Twenty-seven sheep were assigned to three groups in order to study acute urea toxicity. Groups I, II and III were dosed with 0.5, 0.6 annd 0.75 g/kg of urea, respectively. The mean survival times were 165, 109 and 60 minutes, respectively. The following clinical signs such as pronounced muscle fasciculation, trembling, grinding teeth, ataxia, lateral recumbency, bloating, regurgitation, hyperesthesia, mydriasis and convulsions were observed. Anuria and lack of salivation were also present. The primary cause of death in this study was due to respiratory arrest and not cardiovascular collapse. Plasma examinations showed a marked increase in glucose, ammonia and urea levels but no change in ketone body concentration.", "contents": "Acute urea toxicity in sheep. Twenty-seven sheep were assigned to three groups in order to study acute urea toxicity. Groups I, II and III were dosed with 0.5, 0.6 annd 0.75 g/kg of urea, respectively. The mean survival times were 165, 109 and 60 minutes, respectively. The following clinical signs such as pronounced muscle fasciculation, trembling, grinding teeth, ataxia, lateral recumbency, bloating, regurgitation, hyperesthesia, mydriasis and convulsions were observed. Anuria and lack of salivation were also present. The primary cause of death in this study was due to respiratory arrest and not cardiovascular collapse. Plasma examinations showed a marked increase in glucose, ammonia and urea levels but no change in ketone body concentration.", "PMID": 647459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3488", "title": "The effects of hemolyzed blood on pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure and heart rate of the dog.", "content": "The injection of hemolyzed blood into the venous system of the dog produced a rise in the pulmonary arterial pressure and a fall in the systemic arterial pressure. There were variable changes in the heart rate. Comparison with serotonin injections indicated that the above responses were produced by factors other than serotonin.", "contents": "The effects of hemolyzed blood on pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure and heart rate of the dog. The injection of hemolyzed blood into the venous system of the dog produced a rise in the pulmonary arterial pressure and a fall in the systemic arterial pressure. There were variable changes in the heart rate. Comparison with serotonin injections indicated that the above responses were produced by factors other than serotonin.", "PMID": 647460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3489", "title": "A bovine herpesvirus isolated from sheep.", "content": "A viral agent was isolated from the trachea of a lamb that was suffering from a respiratory disorder. The physical and chemical properties of the isolates are characteristic of the herpesvirus group. It contains DNA in its virion, is ether sensitive, acid labile at pH 3.0 and heat labile at 56 degrees C after five minutes. The cytopathology observed provided further evidence of a herpesvirus isolate. The neutralization of the infectivity of the isolate with antiserum to bovine herpesvirus 1 is evidence that it should be considered an isolate of bovine herpesvirus 1. It is concluded that this is a report of a bovine herpesvirus infection in sheep.", "contents": "A bovine herpesvirus isolated from sheep. A viral agent was isolated from the trachea of a lamb that was suffering from a respiratory disorder. The physical and chemical properties of the isolates are characteristic of the herpesvirus group. It contains DNA in its virion, is ether sensitive, acid labile at pH 3.0 and heat labile at 56 degrees C after five minutes. The cytopathology observed provided further evidence of a herpesvirus isolate. The neutralization of the infectivity of the isolate with antiserum to bovine herpesvirus 1 is evidence that it should be considered an isolate of bovine herpesvirus 1. It is concluded that this is a report of a bovine herpesvirus infection in sheep.", "PMID": 647461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3490", "title": "Serum cobalamin and folate in the optic neuropathy associated with tobacco smoking.", "content": "The concentrations of vitamin B12 in the sera from 77 patients diagnosed as suffering from the toxic optic neuropathy associated with tobacco smoking were compared with control levels and with serum folic acid concentrations from the same patients. Of these, 17 patients had associated pernicious anaemia. Serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower, whereas the folic acid concentrations showed great variation. Folic acid levels in the serum tended to be high when the vitamin B12 level was low (r = 0.29). The results suggest that the role of folic acid in the genesis of the optic neuropathy is not marked. However persistently low levels of folic acid occurred in one subject and significant clinical improvement resulted only from specific therapy.", "contents": "Serum cobalamin and folate in the optic neuropathy associated with tobacco smoking. The concentrations of vitamin B12 in the sera from 77 patients diagnosed as suffering from the toxic optic neuropathy associated with tobacco smoking were compared with control levels and with serum folic acid concentrations from the same patients. Of these, 17 patients had associated pernicious anaemia. Serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower, whereas the folic acid concentrations showed great variation. Folic acid levels in the serum tended to be high when the vitamin B12 level was low (r = 0.29). The results suggest that the role of folic acid in the genesis of the optic neuropathy is not marked. However persistently low levels of folic acid occurred in one subject and significant clinical improvement resulted only from specific therapy.", "PMID": 647462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3491", "title": "Senile disciform macular degeneration and smoking.", "content": "We studied the smoking habits of 114 patients with senile disciform degeneration of the macula. The mean age at onset of blindness in the first eye was 64 years in those currently smoking; this was significantly less than the mean age in those who had never smoked (71 years). We advise all patients with disciform degeneration to stop smoking.", "contents": "Senile disciform macular degeneration and smoking. We studied the smoking habits of 114 patients with senile disciform degeneration of the macula. The mean age at onset of blindness in the first eye was 64 years in those currently smoking; this was significantly less than the mean age in those who had never smoked (71 years). We advise all patients with disciform degeneration to stop smoking.", "PMID": 647465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3492", "title": "Orbital extension of retinoblastoma: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "We have studied all cases of orbital extension of retinoblastomas at the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute in New York since 1925. Only 9.4% of the patients lived more than 2 years after diagnosis. Orbital retinoblastoma is frequently associated with systemic metastases. We emphasize the significance of massive choroidal involvement and periemissarial extension. Careful handling of the enucleation specimen at the time of surgery and during histologic preparation is important to avoid cell spillage and artifacts. Treatment should be early, multidisciplinary and include adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Orbital extension of retinoblastoma: a clinicopathological study. We have studied all cases of orbital extension of retinoblastomas at the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute in New York since 1925. Only 9.4% of the patients lived more than 2 years after diagnosis. Orbital retinoblastoma is frequently associated with systemic metastases. We emphasize the significance of massive choroidal involvement and periemissarial extension. Careful handling of the enucleation specimen at the time of surgery and during histologic preparation is important to avoid cell spillage and artifacts. Treatment should be early, multidisciplinary and include adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 647466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3493", "title": "[Papillary hemorrhage associated with posterior vitreous detachment].", "content": "Three cases of papillary hemorrhage associated with posterior vitreous detachment are reported. One still has a visual field defect after two years. The resemblance between these hemorrhages and those found in some cases of chronic simple glaucoma is discussed.", "contents": "[Papillary hemorrhage associated with posterior vitreous detachment]. Three cases of papillary hemorrhage associated with posterior vitreous detachment are reported. One still has a visual field defect after two years. The resemblance between these hemorrhages and those found in some cases of chronic simple glaucoma is discussed.", "PMID": 647467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3494", "title": "Malignant glaucoma - the long and short of it.", "content": "Malignant glaucoma is a serious complication of surgery for angle-closure glaucoma. We describe three cases which exemplify important aspects of the onset and the management of the condition. It may develop soon after the original operation or only after many years, when it can be difficult to recognize. Simmon's approach to management is highly recommended, and intra-vitreous surgery is only employed if a five-day trial of intensive medical therapy fails.", "contents": "Malignant glaucoma - the long and short of it. Malignant glaucoma is a serious complication of surgery for angle-closure glaucoma. We describe three cases which exemplify important aspects of the onset and the management of the condition. It may develop soon after the original operation or only after many years, when it can be difficult to recognize. Simmon's approach to management is highly recommended, and intra-vitreous surgery is only employed if a five-day trial of intensive medical therapy fails.", "PMID": 647468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3495", "title": "Intracameral phosphate buffer in alkali burns.", "content": "We perfused the eyes of albino rabbits with a phosphate buffer to see if the damage to cornea and lens produced by alkali might be reduced. The rabbits were divided into five groups: in the first (control) group undamaged eyes were perfused; in the other four the corneas were burned with sodium hydroxide. The second group was not treated; the remaining three were treated with buffer at once, after fifteen minutes and after thirty minutes. Our results showed that provided this regime is used within thirty minutes of exposure, the effects of the insult are reduced.", "contents": "Intracameral phosphate buffer in alkali burns. We perfused the eyes of albino rabbits with a phosphate buffer to see if the damage to cornea and lens produced by alkali might be reduced. The rabbits were divided into five groups: in the first (control) group undamaged eyes were perfused; in the other four the corneas were burned with sodium hydroxide. The second group was not treated; the remaining three were treated with buffer at once, after fifteen minutes and after thirty minutes. Our results showed that provided this regime is used within thirty minutes of exposure, the effects of the insult are reduced.", "PMID": 647469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3496", "title": "Brucellosis in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L., inoculated experimentally with Brucella suis, type 4.", "content": "An investigation of brucellosis caused by Brucella suis, type 4, in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L., and other ungulates inoculated experimentally with virulent isolates was undertaken to observe the course of infection, follow titres of serum agglutins, and determine the extent to which intraspecific and interspecific transmission might occur among confined animals. Titres rose to maximum levels within 1 to 2 months following inoculation, decreased during the next 4 months, and persisted at low levels thereafter. Titres in uninoculated associates of these animals followed the same pattern, but at lower levels. Abortion occurred in reindeer that received large numbers of organisms; females receiving smaller numbers at an earlier stage of gestation produced normal fawns. Possible explanations for the holarctic distribution of B. suis, type 4, in reindeer are considered.", "contents": "Brucellosis in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L., inoculated experimentally with Brucella suis, type 4. An investigation of brucellosis caused by Brucella suis, type 4, in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L., and other ungulates inoculated experimentally with virulent isolates was undertaken to observe the course of infection, follow titres of serum agglutins, and determine the extent to which intraspecific and interspecific transmission might occur among confined animals. Titres rose to maximum levels within 1 to 2 months following inoculation, decreased during the next 4 months, and persisted at low levels thereafter. Titres in uninoculated associates of these animals followed the same pattern, but at lower levels. Abortion occurred in reindeer that received large numbers of organisms; females receiving smaller numbers at an earlier stage of gestation produced normal fawns. Possible explanations for the holarctic distribution of B. suis, type 4, in reindeer are considered.", "PMID": 647470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3497", "title": "Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol. Studies on the origin of the dichloroacetyl moiety.", "content": "Chloramphenicol produced by cultures of Streptomyces species 3022a supplemented with sodium [1,2-13C]acetate was labelled with 13C exclusively in the dichloromethine (2.6 +/- 0.1%) and carbonyl (0.59 +/- 0.05% carbon atoms. Satellite signals from 13C-13C coupling between covalently bonded 13C-enriched carbon atoms were too intense to be attributed to random combination of labelled atoms at the average enrichments measured, but their intensity relative to those of the signals for uncoupled 13C atoms indicated that most of the precursor had been incorporated after 13C-13C bond fission. Since [2,3-13c]succinic acid enriched only the carbonyl carbon atom of chloramphenicol, these results suggest that neither acetate nor a Krebs cycle intermediate is a direct precursor of the dichloroacetyl group. Cultures supplemented with [2-3h]-or [2h2]-dichloroacetic acid incorporated negligible amounts of isotope into the antibiotic; on this evidence, the free acid is not an intermediate in chloramphenicol biosynthesis and the acylation step may precede chlorination.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol. Studies on the origin of the dichloroacetyl moiety. Chloramphenicol produced by cultures of Streptomyces species 3022a supplemented with sodium [1,2-13C]acetate was labelled with 13C exclusively in the dichloromethine (2.6 +/- 0.1%) and carbonyl (0.59 +/- 0.05% carbon atoms. Satellite signals from 13C-13C coupling between covalently bonded 13C-enriched carbon atoms were too intense to be attributed to random combination of labelled atoms at the average enrichments measured, but their intensity relative to those of the signals for uncoupled 13C atoms indicated that most of the precursor had been incorporated after 13C-13C bond fission. Since [2,3-13c]succinic acid enriched only the carbonyl carbon atom of chloramphenicol, these results suggest that neither acetate nor a Krebs cycle intermediate is a direct precursor of the dichloroacetyl group. Cultures supplemented with [2-3h]-or [2h2]-dichloroacetic acid incorporated negligible amounts of isotope into the antibiotic; on this evidence, the free acid is not an intermediate in chloramphenicol biosynthesis and the acylation step may precede chlorination.", "PMID": 647471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3498", "title": "Inducing effect of plant cells on nitrogenase activity by Spirillum and Rhizobium in vitro.", "content": "Eleven different plant cell tissue cultures of both legume and non-legume origin have been grown in direct association, and in separate but close proximal association with both Spirillum lipoferum and Rhizobium sp. 32H1. Basic similarities were found in the nutritional requirement for the induction of nitrogenase activity (C2H2) in both organisms. In the absence of plant cell cultures both organisms need to be provided with a pentose sugar and a tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acids needed but not the sugar component. The plant tissue, however, seems able to activate certain carbohydrates, which in themselves are incapable of substituting for the pentose additive.", "contents": "Inducing effect of plant cells on nitrogenase activity by Spirillum and Rhizobium in vitro. Eleven different plant cell tissue cultures of both legume and non-legume origin have been grown in direct association, and in separate but close proximal association with both Spirillum lipoferum and Rhizobium sp. 32H1. Basic similarities were found in the nutritional requirement for the induction of nitrogenase activity (C2H2) in both organisms. In the absence of plant cell cultures both organisms need to be provided with a pentose sugar and a tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acids needed but not the sugar component. The plant tissue, however, seems able to activate certain carbohydrates, which in themselves are incapable of substituting for the pentose additive.", "PMID": 647472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3499", "title": "The envelope of Micrococcus radiodurans: isolation, purification, and preliminary analysis of the wall layers.", "content": "Two methods are presented that separate the complex envelope of Micrococcus radiodurans, strain Sark, into its constituent layers. The first involved treating whole cells with 0.025 M Tris buffer (pH 7.5) containing 2 mM of calcium and 3 mM of magnesium, resulting in the degradation of an intermediate ('compartmentalized') layer and consequent sloughing of the outer subunit and interior layers to form vesicles. This treatment also appears to show that the interior layer may be connected with the peptidoglycan-containing 'holey' layer. The second method involves treating whole cells with benzene followed by sonication; the results suggested that this treatment only released the outer layers from the 'compartmentalized' layer and did not degrade layers. Following benzene treatment, digestion of the 'compartmentalized' layer with cold sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) released the 'holey' layer. Electrophoretic analysis of some of the isolated layer preparations suggested that the subunit layer consisted of three major proteins of 90 000, 92 000, and 94 000 molecular weight, one minor protein of 100 000, a small amount of carbohydrate associated with the 94 000 protein, and a small amount of a 55 000 lipoprotein. The interior layer contained at least 10 proteins and may be attached to the peptidoglycan-containing 'holey' layer by means of the 55 000 lipoprotein.", "contents": "The envelope of Micrococcus radiodurans: isolation, purification, and preliminary analysis of the wall layers. Two methods are presented that separate the complex envelope of Micrococcus radiodurans, strain Sark, into its constituent layers. The first involved treating whole cells with 0.025 M Tris buffer (pH 7.5) containing 2 mM of calcium and 3 mM of magnesium, resulting in the degradation of an intermediate ('compartmentalized') layer and consequent sloughing of the outer subunit and interior layers to form vesicles. This treatment also appears to show that the interior layer may be connected with the peptidoglycan-containing 'holey' layer. The second method involves treating whole cells with benzene followed by sonication; the results suggested that this treatment only released the outer layers from the 'compartmentalized' layer and did not degrade layers. Following benzene treatment, digestion of the 'compartmentalized' layer with cold sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) released the 'holey' layer. Electrophoretic analysis of some of the isolated layer preparations suggested that the subunit layer consisted of three major proteins of 90 000, 92 000, and 94 000 molecular weight, one minor protein of 100 000, a small amount of carbohydrate associated with the 94 000 protein, and a small amount of a 55 000 lipoprotein. The interior layer contained at least 10 proteins and may be attached to the peptidoglycan-containing 'holey' layer by means of the 55 000 lipoprotein.", "PMID": 647473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3500", "title": "Cleavage planes in the envelope of Aquaspirillum bengal.", "content": "The cell surface of Aquaspirillum bengal was devoid of superficial wall structure. When cells were freeze-cleaved and etched, multiple fracture planes through the cell envelope were exposed, which was unusual for an aquaspirillum. These included both convex and concave surfaces and they are compared with those of other gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Cleavage planes in the envelope of Aquaspirillum bengal. The cell surface of Aquaspirillum bengal was devoid of superficial wall structure. When cells were freeze-cleaved and etched, multiple fracture planes through the cell envelope were exposed, which was unusual for an aquaspirillum. These included both convex and concave surfaces and they are compared with those of other gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 647474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3501", "title": "Labelled acetone and levulinic acid are formed when [14C]acetate is being converted to mycophenolic acid in Penicillium brevicompactum.", "content": "Evidence is presented that is compatible with the hypothesis that the farnesyl unit involved in the biosynthesis of mycophenolic acid in Penicillium brevicompactum is degraded by two successive oxidative cleavages at the double bonds distal from the phthalide nucleus. Acetone and levulinic acid are two non-aromatic degradation products.", "contents": "Labelled acetone and levulinic acid are formed when [14C]acetate is being converted to mycophenolic acid in Penicillium brevicompactum. Evidence is presented that is compatible with the hypothesis that the farnesyl unit involved in the biosynthesis of mycophenolic acid in Penicillium brevicompactum is degraded by two successive oxidative cleavages at the double bonds distal from the phthalide nucleus. Acetone and levulinic acid are two non-aromatic degradation products.", "PMID": 647475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3502", "title": "Transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii strains unable to fix nitrogen with Rhizobium spp. DNA.", "content": "The phenotypes of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 strains defective in nitrogen fixation (Nif-) were characterized by intrageneric transformation with known Nif- strains of A. vinelandii OP. These former mutant strains were used as recipients for intergeneric transformation by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prepared from Rhizobium spp. to determine if the rhizobia would transform the Azotobacter Nif- phenotypes to Nif+. The frequency of Nif+ transformants using Rhizobium DNA was always less than the frequency using Azotobacter wild-type DNA but was greater than the spontaneous reversion frequency. The Azotobacter Nif+ recombinants also were stable. DNA from all of the Rhizobium spp. transformed to Nif+ Azotobacter mutants defective in the nitrogenase component I (molybdoferredoxin); however, some recombinants had a lower nitrogenase activity and a delayed nitrogenase depression time. Mutants defective in the pleiotrophic transcriptional control of both nitrogenase components were transformed to Nif+ by the asymbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium sp. 32H1 and 41A1, but not the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing species. The significance of these results and the possible future applications of this system are discussed.", "contents": "Transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii strains unable to fix nitrogen with Rhizobium spp. DNA. The phenotypes of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 strains defective in nitrogen fixation (Nif-) were characterized by intrageneric transformation with known Nif- strains of A. vinelandii OP. These former mutant strains were used as recipients for intergeneric transformation by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prepared from Rhizobium spp. to determine if the rhizobia would transform the Azotobacter Nif- phenotypes to Nif+. The frequency of Nif+ transformants using Rhizobium DNA was always less than the frequency using Azotobacter wild-type DNA but was greater than the spontaneous reversion frequency. The Azotobacter Nif+ recombinants also were stable. DNA from all of the Rhizobium spp. transformed to Nif+ Azotobacter mutants defective in the nitrogenase component I (molybdoferredoxin); however, some recombinants had a lower nitrogenase activity and a delayed nitrogenase depression time. Mutants defective in the pleiotrophic transcriptional control of both nitrogenase components were transformed to Nif+ by the asymbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium sp. 32H1 and 41A1, but not the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing species. The significance of these results and the possible future applications of this system are discussed.", "PMID": 647476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3503", "title": "Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol in Streptomyces sp. 3022a. Properties of an aminotransferase accepting p-aminophenylalanine as a substrate.", "content": "In the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, cell-free extracts of Streptomyces species 3022a catalysed transfer of the amino group from p-aminophenylalanine, yielding an unstable product similar to that obtained by the action of D- and L-amino acid oxidases on the amino acid. The enzyme, purified 16-fold from cell homogenates by chromatography on ion-exchange celluloses, hydroxyapatite, and cross-linked dextran gel, has a molecular weight of 90 000 and a broad pH optimum at 8.0. It is active with L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine as well as p-amino-DL-phenylalanine as amino donors, and its relative activity towards these substrates did not change during purification. Polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis of the partially purified enzyme gave single zones with identical mobility when the gels were assayed for activity with p-aminophenylalanine and tyrosine as amino donors. The results indicate that synthesis of p-aminophenylalanine en route to chloramphenicol uses a multispecific aminotransferase for aromatic amino acids. With L-phenylalanine as substrate, the preferred amino-accepting co-substrate was alpha-ketoglutarate. Some kinetic constants for the enzyme were determined, and its requirement for pyridoxal phosphate was demonstrated.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol in Streptomyces sp. 3022a. Properties of an aminotransferase accepting p-aminophenylalanine as a substrate. In the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, cell-free extracts of Streptomyces species 3022a catalysed transfer of the amino group from p-aminophenylalanine, yielding an unstable product similar to that obtained by the action of D- and L-amino acid oxidases on the amino acid. The enzyme, purified 16-fold from cell homogenates by chromatography on ion-exchange celluloses, hydroxyapatite, and cross-linked dextran gel, has a molecular weight of 90 000 and a broad pH optimum at 8.0. It is active with L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine as well as p-amino-DL-phenylalanine as amino donors, and its relative activity towards these substrates did not change during purification. Polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis of the partially purified enzyme gave single zones with identical mobility when the gels were assayed for activity with p-aminophenylalanine and tyrosine as amino donors. The results indicate that synthesis of p-aminophenylalanine en route to chloramphenicol uses a multispecific aminotransferase for aromatic amino acids. With L-phenylalanine as substrate, the preferred amino-accepting co-substrate was alpha-ketoglutarate. Some kinetic constants for the enzyme were determined, and its requirement for pyridoxal phosphate was demonstrated.", "PMID": 647477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3504", "title": "In situ degradation of oil in a soil of the boreal region of the Northwest Territories.", "content": "Replicate field plots comprising a control; control plus oil; control plus oil and fertilizer (urea phosphate, 27:27:0); control plus oil and bacteria; and control plus oil, fertilizer, and bacteria were established at Norman Wells, N.W.T., Canada. Plots were monitored over a 3-year period for changes in microbial numbers and the chemical composition of recovered oil. Where fertilizer was applied, there was a rapid increase in bacterial numbers, but no increase in fungal propagules. This was followed by a rapid disappearance of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and a continuous loss in weight of saturate compounds in recovered oil. Changes in the content of asphaltenes, aromatics, and nitrogen-, sulphur-, and oxygen-containing fractions also are discussed. The seeding of oil-soaked plots with oil-degrading bacteria did not have any effect on the composition of recovered oil. Fertilized plots showed a more rapid rate of vegetation with cotton grass and Labrador tea being the dominant species in revegetation.", "contents": "In situ degradation of oil in a soil of the boreal region of the Northwest Territories. Replicate field plots comprising a control; control plus oil; control plus oil and fertilizer (urea phosphate, 27:27:0); control plus oil and bacteria; and control plus oil, fertilizer, and bacteria were established at Norman Wells, N.W.T., Canada. Plots were monitored over a 3-year period for changes in microbial numbers and the chemical composition of recovered oil. Where fertilizer was applied, there was a rapid increase in bacterial numbers, but no increase in fungal propagules. This was followed by a rapid disappearance of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and a continuous loss in weight of saturate compounds in recovered oil. Changes in the content of asphaltenes, aromatics, and nitrogen-, sulphur-, and oxygen-containing fractions also are discussed. The seeding of oil-soaked plots with oil-degrading bacteria did not have any effect on the composition of recovered oil. Fertilized plots showed a more rapid rate of vegetation with cotton grass and Labrador tea being the dominant species in revegetation.", "PMID": 647478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3505", "title": "ICMSF methods studies. X. An international comparative study of four media for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods.", "content": "An international comparative study, undertaken by six laboratories to assess the performance of four selective media commonly used for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods, revealed that Baird-Parker agar performed most satisfactorily. There was no significant difference among milk salt, tellurite polymyxin egg yolk, and kalium rhodanid - actidione - natriumazid - eigelb - pyruvat (KRANEP) agars. The type of food examined appeared to influence the performance of the media, but no specific patterns could be determined. Cultures yielding 3+ and 4+ coagulase reactions are most likely to possess thermostable nuclease activity, and are therefore most likely to be S. aureus.", "contents": "ICMSF methods studies. X. An international comparative study of four media for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. An international comparative study, undertaken by six laboratories to assess the performance of four selective media commonly used for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods, revealed that Baird-Parker agar performed most satisfactorily. There was no significant difference among milk salt, tellurite polymyxin egg yolk, and kalium rhodanid - actidione - natriumazid - eigelb - pyruvat (KRANEP) agars. The type of food examined appeared to influence the performance of the media, but no specific patterns could be determined. Cultures yielding 3+ and 4+ coagulase reactions are most likely to possess thermostable nuclease activity, and are therefore most likely to be S. aureus.", "PMID": 647479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3506", "title": "An ecological study of bacteriophages of Vibrio natriegens.", "content": "Effects of temperature and anaerobic conditions on the replication of two bacteriophages, nt-1 and nt-6, of the estuarine bacterium Vibrio natriegens were studied. Reduction in temperature resulted in longer latent periods and reduced burst sizes for both phages. Replication under anaerobic conditions resulted in longer latent periods; however, phage nt-6 had a reduced burst size, whereas phage nt-1 had an increased burst size, resulting in a rate of phage production nearly equal to that observed under aerobic conditions. Therefore the distribution of the phages in marsh areas could be influenced by temperature and anaerobiosis.", "contents": "An ecological study of bacteriophages of Vibrio natriegens. Effects of temperature and anaerobic conditions on the replication of two bacteriophages, nt-1 and nt-6, of the estuarine bacterium Vibrio natriegens were studied. Reduction in temperature resulted in longer latent periods and reduced burst sizes for both phages. Replication under anaerobic conditions resulted in longer latent periods; however, phage nt-6 had a reduced burst size, whereas phage nt-1 had an increased burst size, resulting in a rate of phage production nearly equal to that observed under aerobic conditions. Therefore the distribution of the phages in marsh areas could be influenced by temperature and anaerobiosis.", "PMID": 647480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3507", "title": "Breakdown of psyllium hydrocolloid by strains of Bacterioides ovatus from the human intestinal tract.", "content": "Strains of Bacteroides ovatus from human feces produced extracellular enzymes which degraded psyllium hydrocolloid. Other species of saccharolytic bacteria which are found in high concentrations in human feces did not degrade psyllium.", "contents": "Breakdown of psyllium hydrocolloid by strains of Bacterioides ovatus from the human intestinal tract. Strains of Bacteroides ovatus from human feces produced extracellular enzymes which degraded psyllium hydrocolloid. Other species of saccharolytic bacteria which are found in high concentrations in human feces did not degrade psyllium.", "PMID": 647481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3508", "title": "Chroma-Memo-Flow technique for rapid sequential analysis of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) responses.", "content": "This is the first report of a method of sequential regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) analysis, called Croma-Memo-Flow. This technique is a computerized modification of the initial slope method of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF init.), allowing temporal resolution of the flow pattern by calculation of the slopes of sequential segments of the initial 1-2 minutes of the Xenon-133 washout curve. The same theoretical analysis applies to this method as to the rCBF init. method. Each flow calculation is based on the slope of a discrete 16 second segment of the initial washout; and each second the segment is advanced by one second. A new flow calculation is made each second and is displayed as a color coded map on a TV screen. Each map is labelled, indicating the time in seconds following Xenon injection, and sequential rCBF changes during the clearance period can be immediately visualized. This allows for almost instantaneous analysis and display of rapid or transient rCBF responses to activation and deactivation of the cerebral cortices. The data is stored in a 35 channel memory for deliberate replay, photography, and analysis. Functional tests may be applied during the initial washout period and both the magnitude and chronological relationships of the evoked regional cerebrovascular responses observed. A clinical study is presented to illustrate the possibilities of applying the technique to assess cortical reactivity.", "contents": "Chroma-Memo-Flow technique for rapid sequential analysis of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) responses. This is the first report of a method of sequential regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) analysis, called Croma-Memo-Flow. This technique is a computerized modification of the initial slope method of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF init.), allowing temporal resolution of the flow pattern by calculation of the slopes of sequential segments of the initial 1-2 minutes of the Xenon-133 washout curve. The same theoretical analysis applies to this method as to the rCBF init. method. Each flow calculation is based on the slope of a discrete 16 second segment of the initial washout; and each second the segment is advanced by one second. A new flow calculation is made each second and is displayed as a color coded map on a TV screen. Each map is labelled, indicating the time in seconds following Xenon injection, and sequential rCBF changes during the clearance period can be immediately visualized. This allows for almost instantaneous analysis and display of rapid or transient rCBF responses to activation and deactivation of the cerebral cortices. The data is stored in a 35 channel memory for deliberate replay, photography, and analysis. Functional tests may be applied during the initial washout period and both the magnitude and chronological relationships of the evoked regional cerebrovascular responses observed. A clinical study is presented to illustrate the possibilities of applying the technique to assess cortical reactivity.", "PMID": 647482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3509", "title": "Familial hyperbilirubinemia in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "The combined metabolic stresses of fasting and the intravenous injection of 50 mg nicotinic acid in Friedreich's ataxia resulted in the delineation of two sub-groups of responses. High bilirubin ataxics maintained abnormally elevated levels of bilirubin, while normal bilirubin ataxics behaved like the normal control group. It is postulated that this finding infers the possible linkage of the gene for Friedreich's ataxia and that for Gilbert's disease.", "contents": "Familial hyperbilirubinemia in Friedreich's ataxia. The combined metabolic stresses of fasting and the intravenous injection of 50 mg nicotinic acid in Friedreich's ataxia resulted in the delineation of two sub-groups of responses. High bilirubin ataxics maintained abnormally elevated levels of bilirubin, while normal bilirubin ataxics behaved like the normal control group. It is postulated that this finding infers the possible linkage of the gene for Friedreich's ataxia and that for Gilbert's disease.", "PMID": 647483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3510", "title": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase regulation in rat brain.", "content": "The Pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDHC) purified from rat brain is phosphorylated in the presence of low concentrations of ATP and MgCl2. The phosphorylated PDHC is incapable of catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. In the presence of high concentrations (10 mM) of MgCl2, the phosphorylated (inactive) PDHC is converted back to the dephospho-form of PDHC which is catalytically active. The dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (LAD) component, E3, of PDHC is inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and the PLP-inactivated LAD can be reactivated by an amino acid, taurine. These results indicate the reversible formation of Schiff base between PLP and LAD. They also provide clear evidence for the involvement of LAD (E3) in the previously reported inactivation of PDHC by PLP.", "contents": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase regulation in rat brain. The Pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDHC) purified from rat brain is phosphorylated in the presence of low concentrations of ATP and MgCl2. The phosphorylated PDHC is incapable of catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. In the presence of high concentrations (10 mM) of MgCl2, the phosphorylated (inactive) PDHC is converted back to the dephospho-form of PDHC which is catalytically active. The dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (LAD) component, E3, of PDHC is inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and the PLP-inactivated LAD can be reactivated by an amino acid, taurine. These results indicate the reversible formation of Schiff base between PLP and LAD. They also provide clear evidence for the involvement of LAD (E3) in the previously reported inactivation of PDHC by PLP.", "PMID": 647484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3511", "title": "Serum and platelet lipoamide dehydrogenase in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) were measured in platelets of 11 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia and 10 normal control subjects. Serum LAD was also evaluated in the same patients. No statistically significant changes were found in platelets for the group as a whole, although some patients had low values (more than one standard deviation below control mean). Serum LAD was significantly reduced in the patients with Friedreich's ataxia. This was not due to associated diabetes.", "contents": "Serum and platelet lipoamide dehydrogenase in Friedreich's ataxia. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) were measured in platelets of 11 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia and 10 normal control subjects. Serum LAD was also evaluated in the same patients. No statistically significant changes were found in platelets for the group as a whole, although some patients had low values (more than one standard deviation below control mean). Serum LAD was significantly reduced in the patients with Friedreich's ataxia. This was not due to associated diabetes.", "PMID": 647485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3512", "title": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase in Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts.", "content": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase was measured in cultivated skin fibroblasts from twelve patients with Friedreich's ataxia and nine normal controls. No difference in specific activity, subcellular distribution and Vmax or Km was observed between patients and controls.", "contents": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase in Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts. Lipoamide dehydrogenase was measured in cultivated skin fibroblasts from twelve patients with Friedreich's ataxia and nine normal controls. No difference in specific activity, subcellular distribution and Vmax or Km was observed between patients and controls.", "PMID": 647486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3513", "title": "Platelet taurine uptake in spinocerebellar degeneration.", "content": "The uptake of 14C-taurine was studied in the platelets of 20 ataxic patients and 20 age-matched normal control subjects. No significant differences were found in uptake or kinetics of taurine between the two groups of subjects. If a transport defect in taurine exists in Friedreich's ataxia, it is not present in all tissues. Preliminary indication was obtained in favor of heterogenity of the uptake pattern between ataxic individuals.", "contents": "Platelet taurine uptake in spinocerebellar degeneration. The uptake of 14C-taurine was studied in the platelets of 20 ataxic patients and 20 age-matched normal control subjects. No significant differences were found in uptake or kinetics of taurine between the two groups of subjects. If a transport defect in taurine exists in Friedreich's ataxia, it is not present in all tissues. Preliminary indication was obtained in favor of heterogenity of the uptake pattern between ataxic individuals.", "PMID": 647487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3514", "title": "Taurine in cerebrospinal fluid in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "In a previous study we reported low values of taurine and aspartic acid in the CSF of patients with Friedreich's ataxia, when the results were compared to the literature. Further studies have revealed that unforetold difficulties with the advertised methodology of sequential multi-sample amino acid analysis were responsible for low values in the determination of these two amino acids in the small volumes necessary for CSF. A corrected method is presented. With the latter method the differences disappear for CSF taurine and aspartic acid, but they remain valid for the previously reported blood and urine values in Friedreich's ataxia. GABA levels are also normal in Friedreich's ataxia CSF.", "contents": "Taurine in cerebrospinal fluid in Friedreich's ataxia. In a previous study we reported low values of taurine and aspartic acid in the CSF of patients with Friedreich's ataxia, when the results were compared to the literature. Further studies have revealed that unforetold difficulties with the advertised methodology of sequential multi-sample amino acid analysis were responsible for low values in the determination of these two amino acids in the small volumes necessary for CSF. A corrected method is presented. With the latter method the differences disappear for CSF taurine and aspartic acid, but they remain valid for the previously reported blood and urine values in Friedreich's ataxia. GABA levels are also normal in Friedreich's ataxia CSF.", "PMID": 647488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3515", "title": "Cerebellar ataxia produced by 3-acetyl pyridine in rat.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of 3-acetyl pyridine produces, within 24 hours of administration, signs of cerebellar ataxia and damage to the medulla oblongata and to the climbing fibers of the cerebellum. These changes are accompanied by changes in the concentration of certain amino acids in the appropriate areas. Glutamic acid is decreased in cerebellum, medulla, cortex, striatum, hippocampus, retina and olfactory bulbs, while taurine is specifically decreased in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata and aspartic acid in the retina. The concentrations of GABA and glycine are not modified in any of the areas studied. Glutamine is generally increased in concentration in areas of cell damage.", "contents": "Cerebellar ataxia produced by 3-acetyl pyridine in rat. A single intraperitoneal injection of 3-acetyl pyridine produces, within 24 hours of administration, signs of cerebellar ataxia and damage to the medulla oblongata and to the climbing fibers of the cerebellum. These changes are accompanied by changes in the concentration of certain amino acids in the appropriate areas. Glutamic acid is decreased in cerebellum, medulla, cortex, striatum, hippocampus, retina and olfactory bulbs, while taurine is specifically decreased in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata and aspartic acid in the retina. The concentrations of GABA and glycine are not modified in any of the areas studied. Glutamine is generally increased in concentration in areas of cell damage.", "PMID": 647489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3516", "title": "Effect of alloxan diabetes on cerebellar amino acids.", "content": "Rats rendered diabetic by alloxan monohydrate were studied to investigate the effect of increased blood glucose upon the concentration of various putative neurotransmitter amino acids in the cerebellum. No modification was found in the concentrations of glutamate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, glycine or taurine, but there was a significant decrease in the cerebellar concentration of aspartate in the diabetic animals. This raises the question of the specificity of the aspartic acid defect found in some form of ataxia.", "contents": "Effect of alloxan diabetes on cerebellar amino acids. Rats rendered diabetic by alloxan monohydrate were studied to investigate the effect of increased blood glucose upon the concentration of various putative neurotransmitter amino acids in the cerebellum. No modification was found in the concentrations of glutamate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, glycine or taurine, but there was a significant decrease in the cerebellar concentration of aspartate in the diabetic animals. This raises the question of the specificity of the aspartic acid defect found in some form of ataxia.", "PMID": 647490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3517", "title": "Antagonism by taurine of morphine induced growth hormone secretion.", "content": "The intraperitoneal (IP) or intraventricular (IVT) administration of small amounts of taurine did not modify pentobarbital-induced sleep or pituitary hormone release. However, the drastic increment in plasma GH values induced by morphine administration was completely blocked by the IVT injection of the amino acid. Whether taurine plays a physiological role in the control of GH secretion is highly speculative.", "contents": "Antagonism by taurine of morphine induced growth hormone secretion. The intraperitoneal (IP) or intraventricular (IVT) administration of small amounts of taurine did not modify pentobarbital-induced sleep or pituitary hormone release. However, the drastic increment in plasma GH values induced by morphine administration was completely blocked by the IVT injection of the amino acid. Whether taurine plays a physiological role in the control of GH secretion is highly speculative.", "PMID": 647491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3518", "title": "Purine metabolism in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "In a detailed investigation of nucleotide synthesis, interconversion and degradation, no difference was found between subjects with Friedreich's Ataxia and normal controls. It appears improbable that this disorder is related to a primary defect in purine metabolism.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in Friedreich's ataxia. In a detailed investigation of nucleotide synthesis, interconversion and degradation, no difference was found between subjects with Friedreich's Ataxia and normal controls. It appears improbable that this disorder is related to a primary defect in purine metabolism.", "PMID": 647492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3519", "title": "Friedreich's Ataxia 1978--an overview.", "content": "In the present overview an attempt is made to summarize the investigations carried out during the first part of Phase Two of the Quebec Cooperative Study of Friedreich's Ataxia. These investigations delineated the relative importance of various biochemical leads uncovered during the preliminary survey. It is possible to indicate some findings that may be primary and which should be pursued in subsequent investigations. Among these, the observation of an abnormal composition of high density lipoproteins in Friedreich's Ataxia appears to be the most important.", "contents": "Friedreich's Ataxia 1978--an overview. In the present overview an attempt is made to summarize the investigations carried out during the first part of Phase Two of the Quebec Cooperative Study of Friedreich's Ataxia. These investigations delineated the relative importance of various biochemical leads uncovered during the preliminary survey. It is possible to indicate some findings that may be primary and which should be pursued in subsequent investigations. Among these, the observation of an abnormal composition of high density lipoproteins in Friedreich's Ataxia appears to be the most important.", "PMID": 647493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3520", "title": "Microvascular anastomosis for cerebral ischemia in 19 patients: a preliminary report.", "content": "The general principles of bypass surgery as they affect the cerebral circulation are reviewed. The preliminary results of an extracranial intracranial bypass operation performed on a group of 19 patients suffering from cerebral ischemia are presented. The results of the surgery compare favorably with those published in the literature.", "contents": "Microvascular anastomosis for cerebral ischemia in 19 patients: a preliminary report. The general principles of bypass surgery as they affect the cerebral circulation are reviewed. The preliminary results of an extracranial intracranial bypass operation performed on a group of 19 patients suffering from cerebral ischemia are presented. The results of the surgery compare favorably with those published in the literature.", "PMID": 647494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3521", "title": "Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase in broken cell preparations of the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Broken cell preparations derived from rat cerebral cortical grey matter were studied cytochemically to localize adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in subcellular organelle membranes. AC activity was localized by visualizing reaction product in brain particulate fractions by electron microscopy. Activity was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane and on both leaflets of the nuclear membrane. Reaction product was found in the postsynaptic density area of most synapses. The reaction product tended to be more prominent in the presence of fluoride. A synaptosome-rich fraction was shown to have NE stimulated AC activity which was blocked in vitro by both a alpha- and an beta-blocker and in vivo by propranolol.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase in broken cell preparations of the cerebral cortex. Broken cell preparations derived from rat cerebral cortical grey matter were studied cytochemically to localize adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in subcellular organelle membranes. AC activity was localized by visualizing reaction product in brain particulate fractions by electron microscopy. Activity was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane and on both leaflets of the nuclear membrane. Reaction product was found in the postsynaptic density area of most synapses. The reaction product tended to be more prominent in the presence of fluoride. A synaptosome-rich fraction was shown to have NE stimulated AC activity which was blocked in vitro by both a alpha- and an beta-blocker and in vivo by propranolol.", "PMID": 647495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3522", "title": "Anesthesia in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The effect of general anesthesia on 42 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who underwent 88 episodes of general anesthesia was analyzed. One patient experienced a relapse after a procedure under general anesthesia, which is compatible with the natural history of the disease. A literature review revealed little information on this subject or on the use of particular anesthetic agents in MS. Our experience with spinal and local anesthesia is reported. In the evaluation of the former our limited data suggested that spinal anesthesia is less preferable than other alternatives in MS. Local anesthetics had a benign effect on the course of MS.", "contents": "Anesthesia in multiple sclerosis. The effect of general anesthesia on 42 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who underwent 88 episodes of general anesthesia was analyzed. One patient experienced a relapse after a procedure under general anesthesia, which is compatible with the natural history of the disease. A literature review revealed little information on this subject or on the use of particular anesthetic agents in MS. Our experience with spinal and local anesthesia is reported. In the evaluation of the former our limited data suggested that spinal anesthesia is less preferable than other alternatives in MS. Local anesthetics had a benign effect on the course of MS.", "PMID": 647496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3523", "title": "Microangiography and vascular permeability of the subependymal matrix in the premature infant.", "content": "The microvascular architecture of the subependymal matrix in premature infants was studied with microangiography and benzidine stains. This revealed that the subependymal matrix is the end zone or the border zone between cerebral arteries and the collection zone of the deep cerebral veins. Focal hypoxic changes of this subependymal matrix may occur in hypoxemia and ischemia because of the characteristic architecture. The vascular permeability of these vessels was studied in rabbits using three different molecular weights of FITC-dextran. Vascular permeability was increased in the subependymal matrix by hypoxia and especially by hypoxia associated with an increased venous pressure. These findings may be related to the pathogenesis of subependymal hemorrhage in prematurity.", "contents": "Microangiography and vascular permeability of the subependymal matrix in the premature infant. The microvascular architecture of the subependymal matrix in premature infants was studied with microangiography and benzidine stains. This revealed that the subependymal matrix is the end zone or the border zone between cerebral arteries and the collection zone of the deep cerebral veins. Focal hypoxic changes of this subependymal matrix may occur in hypoxemia and ischemia because of the characteristic architecture. The vascular permeability of these vessels was studied in rabbits using three different molecular weights of FITC-dextran. Vascular permeability was increased in the subependymal matrix by hypoxia and especially by hypoxia associated with an increased venous pressure. These findings may be related to the pathogenesis of subependymal hemorrhage in prematurity.", "PMID": 647497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3524", "title": "Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay.", "content": "A new syndrome of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia has been isolated in the Charlevoix-Saguenay region of Quebec. This syndrome is remarkably homogeneous and includes: spasticity, dysarthria, distal muscle wasting, foot deformities, truncal ataxia, absence of sensory evoked potentials in the lower limbs, retinal striation reminiscent of early Leber's atrophy and the frequent presence (57%) of a prolapse of the mitral valve. Biochemically, many cases show impaired pyruvate oxidation, others have hyperbilirubinaemia and some have low serum beta-lipoproteins and HDL apoproteins. These features are similar to those found in typical Friedreich's ataxia.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. A new syndrome of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia has been isolated in the Charlevoix-Saguenay region of Quebec. This syndrome is remarkably homogeneous and includes: spasticity, dysarthria, distal muscle wasting, foot deformities, truncal ataxia, absence of sensory evoked potentials in the lower limbs, retinal striation reminiscent of early Leber's atrophy and the frequent presence (57%) of a prolapse of the mitral valve. Biochemically, many cases show impaired pyruvate oxidation, others have hyperbilirubinaemia and some have low serum beta-lipoproteins and HDL apoproteins. These features are similar to those found in typical Friedreich's ataxia.", "PMID": 647499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3525", "title": "Clinical and electronystagmographic findings in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "A thorough investigation of vestibular function has been carried out in 16 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia. Electronystagmography and caloric tests revealed a number of inconstant abnormalities. Most abnormal findings were related to ocular dysmetria, disorganized pursuit and square waves.", "contents": "Clinical and electronystagmographic findings in Friedreich's ataxia. A thorough investigation of vestibular function has been carried out in 16 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia. Electronystagmography and caloric tests revealed a number of inconstant abnormalities. Most abnormal findings were related to ocular dysmetria, disorganized pursuit and square waves.", "PMID": 647500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3526", "title": "HLA and complement typing in olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy.", "content": "HLA antigen typing was carried out in a family with an autosomal dominant form of spinocerebellar degeneration [possibly olivoponto cerebellar atrophy (O.P.C.A.)--Type 1]. Eleven ataxic patients, three possibly ataxic subjects, two unrelated spouses and 13 clinically normal at risk siblings were typed for ABO and Rh blood groups, HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, C4 component of the complement and a number of other serum proteins (Clq, beta-1A, beta-1C, C5, beta-lipoproteins). No solid evidence for linkage between the ataxia gene and the HLA or C4 loci could be demonstrated in this family. Certain serum proteins, and particularly beta-lipoproteins were found to be significantly reduced in some sub-groups of subjects.", "contents": "HLA and complement typing in olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy. HLA antigen typing was carried out in a family with an autosomal dominant form of spinocerebellar degeneration [possibly olivoponto cerebellar atrophy (O.P.C.A.)--Type 1]. Eleven ataxic patients, three possibly ataxic subjects, two unrelated spouses and 13 clinically normal at risk siblings were typed for ABO and Rh blood groups, HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, C4 component of the complement and a number of other serum proteins (Clq, beta-1A, beta-1C, C5, beta-lipoproteins). No solid evidence for linkage between the ataxia gene and the HLA or C4 loci could be demonstrated in this family. Certain serum proteins, and particularly beta-lipoproteins were found to be significantly reduced in some sub-groups of subjects.", "PMID": 647501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3527", "title": "Spontaneous dissection of cervico-cerebral arteries.", "content": "Sixteen cases of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (6 verified) are described. The mean age was 45 years. The clinical picture varied from simply headache and a bruit to hemiplegia and aphasia. Eleven patients had transient ischemic attacks. Headache, facial pain, a subjective bruit, oculo-sympathetic palsy and transient monocular blindness were present in various combinations in two-thirds of cases and their presence suggested the correct diagnosis. Examples of suspected dissection of the intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral and extracranial vertebral arteries are also presented. Spontaneous dissection is more common than the literature indicates.", "contents": "Spontaneous dissection of cervico-cerebral arteries. Sixteen cases of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (6 verified) are described. The mean age was 45 years. The clinical picture varied from simply headache and a bruit to hemiplegia and aphasia. Eleven patients had transient ischemic attacks. Headache, facial pain, a subjective bruit, oculo-sympathetic palsy and transient monocular blindness were present in various combinations in two-thirds of cases and their presence suggested the correct diagnosis. Examples of suspected dissection of the intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral and extracranial vertebral arteries are also presented. Spontaneous dissection is more common than the literature indicates.", "PMID": 647502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3528", "title": "Oxygen transport in patients with Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "The hypothesis is that an abnormal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a primary or a secondary defect in patients with Friedreich's ataxia was investigated in 12 subjects with this disease. Hemoglobin and P50 were measured and compared with age and sex matched controls. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 14.2 g% and the P50 was 26.25 torr for the patients and 13.8 g% and 26.27 torr in the controls. These results indicate that the oxygen transport system is normal in this disease and likely exclude an abnormal oxygen dissociation curve as a primary or a secondary factor in the pathophysiology of the cardiomyopathy and the neuromyopathy found in this disease.", "contents": "Oxygen transport in patients with Friedreich's ataxia. The hypothesis is that an abnormal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a primary or a secondary defect in patients with Friedreich's ataxia was investigated in 12 subjects with this disease. Hemoglobin and P50 were measured and compared with age and sex matched controls. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 14.2 g% and the P50 was 26.25 torr for the patients and 13.8 g% and 26.27 torr in the controls. These results indicate that the oxygen transport system is normal in this disease and likely exclude an abnormal oxygen dissociation curve as a primary or a secondary factor in the pathophysiology of the cardiomyopathy and the neuromyopathy found in this disease.", "PMID": 647503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3529", "title": "Clinical value of gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy.", "content": "This review describes the contribution of fiberoptic endoscopy and its associated ancillary procedures to the improved diagnosis of some common gastrointestinal disorders. The diagnostic approach to esophagitis and carcinoma of the esophagus and stomach is outlined. Swallowed foreign bodies that do not pass out of the stomach can be removed with relative ease by endoscopic ancillary procedures. The role of endoscopy in duodenal ulcer disease and the effects on morbidity and mortality of the vigorous diagnostic approach in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage are discussed. Endoscopy is invaluable for assessing the condition of the stomach postoperatively. Colonoscopic polypectomy has lent support to the \"poly-cancer\" hypothesis. The role of colonoscopy in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease must still be delineated. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is of value in the investigation of obstructive jaundice and pancreatic disease. In the former, noninvasive techniques of ultrasonography and computerized tomography scanning complemented by fine-needle transhepatic cholangiography will probably be the preferred methods of investigation. The impact of the contribution of fiberoptic endoscopy on health care will be maintained only if the physician has been properly trained in its use and has an understanding of the different diseases.", "contents": "Clinical value of gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy. This review describes the contribution of fiberoptic endoscopy and its associated ancillary procedures to the improved diagnosis of some common gastrointestinal disorders. The diagnostic approach to esophagitis and carcinoma of the esophagus and stomach is outlined. Swallowed foreign bodies that do not pass out of the stomach can be removed with relative ease by endoscopic ancillary procedures. The role of endoscopy in duodenal ulcer disease and the effects on morbidity and mortality of the vigorous diagnostic approach in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage are discussed. Endoscopy is invaluable for assessing the condition of the stomach postoperatively. Colonoscopic polypectomy has lent support to the \"poly-cancer\" hypothesis. The role of colonoscopy in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease must still be delineated. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is of value in the investigation of obstructive jaundice and pancreatic disease. In the former, noninvasive techniques of ultrasonography and computerized tomography scanning complemented by fine-needle transhepatic cholangiography will probably be the preferred methods of investigation. The impact of the contribution of fiberoptic endoscopy on health care will be maintained only if the physician has been properly trained in its use and has an understanding of the different diseases.", "PMID": 647506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3530", "title": "Symposium on colorectal cancer. 1. Pathology of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Most colorectal cancers arise from pre-existing adenomas (the adenoma-carcinoma sequence). The histology, cytology and malignant potential of the adenoma group of tumours are described. From a study of the life history of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cases of both familial polyposis and isolated adenoma it would appear that most colorectal cancers evolve over a long period. The adenoma is important as a marker for increased risk of colorectal cancer, in clinical practice and in epidemiologic studies. Local excision for carefully selected early colorectal cancers is justified on the basis of the results of a long-term prospective study.", "contents": "Symposium on colorectal cancer. 1. Pathology of colorectal cancer. Most colorectal cancers arise from pre-existing adenomas (the adenoma-carcinoma sequence). The histology, cytology and malignant potential of the adenoma group of tumours are described. From a study of the life history of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cases of both familial polyposis and isolated adenoma it would appear that most colorectal cancers evolve over a long period. The adenoma is important as a marker for increased risk of colorectal cancer, in clinical practice and in epidemiologic studies. Local excision for carefully selected early colorectal cancers is justified on the basis of the results of a long-term prospective study.", "PMID": 647507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3531", "title": "Epidemiology and colorectal cancer.", "content": "Data from international sources and from Canada are reviewed concerning the incidence and mortality for colorectal cancer. Nutritional factors are almost certainly relevant in etiology although, with differing sex ratios for different sites of the colon and rectum, it cannot be assumed that they will operate to the same extent throughout the large bowels. The results of studies currently available are conflicting and further study is obviously required.", "contents": "Epidemiology and colorectal cancer. Data from international sources and from Canada are reviewed concerning the incidence and mortality for colorectal cancer. Nutritional factors are almost certainly relevant in etiology although, with differing sex ratios for different sites of the colon and rectum, it cannot be assumed that they will operate to the same extent throughout the large bowels. The results of studies currently available are conflicting and further study is obviously required.", "PMID": 647508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3532", "title": "Immunology and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the human colon produce carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of a family of glycoprotein molecules that may be produced by various human cancers and, occasionally, by other abnormal tissues. The physicochemical nature and tissue distribution of CEA have been well established and a variety of radioimmunoassays have been developed for the detection of this material in the circulation of patients with CEA-producing tumours. Although the assay should not be used as a screening test for cancer of the bowel, it may serve as a helpful adjunct in the diagnosis of digestive system tumours in conjunction with other routine investigations. More important is the utilization of the radioimmunoassay for CEA under the following circumstances: 1. Preoperatively as an indicator of tumour dissemination based upon the quantitative concentrations of CEA in the circulation. 2. As an indicator of potentially curative resection manifested by a decrease in circulating concentrations of CEA to below detectable limits. 3. As an early warning of recurrent tumour growth, by detecting the reappearance of CEA in the circulation of a patient rendered CEA-negative after tumour resection, 3 months to 2 years or more before any other presently available technology can detect clinical evidence of recurrence. This last observation is now under investigation for its potential value as an indicator for second-look surgery in patients who have undergone potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancers.", "contents": "Immunology and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the human colon produce carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of a family of glycoprotein molecules that may be produced by various human cancers and, occasionally, by other abnormal tissues. The physicochemical nature and tissue distribution of CEA have been well established and a variety of radioimmunoassays have been developed for the detection of this material in the circulation of patients with CEA-producing tumours. Although the assay should not be used as a screening test for cancer of the bowel, it may serve as a helpful adjunct in the diagnosis of digestive system tumours in conjunction with other routine investigations. More important is the utilization of the radioimmunoassay for CEA under the following circumstances: 1. Preoperatively as an indicator of tumour dissemination based upon the quantitative concentrations of CEA in the circulation. 2. As an indicator of potentially curative resection manifested by a decrease in circulating concentrations of CEA to below detectable limits. 3. As an early warning of recurrent tumour growth, by detecting the reappearance of CEA in the circulation of a patient rendered CEA-negative after tumour resection, 3 months to 2 years or more before any other presently available technology can detect clinical evidence of recurrence. This last observation is now under investigation for its potential value as an indicator for second-look surgery in patients who have undergone potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancers.", "PMID": 647509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3533", "title": "Surgery of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Studies on lymphatic spread of rectal cancer have established the rationale for sphincter preservation in the treatment of midrectal cancer. This entity comprises lesions located 5.5 to 10 cm above the anal verge in women and 7 to 11 cm in men. Abdominosacral resection is a logical means for restoring intestinal continuity after radial resection for midrectal cancer. Direct posterior exposure of the distal limit of resection above the pelvic floor allows accurate construction of the anastomosis without disturbing the anorectal structures or their innervation and maintains essentially normal anal continence. The procedure is preferable to the various pull-through operations. Survival rates for patients undergoing anterior resection, abdominosacral resection and abdominoperineal resection are comparable.", "contents": "Surgery of colorectal cancer. Studies on lymphatic spread of rectal cancer have established the rationale for sphincter preservation in the treatment of midrectal cancer. This entity comprises lesions located 5.5 to 10 cm above the anal verge in women and 7 to 11 cm in men. Abdominosacral resection is a logical means for restoring intestinal continuity after radial resection for midrectal cancer. Direct posterior exposure of the distal limit of resection above the pelvic floor allows accurate construction of the anastomosis without disturbing the anorectal structures or their innervation and maintains essentially normal anal continence. The procedure is preferable to the various pull-through operations. Survival rates for patients undergoing anterior resection, abdominosacral resection and abdominoperineal resection are comparable.", "PMID": 647510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3534", "title": "Radiotherapy of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Radiotherapy has an increasingly important place in the management of patients with colorectal cancer. At present the exact indications have not been made based on preliminary experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto: 1. Radical irradiation could be a valuable alternative to the classical Miles' abdominoperineal excision of extraperitoneal rectal cancer. 2. Preoperative irradiation may be used for all patients undergoing surgical excision and restoration of bowel continuity. 3. Postoperative radiotherapy can be administrated (a) when the tumour has penetrated the bowel wall to the serosa or beyond, (b) when the lymph nodes are involved secondarily and (c) when the distal line of resection is less than 4.0 cm from the tumour (as measured in the fixed pathological specimen). 4. Radiotherapy is useful for palliation of postsurgical recurrences and symptomatic distant metastases.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of colorectal cancer. Radiotherapy has an increasingly important place in the management of patients with colorectal cancer. At present the exact indications have not been made based on preliminary experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto: 1. Radical irradiation could be a valuable alternative to the classical Miles' abdominoperineal excision of extraperitoneal rectal cancer. 2. Preoperative irradiation may be used for all patients undergoing surgical excision and restoration of bowel continuity. 3. Postoperative radiotherapy can be administrated (a) when the tumour has penetrated the bowel wall to the serosa or beyond, (b) when the lymph nodes are involved secondarily and (c) when the distal line of resection is less than 4.0 cm from the tumour (as measured in the fixed pathological specimen). 4. Radiotherapy is useful for palliation of postsurgical recurrences and symptomatic distant metastases.", "PMID": 647511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3535", "title": "Chemotherapy of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Although considerable research effort has been expanded to improve the drug treatment of colorectal cancer, progress has been slow. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is still the agent of choice and no other drug or combination of drugs has been found superior. When combined with radiation therapy 5-FU is superior to irradiation alone in the treatment of localized carcinoma of the rectum. When used as an adjuvant in the management of patients with a poor prognosis after definitive surgical resection, 5-FU has not improved survival or delayed the time to recurrence. Further controlled trials are modalities of therapy to improve these results.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of colorectal cancer. Although considerable research effort has been expanded to improve the drug treatment of colorectal cancer, progress has been slow. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is still the agent of choice and no other drug or combination of drugs has been found superior. When combined with radiation therapy 5-FU is superior to irradiation alone in the treatment of localized carcinoma of the rectum. When used as an adjuvant in the management of patients with a poor prognosis after definitive surgical resection, 5-FU has not improved survival or delayed the time to recurrence. Further controlled trials are modalities of therapy to improve these results.", "PMID": 647512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3536", "title": "Importance of mixed venous oxygen saturation in the care of critically ill patients.", "content": "The relation between mixed venous oxygen saturation and cardiac index was determined in 11 children who underwent surgical treatment for congenital heart disease. The correlation between these two variables was found to be reliable (r = 0.78, P = 0.001). The simple determination of mixed venous oxygen saturation performance, particularly when sophisticated equipment for measuring cardiac output is not available.", "contents": "Importance of mixed venous oxygen saturation in the care of critically ill patients. The relation between mixed venous oxygen saturation and cardiac index was determined in 11 children who underwent surgical treatment for congenital heart disease. The correlation between these two variables was found to be reliable (r = 0.78, P = 0.001). The simple determination of mixed venous oxygen saturation performance, particularly when sophisticated equipment for measuring cardiac output is not available.", "PMID": 647513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3537", "title": "Wilder Penfield Lecture: nature and management of penetrating head injuries during the Civil War in Lebanon.", "content": "During the recent war in Lebanon- at one hospital one fifth of all casualty admissions were patients with skull injuries associated with penetrating brain damage. Wounds inflicted by high velocity missiles carried the greatest mortality. The patient's state of consciousness afforded the best guide to prognosis. Craniotomy, when feasible, was found preferable to the accepted technique of crainectomy in the management of these cases. Thorough d\u00e9bridement and complete hemostasis are essential, and when these have been accomplished, deeply placed bony fragments may be left in situ with impunity. Traumatic aneurysms develop by no means rarely and therefore postoperative arteriography is advisable.", "contents": "Wilder Penfield Lecture: nature and management of penetrating head injuries during the Civil War in Lebanon. During the recent war in Lebanon- at one hospital one fifth of all casualty admissions were patients with skull injuries associated with penetrating brain damage. Wounds inflicted by high velocity missiles carried the greatest mortality. The patient's state of consciousness afforded the best guide to prognosis. Craniotomy, when feasible, was found preferable to the accepted technique of crainectomy in the management of these cases. Thorough d\u00e9bridement and complete hemostasis are essential, and when these have been accomplished, deeply placed bony fragments may be left in situ with impunity. Traumatic aneurysms develop by no means rarely and therefore postoperative arteriography is advisable.", "PMID": 647514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3538", "title": "Annular pancreas: a new classification and clinical observations.", "content": "Seven cases of annular pancreas are described. In all the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy or at operation. This study provides a new, original classification for annular pancreas. Two distinct subtypes are described: type 1, extramural and type 2, intramural. In type 1 the presenting symptoms are those of high gastrointestinal obstruction. In type 2 the symptoms are those of duodenal ulceration. For extramural obstructing annuli surgical intervention, if indicated, should be a bypass procedure; for intramural types with duodenal ulcer, subtotal gastrectomy with or without vagotomy is the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Annular pancreas: a new classification and clinical observations. Seven cases of annular pancreas are described. In all the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy or at operation. This study provides a new, original classification for annular pancreas. Two distinct subtypes are described: type 1, extramural and type 2, intramural. In type 1 the presenting symptoms are those of high gastrointestinal obstruction. In type 2 the symptoms are those of duodenal ulceration. For extramural obstructing annuli surgical intervention, if indicated, should be a bypass procedure; for intramural types with duodenal ulcer, subtotal gastrectomy with or without vagotomy is the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 647515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3539", "title": "Nonoperative removal of retained common-bile-duct stones.", "content": "The discovery of retained common-bile-duct stones after operations on the gallbladder continues to be a frustrating experience for the general surgeon. Until recently this problem was solved in most patients by surgical re-exploration of the common bile duct. However, several alternatives to surgery are gradually gaining acceptance because of their lower morbidity and mortality. These methods are discussed with special emphasis on the use of a catheter with a steering mechanism and the Dormia basket (Burhenne's technique). This is the best alternative to surgery as it has no reported mortality, few complications and causes the least discomfort to the patient. It is highly successful and requires no hospitalization.", "contents": "Nonoperative removal of retained common-bile-duct stones. The discovery of retained common-bile-duct stones after operations on the gallbladder continues to be a frustrating experience for the general surgeon. Until recently this problem was solved in most patients by surgical re-exploration of the common bile duct. However, several alternatives to surgery are gradually gaining acceptance because of their lower morbidity and mortality. These methods are discussed with special emphasis on the use of a catheter with a steering mechanism and the Dormia basket (Burhenne's technique). This is the best alternative to surgery as it has no reported mortality, few complications and causes the least discomfort to the patient. It is highly successful and requires no hospitalization.", "PMID": 647516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3540", "title": "Survival after late disc dislodgement of a mitral Wada-Cutter prosthesis.", "content": "A 33-year-old woman, 6 years after placement of a Wada-Cutter prosthesis, suffered from free mitral regurgitation secondary to the dislodgement of the disc occulder into the left atrium. She was operated on approximately 14 hours after the onset of symptoms and survived; this patient is the third reported survivor following dislodgement of a Wada disc.", "contents": "Survival after late disc dislodgement of a mitral Wada-Cutter prosthesis. A 33-year-old woman, 6 years after placement of a Wada-Cutter prosthesis, suffered from free mitral regurgitation secondary to the dislodgement of the disc occulder into the left atrium. She was operated on approximately 14 hours after the onset of symptoms and survived; this patient is the third reported survivor following dislodgement of a Wada disc.", "PMID": 647517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3541", "title": "Long-term follow-up of triple arthrodesis.", "content": "Thirty-seven children in whom 46 triple arthrodeses had been performed were followed up for 19 to 33 years (average, 24 years). Better results were evident in patients who had been operated on because of poliomyelitis, pes cavus or pes planus than in patients operated on for club foot, cerebral palsy or spina bifida. The use of staples appeared to improve the result. A neutral position of the heel is desirable. Varus positions required revision in three patients. A heel-toe gait was noticeable in 74% of patients. Osteoarthritis occurred 24% and pseudarthrosis in 4% of our patients. In 91% of patients the functional result could be described as good or excellent.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of triple arthrodesis. Thirty-seven children in whom 46 triple arthrodeses had been performed were followed up for 19 to 33 years (average, 24 years). Better results were evident in patients who had been operated on because of poliomyelitis, pes cavus or pes planus than in patients operated on for club foot, cerebral palsy or spina bifida. The use of staples appeared to improve the result. A neutral position of the heel is desirable. Varus positions required revision in three patients. A heel-toe gait was noticeable in 74% of patients. Osteoarthritis occurred 24% and pseudarthrosis in 4% of our patients. In 91% of patients the functional result could be described as good or excellent.", "PMID": 647518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3542", "title": "Trichobezoar: an uncommon pediatric problem.", "content": "Trichobezoar, the \"hair-ball\" occasionally found in the stomach of emotionally disturbed adults, particularly women, is an uncommon finding in the pediatric age group. The diagnosis often rests on the suspicion of the alert physician since most patients will not volunteer information about swallowing hair. The presence of a palpable upper abdominal mass associated with progressive intolerance to food, with weight loss and with weakness, and the roentgenographic appearance of a mass after a barium meal confirms suspicion. Treatment consists of laparotomy and gastrotomy to permit removal of the foreign material. Psychiatric assistance should be sought.", "contents": "Trichobezoar: an uncommon pediatric problem. Trichobezoar, the \"hair-ball\" occasionally found in the stomach of emotionally disturbed adults, particularly women, is an uncommon finding in the pediatric age group. The diagnosis often rests on the suspicion of the alert physician since most patients will not volunteer information about swallowing hair. The presence of a palpable upper abdominal mass associated with progressive intolerance to food, with weight loss and with weakness, and the roentgenographic appearance of a mass after a barium meal confirms suspicion. Treatment consists of laparotomy and gastrotomy to permit removal of the foreign material. Psychiatric assistance should be sought.", "PMID": 647519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3543", "title": "Survival in colorectal cancer.", "content": "The authors studied the hospital records of 258 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed between 1965 and 1974 at l'H\u00f4pital du Saint-Sacrement, Quebec and computed expected and relative survival rates to adjust for deaths from other causes. Life-table methods based on full intervals only were used to analyse survival. The patients (138 men and 120 women) ranged in age from 24 to 96 years (mean, 64.9 +/- 12.7 years). The 5-year relative survival rate expressed as a percentage was 48.6 +/- 4.7 for the total group and 64.1 +/- 5.6 for patients in stages A, B and C of Dukes' classification. The overall operative mortality rate of 2.7% compared favourably with that reported elsewhere. Among patients with cancer of the sigmoid colon or rectum (the most readily detectable), the diagnosis was made at stage A in one out of nine and at stage D in approximately one out of four. Despite the introduction of universal medical insurance in Quebec in 1970, there has been no significant trend towards earlier diagnosis.", "contents": "Survival in colorectal cancer. The authors studied the hospital records of 258 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed between 1965 and 1974 at l'H\u00f4pital du Saint-Sacrement, Quebec and computed expected and relative survival rates to adjust for deaths from other causes. Life-table methods based on full intervals only were used to analyse survival. The patients (138 men and 120 women) ranged in age from 24 to 96 years (mean, 64.9 +/- 12.7 years). The 5-year relative survival rate expressed as a percentage was 48.6 +/- 4.7 for the total group and 64.1 +/- 5.6 for patients in stages A, B and C of Dukes' classification. The overall operative mortality rate of 2.7% compared favourably with that reported elsewhere. Among patients with cancer of the sigmoid colon or rectum (the most readily detectable), the diagnosis was made at stage A in one out of nine and at stage D in approximately one out of four. Despite the introduction of universal medical insurance in Quebec in 1970, there has been no significant trend towards earlier diagnosis.", "PMID": 647520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3544", "title": "The gastroplasty tube as a method of reflux control.", "content": "Follow-up of 135 patients who underwent Belsey gastroplasty because of intractable reflux demonstrated that 44% had continued reflux and 25% had symptoms of reflux that were serious, despite a very low rate of anatomic recurrence. Most of the patients with symptomatic reflux had major preexisting esophageal pathologic conditions related to previous surgery, esophageal ulceration, stricture, or scleroderma. In this group Belsey gastroplasty was not an effective method of reflux control. Total fundoplication gastroplasty (TFG) in 100 consecutive patients has so far had the same low rate of anatomic recurrence, most likely related to the gastroplasty tube; however, longer follow-up is necessary to confirm this fact. TFG is effective in controlling reflux; none of the 100 patients so treated had clinical or radiologic evidence of reflux on follow-up examination.", "contents": "The gastroplasty tube as a method of reflux control. Follow-up of 135 patients who underwent Belsey gastroplasty because of intractable reflux demonstrated that 44% had continued reflux and 25% had symptoms of reflux that were serious, despite a very low rate of anatomic recurrence. Most of the patients with symptomatic reflux had major preexisting esophageal pathologic conditions related to previous surgery, esophageal ulceration, stricture, or scleroderma. In this group Belsey gastroplasty was not an effective method of reflux control. Total fundoplication gastroplasty (TFG) in 100 consecutive patients has so far had the same low rate of anatomic recurrence, most likely related to the gastroplasty tube; however, longer follow-up is necessary to confirm this fact. TFG is effective in controlling reflux; none of the 100 patients so treated had clinical or radiologic evidence of reflux on follow-up examination.", "PMID": 647521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3545", "title": "Lipid alterations in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The authors studied the lipid profile in acute pancreatitis in humans and also in dogs in which this disease had been induced experimentally. Blood samples were analysed by mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography. During the acute phase of the pancreatitis there was a significant reversal of the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids. There was a marked increase in the concentration of fatty acids in the blood with monounsaturation in both carbon-16 and carbon-18 chains and diunsaturation in the later carbon chains. These changes have not been reported in any disease state.", "contents": "Lipid alterations in acute pancreatitis. The authors studied the lipid profile in acute pancreatitis in humans and also in dogs in which this disease had been induced experimentally. Blood samples were analysed by mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography. During the acute phase of the pancreatitis there was a significant reversal of the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids. There was a marked increase in the concentration of fatty acids in the blood with monounsaturation in both carbon-16 and carbon-18 chains and diunsaturation in the later carbon chains. These changes have not been reported in any disease state.", "PMID": 647522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3546", "title": "[Atherosclerotic aneurysm of the subclavian artery].", "content": "An aneurysm of the right subclavian artery, a rare pathologic entity, is described. The presence of a pulsatile mass in the cervical region should always suggest the diagnosis, which is best confirmed by arteriography. Approaching the lesion by partial sternotomy extending to the third intercostal space gives excellent exposure. The aneurysm should be resected and vascular continuity re-established by the use of a synthetic prosthesis.", "contents": "[Atherosclerotic aneurysm of the subclavian artery]. An aneurysm of the right subclavian artery, a rare pathologic entity, is described. The presence of a pulsatile mass in the cervical region should always suggest the diagnosis, which is best confirmed by arteriography. Approaching the lesion by partial sternotomy extending to the third intercostal space gives excellent exposure. The aneurysm should be resected and vascular continuity re-established by the use of a synthetic prosthesis.", "PMID": 647523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3547", "title": "Growth and cardiovascular measures in hyperactive individuals as young adults and in matched normal controls.", "content": "Height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure were measured in 65 hyperactive individuals 17 to 24 years of age who had not taken stimulant medication during childhood and in 39 control subjects matched for age, sex, intelligence quotient and socioeconomic class. There were no significant differences in the physiologic measures between the two groups. Both the hyperactive and the control subjects seemed to have reached their growth plateau by the age of 17 to 24 years, though the exact time the plateau was reached was not determined. Hyperactive individuals who had taken phenothiazines during childhood were significantly taller (P less than 0.046) than those who had never taken medication. This finding may reflect stimulation of growth by phenothiazines at a critical period of growth, but more detailed reserach on this finding is necessary. The physiologic measures obtained in the hyperactive individuals who had never taken stimulant medication provide an important baseline against which to assess values in hyperactive individuals who have taken such medication.", "contents": "Growth and cardiovascular measures in hyperactive individuals as young adults and in matched normal controls. Height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure were measured in 65 hyperactive individuals 17 to 24 years of age who had not taken stimulant medication during childhood and in 39 control subjects matched for age, sex, intelligence quotient and socioeconomic class. There were no significant differences in the physiologic measures between the two groups. Both the hyperactive and the control subjects seemed to have reached their growth plateau by the age of 17 to 24 years, though the exact time the plateau was reached was not determined. Hyperactive individuals who had taken phenothiazines during childhood were significantly taller (P less than 0.046) than those who had never taken medication. This finding may reflect stimulation of growth by phenothiazines at a critical period of growth, but more detailed reserach on this finding is necessary. The physiologic measures obtained in the hyperactive individuals who had never taken stimulant medication provide an important baseline against which to assess values in hyperactive individuals who have taken such medication.", "PMID": 647543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3548", "title": "Human amniotic membrane: a versatile wound dressing.", "content": "Human amniotic membrane proved to be a versatile and useful temporary biologic dressing in studies involving 120 patients. Wounds, both traumatic and nontraumatic in origin, responded to a protocol that allowed coverage of tissues as diverse as exposed bowel, pleura, pericardium, blood vessels, tendon, nerve and bone. Wounds unresponsive to usual therapeutic measures responded to membrane application. Ease of availability, negligible cost and facilitated wound healing make this temporary biologic dressing generally superior to either cadaver skin allograft or pigskin xenograft. Human amniotic membrane dressings are therefore a useful adjunct in the care of the complicated wound.", "contents": "Human amniotic membrane: a versatile wound dressing. Human amniotic membrane proved to be a versatile and useful temporary biologic dressing in studies involving 120 patients. Wounds, both traumatic and nontraumatic in origin, responded to a protocol that allowed coverage of tissues as diverse as exposed bowel, pleura, pericardium, blood vessels, tendon, nerve and bone. Wounds unresponsive to usual therapeutic measures responded to membrane application. Ease of availability, negligible cost and facilitated wound healing make this temporary biologic dressing generally superior to either cadaver skin allograft or pigskin xenograft. Human amniotic membrane dressings are therefore a useful adjunct in the care of the complicated wound.", "PMID": 647542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3549", "title": "Deliveries in teenagers at a Newfoundland general hospital.", "content": "A study of deliveries in teenagers was undertaken for the year 1975 in a hospital that had recorded 2797 births, 371 (13%) of which were to women under 20 years of age. Conception had occurred out of wedlock in 314 (85%) of the 371 pregnancies; 124 of the 314 women had married during the pregnancy, most often in the 3rd or 4th month of gestation. The peak months for conception out of wedlock were June and December. This was not the first pregnancy for 65 women (18%), 21 of whom had married during a previous pregnancy. Of the \"heads of the households\" 36% were labourers and 27% were unemployed. Cesarean section was the method of delivery for 51 (14%) of the women, and 63 (17%) were reported as having had toxemia. There were seven perinatal deaths and seven infants had severe congenital abnormalities. The frequency of low birth weight was 6% overall but 13% for the infants of single women. Five women underwent tubal ligation post partum.", "contents": "Deliveries in teenagers at a Newfoundland general hospital. A study of deliveries in teenagers was undertaken for the year 1975 in a hospital that had recorded 2797 births, 371 (13%) of which were to women under 20 years of age. Conception had occurred out of wedlock in 314 (85%) of the 371 pregnancies; 124 of the 314 women had married during the pregnancy, most often in the 3rd or 4th month of gestation. The peak months for conception out of wedlock were June and December. This was not the first pregnancy for 65 women (18%), 21 of whom had married during a previous pregnancy. Of the \"heads of the households\" 36% were labourers and 27% were unemployed. Cesarean section was the method of delivery for 51 (14%) of the women, and 63 (17%) were reported as having had toxemia. There were seven perinatal deaths and seven infants had severe congenital abnormalities. The frequency of low birth weight was 6% overall but 13% for the infants of single women. Five women underwent tubal ligation post partum.", "PMID": 647544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3550", "title": "Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis.", "content": "Two patients had infective endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. One, a 52-year-old woman with a prosthetic aortic valve, was successfully treated with carbenicillin and gentamicin. The other, a 47-year old man with calcific aortic valve disease, required emergency valvectomy and prosthetic valve replacement and responded to a combination of penicillin and gentamicin.", "contents": "Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis. Two patients had infective endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. One, a 52-year-old woman with a prosthetic aortic valve, was successfully treated with carbenicillin and gentamicin. The other, a 47-year old man with calcific aortic valve disease, required emergency valvectomy and prosthetic valve replacement and responded to a combination of penicillin and gentamicin.", "PMID": 647545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3551", "title": "Metastasis of cancer of the thyroid gland as a cause of goitre.", "content": "In three cases of cancer (arising in the pancreas, the breast and the lung) that had metastasized to the thyroid an unusual primary thyroid lesion was the presenting problem. While reputedly rare, metastases in the thyroid gland are not infrequently encountered at necropsy. These cases illustrate the varied causes of goitre, the value of needle aspiration and cytologic study in thyroid disease and the need for histologic vigilance. Worthwhile palliation by simple means can be obtained in such cases.", "contents": "Metastasis of cancer of the thyroid gland as a cause of goitre. In three cases of cancer (arising in the pancreas, the breast and the lung) that had metastasized to the thyroid an unusual primary thyroid lesion was the presenting problem. While reputedly rare, metastases in the thyroid gland are not infrequently encountered at necropsy. These cases illustrate the varied causes of goitre, the value of needle aspiration and cytologic study in thyroid disease and the need for histologic vigilance. Worthwhile palliation by simple means can be obtained in such cases.", "PMID": 647546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3552", "title": "Puerperal uterine inversion: report of nine cases.", "content": "Acute puerperal inversion of the uterus is considered to be rare. In one institution there were nine cases during an 11-year period, a rate of one for every 2176 vaginal deliveries. Analysis of these cases failed to identify any contributing factors occurring during the first or second stage of labour. Six cases were directly attributable to failure to administer an oxytocic preparation or, particularly, failure to await uterine contraction before attempting to expel the placenta by fundal pressure or cord traction. Although active management of the third stage of labour may reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, incomplete application of its principles is extremely hazardous. Immediate uterine replacement was efficacious in seven cases, but the inadvisability of removing the placenta prior to replacement was demonstrated.", "contents": "Puerperal uterine inversion: report of nine cases. Acute puerperal inversion of the uterus is considered to be rare. In one institution there were nine cases during an 11-year period, a rate of one for every 2176 vaginal deliveries. Analysis of these cases failed to identify any contributing factors occurring during the first or second stage of labour. Six cases were directly attributable to failure to administer an oxytocic preparation or, particularly, failure to await uterine contraction before attempting to expel the placenta by fundal pressure or cord traction. Although active management of the third stage of labour may reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, incomplete application of its principles is extremely hazardous. Immediate uterine replacement was efficacious in seven cases, but the inadvisability of removing the placenta prior to replacement was demonstrated.", "PMID": 647547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3553", "title": "Chronic renal failure in children.", "content": "Seventy-seven children with chronic renal failure were examined at one hospital in the province of Quebec between 1970 and 1975; this represents an incidence of 2.5 per million population per year. The entities responsible for chronic renal failure were urinary tract malformation (in 36%), chronic glomerulonephritis (in 22%), congenital renal parenchymal malformation (in 21%) and hereditary nephropathy (in 13%). The evolution of chronic renal failure in children with either vesicoureteral reflux or a posterior urethral valve seemed to be related more to the initial severity of the disease than to the age at the time of diagnosis. Hence any screening program designed to detect kidney disease in schoolchildren would not prevent chronic renal failure, since at that age renal parenchymal damage seems to be irreversible. The manner in which chronic glomerulonephritis evolved depended on whether the nephrotic syndrome was present and on the type of histologic lesion. Children with congenital renal hypoplasia or dysplasia often presented with seizures due to hypertensive encephalopathy without obvious symptoms or signs of pre-existing renal disease. Among patients with familial nephropathy many of those with cystinosis underwent successful renal transplantation early in life.", "contents": "Chronic renal failure in children. Seventy-seven children with chronic renal failure were examined at one hospital in the province of Quebec between 1970 and 1975; this represents an incidence of 2.5 per million population per year. The entities responsible for chronic renal failure were urinary tract malformation (in 36%), chronic glomerulonephritis (in 22%), congenital renal parenchymal malformation (in 21%) and hereditary nephropathy (in 13%). The evolution of chronic renal failure in children with either vesicoureteral reflux or a posterior urethral valve seemed to be related more to the initial severity of the disease than to the age at the time of diagnosis. Hence any screening program designed to detect kidney disease in schoolchildren would not prevent chronic renal failure, since at that age renal parenchymal damage seems to be irreversible. The manner in which chronic glomerulonephritis evolved depended on whether the nephrotic syndrome was present and on the type of histologic lesion. Children with congenital renal hypoplasia or dysplasia often presented with seizures due to hypertensive encephalopathy without obvious symptoms or signs of pre-existing renal disease. Among patients with familial nephropathy many of those with cystinosis underwent successful renal transplantation early in life.", "PMID": 647561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3554", "title": "Near-drowning in Canadian waters.", "content": "Near-drowning is a subject of ever-increasing importance. Two recent cases are presented that illustrate many of the problems encountered. For a current understanding of the etiologic and pathophysiologic aspects and of the prognosis of near-drowning, an updated review of the literature is provided. The importance in treatment of the recognition of hypothermia, the use of positive end-expiratory pressure and the controversy over the role of corticosteroid therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Near-drowning in Canadian waters. Near-drowning is a subject of ever-increasing importance. Two recent cases are presented that illustrate many of the problems encountered. For a current understanding of the etiologic and pathophysiologic aspects and of the prognosis of near-drowning, an updated review of the literature is provided. The importance in treatment of the recognition of hypothermia, the use of positive end-expiratory pressure and the controversy over the role of corticosteroid therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 647562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3555", "title": "Hyperactive individuals as young adults: current and longitudinal electroencephalographic evaluation and its relation to outcome.", "content": "In a 10-year follow-up study electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 31 hyperactive and 27 matched control subjects of mean ages 19.17 and 18.59 years respectively showed no significant differences in any of the features assessed. Sequential EEGs, available for only the hyperactive subjects, suggested that a much greater proportion were normal at the 10-year follow-up assessment than at the 5-year follow-up assessment and that the normalization tended to take place mainly in the second 5-year period. This supports the hypothesis that EEG abnormalities of hyperactive persons are those of an immature pattern that tends to normalize with age. Correlation between EEG findings at the 10-year follow-up assessment and global outcome measures was not significant. Initial and 5-year EEGs also failed to predict global outcome at the 10-year follow-up assessment.", "contents": "Hyperactive individuals as young adults: current and longitudinal electroencephalographic evaluation and its relation to outcome. In a 10-year follow-up study electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 31 hyperactive and 27 matched control subjects of mean ages 19.17 and 18.59 years respectively showed no significant differences in any of the features assessed. Sequential EEGs, available for only the hyperactive subjects, suggested that a much greater proportion were normal at the 10-year follow-up assessment than at the 5-year follow-up assessment and that the normalization tended to take place mainly in the second 5-year period. This supports the hypothesis that EEG abnormalities of hyperactive persons are those of an immature pattern that tends to normalize with age. Correlation between EEG findings at the 10-year follow-up assessment and global outcome measures was not significant. Initial and 5-year EEGs also failed to predict global outcome at the 10-year follow-up assessment.", "PMID": 647563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3556", "title": "Polyarthritis and bone lesions complicating traumatic pancreatitis in two children.", "content": "The association of bone lesions, polyarthritis and cutaneous nodules with pancreatic disease is being recognized and reported more frequently. In adults all forms of pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas have been involved, but in the few children described these complications have been associated with acute traumatic pancreatitis. This paper describes two cases of acute traumatic pancreatitis in which polyarthritis and limb pains were noted after 2 to 3 weeks. In one child osteolytic lesions and periostitis were seen on roentgenograms 7 weeks after the onset of pancreatitis. In the other child minor roentgenographic changes were not seen until 5 months after the onset; however, bone scans showed clear-cut abnormalities after 1 month. Almost complete resolution could be expected within a year. Serum lipase and amylase concentrations remained elevated during the acute illness. Disseminated fat necrosis is apparently related to the excess amounts of circulating lipase.", "contents": "Polyarthritis and bone lesions complicating traumatic pancreatitis in two children. The association of bone lesions, polyarthritis and cutaneous nodules with pancreatic disease is being recognized and reported more frequently. In adults all forms of pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas have been involved, but in the few children described these complications have been associated with acute traumatic pancreatitis. This paper describes two cases of acute traumatic pancreatitis in which polyarthritis and limb pains were noted after 2 to 3 weeks. In one child osteolytic lesions and periostitis were seen on roentgenograms 7 weeks after the onset of pancreatitis. In the other child minor roentgenographic changes were not seen until 5 months after the onset; however, bone scans showed clear-cut abnormalities after 1 month. Almost complete resolution could be expected within a year. Serum lipase and amylase concentrations remained elevated during the acute illness. Disseminated fat necrosis is apparently related to the excess amounts of circulating lipase.", "PMID": 647564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3557", "title": "Strongyloides stercoralis.", "content": "Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode not well known to many Canadian physicians, infects 35% of some tropical populations. Larvae can be isolated from the stools in 25% of cases and from duodenal aspirates in 95%. Treatment is with thiabendazole given twice daily in a dose of 25 mg/kg up to a maximum of 1.5 g/d. Frenquently an individual with a previously asymptomatic infection presents with hyperinfection and death rapidly ensues, but usually classical symptoms are present. Such a case is described. Immunosuppression is frequently associated with the hyperinfective state.", "contents": "Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode not well known to many Canadian physicians, infects 35% of some tropical populations. Larvae can be isolated from the stools in 25% of cases and from duodenal aspirates in 95%. Treatment is with thiabendazole given twice daily in a dose of 25 mg/kg up to a maximum of 1.5 g/d. Frenquently an individual with a previously asymptomatic infection presents with hyperinfection and death rapidly ensues, but usually classical symptoms are present. Such a case is described. Immunosuppression is frequently associated with the hyperinfective state.", "PMID": 647565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3558", "title": "Malignant hypertension.", "content": "Malignant or accelerated hypertension is a life-threatening disease whose complications may be prevented by rapid reduction of the blood pressure. Diazoxide is presently regarded as the preferred therapeutic agent, but drugs such as trimethaphan, sodium nitroprusside, phenoxybenzamine and hydralazine may be useful in particular situations. Treatment is best carried out in an intensive care unit, where appropriate monitoring and study of the patient can be done. Since the introduction of antihypertensive agents the life expectancy of these patients, even those with renal insufficiency, has increased.", "contents": "Malignant hypertension. Malignant or accelerated hypertension is a life-threatening disease whose complications may be prevented by rapid reduction of the blood pressure. Diazoxide is presently regarded as the preferred therapeutic agent, but drugs such as trimethaphan, sodium nitroprusside, phenoxybenzamine and hydralazine may be useful in particular situations. Treatment is best carried out in an intensive care unit, where appropriate monitoring and study of the patient can be done. Since the introduction of antihypertensive agents the life expectancy of these patients, even those with renal insufficiency, has increased.", "PMID": 647566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3559", "title": "Improving physician performance by continuing medical education.", "content": "In 1973 the division of continuing medical education of the University of Saskatchewan initiated a 3-year study to determine the effect of hospital-based education on the prescribing accuracy of physicians. This study was undertaken in response to an urgent need to develop more effective methods of continuing medical education and improved techniques of measuring their effectiveness. The educational program focused on common prescribing problems that had previously been defined by experts in the field. Problem frequency was determined by the monitoring of hospital records prior to institution of the educational program and at 3, 6 and 12 months after the program had concluded; this was found to be a satisfactory method of identifying educational needs and is considered to provide a measure of the quality of medical care. Fifteen physicians at three rural hospitals participated in the study. Seventeen physicians at two similar hospitals served as controls. The average problem frequency for topics selected at the study hospitals was reduced by 63% (the percentage of possible improvement), whereas at the control hospitals the frequency of the same problems declined by 32% over the same period. The results of this study provide evidence that an intensive, problem-based program on therapeutics can improve physician performance.", "contents": "Improving physician performance by continuing medical education. In 1973 the division of continuing medical education of the University of Saskatchewan initiated a 3-year study to determine the effect of hospital-based education on the prescribing accuracy of physicians. This study was undertaken in response to an urgent need to develop more effective methods of continuing medical education and improved techniques of measuring their effectiveness. The educational program focused on common prescribing problems that had previously been defined by experts in the field. Problem frequency was determined by the monitoring of hospital records prior to institution of the educational program and at 3, 6 and 12 months after the program had concluded; this was found to be a satisfactory method of identifying educational needs and is considered to provide a measure of the quality of medical care. Fifteen physicians at three rural hospitals participated in the study. Seventeen physicians at two similar hospitals served as controls. The average problem frequency for topics selected at the study hospitals was reduced by 63% (the percentage of possible improvement), whereas at the control hospitals the frequency of the same problems declined by 32% over the same period. The results of this study provide evidence that an intensive, problem-based program on therapeutics can improve physician performance.", "PMID": 647589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3560", "title": "Quantitative assessment of the quality of medical care provided in five family practices before and after attachment of a family practice nurse.", "content": "The standards of patient care were maintained in five urban medical practices after the introduction of family practice nurses. Evaluations were achieved before and after their appointment by the indicator condition method. Minimal explicit criteria for the management of patients with 12 indicator conditions and by the use of 14 drugs were approved by an ad hoc peer group of community physicians. These cirteria were applied to the five practices by the use of a single-blind design and the abstraction of unaltered medical records. A standardized score for each practic e permitted comparison of scores for the management of indicator conditions and for the clinical use of drugs before and after attachment of the family practice nurses. For each of the indicator conditions and the drugs assessed in the five practices similar levels of adequacy were observed in the two study periods. These explicit (objective) audit resutls agreed with the implicit (subjective) assessments of the family practice nurses by their physician colleagues.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of the quality of medical care provided in five family practices before and after attachment of a family practice nurse. The standards of patient care were maintained in five urban medical practices after the introduction of family practice nurses. Evaluations were achieved before and after their appointment by the indicator condition method. Minimal explicit criteria for the management of patients with 12 indicator conditions and by the use of 14 drugs were approved by an ad hoc peer group of community physicians. These cirteria were applied to the five practices by the use of a single-blind design and the abstraction of unaltered medical records. A standardized score for each practic e permitted comparison of scores for the management of indicator conditions and for the clinical use of drugs before and after attachment of the family practice nurses. For each of the indicator conditions and the drugs assessed in the five practices similar levels of adequacy were observed in the two study periods. These explicit (objective) audit resutls agreed with the implicit (subjective) assessments of the family practice nurses by their physician colleagues.", "PMID": 647590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3561", "title": "The consultation process and physician satisfaction: review of referral patterns in three urban family practice units.", "content": "To improve communication in the referral process a standard referral form was composed that seeks to involve the patient in the referral process. It has been well received by the consulted physicians, the family practitioners who use it in everyday office parctice and the patients. A review of referral patterns in general practice showed many similarities from practice to practice and from country to country. Ophthalmologists were the most frequently consulted, followed by obstetricians and gynecologists, general surgeons, otolaryngologists and orthopedic surgeons. A follow-up assessment of referral outcome revealed a poor response from the teaching clinics of one tertiary-care hospital to the referring physicians. This resulted in a substantial decrease in the proportion of patients referred from one family practice unit to the hospital over a 3-year period.", "contents": "The consultation process and physician satisfaction: review of referral patterns in three urban family practice units. To improve communication in the referral process a standard referral form was composed that seeks to involve the patient in the referral process. It has been well received by the consulted physicians, the family practitioners who use it in everyday office parctice and the patients. A review of referral patterns in general practice showed many similarities from practice to practice and from country to country. Ophthalmologists were the most frequently consulted, followed by obstetricians and gynecologists, general surgeons, otolaryngologists and orthopedic surgeons. A follow-up assessment of referral outcome revealed a poor response from the teaching clinics of one tertiary-care hospital to the referring physicians. This resulted in a substantial decrease in the proportion of patients referred from one family practice unit to the hospital over a 3-year period.", "PMID": 647591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3562", "title": "[Spontaneous hypoglycemia and chronic kidney insufficiency].", "content": "Although glucose intolerance occurs as a consequence of chronic renal failure, improvement of a diabetic state by deterioration of renal function is a well known phenomenon. Recently occasional cases of spontaneous hypoglycemia in patients with chronic renal failure have been reported; two such cases and the results of metabolic studies are described in this paper. Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal function appeared to be normal. The results of an oral glucose tolerance test were normal; an appropriate insulin response was demonstrated in one patient, and a slightly elevated basal insulin value with a delayed insulin response to oral administration of glucose was demonstrated in the other. An insulin tolerance test did not support the hypothesis of increased insulin sensitivity as a factor, and the growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was normal. An intravenous glucagon test caused a subnormal increase in plasma glucose concentration, and the intravenous administration of tolbutamide produced hypoglycemia without an increase insulin sensitivity as a factor, and the growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was normal. An intravenous glucagon test caused a subnormal increase in plasma glucose concnetration, and the intravenous administration of tolbutamide produced hypoglycemia without an increase in insulin values. The plasma alanine concentration was low and the proinsulin/insulin ratio was increased. The origin of this hypoglycemia is not clear but is probably multifactorial. However, low hepatic glycogen stores and inadequate gluconeogenesis due to substrate deficiency seem to be involved.", "contents": "[Spontaneous hypoglycemia and chronic kidney insufficiency]. Although glucose intolerance occurs as a consequence of chronic renal failure, improvement of a diabetic state by deterioration of renal function is a well known phenomenon. Recently occasional cases of spontaneous hypoglycemia in patients with chronic renal failure have been reported; two such cases and the results of metabolic studies are described in this paper. Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal function appeared to be normal. The results of an oral glucose tolerance test were normal; an appropriate insulin response was demonstrated in one patient, and a slightly elevated basal insulin value with a delayed insulin response to oral administration of glucose was demonstrated in the other. An insulin tolerance test did not support the hypothesis of increased insulin sensitivity as a factor, and the growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was normal. An intravenous glucagon test caused a subnormal increase in plasma glucose concentration, and the intravenous administration of tolbutamide produced hypoglycemia without an increase insulin sensitivity as a factor, and the growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was normal. An intravenous glucagon test caused a subnormal increase in plasma glucose concnetration, and the intravenous administration of tolbutamide produced hypoglycemia without an increase in insulin values. The plasma alanine concentration was low and the proinsulin/insulin ratio was increased. The origin of this hypoglycemia is not clear but is probably multifactorial. However, low hepatic glycogen stores and inadequate gluconeogenesis due to substrate deficiency seem to be involved.", "PMID": 647592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3563", "title": "The role of the psychiatrist in the criminal justice system.", "content": "In this article, the author explores the relationship between the lawyer as advocate and the psychiatrist as expert. He argues that the role of the psychiatrist in aiding the Court in the determination of relevant issues is one of increasing importance. Often the diagnostic opinions offered by the psychiatrist border on conclusory legal determination. As such, those opinions must necessarily be subjected to the testing of adversarial processes. The role of the psychiatrist is to proffer a relevant opinion while nevertheless realizing that the inexact nature of the science limits the use such an opinion may have. The lawyer as adversary must subject that opinion to as rigorous an examination as possible. This examination is not an affront to the psychiatrist but rather an attempt to explore and expose the definitiveness of that opinion. It is through this combination of realized opinionating and adversarial examination that relevant legal-medical determinations can best be made within the confines of our existing judicial mode of dispute settlement.", "contents": "The role of the psychiatrist in the criminal justice system. In this article, the author explores the relationship between the lawyer as advocate and the psychiatrist as expert. He argues that the role of the psychiatrist in aiding the Court in the determination of relevant issues is one of increasing importance. Often the diagnostic opinions offered by the psychiatrist border on conclusory legal determination. As such, those opinions must necessarily be subjected to the testing of adversarial processes. The role of the psychiatrist is to proffer a relevant opinion while nevertheless realizing that the inexact nature of the science limits the use such an opinion may have. The lawyer as adversary must subject that opinion to as rigorous an examination as possible. This examination is not an affront to the psychiatrist but rather an attempt to explore and expose the definitiveness of that opinion. It is through this combination of realized opinionating and adversarial examination that relevant legal-medical determinations can best be made within the confines of our existing judicial mode of dispute settlement.", "PMID": 647610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3564", "title": "The use of dreams in psychotherapy: practical guidelines.", "content": "Although there is a large literature pertaining to the use of the dream in psychoanalysis, there is no systematic approach to working with dreams in psychotherapy. This communication seeks to present some guidelines for the use of the dream in psychotherapy. Reference is made to the significant difference in the \"dimensions\" of psychoanalysis as compared to psychotherapy. A distinction is drawn between the use of the dream in supportive psychotherapy as contrasted with insight-oriented psychotherapy. In the former, the dream--if used at all--serves supportive functions; in the latter, the goals are to develop better awareness by the patient of himself. Understanding of the dream is reached by inserting it into the context of the patient's psychological life; however, what is actually communicated to the patient will be keyed to the psychologic surface that the patient presents.", "contents": "The use of dreams in psychotherapy: practical guidelines. Although there is a large literature pertaining to the use of the dream in psychoanalysis, there is no systematic approach to working with dreams in psychotherapy. This communication seeks to present some guidelines for the use of the dream in psychotherapy. Reference is made to the significant difference in the \"dimensions\" of psychoanalysis as compared to psychotherapy. A distinction is drawn between the use of the dream in supportive psychotherapy as contrasted with insight-oriented psychotherapy. In the former, the dream--if used at all--serves supportive functions; in the latter, the goals are to develop better awareness by the patient of himself. Understanding of the dream is reached by inserting it into the context of the patient's psychological life; however, what is actually communicated to the patient will be keyed to the psychologic surface that the patient presents.", "PMID": 647613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3565", "title": "Anorexia nervosa in boys.", "content": "The literature on primary anorexia nervosa in the male is reviewed and the case histories of 3 new patients are reported. Most surveys comment on the rarity of the syndrome in the male, with the sex ratio in the range of 1 in 10 to 1 in 20. The patients reported here had certain features in common. All the mothers and fathers were overweight, but obesity was marked only in the fathers, who also showed moderate to severe degrees of alcoholism. The mothers were oversensitive, insecure individuals, and the marriages suffered in proportion to the severity of the husband's alcoholism. Preoccupation with food was observed on home visits. There was overt mutual hostility between each father and anorexic son; the boys showed pronounced obsessional traits in their personalities. Dieting in order to ameliorate real or feared obesity was a first step in the development of the syndrome in each boy. In the past 3 years an equal number of boys and girls (new patients) have been referred for treatment in the psychiatric unit. Speculative reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa in boys. The literature on primary anorexia nervosa in the male is reviewed and the case histories of 3 new patients are reported. Most surveys comment on the rarity of the syndrome in the male, with the sex ratio in the range of 1 in 10 to 1 in 20. The patients reported here had certain features in common. All the mothers and fathers were overweight, but obesity was marked only in the fathers, who also showed moderate to severe degrees of alcoholism. The mothers were oversensitive, insecure individuals, and the marriages suffered in proportion to the severity of the husband's alcoholism. Preoccupation with food was observed on home visits. There was overt mutual hostility between each father and anorexic son; the boys showed pronounced obsessional traits in their personalities. Dieting in order to ameliorate real or feared obesity was a first step in the development of the syndrome in each boy. In the past 3 years an equal number of boys and girls (new patients) have been referred for treatment in the psychiatric unit. Speculative reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 647614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3566", "title": "Protracted vomiting following abrupt cessation of psychotropics: a case report.", "content": "The case of a 23-year-old patient treated with haloperidol, imipramine, and benztropine mesylate is presented to illustrate an unusually severe reaction to the abrupt cessation of neuroleptic medication. In addition to the description of the withdrawal reaction, a possible explanation of the clinical phenomenon is offered.", "contents": "Protracted vomiting following abrupt cessation of psychotropics: a case report. The case of a 23-year-old patient treated with haloperidol, imipramine, and benztropine mesylate is presented to illustrate an unusually severe reaction to the abrupt cessation of neuroleptic medication. In addition to the description of the withdrawal reaction, a possible explanation of the clinical phenomenon is offered.", "PMID": 647615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3567", "title": "Forgiveness, retaliation and paranoid reactions.", "content": "It has been suggested that clinical states from grudgingness and habitual bitterness through to delusions of persecution are best resolved by forgiving. The process of forgiving requires that previously unacknowledged impulses, particularly aggressive ones, are accepted in oneself and others. If the therapist is aware of this, he can, in the transference, reinforce the patient's good introjects by providing a non-judgemental, acceptant model for the patient and thereby facilitate the adoption of the forgiving attitude. Sometimes habitual forgiving can occur as a reaction formation, and should be dealt with as such.", "contents": "Forgiveness, retaliation and paranoid reactions. It has been suggested that clinical states from grudgingness and habitual bitterness through to delusions of persecution are best resolved by forgiving. The process of forgiving requires that previously unacknowledged impulses, particularly aggressive ones, are accepted in oneself and others. If the therapist is aware of this, he can, in the transference, reinforce the patient's good introjects by providing a non-judgemental, acceptant model for the patient and thereby facilitate the adoption of the forgiving attitude. Sometimes habitual forgiving can occur as a reaction formation, and should be dealt with as such.", "PMID": 647616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3568", "title": "Gender identity problems of children and adolescents: the establishment of a special clinic.", "content": "Theoretical accounts of the origins of gender identity disturbance are reviewed and then followed by a description of the establishment of a child and adolescent gender identity clinic. Clinical impressions of 16 gender disturbed patients are presented and the position is taken that most patients manifested a confused, as opposed to fixed, core gender identity.", "contents": "Gender identity problems of children and adolescents: the establishment of a special clinic. Theoretical accounts of the origins of gender identity disturbance are reviewed and then followed by a description of the establishment of a child and adolescent gender identity clinic. Clinical impressions of 16 gender disturbed patients are presented and the position is taken that most patients manifested a confused, as opposed to fixed, core gender identity.", "PMID": 647617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3569", "title": "The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with COP chemotherapy.", "content": "Since single drug therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not resulted in prolonged remissions of advanced disease, we initiated a program of combination chemotherapy, COP (cycloposphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone) for CLL patients with increasing adenopathy, spenomegaly, and/or signs of marrow failure defined as either anemia or thrombocytopenia. Thirty-six patients received COP either as initial therapy or following progression of disease on single agent therapy. The response rate was 72% with 26 patients responding (16 complete remissions, and 10 good partial remissions). The responses lasted from 8 to 50+ months. Sixteen of the responding patients remain in remission, 2 have active disease and 8 have died. Median survival has not yet been reached but the two-year survival from initiation of COP of the responding patients (complete and good partial response) is 90%. Ten patients had either poor partial or no response with median survival of 18 months. The median survival of the entire group of 36 patients is 35 months. COP is an effective and well tolerated therapy for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with COP chemotherapy. Since single drug therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not resulted in prolonged remissions of advanced disease, we initiated a program of combination chemotherapy, COP (cycloposphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone) for CLL patients with increasing adenopathy, spenomegaly, and/or signs of marrow failure defined as either anemia or thrombocytopenia. Thirty-six patients received COP either as initial therapy or following progression of disease on single agent therapy. The response rate was 72% with 26 patients responding (16 complete remissions, and 10 good partial remissions). The responses lasted from 8 to 50+ months. Sixteen of the responding patients remain in remission, 2 have active disease and 8 have died. Median survival has not yet been reached but the two-year survival from initiation of COP of the responding patients (complete and good partial response) is 90%. Ten patients had either poor partial or no response with median survival of 18 months. The median survival of the entire group of 36 patients is 35 months. COP is an effective and well tolerated therapy for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 647620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3570", "title": "Decreased hepatic drug demethylation in patients receiving chemo-immunotherapy.", "content": "The effect of immunotherapy and chemotherapy on hepatic N-demethylation of aminopyrine was studied by means of the aminopyrine breath test (ABT) in 32 patients with cancer. The aminopyrine breath test (ABT) was decreased in 3 of 11 patients (27.3%) receiving intradermal BCG (+/- DTIC) at a dose of 3 X 10(7) viable organisms. One of 4 (25%) patients receiving intradermal BCG (+/- DTIC) at 3 X 10(8) viable organisms per dose developed an altered ABT. Changes were not seen in patients receiving aerosol BCG (2 patients), and intravenous C. parvum (2 patients), subcutaneous C. parvum (3 patients), and intravenous Cyclophosphamide (2 patients). Six of 7 patients (85.7%) receiving both intravenous C. parvum and Cyclophosphamide had a decreased ABT. These data indicate that chemo-immunotherapy depressed hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylation and suggests that patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy should be carefully observed for possible alterations of hepatic drug metabolism.", "contents": "Decreased hepatic drug demethylation in patients receiving chemo-immunotherapy. The effect of immunotherapy and chemotherapy on hepatic N-demethylation of aminopyrine was studied by means of the aminopyrine breath test (ABT) in 32 patients with cancer. The aminopyrine breath test (ABT) was decreased in 3 of 11 patients (27.3%) receiving intradermal BCG (+/- DTIC) at a dose of 3 X 10(7) viable organisms. One of 4 (25%) patients receiving intradermal BCG (+/- DTIC) at 3 X 10(8) viable organisms per dose developed an altered ABT. Changes were not seen in patients receiving aerosol BCG (2 patients), and intravenous C. parvum (2 patients), subcutaneous C. parvum (3 patients), and intravenous Cyclophosphamide (2 patients). Six of 7 patients (85.7%) receiving both intravenous C. parvum and Cyclophosphamide had a decreased ABT. These data indicate that chemo-immunotherapy depressed hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylation and suggests that patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy should be carefully observed for possible alterations of hepatic drug metabolism.", "PMID": 647621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3571", "title": "The superselective and the selective one shot methods for treating inoperable cancer of the liver.", "content": "Forty-five patients with inoperable cancer of the liver were treated by the one shot administration of 15-40 mg of Mitomycin C into the hepatic artery, either by the superselective or by the selective one shot method. Fourteen of the patients had primary cancers of the liver, and 31 had metastases to the liver from primary cancers of the stomach, or from the colorectal or other organs. Subjective symptoms improved in 73%, and objective signs improved in 60%. Nineteen patients who received this treatment more than twice showed a mean survival time of 10 months and a 50% survival time of 7.8 months. Therapeutic effects of the selective one shot method were recognized mostly in patients with tumors which were rich in vessels. However, a fairly good result was obtained using the superselective one shot method, even in patients with tumors having relatively few vessels.", "contents": "The superselective and the selective one shot methods for treating inoperable cancer of the liver. Forty-five patients with inoperable cancer of the liver were treated by the one shot administration of 15-40 mg of Mitomycin C into the hepatic artery, either by the superselective or by the selective one shot method. Fourteen of the patients had primary cancers of the liver, and 31 had metastases to the liver from primary cancers of the stomach, or from the colorectal or other organs. Subjective symptoms improved in 73%, and objective signs improved in 60%. Nineteen patients who received this treatment more than twice showed a mean survival time of 10 months and a 50% survival time of 7.8 months. Therapeutic effects of the selective one shot method were recognized mostly in patients with tumors which were rich in vessels. However, a fairly good result was obtained using the superselective one shot method, even in patients with tumors having relatively few vessels.", "PMID": 647622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3572", "title": "Isoantigens A, B and H in urinary bladder carcinomas following radiotherapy.", "content": "ABH tissue isoantigens were measured by the Specific Red Cell Adherence (SRCA) test in 66 surgical specimens of urinary bladder, including 53 transitional cell carcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas and 11 controls. The SRCA test was strongly positive in 10 of 11 controls. ABH isoantigens were absent or equivocally present in 68 percent of noninvasive carcinomas (stage 0) and in 65 percent of invasive carcinomas. Clinical histories revealed that all patients with invasive carcinoma who had strongly positive SRCA test results had received prior radiotherapy to the bladder region. None of the patients with invasive bladder carcinoma with negative or weakly positive SRCA tests had been radiated. Histopathology of tumors in both groups was similar. Results of this retrospective study support the hypothesis that radiation may induce differentiation in tumors, possibly through an enhancement of Golgi apparatus function. The SRCA test should not be used as a predictor of the biological behavior of future recurrences in patients with bladder carcinoma who have received therapeutic radiation since radiation may produce \"false positive\" SRCA test results.", "contents": "Isoantigens A, B and H in urinary bladder carcinomas following radiotherapy. ABH tissue isoantigens were measured by the Specific Red Cell Adherence (SRCA) test in 66 surgical specimens of urinary bladder, including 53 transitional cell carcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas and 11 controls. The SRCA test was strongly positive in 10 of 11 controls. ABH isoantigens were absent or equivocally present in 68 percent of noninvasive carcinomas (stage 0) and in 65 percent of invasive carcinomas. Clinical histories revealed that all patients with invasive carcinoma who had strongly positive SRCA test results had received prior radiotherapy to the bladder region. None of the patients with invasive bladder carcinoma with negative or weakly positive SRCA tests had been radiated. Histopathology of tumors in both groups was similar. Results of this retrospective study support the hypothesis that radiation may induce differentiation in tumors, possibly through an enhancement of Golgi apparatus function. The SRCA test should not be used as a predictor of the biological behavior of future recurrences in patients with bladder carcinoma who have received therapeutic radiation since radiation may produce \"false positive\" SRCA test results.", "PMID": 647623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3573", "title": "Remineralization of enamel by a saliva substitute designed for use by irradiated patients.", "content": "A saliva substitute, VA-OraLube, was evaluated for ability to reharden dental enamel and to relieve intraoral soft tissue symptoms in patients receiving radiotherapy for malignancies of the head and neck. Treatments of 15, 30 and 60 minutes rehardened enamel by 3.1%, 4.0%, and 5.5%, respectively. In the second experiment, treatment for 60 minutes with the complete solution rehardened enamel by 5.2%. Omitting calcium, phosphorus and/or fluoride from the formulation greatly decreased this rehardening potential. Treatment of enamel with fresh whole saliva induced rehardening at a 7.3% level in comparison to the 5.5% and 5.2% derived by using the saliva substitute. Since the xerostomic patient usually uses the product very frequently, there is a remineralization potential of significant consequence. A total of 125 xerostomic patients used the saliva substitute on an ad lib basis over a period of 4 months. Patient responses indicated a very high level of acceptance and the virtual elimination of troublesome problems previously associated with the dry mouth state.", "contents": "Remineralization of enamel by a saliva substitute designed for use by irradiated patients. A saliva substitute, VA-OraLube, was evaluated for ability to reharden dental enamel and to relieve intraoral soft tissue symptoms in patients receiving radiotherapy for malignancies of the head and neck. Treatments of 15, 30 and 60 minutes rehardened enamel by 3.1%, 4.0%, and 5.5%, respectively. In the second experiment, treatment for 60 minutes with the complete solution rehardened enamel by 5.2%. Omitting calcium, phosphorus and/or fluoride from the formulation greatly decreased this rehardening potential. Treatment of enamel with fresh whole saliva induced rehardening at a 7.3% level in comparison to the 5.5% and 5.2% derived by using the saliva substitute. Since the xerostomic patient usually uses the product very frequently, there is a remineralization potential of significant consequence. A total of 125 xerostomic patients used the saliva substitute on an ad lib basis over a period of 4 months. Patient responses indicated a very high level of acceptance and the virtual elimination of troublesome problems previously associated with the dry mouth state.", "PMID": 647624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3574", "title": "Monocyte function in patients with solid neoplasms during immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "The present studies were performed in order to evaluate monocyte function in patients with solid neoplasms before and after administration of C. parvum. The results demonstrate that monocytes from cancer patients display increased numbers of C3 and Fc receptor sites after administration of C. parvum. It is concluded that characterization of monocyte receptor activity may be helpful in monitoring the effects of immunotherapy in the immune system.", "contents": "Monocyte function in patients with solid neoplasms during immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum. The present studies were performed in order to evaluate monocyte function in patients with solid neoplasms before and after administration of C. parvum. The results demonstrate that monocytes from cancer patients display increased numbers of C3 and Fc receptor sites after administration of C. parvum. It is concluded that characterization of monocyte receptor activity may be helpful in monitoring the effects of immunotherapy in the immune system.", "PMID": 647625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3575", "title": "Clinical and immunologic studies of disseminated BCG infection.", "content": "Eight patients with disseminated BCG infection following injection of BCG into primary melanomas have been studied. These patients developed persistent fevers beginning 9 to 20 days following BCG injection. Severe liver function abnormalities occurred in all patients and peaked approximately 20 days following BCG injection. The persistent fevers, and clinical signs and symptoms of disseminated BCG infection lasted from 7 to 22 days before subsiding. Liver function abnormalities sometimes took six months to return to normal. Evidence of granulomas in liver and bone marrow were present. The natural course of this disease did not appear to be affected by therapy with isoniazid (INH). In vitro immunologic studies revealed a severe depression of lymphocyte reactivity in five of six patients sequentially tested. Wide dissemination of BCG from the site of injection is a severe complication of BCG therapy. The clinical course of this disease and suggestions for management are described in this paper.", "contents": "Clinical and immunologic studies of disseminated BCG infection. Eight patients with disseminated BCG infection following injection of BCG into primary melanomas have been studied. These patients developed persistent fevers beginning 9 to 20 days following BCG injection. Severe liver function abnormalities occurred in all patients and peaked approximately 20 days following BCG injection. The persistent fevers, and clinical signs and symptoms of disseminated BCG infection lasted from 7 to 22 days before subsiding. Liver function abnormalities sometimes took six months to return to normal. Evidence of granulomas in liver and bone marrow were present. The natural course of this disease did not appear to be affected by therapy with isoniazid (INH). In vitro immunologic studies revealed a severe depression of lymphocyte reactivity in five of six patients sequentially tested. Wide dissemination of BCG from the site of injection is a severe complication of BCG therapy. The clinical course of this disease and suggestions for management are described in this paper.", "PMID": 647627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3576", "title": "Decreased monocyte function in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Monocyte function in nine untreated and nine treated patients with Hodgkin's disease in different stages was studied simultaneously with normal controls. Monocyte chemotactic responses were decreased in 6 of the 14 patients with advanced disease regardless of previous therapy. None of our patients with stage II disease had abnormal results. Decreased monocyte chemotactic responses correlated with the presence of cutaneous anergy. In addition, decreased chemotaxis was associated with diminished monocyte bactericidal activity. This suggests that decreased bactericidal activity may be related to abnormal migration and possible diminished ingestion. The data support the hypothesis that depressed monocyte function may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections of patients with Hodgkin's disease and it may be an additional factor favoring tumor dissemination in the advanced stages of the disease.", "contents": "Decreased monocyte function in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Monocyte function in nine untreated and nine treated patients with Hodgkin's disease in different stages was studied simultaneously with normal controls. Monocyte chemotactic responses were decreased in 6 of the 14 patients with advanced disease regardless of previous therapy. None of our patients with stage II disease had abnormal results. Decreased monocyte chemotactic responses correlated with the presence of cutaneous anergy. In addition, decreased chemotaxis was associated with diminished monocyte bactericidal activity. This suggests that decreased bactericidal activity may be related to abnormal migration and possible diminished ingestion. The data support the hypothesis that depressed monocyte function may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections of patients with Hodgkin's disease and it may be an additional factor favoring tumor dissemination in the advanced stages of the disease.", "PMID": 647628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3577", "title": "Studies on the fine structure of osteoblastoma with notes on the localization of nonspecific acid and alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Electron microscopy of two osteoblastomas revealed the existence of three distinct types of cells in this tumor: osteoblast like, macrophage like, and multinucleated giant cells. In addition to the lysosomes, most Golgi cisternae and vesicles in the osteoblast like cells showed evidence of acid phosphatase activity. Deposits of lead phosphate indicating the site of this enzyme in the macrophage like cells were confined to the large and abundant lysosomes. Wide spread deposition of final product was noted in the cytoplasm of the multinucleated giant cells, both in conventional lysosomes, Golgi regions and special organelles probably corresponding to GERL. With regard to nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, final product indicating the location of enzyme activity was confined to the plasma membranes and associated vesicular and vacuolar structures in the osteoblast like cells. The findings suggest that the giant cells in osteoblastomas participate in lytic bone destructive and resorptive processes while osteoblast like cells appear to be osteoid and bone forming carriers of the neoplastic properties of the tumor.", "contents": "Studies on the fine structure of osteoblastoma with notes on the localization of nonspecific acid and alkaline phosphatase. Electron microscopy of two osteoblastomas revealed the existence of three distinct types of cells in this tumor: osteoblast like, macrophage like, and multinucleated giant cells. In addition to the lysosomes, most Golgi cisternae and vesicles in the osteoblast like cells showed evidence of acid phosphatase activity. Deposits of lead phosphate indicating the site of this enzyme in the macrophage like cells were confined to the large and abundant lysosomes. Wide spread deposition of final product was noted in the cytoplasm of the multinucleated giant cells, both in conventional lysosomes, Golgi regions and special organelles probably corresponding to GERL. With regard to nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, final product indicating the location of enzyme activity was confined to the plasma membranes and associated vesicular and vacuolar structures in the osteoblast like cells. The findings suggest that the giant cells in osteoblastomas participate in lytic bone destructive and resorptive processes while osteoblast like cells appear to be osteoid and bone forming carriers of the neoplastic properties of the tumor.", "PMID": 647629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3578", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of a benign perineurial cell tumor.", "content": "A solitary tumor which by light microscopy was calssified as a neurofibroma was found by electron microscopic study to be composed of parallel, elongate cells with collagen rich intervening matrix. The cells showed thin, polar cytoplasmic processes which extended long distances, frequent junctional complexes between cell processes, numerous surface vesicles, and either no or fragmented and variable basement membrane. Perineurial cells from small peripheral nerves of skin were demonstrated to have similar morphologic characteristics as the tumor cells. The present study, together with previous ultrastructural findings, indicate that benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors should be placed in at least three categories: Schwannoma, neurofibroma and perineurioma.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of a benign perineurial cell tumor. A solitary tumor which by light microscopy was calssified as a neurofibroma was found by electron microscopic study to be composed of parallel, elongate cells with collagen rich intervening matrix. The cells showed thin, polar cytoplasmic processes which extended long distances, frequent junctional complexes between cell processes, numerous surface vesicles, and either no or fragmented and variable basement membrane. Perineurial cells from small peripheral nerves of skin were demonstrated to have similar morphologic characteristics as the tumor cells. The present study, together with previous ultrastructural findings, indicate that benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors should be placed in at least three categories: Schwannoma, neurofibroma and perineurioma.", "PMID": 647630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3579", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum: a case report with electron microscopy.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum is presented. The tumor measured 3 X 2.5 X 2 cm and had been present as a slowly enlarging mass in the right scrotum for three months prior to excision. Light microscopy demonstrated the typical interlacing fasicles of neoplastic cells with eccentric cigar-shaped nuclei and electron microscopy confirmed the neoplastic cells to be of smooth muscle origin. A review of the world's literature revealed this to be the fifth reported case of leimyosarcoma confined to the scrotal wall.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum: a case report with electron microscopy. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum is presented. The tumor measured 3 X 2.5 X 2 cm and had been present as a slowly enlarging mass in the right scrotum for three months prior to excision. Light microscopy demonstrated the typical interlacing fasicles of neoplastic cells with eccentric cigar-shaped nuclei and electron microscopy confirmed the neoplastic cells to be of smooth muscle origin. A review of the world's literature revealed this to be the fifth reported case of leimyosarcoma confined to the scrotal wall.", "PMID": 647631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3580", "title": "Biologic markers in breast carcinoma. IV. Serum fucose-protein ratio. Comparisons with carcinoembryonic antigen and human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Serum fucose-protein ratio was evaluated as a potential biologic marker for patients with metastatic breast cancer. By analysis of the same blood samples, comparisons were made with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). For 150 patients with metastatic breast cancer, 85% had a value for serum-fucose protein ratio above the normal range in comparison to 75% for CEA and 40% for hCG. Serum fucose-protein ratio was exclusively increased in 12% of the patients, CEA in 4% and hCG in 2%. Both  serum-fucose protein ratio and CEA were elevated in 39% of the patients, and together, either in combination of alone, were increased in 93% of the patients. Raised values for serum fucose-protein ratio as well as for CEA decreased with change in disease status from pretreatment to response for patients with measurable disease parameters and increased correspondingly with overt disease progression. Preliminary data indicate both serum fuxose-protein ratio and CEA frequently become elevated when patients progress from a disease free interval after surgery to recurrence.", "contents": "Biologic markers in breast carcinoma. IV. Serum fucose-protein ratio. Comparisons with carcinoembryonic antigen and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Serum fucose-protein ratio was evaluated as a potential biologic marker for patients with metastatic breast cancer. By analysis of the same blood samples, comparisons were made with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). For 150 patients with metastatic breast cancer, 85% had a value for serum-fucose protein ratio above the normal range in comparison to 75% for CEA and 40% for hCG. Serum fucose-protein ratio was exclusively increased in 12% of the patients, CEA in 4% and hCG in 2%. Both  serum-fucose protein ratio and CEA were elevated in 39% of the patients, and together, either in combination of alone, were increased in 93% of the patients. Raised values for serum fucose-protein ratio as well as for CEA decreased with change in disease status from pretreatment to response for patients with measurable disease parameters and increased correspondingly with overt disease progression. Preliminary data indicate both serum fuxose-protein ratio and CEA frequently become elevated when patients progress from a disease free interval after surgery to recurrence.", "PMID": 647632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3581", "title": "Uveal melanomas: correlation of cytologic features with prognosis.", "content": "Forty uveal melanomas were examined, half of which had proved fatal. Twenty cells were selected from each tumor, and six cytologic features were measured on each of these cells. It was found that the cells selected from fatal tumors had longer nuclei, more nucleoli, and greater nuclear pleomorphism than those selected from nonfatal tumors. Also, cells from melanomas classified as mixed cell type by the Callender classification had wider nuclei and longer nucleoli than those from tumors classified as spindle B cell type. Since the former cell type is associated with a worse prognosis, these features would probably assist in assigning prognosis to a large group of randomly selected malanomas. Thus, five nuclear characteristics (long nuclei, wide nuclei, long nucleoli, multiple nucleoli, and nuclear pleomorphism) should prove useful for predicting death from the dissemination of uveal melanoma.", "contents": "Uveal melanomas: correlation of cytologic features with prognosis. Forty uveal melanomas were examined, half of which had proved fatal. Twenty cells were selected from each tumor, and six cytologic features were measured on each of these cells. It was found that the cells selected from fatal tumors had longer nuclei, more nucleoli, and greater nuclear pleomorphism than those selected from nonfatal tumors. Also, cells from melanomas classified as mixed cell type by the Callender classification had wider nuclei and longer nucleoli than those from tumors classified as spindle B cell type. Since the former cell type is associated with a worse prognosis, these features would probably assist in assigning prognosis to a large group of randomly selected malanomas. Thus, five nuclear characteristics (long nuclei, wide nuclei, long nucleoli, multiple nucleoli, and nuclear pleomorphism) should prove useful for predicting death from the dissemination of uveal melanoma.", "PMID": 647633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3582", "title": "A reassessment of uterine neoplasms originally diagnosed as leiomyosarcomas.", "content": "Twenty-eight uterine tumors originally diagnosed as leiomyosarcomas were histologically reclassified without prior knowledge of follow-up or clinical data. Thirteen (46%) neoplasms were reinterpreted as cellular or pleomorphic leiomyomas. They had sparse mitotic activity with three or fewer mitotic figures per 10 high power microscopic fields (MF/10 HPF). None recurred or metastasized, and all patients were alive from 6.3 to 23 years after operation (median of 14.2 years). In 15 cases the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma (LMS) was confirmed. All showed hypercellularity, nuclear atypism and high mitotic activity. Mitosis counts ranged from 6 to more than 50 MF/10 HPF with 93% of LMS having at least 15 MF/10 HPF. These patients all died of LMS after post-operative intervals of 3 months to 7.5 years (median survival of 13 months). No consistent correlation was found between length of survival and the patient's menopausal status or histologic grade of LMS. The degree of mitotic activity is the single most reliable diagnostic criterion of malignant potential, albeit not the only one. Surgery alone is ineffective treatment for LMS and combination therapy with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered.", "contents": "A reassessment of uterine neoplasms originally diagnosed as leiomyosarcomas. Twenty-eight uterine tumors originally diagnosed as leiomyosarcomas were histologically reclassified without prior knowledge of follow-up or clinical data. Thirteen (46%) neoplasms were reinterpreted as cellular or pleomorphic leiomyomas. They had sparse mitotic activity with three or fewer mitotic figures per 10 high power microscopic fields (MF/10 HPF). None recurred or metastasized, and all patients were alive from 6.3 to 23 years after operation (median of 14.2 years). In 15 cases the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma (LMS) was confirmed. All showed hypercellularity, nuclear atypism and high mitotic activity. Mitosis counts ranged from 6 to more than 50 MF/10 HPF with 93% of LMS having at least 15 MF/10 HPF. These patients all died of LMS after post-operative intervals of 3 months to 7.5 years (median survival of 13 months). No consistent correlation was found between length of survival and the patient's menopausal status or histologic grade of LMS. The degree of mitotic activity is the single most reliable diagnostic criterion of malignant potential, albeit not the only one. Surgery alone is ineffective treatment for LMS and combination therapy with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered.", "PMID": 647634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3583", "title": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: report of a case with peripheral blood remission on androgen therapy.", "content": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) has been generally considered to be poorly responsive to therapy other than splenectomy. The patient presented below developed a complete peripheral blood remission after prolonged therapy with an androgen (oxymetholone). There is very little published experience with androgen therapy in LRE. The experience with this patient suggests that androgens may produce a clinical remission by inducing significant improvement in the peripheral blood in some patients with this disease.", "contents": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: report of a case with peripheral blood remission on androgen therapy. Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) has been generally considered to be poorly responsive to therapy other than splenectomy. The patient presented below developed a complete peripheral blood remission after prolonged therapy with an androgen (oxymetholone). There is very little published experience with androgen therapy in LRE. The experience with this patient suggests that androgens may produce a clinical remission by inducing significant improvement in the peripheral blood in some patients with this disease.", "PMID": 647635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3584", "title": "Norepinephrine-producing tumors of bilateral breasts: a case report.", "content": "There was a tumor in the left breast which was suspected to be carcinoid tumor at excisional biopsy. Autopsy revealed the same tumor in the right nipple. In the cells of the bilateral tumors a number of argylophil granules were diffusely demonstrated and the neurosecretory ones were verified electronmicroscopically. In the urine of the patient a moderate amount of norepinephrine was excreted. It was presumed that the norepinephrine might have been produced from the breasts. In the literature reviewed, the case of breast carcinoid has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Norepinephrine-producing tumors of bilateral breasts: a case report. There was a tumor in the left breast which was suspected to be carcinoid tumor at excisional biopsy. Autopsy revealed the same tumor in the right nipple. In the cells of the bilateral tumors a number of argylophil granules were diffusely demonstrated and the neurosecretory ones were verified electronmicroscopically. In the urine of the patient a moderate amount of norepinephrine was excreted. It was presumed that the norepinephrine might have been produced from the breasts. In the literature reviewed, the case of breast carcinoid has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 647636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3585", "title": "Patho-radiologic correlation of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the compromised host.", "content": "The autopsy findings and antemortem radiographic abnormalities were correlated in 20 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis to define typical radiographic patterns, their progression and anatomic basis. Sixteen (80%) patients had radiographic abnormalities due to aspergillosis. Fifty-nine percent of the specific radiographic abnormalities seen in these patients were caused by anatomic lesions of asperigillosis and 67% of such anatomic lesions were radiographically definable. The most common initial radiographic pattern was a patchy density (single or multifocal) or a well defined nodule. The densities remained stable in half the patients but progressed, over several weeks to either diffuse consolidation or cavitation in the others. Most anatomic lesions were categorized as either nodular (\"target\") lesions (1-3 cm in diameter) or hemorrhagic infarctions (5-10 cm in diameter), both due to vascular invasion causing thrombosis and ischemic necrosis. Unlike pulmonary candidiasis, which is usually radiographically undetectable, invasive pulmonary asperigillosis frequently caused radiographically visible lesions.", "contents": "Patho-radiologic correlation of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the compromised host. The autopsy findings and antemortem radiographic abnormalities were correlated in 20 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis to define typical radiographic patterns, their progression and anatomic basis. Sixteen (80%) patients had radiographic abnormalities due to aspergillosis. Fifty-nine percent of the specific radiographic abnormalities seen in these patients were caused by anatomic lesions of asperigillosis and 67% of such anatomic lesions were radiographically definable. The most common initial radiographic pattern was a patchy density (single or multifocal) or a well defined nodule. The densities remained stable in half the patients but progressed, over several weeks to either diffuse consolidation or cavitation in the others. Most anatomic lesions were categorized as either nodular (\"target\") lesions (1-3 cm in diameter) or hemorrhagic infarctions (5-10 cm in diameter), both due to vascular invasion causing thrombosis and ischemic necrosis. Unlike pulmonary candidiasis, which is usually radiographically undetectable, invasive pulmonary asperigillosis frequently caused radiographically visible lesions.", "PMID": 647638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3586", "title": "Well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "One hundred and one adenocarcinomas of the prostate that over a five-year period had been classified as being \"well differentiated\" or \"grade 1\" were reviewed and reclassified. Thirty-eight of the cases met strict criteria for such a classification. Twenty-six patients died of prostatic carcinoma. Seventy-five patients (74%) survived for five years, including 87% of the patients with clearly well differentiated carcinomas and 67% of those with somewhat less differentiated tumors. Forty-six percent of all patients including 22 of the 38 well differentiated review cases (58%) are now alive 7-11 years after prostatectomy without evidence of residual disease. Grading appears to be useful and the prognosis of well differentiated carcinomas is better than average but some cases even if focal and incidentally found will terminate with disseminated disease, usually more than five years after the original diagnosis.", "contents": "Well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate. One hundred and one adenocarcinomas of the prostate that over a five-year period had been classified as being \"well differentiated\" or \"grade 1\" were reviewed and reclassified. Thirty-eight of the cases met strict criteria for such a classification. Twenty-six patients died of prostatic carcinoma. Seventy-five patients (74%) survived for five years, including 87% of the patients with clearly well differentiated carcinomas and 67% of those with somewhat less differentiated tumors. Forty-six percent of all patients including 22 of the 38 well differentiated review cases (58%) are now alive 7-11 years after prostatectomy without evidence of residual disease. Grading appears to be useful and the prognosis of well differentiated carcinomas is better than average but some cases even if focal and incidentally found will terminate with disseminated disease, usually more than five years after the original diagnosis.", "PMID": 647639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3587", "title": "Genetic and pathologic findings in a kindred with hereditary sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, lung, laryngeal, and adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "A familial cancer aggregation comprising sarcomas, brain tumors, leukemias, and carcinomas of breast, larynx, lung, adrenal, cortex, and other sites has been studied from a pathologic--genetic standpoint. Based upon sibships segregating for cancer, the genetic segregation parameter is estimated to be 45.6 +/- 11%  which is compatible with that expected for a rare deleterious autosomal gene showing complete dominance. Pathologic review of 16 tumors by bright field microscopy revealed variable occurrences of intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations, intranucleolar bodies, and acidophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in eight lesions. Two tumors showed both intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations and intranucleolar inclusions. Morphological findings coupled with the observed pattern and distribution of cancer in the subject kindred suggest that the cancer-prone genotype interacts with one or more exogenous factors in causing this familial tumor association.", "contents": "Genetic and pathologic findings in a kindred with hereditary sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, lung, laryngeal, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. A familial cancer aggregation comprising sarcomas, brain tumors, leukemias, and carcinomas of breast, larynx, lung, adrenal, cortex, and other sites has been studied from a pathologic--genetic standpoint. Based upon sibships segregating for cancer, the genetic segregation parameter is estimated to be 45.6 +/- 11%  which is compatible with that expected for a rare deleterious autosomal gene showing complete dominance. Pathologic review of 16 tumors by bright field microscopy revealed variable occurrences of intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations, intranucleolar bodies, and acidophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in eight lesions. Two tumors showed both intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations and intranucleolar inclusions. Morphological findings coupled with the observed pattern and distribution of cancer in the subject kindred suggest that the cancer-prone genotype interacts with one or more exogenous factors in causing this familial tumor association.", "PMID": 647640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3588", "title": "The microcirculation in two transplantable melanomas of the hamster. I. In vivo observations in transparent chambers.", "content": "Twenty-eight transparent chambers were inserted into the cheek pouches of hamsters and daily serial observations made of the changing vasculature of transplants of 2 varieties (A-Mel-4B32, ZGYP1) of amelanotic melanomas. The tumor A-Mel-4B32 grew at a rate which covered 50% of the viewing area in 3--4 days, while the tumor ZGYP1 covered less than 10% of the viewing area at this time and did not cover 50% of the viewing area until 9.5 days after transplantation. The difference in growth rate was not reflected in any differences in the morphology of the vascular network and distribution of the venous arcades.", "contents": "The microcirculation in two transplantable melanomas of the hamster. I. In vivo observations in transparent chambers. Twenty-eight transparent chambers were inserted into the cheek pouches of hamsters and daily serial observations made of the changing vasculature of transplants of 2 varieties (A-Mel-4B32, ZGYP1) of amelanotic melanomas. The tumor A-Mel-4B32 grew at a rate which covered 50% of the viewing area in 3--4 days, while the tumor ZGYP1 covered less than 10% of the viewing area at this time and did not cover 50% of the viewing area until 9.5 days after transplantation. The difference in growth rate was not reflected in any differences in the morphology of the vascular network and distribution of the venous arcades.", "PMID": 647650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3589", "title": "The microcirculation in two transplantable melanomas of the hamster. II. Scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Normal and tumor vessels observed in vivo on the hamster cheek pouch membrane in transparent chambers were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Large, thin walled veins were found in the reactive zone around the 2 amelanotic melanomas of the hamster. Sinusoidal vessels and channels contained red cells, which did not possess any vascular wall, were seen in the main substance of the tumors. In this system all the vessels within the central mass of the tumor transplant comprise newly formed vessels. The surfaces of the tumor cells and the lining of the tumor vessels were examined by this technique. The biological history i.e., age of the vessel and location from the growing edge of the tumor, were known. The surface of the tumor cells on cut section differed in appearance from the areolar tissue of the pouch membrane. Scanning electron microscopy of the inner aspect of newly formed tumor vessels permits much greater sampling of the tissue than transmission electron microscopy and further work should reveal aspects of the interaction of the blood with tumor stroma.", "contents": "The microcirculation in two transplantable melanomas of the hamster. II. Scanning electron microscopy. Normal and tumor vessels observed in vivo on the hamster cheek pouch membrane in transparent chambers were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Large, thin walled veins were found in the reactive zone around the 2 amelanotic melanomas of the hamster. Sinusoidal vessels and channels contained red cells, which did not possess any vascular wall, were seen in the main substance of the tumors. In this system all the vessels within the central mass of the tumor transplant comprise newly formed vessels. The surfaces of the tumor cells and the lining of the tumor vessels were examined by this technique. The biological history i.e., age of the vessel and location from the growing edge of the tumor, were known. The surface of the tumor cells on cut section differed in appearance from the areolar tissue of the pouch membrane. Scanning electron microscopy of the inner aspect of newly formed tumor vessels permits much greater sampling of the tissue than transmission electron microscopy and further work should reveal aspects of the interaction of the blood with tumor stroma.", "PMID": 647651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3590", "title": "Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in animals with high aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels and high rates of spontaneous cancer.", "content": "Ambystoma tigrinum found in a sewage polluted pond had high levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity that decreased to the basal level of control animals after being held several months in clean water. The qualitative formation of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) metabolites by salamander hepatic microsomes was similar to those seen for other species. Inhibition of epoxide hydrase activity did not alter the total metabolite production but did change the ratio of metabolites. A correlation appears to exist between high AHH induction, the presence of polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutants, and the high rate of spontaneous cancer in salamanders.", "contents": "Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in animals with high aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels and high rates of spontaneous cancer. Ambystoma tigrinum found in a sewage polluted pond had high levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity that decreased to the basal level of control animals after being held several months in clean water. The qualitative formation of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) metabolites by salamander hepatic microsomes was similar to those seen for other species. Inhibition of epoxide hydrase activity did not alter the total metabolite production but did change the ratio of metabolites. A correlation appears to exist between high AHH induction, the presence of polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutants, and the high rate of spontaneous cancer in salamanders.", "PMID": 647652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3591", "title": "Further improvements in the hepatocyte primary culture DNA repair test for carcinogens: detection of carcinogenic biphenyl derivatives.", "content": "DNA repair in hepatocyte primary cultures was induced by simultaneous treatment with the carcinogen and [3H] thymidine for 18 h beginning immediately after attachment of cells. The unscheduled DNA synthesis elicited by carcinogens was determined by counting grains with an automatic grain counter. In 5 biphenyl derivatives, a correlation was found between carcinogenicity and the ability to induce DNA repair. Hence, the method offers promise as a means of screening chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Further improvements in the hepatocyte primary culture DNA repair test for carcinogens: detection of carcinogenic biphenyl derivatives. DNA repair in hepatocyte primary cultures was induced by simultaneous treatment with the carcinogen and [3H] thymidine for 18 h beginning immediately after attachment of cells. The unscheduled DNA synthesis elicited by carcinogens was determined by counting grains with an automatic grain counter. In 5 biphenyl derivatives, a correlation was found between carcinogenicity and the ability to induce DNA repair. Hence, the method offers promise as a means of screening chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 647653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3592", "title": "The identification of a cell culture inhibitor in a tumour extract.", "content": "An extract of Harding-Passey mouse melanoma was found to inhibit the proliferation of the same cell line grown in culture when measured by both thymidine incorporation and by the increase in cell number. The active ingredient was purified by ultrafiltration, column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. The purified material was identified by mass spectrometry and by gas chromatography as spermidine. The partially purified material reversed the methylglyoxal Bis-guanyl hydrazone (Methyl-GAG) inhibition of cultured cells to the same extent as spermidine. Very low concentrations of Methyl-GAG were found to suppress the spermidine inhibition of thymidine incorporation into cells. The inhibitor extracted from melanoma tumours behaved in the same way as spermidine at all Methyl-GAG concentrations. Thus, it is unlikely that the active ingredient in the biological extract is anything other than spermidine.", "contents": "The identification of a cell culture inhibitor in a tumour extract. An extract of Harding-Passey mouse melanoma was found to inhibit the proliferation of the same cell line grown in culture when measured by both thymidine incorporation and by the increase in cell number. The active ingredient was purified by ultrafiltration, column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. The purified material was identified by mass spectrometry and by gas chromatography as spermidine. The partially purified material reversed the methylglyoxal Bis-guanyl hydrazone (Methyl-GAG) inhibition of cultured cells to the same extent as spermidine. Very low concentrations of Methyl-GAG were found to suppress the spermidine inhibition of thymidine incorporation into cells. The inhibitor extracted from melanoma tumours behaved in the same way as spermidine at all Methyl-GAG concentrations. Thus, it is unlikely that the active ingredient in the biological extract is anything other than spermidine.", "PMID": 647654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3593", "title": "Synthesis of the urinary glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl.", "content": "The glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl believed to be the carrier form responsible for transporting the active N-hydroxy compound from its site of formation in the liver to its site of carcinogenic action in the bladder has been prepared synthetically. The synthetic conjugate is identical by infrared and chromatographic analyses with the conjugate isolated from urine, thus unequivocally establishing its structure as an N--C conjugate, sodium (N,4-biphenyl-N-hydroxy-D-glucuronosylamine).", "contents": "Synthesis of the urinary glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl. The glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl believed to be the carrier form responsible for transporting the active N-hydroxy compound from its site of formation in the liver to its site of carcinogenic action in the bladder has been prepared synthetically. The synthetic conjugate is identical by infrared and chromatographic analyses with the conjugate isolated from urine, thus unequivocally establishing its structure as an N--C conjugate, sodium (N,4-biphenyl-N-hydroxy-D-glucuronosylamine).", "PMID": 647655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3594", "title": "Double stranded RNA in heterogeneous nuclear RNA from normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Tritium labelled heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) from normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) lymphocytes was investigated before and after fractionation into non-poly(A) containing (-HnRNA) and poly(A) containing (+HnRNA) HnRNA with respect to double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Statistically significant higher amounts of rapidly labelled RNA were recovered from CLL lymphocytes when compared to normal cases. Within the CLL cases a significant linear correlation (r = 0.95) was found between white blood cell counts and the amount of dsRNA in total HnRNA. After fractionation into (-) and (+) HnRNAs the ratios of dsRNAs, expressed as the dsRNA in (-) HnRNA divided by the dsRNA in (+) HnRNA, was lower than the corresponding values in normal cases for all the CLL cases except one. The relationship between (+) HnRNA and the total dsRNA level was different when comparing CLL and normal lymphocytes indicating a RNA processing abnormality.", "contents": "Double stranded RNA in heterogeneous nuclear RNA from normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes. Tritium labelled heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) from normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) lymphocytes was investigated before and after fractionation into non-poly(A) containing (-HnRNA) and poly(A) containing (+HnRNA) HnRNA with respect to double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Statistically significant higher amounts of rapidly labelled RNA were recovered from CLL lymphocytes when compared to normal cases. Within the CLL cases a significant linear correlation (r = 0.95) was found between white blood cell counts and the amount of dsRNA in total HnRNA. After fractionation into (-) and (+) HnRNAs the ratios of dsRNAs, expressed as the dsRNA in (-) HnRNA divided by the dsRNA in (+) HnRNA, was lower than the corresponding values in normal cases for all the CLL cases except one. The relationship between (+) HnRNA and the total dsRNA level was different when comparing CLL and normal lymphocytes indicating a RNA processing abnormality.", "PMID": 647656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3595", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity response to oxazolone in neonatally estrogenized mice.", "content": "Neonatal NMRI mice were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) fof the first 5 days after birth. At 6 and 9 months the same animals were tested for delayed hypersensitivity reaction using an ear test with oxazolone. The DES treated animals had a diminished response to oxazolone compared with controls.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity response to oxazolone in neonatally estrogenized mice. Neonatal NMRI mice were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) fof the first 5 days after birth. At 6 and 9 months the same animals were tested for delayed hypersensitivity reaction using an ear test with oxazolone. The DES treated animals had a diminished response to oxazolone compared with controls.", "PMID": 647657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3596", "title": "Hydroxyurea-sensitive thymidine incorporation in rat liver and kidney following administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "In rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), the sensitivity of [3H] thymidine incorporation to inhibition by hydroxyurea was determined in the liver and kidney. A 70% inhibition was produced in control animals with doses of hydroxyurea from 50 to 250 mg/kg body wt. Twelve hours after administration of DMN, hepatic thymidine incorporation was unaffected by 50 mg/kg hydroxyurea, progressive reduction in incorporation occurred as the dose of inhibitor was increased. A similar result was obtained in kidney only by dietary conditioning of rats to ensure a high renal metabolism of the DMN. In contrast, at 72 h after DMN treatment thymidine incorporation in both liver and kidney was rapidly inhibited by administration of 50 mg/kg hydroxyurea. The data, assessed together with various parameters of DMN-induced repair and replicative DNA synthesis, suggest the use of hydroxyurea as a means to study DNA repair in intact animals.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea-sensitive thymidine incorporation in rat liver and kidney following administration of dimethylnitrosamine. In rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), the sensitivity of [3H] thymidine incorporation to inhibition by hydroxyurea was determined in the liver and kidney. A 70% inhibition was produced in control animals with doses of hydroxyurea from 50 to 250 mg/kg body wt. Twelve hours after administration of DMN, hepatic thymidine incorporation was unaffected by 50 mg/kg hydroxyurea, progressive reduction in incorporation occurred as the dose of inhibitor was increased. A similar result was obtained in kidney only by dietary conditioning of rats to ensure a high renal metabolism of the DMN. In contrast, at 72 h after DMN treatment thymidine incorporation in both liver and kidney was rapidly inhibited by administration of 50 mg/kg hydroxyurea. The data, assessed together with various parameters of DMN-induced repair and replicative DNA synthesis, suggest the use of hydroxyurea as a means to study DNA repair in intact animals.", "PMID": 647658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3597", "title": "Induction by degraded carrageenan of colorectal tumors in rats.", "content": "Degraded carrageenan derived from the red seaweed Eucheuma spinosum was given to Sprague-Dawley rats through the diet, in drinking water or by stomach tube for up to 24 months. Carrageenan-induced squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and adenomas in the colorectum were observed. Some rats had metastases to the regional lymph nodes of squamous cell carcinomas. These results show that degraded carrageenan is carcinogenic to the colorectum of the rat.", "contents": "Induction by degraded carrageenan of colorectal tumors in rats. Degraded carrageenan derived from the red seaweed Eucheuma spinosum was given to Sprague-Dawley rats through the diet, in drinking water or by stomach tube for up to 24 months. Carrageenan-induced squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and adenomas in the colorectum were observed. Some rats had metastases to the regional lymph nodes of squamous cell carcinomas. These results show that degraded carrageenan is carcinogenic to the colorectum of the rat.", "PMID": 647659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3598", "title": "Urinary excretion of N-nitrosodiethanolamine administered orally to rats.", "content": "N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDE1A) was administered by gavage to male rats in single doses of 1000, 500 and 100 mg/kg body wt. More than 70% of a given dose was excreted unchanged in the urine, essentially within the first 24 h after exposure. This high excretion rate might explain the relatively low carcinogenic potential of NDE1A, and also offers a possible method of monitoring exposure to this compound under occupational and/or environmental conditions.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of N-nitrosodiethanolamine administered orally to rats. N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDE1A) was administered by gavage to male rats in single doses of 1000, 500 and 100 mg/kg body wt. More than 70% of a given dose was excreted unchanged in the urine, essentially within the first 24 h after exposure. This high excretion rate might explain the relatively low carcinogenic potential of NDE1A, and also offers a possible method of monitoring exposure to this compound under occupational and/or environmental conditions.", "PMID": 647660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3599", "title": "Potentiation of chlorambucil activity by phenylbutazone.", "content": "Phenylbutazone increased the cytotoxicity of chlorambucil to L1210 and P388 leukemia cells in vitro by displacing alkylating agent bound to serum of the tissue culture medium. Administration of phenylbutazone with chlorambucil to mice bearing the P388 tumor lowers the dose of chlorambucil required to achieve maximum increase in life span, but also lowers the dose required for host toxicity. No therapeutic advantage is obtained by the combination.", "contents": "Potentiation of chlorambucil activity by phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone increased the cytotoxicity of chlorambucil to L1210 and P388 leukemia cells in vitro by displacing alkylating agent bound to serum of the tissue culture medium. Administration of phenylbutazone with chlorambucil to mice bearing the P388 tumor lowers the dose of chlorambucil required to achieve maximum increase in life span, but also lowers the dose required for host toxicity. No therapeutic advantage is obtained by the combination.", "PMID": 647661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3600", "title": "Fecal constituents of a high-risk North American and a low-risk Finnish population for the development of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Feces collected in Kuopio, Finland, a low-risk population for colon cancer, and in the New York metropolitan area, a high-risk population for colon cancer, were compared. The dietary intake of fat and protein were the same in the two populations, but the sources of fat were different, a greater portion coming from meat in New York, and from dairy products in Kuopio. The daily stool output was higher in Kuopio due to the high intake of cereal products rich in fiber. The concentration of fecal secondary bile acids and the bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity were lower in Kuopio, but the daily output of these constituents was the same in the two groups. The daily fecal excretion of neutral sterols was higher in Kuopio than in New York. Our data suggest that the greater fecal bulk in Kuopio may dilute tumorigenic compounds which come in direct contact with the colon mucosa.", "contents": "Fecal constituents of a high-risk North American and a low-risk Finnish population for the development of large bowel cancer. Feces collected in Kuopio, Finland, a low-risk population for colon cancer, and in the New York metropolitan area, a high-risk population for colon cancer, were compared. The dietary intake of fat and protein were the same in the two populations, but the sources of fat were different, a greater portion coming from meat in New York, and from dairy products in Kuopio. The daily stool output was higher in Kuopio due to the high intake of cereal products rich in fiber. The concentration of fecal secondary bile acids and the bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity were lower in Kuopio, but the daily output of these constituents was the same in the two groups. The daily fecal excretion of neutral sterols was higher in Kuopio than in New York. Our data suggest that the greater fecal bulk in Kuopio may dilute tumorigenic compounds which come in direct contact with the colon mucosa.", "PMID": 647662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3601", "title": "Antibody stimulation of benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was conjugated to horse serum albumin (HSA) and then attached to aldehyde fixed human erythrocytes. These cells were used in a passive hemagglutination test to measure BP antibody. BP antibodies were found to be induced in Swiss mice injected with tumorigenic doses of BP. Of the mice treated with BP, those which developed tumors soonest had the highest levels of BP antibody. This observation suggested that the antibody to BP may stimulate tumor development. When rabbit antibody to BP was injected with BP a significantly increased tumor formation occurred. Active immunization using BP conjugated to a foreign protein also significantly increased tumor formation when the mice were treated with BP. Our findings suggest that the immune response to carcinogens is an important component of the carcinogenic process.", "contents": "Antibody stimulation of benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was conjugated to horse serum albumin (HSA) and then attached to aldehyde fixed human erythrocytes. These cells were used in a passive hemagglutination test to measure BP antibody. BP antibodies were found to be induced in Swiss mice injected with tumorigenic doses of BP. Of the mice treated with BP, those which developed tumors soonest had the highest levels of BP antibody. This observation suggested that the antibody to BP may stimulate tumor development. When rabbit antibody to BP was injected with BP a significantly increased tumor formation occurred. Active immunization using BP conjugated to a foreign protein also significantly increased tumor formation when the mice were treated with BP. Our findings suggest that the immune response to carcinogens is an important component of the carcinogenic process.", "PMID": 647663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3602", "title": "Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. Intratracheal instillation studies with benzo(a)pyrene in bovine serum albumin in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The chronic effect of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) administered intratracheally in bovine serum albumin was studied in Syrian golden hamsters. Dose levels of 0.1 mg, 0.33 mg and 1.0 mg of B(a)P induced papillomas and carcinomas of the trachea, stem bronchi and bronchioles. In addition to such tumours, the mucosa of the respiratory tract revealed a variety of atypical epithelial alterations. Although survival time exhibited a dose-dependency, tumour incidence did not. The incidence of respiratory tract tumours was higher in female hamsters than in males. The results of these investigations are statistically evaluated.", "contents": "Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. Intratracheal instillation studies with benzo(a)pyrene in bovine serum albumin in Syrian hamsters. The chronic effect of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) administered intratracheally in bovine serum albumin was studied in Syrian golden hamsters. Dose levels of 0.1 mg, 0.33 mg and 1.0 mg of B(a)P induced papillomas and carcinomas of the trachea, stem bronchi and bronchioles. In addition to such tumours, the mucosa of the respiratory tract revealed a variety of atypical epithelial alterations. Although survival time exhibited a dose-dependency, tumour incidence did not. The incidence of respiratory tract tumours was higher in female hamsters than in males. The results of these investigations are statistically evaluated.", "PMID": 647664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3603", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in European hamsters.", "content": "Laboratory-bred European hamsters received intragastric administrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) once weekly for 20 weeks. The animals showed mainly squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the fore-stomach. The tumour incidence was higher in males (80%) than in females (30%). The average tumour latency was comparatively short (25 weeks).", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in European hamsters. Laboratory-bred European hamsters received intragastric administrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) once weekly for 20 weeks. The animals showed mainly squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the fore-stomach. The tumour incidence was higher in males (80%) than in females (30%). The average tumour latency was comparatively short (25 weeks).", "PMID": 647665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3604", "title": "Inability of vitamin A deficiency to alter benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were placed on a control or vitamin A-deficient diet. When their serum vitamin A content was significantly reduced, i.e., to less than 10% of controls, the hamsters were killed and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene were determined. The benzo(a)pyrene metabolite profile was similar with control and A-deficient systems, and only few quantitative differences were noted. Addition of beta-retinyl acetate to the in vitro incubations did not substantially affect benzo(a)pyrene metabolism.", "contents": "Inability of vitamin A deficiency to alter benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in Syrian hamsters. Syrian golden hamsters were placed on a control or vitamin A-deficient diet. When their serum vitamin A content was significantly reduced, i.e., to less than 10% of controls, the hamsters were killed and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene were determined. The benzo(a)pyrene metabolite profile was similar with control and A-deficient systems, and only few quantitative differences were noted. Addition of beta-retinyl acetate to the in vitro incubations did not substantially affect benzo(a)pyrene metabolism.", "PMID": 647666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3605", "title": "Effects of radiation type and dose and the role of glucocorticoids, gonadectomy, and thyroidectomy in mammary tumor induction in mammotropin-secreting pituitary tumor-grafted rats.", "content": "Three experiments on the induction of mammary neoplasms by total-body 11- to 100-rad neutron or 50- to 500-rad gamma-radiation of female Fischer or W/Fu rats are reported. Grafts of mammotropin-secreting pituitary tumor were used to elevate mammotropic hormone levels. The results (a) confirm and extend previous reports that neutrons are more efficient in carcinoma induction than are gamma-rays (the neutron relative biological effectiveness for first carcinomas was 3.68) and (b) demonstrate that the potentiation of carcinoma induction by adrenalectomy is reversed by glucocorticoid replacement. Statistical analysis of the data by procedures that take into account time at risk as well as tumor frequency indicates that multiple mammary tumors do not occur independently (i.e., a first mammary neoplasm significantly increases the probability of development of another neoplasm). The statistical procedure used in this analysis is presented.", "contents": "Effects of radiation type and dose and the role of glucocorticoids, gonadectomy, and thyroidectomy in mammary tumor induction in mammotropin-secreting pituitary tumor-grafted rats. Three experiments on the induction of mammary neoplasms by total-body 11- to 100-rad neutron or 50- to 500-rad gamma-radiation of female Fischer or W/Fu rats are reported. Grafts of mammotropin-secreting pituitary tumor were used to elevate mammotropic hormone levels. The results (a) confirm and extend previous reports that neutrons are more efficient in carcinoma induction than are gamma-rays (the neutron relative biological effectiveness for first carcinomas was 3.68) and (b) demonstrate that the potentiation of carcinoma induction by adrenalectomy is reversed by glucocorticoid replacement. Statistical analysis of the data by procedures that take into account time at risk as well as tumor frequency indicates that multiple mammary tumors do not occur independently (i.e., a first mammary neoplasm significantly increases the probability of development of another neoplasm). The statistical procedure used in this analysis is presented.", "PMID": 647667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3606", "title": "Growth fraction as the major determinant of multicellular tumor spheroid growth rates.", "content": "Multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) from seven murine solid tumors have been compared in terms of their growth rate and the fraction of the cells that are in cycle. Growth rates ranged from a low of 19 micron/day through a maximum of 106 micron/day, demonstrating a far wider range of growth rates than is observed when the same tumors are grown as monolayers. Through the use of an [125I]iodouridine deoxyribose incorporation assay, it has been possible to demonstrate that cells within the MTS that are in cycle double at a slower rate than they do in monolayers and that the depth of the dividing shell ranges from less than 20 to more than 100 micron. The depth of the dividing shell or the growth fraction is highly correlated with the MTS growth rate (r = 0.97). We conclude that the major factor that determines the wide range of MTS growth rates, in spite of relatively uniform doubling times in monolayer, is the fraction of the cells that are in cycle.", "contents": "Growth fraction as the major determinant of multicellular tumor spheroid growth rates. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) from seven murine solid tumors have been compared in terms of their growth rate and the fraction of the cells that are in cycle. Growth rates ranged from a low of 19 micron/day through a maximum of 106 micron/day, demonstrating a far wider range of growth rates than is observed when the same tumors are grown as monolayers. Through the use of an [125I]iodouridine deoxyribose incorporation assay, it has been possible to demonstrate that cells within the MTS that are in cycle double at a slower rate than they do in monolayers and that the depth of the dividing shell ranges from less than 20 to more than 100 micron. The depth of the dividing shell or the growth fraction is highly correlated with the MTS growth rate (r = 0.97). We conclude that the major factor that determines the wide range of MTS growth rates, in spite of relatively uniform doubling times in monolayer, is the fraction of the cells that are in cycle.", "PMID": 647668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3607", "title": "Cell population kinetics of fast- and slow-growing transplantable tumors derived from spontaneous mammary tumors of the DBA/2 Ha-DD mouse.", "content": "The proliferation kinetics of a fast-growing spontaneous mouse mammary tumor subline (SMT-F) and a slow-growing spontaneous mouse mammary tumor subline (SMT-S) tumor have been determined autoradiographically at 2 different stages of tumor growth. The length of the cell cycle and the growth fraction for SMT-F were 11.2 hr and 0.85, respectively, on Day 14 and 12.1 hr and 0.78 on Day 28. For SMT-S these same parameters were 15.6 hr and 0.50 on Day 14 and 16. 1 hr and 0.45 on Day 28. On Days 14 and 28 the mitotic indices were 1.3 and 1.0%, respectively, for SMT-S, compared to 2.2 and 1.9% for SMT-F. The cell loss rate, cell loss factor, and cell loss were significantly higher for SMT-F than for SMT-S. The difference in the growth rates for these 2 tumor lines was attributable to a slight prolongation of the length of the cell cycle and a reduction in the growth fraction of SMT-S.", "contents": "Cell population kinetics of fast- and slow-growing transplantable tumors derived from spontaneous mammary tumors of the DBA/2 Ha-DD mouse. The proliferation kinetics of a fast-growing spontaneous mouse mammary tumor subline (SMT-F) and a slow-growing spontaneous mouse mammary tumor subline (SMT-S) tumor have been determined autoradiographically at 2 different stages of tumor growth. The length of the cell cycle and the growth fraction for SMT-F were 11.2 hr and 0.85, respectively, on Day 14 and 12.1 hr and 0.78 on Day 28. For SMT-S these same parameters were 15.6 hr and 0.50 on Day 14 and 16. 1 hr and 0.45 on Day 28. On Days 14 and 28 the mitotic indices were 1.3 and 1.0%, respectively, for SMT-S, compared to 2.2 and 1.9% for SMT-F. The cell loss rate, cell loss factor, and cell loss were significantly higher for SMT-F than for SMT-S. The difference in the growth rates for these 2 tumor lines was attributable to a slight prolongation of the length of the cell cycle and a reduction in the growth fraction of SMT-S.", "PMID": 647669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3608", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and microsomal cytochrome content of human fetal tissues.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and microsomal cytochromes were measured in tissues of human features aborted by prostaglandins. Cytochrome P-450 concentrations and AHH activity were about 4 times higher in adrenal glands than in liver. AHH was present in testes, ovaries, and vagina and uterus at levels equal to or greater than those in the liver. In lung, kidney, and intestines it was present at levels lower than those in the liver. Mean hepatic AHH and hepatic and adrenal cytochromes P-450 and b5 were not significantly different in prostaglandin and hysterotomy abortuses; mean adrenal AHH was significantly lower in prostaglandin abortuses, but the ranges in both groups were overlapping. Neither fetal sex nor maternal cigarette smoking affected hepatic or adrenal AHH activity or microsomal cytochrome concentrations or difference spectra. Hepatic and adrenal AHH activities were concentrated in microsomes and were correlated with microsomal P-450 content. These findings are constant with P-450 mediation of AHH in human fetal tissues. The data demonstrate the utility of prostaglandin abortuses for studies of fetal tissue mixed-function oxidase activity and point to the endocrine glands and target tissues in addition to the liver as potential sites for activating chemical carcinogens and cytotoxins in the human fetus.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and microsomal cytochrome content of human fetal tissues. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and microsomal cytochromes were measured in tissues of human features aborted by prostaglandins. Cytochrome P-450 concentrations and AHH activity were about 4 times higher in adrenal glands than in liver. AHH was present in testes, ovaries, and vagina and uterus at levels equal to or greater than those in the liver. In lung, kidney, and intestines it was present at levels lower than those in the liver. Mean hepatic AHH and hepatic and adrenal cytochromes P-450 and b5 were not significantly different in prostaglandin and hysterotomy abortuses; mean adrenal AHH was significantly lower in prostaglandin abortuses, but the ranges in both groups were overlapping. Neither fetal sex nor maternal cigarette smoking affected hepatic or adrenal AHH activity or microsomal cytochrome concentrations or difference spectra. Hepatic and adrenal AHH activities were concentrated in microsomes and were correlated with microsomal P-450 content. These findings are constant with P-450 mediation of AHH in human fetal tissues. The data demonstrate the utility of prostaglandin abortuses for studies of fetal tissue mixed-function oxidase activity and point to the endocrine glands and target tissues in addition to the liver as potential sites for activating chemical carcinogens and cytotoxins in the human fetus.", "PMID": 647670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3609", "title": "Concanavalin A-mediated hemadsorption by normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells.", "content": "The concanavalin A (Con A) reactivity of malignant and normal human mammary epithelial cells in culture was determined with a hemadsorption assay. Human erythrocytes were treated with various concentrations of Con A, and these indicator Red Blood Cells were incubated with the test cells in situ in culture dishes. The Con A concentration at which approximately 50% of the test cells adsorbed erythrocytes ([Con a] 1/2 max) was determined. Five malignant epithelial cell lines and the primary cultures derived from 3 pleural effusions and 20 solid tumors were tested. Primary cultures of normal epithelial cells were established from human milk samples obtained from 3 separate donors. The average [Con A] 1/2 max value for the 5 cell lines and the pleural effusion cultures was 6 and 5 microgram/ml, respectively. The average [Con A] 1/2 max value for the 20 solid breast tumors was 20 microgram/ml. In contrast to the malignant cells, normal mammary epithelial cells did not adsorb erythrocytes coated with as much as 100 microgram Con A per ml. These results show that Con A reactivity distinguishes normal from malignant human mammary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-mediated hemadsorption by normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells. The concanavalin A (Con A) reactivity of malignant and normal human mammary epithelial cells in culture was determined with a hemadsorption assay. Human erythrocytes were treated with various concentrations of Con A, and these indicator Red Blood Cells were incubated with the test cells in situ in culture dishes. The Con A concentration at which approximately 50% of the test cells adsorbed erythrocytes ([Con a] 1/2 max) was determined. Five malignant epithelial cell lines and the primary cultures derived from 3 pleural effusions and 20 solid tumors were tested. Primary cultures of normal epithelial cells were established from human milk samples obtained from 3 separate donors. The average [Con A] 1/2 max value for the 5 cell lines and the pleural effusion cultures was 6 and 5 microgram/ml, respectively. The average [Con A] 1/2 max value for the 20 solid breast tumors was 20 microgram/ml. In contrast to the malignant cells, normal mammary epithelial cells did not adsorb erythrocytes coated with as much as 100 microgram Con A per ml. These results show that Con A reactivity distinguishes normal from malignant human mammary epithelial cells.", "PMID": 647671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3610", "title": "Induction of spleen cell growth and DNA polymerase activity by Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum induces rapid proliferation of spleen cells with concomitant rapid increases in DNA synthesis as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake and increase in DNA polymerase activity. Cell number increased exponentially over 10 days. DNA polymerase activity increased 8-fold after C. parvum stimulation. The rapidity of response indicated a population response to the stimulus, and the data are consistent with a direct stimulation of spleen cell proliferation by C. parvum.", "contents": "Induction of spleen cell growth and DNA polymerase activity by Corynebacterium parvum. Corynebacterium parvum induces rapid proliferation of spleen cells with concomitant rapid increases in DNA synthesis as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake and increase in DNA polymerase activity. Cell number increased exponentially over 10 days. DNA polymerase activity increased 8-fold after C. parvum stimulation. The rapidity of response indicated a population response to the stimulus, and the data are consistent with a direct stimulation of spleen cell proliferation by C. parvum.", "PMID": 647675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3611", "title": "Generation of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity in uneducated or in vitro educated spleen cells from normal or MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice pretreated in vivo with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "content": "Cultured spleen cells from normal or MOPC-315 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice that were pretreated in vivo with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against MOPC-315 plasmacytoma. In vitro education of BALB/c spleen cells from normal or tumor-bearing mice by cocultivation with mitomycin C-treated MOPC-315 stimulator cells also resulted in antitumor cytotoxicity. The combination of BCG pretreatment of donor mice with the in vitro education of their spleen cells resulted in a level of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity that was greater than the sum of the levels of cytotoxicity exhibited by spleen cells subjected to either process alone. The levels of cytotoxicity exhibited by educated or uneducated spleen cells from BCG-pretreated mice were dependent on the dose of BCG used and on the time interval between in vivo pretreatment and the initiation of in vitro culture. Thus, our findings suggest that educated spleen cells from tumor-bearing hosts that were pretreated with BCG might be useful in immunotherapeutic regimens requiring histocompatible cells with augmented antitumor cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Generation of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity in uneducated or in vitro educated spleen cells from normal or MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice pretreated in vivo with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. Cultured spleen cells from normal or MOPC-315 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice that were pretreated in vivo with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against MOPC-315 plasmacytoma. In vitro education of BALB/c spleen cells from normal or tumor-bearing mice by cocultivation with mitomycin C-treated MOPC-315 stimulator cells also resulted in antitumor cytotoxicity. The combination of BCG pretreatment of donor mice with the in vitro education of their spleen cells resulted in a level of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity that was greater than the sum of the levels of cytotoxicity exhibited by spleen cells subjected to either process alone. The levels of cytotoxicity exhibited by educated or uneducated spleen cells from BCG-pretreated mice were dependent on the dose of BCG used and on the time interval between in vivo pretreatment and the initiation of in vitro culture. Thus, our findings suggest that educated spleen cells from tumor-bearing hosts that were pretreated with BCG might be useful in immunotherapeutic regimens requiring histocompatible cells with augmented antitumor cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 647676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3612", "title": "Tumor induction in the trachea of hamsters with N-nitroso-N-methylurea.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to study the tumor response of hamster tracheas to N-nitroso-N-methylurea. Tracheas were exposed repeatedly with the use of a tracheal catheter. Ten to 30 exposures were given over a period of 5 to 20 weeks. The carcinoma incidence (including carcinoma in situ) was 0,42, 67, 88, and 94% for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 twice-weekly exposures, respectively. With 10 exposures 2 of 12 hamsters developed benign tracheal tumors. Mean tumor induction time decreased when frequency of exposure was increased from 50 weeks with 10 to 15 exposures to 28 weeks with 25 to 30 exposures. The major histological types of invasive carcinomas observed were epidermoid carcinomas (54%), anaplastic large-cell and small-cell carcinomas (26%), adenocarcinomas (13%), and combined epidermoid-adenocarcinomas (7%). Sacrifice studies revealed that with 10 to 20 twice-weekly exposures only metaplastic lesions with varying degrees of cellular atypia are present at the time of the last exposure. Neoplastic lesions develop during the subsequent exposure-free interval. The data suggest that this tracheal tumor induction system may be well suited for studying problems related to development and progression of neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Tumor induction in the trachea of hamsters with N-nitroso-N-methylurea. Experiments were conducted to study the tumor response of hamster tracheas to N-nitroso-N-methylurea. Tracheas were exposed repeatedly with the use of a tracheal catheter. Ten to 30 exposures were given over a period of 5 to 20 weeks. The carcinoma incidence (including carcinoma in situ) was 0,42, 67, 88, and 94% for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 twice-weekly exposures, respectively. With 10 exposures 2 of 12 hamsters developed benign tracheal tumors. Mean tumor induction time decreased when frequency of exposure was increased from 50 weeks with 10 to 15 exposures to 28 weeks with 25 to 30 exposures. The major histological types of invasive carcinomas observed were epidermoid carcinomas (54%), anaplastic large-cell and small-cell carcinomas (26%), adenocarcinomas (13%), and combined epidermoid-adenocarcinomas (7%). Sacrifice studies revealed that with 10 to 20 twice-weekly exposures only metaplastic lesions with varying degrees of cellular atypia are present at the time of the last exposure. Neoplastic lesions develop during the subsequent exposure-free interval. The data suggest that this tracheal tumor induction system may be well suited for studying problems related to development and progression of neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 647678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3613", "title": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of benz(a)anthracene diols and diol-epoxides.", "content": "Benz(a)anthracene (BA) and its five possible trans-dihydrodiols were evaluated for determination of their skin tumor-initiating activity and their mutagenic activity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. In addition, the skin tumor-initiating abilities of five diol-epoxides of BA were tested. Results showed (+/-)-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenz(a)anthracene (BA 3,4-dihydrodiol) to be approximately 10 times more mutagenic than was BA and about 20 times more mutagenic than were the other possible dihydrodiols in the V79 cells cocultivated with irradiated hamster embryo cells. As a skin tumor initiator, BA 3,4-dihydrodiol was approximately 5 times more active than BA, whereas the other BA dihydrodiols were all less active tumor initiators. (+/-)-trans-3alpha,4beta-Dihydroxy-1alpha,2alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz(a)anthracene was found to be approximately 20% more active as a tumor initiator than was BA 3,4-dihydrodiol, whereas the other diol-epoxides of BA were less active than BA itself. The results suggest that the bay-region diol-epoxide of BA may be the ultimate carcinogen and mutagenic form of BA.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of benz(a)anthracene diols and diol-epoxides. Benz(a)anthracene (BA) and its five possible trans-dihydrodiols were evaluated for determination of their skin tumor-initiating activity and their mutagenic activity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. In addition, the skin tumor-initiating abilities of five diol-epoxides of BA were tested. Results showed (+/-)-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenz(a)anthracene (BA 3,4-dihydrodiol) to be approximately 10 times more mutagenic than was BA and about 20 times more mutagenic than were the other possible dihydrodiols in the V79 cells cocultivated with irradiated hamster embryo cells. As a skin tumor initiator, BA 3,4-dihydrodiol was approximately 5 times more active than BA, whereas the other BA dihydrodiols were all less active tumor initiators. (+/-)-trans-3alpha,4beta-Dihydroxy-1alpha,2alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz(a)anthracene was found to be approximately 20% more active as a tumor initiator than was BA 3,4-dihydrodiol, whereas the other diol-epoxides of BA were less active than BA itself. The results suggest that the bay-region diol-epoxide of BA may be the ultimate carcinogen and mutagenic form of BA.", "PMID": 647680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3614", "title": "Regional differences in the incidence and growth of mouse tumors following intradermal or subcutaneous inoculation.", "content": "Tumor cells inoculated intradermally or s.c. into more cranial regions of the lateral trunk show strikingly greater tumor growth and development than do similar cells injected more caudally. At low tumor cell doses the incidence anteriorly may be double that found posteriorly and tumors become detectable more rapidly anteriorly; at higher cell doses the anterior:posterior ratio of tumor weight may be 4:1. The effect appears to be independent of the type of tumor used (mastocytoma, sarcoma, teratoma, lymphoma, or adenocarcinoma) and of the strain of mouse host; it does not appear to be influenced by the sex of the host animal, the immunogenicity of the tumor, or the immunological competence of the tumor recipient. The results are discussed both in terms of practical considerations for developing adequate tumor transplantation and treatment protocols and in terms of the biological significance in relation to spontaneous or induced oncogenesis.", "contents": "Regional differences in the incidence and growth of mouse tumors following intradermal or subcutaneous inoculation. Tumor cells inoculated intradermally or s.c. into more cranial regions of the lateral trunk show strikingly greater tumor growth and development than do similar cells injected more caudally. At low tumor cell doses the incidence anteriorly may be double that found posteriorly and tumors become detectable more rapidly anteriorly; at higher cell doses the anterior:posterior ratio of tumor weight may be 4:1. The effect appears to be independent of the type of tumor used (mastocytoma, sarcoma, teratoma, lymphoma, or adenocarcinoma) and of the strain of mouse host; it does not appear to be influenced by the sex of the host animal, the immunogenicity of the tumor, or the immunological competence of the tumor recipient. The results are discussed both in terms of practical considerations for developing adequate tumor transplantation and treatment protocols and in terms of the biological significance in relation to spontaneous or induced oncogenesis.", "PMID": 647684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3615", "title": "Biological activity and metabolism of the retinoid axerophthene (vitamin A hydrocarbon).", "content": "Biological properties of axerophthene, the hydrocarbon analog of retinol, have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. In tracheal organ culture axerophthene reversed keratinization caused by deficiency of retinoid in the culture medium; its potency was of the same order of magnitude as that of retinyl acetate. Axerophthene supported growth in hamsters fed vitamin A-deficient diets although less effectively than did retinyl acetate. Axerophthene was considerably less toxic than was retinyl acetate when administered repeatedly in high doses to rats. Administration of an equivalent p.o. dose of axerophthene caused much less deposition of retinyl palmitate in the liver than did the same dose of retinyl acetate, while a greater level of total retinoid was found in the mammary gland after administration of axerophthene.", "contents": "Biological activity and metabolism of the retinoid axerophthene (vitamin A hydrocarbon). Biological properties of axerophthene, the hydrocarbon analog of retinol, have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. In tracheal organ culture axerophthene reversed keratinization caused by deficiency of retinoid in the culture medium; its potency was of the same order of magnitude as that of retinyl acetate. Axerophthene supported growth in hamsters fed vitamin A-deficient diets although less effectively than did retinyl acetate. Axerophthene was considerably less toxic than was retinyl acetate when administered repeatedly in high doses to rats. Administration of an equivalent p.o. dose of axerophthene caused much less deposition of retinyl palmitate in the liver than did the same dose of retinyl acetate, while a greater level of total retinoid was found in the mammary gland after administration of axerophthene.", "PMID": 647683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3616", "title": "Inhibiting effect of caffeine on spontaneous and urethan-induced lung tumors in strain A mice.", "content": "The i.p. injection of caffeine (8, 20, and 40 mg/kg) 3 times weekly for 8 weeks suppressed the development of spontaneous pulmonary adenomas in strain A mice. The same caffeine injection scheme suppressed urethan (0.25 and 1.0 mg/g)-induced lung tumor development when caffeine treatment started 1 week before urethan administration, but this suppression was not significant when caffeine treatment was initiated 1 week after urethan injection. The most pronounced suppression of lung tumor formation occurred when caffeine was given as only two injections 3 hr before and 3 hr after urethan administration. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into lung tissue DNA of caffeine-treated mice was impaired at the time of urethan administration. Also, caffeine partially antagonized the effects of urethan on lung tissue, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation studies. One interpretation of these results is that caffeine-induced suppression of DNA synthesis interferes with pulmonary adenoma induction by decreasing the affinity of lung tissue DNA for urethan. The finding that chronic caffeine treatment produced continued suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation into lung tissue DNA suggests that caffeine-induced inhibition of spontaneous pulmonary adenoma formation is due to a general suppression of lung DNA-synthetic activity.", "contents": "Inhibiting effect of caffeine on spontaneous and urethan-induced lung tumors in strain A mice. The i.p. injection of caffeine (8, 20, and 40 mg/kg) 3 times weekly for 8 weeks suppressed the development of spontaneous pulmonary adenomas in strain A mice. The same caffeine injection scheme suppressed urethan (0.25 and 1.0 mg/g)-induced lung tumor development when caffeine treatment started 1 week before urethan administration, but this suppression was not significant when caffeine treatment was initiated 1 week after urethan injection. The most pronounced suppression of lung tumor formation occurred when caffeine was given as only two injections 3 hr before and 3 hr after urethan administration. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into lung tissue DNA of caffeine-treated mice was impaired at the time of urethan administration. Also, caffeine partially antagonized the effects of urethan on lung tissue, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation studies. One interpretation of these results is that caffeine-induced suppression of DNA synthesis interferes with pulmonary adenoma induction by decreasing the affinity of lung tissue DNA for urethan. The finding that chronic caffeine treatment produced continued suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation into lung tissue DNA suggests that caffeine-induced inhibition of spontaneous pulmonary adenoma formation is due to a general suppression of lung DNA-synthetic activity.", "PMID": 647685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3617", "title": "Cytocidal and cytostatic ability of Corynebacterium liquefaciens in mouse squamous cell carcinoma in vivo.", "content": "The cytostatic and cytocidal action of Corynebacterium liquefaciens was studied in a mouse squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Kinetic analysis of tumor cells 4 and 8 days after a single i.p. dose of 2.0 mg C. liquefaciens showed a marked prolongation of the mean cell generation time (TG). This prolongation affected most the G1 and, to a lesser extent, the S phases of the cell cycle. The tumor growth factor was decreased, and the mean value of the cell loss factor was increased. Assays to determine the number of tumor cells needed to produce the tumor in one-half of the transplant recipients showed that peritoneal exudate cells collected from mice given injections of C. liquefaciens exerted tumor cell killing that depended on the peritoneal exudate cell tumor:cell ratio. This cell killing was not found with peritoneal exudate cells from normal or proteose peptone-treated mice.", "contents": "Cytocidal and cytostatic ability of Corynebacterium liquefaciens in mouse squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. The cytostatic and cytocidal action of Corynebacterium liquefaciens was studied in a mouse squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Kinetic analysis of tumor cells 4 and 8 days after a single i.p. dose of 2.0 mg C. liquefaciens showed a marked prolongation of the mean cell generation time (TG). This prolongation affected most the G1 and, to a lesser extent, the S phases of the cell cycle. The tumor growth factor was decreased, and the mean value of the cell loss factor was increased. Assays to determine the number of tumor cells needed to produce the tumor in one-half of the transplant recipients showed that peritoneal exudate cells collected from mice given injections of C. liquefaciens exerted tumor cell killing that depended on the peritoneal exudate cell tumor:cell ratio. This cell killing was not found with peritoneal exudate cells from normal or proteose peptone-treated mice.", "PMID": 647686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3618", "title": "Nuclear translocation of the estrogen receptor in autonomous C3H mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "The reason for estrogen independence of C3H mouse mammary tumors has been sought in the initial steps of estradiol action. The characteristics of the estrogen receptors were similar to those observed in estrogen-responsive tissues: high affinity and binding specificity, DNA binding and 8S sedimentation constant as shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Their concentration averaged 18.5 +/- 3.5 (S.E.) fmol/mg cytosol protein in the cytosol and 3.5 +/- 1.0 fmol/mg cytosol protein in the KCl nuclear extract. The nuclear translocation of the cytosol receptor was investigated with the use of biopsy and in vivo injections of radioactive estradiol. No nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor could be ascertained with the dextran-coated charcoal assay since the free and nonspecifically bound estrogen conjugate(s) were also assayed by this technique. However, when the estrogen-receptor complexes were estimated by more specific methods such as protamine sulfate or hydroxylapatite precipitations, the estrogen receptor translocation into the nucleus was clearly shown. We therefore conclude that the estrogen independence of C3H mammary tumors cannot be explained by a defect in the two initial steps of the mechanism of action of estradiol, namely, cytosol binding and nuclear translocation of receptors.", "contents": "Nuclear translocation of the estrogen receptor in autonomous C3H mouse mammary tumors. The reason for estrogen independence of C3H mouse mammary tumors has been sought in the initial steps of estradiol action. The characteristics of the estrogen receptors were similar to those observed in estrogen-responsive tissues: high affinity and binding specificity, DNA binding and 8S sedimentation constant as shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Their concentration averaged 18.5 +/- 3.5 (S.E.) fmol/mg cytosol protein in the cytosol and 3.5 +/- 1.0 fmol/mg cytosol protein in the KCl nuclear extract. The nuclear translocation of the cytosol receptor was investigated with the use of biopsy and in vivo injections of radioactive estradiol. No nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor could be ascertained with the dextran-coated charcoal assay since the free and nonspecifically bound estrogen conjugate(s) were also assayed by this technique. However, when the estrogen-receptor complexes were estimated by more specific methods such as protamine sulfate or hydroxylapatite precipitations, the estrogen receptor translocation into the nucleus was clearly shown. We therefore conclude that the estrogen independence of C3H mammary tumors cannot be explained by a defect in the two initial steps of the mechanism of action of estradiol, namely, cytosol binding and nuclear translocation of receptors.", "PMID": 647690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3619", "title": "Evidence for bay region activation of chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol to an ultimate carcinogen.", "content": "The tumor-initiating activities of chrysene and the three metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols at the 1,2-, 3,4-, and 5,6-positions of chyrsene were determined on the skin of female CD-1 mice. A single topical application of 0.4, 1.25, or 4.0 mumol of each compound was followed 7 days later by twice-weekly applications of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 25 weeks. The most potent tumor initiator was chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol, which had approximately twice the tumorigenic activity of the parent hydrocarbon chrysene at all doses tested. Chrysene 3,4-dihydrodiol and chrysene 5,6-dihydrodiol had no significant tumorigenic activity. 1,2-Dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene, a compound related to chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol but with the conjugated nonaromatic double bond removed from the 3,4-position of the molecule, had less than 25% of the tumorigenic activity of chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol. These results indicate that chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol is a proximate carcinogenic metabolite of chrysene and that a chrysene 1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide, in which the epoxide group forms part of the bay region in the molecule, is a likely candidate as an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of chrysene.", "contents": "Evidence for bay region activation of chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol to an ultimate carcinogen. The tumor-initiating activities of chrysene and the three metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols at the 1,2-, 3,4-, and 5,6-positions of chyrsene were determined on the skin of female CD-1 mice. A single topical application of 0.4, 1.25, or 4.0 mumol of each compound was followed 7 days later by twice-weekly applications of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 25 weeks. The most potent tumor initiator was chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol, which had approximately twice the tumorigenic activity of the parent hydrocarbon chrysene at all doses tested. Chrysene 3,4-dihydrodiol and chrysene 5,6-dihydrodiol had no significant tumorigenic activity. 1,2-Dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene, a compound related to chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol but with the conjugated nonaromatic double bond removed from the 3,4-position of the molecule, had less than 25% of the tumorigenic activity of chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol. These results indicate that chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol is a proximate carcinogenic metabolite of chrysene and that a chrysene 1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide, in which the epoxide group forms part of the bay region in the molecule, is a likely candidate as an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of chrysene.", "PMID": 647691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3620", "title": "Tamoxifen retinopathy.", "content": "Tamoxifen has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent with no serious side effects noted. Four patients receiving high-dose tamoxifen for greater than 1 year have demonstrated similar retinal changes. Three of the four patients had a significant decrease in visual acuity as the result of a retinopathy, primarily affecting the region about the macula accompanied by macular edema. In addition, three of the four patients had unusual corneal changes. These findings suggest that the corneal and retinal changes are the result of a toxic effect of tamoxifen when used in the doses and duration described.", "contents": "Tamoxifen retinopathy. Tamoxifen has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent with no serious side effects noted. Four patients receiving high-dose tamoxifen for greater than 1 year have demonstrated similar retinal changes. Three of the four patients had a significant decrease in visual acuity as the result of a retinopathy, primarily affecting the region about the macula accompanied by macular edema. In addition, three of the four patients had unusual corneal changes. These findings suggest that the corneal and retinal changes are the result of a toxic effect of tamoxifen when used in the doses and duration described.", "PMID": 647693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3621", "title": "Combination chemotherapy: arriving at optimal treatment levels by incorporating side effect constraints.", "content": "This paper represents a method for determining optimal dose levels in a drug combination by analyzing the dose-response surfaces estimated from experimental data. In addition to using the presence or absence of a favorable response (in this instance, survival for at least twice the median untreated lifespan of B6D2F1 female mice bearing advanced sc implanted L1210 leukemia), the presence or absence of associated side effects is also employed (in this instance, Day-12 weight loss). The technique is potentially superior to existing methods of responding to the occurrence of treatment side effects due to its ability to take into account interactions between drugs. Since this method offers a way to determine optimal dose by including nonlethal toxicity information; it should find application in clinical situations.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy: arriving at optimal treatment levels by incorporating side effect constraints. This paper represents a method for determining optimal dose levels in a drug combination by analyzing the dose-response surfaces estimated from experimental data. In addition to using the presence or absence of a favorable response (in this instance, survival for at least twice the median untreated lifespan of B6D2F1 female mice bearing advanced sc implanted L1210 leukemia), the presence or absence of associated side effects is also employed (in this instance, Day-12 weight loss). The technique is potentially superior to existing methods of responding to the occurrence of treatment side effects due to its ability to take into account interactions between drugs. Since this method offers a way to determine optimal dose by including nonlethal toxicity information; it should find application in clinical situations.", "PMID": 647694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3622", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 4-demethoxyadriamycin and 4-demethoxy-4' -epiadriamycin.", "content": "Two new analogs of adriamycin have been obtained by chemical synthesis, 4-demethoxyadriamycin and 4-demethoxy-4' -epiadriamycin. Both compounds were highly effective against experimental mouse tumors at doses about ten times lower than those effective for adriamycin. At the optimal dose, 4-demethoxyadriamycin displayed antitumor activity similar to that of adriamycin in solid Sarcoma 180 (S180), L1210, P388, and Gross leukemias, and mammary carcinoma, while it did not markedly inhibit the growth of Moloney sarcoma virus-induced sarcoma in mice treated before the virus infection. At the optimal dose, 4-demethoxy-4' -epiadriamycin was as active as adriamycin against L1210, P388,and Gross leukemias, and less active against solid S180. The results show that anthracycline derivatives characterized by the absence of the methoxyl group at the C-4 position are markedly more potent than the parent compound, and may exhibit a differential antitumor effect on a number of mouse tumors.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 4-demethoxyadriamycin and 4-demethoxy-4' -epiadriamycin. Two new analogs of adriamycin have been obtained by chemical synthesis, 4-demethoxyadriamycin and 4-demethoxy-4' -epiadriamycin. Both compounds were highly effective against experimental mouse tumors at doses about ten times lower than those effective for adriamycin. At the optimal dose, 4-demethoxyadriamycin displayed antitumor activity similar to that of adriamycin in solid Sarcoma 180 (S180), L1210, P388, and Gross leukemias, and mammary carcinoma, while it did not markedly inhibit the growth of Moloney sarcoma virus-induced sarcoma in mice treated before the virus infection. At the optimal dose, 4-demethoxy-4' -epiadriamycin was as active as adriamycin against L1210, P388,and Gross leukemias, and less active against solid S180. The results show that anthracycline derivatives characterized by the absence of the methoxyl group at the C-4 position are markedly more potent than the parent compound, and may exhibit a differential antitumor effect on a number of mouse tumors.", "PMID": 647696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3623", "title": "High-presssure liquid chromatographic determination of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, in human plasma.", "content": "A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay is described for the analysis of methotrexate (MTX) and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), in plasma samples from patients following high-dose therapy. The method involves an ion-pair extraction of MTX from plasma with chromatography on a microparticulate anion-exchange column using ultraviolet detection at either 254 or 315 nm. Maximum sensitivity achieved was 1 X 10(-7) M. In addition to being specific for parent MTX, this procedure was used to detect and quantitate significant concentrations of 7-OH-MTX in several patients. Comparison to a protein-binding method indicated a greater degree of specificity for the chromatographic procedure. The procedure can be used to allow therapeutic monitoring of plasma MTX and metabolite for patients receiving high-dose MTX therapy as well as to determine the purity of formulations of MTX used clinically. In addition, the procedure is applicable to the support of pharmacokinetic studies of MTX in animals and man.", "contents": "High-presssure liquid chromatographic determination of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, in human plasma. A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay is described for the analysis of methotrexate (MTX) and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), in plasma samples from patients following high-dose therapy. The method involves an ion-pair extraction of MTX from plasma with chromatography on a microparticulate anion-exchange column using ultraviolet detection at either 254 or 315 nm. Maximum sensitivity achieved was 1 X 10(-7) M. In addition to being specific for parent MTX, this procedure was used to detect and quantitate significant concentrations of 7-OH-MTX in several patients. Comparison to a protein-binding method indicated a greater degree of specificity for the chromatographic procedure. The procedure can be used to allow therapeutic monitoring of plasma MTX and metabolite for patients receiving high-dose MTX therapy as well as to determine the purity of formulations of MTX used clinically. In addition, the procedure is applicable to the support of pharmacokinetic studies of MTX in animals and man.", "PMID": 647697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3624", "title": "Studies on the distribution of dianhydrogalactitol into the central nervous system of the rat.", "content": "The distribution of dianhydrogalactitol-C14 (DAG-C14) which had been administered to rats as an iv bolus injection was studied in plasma and brain tissue. Analysis of samples was carried out by a high-pressure liquid chromatography method which specifically responds to the parent drug. Samples were monitored by both ultraviolet and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Plasma level measurements indicate that intact DAG has a relatively short half-life in plasma (t1/2= 43.7 minutes) and brain (t1/2 = 50.3 minutes). These findings differ significantly from those studies which have measured total radioactivity when monitoring DAG levels; and should be considered in the design of DAG dose regiments. Data from both brain and plasma were consistent with a classic two-compartment open model.", "contents": "Studies on the distribution of dianhydrogalactitol into the central nervous system of the rat. The distribution of dianhydrogalactitol-C14 (DAG-C14) which had been administered to rats as an iv bolus injection was studied in plasma and brain tissue. Analysis of samples was carried out by a high-pressure liquid chromatography method which specifically responds to the parent drug. Samples were monitored by both ultraviolet and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Plasma level measurements indicate that intact DAG has a relatively short half-life in plasma (t1/2= 43.7 minutes) and brain (t1/2 = 50.3 minutes). These findings differ significantly from those studies which have measured total radioactivity when monitoring DAG levels; and should be considered in the design of DAG dose regiments. Data from both brain and plasma were consistent with a classic two-compartment open model.", "PMID": 647698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3625", "title": "Enhancement by hyperthermia of the effect of BCNU against the EMT6 mouse tumor.", "content": "The combination of moderate hyperthermia (43 degrees C water bath for 1 hour) and BCNU against the EMT6 mouse tumor has been studied. The effect was found to be much greater than could have been predicted from the effects of the single modalities and this is true whether the endpoint is tumor cure, growth delay, or in vitro assay of clonogenic fraction. The results indicate that inhibition of \"recovery from potentially lethal drug damage\" is not the mechanism by which heating potentiates the action of BCNU.", "contents": "Enhancement by hyperthermia of the effect of BCNU against the EMT6 mouse tumor. The combination of moderate hyperthermia (43 degrees C water bath for 1 hour) and BCNU against the EMT6 mouse tumor has been studied. The effect was found to be much greater than could have been predicted from the effects of the single modalities and this is true whether the endpoint is tumor cure, growth delay, or in vitro assay of clonogenic fraction. The results indicate that inhibition of \"recovery from potentially lethal drug damage\" is not the mechanism by which heating potentiates the action of BCNU.", "PMID": 647699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3626", "title": "Rat-colonic, mucus glycoprotein.", "content": "A glycoprotein was isolated from rat-colonic mucosa. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies showed the glycoprotein to be homogeneous, having an apparent molecular weight of 9.0 X 10(5); no subunits could be detected in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It contained 14% of protein and 86% of carbohydrate. The principal sugars in the glycoprotein were galactose, fucose, sialic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose. A small proportion of mannose was also present. The glycoprotein, apart from the usual carbohydrate constituents present in mucus glycoproteins, contained sulfate, but no uronic acid. High amounts of serine and threonine, and low contents of aromatic and traces of sulfur-containing amino acids, reflect a similarity of this glycoprotein to other mammalian mucus glycoproteins; it differs, however, by its high proportions of Asx + Glx (26 mol.%). Cleavage studies with alkaline borohydride indicated O-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylhexosamine and serine, and threonine, of the peptide core in the glycoprotein. Only about one third of the serine and threonine was linked to the carbohydrate side-chains, which averaged about 22 units in length and were apparently branched.", "contents": "Rat-colonic, mucus glycoprotein. A glycoprotein was isolated from rat-colonic mucosa. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies showed the glycoprotein to be homogeneous, having an apparent molecular weight of 9.0 X 10(5); no subunits could be detected in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It contained 14% of protein and 86% of carbohydrate. The principal sugars in the glycoprotein were galactose, fucose, sialic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose. A small proportion of mannose was also present. The glycoprotein, apart from the usual carbohydrate constituents present in mucus glycoproteins, contained sulfate, but no uronic acid. High amounts of serine and threonine, and low contents of aromatic and traces of sulfur-containing amino acids, reflect a similarity of this glycoprotein to other mammalian mucus glycoproteins; it differs, however, by its high proportions of Asx + Glx (26 mol.%). Cleavage studies with alkaline borohydride indicated O-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylhexosamine and serine, and threonine, of the peptide core in the glycoprotein. Only about one third of the serine and threonine was linked to the carbohydrate side-chains, which averaged about 22 units in length and were apparently branched.", "PMID": 647702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3627", "title": "Lectin binding to mosquito Aedes aegyptii and human KB cells: structural comparisons of membrane oligosaccharides.", "content": "High capacity adsorbents for lectins, including Lotus tetragonolobus L-fucose-binding protein, were readily prepared by conjugation of monosaccharides with commercially available, epoxy-activated Sepharose. Purified, radioiodinated lectins were bound to cells of the mosquito Aedes aegyptii and of human KB tumour. Relative to human KB cells, mosquito cells bound less of lectins specific for the sugars (L-fucose and D-galactose) that are terminal residues in many mammalian glycoproteins, whereas the number of binding sites of lectins specific for core-region sugars (D-mannose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose) were similar. Neuraminidase, which greatly enhanced binding of peanut agglutinin or soybean agglutinin to human KB cells, had negligible effects on binding of these lectins to mosquito cells. The comparative structures of surface oligosaccharides of mosquito and KB cells are discussed in relation to the lectin-binding studies.", "contents": "Lectin binding to mosquito Aedes aegyptii and human KB cells: structural comparisons of membrane oligosaccharides. High capacity adsorbents for lectins, including Lotus tetragonolobus L-fucose-binding protein, were readily prepared by conjugation of monosaccharides with commercially available, epoxy-activated Sepharose. Purified, radioiodinated lectins were bound to cells of the mosquito Aedes aegyptii and of human KB tumour. Relative to human KB cells, mosquito cells bound less of lectins specific for the sugars (L-fucose and D-galactose) that are terminal residues in many mammalian glycoproteins, whereas the number of binding sites of lectins specific for core-region sugars (D-mannose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose) were similar. Neuraminidase, which greatly enhanced binding of peanut agglutinin or soybean agglutinin to human KB cells, had negligible effects on binding of these lectins to mosquito cells. The comparative structures of surface oligosaccharides of mosquito and KB cells are discussed in relation to the lectin-binding studies.", "PMID": 647703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3628", "title": "The mechanism of acceptor reactions of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase.", "content": "Reactions of dextransucrase and sucrose in the presence of sugars (acceptors) of low molecular weight have been observed to give a dextran of low molecular weight and a series of oligosaccharides. The acceptor reaction of dextransucrase was examined in the absence and presence of sucrose by using D-[14C]glucose, D-[14C]fructose, and 14C-reducing-end labeled maltose as acceptors. A purified dextransucrase was preincubated with sucrose, and the resulting D-fructose and unreacted sucrose were removed from the enzyme by chromatography of columns of Bio-Gel P-6. The enzyme, which migrated at the void volume was collected and referred to as \"charged enzyme\". The charged enzyme was incubated with 14C-acceptor in the absence of sucrose. Each of the three acceptors gave two fractions of labeled products, a high molecular weight product, identified as dextran, and a product of low molecular weight that was an oligosaccharide. It was found that all three of the acceptors were incorporated into the products at the reducing end. Similar results were obtained when the reactions were performed in the presence of sucrose, but higher yields of labeled products were obtained and a series of homologous oligosaccharides was produced when D-glucose or maltose was the acceptor. We propose that the acceptor reaction proceeds by nucleophilic displacement of glucosyl and dextranosyl groups from a covalent enzyme-complex by a specific, acceptor hydroxyl group, and that this reaction effects a glycosidic linkage between the D-glucosyl and dextranosyl groups and the acceptor. We conclude that the acceptor reactions serve to terminate polymerization of dextran by displacing the growing dextran chain from the active site of the enzyme; the acceptors, thus, do not initiate dextran polymerization by acting as primers.", "contents": "The mechanism of acceptor reactions of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase. Reactions of dextransucrase and sucrose in the presence of sugars (acceptors) of low molecular weight have been observed to give a dextran of low molecular weight and a series of oligosaccharides. The acceptor reaction of dextransucrase was examined in the absence and presence of sucrose by using D-[14C]glucose, D-[14C]fructose, and 14C-reducing-end labeled maltose as acceptors. A purified dextransucrase was preincubated with sucrose, and the resulting D-fructose and unreacted sucrose were removed from the enzyme by chromatography of columns of Bio-Gel P-6. The enzyme, which migrated at the void volume was collected and referred to as \"charged enzyme\". The charged enzyme was incubated with 14C-acceptor in the absence of sucrose. Each of the three acceptors gave two fractions of labeled products, a high molecular weight product, identified as dextran, and a product of low molecular weight that was an oligosaccharide. It was found that all three of the acceptors were incorporated into the products at the reducing end. Similar results were obtained when the reactions were performed in the presence of sucrose, but higher yields of labeled products were obtained and a series of homologous oligosaccharides was produced when D-glucose or maltose was the acceptor. We propose that the acceptor reaction proceeds by nucleophilic displacement of glucosyl and dextranosyl groups from a covalent enzyme-complex by a specific, acceptor hydroxyl group, and that this reaction effects a glycosidic linkage between the D-glucosyl and dextranosyl groups and the acceptor. We conclude that the acceptor reactions serve to terminate polymerization of dextran by displacing the growing dextran chain from the active site of the enzyme; the acceptors, thus, do not initiate dextran polymerization by acting as primers.", "PMID": 647705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3629", "title": "Purification, characterization, and action-pattern studies on the endo-(1 linked to 3)-beta-D-glucanase from Rhizopus arrhizus QM 1032.", "content": "The extracellular (1 linked to 3)-beta-D-glucanase [(1 linked to 3)-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.6] produced by Rhizopus arrhizus QU 1032 was purified 305-fold in 70% overall yield. This preparation was found to be homogeneous by ultracentrifugation (sedimentation velocity and equilibrium studies), electrophoresis on acrylamide gel with normal, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and urea-acetic acid gels, and upon isoelectric focusing. The amino acid composition of the enzyme has been determined and it possesses a carbohydrate moiety compose of mannose and galactose (in the ratio approximately 5:1) that is linked to the protein through a 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose residue. The molecular weight, as determined by equilibrium sedimentation, is 28,800 and this number was confirmed by electrophoresis on gels of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme does not possess subunit structure. It hydrolyzes its substrates with retention of configuration and possesses transglycosylating ability. The rates of hydrolysis of a wide variety of substrates were determined, and its action pattern on a series of oligosaccharides containing mixed (1 linked to 3)-, (1 linked to 4)-, and (1 linked to 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues was investigated. The enzyme favors stretches of beta-D-(1 linked to 3) linkages, but it can hydrolyze beta-D-(1 linked to 4) linkages that are flanked on the non-reducing side with stretches of beta-D-(1 linked to 3) links. The enzyme will not act on (1 linked to 6)-beta-D-glucosyl linkages located in stretches of beta-D-(1 linked to 3) and will not act on (1 linked to 3) beta-D-glycosidic linkages involving sugars other than D-glucose.", "contents": "Purification, characterization, and action-pattern studies on the endo-(1 linked to 3)-beta-D-glucanase from Rhizopus arrhizus QM 1032. The extracellular (1 linked to 3)-beta-D-glucanase [(1 linked to 3)-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.6] produced by Rhizopus arrhizus QU 1032 was purified 305-fold in 70% overall yield. This preparation was found to be homogeneous by ultracentrifugation (sedimentation velocity and equilibrium studies), electrophoresis on acrylamide gel with normal, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and urea-acetic acid gels, and upon isoelectric focusing. The amino acid composition of the enzyme has been determined and it possesses a carbohydrate moiety compose of mannose and galactose (in the ratio approximately 5:1) that is linked to the protein through a 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose residue. The molecular weight, as determined by equilibrium sedimentation, is 28,800 and this number was confirmed by electrophoresis on gels of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme does not possess subunit structure. It hydrolyzes its substrates with retention of configuration and possesses transglycosylating ability. The rates of hydrolysis of a wide variety of substrates were determined, and its action pattern on a series of oligosaccharides containing mixed (1 linked to 3)-, (1 linked to 4)-, and (1 linked to 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues was investigated. The enzyme favors stretches of beta-D-(1 linked to 3) linkages, but it can hydrolyze beta-D-(1 linked to 4) linkages that are flanked on the non-reducing side with stretches of beta-D-(1 linked to 3) links. The enzyme will not act on (1 linked to 6)-beta-D-glucosyl linkages located in stretches of beta-D-(1 linked to 3) and will not act on (1 linked to 3) beta-D-glycosidic linkages involving sugars other than D-glucose.", "PMID": 647706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3630", "title": "Substrate- and product-affinity resins for adenosine deaminase obtained by immobilisation of adenosine and inosine via 2',3'-cyclic acetal derivatives.", "content": "Immobilised inosine (6a) and adenosine (6c) and their 5'-phosphates have been synthesized. Reaction of the nucleosides with ethyl levulinate, followed by saponification or phosphorylation and then saponification, gave the 2',3'-O-[1-(2-carboxyethyl)ethylidene] derivatives 3 and 4 and the corresponding 5'-phosphates 2b and 2d. 6-Aminohexylagarose (5) was severally coupled to 2b, 2d, 3, and 4 through the carboxyl groups to give the polymers 6a-d. Adenosine deaminase converts 3 into 4, and 6c into 6a. The polymers can be used as affinity resins for adenosine deaminase, which is bound more strongly to 6c than to 6a. The operational capacity of 6a for adenosine deaminase is constant at 15--25 degrees, but decreases by approximately 16% from 25 degrees to 35 degrees. The resin 6a has been used to separate adenosine deaminase from mixtures containing other enzymes, for example, guanase or alcohol dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Substrate- and product-affinity resins for adenosine deaminase obtained by immobilisation of adenosine and inosine via 2',3'-cyclic acetal derivatives. Immobilised inosine (6a) and adenosine (6c) and their 5'-phosphates have been synthesized. Reaction of the nucleosides with ethyl levulinate, followed by saponification or phosphorylation and then saponification, gave the 2',3'-O-[1-(2-carboxyethyl)ethylidene] derivatives 3 and 4 and the corresponding 5'-phosphates 2b and 2d. 6-Aminohexylagarose (5) was severally coupled to 2b, 2d, 3, and 4 through the carboxyl groups to give the polymers 6a-d. Adenosine deaminase converts 3 into 4, and 6c into 6a. The polymers can be used as affinity resins for adenosine deaminase, which is bound more strongly to 6c than to 6a. The operational capacity of 6a for adenosine deaminase is constant at 15--25 degrees, but decreases by approximately 16% from 25 degrees to 35 degrees. The resin 6a has been used to separate adenosine deaminase from mixtures containing other enzymes, for example, guanase or alcohol dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 647708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3631", "title": "Myocardial depressant effects of sodium acetate.", "content": "Sodium acetate produced a direct, dose-related decrease in myocardial contractile force in the dog and isolated rabbit papillary muscle. In the dog, there was also a decrease in blood pressure which was attributed primarily to the fall in contractile force. However, sodium acetate was found to have weak vasodilator properties as shown by the decreases in hind-limb perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Myocardial depressant effects of sodium acetate. Sodium acetate produced a direct, dose-related decrease in myocardial contractile force in the dog and isolated rabbit papillary muscle. In the dog, there was also a decrease in blood pressure which was attributed primarily to the fall in contractile force. However, sodium acetate was found to have weak vasodilator properties as shown by the decreases in hind-limb perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 647712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3632", "title": "Effects of oral equiblocking doses of a cardioselective and noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent on left ventricular function in the normal conscious dog.", "content": "The effects of propranolol, a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and practolol, a cardioselective agent, on left ventricular function were compared in an awake dog model at an equiblocking dose range. Both agents produced modest depression of inotropic state at rest, and during volume and phenylephrine loading. No significant differences between the two agents were detected.", "contents": "Effects of oral equiblocking doses of a cardioselective and noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent on left ventricular function in the normal conscious dog. The effects of propranolol, a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and practolol, a cardioselective agent, on left ventricular function were compared in an awake dog model at an equiblocking dose range. Both agents produced modest depression of inotropic state at rest, and during volume and phenylephrine loading. No significant differences between the two agents were detected.", "PMID": 647714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3633", "title": "Protective effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on the ultrastructure and resting tension of hypoxic heart muscle.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to further investigate the protective effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on hypoxic heart muscle. Hypoxia was induced in isolated Langendorff perfused rat and rabbit hearts by gassing the perfusate with 95% N2 + 5% CO2. The hypoxia-induced damage was quantitated in terms of an altered ultrastructure and increased resting tension. When added at the start of the hypoxic episode 6 X 10(-5) mol.litre-1 methylprednisolone sodium succinate protected the fine ultrastructure of the heart, and delayed the increase in resting tension. This protective effect could not be accounted for in terms of the sodium succinate moiety.", "contents": "Protective effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on the ultrastructure and resting tension of hypoxic heart muscle. Experiments were undertaken to further investigate the protective effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on hypoxic heart muscle. Hypoxia was induced in isolated Langendorff perfused rat and rabbit hearts by gassing the perfusate with 95% N2 + 5% CO2. The hypoxia-induced damage was quantitated in terms of an altered ultrastructure and increased resting tension. When added at the start of the hypoxic episode 6 X 10(-5) mol.litre-1 methylprednisolone sodium succinate protected the fine ultrastructure of the heart, and delayed the increase in resting tension. This protective effect could not be accounted for in terms of the sodium succinate moiety.", "PMID": 647715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3634", "title": "Plasma lysosomal enzyme activity in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30, recommended name beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase) was found to be a constituent of human cardiac lysosomes. beta-glucuronidase was also found in this tissue, while lysozyme, an enzyme present in leucocyte lysosomes, was not detectable in the heart. The activities of both N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were elevated in plasma during the first 24 h after the onset of chest pain in patients with acute myocardial infarction and the peak levels of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase correlated well with those of creatine kinase. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase showed a further rise in plasma activity which gave a peak at 72 h after the onset of chest pain and this was accompanied by a rise in lysozyme activity. It is suggested that lysosome disruption caused by myocardial cell necrosis was responsible for the initial rise in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity and that the subsequent inflammatory reaction gave rise to the second peak.", "contents": "Plasma lysosomal enzyme activity in acute myocardial infarction. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30, recommended name beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase) was found to be a constituent of human cardiac lysosomes. beta-glucuronidase was also found in this tissue, while lysozyme, an enzyme present in leucocyte lysosomes, was not detectable in the heart. The activities of both N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were elevated in plasma during the first 24 h after the onset of chest pain in patients with acute myocardial infarction and the peak levels of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase correlated well with those of creatine kinase. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase showed a further rise in plasma activity which gave a peak at 72 h after the onset of chest pain and this was accompanied by a rise in lysozyme activity. It is suggested that lysosome disruption caused by myocardial cell necrosis was responsible for the initial rise in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity and that the subsequent inflammatory reaction gave rise to the second peak.", "PMID": 647716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3635", "title": "Coronary blood flow in physically trained rats.", "content": "Coronary blood flow was measured using labelled microspheres (15 micrometer diameter) in sedentary and endurance trained rats during hypoxaemic conditions designed to develop coronary dilatation (Pa,O2 6.0 to 6.7 kPa [45 to 60 mmHg]). Rats that were trained for 12 to 18 weeks (26.8 m per minute, 15% gradient, 1 hour per day) had a significantly greater coronary blood flow conductance (15.3 +/- 1.0 mm3.min-1.kPa-1 aortic diastolic pressure, n = 20) than sedentary animals (10.8 +/- 0.9, n = 19). Even though cardiac hypertrophy (17%) was found in the trained animals, this increase in perfused mass accounted for only one-third of the increase in total coronary blood flow. Thus, there was a greater coronary blood flow per unit mass of the myocardium in the trained rats.", "contents": "Coronary blood flow in physically trained rats. Coronary blood flow was measured using labelled microspheres (15 micrometer diameter) in sedentary and endurance trained rats during hypoxaemic conditions designed to develop coronary dilatation (Pa,O2 6.0 to 6.7 kPa [45 to 60 mmHg]). Rats that were trained for 12 to 18 weeks (26.8 m per minute, 15% gradient, 1 hour per day) had a significantly greater coronary blood flow conductance (15.3 +/- 1.0 mm3.min-1.kPa-1 aortic diastolic pressure, n = 20) than sedentary animals (10.8 +/- 0.9, n = 19). Even though cardiac hypertrophy (17%) was found in the trained animals, this increase in perfused mass accounted for only one-third of the increase in total coronary blood flow. Thus, there was a greater coronary blood flow per unit mass of the myocardium in the trained rats.", "PMID": 647717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3636", "title": "Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration following sympathetic stimulation by gradual tilting.", "content": "Plasma noradrenaline concentration was determined by a radioenzymatic method in 10 normal individuals who were subjected to a stepwise tilt through 45 degrees. A gradual increase in noradrenaline was observed with maximal values occurring in most subjects following the full 45 degrees of tilt. Maximal levels were sustained for up to 30 min. In two subjects who fainted, the syncopal episode followed an initial sympathetic postural response as shown by a rise in plasma noradrenaline. For the remaining subjects a significant correlation was found between changes in plasma noradrenaline and mean arterial pressure.", "contents": "Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration following sympathetic stimulation by gradual tilting. Plasma noradrenaline concentration was determined by a radioenzymatic method in 10 normal individuals who were subjected to a stepwise tilt through 45 degrees. A gradual increase in noradrenaline was observed with maximal values occurring in most subjects following the full 45 degrees of tilt. Maximal levels were sustained for up to 30 min. In two subjects who fainted, the syncopal episode followed an initial sympathetic postural response as shown by a rise in plasma noradrenaline. For the remaining subjects a significant correlation was found between changes in plasma noradrenaline and mean arterial pressure.", "PMID": 647718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3637", "title": "Pharmacological protection of mitochondrial function in hypoxic heart muscle: Effect of verapamil, propranolol, and methylprednisolone.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to determine if drugs (verapamil, propranolol, and methylprednisolone sodium saccinate) that protect the fine ultrastructure of heart muscle against damage caused by hypoxia, protect mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial function was assessed in terms of oxidative phosphorylating and Ca2 +-accumulating activities. Isolated rabbit hearts were used, and hypoxic conditions induced by reducing the perfusate PO2 from 80.8 to 0.80 kPa (600 to 6 mmHg). The drugs were either added at the start of the hypoxic perfusion or (verapamil and propranolol) the rabbits were pretreated with them. Verapamil, propranolol and, to a lesser extent, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, provided protection evidenced by the maintainance of near normal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylating and Ca2 +-accumulating activities after 60 min hypoxic perfusion. When added directly to mitochondria isolated from hypoxic-perfused muscle, the drugs had no effect.", "contents": "Pharmacological protection of mitochondrial function in hypoxic heart muscle: Effect of verapamil, propranolol, and methylprednisolone. Experiments were undertaken to determine if drugs (verapamil, propranolol, and methylprednisolone sodium saccinate) that protect the fine ultrastructure of heart muscle against damage caused by hypoxia, protect mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial function was assessed in terms of oxidative phosphorylating and Ca2 +-accumulating activities. Isolated rabbit hearts were used, and hypoxic conditions induced by reducing the perfusate PO2 from 80.8 to 0.80 kPa (600 to 6 mmHg). The drugs were either added at the start of the hypoxic perfusion or (verapamil and propranolol) the rabbits were pretreated with them. Verapamil, propranolol and, to a lesser extent, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, provided protection evidenced by the maintainance of near normal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylating and Ca2 +-accumulating activities after 60 min hypoxic perfusion. When added directly to mitochondria isolated from hypoxic-perfused muscle, the drugs had no effect.", "PMID": 647719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3638", "title": "Effects on labile metabolites of temporal delay in freezing biopsy samples of dog myocardium in liquid nitrogen.", "content": "Sudden hypothermia utilising liquid nitrogen has been used for immediate inhibition of metabolic reactions and preservation of labile compounds in heart muscle. It has been suggested that this rapid transfer of tissue into liquid nitrogen, within 1 to 2 s, is essential for accurate assessment of internal milieu conditions. We tested this hypothesis in normal dogs by measuring phosphocreatin, ATP, glycogen, and lactate concentrations in transmural layers of a core biopsy taken from the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen or held at room temperature for varying times up to 300 s before freezing the tissue. The earliest significant change occurred in phosphocreatine levels after 60 s; only phosphocreatine demonstrated any changes within the first 120 s. These studies indicate that a delay of up to 30 s may be tolerated before freezing tissue without any change occurring in these labile metabolites.", "contents": "Effects on labile metabolites of temporal delay in freezing biopsy samples of dog myocardium in liquid nitrogen. Sudden hypothermia utilising liquid nitrogen has been used for immediate inhibition of metabolic reactions and preservation of labile compounds in heart muscle. It has been suggested that this rapid transfer of tissue into liquid nitrogen, within 1 to 2 s, is essential for accurate assessment of internal milieu conditions. We tested this hypothesis in normal dogs by measuring phosphocreatin, ATP, glycogen, and lactate concentrations in transmural layers of a core biopsy taken from the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen or held at room temperature for varying times up to 300 s before freezing the tissue. The earliest significant change occurred in phosphocreatine levels after 60 s; only phosphocreatine demonstrated any changes within the first 120 s. These studies indicate that a delay of up to 30 s may be tolerated before freezing tissue without any change occurring in these labile metabolites.", "PMID": 647720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3639", "title": "Protective effect of the vagotonic action of morphine sulphate on ventricular vulnerability.", "content": "Administration of morphine sulphate to 16 anaesthetised dogs resulted in significant reduction in ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation. The repetitive extrasystole threshold was used as an index of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation. In 14 dogs, atropine or vagotomy abolished this response. This suggests that central vagal activation by morphine sulphate may be protective against ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Protective effect of the vagotonic action of morphine sulphate on ventricular vulnerability. Administration of morphine sulphate to 16 anaesthetised dogs resulted in significant reduction in ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation. The repetitive extrasystole threshold was used as an index of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation. In 14 dogs, atropine or vagotomy abolished this response. This suggests that central vagal activation by morphine sulphate may be protective against ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 647721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3640", "title": "The posterior pituitary of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus l.). Evidence of two types of neurosecretory axons on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of the posterior pituitary of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L) was carried out at different times in the annual cycle of this hibernating rodent. Obvious differences between experimental groups have not been observed, and the results presented here must be considered as general features of the garden dormouse posterior pituitary. Neurosecretory axons and endings can be divided into two types, according to different aspects of neurosecretory granules (NSG) and microvesicles (MV). One type contains spherical NSG with homogeneous cores and round MV. In the other type, NSG have various, often elongated, shapes. Their content shows two types of crystalline structures and most of the MV have flattened aspects. As it is very unlikely that this duality in NSG is a result of an artefact of fixation, three hypotheses are presented as explanation. The duality of NSG might be related either to their hormonal content (oxytocin or vasopressin) or to their degree of maturation. Moreover, both explanations may be valid. In the species studied, pituicytes often contain concentric lamellar structures of the endoplasmic reticulum (whorls), the significance of which remains obscure.", "contents": "The posterior pituitary of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus l.). Evidence of two types of neurosecretory axons on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics. Ultrastructural examination of the posterior pituitary of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L) was carried out at different times in the annual cycle of this hibernating rodent. Obvious differences between experimental groups have not been observed, and the results presented here must be considered as general features of the garden dormouse posterior pituitary. Neurosecretory axons and endings can be divided into two types, according to different aspects of neurosecretory granules (NSG) and microvesicles (MV). One type contains spherical NSG with homogeneous cores and round MV. In the other type, NSG have various, often elongated, shapes. Their content shows two types of crystalline structures and most of the MV have flattened aspects. As it is very unlikely that this duality in NSG is a result of an artefact of fixation, three hypotheses are presented as explanation. The duality of NSG might be related either to their hormonal content (oxytocin or vasopressin) or to their degree of maturation. Moreover, both explanations may be valid. In the species studied, pituicytes often contain concentric lamellar structures of the endoplasmic reticulum (whorls), the significance of which remains obscure.", "PMID": 647748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3641", "title": "Leptomeric fibrils and T-tubule desmosomes in the Z-band region of the mouse heart papillary muscle.", "content": "The papillary muscle of the heart of adult white mice is investigated. Intrafibrillary located leptomeric fibrils, frequently encountered in the Z-band region of the myofibrils. The leptomeric fibrils are always running in a transverse direction and often in close proximity to the transverse tubules (which are also located at this level). There seems to be a close connection between the dense striae of the leptofibrils and the Z-bands of ordinary myofibrils. The leptomeric fibrils are spindle-shaped and have a length varying between 0.6 and 1.2 microgrometer. The banding periodicity of the fibrils is approximately 0.16 micrometer. Occasionally desmosomes are observed in the T-tubule system.", "contents": "Leptomeric fibrils and T-tubule desmosomes in the Z-band region of the mouse heart papillary muscle. The papillary muscle of the heart of adult white mice is investigated. Intrafibrillary located leptomeric fibrils, frequently encountered in the Z-band region of the myofibrils. The leptomeric fibrils are always running in a transverse direction and often in close proximity to the transverse tubules (which are also located at this level). There seems to be a close connection between the dense striae of the leptofibrils and the Z-bands of ordinary myofibrils. The leptomeric fibrils are spindle-shaped and have a length varying between 0.6 and 1.2 microgrometer. The banding periodicity of the fibrils is approximately 0.16 micrometer. Occasionally desmosomes are observed in the T-tubule system.", "PMID": 647749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3642", "title": "Immunohistochemical identification and localization of pancreatic polypeptide cells in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of the human fetus and adult man.", "content": "Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-containing cells were detected by using anti-bovine PP (BPP) serum in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of human fetuses, premature infants and in the pancreas, antrum and jejunum of adult man obtained by biopsy from patients with normal gastroduodenal endoscopy. The localization was established by studying the distribution of PP cells in comparison to the distribution of glucagon-, somatostatin- and insulin cells. The first PP cells are seen in the pancreas at 10 weeks of gestation. They are located preferentially in the lower part of the head of the pancreas. The specificity of immunocytological reaction was ascertained by the inhibition of the reaction by bovine pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin did not modify the immunocytological reaction.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical identification and localization of pancreatic polypeptide cells in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of the human fetus and adult man. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-containing cells were detected by using anti-bovine PP (BPP) serum in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of human fetuses, premature infants and in the pancreas, antrum and jejunum of adult man obtained by biopsy from patients with normal gastroduodenal endoscopy. The localization was established by studying the distribution of PP cells in comparison to the distribution of glucagon-, somatostatin- and insulin cells. The first PP cells are seen in the pancreas at 10 weeks of gestation. They are located preferentially in the lower part of the head of the pancreas. The specificity of immunocytological reaction was ascertained by the inhibition of the reaction by bovine pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin did not modify the immunocytological reaction.", "PMID": 647752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3643", "title": "Primary cultures of dispersed cells of rat pineal gland. I. Fine structure and indole metabolism.", "content": "In vitro indole metabolism and ultrastructural morphology of the pineal gland of male rats were examined. A comparison of the effect of norepinephrine stimulation on indole synthesis in whole cultured glands and preparations of dispersed pineal cells is discussed. Our studies on the performance of dispersed cells during the first 24 h after preparation indicate a strong dependence of pineal cells upon physical attachment to the culture dish and probably also on cell-to-cell contact.", "contents": "Primary cultures of dispersed cells of rat pineal gland. I. Fine structure and indole metabolism. In vitro indole metabolism and ultrastructural morphology of the pineal gland of male rats were examined. A comparison of the effect of norepinephrine stimulation on indole synthesis in whole cultured glands and preparations of dispersed pineal cells is discussed. Our studies on the performance of dispersed cells during the first 24 h after preparation indicate a strong dependence of pineal cells upon physical attachment to the culture dish and probably also on cell-to-cell contact.", "PMID": 647753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3644", "title": "Sympathetic innervation of the pulmonary artery, ascending aorta, and coronar glomera of the rabbit. A fluorescence microscopic study.", "content": "Adrenergic nerve fibres were demonstrated in the connective tissue of the rabbit coronar glomera by means of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique for catecholamines. This type of innervation is similar to the adrenergic nerve supply to the rabbit and cat carotid body. Adrenergic fibres terminate subendothelially and only a few can be traced to type I cells in the glomera coronaria. The sympathetic innervation of the ascending aorta is exceedingly sparse in contrast to the pulmonary trunk, while vasa vasorum of the ascending aorta exhibit a dense sympathetic innervation.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation of the pulmonary artery, ascending aorta, and coronar glomera of the rabbit. A fluorescence microscopic study. Adrenergic nerve fibres were demonstrated in the connective tissue of the rabbit coronar glomera by means of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique for catecholamines. This type of innervation is similar to the adrenergic nerve supply to the rabbit and cat carotid body. Adrenergic fibres terminate subendothelially and only a few can be traced to type I cells in the glomera coronaria. The sympathetic innervation of the ascending aorta is exceedingly sparse in contrast to the pulmonary trunk, while vasa vasorum of the ascending aorta exhibit a dense sympathetic innervation.", "PMID": 647754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3645", "title": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.", "content": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) was studied. Plasma concentration of renin and angiotensin II, as well as serum sodium concentration and serum osmolality of DI rats are elevated. The morphological examination reveals no characteristic alteration of the epitheloid cells. The results show that the epitheloid cells are sufficiently adapted for the higher release of renin.", "contents": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) was studied. Plasma concentration of renin and angiotensin II, as well as serum sodium concentration and serum osmolality of DI rats are elevated. The morphological examination reveals no characteristic alteration of the epitheloid cells. The results show that the epitheloid cells are sufficiently adapted for the higher release of renin.", "PMID": 647755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3646", "title": "A determination of the volumes of the layers of the rat hippocampal region.", "content": "The absolute volumes of the hippocampal and subicular cortical layers in the rat were determined. The boundaries of the various layers were defined on series of sections made through the entire hippocampal region of five rats and stained according to the Timm sulfide silver technique. Coordinates representing the boundaries of the layers on selected sections were fed into a mini-computer programmed to calculate the volume of the layers from the areas of the profiles and the distances between the sections. The distribution of the layers indicates that they constitute the same proportion of the volume of the dorsal and ventral divisions of the hippocampal region, with the exception of the structures lying in regio inferior and regio superior. Although the combined regio superior and regio inferior components of the layers of Ammon's horn occupy the same percentage of the volume of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, the regio superior components occupy a larger percentage of Ammon's horn in the dorsal region than they do in the ventral region. The inter-animal variations in the volumes of the various layers indicate that it is possible to describe quantitatively the subdivisions of the hippocampal region with a precision that is compatible with comparative studies.", "contents": "A determination of the volumes of the layers of the rat hippocampal region. The absolute volumes of the hippocampal and subicular cortical layers in the rat were determined. The boundaries of the various layers were defined on series of sections made through the entire hippocampal region of five rats and stained according to the Timm sulfide silver technique. Coordinates representing the boundaries of the layers on selected sections were fed into a mini-computer programmed to calculate the volume of the layers from the areas of the profiles and the distances between the sections. The distribution of the layers indicates that they constitute the same proportion of the volume of the dorsal and ventral divisions of the hippocampal region, with the exception of the structures lying in regio inferior and regio superior. Although the combined regio superior and regio inferior components of the layers of Ammon's horn occupy the same percentage of the volume of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, the regio superior components occupy a larger percentage of Ammon's horn in the dorsal region than they do in the ventral region. The inter-animal variations in the volumes of the various layers indicate that it is possible to describe quantitatively the subdivisions of the hippocampal region with a precision that is compatible with comparative studies.", "PMID": 647756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3647", "title": "Peroxidase activity in monocytes and tissue macrophages of mice.", "content": "A description is given of the distribution of peroxidatic (PO) activity in murine monocytes of blood and peritoneal cavity, and in murine macrophages residing in the unstimulated peritoneal cavity as well as in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and small intestine. In the monocytes, PO activity is restricted to some of the cytoplasmic granules; in the tissue (or resident) macrophages present in peritoneal cavity, liver, spleen, and small intestine, the PO activity is located in the nuclear envelope and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages in the bone marrow are PO-negative. In the spleen and bone marrow, reticulum cells show PO activity in the nuclear envelope and the RER. Transitional forms between monocytes and tissue macrophages were not observed.", "contents": "Peroxidase activity in monocytes and tissue macrophages of mice. A description is given of the distribution of peroxidatic (PO) activity in murine monocytes of blood and peritoneal cavity, and in murine macrophages residing in the unstimulated peritoneal cavity as well as in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and small intestine. In the monocytes, PO activity is restricted to some of the cytoplasmic granules; in the tissue (or resident) macrophages present in peritoneal cavity, liver, spleen, and small intestine, the PO activity is located in the nuclear envelope and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages in the bone marrow are PO-negative. In the spleen and bone marrow, reticulum cells show PO activity in the nuclear envelope and the RER. Transitional forms between monocytes and tissue macrophages were not observed.", "PMID": 647757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3648", "title": "The structures of dorsal and ventral regions of a dragonfly retina.", "content": "The apposition eyes of the corduliid dragonfly Hemicordulia tau are each divided by pigment colour, facet size and facet arrangement into three regions: dorsal, ventral, and a posterior larval strip. Each ommatidium has two primary pigment cells, twenty-five secondary pigment cells, and eight receptor cells, all surrounded by tracheae which probably prevent light passing between ommatidia, and reduce the weight of the eye. Electron microscopy reveals that the receptor cells are of two types: small vestigial cells making virtually no contribution to the rhabdom, and full-size typical cells. The ventral ommatidia have a distal typical cell (oriented either horizontally or vertically), four medial typical cells, two proximal typical cells and one full-length vestigial cell. The dorsal ommatidia have only four full-length typical cells, and one distal and three vestigial full-length cells. The cross-section of dorsal rhabdoms is small and circular distally, but expands to a large three-pointed star medially and proximally. The tiered receptor arrangement in the ventral ommatidia is typical of other Odonata but the dorsal structure has not been fully described in other species. Specialised dorsal eye regions are typical of insects that detect others against the sky.", "contents": "The structures of dorsal and ventral regions of a dragonfly retina. The apposition eyes of the corduliid dragonfly Hemicordulia tau are each divided by pigment colour, facet size and facet arrangement into three regions: dorsal, ventral, and a posterior larval strip. Each ommatidium has two primary pigment cells, twenty-five secondary pigment cells, and eight receptor cells, all surrounded by tracheae which probably prevent light passing between ommatidia, and reduce the weight of the eye. Electron microscopy reveals that the receptor cells are of two types: small vestigial cells making virtually no contribution to the rhabdom, and full-size typical cells. The ventral ommatidia have a distal typical cell (oriented either horizontally or vertically), four medial typical cells, two proximal typical cells and one full-length vestigial cell. The dorsal ommatidia have only four full-length typical cells, and one distal and three vestigial full-length cells. The cross-section of dorsal rhabdoms is small and circular distally, but expands to a large three-pointed star medially and proximally. The tiered receptor arrangement in the ventral ommatidia is typical of other Odonata but the dorsal structure has not been fully described in other species. Specialised dorsal eye regions are typical of insects that detect others against the sky.", "PMID": 647758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3649", "title": "Differentiation of ovarian and testicular interstitial cells during embryonic and post-embryonic development in mice. Ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Different steps in mouse ovarian and testicular development have been studied in order to compare the time sequences during the in vivo differentiation of steroidogenic cell populations growing in contact with male and female gonocytes. These time sequences indicated a basic common developmental pattern: early signs of steroid synthesis in the male gonad, but late entering into meiotic prophase of XY germ cells; early meiosis but late steroidogenic activity in the ovary. In both male and female interstitial tissues, signs of involution were found following a period of exponential development.", "contents": "Differentiation of ovarian and testicular interstitial cells during embryonic and post-embryonic development in mice. Ultrastructural observations. Different steps in mouse ovarian and testicular development have been studied in order to compare the time sequences during the in vivo differentiation of steroidogenic cell populations growing in contact with male and female gonocytes. These time sequences indicated a basic common developmental pattern: early signs of steroid synthesis in the male gonad, but late entering into meiotic prophase of XY germ cells; early meiosis but late steroidogenic activity in the ovary. In both male and female interstitial tissues, signs of involution were found following a period of exponential development.", "PMID": 647759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3650", "title": "Histological and cytological studies on the fat body of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea during the first reproductive cycle.", "content": "The central fat body of the ovoviviparous cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea was studied during the first reproductive cycle of the female by means of light microscopy, autoradiography and electron microscopy. Comparative studies in larval stages were also undertaken. The fat body of Nauphoeta contains a large amount of lipid droplets and the remaining cytoplasm is very scarce. The cytological cyclicity of the fat body is consistent with the known biochemical rhythms of vitellogenin production. The proteosynthetic apparatus appears about 3 days after imaginal ecdysis, along with vitellogenin. The ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum (RER) shows a tremendous increase by the 7th day of the first cycle. The most active period of vitellogenin production lasts from day 7 to 12. The proteosynthetic apparatus then returns to an inactive stage and disappears. This inactive condition lasts to the end of the gestation period. The autoradiographic results are consistent with the cytological features.", "contents": "Histological and cytological studies on the fat body of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea during the first reproductive cycle. The central fat body of the ovoviviparous cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea was studied during the first reproductive cycle of the female by means of light microscopy, autoradiography and electron microscopy. Comparative studies in larval stages were also undertaken. The fat body of Nauphoeta contains a large amount of lipid droplets and the remaining cytoplasm is very scarce. The cytological cyclicity of the fat body is consistent with the known biochemical rhythms of vitellogenin production. The proteosynthetic apparatus appears about 3 days after imaginal ecdysis, along with vitellogenin. The ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum (RER) shows a tremendous increase by the 7th day of the first cycle. The most active period of vitellogenin production lasts from day 7 to 12. The proteosynthetic apparatus then returns to an inactive stage and disappears. This inactive condition lasts to the end of the gestation period. The autoradiographic results are consistent with the cytological features.", "PMID": 647760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3651", "title": "Quantitative observations of the effect of sex-steroids on the postnatal development of LH-cells. An immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 microgram). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sex-steroids (200 microgram), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 microgram) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.", "contents": "Quantitative observations of the effect of sex-steroids on the postnatal development of LH-cells. An immunohistochemical study. The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 microgram). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sex-steroids (200 microgram), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 microgram) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.", "PMID": 647761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3652", "title": "The passage of spermatozoa through the vitelline membrane in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus.", "content": "The developing outer layer of the vitelline membrane of the ovum in the posterior part of the infundibulum of the domestic fowl contains many spermatozoa in nearly parallel orientation with its inner layer. When the acrosomal region of a spermatozoon approaches or contacts the inner layer, promptly undergoes the acrosome reaction. The outer acrosomal membrane and overlying plasma membrane fuse together and the apical region of the acrosome opens, so that the acrosomal contents are released. Meanwhile the spermatozoon remains a time in contact with the surface of the inner layer, and the network of the inner layer just under the tip of the sperm head begins to be dissolved. This dissolution extends downward forming a tunnel, approximately 9 micrometer in diameter. The spermatozoon then passes through the inner layer obliquely via the central region of the tunnel and arrives at the perivitelline space.", "contents": "The passage of spermatozoa through the vitelline membrane in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus. The developing outer layer of the vitelline membrane of the ovum in the posterior part of the infundibulum of the domestic fowl contains many spermatozoa in nearly parallel orientation with its inner layer. When the acrosomal region of a spermatozoon approaches or contacts the inner layer, promptly undergoes the acrosome reaction. The outer acrosomal membrane and overlying plasma membrane fuse together and the apical region of the acrosome opens, so that the acrosomal contents are released. Meanwhile the spermatozoon remains a time in contact with the surface of the inner layer, and the network of the inner layer just under the tip of the sperm head begins to be dissolved. This dissolution extends downward forming a tunnel, approximately 9 micrometer in diameter. The spermatozoon then passes through the inner layer obliquely via the central region of the tunnel and arrives at the perivitelline space.", "PMID": 647762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3653", "title": "The myelination of the cerebellar cortex in the cat.", "content": "The myelination of the cerebellar cortex of the cat was investigated in 61 cats aged from 3 hrs post partum to two and a half years. The first myelinated fibers appear at the time of birth in the central medullary ray. Before the onset of myelination, all fibers reach a critical diameter of about 1 micrometer. About the 14th day of life the number of oligodendrocytes in the prospective while matter increases markedly. Thereafter, the oligodendrocytes invade the inner granular layer. It therefore seems that the myelination of the cerebellar cortex proceeds from the central medullary ray towards the granular layer. At the 60th day of postnatal life, most of the afferent and efferent fiber systems are myelinated. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of function and the maturation of the electrical activity of the cerebellar circuit.", "contents": "The myelination of the cerebellar cortex in the cat. The myelination of the cerebellar cortex of the cat was investigated in 61 cats aged from 3 hrs post partum to two and a half years. The first myelinated fibers appear at the time of birth in the central medullary ray. Before the onset of myelination, all fibers reach a critical diameter of about 1 micrometer. About the 14th day of life the number of oligodendrocytes in the prospective while matter increases markedly. Thereafter, the oligodendrocytes invade the inner granular layer. It therefore seems that the myelination of the cerebellar cortex proceeds from the central medullary ray towards the granular layer. At the 60th day of postnatal life, most of the afferent and efferent fiber systems are myelinated. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of function and the maturation of the electrical activity of the cerebellar circuit.", "PMID": 647763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3654", "title": "Effect of ovarian steroids on DNA synthesis in explanted human adult resting mammary tissues.", "content": "A study has been made on the selective influence of the ovarian steroids, estradiol and progesterone, on three distinct parts of cultured, explanted human adult resting mammary tissue: lobules, interlobular and large ducts. The addition of estradiol elicited the highest stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation in large ducts. When progesterone was added DNA synthesis occurred mainly in interlobular ducts. The isolated action of both steroids on lobules was quantitatively comparable, but the time sequence of DNA synthesis was different. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of ovarian steroids on DNA synthesis in explanted human adult resting mammary tissues. A study has been made on the selective influence of the ovarian steroids, estradiol and progesterone, on three distinct parts of cultured, explanted human adult resting mammary tissue: lobules, interlobular and large ducts. The addition of estradiol elicited the highest stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation in large ducts. When progesterone was added DNA synthesis occurred mainly in interlobular ducts. The isolated action of both steroids on lobules was quantitatively comparable, but the time sequence of DNA synthesis was different. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 647764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3655", "title": "The nonsurgical retrieval of intracardiac foreign bodies--an international survey.", "content": "An international survey of nonsurgical retrieval of intracardiac foreign bodies provided data on 180 published and unpublished cases. The data was analyzed to evaluate the respective merits and drawbacks of the 3 basic retrieval techniques, the snare, the wire basket, and the endoscopy forceps, the routes and methods of insertion, the success rate, and the complications. Eighty percent of foreign bodies were polyethylene central venous pressure catheters, cut in two by the needle introducer. The site of lodgement of these fragments was predictable and determined by the site of entry and length of the fragment. The basic retrieval instruments and their modifications are described. Operating instructions are detailed together with adjunct methods of repositioning fragments for easier retrieval. Factors associated with the small percentage of unsuccessful retrieval attempts include fragments totally in the distal pulmonary artery, extravascular lodging sites, chronically-implanted fragments, and pacemaker-catheter fragments. For the vast majority of cases, however, these simple and uncomplicated techniques have been highly successful and widely utilized in the nonsurgical retrieval of intracardiac foreign bodies.", "contents": "The nonsurgical retrieval of intracardiac foreign bodies--an international survey. An international survey of nonsurgical retrieval of intracardiac foreign bodies provided data on 180 published and unpublished cases. The data was analyzed to evaluate the respective merits and drawbacks of the 3 basic retrieval techniques, the snare, the wire basket, and the endoscopy forceps, the routes and methods of insertion, the success rate, and the complications. Eighty percent of foreign bodies were polyethylene central venous pressure catheters, cut in two by the needle introducer. The site of lodgement of these fragments was predictable and determined by the site of entry and length of the fragment. The basic retrieval instruments and their modifications are described. Operating instructions are detailed together with adjunct methods of repositioning fragments for easier retrieval. Factors associated with the small percentage of unsuccessful retrieval attempts include fragments totally in the distal pulmonary artery, extravascular lodging sites, chronically-implanted fragments, and pacemaker-catheter fragments. For the vast majority of cases, however, these simple and uncomplicated techniques have been highly successful and widely utilized in the nonsurgical retrieval of intracardiac foreign bodies.", "PMID": 647770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3656", "title": "Loss of indicator in the thermodilution technique.", "content": "The use of a second thermistor for detecting the injectate temperature in the extravascular segment of a standard right heart thermodilution catheter is described. Experiments with chilled (0 degrees C) indicator show that the temperature of the injectate as it enters the catheter is always greater than zero and that it depends on time and the gradient between indicator and surroundings; that serial injections made 30 to 60 seconds apart are successively cooler and do not plateau until the third injection. These variables amount to an overestimation in the cardiac output of 3 to 12%.", "contents": "Loss of indicator in the thermodilution technique. The use of a second thermistor for detecting the injectate temperature in the extravascular segment of a standard right heart thermodilution catheter is described. Experiments with chilled (0 degrees C) indicator show that the temperature of the injectate as it enters the catheter is always greater than zero and that it depends on time and the gradient between indicator and surroundings; that serial injections made 30 to 60 seconds apart are successively cooler and do not plateau until the third injection. These variables amount to an overestimation in the cardiac output of 3 to 12%.", "PMID": 647771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3657", "title": "Aortic root motion determined by ultrasound: relation to cardiac performance in man.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if aortic root systolic anteroposterior excursion measured ultrasonically is related to cardiac performance. Aortic motion was 9 +/- 1.5 mm (mean +/- SD) in 30 normal subjects (range 7-12 mm). Ten patients with coronary artery disease and congestive failure and 10 with congestive cardiomyopathy had significantly smaller values of 4 +/- 1.2 and 5 +/- 1.7 mm, respectively (P less than 0.001). In 28 subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization, aortic root motion correlated positively with stroke volume (r = 0.59), but did not correlate significantly with ejection fraction. By increasing heart rate in 14 subjects from 75 to 174 beats/min with atrial pacing, stroke volume decreased from 81 +/- 22 to 34 +/- 14 ml/beat and aortic excursion from 10 +/- 1.6 to 5 +/- 1.5 mm (P less than 0.001). This study has shown: 1) Aortic root motion less than or equal to 6 mm indicates left ventricular dysfunction; 2) stroke volume correlates positively with, but cannot be accurately predicted from, root motion.", "contents": "Aortic root motion determined by ultrasound: relation to cardiac performance in man. The purpose of this study was to determine if aortic root systolic anteroposterior excursion measured ultrasonically is related to cardiac performance. Aortic motion was 9 +/- 1.5 mm (mean +/- SD) in 30 normal subjects (range 7-12 mm). Ten patients with coronary artery disease and congestive failure and 10 with congestive cardiomyopathy had significantly smaller values of 4 +/- 1.2 and 5 +/- 1.7 mm, respectively (P less than 0.001). In 28 subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization, aortic root motion correlated positively with stroke volume (r = 0.59), but did not correlate significantly with ejection fraction. By increasing heart rate in 14 subjects from 75 to 174 beats/min with atrial pacing, stroke volume decreased from 81 +/- 22 to 34 +/- 14 ml/beat and aortic excursion from 10 +/- 1.6 to 5 +/- 1.5 mm (P less than 0.001). This study has shown: 1) Aortic root motion less than or equal to 6 mm indicates left ventricular dysfunction; 2) stroke volume correlates positively with, but cannot be accurately predicted from, root motion.", "PMID": 647772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3658", "title": "Proof by catheterization of mitral valvular origin of a systolic click.", "content": "A patient with a loud intermittent midsystolic click presented a problem in differential diagnosis between mitral valve prolapse (intracardiac origin of the click) and left pneumothorax (extracardiac origin). External phonocardiography performed at the time of cardiac catheterization revealed that this loud midsystolic click disappeared whenever a catheter was positioned across the mitral valve. It reappeared whenever the catheter was removed from the transmitral position. Selective left ventriculography confirmed the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Proof by catheterization of mitral valvular origin of a systolic click. A patient with a loud intermittent midsystolic click presented a problem in differential diagnosis between mitral valve prolapse (intracardiac origin of the click) and left pneumothorax (extracardiac origin). External phonocardiography performed at the time of cardiac catheterization revealed that this loud midsystolic click disappeared whenever a catheter was positioned across the mitral valve. It reappeared whenever the catheter was removed from the transmitral position. Selective left ventriculography confirmed the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse.", "PMID": 647773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3659", "title": "Significance of momentary pressure changes during isovolumic relaxation.", "content": "Sudden momentary fluctuations of left ventricular, aortic, right ventricular, and pulmonary arterial pressure were noted during isovolumic relaxation of the respective ventricles. The presence of such transients raised questions related to their meaning and significance. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the nonartifactural nature of these pressure transients and to describe their origin and significance in the cardiac cycle. Pressure transients were observed in 31 of 32 patients with normal aortic valves, and in 17 patients with normal pulmonary valves in whom right-sided measurements were made. Such transients, however, were absent on the left ventricular and aortic pressure recordings of three patients with calcific aortic stenosis. These sudden changes in pressure are indicative of momentary compressions and rarefactions of the blood that occur within the ventricles and their respective arterial chambers. Whenever present, pressure transients were noted to occur coincident with the major aortic or pulmonary components of the second sound. Since intraaterial sound pressure is derived from the pressure signal by litering the low frequencies and amplifying the high frequencies, one can deduce that intraarterial sound pressure is in fact a representation of these pressure changes. The recognition of these pressure transients on an otherwise smooth ventricular, aortic, or pulmonary arterial pressure places in proper perspective their role in the production of the second heart sound.", "contents": "Significance of momentary pressure changes during isovolumic relaxation. Sudden momentary fluctuations of left ventricular, aortic, right ventricular, and pulmonary arterial pressure were noted during isovolumic relaxation of the respective ventricles. The presence of such transients raised questions related to their meaning and significance. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the nonartifactural nature of these pressure transients and to describe their origin and significance in the cardiac cycle. Pressure transients were observed in 31 of 32 patients with normal aortic valves, and in 17 patients with normal pulmonary valves in whom right-sided measurements were made. Such transients, however, were absent on the left ventricular and aortic pressure recordings of three patients with calcific aortic stenosis. These sudden changes in pressure are indicative of momentary compressions and rarefactions of the blood that occur within the ventricles and their respective arterial chambers. Whenever present, pressure transients were noted to occur coincident with the major aortic or pulmonary components of the second sound. Since intraaterial sound pressure is derived from the pressure signal by litering the low frequencies and amplifying the high frequencies, one can deduce that intraarterial sound pressure is in fact a representation of these pressure changes. The recognition of these pressure transients on an otherwise smooth ventricular, aortic, or pulmonary arterial pressure places in proper perspective their role in the production of the second heart sound.", "PMID": 647774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3660", "title": "Mechanism of electrical alternans in patients with pericardial effusion.", "content": "Electrical alternans concomitant with pericardial effusion has been considered a pathognomonic sign suggestive of a large effusion with cardiac tamponade, particularly if there is P wave alternans as well as QRS alternans. However, the mechanism of this phenomonon remains controversial. A patient with pericardial effusion secondary to adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastases, pericardial effusion, electrical alternans, and cardiac tamponade was studied by echocardiography, right and left heart catheterization, and pericardiocentesis. Hemodynamic data were consistent with cadiac tamponade. The echocardiogram demonstrated a large anterior and posterior pericardial effusion. Noncongruous motion of the septum and posterior wall was pericardial effusion. Noncongruous motion of the septum and posterior wall was recorded at a rate equal to the heart rate. In addition, congruous motion of the septum and posterior wall was recorded at a rate that was half the heart rate and corresponded to the electrical alternans. The congruous movement disappeared after pericardiocentesis, as did the electrical alternans. The electrical alternans is synchronous with and due to the pendulous movement of the heart within the pericardial sac, as demonstrated by echocardiogram and cineangiograms.", "contents": "Mechanism of electrical alternans in patients with pericardial effusion. Electrical alternans concomitant with pericardial effusion has been considered a pathognomonic sign suggestive of a large effusion with cardiac tamponade, particularly if there is P wave alternans as well as QRS alternans. However, the mechanism of this phenomonon remains controversial. A patient with pericardial effusion secondary to adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastases, pericardial effusion, electrical alternans, and cardiac tamponade was studied by echocardiography, right and left heart catheterization, and pericardiocentesis. Hemodynamic data were consistent with cadiac tamponade. The echocardiogram demonstrated a large anterior and posterior pericardial effusion. Noncongruous motion of the septum and posterior wall was pericardial effusion. Noncongruous motion of the septum and posterior wall was recorded at a rate equal to the heart rate. In addition, congruous motion of the septum and posterior wall was recorded at a rate that was half the heart rate and corresponded to the electrical alternans. The congruous movement disappeared after pericardiocentesis, as did the electrical alternans. The electrical alternans is synchronous with and due to the pendulous movement of the heart within the pericardial sac, as demonstrated by echocardiogram and cineangiograms.", "PMID": 647775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3661", "title": "Case report of congenital tricuspid insufficiency.", "content": "Congenital tricuspid insufficiency is a rare disease secondary to malformations of the tricuspid valve and their chordae tendinae. Diagnosis is difficult but worthwhile, since surgery can be performed. We report one case repaired by surgery.", "contents": "Case report of congenital tricuspid insufficiency. Congenital tricuspid insufficiency is a rare disease secondary to malformations of the tricuspid valve and their chordae tendinae. Diagnosis is difficult but worthwhile, since surgery can be performed. We report one case repaired by surgery.", "PMID": 647776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3662", "title": "Extrinsic compression of the heart by tumor masquerading as cardiac tamponade.", "content": "A patient with known intrathoracic tumor presented with findings suggestive of cardiac tamponade. At cardiac catheterization, the entire heart was displaced superiorly and anteriorly by the tumor mass, and this accounted for the observed cardiac hemodynamics, in the absence of discernible pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Extrinsic compression of the heart by tumor masquerading as cardiac tamponade. A patient with known intrathoracic tumor presented with findings suggestive of cardiac tamponade. At cardiac catheterization, the entire heart was displaced superiorly and anteriorly by the tumor mass, and this accounted for the observed cardiac hemodynamics, in the absence of discernible pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 647777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3663", "title": "Snare retrieval of a catheter fragment with inaccessible ends from the pulmonary artery.", "content": "Frequent use of central venous lines has led to an increasing problem with embolized catheter fragments which have become lodged in the right heart and pulmonary vasculature. Removal of catheter fragments is justified because of a high complication rate when they are left in situ. Using a snare retrieval apparatus catheter fragments may be quickly and easily removed. In the past year we have seen 3 patients with embolized catheter fragments. One case was unusual in that its transverse position in the pulmonary vasculature required initial dislodgement with a pigtail catheter before it could be successfully snared. The literature and our experience suggest that most, if not all, catheter fragments in the right heart and pulmonary circulation can be successfully retrieved without resorting to thoracotomy.", "contents": "Snare retrieval of a catheter fragment with inaccessible ends from the pulmonary artery. Frequent use of central venous lines has led to an increasing problem with embolized catheter fragments which have become lodged in the right heart and pulmonary vasculature. Removal of catheter fragments is justified because of a high complication rate when they are left in situ. Using a snare retrieval apparatus catheter fragments may be quickly and easily removed. In the past year we have seen 3 patients with embolized catheter fragments. One case was unusual in that its transverse position in the pulmonary vasculature required initial dislodgement with a pigtail catheter before it could be successfully snared. The literature and our experience suggest that most, if not all, catheter fragments in the right heart and pulmonary circulation can be successfully retrieved without resorting to thoracotomy.", "PMID": 647778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3664", "title": "Calcification in an intramyocardial mass lesion: isolated calcification of an accessory papillary muscle in a patient with mitral prolapse.", "content": "Cardiac catheterization in a 50-year-old male with mitral leaflet prolapsed revealed a filling defect with calcification in the high posterolateral wall. At surgery, the lesion was found to be a calcified accessory papillary muscle with thickened, calcified chordae to the posterior leaflet. The calcification and fibrosis were felt to be due to friction lesions between elongated chordae and the endocardium. Intracardiac calcification in mitral leaflet prolapsed may suggest calcified mitral apparatus.", "contents": "Calcification in an intramyocardial mass lesion: isolated calcification of an accessory papillary muscle in a patient with mitral prolapse. Cardiac catheterization in a 50-year-old male with mitral leaflet prolapsed revealed a filling defect with calcification in the high posterolateral wall. At surgery, the lesion was found to be a calcified accessory papillary muscle with thickened, calcified chordae to the posterior leaflet. The calcification and fibrosis were felt to be due to friction lesions between elongated chordae and the endocardium. Intracardiac calcification in mitral leaflet prolapsed may suggest calcified mitral apparatus.", "PMID": 647779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3665", "title": "Activity of partially purified protein chain initiation factors from the livers of dimethylnitrosamine-treated rats.", "content": "Partially purified polypeptide chain initiation factors were prepared from the 0.5 M KCl wash of rat liver microsomes. Their activities in connection with dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA)-induced inhibition of protein synthesis were studied by use of the following reactions: (1) poly(U)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes, (2) formation of a GTP-dependent ternary initiation complex with Met-tRNAf, (3) binding of Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits, (4) assembly of a Met-tRNAf containing 80-S ribosomal initiation complex and (5) ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. The inhibition of protein synthesis with DMNA was not associated with a loss of factor activity in any of these reactions. In the binding of Met-tRNAf to 40-S subunits there was a noticeable increase, probably related to the stability of the resulting complex. The Met-tRNA deacylase activity was also increased.", "contents": "Activity of partially purified protein chain initiation factors from the livers of dimethylnitrosamine-treated rats. Partially purified polypeptide chain initiation factors were prepared from the 0.5 M KCl wash of rat liver microsomes. Their activities in connection with dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA)-induced inhibition of protein synthesis were studied by use of the following reactions: (1) poly(U)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes, (2) formation of a GTP-dependent ternary initiation complex with Met-tRNAf, (3) binding of Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits, (4) assembly of a Met-tRNAf containing 80-S ribosomal initiation complex and (5) ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. The inhibition of protein synthesis with DMNA was not associated with a loss of factor activity in any of these reactions. In the binding of Met-tRNAf to 40-S subunits there was a noticeable increase, probably related to the stability of the resulting complex. The Met-tRNA deacylase activity was also increased.", "PMID": 647838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3666", "title": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by styrene and its presumed metabolite styrene oxide in the presence of rat liver homogenate.", "content": "Styrene and its metabolite styrene oxide were tested for their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in CHO cells. Styrene oxide appeared to be a potent inducer of SCE. Styrene itself did not increase the number of SCE per metaphase, even in the presence of a metabolic activation system. The metabolic activation system decreased the SCE induction caused by styrene oxide. Induction of SCE by styrene in the presence of metabolic activation occurred when cyclohexene oxide was used as an inhibitor of the enzyme epoxide hydrase.", "contents": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by styrene and its presumed metabolite styrene oxide in the presence of rat liver homogenate. Styrene and its metabolite styrene oxide were tested for their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in CHO cells. Styrene oxide appeared to be a potent inducer of SCE. Styrene itself did not increase the number of SCE per metaphase, even in the presence of a metabolic activation system. The metabolic activation system decreased the SCE induction caused by styrene oxide. Induction of SCE by styrene in the presence of metabolic activation occurred when cyclohexene oxide was used as an inhibitor of the enzyme epoxide hydrase.", "PMID": 647839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3667", "title": "The affinity of cytochrome P-450 for ethyl isocyanide: an explanation of double soret spectra.", "content": "The 2 pH dependent peaks formed in the Soret region by the treatment of reduced hepatic microsomes or purified cytochrome P-448 with ethyl isocyanide do not exhibit identical dependence on ethyl isocyanide concentration. This behavior and other facts regarding double Soret spectra can be explained by a simple expostulation involving lipophilic and corrdinate binding of pi-acceptor ligands.", "contents": "The affinity of cytochrome P-450 for ethyl isocyanide: an explanation of double soret spectra. The 2 pH dependent peaks formed in the Soret region by the treatment of reduced hepatic microsomes or purified cytochrome P-448 with ethyl isocyanide do not exhibit identical dependence on ethyl isocyanide concentration. This behavior and other facts regarding double Soret spectra can be explained by a simple expostulation involving lipophilic and corrdinate binding of pi-acceptor ligands.", "PMID": 647840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3668", "title": "Influence of protein or cystein deficiency on hepatic subcellular distribution of methyl mercury in two rat strains.", "content": "The influence of protein deprivation and cystein deficiency on the distribution of methyl mercury between 4 subcellular fractions of liver was studied in 2 rat strains (Wistar, strain R and Sprague-Dawley). Kept on a standard diet, the 2 strains showed a similar distribution pattern, with the highest mercury level found in the cytosol, followed by the mitochondrial, microsomal and nuclei fractions. The protein free diet caused on increase in the total amount of bound mercury in both strains, the greatest increase, being found in livers from strain R rats. The cystein deficient diet, on the other hand, gave rise to diverging results. Whereas the level of mercury bound to the subcellular fractions was increased in livers from strain R rats, it was markedly reduced in livers from Sprague-Dawley rats.", "contents": "Influence of protein or cystein deficiency on hepatic subcellular distribution of methyl mercury in two rat strains. The influence of protein deprivation and cystein deficiency on the distribution of methyl mercury between 4 subcellular fractions of liver was studied in 2 rat strains (Wistar, strain R and Sprague-Dawley). Kept on a standard diet, the 2 strains showed a similar distribution pattern, with the highest mercury level found in the cytosol, followed by the mitochondrial, microsomal and nuclei fractions. The protein free diet caused on increase in the total amount of bound mercury in both strains, the greatest increase, being found in livers from strain R rats. The cystein deficient diet, on the other hand, gave rise to diverging results. Whereas the level of mercury bound to the subcellular fractions was increased in livers from strain R rats, it was markedly reduced in livers from Sprague-Dawley rats.", "PMID": 647841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3669", "title": "Influence of protein deficiency on the inhibition of hepatic microsomal detoxication by methyl mercury in two rat strains.", "content": "N- and C-oxygenation of N,N-dimethylaniline was studied in liver microsomes from 2 rat strains (Wistar, Strain R and Sprague-Dawley) subjected to protein deprivation and methyl mercury pretreatment, separately and in combination. A striking interstrain difference was observed. Strain R microsomes from 2 rat strains (Wistar, Strain R and Sprague-Dawley) subjected to tion, but little effect after methyl mercury pretreatment. With Sprague-Dawley microsomes, C-oxygenation was slightly reduced after both treatments. N-oxygenation was little affected in either strain. Methyl mercury treatment of protein deprived rats strongly inhibited C-oxygenation in microsomes from both strains, with N-oxygenation being unaffected in strain R microsomes whereas markedly reduced in microsomes from Sprague-Dawley.", "contents": "Influence of protein deficiency on the inhibition of hepatic microsomal detoxication by methyl mercury in two rat strains. N- and C-oxygenation of N,N-dimethylaniline was studied in liver microsomes from 2 rat strains (Wistar, Strain R and Sprague-Dawley) subjected to protein deprivation and methyl mercury pretreatment, separately and in combination. A striking interstrain difference was observed. Strain R microsomes from 2 rat strains (Wistar, Strain R and Sprague-Dawley) subjected to tion, but little effect after methyl mercury pretreatment. With Sprague-Dawley microsomes, C-oxygenation was slightly reduced after both treatments. N-oxygenation was little affected in either strain. Methyl mercury treatment of protein deprived rats strongly inhibited C-oxygenation in microsomes from both strains, with N-oxygenation being unaffected in strain R microsomes whereas markedly reduced in microsomes from Sprague-Dawley.", "PMID": 647842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3670", "title": "Stereoselectivity and affinity in molecular pharmacology. III. Structural aspects in the mode of action of natural and synthetic auxins.", "content": "Analysis of available potency estimates for 35 pairs of enantiomeric arylcarboxylic acids with auxin activity (flax-root-growth inhibition test) revealed extensive correlations between the activity of the more potent and less potent isomers, as well as between the log of the ratio of potencies and the log potency of the more active isomer when structurally similar analogs are compared. 5 structural subgroups were discernible (n, eudismic-affinity quotient (EAQ), r2); (1) arylpropionic acids (6, -0.36, 0.66); (2) 2-naphthoxy-carboxylic acids (6, +1.07, 0.99); (3) 1-naphthoxycarboxylic acids (3, +1.56, 0.96); (4) ortho-substituted phenoxycarboxylic acids (10, +0.97, 0.96) and (5) ortho-unsubstituted phenoxycarboxylic acids (10, +0.56, 0.70). For achiral lower homologs such as auxin itself 3-indolyl-acetic acid (IAA), phenoxyacetic acid and 1-naphthoxyacetic acid, extrapolated potencies were found to agree well with experimental values. On the basis of these observations an auxin receptor is postulated and binding arrangements are described which explain most of the experimental data available. A 3-point attachment when allowed is the only binding mode compatible with the reported data.", "contents": "Stereoselectivity and affinity in molecular pharmacology. III. Structural aspects in the mode of action of natural and synthetic auxins. Analysis of available potency estimates for 35 pairs of enantiomeric arylcarboxylic acids with auxin activity (flax-root-growth inhibition test) revealed extensive correlations between the activity of the more potent and less potent isomers, as well as between the log of the ratio of potencies and the log potency of the more active isomer when structurally similar analogs are compared. 5 structural subgroups were discernible (n, eudismic-affinity quotient (EAQ), r2); (1) arylpropionic acids (6, -0.36, 0.66); (2) 2-naphthoxy-carboxylic acids (6, +1.07, 0.99); (3) 1-naphthoxycarboxylic acids (3, +1.56, 0.96); (4) ortho-substituted phenoxycarboxylic acids (10, +0.97, 0.96) and (5) ortho-unsubstituted phenoxycarboxylic acids (10, +0.56, 0.70). For achiral lower homologs such as auxin itself 3-indolyl-acetic acid (IAA), phenoxyacetic acid and 1-naphthoxyacetic acid, extrapolated potencies were found to agree well with experimental values. On the basis of these observations an auxin receptor is postulated and binding arrangements are described which explain most of the experimental data available. A 3-point attachment when allowed is the only binding mode compatible with the reported data.", "PMID": 647843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3671", "title": "Stereoselectivity and affinity in molecular pharmacology. IV. A search for eudismic-affinity correlations among angiotension II analogues.", "content": "In order to establish the applicability of eudismic analysis (correlation between potency and the ratio of isomer potencies), the extensive data reported on the biological activities of angiotensin II analogues were examined. For a series of 13 heptapeptides epimeric at the N-terminal residue, apparent correlations were found for pressor activity in vivo, but not for 10 of them on the basis of their myotropic activity under in vitro conditions. The analogues belongning to sub-groups displaying correlations have side chains of sufficiently different nature so that their grouping is questionable. 3 octapeptides epimeric at the second residue displayed an excellent correlation for their pressor activity. The demonstrated differential metabolic susceptibility of these epimers, however, casts further doubt on the usefulness of the data as a measure of their potency. The lack of a correlation under in vitro conditions would indicate that eudismic-affinity correlations (EAC) may be limited to epimers which differ less in their properties than these angiotensin analogues. Nevertheless, until better receptor affinity estimates become available, the observed correlations may be useful in advancing our knowledge of the angiotensin II receptor in particular, and of stereoselective molecular recognition in general.", "contents": "Stereoselectivity and affinity in molecular pharmacology. IV. A search for eudismic-affinity correlations among angiotension II analogues. In order to establish the applicability of eudismic analysis (correlation between potency and the ratio of isomer potencies), the extensive data reported on the biological activities of angiotensin II analogues were examined. For a series of 13 heptapeptides epimeric at the N-terminal residue, apparent correlations were found for pressor activity in vivo, but not for 10 of them on the basis of their myotropic activity under in vitro conditions. The analogues belongning to sub-groups displaying correlations have side chains of sufficiently different nature so that their grouping is questionable. 3 octapeptides epimeric at the second residue displayed an excellent correlation for their pressor activity. The demonstrated differential metabolic susceptibility of these epimers, however, casts further doubt on the usefulness of the data as a measure of their potency. The lack of a correlation under in vitro conditions would indicate that eudismic-affinity correlations (EAC) may be limited to epimers which differ less in their properties than these angiotensin analogues. Nevertheless, until better receptor affinity estimates become available, the observed correlations may be useful in advancing our knowledge of the angiotensin II receptor in particular, and of stereoselective molecular recognition in general.", "PMID": 647844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3672", "title": "[The problems of surgical tactics in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and related complications].", "content": "On the basis of 45 cases of operated pseudocyst, the Authors tackle the problem of surgical tactis in treatment of these lesions and any complications. The paper outline the contribution that recent diagnostic methods--such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, computed tomography and ultrasonography--have made to solution of the problem and establishes the criteria for emergency or elective operation. In the first condition, consisting in cases of complications (haemorrhagic, suppurative, perforative etc.), abnormal development of pseudocysts and serious impairment of the patient's general conditions, the treatment of the pseudocyst generally takes the form of external drainage. The second condition, obtainable after a sufficient period of \"ripening\", usually consists in a cysto-digestive shunt or cysto-parenchymal demolition in view of the high morbidity arising from external drainage. Surgical treatment of the pseudocyst is completed by therapy of any basic chronic pancreatitis and by correction of probable associated lesions affecting the bile and digestive tracts and the splanchnic venous circulation. In the reported cases, 28 patients were treated by cysto-digestive shunt, 8 by cysto-parenchymal demolition and 9 by external drainage. There were 37 combined operations.", "contents": "[The problems of surgical tactics in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and related complications]. On the basis of 45 cases of operated pseudocyst, the Authors tackle the problem of surgical tactis in treatment of these lesions and any complications. The paper outline the contribution that recent diagnostic methods--such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, computed tomography and ultrasonography--have made to solution of the problem and establishes the criteria for emergency or elective operation. In the first condition, consisting in cases of complications (haemorrhagic, suppurative, perforative etc.), abnormal development of pseudocysts and serious impairment of the patient's general conditions, the treatment of the pseudocyst generally takes the form of external drainage. The second condition, obtainable after a sufficient period of \"ripening\", usually consists in a cysto-digestive shunt or cysto-parenchymal demolition in view of the high morbidity arising from external drainage. Surgical treatment of the pseudocyst is completed by therapy of any basic chronic pancreatitis and by correction of probable associated lesions affecting the bile and digestive tracts and the splanchnic venous circulation. In the reported cases, 28 patients were treated by cysto-digestive shunt, 8 by cysto-parenchymal demolition and 9 by external drainage. There were 37 combined operations.", "PMID": 647862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3673", "title": "[Treatment of early and late complications of surgery of pancreatic pseudocysts].", "content": "Among 45 operations for pseudocysts the authors report 9 cases of complications, three of them early (haemorrhage and acute pancreatic necrosis) and six delayed (persistence of fistulae and relapse); in six of these surgery was performed and two of them died. Among the different types of surgery performed, external drainage proved to be the one most burdened by complications (2/3 of cases), while their incidence was far lower in internal shunt (2 cases out of 28) and cysto-parenchmal demolitions (one case out of eight). Attention is drawn to the danger of post-operative haemorrhage and the need to combat this complication with decision. For recurring pseudocysts and for fistulae which do not benefit from conservative treatment, the surgical operation, when it does not result in demolition, must be capable of correcting the canalicular alterations of the base pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Treatment of early and late complications of surgery of pancreatic pseudocysts]. Among 45 operations for pseudocysts the authors report 9 cases of complications, three of them early (haemorrhage and acute pancreatic necrosis) and six delayed (persistence of fistulae and relapse); in six of these surgery was performed and two of them died. Among the different types of surgery performed, external drainage proved to be the one most burdened by complications (2/3 of cases), while their incidence was far lower in internal shunt (2 cases out of 28) and cysto-parenchmal demolitions (one case out of eight). Attention is drawn to the danger of post-operative haemorrhage and the need to combat this complication with decision. For recurring pseudocysts and for fistulae which do not benefit from conservative treatment, the surgical operation, when it does not result in demolition, must be capable of correcting the canalicular alterations of the base pancreatitis.", "PMID": 647863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3674", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm caused by closed injury].", "content": "Our experience with 26 Patients who sustained traumatic laceration of the diaphragm caused by blunt forces is described. Automobile accidents were the most frequent cause of rupture and young adult males the most vulnerable. The left hemidiaphragm is most frequently injured, but with sufficient force significant tears in the right hemidiaphragm will occur. Most of these patients sustained injury to multiple organ systems. The preoperative diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is based on a high index suspicion, close and continued observation of the patient, and correct interpretation of roentgenograms of the chest. The mortality rate is high owing to the magnitude of the injuries.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm caused by closed injury]. Our experience with 26 Patients who sustained traumatic laceration of the diaphragm caused by blunt forces is described. Automobile accidents were the most frequent cause of rupture and young adult males the most vulnerable. The left hemidiaphragm is most frequently injured, but with sufficient force significant tears in the right hemidiaphragm will occur. Most of these patients sustained injury to multiple organ systems. The preoperative diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is based on a high index suspicion, close and continued observation of the patient, and correct interpretation of roentgenograms of the chest. The mortality rate is high owing to the magnitude of the injuries.", "PMID": 647864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3675", "title": "Absence of particle and fiber release from commercial transfusion blood microfilters.", "content": "The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of particle or fiber shedding by the five types of commercially available transfusion microfilters (Bentley, Fenwal, Johnson & Johnson, Pall and Pioneer Filters). The study was performed in a class 100 laminar flow clean bench in order to minimize particulate contamination from extraneous sources. Particle-free phosphate buffered saline was flushed through each of 12 filters of each type. The effluent particles or fibers were collected on clean Millipore filters, and their number and size determined by light microscopy and by examination of photographs of the whole Millipore filters. In addition in the case of selected representative particles identification was sought by means of scanning electron microscopy. Small particles in the effluent media were electronically counted. The microfilters did not release significant quantities of particles of fibers greater than 10 micrometer at filtration rates of 300--600 cc/min. No release of any characteristic particles or fibers was observed for any of the filter types. The present study indicates that insignificant levels of particulate matter would be introduced into blood by any of the five types of blood microfilter.", "contents": "Absence of particle and fiber release from commercial transfusion blood microfilters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of particle or fiber shedding by the five types of commercially available transfusion microfilters (Bentley, Fenwal, Johnson & Johnson, Pall and Pioneer Filters). The study was performed in a class 100 laminar flow clean bench in order to minimize particulate contamination from extraneous sources. Particle-free phosphate buffered saline was flushed through each of 12 filters of each type. The effluent particles or fibers were collected on clean Millipore filters, and their number and size determined by light microscopy and by examination of photographs of the whole Millipore filters. In addition in the case of selected representative particles identification was sought by means of scanning electron microscopy. Small particles in the effluent media were electronically counted. The microfilters did not release significant quantities of particles of fibers greater than 10 micrometer at filtration rates of 300--600 cc/min. No release of any characteristic particles or fibers was observed for any of the filter types. The present study indicates that insignificant levels of particulate matter would be introduced into blood by any of the five types of blood microfilter.", "PMID": 647867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3676", "title": "Early detection of hypovolemia from directional arterial flow velocity.", "content": "The effect of hypovolemia on femoral artery vascular resistance and directional arterial flow velocity was determined in six mongrel dogs. Progressive withdrawal of blood was associated with an increase in femoral arterial resistance and reverse flow velocity and a decrease in forward flow velocity. The percentage increase in the ratio of peak reverse to peak forward flow velocity (Vr/Vf) varied in a positive linear fashion with the percent increase in femoral artery vascular resistance, (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001). The femoral arterial peripheral vascular resistance and peak Vr/Vf increased significantly before arterial pressure declined. These alterations in peak Vr/Vf occur early in the course of hypovolemia and are a sensitive index of extremity hemodynamics associated with hemorrhagic induced hypovolemia.", "contents": "Early detection of hypovolemia from directional arterial flow velocity. The effect of hypovolemia on femoral artery vascular resistance and directional arterial flow velocity was determined in six mongrel dogs. Progressive withdrawal of blood was associated with an increase in femoral arterial resistance and reverse flow velocity and a decrease in forward flow velocity. The percentage increase in the ratio of peak reverse to peak forward flow velocity (Vr/Vf) varied in a positive linear fashion with the percent increase in femoral artery vascular resistance, (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001). The femoral arterial peripheral vascular resistance and peak Vr/Vf increased significantly before arterial pressure declined. These alterations in peak Vr/Vf occur early in the course of hypovolemia and are a sensitive index of extremity hemodynamics associated with hemorrhagic induced hypovolemia.", "PMID": 647868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3677", "title": "Effect of endotoxin on glucose uptake by the isolated forelimb of the dog.", "content": "Recent research has demonstrated that an increase in glucose utilization by skeletal muscle occurs in hemorrhagic shock. It is conceivable that the hypoglycemia of gram-negative septic shock is, in part, due to increased glucose utilization by peripheral tissues. The hypothesis tested in this study was that there is an increase in glucose uptake by the isolated innervated and/or denervated forelimb of the dog subjected to endotoxin shock. Results indicate that endotoxin does not affect a net increase of glucose uptake by the isolated forelimb. No increase in uptake occurred when blood glucose concentration was normal. However, when endotoxin hypotension induced a significant hyperglycemia or when arterial glucose concentration was elevated by glucose administration an apparent increase in forelimb glucose uptake occurred. It is concluded that endotoxin does not increase the uptake of glucose by skin and muscle except that it causes hyperglycemia secondary to increased sympathoadrenal discharge in the shock state. Thus, if the dog becomes sufficiently hyperglycemic, an apparent increase in glucose uptake occurs, probably because of accumulation of glucose in the interstititial space of skin and muscle.", "contents": "Effect of endotoxin on glucose uptake by the isolated forelimb of the dog. Recent research has demonstrated that an increase in glucose utilization by skeletal muscle occurs in hemorrhagic shock. It is conceivable that the hypoglycemia of gram-negative septic shock is, in part, due to increased glucose utilization by peripheral tissues. The hypothesis tested in this study was that there is an increase in glucose uptake by the isolated innervated and/or denervated forelimb of the dog subjected to endotoxin shock. Results indicate that endotoxin does not affect a net increase of glucose uptake by the isolated forelimb. No increase in uptake occurred when blood glucose concentration was normal. However, when endotoxin hypotension induced a significant hyperglycemia or when arterial glucose concentration was elevated by glucose administration an apparent increase in forelimb glucose uptake occurred. It is concluded that endotoxin does not increase the uptake of glucose by skin and muscle except that it causes hyperglycemia secondary to increased sympathoadrenal discharge in the shock state. Thus, if the dog becomes sufficiently hyperglycemic, an apparent increase in glucose uptake occurs, probably because of accumulation of glucose in the interstititial space of skin and muscle.", "PMID": 647869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3678", "title": "Plasma cathepsin activity and reticuloendothelial phagocytic function during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The present study evaluated two forms of hemorrhagic shock in terms of changes in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity, reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function, and plasma opsonic activity. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in rats by withdrawal of a fixed volume of blood equivalent to 3% body weight or by maintaining the arterial blood pressure at 40--45 mm Hg. Plasma cathepsin activity did not increase until after one hour of hypotension, and was increased 2.7-fold two hours after a 3% body weight hemorrhage and 11-fold after two hours at a blood pressure of 40--45 mm Hg. Phagocytic index and plasma opsonic activity were decreased in animals reinfused at 0, 30, or 120 minutes following a 3% body weight hemorrhage and in animals reinfused 0, 30, and 90 minutes following hemorrhage to a blood pressure of 40 mm Hg. There was a strong temporal relationship between the changes in phagocytic index and plasma opsonic activity; however, the decrease in RES function occurred earlier than the increase in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity. These results suggest that the depression of RES function during shock may be mediated, in part, by a deficit in circulating opsonic activity and that RES depression occurs prior to shock-induced cellular injury during hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Plasma cathepsin activity and reticuloendothelial phagocytic function during hemorrhagic shock. The present study evaluated two forms of hemorrhagic shock in terms of changes in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity, reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function, and plasma opsonic activity. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in rats by withdrawal of a fixed volume of blood equivalent to 3% body weight or by maintaining the arterial blood pressure at 40--45 mm Hg. Plasma cathepsin activity did not increase until after one hour of hypotension, and was increased 2.7-fold two hours after a 3% body weight hemorrhage and 11-fold after two hours at a blood pressure of 40--45 mm Hg. Phagocytic index and plasma opsonic activity were decreased in animals reinfused at 0, 30, or 120 minutes following a 3% body weight hemorrhage and in animals reinfused 0, 30, and 90 minutes following hemorrhage to a blood pressure of 40 mm Hg. There was a strong temporal relationship between the changes in phagocytic index and plasma opsonic activity; however, the decrease in RES function occurred earlier than the increase in plasma lysosomal enzyme activity. These results suggest that the depression of RES function during shock may be mediated, in part, by a deficit in circulating opsonic activity and that RES depression occurs prior to shock-induced cellular injury during hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 647870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3679", "title": "Use of play materials in treating a severely handicapped child.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy with a physical handicap severe enough to preclude his manipulating materials, participated in a play intervention designed to help him to deal with some of his limitations. His skill in communicating to the therapist and in utilizing vicarious experiences allowed him to participate fully and successfully in therapy, although several modifications had to be made in the usual play procedures. The basic techniques of play therapy may therefore be of use to other motorically handicapped children who are capable of verbalizing and fantasizing. During the course of the therapy, this child also evidenced some unusual perceptions of the world. The lack of opportunity to have the customary sensorimotor experiences had apparently delayed his development of object permanence. This finding is consistent with Piaget's theory, which emphasized early motoric behaviours as prerequisites to later intellectual operations.", "contents": "Use of play materials in treating a severely handicapped child. A 4-year-old boy with a physical handicap severe enough to preclude his manipulating materials, participated in a play intervention designed to help him to deal with some of his limitations. His skill in communicating to the therapist and in utilizing vicarious experiences allowed him to participate fully and successfully in therapy, although several modifications had to be made in the usual play procedures. The basic techniques of play therapy may therefore be of use to other motorically handicapped children who are capable of verbalizing and fantasizing. During the course of the therapy, this child also evidenced some unusual perceptions of the world. The lack of opportunity to have the customary sensorimotor experiences had apparently delayed his development of object permanence. This finding is consistent with Piaget's theory, which emphasized early motoric behaviours as prerequisites to later intellectual operations.", "PMID": 647865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3680", "title": "Cardiac output and regional blood flow following trauma.", "content": "The changes in cardiac output (Q), regional blood blow (Qr) and regional vascular resistance, and arterial pressure were studied in rats subjected to moderate (LD0) or severe (LD50) traumatic shock. Q and Qr were determined using microspheres at 15, 60 and 180 min posttrauma. Arterial pressure decreased in both groups at 15 min and recovered by 3 hr after sublethal (LD0) trauma, while arterial pressure did not return to control levels after LD50 trauma. Q decreased in both groups at 15 min and returned to control only in the LD0 trauma group by 3 hr. Cerebral, coronary, and hepatic arterial flows and resistances were maintained in both groups. Renal, intestinal, and splenic flows decreased and resistances increased in both groups by 15 min and returned to control levels by 3 hr only in the LD0 trauma group. Total hepatic and hepatic portal flows decreased at 60 min and returned to control levels at 3 hr after LD0 trauma, while there was significant depression in these parameters 3 hr after LD50 trauma. Therefore, sublethal and severe trauma resulted in early redistribution of flow favoring the coronary, cerebral, and hepatic arterial beds. However, renal, intestinal, splenic, and portal flows remained depressed only in severely traumatized rats, suggesting that continued hypoperfusion is a factor in the multiple organ failure and death following severe traumatic injury.", "contents": "Cardiac output and regional blood flow following trauma. The changes in cardiac output (Q), regional blood blow (Qr) and regional vascular resistance, and arterial pressure were studied in rats subjected to moderate (LD0) or severe (LD50) traumatic shock. Q and Qr were determined using microspheres at 15, 60 and 180 min posttrauma. Arterial pressure decreased in both groups at 15 min and recovered by 3 hr after sublethal (LD0) trauma, while arterial pressure did not return to control levels after LD50 trauma. Q decreased in both groups at 15 min and returned to control only in the LD0 trauma group by 3 hr. Cerebral, coronary, and hepatic arterial flows and resistances were maintained in both groups. Renal, intestinal, and splenic flows decreased and resistances increased in both groups by 15 min and returned to control levels by 3 hr only in the LD0 trauma group. Total hepatic and hepatic portal flows decreased at 60 min and returned to control levels at 3 hr after LD0 trauma, while there was significant depression in these parameters 3 hr after LD50 trauma. Therefore, sublethal and severe trauma resulted in early redistribution of flow favoring the coronary, cerebral, and hepatic arterial beds. However, renal, intestinal, splenic, and portal flows remained depressed only in severely traumatized rats, suggesting that continued hypoperfusion is a factor in the multiple organ failure and death following severe traumatic injury.", "PMID": 647871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3681", "title": "Sharing the caring: a Swedish approach to short-term care of mentally handicapped children.", "content": "The setting up of a short-stay home, which offers temporary care for mentally handicapped children living with their parents in the Swedish county of Osterg\u00f6tland, is described. It illustrates an approach which parents, care staff and the supervising psychologist have all found satisfactory in contrast to the provision available in hospital units.", "contents": "Sharing the caring: a Swedish approach to short-term care of mentally handicapped children. The setting up of a short-stay home, which offers temporary care for mentally handicapped children living with their parents in the Swedish county of Osterg\u00f6tland, is described. It illustrates an approach which parents, care staff and the supervising psychologist have all found satisfactory in contrast to the provision available in hospital units.", "PMID": 647866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3682", "title": "Inhibited response to isoproterenol and altered action potential of beating rat heart cells by human serum in septic shock.", "content": "Human serum, obtained within 24 hours after the onset of septic shock, was evaluated for its effects on the chronotropic response of cultured rat myocardial cells to isoproterenol. Transmembrane action potential (AP) was measured in some experiments. Sera obtained after the first four to five hours, when central venous pressure (CVP) was normal or high, inhibited increased cell beats, while this property was not evidenced for samples taken soon after septic shock when CVP was low. Sera were also found to alter AP in much the same way as Sotalol, an adrenergic beta-blocking drug. These two effects were never observed with control sera obtained from healthy male adults at rest. These findings demonstrate that sera from patients in septic shock depress the beta-adrenergic response of rat myocardial cells, after the early phase of septic shock characterized by sympathoadrenergic activity. They strongly suggest the mediation of unidentified humoral factors, which might interfere in the pathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction during the intermediate phase of septic shock.", "contents": "Inhibited response to isoproterenol and altered action potential of beating rat heart cells by human serum in septic shock. Human serum, obtained within 24 hours after the onset of septic shock, was evaluated for its effects on the chronotropic response of cultured rat myocardial cells to isoproterenol. Transmembrane action potential (AP) was measured in some experiments. Sera obtained after the first four to five hours, when central venous pressure (CVP) was normal or high, inhibited increased cell beats, while this property was not evidenced for samples taken soon after septic shock when CVP was low. Sera were also found to alter AP in much the same way as Sotalol, an adrenergic beta-blocking drug. These two effects were never observed with control sera obtained from healthy male adults at rest. These findings demonstrate that sera from patients in septic shock depress the beta-adrenergic response of rat myocardial cells, after the early phase of septic shock characterized by sympathoadrenergic activity. They strongly suggest the mediation of unidentified humoral factors, which might interfere in the pathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction during the intermediate phase of septic shock.", "PMID": 647872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3683", "title": "Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 6. Effect of the autonomic system.", "content": "The effect of the autonomic system on conduction disorders in the infarction zone (IZ) and related reentrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) in the late myocardial infarction period in the dog was studied utilizing averaged recordings of the reentrant pathways from the epicardial surface of the IZ. Vagal (V) stimulation was found to have no significant direct electrophysiologic effect while sympathetic (S) stimulation resulted in a direct slight improvement of conduction in the IZ. However, because of the marked rate-dependency of conduction in the IZ, the effects of both V and S stimulation were modified through changes in the heart rate. The bradycardia produced by V stimulation resulted in improvement of conduction in the IZ and disappearance of RVA, while the tachycardia induced by S stimulation resulted in worsening of conduction in the IZ and the occurrence of RVA. Thus, in spite of its slight enhancing effect on conduction in the IZ, the propensity of S stimulation to induce RVA was primarily due to its tachycardiac effect.", "contents": "Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 6. Effect of the autonomic system. The effect of the autonomic system on conduction disorders in the infarction zone (IZ) and related reentrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) in the late myocardial infarction period in the dog was studied utilizing averaged recordings of the reentrant pathways from the epicardial surface of the IZ. Vagal (V) stimulation was found to have no significant direct electrophysiologic effect while sympathetic (S) stimulation resulted in a direct slight improvement of conduction in the IZ. However, because of the marked rate-dependency of conduction in the IZ, the effects of both V and S stimulation were modified through changes in the heart rate. The bradycardia produced by V stimulation resulted in improvement of conduction in the IZ and disappearance of RVA, while the tachycardia induced by S stimulation resulted in worsening of conduction in the IZ and the occurrence of RVA. Thus, in spite of its slight enhancing effect on conduction in the IZ, the propensity of S stimulation to induce RVA was primarily due to its tachycardiac effect.", "PMID": 647873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3684", "title": "Stroke volume calculated from the mitral valve echogram in patients with and without ventricular dyssynergy.", "content": "A formula was derived for calculating mitral valve stroke volume (MVSV) using the rate of mitral valve (MV) opening (DE slope on the MV echogram), the vertical disease between the mitral leaflet echoes early in diastole (EE), the electrocardiographic PR interval and heart rate. The formula was tested prospectively on 80 consecutive patients from whom 95 simultaneous MV echograms and either thermodilution (45) or Fick (50) cardiac outputs were obtained. Sixteen patients were normal; 54 had coronary artery disease; three had cardiomyopathy; and seven had nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation (MR). Linear regression for stroke volume was r = 0.90, SEE +/- 6, and for cardiac output r = 0.83, SEE +/- 0.5 liter for the 73 patients without MR. The presence or absence of ventricular dyssynergy did not alter statistical findings. MVSV consistently overestimated forward stroke volume for the seven patients with MR. This study shows that the MV echogram provides an accurate, widely applicable method for calculating MVSV.", "contents": "Stroke volume calculated from the mitral valve echogram in patients with and without ventricular dyssynergy. A formula was derived for calculating mitral valve stroke volume (MVSV) using the rate of mitral valve (MV) opening (DE slope on the MV echogram), the vertical disease between the mitral leaflet echoes early in diastole (EE), the electrocardiographic PR interval and heart rate. The formula was tested prospectively on 80 consecutive patients from whom 95 simultaneous MV echograms and either thermodilution (45) or Fick (50) cardiac outputs were obtained. Sixteen patients were normal; 54 had coronary artery disease; three had cardiomyopathy; and seven had nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation (MR). Linear regression for stroke volume was r = 0.90, SEE +/- 6, and for cardiac output r = 0.83, SEE +/- 0.5 liter for the 73 patients without MR. The presence or absence of ventricular dyssynergy did not alter statistical findings. MVSV consistently overestimated forward stroke volume for the seven patients with MR. This study shows that the MV echogram provides an accurate, widely applicable method for calculating MVSV.", "PMID": 647875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3685", "title": "Physician and patient exposure during cardiac catheterization.", "content": "A survey of the literature was conducted to establish the anticipated ranges of exposure to both physicians and patients during cardiac catheterization. A brief explanation of a technic for using time-lapse photography and a computer model for exposure calculation is presented. The thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) results used as controls for exposure values calculated by the developed technique are presented in detail. Physician eye exposures of approximately 20 mR per cardiac catheterization procedure were measured, which would suggest a limit of five procedures per week for physicians. The average patient skin entrance exposure of 28 R is high, as is the 12 mR gonadal exposure; however, they are accepted because of the possible benefits of the procedure.", "contents": "Physician and patient exposure during cardiac catheterization. A survey of the literature was conducted to establish the anticipated ranges of exposure to both physicians and patients during cardiac catheterization. A brief explanation of a technic for using time-lapse photography and a computer model for exposure calculation is presented. The thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) results used as controls for exposure values calculated by the developed technique are presented in detail. Physician eye exposures of approximately 20 mR per cardiac catheterization procedure were measured, which would suggest a limit of five procedures per week for physicians. The average patient skin entrance exposure of 28 R is high, as is the 12 mR gonadal exposure; however, they are accepted because of the possible benefits of the procedure.", "PMID": 647876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3686", "title": "Use of time interval histographic output from echo-Doppler to detect left-to-right atrial shunts.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study was to attempt to select, by examination of the time interval histogram (TIH) output of a range gated pulsed Doppler (RGPD), all children with left-to-right shunt at the atrial level from a pool of 57 children. Fifty-four of the children had various forms of acyanostic cardiac disease. A secondary purpose was to identify any associated lesions in those children with atrial defects. Examiners were unfamiliar with the children and their diagnoses. Results were interpreted independently by two examiners. Detection of diastolic TIH dispersion was used when studying the right atrial outflow tract to separate children with atrial left-to-right shunts from control children. All controls were judged negative by this technique, and 13 of 14 children with atrial shunts were detected by both examiners; the 14th was detected by one examiner. Of a total of 308 TIH decisions on the atrial shunt group, 298 were made identically by both examiners for a 97.7% agreement, demonstrating the objectivity of the method. This study demonstrated the usefulness of the TIH evaluation, indicating that continued investigation and equipment improvements are warranted.", "contents": "Use of time interval histographic output from echo-Doppler to detect left-to-right atrial shunts. The primary purpose of this study was to attempt to select, by examination of the time interval histogram (TIH) output of a range gated pulsed Doppler (RGPD), all children with left-to-right shunt at the atrial level from a pool of 57 children. Fifty-four of the children had various forms of acyanostic cardiac disease. A secondary purpose was to identify any associated lesions in those children with atrial defects. Examiners were unfamiliar with the children and their diagnoses. Results were interpreted independently by two examiners. Detection of diastolic TIH dispersion was used when studying the right atrial outflow tract to separate children with atrial left-to-right shunts from control children. All controls were judged negative by this technique, and 13 of 14 children with atrial shunts were detected by both examiners; the 14th was detected by one examiner. Of a total of 308 TIH decisions on the atrial shunt group, 298 were made identically by both examiners for a 97.7% agreement, demonstrating the objectivity of the method. This study demonstrated the usefulness of the TIH evaluation, indicating that continued investigation and equipment improvements are warranted.", "PMID": 647878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3687", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of intravenous phentolamine in low output cardiac failu;e. Dose-response relationships.", "content": "Nineteen patients with chronic low output cardiac failure were studied before, during and after infusion of phentolamine in doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 microgram/kg/min. Significant reduction of left- and right-sided pressures and increases in cardiac index and heart rate (HR) were present within 15 minutes of starting phentolamine at the 10 microgram/kg/min dose. Minimal additional effect was observed at 30 minutes. Increased dose from 10 to 20 mu/kg/min resulted in small but significant (P less than 0.05) additional reduction in pressures and increases in HR. No additional significant changes occurred at doses of 30 or 40 microgram/kg/min. Significant hemodynamic changes persisted for at least an hour (53 +/- 3 min) after the phentolamine infusion was discontinued. Near maximal ;emodynamic effects occur within 15 minutes of starting phentolamine infusion and can be achieved at doses of 10 to 20 microgram/kg/min. Increased HR during phentolamine infusion may limit its usefulness in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of intravenous phentolamine in low output cardiac failu;e. Dose-response relationships. Nineteen patients with chronic low output cardiac failure were studied before, during and after infusion of phentolamine in doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 microgram/kg/min. Significant reduction of left- and right-sided pressures and increases in cardiac index and heart rate (HR) were present within 15 minutes of starting phentolamine at the 10 microgram/kg/min dose. Minimal additional effect was observed at 30 minutes. Increased dose from 10 to 20 mu/kg/min resulted in small but significant (P less than 0.05) additional reduction in pressures and increases in HR. No additional significant changes occurred at doses of 30 or 40 microgram/kg/min. Significant hemodynamic changes persisted for at least an hour (53 +/- 3 min) after the phentolamine infusion was discontinued. Near maximal ;emodynamic effects occur within 15 minutes of starting phentolamine infusion and can be achieved at doses of 10 to 20 microgram/kg/min. Increased HR during phentolamine infusion may limit its usefulness in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 647880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3688", "title": "Multiple coronary arterioventricular fistulae.", "content": "A 62-year-old man who died suddenly was found at autopsy to have multiple coronary arteriosystemic fistulae involving all three major coronary arteries and both ventricles. This is the second such case reported and the first with biventricular involvement and autopsy findings. A congenital bicuspid valve was also present. Numerous small blood vessels opened onto the endocardial surface of both ventricles and there were microscopic foci of persistent embryonic spongy myocardium.", "contents": "Multiple coronary arterioventricular fistulae. A 62-year-old man who died suddenly was found at autopsy to have multiple coronary arteriosystemic fistulae involving all three major coronary arteries and both ventricles. This is the second such case reported and the first with biventricular involvement and autopsy findings. A congenital bicuspid valve was also present. Numerous small blood vessels opened onto the endocardial surface of both ventricles and there were microscopic foci of persistent embryonic spongy myocardium.", "PMID": 647882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3689", "title": "The development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease after successful Mustard operation in early infancy.", "content": "Pulmonary vascular obstructive disease developed postoperatively in an infant with aortopulmonary transposition and intact ventricular septum who underwent a Mustard operation in 3 months of age. Preoperative catheterization had shown normal pulmonary artery pressures. Four months after surgery, catheterization showed pulmonary artery systolic pressure above the systemic level and a tortuous, attenuated pulmonary vascular tree visualized angiographically. Early corrective surgery may not preclude the development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with aortopulmonary transposition.", "contents": "The development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease after successful Mustard operation in early infancy. Pulmonary vascular obstructive disease developed postoperatively in an infant with aortopulmonary transposition and intact ventricular septum who underwent a Mustard operation in 3 months of age. Preoperative catheterization had shown normal pulmonary artery pressures. Four months after surgery, catheterization showed pulmonary artery systolic pressure above the systemic level and a tortuous, attenuated pulmonary vascular tree visualized angiographically. Early corrective surgery may not preclude the development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with aortopulmonary transposition.", "PMID": 647883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3690", "title": "A case-control study of regular aspirin use and coronary deaths.", "content": "Information was collected for a large number of coronary risk factors on a series of 568 married, white men, aged 30--70 years, who died from coronary heart disease. Information on the same risk factors was collected on an equal number of living controls matched on age, sex, marital status and neighborhood. For regular aspirin users (i.e. greater than or equal to 4 days per week) compared with non-users, the crude matched pair risk ratio estimate was 1.0 (95% confidence limits 0.9--1.1). Even after controlling for possible confounding effects of other variables using a paired multiple logistic regression analysis, there was no evidence of association. These data provide no evidence for a preventive role of regular aspirin intake in coronary deaths.", "contents": "A case-control study of regular aspirin use and coronary deaths. Information was collected for a large number of coronary risk factors on a series of 568 married, white men, aged 30--70 years, who died from coronary heart disease. Information on the same risk factors was collected on an equal number of living controls matched on age, sex, marital status and neighborhood. For regular aspirin users (i.e. greater than or equal to 4 days per week) compared with non-users, the crude matched pair risk ratio estimate was 1.0 (95% confidence limits 0.9--1.1). Even after controlling for possible confounding effects of other variables using a paired multiple logistic regression analysis, there was no evidence of association. These data provide no evidence for a preventive role of regular aspirin intake in coronary deaths.", "PMID": 647888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3691", "title": "The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis: flow characteristics, thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth.", "content": "Thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth were observed in nine Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prostheses recovered six months or longer after implantation. These pathologic findings may be attributed to the flow characteristics of the prosthesis. The open disc of the valve separates the flow into two unequal regions. Varying degrees of thrombus formation were observed in the minor outflow region, including the depression in the aortic face of the disc and the metal strut bridging this area. Tissue overgrowth was noted along the perimeter of the prosthesis adjacent to the minor outflow region. That overgrowth further reduced the available cross section for flow in this already constrained area. In vitro velocity measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer identified a zone of stagnation about 20 mm wide near the aortic face of the disc. The average velocities in the major and minor outflow regions were around 100 and 25 cm/sec, respectively, and the corresponding peak-shear stresses were approximately 700 and 150 dynes/cm2. There is reason, then, to attribute the thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth to the stagnation zone and the low shear in the minor outflow region.", "contents": "The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis: flow characteristics, thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth. Thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth were observed in nine Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prostheses recovered six months or longer after implantation. These pathologic findings may be attributed to the flow characteristics of the prosthesis. The open disc of the valve separates the flow into two unequal regions. Varying degrees of thrombus formation were observed in the minor outflow region, including the depression in the aortic face of the disc and the metal strut bridging this area. Tissue overgrowth was noted along the perimeter of the prosthesis adjacent to the minor outflow region. That overgrowth further reduced the available cross section for flow in this already constrained area. In vitro velocity measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer identified a zone of stagnation about 20 mm wide near the aortic face of the disc. The average velocities in the major and minor outflow regions were around 100 and 25 cm/sec, respectively, and the corresponding peak-shear stresses were approximately 700 and 150 dynes/cm2. There is reason, then, to attribute the thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth to the stagnation zone and the low shear in the minor outflow region.", "PMID": 647892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3692", "title": "A chronically implanted system for automatic defibrillation in active conscious dogs. Experimental model for treatment of sudden death from ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "Ventricular defibrillation was acheived in active conscious dogs with a chronically implanted automatic system composed of a defibrillator and an alternating current fibrillator. The hermetically sealed defibrillator is encased in titanium, weighs 250 g and has a volume of 145 ml. The sensor continuously monitors ventricular electircal activity and recognizes fibrillation by the absence of isoelectric potential segments. Fibrillation is induced by placing a magnet over the implanted fibrillator. The resulting syncope closely resembles the clinical entity of sudden death, while the defibrillator automatically restores normal rhythm with a truncated exponential pulse of 30 J, 15 seconds after the onset of the arrhythmia. The operational status of the defibrillator can be tested in vitro and noninvasively in vivo with an external analyzer. This experimental model allows for the first time a long-term study of the automatic implantable defibrillator approach to prevent sudden death from ventricular fibrillation under a variety of physiopathologic conditions.", "contents": "A chronically implanted system for automatic defibrillation in active conscious dogs. Experimental model for treatment of sudden death from ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular defibrillation was acheived in active conscious dogs with a chronically implanted automatic system composed of a defibrillator and an alternating current fibrillator. The hermetically sealed defibrillator is encased in titanium, weighs 250 g and has a volume of 145 ml. The sensor continuously monitors ventricular electircal activity and recognizes fibrillation by the absence of isoelectric potential segments. Fibrillation is induced by placing a magnet over the implanted fibrillator. The resulting syncope closely resembles the clinical entity of sudden death, while the defibrillator automatically restores normal rhythm with a truncated exponential pulse of 30 J, 15 seconds after the onset of the arrhythmia. The operational status of the defibrillator can be tested in vitro and noninvasively in vivo with an external analyzer. This experimental model allows for the first time a long-term study of the automatic implantable defibrillator approach to prevent sudden death from ventricular fibrillation under a variety of physiopathologic conditions.", "PMID": 647893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3693", "title": "Noninvasive recording of His-Purkinje activity in man by ORS-triggered signal averaging.", "content": "Mobile instrumentation and a clinically applicable method have been developed for external His bundle recording. High gain signal amplification (10)(5) filtering (30--300 HZ) and averaging (128 or 256 consecutive cycles) are used. Acquisition of signals arising in the P-R interval is triggered by the patient's QRS signal at the end of that interval. The precordial bipolar electrodiogram is digitized at 5k HZ with 8 bit resolution and transferred to a 1,024 word, 18 bit signal averager. The averaged signal is then displayed on an oscilloscope and photographed. Good correlations were obtained between direct intracardiac and precordial recordings in experimental animals and in humans. Noise level after averaging was below 0.3 microV, and there was good elimination of asynchronous atrial and ectopic ventricular activity. With averaging of 128 or 256 consecutive cycles, the signal attenuation after propagation to the chest wall was in the range 1:2000 to 1:4000 in comparison with the directly recorded His bundle activity deflections. The noninvasive method may be of value in follow-up of acute and chronic disturbances of atrioventricular conduction, as well as in studies of effects of pharmacologic interventions.", "contents": "Noninvasive recording of His-Purkinje activity in man by ORS-triggered signal averaging. Mobile instrumentation and a clinically applicable method have been developed for external His bundle recording. High gain signal amplification (10)(5) filtering (30--300 HZ) and averaging (128 or 256 consecutive cycles) are used. Acquisition of signals arising in the P-R interval is triggered by the patient's QRS signal at the end of that interval. The precordial bipolar electrodiogram is digitized at 5k HZ with 8 bit resolution and transferred to a 1,024 word, 18 bit signal averager. The averaged signal is then displayed on an oscilloscope and photographed. Good correlations were obtained between direct intracardiac and precordial recordings in experimental animals and in humans. Noise level after averaging was below 0.3 microV, and there was good elimination of asynchronous atrial and ectopic ventricular activity. With averaging of 128 or 256 consecutive cycles, the signal attenuation after propagation to the chest wall was in the range 1:2000 to 1:4000 in comparison with the directly recorded His bundle activity deflections. The noninvasive method may be of value in follow-up of acute and chronic disturbances of atrioventricular conduction, as well as in studies of effects of pharmacologic interventions.", "PMID": 647894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3694", "title": "IgE antibodies to wheat flour components. Studies with sera from subjects with baker's asthma or coeliac condition.", "content": "Sera from two subjects with baker's asthma and six patients with coeliac condition were examined for the presence of IgE antibodies with specificities for wheat flour components. Sera were studied using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) together with whole flour and thirteen purified and partially purified flour fractions. IgE antibodies to a number of flour components were demonstrated in the allergic bakers' sera, but the strongest reactivities were observed with wheat albumins and globulins. A more detailed examination of the flour water-soluble proteins using RAST inhibition methods demonstrated that albumins were more reactive with the allergic sera than the globulins. Apart from the results with the water-soluble proteins, the two sera showed a different pattern of reactivity with the other flour preparations. No IgE antibodies to whole flour or any of the flour components, including A gliadin, were found in the coeliac sera. Failure to detect wheat gluten- or gliadin-specific IgE antibodies indicates that IgE-mediated reactions are not important in the pathogenesis of coeliac condition. Levels of total IgE in the sera from the coeliac subjects were elevated and, with two of the sera, some success was achieved in identifying the allergens responsible for the elevation. We propose that elevation of serum IgE may frequently occur in coeliac condition and may arise due to an increased uptake of antigens via the damaged intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "IgE antibodies to wheat flour components. Studies with sera from subjects with baker's asthma or coeliac condition. Sera from two subjects with baker's asthma and six patients with coeliac condition were examined for the presence of IgE antibodies with specificities for wheat flour components. Sera were studied using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) together with whole flour and thirteen purified and partially purified flour fractions. IgE antibodies to a number of flour components were demonstrated in the allergic bakers' sera, but the strongest reactivities were observed with wheat albumins and globulins. A more detailed examination of the flour water-soluble proteins using RAST inhibition methods demonstrated that albumins were more reactive with the allergic sera than the globulins. Apart from the results with the water-soluble proteins, the two sera showed a different pattern of reactivity with the other flour preparations. No IgE antibodies to whole flour or any of the flour components, including A gliadin, were found in the coeliac sera. Failure to detect wheat gluten- or gliadin-specific IgE antibodies indicates that IgE-mediated reactions are not important in the pathogenesis of coeliac condition. Levels of total IgE in the sera from the coeliac subjects were elevated and, with two of the sera, some success was achieved in identifying the allergens responsible for the elevation. We propose that elevation of serum IgE may frequently occur in coeliac condition and may arise due to an increased uptake of antigens via the damaged intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 647895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3695", "title": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by grain. I. C3PA conversion and quantification of complement consumption by rye.", "content": "Ground whole rye and airborne rye dust of comparable size distribution were tested for their ability to activate the complement cascade via the alternative pathway. Precipitin-negative pooled normal human serum was incubated with increasing amounts of the two rye dusts. Electrophoresis of the resultant supernatant fluids demonstrated the conversion of the proactivator of the third component of complement to the gamma-migrating activator of the third component. This activation was completely prevented by pre-treating the serum with the chelator EDTA, while pre-treatment with EGTA allowed suboptimal arc conversion, strongly implying that complement was activated via the alternative pathway. Quantification of the supernanant fluids showed dose-dependent complement consumption as defined by both CH100 immunodiffusion and CH50 tube haemolytic techniques. Airborne rye dust showed a greater quantitative potential than ground whole rye for activating the alternative pathway. These results indicate the possibility of the direct action of airborne organic dusts on the induction of inflammatory sequelae in the lungs of both sensitized and unsensitized individuals.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by grain. I. C3PA conversion and quantification of complement consumption by rye. Ground whole rye and airborne rye dust of comparable size distribution were tested for their ability to activate the complement cascade via the alternative pathway. Precipitin-negative pooled normal human serum was incubated with increasing amounts of the two rye dusts. Electrophoresis of the resultant supernatant fluids demonstrated the conversion of the proactivator of the third component of complement to the gamma-migrating activator of the third component. This activation was completely prevented by pre-treating the serum with the chelator EDTA, while pre-treatment with EGTA allowed suboptimal arc conversion, strongly implying that complement was activated via the alternative pathway. Quantification of the supernanant fluids showed dose-dependent complement consumption as defined by both CH100 immunodiffusion and CH50 tube haemolytic techniques. Airborne rye dust showed a greater quantitative potential than ground whole rye for activating the alternative pathway. These results indicate the possibility of the direct action of airborne organic dusts on the induction of inflammatory sequelae in the lungs of both sensitized and unsensitized individuals.", "PMID": 647896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3696", "title": "Tyrophagus putrescentiae: an allergenically important mite.", "content": "The incidence of positive skin tests to the mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae was measured and compared with skin reactions to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and other allergens in Australian and New Guinean populations, and mite counts were determined in Sydney and New Guinea houses. Positive reactions to T. putrescentiae were as frequent as those for D. pteronyssinus in asthmatics in Sydney and were the commonest positive reactions in the normal New Guinea population. T. putrescentiae-specific serum IgE levels were determined and some IgG cross-reactions of D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae antigens were demonstrated. It is suggested that T. putrescentiae is an important source of allergen and should be considered whenever D. pteronyssinus is thought to be a problem. A convenient method for culturing and isolating T. putrescentiae is described.", "contents": "Tyrophagus putrescentiae: an allergenically important mite. The incidence of positive skin tests to the mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae was measured and compared with skin reactions to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and other allergens in Australian and New Guinean populations, and mite counts were determined in Sydney and New Guinea houses. Positive reactions to T. putrescentiae were as frequent as those for D. pteronyssinus in asthmatics in Sydney and were the commonest positive reactions in the normal New Guinea population. T. putrescentiae-specific serum IgE levels were determined and some IgG cross-reactions of D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae antigens were demonstrated. It is suggested that T. putrescentiae is an important source of allergen and should be considered whenever D. pteronyssinus is thought to be a problem. A convenient method for culturing and isolating T. putrescentiae is described.", "PMID": 647897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3697", "title": "Atopy and bronchial reactivity in Australian and Melanesian populations.", "content": "In order to compare the prevalence of atopy and bronchial hyperreactivity among Papua New Guinian (P.N.G.) and Australian populations, skin prick tests and methacholine bronchial challenge tests were performed. A civilian and an army population from each country were examined and those with past or present asthma, recent respiratory tract infection and chronic lung disease were excluded. No statistical difference in the prevalence of atopy was found between the four populations. In the P.N.G. population 40 and 49%, and in the Australian population 27 and 39%, were found to be atopic, without symptoms of past or present allergic disease. The house dust mites were the commonest allergens in all populations. In response to methacholine (0.3 mg), only 6% of subjects had falls in 1 sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1) of more than 12% (upper limit of normal range) and only two were in the asthmatic range. There was no correlation between the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity and atopic status; however, the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity was slightly greater in the New Guinea civilian than in the Australian civilian population. In the absence of asthma, atopic status does not appear to cause increased bronchial reactivity, suggesting that some factor other than atopy must be present for the development of bronchial hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma.", "contents": "Atopy and bronchial reactivity in Australian and Melanesian populations. In order to compare the prevalence of atopy and bronchial hyperreactivity among Papua New Guinian (P.N.G.) and Australian populations, skin prick tests and methacholine bronchial challenge tests were performed. A civilian and an army population from each country were examined and those with past or present asthma, recent respiratory tract infection and chronic lung disease were excluded. No statistical difference in the prevalence of atopy was found between the four populations. In the P.N.G. population 40 and 49%, and in the Australian population 27 and 39%, were found to be atopic, without symptoms of past or present allergic disease. The house dust mites were the commonest allergens in all populations. In response to methacholine (0.3 mg), only 6% of subjects had falls in 1 sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1) of more than 12% (upper limit of normal range) and only two were in the asthmatic range. There was no correlation between the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity and atopic status; however, the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity was slightly greater in the New Guinea civilian than in the Australian civilian population. In the absence of asthma, atopic status does not appear to cause increased bronchial reactivity, suggesting that some factor other than atopy must be present for the development of bronchial hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma.", "PMID": 647898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3698", "title": "Estimation of theophylline in plasma by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "1. A quantitative thin-layer chromatographic procedure for theophylline has been evaluated. An internal standard, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a compound similar in properties to those of theophylline is added to the specimen prior to extraction to eliminate the need for accurate measurements of volume during extraction or analysis. 2. This method does not show interference from other xanthines and from a number of drugs commonly prescribed with thephylline. It has an acceptable correlation with a reference gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. 3. This procedure is capable of handling batches of six or more samples faster than the serial processing of either high performance liquid chromatography or gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Estimation of theophylline in plasma by thin-layer chromatography. 1. A quantitative thin-layer chromatographic procedure for theophylline has been evaluated. An internal standard, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a compound similar in properties to those of theophylline is added to the specimen prior to extraction to eliminate the need for accurate measurements of volume during extraction or analysis. 2. This method does not show interference from other xanthines and from a number of drugs commonly prescribed with thephylline. It has an acceptable correlation with a reference gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. 3. This procedure is capable of handling batches of six or more samples faster than the serial processing of either high performance liquid chromatography or gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 647899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3699", "title": "The production of creatine kinase isozyme BB in sera of a patient with prostatic carcinoma and in tumor homogenates.", "content": "1. A CK(BB) fraction was observed in sera of a patient with prostatic carcinoma. The fraction accounted for 59% of the total enzyme activity. A metastatic tumor of a prostatic carcinoma was observed to contain solely the CK(BB) isozyme. An embryonal testicular carcinoma was observed to have a higher percentage of the CK(BB) fraction when compared to the adjacent tumor free testicular tissue in a third patient. These studies suggested that in certain carcinomas there are tissue isozyme modifications at the molecular level. The isozymic modification was suggested as a reversion towards an embroyonic pattern as the adult molecular form tended to disappear while the fetal form increased. This too suggests that the isozymes of CK may be a useful model in elucidating the mechanism through which this transition occurs. 2. The high percentage of CK(BB) in the sera of the patient with metastasis was discussed. The origin could not be determined, but either a primary tumor or a metastatic tumor by their enzyme modifications could account for this increased fraction in sera.", "contents": "The production of creatine kinase isozyme BB in sera of a patient with prostatic carcinoma and in tumor homogenates. 1. A CK(BB) fraction was observed in sera of a patient with prostatic carcinoma. The fraction accounted for 59% of the total enzyme activity. A metastatic tumor of a prostatic carcinoma was observed to contain solely the CK(BB) isozyme. An embryonal testicular carcinoma was observed to have a higher percentage of the CK(BB) fraction when compared to the adjacent tumor free testicular tissue in a third patient. These studies suggested that in certain carcinomas there are tissue isozyme modifications at the molecular level. The isozymic modification was suggested as a reversion towards an embroyonic pattern as the adult molecular form tended to disappear while the fetal form increased. This too suggests that the isozymes of CK may be a useful model in elucidating the mechanism through which this transition occurs. 2. The high percentage of CK(BB) in the sera of the patient with metastasis was discussed. The origin could not be determined, but either a primary tumor or a metastatic tumor by their enzyme modifications could account for this increased fraction in sera.", "PMID": 647900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3700", "title": "An automated method for the analysis of nicotinic acid in serum.", "content": "Rational antihyperlipemic therapy based on the use of nicotinic acid and its derivatives and/or combinations demands a rapid and reliable method for monitoring nicotinic acid blood levels. To this end, an automated colorimetric method for the analysis of nicotinic acid in serum has been elaborated. For serum from rats, dogs and man given p.o. nicotinic acid or 3-pyridine methanol, the method is greater than 90% specific for nicotinic acid. The limit detection for nicotinic acid is 2 microgram/ml based on 0.15 ml of serum or 0.3 microgram/ml based on 1.5 ml of serum.", "contents": "An automated method for the analysis of nicotinic acid in serum. Rational antihyperlipemic therapy based on the use of nicotinic acid and its derivatives and/or combinations demands a rapid and reliable method for monitoring nicotinic acid blood levels. To this end, an automated colorimetric method for the analysis of nicotinic acid in serum has been elaborated. For serum from rats, dogs and man given p.o. nicotinic acid or 3-pyridine methanol, the method is greater than 90% specific for nicotinic acid. The limit detection for nicotinic acid is 2 microgram/ml based on 0.15 ml of serum or 0.3 microgram/ml based on 1.5 ml of serum.", "PMID": 647901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3701", "title": "Automation of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital measurements using the ABA-100 with emit reagents.", "content": "1. The EMIT-AED procedures for phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin have been adapted for use on the ABA-100. 2. A basic language computer program has been developed for data reduction and quality control. 3. Within-run and run-to-run coefficients of variations were, in general, less than 8% across the concentration range tested. 4. Performance data on agreement of duplicates and recovery from \"spiked\" samples were aceptable. 5. The automated procedure provides a two-thirds savings in reagents.", "contents": "Automation of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital measurements using the ABA-100 with emit reagents. 1. The EMIT-AED procedures for phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin have been adapted for use on the ABA-100. 2. A basic language computer program has been developed for data reduction and quality control. 3. Within-run and run-to-run coefficients of variations were, in general, less than 8% across the concentration range tested. 4. Performance data on agreement of duplicates and recovery from \"spiked\" samples were aceptable. 5. The automated procedure provides a two-thirds savings in reagents.", "PMID": 647902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3702", "title": "Sensitivity of in vitro diagnostic dipstick tests to urinary protein.", "content": "Two commonly used brands of reagent strip (dipsticks) were evlauated for their sensitivity to Bence-Jones and seven other urinary proteins. Both brands showed significant differences in sensitivity to albumin, glycoprotein, ribonuclease and lysozyme; both were most sensitive to albumin and least sensitive to globulin. Furthermore, their comparative sensitivities to these proteins also differed markedly. These differences in sensitivity could lead to underestimation of protein content in urine specimens. Tests on urines from patients with multiple myeloma showed that a negative urinary dipstick test result did not rule out the presence of the disease.", "contents": "Sensitivity of in vitro diagnostic dipstick tests to urinary protein. Two commonly used brands of reagent strip (dipsticks) were evlauated for their sensitivity to Bence-Jones and seven other urinary proteins. Both brands showed significant differences in sensitivity to albumin, glycoprotein, ribonuclease and lysozyme; both were most sensitive to albumin and least sensitive to globulin. Furthermore, their comparative sensitivities to these proteins also differed markedly. These differences in sensitivity could lead to underestimation of protein content in urine specimens. Tests on urines from patients with multiple myeloma showed that a negative urinary dipstick test result did not rule out the presence of the disease.", "PMID": 647903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3703", "title": "Reaction rate studies of two enzymatic cholesterol reagent kits.", "content": "Reaction rate studies were carried out on various specimens using two commercial enzymatic cholesterol determination reagent kits (BMC and Worthington). The time required for complete colour formation differed between the two reagent systems and each kit required different incubation times for the standards and specimens to come to color completion. The choice of standards was found to be very important when using these enzymatic kits.", "contents": "Reaction rate studies of two enzymatic cholesterol reagent kits. Reaction rate studies were carried out on various specimens using two commercial enzymatic cholesterol determination reagent kits (BMC and Worthington). The time required for complete colour formation differed between the two reagent systems and each kit required different incubation times for the standards and specimens to come to color completion. The choice of standards was found to be very important when using these enzymatic kits.", "PMID": 647904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3704", "title": "A semi automated procedure for the measurement of 3-methoxy-4 hydroxy mandelic acid.", "content": "A semi automated procedure for the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid (HMMA) in urine has been evaluated. This procedure offers advantages in simplicity, speed and precision over existing manual techniques which utilize spectrophotometric fluorimetric and gas liquid chromatographic methods. The urine is extracted with ethyl acetate from a highly acidic sample, purified by extraction into acetate buffer and the diazo colour reaction developed. All stages of the procedure are carried out using the Brown and semi-automatic extractor equipped with partition tube. The within and between assay coefficient of variation obtained on pooled freeze-dried urine samples was 6.7% and 7.7% respectively.", "contents": "A semi automated procedure for the measurement of 3-methoxy-4 hydroxy mandelic acid. A semi automated procedure for the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid (HMMA) in urine has been evaluated. This procedure offers advantages in simplicity, speed and precision over existing manual techniques which utilize spectrophotometric fluorimetric and gas liquid chromatographic methods. The urine is extracted with ethyl acetate from a highly acidic sample, purified by extraction into acetate buffer and the diazo colour reaction developed. All stages of the procedure are carried out using the Brown and semi-automatic extractor equipped with partition tube. The within and between assay coefficient of variation obtained on pooled freeze-dried urine samples was 6.7% and 7.7% respectively.", "PMID": 647905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3705", "title": "Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate concentrations in the serum of hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is extracted from artificial kidneys, both in vivo and in vitro. Perfusion of whole blood through arterial-,venous tubing (that supplied with the dialyzer) for 1 h in vitro yielded 3.23 mg of the compound, while similar perfusion of the tubing plus the artificial kidney yielded 6.10 mg. Its mean concentration after dialysis in patients undergoing hemodialysis was 751 microgram/liter of serum. Patients who had undergone more than 50 hemodialysis treatments showed significantly higher postdialysis concentrations than patients who had undergone fewer. Uptake of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by the blood during a dialysis session followed two patterns. One set of patients showed a maximum concentration at 3 h, the second set showed a steady increase until the end of dialysis. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate appeared to be rapidly cleared from blood, most being removed within 5 to 7 h of completion of dialysis.", "contents": "Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate concentrations in the serum of hemodialysis patients. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is extracted from artificial kidneys, both in vivo and in vitro. Perfusion of whole blood through arterial-,venous tubing (that supplied with the dialyzer) for 1 h in vitro yielded 3.23 mg of the compound, while similar perfusion of the tubing plus the artificial kidney yielded 6.10 mg. Its mean concentration after dialysis in patients undergoing hemodialysis was 751 microgram/liter of serum. Patients who had undergone more than 50 hemodialysis treatments showed significantly higher postdialysis concentrations than patients who had undergone fewer. Uptake of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by the blood during a dialysis session followed two patterns. One set of patients showed a maximum concentration at 3 h, the second set showed a steady increase until the end of dialysis. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate appeared to be rapidly cleared from blood, most being removed within 5 to 7 h of completion of dialysis.", "PMID": 647906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3706", "title": "Micromethod for determination of creatinine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a procedure for the rapid and specific measurement of creatinine, in which it is separated from other compounds in serum or urine by paired-ion chromatography and is quantified by measuring its absorbance at 200 nm. The procedure can be done on as little as 10 microliter of serum. Between-day precision studies for concentrations of 13 and 62 mg/liter yielded coefficients of variation of 6.9 and 2.2%, respectively. Analytical recovery of various amounts of creatinine added to plasma exceeded 95% in all cases. The proposed procedure was compared with the continuous-flow procedure by analyzing a series of serum and urine specimens by both methods. There was excellent agreement for urine specimens, but with serum the results by the present method were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower.", "contents": "Micromethod for determination of creatinine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. We describe a procedure for the rapid and specific measurement of creatinine, in which it is separated from other compounds in serum or urine by paired-ion chromatography and is quantified by measuring its absorbance at 200 nm. The procedure can be done on as little as 10 microliter of serum. Between-day precision studies for concentrations of 13 and 62 mg/liter yielded coefficients of variation of 6.9 and 2.2%, respectively. Analytical recovery of various amounts of creatinine added to plasma exceeded 95% in all cases. The proposed procedure was compared with the continuous-flow procedure by analyzing a series of serum and urine specimens by both methods. There was excellent agreement for urine specimens, but with serum the results by the present method were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower.", "PMID": 647907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3707", "title": "Urinary polyamine excretion during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Urinary polyamines were measured by a fluorometric thin-layer chromatographic technique in samples collected daily throughout a single menstrual cycle by each of 13 healthy women. Polyamine excretion fluctuated considerably, but excretion of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine combined was consistently greatest during menstruation, sometimes extending into the early follicular phase of the cycle. Enhanced excretion of polyamines was also noticed in many individuals at the approximate time of ovulation.", "contents": "Urinary polyamine excretion during the menstrual cycle. Urinary polyamines were measured by a fluorometric thin-layer chromatographic technique in samples collected daily throughout a single menstrual cycle by each of 13 healthy women. Polyamine excretion fluctuated considerably, but excretion of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine combined was consistently greatest during menstruation, sometimes extending into the early follicular phase of the cycle. Enhanced excretion of polyamines was also noticed in many individuals at the approximate time of ovulation.", "PMID": 647910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3708", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for chloramphenicol in biological fluids.", "content": "We describe a method for measuring chloramphenicol by high-performance liquid chromatography. The assay involves a single extraction of the biological sample with ether, evaporation of the extract, and chromatography of the residue, redissolved in methanol. A reversed-phase column with an eluting solvent of methanol/water (30/70 by vol) is used. Chloramphenicol is eluted from the column in about 4 min and is well separated from the internal standard (mephenesin), which is eluted at 5.5 min. Absorption of the effluent at 278 nm is monitored and measured. As little as 0.1 microgram of the antibiotic can be analyzed after its extraction from a 0.1-ml sample. The method is suitable for rapid and specific analysis for the drug in plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other biological fluids.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for chloramphenicol in biological fluids. We describe a method for measuring chloramphenicol by high-performance liquid chromatography. The assay involves a single extraction of the biological sample with ether, evaporation of the extract, and chromatography of the residue, redissolved in methanol. A reversed-phase column with an eluting solvent of methanol/water (30/70 by vol) is used. Chloramphenicol is eluted from the column in about 4 min and is well separated from the internal standard (mephenesin), which is eluted at 5.5 min. Absorption of the effluent at 278 nm is monitored and measured. As little as 0.1 microgram of the antibiotic can be analyzed after its extraction from a 0.1-ml sample. The method is suitable for rapid and specific analysis for the drug in plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other biological fluids.", "PMID": 647912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3709", "title": "Improved iodination of peptides for radioimmunoassay and membrane radioreceptor assay.", "content": "Generally applicable methods for iodinating and purifying small peptide radiolabels for radioimmunoassay and membrane radioreceptor are described in detail. Resulting improvements in radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay, as well as results of analyses of specific activity, separation from unlabeled peptide, and storage characteristics, are presented for luliberin, corticotropin, melanotropin, and calcitonin.", "contents": "Improved iodination of peptides for radioimmunoassay and membrane radioreceptor assay. Generally applicable methods for iodinating and purifying small peptide radiolabels for radioimmunoassay and membrane radioreceptor are described in detail. Resulting improvements in radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay, as well as results of analyses of specific activity, separation from unlabeled peptide, and storage characteristics, are presented for luliberin, corticotropin, melanotropin, and calcitonin.", "PMID": 647914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3710", "title": "Simple, rapid method for determination of propionic acid and other short-chain fatty acids in serum.", "content": "A semimicro method for measuring propionic and other short-chain fatty acids in serum is presented. The procedure requires as little as 200 microliter of serum. Data are provided for premature infants, children, adults, and patients with propionicacidemia.", "contents": "Simple, rapid method for determination of propionic acid and other short-chain fatty acids in serum. A semimicro method for measuring propionic and other short-chain fatty acids in serum is presented. The procedure requires as little as 200 microliter of serum. Data are provided for premature infants, children, adults, and patients with propionicacidemia.", "PMID": 647915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3711", "title": "(Washington University case conference): acute pancreatitis, hyperlipemia, and normal amylase.", "content": "This case focuses on the biochemical findings in acute pancreatitis and the role of the laboratory in the diagnosis and management of such patients. It also illustrates a major unappreciated problem in the use of amylase determinations in patients with acute pancreatitis: normal serum amylase activity in the presence of hyperlipemia.", "contents": "(Washington University case conference): acute pancreatitis, hyperlipemia, and normal amylase. This case focuses on the biochemical findings in acute pancreatitis and the role of the laboratory in the diagnosis and management of such patients. It also illustrates a major unappreciated problem in the use of amylase determinations in patients with acute pancreatitis: normal serum amylase activity in the presence of hyperlipemia.", "PMID": 647916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3712", "title": "Evaluation of the JET technique for extracting drugs from urine.", "content": "A rapid extraction method preliminary to analysis for drugs in urine is described. Extraction columns containing purified cotton fiber (JETUBE, Manhattan Instrument Co., Santa Monica, Calif.) are shown to give high (approximately 90-97%) extraction efficiencies for some commonly prescribed or abused drugs, notably phenobarbital, amphetamine, morphine, and methadone. Analysis time, extraction efficiency, convenience, and eluate purity with a modified JET procedure are shown to be superior to results obtained with XAD-2 resin columns.", "contents": "Evaluation of the JET technique for extracting drugs from urine. A rapid extraction method preliminary to analysis for drugs in urine is described. Extraction columns containing purified cotton fiber (JETUBE, Manhattan Instrument Co., Santa Monica, Calif.) are shown to give high (approximately 90-97%) extraction efficiencies for some commonly prescribed or abused drugs, notably phenobarbital, amphetamine, morphine, and methadone. Analysis time, extraction efficiency, convenience, and eluate purity with a modified JET procedure are shown to be superior to results obtained with XAD-2 resin columns.", "PMID": 647917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3713", "title": "Posture and the composition of plasma.", "content": "For a group of normal medical students, we examined the effect of posture on the concentration of a number of constituents in plasma. On standing, there is a significant increase in plasma total protein, albumin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and cholesterol--all proteins or substances bound to protein. Although it is possible to make an allowance for postural variations in plasma calcium, no correction is possible for changes in protein concentrations and care is needed whenever the precise values are important, as in the follow-up of patients with the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Posture and the composition of plasma. For a group of normal medical students, we examined the effect of posture on the concentration of a number of constituents in plasma. On standing, there is a significant increase in plasma total protein, albumin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and cholesterol--all proteins or substances bound to protein. Although it is possible to make an allowance for postural variations in plasma calcium, no correction is possible for changes in protein concentrations and care is needed whenever the precise values are important, as in the follow-up of patients with the nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 647918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3714", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme variants in human serum.", "content": "In serum from about 800 patients, total creatine kinase and its subunit B activities were determined by the recommended Scandinavian creatine kinase method in the absence and presence of a creatine kinase M subunit inhibitory antibody. Eight patients had supranormal subunit B activities, but normal or near-normal values for total creatine kinase activity. Electrophoresis of sera from these eight patients showed, in addition to the normally migrating isoenzyme MM, one or two abnormally migrating creatine kinase isoenzyme bands, located between normally migrating isoenzymes MM and MB. Experimental data suggest that these abnormal bands may be isoenzyme BB with changed electrophoretic mobility. The eight patients had no particular disorder in common.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme variants in human serum. In serum from about 800 patients, total creatine kinase and its subunit B activities were determined by the recommended Scandinavian creatine kinase method in the absence and presence of a creatine kinase M subunit inhibitory antibody. Eight patients had supranormal subunit B activities, but normal or near-normal values for total creatine kinase activity. Electrophoresis of sera from these eight patients showed, in addition to the normally migrating isoenzyme MM, one or two abnormally migrating creatine kinase isoenzyme bands, located between normally migrating isoenzymes MM and MB. Experimental data suggest that these abnormal bands may be isoenzyme BB with changed electrophoretic mobility. The eight patients had no particular disorder in common.", "PMID": 647919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3715", "title": "Myoglobinemia in children with progressive muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Out of 13 patients with congenital muscular dystrophy myoglobinemia was proven in four, and nine of 13 cases of Duchenne dystrophy showed myoglobinemia by counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique. Serum myoglobin was positive in 14 out of 15 patients whose serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels rose above 2500 units, whereas positive myoglobinemia was obtained in only one patient in eleven with lower CPK levels. All the myoglobinemic patients were less than 5 years of age in the case of congenital muscular dystrophy and less than 9 years of age in the case of Duchenne dystrophy. Thus, the leakage of myoglobin into the serum from the damaged muscle seemed closely correlated to the age of the patients and level of serum CPK, but not to the type of disease.", "contents": "Myoglobinemia in children with progressive muscular dystrophy. Out of 13 patients with congenital muscular dystrophy myoglobinemia was proven in four, and nine of 13 cases of Duchenne dystrophy showed myoglobinemia by counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique. Serum myoglobin was positive in 14 out of 15 patients whose serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels rose above 2500 units, whereas positive myoglobinemia was obtained in only one patient in eleven with lower CPK levels. All the myoglobinemic patients were less than 5 years of age in the case of congenital muscular dystrophy and less than 9 years of age in the case of Duchenne dystrophy. Thus, the leakage of myoglobin into the serum from the damaged muscle seemed closely correlated to the age of the patients and level of serum CPK, but not to the type of disease.", "PMID": 647964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3716", "title": "Tryptophan metabolism in Japanese and British women and its relationship to endogenous steroid levels.", "content": "The excretion of the tryptophan metabolites L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid, by normal Japanese and British pre-menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women was measured after a loading dose of L-tryptophan. No significant difference was found between the mean excretion levels of the two races. A correlation with the level of plasma oestradiol and the excretion of L-kynurenine and also with the total of the four metabolites was found in pre-menopausal British women but not in Japanese women.", "contents": "Tryptophan metabolism in Japanese and British women and its relationship to endogenous steroid levels. The excretion of the tryptophan metabolites L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid, by normal Japanese and British pre-menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal women was measured after a loading dose of L-tryptophan. No significant difference was found between the mean excretion levels of the two races. A correlation with the level of plasma oestradiol and the excretion of L-kynurenine and also with the total of the four metabolites was found in pre-menopausal British women but not in Japanese women.", "PMID": 647965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3717", "title": "Similar behaviour of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and pseudocholinesterase in liver disease and hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Using exogenous substrate for its assay, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was found to be decreased in liver disease and higher than normal in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. LCAT activity was positively correlated with serum cholesterol and triglyceride. However in the six patients with excessive hypertriglyceridemia (type V), LCAT activity was lower than in type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. LCAT activity was not changed significantly in type II-a hyperlipoproteinemia. A striking parallel was noted between plasma LCAT and serum pseudocholinesterase activity. It suggested that both these liver secretion enzymes might be induced by an accelerated turnover of serum lipids and lipoproteins. Pathogenical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Similar behaviour of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and pseudocholinesterase in liver disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. Using exogenous substrate for its assay, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was found to be decreased in liver disease and higher than normal in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. LCAT activity was positively correlated with serum cholesterol and triglyceride. However in the six patients with excessive hypertriglyceridemia (type V), LCAT activity was lower than in type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. LCAT activity was not changed significantly in type II-a hyperlipoproteinemia. A striking parallel was noted between plasma LCAT and serum pseudocholinesterase activity. It suggested that both these liver secretion enzymes might be induced by an accelerated turnover of serum lipids and lipoproteins. Pathogenical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 647966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3718", "title": "An immunoradiometric assay for the acidic ferritin of human heart: application to human tissues, cells and serum.", "content": "Human tissues contain ferritin molecules with a range of isoelectric points but immunoassays for detecting serum ferritin have generally employed antibodies to the more basic liver or spleen proteins. To study the distribution of more acidic ferritins in tissues and serum acidic ferritin has been isolated from normal human heart and a two-site immunoradiometric assay for this protein developed. This assay gives little cross-reaction with spleen ferritin. Tissue ferritins have been fractionated by anion exchange chromatography and assayed with both spleen and heart antibodies. The spleen ferritin assay detects the more basic ferritin and the heart ferritin assay the more acidic ferritin. Acidic ferritins were found in heart, kidney, reticulocytes and HeLa cells. In sera from normal subjects and patients with iron overload, myocardial infarction, leukaemia and carcinoma only low concentrations of heart ferritin were found, although in the pathological sera spleen ferritin concentrations were generally raised. Circulating ferritin contains only a small proportion of molecules with the immunological characteristics of acidic heart ferritin.", "contents": "An immunoradiometric assay for the acidic ferritin of human heart: application to human tissues, cells and serum. Human tissues contain ferritin molecules with a range of isoelectric points but immunoassays for detecting serum ferritin have generally employed antibodies to the more basic liver or spleen proteins. To study the distribution of more acidic ferritins in tissues and serum acidic ferritin has been isolated from normal human heart and a two-site immunoradiometric assay for this protein developed. This assay gives little cross-reaction with spleen ferritin. Tissue ferritins have been fractionated by anion exchange chromatography and assayed with both spleen and heart antibodies. The spleen ferritin assay detects the more basic ferritin and the heart ferritin assay the more acidic ferritin. Acidic ferritins were found in heart, kidney, reticulocytes and HeLa cells. In sera from normal subjects and patients with iron overload, myocardial infarction, leukaemia and carcinoma only low concentrations of heart ferritin were found, although in the pathological sera spleen ferritin concentrations were generally raised. Circulating ferritin contains only a small proportion of molecules with the immunological characteristics of acidic heart ferritin.", "PMID": 647967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3719", "title": "Lead, copper, and cadmium in teeth of normal and mentally retarded children.", "content": "Whole teeth obtained from handicapped children and from controls have been analysed for lead by anodic stripping voltammetry. No significant differences were found between the two groups. Teeth originating from the same patient showed systematic variations in lead content that are dependant on anatomical tooth type. The nature of this association is discussed. Analyses of sectioned teeth revealed, for cadmium and copper, unexpectedly large variations. High concentrations of cadmium found in the tips of deciduous incisor teeth indicate a probable contribution from maternal blood.", "contents": "Lead, copper, and cadmium in teeth of normal and mentally retarded children. Whole teeth obtained from handicapped children and from controls have been analysed for lead by anodic stripping voltammetry. No significant differences were found between the two groups. Teeth originating from the same patient showed systematic variations in lead content that are dependant on anatomical tooth type. The nature of this association is discussed. Analyses of sectioned teeth revealed, for cadmium and copper, unexpectedly large variations. High concentrations of cadmium found in the tips of deciduous incisor teeth indicate a probable contribution from maternal blood.", "PMID": 647968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3720", "title": "Urinary excretion of macromolecular acidic glycosaminoglycans in Werner's syndrome.", "content": "The urinary acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) of Werner's syndrome were isolated, purified and characterized by gel-chromatography, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, chemical analysis, streptomyces hyaluronidase susceptibility and viscometry. The AGAG appeared at the first peaks of the 0.6 M and 0.8 M fractions obtained through Sephadex G-100 were mainly a a hyaluronic acid (HA). HA was composed of 16% of the urinary AGAG. The AGAG at the first peak had the maximum molecular weight of 360 000 in the 0.8 M fraction followed by lesser molecular weights in the other fractions.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of macromolecular acidic glycosaminoglycans in Werner's syndrome. The urinary acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) of Werner's syndrome were isolated, purified and characterized by gel-chromatography, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, chemical analysis, streptomyces hyaluronidase susceptibility and viscometry. The AGAG appeared at the first peaks of the 0.6 M and 0.8 M fractions obtained through Sephadex G-100 were mainly a a hyaluronic acid (HA). HA was composed of 16% of the urinary AGAG. The AGAG at the first peak had the maximum molecular weight of 360 000 in the 0.8 M fraction followed by lesser molecular weights in the other fractions.", "PMID": 647971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3721", "title": "Human serum Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Human serum Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein (Zn-alpha2-GP) was found to be present in the amniotic fluid in the mean concentration of 0.98 +/- 0.40 mg/100 ml, which represents about one-tenth of its concentration in the maternal serum (9.65 +/- 1.18 mg/100 ml). Its concentration in the amniotic fluid was proportional to the amniotic fluid total protein and very approximately to the maternal serum Zn-alpha2-GP. The relationship between the maternal serum Zn-alpha2GP and the maternal serum total protein as well as between the amniotic fluid total protein and the maternal serum total protein was found to be not significant. The amniotic fluid Zn-alpha2-GP as well as the amniotic fluid total protein showed some increase during gestation to reach the highest values at the end of the second trimester. At present both the origin and significance of the amniotic fluid Zn-alpha2-GP are not known.", "contents": "Human serum Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein in amniotic fluid. Human serum Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein (Zn-alpha2-GP) was found to be present in the amniotic fluid in the mean concentration of 0.98 +/- 0.40 mg/100 ml, which represents about one-tenth of its concentration in the maternal serum (9.65 +/- 1.18 mg/100 ml). Its concentration in the amniotic fluid was proportional to the amniotic fluid total protein and very approximately to the maternal serum Zn-alpha2-GP. The relationship between the maternal serum Zn-alpha2GP and the maternal serum total protein as well as between the amniotic fluid total protein and the maternal serum total protein was found to be not significant. The amniotic fluid Zn-alpha2-GP as well as the amniotic fluid total protein showed some increase during gestation to reach the highest values at the end of the second trimester. At present both the origin and significance of the amniotic fluid Zn-alpha2-GP are not known.", "PMID": 647972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3722", "title": "Comparison of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes determined by an inhibition method and by electrophoresis.", "content": "A chemical inhibition procedure suitable for the routine determination of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes in serum has been adapted for use with a fast kinetic analyzer, System Olli 3000. The results of this procedure are compared with the electrophoretic separation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. The comparison of the results obtained indicates that the AP-urea/AP ratio can be used to differentiate between patients with bone and liver disease and that it is possible to estimate the relative bone and liver isoenzyme activities from this ratio quickly using two simple equations.", "contents": "Comparison of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes determined by an inhibition method and by electrophoresis. A chemical inhibition procedure suitable for the routine determination of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes in serum has been adapted for use with a fast kinetic analyzer, System Olli 3000. The results of this procedure are compared with the electrophoretic separation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. The comparison of the results obtained indicates that the AP-urea/AP ratio can be used to differentiate between patients with bone and liver disease and that it is possible to estimate the relative bone and liver isoenzyme activities from this ratio quickly using two simple equations.", "PMID": 647973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3723", "title": "Human fetal organ alkaline phosphatases.", "content": "The properties of human fetal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been compared with those of purified human adult hepatic and intestinal ALPs. The ALPs from different human fetal organs were divided into two groups. One terminated universal type was presented in fetal liver, spleen, adrenal, kidney, lung, heart, pancreas, thymus and bone, and was similar to adult hepatic-type ALP. The other terminated intestinal type was presented in fetal intestine and meconium and was similar to adult intestinal ALP. The activity of human fetal intestinal ALP increased markedly with the advance of intra-uterine life during fetal development, and that of human fetal thymus ALP increased slightly.", "contents": "Human fetal organ alkaline phosphatases. The properties of human fetal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been compared with those of purified human adult hepatic and intestinal ALPs. The ALPs from different human fetal organs were divided into two groups. One terminated universal type was presented in fetal liver, spleen, adrenal, kidney, lung, heart, pancreas, thymus and bone, and was similar to adult hepatic-type ALP. The other terminated intestinal type was presented in fetal intestine and meconium and was similar to adult intestinal ALP. The activity of human fetal intestinal ALP increased markedly with the advance of intra-uterine life during fetal development, and that of human fetal thymus ALP increased slightly.", "PMID": 647974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3724", "title": "[Postprandial variations in serum bile acid levels in humans free of hepatic or intestinal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The levels of unsulfated, free or conjugated cholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were measured using gas chromatography in 39 humans free of hepatic or intestinal diseases before and 10, 60, 120 and 180 min after ingestion of a standard meal. The probable maximal levels were determined with an error risk lower than 0.05. In fasting subjects, the observed values are comparable with those obtained by other authors working with gas chromatography or radioimmunoassay. Meal ingestion does not influence in the same way the serum levels of the various bile acids: the chemodeoxycholic serum level rose significantly in all cases whereas cholic and deoxycholic serum levels rose only in two-thirds of observed subjects; 60 and 120 min after the meal for chenodeoxycholic acid, and only 60 min after the meal for cholic acid, the mean values are significantly higher than the fasting ones; 120 min after the meal, the chenodeoxycholic and total bile acid probable maximal levels (respectively 7.4 and 10.3 micrometer) are twice the fasting ones. The cholic to chenodeoxycholic serum level ratio is nearly always lower than 1 but may reach 3. On the basis of these results, the validity and efficacy of the exploration tests based on serum bile acid level determinations are discussed.", "contents": "[Postprandial variations in serum bile acid levels in humans free of hepatic or intestinal diseases (author's transl)]. The levels of unsulfated, free or conjugated cholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were measured using gas chromatography in 39 humans free of hepatic or intestinal diseases before and 10, 60, 120 and 180 min after ingestion of a standard meal. The probable maximal levels were determined with an error risk lower than 0.05. In fasting subjects, the observed values are comparable with those obtained by other authors working with gas chromatography or radioimmunoassay. Meal ingestion does not influence in the same way the serum levels of the various bile acids: the chemodeoxycholic serum level rose significantly in all cases whereas cholic and deoxycholic serum levels rose only in two-thirds of observed subjects; 60 and 120 min after the meal for chenodeoxycholic acid, and only 60 min after the meal for cholic acid, the mean values are significantly higher than the fasting ones; 120 min after the meal, the chenodeoxycholic and total bile acid probable maximal levels (respectively 7.4 and 10.3 micrometer) are twice the fasting ones. The cholic to chenodeoxycholic serum level ratio is nearly always lower than 1 but may reach 3. On the basis of these results, the validity and efficacy of the exploration tests based on serum bile acid level determinations are discussed.", "PMID": 647975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3725", "title": "Biliary bile acids in uncomplicated pregnancy and in cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Conjugated and sulfated bile acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and by high-pressure liquid chromatography in gallbladder bile samples of four pregnant women at term and of two patients with cholestasis of pregnancy. In healthy pregnant women the mean ratio of cholyl/chenodeoxycholyl/deoxycholyl glycine was 3.7 : 1 : 0.23 and that of taurine conjugates 3.0 : 1 : 0.25, respectively. In gallbladder bile pool of non-pregnant females these ratios were 1.0 : 1 : 0.00 and 1.0 1 : 0.70, respectively. Thus cholic acid predominated in pregnancy bile. In patients with cholestasis of pregnancy, cholid acid comprised 90% of total biliary bile acids, the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid was greatly decreased and nonsulfated deoxycholic acid was not detected. The proportion of sulfated bile acids of total biliary bile acids was between 0.4 and 1.2% in uncomplicated pregnancy and 0.3 and 0.5% in cholestasis patients.", "contents": "Biliary bile acids in uncomplicated pregnancy and in cholestasis of pregnancy. Conjugated and sulfated bile acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and by high-pressure liquid chromatography in gallbladder bile samples of four pregnant women at term and of two patients with cholestasis of pregnancy. In healthy pregnant women the mean ratio of cholyl/chenodeoxycholyl/deoxycholyl glycine was 3.7 : 1 : 0.23 and that of taurine conjugates 3.0 : 1 : 0.25, respectively. In gallbladder bile pool of non-pregnant females these ratios were 1.0 : 1 : 0.00 and 1.0 1 : 0.70, respectively. Thus cholic acid predominated in pregnancy bile. In patients with cholestasis of pregnancy, cholid acid comprised 90% of total biliary bile acids, the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid was greatly decreased and nonsulfated deoxycholic acid was not detected. The proportion of sulfated bile acids of total biliary bile acids was between 0.4 and 1.2% in uncomplicated pregnancy and 0.3 and 0.5% in cholestasis patients.", "PMID": 647976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3726", "title": "Exocytosis plays an important role in catecholamine secretion from human pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBY) activity, urinary catecholamine (CA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were studied pre- and postoperatively in 20 patients with pheochromocytoma. Preoperative plasma DBH activities were distributed widely, ranging from normal to very high; the mean value of DBH as well as urinary CA and VMA was significantly greater than that of normal subjects. Postoperative falls of plasma DBH activity, of urinary CA and of VMA were by 76%, 96% and 83% of the preoperative level, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between postoperative falls of individual DBH activities, urinary VMA and weight of the tumors, whereas there was correlation neither between preoperative DBH activity and urinary CA, nor between the rate of postoperative falls of these respective values. These findings suggest that pheochromocytoma is capable of secreting DBH, and wide variations in the rate of DBH output from these tumors may account for varying capacity of CA biosynthesis in the tumor. Further, it may be concluded that the process of exocytosis plays an important role in the mode of CA secretion by these tumors, although secretion through diffusion may be operating as well.", "contents": "Exocytosis plays an important role in catecholamine secretion from human pheochromocytoma. Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBY) activity, urinary catecholamine (CA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were studied pre- and postoperatively in 20 patients with pheochromocytoma. Preoperative plasma DBH activities were distributed widely, ranging from normal to very high; the mean value of DBH as well as urinary CA and VMA was significantly greater than that of normal subjects. Postoperative falls of plasma DBH activity, of urinary CA and of VMA were by 76%, 96% and 83% of the preoperative level, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between postoperative falls of individual DBH activities, urinary VMA and weight of the tumors, whereas there was correlation neither between preoperative DBH activity and urinary CA, nor between the rate of postoperative falls of these respective values. These findings suggest that pheochromocytoma is capable of secreting DBH, and wide variations in the rate of DBH output from these tumors may account for varying capacity of CA biosynthesis in the tumor. Further, it may be concluded that the process of exocytosis plays an important role in the mode of CA secretion by these tumors, although secretion through diffusion may be operating as well.", "PMID": 647977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3727", "title": "Glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes.", "content": "A method for the simultaneous determination of glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine in capillary blood samples is described. The whole blood levels of glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine are t.09 +/- 0.20 mmol/l and 25 +/- 8 mumol/l (M +/- S.D.), respectively. The plasma concentration is approximately 4 mumol/l for both compounds. It is important to treat the blood samples with a reducing agent before protein precipitation to release glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine from disulfide linkages since, otherwise, 30--40% of the glutathione and 80% of the gamma-glutamylcysteine is lost with the protein precipitate. Whole blood is preferable to washed erythrocytes for the analysis since the washing procedure involves losses of, especially, gamma-glutamylcysteine.", "contents": "Glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes. A method for the simultaneous determination of glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine in capillary blood samples is described. The whole blood levels of glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine are t.09 +/- 0.20 mmol/l and 25 +/- 8 mumol/l (M +/- S.D.), respectively. The plasma concentration is approximately 4 mumol/l for both compounds. It is important to treat the blood samples with a reducing agent before protein precipitation to release glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine from disulfide linkages since, otherwise, 30--40% of the glutathione and 80% of the gamma-glutamylcysteine is lost with the protein precipitate. Whole blood is preferable to washed erythrocytes for the analysis since the washing procedure involves losses of, especially, gamma-glutamylcysteine.", "PMID": 647978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3728", "title": "A radioassay for pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase activity.", "content": "A simple method for the determination of pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase activity in red cells is described. The radioactive uridine released after incubation with [5-3H]] uridine 5-monophosphate (UMP) is separated on DEAE-cellulose paper and counted. This method does not require preliminary dialysis of the hemolysate and is 50-fold more sensitive than that based on the measurement of the inorganic phosphate released. One patient with pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency was detected with this method.", "contents": "A radioassay for pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase activity. A simple method for the determination of pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase activity in red cells is described. The radioactive uridine released after incubation with [5-3H]] uridine 5-monophosphate (UMP) is separated on DEAE-cellulose paper and counted. This method does not require preliminary dialysis of the hemolysate and is 50-fold more sensitive than that based on the measurement of the inorganic phosphate released. One patient with pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency was detected with this method.", "PMID": 647979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3729", "title": "Quantitative determination of 3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-delta3-pyrrolin-2-one in urine using gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is presented for the quantitation in urine of 3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-delta3-pyrrolin-2-one, a substance associated with hepatic porphyria and psychiatric disorders. The method involves gas-liquid chromatography following solvent extraction using one of two other heterocyclic compounds as internal standards. Quantitation of this substance in the urine of a group of normal subjects is also reported.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of 3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-delta3-pyrrolin-2-one in urine using gas-liquid chromatography. A method is presented for the quantitation in urine of 3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-delta3-pyrrolin-2-one, a substance associated with hepatic porphyria and psychiatric disorders. The method involves gas-liquid chromatography following solvent extraction using one of two other heterocyclic compounds as internal standards. Quantitation of this substance in the urine of a group of normal subjects is also reported.", "PMID": 647980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3730", "title": "Multiple steroid receptors in male breast carcinomas.", "content": "Specific cytosol receptors for estradiol, progesterone and dihydrotestosterone were detected in human male breast carcinomas. Competition studies with excess unlabelled steroids showed that the receptors were distinct binding proteins. The properties and binding specificity of the estradiol receptor in a male breast carcinoma were very similar to those found in female breast tumors. The possible clinical significance of the presence of steroid receptors in male breast tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple steroid receptors in male breast carcinomas. Specific cytosol receptors for estradiol, progesterone and dihydrotestosterone were detected in human male breast carcinomas. Competition studies with excess unlabelled steroids showed that the receptors were distinct binding proteins. The properties and binding specificity of the estradiol receptor in a male breast carcinoma were very similar to those found in female breast tumors. The possible clinical significance of the presence of steroid receptors in male breast tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 647981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3731", "title": "Hyperprolactinaemia and impotence.", "content": "Clinical, laboratory and radiological findings were evaluated in twenty-nine men who had raised serum prolactin concentrations and pituitary tumours. Twenty-one had functionless pituitary tumours ('prolactinomas') and eight had acromegaly. Supraseller extension was detected in twenty of the twenty-six men who had lumbar airencephalography. Three patients were studied before, sixteen before and after and ten only after pituitary ablative therapy. Seventeen of these men complained of complete lack of libido and impotence and six had impaired libido and sexual potency; only six patients in this series denied reproductive symptoms. Thirteen of the impotent subjects had small soft testes, ten reduced facial and body hair and three had marked gynaecomastia. No features of hypogonadism were noted in the six patients without reproductive symptoms and none of the patients had galactorrhoea. Serum prolactin concentrations were higher and serum testosterone concentrations lower in the impotent men compared with those with normal sexual potency. Serum LH and FSH (both basal and in response to LHRH) oestradiol and oestrone concentrations were not different between the two groups and, except in those with post-operative hypopituitarism, were within the normal range. Following successful lowering of prolactin concentrations by surgery or bromocripitine or both, serum testosterone rose and potency returned; by contrast failure to lower prolactin concentrations was associated with persistent impotence and hypogonadism. The endocrine profile of low serum testosterone concentrations with gonadotrophins which had not risen into the range usually seen in primary hypogonadism (together with the parallel increase of LH and testosterone in one patient studied sequentially during treatment which suppressed prolactin levels to normal), suggested that the impaired gonadal function was caused by a prolactin-mediated disturbance of hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinaemia and impotence. Clinical, laboratory and radiological findings were evaluated in twenty-nine men who had raised serum prolactin concentrations and pituitary tumours. Twenty-one had functionless pituitary tumours ('prolactinomas') and eight had acromegaly. Supraseller extension was detected in twenty of the twenty-six men who had lumbar airencephalography. Three patients were studied before, sixteen before and after and ten only after pituitary ablative therapy. Seventeen of these men complained of complete lack of libido and impotence and six had impaired libido and sexual potency; only six patients in this series denied reproductive symptoms. Thirteen of the impotent subjects had small soft testes, ten reduced facial and body hair and three had marked gynaecomastia. No features of hypogonadism were noted in the six patients without reproductive symptoms and none of the patients had galactorrhoea. Serum prolactin concentrations were higher and serum testosterone concentrations lower in the impotent men compared with those with normal sexual potency. Serum LH and FSH (both basal and in response to LHRH) oestradiol and oestrone concentrations were not different between the two groups and, except in those with post-operative hypopituitarism, were within the normal range. Following successful lowering of prolactin concentrations by surgery or bromocripitine or both, serum testosterone rose and potency returned; by contrast failure to lower prolactin concentrations was associated with persistent impotence and hypogonadism. The endocrine profile of low serum testosterone concentrations with gonadotrophins which had not risen into the range usually seen in primary hypogonadism (together with the parallel increase of LH and testosterone in one patient studied sequentially during treatment which suppressed prolactin levels to normal), suggested that the impaired gonadal function was caused by a prolactin-mediated disturbance of hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "PMID": 647983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3732", "title": "Somatostatin inhibits the pentagastrin-induced release of serum calcitonin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on the secretion of calcitonin was studied in four patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The basal serum calcitonin level was markedly elevated in all cases. A bolus injection (100 microgram) of somatostatin followed by an intravenous infusion (5 microgram/min) for 60 min suppressed the basal calcitonin level in three of the four patients by 24-42%, while it had no inhibitory effect in one case. In another experiment, the pentagastrin-stimulated (6 microgram/kg s.c.) calcitonin release was partially blocked by a simultaneous i.v. injection of somatostatin (200 microgram) in all four patients studied. These experiments add human calcitonin to the list of hormones whose release in inhibited by somatostatin.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibits the pentagastrin-induced release of serum calcitonin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The effect of somatostatin on the secretion of calcitonin was studied in four patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The basal serum calcitonin level was markedly elevated in all cases. A bolus injection (100 microgram) of somatostatin followed by an intravenous infusion (5 microgram/min) for 60 min suppressed the basal calcitonin level in three of the four patients by 24-42%, while it had no inhibitory effect in one case. In another experiment, the pentagastrin-stimulated (6 microgram/kg s.c.) calcitonin release was partially blocked by a simultaneous i.v. injection of somatostatin (200 microgram) in all four patients studied. These experiments add human calcitonin to the list of hormones whose release in inhibited by somatostatin.", "PMID": 647984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3733", "title": "The effect of short-and long-term corticosteroid treatment on sleep-associated growth hormone secretion.", "content": "Eight healthy medical studients and four renal transplant patients had blood sampled two or three times hourly throughout EEG monitored nocturnal sleep. This was carried out on the healthy subjects for a total of 12 nights without medication (control nights asleep), a total of 12 nights following 40 mg of flucortolone the previous morning, and a total of 6 nights with similar blood sampling when sleep was prevented (control nights awake). Four renal transplant patients who were receiving long-term therapy with prednisolone were similarly studied (total of 7 nights asleep). Circulating corticosteroid and growth hormone (GH) levels were determined. A peak of GH was seen during the first 2 h of sleep on the control nights when slow-wave sleep predominated. The GH peak was absent on the control nights awake. The pattern of plasma corticosteroid levels was identical during control nights asleep and awake. Both single-dose and chronic corticosteroid administration inhibited the GH peak associated with slow-wave sleep. Chronic corticosteroid therapy, but no single-dose administration in the morning, suppressed the circadian rise of plasma corticosteroids which normally occurs late in sleep.", "contents": "The effect of short-and long-term corticosteroid treatment on sleep-associated growth hormone secretion. Eight healthy medical studients and four renal transplant patients had blood sampled two or three times hourly throughout EEG monitored nocturnal sleep. This was carried out on the healthy subjects for a total of 12 nights without medication (control nights asleep), a total of 12 nights following 40 mg of flucortolone the previous morning, and a total of 6 nights with similar blood sampling when sleep was prevented (control nights awake). Four renal transplant patients who were receiving long-term therapy with prednisolone were similarly studied (total of 7 nights asleep). Circulating corticosteroid and growth hormone (GH) levels were determined. A peak of GH was seen during the first 2 h of sleep on the control nights when slow-wave sleep predominated. The GH peak was absent on the control nights awake. The pattern of plasma corticosteroid levels was identical during control nights asleep and awake. Both single-dose and chronic corticosteroid administration inhibited the GH peak associated with slow-wave sleep. Chronic corticosteroid therapy, but no single-dose administration in the morning, suppressed the circadian rise of plasma corticosteroids which normally occurs late in sleep.", "PMID": 647985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3734", "title": "Technetium uptake in the management of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The thyroid uptake of 99m-technetium after 7 days of triiodothyronine was measured at the end of a course of antithyroid drugs in ninety-seven patients with thyrotoxicosis who were then followed up for at least 1 year. The relapse rate in sixty-six patients in whom the uptake was suppressed to less than 4% was 21% whereas it was 90% in those patients in whom the uptake was more than 4%. A prediction of the outcome on the basis of whether the uptake was more or less than 4% would have been correct in 82% of patients. Serial tests during treatment show that a correct prediction could have been made one year after starting treatment in 86% of cases depending on whether the uptake at that time suppressed to more or less than 6%. The initial unsuppressed 99m-technetium successfully predicted the likelihood of relapse after a course of antithyroid drugs in 75% of patients. We recommend that alternative therapy should be advised in those patients whose uptakes fail to suppress below 6% after 1 year of drug therapy.", "contents": "Technetium uptake in the management of thyrotoxicosis. The thyroid uptake of 99m-technetium after 7 days of triiodothyronine was measured at the end of a course of antithyroid drugs in ninety-seven patients with thyrotoxicosis who were then followed up for at least 1 year. The relapse rate in sixty-six patients in whom the uptake was suppressed to less than 4% was 21% whereas it was 90% in those patients in whom the uptake was more than 4%. A prediction of the outcome on the basis of whether the uptake was more or less than 4% would have been correct in 82% of patients. Serial tests during treatment show that a correct prediction could have been made one year after starting treatment in 86% of cases depending on whether the uptake at that time suppressed to more or less than 6%. The initial unsuppressed 99m-technetium successfully predicted the likelihood of relapse after a course of antithyroid drugs in 75% of patients. We recommend that alternative therapy should be advised in those patients whose uptakes fail to suppress below 6% after 1 year of drug therapy.", "PMID": 647986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3735", "title": "Insulin infusion into the portal and peripheral circulations of unanaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Changes in glucose, phosphate, potassium, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin in peripheral venous blood were compared in five unrestrained fasted dogs during different rates of insulin infusion by the portal and peripheral circulation. The 'low' rate of insulin infusion was that required to produce a fall in plasma glucose of 0.56-0.83 mmol/l (0.024 u/kg/h female, 0.012 u/kg/h male). Two-fold and four-fold higher rates are referred to as 'medium' and 'high' rates, respectively. In all dogs, dose-related reductions in the glucose concentration of peripheral blood resulted from increasing the rate of insulin by either route. At 'low' and 'high' rates of infusion the net response was independent of the route of administration, but the 'medium' rate of insulin infusion led to a greater degree of hypoglycaemia when given peripherally than intraportally. As expected, insulin infused peripherally resulted in graded increases in peripheral insulin levels as the rate of infusion was increased from low to high while, paradoxically, intraportal administration at low and medium infusion rates resulted in a mean decrease of peripheral insulin levels from control, the low-dose producing the most consistent fall. The fact that hypoglycaemia accompanied this fall during portal infusion suggests that these low doses of insulin had a direct effect on plasma phosphate resulting from the change in route of administration of insulin (i.e. increase during portal and decrease during peripheral infusion) also suggests a direct hepatic effect of insulin given intraportally.", "contents": "Insulin infusion into the portal and peripheral circulations of unanaesthetized dogs. Changes in glucose, phosphate, potassium, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin in peripheral venous blood were compared in five unrestrained fasted dogs during different rates of insulin infusion by the portal and peripheral circulation. The 'low' rate of insulin infusion was that required to produce a fall in plasma glucose of 0.56-0.83 mmol/l (0.024 u/kg/h female, 0.012 u/kg/h male). Two-fold and four-fold higher rates are referred to as 'medium' and 'high' rates, respectively. In all dogs, dose-related reductions in the glucose concentration of peripheral blood resulted from increasing the rate of insulin by either route. At 'low' and 'high' rates of infusion the net response was independent of the route of administration, but the 'medium' rate of insulin infusion led to a greater degree of hypoglycaemia when given peripherally than intraportally. As expected, insulin infused peripherally resulted in graded increases in peripheral insulin levels as the rate of infusion was increased from low to high while, paradoxically, intraportal administration at low and medium infusion rates resulted in a mean decrease of peripheral insulin levels from control, the low-dose producing the most consistent fall. The fact that hypoglycaemia accompanied this fall during portal infusion suggests that these low doses of insulin had a direct effect on plasma phosphate resulting from the change in route of administration of insulin (i.e. increase during portal and decrease during peripheral infusion) also suggests a direct hepatic effect of insulin given intraportally.", "PMID": 647987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3736", "title": "Discriminant analysis in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia.", "content": "Linear discriminant analysis, a multivariate statistical procedure, applied to serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bicarbonate, chloride, creatinine and tubular reabsorption of phosphate, proved to be effective in distinguishing patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism from other hypercalcaemic patients in eithy-four retrospective cases. The application of the model to thirty-four prospective cases enabled us to separate correctly, hyperparathyroid patients from non-parathyroid hypercalcaemic patients.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia. Linear discriminant analysis, a multivariate statistical procedure, applied to serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bicarbonate, chloride, creatinine and tubular reabsorption of phosphate, proved to be effective in distinguishing patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism from other hypercalcaemic patients in eithy-four retrospective cases. The application of the model to thirty-four prospective cases enabled us to separate correctly, hyperparathyroid patients from non-parathyroid hypercalcaemic patients.", "PMID": 647988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3737", "title": "The secretion of thyrotrophin with impaired biological activity in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease.", "content": "We describe here two patients with hypothyroidism due to pituitary-hypothalamic disease in whom basal thyrotrophin (TSH) levels measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) were elevated yet when measured by a cytochemical bioassay (CBA) were found to be normal. This finding and the absence of the normal rise of thyroid hormones in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) mediated release of TSH confirms for the first time the secretion of TSH with impaired biological activity. Primary thyroid disease as a cause for the elevated immunoreactive TSH was excluded by the absence of circulating thyroid antibodies and by a normal thyroidal radioiodine uptake response to exogenous TSH.", "contents": "The secretion of thyrotrophin with impaired biological activity in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease. We describe here two patients with hypothyroidism due to pituitary-hypothalamic disease in whom basal thyrotrophin (TSH) levels measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) were elevated yet when measured by a cytochemical bioassay (CBA) were found to be normal. This finding and the absence of the normal rise of thyroid hormones in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) mediated release of TSH confirms for the first time the secretion of TSH with impaired biological activity. Primary thyroid disease as a cause for the elevated immunoreactive TSH was excluded by the absence of circulating thyroid antibodies and by a normal thyroidal radioiodine uptake response to exogenous TSH.", "PMID": 647990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3738", "title": "Hyperthyroidism induced by secondary carcinoma in the thyroid.", "content": "A young women presenting with hyperthyroidism proved to have diffuse infiltration of the thyroid with carcinoma probably from a primary breast adenocarcinoma. The gland was diffusely infiltrated with tumour although the thyroid follicles were intact. Blood thyroid hormone levels were raised but thyroid uptake of iodine was undetectable. It is suggested that the tumour released a locally active agent which stimulated hormone release but not iodine uptake, the latter being very low due to suppression of TSH.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism induced by secondary carcinoma in the thyroid. A young women presenting with hyperthyroidism proved to have diffuse infiltration of the thyroid with carcinoma probably from a primary breast adenocarcinoma. The gland was diffusely infiltrated with tumour although the thyroid follicles were intact. Blood thyroid hormone levels were raised but thyroid uptake of iodine was undetectable. It is suggested that the tumour released a locally active agent which stimulated hormone release but not iodine uptake, the latter being very low due to suppression of TSH.", "PMID": 647992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3739", "title": "Influence of hyperprolactinaemia due to metoclopramide on gonadal function in men.", "content": "Five clinically normal male volunteers were given metoclopramide, 10 mg t.d.s. for 6 weeks. During treatment prolactin concentrations were elevated (over 50 ng/ml) in all. LH, FSH, testosterone and cortisol concentrations were not altered. No change was observed in LH or FSH responses to LHRH testing 4 weeks after the beginning of therapy, compared with pre-treatment values. A reduction in seminal volume and total sperm count were observed in each subject. Four noticed a decrease in libido and three lost spontaneous erections. While the metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinaemia could be the cause of the observed changes in semen and erectile activity, it is possible that this dopamine receptor blocking drug might directly affect central or peripheral mechanism of erection, the testes or accessory organs.", "contents": "Influence of hyperprolactinaemia due to metoclopramide on gonadal function in men. Five clinically normal male volunteers were given metoclopramide, 10 mg t.d.s. for 6 weeks. During treatment prolactin concentrations were elevated (over 50 ng/ml) in all. LH, FSH, testosterone and cortisol concentrations were not altered. No change was observed in LH or FSH responses to LHRH testing 4 weeks after the beginning of therapy, compared with pre-treatment values. A reduction in seminal volume and total sperm count were observed in each subject. Four noticed a decrease in libido and three lost spontaneous erections. While the metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinaemia could be the cause of the observed changes in semen and erectile activity, it is possible that this dopamine receptor blocking drug might directly affect central or peripheral mechanism of erection, the testes or accessory organs.", "PMID": 647993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3740", "title": "Fibre-optic transillumination of the sinuses: a comparison of the value of radiography and transillumination in antral disease.", "content": "The development of transillumination of the paranasal sinuses is reviewed. A technique of transillumination with a fibre-optic source is described. In acute sinusitis there was a very significant correlation between radiography and transilluminometry.", "contents": "Fibre-optic transillumination of the sinuses: a comparison of the value of radiography and transillumination in antral disease. The development of transillumination of the paranasal sinuses is reviewed. A technique of transillumination with a fibre-optic source is described. In acute sinusitis there was a very significant correlation between radiography and transilluminometry.", "PMID": 648003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3741", "title": "Branchiogenic carcinoma.", "content": "An unusual case of upper cervical carcinoma probably of true branchial origin is presented and the literature relevant to this condition reviewed. Branchiogenic carcinoma is a rare condition and should not be diagnosed in the absence of the 4 criteria laid down by Dr Hayes Martin, viz. that the carcinoma should arise in the wall of a branchial cyst, that it should occur along a line from the tragus to the clavicle along the anterior border of sternomastoid, that the histology should be compatible with the branchial apparatus and that no other primary tumour should come to light in a 5-year follow-up. A fifth criterion, ie. the demonstration of premalignant changes in the epithelium of the cyst, is suggested to aid a conclusive diagnosis.", "contents": "Branchiogenic carcinoma. An unusual case of upper cervical carcinoma probably of true branchial origin is presented and the literature relevant to this condition reviewed. Branchiogenic carcinoma is a rare condition and should not be diagnosed in the absence of the 4 criteria laid down by Dr Hayes Martin, viz. that the carcinoma should arise in the wall of a branchial cyst, that it should occur along a line from the tragus to the clavicle along the anterior border of sternomastoid, that the histology should be compatible with the branchial apparatus and that no other primary tumour should come to light in a 5-year follow-up. A fifth criterion, ie. the demonstration of premalignant changes in the epithelium of the cyst, is suggested to aid a conclusive diagnosis.", "PMID": 648005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3742", "title": "Involvement of the carotid artery in tumours of the head and neck.", "content": "Carotid artery involvement in neck tumours causes great concern to surgeons because of the unpredictable effects of carotid artery clamping or excision. Various methods of pre- and peroperative assessment of crossover cerebral circulation are reviewed. The management of 3 cases with extensive tumour involving the carotid artery is described. This comprises a combined operation involving a head and neck surgeon and vascular surgeon using a temporary carotid shunt followed by permanent autogenous vein graft to the internal carotid artery. It is suggested that thorough preoperative investigation combined with a more radical surgical approach can give a more satisfactory outcome in cases of head and neck tumours involving the carotid artery.", "contents": "Involvement of the carotid artery in tumours of the head and neck. Carotid artery involvement in neck tumours causes great concern to surgeons because of the unpredictable effects of carotid artery clamping or excision. Various methods of pre- and peroperative assessment of crossover cerebral circulation are reviewed. The management of 3 cases with extensive tumour involving the carotid artery is described. This comprises a combined operation involving a head and neck surgeon and vascular surgeon using a temporary carotid shunt followed by permanent autogenous vein graft to the internal carotid artery. It is suggested that thorough preoperative investigation combined with a more radical surgical approach can give a more satisfactory outcome in cases of head and neck tumours involving the carotid artery.", "PMID": 648006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3743", "title": "The assessment of adenoidal size by radiological means.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of radiology in the assessment of both adenoidal size and the size of the nasopharyngeal airway. There was a good correlation between the preoperative assessment of the size of the adenoid by radiology and the actual size of the adenoid removed at surgery. A method of estimating the size of the nasopharyngeal airway is described. There was a good inverse correlation between the size of the airway and the weight of the adenoid.", "contents": "The assessment of adenoidal size by radiological means. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of radiology in the assessment of both adenoidal size and the size of the nasopharyngeal airway. There was a good correlation between the preoperative assessment of the size of the adenoid by radiology and the actual size of the adenoid removed at surgery. A method of estimating the size of the nasopharyngeal airway is described. There was a good inverse correlation between the size of the airway and the weight of the adenoid.", "PMID": 648007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3744", "title": "Partial laryngectomy for recurrent cancer after irradiation.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the problems of surgical resection by partial laryngectomy after full therapeutic dosage of Telecobalt irradiation. Material is presented from 2 main treatment centres to indicate trends in surgical treatment and the complications experienced. End results are given which confirm a reasonable expectation of cure and functional conservation by vertical partial laryngectomy for recurrence of glottic cancer after irradiation. However, the results of treatment of recurrent supraglottic cancer by horizontal partial laryngectomy gave much cause for concern in terms of complications and survival. In conclusion an attempt is made, based on the quoted experience, to define the position of conservation surgery after full dosage irradiation of the larynx.", "contents": "Partial laryngectomy for recurrent cancer after irradiation. Attention is drawn to the problems of surgical resection by partial laryngectomy after full therapeutic dosage of Telecobalt irradiation. Material is presented from 2 main treatment centres to indicate trends in surgical treatment and the complications experienced. End results are given which confirm a reasonable expectation of cure and functional conservation by vertical partial laryngectomy for recurrence of glottic cancer after irradiation. However, the results of treatment of recurrent supraglottic cancer by horizontal partial laryngectomy gave much cause for concern in terms of complications and survival. In conclusion an attempt is made, based on the quoted experience, to define the position of conservation surgery after full dosage irradiation of the larynx.", "PMID": 648008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3745", "title": "Iontophoretic anaesthesia of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "Anaesthesia of the tympanic membrane by iontophoresis of lidocaine is a painless and safe method for myringotomy and grommet insertion. Thirty-nine patients with serous otitis media and 11 patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease had their tympanic membranes anaesthetized by iontophoresis of lidocaine; analgesia was perfect for all of them. In the patients with serous otitis media, the insertion of grommets was carried out easily and without pain. Major problems or complications have not been encountered during this study.", "contents": "Iontophoretic anaesthesia of the tympanic membrane. Anaesthesia of the tympanic membrane by iontophoresis of lidocaine is a painless and safe method for myringotomy and grommet insertion. Thirty-nine patients with serous otitis media and 11 patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease had their tympanic membranes anaesthetized by iontophoresis of lidocaine; analgesia was perfect for all of them. In the patients with serous otitis media, the insertion of grommets was carried out easily and without pain. Major problems or complications have not been encountered during this study.", "PMID": 648009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3746", "title": "Surgical approach to the diagnosis of tumours occurring in the superior mediastinum.", "content": "The nature of tumours lying in the superior mediastinum can frequently be decided by the radiologist using a range of techniques varying in sophistication from the plain chest radiograph to transvenous biopsy. Histolocical proof of such lesions usually requires surgical exploration and of the methods available it is believed that mediastinotomy is the safest and most rewarding in terms of positive results. Radical excision of tumours and management of tracheal lesions require the greater surgical access afforded by thoracotomy, median sternotomy and the sternal resection of Grillo.", "contents": "Surgical approach to the diagnosis of tumours occurring in the superior mediastinum. The nature of tumours lying in the superior mediastinum can frequently be decided by the radiologist using a range of techniques varying in sophistication from the plain chest radiograph to transvenous biopsy. Histolocical proof of such lesions usually requires surgical exploration and of the methods available it is believed that mediastinotomy is the safest and most rewarding in terms of positive results. Radical excision of tumours and management of tracheal lesions require the greater surgical access afforded by thoracotomy, median sternotomy and the sternal resection of Grillo.", "PMID": 648012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3747", "title": "Middle ear implantation: its place in the immunohistophysiology of lymphoid tissue.", "content": "The concept of immunotolerance in otological tissue grafting is presented against the background of some fundamental aspects of immunohistophysiology. Available experimental and clinical data on tympanoplasty with allografts are evaluated in relation to this phenomenon of abolished immune reactivity.", "contents": "Middle ear implantation: its place in the immunohistophysiology of lymphoid tissue. The concept of immunotolerance in otological tissue grafting is presented against the background of some fundamental aspects of immunohistophysiology. Available experimental and clinical data on tympanoplasty with allografts are evaluated in relation to this phenomenon of abolished immune reactivity.", "PMID": 648013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3748", "title": "The significance of stimulation in the leucocyte migration test as an indicator of cellular hypersensitivity--studies using Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as antigen.", "content": "To determine whether stimulation of leucocyte migration in the presence of an antigen is a reliable indicator of sensitization, the results of leucocyte migration using a kidney antigen (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) were compared with those of lymphocyte transformation using the same antigen and with the lymphocyte cytotoxicity for cells known to synthesize this antigen. There was a close correlation between the results of all three tests and these findings strongly suggest that the stimulation of leucocyte migration as an immunological phenomenon was as valid as inhibition in demonstrating sensitization.", "contents": "The significance of stimulation in the leucocyte migration test as an indicator of cellular hypersensitivity--studies using Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as antigen. To determine whether stimulation of leucocyte migration in the presence of an antigen is a reliable indicator of sensitization, the results of leucocyte migration using a kidney antigen (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) were compared with those of lymphocyte transformation using the same antigen and with the lymphocyte cytotoxicity for cells known to synthesize this antigen. There was a close correlation between the results of all three tests and these findings strongly suggest that the stimulation of leucocyte migration as an immunological phenomenon was as valid as inhibition in demonstrating sensitization.", "PMID": 648027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3749", "title": "Lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin in patients with asbestosis and pleural mesothelioma.", "content": "Quantitative impairment of lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been demonstrated in six (21%) out of twenty-eight patients with asbestos-associated pulmonary fibrosis, in comparison with a group of unexposed normal controls. The impairment tended to occur in patients with fairly severe fibrosis, comparatively short duration of exposure to asbestos dust and with increases in serum immunoglobulin levels. One patient with asbestosis and an associated bronchial carcinoma also had depressed lymphocyte responses to PHA. These findings suggest a relationship between defective T-lymphocyte function and the fibrotic response in asbestosis. Whether it is also linked with the development of lung cancer, occurring either before or at a pre-clinical stage of tumour growth, and is of value in identifying patients especially at risk should now be explored in longitudinal studies. However, eight out of ten patients with asbestos-associated pleural mesothelioma and without lung fibrosis showed no evidence of impaired cellular immunity, either by in vitro testing with PHA or by vivo delayed hypersensitivity skin testing, indicating that impaired T-lymphocyte function is unlikely to be a common finding in all types of asbestos-associated malignancy.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin in patients with asbestosis and pleural mesothelioma. Quantitative impairment of lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been demonstrated in six (21%) out of twenty-eight patients with asbestos-associated pulmonary fibrosis, in comparison with a group of unexposed normal controls. The impairment tended to occur in patients with fairly severe fibrosis, comparatively short duration of exposure to asbestos dust and with increases in serum immunoglobulin levels. One patient with asbestosis and an associated bronchial carcinoma also had depressed lymphocyte responses to PHA. These findings suggest a relationship between defective T-lymphocyte function and the fibrotic response in asbestosis. Whether it is also linked with the development of lung cancer, occurring either before or at a pre-clinical stage of tumour growth, and is of value in identifying patients especially at risk should now be explored in longitudinal studies. However, eight out of ten patients with asbestos-associated pleural mesothelioma and without lung fibrosis showed no evidence of impaired cellular immunity, either by in vitro testing with PHA or by vivo delayed hypersensitivity skin testing, indicating that impaired T-lymphocyte function is unlikely to be a common finding in all types of asbestos-associated malignancy.", "PMID": 648028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3750", "title": "Complex arming in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: ultrastructural studies of the interaction between human effector cells armed with aggregated anti-DNP antibody and DNP-coated erythrocytes.", "content": "We have examined, by transmission electron microscopy, mixtures of DNP-coated chicken red blood cells and normal human peripheral blood leucocytes 'armed' with alkali-aggregated anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody. The combination of these observations with chromium release assays enabled us to identify four types of effector cell interacting with the target erythrocytes, viz. phagocytic and non-phagocytic monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Comparison of these findings with previous work, using antibody-coated targets, allowed us to conclude that the mechanisms and cell types involved are similar. We also demonstrated the short-lived cytotoxic potential of cells armed in this manner.", "contents": "Complex arming in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: ultrastructural studies of the interaction between human effector cells armed with aggregated anti-DNP antibody and DNP-coated erythrocytes. We have examined, by transmission electron microscopy, mixtures of DNP-coated chicken red blood cells and normal human peripheral blood leucocytes 'armed' with alkali-aggregated anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody. The combination of these observations with chromium release assays enabled us to identify four types of effector cell interacting with the target erythrocytes, viz. phagocytic and non-phagocytic monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Comparison of these findings with previous work, using antibody-coated targets, allowed us to conclude that the mechanisms and cell types involved are similar. We also demonstrated the short-lived cytotoxic potential of cells armed in this manner.", "PMID": 648029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3751", "title": "Warfarin sodium: steady-state plasma levels and patient age.", "content": "1. Steady-state plasma levels of warfarin were measured in thirty-nine ambulatory patients attending a haematology clinic. 2. Plasma concentrations, plasma clearance, and prothrombin ratio showed no significant differences when patients below 65 years of age were compared with those above 65 years. The mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin required was marginally greater for the younger patients but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). 3. A significant relationship was found between the daily maintenance dose of warfarin required by all patients and their mean steady-state plasma level (r = 0.5667, P less than 0.001). 4. For one elderly hospitalized patient it was apparent that there was a marked depression of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis by warfarin which was associated with a hypoprothrombinaemic response.", "contents": "Warfarin sodium: steady-state plasma levels and patient age. 1. Steady-state plasma levels of warfarin were measured in thirty-nine ambulatory patients attending a haematology clinic. 2. Plasma concentrations, plasma clearance, and prothrombin ratio showed no significant differences when patients below 65 years of age were compared with those above 65 years. The mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin required was marginally greater for the younger patients but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). 3. A significant relationship was found between the daily maintenance dose of warfarin required by all patients and their mean steady-state plasma level (r = 0.5667, P less than 0.001). 4. For one elderly hospitalized patient it was apparent that there was a marked depression of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis by warfarin which was associated with a hypoprothrombinaemic response.", "PMID": 648034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3752", "title": "Assessment of the coronary vasodilator action of SK&F 24260 in the dog.", "content": "1. The effects of SK&F 24260 administered intravenously or intraduodenally on the coronary outflow, coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-V O2), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), systemic blood pressure, heart rate and atrioventricular (AV) conduction time were examined in open-chest dogs. 2. SK&F 24260 in doses of 0.3-10 microgram/kg, i.v., caused a dose-dependent increase in coronary sinus outflow, but the increase was smaller with 30 microgram/kg, i.v., than with 10 microgram/kg, i.v. 3. SK&F 24260 (0.3-30 microgram/kg, i.v.) decreased A-V O2 and MVO2 in a dose-dependent manner. 4. SK&F 24260 (0.3-30 microgram/kg, i.v.) decreased systemic blood pressure and heart rate, and increased AV conduction time. 5. Intraduodenal administration of SK&F 24260 (1 mg/kg) produced almost the same effects on coronary sinus outflow, A-V O2, MVO2, systemic blood pressure, heart rate and AV conduction time as did the intravenous administration of the compound (10 microgram/kg). 6. The property of SK&F 24260 to increase the coronary blood flow and to moderately decrease MVO2, systemic blood pressure and heart rate indicates that this agent is a potential antianginal drug.", "contents": "Assessment of the coronary vasodilator action of SK&F 24260 in the dog. 1. The effects of SK&F 24260 administered intravenously or intraduodenally on the coronary outflow, coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-V O2), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), systemic blood pressure, heart rate and atrioventricular (AV) conduction time were examined in open-chest dogs. 2. SK&F 24260 in doses of 0.3-10 microgram/kg, i.v., caused a dose-dependent increase in coronary sinus outflow, but the increase was smaller with 30 microgram/kg, i.v., than with 10 microgram/kg, i.v. 3. SK&F 24260 (0.3-30 microgram/kg, i.v.) decreased A-V O2 and MVO2 in a dose-dependent manner. 4. SK&F 24260 (0.3-30 microgram/kg, i.v.) decreased systemic blood pressure and heart rate, and increased AV conduction time. 5. Intraduodenal administration of SK&F 24260 (1 mg/kg) produced almost the same effects on coronary sinus outflow, A-V O2, MVO2, systemic blood pressure, heart rate and AV conduction time as did the intravenous administration of the compound (10 microgram/kg). 6. The property of SK&F 24260 to increase the coronary blood flow and to moderately decrease MVO2, systemic blood pressure and heart rate indicates that this agent is a potential antianginal drug.", "PMID": 648031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3753", "title": "Pressor action of pyridine-2-aldoxime in malathion poisoning.", "content": "1. Intravenous injections of pyridine-2-aldoxime (PAM) produced a marked, prolonged and dose-related rise in blood pressure in anaesthetized cats treated with malathion (MT) and without malathion (NMT). 2. The pressor effect of PAM was significantly reduced by phentolamine and phenoxygenzamine, but unaffected by hexamethonium. 3. Pretreatment with guanethidine and reserpine almost completely abolished the pressor response to PAM. 4. The results indicate that PAM has a potent sympathomimetic action which appears to be mediated through release of catecholamines from storage sites.", "contents": "Pressor action of pyridine-2-aldoxime in malathion poisoning. 1. Intravenous injections of pyridine-2-aldoxime (PAM) produced a marked, prolonged and dose-related rise in blood pressure in anaesthetized cats treated with malathion (MT) and without malathion (NMT). 2. The pressor effect of PAM was significantly reduced by phentolamine and phenoxygenzamine, but unaffected by hexamethonium. 3. Pretreatment with guanethidine and reserpine almost completely abolished the pressor response to PAM. 4. The results indicate that PAM has a potent sympathomimetic action which appears to be mediated through release of catecholamines from storage sites.", "PMID": 648032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3754", "title": "Blood access.", "content": "Blood access is the most important determinant for the continued well-being of an end-stage renal failure patient, maintained on hemodialysis. From the variety of angioaccess techniques available today, the choice of one most suitable for a patient, applied at the appropriate time with an exacting technique may liberate the patient from incessant fear of loss of his \"life line\". Quinton-Schribner shunt as a prototype of external prosthetic angioaccess devices made life on the artificial kidney possible, but repeated thrombosis, inevitable infection, limitations of activity and threat of accidental dislodgement have severly restricted its usefulness. The internal arteriovenous fistula and its several modifications have almost completely supplanted the use of external prosthetic devices. When the procedure of choice, a direct arterio-venous fistula, is not applicable, an interposed graft of biologic prosthetic origin may be employed. Percutaneous femoral vein catheterization and veno-venous dialysis is an acceptable, indeed a valuable \"stop gap\" measure.", "contents": "Blood access. Blood access is the most important determinant for the continued well-being of an end-stage renal failure patient, maintained on hemodialysis. From the variety of angioaccess techniques available today, the choice of one most suitable for a patient, applied at the appropriate time with an exacting technique may liberate the patient from incessant fear of loss of his \"life line\". Quinton-Schribner shunt as a prototype of external prosthetic angioaccess devices made life on the artificial kidney possible, but repeated thrombosis, inevitable infection, limitations of activity and threat of accidental dislodgement have severly restricted its usefulness. The internal arteriovenous fistula and its several modifications have almost completely supplanted the use of external prosthetic devices. When the procedure of choice, a direct arterio-venous fistula, is not applicable, an interposed graft of biologic prosthetic origin may be employed. Percutaneous femoral vein catheterization and veno-venous dialysis is an acceptable, indeed a valuable \"stop gap\" measure.", "PMID": 648042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3755", "title": "The influence of subacute dyflos administration on the sensitivity to agonists of longitudinal and circular muscle preparations of the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "1. Changes in the EC50 values to various agonists in longitudinal and circular muscle preparations of guinea-pig ileum were investigated following daily pretreatment of the animals for 10 days with dyflos (1.2 mg/kg, s.c.). 2. In the longitudinal muscle no significant change in sensitivity to acetylcholine and potassium chloride was noted following dyflos treatment. Marked subsensitivity to carbachol and histamine was observed. 3. In circular muscle a marked supersensitivity to acetylcholine occurred and there was no change in sensitivity to carbachol. 4. Dyflos treatment induced an increase in the slope of the log concentration-response curve and the maximal contractile response obtained to agonists in both longitudinal and circular muscle preparations. An increase in tissue mass was also associated with dyflos pretreatment. 5. Subsensitivity development was not attributable to changes in affinity for agonists at the receptor site but rather to changes at the post-receptor level leading to a nonspecific subsensitivity.", "contents": "The influence of subacute dyflos administration on the sensitivity to agonists of longitudinal and circular muscle preparations of the guinea-pig ileum. 1. Changes in the EC50 values to various agonists in longitudinal and circular muscle preparations of guinea-pig ileum were investigated following daily pretreatment of the animals for 10 days with dyflos (1.2 mg/kg, s.c.). 2. In the longitudinal muscle no significant change in sensitivity to acetylcholine and potassium chloride was noted following dyflos treatment. Marked subsensitivity to carbachol and histamine was observed. 3. In circular muscle a marked supersensitivity to acetylcholine occurred and there was no change in sensitivity to carbachol. 4. Dyflos treatment induced an increase in the slope of the log concentration-response curve and the maximal contractile response obtained to agonists in both longitudinal and circular muscle preparations. An increase in tissue mass was also associated with dyflos pretreatment. 5. Subsensitivity development was not attributable to changes in affinity for agonists at the receptor site but rather to changes at the post-receptor level leading to a nonspecific subsensitivity.", "PMID": 648035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3756", "title": "Some biochemical responses of rat skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin (notexin) isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus.", "content": "1. Some biochemical responses of mammalian skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a purified toxin from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, have been investigated to determine the role of changes in peptide hydrolase enzymes in the muscle wasting caused by notexin administration. 2. Within 6 h of injection, serum creatine kinase activity was increased by five- to ten-fold, and remained elevated for at least 24 h. 3. There was an initial inflammatory response in the muscle adjacent to the site of injection; by 12 h after injection, muscle wet weight increased by 60%. 4. After the initial increase, wet weight fell to about 50% of normal at 7 days. Normal wet weight was achieved by 20 days after the injection. Over the period 1-20 days after the injection of the toxin, the changes in wet weight were mirrored by changes in non-collagen protein content. 5. The activities of cathepsin B and acid proteinase were increased following the injection of the toxin. By 2 days after injection, there was a ten-fold increase in the activity of cathepsin B, and a seven-fold increase in the activity of acid proteinase. The activity of both enzymes become normal by 20 days. 6. Experiments utilizing a variety of cytotoxic drugs suggested that the acid proteinase and cathespin B are primarily located within invading phagocytic cells. 7. The results are discussed with reference to the previously described pathology of toxin-damaged skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Some biochemical responses of rat skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin (notexin) isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. 1. Some biochemical responses of mammalian skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a purified toxin from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, have been investigated to determine the role of changes in peptide hydrolase enzymes in the muscle wasting caused by notexin administration. 2. Within 6 h of injection, serum creatine kinase activity was increased by five- to ten-fold, and remained elevated for at least 24 h. 3. There was an initial inflammatory response in the muscle adjacent to the site of injection; by 12 h after injection, muscle wet weight increased by 60%. 4. After the initial increase, wet weight fell to about 50% of normal at 7 days. Normal wet weight was achieved by 20 days after the injection. Over the period 1-20 days after the injection of the toxin, the changes in wet weight were mirrored by changes in non-collagen protein content. 5. The activities of cathepsin B and acid proteinase were increased following the injection of the toxin. By 2 days after injection, there was a ten-fold increase in the activity of cathepsin B, and a seven-fold increase in the activity of acid proteinase. The activity of both enzymes become normal by 20 days. 6. Experiments utilizing a variety of cytotoxic drugs suggested that the acid proteinase and cathespin B are primarily located within invading phagocytic cells. 7. The results are discussed with reference to the previously described pathology of toxin-damaged skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 648033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3757", "title": "Ultrafiltration without dialysis for removal of fluid and solutes in uremia.", "content": "A review is presented of the use of sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis to facilitate asymptomatic fluid removal in dialysis patiens, and the use of ultrafiltration as a method to remove uremic compounds. In sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis, the two physical principles in hemodialysis are separated in time. Hypotension and other side-effects which may be encountered when the two procedures take place simultaneously are eliminated or minimized by sequential treatment. Hemofiltration is an entirely new form of treatment, which mimics the performance of the human kidney better than hemodialysis. The blood is purified by ultrafiltration and fluid replacement either before or after the ultrafilter device. Preserved well-being or improvement in clinical condition have been reported after prolonged treatment with hemofiltration in spite of relatively inefficient elimination of small molecules as urea and creatinine. The most consistent beneficial effect of hemofiltration appears to be better blood pressure control in severely hypertensive patients than with conventional hemodialysis.", "contents": "Ultrafiltration without dialysis for removal of fluid and solutes in uremia. A review is presented of the use of sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis to facilitate asymptomatic fluid removal in dialysis patiens, and the use of ultrafiltration as a method to remove uremic compounds. In sequential ultrafiltration and dialysis, the two physical principles in hemodialysis are separated in time. Hypotension and other side-effects which may be encountered when the two procedures take place simultaneously are eliminated or minimized by sequential treatment. Hemofiltration is an entirely new form of treatment, which mimics the performance of the human kidney better than hemodialysis. The blood is purified by ultrafiltration and fluid replacement either before or after the ultrafilter device. Preserved well-being or improvement in clinical condition have been reported after prolonged treatment with hemofiltration in spite of relatively inefficient elimination of small molecules as urea and creatinine. The most consistent beneficial effect of hemofiltration appears to be better blood pressure control in severely hypertensive patients than with conventional hemodialysis.", "PMID": 648043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3758", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of clonidine administered intramuscularly or intravenously to anaesthetized rats.", "content": "1. The acute haemodynamic effects of clonidine, 0.001-1.0 mg/kg, administered intramuscularly or intravenously, were studied in anaesthetized rats. 2. The direct pressor potency of clonidine was 100-fold greater following intravenous administration than after intramuscular injection, but hypotensive efficacy was equal by either route.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of clonidine administered intramuscularly or intravenously to anaesthetized rats. 1. The acute haemodynamic effects of clonidine, 0.001-1.0 mg/kg, administered intramuscularly or intravenously, were studied in anaesthetized rats. 2. The direct pressor potency of clonidine was 100-fold greater following intravenous administration than after intramuscular injection, but hypotensive efficacy was equal by either route.", "PMID": 648037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3759", "title": "Unsolved technical problems of maintenance dialysis.", "content": "The present paper describes some of the technical inadequacies in the clinical practice of dialysis. Problem areas of hemodialysis, i.e., those related to blood access, dialyzer and delivery system, are treated in depth. Corollaries with peritoneal dialysis are obvious. Research priorities, in particular development of a more sophisticated delivery system, are suggested. The intent of this discussion is to outline a rational progression in improvement of care of the end-stage renal disease patient.", "contents": "Unsolved technical problems of maintenance dialysis. The present paper describes some of the technical inadequacies in the clinical practice of dialysis. Problem areas of hemodialysis, i.e., those related to blood access, dialyzer and delivery system, are treated in depth. Corollaries with peritoneal dialysis are obvious. Research priorities, in particular development of a more sophisticated delivery system, are suggested. The intent of this discussion is to outline a rational progression in improvement of care of the end-stage renal disease patient.", "PMID": 648044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3760", "title": "A study of the interaction of practolol with acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin and bradykinin in the guinea-pig, and with bean-sprout juice in the mouse.", "content": "1. The interactions of practolol with acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin and bradykinin were studied on the trachea and lung of the guinea-pig, an animal whose sensitivity to bronchoactive endogens is known to be similar to that of human asthmatic bronchi. 2. Practolol, like propranolol, potentiated the action of the first three agonists mentioned above, but, unlike propranolol, it did not potentiate the bronchospastic effect of bradykinin. 3. Practolol, in fact, antagonized the action of bradykinin, but this effect was unlike that produced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 4. The possibility that beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists might show adverse interactions with certain foodstuffs was investigated, an is discussed. 5. It is suggested that the feasibility of the continued use of practolol (or the newer cardioselective beta-blockers) in asthmatics necessarily depends on the type of allergic reaction involved, and so it is not possible to generalize. Any drug or food that might cause a bronchospastic effect synergistically in the presence of a beta- adrenoreceptor antagonist, even a cardioselective one, should be regarded with suspicion.", "contents": "A study of the interaction of practolol with acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin and bradykinin in the guinea-pig, and with bean-sprout juice in the mouse. 1. The interactions of practolol with acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin and bradykinin were studied on the trachea and lung of the guinea-pig, an animal whose sensitivity to bronchoactive endogens is known to be similar to that of human asthmatic bronchi. 2. Practolol, like propranolol, potentiated the action of the first three agonists mentioned above, but, unlike propranolol, it did not potentiate the bronchospastic effect of bradykinin. 3. Practolol, in fact, antagonized the action of bradykinin, but this effect was unlike that produced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 4. The possibility that beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists might show adverse interactions with certain foodstuffs was investigated, an is discussed. 5. It is suggested that the feasibility of the continued use of practolol (or the newer cardioselective beta-blockers) in asthmatics necessarily depends on the type of allergic reaction involved, and so it is not possible to generalize. Any drug or food that might cause a bronchospastic effect synergistically in the presence of a beta- adrenoreceptor antagonist, even a cardioselective one, should be regarded with suspicion.", "PMID": 648039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3761", "title": "Separation of two conjugates of clofibric acid (CPIB) found in the urine of subjects taking clofibrate.", "content": "1. Two main conjugates of CPIB (2-[chlorophenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid) are present in the urine of subjects taking clofibrate. The metabolites can be separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). 2. Both conjugates are hydrolysed by dilute alkali, but only one is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. In eighty-five urine specimens this conjugate accounted for an average of 54.5% (range 25-70%) of the total CPIB, while 2.6-12.45% (mean 5.1%) was present as free CPIB.", "contents": "Separation of two conjugates of clofibric acid (CPIB) found in the urine of subjects taking clofibrate. 1. Two main conjugates of CPIB (2-[chlorophenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid) are present in the urine of subjects taking clofibrate. The metabolites can be separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). 2. Both conjugates are hydrolysed by dilute alkali, but only one is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. In eighty-five urine specimens this conjugate accounted for an average of 54.5% (range 25-70%) of the total CPIB, while 2.6-12.45% (mean 5.1%) was present as free CPIB.", "PMID": 648038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3762", "title": "Coping with disability and the surgical experience: body image of scoliotic female adolescents.", "content": "Twenty-five adolescent girls undergoing surgery for correction of idiopathic scoliosis (curvature of the spine) were administered the Rorschach Ink Blot Test preoperatively, and the House-Tree-Person Test preoperatively, postoperatively, and at one year follow-up. In the figure drawing test younger girls scored significantly higher than older girls in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. The older adolescent's sensitivity of issues of physical attractiveness and bodily functioning increased her painful awareness of the deformity. With other measures, girls who denied their deformity significantly differed from nondenyers in their ability to cope with the stress of surgery; they had greater feelings of vulnerability and perception of the self as the object of an aggressive attack. Such denying, highly anxious patients need greater psychologic preparation prior to surgery. The limited motility of the postoperative scoliotic patient distorts body image perception and promotes feelings of passivity and helplessness.", "contents": "Coping with disability and the surgical experience: body image of scoliotic female adolescents. Twenty-five adolescent girls undergoing surgery for correction of idiopathic scoliosis (curvature of the spine) were administered the Rorschach Ink Blot Test preoperatively, and the House-Tree-Person Test preoperatively, postoperatively, and at one year follow-up. In the figure drawing test younger girls scored significantly higher than older girls in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. The older adolescent's sensitivity of issues of physical attractiveness and bodily functioning increased her painful awareness of the deformity. With other measures, girls who denied their deformity significantly differed from nondenyers in their ability to cope with the stress of surgery; they had greater feelings of vulnerability and perception of the self as the object of an aggressive attack. Such denying, highly anxious patients need greater psychologic preparation prior to surgery. The limited motility of the postoperative scoliotic patient distorts body image perception and promotes feelings of passivity and helplessness.", "PMID": 648063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3763", "title": "Requesting the autopsy: a pediatric perspective. Psychosocial and professional aspects of the autopsy in caring for the dying child and his family.", "content": "Many physicians find the request for autopsy to be one of the most difficult and unpleasant aspects of pediatrics. Lack of preparation, their own emotional reactions, and ambivalence about the necessity of autopsies contribute to this. This article offers an approach to the autopsy that emphasizes its importance to families and to pediatrics, and suggests a role for the physician at the time of the child's death that is both professionally and personally gratifying.", "contents": "Requesting the autopsy: a pediatric perspective. Psychosocial and professional aspects of the autopsy in caring for the dying child and his family. Many physicians find the request for autopsy to be one of the most difficult and unpleasant aspects of pediatrics. Lack of preparation, their own emotional reactions, and ambivalence about the necessity of autopsies contribute to this. This article offers an approach to the autopsy that emphasizes its importance to families and to pediatrics, and suggests a role for the physician at the time of the child's death that is both professionally and personally gratifying.", "PMID": 648064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3764", "title": "Intentional poisoning of two siblings by prescription drugs. An unusual form of child abuse.", "content": "The two cases described in this report are examples of a bizarre form of a child abuse. Intentional poisoning with prescription drugs was used by the mother to simulate an underlying disease in her two children. Combined with misleading history and interference with laboratory procedures, she confounded physicians for years, and led to unnecessary hospitalizations, treatment and multiple laboratory procedures for these children. This report may alert physicians to earlier recognition of this form of child abuse.", "contents": "Intentional poisoning of two siblings by prescription drugs. An unusual form of child abuse. The two cases described in this report are examples of a bizarre form of a child abuse. Intentional poisoning with prescription drugs was used by the mother to simulate an underlying disease in her two children. Combined with misleading history and interference with laboratory procedures, she confounded physicians for years, and led to unnecessary hospitalizations, treatment and multiple laboratory procedures for these children. This report may alert physicians to earlier recognition of this form of child abuse.", "PMID": 648068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3765", "title": "Propranolol withdrawal and thyroid hormones in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of abrupt withdrawal of propranolol on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was investigated in 5 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. The patients had been treated from 2 to 18 mo before the study was begun. Doses varied from 160 to 480 mg propranolol daily. Four of the patients studied developed tachycardia, sweating, or tremor within 2 to 6 days after withdrawal of propranolol. In 1 patient reversible ischemic ECG changes were recorded. The serum concentrations of free T3 increased in the 4 patients suffering from withdrawal symptoms. The mean increase on the day the symptoms started was 51% (range, 22 to 74, 2 p = 0.01). This increase in serum-free T3 correlated positively with the serum propranolol concentration on the last day propranolol was given (r = 0.91, 2 p = 0.03). In the one patient, who did not develop withdrawal symptoms, the serum concentration of propranolol was very low, and the free T3 level remained unchanged. No significant changes in serum concentrations of free T4 or total thyroid hormones were found in any of the patients. We suggest that the propranolol withdrawal symptoms are, at least partially, caused by an increase in the thyroid hormone, T3.", "contents": "Propranolol withdrawal and thyroid hormones in patients with essential hypertension. The effect of abrupt withdrawal of propranolol on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was investigated in 5 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. The patients had been treated from 2 to 18 mo before the study was begun. Doses varied from 160 to 480 mg propranolol daily. Four of the patients studied developed tachycardia, sweating, or tremor within 2 to 6 days after withdrawal of propranolol. In 1 patient reversible ischemic ECG changes were recorded. The serum concentrations of free T3 increased in the 4 patients suffering from withdrawal symptoms. The mean increase on the day the symptoms started was 51% (range, 22 to 74, 2 p = 0.01). This increase in serum-free T3 correlated positively with the serum propranolol concentration on the last day propranolol was given (r = 0.91, 2 p = 0.03). In the one patient, who did not develop withdrawal symptoms, the serum concentration of propranolol was very low, and the free T3 level remained unchanged. No significant changes in serum concentrations of free T4 or total thyroid hormones were found in any of the patients. We suggest that the propranolol withdrawal symptoms are, at least partially, caused by an increase in the thyroid hormone, T3.", "PMID": 648076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3766", "title": "Bronchodilating effect of terbutaline aerosol.", "content": "We compared the efficacy of terbutaline with that of metaproterenol, isoproterenol, and placebo aerosols in 16 asthmatic patients. Terbutaline, metaproterenol, and isoproterenol produced equivalent improvements in flow rates. At 5 hr, the effect of terbutaline on tests of small airways, FEF25%--75%, and FEF50%, was greater (p less than 0.05) than that of metaproterenol and isoproterenol. Terbutaline produced no significant change of heart rate or blood pressure.", "contents": "Bronchodilating effect of terbutaline aerosol. We compared the efficacy of terbutaline with that of metaproterenol, isoproterenol, and placebo aerosols in 16 asthmatic patients. Terbutaline, metaproterenol, and isoproterenol produced equivalent improvements in flow rates. At 5 hr, the effect of terbutaline on tests of small airways, FEF25%--75%, and FEF50%, was greater (p less than 0.05) than that of metaproterenol and isoproterenol. Terbutaline produced no significant change of heart rate or blood pressure.", "PMID": 648077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3767", "title": "Furosemide kinetics in renal failure.", "content": "Furosemide kinetics were studied in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. Comparison of results from intravenous bolus and intravenous infusion in normal subjects showed no significant model dependency of estimations of furosemide clearance, although the average clearance by fitting to a one-compartment model was 16% higher than that obtained by fitting to a two-compartment model. Normal subjects had a total body clearance of furosemide of 1.53 +/- 0.11 (SE) ml/min/kg, a volume of the central compartment of 2.61 +/- 0.37 L, a volume of the peripheral compartment of 2.48 +/- 0.24 L, and a half-life of 0.8 +/- 0.06 hr and they absorbed 68.9% +/- 7.1% of a solution of furosemide given by mouth. The corresponding values in patients with renal failure were 0.27 +/- 0.03 ml/min/kg, 8.02 +/- 0.96 L, 14.1 +/- 3.57 L, 14.2 +/- 2.30 hr, and 43.4% +/- 8.0%, all differing significantly different from the normal. The bioavailability of 500-mg tablets of furosemide in the renal failure patients was 43.4% +/- 7.4%, equivalent to the absorption of the dose given to the same patients in the form of a solution.", "contents": "Furosemide kinetics in renal failure. Furosemide kinetics were studied in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. Comparison of results from intravenous bolus and intravenous infusion in normal subjects showed no significant model dependency of estimations of furosemide clearance, although the average clearance by fitting to a one-compartment model was 16% higher than that obtained by fitting to a two-compartment model. Normal subjects had a total body clearance of furosemide of 1.53 +/- 0.11 (SE) ml/min/kg, a volume of the central compartment of 2.61 +/- 0.37 L, a volume of the peripheral compartment of 2.48 +/- 0.24 L, and a half-life of 0.8 +/- 0.06 hr and they absorbed 68.9% +/- 7.1% of a solution of furosemide given by mouth. The corresponding values in patients with renal failure were 0.27 +/- 0.03 ml/min/kg, 8.02 +/- 0.96 L, 14.1 +/- 3.57 L, 14.2 +/- 2.30 hr, and 43.4% +/- 8.0%, all differing significantly different from the normal. The bioavailability of 500-mg tablets of furosemide in the renal failure patients was 43.4% +/- 7.4%, equivalent to the absorption of the dose given to the same patients in the form of a solution.", "PMID": 648078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3768", "title": "Relation between plasma concentration of indomethacin and its effect on prostaglandin synthesis and platelet aggregation in man.", "content": "The dose and plasma levels of indomethacin correlated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as measured both by urinary excretion of the major metabolite of prostaglandin E2 (PGE-M) and by the release of prostaglandin E2 from thrombin-stimulated platelets. Considerable intersubject variability was observed in the suppression of PGE-M excretion. In some patients 37.5 mg indomethacin daily, usually considered subtherapeutic, caused suppression. Maximal suppression (greater than 90%) occurred in some after a daily dose of 75 mg, whereas 150 mg was required to achieve this level of inhibition in others. Suppression of the excretion of PGE-M by 60% occurred when the end of the dosage interval plasma levels of indomethacin were in the range 0.05 to 0.3 microgram/ml, which implies that a somewhat higher average steady-state concentration during the dosage interval was required to achieve this effect. A similar degree of inhibition of the release of PGE2 on thrombin-stimulated platelets was associated with the same range of plasma levels. Upon discontinuation of the drug, the levels of indomethacin in plasma decreased exponentially; inhibition of the release of PGE2 from platelets by indomethacin declined linearly with time and in parallel with the logarithm of the diminishing plasma levels.", "contents": "Relation between plasma concentration of indomethacin and its effect on prostaglandin synthesis and platelet aggregation in man. The dose and plasma levels of indomethacin correlated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as measured both by urinary excretion of the major metabolite of prostaglandin E2 (PGE-M) and by the release of prostaglandin E2 from thrombin-stimulated platelets. Considerable intersubject variability was observed in the suppression of PGE-M excretion. In some patients 37.5 mg indomethacin daily, usually considered subtherapeutic, caused suppression. Maximal suppression (greater than 90%) occurred in some after a daily dose of 75 mg, whereas 150 mg was required to achieve this level of inhibition in others. Suppression of the excretion of PGE-M by 60% occurred when the end of the dosage interval plasma levels of indomethacin were in the range 0.05 to 0.3 microgram/ml, which implies that a somewhat higher average steady-state concentration during the dosage interval was required to achieve this effect. A similar degree of inhibition of the release of PGE2 on thrombin-stimulated platelets was associated with the same range of plasma levels. Upon discontinuation of the drug, the levels of indomethacin in plasma decreased exponentially; inhibition of the release of PGE2 from platelets by indomethacin declined linearly with time and in parallel with the logarithm of the diminishing plasma levels.", "PMID": 648079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3769", "title": "Kinetics of netilmicin in man.", "content": "The kinetics of netilmicin (N-ethyl-sisomicin), an investigational aminoglycoside, have been determined in man following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a dose of 2 mg/kg. After intravenous injection the serum elimination of the antibiotic obeys two-compartment open model kinetics. Distribution and elimination constants are in the range reported for other aminoglycosides, with the exception of the volume of distribution at the steady-state, which appears to be greater than that of sisomicin and of tobramycin. Urinary excretion data suggest that this antibiotic undergoes some degree of tubular reabsorption and appears to be cleared partially by extrarenal processes. After intramuscular administration, the absorption of netilmicin follows first-order kinetics and its physiologic availability is complete.", "contents": "Kinetics of netilmicin in man. The kinetics of netilmicin (N-ethyl-sisomicin), an investigational aminoglycoside, have been determined in man following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a dose of 2 mg/kg. After intravenous injection the serum elimination of the antibiotic obeys two-compartment open model kinetics. Distribution and elimination constants are in the range reported for other aminoglycosides, with the exception of the volume of distribution at the steady-state, which appears to be greater than that of sisomicin and of tobramycin. Urinary excretion data suggest that this antibiotic undergoes some degree of tubular reabsorption and appears to be cleared partially by extrarenal processes. After intramuscular administration, the absorption of netilmicin follows first-order kinetics and its physiologic availability is complete.", "PMID": 648080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3770", "title": "Effects of methaqualone on blood platelet function.", "content": "To study the mechanism whereby toxic doses of methaqualone cause a bleeding tendency in humans, the effects of methaqualone, diphenhydramine, and the combination of methaqualone plus diphenhydramine on blood platelet function were investigated. Exposure of human platelets in platelet-rich plasma in vitro to final concentrations of methaqualone ranging from 1.1 to 4.5 X 10(-4)) M resulted in nearly complete inhibition of the secondary phase and significant inhibition of the primary phase of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)--induced aggregation. Both the slope and height of collagen-induced aggregation responses were reduced significantly in vitro by the drug. When methaqualone final concentrations of 1.1, 2.3, and 4.5 X 10(-4) M were studied in the presence of diphenhydramine (1.1, 2.3, and 4.5 X 10(-5) M, respectively), the degree of inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation was only slightly greater (not significant) than that observed with methaqualone. The platelets of rabbits injected intravenously with methaqualone, 10 mg/kg, demonstrated a significantly decreased ability to aggregate with ADP and collagen 30 and 60 min after administration of the drug. These results suggest that a drug-induced defect of blood platelet function may play a role in the bleeding associated with methaqualone toxicity.", "contents": "Effects of methaqualone on blood platelet function. To study the mechanism whereby toxic doses of methaqualone cause a bleeding tendency in humans, the effects of methaqualone, diphenhydramine, and the combination of methaqualone plus diphenhydramine on blood platelet function were investigated. Exposure of human platelets in platelet-rich plasma in vitro to final concentrations of methaqualone ranging from 1.1 to 4.5 X 10(-4)) M resulted in nearly complete inhibition of the secondary phase and significant inhibition of the primary phase of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)--induced aggregation. Both the slope and height of collagen-induced aggregation responses were reduced significantly in vitro by the drug. When methaqualone final concentrations of 1.1, 2.3, and 4.5 X 10(-4) M were studied in the presence of diphenhydramine (1.1, 2.3, and 4.5 X 10(-5) M, respectively), the degree of inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation was only slightly greater (not significant) than that observed with methaqualone. The platelets of rabbits injected intravenously with methaqualone, 10 mg/kg, demonstrated a significantly decreased ability to aggregate with ADP and collagen 30 and 60 min after administration of the drug. These results suggest that a drug-induced defect of blood platelet function may play a role in the bleeding associated with methaqualone toxicity.", "PMID": 648081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3771", "title": "Computed tomographic scanning in liver disease.", "content": "The non-invasive diagnostic technique of computed tomograph (CT) has been assessed in 100 patients with established liver disease. CT can differentiate extra- from intrahepatic cholestasis and may define the obstructing lesion in the former group. It is of value in detecting infiltrations with fat or iron, and provides useful information in patients with cirrhosis and metastatic deposits. At present it appears of less value in the diagnosis of non-fibrotic parenchymal liver disease.", "contents": "Computed tomographic scanning in liver disease. The non-invasive diagnostic technique of computed tomograph (CT) has been assessed in 100 patients with established liver disease. CT can differentiate extra- from intrahepatic cholestasis and may define the obstructing lesion in the former group. It is of value in detecting infiltrations with fat or iron, and provides useful information in patients with cirrhosis and metastatic deposits. At present it appears of less value in the diagnosis of non-fibrotic parenchymal liver disease.", "PMID": 648084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3772", "title": "Evaluation and follow-up of pancreatic arteriograms. A new role for angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Of over 300 pancreatic arteriograms done in this hospital group adequate follow-up was possible in only 103 patients, with carcinoma in 35 of them. Based on the prospective report there were three false negatives and seven false positive carcinoma diagnoses, an overall accuracy rate of 90.3%. A retrospective review could eliminate all but one false negative and one false positive diagnosis. Angiographic findings are reviewed separately for periampullary and truely pancreatic carcinoma. Subselective catheterisation and adequate opacification of the arterial network of the pancreas allows the reliable demonstration or exclusion of even 1--2 cm carcinomas, provided the clinical presentation of the patient has not been that of jaundice or pancreatitis. Taking into account the availability of newer non-invasive imaging techniques, clinical situations are listed in which the angiographic diagnosis of carcinoma is no longer required. The new purpose of angiography in pancreas carcinoma diagnosis is the demonstration of small and still curable lesions, the prerequisite for this being a much earlier clinical suspicion of the disease and an earlier referral for angiography.", "contents": "Evaluation and follow-up of pancreatic arteriograms. A new role for angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Of over 300 pancreatic arteriograms done in this hospital group adequate follow-up was possible in only 103 patients, with carcinoma in 35 of them. Based on the prospective report there were three false negatives and seven false positive carcinoma diagnoses, an overall accuracy rate of 90.3%. A retrospective review could eliminate all but one false negative and one false positive diagnosis. Angiographic findings are reviewed separately for periampullary and truely pancreatic carcinoma. Subselective catheterisation and adequate opacification of the arterial network of the pancreas allows the reliable demonstration or exclusion of even 1--2 cm carcinomas, provided the clinical presentation of the patient has not been that of jaundice or pancreatitis. Taking into account the availability of newer non-invasive imaging techniques, clinical situations are listed in which the angiographic diagnosis of carcinoma is no longer required. The new purpose of angiography in pancreas carcinoma diagnosis is the demonstration of small and still curable lesions, the prerequisite for this being a much earlier clinical suspicion of the disease and an earlier referral for angiography.", "PMID": 648085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3773", "title": "The use of prostaglandin F2-alpha in selective pancreatic and left gastric angiography.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2-Alpha has been used in 10 superselective angiographic studies of the pancreas and 10 left gastric studies. Injection of Prostaglandin into the dorsal pancreatic or gastroduodenal artery increased opacification of small pancreatic vessels and better demonstrated the angiographic changes in three cases of carcinoma of the pancreas. Injection of the drug into the left gastric artery increased opacification of the left gastric vein, allowed identification of the direction of flow of the contrast medium and enhanced demonstration of gastro-oesophageal varices. It is concluded that Prostaglandin improves the quality of pancreatic and left gastric angiographic studies.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin F2-alpha in selective pancreatic and left gastric angiography. Prostaglandin F2-Alpha has been used in 10 superselective angiographic studies of the pancreas and 10 left gastric studies. Injection of Prostaglandin into the dorsal pancreatic or gastroduodenal artery increased opacification of small pancreatic vessels and better demonstrated the angiographic changes in three cases of carcinoma of the pancreas. Injection of the drug into the left gastric artery increased opacification of the left gastric vein, allowed identification of the direction of flow of the contrast medium and enhanced demonstration of gastro-oesophageal varices. It is concluded that Prostaglandin improves the quality of pancreatic and left gastric angiographic studies.", "PMID": 648086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3774", "title": "The placement of the umbilical venous catheter in the newborn and its relationship to the anatomy of the umbilical vein, ductus venosus and portal venous system.", "content": "The importance of lateral as well as AP views for the correct placement of the umbilical venous catheter is stressed. The position of the catheter is related to the anatomy of the ductus venosus which is demonstrated by contrast injection. Air in the portal venous system is not always indicative of a serious process.", "contents": "The placement of the umbilical venous catheter in the newborn and its relationship to the anatomy of the umbilical vein, ductus venosus and portal venous system. The importance of lateral as well as AP views for the correct placement of the umbilical venous catheter is stressed. The position of the catheter is related to the anatomy of the ductus venosus which is demonstrated by contrast injection. Air in the portal venous system is not always indicative of a serious process.", "PMID": 648087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3775", "title": "Suprapubic micturating cystourethrography in infants.", "content": "Contrast medium may be safely and easily placed in the bladder by suprapubic puncture. Samples of clean urine may be obtained at the same examination. The technique and its advantages are described in detail.", "contents": "Suprapubic micturating cystourethrography in infants. Contrast medium may be safely and easily placed in the bladder by suprapubic puncture. Samples of clean urine may be obtained at the same examination. The technique and its advantages are described in detail.", "PMID": 648088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3776", "title": "Assessment of the double contrast barium meal: method and application.", "content": "A method of assessing and comparing double contrast barium meals has been devised. The use of the linear analogue scale has been found to be a consistent method of recording and measuring radiological impression of mucosal coating and gaseous distension. By this means the effectiveness of various currently available barium and gas preparations has been assessed in 125 patients. Appreciable differences in mucosal coating achieved by different barium preparations were detected. Satisfactory gaseous distension of the stomach and duodenum was produced in the majority of patients by all of the methods tested, and the following measurements are suggested as an index of good distension: gastric fundus 10 cm, gastric midbody 7 cm, duodenal loop 4 cm. The relationships between mucosal coating, gaseous distension and areae gastricae have been shown to be tenuous. It is suggested that the methods we have used are very suitable for repetition in other centres for the comparison of any of the many barium and gas-producing agents which continue to come on to the market.", "contents": "Assessment of the double contrast barium meal: method and application. A method of assessing and comparing double contrast barium meals has been devised. The use of the linear analogue scale has been found to be a consistent method of recording and measuring radiological impression of mucosal coating and gaseous distension. By this means the effectiveness of various currently available barium and gas preparations has been assessed in 125 patients. Appreciable differences in mucosal coating achieved by different barium preparations were detected. Satisfactory gaseous distension of the stomach and duodenum was produced in the majority of patients by all of the methods tested, and the following measurements are suggested as an index of good distension: gastric fundus 10 cm, gastric midbody 7 cm, duodenal loop 4 cm. The relationships between mucosal coating, gaseous distension and areae gastricae have been shown to be tenuous. It is suggested that the methods we have used are very suitable for repetition in other centres for the comparison of any of the many barium and gas-producing agents which continue to come on to the market.", "PMID": 648089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3777", "title": "A radiological and pathological correlation of the mucosal changes in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The double contrast barium enema, in most cases performed by the 'instant' technique without bowel preparation, has been compared with the pathological examination of the colon following resection in 37 patients with ulcerative colitis. Radiology has been found to underestimate the histological extent of disease. This supports the use of the term 'extensive colitis' to denote total histological involvement even if the abnormal mucosa seen radiologically extends proximally only to the hepatic flexure. Ulceration is clearly distinguished from a granular mucosa, and implies severe active disease histologically. Subdividing the granular appearance did not prove useful. Polypoid change may occur in the acute stage from ulceration or in the healed state from mucosal tags. Guidelines are suggested to differentiate these, however intermediate stages are commonly found. It is suggested that the radiologist reports polypoid change and tries to assess the state of the background mucosa separately. It is concluded that with qualifications radiology can usefully fulfil its clinical role in assessing the extent and severity of ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "A radiological and pathological correlation of the mucosal changes in ulcerative colitis. The double contrast barium enema, in most cases performed by the 'instant' technique without bowel preparation, has been compared with the pathological examination of the colon following resection in 37 patients with ulcerative colitis. Radiology has been found to underestimate the histological extent of disease. This supports the use of the term 'extensive colitis' to denote total histological involvement even if the abnormal mucosa seen radiologically extends proximally only to the hepatic flexure. Ulceration is clearly distinguished from a granular mucosa, and implies severe active disease histologically. Subdividing the granular appearance did not prove useful. Polypoid change may occur in the acute stage from ulceration or in the healed state from mucosal tags. Guidelines are suggested to differentiate these, however intermediate stages are commonly found. It is suggested that the radiologist reports polypoid change and tries to assess the state of the background mucosa separately. It is concluded that with qualifications radiology can usefully fulfil its clinical role in assessing the extent and severity of ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 648090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3778", "title": "Percutaneous lymph node aspiration biopsy: experience with a new technique.", "content": "Experience with post-lymphographic percutaneous fine needle aspiration lymph node biopsy is described in 13 patients with suspected metastatic malignant disease. All aspirations were performed using an anterior transabdominal approach under local anaesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. In most patients more than one lymph node was biopsied. Four patients with confirmed metastatic disease had a positive biopsy in the appropriate lymph node. Seven patients with negative biopsies had the absence of metastatic disease confirmed by surgery or follow-up roentgenograms. One patient with a negative biopsy was lost to follow-up. There were two patients with negative biopsies in whom representative lymphoid tissue was not aspirated. No evidence of metastasis was found in these patients at surgery. No serious complications were encountered.", "contents": "Percutaneous lymph node aspiration biopsy: experience with a new technique. Experience with post-lymphographic percutaneous fine needle aspiration lymph node biopsy is described in 13 patients with suspected metastatic malignant disease. All aspirations were performed using an anterior transabdominal approach under local anaesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. In most patients more than one lymph node was biopsied. Four patients with confirmed metastatic disease had a positive biopsy in the appropriate lymph node. Seven patients with negative biopsies had the absence of metastatic disease confirmed by surgery or follow-up roentgenograms. One patient with a negative biopsy was lost to follow-up. There were two patients with negative biopsies in whom representative lymphoid tissue was not aspirated. No evidence of metastasis was found in these patients at surgery. No serious complications were encountered.", "PMID": 648091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3779", "title": "Radiotherapists and cancer education.", "content": "This paper argues three main points. First, that education has a vital part to play in the train of events that might lead to the cure of more patients with cancer in certain sites. Secondly, evidence is presented to show that the type of education that is needed must be of a special, and carefully devised kind. And, thirdly, it is argued that of all medical specialists involved in cancer treatment radiotherapists are uniquely placed to stimulate and to support cancer education programmes.", "contents": "Radiotherapists and cancer education. This paper argues three main points. First, that education has a vital part to play in the train of events that might lead to the cure of more patients with cancer in certain sites. Secondly, evidence is presented to show that the type of education that is needed must be of a special, and carefully devised kind. And, thirdly, it is argued that of all medical specialists involved in cancer treatment radiotherapists are uniquely placed to stimulate and to support cancer education programmes.", "PMID": 648092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3780", "title": "Clinical dosimetry of the rectum in cathetron applications for treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cavity.", "content": "Rectal dose measurements have been carried out for 60 patients undergoing Cathetron therapy for the treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix at the Cancer Hospital, Indore. The measurements show that the maximum rectal dose occurred around 8 cm from the anal verge. In most of the cases (approximately 75%) the maximum rectal dose lies between 50 and 85% of the dose at point A. The combined biologically effective doses from intracavitary and external beam therapy regimes in this centre and the clinical complications have been compared with those of other centres. Although no immediate serious rectal complications have been observed, it is desirable to check the rectal dose using monitoring source pencils, so that the applicators and rectal retractor can be readjusted, if necessary, to minimise the dose.", "contents": "Clinical dosimetry of the rectum in cathetron applications for treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cavity. Rectal dose measurements have been carried out for 60 patients undergoing Cathetron therapy for the treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix at the Cancer Hospital, Indore. The measurements show that the maximum rectal dose occurred around 8 cm from the anal verge. In most of the cases (approximately 75%) the maximum rectal dose lies between 50 and 85% of the dose at point A. The combined biologically effective doses from intracavitary and external beam therapy regimes in this centre and the clinical complications have been compared with those of other centres. Although no immediate serious rectal complications have been observed, it is desirable to check the rectal dose using monitoring source pencils, so that the applicators and rectal retractor can be readjusted, if necessary, to minimise the dose.", "PMID": 648093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3781", "title": "A fluoroscopic burn to a patient's right hand sustained in removing a sewing needle--a 22-year follow-up.", "content": "Severe radiation burns to the skin and deeper tissues resulting from diagnostic radiology have fortunately been very rare in the United Kingdom. It is hoped they will now be only of historical or academic interest. For this reason a very severe radiation burn to the right hand of a young woman, caused by prolonged fluoroscopy in removing a metalic foreign body, is described. This resulted in a severe sloughing of the skin of the dorsum of the hand that had to be grafted. Subsequently progressive bone necrosis occurred and the hand has never been fully useful since the accident. It is noteworthy that a surgical assistant also sustained radiation burns to the fingers.", "contents": "A fluoroscopic burn to a patient's right hand sustained in removing a sewing needle--a 22-year follow-up. Severe radiation burns to the skin and deeper tissues resulting from diagnostic radiology have fortunately been very rare in the United Kingdom. It is hoped they will now be only of historical or academic interest. For this reason a very severe radiation burn to the right hand of a young woman, caused by prolonged fluoroscopy in removing a metalic foreign body, is described. This resulted in a severe sloughing of the skin of the dorsum of the hand that had to be grafted. Subsequently progressive bone necrosis occurred and the hand has never been fully useful since the accident. It is noteworthy that a surgical assistant also sustained radiation burns to the fingers.", "PMID": 648094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3782", "title": "Pharmacologic considerations in the design of toxicology experiments.", "content": "Final assessment of product acceptance must be based on value judgments that include (a) social, (b) economic, and (c) environmental factors as well as risk factors, and not on simple safety statements about the end product. The goal of toxicologic experiments should be to provide sufficient data to allow benefit-to-risk judgments about products. Benefit-to-risk judgments need to be made on a broad data base which includes: manufacturing, distribution, and use factors. Safety assessments begin with concerns associated with initial manufacture of raw materials and end with concerns related to disposal of the end products of use. Current experimental design needs to include biopharmaceutic considerations of the dose form, pharmacokinetic aspects, and pharmacodynamic factors as well as pathologic concerns. These factors stress the point that toxicology is a quantitative science because toxicity resides in the dose and dose form and not in the chemical entity.", "contents": "Pharmacologic considerations in the design of toxicology experiments. Final assessment of product acceptance must be based on value judgments that include (a) social, (b) economic, and (c) environmental factors as well as risk factors, and not on simple safety statements about the end product. The goal of toxicologic experiments should be to provide sufficient data to allow benefit-to-risk judgments about products. Benefit-to-risk judgments need to be made on a broad data base which includes: manufacturing, distribution, and use factors. Safety assessments begin with concerns associated with initial manufacture of raw materials and end with concerns related to disposal of the end products of use. Current experimental design needs to include biopharmaceutic considerations of the dose form, pharmacokinetic aspects, and pharmacodynamic factors as well as pathologic concerns. These factors stress the point that toxicology is a quantitative science because toxicity resides in the dose and dose form and not in the chemical entity.", "PMID": 648118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3783", "title": "Lichen nitidus. A study of forty-three cases.", "content": "Among forty-three cases of lichen nitidus studied, twenty-one patients were Caucasian, twenty-one were Negro, and one was Spanish-American, ranging in age from five to fifty-eight years. The arm, forearm, trunk, and genitalia were sites most commonly involved. Clinically, the eruption usually appeared as tiny papules. Histologically, the papules showed a parakeratotoic \"cap,\" epidermal atrophy, liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer, and a dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and sometimes giant cells.", "contents": "Lichen nitidus. A study of forty-three cases. Among forty-three cases of lichen nitidus studied, twenty-one patients were Caucasian, twenty-one were Negro, and one was Spanish-American, ranging in age from five to fifty-eight years. The arm, forearm, trunk, and genitalia were sites most commonly involved. Clinically, the eruption usually appeared as tiny papules. Histologically, the papules showed a parakeratotoic \"cap,\" epidermal atrophy, liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer, and a dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and sometimes giant cells.", "PMID": 648164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3784", "title": "Familial Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "Behcet's syndrome is reported in two families (one English and the other Egyptian). A mother and two of her sons of the English family and two brothers of the Egyptian family are described. The contradictory opinions concerning the incidence of the familial occurrence of this syndrome are partly due to uncertainty about the nosologic relationship of recurrent aphthal and Behcet's syndrome. The question of whether this syndrome should be included in a large group of aphthoses or be regarded as a true clinical entity is discussed.", "contents": "Familial Behcet's syndrome. Behcet's syndrome is reported in two families (one English and the other Egyptian). A mother and two of her sons of the English family and two brothers of the Egyptian family are described. The contradictory opinions concerning the incidence of the familial occurrence of this syndrome are partly due to uncertainty about the nosologic relationship of recurrent aphthal and Behcet's syndrome. The question of whether this syndrome should be included in a large group of aphthoses or be regarded as a true clinical entity is discussed.", "PMID": 648165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3785", "title": "Moraxella bacteremia. Report of a case resembling gonococcemia with cutaneous manifestations.", "content": "A case of a Moraxella osloensis bacteremia mimicking a case of gonococcemia, complete with cutaneous manifestations, is presented. The importance of confirming all positive smears with inhibitory and noninhibitory culture media is stressed.", "contents": "Moraxella bacteremia. Report of a case resembling gonococcemia with cutaneous manifestations. A case of a Moraxella osloensis bacteremia mimicking a case of gonococcemia, complete with cutaneous manifestations, is presented. The importance of confirming all positive smears with inhibitory and noninhibitory culture media is stressed.", "PMID": 648166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3786", "title": "Giant cutaneous angiomyxoma.", "content": "A case of giant cutaneous angiomyxoma, an unusual cutaneous tumor, is reported. To the best of our knowledge, it is the largest of its kind that has been recorded. The purpose of this report is to acquaint the reader with this rare cutaneous neoplasm and its management.", "contents": "Giant cutaneous angiomyxoma. A case of giant cutaneous angiomyxoma, an unusual cutaneous tumor, is reported. To the best of our knowledge, it is the largest of its kind that has been recorded. The purpose of this report is to acquaint the reader with this rare cutaneous neoplasm and its management.", "PMID": 648167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3787", "title": "Neurodermatitis--a concept.", "content": "The skin is an obvious \"shock organ\" for emotional stresses, as well as the other organ systems. Lividity, blushing, blanching, \"goose flesh\" are common observations. Personal emotional stress is carried in the mind of the patient, but often, after a period of time, this stress becomes manifest as skin disease. This delay interval is usually two to four weeks, if the histories are accurate. The patient can often be benefited by accepting the relationship of emotional stress and skin disease, along with appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Neurodermatitis--a concept. The skin is an obvious \"shock organ\" for emotional stresses, as well as the other organ systems. Lividity, blushing, blanching, \"goose flesh\" are common observations. Personal emotional stress is carried in the mind of the patient, but often, after a period of time, this stress becomes manifest as skin disease. This delay interval is usually two to four weeks, if the histories are accurate. The patient can often be benefited by accepting the relationship of emotional stress and skin disease, along with appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 648168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3788", "title": "Intermittent use of griseofulvin in tinea capitis.", "content": "A total of 247 patients with tinea capitis were divided into two groups and treated with griseofulvin in two different ways: the first group received the drug every other day, and the second received it twice a week. The dosage was 5 mg/lb, with a maximum of 1 gm/day in both cases. In the first group, 99 percent of the patients were completely cured within seven weeks. Of those who received the griseofulvin twice a week, 91 percent were completely cleared within eight weeks. None of those in either group showed any signs of side effects from the medication.", "contents": "Intermittent use of griseofulvin in tinea capitis. A total of 247 patients with tinea capitis were divided into two groups and treated with griseofulvin in two different ways: the first group received the drug every other day, and the second received it twice a week. The dosage was 5 mg/lb, with a maximum of 1 gm/day in both cases. In the first group, 99 percent of the patients were completely cured within seven weeks. Of those who received the griseofulvin twice a week, 91 percent were completely cleared within eight weeks. None of those in either group showed any signs of side effects from the medication.", "PMID": 648169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3789", "title": "Fragility and spiralization anomalies of the chromosomes in three cases, including fraternal twins, with Fanconi's anemia, type Estren-Dameshek.", "content": "Fraternal twins, offspring of consanguineous parents, developed pancytopenia, the boy at 7, the girl at 12 years of age. A third patient became anemic at 3 years. All three are free of associated malformations. In blood cultures the incidence of chromatid breaks, exchanges, and chromosome-type aberrations was elevated to 24%, 18%, and 28%, respectively. In addition, in a low number of mitotic cells unusual observations, pointing to profound disturbances of chromosome structure, were made. It is suggested that these patients have a genetic defect impairing the normal process of mitotic chromosome condensation and decondensation.", "contents": "Fragility and spiralization anomalies of the chromosomes in three cases, including fraternal twins, with Fanconi's anemia, type Estren-Dameshek. Fraternal twins, offspring of consanguineous parents, developed pancytopenia, the boy at 7, the girl at 12 years of age. A third patient became anemic at 3 years. All three are free of associated malformations. In blood cultures the incidence of chromatid breaks, exchanges, and chromosome-type aberrations was elevated to 24%, 18%, and 28%, respectively. In addition, in a low number of mitotic cells unusual observations, pointing to profound disturbances of chromosome structure, were made. It is suggested that these patients have a genetic defect impairing the normal process of mitotic chromosome condensation and decondensation.", "PMID": 648172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3790", "title": "Rearrangements involving four chromosomes in a child with congenital abnormalities.", "content": "This report describes a complex structural rearrangement between chromosomes X and 1 and a 7;13 translocation (together involving six break points) in a child with multiple congenital defects. Both parents showed a normal chromosome complement, suggesting that the changes may have originated either in a gametic nucleus or at a very early stage of zygotic development.", "contents": "Rearrangements involving four chromosomes in a child with congenital abnormalities. This report describes a complex structural rearrangement between chromosomes X and 1 and a 7;13 translocation (together involving six break points) in a child with multiple congenital defects. Both parents showed a normal chromosome complement, suggesting that the changes may have originated either in a gametic nucleus or at a very early stage of zygotic development.", "PMID": 648173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3791", "title": "A homologous tandem translocation [45,XX,-13,-13,+t(13;13) (q12;q34)].", "content": "Chromosomal investigation of a young girl with mental and motor retardation and congenital anomalies revealed a translocation between both members of pair No. 13. Banding analysis showed that the translocation was \"tandem,\" leading to monosomy for segments in both the long and short arms of No. 13.", "contents": "A homologous tandem translocation [45,XX,-13,-13,+t(13;13) (q12;q34)]. Chromosomal investigation of a young girl with mental and motor retardation and congenital anomalies revealed a translocation between both members of pair No. 13. Banding analysis showed that the translocation was \"tandem,\" leading to monosomy for segments in both the long and short arms of No. 13.", "PMID": 648174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3792", "title": "A long unidentifiable extra chromosomal segment--a possible duplication of human 7q.", "content": "Limitation of current techniques in identifying extra chromosomal segments arising de novo is illustrated by a putative case of a duplication of the long arm of chromosome 7. The propositus, demonstrating multiple congenital anomalies and severe mental retardation, had a large extra segment of chromatin on chromosome 7q that was absent in his parents. The banding pattern of this segment resembled that of the long arm of chromosomes 7, 8, or 9. Various procedures indicated that the additional material did not include the secondary constriction of 9q. The phenotype of the propositus did not fit well with that of trisomy 8.", "contents": "A long unidentifiable extra chromosomal segment--a possible duplication of human 7q. Limitation of current techniques in identifying extra chromosomal segments arising de novo is illustrated by a putative case of a duplication of the long arm of chromosome 7. The propositus, demonstrating multiple congenital anomalies and severe mental retardation, had a large extra segment of chromatin on chromosome 7q that was absent in his parents. The banding pattern of this segment resembled that of the long arm of chromosomes 7, 8, or 9. Various procedures indicated that the additional material did not include the secondary constriction of 9q. The phenotype of the propositus did not fit well with that of trisomy 8.", "PMID": 648175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3793", "title": "Meiotic analysis of a pericentric inversion, inv(7) (p22q32), in the father of a child with a duplication-deletion of chromosome 7.", "content": "In a family in which a large pericentric inversion of chromosome 7 is segregating, two of the four progeny of inversion heterozygotes show severe psychomotor retardation and have the karyotype 46,XX,rec(7),dup q,inv(7)(p22q32), derived from crossing-over within the inversion. Meiotic analysis in one of the heterozygotes revealed no evidence of inversion loops in well-spread pachytene cells. In approximately 20% of cells in diakinesis, the presumptive bivalent 7 had only one chiasma. Two alternatives to the reversed loop mode of meiotic pairing of inversions are proposed. Review of the literature supports the view that \"small\" pericentric inversions have a much better genetic prognosis than \"large\" pericentric inversions.", "contents": "Meiotic analysis of a pericentric inversion, inv(7) (p22q32), in the father of a child with a duplication-deletion of chromosome 7. In a family in which a large pericentric inversion of chromosome 7 is segregating, two of the four progeny of inversion heterozygotes show severe psychomotor retardation and have the karyotype 46,XX,rec(7),dup q,inv(7)(p22q32), derived from crossing-over within the inversion. Meiotic analysis in one of the heterozygotes revealed no evidence of inversion loops in well-spread pachytene cells. In approximately 20% of cells in diakinesis, the presumptive bivalent 7 had only one chiasma. Two alternatives to the reversed loop mode of meiotic pairing of inversions are proposed. Review of the literature supports the view that \"small\" pericentric inversions have a much better genetic prognosis than \"large\" pericentric inversions.", "PMID": 648176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3794", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis in 100 structural rearrangements of the chromosomes.", "content": "Among 900 couples referred for prenatal diagnosis, the indication was a parental balanced structural chromosome anomaly in 94, of which 39 were Robertsonian translocations, 38 reciprocal translocations, and 17 pericentric inversions. Six fetuses were unbalanced. The methods of ascertainment of the anomaly in these couples and the gametic segregation transmitted to the concepti are analyzed. A de novo unbalanced structural anomaly was detected in fetal cells in 6 diagnoses performed in couples referred for indications other than chromosomal.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis in 100 structural rearrangements of the chromosomes. Among 900 couples referred for prenatal diagnosis, the indication was a parental balanced structural chromosome anomaly in 94, of which 39 were Robertsonian translocations, 38 reciprocal translocations, and 17 pericentric inversions. Six fetuses were unbalanced. The methods of ascertainment of the anomaly in these couples and the gametic segregation transmitted to the concepti are analyzed. A de novo unbalanced structural anomaly was detected in fetal cells in 6 diagnoses performed in couples referred for indications other than chromosomal.", "PMID": 648177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3795", "title": "The meiotic behavior of triploidy in a human 69,XXX fetus.", "content": "Meiotic studies were made on the fetal ovaries of a triploid fetus, 69,XXX. The association modalities of the three chromosomes in human triploidy are the same as those described in several plant species; i.e., trivalents, bivalents and univalents can be found in the same nucleus. In most cases of trivalent configuration, the association occurs between pairs.", "contents": "The meiotic behavior of triploidy in a human 69,XXX fetus. Meiotic studies were made on the fetal ovaries of a triploid fetus, 69,XXX. The association modalities of the three chromosomes in human triploidy are the same as those described in several plant species; i.e., trivalents, bivalents and univalents can be found in the same nucleus. In most cases of trivalent configuration, the association occurs between pairs.", "PMID": 648178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3796", "title": "Murine ovarian teratomas and parthenotes as cytogenetic tools.", "content": "The origin of murine ovarian teratomas and their use to estimate centromere-to-gene distances is discussed. As an example of how such a system can be used, the distance from the centromere of chromosome 7 to the Gpi-1 locus was determined by analyzing the Gpi-1 phenotypes in 47 ovarian teratomas from Gpi-1a/Gpi-1b females. The percent recombination was estimated to be 10.6. It is suggested that ovarian teratomas and parthenotes may be used for half-tetrad analysis.", "contents": "Murine ovarian teratomas and parthenotes as cytogenetic tools. The origin of murine ovarian teratomas and their use to estimate centromere-to-gene distances is discussed. As an example of how such a system can be used, the distance from the centromere of chromosome 7 to the Gpi-1 locus was determined by analyzing the Gpi-1 phenotypes in 47 ovarian teratomas from Gpi-1a/Gpi-1b females. The percent recombination was estimated to be 10.6. It is suggested that ovarian teratomas and parthenotes may be used for half-tetrad analysis.", "PMID": 648179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3797", "title": "Cytologic evidence for preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in XX mouse blastocysts.", "content": "A total of 941 mouse blastocysts obtained from two types of crosses in which one of parents carried Cattanach's X/autosome translocation was studied cytogenetically by quinacrine mustard fluorescence. The rearranged X (Xt) and the normal X (Xh) were distinguished by size. Karyotype analysis was successful in 721 embryos, of which 205 were heterozygous for Cattanach's translocation. A single heterochromatic and brightly fluorescent X chromosome was identified in 154 metaphase spreads from 89 blastocysts consisting of 32--96 cells. The paternally derived X chromosome (Xp) was heterochromatic in 87% and 88% of the informative cells from the crosses XnXn x XtY and XtXn x XnY, respectively. This preferential choice of Xp at the blastocyst stage might have an important bearing upon the preponderance of cells with an inactive Xp in the chorion and yolk-sac splanchnopleure.", "contents": "Cytologic evidence for preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in XX mouse blastocysts. A total of 941 mouse blastocysts obtained from two types of crosses in which one of parents carried Cattanach's X/autosome translocation was studied cytogenetically by quinacrine mustard fluorescence. The rearranged X (Xt) and the normal X (Xh) were distinguished by size. Karyotype analysis was successful in 721 embryos, of which 205 were heterozygous for Cattanach's translocation. A single heterochromatic and brightly fluorescent X chromosome was identified in 154 metaphase spreads from 89 blastocysts consisting of 32--96 cells. The paternally derived X chromosome (Xp) was heterochromatic in 87% and 88% of the informative cells from the crosses XnXn x XtY and XtXn x XnY, respectively. This preferential choice of Xp at the blastocyst stage might have an important bearing upon the preponderance of cells with an inactive Xp in the chorion and yolk-sac splanchnopleure.", "PMID": 648180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3798", "title": "Comparative analysis of karyotypes in European shrew species. I. The sibling species Sorex araneus and S. gemellus: Q-bands, G-bands, and position of NORs.", "content": "The karyotypes of two closely related species of the genus Sorex (Mammalia, Insectivora) were compared with each other by G- and Q-banding techniques and by Ag-AS staining (GOODPASTURE and BLOOM, 1975). By comparing the G-banded karyotypes, it could be ascertained that the basic differences in karyotype between the two species lie in three pericentric inversions, three paracentric inversions, and one reciprocal translocation. This is in near agreement with FORD and HAMERTON (1970), who assumed that both species differ by three pericentric inversions and one tandem translocation. Furthermore, the karyotype of S. araneus (race C) presented by HALKKA et al. (1974) has been compared with the S. araneus of the present report. Considering the species with respect to karyotypic evolution, it is supposed that S. araneus and S. gemellus derive from a common ancestor.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of karyotypes in European shrew species. I. The sibling species Sorex araneus and S. gemellus: Q-bands, G-bands, and position of NORs. The karyotypes of two closely related species of the genus Sorex (Mammalia, Insectivora) were compared with each other by G- and Q-banding techniques and by Ag-AS staining (GOODPASTURE and BLOOM, 1975). By comparing the G-banded karyotypes, it could be ascertained that the basic differences in karyotype between the two species lie in three pericentric inversions, three paracentric inversions, and one reciprocal translocation. This is in near agreement with FORD and HAMERTON (1970), who assumed that both species differ by three pericentric inversions and one tandem translocation. Furthermore, the karyotype of S. araneus (race C) presented by HALKKA et al. (1974) has been compared with the S. araneus of the present report. Considering the species with respect to karyotypic evolution, it is supposed that S. araneus and S. gemellus derive from a common ancestor.", "PMID": 648185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3799", "title": "Studies on the function of H-Y antigen: dissociation and reorganization experiments on rat gonadal tissue.", "content": "On circumstantial evidence, H-Y antigen is assumed to be responsible for the differentiation of the undetermined gonadal anlage into a testis. A direct approach to test the function of H-Y antigen is provided by Moscona-type experiments. Applying a modified technique of in vitro reassociation of cell suspensions, we obtained the following results: (1) dissociated newborn rat gonads, both testis and ovary, reorganize into histotypic structures; (2) under exposure to anti-H-Y antiserum, testicular cells reassociate into ovarian follicular-like organization; (3) anti-H-1 antiserum by itself does not prevent the testicular cells from forming tubular structures. It is concluded that H-Y antigen acts as a differentiation between preferably or exclusively on the cell elements participating in the formation of the seminiferous cords.", "contents": "Studies on the function of H-Y antigen: dissociation and reorganization experiments on rat gonadal tissue. On circumstantial evidence, H-Y antigen is assumed to be responsible for the differentiation of the undetermined gonadal anlage into a testis. A direct approach to test the function of H-Y antigen is provided by Moscona-type experiments. Applying a modified technique of in vitro reassociation of cell suspensions, we obtained the following results: (1) dissociated newborn rat gonads, both testis and ovary, reorganize into histotypic structures; (2) under exposure to anti-H-Y antiserum, testicular cells reassociate into ovarian follicular-like organization; (3) anti-H-1 antiserum by itself does not prevent the testicular cells from forming tubular structures. It is concluded that H-Y antigen acts as a differentiation between preferably or exclusively on the cell elements participating in the formation of the seminiferous cords.", "PMID": 648187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3800", "title": "Autoradiographic study of RNA synthesis during meiotic prophase in the human oocyte.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-uridine in oogonia and oocytes during meiotic prophase I was studied in three human fetuses 13, 18, and 19 weeks old. Following a 40- or 60-min pulse, intense nuclear and nucleolar labeling was observed in oogonia. During the preleptotene chromosome condensation stage, the heteropycnotic masses were unlabeled, while numerous silver grains were seen on the filaments persisting around these masses. During leptotene, chromosomal and nucleolar RNA synthesis was significant, but less than that in the oogonia. The rate of incorporation declined rapidly during zygotene and fell to a very low level at early pachytene. Throughout pachytene no nucleolar RNA synthesis was observed. Chromosomal RNA synthesis progressively recovered during middle pachytene, was of moderate intensity at late pachytene, and increased again at early diplotene. Nucleolar RNA synthesis was very intense at early diplotene, at the same time as nucleolar size and basophilia increased.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of RNA synthesis during meiotic prophase in the human oocyte. The incorporation of 3H-uridine in oogonia and oocytes during meiotic prophase I was studied in three human fetuses 13, 18, and 19 weeks old. Following a 40- or 60-min pulse, intense nuclear and nucleolar labeling was observed in oogonia. During the preleptotene chromosome condensation stage, the heteropycnotic masses were unlabeled, while numerous silver grains were seen on the filaments persisting around these masses. During leptotene, chromosomal and nucleolar RNA synthesis was significant, but less than that in the oogonia. The rate of incorporation declined rapidly during zygotene and fell to a very low level at early pachytene. Throughout pachytene no nucleolar RNA synthesis was observed. Chromosomal RNA synthesis progressively recovered during middle pachytene, was of moderate intensity at late pachytene, and increased again at early diplotene. Nucleolar RNA synthesis was very intense at early diplotene, at the same time as nucleolar size and basophilia increased.", "PMID": 648189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3801", "title": "BSu restriction of DNA from cases exhibiting sex-chromosome abnormalities.", "content": "The restriction endonuclease BSu, an isoschizomer of the enzyme HaeIII, cleaves human DNA to yield classes of fragments that are characteristic of the DNA of individuals having a Y chromosome. The fragments concerned are therefore diagnostic of the presence of Y-chromosome DNA and have been studied here with the intention of confirming the origin of various translocations thought, on other grounds, to involve the Y. The absence of the fragments from DNA of a case exhibiting absence of the fluorecent region of Yq suggests that the DNA concerned maps predominantly to Yq. Normal gender in the absence of the BSu fragments indicates that they do not function in sex determination.", "contents": "BSu restriction of DNA from cases exhibiting sex-chromosome abnormalities. The restriction endonuclease BSu, an isoschizomer of the enzyme HaeIII, cleaves human DNA to yield classes of fragments that are characteristic of the DNA of individuals having a Y chromosome. The fragments concerned are therefore diagnostic of the presence of Y-chromosome DNA and have been studied here with the intention of confirming the origin of various translocations thought, on other grounds, to involve the Y. The absence of the fragments from DNA of a case exhibiting absence of the fluorecent region of Yq suggests that the DNA concerned maps predominantly to Yq. Normal gender in the absence of the BSu fragments indicates that they do not function in sex determination.", "PMID": 648190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3802", "title": "Human somatic chromosome chains and rings. A preliminary note on end-to-end fusion.", "content": "Chain and ring chromosome configurations were detected in a small percentage of the lymphocytes of a patient suffering from Thiberge-Weissenbach syndrome. Precise recognition of the chromosomes involved in the rearrangements did not indicate a systematic order of end-to-end fusions. A relationship between these configurations and the chromosome arrangement in the interphase nucleus is possible.", "contents": "Human somatic chromosome chains and rings. A preliminary note on end-to-end fusion. Chain and ring chromosome configurations were detected in a small percentage of the lymphocytes of a patient suffering from Thiberge-Weissenbach syndrome. Precise recognition of the chromosomes involved in the rearrangements did not indicate a systematic order of end-to-end fusions. A relationship between these configurations and the chromosome arrangement in the interphase nucleus is possible.", "PMID": 648191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3803", "title": "The identification of a repeated DNA sequence involved in the karyotype polymorphism of the human Y chromosome.", "content": "We show that individual men are polymorphic for the amount of two different repeated DNA sequences. The amount of one of these sequences is proportional to the length of the brightly fluorescent heterochromatin on the Y chromosome. There are no detectable alterations in sequence between polymorphic individuals. Female DNA contains sequences complementary to those found on the Y, but at a much reduced level.", "contents": "The identification of a repeated DNA sequence involved in the karyotype polymorphism of the human Y chromosome. We show that individual men are polymorphic for the amount of two different repeated DNA sequences. The amount of one of these sequences is proportional to the length of the brightly fluorescent heterochromatin on the Y chromosome. There are no detectable alterations in sequence between polymorphic individuals. Female DNA contains sequences complementary to those found on the Y, but at a much reduced level.", "PMID": 648195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3804", "title": "Cytogenetic aspects of phylogeny in the Bovidae. I. G-banding.", "content": "An extensive G-banding study of karyotypes of 12 species of Bovidae has been undertaken in an attempt to trace homologies and patterns of evolution of karyotype phenotypes throughout the family. G-banding profiles revealed a considerable degree of chromosome-arm homology throughout the group, which also extended into the related superfamilies, the Giraffoidea and Cervoidea. The conservation of banding patterns in chromosome arms strongly indicates that Robertsonian translocation type rearrangements have provided the major source of interspecies karyotype differences, with inversions and reciprocal and tandem translocations providing relatively minor contributions. Examples of individuals carrying newly arisen Robertsonian translocations are not infrequent, and in one instance there was evidence that two similar rearrangements had arisen independently in two species. Despite the extensive changes in karyotype organization, subfamilies within the Bovidae were characterized by the presence of common rearrangements, and those involving autosomal pairs 11 and 12 of the ox, as well as the X chromosome, separate the Bovinae from the Caprinae and Hippotraginae.", "contents": "Cytogenetic aspects of phylogeny in the Bovidae. I. G-banding. An extensive G-banding study of karyotypes of 12 species of Bovidae has been undertaken in an attempt to trace homologies and patterns of evolution of karyotype phenotypes throughout the family. G-banding profiles revealed a considerable degree of chromosome-arm homology throughout the group, which also extended into the related superfamilies, the Giraffoidea and Cervoidea. The conservation of banding patterns in chromosome arms strongly indicates that Robertsonian translocation type rearrangements have provided the major source of interspecies karyotype differences, with inversions and reciprocal and tandem translocations providing relatively minor contributions. Examples of individuals carrying newly arisen Robertsonian translocations are not infrequent, and in one instance there was evidence that two similar rearrangements had arisen independently in two species. Despite the extensive changes in karyotype organization, subfamilies within the Bovidae were characterized by the presence of common rearrangements, and those involving autosomal pairs 11 and 12 of the ox, as well as the X chromosome, separate the Bovinae from the Caprinae and Hippotraginae.", "PMID": 648196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3805", "title": "Cytogenetic aspects of phylogeny in the Bovidae. II. C-banding.", "content": "Constitutive heterochromatin in the Bovidae, as revealed by C-banding, was mostly located in the centromeric regions. Considerable variation was, however, evident in the size of the C-bands both within and between subfamilies. Some evidence was found for a reduction in the amount of centromeric heterochromatin in bi-armed relative to acrocentric autosomes, and these findings are discussed in relation to karyotype evolution in the group.", "contents": "Cytogenetic aspects of phylogeny in the Bovidae. II. C-banding. Constitutive heterochromatin in the Bovidae, as revealed by C-banding, was mostly located in the centromeric regions. Considerable variation was, however, evident in the size of the C-bands both within and between subfamilies. Some evidence was found for a reduction in the amount of centromeric heterochromatin in bi-armed relative to acrocentric autosomes, and these findings are discussed in relation to karyotype evolution in the group.", "PMID": 648197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3806", "title": "Assignment of the gene for lactic dehydrogenase A to mouse chromosome 7 using mouse-human hybrids.", "content": "We have studied somatic cell hybrids between either mouse peritoneal macrophages or spleen cells and HT-1080-6TG human fibrosarcoma cells for the expression of mouse lactic dehydrogenase A (LDH-A). The hybrids were also studied for the expression of mouse glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1), the gene for which has been assigned to chromosome 7. Concordant segregation of the expression of mouse GPI-1 and LDH-1 was observed in 61 independent hybrid clones. These results indicate that the gene coding for LDH-A is located on mouse chromosome 7.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for lactic dehydrogenase A to mouse chromosome 7 using mouse-human hybrids. We have studied somatic cell hybrids between either mouse peritoneal macrophages or spleen cells and HT-1080-6TG human fibrosarcoma cells for the expression of mouse lactic dehydrogenase A (LDH-A). The hybrids were also studied for the expression of mouse glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1), the gene for which has been assigned to chromosome 7. Concordant segregation of the expression of mouse GPI-1 and LDH-1 was observed in 61 independent hybrid clones. These results indicate that the gene coding for LDH-A is located on mouse chromosome 7.", "PMID": 648198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3807", "title": "The significance of volume-adjusting the maximal midexpiratory flow in assessing the response to a bronchodilator drug.", "content": "Forced expiratory spirograms were obtained before and for six hours after 25 subjects ingested ephedrine and placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Significant changes in the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) were noted on days when ephedrine was administrated, while the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75%) failed to indicate significant bronchodilation. When FVC increases after therapy with a bronchodilator drug, one is no longer measuring flow during the same volume segment and driving pressure (static transpulmonary pressure [Pst]) as before administration of the bronchodilator drug. Volume-adjusting the FEF25-75% after therapy to the same volume and Pst over which flow is being measured in the tracings before bronchodilator therapy yielded highly significant increases in flow after administration of the bronchodilator drug.", "contents": "The significance of volume-adjusting the maximal midexpiratory flow in assessing the response to a bronchodilator drug. Forced expiratory spirograms were obtained before and for six hours after 25 subjects ingested ephedrine and placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Significant changes in the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) were noted on days when ephedrine was administrated, while the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75%) failed to indicate significant bronchodilation. When FVC increases after therapy with a bronchodilator drug, one is no longer measuring flow during the same volume segment and driving pressure (static transpulmonary pressure [Pst]) as before administration of the bronchodilator drug. Volume-adjusting the FEF25-75% after therapy to the same volume and Pst over which flow is being measured in the tracings before bronchodilator therapy yielded highly significant increases in flow after administration of the bronchodilator drug.", "PMID": 648206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3808", "title": "Effectiveness of oxygen therapy in hypoxic polycythemic smokers.", "content": "Eleven hypoxic (arterial oxygen pressure [PaO2] less than or equal to 61 mm Hg), polycythemic (hematocrit reading greater than or equal to 54 percent) patients were studied to determine the effect of the carboxyhemoglobin level on their response to therapy with supplemental oxygen. Five nonsmokers with a mean carboxyhemoglobin level of 2.8 percent showed an excellent response to therapy with supplemental oxygen, with a decrease in hematocrit reading from 57 percent to 48 percent (P less than 0.0025) as the PaO2 increased from 53 mm Hg to 69 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) increased from 86 percent to 94 percent (P less than 0.0025). Six smokers with a mean carboxyhemoglobin level of 13 percent showed an incomplete response to therapy with supplemental oxygen, with a decrease in hematocrit reading from 62 percent to 57 percent (P less than 0.0025) as the PaO2 increased from 53 mm Hg to 69 mm Hg (P less than 0.0025) and the SaO2 increased from 82 percent to 88 percent (P less than 0.001). In spite of similar values for the PaO2, the smokers had higher hematocrit readings before and during therapy with oxygen (P less than 0.01), presumably due to superimposed desaturation by carboxyhemoglobin. We concluded that polycythemia in hypoxic smokers is due to additive effects of hypoxia and a high carboxyhemoglobin level. The former is responsive to therapy with oxygen, while the latter is not. To achieve a \"complete\" response to therapy with supplemental oxygen, hypoxic polycythemic smokers should quit smoking.", "contents": "Effectiveness of oxygen therapy in hypoxic polycythemic smokers. Eleven hypoxic (arterial oxygen pressure [PaO2] less than or equal to 61 mm Hg), polycythemic (hematocrit reading greater than or equal to 54 percent) patients were studied to determine the effect of the carboxyhemoglobin level on their response to therapy with supplemental oxygen. Five nonsmokers with a mean carboxyhemoglobin level of 2.8 percent showed an excellent response to therapy with supplemental oxygen, with a decrease in hematocrit reading from 57 percent to 48 percent (P less than 0.0025) as the PaO2 increased from 53 mm Hg to 69 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) increased from 86 percent to 94 percent (P less than 0.0025). Six smokers with a mean carboxyhemoglobin level of 13 percent showed an incomplete response to therapy with supplemental oxygen, with a decrease in hematocrit reading from 62 percent to 57 percent (P less than 0.0025) as the PaO2 increased from 53 mm Hg to 69 mm Hg (P less than 0.0025) and the SaO2 increased from 82 percent to 88 percent (P less than 0.001). In spite of similar values for the PaO2, the smokers had higher hematocrit readings before and during therapy with oxygen (P less than 0.01), presumably due to superimposed desaturation by carboxyhemoglobin. We concluded that polycythemia in hypoxic smokers is due to additive effects of hypoxia and a high carboxyhemoglobin level. The former is responsive to therapy with oxygen, while the latter is not. To achieve a \"complete\" response to therapy with supplemental oxygen, hypoxic polycythemic smokers should quit smoking.", "PMID": 648207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3809", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in sepsis: measurement by the pulmonary arterial diastolic-pulmonary wedge pressure gradient and the influence of passive and active factors.", "content": "To examine the relative roles of passive factors (flow; filling pressures of left side of heart) and active factors (acidosis; arterial unsaturation) in the genesis of pulmonary hypertension when associated with sepsis, 37 patients with sepsis and 24 patients without sepsis were examined. Pulmonary hypertension was measured by the pulmonary arterial diastolic-pulmonary wedge pressure gradient (PAd-PWP gradient) and correlated reasonably with a standard formula for calculated resistance ([PA--PWP]/CI, where PA is mean pulmonary artery pressure and CI is cardiac index). In 22 of 37 patients, sepsis was associated with a significant degree of resistance to flow in the pulmonary circulation, as measured by the PAd-PWP gradient: and the higher the PAd--PWP gradient, the greater the likelihood of early death. None of the examined passive or active factors appeared to be adequate to explain pulmonary hypertension when present. By the use of previously derived formulae to estimate the compliance of the elastic pulmonary arteries, factors affecting this part of the pulmonary microcirculation could not be held accountable for apparent pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, the presence of pulmonary hypertension in sepis appears to be an active, rather than a passive, phenomenon and unrelated to arterial oxygen saturation or acid-base imbalance. Although the exact cause is unknown, pulmonary hypertension in sepis is associated with a high mortality and may be clinically followed by measurement of the PAd-PWP gradient.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in sepsis: measurement by the pulmonary arterial diastolic-pulmonary wedge pressure gradient and the influence of passive and active factors. To examine the relative roles of passive factors (flow; filling pressures of left side of heart) and active factors (acidosis; arterial unsaturation) in the genesis of pulmonary hypertension when associated with sepsis, 37 patients with sepsis and 24 patients without sepsis were examined. Pulmonary hypertension was measured by the pulmonary arterial diastolic-pulmonary wedge pressure gradient (PAd-PWP gradient) and correlated reasonably with a standard formula for calculated resistance ([PA--PWP]/CI, where PA is mean pulmonary artery pressure and CI is cardiac index). In 22 of 37 patients, sepsis was associated with a significant degree of resistance to flow in the pulmonary circulation, as measured by the PAd-PWP gradient: and the higher the PAd--PWP gradient, the greater the likelihood of early death. None of the examined passive or active factors appeared to be adequate to explain pulmonary hypertension when present. By the use of previously derived formulae to estimate the compliance of the elastic pulmonary arteries, factors affecting this part of the pulmonary microcirculation could not be held accountable for apparent pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, the presence of pulmonary hypertension in sepis appears to be an active, rather than a passive, phenomenon and unrelated to arterial oxygen saturation or acid-base imbalance. Although the exact cause is unknown, pulmonary hypertension in sepis is associated with a high mortality and may be clinically followed by measurement of the PAd-PWP gradient.", "PMID": 648208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3810", "title": "Comparison of two methods of postoperative respiratory care.", "content": "After abdominal surgery, 64 patients were managed with one of the following two techniques of respiratory care: (1) deep breathing by way of a new device, an incentive spirometric three-ball, flow-measuring device (Triflo); and (2) standard episodic intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) every four hours. Both series of patients received therapy with a bronchodilator drug by nebulization. All patients had preoperative spirometric measurements followed by five consecutive days of therapy and spirometry. Chest x-ray films were obtained for all patients. There were no significant differences between the two methods of respiratory care, but 57 percent (17/30) in the group receiving therapy with IPPB developed pneumonia, atelectasis, or bronchitis, while only 29 percent (10/34) did so in the group using the incentive spirometric device (P less than 0.05). Spirometric differences were minimal, although the trend favored the incentive spirometric device. Principal conclusions were as follows: (1) deep breathing under the conditions of this investigation was equal to episodic therapy with IPPB; and (2) from an economic standpoint, IPPB, as it is currently practiced, may be disadvantageous when compared with the incentive spirometric device.", "contents": "Comparison of two methods of postoperative respiratory care. After abdominal surgery, 64 patients were managed with one of the following two techniques of respiratory care: (1) deep breathing by way of a new device, an incentive spirometric three-ball, flow-measuring device (Triflo); and (2) standard episodic intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) every four hours. Both series of patients received therapy with a bronchodilator drug by nebulization. All patients had preoperative spirometric measurements followed by five consecutive days of therapy and spirometry. Chest x-ray films were obtained for all patients. There were no significant differences between the two methods of respiratory care, but 57 percent (17/30) in the group receiving therapy with IPPB developed pneumonia, atelectasis, or bronchitis, while only 29 percent (10/34) did so in the group using the incentive spirometric device (P less than 0.05). Spirometric differences were minimal, although the trend favored the incentive spirometric device. Principal conclusions were as follows: (1) deep breathing under the conditions of this investigation was equal to episodic therapy with IPPB; and (2) from an economic standpoint, IPPB, as it is currently practiced, may be disadvantageous when compared with the incentive spirometric device.", "PMID": 648209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3811", "title": "A comparison of the Jones and Stead-Wells spirometers.", "content": "A comparison was made between the noncounterweighted Jones and Stead-Wells spirometers, and \"conversion factors\" were determined for the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC). A cross-sectional study produced a high correlation between the instruments for these two measurements, yielding quadratic and linear regression equations (\"conversion factors\") for FEV1 and FVC, respectively. Standard deviations of measurements were similar for both spirometers. Results from a longitudinal study agreed with the \"conversion factors\" predicted from the cross-sectional study; however, significant day-to-day variability was observed by both spirometers. Neither spirometer met all of the technical recommendations proposed by the Committees on Environmental Health and Respiratory Physiology of the American College of Chest Physicians; however, the Stead-Wells water-sealed spirometer complied more often than the Jones waterless spirometer (Pulmonor). In addition, the open-circuit procedure used for the Jones spirometer required more corrdination in the subject than did the closed-circuit procedure employed in this study for the Stead-Wells spirometer; however, with application of the \"conversion factors,\" both instruments, yield comparable data and prove adequate for spirometric studies.", "contents": "A comparison of the Jones and Stead-Wells spirometers. A comparison was made between the noncounterweighted Jones and Stead-Wells spirometers, and \"conversion factors\" were determined for the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC). A cross-sectional study produced a high correlation between the instruments for these two measurements, yielding quadratic and linear regression equations (\"conversion factors\") for FEV1 and FVC, respectively. Standard deviations of measurements were similar for both spirometers. Results from a longitudinal study agreed with the \"conversion factors\" predicted from the cross-sectional study; however, significant day-to-day variability was observed by both spirometers. Neither spirometer met all of the technical recommendations proposed by the Committees on Environmental Health and Respiratory Physiology of the American College of Chest Physicians; however, the Stead-Wells water-sealed spirometer complied more often than the Jones waterless spirometer (Pulmonor). In addition, the open-circuit procedure used for the Jones spirometer required more corrdination in the subject than did the closed-circuit procedure employed in this study for the Stead-Wells spirometer; however, with application of the \"conversion factors,\" both instruments, yield comparable data and prove adequate for spirometric studies.", "PMID": 648210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3812", "title": "Combined chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "One hundred sixty-seven patients with extensive well-differentiated and 120 patients with extensive poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung received chemotherapy as part of a randomized study by the Veterans Administration Lung Group. Chemotherapy was administration at random using one of the following four regimens: (1) cyclophosphamide alone; (2) cyclophosphamide plus 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU); (3) doxorubicin (adriamycin) plus cyclophosphamide; and (4) doxorubicin plus CCNU. With data on survival as the criteria for evaluation, it has been shown that combined chemotherapy using doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide achieves greater median survival for patients with squamous cell cancer of the lung than single-drug chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, under the conditions of this study; however, prolongation of life is still minimal, and better treatment is required. About 20 percent of the patients receiving any of the four regimens developed serious toxic effects from therapy with the drugs.", "contents": "Combined chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. One hundred sixty-seven patients with extensive well-differentiated and 120 patients with extensive poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung received chemotherapy as part of a randomized study by the Veterans Administration Lung Group. Chemotherapy was administration at random using one of the following four regimens: (1) cyclophosphamide alone; (2) cyclophosphamide plus 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU); (3) doxorubicin (adriamycin) plus cyclophosphamide; and (4) doxorubicin plus CCNU. With data on survival as the criteria for evaluation, it has been shown that combined chemotherapy using doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide achieves greater median survival for patients with squamous cell cancer of the lung than single-drug chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, under the conditions of this study; however, prolongation of life is still minimal, and better treatment is required. About 20 percent of the patients receiving any of the four regimens developed serious toxic effects from therapy with the drugs.", "PMID": 648211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3813", "title": "The absence of a relationship between serum precipitins and pulmonary disease in a community.", "content": "To study the role of serum precipitins in respiratory illness in a community, sera obtained from 3,047 residents of Tucson, Ariz., were tested for the presence of precipitating antibody to a battery of antigens. Positive reactions were obtained in 54 subjects (1.8 percent), a lower incidence than has been reported previously. The majority of these subjects were older than 54 years of age, an age distribution significantly older than the entire sample (P less than 0.01). Pulmonary function among the subjects with positive precipitin reactions was not significantly different from that of the asymptomatic nonsmokers of the entire sample. None of the subjects who were lifelong residents of Arizona had serum precipitins to any of the thermophilic actinomycetes antigens which were used in the testing. These antigens have been found in association with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, most frequently among patients living in the north central United States and were derived from strains of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomycetes candidus and vulgaris. Each subject with precipitins to one or more of the tested antigens was matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic class with two subjects from the sample who had negative precipitin reactions. The groups did not differ in their prevalence of respiratory symptoms or abnormalities of pulmonary function. We conclude that the presence of precipitating serum antibodies among subjects in a community is not indicative of the presence of immunologic pulmonary disease but merely reflects previous exposure to the tested antigen. In addition, individuals whose sera contain precipitating antibody appear to have no increased tendency to develop other types of pulmonary disease.", "contents": "The absence of a relationship between serum precipitins and pulmonary disease in a community. To study the role of serum precipitins in respiratory illness in a community, sera obtained from 3,047 residents of Tucson, Ariz., were tested for the presence of precipitating antibody to a battery of antigens. Positive reactions were obtained in 54 subjects (1.8 percent), a lower incidence than has been reported previously. The majority of these subjects were older than 54 years of age, an age distribution significantly older than the entire sample (P less than 0.01). Pulmonary function among the subjects with positive precipitin reactions was not significantly different from that of the asymptomatic nonsmokers of the entire sample. None of the subjects who were lifelong residents of Arizona had serum precipitins to any of the thermophilic actinomycetes antigens which were used in the testing. These antigens have been found in association with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, most frequently among patients living in the north central United States and were derived from strains of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomycetes candidus and vulgaris. Each subject with precipitins to one or more of the tested antigens was matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic class with two subjects from the sample who had negative precipitin reactions. The groups did not differ in their prevalence of respiratory symptoms or abnormalities of pulmonary function. We conclude that the presence of precipitating serum antibodies among subjects in a community is not indicative of the presence of immunologic pulmonary disease but merely reflects previous exposure to the tested antigen. In addition, individuals whose sera contain precipitating antibody appear to have no increased tendency to develop other types of pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 648212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3814", "title": "Symptomatic deep venous thrombosis of the arm associated with permanent transvenous pacing electrodes.", "content": "From October 1970 to May 1977, a total of 212 pacemakers were implanted at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of Pennsylvania State University, Hershey. During this period, we encountered five patients with symptomatic thrombosis of the subclavian vein, a rate for this complication of approximately 2 percent. Although this complication was reported only rarely prior to 1976, we believe that symptomatic subclavian thrombosis after insertion of a transvenous pacemaker electrode occurs more frequently than previously suspected. The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this interesting condition are discussed.", "contents": "Symptomatic deep venous thrombosis of the arm associated with permanent transvenous pacing electrodes. From October 1970 to May 1977, a total of 212 pacemakers were implanted at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of Pennsylvania State University, Hershey. During this period, we encountered five patients with symptomatic thrombosis of the subclavian vein, a rate for this complication of approximately 2 percent. Although this complication was reported only rarely prior to 1976, we believe that symptomatic subclavian thrombosis after insertion of a transvenous pacemaker electrode occurs more frequently than previously suspected. The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this interesting condition are discussed.", "PMID": 648213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3815", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in hepatic disease.", "content": "The disposition of theophylline was examined in eight male cirrhotic (six proven by biopsy) patients without heart failure. An oral dose of 100 mg of theophylline per square meter of surface area was administered, and samples of serum and saliva were collected from 0 to 60 hours and were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. Controls were 57 young normal subjects and 25 age-matched patients. The body clearance of theophylline in cirrhotic patients was low, averaging 18.8 +/- 11.3 ml/kg/hr (+/- SD) vs 53.7 +/- 19.3 and 63.0 +/- 28.5 ml/kg/hr in the control patients and the normal subjects, respectively. The half-life of theophylline in cirrhotic patients was prolonged wiht a mean of 28.8 +/- 14.3 hours compared to 6.0 +/- 2.1 hours in normal subjects. Patients with cirrhosis proven by biopsy had significantly lower values for body clearance and longer half-lives than subjects without biopsies. The values for body clearance correlated well with the serum level of bilirubin (r = -0.81) and the serum level of bile acids (r = -0.81). The slow and variable metabolism in cirrhotic patients necessitates a reduction in the maintenance dosage of aminophylline to 0.20 to 0.45 mg/kg/hr and monitoring of the serum level during therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in hepatic disease. The disposition of theophylline was examined in eight male cirrhotic (six proven by biopsy) patients without heart failure. An oral dose of 100 mg of theophylline per square meter of surface area was administered, and samples of serum and saliva were collected from 0 to 60 hours and were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. Controls were 57 young normal subjects and 25 age-matched patients. The body clearance of theophylline in cirrhotic patients was low, averaging 18.8 +/- 11.3 ml/kg/hr (+/- SD) vs 53.7 +/- 19.3 and 63.0 +/- 28.5 ml/kg/hr in the control patients and the normal subjects, respectively. The half-life of theophylline in cirrhotic patients was prolonged wiht a mean of 28.8 +/- 14.3 hours compared to 6.0 +/- 2.1 hours in normal subjects. Patients with cirrhosis proven by biopsy had significantly lower values for body clearance and longer half-lives than subjects without biopsies. The values for body clearance correlated well with the serum level of bilirubin (r = -0.81) and the serum level of bile acids (r = -0.81). The slow and variable metabolism in cirrhotic patients necessitates a reduction in the maintenance dosage of aminophylline to 0.20 to 0.45 mg/kg/hr and monitoring of the serum level during therapy.", "PMID": 648214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3816", "title": "Poisoning caused by inhalation of hydrogen chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, oxalyl chloride, and oxalic acid.", "content": "Eleven people accidentally inhaled a significant amount of a gaseous mixture of hydrogen chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, oxalyl chloride, and oxalic acid. Clinical observations and laboratory tests were recorded from the time of admission throughout hospitalization. The main abnormalities were found in the respiratory tract and consisted of clinical and physiologic evidence of obstruction of the airways, mild interstitial and alveolar edema, a defect in diffusion, and inequalities of ventilation and perfusion that produced hypoxemia. All of these cleared within a short time.", "contents": "Poisoning caused by inhalation of hydrogen chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, oxalyl chloride, and oxalic acid. Eleven people accidentally inhaled a significant amount of a gaseous mixture of hydrogen chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, oxalyl chloride, and oxalic acid. Clinical observations and laboratory tests were recorded from the time of admission throughout hospitalization. The main abnormalities were found in the respiratory tract and consisted of clinical and physiologic evidence of obstruction of the airways, mild interstitial and alveolar edema, a defect in diffusion, and inequalities of ventilation and perfusion that produced hypoxemia. All of these cleared within a short time.", "PMID": 648215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3817", "title": "Measurement of frequency of ciliary beats of human respiratory epithelium.", "content": "A method for accurate measurement of beats on ciliated respiratory epithelial cells in vitro is described. The technique allows the frequency of ciliary beats to be recorded directly on minute specimens of human respiratory epithelium obtained by bronchoscopic brushing. A \"hanging-drop\" preparation of the scraped material is placed on a thin, flat welled slide and is viewed with a phase-contrast microscope at a magnification of x450. Light transmitted through the specimen is deflected in varying intensities due to the beating action of the cilia and is detected by a photomultiplier cell, amplified and transduced as peaks on an oscilloscope. Due to the relatively high magnification, a small group of cilia may be focused upon and their activity measured. Specimens from two groups totaling 53 patients were measured; in the first group the frequency of ciliary beats was measured at 23 degrees C and ranged from 9.1 to 12.9 beats per second with a mean and standard deviation of 11.0 +/- 1.3 beats per second. The second group was measured at 37 degrees C, and values ranged from 10.3 to 16.8 beats per second, with a mean and standard deviation of 13.8 +/- 1.8 beats per second. These values are interpreted to reflect the autonomous frequency of ciliary beats of the isolated respiratory cells. This simple method may be applied to screen for abnormalities of ciliary beating in patients with altered respiratory mucous clearance, as well as to examine the specific effects in vitro of chemicals, drugs, or pollutants on human ciliary activity.", "contents": "Measurement of frequency of ciliary beats of human respiratory epithelium. A method for accurate measurement of beats on ciliated respiratory epithelial cells in vitro is described. The technique allows the frequency of ciliary beats to be recorded directly on minute specimens of human respiratory epithelium obtained by bronchoscopic brushing. A \"hanging-drop\" preparation of the scraped material is placed on a thin, flat welled slide and is viewed with a phase-contrast microscope at a magnification of x450. Light transmitted through the specimen is deflected in varying intensities due to the beating action of the cilia and is detected by a photomultiplier cell, amplified and transduced as peaks on an oscilloscope. Due to the relatively high magnification, a small group of cilia may be focused upon and their activity measured. Specimens from two groups totaling 53 patients were measured; in the first group the frequency of ciliary beats was measured at 23 degrees C and ranged from 9.1 to 12.9 beats per second with a mean and standard deviation of 11.0 +/- 1.3 beats per second. The second group was measured at 37 degrees C, and values ranged from 10.3 to 16.8 beats per second, with a mean and standard deviation of 13.8 +/- 1.8 beats per second. These values are interpreted to reflect the autonomous frequency of ciliary beats of the isolated respiratory cells. This simple method may be applied to screen for abnormalities of ciliary beating in patients with altered respiratory mucous clearance, as well as to examine the specific effects in vitro of chemicals, drugs, or pollutants on human ciliary activity.", "PMID": 648216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3818", "title": "Dissociation of the atrioventricular node in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. 1. Transverse dissociation (alternate Wenckebach periods).", "content": "Two cases of alternate Wenckebach periods developing during the acute phase of inferior wall myocardial infarction are presented. In both cases, syncope occurred and severe bradyarrhythmia was recorded on the day of admission. Electrophysiologic study performed in one patient and a narrow QRS complex in the other patient during the alternate Wenckebach periods confirmed the atrioventricular node as the level of block. Transverse dissociation of the atrioventricular node with two (or more) levels of block is the most acceptable explanation for this phenomenon. We suggest that alternate Wenckebach periods occurring during the acute phase of inferior wall myocardial infarction is a severe bradyarrhythmia, and prophylactic temporary pacing is recommended.", "contents": "Dissociation of the atrioventricular node in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. 1. Transverse dissociation (alternate Wenckebach periods). Two cases of alternate Wenckebach periods developing during the acute phase of inferior wall myocardial infarction are presented. In both cases, syncope occurred and severe bradyarrhythmia was recorded on the day of admission. Electrophysiologic study performed in one patient and a narrow QRS complex in the other patient during the alternate Wenckebach periods confirmed the atrioventricular node as the level of block. Transverse dissociation of the atrioventricular node with two (or more) levels of block is the most acceptable explanation for this phenomenon. We suggest that alternate Wenckebach periods occurring during the acute phase of inferior wall myocardial infarction is a severe bradyarrhythmia, and prophylactic temporary pacing is recommended.", "PMID": 648217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3819", "title": "Dissociation of the atrioventricular node in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. 2. Longitudinal dissociation (dual atrioventricular nodal pathways).", "content": "Four cases of longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node, with dual pathways developing during the acute phase of an inferior wall myocardial infarction (three cases) or during acute ischemia (one case), are presented. In all four cases, two grossly different P-R intervals were recorded, and in two cases, studies of the His bundle confirmed the location of the dissociation within the atrioventrcular node. In one case, premature atrial depolarization caused a bidirectional shifting of P-R intervals, while in the remaining three cases, premature ventricular depolarization (spontaneous or pacemaker-induced) was responsible for this phenomenon. In all cases, evidence of longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node appeared during the acute phase of the infarction or ischemia, and in all of them the phenomenon was transient. This favors the assumption that this phenomenon is of a functional nature, most probably related to the ischemic lesion of the atrioventricular node.", "contents": "Dissociation of the atrioventricular node in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. 2. Longitudinal dissociation (dual atrioventricular nodal pathways). Four cases of longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node, with dual pathways developing during the acute phase of an inferior wall myocardial infarction (three cases) or during acute ischemia (one case), are presented. In all four cases, two grossly different P-R intervals were recorded, and in two cases, studies of the His bundle confirmed the location of the dissociation within the atrioventrcular node. In one case, premature atrial depolarization caused a bidirectional shifting of P-R intervals, while in the remaining three cases, premature ventricular depolarization (spontaneous or pacemaker-induced) was responsible for this phenomenon. In all cases, evidence of longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node appeared during the acute phase of the infarction or ischemia, and in all of them the phenomenon was transient. This favors the assumption that this phenomenon is of a functional nature, most probably related to the ischemic lesion of the atrioventricular node.", "PMID": 648218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3820", "title": "Etiology of right bundle branch block pattern following surgical repair of atrioventricular cushion defects.", "content": "Electrocardiograms and surgical data from 12 patients with complete atrioventricular canal defects and 24 patients with ostium primum defects were evaluated before and after open heart surgery in order to document the incidence of postoperative right bundle branch block. The use and precise location of septal sutures utilized for repair were specifically noted in order to assess their possible role in the genesis of the postoperative right bundle branch block pattern. Septal sutures were placed in all patients with atrioventricular canal defects, and ten (83 percent) of these 12 patients developed right bundle branch block. Seven (29 percent) of the 24 patients with ostium primum defects developed a postoperative right bundle branch block, and in all seven patients, septal sutures were utilized. None of the patients with an ostium primum defect without septal sutures developed a right bundle branch block, and none of the patients in this series developed complete heart block.", "contents": "Etiology of right bundle branch block pattern following surgical repair of atrioventricular cushion defects. Electrocardiograms and surgical data from 12 patients with complete atrioventricular canal defects and 24 patients with ostium primum defects were evaluated before and after open heart surgery in order to document the incidence of postoperative right bundle branch block. The use and precise location of septal sutures utilized for repair were specifically noted in order to assess their possible role in the genesis of the postoperative right bundle branch block pattern. Septal sutures were placed in all patients with atrioventricular canal defects, and ten (83 percent) of these 12 patients developed right bundle branch block. Seven (29 percent) of the 24 patients with ostium primum defects developed a postoperative right bundle branch block, and in all seven patients, septal sutures were utilized. None of the patients with an ostium primum defect without septal sutures developed a right bundle branch block, and none of the patients in this series developed complete heart block.", "PMID": 648219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3821", "title": "The treatment of pleuropulmonary amebiasis with metronidazole.", "content": "One hundred forty patients with pleuropulmonary amebiasis were classified radiographically in order to rationalize therapy based on the use of metronidazole. Amebic testing with gel diffusion, serial chest x-ray films, and observation of the patient's response to treatment have dominated management of the patients, 135 of whom made a successful recovery. Five patients died. Sixty percent of the surviving patients have been reviewed at a follow-up clinic, and there has been no instance of recurrence of amebiasis.", "contents": "The treatment of pleuropulmonary amebiasis with metronidazole. One hundred forty patients with pleuropulmonary amebiasis were classified radiographically in order to rationalize therapy based on the use of metronidazole. Amebic testing with gel diffusion, serial chest x-ray films, and observation of the patient's response to treatment have dominated management of the patients, 135 of whom made a successful recovery. Five patients died. Sixty percent of the surviving patients have been reviewed at a follow-up clinic, and there has been no instance of recurrence of amebiasis.", "PMID": 648220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3822", "title": "d-Transposition of the great arteries and atresia of the mitral and pulmonary valves: association with a normal anatomic left ventricle.", "content": "The clinical, angiographic, and pathologic features are presented for a case of d-transposition of the great arteries with atresia of the mitral and pulmonary valves and two well-developed ventricles. The morphologic left ventricle appeared to be functioning as a systemic ventricular aneurysm, and this may have led to the patient's death. A possible explanation for this anomaly is given.", "contents": "d-Transposition of the great arteries and atresia of the mitral and pulmonary valves: association with a normal anatomic left ventricle. The clinical, angiographic, and pathologic features are presented for a case of d-transposition of the great arteries with atresia of the mitral and pulmonary valves and two well-developed ventricles. The morphologic left ventricle appeared to be functioning as a systemic ventricular aneurysm, and this may have led to the patient's death. A possible explanation for this anomaly is given.", "PMID": 648223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3823", "title": "Impaired response to hypoxia after bilateral carotid body resection for treatment of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Decreased ventilatory responsiveness to isocapnic hypoxia and increased breath-holding times were measured in a 12-year-old asthmatic boy who had undergone bilateral resection of the carotid bodies. The patient had episodes of cyanosis in which he became disoriented, but he had no subjective feelings of discomfort or dyspnea.", "contents": "Impaired response to hypoxia after bilateral carotid body resection for treatment of bronchial asthma. Decreased ventilatory responsiveness to isocapnic hypoxia and increased breath-holding times were measured in a 12-year-old asthmatic boy who had undergone bilateral resection of the carotid bodies. The patient had episodes of cyanosis in which he became disoriented, but he had no subjective feelings of discomfort or dyspnea.", "PMID": 648224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3824", "title": "Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides.", "content": "Chylothorax occurred as a manifestation of severe congestive heart failure resulting from rheumatic mitral stenosis. Following replacement of the mitral valve, chylothorax recurred and was treated by thoracocentesis initially and then resolved during six months of therapy with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Ultimately, the patient resumed a regular diet with no further accumulation of pleural fluid.", "contents": "Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chylothorax occurred as a manifestation of severe congestive heart failure resulting from rheumatic mitral stenosis. Following replacement of the mitral valve, chylothorax recurred and was treated by thoracocentesis initially and then resolved during six months of therapy with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Ultimately, the patient resumed a regular diet with no further accumulation of pleural fluid.", "PMID": 648225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3825", "title": "Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity associated with use of the Swan-Ganz catheter.", "content": "Two patients who developed unilateral neck vein distention following insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter are described. One patient developed unilateral swelling of the arm used for catheter insertion. Following removal of the Swan-Ganz catheter in this patient, venograms of both upper extremities revealed internal jugular vein thrombosis and subclavian vein thrombosis of the involved extremity. The other patient had thrombosis of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins bilaterally, as well as superior vena cava thrombosis.", "contents": "Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity associated with use of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Two patients who developed unilateral neck vein distention following insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter are described. One patient developed unilateral swelling of the arm used for catheter insertion. Following removal of the Swan-Ganz catheter in this patient, venograms of both upper extremities revealed internal jugular vein thrombosis and subclavian vein thrombosis of the involved extremity. The other patient had thrombosis of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins bilaterally, as well as superior vena cava thrombosis.", "PMID": 648226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3826", "title": "Echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "The echocardiographic and perfusion scintigraphic evaluation of an adolescent boy with a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is reported. Contrast echocardiography following the rapid intravenous injection of indocyanine green dye was utilized to document extracardiac right-to-left shunting. Perfusion lung scintigraphy demonstrated the presence of a single large pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Contrast echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy are minimally invasive, safe and easily performed techniques for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.", "contents": "Echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The echocardiographic and perfusion scintigraphic evaluation of an adolescent boy with a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is reported. Contrast echocardiography following the rapid intravenous injection of indocyanine green dye was utilized to document extracardiac right-to-left shunting. Perfusion lung scintigraphy demonstrated the presence of a single large pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Contrast echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy are minimally invasive, safe and easily performed techniques for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.", "PMID": 648227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3827", "title": "Coronary arterial dissection: an unrecognized cause of myocardial infarction, with subsequent coronary arterial patency.", "content": "A 55-year-old man survived an acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiographic studies at two months after infarction demonstrated a primary dissection with stenosis of the right coronary artery. Repeat angiographic studies 19 months later showed resolution of the dissection, with the return of coronary luminal patency. This is the first angiographic description of primary coronary arterial dissection. This mechanism can cause the phenomenon of myocardial infarction without significant coronary arterial stenosis seen at subsequent coronary angiographic studies.", "contents": "Coronary arterial dissection: an unrecognized cause of myocardial infarction, with subsequent coronary arterial patency. A 55-year-old man survived an acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiographic studies at two months after infarction demonstrated a primary dissection with stenosis of the right coronary artery. Repeat angiographic studies 19 months later showed resolution of the dissection, with the return of coronary luminal patency. This is the first angiographic description of primary coronary arterial dissection. This mechanism can cause the phenomenon of myocardial infarction without significant coronary arterial stenosis seen at subsequent coronary angiographic studies.", "PMID": 648228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3828", "title": "Venous aneurysm of the facial vein.", "content": "We present a case of venous aneurysm of the facial vein at its proximal end on the left side, which might be the first case reported in the medical literature of the world. The anatomy of the vein, venographic studies of the facial vein (with demonstration of the aneurysm), and the type of surgical management are discussed. The possible etiology for the venous aneurysm is indicated.", "contents": "Venous aneurysm of the facial vein. We present a case of venous aneurysm of the facial vein at its proximal end on the left side, which might be the first case reported in the medical literature of the world. The anatomy of the vein, venographic studies of the facial vein (with demonstration of the aneurysm), and the type of surgical management are discussed. The possible etiology for the venous aneurysm is indicated.", "PMID": 648229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3829", "title": "Antimalarial activity of saccharidic polymers of dapsone and sulfadimethoxine.", "content": "With the purpose of obtaining pro-drugs of dapsone and sulfadimethoxine, those chemotherapeutic agents were attached through covalent bonding to starch polymeric dialdehyde (Sumstar-190). The antimalarial activity of the two resulting compounds - the dapsone saccharidic polymer (PS6) and the sulfadimethoxine saccharidic polymer (PS7) - in mice experimentally inoculated with Plasmodium berghei was significantly increased with this molecular modification. Mice infected with malaria and kept without treatment together with others which received different doses of PS6 and PS7 were also partially or totally cured, possibly due to the ingestion of excrements containing the parent chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Antimalarial activity of saccharidic polymers of dapsone and sulfadimethoxine. With the purpose of obtaining pro-drugs of dapsone and sulfadimethoxine, those chemotherapeutic agents were attached through covalent bonding to starch polymeric dialdehyde (Sumstar-190). The antimalarial activity of the two resulting compounds - the dapsone saccharidic polymer (PS6) and the sulfadimethoxine saccharidic polymer (PS7) - in mice experimentally inoculated with Plasmodium berghei was significantly increased with this molecular modification. Mice infected with malaria and kept without treatment together with others which received different doses of PS6 and PS7 were also partially or totally cured, possibly due to the ingestion of excrements containing the parent chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 648235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3830", "title": "In vitro activity of sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination with nafcillin, oxacillin and methicillin against enterococci.", "content": "The in vitro activity of sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination with nafcillin, oxacillin and methicillin against 30 strains of enterococci was investigated. Sisomicin and netilmicin alone were not very effective against enterococci. There was enhanced killing of some strains of enterococci by the combination of sisomicin or netilmicin with one of the three penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Nafcillin was the most effective penicillinase-resistant penicillin in the combination. Sisomicin appeared to be slightly more effective than netilmicin in combination with one of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins against enterococci.", "contents": "In vitro activity of sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination with nafcillin, oxacillin and methicillin against enterococci. The in vitro activity of sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination with nafcillin, oxacillin and methicillin against 30 strains of enterococci was investigated. Sisomicin and netilmicin alone were not very effective against enterococci. There was enhanced killing of some strains of enterococci by the combination of sisomicin or netilmicin with one of the three penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Nafcillin was the most effective penicillinase-resistant penicillin in the combination. Sisomicin appeared to be slightly more effective than netilmicin in combination with one of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins against enterococci.", "PMID": 648236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3831", "title": "Therapeutic activity of pretazettine on Rauscher leukemia: combination of antiviral activity and cellular protein inhibition.", "content": "Pretazettine hydrochloride (PTZ) has been found to inhibit protein synthesis, without being inhibitory to DNA and RNA, in Rauscher leukemic blood cells in mice for at least 6 h after its administration. With comparison to Virazole and cycloheximide, the specific anti-Rauscher virus activity of PTZ has been demonstrated only in acutely-infected NIH/3T3 cells but not in chronically-infected cells. It is not certain that the inhibitory action of PTZ on reverse transcriptase is contributory to its therapeutic activity in leukemic mice.", "contents": "Therapeutic activity of pretazettine on Rauscher leukemia: combination of antiviral activity and cellular protein inhibition. Pretazettine hydrochloride (PTZ) has been found to inhibit protein synthesis, without being inhibitory to DNA and RNA, in Rauscher leukemic blood cells in mice for at least 6 h after its administration. With comparison to Virazole and cycloheximide, the specific anti-Rauscher virus activity of PTZ has been demonstrated only in acutely-infected NIH/3T3 cells but not in chronically-infected cells. It is not certain that the inhibitory action of PTZ on reverse transcriptase is contributory to its therapeutic activity in leukemic mice.", "PMID": 648237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3832", "title": "Ototoxicity of gentamicin: clinical experience in a children's hospital.", "content": "In a effort to estimate the incidence of clinical ototoxicity in children we reviewed the charts of 374 patients who had serum gentamicin concentration determined 30 min before ('trough value') and at the pharmacologic peak after parenteral administration. 37 of these patients, between 9 and 17 years of age, had two or more audiograms; of these, 9 developed objective evidence of hearing loss; in 2 the impairment was severe and permanent. Risk factors associated with ototoxicity were renal failure, concomitant administration of diuretics and peak serum concentrations greater than 12 microgram/ml (all significant at p less than 0.01). The minimum incidence of overt hearing loss secondary to gentamicin therapy is approximately 2.4%.", "contents": "Ototoxicity of gentamicin: clinical experience in a children's hospital. In a effort to estimate the incidence of clinical ototoxicity in children we reviewed the charts of 374 patients who had serum gentamicin concentration determined 30 min before ('trough value') and at the pharmacologic peak after parenteral administration. 37 of these patients, between 9 and 17 years of age, had two or more audiograms; of these, 9 developed objective evidence of hearing loss; in 2 the impairment was severe and permanent. Risk factors associated with ototoxicity were renal failure, concomitant administration of diuretics and peak serum concentrations greater than 12 microgram/ml (all significant at p less than 0.01). The minimum incidence of overt hearing loss secondary to gentamicin therapy is approximately 2.4%.", "PMID": 648238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3833", "title": "5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic children before and after ventricular shunting procedure.", "content": "21 cases of hypertensive hydrocephalus were investigated for lumbar 5-HIAA before and after operation. Seven groups (posterior fossa tumors) of patients aged between 2 and 12 years were tested after tumor removal; the others (nontumorous hydrocephalus) after ventricular shunting. This last group included 8 patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus aged between 15 days and 12 years and 6 with communicating hydrocephalus aged between 6 months and 9 years. At the time of the second determination all patients presented an improvement of clinical signs of intracranial hypertension. A correlative analysis of 5-HIAA values before and after operation is made. In tumor cases, preoperative levels were higher than controls, and a significant decrease was found after operation in comparison with preoperative levels. In nontumor cases, a significant decrease was also observed in noncommunicating hydrocephalus, confirming clinical usefulness of the results for controlling the degree of the intracranial hypertension and, in consequence, shunt performance. In communicating cases the results were disappointing, because almost always postoperative levels did not differ from the preoperative ones. Possible interpretations of the data are analyzed.", "contents": "5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic children before and after ventricular shunting procedure. 21 cases of hypertensive hydrocephalus were investigated for lumbar 5-HIAA before and after operation. Seven groups (posterior fossa tumors) of patients aged between 2 and 12 years were tested after tumor removal; the others (nontumorous hydrocephalus) after ventricular shunting. This last group included 8 patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus aged between 15 days and 12 years and 6 with communicating hydrocephalus aged between 6 months and 9 years. At the time of the second determination all patients presented an improvement of clinical signs of intracranial hypertension. A correlative analysis of 5-HIAA values before and after operation is made. In tumor cases, preoperative levels were higher than controls, and a significant decrease was found after operation in comparison with preoperative levels. In nontumor cases, a significant decrease was also observed in noncommunicating hydrocephalus, confirming clinical usefulness of the results for controlling the degree of the intracranial hypertension and, in consequence, shunt performance. In communicating cases the results were disappointing, because almost always postoperative levels did not differ from the preoperative ones. Possible interpretations of the data are analyzed.", "PMID": 648247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3834", "title": "The central (spinal) canal in congenital murine hydrocephalus: morphological and physiological aspects.", "content": "Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways produces changes in the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord. A murine model of hydrocephalus (hy-3) used to study changes in the central canal of the spinal cord and these changes are correlated with events occurring in the intracranial compartment. The central canal is enlarged and subependymal interstitial edema is produced by cerebrospinal fluid at the same time as the intracranial ventricular system is expanding. Plugging of the obex results in collapse of the central canal. Ferritin tracer studies demonstrate transependymal flow of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central canal.", "contents": "The central (spinal) canal in congenital murine hydrocephalus: morphological and physiological aspects. Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways produces changes in the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord. A murine model of hydrocephalus (hy-3) used to study changes in the central canal of the spinal cord and these changes are correlated with events occurring in the intracranial compartment. The central canal is enlarged and subependymal interstitial edema is produced by cerebrospinal fluid at the same time as the intracranial ventricular system is expanding. Plugging of the obex results in collapse of the central canal. Ferritin tracer studies demonstrate transependymal flow of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central canal.", "PMID": 648248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3835", "title": "Head bobbing in a patient with a cyst of the third ventricle.", "content": "The case of a 7 year-old boy with 'bobble head doll syndrome' associated with a cyst in the third ventricle is reported. This movement disorder appears in early childhood and consists mostly in a rhythmic to-and-fro bobbing of the head and eventually of the trunk. As in three previously described cases, this case showed only slight decrease of the 'tic' after partial removal of the cyst by transcortical exploration of the third ventricle. In an inquiry and a survey of the literature, 17 cases with bobble head doll syndrome were collected. The average age of the described cases was 7 years at time of diagnosis. In 13 cases a slow-growing cyst or mass in the anterior part of the third ventricle of close to this region was found. There was no case observed with an acute lesion, in 3 cases it was thought an aqueduct stenosis should be the cause, and in 1 case the cause was unknown.", "contents": "Head bobbing in a patient with a cyst of the third ventricle. The case of a 7 year-old boy with 'bobble head doll syndrome' associated with a cyst in the third ventricle is reported. This movement disorder appears in early childhood and consists mostly in a rhythmic to-and-fro bobbing of the head and eventually of the trunk. As in three previously described cases, this case showed only slight decrease of the 'tic' after partial removal of the cyst by transcortical exploration of the third ventricle. In an inquiry and a survey of the literature, 17 cases with bobble head doll syndrome were collected. The average age of the described cases was 7 years at time of diagnosis. In 13 cases a slow-growing cyst or mass in the anterior part of the third ventricle of close to this region was found. There was no case observed with an acute lesion, in 3 cases it was thought an aqueduct stenosis should be the cause, and in 1 case the cause was unknown.", "PMID": 648249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3836", "title": "Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children.", "content": "A series of 36 children under the age of 13 with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) was retrospectively reviewed. It is shown that haemorrhage is by far the commonest initial manifestation of the lesion, followed by seizures. Of the 14 children who have seizures, 10 suffered from haemorrhage within an observation period of 3 months to 7 years. Analysis of the results of the various forms of treatment indicates that total surgical extirpation provides the best safeguard against future haemorrhage. It is suggested that all cerebral AVM in children should be excised whenever possible.", "contents": "Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. A series of 36 children under the age of 13 with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) was retrospectively reviewed. It is shown that haemorrhage is by far the commonest initial manifestation of the lesion, followed by seizures. Of the 14 children who have seizures, 10 suffered from haemorrhage within an observation period of 3 months to 7 years. Analysis of the results of the various forms of treatment indicates that total surgical extirpation provides the best safeguard against future haemorrhage. It is suggested that all cerebral AVM in children should be excised whenever possible.", "PMID": 648250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3837", "title": "Unusual subarachnoid metastasis of an intracranial chordoma in infancy.", "content": "The authors report a case of large clivus chordoma in a 61/2-year-old child with multiple subarachnoid metastatic dissemination over the cerebellar hemispheres and spinal cord.", "contents": "Unusual subarachnoid metastasis of an intracranial chordoma in infancy. The authors report a case of large clivus chordoma in a 61/2-year-old child with multiple subarachnoid metastatic dissemination over the cerebellar hemispheres and spinal cord.", "PMID": 648251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3838", "title": "[Histomorphology of the bone-cement contact. Experimental phenomenology of the osseous reconstruction processes. I].", "content": "In animal experiments the femurs of 25 rabbits were filled with bone cement. In cross sections of the diaphysis even after only one week, small gaps were found filled by lamellar formation of new bone. Osteoblast layers directly on the cement surface were also observed. After 4 to 6 weeks there was a circularly closed contact of inner lamellae and after 9 months a secondary medullary cavity was formed. At this time there was formed a trabcular contact with the implant, interrupted by medullary spaces full of cells. Sometimes woven-bone formations were found in the bone-cement interface.", "contents": "[Histomorphology of the bone-cement contact. Experimental phenomenology of the osseous reconstruction processes. I]. In animal experiments the femurs of 25 rabbits were filled with bone cement. In cross sections of the diaphysis even after only one week, small gaps were found filled by lamellar formation of new bone. Osteoblast layers directly on the cement surface were also observed. After 4 to 6 weeks there was a circularly closed contact of inner lamellae and after 9 months a secondary medullary cavity was formed. At this time there was formed a trabcular contact with the implant, interrupted by medullary spaces full of cells. Sometimes woven-bone formations were found in the bone-cement interface.", "PMID": 648264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3839", "title": "[Management of traumatic pelvic bleedings using embolization].", "content": "Massive retroperitoneal bleeding in pelvic trauma is a difficult problem in surgery, and surgical treatment is rarely attempted due to the risk involved. Angiographic embolization in this region is an uncomplicated and effective measure that may be performed without general anesthesia and simultaneous with shock treatment. Four patients with massive traumatic hemorrhage in the pelvic region were successfully treated with embolization.", "contents": "[Management of traumatic pelvic bleedings using embolization]. Massive retroperitoneal bleeding in pelvic trauma is a difficult problem in surgery, and surgical treatment is rarely attempted due to the risk involved. Angiographic embolization in this region is an uncomplicated and effective measure that may be performed without general anesthesia and simultaneous with shock treatment. Four patients with massive traumatic hemorrhage in the pelvic region were successfully treated with embolization.", "PMID": 648265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3840", "title": "[Evaluation of venous hemodynamics as the decisive diagnostic criterion for venous surgery].", "content": "The different physical screening tests (ultrasound Doppler technique, plethysmography, phlebodynamometry) are easy documented and make possible a less dangerous, less expensive, and extensive statement about the venous hemodynamics of the lower extremity. The quota of diagnostic error can be minimized and the indication for operation is secure.", "contents": "[Evaluation of venous hemodynamics as the decisive diagnostic criterion for venous surgery]. The different physical screening tests (ultrasound Doppler technique, plethysmography, phlebodynamometry) are easy documented and make possible a less dangerous, less expensive, and extensive statement about the venous hemodynamics of the lower extremity. The quota of diagnostic error can be minimized and the indication for operation is secure.", "PMID": 648266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3841", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery on the venous system].", "content": "1. The progress of reconstructive venous surgery in recent years has been mainly based on the use of changed operative techniques (atraumatic preparation and suture technique; intraoperative vascular endoscopy or venography; temporary arteriovenous fistula). As a result, the clinical indications could be remarkably increased (acute phlebothrombosis; some types of post-thrombotic syndrome; venous substitution in tumor surgery; vascular lesions). 2. A peripheral temporary arteriovenous-fistula proves the most effective protective method both in venous thrombectomy and in graft reconstruction (full lumen restoration also in cases with incomplete disobliteration due to increase of flow velocity and flow volume; improvement of graft patency). 3. In long-standing axillar or subclavian venous thrombosis, a distal arteriovenous fistula (similar to a Cimino shunt) has a curative effect (without venous thrombectomy) via stimulation of rapid recanalisation and formation of collateral pathways. 4. Persisting central venous blocks may be corrected by a bypass procedure (great saphenous vein graft for the shoulder region; expanded PTFE grafts (Gore-Tex) for the ilio-caval segment).", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery on the venous system]. 1. The progress of reconstructive venous surgery in recent years has been mainly based on the use of changed operative techniques (atraumatic preparation and suture technique; intraoperative vascular endoscopy or venography; temporary arteriovenous fistula). As a result, the clinical indications could be remarkably increased (acute phlebothrombosis; some types of post-thrombotic syndrome; venous substitution in tumor surgery; vascular lesions). 2. A peripheral temporary arteriovenous-fistula proves the most effective protective method both in venous thrombectomy and in graft reconstruction (full lumen restoration also in cases with incomplete disobliteration due to increase of flow velocity and flow volume; improvement of graft patency). 3. In long-standing axillar or subclavian venous thrombosis, a distal arteriovenous fistula (similar to a Cimino shunt) has a curative effect (without venous thrombectomy) via stimulation of rapid recanalisation and formation of collateral pathways. 4. Persisting central venous blocks may be corrected by a bypass procedure (great saphenous vein graft for the shoulder region; expanded PTFE grafts (Gore-Tex) for the ilio-caval segment).", "PMID": 648267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3842", "title": "[Hyperkinetic portal hypertension. Arterioportal fistula: problems--case reports--review of the literature].", "content": "Hyperkinetic portal hypertension is caused by pathological arterioportal shunts. Clinical differentiation is necessary between extrahepatic fistulas, splenoportal hypertension (arteriovenous anastomoses at the level of the pre-penicilary arteries) and intrahepatic fistulas in \"active\" cirrhosis and malignant tumors. This paper reports the clinical and angiographic features of eight patients with this type of fistula. A review of the literature is also presented (144 cases). Because of the severity of this disease, surgical intervention is necessary. The surgical technique depends on the organ-related necessity of vascular preservation.", "contents": "[Hyperkinetic portal hypertension. Arterioportal fistula: problems--case reports--review of the literature]. Hyperkinetic portal hypertension is caused by pathological arterioportal shunts. Clinical differentiation is necessary between extrahepatic fistulas, splenoportal hypertension (arteriovenous anastomoses at the level of the pre-penicilary arteries) and intrahepatic fistulas in \"active\" cirrhosis and malignant tumors. This paper reports the clinical and angiographic features of eight patients with this type of fistula. A review of the literature is also presented (144 cases). Because of the severity of this disease, surgical intervention is necessary. The surgical technique depends on the organ-related necessity of vascular preservation.", "PMID": 648268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3843", "title": "[Surgical management of anus incontinence using free-transplanted autologous, endogenous intestinal musculature].", "content": "A new treatment for anal incontinence is presented. Smooth muscle from the large intestine is transplanted to form a new sphincter. The advantage of using smooth muscle as a sphincter plastic id discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical management of anus incontinence using free-transplanted autologous, endogenous intestinal musculature]. A new treatment for anal incontinence is presented. Smooth muscle from the large intestine is transplanted to form a new sphincter. The advantage of using smooth muscle as a sphincter plastic id discussed.", "PMID": 648269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3844", "title": "[Ileostomy function in the early postoperative stage].", "content": "If the serosa of the protruding ileum segment is covered by mucosa [2, 3] and exclusion or resection of terminal ileum is avoided, ileostomy dysfunction or water and sodium depletion cannot be observed. Therefore, temporary loop ileostomy may be practiced in patients who have undergone ileorectostomy to prevent leakage of the anastomosis.", "contents": "[Ileostomy function in the early postoperative stage]. If the serosa of the protruding ileum segment is covered by mucosa [2, 3] and exclusion or resection of terminal ileum is avoided, ileostomy dysfunction or water and sodium depletion cannot be observed. Therefore, temporary loop ileostomy may be practiced in patients who have undergone ileorectostomy to prevent leakage of the anastomosis.", "PMID": 648270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3845", "title": "Mitotic asynchrony of multinucleate cells in tissue culture.", "content": "A high degree of mitotic asynchrony is reported for spontaneously arising multinucleate cells of HeLa and Pt-K1, tissue culture cell lines. Neither nuclear number, nor nuclear size nor the presence or absence of nucleoli, could be directly related to the asynchronous behaviour of the cells. Suboptimal levels of nutrients led to a higher frequency of asynchrony. A partial compartmentation of the cytoplasm could be detected in some of the multinucleate cells. The compartmentation of the cytoplasm may lead to an uneven distribution of inducer and non-inducer metabolites. All these factors together may be responsible for the high degree of mitotic asynchrony.", "contents": "Mitotic asynchrony of multinucleate cells in tissue culture. A high degree of mitotic asynchrony is reported for spontaneously arising multinucleate cells of HeLa and Pt-K1, tissue culture cell lines. Neither nuclear number, nor nuclear size nor the presence or absence of nucleoli, could be directly related to the asynchronous behaviour of the cells. Suboptimal levels of nutrients led to a higher frequency of asynchrony. A partial compartmentation of the cytoplasm could be detected in some of the multinucleate cells. The compartmentation of the cytoplasm may lead to an uneven distribution of inducer and non-inducer metabolites. All these factors together may be responsible for the high degree of mitotic asynchrony.", "PMID": 648278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3846", "title": "Studies in heterochromatin DNA: characterization of transcripts synthesized in situ from C-banded preparations.", "content": "The transcript of in situ RNA synthesis using Peromyscus eremicus cells, which had been treated with HCl followed by NaOH, proved to be rich in heterochromatin specifying sequences. Such transcript, referred to as heterochromatin RNA, can be characterized biochemically to probe the organization of heterochromatin DNA. It was found that the heterochromatin RNA of P. eremicus contained non-repetitive sequences covalently linked to repetitive sequences.", "contents": "Studies in heterochromatin DNA: characterization of transcripts synthesized in situ from C-banded preparations. The transcript of in situ RNA synthesis using Peromyscus eremicus cells, which had been treated with HCl followed by NaOH, proved to be rich in heterochromatin specifying sequences. Such transcript, referred to as heterochromatin RNA, can be characterized biochemically to probe the organization of heterochromatin DNA. It was found that the heterochromatin RNA of P. eremicus contained non-repetitive sequences covalently linked to repetitive sequences.", "PMID": 648279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3847", "title": "Selective digestion of mouse metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes prepared from colcemid-treated mouse L929 cells by non-ionic detergent lysis exhibit distinct heterochromatic centromere regions and associated kinetochores when viewed by whole mount electron microscopy. Deoxyribonuclease I treatment of these chromosomes results in the preferential digestion of the chromosomal arms leaving the centromeric heterochromatin and kinetochores apparently intact. Enrichment in centromere material after DNase I digestion was quantitated by examining the increase in 10,000 X g pellets of the 1.691 g/cc satellite DNA relative to main band DNA. This satellite species has been localized at the centromeres of mouse chromosomes by in situ hybridization. From our analysis it was determined that DNase I digestion results in a five to six-fold increase in centromeric material. In contrast to the effect of DNase I, micrococcal nuclease was found to be less selective in its action. Digestion with this enzyme solubilized both chromosome arms and centromeres leaving only a small amount of chromatin and intact kinetochores.", "contents": "Selective digestion of mouse metaphase chromosomes. Metaphase chromosomes prepared from colcemid-treated mouse L929 cells by non-ionic detergent lysis exhibit distinct heterochromatic centromere regions and associated kinetochores when viewed by whole mount electron microscopy. Deoxyribonuclease I treatment of these chromosomes results in the preferential digestion of the chromosomal arms leaving the centromeric heterochromatin and kinetochores apparently intact. Enrichment in centromere material after DNase I digestion was quantitated by examining the increase in 10,000 X g pellets of the 1.691 g/cc satellite DNA relative to main band DNA. This satellite species has been localized at the centromeres of mouse chromosomes by in situ hybridization. From our analysis it was determined that DNase I digestion results in a five to six-fold increase in centromeric material. In contrast to the effect of DNase I, micrococcal nuclease was found to be less selective in its action. Digestion with this enzyme solubilized both chromosome arms and centromeres leaving only a small amount of chromatin and intact kinetochores.", "PMID": 648280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3848", "title": "Mitotic chiasmata and other quadriradials in mitomycin C-treated Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes.", "content": "Mitotic chiasmata and other quadriradials (QRs) were studied by Q-banding in mitomycin C-treated and untreated lymphocytes from two sibs with Bloom's syndrome. The frequency of chiasmata was very significantly increased by the mitomycin treatment in cells from both sibs. Chiasmata occurred throughout the chromosomes, but were favored in Q-dark regions, particularly at borders between dark and light regions (Kuhn, 1976). No significant difference was found in the distribution of chiasmata among chromosome regions in treated and untreated material. This differs from the reported action of mitomycin C on cultured lymphocytes of normal persons, where chiasmata are concentrated at secondary constrictions and centromeres. Adjacent counterparts to mitotic chiasmata, and chromatid translocations between non-homologous chromosomes, also occurred in the treated material, but with a much lower frequency than mitotic chiasmata. This again differs  from the effects of mitomycin C on lymphocytes of normal persons, where chiasmata account for 20% or less of total QRs.", "contents": "Mitotic chiasmata and other quadriradials in mitomycin C-treated Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes. Mitotic chiasmata and other quadriradials (QRs) were studied by Q-banding in mitomycin C-treated and untreated lymphocytes from two sibs with Bloom's syndrome. The frequency of chiasmata was very significantly increased by the mitomycin treatment in cells from both sibs. Chiasmata occurred throughout the chromosomes, but were favored in Q-dark regions, particularly at borders between dark and light regions (Kuhn, 1976). No significant difference was found in the distribution of chiasmata among chromosome regions in treated and untreated material. This differs from the reported action of mitomycin C on cultured lymphocytes of normal persons, where chiasmata are concentrated at secondary constrictions and centromeres. Adjacent counterparts to mitotic chiasmata, and chromatid translocations between non-homologous chromosomes, also occurred in the treated material, but with a much lower frequency than mitotic chiasmata. This again differs  from the effects of mitomycin C on lymphocytes of normal persons, where chiasmata account for 20% or less of total QRs.", "PMID": 648281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3849", "title": "Hedrocele: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Hedrocele represents an unusual variant of the rare posterior perineal hernia and results from a defect in the rectogenital septum. In the male, because of the prostate gland and the resistance of the perineal body, a hernia through this defect is directed posteriorly through the anterior wall of the rectum. Diagnosis is based upon an awareness of the entity combined with the finding of an anterior intraluminal rectal mass. Correction requires celiotomy and closure of the anatomic defect.", "contents": "Hedrocele: report of a case and review of the literature. Hedrocele represents an unusual variant of the rare posterior perineal hernia and results from a defect in the rectogenital septum. In the male, because of the prostate gland and the resistance of the perineal body, a hernia through this defect is directed posteriorly through the anterior wall of the rectum. Diagnosis is based upon an awareness of the entity combined with the finding of an anterior intraluminal rectal mass. Correction requires celiotomy and closure of the anatomic defect.", "PMID": 648284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3850", "title": "Giant sigmoidal diverticulum: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case report of giant sigmoidal diverticulum and a review of the relevant medical literature are presented. Only 20 cases have previously been reported. Diagnosis is dependent on a gradually enlarging mass, usually found on physicial examination. Radiologic study usually confirms the diagnosis and differentiates this condition from others, such as intestinal duplication, emphysematous cholecystitis, cholecysto-enteric fistulas, etc. The treatment is prophylactic. It is important to undertake early surgical intervention before the condition progresses to perforation or other complications.", "contents": "Giant sigmoidal diverticulum: report of a case and review of the literature. A case report of giant sigmoidal diverticulum and a review of the relevant medical literature are presented. Only 20 cases have previously been reported. Diagnosis is dependent on a gradually enlarging mass, usually found on physicial examination. Radiologic study usually confirms the diagnosis and differentiates this condition from others, such as intestinal duplication, emphysematous cholecystitis, cholecysto-enteric fistulas, etc. The treatment is prophylactic. It is important to undertake early surgical intervention before the condition progresses to perforation or other complications.", "PMID": 648285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3851", "title": "Villous adenoma with hyponatremia and syncope: report of a case.", "content": "A case of villous adenoma of the colon with hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and syncope is presented. The correct diagnosis was delayed because of the prevailing idea that villous adenomas are associated with hypokalemia. The patient recovered fully after surgical removal of one of the largest villous adenomas reported in the literature. Sodium loss may be the dominant feature of this syndrome. Villous adenoma has to be included among the causes of hyponatremia.", "contents": "Villous adenoma with hyponatremia and syncope: report of a case. A case of villous adenoma of the colon with hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and syncope is presented. The correct diagnosis was delayed because of the prevailing idea that villous adenomas are associated with hypokalemia. The patient recovered fully after surgical removal of one of the largest villous adenomas reported in the literature. Sodium loss may be the dominant feature of this syndrome. Villous adenoma has to be included among the causes of hyponatremia.", "PMID": 648287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3852", "title": "Anorectal verrucose squamous carcinoma: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of anorectal verrucose squamous-cell carcinoma are presented. The clinical course and pathology of these tumors are reviewed. Surgical treatment based on the depth of histologic invasion is recommended.", "contents": "Anorectal verrucose squamous carcinoma: report of two cases. Two cases of anorectal verrucose squamous-cell carcinoma are presented. The clinical course and pathology of these tumors are reviewed. Surgical treatment based on the depth of histologic invasion is recommended.", "PMID": 648288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3853", "title": "Synchronous leiomyosarcoma and ameboma of the rectum: report of a case.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum associated with rectal amebiasis is presented. This is the first case to be reported. Initially, amebiasis obscured the histologic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma, but incomplete regression following a course of treatment with metronidazole aroused the suspicion of malignancy, which was confirmed on repeat biopsy. A brief review of the features of leiomyosarcoma was also undertaken.", "contents": "Synchronous leiomyosarcoma and ameboma of the rectum: report of a case. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum associated with rectal amebiasis is presented. This is the first case to be reported. Initially, amebiasis obscured the histologic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma, but incomplete regression following a course of treatment with metronidazole aroused the suspicion of malignancy, which was confirmed on repeat biopsy. A brief review of the features of leiomyosarcoma was also undertaken.", "PMID": 648289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3854", "title": "Intussusception following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity: report of a case.", "content": "A man who had undergone jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity had cramping abdominal pains for which no cause could be found, despite repeated clinical examinations and numerous investigations. Only during anesthesia could the large mass formed by the intussusception be palpated. Following reduction of the intussusception and refixing to the anterior abdominal wall, all symptoms abated.", "contents": "Intussusception following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity: report of a case. A man who had undergone jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity had cramping abdominal pains for which no cause could be found, despite repeated clinical examinations and numerous investigations. Only during anesthesia could the large mass formed by the intussusception be palpated. Following reduction of the intussusception and refixing to the anterior abdominal wall, all symptoms abated.", "PMID": 648290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3855", "title": "Perineal wound healing after proctectomy for inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "One hundred fifty-one cases of patients who underwent proctectomy for inflammatory bowel disease at the Lahey Clinic were analyzed with respect to the factors that predispose to delay in perineal wound healing. Significantly poorer healing took place in patients with Crohn's colitis, in men with ulcerative colitis, and in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent one-stage operations. Factors that were not statistically significant but that appeared to contribute to delay in healing were younger age of patients and presence of anal fistula. A comparison is made with the results of other series, and recommendations for treatment and prevention are presented.", "contents": "Perineal wound healing after proctectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. One hundred fifty-one cases of patients who underwent proctectomy for inflammatory bowel disease at the Lahey Clinic were analyzed with respect to the factors that predispose to delay in perineal wound healing. Significantly poorer healing took place in patients with Crohn's colitis, in men with ulcerative colitis, and in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent one-stage operations. Factors that were not statistically significant but that appeared to contribute to delay in healing were younger age of patients and presence of anal fistula. A comparison is made with the results of other series, and recommendations for treatment and prevention are presented.", "PMID": 648297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3856", "title": "Hepatic resection for metastasis from colorectal cancer.", "content": "Twenty-five patients who had hepatic metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum had resection for cure at Memorial Hospital, with a determinate five-year survival rate of 40 per cent, and 10-year survival rate of 28 per cent. Most of the hepatic metastatic lesions were solitary, small, and peripheral, and were treated with simple wedge resection. These favorable results justify an aggressive approach to solitary metastatic lesions in the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic resection for metastasis from colorectal cancer. Twenty-five patients who had hepatic metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum had resection for cure at Memorial Hospital, with a determinate five-year survival rate of 40 per cent, and 10-year survival rate of 28 per cent. Most of the hepatic metastatic lesions were solitary, small, and peripheral, and were treated with simple wedge resection. These favorable results justify an aggressive approach to solitary metastatic lesions in the liver.", "PMID": 648298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3857", "title": "Colostomies--indications and contraindications: Lahey Clinic experience, 1963--1974.", "content": "Over a 12-year period, 276 temporary colostomies were performed on 271 patients. During this interval 118 colostomies were closed. The morbidity rate of colostomy construction was 21 per cent, and for closure it was 49.1 per cent. No definite factor could be indentified as contributing to this high rate of complications for colostomy construction. With respect to colostomy closure, predisposing factors that seemed to increase morbidity were shorter interval between creation and closure of the stoma and resection of colostomy (as opposed to closure without resection). Intra-abdominal drains were associated with a prohibitively high rate of wound infection, although subcutaneous drainage was not successful in reducing the incidence of infection significantly.", "contents": "Colostomies--indications and contraindications: Lahey Clinic experience, 1963--1974. Over a 12-year period, 276 temporary colostomies were performed on 271 patients. During this interval 118 colostomies were closed. The morbidity rate of colostomy construction was 21 per cent, and for closure it was 49.1 per cent. No definite factor could be indentified as contributing to this high rate of complications for colostomy construction. With respect to colostomy closure, predisposing factors that seemed to increase morbidity were shorter interval between creation and closure of the stoma and resection of colostomy (as opposed to closure without resection). Intra-abdominal drains were associated with a prohibitively high rate of wound infection, although subcutaneous drainage was not successful in reducing the incidence of infection significantly.", "PMID": 648300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3858", "title": "Hidden-loop colostomy.", "content": "Records of 15 patients having hidden-loop colostomies were reviewed. All patients had metastatic colonic cancers with impending obstructions. Six colostomies were subsequently opened because of obstructions due to cancer. All colostomy openings were done using local anesthesia in the emergency room. This technique prevented six major celiotomies and provided additional time of living without a stoma. There were two postoperative stomal prolapses, one of which necessitated reoperation. A hidden-loop colostomy is easily constructed and readily opened. It should be considered at celiotomy for selected patients who have metastatic colonic cancer with impending obstruction.", "contents": "Hidden-loop colostomy. Records of 15 patients having hidden-loop colostomies were reviewed. All patients had metastatic colonic cancers with impending obstructions. Six colostomies were subsequently opened because of obstructions due to cancer. All colostomy openings were done using local anesthesia in the emergency room. This technique prevented six major celiotomies and provided additional time of living without a stoma. There were two postoperative stomal prolapses, one of which necessitated reoperation. A hidden-loop colostomy is easily constructed and readily opened. It should be considered at celiotomy for selected patients who have metastatic colonic cancer with impending obstruction.", "PMID": 648301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3859", "title": "Adenoacanthoma of the colon.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of five cases of adenoacanthoma of the colon are presented. Although the lesion is rare, both the pathologist and the surgeon should be aware of this unusual neoplasm in order to avoid error in diagnosis, especially when metastatic lesions are being evaluated. In our experience, these rare colonic lesions are more aggressive than ordinary carcinomas of the colon.", "contents": "Adenoacanthoma of the colon. The clinical and pathologic features of five cases of adenoacanthoma of the colon are presented. Although the lesion is rare, both the pathologist and the surgeon should be aware of this unusual neoplasm in order to avoid error in diagnosis, especially when metastatic lesions are being evaluated. In our experience, these rare colonic lesions are more aggressive than ordinary carcinomas of the colon.", "PMID": 648305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3860", "title": "Benign neurilemmoma manifesting as a presacral (retrorectal) mass: report of a case.", "content": "We recently had the opportunity to treat a patient who had a large presacral mass. The mass, a 13-cm neurilemmoma, was removed through a combined abdominosacral approach. Mostly benign, these presacral masses cause symptoms by compression of adjacent pelvic structures. Digital rectal examination generally provides the diagnosis. Although most such lesions may be removed by a Kraske procedure, large lesions may be best treated using a combined abdominosacral approach.", "contents": "Benign neurilemmoma manifesting as a presacral (retrorectal) mass: report of a case. We recently had the opportunity to treat a patient who had a large presacral mass. The mass, a 13-cm neurilemmoma, was removed through a combined abdominosacral approach. Mostly benign, these presacral masses cause symptoms by compression of adjacent pelvic structures. Digital rectal examination generally provides the diagnosis. Although most such lesions may be removed by a Kraske procedure, large lesions may be best treated using a combined abdominosacral approach.", "PMID": 648306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3861", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the appendix: report of an unusual case.", "content": "An unusual case of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is presented. Abnormal growth of the tumor toward the abdominal wall resulted in a cutaneous mass, which was the first manifestation of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the appendix: report of an unusual case. An unusual case of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is presented. Abnormal growth of the tumor toward the abdominal wall resulted in a cutaneous mass, which was the first manifestation of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 648308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3862", "title": "[Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Cervical oesolphagogastrostomy (Kirschner's operation) was performed on 16 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. There were five hospital deaths (two due to myocardial infarction). The average hospital stay of the survivals was 22 days. This operation is preferred to colon interpolation because it requires only one anastomosis, which is extrathoracic.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. Cervical oesolphagogastrostomy (Kirschner's operation) was performed on 16 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. There were five hospital deaths (two due to myocardial infarction). The average hospital stay of the survivals was 22 days. This operation is preferred to colon interpolation because it requires only one anastomosis, which is extrathoracic.", "PMID": 648337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3863", "title": "[Intragastric bile acids and lysolecithin in clinical stress ulcer risk (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 intensive care patients with a risk of stress ulcer intragastric concentrations of lecithin, lysolecithin and bile acids were determined and compared to values in seven normal persons. All results were increased to multiple normal values. In particular lysolecithin and bile acids showed highly abnormal concentrations. These substances have a pathogenic importance for the occurrence of stress ulcers.", "contents": "[Intragastric bile acids and lysolecithin in clinical stress ulcer risk (author's transl)]. In 10 intensive care patients with a risk of stress ulcer intragastric concentrations of lecithin, lysolecithin and bile acids were determined and compared to values in seven normal persons. All results were increased to multiple normal values. In particular lysolecithin and bile acids showed highly abnormal concentrations. These substances have a pathogenic importance for the occurrence of stress ulcers.", "PMID": 648338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3864", "title": "[Selective transfemoral embolization of the internal iliac artery in carcinoma of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Inoperable bladder cancer and massive bleeding is an indication for selective bilateral transfemoral embolization of the internal iliac arteries. The method is preferred to the open ligation of these arteries. Histoacryl is the optimal material for longterm vascular embolization. In five patients with bleeding inoperable bladder cancer (stage T4N2) immediate and permanent haemostasis and a regression of pain was achieved.", "contents": "[Selective transfemoral embolization of the internal iliac artery in carcinoma of the bladder (author's transl)]. Inoperable bladder cancer and massive bleeding is an indication for selective bilateral transfemoral embolization of the internal iliac arteries. The method is preferred to the open ligation of these arteries. Histoacryl is the optimal material for longterm vascular embolization. In five patients with bleeding inoperable bladder cancer (stage T4N2) immediate and permanent haemostasis and a regression of pain was achieved.", "PMID": 648339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3865", "title": "[Value and reason for routine rectosigmoidoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine rectosigmoidoscopy was undertaken in 700 patients under surgical treatment for disease in other parts of the body. Pathological changes were found in 39 patients (5.6%): 24 with adenomatous polyps, 5 with adenopapillary polyps, 7 with infiltrating growing \"carcinomatous\" polyps without involvement of the muscularis mucosae, and three with carcinoma. The polyps were removed with an electric loop or haemoclip in 28, by transanal submucous excision in eight. One of the carcinoma cases was treated by resection, the other two by abdominoperineal rectal resection. The results indicate that routine rectosigmoidoscopy is of value.", "contents": "[Value and reason for routine rectosigmoidoscopy (author's transl)]. Routine rectosigmoidoscopy was undertaken in 700 patients under surgical treatment for disease in other parts of the body. Pathological changes were found in 39 patients (5.6%): 24 with adenomatous polyps, 5 with adenopapillary polyps, 7 with infiltrating growing \"carcinomatous\" polyps without involvement of the muscularis mucosae, and three with carcinoma. The polyps were removed with an electric loop or haemoclip in 28, by transanal submucous excision in eight. One of the carcinoma cases was treated by resection, the other two by abdominoperineal rectal resection. The results indicate that routine rectosigmoidoscopy is of value.", "PMID": 648340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3866", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of early (superficial) gastric carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 60 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 947 patients operated on for gastric carcinoma between 1961 and 1976 there were 60 with early (superficial) gastric carcinoma. All but two patients consulted their doctor for diverse complaints. In one third of them treatment was delayed for a year or longer. In 26 of the 64 cancer foci it was limited to the mucosa. The correct diagnosis was made radiologically in 60%, gastroscopically in 70%. Selective endoscopic biopsy increased accuracy to 90%. The remaining false-negative findings occurred in the ulcerative form, which was the most frequent one. Improved radiological techniques (double-contrast) and obligatory gastroscopy with biopsy increased the relative proportion of early (superficial) carcinoma from under 4% in 1961 to 15%. The diagnosis of this type of carcinoma can be made only by careful histological study of the surgical specimens. Here as elsewhere in the surgery of carcinoma, multicentricity (in 5%) and possible lymph node metastases (10-20%) must be taken consideration in the surgical management.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of early (superficial) gastric carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 60 cases (author's transl)]. Among 947 patients operated on for gastric carcinoma between 1961 and 1976 there were 60 with early (superficial) gastric carcinoma. All but two patients consulted their doctor for diverse complaints. In one third of them treatment was delayed for a year or longer. In 26 of the 64 cancer foci it was limited to the mucosa. The correct diagnosis was made radiologically in 60%, gastroscopically in 70%. Selective endoscopic biopsy increased accuracy to 90%. The remaining false-negative findings occurred in the ulcerative form, which was the most frequent one. Improved radiological techniques (double-contrast) and obligatory gastroscopy with biopsy increased the relative proportion of early (superficial) carcinoma from under 4% in 1961 to 15%. The diagnosis of this type of carcinoma can be made only by careful histological study of the surgical specimens. Here as elsewhere in the surgery of carcinoma, multicentricity (in 5%) and possible lymph node metastases (10-20%) must be taken consideration in the surgical management.", "PMID": 648347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3867", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of trauma to blood vessels around the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen arterial reconstructions after trauma in the region of the knee joint were performed between 1970 and 1976. In seven cases there had been fracture of the distal femur, in five of the head of the tibia, in three dislocation of the knee joint or severe contusion of the popliteal artery. In 12 cases referral had been eight hours or later after injury. The concomitant vessel injury was not recognised in six. Vascular reconstruction by direct suture with a venous patch was performed in eight, interposition of a venous autograft in five, and saphenous vein bypass in four. Results depended upon length of ischaemia time and the level of the vascular injuries. Complete restitution to normal was achieved in only two cases, while in the remaining 12 there were defects of motor and sensory function as seen in the post-ischaemia syndrome. In four cases above-knee amputation was necessary despite successful reconstruction of the artery because there was irreversible ischaemic damage with tissue necrosis. To improve these results careful examination of blood vessels and, in questionable cases, angiography is recommended for every trauma victim.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of trauma to blood vessels around the knee joint (author's transl)]. Eighteen arterial reconstructions after trauma in the region of the knee joint were performed between 1970 and 1976. In seven cases there had been fracture of the distal femur, in five of the head of the tibia, in three dislocation of the knee joint or severe contusion of the popliteal artery. In 12 cases referral had been eight hours or later after injury. The concomitant vessel injury was not recognised in six. Vascular reconstruction by direct suture with a venous patch was performed in eight, interposition of a venous autograft in five, and saphenous vein bypass in four. Results depended upon length of ischaemia time and the level of the vascular injuries. Complete restitution to normal was achieved in only two cases, while in the remaining 12 there were defects of motor and sensory function as seen in the post-ischaemia syndrome. In four cases above-knee amputation was necessary despite successful reconstruction of the artery because there was irreversible ischaemic damage with tissue necrosis. To improve these results careful examination of blood vessels and, in questionable cases, angiography is recommended for every trauma victim.", "PMID": 648349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3868", "title": "[Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism? Results of an international questionnaire study (author's transl)].", "content": "Questionnaires were sent to 23 centres in ten countries. Results indicate that, for ethical, scientific, clinical and socio-economic reasons, screening for neonatal hypothyroidism should be undertaken. Pilot studies are no longer required. Distribution of the birth-rate in the various lands of the German Federal Republic suggest that, assuming appropriate technical and staffing provision, ten centres with a sample rate of 200/day would be sufficient for full screening. Because of special features in quality control of radioimmunochemical methods, a uniform manner of setting up the necessary laboratories is essential.", "contents": "[Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism? Results of an international questionnaire study (author's transl)]. Questionnaires were sent to 23 centres in ten countries. Results indicate that, for ethical, scientific, clinical and socio-economic reasons, screening for neonatal hypothyroidism should be undertaken. Pilot studies are no longer required. Distribution of the birth-rate in the various lands of the German Federal Republic suggest that, assuming appropriate technical and staffing provision, ten centres with a sample rate of 200/day would be sufficient for full screening. Because of special features in quality control of radioimmunochemical methods, a uniform manner of setting up the necessary laboratories is essential.", "PMID": 648355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3869", "title": "[False-positive exercise ECG in women without organic heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Exercise ECGs (bicycle ergometry in recumbency) were obtained in 252 women (aged 20-49 years) without evidence of organic heart disease. In 51 (20%) there was a false-positive change in the ECG with horizontal or descending S-T depression greater than or equal to 1 mm. The frequency of this change increased with increasing age. In group I (20-29 years) it was 5%, in group II (30-39 years) 20%, in group III (40-49 years) 38%. In 34 of the 51 women abnormal repolarisation changes were present even at rest. The S-T depression during exercise in most cases amounted to less than 2 mm and often occurred only on maximum exercise during the first or second minute of the recovery phase. These \"ischaemia\" changes disappeared in 29 of 41 women after administration of 100 mmol potassium chloride. Nine of 12 women in whom the positive ECG signs persisted after KCl, coronary angiography failed to demonstrate any abnormalities.", "contents": "[False-positive exercise ECG in women without organic heart disease (author's transl)]. Exercise ECGs (bicycle ergometry in recumbency) were obtained in 252 women (aged 20-49 years) without evidence of organic heart disease. In 51 (20%) there was a false-positive change in the ECG with horizontal or descending S-T depression greater than or equal to 1 mm. The frequency of this change increased with increasing age. In group I (20-29 years) it was 5%, in group II (30-39 years) 20%, in group III (40-49 years) 38%. In 34 of the 51 women abnormal repolarisation changes were present even at rest. The S-T depression during exercise in most cases amounted to less than 2 mm and often occurred only on maximum exercise during the first or second minute of the recovery phase. These \"ischaemia\" changes disappeared in 29 of 41 women after administration of 100 mmol potassium chloride. Nine of 12 women in whom the positive ECG signs persisted after KCl, coronary angiography failed to demonstrate any abnormalities.", "PMID": 648356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3870", "title": "[Minocycline in the treatment of respiratory tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Minocycline concentrations in serum, saliva, sputum, pleural exudate and lung extracts after a single dose of 0.2 g (orally or intravenously) were measured on 32 patients with bronchial or lung disease. On the first day of treatment, concentrations in purulent sputum were five to ten times higher than in mucous sputum and saliva, after two hours they were one third, after three hours half the serum concentration (0.7 and 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively). After six hours the concentration was the same (1.6 microgram/ml). On the third day of treatment (after 0.2 g every 24 hours) concentrations in purulent sputum were higher than on the first day by 0.8 microgram/ml (after two hours) and by 0.95 microgram/ml (after three hours). After one-hour i.v. infusion of 0.2 g minocycline concentrations in mucous sputum and saliva rose more quickly on the first day than after oral administration. On the third day of treatment (after 0.1 g orally every 12 hours) pleural exudate level was almost as high as serum level. Minocycline concentration in lung extract on the third day of treatment--four, five and ten hours after the last dose--was 0.4 and 0.8 microgram/g, respectively (while serum concentration at the same time was 1.0-1.5 microgram/ml).", "contents": "[Minocycline in the treatment of respiratory tract infections (author's transl)]. Minocycline concentrations in serum, saliva, sputum, pleural exudate and lung extracts after a single dose of 0.2 g (orally or intravenously) were measured on 32 patients with bronchial or lung disease. On the first day of treatment, concentrations in purulent sputum were five to ten times higher than in mucous sputum and saliva, after two hours they were one third, after three hours half the serum concentration (0.7 and 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively). After six hours the concentration was the same (1.6 microgram/ml). On the third day of treatment (after 0.2 g every 24 hours) concentrations in purulent sputum were higher than on the first day by 0.8 microgram/ml (after two hours) and by 0.95 microgram/ml (after three hours). After one-hour i.v. infusion of 0.2 g minocycline concentrations in mucous sputum and saliva rose more quickly on the first day than after oral administration. On the third day of treatment (after 0.1 g orally every 12 hours) pleural exudate level was almost as high as serum level. Minocycline concentration in lung extract on the third day of treatment--four, five and ten hours after the last dose--was 0.4 and 0.8 microgram/g, respectively (while serum concentration at the same time was 1.0-1.5 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 648357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3871", "title": "[Binding of antacids to bile acids (author's transl)].", "content": "The bile acid binding capacity of various liquid antacids and of colestyramin were compared. Aluminium hydroxide containing antacids showed the highest binding capacity. This seems to be of importance also in therapeutic doses for treatment of chologenic diarrhoea, vagotomy diarrhoea and gastric ulcer.", "contents": "[Binding of antacids to bile acids (author's transl)]. The bile acid binding capacity of various liquid antacids and of colestyramin were compared. Aluminium hydroxide containing antacids showed the highest binding capacity. This seems to be of importance also in therapeutic doses for treatment of chologenic diarrhoea, vagotomy diarrhoea and gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 648358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3872", "title": "[Action of molsidomine on haemodynamics at rest and on exercise in patients who have coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients with coronary heart disease molsidomine achieved a clear-cut decrease in pre- and after-load of the heart at rest. Due to decreased venous return at rest there was a fall in stroke volume resulting in a fall of systolic and diastolic aortic pressure. But at the same level of standardised exercise, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and cardiac output were similar with or without molsidomine. Without changing after-load, there was a fall in pulmonary artery mean pressure (P less than 0.005), probably due to an increase in left-ventricular compliance and (or) a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance. A rise in venous capacity or a decrease in venous return during exercise was excluded as a possible mechanism of molsidomine action.", "contents": "[Action of molsidomine on haemodynamics at rest and on exercise in patients who have coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. In ten patients with coronary heart disease molsidomine achieved a clear-cut decrease in pre- and after-load of the heart at rest. Due to decreased venous return at rest there was a fall in stroke volume resulting in a fall of systolic and diastolic aortic pressure. But at the same level of standardised exercise, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and cardiac output were similar with or without molsidomine. Without changing after-load, there was a fall in pulmonary artery mean pressure (P less than 0.005), probably due to an increase in left-ventricular compliance and (or) a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance. A rise in venous capacity or a decrease in venous return during exercise was excluded as a possible mechanism of molsidomine action.", "PMID": 648365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3873", "title": "[Dose reduction in xeromammography (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of a total filter of 3 mm of aluminium permits a considerable reduction of the radiation dose in xeromammography using the senographe. In comparison with conventional xeroradiography radiation is reduced by a factor of 2 to 3, in comparison with foilless film by a factor of 10 to 12. The applied tissue dose is between 0.14 and 0.30 rad per exposure. The presently still hypothetic radiogenic risk of carcinoma due to mammography is thus lower for this system than with other systems. The quality of the radiograph and the diagnostic validity are not reduced by this technique.", "contents": "[Dose reduction in xeromammography (author's transl)]. The use of a total filter of 3 mm of aluminium permits a considerable reduction of the radiation dose in xeromammography using the senographe. In comparison with conventional xeroradiography radiation is reduced by a factor of 2 to 3, in comparison with foilless film by a factor of 10 to 12. The applied tissue dose is between 0.14 and 0.30 rad per exposure. The presently still hypothetic radiogenic risk of carcinoma due to mammography is thus lower for this system than with other systems. The quality of the radiograph and the diagnostic validity are not reduced by this technique.", "PMID": 648366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3874", "title": "[Epithelioid-cell granulomatous lymphadenitis in a case of parasitic infection in the cervical region (case report) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of epithelioid-cell granulomatous inflammation in the neck with fustula formation and cervical lymph-adenitis, resembling tuberculosis. After neck dissection, histological examination of the removed tissue revealed parasitic infection (organism not identified) as the cause.", "contents": "[Epithelioid-cell granulomatous lymphadenitis in a case of parasitic infection in the cervical region (case report) (author's transl)]. A case is reported of epithelioid-cell granulomatous inflammation in the neck with fustula formation and cervical lymph-adenitis, resembling tuberculosis. After neck dissection, histological examination of the removed tissue revealed parasitic infection (organism not identified) as the cause.", "PMID": 648367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3875", "title": "[Metastases of carcinoma of the breast to the choroid in the female (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined hormonal and cytostatic treatment was undertaken in eight women with choroid metastases from a breast carcinoma, in all cases only part of a more generalised - in most cases visceral - metastasization. If there are additional metastases those to the choroid do not require primary radiotherapy, as the treatment resulted with the remission in six of eight of the patients (mean duration of 12 months) and a rise in visual acuity in five of the six indicated. If remission is not achieved with combined hormonal and cytostatic treatment, radiotherapy to the choroid metastases in combination with polychemotherapy can be undertaken as second best.", "contents": "[Metastases of carcinoma of the breast to the choroid in the female (author's transl)]. Combined hormonal and cytostatic treatment was undertaken in eight women with choroid metastases from a breast carcinoma, in all cases only part of a more generalised - in most cases visceral - metastasization. If there are additional metastases those to the choroid do not require primary radiotherapy, as the treatment resulted with the remission in six of eight of the patients (mean duration of 12 months) and a rise in visual acuity in five of the six indicated. If remission is not achieved with combined hormonal and cytostatic treatment, radiotherapy to the choroid metastases in combination with polychemotherapy can be undertaken as second best.", "PMID": 648368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3876", "title": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of HBs-antigen positive and negative chronic-active hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of prednisone (15 mg/day) or azathioprine (2 mg/kg daily) or a combination of prednisone (10 mg/day) and azathioprine (2 mg/kg daily) was assessed in a controlled multi-centre trial of chronic-active hepatitis. Since 1st January, 1972, a total of 162 patients were registered, 81 previously untreated. Fifty-two of them (30 HBs-antigen negative and 22 positive) fulfilled the criteria for admission to the treatment trial. 27 of 29 patients not fulfilling the criteria had HBs-antigen positive chronic-active hepatitis. All 29 untreated patients had slight active non-progressive chronic-active hepatitis over an observation period of one to four years by clinical, biochemical and histological criteria. Taking into account clinical, biochemical and histological findings, a treatment effect independent of treatment form was noted in 23 of 30 of the HBs-antigen negative patients. In 18 of the 23 successfully treated patients auto-antibodies were demonstrable. In contrast, in 18 of 22 patients with HBs-antigen positive chronic-active hepatitis no objective improvement or influence on the clinical course was observed, independent of form of treatment, and three died. It is concluded that HBs-antigen negative, auto-antibody positive chronic-active hepatitis is an indication for immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone or azathioprine or the two combined.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of HBs-antigen positive and negative chronic-active hepatitis (author's transl)]. The effect of prednisone (15 mg/day) or azathioprine (2 mg/kg daily) or a combination of prednisone (10 mg/day) and azathioprine (2 mg/kg daily) was assessed in a controlled multi-centre trial of chronic-active hepatitis. Since 1st January, 1972, a total of 162 patients were registered, 81 previously untreated. Fifty-two of them (30 HBs-antigen negative and 22 positive) fulfilled the criteria for admission to the treatment trial. 27 of 29 patients not fulfilling the criteria had HBs-antigen positive chronic-active hepatitis. All 29 untreated patients had slight active non-progressive chronic-active hepatitis over an observation period of one to four years by clinical, biochemical and histological criteria. Taking into account clinical, biochemical and histological findings, a treatment effect independent of treatment form was noted in 23 of 30 of the HBs-antigen negative patients. In 18 of the 23 successfully treated patients auto-antibodies were demonstrable. In contrast, in 18 of 22 patients with HBs-antigen positive chronic-active hepatitis no objective improvement or influence on the clinical course was observed, independent of form of treatment, and three died. It is concluded that HBs-antigen negative, auto-antibody positive chronic-active hepatitis is an indication for immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone or azathioprine or the two combined.", "PMID": 648378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3877", "title": "[Interruption of pregnancy in alcoholic women (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on previous experience, with alcohol embryopathy the authors recommended interruption of pregnancy in three chronic alcoholics, two of whom were in the chronic phase and one in the critical phase of alcohol addiction. All the three fetuses were hypertrophic, two severely malformed. In the authors' opinion there is eugenically speaking an absolute indication of interruption of pregnancy in alcoholics in the chronic phase of addiction. In women who are in the critical phase of addiction, each case requires close scrutiny, whereas interruption is not indicated from the eugenic aspect in women in the prodromal stage.", "contents": "[Interruption of pregnancy in alcoholic women (author's transl)]. Basing on previous experience, with alcohol embryopathy the authors recommended interruption of pregnancy in three chronic alcoholics, two of whom were in the chronic phase and one in the critical phase of alcohol addiction. All the three fetuses were hypertrophic, two severely malformed. In the authors' opinion there is eugenically speaking an absolute indication of interruption of pregnancy in alcoholics in the chronic phase of addiction. In women who are in the critical phase of addiction, each case requires close scrutiny, whereas interruption is not indicated from the eugenic aspect in women in the prodromal stage.", "PMID": 648379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3878", "title": "[Percutaneous punch biopsy of vertebral bodies with Jamshidi's needle (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 patients with vertebral body changes which could not be clarified either by x-ray examination or scintigraphy, percutaneous vertebral body punch biopsies were performed between the twelfth thoracic vertebral body and the first sacral vertebral body, using Jamshidi's needle. Findings were malignant in six cases and benign in twelve cases, NAD in six cases. Jamshidi's biopsy needle, which is easy to manipulate, has proved very successful, with a good yield of material. Biopsies were conducted on an outpatient basis. No complications were seen.", "contents": "[Percutaneous punch biopsy of vertebral bodies with Jamshidi's needle (author's transl)]. In 24 patients with vertebral body changes which could not be clarified either by x-ray examination or scintigraphy, percutaneous vertebral body punch biopsies were performed between the twelfth thoracic vertebral body and the first sacral vertebral body, using Jamshidi's needle. Findings were malignant in six cases and benign in twelve cases, NAD in six cases. Jamshidi's biopsy needle, which is easy to manipulate, has proved very successful, with a good yield of material. Biopsies were conducted on an outpatient basis. No complications were seen.", "PMID": 648380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3879", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in infiltrative gastrointestinal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The cockade phenomenon in the ultrasound picture is a sign of an infiltration of the gastrointestinal wall caused by tumour or inflammation. In 27 out of 40 patients with known infiltrations of the wall the cockade phenomenon could be demonstrated. In 16 out of 21 patients in whom this ultrasound phenomenon had primarily led to a suspected wall infiltration further diagnostic investigations proved organic wall thickening. Even if the cockade phenomenon is thus neither a specific nor a sensitive sign of gastrointestinal wall infiltrations the observation of this phenomenon is particularly important in patients in whom wall infiltrations of the gastrointestinal tract are not suspected.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in infiltrative gastrointestinal diseases (author's transl)]. The cockade phenomenon in the ultrasound picture is a sign of an infiltration of the gastrointestinal wall caused by tumour or inflammation. In 27 out of 40 patients with known infiltrations of the wall the cockade phenomenon could be demonstrated. In 16 out of 21 patients in whom this ultrasound phenomenon had primarily led to a suspected wall infiltration further diagnostic investigations proved organic wall thickening. Even if the cockade phenomenon is thus neither a specific nor a sensitive sign of gastrointestinal wall infiltrations the observation of this phenomenon is particularly important in patients in whom wall infiltrations of the gastrointestinal tract are not suspected.", "PMID": 648394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3880", "title": "[Short-term localized myocardial ischaemia and its consequences in Prinzmetal angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 45-year-old female patient with Prinzmetal angina pectoris coronary angiograms and a 201thallium scintigram were performed during an ergotamine-induced episode of angina. The spontaneous and the ergotamine-induced attacks were characterized by transient ST elevation in the posterior wall ECG leads. The coronary angiogram during the attack showed spasm of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In the 201thallium scintigram a large defect in myocardial thallium uptake was noticed in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Angina and ECG abnormalities disappeared within 4 minutes. However, the scintigraphic defect disappeared only after 6 hours. The slow recovery of myocardial thallium uptake is thought to represent an alteration of the myocardium after a brief 4 minute interruption of regional coronary arterial blood flow. The diagnostic approach in patients with Prinzmetal angina is discussed.", "contents": "[Short-term localized myocardial ischaemia and its consequences in Prinzmetal angina pectoris (author's transl)]. In a 45-year-old female patient with Prinzmetal angina pectoris coronary angiograms and a 201thallium scintigram were performed during an ergotamine-induced episode of angina. The spontaneous and the ergotamine-induced attacks were characterized by transient ST elevation in the posterior wall ECG leads. The coronary angiogram during the attack showed spasm of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In the 201thallium scintigram a large defect in myocardial thallium uptake was noticed in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Angina and ECG abnormalities disappeared within 4 minutes. However, the scintigraphic defect disappeared only after 6 hours. The slow recovery of myocardial thallium uptake is thought to represent an alteration of the myocardium after a brief 4 minute interruption of regional coronary arterial blood flow. The diagnostic approach in patients with Prinzmetal angina is discussed.", "PMID": 648395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3881", "title": "[Malignant melanoma in husband and wife (author's transl)].", "content": "There have been three previous reports of malignant melanoma of the skin in husband and wife. The authors add an observation of their own and compare it with the previously reported ones. In their own case, the couple had been married for 27 years. The husband's tumour was noted eight years before that of his wife. The tumours were histologically very similar. None had HL-A-5 antigen.", "contents": "[Malignant melanoma in husband and wife (author's transl)]. There have been three previous reports of malignant melanoma of the skin in husband and wife. The authors add an observation of their own and compare it with the previously reported ones. In their own case, the couple had been married for 27 years. The husband's tumour was noted eight years before that of his wife. The tumours were histologically very similar. None had HL-A-5 antigen.", "PMID": 648396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3882", "title": "[Bronchial asthma due to occupation allergy of immediate type (I) to platinum salts (author's transl)].", "content": "Occupational inhalation allergy (bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis), often in association with urticaria and Quincke oedema is common in platinum associated industry. It is due to sensitization against platinum chloride. The reaction mechanism corresponds to the immediate type (I) allergy as shown by clinical tests (skin tests), in virtro (histamine release from leucocytes) and in vivo investigations (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in apes). The degree of sensitization is so high that test investigations in affected persons must be performed with care. For prick testing with platinum chloride (PtCl6)2- or (PtCl4)2- an initial concentration of 10(-9) g/ml is recommended. As an average of 60% of people working in the platinum industry fall ill with bronchial asthma more stringent protective occupational measures are suggested.", "contents": "[Bronchial asthma due to occupation allergy of immediate type (I) to platinum salts (author's transl)]. Occupational inhalation allergy (bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis), often in association with urticaria and Quincke oedema is common in platinum associated industry. It is due to sensitization against platinum chloride. The reaction mechanism corresponds to the immediate type (I) allergy as shown by clinical tests (skin tests), in virtro (histamine release from leucocytes) and in vivo investigations (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in apes). The degree of sensitization is so high that test investigations in affected persons must be performed with care. For prick testing with platinum chloride (PtCl6)2- or (PtCl4)2- an initial concentration of 10(-9) g/ml is recommended. As an average of 60% of people working in the platinum industry fall ill with bronchial asthma more stringent protective occupational measures are suggested.", "PMID": 648397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3883", "title": "[Planning the teaching of pediatrics in the community].", "content": "Medical education today includes planning as a useful tool for guiding, and thereby improving, the teaching-learning process. Community work has become increasingly important in medical education programs, and planning is essential to it. One excellent field for these activities is pediatrics. This article analyzes the concepts of medical, health, and health care instruction in the community, and traces the emergence of this approach as a response to sociopolitical phenomena. The pediatric field is defined in terms of growth and development, disease hazards and the prevalent pathology, and the cultural and socioeconomic factors involved. Also considered are objectives, planning areas, and operational decentralization, and the methodology of community instruction on the level of the individual, the family, and the educational institutions, with varying degrees of community participation.", "contents": "[Planning the teaching of pediatrics in the community]. Medical education today includes planning as a useful tool for guiding, and thereby improving, the teaching-learning process. Community work has become increasingly important in medical education programs, and planning is essential to it. One excellent field for these activities is pediatrics. This article analyzes the concepts of medical, health, and health care instruction in the community, and traces the emergence of this approach as a response to sociopolitical phenomena. The pediatric field is defined in terms of growth and development, disease hazards and the prevalent pathology, and the cultural and socioeconomic factors involved. Also considered are objectives, planning areas, and operational decentralization, and the methodology of community instruction on the level of the individual, the family, and the educational institutions, with varying degrees of community participation.", "PMID": 648454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3884", "title": "[Survey of medical practice: therapeutic applications and iatrogenic implications].", "content": "This survey sought to investigate and quantify the use of analgesics and the understanding of their therapeutic hazards. One hundred physicians from different fields and specialties practicing in S\u00e3o Paulo were queried as to the frequency of their use of these products and about their knowledge of the contraindications and the precautions to be taken, measured in percentages on the basis of information supplied by the producing laboratories themselves. The data were processed electronically, and the results bore out the immediate necessity of disseminating greater information on the side effects of these drugs among physicians, health authorities, and the general public.", "contents": "[Survey of medical practice: therapeutic applications and iatrogenic implications]. This survey sought to investigate and quantify the use of analgesics and the understanding of their therapeutic hazards. One hundred physicians from different fields and specialties practicing in S\u00e3o Paulo were queried as to the frequency of their use of these products and about their knowledge of the contraindications and the precautions to be taken, measured in percentages on the basis of information supplied by the producing laboratories themselves. The data were processed electronically, and the results bore out the immediate necessity of disseminating greater information on the side effects of these drugs among physicians, health authorities, and the general public.", "PMID": 648455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3885", "title": "Preliminary investigation of bilharzial patients for the presence of Australia antigen using latex agglutination test.", "content": "THE AUSTRALIA antigen was studied by the use of a reversed passive latex agglutination test in the sera of 250 cases, mostly bilharzial. The results were analysed in relation to age, clinical presentation, bilharzial infestation, antibilharzial treatment, jaundice and serum bilirubin. It was found that, the test was significantly more positive in hepatosplenic cases, in those with past history of bilharziasis, in those with jaundice and in those with higher serum bilirubin level. While no significant difference was found in relation to age, and to history of antibilharzial treatment.", "contents": "Preliminary investigation of bilharzial patients for the presence of Australia antigen using latex agglutination test. THE AUSTRALIA antigen was studied by the use of a reversed passive latex agglutination test in the sera of 250 cases, mostly bilharzial. The results were analysed in relation to age, clinical presentation, bilharzial infestation, antibilharzial treatment, jaundice and serum bilirubin. It was found that, the test was significantly more positive in hepatosplenic cases, in those with past history of bilharziasis, in those with jaundice and in those with higher serum bilirubin level. While no significant difference was found in relation to age, and to history of antibilharzial treatment.", "PMID": 648457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3886", "title": "Behaviour of hepatitis B antigen in bilharzial patients infected with HBs positive viral hepatitis.", "content": "A TOTAL of 204 cases with acute viral hepatitis were studied: 93 bilharzial and 111 non-bilharzial. This study is concerned with the 106 cases showing positive HBS Ag test. Follow up of the cases after discharge from the Fever Hospital was carried out by repeated clinical and laboratory examinations 3 montly in the first year and 6 monthly subsequently. The bilharzial and non-bilharzial patients were found to be equally susceptible to HBS Ag positive hepatitis (p=0.25). However, antigenaemia tended to last longer as a whole in the bilharzial patients (p=0. 005) and was not affected by successful specific antibilharzial treatment. It seems that bilharzial infection predisposes to \"retention\" of HBs antigen, after subsidance of the acute attack, thus increasing the volume of reservoir for HB virus in our rural community.", "contents": "Behaviour of hepatitis B antigen in bilharzial patients infected with HBs positive viral hepatitis. A TOTAL of 204 cases with acute viral hepatitis were studied: 93 bilharzial and 111 non-bilharzial. This study is concerned with the 106 cases showing positive HBS Ag test. Follow up of the cases after discharge from the Fever Hospital was carried out by repeated clinical and laboratory examinations 3 montly in the first year and 6 monthly subsequently. The bilharzial and non-bilharzial patients were found to be equally susceptible to HBS Ag positive hepatitis (p=0.25). However, antigenaemia tended to last longer as a whole in the bilharzial patients (p=0. 005) and was not affected by successful specific antibilharzial treatment. It seems that bilharzial infection predisposes to \"retention\" of HBs antigen, after subsidance of the acute attack, thus increasing the volume of reservoir for HB virus in our rural community.", "PMID": 648458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3887", "title": "Effect of niridazole on the lipid pattern of the parasite and host tissues in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "THE LIPID pattern of blood and liver of mice infected with S. mansoni as well as in male and female worms was studied. Experiments were also carried out on non-infected and infected mice after treatment with Niridazole. It was found that Niridazole caused a significant increase in liver triglycerides and serum free acids. These changes were more pronounced in non-infected animals than in infected ones. The drug was found to reduce worm phospholipids and to increase their triglyceride level. The male worms were more affected than the female ones.", "contents": "Effect of niridazole on the lipid pattern of the parasite and host tissues in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. THE LIPID pattern of blood and liver of mice infected with S. mansoni as well as in male and female worms was studied. Experiments were also carried out on non-infected and infected mice after treatment with Niridazole. It was found that Niridazole caused a significant increase in liver triglycerides and serum free acids. These changes were more pronounced in non-infected animals than in infected ones. The drug was found to reduce worm phospholipids and to increase their triglyceride level. The male worms were more affected than the female ones.", "PMID": 648459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3888", "title": "Assumption of linearity in dose--effect relationships.", "content": "As a basis for establishing radiation protection standards, a substantial amount of quantitative information is now available on the frequency with which malignant diseases are induced in man by moderately high doses of radiation. Such estimates can now be made not only for irradiation of the whole body but also for exposure of a number of body organs individually. The frequency with which cancers might follow the much lower doses involved in occupational or environmental exposure to radiation, however, cannot be derived from any available epidemiological surveys. It can at present only be inferred by the (probably pessimistic) assumption that the frequency of such effects is linearly proportional to the size of dose received, even down to the lowest doses. Increasing information as to the probable form of the actual dose--effect relationship for radiation is indicating the extent to which the use of this \"linear hypothesis\" may overestimate the risk of low doses as inferred from the observed risk of higher doses. A linear hypothesis has been used in the same way for estimating the likely frequency of harm from low doses of chemical substances which have defined harmful effects at high dose. The appropriateness of this procedure depends critically upon the way in which chemical pollutants, or the relevant products of their metabolism in the body, are likely to become distributed through body tissues and cause the relevant harmful effects on cells.", "contents": "Assumption of linearity in dose--effect relationships. As a basis for establishing radiation protection standards, a substantial amount of quantitative information is now available on the frequency with which malignant diseases are induced in man by moderately high doses of radiation. Such estimates can now be made not only for irradiation of the whole body but also for exposure of a number of body organs individually. The frequency with which cancers might follow the much lower doses involved in occupational or environmental exposure to radiation, however, cannot be derived from any available epidemiological surveys. It can at present only be inferred by the (probably pessimistic) assumption that the frequency of such effects is linearly proportional to the size of dose received, even down to the lowest doses. Increasing information as to the probable form of the actual dose--effect relationship for radiation is indicating the extent to which the use of this \"linear hypothesis\" may overestimate the risk of low doses as inferred from the observed risk of higher doses. A linear hypothesis has been used in the same way for estimating the likely frequency of harm from low doses of chemical substances which have defined harmful effects at high dose. The appropriateness of this procedure depends critically upon the way in which chemical pollutants, or the relevant products of their metabolism in the body, are likely to become distributed through body tissues and cause the relevant harmful effects on cells.", "PMID": 648471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3889", "title": "Experimental identification of chemical carcinogens, risk evaluation, and animal-to-animal correlations.", "content": "Experimental methods for the identification of chemical carcinogens have been extensively developed, including animal bioassay methods, animal models for cancer induction at major organ sites, models for the study of the effects of carcinogens in cells and tissues in culture and methods for the study of molecular events (metabolic activation, binding and detoxification of carcinogens; DNA damage and repair; mutagenicity). Current sources of documentation on carcinogenicity data are reviewed. The number of \"known carcinogens\" will vary considerably, depending on the criteria adopted for accepting evidence of carcinogenicity. CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF RISKS, BENEFITS, AND TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR PUBLIC POLICY ON ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS ARE REVIEWED AND THE FOLLOWING STEPS DISCUSSED: registration of environmental chemical carcinogens and their uses; risk evaluation (considering sources, adequacy, quality and limits of the evidence; quantitative dose-response extrapolation within the same biological system; and species and model conversion factors); benefits evaluation; analysis of technological alternatives; comparative judgment and decision; open public documentation. The problem of animal-to-human correlations is considered, particularly for respiratory carcinogenesis. A laboratory approach is reviewed which includes: development and study of whole animal models for carcinogenesis, analysis of animal tissue responses to carcinogens in vivo and through in vitro culture methods for morphological and biochemical studies, and development of in vitro culture methods for human target tissues. This approach is aimed at providing an experimentally controlled and quantifiable method for the correlation of animal and human observations in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Experimental identification of chemical carcinogens, risk evaluation, and animal-to-animal correlations. Experimental methods for the identification of chemical carcinogens have been extensively developed, including animal bioassay methods, animal models for cancer induction at major organ sites, models for the study of the effects of carcinogens in cells and tissues in culture and methods for the study of molecular events (metabolic activation, binding and detoxification of carcinogens; DNA damage and repair; mutagenicity). Current sources of documentation on carcinogenicity data are reviewed. The number of \"known carcinogens\" will vary considerably, depending on the criteria adopted for accepting evidence of carcinogenicity. CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF RISKS, BENEFITS, AND TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR PUBLIC POLICY ON ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS ARE REVIEWED AND THE FOLLOWING STEPS DISCUSSED: registration of environmental chemical carcinogens and their uses; risk evaluation (considering sources, adequacy, quality and limits of the evidence; quantitative dose-response extrapolation within the same biological system; and species and model conversion factors); benefits evaluation; analysis of technological alternatives; comparative judgment and decision; open public documentation. The problem of animal-to-human correlations is considered, particularly for respiratory carcinogenesis. A laboratory approach is reviewed which includes: development and study of whole animal models for carcinogenesis, analysis of animal tissue responses to carcinogens in vivo and through in vitro culture methods for morphological and biochemical studies, and development of in vitro culture methods for human target tissues. This approach is aimed at providing an experimentally controlled and quantifiable method for the correlation of animal and human observations in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 648472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3890", "title": "Estimating cancer risks to a population.", "content": "Three important issues impinge on estimating the risk of cancer to a population: (1) How can one use epidemiologic studies on one population to tell us what is likely to happen to other populations? (2) How can one use nonhuman data (i.e., laboratory experiments) to tell us what is likely to happen to humans? (3) What reasonable assumptions can be used to guide the logical extension of information from the laboratory to expectations for man, and what research is needed to support or modify these assumptions? Four principles currently guide our laboratory-to-man extrapolations: effects in animals, properly qualified, are applicable to man; methods do not now exist to establish a threshold for long-delayed effects such as cancer; the exposure of experimental animals to high doses is a necessary and valid method of discovering possible carcinogenic hazards in man; materials should be assessed in terms of human risk rather than as \"safe\" or \"unsafe\".", "contents": "Estimating cancer risks to a population. Three important issues impinge on estimating the risk of cancer to a population: (1) How can one use epidemiologic studies on one population to tell us what is likely to happen to other populations? (2) How can one use nonhuman data (i.e., laboratory experiments) to tell us what is likely to happen to humans? (3) What reasonable assumptions can be used to guide the logical extension of information from the laboratory to expectations for man, and what research is needed to support or modify these assumptions? Four principles currently guide our laboratory-to-man extrapolations: effects in animals, properly qualified, are applicable to man; methods do not now exist to establish a threshold for long-delayed effects such as cancer; the exposure of experimental animals to high doses is a necessary and valid method of discovering possible carcinogenic hazards in man; materials should be assessed in terms of human risk rather than as \"safe\" or \"unsafe\".", "PMID": 648473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3891", "title": "Approaches for protection standards for ionizing radiation and combustion pollutants.", "content": "The question \"can the approach used for radiation protection standards, i.e., to extrapolate dose--response relationships to low doses, be applied to combustion pollutants?\" provided a basis for discussion. The linear, nonthreshold model postulated by ICRP and UNSCEAR for late effects of ionizing radiation is described and discussed. The utility and problems of applying this model to the effects of air pollutants constitute the focus of this paper. The conclusion is that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, one should assume the same type of dose--effect relation for chemical air pollutants as for ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Approaches for protection standards for ionizing radiation and combustion pollutants. The question \"can the approach used for radiation protection standards, i.e., to extrapolate dose--response relationships to low doses, be applied to combustion pollutants?\" provided a basis for discussion. The linear, nonthreshold model postulated by ICRP and UNSCEAR for late effects of ionizing radiation is described and discussed. The utility and problems of applying this model to the effects of air pollutants constitute the focus of this paper. The conclusion is that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, one should assume the same type of dose--effect relation for chemical air pollutants as for ionizing radiation.", "PMID": 648475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3892", "title": "The \"urban factor\" and lung cancer: cigarette smoking or air pollution?", "content": "Data are presented which suggest that cigarette smoking, and to a lesser degree, urban pollution as indexed by benzo[a]pyrene are etiologic factors in the causation of lung cancer. The dose--response relationship to benzo[a]pyrene to lung cancer death rate in the urban community was estimated by using data on lung cancer deaths among coke oven workers. It appears to be an excess of 2--5 mumg/m3 of benzo[a]pyrene per 100,000 population, suggesting that a lifetime community exposure to benzo[a]pyrene on a continuing basis may have a greater impact on lung deaths in the community than that considered by the Royal College of Physicians.", "contents": "The \"urban factor\" and lung cancer: cigarette smoking or air pollution? Data are presented which suggest that cigarette smoking, and to a lesser degree, urban pollution as indexed by benzo[a]pyrene are etiologic factors in the causation of lung cancer. The dose--response relationship to benzo[a]pyrene to lung cancer death rate in the urban community was estimated by using data on lung cancer deaths among coke oven workers. It appears to be an excess of 2--5 mumg/m3 of benzo[a]pyrene per 100,000 population, suggesting that a lifetime community exposure to benzo[a]pyrene on a continuing basis may have a greater impact on lung deaths in the community than that considered by the Royal College of Physicians.", "PMID": 648486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3893", "title": "Atmospheric pollution and lung cancer.", "content": "Lung cancer is consistently more common in urban areas than in rural. The excess cannot be accounted for by specific occupational hazards but some of it might be due to the presence of carcinogens in urban air. The excess cannot be wholly due to such agents, because the excess in nonsmokers is small and variable. Cigarette consumption has also been greater in urban areas, but it is difficult to estimate how much of the excess it can account for. Occupational studies confirm that pollutants present in town air are capable of causing lung cancer in man and suggest that the pollutants and cigarette smoke act synergistically. The trends in the mortality from lung cancer in young and middle-aged men in England and Wales provide uncertain evidence but support the belief that atmospheric pollution has contributed to the production of the disease. In the absence of cigarette smoking, the combined effect of all atmospheric carcinogens is not responsible for more than about 5 cases of lung cancer per 100,000 persons per year in European populations.", "contents": "Atmospheric pollution and lung cancer. Lung cancer is consistently more common in urban areas than in rural. The excess cannot be accounted for by specific occupational hazards but some of it might be due to the presence of carcinogens in urban air. The excess cannot be wholly due to such agents, because the excess in nonsmokers is small and variable. Cigarette consumption has also been greater in urban areas, but it is difficult to estimate how much of the excess it can account for. Occupational studies confirm that pollutants present in town air are capable of causing lung cancer in man and suggest that the pollutants and cigarette smoke act synergistically. The trends in the mortality from lung cancer in young and middle-aged men in England and Wales provide uncertain evidence but support the belief that atmospheric pollution has contributed to the production of the disease. In the absence of cigarette smoking, the combined effect of all atmospheric carcinogens is not responsible for more than about 5 cases of lung cancer per 100,000 persons per year in European populations.", "PMID": 648488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3894", "title": "Extrapolation of carcinogenic risk from animal experiments in man.", "content": "When estimating the absolute risk of cancer, the shape of the dose--response curve in the region of doses where actual exposure of man occurs is of crucial importance. This shape is equally important for the determination of relative risks, as in the comparison of risks from alternative energy sources. Experimental and epidemiological studies are, for various reasons, unable to give sufficiently exact information concerning the dose response in the low dose region. Therefore, the discussion concerning dose--response relationships also has to consider biologically reasonable mechanisms for the origin of tumors.", "contents": "Extrapolation of carcinogenic risk from animal experiments in man. When estimating the absolute risk of cancer, the shape of the dose--response curve in the region of doses where actual exposure of man occurs is of crucial importance. This shape is equally important for the determination of relative risks, as in the comparison of risks from alternative energy sources. Experimental and epidemiological studies are, for various reasons, unable to give sufficiently exact information concerning the dose response in the low dose region. Therefore, the discussion concerning dose--response relationships also has to consider biologically reasonable mechanisms for the origin of tumors.", "PMID": 648489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3895", "title": "General subcellular effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic.", "content": "This working paper summarizes the known ultrastructural and biochemical effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic on subcellular organelle systems following in vivo administration. Documented metal-induced alterations in nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and lysosomal functions are discussed in relation to their potential impact on cellular responses to other environmental agents. Each of the above elements has been found to interfere with normal cellular replication and genetic processes. Mitochondrial swelling and depression of respiratory function are discussed in relation to known metal-specific perturbations of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Inhibition of microsomal enzyme activities and protein synthesis by lead and mercury is compared to the apparent absence of such effects following arsenic or cadmium exposure. Lysosomal uptake of all the metals is documented, but biochemical alterations in these structures have been reported for only mercury and cadmium. It is concluded that these toxic metals are capable of interacting with, and biochemically altering major cellular systems at dose levels below those required to produce signs of overt metal toxicity. The impact of these effects on cellular response to other metals and xenobiotics in complex exposure situations is presently unknown, and further research is urgently needed in this area.", "contents": "General subcellular effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. This working paper summarizes the known ultrastructural and biochemical effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic on subcellular organelle systems following in vivo administration. Documented metal-induced alterations in nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and lysosomal functions are discussed in relation to their potential impact on cellular responses to other environmental agents. Each of the above elements has been found to interfere with normal cellular replication and genetic processes. Mitochondrial swelling and depression of respiratory function are discussed in relation to known metal-specific perturbations of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Inhibition of microsomal enzyme activities and protein synthesis by lead and mercury is compared to the apparent absence of such effects following arsenic or cadmium exposure. Lysosomal uptake of all the metals is documented, but biochemical alterations in these structures have been reported for only mercury and cadmium. It is concluded that these toxic metals are capable of interacting with, and biochemically altering major cellular systems at dose levels below those required to produce signs of overt metal toxicity. The impact of these effects on cellular response to other metals and xenobiotics in complex exposure situations is presently unknown, and further research is urgently needed in this area.", "PMID": 648490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3896", "title": "Relevance of short-term carcinogenicity tests to the study of the carcinogenic potential of urban air.", "content": "It is now accepted that screening for carcinogens in animals is expensive and demonstrates carcinogenic potential rather than actual carcinogenicity in man. A number of short-term tests which depend on mutagenicity, stimulation of DNA repair, ability to produce chromosome damage or other actions, and which correlate at least to some extent with carcinogenic potential, have been devised. These have the advantages of being rapid and cheap. Some can be carried out by using human cells. They may have advantages in the context of air pollution since they are sensitive down to very low dose levels and since they can deal with complex mixtures. Combinations of such tests may be of more value than any single test. Their particular value may be as a preliminary screening procedure in a tiered testing programme which may have high predictive efficiency.", "contents": "Relevance of short-term carcinogenicity tests to the study of the carcinogenic potential of urban air. It is now accepted that screening for carcinogens in animals is expensive and demonstrates carcinogenic potential rather than actual carcinogenicity in man. A number of short-term tests which depend on mutagenicity, stimulation of DNA repair, ability to produce chromosome damage or other actions, and which correlate at least to some extent with carcinogenic potential, have been devised. These have the advantages of being rapid and cheap. Some can be carried out by using human cells. They may have advantages in the context of air pollution since they are sensitive down to very low dose levels and since they can deal with complex mixtures. Combinations of such tests may be of more value than any single test. Their particular value may be as a preliminary screening procedure in a tiered testing programme which may have high predictive efficiency.", "PMID": 648491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3897", "title": "Trends in urban air pollution in the United Kingdom in relation to lung cancer mortality.", "content": "The substantial reduction in air pollution, and particularly in components such as benzo[a]pyrene in urban areas of the United Kingdom during the past few decades has presented an opportunity to consider further the possible role of carcinogens in the air in relation to lung cancer. While the overall trends in lung cancer mortality have undoubtedly been dominated by changes in smoking, the marked contrasts that at one time existed between these death rates in urban and rural areas have gradually diminished. This may indicate that air pollution contributed appreciably to the urban/rural differences in lung cancer at one time, but it is still difficult to disentangle any effects it may have had from those of changing smoking habits.", "contents": "Trends in urban air pollution in the United Kingdom in relation to lung cancer mortality. The substantial reduction in air pollution, and particularly in components such as benzo[a]pyrene in urban areas of the United Kingdom during the past few decades has presented an opportunity to consider further the possible role of carcinogens in the air in relation to lung cancer. While the overall trends in lung cancer mortality have undoubtedly been dominated by changes in smoking, the marked contrasts that at one time existed between these death rates in urban and rural areas have gradually diminished. This may indicate that air pollution contributed appreciably to the urban/rural differences in lung cancer at one time, but it is still difficult to disentangle any effects it may have had from those of changing smoking habits.", "PMID": 648492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3898", "title": "Dose assessment analogies.", "content": "Assessments of radiation detriment are based on the absorbed dose in the organs and tissues of interest, assuming a linear, nonthreshold dose--response relationship for the induction of cancer or genetic effects at low doses. Similar assessments may be made for nonradioactive, mutagenic, or carcinogenic substances, in which case the time integral of the local tissue concentration of the substance may be the quantity which would correspond to the radiation dose. It can be shown that the assessment then involves calculations which are very similar to those made in the assessment of radiation detriment. It is suggested that an attempt should be made to make such assessments for nonradioactive pollutants, in order to provide a more appropriate basis for comparisons with radiation detriments. In the assessment of the detriment from inhaled substances, the overall collective intake commitment is simply the total amount of each substance ever to be inhaled, irrespective of when or where. This quantity might be assumed to be proportional to the total detriment in form of lung cancer.", "contents": "Dose assessment analogies. Assessments of radiation detriment are based on the absorbed dose in the organs and tissues of interest, assuming a linear, nonthreshold dose--response relationship for the induction of cancer or genetic effects at low doses. Similar assessments may be made for nonradioactive, mutagenic, or carcinogenic substances, in which case the time integral of the local tissue concentration of the substance may be the quantity which would correspond to the radiation dose. It can be shown that the assessment then involves calculations which are very similar to those made in the assessment of radiation detriment. It is suggested that an attempt should be made to make such assessments for nonradioactive pollutants, in order to provide a more appropriate basis for comparisons with radiation detriments. In the assessment of the detriment from inhaled substances, the overall collective intake commitment is simply the total amount of each substance ever to be inhaled, irrespective of when or where. This quantity might be assumed to be proportional to the total detriment in form of lung cancer.", "PMID": 648493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3899", "title": "Potentially carcinogenic species emitted to the atmosphere by fossil-fueled power plants.", "content": "The identities and physicochemical characteristics of potentially carcinogenic species emitted to the atmosphere by fossil-fueled power plants are presented and discussed. It is pointed out that many so-called carcinogens are preferentially concentrated on the surface of respirable fly ash particles thus enabling them to come into intimate contact with lung tissues when inhaled. Relatively little information is available about the identities of particulate polycyclic organic compounds whose emission from coal fired power plants may well be substantially greater than hitherto supposed. The importance of chemical changes, which several species may undergo following emission (but prior to inhalation) in determining their potential carcinogenic impact, is stressed.", "contents": "Potentially carcinogenic species emitted to the atmosphere by fossil-fueled power plants. The identities and physicochemical characteristics of potentially carcinogenic species emitted to the atmosphere by fossil-fueled power plants are presented and discussed. It is pointed out that many so-called carcinogens are preferentially concentrated on the surface of respirable fly ash particles thus enabling them to come into intimate contact with lung tissues when inhaled. Relatively little information is available about the identities of particulate polycyclic organic compounds whose emission from coal fired power plants may well be substantially greater than hitherto supposed. The importance of chemical changes, which several species may undergo following emission (but prior to inhalation) in determining their potential carcinogenic impact, is stressed.", "PMID": 648494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3900", "title": "Possible mutagenic properties and carcinogenic action of the irritant gaseous pollutants NO2, O3, and SO2.", "content": "Carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effects of NO2, O3, and SO2 have not been proven to date with sufficient reliability. However, nitrosamine formation after exposure to NO2- or O3-induced decrease in benzpyrene hydroxylase are potential hazards. A final revaluation of a possible cocarcinogenic action of SO2 requires further experimental studies.", "contents": "Possible mutagenic properties and carcinogenic action of the irritant gaseous pollutants NO2, O3, and SO2. Carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effects of NO2, O3, and SO2 have not been proven to date with sufficient reliability. However, nitrosamine formation after exposure to NO2- or O3-induced decrease in benzpyrene hydroxylase are potential hazards. A final revaluation of a possible cocarcinogenic action of SO2 requires further experimental studies.", "PMID": 648495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3901", "title": "Comments on extrapolation of cancer response from high dose to low dose.", "content": "In making judgments as to the cancer risk from low level exposure to carcinogens it is generally necessary to base these judgments on high dose or high incidence data from laboratory or epidemiological studies. The biological considerations involved in making such extrapolations are discussed, as well as some of the mathematical procedures. The difficulties presented by moving from species to species, or from differently acting carcinogenic agents is considered.", "contents": "Comments on extrapolation of cancer response from high dose to low dose. In making judgments as to the cancer risk from low level exposure to carcinogens it is generally necessary to base these judgments on high dose or high incidence data from laboratory or epidemiological studies. The biological considerations involved in making such extrapolations are discussed, as well as some of the mathematical procedures. The difficulties presented by moving from species to species, or from differently acting carcinogenic agents is considered.", "PMID": 648496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3902", "title": "Fundamental aspects of dose--response relationships and their extrapolation for noncarcinogenic effects of metals.", "content": "Fundamental differences in dose--response relationships between \"stochastic\" and \"nonstochastic\" effects of chemicals are identified and discussed. The difficulties in extrapolating into the low-dose region of dose--response curves are pointed out. In some instances of nonstochastic effects, observations concerning interindividual variability in biological half-time and threshold body burden for symptoms may be used for such extrapolation. An example based on data from the literature concerning effects of methyl-mercury on the nervous system is given. The confidence intervals of the extrapolated risk-values are computed and discussed in relation to assumptions concerning the mathematical model to be used in the extrapolation process.", "contents": "Fundamental aspects of dose--response relationships and their extrapolation for noncarcinogenic effects of metals. Fundamental differences in dose--response relationships between \"stochastic\" and \"nonstochastic\" effects of chemicals are identified and discussed. The difficulties in extrapolating into the low-dose region of dose--response curves are pointed out. In some instances of nonstochastic effects, observations concerning interindividual variability in biological half-time and threshold body burden for symptoms may be used for such extrapolation. An example based on data from the literature concerning effects of methyl-mercury on the nervous system is given. The confidence intervals of the extrapolated risk-values are computed and discussed in relation to assumptions concerning the mathematical model to be used in the extrapolation process.", "PMID": 648497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3903", "title": "Treatment of traumatic arthritis in the horse with intra-articular orgotein (palosein).", "content": "A total of 134 horses of various breeds were treated for aseptic arthritis of traumatic origin using Orgotein (Palosein). The drug was injected into 192 affected joints of these animals. Recovery rates of 94 per cent were recorded in cases which had shown lameness for less than 2 months before treatment commenced and 49 per cent in those lame for longer than 2 months.", "contents": "Treatment of traumatic arthritis in the horse with intra-articular orgotein (palosein). A total of 134 horses of various breeds were treated for aseptic arthritis of traumatic origin using Orgotein (Palosein). The drug was injected into 192 affected joints of these animals. Recovery rates of 94 per cent were recorded in cases which had shown lameness for less than 2 months before treatment commenced and 49 per cent in those lame for longer than 2 months.", "PMID": 648498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3904", "title": "A study of the hearing ability of horses.", "content": "The ability of 10 horses to hear frequencies between 14 and 25 Kc/s was tested. The horses appeared to perceive ultrasounds by showing either fright reactions or Pryer reflexes to all of the 12 frequencies. The highest frequencies were heard less by older animals, and elicited more reactions in geldings than in mares.", "contents": "A study of the hearing ability of horses. The ability of 10 horses to hear frequencies between 14 and 25 Kc/s was tested. The horses appeared to perceive ultrasounds by showing either fright reactions or Pryer reflexes to all of the 12 frequencies. The highest frequencies were heard less by older animals, and elicited more reactions in geldings than in mares.", "PMID": 648500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3905", "title": "Influence of heavy weight carrying on the cardiorespiratory system during exercise.", "content": "To study the influence of weight carrying on the cardiorespiratory system during dynamic exercise (walking) four conditions, i.e., rest, and treadmill exercise at 25, 50, and 75% of the individual VO2max, were combined with weight carrying of 10, 20, and 30 kg. In all experiments oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation were measured. For each dynamic exercise condition and for the rest condition regression lines are calculated showing the relation between weight load an oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation. From the slopes of these regression lines it can be seen that in rest (standing position) weight carrying does not influence oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation. In dynamic exercise oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation increase linearly with the amount of weight carried. To a large extent this increase is independent of the dynamic work load. In this study it was found that each kilogram extra weight increases oxygen uptake with 33.5 ml/min, heart rate with 1.1 beats/min and pulmonary ventilation with 0.6 1/min. In dyanmic work for loads higher than 50% of VO2max the relationship between weight carried and pulmonary ventilation is no longer a linear one. For the subjects studied it is assumed that oxygen consumption per kilogram weight is not different for body weight or extra weight carried.", "contents": "Influence of heavy weight carrying on the cardiorespiratory system during exercise. To study the influence of weight carrying on the cardiorespiratory system during dynamic exercise (walking) four conditions, i.e., rest, and treadmill exercise at 25, 50, and 75% of the individual VO2max, were combined with weight carrying of 10, 20, and 30 kg. In all experiments oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation were measured. For each dynamic exercise condition and for the rest condition regression lines are calculated showing the relation between weight load an oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation. From the slopes of these regression lines it can be seen that in rest (standing position) weight carrying does not influence oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation. In dynamic exercise oxygen uptake, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation increase linearly with the amount of weight carried. To a large extent this increase is independent of the dynamic work load. In this study it was found that each kilogram extra weight increases oxygen uptake with 33.5 ml/min, heart rate with 1.1 beats/min and pulmonary ventilation with 0.6 1/min. In dyanmic work for loads higher than 50% of VO2max the relationship between weight carried and pulmonary ventilation is no longer a linear one. For the subjects studied it is assumed that oxygen consumption per kilogram weight is not different for body weight or extra weight carried.", "PMID": 648506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3906", "title": "Energy metabolism in different human skeletal muscles during voluntary isometric contractions.", "content": "The energy turnover in contracting skeletal muscle was studied by measuring the rate of temperature rise during voluntary, isometric contractions and circulatory arrest in M. soleus, M. sacrospinalis and M. biceps brachii in 14 males, by thermoelements inserted in the muscles. A linear relationship between rate of temperature rise and force intensity given as per cent of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was demonstrated in biceps (r = 0.95), but not so clearly confirmed in soleus  (r = 0.73). Muscle biopsies were taken from the same muscles and fibre type distribution was determined histochemically by staining for ATPase. The rate of heat production at MVC showed positive correlation to the percentage of fast twitch (FT) fibres in the muscles (r = 0.90). Linear extrapolation indicates that the maximal energy turnover in human FT fibres is approximately six times that of slow twitch (ST) fibres during voluntary isometric contractions.", "contents": "Energy metabolism in different human skeletal muscles during voluntary isometric contractions. The energy turnover in contracting skeletal muscle was studied by measuring the rate of temperature rise during voluntary, isometric contractions and circulatory arrest in M. soleus, M. sacrospinalis and M. biceps brachii in 14 males, by thermoelements inserted in the muscles. A linear relationship between rate of temperature rise and force intensity given as per cent of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was demonstrated in biceps (r = 0.95), but not so clearly confirmed in soleus  (r = 0.73). Muscle biopsies were taken from the same muscles and fibre type distribution was determined histochemically by staining for ATPase. The rate of heat production at MVC showed positive correlation to the percentage of fast twitch (FT) fibres in the muscles (r = 0.90). Linear extrapolation indicates that the maximal energy turnover in human FT fibres is approximately six times that of slow twitch (ST) fibres during voluntary isometric contractions.", "PMID": 648507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3907", "title": "Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump.", "content": "Performance of a vertical jump was analyzed with respect to the contribution of the different body segments to the forces acting on the whole body center of gravity. Both cinematograph and force-platform techniques were employed. The data disclosed that the take-off velocity in vertical jumps was caused by the different components as follows: knee extension 56%, plantar flexion 22%, trunk extension 10%, arm swing 10%, and head swing 2%. However, the average take-off velocity of the total performance (3.03 m/s) was only 76% from the theoretical maximum calculated from the segmental analyses. Optimal timing of the segmental performances was calculated to increase this \"efficiency\" to 84%. Great variance were observed among individuals in the total performance despite the similarities in utilization of the performance of individual segments.", "contents": "Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump. Performance of a vertical jump was analyzed with respect to the contribution of the different body segments to the forces acting on the whole body center of gravity. Both cinematograph and force-platform techniques were employed. The data disclosed that the take-off velocity in vertical jumps was caused by the different components as follows: knee extension 56%, plantar flexion 22%, trunk extension 10%, arm swing 10%, and head swing 2%. However, the average take-off velocity of the total performance (3.03 m/s) was only 76% from the theoretical maximum calculated from the segmental analyses. Optimal timing of the segmental performances was calculated to increase this \"efficiency\" to 84%. Great variance were observed among individuals in the total performance despite the similarities in utilization of the performance of individual segments.", "PMID": 648508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3908", "title": "Muscle strengths in relation to fat storage rate in young men.", "content": "Hand-grip strength, elbow flexion strength, trunk extension strength and knee extension strength, and body composition (measured by densitometry) were measured in 59 male students (mean 19.2 years) in order to compare the muscle strength of obese men, in relation to fat storage rate (% fat), with those of non-obese men. Their % fat ranged from 6.2-35.6%. Correlations of body weight and lean body mass were found to be significant with each muscle strength. Our findings presented that obese men had lower muscle strengths for body weight and lean body mass than non-obese men do. This might be the result of two characteristics, inactivity and weak willpower, of obese men. Besides, the 20% fat of threshold of obesity for men proposed by Behnke and Wilmore was reasonable from the viewpoint of the muscle strength because of the differences between group D (18.8% fat) and group E (23.8% fat).", "contents": "Muscle strengths in relation to fat storage rate in young men. Hand-grip strength, elbow flexion strength, trunk extension strength and knee extension strength, and body composition (measured by densitometry) were measured in 59 male students (mean 19.2 years) in order to compare the muscle strength of obese men, in relation to fat storage rate (% fat), with those of non-obese men. Their % fat ranged from 6.2-35.6%. Correlations of body weight and lean body mass were found to be significant with each muscle strength. Our findings presented that obese men had lower muscle strengths for body weight and lean body mass than non-obese men do. This might be the result of two characteristics, inactivity and weak willpower, of obese men. Besides, the 20% fat of threshold of obesity for men proposed by Behnke and Wilmore was reasonable from the viewpoint of the muscle strength because of the differences between group D (18.8% fat) and group E (23.8% fat).", "PMID": 648509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3909", "title": "Splenic storage volume in the unanesthetized resting beagle.", "content": "Determination of the dog's splenic storage volume without surgical procedures requires measurement of both circulating and total red cell volumes. The estimation of circulating red cell volume by radioisotope techniques is impeded by the rapid uptake of tagged cells in the spleen. The circulating cell volume might be calculated from plasma volume and large vessel hematocrit, provided that the latter is corrected for the unequal distribution of red cells in the circulatory system. However, the correction factor can only be estimated in the splenectomized dog. We describe here a method to determine the factor in the intact dog, \"physiologically splenectomized\" by the severe exercise. The values obtained by this method slightly exceed those in the resting dog, as shown by studies in splenectomized exercising beagles in which splenic function was simulated by infusion of packed cells. The method was tested in beagles exercised by swimming and treadmill running and it was concluded that in the unanesthetized resting beagle about one-third of all erythrocytes is stored in the spleen. Labeled cells are equilibrated with about one-half of the splenic storage volume within 10 min after their injection. During maximal exertion the mean increase in large vessel hematocrit was 38.6 +/- 3.3%, the mean decrease in plasma volume 13.6 +/- 1.7% and the mean increase in plasma osmolarity 2.8 +/- 0.9% (percentages of control values).", "contents": "Splenic storage volume in the unanesthetized resting beagle. Determination of the dog's splenic storage volume without surgical procedures requires measurement of both circulating and total red cell volumes. The estimation of circulating red cell volume by radioisotope techniques is impeded by the rapid uptake of tagged cells in the spleen. The circulating cell volume might be calculated from plasma volume and large vessel hematocrit, provided that the latter is corrected for the unequal distribution of red cells in the circulatory system. However, the correction factor can only be estimated in the splenectomized dog. We describe here a method to determine the factor in the intact dog, \"physiologically splenectomized\" by the severe exercise. The values obtained by this method slightly exceed those in the resting dog, as shown by studies in splenectomized exercising beagles in which splenic function was simulated by infusion of packed cells. The method was tested in beagles exercised by swimming and treadmill running and it was concluded that in the unanesthetized resting beagle about one-third of all erythrocytes is stored in the spleen. Labeled cells are equilibrated with about one-half of the splenic storage volume within 10 min after their injection. During maximal exertion the mean increase in large vessel hematocrit was 38.6 +/- 3.3%, the mean decrease in plasma volume 13.6 +/- 1.7% and the mean increase in plasma osmolarity 2.8 +/- 0.9% (percentages of control values).", "PMID": 648510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3910", "title": "Studies on vasodilatation in the hand on exposure to heat.", "content": "In five subjects whose hands were exposed to heat, no depletion in the plasma kininogen level was observed when vasodilatation occurred. This might be due to the admixture of arterial and venous blood following the opening of arterio-venous (A--V) anastomoses. The small rise obtained by warming was not significant (P greater than 0.1). Consequently, the drop in kinonogen concentration recorded when the hand was allowed to cool to an ambient temperature of 23 degrees C as compared with the basal level and that during the period of warming, was also found to be non-significant. In another nine subjects whose A--V kininogen values were determined when their hands were immersed in a water bath at 37 degrees C, a significant A--V difference of the kininogen content was obtained. From this work, it is concluded that no appreciable depletion of venous kininogen concentration was obtained on hand warming. It is possible that sweat glands, vasodilator nerve fibres and the release of kinins contribute in part to the dilatation that occurs. Possible patho-physiological mechanisms involved are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on vasodilatation in the hand on exposure to heat. In five subjects whose hands were exposed to heat, no depletion in the plasma kininogen level was observed when vasodilatation occurred. This might be due to the admixture of arterial and venous blood following the opening of arterio-venous (A--V) anastomoses. The small rise obtained by warming was not significant (P greater than 0.1). Consequently, the drop in kinonogen concentration recorded when the hand was allowed to cool to an ambient temperature of 23 degrees C as compared with the basal level and that during the period of warming, was also found to be non-significant. In another nine subjects whose A--V kininogen values were determined when their hands were immersed in a water bath at 37 degrees C, a significant A--V difference of the kininogen content was obtained. From this work, it is concluded that no appreciable depletion of venous kininogen concentration was obtained on hand warming. It is possible that sweat glands, vasodilator nerve fibres and the release of kinins contribute in part to the dilatation that occurs. Possible patho-physiological mechanisms involved are discussed.", "PMID": 648511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3911", "title": "Predicting metabolic cost of level walking.", "content": "Energy expenditure in walking is usually expressed as a function of walking speed. However, this relationship applies only to freely adopted step length-step rate patterns. Both the step length and the step rate must be used to preduct the energy expenditure for any combination of step length and step rate. Evidence on seven subjects indicates that the energy demand for such a combination can be determined by conducting two experiments. In the first, the subject is allowed to freely choose his own walking pattern to achieve a set of prescribed speeds. In the second, the speed is kept constant but the subject is forced to adopt a range of prescribed step rates. The results of the two experiments combined yield enough data to make possible the determination of the energy equation of the pattern, encompassing both \"free\" and \"forced\" gaits. Results show that the freely chosen step rate requires the least oxygen consumption at any given speed. Any other forced step rate at the same speed increases the oxygen cost over that required for the \"free\" step rate.", "contents": "Predicting metabolic cost of level walking. Energy expenditure in walking is usually expressed as a function of walking speed. However, this relationship applies only to freely adopted step length-step rate patterns. Both the step length and the step rate must be used to preduct the energy expenditure for any combination of step length and step rate. Evidence on seven subjects indicates that the energy demand for such a combination can be determined by conducting two experiments. In the first, the subject is allowed to freely choose his own walking pattern to achieve a set of prescribed speeds. In the second, the speed is kept constant but the subject is forced to adopt a range of prescribed step rates. The results of the two experiments combined yield enough data to make possible the determination of the energy equation of the pattern, encompassing both \"free\" and \"forced\" gaits. Results show that the freely chosen step rate requires the least oxygen consumption at any given speed. Any other forced step rate at the same speed increases the oxygen cost over that required for the \"free\" step rate.", "PMID": 648512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3912", "title": "Conformation of methylated sequences in HeLa cell 18-S ribosomal RNA: nuclease S1 as a probe.", "content": "18-S rRNA from HeLa cells was digested with nuclease S1. Under the conditions employed 15% of the total nucleotides and some 50% of the methylated nucleotides were released as low-molecular-weight products. The material which was precipitable by 70% ethanol after nuclease S1 digestion was subjected to further digestion by combined T1 plus pancreatic ribonucleases or by T1 ribonuclease alone, and fingerprints were prepared. It was found that the four sites which are modified late during ribosome maturation, and which contain base modifications, were all accessible to nuclease S1. By contrast fewer than one-half of the sites which are modified early during ribosome maturation, and which contain 2'-O-methyl groups, were accessible to nuclease S1; the remainder were protected, presumably by secondary or tertiary interactions within 18-S rRNA.", "contents": "Conformation of methylated sequences in HeLa cell 18-S ribosomal RNA: nuclease S1 as a probe. 18-S rRNA from HeLa cells was digested with nuclease S1. Under the conditions employed 15% of the total nucleotides and some 50% of the methylated nucleotides were released as low-molecular-weight products. The material which was precipitable by 70% ethanol after nuclease S1 digestion was subjected to further digestion by combined T1 plus pancreatic ribonucleases or by T1 ribonuclease alone, and fingerprints were prepared. It was found that the four sites which are modified late during ribosome maturation, and which contain base modifications, were all accessible to nuclease S1. By contrast fewer than one-half of the sites which are modified early during ribosome maturation, and which contain 2'-O-methyl groups, were accessible to nuclease S1; the remainder were protected, presumably by secondary or tertiary interactions within 18-S rRNA.", "PMID": 648515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3913", "title": "Glyceroglucolipids of the human saliva.", "content": "Seven individual glycolipids (I--VII) have been isolated from the lipid extract of human saliva. All glycolipids contained glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids, and differed from each other primarily with respect to the number of glucose residues. In addition, glycolipid V contained also the sulfate ester group. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide and methylation studies, as: Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid I), Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipids II and III), Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid IV), SO3H-6Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid V), Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid VI) and Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 lead to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid VII). Diglyceride portion of these compounds consists of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-glycerol with the docosanoate and glyceryl-monodocosyl being the predominant acyl and alkyl components.", "contents": "Glyceroglucolipids of the human saliva. Seven individual glycolipids (I--VII) have been isolated from the lipid extract of human saliva. All glycolipids contained glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids, and differed from each other primarily with respect to the number of glucose residues. In addition, glycolipid V contained also the sulfate ester group. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide and methylation studies, as: Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid I), Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipids II and III), Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid IV), SO3H-6Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid V), Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid VI) and Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 lead to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 6)Glc(alpha1 leads to 3)-diglyceride (glycolipid VII). Diglyceride portion of these compounds consists of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-glycerol with the docosanoate and glyceryl-monodocosyl being the predominant acyl and alkyl components.", "PMID": 648518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3914", "title": "Inhibition of yeast phosphatidic-acid synthesis by free fatty acids.", "content": "Particulate preparations obtained from cells of yeast Saccharomyces sake have been shown to possess glycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase activities. Glycerolphosphate acyltransferase exhibits a high specificity for saturated and monoenoic fatty acyl-CoA thioesters. When palmitoyl-CoA is employed as sole acyl group donor, the major lipid product is lysophosphatidic acid. 1-Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase of this yeast species has a rather strict specificity for monoenoic fatty acyl-CoA thioesters as acyl donor. These two acyltransferases are strongly inhibited in vitro by low concentrations of free fatty acids. 1-Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase is much more susceptible to fatty acid inhibition than glycerolphosphate acyltransferase. The inhibition is dependent not only on the concentration of fatty acid, but also on the length of exposure to fatty acid. Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the acyltransferase activities. The inhibitory effects of fatty acids cannot be ascribed to a nonspecific surfactant action of fatty acids. The present results support the view that free fatty acid serves as a regulator of glycerolipid synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of yeast phosphatidic-acid synthesis by free fatty acids. Particulate preparations obtained from cells of yeast Saccharomyces sake have been shown to possess glycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase activities. Glycerolphosphate acyltransferase exhibits a high specificity for saturated and monoenoic fatty acyl-CoA thioesters. When palmitoyl-CoA is employed as sole acyl group donor, the major lipid product is lysophosphatidic acid. 1-Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase of this yeast species has a rather strict specificity for monoenoic fatty acyl-CoA thioesters as acyl donor. These two acyltransferases are strongly inhibited in vitro by low concentrations of free fatty acids. 1-Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase is much more susceptible to fatty acid inhibition than glycerolphosphate acyltransferase. The inhibition is dependent not only on the concentration of fatty acid, but also on the length of exposure to fatty acid. Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the acyltransferase activities. The inhibitory effects of fatty acids cannot be ascribed to a nonspecific surfactant action of fatty acids. The present results support the view that free fatty acid serves as a regulator of glycerolipid synthesis.", "PMID": 648519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3915", "title": "Photochemical modifications of the tryptophan residues of wheat-germ agglutinin in the presence of trichloroethanol.", "content": "Trichloroethanol is an efficient quencher of indole fluorescence of model compounds and proteins [Eftink, M. R. and Ghiron, C. A. (1976) J. Phys. Chem. 80, 486--493]. At low quencher concentrations, the quenching follows the classical Stern-Volmer law. Bimolecular rate constants calculated from measured quenching constants and lifetimes are equal to 6 X 10(9) M-1s-1 and 1.2 X 10(9) M-1s-1 for N-acetyltrypotophanamide and wheat germ agglutinin, respectively. Upon ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of trichloroethanol, transformation of fluorescent tryptophan occurs, leading to a fluorescent photoproduct. This can be easily used as a method for the quantitative determination of fluorescent tryptophan residues in proteins. In good agreement with previous results, two fluorescent tryptophan residues per polypeptide chain are found in wheat germ agglutinin. Concomitantly with the photochemical reactions, the hemagglutinating protein activity and its affinity constant towards chitin oligomers are reduced. A probable location of tryptophan residues in the binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin is proposed.", "contents": "Photochemical modifications of the tryptophan residues of wheat-germ agglutinin in the presence of trichloroethanol. Trichloroethanol is an efficient quencher of indole fluorescence of model compounds and proteins [Eftink, M. R. and Ghiron, C. A. (1976) J. Phys. Chem. 80, 486--493]. At low quencher concentrations, the quenching follows the classical Stern-Volmer law. Bimolecular rate constants calculated from measured quenching constants and lifetimes are equal to 6 X 10(9) M-1s-1 and 1.2 X 10(9) M-1s-1 for N-acetyltrypotophanamide and wheat germ agglutinin, respectively. Upon ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of trichloroethanol, transformation of fluorescent tryptophan occurs, leading to a fluorescent photoproduct. This can be easily used as a method for the quantitative determination of fluorescent tryptophan residues in proteins. In good agreement with previous results, two fluorescent tryptophan residues per polypeptide chain are found in wheat germ agglutinin. Concomitantly with the photochemical reactions, the hemagglutinating protein activity and its affinity constant towards chitin oligomers are reduced. A probable location of tryptophan residues in the binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin is proposed.", "PMID": 648521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3916", "title": "Reactions of antibodies against ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and plastocyanin with spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Purified antisera against ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and plastocyanin agglutinated osmotically shocked and washed spinach chloroplasts, prepared according to standard procedures. The monomeric antibody (immunoglobulin G fraction) of the reductase antiserum agglutinated chloroplasts specifically and directly, indicating that protruding structures (for example, the coupling factor) do not act as steric hindrances as has been suggested. With ferredoxin antiserum, the presence of a pentameric antibody (immunoglobulin M fraction) was obligatory to observe a positive agglutination reaction. Immunoglobulin G only inhibited ferredoxin-dependent reactions, like NADP+-photoreduction, but did not cause agglutination. Ferredoxin seems to be located in depressions of the membrane, possibly caused by a partial release of this protein in shocked chloroplasts. Similar results were obtained with purified immunoglobulins from a plastocyanin antiserum. Again the immunoglobulin G fraction inhibited electron transport reactions catalyzed by plastocyanin, whereas immunoglobulin M showed a positive agglutination, but had no influence on electron transport. It is concluded that ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and plastocyanin are peripheral electron transport components, located at the outer thylakoid membrane.", "contents": "Reactions of antibodies against ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and plastocyanin with spinach chloroplasts. Purified antisera against ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and plastocyanin agglutinated osmotically shocked and washed spinach chloroplasts, prepared according to standard procedures. The monomeric antibody (immunoglobulin G fraction) of the reductase antiserum agglutinated chloroplasts specifically and directly, indicating that protruding structures (for example, the coupling factor) do not act as steric hindrances as has been suggested. With ferredoxin antiserum, the presence of a pentameric antibody (immunoglobulin M fraction) was obligatory to observe a positive agglutination reaction. Immunoglobulin G only inhibited ferredoxin-dependent reactions, like NADP+-photoreduction, but did not cause agglutination. Ferredoxin seems to be located in depressions of the membrane, possibly caused by a partial release of this protein in shocked chloroplasts. Similar results were obtained with purified immunoglobulins from a plastocyanin antiserum. Again the immunoglobulin G fraction inhibited electron transport reactions catalyzed by plastocyanin, whereas immunoglobulin M showed a positive agglutination, but had no influence on electron transport. It is concluded that ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and plastocyanin are peripheral electron transport components, located at the outer thylakoid membrane.", "PMID": 648522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3917", "title": "Active-site catalytic efficiency of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in Electrophorus, torpedo, rat and chicken.", "content": "The active sites of acetylcholinesterase multiple forms from four widely different zoological species (Electrophorus, Torpedo, rat and chicken) were titrated using a stable, irreversible phosphorylating inhibitor (O-ethyl-S2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl-phosphonothionate). In all cases, we found that within a given species, the molecular forms we examined were equivalent in their catalytic activity per active site. As pure preparations of the molecular forms of Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase were available, we were able to establish that one inhibitor molecule binds per monomer unit for each of them. This had already been shown by several authors for the tetrameric globular form, but not for the tailed molecules. Analysis of the phosphorylation reaction showed that they are equally reactive. Under our experimental conditions, their turnover number per site was 4.4 x 10(7) mol of acetylthiocholine hydrolysed . h-1 at 28 degrees C, pH 7.0. The corresponding value was less than half for Torpedo (1.64 x 10(7) mol . h-1), and again lower for rat (1.32 x 10(7) mol . h-1) and chicken (1.05 x 10(7) mol . h-1). In the case of rat acetylcholinesterase, the activity per active site of solubilized (with or without Triton X-100) and membrane-bound enzyme were identical. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the quaternary structure of acetylcholinesterase, and to the physico-chemical state and physiological properties of its molecular forms.", "contents": "Active-site catalytic efficiency of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in Electrophorus, torpedo, rat and chicken. The active sites of acetylcholinesterase multiple forms from four widely different zoological species (Electrophorus, Torpedo, rat and chicken) were titrated using a stable, irreversible phosphorylating inhibitor (O-ethyl-S2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl-phosphonothionate). In all cases, we found that within a given species, the molecular forms we examined were equivalent in their catalytic activity per active site. As pure preparations of the molecular forms of Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase were available, we were able to establish that one inhibitor molecule binds per monomer unit for each of them. This had already been shown by several authors for the tetrameric globular form, but not for the tailed molecules. Analysis of the phosphorylation reaction showed that they are equally reactive. Under our experimental conditions, their turnover number per site was 4.4 x 10(7) mol of acetylthiocholine hydrolysed . h-1 at 28 degrees C, pH 7.0. The corresponding value was less than half for Torpedo (1.64 x 10(7) mol . h-1), and again lower for rat (1.32 x 10(7) mol . h-1) and chicken (1.05 x 10(7) mol . h-1). In the case of rat acetylcholinesterase, the activity per active site of solubilized (with or without Triton X-100) and membrane-bound enzyme were identical. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the quaternary structure of acetylcholinesterase, and to the physico-chemical state and physiological properties of its molecular forms.", "PMID": 648523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3918", "title": "Interaction of adenylosuccinate synthetase with F-actin.", "content": "Both crude and purified preparations of adenylosuccinate synthetase from muscle were found to combine with, and dissociate from, muscle debris precipitated from a homogenate of the muscle with water. The binding and dissociation depended on ionic strength. Further study showed that the muscle enzyme was adsorbed to F-actin, but not to G-actin or myosin. The muscle-type enzyme from the liver also associated with F-actin, but the liver-type enzyme from the liver did not. In the absence of KCl the molar ratio of adenylosuccinate synthetase from skeletal muscle to actin monomer in F-actin in the complex formed was 1 to 4. From a Scatchard plot the dissociation constant was calculated to be 0.72 micrometer. The binding was maximal at pH 5.5-7 in 30 mM potassium phosphate buffer. The complex was completely dissociated in the presence of 0.21 M KCl. The physiological significance of this binding is discussed on the basis of these findings.", "contents": "Interaction of adenylosuccinate synthetase with F-actin. Both crude and purified preparations of adenylosuccinate synthetase from muscle were found to combine with, and dissociate from, muscle debris precipitated from a homogenate of the muscle with water. The binding and dissociation depended on ionic strength. Further study showed that the muscle enzyme was adsorbed to F-actin, but not to G-actin or myosin. The muscle-type enzyme from the liver also associated with F-actin, but the liver-type enzyme from the liver did not. In the absence of KCl the molar ratio of adenylosuccinate synthetase from skeletal muscle to actin monomer in F-actin in the complex formed was 1 to 4. From a Scatchard plot the dissociation constant was calculated to be 0.72 micrometer. The binding was maximal at pH 5.5-7 in 30 mM potassium phosphate buffer. The complex was completely dissociated in the presence of 0.21 M KCl. The physiological significance of this binding is discussed on the basis of these findings.", "PMID": 648524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3919", "title": "Affinity chromatography of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The structure of a pteridine adsorbent.", "content": "1. Four independent methods have established that the structure of a previously reported pteridine affinity adsorbent, 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin--CH-Sepharose, is 5(CH-Sepharosyl)-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin. 2. A novel reaction, the carbodiimide-promoted coupling of a carboxyl group to N-5 of a tetrahydropterin, is described. 3. Two novel adsorbents, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate--AH-Sepharose and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate--AH-Sepharose, are described which may be useful not only in the study of phenylalanine hydroxylase but also in the study of folate-metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The structure of a pteridine adsorbent. 1. Four independent methods have established that the structure of a previously reported pteridine affinity adsorbent, 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin--CH-Sepharose, is 5(CH-Sepharosyl)-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin. 2. A novel reaction, the carbodiimide-promoted coupling of a carboxyl group to N-5 of a tetrahydropterin, is described. 3. Two novel adsorbents, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate--AH-Sepharose and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate--AH-Sepharose, are described which may be useful not only in the study of phenylalanine hydroxylase but also in the study of folate-metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 648526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3920", "title": "4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase fluorescence studies.", "content": "The kinetics of resolution of the pyridoxamine phosphate form of the enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase were monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. 2 mol pyridoxamine phosphate are released/mol enzyme, indicating that two molecules of cofactor are involved in catalysis. The apoprotein is reconstituted by addition of pyridoxal phosphate; the apparent rate constant corresponding to the formation of active species is not a linear function of the concentration of cofactor. A multistep mechanism is proposed for the reconstitution of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. A slow phase of reactivation of the aminotransferase is observed when the apoprotein is allowed to reconstitute in the presence of pyridoxal kinase, ATP and pyridoxal. The enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase is a dimeric protein made up of subunits of identical molecular weight. It is characterized by a rotational relaxation time of 110 ns. The dimeric structure does not dissociate into subunits over a wide range of protein concentration (4--0.2 micrometer) at neutral pH.", "contents": "4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase fluorescence studies. The kinetics of resolution of the pyridoxamine phosphate form of the enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase were monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. 2 mol pyridoxamine phosphate are released/mol enzyme, indicating that two molecules of cofactor are involved in catalysis. The apoprotein is reconstituted by addition of pyridoxal phosphate; the apparent rate constant corresponding to the formation of active species is not a linear function of the concentration of cofactor. A multistep mechanism is proposed for the reconstitution of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. A slow phase of reactivation of the aminotransferase is observed when the apoprotein is allowed to reconstitute in the presence of pyridoxal kinase, ATP and pyridoxal. The enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase is a dimeric protein made up of subunits of identical molecular weight. It is characterized by a rotational relaxation time of 110 ns. The dimeric structure does not dissociate into subunits over a wide range of protein concentration (4--0.2 micrometer) at neutral pH.", "PMID": 648527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3921", "title": "The carboxyl-terminal sequence of the heavy chain of a Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin.", "content": "The reduced carboxymethylated heavy chain (HA1) of a Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin (H3) was digested with cyanogen bromide to give five peptides. The sequences of three of these peptides, together with the sequences of two methionine overlap peptides were combined to give the C-terminal 68-residue sequence of the heavy chain. Threonine is the C-terminal residue of the heavy chain, an unexpected result in view of the generation of the heavy and light chains by the proteolytic cleavage of a pro-haemagglutinin during virus assembly. Three half-cystine residues occur close together at positions 24, 48 and 52 residues in from the C-terminus. A carbohydrate group is attached to an asparagine residue 44 residues from the C-terminus; it contains 5 residues mannose and 2 residues glucosamine.", "contents": "The carboxyl-terminal sequence of the heavy chain of a Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin. The reduced carboxymethylated heavy chain (HA1) of a Hong Kong influenza haemagglutinin (H3) was digested with cyanogen bromide to give five peptides. The sequences of three of these peptides, together with the sequences of two methionine overlap peptides were combined to give the C-terminal 68-residue sequence of the heavy chain. Threonine is the C-terminal residue of the heavy chain, an unexpected result in view of the generation of the heavy and light chains by the proteolytic cleavage of a pro-haemagglutinin during virus assembly. Three half-cystine residues occur close together at positions 24, 48 and 52 residues in from the C-terminus. A carbohydrate group is attached to an asparagine residue 44 residues from the C-terminus; it contains 5 residues mannose and 2 residues glucosamine.", "PMID": 648528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3922", "title": "Nucleotide torsional flexibility in solution and the use of the lanthanides as nuclear-magnetic-resonance conformation probes. The case of adenosine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "In this article the single family of conformations of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'AMP) in aqueous solution previously obtained using the lanthanide ions as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes is shown to disagree with the conformational data available from independent NMR methods, such as coupling constant and nuclear Overhauser enhancement analysis. The original lanthanide experimental data is reinterpreted assuming the contribution of different conformers to the observed magnetic perturbations. The average conformation obtained for 5'AMP agrees quite satisfactorily with the other independent conformational information.", "contents": "Nucleotide torsional flexibility in solution and the use of the lanthanides as nuclear-magnetic-resonance conformation probes. The case of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. In this article the single family of conformations of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'AMP) in aqueous solution previously obtained using the lanthanide ions as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes is shown to disagree with the conformational data available from independent NMR methods, such as coupling constant and nuclear Overhauser enhancement analysis. The original lanthanide experimental data is reinterpreted assuming the contribution of different conformers to the observed magnetic perturbations. The average conformation obtained for 5'AMP agrees quite satisfactorily with the other independent conformational information.", "PMID": 648530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3923", "title": "Conformational studies of some 2':3'-cyclic mononucleotides in solution by different nuclear-magnetic-resonance methods.", "content": "The conformations of the 2':3'-cyclic mononucleotides of adenosine and cytidine in deuterium oxide has been studied at pH 2.3, using lanthanide ions as paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes. It was not possible to find any single conformation for these molecules which accounts for the observed shift and relaxation data. This situation is in agreement with the interpretation of vicinal 1H-1H and 1H-31P coupling constants, which indicate that the ribofuranose and cyclic phosphate rings are in rapid equilibrium between different puckered forms. The interpretation of the lanthanide data in terms of an equilibrium between different conformations give average rotamer populations in good agreement with the coupling constant analysis. The conformations of these systems in aqueous solutions were found to be more flexible than in the solid state, where rigid planar ribofuranose rings have been observed. Adenosine 2':3'-monophosphate differs from cytidine 2':3'-monophosphate at the glycosidic link.", "contents": "Conformational studies of some 2':3'-cyclic mononucleotides in solution by different nuclear-magnetic-resonance methods. The conformations of the 2':3'-cyclic mononucleotides of adenosine and cytidine in deuterium oxide has been studied at pH 2.3, using lanthanide ions as paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes. It was not possible to find any single conformation for these molecules which accounts for the observed shift and relaxation data. This situation is in agreement with the interpretation of vicinal 1H-1H and 1H-31P coupling constants, which indicate that the ribofuranose and cyclic phosphate rings are in rapid equilibrium between different puckered forms. The interpretation of the lanthanide data in terms of an equilibrium between different conformations give average rotamer populations in good agreement with the coupling constant analysis. The conformations of these systems in aqueous solutions were found to be more flexible than in the solid state, where rigid planar ribofuranose rings have been observed. Adenosine 2':3'-monophosphate differs from cytidine 2':3'-monophosphate at the glycosidic link.", "PMID": 648531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3924", "title": "Isolation of phosphoglycerate kinases by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A variety of Sepharose derivatives containing DL-O-phosphorylserine or adenosine nucleotides with different points of attachment, has been synthesized and tested for affinity to phosphoglycerate kinase. The most effective gels contained periodate-oxidized ATP or ADP bound via the ribose by hydrazone formation to adipoyl-dihydrazo-Sepharose. The effect of pH, magnesium and buffer ions on the binding capacity of the ATP derivative of Sepharose has been examined. Optimal elution of phosphoglycerate kinase was investigated using different combinations of adenosine nucleotides, 3-phosphogylcerate and magnesium ions. A method is presented giving conditions for the purification of phosphoglycerate kinase from different sources (spinach, human erythrocytes, human, rabbit and trout muscle). It includes extract preparation, affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The method is greatly superior to known isolation procedures by virtue of its technical simplicity, excellent yield (85-100%) and reproducability. The capacity of the ATP-ribosyl-adipoyl-dihydrazo-Sepharose was 5 mg phosphoglycerate kinase per 1 g of matrix. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate indicated that the final products are homogeneous. The phosphoglycerate kinases from different sources appear to have the same affinity for this ATP derivative of Sepharose, the same molecular weight and the same specific activity.", "contents": "Isolation of phosphoglycerate kinases by affinity chromatography. A variety of Sepharose derivatives containing DL-O-phosphorylserine or adenosine nucleotides with different points of attachment, has been synthesized and tested for affinity to phosphoglycerate kinase. The most effective gels contained periodate-oxidized ATP or ADP bound via the ribose by hydrazone formation to adipoyl-dihydrazo-Sepharose. The effect of pH, magnesium and buffer ions on the binding capacity of the ATP derivative of Sepharose has been examined. Optimal elution of phosphoglycerate kinase was investigated using different combinations of adenosine nucleotides, 3-phosphogylcerate and magnesium ions. A method is presented giving conditions for the purification of phosphoglycerate kinase from different sources (spinach, human erythrocytes, human, rabbit and trout muscle). It includes extract preparation, affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The method is greatly superior to known isolation procedures by virtue of its technical simplicity, excellent yield (85-100%) and reproducability. The capacity of the ATP-ribosyl-adipoyl-dihydrazo-Sepharose was 5 mg phosphoglycerate kinase per 1 g of matrix. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate indicated that the final products are homogeneous. The phosphoglycerate kinases from different sources appear to have the same affinity for this ATP derivative of Sepharose, the same molecular weight and the same specific activity.", "PMID": 648532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3925", "title": "The redox potential of dithionite and SO-2 from equilibrium reactions with flavodoxins, methyl viologen and hydrogen plus hydrogenase.", "content": "1. It has been shown that redox equilibria can be formed between dithionite ion (plus SO-2) and (bi)sulphite, and the low-potential electron carriers flavodoxin and methyl viologen. The equilibria were established either by treating the oxidized electron carriers with dithionite, or by treating flavodoxin hydroquinone or methyl viologen semiquinone with (bi)sulphite. Similar redox equilibria were established between dithionite/(bi)sulphite and hydrogen using catalytic amounts of hydrogenase in the presence of a low-potential electron carrier. The effects of pH and temperature on the equilibria were determined. 2. The equilibria were analyzed to determine the redox potential of the dithionite/(bi)sulphite system. In accordance with the results of earlier kinetic studies, it was assumed that the reductant in dithionite solutions is the dissociation product SO-2. The calculated midpoint redox potential E' for the couple SO-2/HSO-3 at pH 7 and 25 degrees C was -0.66 V. The reductant is present largely as the dimer at concentrations of dithionite above about 10nM. Consequently, the midpoint potential, Em, of dithionite solutions becomes less negative as the concentration of dithionite is increased (deltaEm/deltalog S2O2-4 = 29 mV). The theoretical potential of a solution of 1 M S2O2-4 and 2 M (bi)sulphite at pH 7 was calculated to be -0.386V. This value is 59 mV more negative than that determined in 1911 by potentiometry, but considerably more positive than other values in the literature. The effects of pH on the equilibria showed that E' is controlled by the pK of (bi)sulphite at 6.9; the slope deltaE'/deltapH was -59 mV below the pK and -118 mV above the pK. The effects of temperature on the equilibria suggested that Em for dithionite changed by -1.6 mV/degrees C for a rise in temperature between 2 degrees C and 40 degrees C. If sodium dithionite is contaminated with small amounts of (bi)sulphite, its addition in large excess to a low potential electron carrier can cause oxidation of the carrier.", "contents": "The redox potential of dithionite and SO-2 from equilibrium reactions with flavodoxins, methyl viologen and hydrogen plus hydrogenase. 1. It has been shown that redox equilibria can be formed between dithionite ion (plus SO-2) and (bi)sulphite, and the low-potential electron carriers flavodoxin and methyl viologen. The equilibria were established either by treating the oxidized electron carriers with dithionite, or by treating flavodoxin hydroquinone or methyl viologen semiquinone with (bi)sulphite. Similar redox equilibria were established between dithionite/(bi)sulphite and hydrogen using catalytic amounts of hydrogenase in the presence of a low-potential electron carrier. The effects of pH and temperature on the equilibria were determined. 2. The equilibria were analyzed to determine the redox potential of the dithionite/(bi)sulphite system. In accordance with the results of earlier kinetic studies, it was assumed that the reductant in dithionite solutions is the dissociation product SO-2. The calculated midpoint redox potential E' for the couple SO-2/HSO-3 at pH 7 and 25 degrees C was -0.66 V. The reductant is present largely as the dimer at concentrations of dithionite above about 10nM. Consequently, the midpoint potential, Em, of dithionite solutions becomes less negative as the concentration of dithionite is increased (deltaEm/deltalog S2O2-4 = 29 mV). The theoretical potential of a solution of 1 M S2O2-4 and 2 M (bi)sulphite at pH 7 was calculated to be -0.386V. This value is 59 mV more negative than that determined in 1911 by potentiometry, but considerably more positive than other values in the literature. The effects of pH on the equilibria showed that E' is controlled by the pK of (bi)sulphite at 6.9; the slope deltaE'/deltapH was -59 mV below the pK and -118 mV above the pK. The effects of temperature on the equilibria suggested that Em for dithionite changed by -1.6 mV/degrees C for a rise in temperature between 2 degrees C and 40 degrees C. If sodium dithionite is contaminated with small amounts of (bi)sulphite, its addition in large excess to a low potential electron carrier can cause oxidation of the carrier.", "PMID": 648533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3926", "title": "Isolation of the ADP/ATP translocator from beef heart mitochondria as the bongkrekate-protein complex.", "content": "1. The isolation of the ADP/ATP translocator from beef heart mitochondria as the bongkrekateprotein complex is described, using hydroxyapatite chromatography and gel filtration in Triton X-100 solution. 2. The inhibitor is bound to the protein prior to solubilization with detergent for protection against denaturation. Only the intact bongkrekate-protein passes easily through the hydroxyapatite column. Bongkrekate shileds the protein in contrast to carboxyatractylate only partially against proteinases present in the crude extract. 3. The isolated bongkrekate protein shows the same molecular weights in dodecylsulfate and Triton X-100, the same amino acid composition and the same isoelectric point as the earlier isolated carboxyatractylate-protein complex. It differs by its higher sensitivity against trypsin and thermolysin. 4. The identity of both proteins is demonstrated by interconversion of the bongkrekate-protein into the carboxyatractylate-protein. The process requires the catalysis by ADP or ATP, the natural substrates of the protein. 5. The formation of the extractable [3H]bongkrekate-protein complex in mitochondria requires the presence of ADP or ATP. 6. These data, the immunological studies presented earlier, and the differences in the reactivity of -SH groups of the isolated bongkrekate and carboxyatractylate complexes (to be published) indicate that both proteins represent different conformational states of the translocator protein (m-state and c-state).", "contents": "Isolation of the ADP/ATP translocator from beef heart mitochondria as the bongkrekate-protein complex. 1. The isolation of the ADP/ATP translocator from beef heart mitochondria as the bongkrekateprotein complex is described, using hydroxyapatite chromatography and gel filtration in Triton X-100 solution. 2. The inhibitor is bound to the protein prior to solubilization with detergent for protection against denaturation. Only the intact bongkrekate-protein passes easily through the hydroxyapatite column. Bongkrekate shileds the protein in contrast to carboxyatractylate only partially against proteinases present in the crude extract. 3. The isolated bongkrekate protein shows the same molecular weights in dodecylsulfate and Triton X-100, the same amino acid composition and the same isoelectric point as the earlier isolated carboxyatractylate-protein complex. It differs by its higher sensitivity against trypsin and thermolysin. 4. The identity of both proteins is demonstrated by interconversion of the bongkrekate-protein into the carboxyatractylate-protein. The process requires the catalysis by ADP or ATP, the natural substrates of the protein. 5. The formation of the extractable [3H]bongkrekate-protein complex in mitochondria requires the presence of ADP or ATP. 6. These data, the immunological studies presented earlier, and the differences in the reactivity of -SH groups of the isolated bongkrekate and carboxyatractylate complexes (to be published) indicate that both proteins represent different conformational states of the translocator protein (m-state and c-state).", "PMID": 648534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3927", "title": "The plastid membranes of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Light-induced appearance of mRNA coding for the apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein.", "content": "Illumination of dark-grown barley plants induces a massive insertion of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein into the developing thylakoid membrane. In addition to the onset of chlorophyll synthesis, light induces specifically the appearance of a prominent mRNA species which codes for a polypeptide of Mr 29500. This component was identified as a precursor of the apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein. The precursor has an Mr larger than the authentic protein by approximately 4000. Studies of the chlorophyll-b-less mutant chlorina f2 of barley offer the first clue to the mechanism which controls the light-dependent mRNA formation. The induction of the mRNA coding for the aproprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein does not seem to be linked directly to the assembly process of the light-harvesting structure and does not require chlorophyll b. It is proposed that light exerts its influence on the mRNA formation by a reaction which is different from the phototransformation of protochlorophyll(ide) to chlorophyll(ide).", "contents": "The plastid membranes of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Light-induced appearance of mRNA coding for the apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein. Illumination of dark-grown barley plants induces a massive insertion of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein into the developing thylakoid membrane. In addition to the onset of chlorophyll synthesis, light induces specifically the appearance of a prominent mRNA species which codes for a polypeptide of Mr 29500. This component was identified as a precursor of the apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein. The precursor has an Mr larger than the authentic protein by approximately 4000. Studies of the chlorophyll-b-less mutant chlorina f2 of barley offer the first clue to the mechanism which controls the light-dependent mRNA formation. The induction of the mRNA coding for the aproprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein does not seem to be linked directly to the assembly process of the light-harvesting structure and does not require chlorophyll b. It is proposed that light exerts its influence on the mRNA formation by a reaction which is different from the phototransformation of protochlorophyll(ide) to chlorophyll(ide).", "PMID": 648535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3928", "title": "Calcium metabolism and enzyme secretion in guinea pig pancreas. Uptake, storage and release of calcium in whole cells and mitochondrial and microsomal fractions.", "content": "In isolated pancreatic acinar cells from the guinea pig stimulation of enzyme secretion by carbamoylcholine is slightly diminished in the absence of extracellular Ca. LaCl3 in a concentration, which does not influence the secretory response to carbamoylcholine, nearly completely abolishes 45Ca uptake by cells, indicating that Ca uptake is not necessary for secretion. In cells preloaded with 45CaCl2, addition of carbamoylcholine leads to an immediate release of 45Ca, which can be blocked by atropine or 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate and is not influences by LaCl3 in concentrations, which do not inhibit secretion. A similar release of 45CaCl2 from preloaded cells is obtained by addition of the mitochondrial inhibitors antimycin A, carbonylcyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and oligomycin. Possibly due to markedly diminished ATP levels, neither antimycin A nor FCCP act as secretagogues, both compounds being inhibitors of secretion. Oligomycin, which decreases ATP levels only to 20%, stimulates secretion. Mitochondria and microsomes from pancreatic tissue are able to accumulate 45Ca. Mitochondrial 45Ca uptake can be driven by ATP or active respiration and is inhibited by NaN3, oligomycin, antimycin A or FCCP. Microsomal 45Ca uptake is ATP-dependent. NaN3 and mitochondrial inhibitors have no influence on microsomal 45Ca uptake, which is stimulated several-fold by oxalate. The results support the assumption, that in the guinea pig pancreas Ca mobilization from intracellular stores is necessary to initiate secretion. Due to their ability for an active accumulation of45Ca both mitochondria and microsomes could serve as intracellular calcium stores.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism and enzyme secretion in guinea pig pancreas. Uptake, storage and release of calcium in whole cells and mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. In isolated pancreatic acinar cells from the guinea pig stimulation of enzyme secretion by carbamoylcholine is slightly diminished in the absence of extracellular Ca. LaCl3 in a concentration, which does not influence the secretory response to carbamoylcholine, nearly completely abolishes 45Ca uptake by cells, indicating that Ca uptake is not necessary for secretion. In cells preloaded with 45CaCl2, addition of carbamoylcholine leads to an immediate release of 45Ca, which can be blocked by atropine or 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate and is not influences by LaCl3 in concentrations, which do not inhibit secretion. A similar release of 45CaCl2 from preloaded cells is obtained by addition of the mitochondrial inhibitors antimycin A, carbonylcyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and oligomycin. Possibly due to markedly diminished ATP levels, neither antimycin A nor FCCP act as secretagogues, both compounds being inhibitors of secretion. Oligomycin, which decreases ATP levels only to 20%, stimulates secretion. Mitochondria and microsomes from pancreatic tissue are able to accumulate 45Ca. Mitochondrial 45Ca uptake can be driven by ATP or active respiration and is inhibited by NaN3, oligomycin, antimycin A or FCCP. Microsomal 45Ca uptake is ATP-dependent. NaN3 and mitochondrial inhibitors have no influence on microsomal 45Ca uptake, which is stimulated several-fold by oxalate. The results support the assumption, that in the guinea pig pancreas Ca mobilization from intracellular stores is necessary to initiate secretion. Due to their ability for an active accumulation of45Ca both mitochondria and microsomes could serve as intracellular calcium stores.", "PMID": 648536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3929", "title": "Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid from children.", "content": "Forty-one cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from children were investigated with a radioimmunoassay for their content of myelin basic protein (BP). Eight specimens were regarded as BP-positive (BP is greater than or equal to 1.0 ng/ml). Twenty-nine were BP-negative and 4 could not be analyzed because of an excessive protein content. The BP-positive samples were from 6 children with evidence of severe acute brain damage leading to death in 5 cases: i.e., 2 term newborns with perinatal asphyxia, a 4 week-old child with severe convulsions, a 3 year-old boy with hypoxia due to laryngitis, and a 12 year-old girl with encephalitis. One preterm baby survived severe hypoxia and developed hydrocephalus shortly afterwards. We conclude that BP becomes detectable in CSF of newborns and older children under certain pathological conditions, and that the presence of BP in CSF may be associated with severe brain tissue destruction.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid from children. Forty-one cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from children were investigated with a radioimmunoassay for their content of myelin basic protein (BP). Eight specimens were regarded as BP-positive (BP is greater than or equal to 1.0 ng/ml). Twenty-nine were BP-negative and 4 could not be analyzed because of an excessive protein content. The BP-positive samples were from 6 children with evidence of severe acute brain damage leading to death in 5 cases: i.e., 2 term newborns with perinatal asphyxia, a 4 week-old child with severe convulsions, a 3 year-old boy with hypoxia due to laryngitis, and a 12 year-old girl with encephalitis. One preterm baby survived severe hypoxia and developed hydrocephalus shortly afterwards. We conclude that BP becomes detectable in CSF of newborns and older children under certain pathological conditions, and that the presence of BP in CSF may be associated with severe brain tissue destruction.", "PMID": 648537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3930", "title": "A new defect of neutrophil chemotaxis and random motility in a child with recurrent bacterial infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E.", "content": "A new defect of chemotaxis and random motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes is described in a patient with severe recurrent bacterial infections since early childhood. This defect seems to be intrinsic to the cells. The patient's plasma did not contain an inhibitor of chemotaxis. Addition of plasma to the patient's cells restored their chemotactic activity. High concentrations of immunoglobulin E were found in the patient's plasma. Phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium salt were normal. Histological examination of lung tissue revealed a pattern similar to that observed in chronic granulomatous disease.", "contents": "A new defect of neutrophil chemotaxis and random motility in a child with recurrent bacterial infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. A new defect of chemotaxis and random motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes is described in a patient with severe recurrent bacterial infections since early childhood. This defect seems to be intrinsic to the cells. The patient's plasma did not contain an inhibitor of chemotaxis. Addition of plasma to the patient's cells restored their chemotactic activity. High concentrations of immunoglobulin E were found in the patient's plasma. Phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium salt were normal. Histological examination of lung tissue revealed a pattern similar to that observed in chronic granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 648539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3931", "title": "Hyaline membrane disease: prognostic factors and medium-term follow-up.", "content": "One hundred and twenty two cases of severe hyaline membrane disease are reported. 68 of them survived (57%). Adverse clinical, radiological and laboratory factors, and their effects on the early mortality rate, are analysed with particular reference to the referring centers, delay in admission, transport and the critical state of most infants on admission. The follow-up of 29 survivors treated before 1974 has been examined with reference to birthweight and assisted respiration. Four (30%) of the twelve infants with birthweights below 2000 g had major neurological sequelae. Only two out of the 17 babies with a birthweight over 2000 g had minor mental disturbances.", "contents": "Hyaline membrane disease: prognostic factors and medium-term follow-up. One hundred and twenty two cases of severe hyaline membrane disease are reported. 68 of them survived (57%). Adverse clinical, radiological and laboratory factors, and their effects on the early mortality rate, are analysed with particular reference to the referring centers, delay in admission, transport and the critical state of most infants on admission. The follow-up of 29 survivors treated before 1974 has been examined with reference to birthweight and assisted respiration. Four (30%) of the twelve infants with birthweights below 2000 g had major neurological sequelae. Only two out of the 17 babies with a birthweight over 2000 g had minor mental disturbances.", "PMID": 648540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3932", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia using selective hemolysis of maternal cells contaminating fetal blood sample.", "content": "The prenatal diagnosis of the severe, hereditary anemias may be impossible when a placental blood sample which contains a high percentage of maternal rather than fetal cells is obtained. An incubation system described by Boyer et al. [3] with minor modifications, was applied to mixtures of blood from prematures and adults in order to increase the proportion of premature cells. After 40 min incubation, 95% or more of adult red cells were destroyed, whereas 30-60% of premature red cells were recovered, as determined by several independent methods. In a pregnancy at risk for beta-thalassemia, a placental blood sample which was purely fetal was obtained. Complete lack of in vitro beta-globin synthesis showed the fetus to have homozygous beta-thalassemia. When fetal blood was mixed with maternal blood in a ratio of 1:15, beta-globin synthesis in the mixture was comparable to that of normal fetuses. In contrast, when the cell mixture was subjected to selective hemolysis prior to separation of globins, beta-globin synthesis again was not detectable. Thus, using selective hemolysis, the correct diagnosis could be established from a blood sample containing only about 6% of fetal cells.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia using selective hemolysis of maternal cells contaminating fetal blood sample. The prenatal diagnosis of the severe, hereditary anemias may be impossible when a placental blood sample which contains a high percentage of maternal rather than fetal cells is obtained. An incubation system described by Boyer et al. [3] with minor modifications, was applied to mixtures of blood from prematures and adults in order to increase the proportion of premature cells. After 40 min incubation, 95% or more of adult red cells were destroyed, whereas 30-60% of premature red cells were recovered, as determined by several independent methods. In a pregnancy at risk for beta-thalassemia, a placental blood sample which was purely fetal was obtained. Complete lack of in vitro beta-globin synthesis showed the fetus to have homozygous beta-thalassemia. When fetal blood was mixed with maternal blood in a ratio of 1:15, beta-globin synthesis in the mixture was comparable to that of normal fetuses. In contrast, when the cell mixture was subjected to selective hemolysis prior to separation of globins, beta-globin synthesis again was not detectable. Thus, using selective hemolysis, the correct diagnosis could be established from a blood sample containing only about 6% of fetal cells.", "PMID": 648541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3933", "title": "Lipid peroxidation in platelets from patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten syndrome.", "content": "Platelet lipid peroxidation was studied in normal controls, subjects with epilepsy and patients with the Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten syndrome. The results showed wide intra- and inter-individual variation, particulary in the latter group. The mean value in Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten syndrome was not significantly higher than the mean values for the other two groups.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation in platelets from patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten syndrome. Platelet lipid peroxidation was studied in normal controls, subjects with epilepsy and patients with the Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten syndrome. The results showed wide intra- and inter-individual variation, particulary in the latter group. The mean value in Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten syndrome was not significantly higher than the mean values for the other two groups.", "PMID": 648542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3934", "title": "Chronic mild diarrhoea, stunted growth and neuromuscular abnormalities.", "content": "This report describes a 3 year-old girl with signs of ventricular hypertrophy, short stature, and persistent diarrhoea (without steatorrhoea or creatorrhoea) which was resistant to therapy. There was no clinical evidence of myopathy but a myopathic pattern was found on electromyography. Biochemical studies revealed no abnormalities. Routine histological studies of biopsied muscle showed no obvious structural abnormalities. Examination of 1 micrometer tissue sections revealed groups of atrophic fibers. Electronmicroscopy revealed widened spaces between the myofibrils with disruption of filament arrangement. The mitochondria in the motor end-plates were very distended and almost devoid of cristae.", "contents": "Chronic mild diarrhoea, stunted growth and neuromuscular abnormalities. This report describes a 3 year-old girl with signs of ventricular hypertrophy, short stature, and persistent diarrhoea (without steatorrhoea or creatorrhoea) which was resistant to therapy. There was no clinical evidence of myopathy but a myopathic pattern was found on electromyography. Biochemical studies revealed no abnormalities. Routine histological studies of biopsied muscle showed no obvious structural abnormalities. Examination of 1 micrometer tissue sections revealed groups of atrophic fibers. Electronmicroscopy revealed widened spaces between the myofibrils with disruption of filament arrangement. The mitochondria in the motor end-plates were very distended and almost devoid of cristae.", "PMID": 648543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3935", "title": "Stimulus persistence in CFF: overarousal or underactivation?", "content": "The physiological basis of hypothesized adult age increases in the persistence of stimuli was studied in 16 young (X age 19.1 years) and 16 old (X age 70.1 years) male and female subjects. Changes in CFF threshold and skin conductance were measured as a function of loud white noise activation and artificial pupil. CFF was significantly lower in the old group and with artificial pupil in both age groups. Significant effects were also found for activation x sex and activation x age x sex. Skin conductance change was significant for activation, activation x sex, artificial pupil x age, artificial pupil x order and artificial pupil x order x activation. The results were interpreted as supporting an overarousal basis of an age increase in stimulus persistence.", "contents": "Stimulus persistence in CFF: overarousal or underactivation? The physiological basis of hypothesized adult age increases in the persistence of stimuli was studied in 16 young (X age 19.1 years) and 16 old (X age 70.1 years) male and female subjects. Changes in CFF threshold and skin conductance were measured as a function of loud white noise activation and artificial pupil. CFF was significantly lower in the old group and with artificial pupil in both age groups. Significant effects were also found for activation x sex and activation x age x sex. Skin conductance change was significant for activation, activation x sex, artificial pupil x age, artificial pupil x order and artificial pupil x order x activation. The results were interpreted as supporting an overarousal basis of an age increase in stimulus persistence.", "PMID": 648551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3936", "title": "Aging and semantic memory: structural age differences.", "content": "The objective of this research was to investigate age differences in the structure of semantic memory. The tasks employed (i.e., vocabulary, word fluency by conceptual category cueing and word fluency by initial consonant cueing) were representative of different age trends in quantitative test scores. Matching across age levels (young versus middle-aged) was in terms of family membership. Results showed a greater intra-individual variability and lower relationships between aspects of semantic memory by the time of middle-age. The results were viewed from process-oriented and environment-oriented explanatory perspectives.", "contents": "Aging and semantic memory: structural age differences. The objective of this research was to investigate age differences in the structure of semantic memory. The tasks employed (i.e., vocabulary, word fluency by conceptual category cueing and word fluency by initial consonant cueing) were representative of different age trends in quantitative test scores. Matching across age levels (young versus middle-aged) was in terms of family membership. Results showed a greater intra-individual variability and lower relationships between aspects of semantic memory by the time of middle-age. The results were viewed from process-oriented and environment-oriented explanatory perspectives.", "PMID": 648552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3937", "title": "Effect of chronic restraint on open field activity of aging C57BL/6N mice.", "content": "Eight, 20, and 31 month old male C57BL/6N mice were exposed to three 24-hour restraint sessions per week, or to a nontreatment condition. All mice received five 2-minute open field tests after 5 and after 6 weeks of treatment. The activity of restrained mice tended to be greater than that of nonrestrained animals. In general, 8 month old mice were more active than older subjects. Age related activity decrements were prominent in the first series of open field tests, while restraint effects were most pronounced in the second series.", "contents": "Effect of chronic restraint on open field activity of aging C57BL/6N mice. Eight, 20, and 31 month old male C57BL/6N mice were exposed to three 24-hour restraint sessions per week, or to a nontreatment condition. All mice received five 2-minute open field tests after 5 and after 6 weeks of treatment. The activity of restrained mice tended to be greater than that of nonrestrained animals. In general, 8 month old mice were more active than older subjects. Age related activity decrements were prominent in the first series of open field tests, while restraint effects were most pronounced in the second series.", "PMID": 648553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3938", "title": "Effects of aging on monoamine oxidase activity of mouse and rabbit tissues.", "content": "The effect of aging on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in tissues of mice and rabbits was evaluated. There were no alterations in the MAO activity of liver, kidney, pancreas and brain (adult mice and rabbits) or testis and heart (adult mice) with aging. There were no alterations in the norepinephrine content of the brain, kidney and heart of older mice. The present study indicates that increased MAO activity is not inevitably associated with aging in all species.", "contents": "Effects of aging on monoamine oxidase activity of mouse and rabbit tissues. The effect of aging on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in tissues of mice and rabbits was evaluated. There were no alterations in the MAO activity of liver, kidney, pancreas and brain (adult mice and rabbits) or testis and heart (adult mice) with aging. There were no alterations in the norepinephrine content of the brain, kidney and heart of older mice. The present study indicates that increased MAO activity is not inevitably associated with aging in all species.", "PMID": 648554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3939", "title": "Extracardiac malformations associated with congenital heart disease.", "content": "The incidence of significant extracardiac malformations was determined in a combined clinical and autopsy study comprising 1000 infants and children with congenital heart disease treated and lost at the Children's Hospital in Helsinki. There were 567 boys and 433 girls. 1/4 of the children had a birthweight of 2500 g or less. 850 children were under 1 yr old. Death occurred during the 1st mth of life in 546 cases. Extracardiac malformations were encountered in 439 children. They were more common in girls than in boys. The incidence of associated malformations was comparatively high in infants with a low birthweight. The noncardiac anomalies were considered main causes of death in 1/3 of the cases. Extracardiac organs were involved in the following order of frequency: alimentary, skeletal, urogenital, central nervous and respiratory system. Of the main cardiac malformations, septal defects were associated with the highest and transposition of the great arteries with the lowest incidence of extracardiac anomalies. An accumulation of some defined noncardiac malformations was observed in patients with certain heart lesions.", "contents": "Extracardiac malformations associated with congenital heart disease. The incidence of significant extracardiac malformations was determined in a combined clinical and autopsy study comprising 1000 infants and children with congenital heart disease treated and lost at the Children's Hospital in Helsinki. There were 567 boys and 433 girls. 1/4 of the children had a birthweight of 2500 g or less. 850 children were under 1 yr old. Death occurred during the 1st mth of life in 546 cases. Extracardiac malformations were encountered in 439 children. They were more common in girls than in boys. The incidence of associated malformations was comparatively high in infants with a low birthweight. The noncardiac anomalies were considered main causes of death in 1/3 of the cases. Extracardiac organs were involved in the following order of frequency: alimentary, skeletal, urogenital, central nervous and respiratory system. Of the main cardiac malformations, septal defects were associated with the highest and transposition of the great arteries with the lowest incidence of extracardiac anomalies. An accumulation of some defined noncardiac malformations was observed in patients with certain heart lesions.", "PMID": 648575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3940", "title": "Echocardiographic estimation of a left-to-right shunt in isolated ventricular septal defects.", "content": "35 infants and children with isolated ventricular septal defects (VSDs) had echocardiographic examination within 24 h of cardiac catheterization. Left atrial to aortic root (LA : Ao) ratio, left atrial internal dimension/meter square body surface area (LAID/m2) and left ventricular internal dimension in diastole/meter square body surface area (LVIDd/m2) were compared with the cardiac catheterization determined pulmonary-to-systemic flow (Qp : Qs) ratio. 35 children with normal cardiovascular findings served as controls. The LA : Ao ratio in the VSD group (1.38 +/- 0.13) was significantly higher than in the control group (1.01 +/- 0.05) (P less than 0.01). Similarly the LAID/m2 and LVIDd/m2 were significantly higher in the VSD group than in the control group (P less than 0.01). Additionally, echographic dimensions were increased in proportion to the elevation of Qp : Qs (r = 0.71--0.73). LA : Ao ratios higher than 1.4 : 1 were generally associated with Qp : Qs ratios greater than 2 : 1. All patients with Qp : Qs greater than 2 : 1 had LA : Ao ratios of 1.4 or higher. This study suggested that echocardiography is a useful noninvasive technique in estimating the Qp : Qs in patients with isolated VSDs, and may serve as an additional clinical parameter in the assessment of patients with VSDs.", "contents": "Echocardiographic estimation of a left-to-right shunt in isolated ventricular septal defects. 35 infants and children with isolated ventricular septal defects (VSDs) had echocardiographic examination within 24 h of cardiac catheterization. Left atrial to aortic root (LA : Ao) ratio, left atrial internal dimension/meter square body surface area (LAID/m2) and left ventricular internal dimension in diastole/meter square body surface area (LVIDd/m2) were compared with the cardiac catheterization determined pulmonary-to-systemic flow (Qp : Qs) ratio. 35 children with normal cardiovascular findings served as controls. The LA : Ao ratio in the VSD group (1.38 +/- 0.13) was significantly higher than in the control group (1.01 +/- 0.05) (P less than 0.01). Similarly the LAID/m2 and LVIDd/m2 were significantly higher in the VSD group than in the control group (P less than 0.01). Additionally, echographic dimensions were increased in proportion to the elevation of Qp : Qs (r = 0.71--0.73). LA : Ao ratios higher than 1.4 : 1 were generally associated with Qp : Qs ratios greater than 2 : 1. All patients with Qp : Qs greater than 2 : 1 had LA : Ao ratios of 1.4 or higher. This study suggested that echocardiography is a useful noninvasive technique in estimating the Qp : Qs in patients with isolated VSDs, and may serve as an additional clinical parameter in the assessment of patients with VSDs.", "PMID": 648576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3941", "title": "Left anterior hemiblock in adult Africans.", "content": "A total of 4,000 consecutive electrocardiograms covering an 8-yr period was studied and all cases with pure left anterior hemiblock reviewed on the basis of clinical diagnosis and subsequent follow-ups. There were 66 cases in all, representing 1.6% of the total series with an age range of 30--81 and a mean of 53.4 yr; 43 males to 23 females--a ratio of approximately 2 : 1. 34 cases (51.5%) were hypertensives all with a minimum diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg before treatment. Congestive cardiomyopathy accounted for 16 cases (24.3%) and diabetes mellitus unassociated with other ailments for another 6 cases (9.1%). Other causes included mixed aortic valve disease with 2 cases (3%), endomyocardial fibrosis with 2 cases (3%). In 6 patients (9.1%), all above the age of 70, who had been admitted for minor surgical operations, no cause could be found. This etiological pattern differs from that seen in white populations where ischemic heart disease is by far the commonest cause. The extreme rarity to left anterior hemiblock in rheumatic mitral valve disease is considered of help in separating cases of lone rheumatic regurgitation from those of mitral regurgitation complicating congestive cardiomyopathy if and when diagnostic difficulty arises.", "contents": "Left anterior hemiblock in adult Africans. A total of 4,000 consecutive electrocardiograms covering an 8-yr period was studied and all cases with pure left anterior hemiblock reviewed on the basis of clinical diagnosis and subsequent follow-ups. There were 66 cases in all, representing 1.6% of the total series with an age range of 30--81 and a mean of 53.4 yr; 43 males to 23 females--a ratio of approximately 2 : 1. 34 cases (51.5%) were hypertensives all with a minimum diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg before treatment. Congestive cardiomyopathy accounted for 16 cases (24.3%) and diabetes mellitus unassociated with other ailments for another 6 cases (9.1%). Other causes included mixed aortic valve disease with 2 cases (3%), endomyocardial fibrosis with 2 cases (3%). In 6 patients (9.1%), all above the age of 70, who had been admitted for minor surgical operations, no cause could be found. This etiological pattern differs from that seen in white populations where ischemic heart disease is by far the commonest cause. The extreme rarity to left anterior hemiblock in rheumatic mitral valve disease is considered of help in separating cases of lone rheumatic regurgitation from those of mitral regurgitation complicating congestive cardiomyopathy if and when diagnostic difficulty arises.", "PMID": 648577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3942", "title": "Successful surgical repair of double outlet right ventricle with situs inversus, l-loop, l-malposition and subaortic VSD in a 16-month-old patient.", "content": "The case of a 16-mth-old patient who had double outlet right ventricle, l-loop and l-malposition in the presence of dextrocardia and situs inversus is presented. A successful repair was performed using an internal conduit to divert the blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. The outflow tract of the right ventricle was then enlarged with a dacron patch. The anatomic variations of double outlet right ventricle surgically corrected are reviewed.", "contents": "Successful surgical repair of double outlet right ventricle with situs inversus, l-loop, l-malposition and subaortic VSD in a 16-month-old patient. The case of a 16-mth-old patient who had double outlet right ventricle, l-loop and l-malposition in the presence of dextrocardia and situs inversus is presented. A successful repair was performed using an internal conduit to divert the blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. The outflow tract of the right ventricle was then enlarged with a dacron patch. The anatomic variations of double outlet right ventricle surgically corrected are reviewed.", "PMID": 648578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3943", "title": "Clinical and angio- and echocardiographic findings in 45 children with mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "45 patients with an age of 3--15.5 yr are reported. Only 9 of them showed symptoms (palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue). The murmur was often uncharacteristic, only 42% had a click. ECG changes could be found in 60%. The associated cardiac lesions and the angiographic findings are represented. Correlating to an angiocardiographically LVOTO we found in 13 patients (28.9%) the echocardiographic signs of an ASH with a septum/LV posterior wall quotient of 1.45 +/- 0.15. We conclude, that myocardial disease is one pathogenetic factor in the MVPS.", "contents": "Clinical and angio- and echocardiographic findings in 45 children with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. 45 patients with an age of 3--15.5 yr are reported. Only 9 of them showed symptoms (palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue). The murmur was often uncharacteristic, only 42% had a click. ECG changes could be found in 60%. The associated cardiac lesions and the angiographic findings are represented. Correlating to an angiocardiographically LVOTO we found in 13 patients (28.9%) the echocardiographic signs of an ASH with a septum/LV posterior wall quotient of 1.45 +/- 0.15. We conclude, that myocardial disease is one pathogenetic factor in the MVPS.", "PMID": 648579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3944", "title": "Direct measurement of myocadial hardness.", "content": "Myocardial hardness, defined as resistance to a pitting force, was measured on several sites of the myocardium in 20 anesthetized dogs. The durometer used for hardness measurements consisted of an indentor, 4 mm in diameter, pressed perpendicularly on the myocardium by a calibrated spring (elastic modulus 325 N/m). Hardness changes during the cardiac cycle caused movement of the indentor which interrupted a light beam falling on a photoresistance. Changes in illumination of the photoresistance resulted in resistance changes, which were recorded using a Wheatstone bridge and a DC amplifier. Hardness was expressed in mm of spring shortenings. Balanced in (zero hardness), the indentor protruded 7.2 mm beyond the foot. Thus hardness adequate to press the indentor level with the foot defined as 7.2 mm. The left ventricular pressure (LVP) rise followed slightly the hardness rise (from 29.5 +/- 3.6 msec--mean +/- SEM--for the basal area at the right ventricle to 35.8 +/- 5.9 msec for the basal area of the left ventricle. Apical areas were significantly harder in systole than corresponding basal areas and left ventricular areas had a significantly higher systolic hardness (SH) than corresponding right ventricular areas. Changes in LVP by transfusion bleeding caused almost proportional changes in SH. While using a constant pressure reservoir in left atrium and another in aorta, adrenaline caused a significant increase in SH, decrease in diastolic hardness (DH) and increase in hardness width (WH); calcium chloride caused a nonsignificant increase in SH and WH and a significant decrease in DH; practolol caused a nonsignificant decrease in SH and a significant increase in DH and decrease in WH. Ligation of 3--5 branches of the anterior descending coronary artery resulted in a significant increase in DH and reduction in the WH distally to the ligation during the first 11 min. The WH was significantly reduced as a function of time in both areas (healthy and infarcted) taken collectively. The WH was significantly higher over the healthy area than over the infarcted one at corresponding times.", "contents": "Direct measurement of myocadial hardness. Myocardial hardness, defined as resistance to a pitting force, was measured on several sites of the myocardium in 20 anesthetized dogs. The durometer used for hardness measurements consisted of an indentor, 4 mm in diameter, pressed perpendicularly on the myocardium by a calibrated spring (elastic modulus 325 N/m). Hardness changes during the cardiac cycle caused movement of the indentor which interrupted a light beam falling on a photoresistance. Changes in illumination of the photoresistance resulted in resistance changes, which were recorded using a Wheatstone bridge and a DC amplifier. Hardness was expressed in mm of spring shortenings. Balanced in (zero hardness), the indentor protruded 7.2 mm beyond the foot. Thus hardness adequate to press the indentor level with the foot defined as 7.2 mm. The left ventricular pressure (LVP) rise followed slightly the hardness rise (from 29.5 +/- 3.6 msec--mean +/- SEM--for the basal area at the right ventricle to 35.8 +/- 5.9 msec for the basal area of the left ventricle. Apical areas were significantly harder in systole than corresponding basal areas and left ventricular areas had a significantly higher systolic hardness (SH) than corresponding right ventricular areas. Changes in LVP by transfusion bleeding caused almost proportional changes in SH. While using a constant pressure reservoir in left atrium and another in aorta, adrenaline caused a significant increase in SH, decrease in diastolic hardness (DH) and increase in hardness width (WH); calcium chloride caused a nonsignificant increase in SH and WH and a significant decrease in DH; practolol caused a nonsignificant decrease in SH and a significant increase in DH and decrease in WH. Ligation of 3--5 branches of the anterior descending coronary artery resulted in a significant increase in DH and reduction in the WH distally to the ligation during the first 11 min. The WH was significantly reduced as a function of time in both areas (healthy and infarcted) taken collectively. The WH was significantly higher over the healthy area than over the infarcted one at corresponding times.", "PMID": 648580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3945", "title": "Potentiation of morphine hyperthermia in cats by pimozide and fluoxetine hydrochloride.", "content": "Administration of morphine sulfate (1--4 mg/kg i.v.) to cats produces changes in body temperature, with hyperthermia appearing with larger doses. Since the central neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in thermoregulation, studies were done to determine whether morphine's action could be mediated via these transmitters. Temperature responses were measured in freely moving cats by means of rectal thermometer probes. Either pimozide, 0.5 mg/kg i.p., a specific DA receptor blocker, or fluoxetine HCl, 10 mg/kg i.p., a specific inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, was administered 2--3 h prior to morphine injection. Temperatures were monitored for 3.5 h after morphine administration. Both agents were found to enhance the hyperthermic response to morphine with the maximum morphine effect occurring in most cases by 2 h. The results indicate that a balance in the ratio of 5-HT : DA may be involved in cat thermoregulation and that the hyperthermic response in the cat to morphine may be effected by shifting this 5-HT : DA ratio.", "contents": "Potentiation of morphine hyperthermia in cats by pimozide and fluoxetine hydrochloride. Administration of morphine sulfate (1--4 mg/kg i.v.) to cats produces changes in body temperature, with hyperthermia appearing with larger doses. Since the central neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in thermoregulation, studies were done to determine whether morphine's action could be mediated via these transmitters. Temperature responses were measured in freely moving cats by means of rectal thermometer probes. Either pimozide, 0.5 mg/kg i.p., a specific DA receptor blocker, or fluoxetine HCl, 10 mg/kg i.p., a specific inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, was administered 2--3 h prior to morphine injection. Temperatures were monitored for 3.5 h after morphine administration. Both agents were found to enhance the hyperthermic response to morphine with the maximum morphine effect occurring in most cases by 2 h. The results indicate that a balance in the ratio of 5-HT : DA may be involved in cat thermoregulation and that the hyperthermic response in the cat to morphine may be effected by shifting this 5-HT : DA ratio.", "PMID": 648581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3946", "title": "A comparison of the oximes HS-6 and HI-6 in the therapy of soman intoxication in rodents.", "content": "The bisquaternary mono-oximes HS-6 and HI-6 may both be considered as potential therapeutic agents for soman intoxication. It has been found that HI-6 was superior to an equal dose of /S-6 in the treatment of soman intoxication in mice and rats. Not only did HI-6 protect against higher levels of soman, but also fewer \"delayed deaths\" were seen following HI-6. In anesthetized atropinized rats, the administration of HI-6 resulted in a longer duration of spontaneous breathing and a higher degree of recovery of neuromuscular function than did the use of HS-6. HS-6 interacted with soman to alter the rate of excretion of the oxime. This problem was not encountered when HI-6 was used.", "contents": "A comparison of the oximes HS-6 and HI-6 in the therapy of soman intoxication in rodents. The bisquaternary mono-oximes HS-6 and HI-6 may both be considered as potential therapeutic agents for soman intoxication. It has been found that HI-6 was superior to an equal dose of /S-6 in the treatment of soman intoxication in mice and rats. Not only did HI-6 protect against higher levels of soman, but also fewer \"delayed deaths\" were seen following HI-6. In anesthetized atropinized rats, the administration of HI-6 resulted in a longer duration of spontaneous breathing and a higher degree of recovery of neuromuscular function than did the use of HS-6. HS-6 interacted with soman to alter the rate of excretion of the oxime. This problem was not encountered when HI-6 was used.", "PMID": 648582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3947", "title": "Effects of adrenalectomy and adrenal steroids on norepinephrine synthesis and monamine oxidase activity.", "content": "Rat heart norepinephrine (NE) tunover was increased 6--10 days after bilateral adrenalectomy. This increase was prevented by administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) but not by either hydrocortisone or corticosterone. Blood pressure decreased following adrenalectomy. This decrease was prevented by DOCA, hydrocortisone and corticosterone. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity increased in the heart but not in the liver following adrenalectomy. DOCA prevented the increase in heart MAO activity whereas hydrocortisone and corticosterone were ineffective. In intact animals, heart and liver MAO activity were not changed by 5 days of cold exposure, a procedure which increases NE turnover. It is suggested that the increase in heart NE turnover may be related to the increase in MAO activity seen after adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Effects of adrenalectomy and adrenal steroids on norepinephrine synthesis and monamine oxidase activity. Rat heart norepinephrine (NE) tunover was increased 6--10 days after bilateral adrenalectomy. This increase was prevented by administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) but not by either hydrocortisone or corticosterone. Blood pressure decreased following adrenalectomy. This decrease was prevented by DOCA, hydrocortisone and corticosterone. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity increased in the heart but not in the liver following adrenalectomy. DOCA prevented the increase in heart MAO activity whereas hydrocortisone and corticosterone were ineffective. In intact animals, heart and liver MAO activity were not changed by 5 days of cold exposure, a procedure which increases NE turnover. It is suggested that the increase in heart NE turnover may be related to the increase in MAO activity seen after adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 648583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3948", "title": "A quantitative study of the calcium-magnesium antagonism in isolated strips of guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The effect of increasing magnesium concentration (0.61, 1.22, 2.44 and 4.88 mM) on the acetylcholine dose-response curve of isolated strips of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in Krebs solution with 2.55 and 5.10 mM calcium. The quantitative study was based on a hypothesis assuming the competition of both ions for a common binding site in the cell \"stores\" from which the calcium is mobilized following cholinergic receptor activation. The theoretical equations fit the experimental data and allow the calculation of the calcium and magnesium equilibrium constants. As a cross-check two groups of experiments were done to compare the influence on the acetylcholine dose-response curve of a gradual decrease of extracellular calcium either without or with magnesium. The amounts of magnesium used were those theoretically suitable for maintaining a constant amount of calcium in the hypothetical cell \"stores\". The results agreed with the predictions form the model proposed thus confirming both the hypothesis and the values obtained for the calcium and magnesium equilibrium constants.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the calcium-magnesium antagonism in isolated strips of guinea-pig ileum. The effect of increasing magnesium concentration (0.61, 1.22, 2.44 and 4.88 mM) on the acetylcholine dose-response curve of isolated strips of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in Krebs solution with 2.55 and 5.10 mM calcium. The quantitative study was based on a hypothesis assuming the competition of both ions for a common binding site in the cell \"stores\" from which the calcium is mobilized following cholinergic receptor activation. The theoretical equations fit the experimental data and allow the calculation of the calcium and magnesium equilibrium constants. As a cross-check two groups of experiments were done to compare the influence on the acetylcholine dose-response curve of a gradual decrease of extracellular calcium either without or with magnesium. The amounts of magnesium used were those theoretically suitable for maintaining a constant amount of calcium in the hypothetical cell \"stores\". The results agreed with the predictions form the model proposed thus confirming both the hypothesis and the values obtained for the calcium and magnesium equilibrium constants.", "PMID": 648584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3949", "title": "Effects of benzodiazepines and pentobarbitone on the gaba-ergic recurrent inhibition of hippocampal neurons.", "content": "The actions of benzodiazepines and pentobarbitone on GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal neurons were investigated in the immobilized unanaesthetized cat. Extracellular action potentials of single neurons were recorded in regions CA1 or CA2 with 4 M NaCl-containing glass micropipettes. Bicuculline (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the period of inhibition induced by stimulation of the fimbria and the septum, but fludiazepam and diazepam (0.3--1.0 mg/kg i.v.) and pentobarbitone (15--30 mg/kg i.v.) prolonged the inhibition. The prolongation produced by these compounds was antagonized by the administration of bicuculline (0.3 mg/kg i.v.). The results suggest that these two classes of compounds potentiate GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition in hippocampal neurons in a similar way.", "contents": "Effects of benzodiazepines and pentobarbitone on the gaba-ergic recurrent inhibition of hippocampal neurons. The actions of benzodiazepines and pentobarbitone on GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal neurons were investigated in the immobilized unanaesthetized cat. Extracellular action potentials of single neurons were recorded in regions CA1 or CA2 with 4 M NaCl-containing glass micropipettes. Bicuculline (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the period of inhibition induced by stimulation of the fimbria and the septum, but fludiazepam and diazepam (0.3--1.0 mg/kg i.v.) and pentobarbitone (15--30 mg/kg i.v.) prolonged the inhibition. The prolongation produced by these compounds was antagonized by the administration of bicuculline (0.3 mg/kg i.v.). The results suggest that these two classes of compounds potentiate GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition in hippocampal neurons in a similar way.", "PMID": 648585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3950", "title": "Single dose and cross tolerance studies of beta-phenethylamine, d-amphetamine and LSD in the chronic spinal dog.", "content": "The effects of beta-phenethylamine (PEA), d-amphetamine and LSD were studied on spinal reflexes, autonomic signs, and behavior in the non-tolerant and LSD tolerant (30 microgram/kg/day) chronic spinal dog. LSD (10 microgram/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, produced the stepping reflex, increased respiration, pulse rate and temperature, slightly dilated pupils and produced whining, tracking and restlessness. Direct tolerance developed to all of these effects except temperature. PEA (0.8 mg/kg/min infused for 12 min) and amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, increased respiration, temperature and the skin twitch reflex latency, caused a marked mydriasis, retracted the nictitating membrane and produced restlessness and stereotypic head movements. PEA but not amphetamine elicited stepping, and only amphetamine consistently slowed heart rate. No cross tolerance to the physiologic or behavioral effects of amphetamine was observed. Partial tolerance developed only to the actions of PEA on the stepping reflex and the nictitating membrane. The single dose effects and the lack of cross tolerance to amphetamine and PEA suggest modes of action different from LSD. PEA has some actions which differ from those of amphetamine.", "contents": "Single dose and cross tolerance studies of beta-phenethylamine, d-amphetamine and LSD in the chronic spinal dog. The effects of beta-phenethylamine (PEA), d-amphetamine and LSD were studied on spinal reflexes, autonomic signs, and behavior in the non-tolerant and LSD tolerant (30 microgram/kg/day) chronic spinal dog. LSD (10 microgram/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, produced the stepping reflex, increased respiration, pulse rate and temperature, slightly dilated pupils and produced whining, tracking and restlessness. Direct tolerance developed to all of these effects except temperature. PEA (0.8 mg/kg/min infused for 12 min) and amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, increased respiration, temperature and the skin twitch reflex latency, caused a marked mydriasis, retracted the nictitating membrane and produced restlessness and stereotypic head movements. PEA but not amphetamine elicited stepping, and only amphetamine consistently slowed heart rate. No cross tolerance to the physiologic or behavioral effects of amphetamine was observed. Partial tolerance developed only to the actions of PEA on the stepping reflex and the nictitating membrane. The single dose effects and the lack of cross tolerance to amphetamine and PEA suggest modes of action different from LSD. PEA has some actions which differ from those of amphetamine.", "PMID": 648586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3951", "title": "Effects of ouabain and potassium-free solution on the contraction of isolated blood vessels.", "content": "Ouabain and K-free solution affected the tension development of isolated vessels as follows. In rabbit aorta, ouabain induced a transient contraction followed by a delayed sustained contraction whereas K-free solution was almost ineffective; both ouabain and K-free solution produced a sustained contraction in guinea pig aorta; rat aorta rarely responded to ouabain but developed a contraction in K-free solution. Phentolamine inhibited the transient contraction produced by ouabain in rabbit aorta. In rabbit aorta, ouabain produced a concentration-dependent potentiation of norepinephrine contraction. In denervated rabbit aorta, however, the potentiation only occurred in the presence of 5 X 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain. K-free solution inhibited the norepinephrine contraction in denervated rabbit aorta. Ouabain potentiated the norepinephrine contraction in guinea pig aorta but not in rat aorta. It is concluded that ouabain and K-free solution affect contraction both indirectly via the release of endogenous catecholamines and directly by acting on vascular smooth muscle, and that there are species differences in the sensitivity to ouabain.", "contents": "Effects of ouabain and potassium-free solution on the contraction of isolated blood vessels. Ouabain and K-free solution affected the tension development of isolated vessels as follows. In rabbit aorta, ouabain induced a transient contraction followed by a delayed sustained contraction whereas K-free solution was almost ineffective; both ouabain and K-free solution produced a sustained contraction in guinea pig aorta; rat aorta rarely responded to ouabain but developed a contraction in K-free solution. Phentolamine inhibited the transient contraction produced by ouabain in rabbit aorta. In rabbit aorta, ouabain produced a concentration-dependent potentiation of norepinephrine contraction. In denervated rabbit aorta, however, the potentiation only occurred in the presence of 5 X 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain. K-free solution inhibited the norepinephrine contraction in denervated rabbit aorta. Ouabain potentiated the norepinephrine contraction in guinea pig aorta but not in rat aorta. It is concluded that ouabain and K-free solution affect contraction both indirectly via the release of endogenous catecholamines and directly by acting on vascular smooth muscle, and that there are species differences in the sensitivity to ouabain.", "PMID": 648587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3952", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of renin release by clonidine in rats.", "content": "In anaesthetized rats, the intracisternal injection of clonidine (1 microgram/kg) reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP), increased plasma renin concentration (PRC) while naphazoline (5 microgram/kg) was ineffective. The i.v. administration of clonidine (30 microgram/kg) still lowered MAP, but in this case, the drug decrease PRC, naphazoline (45 microgram/kg, i.v.) also reduced PRC. It is suggested that i.v. clonidine and naphazoline reduce renin release through activation of alpha-adrenoceptors within the kidney.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of renin release by clonidine in rats. In anaesthetized rats, the intracisternal injection of clonidine (1 microgram/kg) reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP), increased plasma renin concentration (PRC) while naphazoline (5 microgram/kg) was ineffective. The i.v. administration of clonidine (30 microgram/kg) still lowered MAP, but in this case, the drug decrease PRC, naphazoline (45 microgram/kg, i.v.) also reduced PRC. It is suggested that i.v. clonidine and naphazoline reduce renin release through activation of alpha-adrenoceptors within the kidney.", "PMID": 648588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3953", "title": "Muscimol antagonizes morphine hypermotility without potentiation of analgesia.", "content": "Muscimol, a very potent and specific GABA agonist, strongly depressed characteristic morphine-induced locomotor activity. Muscimol induced only a very weak increase in the morphine analgesia measured in the hot plate test which perhaps could be a result of a freezing reaction. No effect on morphine analgesia was observed in the wire grid test. These results indicate that GABA differentially influences morphine stimulation and analgesia.", "contents": "Muscimol antagonizes morphine hypermotility without potentiation of analgesia. Muscimol, a very potent and specific GABA agonist, strongly depressed characteristic morphine-induced locomotor activity. Muscimol induced only a very weak increase in the morphine analgesia measured in the hot plate test which perhaps could be a result of a freezing reaction. No effect on morphine analgesia was observed in the wire grid test. These results indicate that GABA differentially influences morphine stimulation and analgesia.", "PMID": 648589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3954", "title": "Characterization of the anti-stem cell activity of anti-mouse brain serum.", "content": "The anti-stem cell activity of a high-titer rabbit anti-mouse brain serum preparation has been further characterized. Following absorption with bone marrow and erythrocytes the antiserum had dose-dependent cytotoxicity against pluripotent stem cells. Rigorous absorptions with bone marrow, spleen, liver, erythrocytes, and thymus failed to remove the anti-stem cell activity of the serum. Adult brain, the immunogen, but not neonatal brain, removed a substantial amount of the activity against stem cells. Maximal cytotoxicity occurred both with and without complement and was maximal following only a 4 degrees C incubation of cells with serum. The anti-stem cell activity was present in the serum globulin fraction. No increase in the frequency of microcolonies or, with longer growth periods, in splenic macrocolonies was observed, suggesting that CFU-s were completely inactivated by exposure to the antiserum. Injected antiserum also reduced CFU-s in vivo.", "contents": "Characterization of the anti-stem cell activity of anti-mouse brain serum. The anti-stem cell activity of a high-titer rabbit anti-mouse brain serum preparation has been further characterized. Following absorption with bone marrow and erythrocytes the antiserum had dose-dependent cytotoxicity against pluripotent stem cells. Rigorous absorptions with bone marrow, spleen, liver, erythrocytes, and thymus failed to remove the anti-stem cell activity of the serum. Adult brain, the immunogen, but not neonatal brain, removed a substantial amount of the activity against stem cells. Maximal cytotoxicity occurred both with and without complement and was maximal following only a 4 degrees C incubation of cells with serum. The anti-stem cell activity was present in the serum globulin fraction. No increase in the frequency of microcolonies or, with longer growth periods, in splenic macrocolonies was observed, suggesting that CFU-s were completely inactivated by exposure to the antiserum. Injected antiserum also reduced CFU-s in vivo.", "PMID": 648593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3955", "title": "Studies on the inhibitory effect of granulocytes on human granulocytopoiesis in agar cultures.", "content": "In the present study, the inhibitory effect of blood granulocytes on granulocytic colony formation from human white blood cells was tested. Attempts were made to clarify the effects of granulocytes by plating increasing numbers of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) by using granulocytes which had been inactivated by freezing, by studying the effect of PMN removal and by observing the effect of dilution of granulocyte inhibitors to ineffective levels at different time intervals after the onset of culture. It will be shown that colony formation is inhibited by an excess of PMN and that the inhibitor is produced only by viable PMN. There is no inhibition during the early phase of the culture, thus suggesting that the CFU-C itself is not the target cell for the inhibition of colony formation in agar culture, but rather the more mature precursor cells of granulopoiesis.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibitory effect of granulocytes on human granulocytopoiesis in agar cultures. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of blood granulocytes on granulocytic colony formation from human white blood cells was tested. Attempts were made to clarify the effects of granulocytes by plating increasing numbers of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) by using granulocytes which had been inactivated by freezing, by studying the effect of PMN removal and by observing the effect of dilution of granulocyte inhibitors to ineffective levels at different time intervals after the onset of culture. It will be shown that colony formation is inhibited by an excess of PMN and that the inhibitor is produced only by viable PMN. There is no inhibition during the early phase of the culture, thus suggesting that the CFU-C itself is not the target cell for the inhibition of colony formation in agar culture, but rather the more mature precursor cells of granulopoiesis.", "PMID": 648594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3956", "title": "The role of phagocytic cells in human blood leukocyte suspensions for in vitro colony-forming cells.", "content": "The iron ingestion method was used to separate colony stimulating cells from in vitro colony forming cells (CFU-C) in human white blood cell (WBC) suspensions. The depletion of phagocytic cells (granulocytes and monocytes) from WBC eliminated spontaneous colony growth, without influencing the total number of CFU-C. Thus, phagocyte-free human WBC can be used as a target for measuring human colony stimulating activity (CSA). Such leukocytes can be cryopreserved, thus making possible the use of standardized target cell preparations for longitudinal studies. Hemolysate added to phagocyte-free blood leukocytes did not induce colony formation but could enhance it in the presence of a suitable CSA. Spontaneous colony formation of unseparated WBC was significantly reduced by selective destruction of granulocytes by freezing in 10% DMSO, thus indicating that both granulocytes and monocytes are involved in the production of endogenous CSA in WBC suspensions.", "contents": "The role of phagocytic cells in human blood leukocyte suspensions for in vitro colony-forming cells. The iron ingestion method was used to separate colony stimulating cells from in vitro colony forming cells (CFU-C) in human white blood cell (WBC) suspensions. The depletion of phagocytic cells (granulocytes and monocytes) from WBC eliminated spontaneous colony growth, without influencing the total number of CFU-C. Thus, phagocyte-free human WBC can be used as a target for measuring human colony stimulating activity (CSA). Such leukocytes can be cryopreserved, thus making possible the use of standardized target cell preparations for longitudinal studies. Hemolysate added to phagocyte-free blood leukocytes did not induce colony formation but could enhance it in the presence of a suitable CSA. Spontaneous colony formation of unseparated WBC was significantly reduced by selective destruction of granulocytes by freezing in 10% DMSO, thus indicating that both granulocytes and monocytes are involved in the production of endogenous CSA in WBC suspensions.", "PMID": 648595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3957", "title": "Increased granulocyte counts in recipients of plasma from leukapheresed rats: a dose response study.", "content": "Humoral factors are elaborated by animal and human donors during filtration leukapheresis. Plasma obtained from rats after leukapheresis (PPP) increases granulocyte yields when given to donors prior to leukapheresis. In our studies, it appears that (1) the effect of PPP is dose-related, and (2) the granulocytosis and the titer of neutrophil releasing activity are proportional to the duration of leukapheresis. On the basis of our findings, we recommend initiation of clinical studies using postleukapheresis plasma to improve granulocyte harvests and that a dose of 1.5 ml of PPP/kg appears to be a reasonable starting point.", "contents": "Increased granulocyte counts in recipients of plasma from leukapheresed rats: a dose response study. Humoral factors are elaborated by animal and human donors during filtration leukapheresis. Plasma obtained from rats after leukapheresis (PPP) increases granulocyte yields when given to donors prior to leukapheresis. In our studies, it appears that (1) the effect of PPP is dose-related, and (2) the granulocytosis and the titer of neutrophil releasing activity are proportional to the duration of leukapheresis. On the basis of our findings, we recommend initiation of clinical studies using postleukapheresis plasma to improve granulocyte harvests and that a dose of 1.5 ml of PPP/kg appears to be a reasonable starting point.", "PMID": 648596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3958", "title": "Cell kinetics of erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E) studied by hydroxyurea injections and sedimentation velocity profile.", "content": "Cell kinetic characteristics of murine CFU-E were assessed by measuring femoral marrow CFU-E survival rates after injection of hydroxyurea at from 2 to 48 h before marrow collection. The results are compatible with the concept that the CFU-E represent a homogeneous non-selfsustaining population comprised of cells belonging to a single differentiation stage. Their cell cycle length was estimated to be 10 h. Marrow cells were also subjected to separation by velocity sedimentation, and the effect of preceding hydroxyurea injections on the distribution profile of CFU-E was ascertained. Variations in cell size of CFU-E were interpreted to represent CFU-E in various phases of their cell cycle. CFU-E in either G1, S or G2 at the time of their removal from the marrow were capable of forming erythroid colonies in vitro, but it appears that the CFU-E lost this capacity after completing their cell cycle within the marrow of the intact mouse.", "contents": "Cell kinetics of erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E) studied by hydroxyurea injections and sedimentation velocity profile. Cell kinetic characteristics of murine CFU-E were assessed by measuring femoral marrow CFU-E survival rates after injection of hydroxyurea at from 2 to 48 h before marrow collection. The results are compatible with the concept that the CFU-E represent a homogeneous non-selfsustaining population comprised of cells belonging to a single differentiation stage. Their cell cycle length was estimated to be 10 h. Marrow cells were also subjected to separation by velocity sedimentation, and the effect of preceding hydroxyurea injections on the distribution profile of CFU-E was ascertained. Variations in cell size of CFU-E were interpreted to represent CFU-E in various phases of their cell cycle. CFU-E in either G1, S or G2 at the time of their removal from the marrow were capable of forming erythroid colonies in vitro, but it appears that the CFU-E lost this capacity after completing their cell cycle within the marrow of the intact mouse.", "PMID": 648597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3959", "title": "Stimulatory effects of products from inflammatory exudates upon stem cell production.", "content": "The present study is based on the hypothesis that a humoral agent produced in inflammatory exudates is transported to the bone marrow where it stimulates CFU-S to differentiate into leukocytic precursors. Inflammatory exudates were produced by the subcutaneous implantation of a sterile acrylic cup filled with bacteria-free Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) into B6D2F1 mice. The cups were removed 24 h later and the cells were separated from the supernatant. Cells collected from individual mice were pooled, as was the supernatant. Thereafter, normal mice received via tail vein either exudate cells, supernatant, plasma from cup-implanted or from normal mice, bone marrow cells or splenic cells from normal animals or HBSS. Another 24 h later bone marrow was removed from all mice and injected into previously lethally irradiated mice or suspended in vitro in agar-supported media. Nine days later the mice were euthanatized, the spleens removed, and colonies (CFU-S) counted. At the same time, colonies (CFU-C) were enumerated from the agar plates. The results clearly indicate that the bone marrow obtained from mice stimulated with either exudate cells or with super-natant or plasma obtained from cup-implanted mice contained a significantly greater number of CFU-S and CFU-C than did any one of the four control groups. These findings appear to substantiate the hypothesis.", "contents": "Stimulatory effects of products from inflammatory exudates upon stem cell production. The present study is based on the hypothesis that a humoral agent produced in inflammatory exudates is transported to the bone marrow where it stimulates CFU-S to differentiate into leukocytic precursors. Inflammatory exudates were produced by the subcutaneous implantation of a sterile acrylic cup filled with bacteria-free Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) into B6D2F1 mice. The cups were removed 24 h later and the cells were separated from the supernatant. Cells collected from individual mice were pooled, as was the supernatant. Thereafter, normal mice received via tail vein either exudate cells, supernatant, plasma from cup-implanted or from normal mice, bone marrow cells or splenic cells from normal animals or HBSS. Another 24 h later bone marrow was removed from all mice and injected into previously lethally irradiated mice or suspended in vitro in agar-supported media. Nine days later the mice were euthanatized, the spleens removed, and colonies (CFU-S) counted. At the same time, colonies (CFU-C) were enumerated from the agar plates. The results clearly indicate that the bone marrow obtained from mice stimulated with either exudate cells or with super-natant or plasma obtained from cup-implanted mice contained a significantly greater number of CFU-S and CFU-C than did any one of the four control groups. These findings appear to substantiate the hypothesis.", "PMID": 648598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3960", "title": "Multiple branching of cerebellar efferent projections in cats.", "content": "The retrograde labeling of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei with horseradish peroxidase was used to compare the morphological characteristics of neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei projecting in the cerebellothalamic, cerebello-olivary, and cerebellar nucleocortical pathways. The results from these studies demonstrated that cerebellothalamic and nucleocortical projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei originate from similar populations of spindle- and multipolar-shaped neurons with somal diameters throughout the range of cells present in the deep nuclei. However, only spindle-shaped neurons with somal diameters of 9--15 microns project in the cerebello-olivary pathway. From these anatomical studies, it was concluded that some of the neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei which project to the thalamus, inferior olive, and cerebellar cortex have similar morphological characteristics. Electrophysiological experiments were carried out to investigate whether or not some of these neurons project to all three sites viaaxon collaterals. From stimulus sites in the thalamus, inferior olive, and cerebellar cortex, numerous neurons were antidromically activated in the cerebellar nuclei. Collision experiments between these antidromic responses confirmed that single neurons projected to all three of these sites. These studies therefore demonstrate that the axons of some neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei have collateral branches in both the ascending and descending limbs of the brachium conjunctivum as well as in the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway. Functional implications of the collateral branching of cerebellar efferent projections are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple branching of cerebellar efferent projections in cats. The retrograde labeling of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei with horseradish peroxidase was used to compare the morphological characteristics of neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei projecting in the cerebellothalamic, cerebello-olivary, and cerebellar nucleocortical pathways. The results from these studies demonstrated that cerebellothalamic and nucleocortical projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei originate from similar populations of spindle- and multipolar-shaped neurons with somal diameters throughout the range of cells present in the deep nuclei. However, only spindle-shaped neurons with somal diameters of 9--15 microns project in the cerebello-olivary pathway. From these anatomical studies, it was concluded that some of the neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei which project to the thalamus, inferior olive, and cerebellar cortex have similar morphological characteristics. Electrophysiological experiments were carried out to investigate whether or not some of these neurons project to all three sites viaaxon collaterals. From stimulus sites in the thalamus, inferior olive, and cerebellar cortex, numerous neurons were antidromically activated in the cerebellar nuclei. Collision experiments between these antidromic responses confirmed that single neurons projected to all three of these sites. These studies therefore demonstrate that the axons of some neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei have collateral branches in both the ascending and descending limbs of the brachium conjunctivum as well as in the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway. Functional implications of the collateral branching of cerebellar efferent projections are discussed.", "PMID": 648599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3961", "title": "Studies on the regulation of RNA synthesis in neuronal and glial nuclei isolated from rat brain.", "content": "In searching for regulatory mechanisms involved in the cell-specific neuronal and glial transcription a cell-free transcriptional system has been developed using neuronal and glial rat brain chromatin and partially purified neuronal and glial nuclear rat brain RNA polymerases. Both free and chromatin-bound (engaged) neuronal and glial RNA polymerase fractions were separated from isolated neuronal and glial rat brain nuclei to determine their transcriptive efficiency. A double number of RNA initiation sites was measured on the neuronal when compared to the glial chromatin, independently of whether the neuronal or the glial RNA polymerase preparation was used for the determination. Structural modification of the neuronal and glial chromatin template by acetylation with acetyl-coenzyme A leads to an increase of the total number of RNA initiation sites available for exogenously added rat brain RNA polymerase. This indicates that acetylation of chromatin-bound proteins is capable to render primarily restricted gene sequences transcriptable. A positive correlation exists between the extent of acetate uptake by neuronal and glial chromatin-bound histone fractions and the extent of the increase of the number of RNA initiation sites is specifically related to histone acetylation rather than to acetylation of any other chromatin protein. Significant information in this respect could be achieved by dissociation of chromatin into its principal components and selectively reconstituting DNA with specifically acetylated histone and non-histone proteins.", "contents": "Studies on the regulation of RNA synthesis in neuronal and glial nuclei isolated from rat brain. In searching for regulatory mechanisms involved in the cell-specific neuronal and glial transcription a cell-free transcriptional system has been developed using neuronal and glial rat brain chromatin and partially purified neuronal and glial nuclear rat brain RNA polymerases. Both free and chromatin-bound (engaged) neuronal and glial RNA polymerase fractions were separated from isolated neuronal and glial rat brain nuclei to determine their transcriptive efficiency. A double number of RNA initiation sites was measured on the neuronal when compared to the glial chromatin, independently of whether the neuronal or the glial RNA polymerase preparation was used for the determination. Structural modification of the neuronal and glial chromatin template by acetylation with acetyl-coenzyme A leads to an increase of the total number of RNA initiation sites available for exogenously added rat brain RNA polymerase. This indicates that acetylation of chromatin-bound proteins is capable to render primarily restricted gene sequences transcriptable. A positive correlation exists between the extent of acetate uptake by neuronal and glial chromatin-bound histone fractions and the extent of the increase of the number of RNA initiation sites is specifically related to histone acetylation rather than to acetylation of any other chromatin protein. Significant information in this respect could be achieved by dissociation of chromatin into its principal components and selectively reconstituting DNA with specifically acetylated histone and non-histone proteins.", "PMID": 648600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3962", "title": "Collinearity tolerance of cells in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex: relative sensitivity to straight lines and chevrons.", "content": "Collinearity tolerance and length dependence of orientation tuning were compared in cells recorded from areas 17 and 18 of the lightly anaesthetised cat's visual cortex. Orientation tuning and interaction between receptive field halves of the same cells are reported in the preceding paper and elsewhere (Hammond and Andrews, 1978a, b). In confirmation of previous work, increase in stimulus length was associated with sharper orientation tuning in all simple and hypercomplex cells, and in most complex cells even in the absence of length summation. Cells in areas 17 and 18 were more sharply tuned for chevrons was noticeably skewed compared with tuning for straight lines. In area 17, the best response was always obtained with a straight line of optimal orientation. The two halves of the receptive fields of some cells in area 18 had dissimilar preferred orientations. Even in cells whose receptive field halves were similarly tuned, broadly tuned, or apparently untuned for orientation, simultaneous stimulation of both halves of the receptive field led to substantial sharpening of tuning. In cells with dissimilarly tuned half fields, the skew in chevron tuning was predictable from the orientation tuning of each half of the receptive field. Two area 18 cells responded consistently better to a chevron stimulus than to a straight line of any orientation.", "contents": "Collinearity tolerance of cells in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex: relative sensitivity to straight lines and chevrons. Collinearity tolerance and length dependence of orientation tuning were compared in cells recorded from areas 17 and 18 of the lightly anaesthetised cat's visual cortex. Orientation tuning and interaction between receptive field halves of the same cells are reported in the preceding paper and elsewhere (Hammond and Andrews, 1978a, b). In confirmation of previous work, increase in stimulus length was associated with sharper orientation tuning in all simple and hypercomplex cells, and in most complex cells even in the absence of length summation. Cells in areas 17 and 18 were more sharply tuned for chevrons was noticeably skewed compared with tuning for straight lines. In area 17, the best response was always obtained with a straight line of optimal orientation. The two halves of the receptive fields of some cells in area 18 had dissimilar preferred orientations. Even in cells whose receptive field halves were similarly tuned, broadly tuned, or apparently untuned for orientation, simultaneous stimulation of both halves of the receptive field led to substantial sharpening of tuning. In cells with dissimilarly tuned half fields, the skew in chevron tuning was predictable from the orientation tuning of each half of the receptive field. Two area 18 cells responded consistently better to a chevron stimulus than to a straight line of any orientation.", "PMID": 648601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3963", "title": "Orientation tuning of cells in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex.", "content": "Sharpness and symmetry of orientation tuning were quantitatively investigated and compared in ninety-seven cells from areas 17 and 18 of the lightly-anaesthetised feline visual cortex. Halfwidths of orientation tuning at half-height ranged between 5 degrees and 73 degrees for long stimuli, with an extreme exception at 111 degrees (excluding untuned cells). There was a tendency for cells in area 18 to be more broadly tuned than those in area 17, due largely to the relatively sharp tuning of area 17 simple cells. Confirming previous work, simple cells were more sharply tuned than complex cells in area 17. In area 18, there was no clear distinction in sharpness of tuning between complex type 1 cells (equated with area 17 simple cells), complex type 2 cells (equated with area 17 complex cells), or hypercomplex cells. Approximately 60% of cells in both areas were asymmetrically tuned for orientation: ratios of half-widths to either side of the optimal orientation ranged from 1.0-3.0, exceptionally 5.8. Asymmetry of tuning was more marked in area 18 than in area 17, except that area 18 complex type 2 cells as a group were relatively symmetrically tuned for orientation. Occasional cells with different preferred orientations for opposite directions of motion, for each peak of a bimodal response to a single direction, or for each half of the receptive field were also observed. The latter are described in the following paper.", "contents": "Orientation tuning of cells in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex. Sharpness and symmetry of orientation tuning were quantitatively investigated and compared in ninety-seven cells from areas 17 and 18 of the lightly-anaesthetised feline visual cortex. Halfwidths of orientation tuning at half-height ranged between 5 degrees and 73 degrees for long stimuli, with an extreme exception at 111 degrees (excluding untuned cells). There was a tendency for cells in area 18 to be more broadly tuned than those in area 17, due largely to the relatively sharp tuning of area 17 simple cells. Confirming previous work, simple cells were more sharply tuned than complex cells in area 17. In area 18, there was no clear distinction in sharpness of tuning between complex type 1 cells (equated with area 17 simple cells), complex type 2 cells (equated with area 17 complex cells), or hypercomplex cells. Approximately 60% of cells in both areas were asymmetrically tuned for orientation: ratios of half-widths to either side of the optimal orientation ranged from 1.0-3.0, exceptionally 5.8. Asymmetry of tuning was more marked in area 18 than in area 17, except that area 18 complex type 2 cells as a group were relatively symmetrically tuned for orientation. Occasional cells with different preferred orientations for opposite directions of motion, for each peak of a bimodal response to a single direction, or for each half of the receptive field were also observed. The latter are described in the following paper.", "PMID": 648602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3964", "title": "Behavior and electrical brain stimulation in the green iguana, Iguana iguana L. II. Stimulation effects.", "content": "Behavioral responses were electrically elicited in the brains of 21 green iguanas. At 518 stimulation sites, a limited number of behaviors could be reliably elicited. Except for some motor responses which had a forced appearance, they corresponded to the basic activity of green iguanas, exploratory behavior, display, defensive and escape-related behavior. Head-nodding displays were reliably elicited post stimulation when imminent escape was prevented experimentally but rarely during stimulation. Goal-directed behavior, i.e., feeding, drinking, mating and fighting behavior, were not elicited. The stimulation sites of frequently elicited behavioral responses revealed regional differences and some structural correlations. The majority of sites yielding defensive display responses were found in the hypothalamus, while dewlap display was more readily and widely elicited. Axial rotation and head-raising were elicited in a ventrothalamic zone extending into the tegmentum mesencephali. Tongue-flicking response sites were mostly concentrated in ventromedial areas of the tel-, di- and mesencephalon. Most escape-related responses were distributed unspecifically but the sites of violent flight responses were confined to the dorsal and lateral mesencephalon.", "contents": "Behavior and electrical brain stimulation in the green iguana, Iguana iguana L. II. Stimulation effects. Behavioral responses were electrically elicited in the brains of 21 green iguanas. At 518 stimulation sites, a limited number of behaviors could be reliably elicited. Except for some motor responses which had a forced appearance, they corresponded to the basic activity of green iguanas, exploratory behavior, display, defensive and escape-related behavior. Head-nodding displays were reliably elicited post stimulation when imminent escape was prevented experimentally but rarely during stimulation. Goal-directed behavior, i.e., feeding, drinking, mating and fighting behavior, were not elicited. The stimulation sites of frequently elicited behavioral responses revealed regional differences and some structural correlations. The majority of sites yielding defensive display responses were found in the hypothalamus, while dewlap display was more readily and widely elicited. Axial rotation and head-raising were elicited in a ventrothalamic zone extending into the tegmentum mesencephali. Tongue-flicking response sites were mostly concentrated in ventromedial areas of the tel-, di- and mesencephalon. Most escape-related responses were distributed unspecifically but the sites of violent flight responses were confined to the dorsal and lateral mesencephalon.", "PMID": 648603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3965", "title": "Changes in pattern discrimination learning induced by visual deprivation in normal and commissurotomized pigeons.", "content": "The effect of monocular (MD), binocular (BD) and alternating monocular (AMD) deprivation on monocular pattern discrimination learning and interocular transfer was investigated in pigeons reared with intact and sectioned supraoptic decussation (DSO). In BD and AMD animals acquisition and interocular transfer of two different pattern discrimination problems remained as good as in the control animals (CO). Monocularly deprived animals (MDE) required significantly more trials to learn the discriminations through the deprived eye, when it was trained first, and interocular transfer from the deprived to the experienced eye was absent. However, if the experienced eye was trained first (MED), learning with the deprived eye was at least as rapid as with the experienced eye. This indicates positive interocular transfer from the experienced to the deprived eye. Interocular transfer of pattern discriminations was completely blocked by section of the DSO in both adults (DSOad) and newly hatched animals (DSOjuv). The elimination of binocular interaction by commissurotomy from the beginning of the postnatal life failed to produce an impaired pattern discrimination learning in monocularly deprived animals.(MD+DSO). The results are discussed in terms of competition between the projections from both eyes in the visual Wulst.", "contents": "Changes in pattern discrimination learning induced by visual deprivation in normal and commissurotomized pigeons. The effect of monocular (MD), binocular (BD) and alternating monocular (AMD) deprivation on monocular pattern discrimination learning and interocular transfer was investigated in pigeons reared with intact and sectioned supraoptic decussation (DSO). In BD and AMD animals acquisition and interocular transfer of two different pattern discrimination problems remained as good as in the control animals (CO). Monocularly deprived animals (MDE) required significantly more trials to learn the discriminations through the deprived eye, when it was trained first, and interocular transfer from the deprived to the experienced eye was absent. However, if the experienced eye was trained first (MED), learning with the deprived eye was at least as rapid as with the experienced eye. This indicates positive interocular transfer from the experienced to the deprived eye. Interocular transfer of pattern discriminations was completely blocked by section of the DSO in both adults (DSOad) and newly hatched animals (DSOjuv). The elimination of binocular interaction by commissurotomy from the beginning of the postnatal life failed to produce an impaired pattern discrimination learning in monocularly deprived animals.(MD+DSO). The results are discussed in terms of competition between the projections from both eyes in the visual Wulst.", "PMID": 648604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3966", "title": "Responses of cerebellar units to a passive movement in the decerebrate cat.", "content": "The responses of mossy fibers (MF), granular cells (GrC) and Purkinje cells (PC) were recorded in the cerebellum of the decerebrate cat during a passive movement about the forepaw wrist joint. Three main discharge patterns containing information about all the static and dynamic parameters of the movement were found. Simultaneous recording of complex spikes (CS) and simple spikes (SS) showed that the activity of PC can be modulated through either MF or CF input channels alone or both together. In the latter case SS and CS discharge most commonly showed an opposite behavior, in which the increase of the frequency of one type of spike was accompanied by a decrease of the frequency of the other type. Both inputs displayed tonic and phasic characteristics and all the qualitative discharge patterns observed. Therefore it was concluded that aside from differences in the discharge frequency, both inputs are able to directly signal peripheral events.", "contents": "Responses of cerebellar units to a passive movement in the decerebrate cat. The responses of mossy fibers (MF), granular cells (GrC) and Purkinje cells (PC) were recorded in the cerebellum of the decerebrate cat during a passive movement about the forepaw wrist joint. Three main discharge patterns containing information about all the static and dynamic parameters of the movement were found. Simultaneous recording of complex spikes (CS) and simple spikes (SS) showed that the activity of PC can be modulated through either MF or CF input channels alone or both together. In the latter case SS and CS discharge most commonly showed an opposite behavior, in which the increase of the frequency of one type of spike was accompanied by a decrease of the frequency of the other type. Both inputs displayed tonic and phasic characteristics and all the qualitative discharge patterns observed. Therefore it was concluded that aside from differences in the discharge frequency, both inputs are able to directly signal peripheral events.", "PMID": 648605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3967", "title": "Ultrastructure of the anterior ventral and anterior medial nuclei of the cat thalamus.", "content": "Electron microscopical studies of the thalamic AV-AM nuclei substantiated the presence of two main types of neurons, i.e. principal (or relay) cells and Golgi type II interneurons. Characteristic synaptic islands are found in abundance in the AV-AM. Four different types of synaptic terminals have been identified in these islands: RL-boutons = large axonal terminals with round synaptic vesicles; RS-boutons = small axonal terminals with round synaptic vesicles; F1-boutons = small axonal profiles containing flattened synaptic vesicles, and F2-profiles interpreted as presynaptic dendrite appendages, bearing pleomorphic vesicles, both belonging to the Golgi type II interneurons. --The synaptic relations were studied in normal preparations and after lesions in the mamillary body, limbic cortex and hippocampus. The specific afferents (RL-boutons)--originating from the medial mamillary nucleus--are presynaptic to both relay cell dendrites and \"presynaptic\" dendrite profiles of Golgi type II interneurons, which in turn are presynaptic to the same relay dendrites (synaptic triads). RS-boutons originate mainly from limbic cortex and hippocampus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the anterior ventral and anterior medial nuclei of the cat thalamus. Electron microscopical studies of the thalamic AV-AM nuclei substantiated the presence of two main types of neurons, i.e. principal (or relay) cells and Golgi type II interneurons. Characteristic synaptic islands are found in abundance in the AV-AM. Four different types of synaptic terminals have been identified in these islands: RL-boutons = large axonal terminals with round synaptic vesicles; RS-boutons = small axonal terminals with round synaptic vesicles; F1-boutons = small axonal profiles containing flattened synaptic vesicles, and F2-profiles interpreted as presynaptic dendrite appendages, bearing pleomorphic vesicles, both belonging to the Golgi type II interneurons. --The synaptic relations were studied in normal preparations and after lesions in the mamillary body, limbic cortex and hippocampus. The specific afferents (RL-boutons)--originating from the medial mamillary nucleus--are presynaptic to both relay cell dendrites and \"presynaptic\" dendrite profiles of Golgi type II interneurons, which in turn are presynaptic to the same relay dendrites (synaptic triads). RS-boutons originate mainly from limbic cortex and hippocampus.", "PMID": 648606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3968", "title": "Visual orientation in the rat: a dissociation of deficits following cortical and collicular lesions.", "content": "Rats with either bilateral ablations of superior colliculus, bilateral ablations of visual cortex, or sham operations were trained to run across a large arena towards a small illuminated target which varied in location from trial to trial. An impairment in this visually-guided running was apparent in the cortical group, but not in the collicular group. When, in a second experiment, the spatial relationships within the apparatus were changed by extending the entry-tunnel some distance into the arena, the running of the cortical group became even more impaired, while the collicular animals continued to run towards the targets under efficient visual control. In a third experiment, the effect of introducing a novel flashing light in various locations around the perimeter of the arena was investigated. It was found that unlike the other two groups, the collicular animals showed no orienting reflex to the novel stimulus when it was presented outside a broad central area of the visual field.", "contents": "Visual orientation in the rat: a dissociation of deficits following cortical and collicular lesions. Rats with either bilateral ablations of superior colliculus, bilateral ablations of visual cortex, or sham operations were trained to run across a large arena towards a small illuminated target which varied in location from trial to trial. An impairment in this visually-guided running was apparent in the cortical group, but not in the collicular group. When, in a second experiment, the spatial relationships within the apparatus were changed by extending the entry-tunnel some distance into the arena, the running of the cortical group became even more impaired, while the collicular animals continued to run towards the targets under efficient visual control. In a third experiment, the effect of introducing a novel flashing light in various locations around the perimeter of the arena was investigated. It was found that unlike the other two groups, the collicular animals showed no orienting reflex to the novel stimulus when it was presented outside a broad central area of the visual field.", "PMID": 648607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3969", "title": "Endometrial morphology of women using a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device.", "content": "Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 12 volunteers treated with d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) with two different release rate. Four subjects scheduled for hysterectomy had d-norgestrel-releasing IUDs inserted approximately 1 month prior to surgery. The effect of d-norgestrel on the endometrium and fallopian tubes of the removed uteri was examined. A uniform suppression of the endometrium with glandular atrophy and decidualization of the stroma was found in all of the endometrial specimens. Moreover, changes similar to those observed during the luteal phase and early pregnancy could be seen in the tubal epithelium.", "contents": "Endometrial morphology of women using a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 12 volunteers treated with d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) with two different release rate. Four subjects scheduled for hysterectomy had d-norgestrel-releasing IUDs inserted approximately 1 month prior to surgery. The effect of d-norgestrel on the endometrium and fallopian tubes of the removed uteri was examined. A uniform suppression of the endometrium with glandular atrophy and decidualization of the stroma was found in all of the endometrial specimens. Moreover, changes similar to those observed during the luteal phase and early pregnancy could be seen in the tubal epithelium.", "PMID": 648644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3970", "title": "Evolution of the properties of semen immediately following vasectomy.", "content": "Semen parameters were analyzed in a series of 76 men pre- and postvasectomy. The mean volume decrease was 0.66 ml but it was 0.5 ml or more for only 53% of subjects. A decrease in the number of spermatozoa was correlated primarily with the number of ejaculations. In nearly all cases the total number of spermatozoa contained in all semen samples examined after vasectomy was clearly lower than the average number contained in only one ejaculation prior to vasectomy. Motile spermatozoa were never observed after the 15th day following vasectomy. The reappearance of motile spermatozoa after that time was an almost certain sign of a defect in the vas block or of recanalization of the vas deferens.", "contents": "Evolution of the properties of semen immediately following vasectomy. Semen parameters were analyzed in a series of 76 men pre- and postvasectomy. The mean volume decrease was 0.66 ml but it was 0.5 ml or more for only 53% of subjects. A decrease in the number of spermatozoa was correlated primarily with the number of ejaculations. In nearly all cases the total number of spermatozoa contained in all semen samples examined after vasectomy was clearly lower than the average number contained in only one ejaculation prior to vasectomy. Motile spermatozoa were never observed after the 15th day following vasectomy. The reappearance of motile spermatozoa after that time was an almost certain sign of a defect in the vas block or of recanalization of the vas deferens.", "PMID": 648646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3971", "title": "Role of androgenic hyperactivity in anovulation.", "content": "In the course of an investigation of 60 patients with clomiphene-resistant anovulation, 35 cases of androgenic hyperacitvity were detected. Fractionation of urinary 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) by a rapid method of chromatography proved to be both practical and reliable for the detection and classification of androgenic disorders of adrenal, ovarian, or mixed origin. In contrast to the total 17-KS values, the fractionated 17-KS values were elevated in all but one of these cases. Following dexamethasone suppression, individual 17-KS showed significant decreases in both adrenal and mixed adrenal-ovarian cases, in contrast to ovarian cases in which no significant change was detected. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation combined with dexamethasone suppression did not cause any significant change in individual 17-KS values in the adrenal group, whereas both the mixed adrenal-ovarian and ovarian cases showed significant increases. Of 34 treated patients, 22 conceived, 21 had normal deliveries, and 1 aborted. Twelve became ovulatory. Eleven patients were treated with dexamethasone, nineteen with combined dexamethasone and clomiphene, two with dexamethasone and HCG, and two with HCG only.", "contents": "Role of androgenic hyperactivity in anovulation. In the course of an investigation of 60 patients with clomiphene-resistant anovulation, 35 cases of androgenic hyperacitvity were detected. Fractionation of urinary 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) by a rapid method of chromatography proved to be both practical and reliable for the detection and classification of androgenic disorders of adrenal, ovarian, or mixed origin. In contrast to the total 17-KS values, the fractionated 17-KS values were elevated in all but one of these cases. Following dexamethasone suppression, individual 17-KS showed significant decreases in both adrenal and mixed adrenal-ovarian cases, in contrast to ovarian cases in which no significant change was detected. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation combined with dexamethasone suppression did not cause any significant change in individual 17-KS values in the adrenal group, whereas both the mixed adrenal-ovarian and ovarian cases showed significant increases. Of 34 treated patients, 22 conceived, 21 had normal deliveries, and 1 aborted. Twelve became ovulatory. Eleven patients were treated with dexamethasone, nineteen with combined dexamethasone and clomiphene, two with dexamethasone and HCG, and two with HCG only.", "PMID": 648645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3972", "title": "Nitrofurazone: vas irrigation as an adjunct in vasectomy.", "content": "Intraoperative vas irrigation with nitrofurazone utilized in a 1-mg/ml concentration can cause immediate sterility postoperatively. This irrigation procedure adds little time to the standard vasectomy and can easily be performed as an outpatient office procedure, minimizing time-consuming postoperative semen analyses. Moreover, in developing countries where postoperative vasectomy follow-up may be more difficult to obtain and may even be nonexistent, this procedure would provide an additional positive factor in an attempt to ensure sterility.", "contents": "Nitrofurazone: vas irrigation as an adjunct in vasectomy. Intraoperative vas irrigation with nitrofurazone utilized in a 1-mg/ml concentration can cause immediate sterility postoperatively. This irrigation procedure adds little time to the standard vasectomy and can easily be performed as an outpatient office procedure, minimizing time-consuming postoperative semen analyses. Moreover, in developing countries where postoperative vasectomy follow-up may be more difficult to obtain and may even be nonexistent, this procedure would provide an additional positive factor in an attempt to ensure sterility.", "PMID": 648647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3973", "title": "Prevention of peritoneal adhesions by the combined use of spongostan and 32% dextran 70: an experimental study in pigs.", "content": "Twenty female pigs underwent laparotomy during which transection of both uterine horns and wedge resection of both ovaries were performed with a standard technique. Following the injuries a mixture of Spongostan and 32% dextran 70 was applied only to the lesions on the right side. Three weeks after surgery another laparotomy was performed and the degree of adhesion formation was recorded. A marked reduction in degree and extent of adhesions was observed on the treated side as compared with the control side. The possible advantages of a compound that can be applied locally and has hemostatic properties as well are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of peritoneal adhesions by the combined use of spongostan and 32% dextran 70: an experimental study in pigs. Twenty female pigs underwent laparotomy during which transection of both uterine horns and wedge resection of both ovaries were performed with a standard technique. Following the injuries a mixture of Spongostan and 32% dextran 70 was applied only to the lesions on the right side. Three weeks after surgery another laparotomy was performed and the degree of adhesion formation was recorded. A marked reduction in degree and extent of adhesions was observed on the treated side as compared with the control side. The possible advantages of a compound that can be applied locally and has hemostatic properties as well are discussed.", "PMID": 648648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3974", "title": "Prevention of pregnancy in rabbits using vaginal application of prostaglandin f2alpha.", "content": "Seventy-two rabbits were artificially inseminated at the time of ovulation induced by intravenous human chorionic gonadotropin. Twenty-four hours later vaginal suppositories containing graded amounts of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (5 to 25 mg) were inserted into test rabbits in each group. A control group received plain vaginal suppositories. Ten days later the rabbits were killed and examined for numbers of corpora lutea and implantation sites. The results indicate that 5 to 15 mg of PGF2alpha had no effect or a minimal effect on the number of implantation sites, that 20 mg of PGF2alpha reduced the number of implantation sites, and that 25 mg of PGF2alpha was the most effective dose. Fifteen of twenty treated rabbits were not pregnant, despite the presence of ovarian corpora lutea. Four remaining rabbits were pregnant but had markedly reduced implantation sites (four, two, three, and two fetuses, respectively. PGF2alpha is known to increase tubal motility markedly. These data are consistent with such a mechanism's inhibiting pregnancy when used postcoitally in rabbits.", "contents": "Prevention of pregnancy in rabbits using vaginal application of prostaglandin f2alpha. Seventy-two rabbits were artificially inseminated at the time of ovulation induced by intravenous human chorionic gonadotropin. Twenty-four hours later vaginal suppositories containing graded amounts of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (5 to 25 mg) were inserted into test rabbits in each group. A control group received plain vaginal suppositories. Ten days later the rabbits were killed and examined for numbers of corpora lutea and implantation sites. The results indicate that 5 to 15 mg of PGF2alpha had no effect or a minimal effect on the number of implantation sites, that 20 mg of PGF2alpha reduced the number of implantation sites, and that 25 mg of PGF2alpha was the most effective dose. Fifteen of twenty treated rabbits were not pregnant, despite the presence of ovarian corpora lutea. Four remaining rabbits were pregnant but had markedly reduced implantation sites (four, two, three, and two fetuses, respectively. PGF2alpha is known to increase tubal motility markedly. These data are consistent with such a mechanism's inhibiting pregnancy when used postcoitally in rabbits.", "PMID": 648649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3975", "title": "[Factorial analysis of evoked brain potentials].", "content": "The method of main components aided to study the changes of EPs led from different brain structures during action of drugs on synaptic organizations of the brain. Two factors were singled out: the unspecific one comprised late components of EPs led from such structures as caudate nucleus, black substance; the specific factor united the components of EPs associated with the visual projection system and the initial component of EP in CA-1 field of the hippocampus. The weight coefficients of these two groups of components of EPs changed in different ways under the effect of drugs: the drugs different by their synaptic action exerted opposite effects upon distribution of the weight coefficients over the EP components under study.", "contents": "[Factorial analysis of evoked brain potentials]. The method of main components aided to study the changes of EPs led from different brain structures during action of drugs on synaptic organizations of the brain. Two factors were singled out: the unspecific one comprised late components of EPs led from such structures as caudate nucleus, black substance; the specific factor united the components of EPs associated with the visual projection system and the initial component of EP in CA-1 field of the hippocampus. The weight coefficients of these two groups of components of EPs changed in different ways under the effect of drugs: the drugs different by their synaptic action exerted opposite effects upon distribution of the weight coefficients over the EP components under study.", "PMID": 648656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3976", "title": "[Discharges in the white rami communicantes evoked by stimulation of various sections of the hypothalamus].", "content": "Electrical responses in L2--L3 white rami on stimulation of anterior and posterior hypothalamus were studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The stimulation evoked a complex response consisting of waves I, II, and III with mean latency 19.7 +/- 4.5 msec, 34.0 +/- 5.9 msec, 61.8 +/- 8.7 msec, and 20.5 +/- 6.8 msec, 30.;7 +/- msec, 66.0 +/- 14.9 msec for anterior and posterior hypothalamus respectively. In experiments with simultaneous recording of arterial pressure and hypothalamo-sympathetic discharges, after 10-sec period of tetanic (100/sec) stimulation of the hypothalamus, the early I and early II components were facilitated, while the late component of the hypothalamo-sympathetic discharge was depressed. The duration of this inhibition corresponded to the period of pressure reaction and, therefore, is of baroreceptor origin. Possible mechanisms of hypothalamic regulation of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are discussed.", "contents": "[Discharges in the white rami communicantes evoked by stimulation of various sections of the hypothalamus]. Electrical responses in L2--L3 white rami on stimulation of anterior and posterior hypothalamus were studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The stimulation evoked a complex response consisting of waves I, II, and III with mean latency 19.7 +/- 4.5 msec, 34.0 +/- 5.9 msec, 61.8 +/- 8.7 msec, and 20.5 +/- 6.8 msec, 30.;7 +/- msec, 66.0 +/- 14.9 msec for anterior and posterior hypothalamus respectively. In experiments with simultaneous recording of arterial pressure and hypothalamo-sympathetic discharges, after 10-sec period of tetanic (100/sec) stimulation of the hypothalamus, the early I and early II components were facilitated, while the late component of the hypothalamo-sympathetic discharge was depressed. The duration of this inhibition corresponded to the period of pressure reaction and, therefore, is of baroreceptor origin. Possible mechanisms of hypothalamic regulation of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are discussed.", "PMID": 648657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3977", "title": "[Effect of low-concentration potassium ion solution on the frog neuromuscular synapse].", "content": "The effect of solution with low potassium concentration ([K+]o = 0.2 mM) on neuromuscular synapse was studied in m. cutaneus pectoris of the frog. The MPs of muscle fibers and the amplitudes of m.e.p.p. practically did not change after Ringer's solution had been replaced by low potassium one. The frequency of m.e.p.p. increased up to 100/sec. The latency of e.p.p. increased the rise time of e.p.p. decreased slightly. The amplitude and quantum content of e.p.p. decreased also. After 5 min of action of the low potassium solution the blockade of synaptic transmission occurred. The data suggest the depolarization of motor nerve terminals in the presence of low--potassium solution to be a result of the depressed activity of the ionic pump.", "contents": "[Effect of low-concentration potassium ion solution on the frog neuromuscular synapse]. The effect of solution with low potassium concentration ([K+]o = 0.2 mM) on neuromuscular synapse was studied in m. cutaneus pectoris of the frog. The MPs of muscle fibers and the amplitudes of m.e.p.p. practically did not change after Ringer's solution had been replaced by low potassium one. The frequency of m.e.p.p. increased up to 100/sec. The latency of e.p.p. increased the rise time of e.p.p. decreased slightly. The amplitude and quantum content of e.p.p. decreased also. After 5 min of action of the low potassium solution the blockade of synaptic transmission occurred. The data suggest the depolarization of motor nerve terminals in the presence of low--potassium solution to be a result of the depressed activity of the ionic pump.", "PMID": 648659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3978", "title": "[Automatic activity of the pacemaker cells of the atrioventricular valves under the action of parasympathetic and sympathetic mediators].", "content": "Effects of neorpinephrine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine 4.5.10(-7) M--2.9.10(-6)M on the automatic activity of the pace-maker cells of the rabbit atrioventricular valves were studied. The sympathetic mediators accelerated spontaneous beating by increasing the rate of slow diastolic depolarization or by the inducing additional subthreshold potentials converted in action potentials. Acetylcholine (1.1.10(-6)M) reduced the rate of the spontaneous beating and in concentrations 2.7.10(-6)M eliminated automatic activity either by suppression of AP when subthreshold potentials gradually disappeared or by gradual decrement of AP rate and amplitude. Simultaneous application of equal doses of acetylcholine and sympathetic mediators revealed a predominant effect of acetylcholine as well as intensification of the acetylcholine effect under the influence of sympathetic mediators. Sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions can be explained by their influence on permeability of membrane of the pace-maker cells through the slow Na-Ca channel.", "contents": "[Automatic activity of the pacemaker cells of the atrioventricular valves under the action of parasympathetic and sympathetic mediators]. Effects of neorpinephrine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine 4.5.10(-7) M--2.9.10(-6)M on the automatic activity of the pace-maker cells of the rabbit atrioventricular valves were studied. The sympathetic mediators accelerated spontaneous beating by increasing the rate of slow diastolic depolarization or by the inducing additional subthreshold potentials converted in action potentials. Acetylcholine (1.1.10(-6)M) reduced the rate of the spontaneous beating and in concentrations 2.7.10(-6)M eliminated automatic activity either by suppression of AP when subthreshold potentials gradually disappeared or by gradual decrement of AP rate and amplitude. Simultaneous application of equal doses of acetylcholine and sympathetic mediators revealed a predominant effect of acetylcholine as well as intensification of the acetylcholine effect under the influence of sympathetic mediators. Sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions can be explained by their influence on permeability of membrane of the pace-maker cells through the slow Na-Ca channel.", "PMID": 648660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3979", "title": "[Ion excretion by the rat kidney in depressed reabsorption in proximal tubule and ascending protion of the loop of Henle].", "content": "Simultaneous suppression of reabsorption in the proximal tubule with the aid of polyethylenglucole 400 (PEG) and in ascending part of Henle's loop with furosemide increased diuresis by 121 times and natri-uresis by 242 times on the average. The increase was based on changes in the tubule reabsorption and secretion. The changes of sodium and calcium excretion as well as excretion of potassium and magnesium were parallel. Excretion of sodium and calcium was lesser than the diuresis while that of magnesium and potassium exceeded it. Furosemide reduced the reabsorption of osmotically free water.", "contents": "[Ion excretion by the rat kidney in depressed reabsorption in proximal tubule and ascending protion of the loop of Henle]. Simultaneous suppression of reabsorption in the proximal tubule with the aid of polyethylenglucole 400 (PEG) and in ascending part of Henle's loop with furosemide increased diuresis by 121 times and natri-uresis by 242 times on the average. The increase was based on changes in the tubule reabsorption and secretion. The changes of sodium and calcium excretion as well as excretion of potassium and magnesium were parallel. Excretion of sodium and calcium was lesser than the diuresis while that of magnesium and potassium exceeded it. Furosemide reduced the reabsorption of osmotically free water.", "PMID": 648662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3980", "title": "[Neural regulation of substance transport in the kidney].", "content": "The denervation diuresis and natri uresiswere manifest in anesthetized dog and rats after acute or chronic renal sympathectomy with no changes in RBF, GFR or in their intrarenal distribution. Micropuncture showed the principal site of action of renal denervation on to be within the proximal tubule. The unchanged relationship between reabsorbed sodium and consumed oxygen suggested that active transport of Na decreased on denervation. No causal relationship between denervation natri uresis and decreased release of renin was revealed. As tubular transport of d-glucose, inorganic phosphate, para--aminohippurate and of uric acid was suppressed by the sympathectomy, the renal sympathetic activity seem to be able to regulate the proximal tubular transport functions.", "contents": "[Neural regulation of substance transport in the kidney]. The denervation diuresis and natri uresiswere manifest in anesthetized dog and rats after acute or chronic renal sympathectomy with no changes in RBF, GFR or in their intrarenal distribution. Micropuncture showed the principal site of action of renal denervation on to be within the proximal tubule. The unchanged relationship between reabsorbed sodium and consumed oxygen suggested that active transport of Na decreased on denervation. No causal relationship between denervation natri uresis and decreased release of renin was revealed. As tubular transport of d-glucose, inorganic phosphate, para--aminohippurate and of uric acid was suppressed by the sympathectomy, the renal sympathetic activity seem to be able to regulate the proximal tubular transport functions.", "PMID": 648663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3981", "title": "[Kidney function and mitochondrial metabolism in excluded renal blood flow against a background of diuretic action].", "content": "Single administration of furosemid, etacrine acid and mannitol prior to switching off circulation in the only kidney for 2.5 hrs preserves the renal tissue from ischemic lesion, aids to normalizing the excretory processes on the 2nd--4th days of postischemic period, reduces duration of the oligo--anuric phase in acute renal insufficiency, and raises survival rate in the rats. The above substances are ineffective if administered after cessation of the ischemic period. Etacrin acid and novurit suppress functional activity of isolated mitochondria incubated in hypoxia at 37 degrees. Furosemid and mannitol in these conditions exert no effect. Preliminary administration of furosemid aids to preservation of lumen in proximal tubules of superficial nephrones both during cessation of the renal circulation and in the postischemic period.", "contents": "[Kidney function and mitochondrial metabolism in excluded renal blood flow against a background of diuretic action]. Single administration of furosemid, etacrine acid and mannitol prior to switching off circulation in the only kidney for 2.5 hrs preserves the renal tissue from ischemic lesion, aids to normalizing the excretory processes on the 2nd--4th days of postischemic period, reduces duration of the oligo--anuric phase in acute renal insufficiency, and raises survival rate in the rats. The above substances are ineffective if administered after cessation of the ischemic period. Etacrin acid and novurit suppress functional activity of isolated mitochondria incubated in hypoxia at 37 degrees. Furosemid and mannitol in these conditions exert no effect. Preliminary administration of furosemid aids to preservation of lumen in proximal tubules of superficial nephrones both during cessation of the renal circulation and in the postischemic period.", "PMID": 648664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3982", "title": "[Electrophysiological characteristics, nature and localization of the hepatic osmoreceptors].", "content": "Functional characteristics of 45 osmosensitive units of the liver were analysed under conditions of intraportal administration of different osmotic stimuli. The most effective stimulus was the distilled water, the other substances, according to intensity of the response, were arranged in the following order: NaCl greater than glucose greater than or equal to mannitol. The latency of response varied from 1.5 to 10 sec, and the rate and duration of impulsation were dependent on tonicities of solutions. True osmoreceptors are supposed to exist in the liver tissue.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological characteristics, nature and localization of the hepatic osmoreceptors]. Functional characteristics of 45 osmosensitive units of the liver were analysed under conditions of intraportal administration of different osmotic stimuli. The most effective stimulus was the distilled water, the other substances, according to intensity of the response, were arranged in the following order: NaCl greater than glucose greater than or equal to mannitol. The latency of response varied from 1.5 to 10 sec, and the rate and duration of impulsation were dependent on tonicities of solutions. True osmoreceptors are supposed to exist in the liver tissue.", "PMID": 648665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3983", "title": "[Sodium-depositing function of the skin in white rats].", "content": "The sodium deposing function of the skin in Wistar albino rats under conditions of different salt loads were studied. 6 mEq NaCl per os was followed by an increase in sodium content of the skin on account of the exchangeable fraction. The diet with high content of sodium (15 mEq a day during 30 days) led to saturation of the skin storage structures, the blood sodium concentration after a single salt load increasing sharply. The storage of sodium in the skin is, evidently, carried out with the aid of the cation by glycosamino--glycans. The increase in exchangeable sodium of the skin under the condition of highsodium regimen is, evidently, due to an increase in sulphated GAG.", "contents": "[Sodium-depositing function of the skin in white rats]. The sodium deposing function of the skin in Wistar albino rats under conditions of different salt loads were studied. 6 mEq NaCl per os was followed by an increase in sodium content of the skin on account of the exchangeable fraction. The diet with high content of sodium (15 mEq a day during 30 days) led to saturation of the skin storage structures, the blood sodium concentration after a single salt load increasing sharply. The storage of sodium in the skin is, evidently, carried out with the aid of the cation by glycosamino--glycans. The increase in exchangeable sodium of the skin under the condition of highsodium regimen is, evidently, due to an increase in sulphated GAG.", "PMID": 648666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3984", "title": "[Neural regulation of glucose, sodium and potassium transport in the kidneys].", "content": "When the speed of filtration and plasma circulation are constant, the absolute sodium reabsorption is increased in kidney on the side of stimulation of nervous fibers. The stimulating effect of adrenergic nerves on the tubular transport of sodium and potassium is inhibited with guanethidin. The maximum transport of glucose is increased by the activity of cholinergic fibers of vagus nerves.", "contents": "[Neural regulation of glucose, sodium and potassium transport in the kidneys]. When the speed of filtration and plasma circulation are constant, the absolute sodium reabsorption is increased in kidney on the side of stimulation of nervous fibers. The stimulating effect of adrenergic nerves on the tubular transport of sodium and potassium is inhibited with guanethidin. The maximum transport of glucose is increased by the activity of cholinergic fibers of vagus nerves.", "PMID": 648667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3985", "title": "[Acid-excreting activity of the kidneys in dogs administered ammonium chloride into the carotid artery].", "content": "Injection of 0.5 mM of ammonium chloride into the dog carotid artery caused no changes in the blood acid-base balance, but distinctly increased the urinary excretion of both titratable acids and active hydrogen ions. The rate of glomerular filtration was slightly increased. The amount of sodium reabsorbed in the tubules was also risen. The role of humoral factors stimulating the renal acid-excreting activity, is discussed.", "contents": "[Acid-excreting activity of the kidneys in dogs administered ammonium chloride into the carotid artery]. Injection of 0.5 mM of ammonium chloride into the dog carotid artery caused no changes in the blood acid-base balance, but distinctly increased the urinary excretion of both titratable acids and active hydrogen ions. The rate of glomerular filtration was slightly increased. The amount of sodium reabsorbed in the tubules was also risen. The role of humoral factors stimulating the renal acid-excreting activity, is discussed.", "PMID": 648668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3986", "title": "[Effect of sodium transport inhibitors on maximal glucose reabsorption and cardiotrast excretion by the kidneys].", "content": "Effects of intrarenal infusion of potassium cyanide and strophanthinum were studied in acute experiments on dogs. The decrease fractional of reabsorption of sodium to 80--82 per cent did not affect renal reabsorption of glucose and tubular excretion of cardiotrast. Combined infusion of strophanthinum and cyanide decreased the fractional sodium reabsorption to 65.6 per cent. During this period maximal reabsorption of glucose reduced but not so the tubular excretion of cardiotrast.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium transport inhibitors on maximal glucose reabsorption and cardiotrast excretion by the kidneys]. Effects of intrarenal infusion of potassium cyanide and strophanthinum were studied in acute experiments on dogs. The decrease fractional of reabsorption of sodium to 80--82 per cent did not affect renal reabsorption of glucose and tubular excretion of cardiotrast. Combined infusion of strophanthinum and cyanide decreased the fractional sodium reabsorption to 65.6 per cent. During this period maximal reabsorption of glucose reduced but not so the tubular excretion of cardiotrast.", "PMID": 648669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3987", "title": "[New data on the mechanism of organic substance secretion by the kidney].", "content": "The substrate stimulation of renal secretory transport of cardiotrast and penicillin have been studied in conscious rats. This phenomenon takes place not only after repeated injections of substrates three times daily during three days but also after administration of the compounds for two or one days or twice daily with interval of two hours. The tubular secretion of organic substances seems to be the substrate inducing process.", "contents": "[New data on the mechanism of organic substance secretion by the kidney]. The substrate stimulation of renal secretory transport of cardiotrast and penicillin have been studied in conscious rats. This phenomenon takes place not only after repeated injections of substrates three times daily during three days but also after administration of the compounds for two or one days or twice daily with interval of two hours. The tubular secretion of organic substances seems to be the substrate inducing process.", "PMID": 648671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3988", "title": "[Osmoregulating function of the kidneys in immersion].", "content": "Tests for tolerance of water and isotonic NaCl solution (20 ml/kg) were used to study the osmotic and volume regulation during a 3-day immersion of the normal human kidneys and in recovery period, as well as to evaluate adequacy of hydro-ionic homeostasis of the body under these conditions. Mechanisms of shifts in renal functional state and in systems for regulation of water-salt exchange under altered cardiac inflow during and after immersion are discussed.", "contents": "[Osmoregulating function of the kidneys in immersion]. Tests for tolerance of water and isotonic NaCl solution (20 ml/kg) were used to study the osmotic and volume regulation during a 3-day immersion of the normal human kidneys and in recovery period, as well as to evaluate adequacy of hydro-ionic homeostasis of the body under these conditions. Mechanisms of shifts in renal functional state and in systems for regulation of water-salt exchange under altered cardiac inflow during and after immersion are discussed.", "PMID": 648672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3989", "title": "[Effect of thyroidectomy on the water-eliminating function of the kidneys in puppies].", "content": "Removal of the thyroid gland in puppies in the early postnatal period (10--20 days) suppressed the hemodynamics and the glomerular filtration, increased concentration of urine in the tubules of the kidney and reduced spontaneous diuresis. Two months after the operation, a progressive disturbance of the osmotic concentration of urine occurred, and the diuresis increased. Thyroidectomized puppies at different age are unable to react to water deprivation, to develop osmotic diuresis; the elimination of water load is lesioned. In the first 6 months the introduced water is retained in the organism. The thyroid hormones are essential for the water elimination and concentrating functions of the kidney, for its adequate hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroidectomy on the water-eliminating function of the kidneys in puppies]. Removal of the thyroid gland in puppies in the early postnatal period (10--20 days) suppressed the hemodynamics and the glomerular filtration, increased concentration of urine in the tubules of the kidney and reduced spontaneous diuresis. Two months after the operation, a progressive disturbance of the osmotic concentration of urine occurred, and the diuresis increased. Thyroidectomized puppies at different age are unable to react to water deprivation, to develop osmotic diuresis; the elimination of water load is lesioned. In the first 6 months the introduced water is retained in the organism. The thyroid hormones are essential for the water elimination and concentrating functions of the kidney, for its adequate hemodynamics.", "PMID": 648673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3990", "title": "[Characteristics of the functional organization of the kidney medullary substance in desert birds].", "content": "The contents of sodium, potassium, magnesium and urea equally increases from the renal cortex to medulla in desert birds. This process is due, mainly, to the countercurrent multiplior of the medulla and, under natural conditions, depends on the length of medullar cone and the number of Henle's loops.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the functional organization of the kidney medullary substance in desert birds]. The contents of sodium, potassium, magnesium and urea equally increases from the renal cortex to medulla in desert birds. This process is due, mainly, to the countercurrent multiplior of the medulla and, under natural conditions, depends on the length of medullar cone and the number of Henle's loops.", "PMID": 648674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3991", "title": "[Effects of changes of body temperature on serum cortisol fractions (author's transl)].", "content": "Most of the cortisol in circulating blood is bound to proteins (transcortin and albumin), and the rest is protein-unbound. It has generally been accepted that transcortin-bound cortisol (Tr-F) and albumin-bound cortisol (Al-F) are physiologically inactive, and that protein-unbound cortisol (U-F) is active. It is also known that the binding capacity of transcortin to cortisol is lower at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. However, no investigations concerning the influence of temperature changes the physiological range have been reported, probably because of the lack of proper methods. In this report, the influence of temperature changes the physiological range on serum protein-cortisol binding is assessed and its physiological roles are discussed. Cortisol binding of transcortin and albumin was determined by a newly developed isocolloidosmolar equilibrium dialysis method. The total cortisol concentration was determined by the CPB assay method described by Murphy. In the beginning, experiments were performed using pooled human serum. This serum was dialyzed at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C. U-F and Al-F concentrations increased in accordance with the increment of incubation temperature, whereas Tr-F concentration decreased. The association constant of transcortin to cortisol decreased with the rise of incubation temperature. It was 3.43, 2.92, 2,32 and 1.66 X 10(7)M-1 at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C, respectively. However, the association constant of albumin to cortisol was 3.04 X 10(3)M-1 and stayed unchanged under these conditions. These results suggest that the transcortin-cortisol complex dissociates with temperature rises and that a part of freed cortisol is bound to albumin while the other part remains protein-unbound cortisol. When various amounts of cortisol were added to the pooled human serum, which was dialyzed at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C; U-F, Al-F and Tr-F concentrations increased corresponding to the amount of added cortisol. The increase of U-F, Al-F concentrations and decrease of Tr-F concentration induced by the rise of temperature was still significant at each total coritsol concentration. Cortisol fractions in the serum of healthy subjects were compared with those of 39 febrile patients consisting of A group (body temperature 37 approximately 38 degrees C), B group (38 approximately 39 degrees C), and C group (39 approximately 40 degrees C). Total cortisol concentrations increased with the rise of body temperature. They were 7.62 (normal), 10.64 (A), 14.84 (B) and 21.37 (C) microgram/100ml, respectively. U-F% and Al-F% increased parallel with the total cortisol concentration. Tr-F%, binding capacity of transcortin. These results reveal that the rise of body temperature elevates the total cortisol concentration, and the greater part of increased cortisol becomes U-F and Al-F, while a relatively small part of it is bound to transcortin. The percent change of the total cortisol concentration in comparison with healthy subjects was 150 (A), 209 (B) and 593 (C),  respectively...", "contents": "[Effects of changes of body temperature on serum cortisol fractions (author's transl)]. Most of the cortisol in circulating blood is bound to proteins (transcortin and albumin), and the rest is protein-unbound. It has generally been accepted that transcortin-bound cortisol (Tr-F) and albumin-bound cortisol (Al-F) are physiologically inactive, and that protein-unbound cortisol (U-F) is active. It is also known that the binding capacity of transcortin to cortisol is lower at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. However, no investigations concerning the influence of temperature changes the physiological range have been reported, probably because of the lack of proper methods. In this report, the influence of temperature changes the physiological range on serum protein-cortisol binding is assessed and its physiological roles are discussed. Cortisol binding of transcortin and albumin was determined by a newly developed isocolloidosmolar equilibrium dialysis method. The total cortisol concentration was determined by the CPB assay method described by Murphy. In the beginning, experiments were performed using pooled human serum. This serum was dialyzed at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C. U-F and Al-F concentrations increased in accordance with the increment of incubation temperature, whereas Tr-F concentration decreased. The association constant of transcortin to cortisol decreased with the rise of incubation temperature. It was 3.43, 2.92, 2,32 and 1.66 X 10(7)M-1 at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C, respectively. However, the association constant of albumin to cortisol was 3.04 X 10(3)M-1 and stayed unchanged under these conditions. These results suggest that the transcortin-cortisol complex dissociates with temperature rises and that a part of freed cortisol is bound to albumin while the other part remains protein-unbound cortisol. When various amounts of cortisol were added to the pooled human serum, which was dialyzed at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C; U-F, Al-F and Tr-F concentrations increased corresponding to the amount of added cortisol. The increase of U-F, Al-F concentrations and decrease of Tr-F concentration induced by the rise of temperature was still significant at each total coritsol concentration. Cortisol fractions in the serum of healthy subjects were compared with those of 39 febrile patients consisting of A group (body temperature 37 approximately 38 degrees C), B group (38 approximately 39 degrees C), and C group (39 approximately 40 degrees C). Total cortisol concentrations increased with the rise of body temperature. They were 7.62 (normal), 10.64 (A), 14.84 (B) and 21.37 (C) microgram/100ml, respectively. U-F% and Al-F% increased parallel with the total cortisol concentration. Tr-F%, binding capacity of transcortin. These results reveal that the rise of body temperature elevates the total cortisol concentration, and the greater part of increased cortisol becomes U-F and Al-F, while a relatively small part of it is bound to transcortin. The percent change of the total cortisol concentration in comparison with healthy subjects was 150 (A), 209 (B) and 593 (C),  respectively...", "PMID": 648682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3992", "title": "[Degradation of the parathyroid hormone in the kidney and liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The cleavage of the parathyroid hormone has been reported to take place in various peripheral tissues, especially in the kidney and liver. In order to claify the mechanism of such a degradation, bovine PTH (bPTH 1--84) and its synthetic N-terminal peptide (bPTH 1--34) labelled with 125I by the chroramine-T method (125I-bPTH 1--84) and (125I-bPTH 1--34) or labelled with horseradish peroxidase Pox-125I-bPTH 1--84 and Pox 125I-bPTH 1 34) were used to study the disappearance from the blood stream and degradation and retension in the kidney and liver after intravenous injections in male Wiastar rats, weighing approximately 200g. Degradation of PTH was also studied in vitro, using isolated cells and a homogenate of the kidney and liver. PTH labeled with 125I and Pox was more readily degraded by the kidney than PTH labelled with 125I alone, but the opposite was found in the degradation by the liver. Isolated intact kidney cells degraded PTH less efficiently than the homogenate, but the isolated intact liver cells degraded PTH more efficiently than the homogenate, indicating the prominence of an intracellular mechanism of degradation in the kidney and an extracellular mechanism in the liver.", "contents": "[Degradation of the parathyroid hormone in the kidney and liver (author's transl)]. The cleavage of the parathyroid hormone has been reported to take place in various peripheral tissues, especially in the kidney and liver. In order to claify the mechanism of such a degradation, bovine PTH (bPTH 1--84) and its synthetic N-terminal peptide (bPTH 1--34) labelled with 125I by the chroramine-T method (125I-bPTH 1--84) and (125I-bPTH 1--34) or labelled with horseradish peroxidase Pox-125I-bPTH 1--84 and Pox 125I-bPTH 1 34) were used to study the disappearance from the blood stream and degradation and retension in the kidney and liver after intravenous injections in male Wiastar rats, weighing approximately 200g. Degradation of PTH was also studied in vitro, using isolated cells and a homogenate of the kidney and liver. PTH labeled with 125I and Pox was more readily degraded by the kidney than PTH labelled with 125I alone, but the opposite was found in the degradation by the liver. Isolated intact kidney cells degraded PTH less efficiently than the homogenate, but the isolated intact liver cells degraded PTH more efficiently than the homogenate, indicating the prominence of an intracellular mechanism of degradation in the kidney and an extracellular mechanism in the liver.", "PMID": 648683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3993", "title": "[Postnatal development of adrenocortical circadian rhythm in neonatally cortisol- and estriol-treated rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of a single neonatal administration of cortisol and estriol on the development of the adrenocortical circadian rhythm was investigated in immature rats. In normal control rats of both sexes, the plasma corticosterone rhythm was discernible on day 21. In male rats the adult pattern was observed on day 28, but in females as the plasma corticosterone level elevated progressively during puberty, the rhythm increased in amplitude and the adult pattern was established at 8 weeks of age. In neonatally cortisol-treated rats, the plasma corticosterone rhythm appeared at 4 weeks of age, but the plasma level was significantly lower than that of the controls until 6 weeks and attained a level similar to the controls at 8 weeks. Neonatally estriol-treated rats exhibited the rhythm as early as 2 weeks of age, but this was temporary. It disappeared at 3 weeks and reappeared a 4 weeks. Although 5-week-old males showed normal rhythm as seen in the controls, in females the plasma corticosterone level remained low for weeks and approached the control level at 8 weeks of age. The development of circadian periodicity of adrenal corticosterone content almost paralleled that of plasma corticosterone not only in the controls but also in steroid-treated groups, but the rhythm was occasionally equivocal. In neonatally estriol-treated rats, stress response of plasma and adrenal corticosterone to ether was similar to that of the controls, but the response to exposure to a strange environment was significantly small.", "contents": "[Postnatal development of adrenocortical circadian rhythm in neonatally cortisol- and estriol-treated rats (author's transl)]. The effect of a single neonatal administration of cortisol and estriol on the development of the adrenocortical circadian rhythm was investigated in immature rats. In normal control rats of both sexes, the plasma corticosterone rhythm was discernible on day 21. In male rats the adult pattern was observed on day 28, but in females as the plasma corticosterone level elevated progressively during puberty, the rhythm increased in amplitude and the adult pattern was established at 8 weeks of age. In neonatally cortisol-treated rats, the plasma corticosterone rhythm appeared at 4 weeks of age, but the plasma level was significantly lower than that of the controls until 6 weeks and attained a level similar to the controls at 8 weeks. Neonatally estriol-treated rats exhibited the rhythm as early as 2 weeks of age, but this was temporary. It disappeared at 3 weeks and reappeared a 4 weeks. Although 5-week-old males showed normal rhythm as seen in the controls, in females the plasma corticosterone level remained low for weeks and approached the control level at 8 weeks of age. The development of circadian periodicity of adrenal corticosterone content almost paralleled that of plasma corticosterone not only in the controls but also in steroid-treated groups, but the rhythm was occasionally equivocal. In neonatally estriol-treated rats, stress response of plasma and adrenal corticosterone to ether was similar to that of the controls, but the response to exposure to a strange environment was significantly small.", "PMID": 648684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3994", "title": "Protoplasts from Acetabularia: isolation and fusion.", "content": "Protoplasts were isolated from cells of Acetabularia cliftonii, which are presumed to be haploid. The release of the protoplasts occurred after treatment of the cells with papain or proteinase K. They are genuine protoplasts since they contain a nucleus. Fusion was initiated by mechanically pushing together two protoplasts. Under these conditions, the efficiency of fusion was more than 90% within 30 minutes at room temperature. Haploid cells from one cyst, i.e., cells which eventually would have formed gametes of the same mating type, exhibit a greater propensity for fusion as compared to haploid cells from different cysts.", "contents": "Protoplasts from Acetabularia: isolation and fusion. Protoplasts were isolated from cells of Acetabularia cliftonii, which are presumed to be haploid. The release of the protoplasts occurred after treatment of the cells with papain or proteinase K. They are genuine protoplasts since they contain a nucleus. Fusion was initiated by mechanically pushing together two protoplasts. Under these conditions, the efficiency of fusion was more than 90% within 30 minutes at room temperature. Haploid cells from one cyst, i.e., cells which eventually would have formed gametes of the same mating type, exhibit a greater propensity for fusion as compared to haploid cells from different cysts.", "PMID": 648693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3995", "title": "Microtubules and organelle movements in the rust fungus Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae.", "content": "Direct visual observation and time lapse films of in vitro differentiating infection structures of the cowpea rust fungus Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae revealed three categories of movement: a) general movement of cytoplasm, plus organelles, into the developing portions of the fungus during which the nuclei, in particular, maintained their characteristic position with remarkable constancy, b) relatively slow movements of various organelles such that they became displaced relative to one another and to the growing fungal tip, and c) erratic, rapid, saltations of small organelles over short distances. Serial section ultrastructural analysis showed that microtubules were typically orientated parallel to the direction of cytoplasm migration. Simple statistical analyses showed that the microtubules were non-randomly associated with mitochondria but only rarely associated with lipid droplets or microbodies. All microtubules were typically short (less than 2 micrometer) and, in various parts of the cell, were often intimately associated with 3 to 6 nm diameter filaments of unidentified material. Interphase nuclei characteristically lacked microtubules emanating from their variously laterally or posteriorly located NAOs (nucleus associated organelle) but were associated with groups of laterally placed microtubules. The correlations between the observed types of movement and the ultrastructure of the cells discussed in terms of various models for organelle motility.", "contents": "Microtubules and organelle movements in the rust fungus Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae. Direct visual observation and time lapse films of in vitro differentiating infection structures of the cowpea rust fungus Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae revealed three categories of movement: a) general movement of cytoplasm, plus organelles, into the developing portions of the fungus during which the nuclei, in particular, maintained their characteristic position with remarkable constancy, b) relatively slow movements of various organelles such that they became displaced relative to one another and to the growing fungal tip, and c) erratic, rapid, saltations of small organelles over short distances. Serial section ultrastructural analysis showed that microtubules were typically orientated parallel to the direction of cytoplasm migration. Simple statistical analyses showed that the microtubules were non-randomly associated with mitochondria but only rarely associated with lipid droplets or microbodies. All microtubules were typically short (less than 2 micrometer) and, in various parts of the cell, were often intimately associated with 3 to 6 nm diameter filaments of unidentified material. Interphase nuclei characteristically lacked microtubules emanating from their variously laterally or posteriorly located NAOs (nucleus associated organelle) but were associated with groups of laterally placed microtubules. The correlations between the observed types of movement and the ultrastructure of the cells discussed in terms of various models for organelle motility.", "PMID": 648694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3996", "title": "[Ultrastructural and chemical study of the chromatin during spermiogenesis of the fish Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic, cytochemical and biochemical techniques were applied to study structural aspects and changes in nuclear components during the spermiogenesis of Scyliorhinus caniculus. Five major stages of nuclear differentiation were recognized and characterized by variations in the organization and chemical properties of chromatin. Stage I is analogous to a somatic nucleus with heterogeneous chromatin. At the second stage, the nuclear content is dispersed but the chromatin fibers are of the same diameter as those of the stage I. The nuclear elongation begins at stage III, the DNP fibers running preferentially parallel to the long axis of the nucleus. During these early modifications of chromatin structure appear two new basic nuclear proteins (S 1 and S 2) which migrate faster than histones but typical histones remain assosciated with these nuclei. In later elongation stage (stage IV), the chromatin fibers organize in a helical form and fuse side by side giving lamellar systems which have a reticular structure. At the end of this stage, the nuclear material has become uniformly compact. These late variations in chromatin organization are parallel to the association of chromatin with new basic nuclear proteins (S 3, S 4, Z 1, Z 2 and Z 3). The cytochemical and electrophoretical properties of one of these proteins (S 4) which appears at the end of spermiogenesis are similar to those of a protamine. In stage V, the chromatin is homogeneous and the nucleus assumes a helical configuration beginning at the posterior end. The deoxyribonucleoproteins of the mature sperm show some novel chemical characters, including the appearance of a stable nuclear acidophilia with the ALFERT and GESCHWIND method and extraction with 0.25 N HCl of one of the basic protein fractions newly appeared in late spermiogenesis (Z 3), two other fractions (Z 1 and Z 2) being extracted with a more drastic procedure. The other fractions described before are no more detectable.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and chemical study of the chromatin during spermiogenesis of the fish Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.) (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic, cytochemical and biochemical techniques were applied to study structural aspects and changes in nuclear components during the spermiogenesis of Scyliorhinus caniculus. Five major stages of nuclear differentiation were recognized and characterized by variations in the organization and chemical properties of chromatin. Stage I is analogous to a somatic nucleus with heterogeneous chromatin. At the second stage, the nuclear content is dispersed but the chromatin fibers are of the same diameter as those of the stage I. The nuclear elongation begins at stage III, the DNP fibers running preferentially parallel to the long axis of the nucleus. During these early modifications of chromatin structure appear two new basic nuclear proteins (S 1 and S 2) which migrate faster than histones but typical histones remain assosciated with these nuclei. In later elongation stage (stage IV), the chromatin fibers organize in a helical form and fuse side by side giving lamellar systems which have a reticular structure. At the end of this stage, the nuclear material has become uniformly compact. These late variations in chromatin organization are parallel to the association of chromatin with new basic nuclear proteins (S 3, S 4, Z 1, Z 2 and Z 3). The cytochemical and electrophoretical properties of one of these proteins (S 4) which appears at the end of spermiogenesis are similar to those of a protamine. In stage V, the chromatin is homogeneous and the nucleus assumes a helical configuration beginning at the posterior end. The deoxyribonucleoproteins of the mature sperm show some novel chemical characters, including the appearance of a stable nuclear acidophilia with the ALFERT and GESCHWIND method and extraction with 0.25 N HCl of one of the basic protein fractions newly appeared in late spermiogenesis (Z 3), two other fractions (Z 1 and Z 2) being extracted with a more drastic procedure. The other fractions described before are no more detectable.", "PMID": 648696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3997", "title": "Fine structure of the homologous tergo-coxal muscles of flying and flightless beetles.", "content": "The flight-related tergo-coxal muscles of flying and flightless beetles are compared. In the flying beetle, Pachynoda sinuata, the myofibrils and cylindrical and the myofilaments packed in double hexagonal arrays. The sarcomeres are short (2.8 micrometer) and wide with many large, closely packed adjacent mitochondria but the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed in this fibrillar (asynchronous) muscle. Sarcoplasmic glycogen in rosette form is abundant. In the flightless beetle, Anthia thoracica, the myofibrils are lamellar-like with sarcomeres of 5.3 micrometer. The myosin filaments form a single hexagonal array each thick filament having an orbital of 11 to 12 thin filaments. The width of the  Z-line (120 nm) of A. thoracia muscle was twice that of the Z-line of P. sinuata muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system are well-developed in this afibrillar (synchronous) muscle. Few glycogen granules are present. Triangular projections of the sarcolemma occur regularly opposite the Z-lines in A. thoracica and they appear to extend into the Z-lines. Membranous connections joint adjacent Z-lines in A. thoracica and occasionally in P. sinuata.", "contents": "Fine structure of the homologous tergo-coxal muscles of flying and flightless beetles. The flight-related tergo-coxal muscles of flying and flightless beetles are compared. In the flying beetle, Pachynoda sinuata, the myofibrils and cylindrical and the myofilaments packed in double hexagonal arrays. The sarcomeres are short (2.8 micrometer) and wide with many large, closely packed adjacent mitochondria but the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed in this fibrillar (asynchronous) muscle. Sarcoplasmic glycogen in rosette form is abundant. In the flightless beetle, Anthia thoracica, the myofibrils are lamellar-like with sarcomeres of 5.3 micrometer. The myosin filaments form a single hexagonal array each thick filament having an orbital of 11 to 12 thin filaments. The width of the  Z-line (120 nm) of A. thoracia muscle was twice that of the Z-line of P. sinuata muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system are well-developed in this afibrillar (synchronous) muscle. Few glycogen granules are present. Triangular projections of the sarcolemma occur regularly opposite the Z-lines in A. thoracica and they appear to extend into the Z-lines. Membranous connections joint adjacent Z-lines in A. thoracica and occasionally in P. sinuata.", "PMID": 648697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3998", "title": "Plasma potassium in hypertensive Africans on frusemide.", "content": "The effects of potassium chloride (as Slow-K 600 mg three times daily) and spironolactone (as Aldactone A 25 mg four times daily) were compared in hypertensive African patients on frusemide. Mean plasma-potassium levels in patients on frusemide plus Slow-K and frusemide plus Aldactone-A rose from 3.6 to 3.8 mOsm/L whilst on frusemide alone mean plasma-potassium fell from 3.7 to 3.6 mOsm/L. The mean blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, was significantly reduced in the frusemide plus Aldactone-A group when compared with patients on frusemide alone or on frusemide plus Slow-K.", "contents": "Plasma potassium in hypertensive Africans on frusemide. The effects of potassium chloride (as Slow-K 600 mg three times daily) and spironolactone (as Aldactone A 25 mg four times daily) were compared in hypertensive African patients on frusemide. Mean plasma-potassium levels in patients on frusemide plus Slow-K and frusemide plus Aldactone-A rose from 3.6 to 3.8 mOsm/L whilst on frusemide alone mean plasma-potassium fell from 3.7 to 3.6 mOsm/L. The mean blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, was significantly reduced in the frusemide plus Aldactone-A group when compared with patients on frusemide alone or on frusemide plus Slow-K.", "PMID": 648737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_3999", "title": "Concomitant administration of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride in hypertensive patients. Results of a titration study.", "content": "In an open dose titration study we evaluated the antihypertensive effect of the concomitant administration of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride, administered on a b.i.d. basis. Twenty-eight out of 39 patients completed the study. Supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate were significantly lower at the end of the titration period than at the end of the diuretic period.", "contents": "Concomitant administration of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride in hypertensive patients. Results of a titration study. In an open dose titration study we evaluated the antihypertensive effect of the concomitant administration of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride, administered on a b.i.d. basis. Twenty-eight out of 39 patients completed the study. Supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate were significantly lower at the end of the titration period than at the end of the diuretic period.", "PMID": 648738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4000", "title": "Netilmicin treatment of serious infections in patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "Out of 24 patients with suspected moderate to severe infections and treated with the semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin, 11 patients had decreased renal function. Non-bacterial aetiology was present in five cases. There was good netilmicin effect in 10 cases, indeterminate effect in 6 cases (due to simultaneously given other antibiotics) and failure in 3 cases. Pharmacokinetic parameters were studied. Curves are given for serum concentration patterns relative to creatinine clearance, and serum half-lives are calculated in renal dysfunction. In this series of very ill patients including impaired renal function, metilmicin proved to be an efficient antibiotic with low toxicity. Only one transient minor vestibular abnormality in an 80-year-old man with concomitant diuretic medication was registered.", "contents": "Netilmicin treatment of serious infections in patients with renal insufficiency. Out of 24 patients with suspected moderate to severe infections and treated with the semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin, 11 patients had decreased renal function. Non-bacterial aetiology was present in five cases. There was good netilmicin effect in 10 cases, indeterminate effect in 6 cases (due to simultaneously given other antibiotics) and failure in 3 cases. Pharmacokinetic parameters were studied. Curves are given for serum concentration patterns relative to creatinine clearance, and serum half-lives are calculated in renal dysfunction. In this series of very ill patients including impaired renal function, metilmicin proved to be an efficient antibiotic with low toxicity. Only one transient minor vestibular abnormality in an 80-year-old man with concomitant diuretic medication was registered.", "PMID": 648740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4001", "title": "Nonuniform distribution and grouping of insulin receptors on the surface of human placental syncytial trophoblast.", "content": "These studies were designed to investigate the cytologic localization and topographic distribution of insulin receptors in human placental villi. Biochemical studies showed placental villi to specifically bind 125I-insulin. Radioautographic studies showed the specific binding to be localized to the surface of the syncytial trophoblast. Topographic distribution of insulin binding was determined with ferritin-insulin. Initial studies using ferritin-insulin containing some oligomers of ferritin revealed the insulin receptors to be specifically associated with the glycocalyx region of the surface membranes of microvilli. No insulin receptors were detectable in association with the intermicrovillous plasma membrane even though its glycocalyx is in direct continuity with the glycocalyx of microvilli. Monomeric ferritin-insulin showed the same nonuniform distribution of the insulin receptor, which suggests that there is not complete freedom of lateral mobility of the insulin receptors in the surface membrane of this tissue. The insulin receptors were found to occur as singletons or in groups of two or more. Incubations with monomeric ferritin-insulin at 4 degrees or with tissue prefixed with formaldehyde showed that the groups of insulin receptors were naturally occurring, i.e., they are present prior to and independent of insulin binding and thus not secondary to ligand-induced aggregation. The physiologic meaning of the nonuniform distribution and the groups of insulin receptors is unclear at present.", "contents": "Nonuniform distribution and grouping of insulin receptors on the surface of human placental syncytial trophoblast. These studies were designed to investigate the cytologic localization and topographic distribution of insulin receptors in human placental villi. Biochemical studies showed placental villi to specifically bind 125I-insulin. Radioautographic studies showed the specific binding to be localized to the surface of the syncytial trophoblast. Topographic distribution of insulin binding was determined with ferritin-insulin. Initial studies using ferritin-insulin containing some oligomers of ferritin revealed the insulin receptors to be specifically associated with the glycocalyx region of the surface membranes of microvilli. No insulin receptors were detectable in association with the intermicrovillous plasma membrane even though its glycocalyx is in direct continuity with the glycocalyx of microvilli. Monomeric ferritin-insulin showed the same nonuniform distribution of the insulin receptor, which suggests that there is not complete freedom of lateral mobility of the insulin receptors in the surface membrane of this tissue. The insulin receptors were found to occur as singletons or in groups of two or more. Incubations with monomeric ferritin-insulin at 4 degrees or with tissue prefixed with formaldehyde showed that the groups of insulin receptors were naturally occurring, i.e., they are present prior to and independent of insulin binding and thus not secondary to ligand-induced aggregation. The physiologic meaning of the nonuniform distribution and the groups of insulin receptors is unclear at present.", "PMID": 648742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4002", "title": "Ketoacids and the insulin receptor.", "content": "The binding of insulin to a specific receptor on IM-9-cultured human lymphocytes was studied in vitro under conditions simulating diabetic ketoacidosis. Compared with control incubations at pH 7.4, binding was reduced by 19 per cent at pH 7.1 and by 48 per cent at pH 6.8. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate, at concentrations similar to those seen clinically, \"restored\" insulin binding toward normal. We suggest that, by counteracting the effects of acidosis, ketoacids themselves maintain normal insulin-receptor binding in diabetic ketoacidosis. These data also illustrate that small molecules, present in vivo, can significantly alter the interactions between a hormone and its receptor in vitro.", "contents": "Ketoacids and the insulin receptor. The binding of insulin to a specific receptor on IM-9-cultured human lymphocytes was studied in vitro under conditions simulating diabetic ketoacidosis. Compared with control incubations at pH 7.4, binding was reduced by 19 per cent at pH 7.1 and by 48 per cent at pH 6.8. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate, at concentrations similar to those seen clinically, \"restored\" insulin binding toward normal. We suggest that, by counteracting the effects of acidosis, ketoacids themselves maintain normal insulin-receptor binding in diabetic ketoacidosis. These data also illustrate that small molecules, present in vivo, can significantly alter the interactions between a hormone and its receptor in vitro.", "PMID": 648743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4003", "title": "Age-related glucose intolerance in hyperthyroid patients.", "content": "In an attempt to study age-related metabolic abnormalities, glucose intolerance and serum insulin were examined in normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. For comparison, serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and total cholesterol were also measured in normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. Although serum T4 concentration remained unchanged, serum T3 concentration decreased significantly in an elderly group of normal subjects. Similarly, serum T4 did not change with age and serum T3 decreased slightly but progressively with age in hyperthyroid patients. In addition, serum total cholesterol concentration increased progressively with age in normal subjects. Oral glucose tolerance decreased with age in normal subjects despite the same timing, peak level attained, and total magnitude of insulin response for old and young subjects. Although the severity of hyperthyroidism decreases with age, age-related glucose intolerance was much more apparent in hyperthyroid patients because of the age-related decrease of basal concentration, the peak level attained, and the total magnitude of insulin response. It is suggested that age-related glucose intolerance is magnified by the hyperthyroid state.", "contents": "Age-related glucose intolerance in hyperthyroid patients. In an attempt to study age-related metabolic abnormalities, glucose intolerance and serum insulin were examined in normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. For comparison, serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and total cholesterol were also measured in normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. Although serum T4 concentration remained unchanged, serum T3 concentration decreased significantly in an elderly group of normal subjects. Similarly, serum T4 did not change with age and serum T3 decreased slightly but progressively with age in hyperthyroid patients. In addition, serum total cholesterol concentration increased progressively with age in normal subjects. Oral glucose tolerance decreased with age in normal subjects despite the same timing, peak level attained, and total magnitude of insulin response for old and young subjects. Although the severity of hyperthyroidism decreases with age, age-related glucose intolerance was much more apparent in hyperthyroid patients because of the age-related decrease of basal concentration, the peak level attained, and the total magnitude of insulin response. It is suggested that age-related glucose intolerance is magnified by the hyperthyroid state.", "PMID": 648744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4004", "title": "The site of insulin resistance in acute uremia.", "content": "In order to define the mechanism of glucose intolerance in acutely uremic rats, various studies were carried out 24 hours after bilateral nephrectomy. Glucose removal following intravenous glucose was significantly (p is less than 0.001) decreased in uremic rats compared with sham-operated rats (k = 2.1 +/- 0.03 per cent vs. 5.1 +/- 0.2 per cent). This deterioration in glucose tolerance was associated with higher insulin levels in uremic rats from one to 40 minutes after glucose administration, suggesting that insulin resistance accounted for the decrease in glucose removal by uremic rats. To identify the site of the insulin resistance, we compared the ability of insulin to enhance net glucose uptake by isolated perfused liver and muscle (hindlimb) preparations obtained from uremic and sham-operated rats. Insulin suppressed glucose outflow from perfused livers of uremic rats at least as well as it did from livers of sham-operated rats, and suppression occurred at both maximal ( greater than 600 micromicron./ml.) and threshold (75 micromicron./ml.) perfusate insulin levels. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the ability of insulin (mean perfusate level = 225 micromicron./ml.) to enhance glucose uptake of perfused hindlimbs of uremic as compared with sham-operated rats. These results suggest that the insulin resistance of acute uremia may be due primarily to decreased insulin-mediated uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle without any decrease in sensitivity of the liver to insulin.", "contents": "The site of insulin resistance in acute uremia. In order to define the mechanism of glucose intolerance in acutely uremic rats, various studies were carried out 24 hours after bilateral nephrectomy. Glucose removal following intravenous glucose was significantly (p is less than 0.001) decreased in uremic rats compared with sham-operated rats (k = 2.1 +/- 0.03 per cent vs. 5.1 +/- 0.2 per cent). This deterioration in glucose tolerance was associated with higher insulin levels in uremic rats from one to 40 minutes after glucose administration, suggesting that insulin resistance accounted for the decrease in glucose removal by uremic rats. To identify the site of the insulin resistance, we compared the ability of insulin to enhance net glucose uptake by isolated perfused liver and muscle (hindlimb) preparations obtained from uremic and sham-operated rats. Insulin suppressed glucose outflow from perfused livers of uremic rats at least as well as it did from livers of sham-operated rats, and suppression occurred at both maximal ( greater than 600 micromicron./ml.) and threshold (75 micromicron./ml.) perfusate insulin levels. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the ability of insulin (mean perfusate level = 225 micromicron./ml.) to enhance glucose uptake of perfused hindlimbs of uremic as compared with sham-operated rats. These results suggest that the insulin resistance of acute uremia may be due primarily to decreased insulin-mediated uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle without any decrease in sensitivity of the liver to insulin.", "PMID": 648747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4005", "title": "Neurotensin hyperglycemia:evidence for histamine mediation and the assessment of a possible physiologic role.", "content": "The hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic effects of systemically administered neurotensin in rats were investigated to explore the possibility that they are mediated by histamine and to determine whether neurotensin might have a role in the mediation of the responses to central nervous system glucopenia. The hyperglycemic response to neurotensin was partially blocked by the histamine H-1 receptor blockers, diphenhydramine and promethazine, and by the H-2 receptor blocker, cimetidine. The hyperglucagonemic response was completely blocked by diphenhydramine and promethazine and only partially blocked by cimetidine. The effects of histamine on glucose, glucagon, and insulin secretion were similar to those of neurotensin, and the inhibitory effects of both H-1 and H-2 blockers were comparable. The stimulatory effect of histamine on insulin secretion observed after adrenal autotransplantation was also similar to that previously reported for neurotensin. Neither antineurotensin serum nor diphenhydramine, however, was effective in blocking the hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic responses to the central administration of 2-deoxyglucose. The results are consistent with a histamine mediation of the effects of exogenously administered neurotensin but do not support a proposed role for neurotensin or histamine in the mediation of the hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic responses to central glucopenia.", "contents": "Neurotensin hyperglycemia:evidence for histamine mediation and the assessment of a possible physiologic role. The hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic effects of systemically administered neurotensin in rats were investigated to explore the possibility that they are mediated by histamine and to determine whether neurotensin might have a role in the mediation of the responses to central nervous system glucopenia. The hyperglycemic response to neurotensin was partially blocked by the histamine H-1 receptor blockers, diphenhydramine and promethazine, and by the H-2 receptor blocker, cimetidine. The hyperglucagonemic response was completely blocked by diphenhydramine and promethazine and only partially blocked by cimetidine. The effects of histamine on glucose, glucagon, and insulin secretion were similar to those of neurotensin, and the inhibitory effects of both H-1 and H-2 blockers were comparable. The stimulatory effect of histamine on insulin secretion observed after adrenal autotransplantation was also similar to that previously reported for neurotensin. Neither antineurotensin serum nor diphenhydramine, however, was effective in blocking the hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic responses to the central administration of 2-deoxyglucose. The results are consistent with a histamine mediation of the effects of exogenously administered neurotensin but do not support a proposed role for neurotensin or histamine in the mediation of the hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic responses to central glucopenia.", "PMID": 648748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4006", "title": "Effects of glucose and sorbitol on proliferation of cultured human skin fibroblasts and arterial smooth-muscle cells.", "content": "To determine effects of metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus on proliferation of diploid human cells, cultured human skin fibroblasts and arterial smooth-muscle cells were grown in media containing added glucose in the range often seen in diabetic subjects (10 to 30 mM, 180 to 550 mg./dl.). \"High\" glucose media enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts, with an \"optimal\" response at about 18 mM (325 mg./dl.). Equimolar sorbitol gave similar results, with the greatest increase in proliferation occurring at about the same concentration as for glucose (1 mM). Since neither equimolar mannitol nor sucrose produced such effects consistently, these results cannot be explained solely on the basis of hyperosmolarity. In contrast, arterial smooth-muscle cells failed to show a consistent growth response in the presence of either added glucose or sorbitol. These results suggest that studies with cultured human cells may be useful in assessment of responses to components of the disordered metabolic milieu of diabetes. Such studies of arterial smooth-muscle cells should also be useful for investigation of the mechanism of atherosclerosis in diabetes.", "contents": "Effects of glucose and sorbitol on proliferation of cultured human skin fibroblasts and arterial smooth-muscle cells. To determine effects of metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus on proliferation of diploid human cells, cultured human skin fibroblasts and arterial smooth-muscle cells were grown in media containing added glucose in the range often seen in diabetic subjects (10 to 30 mM, 180 to 550 mg./dl.). \"High\" glucose media enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts, with an \"optimal\" response at about 18 mM (325 mg./dl.). Equimolar sorbitol gave similar results, with the greatest increase in proliferation occurring at about the same concentration as for glucose (1 mM). Since neither equimolar mannitol nor sucrose produced such effects consistently, these results cannot be explained solely on the basis of hyperosmolarity. In contrast, arterial smooth-muscle cells failed to show a consistent growth response in the presence of either added glucose or sorbitol. These results suggest that studies with cultured human cells may be useful in assessment of responses to components of the disordered metabolic milieu of diabetes. Such studies of arterial smooth-muscle cells should also be useful for investigation of the mechanism of atherosclerosis in diabetes.", "PMID": 648749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4007", "title": "Multiple daily insulin injections in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The Job study revisited.", "content": "Data based on the prospective study of Job et al. are reanalyzed while initial number of microaneurysms and duration of patient follow-up are controlled. The reported statistical difference in the rate of microaneurysm increase between the single- and the multiple-daily-injection groups may be due to a difference in a subgroup who had a larger number of microaneurysms initially and who were studied for a shorter period of time. No uniform difference was observed in the results of their treatment between the groups given a single injection and those given multiple injections. While this does not invalidate the conclusions of the study, it does point out the need for greater control in conducting future studies.", "contents": "Multiple daily insulin injections in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The Job study revisited. Data based on the prospective study of Job et al. are reanalyzed while initial number of microaneurysms and duration of patient follow-up are controlled. The reported statistical difference in the rate of microaneurysm increase between the single- and the multiple-daily-injection groups may be due to a difference in a subgroup who had a larger number of microaneurysms initially and who were studied for a shorter period of time. No uniform difference was observed in the results of their treatment between the groups given a single injection and those given multiple injections. While this does not invalidate the conclusions of the study, it does point out the need for greater control in conducting future studies.", "PMID": 648750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4008", "title": "Synthetic fragment of human growth hormone with hyperglycemic properties: residues 44-77.", "content": "Peptides homologous to Cys53 44-77 and Cys53 52-77 of the human growth hormone molecule were prepared by solid-phase synthesis and tested by our acute glucose tolerance test in ob/ob mice. Peptide 44-77, as either the Acm-Cys53 or Cam-Cys53 derivative, adversely affects glucose tolerance at doses of 100 to 150 nmol. Peptide 52-77 is nonhyperglycemic. Other diabetogenic properties are being tested.", "contents": "Synthetic fragment of human growth hormone with hyperglycemic properties: residues 44-77. Peptides homologous to Cys53 44-77 and Cys53 52-77 of the human growth hormone molecule were prepared by solid-phase synthesis and tested by our acute glucose tolerance test in ob/ob mice. Peptide 44-77, as either the Acm-Cys53 or Cam-Cys53 derivative, adversely affects glucose tolerance at doses of 100 to 150 nmol. Peptide 52-77 is nonhyperglycemic. Other diabetogenic properties are being tested.", "PMID": 648751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4009", "title": "Increased glomerular permeability to albumin induced by exercise in diabetic subjects.", "content": "The urinary excretion of albumin was measured in insulin-dependent diabetics under ordinary conditions of life and in response to exercise. Possible mechanisms of exercise induced albuminuria in diabetics were also investigated. Under ordinary conditions of life the insulin-treated diabetics, as a group, had a higher mean urinary albumin excretion than normal controls; however, half of the diabetics had albumin excretion rates within the control range. A given exercise load (600 kpm/min for 20 min) produced an exaggerated albumin excretion in diabetics, particularly evident in the post-exercise period. The elevated urinary albumin excretion was due to an increased transglomerular passage of albumin, not to reduced tubular reabsorption. The increase was not associated with differences in blood pressure or urine flow between controls and diabetics. This exercise test has proved to be a suitable provocation test to unmask abnormalities in the glomerular handling of albumin that might not be recognisable at rest.", "contents": "Increased glomerular permeability to albumin induced by exercise in diabetic subjects. The urinary excretion of albumin was measured in insulin-dependent diabetics under ordinary conditions of life and in response to exercise. Possible mechanisms of exercise induced albuminuria in diabetics were also investigated. Under ordinary conditions of life the insulin-treated diabetics, as a group, had a higher mean urinary albumin excretion than normal controls; however, half of the diabetics had albumin excretion rates within the control range. A given exercise load (600 kpm/min for 20 min) produced an exaggerated albumin excretion in diabetics, particularly evident in the post-exercise period. The elevated urinary albumin excretion was due to an increased transglomerular passage of albumin, not to reduced tubular reabsorption. The increase was not associated with differences in blood pressure or urine flow between controls and diabetics. This exercise test has proved to be a suitable provocation test to unmask abnormalities in the glomerular handling of albumin that might not be recognisable at rest.", "PMID": 648761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4010", "title": "Anti-insulin receptor antibodies inhibit insulin binding and stimulate glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Autoantibodies against the insulin receptor are found in the serum of some patients with severe insulin resistance. The effects of one of these sera on insulin binding and on glucose transport and metabolism were investigated in the isolated mouse soleus muscle. Preincubation of muscles with the patient's serum resulted in an inhibition of subsequent 125I-insulin binding (half-maximal effect at 1:500 dilution) and in a two to three-fold stimulation of glucose transport and metabolism (half-maximal effect at 1:2000 dilution). The insulin-like effects were blocked by anti-human IgG, but not by anti-insulin antibodies. The magnitude of the serum effects on 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glycolysis was similar to that of insulin, but the effect on glycogen synthesis was smaller than that of insulin. It is suggested that the patient's serum and insulin promote glucose transport and glycolysis through a common pathway, but act differently on glycogen synthesis.", "contents": "Anti-insulin receptor antibodies inhibit insulin binding and stimulate glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. Autoantibodies against the insulin receptor are found in the serum of some patients with severe insulin resistance. The effects of one of these sera on insulin binding and on glucose transport and metabolism were investigated in the isolated mouse soleus muscle. Preincubation of muscles with the patient's serum resulted in an inhibition of subsequent 125I-insulin binding (half-maximal effect at 1:500 dilution) and in a two to three-fold stimulation of glucose transport and metabolism (half-maximal effect at 1:2000 dilution). The insulin-like effects were blocked by anti-human IgG, but not by anti-insulin antibodies. The magnitude of the serum effects on 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glycolysis was similar to that of insulin, but the effect on glycogen synthesis was smaller than that of insulin. It is suggested that the patient's serum and insulin promote glucose transport and glycolysis through a common pathway, but act differently on glycogen synthesis.", "PMID": 648762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4011", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of insulin resistance after injury in the mouse.", "content": "Acute insulin resistance developed after scald injury in the mouse. After 2h plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were each raised about two-fold. Glucose metabolism was studied in vitro in soleus muscles isolated at this time. Glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, and their stimulation by insulin, were unchanged in muscles from scalded mice, and insulin-stimulated transport of 2-deoxyglucose slightly increased, showing that the insulin resistance seen in vivo is not maintained in isolated tissues. Binding of insulin to liver cell membranes prepared from scalded mice was unaltered, whilst that of glucagon was slightly but significantly reduced, showing that changes in polypeptide-hormone receptors can occur within this short time. It was concluded that the acute loss of sensitivity to insulin after injury does not result from a change in insulin receptor sites and presumably reflects an impairment of glucose metabolism in vivo mediated by circulating hormones.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of insulin resistance after injury in the mouse. Acute insulin resistance developed after scald injury in the mouse. After 2h plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were each raised about two-fold. Glucose metabolism was studied in vitro in soleus muscles isolated at this time. Glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, and their stimulation by insulin, were unchanged in muscles from scalded mice, and insulin-stimulated transport of 2-deoxyglucose slightly increased, showing that the insulin resistance seen in vivo is not maintained in isolated tissues. Binding of insulin to liver cell membranes prepared from scalded mice was unaltered, whilst that of glucagon was slightly but significantly reduced, showing that changes in polypeptide-hormone receptors can occur within this short time. It was concluded that the acute loss of sensitivity to insulin after injury does not result from a change in insulin receptor sites and presumably reflects an impairment of glucose metabolism in vivo mediated by circulating hormones.", "PMID": 648763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4012", "title": "[An epidemiological study of congenital heart disease. I. Incidence of cardiovascular malformations in 11,584 live-born babies in the District of Florence (Italy) (author's transl)].", "content": "11,584 consecutive live-born babies in the Ostetric Clinic of Florence in the years 1975 and 1976 were examined for the presence of congenital heart disease. Diagnosis was made by necropsy, cardiac catheterization and operation in 20% of cases and by clinical observations in 80%. The 74% of babies who were diagnosed as affected by congenital heart disease at birth were eventually controlled. The incidence of congenital heart disease was 7.1% in 10,789 live-born of weight over 2500 g while it was 37% in 795 under such weight. Global incidence was 9.2%. The first essentials in epidemiological study of congenital heart malformations is to define the method which is used for diagnosis since this is the primary factor responsible for wide variations in incidence. It is suggested that the institution of a Regional Register of malformations would allow more accurate estimate of overall incidence of congenital cardiopathies.", "contents": "[An epidemiological study of congenital heart disease. I. Incidence of cardiovascular malformations in 11,584 live-born babies in the District of Florence (Italy) (author's transl)]. 11,584 consecutive live-born babies in the Ostetric Clinic of Florence in the years 1975 and 1976 were examined for the presence of congenital heart disease. Diagnosis was made by necropsy, cardiac catheterization and operation in 20% of cases and by clinical observations in 80%. The 74% of babies who were diagnosed as affected by congenital heart disease at birth were eventually controlled. The incidence of congenital heart disease was 7.1% in 10,789 live-born of weight over 2500 g while it was 37% in 795 under such weight. Global incidence was 9.2%. The first essentials in epidemiological study of congenital heart malformations is to define the method which is used for diagnosis since this is the primary factor responsible for wide variations in incidence. It is suggested that the institution of a Regional Register of malformations would allow more accurate estimate of overall incidence of congenital cardiopathies.", "PMID": 648771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4013", "title": "[Phenocardiographic and auscultatory patterns in patients with normally functioning Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Phonocardiographic examination was carried out in 40 patients who had undergone to aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prothesis. The regular function of the prothesis was evaluated on the basis of the physical, radiological and electrocardiographic data. In the majority of the cases the first sound was slight. The prosthetic closing sound was made of two components (a2, A2) and the opening sound by one or more components (C1, C2, C3). A sistolic aortic murmur was always present, and a diastolic murmur has been found in 20% of the cases.", "contents": "[Phenocardiographic and auscultatory patterns in patients with normally functioning Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis (author's transl)]. Phonocardiographic examination was carried out in 40 patients who had undergone to aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prothesis. The regular function of the prothesis was evaluated on the basis of the physical, radiological and electrocardiographic data. In the majority of the cases the first sound was slight. The prosthetic closing sound was made of two components (a2, A2) and the opening sound by one or more components (C1, C2, C3). A sistolic aortic murmur was always present, and a diastolic murmur has been found in 20% of the cases.", "PMID": 648773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4014", "title": "[Anomalous muscle band of the right ventricle. Part II: Report of six cases associated to other cardiac congenital malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of anomalous muscle band of the right ventricle associated to other cardiac congenital malformations are described. In five of them ventricular septum defect was present; in one aortic valvular stenosis with supravalvular diaphragm, plus right pulmonary artery stenosis. Modification in pathophysiology of ventricular septum defect due to the obstacle represents by the anomalous muscle band in the right ventricle are discussed in detail. In every case corrected diagnosis was suggested by right ventricle angiography.", "contents": "[Anomalous muscle band of the right ventricle. Part II: Report of six cases associated to other cardiac congenital malformations (author's transl)]. Six cases of anomalous muscle band of the right ventricle associated to other cardiac congenital malformations are described. In five of them ventricular septum defect was present; in one aortic valvular stenosis with supravalvular diaphragm, plus right pulmonary artery stenosis. Modification in pathophysiology of ventricular septum defect due to the obstacle represents by the anomalous muscle band in the right ventricle are discussed in detail. In every case corrected diagnosis was suggested by right ventricle angiography.", "PMID": 648774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4015", "title": "[Observations on the sequence of endocardial activation in the left ventricle of the normal subject].", "content": "To obtain information on normal left ventricular activation, endocardial recordings with an electrode catheter were made a seven left ventricular sites in ten patients undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization. All the patients had: 1) sinus rhythm; 2) normal duration and shape of the QRS complex of left chest leads; 3) normal left ventriculography, i.e. normal volume and contractility of the left ventricle. The earliest left ventricular endocardial activation was recorded at septal and/or posterior level, i.e. at the septum (6 to 16 msec, average 9.7 msec, after the onset of intracardiac QRS complex) in seven patients; at the posterior wall (0 to 4 msec, average 2.6 msec, after the onset of intracardiac QRS complex) in three patients (in one of these, the earliest activation occurred at the posterior wall and apex simulaneously). If the earliest activation occurred at the left interventricular septum, the next excited point was found on the posterior wall or at the apex, and vice versa. The latest part to be activated was on the lateral free wall in seven patients; on the posterior wall in two patients; at the apex in the last one.", "contents": "[Observations on the sequence of endocardial activation in the left ventricle of the normal subject]. To obtain information on normal left ventricular activation, endocardial recordings with an electrode catheter were made a seven left ventricular sites in ten patients undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization. All the patients had: 1) sinus rhythm; 2) normal duration and shape of the QRS complex of left chest leads; 3) normal left ventriculography, i.e. normal volume and contractility of the left ventricle. The earliest left ventricular endocardial activation was recorded at septal and/or posterior level, i.e. at the septum (6 to 16 msec, average 9.7 msec, after the onset of intracardiac QRS complex) in seven patients; at the posterior wall (0 to 4 msec, average 2.6 msec, after the onset of intracardiac QRS complex) in three patients (in one of these, the earliest activation occurred at the posterior wall and apex simulaneously). If the earliest activation occurred at the left interventricular septum, the next excited point was found on the posterior wall or at the apex, and vice versa. The latest part to be activated was on the lateral free wall in seven patients; on the posterior wall in two patients; at the apex in the last one.", "PMID": 648775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4016", "title": "[Pacemakers: concerning check-ups (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have re-examined their case histories of 1503 patients who have had 2459 pacemakers implanted and who have undergone check-ups as outpatients. All the complications which have arisen from 1967 to the present have been taken into consideration. The total number of complications has been found in 355 patients with 14% of the total number of pacemakers and they have been subdivided into 3 groups: 1st group: complications arising during the stay in hospital (110); 2nd group: complications arising after discharge from hospital and discovered by the patient (239); 3rd group: complications found casually during outpatients' check-ups (6). Of the complications found after discharge, 97% belong to the second group and only 3% to the third group. 657 substituted pacemakers have also been taken into consideration with the purpose of finding out the parameters which showed up as the battery was running down. Out of 145 pacemakers substituted because of flat batteries, 130 (90%) have shown brusque variations in the frequency of stimulation, while only 15 (10%) have shown variations in other parameters (width, length of impulse, etc). The Authors therefore retain that a periodic outpatients' check-up of the pacemakers is of little use as regards the patients' safety and the complete utilization of the device, while they advise that the patient be educated so as to be able to carry out his own daily control of the pacemaker.", "contents": "[Pacemakers: concerning check-ups (author's transl)]. The Authors have re-examined their case histories of 1503 patients who have had 2459 pacemakers implanted and who have undergone check-ups as outpatients. All the complications which have arisen from 1967 to the present have been taken into consideration. The total number of complications has been found in 355 patients with 14% of the total number of pacemakers and they have been subdivided into 3 groups: 1st group: complications arising during the stay in hospital (110); 2nd group: complications arising after discharge from hospital and discovered by the patient (239); 3rd group: complications found casually during outpatients' check-ups (6). Of the complications found after discharge, 97% belong to the second group and only 3% to the third group. 657 substituted pacemakers have also been taken into consideration with the purpose of finding out the parameters which showed up as the battery was running down. Out of 145 pacemakers substituted because of flat batteries, 130 (90%) have shown brusque variations in the frequency of stimulation, while only 15 (10%) have shown variations in other parameters (width, length of impulse, etc). The Authors therefore retain that a periodic outpatients' check-up of the pacemakers is of little use as regards the patients' safety and the complete utilization of the device, while they advise that the patient be educated so as to be able to carry out his own daily control of the pacemaker.", "PMID": 648777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4017", "title": "[The antegrade GAPs (author's transl)].", "content": "GAP in a-v conduction is defined as a zone within the cardiac cycle where premature atrial impulses fail to evoke ventricular responses whereas atrial beats of greater and lesser prematurity do. This phenomenon occurs when the effective refractory period (ERP) of a distal site is greater than the functional refractory period (FRP) of a proximal site of the conduction system. To date, Damato and Co. classify antegrade gaps into six types on the basis of blocks location and proximal delay that permits conduction recovery: type I: HPS and AVN; type II: HPS (distal) and HPS (proximal); type III: HPS and His-bundle; type IV: AVN (distal) and AVN (proximal); type V: AVN or HPS and atrium; type pseudo-V: AVN or HPS and antrial miocardium proximal to stimulation site; type VI: HPS and supernormality (no proximal delay). The Authors propose, on the basis of 37 cases of GAP phenomenon observed in 185 electrophysiological studies, a new classification of antegrade gaps, which complete and partially modifies Damato's one. Tyes I-II-II-IV and V are divided into A and B forms according to the type and the site of the distal block. GAP type VI is replaced by Damato's pseudo-V. Two new types are proposed: in the first (type VII) the distal block is in the atrium and the proximal delay is in atrial miocardium proximal to stimulation site; in the second (type VIII), in subjects with pre-excitation, the block is in the accessory pathway and the proximal delay is in atrium.", "contents": "[The antegrade GAPs (author's transl)]. GAP in a-v conduction is defined as a zone within the cardiac cycle where premature atrial impulses fail to evoke ventricular responses whereas atrial beats of greater and lesser prematurity do. This phenomenon occurs when the effective refractory period (ERP) of a distal site is greater than the functional refractory period (FRP) of a proximal site of the conduction system. To date, Damato and Co. classify antegrade gaps into six types on the basis of blocks location and proximal delay that permits conduction recovery: type I: HPS and AVN; type II: HPS (distal) and HPS (proximal); type III: HPS and His-bundle; type IV: AVN (distal) and AVN (proximal); type V: AVN or HPS and atrium; type pseudo-V: AVN or HPS and antrial miocardium proximal to stimulation site; type VI: HPS and supernormality (no proximal delay). The Authors propose, on the basis of 37 cases of GAP phenomenon observed in 185 electrophysiological studies, a new classification of antegrade gaps, which complete and partially modifies Damato's one. Tyes I-II-II-IV and V are divided into A and B forms according to the type and the site of the distal block. GAP type VI is replaced by Damato's pseudo-V. Two new types are proposed: in the first (type VII) the distal block is in the atrium and the proximal delay is in atrial miocardium proximal to stimulation site; in the second (type VIII), in subjects with pre-excitation, the block is in the accessory pathway and the proximal delay is in atrium.", "PMID": 648780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4018", "title": "[Analysis of Luciani-Wenckebach periodism in A-V node. I. Typical features (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrocardiograms of 20 patients developing Wenckebach A-V block duting atrial pacing and 20 with spontaneous Wenckebach block were reviewed to determine the frequency of typical features of classical Wenckebach periodicity. Few cases only met all six typical criteria. Cases with long cycles with conduction ratios of 5/4, with Wenchkebach point less than 130 min, and with first greater than A-H 110 msec were the most likely to show typical features. The implications of these observations are discussed on the basis of modern hypothesis of electrophysiological mechanisms of Wenckebach periodism.", "contents": "[Analysis of Luciani-Wenckebach periodism in A-V node. I. Typical features (author's transl)]. Electrocardiograms of 20 patients developing Wenckebach A-V block duting atrial pacing and 20 with spontaneous Wenckebach block were reviewed to determine the frequency of typical features of classical Wenckebach periodicity. Few cases only met all six typical criteria. Cases with long cycles with conduction ratios of 5/4, with Wenchkebach point less than 130 min, and with first greater than A-H 110 msec were the most likely to show typical features. The implications of these observations are discussed on the basis of modern hypothesis of electrophysiological mechanisms of Wenckebach periodism.", "PMID": 648781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4019", "title": "[The conservative mitral valve surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1969 to 1976 at Harefield Hospital 260 patients underwent conservative mitral valve surgery. The different techniques used are described. Of the 223 patients followed up (1 to 8 years, mean follow up 48 months) 73% are asymptomatic, 20%  are improved and 7% are the same or worse. A conservative operation is possible in approximately 85% of the cases and according to our results this should be the operation of choice in mitral valve surgery.", "contents": "[The conservative mitral valve surgery (author's transl)]. From 1969 to 1976 at Harefield Hospital 260 patients underwent conservative mitral valve surgery. The different techniques used are described. Of the 223 patients followed up (1 to 8 years, mean follow up 48 months) 73% are asymptomatic, 20%  are improved and 7% are the same or worse. A conservative operation is possible in approximately 85% of the cases and according to our results this should be the operation of choice in mitral valve surgery.", "PMID": 648783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4020", "title": "[The incomplete atrio-ventricular canal. Operative and long term results in 100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "100 patients with endocardial cushion defect of the partial type underwent surgical correction between the years 1957-1975. The age of patients ranged from 3 to 57 years with a mean of 18 years. In 89 patients there was a mitral insufficiency. The repair of the mitral valve was performed in 78 patients; in 21 was repaired also the tricuspidal valve. The hospital mortality was of 8 patients. The mortality was correlated with the age of the patients, the pulmonary pressure and with the presence of malformations of the tricuspid valve. A major complication was represented by a complete atrioventricular block that occurred in 8 patients, in 5 of these the block disappeared before the dimission from the hospital. 86 patients have been followed for a period variable from 2 to 228 months and an average of 61 months. The late mortality was of 4 patients. Two patients have been reoperated of mitral valve replacement because of residual important mitral insufficiency. The phonocardiographic study, done in 50 patients, showed a presence of a holosystolic murmur in 20. The standard X-ray chest and electrocardiogram iid not show important changes between the pre and post operative examination.", "contents": "[The incomplete atrio-ventricular canal. Operative and long term results in 100 cases (author's transl)]. 100 patients with endocardial cushion defect of the partial type underwent surgical correction between the years 1957-1975. The age of patients ranged from 3 to 57 years with a mean of 18 years. In 89 patients there was a mitral insufficiency. The repair of the mitral valve was performed in 78 patients; in 21 was repaired also the tricuspidal valve. The hospital mortality was of 8 patients. The mortality was correlated with the age of the patients, the pulmonary pressure and with the presence of malformations of the tricuspid valve. A major complication was represented by a complete atrioventricular block that occurred in 8 patients, in 5 of these the block disappeared before the dimission from the hospital. 86 patients have been followed for a period variable from 2 to 228 months and an average of 61 months. The late mortality was of 4 patients. Two patients have been reoperated of mitral valve replacement because of residual important mitral insufficiency. The phonocardiographic study, done in 50 patients, showed a presence of a holosystolic murmur in 20. The standard X-ray chest and electrocardiogram iid not show important changes between the pre and post operative examination.", "PMID": 648784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4021", "title": "[Anatomy and embriology of double outlet right ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "After formulating the definition of double outlet right ventricle (DORV) as the persistence origin of the trunco-conal structures from the right ventricle, 64 autopsy cases meeting this definition were reviewed. A wide spectrum of anatomic variations of DORV were found. A classification is proposed based upon the type of relationship between the great vessels and upon the presence and type of ventricular septal defect. Twenty-five cases had normally crossed great arteries (13 of which had pulmonic stenosis), nine cases had transposed vessels and 23 cases had a double muscular conus and a side-by-side arrangement of the great vessels in the frontal view, a relationship called \"partial distortion\" or atypical transposition. Seven cases had absent trunco-conal septum (common truncus). Only one case had intact ventricular septum. Anterior ventricular septal defect was found only in cases with partial distortion or common truncus. Angiographic and surgical correlations are presented. Because of their great heterogeneity, the need for detailed description of the anatomy of the individual case of DORV is emphasized.", "contents": "[Anatomy and embriology of double outlet right ventricle (author's transl)]. After formulating the definition of double outlet right ventricle (DORV) as the persistence origin of the trunco-conal structures from the right ventricle, 64 autopsy cases meeting this definition were reviewed. A wide spectrum of anatomic variations of DORV were found. A classification is proposed based upon the type of relationship between the great vessels and upon the presence and type of ventricular septal defect. Twenty-five cases had normally crossed great arteries (13 of which had pulmonic stenosis), nine cases had transposed vessels and 23 cases had a double muscular conus and a side-by-side arrangement of the great vessels in the frontal view, a relationship called \"partial distortion\" or atypical transposition. Seven cases had absent trunco-conal septum (common truncus). Only one case had intact ventricular septum. Anterior ventricular septal defect was found only in cases with partial distortion or common truncus. Angiographic and surgical correlations are presented. Because of their great heterogeneity, the need for detailed description of the anatomy of the individual case of DORV is emphasized.", "PMID": 648785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4022", "title": "[Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension by means of noninvasive techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "On 33 patients with mitralic heart disease (III and IV class N.Y.H.A.) we have carried out polimechanical investigations (ecg, fcg, x-ray examination, external heart impulse record) and the following parameters was determined: 1) interval Q-I sound; 2) interval II sound-OS; 3) Wells's index; 4) Q-I sound/II sound-OS ratio; 5) duration of electromechanical systole of right ventricle; 6) duration of external heart impulse; 7) relative amplitude of E and E1 as percentage of amplitude from E point to nadir point; 8) relaxation isovolumetric time of right ventricle; 9) medium value of pulmonary capillary pressure, total pulmonary resistances, and area of mitral valve. The results demonstrate that there is a correlation between these parameters and the pulmonary blood pressure, whose value is possible to determine as well as haemodynamic investigation. The data indicate validity of non invasive techniques in detecting pulmonary hypertension in mitralic valve diseases.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension by means of noninvasive techniques (author's transl)]. On 33 patients with mitralic heart disease (III and IV class N.Y.H.A.) we have carried out polimechanical investigations (ecg, fcg, x-ray examination, external heart impulse record) and the following parameters was determined: 1) interval Q-I sound; 2) interval II sound-OS; 3) Wells's index; 4) Q-I sound/II sound-OS ratio; 5) duration of electromechanical systole of right ventricle; 6) duration of external heart impulse; 7) relative amplitude of E and E1 as percentage of amplitude from E point to nadir point; 8) relaxation isovolumetric time of right ventricle; 9) medium value of pulmonary capillary pressure, total pulmonary resistances, and area of mitral valve. The results demonstrate that there is a correlation between these parameters and the pulmonary blood pressure, whose value is possible to determine as well as haemodynamic investigation. The data indicate validity of non invasive techniques in detecting pulmonary hypertension in mitralic valve diseases.", "PMID": 648786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4023", "title": "[Effect of potassium chloride on myocardial stimulation threshold and correlated electrophysiologic parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of KCl on different electrophysiologic parameters and myocardial stimulation threshold (MST) are considered in 9 patients with cardiac pacemaker. Reduction of MST during the diastolic period and the supernormal phase of excitability (SNP), depression of automaticity and slight bradycardia have been observed. The Authors, on the basis of kaliemia values and electrophysiologic parameters, emphasize the improvement of myocardial responsiveness when kaliemia does not exceed 6.5 mEq/l. The electrophysiologic effects of KCl are compared with those obtained in vitro on the transmembrane potential. Therapeutic effects for the treatment of arrhythmias and exit block in patients with cardiac pacemakers are considered.", "contents": "[Effect of potassium chloride on myocardial stimulation threshold and correlated electrophysiologic parameters (author's transl)]. The influence of KCl on different electrophysiologic parameters and myocardial stimulation threshold (MST) are considered in 9 patients with cardiac pacemaker. Reduction of MST during the diastolic period and the supernormal phase of excitability (SNP), depression of automaticity and slight bradycardia have been observed. The Authors, on the basis of kaliemia values and electrophysiologic parameters, emphasize the improvement of myocardial responsiveness when kaliemia does not exceed 6.5 mEq/l. The electrophysiologic effects of KCl are compared with those obtained in vitro on the transmembrane potential. Therapeutic effects for the treatment of arrhythmias and exit block in patients with cardiac pacemakers are considered.", "PMID": 648787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4024", "title": "[Swallowing-induced supraventricular tachycardias in an asymptomatic young man (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patterns of swallowing-induced supraventricular tachycardia in an asymptomatic young man are described. The patient had no esophageal disease. The electrophysiologic mechanism of arrhythmias remains speculative. Vagal stimulation produced by swallowing appears to cause tachcardias because atropine (1,5 mg iv) prevents their occurrrence.", "contents": "[Swallowing-induced supraventricular tachycardias in an asymptomatic young man (author's transl)]. Three patterns of swallowing-induced supraventricular tachycardia in an asymptomatic young man are described. The patient had no esophageal disease. The electrophysiologic mechanism of arrhythmias remains speculative. Vagal stimulation produced by swallowing appears to cause tachcardias because atropine (1,5 mg iv) prevents their occurrrence.", "PMID": 648788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4025", "title": "Secretin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer, chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Secretin releasing response to intraduodenal acid infusion was investigated in 15 cases of diseased control, 7 cases of duodenal ulcer, 5 cases of chronic pancreatitis, and 6 cases of diabetes mellitus. Plasma secretin levels in response to duodenal acidification were less in duodenal ulcer and the appearance of the maximal peak was delayed compared with that found in control. It is suggested that the secretin release was impaired in duodenal ulcer in spite of hypersecretion of gastric acids. In chronic pancreatitis, secretin releasing response to acidification was markedly impaired, in addition, inhibition of secretin release by bicarbonate was diminished due to a lack of bicarbonate flow from the pancreas. On the other hand, although the response of secretin release in diabetes mellitus was also lower compared with that in control group, the capacity of secretin response showed values in-between control subjects and chronic pancreatitis. This research was supported in part by grant from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in Japan.", "contents": "Secretin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer, chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus. Secretin releasing response to intraduodenal acid infusion was investigated in 15 cases of diseased control, 7 cases of duodenal ulcer, 5 cases of chronic pancreatitis, and 6 cases of diabetes mellitus. Plasma secretin levels in response to duodenal acidification were less in duodenal ulcer and the appearance of the maximal peak was delayed compared with that found in control. It is suggested that the secretin release was impaired in duodenal ulcer in spite of hypersecretion of gastric acids. In chronic pancreatitis, secretin releasing response to acidification was markedly impaired, in addition, inhibition of secretin release by bicarbonate was diminished due to a lack of bicarbonate flow from the pancreas. On the other hand, although the response of secretin release in diabetes mellitus was also lower compared with that in control group, the capacity of secretin response showed values in-between control subjects and chronic pancreatitis. This research was supported in part by grant from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in Japan.", "PMID": 648803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4026", "title": "The diagnostic value of pneumoperitoneogram for splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases.", "content": "The splenic enlargement is an important symptoms of portal hypertension, and various attempts have been made to objectively describe it. But, endoscopic diagnosis for splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases may be sometimes difficult for these uncharacteristic appearances. The pneumoperitoneography was performed in 141 chronic liver diseases just before laparoscopic procedure, size and form of the spleen on X-ray film were measured and analysed. We have compared these results with the laparoscopic findings (the gross appearance of liver and spleen, the degree of portal hypertension, etc), the patterns on scintigram and the histological findings of the liver. There were fairely good correlation between the splenic findings on radiogram and above factors, especially the size of the spleen was gradually increased according to the degree of portal hypertension and the fibrous change of the liver specimens. In conclusion, the findings of spleen on pneumoperitoneogram were valuable for diagnosis of splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of pneumoperitoneogram for splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases. The splenic enlargement is an important symptoms of portal hypertension, and various attempts have been made to objectively describe it. But, endoscopic diagnosis for splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases may be sometimes difficult for these uncharacteristic appearances. The pneumoperitoneography was performed in 141 chronic liver diseases just before laparoscopic procedure, size and form of the spleen on X-ray film were measured and analysed. We have compared these results with the laparoscopic findings (the gross appearance of liver and spleen, the degree of portal hypertension, etc), the patterns on scintigram and the histological findings of the liver. There were fairely good correlation between the splenic findings on radiogram and above factors, especially the size of the spleen was gradually increased according to the degree of portal hypertension and the fibrous change of the liver specimens. In conclusion, the findings of spleen on pneumoperitoneogram were valuable for diagnosis of splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases.", "PMID": 648804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4027", "title": "The effect of motilin on the gastrointestinal propulsion in rats.", "content": "We studied the gastrointestinal propulsion in unanaesthetized rats by 51Cr method that permits the simultaneous determination of two functions of the gastric emptying and the intestinal propulsion. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The semi-logarithmic presentation of the gastric emptying showed a linear relationship with the time. 2) When synthetic motilin was subcutaneously injected at the dose of 1 microgram/kg, the gastric emptying was promoted to a statistically significant extent.", "contents": "The effect of motilin on the gastrointestinal propulsion in rats. We studied the gastrointestinal propulsion in unanaesthetized rats by 51Cr method that permits the simultaneous determination of two functions of the gastric emptying and the intestinal propulsion. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The semi-logarithmic presentation of the gastric emptying showed a linear relationship with the time. 2) When synthetic motilin was subcutaneously injected at the dose of 1 microgram/kg, the gastric emptying was promoted to a statistically significant extent.", "PMID": 648805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4028", "title": "Specific cancer immunotherapy adjunctive to surgery for advanced gastric cancer: a report of six long term survivors.", "content": "In order to improve the results with non-curatively resected advanced gastric cancer, we have tried specific cancer immunotherapy adjunctive to surgery. In this article, six long term survivors (median 6.2 years) are reported.", "contents": "Specific cancer immunotherapy adjunctive to surgery for advanced gastric cancer: a report of six long term survivors. In order to improve the results with non-curatively resected advanced gastric cancer, we have tried specific cancer immunotherapy adjunctive to surgery. In this article, six long term survivors (median 6.2 years) are reported.", "PMID": 648806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4029", "title": "Studies on the CEA-like substance in gastric juice.", "content": "Concentration and heterogeneity of CEA-like substance in gastric juice were studied using radioimmunoassay. Statistically significant increase of CEA-like substance in gastric juice was found in advanced atrophic gastritis (P less than 0.01), early gastric cancer (P less than 0.05) and advanced gastric cancer (P less than 0.01) as compared with normal subjects. In cases with atrophic gastritis with a high degree of intestinal metaplasia, the concentrations above 300 microgram/dl were noticed. The results indicate that increased concentrations of CEA-like substance in gastric secretions may strongly suggest the presence of a marked intestinal metaplasia and/or cancerous changes of gastric mucosae, including the early cancer. The distribution of CEA activity in gel filtration fractions of gastric juice was compared using kits of two different radioimmunoassay systems. The patterns of CEA activities were different between the two different kits used, but the main peaks were located in the fractions with the molecular weight of 20x10(4) daltons corresponding to that of serum CEA. It is considered, however, that the CEA-like substance in gastric juice specimens may be more or less heterogenous when any of the methods is used.", "contents": "Studies on the CEA-like substance in gastric juice. Concentration and heterogeneity of CEA-like substance in gastric juice were studied using radioimmunoassay. Statistically significant increase of CEA-like substance in gastric juice was found in advanced atrophic gastritis (P less than 0.01), early gastric cancer (P less than 0.05) and advanced gastric cancer (P less than 0.01) as compared with normal subjects. In cases with atrophic gastritis with a high degree of intestinal metaplasia, the concentrations above 300 microgram/dl were noticed. The results indicate that increased concentrations of CEA-like substance in gastric secretions may strongly suggest the presence of a marked intestinal metaplasia and/or cancerous changes of gastric mucosae, including the early cancer. The distribution of CEA activity in gel filtration fractions of gastric juice was compared using kits of two different radioimmunoassay systems. The patterns of CEA activities were different between the two different kits used, but the main peaks were located in the fractions with the molecular weight of 20x10(4) daltons corresponding to that of serum CEA. It is considered, however, that the CEA-like substance in gastric juice specimens may be more or less heterogenous when any of the methods is used.", "PMID": 648807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4030", "title": "Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: a study by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms were studied in 52 patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, a condition which is prevalent in Asia and in which there is a primary bacterial cholangitis. The earlier changes of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis were identified and found to be confined to the intrahepatic biliary tree. The left hepatic duct was more severely affected than the right hepatic duct and had a higher infestation by clonorchis. The severity of radiological changes correlated well with the duration of illness and the need for surgery. Gallstones were present in 34.2% of the patients and pancreatic ductal abnormality in 7.7%. The decision for surgery could be made early and accurately, and the type of surgery and the assignment of surgeons could be planned in advance--situations which conventional intravenous cholangiograms could not achieve. Cholangitis complicated endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms in 23.1% of the initial 26 patients without antibiotic cover but none of the subsequent 26 in whom this was used.", "contents": "Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: a study by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms were studied in 52 patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, a condition which is prevalent in Asia and in which there is a primary bacterial cholangitis. The earlier changes of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis were identified and found to be confined to the intrahepatic biliary tree. The left hepatic duct was more severely affected than the right hepatic duct and had a higher infestation by clonorchis. The severity of radiological changes correlated well with the duration of illness and the need for surgery. Gallstones were present in 34.2% of the patients and pancreatic ductal abnormality in 7.7%. The decision for surgery could be made early and accurately, and the type of surgery and the assignment of surgeons could be planned in advance--situations which conventional intravenous cholangiograms could not achieve. Cholangitis complicated endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms in 23.1% of the initial 26 patients without antibiotic cover but none of the subsequent 26 in whom this was used.", "PMID": 648809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4031", "title": "Frequency of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula as a sequela to percutaneous needle puncture of the liver.", "content": "Incidence of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula after needle biopsy of the liver, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and transhepatic catheterization of an intrahepatic bile duct or portal vein, was determined by studying the hepatic arteriograms obtained within 1 month of the transhepatic procedure. An arteriovenous fistula, mostly arterioportal, occurred in 5 (5.4%) of the 93 patients after biopsy, in 3 (3.8%) of 79 after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and in 7 (26.2%) of 26 after catheterization. None of the fistulae was so large and close to the porta hepatis as to cause portal hypertension. In 1 patient with an intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, the long track of a 0.7-mm caliber needle became a fistula draining arterial blood into the parenchyma. In another, an aneurysm was found after biopsy and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The possibility of spontaneous closure of small fistulae is discussed.", "contents": "Frequency of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula as a sequela to percutaneous needle puncture of the liver. Incidence of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula after needle biopsy of the liver, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and transhepatic catheterization of an intrahepatic bile duct or portal vein, was determined by studying the hepatic arteriograms obtained within 1 month of the transhepatic procedure. An arteriovenous fistula, mostly arterioportal, occurred in 5 (5.4%) of the 93 patients after biopsy, in 3 (3.8%) of 79 after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and in 7 (26.2%) of 26 after catheterization. None of the fistulae was so large and close to the porta hepatis as to cause portal hypertension. In 1 patient with an intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, the long track of a 0.7-mm caliber needle became a fistula draining arterial blood into the parenchyma. In another, an aneurysm was found after biopsy and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The possibility of spontaneous closure of small fistulae is discussed.", "PMID": 648810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4032", "title": "Bile acid conjugation in organ culture of human fetal liver.", "content": "An organ culture system for prolonged maintenance of human fetal liver has been developed and used to investigate the formation of bile acid conjugates. Multiple liver specimens were obtained from human abortuses and stillbirths ranging from 10 to 29 weeks of gestation. Within 3 hr of hysterotomy, small fragments of liver were established in organ culture. The morphological integrity of the explants was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Functional viability was determined by adding radiolabeled primary bile acid to the medium and assaying the taurine and glycine conjugates formed. Primary bile acid was taken up by the tissues, conjugated with taurine and glycine, and secreted into the medium at a constant rate during 10 days in vitro and in constant increments during a selected 24-hr period. The results establish that human fetal liver survives intact for periods up to 10 days in vitro. Taurine conjugates of the primary bile acids predominate throughout gestation and conjugates of cholic acid are synthesized in preference to those of chenodeoxycholic acid. Supplementation of the medium with taurine results in enhanced taurocholate formation with competitive inhibition of glycocholate synthesis, suggesting one acyl transferase system for both taurine and glycine. Finally, in medium supplemented with hydrocortisone there is a reversal of the glycine-taurine ratio seen in fetal liver.", "contents": "Bile acid conjugation in organ culture of human fetal liver. An organ culture system for prolonged maintenance of human fetal liver has been developed and used to investigate the formation of bile acid conjugates. Multiple liver specimens were obtained from human abortuses and stillbirths ranging from 10 to 29 weeks of gestation. Within 3 hr of hysterotomy, small fragments of liver were established in organ culture. The morphological integrity of the explants was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Functional viability was determined by adding radiolabeled primary bile acid to the medium and assaying the taurine and glycine conjugates formed. Primary bile acid was taken up by the tissues, conjugated with taurine and glycine, and secreted into the medium at a constant rate during 10 days in vitro and in constant increments during a selected 24-hr period. The results establish that human fetal liver survives intact for periods up to 10 days in vitro. Taurine conjugates of the primary bile acids predominate throughout gestation and conjugates of cholic acid are synthesized in preference to those of chenodeoxycholic acid. Supplementation of the medium with taurine results in enhanced taurocholate formation with competitive inhibition of glycocholate synthesis, suggesting one acyl transferase system for both taurine and glycine. Finally, in medium supplemented with hydrocortisone there is a reversal of the glycine-taurine ratio seen in fetal liver.", "PMID": 648811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4033", "title": "Hyperglucagonemia in cirrhosis: altered secretion and sensitivity to glucagon.", "content": "Plasma glucagon concentration was elevated 2- to 6-fold in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous portal systemic shunting or surgically induced portacaval anastomosis but was comparable to controls in cirrhotics without portal-systemic shunting. The metabolic clearance rate of glucagon (mol wt 3500) was normal in all of the cirrhotic groups, but the estimated basal systemic delivery rate of glucagon was increased 2- to 6-fold in the hyperglucagonemic patients. The blood glucose response to infusion of glucagon (3 ng per kg per min) was reduced in the cirrhotics with portal-systemic shunting or portacaval anastomosis, and correlated inversely with the delivery rate of endogenous glucagon. Administration of ammonium chloride (3 g) failed to elevate plasma glucagon concentration. It is concluded that hyperglucagonemia in cirrhosis is a consequence of hypersecretion rather than decreased hormonal catabolism. A negative feedback signal may exist between hepatic sensitivity to glucagon and the secretion of this hormone.", "contents": "Hyperglucagonemia in cirrhosis: altered secretion and sensitivity to glucagon. Plasma glucagon concentration was elevated 2- to 6-fold in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous portal systemic shunting or surgically induced portacaval anastomosis but was comparable to controls in cirrhotics without portal-systemic shunting. The metabolic clearance rate of glucagon (mol wt 3500) was normal in all of the cirrhotic groups, but the estimated basal systemic delivery rate of glucagon was increased 2- to 6-fold in the hyperglucagonemic patients. The blood glucose response to infusion of glucagon (3 ng per kg per min) was reduced in the cirrhotics with portal-systemic shunting or portacaval anastomosis, and correlated inversely with the delivery rate of endogenous glucagon. Administration of ammonium chloride (3 g) failed to elevate plasma glucagon concentration. It is concluded that hyperglucagonemia in cirrhosis is a consequence of hypersecretion rather than decreased hormonal catabolism. A negative feedback signal may exist between hepatic sensitivity to glucagon and the secretion of this hormone.", "PMID": 648812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4034", "title": "Cimetidine and prostaglandin: evidence for different modes of action on the rat gastric mucosa.", "content": "We have previously shown that the prostaglandin analogue 15(R)15 methyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (Me-PGE2) when administered at a dose of 50 microgram per kg significantly inhibits aspirin-induced gastric mucosal erosions in the rat. In this study we have investigated the effect of cimetidine under similar circumstances. Cimetidine in a dose of 50 mg per kg significantly inhibited gastric mucosal erosions induced by aspirin (192 mg per kg) in the rat, reducing the incidence from 70% of 20 rats to 9.5% of 21 rats, the mean lesion score was reduced from 9.3 +/- 2.1 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.4 +/- 0.3. We then compared the effect of the above doses of Me-PGE2 and cimetidine on gastric erosions induced by aspirin (192 mg per kg) with the hourly addition of 160 mM HCl. The incidence of erosions in the aspirin + HCl group was 100% of 20 rats (mean lesion score 27.4 +/- 2.4). This was not significantly reduced by cimetidine, the incidence being 90% of 20 rats (mean lesion score 19.7 +/- 3.4). The incidence of erosions in the presence of Me-PGE2 was significantly less than that in both the other groups, 13% of 23 rats, (mean lesion score 3.1 +/- 0.8) P less than 0.01 in both instances. These results suggest that, whereas cimetidine protects the gastric mucosa through acid inhibition, Me-PGE2 appears to have a protective effect independent of acid inhibition.", "contents": "Cimetidine and prostaglandin: evidence for different modes of action on the rat gastric mucosa. We have previously shown that the prostaglandin analogue 15(R)15 methyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (Me-PGE2) when administered at a dose of 50 microgram per kg significantly inhibits aspirin-induced gastric mucosal erosions in the rat. In this study we have investigated the effect of cimetidine under similar circumstances. Cimetidine in a dose of 50 mg per kg significantly inhibited gastric mucosal erosions induced by aspirin (192 mg per kg) in the rat, reducing the incidence from 70% of 20 rats to 9.5% of 21 rats, the mean lesion score was reduced from 9.3 +/- 2.1 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.4 +/- 0.3. We then compared the effect of the above doses of Me-PGE2 and cimetidine on gastric erosions induced by aspirin (192 mg per kg) with the hourly addition of 160 mM HCl. The incidence of erosions in the aspirin + HCl group was 100% of 20 rats (mean lesion score 27.4 +/- 2.4). This was not significantly reduced by cimetidine, the incidence being 90% of 20 rats (mean lesion score 19.7 +/- 3.4). The incidence of erosions in the presence of Me-PGE2 was significantly less than that in both the other groups, 13% of 23 rats, (mean lesion score 3.1 +/- 0.8) P less than 0.01 in both instances. These results suggest that, whereas cimetidine protects the gastric mucosa through acid inhibition, Me-PGE2 appears to have a protective effect independent of acid inhibition.", "PMID": 648813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4035", "title": "Altered lower esophageal sphincter function during early pregnancy.", "content": "To determine whether lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function was normal during early pregnancy, studies were performed in 8 pregnant women before and after abortion. Resting LES pressures were 22.1 +/- 2.4 and 22.6 +/- 2.3 mm Hg before and after abortion, respectively. During early pregnancy the LES pressure responses to pentagastrin were inhibited significantly. The LES responses to edrophonium and methacholine were decreased also. Finally, LES pressure responses to a protein meal were diminished in an additional 5 pregnant women. Serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone were elevated during pregnancy, but the serum concentration of gastrin was unchanged. It can be concluded that in early pregnancy the basal LES pressure was within normal limits, but the LES pressure responses to hormonal, pharmacological and physiological stimulation were reduced (during demonstrated elevations of serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone). These studies suggest that during early pregnancy, when no clinical symptoms of reflux are present, altered LES function may be demonstrated.", "contents": "Altered lower esophageal sphincter function during early pregnancy. To determine whether lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function was normal during early pregnancy, studies were performed in 8 pregnant women before and after abortion. Resting LES pressures were 22.1 +/- 2.4 and 22.6 +/- 2.3 mm Hg before and after abortion, respectively. During early pregnancy the LES pressure responses to pentagastrin were inhibited significantly. The LES responses to edrophonium and methacholine were decreased also. Finally, LES pressure responses to a protein meal were diminished in an additional 5 pregnant women. Serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone were elevated during pregnancy, but the serum concentration of gastrin was unchanged. It can be concluded that in early pregnancy the basal LES pressure was within normal limits, but the LES pressure responses to hormonal, pharmacological and physiological stimulation were reduced (during demonstrated elevations of serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone). These studies suggest that during early pregnancy, when no clinical symptoms of reflux are present, altered LES function may be demonstrated.", "PMID": 648814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4036", "title": "Relation between volume swallowed and velocity of the bolus ejected from the pharynx into the esophagus.", "content": "The velocity of the front face of a liquid saline bolus ejected from the pharynx into the esophagus was measured by recording changes of luminal electrical impedance with three sets of electrodes in 9 subjects. At a site 26 cm from the incisors, the mean velocity of the front face of the bolus increased from 10 to 70 cm sec-1 as the volume swallowed was raised from 5 to 30 ml. The velocity of the front face of the bolus was greater 26 cm from the incisors than it was 32 cm from the incisors.", "contents": "Relation between volume swallowed and velocity of the bolus ejected from the pharynx into the esophagus. The velocity of the front face of a liquid saline bolus ejected from the pharynx into the esophagus was measured by recording changes of luminal electrical impedance with three sets of electrodes in 9 subjects. At a site 26 cm from the incisors, the mean velocity of the front face of the bolus increased from 10 to 70 cm sec-1 as the volume swallowed was raised from 5 to 30 ml. The velocity of the front face of the bolus was greater 26 cm from the incisors than it was 32 cm from the incisors.", "PMID": 648815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4037", "title": "Mechanisms of transport of Na, Cl, and K in the human colon.", "content": "Ionic transport across isolated, stripped, human colonic mucosa was studied in vitro using a modified short circuit current technique. Electrical potential difference and short circuit current were dependent on the presence of sodium ions in the mucosal bathing solution and were unaffected by addition of 10 mM glucose to the solution. Ouabain (10(-3) M) added to the serosal reservoir abolished both potential difference and short circuit current. Isotopic flux measurements across short-circuited colonic mucosa showed a net active sodium absorption which accounted for the observed short circuit current and was unaffected by 10 mM glucose. Chloride was also actively absorbed and this was unaffected by removal of sodium from the bathing solutions. Ouabain abolished net sodium absorption but had no effect on chloride absorption. There was a net active secretion of potassium which was abolished in sodium-free buffer. We conclude that sodium is actively absorbed via a rheogenic process which is not stimulated by glucose; chloride is actively absorbed via a nonelectrogenic process, not linked to sodium transport, and probably involving a Cl-HCO3- exchange; and postassium is actively secreted possibly via a Na+K+ exchange.", "contents": "Mechanisms of transport of Na, Cl, and K in the human colon. Ionic transport across isolated, stripped, human colonic mucosa was studied in vitro using a modified short circuit current technique. Electrical potential difference and short circuit current were dependent on the presence of sodium ions in the mucosal bathing solution and were unaffected by addition of 10 mM glucose to the solution. Ouabain (10(-3) M) added to the serosal reservoir abolished both potential difference and short circuit current. Isotopic flux measurements across short-circuited colonic mucosa showed a net active sodium absorption which accounted for the observed short circuit current and was unaffected by 10 mM glucose. Chloride was also actively absorbed and this was unaffected by removal of sodium from the bathing solutions. Ouabain abolished net sodium absorption but had no effect on chloride absorption. There was a net active secretion of potassium which was abolished in sodium-free buffer. We conclude that sodium is actively absorbed via a rheogenic process which is not stimulated by glucose; chloride is actively absorbed via a nonelectrogenic process, not linked to sodium transport, and probably involving a Cl-HCO3- exchange; and postassium is actively secreted possibly via a Na+K+ exchange.", "PMID": 648816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4038", "title": "Explant culture of human colon.", "content": "Human colonic epithelium has been cultured as explants in a chemically defined medium for periods of 1 to 20 days. The viability of the explants was shown by the preservation of the ultrastructural features of the colonic epithelial cells and by active incorporation of radioactive precursors into cellular DNA and protein. A progressive decrease in the number of goblet cells, decrease in the depth of the crypts, and a change from a columnar to a cuboidal epithelium were observed. After 20 days in culture the colonic mucosa consisted of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells and a few glands. The ability to maintain colonic mucosa in culture was subject to both intra- and interindividual variation. Cultured human colonic mucosa also activated a chemical procarcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, into metabolites which bound to cellular DNA. A 100-fold interindividual variation in this binding was observed.", "contents": "Explant culture of human colon. Human colonic epithelium has been cultured as explants in a chemically defined medium for periods of 1 to 20 days. The viability of the explants was shown by the preservation of the ultrastructural features of the colonic epithelial cells and by active incorporation of radioactive precursors into cellular DNA and protein. A progressive decrease in the number of goblet cells, decrease in the depth of the crypts, and a change from a columnar to a cuboidal epithelium were observed. After 20 days in culture the colonic mucosa consisted of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells and a few glands. The ability to maintain colonic mucosa in culture was subject to both intra- and interindividual variation. Cultured human colonic mucosa also activated a chemical procarcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, into metabolites which bound to cellular DNA. A 100-fold interindividual variation in this binding was observed.", "PMID": 648817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4039", "title": "Gastric emptying rates of solid food in relation to body size.", "content": "The relationship of body size to rates of gastric emptying of solid food was investigated in order to obtain data that may allow this variable to be considered when populations of varying size are studied. Rates of gastric emptying were measured using a beef stew meal to which were added pieces of chicken liver tagged with [99mTc]sulfur colloid, and following the passage of the isotope through the gastrointestinal tract with intermittent gamma-imaging. Results showed an inverse linear relationship between gastric emptying rates and body surface area, and between gastric emptying rates and body weight. The variable of body size must be taken into account when measurements of gastric emptying of solid food are measured.", "contents": "Gastric emptying rates of solid food in relation to body size. The relationship of body size to rates of gastric emptying of solid food was investigated in order to obtain data that may allow this variable to be considered when populations of varying size are studied. Rates of gastric emptying were measured using a beef stew meal to which were added pieces of chicken liver tagged with [99mTc]sulfur colloid, and following the passage of the isotope through the gastrointestinal tract with intermittent gamma-imaging. Results showed an inverse linear relationship between gastric emptying rates and body surface area, and between gastric emptying rates and body weight. The variable of body size must be taken into account when measurements of gastric emptying of solid food are measured.", "PMID": 648818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4040", "title": "Selective release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide by intraduodenal amino acid perfusion in man.", "content": "Intraduodenal amino acids are known to stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and cholecystokinin. In order to separate and quantitate gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion selectively, 12 normal subjects received an intraduodenal perfusion of a mixed amino acid solution (158 mM) containing either methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine (perfusate 1), or an amino acid solution containing arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and threonine (perfusate 2). Serum concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin were significantly greater in the group receiving perfusate 2 (P less than 0.001). In contrast, after administration of amino acid perfusate 1, there was only a slight increase in serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration and insulin secretion increased only slightly. Mean trypsin and bilirubin outputs in the group receiving perfusate 1 were nearly 3 times greater than the outputs of the group receiving the other amino acid mixture. This study expands the importance of intraduodenal amino acid mixtures in stimulating secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin and quantitatively separates gastric inhibitory polypeptide release from release of hormones that stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion, such as cholecystokinin.", "contents": "Selective release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide by intraduodenal amino acid perfusion in man. Intraduodenal amino acids are known to stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and cholecystokinin. In order to separate and quantitate gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion selectively, 12 normal subjects received an intraduodenal perfusion of a mixed amino acid solution (158 mM) containing either methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine (perfusate 1), or an amino acid solution containing arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and threonine (perfusate 2). Serum concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin were significantly greater in the group receiving perfusate 2 (P less than 0.001). In contrast, after administration of amino acid perfusate 1, there was only a slight increase in serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration and insulin secretion increased only slightly. Mean trypsin and bilirubin outputs in the group receiving perfusate 1 were nearly 3 times greater than the outputs of the group receiving the other amino acid mixture. This study expands the importance of intraduodenal amino acid mixtures in stimulating secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin and quantitatively separates gastric inhibitory polypeptide release from release of hormones that stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion, such as cholecystokinin.", "PMID": 648819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4041", "title": "Protein digestion and absorption in rats with pancreatic duct occlusion.", "content": "The effects of pancreatic duct ligation on the digestion and absorption of a randomly 14C-labeled protein meal has been investigated in the rat. Although there was a significant reduction in luminal digestion and absorption of the protein meal in the pancreatic duct-ligated animals compared with controls, 37% of administered protein was absorbed despite absence of luminal pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity. To characterize further the digestive and absorptive processes that occur in the absence of luminal pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity, whole protein meal (untreated) and protein preincubated with (1) pepsin and HCl, and (2) HCl alone (treated), was instilled into isolated loops of rat intestine containing no demonstrable pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity. Thirty per cent absorption of the untreated protein meal occurred in 4 hr; significantly greater amounts of both treated forms of meal were absorbed. It is concluded that the small bowel has the capacity to hydrolyze and absorb nutritionally significant amounts of dietary large molecular weight protein in the absence of luminal pancreatic enzyme activity. Furthermore, this process may be enhanced by prior denaturation and proteolysis in the stomach.", "contents": "Protein digestion and absorption in rats with pancreatic duct occlusion. The effects of pancreatic duct ligation on the digestion and absorption of a randomly 14C-labeled protein meal has been investigated in the rat. Although there was a significant reduction in luminal digestion and absorption of the protein meal in the pancreatic duct-ligated animals compared with controls, 37% of administered protein was absorbed despite absence of luminal pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity. To characterize further the digestive and absorptive processes that occur in the absence of luminal pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity, whole protein meal (untreated) and protein preincubated with (1) pepsin and HCl, and (2) HCl alone (treated), was instilled into isolated loops of rat intestine containing no demonstrable pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity. Thirty per cent absorption of the untreated protein meal occurred in 4 hr; significantly greater amounts of both treated forms of meal were absorbed. It is concluded that the small bowel has the capacity to hydrolyze and absorb nutritionally significant amounts of dietary large molecular weight protein in the absence of luminal pancreatic enzyme activity. Furthermore, this process may be enhanced by prior denaturation and proteolysis in the stomach.", "PMID": 648820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4042", "title": "Villous adenomas of the duodenum.", "content": "A patient with multiple villous adenomas of the duodenum is described. Endoscopy plays an essential role in the management of these neoplasms. If no evidence of invasive malignancy is found on multiple endoscopic biopsies, wide local excision is the initial procedure of choice. Invasive malignancy found in either the endoscopic biopsy or the surgical specimen is indication for pancreaticoduodenectomy.", "contents": "Villous adenomas of the duodenum. A patient with multiple villous adenomas of the duodenum is described. Endoscopy plays an essential role in the management of these neoplasms. If no evidence of invasive malignancy is found on multiple endoscopic biopsies, wide local excision is the initial procedure of choice. Invasive malignancy found in either the endoscopic biopsy or the surgical specimen is indication for pancreaticoduodenectomy.", "PMID": 648821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4043", "title": "Eosinophilic esophagitis in a patient with vigorous achalasia.", "content": "A patient with vigorous achalasia is presented who had marked smooth muscle hypertrophy and eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus identical to that seen in patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus probably represents a variant of the eosinophilic gastroenteritis syndrome and may predispose to an esophageal motor disorder.", "contents": "Eosinophilic esophagitis in a patient with vigorous achalasia. A patient with vigorous achalasia is presented who had marked smooth muscle hypertrophy and eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus identical to that seen in patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus probably represents a variant of the eosinophilic gastroenteritis syndrome and may predispose to an esophageal motor disorder.", "PMID": 648822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4044", "title": "Paneth cells in Barrett's esophagus.", "content": "Paneth cells were identified in esophageal biopsies from 4 patients with Barrett's epithelium of the specialized columnar type. These cells were identical to human intestinal Paneth cells by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histochemical staining reactions. Retrospective review of biopsies from 8 additional cases with esophageal specialized columnar epithelium yielded 2 further cases with Paneth cells. The presence of Paneth cells, along with goblet cells, suggests that specialized columnar type epithelium in the esophagus may be a form of highly differentiated intestinalization.", "contents": "Paneth cells in Barrett's esophagus. Paneth cells were identified in esophageal biopsies from 4 patients with Barrett's epithelium of the specialized columnar type. These cells were identical to human intestinal Paneth cells by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histochemical staining reactions. Retrospective review of biopsies from 8 additional cases with esophageal specialized columnar epithelium yielded 2 further cases with Paneth cells. The presence of Paneth cells, along with goblet cells, suggests that specialized columnar type epithelium in the esophagus may be a form of highly differentiated intestinalization.", "PMID": 648823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4045", "title": "[The problem of information of the patient about medical malpractice (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment contract of the physician does not include the duty of legal counselling of the patient. The physician should avoid amateur attempts at legal advice. The civil contract between physician and patient includes the duty to inform the patient of blatant negligence by others or himself in the observation of the generally recognized rules of medical science. An unsubstantiated suspicion of malpractice without obvious adverse effects should not be revealed to the patient. Critique of the treatment by a colleague is not unprofessional when a higher legal obligation than the professional obligation to a peer is at steak. The physician is not obliged to inform the police of malpractice by a colleague. Only imminent crimes such as manslaughter, murder or genocide must be reported.", "contents": "[The problem of information of the patient about medical malpractice (author's transl)]. The treatment contract of the physician does not include the duty of legal counselling of the patient. The physician should avoid amateur attempts at legal advice. The civil contract between physician and patient includes the duty to inform the patient of blatant negligence by others or himself in the observation of the generally recognized rules of medical science. An unsubstantiated suspicion of malpractice without obvious adverse effects should not be revealed to the patient. Critique of the treatment by a colleague is not unprofessional when a higher legal obligation than the professional obligation to a peer is at steak. The physician is not obliged to inform the police of malpractice by a colleague. Only imminent crimes such as manslaughter, murder or genocide must be reported.", "PMID": 648849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4046", "title": "[The significance of prenatal diagnosis of twins (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of ultrasound and fetal electrocardiography the diagnosis of twin pregnancies can be made prenatally without any reservation; the diagnosis is even possible in the first half of pregnancy. Comparative analysis of two approximately equal collectives of in all 602 twin pregnancies--1,45% of all births in the years 1955-1975 at the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University of Cologne--revealed a better prognosis concerning the course of pregnancy and the new-born by prenatal diagnosis. The earliest possible diagnosis of twins, resulting in more intense clinical observation--and occasional clinical treatment--facilitated a significantly longer duration of pregnancy, leading to a higher percentage of mature twins. Whereas the total number of obstetric operations was reduced because of prenatal diagnosis, selection of highrisk cases led to a distinct increase in Caesarian sections. The prolongation of pregnancy, the higher birth weights and better maturity attained, were accompanied by decrease in perinatal mortality and in improvement in the Apgar-index of the newborn in that collective, in which prenatal diagnosis was achieved.", "contents": "[The significance of prenatal diagnosis of twins (author's transl)]. By means of ultrasound and fetal electrocardiography the diagnosis of twin pregnancies can be made prenatally without any reservation; the diagnosis is even possible in the first half of pregnancy. Comparative analysis of two approximately equal collectives of in all 602 twin pregnancies--1,45% of all births in the years 1955-1975 at the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University of Cologne--revealed a better prognosis concerning the course of pregnancy and the new-born by prenatal diagnosis. The earliest possible diagnosis of twins, resulting in more intense clinical observation--and occasional clinical treatment--facilitated a significantly longer duration of pregnancy, leading to a higher percentage of mature twins. Whereas the total number of obstetric operations was reduced because of prenatal diagnosis, selection of highrisk cases led to a distinct increase in Caesarian sections. The prolongation of pregnancy, the higher birth weights and better maturity attained, were accompanied by decrease in perinatal mortality and in improvement in the Apgar-index of the newborn in that collective, in which prenatal diagnosis was achieved.", "PMID": 648850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4047", "title": "[Perinatal mortality in twin pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the perinatal mortality of 258 twin pregnancies at the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the University of Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland from 1966 to 1976. The perinatal mortality of the twin deliveries was 11.6% compared to a general perinatal mortality of 2.9%. The perinatal mortality of second twins was 14.0% compared to 9.3% for the first twin. The high incidence of abnormal presentations and operative deliveries of the second twin is discussed. The incidence of prematurity under 37 weeks gestation was 48.4%. About 70% of the perinatal mortality in twins was due to prematurity with pulmonary causes leading in 44.5% of the deaths. The difficulties in the recognition of intra-uterine growth retardation in twin pregnancies is discussed.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality in twin pregnancies (author's transl)]. Report on the perinatal mortality of 258 twin pregnancies at the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the University of Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland from 1966 to 1976. The perinatal mortality of the twin deliveries was 11.6% compared to a general perinatal mortality of 2.9%. The perinatal mortality of second twins was 14.0% compared to 9.3% for the first twin. The high incidence of abnormal presentations and operative deliveries of the second twin is discussed. The incidence of prematurity under 37 weeks gestation was 48.4%. About 70% of the perinatal mortality in twins was due to prematurity with pulmonary causes leading in 44.5% of the deaths. The difficulties in the recognition of intra-uterine growth retardation in twin pregnancies is discussed.", "PMID": 648851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4048", "title": "[Twin deliveries (author's transl)].", "content": "The statistics on twin deliveries for Bavaria from 1920-1925 were compared to those for 1972-1976. The number of twin deliveries showed a reduction from 15 per thousand in 1920-1925 to 9 per thousand in 1972-1976. The largest number of twin mothers were young primigravidas or older multi-gravidas. The percentage of twins of the same sex increased by 4.7% for boys and 5.7% for girls. The percentage of twin deliveries of different sex decreased by about 7%. Of all twin deliveries in Bavaria from 1920-1976 66% were of the same sex and 34% had different sex.", "contents": "[Twin deliveries (author's transl)]. The statistics on twin deliveries for Bavaria from 1920-1925 were compared to those for 1972-1976. The number of twin deliveries showed a reduction from 15 per thousand in 1920-1925 to 9 per thousand in 1972-1976. The largest number of twin mothers were young primigravidas or older multi-gravidas. The percentage of twins of the same sex increased by 4.7% for boys and 5.7% for girls. The percentage of twin deliveries of different sex decreased by about 7%. Of all twin deliveries in Bavaria from 1920-1976 66% were of the same sex and 34% had different sex.", "PMID": 648852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4049", "title": "[Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix three years after cryosurgical treatment of a benign ectopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 33 years old para 4, who developed invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix three years after cryosurgery for a large ectopy of the ectocervix. The carcinoma developed under an intact layer of normal superficial epithelium. The pap smears were negative at yearly intervals until a positive smear was obtained from a small iodinenegative area. Cases following cryosurgery appear to require careful follow-ups.", "contents": "[Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix three years after cryosurgical treatment of a benign ectopy (author's transl)]. Report on a 33 years old para 4, who developed invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix three years after cryosurgery for a large ectopy of the ectocervix. The carcinoma developed under an intact layer of normal superficial epithelium. The pap smears were negative at yearly intervals until a positive smear was obtained from a small iodinenegative area. Cases following cryosurgery appear to require careful follow-ups.", "PMID": 648853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4050", "title": "[On the clinical significance of sequential scintigraphic examinations of the uteroplacental perfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The utero-placental perfusion was examined by means of the method of H\u00fcnermann (1972) in a group of 74 patients with toxemia of pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, or intrauterine growth retardation. The perfusion measurements were categorized and evaluated according to the clinical findings. The correlation between single values deriving from the time-activity curves and their clinical predictive value was ascertained. A strong correlation between the parameters and the clinical findings resulted when several criteria were considered simultaneously. Among the single values resulting from the perfusion curves, the Tmax (placenta) and Tmax (uterus) (time of activity maximum) as well as the quotient of both revealed the highest significance. Pathological time-activity-curves were found in 16 of 19 patients with moderate and severe intrauterine growth retardation, and in all patients with moderate and severe toxemia, or diabetes mellitus. The limited clinical value of the used method is discussed.", "contents": "[On the clinical significance of sequential scintigraphic examinations of the uteroplacental perfusion (author's transl)]. The utero-placental perfusion was examined by means of the method of H\u00fcnermann (1972) in a group of 74 patients with toxemia of pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, or intrauterine growth retardation. The perfusion measurements were categorized and evaluated according to the clinical findings. The correlation between single values deriving from the time-activity curves and their clinical predictive value was ascertained. A strong correlation between the parameters and the clinical findings resulted when several criteria were considered simultaneously. Among the single values resulting from the perfusion curves, the Tmax (placenta) and Tmax (uterus) (time of activity maximum) as well as the quotient of both revealed the highest significance. Pathological time-activity-curves were found in 16 of 19 patients with moderate and severe intrauterine growth retardation, and in all patients with moderate and severe toxemia, or diabetes mellitus. The limited clinical value of the used method is discussed.", "PMID": 648854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4051", "title": "[Puerperal psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies show that a hundred cases of puerperal psychoses can be divided into two major groups according to their symptomatology and their option to build recidives: those physically motivated with exogenous and endogenous symptoms and those caused by endogenous psychoses.", "contents": "[Puerperal psychoses (author's transl)]. Studies show that a hundred cases of puerperal psychoses can be divided into two major groups according to their symptomatology and their option to build recidives: those physically motivated with exogenous and endogenous symptoms and those caused by endogenous psychoses.", "PMID": 648855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4052", "title": "[The diagnosis of urinary incontinence in gynaecology. Indications for urodynamic diagnosis and description of urodynamic diagnostic apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experience with comparative measurements using various methods of diagnosis of urinary incontinence resulted in the development of a urodynamic measurement station within the department. This station is equiped for urethrocystotonometry with microtransducers for urethrocystograms and for lateral urethrocystograms. The technological details of the apparatus are described. The greatest diagnostic value give measurements in the standing patient. The methods of measurement, the interpretation of the results and the pre-operative records of urethral pressure profiles are described. The urethrocystotonometry is especially valuable for functional diagnosis. For the morphologic evaluation and especially in view of the choice of the operative procedure a modified method of the lateral urethrocystogram is used.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of urinary incontinence in gynaecology. Indications for urodynamic diagnosis and description of urodynamic diagnostic apparatus (author's transl)]. Our experience with comparative measurements using various methods of diagnosis of urinary incontinence resulted in the development of a urodynamic measurement station within the department. This station is equiped for urethrocystotonometry with microtransducers for urethrocystograms and for lateral urethrocystograms. The technological details of the apparatus are described. The greatest diagnostic value give measurements in the standing patient. The methods of measurement, the interpretation of the results and the pre-operative records of urethral pressure profiles are described. The urethrocystotonometry is especially valuable for functional diagnosis. For the morphologic evaluation and especially in view of the choice of the operative procedure a modified method of the lateral urethrocystogram is used.", "PMID": 648858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4053", "title": "[Motivation for the presence of the husband at delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "The motivation for the presence of the husband at the delivery of his wife was investigated in 52 couples with the husband present and in a control group of 50 couples without the presence of the husband. A standardized interview constructed for this purpose was used for testing. Standardized scales for personality factors such as neurotic tendencies, fear, prejudice, ego strength, and shyness were also tested regarding their importance for the presence or absence of the husband at delivery. The results were statistically evaluated and the differences checked for significance. The husband present at delivery usually has a higher ego-strength than his wife and the wife enlists his help for the resolution of the crisis situation of delivery. The wife of the non-present husband has the same personality traits but does not expect help from her husband in the crisis situation and therefore does not request his presence.", "contents": "[Motivation for the presence of the husband at delivery (author's transl)]. The motivation for the presence of the husband at the delivery of his wife was investigated in 52 couples with the husband present and in a control group of 50 couples without the presence of the husband. A standardized interview constructed for this purpose was used for testing. Standardized scales for personality factors such as neurotic tendencies, fear, prejudice, ego strength, and shyness were also tested regarding their importance for the presence or absence of the husband at delivery. The results were statistically evaluated and the differences checked for significance. The husband present at delivery usually has a higher ego-strength than his wife and the wife enlists his help for the resolution of the crisis situation of delivery. The wife of the non-present husband has the same personality traits but does not expect help from her husband in the crisis situation and therefore does not request his presence.", "PMID": 648859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4054", "title": "[Diagnostic assessment of normal and risk pregnancies. 1. Comparison of two radioimmunological methods for the determination of human placental lactogen (author's transl)].", "content": "The HPL-concentrations of 103 plasma samples from normal and 58 samples from risk pregnancies were analyzed with two radioimmunological assay kits from Pharmacia/Freiburg (I) and Ames/Frankfurt (II). Intra- and inter-assay-variation of both methods are similar. The absolute values of HPL-concentrations analyzed by the two methods correspond to a value of about 3.5 microgram/ml (about week 24 of pregnancy). Above this value higher concentrations are analyzed with method II. These differences probably result from use of different standards and different methods of separation of free and bound hormone. Analysis of variance shows a high degree of correlation (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001, n = 147) of the results obtained by both methods.", "contents": "[Diagnostic assessment of normal and risk pregnancies. 1. Comparison of two radioimmunological methods for the determination of human placental lactogen (author's transl)]. The HPL-concentrations of 103 plasma samples from normal and 58 samples from risk pregnancies were analyzed with two radioimmunological assay kits from Pharmacia/Freiburg (I) and Ames/Frankfurt (II). Intra- and inter-assay-variation of both methods are similar. The absolute values of HPL-concentrations analyzed by the two methods correspond to a value of about 3.5 microgram/ml (about week 24 of pregnancy). Above this value higher concentrations are analyzed with method II. These differences probably result from use of different standards and different methods of separation of free and bound hormone. Analysis of variance shows a high degree of correlation (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001, n = 147) of the results obtained by both methods.", "PMID": 648860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4055", "title": "[Comparison of two methods for the determination of LH: HI-GONAVIS and LH-radioimmuno-assay in women with normal and irregular menstrual cycles (author's transl)].", "content": "A new direct hemagglutination test (HI-GONAVIS) for urinary LH was compared with the serum radioimmuno-assay of LH. The pairs of values showed a good correlation of r-0.87. In conjunction with clinical parameters and further hormone determinations the test was of value in the diagnosis of: the follicle phase of the cycle, the per-ovulatory phase, the luteal phase, the menopause, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.", "contents": "[Comparison of two methods for the determination of LH: HI-GONAVIS and LH-radioimmuno-assay in women with normal and irregular menstrual cycles (author's transl)]. A new direct hemagglutination test (HI-GONAVIS) for urinary LH was compared with the serum radioimmuno-assay of LH. The pairs of values showed a good correlation of r-0.87. In conjunction with clinical parameters and further hormone determinations the test was of value in the diagnosis of: the follicle phase of the cycle, the per-ovulatory phase, the luteal phase, the menopause, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.", "PMID": 648861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4056", "title": "[Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Descriptions of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome have been appearing more and more frequently in dermatological, ophthalmological, neurological, and pathological literature as well as in the literature in the field of internal medicine. Only two reports (1, 8) have appeared in gynecological journals during the last 15 years, even though the second most frequent symptom of the disease is vulval and/or vaginal aphthae and/or ulcers (80%-90% of the patients). For this reason, the diagnostic problems, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis were explained with the help of this casuistic contribution.", "contents": "[Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (author's transl)]. Descriptions of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome have been appearing more and more frequently in dermatological, ophthalmological, neurological, and pathological literature as well as in the literature in the field of internal medicine. Only two reports (1, 8) have appeared in gynecological journals during the last 15 years, even though the second most frequent symptom of the disease is vulval and/or vaginal aphthae and/or ulcers (80%-90% of the patients). For this reason, the diagnostic problems, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis were explained with the help of this casuistic contribution.", "PMID": 648862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4057", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of female urinary incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "The different types of urinary incontinence in the female are defined and described. A meticulous differential diagnosis is a prerequisite for adequate treatment. The pre-treatment examination includes a detailed history, a residual urine, a gynaecological examination, a neurological examination, an intraveinous pyelogram, the incontinence test, the Bonney and the Bethoux tests, and a urethro-cystoscopy. In difficult cases urodynamic tests and X-rays of the bladder and the pelvic organs are added to the workup. Among 54 patients with urinary incontinence, 31 had stress incontinence and 23 had incontinence of another cause such as detrusor instability or a urethral syndrome.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of female urinary incontinence (author's transl)]. The different types of urinary incontinence in the female are defined and described. A meticulous differential diagnosis is a prerequisite for adequate treatment. The pre-treatment examination includes a detailed history, a residual urine, a gynaecological examination, a neurological examination, an intraveinous pyelogram, the incontinence test, the Bonney and the Bethoux tests, and a urethro-cystoscopy. In difficult cases urodynamic tests and X-rays of the bladder and the pelvic organs are added to the workup. Among 54 patients with urinary incontinence, 31 had stress incontinence and 23 had incontinence of another cause such as detrusor instability or a urethral syndrome.", "PMID": 648863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4058", "title": "[Morphological placental findings in intrauterine death (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological placental findings of 46 stillborn infants are discussed and, heeding the present literature, the significance of such examinations in the scope of practical perinatology from a pathological point of view in routine diagnosis is evaluated.", "contents": "[Morphological placental findings in intrauterine death (author's transl)]. Morphological placental findings of 46 stillborn infants are discussed and, heeding the present literature, the significance of such examinations in the scope of practical perinatology from a pathological point of view in routine diagnosis is evaluated.", "PMID": 648864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4059", "title": "Guidelines for maintaining adequate nutrition in old age.", "content": "Nutrient requirements do not change markedly with advancing age, but life style, socioeconomic status, psychologic changes, and the presence of chronic disease alter nutrient intake in the elderly. It is important to recognize and deal with these factors in attempting to correct malnutrition and in prescribing dietary treatment. Malnutrition includes a variety of disorders: undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and obesity. Frequent small feedings, with nutritional supplements for patients with profound weight loss, are the initial treatment for undernutrition. Iron supplements and a diet of foods rich in iron and in promoting iron absorption are required in treating iron deficiency anemia. Management of macrocytic anemia should include specific nutrient therapy plus improvement of diet to include leafy vegetables and animal foodstuffs. Diet is an important adjunct in treating chronic diseases. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus often can be managed by diet alone, with attention to correct proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and to the decreased caloric requirements of elderly patients. The importance of continuing dietary modifications in hyperlipidemia and hypertension is well known. Although dietary manipulation in osteoporosis is not curative, a diet high in calcium and containing adequate floride and vitamin D affords maximum dietary protection against progress of the disease.", "contents": "Guidelines for maintaining adequate nutrition in old age. Nutrient requirements do not change markedly with advancing age, but life style, socioeconomic status, psychologic changes, and the presence of chronic disease alter nutrient intake in the elderly. It is important to recognize and deal with these factors in attempting to correct malnutrition and in prescribing dietary treatment. Malnutrition includes a variety of disorders: undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and obesity. Frequent small feedings, with nutritional supplements for patients with profound weight loss, are the initial treatment for undernutrition. Iron supplements and a diet of foods rich in iron and in promoting iron absorption are required in treating iron deficiency anemia. Management of macrocytic anemia should include specific nutrient therapy plus improvement of diet to include leafy vegetables and animal foodstuffs. Diet is an important adjunct in treating chronic diseases. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus often can be managed by diet alone, with attention to correct proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and to the decreased caloric requirements of elderly patients. The importance of continuing dietary modifications in hyperlipidemia and hypertension is well known. Although dietary manipulation in osteoporosis is not curative, a diet high in calcium and containing adequate floride and vitamin D affords maximum dietary protection against progress of the disease.", "PMID": 648878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4060", "title": "How aging affects the structure and function of the respiratory system.", "content": "Age-associated changes in the lung resemble emphysema. Progressive loss of the aging lung's static recoil forces produces airway closure at lung volumes in the tidal volume range,which leads to decreased arterial Po2. Under conditions that decrease oxygen content of arterial blood, the increase in both ventilation and cardiac output is smaller in elderly persons than in younger subjects. Therefore, less oxygen may be delivered to the tissues. Muscular strength of the respiratory apparatus consistently declines and the chest wall stiffens with advancing age. Thus, the elderly have weaker muscles to act on a chest wall that becomes progressively harder to move. Both maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures are significantly decreased. Loss of the functional reserve of the respiratory system with age increases the risk of respiratory failure and leaves elderly subjects with decreased compensatory mechanisms for dealing with even moderate stress. The physician must be aware of these problems and provide early and vigorous respiratory care for elderly patients.", "contents": "How aging affects the structure and function of the respiratory system. Age-associated changes in the lung resemble emphysema. Progressive loss of the aging lung's static recoil forces produces airway closure at lung volumes in the tidal volume range,which leads to decreased arterial Po2. Under conditions that decrease oxygen content of arterial blood, the increase in both ventilation and cardiac output is smaller in elderly persons than in younger subjects. Therefore, less oxygen may be delivered to the tissues. Muscular strength of the respiratory apparatus consistently declines and the chest wall stiffens with advancing age. Thus, the elderly have weaker muscles to act on a chest wall that becomes progressively harder to move. Both maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures are significantly decreased. Loss of the functional reserve of the respiratory system with age increases the risk of respiratory failure and leaves elderly subjects with decreased compensatory mechanisms for dealing with even moderate stress. The physician must be aware of these problems and provide early and vigorous respiratory care for elderly patients.", "PMID": 648879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4061", "title": "Relieving suffering--and pain--with hypnosis.", "content": "It is helpful to perceive pain and suffering as separate entities when planning therapy. The physical, anatomic, and electrochemical expression of pain is treated by physical therapy, medicines, nerve block, electric stimulators, and surgery. The suffering component involves the patient's (1) nonacceptance, (2) fear of the unknown, (3) pessimistic evaluation of the meaning of pain, (4) feeling of no time limit to suffering, and (5) often self-destructive feelings of guilt and resentment. These emotions and imaginings are quite amenable to good hypnotherapy. When suffering is removed, pain tends to become tolerable or may even disappear.", "contents": "Relieving suffering--and pain--with hypnosis. It is helpful to perceive pain and suffering as separate entities when planning therapy. The physical, anatomic, and electrochemical expression of pain is treated by physical therapy, medicines, nerve block, electric stimulators, and surgery. The suffering component involves the patient's (1) nonacceptance, (2) fear of the unknown, (3) pessimistic evaluation of the meaning of pain, (4) feeling of no time limit to suffering, and (5) often self-destructive feelings of guilt and resentment. These emotions and imaginings are quite amenable to good hypnotherapy. When suffering is removed, pain tends to become tolerable or may even disappear.", "PMID": 648881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4062", "title": "Significance of anergy to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in inflammatory bowel disease: family and postoperative studies.", "content": "To evaluate the pathogenetic significance of impaired cellular immunity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we have measured the cutaneous responsiveness to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) among 58 patients with IBD, 33 with Crohn's disease and 25 with ulcerative colitis, 63 of their clinically normal relatives, 24 additional ileitis and colitis patients who had undergone resection of all visibly diseased bowel, and 23 control subjects. Cutaneous anergy to DNCB was demonstrated among 70% of the patients with CD and 48% of those with UC, as against only 9% of the controls (p less than 0.001). There was no increased incidence of anergy among either 44 first-degree relatives (7%) or 19 spouses (3%), nor was there any special proclivity toward anergy among six pairs of patients with familial inflammatory bowel disease. In Crohn's disease, anergy was still present after bowel resection in six of 10 patients (60%), while in ulcerative colitis anergy was found after colectomy in only two of 14 patients (14%). Our data suggest that the immune defect in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may be a secondary phenomenon. In ulcerative colitis, the defect appears to reverse after colectomy, but in Crohn's disease it persists despite resection. This finding is consistent with the observed tendency of Crohn's disease, but not ulcerative colitis, to inexorable postoperative recurrence.", "contents": "Significance of anergy to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in inflammatory bowel disease: family and postoperative studies. To evaluate the pathogenetic significance of impaired cellular immunity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we have measured the cutaneous responsiveness to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) among 58 patients with IBD, 33 with Crohn's disease and 25 with ulcerative colitis, 63 of their clinically normal relatives, 24 additional ileitis and colitis patients who had undergone resection of all visibly diseased bowel, and 23 control subjects. Cutaneous anergy to DNCB was demonstrated among 70% of the patients with CD and 48% of those with UC, as against only 9% of the controls (p less than 0.001). There was no increased incidence of anergy among either 44 first-degree relatives (7%) or 19 spouses (3%), nor was there any special proclivity toward anergy among six pairs of patients with familial inflammatory bowel disease. In Crohn's disease, anergy was still present after bowel resection in six of 10 patients (60%), while in ulcerative colitis anergy was found after colectomy in only two of 14 patients (14%). Our data suggest that the immune defect in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may be a secondary phenomenon. In ulcerative colitis, the defect appears to reverse after colectomy, but in Crohn's disease it persists despite resection. This finding is consistent with the observed tendency of Crohn's disease, but not ulcerative colitis, to inexorable postoperative recurrence.", "PMID": 648933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4063", "title": "Further evidence of a primary mucosal defect in coeliac disease.", "content": "Subfractions of fraction 9, obtained from a peptic-tryptic-pancreatinic digest of wheat gliadin, were subjected to in vitro mucosal digestion and the filtrates examined for residual peptides. Small-intestinal mucosa from four groups of individuals were studied-eight patients with coeliac disease in remission; eight healthy controls; nine first degree relatives of patients with coeliac disease, and six children with recurrent diarrhoea investigated for possible coeliac disease, but in whom the diagnosis was excluded. The highest amounts of residual peptides (measured by scanning densitometer) were detected after digestion with mucosa from patients with coeliac disease and the lowest amounts with the control groups. The results obtained with the group of relatives fell between those of the coeliac disease and control groups, while the recurrent diarrhoea group overlapped the relatives and controls. The residual peptides were derived chiefly from the B-type subfractions of subfractions 1 and 2, obtained by ion-exchange chromatography of fraction 9. These subfractions are rich in glutamine/glutamic acid and proline and have a molecular weight (apparent) of not greater than 1500 Daltons. The results lend further support to the hypothesis of an enzyme deficiency in coeliac disease. A partial enzyme deficiency may exist in some first-degree relatives and in some children with recurrent diarrhoea but with histology of the small intestine within normal limits. HLA-B8 antigen is not correlated with this deficiency, but, when the two factors are associated, they could be related to the manifestation and severity of coeliac disease.", "contents": "Further evidence of a primary mucosal defect in coeliac disease. Subfractions of fraction 9, obtained from a peptic-tryptic-pancreatinic digest of wheat gliadin, were subjected to in vitro mucosal digestion and the filtrates examined for residual peptides. Small-intestinal mucosa from four groups of individuals were studied-eight patients with coeliac disease in remission; eight healthy controls; nine first degree relatives of patients with coeliac disease, and six children with recurrent diarrhoea investigated for possible coeliac disease, but in whom the diagnosis was excluded. The highest amounts of residual peptides (measured by scanning densitometer) were detected after digestion with mucosa from patients with coeliac disease and the lowest amounts with the control groups. The results obtained with the group of relatives fell between those of the coeliac disease and control groups, while the recurrent diarrhoea group overlapped the relatives and controls. The residual peptides were derived chiefly from the B-type subfractions of subfractions 1 and 2, obtained by ion-exchange chromatography of fraction 9. These subfractions are rich in glutamine/glutamic acid and proline and have a molecular weight (apparent) of not greater than 1500 Daltons. The results lend further support to the hypothesis of an enzyme deficiency in coeliac disease. A partial enzyme deficiency may exist in some first-degree relatives and in some children with recurrent diarrhoea but with histology of the small intestine within normal limits. HLA-B8 antigen is not correlated with this deficiency, but, when the two factors are associated, they could be related to the manifestation and severity of coeliac disease.", "PMID": 648934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4064", "title": "Absence of K cells in human gut mucosa.", "content": "Lymphocytes have been isolated from human rectal biopsies in numbers sufficient for microassay procedures. No antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) activity could be detected in normal or inflamed human gut mucosa, using two assay systems which detect predominantly K cell activity. The tissue localisation and circulation characteristics of K cells require definition before establishing their role as an efferent immunological mechanism.", "contents": "Absence of K cells in human gut mucosa. Lymphocytes have been isolated from human rectal biopsies in numbers sufficient for microassay procedures. No antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) activity could be detected in normal or inflamed human gut mucosa, using two assay systems which detect predominantly K cell activity. The tissue localisation and circulation characteristics of K cells require definition before establishing their role as an efferent immunological mechanism.", "PMID": 648935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4065", "title": "Effect of ioglycamide (Biligram) on bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in man.", "content": "Twenty-one anicteric patients with a t-tube in situ were studied between the ninth and 11th postoperative days. Eleven patients were given an intravenous infusion of the biliary contrast agent ioglycamide (Biligram), while the other 10 acted as controls. Bile flow was recorded and the biliary concentrations of ioglycamide, bile salt, phospholipid, and cholesterol estimated in the two groups. The biliary excretion of ioglycamide was associated with a significant choleresis which was probably due to the obligatory coupling of the osmotically active contrast agent molecules with water. Biliary ioglycamide excretion did not significantly alter bile salt secretion rates. In contrast, the biliary secretion of both phospholipid and cholesterol was significantly lowered (P less than 0.001). Unlike chenodeoxycholic acid, ioglycamide significantly reduced bile acid independent cholesterol secretion (P less than 0.01), although secretion rate in terms of mumol of bile acid was essentially unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of ioglycamide (Biligram) on bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in man. Twenty-one anicteric patients with a t-tube in situ were studied between the ninth and 11th postoperative days. Eleven patients were given an intravenous infusion of the biliary contrast agent ioglycamide (Biligram), while the other 10 acted as controls. Bile flow was recorded and the biliary concentrations of ioglycamide, bile salt, phospholipid, and cholesterol estimated in the two groups. The biliary excretion of ioglycamide was associated with a significant choleresis which was probably due to the obligatory coupling of the osmotically active contrast agent molecules with water. Biliary ioglycamide excretion did not significantly alter bile salt secretion rates. In contrast, the biliary secretion of both phospholipid and cholesterol was significantly lowered (P less than 0.001). Unlike chenodeoxycholic acid, ioglycamide significantly reduced bile acid independent cholesterol secretion (P less than 0.01), although secretion rate in terms of mumol of bile acid was essentially unchanged.", "PMID": 648936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4066", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis: effect of therapy and correlations with clinical and histological changes.", "content": "A study of lymphocyte cytotoxicity for rabbit hepatocyte cultures in 15 patients with untreated chronic active hepatitis showed positive results in all cases, both HBsAg positive and negative. After immunosuppressive therapy cytotoxicity became negative and remained negative, in four of nine patients followed serially. In 51 patients established on therapy for periods from three months to 12 years, cytotoxicity was negative in 19 and all patients are currently alive. However, in the remaining 32 patients in whom cytotoxicity was positive there has been a 34% mortality. Cytotoxicity remained persistently positive in 12 of 15 patients followed serially, and persistently negative in seven of nine. Cytotoxicity showed a significant association with histological disease activity, especially the extent of piecemeal necrosis, but not with biochemical tests of liver function, immunoglobulins, or autoantibodies. The basis of this cytotoxicity test is an antibody dependent cell-mediated autoimmune reaction directed against a liver specific protein, and the results suggest that in some cases immunosuppressive therapy is followed by control of this reaction. It may be possible to stop therapy in these patients, but in those in whom the reaction continues, as shown by continuing cytotoxicity, the prognosis is not as good and the use of other drug schedules would seem worthy of trial.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis: effect of therapy and correlations with clinical and histological changes. A study of lymphocyte cytotoxicity for rabbit hepatocyte cultures in 15 patients with untreated chronic active hepatitis showed positive results in all cases, both HBsAg positive and negative. After immunosuppressive therapy cytotoxicity became negative and remained negative, in four of nine patients followed serially. In 51 patients established on therapy for periods from three months to 12 years, cytotoxicity was negative in 19 and all patients are currently alive. However, in the remaining 32 patients in whom cytotoxicity was positive there has been a 34% mortality. Cytotoxicity remained persistently positive in 12 of 15 patients followed serially, and persistently negative in seven of nine. Cytotoxicity showed a significant association with histological disease activity, especially the extent of piecemeal necrosis, but not with biochemical tests of liver function, immunoglobulins, or autoantibodies. The basis of this cytotoxicity test is an antibody dependent cell-mediated autoimmune reaction directed against a liver specific protein, and the results suggest that in some cases immunosuppressive therapy is followed by control of this reaction. It may be possible to stop therapy in these patients, but in those in whom the reaction continues, as shown by continuing cytotoxicity, the prognosis is not as good and the use of other drug schedules would seem worthy of trial.", "PMID": 648937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4067", "title": "Secretion of intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid after 12 weeks' treatment with cimetidine.", "content": "A sample of 16 patients had pentagastrin stimulation studies performed before starting a 12 week course of cimetidine, and again 12 hours after completing the course. Basal and pentagastrin stimulated intrinsic factor secretion was assayed in 13 patients. There was no significant difference in the pattern of secretion after 12 weeks' treatment with cimetidine. The basal and peak acid outputs of all 16 patients were measured. No significant difference was found in the pattern of acid secretion after treatment. It appears that parietal cell secretory function is restored to normal within 12 hours of discontinuing a prolonged course of cimetidine.", "contents": "Secretion of intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid after 12 weeks' treatment with cimetidine. A sample of 16 patients had pentagastrin stimulation studies performed before starting a 12 week course of cimetidine, and again 12 hours after completing the course. Basal and pentagastrin stimulated intrinsic factor secretion was assayed in 13 patients. There was no significant difference in the pattern of secretion after 12 weeks' treatment with cimetidine. The basal and peak acid outputs of all 16 patients were measured. No significant difference was found in the pattern of acid secretion after treatment. It appears that parietal cell secretory function is restored to normal within 12 hours of discontinuing a prolonged course of cimetidine.", "PMID": 648938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4068", "title": "Serum carbenoxolone in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer: Absorption, efficacy and side-effects.", "content": "The absorption of carbenoxolone sodium has been studied in 15 patients with gastric ulcer and eight patients with duodenal ulcer treated for four weeks. Blood levels of carbenoxolone showed a log distribution, varied markedly between patients, and were significantly higher after Biogastrone tablets (300 mg/day) than after Duogastrone capsules (200 mg/day). Serum carbenoxolone levels were similar in patients taking Biogastrone tablets before or after meals, and in patients taking Biogastrone tablets or Duogastrone capsules with or without antacids following chronic administration. Serum carbenoxolone levels were similar in patients whose gastric ulcers had or had not healed after four weeks' treatment. Serum carbenoxolone was significantly higher in patients who developed oedema, and was significantly correlated with age and with fall in plasma potassium. Carbenoxolone may exert its metabolic effects systemically, but its ulcer-healing effects topically; additional studies are needed to test this hypothesis.", "contents": "Serum carbenoxolone in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer: Absorption, efficacy and side-effects. The absorption of carbenoxolone sodium has been studied in 15 patients with gastric ulcer and eight patients with duodenal ulcer treated for four weeks. Blood levels of carbenoxolone showed a log distribution, varied markedly between patients, and were significantly higher after Biogastrone tablets (300 mg/day) than after Duogastrone capsules (200 mg/day). Serum carbenoxolone levels were similar in patients taking Biogastrone tablets before or after meals, and in patients taking Biogastrone tablets or Duogastrone capsules with or without antacids following chronic administration. Serum carbenoxolone levels were similar in patients whose gastric ulcers had or had not healed after four weeks' treatment. Serum carbenoxolone was significantly higher in patients who developed oedema, and was significantly correlated with age and with fall in plasma potassium. Carbenoxolone may exert its metabolic effects systemically, but its ulcer-healing effects topically; additional studies are needed to test this hypothesis.", "PMID": 648939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4069", "title": "The effectiveness of homemaker--home health aides.", "content": "The results of this study indicate that H/HHAs possess a wide array of objectives when working with clients. They are also perceived to be very effective in improving the quantity and quality of home care for their clients. This improved home care means clients are left alone less of ten and also receive meals with greater regularity. The clients perceive the H/HHAs as having many roles simultaneously, and they are viewed more as professional people than servants (the professional roles correlate highly with adequacy of client service). Based on the perceptions of the clients samples, social workers can utilize confidently the services of H/HHAs in an interdisciplinary approach to practice. It is hoped that this study will encourage social workers to utilize the services of the H/HHAs more appropriately, efficiently, effectively, and confidently when working with clients who may need these services. The authors suggest that future research should focus on the H/HHAs themselves, in areas such as their job descriptions and their job satisfactions and dissatisfactions, as well as how they and other professionals perceive their effectiveness.", "contents": "The effectiveness of homemaker--home health aides. The results of this study indicate that H/HHAs possess a wide array of objectives when working with clients. They are also perceived to be very effective in improving the quantity and quality of home care for their clients. This improved home care means clients are left alone less of ten and also receive meals with greater regularity. The clients perceive the H/HHAs as having many roles simultaneously, and they are viewed more as professional people than servants (the professional roles correlate highly with adequacy of client service). Based on the perceptions of the clients samples, social workers can utilize confidently the services of H/HHAs in an interdisciplinary approach to practice. It is hoped that this study will encourage social workers to utilize the services of the H/HHAs more appropriately, efficiently, effectively, and confidently when working with clients who may need these services. The authors suggest that future research should focus on the H/HHAs themselves, in areas such as their job descriptions and their job satisfactions and dissatisfactions, as well as how they and other professionals perceive their effectiveness.", "PMID": 648967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4070", "title": "Adolescent unwed motherhood: implications for a national family policy.", "content": "Out-of-wedlock pregnancies among adolescents from impoverished families and the decision of these girls to have their babies rather than to seek an abortion represent on adaptation to the circumstances of poverty. The authors content that a national family policy might help some of these girls avoid out-of-wedlock pregnancy and childbearing.", "contents": "Adolescent unwed motherhood: implications for a national family policy. Out-of-wedlock pregnancies among adolescents from impoverished families and the decision of these girls to have their babies rather than to seek an abortion represent on adaptation to the circumstances of poverty. The authors content that a national family policy might help some of these girls avoid out-of-wedlock pregnancy and childbearing.", "PMID": 648970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4071", "title": "Counseling women for tubal sterilization.", "content": "In view of the current concern about sterilization abuse, the federal government has issued guidelines to prevent women from being sterilized without their knowledge or consent. The authors describe a counseling program in a large inner-city hospital that followed these specifications.", "contents": "Counseling women for tubal sterilization. In view of the current concern about sterilization abuse, the federal government has issued guidelines to prevent women from being sterilized without their knowledge or consent. The authors describe a counseling program in a large inner-city hospital that followed these specifications.", "PMID": 648971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4072", "title": "Social work consultation to nursing homes: a study.", "content": "This is a study of 39 social work consultants to nursing homes in the Southeast who continued their consultation activities after the federal government removed the requirement for nursing homes to employ social work consultants to qualify for reimbursement of cost through federal programs. It examines their knowledge and attitudes about aging and their consultative skills in relation to case, process, and program consultation and three types of group work.", "contents": "Social work consultation to nursing homes: a study. This is a study of 39 social work consultants to nursing homes in the Southeast who continued their consultation activities after the federal government removed the requirement for nursing homes to employ social work consultants to qualify for reimbursement of cost through federal programs. It examines their knowledge and attitudes about aging and their consultative skills in relation to case, process, and program consultation and three types of group work.", "PMID": 648972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4073", "title": "Assertiveness training for nurses in a general hospital.", "content": "This article describes the first stage of an assertiveness training program for staff and managerial nurses in a general hospital. Special problems were raied in the group and their origins discussed. The group focused on the role of the professional nurse and the relationships between doctors, nurses, and patients.", "contents": "Assertiveness training for nurses in a general hospital. This article describes the first stage of an assertiveness training program for staff and managerial nurses in a general hospital. Special problems were raied in the group and their origins discussed. The group focused on the role of the professional nurse and the relationships between doctors, nurses, and patients.", "PMID": 648973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4074", "title": "Variability of Aspergillus niger after treatment with N-emthyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine influences strongly the variability of Aspergillus niger MU 90, particularly on long-term treatment. The number of spores capable of growth decreases with the duration of treatment and the number of morphological and biochemical mutants considerably increases. The highest number of mutants with increased organic acid production was obtained after a mutagenic treatment when the number of surviving spores decreased below 1%.", "contents": "Variability of Aspergillus niger after treatment with N-emthyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine influences strongly the variability of Aspergillus niger MU 90, particularly on long-term treatment. The number of spores capable of growth decreases with the duration of treatment and the number of morphological and biochemical mutants considerably increases. The highest number of mutants with increased organic acid production was obtained after a mutagenic treatment when the number of surviving spores decreased below 1%.", "PMID": 648974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4075", "title": "Viability of spores after repeated freezing and thawing shocks.", "content": "Survival of spores of the fungus Rhizopus nigricans after repeated freezing and thawing was investigated. The cooling rate was 10(4) degrees C/min. Dry spores were fully inactive after 32 repeated shocks. About one-half of spores were killed after 8 repetitions. The water content did not change the resistance, swollen spores reacted to shocks much like dry ones. The sensitivity of spores to freezing-thawing shocks increased considerably when the spores changed from the dormant to the active state. Already after a 30 min cultivation of spores in the nutrient medium two freezing and thawings were sufficient for inactivation of 60% spores. After a 90 min cultivation one freezing and one thawing were sufficient to inactivate practically all spores.", "contents": "Viability of spores after repeated freezing and thawing shocks. Survival of spores of the fungus Rhizopus nigricans after repeated freezing and thawing was investigated. The cooling rate was 10(4) degrees C/min. Dry spores were fully inactive after 32 repeated shocks. About one-half of spores were killed after 8 repetitions. The water content did not change the resistance, swollen spores reacted to shocks much like dry ones. The sensitivity of spores to freezing-thawing shocks increased considerably when the spores changed from the dormant to the active state. Already after a 30 min cultivation of spores in the nutrient medium two freezing and thawings were sufficient for inactivation of 60% spores. After a 90 min cultivation one freezing and one thawing were sufficient to inactivate practically all spores.", "PMID": 648975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4076", "title": "Degradation by Eco R1 endonuclease of DNA isolated from phages infecting Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "DNA was isolated from lytic phages of two strains, Bacillus licheniformis, a producer of bacitracin, and Bacillus thuringiensis forming protein paracrystals with pronounced insecticidal effects. Its sensitivity to Eco R1 restriction endonuclease was determined. It was the aim of the work to find out whether these phages could serve as vectors in the transfer and possible amplification of genes of the two important industrial species of bacilli. Approximate values of the molecular weight of DNA of the two phages were determined after degradation of the phage DNA by Eco R1, followed by comparison of electrophoretic mobility of individual fragments with that of the Eco R1-degraded DNA of phage lambdab2.", "contents": "Degradation by Eco R1 endonuclease of DNA isolated from phages infecting Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus thuringiensis. DNA was isolated from lytic phages of two strains, Bacillus licheniformis, a producer of bacitracin, and Bacillus thuringiensis forming protein paracrystals with pronounced insecticidal effects. Its sensitivity to Eco R1 restriction endonuclease was determined. It was the aim of the work to find out whether these phages could serve as vectors in the transfer and possible amplification of genes of the two important industrial species of bacilli. Approximate values of the molecular weight of DNA of the two phages were determined after degradation of the phage DNA by Eco R1, followed by comparison of electrophoretic mobility of individual fragments with that of the Eco R1-degraded DNA of phage lambdab2.", "PMID": 648976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4077", "title": "The annual reproductive cycle of captive Macaca sylvana.", "content": "The annual reproductive cycle of a captive colony of Barbary apes, Macaca sylvana, was examined for the 26-year period from 1950 to 1976 and then compared with the annual reproductive cycle of semifree ranging M.sylvania in Gibraltar. Mating and birthing seasons for the two populations were similar although birth synchrony was more pronounced in the Gibraltar colony. The environmental factors influencing the maintenance of the annual cycles in both localities are examined.", "contents": "The annual reproductive cycle of captive Macaca sylvana. The annual reproductive cycle of a captive colony of Barbary apes, Macaca sylvana, was examined for the 26-year period from 1950 to 1976 and then compared with the annual reproductive cycle of semifree ranging M.sylvania in Gibraltar. Mating and birthing seasons for the two populations were similar although birth synchrony was more pronounced in the Gibraltar colony. The environmental factors influencing the maintenance of the annual cycles in both localities are examined.", "PMID": 648978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4078", "title": "[Intestinal angina].", "content": "Based on the experience with 243 patients with chronic occlusive disease of the visceral arteries, the different symptoms of intestinal angina are described. Problems concerning diagnostic procedures, especially angiography, and indication for reconstructive arterial surgery are discussed.", "contents": "[Intestinal angina]. Based on the experience with 243 patients with chronic occlusive disease of the visceral arteries, the different symptoms of intestinal angina are described. Problems concerning diagnostic procedures, especially angiography, and indication for reconstructive arterial surgery are discussed.", "PMID": 648986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4079", "title": "[Surgical treatment of ulcer].", "content": "The standard of today in surgical treatment of the duodenal and gastric ulcer in Germany is shown. Positive and negative aspects of the different methods are discussed. Special technics are recommended for the different types of gastroduodenal ulcera.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of ulcer]. The standard of today in surgical treatment of the duodenal and gastric ulcer in Germany is shown. Positive and negative aspects of the different methods are discussed. Special technics are recommended for the different types of gastroduodenal ulcera.", "PMID": 648987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4080", "title": "[Treatment of burns. Experimental and clinical studies].", "content": "Burn disease is a severe complication of all extensive deep burns. Therefore, the destroyed skin must be removed and the open wounds closed as soon as possible. Until now only the early surgical necrectomy and grafting can meet these essentials. Our studies on \"chemical d\u00e9bridement\" by various enzyme preparations showed that collagenase hastened the removal of dead tissue without any complications. The subsequent application of soluble collagen to the would area caused significant acceleration of wound closure in rats as well as in pigs without immunological reactions. Finally, evidence of anti-collagen antibodies may be important for the treatment of burn disease if a direct effect can be proved.", "contents": "[Treatment of burns. Experimental and clinical studies]. Burn disease is a severe complication of all extensive deep burns. Therefore, the destroyed skin must be removed and the open wounds closed as soon as possible. Until now only the early surgical necrectomy and grafting can meet these essentials. Our studies on \"chemical d\u00e9bridement\" by various enzyme preparations showed that collagenase hastened the removal of dead tissue without any complications. The subsequent application of soluble collagen to the would area caused significant acceleration of wound closure in rats as well as in pigs without immunological reactions. Finally, evidence of anti-collagen antibodies may be important for the treatment of burn disease if a direct effect can be proved.", "PMID": 648988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4081", "title": "[Vater's papilla as an intra-operative problem].", "content": "A well-functioning major duodenal papilla is an indispensable condition for freedom from complaint in the region of the biliary tract and pancreas. Intraoperatively, the papilla is the problem of the surgeon. With appropriate morphological changes, transduodenal papillotomy is a necessary and irreplaceable procedure for curing the bile ducts and the pancreas. It should, however, be strongly emphasized that this surgical papillotomy is a major intervention bearing a number of possible risks. For this reason, only the sufficiently functionally disturbed and morphologically altered papilla is to be operated on.", "contents": "[Vater's papilla as an intra-operative problem]. A well-functioning major duodenal papilla is an indispensable condition for freedom from complaint in the region of the biliary tract and pancreas. Intraoperatively, the papilla is the problem of the surgeon. With appropriate morphological changes, transduodenal papillotomy is a necessary and irreplaceable procedure for curing the bile ducts and the pancreas. It should, however, be strongly emphasized that this surgical papillotomy is a major intervention bearing a number of possible risks. For this reason, only the sufficiently functionally disturbed and morphologically altered papilla is to be operated on.", "PMID": 648991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4082", "title": "[Particular causes of renovascular hypertension].", "content": "Besides 55 patients with renal artery stenosis in our department 5 occlusions of renal artery and some other rare but clinically very important causes of renovascular hypertension are reported. All these casuses of an angiotensin-renin mechanism given in general the indication for operative procedure. The very low risk of renovascular revascularisation justifies this operative indication.", "contents": "[Particular causes of renovascular hypertension]. Besides 55 patients with renal artery stenosis in our department 5 occlusions of renal artery and some other rare but clinically very important causes of renovascular hypertension are reported. All these casuses of an angiotensin-renin mechanism given in general the indication for operative procedure. The very low risk of renovascular revascularisation justifies this operative indication.", "PMID": 648990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4083", "title": "[Suture materials in surgery. Significance of basic substance and construction of surgical suture material for utilization in vivo].", "content": "The paper is a review of all available suture materials (absorbable and non-absorbable threads). The tissue reaction to the various sutures is discussed and histologically demonstrated, as well as possible complication. It is described which suture material is best suited for the various tissues and suturing techniques.", "contents": "[Suture materials in surgery. Significance of basic substance and construction of surgical suture material for utilization in vivo]. The paper is a review of all available suture materials (absorbable and non-absorbable threads). The tissue reaction to the various sutures is discussed and histologically demonstrated, as well as possible complication. It is described which suture material is best suited for the various tissues and suturing techniques.", "PMID": 648993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4084", "title": "[Polycythemia vera, clinical aspects and disease course].", "content": "The data of 140 patients with polycythemia vera during the period 1955--1975 were analyzed with regard to clinical signs and prognosis. The average age was 53,4 years. The sex ratio was 1.9:1 in favor of men. The most frequent symptoms were headache and vertigo. In more than half of the cases hepatosplenomegaly and hypertension were found. Besides typical changes in the blood count with elevated erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes and thrombocytes, increased levels of alkaline leukocyte phosphatase and uric acid were found. As to therapy, after 32P-medication the survival was two years longer than after phlebotomy. In 9 patients osteomyelofibrosis developed, and in 7 cases chronic myeloic leukemia. The mean age of death was 61 years.", "contents": "[Polycythemia vera, clinical aspects and disease course]. The data of 140 patients with polycythemia vera during the period 1955--1975 were analyzed with regard to clinical signs and prognosis. The average age was 53,4 years. The sex ratio was 1.9:1 in favor of men. The most frequent symptoms were headache and vertigo. In more than half of the cases hepatosplenomegaly and hypertension were found. Besides typical changes in the blood count with elevated erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes and thrombocytes, increased levels of alkaline leukocyte phosphatase and uric acid were found. As to therapy, after 32P-medication the survival was two years longer than after phlebotomy. In 9 patients osteomyelofibrosis developed, and in 7 cases chronic myeloic leukemia. The mean age of death was 61 years.", "PMID": 648997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4085", "title": "[Acute intrauterine hypoxia].", "content": "It is most commonly caused by cord compression and decreased utero-placental perfusion. Among all diagnostic procedures cardiotocography is most effective. The dignity of the different pathologic heart rate patterns varies. By technical and organisational means such as central control panels and automatic alert systems registered data are continuously evaluated even if the staff is limited. A number of therapeutical procedures may be chosen instead of rapid delivery. To a certain degree acute intrauterine asphyxia can be prevented.", "contents": "[Acute intrauterine hypoxia]. It is most commonly caused by cord compression and decreased utero-placental perfusion. Among all diagnostic procedures cardiotocography is most effective. The dignity of the different pathologic heart rate patterns varies. By technical and organisational means such as central control panels and automatic alert systems registered data are continuously evaluated even if the staff is limited. A number of therapeutical procedures may be chosen instead of rapid delivery. To a certain degree acute intrauterine asphyxia can be prevented.", "PMID": 648999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4086", "title": "[Perinatal influences on blood coagulation in healthy newborn infants with special reference to vitamin K administration].", "content": "In a prospective study the daily milk intake and weight gain were recorded in 169 healthy newborn infants during the first week of life. Factor II, V and VII activities were determined on the fourth day using a capillary blood method with hematocrit correction factor. Late onset of feeding showed a major influence on factor II and VII activities. In full-term newborns factor II was correlated to the birth weight. Mode of delivery, color of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord round the neck, Apgar score and postnatal vitamin K prophylaxis showed no significant influence. In infants with abnormal cardiotocographic findings higher levels of factor II were determined. This can be explained by stress-induced liver maturation.", "contents": "[Perinatal influences on blood coagulation in healthy newborn infants with special reference to vitamin K administration]. In a prospective study the daily milk intake and weight gain were recorded in 169 healthy newborn infants during the first week of life. Factor II, V and VII activities were determined on the fourth day using a capillary blood method with hematocrit correction factor. Late onset of feeding showed a major influence on factor II and VII activities. In full-term newborns factor II was correlated to the birth weight. Mode of delivery, color of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord round the neck, Apgar score and postnatal vitamin K prophylaxis showed no significant influence. In infants with abnormal cardiotocographic findings higher levels of factor II were determined. This can be explained by stress-induced liver maturation.", "PMID": 649000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4087", "title": "[Circadian periodicity and stomach ulcer. An animal experiment model for the detection of rhythm factors in the genesis of civilization diseases].", "content": "Against the background of clinical experience attesting to the role of the circadian and circannual rhythm stage in gastric ulcerogenesis, animal experiments provide a model where by circadian stage and sex are both revealed as determinants of gastric ulcerogenesis. Experiments on the genetically mesor-hypertensive Okamoto rat demonstrate the critical interaction of multiple loads in ulcerogenesis, in keeping with a report by Glavin and Mikhail. While stimulation by single loads of a certain intensity--immobilization, food deprivation or cooling--did not regularly lead to the production of gastric ulcers, the combination of these same loads did so as a function of circadian state at the beginning of exposure time.", "contents": "[Circadian periodicity and stomach ulcer. An animal experiment model for the detection of rhythm factors in the genesis of civilization diseases]. Against the background of clinical experience attesting to the role of the circadian and circannual rhythm stage in gastric ulcerogenesis, animal experiments provide a model where by circadian stage and sex are both revealed as determinants of gastric ulcerogenesis. Experiments on the genetically mesor-hypertensive Okamoto rat demonstrate the critical interaction of multiple loads in ulcerogenesis, in keeping with a report by Glavin and Mikhail. While stimulation by single loads of a certain intensity--immobilization, food deprivation or cooling--did not regularly lead to the production of gastric ulcers, the combination of these same loads did so as a function of circadian state at the beginning of exposure time.", "PMID": 649004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4088", "title": "[A system for the mechanized radioimmunological determination of digoxin].", "content": "Because of the increased number of samples to be processed in digoxin radioimmunoassay for clinical diagnosis and pharmacokinetic studies these analyses require mechanization to a certain extent. A newly developed modular analyzer system is described which is capable of mechanizing radioimmunoassays for digoxin, for example, independent on the kind of reagent kits as well as the separation technique. In dependence on the number of replicates from 60 to 240 samples per hour can be processed. The reaction vessels are placed in belts during the whole assay including centrifugation. The final separation of the liquid and the solid phase after centrifugation can be performed in two different ways: 1. If a conventional automatic gamma counter is used an aliquot of the supernatant is automatically dispensed into the counting vials which are to be closed manually and transferred into the counting device. 2. Further reduction of manual working steps can be achieved by employment of a newly developed discontinuous flow-through gamma counter which is part of the modular analyzer system. An aliquot of the supernatants is automatically flushed into a measuring cuvette installed into a conventional crystal detector. After measurement of the radioactivity and data output the cuvette is rinsed thoroughly. Thereafter the following sample is delivered.", "contents": "[A system for the mechanized radioimmunological determination of digoxin]. Because of the increased number of samples to be processed in digoxin radioimmunoassay for clinical diagnosis and pharmacokinetic studies these analyses require mechanization to a certain extent. A newly developed modular analyzer system is described which is capable of mechanizing radioimmunoassays for digoxin, for example, independent on the kind of reagent kits as well as the separation technique. In dependence on the number of replicates from 60 to 240 samples per hour can be processed. The reaction vessels are placed in belts during the whole assay including centrifugation. The final separation of the liquid and the solid phase after centrifugation can be performed in two different ways: 1. If a conventional automatic gamma counter is used an aliquot of the supernatant is automatically dispensed into the counting vials which are to be closed manually and transferred into the counting device. 2. Further reduction of manual working steps can be achieved by employment of a newly developed discontinuous flow-through gamma counter which is part of the modular analyzer system. An aliquot of the supernatants is automatically flushed into a measuring cuvette installed into a conventional crystal detector. After measurement of the radioactivity and data output the cuvette is rinsed thoroughly. Thereafter the following sample is delivered.", "PMID": 649005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4089", "title": "[Obesity and cardiovascular risk].", "content": "Epidemiological studies on the relationship of obesity, morbidity and mortality revealed the following results: In life insurance studies, excess mortality of obese people was found with more than 30 percent overweight. Mortality was caused by cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Obesity at issue of the policy in younger age was a greater risk than in the older age group. In prospective studies with long follow-up periods (greater than 16 years) it could be shown that obesity alone was a risk factor for coronary heart disease, the risk being greatest for men and middle aged women. However, the prevalence of accepted risk factors in an obese population is so high that the question whether obesity alone is a risk factor for coronary heart disease is of little interest. The correlations between obesity and risk factors were of minor magnitude; therefore other factors, such as age or HDL-cholesterol, should be considered in the elucidation of the relationship between obesity and coronary heart disease. HDL-cholesterol appears to be a powerful independent protective factor which is diminished in obesity. Despite the fact that studies proving a prolongation of life by treating obesity are not available, the treatment of obesity may be beneficial for the patient by diminishing risk factors.", "contents": "[Obesity and cardiovascular risk]. Epidemiological studies on the relationship of obesity, morbidity and mortality revealed the following results: In life insurance studies, excess mortality of obese people was found with more than 30 percent overweight. Mortality was caused by cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Obesity at issue of the policy in younger age was a greater risk than in the older age group. In prospective studies with long follow-up periods (greater than 16 years) it could be shown that obesity alone was a risk factor for coronary heart disease, the risk being greatest for men and middle aged women. However, the prevalence of accepted risk factors in an obese population is so high that the question whether obesity alone is a risk factor for coronary heart disease is of little interest. The correlations between obesity and risk factors were of minor magnitude; therefore other factors, such as age or HDL-cholesterol, should be considered in the elucidation of the relationship between obesity and coronary heart disease. HDL-cholesterol appears to be a powerful independent protective factor which is diminished in obesity. Despite the fact that studies proving a prolongation of life by treating obesity are not available, the treatment of obesity may be beneficial for the patient by diminishing risk factors.", "PMID": 649007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4090", "title": "[Early diagnosis of neoplasms in young women. When should prevention of neoplasms start?].", "content": "Cervical cancer is seen in younger women more often than expected. In the literature up to 35% of the pre-stages--especially of dysplasia form--have been found in the age group under 30 years. By taking cervical smears in all women experiencing sexual intercourse we would detect these cases and prevent invasive forms of cervical cancer. Therefore, we strongly recommend to lower the age limit of 30 in performing general Pap screening.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of neoplasms in young women. When should prevention of neoplasms start?]. Cervical cancer is seen in younger women more often than expected. In the literature up to 35% of the pre-stages--especially of dysplasia form--have been found in the age group under 30 years. By taking cervical smears in all women experiencing sexual intercourse we would detect these cases and prevent invasive forms of cervical cancer. Therefore, we strongly recommend to lower the age limit of 30 in performing general Pap screening.", "PMID": 649009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4091", "title": "[Geriatric gynecology. A contribution to geriatric gynecology with special reference to postoperative mortality].", "content": "A contribution to geriatric gynecology with special consideration of postoperative mortality. Almost imperceptibly, essential progress has been made within recent years in the field of surgical geriatric gynecology. The attempt was made, after enumerating the specific problems of geriatric gynecology, to deal systematically with surgical geriatric gynecology. From 1960 to 1969 in West-Berlin, 7151 major operations in 60-year-old women and older were performed in 17 gynecological hospitals. Complete records were available in 6658 cases. Evaluating them, we were able to substantiate effectively the clinical actuality of surgical geriatric gynecology as a component of geriatric gynecology.", "contents": "[Geriatric gynecology. A contribution to geriatric gynecology with special reference to postoperative mortality]. A contribution to geriatric gynecology with special consideration of postoperative mortality. Almost imperceptibly, essential progress has been made within recent years in the field of surgical geriatric gynecology. The attempt was made, after enumerating the specific problems of geriatric gynecology, to deal systematically with surgical geriatric gynecology. From 1960 to 1969 in West-Berlin, 7151 major operations in 60-year-old women and older were performed in 17 gynecological hospitals. Complete records were available in 6658 cases. Evaluating them, we were able to substantiate effectively the clinical actuality of surgical geriatric gynecology as a component of geriatric gynecology.", "PMID": 649010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4092", "title": "[Cognitive performance in schizophrenics. A contribution to experimental psychopathology].", "content": "1. From the field of cognitive performances we investigated visual perception under varied acoustical conditions providing a certain amount of guidance. Ss: 108 (paranoid schizophrenics n = 34, nonparanoid schizophrenics n = 33, controls n = 41). All were acute patients. Stimuli were arranged in various perceptive stages by factor analysis. Analysis of variance of times of perception resulted in: conditions which did not show any deficits in schizophrenics; by increasing stimuli complexity different deficits were found in nonparanoid and paranoid schizophrenics; in a special pattern of stimuli constellation paranoid schizophrenics showed a reversal of attention tendencies. 2. The results of many important experiments which are found in respect of \"psychological deficit in schizophrenia\" are integrated into the edifice of clinical psychiatry as follows: by defining several aspects of attention which make it possible to employ the experimental results with no regard to hypotheses; by an extensive historical investigation; in the classical literature about 1900 we found many equivalent forerunners to modern American terms; our experiments are connected closely with clinical psychiatry with view to structural psychopathology. 3. The aim is an experimental basis of the performances of schizophrenics as a prior condition of systematical rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Cognitive performance in schizophrenics. A contribution to experimental psychopathology]. 1. From the field of cognitive performances we investigated visual perception under varied acoustical conditions providing a certain amount of guidance. Ss: 108 (paranoid schizophrenics n = 34, nonparanoid schizophrenics n = 33, controls n = 41). All were acute patients. Stimuli were arranged in various perceptive stages by factor analysis. Analysis of variance of times of perception resulted in: conditions which did not show any deficits in schizophrenics; by increasing stimuli complexity different deficits were found in nonparanoid and paranoid schizophrenics; in a special pattern of stimuli constellation paranoid schizophrenics showed a reversal of attention tendencies. 2. The results of many important experiments which are found in respect of \"psychological deficit in schizophrenia\" are integrated into the edifice of clinical psychiatry as follows: by defining several aspects of attention which make it possible to employ the experimental results with no regard to hypotheses; by an extensive historical investigation; in the classical literature about 1900 we found many equivalent forerunners to modern American terms; our experiments are connected closely with clinical psychiatry with view to structural psychopathology. 3. The aim is an experimental basis of the performances of schizophrenics as a prior condition of systematical rehabilitation.", "PMID": 649011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4093", "title": "[Psychosomatic diseases in urology].", "content": "As in other medical fields there also exist psychosomatic diseases in urology which appear in the form of functional disturbances. Besides alterations of the diuresis, mainly an irritable bladder, symptoms of enuresis, urinary retention and additionally symptoms of chronic prostatitis and disturbances of sexual potency. In order to explore the psychic etiology usually a psychiatric examination is necessary with the aim to start adequate treatment.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic diseases in urology]. As in other medical fields there also exist psychosomatic diseases in urology which appear in the form of functional disturbances. Besides alterations of the diuresis, mainly an irritable bladder, symptoms of enuresis, urinary retention and additionally symptoms of chronic prostatitis and disturbances of sexual potency. In order to explore the psychic etiology usually a psychiatric examination is necessary with the aim to start adequate treatment.", "PMID": 649012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4094", "title": "[Treatment of distortions and non-traumatic conditions of pain and swelling. Double-blind trial with an analgetic and detumescent drug combination].", "content": "A combination of specifically detumescent and analgesic/antiphlogistic substances (Dolo Mobilat film tablets) was tested in a double-blind study against placebo. The active product brought about very good or good therapeutic results in approximately 78% of 50 patients suffering from distortions of joints and from painful inflammation and swelling of non-traumatic origin; the  corresponding percentage obtained with the placebo was 34%. Separate evaluations of pain and swellings most relevant for their homogeneity in distortions of joints showed rates of 80% and 31%, respectively. These differences as to efficacy are highly significant (p less than 0.001). There were no symptoms of intolerance except some sporadic mild gastric complaints. In comparison with the experience made with analgesics and antiphlogistics in oral therapy the action and tolerance were judged as very good.", "contents": "[Treatment of distortions and non-traumatic conditions of pain and swelling. Double-blind trial with an analgetic and detumescent drug combination]. A combination of specifically detumescent and analgesic/antiphlogistic substances (Dolo Mobilat film tablets) was tested in a double-blind study against placebo. The active product brought about very good or good therapeutic results in approximately 78% of 50 patients suffering from distortions of joints and from painful inflammation and swelling of non-traumatic origin; the  corresponding percentage obtained with the placebo was 34%. Separate evaluations of pain and swellings most relevant for their homogeneity in distortions of joints showed rates of 80% and 31%, respectively. These differences as to efficacy are highly significant (p less than 0.001). There were no symptoms of intolerance except some sporadic mild gastric complaints. In comparison with the experience made with analgesics and antiphlogistics in oral therapy the action and tolerance were judged as very good.", "PMID": 649013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4095", "title": "[Complications due to soft hydrophilic contact lenses].", "content": "Soft hydrophilic contact lenses are widely favored thanks to their minimal ocular irritation. They may, however, also cause severe eye disease. In this report, allergies, hypoxia, tear film alterations, toxic effects and infections, as caused by soft lenses, are described, and their diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prophylaxis discussed. Moreover, it is pointed out that a misdiagnosis of \"contact lens intolerance\" may have serious consequences.", "contents": "[Complications due to soft hydrophilic contact lenses]. Soft hydrophilic contact lenses are widely favored thanks to their minimal ocular irritation. They may, however, also cause severe eye disease. In this report, allergies, hypoxia, tear film alterations, toxic effects and infections, as caused by soft lenses, are described, and their diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prophylaxis discussed. Moreover, it is pointed out that a misdiagnosis of \"contact lens intolerance\" may have serious consequences.", "PMID": 649017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4096", "title": "[Electronic image analysis in ophthalmology].", "content": "Based on experimental investigations a broad concept for the use of television image analysis in basic and clinical ophthalmology is given. This summary outline contents a short description of the technique and some examples for the clinical use of image analysis, like the measurement of corneal width and erosions, infrared pupillography, morphometry of the iris and quantitative fluorescence angiography. \"Static\" and \"dynamic\" image analysis are defined, the role of pattern recognition is mentioned. The results of the study demonstrate that television image analysis can be of great importance for the future of quantitative ophthalmology.", "contents": "[Electronic image analysis in ophthalmology]. Based on experimental investigations a broad concept for the use of television image analysis in basic and clinical ophthalmology is given. This summary outline contents a short description of the technique and some examples for the clinical use of image analysis, like the measurement of corneal width and erosions, infrared pupillography, morphometry of the iris and quantitative fluorescence angiography. \"Static\" and \"dynamic\" image analysis are defined, the role of pattern recognition is mentioned. The results of the study demonstrate that television image analysis can be of great importance for the future of quantitative ophthalmology.", "PMID": 649018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4097", "title": "[Ultrasonic echography. Current and future tasks in the finding of intraocular foreign bodies].", "content": "Unlike most publications ultrasonography is not seen as an alternative concept to x-ray localization of intraocular foreign bodies but as supporting aid. It is primarily used for the rather simple measurement of the form of the injured eye and not so much for direct search of the foreign body. The latter is rather difficult to perform intraoperatively. The combined method is based on the Comberg localization using a mobile x-ray television unit. The x-ray imagery shows quickly, exactly and clearly the localization of the foreign body in the orbita. The eye itself cannot be seen on the monitor, but ultrasonic data allow to add its contours, corrected individually. This work is done by a computer. The measurement of coordinates and angles usually performed by the investigator is done by a computer, too. The linkage of both x-ray and ultrasonic equipment to a computer relieves the surgeon of the graphical tasks and ultrasonic search for the foreign body; it also gives information about the localization of the foreign body in the individual case during the entire operation.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic echography. Current and future tasks in the finding of intraocular foreign bodies]. Unlike most publications ultrasonography is not seen as an alternative concept to x-ray localization of intraocular foreign bodies but as supporting aid. It is primarily used for the rather simple measurement of the form of the injured eye and not so much for direct search of the foreign body. The latter is rather difficult to perform intraoperatively. The combined method is based on the Comberg localization using a mobile x-ray television unit. The x-ray imagery shows quickly, exactly and clearly the localization of the foreign body in the orbita. The eye itself cannot be seen on the monitor, but ultrasonic data allow to add its contours, corrected individually. This work is done by a computer. The measurement of coordinates and angles usually performed by the investigator is done by a computer, too. The linkage of both x-ray and ultrasonic equipment to a computer relieves the surgeon of the graphical tasks and ultrasonic search for the foreign body; it also gives information about the localization of the foreign body in the individual case during the entire operation.", "PMID": 649020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4098", "title": "[Scintigraphy of the lacrimal draining system].", "content": "A new scintigraphic method, the radionuclide dacryography, to evaluate lacrimal drainage and its disorders is described. A drop of 99mTc-pertechnetate is dropped onto the eyes and the transport of the nuclide is registered by a scintillation camera. By this method it is easy to verify, under physiological conditions, suspected obstructions of the lacrimal drainage system and to determine its localization. The absorbed radiation dose using radionuclide dacryography is very low as compared to radiological methods.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy of the lacrimal draining system]. A new scintigraphic method, the radionuclide dacryography, to evaluate lacrimal drainage and its disorders is described. A drop of 99mTc-pertechnetate is dropped onto the eyes and the transport of the nuclide is registered by a scintillation camera. By this method it is easy to verify, under physiological conditions, suspected obstructions of the lacrimal drainage system and to determine its localization. The absorbed radiation dose using radionuclide dacryography is very low as compared to radiological methods.", "PMID": 649021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4099", "title": "[The colonic carcinoma. Notes on clinical aspects and therapy].", "content": "1752 cases of colon carcinoma are reviewed. History and characteristics of these tumors are described and the results of operative therapy are shown. 50% of the curatively operated patients were still alive after five years, and it seems especially important to think of the possibility of such a carcinoma. Most of our cases have shown early symptoms. It is necessary to interrogate every patient in this respect.", "contents": "[The colonic carcinoma. Notes on clinical aspects and therapy]. 1752 cases of colon carcinoma are reviewed. History and characteristics of these tumors are described and the results of operative therapy are shown. 50% of the curatively operated patients were still alive after five years, and it seems especially important to think of the possibility of such a carcinoma. Most of our cases have shown early symptoms. It is necessary to interrogate every patient in this respect.", "PMID": 649026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4100", "title": "[Therapy of chronic postprandia dyspepsia. Crossed double-blind study with Domperidon (Motilium)].", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over study over eight weeks two groups of 24 patients each with symptoms of chronic postprandial dyspepsia received during the first four-week period either 10 mg domperidon t.i.d. or placebo. After four weeks the medication was exchanged. Despite some improvement of symptoms under placebo, statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher improvement rate after domperidon.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic postprandia dyspepsia. Crossed double-blind study with Domperidon (Motilium)]. In a double-blind cross-over study over eight weeks two groups of 24 patients each with symptoms of chronic postprandial dyspepsia received during the first four-week period either 10 mg domperidon t.i.d. or placebo. After four weeks the medication was exchanged. Despite some improvement of symptoms under placebo, statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher improvement rate after domperidon.", "PMID": 649030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4101", "title": "[The psychiatric emergency in general practice].", "content": "Emergencies (conditions requiring immediate interference with putting aside all other obligations) in psychiatry are acute excitatory states and threats or attempts of suicide. In both situations systematic and prudent medical management is necessary. Taking into consideration the conditions in private practice, the principles of conduct and therapeutic procedure are outlined.", "contents": "[The psychiatric emergency in general practice]. Emergencies (conditions requiring immediate interference with putting aside all other obligations) in psychiatry are acute excitatory states and threats or attempts of suicide. In both situations systematic and prudent medical management is necessary. Taking into consideration the conditions in private practice, the principles of conduct and therapeutic procedure are outlined.", "PMID": 649031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4102", "title": "Fatty acid and lactate metabolism by heart homogenates from alloxan-diabetic dogs.", "content": "Myocardial homogenates from control of alloxan-diabetic dogs were incubated in the presence of lactate or palmitate as the sole substrate. The rate of lactate oxidation of the homogenates from diabetic dogs was less than half of the oxidation rate of homogenates from control animals. The incorporation of labelled palmitate into triglyceride was greatly enhanced in the heart taken from diabetic animals. The tissue concentration of l-carnitine was twice and that of triglyceride was three times as high in the diabetic animals as in their control counterparts. Thus the myocardium of diabetic animals exhibited both altered substrate utilization and increased rate of triglyceride synthesis.", "contents": "Fatty acid and lactate metabolism by heart homogenates from alloxan-diabetic dogs. Myocardial homogenates from control of alloxan-diabetic dogs were incubated in the presence of lactate or palmitate as the sole substrate. The rate of lactate oxidation of the homogenates from diabetic dogs was less than half of the oxidation rate of homogenates from control animals. The incorporation of labelled palmitate into triglyceride was greatly enhanced in the heart taken from diabetic animals. The tissue concentration of l-carnitine was twice and that of triglyceride was three times as high in the diabetic animals as in their control counterparts. Thus the myocardium of diabetic animals exhibited both altered substrate utilization and increased rate of triglyceride synthesis.", "PMID": 649037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4103", "title": "Pancreatic hormones and plasma glucose: regulation mechanisms in the goose under physiological conditions. II. Glucose-glucagon and glucose-insulin feed-back mechanisms.", "content": "We have studied the pancreatic hormone-glucose feed-back mechanisms by infusing glucagon (G), insulin (I) and glucose into normal fasting geese. The controls received saline. Whilst a NaCl 9% infusion is devoid of effect, the pancreatic hormones, used at physiological doses, modify the plasma glucose level, glucagon being hyperglycaemic and insulin hypoglycaemic. In addition, a physiological increase in plasma glucose provokes a drop in plasma glucagon and a rise in plasma insulin, thus a marked decrease in the G/I ratio. The results show that the pancreatic hormone-glucose feed-back mechanisms are effective under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Pancreatic hormones and plasma glucose: regulation mechanisms in the goose under physiological conditions. II. Glucose-glucagon and glucose-insulin feed-back mechanisms. We have studied the pancreatic hormone-glucose feed-back mechanisms by infusing glucagon (G), insulin (I) and glucose into normal fasting geese. The controls received saline. Whilst a NaCl 9% infusion is devoid of effect, the pancreatic hormones, used at physiological doses, modify the plasma glucose level, glucagon being hyperglycaemic and insulin hypoglycaemic. In addition, a physiological increase in plasma glucose provokes a drop in plasma glucagon and a rise in plasma insulin, thus a marked decrease in the G/I ratio. The results show that the pancreatic hormone-glucose feed-back mechanisms are effective under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 649038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4104", "title": "Serum cholesterol esterification in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.", "content": "The rate of serum cholesterol esterification was measured in twenty healthy subjects and compared to similar data obtained with seventeen hyperthyroid and ten hypothyroid subjects. No significant differences were noted in the rate of cholesterol esterification while differences in the fractional rates were highly significant (p less than 0.001); the hyperthyroid group being higher and the hypothyroid group lower than normal. There were no clear trends observed in the changes of the rate of cholesterol esterification upon therapy. However, the fractional rates always increased when hypothyroid patients became euthyroid and always decreased in hyperthyroid patients as the result of therapy.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol esterification in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The rate of serum cholesterol esterification was measured in twenty healthy subjects and compared to similar data obtained with seventeen hyperthyroid and ten hypothyroid subjects. No significant differences were noted in the rate of cholesterol esterification while differences in the fractional rates were highly significant (p less than 0.001); the hyperthyroid group being higher and the hypothyroid group lower than normal. There were no clear trends observed in the changes of the rate of cholesterol esterification upon therapy. However, the fractional rates always increased when hypothyroid patients became euthyroid and always decreased in hyperthyroid patients as the result of therapy.", "PMID": 649039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4105", "title": "Testosterone, LH and FSH in patients with treated testicular carcinomas.", "content": "Patients with testicular cancer were treated by semicastratio and in some cases by retroperitoneal surgery. The diminution of testicular parenchyma to about 50% results to a low serum level of testosterone, but elevated serum level of LH and FSH. 3 years after surgery and irradiation this is not a pathological finding but appears to be a typical pattern. As it is difficult to differentiate embryonal carcinomas and choriocarcinomas from pure embryonal carcinomas an estimation of serum level of LH and FSH may be of use by the diagnosis.", "contents": "Testosterone, LH and FSH in patients with treated testicular carcinomas. Patients with testicular cancer were treated by semicastratio and in some cases by retroperitoneal surgery. The diminution of testicular parenchyma to about 50% results to a low serum level of testosterone, but elevated serum level of LH and FSH. 3 years after surgery and irradiation this is not a pathological finding but appears to be a typical pattern. As it is difficult to differentiate embryonal carcinomas and choriocarcinomas from pure embryonal carcinomas an estimation of serum level of LH and FSH may be of use by the diagnosis.", "PMID": 649040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4106", "title": "Genetically determined response to different ingested carbohydrates in the production of diabetes.", "content": "It has been shown that the metabolic responses to the ingestion of carbohydrates depend upon a) the type of the ingested carbohydrate and b) the genetic build-up of the recipient. In the non-susceptible animal, the ingestion of high sucrose, fructose or glucose diets will ensue in \"normal\" metabolic responses. In the susceptible animal the ingestion of these same carbohydrates will result in impairment of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which will ultimately lead to the development of diabetes and diabetic angiopathy while their siblings with the same genetic build-up consuming starch, will not.", "contents": "Genetically determined response to different ingested carbohydrates in the production of diabetes. It has been shown that the metabolic responses to the ingestion of carbohydrates depend upon a) the type of the ingested carbohydrate and b) the genetic build-up of the recipient. In the non-susceptible animal, the ingestion of high sucrose, fructose or glucose diets will ensue in \"normal\" metabolic responses. In the susceptible animal the ingestion of these same carbohydrates will result in impairment of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which will ultimately lead to the development of diabetes and diabetic angiopathy while their siblings with the same genetic build-up consuming starch, will not.", "PMID": 649046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4107", "title": "Effect of fasting, glucose, amino acids and food intake on in vivo insulin release in the chicken.", "content": "Insulin release was studied in vivo in the chicken using the radioimmunoassay previously described (Simon, Freychet and Rosselin 1974). An orally administered glucose load (2 g/kg b.w.) stimulated insulin release and was rapidly metabolized. A prolonged fasting period (65 hr) increased both initial plasma glucose and initial plasma insulin levels and highly impaired the glucose tolerance. A fasting-impaired insulin release and/or a fasting tissue \"insulin resistance\" accounted for this fasting-impaired glucose tolerance. An orally administered amino acid mixture (1 g/kg b.w.) stimulated insulin release to a very low extent. The effect was however sufficient to decrease the plasma glucose level. In combination with glucose, the oral amino acid load potentiated the effect of a dose of glucose on insulin release and highly improved the glucose tolerance. This synergism was still observed with the intake of a mixed and balanced diet. Therefore, except for some characteristics observed in the chicken which are discussed, the insulin regulation and the pancreatic beta-cell function are qualitatively similar in the chicken and in mammals.", "contents": "Effect of fasting, glucose, amino acids and food intake on in vivo insulin release in the chicken. Insulin release was studied in vivo in the chicken using the radioimmunoassay previously described (Simon, Freychet and Rosselin 1974). An orally administered glucose load (2 g/kg b.w.) stimulated insulin release and was rapidly metabolized. A prolonged fasting period (65 hr) increased both initial plasma glucose and initial plasma insulin levels and highly impaired the glucose tolerance. A fasting-impaired insulin release and/or a fasting tissue \"insulin resistance\" accounted for this fasting-impaired glucose tolerance. An orally administered amino acid mixture (1 g/kg b.w.) stimulated insulin release to a very low extent. The effect was however sufficient to decrease the plasma glucose level. In combination with glucose, the oral amino acid load potentiated the effect of a dose of glucose on insulin release and highly improved the glucose tolerance. This synergism was still observed with the intake of a mixed and balanced diet. Therefore, except for some characteristics observed in the chicken which are discussed, the insulin regulation and the pancreatic beta-cell function are qualitatively similar in the chicken and in mammals.", "PMID": 649047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4108", "title": "Plasma glucagon, insulin and glucose responses to intravenous arginine infusion in the rat.", "content": "Plasma glucagon (IRG), insulin and glucose responses to intravenous arginine infusion in the rat were studied. Three doses of arginine hydrochloride were infused into fasted rats: 0.2 gm/kg b.w., 0.5 gm/kg b.w., and 1 gm/kg b.w. The 0.2 gm/kg dose did not result in significant elevation of plasma IRG or insulin. Both the 0.5 and 1 gm/kg doses produced a significant increase in glucagon and insulin levels within 5 minutes of starting the infusion. The 1 gm/kg dose was most effective in stimulating secretion of both hormones. This dose produced a 250% rise in the plasma IRG compared to 80% peak rise with the 0.5 gm/kg dose (p less than .01) and 1055% rise in insulin levels compared to a peak level of 225% above baseline with the 0.5 gm/kg dose (p less than .001). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of intravenous arginine in the stimulation of glucagon and insulin secretion in the rat.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon, insulin and glucose responses to intravenous arginine infusion in the rat. Plasma glucagon (IRG), insulin and glucose responses to intravenous arginine infusion in the rat were studied. Three doses of arginine hydrochloride were infused into fasted rats: 0.2 gm/kg b.w., 0.5 gm/kg b.w., and 1 gm/kg b.w. The 0.2 gm/kg dose did not result in significant elevation of plasma IRG or insulin. Both the 0.5 and 1 gm/kg doses produced a significant increase in glucagon and insulin levels within 5 minutes of starting the infusion. The 1 gm/kg dose was most effective in stimulating secretion of both hormones. This dose produced a 250% rise in the plasma IRG compared to 80% peak rise with the 0.5 gm/kg dose (p less than .01) and 1055% rise in insulin levels compared to a peak level of 225% above baseline with the 0.5 gm/kg dose (p less than .001). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of intravenous arginine in the stimulation of glucagon and insulin secretion in the rat.", "PMID": 649048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4109", "title": "[Synthesis of human [11-leucine]minigastrin I.--I. Preparation of the fully protected tridecapeptide amide (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the tridecapeptide amide corresponding to and 11-leucine analog of human minigastrin I is decribed. The fully protected peptide derivative was obtained by assembly of three suitably protected fragments corresponding to the sequences 1-6, 7-9 and 10-13 by the carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide method.", "contents": "[Synthesis of human [11-leucine]minigastrin I.--I. Preparation of the fully protected tridecapeptide amide (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the tridecapeptide amide corresponding to and 11-leucine analog of human minigastrin I is decribed. The fully protected peptide derivative was obtained by assembly of three suitably protected fragments corresponding to the sequences 1-6, 7-9 and 10-13 by the carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide method.", "PMID": 649049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4110", "title": "[Synthesis of human [11-leucine]minigastrin I--II. Purification of the synthetic tridecapeptide amide and isolation of a side-product (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparation of the pure 11-leucine analogue of human minigastrin I, a linear tridecapeptidaemide with full \"gastrin activity\", from the crude synthetic material obtained after deblocking of the overall protected tridecapeptide amide derivative by means of trifluoroacetic acid, is achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and subsequent partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The isolation of a synthetic side-product and its identification as human [10-(Nin-tert-butyl-tryptophan),11-leucine]minigastrin I by means of spectroscopic (UV, fluorescence, 1H-NMR, MS), enzymatic and chromatographic methods is described. The pure tridecapeptide amides human [Leu11]minigastrin I and human [Trp(1'-But)10,Leu11]minigastrin I are isolated in overall yields of 37.4% and 4.6%, respectively (mol-% with regard to the overall protected tridecapeptide amide derivative).", "contents": "[Synthesis of human [11-leucine]minigastrin I--II. Purification of the synthetic tridecapeptide amide and isolation of a side-product (author's transl)]. The preparation of the pure 11-leucine analogue of human minigastrin I, a linear tridecapeptidaemide with full \"gastrin activity\", from the crude synthetic material obtained after deblocking of the overall protected tridecapeptide amide derivative by means of trifluoroacetic acid, is achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and subsequent partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The isolation of a synthetic side-product and its identification as human [10-(Nin-tert-butyl-tryptophan),11-leucine]minigastrin I by means of spectroscopic (UV, fluorescence, 1H-NMR, MS), enzymatic and chromatographic methods is described. The pure tridecapeptide amides human [Leu11]minigastrin I and human [Trp(1'-But)10,Leu11]minigastrin I are isolated in overall yields of 37.4% and 4.6%, respectively (mol-% with regard to the overall protected tridecapeptide amide derivative).", "PMID": 649050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4111", "title": "Stilbene synthases and stilbenecarboxylate synthases, I  Enzymatic synthesis of 3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene from p-coumaroyl coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A.", "content": "1) Cell-free extracts prepared via acetone powder from rhizome of Rheum rhaponticum were found to be capable of converting p-coumaroyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA into a 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, resveratrol. The product was characterized by repeated chromatography and by recrystallization to constant specific radioactivity. 2) The mode of condensation of the phenylpropanoid moiety with C2 units was determined by chemical degradation of the enzymatically formed product. 3) The enzyme system which catalyses the condensation of p-coumaroyl moiety with 3 malonyl units, the intramolecular aldol reaction and the subsequent decarboxylation was classified as stilbene synthase. It could be activated by dithiothreitol. 4) When the extraction of the rhizome was performed with aqueous grinding medium, a high percentage of this stilbene synthase activity was found to be membrane-bound.", "contents": "Stilbene synthases and stilbenecarboxylate synthases, I  Enzymatic synthesis of 3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene from p-coumaroyl coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A. 1) Cell-free extracts prepared via acetone powder from rhizome of Rheum rhaponticum were found to be capable of converting p-coumaroyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA into a 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, resveratrol. The product was characterized by repeated chromatography and by recrystallization to constant specific radioactivity. 2) The mode of condensation of the phenylpropanoid moiety with C2 units was determined by chemical degradation of the enzymatically formed product. 3) The enzyme system which catalyses the condensation of p-coumaroyl moiety with 3 malonyl units, the intramolecular aldol reaction and the subsequent decarboxylation was classified as stilbene synthase. It could be activated by dithiothreitol. 4) When the extraction of the rhizome was performed with aqueous grinding medium, a high percentage of this stilbene synthase activity was found to be membrane-bound.", "PMID": 649051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4112", "title": "The carbohydrate linkage site of cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor (chromatographic form AIV[7])was subjected to basic conditions that favour beta-elimination of carbohydrates from O-glycosidic linkages. The unchanged carbohydrate composition and the unchanged values for serine and threonine indicate the presence of an alkali-stable N-glycosidic bond to asparagine. From a tryptic digest of S-aminoethylated inhibitor the glyco-decapeptide (residues 24 through 33) was isolated. The carbohydrate composition was identical with that of the S-aminoethylated inhibitor. Further degradation of this peptide by carboxypeptidase C (and aminopeptidase) produced the glycopeptide Asn(CHO)-Ser-(Thr) with the same carbohydrate composition. Thus, a single carbohydrate moiety is bound by a N-glycosidic linkage to asparagine-27 of the colostrum inhibitor. It is located opposite to the reactive site at the base of a pear-shaped molecule.", "contents": "The carbohydrate linkage site of cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor (chromatographic form AIV[7])was subjected to basic conditions that favour beta-elimination of carbohydrates from O-glycosidic linkages. The unchanged carbohydrate composition and the unchanged values for serine and threonine indicate the presence of an alkali-stable N-glycosidic bond to asparagine. From a tryptic digest of S-aminoethylated inhibitor the glyco-decapeptide (residues 24 through 33) was isolated. The carbohydrate composition was identical with that of the S-aminoethylated inhibitor. Further degradation of this peptide by carboxypeptidase C (and aminopeptidase) produced the glycopeptide Asn(CHO)-Ser-(Thr) with the same carbohydrate composition. Thus, a single carbohydrate moiety is bound by a N-glycosidic linkage to asparagine-27 of the colostrum inhibitor. It is located opposite to the reactive site at the base of a pear-shaped molecule.", "PMID": 649052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4113", "title": "Effect of Na on bile acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. Evidence for a heterogeneous system.", "content": "The effect of Na on cholate and taurocholate uptake was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Uptake of both bile acids can be divided into three components: a) a non-saturable component independent of Na, b) a Na-independent saturable and c) a Na-dependent saturable component. The two saturable components were inhibited by KCN, oligomycin and various other bile acids, which suggests carrier-mediated, energy-requiring processes. The relationship between Na concentration and the Na-dependent uptake rate was sigmoidal. The maximal uptake rate, rather than the Km, was affected by Na. These results suggest that more than one Na (probably two) are cosubstrates in the transport of one bile acid molecule and Na exerts a stimulatory effect on the translocation of the bile acid-carrier complex across the membranes. The Na-dependent uptake was inhibited by ouabain, suggesting that this uptake process is linked to the activity of membrane bound (Na-K)ATPase. Inhibition and competition studies suggest that cholate and taurocholate share a common Na-independent transport system while there are at least two Na-dependent transport systems for taurocholate, one of which is shared by cholate.", "contents": "Effect of Na on bile acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. Evidence for a heterogeneous system. The effect of Na on cholate and taurocholate uptake was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Uptake of both bile acids can be divided into three components: a) a non-saturable component independent of Na, b) a Na-independent saturable and c) a Na-dependent saturable component. The two saturable components were inhibited by KCN, oligomycin and various other bile acids, which suggests carrier-mediated, energy-requiring processes. The relationship between Na concentration and the Na-dependent uptake rate was sigmoidal. The maximal uptake rate, rather than the Km, was affected by Na. These results suggest that more than one Na (probably two) are cosubstrates in the transport of one bile acid molecule and Na exerts a stimulatory effect on the translocation of the bile acid-carrier complex across the membranes. The Na-dependent uptake was inhibited by ouabain, suggesting that this uptake process is linked to the activity of membrane bound (Na-K)ATPase. Inhibition and competition studies suggest that cholate and taurocholate share a common Na-independent transport system while there are at least two Na-dependent transport systems for taurocholate, one of which is shared by cholate.", "PMID": 649053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4114", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in cultured cells by 25-azidonorcholesterol.", "content": "25-Azidonorcholesterol, a side chain analogue of cholesterol, inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in BHK 21 cells in tissue culture; but 3-azido-5-cholestene, the azido analogue of cholesterol has no inhibitory effect. Cell growth was unimpaired by the azido analogue, which showed only a minimal uptake by the cell, compared with that of cholesterol or 25-azidonorcholesterol. 25-Azidonorcholesterol is incorporated into the membranes of BHK 21 cells in place of cholesterol as demonstrated by isotope experiments. The incorporation of radioactive acetate is strongly inhibited by the side chain azido substituted cholesterol derivative; the incorporation of radioactive mevalonate is, however, unimpaired. We conclude that the inhibition occurs at the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase step. Cell growth is not significantly altered.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in cultured cells by 25-azidonorcholesterol. 25-Azidonorcholesterol, a side chain analogue of cholesterol, inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in BHK 21 cells in tissue culture; but 3-azido-5-cholestene, the azido analogue of cholesterol has no inhibitory effect. Cell growth was unimpaired by the azido analogue, which showed only a minimal uptake by the cell, compared with that of cholesterol or 25-azidonorcholesterol. 25-Azidonorcholesterol is incorporated into the membranes of BHK 21 cells in place of cholesterol as demonstrated by isotope experiments. The incorporation of radioactive acetate is strongly inhibited by the side chain azido substituted cholesterol derivative; the incorporation of radioactive mevalonate is, however, unimpaired. We conclude that the inhibition occurs at the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase step. Cell growth is not significantly altered.", "PMID": 649054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4115", "title": "New protein reagents. Synthesis and properties of halogenated maleimides and isomaleimides.", "content": "The title compounds were investigated as examples of potential hetero-bifunctional protein reagents having an electrophilic moiety in addition to a maleimide or isomaleimide ring. The synthesis of such products by cyclization of the corresponding maleamic acids gives lower yields in the maleimide than in the isomaleimide series, especially when the second function is labile, owing to the more drastic reaction conditions necessary to form the symmetric isomer. On the other hand, a comparison of the isomeric imides showed that despite some differences in reactivity, isomaleimides can be used instead of maleimides for chemical modification of proteins. Therefore, if the synthesis of new maleimide reagents containing a second fragile functional group is difficult, they can be designed in the isoimide form.", "contents": "New protein reagents. Synthesis and properties of halogenated maleimides and isomaleimides. The title compounds were investigated as examples of potential hetero-bifunctional protein reagents having an electrophilic moiety in addition to a maleimide or isomaleimide ring. The synthesis of such products by cyclization of the corresponding maleamic acids gives lower yields in the maleimide than in the isomaleimide series, especially when the second function is labile, owing to the more drastic reaction conditions necessary to form the symmetric isomer. On the other hand, a comparison of the isomeric imides showed that despite some differences in reactivity, isomaleimides can be used instead of maleimides for chemical modification of proteins. Therefore, if the synthesis of new maleimide reagents containing a second fragile functional group is difficult, they can be designed in the isoimide form.", "PMID": 649055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4116", "title": "Studies on bovine insulin with methyl vinyl ketone. Isolation of crystalline A1-3-oxobutyl derivative of bovine insulin.", "content": "Reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with bovine insulin affords, amongst others, a crystalline A1-(3-oxobutyl)insulin. This retains full biological activity in the mouse convulsion assay. The presence of zinc ions changes the course of the above reaction, and illustrates the use of zinc as a \"blocking function\".", "contents": "Studies on bovine insulin with methyl vinyl ketone. Isolation of crystalline A1-3-oxobutyl derivative of bovine insulin. Reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with bovine insulin affords, amongst others, a crystalline A1-(3-oxobutyl)insulin. This retains full biological activity in the mouse convulsion assay. The presence of zinc ions changes the course of the above reaction, and illustrates the use of zinc as a \"blocking function\".", "PMID": 649056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4117", "title": "The stability of A1,B29-adipoylinsulin to chemical and enzymatic degradation.", "content": "The degradation of A1,B29-adipolyinsulin by partial hydrolysis, by disulphide-bond exchange, by chymotrypsin and by a cytosolic enzyme fraction of rat liver was measured and compared with that of A1,B29-diacetylinsulin and insulin. The cross-linked insulin is, in general, more resistant than insulin itself or the diacetylated derivative. However, in the case of enzymatic degradation, A1,B29-diacetylinsulin resembles more the cross-linked derivative than insulin. This provides evidence that the properties of A1,B29-adipoylinsulin could not in all circumstances be attributed to its 'proinsulin-like' structure.", "contents": "The stability of A1,B29-adipoylinsulin to chemical and enzymatic degradation. The degradation of A1,B29-adipolyinsulin by partial hydrolysis, by disulphide-bond exchange, by chymotrypsin and by a cytosolic enzyme fraction of rat liver was measured and compared with that of A1,B29-diacetylinsulin and insulin. The cross-linked insulin is, in general, more resistant than insulin itself or the diacetylated derivative. However, in the case of enzymatic degradation, A1,B29-diacetylinsulin resembles more the cross-linked derivative than insulin. This provides evidence that the properties of A1,B29-adipoylinsulin could not in all circumstances be attributed to its 'proinsulin-like' structure.", "PMID": 649057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4118", "title": "Preparation and physical-chemical characterization of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone-insulin.", "content": "In an attempt to modify the structure of insulin, the hormone was coupled by covalent linkage to poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP-insulin is soluble in aqueous solution and was purified by column chromatography. Special care was taken to check for a possible leakage of insulin from the synthetic polymer. The amount of bound insulin was determined by quantitative amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis. After protection of the N-terminal glycine residue of the A-chain by citraconylation, a biologically active PVP-insulin was obtained. The molecular weight determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and column chromatography was 50 000-60 000. The biological activity of the coupled hormone was between 0.5 and 7% when compared with native insulin in the system in vitro. The immunological activity was about 20-50%.", "contents": "Preparation and physical-chemical characterization of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone-insulin. In an attempt to modify the structure of insulin, the hormone was coupled by covalent linkage to poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP-insulin is soluble in aqueous solution and was purified by column chromatography. Special care was taken to check for a possible leakage of insulin from the synthetic polymer. The amount of bound insulin was determined by quantitative amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis. After protection of the N-terminal glycine residue of the A-chain by citraconylation, a biologically active PVP-insulin was obtained. The molecular weight determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and column chromatography was 50 000-60 000. The biological activity of the coupled hormone was between 0.5 and 7% when compared with native insulin in the system in vitro. The immunological activity was about 20-50%.", "PMID": 649058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4119", "title": "A new method for the preparation of band 3, the main integral protein of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Band-3 protein from human erythrocyte membranes was isolated, without using detergents, by a two-step procedure: (1) The peripheral proteins were removed from the membrane by treatment with 10% acetic acid. (2) The remaining lipoprotein complex was solubilized in approximately 92% (v/v) acetic acid and then separated into its components by preparative zonal electrophoresis in a gradient made up of acetic acid, water and sucrose. Band 3 was recovered from the gradient at a yield of 60 - 70% and purity of about 95%. Approximately 25 mg of band 3 could be prepared in one run. The protein is soluble in aqueous solutions, even in the absence of organic solvents or detergents. In addition to band 3, the proteins stained by periodic acid/Schiff's reagent (the sialoglycoproteins) are also separated from the other proteins.", "contents": "A new method for the preparation of band 3, the main integral protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Band-3 protein from human erythrocyte membranes was isolated, without using detergents, by a two-step procedure: (1) The peripheral proteins were removed from the membrane by treatment with 10% acetic acid. (2) The remaining lipoprotein complex was solubilized in approximately 92% (v/v) acetic acid and then separated into its components by preparative zonal electrophoresis in a gradient made up of acetic acid, water and sucrose. Band 3 was recovered from the gradient at a yield of 60 - 70% and purity of about 95%. Approximately 25 mg of band 3 could be prepared in one run. The protein is soluble in aqueous solutions, even in the absence of organic solvents or detergents. In addition to band 3, the proteins stained by periodic acid/Schiff's reagent (the sialoglycoproteins) are also separated from the other proteins.", "PMID": 649061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4120", "title": "[Concentration and characterization of a liver cell proliferation factor from partially hepatectomized rat livers (author's transl)].", "content": "An extract of rat liver, made 12 h after partial hepatectomy, was injected into untreated rats. The synthesis of DNA in the liver cells of the injected animals showed a 3.3 fold increase in comparison with controls. A similar increase was observed in the mitosis index. Injection of liver extracts from normal rats showed no effect when compared with the injection of NaCl. The effect of the active extract was not altered by neuraminidase treatment. Trypsin-chymotrypsin treatment, howerver, removes the activity. The active factor must therefore be either a protein or a protein-like substance. The molecular weight of the factor was shown to be between about 30 000 and 50 000 by molecular filtration. The specific activity after molecular filtration was raised by a factor of 100. The factor is inert with respect to the proliferation of kidney and spleen. It is apparently not species-specific, however, since it also causes increased proliferation of liver cells in normal mice.", "contents": "[Concentration and characterization of a liver cell proliferation factor from partially hepatectomized rat livers (author's transl)]. An extract of rat liver, made 12 h after partial hepatectomy, was injected into untreated rats. The synthesis of DNA in the liver cells of the injected animals showed a 3.3 fold increase in comparison with controls. A similar increase was observed in the mitosis index. Injection of liver extracts from normal rats showed no effect when compared with the injection of NaCl. The effect of the active extract was not altered by neuraminidase treatment. Trypsin-chymotrypsin treatment, howerver, removes the activity. The active factor must therefore be either a protein or a protein-like substance. The molecular weight of the factor was shown to be between about 30 000 and 50 000 by molecular filtration. The specific activity after molecular filtration was raised by a factor of 100. The factor is inert with respect to the proliferation of kidney and spleen. It is apparently not species-specific, however, since it also causes increased proliferation of liver cells in normal mice.", "PMID": 649063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4121", "title": "Management and programmatic constraints on community mental health services.", "content": "While the special needs of the mentally ill are discussed in detail by society in general and by federal and state governments in particular, it is the local mental health services that must develop, integrate, and manage resources from federal and state levels and must deal with the constraints and strings attached to those resources. The author divides the constraints into several categories--clinical, administrative, fiscal, and legal--and offers suggestions for dealing with them, drawing in several cases on examples from the state of California. He feels that the control of mental health services must be kept in the hands of those who are knowledgeable about and have an investment in the delivery of those services.", "contents": "Management and programmatic constraints on community mental health services. While the special needs of the mentally ill are discussed in detail by society in general and by federal and state governments in particular, it is the local mental health services that must develop, integrate, and manage resources from federal and state levels and must deal with the constraints and strings attached to those resources. The author divides the constraints into several categories--clinical, administrative, fiscal, and legal--and offers suggestions for dealing with them, drawing in several cases on examples from the state of California. He feels that the control of mental health services must be kept in the hands of those who are knowledgeable about and have an investment in the delivery of those services.", "PMID": 649067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4122", "title": "The role of a regional treatment center in a model mental health delivery system.", "content": "The author discusses the changes that have occurred at the Mendota Mental Health Institute in Madison, Wisconsin, in response to the growth of the community movement. He traces Mendota's evolution from a traditional state hospital to a regional center that offers specialized treatment services for those who cannot be cared for in community programs, and that places strong emphasis on education and consultation services and on research into treatment methods. He believes a major problem with the community mental health movement has been the expectation that community services should be able to meet all the needs of the people in their areas, an expectation that he considers impossible to fulfill. He proposes a mental health delivery system with primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care (at the third level would be regional centers similar to Mendota), and a fourth level that would provide protective care.", "contents": "The role of a regional treatment center in a model mental health delivery system. The author discusses the changes that have occurred at the Mendota Mental Health Institute in Madison, Wisconsin, in response to the growth of the community movement. He traces Mendota's evolution from a traditional state hospital to a regional center that offers specialized treatment services for those who cannot be cared for in community programs, and that places strong emphasis on education and consultation services and on research into treatment methods. He believes a major problem with the community mental health movement has been the expectation that community services should be able to meet all the needs of the people in their areas, an expectation that he considers impossible to fulfill. He proposes a mental health delivery system with primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care (at the third level would be regional centers similar to Mendota), and a fourth level that would provide protective care.", "PMID": 649068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4123", "title": "Do community mental health centers underserve psychotic individuals?", "content": "An analysis of treatment statistics from three community mental health centers in California indicates that the centers provide treatment to a substantial proportion of the psychotic individuals in the community. Psychotic patients have a significantly higher number of inpatient, day treatment, and outpatient admissions than neurotics. Psychotic patients also receive significantly more treatment in all major service modalities than neurotics. The authors conclude that severely impaired individuals in the treatment population are neither ignored by the centers nor routinely transferred to a state hospital.", "contents": "Do community mental health centers underserve psychotic individuals? An analysis of treatment statistics from three community mental health centers in California indicates that the centers provide treatment to a substantial proportion of the psychotic individuals in the community. Psychotic patients have a significantly higher number of inpatient, day treatment, and outpatient admissions than neurotics. Psychotic patients also receive significantly more treatment in all major service modalities than neurotics. The authors conclude that severely impaired individuals in the treatment population are neither ignored by the centers nor routinely transferred to a state hospital.", "PMID": 649069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4124", "title": "The psychiatric screening clinic at a VA hospital: making it work.", "content": "A psychiatric crisis and screening clinic in a general medical and surgical hospital has expanded psychiatric treatment available to general medical patients and has eliminated overcrowding on the psychiatry service. The authors describe admissions procedures and problems that existed before the clinic was developed and ways clinic staff found to deal with the bureaucracy, which include promoting personal responsibility for patient care. The clinic has met its initial goal of decreasing the amount of time patients have to wait for their first contact with professional staff. Feedback from wards indicates that staff have been successful in making appropriate dispositions.", "contents": "The psychiatric screening clinic at a VA hospital: making it work. A psychiatric crisis and screening clinic in a general medical and surgical hospital has expanded psychiatric treatment available to general medical patients and has eliminated overcrowding on the psychiatry service. The authors describe admissions procedures and problems that existed before the clinic was developed and ways clinic staff found to deal with the bureaucracy, which include promoting personal responsibility for patient care. The clinic has met its initial goal of decreasing the amount of time patients have to wait for their first contact with professional staff. Feedback from wards indicates that staff have been successful in making appropriate dispositions.", "PMID": 649071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4125", "title": "EMS or HSA: which program model influences health delivery more?", "content": "The EMS and the HSA programs differ radically in concept of area of operation, agency structures, roles of consumers and health care professionals, method of funding, and control by the federal government. Both the government and providers should study the differing impact of the programs in order to determine which approach can more effectively change health care delivery.", "contents": "EMS or HSA: which program model influences health delivery more? The EMS and the HSA programs differ radically in concept of area of operation, agency structures, roles of consumers and health care professionals, method of funding, and control by the federal government. Both the government and providers should study the differing impact of the programs in order to determine which approach can more effectively change health care delivery.", "PMID": 649079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4126", "title": "Hospital remains in inner city by moving to recycled factory.", "content": "An urban hospital that needed an up-to-date physical plant renovated and moved into a nearby foundry building. By remaining in its inner-city neighborhood, the hospital continues its programs to help solve socioeconomic problems that affect the community's health and well-being and that may help stimulate the community's recovery from urban blight.", "contents": "Hospital remains in inner city by moving to recycled factory. An urban hospital that needed an up-to-date physical plant renovated and moved into a nearby foundry building. By remaining in its inner-city neighborhood, the hospital continues its programs to help solve socioeconomic problems that affect the community's health and well-being and that may help stimulate the community's recovery from urban blight.", "PMID": 649080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4127", "title": "Professionals in 'alliance' achieve more effective discharge planning.", "content": "A general hospital's discharge planning program shows how patients' needs can be met more effectively when various health care professionals work in \"alliance\" rather than in more rigid modes, such as \"the team.\" In alliance, professionals can perform nontraditional roles, compromise, and shift dominance and partnerships in order torespond to patients' needs with more flexibility and common sense.", "contents": "Professionals in 'alliance' achieve more effective discharge planning. A general hospital's discharge planning program shows how patients' needs can be met more effectively when various health care professionals work in \"alliance\" rather than in more rigid modes, such as \"the team.\" In alliance, professionals can perform nontraditional roles, compromise, and shift dominance and partnerships in order torespond to patients' needs with more flexibility and common sense.", "PMID": 649081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4128", "title": "Hospital libraries' consortium blunts impact of budget cuts.", "content": "Hospital libraries frequently are faced with increasing costs for journals and other educational resources, increasing demand for continuing education materials by health care professionals, and decreasing budgets to meet these needs. Several medical and hospital libraries in Illinois are providing continued, and possibly improved, services under budgetary constraints through a consortium that emphasizes sharing of resources, interlibrary loans, librarian consultation services, and cost-saving projects.", "contents": "Hospital libraries' consortium blunts impact of budget cuts. Hospital libraries frequently are faced with increasing costs for journals and other educational resources, increasing demand for continuing education materials by health care professionals, and decreasing budgets to meet these needs. Several medical and hospital libraries in Illinois are providing continued, and possibly improved, services under budgetary constraints through a consortium that emphasizes sharing of resources, interlibrary loans, librarian consultation services, and cost-saving projects.", "PMID": 649082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4129", "title": "Ambulatory care survey  paves way to the future.", "content": "University of Utah Hospital collected data from patient visits to its ambulatory care clinics to determine how it should build its new facility. The new clinic is planned for 1985, and the survey data showed how to build today to meet tomorrow's needs.", "contents": "Ambulatory care survey  paves way to the future. University of Utah Hospital collected data from patient visits to its ambulatory care clinics to determine how it should build its new facility. The new clinic is planned for 1985, and the survey data showed how to build today to meet tomorrow's needs.", "PMID": 649083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4130", "title": "Coordinating patient education in the hospital.", "content": "Hospital personnel discover that duplication of patient education efforts was occurring because of the absence of coordination. A Patient Education Committee was established to consolidate all the individual efforts that were going on in the hospital.", "contents": "Coordinating patient education in the hospital. Hospital personnel discover that duplication of patient education efforts was occurring because of the absence of coordination. A Patient Education Committee was established to consolidate all the individual efforts that were going on in the hospital.", "PMID": 649084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4131", "title": "ABC analysis helps to determine which drugs to bid purchase.", "content": "The advantages of bid purchasing to both buyer and supplier are described and an explanation of how an ABC classification of inventory helps to determine which items should be bid upon is provided. The cost savings that resulted from bid purchasing of drugs by one hospital using an ABC analysis is also described.", "contents": "ABC analysis helps to determine which drugs to bid purchase. The advantages of bid purchasing to both buyer and supplier are described and an explanation of how an ABC classification of inventory helps to determine which items should be bid upon is provided. The cost savings that resulted from bid purchasing of drugs by one hospital using an ABC analysis is also described.", "PMID": 649085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4132", "title": "System design of a clinical facility for diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "This two-part report sets out the fundamental considerations that are necessary for the successful development and functioning of a clinical diagnostic ultrasound facility. Part 1, \"Establishing a Clinical Diagnostic Ultrasound Facility,\" deals with the myriad details that must be considered when establishing such a facility. Part 2, \"Managing a Clinical Diagnostic Ultrasound Facility,\" is concerned with the functioning of the facility once it is established.", "contents": "System design of a clinical facility for diagnostic ultrasound. This two-part report sets out the fundamental considerations that are necessary for the successful development and functioning of a clinical diagnostic ultrasound facility. Part 1, \"Establishing a Clinical Diagnostic Ultrasound Facility,\" deals with the myriad details that must be considered when establishing such a facility. Part 2, \"Managing a Clinical Diagnostic Ultrasound Facility,\" is concerned with the functioning of the facility once it is established.", "PMID": 649086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4133", "title": "Residents Council provides paint, provokes interaction.", "content": "The Residents Council of the Villa Maria Geriatric Center, Tucson, organized and carried out three mural-painting projects. The painting tasks actively involved many of the nursing home's residents and provided an interesting topic of conversation for others. Villa Maria staff consider the projects one example of how a residents council can truly function to improve the quality of residents' lives.", "contents": "Residents Council provides paint, provokes interaction. The Residents Council of the Villa Maria Geriatric Center, Tucson, organized and carried out three mural-painting projects. The painting tasks actively involved many of the nursing home's residents and provided an interesting topic of conversation for others. Villa Maria staff consider the projects one example of how a residents council can truly function to improve the quality of residents' lives.", "PMID": 649112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4134", "title": "The trustee and the risks of persuasive leadership.", "content": "Boards of trustees are challenged to structure their leadership roles in such a way that they can help the institutions they lead to fulfill their potential. Coercion and persuasion are both tools that boards can use; but while coercion may be necessary in extreme situations, it is not useful for encouraging performance. Persuasion, as defined, is the means by which a board may guide an institution toward its highest possible performance level.", "contents": "The trustee and the risks of persuasive leadership. Boards of trustees are challenged to structure their leadership roles in such a way that they can help the institutions they lead to fulfill their potential. Coercion and persuasion are both tools that boards can use; but while coercion may be necessary in extreme situations, it is not useful for encouraging performance. Persuasion, as defined, is the means by which a board may guide an institution toward its highest possible performance level.", "PMID": 649113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4135", "title": "An applicant's checklist for assessing executive positions.", "content": "Job moves are expensive for the individual--they affect personal and family life, career development, and finances. Such moves are also expensive for the institution because of the impact the executive has on its operations. But sharing information, ideas, and concerns between employer and potential employee may improve the chances of a \"successful match,\" a benefit for both parties.", "contents": "An applicant's checklist for assessing executive positions. Job moves are expensive for the individual--they affect personal and family life, career development, and finances. Such moves are also expensive for the institution because of the impact the executive has on its operations. But sharing information, ideas, and concerns between employer and potential employee may improve the chances of a \"successful match,\" a benefit for both parties.", "PMID": 649114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4136", "title": "Principles and techniques of time management.", "content": "Managing time efficiently is, or should be, part of the credo of every manager from supervisor to chief executive. For managers to take advantage of every  tip and technique available, they must be prepared to increase their self-discipline and adjust their work style each time they climb the organization ladder.", "contents": "Principles and techniques of time management. Managing time efficiently is, or should be, part of the credo of every manager from supervisor to chief executive. For managers to take advantage of every  tip and technique available, they must be prepared to increase their self-discipline and adjust their work style each time they climb the organization ladder.", "PMID": 649115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4137", "title": "Management's response to the union phenomenon.", "content": "While management must be allowed to assert its right to govern, it must not neglect the dignity of the employee in the process. If management can satisfactorily handle employeees' grievances about poor upward communication and poor and unfair treatment, it might also prevent unionization in its institution.", "contents": "Management's response to the union phenomenon. While management must be allowed to assert its right to govern, it must not neglect the dignity of the employee in the process. If management can satisfactorily handle employeees' grievances about poor upward communication and poor and unfair treatment, it might also prevent unionization in its institution.", "PMID": 649116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4138", "title": "Shared services in a small multihospital system.", "content": "The pressures of governmental regulation and the inevitability of NHI or catastrophic insurance programs will lead hospitals to multiinstitutional arrangements as means of survival. The experience of the Tri-County Hospital Group, Wooster, OH, suggests some optimal conditions for shared services organizations and stresses the advantages of quality and economy which may be reaped by hospitals participating in such plans.", "contents": "Shared services in a small multihospital system. The pressures of governmental regulation and the inevitability of NHI or catastrophic insurance programs will lead hospitals to multiinstitutional arrangements as means of survival. The experience of the Tri-County Hospital Group, Wooster, OH, suggests some optimal conditions for shared services organizations and stresses the advantages of quality and economy which may be reaped by hospitals participating in such plans.", "PMID": 649119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4139", "title": "The elderly as prophets.", "content": "An understanding of the biological, psychological, and social factors of aging is just one part of helping older persons to view their own aging as the fulfillment of living, since spiritual growth takes place in the context of these factors but transcends them. Younger persons can facilitate such growth for themselves and their elders by helping the aging to function as \"prophets\" for the younger.", "contents": "The elderly as prophets. An understanding of the biological, psychological, and social factors of aging is just one part of helping older persons to view their own aging as the fulfillment of living, since spiritual growth takes place in the context of these factors but transcends them. Younger persons can facilitate such growth for themselves and their elders by helping the aging to function as \"prophets\" for the younger.", "PMID": 649120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4140", "title": "Personalism in health care.", "content": "The practice of personalism in health care will not survive unless health care professionals uphold the inherently equal value of all persons and regard health care as a covenant between themselves and their patients. Respecting the dignity and rights of patients, especially those whose quality of life is severely diminished, demands increasingly great and even heroic efforts.", "contents": "Personalism in health care. The practice of personalism in health care will not survive unless health care professionals uphold the inherently equal value of all persons and regard health care as a covenant between themselves and their patients. Respecting the dignity and rights of patients, especially those whose quality of life is severely diminished, demands increasingly great and even heroic efforts.", "PMID": 649121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4141", "title": "The impact of waiving compulsory retirement.", "content": "A variety of forces operated synergistically to bring about quick development and passage in April of amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Consequently, administrators must reassess the age-related assumptions underlying personnel policies.", "contents": "The impact of waiving compulsory retirement. A variety of forces operated synergistically to bring about quick development and passage in April of amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Consequently, administrators must reassess the age-related assumptions underlying personnel policies.", "PMID": 649131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4142", "title": "Right-to-die laws: creating, not clarifying, problems.", "content": "That living will, or natural death, legislation--which is currently being pushed in state assemblies nationwide--is unnecessary and may actually inhibit physicians in providing the best of care to dying patients is evident from an analysis of the statutes that have been passed. Whether the motivation behind such legislation is to take a step toward legalizing euthanasia is an open question.", "contents": "Right-to-die laws: creating, not clarifying, problems. That living will, or natural death, legislation--which is currently being pushed in state assemblies nationwide--is unnecessary and may actually inhibit physicians in providing the best of care to dying patients is evident from an analysis of the statutes that have been passed. Whether the motivation behind such legislation is to take a step toward legalizing euthanasia is an open question.", "PMID": 649133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4143", "title": "The hospital library in transition.", "content": "The community hospital library has evolved to a current status of real importance because of advances in medicine and technology, rising expectations from better-informed consumers to be \"well,\" health care specialization, legislation, and malpractice and licensure concerns. Some suggestions are offered to help the hospital library and librarian function in a broad range of roles, from a reservoir of information to public relations resource.", "contents": "The hospital library in transition. The community hospital library has evolved to a current status of real importance because of advances in medicine and technology, rising expectations from better-informed consumers to be \"well,\" health care specialization, legislation, and malpractice and licensure concerns. Some suggestions are offered to help the hospital library and librarian function in a broad range of roles, from a reservoir of information to public relations resource.", "PMID": 649134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4144", "title": "Professional energy audit points way to $100,000 annual saving.", "content": "St. Mary's Hospital, Troy, NY, as part of a general budget-trimming effort, had a professional energy audit conducted. The hospital's management expect to reap both short-and long-term energy and cost savings for the hospital and recommend such an audit by trained professionals.", "contents": "Professional energy audit points way to $100,000 annual saving. St. Mary's Hospital, Troy, NY, as part of a general budget-trimming effort, had a professional energy audit conducted. The hospital's management expect to reap both short-and long-term energy and cost savings for the hospital and recommend such an audit by trained professionals.", "PMID": 649135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4145", "title": "Partial monosomy 13 and 21 due to a familial 13/21 translocation.", "content": "Two patients are described with a monosomy for the proximal part of the long are of chromosome 13 and for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 21, due to an unbalanced 13/21 translocation.", "contents": "Partial monosomy 13 and 21 due to a familial 13/21 translocation. Two patients are described with a monosomy for the proximal part of the long are of chromosome 13 and for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 21, due to an unbalanced 13/21 translocation.", "PMID": 649151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4146", "title": "A dynamic study in two new cases of X chromosome translocations.", "content": "The authors discuss the clinical and cytogenetic problems raised in two new cases of X-chromosome translocations. The first case involves a child who presented marked malformations at age 3 months. Chromosome analysis revealed the presence of a translocation between a 22 and X chromosome resulting in partial X monosomy and partial trisomy 22: 46,X,der(X),t(X:22)(q112;q13)mat. The balanced translocation form was detected in the mother. Dynamic study after 5-Brdu treatment revealed inactivation of the translocated X chromosome in the proband, while in the mother the normal X chromosome was inactivated. In addition to magnesium dependent hypocalcemia resulting from a specific absorption anomaly, Case 2 presented discrete malformations and psychomotor retardation. Chromosome analysis revealed an apparently balanced translocation between a 9 and X chromosome: 46,X,t(9;X)(q12;p22). Treatment with 5-Brdu demonstrated that the translocated X chromosome was inactivated but that inactivation did not extend to the translocated part of chromosome 9. Finally, a pericentric inversion of a 9 chromosome was detected in the father, grandfather, and brother of the proband.", "contents": "A dynamic study in two new cases of X chromosome translocations. The authors discuss the clinical and cytogenetic problems raised in two new cases of X-chromosome translocations. The first case involves a child who presented marked malformations at age 3 months. Chromosome analysis revealed the presence of a translocation between a 22 and X chromosome resulting in partial X monosomy and partial trisomy 22: 46,X,der(X),t(X:22)(q112;q13)mat. The balanced translocation form was detected in the mother. Dynamic study after 5-Brdu treatment revealed inactivation of the translocated X chromosome in the proband, while in the mother the normal X chromosome was inactivated. In addition to magnesium dependent hypocalcemia resulting from a specific absorption anomaly, Case 2 presented discrete malformations and psychomotor retardation. Chromosome analysis revealed an apparently balanced translocation between a 9 and X chromosome: 46,X,t(9;X)(q12;p22). Treatment with 5-Brdu demonstrated that the translocated X chromosome was inactivated but that inactivation did not extend to the translocated part of chromosome 9. Finally, a pericentric inversion of a 9 chromosome was detected in the father, grandfather, and brother of the proband.", "PMID": 649152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4147", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations in heavy smokers.", "content": "Lymphocyte chromosomes from 20 heavy smokers were analyzed from 48-h whole blood cultures for the frequency of dicentric chromosomes, ring chromosomes, and chromatid translocations. Compared to controls, these exchange type aberrations occurred more frequently in the smokers.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations in heavy smokers. Lymphocyte chromosomes from 20 heavy smokers were analyzed from 48-h whole blood cultures for the frequency of dicentric chromosomes, ring chromosomes, and chromatid translocations. Compared to controls, these exchange type aberrations occurred more frequently in the smokers.", "PMID": 649153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4148", "title": "Four cases of chromosome changes detected in course of prenatal diagnosis and probably originating in vitro.", "content": "In a series of 1000 prenatal diagnoses, four cases were found with chromosome changes. The probable in vitro origin of these changes was demonstrated by starting several parallel cultured simultaneously and by repeating the amniocenteses and chromosome analyses.", "contents": "Four cases of chromosome changes detected in course of prenatal diagnosis and probably originating in vitro. In a series of 1000 prenatal diagnoses, four cases were found with chromosome changes. The probable in vitro origin of these changes was demonstrated by starting several parallel cultured simultaneously and by repeating the amniocenteses and chromosome analyses.", "PMID": 649154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4149", "title": "Structural aberrations of the X chromosome in man.", "content": "Among 209 patients with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, 69 women with structural aberrations of X chromosome were detected: 46,X,i(Xq) - 11; 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) - 24; 45,X/46,X,r(X) - 14; 45,X/46,X,f(X or Y) - 10; 45,X/46,X,del(Xq) - 4; 45,X/46,X,del(Xp) - 2; 45,X/46,X,idic(X) - 2; 46,X,idic(X) - 1; and 46,X,t(X,2) - 1. All the patients with structural abnormalities of X chromosome were short in stature, but in no group was it as low on the average as in 45,X cases. Somatic signs were noticed in all structural changes of X, but they were less frequent and less pronounced. In some patients with r(X) and i(Xq), spontaneous menstrual bleeding and breast development was found. The structurally abnormal X chromosome appears to be functionally inactive, the phenotype of patients with structural rearrangements being close to the phenotype of patients with X monosomy. At the same time, the abnormal X might have certain effects in early embryogenesis which mitigated the further development of the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome.", "contents": "Structural aberrations of the X chromosome in man. Among 209 patients with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, 69 women with structural aberrations of X chromosome were detected: 46,X,i(Xq) - 11; 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) - 24; 45,X/46,X,r(X) - 14; 45,X/46,X,f(X or Y) - 10; 45,X/46,X,del(Xq) - 4; 45,X/46,X,del(Xp) - 2; 45,X/46,X,idic(X) - 2; 46,X,idic(X) - 1; and 46,X,t(X,2) - 1. All the patients with structural abnormalities of X chromosome were short in stature, but in no group was it as low on the average as in 45,X cases. Somatic signs were noticed in all structural changes of X, but they were less frequent and less pronounced. In some patients with r(X) and i(Xq), spontaneous menstrual bleeding and breast development was found. The structurally abnormal X chromosome appears to be functionally inactive, the phenotype of patients with structural rearrangements being close to the phenotype of patients with X monosomy. At the same time, the abnormal X might have certain effects in early embryogenesis which mitigated the further development of the Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome.", "PMID": 649155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4150", "title": "A new cytogenetic aspect of polycythemia vera.", "content": "The cytogenetic findings in a group of 15 polycythemic patients are reported. G and C banding techniques were used on bone marrow and peripheral blood preparations. Major chromosomal aberrations were found in four out of the 15 patients, an incidence similar to that found in other studies on polymorphism. The most interesting finding concerned the chromosomal polymorphism of the pair 19. A possible relation to the etiology of the disease is discussed.", "contents": "A new cytogenetic aspect of polycythemia vera. The cytogenetic findings in a group of 15 polycythemic patients are reported. G and C banding techniques were used on bone marrow and peripheral blood preparations. Major chromosomal aberrations were found in four out of the 15 patients, an incidence similar to that found in other studies on polymorphism. The most interesting finding concerned the chromosomal polymorphism of the pair 19. A possible relation to the etiology of the disease is discussed.", "PMID": 649156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4151", "title": "Analysis of banding patterns and mosaic configurations in a case of ring chromosome 15.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies on lymphocytes from a 14-year-old mentally retarded girl with somatic anomalies suggestive of a chromosomal abnormality revealed a ring chromosome 15. The long arm of the defective chromosome is broken at band q24 or q25. The silver staining technique for nucleolus organizer regions showed that the ring had lost the achromatic stalk and the satellite. The chromosomal mosaicism resulting from the structural instability of the ring chromosome was analyzed and compared with 6 cases reported in the literature. It is proposed that the clinical manifestations in the different patients with ring chromosome 15 result from both the deficiency in the long arm and the mosaic configurations.", "contents": "Analysis of banding patterns and mosaic configurations in a case of ring chromosome 15. Cytogenetic studies on lymphocytes from a 14-year-old mentally retarded girl with somatic anomalies suggestive of a chromosomal abnormality revealed a ring chromosome 15. The long arm of the defective chromosome is broken at band q24 or q25. The silver staining technique for nucleolus organizer regions showed that the ring had lost the achromatic stalk and the satellite. The chromosomal mosaicism resulting from the structural instability of the ring chromosome was analyzed and compared with 6 cases reported in the literature. It is proposed that the clinical manifestations in the different patients with ring chromosome 15 result from both the deficiency in the long arm and the mosaic configurations.", "PMID": 649157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4152", "title": "Analysis of the HLA-ABC linkage disequilibrium: decreasing strength of gametic association with increasing map distance.", "content": "1242 HLA-ABC haplotypes of the North German population (Hambrug) as deduced by family analyses are described. They are in perfect agreement with recently published data by Mayr (1977) from Austria (Vienna) in all parameters tested: frequency of the single HLA-alleles, haplotype distribution and linkage disequilibrium values. Gametic association studies revealed that 69.4% of the B and C genes (map distance 0.2cM) 36.9% of the A and C genes (0.6 cM), but only 23.2% of the A and B genes (0.8 cM) were significantly more often combined than expected due to their frequencies. From these findings it seems likely that the linkage disequilibrium within the MHC is rather due to a short evolutionary period than to selective forces. Some observations as to the most common European haplotype A1,B8 are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of the HLA-ABC linkage disequilibrium: decreasing strength of gametic association with increasing map distance. 1242 HLA-ABC haplotypes of the North German population (Hambrug) as deduced by family analyses are described. They are in perfect agreement with recently published data by Mayr (1977) from Austria (Vienna) in all parameters tested: frequency of the single HLA-alleles, haplotype distribution and linkage disequilibrium values. Gametic association studies revealed that 69.4% of the B and C genes (map distance 0.2cM) 36.9% of the A and C genes (0.6 cM), but only 23.2% of the A and B genes (0.8 cM) were significantly more often combined than expected due to their frequencies. From these findings it seems likely that the linkage disequilibrium within the MHC is rather due to a short evolutionary period than to selective forces. Some observations as to the most common European haplotype A1,B8 are discussed.", "PMID": 649158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4153", "title": "Inherited congenital normofunctional testicular hyperplasia and mental deficiency. A corroborative study.", "content": "Three 46,XY unrelated individuals out of 84 postpubertal male inpatients with severe mental deficiency in a psychiatric hospital were found to have megalorchidia and macrogenitosomia. One of the cases had a similarly affected brother. Endocrine studies were performed in two of the cases with similar results. Normal plasma levels of pituitary gonadotropins were found. A normal testicular function was demonstrated by the finding of normal: (a) baseline plasma testosterone levels and a significant rise following human chorionic gonadotropin administration, (b) sperm analysis, and (c) morphology and cell architecture of the testes. These results were compatible with normofunctional testicular hyperplasia confirming previous observations and allowing the definite individualization of a syndrome with mental deficiency probably due to an X-linked recessive mutation.", "contents": "Inherited congenital normofunctional testicular hyperplasia and mental deficiency. A corroborative study. Three 46,XY unrelated individuals out of 84 postpubertal male inpatients with severe mental deficiency in a psychiatric hospital were found to have megalorchidia and macrogenitosomia. One of the cases had a similarly affected brother. Endocrine studies were performed in two of the cases with similar results. Normal plasma levels of pituitary gonadotropins were found. A normal testicular function was demonstrated by the finding of normal: (a) baseline plasma testosterone levels and a significant rise following human chorionic gonadotropin administration, (b) sperm analysis, and (c) morphology and cell architecture of the testes. These results were compatible with normofunctional testicular hyperplasia confirming previous observations and allowing the definite individualization of a syndrome with mental deficiency probably due to an X-linked recessive mutation.", "PMID": 649159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4154", "title": "Genetic markers in Malaysians: variants of soluble and mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and salivary and pancreatic amylase, phosphoglucomutase III and saliva esterase polymorphisms.", "content": "Malaysians of Malay, Chinese, and Indian ancestries were electrophoretically phenotyped for Amy1 and saliva esterase region 1 (Set-1) from saliva, Amy2 from plasma, soluble and mitochondrial GOT and PGM3 from leukocyte and placenta. Kadazans and Bajaus, the indigenous people of Sabah, East Malaysia were surveyed for Amy2. Three types of variants were observed for Amy1, one type for Amy2. Only Indians were found to be polymorphic for Amy1. Two GOTs 2-1 and three GOTm 2-1 variants were found among 281 Chinese while three GOTm 2-1 variants were found among 311 Malays. Malaysian Malays, Chinese, and Indians were found to be polymorphic for Set-1 and PGM3. The gene frequencies in Malays are Set-1F=0.601 +/- 0.021, Set-1S = 0.399 +/- 0.021; PGM13 = 0.788 +/- 0.020, PGM23 = 0.212 +/- 0.020; in Chinese Set-1F = 0.497 +/- 0.028, Set-1S = 0.503 +/- 0.028; PGM13 = 0.745 +/- 0.24, PGM23 = 0.255 +/- 0.024; in Indians, Set-1F = 0.449 +/- 0.031, Set-1S = 0.551 +/- 0.031; PGM13 = 0.755 +/- 0.029, PGM23 = 0.245 +/- 0.029.", "contents": "Genetic markers in Malaysians: variants of soluble and mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and salivary and pancreatic amylase, phosphoglucomutase III and saliva esterase polymorphisms. Malaysians of Malay, Chinese, and Indian ancestries were electrophoretically phenotyped for Amy1 and saliva esterase region 1 (Set-1) from saliva, Amy2 from plasma, soluble and mitochondrial GOT and PGM3 from leukocyte and placenta. Kadazans and Bajaus, the indigenous people of Sabah, East Malaysia were surveyed for Amy2. Three types of variants were observed for Amy1, one type for Amy2. Only Indians were found to be polymorphic for Amy1. Two GOTs 2-1 and three GOTm 2-1 variants were found among 281 Chinese while three GOTm 2-1 variants were found among 311 Malays. Malaysian Malays, Chinese, and Indians were found to be polymorphic for Set-1 and PGM3. The gene frequencies in Malays are Set-1F=0.601 +/- 0.021, Set-1S = 0.399 +/- 0.021; PGM13 = 0.788 +/- 0.020, PGM23 = 0.212 +/- 0.020; in Chinese Set-1F = 0.497 +/- 0.028, Set-1S = 0.503 +/- 0.028; PGM13 = 0.745 +/- 0.24, PGM23 = 0.255 +/- 0.024; in Indians, Set-1F = 0.449 +/- 0.031, Set-1S = 0.551 +/- 0.031; PGM13 = 0.755 +/- 0.029, PGM23 = 0.245 +/- 0.029.", "PMID": 649160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4155", "title": "Chromosome analysis of bone marrow in mammals after treatment with isoniazid.", "content": "Cytogenetic investigations in bone marrow from animals treated with isoniazid (INH) were performed in seven different laboratories according to a standard protocol. The experiments were carried out in the Chinese hamster, the mouse, and the rat. In short-term studies INH was administered twice at an interval of 24 h in doses of 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg, and the animals were sacrificed 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the second dose. In long-term studies doses of 25 and 125 mg/kg were administered thrice weekly for 12 weeks. As a rule, each group consisted of at least four animals, and 100 metaphases per animal were counted. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the incidence of chromosomal aberrations including gaps lay in the critical range for two groups in one laboratory and was significantly higher than in the control in three groups in another of the seven laboratories. From the results of both the short-term and the long-term studies in all laboratories, however, it may be concluded, that isoniazid does not induce gross chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis of bone marrow in mammals after treatment with isoniazid. Cytogenetic investigations in bone marrow from animals treated with isoniazid (INH) were performed in seven different laboratories according to a standard protocol. The experiments were carried out in the Chinese hamster, the mouse, and the rat. In short-term studies INH was administered twice at an interval of 24 h in doses of 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg, and the animals were sacrificed 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the second dose. In long-term studies doses of 25 and 125 mg/kg were administered thrice weekly for 12 weeks. As a rule, each group consisted of at least four animals, and 100 metaphases per animal were counted. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the incidence of chromosomal aberrations including gaps lay in the critical range for two groups in one laboratory and was significantly higher than in the control in three groups in another of the seven laboratories. From the results of both the short-term and the long-term studies in all laboratories, however, it may be concluded, that isoniazid does not induce gross chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 649162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4156", "title": "Analysis of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of rats after treatment with isoniazid.", "content": "100 mg INH/kg body weight was administered to male Wistar rats five times, at 24 h intervals, either intraperitoneally or intravenously. In both experimental series the yield of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells was not increased as compared to controls.", "contents": "Analysis of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of rats after treatment with isoniazid. 100 mg INH/kg body weight was administered to male Wistar rats five times, at 24 h intervals, either intraperitoneally or intravenously. In both experimental series the yield of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells was not increased as compared to controls.", "PMID": 649163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4157", "title": "Mutagenicity of isoniazid: testing for somatic chromosome aberrations in mouse embryos.", "content": "Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) were given by peroral intubation to pregnant mice of strain C57BL/6Ffm on day 9 of pregnancy, INH was given in the following doses: 0, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg solved in physiological saline. Cytogenetic analysis of homogenized embryos 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, resp., after treatment of the females did not show any increase of the rate of gaps or chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of isoniazid: testing for somatic chromosome aberrations in mouse embryos. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) were given by peroral intubation to pregnant mice of strain C57BL/6Ffm on day 9 of pregnancy, INH was given in the following doses: 0, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg solved in physiological saline. Cytogenetic analysis of homogenized embryos 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, resp., after treatment of the females did not show any increase of the rate of gaps or chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 649164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4158", "title": "Chromosome analyses in man in the course of chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis and of antituberculosis chemotherapy with isoniazid.", "content": "Cytogenetic analyses were carried out in lymphocytes of 37 persons before and during a primary chemoprophylaxis or a preventive chemotherapy with isoniazid as well as of 30 patients suffering from active pulmonary tuberculosis before and during a chemotherapy with isoniazid in combination with two other antimycobacterial drugs. The results of the four participating research groups consistently reveal no indication for a chromosome damaging activity of isoniazid, of its metabolites in the human organism and of the administered drug regimens.", "contents": "Chromosome analyses in man in the course of chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis and of antituberculosis chemotherapy with isoniazid. Cytogenetic analyses were carried out in lymphocytes of 37 persons before and during a primary chemoprophylaxis or a preventive chemotherapy with isoniazid as well as of 30 patients suffering from active pulmonary tuberculosis before and during a chemotherapy with isoniazid in combination with two other antimycobacterial drugs. The results of the four participating research groups consistently reveal no indication for a chromosome damaging activity of isoniazid, of its metabolites in the human organism and of the administered drug regimens.", "PMID": 649166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4159", "title": "The effect of isoniazid (INH) on Chinese hamster and mouse spermatogonia.", "content": "Acute and chronic treatment of Chinese hamsters and mice with 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg isoniazid (INH) given by oral intubation did not enhance the chromosomal aberration frequencies in spermatogonia. The structural and numerical aberration rates remained in the range of spontaneous events even after the chronic treatment over 12 weeks with 3 x 125 mg/kg INH per week. This dose is much higher than normally used for prevention and therapy in man (3--16 mg/kg).", "contents": "The effect of isoniazid (INH) on Chinese hamster and mouse spermatogonia. Acute and chronic treatment of Chinese hamsters and mice with 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg isoniazid (INH) given by oral intubation did not enhance the chromosomal aberration frequencies in spermatogonia. The structural and numerical aberration rates remained in the range of spontaneous events even after the chronic treatment over 12 weeks with 3 x 125 mg/kg INH per week. This dose is much higher than normally used for prevention and therapy in man (3--16 mg/kg).", "PMID": 649167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4160", "title": "Cytogenetic study in spermatocytes of mice and Chinese hamsters after treatment with isoniazid (INH).", "content": "Meiotic chromosomes of spermatocytes from INH-treated male mice and Chinese hamsters were analysed for chromosome aberrations in diakinesis-metaphase I and metaphase II. The experiments were performed in two laboratories while a third laboratory participated in the chromosome evaluation. No enhancement of chromosome aberrations could be observed after acute treatment of early primary spermatocytes or chronic treatment of spermatogonia with INH.", "contents": "Cytogenetic study in spermatocytes of mice and Chinese hamsters after treatment with isoniazid (INH). Meiotic chromosomes of spermatocytes from INH-treated male mice and Chinese hamsters were analysed for chromosome aberrations in diakinesis-metaphase I and metaphase II. The experiments were performed in two laboratories while a third laboratory participated in the chromosome evaluation. No enhancement of chromosome aberrations could be observed after acute treatment of early primary spermatocytes or chronic treatment of spermatogonia with INH.", "PMID": 649168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4161", "title": "Effects of isoniazid (INH) on the oogenesis of mice.", "content": "Mutagenic damages in female germ cells of mice have been tested with the dominant lethal assay and the cytogenetic analysis of unfertilized M II-oocytes. Concluding one can say that from the experimental data presented here do not show any mutagenic effect of INH on oogenesis of different strains of mice can be stated.", "contents": "Effects of isoniazid (INH) on the oogenesis of mice. Mutagenic damages in female germ cells of mice have been tested with the dominant lethal assay and the cytogenetic analysis of unfertilized M II-oocytes. Concluding one can say that from the experimental data presented here do not show any mutagenic effect of INH on oogenesis of different strains of mice can be stated.", "PMID": 649169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4162", "title": "A balanced translocation t(11;16)(q13;p11), a cytogenetic study and an attempt at gene localization.", "content": "Members of three generations of a single family were examined and found to have a balanced translocation t(11;16)(q13;p11). Cytogenetic investigation and investigation of a number of gene markers is consistent with the current view that the Hp-alpha locus is situated in the proximity of band 16q22.", "contents": "A balanced translocation t(11;16)(q13;p11), a cytogenetic study and an attempt at gene localization. Members of three generations of a single family were examined and found to have a balanced translocation t(11;16)(q13;p11). Cytogenetic investigation and investigation of a number of gene markers is consistent with the current view that the Hp-alpha locus is situated in the proximity of band 16q22.", "PMID": 649170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4163", "title": "Timing of meiotic stages in oocytes of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and analysis of induced chromosome aberrations.", "content": "The stages of maturation of oocytes (meiotic stages) in adult Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have been timed following superovulation treatment. Timing and superovulation were induced by an injection of pregnant mares' serum on the first morning of the estrus cycle, followed by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the evening of the fourth day. The oocytes completed the prophase of the first maturation division 3 h after the injection of HCG. Ovulation began 9 1/2 h after the injection. A method of analysis of metaphase II chromosomes of Syrian hamster oocytes 16 h after injection of HCG is described. This method seems to be appropriate for the examination of the induction of genetic defects during oogenesis. Female hamsters were treated with 2,3,5-triethyleneimonobenzoquione-1,4. The induced chromosome aberrations were analysed. Dosis-dependent response could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Timing of meiotic stages in oocytes of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and analysis of induced chromosome aberrations. The stages of maturation of oocytes (meiotic stages) in adult Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have been timed following superovulation treatment. Timing and superovulation were induced by an injection of pregnant mares' serum on the first morning of the estrus cycle, followed by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the evening of the fourth day. The oocytes completed the prophase of the first maturation division 3 h after the injection of HCG. Ovulation began 9 1/2 h after the injection. A method of analysis of metaphase II chromosomes of Syrian hamster oocytes 16 h after injection of HCG is described. This method seems to be appropriate for the examination of the induction of genetic defects during oogenesis. Female hamsters were treated with 2,3,5-triethyleneimonobenzoquione-1,4. The induced chromosome aberrations were analysed. Dosis-dependent response could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 649171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4164", "title": "The effect of SH-SS transition in the structural organization of mitotic chromosomes.", "content": "Human lymphoid cell cultures were treated with 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, a thiol reacting agent which produces SS bridges inside the living cells. After 1 to 4 h treatment chromosome preparations were made. The chromosomes acquired a peculiar segmentation along the chromatids. The results suggest that the alteration might arise from a direct reaction of the agent with special chromosomal proteins. The resistance of treated chromosomes to alkali-heat treatment used in C-banding technique was different from that of untreated chromosomes. This prefixational procedure seems to be advantageous in analysing both the chromosome organization and the banding mechanism.", "contents": "The effect of SH-SS transition in the structural organization of mitotic chromosomes. Human lymphoid cell cultures were treated with 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, a thiol reacting agent which produces SS bridges inside the living cells. After 1 to 4 h treatment chromosome preparations were made. The chromosomes acquired a peculiar segmentation along the chromatids. The results suggest that the alteration might arise from a direct reaction of the agent with special chromosomal proteins. The resistance of treated chromosomes to alkali-heat treatment used in C-banding technique was different from that of untreated chromosomes. This prefixational procedure seems to be advantageous in analysing both the chromosome organization and the banding mechanism.", "PMID": 649172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4165", "title": "A case of ring Y chromosome.", "content": "Ring Y chromosome 45,X/46,X,r(Y) was identified by fluorescence in a child with ambiguous external genitalia, urogenital sinus, vagina, uterus, and Fallopian tubes. Testicular tissue was noted on gonadal biopsy.", "contents": "A case of ring Y chromosome. Ring Y chromosome 45,X/46,X,r(Y) was identified by fluorescence in a child with ambiguous external genitalia, urogenital sinus, vagina, uterus, and Fallopian tubes. Testicular tissue was noted on gonadal biopsy.", "PMID": 649173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4166", "title": "Nucleus anomaly test in Chinese hamster and in rat after treatment with isoniazid.", "content": "Nucleus anomaly test in Chinese hamsters and in rats treated with isoniazid (INH) was carried out according to a standard protocol in two different laboratories. These comprised both short-term studies, in which the tests were performed on animals killed 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h after the second of two consecutive doses of 5, 25, or 125 mg/kg INH given at an interval of 24 h, and long-term studies in animals treated with 25 mg/kg INH thrice weekly for 12 weeks. As a rule, each group consisted of at least four animals, and 1000 cells from each animal were examined. In one of the laboratories, a slight, but statistically significant increase in the incidence of nuclear anomalies was observed in two experiments on animals sacrificed 24 h after treatment; in the majority of cases, however, the investigations yielded negative results. Two out of three long-term studies revealed a slight, but statistically significant increase in the incidence of nuclear anomalies.", "contents": "Nucleus anomaly test in Chinese hamster and in rat after treatment with isoniazid. Nucleus anomaly test in Chinese hamsters and in rats treated with isoniazid (INH) was carried out according to a standard protocol in two different laboratories. These comprised both short-term studies, in which the tests were performed on animals killed 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h after the second of two consecutive doses of 5, 25, or 125 mg/kg INH given at an interval of 24 h, and long-term studies in animals treated with 25 mg/kg INH thrice weekly for 12 weeks. As a rule, each group consisted of at least four animals, and 1000 cells from each animal were examined. In one of the laboratories, a slight, but statistically significant increase in the incidence of nuclear anomalies was observed in two experiments on animals sacrificed 24 h after treatment; in the majority of cases, however, the investigations yielded negative results. Two out of three long-term studies revealed a slight, but statistically significant increase in the incidence of nuclear anomalies.", "PMID": 649174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4167", "title": "Trisomy 9p with an isochromosome of 9p.", "content": "An 18 1/2-year-old female is described with moderately severe mental retardation, the phenotype of the trisomy 9p syndromy, and an isochromosome for the short arm of a chromosome 9, contained in an unique karyotype, 46,XX,-9,t(7q9q),+ iso 9p.", "contents": "Trisomy 9p with an isochromosome of 9p. An 18 1/2-year-old female is described with moderately severe mental retardation, the phenotype of the trisomy 9p syndromy, and an isochromosome for the short arm of a chromosome 9, contained in an unique karyotype, 46,XX,-9,t(7q9q),+ iso 9p.", "PMID": 649175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4168", "title": "An HLA map of Europe.", "content": "HLA--A and B antigen frequencies from 65 different population samples (61 European and 4 non-European) have been tabulated. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated between some of the populations using HLA--A and B data. The distances obtained with these two series were very strongly correlated. Distances obtained with ABO blood groups (in part of the material) showed weaker but still highly significant correlation with those obtained from combined HLA--A and B data. In general, neighbouring countries had low distances, and of the populations studied, Essen would represent the 'middle' population in Europe. The supposedly inbred population of Sardinia showed the highest distances. The data may be useful for comparison in new HLA studies and can be used for further phylogenic studies.", "contents": "An HLA map of Europe. HLA--A and B antigen frequencies from 65 different population samples (61 European and 4 non-European) have been tabulated. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated between some of the populations using HLA--A and B data. The distances obtained with these two series were very strongly correlated. Distances obtained with ABO blood groups (in part of the material) showed weaker but still highly significant correlation with those obtained from combined HLA--A and B data. In general, neighbouring countries had low distances, and of the populations studied, Essen would represent the 'middle' population in Europe. The supposedly inbred population of Sardinia showed the highest distances. The data may be useful for comparison in new HLA studies and can be used for further phylogenic studies.", "PMID": 649177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4169", "title": "Break points in human chromosomes.", "content": "Break points of structural rearrangements of human chromosomes can be identified by banding techniques. The present study attempts to analyze the randomness and the distribution of the reported spontaneous break points in the human genome. Reports of break points in structural rearrangements of human chromosomes from the published sources up to October 1976 were analyzed. Based on the assumption that each unit length of band has an equal chance of being broken, chi2 tests show that positions of breakage are highly non-random; that is, breaks are more frequent in the negative band areas and in the centromeric and terminal regions. In double-break rearrangements the same band types tend to rejoin. The distribution of breaks is not proportional to the chromosome length. The longer chromosomes (i.e., 1--12, X) have a lower number of breaks per unit length, while the shorter chromosomes (i.e., 13--22, Y) have a greater number of breaks per unit length with the exception of chromosomes 4, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 20 and X. Out of the whole genome, chromosomes 9, 13, 18, 21, 22 and Y have the most breaks per unit length and chromosomes 16, 6, 2, 3 and 19 have the fewest. 18p11, 21q22 and Yp11 are the three bands with most frequent breaks. There are 53 bands where no breaks have been reported.", "contents": "Break points in human chromosomes. Break points of structural rearrangements of human chromosomes can be identified by banding techniques. The present study attempts to analyze the randomness and the distribution of the reported spontaneous break points in the human genome. Reports of break points in structural rearrangements of human chromosomes from the published sources up to October 1976 were analyzed. Based on the assumption that each unit length of band has an equal chance of being broken, chi2 tests show that positions of breakage are highly non-random; that is, breaks are more frequent in the negative band areas and in the centromeric and terminal regions. In double-break rearrangements the same band types tend to rejoin. The distribution of breaks is not proportional to the chromosome length. The longer chromosomes (i.e., 1--12, X) have a lower number of breaks per unit length, while the shorter chromosomes (i.e., 13--22, Y) have a greater number of breaks per unit length with the exception of chromosomes 4, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 20 and X. Out of the whole genome, chromosomes 9, 13, 18, 21, 22 and Y have the most breaks per unit length and chromosomes 16, 6, 2, 3 and 19 have the fewest. 18p11, 21q22 and Yp11 are the three bands with most frequent breaks. There are 53 bands where no breaks have been reported.", "PMID": 649178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4170", "title": "Effects of parental consanguinity on fertility, mortality and morbidity among the Pattusalis of Tirupati, South Indian.", "content": "The incidence of consanguineous marriages is very high in the Pattusali population. First cousin marriages are preferred mostly. The consanguinity effects obtained in this population are also mostly confined to these marriages only. The inbreeding coefficient for the population is 0.02997. The consanguinity on fertility, mortality and morbidity are discussed in the paper.", "contents": "Effects of parental consanguinity on fertility, mortality and morbidity among the Pattusalis of Tirupati, South Indian. The incidence of consanguineous marriages is very high in the Pattusali population. First cousin marriages are preferred mostly. The consanguinity effects obtained in this population are also mostly confined to these marriages only. The inbreeding coefficient for the population is 0.02997. The consanguinity on fertility, mortality and morbidity are discussed in the paper.", "PMID": 649179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4171", "title": "[Passive immunization against rabies (author's transl)].", "content": "Passive immunization has proven an important complementary method for protection of an infected organism against rabies in the very first phase after virus contact. Passive-active immunization is by far superior compared to vaccination only. A few cases of human rabies after serovaccination in due time might be due to interference (immunosuppression) of active antibody formation after vaccination by passiively administered performed heterologous rabies immune globulin. This \"interference phenomenon\" can probably be explained as an imbalance of antigen and antibody in vivo, i.e. antigen masking and, hence, blocking of the immune reaction on its afferent branch. Both, 19S- and 7S- antibody moleculars, are able to induce interference. Whereas the old heterologous antisera from horse or mule, in an extremely high percentage, provoked moderate or severe side effects of such as urticaria, serum sickness, immune complex nephritis etc., the now available homologous Rabies Immune Globulin of Human Origin (RIGH) is very well tolerated, of long-lasting effectiveness and does not interfere with active antibody formation after application of HDCS-tissues culture vaccine, when an amount of 20 I.U./kg bodyweight of RIGH and 6 diseases of HDCS-vaccine on days, 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 (Essen schedule postexposure vaccination) is used.", "contents": "[Passive immunization against rabies (author's transl)]. Passive immunization has proven an important complementary method for protection of an infected organism against rabies in the very first phase after virus contact. Passive-active immunization is by far superior compared to vaccination only. A few cases of human rabies after serovaccination in due time might be due to interference (immunosuppression) of active antibody formation after vaccination by passiively administered performed heterologous rabies immune globulin. This \"interference phenomenon\" can probably be explained as an imbalance of antigen and antibody in vivo, i.e. antigen masking and, hence, blocking of the immune reaction on its afferent branch. Both, 19S- and 7S- antibody moleculars, are able to induce interference. Whereas the old heterologous antisera from horse or mule, in an extremely high percentage, provoked moderate or severe side effects of such as urticaria, serum sickness, immune complex nephritis etc., the now available homologous Rabies Immune Globulin of Human Origin (RIGH) is very well tolerated, of long-lasting effectiveness and does not interfere with active antibody formation after application of HDCS-tissues culture vaccine, when an amount of 20 I.U./kg bodyweight of RIGH and 6 diseases of HDCS-vaccine on days, 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 (Essen schedule postexposure vaccination) is used.", "PMID": 649182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4172", "title": "[Malaria: 4 case reports with \"atypical\" symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of malaria are described. Five to nine days elapsed between the onset of clinical symptoms and the beginning of the anti-malaria chemotherapy. One of the patients died under signs of massive and nearly synchronous hemolysis during the last two hours of treatment. The Malaria tropica disease of the first and the second patient were first diagnosed as common cold with enteritic symptoms; the third patient showed signs of abdominal thyphoid fever and developed symptoms of intravascular coagulation. With the fourth case-Malaria tertiana-it shall be remembered that, if chemoprophylaxis starts too late, the disease is not suppressed but can be delayed: incubation period lasted ten weeks. The diagnostic procedure for the clinician and the pathogenetic mechanism are discussed: massive hemolysis and the possible influence of the chloroquine therapy, the intravascular coagulation and the elevation of the IgE level.", "contents": "[Malaria: 4 case reports with \"atypical\" symptoms (author's transl)]. Four cases of malaria are described. Five to nine days elapsed between the onset of clinical symptoms and the beginning of the anti-malaria chemotherapy. One of the patients died under signs of massive and nearly synchronous hemolysis during the last two hours of treatment. The Malaria tropica disease of the first and the second patient were first diagnosed as common cold with enteritic symptoms; the third patient showed signs of abdominal thyphoid fever and developed symptoms of intravascular coagulation. With the fourth case-Malaria tertiana-it shall be remembered that, if chemoprophylaxis starts too late, the disease is not suppressed but can be delayed: incubation period lasted ten weeks. The diagnostic procedure for the clinician and the pathogenetic mechanism are discussed: massive hemolysis and the possible influence of the chloroquine therapy, the intravascular coagulation and the elevation of the IgE level.", "PMID": 649183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4173", "title": "Plating of fractures of the middle third of the clavicle.", "content": "Twenty mid-clavicular fractures are reported which required plate fixation. This technique gave relief from pain within 12 hours and resulted in bony union in every case. The indications for this operation are described.", "contents": "Plating of fractures of the middle third of the clavicle. Twenty mid-clavicular fractures are reported which required plate fixation. This technique gave relief from pain within 12 hours and resulted in bony union in every case. The indications for this operation are described.", "PMID": 649185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4174", "title": "Non-union of fractures of the clavicle.", "content": "Three cases of non-union of the clavicle were successfully treated by compression fixation using AO semitubular plates.", "contents": "Non-union of fractures of the clavicle. Three cases of non-union of the clavicle were successfully treated by compression fixation using AO semitubular plates.", "PMID": 649186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4175", "title": "Autoradiographic studies of fracture healing using 99Tcm-Sn-polyphosphate.", "content": "Using 99Tcm-Sn-polyphosphate, macroautoradiographs were produced of 34 standardized, medullary-nailed, 1--10-week-old tibial fractures in the rat. The radioactivity was localized in the callus and epiphyseal growth plate. On microautoradiography the 99Tcm-Sn-polyphosphate was found diffusely scattered within the mineralizing part of the callus and the epiphyseal growth plate.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies of fracture healing using 99Tcm-Sn-polyphosphate. Using 99Tcm-Sn-polyphosphate, macroautoradiographs were produced of 34 standardized, medullary-nailed, 1--10-week-old tibial fractures in the rat. The radioactivity was localized in the callus and epiphyseal growth plate. On microautoradiography the 99Tcm-Sn-polyphosphate was found diffusely scattered within the mineralizing part of the callus and the epiphyseal growth plate.", "PMID": 649187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4176", "title": "A method for the production of an undisplaced reproducible tibial fracture in the rat.", "content": "Forty inbred hooded rats sustained a fracture of the left tibia and 2 animals had an additional fracture of the right tibia (44 fractures in 42 rats). Before the fracture, medullary nailing was done with a 0.8-mm stainless-steel wire. Forty-one of the 42 fractures were transverse, 7 of the 42 nails bent more than 15 degrees. Radiological union occurred within 3--4 weeks.", "contents": "A method for the production of an undisplaced reproducible tibial fracture in the rat. Forty inbred hooded rats sustained a fracture of the left tibia and 2 animals had an additional fracture of the right tibia (44 fractures in 42 rats). Before the fracture, medullary nailing was done with a 0.8-mm stainless-steel wire. Forty-one of the 42 fractures were transverse, 7 of the 42 nails bent more than 15 degrees. Radiological union occurred within 3--4 weeks.", "PMID": 649188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4177", "title": "Arthrography of the shoulder in anterior dislocation: a study of African and Asian patients.", "content": "Arthrography of the shoulder was performed in 16 consecutive cases of primary anterior dislocation and in 11 cases of recurrent dislocation. All the primary dislocations were in African Negro patients and showed an unusually high incidence of capsular rupture rather than labral detachment. It is suggested that this is due to stronger soft tissue attachment to bone in Africans, resulting in fewer labral detachments and thus accounting for the low incidence of recurrent dislocation in the African populace. The series of recurrent dislocations, consisting of African and Asian patients, confirmed the low incidence in Africans but demonstrated labral detachment and humeral head defects common to both racial groups.", "contents": "Arthrography of the shoulder in anterior dislocation: a study of African and Asian patients. Arthrography of the shoulder was performed in 16 consecutive cases of primary anterior dislocation and in 11 cases of recurrent dislocation. All the primary dislocations were in African Negro patients and showed an unusually high incidence of capsular rupture rather than labral detachment. It is suggested that this is due to stronger soft tissue attachment to bone in Africans, resulting in fewer labral detachments and thus accounting for the low incidence of recurrent dislocation in the African populace. The series of recurrent dislocations, consisting of African and Asian patients, confirmed the low incidence in Africans but demonstrated labral detachment and humeral head defects common to both racial groups.", "PMID": 649191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4178", "title": "Sagittal fractures of the cervical spine.", "content": "Two cases of sagittal fracture of cervical vertebral bodies have been studied. The findings indicate that the fractures were a consequence of forces directed forwards against the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies due to flattening of the vertebral rings in an anterior--posterior direction.", "contents": "Sagittal fractures of the cervical spine. Two cases of sagittal fracture of cervical vertebral bodies have been studied. The findings indicate that the fractures were a consequence of forces directed forwards against the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies due to flattening of the vertebral rings in an anterior--posterior direction.", "PMID": 649192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4179", "title": "Displaced fat pads in trauma to the elbow.", "content": "A study was made of all the X-ray films of elbows taken in a casualty department in 1975, to determine the significance of posterior fat pad displacement. Posterior displacement was always found to indicate a fracture, whereas anterior displacement occasionally occurred without a fracture.", "contents": "Displaced fat pads in trauma to the elbow. A study was made of all the X-ray films of elbows taken in a casualty department in 1975, to determine the significance of posterior fat pad displacement. Posterior displacement was always found to indicate a fracture, whereas anterior displacement occasionally occurred without a fracture.", "PMID": 649193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4180", "title": "A useful procedure in the treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis.", "content": "An operation for chronic olecranon bursitis is described and the results of 11 cases reviewed. It is suggested that a number of patients with this condition have a prominent olecranon process or spur. The technique involves excision of the olecranon process only, the bursa itself is preserved. The overlying skin remains undamaged and this manoeuvre avoids the unpleasant sequelae that may follow its removal. The operation appears to give satisfactory results.", "contents": "A useful procedure in the treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis. An operation for chronic olecranon bursitis is described and the results of 11 cases reviewed. It is suggested that a number of patients with this condition have a prominent olecranon process or spur. The technique involves excision of the olecranon process only, the bursa itself is preserved. The overlying skin remains undamaged and this manoeuvre avoids the unpleasant sequelae that may follow its removal. The operation appears to give satisfactory results.", "PMID": 649194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4181", "title": "Acute rupture of the pericardium with delayed dislocation of the heart: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which the right side of the pericardium was ruptured as a result of a fall. The heart dislocated through the rent on the fourth day and was irreducible, having to be replaced surgically. The possible mechanism of the delayed dislocation is discussed.", "contents": "Acute rupture of the pericardium with delayed dislocation of the heart: a case report. A case is presented in which the right side of the pericardium was ruptured as a result of a fall. The heart dislocated through the rent on the fourth day and was irreducible, having to be replaced surgically. The possible mechanism of the delayed dislocation is discussed.", "PMID": 649195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4182", "title": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy--the tenth survivor: a case report and a review of the literature.", "content": "This tenth survivor of traumatic hemipelvectomy was a young male involved in a collision between a car and his bicycle. As in previous cases, he sustained severe associated injuries to the genitourinary tract and rectum. Atypically he required secondary closure with autogenous skin taken from the severed lower limb, and in addition, he developed a compartment syndrome in the opposite leg.", "contents": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy--the tenth survivor: a case report and a review of the literature. This tenth survivor of traumatic hemipelvectomy was a young male involved in a collision between a car and his bicycle. As in previous cases, he sustained severe associated injuries to the genitourinary tract and rectum. Atypically he required secondary closure with autogenous skin taken from the severed lower limb, and in addition, he developed a compartment syndrome in the opposite leg.", "PMID": 649196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4183", "title": "Metabolic problems in the management of a traumatic pancreatic fistula.", "content": "A case of persistent, high output, traumatic pancreatic fistula, complicated by the development of a gastric fistula secondary to a pancreatic abscess, is described. The problems associated with the metabolic and nutritional management are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic problems in the management of a traumatic pancreatic fistula. A case of persistent, high output, traumatic pancreatic fistula, complicated by the development of a gastric fistula secondary to a pancreatic abscess, is described. The problems associated with the metabolic and nutritional management are discussed.", "PMID": 649199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4184", "title": "A curious gunshot injury.", "content": "The case of a victim of an unusual gunshot injury is described. The man had been 'knee-capped' and on arrival at hospital was found to have two bullets and a cartridge casing in the knee joint. These had entered through one entrance wound. A ballistic report describes how the incident occurred.", "contents": "A curious gunshot injury. The case of a victim of an unusual gunshot injury is described. The man had been 'knee-capped' and on arrival at hospital was found to have two bullets and a cartridge casing in the knee joint. These had entered through one entrance wound. A ballistic report describes how the incident occurred.", "PMID": 649200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4185", "title": "A possible new approach to the management of brain abscesses.", "content": "A report is given of effective non-surgical treatment with antibiotics in a patient with a large brain abscess.Non-surgical treatment of brain abscesses may be possible if massive doses of specific bactericidal antibiotics are used and the patients are followed up with frequent brain scans and computerized tomography.", "contents": "A possible new approach to the management of brain abscesses. A report is given of effective non-surgical treatment with antibiotics in a patient with a large brain abscess.Non-surgical treatment of brain abscesses may be possible if massive doses of specific bactericidal antibiotics are used and the patients are followed up with frequent brain scans and computerized tomography.", "PMID": 649203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4186", "title": "Comparison of four dosage schedules in the treatment of giardiasis with metronidazole.", "content": "Sixty patients with parasitologically confirmed giardiasis were treated with metronidazole using four different regimens administered to four groups of 15 patients each. A seven-day course of 200 mg thrice daily successfully eliminated the organism in 11 patients. A repetition of the seven-day course after an interval of one week was successful in 14 patients, a single dose of 2400 mg in nine patients, and two 2400 mg doses on successive days in 12 patients. Late relapses, detected more than one month after therapy, were relatively common in the single-dose groups. Side-effects associated with the 2400 mg dosages were frequent but tolerable.", "contents": "Comparison of four dosage schedules in the treatment of giardiasis with metronidazole. Sixty patients with parasitologically confirmed giardiasis were treated with metronidazole using four different regimens administered to four groups of 15 patients each. A seven-day course of 200 mg thrice daily successfully eliminated the organism in 11 patients. A repetition of the seven-day course after an interval of one week was successful in 14 patients, a single dose of 2400 mg in nine patients, and two 2400 mg doses on successive days in 12 patients. Late relapses, detected more than one month after therapy, were relatively common in the single-dose groups. Side-effects associated with the 2400 mg dosages were frequent but tolerable.", "PMID": 649204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4187", "title": "A comparative factor analysis of attitudes toward societal relations of the elderly.", "content": "The major objectives of this study were to explore the factorial dimensionality of forty-two additudinal items designed to measure attitudes concerning old people, and to compare these factor structures in two groups. Respondents were divided into a younger group (370 participants aged 30-65) and an older group (337 participants aged 70 and 75). Factor analyses were run independently for each group, providing obliquely rotated factors. Six pairs of factors were judged to be congruent and sufficiently reliable: Work, Welfare, Social Work, Dwelling, Gatherings, and Administratorship. One postulated factor emerged in the older group alone and was named Housekeeping, the conceptual counterpart of which split into two conjugate factors in the younger group. Second-order factor analyses yielded two comparable sets of three second-order factors: Social Activities and Self-Care Ability, whereas the third factor connected high welfare with age-segregated dwelling (and low welfare with age-integration).", "contents": "A comparative factor analysis of attitudes toward societal relations of the elderly. The major objectives of this study were to explore the factorial dimensionality of forty-two additudinal items designed to measure attitudes concerning old people, and to compare these factor structures in two groups. Respondents were divided into a younger group (370 participants aged 30-65) and an older group (337 participants aged 70 and 75). Factor analyses were run independently for each group, providing obliquely rotated factors. Six pairs of factors were judged to be congruent and sufficiently reliable: Work, Welfare, Social Work, Dwelling, Gatherings, and Administratorship. One postulated factor emerged in the older group alone and was named Housekeeping, the conceptual counterpart of which split into two conjugate factors in the younger group. Second-order factor analyses yielded two comparable sets of three second-order factors: Social Activities and Self-Care Ability, whereas the third factor connected high welfare with age-segregated dwelling (and low welfare with age-integration).", "PMID": 649213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4188", "title": "Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change.", "content": "Construct validity and longitudinal stability evidence for three cluster dimensions of personality identified as Anxiety, Extraversion, and Openness is examined in a sample of adult males. Correlations with Allport-Vernon-Lindsay Value scales, Cornell Medical Index scores, Eysenck E and N scales, and factors from the SVIB are presented in support of the interpretation of the three clusters. Nine-year longitudinal evidence of stability is presented for Anxiety and Extraversion scores. Previous evidence for change in the structure of Openness to Experience is reconsidered in the light of eleven-year longitudinal data. While the earlier structural differences were not longitudinally replicated, a pattern of external correlates provided evidence for validity of an Openness dimension. Finally, the structural approach to personality development is illustrated by examining the differing relations between field-dependence and tendermindedness in younger and older men.", "contents": "Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change. Construct validity and longitudinal stability evidence for three cluster dimensions of personality identified as Anxiety, Extraversion, and Openness is examined in a sample of adult males. Correlations with Allport-Vernon-Lindsay Value scales, Cornell Medical Index scores, Eysenck E and N scales, and factors from the SVIB are presented in support of the interpretation of the three clusters. Nine-year longitudinal evidence of stability is presented for Anxiety and Extraversion scores. Previous evidence for change in the structure of Openness to Experience is reconsidered in the light of eleven-year longitudinal data. While the earlier structural differences were not longitudinally replicated, a pattern of external correlates provided evidence for validity of an Openness dimension. Finally, the structural approach to personality development is illustrated by examining the differing relations between field-dependence and tendermindedness in younger and older men.", "PMID": 649212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4189", "title": "Social class and political involvement in age graded and non-age graded associations.", "content": "This paper examines the relationship between social class and political involvement after retirement and seeks to determine whether this relationship is differentially mediated by participation in non-age graded and age graded associational contexts. Controlling for the age structure of association memberships, the relationships between social class and political activity and several measures of political interest are examined for 304 retired people. Strong and moderate relationships were found for individuals without memberships and those with non-age graded memberships exclusively. No relationships were found for members of age graded associations only. The absence of a relationship between social class and political involvement for those individuals who confine their formal associational activity to age peers is explained by positing the existence of a generational community which insulates lower class older people from class related cross-pressures and invidious distinctions which depress political involvement in other contexts.", "contents": "Social class and political involvement in age graded and non-age graded associations. This paper examines the relationship between social class and political involvement after retirement and seeks to determine whether this relationship is differentially mediated by participation in non-age graded and age graded associational contexts. Controlling for the age structure of association memberships, the relationships between social class and political activity and several measures of political interest are examined for 304 retired people. Strong and moderate relationships were found for individuals without memberships and those with non-age graded memberships exclusively. No relationships were found for members of age graded associations only. The absence of a relationship between social class and political involvement for those individuals who confine their formal associational activity to age peers is explained by positing the existence of a generational community which insulates lower class older people from class related cross-pressures and invidious distinctions which depress political involvement in other contexts.", "PMID": 649215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4190", "title": "Structured group interaction: An intervention strategy for the continued development of elderly populations.", "content": "Structured group interaction, through an emphasis on pre-group structuring, didactic presentations, experiential learning, and evaluation, provides a flexible approach to achieving a variety of goals while compensating for many of the problem characteristics of an aged institutionalized population. Structured groups are characterized by adherence to a rigorous intervention planning methodology, with a high degree of pre-planned group structure, explicit behaviorally stated performance goals, and a concern for transferring group behavior to everyday settings. After a consideration of literature support and some of the limitations and hazards involved in the approach, it is concluded that structured groups represent a useful tool for the applied gerontologist.", "contents": "Structured group interaction: An intervention strategy for the continued development of elderly populations. Structured group interaction, through an emphasis on pre-group structuring, didactic presentations, experiential learning, and evaluation, provides a flexible approach to achieving a variety of goals while compensating for many of the problem characteristics of an aged institutionalized population. Structured groups are characterized by adherence to a rigorous intervention planning methodology, with a high degree of pre-planned group structure, explicit behaviorally stated performance goals, and a concern for transferring group behavior to everyday settings. After a consideration of literature support and some of the limitations and hazards involved in the approach, it is concluded that structured groups represent a useful tool for the applied gerontologist.", "PMID": 649216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4191", "title": "Health, socioeconomic status and self-preception in the elderly: An application of the interpersonal checklist.", "content": "One-hundred and thirty-four men and women in the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) sample from sixty-two to eighty-one years of age were tested and re-tested a year later using the Interpersonal Checklist (ICL) to study the effects of health, sex, socioeconomic status and time of self perception. Preliminary item analysis justified the use of the ICL for older people. A multiple analysis of variance for repeated measures with the factors SEX, SES, and TIME yielded two interactions for \"rebellious-distrustful (FG by sex x health) and \"self effacing-masochistic\" (HI by time x health) and three main-effects for \"agressive-sadistic\" (DE by sex), \"self-effacing-masochistic\" (HI by SES) and \"docile-dependent\" (IK by time).", "contents": "Health, socioeconomic status and self-preception in the elderly: An application of the interpersonal checklist. One-hundred and thirty-four men and women in the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) sample from sixty-two to eighty-one years of age were tested and re-tested a year later using the Interpersonal Checklist (ICL) to study the effects of health, sex, socioeconomic status and time of self perception. Preliminary item analysis justified the use of the ICL for older people. A multiple analysis of variance for repeated measures with the factors SEX, SES, and TIME yielded two interactions for \"rebellious-distrustful (FG by sex x health) and \"self effacing-masochistic\" (HI by time x health) and three main-effects for \"agressive-sadistic\" (DE by sex), \"self-effacing-masochistic\" (HI by SES) and \"docile-dependent\" (IK by time).", "PMID": 649214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4192", "title": "Higher education in retirement: The Institute for Retired Professionals.", "content": "This paper indicates the failure of our society to educate its citizens in the \"worthy\" use of retirement leisure. It contends that educated retirees should be offered an opportunity to function in creative, dignified and self-directed roles on university campuses. It describes the program of the Institute for Retired Professionals at The New School for Social Research in New York City, which has been functioning since 1962 and now serves as a model for a growing number of university programs for retirees. At the IRP educated retirees have found a new way of spending their retirement years in dignified roles as teachers, leaders, administrators and participants in their own inner university.", "contents": "Higher education in retirement: The Institute for Retired Professionals. This paper indicates the failure of our society to educate its citizens in the \"worthy\" use of retirement leisure. It contends that educated retirees should be offered an opportunity to function in creative, dignified and self-directed roles on university campuses. It describes the program of the Institute for Retired Professionals at The New School for Social Research in New York City, which has been functioning since 1962 and now serves as a model for a growing number of university programs for retirees. At the IRP educated retirees have found a new way of spending their retirement years in dignified roles as teachers, leaders, administrators and participants in their own inner university.", "PMID": 649220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4193", "title": "Method for controlled establishment of steady-state plasma levels through multiple dosing.", "content": "A specific dosage schedule is designed for the case of multiple dosing with the aim of achieving the desired steady-state blood level in a predetermined time interval. The method is based on the administration of nonuniform doses at uniform dosage intervals during the saturation time. To calculate the doses a nonlinear equation must be solved. The theory is illustrated by a quantitative example (digitoxin).", "contents": "Method for controlled establishment of steady-state plasma levels through multiple dosing. A specific dosage schedule is designed for the case of multiple dosing with the aim of achieving the desired steady-state blood level in a predetermined time interval. The method is based on the administration of nonuniform doses at uniform dosage intervals during the saturation time. To calculate the doses a nonlinear equation must be solved. The theory is illustrated by a quantitative example (digitoxin).", "PMID": 649225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4194", "title": "Developing gerontology in a developing country: The case of Sao Paulo, Brazil.", "content": "This paper details the efforts of a team of professionals to establish a gerontology center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The focus is on some of the problems of the emergent profession in Brazil: the uncertain labor market; the problems of recruiting; the problems of generating a knowledge base on aging drawn from Brazil rather than borrowed from the American or European context; the problems of visibility, legitimacy, and financial support for the new gerontology center; the competition of aging programs with other government priorities. The article concludes by citing some benefits that might accrue to the field of gerontology by underwriting the development of such centers on aging in the developing countries.", "contents": "Developing gerontology in a developing country: The case of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This paper details the efforts of a team of professionals to establish a gerontology center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The focus is on some of the problems of the emergent profession in Brazil: the uncertain labor market; the problems of recruiting; the problems of generating a knowledge base on aging drawn from Brazil rather than borrowed from the American or European context; the problems of visibility, legitimacy, and financial support for the new gerontology center; the competition of aging programs with other government priorities. The article concludes by citing some benefits that might accrue to the field of gerontology by underwriting the development of such centers on aging in the developing countries.", "PMID": 649217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4195", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of rifampicin in biliary surgery.", "content": "Following the oral administration of 600 mg rifampicin, the concentration of antibiotic in serum, bile of the gallbladder and choledochus, cholecystic wall, and hepatic tissue was determined with the agar diffusion method in 23 patients undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis. After 80-340 minutes the average rifampicin concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml in serum, 78.4 microgram/ml in the bile of the gallbladder, 91.6 microgram/ml in the bile of the choledochus, 4.0 microgram/g in the cholecystic wall, and 23.3 microgram/g in the hepatic tissue. After 24 hours the level was significantly reduced in the serum and hepatic tissue. The rifampicin level in the bile of the gallbladder was twelvefold, in the bile of the choledochus fourteenfold, in the cholecystic wall 61.1% and in the hepatic tissue 364% of the serum level. In general, the rifampicin concentration obtainable in the bile and hepatic tissue is sufficient against bacterial strains causing infections of the biliary duct, and for this reason rifampicin will play in the future an important role in the treatment of infections of the biliary duct.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of rifampicin in biliary surgery. Following the oral administration of 600 mg rifampicin, the concentration of antibiotic in serum, bile of the gallbladder and choledochus, cholecystic wall, and hepatic tissue was determined with the agar diffusion method in 23 patients undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis. After 80-340 minutes the average rifampicin concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml in serum, 78.4 microgram/ml in the bile of the gallbladder, 91.6 microgram/ml in the bile of the choledochus, 4.0 microgram/g in the cholecystic wall, and 23.3 microgram/g in the hepatic tissue. After 24 hours the level was significantly reduced in the serum and hepatic tissue. The rifampicin level in the bile of the gallbladder was twelvefold, in the bile of the choledochus fourteenfold, in the cholecystic wall 61.1% and in the hepatic tissue 364% of the serum level. In general, the rifampicin concentration obtainable in the bile and hepatic tissue is sufficient against bacterial strains causing infections of the biliary duct, and for this reason rifampicin will play in the future an important role in the treatment of infections of the biliary duct.", "PMID": 649226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4196", "title": "The bioavailability of commercial metronidazole formulations.", "content": "A bioavailability study of eight commercial pharmaceutically equivalent tablet formulations and a solution of metronidazole was conducted in groups of ten subjects with single oral 250 mg doses. Although the solution gave significantly lower extents of bioavailability, the commercial tablets were not significantly different from the (innovator) reference product. The slow rate of absorption for one formulation (F) was observed to be associated with long dissolution time. Individual elimination half-life differences (probably attributable to metabolism) were reflected in considerable intersubject differences in plasma metronidazole concentrations.", "contents": "The bioavailability of commercial metronidazole formulations. A bioavailability study of eight commercial pharmaceutically equivalent tablet formulations and a solution of metronidazole was conducted in groups of ten subjects with single oral 250 mg doses. Although the solution gave significantly lower extents of bioavailability, the commercial tablets were not significantly different from the (innovator) reference product. The slow rate of absorption for one formulation (F) was observed to be associated with long dissolution time. Individual elimination half-life differences (probably attributable to metabolism) were reflected in considerable intersubject differences in plasma metronidazole concentrations.", "PMID": 649227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4197", "title": "The bioavailability of alpha-acetyldigoxin from Card-Hydergin--a fixed combination of Hydergine and acetyldigoxin.", "content": "In six healthy volunteers the bioavailability of alpha-acetyldigoxin in solution and tablet form was compared with a tablet which in addition to alpha-acetyldigoxin contained the DH-ergot alkaloid Hydergine in identical galenic formulation. After a single dose, bioavailability was measured from the areas under the plasma level time curves and from the cumulative amount of digoxin excreted into the urine. The addition of Hydergine did not change the plasma level/time profile and the bioavailability of alpha-acetyldigoxin. When this parameter was compared to the solution, a relative bioavailability of approximately 80% could be calculated for both tablets. Relating this data to a previously published infusion experiment, their absolute bioavailabilities amounted to about 70%.", "contents": "The bioavailability of alpha-acetyldigoxin from Card-Hydergin--a fixed combination of Hydergine and acetyldigoxin. In six healthy volunteers the bioavailability of alpha-acetyldigoxin in solution and tablet form was compared with a tablet which in addition to alpha-acetyldigoxin contained the DH-ergot alkaloid Hydergine in identical galenic formulation. After a single dose, bioavailability was measured from the areas under the plasma level time curves and from the cumulative amount of digoxin excreted into the urine. The addition of Hydergine did not change the plasma level/time profile and the bioavailability of alpha-acetyldigoxin. When this parameter was compared to the solution, a relative bioavailability of approximately 80% could be calculated for both tablets. Relating this data to a previously published infusion experiment, their absolute bioavailabilities amounted to about 70%.", "PMID": 649228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4198", "title": "Alterations in macroscopically intact skin of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Punch biopsies of macroscopic-intact skin were performed on 75 children with rheumatoid arthritis, aged 4--14 years. There was no significant correlation between the morphologic alterations and the sex and age of the children or the duration of the disease, but there was a positive relationship with the degree of activity of the rheumatoid process. It appears that punch biopsy of the skin in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis can facilitate determination of alterations of the connective tissue if the data obtained are regularly correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. In such a way, the results can reflect the effects of treatment, as well as the evolution and prognosis of the juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Alterations in macroscopically intact skin of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Punch biopsies of macroscopic-intact skin were performed on 75 children with rheumatoid arthritis, aged 4--14 years. There was no significant correlation between the morphologic alterations and the sex and age of the children or the duration of the disease, but there was a positive relationship with the degree of activity of the rheumatoid process. It appears that punch biopsy of the skin in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis can facilitate determination of alterations of the connective tissue if the data obtained are regularly correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. In such a way, the results can reflect the effects of treatment, as well as the evolution and prognosis of the juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 649229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4199", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine in the beagle.", "content": "After single 0.5-mg nad 1.0-mg i.v. injections, dihydroergotamine, as measured by a radioimmunoassay, disappeared quickly from the plasma of beagles, with a mean alpha-phase half-life of 1.32--1.91 min. This explains its effect of rapidly lowering the temperature of the ear of the dog. Its short beta-phase half-life (mean, 40.79--70.13 min), a moderately low volume of ditribution at beta-phase (mean 1.50--3.46 L/kg) and a rather high plasma clearance value (mean, 311.67--587.88 ml/min) indicate a rapid elimination of the drug from the organism. The 24-hr urinary excretion of dihydroergotamine was 2.7% of the 0.5-mg i.v. dose and 2.3% to 3.1% of the 1.0-mg i.v. dose. A measure of the amount of a 7.5-mg p.o. dose of the drug reaching the systemic circulation was obtained from the ratio of the area under the plasma curve after p.o. administration to that after i.v. administration, corrected for the different amounts given by the two routes. Only 1.2--1.4% of the 7.5-mg p.o. dose of dihydroergotamine reached the systemic circulation. There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of dihydroergotamine after a single dose of the two preparations tested, Vasogin (Leiras) and Orstanorm (Sandoz), given either by the oral or intravenous route.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine in the beagle. After single 0.5-mg nad 1.0-mg i.v. injections, dihydroergotamine, as measured by a radioimmunoassay, disappeared quickly from the plasma of beagles, with a mean alpha-phase half-life of 1.32--1.91 min. This explains its effect of rapidly lowering the temperature of the ear of the dog. Its short beta-phase half-life (mean, 40.79--70.13 min), a moderately low volume of ditribution at beta-phase (mean 1.50--3.46 L/kg) and a rather high plasma clearance value (mean, 311.67--587.88 ml/min) indicate a rapid elimination of the drug from the organism. The 24-hr urinary excretion of dihydroergotamine was 2.7% of the 0.5-mg i.v. dose and 2.3% to 3.1% of the 1.0-mg i.v. dose. A measure of the amount of a 7.5-mg p.o. dose of the drug reaching the systemic circulation was obtained from the ratio of the area under the plasma curve after p.o. administration to that after i.v. administration, corrected for the different amounts given by the two routes. Only 1.2--1.4% of the 7.5-mg p.o. dose of dihydroergotamine reached the systemic circulation. There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of dihydroergotamine after a single dose of the two preparations tested, Vasogin (Leiras) and Orstanorm (Sandoz), given either by the oral or intravenous route.", "PMID": 649230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4200", "title": "Acute poisoning with melitracen--absence of ECG changes.", "content": "The clinical course of the first case of acute poisoning from melitracen, a tricyclic antidepressant, is described, whose symptomatology was characterized by the absence of cardiovascular changes (ECG, arterial pressure, cardiac frequency). Central anticholinergic effects of the drug, as excitement, hallucinations, space and time disorientation, regressed with the administration of diazepam.", "contents": "Acute poisoning with melitracen--absence of ECG changes. The clinical course of the first case of acute poisoning from melitracen, a tricyclic antidepressant, is described, whose symptomatology was characterized by the absence of cardiovascular changes (ECG, arterial pressure, cardiac frequency). Central anticholinergic effects of the drug, as excitement, hallucinations, space and time disorientation, regressed with the administration of diazepam.", "PMID": 649231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4201", "title": "Human-pharmacological investigations on the platelet adhesiveness- and aggregation-inhibiting effect of EMD 26 644, an oxazolyl-thio-propionic acid derivate.", "content": "EMD 26 644, a compound of novel chemical structure and with platelet aggregation-inhibiting properties, was investigated in 2 controlled clinical pharmacological studies involving 42 normal volunteers. In the first study with 22 subjects exhibiting normal or spontaneously increased platelet aggregation the influence of 1 X 250 mg EMD 26 644 p.o. on the platelet aggregation and adhesiveness was examined ex vivo. In the second study 20 subjects with and without a premedication of 1 X 250 mg EMD 26 644 were exposed an artificial climate with special platelet-irritating properties. A single oral dose of 250 mg EMD 26 644 markedly and significantly inhibited the platelet aggregation and adhesiveness over a period of several days.", "contents": "Human-pharmacological investigations on the platelet adhesiveness- and aggregation-inhibiting effect of EMD 26 644, an oxazolyl-thio-propionic acid derivate. EMD 26 644, a compound of novel chemical structure and with platelet aggregation-inhibiting properties, was investigated in 2 controlled clinical pharmacological studies involving 42 normal volunteers. In the first study with 22 subjects exhibiting normal or spontaneously increased platelet aggregation the influence of 1 X 250 mg EMD 26 644 p.o. on the platelet aggregation and adhesiveness was examined ex vivo. In the second study 20 subjects with and without a premedication of 1 X 250 mg EMD 26 644 were exposed an artificial climate with special platelet-irritating properties. A single oral dose of 250 mg EMD 26 644 markedly and significantly inhibited the platelet aggregation and adhesiveness over a period of several days.", "PMID": 649232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4202", "title": "Sisomicin: in vitro activity and pharmacokinetics.", "content": "In vitro activity of sisomicin and gentamicin was compared in serial dilution tests for 619 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Serratia marcescens). Mean MIC of sisomicin was lower by one geometrical dilution step compared with gentamicin for Pseudomonas, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella, and Serratia, while it was almost identical with the other species. Resistance (MIC greater than 5 microgram/ml) against sisomicin was observed in 2% of Pseudomonas strains, resistance against gentamicin in 8%. Ten healthy adult volunteers had serum peak levels (after i,m. injection of 40 mg and 80 mg sisomicin) of 2.7 and 3.2 microgram/ml. Urine recovery (in 24 hrs) was 76%. Continuous i.v. infusion of sisomicin or gentamicin (6.6 mg/hour in 7 healthy adult volunteers) yielded in serum levels of 0.64 and 1.03 microgram/ml respectively. Biological half-life (90 minutes), urine recovery (60% in the fourth hour), renal clearance and skin blister levels at the end of infusion were almost identical for both antibiotics; total clearance was somewhat higher with sisomicin than with gentamicin.", "contents": "Sisomicin: in vitro activity and pharmacokinetics. In vitro activity of sisomicin and gentamicin was compared in serial dilution tests for 619 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Serratia marcescens). Mean MIC of sisomicin was lower by one geometrical dilution step compared with gentamicin for Pseudomonas, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella, and Serratia, while it was almost identical with the other species. Resistance (MIC greater than 5 microgram/ml) against sisomicin was observed in 2% of Pseudomonas strains, resistance against gentamicin in 8%. Ten healthy adult volunteers had serum peak levels (after i,m. injection of 40 mg and 80 mg sisomicin) of 2.7 and 3.2 microgram/ml. Urine recovery (in 24 hrs) was 76%. Continuous i.v. infusion of sisomicin or gentamicin (6.6 mg/hour in 7 healthy adult volunteers) yielded in serum levels of 0.64 and 1.03 microgram/ml respectively. Biological half-life (90 minutes), urine recovery (60% in the fourth hour), renal clearance and skin blister levels at the end of infusion were almost identical for both antibiotics; total clearance was somewhat higher with sisomicin than with gentamicin.", "PMID": 649233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4203", "title": "Clofibrate and enzymatic induction in man.", "content": "The oral administration of clofibrate, 1 g per day for 13 days, did not modify the half-life of antipyrine and urinary glucaric acid excretion in five volunteers. Despite the fact that clofibrate is a strong inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymatic activity in the rat, in man it does not increase, at these doses, the metabolism of antipyrine and the urinary elimination of glucaric acid. Rifampicin, 600 mg per day orally for seven days, decreases the plasma steady-state concentrations of chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, a major metabolite of clofibrate. It seems that the metabolism of clofibrate depends upon inducible enzymatic activity. When rifampicin and clofibrate are administered together, it may be important to increase the dose of clofibrate used.", "contents": "Clofibrate and enzymatic induction in man. The oral administration of clofibrate, 1 g per day for 13 days, did not modify the half-life of antipyrine and urinary glucaric acid excretion in five volunteers. Despite the fact that clofibrate is a strong inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymatic activity in the rat, in man it does not increase, at these doses, the metabolism of antipyrine and the urinary elimination of glucaric acid. Rifampicin, 600 mg per day orally for seven days, decreases the plasma steady-state concentrations of chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, a major metabolite of clofibrate. It seems that the metabolism of clofibrate depends upon inducible enzymatic activity. When rifampicin and clofibrate are administered together, it may be important to increase the dose of clofibrate used.", "PMID": 649234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4204", "title": "Factors influencing diazepam pharmacokinetics: age, sex, and liver disease.", "content": "Published data on the effect of cirrhosis on diazepam pharmacokinetics were reanalyzed to determine how age, sex, and body weight might have influenced the conclusions. Diazepam elimination half-life (t1/2beta) and weight-corrected volume of distribution (Vd) were significantly larger in patients with cirrhosis (n = 9) than in controls (n = 4). Weight-corrected diazepam clearance was significantly reduced in cirrhotics as compared with controls. Multiple stepwise regression analysis, however, revealed that age and liver disease were of approximately equal importance as determinants of t1/2beta. Age, sex, and liver disease all influenced Vd, but liver disease by far was the most important determinant of diazepam clearance. Thus age, sex, and body size can have an important influence on the pharmacokinetics of drugs, and should be included as independent variables in pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Factors influencing diazepam pharmacokinetics: age, sex, and liver disease. Published data on the effect of cirrhosis on diazepam pharmacokinetics were reanalyzed to determine how age, sex, and body weight might have influenced the conclusions. Diazepam elimination half-life (t1/2beta) and weight-corrected volume of distribution (Vd) were significantly larger in patients with cirrhosis (n = 9) than in controls (n = 4). Weight-corrected diazepam clearance was significantly reduced in cirrhotics as compared with controls. Multiple stepwise regression analysis, however, revealed that age and liver disease were of approximately equal importance as determinants of t1/2beta. Age, sex, and liver disease all influenced Vd, but liver disease by far was the most important determinant of diazepam clearance. Thus age, sex, and body size can have an important influence on the pharmacokinetics of drugs, and should be included as independent variables in pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 649236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4205", "title": "Clinical experimental evaluation of the effect of dibromotyrosine on thyroid function.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effects of dibromotyrosine (DBT) on the thyroid function (already demonstrated in animals), thyroid tests were performed in 10 subjects with functional signs of thyroid hyperfunction, before and after administration of 1800 mg (600 X 3) of DBT for 10 days. The results show a mild decrease of the RAI uptake, but no significative interference on the thyrodal hormonogenesis. According to the author, the DBT seems to act on the hypothalamic centers regulating the thyroid function, due to its peculiar molecular components. It is therefore particularly suitable for the treatment of patients with involvement of the C.N.S.", "contents": "Clinical experimental evaluation of the effect of dibromotyrosine on thyroid function. In order to evaluate the effects of dibromotyrosine (DBT) on the thyroid function (already demonstrated in animals), thyroid tests were performed in 10 subjects with functional signs of thyroid hyperfunction, before and after administration of 1800 mg (600 X 3) of DBT for 10 days. The results show a mild decrease of the RAI uptake, but no significative interference on the thyrodal hormonogenesis. According to the author, the DBT seems to act on the hypothalamic centers regulating the thyroid function, due to its peculiar molecular components. It is therefore particularly suitable for the treatment of patients with involvement of the C.N.S.", "PMID": 649237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4206", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of papaverine hydrochloride and the biopharmaceutics of its oral dosage forms.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of completely metabolized papaverine hydrochloride were characterized by a linear sum of three exponentials on intravenous administration with respective 1.5, 19 and 107 min apparent half lives. There was a time-dependent partition from plasma water into red blood cells with an apparent half life of 1.5--3 min. The partition coefficient normally ranged between 8 and 15 at therapeutic levels but approached unity at high plasma concentrations to indicate a saturable partition. Apparent compartmental volumes of distribution referenced to total concentrations in the plasma were 4.3--4.8, 11--13 and 20--25 liters. Protein binding was 91--95%. The hepatic clearance of blood was 960 ml/min, corresponding to a hepatic efficiency of 69%, and indicated that the clearance of protein-bound drug was consistent with the observed first pass metabolism of 70% for oral solutions. No dose dependency was observed on intravenous administration or on oral administration of solutions and tablets. Tablets with release lag times of 10--15 min showed relative bioavailabilities of 52%. Two different lots of sustained release capsules showed 68 and 89% relative bioavailabilities. Release lag times among capsules ranged between 0 and 170 min. Loo-Riegelman calculations and analog computer fittings were consistent with a half life of absorption from oral solutions of 19 min and zero order release rates from tablets and sustained release capsules. Chronic studies of tablets q.i.d. and capsules b.i.d. confirmed lack of accumulation. An appropriately designed 300 mg sustained release capsule, b.i.d., for an arbitrary plasma level of 0.200 microgram/ml should have one tenth the release rate of the studied capsules.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of papaverine hydrochloride and the biopharmaceutics of its oral dosage forms. The pharmacokinetics of completely metabolized papaverine hydrochloride were characterized by a linear sum of three exponentials on intravenous administration with respective 1.5, 19 and 107 min apparent half lives. There was a time-dependent partition from plasma water into red blood cells with an apparent half life of 1.5--3 min. The partition coefficient normally ranged between 8 and 15 at therapeutic levels but approached unity at high plasma concentrations to indicate a saturable partition. Apparent compartmental volumes of distribution referenced to total concentrations in the plasma were 4.3--4.8, 11--13 and 20--25 liters. Protein binding was 91--95%. The hepatic clearance of blood was 960 ml/min, corresponding to a hepatic efficiency of 69%, and indicated that the clearance of protein-bound drug was consistent with the observed first pass metabolism of 70% for oral solutions. No dose dependency was observed on intravenous administration or on oral administration of solutions and tablets. Tablets with release lag times of 10--15 min showed relative bioavailabilities of 52%. Two different lots of sustained release capsules showed 68 and 89% relative bioavailabilities. Release lag times among capsules ranged between 0 and 170 min. Loo-Riegelman calculations and analog computer fittings were consistent with a half life of absorption from oral solutions of 19 min and zero order release rates from tablets and sustained release capsules. Chronic studies of tablets q.i.d. and capsules b.i.d. confirmed lack of accumulation. An appropriately designed 300 mg sustained release capsule, b.i.d., for an arbitrary plasma level of 0.200 microgram/ml should have one tenth the release rate of the studied capsules.", "PMID": 649238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4207", "title": "The influence of ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and clopamide on the renal excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites.", "content": "Simultaneous administration of chloramphenicol (1 g orally) and ethacrynic acid (150 mg orally), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg orally) or clopamide (40 mg orally) increased the urinary excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites (aryl amines and total nitro compounds). The administration of diuretics did not change the time course of serum concentrations of substances under study. Since the urinary excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites is a urine flow-dependent process, the influence of the tested diuretics can be explained as a consequence of decreased tubular water reabsorption.", "contents": "The influence of ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and clopamide on the renal excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites. Simultaneous administration of chloramphenicol (1 g orally) and ethacrynic acid (150 mg orally), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg orally) or clopamide (40 mg orally) increased the urinary excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites (aryl amines and total nitro compounds). The administration of diuretics did not change the time course of serum concentrations of substances under study. Since the urinary excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites is a urine flow-dependent process, the influence of the tested diuretics can be explained as a consequence of decreased tubular water reabsorption.", "PMID": 649239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4208", "title": "The effect of papaverine on the contraction of the human gallbladder.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 40 mg of papaverine (Group I) or the same amount of placebo (1.0 ml of physiological saline, Group II)was injected intravenously in 19 patients to study the effect of papaverine on the contractility of the gallbladder in connection with routine oral cholecystography. In both groups a standard contraction meal (200 ml of cream) caused a significant contraction of the gallbladder (at 30 minutes). Thereafter, intravenously administered papaverine significantly inhibited further contraction caused by the fatty meal, but no significant dilatation was observed. This difference between the two groups lasted throughout the whole study period to 60 minutes after the drug administration. This time period mainly consisted of the distributional alpha-phase of the drug concentrations determined by gas chromatography in the serum. Because no dilation effect on the gallbladder was found, the clinical spasmolytic response to papaverine during an acute attack of pain in a patient with gallstones seems to be questionable.", "contents": "The effect of papaverine on the contraction of the human gallbladder. In a double-blind study, 40 mg of papaverine (Group I) or the same amount of placebo (1.0 ml of physiological saline, Group II)was injected intravenously in 19 patients to study the effect of papaverine on the contractility of the gallbladder in connection with routine oral cholecystography. In both groups a standard contraction meal (200 ml of cream) caused a significant contraction of the gallbladder (at 30 minutes). Thereafter, intravenously administered papaverine significantly inhibited further contraction caused by the fatty meal, but no significant dilatation was observed. This difference between the two groups lasted throughout the whole study period to 60 minutes after the drug administration. This time period mainly consisted of the distributional alpha-phase of the drug concentrations determined by gas chromatography in the serum. Because no dilation effect on the gallbladder was found, the clinical spasmolytic response to papaverine during an acute attack of pain in a patient with gallstones seems to be questionable.", "PMID": 649240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4209", "title": "The effect of crystal size, gastric content and emptying rate on the absorption of nitrofurantoin in healthy human volunteers.", "content": "The effect of four crystal sizes, gastric contents, and gastrointestinal motility on the absorption and excretion of nitrofurantoin was studied in three separate cross-over studies on 10 healthy volunteers. Microcrystal preparation gave an early and high serum peak. The greater the crystal size was, the smaller was the peak serum concentration. Correspondingly, microcrystal preparations gave initially very high nitrofurantoin concentrations in urine. Macrocrystal preparation had a not significantly longer excretion time than the other preparations. Food did not increase the serum nitrofurantoin concentrations, but excretion during 4 to 6 h was considerably greater than after fasting. In contrast, antacid and the use of a delayed-release preparation greatly worsened the biovailability of nitrofurantoin. An increased gastric emptying rate induced by metoclopramide significantly worsened the absorption of nitrofurantoin, but atropine only retarded the absorption and the principal excretion in urine occurred during 4 to 8 h.", "contents": "The effect of crystal size, gastric content and emptying rate on the absorption of nitrofurantoin in healthy human volunteers. The effect of four crystal sizes, gastric contents, and gastrointestinal motility on the absorption and excretion of nitrofurantoin was studied in three separate cross-over studies on 10 healthy volunteers. Microcrystal preparation gave an early and high serum peak. The greater the crystal size was, the smaller was the peak serum concentration. Correspondingly, microcrystal preparations gave initially very high nitrofurantoin concentrations in urine. Macrocrystal preparation had a not significantly longer excretion time than the other preparations. Food did not increase the serum nitrofurantoin concentrations, but excretion during 4 to 6 h was considerably greater than after fasting. In contrast, antacid and the use of a delayed-release preparation greatly worsened the biovailability of nitrofurantoin. An increased gastric emptying rate induced by metoclopramide significantly worsened the absorption of nitrofurantoin, but atropine only retarded the absorption and the principal excretion in urine occurred during 4 to 8 h.", "PMID": 649241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4210", "title": "Effectiveness of analgesics evaluated with the tourniquet technique.", "content": "The analgesic effectiveness of acetylsalicyclic acid, noramidopyrinium methane sulfonate sodium, pentazocin and codeine phosphate was studied in 19 healthy male and female subjects between 25 and 65 years of age by means of two variants of the tourniquet technique. Compared with placebo, no differences in effectiveness were found using a double-blind approach; primarily because of the low reliability of the method.", "contents": "Effectiveness of analgesics evaluated with the tourniquet technique. The analgesic effectiveness of acetylsalicyclic acid, noramidopyrinium methane sulfonate sodium, pentazocin and codeine phosphate was studied in 19 healthy male and female subjects between 25 and 65 years of age by means of two variants of the tourniquet technique. Compared with placebo, no differences in effectiveness were found using a double-blind approach; primarily because of the low reliability of the method.", "PMID": 649242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4211", "title": "Indomethacin esters acting as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "Administration of indomethacin and ten different indomethacin derivatives led to a variable depression in the mice immume response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as shown either by direct hemolytic-plaque assay or hemagglutination tests. Compounds with a lower toxicity than indomethacin and predominant immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory activity were obtained. According to the variations in the primary immune response and to their variable anti-inflammatory actions, the structure-activity relationships are documentted and some possible explanations, relative to their immunodepressive effect, are discussed.", "contents": "Indomethacin esters acting as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. Administration of indomethacin and ten different indomethacin derivatives led to a variable depression in the mice immume response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as shown either by direct hemolytic-plaque assay or hemagglutination tests. Compounds with a lower toxicity than indomethacin and predominant immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory activity were obtained. According to the variations in the primary immune response and to their variable anti-inflammatory actions, the structure-activity relationships are documentted and some possible explanations, relative to their immunodepressive effect, are discussed.", "PMID": 649243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4212", "title": "Clinical and laboratory evaluation of 8-methoxypsoralen toxicity.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with vitiligo took (Meladinine 8-methoxypsoralen) for 2 to 12 years. They were selected from those patients who, in an attempt to get a more rapid repigmentary response, exceeded the advised doses by ingesting from 7-16 tablets (equivalent to 70-160 mg) per day. These regimens were well tolerated. Hepatic and renal function were not affected.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory evaluation of 8-methoxypsoralen toxicity. Twenty-seven patients with vitiligo took (Meladinine 8-methoxypsoralen) for 2 to 12 years. They were selected from those patients who, in an attempt to get a more rapid repigmentary response, exceeded the advised doses by ingesting from 7-16 tablets (equivalent to 70-160 mg) per day. These regimens were well tolerated. Hepatic and renal function were not affected.", "PMID": 649247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4213", "title": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis.", "content": "Orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen followed by irradiation with longwave ultraviolet light (UVA, 320-400 nm, maximum 365 nm) resulted in 90-100% clearing in 24 of 26 psoriasis patients. Recurrence could be prevented by maintenance treatment. The treatment was tolerated well; no serious side effects were observed. A moderate increase of serum transaminase values was observed in 6 patients; in 5, these values became normal in a short time. The connection between these enzyme increases and the treatment is uncertain. At completion of the treatment the skin is universally, evenly hyperpigmented-a side effect considered positive by the patients.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis. Orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen followed by irradiation with longwave ultraviolet light (UVA, 320-400 nm, maximum 365 nm) resulted in 90-100% clearing in 24 of 26 psoriasis patients. Recurrence could be prevented by maintenance treatment. The treatment was tolerated well; no serious side effects were observed. A moderate increase of serum transaminase values was observed in 6 patients; in 5, these values became normal in a short time. The connection between these enzyme increases and the treatment is uncertain. At completion of the treatment the skin is universally, evenly hyperpigmented-a side effect considered positive by the patients.", "PMID": 649248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4214", "title": "Malignant change in a verrucous nevus.", "content": "A 41-year-old man developed squamous-cell carcinoma within a verrucous nevus of linear distribution of a long duration. Controversial cases have been reported in the literature. Such malignant change in verrucous nevus is extremely rare.", "contents": "Malignant change in a verrucous nevus. A 41-year-old man developed squamous-cell carcinoma within a verrucous nevus of linear distribution of a long duration. Controversial cases have been reported in the literature. Such malignant change in verrucous nevus is extremely rare.", "PMID": 649251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4215", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis: trioxalen and sunlight.", "content": "Eighteen psoriasis patients were treated alternately with 40 mg of trioxalen and sunlight on the right side and sunlight only on the left side. Improvement was apparent faster on the psoralen-exposed side.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis: trioxalen and sunlight. Eighteen psoriasis patients were treated alternately with 40 mg of trioxalen and sunlight on the right side and sunlight only on the left side. Improvement was apparent faster on the psoralen-exposed side.", "PMID": 649253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4216", "title": "A simple model for protein thermal denaturation.", "content": "Whether proteins denature in all-or-none fashion or in a continuous fashion is as yet an unresolved problem. The all-or-none process implies that while the process of denaturation is going on, only two kinds of protein molecules can exist. One is completely unchanged and the other is altered. The altered protein molecules are indistinguishable. Underlying the 'continuum' models is the assumption that all the chains in a protein globule undergo similar changes so that it is enough to consider a single chain.", "contents": "A simple model for protein thermal denaturation. Whether proteins denature in all-or-none fashion or in a continuous fashion is as yet an unresolved problem. The all-or-none process implies that while the process of denaturation is going on, only two kinds of protein molecules can exist. One is completely unchanged and the other is altered. The altered protein molecules are indistinguishable. Underlying the 'continuum' models is the assumption that all the chains in a protein globule undergo similar changes so that it is enough to consider a single chain.", "PMID": 649254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4217", "title": "Empirical calculations on cyclic dipeptides. Conformations of serine, threonine and histidine residues.", "content": "Empirical conformational energy calculations were carried out for the dipeptides cyclo-(L-Ser-L-His) and cyclo-(L-Thr-L-His). Various DKP structures have been investigated to study side chain conformations through the DKP ring deformations, and prevalent conformers of monosubstituted and disubstituted dipeptides are discussed. The most stable conformations occur when both side chains are folded over a planar DKP ring, the imidazole ring being in the epsilon-tautomeric form. Theoretical results are consistent with those obtained from n.m.r. and crystallographic studies.", "contents": "Empirical calculations on cyclic dipeptides. Conformations of serine, threonine and histidine residues. Empirical conformational energy calculations were carried out for the dipeptides cyclo-(L-Ser-L-His) and cyclo-(L-Thr-L-His). Various DKP structures have been investigated to study side chain conformations through the DKP ring deformations, and prevalent conformers of monosubstituted and disubstituted dipeptides are discussed. The most stable conformations occur when both side chains are folded over a planar DKP ring, the imidazole ring being in the epsilon-tautomeric form. Theoretical results are consistent with those obtained from n.m.r. and crystallographic studies.", "PMID": 649255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4218", "title": "Studies on polypeptides. XXVI. Synthesis of the N-terminal 1--23 peptide sequence of rat pancreatic ribonuclease; enzymatic activity of the hybrid complex with bovine S-protein.", "content": "A description is given of the synthesis by fragment condensation of the peptide Gly-Glu-Ser-Arg-Glu-Ser-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Phe-Lys-Arg-Gln-His-Met-Asp-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Ser-Lys corresponding to the 1--23 amino acid sequence of rat pancreatic ribonuclease. This rat peptide combined with bovine S-protein yields a fully active ribonuclease S' analogue.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptides. XXVI. Synthesis of the N-terminal 1--23 peptide sequence of rat pancreatic ribonuclease; enzymatic activity of the hybrid complex with bovine S-protein. A description is given of the synthesis by fragment condensation of the peptide Gly-Glu-Ser-Arg-Glu-Ser-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Phe-Lys-Arg-Gln-His-Met-Asp-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Ser-Lys corresponding to the 1--23 amino acid sequence of rat pancreatic ribonuclease. This rat peptide combined with bovine S-protein yields a fully active ribonuclease S' analogue.", "PMID": 649256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4219", "title": "Location of disulfide bridges in cardiotoxin from the venom of Formosan cobra (NAJA NAJA ATRA).", "content": "The location of the four disulfide bridges in cardiotoxin from the venom of the Formosan cobra, Naja naja atra, was determined by isolating cystine-containing peptides from the enzymic and partial acid hydrolyzates of the intact toxin. The results indicate that the disulfide bridges are formed by half cystine residues 3--21, 14--38, 42--53, and 54--59. The amino acid sequence at the position 48--49 was revised to -Leu-Val- instead of Val-Leu- as reported previously.", "contents": "Location of disulfide bridges in cardiotoxin from the venom of Formosan cobra (NAJA NAJA ATRA). The location of the four disulfide bridges in cardiotoxin from the venom of the Formosan cobra, Naja naja atra, was determined by isolating cystine-containing peptides from the enzymic and partial acid hydrolyzates of the intact toxin. The results indicate that the disulfide bridges are formed by half cystine residues 3--21, 14--38, 42--53, and 54--59. The amino acid sequence at the position 48--49 was revised to -Leu-Val- instead of Val-Leu- as reported previously.", "PMID": 649257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4220", "title": "Solid phase synthesis of apamin, the principal neurotoxin in bee venom. Isolation and characterization of acetamidomethyl apamin.", "content": "The synthesis of apamin, the principal neurotoxin in bee venom, has been accomplished by the solid phase method on a benzhydrylamine resin, 2-Phenylisopropyloxycarbonyl amino acids were used throughout the synthesis except for the C-terminal histidine. Improved yields in the coupling steps in the N-terminal part of the molecule were obtained by coupling each amino acid both in dichloromethane and dimethylformamide. The use of acetamidomethyl as an S-protecting group for cysteine made it possible to isolate and purify the linear peptide. The deblocked and oxidized peptide was fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography (Bio-Rex 70) to obtain a highly purified apamin with full biological activity and with the same physical and chemical properties as the natural peptide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the synthetic and natural apamin were identical.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis of apamin, the principal neurotoxin in bee venom. Isolation and characterization of acetamidomethyl apamin. The synthesis of apamin, the principal neurotoxin in bee venom, has been accomplished by the solid phase method on a benzhydrylamine resin, 2-Phenylisopropyloxycarbonyl amino acids were used throughout the synthesis except for the C-terminal histidine. Improved yields in the coupling steps in the N-terminal part of the molecule were obtained by coupling each amino acid both in dichloromethane and dimethylformamide. The use of acetamidomethyl as an S-protecting group for cysteine made it possible to isolate and purify the linear peptide. The deblocked and oxidized peptide was fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography (Bio-Rex 70) to obtain a highly purified apamin with full biological activity and with the same physical and chemical properties as the natural peptide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the synthetic and natural apamin were identical.", "PMID": 649258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4221", "title": "Solid-phase peptide synthesis using mild base cleavage of N alpha-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylamino acids, exemplified by a synthesis of dihydrosomatostatin.", "content": "N alpha-9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids will be of advantage in solid phase peptide synthesis. The Fmoc-group is quantitatively cleaved by mild base (piperidine). This permits the use of tert-butyl-type side chain blocking and of peptide-to-resin linkage cleavable by mild acidolysis. Side reactions arising from repetitive acid deprotection and final HF cleavage in contemporary solid phase synthesis are avoided. Fully bioactive and homogeneous dihydrosomatostatin was obtained in 53% overall yield.", "contents": "Solid-phase peptide synthesis using mild base cleavage of N alpha-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylamino acids, exemplified by a synthesis of dihydrosomatostatin. N alpha-9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids will be of advantage in solid phase peptide synthesis. The Fmoc-group is quantitatively cleaved by mild base (piperidine). This permits the use of tert-butyl-type side chain blocking and of peptide-to-resin linkage cleavable by mild acidolysis. Side reactions arising from repetitive acid deprotection and final HF cleavage in contemporary solid phase synthesis are avoided. Fully bioactive and homogeneous dihydrosomatostatin was obtained in 53% overall yield.", "PMID": 649259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4222", "title": "Ambulatory patients with medical and psychiatric illness: care in a special medical clinic.", "content": "Patients who have both medical and psychiatric illnesses often present very difficult diagnostic and treatment problems. Cross referrals by the two or more specialties necessarily involved in their management are often perceived by these patients as rejection and not only may induce in them feelings of frustration, helplessness and anger, but may also lead to a worsening of their medical and psychiatric symptomatology. This paper describes the organization and operation of a comprehensive clinic, staffed by both internists and psychiatrists, designed to provide total care for these patients. The patient population comprises patients with independent or unrelated medical and psychiatric illnesses, patients with interdependent medical and psychiatric symptoms, patients with reactive psychological problems and patients with somatizations as an expression of psychological conflicts. Case reports illustrate the approach used in patient management and some of the encouraging results that can be achieved at such a clinic. The special nature of the clinic presented a challenge to the physician's traditional role and required careful attention to specific aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, which are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Ambulatory patients with medical and psychiatric illness: care in a special medical clinic. Patients who have both medical and psychiatric illnesses often present very difficult diagnostic and treatment problems. Cross referrals by the two or more specialties necessarily involved in their management are often perceived by these patients as rejection and not only may induce in them feelings of frustration, helplessness and anger, but may also lead to a worsening of their medical and psychiatric symptomatology. This paper describes the organization and operation of a comprehensive clinic, staffed by both internists and psychiatrists, designed to provide total care for these patients. The patient population comprises patients with independent or unrelated medical and psychiatric illnesses, patients with interdependent medical and psychiatric symptoms, patients with reactive psychological problems and patients with somatizations as an expression of psychological conflicts. Case reports illustrate the approach used in patient management and some of the encouraging results that can be achieved at such a clinic. The special nature of the clinic presented a challenge to the physician's traditional role and required careful attention to specific aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, which are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 649260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4223", "title": "Pathogenetic considerations of pica in lead poisoning.", "content": "An important factor associated with lead poisoning in children is the habit of eating non-food substances, a condition termed pica. In search for underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pica, this investigation presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that in many families failure of normal mother-child interaction, paternal deprivation, culturally dependent maternal oral interests and significant stress factors in the home where abundant lead-containing material is available are etiologically related to the development of pica in lead poisoning. Other factors, which have been thought to be associated with pica, are nutritional deficiencies and maladaptive behavior patterns. A multifocal treatment approach is considered to be most effective.", "contents": "Pathogenetic considerations of pica in lead poisoning. An important factor associated with lead poisoning in children is the habit of eating non-food substances, a condition termed pica. In search for underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pica, this investigation presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that in many families failure of normal mother-child interaction, paternal deprivation, culturally dependent maternal oral interests and significant stress factors in the home where abundant lead-containing material is available are etiologically related to the development of pica in lead poisoning. Other factors, which have been thought to be associated with pica, are nutritional deficiencies and maladaptive behavior patterns. A multifocal treatment approach is considered to be most effective.", "PMID": 649261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4224", "title": "Psychiatric services in a rural general hospital.", "content": "Rural areas face severe problems related to the inadequate distribution of psychiatrists. This paper describes a model of inpatient psychiatric care in a rural general hospital which has successfully overcome many of the constraints of the rural setting using a four member psychiatric consultation team. Using the medical community and its resources as the basis for care, a strong emphasis is also placed on continuing education for care providers. Important factors in the system include allowing all physicians to admit and care for psychiatric patients and the use of the emergency room physicians as interim admitting doctors when patients have no family physician. Other factors in the program are discussed. Problem areas have included continuity of care and treatment of certain types of patients. The results of the project have been an increase in the number of psychiatric patients admitted (140 to 268 per year) and a decrease in the number of patients sent to the state institution. Consultations requested on non-psychiatric patients, including children have increased from thirty-five to sixty-seven per year. Most patients now remain in the care of their own physicians throughout a mental illness episode. Cooperation between community practitioners and the center staff has improved. With increased skill, center and community physicians have shown greater self sufficiency in working with hospitalized patients and their families.", "contents": "Psychiatric services in a rural general hospital. Rural areas face severe problems related to the inadequate distribution of psychiatrists. This paper describes a model of inpatient psychiatric care in a rural general hospital which has successfully overcome many of the constraints of the rural setting using a four member psychiatric consultation team. Using the medical community and its resources as the basis for care, a strong emphasis is also placed on continuing education for care providers. Important factors in the system include allowing all physicians to admit and care for psychiatric patients and the use of the emergency room physicians as interim admitting doctors when patients have no family physician. Other factors in the program are discussed. Problem areas have included continuity of care and treatment of certain types of patients. The results of the project have been an increase in the number of psychiatric patients admitted (140 to 268 per year) and a decrease in the number of patients sent to the state institution. Consultations requested on non-psychiatric patients, including children have increased from thirty-five to sixty-seven per year. Most patients now remain in the care of their own physicians throughout a mental illness episode. Cooperation between community practitioners and the center staff has improved. With increased skill, center and community physicians have shown greater self sufficiency in working with hospitalized patients and their families.", "PMID": 649262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4225", "title": "Race and abortion: disconfirmation of the genocide hypothesis in a clinical analogue.", "content": "This study examined the validity of the proposition that a latent function of liberalized abortion is racial genocide. Using an abortion counseling analogue, forty-two white abortion counselors rendered clinical reactions, including the relative desirability of abortion, to a bogus female patient described as ambivalent about her pregnancy and designated as black or white within a case report. A stronger preference for abortion when the patient was black-identified was not found either among the sample as a whole or among socially traditional and untraditional subgroups.", "contents": "Race and abortion: disconfirmation of the genocide hypothesis in a clinical analogue. This study examined the validity of the proposition that a latent function of liberalized abortion is racial genocide. Using an abortion counseling analogue, forty-two white abortion counselors rendered clinical reactions, including the relative desirability of abortion, to a bogus female patient described as ambivalent about her pregnancy and designated as black or white within a case report. A stronger preference for abortion when the patient was black-identified was not found either among the sample as a whole or among socially traditional and untraditional subgroups.", "PMID": 649263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4226", "title": "The treatment of psychosomatic disorders by the general practitioner.", "content": "Three issues relating to the treatment of psychosomatic disorders by the general practitioner are discussed: 1) the characteristics of the therapeutic relationship in general practice, with more spontaneous intimacy and greater continuity, which often enable the physician to treat psychosomatic disorders more effectively than specialists, 2) the challenging task for the general practitioner of distinguishing a psychosomatic disorder, and 3) the special treatment forms available to the general practitioner in approaching the patient with a psychosomatic disorder.", "contents": "The treatment of psychosomatic disorders by the general practitioner. Three issues relating to the treatment of psychosomatic disorders by the general practitioner are discussed: 1) the characteristics of the therapeutic relationship in general practice, with more spontaneous intimacy and greater continuity, which often enable the physician to treat psychosomatic disorders more effectively than specialists, 2) the challenging task for the general practitioner of distinguishing a psychosomatic disorder, and 3) the special treatment forms available to the general practitioner in approaching the patient with a psychosomatic disorder.", "PMID": 649264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4227", "title": "Emotional aspects of heart disease: a personal narrative.", "content": "It is not particularly profound to note that one's choice of a professional career is related to unconscious motivational forces, and that a desire to become a physician may stem from a wish to conquer one's own illness and the inevitability of death. Once one becomes a physician his personal experience with illness may, but not be means necessarily, place him in the position of being empathetic with the sick patient. My purpose in this particular narrative is to review my experience with a life-long illness and to relate it to my longstanding psychiatric interest and work with patients with chronic disease. I trust the confessional quality will be instructive and not taken as maudlin or pseudo-Proustian.", "contents": "Emotional aspects of heart disease: a personal narrative. It is not particularly profound to note that one's choice of a professional career is related to unconscious motivational forces, and that a desire to become a physician may stem from a wish to conquer one's own illness and the inevitability of death. Once one becomes a physician his personal experience with illness may, but not be means necessarily, place him in the position of being empathetic with the sick patient. My purpose in this particular narrative is to review my experience with a life-long illness and to relate it to my longstanding psychiatric interest and work with patients with chronic disease. I trust the confessional quality will be instructive and not taken as maudlin or pseudo-Proustian.", "PMID": 649268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4228", "title": "A survey of attempted suicide in Shropshire.", "content": "The number of patients who are referred for a psychiatric opinion as cases of attempted suicide seems to be increasing. One hundred and seven patients, 70 females and 37 males, were referred to the author during the period of the one year study, all but three were cases of deliberate self-poisoning. Only a minority of the group, three males and 11 females, regretted that the attempted had not been successful and all were admitted to the psychiatric hospital. A large majority of the patients were provisionally diagnosed as suffering from a reactive depression, consequent in many instances upon the breakdown of some aspect of interpersonal relationships.", "contents": "A survey of attempted suicide in Shropshire. The number of patients who are referred for a psychiatric opinion as cases of attempted suicide seems to be increasing. One hundred and seven patients, 70 females and 37 males, were referred to the author during the period of the one year study, all but three were cases of deliberate self-poisoning. Only a minority of the group, three males and 11 females, regretted that the attempted had not been successful and all were admitted to the psychiatric hospital. A large majority of the patients were provisionally diagnosed as suffering from a reactive depression, consequent in many instances upon the breakdown of some aspect of interpersonal relationships.", "PMID": 649274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4229", "title": "Teaching psychiatry in medical school.", "content": "Considerable dissatisfaction of students and educators exists in regard to the teaching of psychiatry in medical school. This paper recommends that the liasion model of teaching directed to house and attending staffs be applied to the teaching of medical students during their clerkships throughout the general hospital, with a concomitant de-emphasis of training solely on the psychiatric service.", "contents": "Teaching psychiatry in medical school. Considerable dissatisfaction of students and educators exists in regard to the teaching of psychiatry in medical school. This paper recommends that the liasion model of teaching directed to house and attending staffs be applied to the teaching of medical students during their clerkships throughout the general hospital, with a concomitant de-emphasis of training solely on the psychiatric service.", "PMID": 649265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4230", "title": "The use of groups in the rehabilitation of amputees.", "content": "There is a complex interplay between physical and emotional factors in the rahabilitative process after amputation of a limb. Although this is recognized by those working in the field of rehabilitation medicine, an overview of the literature indicates that there is comparatively little psychosocial research, education, and innovative programming. The authors have initiated such a program and have incorporated it into the routine of an inpatient amputee unit. The approach involves the utilization of basic techniques of supportive group therapy in the discussion of recurrent themes which have emerged as major concerns among amputees. Experiences amputees help new patients to anticipate potentially stressful situations, thus encouraging increased reliance. Having professionals present allows for the clarifying of medical and/or technical issues and the group setting provides a relaxes atmosphere conducive to educative discussion of physical and psychosocial concerns.", "contents": "The use of groups in the rehabilitation of amputees. There is a complex interplay between physical and emotional factors in the rahabilitative process after amputation of a limb. Although this is recognized by those working in the field of rehabilitation medicine, an overview of the literature indicates that there is comparatively little psychosocial research, education, and innovative programming. The authors have initiated such a program and have incorporated it into the routine of an inpatient amputee unit. The approach involves the utilization of basic techniques of supportive group therapy in the discussion of recurrent themes which have emerged as major concerns among amputees. Experiences amputees help new patients to anticipate potentially stressful situations, thus encouraging increased reliance. Having professionals present allows for the clarifying of medical and/or technical issues and the group setting provides a relaxes atmosphere conducive to educative discussion of physical and psychosocial concerns.", "PMID": 649269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4231", "title": "A comprehensive program of psychosocial care for mastectomy patients.", "content": "The traumatic experience of the discovery of a lump in the breast, the diagnosis of cancer and eventual mastectomy have focused medical attention on the importance of providing adequate psychosocial care for mastectomy patients. This paper outlines a comprehensive program now underway. This program includes the premastectomy (preventive), postoperative (interventive) and recovery (postventive) periods. To secure more information for this program, an initial project examining the psychological effects of mastectomy on women and their spouses has been undertaken. It is anticipated that these findings will be helpful in identifying some of the problems encountered and aid in the success of the program in attaining the desired results.", "contents": "A comprehensive program of psychosocial care for mastectomy patients. The traumatic experience of the discovery of a lump in the breast, the diagnosis of cancer and eventual mastectomy have focused medical attention on the importance of providing adequate psychosocial care for mastectomy patients. This paper outlines a comprehensive program now underway. This program includes the premastectomy (preventive), postoperative (interventive) and recovery (postventive) periods. To secure more information for this program, an initial project examining the psychological effects of mastectomy on women and their spouses has been undertaken. It is anticipated that these findings will be helpful in identifying some of the problems encountered and aid in the success of the program in attaining the desired results.", "PMID": 649266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4232", "title": "Suicide--a retrospective study in a culturally distinct community in India.", "content": "Occurrence and features of 130 suicide cases were studied in a culturally distinct community, Goa (India), which was isolated from mainland for over 450 years records obtained from the police and information collected from close relatives of the deceased were analyzed retrospectively. It was noted that cultural and religious factors continue to play an important role in suicidal behaviour in  India. The rate was higher for males as compared with females and was greater in joint family than in nuclear family. Similarly, married persons of both sexes had a higher frequency. Ethnically the rate among Hindus was higher than among Christians. Mental illness constituted a major cause of suicide, followed by domestic conflicts. An interesting feature observed in the study was that more persons commit suicide in their own birth place and near their own homes.", "contents": "Suicide--a retrospective study in a culturally distinct community in India. Occurrence and features of 130 suicide cases were studied in a culturally distinct community, Goa (India), which was isolated from mainland for over 450 years records obtained from the police and information collected from close relatives of the deceased were analyzed retrospectively. It was noted that cultural and religious factors continue to play an important role in suicidal behaviour in  India. The rate was higher for males as compared with females and was greater in joint family than in nuclear family. Similarly, married persons of both sexes had a higher frequency. Ethnically the rate among Hindus was higher than among Christians. Mental illness constituted a major cause of suicide, followed by domestic conflicts. An interesting feature observed in the study was that more persons commit suicide in their own birth place and near their own homes.", "PMID": 649275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4233", "title": "Behavior modification in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "This study examines the use of a behavior modification program as an adjunct to the medical treatment of essential hypertension. The subjects, outpatients with medically treated, but uncontrolled, essential hypertension, were exposed to group interaction (including such processes as peer reinforcement, peer competition, and cognitive dissonance), individual blood pressure monitoring, stimulus control, and direct social influence. The control subjects received only routine medical treatment for their hypertension. Results indicated that the experimental subjects significantly decreased their diastolic blood pressures between pre- and post-treatment measures (spanning a period of four weeks), whereas the control subjects showed no such change. Thus it appears possible to use behavior modification to help in the treatment of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Behavior modification in the treatment of hypertension. This study examines the use of a behavior modification program as an adjunct to the medical treatment of essential hypertension. The subjects, outpatients with medically treated, but uncontrolled, essential hypertension, were exposed to group interaction (including such processes as peer reinforcement, peer competition, and cognitive dissonance), individual blood pressure monitoring, stimulus control, and direct social influence. The control subjects received only routine medical treatment for their hypertension. Results indicated that the experimental subjects significantly decreased their diastolic blood pressures between pre- and post-treatment measures (spanning a period of four weeks), whereas the control subjects showed no such change. Thus it appears possible to use behavior modification to help in the treatment of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 649270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4234", "title": "A weekly group meeting for children on a pediatric ward: therapeutic and practical functions.", "content": "The multiple sources of psychological stress to the hospitalized child are reviewed with references to the literature. The Hahnemann Pediatric Ward and patient population are described as are the functions of a weekly group meeting for school aged hospitalized children led by a child psychiatrist. Efforts are made to use knowledge gained from the children for therapeutic purposes within the group as well as for teaching the inpatient pediatric staff how the hospitalized child's behavior reflects his inner thoughts and feelings. Aspects of the children's behavior and verbal productions in the group are discussed from a psychodynamic viewpoint. Conflict, ambivalence, fantasy distortion, denial and displacement are exemplified, as is the children's ever-present need to simultaneously express, defend against and master anxiety. Questions are raised about outcome and future avenues of investigation.", "contents": "A weekly group meeting for children on a pediatric ward: therapeutic and practical functions. The multiple sources of psychological stress to the hospitalized child are reviewed with references to the literature. The Hahnemann Pediatric Ward and patient population are described as are the functions of a weekly group meeting for school aged hospitalized children led by a child psychiatrist. Efforts are made to use knowledge gained from the children for therapeutic purposes within the group as well as for teaching the inpatient pediatric staff how the hospitalized child's behavior reflects his inner thoughts and feelings. Aspects of the children's behavior and verbal productions in the group are discussed from a psychodynamic viewpoint. Conflict, ambivalence, fantasy distortion, denial and displacement are exemplified, as is the children's ever-present need to simultaneously express, defend against and master anxiety. Questions are raised about outcome and future avenues of investigation.", "PMID": 649271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4235", "title": "Psychosis and pseudo dementia associated with hemodialysis.", "content": "A patient treated with hemodialysis developed psychotic episodes, including visual hallucinations and delusions, as well as symptoms similar to the fatal dialysis dementia. His hospital course seems to demonstrate an original organic dysfunction with behavioral sequelae that were perpetuated by psychological difficulties. His tendency to overdramatize his disability and to adopt an excessively helpless and passive role made treatment difficult. A one-year followup is provided along with a discussion of the relationship of his case to dialysis dementia.", "contents": "Psychosis and pseudo dementia associated with hemodialysis. A patient treated with hemodialysis developed psychotic episodes, including visual hallucinations and delusions, as well as symptoms similar to the fatal dialysis dementia. His hospital course seems to demonstrate an original organic dysfunction with behavioral sequelae that were perpetuated by psychological difficulties. His tendency to overdramatize his disability and to adopt an excessively helpless and passive role made treatment difficult. A one-year followup is provided along with a discussion of the relationship of his case to dialysis dementia.", "PMID": 649267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4236", "title": "A type of disability neurosis: the Humpty Dumpty syndrome.", "content": "Eight selected male patients with disability neurosis are presented. Past histories were remarkably similar in that they indicated childhood deprivation, premature independence and early excessive responsibility. It is hypothesized that these men reacted to injury or illness with a crumblin of previous defenses against massive dependency wishes and that their symptoms are perpetuated by ambivalent relationships with employers and physicians. Treatment needs to be prophylactic before the symptoms become so entrenched as to be refractory to therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "A type of disability neurosis: the Humpty Dumpty syndrome. Eight selected male patients with disability neurosis are presented. Past histories were remarkably similar in that they indicated childhood deprivation, premature independence and early excessive responsibility. It is hypothesized that these men reacted to injury or illness with a crumblin of previous defenses against massive dependency wishes and that their symptoms are perpetuated by ambivalent relationships with employers and physicians. Treatment needs to be prophylactic before the symptoms become so entrenched as to be refractory to therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 649272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4237", "title": "Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: III. Is the psychiatrist's opinion heard?", "content": "At least one psychiatric diagnosis was made for 205 of 220 children whose psychiatric evaluation had been requested by the medical service. Only 78 of 242 psychiatric diagnoses given the 205 patients were reflected correctly in the medical discharge diagnoses. In addition, seven of fifteen patients considered to be \"normal\" by the consulting psychiatrist had a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnoses included in the discharge diagnoses. Psychophysiological disorders, psychoses and special symptom diagnoses were likely to be correctly reflected in the discharge diagnoses, while depression and adjustment reaction were not. Possible reasons why the psychiatrist's diagnostic opinion is not correctly reflected in the discharge diagnosis in over one-half of the referrals are discussed. Pediatricians may be reluctant to label their patients \"neurotic\" for life, or may consider the problem transient-that is, only a \"passing phase\". But these theories are discounted by the fact that seven patients considered to be emotionally normal when assessed by the psychiatrist were discharged with a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: III. Is the psychiatrist's opinion heard? At least one psychiatric diagnosis was made for 205 of 220 children whose psychiatric evaluation had been requested by the medical service. Only 78 of 242 psychiatric diagnoses given the 205 patients were reflected correctly in the medical discharge diagnoses. In addition, seven of fifteen patients considered to be \"normal\" by the consulting psychiatrist had a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnoses included in the discharge diagnoses. Psychophysiological disorders, psychoses and special symptom diagnoses were likely to be correctly reflected in the discharge diagnoses, while depression and adjustment reaction were not. Possible reasons why the psychiatrist's diagnostic opinion is not correctly reflected in the discharge diagnosis in over one-half of the referrals are discussed. Pediatricians may be reluctant to label their patients \"neurotic\" for life, or may consider the problem transient-that is, only a \"passing phase\". But these theories are discounted by the fact that seven patients considered to be emotionally normal when assessed by the psychiatrist were discharged with a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 649273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4238", "title": "\"The child is father to the man\": dependency in professional relationships.", "content": "This situation where two or more members of different professions are working jointly with the same client or patient is compared to the way the relationship between parents affects their children. It is suggested that stress inclines colleagues to infantile patterns of relationship, one partner being dominant and the other dependent. This is likely to detract from the service offered as a result of unwitting collusion and general evasion of responsibility. The need for adult or balanced patterns of professional dependency is argued and that this is as important to the patient's welfare as the type of treatment offered.", "contents": "\"The child is father to the man\": dependency in professional relationships. This situation where two or more members of different professions are working jointly with the same client or patient is compared to the way the relationship between parents affects their children. It is suggested that stress inclines colleagues to infantile patterns of relationship, one partner being dominant and the other dependent. This is likely to detract from the service offered as a result of unwitting collusion and general evasion of responsibility. The need for adult or balanced patterns of professional dependency is argued and that this is as important to the patient's welfare as the type of treatment offered.", "PMID": 649280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4239", "title": "Attempted suicide among Commonwealth immigrants in Birmingham.", "content": "The distribution of attempted suicide among Commonwealth immigrants has been investigated in Birmingham. Four-year data concerning 119 (43 male, 76 female) admissions to hospitals there have been used. The crude rate of attempted suicide (94 per 100,000 per annum) is lower than that for the native population. All the patients were younger than 44, and repeated suicide attempts were rarely seen and drug or alcohol abuse were found to be less prevalent than among admissions of British origin. The data indicate that attempted suicide among immigrants in Birmingham is benign in comparison with that among the natives there.", "contents": "Attempted suicide among Commonwealth immigrants in Birmingham. The distribution of attempted suicide among Commonwealth immigrants has been investigated in Birmingham. Four-year data concerning 119 (43 male, 76 female) admissions to hospitals there have been used. The crude rate of attempted suicide (94 per 100,000 per annum) is lower than that for the native population. All the patients were younger than 44, and repeated suicide attempts were rarely seen and drug or alcohol abuse were found to be less prevalent than among admissions of British origin. The data indicate that attempted suicide among immigrants in Birmingham is benign in comparison with that among the natives there.", "PMID": 649281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4240", "title": "Preliminary evaluation of the Polish tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll/Polfa\" in urology.", "content": "During the past two years, from June 7, 1974 to August 9, 1976, the authors used the Polish tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll/Polfa\" in 60 operated patients. The operations were performed on the solitary kidney, on the kidneys of staghorn calculi, in fixation of a floating kidney and, fixation and elevation of the bladder in women with urinary stress incontinence. In all cases the postoperative course was smooth and the results of operation were satisfactory. None of the patients were re-operated and histological examinations were not performed.", "contents": "Preliminary evaluation of the Polish tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll/Polfa\" in urology. During the past two years, from June 7, 1974 to August 9, 1976, the authors used the Polish tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll/Polfa\" in 60 operated patients. The operations were performed on the solitary kidney, on the kidneys of staghorn calculi, in fixation of a floating kidney and, fixation and elevation of the bladder in women with urinary stress incontinence. In all cases the postoperative course was smooth and the results of operation were satisfactory. None of the patients were re-operated and histological examinations were not performed.", "PMID": 649282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4241", "title": "Operative repair of retroglandular hypospadias.", "content": "The operative repair of retroglandular hypospadias should be individualized. In some cases only resection of hooded foreskin and meatotomy are required. In a small number of properly selected cases a one-stage operation may be performed. In most cases a three-stage repair was carried out by the authors.", "contents": "Operative repair of retroglandular hypospadias. The operative repair of retroglandular hypospadias should be individualized. In some cases only resection of hooded foreskin and meatotomy are required. In a small number of properly selected cases a one-stage operation may be performed. In most cases a three-stage repair was carried out by the authors.", "PMID": 649283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4242", "title": "Screening for bacteriuria of schoolchildren by the nitrite reaction.", "content": "The author is conducting systematic screening surveys for bacteriuria among the pupils in the primary schools (6-14 years) of a provincial town and environments. He applies the nitrite reaction for the detection of bacteriuria. Over the past 5 years 16,621 children, 7982 girls and 8639 boys, were screened, part of them repeatedly. Four bacteriuric cases were diagnosed among the boys and 130 among the girls. In a single screening the prevalence rate of bacteriuria proved to be 1.23% among the girls. In repeated screenings the incidence rate was 0.44% on the average per annum. Fifty-six of the 130 bacteriuric girls were subjected to general examination; radiological abnormalities were found in 26 of them. The author considers the systematic screening of schoolchildren as reasonable. The nitrite reaction is the most appropriate for mass screening, since it is simple, immediate, inexpensive, specific and sufficiently sensitive.", "contents": "Screening for bacteriuria of schoolchildren by the nitrite reaction. The author is conducting systematic screening surveys for bacteriuria among the pupils in the primary schools (6-14 years) of a provincial town and environments. He applies the nitrite reaction for the detection of bacteriuria. Over the past 5 years 16,621 children, 7982 girls and 8639 boys, were screened, part of them repeatedly. Four bacteriuric cases were diagnosed among the boys and 130 among the girls. In a single screening the prevalence rate of bacteriuria proved to be 1.23% among the girls. In repeated screenings the incidence rate was 0.44% on the average per annum. Fifty-six of the 130 bacteriuric girls were subjected to general examination; radiological abnormalities were found in 26 of them. The author considers the systematic screening of schoolchildren as reasonable. The nitrite reaction is the most appropriate for mass screening, since it is simple, immediate, inexpensive, specific and sufficiently sensitive.", "PMID": 649285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4243", "title": "Treatment of uremic pericarditis and pericardial effusion by augmented hemodialysis.", "content": "Six out of 21 patients attending maintenance hemodialysis had uremic pericarditis. Three patients had one or more recurrences of pericarditis while under regular intermittent dialysis. Two patients developed pericardial effusion and one of them had ascites. Augmented hemodialysis was successful in treating uremic pericarditis even in patients with pericardial effusion. The single instance of ascites was also controlled by augmented hemodialysis.", "contents": "Treatment of uremic pericarditis and pericardial effusion by augmented hemodialysis. Six out of 21 patients attending maintenance hemodialysis had uremic pericarditis. Three patients had one or more recurrences of pericarditis while under regular intermittent dialysis. Two patients developed pericardial effusion and one of them had ascites. Augmented hemodialysis was successful in treating uremic pericarditis even in patients with pericardial effusion. The single instance of ascites was also controlled by augmented hemodialysis.", "PMID": 649286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4244", "title": "Differences in the distribution of urea and creatinine between red cells and plasma in normal and azotemic blood as assessed by autoanalyzer and manual chemical methods.", "content": "It has been proposed that urea and creatinine may bind to red cell constituents. In the present studies, whole blood and plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine were compared using autoanalyzer techniques (that require solutes to pass through a dialysis membrane) and manual techniques (with no dialysis membrane). Blood samples from 11 normal and 10 azotemic subjects were studied. Concentration differences between plasma water and red cell water for these solutes were significant in normals with standard manual but not with autoanalyzer methods. Accordingly, red cell water concentrations in normals were greater with manual methods than with autoanalyzer methods. In azotemics, differences between red cell and plasma water concentrations and differences in red cell water concentrations between methods were proportionately less. The findings suggest that accumulation of these solutes in the red cell in azotemia is predominantly in the freely diffusable form. Any chemical interference of red cell proteins and/or solute binding to red cell constituents yields significant discrepancies between manual and autoanalyzer methods only at lower BUN and creatinine concentrations.", "contents": "Differences in the distribution of urea and creatinine between red cells and plasma in normal and azotemic blood as assessed by autoanalyzer and manual chemical methods. It has been proposed that urea and creatinine may bind to red cell constituents. In the present studies, whole blood and plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine were compared using autoanalyzer techniques (that require solutes to pass through a dialysis membrane) and manual techniques (with no dialysis membrane). Blood samples from 11 normal and 10 azotemic subjects were studied. Concentration differences between plasma water and red cell water for these solutes were significant in normals with standard manual but not with autoanalyzer methods. Accordingly, red cell water concentrations in normals were greater with manual methods than with autoanalyzer methods. In azotemics, differences between red cell and plasma water concentrations and differences in red cell water concentrations between methods were proportionately less. The findings suggest that accumulation of these solutes in the red cell in azotemia is predominantly in the freely diffusable form. Any chemical interference of red cell proteins and/or solute binding to red cell constituents yields significant discrepancies between manual and autoanalyzer methods only at lower BUN and creatinine concentrations.", "PMID": 649287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4245", "title": "Choriogonin treatment of patients with pathospermia.", "content": "The effect of HCG was examined in 160 infertile patients. The first group of patients (100 men) received 1500 I.U. HCG twice weekly for 8 weeks, the second group (60 men) was given 1500 I.U. HCG twice weekly for 12 weeks. Serum testosterone level was found to be increased after treatment in 44 cases. Improvement was reported on potentia coeundi. The spermiogram improved in 34% of the cases. During the period of treatment 25 wives became pregnant.", "contents": "Choriogonin treatment of patients with pathospermia. The effect of HCG was examined in 160 infertile patients. The first group of patients (100 men) received 1500 I.U. HCG twice weekly for 8 weeks, the second group (60 men) was given 1500 I.U. HCG twice weekly for 12 weeks. Serum testosterone level was found to be increased after treatment in 44 cases. Improvement was reported on potentia coeundi. The spermiogram improved in 34% of the cases. During the period of treatment 25 wives became pregnant.", "PMID": 649288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4246", "title": "On the therapy of urolithiasis in chronic renal failure.", "content": "A resigning attitude in respect to patients suffering from nephrolithiasis and manifest renal failure is not justified anymore in view of the advances in diagnosis and therapy. During the period 1964-1975, at the urological clinic of the hospital Friedrichshain 188 patients suffering from nephrolithiasis and renal failure have been treated: 120 surgically and 68 conservatively. The operative-therapeutical conception is outlined. The pre- and postoperative hemodialysis therapy is described in detail and the different indications of hemodialysis according to the stage of renal failure are elaborated. Tabulated data demonstrate the fate of all surgically treated patients.", "contents": "On the therapy of urolithiasis in chronic renal failure. A resigning attitude in respect to patients suffering from nephrolithiasis and manifest renal failure is not justified anymore in view of the advances in diagnosis and therapy. During the period 1964-1975, at the urological clinic of the hospital Friedrichshain 188 patients suffering from nephrolithiasis and renal failure have been treated: 120 surgically and 68 conservatively. The operative-therapeutical conception is outlined. The pre- and postoperative hemodialysis therapy is described in detail and the different indications of hemodialysis according to the stage of renal failure are elaborated. Tabulated data demonstrate the fate of all surgically treated patients.", "PMID": 649289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4247", "title": "The frequency of urolithiasis in hospital discharge diagnoses in the United States.", "content": "In an effort to evaluate the rate of stone disease, a questionnaire was sent to each hospital in the United States. On the basis of 1765 responses it is estimated that the average rate of hospital discharge diagnoses of urinary stone per all hospital discharges was 0.0102. It was calculated that the annual incidence of urolithiasis in the population is at least 16.41 per 10,000 and that approximately 12 per cent of the population is expected to have urinary stone disease at some time in their lives.", "contents": "The frequency of urolithiasis in hospital discharge diagnoses in the United States. In an effort to evaluate the rate of stone disease, a questionnaire was sent to each hospital in the United States. On the basis of 1765 responses it is estimated that the average rate of hospital discharge diagnoses of urinary stone per all hospital discharges was 0.0102. It was calculated that the annual incidence of urolithiasis in the population is at least 16.41 per 10,000 and that approximately 12 per cent of the population is expected to have urinary stone disease at some time in their lives.", "PMID": 649290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4248", "title": "The expectation of free and fixed particles in urinary stone disease.", "content": "There is a paucity of literature concerning the origin of urinary stone disease. This report uses information currently available to examine the likelihood of urinary stone disease starting from free or fixed crystalluric particles. We conclude that stone disease in the renal tubules and renal pelvis cannot begin on unattached (free) particles. However, in conditions associated with stone formation, initiation of bladder stone disease on free particles seems quite likely.", "contents": "The expectation of free and fixed particles in urinary stone disease. There is a paucity of literature concerning the origin of urinary stone disease. This report uses information currently available to examine the likelihood of urinary stone disease starting from free or fixed crystalluric particles. We conclude that stone disease in the renal tubules and renal pelvis cannot begin on unattached (free) particles. However, in conditions associated with stone formation, initiation of bladder stone disease on free particles seems quite likely.", "PMID": 649291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4249", "title": "Spherical calcium bodies in stone-forming urine.", "content": "Twenty-four hour urine specimens from 26 active stone formers and 15 non-stone formers were passed through an ultrafilter that retained all molecules with a molecular weight greater than 50,000. Microscopic spherical bodies that laked alizarin red were observed in the urinary ultrafiltrate from 24 of 26 active stone formers. Only three of 15 non-stone-forming control urines contained these bodies. Histochemical studies showed the presence of calcium, phosphorus, and carbohydrate-protein complexes. No crystalline elements were detected.", "contents": "Spherical calcium bodies in stone-forming urine. Twenty-four hour urine specimens from 26 active stone formers and 15 non-stone formers were passed through an ultrafilter that retained all molecules with a molecular weight greater than 50,000. Microscopic spherical bodies that laked alizarin red were observed in the urinary ultrafiltrate from 24 of 26 active stone formers. Only three of 15 non-stone-forming control urines contained these bodies. Histochemical studies showed the presence of calcium, phosphorus, and carbohydrate-protein complexes. No crystalline elements were detected.", "PMID": 649292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4250", "title": "Studies in urolithiasis. III. Electron optical investigation on the morphology of the colloidal matrix of urinary calculi.", "content": "An electron optical investigation of the morphology of the colloidal matrix of renal and vesical urinary calculi revealed the presence of several morphologic forms hitherto unknown. Earlier light microscopic studies indicated that the matrix exists either as fibrils or as an amorphous matrix. The electron micrographic scanning of specimens of calculi revealed the following matrix morphologies: (i) flaky, (ii) serrated, (iii) perforated (globular), (iv) hollow tubular, (v) fibrillar, (vi) cylindrical, and (vii) pear-drop shaped. Crystalline matter was not associated with flaky and serrated matrix particles. However, some matrix particles of perforated (globular), fibrillar, and cylindrical morphologies were found to be calcified.", "contents": "Studies in urolithiasis. III. Electron optical investigation on the morphology of the colloidal matrix of urinary calculi. An electron optical investigation of the morphology of the colloidal matrix of renal and vesical urinary calculi revealed the presence of several morphologic forms hitherto unknown. Earlier light microscopic studies indicated that the matrix exists either as fibrils or as an amorphous matrix. The electron micrographic scanning of specimens of calculi revealed the following matrix morphologies: (i) flaky, (ii) serrated, (iii) perforated (globular), (iv) hollow tubular, (v) fibrillar, (vi) cylindrical, and (vii) pear-drop shaped. Crystalline matter was not associated with flaky and serrated matrix particles. However, some matrix particles of perforated (globular), fibrillar, and cylindrical morphologies were found to be calcified.", "PMID": 649293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4251", "title": "Collection and preservation of urine for biochemical analyses.", "content": "A specialized urine collection apparatus and buffered antimicrobial, urease-inhibiting preservative are reported herein. These techniques provide means for collecting and preserving urine at room temperature for multiple biochemical analyses.", "contents": "Collection and preservation of urine for biochemical analyses. A specialized urine collection apparatus and buffered antimicrobial, urease-inhibiting preservative are reported herein. These techniques provide means for collecting and preserving urine at room temperature for multiple biochemical analyses.", "PMID": 649294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4252", "title": "Kinetics of early time calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.", "content": "This paper examines the kinetics of calcium deposition in rat kidneys after an intraperitoneal sodium oxalate injection. From the results we conclude that only a limited portion of tubular surface is available for adsorption of calcium oxalate crystals, that adsorpption of calcium oxalate crystals onto tubular epithelium is a process of greater than first order with regard to the dose, and that the washout of retained particles from the tubules is a first-order process as related to time. Also, we conclude that in these animals, which were subjected to a large oxalate challenge, the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals is virtually all intratubular.", "contents": "Kinetics of early time calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. This paper examines the kinetics of calcium deposition in rat kidneys after an intraperitoneal sodium oxalate injection. From the results we conclude that only a limited portion of tubular surface is available for adsorption of calcium oxalate crystals, that adsorpption of calcium oxalate crystals onto tubular epithelium is a process of greater than first order with regard to the dose, and that the washout of retained particles from the tubules is a first-order process as related to time. Also, we conclude that in these animals, which were subjected to a large oxalate challenge, the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals is virtually all intratubular.", "PMID": 649295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4253", "title": "Crystallization of calcium oxalate from synthetic urine.", "content": "The precipitation of calcium oxalate from synthetic urine was followed from the disappearance of radioactive oxalate from solution. Rates of precipitation were also estimated from the time of appearance of crystals. Synthetic urine inhibited the rate of crystallization of calcium oxalate; this inhibition was a combined effect of ionic strength and specific inhibition by one or mroe components of the synthetic urine. Polyphosphate and polyacrylate ions strongly inhibited crystallization of calcium oxalate from synthetic urine; phosphonates, heparin, and polystyrene sulfonate showed much less inhibition. Inasmuch as citrate and pyrophosphate ions showed some inhibition, it seems that carboxylate and phosphate groups on a polymer chain are the most effective inhibitors.", "contents": "Crystallization of calcium oxalate from synthetic urine. The precipitation of calcium oxalate from synthetic urine was followed from the disappearance of radioactive oxalate from solution. Rates of precipitation were also estimated from the time of appearance of crystals. Synthetic urine inhibited the rate of crystallization of calcium oxalate; this inhibition was a combined effect of ionic strength and specific inhibition by one or mroe components of the synthetic urine. Polyphosphate and polyacrylate ions strongly inhibited crystallization of calcium oxalate from synthetic urine; phosphonates, heparin, and polystyrene sulfonate showed much less inhibition. Inasmuch as citrate and pyrophosphate ions showed some inhibition, it seems that carboxylate and phosphate groups on a polymer chain are the most effective inhibitors.", "PMID": 649296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4254", "title": "The kinetics of formation and dissolution of uric acid crystals.", "content": "The kinetics of crystallization and dissolution of uric acid have been studied at temperatures from 15 to 45 C, using a highly reproducbile seeding technique. The rates of reaction have been followed by a precision conductometric method. The mineralization rate follows an equation second-order in relative supersaturation and the experimental evidence points to a surface controlled crystal growth. In contrast, the rapid dissolution of seed crystals into undersaturated uric acid solutions seems to be controlled by diffusion of electrolyte through the hydrodynamic boundary layer at the crystal surface. The activation energy for dissolution, 13.1 +/- 2.6 kJ/mole, is close to that expected for bulk diffusion. Values are reported for the solubility product and dissociation constant for uric acid from 15 to 45 C.", "contents": "The kinetics of formation and dissolution of uric acid crystals. The kinetics of crystallization and dissolution of uric acid have been studied at temperatures from 15 to 45 C, using a highly reproducbile seeding technique. The rates of reaction have been followed by a precision conductometric method. The mineralization rate follows an equation second-order in relative supersaturation and the experimental evidence points to a surface controlled crystal growth. In contrast, the rapid dissolution of seed crystals into undersaturated uric acid solutions seems to be controlled by diffusion of electrolyte through the hydrodynamic boundary layer at the crystal surface. The activation energy for dissolution, 13.1 +/- 2.6 kJ/mole, is close to that expected for bulk diffusion. Values are reported for the solubility product and dissociation constant for uric acid from 15 to 45 C.", "PMID": 649297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4255", "title": "Crystal growth inhibitors in human urine. Effect on calcium oxalate kinetics.", "content": "The nucleation and growth of oxalate trihydrate from supersaturated solutions containing a high molecular weight inhibitor fraction found in urine were sharply reduced to the extend that calcium oxalate dihydrate was formed. The kinetics of the later hydrate were found to be reduced with increasing inhibitor concentration. The effect of the negatively charged urine inhibitor on crystal growth of calcium oxalate was found to correlate with inhibition found in studies involving high molecular weight mucopolysaccharides such as heparin.", "contents": "Crystal growth inhibitors in human urine. Effect on calcium oxalate kinetics. The nucleation and growth of oxalate trihydrate from supersaturated solutions containing a high molecular weight inhibitor fraction found in urine were sharply reduced to the extend that calcium oxalate dihydrate was formed. The kinetics of the later hydrate were found to be reduced with increasing inhibitor concentration. The effect of the negatively charged urine inhibitor on crystal growth of calcium oxalate was found to correlate with inhibition found in studies involving high molecular weight mucopolysaccharides such as heparin.", "PMID": 649298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4256", "title": "The effect of allopurinol on calcium oxalate (whewellite) precipitation.", "content": "On the basis of measurements of adsorption, solution depletion, zeta potential, solubility, seeded-crystal growth, nucleation, and intrarenal precipitation in rats, it was not possible to show that allopurinol retards the crystallization of calcium oxalate (whewellite).", "contents": "The effect of allopurinol on calcium oxalate (whewellite) precipitation. On the basis of measurements of adsorption, solution depletion, zeta potential, solubility, seeded-crystal growth, nucleation, and intrarenal precipitation in rats, it was not possible to show that allopurinol retards the crystallization of calcium oxalate (whewellite).", "PMID": 649299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4257", "title": "Prevention of oxalate urolithiasis by some compounds.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed a basal diet, Purina Laboratory Chow, and an oxalate calculi-producing diet (CPD). The CPD was the basal diet containing 3 per cent glycolic acid. Sodium pyruvate, DL-alanine, alpha-keto glutaric acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, and L-glutamic acid were added to the CPD to determine their effectiveness in preventing calculi formation. The effectiveness of methyl glyoxal was determined by adding it to the drinking water. Rats fed CPD for 4 weeks developed calculi in the ureters, bladder, renal tubules, and/or renal pelvis and papilla. Rats in groups fed alanine and/or pyruvate had no calculi in their renal tubules or ureters; additionally, these rats had a significant reduction in incidence and amount of deposits in the renal pelvis and bladder. Rats in groups fed alpha-keto glutaric acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid, and methyl glyoxal developed equally or more severe oxalate urolithiasis than those on CPD alone. Results of this study show that either pyruvate or alanine at appropriate levels may be beneficial in preventing oxalate urolith formation.", "contents": "Prevention of oxalate urolithiasis by some compounds. Male Wistar rats were fed a basal diet, Purina Laboratory Chow, and an oxalate calculi-producing diet (CPD). The CPD was the basal diet containing 3 per cent glycolic acid. Sodium pyruvate, DL-alanine, alpha-keto glutaric acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, and L-glutamic acid were added to the CPD to determine their effectiveness in preventing calculi formation. The effectiveness of methyl glyoxal was determined by adding it to the drinking water. Rats fed CPD for 4 weeks developed calculi in the ureters, bladder, renal tubules, and/or renal pelvis and papilla. Rats in groups fed alanine and/or pyruvate had no calculi in their renal tubules or ureters; additionally, these rats had a significant reduction in incidence and amount of deposits in the renal pelvis and bladder. Rats in groups fed alpha-keto glutaric acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid, and methyl glyoxal developed equally or more severe oxalate urolithiasis than those on CPD alone. Results of this study show that either pyruvate or alanine at appropriate levels may be beneficial in preventing oxalate urolith formation.", "PMID": 649300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4258", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of acetohydroxamic acid. Preliminary investigations.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), an agent being evaluated in the treatment of infection-induced urinary stones, have been examined in rats and man. After oral and intravenous administration of AHA to rats the biologic half-life and total body clearance seemed to be dose dependent. Comparison of the oral and intravenous data indicated that less than 100 per cent of an oral dose of AHA reaches the systemic circulation intact and that this percentage is dose related. Studies performed in human subjects indicated that AHA is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has a biologic half-life of 5 to 10 hr in subjects with normal renal function. The half-life and percent of dose recovered in the urine seem to be dose related and dependent upon renal function.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of acetohydroxamic acid. Preliminary investigations. The pharmacokinetics of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), an agent being evaluated in the treatment of infection-induced urinary stones, have been examined in rats and man. After oral and intravenous administration of AHA to rats the biologic half-life and total body clearance seemed to be dose dependent. Comparison of the oral and intravenous data indicated that less than 100 per cent of an oral dose of AHA reaches the systemic circulation intact and that this percentage is dose related. Studies performed in human subjects indicated that AHA is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has a biologic half-life of 5 to 10 hr in subjects with normal renal function. The half-life and percent of dose recovered in the urine seem to be dose related and dependent upon renal function.", "PMID": 649302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4259", "title": "A survey of the effect of some drugs, chemicals, and enzymes on calcium oxalate precipitation in the rat kidney.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of sodium oxalate was used to induce intrarenal tubular precipitation of calcium oxalate in rats. This experimental model was used to screen the efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide, orthophosphate, methylene blue, trypan blue, retinal folic acid, neuraminidase, and lysozyme in retarding intratubular calcium oxalate precipitation. Orthophosphate caused a 53 per cent reduction in calcium oxalate precipitation relative to the control animals.", "contents": "A survey of the effect of some drugs, chemicals, and enzymes on calcium oxalate precipitation in the rat kidney. A single intraperitoneal injection of sodium oxalate was used to induce intrarenal tubular precipitation of calcium oxalate in rats. This experimental model was used to screen the efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide, orthophosphate, methylene blue, trypan blue, retinal folic acid, neuraminidase, and lysozyme in retarding intratubular calcium oxalate precipitation. Orthophosphate caused a 53 per cent reduction in calcium oxalate precipitation relative to the control animals.", "PMID": 649301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4260", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in Israel: clinical and genetic aspects.", "content": "A total of 140 cases of cystic fibrosis in 110 families was identified in Israel during the years 1946--75, and there was reason to suspect inadequate ascertainment. Cystic fibrosis is frequent among the Ashkenazic and Arab populations with an incidence approximating that for Caucasians of European ancestry (1:1,800 to 1:4,000 live births). It is about half as frequent in the Sephardim, rare in the Iraqi or Yemenite Jews and perhaps absent in Iranian Jews. The clinical picture of cystic fibrosis in Israel in all the ethnic groups was found to be the same as elsewhere in the world. In-depth.interviews of 50 families were conducted to assess their understanding of the genetics of the disease and their attitude toward family planning.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in Israel: clinical and genetic aspects. A total of 140 cases of cystic fibrosis in 110 families was identified in Israel during the years 1946--75, and there was reason to suspect inadequate ascertainment. Cystic fibrosis is frequent among the Ashkenazic and Arab populations with an incidence approximating that for Caucasians of European ancestry (1:1,800 to 1:4,000 live births). It is about half as frequent in the Sephardim, rare in the Iraqi or Yemenite Jews and perhaps absent in Iranian Jews. The clinical picture of cystic fibrosis in Israel in all the ethnic groups was found to be the same as elsewhere in the world. In-depth.interviews of 50 families were conducted to assess their understanding of the genetics of the disease and their attitude toward family planning.", "PMID": 649347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4261", "title": "Sex-dependent changes in plasma globulins in women and men exposed to heat stress.", "content": "Healthy, sedentary women and men, aged 20 to 30 years, were exposed to the same degree of intermittent heat stress in a sauna bath. Blood samples were taken immediately before and at various intervals after heat exposure. The concentrations and intravascular masses of IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha1-antitrypsin, transferrin and alpha2-macroglobulin were determined by the radial immunodiffusion technique and by the measurement of plasma volume. Losses in body weight and plasma volume were lower in women than in men. The globulin concentrations increased significantly in both sexes after heat exposure. The sum of the masses of individual globulins increased only in women, a change interpreted as globulin shifts from the interstitial into the vascular space. Whereas it is unlikely that sex-dependent differences in these shifts are due to changes in vascular permeability, it seems that the protein composition of the lymphatic fluid entering the vascular space plays an important role in these shifts.", "contents": "Sex-dependent changes in plasma globulins in women and men exposed to heat stress. Healthy, sedentary women and men, aged 20 to 30 years, were exposed to the same degree of intermittent heat stress in a sauna bath. Blood samples were taken immediately before and at various intervals after heat exposure. The concentrations and intravascular masses of IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha1-antitrypsin, transferrin and alpha2-macroglobulin were determined by the radial immunodiffusion technique and by the measurement of plasma volume. Losses in body weight and plasma volume were lower in women than in men. The globulin concentrations increased significantly in both sexes after heat exposure. The sum of the masses of individual globulins increased only in women, a change interpreted as globulin shifts from the interstitial into the vascular space. Whereas it is unlikely that sex-dependent differences in these shifts are due to changes in vascular permeability, it seems that the protein composition of the lymphatic fluid entering the vascular space plays an important role in these shifts.", "PMID": 649348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4262", "title": "Observations on immunization against cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel.", "content": "Trials of immunization against Leishmania tropica were initiated in the Israel Defense Forces in 1968. The rate of takes has declined gradually over the years. In 1975, 425 soldiers were inoculated with the same strain of L. tropica as that used since 1968; they were examined at three- and six-month intervals after the inoculation, with 291 soldiers undergoing at least one follow-up examination. Only 13.7% developed lesions at the inoculation site, usually between three and six months after the inoculation. Leishmanin tests were performed in 220 soldiers and there were positive reactions in 19.5%. There was a fair correlation between the development of clinical lesions and positive leishmanin tests. A positive leishmanin test, or a typical lesion, or both, was seen in 21.3% of the inoculated soldiers. L. tropica tends to lose its virulence after prolonged storage and multiple passages. A new strain isolated a few months before this trial was used to inoculate 50 soldiers, 31 of whom were followed up. All 31 developed typical lesions at the site of inoculation, most of them within two to four weeks following the inoculation.", "contents": "Observations on immunization against cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel. Trials of immunization against Leishmania tropica were initiated in the Israel Defense Forces in 1968. The rate of takes has declined gradually over the years. In 1975, 425 soldiers were inoculated with the same strain of L. tropica as that used since 1968; they were examined at three- and six-month intervals after the inoculation, with 291 soldiers undergoing at least one follow-up examination. Only 13.7% developed lesions at the inoculation site, usually between three and six months after the inoculation. Leishmanin tests were performed in 220 soldiers and there were positive reactions in 19.5%. There was a fair correlation between the development of clinical lesions and positive leishmanin tests. A positive leishmanin test, or a typical lesion, or both, was seen in 21.3% of the inoculated soldiers. L. tropica tends to lose its virulence after prolonged storage and multiple passages. A new strain isolated a few months before this trial was used to inoculate 50 soldiers, 31 of whom were followed up. All 31 developed typical lesions at the site of inoculation, most of them within two to four weeks following the inoculation.", "PMID": 649349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4263", "title": "Hydatid disease of bone: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A rare case of hydatid disease involving the iliac bone is reported. The non-specific presenting history, the intraoperative diagnosis, the multiple recurrences and the relentless local spread of the disease are characteristically demonstrated in this patient over a 14-year follow-up period. An unusual form of radical surgery, resection of the ilium, did not succeed in eradicating the disease.", "contents": "Hydatid disease of bone: a case report and review of the literature. A rare case of hydatid disease involving the iliac bone is reported. The non-specific presenting history, the intraoperative diagnosis, the multiple recurrences and the relentless local spread of the disease are characteristically demonstrated in this patient over a 14-year follow-up period. An unusual form of radical surgery, resection of the ilium, did not succeed in eradicating the disease.", "PMID": 649350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4264", "title": "Induction of oncornavirus-like particles from a spontaneously transformed hamster cell line.", "content": "A spontaneously transformed hamster cell line, designated Clone B (Cl B), has been activated by halogenated pyrimidines to produce oncornavirus-like particles. The optimal conditions for virus induction were studied by the analysis of culture fluids for particles with polymerase activity. Maximal enzymatic activity was induced when exponentially growing Cl B cells were treated with 20 to 30 microgram/ml 5-iodo-2'-deoxyrudine for a 24-h period. Under these conditions, the kinetics of particle release reached a maximal level between 48 and 72 h following removal of the drug, and then decreased rapidly. The induced particles exhibited features characteristic of oncogenic RNA viruses: actinomycin D was found to inhibit their induction; the particles band in sucrose gradients at a density of 1.15 g/ml; nonionic detergent treatment releases the virion core component exhibiting a buoyant density of 1.21 g/ml in sucrose gradients; the viral particles contain high molecular weight RNA species with sedimentation coefficients of 65 S and 35 S; and the polymerase associated with Cl B particles efficiently transcribes synthetic templates preferred by the reverse transcriptases of known RNA tumor viruses, but demonstrates a very low endogenous activity.", "contents": "Induction of oncornavirus-like particles from a spontaneously transformed hamster cell line. A spontaneously transformed hamster cell line, designated Clone B (Cl B), has been activated by halogenated pyrimidines to produce oncornavirus-like particles. The optimal conditions for virus induction were studied by the analysis of culture fluids for particles with polymerase activity. Maximal enzymatic activity was induced when exponentially growing Cl B cells were treated with 20 to 30 microgram/ml 5-iodo-2'-deoxyrudine for a 24-h period. Under these conditions, the kinetics of particle release reached a maximal level between 48 and 72 h following removal of the drug, and then decreased rapidly. The induced particles exhibited features characteristic of oncogenic RNA viruses: actinomycin D was found to inhibit their induction; the particles band in sucrose gradients at a density of 1.15 g/ml; nonionic detergent treatment releases the virion core component exhibiting a buoyant density of 1.21 g/ml in sucrose gradients; the viral particles contain high molecular weight RNA species with sedimentation coefficients of 65 S and 35 S; and the polymerase associated with Cl B particles efficiently transcribes synthetic templates preferred by the reverse transcriptases of known RNA tumor viruses, but demonstrates a very low endogenous activity.", "PMID": 649351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4265", "title": "Solar retinopathy: visual prognosis in 20 cases.", "content": "A report of 20 cases of solar retinopathy associated with watching an eclipse of the sun is presented. Visual prognosis was generally good and most patients had good vision at the end of six months. Paramacular scotomata, image distortion and macular changes were, however, still present in the majority of patients. Transmission of energy through various protective devices was measured with a fluxmeter. The finding of retinal damage after exposure of even short duration through protective devices that reduce the incident irradiance of the sun up to 5,000 times indicates that the damage observed may be other than thermal in nature. It is concluded that no safe method for directly viewing a solar eclipse is generally available, and that the public, especially schoolchildren and their children, should be better acquainted with this hazard.", "contents": "Solar retinopathy: visual prognosis in 20 cases. A report of 20 cases of solar retinopathy associated with watching an eclipse of the sun is presented. Visual prognosis was generally good and most patients had good vision at the end of six months. Paramacular scotomata, image distortion and macular changes were, however, still present in the majority of patients. Transmission of energy through various protective devices was measured with a fluxmeter. The finding of retinal damage after exposure of even short duration through protective devices that reduce the incident irradiance of the sun up to 5,000 times indicates that the damage observed may be other than thermal in nature. It is concluded that no safe method for directly viewing a solar eclipse is generally available, and that the public, especially schoolchildren and their children, should be better acquainted with this hazard.", "PMID": 649352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4266", "title": "Blast transformation in different stages of cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Lymphoblast transformation was studied in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, in immune donors with scars of leishmanial lesions and in normal control subjects. Lymphocytes from immune donors and from some of the patients were stimulated by extracts of Leishmania tropica. The test can be used as a measure of immunity and may, in certain circumstances, be of help in differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Blast transformation in different stages of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lymphoblast transformation was studied in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, in immune donors with scars of leishmanial lesions and in normal control subjects. Lymphocytes from immune donors and from some of the patients were stimulated by extracts of Leishmania tropica. The test can be used as a measure of immunity and may, in certain circumstances, be of help in differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 649353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4267", "title": "Perinatal outcome in monitored and unmonitored high-risk deliveries.", "content": "The benefit of fetal heart rate monitoring was evaluated by comparing the perinatal outcome in 1.246 high-risk pregnancies and deliveries--554 monitored and 692 unmonitored. Intrapartum and early neonatal mortality were significantly lower in the monitored group (P less than 0.05). This study provides evidence that fetal heart rate monitoring improves the fetal outcome of high-risk deliveries.", "contents": "Perinatal outcome in monitored and unmonitored high-risk deliveries. The benefit of fetal heart rate monitoring was evaluated by comparing the perinatal outcome in 1.246 high-risk pregnancies and deliveries--554 monitored and 692 unmonitored. Intrapartum and early neonatal mortality were significantly lower in the monitored group (P less than 0.05). This study provides evidence that fetal heart rate monitoring improves the fetal outcome of high-risk deliveries.", "PMID": 649354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4268", "title": "Experience with the Ypsilon (Soichet) intrauterine device.", "content": "The Ypsilon intrauterine device (IUD), which consists of stainless steel covered with silicone rubber, was studied in 209 women. In the 3,169 woman-months of use, there were 21 pregnancies, nine expulsions, and in 24 instances the Ypsilon IUD was removed for medical reasons (side effects). The net cumulative pregnancy rate in the 12 months after insertion was 6.4% and the expulsion rate was 3.8%; the medical removal rate was 9.0%. No perforations or tubal pregnancies occurred. The comparatively low medical removal rate renders the Ypsilon IUD a fairly good device for clinical use, although the pregnancy rate is rather high.", "contents": "Experience with the Ypsilon (Soichet) intrauterine device. The Ypsilon intrauterine device (IUD), which consists of stainless steel covered with silicone rubber, was studied in 209 women. In the 3,169 woman-months of use, there were 21 pregnancies, nine expulsions, and in 24 instances the Ypsilon IUD was removed for medical reasons (side effects). The net cumulative pregnancy rate in the 12 months after insertion was 6.4% and the expulsion rate was 3.8%; the medical removal rate was 9.0%. No perforations or tubal pregnancies occurred. The comparatively low medical removal rate renders the Ypsilon IUD a fairly good device for clinical use, although the pregnancy rate is rather high.", "PMID": 649355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4269", "title": "[Comparative morphological studies on porphyria cutanea tarda and erythropoietic protoporphyris].", "content": "Porphyria cutanea tarda and erythropoietic protoporphyria have common morphological features. Six patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and three patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria were studied with the electron microscope. Ultrastructural finding of connective tissue, basal lamina, and blood vessels are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative morphological studies on porphyria cutanea tarda and erythropoietic protoporphyris]. Porphyria cutanea tarda and erythropoietic protoporphyria have common morphological features. Six patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and three patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria were studied with the electron microscope. Ultrastructural finding of connective tissue, basal lamina, and blood vessels are discussed.", "PMID": 649396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4270", "title": "[X-ray irradiation of basaliomas on the eyelids. Irradiation technic and results].", "content": "98 patients suffering from basal cell carcinomas near the eye and treated with X-rays between 1962-1972 were followed up. The cure rate was 96%. The functional result was good in 86%. Nine patients suffered from epiphora. In four patients an ectropion had developed. The cosmetric result was excellent to satifactory in 98%. The advantages of X-ray therapy are not only the high cure rate but also the ease of ambulatory treatment.", "contents": "[X-ray irradiation of basaliomas on the eyelids. Irradiation technic and results]. 98 patients suffering from basal cell carcinomas near the eye and treated with X-rays between 1962-1972 were followed up. The cure rate was 96%. The functional result was good in 86%. Nine patients suffered from epiphora. In four patients an ectropion had developed. The cosmetric result was excellent to satifactory in 98%. The advantages of X-ray therapy are not only the high cure rate but also the ease of ambulatory treatment.", "PMID": 649397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4271", "title": "[Skin changes as demonstrated in art. II. Examples from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in N\u00fcrnberg].", "content": "An attempt was made to diagnose the alternations of skin lesions shown in three works of art in the Germanic National Museum, N\u00fcrnberg. Evidently, these are a tumour, a naevus pigmentosus and some lepromatous processes.", "contents": "[Skin changes as demonstrated in art. II. Examples from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in N\u00fcrnberg]. An attempt was made to diagnose the alternations of skin lesions shown in three works of art in the Germanic National Museum, N\u00fcrnberg. Evidently, these are a tumour, a naevus pigmentosus and some lepromatous processes.", "PMID": 649398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4272", "title": "[Juvenile papulous dermatitis].", "content": "Juvenile papular dermatitis is a rare and harmless disease of childhood, which is scarcely known in Germany. The clinical and histological signs of the disease are described and a case of a 6-year-old patient is presented. In most patients the clinical difference of the other numerous papular eruptions of childhood and etiological aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Juvenile papulous dermatitis]. Juvenile papular dermatitis is a rare and harmless disease of childhood, which is scarcely known in Germany. The clinical and histological signs of the disease are described and a case of a 6-year-old patient is presented. In most patients the clinical difference of the other numerous papular eruptions of childhood and etiological aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 649399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4273", "title": "[Generalized syringomata].", "content": "Two cases of generalized syringomata showing an uncommon dissemination and density of tumors particularly on thighs, back and abdomen, are demonstrated. Clinically there is similarity with urticaria pigmentosa adultorum. Histological investigation is essential for clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Generalized syringomata]. Two cases of generalized syringomata showing an uncommon dissemination and density of tumors particularly on thighs, back and abdomen, are demonstrated. Clinically there is similarity with urticaria pigmentosa adultorum. Histological investigation is essential for clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 649400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4274", "title": "Conflicts, trade-offs, and preference measurement.", "content": "The usefulness of preference measurement is extended by two techniques: the use of collapsed orthogonal arrays of factor combinations to reduce respondent time needed to indicate preferences among many factors and the use of monotonic analysis of variance to establish utility scales for individuals as well as for the group. Only main effects can be measured, but comparison of individual utility scales can aid the decision maker in gaining acceptance of decisions from group members whose preferences are not widely shared by the group. Use of these techniques is illustrated in a situation in which a few vocal members of a hospital medical staff were pressing the administrator for major changes in diagnostic facilities for out-patients.", "contents": "Conflicts, trade-offs, and preference measurement. The usefulness of preference measurement is extended by two techniques: the use of collapsed orthogonal arrays of factor combinations to reduce respondent time needed to indicate preferences among many factors and the use of monotonic analysis of variance to establish utility scales for individuals as well as for the group. Only main effects can be measured, but comparison of individual utility scales can aid the decision maker in gaining acceptance of decisions from group members whose preferences are not widely shared by the group. Use of these techniques is illustrated in a situation in which a few vocal members of a hospital medical staff were pressing the administrator for major changes in diagnostic facilities for out-patients.", "PMID": 649414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4275", "title": "Measures of community health status for health planning.", "content": "The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641) requires health systems agencies (HSAs) to assess the health status of their area populations but limits their data-collecting activity. Numerous measures of health status have been devised, but many of these require data that are not yet available or are available only on the national level. Proposed measures are reviewed, and the problems of applying them to the measurement of health status in small areas, under current technical and practical constraints, are discussed. Several measures have promise for giving reasonable results, but only with further development of data sources, estimation techniques, and social indicator models; under present constraints, HSAs will have to work with less precise and less useful methods.", "contents": "Measures of community health status for health planning. The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641) requires health systems agencies (HSAs) to assess the health status of their area populations but limits their data-collecting activity. Numerous measures of health status have been devised, but many of these require data that are not yet available or are available only on the national level. Proposed measures are reviewed, and the problems of applying them to the measurement of health status in small areas, under current technical and practical constraints, are discussed. Several measures have promise for giving reasonable results, but only with further development of data sources, estimation techniques, and social indicator models; under present constraints, HSAs will have to work with less precise and less useful methods.", "PMID": 649413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4276", "title": "Drug-taking compliance: a review and synthesis.", "content": "Patient compliance in taking prescribed drugs is still not well understood despite numerous studies. The state of knowledge through 1976 is reviewed, with some methodological criticisms of compliance studies, and patient, provider, disease, and drug factors associated with compliance are analyzed. Until recently the lack of a well-developed theory or model of compliance behavior was a major problem. Some compliance models based on the health belief model are discussed, and an alternative adaptation of the latter is developed.", "contents": "Drug-taking compliance: a review and synthesis. Patient compliance in taking prescribed drugs is still not well understood despite numerous studies. The state of knowledge through 1976 is reviewed, with some methodological criticisms of compliance studies, and patient, provider, disease, and drug factors associated with compliance are analyzed. Until recently the lack of a well-developed theory or model of compliance behavior was a major problem. Some compliance models based on the health belief model are discussed, and an alternative adaptation of the latter is developed.", "PMID": 649415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4277", "title": "The effect of digitonin-containing fixatives on the retention of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters.", "content": "The influence of several fixation and dehydration procedures on the retention of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters was studied in filter paper preparations. The retention of free cholesterol by the filter paper proved to be decreased by the addition of digitonin to the aldehyde fixative (aqueous phase) and was only slightly enhanced by partial dehydration (alcoholic phase, up to 70% ethanol). Furthermore, digitonin or the presumably formed cholesterol-digitonide complex bound hardly any osmium oxides in glass-fibre paper. Up to 26% of the cholesterol esters was mobilized during the aqueous phase when digitonin was added to the aldehyde fixative. When the glass-fibre papers containing the digitonin cholesterol-ester-osmate complexes were stored in distilled water after fixation, the fluid became turbid. Particulate material isolated from this turbid solution showed ultrastructurally a close resemblance to the 'whorls' observed by several authors in tissue fixed by a digitonin-containing aldehyde fixative. Digitonin also changed the ultrastructural appearance of liposomes, containing lecithin: cholesterol: phosphatidic acid; in a molar ratio 7:2:1. Our observations lead to the conclusion that the use of digitonin-containing fixatives should be abandoned, because they give results which cannot be interpreted. By the use of K4 [Fe(CN)6] containing OSO4 in the post-fixation step were able to demonstrate an increase in the visualization of membranous structures (liposomes).", "contents": "The effect of digitonin-containing fixatives on the retention of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The influence of several fixation and dehydration procedures on the retention of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters was studied in filter paper preparations. The retention of free cholesterol by the filter paper proved to be decreased by the addition of digitonin to the aldehyde fixative (aqueous phase) and was only slightly enhanced by partial dehydration (alcoholic phase, up to 70% ethanol). Furthermore, digitonin or the presumably formed cholesterol-digitonide complex bound hardly any osmium oxides in glass-fibre paper. Up to 26% of the cholesterol esters was mobilized during the aqueous phase when digitonin was added to the aldehyde fixative. When the glass-fibre papers containing the digitonin cholesterol-ester-osmate complexes were stored in distilled water after fixation, the fluid became turbid. Particulate material isolated from this turbid solution showed ultrastructurally a close resemblance to the 'whorls' observed by several authors in tissue fixed by a digitonin-containing aldehyde fixative. Digitonin also changed the ultrastructural appearance of liposomes, containing lecithin: cholesterol: phosphatidic acid; in a molar ratio 7:2:1. Our observations lead to the conclusion that the use of digitonin-containing fixatives should be abandoned, because they give results which cannot be interpreted. By the use of K4 [Fe(CN)6] containing OSO4 in the post-fixation step were able to demonstrate an increase in the visualization of membranous structures (liposomes).", "PMID": 649442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4278", "title": "Light and electron microscopic histochemistry of the monoamines in the human foetal sympathetic ganglion in culture.", "content": "Sympathetic ganglia of 13 to 19-week-old human foetuses were cultured in small pieces with and without nerve growth factor for up to 5 weeks in vitro. The cultures were studied using phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Monoamines were demonstrated with the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method, with and without pretreatment of the cultures with catecholamines or monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In the long-term cultures, primitive sympathetic cells, sympathicoblasts of types I and II, and young sympathetic neurons showed a fine structure identical to that described earlier in vivo. There were virtually no satellite or Schwann cells in the cultures. The neurons showed a considerable capacity to grow new nerve fibres in culture, even without nerve growth factor. Nerve terminals with accumulations of synaptic vesicles were regularly observed, occasionally in synapse-like contact with other nervous structures. Large granular vesicles were regularly found in the sympathicoblasts after glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation. After permanganate fixation, dense-cored vesicles typical of adrenergic neurons were not seen, either in the perikarya, or in the processes, although it was possible to demonstrate specific fluorescence. No small intensity fluorescent (SIF) cells were observed. Variable formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was observed in the nerve cell perikarya and nerve fibres. The intensity of the fluorescence increased after treatment of the cultures with monoamine oxidase inhibitor and after incubation with catecholamines.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic histochemistry of the monoamines in the human foetal sympathetic ganglion in culture. Sympathetic ganglia of 13 to 19-week-old human foetuses were cultured in small pieces with and without nerve growth factor for up to 5 weeks in vitro. The cultures were studied using phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Monoamines were demonstrated with the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method, with and without pretreatment of the cultures with catecholamines or monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In the long-term cultures, primitive sympathetic cells, sympathicoblasts of types I and II, and young sympathetic neurons showed a fine structure identical to that described earlier in vivo. There were virtually no satellite or Schwann cells in the cultures. The neurons showed a considerable capacity to grow new nerve fibres in culture, even without nerve growth factor. Nerve terminals with accumulations of synaptic vesicles were regularly observed, occasionally in synapse-like contact with other nervous structures. Large granular vesicles were regularly found in the sympathicoblasts after glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation. After permanganate fixation, dense-cored vesicles typical of adrenergic neurons were not seen, either in the perikarya, or in the processes, although it was possible to demonstrate specific fluorescence. No small intensity fluorescent (SIF) cells were observed. Variable formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was observed in the nerve cell perikarya and nerve fibres. The intensity of the fluorescence increased after treatment of the cultures with monoamine oxidase inhibitor and after incubation with catecholamines.", "PMID": 649441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4279", "title": "A histochemical study of the effect of phenol on the mitochondria and lysosomes of cultured cells.", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess the effect of a known cytotoxic substance on the permeability of the organelle membranes of cultured cells. BHK-2-1 (C-13) cells were grown as monolayers on glass cover-slips and exposed for 1 h to 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml phenol. The cover slips were recovered and incubated for the demonstration of acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase, marker enzymes for lysosomes and mitochondria respectively. The density of final reaction product after various incubation times was measured using a scanning integrating microdensitometer. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, phenol causes labilization of the lysosomes and consequent loss of enzyme, which is further enhanced at 2 mg/ml. The mitochondrial membranes also showed a marked increase in permeability after exposure to 1 mg/ml phenol, but to a lesser extent than that of lysosomes. The results are discussed in the context of cell damage and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the effect of phenol on the mitochondria and lysosomes of cultured cells. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of a known cytotoxic substance on the permeability of the organelle membranes of cultured cells. BHK-2-1 (C-13) cells were grown as monolayers on glass cover-slips and exposed for 1 h to 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml phenol. The cover slips were recovered and incubated for the demonstration of acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase, marker enzymes for lysosomes and mitochondria respectively. The density of final reaction product after various incubation times was measured using a scanning integrating microdensitometer. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, phenol causes labilization of the lysosomes and consequent loss of enzyme, which is further enhanced at 2 mg/ml. The mitochondrial membranes also showed a marked increase in permeability after exposure to 1 mg/ml phenol, but to a lesser extent than that of lysosomes. The results are discussed in the context of cell damage and DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 649443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4280", "title": "Enzyme changes in rat small intestine during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Small fluctuations in the activity of a number of important enzymes have been found during the intestinal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pregnancy and lactation. The pattern of change differs between the enzymes studied, and for individual enzymes often varies between the jejunum and ileum. These results suggest that there must be a complex response to the signals that trigger hyperplasia in the mucosal epithelium.", "contents": "Enzyme changes in rat small intestine during pregnancy and lactation. Small fluctuations in the activity of a number of important enzymes have been found during the intestinal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pregnancy and lactation. The pattern of change differs between the enzymes studied, and for individual enzymes often varies between the jejunum and ileum. These results suggest that there must be a complex response to the signals that trigger hyperplasia in the mucosal epithelium.", "PMID": 649444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4281", "title": "Piaget and psychotherapy.", "content": "It is difficult to apply Piaget's theory to psychotherapy because the place of affect in it is ambiguous. When the alternatives are considered, it seems most consistent with Piaget's ideas to regard both cognitive and affective phenomena as problem-solving organizations. Piaget's remarkable discoveries in the cognitive sphere are a consequence of the easy access in that sphere to the kind of problems that need solving, and the phasic development of solutions. But the nature of the problems to be solved or the values to be guarded by a patient in psychotherapy are not knowable independently of the patient's actual behavior. In one respect all that is left from Piaget's approach for psychotherapy generally is the truism that therapy fosters differentiation and integration. However, even if we cannot frame a peculiarly Piagetian paradigm of psychotherapy, Piaget is valuable in posing a subsidiary question, namely, what in therapy fosters problem-solving activity. A reading of Piaget suggests that a patient learns by acting on his therapist and tacitly interpreting the results of his actions, that difficulties in therapy are the material from which therapy proceeds, and that in order to grasp the situation of the patient, the therapist himself may need to act on him and not just think about him. An implied lesson for training would be that supervision should instill a professional identity that is reinforced rather than challenged by therapy difficulties, and does not rely solely on theoretical categorizing.", "contents": "Piaget and psychotherapy. It is difficult to apply Piaget's theory to psychotherapy because the place of affect in it is ambiguous. When the alternatives are considered, it seems most consistent with Piaget's ideas to regard both cognitive and affective phenomena as problem-solving organizations. Piaget's remarkable discoveries in the cognitive sphere are a consequence of the easy access in that sphere to the kind of problems that need solving, and the phasic development of solutions. But the nature of the problems to be solved or the values to be guarded by a patient in psychotherapy are not knowable independently of the patient's actual behavior. In one respect all that is left from Piaget's approach for psychotherapy generally is the truism that therapy fosters differentiation and integration. However, even if we cannot frame a peculiarly Piagetian paradigm of psychotherapy, Piaget is valuable in posing a subsidiary question, namely, what in therapy fosters problem-solving activity. A reading of Piaget suggests that a patient learns by acting on his therapist and tacitly interpreting the results of his actions, that difficulties in therapy are the material from which therapy proceeds, and that in order to grasp the situation of the patient, the therapist himself may need to act on him and not just think about him. An implied lesson for training would be that supervision should instill a professional identity that is reinforced rather than challenged by therapy difficulties, and does not rely solely on theoretical categorizing.", "PMID": 649460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4282", "title": "Social, legal, and therapeutic changes that should lessen the traumatic effects of divorce on children.", "content": "Easing the plight of the divorcing and the divorced requires the efforts of a broad range of professional disciplines. It is not my purpose here to cover in detail the various ways in which different professionals can contribute to this goal. Rather, I will focus on certain specific changes which, if implemented, could prevent and/or lessen some of the psychological traumas attendant to divorce. Some of these changes are already being instituted but are mentioned here because they warrant more widespread appreciation and utilization. Others, to the best of my knowledge, have not yet been made and may never be. My hope is that this presentation will play some small role in bringing about these changes.", "contents": "Social, legal, and therapeutic changes that should lessen the traumatic effects of divorce on children. Easing the plight of the divorcing and the divorced requires the efforts of a broad range of professional disciplines. It is not my purpose here to cover in detail the various ways in which different professionals can contribute to this goal. Rather, I will focus on certain specific changes which, if implemented, could prevent and/or lessen some of the psychological traumas attendant to divorce. Some of these changes are already being instituted but are mentioned here because they warrant more widespread appreciation and utilization. Others, to the best of my knowledge, have not yet been made and may never be. My hope is that this presentation will play some small role in bringing about these changes.", "PMID": 649462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4283", "title": "Mechanism of the attenuated cardiac response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in chronic hypoxia.", "content": "A blunting of the chronotropic and inotropic responses of the heart to beta-adrenergic stimulation occurs following chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. To pursue the mechanism(s) involved, observations were made in six intact, conscious goats at sea level and in another six goats maintained in a decompression chamber at 445 Torr (approximately 4,300m) for 10 days (Pao2 = 43 Torr). No significant group differences in cardiac frequency and various indices of myocardial performance (peak dP/dt, time-to-peak dP/dt, Vmax) were demonstrable either before or after cholinergic blockade with intravenous atropine methyl bromide, 1 mg/kg. Following hemodynamic studies, thoracotomies were performed and full-thickness biopsies were obtained from the free wall of each of the cardiac chambers. Neither monoamine oxidase activity nor norepinephrine level of any region of the heart was altered by chronic hypoxia. However, a twofold increase (P less than 0.001) in catechol O-methyltransferase activity above sea-level values was found in both the atria and ventricles of the hypoxic animals. Thus, the attenuation in cardiac responsiveness to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in chronic hypoxia appears unrelated to the level of vagal activity, but may be attributable to enhanced enzymatic inactivation of catecholamines.", "contents": "Mechanism of the attenuated cardiac response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in chronic hypoxia. A blunting of the chronotropic and inotropic responses of the heart to beta-adrenergic stimulation occurs following chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. To pursue the mechanism(s) involved, observations were made in six intact, conscious goats at sea level and in another six goats maintained in a decompression chamber at 445 Torr (approximately 4,300m) for 10 days (Pao2 = 43 Torr). No significant group differences in cardiac frequency and various indices of myocardial performance (peak dP/dt, time-to-peak dP/dt, Vmax) were demonstrable either before or after cholinergic blockade with intravenous atropine methyl bromide, 1 mg/kg. Following hemodynamic studies, thoracotomies were performed and full-thickness biopsies were obtained from the free wall of each of the cardiac chambers. Neither monoamine oxidase activity nor norepinephrine level of any region of the heart was altered by chronic hypoxia. However, a twofold increase (P less than 0.001) in catechol O-methyltransferase activity above sea-level values was found in both the atria and ventricles of the hypoxic animals. Thus, the attenuation in cardiac responsiveness to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in chronic hypoxia appears unrelated to the level of vagal activity, but may be attributable to enhanced enzymatic inactivation of catecholamines.", "PMID": 649464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4284", "title": "Inhibition of rat bronchiolar oxygen consumption by plasma proteins.", "content": "The oxygen consumption of rat bronchioles suspended in a physiological salt solution containing plasma proteins was measured with the Cartesian diver microrespirometer. The oxygen consumption of the bronchiolar tissue 100-300 and 300-400 micrometer in diam was significantly (P greater than 0.01) reduced as the protein concentration of the suspending solution was increased from the low to the high extreme of the normal plasma physiological range and as the diffusion distance through the suspending medium was increased from 25 to 50 micrometer. The reduction in the bronchiolar oxygen consumption was significantly (P greater than 0.01) reversed by using 95% oxygen-5% nitrogen instead of air as the diffusing gas in the Cartesian diver. Measurements of the oxygen diffusivity in the protein solutions using a diaphragm diffusion cell showed a large decrease in the diffusivity as the plasma protein concentration was increased over the same concentration range used in the oxygen consumption studies. These results suggest that the reduction in oxygen consumption was secondary to a decrease in oxygen diffusion and may provide at least a partial explanation for the diffusion abnormalities which exist in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in which there is an increase in microvascular membrane permeability to proteins.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat bronchiolar oxygen consumption by plasma proteins. The oxygen consumption of rat bronchioles suspended in a physiological salt solution containing plasma proteins was measured with the Cartesian diver microrespirometer. The oxygen consumption of the bronchiolar tissue 100-300 and 300-400 micrometer in diam was significantly (P greater than 0.01) reduced as the protein concentration of the suspending solution was increased from the low to the high extreme of the normal plasma physiological range and as the diffusion distance through the suspending medium was increased from 25 to 50 micrometer. The reduction in the bronchiolar oxygen consumption was significantly (P greater than 0.01) reversed by using 95% oxygen-5% nitrogen instead of air as the diffusing gas in the Cartesian diver. Measurements of the oxygen diffusivity in the protein solutions using a diaphragm diffusion cell showed a large decrease in the diffusivity as the plasma protein concentration was increased over the same concentration range used in the oxygen consumption studies. These results suggest that the reduction in oxygen consumption was secondary to a decrease in oxygen diffusion and may provide at least a partial explanation for the diffusion abnormalities which exist in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in which there is an increase in microvascular membrane permeability to proteins.", "PMID": 649466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4285", "title": "Aerobic power as related to body growth and training in Japanese boys: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Maximal aerobic power was measured for 5-6 successive years in 50 Japanese schoolboys starting from the age of 9 or 13 yr. and for 2-3 yr in 6 superior junior runners from the age of 14 yr. A large increase in aerobic power was observed during the adolescent growth spurt for 7 schoolboys who trained between the ages of 9 and 14 yr. Aerobic power for 43 average schoolboys increased from 45.0 to 52.2 ml/kg.min between the ages of 13 and 17 yr. The aerobic power of 6 superior junior runners increased from 63.4 to 73.4 ml/kg.min between the ages of 14 and 17 yr. A remarkable increase in aerobic power was not observed in trained boys before the age of peak height growth velocity (PHV). Beginning approximately 1 yr prior to the age of PHV and thereafter, training effectively increased aerobic power above the normal increase attributable to age and growth. The highly developed aerobic power found in superior junior runners may have been derived from strenuous training and partially by genetically superior endowment.", "contents": "Aerobic power as related to body growth and training in Japanese boys: a longitudinal study. Maximal aerobic power was measured for 5-6 successive years in 50 Japanese schoolboys starting from the age of 9 or 13 yr. and for 2-3 yr in 6 superior junior runners from the age of 14 yr. A large increase in aerobic power was observed during the adolescent growth spurt for 7 schoolboys who trained between the ages of 9 and 14 yr. Aerobic power for 43 average schoolboys increased from 45.0 to 52.2 ml/kg.min between the ages of 13 and 17 yr. The aerobic power of 6 superior junior runners increased from 63.4 to 73.4 ml/kg.min between the ages of 14 and 17 yr. A remarkable increase in aerobic power was not observed in trained boys before the age of peak height growth velocity (PHV). Beginning approximately 1 yr prior to the age of PHV and thereafter, training effectively increased aerobic power above the normal increase attributable to age and growth. The highly developed aerobic power found in superior junior runners may have been derived from strenuous training and partially by genetically superior endowment.", "PMID": 649467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4286", "title": "Regulation of breathing in newborns at high altitude.", "content": "Resting respiratory parameters and respiratory responses to acute changes in end-tidal O2 and CO2 pressure (PETO2 and PETCO2) were investigated in Peru in 23 newborn and 4 older infants at 3.850 m and in 13 newborns at 800 m. The study was done with the subjects asleep in a thermoneutral environment. The transient increase in ventilation in both high- and low-altitude newborns was followed by a decrease in response to acute hypoxia. During hyperoxia the two groups showed a slight but not clearly significant decrease in ventilation, whereas older high-altitude infants showed a sustained decrease. All subjects showed a prompt and clear response to CO2 inhalation during hyperoxia. We conclude that ventilatory peripheral chemoreflex is not fully developed in newborns regardless of altitude. The weak link in the reflex arc may reside in the afferent component because CO2 response was not impaired. Since hypoxic response became persistent in older infants its blunting in adult high-altitude natives is not a legacy of newborns.", "contents": "Regulation of breathing in newborns at high altitude. Resting respiratory parameters and respiratory responses to acute changes in end-tidal O2 and CO2 pressure (PETO2 and PETCO2) were investigated in Peru in 23 newborn and 4 older infants at 3.850 m and in 13 newborns at 800 m. The study was done with the subjects asleep in a thermoneutral environment. The transient increase in ventilation in both high- and low-altitude newborns was followed by a decrease in response to acute hypoxia. During hyperoxia the two groups showed a slight but not clearly significant decrease in ventilation, whereas older high-altitude infants showed a sustained decrease. All subjects showed a prompt and clear response to CO2 inhalation during hyperoxia. We conclude that ventilatory peripheral chemoreflex is not fully developed in newborns regardless of altitude. The weak link in the reflex arc may reside in the afferent component because CO2 response was not impaired. Since hypoxic response became persistent in older infants its blunting in adult high-altitude natives is not a legacy of newborns.", "PMID": 649468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4287", "title": "Lung volumes in man immersed to the neck: dilution and plethysmographic techniques.", "content": "Previous studies of lung volumes during immersion have utilized dilution techniques for residual volume. We have compared lung volumes obtained by the use of a dual inert gas dilution technique with those determined by the Boyle's law technique in a plethysmograph designed to allow measurements in air and submersed to the neck in water. Both techniques gave similar results dry, but during immersion the dilution residual volume (RV) was 0.200 liter (16%) lower than the plethysmographic value (P greater than 0.001), which suggests that there is a significant amount of gas trapping during immersion due to breathing at low lung volumes and the central shift of blood. The unchanged RV due to hydrostatic force on the chest wall is balanced by the tendency to increase RV due to vascular congestion, which increases closing volume and stiffens the lung to compression.", "contents": "Lung volumes in man immersed to the neck: dilution and plethysmographic techniques. Previous studies of lung volumes during immersion have utilized dilution techniques for residual volume. We have compared lung volumes obtained by the use of a dual inert gas dilution technique with those determined by the Boyle's law technique in a plethysmograph designed to allow measurements in air and submersed to the neck in water. Both techniques gave similar results dry, but during immersion the dilution residual volume (RV) was 0.200 liter (16%) lower than the plethysmographic value (P greater than 0.001), which suggests that there is a significant amount of gas trapping during immersion due to breathing at low lung volumes and the central shift of blood. The unchanged RV due to hydrostatic force on the chest wall is balanced by the tendency to increase RV due to vascular congestion, which increases closing volume and stiffens the lung to compression.", "PMID": 649469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4288", "title": "Alcohol and respiratory and body temperature changes during tepid water immersion.", "content": "Resting subjects were immersed for 30 min in water at 22 and 30 degrees C after drinking alcohol. Total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, rectal temperature, aural temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were recorded during the experiments. Blood samples taken before the immersion period were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean blood alcohol levels were 82.50 +/- 9.93 mg.(100 ml)-1 and 100.6 +/- 12.64 mg (100 ml)-1 for the immersions at 22 and 30 degrees C, respectively. There was no significant change in body temperature measured aurally or rectally, mean surface skin temperature, or heart rate at either water temperature tested. Total expired ventilation was significantly attenuated for the last 15 min of the immersion at 22 degrees C, after alcohol consumption as compared to the ventilation change in water at 22 degrees C without ethanol. This response was not consistently significantly altered during immersion in water at 30 degrees C. It is evident that during a 30-min immersion in tepid water with a high blood alcohol level, body heat loss is not affected but some changes in ventilation do occur.", "contents": "Alcohol and respiratory and body temperature changes during tepid water immersion. Resting subjects were immersed for 30 min in water at 22 and 30 degrees C after drinking alcohol. Total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, rectal temperature, aural temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were recorded during the experiments. Blood samples taken before the immersion period were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean blood alcohol levels were 82.50 +/- 9.93 mg.(100 ml)-1 and 100.6 +/- 12.64 mg (100 ml)-1 for the immersions at 22 and 30 degrees C, respectively. There was no significant change in body temperature measured aurally or rectally, mean surface skin temperature, or heart rate at either water temperature tested. Total expired ventilation was significantly attenuated for the last 15 min of the immersion at 22 degrees C, after alcohol consumption as compared to the ventilation change in water at 22 degrees C without ethanol. This response was not consistently significantly altered during immersion in water at 30 degrees C. It is evident that during a 30-min immersion in tepid water with a high blood alcohol level, body heat loss is not affected but some changes in ventilation do occur.", "PMID": 649470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4289", "title": "Effects of intravenous histamine on lung mechanics in man after beta-blockade.", "content": "In six nonatopic normal subjects, neither intravenous histamine infusion (0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1) nor intravenous propanolol (10 mg) alone produced significant change in pulmonary mechanics. Histamine infusion after propranolol resulted in an increase in pulmonary resistance (RL) from 2.1 +/- 0.41 (mean +/- 1 SE) to 3.3 +/- 0.76 cmH2O./-1.S-1 (P greater than 0.05); maximal flow at 50% total lung capacity (Vmax 50) decreased from 3.6 +/- 0.35 to 2.7 +/- 0.44 l/s (P greater than 0.01). Similar changes in Vmax 50 were observed during partial forced expiratory maneuvers from end-tidal inspiration (PEFV). On 80:20 helium-oxygen mixture Vmax 50 during maximal expiration (MEFV) decreased from 4.9 +/- 0.61 to 3.4 +/- 0.61 l/s (P greater than 0.005) and during PEFV diminished from 4.6 +/- 0.61 to 2.8 +/- 0.46 l/s (P greater than 0.005). Density dependence (deltaVmax 50) decreased significantly (P greater than 0.05) during PEFV but not during MEFV. There were no significant changes in tidal pulmonary compliance, in closing volume and closing capacity (resident gas technique), and in inflation and deflation pressure-volume curves. We conclude that iv histamine in low doses constricts peripheral conducting airways in man but this effect is masked by histamine-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous histamine on lung mechanics in man after beta-blockade. In six nonatopic normal subjects, neither intravenous histamine infusion (0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1) nor intravenous propanolol (10 mg) alone produced significant change in pulmonary mechanics. Histamine infusion after propranolol resulted in an increase in pulmonary resistance (RL) from 2.1 +/- 0.41 (mean +/- 1 SE) to 3.3 +/- 0.76 cmH2O./-1.S-1 (P greater than 0.05); maximal flow at 50% total lung capacity (Vmax 50) decreased from 3.6 +/- 0.35 to 2.7 +/- 0.44 l/s (P greater than 0.01). Similar changes in Vmax 50 were observed during partial forced expiratory maneuvers from end-tidal inspiration (PEFV). On 80:20 helium-oxygen mixture Vmax 50 during maximal expiration (MEFV) decreased from 4.9 +/- 0.61 to 3.4 +/- 0.61 l/s (P greater than 0.005) and during PEFV diminished from 4.6 +/- 0.61 to 2.8 +/- 0.46 l/s (P greater than 0.005). Density dependence (deltaVmax 50) decreased significantly (P greater than 0.05) during PEFV but not during MEFV. There were no significant changes in tidal pulmonary compliance, in closing volume and closing capacity (resident gas technique), and in inflation and deflation pressure-volume curves. We conclude that iv histamine in low doses constricts peripheral conducting airways in man but this effect is masked by histamine-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands.", "PMID": 649471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4290", "title": "Effects of respiration on cardiac performance.", "content": "The conventional explanation for the fall in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) with inspiration is that blood pools in the lungs, thereby decreasing pulmonary venous return. In anesthetized dogs, we have found an increase in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) with both constant and increasing lung volume during an inspiratory effort. Transmural aortic diastolic pressure rises as LVSV falls and LVFP rises consistent with the hypothesis that a fall in pleural pressure afterloads the left ventricle. Additionally the increase found in right ventricular filling pressure with inspiration may adversely affect LV performance by decreasing LV compliance and/or contractility. Our findings are incompatible with pooling of blood in the lungs being the primary determinant of the fall in LVSV with inspiration.", "contents": "Effects of respiration on cardiac performance. The conventional explanation for the fall in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) with inspiration is that blood pools in the lungs, thereby decreasing pulmonary venous return. In anesthetized dogs, we have found an increase in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) with both constant and increasing lung volume during an inspiratory effort. Transmural aortic diastolic pressure rises as LVSV falls and LVFP rises consistent with the hypothesis that a fall in pleural pressure afterloads the left ventricle. Additionally the increase found in right ventricular filling pressure with inspiration may adversely affect LV performance by decreasing LV compliance and/or contractility. Our findings are incompatible with pooling of blood in the lungs being the primary determinant of the fall in LVSV with inspiration.", "PMID": 649472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4291", "title": "Response of the iron-deficient erythrocyte in the rat to hyperoxia.", "content": "Normal and iron-deficient rats were exposed to 90% O2 at 760 Torr for 24 or 48 h. Erythrocyte response to hyperoxia was monitored by potassium (rubidium) influx studies, by storage stress, and by ultrastructural studies. Normal rat erythrocytes exhibited morphological changes and decrease of ouabain-sensitive potassium influx compared to unexposed controls. Both components of erythrocyte potassium influx were affected by iron deficiency. Erythrocytes from unexposed iron-deficient rats showed a 50% increase in ouabain-sensitive potassium influx compared to controls. Iron-deficient rats exposed to hyperoxia for 24 or 48 h, had erythrocytes with morphological changes. Erythrocytes of iron-deficient rats exposed for 24 h showed no influx change; those exposed for 48 h showed a decrease of ouabain-sensitive influx compared to erythrocytes of controls.", "contents": "Response of the iron-deficient erythrocyte in the rat to hyperoxia. Normal and iron-deficient rats were exposed to 90% O2 at 760 Torr for 24 or 48 h. Erythrocyte response to hyperoxia was monitored by potassium (rubidium) influx studies, by storage stress, and by ultrastructural studies. Normal rat erythrocytes exhibited morphological changes and decrease of ouabain-sensitive potassium influx compared to unexposed controls. Both components of erythrocyte potassium influx were affected by iron deficiency. Erythrocytes from unexposed iron-deficient rats showed a 50% increase in ouabain-sensitive potassium influx compared to controls. Iron-deficient rats exposed to hyperoxia for 24 or 48 h, had erythrocytes with morphological changes. Erythrocytes of iron-deficient rats exposed for 24 h showed no influx change; those exposed for 48 h showed a decrease of ouabain-sensitive influx compared to erythrocytes of controls.", "PMID": 649473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4292", "title": "Urinary catecholamine excretion in temporary residents of high altitude.", "content": "Urinary catecholamine excretion was estimated in 50 lowlanders temporarily staying at altitudes above 3,000 m. They were divided in subgroups according to the length of their continuous stay. For comparison, 25 highlanders who were born and brought up at high altitude and 50 lowlanders who had never been to altitudes of more than 1,000 m were also studied. High catecholamine excretion was noted in temporary residents staying at high altitude for up to 30 days as compared to that in lowlanders (P greater than 0.01). The excretion rate gradually returned to basal values thereafter. Catecholamines were essentially similar in lowlanders and highlanders. The significance of these findings is discussed regarding the possible pathogenetic role of the sympathoadrenal system in the development of ill effects in respone to high-altitude exposure.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamine excretion in temporary residents of high altitude. Urinary catecholamine excretion was estimated in 50 lowlanders temporarily staying at altitudes above 3,000 m. They were divided in subgroups according to the length of their continuous stay. For comparison, 25 highlanders who were born and brought up at high altitude and 50 lowlanders who had never been to altitudes of more than 1,000 m were also studied. High catecholamine excretion was noted in temporary residents staying at high altitude for up to 30 days as compared to that in lowlanders (P greater than 0.01). The excretion rate gradually returned to basal values thereafter. Catecholamines were essentially similar in lowlanders and highlanders. The significance of these findings is discussed regarding the possible pathogenetic role of the sympathoadrenal system in the development of ill effects in respone to high-altitude exposure.", "PMID": 649474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4293", "title": "Relationship of central and peripheral airway resistance to lung volume in dogs.", "content": "We could not reconcile reported relationships between lung resistance measurements and lung volume with bronchographic and anatomic studies showing that airway diameters change monotonically with lung volume and that small airways change diameter proportionately at least as much as large ones. Accordingly we measured central and peripheral airways resistances with a new technique. The relevant pressures were measured with a tracheal cannula, a wedged retrograde catheter, and two parenchymal needles in seven open-chested dogs while pleural pressure was oscillated at 1 Hz. In contrast to previous studies, the volume dependency of peripheral resistance was at least as great as that of central resistance with vagi intact, the volume dependencies of central and peripheral resistances were not abolished by vagotomy, and neither resistance increased systematically at high volumes. Volume dependency of central resistance resembled predictions for isotropic expansion of airways with vagi cut but increased with bronchomotor tone. These results fit generally with bronchographic data. Previous studies may have been affected by volume dependency due to \"tissue resistance\" and catheter phase lags.", "contents": "Relationship of central and peripheral airway resistance to lung volume in dogs. We could not reconcile reported relationships between lung resistance measurements and lung volume with bronchographic and anatomic studies showing that airway diameters change monotonically with lung volume and that small airways change diameter proportionately at least as much as large ones. Accordingly we measured central and peripheral airways resistances with a new technique. The relevant pressures were measured with a tracheal cannula, a wedged retrograde catheter, and two parenchymal needles in seven open-chested dogs while pleural pressure was oscillated at 1 Hz. In contrast to previous studies, the volume dependency of peripheral resistance was at least as great as that of central resistance with vagi intact, the volume dependencies of central and peripheral resistances were not abolished by vagotomy, and neither resistance increased systematically at high volumes. Volume dependency of central resistance resembled predictions for isotropic expansion of airways with vagi cut but increased with bronchomotor tone. These results fit generally with bronchographic data. Previous studies may have been affected by volume dependency due to \"tissue resistance\" and catheter phase lags.", "PMID": 649475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4294", "title": "Distribution of pulmonary responsiveness to aerosol histamine in dogs.", "content": "Dose-response curves to aerosol histamine in 102 anesthetized, intubated, spontaneously breathing dogs revealed a spectrum of airway responsiveness with a greater than 40-fold difference between the most and the least sensitive animals. The frequency distribution of responses fits a log normal distribution. No correlation was found between sex, age, or control values of dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and lung resistance (RL) and the dose of histamine required to cause a response. Repetitive studies in 17 dogs observed for up to 20 mo showed that the dose at which an individual dog would respond was reproducible within a narrow range and that the differences between dogs were highly significant (P greater than 0.001). The long-term reproducibility of the response to aerosol histamine in individual dogs suggests that short-term reversible airway insults are not responsible for the range in responses noted between animals.", "contents": "Distribution of pulmonary responsiveness to aerosol histamine in dogs. Dose-response curves to aerosol histamine in 102 anesthetized, intubated, spontaneously breathing dogs revealed a spectrum of airway responsiveness with a greater than 40-fold difference between the most and the least sensitive animals. The frequency distribution of responses fits a log normal distribution. No correlation was found between sex, age, or control values of dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and lung resistance (RL) and the dose of histamine required to cause a response. Repetitive studies in 17 dogs observed for up to 20 mo showed that the dose at which an individual dog would respond was reproducible within a narrow range and that the differences between dogs were highly significant (P greater than 0.001). The long-term reproducibility of the response to aerosol histamine in individual dogs suggests that short-term reversible airway insults are not responsible for the range in responses noted between animals.", "PMID": 649476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4295", "title": "Rat as a model for humanlike ventilatory adaptation to chronic hypoxia.", "content": "Oxygen uptake (VO2), expired volume (VE), and arterial blood gases were studied in awake, unrestrained rats over 14 days of hypobaric hypoxia (4,300 m altitude) and upon return to acute normoxia. Control data (at 250 m) showed (mean +/- 95% confidence limits (CL)) arterial oxygen pressure (Pao2) = 85.5 +/- 1.1; arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) = 39.8 +/- 0.5; arterial pH pHa) = 7.430 +/- 0.009; VE = 78 +/- 3; VO2 = 2.36 +/- 0.09 ml.min-1.100 g-1; and dead space volumetidal volume ratio (VD/VT) = 0.37 +/- 0.04. During 14 days at 4.300 m the rat showed: a) a constant PaO2 (50-52 Torr); b) a time-dependent hyperventilation (e.g., PaCO2 = 30.2 +/- 1.1 at 1 h of hypoxia, 24.7 +/- 1.3 at day and 21.9 +/- 1.0 at 14 days); c) an increase in VE (85% of control) due to both frequency (33%) and VT (40%); d) a continued but reduced hyperventilation upon acute return to normoxia after 5 h to 14 days at 4,300 m; e) a 24% fall in VO2 after 1 h of hypoxia which returned to control by 4 days at 4,300 m; and f) a rise in pHa to 7.52 after 5 h of hypoxia, which fell to 7.45 by 14-day hypoxia. The rat's marked ventilatory response and changing VO2 during acute hypoxia clearly differs from the human response to sojourn at 4,300 m. However, the progressive and sustained hypocapnia during hypoxic exposure and the continued hyperventilation with acute normoxia in the rat provided essential, perhaps unique characteristics for an animal model of human ventilatory acclimatization.", "contents": "Rat as a model for humanlike ventilatory adaptation to chronic hypoxia. Oxygen uptake (VO2), expired volume (VE), and arterial blood gases were studied in awake, unrestrained rats over 14 days of hypobaric hypoxia (4,300 m altitude) and upon return to acute normoxia. Control data (at 250 m) showed (mean +/- 95% confidence limits (CL)) arterial oxygen pressure (Pao2) = 85.5 +/- 1.1; arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) = 39.8 +/- 0.5; arterial pH pHa) = 7.430 +/- 0.009; VE = 78 +/- 3; VO2 = 2.36 +/- 0.09 ml.min-1.100 g-1; and dead space volumetidal volume ratio (VD/VT) = 0.37 +/- 0.04. During 14 days at 4.300 m the rat showed: a) a constant PaO2 (50-52 Torr); b) a time-dependent hyperventilation (e.g., PaCO2 = 30.2 +/- 1.1 at 1 h of hypoxia, 24.7 +/- 1.3 at day and 21.9 +/- 1.0 at 14 days); c) an increase in VE (85% of control) due to both frequency (33%) and VT (40%); d) a continued but reduced hyperventilation upon acute return to normoxia after 5 h to 14 days at 4,300 m; e) a 24% fall in VO2 after 1 h of hypoxia which returned to control by 4 days at 4,300 m; and f) a rise in pHa to 7.52 after 5 h of hypoxia, which fell to 7.45 by 14-day hypoxia. The rat's marked ventilatory response and changing VO2 during acute hypoxia clearly differs from the human response to sojourn at 4,300 m. However, the progressive and sustained hypocapnia during hypoxic exposure and the continued hyperventilation with acute normoxia in the rat provided essential, perhaps unique characteristics for an animal model of human ventilatory acclimatization.", "PMID": 649477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4296", "title": "Pulmonary tissue volume in dogs during pulmonary edema.", "content": "Pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) were measured in anesthetized dogs by analyzing end-expiratory concentrations of dimethyl ether (DME), acetylene (C2H2), and sulfur hexafluoride during a 30-s rebreathing maneuver. Vt was compared to the postmortem lung weight of control dogs and dogs with hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic (alloxan) pulmonary edema. Qc was compared to the cardiac output measured by dye dilution. A 100-ml increase in alveolar volume (VA) in the range of 1-2 liters resulted in a 9 +/- 3 ml increase in Vt. Vt measured at a VA of 1.9 liters measures 114 +/- 18% of the postmortem lung weight in 20 control dogs and in 6 dogs with moderate edema (lung weight < 250% of predicted). Vt measured only 53 +/- 14% of the lung weight in 11 dogs with more severe edema. DME and C2H2 gave the smae mean values of Vt, but the reproducibility of a series of 3-7 measurements was greater with DME (coefficient of variation was 5% with DME and 8% C2H2). Qc measured 96 +/ 15% of the cardiac output during the rebreathing maneuver, but the maneuver caused a 4-40% fall in the cardiac output. These data show that Vt determined by rebreathing DME is between 86% and 135% of the lung weight in dogs with pulmonary edema until the lung weight is greater than 250% of the predicted value.", "contents": "Pulmonary tissue volume in dogs during pulmonary edema. Pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) were measured in anesthetized dogs by analyzing end-expiratory concentrations of dimethyl ether (DME), acetylene (C2H2), and sulfur hexafluoride during a 30-s rebreathing maneuver. Vt was compared to the postmortem lung weight of control dogs and dogs with hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic (alloxan) pulmonary edema. Qc was compared to the cardiac output measured by dye dilution. A 100-ml increase in alveolar volume (VA) in the range of 1-2 liters resulted in a 9 +/- 3 ml increase in Vt. Vt measured at a VA of 1.9 liters measures 114 +/- 18% of the postmortem lung weight in 20 control dogs and in 6 dogs with moderate edema (lung weight < 250% of predicted). Vt measured only 53 +/- 14% of the lung weight in 11 dogs with more severe edema. DME and C2H2 gave the smae mean values of Vt, but the reproducibility of a series of 3-7 measurements was greater with DME (coefficient of variation was 5% with DME and 8% C2H2). Qc measured 96 +/ 15% of the cardiac output during the rebreathing maneuver, but the maneuver caused a 4-40% fall in the cardiac output. These data show that Vt determined by rebreathing DME is between 86% and 135% of the lung weight in dogs with pulmonary edema until the lung weight is greater than 250% of the predicted value.", "PMID": 649478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4297", "title": "Aerosol transport in the human lung from analysis of single breaths.", "content": "Experimental and theoretical results are presented for the single-breath inhalation of an aerosol with 0.5- and 1-micrometer particles of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate droplets. Experimental results show that the recovery from the tidal volume decreases with increasing tidal volume and increases with increasing flow rate. The reserve volume recovery does not vary much with either flow rate or tidal volume. Experimental values for reserve volume recoveries for 1-micrometer particles were slightly larger than those for 0.5-micrometer particles, indicating intrinsic particle motion plays some role in the mixing process for larger particles. Calculated results from a convection-diffusion equation for the aerosol concentration are compared with the experimental results, with the aim of testing the hypotheses of the theoretical model. Detailed comparisons between theory and experiment for the exhalation profiles demonstrate that most of the mixing between the tidal and reserve volumes occurs in the alveolar region of the lung, as postulated in the model. Mechanical mixing in the upper airways plays a relatively minor role in the overall mixing process. Theoretical results for the recoveries show the same trends with tidal volume and flow rate as does experiment, and the agreement is good. Calculated values for the mixing of the tidal aerosol range from about 0.06 at a tidal volume of 400 cm3 to 0.23 at 2,000 cm3, and no variations with flow rate was found.", "contents": "Aerosol transport in the human lung from analysis of single breaths. Experimental and theoretical results are presented for the single-breath inhalation of an aerosol with 0.5- and 1-micrometer particles of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate droplets. Experimental results show that the recovery from the tidal volume decreases with increasing tidal volume and increases with increasing flow rate. The reserve volume recovery does not vary much with either flow rate or tidal volume. Experimental values for reserve volume recoveries for 1-micrometer particles were slightly larger than those for 0.5-micrometer particles, indicating intrinsic particle motion plays some role in the mixing process for larger particles. Calculated results from a convection-diffusion equation for the aerosol concentration are compared with the experimental results, with the aim of testing the hypotheses of the theoretical model. Detailed comparisons between theory and experiment for the exhalation profiles demonstrate that most of the mixing between the tidal and reserve volumes occurs in the alveolar region of the lung, as postulated in the model. Mechanical mixing in the upper airways plays a relatively minor role in the overall mixing process. Theoretical results for the recoveries show the same trends with tidal volume and flow rate as does experiment, and the agreement is good. Calculated values for the mixing of the tidal aerosol range from about 0.06 at a tidal volume of 400 cm3 to 0.23 at 2,000 cm3, and no variations with flow rate was found.", "PMID": 649480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4298", "title": "Effects of age, sex, and physical fitness on responses to local cooling.", "content": "The response to local cooling was estimated by the cold hand test (5 degrees C for 2 min) and the cold face test (0 degrees C with 66 km.h-1 wind for 2 min). Heart rate, blood pressure, and skin temperature were measured before, during, and after the tests. The increase in blood pressure (cold hand test) and the fall in Tsk (cold face test) were reduced in trained subjects. Similarly older subjects (53-60 yr of age) responded less to a cold hand test than younger subjects aged 20-40. However, the bradycardia caused by the cold face test was more pronounced in the older subjects. The responses to the cold hand and cold face tests were the same for male and female subjects. During the 2 min after the test, blood pressure and heart rate fell below initial values in the female group but not in the male. It is concluded that, besides adaptation to cold, individual factors such as age, sex, and physical fitness also have a relative importance in the responses to local cooling.", "contents": "Effects of age, sex, and physical fitness on responses to local cooling. The response to local cooling was estimated by the cold hand test (5 degrees C for 2 min) and the cold face test (0 degrees C with 66 km.h-1 wind for 2 min). Heart rate, blood pressure, and skin temperature were measured before, during, and after the tests. The increase in blood pressure (cold hand test) and the fall in Tsk (cold face test) were reduced in trained subjects. Similarly older subjects (53-60 yr of age) responded less to a cold hand test than younger subjects aged 20-40. However, the bradycardia caused by the cold face test was more pronounced in the older subjects. The responses to the cold hand and cold face tests were the same for male and female subjects. During the 2 min after the test, blood pressure and heart rate fell below initial values in the female group but not in the male. It is concluded that, besides adaptation to cold, individual factors such as age, sex, and physical fitness also have a relative importance in the responses to local cooling.", "PMID": 649481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4299", "title": "Estimation of cardiac output by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming.", "content": "The reproducibility of cardiac output (Q) estimated by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming was studied in five highly trained college swimmers. The reproducibility of the CO2 rebreathing method for estimations of Q during tethered swimming was similar to the reproducibility reported for the CO2 rebreathing method, direct Fick method, or dye-dilution method during either cycling or treadmill walking. All duplicate estimates of Q by the CO2 rebreathing method were within 15% of one another. A comparison was made between the Q's estimated by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming and previously published data on Q determined by the dye-dilution method during free swimming in a flune. At any given oxygen uptake, Q obtained by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming was not significantly different from the Q obtained by the dye-dilution method during flume swimming. Estimates of Q by the CO2 rebreathing method made during high intensities of tethered swimming were reproducible and appear to be valid.", "contents": "Estimation of cardiac output by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming. The reproducibility of cardiac output (Q) estimated by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming was studied in five highly trained college swimmers. The reproducibility of the CO2 rebreathing method for estimations of Q during tethered swimming was similar to the reproducibility reported for the CO2 rebreathing method, direct Fick method, or dye-dilution method during either cycling or treadmill walking. All duplicate estimates of Q by the CO2 rebreathing method were within 15% of one another. A comparison was made between the Q's estimated by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming and previously published data on Q determined by the dye-dilution method during free swimming in a flune. At any given oxygen uptake, Q obtained by the CO2 rebreathing method during tethered swimming was not significantly different from the Q obtained by the dye-dilution method during flume swimming. Estimates of Q by the CO2 rebreathing method made during high intensities of tethered swimming were reproducible and appear to be valid.", "PMID": 649482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4300", "title": "Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid specific gravity.", "content": "The specific gravity of 71 CSF samples from clinically normal dogs ranged from 1.004 to 1.006, with a mean of 1.005. A 3-year retrospective study of CSF samples obtained from 124 animals suspected of having neurologic disease revealed only 30 samples (24.2%) having a specific gravity greater than 1.006. Diagnostic or prognostic value from CSF specific gravity determination was not recognized.", "contents": "Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid specific gravity. The specific gravity of 71 CSF samples from clinically normal dogs ranged from 1.004 to 1.006, with a mean of 1.005. A 3-year retrospective study of CSF samples obtained from 124 animals suspected of having neurologic disease revealed only 30 samples (24.2%) having a specific gravity greater than 1.006. Diagnostic or prognostic value from CSF specific gravity determination was not recognized.", "PMID": 649485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4301", "title": "Effects of atropine on cardiac rate and rhythm in dogs.", "content": "Changes in cardiac rate and rhythm were determined in atropinized dogs prior to, during, and after anesthetic induction with thiamylal sodium and maintenance with 1% halothane in 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen. The incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias and sinus tachycardia was significantly higher prior to and after anesthetic induction in dogs given atropine, compared with dogs not atropinized. Second-degree atrioventricular block was the most frequent dysrhythmia prior to anesthetic induction in atropinized dogs. Most cardiac dysrhythmias were detected during the anesthetic induction and early maintenance periods. The most common dysrhythmias during these periods were unifocal ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular bigeminy.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on cardiac rate and rhythm in dogs. Changes in cardiac rate and rhythm were determined in atropinized dogs prior to, during, and after anesthetic induction with thiamylal sodium and maintenance with 1% halothane in 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen. The incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias and sinus tachycardia was significantly higher prior to and after anesthetic induction in dogs given atropine, compared with dogs not atropinized. Second-degree atrioventricular block was the most frequent dysrhythmia prior to anesthetic induction in atropinized dogs. Most cardiac dysrhythmias were detected during the anesthetic induction and early maintenance periods. The most common dysrhythmias during these periods were unifocal ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular bigeminy.", "PMID": 649486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4302", "title": "Primary urethral tumors in dogs.", "content": "In a review of cases of neoplasia in dogs seen at The Animal Medical Center during a 6-year period, 20 cases of primary urethral tumors were found. The majority of these cases were in older dogs (av abe, 10.4 years) and females (18/20). The most common clinical signs were hematuria and stranguria. Nineteen of the 20 tumors were diagnosed clinically, and the most consistent and useful diagnostic method was pneumocystography-cystography, with voiding urethrography. Of the 5 tumor types (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma), squamous cell carcinoma was the most common (12/20). Metastasis occurred in 6 of the 20 dogs. Because of metastasis to regional lymph nodes and diffuse extent of the tumor in the urethra in many of the dogs, a caudal abdominal approach for surgical excision is recommended if treatment is attempted.", "contents": "Primary urethral tumors in dogs. In a review of cases of neoplasia in dogs seen at The Animal Medical Center during a 6-year period, 20 cases of primary urethral tumors were found. The majority of these cases were in older dogs (av abe, 10.4 years) and females (18/20). The most common clinical signs were hematuria and stranguria. Nineteen of the 20 tumors were diagnosed clinically, and the most consistent and useful diagnostic method was pneumocystography-cystography, with voiding urethrography. Of the 5 tumor types (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma), squamous cell carcinoma was the most common (12/20). Metastasis occurred in 6 of the 20 dogs. Because of metastasis to regional lymph nodes and diffuse extent of the tumor in the urethra in many of the dogs, a caudal abdominal approach for surgical excision is recommended if treatment is attempted.", "PMID": 649487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4303", "title": "Zygomatic salivary mucoceles in the dog.", "content": "Zygomatic salivary mucoceles were diagnosed in 2 dogs. Ophthalmologic signs differed in both cases and reflected the position of the mucocele in relation to the orbit. Cytology of aspirated material and sialography were performed in both cases, but his enabled confirmation of the diagnosis in only one. Surgical excision of the zygomatic salivary gland, with drainage of the mucocele, was curative in both cases. Both dogs had a history of trauma to the head.", "contents": "Zygomatic salivary mucoceles in the dog. Zygomatic salivary mucoceles were diagnosed in 2 dogs. Ophthalmologic signs differed in both cases and reflected the position of the mucocele in relation to the orbit. Cytology of aspirated material and sialography were performed in both cases, but his enabled confirmation of the diagnosis in only one. Surgical excision of the zygomatic salivary gland, with drainage of the mucocele, was curative in both cases. Both dogs had a history of trauma to the head.", "PMID": 649488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4304", "title": "Osteomyelitis in the dog: a review of 67 cases.", "content": "The clinicopathologic aspects of bacterial osteomyelitis in 67 dogs were compared. The femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges were the bones most commonly affected. In most dogs, the infection was attributed to repair of fracture by open reduction. Staphylocuccus spp and Streptococcus spp were the organisms most frequently isolated. Most dogs had chronic osteomyelitis at the time of initial examination.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis in the dog: a review of 67 cases. The clinicopathologic aspects of bacterial osteomyelitis in 67 dogs were compared. The femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges were the bones most commonly affected. In most dogs, the infection was attributed to repair of fracture by open reduction. Staphylocuccus spp and Streptococcus spp were the organisms most frequently isolated. Most dogs had chronic osteomyelitis at the time of initial examination.", "PMID": 649489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4305", "title": "Development of the indusium griseum. III. An autoradiographic study of cell production.", "content": "An autoradiographic study of neuronal and glial production was carried out in the indusium griseum of mice. Most neurons were produced between 13 and 15 days post-conception. One part of the glial population underwent its last or second-last divisions between 14 and 16 days post-conception, while the other continued to undergo a number of divisions into postnatal life. It is suggested the former were astrocytes and the latter oligodendrocytes.", "contents": "Development of the indusium griseum. III. An autoradiographic study of cell production. An autoradiographic study of neuronal and glial production was carried out in the indusium griseum of mice. Most neurons were produced between 13 and 15 days post-conception. One part of the glial population underwent its last or second-last divisions between 14 and 16 days post-conception, while the other continued to undergo a number of divisions into postnatal life. It is suggested the former were astrocytes and the latter oligodendrocytes.", "PMID": 649490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4306", "title": "The permeability of a keratinizing squamous epithelium in culture.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase or lanthanum was applied to the surface of keratinized oral epithelium growing in tissue culture and the extent of penetration of these substances examined with the electron microscope. Both tracer substances penetrated between the superficial keratinized squames of the tissue, the lanthanum reaching the basal cell layer and the peroxidase diffusing to within 3--8 cells of the basal layer. The permeability of the keratinized layer in this epithelium is in contrast to the situation in vivo where an intercellular barrier is found in the superficial layer. This difference might be related to the absence of membrane-coating granules from the tissue maintained in culture.", "contents": "The permeability of a keratinizing squamous epithelium in culture. Horseradish peroxidase or lanthanum was applied to the surface of keratinized oral epithelium growing in tissue culture and the extent of penetration of these substances examined with the electron microscope. Both tracer substances penetrated between the superficial keratinized squames of the tissue, the lanthanum reaching the basal cell layer and the peroxidase diffusing to within 3--8 cells of the basal layer. The permeability of the keratinized layer in this epithelium is in contrast to the situation in vivo where an intercellular barrier is found in the superficial layer. This difference might be related to the absence of membrane-coating granules from the tissue maintained in culture.", "PMID": 649491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4307", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration of rat optic nerve after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon.", "content": "The origin of macrophages in the degenerating optic nerve of rats after eye enucleation was investigated electron microscopically following intravenous labelling of mononuclear leucoytes with colloidal carbon. In the various post-operative periods studied carbon-labelled macrophages were seen at the site of lesion. At 4 and 7 days after enucleation carbon-labelled cells were seen at the site of Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve over 4 mm distal to the site of the lesion. In the electron microscope these cells showed a flattened nucleus bearing coarse chromatin clumps, their cytoplasm contained a prominent Golgi complex and long isolate profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Clusters of carbon particles in the cytoplasms were membrane-bound. Lysosomal bodies embedded with carbon particles were also observed. In relation to the blood vessels of the optic nerve, endothelial cells and pericytes with ingested carbon were seen. Macrophages in the meninges covering the optic nerve were also labelled. The results suggest that some macrophages in the region of Wallerian degeneration in the optic nerve, as well as those at the actual site of the lesion, were transformed blood leucocytes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration of rat optic nerve after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon. The origin of macrophages in the degenerating optic nerve of rats after eye enucleation was investigated electron microscopically following intravenous labelling of mononuclear leucoytes with colloidal carbon. In the various post-operative periods studied carbon-labelled macrophages were seen at the site of lesion. At 4 and 7 days after enucleation carbon-labelled cells were seen at the site of Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve over 4 mm distal to the site of the lesion. In the electron microscope these cells showed a flattened nucleus bearing coarse chromatin clumps, their cytoplasm contained a prominent Golgi complex and long isolate profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Clusters of carbon particles in the cytoplasms were membrane-bound. Lysosomal bodies embedded with carbon particles were also observed. In relation to the blood vessels of the optic nerve, endothelial cells and pericytes with ingested carbon were seen. Macrophages in the meninges covering the optic nerve were also labelled. The results suggest that some macrophages in the region of Wallerian degeneration in the optic nerve, as well as those at the actual site of the lesion, were transformed blood leucocytes.", "PMID": 649492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4308", "title": "The epithelial innervation of the lower respiratory tract of the cat.", "content": "A quantitative ultrastructural study of intra-epithelial axons in the lower respiratory tract of the cat has compared the innervation at four airway levels, two extra- and two intrapulmonary. The morphology of intra-epithelial axons has been described, and their association with different epithelial cell types recorded. Their morphology suggests that most are afferent in function.", "contents": "The epithelial innervation of the lower respiratory tract of the cat. A quantitative ultrastructural study of intra-epithelial axons in the lower respiratory tract of the cat has compared the innervation at four airway levels, two extra- and two intrapulmonary. The morphology of intra-epithelial axons has been described, and their association with different epithelial cell types recorded. Their morphology suggests that most are afferent in function.", "PMID": 649493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4309", "title": "Cell specialization in the epithelium of the small intestine of feeding Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "The intestinal epithelium of feeding Xenopus laevis tadpoles was studied using light microscope, electron microscope and autoradiographic techniques. The wall of the small intestine differs from that of most other vertebrates studied in that it lacks villous-like folds. A single prominent longitudinal fold, the typhlosole, forms about stage 49, and a series of shallow longitudinal epithelial pleats is also present in some animals. The morphology of the epithelial cells indicates that there are no differences between the cells in their degree of specialization. Three epithelial cell types were recognized: principal cells, gland cells and endocrine cells, making up about 65%, 15% and 1%, respectively, of all cells present, while approximately 20% of the cells in the epithelium are lymphocytes, 1% appear to be discharged gland cells, and 2% degenerating cells. No Paneth, caveolated or undifferentiated cells were identified. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies on cell proliferation and on nuclear transplantation.", "contents": "Cell specialization in the epithelium of the small intestine of feeding Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The intestinal epithelium of feeding Xenopus laevis tadpoles was studied using light microscope, electron microscope and autoradiographic techniques. The wall of the small intestine differs from that of most other vertebrates studied in that it lacks villous-like folds. A single prominent longitudinal fold, the typhlosole, forms about stage 49, and a series of shallow longitudinal epithelial pleats is also present in some animals. The morphology of the epithelial cells indicates that there are no differences between the cells in their degree of specialization. Three epithelial cell types were recognized: principal cells, gland cells and endocrine cells, making up about 65%, 15% and 1%, respectively, of all cells present, while approximately 20% of the cells in the epithelium are lymphocytes, 1% appear to be discharged gland cells, and 2% degenerating cells. No Paneth, caveolated or undifferentiated cells were identified. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies on cell proliferation and on nuclear transplantation.", "PMID": 649494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4310", "title": "The thickness of the cartilage in the hip joint.", "content": "The pattern of distribution of cartilage thickness in corresponding femoral heads and acetabula was ascertained in ten hip joints. The differences between individual acetabula and their corresponding heads were small enough for it to be admissible to calculate an average distribution pattern for head and socket. Comparison of these patterns showed that: (a) The maximum thickness is found at points in the ventrocranial area of the acetabulum and ventrolateral area of the head. (b) From these points the cartilage thickness decreases concentrically. (c) In the 'natural position' of the hip joint the points of maximum thickness of head and acetabular cartilage do not correspond. In relation to the line of the hip joint 'force resultant', the area with the thickest cartilage on the head is slightly shifted towards its medial side, and on the socket slightly to the lateral side. It is not possible fully to explain these results on the basis of existing conceptions about the functional stressing of the hip joint.", "contents": "The thickness of the cartilage in the hip joint. The pattern of distribution of cartilage thickness in corresponding femoral heads and acetabula was ascertained in ten hip joints. The differences between individual acetabula and their corresponding heads were small enough for it to be admissible to calculate an average distribution pattern for head and socket. Comparison of these patterns showed that: (a) The maximum thickness is found at points in the ventrocranial area of the acetabulum and ventrolateral area of the head. (b) From these points the cartilage thickness decreases concentrically. (c) In the 'natural position' of the hip joint the points of maximum thickness of head and acetabular cartilage do not correspond. In relation to the line of the hip joint 'force resultant', the area with the thickest cartilage on the head is slightly shifted towards its medial side, and on the socket slightly to the lateral side. It is not possible fully to explain these results on the basis of existing conceptions about the functional stressing of the hip joint.", "PMID": 649495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4311", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the afferent innervation of the trachea, syrinx and extrapulmonary primary bronchus of Gallus gallus domesticus.", "content": "A method for injecting a small quantity of tritiated leucine directly into the nodose ganglion of the adult hen is described. The presence of an inner and an outer nerve plexus in the trachea and extrapulmonary primary bronchus is confirmed. Structures in the luminal epithelium of the trachea, syrinx and extrapulmonary primary bronchus having an afferent innervation are described and their possible function is discussed. The question of positive chemography in autoradiographic studies is discussed.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the afferent innervation of the trachea, syrinx and extrapulmonary primary bronchus of Gallus gallus domesticus. A method for injecting a small quantity of tritiated leucine directly into the nodose ganglion of the adult hen is described. The presence of an inner and an outer nerve plexus in the trachea and extrapulmonary primary bronchus is confirmed. Structures in the luminal epithelium of the trachea, syrinx and extrapulmonary primary bronchus having an afferent innervation are described and their possible function is discussed. The question of positive chemography in autoradiographic studies is discussed.", "PMID": 649496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4312", "title": "Ultrastructure of parathyroid glands in triamcinolone-treated mice.", "content": "6 weeks old ICR strain mice were given 21 daily injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone diacetate (8 mg/kg body weight) and their parathyroid glands were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with untreated litter-mate controls. Parathyroid glands are composed of a single basic cell type, but some cells are electron-dense ('dark' cells) and some less dense ('light' cells). There is considerable variability in numbers of light and dark cells from gland to gland. Following triamcinolone treatment the cells are arranged more in whorls, and there is a relative increase in the numbers of 'light' cells, which become more elongated, with pronounced nucleoli, and develop in many cases marked cytoplamsic vacuolation. Some cells show accumulations of lipid droplets. Interdigitations between adjacent cells become more complex, and the numbers of atrophic cells increase. The significance of the various cell conditions is considered. The ultrastructural appearances suggest that parathyroid gland cellular activity is stimulated in response to the drug-induced hypercorticoidism, but no overall glandular hypertrophy is found.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of parathyroid glands in triamcinolone-treated mice. 6 weeks old ICR strain mice were given 21 daily injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone diacetate (8 mg/kg body weight) and their parathyroid glands were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with untreated litter-mate controls. Parathyroid glands are composed of a single basic cell type, but some cells are electron-dense ('dark' cells) and some less dense ('light' cells). There is considerable variability in numbers of light and dark cells from gland to gland. Following triamcinolone treatment the cells are arranged more in whorls, and there is a relative increase in the numbers of 'light' cells, which become more elongated, with pronounced nucleoli, and develop in many cases marked cytoplamsic vacuolation. Some cells show accumulations of lipid droplets. Interdigitations between adjacent cells become more complex, and the numbers of atrophic cells increase. The significance of the various cell conditions is considered. The ultrastructural appearances suggest that parathyroid gland cellular activity is stimulated in response to the drug-induced hypercorticoidism, but no overall glandular hypertrophy is found.", "PMID": 649497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4313", "title": "Effects of dark rearing on dendritic spines in layer IV of the mouse visual cortex. A quantitative electron microscopical study.", "content": "The effect of visual deprivation on dendritic spines in the visual cortex layer IV of 19 days old mice was studied with the electron microscopy. From the serial ultrathin sections of the selected dendrites bearing spines the author has calculated the volume and surface area of dendritic spines, and also the surface area of their synaptic zones. Employing statistical methods he has demonstrated that visual deprivation produced a retarded development of some dendritic spines in dark reared mice. The fact that the smallest dendritic spines cannot be seen with the light microscope while the number of such small spines is larger in the dark reared mice can well explain the apparent reduction in the number of dendritic spines in deprived animals studied in Golgi impregnated material.", "contents": "Effects of dark rearing on dendritic spines in layer IV of the mouse visual cortex. A quantitative electron microscopical study. The effect of visual deprivation on dendritic spines in the visual cortex layer IV of 19 days old mice was studied with the electron microscopy. From the serial ultrathin sections of the selected dendrites bearing spines the author has calculated the volume and surface area of dendritic spines, and also the surface area of their synaptic zones. Employing statistical methods he has demonstrated that visual deprivation produced a retarded development of some dendritic spines in dark reared mice. The fact that the smallest dendritic spines cannot be seen with the light microscope while the number of such small spines is larger in the dark reared mice can well explain the apparent reduction in the number of dendritic spines in deprived animals studied in Golgi impregnated material.", "PMID": 649498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4314", "title": "On the calibre of the ureteric lumen.", "content": "The cross sectional appearances of the lumen of rat ureter were compared in specimens fixed by perfusion and by immersion and processed for electron microscopy. After efficient perfusion fixation in untreated animals, and in animals previously injected with 6-hydroxydopamine, there was substantial dilatation of the ureter, and the lumen was approximately circular in section. In inadequately perfused and immersion-fixed material the lumen was usually narrowed, and was either slit-like or stellate in appearance. Ultrastructural examination indicated that closure of the lumen was accompanied by the development in the cells of the muscle coat of the features usually associated with contraction, and the possibility that the appearance of the ureter in well perfused specimens approximated to its state in vivo was discussed.", "contents": "On the calibre of the ureteric lumen. The cross sectional appearances of the lumen of rat ureter were compared in specimens fixed by perfusion and by immersion and processed for electron microscopy. After efficient perfusion fixation in untreated animals, and in animals previously injected with 6-hydroxydopamine, there was substantial dilatation of the ureter, and the lumen was approximately circular in section. In inadequately perfused and immersion-fixed material the lumen was usually narrowed, and was either slit-like or stellate in appearance. Ultrastructural examination indicated that closure of the lumen was accompanied by the development in the cells of the muscle coat of the features usually associated with contraction, and the possibility that the appearance of the ureter in well perfused specimens approximated to its state in vivo was discussed.", "PMID": 649499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4315", "title": "A collagen and elastic network in the wing of the bat.", "content": "Bundles of collagen fibrils, elastic fibres and fibroblasts are organized into a network that lies in the plane of a large portion of the bat wing. By ultrastructural (TEM and SEM) and biochemical analyses it was found that individual bundles of the net are similar to elastic ligaments. Although elastic fibres predominate, they are integrated and aligned in parallel with small bundles of collagen. A reticulum of fibroblasts, joined by focal junctions, forms a cellular framework throughout each bundle. Because of the unique features of the fibre bundles of the bat's wing, in particular their accessibility, and the parallel alignment of the collagen fibrils and elastic fibres in each easily isolatable fibre bundle, they should prove a most valuable model for connective tissue studies, particularly for the study of collagen-elastin interactions.", "contents": "A collagen and elastic network in the wing of the bat. Bundles of collagen fibrils, elastic fibres and fibroblasts are organized into a network that lies in the plane of a large portion of the bat wing. By ultrastructural (TEM and SEM) and biochemical analyses it was found that individual bundles of the net are similar to elastic ligaments. Although elastic fibres predominate, they are integrated and aligned in parallel with small bundles of collagen. A reticulum of fibroblasts, joined by focal junctions, forms a cellular framework throughout each bundle. Because of the unique features of the fibre bundles of the bat's wing, in particular their accessibility, and the parallel alignment of the collagen fibrils and elastic fibres in each easily isolatable fibre bundle, they should prove a most valuable model for connective tissue studies, particularly for the study of collagen-elastin interactions.", "PMID": 649500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4316", "title": "The comparative anatomy of the blood supply of cardiac ventricles in the albino rat and guinea-pig.", "content": "The hearts of 118 albino rats and 80 guinea-pigs were investigated by angiography. It was found that the blood supply to the cardiac ventricles of the rat is a coronary balanced circulation similar to that frequently met with in man. On the other hand, the distribution of the coronary arteries in the guinea-pig showed a definite left coronary preponderance to an extent never seen in man.", "contents": "The comparative anatomy of the blood supply of cardiac ventricles in the albino rat and guinea-pig. The hearts of 118 albino rats and 80 guinea-pigs were investigated by angiography. It was found that the blood supply to the cardiac ventricles of the rat is a coronary balanced circulation similar to that frequently met with in man. On the other hand, the distribution of the coronary arteries in the guinea-pig showed a definite left coronary preponderance to an extent never seen in man.", "PMID": 649502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4317", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the adductor externus superficialis muscle associated with the venom gland of the cobra (Naja naja).", "content": "The adductor externus superficialis muscle closely envelops the venom gland in the cobra (Naja naja). Only twitch fibres are present in the muscle, supporting the view that the muscle is concerned with the rapid evacuation of venom. 'Satellite' cells are readily observed in relation to the muscle fibres.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the adductor externus superficialis muscle associated with the venom gland of the cobra (Naja naja). The adductor externus superficialis muscle closely envelops the venom gland in the cobra (Naja naja). Only twitch fibres are present in the muscle, supporting the view that the muscle is concerned with the rapid evacuation of venom. 'Satellite' cells are readily observed in relation to the muscle fibres.", "PMID": 649503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4318", "title": "A histological study of post mortem changes in the skeletal muscle of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). II. The cytoarchitecture.", "content": "Changes in the histology of skeletal muscle at an ultrastructural level have been studied in the pectoralis thoracica and iliotibialis muscles of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). The carcasses were stored at 40 degrees C and samples removed at various times post mortem. The Z discs and I bands degenerate rapidly (less than 4 hours) but the thick filaments of the A band are remarkably resistant to change (greater than 24 hours). The sarcolemma, mitochondria, glycogen content, sarcotubular system and myonuclei also show marked changes in less than 4 hours. Myelin figures and autophagic vacuoles are among other features seen in post mortem tissue. There are more degenerate mitochondria and vesicular remnants of the sarcotubular system in the iliotibialis than in the pectoralis muscle, but this reflects a differing concentration of these organelles in vivo. No other consistent difference in the post mortem histology of these muscles has been observed.", "contents": "A histological study of post mortem changes in the skeletal muscle of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). II. The cytoarchitecture. Changes in the histology of skeletal muscle at an ultrastructural level have been studied in the pectoralis thoracica and iliotibialis muscles of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). The carcasses were stored at 40 degrees C and samples removed at various times post mortem. The Z discs and I bands degenerate rapidly (less than 4 hours) but the thick filaments of the A band are remarkably resistant to change (greater than 24 hours). The sarcolemma, mitochondria, glycogen content, sarcotubular system and myonuclei also show marked changes in less than 4 hours. Myelin figures and autophagic vacuoles are among other features seen in post mortem tissue. There are more degenerate mitochondria and vesicular remnants of the sarcotubular system in the iliotibialis than in the pectoralis muscle, but this reflects a differing concentration of these organelles in vivo. No other consistent difference in the post mortem histology of these muscles has been observed.", "PMID": 649504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4319", "title": "The normal human appendix: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Human appendices from 3 to 12 years old children were studied by light and electron microscopy. Three morphological zones were determined: sub-epithelial (or lymphoid lamina propria), parafollicular, and follicular. The fine structure of these regions has been studied and discussed with regard to the thymus-dependent and thymus-independent regions of other lymphoid organs. Two types of lymphocytes, 'light' and 'dark', and intermediate forms, were also found. The light ones are the more abundant in the epithelium and within the parafollicular post-capillary venules; they form groups or clusters between epithelial cells, becoming like blast cells and possibly maturing into plasma cells in the sub-epithelial region. Whether light lymphocytes are T or B or both is discussed. The general conclusion is that the human appendix, at least in children, has the characteristics of a well-developed lymphoid organ, suggesting that it has important immunological functions.", "contents": "The normal human appendix: a light and electron microscopic study. Human appendices from 3 to 12 years old children were studied by light and electron microscopy. Three morphological zones were determined: sub-epithelial (or lymphoid lamina propria), parafollicular, and follicular. The fine structure of these regions has been studied and discussed with regard to the thymus-dependent and thymus-independent regions of other lymphoid organs. Two types of lymphocytes, 'light' and 'dark', and intermediate forms, were also found. The light ones are the more abundant in the epithelium and within the parafollicular post-capillary venules; they form groups or clusters between epithelial cells, becoming like blast cells and possibly maturing into plasma cells in the sub-epithelial region. Whether light lymphocytes are T or B or both is discussed. The general conclusion is that the human appendix, at least in children, has the characteristics of a well-developed lymphoid organ, suggesting that it has important immunological functions.", "PMID": 649505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4320", "title": "Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms XVI. Synthesis of N5-hydroxy-2-methylarginine and N5-hydroxy-2-methylornithine.", "content": "N5-Hydroxy-2-methylornithine and N5-hydroxy-2-methylarginine were synthesized. 2-Amino-5-hydroxy-2-methylpentanoic acid was prepared from 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone and converted to N-(tetrahydro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl) acetamide which was treated with hydrogen bromide affording 2-(acetylamino)-5-bromo-2-methylpentanoic acid. This acid was esterified with methanol and used to alkylate anti-benzaldoxime yielding methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-methyl-5-[(phenylmethylene)amino]-pentanoate N5-oxide which, upon hydrolysis, yielded N5-hydroxy-2-methylornithine, and, upon aminolysis and short acid-treatment, gave N2-acetyl-N5-hydroxy-2-methylornithinamide. Carbamimidoylation and hydrolysis of the latter compound furnished N5-hydroxy-2-methylarginine.", "contents": "Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms XVI. Synthesis of N5-hydroxy-2-methylarginine and N5-hydroxy-2-methylornithine. N5-Hydroxy-2-methylornithine and N5-hydroxy-2-methylarginine were synthesized. 2-Amino-5-hydroxy-2-methylpentanoic acid was prepared from 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone and converted to N-(tetrahydro-3-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl) acetamide which was treated with hydrogen bromide affording 2-(acetylamino)-5-bromo-2-methylpentanoic acid. This acid was esterified with methanol and used to alkylate anti-benzaldoxime yielding methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-methyl-5-[(phenylmethylene)amino]-pentanoate N5-oxide which, upon hydrolysis, yielded N5-hydroxy-2-methylornithine, and, upon aminolysis and short acid-treatment, gave N2-acetyl-N5-hydroxy-2-methylornithinamide. Carbamimidoylation and hydrolysis of the latter compound furnished N5-hydroxy-2-methylarginine.", "PMID": 649511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4321", "title": "Teichomycins, new antibiotics from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. II. Extraction and chemical characterization.", "content": "The teichomycins are new antibiotics produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. Teichomycin A1 is a phosphorus-containing antibiotic, active in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive bacteria, and active only in vitro against gram-negative bacteria. Teichomycin A2 is a chlorine-containing antibiotic, active in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive bacteria. Isolation, purification and physical and chemical properties of the two antibiotics are reported. Teichomycin A1 is a member of the phosphoglycolipid class of antibiotics while teichomycin A2 is related to the group of the glycopeptide antibiotics.", "contents": "Teichomycins, new antibiotics from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. II. Extraction and chemical characterization. The teichomycins are new antibiotics produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. Teichomycin A1 is a phosphorus-containing antibiotic, active in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive bacteria, and active only in vitro against gram-negative bacteria. Teichomycin A2 is a chlorine-containing antibiotic, active in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive bacteria. Isolation, purification and physical and chemical properties of the two antibiotics are reported. Teichomycin A1 is a member of the phosphoglycolipid class of antibiotics while teichomycin A2 is related to the group of the glycopeptide antibiotics.", "PMID": 649512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4322", "title": "Preparation and biological evaluation of 4-O-demethyldaunorubicin (carminomycin I) and of its 13-dihydro derivative.", "content": "A mutant strain of Streptomyces peucetius produced an anthracycline antibiotic whose structure has been established to be 4-O-demethyl-13-dihydrodaunorubicin (4), by application of spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation. A new synthesis of 4-O-demethyl-daunorubicin (carminomycin I, 2) starting from daunomycinone, together with the comparison of the antitumor activity of the anthracycline glycosides 2 and 4 are also reported.", "contents": "Preparation and biological evaluation of 4-O-demethyldaunorubicin (carminomycin I) and of its 13-dihydro derivative. A mutant strain of Streptomyces peucetius produced an anthracycline antibiotic whose structure has been established to be 4-O-demethyl-13-dihydrodaunorubicin (4), by application of spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation. A new synthesis of 4-O-demethyl-daunorubicin (carminomycin I, 2) starting from daunomycinone, together with the comparison of the antitumor activity of the anthracycline glycosides 2 and 4 are also reported.", "PMID": 649513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4323", "title": "Incorporation of 14C-labeled compounds into sinefungin (A9145), a nucleoside antifungal antibiotic.", "content": "Streptomyces griseolus produces a complex of antifungal nucleoside antibiotics that contain an ornithine residue linked to the ribose moiety of adenosine. 14C-Labeled compounds were added to cultures of S. griseolus (approximately 0.5 muCi/ml culture broth) and the amount of label incorporated into the two major antifungal components (sinefungin and factor C) was measured. Substantial incorporation (16 approximately 52%) was obtained with adenosine [8-14C], ATP [14C(u)], adenine [8-14C], L-ornithine [14C(u)], and DL-citrulline [5-14C]. Glycine glucose L-arginine, and acetate were incorporated to the extent of 1.7 approximately 4.7%. Studies were conducted on the fermentation time course and on the time dependence of label incorporation in order to optimize the incorporation of labeled adenine into sinefungin. Adenine [8-14C] incorporation and sinefungin specific activity were highest 48 hours after label addition and both declined during subsequent incubation. As much as 43% of the labeled adenine was incorporated into the antibiotic and sinefungin was produced with a specific activity of 24.8 muCi/mg. The labeling experiments suggest that a performed adenine derivative (e.g., an adenine nucleotide) and ornithine (or a closely related metabolite) are direct biosynthetic precursors of sinefungin.", "contents": "Incorporation of 14C-labeled compounds into sinefungin (A9145), a nucleoside antifungal antibiotic. Streptomyces griseolus produces a complex of antifungal nucleoside antibiotics that contain an ornithine residue linked to the ribose moiety of adenosine. 14C-Labeled compounds were added to cultures of S. griseolus (approximately 0.5 muCi/ml culture broth) and the amount of label incorporated into the two major antifungal components (sinefungin and factor C) was measured. Substantial incorporation (16 approximately 52%) was obtained with adenosine [8-14C], ATP [14C(u)], adenine [8-14C], L-ornithine [14C(u)], and DL-citrulline [5-14C]. Glycine glucose L-arginine, and acetate were incorporated to the extent of 1.7 approximately 4.7%. Studies were conducted on the fermentation time course and on the time dependence of label incorporation in order to optimize the incorporation of labeled adenine into sinefungin. Adenine [8-14C] incorporation and sinefungin specific activity were highest 48 hours after label addition and both declined during subsequent incubation. As much as 43% of the labeled adenine was incorporated into the antibiotic and sinefungin was produced with a specific activity of 24.8 muCi/mg. The labeling experiments suggest that a performed adenine derivative (e.g., an adenine nucleotide) and ornithine (or a closely related metabolite) are direct biosynthetic precursors of sinefungin.", "PMID": 649514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4324", "title": "A genetic approach to the biosynthesis of the rifamycin-chromophore in Nocardia mediterranei. I. Isolation and characterization of a pentose-excreting auxotrophic mutant of Nocardia mediterranei with drastically reduced rifamycin production.", "content": "The mutant under study, designated A8, is derived from a Nocardia mediterranei strain, N813, which is a high rifamycin B producer. A8 is auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids and produces much less rifamycin B than the parent. A mixture of pentoses with D (--) ribulose as the main product is accumulated in the fermentation broth of this mutant. It was shown to be affected in its transketolase activity as no formation of D-sedoheptulose -7P from pentose-phosphates could be detected in vitro using crude extracts. The only pathway so far known which is derived from D-sedoheptulose-7P is the shikimate pathway leading to aromatic amino acids and vitamins. Biochemical and genetic investigations with mutant A8, which is defective in both the biosynthesis of rifamycins and the biosynthesis of shikimate pathway products, show that the seven-carbon amino unit of the rifamycin-chromophore must be derived from an intermediate of the shikimate pathway.", "contents": "A genetic approach to the biosynthesis of the rifamycin-chromophore in Nocardia mediterranei. I. Isolation and characterization of a pentose-excreting auxotrophic mutant of Nocardia mediterranei with drastically reduced rifamycin production. The mutant under study, designated A8, is derived from a Nocardia mediterranei strain, N813, which is a high rifamycin B producer. A8 is auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids and produces much less rifamycin B than the parent. A mixture of pentoses with D (--) ribulose as the main product is accumulated in the fermentation broth of this mutant. It was shown to be affected in its transketolase activity as no formation of D-sedoheptulose -7P from pentose-phosphates could be detected in vitro using crude extracts. The only pathway so far known which is derived from D-sedoheptulose-7P is the shikimate pathway leading to aromatic amino acids and vitamins. Biochemical and genetic investigations with mutant A8, which is defective in both the biosynthesis of rifamycins and the biosynthesis of shikimate pathway products, show that the seven-carbon amino unit of the rifamycin-chromophore must be derived from an intermediate of the shikimate pathway.", "PMID": 649515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4325", "title": "A genetic approach to the biosynthesis of the rifamycin-chromophore in Nocardia mediterranei. II. Isolation and characterization of a shikimate excreting auxotrophic mutant of Nocardia mediterranei with normal rifamycin-production.", "content": "The mutant under study, designated A10, is derived from a Nocardia mediterranei strain, N813, which is a high rifamycin B producer. A10 is auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids but unlike A8 (see preceding paper) produces the same amount of rifamycin B as the parent. Shikimic acid and 3-dehydroshikimic acid are accumulated in the fermentation broth of this mutant. It was shown to be blocked in one of the enzymes leading from shikimate to chorismate. No formation of shikimate-3-phosphate from shikimate and ATP could be detected in vitro using crude extracts of this mutant and of the parent. As mutant A10 is only defective in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and not in the biosynthesis of rifamycins it would appear that the seven-carbon amino unit of the rifamycin-chromophore must be derived from an intermediate of the shikimate pathway not behind shikimate. By referring to the results of the preceding paper it can be seen that the origin of this moiety can definitely be localized between 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonic acid-7-phosphate and shikimate.", "contents": "A genetic approach to the biosynthesis of the rifamycin-chromophore in Nocardia mediterranei. II. Isolation and characterization of a shikimate excreting auxotrophic mutant of Nocardia mediterranei with normal rifamycin-production. The mutant under study, designated A10, is derived from a Nocardia mediterranei strain, N813, which is a high rifamycin B producer. A10 is auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids but unlike A8 (see preceding paper) produces the same amount of rifamycin B as the parent. Shikimic acid and 3-dehydroshikimic acid are accumulated in the fermentation broth of this mutant. It was shown to be blocked in one of the enzymes leading from shikimate to chorismate. No formation of shikimate-3-phosphate from shikimate and ATP could be detected in vitro using crude extracts of this mutant and of the parent. As mutant A10 is only defective in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and not in the biosynthesis of rifamycins it would appear that the seven-carbon amino unit of the rifamycin-chromophore must be derived from an intermediate of the shikimate pathway not behind shikimate. By referring to the results of the preceding paper it can be seen that the origin of this moiety can definitely be localized between 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonic acid-7-phosphate and shikimate.", "PMID": 649516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4326", "title": "Behavioral control of medicine compliance.", "content": "This study examined the effectiveness of several behavioral techniques on compliance of college students taking vitamin C on q.i.d. regimen. Compliance was assessed by a new technique using a variation of the urine tracer procedure designed specifically for this study. Subjects were provided vitamin C tablets, with three tablets per week containing phenazopyridine, a drug that produces a bright red-orange urine discoloration. Subjects were requested to indicate when urine discolorations occurred, and compliance was assessed by comparing the time of their report to the time predicted on the basis of the scheduled sequence of vitamin C and phenazopyridine tablets. Baseline compliance was assessed for 72 subjects over a three-week period, with the 40 most noncompliant subjects randomly assigned to four groups for Treatment I. The groups were: self-monitoring, taste, taste and self-monitoring, and a no-treatment control group. The self-monitoring procedure involved recording the time medicine was taken; the taste procedure involved providing the subjects with flavored tablets to increase the saliency of tablet taking; and the self-monitoring and taste procedure involved providing subjects with flavored tablets and asking them to record the flavor of each tablet they ingested. At the end of six weeks, half the subjects in each of these groups participated in response-cost procedures while the remaining subjects continued with their previous procedures. Response-cost procedures were implemented by returning a portion of the subjects' deposit only if a preset compliance criterion was met. Treatment II procedures were implemented for an additional three weeks. Results indicated the self-monitoring and taste plus self-monitoring procedures were superior during Treatment I. The implementation of response cost during Treatment II was associated with a marked improvement in compliance, independent of the history of noncompliance. The effects of the taste plus self-monitoring procedure were maintained during Treatment II and results obtained by this procedure were not significantly different from effects of response cost.", "contents": "Behavioral control of medicine compliance. This study examined the effectiveness of several behavioral techniques on compliance of college students taking vitamin C on q.i.d. regimen. Compliance was assessed by a new technique using a variation of the urine tracer procedure designed specifically for this study. Subjects were provided vitamin C tablets, with three tablets per week containing phenazopyridine, a drug that produces a bright red-orange urine discoloration. Subjects were requested to indicate when urine discolorations occurred, and compliance was assessed by comparing the time of their report to the time predicted on the basis of the scheduled sequence of vitamin C and phenazopyridine tablets. Baseline compliance was assessed for 72 subjects over a three-week period, with the 40 most noncompliant subjects randomly assigned to four groups for Treatment I. The groups were: self-monitoring, taste, taste and self-monitoring, and a no-treatment control group. The self-monitoring procedure involved recording the time medicine was taken; the taste procedure involved providing the subjects with flavored tablets to increase the saliency of tablet taking; and the self-monitoring and taste procedure involved providing subjects with flavored tablets and asking them to record the flavor of each tablet they ingested. At the end of six weeks, half the subjects in each of these groups participated in response-cost procedures while the remaining subjects continued with their previous procedures. Response-cost procedures were implemented by returning a portion of the subjects' deposit only if a preset compliance criterion was met. Treatment II procedures were implemented for an additional three weeks. Results indicated the self-monitoring and taste plus self-monitoring procedures were superior during Treatment I. The implementation of response cost during Treatment II was associated with a marked improvement in compliance, independent of the history of noncompliance. The effects of the taste plus self-monitoring procedure were maintained during Treatment II and results obtained by this procedure were not significantly different from effects of response cost.", "PMID": 649520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4327", "title": "The timeout ribbon: a nonexclusionary timeout procedure.", "content": "Recently, the use of timeout rooms has been questioned by various agencies, and some have adopted policies that prohibit or greatly restrict exclusionary timeout. The present study developed a timeout procedure that did not require removal of the misbehaver from the learning environment. The procedure was applied to the disruptive behaviors of five severely retarded children in an institutional special-education classroom. An observer prompted all teacher behaviors related to the procedures to assure their precise implementation. After baseline, a reinforcement-only condition was implemented. Each child was given a different colored ribbon to wear as a tie and received edibles and praise every few minutes for good behavior and for wearing the ribbon. When timeout was added, a child's ribbon was removed for any instance of misbehavior and teacher attention and participation in activities ceased for three minutes or until the misbehavior stopped. Reinforcement continued at other times for appropriate behavior. An ABCBC reversal design was used to demonstrate control of the behavior by the conditions applied. On average, the children misbehaved 42% and 32% of the time during the baseline and reinforcement conditions respectively but only 6% of the time during the timeout conditions. A followup probe during the new school year revealed that the teacher was able to conduct the procedure independently and that the children's disruptive behaviors were maintained at low levels. The practicality and acceptability of the procedure were supported further by the successful implementation of the procedure by a teacher in another state and by responses to a questionnaire given to 40 mental health professionals. The ribbon procedure appears to be a viable form of timeout, provided that disruptive behaviors during timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout is available when needed.", "contents": "The timeout ribbon: a nonexclusionary timeout procedure. Recently, the use of timeout rooms has been questioned by various agencies, and some have adopted policies that prohibit or greatly restrict exclusionary timeout. The present study developed a timeout procedure that did not require removal of the misbehaver from the learning environment. The procedure was applied to the disruptive behaviors of five severely retarded children in an institutional special-education classroom. An observer prompted all teacher behaviors related to the procedures to assure their precise implementation. After baseline, a reinforcement-only condition was implemented. Each child was given a different colored ribbon to wear as a tie and received edibles and praise every few minutes for good behavior and for wearing the ribbon. When timeout was added, a child's ribbon was removed for any instance of misbehavior and teacher attention and participation in activities ceased for three minutes or until the misbehavior stopped. Reinforcement continued at other times for appropriate behavior. An ABCBC reversal design was used to demonstrate control of the behavior by the conditions applied. On average, the children misbehaved 42% and 32% of the time during the baseline and reinforcement conditions respectively but only 6% of the time during the timeout conditions. A followup probe during the new school year revealed that the teacher was able to conduct the procedure independently and that the children's disruptive behaviors were maintained at low levels. The practicality and acceptability of the procedure were supported further by the successful implementation of the procedure by a teacher in another state and by responses to a questionnaire given to 40 mental health professionals. The ribbon procedure appears to be a viable form of timeout, provided that disruptive behaviors during timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout can be tolerated within the setting, or a backup procedure such as exclusionary timeout is available when needed.", "PMID": 649521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4328", "title": "Modification of activity level through biofeedback and operant conditioning.", "content": "The biomotometer, an electronic device that simultaneously measures activity and provides auditory feedback to the subject, was used in combination with material reinforcers in two experiments attempting to modify activity level in children. In the first study the activity level of an 11-year-old highly active boy was decreased below mean baseline during conditioning in a classroom setting. His level of activity returned to baseline when feedback was withdrawn. In the second study, activity level of a 10-year-old hypoactive boy was increased over mean baseline level during conditioning in a free-play setting, and returned to slightly below baseline during five extinction trials. Results of these studies indicate that the biomotometer is a useful instrument for modification of activity level.", "contents": "Modification of activity level through biofeedback and operant conditioning. The biomotometer, an electronic device that simultaneously measures activity and provides auditory feedback to the subject, was used in combination with material reinforcers in two experiments attempting to modify activity level in children. In the first study the activity level of an 11-year-old highly active boy was decreased below mean baseline during conditioning in a classroom setting. His level of activity returned to baseline when feedback was withdrawn. In the second study, activity level of a 10-year-old hypoactive boy was increased over mean baseline level during conditioning in a free-play setting, and returned to slightly below baseline during five extinction trials. Results of these studies indicate that the biomotometer is a useful instrument for modification of activity level.", "PMID": 649522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4329", "title": "The validation of procedures to assess prevocational task preferences in retarded adults.", "content": "Three severely retarded young adults between the ages of 19 and 21 years participated in a prevocational training program, and worked regularly on six different tasks during the scheduled six-hour day. The study attempted to assess each subject's preferences for the six tasks: collating, stuffing, sorting, pulley assembly, flour-sifter assembly, and circuit-board stuffing. In Phase I, the procedure consisted of randomly pairing each task with all other tasks in a two-choice situation that required the subjects to select one task from each pair combination to work for a seven-minute period. The selection procedure consisted of presenting two representative task objects on a tray and requesting the subject to pick up one object and place it on the work table. The object selected represented the task worked for that period. The 15 possible pair combinations were presented randomly every two days for a period of 34 days to determine the preferences. During the validation phase (Phase II), each subject's least- and most-preferred tasks were paired separately with moderately-preferred tasks. As expected, these manipulations confirmed the baseline data, as choices for the moderately-preferred tasks decreased when consistently paired with the preferred tasks and increased when consistently paired with the least-preferred tasks.", "contents": "The validation of procedures to assess prevocational task preferences in retarded adults. Three severely retarded young adults between the ages of 19 and 21 years participated in a prevocational training program, and worked regularly on six different tasks during the scheduled six-hour day. The study attempted to assess each subject's preferences for the six tasks: collating, stuffing, sorting, pulley assembly, flour-sifter assembly, and circuit-board stuffing. In Phase I, the procedure consisted of randomly pairing each task with all other tasks in a two-choice situation that required the subjects to select one task from each pair combination to work for a seven-minute period. The selection procedure consisted of presenting two representative task objects on a tray and requesting the subject to pick up one object and place it on the work table. The object selected represented the task worked for that period. The 15 possible pair combinations were presented randomly every two days for a period of 34 days to determine the preferences. During the validation phase (Phase II), each subject's least- and most-preferred tasks were paired separately with moderately-preferred tasks. As expected, these manipulations confirmed the baseline data, as choices for the moderately-preferred tasks decreased when consistently paired with the preferred tasks and increased when consistently paired with the least-preferred tasks.", "PMID": 649523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4330", "title": "Behaviorism: part of the problem or part of the solution.", "content": "The form frequently taken by behavior-modification programs is analyzed in terms of the parent science, Behaviorism. Whereas Behaviorism assumes that behavior is the result of contingencies, and that lasting behavior change involves changing the contingencies that give rise to and support the behavior, most behavior-modification programs merely arrange special contingencies in a special environment to eliminate the \"problem\" behavior. Even when the problem behavior is as widespread as alcoholism and crime, behavior modifiers focus on \"fixing\" the alcoholic and the criminal, not on changing the societal contingencies that prevail outside the therapeutic environment and continue to produce alcoholics and criminals. The contingencies that shape this method of dealing with behavioral problems are also analyzed, and this analysis leads to a criticism of the current social structure as a behavior control system. Although applied behaviorists have frequently focused on fixing individuals, the science of Behaviorism provides the means to analyze the structures, the system, and the forms of societal control that produce the \"problems\".", "contents": "Behaviorism: part of the problem or part of the solution. The form frequently taken by behavior-modification programs is analyzed in terms of the parent science, Behaviorism. Whereas Behaviorism assumes that behavior is the result of contingencies, and that lasting behavior change involves changing the contingencies that give rise to and support the behavior, most behavior-modification programs merely arrange special contingencies in a special environment to eliminate the \"problem\" behavior. Even when the problem behavior is as widespread as alcoholism and crime, behavior modifiers focus on \"fixing\" the alcoholic and the criminal, not on changing the societal contingencies that prevail outside the therapeutic environment and continue to produce alcoholics and criminals. The contingencies that shape this method of dealing with behavioral problems are also analyzed, and this analysis leads to a criticism of the current social structure as a behavior control system. Although applied behaviorists have frequently focused on fixing individuals, the science of Behaviorism provides the means to analyze the structures, the system, and the forms of societal control that produce the \"problems\".", "PMID": 649524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4331", "title": "An experimental investigation of preorgasmic reconditioning and postorgasmic deconditioning.", "content": "The effects of pre- and postorgasmic presentation of moderately erotic cues were assessed in an analogue study. Eight heterosexual male volunteers (18 to 23 years) participated in three assessment (baseline, termination-of-treatment, and two- to three-month followup) and eight masturbatory conditioning sessions. Three slides of nude females of initially equal erotic value were paired respectively with the plateau, refractory, and resolution phases of the subjects' sexual cycles. Over treatment, stimuli paired with the plateau phase increased significantly in penile tumescence indices of eroticism; conversely, stimuli paired with the refractory phase decreased significantly. The conditioned effects on tumescence were largely extinguished at followup. While treatment did not alter short-term subjective indices of eroticism, stimuli presented during the refractory phase were rated significantly less erotic than the other stimuli at followup. The findings suggest that the \"pairing\" model of orgasmic conditioning is insufficient to account for previously reported clinical findings. A broader conceptualization of the mechanisms of orgasmic conditioning, and implications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "An experimental investigation of preorgasmic reconditioning and postorgasmic deconditioning. The effects of pre- and postorgasmic presentation of moderately erotic cues were assessed in an analogue study. Eight heterosexual male volunteers (18 to 23 years) participated in three assessment (baseline, termination-of-treatment, and two- to three-month followup) and eight masturbatory conditioning sessions. Three slides of nude females of initially equal erotic value were paired respectively with the plateau, refractory, and resolution phases of the subjects' sexual cycles. Over treatment, stimuli paired with the plateau phase increased significantly in penile tumescence indices of eroticism; conversely, stimuli paired with the refractory phase decreased significantly. The conditioned effects on tumescence were largely extinguished at followup. While treatment did not alter short-term subjective indices of eroticism, stimuli presented during the refractory phase were rated significantly less erotic than the other stimuli at followup. The findings suggest that the \"pairing\" model of orgasmic conditioning is insufficient to account for previously reported clinical findings. A broader conceptualization of the mechanisms of orgasmic conditioning, and implications for treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 649527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4332", "title": "Severe classroom behavior problems: teachers or counsellors.", "content": "This experiment was designed to determine the relative effectiveness of teacher and counselling approaches in the reduction of disruptive or inappropriate classroom behavior. Inappropriate classroom behavior frequencies of 12 academically low achieving, seventh-grade, black male students, with a reported high rate of inappropriate classroom behavior, were recorded. Three groups, with nearly equal mean inappropriate behaviors, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: behavioral counselling, client-centered counselling, or no counselling. Each counselling group received fifteen 30-minute counselling sessions, at a rate of two to three times a week. In addition to counselling, all students subsequently received teacher approval within the classroom. Results indicated that the teacher was able to reduce inappropriate behavior more than any counselling group. There were also indications that behavioral counselling, but not client-centered counselling, was moderately helpful in reducing inappropriate classroom behavior.", "contents": "Severe classroom behavior problems: teachers or counsellors. This experiment was designed to determine the relative effectiveness of teacher and counselling approaches in the reduction of disruptive or inappropriate classroom behavior. Inappropriate classroom behavior frequencies of 12 academically low achieving, seventh-grade, black male students, with a reported high rate of inappropriate classroom behavior, were recorded. Three groups, with nearly equal mean inappropriate behaviors, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: behavioral counselling, client-centered counselling, or no counselling. Each counselling group received fifteen 30-minute counselling sessions, at a rate of two to three times a week. In addition to counselling, all students subsequently received teacher approval within the classroom. Results indicated that the teacher was able to reduce inappropriate behavior more than any counselling group. There were also indications that behavioral counselling, but not client-centered counselling, was moderately helpful in reducing inappropriate classroom behavior.", "PMID": 649528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4333", "title": "Quantitative determination of polysorbate to in non-standard salad dressings.", "content": "Six samples of non-standard salad dressing, containing 0.10 to 0.60% polysorbate 60, were submitted to 6 collaborators. The salad dressing is extracted and the extract is saponified and acidified, and the acids are removed. The aqueous, polyol solution is desalted and the polyoxyethylated polyols are precipitated as a highly insoluble heteropoly acid complex. The polysorbate 60 content is calculated from the weight of the precipitate, using a gravimetric factor. Average recoveries from the collaboration samples ranged from 105 to 130%, with standard deviations from 0.016 to 0.047. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of polysorbate to in non-standard salad dressings. Six samples of non-standard salad dressing, containing 0.10 to 0.60% polysorbate 60, were submitted to 6 collaborators. The salad dressing is extracted and the extract is saponified and acidified, and the acids are removed. The aqueous, polyol solution is desalted and the polyoxyethylated polyols are precipitated as a highly insoluble heteropoly acid complex. The polysorbate 60 content is calculated from the weight of the precipitate, using a gravimetric factor. Average recoveries from the collaboration samples ranged from 105 to 130%, with standard deviations from 0.016 to 0.047. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 649542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4334", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of nitrate and nitrite in cheese, ham, fish sausage, cod roes, and salmon roes.", "content": "The 2,4-xylenol method was modified and a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for nitrate and nitrite determinations in several foods. Either a flame ionization (FID) or an electron capture detector (ECD) can be used. Proteins and fats are removed from warm alkaline water with zinc sulfate and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in water, and reacted with 2,4-xylenol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol. Interfering chlorides are precipitated with silver sulfate and the nitrosylenol is extracted with hexane, concentrated, and injected. Nitrite in the filtrate is distilled at pH 5, collected in alkaline solution, and dried. The residue is oxidized to nitrate with permanganate in the presence of sulfuric acid, and then chromatographed in the same manner as nitrate. Recoveries from several foods were 83--100% for nitrate and 80--100% for nitrite. The limit of sensitivity was 0.1 ppm for both residues.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of nitrate and nitrite in cheese, ham, fish sausage, cod roes, and salmon roes. The 2,4-xylenol method was modified and a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for nitrate and nitrite determinations in several foods. Either a flame ionization (FID) or an electron capture detector (ECD) can be used. Proteins and fats are removed from warm alkaline water with zinc sulfate and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in water, and reacted with 2,4-xylenol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol. Interfering chlorides are precipitated with silver sulfate and the nitrosylenol is extracted with hexane, concentrated, and injected. Nitrite in the filtrate is distilled at pH 5, collected in alkaline solution, and dried. The residue is oxidized to nitrate with permanganate in the presence of sulfuric acid, and then chromatographed in the same manner as nitrate. Recoveries from several foods were 83--100% for nitrate and 80--100% for nitrite. The limit of sensitivity was 0.1 ppm for both residues.", "PMID": 649543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4335", "title": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method for the multi-determination of antioxidants in fats, oils and dried food products.", "content": "A rapid quantitative method for determining 8 antioxidants in various food products is described. Two procedures are employed. The first involves the use of a glass wood precolumn to separate 3(2)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, and mono-tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) from nonvolatile residues resulting from direct injection of diluted sample or sample extracts into the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) column. In the second procedure, the antioxidants TBHQ, 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid, n-propyl gallate, 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid are isolated from food products by extraction with 70% ethanol. The antioxidant residues are then converted to trimethylsilyl derivatives, and determined by GLC, using a flame ionization detector. Recoveries of all 8 antioxidants from 28 food samples fortified at either 10 or 100 ppm ranged from 70 to 105%.", "contents": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method for the multi-determination of antioxidants in fats, oils and dried food products. A rapid quantitative method for determining 8 antioxidants in various food products is described. Two procedures are employed. The first involves the use of a glass wood precolumn to separate 3(2)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, and mono-tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) from nonvolatile residues resulting from direct injection of diluted sample or sample extracts into the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) column. In the second procedure, the antioxidants TBHQ, 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid, n-propyl gallate, 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid are isolated from food products by extraction with 70% ethanol. The antioxidant residues are then converted to trimethylsilyl derivatives, and determined by GLC, using a flame ionization detector. Recoveries of all 8 antioxidants from 28 food samples fortified at either 10 or 100 ppm ranged from 70 to 105%.", "PMID": 649544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4336", "title": "Potential uses of lead isotope ratios in gunshot cases.", "content": "The determination of lead isotope ratios in 14 bullets, and in material taken from 9 hand swabs and 5 primers shows that there are potentially valuable forensic uses for such a method. While a more complete study is required, this method could possibly be used to prove (or disprove) relatiohships between bullets and manufacturers, weapons, or persons firing the weapons. Sample size requirements (1 microgram or less) are such that damaged or fragmented bullets, or minute particles therefrom, may be used for the required analyses. An experiment showed that gunshot residue from a test-fired weapon was detectable even after washing the hands.", "contents": "Potential uses of lead isotope ratios in gunshot cases. The determination of lead isotope ratios in 14 bullets, and in material taken from 9 hand swabs and 5 primers shows that there are potentially valuable forensic uses for such a method. While a more complete study is required, this method could possibly be used to prove (or disprove) relatiohships between bullets and manufacturers, weapons, or persons firing the weapons. Sample size requirements (1 microgram or less) are such that damaged or fragmented bullets, or minute particles therefrom, may be used for the required analyses. An experiment showed that gunshot residue from a test-fired weapon was detectable even after washing the hands.", "PMID": 649545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4337", "title": "Thin layer chromatographic screening method for sulfadiazine residues in calf tissues, plasma, and urine.", "content": "Because of the lack of specificity of the Bratton-Marshall procedure for assaying sulfonamides, a sensitive, specific tissue residue assay for sulfadiazine (SDZ) was developed. The methodology has been extended to provide a highly sensitive screen for sulfonamide residues, which employs 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography in conjunction with fluorescamine derivatization. The procedure described, which has been developed for SDZ in calf tissues, involves direct ethyl acetate extraction of tissue homogenates. Following evaporation of the organic phase, a portion of the residue is spotted on a 20 X 20 cm silica gel 60 plate, which is then developed in 2 dimensions with solvent systems devised to separate SDZ from endogenous substances as well as from 12 other sulfonamides that might be present in calf tissues. The presence of SDZ at a concentration of 0.1 ppm or its absence is easily demonstrated in calf kidney, liver, muscle, plasma, and urine. The basic method can be modified for a particular sulfonamide in a target tissue and can be used as a quantitative assay for sulfonamide residues.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatographic screening method for sulfadiazine residues in calf tissues, plasma, and urine. Because of the lack of specificity of the Bratton-Marshall procedure for assaying sulfonamides, a sensitive, specific tissue residue assay for sulfadiazine (SDZ) was developed. The methodology has been extended to provide a highly sensitive screen for sulfonamide residues, which employs 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography in conjunction with fluorescamine derivatization. The procedure described, which has been developed for SDZ in calf tissues, involves direct ethyl acetate extraction of tissue homogenates. Following evaporation of the organic phase, a portion of the residue is spotted on a 20 X 20 cm silica gel 60 plate, which is then developed in 2 dimensions with solvent systems devised to separate SDZ from endogenous substances as well as from 12 other sulfonamides that might be present in calf tissues. The presence of SDZ at a concentration of 0.1 ppm or its absence is easily demonstrated in calf kidney, liver, muscle, plasma, and urine. The basic method can be modified for a particular sulfonamide in a target tissue and can be used as a quantitative assay for sulfonamide residues.", "PMID": 649546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4338", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of ethopabate in feed premixes.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method is presented for determining ethopabate in 0.8 and 8.0% premixes. A sample is extracted with tetrahydrofuran containing an internal standard, by sonication or overnight soaking. The extract is clarified by centrifugation, diluted if necessary, and injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Average per cent recoveries for spiked blank samples were 100.6 at the 0.8% level and 100.4 at the 8.0% level. Precision, as indicated by replicate analyses of several premixes, ranged from 0.5 to 1.7% relative standard deviation.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of ethopabate in feed premixes. A gas-liquid chromatographic method is presented for determining ethopabate in 0.8 and 8.0% premixes. A sample is extracted with tetrahydrofuran containing an internal standard, by sonication or overnight soaking. The extract is clarified by centrifugation, diluted if necessary, and injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Average per cent recoveries for spiked blank samples were 100.6 at the 0.8% level and 100.4 at the 8.0% level. Precision, as indicated by replicate analyses of several premixes, ranged from 0.5 to 1.7% relative standard deviation.", "PMID": 649547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4339", "title": "Improved microbiological assay for penicillin residues in tissues and stability of residues under cooking procedures.", "content": "The microbiological assay for penicillin residues was improved by using centrifugation to remove physical barriers to diffusion, a small buffer/meat extraction ratio, and a more sensitive 2-layer assay system. Recoveries from muscle, kidney, and liver tissues ranged between 70.1 and 86.7% with measurable levels of 0.03--0.05 unit/g. By comparison, the Food and Drug-suggested methodology yielded recoveries of 45.9--54.0% and levels of detectability of 0.08--0.10 unit/g. Cooking of hamburger, steaks, and port chops indicated that procaine penicillin withstood cooking conditions, and significant levels of the original activity remained.", "contents": "Improved microbiological assay for penicillin residues in tissues and stability of residues under cooking procedures. The microbiological assay for penicillin residues was improved by using centrifugation to remove physical barriers to diffusion, a small buffer/meat extraction ratio, and a more sensitive 2-layer assay system. Recoveries from muscle, kidney, and liver tissues ranged between 70.1 and 86.7% with measurable levels of 0.03--0.05 unit/g. By comparison, the Food and Drug-suggested methodology yielded recoveries of 45.9--54.0% and levels of detectability of 0.08--0.10 unit/g. Cooking of hamburger, steaks, and port chops indicated that procaine penicillin withstood cooking conditions, and significant levels of the original activity remained.", "PMID": 649548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4340", "title": "Isolation and purification of moniliformin.", "content": "A bulk purification procedure is described for moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme. The method involves methanol extraction of suitably molded maize, aqueous extraction of the methanol-free residue, ion exchange chromatography with a NaCl concentration gradient, desalination, and crystallization. A pKa value of 1.70 as well as molar absorptivities of 19100 (lambda (H2O) max 229 nm), 5600 (lambda (H2O) max 260 nm), and 4700 (lambda (MeOH) max 260 nm) L/mole/cm are reported for moniliformin.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of moniliformin. A bulk purification procedure is described for moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme. The method involves methanol extraction of suitably molded maize, aqueous extraction of the methanol-free residue, ion exchange chromatography with a NaCl concentration gradient, desalination, and crystallization. A pKa value of 1.70 as well as molar absorptivities of 19100 (lambda (H2O) max 229 nm), 5600 (lambda (H2O) max 260 nm), and 4700 (lambda (MeOH) max 260 nm) L/mole/cm are reported for moniliformin.", "PMID": 649549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4341", "title": "Rapid thin layer chromatographic method for determining aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in corn.", "content": "A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic method is described for the analysis of corn. Aflatoxins are extracted from the samples with acetonitrile-water, and sodium bicarbonate is added to separate the acidic ochratoxin from zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. After chloroform extraction, 1N NaOH is added to separate zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. The separated mycotoxins are spotted on TLC plates, which are then examined under ultraviolet light. The following recoveries (%) were obtained for corn samples: aflatoxin B1 71, ochratoxin A 87, and zearalenone 85. The limits of detection for the respective mycotoxins were 2, 40, and 200 ppb.", "contents": "Rapid thin layer chromatographic method for determining aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in corn. A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic method is described for the analysis of corn. Aflatoxins are extracted from the samples with acetonitrile-water, and sodium bicarbonate is added to separate the acidic ochratoxin from zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. After chloroform extraction, 1N NaOH is added to separate zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. The separated mycotoxins are spotted on TLC plates, which are then examined under ultraviolet light. The following recoveries (%) were obtained for corn samples: aflatoxin B1 71, ochratoxin A 87, and zearalenone 85. The limits of detection for the respective mycotoxins were 2, 40, and 200 ppb.", "PMID": 649550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4342", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of xanthomegnin in corn.", "content": "A method is described for the detection and quantitative analysis of xanthomegnin in corn samples. Initial extraction with CHCl3 in the presence of 0.5M H3PO4 is followed by additional purification using silica gel column chromatography. A high pressure liquid chromatograph equipped with a microparticle silica gel column and a 405 nm absorbance detector is used for detection and quantitation of the xanthomegnin. The identity of xanthomegnin is confirmed by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates developed with benzene-methanol-acetic acid (90 + 5 + 5). The recovery of xanthomegnin added to corn samples at levels of 0.75--9.6 mg/kg averaged 41% with a coefficient of variation of 25%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of xanthomegnin in corn. A method is described for the detection and quantitative analysis of xanthomegnin in corn samples. Initial extraction with CHCl3 in the presence of 0.5M H3PO4 is followed by additional purification using silica gel column chromatography. A high pressure liquid chromatograph equipped with a microparticle silica gel column and a 405 nm absorbance detector is used for detection and quantitation of the xanthomegnin. The identity of xanthomegnin is confirmed by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates developed with benzene-methanol-acetic acid (90 + 5 + 5). The recovery of xanthomegnin added to corn samples at levels of 0.75--9.6 mg/kg averaged 41% with a coefficient of variation of 25%.", "PMID": 649551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4343", "title": "Determination of zearalenone in cornflakes and other corn-based foods by thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry.", "content": "A simple cleanup procedure based on pH adjustments was used to obtain extracts of corn foods. The method gave good recoveries of zearalenone determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). As little as 5 ng zearalenone was detected by TLC, using Fast Violet B Salt as the spray reagent; the lower limit of detection in cornflakes was about 20 microgram/kg. With HPLC on Spherisorb silica (5 micrometer) and detection by fluorescence at an excitation maximum of 310 nm as little as 5 microgram zearalenone/kg cornflakes could be determined. While the TLC method was also applicable to corn chips, cornmeal, popcorn, and frozen corn, an interference was observed in HPLC of the latter 3 products. This interference was separated from zearalenone by adding a second HPLC analytical column (Spherisorb ODS). Gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric single ion monitoring at high resolution, although of limited availability, was shown to be the most sensitive and selective method for determining zearalenone in corn foods. The natural occurrence of zearalenone in a sample of cornflakes (13-20 microgram/kg) was demonstrated by all 3 detection procedures.", "contents": "Determination of zearalenone in cornflakes and other corn-based foods by thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. A simple cleanup procedure based on pH adjustments was used to obtain extracts of corn foods. The method gave good recoveries of zearalenone determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). As little as 5 ng zearalenone was detected by TLC, using Fast Violet B Salt as the spray reagent; the lower limit of detection in cornflakes was about 20 microgram/kg. With HPLC on Spherisorb silica (5 micrometer) and detection by fluorescence at an excitation maximum of 310 nm as little as 5 microgram zearalenone/kg cornflakes could be determined. While the TLC method was also applicable to corn chips, cornmeal, popcorn, and frozen corn, an interference was observed in HPLC of the latter 3 products. This interference was separated from zearalenone by adding a second HPLC analytical column (Spherisorb ODS). Gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric single ion monitoring at high resolution, although of limited availability, was shown to be the most sensitive and selective method for determining zearalenone in corn foods. The natural occurrence of zearalenone in a sample of cornflakes (13-20 microgram/kg) was demonstrated by all 3 detection procedures.", "PMID": 649552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4344", "title": "Thymidine kinase heterozygous L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutational assay.", "content": "The biological basis and protocol for the thymidine kinase heterozygous L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutational assay (TK+/-) are described. The TK+/- assay is used for the detection of mutations produced by chemicals or radiation.", "contents": "Thymidine kinase heterozygous L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutational assay. The biological basis and protocol for the thymidine kinase heterozygous L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutational assay (TK+/-) are described. The TK+/- assay is used for the detection of mutations produced by chemicals or radiation.", "PMID": 649553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4345", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of strychnine, using a reverse phase solvent system.", "content": "A simple, rapid extraction and subsequent determination for strychnine, using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a reverse phase solvent system, is described. Stomach contents or grain bait containing strychnine were made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform. Extract filtrates were injected directly into a liquid chromatograph without further preparation except for dilution, if necessary. Peaks were resolved within 3.5 min and peak heights were used for quantitation. HPLC of strychnine was carried out on a 30 cm X 4 mm id stainless steel column packed with micronBondapak C18. The solvent program was 0.005M phosphate buffer-methanol (60+40) at a flow of 1.5 ml/min. Recovery from spiked stomach contents was 93.9 +/- 3.5%. The detection capability for strynchnine, using the 254 nm ultraviolet detector, was 5 ng. The strychnine peak was collected and subjected to thin layer chromatography with strychnine standards for confirmation.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of strychnine, using a reverse phase solvent system. A simple, rapid extraction and subsequent determination for strychnine, using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a reverse phase solvent system, is described. Stomach contents or grain bait containing strychnine were made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform. Extract filtrates were injected directly into a liquid chromatograph without further preparation except for dilution, if necessary. Peaks were resolved within 3.5 min and peak heights were used for quantitation. HPLC of strychnine was carried out on a 30 cm X 4 mm id stainless steel column packed with micronBondapak C18. The solvent program was 0.005M phosphate buffer-methanol (60+40) at a flow of 1.5 ml/min. Recovery from spiked stomach contents was 93.9 +/- 3.5%. The detection capability for strynchnine, using the 254 nm ultraviolet detector, was 5 ng. The strychnine peak was collected and subjected to thin layer chromatography with strychnine standards for confirmation.", "PMID": 649554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4346", "title": "Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cyhexatin in apples.", "content": "A rapid method using atomic absorption spectrometry has been developed for determining residues of cyhexatin in apples. Each analysis takes less than 30 min and the method is sensitive to less than 0.1 mg cyhexatin/kg. Recoveries varied from approximately 100% at 0.25 and 0.05 mg/kg to 70% at 5 mg/kg. No acid digestion or cleanup is required for the analysis.", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cyhexatin in apples. A rapid method using atomic absorption spectrometry has been developed for determining residues of cyhexatin in apples. Each analysis takes less than 30 min and the method is sensitive to less than 0.1 mg cyhexatin/kg. Recoveries varied from approximately 100% at 0.25 and 0.05 mg/kg to 70% at 5 mg/kg. No acid digestion or cleanup is required for the analysis.", "PMID": 649555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4347", "title": "Analytical behavior data for chemicals determined using AOAC multiresidue methodology for pesticide residues in foods.", "content": "Analytical methods capable of detecting more than one pesticide residue simultaneously (multiresidue methods) become more effective with an increase in the number of chemicals whose behavior through the various steps of the method has been documented. Since 1970, the method behavior data related to the AOAC official method for residues of 25 chlorinated and phosphated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls have been extended to include information on twice as many chemicals as was previously available. The value of having a large bank of method behavior data is outlined and the experimental protocol by which the data were collected is described. A complete listing is included of the available data on the analytical behavior of over 300 pesticidal and/or industrial chemicals.", "contents": "Analytical behavior data for chemicals determined using AOAC multiresidue methodology for pesticide residues in foods. Analytical methods capable of detecting more than one pesticide residue simultaneously (multiresidue methods) become more effective with an increase in the number of chemicals whose behavior through the various steps of the method has been documented. Since 1970, the method behavior data related to the AOAC official method for residues of 25 chlorinated and phosphated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls have been extended to include information on twice as many chemicals as was previously available. The value of having a large bank of method behavior data is outlined and the experimental protocol by which the data were collected is described. A complete listing is included of the available data on the analytical behavior of over 300 pesticidal and/or industrial chemicals.", "PMID": 649556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4348", "title": "Direct analysis of lead in fruit juice by anodic stripping voltammetry with no prior sample preparation.", "content": "A method is presented for determining lead in fruit juice in less than 3 min after instrument calibration. The range examined is 0.01 to 1.3 ppm lead. The method is compared with 3 other methods in general use. Standard error of estimates between the methods compared range from 0.023 to 0.051 ppm for a set of 50 samples and from 0.037 to 0.091 ppm for a set of 9 samples. Regression correlation coefficients between methods range from 0.968 to 0.995. Judged by the comparisons, the direct method is precise and accurate over greater than a 100-fold range of lead concentrations.", "contents": "Direct analysis of lead in fruit juice by anodic stripping voltammetry with no prior sample preparation. A method is presented for determining lead in fruit juice in less than 3 min after instrument calibration. The range examined is 0.01 to 1.3 ppm lead. The method is compared with 3 other methods in general use. Standard error of estimates between the methods compared range from 0.023 to 0.051 ppm for a set of 50 samples and from 0.037 to 0.091 ppm for a set of 9 samples. Regression correlation coefficients between methods range from 0.968 to 0.995. Judged by the comparisons, the direct method is precise and accurate over greater than a 100-fold range of lead concentrations.", "PMID": 649557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4349", "title": "Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopic determination of heavy metals in whole-fish samples.", "content": "Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy with a carbon rod atomizer was used to determine lead, cadmium, and chromium in whole-fish samples. Samples were dry-ashed, and the metals were separated by solvent extraction with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate in methyl isobutyl ketone, and then back-partitioned into an aqueous acid solution for analysis. The back-partitioning step allows a direct comparison of sample solutions with aqueous solutions of the standard. Recoveries of the metals from fortified samples averaged 91% (+/-9.6) for lead and 100% (+/-5.6) for chromium at the 0.1-1 ppm level, and 100% (+/-13.3) for cadmium at the 0.01-0.1 ppm level.", "contents": "Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopic determination of heavy metals in whole-fish samples. Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy with a carbon rod atomizer was used to determine lead, cadmium, and chromium in whole-fish samples. Samples were dry-ashed, and the metals were separated by solvent extraction with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate in methyl isobutyl ketone, and then back-partitioned into an aqueous acid solution for analysis. The back-partitioning step allows a direct comparison of sample solutions with aqueous solutions of the standard. Recoveries of the metals from fortified samples averaged 91% (+/-9.6) for lead and 100% (+/-5.6) for chromium at the 0.1-1 ppm level, and 100% (+/-13.3) for cadmium at the 0.01-0.1 ppm level.", "PMID": 649558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4350", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic separation and quantitation of chlordiazepoxide.HCl and two of its related compounds.", "content": "A method is described for the separation and quantitative determination of chlordiazepoxide. HCl and 2 related compounds, 7-chloro-1-3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one-4-oxide (CBO) and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB), by high pressure liquid chromatography. The 3 compounds are separated on a reverse phase microparticulate column packing, using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and aqueous ammonium acetate. Bulk powders or capsule formulations are quantitated by direct comparison of their peak heights to those of appropriate reference standards. Data are presented showing the limit of detectability for the related compounds to be less than 80 ng CBO/ml and less than 40 ng ACB/ml. Based on peak heights, the relative standard deviation for the precision for chlordiazepoxide.HCl is 0.42%. Recoveries from laboratory-prepared samples for chlordiazepoxide.HCl were 99.4%; CBO, 102.4%; and ACB, 99.7%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic separation and quantitation of chlordiazepoxide.HCl and two of its related compounds. A method is described for the separation and quantitative determination of chlordiazepoxide. HCl and 2 related compounds, 7-chloro-1-3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one-4-oxide (CBO) and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB), by high pressure liquid chromatography. The 3 compounds are separated on a reverse phase microparticulate column packing, using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and aqueous ammonium acetate. Bulk powders or capsule formulations are quantitated by direct comparison of their peak heights to those of appropriate reference standards. Data are presented showing the limit of detectability for the related compounds to be less than 80 ng CBO/ml and less than 40 ng ACB/ml. Based on peak heights, the relative standard deviation for the precision for chlordiazepoxide.HCl is 0.42%. Recoveries from laboratory-prepared samples for chlordiazepoxide.HCl were 99.4%; CBO, 102.4%; and ACB, 99.7%.", "PMID": 649559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4351", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of cocaine.HCl in pouders and tablets: collaborative study.", "content": "Eight laboratories collaboratively studied a method for the quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) determination of cocaine.HCl in solid forms. The cocaine.HCl and other water solubles are dissolved in dilute HCl. The aqueous solution is made weakly basic with K2HPO4, and the organic solubles are extracted into CHCl3 for the GLC determination of cocaine. Tetracosane (n-C24) is incorporated in the extracting CHCl3 as an internal standard. Five samples of known cocaine.HCl concentration and one sample of commercial ground tablets were collaboratively studied. The cocaine.HCl content ranged from 6 to 100%. Recoveries ranged from 98.7 to 103%; coefficients of variation ranged from 0.89 to 3.16. The method was adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of cocaine.HCl in pouders and tablets: collaborative study. Eight laboratories collaboratively studied a method for the quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) determination of cocaine.HCl in solid forms. The cocaine.HCl and other water solubles are dissolved in dilute HCl. The aqueous solution is made weakly basic with K2HPO4, and the organic solubles are extracted into CHCl3 for the GLC determination of cocaine. Tetracosane (n-C24) is incorporated in the extracting CHCl3 as an internal standard. Five samples of known cocaine.HCl concentration and one sample of commercial ground tablets were collaboratively studied. The cocaine.HCl content ranged from 6 to 100%. Recoveries ranged from 98.7 to 103%; coefficients of variation ranged from 0.89 to 3.16. The method was adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 649560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4352", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic method for probenecid in flavored oral suspensions containing ampicillin: collaborative studies.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for determining probenecid in oral suspensions of amoxicillin was applied to the determination of probenecid in oral suspensions of ampicillin. Three preparations containing various known amounts of probenecid in synthetic mixtures of ampicillin oral suspensions were analyzed by 5 chemists in an intralaboratory study, with satisfactory results. Blind duplicates of 3 prepared oral suspensions were sent to 12 collaborators, who were instructed to analyze the samples in a fixed random order. The standards showed a satisfactory linear response. Average recoveries of probenecid in the interlaboratory study for the 6 mixtures ranged from 95.2 to 99.1%, and the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.63 to 4.9%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic method for probenecid in flavored oral suspensions containing ampicillin: collaborative studies. A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for determining probenecid in oral suspensions of amoxicillin was applied to the determination of probenecid in oral suspensions of ampicillin. Three preparations containing various known amounts of probenecid in synthetic mixtures of ampicillin oral suspensions were analyzed by 5 chemists in an intralaboratory study, with satisfactory results. Blind duplicates of 3 prepared oral suspensions were sent to 12 collaborators, who were instructed to analyze the samples in a fixed random order. The standards showed a satisfactory linear response. Average recoveries of probenecid in the interlaboratory study for the 6 mixtures ranged from 95.2 to 99.1%, and the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.63 to 4.9%.", "PMID": 649561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4353", "title": "Measurement of the bioavailability of iron, using the rat hemoglobin repletion test.", "content": "Variations in the AOAC official first action rat hemoglobin repletion test for iron were studied. These changes included (1) use of a simplified basal diet to eliminate ingredients which sometimes contribute too much iron; (2) increased fortification of the basal diet with vitamin E, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine; (3) increased dietary copper; (4) variations in the carbohydrate source in the basal diet; (5) changes in the length of the depletion and repletion periods; and (6) comparison of prophylactic and curative procedures. The changes yielded results comparable to those obtained with the present official method. Further study may reveal that the depletion period can be shortened or eliminated. To fully meet the rat's vitamin requirements, increased levels of vitamin E, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine are recommended. It is further recommended that the present method remain in official first action status, and that study be continued.", "contents": "Measurement of the bioavailability of iron, using the rat hemoglobin repletion test. Variations in the AOAC official first action rat hemoglobin repletion test for iron were studied. These changes included (1) use of a simplified basal diet to eliminate ingredients which sometimes contribute too much iron; (2) increased fortification of the basal diet with vitamin E, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine; (3) increased dietary copper; (4) variations in the carbohydrate source in the basal diet; (5) changes in the length of the depletion and repletion periods; and (6) comparison of prophylactic and curative procedures. The changes yielded results comparable to those obtained with the present official method. Further study may reveal that the depletion period can be shortened or eliminated. To fully meet the rat's vitamin requirements, increased levels of vitamin E, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine are recommended. It is further recommended that the present method remain in official first action status, and that study be continued.", "PMID": 649562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4354", "title": "Atomic absorption spectrometric and colorimetric determination of iron in seafoods.", "content": "Iron levels in 14 seafoods were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) on freeze-dried composites. Samples were prepared for analysis after dry-ashing at 550 degrees C and wet digestion in HNO3-HClO4. Paired analysis of wet digests were accomplished by AAS and use of the colorimetric reagent, ferrozine. There was no significant difference in iron levels of seafoods due to sample preparation. While individual species levels were not significantly different between the AAS and colorimetric procedures, evaluation of all determinations indicates that ferrozine gives lower values (P less than 0.005) by 8%. Iron levels in seafoods in microgram/g dry weight (mg/100 g wet weight) determined by AAS on wet-digested samples were: 8 species of white finfish, 16.3 +/- 4.2 (0.31 +/- 0.08); Pacific shrimp, 12.3 +/- 1.4 (0.29 +/- 0.03); canned tuna, water pack, 16.6 +/- 2.9 (0.49 +/- 0.09); sockeye salmon, 29.0 +/- 5.5 (0.89 +/- 0.25); American shad, 29.1 +/- 1.5 (0.97 +/- 0.05); Pacific oysters, 391 +/- 45 (6.54 +/- 1.39); and Dungeness crab, 17.1 +/- 2.5 (0.35 +/- 0.05).", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectrometric and colorimetric determination of iron in seafoods. Iron levels in 14 seafoods were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) on freeze-dried composites. Samples were prepared for analysis after dry-ashing at 550 degrees C and wet digestion in HNO3-HClO4. Paired analysis of wet digests were accomplished by AAS and use of the colorimetric reagent, ferrozine. There was no significant difference in iron levels of seafoods due to sample preparation. While individual species levels were not significantly different between the AAS and colorimetric procedures, evaluation of all determinations indicates that ferrozine gives lower values (P less than 0.005) by 8%. Iron levels in seafoods in microgram/g dry weight (mg/100 g wet weight) determined by AAS on wet-digested samples were: 8 species of white finfish, 16.3 +/- 4.2 (0.31 +/- 0.08); Pacific shrimp, 12.3 +/- 1.4 (0.29 +/- 0.03); canned tuna, water pack, 16.6 +/- 2.9 (0.49 +/- 0.09); sockeye salmon, 29.0 +/- 5.5 (0.89 +/- 0.25); American shad, 29.1 +/- 1.5 (0.97 +/- 0.05); Pacific oysters, 391 +/- 45 (6.54 +/- 1.39); and Dungeness crab, 17.1 +/- 2.5 (0.35 +/- 0.05).", "PMID": 649563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4355", "title": "Automated fluorometric analysis of calcium pantothenate in multivitamin preparations.", "content": "An automated fluorometric procedures is described for assaying calcium pantothenate in multivitamin preparations. Sample extracts containing calcium pantothenate are treated on-line with a slurry of magnesium trisilicate which removes any interfering riboflavin that may be present. The filtrate is resampled, mixed on-line with a slurry of Dowex 50W-X4 (H+) which removes any interfering beta-alanine that may be present, and dialyzed. Dialysates are hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium and reacted with a mixture of o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol in boric acid solution. The fluorescence intensity due to the formation of a fluorogenic compound is measured at 455 nm after excitation at 350 nm. The procedure developed is capable of analyzing 20 samples/hr. Analytical data indicate that calcium pantothenate is assayed reliably both from real and synthetic multivitamin preparations. The mean recovery of calcium pantothenate added to sample solutions of tablet composites was 95.4%.", "contents": "Automated fluorometric analysis of calcium pantothenate in multivitamin preparations. An automated fluorometric procedures is described for assaying calcium pantothenate in multivitamin preparations. Sample extracts containing calcium pantothenate are treated on-line with a slurry of magnesium trisilicate which removes any interfering riboflavin that may be present. The filtrate is resampled, mixed on-line with a slurry of Dowex 50W-X4 (H+) which removes any interfering beta-alanine that may be present, and dialyzed. Dialysates are hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium and reacted with a mixture of o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol in boric acid solution. The fluorescence intensity due to the formation of a fluorogenic compound is measured at 455 nm after excitation at 350 nm. The procedure developed is capable of analyzing 20 samples/hr. Analytical data indicate that calcium pantothenate is assayed reliably both from real and synthetic multivitamin preparations. The mean recovery of calcium pantothenate added to sample solutions of tablet composites was 95.4%.", "PMID": 649564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4356", "title": "Application of the official AOAC chloresterol Method to a wide variety of food products.", "content": "This paper presents analytical data on the cholesterol content of selected consumer food products including some fats and oils. The cholesterol data are grouped by food products. To determine the reproducibility of cholesterol values, recovery data were obtained from samples of pure vegetable shortening spiked at 40 and 20 mg cholesterol (as cholesteryl palmitate)/100 g fat. Average recoveries were 97.1% and 95.5% with coefficients of variation of 1.27 and 3.24%, respectively.", "contents": "Application of the official AOAC chloresterol Method to a wide variety of food products. This paper presents analytical data on the cholesterol content of selected consumer food products including some fats and oils. The cholesterol data are grouped by food products. To determine the reproducibility of cholesterol values, recovery data were obtained from samples of pure vegetable shortening spiked at 40 and 20 mg cholesterol (as cholesteryl palmitate)/100 g fat. Average recoveries were 97.1% and 95.5% with coefficients of variation of 1.27 and 3.24%, respectively.", "PMID": 649565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4357", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of vitamin A in oils and fats.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for determining vitamin A based on interaction with 50% trichloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane was developed. The blue reaction product had a maximum absorption at 620 nm and obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 0.5-5.0 microgram retinol/ml solution. The molar absorptivity of the reaction product was 1.58 X 10(5). As much as 100 microgram vitamin D2, and beta-carotene up to 12 times the vitamin A concentration, did not interfere with the determination. The results obtained from the determination of vitamin A in cod liver oil and butter showed excellent agreement with the Carr-Price method, 43.013(d).", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of vitamin A in oils and fats. A spectrophotometric method for determining vitamin A based on interaction with 50% trichloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane was developed. The blue reaction product had a maximum absorption at 620 nm and obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 0.5-5.0 microgram retinol/ml solution. The molar absorptivity of the reaction product was 1.58 X 10(5). As much as 100 microgram vitamin D2, and beta-carotene up to 12 times the vitamin A concentration, did not interfere with the determination. The results obtained from the determination of vitamin A in cod liver oil and butter showed excellent agreement with the Carr-Price method, 43.013(d).", "PMID": 649566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4358", "title": "Bacterial leaching patterns on pyrite crystal surfaces.", "content": "Selected pyrite crystals were placed as a bacterial energy source into stationary cultures of Thiobacillus ferroxidans. Scanning electron microscope studies performed after a period of 2 years on these crystals revealed bacterial etching pits in characteristic patterns; they include pit arrangements in loose statistical disorder, in pairs, in clusters, and most remarkably in pearl-string-like chains. It has previously been confirmed that the chemical processes of bacterial leaching occur mainly in the region of contact between bacteria and the sulfide surface. The evidence presented in this experiment strongly suggests that the observed bacterial distributions are critically dependent on crystal structure and on deviations in the crystal order (fracture lines, dislocations) of the leachable substrate.", "contents": "Bacterial leaching patterns on pyrite crystal surfaces. Selected pyrite crystals were placed as a bacterial energy source into stationary cultures of Thiobacillus ferroxidans. Scanning electron microscope studies performed after a period of 2 years on these crystals revealed bacterial etching pits in characteristic patterns; they include pit arrangements in loose statistical disorder, in pairs, in clusters, and most remarkably in pearl-string-like chains. It has previously been confirmed that the chemical processes of bacterial leaching occur mainly in the region of contact between bacteria and the sulfide surface. The evidence presented in this experiment strongly suggests that the observed bacterial distributions are critically dependent on crystal structure and on deviations in the crystal order (fracture lines, dislocations) of the leachable substrate.", "PMID": 649567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4359", "title": "Biochemical and genetic properties of site-specific restriction endonucleases in Bacillus globigii.", "content": "Bacillus globigii contains two site-specific endonucleases, BPGLI AND BglI. A rapid technique for selection of mutants deficient in each of these enzymes was developed using sensitivity to infection by bacteriophage SP50 as an indication of the levels of enzyme. Mutants defective in BglI, BglII, and both BglI and BglII retained the wild-type modification phenotype. Genetic and biochemical studies have established that these enzymes are involved in restriction in vivo. Simplified purification procedures for BglI and BglII using these mutants are described.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic properties of site-specific restriction endonucleases in Bacillus globigii. Bacillus globigii contains two site-specific endonucleases, BPGLI AND BglI. A rapid technique for selection of mutants deficient in each of these enzymes was developed using sensitivity to infection by bacteriophage SP50 as an indication of the levels of enzyme. Mutants defective in BglI, BglII, and both BglI and BglII retained the wild-type modification phenotype. Genetic and biochemical studies have established that these enzymes are involved in restriction in vivo. Simplified purification procedures for BglI and BglII using these mutants are described.", "PMID": 649568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4360", "title": "Cleavage maps of a tetracycline plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The cleavage maps of a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid, pSN1 (2.75 megadaltons), conferring tetracycline resistance, were determined. Cleavage maps are given for HpaI and HindIII restriction endonucleases by using the single HpaII site as a reference point. Nucleases EcoRI, BamHI, SalI, and HaeIII have no sites on this plasmid.", "contents": "Cleavage maps of a tetracycline plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus. The cleavage maps of a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid, pSN1 (2.75 megadaltons), conferring tetracycline resistance, were determined. Cleavage maps are given for HpaI and HindIII restriction endonucleases by using the single HpaII site as a reference point. Nucleases EcoRI, BamHI, SalI, and HaeIII have no sites on this plasmid.", "PMID": 649569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4361", "title": "Spheroplast fusion and heterokaryon formation in Mucor racemosus.", "content": "Heterokaryons of Mucor racemosus were produced by fusion of spheroplasts from two auxotrophic strains of the fungus. Germinated sporangiospores were converted to spheroplasts by using commercial chitinase and Myxobacter AL-1 chitosanase. Spheroplasts from the auxotrophic strains were mixed in a buffered Ca(NO3)2 solution and fusion occurred. After cell wall regeneration, prototrophs were isolated. The frequency of heterokaryon formation was 1.45 X 10(-4). Prototrophic isolates segregated parental nuclei at a high frequency, indicating that heterokaryons had formed.", "contents": "Spheroplast fusion and heterokaryon formation in Mucor racemosus. Heterokaryons of Mucor racemosus were produced by fusion of spheroplasts from two auxotrophic strains of the fungus. Germinated sporangiospores were converted to spheroplasts by using commercial chitinase and Myxobacter AL-1 chitosanase. Spheroplasts from the auxotrophic strains were mixed in a buffered Ca(NO3)2 solution and fusion occurred. After cell wall regeneration, prototrophs were isolated. The frequency of heterokaryon formation was 1.45 X 10(-4). Prototrophic isolates segregated parental nuclei at a high frequency, indicating that heterokaryons had formed.", "PMID": 649570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4362", "title": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of Gluconobacter oxydans before and after intracytoplasmic membrane formation.", "content": "Gluconobacter oxydans differentiates by forming quantities of intracytoplasmic membranes at the end of exponential growth, and this formation occurs concurrently with a 60% increase in cellular lipid. The present study was initiated to determine whether this newly synthesized lipid differed from that extracted before intracytoplasmic membrane synthesis. Undifferentiated exponential-phase cells were found to contain 30% phosphatidylcholine, 27.1% caridolipin, 25% phosphatidylethanolamine, 12.5% phosphatidylglycerol, 0.4% phosphatidic acid, 0.2% phosphatidylserine, and four additional unidentified lipids totaling less than 5%. The only change detected after formation of intracytoplasmic membranes was a slight decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine and a corresponding increase in phosphatidylcholine. An examination of lipid hydrolysates revealed 11 different fatty acids in the lipids from each cell type. Hexadecanoic acid and monounsaturated octadecenoic accounted for more than 75% of the total fatty acids for both cell types. Proportional changes were noted in all fatty acids except octadecenoate. Anteiso-pentadecanoate comprised less than 1% of the fatty acids from undifferentiated cells but more than 13% of the total fatty acids from cells containing intracytoplasmic membranes. These results suggest that anteiso-pentadecanoate formation closely parallels the formation of intracytoplasmic membranes. Increased concentrations of this fatty acid may contribute to the fluidity necessary for plasma membrane convolution during intracytoplasmic membrane development.", "contents": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of Gluconobacter oxydans before and after intracytoplasmic membrane formation. Gluconobacter oxydans differentiates by forming quantities of intracytoplasmic membranes at the end of exponential growth, and this formation occurs concurrently with a 60% increase in cellular lipid. The present study was initiated to determine whether this newly synthesized lipid differed from that extracted before intracytoplasmic membrane synthesis. Undifferentiated exponential-phase cells were found to contain 30% phosphatidylcholine, 27.1% caridolipin, 25% phosphatidylethanolamine, 12.5% phosphatidylglycerol, 0.4% phosphatidic acid, 0.2% phosphatidylserine, and four additional unidentified lipids totaling less than 5%. The only change detected after formation of intracytoplasmic membranes was a slight decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine and a corresponding increase in phosphatidylcholine. An examination of lipid hydrolysates revealed 11 different fatty acids in the lipids from each cell type. Hexadecanoic acid and monounsaturated octadecenoic accounted for more than 75% of the total fatty acids for both cell types. Proportional changes were noted in all fatty acids except octadecenoate. Anteiso-pentadecanoate comprised less than 1% of the fatty acids from undifferentiated cells but more than 13% of the total fatty acids from cells containing intracytoplasmic membranes. These results suggest that anteiso-pentadecanoate formation closely parallels the formation of intracytoplasmic membranes. Increased concentrations of this fatty acid may contribute to the fluidity necessary for plasma membrane convolution during intracytoplasmic membrane development.", "PMID": 649571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4363", "title": "Multiplicity of genome equivalents in the radiation-resistant bacterium Micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "The complexity of the genome of Micrococcus radiodurans was determined to be (2.0 +/- 0.3) X 10(9) daltons by DNA renaturation kinetics. The number of genome equivalents of DNA per cell was calculated from the complexity and the content of DNA. A lower limit of four genome equivalents per cell was approached with decreasing growth rate. Thus, no haploid stage appeared to be realized in this organism. The replication time was estimated from the kinetics and amount of residual DNA synthesis after inhibiting initiation of new rounds of replication. From this, the redundancy of terminal genetic markers was calculated to vary with growth rate from four to approximately eight copies per cell. All genetic material, including the least abundant, is thus multiply represented in each cell. The potential significance of the maintenance in each cell of multiple gene copies is discussed in relation to the extreme radiation resistance of M. radiodurans.", "contents": "Multiplicity of genome equivalents in the radiation-resistant bacterium Micrococcus radiodurans. The complexity of the genome of Micrococcus radiodurans was determined to be (2.0 +/- 0.3) X 10(9) daltons by DNA renaturation kinetics. The number of genome equivalents of DNA per cell was calculated from the complexity and the content of DNA. A lower limit of four genome equivalents per cell was approached with decreasing growth rate. Thus, no haploid stage appeared to be realized in this organism. The replication time was estimated from the kinetics and amount of residual DNA synthesis after inhibiting initiation of new rounds of replication. From this, the redundancy of terminal genetic markers was calculated to vary with growth rate from four to approximately eight copies per cell. All genetic material, including the least abundant, is thus multiply represented in each cell. The potential significance of the maintenance in each cell of multiple gene copies is discussed in relation to the extreme radiation resistance of M. radiodurans.", "PMID": 649572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4364", "title": "Regulation of macromolecular synthesis during hyphal germ tube emergence from Mucor racemosus sporangiospores.", "content": "Protein and RNA syntheses were examined during hyphal germ tube emergence from sporangiospores of a dimorphic phycomycete, Mucor racemosus. Both classes of macromolecules were synthesized immediately upon introduction of the dormant sporangiospores into nutrient medium. The specific rates of synthesis of both protein and RNA accelerated during initial germ tube emergence and reached a maximum when the emergence of new germ tubes ended. The specific rates of synthesis later decreased during further hyphal elongation. The distribution of ribosomes between active polysomes and monosomes and inactive subunits was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the rate of amino acid addition to nascent polypeptide chains was calculated throughout the developmental sequence. The results showed that both the percentage of ribosomes active in protein synthesis and the velocity of ribosome movement along the mRNA were continuously adjusted throughout hyphal germ tube development. The free intracellular amino acid pools were measured throughout development. Alanine, glutamate, and aspartate were present at very high concentrations in the dormant spores but were rapidly depleted during hyphal germ tube emergence. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to hyphal germ tube development from yeast cells of Mucor and dormant spores of other fungal species.", "contents": "Regulation of macromolecular synthesis during hyphal germ tube emergence from Mucor racemosus sporangiospores. Protein and RNA syntheses were examined during hyphal germ tube emergence from sporangiospores of a dimorphic phycomycete, Mucor racemosus. Both classes of macromolecules were synthesized immediately upon introduction of the dormant sporangiospores into nutrient medium. The specific rates of synthesis of both protein and RNA accelerated during initial germ tube emergence and reached a maximum when the emergence of new germ tubes ended. The specific rates of synthesis later decreased during further hyphal elongation. The distribution of ribosomes between active polysomes and monosomes and inactive subunits was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the rate of amino acid addition to nascent polypeptide chains was calculated throughout the developmental sequence. The results showed that both the percentage of ribosomes active in protein synthesis and the velocity of ribosome movement along the mRNA were continuously adjusted throughout hyphal germ tube development. The free intracellular amino acid pools were measured throughout development. Alanine, glutamate, and aspartate were present at very high concentrations in the dormant spores but were rapidly depleted during hyphal germ tube emergence. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to hyphal germ tube development from yeast cells of Mucor and dormant spores of other fungal species.", "PMID": 649573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4365", "title": "Relationship between ATP and energy charge during lethal metabolic stress of the marine isopod Cirolana borealis.", "content": "The relationship between ATP and energy charge was studied in individuals of Cirolana borealis under heavy metabolic stress caused by anoxia or exposure to toluene. Prolonged anoxia led to a lowering of the ATP content to about 10% after 4 days, with a simultaneous decrease in energy charge to about 0.25. A lowering of the total adenylate pool reduced the fall in energy charge somewhat, but this effect was marked only in late anoxia when the individuals had become inactive. Exposure to 0.14 mM toluene for 8 days led to a similar decrease in ATP and energy charge. Exposure to 1.4 mM toluene for 24 h led to only slight changes in the adenine nucleotide pool, although the individuals became narcotized within a few hours. The energy charge associated with moribund individuals thus varied much. The mechanism of energy charge stabilization through reduction of the adenine nucleotide pool as ATP declined seemed to be of little significance for the survival of the individuals.", "contents": "Relationship between ATP and energy charge during lethal metabolic stress of the marine isopod Cirolana borealis. The relationship between ATP and energy charge was studied in individuals of Cirolana borealis under heavy metabolic stress caused by anoxia or exposure to toluene. Prolonged anoxia led to a lowering of the ATP content to about 10% after 4 days, with a simultaneous decrease in energy charge to about 0.25. A lowering of the total adenylate pool reduced the fall in energy charge somewhat, but this effect was marked only in late anoxia when the individuals had become inactive. Exposure to 0.14 mM toluene for 8 days led to a similar decrease in ATP and energy charge. Exposure to 1.4 mM toluene for 24 h led to only slight changes in the adenine nucleotide pool, although the individuals became narcotized within a few hours. The energy charge associated with moribund individuals thus varied much. The mechanism of energy charge stabilization through reduction of the adenine nucleotide pool as ATP declined seemed to be of little significance for the survival of the individuals.", "PMID": 649574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4366", "title": "Glucagon treatment stimulates the metabolism of hepatic submitochondrial particles.", "content": "Hepatic submitochondrial particles, prepared at neutral pH from rats pretreated with glucagon, exhibited stimulated rates of State 3 and uncoupled respiration when succinate or NADH were the substrates, but not when ascorbate plus N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine were employed. Measurements of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence in the particles indicated that glucagon treatment resulted in a stimulation of energization supported by succinate respiration or ATP hydrolysis. Similarly, the energy-linked pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and reverse electron flow reactions driven by succinate oxidation or ATP were also stimulated. The results indicate that mitochondrial substrate transport is not the prime locus of glucagon action. It is suggested that the increased level of energization in particles prepared from glucagon-treated rats is a reflection of a stimulation of the respiratory chain, possibly between cytochromes b and c, and the ATP-forming reactions.", "contents": "Glucagon treatment stimulates the metabolism of hepatic submitochondrial particles. Hepatic submitochondrial particles, prepared at neutral pH from rats pretreated with glucagon, exhibited stimulated rates of State 3 and uncoupled respiration when succinate or NADH were the substrates, but not when ascorbate plus N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine were employed. Measurements of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence in the particles indicated that glucagon treatment resulted in a stimulation of energization supported by succinate respiration or ATP hydrolysis. Similarly, the energy-linked pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and reverse electron flow reactions driven by succinate oxidation or ATP were also stimulated. The results indicate that mitochondrial substrate transport is not the prime locus of glucagon action. It is suggested that the increased level of energization in particles prepared from glucagon-treated rats is a reflection of a stimulation of the respiratory chain, possibly between cytochromes b and c, and the ATP-forming reactions.", "PMID": 649575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4367", "title": "Suppression of histone deacetylation in vivo and in vitro by sodium butyrate.", "content": "In HeLa cells which have been exposed to 5 mM sodium butyrate for 21 h, the level of histone acetylation is greatly increased as compared to control cells (Riggs, M.G., Whittaker, R.G., Neumann, J.R., and Ingram, V.R. (1977) Nature 268, 462-464). Our experiments indicate that the increase in the relative amounts of multiacetylated forms of histones H4 and H3 following butyrate treatment is the result of an inhibition of histone deacetylase activity.", "contents": "Suppression of histone deacetylation in vivo and in vitro by sodium butyrate. In HeLa cells which have been exposed to 5 mM sodium butyrate for 21 h, the level of histone acetylation is greatly increased as compared to control cells (Riggs, M.G., Whittaker, R.G., Neumann, J.R., and Ingram, V.R. (1977) Nature 268, 462-464). Our experiments indicate that the increase in the relative amounts of multiacetylated forms of histones H4 and H3 following butyrate treatment is the result of an inhibition of histone deacetylase activity.", "PMID": 649576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4368", "title": "UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction of glucose 1-phosphate with uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate].", "content": "Of the two diastereoisomers of uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate] differing in configuration at Palpha, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of the one designated isomer B (Eckstein, F. (1975) Angew. Chem, Int. Ed. Engl. 14, 160-166) with glucose-1-P to produce uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose. Mild acid hydrolysis of the latter, under conditions known to be minimal for the hydrolysis of aldose phosphates, produces diastereoisomer A of uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]. Therefore, the reaction of uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate](B) with glucose-1-P catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase occurs with stereochemical inversion at Palpha to produce uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose(A). The 31P NMR spectra of these nucleotides are presented and used to elucidate the stereochemical course of the reaction. The apparent Km exhibited by this enzyme for uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose isomer A at 2 mM pyrophosphate and pH 7.6 is 75 micron, which is only 2.2 times that for UDP-glucose, 35 micron. The maximal velocity for UDP-glucose is 11 times that for uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose isomer A under these conditions.", "contents": "UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction of glucose 1-phosphate with uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate]. Of the two diastereoisomers of uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate] differing in configuration at Palpha, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of the one designated isomer B (Eckstein, F. (1975) Angew. Chem, Int. Ed. Engl. 14, 160-166) with glucose-1-P to produce uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose. Mild acid hydrolysis of the latter, under conditions known to be minimal for the hydrolysis of aldose phosphates, produces diastereoisomer A of uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]. Therefore, the reaction of uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate](B) with glucose-1-P catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase occurs with stereochemical inversion at Palpha to produce uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose(A). The 31P NMR spectra of these nucleotides are presented and used to elucidate the stereochemical course of the reaction. The apparent Km exhibited by this enzyme for uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose isomer A at 2 mM pyrophosphate and pH 7.6 is 75 micron, which is only 2.2 times that for UDP-glucose, 35 micron. The maximal velocity for UDP-glucose is 11 times that for uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose isomer A under these conditions.", "PMID": 649578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4369", "title": "Identification of a 48 S preinitiation complex in reticulocyte lysate.", "content": "When the polypeptide initiation sequence is interrupted by the peptide antibiotic edeine, the sedimentation coefficient of the native small ribosomal subunit is increased from 43 S to 48 S. Formation of the 48 SN particle is absolutely dependent on the binding of both Met-tRNAf and globin mRNA. These results support the concept that Met-tRNAf binds to the native small ribosomal subunit before mRNA, and that processes involved in mRNA binding to the 43 SN preinitiation complex may be the rate-limiting step of 80 S initiation complex formation.", "contents": "Identification of a 48 S preinitiation complex in reticulocyte lysate. When the polypeptide initiation sequence is interrupted by the peptide antibiotic edeine, the sedimentation coefficient of the native small ribosomal subunit is increased from 43 S to 48 S. Formation of the 48 SN particle is absolutely dependent on the binding of both Met-tRNAf and globin mRNA. These results support the concept that Met-tRNAf binds to the native small ribosomal subunit before mRNA, and that processes involved in mRNA binding to the 43 SN preinitiation complex may be the rate-limiting step of 80 S initiation complex formation.", "PMID": 649579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4370", "title": "An endodeoxyribonuclease of human KB cells. Purification and properties of the enzyme.", "content": "An endodeoxyribonuclease has been purified 750-fold from human KB cells. The purified endonuclease requires Mg2+ for maximum activity: Mn2+ was less than half as active and Ca2+ inhibited the reaction. The optimum pH is 8.8 in Tris-HCl and the optimum buffer concentration is 10 mM. KCl (and NaCl), --SH-reacting reagents, and tRNA strongly inhibit the reaction. An apparent molecular weight of 54,000 was determined by sedimentation in a glycerol gradient. The purified endonuclease cleaved native, double-stranded adenovirus 2 DNA, and the reaction proceeded stepwise during the initial stage of degradation by cleavage of the DNA substrate in half, then in half again, etc. At longer digestion times, single strand scissions were detected. RNA was not a substrate for the enzyme. Poly(dG) . poly(dC) was susceptible but poly(dA) . poly(dT) was resistant to degradation. Hydrolysis of adenovirus 2 DNA yielded double-stranded polynucleotides containing 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini with short, single-stranded regions presumably at the ends. More than 50% of the product of a limit digest had a chain length greater than 35 to 40 nucleotides. Analysis of the 5' and 3' end groups of the digestion products indicated a preference for the site of the enzymatic cleavage; thymidylic acid residues were present at the 5' end and deoxyguanosine residues at the 3' end, each with a frequency of 40 to 50%.", "contents": "An endodeoxyribonuclease of human KB cells. Purification and properties of the enzyme. An endodeoxyribonuclease has been purified 750-fold from human KB cells. The purified endonuclease requires Mg2+ for maximum activity: Mn2+ was less than half as active and Ca2+ inhibited the reaction. The optimum pH is 8.8 in Tris-HCl and the optimum buffer concentration is 10 mM. KCl (and NaCl), --SH-reacting reagents, and tRNA strongly inhibit the reaction. An apparent molecular weight of 54,000 was determined by sedimentation in a glycerol gradient. The purified endonuclease cleaved native, double-stranded adenovirus 2 DNA, and the reaction proceeded stepwise during the initial stage of degradation by cleavage of the DNA substrate in half, then in half again, etc. At longer digestion times, single strand scissions were detected. RNA was not a substrate for the enzyme. Poly(dG) . poly(dC) was susceptible but poly(dA) . poly(dT) was resistant to degradation. Hydrolysis of adenovirus 2 DNA yielded double-stranded polynucleotides containing 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini with short, single-stranded regions presumably at the ends. More than 50% of the product of a limit digest had a chain length greater than 35 to 40 nucleotides. Analysis of the 5' and 3' end groups of the digestion products indicated a preference for the site of the enzymatic cleavage; thymidylic acid residues were present at the 5' end and deoxyguanosine residues at the 3' end, each with a frequency of 40 to 50%.", "PMID": 649580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4371", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of two different subunits from the molybdenum-iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase.", "content": "The molybdenum-iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase was separated into two subunits of equal concentration by ion exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl (SP) Sephadex at pH 5.4 in 7 M urea. Better than 90% yield of each subunit was obtained on a preparative scale if the reduced carboxymethylated molybdenum-iron protein was incubated at 45 degrees C for 45 min prior to chromatography. Without the heating step low yields of the subunits were obtained. Although the amino acid compositions of the two subunits were very similar, the NH2-terminal sequences were completely different as determined by automated sequential Edman degradation. The sequence for the alpha subunit was NH2-Ser-Gln-Gln-Val-Asp-Lys-Ile-Lys-Ala-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Leu-Phe-Leu-Asp-Gln-Asp-Tyr- and for the beta subunit the sequence was NH2-Thr-Gly-Met-Ser-Arg-Glu-Glu-Val-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gln-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Val-Tyr-. Likewise the COOH-terminal sequences for the two subunits, as determined with carboxypeptidase Y, were tota-ly different. The sequence for the alpha subunit was -Leu-Arg-Val-COOH and that for the beta subunit was -Ile-(Phe, Glu)-Ala-Phe-COOH. Radioautographs of tryptic peptide maps were prepared for the molybdenum-iron protein and the two subunits which had been labeled at the cysteinyl residues with iodo[2-14C]acetic acid. These maps indicated that the two subunits had no cysteinyl peptides in common and that the cysteinyl residues were clustered in both subunits.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of two different subunits from the molybdenum-iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase. The molybdenum-iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase was separated into two subunits of equal concentration by ion exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl (SP) Sephadex at pH 5.4 in 7 M urea. Better than 90% yield of each subunit was obtained on a preparative scale if the reduced carboxymethylated molybdenum-iron protein was incubated at 45 degrees C for 45 min prior to chromatography. Without the heating step low yields of the subunits were obtained. Although the amino acid compositions of the two subunits were very similar, the NH2-terminal sequences were completely different as determined by automated sequential Edman degradation. The sequence for the alpha subunit was NH2-Ser-Gln-Gln-Val-Asp-Lys-Ile-Lys-Ala-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Leu-Phe-Leu-Asp-Gln-Asp-Tyr- and for the beta subunit the sequence was NH2-Thr-Gly-Met-Ser-Arg-Glu-Glu-Val-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gln-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Val-Tyr-. Likewise the COOH-terminal sequences for the two subunits, as determined with carboxypeptidase Y, were tota-ly different. The sequence for the alpha subunit was -Leu-Arg-Val-COOH and that for the beta subunit was -Ile-(Phe, Glu)-Ala-Phe-COOH. Radioautographs of tryptic peptide maps were prepared for the molybdenum-iron protein and the two subunits which had been labeled at the cysteinyl residues with iodo[2-14C]acetic acid. These maps indicated that the two subunits had no cysteinyl peptides in common and that the cysteinyl residues were clustered in both subunits.", "PMID": 649581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4372", "title": "The renaturation of reduced chymotrypsinogen A in guanidine HCl. Refolding versus aggregation.", "content": "The refolding and reoxidation of fully reduced and denatured chymotrypsinogen A have been studied in the presence of low concentrations of guanidine HCl or urea. Renaturation yields of 60 to 70% were observed when the reoxidation was facilitated by mixtures of reduced and oxidized glutathione. Refolding occurred within a narrow range of denaturant concentration (1.0 to 1.3 M guanidine HCl and 2 M urea) in which the native protein was shown to be stable, and the reduced protein was shown to regain the correct disulfide pairing. Renatured chymotrypsinogen is indistinguishable from the native zymogen in chromatographic behavior, potential chymotryptic activity, sedimentation coefficient, and spectral properties. The kinetics of renaturation were determined. Some of the protein species obtained at various times of renaturation were characterized as incorrectly oxidized molecules which could be renatured by thiol-catalyzed interchange of disulfide bonds.", "contents": "The renaturation of reduced chymotrypsinogen A in guanidine HCl. Refolding versus aggregation. The refolding and reoxidation of fully reduced and denatured chymotrypsinogen A have been studied in the presence of low concentrations of guanidine HCl or urea. Renaturation yields of 60 to 70% were observed when the reoxidation was facilitated by mixtures of reduced and oxidized glutathione. Refolding occurred within a narrow range of denaturant concentration (1.0 to 1.3 M guanidine HCl and 2 M urea) in which the native protein was shown to be stable, and the reduced protein was shown to regain the correct disulfide pairing. Renatured chymotrypsinogen is indistinguishable from the native zymogen in chromatographic behavior, potential chymotryptic activity, sedimentation coefficient, and spectral properties. The kinetics of renaturation were determined. Some of the protein species obtained at various times of renaturation were characterized as incorrectly oxidized molecules which could be renatured by thiol-catalyzed interchange of disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 649582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4373", "title": "Influence of ring substituents on the binding of nitrosobenzene by ferrohemoglobin.", "content": "The affinity of a substituted nitrosobenzene for ferrohemoglobin and the visible absorption spectrum of the resulting compound was influenced by the nature, position, and number of substituents on its benzene ring. Alkyl ring substituents inhibited the binding of nitrosobenzene to ferrohemoglobin, and binding was blocked by an ortho tertbutyl group or by a pair of ortho methyl groups. A single halogen atom increased binding affinity except that iodine decreased affinity, more at the ortho than at the para position. Binding occurred with a pair of ortho fluorine atoms but not with a pair of ortho chlorine or bromine atoms. These results favor a model of nitrosoarene ferrohemoglobin in which the iron of ferroheme is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the nitroso group since a bond to the oxygen atom would not be hindered by ortho substituents. The presence of a carboxylate substituent resulted in prevention of binding, which was reversed by esterification of the group. Large neutral para substituents, which cannot directly affect formation of the Fe-NO bond, inhibited binding, although not to the same degree as ortho substituents. It thus appears that the affinity of a substituted nitrosobenzene for ferrohemoglobin depends on interactions of the nonbonding part of the ligand molecule with the heme crevice as well as on the ability of its nitroso group to form a bond with the iron of heme. Nitrosoarenes also exhibited in varying degrees the property of removing an electron from ferrohemoglobin to form ferrihemoglobin.", "contents": "Influence of ring substituents on the binding of nitrosobenzene by ferrohemoglobin. The affinity of a substituted nitrosobenzene for ferrohemoglobin and the visible absorption spectrum of the resulting compound was influenced by the nature, position, and number of substituents on its benzene ring. Alkyl ring substituents inhibited the binding of nitrosobenzene to ferrohemoglobin, and binding was blocked by an ortho tertbutyl group or by a pair of ortho methyl groups. A single halogen atom increased binding affinity except that iodine decreased affinity, more at the ortho than at the para position. Binding occurred with a pair of ortho fluorine atoms but not with a pair of ortho chlorine or bromine atoms. These results favor a model of nitrosoarene ferrohemoglobin in which the iron of ferroheme is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the nitroso group since a bond to the oxygen atom would not be hindered by ortho substituents. The presence of a carboxylate substituent resulted in prevention of binding, which was reversed by esterification of the group. Large neutral para substituents, which cannot directly affect formation of the Fe-NO bond, inhibited binding, although not to the same degree as ortho substituents. It thus appears that the affinity of a substituted nitrosobenzene for ferrohemoglobin depends on interactions of the nonbonding part of the ligand molecule with the heme crevice as well as on the ability of its nitroso group to form a bond with the iron of heme. Nitrosoarenes also exhibited in varying degrees the property of removing an electron from ferrohemoglobin to form ferrihemoglobin.", "PMID": 649583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4374", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the sulfated neolactotetraosylceramide from hog gastric mucosa.", "content": "A sulfated neolactotetraosylceramide has been isolated from the lipid extract of hog gastric mucosa. Isolation procedure involved extraction of lipids with 0.4 M sodium acetate in methanol/chloroform/water, alkaline methanolysis, column fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex, separation of the acetylated acidic glycolipids on silicic acid column, and thin layer chromatography. By partial acid hydrolysis, sequential hydrolysis with specific glycosidases, periodate oxidation, and methylation analysis of the native and desulfated compound, the structure of this glycolipid is proposed to be: Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc(6 comes from SO3)beta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc1 leads to 1 ceramide.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the sulfated neolactotetraosylceramide from hog gastric mucosa. A sulfated neolactotetraosylceramide has been isolated from the lipid extract of hog gastric mucosa. Isolation procedure involved extraction of lipids with 0.4 M sodium acetate in methanol/chloroform/water, alkaline methanolysis, column fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex, separation of the acetylated acidic glycolipids on silicic acid column, and thin layer chromatography. By partial acid hydrolysis, sequential hydrolysis with specific glycosidases, periodate oxidation, and methylation analysis of the native and desulfated compound, the structure of this glycolipid is proposed to be: Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc(6 comes from SO3)beta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc1 leads to 1 ceramide.", "PMID": 649586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4375", "title": "Use of nitric oxide as a probe for assessing the formation of asymmetrical hemoglobin hybrids. An attempted comparison between alphaNObetaNOalphadeoxybetadeoxy, alpha2NObeta2deoxy, and alpha2deoxybeta2NO hybrids.", "content": "It has been recently demonstrated that some nitrosyl hemoglobin derivatives have different optical spectrum according to the nature of their quaternary structure (Cassoly, R. (1974) C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Paris 278, 1417-1420; Salhany, J. M., Ogawa, S., and Shulman, R. G. (1974) Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 3359-3362; Cassoly, R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 581-595). This property has been used in order to detect the presence of asymmetrical hybrids alphaNObetaNOalpha'O2beta'O2 in a mixture of the two hemoglobins alpha2NObeta2NO and alpha2'O2beta2'O2. When one changes, by deoxygenation, the conformation of the hybrid, there is a characteristic modification in the optical spectrum of the nitrosyl subunits. Quantitative analysis of this phenomenon shows that asymmetrical alphaNObetaNOalphadeoxybetadeoxy and symmetrical alpha2NObeta2deoxy hybrids have distinct properties. The structure-linked optical transition is different in rate and amplitude; it is faster and larger for the asymmetrical molecule. Carbon monoxide binding kinetics performed in absence of phosphate have also indicated that the allosteric equilibrium is more displaced in favor of the T state for alphaNObetaNOalphadeoxybetadeoxy by comparison with the symmetrical deoxygenated intermediates.", "contents": "Use of nitric oxide as a probe for assessing the formation of asymmetrical hemoglobin hybrids. An attempted comparison between alphaNObetaNOalphadeoxybetadeoxy, alpha2NObeta2deoxy, and alpha2deoxybeta2NO hybrids. It has been recently demonstrated that some nitrosyl hemoglobin derivatives have different optical spectrum according to the nature of their quaternary structure (Cassoly, R. (1974) C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Paris 278, 1417-1420; Salhany, J. M., Ogawa, S., and Shulman, R. G. (1974) Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 3359-3362; Cassoly, R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 581-595). This property has been used in order to detect the presence of asymmetrical hybrids alphaNObetaNOalpha'O2beta'O2 in a mixture of the two hemoglobins alpha2NObeta2NO and alpha2'O2beta2'O2. When one changes, by deoxygenation, the conformation of the hybrid, there is a characteristic modification in the optical spectrum of the nitrosyl subunits. Quantitative analysis of this phenomenon shows that asymmetrical alphaNObetaNOalphadeoxybetadeoxy and symmetrical alpha2NObeta2deoxy hybrids have distinct properties. The structure-linked optical transition is different in rate and amplitude; it is faster and larger for the asymmetrical molecule. Carbon monoxide binding kinetics performed in absence of phosphate have also indicated that the allosteric equilibrium is more displaced in favor of the T state for alphaNObetaNOalphadeoxybetadeoxy by comparison with the symmetrical deoxygenated intermediates.", "PMID": 649591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4376", "title": "17beta-Hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenases from male guinea pig liver. Purification and characterization.", "content": "One major and six minor 17beta-hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenases were isolated each in a highly pure form from male adult guinea pig liver by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Molecular weight, amino acid composition, sugar content, number of sulfhydryl groups. NH2-terminal amino acid, isoelectric point, substrate specificity, pH optima, Km values, and inhibitory effect of other steroids were studied. The amino acid composition, Km values, and substrate specificity indicated two separate groups of enzymes. The first group possessed a dual coenzyme requirement and specificity for 5beta-androstanes, whereas the second group showed apparent TPN+ and 5alpha-androstane specificities. Phosphate enhanced the DPN+-related activity of the first group and evoked DPN+-linked activity in the second group of enzymes. A molecular weight of 31,000 to 32,000 with a single chain structure was estimated for four of the enzymes. The other three enzymes consisted of two components of 24,000 and 11,000 daltons.", "contents": "17beta-Hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenases from male guinea pig liver. Purification and characterization. One major and six minor 17beta-hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenases were isolated each in a highly pure form from male adult guinea pig liver by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Molecular weight, amino acid composition, sugar content, number of sulfhydryl groups. NH2-terminal amino acid, isoelectric point, substrate specificity, pH optima, Km values, and inhibitory effect of other steroids were studied. The amino acid composition, Km values, and substrate specificity indicated two separate groups of enzymes. The first group possessed a dual coenzyme requirement and specificity for 5beta-androstanes, whereas the second group showed apparent TPN+ and 5alpha-androstane specificities. Phosphate enhanced the DPN+-related activity of the first group and evoked DPN+-linked activity in the second group of enzymes. A molecular weight of 31,000 to 32,000 with a single chain structure was estimated for four of the enzymes. The other three enzymes consisted of two components of 24,000 and 11,000 daltons.", "PMID": 649592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4377", "title": "Kinetic mechanism of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) from rat liver cytosol. Product inhibition, isotope exchange at equilibrium, and partial reactions.", "content": "Initial velocity studies of rat liver cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase in the direction of P-enolpyruvate formation gave intersecting double reciprocal plots indicating that the reaction conforms to a sequential reaction pathway. A complete product inhibition study with MnGDP-, P-enolpyruvate, and HCO3- as product inhibitors indicated that all patterns were noncompetitive. Isotope exchange at equilibrium with exchange between the substrate/product pairs GTP/GDP oxalacetate/HCO3-, and oxalacetate/P-enolpyruvate while varying the concentration of substrate/product pairs in fixed constant ratio gave no complete inhibitory patterns as the concentration of the constant ratio pairs approached saturation. The exchange rates between the substrate/product pairs differed by a factor of 40 when compared under the same assay conditions. These results were interpreted in terms of a random  reaction mechanism in which true dead-end complexes do not form and in which the rate-limiting step is not the interconversion of the ternary quarternary central complexes. In addition to the formation of P-enolpyruvate from oxalacetate and MnGTP2-, the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalacetate to pyruvate in the absence of MnGTP2-. This reaction occurs only slowly in the absence of GDP and most rapidly in the presence of MnGDP-. When only MnGTP2- and oxalacetate are present, no pyruvate is formed, and oxalacetate is converted stoichiometrically to P-enolpyruvate. The enzyme also catalyzes the exchange of [14C]GDP into GTP in the absence of P-enolpyruvate. This exchange is stimulated by the presence of HCO3-. When enzyme is incubated with MnGTP2- in the presence or absence of HCO3-, there is no hydrolysis to form GDP and P1. The two partial reactions, namely the exchange of [14C]GDP with the E.HCO3.MnGTP or E.MnGTP complex and the formation of pyruvate from the E.oxalacetate.MnGDP complex provide pathways by which the expected dead-end complexes can be converted to enzyme forms which can return to the catalytic or exchange sequence.", "contents": "Kinetic mechanism of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) from rat liver cytosol. Product inhibition, isotope exchange at equilibrium, and partial reactions. Initial velocity studies of rat liver cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase in the direction of P-enolpyruvate formation gave intersecting double reciprocal plots indicating that the reaction conforms to a sequential reaction pathway. A complete product inhibition study with MnGDP-, P-enolpyruvate, and HCO3- as product inhibitors indicated that all patterns were noncompetitive. Isotope exchange at equilibrium with exchange between the substrate/product pairs GTP/GDP oxalacetate/HCO3-, and oxalacetate/P-enolpyruvate while varying the concentration of substrate/product pairs in fixed constant ratio gave no complete inhibitory patterns as the concentration of the constant ratio pairs approached saturation. The exchange rates between the substrate/product pairs differed by a factor of 40 when compared under the same assay conditions. These results were interpreted in terms of a random  reaction mechanism in which true dead-end complexes do not form and in which the rate-limiting step is not the interconversion of the ternary quarternary central complexes. In addition to the formation of P-enolpyruvate from oxalacetate and MnGTP2-, the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalacetate to pyruvate in the absence of MnGTP2-. This reaction occurs only slowly in the absence of GDP and most rapidly in the presence of MnGDP-. When only MnGTP2- and oxalacetate are present, no pyruvate is formed, and oxalacetate is converted stoichiometrically to P-enolpyruvate. The enzyme also catalyzes the exchange of [14C]GDP into GTP in the absence of P-enolpyruvate. This exchange is stimulated by the presence of HCO3-. When enzyme is incubated with MnGTP2- in the presence or absence of HCO3-, there is no hydrolysis to form GDP and P1. The two partial reactions, namely the exchange of [14C]GDP with the E.HCO3.MnGTP or E.MnGTP complex and the formation of pyruvate from the E.oxalacetate.MnGDP complex provide pathways by which the expected dead-end complexes can be converted to enzyme forms which can return to the catalytic or exchange sequence.", "PMID": 649593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4378", "title": "Stability of D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in relation to its possible occurrence as a degradation product of penicillin by the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and the membrane-bound dd-carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The stability of D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid has been studied under various conditions. In 10 mM cacodylate, pH 6.5, and at 55 degrees C, D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (at concentrations lower than 1 mM) is hydrolyzed into N-formyl-D-penicillamine with a half-life of 3 to 4 min. On this basis, it is very unlikely that D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid could be one of the end products resulting from the cleavage of benzylpenicillin by the DD-carboxypeptidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus (as reported by Hammarstr\u00f6m and Strominger (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7947--7949). In 3 mM phosphate, pH 7.5, and at 37 degrees C, D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (at concentrations lower than 1 mM) has a half-life of 45 min. On the basis of kinetic experiments carried out under these conditions with phenoxymethylpenicillin and the DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61, it is concluded that the primary product which arises from the thiazolidine moiety of the antibiotic molecule and gives rise to N-formyl-D-penicillamine, has a half-life of 10 min, a value which is not compatible with the hypothesis that D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid would be an intermediate involved in the fragmentation pathway.", "contents": "Stability of D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in relation to its possible occurrence as a degradation product of penicillin by the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and the membrane-bound dd-carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The stability of D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid has been studied under various conditions. In 10 mM cacodylate, pH 6.5, and at 55 degrees C, D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (at concentrations lower than 1 mM) is hydrolyzed into N-formyl-D-penicillamine with a half-life of 3 to 4 min. On this basis, it is very unlikely that D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid could be one of the end products resulting from the cleavage of benzylpenicillin by the DD-carboxypeptidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus (as reported by Hammarstr\u00f6m and Strominger (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7947--7949). In 3 mM phosphate, pH 7.5, and at 37 degrees C, D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (at concentrations lower than 1 mM) has a half-life of 45 min. On the basis of kinetic experiments carried out under these conditions with phenoxymethylpenicillin and the DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61, it is concluded that the primary product which arises from the thiazolidine moiety of the antibiotic molecule and gives rise to N-formyl-D-penicillamine, has a half-life of 10 min, a value which is not compatible with the hypothesis that D-5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid would be an intermediate involved in the fragmentation pathway.", "PMID": 649594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4379", "title": "A relationship between the rates of acetyl group oxidation and the oxygen consumption of cellls.", "content": "A simple relationship has been derived that may be useful in determining the energy production in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in most tissues or whole organisms during fasting or exercise. The ratio of the rate of acetyl group oxidation to the rate of O2 consumption is nearly constant (0.34), irrespective of the proportion of glucose and fatty acids oxidized in a tissue or an organism. This relationship is derived by multiplying the respiratory quotient by the ratio of acetyl group oxidation to total CO2 production.", "contents": "A relationship between the rates of acetyl group oxidation and the oxygen consumption of cellls. A simple relationship has been derived that may be useful in determining the energy production in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in most tissues or whole organisms during fasting or exercise. The ratio of the rate of acetyl group oxidation to the rate of O2 consumption is nearly constant (0.34), irrespective of the proportion of glucose and fatty acids oxidized in a tissue or an organism. This relationship is derived by multiplying the respiratory quotient by the ratio of acetyl group oxidation to total CO2 production.", "PMID": 649597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4380", "title": "Purification of the fibroblast growth factor activity from bovine brain.", "content": "The purification of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) from bovine brain has led to the isolation of two peptides. FGF-1 with 128 amino acids and FGF-2 with 107 amino acids. The biological activity of these two peptides is acid- and heat-labile. As indicated by the amino acid composition of FGF-1 and -2, these two peptides are derived from a common precursor and bear no resemblance to pituitary FGF. The brain FGF peptides, like pituitary FGF, are mitogenic in vitro for the same wide variety of mesoderm-derived cells. Since their mitogenic activity is acid- and heat-labile, they are thereby distinguished from the platelet factor isolated from platelets and from the cationic peptide isolated from serum which has been shown to have the same molecular weight and isoelectric point as brain and pituitary FGF.", "contents": "Purification of the fibroblast growth factor activity from bovine brain. The purification of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) from bovine brain has led to the isolation of two peptides. FGF-1 with 128 amino acids and FGF-2 with 107 amino acids. The biological activity of these two peptides is acid- and heat-labile. As indicated by the amino acid composition of FGF-1 and -2, these two peptides are derived from a common precursor and bear no resemblance to pituitary FGF. The brain FGF peptides, like pituitary FGF, are mitogenic in vitro for the same wide variety of mesoderm-derived cells. Since their mitogenic activity is acid- and heat-labile, they are thereby distinguished from the platelet factor isolated from platelets and from the cationic peptide isolated from serum which has been shown to have the same molecular weight and isoelectric point as brain and pituitary FGF.", "PMID": 649600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4381", "title": "Efficient cleavage and segregation of nascent presecretory proteins in a reticulocyte lysate supplemented with microsomal membranes.", "content": "The mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate of Pelham and Jackson (Pelham, H. R. B., and Jackson, R. J. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 67, 247-256) was supplemented with dog pancreas microsomal membranes and used to investigate the synthesis and processing of presecretory proteins. Highly efficient processing and segregation of the major bovine pituitary secretory proteins was observed upon mRNA translation. In contrast to the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system, there was no significant inhibition of translation in the reticulocyte lysate even in the presence of high concentrations of dog pancreas microsomal membranes. Since the latter are required for processing and segregation of presecretory proteins, these reactions could be driven to virtual completion in the reticulocyte lysate without affecting the overall rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Efficient cleavage and segregation of nascent presecretory proteins in a reticulocyte lysate supplemented with microsomal membranes. The mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate of Pelham and Jackson (Pelham, H. R. B., and Jackson, R. J. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 67, 247-256) was supplemented with dog pancreas microsomal membranes and used to investigate the synthesis and processing of presecretory proteins. Highly efficient processing and segregation of the major bovine pituitary secretory proteins was observed upon mRNA translation. In contrast to the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system, there was no significant inhibition of translation in the reticulocyte lysate even in the presence of high concentrations of dog pancreas microsomal membranes. Since the latter are required for processing and segregation of presecretory proteins, these reactions could be driven to virtual completion in the reticulocyte lysate without affecting the overall rate of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 649601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4382", "title": "Antibodies against intrinsic adipocyte plasma membrane proteins activate D-glucose transport independent of interaction with insulin binding sites.", "content": "Plasma membrane vesicles from rat adipocytes were treated with dimethylmaleic anhydride to remove extrinsic proteins and then used to immunize rabbits. Immunodiffusion experiments performed in agarose containing Triton X-100 (0.1%) revealed a precipitin reaction between anti-membrane serum and the detergent-solubilized proteins from either intact adipocyte plasma membranes or membranes extracted with dimethylmaleic anhydride. Anti-membrane serum caused cytolysis of intact adipocytes and this effect could be eliminated by incubating the serum at 56 degrees C for 30 min to inactivate complement. Heat-inactivated anti-membrane serum caused a significant increase in 14CO2 production from D-[1-14C]glucose in intact fat cells and the partially purified immunoglobulin fraction from anti-membrane serum markedly stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Maximum activation of transport occurred at a 1:5 dilution and was not additive to that achieved by a maximal dose of insulin. Under these conditions, the anti-membrane immunoglobulin fraction had no effect on the binding of 125-i-insulin to fat cells at all concentrations of the hormone tested. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of hexose transport in these studies results from the binding of immunoglobulin directly to the transport system, although an indirect action is also possible.", "contents": "Antibodies against intrinsic adipocyte plasma membrane proteins activate D-glucose transport independent of interaction with insulin binding sites. Plasma membrane vesicles from rat adipocytes were treated with dimethylmaleic anhydride to remove extrinsic proteins and then used to immunize rabbits. Immunodiffusion experiments performed in agarose containing Triton X-100 (0.1%) revealed a precipitin reaction between anti-membrane serum and the detergent-solubilized proteins from either intact adipocyte plasma membranes or membranes extracted with dimethylmaleic anhydride. Anti-membrane serum caused cytolysis of intact adipocytes and this effect could be eliminated by incubating the serum at 56 degrees C for 30 min to inactivate complement. Heat-inactivated anti-membrane serum caused a significant increase in 14CO2 production from D-[1-14C]glucose in intact fat cells and the partially purified immunoglobulin fraction from anti-membrane serum markedly stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Maximum activation of transport occurred at a 1:5 dilution and was not additive to that achieved by a maximal dose of insulin. Under these conditions, the anti-membrane immunoglobulin fraction had no effect on the binding of 125-i-insulin to fat cells at all concentrations of the hormone tested. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of hexose transport in these studies results from the binding of immunoglobulin directly to the transport system, although an indirect action is also possible.", "PMID": 649602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4383", "title": "Purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase by oligonucleotide affinity chromatography.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase is an enzyme which has been found to be associated with thymus cells, bone marrow cells, as well as leukocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. We report here the purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase by an oligonucleotide affinity (oligo(dT)12-18 cellulose) column. By using a 35 to 70% (NH4)2SO4 cut, Sephacryl S200 column and an oligo(dT) cellulose column, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase has been purified from calf thymus cells to a specific activity of more than 8,500 units/mg of protein. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase purified by this method contains no detectable DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or endonuclease activities. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the enzyme appears to be homogeneous, with two polypeptides corresponding to the two subunits alpha (10,000) and beta (23,000) of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. These data indicate that oligo(dT)12-18 cellulose can be used as a rapid and selective affinity column for the purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.", "contents": "Purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase by oligonucleotide affinity chromatography. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase is an enzyme which has been found to be associated with thymus cells, bone marrow cells, as well as leukocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. We report here the purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase by an oligonucleotide affinity (oligo(dT)12-18 cellulose) column. By using a 35 to 70% (NH4)2SO4 cut, Sephacryl S200 column and an oligo(dT) cellulose column, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase has been purified from calf thymus cells to a specific activity of more than 8,500 units/mg of protein. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase purified by this method contains no detectable DNA-dependent DNA polymerase or endonuclease activities. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the enzyme appears to be homogeneous, with two polypeptides corresponding to the two subunits alpha (10,000) and beta (23,000) of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. These data indicate that oligo(dT)12-18 cellulose can be used as a rapid and selective affinity column for the purification of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.", "PMID": 649603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4384", "title": "Identical precursors for serum transferrin and egg white conalbumin.", "content": "The NH2-terminal sequences of egg white conalbumin and chicken serum transferrin were examined and found to be identical. Conalbumin, when synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system, was found to contain an NH2-terminal extension of 19 amino acid residues. Sequential Edman degradation of this precursor (pre-conalbumin) labeled with radioactive amino acids revealed the following sequence: formula see text: The vertical line indicates the site at which pre-conalbumin is cleaved to yield authentic conalbumin. The sequence represents the primary translation product since the NH2-terminal methionine was shown to be derived from initiator Met-tRNAfMet. A partial NH2-terminal sequence of transferrin synthesized in vitro was also determined (underlined residues) and it is identical with that of pre-conalbumin.", "contents": "Identical precursors for serum transferrin and egg white conalbumin. The NH2-terminal sequences of egg white conalbumin and chicken serum transferrin were examined and found to be identical. Conalbumin, when synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system, was found to contain an NH2-terminal extension of 19 amino acid residues. Sequential Edman degradation of this precursor (pre-conalbumin) labeled with radioactive amino acids revealed the following sequence: formula see text: The vertical line indicates the site at which pre-conalbumin is cleaved to yield authentic conalbumin. The sequence represents the primary translation product since the NH2-terminal methionine was shown to be derived from initiator Met-tRNAfMet. A partial NH2-terminal sequence of transferrin synthesized in vitro was also determined (underlined residues) and it is identical with that of pre-conalbumin.", "PMID": 649604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4385", "title": "Detection of two classes of Ca2+ binding sites in troponin C with circular dichroism and tyrosine fluorescence.", "content": "We have observed a biphasic increase in [theta]222 and the tyrosine fluorescence of troponin C (TnC) with increasing [Ca2+]. Approximately 62% of the total helical change and 81% of the total increase in tyrosine fluorescence occurred with Ca2+ binding to a class of sites with a KCa of approximately 2.7 X 10(7) M-1. The remaining spectral changes occurred with Ca2+ binding to a class of sites with KCa of approximately 3.1 X 10(5) M-1. We interpret these biphasic responses in terms of distinct structural changes occurring in TnC with Ca2+ binding to the high affinity (KCa approximately 2.1 X 10(7) M-1) Ca2+-Mg2+ sites and to the low affinity (KCa approximately 3.2 X 10(5) M-1) Ca2+-specific regulatory sites.", "contents": "Detection of two classes of Ca2+ binding sites in troponin C with circular dichroism and tyrosine fluorescence. We have observed a biphasic increase in [theta]222 and the tyrosine fluorescence of troponin C (TnC) with increasing [Ca2+]. Approximately 62% of the total helical change and 81% of the total increase in tyrosine fluorescence occurred with Ca2+ binding to a class of sites with a KCa of approximately 2.7 X 10(7) M-1. The remaining spectral changes occurred with Ca2+ binding to a class of sites with KCa of approximately 3.1 X 10(5) M-1. We interpret these biphasic responses in terms of distinct structural changes occurring in TnC with Ca2+ binding to the high affinity (KCa approximately 2.1 X 10(7) M-1) Ca2+-Mg2+ sites and to the low affinity (KCa approximately 3.2 X 10(5) M-1) Ca2+-specific regulatory sites.", "PMID": 649605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4386", "title": "Lipid composition of the gastric mucous barrier in the rat.", "content": "The lipid composition of the \"mucous barrier\" of rat stomach was investigated. Cellular mucus of the mucous cells from gastric epithelium and surface mucus from gastric mucosa were obtained by perfusion in vivo of Ghosh-Lai rat stomachs with 2 M NaCl. Lipids extracted from dialyzed and lyophilized 2 M NaCl perfusates and 0.9% NaCl (saline) controls were quantitatively separated into single components by means of two-dimensional thin layer chromatography and compared. Significant differences in the level of cholesterol esters, di- and triglycerides, and glycolipids were found. Three to 4 times greater quantities of cholesterol esters and di- and triglycerides, and 2 to 6 times greater quantities of glycolipids were found in 2 M NaCl perfusates as compared to saline controls. The glycolipid fraction consisted of neutral and acidic glyceroglucolipids and was devoid of glycosphingolipids. The phospholipids constituted the smallest portion of the lipids present in 2 M NaCl and saline perfusates and were 2 times higher in 2 M NaCl. These data indicate that mucous barrier in addition to mucins contains considerable quantities of lipids of which glyceroglucolipids are the most prominent components.", "contents": "Lipid composition of the gastric mucous barrier in the rat. The lipid composition of the \"mucous barrier\" of rat stomach was investigated. Cellular mucus of the mucous cells from gastric epithelium and surface mucus from gastric mucosa were obtained by perfusion in vivo of Ghosh-Lai rat stomachs with 2 M NaCl. Lipids extracted from dialyzed and lyophilized 2 M NaCl perfusates and 0.9% NaCl (saline) controls were quantitatively separated into single components by means of two-dimensional thin layer chromatography and compared. Significant differences in the level of cholesterol esters, di- and triglycerides, and glycolipids were found. Three to 4 times greater quantities of cholesterol esters and di- and triglycerides, and 2 to 6 times greater quantities of glycolipids were found in 2 M NaCl perfusates as compared to saline controls. The glycolipid fraction consisted of neutral and acidic glyceroglucolipids and was devoid of glycosphingolipids. The phospholipids constituted the smallest portion of the lipids present in 2 M NaCl and saline perfusates and were 2 times higher in 2 M NaCl. These data indicate that mucous barrier in addition to mucins contains considerable quantities of lipids of which glyceroglucolipids are the most prominent components.", "PMID": 649606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4387", "title": "Rat intestinal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3- and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase.", "content": "The 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 occurs in vitro in rat intestinal homogenates. 1alpha,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 obtained by incubating 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with rat intestinal homogenates was isolated and then identified by co-chromatography of the biologically generated material with synthetic 1alpha,24R,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 on a high pressure liquid chromatography system and by ultraviolet spectroscopy, periodate cleavage, and mass spectroscopy. 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 obtained by incubating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with intestinal homogenates was identified by co-chromatography of the biologically generated material with authentic 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on a high pressure liquid chromatography system and by periodate cleavage. Tissue distribution studies indicate that the process occurs in rat intestinal homogenates but not in rat muscle, liver, or fetal calvaria homogenates. Nephrectomy does not diminish the production of 1alpha,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo while it reduces markedly, but does not eliminate, production of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Rat intestinal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3- and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. The 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 occurs in vitro in rat intestinal homogenates. 1alpha,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 obtained by incubating 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with rat intestinal homogenates was isolated and then identified by co-chromatography of the biologically generated material with synthetic 1alpha,24R,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 on a high pressure liquid chromatography system and by ultraviolet spectroscopy, periodate cleavage, and mass spectroscopy. 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 obtained by incubating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with intestinal homogenates was identified by co-chromatography of the biologically generated material with authentic 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on a high pressure liquid chromatography system and by periodate cleavage. Tissue distribution studies indicate that the process occurs in rat intestinal homogenates but not in rat muscle, liver, or fetal calvaria homogenates. Nephrectomy does not diminish the production of 1alpha,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo while it reduces markedly, but does not eliminate, production of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 649607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4388", "title": "Folding of DNA by histones which lack their NH2-terminal regions.", "content": "HeLa chromatin core particles were digested with trypsin to excise the NH2-terminal histone regions. The resulting nucleoprotein complexes were dissociated in 2.5 M NaCl; the DNA and polypeptides were then allowed to reassemble by lowering the NaCl concentration. Eighty per cent of the DNA reassociated with the polypeptides. The reassembled nucleoprotein complexes sediment at 9.7 S, have a molecular elipticity at 280 nm of 3000 degrees cm2/dmol of PO4, and contain DNase I-susceptible sites at 10 nucleotide intervals. The pattern of products generated by cross-linking the polypeptides with dimethylsuberimidate is very similar to the pattern generated by cross-linking native core particles. The results indicate that histones which lack their HN2-terminal regions retain both the features necessary for correct protein-protein interactions and the ability to fold DNA into a nucleoprotein complex resembling the chromatin core particle.", "contents": "Folding of DNA by histones which lack their NH2-terminal regions. HeLa chromatin core particles were digested with trypsin to excise the NH2-terminal histone regions. The resulting nucleoprotein complexes were dissociated in 2.5 M NaCl; the DNA and polypeptides were then allowed to reassemble by lowering the NaCl concentration. Eighty per cent of the DNA reassociated with the polypeptides. The reassembled nucleoprotein complexes sediment at 9.7 S, have a molecular elipticity at 280 nm of 3000 degrees cm2/dmol of PO4, and contain DNase I-susceptible sites at 10 nucleotide intervals. The pattern of products generated by cross-linking the polypeptides with dimethylsuberimidate is very similar to the pattern generated by cross-linking native core particles. The results indicate that histones which lack their HN2-terminal regions retain both the features necessary for correct protein-protein interactions and the ability to fold DNA into a nucleoprotein complex resembling the chromatin core particle.", "PMID": 649610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4389", "title": "A cell culture assay for follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "Cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by synthesizing and secreting plasminogen activator. The specificity of the response for FSH prompted us to explore the use of this system as an in vitro bioassay for FSH. The release of FSH by pituitary cell cultures has been examined by this method, as have been preparations of FSH of known biological activity. The results indicate that the granulosa cell system allows accurate, rapid, and convenient determinations of FSH activity. Furthermore, the method obviates metabolic clearance problems associated with whole animal assays and it is extremely sensitive: as little as 10(-15) mol (approximately 100 micronIU) of FSH can be detected.", "contents": "A cell culture assay for follicle-stimulating hormone. Cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by synthesizing and secreting plasminogen activator. The specificity of the response for FSH prompted us to explore the use of this system as an in vitro bioassay for FSH. The release of FSH by pituitary cell cultures has been examined by this method, as have been preparations of FSH of known biological activity. The results indicate that the granulosa cell system allows accurate, rapid, and convenient determinations of FSH activity. Furthermore, the method obviates metabolic clearance problems associated with whole animal assays and it is extremely sensitive: as little as 10(-15) mol (approximately 100 micronIU) of FSH can be detected.", "PMID": 649613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4390", "title": "Axial ligand effects on myoglobin stability.", "content": "Reversible guanidine hydrochloride denaturation has been applied to obtain the first quantitative estimate of ligand-induced changes in hemoprotein conformational free energy. It is found that strong field (low spin) complexes, e.g. cyanometmyoglobin (MbCN) and azido metmyoglobin (MbN3), are 1.0 +/- 0.1 kcal/mol more stable than the high spin analogs aquometmyoglobin (MbH2O) and fluorometmyoglobin (MbF). This observed stability increment is essentially independent of the model chosen for data analysis. These results demonstrate the value of denaturation titration in measuring the stabilization of hemoprotein conformation by ligand binding. The denaturation of MbN3 appears complex. This complexity may be quantitatively accounted for by considering spin state equilibria. Applying this correction, MbCN and MbN3 have essentially the same stability in spite of steric differences in the two proteins. This result implies metal spin state is more important than ligand stereochemistry in determining the conformational free energy of myoglobin.", "contents": "Axial ligand effects on myoglobin stability. Reversible guanidine hydrochloride denaturation has been applied to obtain the first quantitative estimate of ligand-induced changes in hemoprotein conformational free energy. It is found that strong field (low spin) complexes, e.g. cyanometmyoglobin (MbCN) and azido metmyoglobin (MbN3), are 1.0 +/- 0.1 kcal/mol more stable than the high spin analogs aquometmyoglobin (MbH2O) and fluorometmyoglobin (MbF). This observed stability increment is essentially independent of the model chosen for data analysis. These results demonstrate the value of denaturation titration in measuring the stabilization of hemoprotein conformation by ligand binding. The denaturation of MbN3 appears complex. This complexity may be quantitatively accounted for by considering spin state equilibria. Applying this correction, MbCN and MbN3 have essentially the same stability in spite of steric differences in the two proteins. This result implies metal spin state is more important than ligand stereochemistry in determining the conformational free energy of myoglobin.", "PMID": 649614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4391", "title": "An in vitro analysis of the dominance of emetine sensitivity in Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrids.", "content": "The behavior of ribosomes derived from EmtR X EmtS hybrid cells in in vitro protein synthesis is similar to that observed with a 1:1 mixture of ribosomes from EmtR and EmtS cells. When mRNA (BM virus RNA) is present in limiting amounts (RNA/ribosome molar ratio = 0.1), protein synthesis in either mixture is sensitive to emetine. In contrast, when mRNA is present in excess (RNA/ribosome molar ratio = 2), the emetine resistant as well as the sensitive components are both expressed in the mixtures. These results strongly indicate that emetine resistant and sensitive ribosomes are present in the hybrid cells in about equal amounts and that the dominance of emetine sensitivity is best explained by assuming that emetine acts by blocking ribosome movement along mRNA by inhibiting the translocation step. The observed time lag in the expression of EmtRI and EmtRII mutations following mutagenesis is consistent with the above hypothesis for the mechanism of action of emetine.", "contents": "An in vitro analysis of the dominance of emetine sensitivity in Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrids. The behavior of ribosomes derived from EmtR X EmtS hybrid cells in in vitro protein synthesis is similar to that observed with a 1:1 mixture of ribosomes from EmtR and EmtS cells. When mRNA (BM virus RNA) is present in limiting amounts (RNA/ribosome molar ratio = 0.1), protein synthesis in either mixture is sensitive to emetine. In contrast, when mRNA is present in excess (RNA/ribosome molar ratio = 2), the emetine resistant as well as the sensitive components are both expressed in the mixtures. These results strongly indicate that emetine resistant and sensitive ribosomes are present in the hybrid cells in about equal amounts and that the dominance of emetine sensitivity is best explained by assuming that emetine acts by blocking ribosome movement along mRNA by inhibiting the translocation step. The observed time lag in the expression of EmtRI and EmtRII mutations following mutagenesis is consistent with the above hypothesis for the mechanism of action of emetine.", "PMID": 649617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4392", "title": "Characterization of gangliosides from bovine erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Two glucosamine-containing gangliosides, sialosylhexaglycosylceramides, were isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes. Both gangliosides were hydrolyzed by neuraminidase isolated from Clostridium perfringens to become neutral hexaglycosylceramides. Based on the results of sequential enzymatic hydrolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses of the methylated sugars, the structures of these two gangliosides were shown to be NeuAcalpha2 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc-ceramide and NeuGcalpha2 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc-ceramide, respectively. In addition, N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminosyllacto-N-neotetraosylceramides, and N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminosyllactosylceramides were also found in bovine erythrocytes. The predominant fatty acids in these two gangliosides were C 22:0 and C 24:0. C-18 sphingosine was the major base detected.", "contents": "Characterization of gangliosides from bovine erythrocyte membranes. Two glucosamine-containing gangliosides, sialosylhexaglycosylceramides, were isolated from bovine erythrocyte membranes. Both gangliosides were hydrolyzed by neuraminidase isolated from Clostridium perfringens to become neutral hexaglycosylceramides. Based on the results of sequential enzymatic hydrolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses of the methylated sugars, the structures of these two gangliosides were shown to be NeuAcalpha2 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc-ceramide and NeuGcalpha2 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc-ceramide, respectively. In addition, N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminosyllacto-N-neotetraosylceramides, and N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminosyllactosylceramides were also found in bovine erythrocytes. The predominant fatty acids in these two gangliosides were C 22:0 and C 24:0. C-18 sphingosine was the major base detected.", "PMID": 649619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4393", "title": "Experimental bladder substitution using a biodegradable graft of natural tissue.", "content": "A controlled canine experimental study has been performed to test the application of a biodegradeable graft to vesical augmentation. The graft, after providing initial bladder enlargement, is progressively reabsorbed while serving as a foundation for the regeneration and healing of the layers of the bladder remnant. Follow-up studies at 1 year revealed no urinary infection, calculi, extravasation of urine, or rejection of the material. Normal bladder capacities were maintained throughout the study and the reconstructed bladders functioned normally. The biodegradable graft was equally successful when applied either to a histologically normal bladder remnant, or to a pathological bladder of intramural fibrosis. These results suggest that this material may be well suited to clinical bladder substitution in humans.", "contents": "Experimental bladder substitution using a biodegradable graft of natural tissue. A controlled canine experimental study has been performed to test the application of a biodegradeable graft to vesical augmentation. The graft, after providing initial bladder enlargement, is progressively reabsorbed while serving as a foundation for the regeneration and healing of the layers of the bladder remnant. Follow-up studies at 1 year revealed no urinary infection, calculi, extravasation of urine, or rejection of the material. Normal bladder capacities were maintained throughout the study and the reconstructed bladders functioned normally. The biodegradable graft was equally successful when applied either to a histologically normal bladder remnant, or to a pathological bladder of intramural fibrosis. These results suggest that this material may be well suited to clinical bladder substitution in humans.", "PMID": 649625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4394", "title": "Development of adhesive pit and fissure sealants using a MMA resin initiated by a tri-n-butyl borane derivative.", "content": "A new adhesive fissure sealant, which consists of a solution of 3% 2-hydroxy-3-beta-naphthoxypropyl methacrylate in methyl methacrylate (MMA), poly-MMA powder and an oxidized tri-n-butyl borane, a polymerization initiator, was developed. Tensile bond strength between an acid-etched bovine enamel and a poly-MMA bar joined by this sealant was 60 kg/cm2, and the value did not decrease much after 30 days immersion in water at 37 degrees C. Penetration of fuchsin into the sealant-enamel interface during a percolation test was not observed. SEM observation showed no voids between the enamel and the cured sealant.", "contents": "Development of adhesive pit and fissure sealants using a MMA resin initiated by a tri-n-butyl borane derivative. A new adhesive fissure sealant, which consists of a solution of 3% 2-hydroxy-3-beta-naphthoxypropyl methacrylate in methyl methacrylate (MMA), poly-MMA powder and an oxidized tri-n-butyl borane, a polymerization initiator, was developed. Tensile bond strength between an acid-etched bovine enamel and a poly-MMA bar joined by this sealant was 60 kg/cm2, and the value did not decrease much after 30 days immersion in water at 37 degrees C. Penetration of fuchsin into the sealant-enamel interface during a percolation test was not observed. SEM observation showed no voids between the enamel and the cured sealant.", "PMID": 649626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4395", "title": "Surface texture and strength of vitreous carbon-poly(methyl methacrylate) dental implant materials.", "content": "A study has been carried out on the surface texture and the strength of several dental implant materials composed of vitreous carbon microballoons (6, 24, and 48 wt %)and poly(methyl methacrylate).  Two sizes of microballoons were used--particle size less than 100 micrometer and particle size greater than 100 micrometer. Square wafers of the materials (10 X 10 X 1 mm) were studied with the surface sandblasted in half of the specimens. SEM studies revealed a rough porous surface with scattered moderately sized deep cavities in the 6% and 24% specimens with an increase in the number of cavities in the 24% specimens. The 48% specimens revealed a rough, porous surface composed of large shallow craters. Prepared specimens of the materials, processed by a gas-fired air oven and by a microwave oven, were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strengths of the various mixtures were similar, but mixtures using VC particle size over 100 micrometer demonstrated somewhat reduced compressive strength. Tensile strengths of the mixutres decreased significantly as the amount of VC increased, with a 20% reduction at 24 wt % and a 45% reduction at 48 wt %.", "contents": "Surface texture and strength of vitreous carbon-poly(methyl methacrylate) dental implant materials. A study has been carried out on the surface texture and the strength of several dental implant materials composed of vitreous carbon microballoons (6, 24, and 48 wt %)and poly(methyl methacrylate).  Two sizes of microballoons were used--particle size less than 100 micrometer and particle size greater than 100 micrometer. Square wafers of the materials (10 X 10 X 1 mm) were studied with the surface sandblasted in half of the specimens. SEM studies revealed a rough porous surface with scattered moderately sized deep cavities in the 6% and 24% specimens with an increase in the number of cavities in the 24% specimens. The 48% specimens revealed a rough, porous surface composed of large shallow craters. Prepared specimens of the materials, processed by a gas-fired air oven and by a microwave oven, were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strengths of the various mixtures were similar, but mixtures using VC particle size over 100 micrometer demonstrated somewhat reduced compressive strength. Tensile strengths of the mixutres decreased significantly as the amount of VC increased, with a 20% reduction at 24 wt % and a 45% reduction at 48 wt %.", "PMID": 649627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4396", "title": "Biocompatibility testing of polymers: in vivo implantation studies.", "content": "An in vivo method is described for screening polymeric materials for biocompatibility. The test is based on grading acute and subacute tissue reactions at 7 and 28 days, respectively, following implantation in rats. The methods is reproducible and reliable. It is designed to provide uniform test criteria for biocompatibility assessment in the early phases of the development of surgical implant materials.", "contents": "Biocompatibility testing of polymers: in vivo implantation studies. An in vivo method is described for screening polymeric materials for biocompatibility. The test is based on grading acute and subacute tissue reactions at 7 and 28 days, respectively, following implantation in rats. The methods is reproducible and reliable. It is designed to provide uniform test criteria for biocompatibility assessment in the early phases of the development of surgical implant materials.", "PMID": 649628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4397", "title": "Surface finish of dental composite restorative materials.", "content": "Five composite filling materials were finished using six finishing procedures currently in clinical use. The average roughness produced by each procedure was measured by means of a Surfanalyzer with four replications for each procedure on each of the five materials. Statistical analysis indicated that finishing with silicon carbide disks produced the smoothest surfaces. Acceptable surfaces were obtained with stones or with burs. Use of an alumina paste after a green stone-white Arkansas sequence did not produce a significant improvement. Two processes of filler particle abrasion were distinguished by means of electron microscopy: wear and shear. Fracture striations indicated particle shear. The roughest surfaces were produced by the use of a diamond instrument which is contraindicated. Acceptable finishing procedures for the composite materials tested include silicon carbide disks for accessible areas or 12 fluted finishing burs for more inaccessible areas.", "contents": "Surface finish of dental composite restorative materials. Five composite filling materials were finished using six finishing procedures currently in clinical use. The average roughness produced by each procedure was measured by means of a Surfanalyzer with four replications for each procedure on each of the five materials. Statistical analysis indicated that finishing with silicon carbide disks produced the smoothest surfaces. Acceptable surfaces were obtained with stones or with burs. Use of an alumina paste after a green stone-white Arkansas sequence did not produce a significant improvement. Two processes of filler particle abrasion were distinguished by means of electron microscopy: wear and shear. Fracture striations indicated particle shear. The roughest surfaces were produced by the use of a diamond instrument which is contraindicated. Acceptable finishing procedures for the composite materials tested include silicon carbide disks for accessible areas or 12 fluted finishing burs for more inaccessible areas.", "PMID": 649629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4398", "title": "Strength of a dense alumina ceramic after aging in vitro.", "content": "Rods of dense alumina ceramic were aged in Ringer's solution for time periods up to 12 weeks, with half of the rods being aged while mechanically stressed. Pyrex-type glass rods were similarly tested for comparison purposes. No reduction in flexural strength was observed in dense alumina rods after aging, providing no permeation of the solution into the ceramic occurred. However, a marked reduction in flexural strength was experienced by alumina rods, nominally dense and nonporous, into which some permeation of the saline solution was observed after aging; the largest reduction in strength occurred in such rods aged while mechanically stressed. The results indicate the importance and advantage of using densely sintered alumina ceramics as implants for optimum structural performance over an extended time period.", "contents": "Strength of a dense alumina ceramic after aging in vitro. Rods of dense alumina ceramic were aged in Ringer's solution for time periods up to 12 weeks, with half of the rods being aged while mechanically stressed. Pyrex-type glass rods were similarly tested for comparison purposes. No reduction in flexural strength was observed in dense alumina rods after aging, providing no permeation of the solution into the ceramic occurred. However, a marked reduction in flexural strength was experienced by alumina rods, nominally dense and nonporous, into which some permeation of the saline solution was observed after aging; the largest reduction in strength occurred in such rods aged while mechanically stressed. The results indicate the importance and advantage of using densely sintered alumina ceramics as implants for optimum structural performance over an extended time period.", "PMID": 649630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4399", "title": "Scoliosis in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.", "content": "Scoliosis was evident in eighteen of eighty-eight patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. The predominant pattern of spinal deformity was a structural thoracolumbar double curve that extended to the sacrum and was associated with pelvic obliquity and lumbar hyperlordosis. Significant contractures about the hips, dislocation of the hip, or both were present in all patients but one. Most of the curves were progressive and they became rigid and fixed at an early age. There was progression of the pelvic obliquity coincident with progression of the curve. Treatment by corrective casts or a Milwaukee brace was ineffective and if surgical treatment directed at the pelvic obliquity did not correct that deformity, spine fusion to the sacrum appeared necessary.", "contents": "Scoliosis in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Scoliosis was evident in eighteen of eighty-eight patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. The predominant pattern of spinal deformity was a structural thoracolumbar double curve that extended to the sacrum and was associated with pelvic obliquity and lumbar hyperlordosis. Significant contractures about the hips, dislocation of the hip, or both were present in all patients but one. Most of the curves were progressive and they became rigid and fixed at an early age. There was progression of the pelvic obliquity coincident with progression of the curve. Treatment by corrective casts or a Milwaukee brace was ineffective and if surgical treatment directed at the pelvic obliquity did not correct that deformity, spine fusion to the sacrum appeared necessary.", "PMID": 649631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4400", "title": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "The results of treatment of fifty-six patients with subtrochanteric fractures of the femur are presented and a new classification of these fractures is described. In forty-seven fractures treated with internal fixation there were nine failures of fixation. One type of lesion, the three-part spiral subtrochanteric fracture, occurred  eighteen times and accounted for eight of the failures of fixation.", "contents": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. The results of treatment of fifty-six patients with subtrochanteric fractures of the femur are presented and a new classification of these fractures is described. In forty-seven fractures treated with internal fixation there were nine failures of fixation. One type of lesion, the three-part spiral subtrochanteric fracture, occurred  eighteen times and accounted for eight of the failures of fixation.", "PMID": 649632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4401", "title": "Total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "A review of 333 consecutive Charnley total hip arthroplasties four to seven years after operation showed that twenty-eight patients had died, and three deaths were directly related to the surgery. The survivors had an average improvement of 46.6 points in their evaluation scores to a level of 91.3 points. Four deep infections occurred for which removal of the prosthesis was required. Thirteen hips dislocated postoperatively, and five of them required additional surgery. Three were four sciatic-nerve injuries and all but one resolved. Wear of the acetabular component was evident in seventeen hips, measuring two millimeters in six and one millimeter in eleven. With the marking system used, accurate measurement of wear was not possible. Roentgenographic evidence of loosening of the femoral component  was found in 24 per cent of the hips, atributable more often to the quality of cement fixation than to the position of the components (varus-valgus). Varus loosening of two millimeters or more was associated with lower evaluation scores.", "contents": "Total hip arthroplasty. A review of 333 consecutive Charnley total hip arthroplasties four to seven years after operation showed that twenty-eight patients had died, and three deaths were directly related to the surgery. The survivors had an average improvement of 46.6 points in their evaluation scores to a level of 91.3 points. Four deep infections occurred for which removal of the prosthesis was required. Thirteen hips dislocated postoperatively, and five of them required additional surgery. Three were four sciatic-nerve injuries and all but one resolved. Wear of the acetabular component was evident in seventeen hips, measuring two millimeters in six and one millimeter in eleven. With the marking system used, accurate measurement of wear was not possible. Roentgenographic evidence of loosening of the femoral component  was found in 24 per cent of the hips, atributable more often to the quality of cement fixation than to the position of the components (varus-valgus). Varus loosening of two millimeters or more was associated with lower evaluation scores.", "PMID": 649633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4402", "title": "Functional fracture-bracing of long-bone fractures of the lower extremity in children.", "content": "Fifty-six tibial fractures in fifty-five children, sixteen years old or younger, and seventeen femoral fractures in seventeen children in the same age group, seven of them with associated tibial fractures, were treated by fracture-bracing. The tibial fractures healed in an average of 13.2 weeks with no complications that could be attributed to failure of the method. The femoral fractures healed in an average of seventeen weeks. There was an angular femoral deformity of more than 5 degrees in seven of seventeen patients, all but one in fractures of the middle third of the femoral shaft. Of nine distal fractures, only one had angulation of more than 5 degrees. Therefore, the method should be restricted to fractures in the distal third of the femoral shaft. Fracture-bracing gave more freedom to the child and was eminently satisfactory to the parents.", "contents": "Functional fracture-bracing of long-bone fractures of the lower extremity in children. Fifty-six tibial fractures in fifty-five children, sixteen years old or younger, and seventeen femoral fractures in seventeen children in the same age group, seven of them with associated tibial fractures, were treated by fracture-bracing. The tibial fractures healed in an average of 13.2 weeks with no complications that could be attributed to failure of the method. The femoral fractures healed in an average of seventeen weeks. There was an angular femoral deformity of more than 5 degrees in seven of seventeen patients, all but one in fractures of the middle third of the femoral shaft. Of nine distal fractures, only one had angulation of more than 5 degrees. Therefore, the method should be restricted to fractures in the distal third of the femoral shaft. Fracture-bracing gave more freedom to the child and was eminently satisfactory to the parents.", "PMID": 649634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4403", "title": "Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with posterior entrapment of the fibula behind the tibia.", "content": "Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with entrapment of the fibula behind the tibia is a rare condition. Prompt recognition and treatment are necessary to prevent permanent disability. In three of four patients, the injury was managed by closed reduction. If the injury is accurately diagnosed and if traction and medial rotation are applied to the foot while the fibular shaft is pushed laterally, a stable, satisfactory reduction may be achieved. If closed reduction fails, a lateral approach through a small vertical incision directly over the fractured fibular malleolus is sufficient to allow open reduction of the fibula.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with posterior entrapment of the fibula behind the tibia. Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with entrapment of the fibula behind the tibia is a rare condition. Prompt recognition and treatment are necessary to prevent permanent disability. In three of four patients, the injury was managed by closed reduction. If the injury is accurately diagnosed and if traction and medial rotation are applied to the foot while the fibular shaft is pushed laterally, a stable, satisfactory reduction may be achieved. If closed reduction fails, a lateral approach through a small vertical incision directly over the fractured fibular malleolus is sufficient to allow open reduction of the fibula.", "PMID": 649635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4404", "title": "Intra-articular pressure as a factor in initiating ulnar drift.", "content": "To determine the possible relevance of intra-articular pressure in the production of ulnar drift, metacarpophalangeal joints of fresh cadaver specimens were injected with water to increase the intra-articular pressure. Of the thirty-two joints tested, ulnar deviation was produced in twenty-three, flexion in twenty-four, and simultaneous ulnar deviation and flexion (ulnar drift) in nineteen. In two or three instances, the displacement was in extension or radial deviation. These results suggest that elevated intra-articular pressure may be a factor in the initiation of ulnar drift in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Intra-articular pressure as a factor in initiating ulnar drift. To determine the possible relevance of intra-articular pressure in the production of ulnar drift, metacarpophalangeal joints of fresh cadaver specimens were injected with water to increase the intra-articular pressure. Of the thirty-two joints tested, ulnar deviation was produced in twenty-three, flexion in twenty-four, and simultaneous ulnar deviation and flexion (ulnar drift) in nineteen. In two or three instances, the displacement was in extension or radial deviation. These results suggest that elevated intra-articular pressure may be a factor in the initiation of ulnar drift in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 649636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4405", "title": "The influence of design on the transmission of torque across knee prostheses.", "content": "Knee prostheses of eight different designs were tested experimentally to determine the axial torque necessary to rotate the tibial component relative to the femoral component with the prosthesis positioned at or near full extension. The results represent transmitted torque as a function of axial rotation. For six designs, the transmitted torque was 11.3 newton-meters (100 inch-pounds) or greater at 6 degrees of rotation, with an axial load of 1556.8 newtons (350 pounds). These prostheses either had close conformation between femoral and tibial components, or were mechanically linked. In these prostheses, the geometry of the articulating surfaces was the primary determinant of torque. For the other two types, under similar loading conditions the transmitted torques were 2.5 newton-meters (twenty-two inch-pounds) at 6 degrees of rotation. These prostheses were designed to allow greater freedom for rotation, and hence for them the primary determinant of torque was friction between the articulating surfaces. The predictive value of this torque characteristic relative to the incidence of loosening will have to be determined by comparison with clinical experience.", "contents": "The influence of design on the transmission of torque across knee prostheses. Knee prostheses of eight different designs were tested experimentally to determine the axial torque necessary to rotate the tibial component relative to the femoral component with the prosthesis positioned at or near full extension. The results represent transmitted torque as a function of axial rotation. For six designs, the transmitted torque was 11.3 newton-meters (100 inch-pounds) or greater at 6 degrees of rotation, with an axial load of 1556.8 newtons (350 pounds). These prostheses either had close conformation between femoral and tibial components, or were mechanically linked. In these prostheses, the geometry of the articulating surfaces was the primary determinant of torque. For the other two types, under similar loading conditions the transmitted torques were 2.5 newton-meters (twenty-two inch-pounds) at 6 degrees of rotation. These prostheses were designed to allow greater freedom for rotation, and hence for them the primary determinant of torque was friction between the articulating surfaces. The predictive value of this torque characteristic relative to the incidence of loosening will have to be determined by comparison with clinical experience.", "PMID": 649637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4406", "title": "Methylmethacrylate: A study of teratogenicity and fetal toxocity of the vapor in the mouse.", "content": "To determine possible deleterious effects of methylmethacrylate vapor on mouse gestation, pregnant mice were exposed to average vapor concentrations of 1330 parts per million for two hours twice daily during Day 6 through Day 15 of pregnancy. A slight increase in the average weight of the fetuses of the exposed mothers were demonstrated but no other evidence of fetal toxicity or teratologic effects was found. During three total hip replacements, the concentration of methylmethacrylate in operating-room air never rose above 280 parts per million.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate: A study of teratogenicity and fetal toxocity of the vapor in the mouse. To determine possible deleterious effects of methylmethacrylate vapor on mouse gestation, pregnant mice were exposed to average vapor concentrations of 1330 parts per million for two hours twice daily during Day 6 through Day 15 of pregnancy. A slight increase in the average weight of the fetuses of the exposed mothers were demonstrated but no other evidence of fetal toxicity or teratologic effects was found. During three total hip replacements, the concentration of methylmethacrylate in operating-room air never rose above 280 parts per million.", "PMID": 649638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4407", "title": "Cefazolin concentrations in bone and synovial fluid.", "content": "A single intravenous dose of one gram of cefazolin was administered prophylactically to forty-eight patients undergoing total joint replacement. The serum half-life of the antibiotic was 1.8 hours, the same value found in normal volunteers. The mean concentration in bone during surgery was 5.7 micrograms per gram of bone. The mean concentration in synovial fluid during surgery was 24.4 micrograms per milliliter of fluid.", "contents": "Cefazolin concentrations in bone and synovial fluid. A single intravenous dose of one gram of cefazolin was administered prophylactically to forty-eight patients undergoing total joint replacement. The serum half-life of the antibiotic was 1.8 hours, the same value found in normal volunteers. The mean concentration in bone during surgery was 5.7 micrograms per gram of bone. The mean concentration in synovial fluid during surgery was 24.4 micrograms per milliliter of fluid.", "PMID": 649639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4408", "title": "Musculoskeletal problems in blind children.", "content": "At a regional school for the blind, 157 children were examined for musculoskeletal abnormalities. The incidence of scoliosis was 9.5 per cent; of foot deformity, 53.5 percent; and of ligament laxity, 25 per cent. Thirty-six children (23 per cent) had evidence of spastic, flaccid, or athetoid cerebral palsy or other disorders of the central nervous system. The orthopaedist should evaluate blind children carefully and repeatedly for evidence of occult cerebral palsy and progressive deformity of the spine or foot.", "contents": "Musculoskeletal problems in blind children. At a regional school for the blind, 157 children were examined for musculoskeletal abnormalities. The incidence of scoliosis was 9.5 per cent; of foot deformity, 53.5 percent; and of ligament laxity, 25 per cent. Thirty-six children (23 per cent) had evidence of spastic, flaccid, or athetoid cerebral palsy or other disorders of the central nervous system. The orthopaedist should evaluate blind children carefully and repeatedly for evidence of occult cerebral palsy and progressive deformity of the spine or foot.", "PMID": 649640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4409", "title": "Traumatic closed transection of the biceps brachii in the military parachutist.", "content": "Static line injury to the military paratrooper's arm occasionally produces an unusual muscle injury: closed transection of the belly of the biceps brachii. A review of twenty-eight untreated paratroopers so injured demonstrated significant residual weakness and deformity. Attempts at late repair resulted in only minimum improvement. The results of twenty fresh injuries treated by either surgical repair or aspiration followed by closed reduction and splinting are presented.", "contents": "Traumatic closed transection of the biceps brachii in the military parachutist. Static line injury to the military paratrooper's arm occasionally produces an unusual muscle injury: closed transection of the belly of the biceps brachii. A review of twenty-eight untreated paratroopers so injured demonstrated significant residual weakness and deformity. Attempts at late repair resulted in only minimum improvement. The results of twenty fresh injuries treated by either surgical repair or aspiration followed by closed reduction and splinting are presented.", "PMID": 649641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4410", "title": "Sacral agenesis.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with sacral agenesis evaluated at Newington Children's Hospital between 1959 and 1977 were classified according to patterns of morphologic deficiency in the bones and articulations. Motor deficit in these patients corresponded, within one level, to vertebral loss; sensory deficit did not correspond. The major orthopaedic problems often associated with sacral agenesis are spinopelvic instability, scoliosis, myelomeningocele, hip dislocation and contracture, knee contracture, and foot deformity. These can be controlled or corrected by proper orthopaedic management.", "contents": "Sacral agenesis. Twenty-three patients with sacral agenesis evaluated at Newington Children's Hospital between 1959 and 1977 were classified according to patterns of morphologic deficiency in the bones and articulations. Motor deficit in these patients corresponded, within one level, to vertebral loss; sensory deficit did not correspond. The major orthopaedic problems often associated with sacral agenesis are spinopelvic instability, scoliosis, myelomeningocele, hip dislocation and contracture, knee contracture, and foot deformity. These can be controlled or corrected by proper orthopaedic management.", "PMID": 649642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4411", "title": "Failure of total knee arthroplasty due to loosening and deformation of the tibial component.", "content": "A series of 100 consecutive UCI knee replacements showed a 7 per cent incidence of reoperation due to loosening of the prosthesis associated with permanent deformation of the tibial component. Analysis of the clinical data, roentgenograms, and removed implants showed associations between failure and radiolucency at the cement-bone interface, prosthetic obliquity, collapse of trabecular bone, change of the alignment of the extremity, and permanent deformation of the tibial component. Although no one of these factors by itself can be responsible for the mechanical failure of the arthroplasty, a predominant failure pattern exists. We think that the sequence of events is as follows: implantation of the tibial component with medial or lateral tilt; lack of firm skeletal stabilization; continual microtrabecular fractures; change in alignment of the extremity; and permanent deformation of the plastic component.", "contents": "Failure of total knee arthroplasty due to loosening and deformation of the tibial component. A series of 100 consecutive UCI knee replacements showed a 7 per cent incidence of reoperation due to loosening of the prosthesis associated with permanent deformation of the tibial component. Analysis of the clinical data, roentgenograms, and removed implants showed associations between failure and radiolucency at the cement-bone interface, prosthetic obliquity, collapse of trabecular bone, change of the alignment of the extremity, and permanent deformation of the tibial component. Although no one of these factors by itself can be responsible for the mechanical failure of the arthroplasty, a predominant failure pattern exists. We think that the sequence of events is as follows: implantation of the tibial component with medial or lateral tilt; lack of firm skeletal stabilization; continual microtrabecular fractures; change in alignment of the extremity; and permanent deformation of the plastic component.", "PMID": 649643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4412", "title": "Sulfated compounds in the zymogen granules of the guinea pig pancreas.", "content": "Sulfate incorporation into the guinea pig pancreas was investigated by light (LM) and electron microscope (EM) autoradiography using a system of minilobules incubated in vitro for 60 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium (KRB) containing 35SO4(-2). In acinar cells, examined by EM autoradiography, the label was found concentrated over Golgi elements (including condensing vacuoles) and zymogen granules. 35SO4(-2) was also incorporated by the epithelial cells of the entire pancreatic duct system, the incorporation being surprisingly high in the epithelium of the major ducts. In all ductal epithelia, autoradiographic grains appeared over the Golgi complex and the plasmalemma. Since a contribution of duct epithelium to the sulfated compounds found in the discharged secretion could not be ruled out, a purified zymogen granule fraction was used as a source material for the isolation of sulfated compounds of acinar origin. The presence of 35S-radioactivity in the zymogen granules and condensing vacuoles of this fraction was ascertained by autoradiography (of sectioned pellets). From a lysate of this zymogen granule fraction, a soluble sulfated compound of low isoelectric point and high molecular weight was isolated by gel filtration under conditions that allowed its satisfactory separation from the bulk of the secretory proteins.", "contents": "Sulfated compounds in the zymogen granules of the guinea pig pancreas. Sulfate incorporation into the guinea pig pancreas was investigated by light (LM) and electron microscope (EM) autoradiography using a system of minilobules incubated in vitro for 60 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium (KRB) containing 35SO4(-2). In acinar cells, examined by EM autoradiography, the label was found concentrated over Golgi elements (including condensing vacuoles) and zymogen granules. 35SO4(-2) was also incorporated by the epithelial cells of the entire pancreatic duct system, the incorporation being surprisingly high in the epithelium of the major ducts. In all ductal epithelia, autoradiographic grains appeared over the Golgi complex and the plasmalemma. Since a contribution of duct epithelium to the sulfated compounds found in the discharged secretion could not be ruled out, a purified zymogen granule fraction was used as a source material for the isolation of sulfated compounds of acinar origin. The presence of 35S-radioactivity in the zymogen granules and condensing vacuoles of this fraction was ascertained by autoradiography (of sectioned pellets). From a lysate of this zymogen granule fraction, a soluble sulfated compound of low isoelectric point and high molecular weight was isolated by gel filtration under conditions that allowed its satisfactory separation from the bulk of the secretory proteins.", "PMID": 649653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4413", "title": "Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase. Biochemical and electron microscope characterization of low ionic strength aggregates.", "content": "The \"tailed\" molecules of Electrophorus (electric eel) acetylcholinesterase aggregate under conditions of low ionic strength. These aggregates have been studied by sedimentation analysis and high-resolution electron microscopy. They consist of bundles of at least half a dozen molecules, the tails of which are packed side by side, to form the core of the structure. Although aggregation is normally fully reversible, aggregates were irreversibly stabilized by methylene blue-sensitized photo-oxidation. This process was shown to consist of a singlet oxygen oxidation reaction and probably involves methionine or histidine residues. It did not modify the structural or hydrodynamic characteristics of the aggregates.", "contents": "Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase. Biochemical and electron microscope characterization of low ionic strength aggregates. The \"tailed\" molecules of Electrophorus (electric eel) acetylcholinesterase aggregate under conditions of low ionic strength. These aggregates have been studied by sedimentation analysis and high-resolution electron microscopy. They consist of bundles of at least half a dozen molecules, the tails of which are packed side by side, to form the core of the structure. Although aggregation is normally fully reversible, aggregates were irreversibly stabilized by methylene blue-sensitized photo-oxidation. This process was shown to consist of a singlet oxygen oxidation reaction and probably involves methionine or histidine residues. It did not modify the structural or hydrodynamic characteristics of the aggregates.", "PMID": 649654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4414", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of acetylcholine receptors in the Schwann cell membrane of the squid nerve fiber.", "content": "Intact and slit nerve fibers of the squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea were incubated in a 50-nM solution of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin in artificial seawater, in the absence and in the presence of D-tubocurarine (10(-4) M). The distribution of the radioactive label was then determined by electron microscope autoradiography. It was found that, in the fibers exposed solely to the radioactive toxin, the label was located mainly at the axon-Schwann cell boundary in the intact nerve fibers or at the axonal edge of the Schwann cell layer in the axon-free nerve fiber sheaths. Label was also present in those regions of the Schwann cell layer rich in intercellular channels. No signs of radioactivity were observed in the nerve fibers exposed to the labeled toxin in the presence of D-tubocurarine. These results indicate that the acetycholine receptors previously found in the Schwann cell plasma membrane are mainly located over the cell surfaces facing the neighboring axon and the adjacent Schwann cells. These findings represent a further advance in the understanding of the relationship between the axon and its satellite Schwann cell.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of acetylcholine receptors in the Schwann cell membrane of the squid nerve fiber. Intact and slit nerve fibers of the squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea were incubated in a 50-nM solution of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin in artificial seawater, in the absence and in the presence of D-tubocurarine (10(-4) M). The distribution of the radioactive label was then determined by electron microscope autoradiography. It was found that, in the fibers exposed solely to the radioactive toxin, the label was located mainly at the axon-Schwann cell boundary in the intact nerve fibers or at the axonal edge of the Schwann cell layer in the axon-free nerve fiber sheaths. Label was also present in those regions of the Schwann cell layer rich in intercellular channels. No signs of radioactivity were observed in the nerve fibers exposed to the labeled toxin in the presence of D-tubocurarine. These results indicate that the acetycholine receptors previously found in the Schwann cell plasma membrane are mainly located over the cell surfaces facing the neighboring axon and the adjacent Schwann cells. These findings represent a further advance in the understanding of the relationship between the axon and its satellite Schwann cell.", "PMID": 649655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4415", "title": "An improved method for the isolation of dense storage granules from human platelets.", "content": "Pretreatment of human platelets with the metabolic inhibitors rotenone and 2-deoxyglucose, before French press homogenization, has led to the isolation of dense storage granules in an overall yield of about 20%. The concentrations of serotonin, ATP and ADP were estimated in the dense granules. Serotonin was 40--60-fold enriched in the dense granules compared to the platelet homogenate. Stored ATP and ADP were also 40-fold enriched in the dense granules compared to the estimated storage nucleotide pool in intact platelets. The ATP to ADP ratio in the isolated dense granules  was 0.68-0.70, the same as the ratio of the secreted ATP and ADP. In platelets prelabeled with [3H]adenine, the specific radioactivities of the ATP and ADP in the isolated dense granules and of the secreted ATP and ADP were both negligible, whereas the estimated specific radioactivity of the metabolically active ATP and ADP was 2,000 cpm/nmol. These results confirm that the ATP and ADP in the isolated dense granules are the same as the secreted ATP and ADP in terms of metabolic inactivity and their ATP to ADP ratios.", "contents": "An improved method for the isolation of dense storage granules from human platelets. Pretreatment of human platelets with the metabolic inhibitors rotenone and 2-deoxyglucose, before French press homogenization, has led to the isolation of dense storage granules in an overall yield of about 20%. The concentrations of serotonin, ATP and ADP were estimated in the dense granules. Serotonin was 40--60-fold enriched in the dense granules compared to the platelet homogenate. Stored ATP and ADP were also 40-fold enriched in the dense granules compared to the estimated storage nucleotide pool in intact platelets. The ATP to ADP ratio in the isolated dense granules  was 0.68-0.70, the same as the ratio of the secreted ATP and ADP. In platelets prelabeled with [3H]adenine, the specific radioactivities of the ATP and ADP in the isolated dense granules and of the secreted ATP and ADP were both negligible, whereas the estimated specific radioactivity of the metabolically active ATP and ADP was 2,000 cpm/nmol. These results confirm that the ATP and ADP in the isolated dense granules are the same as the secreted ATP and ADP in terms of metabolic inactivity and their ATP to ADP ratios.", "PMID": 649656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4416", "title": "In vivo effect of colchicine on hepatic protein synthesis and on the conversion of proalbumin to serum albumin.", "content": "Treatment of rats with 0.5-25 mumol/100 g body weight of colchicine for 1 h or more caused an inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis. This effect was not seen if animals were exposed to colchicine for less than 1 h. The delayed inhibition of protein synthesis affected both secretory and nonsecretory proteins. Treatment with colchicine (15 mumol/100 g) for 1 h or more caused the RNA content of membrane-bound polysomes to fall but did not change the polysomal profile of this fraction. By contrast, the total RNA content in the free polysome cell fraction was increased, and this was due to the presence of more ribosomal monomers and dimers. Electron microscope examination of the livers from rats treated for 3 h with colchicine showed an accumulation of secretory vesicles within the hepatocytes and a general distention of the endoplasmic reticulum. Administration of radioactive L-leucine to the rats led to an incorporation of radioactivity into two forms of intracellular albumin which were precipitable with antiserum to rat serum albumin but which were separable by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. One form has arginine at the amino-terminal position and is proalbumin, and the other form, which more closely resembles serum albumin chromatographically, has glutamic acid at its amino terminus. Only proalbumin was found in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions and in a Golgi cell fraction wich corresponds morphologically to mostly empty and partially filled secretory vesicles. However, in other Golgi cell fractions which were filled with secretory products, both radioactive proalbumin and serum albumin were found. This indicates that proalbumin is converted to serum albumin in these secretory vesicles just before exocytosis. Colchicine delayed the discharge of radioactive albumin from these filled secretory vesicles and caused an accumulation of both proalbumin and serum albumin within these cell fractions.", "contents": "In vivo effect of colchicine on hepatic protein synthesis and on the conversion of proalbumin to serum albumin. Treatment of rats with 0.5-25 mumol/100 g body weight of colchicine for 1 h or more caused an inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis. This effect was not seen if animals were exposed to colchicine for less than 1 h. The delayed inhibition of protein synthesis affected both secretory and nonsecretory proteins. Treatment with colchicine (15 mumol/100 g) for 1 h or more caused the RNA content of membrane-bound polysomes to fall but did not change the polysomal profile of this fraction. By contrast, the total RNA content in the free polysome cell fraction was increased, and this was due to the presence of more ribosomal monomers and dimers. Electron microscope examination of the livers from rats treated for 3 h with colchicine showed an accumulation of secretory vesicles within the hepatocytes and a general distention of the endoplasmic reticulum. Administration of radioactive L-leucine to the rats led to an incorporation of radioactivity into two forms of intracellular albumin which were precipitable with antiserum to rat serum albumin but which were separable by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. One form has arginine at the amino-terminal position and is proalbumin, and the other form, which more closely resembles serum albumin chromatographically, has glutamic acid at its amino terminus. Only proalbumin was found in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions and in a Golgi cell fraction wich corresponds morphologically to mostly empty and partially filled secretory vesicles. However, in other Golgi cell fractions which were filled with secretory products, both radioactive proalbumin and serum albumin were found. This indicates that proalbumin is converted to serum albumin in these secretory vesicles just before exocytosis. Colchicine delayed the discharge of radioactive albumin from these filled secretory vesicles and caused an accumulation of both proalbumin and serum albumin within these cell fractions.", "PMID": 649657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4417", "title": "Proteins of rough microsomal membranes related to ribosome binding. I. Identification of ribophorins I and II, membrane proteins characteristics of rough microsomes.", "content": "Rat liver rough microsomes (RM) contain two integral membrane proteins which are not found in smooth microsomes (SM) and appear to be related to the presence of ribosome-binding sites. These proteins, of molecular weight 65,000 and 63,000, were designated ribophorins I and II, respectively. They were not released from the microsomal membranes by alkali or acid treatment, or when the ribosomes were detached by incubation with puromycin in a high salt medium. The anionic detergent sodium deoxycholate caused solubilization of the ribophorins, but neutral detergents led to their recovery with the sedimentable ribosomes. Ribosomal aggregates containing both ribophorins, but few other membrane proteins, were obtained from RM treated with the nonionic detergent Kyro EOB (2.5 X10(-2) M) in a low ionic strength medium. Sedimentation patterns produced by these aggregates resembled those of large polysomes but were not affected by RNase treatment. The aggregates, however, were dispersed by mild trypsinization (10 microgram trypsin for 30 min at 0 degrees C), incubation with deoxycholate, or in a medium of high salt concentration. These treatments led to a concomitant degradation or release of the ribophorins. It was estimated, from the staining intensity of protein bands in acrylamide gels, that in the Kyro EOB aggregates there were one to two molecules of each ribophorin per ribosome. Sedimentable complexes without ribosomes containing both ribophorins could also be obtained by dissolving RM previously stripped of ribosomes by puromycin-KCl using cholate, a milder detergent than DOC. Electron microscope examination of the residue obtained from RM treated with Kyro EOB showed that the rapidly sedimenting polysome-like aggregates containing the ribophorins consisted of groups of tightly packed ribosomes which were associated with remnants of the microsomal membranes.", "contents": "Proteins of rough microsomal membranes related to ribosome binding. I. Identification of ribophorins I and II, membrane proteins characteristics of rough microsomes. Rat liver rough microsomes (RM) contain two integral membrane proteins which are not found in smooth microsomes (SM) and appear to be related to the presence of ribosome-binding sites. These proteins, of molecular weight 65,000 and 63,000, were designated ribophorins I and II, respectively. They were not released from the microsomal membranes by alkali or acid treatment, or when the ribosomes were detached by incubation with puromycin in a high salt medium. The anionic detergent sodium deoxycholate caused solubilization of the ribophorins, but neutral detergents led to their recovery with the sedimentable ribosomes. Ribosomal aggregates containing both ribophorins, but few other membrane proteins, were obtained from RM treated with the nonionic detergent Kyro EOB (2.5 X10(-2) M) in a low ionic strength medium. Sedimentation patterns produced by these aggregates resembled those of large polysomes but were not affected by RNase treatment. The aggregates, however, were dispersed by mild trypsinization (10 microgram trypsin for 30 min at 0 degrees C), incubation with deoxycholate, or in a medium of high salt concentration. These treatments led to a concomitant degradation or release of the ribophorins. It was estimated, from the staining intensity of protein bands in acrylamide gels, that in the Kyro EOB aggregates there were one to two molecules of each ribophorin per ribosome. Sedimentable complexes without ribosomes containing both ribophorins could also be obtained by dissolving RM previously stripped of ribosomes by puromycin-KCl using cholate, a milder detergent than DOC. Electron microscope examination of the residue obtained from RM treated with Kyro EOB showed that the rapidly sedimenting polysome-like aggregates containing the ribophorins consisted of groups of tightly packed ribosomes which were associated with remnants of the microsomal membranes.", "PMID": 649658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4418", "title": "Nuclear surface complex as observed with the high resolution scanning electron microscope. Visualization of the membrane surfaces of the neclear envelope and the nuclear cortex from Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "The nuclear envelope and associated structures from Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage VI) have been examined with the high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). The features of the inner and outer surfaces of the nuclear surface complex were revealed by manual isolation , whereas the membranes facing the perinuclear space (the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes) were observed by fracturing the nuclear envelope in this plane and splaying the corresponding regions apart. Pore complexes were observed on all four membrane surfaces of this double-membraned structure. The densely packed pore complexes (55/micron2) are often clustered into triplets with shared walls (outer diameter = 90 nm; inner diameter = 25 nm; wall thickness = aproximately 30 nm), and project aproximately 20 nm above each membrane except where they are flush with the innermost surface. The pore complex appears to be an aggregate of four 30-nm subunits. The nuclear cortex, a fibrous layer (300 nm thickness) associated with the inner surface of the nuclear envelope, has been revealed by rapid fixation. This cortical layer is interrupted by funnel-shaped intranuclear channels (120-640 nm diam) which narrow towards the pore complexes. Chains of particles, arranged in spirals, are inserted into these intranuclear channels. The fibers associated with the innermost face of the nuclear envelope can be extraced with 0.6 MKI to reveal the pore complexes. A model of the nuclear surface complex, compiled from the visualization of all the membrane faces and the nuclear cortex, demonstrates relations between the intranuclear channels (3.2/micron2) and the numerous pore complexes, and the possibility of their role in nucleocytoplasmic interactions.", "contents": "Nuclear surface complex as observed with the high resolution scanning electron microscope. Visualization of the membrane surfaces of the neclear envelope and the nuclear cortex from Xenopus laevis oocytes. The nuclear envelope and associated structures from Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage VI) have been examined with the high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). The features of the inner and outer surfaces of the nuclear surface complex were revealed by manual isolation , whereas the membranes facing the perinuclear space (the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes) were observed by fracturing the nuclear envelope in this plane and splaying the corresponding regions apart. Pore complexes were observed on all four membrane surfaces of this double-membraned structure. The densely packed pore complexes (55/micron2) are often clustered into triplets with shared walls (outer diameter = 90 nm; inner diameter = 25 nm; wall thickness = aproximately 30 nm), and project aproximately 20 nm above each membrane except where they are flush with the innermost surface. The pore complex appears to be an aggregate of four 30-nm subunits. The nuclear cortex, a fibrous layer (300 nm thickness) associated with the inner surface of the nuclear envelope, has been revealed by rapid fixation. This cortical layer is interrupted by funnel-shaped intranuclear channels (120-640 nm diam) which narrow towards the pore complexes. Chains of particles, arranged in spirals, are inserted into these intranuclear channels. The fibers associated with the innermost face of the nuclear envelope can be extraced with 0.6 MKI to reveal the pore complexes. A model of the nuclear surface complex, compiled from the visualization of all the membrane faces and the nuclear cortex, demonstrates relations between the intranuclear channels (3.2/micron2) and the numerous pore complexes, and the possibility of their role in nucleocytoplasmic interactions.", "PMID": 649659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4419", "title": "Integrated stereological and biochemical studies on hepatocytic membranes. II. Correction of section thickness effect on volume and surface density estimates.", "content": "The basic stereological formulas for estimating volume (Vv) and surface (Sv) densities are strictly valid only for true infinitely thin sections; the use of \"ultrathin\" sections of finite thickness T introduces systematic errors, mostly in the sense of overestimation of the parameters. These errors depend on the size and shape of the structural elements and on T. Correction factors for this effect of T are derived by considering model structures that simulate the shape and arrangement of subcellular organelles: (a) spherical vesicles, (b) disks as models for rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae, (c) cylindrical tublules as models for smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) tubules, microvilli, etc. For vesicles, a model of discrete convex spherical particles is assumed; the correction factors consider loss of caps due to grazing sections and size distribution of the vesicles. The disk and tubule models are used in connection with the new integral geometric formulas of R.E. Miles which consider random aggregates of \"inter-penetrating\" particles so that the resultant structure is non-convex and thus approximates in nature the networks characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Some practical examples relative to liver cells show that the errors due to section thickness may be of the order of 20-40% or more. Computation formulas as well as graphs are given for the determination of the correction factors for Vv and Sv.", "contents": "Integrated stereological and biochemical studies on hepatocytic membranes. II. Correction of section thickness effect on volume and surface density estimates. The basic stereological formulas for estimating volume (Vv) and surface (Sv) densities are strictly valid only for true infinitely thin sections; the use of \"ultrathin\" sections of finite thickness T introduces systematic errors, mostly in the sense of overestimation of the parameters. These errors depend on the size and shape of the structural elements and on T. Correction factors for this effect of T are derived by considering model structures that simulate the shape and arrangement of subcellular organelles: (a) spherical vesicles, (b) disks as models for rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae, (c) cylindrical tublules as models for smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) tubules, microvilli, etc. For vesicles, a model of discrete convex spherical particles is assumed; the correction factors consider loss of caps due to grazing sections and size distribution of the vesicles. The disk and tubule models are used in connection with the new integral geometric formulas of R.E. Miles which consider random aggregates of \"inter-penetrating\" particles so that the resultant structure is non-convex and thus approximates in nature the networks characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Some practical examples relative to liver cells show that the errors due to section thickness may be of the order of 20-40% or more. Computation formulas as well as graphs are given for the determination of the correction factors for Vv and Sv.", "PMID": 649660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4420", "title": "Mucosal surface morphology of the toad urinary bladder. Scanning electron microscope study of the natriferic and hydro-osmotic response to vasopressin.", "content": "The mucosal cell surface of the toad urinary bladder was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and changes in the structure of the surface of the granular cell were correlated with specific physiological responses to vasopressin. Survey views of the mucosal surface demonstrated that there was no consistent repeating anatomical relationship between the granular cell and the mitochondria-rich cell that would support the concept of cooperativeness in the response to vasopressin. During base-line states of Na+-transport and water flux, the microvilli on the mucosal surface of the granular cell are arranged in a ridge-like network with occasional individual projections. When water flux is increased by exposing the tissue to vasopressin, in the presence of an osmotic gradient across the tissue the microvilli on the granular cell lose the ridge structure and appear, predominantly, as individual projection. Variability-of this appearance points out the necessity of examining large areas and many samples before the significance of any morphological change can be assessed. Blocking the simultaneously occurring natriferic response of the toad urinary bladder with 10(-2)M ouabain does not prevent these changes in the microvilli. When the hydro-osmotic response is blocked by eliminating the osmotic gradient, the granular cell shows no consistent change in mucosal surface morphology even when fixed at the height of the natriferic response. The mitochondria-rich and mucous cells did not show any change in morphology throughout these studies. We conclude that the changes in the mucosal surface morphology of the toad bladder seen after exposure to vasopressin are a result of the increased water flux that occurs when an osmotic gradient exists across the tissue, and are not related to the natriferic response or any specific alteration in the membrane properties.", "contents": "Mucosal surface morphology of the toad urinary bladder. Scanning electron microscope study of the natriferic and hydro-osmotic response to vasopressin. The mucosal cell surface of the toad urinary bladder was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and changes in the structure of the surface of the granular cell were correlated with specific physiological responses to vasopressin. Survey views of the mucosal surface demonstrated that there was no consistent repeating anatomical relationship between the granular cell and the mitochondria-rich cell that would support the concept of cooperativeness in the response to vasopressin. During base-line states of Na+-transport and water flux, the microvilli on the mucosal surface of the granular cell are arranged in a ridge-like network with occasional individual projections. When water flux is increased by exposing the tissue to vasopressin, in the presence of an osmotic gradient across the tissue the microvilli on the granular cell lose the ridge structure and appear, predominantly, as individual projection. Variability-of this appearance points out the necessity of examining large areas and many samples before the significance of any morphological change can be assessed. Blocking the simultaneously occurring natriferic response of the toad urinary bladder with 10(-2)M ouabain does not prevent these changes in the microvilli. When the hydro-osmotic response is blocked by eliminating the osmotic gradient, the granular cell shows no consistent change in mucosal surface morphology even when fixed at the height of the natriferic response. The mitochondria-rich and mucous cells did not show any change in morphology throughout these studies. We conclude that the changes in the mucosal surface morphology of the toad bladder seen after exposure to vasopressin are a result of the increased water flux that occurs when an osmotic gradient exists across the tissue, and are not related to the natriferic response or any specific alteration in the membrane properties.", "PMID": 649661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4421", "title": "Oriented adsorption of purple membrane to cationic surfaces.", "content": "We have investigated the orientation of isolated fragments of Halobacterium halobium purple membrane (PM) adsorbed to poly-L-lysine-treated glass (PL-glass), by quanitative electron microscopy. Three lines of evidence support the conclusion that the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is preferentially absorbed. First, monolayer freeze-fracture reveals nonrandom orientation; more fracture faces (89%) are particulate than smooth. Second, the amount of each membrane surface present can be assayed using polycationic ferritin; 90% of all adsorbed membrane fragments are labeled. Third, it is possible to distinguish two surfaces, \"cracked\" (the extracellular surface) and \"pitted\" (the cytoplasmic surface) , in slowly air-dried, platinum-carbon-shadowed membranes. When applied under standard conditions, more than 80% appear cracked. Selection for the cytoplasmic by the cationic substrate suggests that the isolated PM, buffered at pH 7.4 and in the light, has a higher negative charge on its cytoplasmic surface than on its extracellular surface. Nevertheless, cationic ferritin (CF) preferentially adsorbs to the extracellular surface. Orientation provides a striking example of biomembrane surface asymmetry as well as the means to examine the chemical reactivity and physical properties of surfaces of a purified, nonvesicular membrane fragment.", "contents": "Oriented adsorption of purple membrane to cationic surfaces. We have investigated the orientation of isolated fragments of Halobacterium halobium purple membrane (PM) adsorbed to poly-L-lysine-treated glass (PL-glass), by quanitative electron microscopy. Three lines of evidence support the conclusion that the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is preferentially absorbed. First, monolayer freeze-fracture reveals nonrandom orientation; more fracture faces (89%) are particulate than smooth. Second, the amount of each membrane surface present can be assayed using polycationic ferritin; 90% of all adsorbed membrane fragments are labeled. Third, it is possible to distinguish two surfaces, \"cracked\" (the extracellular surface) and \"pitted\" (the cytoplasmic surface) , in slowly air-dried, platinum-carbon-shadowed membranes. When applied under standard conditions, more than 80% appear cracked. Selection for the cytoplasmic by the cationic substrate suggests that the isolated PM, buffered at pH 7.4 and in the light, has a higher negative charge on its cytoplasmic surface than on its extracellular surface. Nevertheless, cationic ferritin (CF) preferentially adsorbs to the extracellular surface. Orientation provides a striking example of biomembrane surface asymmetry as well as the means to examine the chemical reactivity and physical properties of surfaces of a purified, nonvesicular membrane fragment.", "PMID": 649662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4422", "title": "Effects of low dose rate irradiation on the division potential of cells in vitro. IV. Embryonic and adult human lung fibroblast-like cells.", "content": "Early and late passage human embryonic lung fibroblasts were compared with early passage adult lung fibroblasts with regards to their survival (number of population doublings), after low dose rate ionizing radiation. It was found that early passage embryonic cells are quite resistant to this type of radiation. Late passage embryonic and early passage adult fibroblasts are more sensitive to ionizing radiations. The results suggest that cell aging is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to low dose rate ionizing radiation and favor the idea that aging in vitro, expressed as a function of the fibroblast division potential, is correlated with aging in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of low dose rate irradiation on the division potential of cells in vitro. IV. Embryonic and adult human lung fibroblast-like cells. Early and late passage human embryonic lung fibroblasts were compared with early passage adult lung fibroblasts with regards to their survival (number of population doublings), after low dose rate ionizing radiation. It was found that early passage embryonic cells are quite resistant to this type of radiation. Late passage embryonic and early passage adult fibroblasts are more sensitive to ionizing radiations. The results suggest that cell aging is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to low dose rate ionizing radiation and favor the idea that aging in vitro, expressed as a function of the fibroblast division potential, is correlated with aging in vivo.", "PMID": 649663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4423", "title": "Dissociation of plasminogen activator from the transformed phenotype in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells.", "content": "The relationship between plasminogen activator levels and the expression of the transformed phenotype was studied in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. In terms of cell morphology and cellular interactions, the BrdUrd dependent cells resemble transformed cells when grown in the presence of BrdUrd but resemble untransformed cells when grown in the absence of BrdUrd. It was found that the BrdUrd dependent cells release significant levels of plasminogen activator only when cultured in the absence of BrdUrd. In the presence of BrdUrd, the release of plasminogen activator by the dependent cells is suppressed, and the decreased level of plasminogen activator released in the presence of BrdUrd seems to be due to the decreased production of active enzyme. Growth tests revealed that the BrdUrd dependent cells, when attached to a substrate, required BrdUrd in order to attain high densities. Furthermore, the cells are able to grow well in soft agar only in the presence of BrdUrd. These results suggest that the production and release of high levels of plasminogen activator are not related (either as cause or effect) to the expression of the transformed phenotype in the BrdUrd dependent cells. The effect of dog serum (as a plasminogen source) on the BrdUrd dependent cells also was tested. It was found that cells cultured in medium containing dog serum exhibit a morphological alteration, but only in the absence of brdUrd. The morphological response of the cells to dog serum resembles that previously observed with virus-transformed cells. In the BrdUrd dependent cells, the morphological response to dog serum appears correlated with the release of plasminogen activator but separated from other transformed characteristics.", "contents": "Dissociation of plasminogen activator from the transformed phenotype in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. The relationship between plasminogen activator levels and the expression of the transformed phenotype was studied in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. In terms of cell morphology and cellular interactions, the BrdUrd dependent cells resemble transformed cells when grown in the presence of BrdUrd but resemble untransformed cells when grown in the absence of BrdUrd. It was found that the BrdUrd dependent cells release significant levels of plasminogen activator only when cultured in the absence of BrdUrd. In the presence of BrdUrd, the release of plasminogen activator by the dependent cells is suppressed, and the decreased level of plasminogen activator released in the presence of BrdUrd seems to be due to the decreased production of active enzyme. Growth tests revealed that the BrdUrd dependent cells, when attached to a substrate, required BrdUrd in order to attain high densities. Furthermore, the cells are able to grow well in soft agar only in the presence of BrdUrd. These results suggest that the production and release of high levels of plasminogen activator are not related (either as cause or effect) to the expression of the transformed phenotype in the BrdUrd dependent cells. The effect of dog serum (as a plasminogen source) on the BrdUrd dependent cells also was tested. It was found that cells cultured in medium containing dog serum exhibit a morphological alteration, but only in the absence of brdUrd. The morphological response of the cells to dog serum resembles that previously observed with virus-transformed cells. In the BrdUrd dependent cells, the morphological response to dog serum appears correlated with the release of plasminogen activator but separated from other transformed characteristics.", "PMID": 649664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4424", "title": "Stimulation of 86Rb+ and 32Pi movements in 3T3 cells by prostaglandins and phorbol esters.", "content": "The potent tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) induces early changes in ion movements analogous to those induced by prostaglandins E1 and F 2alpha. Among the earliest changes induced by TPA is a significant increase in 32Pi incorporation within 15 minutes incubation of TPA (10(-8)-10(-6) M) with post-confluent Swiss 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Similarly, the active phorbol ester homolog 4-beta-OH phorbol didecanoate but not the inactive stereoisomeric 4-alpha-OH phorbol didecanoate stimulated 32Pi incorporation. Also, TPA at the above concentrations stimulated 86Rb+ influx shortly after administration. Both fluxes were ouabain-sensitive in accord with the idea that an early effect of TPA is to alter (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Further, prostaglandin E1 (10(-7)-10(-6) M) and prostaglandin F 2alpha (3 X 10(-9)-10(-7) M) caused a similar stimulation of 86Rb+ and 32Pi uptake. The finding that water-soluble prostaglandin F 2alpha also exhibited stimulatory effects indicated that those hormone-induced responses are not mediated by solvent interactions. The similar responses of phorbol esters and prostaglandin derivatives suggests that phorbol esters and prostaglandin derivatives may act at common membrane sites. The finding that stimulatory effects were observed at discrete times in the logarithmic phase of growth suggests that the activation of membrane receptors may be cell-cycle dependent.", "contents": "Stimulation of 86Rb+ and 32Pi movements in 3T3 cells by prostaglandins and phorbol esters. The potent tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) induces early changes in ion movements analogous to those induced by prostaglandins E1 and F 2alpha. Among the earliest changes induced by TPA is a significant increase in 32Pi incorporation within 15 minutes incubation of TPA (10(-8)-10(-6) M) with post-confluent Swiss 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Similarly, the active phorbol ester homolog 4-beta-OH phorbol didecanoate but not the inactive stereoisomeric 4-alpha-OH phorbol didecanoate stimulated 32Pi incorporation. Also, TPA at the above concentrations stimulated 86Rb+ influx shortly after administration. Both fluxes were ouabain-sensitive in accord with the idea that an early effect of TPA is to alter (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Further, prostaglandin E1 (10(-7)-10(-6) M) and prostaglandin F 2alpha (3 X 10(-9)-10(-7) M) caused a similar stimulation of 86Rb+ and 32Pi uptake. The finding that water-soluble prostaglandin F 2alpha also exhibited stimulatory effects indicated that those hormone-induced responses are not mediated by solvent interactions. The similar responses of phorbol esters and prostaglandin derivatives suggests that phorbol esters and prostaglandin derivatives may act at common membrane sites. The finding that stimulatory effects were observed at discrete times in the logarithmic phase of growth suggests that the activation of membrane receptors may be cell-cycle dependent.", "PMID": 649665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4425", "title": "Enhancement of the synthesis of specific cellular polypeptides in a temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cell line (K12) defective for entry into S phase.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cells (K12) have been shown to be defective for the initiation of new rounds of DNA replication when incubated at the restrictive temperature (40.5 degrees). By temperature shift experiments with synchronous cultures, we have marked out the step at which the mutation is expressed as the four hours preceding the initiation of DNA synthesis. The block imposed by the mutation has been shown to be irreversible. In order to approach the biochemical characterization of the temperature-sensitive function in K12 cells, we have analyzed the cellular proteins synthesized under permissive (35 degrees) and restrictive temperatures. The synthesis of three polypeptides is markedly enhanced when K12 cells are incubated at 40.5 degrees. One of them (band B) has turned out to be a useful biochemical marker of the expression of K12 mutation since its synthesis is not affected in other ts-mutants or in hybrids in which K12 mutation is complemented. In addition, the alteration in band B synthesis is irreversible and occurs during the same stage of the cell cycle at which the mutated function is expressed.", "contents": "Enhancement of the synthesis of specific cellular polypeptides in a temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cell line (K12) defective for entry into S phase. Temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cells (K12) have been shown to be defective for the initiation of new rounds of DNA replication when incubated at the restrictive temperature (40.5 degrees). By temperature shift experiments with synchronous cultures, we have marked out the step at which the mutation is expressed as the four hours preceding the initiation of DNA synthesis. The block imposed by the mutation has been shown to be irreversible. In order to approach the biochemical characterization of the temperature-sensitive function in K12 cells, we have analyzed the cellular proteins synthesized under permissive (35 degrees) and restrictive temperatures. The synthesis of three polypeptides is markedly enhanced when K12 cells are incubated at 40.5 degrees. One of them (band B) has turned out to be a useful biochemical marker of the expression of K12 mutation since its synthesis is not affected in other ts-mutants or in hybrids in which K12 mutation is complemented. In addition, the alteration in band B synthesis is irreversible and occurs during the same stage of the cell cycle at which the mutated function is expressed.", "PMID": 649666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4426", "title": "Induction of erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells by bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Treatment of Friend leukemia cells with BrdU, the thymidine analog which interferes with DMSO induced differentiation in these cells as well as the expression of differentiated character in many other cell systems, is capable of inducing erythroid differentiation. Globin mRNA, as assayed by hybridization to globin cDNA, increases 2.5- to 30-fold after appropriate treatment with BrdU. This effect was observed with several different subclones of three independent Friend tumor cell lines. After BrdU treatment, globin mRNA content may reach up to 10-20% of the levels in DMSO induced cultures. The induction of erythroid differentiation is also apparent when accumulated heme content or the appearance of benzidine positive cells is monitored. One Friend cell line (745) we examined was not induced by BrdU although it incorporated an amount of BrdU into its DNA comparable to that incorporated by the other cell lines. In addition, BrdU did interfere with DMSO induction in this cell line. These results suggest that two different mechanisms may be operative in regulating erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells. While BrdU interferes with the mechanism activated by DMSO treatment, this analog could independently activate an alternative mechanism.", "contents": "Induction of erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells by bromodeoxyuridine. Treatment of Friend leukemia cells with BrdU, the thymidine analog which interferes with DMSO induced differentiation in these cells as well as the expression of differentiated character in many other cell systems, is capable of inducing erythroid differentiation. Globin mRNA, as assayed by hybridization to globin cDNA, increases 2.5- to 30-fold after appropriate treatment with BrdU. This effect was observed with several different subclones of three independent Friend tumor cell lines. After BrdU treatment, globin mRNA content may reach up to 10-20% of the levels in DMSO induced cultures. The induction of erythroid differentiation is also apparent when accumulated heme content or the appearance of benzidine positive cells is monitored. One Friend cell line (745) we examined was not induced by BrdU although it incorporated an amount of BrdU into its DNA comparable to that incorporated by the other cell lines. In addition, BrdU did interfere with DMSO induction in this cell line. These results suggest that two different mechanisms may be operative in regulating erythroid differentiation in Friend leukemia cells. While BrdU interferes with the mechanism activated by DMSO treatment, this analog could independently activate an alternative mechanism.", "PMID": 649667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4427", "title": "Alterations in the protein synthetic apparatus of Friend erythroleukemia cells during their erythroid differentiation.", "content": "The changes in rate of protein synthesis and cell division and the distribution of polyribosomes and globin mRNA on the polyribosomes of Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells exposed to 2% DMSO and maintained at low cell density, were examined at different times after exposure to DMSO. The rate of protein synthesis and the capacity of cells to divide declined in concert to 50% of the level found in untreated cell cultures at 24 hours after exposure. Thereafter these rates recovered to 70% of the rate found in untreated control cultures until 96 hours post-exposure and then irreversibly declined as the cells lost the capacity to divide. The proportion of ribosomes present as polyribosomes in cells exposed to DMSO paralleled the capacity of these cells to synthesize protein. The distribution of polyribosomes analyzed by sedimentation in sucrose gradients demonstrated that a discrete, abundant class of polyribosomes composed of pentamers to heptamers appeared as early as 48 hours after exposure to DMSO. The appearance of an abundant class of polyribosomes was correlated with globin synthesis by demonstrating that a discrete class of polyribosomes arises in cells treated with the inducers hexamethylene bisacetamide and hemin.", "contents": "Alterations in the protein synthetic apparatus of Friend erythroleukemia cells during their erythroid differentiation. The changes in rate of protein synthesis and cell division and the distribution of polyribosomes and globin mRNA on the polyribosomes of Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells exposed to 2% DMSO and maintained at low cell density, were examined at different times after exposure to DMSO. The rate of protein synthesis and the capacity of cells to divide declined in concert to 50% of the level found in untreated cell cultures at 24 hours after exposure. Thereafter these rates recovered to 70% of the rate found in untreated control cultures until 96 hours post-exposure and then irreversibly declined as the cells lost the capacity to divide. The proportion of ribosomes present as polyribosomes in cells exposed to DMSO paralleled the capacity of these cells to synthesize protein. The distribution of polyribosomes analyzed by sedimentation in sucrose gradients demonstrated that a discrete, abundant class of polyribosomes composed of pentamers to heptamers appeared as early as 48 hours after exposure to DMSO. The appearance of an abundant class of polyribosomes was correlated with globin synthesis by demonstrating that a discrete class of polyribosomes arises in cells treated with the inducers hexamethylene bisacetamide and hemin.", "PMID": 649668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4428", "title": "Ontogeny of human neutrophil granulocyte alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Human embryonic neutrophils (N) in the liver (from 8.5 mm crown-rump length) are alkaline phosphatase (AP) negative during the first trimester of pregnancy. Early bone marrow granulocytes (from eleventh to sixteenth weeks of gestation) behave similarly. Only a small percentage of slightly AP positive cells could be found. Occasional cells with strong NAP reaction appear in the second trimester. NAP positivity greatly increases in the third trimester and term-babies have a somewhat higher than normal NAP activity in circulating blood. Unlike NAP reaction, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase and peroxidase reactions are positive even in the earliest (AP negative) neutrophils.", "contents": "Ontogeny of human neutrophil granulocyte alkaline phosphatase. Human embryonic neutrophils (N) in the liver (from 8.5 mm crown-rump length) are alkaline phosphatase (AP) negative during the first trimester of pregnancy. Early bone marrow granulocytes (from eleventh to sixteenth weeks of gestation) behave similarly. Only a small percentage of slightly AP positive cells could be found. Occasional cells with strong NAP reaction appear in the second trimester. NAP positivity greatly increases in the third trimester and term-babies have a somewhat higher than normal NAP activity in circulating blood. Unlike NAP reaction, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase and peroxidase reactions are positive even in the earliest (AP negative) neutrophils.", "PMID": 649670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4429", "title": "Embryonic tissues as elasticoviscous liquids. I. Rapid and slow shape changes in centrifuged cell aggregates.", "content": "Certain embryonic tissue masses and cell aggregates behave like deformable solids during brief experimental manipulations but like viscous liquids in long-term organ cultures. To investigate these seemingly paradoxical physical properties, we have mechanically deformed cell aggregates derived from several embryonic chick organs by centrifuging them against solid substrata. Aggregate shapes during brief centrifugation were observed directly in a microscope-centrifuge. In addition, techniques were devised for fixing cell aggregates during prolonged centrifugation. Evidence presented here shows that these fixative-injection procedures accurately preserve the prefixation shapes of living centrifuged aggregates. According to a simple viscous-liquid model for cell aggregates, cohering cells slide past one another when external forces and/or tissue surface tensions cause gradual rearrangements in aggregate conformations. In earlier experiments, 2 types of behaviour predicted from this model were confirmed for several embryonic chick tissues subjected to prolonged centrifugation. First, initially flat aggregates rounded up against the centrifugal force to adopt the same shapes that initially round aggregates reached by flattening. Second, the relative roundness of centrifuged aggregates of different tissues at shape equilibrium correlated with the relative positions that these tissues assumed when they were combined in aggregate-spreading and cell-sorting experiments. By contrast, the brief centrifugation experiments described here provide some support for a simple elastic-solid model in which aggregate shape changes are accompanied by cell deformations rather than cell redistributions. In particular, since cell migration tends to occur quite slowly, the very rapid aggregate flattening observed during the first few minutes of centrifugation presumably requires cell stretching. Moreover, since they do also round up very rapidly following brief centrifugation, these aggregates exhibit considerable elasticity that presumably reflects the swift relaxation of cell stretching as the centrifugal force is removed. Athough both elastic-solid and viscous-liquid properties can be recognized in cell aggregates, we note that, in the prolonged centrifugation experiments described here, rapid initial aggregate flattening is followed by much more gradual, continued flattening. Similarly, after prolonged centrifugation, rapid partial aggregate rounding-up is also followed by much more gradual, continued rounding-up during subsequent culture at Ig. Such rapid-then-slow shape changes contradict both simple elastic-solid and simple viscous-liquid models for cell aggregates. These bimodal shape changes are instead consistent with both compound-viscoelastic-solid and elasticoviscous-liquid models for cell aggregates, although only the latter can also account for long-term liquid-like aggregate behaviour...", "contents": "Embryonic tissues as elasticoviscous liquids. I. Rapid and slow shape changes in centrifuged cell aggregates. Certain embryonic tissue masses and cell aggregates behave like deformable solids during brief experimental manipulations but like viscous liquids in long-term organ cultures. To investigate these seemingly paradoxical physical properties, we have mechanically deformed cell aggregates derived from several embryonic chick organs by centrifuging them against solid substrata. Aggregate shapes during brief centrifugation were observed directly in a microscope-centrifuge. In addition, techniques were devised for fixing cell aggregates during prolonged centrifugation. Evidence presented here shows that these fixative-injection procedures accurately preserve the prefixation shapes of living centrifuged aggregates. According to a simple viscous-liquid model for cell aggregates, cohering cells slide past one another when external forces and/or tissue surface tensions cause gradual rearrangements in aggregate conformations. In earlier experiments, 2 types of behaviour predicted from this model were confirmed for several embryonic chick tissues subjected to prolonged centrifugation. First, initially flat aggregates rounded up against the centrifugal force to adopt the same shapes that initially round aggregates reached by flattening. Second, the relative roundness of centrifuged aggregates of different tissues at shape equilibrium correlated with the relative positions that these tissues assumed when they were combined in aggregate-spreading and cell-sorting experiments. By contrast, the brief centrifugation experiments described here provide some support for a simple elastic-solid model in which aggregate shape changes are accompanied by cell deformations rather than cell redistributions. In particular, since cell migration tends to occur quite slowly, the very rapid aggregate flattening observed during the first few minutes of centrifugation presumably requires cell stretching. Moreover, since they do also round up very rapidly following brief centrifugation, these aggregates exhibit considerable elasticity that presumably reflects the swift relaxation of cell stretching as the centrifugal force is removed. Athough both elastic-solid and viscous-liquid properties can be recognized in cell aggregates, we note that, in the prolonged centrifugation experiments described here, rapid initial aggregate flattening is followed by much more gradual, continued flattening. Similarly, after prolonged centrifugation, rapid partial aggregate rounding-up is also followed by much more gradual, continued rounding-up during subsequent culture at Ig. Such rapid-then-slow shape changes contradict both simple elastic-solid and simple viscous-liquid models for cell aggregates. These bimodal shape changes are instead consistent with both compound-viscoelastic-solid and elasticoviscous-liquid models for cell aggregates, although only the latter can also account for long-term liquid-like aggregate behaviour...", "PMID": 649680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4430", "title": "The ATP-dependent concentration of calcium by a Golgi apparatus-rich fraction isolated from rat liver.", "content": "Fractions rich in Golgi apparatus were isolated from female rat liver and incubated with different concentrations of MgATP and calcium. Calcium was sequestered by the fraction in the presence but not in the absence of ATP. The kinetics of the uptake process showed an exponential type accumulation to a maximum value which could be explained by a 'pumpleak' mechanism where Vmax was estimated at 6.7 nmol calcium/mg protein/min. Apparent Km for ATP was 1 mM and for calcium was 85 micron. The uptake is not inhibited in 5 mM azide, nor is it enhanced in 5 mM oxalate, suggesting that the sequestration is not caused by contamination from mitochondria or microsomes. Parallel experiments on a fraction rich in plasma membrane show at least a 10-fold reduction of activity over the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction, which is interpreted as evidence that plasma membrane contamination in the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction is not primarily responsible for the calcium sequestration activity. Morphometric analysis showed that about 85% of the recognizable membrane profiles in the fraction was associated with elements of the Golgi apparatus. Further evidence is given which suggests that at least 90% of the fraction was uniform in its ability to sequester calcium. In preliminary experiments it was not found possible to separate galactosyltransferase activity (a secific enzyme associated with the Golgi apparatus) from the calcium-sequestration mechanism. The stoichiometry of the hydrolysis of ATP associated with the uptake of calcium is the same as that shown by other isolated membrane systems.", "contents": "The ATP-dependent concentration of calcium by a Golgi apparatus-rich fraction isolated from rat liver. Fractions rich in Golgi apparatus were isolated from female rat liver and incubated with different concentrations of MgATP and calcium. Calcium was sequestered by the fraction in the presence but not in the absence of ATP. The kinetics of the uptake process showed an exponential type accumulation to a maximum value which could be explained by a 'pumpleak' mechanism where Vmax was estimated at 6.7 nmol calcium/mg protein/min. Apparent Km for ATP was 1 mM and for calcium was 85 micron. The uptake is not inhibited in 5 mM azide, nor is it enhanced in 5 mM oxalate, suggesting that the sequestration is not caused by contamination from mitochondria or microsomes. Parallel experiments on a fraction rich in plasma membrane show at least a 10-fold reduction of activity over the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction, which is interpreted as evidence that plasma membrane contamination in the Golgi apparatus-rich fraction is not primarily responsible for the calcium sequestration activity. Morphometric analysis showed that about 85% of the recognizable membrane profiles in the fraction was associated with elements of the Golgi apparatus. Further evidence is given which suggests that at least 90% of the fraction was uniform in its ability to sequester calcium. In preliminary experiments it was not found possible to separate galactosyltransferase activity (a secific enzyme associated with the Golgi apparatus) from the calcium-sequestration mechanism. The stoichiometry of the hydrolysis of ATP associated with the uptake of calcium is the same as that shown by other isolated membrane systems.", "PMID": 649681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4431", "title": "Membranes in lupin root nodules. I. The role of Golgi bodies in the biogenesis of infection threads and peribacteroid membranes.", "content": "The process of infection of lupin nodule cells by rhizobia was examined using thin-section and freeze-fracture electron-microscopic techniques to characterize the properties of different membranes and to establish relationships between them. The membranes of the Golgi bodies and the endoplasmic reticulum stained with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide but not with phosphotungstic acid or silver. By contrast the infection thread membranes, peribacteroid membranes, plasma membranes and membranes of cytoplasmic vesicles did not stain with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide but stained with phosphotungstic acid and silver. The peribacteroid membranes and plasma membranes are, however, different from each other since the particle density on the E face of freeze-fracture replicas of plasma membranes was twice that on the E face of the peribacteroid membranes. An examination of the tips of the infection threads in the cytoplasm of the plant cells, showed that the rhizobia bud off from the infection threads enclosed in the infection thread membranes. The rhizobia continue to divide still surrounded by membranes of plant origin, namely the peribacteroid membranes. Cytoplasmic vesicles are observed in both thin-section and freeze-fracture preparations of nodule tissue closely associated with, and apparently produced by, Golgi bodies. Formation of the walls and membranes of the infection threads and of the peribacteroid membranes involves fusion of the cytoplasmic vesicles with these membranes. It is proposed that the process of infection of plant cells in lupin nodules involves a change in the function of the Golgi body system for the biogenesis of plant cell walls and plasma membranes to include the synthesis of the walls and membranes of the infection threads and also the peribacteroid membranes.", "contents": "Membranes in lupin root nodules. I. The role of Golgi bodies in the biogenesis of infection threads and peribacteroid membranes. The process of infection of lupin nodule cells by rhizobia was examined using thin-section and freeze-fracture electron-microscopic techniques to characterize the properties of different membranes and to establish relationships between them. The membranes of the Golgi bodies and the endoplasmic reticulum stained with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide but not with phosphotungstic acid or silver. By contrast the infection thread membranes, peribacteroid membranes, plasma membranes and membranes of cytoplasmic vesicles did not stain with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide but stained with phosphotungstic acid and silver. The peribacteroid membranes and plasma membranes are, however, different from each other since the particle density on the E face of freeze-fracture replicas of plasma membranes was twice that on the E face of the peribacteroid membranes. An examination of the tips of the infection threads in the cytoplasm of the plant cells, showed that the rhizobia bud off from the infection threads enclosed in the infection thread membranes. The rhizobia continue to divide still surrounded by membranes of plant origin, namely the peribacteroid membranes. Cytoplasmic vesicles are observed in both thin-section and freeze-fracture preparations of nodule tissue closely associated with, and apparently produced by, Golgi bodies. Formation of the walls and membranes of the infection threads and of the peribacteroid membranes involves fusion of the cytoplasmic vesicles with these membranes. It is proposed that the process of infection of plant cells in lupin nodules involves a change in the function of the Golgi body system for the biogenesis of plant cell walls and plasma membranes to include the synthesis of the walls and membranes of the infection threads and also the peribacteroid membranes.", "PMID": 649682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4432", "title": "Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in Hydra. IV. Characterization of a nematocyst-deficient strain.", "content": "The authors have previously found that mutant hydra strains showing various types of developmental defects can be isolated through sexual inbreeding of wild hydra. One such defective strain, called nem-4, contains virtually no stenoteles, one of the four types of nematocysts present in hydra, in its tentacles. However, stenoteles are present at a normal level in the body column of this strain, and they are turned over also at a normal rate. Grafting experiments between the head region of nem-4 hydra and the body column of wild type hydra (and vice versa) showed that wild type stenotele nematocytes can move into nem-4 tentacles but that nem-4 stenotele nematocytes can not move into the wild type tentacles. These observations suggest that the stenotele nematocytes are produced normally by differentiation from the interstitial cells in the body column of nem-4 hydra, but that they are somehow prevented from migrating into the tentacles in this strain.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in Hydra. IV. Characterization of a nematocyst-deficient strain. The authors have previously found that mutant hydra strains showing various types of developmental defects can be isolated through sexual inbreeding of wild hydra. One such defective strain, called nem-4, contains virtually no stenoteles, one of the four types of nematocysts present in hydra, in its tentacles. However, stenoteles are present at a normal level in the body column of this strain, and they are turned over also at a normal rate. Grafting experiments between the head region of nem-4 hydra and the body column of wild type hydra (and vice versa) showed that wild type stenotele nematocytes can move into nem-4 tentacles but that nem-4 stenotele nematocytes can not move into the wild type tentacles. These observations suggest that the stenotele nematocytes are produced normally by differentiation from the interstitial cells in the body column of nem-4 hydra, but that they are somehow prevented from migrating into the tentacles in this strain.", "PMID": 649684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4433", "title": "Membranes in lupin root nodules. II. Preparation and properties of peribacteroid membranes and bacteroid envelope inner membranes from developing lupin nodules.", "content": "Peribacteroid membranes and bacteroid envelope inner membranes have been isolated from developing lupin nodules. Isolation of the peribacteroid membranes was achieved by first preparing membrane-enclosed bacteroids free from other plant organelles or membranes. The peribacteroid membranes were then released by osmotic shock and purified by centrifugation to equilibrium on sucrose gradients. The bacteroids were broken in a pressure cell and the bacteroid envelope inner membranes were isolated using sucrose gradient fractionation of the bacteroid total envelope preparation. The density of the peribacteroid membranes decreased during the period of development of N2-fixation in lupin nodules from 1.148 g/ml for nodules from 12-day plants to 1.137 g/ml for nodules from 18-day plants. The density of the bacteroid envelope inner membranes from nodules from 18-day plants was 1-153 g/ml. The identity and homogeneity of the isolated membranes was established, by comparison with membranes in intact nodules, using phosphotungstic acid and silver staining of thin sections and particle densitites on faces of freeze-fracture replicas of the membranes. Analyses for NADH oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, spectral analyses and gel-electrophoretic analysis of proteins were also used to characterize the membrane and soluble protein fractions from the nodules. The ratio of lipid to protein was 6.1 for the peribacteroid membranes and 2.5 for the bacteroid envelope inner membranes. Leghaemoglobin was localized in the plant cytoplasm in lupin nodules and not in the peribacteroid space.", "contents": "Membranes in lupin root nodules. II. Preparation and properties of peribacteroid membranes and bacteroid envelope inner membranes from developing lupin nodules. Peribacteroid membranes and bacteroid envelope inner membranes have been isolated from developing lupin nodules. Isolation of the peribacteroid membranes was achieved by first preparing membrane-enclosed bacteroids free from other plant organelles or membranes. The peribacteroid membranes were then released by osmotic shock and purified by centrifugation to equilibrium on sucrose gradients. The bacteroids were broken in a pressure cell and the bacteroid envelope inner membranes were isolated using sucrose gradient fractionation of the bacteroid total envelope preparation. The density of the peribacteroid membranes decreased during the period of development of N2-fixation in lupin nodules from 1.148 g/ml for nodules from 12-day plants to 1.137 g/ml for nodules from 18-day plants. The density of the bacteroid envelope inner membranes from nodules from 18-day plants was 1-153 g/ml. The identity and homogeneity of the isolated membranes was established, by comparison with membranes in intact nodules, using phosphotungstic acid and silver staining of thin sections and particle densitites on faces of freeze-fracture replicas of the membranes. Analyses for NADH oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, spectral analyses and gel-electrophoretic analysis of proteins were also used to characterize the membrane and soluble protein fractions from the nodules. The ratio of lipid to protein was 6.1 for the peribacteroid membranes and 2.5 for the bacteroid envelope inner membranes. Leghaemoglobin was localized in the plant cytoplasm in lupin nodules and not in the peribacteroid space.", "PMID": 649683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4434", "title": "The maintenance of kappa during macronuclear reorganization in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "Kappa particles were injected into stock-51 sensitives (KK) of Paramecium tetraurelia to investigate the maintenance of kappa by gene K during macronuclear reorganization. Injection into exconjugants and autogamous cells followed by macronuclear regeneration, induced by microsurgical removal of macronuclear Anlagen, resulted in maintenance of kappa particles by a considerable proportion of the clones descended from the recipient paramecia. Injection into animals that underwent normal reorganization however usually failed to yield particle-maintaining paramecia.", "contents": "The maintenance of kappa during macronuclear reorganization in Paramecium tetraurelia. Kappa particles were injected into stock-51 sensitives (KK) of Paramecium tetraurelia to investigate the maintenance of kappa by gene K during macronuclear reorganization. Injection into exconjugants and autogamous cells followed by macronuclear regeneration, induced by microsurgical removal of macronuclear Anlagen, resulted in maintenance of kappa particles by a considerable proportion of the clones descended from the recipient paramecia. Injection into animals that underwent normal reorganization however usually failed to yield particle-maintaining paramecia.", "PMID": 649685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4435", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of cationic proteins in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The present investigation is concerned with the use of the post-formalin ammoniacal silver reaction to detect the arginine-rich cationic proteins in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes at the ultrastructural level. These proteins appear to function as neutral proteases in antibacterial action and as mediators of inflammation. Originally, the ammoniacal silver reaction relied upon primary fixation in dilute formalin which prevented optimum fixation of tissues. This study shows that by using the proper sequence of glutaraldehyde fixation and the ammoniacal silver solution in conjunction with osmium tetroxide treatment, better fixation of the tissue and localization of the ammoniacal silver reaction can be achieved. Also, the ammoniacal silver reaction in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is exclusively located in the large, crystalline cytoplasmic granules of eosiniphils. All other cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils were found to be devoid of the ammoniacal silver reaction product. These results are contrary to previously published experimental data. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of cationic proteins in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The present investigation is concerned with the use of the post-formalin ammoniacal silver reaction to detect the arginine-rich cationic proteins in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes at the ultrastructural level. These proteins appear to function as neutral proteases in antibacterial action and as mediators of inflammation. Originally, the ammoniacal silver reaction relied upon primary fixation in dilute formalin which prevented optimum fixation of tissues. This study shows that by using the proper sequence of glutaraldehyde fixation and the ammoniacal silver solution in conjunction with osmium tetroxide treatment, better fixation of the tissue and localization of the ammoniacal silver reaction can be achieved. Also, the ammoniacal silver reaction in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is exclusively located in the large, crystalline cytoplasmic granules of eosiniphils. All other cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils were found to be devoid of the ammoniacal silver reaction product. These results are contrary to previously published experimental data. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 649686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4436", "title": "Supercoiling of DNA and nuclear conformation during the cell-cycle.", "content": "When cells are lysed in solutions containing high concentrations of salt and a non-ionic detergent, structures are released which retain many of the morphological features of nuclei. These nucleoids contain superhelical DNA but are depleted of nuclear protein. We have analysed DNA conformation in nucleoids derived from HeLa cells synchronized at different stages in the cell cycle. The gross differences in nuclear morphology seen during the cell cycle are reflected in the morphology of the nucleoids; for example, the individual chromosomes of mitotic cells remain identifiable and aggregated within the mitotic nucleoid. The sedimentation rate of nucleoids in sucrose gradients reflects the gross nuclear morphology; the small S-phase nucleoids sediment 9 times faster than the large mitotic nucleoids. Despite these large differences at the gross level of organization, both the degree of supercoiling and the size of the units in which supercoiling is maintained are roughly similar in the nucleoids derived from cells in the different phases. The protein content of the various nucleoids is also very similar. Like the nucleoids made from randomly growing cultures of cells, mitotic nucleoids are excellent templates for the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Supercoiling of DNA and nuclear conformation during the cell-cycle. When cells are lysed in solutions containing high concentrations of salt and a non-ionic detergent, structures are released which retain many of the morphological features of nuclei. These nucleoids contain superhelical DNA but are depleted of nuclear protein. We have analysed DNA conformation in nucleoids derived from HeLa cells synchronized at different stages in the cell cycle. The gross differences in nuclear morphology seen during the cell cycle are reflected in the morphology of the nucleoids; for example, the individual chromosomes of mitotic cells remain identifiable and aggregated within the mitotic nucleoid. The sedimentation rate of nucleoids in sucrose gradients reflects the gross nuclear morphology; the small S-phase nucleoids sediment 9 times faster than the large mitotic nucleoids. Despite these large differences at the gross level of organization, both the degree of supercoiling and the size of the units in which supercoiling is maintained are roughly similar in the nucleoids derived from cells in the different phases. The protein content of the various nucleoids is also very similar. Like the nucleoids made from randomly growing cultures of cells, mitotic nucleoids are excellent templates for the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 649687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4437", "title": "Small nuclear RNAs: an association with condensed chromatin in amoebae.", "content": "For the purpose of studying the relationship of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) to chromatin, we studied the effect of the chromatin-binding agent actinomycin D (AMD) on the nuclei of amoebae. By electron microscopy we noted that when mitotic cells were placed in AMD their chromatin was highly condensed 3 h later. This contrasts strikingly with the situation in untreated cells, in which the chromatin at the same time is largely decondensed. After arranging, by nuclear transplantation of labelled nuclei into unlabelled cytoplasm, for the only labelled molecules in the cell to be 3H-snRNAs, we noted that in such cells similarly treated with AMD the labelled material was clustered in a form quite similar to that of the chromatin in 3-h post-division, AMD-treated cells. In untreated cells the 3H-snRNAs were distributed essentially uniformly throughout the nucleus. These observations, together with earlier findings that snRNAs associate with chromosomes during mitosis, lead us to conclude that snRNAs have a particular affinity for condensed chromatin.", "contents": "Small nuclear RNAs: an association with condensed chromatin in amoebae. For the purpose of studying the relationship of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) to chromatin, we studied the effect of the chromatin-binding agent actinomycin D (AMD) on the nuclei of amoebae. By electron microscopy we noted that when mitotic cells were placed in AMD their chromatin was highly condensed 3 h later. This contrasts strikingly with the situation in untreated cells, in which the chromatin at the same time is largely decondensed. After arranging, by nuclear transplantation of labelled nuclei into unlabelled cytoplasm, for the only labelled molecules in the cell to be 3H-snRNAs, we noted that in such cells similarly treated with AMD the labelled material was clustered in a form quite similar to that of the chromatin in 3-h post-division, AMD-treated cells. In untreated cells the 3H-snRNAs were distributed essentially uniformly throughout the nucleus. These observations, together with earlier findings that snRNAs associate with chromosomes during mitosis, lead us to conclude that snRNAs have a particular affinity for condensed chromatin.", "PMID": 649688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4438", "title": "The effect of antrycide of patterns of RNA synthesis in Amoeba discoides.", "content": "Antrycide is an aminoquinaldine whose inhibitory action on the growth of Trypanosoma and Crithidia is not fully understood at the cellular level. The growth of Amoeba discoides in concentrations of antrycide between 0.5 and 2 microgram/ml was reduced considerably, while cells failed to divide in 4 microgram/ml. The effects on growth rate were reversible at least up until 7 days in antrycide. In order to assess the action of this synthetic drug on RNA synthesis in amoebae, the pattern of synthesis in normal cells was investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The profile of high molecular weight RNAs observed depended on the length of time in [3H]uridine, and was only fully developed after 66 h, when 5 peaks could be seen. The relative molecular weights of these peaks (I--V) were 2.45, 1.55, 1.13, 0.8 and 0.52 X 10(6) Daltons respectively. Those of 1.55 and 0.8 X 10(6) corresponded to ribosomal RNAs, the identity of the other peaks is unknown. After growth in 2 microgram/ml antrycide for 4 days, no high molecular weight RNA was found. Use of [14C]adenine/[3H]uridine showed that after 17 h in antrycide there was a loss of ribosomal RNA and increased levels of low molecular weight RNAs, due either to lack of synthesis or to degradation of newly synthesized material. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into hot acid-precipitable protein was inhibited in antrycide-treated cells by at least 50%. A possible explanation of the effect of antrycide on A. discoides was the inhibition of mRNA synthesis for ribosomal proteins, leading to degradation of newly synthesized rRNA. Reduced growth would continue on pre-existing ribosomes and previously synthesized long-lived mRNAs.", "contents": "The effect of antrycide of patterns of RNA synthesis in Amoeba discoides. Antrycide is an aminoquinaldine whose inhibitory action on the growth of Trypanosoma and Crithidia is not fully understood at the cellular level. The growth of Amoeba discoides in concentrations of antrycide between 0.5 and 2 microgram/ml was reduced considerably, while cells failed to divide in 4 microgram/ml. The effects on growth rate were reversible at least up until 7 days in antrycide. In order to assess the action of this synthetic drug on RNA synthesis in amoebae, the pattern of synthesis in normal cells was investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The profile of high molecular weight RNAs observed depended on the length of time in [3H]uridine, and was only fully developed after 66 h, when 5 peaks could be seen. The relative molecular weights of these peaks (I--V) were 2.45, 1.55, 1.13, 0.8 and 0.52 X 10(6) Daltons respectively. Those of 1.55 and 0.8 X 10(6) corresponded to ribosomal RNAs, the identity of the other peaks is unknown. After growth in 2 microgram/ml antrycide for 4 days, no high molecular weight RNA was found. Use of [14C]adenine/[3H]uridine showed that after 17 h in antrycide there was a loss of ribosomal RNA and increased levels of low molecular weight RNAs, due either to lack of synthesis or to degradation of newly synthesized material. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into hot acid-precipitable protein was inhibited in antrycide-treated cells by at least 50%. A possible explanation of the effect of antrycide on A. discoides was the inhibition of mRNA synthesis for ribosomal proteins, leading to degradation of newly synthesized rRNA. Reduced growth would continue on pre-existing ribosomes and previously synthesized long-lived mRNAs.", "PMID": 649689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4439", "title": "Cell movements in a confluent monolayer are not caused by gaps: evidence for direct contact inhibition of overlapping.", "content": "According to the hypothesis of contact inhibition of movement, cells in a confluent monolayer are restrained from major overlapping by a directional inhibition of locomotion. This explanation of monolayering proposes that contact between 2 cells locally paralyses the locomotory function, preventing movement in the direction that would lead to overlapping. Consequently, a cell in contact on all sides with neighbouring cells should be immobilized. Yet in strictly monolayered cultures of confluent chick liver or mouse 3T3 cells, we have previously observed both translational cell movements and re-shufflings of relative cell positions. The 'confluence' was not perfect, however, and it seemed possible that the movements observed were due to release from contact inhibition by occasional transitory gaps seen to open up between cells. In the present study, detailed gap experiences and cell movements were recorded for 31 cells over a total of 1637 cell-hours. There was no significant correlation between frequency of gaps experienced and the extent of cell movement measured as neighbour-exchanges. We conclude that gaps are not a major cause of the movements observed. The hypothesis based on contact inhibition of motion, which attempts to explain monolayering indirectly by imposing a restraint on cell locomotion, cannot explain the substantial cell movements seen in the confluent cell monolayer studied here. To explain contact inhibition of overlapping, the evidence favours a more direct hypothesis which places no restriction on cell movement other than that overlapping be avoided. Such direct avoidance of overlapping could result from differences in the strengths with which cells adhere to one another and to the substratum.", "contents": "Cell movements in a confluent monolayer are not caused by gaps: evidence for direct contact inhibition of overlapping. According to the hypothesis of contact inhibition of movement, cells in a confluent monolayer are restrained from major overlapping by a directional inhibition of locomotion. This explanation of monolayering proposes that contact between 2 cells locally paralyses the locomotory function, preventing movement in the direction that would lead to overlapping. Consequently, a cell in contact on all sides with neighbouring cells should be immobilized. Yet in strictly monolayered cultures of confluent chick liver or mouse 3T3 cells, we have previously observed both translational cell movements and re-shufflings of relative cell positions. The 'confluence' was not perfect, however, and it seemed possible that the movements observed were due to release from contact inhibition by occasional transitory gaps seen to open up between cells. In the present study, detailed gap experiences and cell movements were recorded for 31 cells over a total of 1637 cell-hours. There was no significant correlation between frequency of gaps experienced and the extent of cell movement measured as neighbour-exchanges. We conclude that gaps are not a major cause of the movements observed. The hypothesis based on contact inhibition of motion, which attempts to explain monolayering indirectly by imposing a restraint on cell locomotion, cannot explain the substantial cell movements seen in the confluent cell monolayer studied here. To explain contact inhibition of overlapping, the evidence favours a more direct hypothesis which places no restriction on cell movement other than that overlapping be avoided. Such direct avoidance of overlapping could result from differences in the strengths with which cells adhere to one another and to the substratum.", "PMID": 649690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4440", "title": "Reaction of surface lamella of moth spermatozoa to vinblastine.", "content": "Previous ultrastructural studies appear to indicate that the lacinate appendages (highly elaborated laminar structures which cover the surface of moth spermatozoa) may be intracellular derivatives of transient microtobules found in the elongating spermatids of these insects. Additional support for this theory is supplied by the present study in which testes of the warehouse moth Ephestia cautella were treated in vivo with the antimitotic agent vinblastine sulphate. Solutions containing 10(-5) M vinblastine caused the lacinate appendages to become poorly resolved, and at 10(3) M they disappeared. This concentration-dependent response of the appendages to vinblastine resembles that of tubulin-containing structures.", "contents": "Reaction of surface lamella of moth spermatozoa to vinblastine. Previous ultrastructural studies appear to indicate that the lacinate appendages (highly elaborated laminar structures which cover the surface of moth spermatozoa) may be intracellular derivatives of transient microtobules found in the elongating spermatids of these insects. Additional support for this theory is supplied by the present study in which testes of the warehouse moth Ephestia cautella were treated in vivo with the antimitotic agent vinblastine sulphate. Solutions containing 10(-5) M vinblastine caused the lacinate appendages to become poorly resolved, and at 10(3) M they disappeared. This concentration-dependent response of the appendages to vinblastine resembles that of tubulin-containing structures.", "PMID": 649691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4441", "title": "Formation and growth of gap junctions in mouse myocardium during ontogenesis: a freeze-cleave study.", "content": "The freeze-cleave technique demonstrates the presence of gap junctions at early stages of mouse cardiac muscle ontogenesis. The formation and growth of these junctions were studied at 4 stages of development: 10, 14, 18 days post-coitum (dpc) and at the adult stage. The diverse aspects of the gap junctions are interpreted as different steps in their formation. The first indication of this formation seems to be the presence of linear arrays of 9-nm particles on PF faces. At one end of these arrays a small aggregate of particles appears which acts as nucleation site and grows by incorporating individual gap particles and/or linear arrays. Nexuses with arms and/or central particle-free zones would represent intermediate steps in the formation of junctions. The largest nexuses could be formed by fusion of smaller ones and/or by accretion of gap particles. Analysis of the size distribution of gap junctions shows their growth during their development. At 10 dpc the surface area (S) of nexuses ranges from 0.1 to 3 x 10(-2) micrometer2, at 14 dpc from 0.1 to 15 x 10(-2) micrometer2, at 18 dpc from 0.1 to 26 x 10(-2) micrometer2, and at the adult stage from 0.1 to 54 x 10(-2) micrometer2. The percentage of large nexuses (Sgreater than 0.5 x 10(-2) micrometer2) steadily increases from 10 dpc to the adult stage. Fixation by glutaraldehyde before glycerol infiltration does not induce any modification in the size distribution of adult heart gap junctions.", "contents": "Formation and growth of gap junctions in mouse myocardium during ontogenesis: a freeze-cleave study. The freeze-cleave technique demonstrates the presence of gap junctions at early stages of mouse cardiac muscle ontogenesis. The formation and growth of these junctions were studied at 4 stages of development: 10, 14, 18 days post-coitum (dpc) and at the adult stage. The diverse aspects of the gap junctions are interpreted as different steps in their formation. The first indication of this formation seems to be the presence of linear arrays of 9-nm particles on PF faces. At one end of these arrays a small aggregate of particles appears which acts as nucleation site and grows by incorporating individual gap particles and/or linear arrays. Nexuses with arms and/or central particle-free zones would represent intermediate steps in the formation of junctions. The largest nexuses could be formed by fusion of smaller ones and/or by accretion of gap particles. Analysis of the size distribution of gap junctions shows their growth during their development. At 10 dpc the surface area (S) of nexuses ranges from 0.1 to 3 x 10(-2) micrometer2, at 14 dpc from 0.1 to 15 x 10(-2) micrometer2, at 18 dpc from 0.1 to 26 x 10(-2) micrometer2, and at the adult stage from 0.1 to 54 x 10(-2) micrometer2. The percentage of large nexuses (Sgreater than 0.5 x 10(-2) micrometer2) steadily increases from 10 dpc to the adult stage. Fixation by glutaraldehyde before glycerol infiltration does not induce any modification in the size distribution of adult heart gap junctions.", "PMID": 649692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4442", "title": "Effects of pronase and concanavalin A upon the freeze-etch morphology of cell membranes of intact human erythrocytes.", "content": "Freeze-etch studies reveal that mild pronase treatment with subsequent incubation in concanavalin A induces aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMP) in intact human erythrocytes. This alteration in particle distribution is accompanied by a change in the distribution of the Con A molecules such that they also become clustered on the extracellular etch face. If divalent succinyl Con A is used after pronase instead of tetravalent Con A the IMPs still become clustered. Pronase only, Con A only, or succinyl Con A only does not cause the IMPs to become aggregated. Most surprising is the finding that pronase followed by Con A causes partial haemolysis of the cells whereas pronase only, Con A only, or pronase+succinyl Con A do not cause this haemoglobin loss. These perturbations of the erythrocyte plasma membrane appear to be a result of the pronase+Con A exerting a transmembrane effect on the spectrin. This conclusion is supported by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material crosslinked with dimethyl adipimidate dihydrochloride, which indicates that spectrin is more susceptible to being cross-linked after pronase+Con A; i.e. the spectrin is probably aggregated by the enzyme and lectin incubation.", "contents": "Effects of pronase and concanavalin A upon the freeze-etch morphology of cell membranes of intact human erythrocytes. Freeze-etch studies reveal that mild pronase treatment with subsequent incubation in concanavalin A induces aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMP) in intact human erythrocytes. This alteration in particle distribution is accompanied by a change in the distribution of the Con A molecules such that they also become clustered on the extracellular etch face. If divalent succinyl Con A is used after pronase instead of tetravalent Con A the IMPs still become clustered. Pronase only, Con A only, or succinyl Con A only does not cause the IMPs to become aggregated. Most surprising is the finding that pronase followed by Con A causes partial haemolysis of the cells whereas pronase only, Con A only, or pronase+succinyl Con A do not cause this haemoglobin loss. These perturbations of the erythrocyte plasma membrane appear to be a result of the pronase+Con A exerting a transmembrane effect on the spectrin. This conclusion is supported by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material crosslinked with dimethyl adipimidate dihydrochloride, which indicates that spectrin is more susceptible to being cross-linked after pronase+Con A; i.e. the spectrin is probably aggregated by the enzyme and lectin incubation.", "PMID": 649693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4443", "title": "Membrane junctions in the myelin sheath of goldfish lateral nerve.", "content": "The myelin sheath of the goldfish lateral line nerve has been studied by means of the freeze-etch technique. Fracture faces of the myelin lamellae reveal linear structural elements which in some respects resemble those of tight junctions. In unfixed myelin rows of particles on the ef face are matched by narrow grooves on the pf face. Fixation with glutaraldehyde produces a partitioning of junctional particles between the 2 fracture faces. These elements are observed most frequently in the outer layers of the sheath where their arrangement is predominantly more or less parallel and longitudinal, merging in places into a more reticulate organization. They also occur at other levels in the myelin and in association with Schmidt-Lantermann clefts. Orientation in these cases appears to be predominantly longitudinal, though circumferentially running elements have been observed. The possible functional significance of these structures and their implications for tissue development, maintenance and growth are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane junctions in the myelin sheath of goldfish lateral nerve. The myelin sheath of the goldfish lateral line nerve has been studied by means of the freeze-etch technique. Fracture faces of the myelin lamellae reveal linear structural elements which in some respects resemble those of tight junctions. In unfixed myelin rows of particles on the ef face are matched by narrow grooves on the pf face. Fixation with glutaraldehyde produces a partitioning of junctional particles between the 2 fracture faces. These elements are observed most frequently in the outer layers of the sheath where their arrangement is predominantly more or less parallel and longitudinal, merging in places into a more reticulate organization. They also occur at other levels in the myelin and in association with Schmidt-Lantermann clefts. Orientation in these cases appears to be predominantly longitudinal, though circumferentially running elements have been observed. The possible functional significance of these structures and their implications for tissue development, maintenance and growth are discussed.", "PMID": 649694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4444", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis. Superficial capsular necrosis and parenchymatous involvement. 115 cases, 11 resections (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 115 cases of acute pancreatitis who were either operated on or autopsied and emphasise the severity of the glandular parenchymatous involvement which remains, furthermore, difficult to recognise during manual exploration. Necrosis is sometimes limited to the peripheral interstitial tissue and spares the gland itself (the prognosis is then less serious) and has led many surgeons to resections which did not always seem justified a posteriori. The authors refer to pancreatic decapsulation, described by rumanian authors, and suggest a method of operative diagnosis of the extent of glandular necrosis.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis. Superficial capsular necrosis and parenchymatous involvement. 115 cases, 11 resections (author's transl)]. The authors report 115 cases of acute pancreatitis who were either operated on or autopsied and emphasise the severity of the glandular parenchymatous involvement which remains, furthermore, difficult to recognise during manual exploration. Necrosis is sometimes limited to the peripheral interstitial tissue and spares the gland itself (the prognosis is then less serious) and has led many surgeons to resections which did not always seem justified a posteriori. The authors refer to pancreatic decapsulation, described by rumanian authors, and suggest a method of operative diagnosis of the extent of glandular necrosis.", "PMID": 649697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4445", "title": "[Surgery of retrospinal disinsertion of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee (author's transl)].", "content": "Thus in all cases of an isolated tear of the posterior cruciate ligament, with an interglenoid fragment, whe fixation by a screw or clip was carried out, we obtained good results by simple surgical treatment. In spite of the small size of this series, the results were in perfect harmony with those of other authors, which justifies surgery. In three other cases of a tear of the posterior cruciate ligament, orthopedic treatment was adopted for various reasons; comparison of the results was definitely in favour of surgery owing to the duration of plaster immobilisation and physiotherapy in the first group and the functional sequelae with chronic invaliding laxity in the cases treated conservatively.", "contents": "[Surgery of retrospinal disinsertion of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee (author's transl)]. Thus in all cases of an isolated tear of the posterior cruciate ligament, with an interglenoid fragment, whe fixation by a screw or clip was carried out, we obtained good results by simple surgical treatment. In spite of the small size of this series, the results were in perfect harmony with those of other authors, which justifies surgery. In three other cases of a tear of the posterior cruciate ligament, orthopedic treatment was adopted for various reasons; comparison of the results was definitely in favour of surgery owing to the duration of plaster immobilisation and physiotherapy in the first group and the functional sequelae with chronic invaliding laxity in the cases treated conservatively.", "PMID": 649700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4446", "title": "[Carcinomas of the transverse colon. A series of 75 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a series of 75 cases of carcinoma of the transverse colon, involving equally the right and left halves. They rarely arose from the middle segment (10% of the series). Usually the tumour was very large affecting the serous layer with lymph node invasion. Liver metastases were frequent. 50% of patients were aged over 70 years. Theoretically, wide removal attempting to cure the disease means removing both colonic angles and the areas supplied by both the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. But fairly often the existence of vascular variations in the transverse mesocolon permits one to restrict the extent of the resection whilst saving the basic principles of radical removal. Furthermore, in 20% the treatment was purely palliative. The operative mortality was high (25%). The five year survival, in the whole series was about 50%.", "contents": "[Carcinomas of the transverse colon. A series of 75 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report a series of 75 cases of carcinoma of the transverse colon, involving equally the right and left halves. They rarely arose from the middle segment (10% of the series). Usually the tumour was very large affecting the serous layer with lymph node invasion. Liver metastases were frequent. 50% of patients were aged over 70 years. Theoretically, wide removal attempting to cure the disease means removing both colonic angles and the areas supplied by both the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. But fairly often the existence of vascular variations in the transverse mesocolon permits one to restrict the extent of the resection whilst saving the basic principles of radical removal. Furthermore, in 20% the treatment was purely palliative. The operative mortality was high (25%). The five year survival, in the whole series was about 50%.", "PMID": 649703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4447", "title": "[Late signs of vascular complications of closed trauma of the shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report four cases of vascular complications of closed injuries of the shoulder, which appeared later, some time after the initial accident. There was one false aneurysm of the axillary artery at the forty sixth day after a fracture of the upper humeral diaphysis with elongation of the brachial plexus; one case of acute ischemia of the upper limb 3 years after a dislocation of the shoulder; one case of thrombosis with gangrene of the hand twelve years after a fracture-dislocation of the head of the humerus and one case of chronic ischemia of the forearm with severe changes in the vessels below one year after a fracture of the clavicle which had caused an aneurysm of the subclavian artery. The clinical, pathological and physiopathological study showed the enormous possibilities of the collateral circulation in the axilla. An arterial lesion may thus remain undiagnosed during the initial trauma. The authors emphasise the importance of the initial examination with a search for disappearance of the peripheral pulses. In the light of these four cases, it seems necessary to explore as a routine any arterial lesion complicating a shoulder injury.", "contents": "[Late signs of vascular complications of closed trauma of the shoulder (author's transl)]. The authors report four cases of vascular complications of closed injuries of the shoulder, which appeared later, some time after the initial accident. There was one false aneurysm of the axillary artery at the forty sixth day after a fracture of the upper humeral diaphysis with elongation of the brachial plexus; one case of acute ischemia of the upper limb 3 years after a dislocation of the shoulder; one case of thrombosis with gangrene of the hand twelve years after a fracture-dislocation of the head of the humerus and one case of chronic ischemia of the forearm with severe changes in the vessels below one year after a fracture of the clavicle which had caused an aneurysm of the subclavian artery. The clinical, pathological and physiopathological study showed the enormous possibilities of the collateral circulation in the axilla. An arterial lesion may thus remain undiagnosed during the initial trauma. The authors emphasise the importance of the initial examination with a search for disappearance of the peripheral pulses. In the light of these four cases, it seems necessary to explore as a routine any arterial lesion complicating a shoulder injury.", "PMID": 649705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4448", "title": "[Vascular complications of exostosis. About an exceptional case of true femoral aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "An exceptional observation of a true femoral aneurysm complicating an exostosis is related. From a review of 60 cases of the literature, the authors study the different vascular complications induced by osteochondroma. In 3 cases out of 4, the vascular injury consist in a false aneurysm; in 1 case out of 5 vascular compression is the point in question; only 4 cases of true aneurysm have been collected. After study of the different clinical aspects of the disease, the authors emphasize the need of surgical treatment associating removal of exostosis and restoring vascular axis. They suggest preventive removal of exostosis situated on a vascular axis to hinder the onset of such accidents.", "contents": "[Vascular complications of exostosis. About an exceptional case of true femoral aneurysm (author's transl)]. An exceptional observation of a true femoral aneurysm complicating an exostosis is related. From a review of 60 cases of the literature, the authors study the different vascular complications induced by osteochondroma. In 3 cases out of 4, the vascular injury consist in a false aneurysm; in 1 case out of 5 vascular compression is the point in question; only 4 cases of true aneurysm have been collected. After study of the different clinical aspects of the disease, the authors emphasize the need of surgical treatment associating removal of exostosis and restoring vascular axis. They suggest preventive removal of exostosis situated on a vascular axis to hinder the onset of such accidents.", "PMID": 649706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4449", "title": "Chromatographic profile of high boiling point organic acids in human urine.", "content": "The profile of high boiling point organic acids in urine samples from both normal subjects and patients suspected of having some form of metabolic disorder has been determined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifteen different compounds eluting after hippuric acid have been identified, including two, cinnamoylglycine and acetyltributylcitrate, which have not been recognised previously. Relative retention times and abbreviated mass spectra of the identified compounds are presented.", "contents": "Chromatographic profile of high boiling point organic acids in human urine. The profile of high boiling point organic acids in urine samples from both normal subjects and patients suspected of having some form of metabolic disorder has been determined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifteen different compounds eluting after hippuric acid have been identified, including two, cinnamoylglycine and acetyltributylcitrate, which have not been recognised previously. Relative retention times and abbreviated mass spectra of the identified compounds are presented.", "PMID": 649712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4450", "title": "O-trimethylsilylquinoxalinol derivatives of aromatic alpha-keto acids. Mass spectra and quantitative gas chromatography.", "content": "As an extension of earlier work on aliphatic alpha-keto acids, a method is described for the quantitative gas chromatographic determination of urinary aromatic alpha-keto acids. The keto acids are derivatized with o-phenylenediamine to yield the quinoxalinols. These compounds are chromatographed after trimethylsilylation. The aromatic keto acids are stabilized by sodium dithionite (4 mg/ml urine) and storage below 0 degrees. The final derivatives are stable for weeks at room temperature. Low resolution mass spectra are reported. The fragmentation mechanisms are elucidated by analysis of O-trimethylsilyl-(TMS)-quinoxalinois, O-(TMS-d9)-quinoxalinois and O-TMS-6(7)-chloroquinoxalinois.", "contents": "O-trimethylsilylquinoxalinol derivatives of aromatic alpha-keto acids. Mass spectra and quantitative gas chromatography. As an extension of earlier work on aliphatic alpha-keto acids, a method is described for the quantitative gas chromatographic determination of urinary aromatic alpha-keto acids. The keto acids are derivatized with o-phenylenediamine to yield the quinoxalinols. These compounds are chromatographed after trimethylsilylation. The aromatic keto acids are stabilized by sodium dithionite (4 mg/ml urine) and storage below 0 degrees. The final derivatives are stable for weeks at room temperature. Low resolution mass spectra are reported. The fragmentation mechanisms are elucidated by analysis of O-trimethylsilyl-(TMS)-quinoxalinois, O-(TMS-d9)-quinoxalinois and O-TMS-6(7)-chloroquinoxalinois.", "PMID": 649713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4451", "title": "Liquid chromatographic analysis of sebum lipids and other lipids of medical interest.", "content": "A technique is described for the high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of sebum lipid classes. The lipid present in sebum are separated by gradient elution HPLC from a microparticulate silica column and detected using a moving-wire detector. The system described can be linked to a computer. Quantitation can be carried out by comparing peak areas obtained with those of an internal standard. Peak trapping for further investigations of the separated components, for example by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is very easy. Sebum lipids are separated into the following lipid classes: hydrocarbons and squalene, cholesterol esters and wax esters, fatty acids as their methyl esters, triglycerides, 1,3-diglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides, free cholesterol, monoglycerides and other polar materials. Besides to sebum, the method has been successfully applied to other lipid mixtures, such as serum lipids. Examples of other applications are shown.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic analysis of sebum lipids and other lipids of medical interest. A technique is described for the high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of sebum lipid classes. The lipid present in sebum are separated by gradient elution HPLC from a microparticulate silica column and detected using a moving-wire detector. The system described can be linked to a computer. Quantitation can be carried out by comparing peak areas obtained with those of an internal standard. Peak trapping for further investigations of the separated components, for example by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is very easy. Sebum lipids are separated into the following lipid classes: hydrocarbons and squalene, cholesterol esters and wax esters, fatty acids as their methyl esters, triglycerides, 1,3-diglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides, free cholesterol, monoglycerides and other polar materials. Besides to sebum, the method has been successfully applied to other lipid mixtures, such as serum lipids. Examples of other applications are shown.", "PMID": 649714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4452", "title": "Microchromatography of hemoglobins. VIII. A general qualitative and quantitative method in plastic drinking straws and the quantitative analysis of Hb-F.", "content": "The microchromatographic procedure for the quantitative analysis of the hemoglobin components in a hemolysate uses columns of DEAE-cellulose in a plastic drinking straw with a glycine-KCN-NaCl developer. Not only may the method be used for the quantitative analysis of Hb-F but also for the analysis of the varied components in mixtures of hemoglobins.", "contents": "Microchromatography of hemoglobins. VIII. A general qualitative and quantitative method in plastic drinking straws and the quantitative analysis of Hb-F. The microchromatographic procedure for the quantitative analysis of the hemoglobin components in a hemolysate uses columns of DEAE-cellulose in a plastic drinking straw with a glycine-KCN-NaCl developer. Not only may the method be used for the quantitative analysis of Hb-F but also for the analysis of the varied components in mixtures of hemoglobins.", "PMID": 649715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4453", "title": "Sensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of putrescine, spermidine and spermine by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to human blood.", "content": "A fast and sensitive method for the determination of putrescine, spermidine and spermine by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. These compounds are converted to their fluorescent dansyl derivatives and are separated by a reversed-phase chromatographic system (Micropak CH-10) with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The sensitivity of the method is 30 pmoles. The application of the method to the determination of polyamines in blood is described. It was found that most of the polyamines circulating in blood are localized in the erythrocytes, their content in normal human blood being spermidine 14.1 +/- 3.1, and spermine 8.4 +/- 2.8 nmoles/ml packed erythrocytes. The polyamine level in serum is less than 0.1 nmole/ml. The polyamine content of the erythrocytes from patients with malignant neoplasms was significantly elevated.", "contents": "Sensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of putrescine, spermidine and spermine by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to human blood. A fast and sensitive method for the determination of putrescine, spermidine and spermine by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. These compounds are converted to their fluorescent dansyl derivatives and are separated by a reversed-phase chromatographic system (Micropak CH-10) with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The sensitivity of the method is 30 pmoles. The application of the method to the determination of polyamines in blood is described. It was found that most of the polyamines circulating in blood are localized in the erythrocytes, their content in normal human blood being spermidine 14.1 +/- 3.1, and spermine 8.4 +/- 2.8 nmoles/ml packed erythrocytes. The polyamine level in serum is less than 0.1 nmole/ml. The polyamine content of the erythrocytes from patients with malignant neoplasms was significantly elevated.", "PMID": 649716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4454", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hippuric acid in human urine.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of urinary hippuric acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. The method used ethyl acetate extraction for partial clean up of the urine. The separation was carried out on a reversed-phase column using 20% methanol in 0.01 M aqueous potassium phosphate containing 0.5% acetic acid as a mobile phase. The column effluent was monitored with a UV detector at 254 nm. Hippuric acid was separated from other normal urine constituents in less than 10 min. Metabolites of xylene and styrene did not interfere with the assay. Analytical recoveries from urine were excellent and peak height and concentration were linearly related.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hippuric acid in human urine. A method is described for the determination of urinary hippuric acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. The method used ethyl acetate extraction for partial clean up of the urine. The separation was carried out on a reversed-phase column using 20% methanol in 0.01 M aqueous potassium phosphate containing 0.5% acetic acid as a mobile phase. The column effluent was monitored with a UV detector at 254 nm. Hippuric acid was separated from other normal urine constituents in less than 10 min. Metabolites of xylene and styrene did not interfere with the assay. Analytical recoveries from urine were excellent and peak height and concentration were linearly related.", "PMID": 649717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4455", "title": "A radioimmuno-chromatographic scanning method for the analysis of testosterone conjugates in urine and serum.", "content": "A method for the analysis of testosterone (and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) conjugates in human serum and urine samples is described. The samples were grought to pH 1 and extracted with a diethyl ether-methanol mixture. After evaporation the residues were run in a thin-layer chromatography system, individual samples' paths were cut into 1-cm long pieces and eluted with methanol. The methanol was evaporated and the residue subjected to acid hydrolysis. The released steroid was extracted by diethyl ether and measured by radioimmunoassay. The methodology described represents a new approach to the qualitative and quantitative study of steroid conjugates in serum and urine, and can easily be applied to the study of steroid conjugates in other biological mateiral.", "contents": "A radioimmuno-chromatographic scanning method for the analysis of testosterone conjugates in urine and serum. A method for the analysis of testosterone (and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) conjugates in human serum and urine samples is described. The samples were grought to pH 1 and extracted with a diethyl ether-methanol mixture. After evaporation the residues were run in a thin-layer chromatography system, individual samples' paths were cut into 1-cm long pieces and eluted with methanol. The methanol was evaporated and the residue subjected to acid hydrolysis. The released steroid was extracted by diethyl ether and measured by radioimmunoassay. The methodology described represents a new approach to the qualitative and quantitative study of steroid conjugates in serum and urine, and can easily be applied to the study of steroid conjugates in other biological mateiral.", "PMID": 649718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4456", "title": "Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel carried out with a simple device for power regulation. Application to mammalian growth hormones.", "content": "A unit is described to regulate the electrical power delivered to an isoelectric focusing cell. The device consists in a resistance set, in series with a power supply, which can be adjusted to a suitable resistance value in order to permit only minor changes in wattage. Simultanoeus monitoring of voltage and current is also carried out with a pen-recorder adaptor. The improvements in operative conditions achieved by these means are tested by the fractionation of mammalian growth hormones.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel carried out with a simple device for power regulation. Application to mammalian growth hormones. A unit is described to regulate the electrical power delivered to an isoelectric focusing cell. The device consists in a resistance set, in series with a power supply, which can be adjusted to a suitable resistance value in order to permit only minor changes in wattage. Simultanoeus monitoring of voltage and current is also carried out with a pen-recorder adaptor. The improvements in operative conditions achieved by these means are tested by the fractionation of mammalian growth hormones.", "PMID": 649719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4457", "title": "Microtechniques for the gas chromatographic determination of barbiturates in small blood samples.", "content": "A method for the determination of therapeutic levels of barbituric acids in 25 microliter of whole blood is described. After extraction and controlled concentration of the extract to a volume of 5 microliter, the barbituric acids are N,N'-dimethylated using a microrefluxer. Of the total extract 20-100% is injected into the gas chromatograph. Low blanks, recoveries of 70--80% and peak ratios that are comparable to those in calibration experiments are obtained provided the detailed working instructions are followed strictly. In addition, barbiturates were determined (1 ng in 25 microliter blood) using column-switching devices and nitrogen-sensitive detection.", "contents": "Microtechniques for the gas chromatographic determination of barbiturates in small blood samples. A method for the determination of therapeutic levels of barbituric acids in 25 microliter of whole blood is described. After extraction and controlled concentration of the extract to a volume of 5 microliter, the barbituric acids are N,N'-dimethylated using a microrefluxer. Of the total extract 20-100% is injected into the gas chromatograph. Low blanks, recoveries of 70--80% and peak ratios that are comparable to those in calibration experiments are obtained provided the detailed working instructions are followed strictly. In addition, barbiturates were determined (1 ng in 25 microliter blood) using column-switching devices and nitrogen-sensitive detection.", "PMID": 649720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4458", "title": "A micro liquid column chromatography procedure for twelve anticonvulsants and some of their metabolites.", "content": "Solvent extracts of 50 microliter volumes of serum were sufficient for the determination of twelve anticonvulsant drugs. The liquid chromatography procedure utilized a C-18 reversed-phase column and isocratic elution with 15% acetonitrile in water. No derivatization was required. Eluted anticonvulsants were detected by UV absorption at 195 nm and quantitated by drug--internal standard peak area ratios. The procedure provided linear working curves over the concentration range from 1 to 100 mg/l of drug in the serum. The procedure for serum provided recoveries of the drugs from 92 to 101%. Within-day precision was about 4% and day-to-day precision was about 6.5%. The procedures has been applied to urine samples to facilitate bioavailability studies. Data are also given for several metabolites. There is a discussion of many practical aspects of the procedure to improve the reliability of the results.", "contents": "A micro liquid column chromatography procedure for twelve anticonvulsants and some of their metabolites. Solvent extracts of 50 microliter volumes of serum were sufficient for the determination of twelve anticonvulsant drugs. The liquid chromatography procedure utilized a C-18 reversed-phase column and isocratic elution with 15% acetonitrile in water. No derivatization was required. Eluted anticonvulsants were detected by UV absorption at 195 nm and quantitated by drug--internal standard peak area ratios. The procedure provided linear working curves over the concentration range from 1 to 100 mg/l of drug in the serum. The procedure for serum provided recoveries of the drugs from 92 to 101%. Within-day precision was about 4% and day-to-day precision was about 6.5%. The procedures has been applied to urine samples to facilitate bioavailability studies. Data are also given for several metabolites. There is a discussion of many practical aspects of the procedure to improve the reliability of the results.", "PMID": 649721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4459", "title": "Reversed-phase liquid chromatography of adriamycin and daunorubicin and their hydroxyl metabolites adriamycinol and daunorubicinol.", "content": "Adriamycin and daunorubicin and their metabolites adriamycinol and daunorubicinol were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using LiChrosorb RP-2, RP-8 and RP-18 as supports and acetone, acetonitrile and alcohols as organic modifiers in the mobile phase. The highest separation selectivity was obtained using a mobile phase containing low concentrations (less than 20%) of acetonitrile. The length of the hydrocarbon chains of the surface-modified silica supports had no significant influence on the selectivity. The lowest capacity factor was obtained with 40-60% of organic solvent in the mobile phase. Increasing the length of the hydrocarbon chains of the supports increased the retention of the solutes.", "contents": "Reversed-phase liquid chromatography of adriamycin and daunorubicin and their hydroxyl metabolites adriamycinol and daunorubicinol. Adriamycin and daunorubicin and their metabolites adriamycinol and daunorubicinol were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using LiChrosorb RP-2, RP-8 and RP-18 as supports and acetone, acetonitrile and alcohols as organic modifiers in the mobile phase. The highest separation selectivity was obtained using a mobile phase containing low concentrations (less than 20%) of acetonitrile. The length of the hydrocarbon chains of the surface-modified silica supports had no significant influence on the selectivity. The lowest capacity factor was obtained with 40-60% of organic solvent in the mobile phase. Increasing the length of the hydrocarbon chains of the supports increased the retention of the solutes.", "PMID": 649731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4460", "title": "Rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of steroid products.", "content": "The optimisation of conditions for the application of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to the analysis of steroid products is discussed. The influence of temperature and flow-rate on column efficiency are described. At 60 degrees, the reduced velocity required to give maximum efficiency, is approximately twice that found at room temperature, allowing faster through-put. (hv) curves are reported for 5-micron Spherisorb-ODS and Hypersil-ODS material for corticosteroids at 60 degrees. On-column injection techniques are discussed and data presented, showing that for corticosteroids on-column loop injection can be efficient as septum injection using the techniques described.", "contents": "Rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of steroid products. The optimisation of conditions for the application of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to the analysis of steroid products is discussed. The influence of temperature and flow-rate on column efficiency are described. At 60 degrees, the reduced velocity required to give maximum efficiency, is approximately twice that found at room temperature, allowing faster through-put. (hv) curves are reported for 5-micron Spherisorb-ODS and Hypersil-ODS material for corticosteroids at 60 degrees. On-column injection techniques are discussed and data presented, showing that for corticosteroids on-column loop injection can be efficient as septum injection using the techniques described.", "PMID": 649732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4461", "title": "Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using ion-pair systems.", "content": "Paracetamol (P) and its four main metabolites, the sulphate (S), glucuronide (G), cysteine (C) and mercapturic acid (M) conjugates, are separated on ODS/TMS silica using a standard eluent, water-methanol-formic acid (86:14:0.1, v/v/v), in the order S, G, P, C, M. On addition of the ion-paring cations dioctylammonium (DOA) and tetrabutylammonium (TBA), the retention of S is vastly increased while those of G and M are substantially increased and that is C is reduced. The excessive retention of S and to a lesser extent that of M and G can be controlled by the addition of a suitable concentration of a co-ion such as nitrate. The order of elution is then G, C, P, M, S, although this can be varied by adjusting the amount of nitrate present. Loading of DOA is slow as it is very strongly adsorbed and typical concentrations in the eluent are below 7 mg/l. Loading by TBA is rapid with typical concentrations being around 200 mg/l. The effects of added co-ions such as nitrate can be explained in terms of simple ion-pair equilibria. Equilibration with respect to added salts is rapid. Application of the technique to analysis of therapeutic and overdose urines shows the presence of at least three additional metabolites, one of which is identified by mass spectrometry as most probably 3-methoxyparacetamol. Another appears to be a methoxymercapturic acid derivative. There is further evidence for a group of metabolites that elute unresolved from overdose urines as a broad band after the main metabolites.", "contents": "Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using ion-pair systems. Paracetamol (P) and its four main metabolites, the sulphate (S), glucuronide (G), cysteine (C) and mercapturic acid (M) conjugates, are separated on ODS/TMS silica using a standard eluent, water-methanol-formic acid (86:14:0.1, v/v/v), in the order S, G, P, C, M. On addition of the ion-paring cations dioctylammonium (DOA) and tetrabutylammonium (TBA), the retention of S is vastly increased while those of G and M are substantially increased and that is C is reduced. The excessive retention of S and to a lesser extent that of M and G can be controlled by the addition of a suitable concentration of a co-ion such as nitrate. The order of elution is then G, C, P, M, S, although this can be varied by adjusting the amount of nitrate present. Loading of DOA is slow as it is very strongly adsorbed and typical concentrations in the eluent are below 7 mg/l. Loading by TBA is rapid with typical concentrations being around 200 mg/l. The effects of added co-ions such as nitrate can be explained in terms of simple ion-pair equilibria. Equilibration with respect to added salts is rapid. Application of the technique to analysis of therapeutic and overdose urines shows the presence of at least three additional metabolites, one of which is identified by mass spectrometry as most probably 3-methoxyparacetamol. Another appears to be a methoxymercapturic acid derivative. There is further evidence for a group of metabolites that elute unresolved from overdose urines as a broad band after the main metabolites.", "PMID": 649733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4462", "title": "Liquid chromatography in the monitoring of plasma levels of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "content": "High-performance liquid chromatography has been employed in the development of assay methods for six antiarrhythmic drugs, disopyramide, lidocain, tocainide, procainamide, aprinidine and quinidine. Liquid-solid chromatography has been used and separation times of about 5 min have usually been sufficient. Owing to the capacity of the liquid chromatographic system, sample preparation has been minimized to a single extraction and direct injection of a considerable part of the extract. The overall time of analysis is very short and the methods are well suited for monitoring of plasma levels of the antirrhythmic drugs and in some instances (procainamide and disopyramide) also for their main metabolites. UV detection at the optimal wavelength has permitted determinations down to 50 pmole (20 ng) in 1 ml of plasma for the amines with high absorbance.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in the monitoring of plasma levels of antiarrhythmic drugs. High-performance liquid chromatography has been employed in the development of assay methods for six antiarrhythmic drugs, disopyramide, lidocain, tocainide, procainamide, aprinidine and quinidine. Liquid-solid chromatography has been used and separation times of about 5 min have usually been sufficient. Owing to the capacity of the liquid chromatographic system, sample preparation has been minimized to a single extraction and direct injection of a considerable part of the extract. The overall time of analysis is very short and the methods are well suited for monitoring of plasma levels of the antirrhythmic drugs and in some instances (procainamide and disopyramide) also for their main metabolites. UV detection at the optimal wavelength has permitted determinations down to 50 pmole (20 ng) in 1 ml of plasma for the amines with high absorbance.", "PMID": 649734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4463", "title": "Determination of oral anti-diabetic agents in human body fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Two widely prescribed anti-diabetic agents for which no simple assay method was previously available can now be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using a UV detection system. The two drugs investigated were tolbutamide (a sulphonylurea) and phenformin (a biguanide). Tolbutamide can be assayed directly, after a single extraction step, on a reversed-phase system, illustrating the simplicity of the technique for carrying out analyses on underivatised drug compared with gas chromatography. Phenformin was not so easily chromatographhed using straightforward partition systems; however, by the choice of a suitable ion-pair agent it was possible to chromatograph the underivatised drug in a relatively simple reversed-phase system.", "contents": "Determination of oral anti-diabetic agents in human body fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography. Two widely prescribed anti-diabetic agents for which no simple assay method was previously available can now be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using a UV detection system. The two drugs investigated were tolbutamide (a sulphonylurea) and phenformin (a biguanide). Tolbutamide can be assayed directly, after a single extraction step, on a reversed-phase system, illustrating the simplicity of the technique for carrying out analyses on underivatised drug compared with gas chromatography. Phenformin was not so easily chromatographhed using straightforward partition systems; however, by the choice of a suitable ion-pair agent it was possible to chromatograph the underivatised drug in a relatively simple reversed-phase system.", "PMID": 649735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4464", "title": "Photochemical detection in high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to cannabinoid analysis.", "content": "A novel technique of on-line photochemical derivatization is described which can enhance considerably both the sensitivity and specificity of detection in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).. Material eluting from the column is irradiated with a high flux of UV light, which may induce a reaction to form fluorescent or highly UV-absorbing products. The irradiated eluent then passes into a suitable detector. The photochemical reactor as a neglible effect on resolution, and reaction is achieved in 1-5 sec. An example of the use of this technique is in the detection of cannabinol CBN), a component of cannabis, which is converted into a highly fluorescent compound on irradiation with UV light. Thus, if a sample containing CBN is chromatographed and the column eluent irradiated, CBN can be detected (as the fluorescent photoproduct) with a sensitivity of less than 1 ng. If the chromatogram is then repeated without UV irradiation, only naturally fluorescent products are detected. A compairson of the two chromatograms allows these to be eliminated and leads to a very high specificity for the method. This approach is being developed as the basis of a rapid, sensitive and specific method for the detection of cannabinoids in body fluids. It is expected, however, that photochemical derivatization will extend the use of HPLC to many substances that cannot be satisfactorily detected at present.", "contents": "Photochemical detection in high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to cannabinoid analysis. A novel technique of on-line photochemical derivatization is described which can enhance considerably both the sensitivity and specificity of detection in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).. Material eluting from the column is irradiated with a high flux of UV light, which may induce a reaction to form fluorescent or highly UV-absorbing products. The irradiated eluent then passes into a suitable detector. The photochemical reactor as a neglible effect on resolution, and reaction is achieved in 1-5 sec. An example of the use of this technique is in the detection of cannabinol CBN), a component of cannabis, which is converted into a highly fluorescent compound on irradiation with UV light. Thus, if a sample containing CBN is chromatographed and the column eluent irradiated, CBN can be detected (as the fluorescent photoproduct) with a sensitivity of less than 1 ng. If the chromatogram is then repeated without UV irradiation, only naturally fluorescent products are detected. A compairson of the two chromatograms allows these to be eliminated and leads to a very high specificity for the method. This approach is being developed as the basis of a rapid, sensitive and specific method for the detection of cannabinoids in body fluids. It is expected, however, that photochemical derivatization will extend the use of HPLC to many substances that cannot be satisfactorily detected at present.", "PMID": 649737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4465", "title": "Specific method for determining uric acid in serum using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectropmetry.", "content": "A method using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and stable-isotope dilution-mass spectrometry is described for the specific quantitation of uric acid in serum. The procedure involves addition of a known amount of [1,3,9-15n]uric acid, as intenral standard, to the serum sample followed by equilibration with the endogenous analyte. After separation from serum proteins, cationic and neutral compounds by anion-exchange chromatography, the purified uric acid is converted into its tetraethyl derivatives. High-performance liquid chromatography is used to isolate the three major isomeric derivatives for measurement of the isotope ratio m/e 280 to m/e 283. This ratio gives the relative abundances of the molecular ions of natural and of labelled tetraethyluric acid, and from it the amount of uric acid in the original serum specimen is determined. Effective separation of tetraethyluric acid isomers can be achieved by adsorption or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using n-heptane-isopropanol (80:1, v/v) and methanol-water (3:2, v/v), respectively, as solvent systems.", "contents": "Specific method for determining uric acid in serum using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectropmetry. A method using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and stable-isotope dilution-mass spectrometry is described for the specific quantitation of uric acid in serum. The procedure involves addition of a known amount of [1,3,9-15n]uric acid, as intenral standard, to the serum sample followed by equilibration with the endogenous analyte. After separation from serum proteins, cationic and neutral compounds by anion-exchange chromatography, the purified uric acid is converted into its tetraethyl derivatives. High-performance liquid chromatography is used to isolate the three major isomeric derivatives for measurement of the isotope ratio m/e 280 to m/e 283. This ratio gives the relative abundances of the molecular ions of natural and of labelled tetraethyluric acid, and from it the amount of uric acid in the original serum specimen is determined. Effective separation of tetraethyluric acid isomers can be achieved by adsorption or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using n-heptane-isopropanol (80:1, v/v) and methanol-water (3:2, v/v), respectively, as solvent systems.", "PMID": 649738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4466", "title": "Investigations of anabolic drug abuse in athletics and cattle feed. II. Specific determination of methandienone (Dianabol) in urine in nanogram amounts.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the free excreted anabolic drug methandienone in pharmacokinetic studies is described. After extraction of the free steroids from urine, separation on reversed-phase columns leads to quantitative determination of this drug down to 5 ng, and to qualitative detection of less than 1 ng amounts. Because the anabolic drugs and their metabolites are eluted later than the other normally excreted constituents this method is also useful for the routine surveillance of anabolic drug abuse in the sports in general.", "contents": "Investigations of anabolic drug abuse in athletics and cattle feed. II. Specific determination of methandienone (Dianabol) in urine in nanogram amounts. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the free excreted anabolic drug methandienone in pharmacokinetic studies is described. After extraction of the free steroids from urine, separation on reversed-phase columns leads to quantitative determination of this drug down to 5 ng, and to qualitative detection of less than 1 ng amounts. Because the anabolic drugs and their metabolites are eluted later than the other normally excreted constituents this method is also useful for the routine surveillance of anabolic drug abuse in the sports in general.", "PMID": 649739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4467", "title": "Determination of cocaine in human urine, plasma and red blood cells by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "This paper describes a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of cocaine in human urine, plasma and red blood cells. Cocaine is extracted into cyclohexane from the biological materials at slightly alkaline pH, reduced with lithium aluminium hydride, acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and detected by an electron capture detector. When compared with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method the results of cocaine determination correlated highly (r = 0.986). When cocaine was given intravenously to volunteer subjects only 0.2-1.4% of the administered dose was excreted as unmetabolized cocaine in the first 9 h after administration. Plasma and red blood cell levels of cocaine were also determined by this method after intravenous administration.", "contents": "Determination of cocaine in human urine, plasma and red blood cells by gas-liquid chromatography. This paper describes a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of cocaine in human urine, plasma and red blood cells. Cocaine is extracted into cyclohexane from the biological materials at slightly alkaline pH, reduced with lithium aluminium hydride, acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and detected by an electron capture detector. When compared with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method the results of cocaine determination correlated highly (r = 0.986). When cocaine was given intravenously to volunteer subjects only 0.2-1.4% of the administered dose was excreted as unmetabolized cocaine in the first 9 h after administration. Plasma and red blood cell levels of cocaine were also determined by this method after intravenous administration.", "PMID": 649741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4468", "title": "Measurement of benzoylecgonine and cocaine in urine, separation of various cocaine metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The application of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to the measurement of benzoylecgonine and cocaine in urine is described. Following a simple extraction and clean-up procedure, chromatography is performed using a column containing an octadecylsilica coated packing, elution with 17% acetonitrile in pH 2.7 phosphate buffer and ultraviolet detection at 200 or 235 nm. The detection limit is ca.0.1 microgram of drug per ml urine, and using the ethyl ester of benzoylecgonine as an internal standard, benzoylecgonine and cocaine are quantified with coefficients of variation of 7.0 and 2.8%, respectively. The procedure has been applied to urines from subjects receiving intranasal cocaine, and compared to the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique. The chromatography procedure also permits the separation of norcocaine and benzoylnorecgonine.", "contents": "Measurement of benzoylecgonine and cocaine in urine, separation of various cocaine metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The application of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to the measurement of benzoylecgonine and cocaine in urine is described. Following a simple extraction and clean-up procedure, chromatography is performed using a column containing an octadecylsilica coated packing, elution with 17% acetonitrile in pH 2.7 phosphate buffer and ultraviolet detection at 200 or 235 nm. The detection limit is ca.0.1 microgram of drug per ml urine, and using the ethyl ester of benzoylecgonine as an internal standard, benzoylecgonine and cocaine are quantified with coefficients of variation of 7.0 and 2.8%, respectively. The procedure has been applied to urines from subjects receiving intranasal cocaine, and compared to the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique. The chromatography procedure also permits the separation of norcocaine and benzoylnorecgonine.", "PMID": 649742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4469", "title": "Simultaneous quantitation of twenty-two amino acids in nanolitre samples of biological fluid.", "content": "The technique of thin-layer chromatography and 14C-dansylation has been used for simultaneous measurements of 22 individual amino acids, taurine, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in nanolitre samples of glomerular and renal tubule fluid. Standard curves of each amino acid mixture containing all the others showed excellent linearity at amounts ranging from 5.7.10(-13) to 1.45.10(-11) mole (regression coefficients all greater than 0.95). With careful standardization of dansylation conditions, the technique permits highly reproducible measurement of less than 1 pmole of an amino acid.", "contents": "Simultaneous quantitation of twenty-two amino acids in nanolitre samples of biological fluid. The technique of thin-layer chromatography and 14C-dansylation has been used for simultaneous measurements of 22 individual amino acids, taurine, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in nanolitre samples of glomerular and renal tubule fluid. Standard curves of each amino acid mixture containing all the others showed excellent linearity at amounts ranging from 5.7.10(-13) to 1.45.10(-11) mole (regression coefficients all greater than 0.95). With careful standardization of dansylation conditions, the technique permits highly reproducible measurement of less than 1 pmole of an amino acid.", "PMID": 649743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4470", "title": "Quantitative estimation of salicylic acid and its metabolites by thin-layer densitometry.", "content": "A rapid thin-layer densitometric method for the quantitative determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites in urine or plasma is described. The method is specific and very sensitive. Nanogram quantities of salicylic acid and its metabolites, both free and conjugated, may be estimated. Known metabolites, as well as the newly described gentisuric acid, were estimated quantitatively in urine from a patient treated with aspirin.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of salicylic acid and its metabolites by thin-layer densitometry. A rapid thin-layer densitometric method for the quantitative determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites in urine or plasma is described. The method is specific and very sensitive. Nanogram quantities of salicylic acid and its metabolites, both free and conjugated, may be estimated. Known metabolites, as well as the newly described gentisuric acid, were estimated quantitatively in urine from a patient treated with aspirin.", "PMID": 649744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4471", "title": "Determination of chlorthalidone in plasma, urine and red blood cells by gas chromatography with nitrogen detection.", "content": "A sensitive and selective gas chromatographic method is described for determining the diuretic and antihypertensive drug chlorthalidone in plasma, urine and erythrocytes. Use is made of an alkali flame ionization detector (nitrogen detector), and the chlorthalidone and internal standard are chromatographed as methyl derivatives. Down to 10 ng of drugs in the biological sample can be measured accurately, with a standard deviation of 5%. Because the concentration of chlorthalidone found in erythrocytes is 50-100 times higher than that in plasma, the influence of haemolysis on the plasma concentration has been investigated. In addition, a pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers revealed that the apparent concentration of the drug found in plasma can be much too low (by more than 50%), if the plasma is not separated from the erythrocytes immediately after venipuncture. Precautions to be observed to ensure correct handling of blood samples (so that results for plasma concentrations will be reliable) are stressed. The findings have application in kinetic studies on chlorthalidone.", "contents": "Determination of chlorthalidone in plasma, urine and red blood cells by gas chromatography with nitrogen detection. A sensitive and selective gas chromatographic method is described for determining the diuretic and antihypertensive drug chlorthalidone in plasma, urine and erythrocytes. Use is made of an alkali flame ionization detector (nitrogen detector), and the chlorthalidone and internal standard are chromatographed as methyl derivatives. Down to 10 ng of drugs in the biological sample can be measured accurately, with a standard deviation of 5%. Because the concentration of chlorthalidone found in erythrocytes is 50-100 times higher than that in plasma, the influence of haemolysis on the plasma concentration has been investigated. In addition, a pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers revealed that the apparent concentration of the drug found in plasma can be much too low (by more than 50%), if the plasma is not separated from the erythrocytes immediately after venipuncture. Precautions to be observed to ensure correct handling of blood samples (so that results for plasma concentrations will be reliable) are stressed. The findings have application in kinetic studies on chlorthalidone.", "PMID": 649750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4472", "title": "A rapid analytical method for measuring toluene in biological specimens.", "content": "A rapid and accurate method for the direct extraction and quantitation of toluene in blood and tissues has been developed. The technique involved extraction with methanol, selective adsorption onto Tenax, and desorption from the Tenax with heat and injection into a gas chromatograph. Measurement of standards indicated values were linear over a range of tissue concentrations of 1-1,734 microgram per gram of sample. The procedure described in this paper is a rapid, accurate method for measuring volatile hydrocarbon solvent in both blood and solid tissues of experimental animals. This technique should be applicable to basic research including animal studies, as well as to clinical cases involving abuse of or industrial exposure to solvents.", "contents": "A rapid analytical method for measuring toluene in biological specimens. A rapid and accurate method for the direct extraction and quantitation of toluene in blood and tissues has been developed. The technique involved extraction with methanol, selective adsorption onto Tenax, and desorption from the Tenax with heat and injection into a gas chromatograph. Measurement of standards indicated values were linear over a range of tissue concentrations of 1-1,734 microgram per gram of sample. The procedure described in this paper is a rapid, accurate method for measuring volatile hydrocarbon solvent in both blood and solid tissues of experimental animals. This technique should be applicable to basic research including animal studies, as well as to clinical cases involving abuse of or industrial exposure to solvents.", "PMID": 649751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4473", "title": "Quantitative analysis of berberine in urine samples by chemical ionization mass fragmentography.", "content": "A highly specific and sensitive method has been developed for the quantitative determination of berberine in human urine. In order to carry out the microdetermination of berberine by chemical ionization mass fragmentography, berberine was reduced with sodium borohydride in methanol to tetrahydroberberine and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Berberine concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml urine can be measured by this method, with [2H3]berberine chloride as an internal standard.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of berberine in urine samples by chemical ionization mass fragmentography. A highly specific and sensitive method has been developed for the quantitative determination of berberine in human urine. In order to carry out the microdetermination of berberine by chemical ionization mass fragmentography, berberine was reduced with sodium borohydride in methanol to tetrahydroberberine and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Berberine concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml urine can be measured by this method, with [2H3]berberine chloride as an internal standard.", "PMID": 649752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4474", "title": "Quantitative determination of tiflorex in human fluids using electron-capture detection.", "content": "A procedure is described for the determination of tiflorex and its metabolite nortiflorex in biological specimens. The compounds are converted into their trichoroacetyl derivatives, which are separated on a glass column packed with 3% OV-17 on Gas-Chrom Q, and measured with an electron-capture detector. The mechanism was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method is rapid, sensitive for concentrations of 1 ng/ml and has been used to measure tiflorex and its metabolite in rat plasma after intravenous administration and in human volunteers after administration by the oral route.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of tiflorex in human fluids using electron-capture detection. A procedure is described for the determination of tiflorex and its metabolite nortiflorex in biological specimens. The compounds are converted into their trichoroacetyl derivatives, which are separated on a glass column packed with 3% OV-17 on Gas-Chrom Q, and measured with an electron-capture detector. The mechanism was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method is rapid, sensitive for concentrations of 1 ng/ml and has been used to measure tiflorex and its metabolite in rat plasma after intravenous administration and in human volunteers after administration by the oral route.", "PMID": 649753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4475", "title": "Determination of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and phthalic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is presented for the determination of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and phthalic acid in anticoagulant solutions using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Determination of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and phthalic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography. A method is presented for the determination of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and phthalic acid in anticoagulant solutions using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 649760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4476", "title": "Isolation and identification of Peptococcus saccharolyticus from human skin.", "content": "Peptococcus saccharolyticus was a numerically important organism on the forehead and the antecubital fossa of the arm of ca. 20% of the subjects studied. It was best detected by prolonged (4- to 7-day) anaerobic incubation on a suitably enriched medium but also appeared in smaller numbers in aerobic primary cultures after 4 to 7 days. Initial screening was based on growth patterns in shake cultures and on the relative amounts of growth on aerobic and anaerobic streak plates. The organism was nonhemolytic and usually catalase positive. It produced acid anaerobically from glucose, fructose, and glycerol, but not from maltose, and did not produce lactic acid from glucose.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of Peptococcus saccharolyticus from human skin. Peptococcus saccharolyticus was a numerically important organism on the forehead and the antecubital fossa of the arm of ca. 20% of the subjects studied. It was best detected by prolonged (4- to 7-day) anaerobic incubation on a suitably enriched medium but also appeared in smaller numbers in aerobic primary cultures after 4 to 7 days. Initial screening was based on growth patterns in shake cultures and on the relative amounts of growth on aerobic and anaerobic streak plates. The organism was nonhemolytic and usually catalase positive. It produced acid anaerobically from glucose, fructose, and glycerol, but not from maltose, and did not produce lactic acid from glucose.", "PMID": 649761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4477", "title": "Immune adherence hemagglutination: alternative to complement-fixation serology.", "content": "Immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) was compared to complement fixation (CF), using standard procedures, for serological testing of human sera with a number of commercially available antigens. The antigens included herpes simplex, measles, cytomegalo-, and influenza (type B) viruses, as well as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydia group). The IAHA test was found to be as specific as the CF test, but 4 to 20 times as sensitive with all antigens tested. Antigen titers were also higher with the IAHA method, and the time required to complete the test was only 4 h for the IAHA method, compared with 20 h for the CF method. The increased sensitivity of the IAHA test should permit its use for determination of immunity, as well as for serodiagnosis of recent infections.", "contents": "Immune adherence hemagglutination: alternative to complement-fixation serology. Immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) was compared to complement fixation (CF), using standard procedures, for serological testing of human sera with a number of commercially available antigens. The antigens included herpes simplex, measles, cytomegalo-, and influenza (type B) viruses, as well as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydia group). The IAHA test was found to be as specific as the CF test, but 4 to 20 times as sensitive with all antigens tested. Antigen titers were also higher with the IAHA method, and the time required to complete the test was only 4 h for the IAHA method, compared with 20 h for the CF method. The increased sensitivity of the IAHA test should permit its use for determination of immunity, as well as for serodiagnosis of recent infections.", "PMID": 649762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4478", "title": "Syncytia inhibition by immune lymphocytes: in vitro test for immunity to canine distemper.", "content": "A simple and rapid (24-h) assay for peripheral blood lymphocyte-associated immunity to canine distemper virus (CDV) is described. The test is based upon leukocyte-associated inhibition of CDV-induced syncytia formation in Vero cells. The technique quantitates the response morphologically, thereby eliminating the requirement for release of radiolabeled compounds. Positive results were determined from specific-pathogen-free and gnotobiotic dogs exposed to CDV via hyperimmunization, vaccination with a modified live virus vaccine, and after virulent virus infection. Preinoculation lymphocytes and lymphocytes from non-immune dogs did not inhibit CDV-induced syncytia formation. Maximum responses were observed 7 to 21 days after initial exposure and declined thereafter. The method can be used to further investigate the role of immune lymphocytes in the recovery from CDV infection.", "contents": "Syncytia inhibition by immune lymphocytes: in vitro test for immunity to canine distemper. A simple and rapid (24-h) assay for peripheral blood lymphocyte-associated immunity to canine distemper virus (CDV) is described. The test is based upon leukocyte-associated inhibition of CDV-induced syncytia formation in Vero cells. The technique quantitates the response morphologically, thereby eliminating the requirement for release of radiolabeled compounds. Positive results were determined from specific-pathogen-free and gnotobiotic dogs exposed to CDV via hyperimmunization, vaccination with a modified live virus vaccine, and after virulent virus infection. Preinoculation lymphocytes and lymphocytes from non-immune dogs did not inhibit CDV-induced syncytia formation. Maximum responses were observed 7 to 21 days after initial exposure and declined thereafter. The method can be used to further investigate the role of immune lymphocytes in the recovery from CDV infection.", "PMID": 649763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4479", "title": "Evaluation of a new microquantity blood collector.", "content": "A new device for collecting small amounts of blood from laboratory animals offer distinct advantages over standard syringes during the collection of serum or plasma.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new microquantity blood collector. A new device for collecting small amounts of blood from laboratory animals offer distinct advantages over standard syringes during the collection of serum or plasma.", "PMID": 649764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4480", "title": "The morphology of cirrhosis. Recommendations on definition, nomenclature, and classification by a working group sponsored by the World Health Organization.", "content": "This memorandum provides guidelines on the definition, nomenclature, and classification of cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. These are considered according to morphological characteristics and aetiology. It is hoped that this system will serve as a standard for diagnostic, research, and epidemiological purposes. The relationship of cirrhosis to liver cell carcinoma is briefly discussed and the possible morphological markers of an increased risk of malignancy are defined.", "contents": "The morphology of cirrhosis. Recommendations on definition, nomenclature, and classification by a working group sponsored by the World Health Organization. This memorandum provides guidelines on the definition, nomenclature, and classification of cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. These are considered according to morphological characteristics and aetiology. It is hoped that this system will serve as a standard for diagnostic, research, and epidemiological purposes. The relationship of cirrhosis to liver cell carcinoma is briefly discussed and the possible morphological markers of an increased risk of malignancy are defined.", "PMID": 649765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4481", "title": "Hepatitis in clinical laboratories 1975-76.", "content": "The survey of British laboratories in 1970-74 was continued by a questionnaire to members of the Association of Clinical Pathologists covering the next two years. Only nine cases of hepatitis (three of hepatitis B) were reported. The annual attack rate of 34 per 100 000 was only one-quarter of that in earlier years. The findings suggest that control measures have had considerable success.", "contents": "Hepatitis in clinical laboratories 1975-76. The survey of British laboratories in 1970-74 was continued by a questionnaire to members of the Association of Clinical Pathologists covering the next two years. Only nine cases of hepatitis (three of hepatitis B) were reported. The annual attack rate of 34 per 100 000 was only one-quarter of that in earlier years. The findings suggest that control measures have had considerable success.", "PMID": 649766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4482", "title": "Autoclaving practice in microbiology laboratories: report of a survey. The Public Health Laboratory Service Subcommittee on laboratory autoclaves.", "content": "The performance of autoclaves in 27 laboratories, operated in accordance with the normal routine of local practice, has been monitored using thermometric equipment. Sterilising performance was unsatisfactory on 10 of 62 occasions, and cooling was inadequate on 52 of 60 occasions.", "contents": "Autoclaving practice in microbiology laboratories: report of a survey. The Public Health Laboratory Service Subcommittee on laboratory autoclaves. The performance of autoclaves in 27 laboratories, operated in accordance with the normal routine of local practice, has been monitored using thermometric equipment. Sterilising performance was unsatisfactory on 10 of 62 occasions, and cooling was inadequate on 52 of 60 occasions.", "PMID": 649767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4483", "title": "Use of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the testing of staphylococci for sensitivity to methicillin and cephradine.", "content": "The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone, an inert polymer resembling plasma proteins in its colligative effects, in the testing of micrococcaceae for sensitivity to methicillin and cephradine is described. Generally results are quite comparable with those of conventional methods. The absence of any inhibitory effect of the polymer compared to sodium chloride, and its physiological inertia compared to sucrose, along with its suitability for sterilisation by autoclaving are seen as advantages. It is suggested that the use of this substance may give results which are more applicable to the in vivo situation. This may apply particularly in the case of cephradine.", "contents": "Use of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the testing of staphylococci for sensitivity to methicillin and cephradine. The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone, an inert polymer resembling plasma proteins in its colligative effects, in the testing of micrococcaceae for sensitivity to methicillin and cephradine is described. Generally results are quite comparable with those of conventional methods. The absence of any inhibitory effect of the polymer compared to sodium chloride, and its physiological inertia compared to sucrose, along with its suitability for sterilisation by autoclaving are seen as advantages. It is suggested that the use of this substance may give results which are more applicable to the in vivo situation. This may apply particularly in the case of cephradine.", "PMID": 649768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4484", "title": "Effect of clindamycin and lincomycin therapy on faecal flora.", "content": "Bacterial counts were carried out on the faeces of 160 patients receiving clindamycin or lincomycin treatment for bacterial infections. In all the patients the total bacteroides count was significantly reduced while strains of Enterobacteriaciae, yeasts, and streptococci were correspondingly increased. Severe diarrhoea developed in 25 (16%) patients, but this could not be related to a change in faecal flora. Diarrhoea was most common when clindamycin was given prophylactically, women were more affected than men, and the incidence was highest in those aged over 60 years. No cases of pseudomembranous colitis were seen. Although clindamycin is a valuable antibiotic for treating established severe anaerobic bacterial infections it should be used cautiously in elderly patients.", "contents": "Effect of clindamycin and lincomycin therapy on faecal flora. Bacterial counts were carried out on the faeces of 160 patients receiving clindamycin or lincomycin treatment for bacterial infections. In all the patients the total bacteroides count was significantly reduced while strains of Enterobacteriaciae, yeasts, and streptococci were correspondingly increased. Severe diarrhoea developed in 25 (16%) patients, but this could not be related to a change in faecal flora. Diarrhoea was most common when clindamycin was given prophylactically, women were more affected than men, and the incidence was highest in those aged over 60 years. No cases of pseudomembranous colitis were seen. Although clindamycin is a valuable antibiotic for treating established severe anaerobic bacterial infections it should be used cautiously in elderly patients.", "PMID": 649769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4485", "title": "Urine xanthine oxidase activity in urinary tract infection.", "content": "Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was found to be negligible in sterile human urines (less than 480 units, as presently defined, per litre). Significant XO activity was found in all urines containing more than 10(5) bacteria/ml, except for urines infected with Staphylococcus aureus, in which XO activity ranged from 347 to 714 units per litre. Plasma XO is not transferred to the urine, as demonstrated by the negligible XO activity found in sterile urines from patients with raised plasma XO activity. Determination of urinary XO activity is a suitable procedure for the detection of urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Urine xanthine oxidase activity in urinary tract infection. Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was found to be negligible in sterile human urines (less than 480 units, as presently defined, per litre). Significant XO activity was found in all urines containing more than 10(5) bacteria/ml, except for urines infected with Staphylococcus aureus, in which XO activity ranged from 347 to 714 units per litre. Plasma XO is not transferred to the urine, as demonstrated by the negligible XO activity found in sterile urines from patients with raised plasma XO activity. Determination of urinary XO activity is a suitable procedure for the detection of urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 649770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4486", "title": "Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in disseminated neoplasm.", "content": "Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in 24 cases of disseminated neoplasm, 12 of which had unequivocal evidence of skeletal involvement. Urinary hydroxyproline, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-precipitable uronic acid, and CPC-precipitable hexosamine were expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine. Glycosaminoglycans contained in urine concentrated x 1000 by vacuum-dialysis were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and stained with alcian blue. Of the 12 cases with clear evidence of skeletal involvement, eight (66%) showed elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase, five (42%) showed elevation of urinary hydroxyproline, and three (25%) showed elevation of urinary uronic acid. It is concluded that urinary uronic acid is not a sensitive index of skeletal involvement in disseminated neoplasm. The most striking feature of the study was the identification of a well-defined fraction indist inguishable from hyaluronic acid in seven (58%) of the cases with evidence of skeletal involvement. Hyaluronic acid is not normally identifiable in adult human urine. The hyaluronic acid excretors showed more consistent biochemical evidence of bone disease (elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline) than the non-excretors. The possibility that the urinary hyaluronic acid is derived from degradation of skeletal hyaluronic acid is discussed. An alternative explanation is that the hyaluronic acid is derived from neoplastic cells as part of a reversion of glycosaminoglycan synthesis to a more ;fetal' state, a glycosaminoglycan counterpart of the production of oncofetal antigens by neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in disseminated neoplasm. Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in 24 cases of disseminated neoplasm, 12 of which had unequivocal evidence of skeletal involvement. Urinary hydroxyproline, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-precipitable uronic acid, and CPC-precipitable hexosamine were expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine. Glycosaminoglycans contained in urine concentrated x 1000 by vacuum-dialysis were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and stained with alcian blue. Of the 12 cases with clear evidence of skeletal involvement, eight (66%) showed elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase, five (42%) showed elevation of urinary hydroxyproline, and three (25%) showed elevation of urinary uronic acid. It is concluded that urinary uronic acid is not a sensitive index of skeletal involvement in disseminated neoplasm. The most striking feature of the study was the identification of a well-defined fraction indist inguishable from hyaluronic acid in seven (58%) of the cases with evidence of skeletal involvement. Hyaluronic acid is not normally identifiable in adult human urine. The hyaluronic acid excretors showed more consistent biochemical evidence of bone disease (elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline) than the non-excretors. The possibility that the urinary hyaluronic acid is derived from degradation of skeletal hyaluronic acid is discussed. An alternative explanation is that the hyaluronic acid is derived from neoplastic cells as part of a reversion of glycosaminoglycan synthesis to a more ;fetal' state, a glycosaminoglycan counterpart of the production of oncofetal antigens by neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 649771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4487", "title": "Cell receptor studies on six anaplastic tumours of the thyroid.", "content": "Cell suspensions from six anaplastic thyroid tumours were studied for expression of lymphocyte and macrophage surface markers, and results were correlated with electron microscopy, clinical extent of disease, and response to radiotherapy. The clinical presentation of the disease was similar in all six patients. In five cases, many of the cells showed surface immunoglobulin. Electron microscopy was available on three of these and showed appearances in keeping with malignant lymphoma. The single case whose cells did not show surface immunoglobulin had an entirely different ultrastructure and was probably a carcinoma. This case was the only one that did not achieve complete remission with radiotherapy and the patient died from extensive local recurrence. It is concluded that receptor techniques are of value in distinguishing between malignant lymphoma and other anaplastic tumours of the thyroid, particularly when the results are correlated with histology.", "contents": "Cell receptor studies on six anaplastic tumours of the thyroid. Cell suspensions from six anaplastic thyroid tumours were studied for expression of lymphocyte and macrophage surface markers, and results were correlated with electron microscopy, clinical extent of disease, and response to radiotherapy. The clinical presentation of the disease was similar in all six patients. In five cases, many of the cells showed surface immunoglobulin. Electron microscopy was available on three of these and showed appearances in keeping with malignant lymphoma. The single case whose cells did not show surface immunoglobulin had an entirely different ultrastructure and was probably a carcinoma. This case was the only one that did not achieve complete remission with radiotherapy and the patient died from extensive local recurrence. It is concluded that receptor techniques are of value in distinguishing between malignant lymphoma and other anaplastic tumours of the thyroid, particularly when the results are correlated with histology.", "PMID": 649772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4488", "title": "Echinococcus granulosus: specific quantification of the two most immunoreactive antigens in hydatid fluids.", "content": "Preparations of the two most immunoreactive Echinococcus granulosus antigens (antigens 4 and 5) from sheep hydatid fluid, purified by a simplified method, and monospecific antisera against antigens 4 and 5, prepared by a new procedure, were used to measure the antigenic concentrations of antigens 4 and 5 in swine, sheep, and human hydatid fluids from pulmonary or hepatic cysts. Two bovine samples and two commercial preparations were also tested. The concentration of both antigens was significantly higher in sheep and human hydatid fluids than in swine hydatid fluid. The antigenic content of the two bovine samples and of the two commercial preparations was below the sensitivity level of the method employed. Independently of the species tested, the amount of Echinococcus antigens was greater in hepatic than in pulmonary cysts. The ratio between the concentrations of antigens 4 and 5 was constant at about 1:10 in the samples from various organs and from different species. When there were enough samples for statistical analysis a linear correlation was found between the contents of these two antigenic components but there was none between the amounts of proteins and the antigenic concentrations in the single cysts. Sheep hydatid fluid must therefore be considered the best source of antigenic material for diagnostic purposes even though in human cysts the antigenic fraction is less contaminated by serum proteins. We describe a reliable method of standardising antigenic material for the immunodiagnosis of hydatid disease.", "contents": "Echinococcus granulosus: specific quantification of the two most immunoreactive antigens in hydatid fluids. Preparations of the two most immunoreactive Echinococcus granulosus antigens (antigens 4 and 5) from sheep hydatid fluid, purified by a simplified method, and monospecific antisera against antigens 4 and 5, prepared by a new procedure, were used to measure the antigenic concentrations of antigens 4 and 5 in swine, sheep, and human hydatid fluids from pulmonary or hepatic cysts. Two bovine samples and two commercial preparations were also tested. The concentration of both antigens was significantly higher in sheep and human hydatid fluids than in swine hydatid fluid. The antigenic content of the two bovine samples and of the two commercial preparations was below the sensitivity level of the method employed. Independently of the species tested, the amount of Echinococcus antigens was greater in hepatic than in pulmonary cysts. The ratio between the concentrations of antigens 4 and 5 was constant at about 1:10 in the samples from various organs and from different species. When there were enough samples for statistical analysis a linear correlation was found between the contents of these two antigenic components but there was none between the amounts of proteins and the antigenic concentrations in the single cysts. Sheep hydatid fluid must therefore be considered the best source of antigenic material for diagnostic purposes even though in human cysts the antigenic fraction is less contaminated by serum proteins. We describe a reliable method of standardising antigenic material for the immunodiagnosis of hydatid disease.", "PMID": 649773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4489", "title": "Comparison of radial haemolysis with haemagglutination inhibition in estimating rubella antibody.", "content": "Radial haemolysis (RH) for assaying rubella antibody was studied in parallel tests with haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) on 1102 sera from adult women. Simple to perform and economical in reagents, the RH test is as sensitive as the HAI test and is a useful method of screening antenatal and other sera for rubella immunity. It detects IgG but not IgM antibody.", "contents": "Comparison of radial haemolysis with haemagglutination inhibition in estimating rubella antibody. Radial haemolysis (RH) for assaying rubella antibody was studied in parallel tests with haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) on 1102 sera from adult women. Simple to perform and economical in reagents, the RH test is as sensitive as the HAI test and is a useful method of screening antenatal and other sera for rubella immunity. It detects IgG but not IgM antibody.", "PMID": 649774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4490", "title": "Coagulation and fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (fragments D and E) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid in 23.4% of 252 patients admitted to a neurological/neurosurgical unit. Other coagulation proteins of low molecular weight (plasminogen and factor IX) were also present but larger proteins (fibrinogen and factor V) were not. These findings are consistent with protein leakage across a blood-CSF barrier damaged by inflammatory, vascular, or neoplastic disease. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage may not, therefore, be a reliable index of increased fibrinolytic activity in the subarachnoid space and may be misleading when selecting patients for fibrinolytic blockade.", "contents": "Coagulation and fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (fragments D and E) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid in 23.4% of 252 patients admitted to a neurological/neurosurgical unit. Other coagulation proteins of low molecular weight (plasminogen and factor IX) were also present but larger proteins (fibrinogen and factor V) were not. These findings are consistent with protein leakage across a blood-CSF barrier damaged by inflammatory, vascular, or neoplastic disease. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage may not, therefore, be a reliable index of increased fibrinolytic activity in the subarachnoid space and may be misleading when selecting patients for fibrinolytic blockade.", "PMID": 649775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4491", "title": "High mean red cell volume: its incidence and significance in routine haematology.", "content": "With the advent of electronic particle counters of the Coulter S type the mean cell volume (MCV) has become an integral and useful feature of the red cell profile. Abnormally high values, often of minor degree, are particularly common but their precise clinical significance may be difficult to establish. This study defines the normal range and determines the incidence and distribution of the high MCV in routine hospital practice. Two hundred consecutive adult patients with an MCV of 100 fl or more were identified from the Coulter S analysis of 6542 blood samples and the underlying cause was established in 80%. Some of the clinical and economic implications of these findings are presented and briefly discussed.", "contents": "High mean red cell volume: its incidence and significance in routine haematology. With the advent of electronic particle counters of the Coulter S type the mean cell volume (MCV) has become an integral and useful feature of the red cell profile. Abnormally high values, often of minor degree, are particularly common but their precise clinical significance may be difficult to establish. This study defines the normal range and determines the incidence and distribution of the high MCV in routine hospital practice. Two hundred consecutive adult patients with an MCV of 100 fl or more were identified from the Coulter S analysis of 6542 blood samples and the underlying cause was established in 80%. Some of the clinical and economic implications of these findings are presented and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 649776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4492", "title": "A quantitative analysis of the innervation of the pulp of the cat's canine tooth.", "content": "Although the cat's canine tooth has become the accepted model for the electrophysiological study of dental sensory mechanisms no examination of its innervation has been carried out at the electron-microscopical level. This study looked at the number and size distribution of both myelinated and non-myelinated fibers in the crown of the cat's canine. The material examined was prepared by routine methods and the measurements taken from electron-microscopical montages of pulpal cross-sections. The measurements were made using a Quantimet 720 image analysis system. In one complete cross-section 3,470 fibers were counted. Eighty-one percent of these were non-myelinated with a modal diameter of 0.35 micron. The modal diameter of the myelinated fibers was 2.5 micron. The relative preponderance of non-myelinated fibers increased from core to periphery. The largest myelinated fibers were concentrated in the core. The fiber size distribution was similar in the single complete and two partial sections examined. It is concluded that all the fibers in the crown of the cat's canine would be contained in the A-delta and C groups and that the strikingly large number of fibers present suggests that the peripheral pulp has a dense innervation, many of the cell processes found there being unsheathed axons.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of the innervation of the pulp of the cat's canine tooth. Although the cat's canine tooth has become the accepted model for the electrophysiological study of dental sensory mechanisms no examination of its innervation has been carried out at the electron-microscopical level. This study looked at the number and size distribution of both myelinated and non-myelinated fibers in the crown of the cat's canine. The material examined was prepared by routine methods and the measurements taken from electron-microscopical montages of pulpal cross-sections. The measurements were made using a Quantimet 720 image analysis system. In one complete cross-section 3,470 fibers were counted. Eighty-one percent of these were non-myelinated with a modal diameter of 0.35 micron. The modal diameter of the myelinated fibers was 2.5 micron. The relative preponderance of non-myelinated fibers increased from core to periphery. The largest myelinated fibers were concentrated in the core. The fiber size distribution was similar in the single complete and two partial sections examined. It is concluded that all the fibers in the crown of the cat's canine would be contained in the A-delta and C groups and that the strikingly large number of fibers present suggests that the peripheral pulp has a dense innervation, many of the cell processes found there being unsheathed axons.", "PMID": 649782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4493", "title": "Radioautographic investigation of gliogenesis in the corpus callosum of young rats. I. Sequential changes in oligodendrocytes.", "content": "The corpus callosum of young rats was examined to clarify the behavior of the three subtypes of oligodendrocytes (the large organelle-rich \"light oligodendrocytes,\" the smaller and more densely stained cells referred to as \"medium oligodendrocytes,\" and the even smaller and denser \"dark oligodendrocytes\"). It was hoped to find out whether cells of the three subtypes undergo division and how they are related to one another. 3H-thymidine was given intraperitoneally as single or three shortly spaced injections to a first group of 19- to 20-day old rats weighing about 40 g, and to a second group of 25-day old rats weighing about 80 g. The animals were sacrificed at various time intervals from 2 hours to 35 days after 3H-thymidine administration. Pieces of corpus callosum were taken near the superior lateral angle of the lateral ventricles; and semithin sections were radioautographed and stained with toluidine blue. Two hours after 3H-thymidine injection, label is virtually absent from light, medium and dark oligodendrocytes, from microglia, and probably from astrocytes, but is present in about 10% of the immature glial cells, which include the poorly differentiated glioblasts and the partially differentiated oligodendroblasts and astroblasts. Hence, the cells undergoing DNA synthesis and mitosis in the corpus callosum are these three types of immature cells. During the week that follow the administration of 3H-thymidine, label appears in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which presumably have arisen from the initially labeled immature cells. The oligodendrocytes acquire label in a sequential manner: the light cells show label first and their labeling index reaches a peak at the seven-day interval; the medium oligodendrocytes become labeled next with a labeling peak toward the 14- and 21-day intervals and, finally, the dark oligodendrocytes with a peak around the 28-day interval. Analysis by the method of Zilversmit et al. ('42-'43) provides precise details on the sequence: immature cells presumed to be oligodendroblasts give rise to light oligodendrocytes which, after four to seven days, transform into medium oligodendrocytes which, after another 11 to 18 days, transform into dark oligodendrocytes. The dark cells may persist indefinitely or turn over at a very slow rate. It is concluded that oligodendrocytes arise from the last division of oligodendroblasts and develop in three main periods: a light stage lasting less than a week, a medium stage lasting about two weeks, and a very long lasting dark stage.", "contents": "Radioautographic investigation of gliogenesis in the corpus callosum of young rats. I. Sequential changes in oligodendrocytes. The corpus callosum of young rats was examined to clarify the behavior of the three subtypes of oligodendrocytes (the large organelle-rich \"light oligodendrocytes,\" the smaller and more densely stained cells referred to as \"medium oligodendrocytes,\" and the even smaller and denser \"dark oligodendrocytes\"). It was hoped to find out whether cells of the three subtypes undergo division and how they are related to one another. 3H-thymidine was given intraperitoneally as single or three shortly spaced injections to a first group of 19- to 20-day old rats weighing about 40 g, and to a second group of 25-day old rats weighing about 80 g. The animals were sacrificed at various time intervals from 2 hours to 35 days after 3H-thymidine administration. Pieces of corpus callosum were taken near the superior lateral angle of the lateral ventricles; and semithin sections were radioautographed and stained with toluidine blue. Two hours after 3H-thymidine injection, label is virtually absent from light, medium and dark oligodendrocytes, from microglia, and probably from astrocytes, but is present in about 10% of the immature glial cells, which include the poorly differentiated glioblasts and the partially differentiated oligodendroblasts and astroblasts. Hence, the cells undergoing DNA synthesis and mitosis in the corpus callosum are these three types of immature cells. During the week that follow the administration of 3H-thymidine, label appears in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which presumably have arisen from the initially labeled immature cells. The oligodendrocytes acquire label in a sequential manner: the light cells show label first and their labeling index reaches a peak at the seven-day interval; the medium oligodendrocytes become labeled next with a labeling peak toward the 14- and 21-day intervals and, finally, the dark oligodendrocytes with a peak around the 28-day interval. Analysis by the method of Zilversmit et al. ('42-'43) provides precise details on the sequence: immature cells presumed to be oligodendroblasts give rise to light oligodendrocytes which, after four to seven days, transform into medium oligodendrocytes which, after another 11 to 18 days, transform into dark oligodendrocytes. The dark cells may persist indefinitely or turn over at a very slow rate. It is concluded that oligodendrocytes arise from the last division of oligodendroblasts and develop in three main periods: a light stage lasting less than a week, a medium stage lasting about two weeks, and a very long lasting dark stage.", "PMID": 649784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4494", "title": "Radioautographic investigation of gliogenesis in the corpus callosum of young rats. II. Origin of microglial cells.", "content": "Microglial cells are absent from the corpus callosum of newborn rats. In the hope of finding out when and how microglial cells appear with age, 3H-thymidine was given intraperitoneally as single or three shortly spaced injections to 5-day-old rats weighing about 15 g; and these animals were sacrificed at various time intervals from 2 hours to 35 days later. Pieces of corpus callosum were taken near the superior lateral angle of the lateral ventricles; and semithin sections were radioautographed and stained with toluidine blue. The corpus callosum of 5-day-old rats is composed of loosely arranged unmyelinated fibers and scattered cells. Among these cells, microglia are rare; there are a few astrocytes, many immature glial cells, rare pericytes, and 6--7% of phagocytic \"ameboid cells\" consisting of a few monocytes and many macrophages. In the animals sacrificed two hours after 3H-thymidine administration, label is present only in immature cells and \"ameboid cells.\" As time elapses and the fibers of corpus callosum become myelinated, oligodendrocytes and, later, microglial cells appear. At the age of 12 days, microglial cells are present in substantial number; and by 19 days, the number doubles to reach a plateau. Many of the new microglial cells are labeled, e.g., 78.1% in 12-day-old animals (7 days after 3H-thymidine administration). The labeled microglial cells must have come from the transformation of cells that acquired label early, that is, from the immature cells or the \"ameboid cells.\" The height of the peaks of labeling--59.8% at nine days for immature cells and 77.8% at 12 days for \"ameboid cells\"--points to the latter as precursors of the highly labeled microglial cells. Furthermore, the \"ameboid cells\" disappear as microglial cells appear and there are transitional elements between these two cell types. Cell counts suggest that about a third of the \"ameboid cells\" transform into microglial cells, while the others degenerate and die. Thus, the microglial cells which appear in the corpus callosum during the first three weeks of life result from transformation of the \"ameboid cells\"--a group of macrophages showing various stages of transition from monocytes. As for the occasional microglial cell appearing after the third week or in the adult, they presumably come directly from monocytes. In either case, monocytes would be the initial precursors.", "contents": "Radioautographic investigation of gliogenesis in the corpus callosum of young rats. II. Origin of microglial cells. Microglial cells are absent from the corpus callosum of newborn rats. In the hope of finding out when and how microglial cells appear with age, 3H-thymidine was given intraperitoneally as single or three shortly spaced injections to 5-day-old rats weighing about 15 g; and these animals were sacrificed at various time intervals from 2 hours to 35 days later. Pieces of corpus callosum were taken near the superior lateral angle of the lateral ventricles; and semithin sections were radioautographed and stained with toluidine blue. The corpus callosum of 5-day-old rats is composed of loosely arranged unmyelinated fibers and scattered cells. Among these cells, microglia are rare; there are a few astrocytes, many immature glial cells, rare pericytes, and 6--7% of phagocytic \"ameboid cells\" consisting of a few monocytes and many macrophages. In the animals sacrificed two hours after 3H-thymidine administration, label is present only in immature cells and \"ameboid cells.\" As time elapses and the fibers of corpus callosum become myelinated, oligodendrocytes and, later, microglial cells appear. At the age of 12 days, microglial cells are present in substantial number; and by 19 days, the number doubles to reach a plateau. Many of the new microglial cells are labeled, e.g., 78.1% in 12-day-old animals (7 days after 3H-thymidine administration). The labeled microglial cells must have come from the transformation of cells that acquired label early, that is, from the immature cells or the \"ameboid cells.\" The height of the peaks of labeling--59.8% at nine days for immature cells and 77.8% at 12 days for \"ameboid cells\"--points to the latter as precursors of the highly labeled microglial cells. Furthermore, the \"ameboid cells\" disappear as microglial cells appear and there are transitional elements between these two cell types. Cell counts suggest that about a third of the \"ameboid cells\" transform into microglial cells, while the others degenerate and die. Thus, the microglial cells which appear in the corpus callosum during the first three weeks of life result from transformation of the \"ameboid cells\"--a group of macrophages showing various stages of transition from monocytes. As for the occasional microglial cell appearing after the third week or in the adult, they presumably come directly from monocytes. In either case, monocytes would be the initial precursors.", "PMID": 649786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4495", "title": "Depth-marking the proximal negative response in the pigeon retina.", "content": "The depth distribution of proximal negativity in the pigeon retina was investigated with a dye-marking technique. Proximal negativity is recorded in three stages as the retina is penetrated. At and near the surface (level 1) the response is small and phasic: next, during \"level 2\" the one response exceeds the off response in amplitude: then, at \"level 3\" the off response exceeds the on response in amplitude. The dye marks were located in thin light microscope sections; they were about 20 micrometer in diameter, and were associated with larger areas of tissue damage. Level 3 dye marks were centred at the middle of the inner plexiform layer, and level 2 dye-marks were distributed more proximally. The amplitude maxima of the PNR are close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer, and are separated by approximately 15 micrometer.", "contents": "Depth-marking the proximal negative response in the pigeon retina. The depth distribution of proximal negativity in the pigeon retina was investigated with a dye-marking technique. Proximal negativity is recorded in three stages as the retina is penetrated. At and near the surface (level 1) the response is small and phasic: next, during \"level 2\" the one response exceeds the off response in amplitude: then, at \"level 3\" the off response exceeds the on response in amplitude. The dye marks were located in thin light microscope sections; they were about 20 micrometer in diameter, and were associated with larger areas of tissue damage. Level 3 dye marks were centred at the middle of the inner plexiform layer, and level 2 dye-marks were distributed more proximally. The amplitude maxima of the PNR are close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer, and are separated by approximately 15 micrometer.", "PMID": 649787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4496", "title": "Electron microscopic demonstration of a supraependymal cluster of neuronal cells and processes in the hamster third ventricle.", "content": "A supraependymal cluster of neuronal cells and processes consistently present on the floor of the hamster third ventricle was identified and characterized by means of correlative scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM revealed each cluster to be ovoid with the majority of its surface covered by dome-shaped protrusions and fine beaded fibers. A number of processes traveling individually or in groups also entered or exited from the cluster at its base. As these processes passed over the ventricular surface, they contributed to an extensive network on the floor and ventral aspect of the ventricular wall. Some processes terminated on the ependymal surface in bulbous endings while others penetrated the ependyma. The neuronal nature of these clusters and their associated processes was confirmed at the TEM level. The dome-shaped protrusions visible on the surface of the cluster in SEM corresponded to apical surfaces of neurons confined to the peripheral aspect of a core of loosely arranged processes. These cells exhibited a prominent nucleolus, stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), polyribosomes, Golgi cisternae, mitochondria and microtubules (MT) and gave rise to dendritic processes which extended into the core. These dendrites gave off branches at acute angles and contained polyribosomes, single cisternae of RER and evenly spaced MT. Other profiles of processes within the core shared these characteristics, suggesting that they also were branches of the peripheral cells. Axons present within the core and on the cluster's surface exhibited vesicle-filled varicosities which frequently established synaptic contact with the peripheral cells and their processes. The presence of an intraventricular cluster of neurons which potentially communicates with centers extrinsic to the ventricle may have important implications in the hypothesized role of cerebrospinal fluid and tanycytic ependyma in the neuroendocrine regulation of anterior pituitary function.", "contents": "Electron microscopic demonstration of a supraependymal cluster of neuronal cells and processes in the hamster third ventricle. A supraependymal cluster of neuronal cells and processes consistently present on the floor of the hamster third ventricle was identified and characterized by means of correlative scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM revealed each cluster to be ovoid with the majority of its surface covered by dome-shaped protrusions and fine beaded fibers. A number of processes traveling individually or in groups also entered or exited from the cluster at its base. As these processes passed over the ventricular surface, they contributed to an extensive network on the floor and ventral aspect of the ventricular wall. Some processes terminated on the ependymal surface in bulbous endings while others penetrated the ependyma. The neuronal nature of these clusters and their associated processes was confirmed at the TEM level. The dome-shaped protrusions visible on the surface of the cluster in SEM corresponded to apical surfaces of neurons confined to the peripheral aspect of a core of loosely arranged processes. These cells exhibited a prominent nucleolus, stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), polyribosomes, Golgi cisternae, mitochondria and microtubules (MT) and gave rise to dendritic processes which extended into the core. These dendrites gave off branches at acute angles and contained polyribosomes, single cisternae of RER and evenly spaced MT. Other profiles of processes within the core shared these characteristics, suggesting that they also were branches of the peripheral cells. Axons present within the core and on the cluster's surface exhibited vesicle-filled varicosities which frequently established synaptic contact with the peripheral cells and their processes. The presence of an intraventricular cluster of neurons which potentially communicates with centers extrinsic to the ventricle may have important implications in the hypothesized role of cerebrospinal fluid and tanycytic ependyma in the neuroendocrine regulation of anterior pituitary function.", "PMID": 649788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4497", "title": "Converging projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the neocortex in three species.", "content": "Previous studies in the rat have shown that the neocortical dopaminergic afferents, originating in the mesencephalon, terminate in those areas of the frontal lobe which receive projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus i.e., the prefrontal cortex. In order to clarify whether this overlap is accidental for the rat or a consistent feature of several species we have compared the projection areas of the ventral tegmental area and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in three species, rat, opossum and tree shrew, using HRP injections in combination with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method. The results have shown, first, that the area innervated by the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus is localized in a different part of the frontal lobe in each species: dorsolateral in the opossum, anteromedial, polar and suprarhinal in the rat and frontopolar in the tree shrew. Secondly, this area alone in each species receives projections from the ventral tegmental area. Thirdly, this area alone receives a dense innervation in the deep cortical layers by fluorescent fibres probably containing dopamine. The neighbouring neocortical areas receive afferents neither from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus nor from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum; their catecholamine innervation is mainly confined to the superficial layers and appears to be of noradrenergic nature. Although the techniques used did not allow a precise determination of the borders of the two projection areas and, therefore, the exact degree of overlap, it appears that mesencephalic dopaminergic innervation is a characteristic feature of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain.", "contents": "Converging projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the neocortex in three species. Previous studies in the rat have shown that the neocortical dopaminergic afferents, originating in the mesencephalon, terminate in those areas of the frontal lobe which receive projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus i.e., the prefrontal cortex. In order to clarify whether this overlap is accidental for the rat or a consistent feature of several species we have compared the projection areas of the ventral tegmental area and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in three species, rat, opossum and tree shrew, using HRP injections in combination with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method. The results have shown, first, that the area innervated by the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus is localized in a different part of the frontal lobe in each species: dorsolateral in the opossum, anteromedial, polar and suprarhinal in the rat and frontopolar in the tree shrew. Secondly, this area alone in each species receives projections from the ventral tegmental area. Thirdly, this area alone receives a dense innervation in the deep cortical layers by fluorescent fibres probably containing dopamine. The neighbouring neocortical areas receive afferents neither from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus nor from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum; their catecholamine innervation is mainly confined to the superficial layers and appears to be of noradrenergic nature. Although the techniques used did not allow a precise determination of the borders of the two projection areas and, therefore, the exact degree of overlap, it appears that mesencephalic dopaminergic innervation is a characteristic feature of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain.", "PMID": 649789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4498", "title": "Growth pattern of axons in the optic nerve of chick during myelogenesis.", "content": "The purpose of this experiment was to study the diameter of axons at the time of the initiation of myelin and the pattern of growth of axons in the optic nerve of the chick. Embryos between 15 and 20 days and chicks 3, 5, 22 and 60 days of age were studied on the electron microscopic level. Based on axon diameter a unimodal distribution of unmyelinated axons is present through day 20 of incubation with a mean of approximately 0.35 micrometer. This population is represented through 22 days of age but from day 3 on, a second distinct population of unmyelinated axons is present which has a mean diameter that is approximately twice that of the smaller unmyelinated axons. All axons do not increase simultaneously in diameter but once growth starts, the unmyelinated axons apparently double in diameter at a relatively rapid rate prior to myelination. On incubation day 17 less than 1% of the axons in the optic nerve is myelimated. The number of axons in this group and their diameter (mean approximately 1.2 micrometer) remain relatively constant through day 3 but from days 5 through 22, two distinct populations of myelinated axons are present. By day 60, three distinct distributions of myelinated axons are present with mean diameters of 0.51 micrometer, 1.76 micrometer, and 3.90 micrometer. These populations represent approximately 20%, 67%, and 13% respectively of the total fiber population. As age increases the diameter of some myelinated axons is as small as or smaller than the unmyelinated axons at an earlier period in development. This suggests that factors other than axon diameter might be involved in the start of myelination. It appears that the increase in axon diameter does not occur in a continuous manner but in a saltatory manner from one size to another.", "contents": "Growth pattern of axons in the optic nerve of chick during myelogenesis. The purpose of this experiment was to study the diameter of axons at the time of the initiation of myelin and the pattern of growth of axons in the optic nerve of the chick. Embryos between 15 and 20 days and chicks 3, 5, 22 and 60 days of age were studied on the electron microscopic level. Based on axon diameter a unimodal distribution of unmyelinated axons is present through day 20 of incubation with a mean of approximately 0.35 micrometer. This population is represented through 22 days of age but from day 3 on, a second distinct population of unmyelinated axons is present which has a mean diameter that is approximately twice that of the smaller unmyelinated axons. All axons do not increase simultaneously in diameter but once growth starts, the unmyelinated axons apparently double in diameter at a relatively rapid rate prior to myelination. On incubation day 17 less than 1% of the axons in the optic nerve is myelimated. The number of axons in this group and their diameter (mean approximately 1.2 micrometer) remain relatively constant through day 3 but from days 5 through 22, two distinct populations of myelinated axons are present. By day 60, three distinct distributions of myelinated axons are present with mean diameters of 0.51 micrometer, 1.76 micrometer, and 3.90 micrometer. These populations represent approximately 20%, 67%, and 13% respectively of the total fiber population. As age increases the diameter of some myelinated axons is as small as or smaller than the unmyelinated axons at an earlier period in development. This suggests that factors other than axon diameter might be involved in the start of myelination. It appears that the increase in axon diameter does not occur in a continuous manner but in a saltatory manner from one size to another.", "PMID": 649790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4499", "title": "Studies of visual function and its decay in mice with hereditary retinal degeneration.", "content": "Functional implications of mouse hereditary retinal degeneration have been studied at the level of the superior colliculus and visual cortex in the C57BL/6J-le rd strain. On autoradiography at a light-microscopic level, following eye injection with radioactive compounds, central visual structures appeared normal. A slight reduction in ipsilateral retinal projection was probably related to reduced retinal pigmentation associated with the light ear (le) mutation. In recordings from visual cortex and tectum in rd mice older than five months the cells discharged with highly rhythmic maintained activity. This ongoing activity depended on retinal input, since temporary asphyxia of the eye stopped it immediately. The frequency of the rhythm was influenced by the anesthesia. In these older mice no visual receptive fields could be mapped, but in a few tectal recordings it was possible to suppress the maintained activity by diffuse, very intense illumination. As in normal mice, no auditory or somatosensory responses were observed in the visual cortex or upper tectal layers. In recordings from tectum before the age of three weeks retinotopic topography and receptive fields were normal. By day 24 no receptive fields could be recorded from parts of the tectum representing the central 90--100 degrees of the visual field, whereas within a peripheral ring responses were still roughly normal under photopic conditions. Over the following four months these peripheral responses faded away slowly. Incremental thresholds, especially in the scotopic range, were elevated, rising slowly to unmeasurable values. Similarly during dark adaptation the thresholds fell to values several log units above those reached in normal mice; these values of dark adapted thresholds in rd mice rose with age. This is consistent with morphological changes known to occur in the retina as a consequence, of the rd mutation the rods degenerating before the cones.", "contents": "Studies of visual function and its decay in mice with hereditary retinal degeneration. Functional implications of mouse hereditary retinal degeneration have been studied at the level of the superior colliculus and visual cortex in the C57BL/6J-le rd strain. On autoradiography at a light-microscopic level, following eye injection with radioactive compounds, central visual structures appeared normal. A slight reduction in ipsilateral retinal projection was probably related to reduced retinal pigmentation associated with the light ear (le) mutation. In recordings from visual cortex and tectum in rd mice older than five months the cells discharged with highly rhythmic maintained activity. This ongoing activity depended on retinal input, since temporary asphyxia of the eye stopped it immediately. The frequency of the rhythm was influenced by the anesthesia. In these older mice no visual receptive fields could be mapped, but in a few tectal recordings it was possible to suppress the maintained activity by diffuse, very intense illumination. As in normal mice, no auditory or somatosensory responses were observed in the visual cortex or upper tectal layers. In recordings from tectum before the age of three weeks retinotopic topography and receptive fields were normal. By day 24 no receptive fields could be recorded from parts of the tectum representing the central 90--100 degrees of the visual field, whereas within a peripheral ring responses were still roughly normal under photopic conditions. Over the following four months these peripheral responses faded away slowly. Incremental thresholds, especially in the scotopic range, were elevated, rising slowly to unmeasurable values. Similarly during dark adaptation the thresholds fell to values several log units above those reached in normal mice; these values of dark adapted thresholds in rd mice rose with age. This is consistent with morphological changes known to occur in the retina as a consequence, of the rd mutation the rods degenerating before the cones.", "PMID": 649791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4500", "title": "The histopathology of diaper dermatitis. Historical review.", "content": "The precise pathogenesis of one of the most common cutaneous disorders, diaper dermatitis, has not yet been completely established, perhaps in part because relatively little histopathological knowledge has been obtained. This paper summarizes the available information in this field, mostly obtained by early investigators.", "contents": "The histopathology of diaper dermatitis. Historical review. The precise pathogenesis of one of the most common cutaneous disorders, diaper dermatitis, has not yet been completely established, perhaps in part because relatively little histopathological knowledge has been obtained. This paper summarizes the available information in this field, mostly obtained by early investigators.", "PMID": 649792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4501", "title": "Tinea versicolor: a scanning electron microscopic view.", "content": "Tinea versicolor (TV) infections were studied in the scanning electron microscope utilizing several different sampling and preparatory techniques. Scalpel scrapings provided information only on the morphology of individual spores and hyphae, while biopsies and cyanoacrylate adhesive slides demonstrated the topography of the disease as well as providing information on how the infection spreads and recurs. Critical point drying was necessart to maintain the fine ultrastructure previously described. The deep follicular location of the spores seen in this study probably explains the tendency for TV to recur. The follicular packing was specific, since the eccrine pores seem to be exempt from the infection.", "contents": "Tinea versicolor: a scanning electron microscopic view. Tinea versicolor (TV) infections were studied in the scanning electron microscope utilizing several different sampling and preparatory techniques. Scalpel scrapings provided information only on the morphology of individual spores and hyphae, while biopsies and cyanoacrylate adhesive slides demonstrated the topography of the disease as well as providing information on how the infection spreads and recurs. Critical point drying was necessart to maintain the fine ultrastructure previously described. The deep follicular location of the spores seen in this study probably explains the tendency for TV to recur. The follicular packing was specific, since the eccrine pores seem to be exempt from the infection.", "PMID": 649793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4502", "title": "Bone marrow involvement in mycosis fungoides demonstrated by needle biopsy.", "content": "A bone marrow needle biopsy was performed in 19 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF). Two patients, one previously classified as stage 4 and the other with diffuse erythroderma had pathological bone marrow findings. Seventeen patients showed no evidence of bone marrow involvement, 10 of these were in the plaque stage. Bone marrow biopsy can be of value in assessing the stage of the disease.", "contents": "Bone marrow involvement in mycosis fungoides demonstrated by needle biopsy. A bone marrow needle biopsy was performed in 19 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF). Two patients, one previously classified as stage 4 and the other with diffuse erythroderma had pathological bone marrow findings. Seventeen patients showed no evidence of bone marrow involvement, 10 of these were in the plaque stage. Bone marrow biopsy can be of value in assessing the stage of the disease.", "PMID": 649794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4503", "title": "Dobutamine in the treatment of depressed cardiac function: a study in patients with ischaemic heart disease during the early post-operative period.", "content": "Dobutamine was administered by intravenous infusion to 10 patients with ischaemic heart disease who had a low cardiac output syndrome following abdominal surgery. The dosage of dobutamine started from 2.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 and was increased stepwise to 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 mcg kg-1 min-1. Cardiac index increased significantly from 2.05 +/- 0.32 to 3.03 +/- 0.61. min-1 min-2 with 15 mcg kg-1 min-1. Heart rate was unchanged with 7.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 but increased significantly from 97.7 +/- 18.5 to 126.1 +/- 21.5 beats. min-1 with 15 mcg kg-1. min-1. Stroke index increased significantly from 21 +/- 4.4 to 25.4 +/- 5.1 ml m-2. beat-1 with 7.5 mcg kg-1 min-1. Pulmonary wedge pressure fell significantly from 14 +/- 2.9 to 9.1 +/- 2.4 mmHg with 2.5 mcg kg-1 min-1. Mean arterial pressure showed no significant change. No side effects were observed in these patients. We conclude that in patients with depressed cardiac function dobutamine at low doses of 2.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 decreases afterload and filling pressures. At the average doses of 5 - 7.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 stroke index and cardiac index are increased. At higher doses of 10 - 15 mcg kg-1 min-1 heart rate and cardiac index increase while stroke index fails to increase further.", "contents": "Dobutamine in the treatment of depressed cardiac function: a study in patients with ischaemic heart disease during the early post-operative period. Dobutamine was administered by intravenous infusion to 10 patients with ischaemic heart disease who had a low cardiac output syndrome following abdominal surgery. The dosage of dobutamine started from 2.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 and was increased stepwise to 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 mcg kg-1 min-1. Cardiac index increased significantly from 2.05 +/- 0.32 to 3.03 +/- 0.61. min-1 min-2 with 15 mcg kg-1 min-1. Heart rate was unchanged with 7.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 but increased significantly from 97.7 +/- 18.5 to 126.1 +/- 21.5 beats. min-1 with 15 mcg kg-1. min-1. Stroke index increased significantly from 21 +/- 4.4 to 25.4 +/- 5.1 ml m-2. beat-1 with 7.5 mcg kg-1 min-1. Pulmonary wedge pressure fell significantly from 14 +/- 2.9 to 9.1 +/- 2.4 mmHg with 2.5 mcg kg-1 min-1. Mean arterial pressure showed no significant change. No side effects were observed in these patients. We conclude that in patients with depressed cardiac function dobutamine at low doses of 2.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 decreases afterload and filling pressures. At the average doses of 5 - 7.5 mcg kg-1 min-1 stroke index and cardiac index are increased. At higher doses of 10 - 15 mcg kg-1 min-1 heart rate and cardiac index increase while stroke index fails to increase further.", "PMID": 649837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4504", "title": "Drug utilization in a general intensive care unit.", "content": "Drug utilization in 200 general ICU patients was retrospectively studied. One hundred and two different drugs were prescribed with a mean of 7.0 +/- 4.6 drugs/patient. The potential for polypharmacy and drug interactions is discussed, as is the cost of such therapy.", "contents": "Drug utilization in a general intensive care unit. Drug utilization in 200 general ICU patients was retrospectively studied. One hundred and two different drugs were prescribed with a mean of 7.0 +/- 4.6 drugs/patient. The potential for polypharmacy and drug interactions is discussed, as is the cost of such therapy.", "PMID": 649838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4505", "title": "Bacterial contamination of pulmonary artery catheters.", "content": "The catheter tips of 152 patients, who were haemodynamically supervised by pulmonary artery monitoring or continuous cardiac output determination, were bacteriologically examined. 106 cultures remained sterile, 21 cultures revealed a growth of non pathogenic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured 15 times, pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 times, Citrobacter as well as Escherichia coli twice, and Klebsiella and Enterobacter once each. There was no statistically significant connection between dwelling period and contamination. Also diabetes mellitus or corticoid medication in high dosage had no significant influence on contamination rate.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of pulmonary artery catheters. The catheter tips of 152 patients, who were haemodynamically supervised by pulmonary artery monitoring or continuous cardiac output determination, were bacteriologically examined. 106 cultures remained sterile, 21 cultures revealed a growth of non pathogenic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured 15 times, pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 times, Citrobacter as well as Escherichia coli twice, and Klebsiella and Enterobacter once each. There was no statistically significant connection between dwelling period and contamination. Also diabetes mellitus or corticoid medication in high dosage had no significant influence on contamination rate.", "PMID": 649839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4506", "title": "The application of potassium selective electrodes in the intensive care unit.", "content": "Recent advances in analytical electrochemistry have provided highly selective potassium ion exchangers and robust polymeric membranes that can be used to measure the potassium activity in plasma or whole blood. The relationship between the activity measurement and the more familiar concentration measurement is explored. The ion selective electrode (ISE) has certain practical advantages and these have been studied in relation to their use in an intensive care unit. The application of these membranes to the continuous measurement of potassium in the circulation is discussed.", "contents": "The application of potassium selective electrodes in the intensive care unit. Recent advances in analytical electrochemistry have provided highly selective potassium ion exchangers and robust polymeric membranes that can be used to measure the potassium activity in plasma or whole blood. The relationship between the activity measurement and the more familiar concentration measurement is explored. The ion selective electrode (ISE) has certain practical advantages and these have been studied in relation to their use in an intensive care unit. The application of these membranes to the continuous measurement of potassium in the circulation is discussed.", "PMID": 649840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4507", "title": "The electrocardiographic and clinical diagnosis of myocardial contusion.", "content": "The clinical features and treatment of 34 patients with myocardial contusion is presented. The value of specific clinical features for diagnosis is discussed. Guidlines for therapy are presented.", "contents": "The electrocardiographic and clinical diagnosis of myocardial contusion. The clinical features and treatment of 34 patients with myocardial contusion is presented. The value of specific clinical features for diagnosis is discussed. Guidlines for therapy are presented.", "PMID": 649841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4508", "title": "Analysis of the click-evoked brainstem potentials in man unsing high-pass noise masking.", "content": "Brainstem electrical responses (BSER) to 60-dB-SL click in noise high passed at various cutoff frequencies separated b 1/2-octave steps were recorded in normal-hearing adult subjects. By applying a derived response technique, narrow-band contributions to the BSER from specific portions of the basilar membrane were revealed. Latencies and amplitudes of the various waves in the derived BSER were recorded. Results indicate that nearly the whole cochlear partition can contribute to the brainstem response. The shifts in latency of waves I, III, and V and amplitude changes of waves I and III as a function of CF appear to be fully comparable to those of the AP. In contrast, the amplitude behavior of wave V as a function of CF is different from waves I and III depending upon frequency range. The discrepency in the behavior of wave V with respect to the earlier waves suggests some sort of neural reorganization at the level where was V is generated. The fact that there are contributions to the brainstem response from apical portions of the cochlea opens the possibility for extending the brainstem technique in assessing the higher cochlear turn function.", "contents": "Analysis of the click-evoked brainstem potentials in man unsing high-pass noise masking. Brainstem electrical responses (BSER) to 60-dB-SL click in noise high passed at various cutoff frequencies separated b 1/2-octave steps were recorded in normal-hearing adult subjects. By applying a derived response technique, narrow-band contributions to the BSER from specific portions of the basilar membrane were revealed. Latencies and amplitudes of the various waves in the derived BSER were recorded. Results indicate that nearly the whole cochlear partition can contribute to the brainstem response. The shifts in latency of waves I, III, and V and amplitude changes of waves I and III as a function of CF appear to be fully comparable to those of the AP. In contrast, the amplitude behavior of wave V as a function of CF is different from waves I and III depending upon frequency range. The discrepency in the behavior of wave V with respect to the earlier waves suggests some sort of neural reorganization at the level where was V is generated. The fact that there are contributions to the brainstem response from apical portions of the cochlea opens the possibility for extending the brainstem technique in assessing the higher cochlear turn function.", "PMID": 649867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4509", "title": "Two-tone suppression in auditory nerve of the cat: rate-intensity and temporal analyses.", "content": "Responses to two-tone stimuli were recorded from auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. One tone, the suppressor, was set at a frequency above characteristic frequency and was fixed in intensity. A second tone was set at an excitatory frequency and was varied in intensity. The suppressor tone, when set at a sufficient level, always reduced the response to the excitatory tone by an amount equivalent to a fixed number of decibels, regardless of the excitatory tone's intensity. Estimates of suppression magnitude were derived from shifts in rate-intensity function obtained when the suppressor tone was present relative to the functions obtained for the excitatory tone alone. When suppressor-tone intensity was increased, suppression magnitude likewise increased. When the two tones were increasingly separated in frequency, either by varying the excitor or by varying the suppressor, suppression magnitude decreased monotonically. Suppression behaved in the same manner regardless of whether suppresor tone was excitatory or nonexcitatory. When frequency separation was small enough and when both tones were above the neuron's characteristic frequency, responses synchronized to low-order combination tones could be elicited. These responses usually possessed different rate-intensity characteristics and resulted in estimates of suppression magnitude which were spuriously low. When frequency separation is normalized with regard to position of traveling wave maxima within the cochlear duct, the magnitude of two-tone suppression for a given suppressor-tone intensity is seen to be frequency independent.", "contents": "Two-tone suppression in auditory nerve of the cat: rate-intensity and temporal analyses. Responses to two-tone stimuli were recorded from auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. One tone, the suppressor, was set at a frequency above characteristic frequency and was fixed in intensity. A second tone was set at an excitatory frequency and was varied in intensity. The suppressor tone, when set at a sufficient level, always reduced the response to the excitatory tone by an amount equivalent to a fixed number of decibels, regardless of the excitatory tone's intensity. Estimates of suppression magnitude were derived from shifts in rate-intensity function obtained when the suppressor tone was present relative to the functions obtained for the excitatory tone alone. When suppressor-tone intensity was increased, suppression magnitude likewise increased. When the two tones were increasingly separated in frequency, either by varying the excitor or by varying the suppressor, suppression magnitude decreased monotonically. Suppression behaved in the same manner regardless of whether suppresor tone was excitatory or nonexcitatory. When frequency separation was small enough and when both tones were above the neuron's characteristic frequency, responses synchronized to low-order combination tones could be elicited. These responses usually possessed different rate-intensity characteristics and resulted in estimates of suppression magnitude which were spuriously low. When frequency separation is normalized with regard to position of traveling wave maxima within the cochlear duct, the magnitude of two-tone suppression for a given suppressor-tone intensity is seen to be frequency independent.", "PMID": 649868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4510", "title": "The effect of amplitude envelope on the pitch of sine wave tones.", "content": "Psychophysical experiments show that the pitch of a short sine wave tone depends upon the amplitude envelope of the tone. Subjects find that the pitch of an exponentially decaying tone (1dB/ms) is higher than the pitch of a (20-ms) rectangularly gated tone of equal frequency. The percentage difference in frequency required to produce equal pitches with the two envelopes depends upon frequency fo: 2.6% at fo = 412 Hz, 1.4% at fo = 825 Hz, 1% at fo = 1650 Hz, and 0.7% at fo = 3300 Hz. The pitch change is insensitive to the relative intensities of the two tones. The spectra of tones with the two different envelopes suggest no obvious explanation for the pitch change. However, the weighted time-varying spectra for tones with two different envelopes evolve differently with time. Alternatively the pitch change can be derived from a modified version of the auditory phase theory of Huggins.", "contents": "The effect of amplitude envelope on the pitch of sine wave tones. Psychophysical experiments show that the pitch of a short sine wave tone depends upon the amplitude envelope of the tone. Subjects find that the pitch of an exponentially decaying tone (1dB/ms) is higher than the pitch of a (20-ms) rectangularly gated tone of equal frequency. The percentage difference in frequency required to produce equal pitches with the two envelopes depends upon frequency fo: 2.6% at fo = 412 Hz, 1.4% at fo = 825 Hz, 1% at fo = 1650 Hz, and 0.7% at fo = 3300 Hz. The pitch change is insensitive to the relative intensities of the two tones. The spectra of tones with the two different envelopes suggest no obvious explanation for the pitch change. However, the weighted time-varying spectra for tones with two different envelopes evolve differently with time. Alternatively the pitch change can be derived from a modified version of the auditory phase theory of Huggins.", "PMID": 649869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4511", "title": "Dependence of loudness growth on skirts of excitation patterns.", "content": "Over a range of 50 dB, the loudness of a 100-Hz tone was measured in the presence of a broadband noise with a low-frequency cutoff at 200 Hz. The noise was varied in intensity along along with the tone so that the signal-to-noise ratio remained constant at either 0 or--10 dB. Listeners judged the loudness of the tone by loudness matching, magnitude estimation, and magnitude production. The noise markedly decreased the tone's rate of loudness growth but not the range over which loudness grows. The overall decrease in steepness of the 100-Hz loudness function was greater than that previously reported at higher frequencies. It is hypothesized that the decrease was greater because the spread of excitation at 100 Hz was more effectively contained than at higher frequencies. Support for this hypothesis is given by measures of intensity discrimination at 100 Hz.", "contents": "Dependence of loudness growth on skirts of excitation patterns. Over a range of 50 dB, the loudness of a 100-Hz tone was measured in the presence of a broadband noise with a low-frequency cutoff at 200 Hz. The noise was varied in intensity along along with the tone so that the signal-to-noise ratio remained constant at either 0 or--10 dB. Listeners judged the loudness of the tone by loudness matching, magnitude estimation, and magnitude production. The noise markedly decreased the tone's rate of loudness growth but not the range over which loudness grows. The overall decrease in steepness of the 100-Hz loudness function was greater than that previously reported at higher frequencies. It is hypothesized that the decrease was greater because the spread of excitation at 100 Hz was more effectively contained than at higher frequencies. Support for this hypothesis is given by measures of intensity discrimination at 100 Hz.", "PMID": 649870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4512", "title": "Binaural detection at high frequencies with time-delayed waveforms.", "content": "Recent research has demonstrated that the binaural system can utilize ongoing interaural time differences for lateralization at high frequencies as well as at low frequencies. The requirement is that the signal be complex so that the time difference appears as a delay in the envelope of the waveform at one ear. Reported here are several masking experiments that examine detection performance with time-delayed signals or maskers. In the first experiment, the signal was a 50-Hz band of noise centered at 4000 Hz that was time delayed by different amounts on different blocks of trials; the masker was similar band of noise, presented diotically. Large masking-level differences (MLDs) were obtained for some values of time delay, but the MLDs did not increase monotonically within time delay as they should were envelope time delay the basis for detection performance. Subsequent experiments in which the masker was time delayed and the signal was a diotic, high-frequency tone, revealed that detectability follows the autocorrelation function, and that MLDs as large as 24 dB can be obtained at 4000 Hz at time delays corresponding to negative values in the autocorrelation function. Examination of the signal-plus masker waveforms in these conditions reveals that ongoing interaural differences in level and cycle-by-cycle time exist in those conditions that yield MLDs. Since the time differences are small by usual standards, the basis for detection performance in these conditions appears to be the ongoing interaural level differences. In a final experiment, lateralization performance was measured for a time-delayed, complex waveform in the presence of maskers of various intensities. The results show that subjects are able to extract information about the time delay in the envelope even when the signal is added to a masker of equal intensity or greater. Thus, at the small signal-to-noise ratios used in our detection experiments, extraction of envelope time information was impossible, but also unnecessary, for detection was accomplished on the basis of another cue--most likely the ongoing interaural level differences.", "contents": "Binaural detection at high frequencies with time-delayed waveforms. Recent research has demonstrated that the binaural system can utilize ongoing interaural time differences for lateralization at high frequencies as well as at low frequencies. The requirement is that the signal be complex so that the time difference appears as a delay in the envelope of the waveform at one ear. Reported here are several masking experiments that examine detection performance with time-delayed signals or maskers. In the first experiment, the signal was a 50-Hz band of noise centered at 4000 Hz that was time delayed by different amounts on different blocks of trials; the masker was similar band of noise, presented diotically. Large masking-level differences (MLDs) were obtained for some values of time delay, but the MLDs did not increase monotonically within time delay as they should were envelope time delay the basis for detection performance. Subsequent experiments in which the masker was time delayed and the signal was a diotic, high-frequency tone, revealed that detectability follows the autocorrelation function, and that MLDs as large as 24 dB can be obtained at 4000 Hz at time delays corresponding to negative values in the autocorrelation function. Examination of the signal-plus masker waveforms in these conditions reveals that ongoing interaural differences in level and cycle-by-cycle time exist in those conditions that yield MLDs. Since the time differences are small by usual standards, the basis for detection performance in these conditions appears to be the ongoing interaural level differences. In a final experiment, lateralization performance was measured for a time-delayed, complex waveform in the presence of maskers of various intensities. The results show that subjects are able to extract information about the time delay in the envelope even when the signal is added to a masker of equal intensity or greater. Thus, at the small signal-to-noise ratios used in our detection experiments, extraction of envelope time information was impossible, but also unnecessary, for detection was accomplished on the basis of another cue--most likely the ongoing interaural level differences.", "PMID": 649871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4513", "title": "Periodicity measures for repeated random auditory patterns.", "content": "Random auditory patterns were repliated according to defined rules, converted toauditory pulse trains, and presented to listeners. Three ined: the threshold fraction of repeated elements necessary for a fixed level of discrimination from a nonrepeated pattern; the accuracy of periodicity matching; and periodicity magnitude ratings. A short-term periodicity analysis over successive replications appears to be more representative of the behavioral measures than a long-term periodicity analysis. Of the signal measures of periodicity examined, the maximum autocorrelation, irrespective of delay, most closely reflects behavioral measures of periodicity strength.", "contents": "Periodicity measures for repeated random auditory patterns. Random auditory patterns were repliated according to defined rules, converted toauditory pulse trains, and presented to listeners. Three ined: the threshold fraction of repeated elements necessary for a fixed level of discrimination from a nonrepeated pattern; the accuracy of periodicity matching; and periodicity magnitude ratings. A short-term periodicity analysis over successive replications appears to be more representative of the behavioral measures than a long-term periodicity analysis. Of the signal measures of periodicity examined, the maximum autocorrelation, irrespective of delay, most closely reflects behavioral measures of periodicity strength.", "PMID": 649872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4514", "title": "Noise-induced threshold shift and cochlear pathology in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "Groups of six mongolian gerbils were exposed to two-octave (1414-5656 Hz) band noise for 1 h at 100, 110, and 120 dB SPL. Threshold shift at several frequencies was measured 0.5, 3, 6, and 12 h, and 1-28 days after exposure. Final thresholds were determined at least two months postexposure. Extensive threshold shift was observed in all groups 0.5 h after exposure (TS0.5h). Where threshold shift increased in the initial hours after exposure, such increases were correlated with eventual permanent threshold shift (PTS). Recovery of thresholds from 1-28 days after exposure was approximately exponential, and slowest at the edges of the exposure band. PTS was seen in the 110 and 120 dB SPL groups. With TS0.5h of 50 dB or less, no PTS resulted. With TS0.5h above 50-60 dB, eventual PTS increased linearly with a slope of about 1.25 PTS/TS0.5h. Cochlear damage was evaluated by light microscopy. The relationship between hair cell loss and PTS was consistent with an inner hair cell threshold about 40 dB higher than that of outer hair cells. It is suggested that recovery from noise-induced threshold shift may involve different mechanisms in the two types of hair cells.", "contents": "Noise-induced threshold shift and cochlear pathology in the Mongolian gerbil. Groups of six mongolian gerbils were exposed to two-octave (1414-5656 Hz) band noise for 1 h at 100, 110, and 120 dB SPL. Threshold shift at several frequencies was measured 0.5, 3, 6, and 12 h, and 1-28 days after exposure. Final thresholds were determined at least two months postexposure. Extensive threshold shift was observed in all groups 0.5 h after exposure (TS0.5h). Where threshold shift increased in the initial hours after exposure, such increases were correlated with eventual permanent threshold shift (PTS). Recovery of thresholds from 1-28 days after exposure was approximately exponential, and slowest at the edges of the exposure band. PTS was seen in the 110 and 120 dB SPL groups. With TS0.5h of 50 dB or less, no PTS resulted. With TS0.5h above 50-60 dB, eventual PTS increased linearly with a slope of about 1.25 PTS/TS0.5h. Cochlear damage was evaluated by light microscopy. The relationship between hair cell loss and PTS was consistent with an inner hair cell threshold about 40 dB higher than that of outer hair cells. It is suggested that recovery from noise-induced threshold shift may involve different mechanisms in the two types of hair cells.", "PMID": 649873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4515", "title": "Psychoacoustical aspects of synthesized vertical locale cues.", "content": "A new method of studying vertical localization is described whereby the high-frequency response of the external ear is synthesized by a computer program incorporating two variable latency delay and add processes. The resulting sounds were evaluated by presentation to subjects via headphones which bypass the external ear. Vertical movement of the sound source was perceived when the latency of one echo was changed dynamically between 100 and 300 microsecond and this effect required the presence of high-frequency signal components (about around 4 kHz). In further experiments, the variation of perceived elevation with echo delay was measured, and it is shown that the vertical locale of the apparent source is a monotonic function of echo latency in the 160-260 microsecond region. It is proposed that locale is decoded by a form of spectral pattern recognition, whereby the locale of the source is represented as a peak on an autocorrelation function. The time-axis values (between 160 and 260 microsecond) corresponding to these peaks are considered to correspond to vertical locale for elevations between roughly, 60 degrees above horizontal and 40 degree below.", "contents": "Psychoacoustical aspects of synthesized vertical locale cues. A new method of studying vertical localization is described whereby the high-frequency response of the external ear is synthesized by a computer program incorporating two variable latency delay and add processes. The resulting sounds were evaluated by presentation to subjects via headphones which bypass the external ear. Vertical movement of the sound source was perceived when the latency of one echo was changed dynamically between 100 and 300 microsecond and this effect required the presence of high-frequency signal components (about around 4 kHz). In further experiments, the variation of perceived elevation with echo delay was measured, and it is shown that the vertical locale of the apparent source is a monotonic function of echo latency in the 160-260 microsecond region. It is proposed that locale is decoded by a form of spectral pattern recognition, whereby the locale of the source is represented as a peak on an autocorrelation function. The time-axis values (between 160 and 260 microsecond) corresponding to these peaks are considered to correspond to vertical locale for elevations between roughly, 60 degrees above horizontal and 40 degree below.", "PMID": 649874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4516", "title": "Pitch and pitch discrimination of broadband signals with rippled power spectra.", "content": "A random-interval pulse train or wide-band noise when delayed (tau) and added back to itself (cos+) produces a stimulus with a consinusoidally varying (or trippled) power spectrum. The spacing between the peaks in the spectrum is equal to the reciprocal of the delay (1/tau). If the stimulus is delayed and added back at 180 degrees phase reversal (cos-), then a cosinusoidally varying power spectrum is generated whose spectral peaks are separated by 1/tau, but whose peaks are displaced by 1/2tau relative to the power spectrum of the cos+ stimulus generated with the same day, tau. These stimuli yield a pitch, such that the pitch of the cos+ stimulus is equal to approximately 1/tau and the pitches of the cos- stimuli are equal to approximately 0.9/tau and 1.1/tau. These pitch matching results were studied using a variety of matching stimuli and conditions. Following the identification of the pitches, a method of limits and a same-different procedure were used to study the pitch discriminability of both the cos+ and cos- stimuli. Delays (tau) ranging from 1 to 10 ms were studied covering a pitch range of 90-1100 Hz. The pitch discriminations associated with the cos+ and cos- stimuli were essentially the same for both the random-interval pulse train and the wide-band stimuli. These pitch-discrimination results are compared to those associated with a periodic pulse train. The research is also discussed in terms of discriminations of delayed sounds in reverberant environments. These are consistent with assumptions concerning the autocorrelation of the rippled stimuli within the dominant frequency region for pitch perception.", "contents": "Pitch and pitch discrimination of broadband signals with rippled power spectra. A random-interval pulse train or wide-band noise when delayed (tau) and added back to itself (cos+) produces a stimulus with a consinusoidally varying (or trippled) power spectrum. The spacing between the peaks in the spectrum is equal to the reciprocal of the delay (1/tau). If the stimulus is delayed and added back at 180 degrees phase reversal (cos-), then a cosinusoidally varying power spectrum is generated whose spectral peaks are separated by 1/tau, but whose peaks are displaced by 1/2tau relative to the power spectrum of the cos+ stimulus generated with the same day, tau. These stimuli yield a pitch, such that the pitch of the cos+ stimulus is equal to approximately 1/tau and the pitches of the cos- stimuli are equal to approximately 0.9/tau and 1.1/tau. These pitch matching results were studied using a variety of matching stimuli and conditions. Following the identification of the pitches, a method of limits and a same-different procedure were used to study the pitch discriminability of both the cos+ and cos- stimuli. Delays (tau) ranging from 1 to 10 ms were studied covering a pitch range of 90-1100 Hz. The pitch discriminations associated with the cos+ and cos- stimuli were essentially the same for both the random-interval pulse train and the wide-band stimuli. These pitch-discrimination results are compared to those associated with a periodic pulse train. The research is also discussed in terms of discriminations of delayed sounds in reverberant environments. These are consistent with assumptions concerning the autocorrelation of the rippled stimuli within the dominant frequency region for pitch perception.", "PMID": 649875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4517", "title": "New cephalostat for speech physiology research.", "content": "A device for stabilizing a subject's head is described which does not depend on earposts, allows for voluntary evacuation by the subject, and can be constructed at low cost. This particular cephalostat is used currently for stabilizing the head in studies of speech production where lip and jaw transduction devices, mounted external to the subject, are employed.", "contents": "New cephalostat for speech physiology research. A device for stabilizing a subject's head is described which does not depend on earposts, allows for voluntary evacuation by the subject, and can be constructed at low cost. This particular cephalostat is used currently for stabilizing the head in studies of speech production where lip and jaw transduction devices, mounted external to the subject, are employed.", "PMID": 649876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4518", "title": "A method for training and evaluating the reception of ongoing speech.", "content": "The \"tracking procedure\" is a method to train and evaluate the reception of ongoing speech. A talker and a receiver engage in a dialogue for a designated period of time in which the receiver reports his perception of successive segments of read text and is corrected by the talker until the text is repeated verbatim. Performance is measured in number of words of text repeated correctly per unit of time. The procedure is illustrated by its application to a project for training and evaluating use of a vibrotacile-electrotactile aid to lipreading. Differences between experimental conditions are described over time in terms of absolute words per minute, increment of aided over unaided words-per-minute scores, and percent of normal listening rate. Data from identification tests with syllables, words, and sentences are also presented. Tracking is suggested as an additional procedure for communication training in aural rehabilitation or classroom setting, and for evaluation of other communication systems.", "contents": "A method for training and evaluating the reception of ongoing speech. The \"tracking procedure\" is a method to train and evaluate the reception of ongoing speech. A talker and a receiver engage in a dialogue for a designated period of time in which the receiver reports his perception of successive segments of read text and is corrected by the talker until the text is repeated verbatim. Performance is measured in number of words of text repeated correctly per unit of time. The procedure is illustrated by its application to a project for training and evaluating use of a vibrotacile-electrotactile aid to lipreading. Differences between experimental conditions are described over time in terms of absolute words per minute, increment of aided over unaided words-per-minute scores, and percent of normal listening rate. Data from identification tests with syllables, words, and sentences are also presented. Tracking is suggested as an additional procedure for communication training in aural rehabilitation or classroom setting, and for evaluation of other communication systems.", "PMID": 649877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4519", "title": "Auditory responses in cats produced by pulsed ultrasound.", "content": "Auditory-nerve responses and cochlear microphonics are produced in cats by pulsed 5-MHz ultrasonic energy from a transducer placed against the dura mater. The pulses must be relatively intense (approximately 30 W/cm2) to produce a response, but can be sufficiently brief (less than 70 microsecond) that the brain tissue is not observably heated. The cats apparently respond to radiation pressure transients accompanying the absorption of the ultrasound in the brain tissue. Both the amplitude and latency of the N1 neural responses to the ultrasound can be matched to those produced by relatively weak tone pips or clicks from an external source. The cochlear microphonic (CM) produced by a pulse shows a prominent ringing at 5-10 kHz in different cats; the amplitued of the N1 response exhibits broad maximum, for constant amplitude pulses, a pulse widths of 20-60 microsecond. This variation of N1 response amplitude with pulse width is similar to that of a high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency at the dominent frequency of the CM, which is tentatively identified with a ringing frequency of the skull.", "contents": "Auditory responses in cats produced by pulsed ultrasound. Auditory-nerve responses and cochlear microphonics are produced in cats by pulsed 5-MHz ultrasonic energy from a transducer placed against the dura mater. The pulses must be relatively intense (approximately 30 W/cm2) to produce a response, but can be sufficiently brief (less than 70 microsecond) that the brain tissue is not observably heated. The cats apparently respond to radiation pressure transients accompanying the absorption of the ultrasound in the brain tissue. Both the amplitude and latency of the N1 neural responses to the ultrasound can be matched to those produced by relatively weak tone pips or clicks from an external source. The cochlear microphonic (CM) produced by a pulse shows a prominent ringing at 5-10 kHz in different cats; the amplitued of the N1 response exhibits broad maximum, for constant amplitude pulses, a pulse widths of 20-60 microsecond. This variation of N1 response amplitude with pulse width is similar to that of a high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency at the dominent frequency of the CM, which is tentatively identified with a ringing frequency of the skull.", "PMID": 649878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4520", "title": "Backward masking: detection versus recognition.", "content": "The backward detection masking of 10-ms tonal targets by a 150-ms tonal mask was contrasted with the backward recognition masking of the same tones by the same mask. The target-mask interval required for 75% correct performance was about eight times as great in the recognition condition as in the detection condition. Furthermore, a generalized improvement in performance occurred over the initial course of training in both the detection and recognition conditions. In a second experiment it was found that a remote mask produced greater backward recognition masking but less backward detection masking. That these differences were observed with the same subjects, at the same level of training, and with identical stimuli, indicates that procedural differences alone cannot account for the differences between backward detection and recognition masking.", "contents": "Backward masking: detection versus recognition. The backward detection masking of 10-ms tonal targets by a 150-ms tonal mask was contrasted with the backward recognition masking of the same tones by the same mask. The target-mask interval required for 75% correct performance was about eight times as great in the recognition condition as in the detection condition. Furthermore, a generalized improvement in performance occurred over the initial course of training in both the detection and recognition conditions. In a second experiment it was found that a remote mask produced greater backward recognition masking but less backward detection masking. That these differences were observed with the same subjects, at the same level of training, and with identical stimuli, indicates that procedural differences alone cannot account for the differences between backward detection and recognition masking.", "PMID": 649879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4521", "title": "Correlational study of speakers' heights, weights, body surface areas, and speaking fundamental frequencies.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship among speakers' heights, weights, body surface areas, and speaking fundamental frequencies. The recordings of 30 speakers' readings of a standard prose passage were analyzed by means of the Fundamental Frequency Indicator (FFI) to obtain their speaking fundamental frequency characteristics. The speakers' heights and weights were obtained by means of standard measurement procuedures, and their body surface areas were calculated. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, computed separately for men and women, indicated that speakers' heights, weights, and body surface areas were not significantly correlated with their speaking fundamental frequencies; female speakers showed a slight negative correlation while male speakers showed a low, positive trend. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Correlational study of speakers' heights, weights, body surface areas, and speaking fundamental frequencies. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship among speakers' heights, weights, body surface areas, and speaking fundamental frequencies. The recordings of 30 speakers' readings of a standard prose passage were analyzed by means of the Fundamental Frequency Indicator (FFI) to obtain their speaking fundamental frequency characteristics. The speakers' heights and weights were obtained by means of standard measurement procuedures, and their body surface areas were calculated. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, computed separately for men and women, indicated that speakers' heights, weights, and body surface areas were not significantly correlated with their speaking fundamental frequencies; female speakers showed a slight negative correlation while male speakers showed a low, positive trend. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.", "PMID": 649880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4522", "title": "Frequency dependence of ultrasonic absorption in mammalian testis.", "content": "The earlier report that the frequency dependence of ultrasonic absorption of mammalian testis memicked a single relaxation process is explained as an effect of ultrasonic beam width upon the transient thermoelectric technique. More detailed measurements show that the frequency dependence of the ultrasonic absorption in testis is much the same as the attenuation in other soft tissues, viz., a proportional to f1.1. The earlier finding that testis exhibits an ultrasonic absorption coefficient significantly lower than reported for other tissues is confirmed.", "contents": "Frequency dependence of ultrasonic absorption in mammalian testis. The earlier report that the frequency dependence of ultrasonic absorption of mammalian testis memicked a single relaxation process is explained as an effect of ultrasonic beam width upon the transient thermoelectric technique. More detailed measurements show that the frequency dependence of the ultrasonic absorption in testis is much the same as the attenuation in other soft tissues, viz., a proportional to f1.1. The earlier finding that testis exhibits an ultrasonic absorption coefficient significantly lower than reported for other tissues is confirmed.", "PMID": 649881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4523", "title": "Aging--a jewel in the mosaic of life. 15th Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture.", "content": "It is time to disabuse ourselves of the prevalent negative stereotypes and myths about aging. More people are living to an older age without the handicap of disease--and many of them are living independent, satisfying lives. True, there are old people who are loney, sick, and /or poor, but they are the minority. Nevertheless, they cannot be forgotten. There is an urgency to try to make their lives better. By ridding society of these negative stereotypes, better progress in the field of gerontology can be made. With nutrition  woven so intimately into the fabric of satisfying living, opportunities beckon to the dietitian to provide service to the elderly. Done effectively, such service can add to the quality of life of all older persons, so that the later years can have dignity and meaning and indeed become a jewel in the mosaic of life.", "contents": "Aging--a jewel in the mosaic of life. 15th Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture. It is time to disabuse ourselves of the prevalent negative stereotypes and myths about aging. More people are living to an older age without the handicap of disease--and many of them are living independent, satisfying lives. True, there are old people who are loney, sick, and /or poor, but they are the minority. Nevertheless, they cannot be forgotten. There is an urgency to try to make their lives better. By ridding society of these negative stereotypes, better progress in the field of gerontology can be made. With nutrition  woven so intimately into the fabric of satisfying living, opportunities beckon to the dietitian to provide service to the elderly. Done effectively, such service can add to the quality of life of all older persons, so that the later years can have dignity and meaning and indeed become a jewel in the mosaic of life.", "PMID": 649895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4524", "title": "Title VII--Nutrition Program for the Elderly. I. Contribution to one day's dietary intake.", "content": "Food records kept by 466 individuals participating in the federally funded Nutrition Program for the Elderly show that those eating at the meal site on the day of the food record consumed more energy, protein, and calcium than non-participants and participants who did not eat there on the day of the record. Dietary ratings, which included eight nutrients and energy, indicated they also had better overall diets than non-participants. Non-participants consumed more iron than participants. The daily intake of all nutrients, except calcium, of those eating at the meal site reflected what was offered. Between 40 and 50 per cent of the total daily intake was consumed at the meal center. Women consumed a significantly greater proportion of their daily intake of most nutrients from the food provided by program than the men. The desirability of providing a high proportion of the recommended allowances for protein and other nutrients through the meal program menus is emphasized. The results of the study demonstrated the importance of nutritionists in administrative roles at the state and area levels in determining the effectiveness of a meal program, since food intake reflected menu planning.", "contents": "Title VII--Nutrition Program for the Elderly. I. Contribution to one day's dietary intake. Food records kept by 466 individuals participating in the federally funded Nutrition Program for the Elderly show that those eating at the meal site on the day of the food record consumed more energy, protein, and calcium than non-participants and participants who did not eat there on the day of the record. Dietary ratings, which included eight nutrients and energy, indicated they also had better overall diets than non-participants. Non-participants consumed more iron than participants. The daily intake of all nutrients, except calcium, of those eating at the meal site reflected what was offered. Between 40 and 50 per cent of the total daily intake was consumed at the meal center. Women consumed a significantly greater proportion of their daily intake of most nutrients from the food provided by program than the men. The desirability of providing a high proportion of the recommended allowances for protein and other nutrients through the meal program menus is emphasized. The results of the study demonstrated the importance of nutritionists in administrative roles at the state and area levels in determining the effectiveness of a meal program, since food intake reflected menu planning.", "PMID": 649896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4525", "title": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices of the elderly.", "content": "The nutritional knowledge and attitudes toward food and nutrition of sixty-four non-institutionalized elderly persons were surveyed. Findings were then examined in relation to these individuals' actual dietary behavior, measured as nutrient intakes and the purchase of health foods and vitamin/mineral supplements. On the basis of data from three-day food records per participant from three groups of elderly, it was found that, with the exception of energy and calcium intakes, mean nutrient intakes were satisfactory. Those who ate with others and who consumed more snacks had the most satisfactory diets. Socioeconomic status and nutritional knowledge were the key independent variables. A pattern of attitudes and beliefs, such as a belief that nutrition is important, a tendency to regard food and supplements as medicine, a belief in taking vitamin/mineral supplements, and weight-reducing misconceptions, acted as intervening variables to mediate the link between the indepedent variables and the dependent variables (dietary practices).", "contents": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices of the elderly. The nutritional knowledge and attitudes toward food and nutrition of sixty-four non-institutionalized elderly persons were surveyed. Findings were then examined in relation to these individuals' actual dietary behavior, measured as nutrient intakes and the purchase of health foods and vitamin/mineral supplements. On the basis of data from three-day food records per participant from three groups of elderly, it was found that, with the exception of energy and calcium intakes, mean nutrient intakes were satisfactory. Those who ate with others and who consumed more snacks had the most satisfactory diets. Socioeconomic status and nutritional knowledge were the key independent variables. A pattern of attitudes and beliefs, such as a belief that nutrition is important, a tendency to regard food and supplements as medicine, a belief in taking vitamin/mineral supplements, and weight-reducing misconceptions, acted as intervening variables to mediate the link between the indepedent variables and the dependent variables (dietary practices).", "PMID": 649897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4526", "title": "Nutritional improvement in Hokkaido orphanage children--1960-1970.", "content": "In 1960, a survey showed Japanese orphanage children to be shorter in stature than Japanese children in general. In 1964, food budgets for orphanages were increased and, on Hokkaido, 180 gm. milk per day was made available for each child. In 1968, a further improvement in the diet was made by providing for an egg a day for each child, plus more liberal money allowances. Data from surveys in 1965 and 1970 on food served to these children reflected the improvements, as compared with 1960, Figures on the stature of the orphanage children were also compared. By 1970, the only orphanage children falling below the national mean were the teen-age boys and, to a lesser extent, the adolescent girls. Weight differences in all three surveys were less striking.", "contents": "Nutritional improvement in Hokkaido orphanage children--1960-1970. In 1960, a survey showed Japanese orphanage children to be shorter in stature than Japanese children in general. In 1964, food budgets for orphanages were increased and, on Hokkaido, 180 gm. milk per day was made available for each child. In 1968, a further improvement in the diet was made by providing for an egg a day for each child, plus more liberal money allowances. Data from surveys in 1965 and 1970 on food served to these children reflected the improvements, as compared with 1960, Figures on the stature of the orphanage children were also compared. By 1970, the only orphanage children falling below the national mean were the teen-age boys and, to a lesser extent, the adolescent girls. Weight differences in all three surveys were less striking.", "PMID": 649898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4527", "title": "A multi-echelon menu item forecasting system for hospitals.", "content": "A multi-echelon system was designed to generate statistical forecasts of menu-item demand in hospitals from one- through twenty-eight-day intervals prior to patient meal service. The three interdependent echelons were: (1) Forecasting patient census, (2) estimating diet category census, and (3) calculating menu-item demand. Eighteen weeks of supper data were utilized to analyze diet category distribution patterns and menu-item preferences, to test forecasting models, and to evaluate the performance of the forecasting system. A cost function was used to evaluate the efficiency of the mathematical forecasting system and manual technique over a nine-week period. The cost of menu-item forecast errors resulting from the use of adaptive exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins formulations was approximately 40 per cent less than costs associated with the manual system.", "contents": "A multi-echelon menu item forecasting system for hospitals. A multi-echelon system was designed to generate statistical forecasts of menu-item demand in hospitals from one- through twenty-eight-day intervals prior to patient meal service. The three interdependent echelons were: (1) Forecasting patient census, (2) estimating diet category census, and (3) calculating menu-item demand. Eighteen weeks of supper data were utilized to analyze diet category distribution patterns and menu-item preferences, to test forecasting models, and to evaluate the performance of the forecasting system. A cost function was used to evaluate the efficiency of the mathematical forecasting system and manual technique over a nine-week period. The cost of menu-item forecast errors resulting from the use of adaptive exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins formulations was approximately 40 per cent less than costs associated with the manual system.", "PMID": 649899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4528", "title": "Visual acuity in hard and soft contact lens wearers: a comparison.", "content": "Visual acuity measurements with spectacles, with hard contact lenses and with hard contact lenses plus overrefraction were made on 75 eyes. Similar data was taken on 75 eyes wearing soft contact lenses. In each case, some eyes showed a decrease in visual acuity with contact lenses but the soft lenses wearers showed a greater percentage of eyes with visual acuity decrease.", "contents": "Visual acuity in hard and soft contact lens wearers: a comparison. Visual acuity measurements with spectacles, with hard contact lenses and with hard contact lenses plus overrefraction were made on 75 eyes. Similar data was taken on 75 eyes wearing soft contact lenses. In each case, some eyes showed a decrease in visual acuity with contact lenses but the soft lenses wearers showed a greater percentage of eyes with visual acuity decrease.", "PMID": 649903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4529", "title": "Soft lens cleaners: their effectiveness in removing depostis.", "content": "The useful life of a hydrophilic lens is often reduced by deposits forming on or within the polymeric structure of the lens. To eliminate this problem, several cleaning agents have been formulated to prevent and/or remove these deposits. The efficacy of these agents in cleaning heavily deposited lenses is the topic of this investigation.", "contents": "Soft lens cleaners: their effectiveness in removing depostis. The useful life of a hydrophilic lens is often reduced by deposits forming on or within the polymeric structure of the lens. To eliminate this problem, several cleaning agents have been formulated to prevent and/or remove these deposits. The efficacy of these agents in cleaning heavily deposited lenses is the topic of this investigation.", "PMID": 649904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4530", "title": "Reliability and repeatability study of a technique for measuring the center thickness of a hydrogel lens.", "content": "Various techniques of measuring the center thickness of hydrogel contact lenses are discussed. A new device called the Bisurfaced Hydrogel Lens Platform (BHLP) is described which in combination with the radiuscope allows for easy measurement of the center thickness of hydrogel lenses. The results of reliability and repeatability studies of this new device are reported which suggest the ability to measure the center thickness of hydrogel lenses within a range of .01 mm.", "contents": "Reliability and repeatability study of a technique for measuring the center thickness of a hydrogel lens. Various techniques of measuring the center thickness of hydrogel contact lenses are discussed. A new device called the Bisurfaced Hydrogel Lens Platform (BHLP) is described which in combination with the radiuscope allows for easy measurement of the center thickness of hydrogel lenses. The results of reliability and repeatability studies of this new device are reported which suggest the ability to measure the center thickness of hydrogel lenses within a range of .01 mm.", "PMID": 649905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4531", "title": "A minimum clearance molded scleral cosmetic-refractive contact lens.", "content": "The author describes the prescribing of a minimum clearance, molded fenestrated cosmetic scleral contact lens with a 2 mm lens in the iris section in front of an optical iridectomy. The lens was designed to improve cosmesis, and to restore a blind eye to 20/90.", "contents": "A minimum clearance molded scleral cosmetic-refractive contact lens. The author describes the prescribing of a minimum clearance, molded fenestrated cosmetic scleral contact lens with a 2 mm lens in the iris section in front of an optical iridectomy. The lens was designed to improve cosmesis, and to restore a blind eye to 20/90.", "PMID": 649906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4532", "title": "The \"multi-purge procedure\" and its application for hydrophilic lens wearers utilizing preserved solutions.", "content": "The multi-purge procedure has been used to remove or dilute preservatives in chemical rinsing, storage or disinfecting solutions for soft lenses. It is used for patients who use preserved solutions and who develop eye reactions to these solutions.", "contents": "The \"multi-purge procedure\" and its application for hydrophilic lens wearers utilizing preserved solutions. The multi-purge procedure has been used to remove or dilute preservatives in chemical rinsing, storage or disinfecting solutions for soft lenses. It is used for patients who use preserved solutions and who develop eye reactions to these solutions.", "PMID": 649907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4533", "title": "Experience with the lathe cut Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS: Part 1--Clinical study.", "content": "This study consists of clinical experience with the recently produced lathe cut Bausch & lomb SOFTLENS. Sixteen patients were fitted with the spin cast and then lathe cut lens. Visual acuities were better with the lathe cut lens. Comfort was good with both lenses. Some degree of circum-corneal injection was noted with the larger lathe cut design.", "contents": "Experience with the lathe cut Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS: Part 1--Clinical study. This study consists of clinical experience with the recently produced lathe cut Bausch & lomb SOFTLENS. Sixteen patients were fitted with the spin cast and then lathe cut lens. Visual acuities were better with the lathe cut lens. Comfort was good with both lenses. Some degree of circum-corneal injection was noted with the larger lathe cut design.", "PMID": 649908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4534", "title": "Contact lenses for the graying American.", "content": "The 1960s were the time of civil rights, the 1970s emphasized women's rights. and the 1980s will embrance the rights of the aging. By then, the median age of the U.S. population will be over 30 and the fastest growing segment of the population will be the 24 or 44 year olds, who underpin the nation's economic growth. With fewer children and more working wives, contact lenses are affordable and attractive but these people are becoming presbyopic. Optometrists interested in contact lenses have liked to think of their patients as youthful so the graying of America will bring sweeping changes to the field. Mature patients deserve the improved vision and pleasure they can experience wearing contact lenses.", "contents": "Contact lenses for the graying American. The 1960s were the time of civil rights, the 1970s emphasized women's rights. and the 1980s will embrance the rights of the aging. By then, the median age of the U.S. population will be over 30 and the fastest growing segment of the population will be the 24 or 44 year olds, who underpin the nation's economic growth. With fewer children and more working wives, contact lenses are affordable and attractive but these people are becoming presbyopic. Optometrists interested in contact lenses have liked to think of their patients as youthful so the graying of America will bring sweeping changes to the field. Mature patients deserve the improved vision and pleasure they can experience wearing contact lenses.", "PMID": 649909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4535", "title": "Utilization of the Hydrocurve soft lens for increasing success in soft lens fitting.", "content": "With the Food and Drug Administration approval of the Hydrocurve soft contact lens, previously unsuccessful soft contact lens candidates may now be able to wear a Hydrocurve lens rather than being limited to the new ultrathin \"semiflexible\" or hard contact lenses as the only viable alternative. The Hydrocurve has proven to be an excellent lens with a potential to greatly increase the percentage of successful soft lens patients for the practitioner. Due to Hydrocurve's extensive flexibility in terms of base curve and diameter it has shown to be quite useful where other lenses have failed due to a lesser variability in parameters.", "contents": "Utilization of the Hydrocurve soft lens for increasing success in soft lens fitting. With the Food and Drug Administration approval of the Hydrocurve soft contact lens, previously unsuccessful soft contact lens candidates may now be able to wear a Hydrocurve lens rather than being limited to the new ultrathin \"semiflexible\" or hard contact lenses as the only viable alternative. The Hydrocurve has proven to be an excellent lens with a potential to greatly increase the percentage of successful soft lens patients for the practitioner. Due to Hydrocurve's extensive flexibility in terms of base curve and diameter it has shown to be quite useful where other lenses have failed due to a lesser variability in parameters.", "PMID": 649910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4536", "title": "A clinical study of CAB lens wear.", "content": "A clinical study of 100 patients fit with gas permeable contact lenses (cellulose acetate butyrate) reveals a 79% success rate. The authors found good eye physiological response with minimum corneal edema, minimum corneal staining, no increase in follicular hypertrophy and minimum spectacle blur.", "contents": "A clinical study of CAB lens wear. A clinical study of 100 patients fit with gas permeable contact lenses (cellulose acetate butyrate) reveals a 79% success rate. The authors found good eye physiological response with minimum corneal edema, minimum corneal staining, no increase in follicular hypertrophy and minimum spectacle blur.", "PMID": 649911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4537", "title": "Evaluating the effects of wearing contact lenses: morning and afternoon testing.", "content": "Corneal steepening and myopic increases are characteristic of diurnal variations which affect habitual wearers of contact lenses. Testing before insertion of lenses and after wearing lenses for 8 hours provided a good indication of the magnitude of diurnal changes in 35 individuals.", "contents": "Evaluating the effects of wearing contact lenses: morning and afternoon testing. Corneal steepening and myopic increases are characteristic of diurnal variations which affect habitual wearers of contact lenses. Testing before insertion of lenses and after wearing lenses for 8 hours provided a good indication of the magnitude of diurnal changes in 35 individuals.", "PMID": 649912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4538", "title": "Soft lenses to protect the cornea after Fasanella ptosis surgery.", "content": "Soft lenses are used continuously for a prolonged period as a corneal protective device following unique under-lid surgery for ptosis correction. Until this procedure was employed, this excellent surgical technique had been all but abandoned.", "contents": "Soft lenses to protect the cornea after Fasanella ptosis surgery. Soft lenses are used continuously for a prolonged period as a corneal protective device following unique under-lid surgery for ptosis correction. Until this procedure was employed, this excellent surgical technique had been all but abandoned.", "PMID": 649913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4539", "title": "Refractive amblyopia: a differential diagnosis.", "content": "The diagnostic characteristics of refractive amblyopia are discussed and compared to those of strabismic amblyopia. Those characteristics which have appeared in the literature include refractive error type, suppression pattern, fixation type, crowding phenomenon, effect of illumination on visual acuity, color vision and electrodiagnostic tests.", "contents": "Refractive amblyopia: a differential diagnosis. The diagnostic characteristics of refractive amblyopia are discussed and compared to those of strabismic amblyopia. Those characteristics which have appeared in the literature include refractive error type, suppression pattern, fixation type, crowding phenomenon, effect of illumination on visual acuity, color vision and electrodiagnostic tests.", "PMID": 649915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4540", "title": "The fixation disparity-heterophoria relationship.", "content": "If the heterophoria is the cause of a fixation disparity, then certain conditions can be experimentally observed. An experiment was performed and the conditions previously set forth as indicative of a cause-effect relationship between the heterophoria and fixation disparity were observed.", "contents": "The fixation disparity-heterophoria relationship. If the heterophoria is the cause of a fixation disparity, then certain conditions can be experimentally observed. An experiment was performed and the conditions previously set forth as indicative of a cause-effect relationship between the heterophoria and fixation disparity were observed.", "PMID": 649916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4541", "title": "The regression of hypertensive retinopathy.", "content": "The detection of severe hypertensive retinopathy in a relatively symptomless 30-year-old white female contact lens patient is reported. The regression is documented during subsequent antihypertensive therapy. The retinopathy resolved uneventfully despite fluctuating blood pressure.", "contents": "The regression of hypertensive retinopathy. The detection of severe hypertensive retinopathy in a relatively symptomless 30-year-old white female contact lens patient is reported. The regression is documented during subsequent antihypertensive therapy. The retinopathy resolved uneventfully despite fluctuating blood pressure.", "PMID": 649917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4542", "title": "Vision and sports.", "content": "The relationship between optimal visual skills and optimal athletic performance is discussed along with specific examples of how performance can be affected in tennis, basketball, football, baseball, and golf. A step-by-step method is presented to evaluate these specific skills during the optometric evaluation.", "contents": "Vision and sports. The relationship between optimal visual skills and optimal athletic performance is discussed along with specific examples of how performance can be affected in tennis, basketball, football, baseball, and golf. A step-by-step method is presented to evaluate these specific skills during the optometric evaluation.", "PMID": 649918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4543", "title": "Hollenhorst plaques.", "content": "Detection of Hollenhorst plaques in the retinal circulation of the asymptomatic patient should be considered to be indicative of atherosclerotic disease. Such patients should be referred for medical evaluation and amelioration of risk factors.", "contents": "Hollenhorst plaques. Detection of Hollenhorst plaques in the retinal circulation of the asymptomatic patient should be considered to be indicative of atherosclerotic disease. Such patients should be referred for medical evaluation and amelioration of risk factors.", "PMID": 649919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4544", "title": "Erickson goniolens system.", "content": "The Optometric Research Institute has clinically evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of the Erickson Goniolens System. Operational procedures and interpreting the results are discussed. Advantages, disadvantages and conclusions are expressed.", "contents": "Erickson goniolens system. The Optometric Research Institute has clinically evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of the Erickson Goniolens System. Operational procedures and interpreting the results are discussed. Advantages, disadvantages and conclusions are expressed.", "PMID": 649920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4545", "title": "The eye--part 2.", "content": "Although it is remarkabel how well the sturdy eye is protected against hostile forces, it is still vulnerable. It is precisely because of the specialized nature and complex origin of the eye's structure that it is so vulnerable to a variety of allergic manifestations. Allergy has come to be accepted as a major etiology factor in ocular pathology.", "contents": "The eye--part 2. Although it is remarkabel how well the sturdy eye is protected against hostile forces, it is still vulnerable. It is precisely because of the specialized nature and complex origin of the eye's structure that it is so vulnerable to a variety of allergic manifestations. Allergy has come to be accepted as a major etiology factor in ocular pathology.", "PMID": 649921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4546", "title": "Alcohol and open angle glaucoma--influence on detection, IOP, BP/IOP ratios.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether the ingestion of moderate amounts of ethyl alcohol should be contraindicated in the presence of open-angle glaucoma and/or might interfere with glaucoma detection by methods based on measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) alone or of the ratios, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure to intraocular pressure, sBP/IOP and dBP/IOP, respectively. Following ingestion of alcohol at the rate of 1 ml/kg body weight, IOP, sBP, and dBP were measured in 73 adult subjects at 15 minute intervals for 90 minutes. Ingestation of alcohol resulted in a reduction of IOP, sBP, and dBP. The ratios sBP/IOP and dBP/IOP showed an increase. This included five subjects with a baseline sBP/IOP of less than 5.75. Results of this study suggest that ingestion of moderate amounts of alcohol will probably reduce IOP in open-angle glaucoma, and need not be contraindicated. On the other hand, consumption of a moderate quantity of alcohol by a subject one to two hours prior to participation in a gluacoma screening program may result in a missed detection by either of the usual criteria of IOP alone or of a BP/IOP ratio.", "contents": "Alcohol and open angle glaucoma--influence on detection, IOP, BP/IOP ratios. This study was undertaken to determine whether the ingestion of moderate amounts of ethyl alcohol should be contraindicated in the presence of open-angle glaucoma and/or might interfere with glaucoma detection by methods based on measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) alone or of the ratios, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure to intraocular pressure, sBP/IOP and dBP/IOP, respectively. Following ingestion of alcohol at the rate of 1 ml/kg body weight, IOP, sBP, and dBP were measured in 73 adult subjects at 15 minute intervals for 90 minutes. Ingestation of alcohol resulted in a reduction of IOP, sBP, and dBP. The ratios sBP/IOP and dBP/IOP showed an increase. This included five subjects with a baseline sBP/IOP of less than 5.75. Results of this study suggest that ingestion of moderate amounts of alcohol will probably reduce IOP in open-angle glaucoma, and need not be contraindicated. On the other hand, consumption of a moderate quantity of alcohol by a subject one to two hours prior to participation in a gluacoma screening program may result in a missed detection by either of the usual criteria of IOP alone or of a BP/IOP ratio.", "PMID": 649922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4547", "title": "An overview of visual rehabilitation and training of the low vision patient.", "content": "The field of low vision requires a thorough understanding of the many psychologic considerations in visual rehabilitation as well as the current training procedures in the use of distance and near aids. This paper is an overview of these considerations with recommendations for the future.", "contents": "An overview of visual rehabilitation and training of the low vision patient. The field of low vision requires a thorough understanding of the many psychologic considerations in visual rehabilitation as well as the current training procedures in the use of distance and near aids. This paper is an overview of these considerations with recommendations for the future.", "PMID": 649923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4548", "title": "Residual astigmatism in hard and soft contact lens wearers.", "content": "Residual astigmatism in a group of hard contact lens wearers and an equal size group of soft contact lens wearers was compared. Generally, the criteria used were to fit patients with refractive astigmatism greater than 0.75 D with hard lenses and those with refractive astigmatism of 0.25 D or less with soft ones. Those with refractive astigmatism between 0.25 D and 0.75 D were fitted with either modality depending upon other factors. The amount of residual astigmatism in the two groups proved to be nearly equal.", "contents": "Residual astigmatism in hard and soft contact lens wearers. Residual astigmatism in a group of hard contact lens wearers and an equal size group of soft contact lens wearers was compared. Generally, the criteria used were to fit patients with refractive astigmatism greater than 0.75 D with hard lenses and those with refractive astigmatism of 0.25 D or less with soft ones. Those with refractive astigmatism between 0.25 D and 0.75 D were fitted with either modality depending upon other factors. The amount of residual astigmatism in the two groups proved to be nearly equal.", "PMID": 649924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4549", "title": "Experience with the lathe cut Bausch & Lomb Soflens: Part II--Power and optics study.", "content": "Ten familiar spin cast and ten lathe cut Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS contact lenses were measured as to their power on a lensometer and on an eye. Both quality of the optics and quantitative measurements were considered. Lens flexure and the presence of a fluid lens between the posterior surface of the contact lens and the anterior cornea is indicated for both lenses to explain differences between power of the lens in air and on the eye. The spin cast lens design appears to create a quantitatively larger fluid lens, and one which will add positive optical power to the lens/eye system. Either from this and/or additional factors, the lathe cut lens appears to give improved optical performance both in air and on the eye.", "contents": "Experience with the lathe cut Bausch & Lomb Soflens: Part II--Power and optics study. Ten familiar spin cast and ten lathe cut Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS contact lenses were measured as to their power on a lensometer and on an eye. Both quality of the optics and quantitative measurements were considered. Lens flexure and the presence of a fluid lens between the posterior surface of the contact lens and the anterior cornea is indicated for both lenses to explain differences between power of the lens in air and on the eye. The spin cast lens design appears to create a quantitatively larger fluid lens, and one which will add positive optical power to the lens/eye system. Either from this and/or additional factors, the lathe cut lens appears to give improved optical performance both in air and on the eye.", "PMID": 649925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4550", "title": "Commercial factor VIII associated hepatitis, 1974-75, in the United Kingdom: a retrospective survey.", "content": "A retrospective survey of transfusion hepatitis associated with a brand of commercial Factor VIII was carried out in 24 Haemophilia Centres from January 1974 until December 1975. Of 371 patients who were transfused with this product, and were followed up, 78 cases of hepatitis affecting 66 patients were found (17.7%). Two types of hepatitis were observed: hepatitis B and non-B hepatitis, the latter with an incubation period of between 8 and 60 days. Twelve patients contracted two types of hepatitis, non-B followed by hepatitis B. Only one patient died after contracting hepatitis B. Four of the suspect batches of concentrate were found to be positive for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. There was evidence that the presence of hepatitis B surface antibody in a patient's serum prior to exposure was associated with immunity to hepatitis B. Evidence was presented suggesting that the non-B hepatitis observed was not due to hepatitis A. The factors affecting the incidence of transfusion hepatitis in haemophiliacs were discussed.", "contents": "Commercial factor VIII associated hepatitis, 1974-75, in the United Kingdom: a retrospective survey. A retrospective survey of transfusion hepatitis associated with a brand of commercial Factor VIII was carried out in 24 Haemophilia Centres from January 1974 until December 1975. Of 371 patients who were transfused with this product, and were followed up, 78 cases of hepatitis affecting 66 patients were found (17.7%). Two types of hepatitis were observed: hepatitis B and non-B hepatitis, the latter with an incubation period of between 8 and 60 days. Twelve patients contracted two types of hepatitis, non-B followed by hepatitis B. Only one patient died after contracting hepatitis B. Four of the suspect batches of concentrate were found to be positive for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. There was evidence that the presence of hepatitis B surface antibody in a patient's serum prior to exposure was associated with immunity to hepatitis B. Evidence was presented suggesting that the non-B hepatitis observed was not due to hepatitis A. The factors affecting the incidence of transfusion hepatitis in haemophiliacs were discussed.", "PMID": 649945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4551", "title": "Antibody titres in women six to eight years after the administration of RA2713 and Cendehill rubella vaccines.", "content": "Titres of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody have been measured repeatedly in young women during a period of 6-8 years after the administration of RA27/3 and Cendehill attenuated rubella vaccines. Mean antibody titres were initially 217 after RA27/3 and 159 after Cendehill, but the difference diminished after the first year. Antibody titres were subsequently well maintained in both groups and did not reveal any need for regular revaccination. Mean titres in the Cendehill group were partly maintained by symptomless reinfection which was commoner after Cendehill than after RA27/3. Significant falls in titre were equally common after both vaccines, but low titres of 30 or less were more frequent in subjects who had received Cendehill. Mean neutralizing antibody titres were initially 15.4 after RA27/3 vaccine and 9 after Cendehill. Titres remained higher after RA27/3 for 3 years, but the difference then diminished and became insignificant during the fifth year. Revaccination of women with low antibody titres produced significant increases in 69% of subjects when standard RA27/3 vaccine was used; a special preparation of RA27/3 of higher potency produced a similar number of rises (70%) but elicited higher titres and might occasionally be useful for revaccinating women who are likely to come into contact with rubella. Challenge with RA27/3 vaccine produced weaker responses in women who had experienced natural infection than in those whose antibody was vaccine-induced. Rises in antibody titre after revaccination consisted mainly of IgG, but traces of IgM antibody were detected in one vaccinee who had recently experienced natural reinfection and in 1 woman with naturally acquired antibody who had been challenged with high titre RA27/3 vaccine.", "contents": "Antibody titres in women six to eight years after the administration of RA2713 and Cendehill rubella vaccines. Titres of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody have been measured repeatedly in young women during a period of 6-8 years after the administration of RA27/3 and Cendehill attenuated rubella vaccines. Mean antibody titres were initially 217 after RA27/3 and 159 after Cendehill, but the difference diminished after the first year. Antibody titres were subsequently well maintained in both groups and did not reveal any need for regular revaccination. Mean titres in the Cendehill group were partly maintained by symptomless reinfection which was commoner after Cendehill than after RA27/3. Significant falls in titre were equally common after both vaccines, but low titres of 30 or less were more frequent in subjects who had received Cendehill. Mean neutralizing antibody titres were initially 15.4 after RA27/3 vaccine and 9 after Cendehill. Titres remained higher after RA27/3 for 3 years, but the difference then diminished and became insignificant during the fifth year. Revaccination of women with low antibody titres produced significant increases in 69% of subjects when standard RA27/3 vaccine was used; a special preparation of RA27/3 of higher potency produced a similar number of rises (70%) but elicited higher titres and might occasionally be useful for revaccinating women who are likely to come into contact with rubella. Challenge with RA27/3 vaccine produced weaker responses in women who had experienced natural infection than in those whose antibody was vaccine-induced. Rises in antibody titre after revaccination consisted mainly of IgG, but traces of IgM antibody were detected in one vaccinee who had recently experienced natural reinfection and in 1 woman with naturally acquired antibody who had been challenged with high titre RA27/3 vaccine.", "PMID": 649946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4552", "title": "Corynebacterium kutscheri and its alleged avirulent variant in mice.", "content": "Corynebacterium kutscheri and its alleged avirulent variant were re-examined in C57Bl/6 and Swiss Lynch mice. It was confirmed that while C57Bl/6 mice were resistant and Swiss Lynch susceptible to C. kutscheri, the alleged atypical variant was avirulent in both mouse strains. However, following immunosuppression of C57Bl/6 mice with hydrocortisone acetate, it was not possible to reactivate latent C. kutscheri or the alleged atypical variant; this was contrary to previous reports. Moreover, sequential hysterectomy derivation over four generations of C57Bl/6 mice did not eliminate their resistance to C. kutscheri compared with conventionally born animals. Vaccination with live attenuated C. kutscheri protected susceptible mice against virulent challenge; vaccination with the alleged atypical variant afforded no such protection. The suggested role of the alleged avirulent variant in resistance to C. kutscheri is challenged and an alternative explanation of such resistance is proposed.", "contents": "Corynebacterium kutscheri and its alleged avirulent variant in mice. Corynebacterium kutscheri and its alleged avirulent variant were re-examined in C57Bl/6 and Swiss Lynch mice. It was confirmed that while C57Bl/6 mice were resistant and Swiss Lynch susceptible to C. kutscheri, the alleged atypical variant was avirulent in both mouse strains. However, following immunosuppression of C57Bl/6 mice with hydrocortisone acetate, it was not possible to reactivate latent C. kutscheri or the alleged atypical variant; this was contrary to previous reports. Moreover, sequential hysterectomy derivation over four generations of C57Bl/6 mice did not eliminate their resistance to C. kutscheri compared with conventionally born animals. Vaccination with live attenuated C. kutscheri protected susceptible mice against virulent challenge; vaccination with the alleged atypical variant afforded no such protection. The suggested role of the alleged avirulent variant in resistance to C. kutscheri is challenged and an alternative explanation of such resistance is proposed.", "PMID": 649947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4553", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of pyriminyl used as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis.", "content": "The properties of pyriminyl (N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea) as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) in Rangoon, Burma, were investigated in the laboratory. The acute LD 50 and LD 95 dose of orally administered pyriminyl for B. bengalensis were found to be 6.7 mg/kg and 23.0 mg/kg of body weight respectively. When caged bandicoots were given a choice between plain and poisoned baits, the optimum rodenticidal concentration in the bait was found to be 0.25-0.5%. Symptoms of pyriminyl poisoning appear from 1 to 4 h after feeding starts, giving individual animals time to consume from 2 to over 30 LD 50 doses of 0.5% pyriminyl before feeding stops. Deaths occurred from 4 to 96 h after either oral dosing or free-choice feeding. There appeared to be no significant aversion to the poison at 0.25% or 0.5% concentration in foods. The potential hazards and use of pyriminyl as a field bait against populations of B. bengalensis are discussed.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of pyriminyl used as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis. The properties of pyriminyl (N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea) as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) in Rangoon, Burma, were investigated in the laboratory. The acute LD 50 and LD 95 dose of orally administered pyriminyl for B. bengalensis were found to be 6.7 mg/kg and 23.0 mg/kg of body weight respectively. When caged bandicoots were given a choice between plain and poisoned baits, the optimum rodenticidal concentration in the bait was found to be 0.25-0.5%. Symptoms of pyriminyl poisoning appear from 1 to 4 h after feeding starts, giving individual animals time to consume from 2 to over 30 LD 50 doses of 0.5% pyriminyl before feeding stops. Deaths occurred from 4 to 96 h after either oral dosing or free-choice feeding. There appeared to be no significant aversion to the poison at 0.25% or 0.5% concentration in foods. The potential hazards and use of pyriminyl as a field bait against populations of B. bengalensis are discussed.", "PMID": 649948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4554", "title": "A study of the susceptibility of cattle to oral infection by salmonellas contained in raw sewage sludge.", "content": "Raw sewage sludge, containing up to 10(5) naturally occuring salmonellas/1, was included in the diet of one group of cattle at the rate 1 ]/animal/day and in a second group at the rate of 1 ]/animal/week. Sterilized sludge, to which had been added 10(5) S. dublin/litre, was included in the diet of a third group of animals at the rate of 1 ]/animal/day. Salmonellas were isolated from all samples of raw sewage sludge but were not isolated from the faeces or carcasses of animals fed on the sludge. Salmonellas were isolated from the faeces of one animal and the carcasses of two animals fed on sterilized sludge to which S. dublin had been added.", "contents": "A study of the susceptibility of cattle to oral infection by salmonellas contained in raw sewage sludge. Raw sewage sludge, containing up to 10(5) naturally occuring salmonellas/1, was included in the diet of one group of cattle at the rate 1 ]/animal/day and in a second group at the rate of 1 ]/animal/week. Sterilized sludge, to which had been added 10(5) S. dublin/litre, was included in the diet of a third group of animals at the rate of 1 ]/animal/day. Salmonellas were isolated from all samples of raw sewage sludge but were not isolated from the faeces or carcasses of animals fed on the sludge. Salmonellas were isolated from the faeces of one animal and the carcasses of two animals fed on sterilized sludge to which S. dublin had been added.", "PMID": 649949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4555", "title": "A study of the surface and somatic antigens of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Antisera against live cultures of 20 strains of Bacteroides fragilis produced in rabbits agglutinated homologous whole-cell as well as O-antigen suspensions with several cross-reactions. Pure specific antisera were produced by absorbing cross-reacting antigens. O-antisera reacted against O-antigens but failed to do so against most whole-cell suspensions, suggesting the presence of surface structures which might have blocked the reactions. The titres of the whole-cell antisera were not significantly higher than those of O-antisera, but the reactions were more definite and easier to read. This system may prove useful in serological studies of B. fragilis.", "contents": "A study of the surface and somatic antigens of Bacteroides fragilis. Antisera against live cultures of 20 strains of Bacteroides fragilis produced in rabbits agglutinated homologous whole-cell as well as O-antigen suspensions with several cross-reactions. Pure specific antisera were produced by absorbing cross-reacting antigens. O-antisera reacted against O-antigens but failed to do so against most whole-cell suspensions, suggesting the presence of surface structures which might have blocked the reactions. The titres of the whole-cell antisera were not significantly higher than those of O-antisera, but the reactions were more definite and easier to read. This system may prove useful in serological studies of B. fragilis.", "PMID": 649950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4556", "title": "Various methods of lymphocyte separation and their relevance with the formation of non-immune rosettes.", "content": "Lymphocytes (leukocytes mainly containing mononuclear cells) are separated by six different methods and these lymphocytes are used for non-immune rosette formation. It is found that the percentage of non-immune rosettes varies according to the method of separation of lymphocytes. Buffy coat on Dextran-70 and Gravity Sedimentation method give the best rosette yields as compared with lymphocytes separated by centrifugation of heparinized blood (unsupported centrifugation) P less than 0.001) or on Hypaque-Ficoll or Diaginol-Ficoll gradients (supported centrifugation) P less than 0.05). Furthermore, the buffy coat separated on Dextran-70, layered on Ficoll-gradients (supported centrifugation) yields lower values of rosettes (P less than 0.05). It is possible that in certain methods which yield lower values of rosettes there is loss of selected subpopulations of lymphocytes. This loss of subpopulation appears to be due to the centrifugation of the blood and the loss is appreciably more on 'unsupported' than 'supported' centrifugation.", "contents": "Various methods of lymphocyte separation and their relevance with the formation of non-immune rosettes. Lymphocytes (leukocytes mainly containing mononuclear cells) are separated by six different methods and these lymphocytes are used for non-immune rosette formation. It is found that the percentage of non-immune rosettes varies according to the method of separation of lymphocytes. Buffy coat on Dextran-70 and Gravity Sedimentation method give the best rosette yields as compared with lymphocytes separated by centrifugation of heparinized blood (unsupported centrifugation) P less than 0.001) or on Hypaque-Ficoll or Diaginol-Ficoll gradients (supported centrifugation) P less than 0.05). Furthermore, the buffy coat separated on Dextran-70, layered on Ficoll-gradients (supported centrifugation) yields lower values of rosettes (P less than 0.05). It is possible that in certain methods which yield lower values of rosettes there is loss of selected subpopulations of lymphocytes. This loss of subpopulation appears to be due to the centrifugation of the blood and the loss is appreciably more on 'unsupported' than 'supported' centrifugation.", "PMID": 649957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4557", "title": "A sensitive rosetting method for detecting subpopulations of lymphocytes which react with alloantisera.", "content": "A procedure is described for directly estimating the proportion of mouse lymphoid cell suspensions which react with alloantisera. The method entails reacting Ig-capped lymphoid cells with alloantisera, and then assessing the uptake of alloantibodies by rosetting the lymphocytes with SRBC coated with sheep IgG specific for mouse Ig. This rosetting procedure was found to be generally more sensitive than the conventional dye exclusion microcytotoxicity test for detecting the binding of alloantibodies to lymphocytes. Furthermore, the rosette method has the advantage that, unlike the complement lysis technique, it has a low and reproducible background and lymphocyte subpopulations which react with alloantisera can be isolated.", "contents": "A sensitive rosetting method for detecting subpopulations of lymphocytes which react with alloantisera. A procedure is described for directly estimating the proportion of mouse lymphoid cell suspensions which react with alloantisera. The method entails reacting Ig-capped lymphoid cells with alloantisera, and then assessing the uptake of alloantibodies by rosetting the lymphocytes with SRBC coated with sheep IgG specific for mouse Ig. This rosetting procedure was found to be generally more sensitive than the conventional dye exclusion microcytotoxicity test for detecting the binding of alloantibodies to lymphocytes. Furthermore, the rosette method has the advantage that, unlike the complement lysis technique, it has a low and reproducible background and lymphocyte subpopulations which react with alloantisera can be isolated.", "PMID": 649959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4558", "title": "Preparation of trinitrophenylated red cells for antibody independent lysis by complement.", "content": "Based on the earlier observation that DNP-HSA interacts directly with C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement (Loos and K\u00f6nig, 1977), evidence is presented that TNP bound to erythrocytes (E-TNP) can interact with the whole complement sequence leading to the lysis of the TNP-carrying erythrocytes; in this test system the erythrocytes are used as an indicator of the TNP-complement reaction. To exclude any antibody-mediated lysis either the heterologus sera were exhaustively absorbed with the erythrocytes used in the test system or serum and erythrocytes of one individual person were taken. The strongly temperature-dependent interaction of TNP-sulfonic acid with the erythrocytes resulted in the formation of E-TNP as well as of a TNP-protein complex released into the supernatant. The TNP-protein complex strongly inhibited purified C1 similar to DNP-HSA. The antibody independent lysis of E-TNP by complement was dependent upon the TNP concentration per cell, the temperature and time as well as the complement concentration. The reaction of E-TNP with complement showed similar characteristics to those for the reaction of antibody sensitized erythrocytes (EA) with complement. E-TNP is a helpful tool to study antibody-independent activation of the complement system.", "contents": "Preparation of trinitrophenylated red cells for antibody independent lysis by complement. Based on the earlier observation that DNP-HSA interacts directly with C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement (Loos and K\u00f6nig, 1977), evidence is presented that TNP bound to erythrocytes (E-TNP) can interact with the whole complement sequence leading to the lysis of the TNP-carrying erythrocytes; in this test system the erythrocytes are used as an indicator of the TNP-complement reaction. To exclude any antibody-mediated lysis either the heterologus sera were exhaustively absorbed with the erythrocytes used in the test system or serum and erythrocytes of one individual person were taken. The strongly temperature-dependent interaction of TNP-sulfonic acid with the erythrocytes resulted in the formation of E-TNP as well as of a TNP-protein complex released into the supernatant. The TNP-protein complex strongly inhibited purified C1 similar to DNP-HSA. The antibody independent lysis of E-TNP by complement was dependent upon the TNP concentration per cell, the temperature and time as well as the complement concentration. The reaction of E-TNP with complement showed similar characteristics to those for the reaction of antibody sensitized erythrocytes (EA) with complement. E-TNP is a helpful tool to study antibody-independent activation of the complement system.", "PMID": 649960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4559", "title": "A sandwich method of enzyme-immunoassay. II. Quantification of rheumatoid factor.", "content": "A sandwich enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) has been applied to the determination of the rheumatoid factor (RF). This non-competeitive assay comprises 3 steps: 1) the RF to be assayed is extracted for the biological medium by an immunosorbent of aggregated IgG linked to cellulose; 2) the solid phase is then incubated with the enzyme-labeled aggregated IgG; 3) the enzymatic activity of the immunosorbent is then measured with a suitable chromogenic reagent. This activity is a direct function of the amount of RF to be assayed. This assay gave reproducible results in the range 0.5-50.0 IU/ml. A good agreement was obtained between the EIA and the Waaler-Rose test but no correlation was obtained with the latex slide-test. This assay permits a quantitation of RF with a good reproducibility (coefficient of variation in the range of 10% for moderately elevated values) and thus allows a closer follow-up of patients. The results do not depend on the interpretation of the technician performing the test, which can be easily automated. Finally, it may detect some RF devoid of agglutinating activity.", "contents": "A sandwich method of enzyme-immunoassay. II. Quantification of rheumatoid factor. A sandwich enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) has been applied to the determination of the rheumatoid factor (RF). This non-competeitive assay comprises 3 steps: 1) the RF to be assayed is extracted for the biological medium by an immunosorbent of aggregated IgG linked to cellulose; 2) the solid phase is then incubated with the enzyme-labeled aggregated IgG; 3) the enzymatic activity of the immunosorbent is then measured with a suitable chromogenic reagent. This activity is a direct function of the amount of RF to be assayed. This assay gave reproducible results in the range 0.5-50.0 IU/ml. A good agreement was obtained between the EIA and the Waaler-Rose test but no correlation was obtained with the latex slide-test. This assay permits a quantitation of RF with a good reproducibility (coefficient of variation in the range of 10% for moderately elevated values) and thus allows a closer follow-up of patients. The results do not depend on the interpretation of the technician performing the test, which can be easily automated. Finally, it may detect some RF devoid of agglutinating activity.", "PMID": 649961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4560", "title": "Cellular assay for measuring anti-erythrocyte antibody responses.", "content": "Splenocytes from mice immunized with sheep red cells (SRC) or donkey red cells (DRC) were able to lyse radiolabeled SRC or DRC respectively. The cytotoxic effect was mediated by the active supernatant which was released from the immune splenocytes and which was characterized as antibody. This cellular cytotoxic response was found to be a very reliable, efficient, rapid and objective assay for measuring anti-erythrocyte antibody responses.", "contents": "Cellular assay for measuring anti-erythrocyte antibody responses. Splenocytes from mice immunized with sheep red cells (SRC) or donkey red cells (DRC) were able to lyse radiolabeled SRC or DRC respectively. The cytotoxic effect was mediated by the active supernatant which was released from the immune splenocytes and which was characterized as antibody. This cellular cytotoxic response was found to be a very reliable, efficient, rapid and objective assay for measuring anti-erythrocyte antibody responses.", "PMID": 649962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4561", "title": "A simple microtitration technique for quantitating total haemolytic complement levels.", "content": "A simple microtitration technique for the determination of total haemolytic complement levels in human serum is described. The method is fast and reproducible, and provides a routine screen of total complement activity for use in clinical medicine.", "contents": "A simple microtitration technique for quantitating total haemolytic complement levels. A simple microtitration technique for the determination of total haemolytic complement levels in human serum is described. The method is fast and reproducible, and provides a routine screen of total complement activity for use in clinical medicine.", "PMID": 649964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4562", "title": "Haemagglutination assay for HBsAg -- a new approach to reagent preparation.", "content": "Human group O rhesus negative erythrocytes were spherocyted and fixed in glutaraldehyde, then coated initially with HBsAg and subsequently with anti-HBs. The resulting reagent was found to agglutinate in the presence of HBsAg positive serum, but not in HBsAg negative serum. The assay was evaluated for blood donor screening (39,962 donations) over a 6-month period, and was compared with Hepatest (RPHA) and AUSRIA-2 (RIA) for the study of two established HBsAg panels.", "contents": "Haemagglutination assay for HBsAg -- a new approach to reagent preparation. Human group O rhesus negative erythrocytes were spherocyted and fixed in glutaraldehyde, then coated initially with HBsAg and subsequently with anti-HBs. The resulting reagent was found to agglutinate in the presence of HBsAg positive serum, but not in HBsAg negative serum. The assay was evaluated for blood donor screening (39,962 donations) over a 6-month period, and was compared with Hepatest (RPHA) and AUSRIA-2 (RIA) for the study of two established HBsAg panels.", "PMID": 649965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4563", "title": "An improved method for detection and titration of antibodies cytophilic for macrophages.", "content": "A new microtechnique for detection and titration of antibodies cytophilic for homologous macrophages is introduced and experiments designed to determine the optimum conditions for its performance reported. The technique employs a series of small chambers formed on a microscope slide by the application of a plastic film in which holes have been punched. The procedure uses 5 x 10(4) cells and 25 microliter of serum per chamber, and each test can be completed in 2 h. A permanent preparation results which can be examined as and when convenient.", "contents": "An improved method for detection and titration of antibodies cytophilic for macrophages. A new microtechnique for detection and titration of antibodies cytophilic for homologous macrophages is introduced and experiments designed to determine the optimum conditions for its performance reported. The technique employs a series of small chambers formed on a microscope slide by the application of a plastic film in which holes have been punched. The procedure uses 5 x 10(4) cells and 25 microliter of serum per chamber, and each test can be completed in 2 h. A permanent preparation results which can be examined as and when convenient.", "PMID": 649966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4564", "title": "A method for measuring cyto-adherence on frozen tissue sections.", "content": "A simple method for quantifying the cells adhering to frozen sections of mouse spleen using a microscope equipped with a drawing tube attachment, and a planimeter is described. It is a straightforward and reproducible technique which was been preliminarily employed to study optimal binding conditions for Esheep and EoxAC.", "contents": "A method for measuring cyto-adherence on frozen tissue sections. A simple method for quantifying the cells adhering to frozen sections of mouse spleen using a microscope equipped with a drawing tube attachment, and a planimeter is described. It is a straightforward and reproducible technique which was been preliminarily employed to study optimal binding conditions for Esheep and EoxAC.", "PMID": 649967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4565", "title": "Quantitation of leukotaxis in agarose by three different methods.", "content": "The agarose method for measuring chemotaxis has been rigorously examined by a variety of quantitative approaches, including measurements of the distance of cell migration ('leading front'), counts of total numbers of migrated cells, and counts of migrated cells in single planes. These methodologies are described in detail. It is demonstrated for the first time that the results are dependent on the concentration of chemotactic factor. Results obtained by the three quantitative methods are similar. Measurement of cells migrating in a single plane is preferable because this method is reliable and relatively simple. The assay conforms to a pattern determined by checkerboard analysis that confirms a true chemotactic response.", "contents": "Quantitation of leukotaxis in agarose by three different methods. The agarose method for measuring chemotaxis has been rigorously examined by a variety of quantitative approaches, including measurements of the distance of cell migration ('leading front'), counts of total numbers of migrated cells, and counts of migrated cells in single planes. These methodologies are described in detail. It is demonstrated for the first time that the results are dependent on the concentration of chemotactic factor. Results obtained by the three quantitative methods are similar. Measurement of cells migrating in a single plane is preferable because this method is reliable and relatively simple. The assay conforms to a pattern determined by checkerboard analysis that confirms a true chemotactic response.", "PMID": 649968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4566", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase in rat skin.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; E.C.4.1.1.17) activities can be stimulated 2-10 fold in rat epidermis and dermis by hair plucking. Stimulation does not involve the removal of a soluble ODC inhibitor. ODC activity in the dermis and whole skin decreased with aging, while the epidermis showed little change. The apparent Km for ornithine and the heat stability of ODC in plucked and unplucked skin were similar. ODC was assayed in plucked and unplucked skin of rats fed diets containing between 2 and 24% protein. Activities in both plucked and unplucked skin were higher in the animals fed diets with higher protein contents. ODC levels were positively correlated with the weight changes undergone by rats on controlled-protein diets. In animals restricted to 2% protein diets and rehabilitated with 16% protein diets, enzyme levels were increased after 2 days rehabilitation and peaked after 5 days rehabilitation. The responsiveness of ODC to changes in dietary protein may be useful in the diagnosis of protein malnutrition.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase in rat skin. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; E.C.4.1.1.17) activities can be stimulated 2-10 fold in rat epidermis and dermis by hair plucking. Stimulation does not involve the removal of a soluble ODC inhibitor. ODC activity in the dermis and whole skin decreased with aging, while the epidermis showed little change. The apparent Km for ornithine and the heat stability of ODC in plucked and unplucked skin were similar. ODC was assayed in plucked and unplucked skin of rats fed diets containing between 2 and 24% protein. Activities in both plucked and unplucked skin were higher in the animals fed diets with higher protein contents. ODC levels were positively correlated with the weight changes undergone by rats on controlled-protein diets. In animals restricted to 2% protein diets and rehabilitated with 16% protein diets, enzyme levels were increased after 2 days rehabilitation and peaked after 5 days rehabilitation. The responsiveness of ODC to changes in dietary protein may be useful in the diagnosis of protein malnutrition.", "PMID": 649976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4567", "title": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in chronic liver disease and fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Hyperpigmentation believed to be due to melanin, is a feature of chronic liver disease, especially primary biliary cirrhosis and hemochromatosis. Normal plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) have been found in both these conditions; thus elevation of plasma beta-MSH plays no role in the pathogenesis of hepatic pigmentation. Normal levels are also found in hepatocellular failure, which supports the hypothesis that the kidney and not the liver is the site of metabolism of this hormone.", "contents": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in chronic liver disease and fulminant hepatic failure. Hyperpigmentation believed to be due to melanin, is a feature of chronic liver disease, especially primary biliary cirrhosis and hemochromatosis. Normal plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) have been found in both these conditions; thus elevation of plasma beta-MSH plays no role in the pathogenesis of hepatic pigmentation. Normal levels are also found in hepatocellular failure, which supports the hypothesis that the kidney and not the liver is the site of metabolism of this hormone.", "PMID": 649979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4568", "title": "Increased sebaceous gland activity in the adult rat after alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone treatment during early life.", "content": "Sebum secretion was measured in adult female and male rats given alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) during early life. Daily treatment with 40 microgram alpha-MSH/100 gm body weight for the first 5 weeks of life increased sebum secretion in female and male rats at 8, 11, and 15 weeks of age. A lower dose of alpha-MSH (10 microgram/100 gm body weight) produced similar changes in male but not in female rats. No effect on sebum secretion was found in female and male rats aged between 8-28 weeks when alpha-MSH was given (1) from the day of birth to 3 weeks; (2) 3--5 weeks; (3) 1st and 5th weeks and (4) 7--12 weeks. Apparently alpha-MSH must be given throughout the first 5 weeks of life in order to produce a sustained effect on the sebaceous glands. The fact that males appear to be more sensitive than females, in that they responded to a lower dose of alpha-MSH, may indicate that MSH acts by enhancing the response to androgen. Early alpha-MSH treatment failed to alter the sebaceous gland response to testosterone in adult female and male rats but the possibility that alpha-MSH enhances the action of androgen in early life cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Increased sebaceous gland activity in the adult rat after alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone treatment during early life. Sebum secretion was measured in adult female and male rats given alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) during early life. Daily treatment with 40 microgram alpha-MSH/100 gm body weight for the first 5 weeks of life increased sebum secretion in female and male rats at 8, 11, and 15 weeks of age. A lower dose of alpha-MSH (10 microgram/100 gm body weight) produced similar changes in male but not in female rats. No effect on sebum secretion was found in female and male rats aged between 8-28 weeks when alpha-MSH was given (1) from the day of birth to 3 weeks; (2) 3--5 weeks; (3) 1st and 5th weeks and (4) 7--12 weeks. Apparently alpha-MSH must be given throughout the first 5 weeks of life in order to produce a sustained effect on the sebaceous glands. The fact that males appear to be more sensitive than females, in that they responded to a lower dose of alpha-MSH, may indicate that MSH acts by enhancing the response to androgen. Early alpha-MSH treatment failed to alter the sebaceous gland response to testosterone in adult female and male rats but the possibility that alpha-MSH enhances the action of androgen in early life cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 649980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4569", "title": "Growth rate of cultured human fibroblasts increased by glucocorticoids.", "content": "Selected glucocorticoids have been demonstrated to increase the growth rate of human skin fibroblasts in culture, over a physiologically significant concentration range. At the same concentrations and identical conditions, the glucocorticoid compounds tested inhibited the growth rate of mouse L-929 cells. We have discussed currently acceptable theories of glucocorticoid mechanism of action that permit this dichotomous effect, the main point being that inhibition can no longer be regarded as the only response of fibroblasts to glucocorticoids. Conclusions drawn from observations of cell cultures affected by addition of glucocorticoids must have considered the source of the cells, as response may vary with source and biologic state of the cells in culture.", "contents": "Growth rate of cultured human fibroblasts increased by glucocorticoids. Selected glucocorticoids have been demonstrated to increase the growth rate of human skin fibroblasts in culture, over a physiologically significant concentration range. At the same concentrations and identical conditions, the glucocorticoid compounds tested inhibited the growth rate of mouse L-929 cells. We have discussed currently acceptable theories of glucocorticoid mechanism of action that permit this dichotomous effect, the main point being that inhibition can no longer be regarded as the only response of fibroblasts to glucocorticoids. Conclusions drawn from observations of cell cultures affected by addition of glucocorticoids must have considered the source of the cells, as response may vary with source and biologic state of the cells in culture.", "PMID": 649982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4570", "title": "Mast cell analyses in hypertrophic scars, hypertrophic scars treated with pressure and mature scars.", "content": "Granulation tissues, hypertrophic scars, hypertrophic scars treated with mechanical pressure and mature scars from deep thermal injuries, or equivalent trauma, were examined for the presence and dermal distribution of mast cells. Statistical analyses of mast cell counts indicate that 1) the hypertrophic scar contains significantly greater numbers of mast cells than the other tissues studied. 2) as granulation tissue develops interstitial collagen, mast cells begin to appear, 3) mature scars contain significantly fewer mast cells than hypertrophic scars, 4) based on mast cell data, the effect of pressure therapy is first detected in the upper and middle reticularis of the dermis, and 5) on a mast cell statistical basis mature scar and hypertrophic scar under pressure are indistinguishable.", "contents": "Mast cell analyses in hypertrophic scars, hypertrophic scars treated with pressure and mature scars. Granulation tissues, hypertrophic scars, hypertrophic scars treated with mechanical pressure and mature scars from deep thermal injuries, or equivalent trauma, were examined for the presence and dermal distribution of mast cells. Statistical analyses of mast cell counts indicate that 1) the hypertrophic scar contains significantly greater numbers of mast cells than the other tissues studied. 2) as granulation tissue develops interstitial collagen, mast cells begin to appear, 3) mature scars contain significantly fewer mast cells than hypertrophic scars, 4) based on mast cell data, the effect of pressure therapy is first detected in the upper and middle reticularis of the dermis, and 5) on a mast cell statistical basis mature scar and hypertrophic scar under pressure are indistinguishable.", "PMID": 649983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4571", "title": "Enhancement of L-dopa incorporation into melanoma by dopa decarboxylase inhibition.", "content": "Melanoma cells possess a special biochemical pathway for the conversion of L-dopa to melanin. Selective incorparation of exogenous L-dopa into melanoma cells in vivo has been limited by extensive decarboxylation to dopamine. Pretreatment of animals bearing the S-91 Cloudman or ACI melanomas with Ro4-4602, a potent dopa decarboxylase inhibitor limited incorporation of label into adrenal tissue and enhanced entry of label into tumor. Six hours following pretreatment, the ratio of tumor to adrenal specific activities was altered from 0.25 to 1.5 for the S-91 melanoma and 0.68 to 1.99 for the ACI melanoma indicating diversion of metabolism away from catecholamine formation. The possibility of a selective diagnostic and/or therapeutic approach is proposed.", "contents": "Enhancement of L-dopa incorporation into melanoma by dopa decarboxylase inhibition. Melanoma cells possess a special biochemical pathway for the conversion of L-dopa to melanin. Selective incorparation of exogenous L-dopa into melanoma cells in vivo has been limited by extensive decarboxylation to dopamine. Pretreatment of animals bearing the S-91 Cloudman or ACI melanomas with Ro4-4602, a potent dopa decarboxylase inhibitor limited incorporation of label into adrenal tissue and enhanced entry of label into tumor. Six hours following pretreatment, the ratio of tumor to adrenal specific activities was altered from 0.25 to 1.5 for the S-91 melanoma and 0.68 to 1.99 for the ACI melanoma indicating diversion of metabolism away from catecholamine formation. The possibility of a selective diagnostic and/or therapeutic approach is proposed.", "PMID": 649984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4572", "title": "Measurement of lactic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infections of the central nervous system.", "content": "The concentration of lactic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography in 205 samples of CSF from 97 patients with or without infections of the central nervous system. Patients without infection or those with nonbacterial (presumably viral) meningitis consistently had low concentrations of lactic acid in CSF (i.e., less than or equal to 35 mg/100 ml), whereas patients with bacterial or tuberculosis meningitis consistently had concentrations of lactic acid in CSF of greater than 35 mg/100 ml. There was no overlap in concentrations of lactic acid between these two groups. Further, lactic acid concentrations in CSF from patients partially treated for meningitis were generally greater than 35 mg/100 ml through the third day of therapy and, thereafter, progressively declined to less than 20 mg/100 ml by the seventh to 10th day of therapy. Relapse of bacterial infection was consistently documented by a recurrence of an increased concentration of lactic acid in CSF. Preliminary experience with determination of the concentration of lactic acid in CSF suggests that it may be useful in distinguishing bacterial (with or without positive cultures) and tuberculous meningitis from meningitis due to nonbacterial causes.", "contents": "Measurement of lactic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infections of the central nervous system. The concentration of lactic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography in 205 samples of CSF from 97 patients with or without infections of the central nervous system. Patients without infection or those with nonbacterial (presumably viral) meningitis consistently had low concentrations of lactic acid in CSF (i.e., less than or equal to 35 mg/100 ml), whereas patients with bacterial or tuberculosis meningitis consistently had concentrations of lactic acid in CSF of greater than 35 mg/100 ml. There was no overlap in concentrations of lactic acid between these two groups. Further, lactic acid concentrations in CSF from patients partially treated for meningitis were generally greater than 35 mg/100 ml through the third day of therapy and, thereafter, progressively declined to less than 20 mg/100 ml by the seventh to 10th day of therapy. Relapse of bacterial infection was consistently documented by a recurrence of an increased concentration of lactic acid in CSF. Preliminary experience with determination of the concentration of lactic acid in CSF suggests that it may be useful in distinguishing bacterial (with or without positive cultures) and tuberculous meningitis from meningitis due to nonbacterial causes.", "PMID": 649985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4573", "title": "Coxsackievirus B4 myocarditis in mice: valvular changes in virus-infected and control animals.", "content": "Suckling, weanling, and adult HaM/ICR and Swiss-Webster mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the TC631 and Dowell strains of coxsackievirus B4. Vero cell-inoculated and uninoculated control mice were also studied under code. An intense, necrotizing myopericarditis was produced in suckling mice; it was less severe in weanlings. Myocarditis did not occur when coxsackievirus B4 was inoculated into adult mice. Progressive sclerosis and thickening of all valves in both strains of mice were observed with equal frequency in infected and control mice. There was no evidence that coxsackievirus B4 induced a specific valvular or endocardial lesion.", "contents": "Coxsackievirus B4 myocarditis in mice: valvular changes in virus-infected and control animals. Suckling, weanling, and adult HaM/ICR and Swiss-Webster mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the TC631 and Dowell strains of coxsackievirus B4. Vero cell-inoculated and uninoculated control mice were also studied under code. An intense, necrotizing myopericarditis was produced in suckling mice; it was less severe in weanlings. Myocarditis did not occur when coxsackievirus B4 was inoculated into adult mice. Progressive sclerosis and thickening of all valves in both strains of mice were observed with equal frequency in infected and control mice. There was no evidence that coxsackievirus B4 induced a specific valvular or endocardial lesion.", "PMID": 649986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4574", "title": "Inactivation of penicillin G during experimental infection with Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "An animal model implanted with intraperitoneal plastic reservoirs was used for study of the penetration of penicillin G into sites infected with Bacteroides fragilis. Penicillin G was given to rabbits, and its concentration in uninfected reservoirs and in those infected with B. fragilis was determined. The mean percentage penetration ([concentration in capsule divided by peak concentration in serum] X 100) of penicillin into uninfected capsules was 19.9%, whereas that into heavily infected capsules was 1.5%. The percentage penetration of radiolabeled penicillin into infected capsules was 12.5%, whereas the proportion of bioactive drug in the same capsules was again very low (1%). These results show that there is a modest reduction in penetration of penicillin into infected sites and a striking inactivation of the drug by B. fragilis in this experimental model.", "contents": "Inactivation of penicillin G during experimental infection with Bacteroides fragilis. An animal model implanted with intraperitoneal plastic reservoirs was used for study of the penetration of penicillin G into sites infected with Bacteroides fragilis. Penicillin G was given to rabbits, and its concentration in uninfected reservoirs and in those infected with B. fragilis was determined. The mean percentage penetration ([concentration in capsule divided by peak concentration in serum] X 100) of penicillin into uninfected capsules was 19.9%, whereas that into heavily infected capsules was 1.5%. The percentage penetration of radiolabeled penicillin into infected capsules was 12.5%, whereas the proportion of bioactive drug in the same capsules was again very low (1%). These results show that there is a modest reduction in penetration of penicillin into infected sites and a striking inactivation of the drug by B. fragilis in this experimental model.", "PMID": 649987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4575", "title": "Infection of the uterine cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "For identification of those variables in the history and in the clinical and routine laboratory examination that are most likely to indicate infection of the uterine cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis, 284 women attending a venereal disease clinic were studied, were studied, of whom 58 (20.4%) yielded the organism from the cervix. Women with chlamydial cervical infection showed no distinctive symptoms. Although associations were found between the presence of C. trachomatis and cervical discontinuity, purulent cervical exudate, and inflammatory changes in cervical cytology, these signs were not pathognomonic of chlamydial infection since they were also seen in some women infected with other microorganisms. There was a significant relationship between the presence of antibodies, detected by immunofluorescence, and the recovery of C. trachomatis in cell culture. There were no associations between ethnic group, history of sexually transmitted disease, method of contraception, phase in the menstrual cycle, or numbers of sexual contacts and infection with C. trachomatis.", "contents": "Infection of the uterine cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis. For identification of those variables in the history and in the clinical and routine laboratory examination that are most likely to indicate infection of the uterine cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis, 284 women attending a venereal disease clinic were studied, were studied, of whom 58 (20.4%) yielded the organism from the cervix. Women with chlamydial cervical infection showed no distinctive symptoms. Although associations were found between the presence of C. trachomatis and cervical discontinuity, purulent cervical exudate, and inflammatory changes in cervical cytology, these signs were not pathognomonic of chlamydial infection since they were also seen in some women infected with other microorganisms. There was a significant relationship between the presence of antibodies, detected by immunofluorescence, and the recovery of C. trachomatis in cell culture. There were no associations between ethnic group, history of sexually transmitted disease, method of contraception, phase in the menstrual cycle, or numbers of sexual contacts and infection with C. trachomatis.", "PMID": 649988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4576", "title": "Interaction of cephalosporins with human and canine serum proteins.", "content": "The kinetic interaction of cephalothin and cefamandole with human serum protein and of cephalothin with canine serum protein was studied with use of a rate-of-dialysis method. Binding of antibiotic to serum proteins was complete in less than 1 min and was immediately reversible. Human serum bound 76.9% of cephalothin and 73.7% of cefamandole at 10 microgram/ml, and canine serum bound 41.3% of cephalothin at 10 microgram/ml when this technique was used. Quantitative binding determined by ultracentrifugation was 78.5% for cephalothin and 80.1% for cefamandole in human serum and 45.6% for cephalothin and 32.5% for cefazolin in canine serum. There was no delayed binding of these antibiotics to either human or canine serum. In addition, a large number of antibiotic-binding sites appeared to be present on both human and canine serum protein when the antibiotic concentration was increased to 10(5) microgram/ml.", "contents": "Interaction of cephalosporins with human and canine serum proteins. The kinetic interaction of cephalothin and cefamandole with human serum protein and of cephalothin with canine serum protein was studied with use of a rate-of-dialysis method. Binding of antibiotic to serum proteins was complete in less than 1 min and was immediately reversible. Human serum bound 76.9% of cephalothin and 73.7% of cefamandole at 10 microgram/ml, and canine serum bound 41.3% of cephalothin at 10 microgram/ml when this technique was used. Quantitative binding determined by ultracentrifugation was 78.5% for cephalothin and 80.1% for cefamandole in human serum and 45.6% for cephalothin and 32.5% for cefazolin in canine serum. There was no delayed binding of these antibiotics to either human or canine serum. In addition, a large number of antibiotic-binding sites appeared to be present on both human and canine serum protein when the antibiotic concentration was increased to 10(5) microgram/ml.", "PMID": 649989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4577", "title": "Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters.", "content": "A lethal enterocolitis was induced in hamsters by oral or parenteral administration of clindamycin in amounts comparable to those used in treatment of humans. The intestinal lesions were characterized histologically as an acute inflammatory reaction with pseudomembrane formation and resembled the lesions seen in humans with antibiotic-induced colitis. Results of quantitative stool cultures showed the numbers of Peptostreptococcus and Corynebacterium decreased in animals with colitis after challenge with 100 mg of clindamycin/kg, while numbers of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and clindamycin-resistant Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile increased. Bacteria were not seen within the intestinal lesions. Viruses were not isolated from hamsters with colitis. Although the pathogenesis of this syndrome is not completely established, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the disease is caused by clostridial toxins and that the production of these toxins by organisms within the intestines is enhanced by the effects of clindamycin upon the bowel flora.", "contents": "Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters. A lethal enterocolitis was induced in hamsters by oral or parenteral administration of clindamycin in amounts comparable to those used in treatment of humans. The intestinal lesions were characterized histologically as an acute inflammatory reaction with pseudomembrane formation and resembled the lesions seen in humans with antibiotic-induced colitis. Results of quantitative stool cultures showed the numbers of Peptostreptococcus and Corynebacterium decreased in animals with colitis after challenge with 100 mg of clindamycin/kg, while numbers of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and clindamycin-resistant Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile increased. Bacteria were not seen within the intestinal lesions. Viruses were not isolated from hamsters with colitis. Although the pathogenesis of this syndrome is not completely established, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the disease is caused by clostridial toxins and that the production of these toxins by organisms within the intestines is enhanced by the effects of clindamycin upon the bowel flora.", "PMID": 649990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4578", "title": "Effects of infection with Coxiella burnetii on synthesis of RNA in L cells.", "content": "Experimental infections with Coxiella burnetii augment rates of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in guinea pigs. The activity of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent RNA polymerase in L cells persistently infected with C. burnetii was threefold greater than that in unifected cells; the polymerase activity in infected cells was predominantly of class I, whereas that in uninfected cells was predominantly of class II. A search for regulatory factors of polymerase activity revealed that preincubation of uninfected L cells with lipopolysaccharide of C. burnetii or with putrescine, spermidine, or spermine enhanced polymerase activities. Because sonicated nuclei were assayed rather than purified enzymes, it cannot be stated definitely whether augmented polymerase activites were consequences of direct effects of infection on polymerases or a triggering of secondary regulatory factors.", "contents": "Effects of infection with Coxiella burnetii on synthesis of RNA in L cells. Experimental infections with Coxiella burnetii augment rates of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in guinea pigs. The activity of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent RNA polymerase in L cells persistently infected with C. burnetii was threefold greater than that in unifected cells; the polymerase activity in infected cells was predominantly of class I, whereas that in uninfected cells was predominantly of class II. A search for regulatory factors of polymerase activity revealed that preincubation of uninfected L cells with lipopolysaccharide of C. burnetii or with putrescine, spermidine, or spermine enhanced polymerase activities. Because sonicated nuclei were assayed rather than purified enzymes, it cannot be stated definitely whether augmented polymerase activites were consequences of direct effects of infection on polymerases or a triggering of secondary regulatory factors.", "PMID": 649991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4579", "title": "Comparative beta-lactamase resistance and antistaphylococcal activities of parenterally and orally administered cephalosporins.", "content": "Two parenterally administered cephalosporins (cephalothin and cephapirin) and four orally administered cephalosporins (cephalexin, cephradine, cefatrizine, and cefaclor) were investigated by use of 29 beta-lactamase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus for determination of their relative rates of hydrolysis (RH) by beta-lactamase (RH of penicillin G =100) and their antistaphylococcal activities. Cephalothin (RH less than 0.01) and cephapirin (RH = 0.1) were relatively stable in the presence of staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Cephalexin and cephradine (RH of each = 0.3) were less stable than cephalothin and cephapirin but more stable than cefatrizine (RH = 1.4) and cefaclor (RH = 3.4). Agents that were more resistant to hydrolysis were affected less by the size of the inoculum when tested against large ;(10(7)) and small (10(3)) inocula of beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci than those that were hydrolyzed rapidly. Cephalothin and cephapirin were four to eight times more active than the orally administered cephalosporins against 10(3) staphylococci. Cephalosporins that are relatively stable in the presence of staphylococcal bata-lactamase may be preferable to less stable ones for treatment of serious infections due to beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci.", "contents": "Comparative beta-lactamase resistance and antistaphylococcal activities of parenterally and orally administered cephalosporins. Two parenterally administered cephalosporins (cephalothin and cephapirin) and four orally administered cephalosporins (cephalexin, cephradine, cefatrizine, and cefaclor) were investigated by use of 29 beta-lactamase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus for determination of their relative rates of hydrolysis (RH) by beta-lactamase (RH of penicillin G =100) and their antistaphylococcal activities. Cephalothin (RH less than 0.01) and cephapirin (RH = 0.1) were relatively stable in the presence of staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Cephalexin and cephradine (RH of each = 0.3) were less stable than cephalothin and cephapirin but more stable than cefatrizine (RH = 1.4) and cefaclor (RH = 3.4). Agents that were more resistant to hydrolysis were affected less by the size of the inoculum when tested against large ;(10(7)) and small (10(3)) inocula of beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci than those that were hydrolyzed rapidly. Cephalothin and cephapirin were four to eight times more active than the orally administered cephalosporins against 10(3) staphylococci. Cephalosporins that are relatively stable in the presence of staphylococcal bata-lactamase may be preferable to less stable ones for treatment of serious infections due to beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci.", "PMID": 649992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4580", "title": "Differential inactivation of cephapirin vs. cephalothin by penicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus: a preliminary study.", "content": "The bactericidal effectiveness of cephapirin and cephalothin against small (approximately 10(5)) and large (approximately 10(8)) inocula of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. With the smaller inoculum, no differences in bactericidal activity between the two drugs (tested at 2 and 40 microgram/ml) were seen after incubation for 2, 4, 6, or 24 hr. Neither cephalosporin effectively killed a larger inoculum in a concentration of 250 times the minimal bactericidal concentration for selected strains. Total inactivation of cephapirin (40 microgram/ml) by eight of 13 strains was demonstrated with the larger inoculum. These preliminary studies indicate that inactivation of cephapirin is pH-dependent. No strain inactivated cephapirin in less than or equal to 4 hr. Inactivation was independent of temperature at 37 C and 42 C. Although cephalothin was resistant to inactivation under the same conditions, the inoculum required to inactivate cephapirin was not killed by 100 microgram of cephalothin/ml. Although strains of S. aureus that slowly inactivate cephapirin appear to be prevalent, no strain that rapidly inactivates this cephalosporin was identified.", "contents": "Differential inactivation of cephapirin vs. cephalothin by penicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus: a preliminary study. The bactericidal effectiveness of cephapirin and cephalothin against small (approximately 10(5)) and large (approximately 10(8)) inocula of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. With the smaller inoculum, no differences in bactericidal activity between the two drugs (tested at 2 and 40 microgram/ml) were seen after incubation for 2, 4, 6, or 24 hr. Neither cephalosporin effectively killed a larger inoculum in a concentration of 250 times the minimal bactericidal concentration for selected strains. Total inactivation of cephapirin (40 microgram/ml) by eight of 13 strains was demonstrated with the larger inoculum. These preliminary studies indicate that inactivation of cephapirin is pH-dependent. No strain inactivated cephapirin in less than or equal to 4 hr. Inactivation was independent of temperature at 37 C and 42 C. Although cephalothin was resistant to inactivation under the same conditions, the inoculum required to inactivate cephapirin was not killed by 100 microgram of cephalothin/ml. Although strains of S. aureus that slowly inactivate cephapirin appear to be prevalent, no strain that rapidly inactivates this cephalosporin was identified.", "PMID": 649993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4581", "title": "Cefamandole in treatment of peritonitis.", "content": "Cefamandole was evaluated as the sole antimicrobial agent used to treat bacterial peritonitis in 113 patients. Dosage varied between 1 and 2 g given intravenously every 6 hr. Laparotomy for excision of infected or gangrenous tissues, closure of gastrointestinal perforations, or drainage of an established abscess was required in 99 of the cases. A good clinical response was obtained in 107 patients, or 95% of the total group. Of the six deaths only one could be attributed to infection. No evidence of renal, hepatic, or hematopoietic toxicity was noted. There were no allergic reactions, although 13 patients (12%) developed phlebitis in a vein used for antibiotic administration. Bacteriological studies revealed aerobic peritonitis in 99% of the patients, with anaerobe participation in 60% of these cases. Sensitivity testing by the disk diffusion and tube dilution methods confirmed the appropriateness of cefamandole therapy; 91% of the gram-negative rods and 61% of the anaerobes were susceptible. From results of this study, it would appear that cefamandole is a reliably effective antibiotic for use in treatment of most forms of acute peritonitis. Its role in surgical prophylaxis may be even more promising.", "contents": "Cefamandole in treatment of peritonitis. Cefamandole was evaluated as the sole antimicrobial agent used to treat bacterial peritonitis in 113 patients. Dosage varied between 1 and 2 g given intravenously every 6 hr. Laparotomy for excision of infected or gangrenous tissues, closure of gastrointestinal perforations, or drainage of an established abscess was required in 99 of the cases. A good clinical response was obtained in 107 patients, or 95% of the total group. Of the six deaths only one could be attributed to infection. No evidence of renal, hepatic, or hematopoietic toxicity was noted. There were no allergic reactions, although 13 patients (12%) developed phlebitis in a vein used for antibiotic administration. Bacteriological studies revealed aerobic peritonitis in 99% of the patients, with anaerobe participation in 60% of these cases. Sensitivity testing by the disk diffusion and tube dilution methods confirmed the appropriateness of cefamandole therapy; 91% of the gram-negative rods and 61% of the anaerobes were susceptible. From results of this study, it would appear that cefamandole is a reliably effective antibiotic for use in treatment of most forms of acute peritonitis. Its role in surgical prophylaxis may be even more promising.", "PMID": 649995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4582", "title": "Clinical experience with cefamandole for treatment of serious bone and joint infections.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of treatment with cefamandole were evaluated in 30 patients (from 18 institutions) with serious bone and joint infections. Five of the subjects were children. The antibiotic was given intramuscularly or intravenously in doses ranging from 2 to 12 g daily for five to 44 days. Twenty-six of the 30 patients responded satisfactorily. Fourteen of the fifteen infections due to Staphylococcus aureus were among the successful cases. Other pathogens were streptococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacteroides fragilis. The drug was well tolerated in patients in this series. Studies indicated that cefamandole penetrated the bones and joints. Further investigation of cefmandole in the treatment of bone and joint infections is warranted.", "contents": "Clinical experience with cefamandole for treatment of serious bone and joint infections. The safety and efficacy of treatment with cefamandole were evaluated in 30 patients (from 18 institutions) with serious bone and joint infections. Five of the subjects were children. The antibiotic was given intramuscularly or intravenously in doses ranging from 2 to 12 g daily for five to 44 days. Twenty-six of the 30 patients responded satisfactorily. Fourteen of the fifteen infections due to Staphylococcus aureus were among the successful cases. Other pathogens were streptococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacteroides fragilis. The drug was well tolerated in patients in this series. Studies indicated that cefamandole penetrated the bones and joints. Further investigation of cefmandole in the treatment of bone and joint infections is warranted.", "PMID": 649996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4583", "title": "Cefamandole in the treatment of infections due to Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus.", "content": "Clinical and bacteriologic results are reported for 80 patients treated with 1.5--12 g of cefamandole daily for a variety of infections caused by Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, organisms that have been resistant to most available cephalosporins. Of 45 patients with infections due to Enterobacter, 41 (91%) had satisfactory clinical responses; 36 were bacteriologic successes, and six cases of complicated urinary tract infections relapsed. Of 37 patients with infections due to indole-positive Proteus, 28 (88%) were clinical successes and 30 (81%) were bacteriologic successes. Fourteen cases of complicated urinary tract infection relapsed. Of 104 patients in whom the drug was evaluated for safety, use of cefamandole was discontinued in five; nine adverse reactions were considered drug-related. A summary of published in vitro data shows that the majority of strains of these organisms were susceptible to cefamandole at concentrations achievable in the serum. Minimal inhibitory concentrations are variable, and there is a significant inoculum effect, the clinical significance of which has not been determined.", "contents": "Cefamandole in the treatment of infections due to Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus. Clinical and bacteriologic results are reported for 80 patients treated with 1.5--12 g of cefamandole daily for a variety of infections caused by Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, organisms that have been resistant to most available cephalosporins. Of 45 patients with infections due to Enterobacter, 41 (91%) had satisfactory clinical responses; 36 were bacteriologic successes, and six cases of complicated urinary tract infections relapsed. Of 37 patients with infections due to indole-positive Proteus, 28 (88%) were clinical successes and 30 (81%) were bacteriologic successes. Fourteen cases of complicated urinary tract infection relapsed. Of 104 patients in whom the drug was evaluated for safety, use of cefamandole was discontinued in five; nine adverse reactions were considered drug-related. A summary of published in vitro data shows that the majority of strains of these organisms were susceptible to cefamandole at concentrations achievable in the serum. Minimal inhibitory concentrations are variable, and there is a significant inoculum effect, the clinical significance of which has not been determined.", "PMID": 649997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4584", "title": "Carbenicillin plus cefamandole in the treatment of infections in patients with cancer.", "content": "The combination of carbenicillin plus cefamandole was administered to 88 patients with cancer during 116 evaluable episodes of fever. The overall response rate to carbenicillin plus cefamandole for the 116 episodes was 57%. There were 60 documented infections, of which 60% responded to this combination of antibiotics. The response rate was only 43% in patients with pneumonia. The etiologic agent was identified during 38 infections, of which 74% responded to carbenicillin plus cefamandole. Responses occurred less frequently in patients with neutropenia than in those without neutropenia and less frequently in patients whose infection was caused by organisms resistant to both antibiotics than in those with infection caused by organisms sensitive to one or both of the drugs. No side effects could be attributed to the antibiotic regimen.", "contents": "Carbenicillin plus cefamandole in the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. The combination of carbenicillin plus cefamandole was administered to 88 patients with cancer during 116 evaluable episodes of fever. The overall response rate to carbenicillin plus cefamandole for the 116 episodes was 57%. There were 60 documented infections, of which 60% responded to this combination of antibiotics. The response rate was only 43% in patients with pneumonia. The etiologic agent was identified during 38 infections, of which 74% responded to carbenicillin plus cefamandole. Responses occurred less frequently in patients with neutropenia than in those without neutropenia and less frequently in patients whose infection was caused by organisms resistant to both antibiotics than in those with infection caused by organisms sensitive to one or both of the drugs. No side effects could be attributed to the antibiotic regimen.", "PMID": 649998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4585", "title": "Cephalosporin antibiotics in therapy of experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits.", "content": "Six cephalosporin antibiotics (cefamandole, cefazolin, cephacetrile, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephradine) and two penicillin (ampicillin and penicillin G) were evaluated in vitro and in a rabbit model of experimental meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The percentage penetration ([concentration in cerebrospinal fluid/concentration in serum] X 100%) of these antibiotics varied from 0.7% for cephalothin to 17% for cephaloridine. The penetration varied inversely with binding to serum proteins. The bactericidal rate of all of the cephalosporin antibiotics was similar in vitro and in vivo to that of penicillin G. However, as demonstrated with cephalothin, concentrations considerably above the minimal bactericidal concentration (as determined in broth) were necessary to initiate the bactericidal effect. Cefamandole was found to be as effective as ampicillin in the therapy of H. influenzae meningitis in rabbits.", "contents": "Cephalosporin antibiotics in therapy of experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits. Six cephalosporin antibiotics (cefamandole, cefazolin, cephacetrile, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephradine) and two penicillin (ampicillin and penicillin G) were evaluated in vitro and in a rabbit model of experimental meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The percentage penetration ([concentration in cerebrospinal fluid/concentration in serum] X 100%) of these antibiotics varied from 0.7% for cephalothin to 17% for cephaloridine. The penetration varied inversely with binding to serum proteins. The bactericidal rate of all of the cephalosporin antibiotics was similar in vitro and in vivo to that of penicillin G. However, as demonstrated with cephalothin, concentrations considerably above the minimal bactericidal concentration (as determined in broth) were necessary to initiate the bactericidal effect. Cefamandole was found to be as effective as ampicillin in the therapy of H. influenzae meningitis in rabbits.", "PMID": 649999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4586", "title": "Hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate to cefamandole in vivo.", "content": "The hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate, and the O-formyl ester of cefamandole, to cefamandole was studied in vivo in dogs and normal human subjects. After administration of cefamandole nafate to dogs or humans, the parent compound disappeared rapidly from plasma. Disappearance was slightly faster in dogs (half-life [t1/2], 4--6 min) than in humans (t1/2, 6--9 min). The calculated rate constant for hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate was also higher in dogs than in humans, yielding t1/2 values of 6--7 min and 10--17 min, respectively. The rapid hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate to cefamandole in vivo, combined with the partial hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate in vitro before administration (caused by Na2CO3 in the formulation), resulted in circulating levels of cefamandole nafate lower than those of cefamandole. In humans the disappearance of cefamandole nafate was not significantly altered after administration of large (4.0 g) or multiple (4.0g every 6 hr) doses of cefamandole nafate.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate to cefamandole in vivo. The hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate, and the O-formyl ester of cefamandole, to cefamandole was studied in vivo in dogs and normal human subjects. After administration of cefamandole nafate to dogs or humans, the parent compound disappeared rapidly from plasma. Disappearance was slightly faster in dogs (half-life [t1/2], 4--6 min) than in humans (t1/2, 6--9 min). The calculated rate constant for hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate was also higher in dogs than in humans, yielding t1/2 values of 6--7 min and 10--17 min, respectively. The rapid hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate to cefamandole in vivo, combined with the partial hydrolysis of cefamandole nafate in vitro before administration (caused by Na2CO3 in the formulation), resulted in circulating levels of cefamandole nafate lower than those of cefamandole. In humans the disappearance of cefamandole nafate was not significantly altered after administration of large (4.0 g) or multiple (4.0g every 6 hr) doses of cefamandole nafate.", "PMID": 650001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4587", "title": "Toxicologic evaluation of cefamandole nafate in laboratory animals.", "content": "The safety of cefamandole nafate in laboratory animals was evaluated in six species. The acute toxicity of cefamandole after intravenous or subcutaneous administration was similar to that of cephalothin sodium. The subacute and chronic toxicity of cefamandole was studied in rats and dogs for periods of two weeks to six months at doses of 250--1,000 mg/kg per day in rats and 125--1,500 mg/kg per day in dogs. No evidence of significant systemic toxicity was observed in these studies. There were, however, various degrees of local injury at the injection sites that resulted in slight decreases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts in the animals in which injury at the injection site was most severe. Studies of reproduction in rats and mice indicated that cefamandole nafate had no teratogenic effects and no adverse effects on fertility, gestation, or growth of offspring. Comparative studies of nephrotoxicity in rabbits demonstrated that the nephrotoxicity of cefamandole nafate was considerably less than that of cefazolin.", "contents": "Toxicologic evaluation of cefamandole nafate in laboratory animals. The safety of cefamandole nafate in laboratory animals was evaluated in six species. The acute toxicity of cefamandole after intravenous or subcutaneous administration was similar to that of cephalothin sodium. The subacute and chronic toxicity of cefamandole was studied in rats and dogs for periods of two weeks to six months at doses of 250--1,000 mg/kg per day in rats and 125--1,500 mg/kg per day in dogs. No evidence of significant systemic toxicity was observed in these studies. There were, however, various degrees of local injury at the injection sites that resulted in slight decreases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts in the animals in which injury at the injection site was most severe. Studies of reproduction in rats and mice indicated that cefamandole nafate had no teratogenic effects and no adverse effects on fertility, gestation, or growth of offspring. Comparative studies of nephrotoxicity in rabbits demonstrated that the nephrotoxicity of cefamandole nafate was considerably less than that of cefazolin.", "PMID": 650004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4588", "title": "The nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins: an overview.", "content": "The cephalosporin antibiotics cephaloridine and cephalothin are known to cause renal damage. Experience with newer congeners is not yet sufficient to predict their potential nephrotoxocity. The renal lesion produced by cephaloridine is primarily due to the intrinsic toxicity of this drug for the cells of the proximal renal tubule and depends upon its peculiar transport characteristics. In contrast, renal injury due to cephalothin resembles that seen with the penicillins. Thus, some instances of cephalothin nephropathy appear to be toxic in nature with a histologic picture of acute tubular necrosis, whereas others exhibit signs of hypersensitivity including rash, eosinophilia, and interstitial nephritis. Among the factors alleged to contribute to the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins is their administration with aminoglycosides. Although the physician should be aware of the possibility of a potential adverse interaction between these groups of antibiotics, the evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to warrant avoidance of the combination when it appears to be therapeutically useful.", "contents": "The nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins: an overview. The cephalosporin antibiotics cephaloridine and cephalothin are known to cause renal damage. Experience with newer congeners is not yet sufficient to predict their potential nephrotoxocity. The renal lesion produced by cephaloridine is primarily due to the intrinsic toxicity of this drug for the cells of the proximal renal tubule and depends upon its peculiar transport characteristics. In contrast, renal injury due to cephalothin resembles that seen with the penicillins. Thus, some instances of cephalothin nephropathy appear to be toxic in nature with a histologic picture of acute tubular necrosis, whereas others exhibit signs of hypersensitivity including rash, eosinophilia, and interstitial nephritis. Among the factors alleged to contribute to the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins is their administration with aminoglycosides. Although the physician should be aware of the possibility of a potential adverse interaction between these groups of antibiotics, the evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to warrant avoidance of the combination when it appears to be therapeutically useful.", "PMID": 650005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4589", "title": "Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and other cephalosporin compounds.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic properties of cefamandole were determined and compared with the properties of other cephalosporin agents. Cefamandole was found to be approximately 70% bound to protein. The mean peak concentration in serum after intramuscular (im) injection of 1 g of cefamandole was 20 microgram/ml at 0.5 hr, whereas the level at 6 hr was 1 microgram/ml. After intravenous (iv) infusion of 1 g of cefamandole, levels in serum ranged from 68 to 147 microgram/ml depending on the period of infusion. At 4 hr after infusion, levels were less than 1 microgram/ml. Probenecid elevated serum levels and prolonged excretion. The half-life (t1/2) of cefamandole after im injection ranged from 1 to 1.5 hr and from 0.45 to 1.2 hr after iv injection. Rates of serum and renal clearance of cefamandole ranged from 210 to 300 microliter/min per 1.73 m2. The apparent volume of distribution ranged from 12.4 to 17.9 liters/1.73 m2. Urinary excretion was rapid, with 60% of a dose excreted in the first 2 hr after injection. In 6 hr 90% of a dose was excreted. The pharmacokinetic properties of cefamandole were similar to those of cephalothin and cefoxitin, but the serum t1/2 was shorter than that reported for cefazolin and cefuroxime. Correlation of in vitro studies with pharmacokinetic properties revealed that cefamandole would inhibit most susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria if given by suggested im or iv regimens.", "contents": "Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and other cephalosporin compounds. The pharmacokinetic properties of cefamandole were determined and compared with the properties of other cephalosporin agents. Cefamandole was found to be approximately 70% bound to protein. The mean peak concentration in serum after intramuscular (im) injection of 1 g of cefamandole was 20 microgram/ml at 0.5 hr, whereas the level at 6 hr was 1 microgram/ml. After intravenous (iv) infusion of 1 g of cefamandole, levels in serum ranged from 68 to 147 microgram/ml depending on the period of infusion. At 4 hr after infusion, levels were less than 1 microgram/ml. Probenecid elevated serum levels and prolonged excretion. The half-life (t1/2) of cefamandole after im injection ranged from 1 to 1.5 hr and from 0.45 to 1.2 hr after iv injection. Rates of serum and renal clearance of cefamandole ranged from 210 to 300 microliter/min per 1.73 m2. The apparent volume of distribution ranged from 12.4 to 17.9 liters/1.73 m2. Urinary excretion was rapid, with 60% of a dose excreted in the first 2 hr after injection. In 6 hr 90% of a dose was excreted. The pharmacokinetic properties of cefamandole were similar to those of cephalothin and cefoxitin, but the serum t1/2 was shorter than that reported for cefazolin and cefuroxime. Correlation of in vitro studies with pharmacokinetic properties revealed that cefamandole would inhibit most susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria if given by suggested im or iv regimens.", "PMID": 650006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4590", "title": "The detection of \"purified\" incubation damage by several radioimmunoassay separation methods.", "content": "Damage to labeled peptides has been recognized as an almost unavoidable consequence of exposure to plasma during radioimmunoassay incubat ions, which can cause serious errors in estimating plasma hormone concentrations. Surprisingly little is known about the nature and behavior of damaged labeled peptides in various systems for separating antibody-bound from free labeled hormones. This is due in part to lack of a generally applicable definition of \"incubation damage\" as an altered molecule rather than a phenomenon observed in the separation system. We have proposed the definition, \"nonimmunoreactive radioactive peptide(s) produced during incubation of radioactively labeled peptide antigens.\" With 125I-hbetaMSH used as a model labeled peptide antigen, incubation damage was produced under defined conditions and purified by gel filtration. It appeared smaller than 125I-hbetaMSH, suggesting that it resulted from enzymic proteolysis. The behavior of purified incubation damage in five representative separation systems was not consistently predictable. In the paper chromatoelectrophoresis and QUSO-plasma systems, it behaved like a large molecule, partitioning in the \"bound\" phase. In these two systems, incubation damage must be detected in appropriate control tubes containing the specimen without antibody. In the dextran-charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and second-antibody systems, damage behaved like a small nonimmunoreactive peptide and partitioned in the \"free\" phase. In these systems, since incubation damage cannot be separated from free 125I-labeled peptide, damage control tubes must have excess antibody added after incubation. The apparent lack of incubation damage in some radioimmunoassays may be due to inappropriate controls for its detection, leading to erroneous estimation of plasma hormone concentrations.", "contents": "The detection of \"purified\" incubation damage by several radioimmunoassay separation methods. Damage to labeled peptides has been recognized as an almost unavoidable consequence of exposure to plasma during radioimmunoassay incubat ions, which can cause serious errors in estimating plasma hormone concentrations. Surprisingly little is known about the nature and behavior of damaged labeled peptides in various systems for separating antibody-bound from free labeled hormones. This is due in part to lack of a generally applicable definition of \"incubation damage\" as an altered molecule rather than a phenomenon observed in the separation system. We have proposed the definition, \"nonimmunoreactive radioactive peptide(s) produced during incubation of radioactively labeled peptide antigens.\" With 125I-hbetaMSH used as a model labeled peptide antigen, incubation damage was produced under defined conditions and purified by gel filtration. It appeared smaller than 125I-hbetaMSH, suggesting that it resulted from enzymic proteolysis. The behavior of purified incubation damage in five representative separation systems was not consistently predictable. In the paper chromatoelectrophoresis and QUSO-plasma systems, it behaved like a large molecule, partitioning in the \"bound\" phase. In these two systems, incubation damage must be detected in appropriate control tubes containing the specimen without antibody. In the dextran-charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and second-antibody systems, damage behaved like a small nonimmunoreactive peptide and partitioned in the \"free\" phase. In these systems, since incubation damage cannot be separated from free 125I-labeled peptide, damage control tubes must have excess antibody added after incubation. The apparent lack of incubation damage in some radioimmunoassays may be due to inappropriate controls for its detection, leading to erroneous estimation of plasma hormone concentrations.", "PMID": 650055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4591", "title": "Sodium transport in dogs with acute remnant and glomerulonephritic kidneys.", "content": "The nephron site responsible for the different patterns of sodium excretion in response to extracellular volume expansion observed in dogs with bilateral acute remnant kidneys, acute NTN, and normal kidneys was studied with clearance and micropuncture techniques. Mean kidney GFR's in the remnant and NTN kidneys were similar at 14 and 15 ml/min, respectively, compared to 28 ml/min for the normal kdineys. However, SNGFR's were normal in the remnant kidneys but markedly reduced in dogs with NTN. Mean absolute sodium excretion was similar for the remnant and normal kidneys both during the control phase and after volume expansion. Because of the reduced GFR, FENa of the remnant kidneys was significantly higher in each situation. In contrast, mean absolute sodium excretion was markedly less in dogs with NTN than in normal dogs both before and after volume expansion. Although FENa during the control phase was similar to that in normal dogs, it increased significantly less with volume expansion. Despite these differences in urinary sodium excretion, the percent sodium reabsorption at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule was similar in all three groups. In addition, volume expansion depressed proximal SFENa to the same degree in each group. Therefore the different patterns of urinary FENa were the result of differences in fractional sodium reabsorption by the nephron segments distal to the proximal convoluted tubule. Decreased distal delivery of sodium secondary to the reduced SNGFR also contributed to the decreased sodium excretion in acute NTN.", "contents": "Sodium transport in dogs with acute remnant and glomerulonephritic kidneys. The nephron site responsible for the different patterns of sodium excretion in response to extracellular volume expansion observed in dogs with bilateral acute remnant kidneys, acute NTN, and normal kidneys was studied with clearance and micropuncture techniques. Mean kidney GFR's in the remnant and NTN kidneys were similar at 14 and 15 ml/min, respectively, compared to 28 ml/min for the normal kdineys. However, SNGFR's were normal in the remnant kidneys but markedly reduced in dogs with NTN. Mean absolute sodium excretion was similar for the remnant and normal kidneys both during the control phase and after volume expansion. Because of the reduced GFR, FENa of the remnant kidneys was significantly higher in each situation. In contrast, mean absolute sodium excretion was markedly less in dogs with NTN than in normal dogs both before and after volume expansion. Although FENa during the control phase was similar to that in normal dogs, it increased significantly less with volume expansion. Despite these differences in urinary sodium excretion, the percent sodium reabsorption at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule was similar in all three groups. In addition, volume expansion depressed proximal SFENa to the same degree in each group. Therefore the different patterns of urinary FENa were the result of differences in fractional sodium reabsorption by the nephron segments distal to the proximal convoluted tubule. Decreased distal delivery of sodium secondary to the reduced SNGFR also contributed to the decreased sodium excretion in acute NTN.", "PMID": 650057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4592", "title": "Human hexosaminidase isozymes. III. Distribution and activity of isozymes in peripheral blood leukocytes and platelets.", "content": "The specific activity and distribution of the isozymes of hex have been studied in platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes isolated from venous blood. Since there are considerable differences in the content of the various hexosaminidase isozymes in these cell types, the relative activity of the A isozyme, expressed as a percent of total hexosaminidase in a mixed leukocyte preparation, is dependent on the proportion of the individual cell types present in a sample of peripheral blood. Because of variation in the proportion of cell types, the results may not accurately reflect the genotype of the blood donor. In contrast, chromatographic separation and assay of platelet extracts for activity of hexosaminidase isozymes provides a most convenient and satisfactory method of discriminating carriers and noncarriers of the Tay-Sachs mutant gene. Moreover, the ease of isolating platelets and the smaller volume of blood required compared with methods for obtaining purified leukocyte preparations offer additional advantages for identification or verification of the Tay-Sachs heterozygote state.", "contents": "Human hexosaminidase isozymes. III. Distribution and activity of isozymes in peripheral blood leukocytes and platelets. The specific activity and distribution of the isozymes of hex have been studied in platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes isolated from venous blood. Since there are considerable differences in the content of the various hexosaminidase isozymes in these cell types, the relative activity of the A isozyme, expressed as a percent of total hexosaminidase in a mixed leukocyte preparation, is dependent on the proportion of the individual cell types present in a sample of peripheral blood. Because of variation in the proportion of cell types, the results may not accurately reflect the genotype of the blood donor. In contrast, chromatographic separation and assay of platelet extracts for activity of hexosaminidase isozymes provides a most convenient and satisfactory method of discriminating carriers and noncarriers of the Tay-Sachs mutant gene. Moreover, the ease of isolating platelets and the smaller volume of blood required compared with methods for obtaining purified leukocyte preparations offer additional advantages for identification or verification of the Tay-Sachs heterozygote state.", "PMID": 650058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4593", "title": "Carbamylation distributions in extracorporeal treatment of sickle cell anemia.", "content": "The extracorporeal exposure of blood from patients with sickle cell anemia results in the binding of different amounts of cyanate to the hemoglobin of individual erythrocytes. This distribution pattern of carbamylated hemoglobin may affect the efficacy of treatment. A computer model has been developed to predict the carbamylation distribution attained in batch ex vivo exposures. In addition, an autoradiographic technique has been developed whereby the actual distribution pattern of carbamylated hemoglobin in small volumes of blood can be determined. Agreement was demonstrated between the computer model predictions and the actual distribution patterns. The model was applied to published results of extracorporeal treatments of sickle cell patients, and profiles of loading were compared. With the use of such approaches it will be possible to test the importance of the erythrocyte distribution of carbamylated hemoglobin on clinical effects and to design protocols to achieve an optimum distribution. The procedure may be adapted to the distribution of other therapeutic agents as they become available.", "contents": "Carbamylation distributions in extracorporeal treatment of sickle cell anemia. The extracorporeal exposure of blood from patients with sickle cell anemia results in the binding of different amounts of cyanate to the hemoglobin of individual erythrocytes. This distribution pattern of carbamylated hemoglobin may affect the efficacy of treatment. A computer model has been developed to predict the carbamylation distribution attained in batch ex vivo exposures. In addition, an autoradiographic technique has been developed whereby the actual distribution pattern of carbamylated hemoglobin in small volumes of blood can be determined. Agreement was demonstrated between the computer model predictions and the actual distribution patterns. The model was applied to published results of extracorporeal treatments of sickle cell patients, and profiles of loading were compared. With the use of such approaches it will be possible to test the importance of the erythrocyte distribution of carbamylated hemoglobin on clinical effects and to design protocols to achieve an optimum distribution. The procedure may be adapted to the distribution of other therapeutic agents as they become available.", "PMID": 650059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4594", "title": "Experimental pneumococcal meningitis. IV. The effect of methyl prednisolone on meningeal inflammation.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether adrenal corticosteroids suppress meningeal inflammation in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits and, if so, whether the mechanism of suppression involves inhibition of chemotactic activity in CSF or modification of granulocyte responses to inflammation mediators. It was found that methyl prednisolone, administered intramuscularly in doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg 24 hr and 48 hr after induction of meningitis, significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) the mass of granulocytes present in the meninges 72 hr after infection, the time of maximum meningeal inflammation. The larger dose of steroid produced approximately twice the suppressive effect of the smaller dose (p less than 0.05). The regime of methyl prednisolone that produced maximal suppression of meningeal inflammation (30 mg/kg/day) did not alter CSF chemotactic activity or chemotactic responsiveness and phagocytic activities of granulocytes from rabbits with meningitis. However, steroid therapy inhibited an increase in granulocyte adherence that was observed in untreated animals with meningitis (p less than 0.05). Thus methyl prednisolone in doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg given daily to rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis produced a suppressive effect on meningeal inflammation that was dose-dependent and was possibly mediated by inhibition of granulocyte adherence.", "contents": "Experimental pneumococcal meningitis. IV. The effect of methyl prednisolone on meningeal inflammation. This study was undertaken to determine whether adrenal corticosteroids suppress meningeal inflammation in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits and, if so, whether the mechanism of suppression involves inhibition of chemotactic activity in CSF or modification of granulocyte responses to inflammation mediators. It was found that methyl prednisolone, administered intramuscularly in doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg 24 hr and 48 hr after induction of meningitis, significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) the mass of granulocytes present in the meninges 72 hr after infection, the time of maximum meningeal inflammation. The larger dose of steroid produced approximately twice the suppressive effect of the smaller dose (p less than 0.05). The regime of methyl prednisolone that produced maximal suppression of meningeal inflammation (30 mg/kg/day) did not alter CSF chemotactic activity or chemotactic responsiveness and phagocytic activities of granulocytes from rabbits with meningitis. However, steroid therapy inhibited an increase in granulocyte adherence that was observed in untreated animals with meningitis (p less than 0.05). Thus methyl prednisolone in doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg given daily to rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis produced a suppressive effect on meningeal inflammation that was dose-dependent and was possibly mediated by inhibition of granulocyte adherence.", "PMID": 650062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4595", "title": "Effects of ultrafiltration on solute clearances in cuprophan and cellulose hollow fiber dialyzers: in vitro and clinical studies.", "content": "Hollow fiber dialyzers are currently available with either regenerated cellulose or thinner walled cuprophan fibers. In vitro and clinical studies were undertaken to compare a cellulose with a cuprophan dialyzer in regard to (1) UF's, (2) small and large solute clearances at high and low TMP's, (3) SC's, and (4) effects of ultrafiltration on diffusive and convective components of clearances. The results show that per square meter of surface area, the cuprophan dialyzer has higher rates of UF per TMP and greater clearances, particularly of larger solutes; also with cuprophan the SC for vitamin B12 is higher. Thus all findings suggest greater permeability of cuprophan fibers. In both dialyzers, total clearances increased with UF by amounts compatible with predicted increases in convective transport; diffusive transport remained stable as TMP was increased.", "contents": "Effects of ultrafiltration on solute clearances in cuprophan and cellulose hollow fiber dialyzers: in vitro and clinical studies. Hollow fiber dialyzers are currently available with either regenerated cellulose or thinner walled cuprophan fibers. In vitro and clinical studies were undertaken to compare a cellulose with a cuprophan dialyzer in regard to (1) UF's, (2) small and large solute clearances at high and low TMP's, (3) SC's, and (4) effects of ultrafiltration on diffusive and convective components of clearances. The results show that per square meter of surface area, the cuprophan dialyzer has higher rates of UF per TMP and greater clearances, particularly of larger solutes; also with cuprophan the SC for vitamin B12 is higher. Thus all findings suggest greater permeability of cuprophan fibers. In both dialyzers, total clearances increased with UF by amounts compatible with predicted increases in convective transport; diffusive transport remained stable as TMP was increased.", "PMID": 650063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4596", "title": "Effects of tympanic neurectomy on experimentally induced parotid fistulae.", "content": "The present work was designed to determine whether or not tympanic neurectomy alone could cure parotid fistulae. In six adult dogs parotid fistulae were induced and the tympanic nerve was transected on the right, while the nerve on the left side was left intact as a control. Complete healing of the fistulae on the right side was noticed, while those on the left side persisted. The findings and their significance are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of tympanic neurectomy on experimentally induced parotid fistulae. The present work was designed to determine whether or not tympanic neurectomy alone could cure parotid fistulae. In six adult dogs parotid fistulae were induced and the tympanic nerve was transected on the right, while the nerve on the left side was left intact as a control. Complete healing of the fistulae on the right side was noticed, while those on the left side persisted. The findings and their significance are discussed.", "PMID": 650069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4597", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx. Report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "The rhabdomyosarcoma is a relatively rare tumour form. Two cases in the larynx--a site which is extremely rare--are reported. So far, only 9 cases have been described and documented, and of one of our cases seems to be the first of the alveolar type found at this site. Diagnostic and differential-diagnostic considerations are discussed. Hoarseness is the commonest and earliest symptom. As stated by most authors, the treatment should be radical operation, often with laryngectomy, supplemented by irradiation and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx. Report of two cases and a review of the literature. The rhabdomyosarcoma is a relatively rare tumour form. Two cases in the larynx--a site which is extremely rare--are reported. So far, only 9 cases have been described and documented, and of one of our cases seems to be the first of the alveolar type found at this site. Diagnostic and differential-diagnostic considerations are discussed. Hoarseness is the commonest and earliest symptom. As stated by most authors, the treatment should be radical operation, often with laryngectomy, supplemented by irradiation and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 650071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4598", "title": "Fibrosarcoma in a previously irradiated larynx.", "content": "The patient presented in this report had a rare tumour occurring in a situation suggestive of a radiation-induced mesenchymal neoplasm. Attention is drawn to the need for prolonged follow-up in cases of squamous carcinomata of the larynx apparently disease free for many years following irradiation.", "contents": "Fibrosarcoma in a previously irradiated larynx. The patient presented in this report had a rare tumour occurring in a situation suggestive of a radiation-induced mesenchymal neoplasm. Attention is drawn to the need for prolonged follow-up in cases of squamous carcinomata of the larynx apparently disease free for many years following irradiation.", "PMID": 650072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4599", "title": "Aneurysm of the external carotid artery following a foreign body in the pharynx.", "content": "A case of false aneurysm of the external carotid artery following impaction of a fish bone in the pharynx is reported. An incorrect preoperative diagnosis led to a near-fatal issue. Reference is made to some other reports of arterial injury following impaction of foreign bodies in the throat. The various factors in the erroneous diagnosis in this case are examined and it is submitted that, although not all the signs of an aneurysm may be present, it should be possible to make a correct preoperative diagnosis of this complication given sufficient awareness of its possibility.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the external carotid artery following a foreign body in the pharynx. A case of false aneurysm of the external carotid artery following impaction of a fish bone in the pharynx is reported. An incorrect preoperative diagnosis led to a near-fatal issue. Reference is made to some other reports of arterial injury following impaction of foreign bodies in the throat. The various factors in the erroneous diagnosis in this case are examined and it is submitted that, although not all the signs of an aneurysm may be present, it should be possible to make a correct preoperative diagnosis of this complication given sufficient awareness of its possibility.", "PMID": 650073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4600", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma in Pendred's syndrome.", "content": "A case of Pendred's syndrome is reported. One year after subtotal removal of a simple adenomatous colloid goitre, the patient presented with a follicular thyroid carcinoma with invasive growth through the capsule into the surrounding muscular tissue and vascular invasion.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma in Pendred's syndrome. A case of Pendred's syndrome is reported. One year after subtotal removal of a simple adenomatous colloid goitre, the patient presented with a follicular thyroid carcinoma with invasive growth through the capsule into the surrounding muscular tissue and vascular invasion.", "PMID": 650074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4601", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa and its E.N.T. manifestations. Two case reports.", "content": "The present paper describes two rare cases of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (recessive), one with oesophageal stricture and another with laryngeal stenosis, along with other usual features of the disease. Different views on the line of treatment of the oesophageal stricture as a complication of this dreadful disease are discussed. Replacement of the strictured oesophagus by coloplasty may be contemplated in the first case, if the patient develops increasing dysphagia. In the second case, with cicatrical stenosis of the larynx and hoarseness of voice which is a rare complication of the disease, not reported in the literature so far, a tracheostomy is contemplated when the child develops acute respiratory distress. These two cases are under observation.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa and its E.N.T. manifestations. Two case reports. The present paper describes two rare cases of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (recessive), one with oesophageal stricture and another with laryngeal stenosis, along with other usual features of the disease. Different views on the line of treatment of the oesophageal stricture as a complication of this dreadful disease are discussed. Replacement of the strictured oesophagus by coloplasty may be contemplated in the first case, if the patient develops increasing dysphagia. In the second case, with cicatrical stenosis of the larynx and hoarseness of voice which is a rare complication of the disease, not reported in the literature so far, a tracheostomy is contemplated when the child develops acute respiratory distress. These two cases are under observation.", "PMID": 650075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4602", "title": "Conversion of diphosphatidylglycerol to bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate by lysosomes.", "content": "Diphosphatidyl[1',2',3'-14C]glycerol (cardiolipin) is converted to bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate when incubated in vitro with rat lysosomes at pH 4.4. The stereochemical configuration of the product is unknown. This reaction probably takes place via lysophosphatidylglycerol, one of the major products of diphosphatidylglycerol hydrolysis by lysosomes. Phosphatidyl[1',2',3'-14C]glycerol was introduced into mitochondrial membranes by incubating mitochondria with [U-14C]sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol. Membrane-bound phosphatidyl[1',2',3'-14C]glycerol is also converted to bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate when incubated with lysosomes in a reaction that is dependent on the concentration of lysosomal protein and on incubation time. These results support our previous proposal (Poorthuis, B. J. H. M., and K. Y. Hostetler, 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 4596-4602) that bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate formation may require the interaction of lysosomes with other membranes that contain the substrates for the reaction. The stereochemistry of bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Conversion of diphosphatidylglycerol to bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate by lysosomes. Diphosphatidyl[1',2',3'-14C]glycerol (cardiolipin) is converted to bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate when incubated in vitro with rat lysosomes at pH 4.4. The stereochemical configuration of the product is unknown. This reaction probably takes place via lysophosphatidylglycerol, one of the major products of diphosphatidylglycerol hydrolysis by lysosomes. Phosphatidyl[1',2',3'-14C]glycerol was introduced into mitochondrial membranes by incubating mitochondria with [U-14C]sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol. Membrane-bound phosphatidyl[1',2',3'-14C]glycerol is also converted to bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate when incubated with lysosomes in a reaction that is dependent on the concentration of lysosomal protein and on incubation time. These results support our previous proposal (Poorthuis, B. J. H. M., and K. Y. Hostetler, 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 4596-4602) that bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate formation may require the interaction of lysosomes with other membranes that contain the substrates for the reaction. The stereochemistry of bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate biosynthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 650089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4603", "title": "Properties of cholesteryl oleate and triolein in mixed monolayers at the air-water interface.", "content": "The properties of cholesteryl oleate and triolein in mixed monolayers at the air-water interface have been measured between 24 and 37 degrees C. Analysis of force-area curves obtained as a function of the mol fraction of cholesteryl oleate indicates that at relatively low surface pressures these compounds are miscible in two dimensions up to a limit of about 0.5 mol fraction. At higher pressures either cholesteryl oleate or both lipids are expelled from the monolayer to form a bulk phase which is in rapid equilibrium with the surface phase. In the monolayer phase, orientation of the ester function of cholesteryl oleate is toward the aqueous phase, interaction with triolein is minimal, and packing is uniform over the solubility range. This together with the susceptibility of the cholesteryl oleate to enzymatic hydrolysis, suggests the applicability of monolayer systems to the study of cholesterol esterase activity. Comparison of our results with the bulk properties of these lipids suggests that the expelled cholesteryl oleate exists as a smectic mesophase and thus the system may provide a model for studying the transfer of molecules between the interior and surface of lipid deposits of the type found in atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Properties of cholesteryl oleate and triolein in mixed monolayers at the air-water interface. The properties of cholesteryl oleate and triolein in mixed monolayers at the air-water interface have been measured between 24 and 37 degrees C. Analysis of force-area curves obtained as a function of the mol fraction of cholesteryl oleate indicates that at relatively low surface pressures these compounds are miscible in two dimensions up to a limit of about 0.5 mol fraction. At higher pressures either cholesteryl oleate or both lipids are expelled from the monolayer to form a bulk phase which is in rapid equilibrium with the surface phase. In the monolayer phase, orientation of the ester function of cholesteryl oleate is toward the aqueous phase, interaction with triolein is minimal, and packing is uniform over the solubility range. This together with the susceptibility of the cholesteryl oleate to enzymatic hydrolysis, suggests the applicability of monolayer systems to the study of cholesterol esterase activity. Comparison of our results with the bulk properties of these lipids suggests that the expelled cholesteryl oleate exists as a smectic mesophase and thus the system may provide a model for studying the transfer of molecules between the interior and surface of lipid deposits of the type found in atherosclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 650090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4604", "title": "Effect of hypervitaminosis A on hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in the rat.", "content": "Erythrocytes from rats fed large doses of Vitamin A alone, or large doses of vitamin A and vitamin E or diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine (DPPD) were studied for H2O2-induced hemolysis. The vitamin A-dosed rats were more susceptible than normal rats to H2O2-induced hemolysis. Hemolysis was not accompanied by lipid peroxidation. Nevertheless, the antioxidants vitamin E and DPPD inhibited hemolysis in erythrocytes from vitamin A-dosed rats. These antioxidants had the same inhibitory effect when they were included in the diet or added to erythrocyte suspensions in vitro. Erythrocytes from vitamin A-dosed rats with or without added vitamin E or DPPD were less susceptible than the erythrocytes from normal rats to osmotic challenge, showing that vitamin A was present in levels sufficient to alter the structure of the erythrocyte membrane. These studies show that oxidative hemolysis occurs when the erythrocyte membrane is modified. Furthermore, this oxidative hemolysis is unrelated to lipid peroxidation.", "contents": "Effect of hypervitaminosis A on hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in the rat. Erythrocytes from rats fed large doses of Vitamin A alone, or large doses of vitamin A and vitamin E or diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine (DPPD) were studied for H2O2-induced hemolysis. The vitamin A-dosed rats were more susceptible than normal rats to H2O2-induced hemolysis. Hemolysis was not accompanied by lipid peroxidation. Nevertheless, the antioxidants vitamin E and DPPD inhibited hemolysis in erythrocytes from vitamin A-dosed rats. These antioxidants had the same inhibitory effect when they were included in the diet or added to erythrocyte suspensions in vitro. Erythrocytes from vitamin A-dosed rats with or without added vitamin E or DPPD were less susceptible than the erythrocytes from normal rats to osmotic challenge, showing that vitamin A was present in levels sufficient to alter the structure of the erythrocyte membrane. These studies show that oxidative hemolysis occurs when the erythrocyte membrane is modified. Furthermore, this oxidative hemolysis is unrelated to lipid peroxidation.", "PMID": 650091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4605", "title": "Effect of different dietary triglycerides on 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and other mixed-function oxidations.", "content": "The effect of a diet containing triglycerides of different fatty acid composition on hepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol was studied. 7alpha-Hydroxylation of exogenous as well as endogenous cholesterol was significantly lower in the liver of rats fed trilinolein and triolein than in those fed tripalmitin and trierucin. The concentration of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes was significantly lower in the rats fed tripalmitin and trierucin than in those fed triolein and trilinolein. The inhibitory effect of triolein and trilinolein on 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the stimulatory effect of these triglycerides on the concentration of cytochrome P-450 was not due to the small amounts of peroxides present in the unsaturated triglycerides. Thus addition of the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisol did not change the general pattern with respect to 7alpha-hydroxylation and concentration of cytochrome P-450. However, a diet consisting of peroxidized linoleic acid further decreased 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. The difference between the effect obtained with triolein and trilinolein on the one hand and trierucin and tripalmitin on the other was observed also in experiments with lower concentrations of fat in the diet and in experiments with different lighting conditions and feeding patterns. The inverse relation between cytochrome P-450 and 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol, as well as results obtained with substrates for mixed-function oxidation other than cholesterol suggest that most of the changes observed due to the different diets are specific for 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. The level of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity was found to be better related to the degree of absorption of fat than to total amount of absorbed fat or degree of unsaturation of the fat. The results are discussed in relation to previous knowledge concerning mechanisms regulating biosynthesis of bile acid.", "contents": "Effect of different dietary triglycerides on 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and other mixed-function oxidations. The effect of a diet containing triglycerides of different fatty acid composition on hepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol was studied. 7alpha-Hydroxylation of exogenous as well as endogenous cholesterol was significantly lower in the liver of rats fed trilinolein and triolein than in those fed tripalmitin and trierucin. The concentration of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes was significantly lower in the rats fed tripalmitin and trierucin than in those fed triolein and trilinolein. The inhibitory effect of triolein and trilinolein on 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the stimulatory effect of these triglycerides on the concentration of cytochrome P-450 was not due to the small amounts of peroxides present in the unsaturated triglycerides. Thus addition of the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisol did not change the general pattern with respect to 7alpha-hydroxylation and concentration of cytochrome P-450. However, a diet consisting of peroxidized linoleic acid further decreased 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. The difference between the effect obtained with triolein and trilinolein on the one hand and trierucin and tripalmitin on the other was observed also in experiments with lower concentrations of fat in the diet and in experiments with different lighting conditions and feeding patterns. The inverse relation between cytochrome P-450 and 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol, as well as results obtained with substrates for mixed-function oxidation other than cholesterol suggest that most of the changes observed due to the different diets are specific for 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. The level of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity was found to be better related to the degree of absorption of fat than to total amount of absorbed fat or degree of unsaturation of the fat. The results are discussed in relation to previous knowledge concerning mechanisms regulating biosynthesis of bile acid.", "PMID": 650092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4606", "title": "Characterization of trimethylsilyl derivatives of cerebrosides by direct inlet-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Submicrogram quantities of trimethylsilyl derivatives of cerebrosides obtained from the spleen of a patient with Gaucher's disease and from bovine brain were analyzed by direct probe inlet-chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using isobutane as the reagent gas. Quasimolecular ions (QM+, M + 73) and other recognizable fragment ions produced by the successive elimination of trimethylsilanol and sugar residue gave useful information about fatty acid compositions. These ions could also be utilized for qualitative analyses of the molecular species of cerebrosides. Cerebrosides with non-hydroxy and hydroxy fatty acids could be discriminated from each other by comparing the intensities of their quasimolecular ions. Cerebrosides with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids could also be discrimnated from each other, because the mass number decreased by two mass units in cerebrosides with monounsaturated fatty acids. It was concluded that structural information and molecular species determination could be obtained from small amounts of purified cerebrosides.", "contents": "Characterization of trimethylsilyl derivatives of cerebrosides by direct inlet-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Submicrogram quantities of trimethylsilyl derivatives of cerebrosides obtained from the spleen of a patient with Gaucher's disease and from bovine brain were analyzed by direct probe inlet-chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using isobutane as the reagent gas. Quasimolecular ions (QM+, M + 73) and other recognizable fragment ions produced by the successive elimination of trimethylsilanol and sugar residue gave useful information about fatty acid compositions. These ions could also be utilized for qualitative analyses of the molecular species of cerebrosides. Cerebrosides with non-hydroxy and hydroxy fatty acids could be discriminated from each other by comparing the intensities of their quasimolecular ions. Cerebrosides with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids could also be discrimnated from each other, because the mass number decreased by two mass units in cerebrosides with monounsaturated fatty acids. It was concluded that structural information and molecular species determination could be obtained from small amounts of purified cerebrosides.", "PMID": 650093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4607", "title": "Characterization of the microsomal steroid-8-ene isomerase of cholesterol biosynthesis.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes contain an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of the nuclear double bond of steroids from the 8(9) position to the 7(8) position. The enzyme is most active with zymosterol, 5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol, which is a precursor of cholesterol. Properties of the microsomal isomerase have now been studied, and preliminary data are reported on both regulation of enzymic activity and first steps in the solubilization of the enzyme from membranes. After a brief lag period, the velocity of isomerase is relatively constant for about 5 min of incubation, and then isomerization subsides. The apparent Michaelis constant (52-70 micro M) is difficult to determine accurately, due to these complex kinetic changes. V(max) is 4.0-4.7 nmol/min per mg of microsomal protein. The apparent specific activity is more than ten times that of liver microsomal methyl sterol oxidase. The maximal specific activity of microsomal isomerase is approximately doubled when rats are fed an intestinal bile acid sequestrant, cholestyramine. Changes in specific activity of isomerase parallel changes in activities of other microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and 4-methyl sterol oxidase. Isomerase activity is destroyed by phospholipase A digestion, high concentration of bile salts, and solvent extraction, all of which are known either to remove phospholipid or to alter microsomal membrane integrity. On the other hand, isomerase remains active in the presence of a mild, nonionic detergent, Triton WR-1339; thus, solubilization with nonionic detergents is under study.", "contents": "Characterization of the microsomal steroid-8-ene isomerase of cholesterol biosynthesis. Rat liver microsomes contain an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of the nuclear double bond of steroids from the 8(9) position to the 7(8) position. The enzyme is most active with zymosterol, 5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol, which is a precursor of cholesterol. Properties of the microsomal isomerase have now been studied, and preliminary data are reported on both regulation of enzymic activity and first steps in the solubilization of the enzyme from membranes. After a brief lag period, the velocity of isomerase is relatively constant for about 5 min of incubation, and then isomerization subsides. The apparent Michaelis constant (52-70 micro M) is difficult to determine accurately, due to these complex kinetic changes. V(max) is 4.0-4.7 nmol/min per mg of microsomal protein. The apparent specific activity is more than ten times that of liver microsomal methyl sterol oxidase. The maximal specific activity of microsomal isomerase is approximately doubled when rats are fed an intestinal bile acid sequestrant, cholestyramine. Changes in specific activity of isomerase parallel changes in activities of other microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and 4-methyl sterol oxidase. Isomerase activity is destroyed by phospholipase A digestion, high concentration of bile salts, and solvent extraction, all of which are known either to remove phospholipid or to alter microsomal membrane integrity. On the other hand, isomerase remains active in the presence of a mild, nonionic detergent, Triton WR-1339; thus, solubilization with nonionic detergents is under study.", "PMID": 650094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4608", "title": "A rapid and quantitative method for the isolation of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids by DEAE-silica gel chromatography.", "content": "DEAE-silica gel has been shown to be an improvement over DEAE-Sephadex for the quantitative isolation of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids from animal tissues or cells. Preliminary results indicated that it can also be used for protein separation. Direct comparative studies of DEAE-silica gel with DEAE-Sephadex showed preferences for the former for the following reasons: i) faster flow rate; ii) more rapid equilibration with the starting buffer; iii) easier regeneration; iv) more economical; and v) a lesser susceptibility to microbial attack.", "contents": "A rapid and quantitative method for the isolation of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids by DEAE-silica gel chromatography. DEAE-silica gel has been shown to be an improvement over DEAE-Sephadex for the quantitative isolation of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids from animal tissues or cells. Preliminary results indicated that it can also be used for protein separation. Direct comparative studies of DEAE-silica gel with DEAE-Sephadex showed preferences for the former for the following reasons: i) faster flow rate; ii) more rapid equilibration with the starting buffer; iii) easier regeneration; iv) more economical; and v) a lesser susceptibility to microbial attack.", "PMID": 650095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4609", "title": "Digit regeneration in the amphibian--Triturus cristatus.", "content": "Digit regeneration has been examined in Triturus cristatus. Because of their size, blastemas that form after digit amputation are relatively a lot more suitable for quantitative studies that involve for example the counting of cells in histological sections. They are also very useful for the study of some basic histological aspects of regeneration particularly cartilage formation. This has been looked at in regenerating digits, as there are only a maximum of three bones to regenerate and these lie in sequence, one after the other. It was seen that the cartilage is laid down as a solid rod by about 17 days post-amputation, and that by about 20 days, it starts to be split up into its three elements. An X-ray study of the growth of digit regeneration together with autoradiography experiments were also carried out as a comparison to studies already undertaken on larger more proximal blastemas. It was shown that in fact the behaviour of digit blastemas is very similar to those of a more proximal origin. This fact, together with the advantages of its size, make the digit a very strong candidate for the further study of regeneration.", "contents": "Digit regeneration in the amphibian--Triturus cristatus. Digit regeneration has been examined in Triturus cristatus. Because of their size, blastemas that form after digit amputation are relatively a lot more suitable for quantitative studies that involve for example the counting of cells in histological sections. They are also very useful for the study of some basic histological aspects of regeneration particularly cartilage formation. This has been looked at in regenerating digits, as there are only a maximum of three bones to regenerate and these lie in sequence, one after the other. It was seen that the cartilage is laid down as a solid rod by about 17 days post-amputation, and that by about 20 days, it starts to be split up into its three elements. An X-ray study of the growth of digit regeneration together with autoradiography experiments were also carried out as a comparison to studies already undertaken on larger more proximal blastemas. It was shown that in fact the behaviour of digit blastemas is very similar to those of a more proximal origin. This fact, together with the advantages of its size, make the digit a very strong candidate for the further study of regeneration.", "PMID": 650129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4610", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of non-specific alkaline phosphatase during cleavage and blastocyst formation in the mouse.", "content": "The localization of non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity during cleavage and blastocyst formation has been investigated in the mouse by electron microscopy. The activity is detectable for the first time at the two-cell stage and is localized on the surface of the interblastomeric plasma membranes and on small cytoplasmic inclusions. It increases in the following stages, predominantly on the interblastomeric membranes, the outside membranes remaining devoid of reaction. From the four-cell stage on, small reactive grains are also observed in the crystalloid plates of the cytoplasm. At the morula stage, the plasma membranes of the inner mass cells are entirely marked by the reaction whereas the trophoblastic cells are polarized, with their inner surfaces positive and outside surfaces negative. At the blastocyst stage the enzyme is gradually eliminated from the membranes bordering the blastocoel and from the interblastomeric furrows of the trophoblast and primary endoderm. The significance of the differential localization of the enzyme is discussed, especially in relation to the differentiation mechanisms of the trophoblast and inner cell mass.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of non-specific alkaline phosphatase during cleavage and blastocyst formation in the mouse. The localization of non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity during cleavage and blastocyst formation has been investigated in the mouse by electron microscopy. The activity is detectable for the first time at the two-cell stage and is localized on the surface of the interblastomeric plasma membranes and on small cytoplasmic inclusions. It increases in the following stages, predominantly on the interblastomeric membranes, the outside membranes remaining devoid of reaction. From the four-cell stage on, small reactive grains are also observed in the crystalloid plates of the cytoplasm. At the morula stage, the plasma membranes of the inner mass cells are entirely marked by the reaction whereas the trophoblastic cells are polarized, with their inner surfaces positive and outside surfaces negative. At the blastocyst stage the enzyme is gradually eliminated from the membranes bordering the blastocoel and from the interblastomeric furrows of the trophoblast and primary endoderm. The significance of the differential localization of the enzyme is discussed, especially in relation to the differentiation mechanisms of the trophoblast and inner cell mass.", "PMID": 650130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4611", "title": "The onset of osteogenesis in the developing chick limb.", "content": "The pattern of the onset of osteogenesis in each of the skeletal elements of the developing limbs of the chick embryo is described using Alizarin-red-stained whole mounts. Grafting experiments where 6-day unossified cartilage rudiments are placed into 4-day host wings show the initiation of ossification to be a programmed event. Truncation experiments show this to be the case not only for the initial onset of osteogenesis, but also for each region of each element. These results are discussed in terms of morphogenetic events occurring in the early wing bud.", "contents": "The onset of osteogenesis in the developing chick limb. The pattern of the onset of osteogenesis in each of the skeletal elements of the developing limbs of the chick embryo is described using Alizarin-red-stained whole mounts. Grafting experiments where 6-day unossified cartilage rudiments are placed into 4-day host wings show the initiation of ossification to be a programmed event. Truncation experiments show this to be the case not only for the initial onset of osteogenesis, but also for each region of each element. These results are discussed in terms of morphogenetic events occurring in the early wing bud.", "PMID": 650133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4612", "title": "Permissive and directive interactions in lens induction.", "content": "The interactive events leading to lens formation and the developmental potentialities of the presumptive lens ectoderm were examined in vitro. The presumptive lens ectoderm of both mouse and chick embryos was capable of forming a lens even when isolated from the optic vesicle before the two tissues reach the stage of close association. This lens-forming bias can be released with favourable culture conditions and by various heterotypic mesenchymes. The same permissive, unspecific conditions or heterotypic tissues failed to trigger lens formation in trunk ectoderm. The directive effect of the optic vesicle was demonstrated in experiments where it was grown in contact with the trunk ectoderm. The latter developed distinct lentoid bodies synthesizing lens proteins. The origin of the lentoid was confirmed in interspecies combination of chick and quail tissues. It is concluded that lens formation is governed by a series of interactive events consisting of both directive and permissive influences.", "contents": "Permissive and directive interactions in lens induction. The interactive events leading to lens formation and the developmental potentialities of the presumptive lens ectoderm were examined in vitro. The presumptive lens ectoderm of both mouse and chick embryos was capable of forming a lens even when isolated from the optic vesicle before the two tissues reach the stage of close association. This lens-forming bias can be released with favourable culture conditions and by various heterotypic mesenchymes. The same permissive, unspecific conditions or heterotypic tissues failed to trigger lens formation in trunk ectoderm. The directive effect of the optic vesicle was demonstrated in experiments where it was grown in contact with the trunk ectoderm. The latter developed distinct lentoid bodies synthesizing lens proteins. The origin of the lentoid was confirmed in interspecies combination of chick and quail tissues. It is concluded that lens formation is governed by a series of interactive events consisting of both directive and permissive influences.", "PMID": 650134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4613", "title": "Tissue specificity for incorporation of [3H]thymidine by the 10- to 12-somite mouse embryo: alteration by acute exposure to hydroxyurea.", "content": "Radioautograms from 10- to 12-somite mouse embryos labeled for 30 min in vitro with [3H]thymidine were examined for frequency and intensity of incorporation. Results from ten tissues showed that values ranged from 82% of nuclei with a mean of 16.6 grains for visceral yolk sac to 17% of nuclei labeled with a mean of 4.4 grains for epithelium of the anterior gut tube. Labeling in the ten tissues indicated (1) a tissue-specific spectrum of incorporation of [3H]thymidine, (2) close correlation between frequency and intensity of labeling within a tissue and (3) asymmetrical quantities of incorporation between right and left somatopleure. Treatment with hydroxyurea in vitro reduced the frequency of labeled nuclei by 85% to 12% of control values. Mean numbers of grains over treated nuclei, 3.3-4.6 grains, were well above background but were clustered below the low end of the control range. Tissues exposed to hydroxyurea showed (1) labeling of significant numbers of nuclei, (2) inhibition of labeling in selected tissues and (3) equalization of bilateral asymmetry in quantity (frequency and intensity) of incorporation in somatopleure. The selective reduction of thymidine incorporation and equalization of asymmetrical rates of proliferation may constitute mechanisms by which hydroxyurea causes abnormal morphogenesis.", "contents": "Tissue specificity for incorporation of [3H]thymidine by the 10- to 12-somite mouse embryo: alteration by acute exposure to hydroxyurea. Radioautograms from 10- to 12-somite mouse embryos labeled for 30 min in vitro with [3H]thymidine were examined for frequency and intensity of incorporation. Results from ten tissues showed that values ranged from 82% of nuclei with a mean of 16.6 grains for visceral yolk sac to 17% of nuclei labeled with a mean of 4.4 grains for epithelium of the anterior gut tube. Labeling in the ten tissues indicated (1) a tissue-specific spectrum of incorporation of [3H]thymidine, (2) close correlation between frequency and intensity of labeling within a tissue and (3) asymmetrical quantities of incorporation between right and left somatopleure. Treatment with hydroxyurea in vitro reduced the frequency of labeled nuclei by 85% to 12% of control values. Mean numbers of grains over treated nuclei, 3.3-4.6 grains, were well above background but were clustered below the low end of the control range. Tissues exposed to hydroxyurea showed (1) labeling of significant numbers of nuclei, (2) inhibition of labeling in selected tissues and (3) equalization of bilateral asymmetry in quantity (frequency and intensity) of incorporation in somatopleure. The selective reduction of thymidine incorporation and equalization of asymmetrical rates of proliferation may constitute mechanisms by which hydroxyurea causes abnormal morphogenesis.", "PMID": 650135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4614", "title": "The diencephalic course of regenerating retinotectal fibres in Xenopus tadpoles.", "content": "The normal retinotectal path in the diencephalon of Xenopus tadpoles is widely distributed in the form of a wedge of fibres extending from the central grey to the outer margin of the diencephalon. Regenerating optic nerve fibres were shown, by silver-staining and proline autoradiography, to follow an abnormal path up the extreme lateral edge of the diencephalon. Study of tadpoles at various stages of development, and of optic nerves allowed to regenerate for various periods, indicates that all new incoming optic fibres pass up the lateral edge of the diencephalon. The inner/outer order of the fibres in the normal diencephalon thus reflects the radial distribution of the retinal cells of origin.", "contents": "The diencephalic course of regenerating retinotectal fibres in Xenopus tadpoles. The normal retinotectal path in the diencephalon of Xenopus tadpoles is widely distributed in the form of a wedge of fibres extending from the central grey to the outer margin of the diencephalon. Regenerating optic nerve fibres were shown, by silver-staining and proline autoradiography, to follow an abnormal path up the extreme lateral edge of the diencephalon. Study of tadpoles at various stages of development, and of optic nerves allowed to regenerate for various periods, indicates that all new incoming optic fibres pass up the lateral edge of the diencephalon. The inner/outer order of the fibres in the normal diencephalon thus reflects the radial distribution of the retinal cells of origin.", "PMID": 650136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4615", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the developing chick anterior corneal epithelium.", "content": "The anterior corneal epithelium of the developing chick was observed with the scanning electron microscope at various stages of development. In the earlier stages, up to about 15 days of incubation, the cells are characterized by regular polygonal outlines and a proliferation of microvilli on the surface. The microvilli then begin to coalesce and flatten so that the surface is rather smooth by about 19 days of incubation. Just prior to hatching, however, the cells begin to round up and once again become covered by microvilli. The cells then lift off the surface and expose the underlying cells. After hatching, the surface cells lose the synchrony of development that characterized the embryo and are found in various stages of senescence. The cells eventually lose their regular polygonal outlines and the corneal surface takes on a patchwork appearance.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the developing chick anterior corneal epithelium. The anterior corneal epithelium of the developing chick was observed with the scanning electron microscope at various stages of development. In the earlier stages, up to about 15 days of incubation, the cells are characterized by regular polygonal outlines and a proliferation of microvilli on the surface. The microvilli then begin to coalesce and flatten so that the surface is rather smooth by about 19 days of incubation. Just prior to hatching, however, the cells begin to round up and once again become covered by microvilli. The cells then lift off the surface and expose the underlying cells. After hatching, the surface cells lose the synchrony of development that characterized the embryo and are found in various stages of senescence. The cells eventually lose their regular polygonal outlines and the corneal surface takes on a patchwork appearance.", "PMID": 650137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4616", "title": "A comparative study of spermiogenesis in wild-type and T:t-bearing mice.", "content": "The results of a comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis in T/tx, +/tx, +/T, C57BL/LJ, BALB/c and randomly breeding Swiss Albino mice are reported. The observations show that aberrant spermiogenesis occurs in males of all strains and genotypes and that the same specific types of abnormal spermatids are found in all of the males examined. No unique morphological defect which could be correlated with the increased transmission frequency of tx-bearing gametes can be found in males heterozygous for the tx allele.", "contents": "A comparative study of spermiogenesis in wild-type and T:t-bearing mice. The results of a comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis in T/tx, +/tx, +/T, C57BL/LJ, BALB/c and randomly breeding Swiss Albino mice are reported. The observations show that aberrant spermiogenesis occurs in males of all strains and genotypes and that the same specific types of abnormal spermatids are found in all of the males examined. No unique morphological defect which could be correlated with the increased transmission frequency of tx-bearing gametes can be found in males heterozygous for the tx allele.", "PMID": 650138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4617", "title": "A study of spermatozoan defects in wild-type and T:t-bearing mice.", "content": "A comparative light and electron microscopic study was done on cauda epididymal spermatozoa from +/tx, T/+, T/tx, C57BL/6J, BALB/c and randomly breeding Swiss Albino mice. The results show that all of the males contain abnormal spermatozoa and that all contain the same types of defective gametes. No unique defect was found which can be correlated with the increased transmission frequency of the tx-bearing allele.", "contents": "A study of spermatozoan defects in wild-type and T:t-bearing mice. A comparative light and electron microscopic study was done on cauda epididymal spermatozoa from +/tx, T/+, T/tx, C57BL/6J, BALB/c and randomly breeding Swiss Albino mice. The results show that all of the males contain abnormal spermatozoa and that all contain the same types of defective gametes. No unique defect was found which can be correlated with the increased transmission frequency of the tx-bearing allele.", "PMID": 650139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4618", "title": "Morphogenesis by dissociated immature rat testicular cells in primary culture.", "content": "Dissociated cells from immature (15-day) rat testes maintained in primary culture were shown to undergo morphogenesis. Dissociated cells (1-4 X 10(6)) were cultured in 2 ml medium NCTC-135 containing 10% rat serum at 32.5 degrees C under an air; CO2 atmosphere (95%:5%). During the initial culture period (1-3 days) the dissociated cells attached to the culture dish and formed a monolayer. After 4-5 days of culture, aggregates of cells formed at discrete foci within the monolayer; these structures averaged 50 micrometer in diameter and numbered 3-4 X 10(3)/dish. Within 5-6 days of culture some of these aggregates (2-3 X 10(2)) released their contact with the substratum. Histological examination of released aggregates indicated a more regular, tissue-like organization with increasing time in culture. Aggregates at earlier time periods (4-5 days) exhibited concentric rings of cell while by day 6 some aggregates exhibited a vesicular appearance with a single layer of columnar epithelium surrounding a fluid-filled lumen. The type of structure formed varied with plating density; at densities less than 2 X 10(6)/dish the structures were spheroid while at greater densities tubes were formed. Time-lapse observations indicated that spheres formed by movements of cells into an aggregating center while tubes formed by a rolling from the edge of the monolayer. The cells comprising the vesicle epithelium appeared to be predominantly one cell type as determined by light microscopy. These results therefore indicate that dissociated testicular cells have the ability to reform tissue-like associations in culture.", "contents": "Morphogenesis by dissociated immature rat testicular cells in primary culture. Dissociated cells from immature (15-day) rat testes maintained in primary culture were shown to undergo morphogenesis. Dissociated cells (1-4 X 10(6)) were cultured in 2 ml medium NCTC-135 containing 10% rat serum at 32.5 degrees C under an air; CO2 atmosphere (95%:5%). During the initial culture period (1-3 days) the dissociated cells attached to the culture dish and formed a monolayer. After 4-5 days of culture, aggregates of cells formed at discrete foci within the monolayer; these structures averaged 50 micrometer in diameter and numbered 3-4 X 10(3)/dish. Within 5-6 days of culture some of these aggregates (2-3 X 10(2)) released their contact with the substratum. Histological examination of released aggregates indicated a more regular, tissue-like organization with increasing time in culture. Aggregates at earlier time periods (4-5 days) exhibited concentric rings of cell while by day 6 some aggregates exhibited a vesicular appearance with a single layer of columnar epithelium surrounding a fluid-filled lumen. The type of structure formed varied with plating density; at densities less than 2 X 10(6)/dish the structures were spheroid while at greater densities tubes were formed. Time-lapse observations indicated that spheres formed by movements of cells into an aggregating center while tubes formed by a rolling from the edge of the monolayer. The cells comprising the vesicle epithelium appeared to be predominantly one cell type as determined by light microscopy. These results therefore indicate that dissociated testicular cells have the ability to reform tissue-like associations in culture.", "PMID": 650140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4619", "title": "Neuronal adjustments in developing nuclear centers of the chick embryo following transplantation of an additional optic primordium.", "content": "Following transplantation of an additional optic primordium into the orbital mesenchyme of chick embryos of approximately 2 days of incubation age, the changes in cell number in the ciliary ganglion, accessory oculomotor and trochlear nuclei were studied at various stages of development. Cell counts were made at 1-day intervals from days 9 through 15 for ciliary ganglion, and from days 13 through 15 for the accessory oculomotor and trochlear nuclei. Cell counts for the ciliary ganglion on days 9 and 11 were similar on the operated and control sides which suggests that grafting of an additional optic primordium, and thus enlarging the periphery, is not involved in the control of proliferation. Comparison of the number of cells for the ciliary ganglia and the accessory oculomotor nuclei at days 13 and 15 showed an increase on the affected side ranging from 8 to 27%, and 9 to 33% respectively. We interpret this increase on the experimental side as a reduction in the number of degenerating cells that occur in normal development, as a result of an enlargement of the peripheral field of innervation. Three cases showed an increase in the number of cells in the trochlear nucleus ranging from 9 to 29%. This increase was attributed to an increase in the size of the superior oblique muscle of the operated side as determined by volumetric measurements. On the basis of the evidence we conclude that an enlarged periphery acts by regulating the level of naturally occurring cell death by reducing the amount of cell loss, leading to a corresponding increase in final cell number.", "contents": "Neuronal adjustments in developing nuclear centers of the chick embryo following transplantation of an additional optic primordium. Following transplantation of an additional optic primordium into the orbital mesenchyme of chick embryos of approximately 2 days of incubation age, the changes in cell number in the ciliary ganglion, accessory oculomotor and trochlear nuclei were studied at various stages of development. Cell counts were made at 1-day intervals from days 9 through 15 for ciliary ganglion, and from days 13 through 15 for the accessory oculomotor and trochlear nuclei. Cell counts for the ciliary ganglion on days 9 and 11 were similar on the operated and control sides which suggests that grafting of an additional optic primordium, and thus enlarging the periphery, is not involved in the control of proliferation. Comparison of the number of cells for the ciliary ganglia and the accessory oculomotor nuclei at days 13 and 15 showed an increase on the affected side ranging from 8 to 27%, and 9 to 33% respectively. We interpret this increase on the experimental side as a reduction in the number of degenerating cells that occur in normal development, as a result of an enlargement of the peripheral field of innervation. Three cases showed an increase in the number of cells in the trochlear nucleus ranging from 9 to 29%. This increase was attributed to an increase in the size of the superior oblique muscle of the operated side as determined by volumetric measurements. On the basis of the evidence we conclude that an enlarged periphery acts by regulating the level of naturally occurring cell death by reducing the amount of cell loss, leading to a corresponding increase in final cell number.", "PMID": 650141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4620", "title": "Cinematographical study of cell migration in the opened gastrula of Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "The migration of inner marginal cells was studied in the Ambystoma gastrula, using scanning electron micrography and time-lapse cinemicrography. Scanning electron micrographs of gastrulae which were fixed while intact revealed that the migrating cells have flattened lamellipodia at their anterior end and a rounded cell body, which can sometimes be seen to be attached to a neighbouring cell by a slender posterior process. Films of opened gastrulae showed actively moving cells, with the same features described above. Details of their movements are reported and discussed in relation to the mechanism of gastrulation.", "contents": "Cinematographical study of cell migration in the opened gastrula of Ambystoma mexicanum. The migration of inner marginal cells was studied in the Ambystoma gastrula, using scanning electron micrography and time-lapse cinemicrography. Scanning electron micrographs of gastrulae which were fixed while intact revealed that the migrating cells have flattened lamellipodia at their anterior end and a rounded cell body, which can sometimes be seen to be attached to a neighbouring cell by a slender posterior process. Films of opened gastrulae showed actively moving cells, with the same features described above. Details of their movements are reported and discussed in relation to the mechanism of gastrulation.", "PMID": 650142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4621", "title": "DNA synthesis during the first stages of anterior regeneration in the polychaete annelid Owenia fusiformis (dedifferentiation and early phases of differentiation).", "content": "We have analysed DNA synthesis in early phases of regeneration in a marine Polychaete Annelid, Owenia fusiformis. The length and efficiency of the prereplicative phase was found to vary with the diurnal rhythm of activity of the animal; that is, it depends on the initial state of the cell population at the moment of the onset of proliferative stimulatin. When animals were operated on at 12 a.m., the duration of the prereplicative phase of the first cells stimulated to proliferate was found to be 12 h. The remaining cells entered the S-phase progressively in waves until the 3rd day following amputation when nearly 100% of the blastema cells were stimulated. At that time the cell-cycles of these dividing cells were found to be highly synchronized. Blastema differentiation takes place on the 4th day and is initiated by stomodeum formation. During the differentiation phase, DNA synthesis is restricted to small areas of the regenerating part. The system described is viewed as a new instrument for investigating the control of the cell cycle in synchronized and subsequently differentiating tissue cells.", "contents": "DNA synthesis during the first stages of anterior regeneration in the polychaete annelid Owenia fusiformis (dedifferentiation and early phases of differentiation). We have analysed DNA synthesis in early phases of regeneration in a marine Polychaete Annelid, Owenia fusiformis. The length and efficiency of the prereplicative phase was found to vary with the diurnal rhythm of activity of the animal; that is, it depends on the initial state of the cell population at the moment of the onset of proliferative stimulatin. When animals were operated on at 12 a.m., the duration of the prereplicative phase of the first cells stimulated to proliferate was found to be 12 h. The remaining cells entered the S-phase progressively in waves until the 3rd day following amputation when nearly 100% of the blastema cells were stimulated. At that time the cell-cycles of these dividing cells were found to be highly synchronized. Blastema differentiation takes place on the 4th day and is initiated by stomodeum formation. During the differentiation phase, DNA synthesis is restricted to small areas of the regenerating part. The system described is viewed as a new instrument for investigating the control of the cell cycle in synchronized and subsequently differentiating tissue cells.", "PMID": 650143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4622", "title": "Participation of cultured teratocarcinoma cells in mouse embryogenesis.", "content": "Mouse blastocysts were microsurgically injected with embryonal carcinoma cells from in vitro teratocarcinoma cell lines C17, C86, SIKR-OSB, and PCC3/A/I. The embryos were allowed to develop to term and the resulting offspring were analysed for chimaerism using coat colour markers and isozyme differences of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase. When injected into blastocysts, cell line C86 produced tumours in six of 74 animals born. The tumours were detected at birth and were poorly differentiated neuroectodermal teratocarcinomas. Cell line C17 gave 13 chimaeras in 77 mice born, five of which showed chimaerism only in normal tissues, mainly melanocytes of the coat and eye. The other eight chimaeras developed tumours. Seven of these developed in adult animals and were mainly fibrosarcomas. Cell line SIKR-OSB resulted in one normal chimaera in 44 mice born. Of 86 animals born following injection of cell line PCC3/A/1, there was one chimaera with a small tumour and three normal chimaeras. The levels of chimaerism were generally very low. The mice were test bred but with no evidence of germ line chimaerism. The karyotypes of all the cell lines were abnormal. How this and other factors such as cell cycle times might affect the incorporation of embryonal cells into the developing embryo is discussed.", "contents": "Participation of cultured teratocarcinoma cells in mouse embryogenesis. Mouse blastocysts were microsurgically injected with embryonal carcinoma cells from in vitro teratocarcinoma cell lines C17, C86, SIKR-OSB, and PCC3/A/I. The embryos were allowed to develop to term and the resulting offspring were analysed for chimaerism using coat colour markers and isozyme differences of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase. When injected into blastocysts, cell line C86 produced tumours in six of 74 animals born. The tumours were detected at birth and were poorly differentiated neuroectodermal teratocarcinomas. Cell line C17 gave 13 chimaeras in 77 mice born, five of which showed chimaerism only in normal tissues, mainly melanocytes of the coat and eye. The other eight chimaeras developed tumours. Seven of these developed in adult animals and were mainly fibrosarcomas. Cell line SIKR-OSB resulted in one normal chimaera in 44 mice born. Of 86 animals born following injection of cell line PCC3/A/1, there was one chimaera with a small tumour and three normal chimaeras. The levels of chimaerism were generally very low. The mice were test bred but with no evidence of germ line chimaerism. The karyotypes of all the cell lines were abnormal. How this and other factors such as cell cycle times might affect the incorporation of embryonal cells into the developing embryo is discussed.", "PMID": 650144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4623", "title": "Intrinsic rhythm and basic tonus in insect skeletal muscle.", "content": "The jumping muscle of orthopterous insects contains fibres that possess an intrinsic rhythm (IR) of slow contraction. The contributing fibres are generally synchronized, but as many as three or four pacemakers are present. The frequency, amplitude and duration of IR contractions fluctuate erratically over a 24 h period. Metathoracic DUM neurone bursts suppress IR for a few minutes. Other, unidentified dorsal neurones enhance its amplitude. In addition to IR, the extensor tibiae shows intrinsic basic tonus (BT). BT is relaxed for several s by low-frequency burst output from unidentified metathoracic dorsal neurones. DUM neurone bursts may enhance extensor BT, relax it, or leave it unaffected. The effects on IR of various regimes of activity in the slow extensor tibiae (SETi) and the common inhibitor (CI) axons were examined. CI affects IR when stimulated at frequencies above 2 Hz. It causes amplitude depression and reduced duration of individual IR contractions as well as increased frequency. At 30 Hz and above, CI completely suppresses IR. An enhanced IR contraction starts within a few milliseconds of the termination of a CI train. At low frequencies (below 10 Hz) SETi causes increased frequency and decreased amplitude of IR, with a depressed IR contraction following cessation of the SETi burst. At frequencies above 15 Hz the SETi-evoked contraction dominates tension development, though IR summates with it during the rising phase. In quiescent preparations not showing IR, SETi stimulation at 10 Hz often started up IR. Single SETi or FETi impulses can initiate an IR contraction, and cause altered phasing, with up to a quintupling of frequency. After a critical period has elapsed following the onset of an IR contraction, a single single impulse in any one of the three axons will terminate it abruptly. The early termination is followed by a reduced interval which is proportional to the reduced IR contraction time. The rhythm of accumulated readiness to go into an IR contraction is independent of the pacemaker rhythm that initiates the contraction.", "contents": "Intrinsic rhythm and basic tonus in insect skeletal muscle. The jumping muscle of orthopterous insects contains fibres that possess an intrinsic rhythm (IR) of slow contraction. The contributing fibres are generally synchronized, but as many as three or four pacemakers are present. The frequency, amplitude and duration of IR contractions fluctuate erratically over a 24 h period. Metathoracic DUM neurone bursts suppress IR for a few minutes. Other, unidentified dorsal neurones enhance its amplitude. In addition to IR, the extensor tibiae shows intrinsic basic tonus (BT). BT is relaxed for several s by low-frequency burst output from unidentified metathoracic dorsal neurones. DUM neurone bursts may enhance extensor BT, relax it, or leave it unaffected. The effects on IR of various regimes of activity in the slow extensor tibiae (SETi) and the common inhibitor (CI) axons were examined. CI affects IR when stimulated at frequencies above 2 Hz. It causes amplitude depression and reduced duration of individual IR contractions as well as increased frequency. At 30 Hz and above, CI completely suppresses IR. An enhanced IR contraction starts within a few milliseconds of the termination of a CI train. At low frequencies (below 10 Hz) SETi causes increased frequency and decreased amplitude of IR, with a depressed IR contraction following cessation of the SETi burst. At frequencies above 15 Hz the SETi-evoked contraction dominates tension development, though IR summates with it during the rising phase. In quiescent preparations not showing IR, SETi stimulation at 10 Hz often started up IR. Single SETi or FETi impulses can initiate an IR contraction, and cause altered phasing, with up to a quintupling of frequency. After a critical period has elapsed following the onset of an IR contraction, a single single impulse in any one of the three axons will terminate it abruptly. The early termination is followed by a reduced interval which is proportional to the reduced IR contraction time. The rhythm of accumulated readiness to go into an IR contraction is independent of the pacemaker rhythm that initiates the contraction.", "PMID": 650145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4624", "title": "Distributions of nerve and muscle fibre types in locust jumping muscle.", "content": "Muscle fibres of the locust extensor tibiae (jumping muscle) were examined by interference microscopy and by electron microscopy. The electrical responses of single fibres and the mechanical responses of bundles or selected regions to the nerve fibres were examined. Four axons innervate the muscle: fast (FETi), slow (SETi), common inhibitor (CI) and dorsal unpaired median (DUMETi). Their distributions were examined by combined electrophysiological tracing and EM sectioning. The mean diameter of muscle fibres in different regions varies from 40 to 140 micrometer and is related to the local leg thickness rather than muscle fibre type. The fine structure of a fibre is related to its innervation. Fibres innervated by FETi but not SETi are of fast type ultrastructurally. Fibres innervated by SETi but not by FETi are of slow type ultrastructurally. Fibres innervated by both axons are generally intermediate between the extremes though more nearly of fast type than slow. Distal slow muscle fibres have much slower relaxation rates than do proximal ones. The most proximal bundles are of mixed muscle fibre type. There is an abrupt transition from a mixed population to homogeneous fast type, in the muscle units immediately distal to the most proximal bundles. This transition is associated with the presence of DUMETi terminals on some of the fibres distal to the transition point. There are no SETi endings on these same fibres. Fibres innervated by both SETi and FETi are scattered throughout the leg, but are commonest in the dorsal bundles. The percentage of these increases progressively passing distally. The most distal muscle fibres are innervated by SETi but not by FETi. It is concluded that different regions of the muscle will play different roles functionally since they are differentially sensitive to the pattern of SETi discharge.", "contents": "Distributions of nerve and muscle fibre types in locust jumping muscle. Muscle fibres of the locust extensor tibiae (jumping muscle) were examined by interference microscopy and by electron microscopy. The electrical responses of single fibres and the mechanical responses of bundles or selected regions to the nerve fibres were examined. Four axons innervate the muscle: fast (FETi), slow (SETi), common inhibitor (CI) and dorsal unpaired median (DUMETi). Their distributions were examined by combined electrophysiological tracing and EM sectioning. The mean diameter of muscle fibres in different regions varies from 40 to 140 micrometer and is related to the local leg thickness rather than muscle fibre type. The fine structure of a fibre is related to its innervation. Fibres innervated by FETi but not SETi are of fast type ultrastructurally. Fibres innervated by SETi but not by FETi are of slow type ultrastructurally. Fibres innervated by both axons are generally intermediate between the extremes though more nearly of fast type than slow. Distal slow muscle fibres have much slower relaxation rates than do proximal ones. The most proximal bundles are of mixed muscle fibre type. There is an abrupt transition from a mixed population to homogeneous fast type, in the muscle units immediately distal to the most proximal bundles. This transition is associated with the presence of DUMETi terminals on some of the fibres distal to the transition point. There are no SETi endings on these same fibres. Fibres innervated by both SETi and FETi are scattered throughout the leg, but are commonest in the dorsal bundles. The percentage of these increases progressively passing distally. The most distal muscle fibres are innervated by SETi but not by FETi. It is concluded that different regions of the muscle will play different roles functionally since they are differentially sensitive to the pattern of SETi discharge.", "PMID": 650146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4625", "title": "Factors affecting glomerular function in the pacific hagfish Eptatretus stouti (Lockington).", "content": "Single glomerulus filtration rate in Eptatretus stouti averaged 20.3+/-2.13 (S.E.M.) nl min(-1). Single glomerulus glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could be correlated with arterial pressure when arterial pressure exceeded about 4 cm H2O. Glomerular filtration was affected by postglomerular resistance brought about by alteration of the volume of urinary spaces. Filtration undoubtedly plays a role in glomerulus function. However, average colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of the plasma is almost double the average hydrostatic pressure in the segmental arteries serving the glomeruli. The COP of glomerular fluid is essentially nil, therefore it is difficult to see how pressure filtration alone can account for primary urine formation. When single glomeruli were perfused with colloid-containing Ringer at pressures within the normal range of blood pressures, GFR was within the normal range. GFR was related inversely to the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusion Ringer. Colloid entered the urine during perfusion. However, in only a few instances did this result in conditions favourable to pressure filtration. To assess the role of active processes in glomerular filtration, chemical inhibitors were added to the perfusion Ringer. Amiloride, acetazolamide, cyanide, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, iodoacetate and ethacrynic acid were without marked effect on glomerular filtration. Ouabain and dinitrophenol markedly reduced GFR; inhibition was probably not due to indirect effects upon the renal vasculature.", "contents": "Factors affecting glomerular function in the pacific hagfish Eptatretus stouti (Lockington). Single glomerulus filtration rate in Eptatretus stouti averaged 20.3+/-2.13 (S.E.M.) nl min(-1). Single glomerulus glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could be correlated with arterial pressure when arterial pressure exceeded about 4 cm H2O. Glomerular filtration was affected by postglomerular resistance brought about by alteration of the volume of urinary spaces. Filtration undoubtedly plays a role in glomerulus function. However, average colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of the plasma is almost double the average hydrostatic pressure in the segmental arteries serving the glomeruli. The COP of glomerular fluid is essentially nil, therefore it is difficult to see how pressure filtration alone can account for primary urine formation. When single glomeruli were perfused with colloid-containing Ringer at pressures within the normal range of blood pressures, GFR was within the normal range. GFR was related inversely to the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusion Ringer. Colloid entered the urine during perfusion. However, in only a few instances did this result in conditions favourable to pressure filtration. To assess the role of active processes in glomerular filtration, chemical inhibitors were added to the perfusion Ringer. Amiloride, acetazolamide, cyanide, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, iodoacetate and ethacrynic acid were without marked effect on glomerular filtration. Ouabain and dinitrophenol markedly reduced GFR; inhibition was probably not due to indirect effects upon the renal vasculature.", "PMID": 650147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4626", "title": "Intersegmental reflex coordination by a single joint receptor organ (CB) in rock lobster walking legs.", "content": "In the decapod Crustacea, Palinurus vulgaris and Fasus lalandii, the reflex influences of one particular proprioceptor organ, the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CB), on all the muscles operating the proximal and distal joints of the same leg, have been analysed. The distal end of CB was clamped in fine forceps mounted on a servo-controlled stretcher, and CB length changes of 2 mm were applied. Motor unit activity of the different muscles was recorded as electromyograms (EMGs). 1. Two types of proprioceptive reflex evoked by CB length changes have been investigated: (a) resistance reflexes of the two levator and two depressor muscles of the same leg segment, the coxopodite, i.e. 'intrasegmental reflexes', (b) 'intersegmental reflexes' induced in the muscles operating the proximal (T-C) joint of the same leg, and in all eight muscles of the limb segments distat to CB. 2. Both levator muscles respond reflexly to imposed CB stretch (which normally occurs with limb 'depression'), while both depressors respond during CB shortening (or passive \"elevation\" of the leg). 3. Intersegmentally CB stretch reflexly activates the M-C extensor muscle, and sometimes facilitates the T-C remotor and C-P bender muscles. Shortening of the single CB organ of a leg excites one or two tonic motor units of the T-C promotor and M-C flexor muscles, and also facilitates the remotor, I-M reductor, and the single stretcher-opener excitatory motoneurone. 4. Some of the muscles, particularly the M-C flexor and extensor muscles, are also influenced intersegmentally by the resting length of CB, usually but not invariably in the same direction as for the corresponding dynamic reflexes. The role of the CB chordotonal organ is discussed, with particular consideration of its intersegmental reflex influence on the posture of the entire leg, and on the more complex motor behaviour of locomotion, where it may be specially significant in coordination of the limb in lateral walking. A complex picture of both tonic and dynamic, inra- and intersegmental reflex regulation of the positions and movements of the limb segments, thus emerges.", "contents": "Intersegmental reflex coordination by a single joint receptor organ (CB) in rock lobster walking legs. In the decapod Crustacea, Palinurus vulgaris and Fasus lalandii, the reflex influences of one particular proprioceptor organ, the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CB), on all the muscles operating the proximal and distal joints of the same leg, have been analysed. The distal end of CB was clamped in fine forceps mounted on a servo-controlled stretcher, and CB length changes of 2 mm were applied. Motor unit activity of the different muscles was recorded as electromyograms (EMGs). 1. Two types of proprioceptive reflex evoked by CB length changes have been investigated: (a) resistance reflexes of the two levator and two depressor muscles of the same leg segment, the coxopodite, i.e. 'intrasegmental reflexes', (b) 'intersegmental reflexes' induced in the muscles operating the proximal (T-C) joint of the same leg, and in all eight muscles of the limb segments distat to CB. 2. Both levator muscles respond reflexly to imposed CB stretch (which normally occurs with limb 'depression'), while both depressors respond during CB shortening (or passive \"elevation\" of the leg). 3. Intersegmentally CB stretch reflexly activates the M-C extensor muscle, and sometimes facilitates the T-C remotor and C-P bender muscles. Shortening of the single CB organ of a leg excites one or two tonic motor units of the T-C promotor and M-C flexor muscles, and also facilitates the remotor, I-M reductor, and the single stretcher-opener excitatory motoneurone. 4. Some of the muscles, particularly the M-C flexor and extensor muscles, are also influenced intersegmentally by the resting length of CB, usually but not invariably in the same direction as for the corresponding dynamic reflexes. The role of the CB chordotonal organ is discussed, with particular consideration of its intersegmental reflex influence on the posture of the entire leg, and on the more complex motor behaviour of locomotion, where it may be specially significant in coordination of the limb in lateral walking. A complex picture of both tonic and dynamic, inra- and intersegmental reflex regulation of the positions and movements of the limb segments, thus emerges.", "PMID": 650148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4627", "title": "Intersegmental reflex actions from a joint sensory organ (CB) to a muscle receptor (MCO) in decapod crustacean limbs.", "content": "In the walking legs of decapod crustaceans, intersegmental reflex actions originate from various joint proprioceptors. The activity of the 'accessory flexor' (AF) muscle, which with the myochordotonal organ (MCO) constitutes a muscle proprioceptor for the mero-carpopodite (M-C) joint, is modulated by the sensory discharge of a joint receptor (CB chordotonal organ) for the more proximal, coxo-basal (C-B) joint. Selective mechanical stimulation of the CB organ also reflexly modifies the motor activities of the main M-C flexor and extensor muscles (recorded as EMGs). 1. Dynamic CB stretch (as would occur during a dorso-ventral C-B movement - i.e. 'depression' of the limb) stimulates motor discharge to the M-C extensor muscle, while dynamic release of CB (as during a ventrodorsal C-B movement - or leg 'elevation') excites the accessory flexor as well as the main flexor muscle. 2. Successive M-C muscle responses to repetitive sinusoidal changes of CB length differ quantitatively according to the direction (stretch or release) of the first CB movement, in some cases increasing but more commonly 'adapting' with repetition. 3. Reflex discharge frequencies of the extensor, flexor and accessory flexor motoneurones increase with velocity of CB movement. 4. Eye illumination, and spontaneous or other sources of increased central excitability, generally increase the CB reflex drive to the flexor and accessory flexor muscles and, in parallel, decrease the reflex action on the extensor muscle. The results are discussed in terms of the role of proprioceptive reflexes in intersegmental co-ordination of the leg joints. In particular the significance of the reflex regulation of the myochordotonal receptors, and thereby the gain of the M-C resistance reflexes, is considered in the light of the observed 'co-activation' of main flexor and receptor muscle motoneurones.", "contents": "Intersegmental reflex actions from a joint sensory organ (CB) to a muscle receptor (MCO) in decapod crustacean limbs. In the walking legs of decapod crustaceans, intersegmental reflex actions originate from various joint proprioceptors. The activity of the 'accessory flexor' (AF) muscle, which with the myochordotonal organ (MCO) constitutes a muscle proprioceptor for the mero-carpopodite (M-C) joint, is modulated by the sensory discharge of a joint receptor (CB chordotonal organ) for the more proximal, coxo-basal (C-B) joint. Selective mechanical stimulation of the CB organ also reflexly modifies the motor activities of the main M-C flexor and extensor muscles (recorded as EMGs). 1. Dynamic CB stretch (as would occur during a dorso-ventral C-B movement - i.e. 'depression' of the limb) stimulates motor discharge to the M-C extensor muscle, while dynamic release of CB (as during a ventrodorsal C-B movement - or leg 'elevation') excites the accessory flexor as well as the main flexor muscle. 2. Successive M-C muscle responses to repetitive sinusoidal changes of CB length differ quantitatively according to the direction (stretch or release) of the first CB movement, in some cases increasing but more commonly 'adapting' with repetition. 3. Reflex discharge frequencies of the extensor, flexor and accessory flexor motoneurones increase with velocity of CB movement. 4. Eye illumination, and spontaneous or other sources of increased central excitability, generally increase the CB reflex drive to the flexor and accessory flexor muscles and, in parallel, decrease the reflex action on the extensor muscle. The results are discussed in terms of the role of proprioceptive reflexes in intersegmental co-ordination of the leg joints. In particular the significance of the reflex regulation of the myochordotonal receptors, and thereby the gain of the M-C resistance reflexes, is considered in the light of the observed 'co-activation' of main flexor and receptor muscle motoneurones.", "PMID": 650149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4628", "title": "On the respiration of Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "1. The oxygen consumption of resting Torpedo marmorata was measured using three different methods. The results indicate that this species has a much lower oxygen consumption than other elasmobranchs of comparable size. 2. The gills are ventilated by a mechanism similar to that of other rays, but a relatively small spiracular opening seems to be associated with a more important role of the oro-branchial pump. During hypoxia there is a marked increase in both frequency and amplitude of the ventilatory movements. 3. The frequency of the heart beat is low and shows little change during hypoxia, except under extreme conditions when bradycardia occurs. 4. In some individuals, coupling between cardiac and ventilatory pumps is relatively low but seems to increase at lower ventilatory frequencies and when the ratio between the ventilatory and cardiac frequencies is a whole number. 5. Extreme hypoxia can be withstood for many hours but eventually the ventilatory rhythm ceases; it does not recommence immediately following a rise in ambient oxygen tension. 6. The blood has a low oxygen-carrying capacity and a high affinity. 7. The surface area of the gills is smaller than that of other species that have been investigated, but the quantity of oxygen transferred/unit surface area is similar to that known for other species. 8. It is concluded that Torpedo is a sluggish fish adapted to conditions of low oxygen, but the conditions under which this occurs remain to be determined.", "contents": "On the respiration of Torpedo marmorata. 1. The oxygen consumption of resting Torpedo marmorata was measured using three different methods. The results indicate that this species has a much lower oxygen consumption than other elasmobranchs of comparable size. 2. The gills are ventilated by a mechanism similar to that of other rays, but a relatively small spiracular opening seems to be associated with a more important role of the oro-branchial pump. During hypoxia there is a marked increase in both frequency and amplitude of the ventilatory movements. 3. The frequency of the heart beat is low and shows little change during hypoxia, except under extreme conditions when bradycardia occurs. 4. In some individuals, coupling between cardiac and ventilatory pumps is relatively low but seems to increase at lower ventilatory frequencies and when the ratio between the ventilatory and cardiac frequencies is a whole number. 5. Extreme hypoxia can be withstood for many hours but eventually the ventilatory rhythm ceases; it does not recommence immediately following a rise in ambient oxygen tension. 6. The blood has a low oxygen-carrying capacity and a high affinity. 7. The surface area of the gills is smaller than that of other species that have been investigated, but the quantity of oxygen transferred/unit surface area is similar to that known for other species. 8. It is concluded that Torpedo is a sluggish fish adapted to conditions of low oxygen, but the conditions under which this occurs remain to be determined.", "PMID": 650150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4629", "title": "Distribution of a major connective tissue protein, fibronectin, in normal human tissues.", "content": "Fibronectin is a major surface-associated glycoprotein of cultured fibroblasts and it is also present in human plasma. Antiserum specific for human fibronectin was used to study the distribution of fibronectin in normal adult human tissues. The protein was detected (a) characteristically in various basement membranes including capillary walls: (b) around individual smooth muscle cells and in the sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers; and (c) in the stroma of lymphatic tissue and as thin fibers in loose connective tissue. The distribution of fibronectin was distinct from that of collagen and elastic fibers, but was very similar to reticulin, as demonstrated by conventional histological staining. The results indicate that fibronectin is a major component of connective tissue matrix. The distribution also indicates that most types of adherent cells abut fibronectin-containing structures. This supports the possible role of fibronectin in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in tissues.", "contents": "Distribution of a major connective tissue protein, fibronectin, in normal human tissues. Fibronectin is a major surface-associated glycoprotein of cultured fibroblasts and it is also present in human plasma. Antiserum specific for human fibronectin was used to study the distribution of fibronectin in normal adult human tissues. The protein was detected (a) characteristically in various basement membranes including capillary walls: (b) around individual smooth muscle cells and in the sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers; and (c) in the stroma of lymphatic tissue and as thin fibers in loose connective tissue. The distribution of fibronectin was distinct from that of collagen and elastic fibers, but was very similar to reticulin, as demonstrated by conventional histological staining. The results indicate that fibronectin is a major component of connective tissue matrix. The distribution also indicates that most types of adherent cells abut fibronectin-containing structures. This supports the possible role of fibronectin in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in tissues.", "PMID": 650151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4630", "title": "Acute phase reactants ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin and their relationship to plasma prostaglandins in rabbits bearing the VS2 carcinoma.", "content": "Results of previous studies have shown that the VX2 carcinoma in rabbits synthesizes large amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 secreted by the tumor is rapidly metabolized and can be measured in plasma as the metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M). We have previously proposed that the hypercalcemia that occurs in rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma is due to excessive secretion of PGE2 by the tumor and its subsequent action on the skeleton as a bone resorption-stimulating factor. In the course of these studies, we noted that the plasma of rabbits bearing the VS2 carcinoma became blue about 1 wk after tumor implantation. The intensity of the color increased markedly thereafter. We therefore measured ceruloplasmin in plasma by both chemical and immunological assay methods. Plasma ceruloplasmin and PGE2-M rose in parallel (within 7-10 days) and preceded by 7-10 days the development of hypercalcemia. 2 wk after tumor implantation, plasma PGE2-M and ceruloplasmin had risen about 20- and 6-fold, respectively, while the rise in plasma calcium was just beginning. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, given from the time of tumor implantation prevented completely the hypercalcemia and largely inhibited the rise in ceruloplasmin. When given after hyperprostaglandinemia had developed, indomethacin produced a fall in both PGE2-M and ceruloplasmin. A rise in plasma haptoglobin concentrations similar to that seen for ceruloplasmin was also observed. No changes in plasma albumin concentrations occurred. We conclude that the acute phase reactants ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin rise rapidly in the plasma of rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma, and that this increase is related to arachidonic acid metabolism in these animals. It is possible that arachidonic acid metabolites also play a role in the elevations of these two plasma proteins observed in certain patients with malignant tumors.", "contents": "Acute phase reactants ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin and their relationship to plasma prostaglandins in rabbits bearing the VS2 carcinoma. Results of previous studies have shown that the VX2 carcinoma in rabbits synthesizes large amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 secreted by the tumor is rapidly metabolized and can be measured in plasma as the metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M). We have previously proposed that the hypercalcemia that occurs in rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma is due to excessive secretion of PGE2 by the tumor and its subsequent action on the skeleton as a bone resorption-stimulating factor. In the course of these studies, we noted that the plasma of rabbits bearing the VS2 carcinoma became blue about 1 wk after tumor implantation. The intensity of the color increased markedly thereafter. We therefore measured ceruloplasmin in plasma by both chemical and immunological assay methods. Plasma ceruloplasmin and PGE2-M rose in parallel (within 7-10 days) and preceded by 7-10 days the development of hypercalcemia. 2 wk after tumor implantation, plasma PGE2-M and ceruloplasmin had risen about 20- and 6-fold, respectively, while the rise in plasma calcium was just beginning. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, given from the time of tumor implantation prevented completely the hypercalcemia and largely inhibited the rise in ceruloplasmin. When given after hyperprostaglandinemia had developed, indomethacin produced a fall in both PGE2-M and ceruloplasmin. A rise in plasma haptoglobin concentrations similar to that seen for ceruloplasmin was also observed. No changes in plasma albumin concentrations occurred. We conclude that the acute phase reactants ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin rise rapidly in the plasma of rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma, and that this increase is related to arachidonic acid metabolism in these animals. It is possible that arachidonic acid metabolites also play a role in the elevations of these two plasma proteins observed in certain patients with malignant tumors.", "PMID": 650152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4631", "title": "Proliferative capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Thioglycolate-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages cultured in the presence of macrophage growth factor (MGF) will continue to proliferate when they are removed from culture dishes with the local anesthetic lidocaine and subcultured. The number of times the cells can be subcultured and remain in a proliferative state is dependent on the number of previous cell divisions. One precursor cell (colony-forming cell) yields about 2.6 X 10(4) daughter cells. When MGF is removed from actively proliferating macrophages, they leave the cell cycle and enter a \"resting\" condition. When MGF is readded, cells reenter the cell cycle and proliferate with the same doubling time as if MGF had not been removed. Membrane 5'-nucleotidase activity was used as a probe to identify the state of macrophage activation. Proliferating macrophage populations had significantly higher enzyme levels than stimulated macrophages cultured without MGF. These enzymes levels were, however, lower than those found for resident (unstimulated) macrophages.", "contents": "Proliferative capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Thioglycolate-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages cultured in the presence of macrophage growth factor (MGF) will continue to proliferate when they are removed from culture dishes with the local anesthetic lidocaine and subcultured. The number of times the cells can be subcultured and remain in a proliferative state is dependent on the number of previous cell divisions. One precursor cell (colony-forming cell) yields about 2.6 X 10(4) daughter cells. When MGF is removed from actively proliferating macrophages, they leave the cell cycle and enter a \"resting\" condition. When MGF is readded, cells reenter the cell cycle and proliferate with the same doubling time as if MGF had not been removed. Membrane 5'-nucleotidase activity was used as a probe to identify the state of macrophage activation. Proliferating macrophage populations had significantly higher enzyme levels than stimulated macrophages cultured without MGF. These enzymes levels were, however, lower than those found for resident (unstimulated) macrophages.", "PMID": 650153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4632", "title": "Specific protease deficiency in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome and beige mice.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes of three patients with Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) contained very low or undetectable levels of elastase, the major neutral protease in these cells. Likewise, peritoneal exudate leukocytes of beige mice (the murine counterpart of CHS) contained correspondingly reduced levels of their major neutral protease, a serine enzyme of mol wt 27,000. The elastase deficiency in CHS polymorphonuclear leukocytes might account in part for the high incidence of infections in these patients.", "contents": "Specific protease deficiency in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome and beige mice. Peripheral blood leukocytes of three patients with Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) contained very low or undetectable levels of elastase, the major neutral protease in these cells. Likewise, peritoneal exudate leukocytes of beige mice (the murine counterpart of CHS) contained correspondingly reduced levels of their major neutral protease, a serine enzyme of mol wt 27,000. The elastase deficiency in CHS polymorphonuclear leukocytes might account in part for the high incidence of infections in these patients.", "PMID": 650154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4633", "title": "Anti-viral activity induced by culturing lymphocytes with tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells. Identification of the anti-viral activity as interferon and characterization of the human effector lymphocyte subpopulation.", "content": "A viral inhibitor(s) is released in the supernate of mixed cultures containing human or mouse lymphocytes and cells from certain lines. The inhibitor is active against a variety of unrelated viruses and is a protein that is not toxic for cells. It does not inactivate viruses directly, but inhibits viral replication through an intracellular mechanism that involves synthesis by the cells of both RNA and protein. These characteristics identify the inhibitor as an interferon. The anti-viral activity is contained in at least two molecular species, of approximately 25,000 and 45,000 daltons, respectively. In addition to the anti-viral activity, the supernates of the mixed cultures display an anti-cellular activity, the inhibition of DNA synthesis and of cell multiplication. The anti-viral and the anti-cellular activities are positively correlated in supernates from various cultures and in partially purified preparations. The human cell population responsible for interferon production is composed mainly of Fc-receptor positive, surface immunoglobulin negative, non-T-cell lymphocytes. The ability of certain cell lines to induce interferon seems to be preferentially associated with tumor origin or with in vitro transformation by certain viruses (Epstein-Barr virus, murine sarcoma virus).", "contents": "Anti-viral activity induced by culturing lymphocytes with tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells. Identification of the anti-viral activity as interferon and characterization of the human effector lymphocyte subpopulation. A viral inhibitor(s) is released in the supernate of mixed cultures containing human or mouse lymphocytes and cells from certain lines. The inhibitor is active against a variety of unrelated viruses and is a protein that is not toxic for cells. It does not inactivate viruses directly, but inhibits viral replication through an intracellular mechanism that involves synthesis by the cells of both RNA and protein. These characteristics identify the inhibitor as an interferon. The anti-viral activity is contained in at least two molecular species, of approximately 25,000 and 45,000 daltons, respectively. In addition to the anti-viral activity, the supernates of the mixed cultures display an anti-cellular activity, the inhibition of DNA synthesis and of cell multiplication. The anti-viral and the anti-cellular activities are positively correlated in supernates from various cultures and in partially purified preparations. The human cell population responsible for interferon production is composed mainly of Fc-receptor positive, surface immunoglobulin negative, non-T-cell lymphocytes. The ability of certain cell lines to induce interferon seems to be preferentially associated with tumor origin or with in vitro transformation by certain viruses (Epstein-Barr virus, murine sarcoma virus).", "PMID": 650155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4634", "title": "Anti-viral activity induced by culturing lymphocytes with tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells. Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by interferon and antagonistic inhibition of susceptibility of target cells to lysis.", "content": "Interferon, induced in lymphocytes either with viruses or cell lines, increases severalfold the natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes on target cell lines. Cell separation experiments support the hypothesis that interferon enhances the activity of natural killer cells rather than generating a new population of effector cells. In mixed culture of lymphocytes and cell lines in which endogenous interferon is produced, interferon mediates an enhancement of cytotoxicity that represents up to 70-90% of the observed cytotoxicity. The effect of interferon on target cells is antagonistic to the effect on the lymphocytes: the susceptibility to cell-mediated lysis of various cells upon pretreatment with interferon is decreased and in some cases almost completely suppressed. Interferon renders target cells resistant to natural killer cells acting by an intracellular mechanism which requires RNA and protein synthesis. While normal fibroblasts are protected, virus-infected cells and most tumor cells usually are not protected by interferon. Interferon by stimulating very efficient nonspecific cytotoxic cells and by protecting at the same time normal cells from lysis, might render the natural killer cell system an inducible selective defense mechanism against tumor and virus-infected cells.", "contents": "Anti-viral activity induced by culturing lymphocytes with tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells. Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by interferon and antagonistic inhibition of susceptibility of target cells to lysis. Interferon, induced in lymphocytes either with viruses or cell lines, increases severalfold the natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes on target cell lines. Cell separation experiments support the hypothesis that interferon enhances the activity of natural killer cells rather than generating a new population of effector cells. In mixed culture of lymphocytes and cell lines in which endogenous interferon is produced, interferon mediates an enhancement of cytotoxicity that represents up to 70-90% of the observed cytotoxicity. The effect of interferon on target cells is antagonistic to the effect on the lymphocytes: the susceptibility to cell-mediated lysis of various cells upon pretreatment with interferon is decreased and in some cases almost completely suppressed. Interferon renders target cells resistant to natural killer cells acting by an intracellular mechanism which requires RNA and protein synthesis. While normal fibroblasts are protected, virus-infected cells and most tumor cells usually are not protected by interferon. Interferon by stimulating very efficient nonspecific cytotoxic cells and by protecting at the same time normal cells from lysis, might render the natural killer cell system an inducible selective defense mechanism against tumor and virus-infected cells.", "PMID": 650156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4635", "title": "[Intestinal carbohydrate absorption--correlation between morphology and biochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of the morphology of the small intestinal mucosa the physiological processes of carbohydrate digestion and absorption are discussed. While starch is hydrolyzed by amylase in the lumen of the duodenum, the disaccharide hydrolysis does not take place in the intestinal lumen, but at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte. The liberated monosaccharides are--at least in part--absorbed by a specific active transport system. This mechanism is different from those which are responsible for the active transport of primary monosaccharides, i.e. monosaccharides which do not result from oligosaccharide hydrolysis. The exit process for monosaccharides out of the enterocyte into the extracellular space occurs by \"facilitated diffusion\". Passage through \"fenestrated\" capillaries is discussed as a possible mechanism for the entry of monosaccharides into the blood vessel system.", "contents": "[Intestinal carbohydrate absorption--correlation between morphology and biochemistry (author's transl)]. After a short description of the morphology of the small intestinal mucosa the physiological processes of carbohydrate digestion and absorption are discussed. While starch is hydrolyzed by amylase in the lumen of the duodenum, the disaccharide hydrolysis does not take place in the intestinal lumen, but at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte. The liberated monosaccharides are--at least in part--absorbed by a specific active transport system. This mechanism is different from those which are responsible for the active transport of primary monosaccharides, i.e. monosaccharides which do not result from oligosaccharide hydrolysis. The exit process for monosaccharides out of the enterocyte into the extracellular space occurs by \"facilitated diffusion\". Passage through \"fenestrated\" capillaries is discussed as a possible mechanism for the entry of monosaccharides into the blood vessel system.", "PMID": 650157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4636", "title": "A specific detection method for multiple forms of cystine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase-isoenzymes) after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A simple and specific detection method for multiple forms of cystine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase-isoenzymes) in pregnancy serum is described using S-benzyl-L-nitroanilide as substrate. The relative distribution of both cystine aminopeptidase isoenzymes at different stages of pregnancy is given.", "contents": "A specific detection method for multiple forms of cystine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase-isoenzymes) after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A simple and specific detection method for multiple forms of cystine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase-isoenzymes) in pregnancy serum is described using S-benzyl-L-nitroanilide as substrate. The relative distribution of both cystine aminopeptidase isoenzymes at different stages of pregnancy is given.", "PMID": 650158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4637", "title": "[Kinetic immunological-turbidimetric determination of C-3 protein with a fast analyzer (author's transl)].", "content": "A new immunological-turbidimetric method is described for the quantitative determination of individual proteins. It is based on initial rate analysis with fixed time kinetics. The optimal conditions for the analysis of C-3 protein are described, with respect to buffer composition, reaction time, the time interval for measurement of the initial rate, and the concentrations of antigen and antibody. With these optimised, standardised conditions, it is possible to obtain results for 29 samples in 20 seconds, using a reaction time of deltaA/15 seconds. The method is relatively accurate with a day to day variation coefficient of 4.3 for C-3 concentrations of 217.5 mg/l, and 6.4 for concentrations of 435 mg/l. It is therefore suitable for the clinical chemical laboratory. A detailed comparison of this with other methods, and its use in the measurement of patients' sera will be presented elsewhere.", "contents": "[Kinetic immunological-turbidimetric determination of C-3 protein with a fast analyzer (author's transl)]. A new immunological-turbidimetric method is described for the quantitative determination of individual proteins. It is based on initial rate analysis with fixed time kinetics. The optimal conditions for the analysis of C-3 protein are described, with respect to buffer composition, reaction time, the time interval for measurement of the initial rate, and the concentrations of antigen and antibody. With these optimised, standardised conditions, it is possible to obtain results for 29 samples in 20 seconds, using a reaction time of deltaA/15 seconds. The method is relatively accurate with a day to day variation coefficient of 4.3 for C-3 concentrations of 217.5 mg/l, and 6.4 for concentrations of 435 mg/l. It is therefore suitable for the clinical chemical laboratory. A detailed comparison of this with other methods, and its use in the measurement of patients' sera will be presented elsewhere.", "PMID": 650159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4638", "title": "Electrically silent anion transport through lipid bilayer membranes containing a long-chain secondary amine.", "content": "The permeability properties of planar lipid bilayers made from egg lecithin, n-decane and a long-chain secondary amine (n-lauryl [trialkylmethyl]amine) are described. Membranes containing the secondary amine show halide selectivity and high conductance at pH less than 6, as estimated by measurements of zero-current potentials generated by NaBr activity gradients. In the absence of halide ions, the membranes show H+ selectivity, although the total membrane conductance is relatively low. In 0.1 M NaBr both the membrane conductance (Gm) and the Br- self-exchange flux (JBr) are proportional to H+ concentration over the pH range of 7 to 4, and both JBr and Gm saturate at pH less than 4. However, JBr is always more than 100 times the flux predicted from Gm and the transference number for Br-. Thus, greater than 99% of the observed (tracer) flux is electrically silent and is not a Br2 or HBrO flux because the reducing agent, S2O3=, has no effect on JBr. At pH 7, JBr is proportional to Br- concentration over the range of 1-340 mM, with no sign of saturation kinetics. Both urea and sulfate tracer permeabilities are low and are unaffected by pH. The results can be explained by a model in which the secondary amine behaves as a monovalent, titratable carrier which exists in three chemical forms (C, CH+, and CHBr). Br- crosses the membrane primarily as the neurtal complex (CHBr). The positively charged carrier (CH+) crosses the membrane slowly compared to CHBr, but CH+ is the principal charge carrier in the membrane. At neurtal pH greater than 99% of the amine is in the nonfunctional form (C), which can be converted to CH+ or CHBr by increasing the H+ or Br- concentrations. The permeability properties of these lipid bilayers resemble in many respects the permeability properties of red cell membranes.", "contents": "Electrically silent anion transport through lipid bilayer membranes containing a long-chain secondary amine. The permeability properties of planar lipid bilayers made from egg lecithin, n-decane and a long-chain secondary amine (n-lauryl [trialkylmethyl]amine) are described. Membranes containing the secondary amine show halide selectivity and high conductance at pH less than 6, as estimated by measurements of zero-current potentials generated by NaBr activity gradients. In the absence of halide ions, the membranes show H+ selectivity, although the total membrane conductance is relatively low. In 0.1 M NaBr both the membrane conductance (Gm) and the Br- self-exchange flux (JBr) are proportional to H+ concentration over the pH range of 7 to 4, and both JBr and Gm saturate at pH less than 4. However, JBr is always more than 100 times the flux predicted from Gm and the transference number for Br-. Thus, greater than 99% of the observed (tracer) flux is electrically silent and is not a Br2 or HBrO flux because the reducing agent, S2O3=, has no effect on JBr. At pH 7, JBr is proportional to Br- concentration over the range of 1-340 mM, with no sign of saturation kinetics. Both urea and sulfate tracer permeabilities are low and are unaffected by pH. The results can be explained by a model in which the secondary amine behaves as a monovalent, titratable carrier which exists in three chemical forms (C, CH+, and CHBr). Br- crosses the membrane primarily as the neurtal complex (CHBr). The positively charged carrier (CH+) crosses the membrane slowly compared to CHBr, but CH+ is the principal charge carrier in the membrane. At neurtal pH greater than 99% of the amine is in the nonfunctional form (C), which can be converted to CH+ or CHBr by increasing the H+ or Br- concentrations. The permeability properties of these lipid bilayers resemble in many respects the permeability properties of red cell membranes.", "PMID": 650168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4639", "title": "Removal of sodium channel inactivation in squid giant axons by n-bromoacetamide.", "content": "The group-specific protein reagents, N-bromacetamide (NBA) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), modify sodium channel gating when perfused inside squid axons. The normal fast inactivation of sodium channels is irreversibly destroyed by 1 mM NBA or NBS near neutral pH. NBA apparently exhibits an all-or-none destruction of the inactivation process at the single channel level in a manner similar to internal perfusion of Pronase. Despite the complete removal of inactivation by NBA, the voltage-dependent activation of sodium channels remains unaltered as determined by (a) sodium current turn-on kinetics, (b) sodium tail current kinetics, (c) voltage dependence of steady-state activation, and (d) sensitivity of sodium channels to external calcium concentration. NBA and NBS, which can cleave peptide bonds only at tryptophan, tyrosine, or histidine residues and can oxidize sulfur-containing amino acids, were directly compared with regard to effects on sodium inactivation to several other reagents exhibiting overlapping protein reactivity spectra. N-acetylimidazole, a tyrosine-specific reagent, was the only other compound examined capable of partially mimicking NBA. Our results are consistent with recent models of sodium inactivation and support the involvement of a tyrosine residue in the inactivation gating structure of the sodium channel.", "contents": "Removal of sodium channel inactivation in squid giant axons by n-bromoacetamide. The group-specific protein reagents, N-bromacetamide (NBA) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), modify sodium channel gating when perfused inside squid axons. The normal fast inactivation of sodium channels is irreversibly destroyed by 1 mM NBA or NBS near neutral pH. NBA apparently exhibits an all-or-none destruction of the inactivation process at the single channel level in a manner similar to internal perfusion of Pronase. Despite the complete removal of inactivation by NBA, the voltage-dependent activation of sodium channels remains unaltered as determined by (a) sodium current turn-on kinetics, (b) sodium tail current kinetics, (c) voltage dependence of steady-state activation, and (d) sensitivity of sodium channels to external calcium concentration. NBA and NBS, which can cleave peptide bonds only at tryptophan, tyrosine, or histidine residues and can oxidize sulfur-containing amino acids, were directly compared with regard to effects on sodium inactivation to several other reagents exhibiting overlapping protein reactivity spectra. N-acetylimidazole, a tyrosine-specific reagent, was the only other compound examined capable of partially mimicking NBA. Our results are consistent with recent models of sodium inactivation and support the involvement of a tyrosine residue in the inactivation gating structure of the sodium channel.", "PMID": 650167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4640", "title": "Desensitization onset and recovery at the potassium-depolarized frog neuromuscular junction are voltage sensitive.", "content": "The influence of voltage on the time-course of desensitization onset and recovery has been studied at the frog neuromuscular junction. The activation-desensitization sequence was determined from carbachol-induced end-plate currents in potassium-depolarized fibers voltage-clamped either to -40 mV or +40 mV. The time-course of both desensitization onset and recovery developed exponentially, with onset occurring more rapidly than recovery. Desensitization onset was voltage dependent, the onset time constant being 8.3 +/- 1.3 s (11 fibers) at -40 mV and 19.3 +/- 3.4 s (15 fibers) at +40 mV. Recovery from desensitization was also influenced by voltage. The extent of recovery after 2 min was 80.4 +/- 6.3% in those fibers voltage-clamped to -40 mV and 57.4 +/- 3.6% in those fibers voltage-clamped to +40 mV. The voltage dependence of desenistization onset and recovery did not result from a difference in ability to control voltage at these two levels of membrane potential. These results demonstrate that in the potassium-depolarized preparation the processes controlling both desensitization onset and recovery of sensitivity from the desensitivity from the desensitized state are influenced by membrane voltage.", "contents": "Desensitization onset and recovery at the potassium-depolarized frog neuromuscular junction are voltage sensitive. The influence of voltage on the time-course of desensitization onset and recovery has been studied at the frog neuromuscular junction. The activation-desensitization sequence was determined from carbachol-induced end-plate currents in potassium-depolarized fibers voltage-clamped either to -40 mV or +40 mV. The time-course of both desensitization onset and recovery developed exponentially, with onset occurring more rapidly than recovery. Desensitization onset was voltage dependent, the onset time constant being 8.3 +/- 1.3 s (11 fibers) at -40 mV and 19.3 +/- 3.4 s (15 fibers) at +40 mV. Recovery from desensitization was also influenced by voltage. The extent of recovery after 2 min was 80.4 +/- 6.3% in those fibers voltage-clamped to -40 mV and 57.4 +/- 3.6% in those fibers voltage-clamped to +40 mV. The voltage dependence of desenistization onset and recovery did not result from a difference in ability to control voltage at these two levels of membrane potential. These results demonstrate that in the potassium-depolarized preparation the processes controlling both desensitization onset and recovery of sensitivity from the desensitivity from the desensitized state are influenced by membrane voltage.", "PMID": 650169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4641", "title": "Ionizable groups and conductances of the rod photoreceptor membrane.", "content": "The ionizable groups and conductances of the rod plasma membrane were studied by measuring membrane potential and input impedance with micropipettes that were placed in the rod outer segments. Reduction of the pH from 8.0 to 6.8 or from 7.8 to 7.3 resulted in membrane depolarization in the dark from 8.0 to 6.8 or from 7.8 to 7.3 resulted in membrane depolarization in the dark (by 2- 3 mV) and an increased size of the light response (also by 2-3 mV). The dark depolarization was accompanied by and increased resting input impedance (by 11-35 Momega). When the pH was decreased in a perfusate in which Cl(-) was replaced by isethionate, the membrane depolarized. When the pH was decreased in a perfusate in which Na(+) was replaced by choline, an increase of input impedance was observed (11-50 Momega) even though a depolarization did not occur. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the effects of decreased extracellular pH result mainly from a decrease in rod membrane K(+) conductance that is presumably cause by protonation of ionizable groups having a pK(a) between 7.3 and 7.8. Furthermore, from these results and results obtained by using CO(2) and NH(3) to affect specifically the internal pH of the cell, it seems unlikely that altered cytoplasmic [H(+)] is a cytoplasmic messenger for excitation of the rod. When the rods were exposed to perfusate in which Na(+) was replaced by choline, the resting (dark) input impedance increased (by 26 Momega +/- 5 Momega SE), and the light-induced changes in input impedance became undetectable. Replacement of Cl(-) by isethionate had no detectable effect on either the resting input impedance or the light-induced changes in input impedance. These results confirm previous findings that the primary effect of light is to decrease the membrane conductance to Na(+) and show that, if any other changes in conductance occur, they depend upon the change in Na(+) conductance. The results are consistent with the following relative resting conductances of the rod membrane: G(Na(+)) similar to G(K(+)) more than 2-5 G(Cl(-)).", "contents": "Ionizable groups and conductances of the rod photoreceptor membrane. The ionizable groups and conductances of the rod plasma membrane were studied by measuring membrane potential and input impedance with micropipettes that were placed in the rod outer segments. Reduction of the pH from 8.0 to 6.8 or from 7.8 to 7.3 resulted in membrane depolarization in the dark from 8.0 to 6.8 or from 7.8 to 7.3 resulted in membrane depolarization in the dark (by 2- 3 mV) and an increased size of the light response (also by 2-3 mV). The dark depolarization was accompanied by and increased resting input impedance (by 11-35 Momega). When the pH was decreased in a perfusate in which Cl(-) was replaced by isethionate, the membrane depolarized. When the pH was decreased in a perfusate in which Na(+) was replaced by choline, an increase of input impedance was observed (11-50 Momega) even though a depolarization did not occur. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the effects of decreased extracellular pH result mainly from a decrease in rod membrane K(+) conductance that is presumably cause by protonation of ionizable groups having a pK(a) between 7.3 and 7.8. Furthermore, from these results and results obtained by using CO(2) and NH(3) to affect specifically the internal pH of the cell, it seems unlikely that altered cytoplasmic [H(+)] is a cytoplasmic messenger for excitation of the rod. When the rods were exposed to perfusate in which Na(+) was replaced by choline, the resting (dark) input impedance increased (by 26 Momega +/- 5 Momega SE), and the light-induced changes in input impedance became undetectable. Replacement of Cl(-) by isethionate had no detectable effect on either the resting input impedance or the light-induced changes in input impedance. These results confirm previous findings that the primary effect of light is to decrease the membrane conductance to Na(+) and show that, if any other changes in conductance occur, they depend upon the change in Na(+) conductance. The results are consistent with the following relative resting conductances of the rod membrane: G(Na(+)) similar to G(K(+)) more than 2-5 G(Cl(-)).", "PMID": 650170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4642", "title": "Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii: influence of mouse peritoneal macrophages and calf sera on extracellular growth in vitro at 37 degrees C.", "content": "Macrophages and certain batches of sera were essential for extracellular multiplication of Trypanosoma dionisii in vitro in medium 199 with 20% (v/v) calf serum at 37 degrees C. In mixtures of 'good' and 'bad' batches of sera, multiplication increased as the proportion of the former was increased. Mixtures of 'bad' and 'intermediate' sera permitted virtually no growth. Phagocytosis of parasites by macrophages was unaffected by different batches of sera, though reduced in medium 199 alone. Replacement of supernatant medium by medium containing 'bad' serum reduced the macrophage infection rate no more than did transfer to medium containing 'good' serum. Daily addition of medium conditioned by prior contact with macrophages in vitro to cultures of trypanosomes without macrophages resulted in growth at least as good as that in the presence of macrophages. Extracellular replication in medium 199 at 37 degrees C apparently required at least two factors: 'M factor' provided by macrophages, but not required at 28 degrees C; and 'S+ factor' present in some batches of calf serum, essential also at 28 degrees C but not required by intracellular parasites. Some sera appeared to contain an inhibitory 'S- factor'.", "contents": "Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii: influence of mouse peritoneal macrophages and calf sera on extracellular growth in vitro at 37 degrees C. Macrophages and certain batches of sera were essential for extracellular multiplication of Trypanosoma dionisii in vitro in medium 199 with 20% (v/v) calf serum at 37 degrees C. In mixtures of 'good' and 'bad' batches of sera, multiplication increased as the proportion of the former was increased. Mixtures of 'bad' and 'intermediate' sera permitted virtually no growth. Phagocytosis of parasites by macrophages was unaffected by different batches of sera, though reduced in medium 199 alone. Replacement of supernatant medium by medium containing 'bad' serum reduced the macrophage infection rate no more than did transfer to medium containing 'good' serum. Daily addition of medium conditioned by prior contact with macrophages in vitro to cultures of trypanosomes without macrophages resulted in growth at least as good as that in the presence of macrophages. Extracellular replication in medium 199 at 37 degrees C apparently required at least two factors: 'M factor' provided by macrophages, but not required at 28 degrees C; and 'S+ factor' present in some batches of calf serum, essential also at 28 degrees C but not required by intracellular parasites. Some sera appeared to contain an inhibitory 'S- factor'.", "PMID": 650172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4643", "title": "Isolation and transduction analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants of Staphylococcus aureus defective in DNA replication.", "content": "Four temperature-sensitive mutants of Staphylococcus aureus with defects affecting DNA synthesis have been isolated and partially characterized. They fall into two groups: three have defects either in elongation of DNA or synthesis of its precursors; the fourth has properties inconsistent with a defect in either elongation or initiation. Transduction analysis indicated that the mutation in this fourth mutant is unlinked to the mutations in the other three, which are all clustered on one side of a gene conferrring resistance to novobiocin.", "contents": "Isolation and transduction analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants of Staphylococcus aureus defective in DNA replication. Four temperature-sensitive mutants of Staphylococcus aureus with defects affecting DNA synthesis have been isolated and partially characterized. They fall into two groups: three have defects either in elongation of DNA or synthesis of its precursors; the fourth has properties inconsistent with a defect in either elongation or initiation. Transduction analysis indicated that the mutation in this fourth mutant is unlinked to the mutations in the other three, which are all clustered on one side of a gene conferrring resistance to novobiocin.", "PMID": 650173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4644", "title": "Structural polypeptides of measles virus.", "content": "The structural polypeptides of two strains of measles virus grown in Vero cells were analysed in SDS-PAGE slab gels. Six major polypeptides were identified with mol. wt. of 79000, 72000, 60000, 43000, 40000 and 36000. The largest polypeptide was sensitive to trypsin digestion and was the dominant glycosylated polypeptide identified when the virus was grown in medium containing 3H-fucose or 3H-glucosamine or when the virus was treated with galactose oxidase and labelled with 3H-sodium borohydride. It is concluded that the 79000 mol. wt. polypeptide represents the haemagglutinin. Treatment with non-ionic detergent removed this polypeptide and also the 40000 mol. wt. polypeptide from the virus envelope. The 40000 mol. wt. polypeptide is probably associated with haemolysin and cell fusion activities and is analogous to the F1 of paramyxoviruses. A polypeptide of mol. wt. approx. 20000 detected after glycoprotein labelling may represent the F2 of measles virus. The 43000 mol. wt. polypeptide co-migrates with cellular actin and is the only major measles polypeptide that is heavily labelled when the virus is grown on Vero cells prelabelled with 35S-methionine. Thus it may represent cellular actin incorporated into the virus during maturation. The quantity of the 72000 mol. wt. polypeptide relative to the other major polypeptides varied considerably in different virus preparations. The role of the polypeptide could not be defined. By analogy with previously published data the 60000 and 36000 mol. wt. polypeptides are inferred to represent nucleocapsid and membrane proteins, respectively.", "contents": "Structural polypeptides of measles virus. The structural polypeptides of two strains of measles virus grown in Vero cells were analysed in SDS-PAGE slab gels. Six major polypeptides were identified with mol. wt. of 79000, 72000, 60000, 43000, 40000 and 36000. The largest polypeptide was sensitive to trypsin digestion and was the dominant glycosylated polypeptide identified when the virus was grown in medium containing 3H-fucose or 3H-glucosamine or when the virus was treated with galactose oxidase and labelled with 3H-sodium borohydride. It is concluded that the 79000 mol. wt. polypeptide represents the haemagglutinin. Treatment with non-ionic detergent removed this polypeptide and also the 40000 mol. wt. polypeptide from the virus envelope. The 40000 mol. wt. polypeptide is probably associated with haemolysin and cell fusion activities and is analogous to the F1 of paramyxoviruses. A polypeptide of mol. wt. approx. 20000 detected after glycoprotein labelling may represent the F2 of measles virus. The 43000 mol. wt. polypeptide co-migrates with cellular actin and is the only major measles polypeptide that is heavily labelled when the virus is grown on Vero cells prelabelled with 35S-methionine. Thus it may represent cellular actin incorporated into the virus during maturation. The quantity of the 72000 mol. wt. polypeptide relative to the other major polypeptides varied considerably in different virus preparations. The role of the polypeptide could not be defined. By analogy with previously published data the 60000 and 36000 mol. wt. polypeptides are inferred to represent nucleocapsid and membrane proteins, respectively.", "PMID": 650174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4645", "title": "Prevention of death in Semliki Forest virus-infected mice by administration of defective-interfering Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "Adult mice inoculated with Semliki Forest virus (SFV) were protected from a lethal infection of the central nervous system by intranasal administration of defective-interfering (DI) SFV. DI SFV was prepared by eight passages at high m.o.i. in BHK 21 cells. Mice were treated with unpurified, unconcentrated tissue culture fluid which had been u.v.-irradiated to inactivate the infective virus present. Prevention of death was maximal when the DI virus was administered simultaneously with the infecting inoculum, and under the same conditions multiplication of infective virus in the brains of treated mice was reduced by 10(5)-fold. It was shown that DI SFV was propagated in mouse brains followed intranasal inoculation and it was concluded that protection was brought about through the intrinsic interfering capacity of the DI virus.", "contents": "Prevention of death in Semliki Forest virus-infected mice by administration of defective-interfering Semliki Forest virus. Adult mice inoculated with Semliki Forest virus (SFV) were protected from a lethal infection of the central nervous system by intranasal administration of defective-interfering (DI) SFV. DI SFV was prepared by eight passages at high m.o.i. in BHK 21 cells. Mice were treated with unpurified, unconcentrated tissue culture fluid which had been u.v.-irradiated to inactivate the infective virus present. Prevention of death was maximal when the DI virus was administered simultaneously with the infecting inoculum, and under the same conditions multiplication of infective virus in the brains of treated mice was reduced by 10(5)-fold. It was shown that DI SFV was propagated in mouse brains followed intranasal inoculation and it was concluded that protection was brought about through the intrinsic interfering capacity of the DI virus.", "PMID": 650175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4646", "title": "Inhibition of African swine fever (ASF virus replication by phosphonoacetic acid.", "content": "Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) inhibits the multiplication of African swine fever (ASF) virus in VERO cells. The observed inhibition of the in vivo DNA synthesis could be related to the in vitro inhibition of a virus-induced DNA polymerase activity present in cytoplasmic extracts from infected VERO cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of African swine fever (ASF virus replication by phosphonoacetic acid. Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) inhibits the multiplication of African swine fever (ASF) virus in VERO cells. The observed inhibition of the in vivo DNA synthesis could be related to the in vitro inhibition of a virus-induced DNA polymerase activity present in cytoplasmic extracts from infected VERO cells.", "PMID": 650176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4647", "title": "Amino acid requirement of adenovirus multiplication.", "content": "The absence from the medium of any of the 13 amino acids essential for cell growth has an inhibiting effect on the multiplication of adenovirus 9-15 and adenovirus I in HeLa cell cultures. The inhibition is accentuated by previous amino acid starvation of the cultures. Whereas with arginine deprivation, the arginine pool inside the cells is at a minimum within 30 min, the cells are assumed to adapt slowly to the new metabolic state, which is characterized by an increased 'turnover' of protein synthesis. With arginine deficiency and in Hanks' BSS some synthesis of virus and capsid proteins takes place. Quantitative and possibly qualitative differences between the influence of the various deficient media were observed. The experiments rule out DNA synthesis as a primary cause of the amino acid deficiency effect. They lead to the hypothesis that arginine deficiency inhibits the formation of an essential protein which is synthesized very late in the infectious cycle under complete MEM.", "contents": "Amino acid requirement of adenovirus multiplication. The absence from the medium of any of the 13 amino acids essential for cell growth has an inhibiting effect on the multiplication of adenovirus 9-15 and adenovirus I in HeLa cell cultures. The inhibition is accentuated by previous amino acid starvation of the cultures. Whereas with arginine deprivation, the arginine pool inside the cells is at a minimum within 30 min, the cells are assumed to adapt slowly to the new metabolic state, which is characterized by an increased 'turnover' of protein synthesis. With arginine deficiency and in Hanks' BSS some synthesis of virus and capsid proteins takes place. Quantitative and possibly qualitative differences between the influence of the various deficient media were observed. The experiments rule out DNA synthesis as a primary cause of the amino acid deficiency effect. They lead to the hypothesis that arginine deficiency inhibits the formation of an essential protein which is synthesized very late in the infectious cycle under complete MEM.", "PMID": 650177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4648", "title": "Integration of adenovirus type 2 DNA in productively infected cells: results of sequential hybridization experiments.", "content": "In human KB cells permissively infected with adenovirus type 2, the high mol. wt. forms of virus DNA have been characterized. These size classes of virus DNA sediment at greater than 100S and 40 to 90S in alkaline sucrose density gradients. Considerable evidence from a series of earlier communications supports the notion that the high mol. wt. forms of virus DNA represent virus DNA sequences covalently linked to cellular DNA. 3H-labelled high mol. wt. adenovirus type 2 DNA from productively infected cells can be shown to hybridize to virus DNA fixed to filters. In the present paper we demonstrate that on alkali elution of the DNA from the filters used in the first step of the hybridization experiment, the labelled DNA re-hybridizes to cellular DNA in the second step of a sequential hybridization experiment. The order of performing the two successive hybridization experiments can be reversed and very similar results are obtained. These data provide conclusive evidence for the covalent linkage of virus and cellular DNA sequences in KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 2.", "contents": "Integration of adenovirus type 2 DNA in productively infected cells: results of sequential hybridization experiments. In human KB cells permissively infected with adenovirus type 2, the high mol. wt. forms of virus DNA have been characterized. These size classes of virus DNA sediment at greater than 100S and 40 to 90S in alkaline sucrose density gradients. Considerable evidence from a series of earlier communications supports the notion that the high mol. wt. forms of virus DNA represent virus DNA sequences covalently linked to cellular DNA. 3H-labelled high mol. wt. adenovirus type 2 DNA from productively infected cells can be shown to hybridize to virus DNA fixed to filters. In the present paper we demonstrate that on alkali elution of the DNA from the filters used in the first step of the hybridization experiment, the labelled DNA re-hybridizes to cellular DNA in the second step of a sequential hybridization experiment. The order of performing the two successive hybridization experiments can be reversed and very similar results are obtained. These data provide conclusive evidence for the covalent linkage of virus and cellular DNA sequences in KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 2.", "PMID": 650178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4649", "title": "The meaning of IQ constancy in young retarded children.", "content": "In a clinic population of 289 children (nine years of age and under) suspected of developmental delay, it was found that correlations on repeated administrations of the Bayley and/or Stanford-Binet intelligence tests were much higher than in normal children; that the magnitude of the correlations was inversely related to IQ level; that children initially tested under two years of age displayed more IQ change than those tested over the age of two, with girls more likely than boys to show a drop, and the greatest amount of fluctuation occurring the 51-80 range. The IQ constancy of this population has important developmental implications for the retarded: it suggests that they are growing intellectually at a rate proportional to normal children of their own mental rather than chronological age; that they may well have more years of maturation before reaching a plateau; and that educational programs should take into consideration this lengthened learning period.", "contents": "The meaning of IQ constancy in young retarded children. In a clinic population of 289 children (nine years of age and under) suspected of developmental delay, it was found that correlations on repeated administrations of the Bayley and/or Stanford-Binet intelligence tests were much higher than in normal children; that the magnitude of the correlations was inversely related to IQ level; that children initially tested under two years of age displayed more IQ change than those tested over the age of two, with girls more likely than boys to show a drop, and the greatest amount of fluctuation occurring the 51-80 range. The IQ constancy of this population has important developmental implications for the retarded: it suggests that they are growing intellectually at a rate proportional to normal children of their own mental rather than chronological age; that they may well have more years of maturation before reaching a plateau; and that educational programs should take into consideration this lengthened learning period.", "PMID": 650179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4650", "title": "Sex differences on a measure of self-esteem: theoretical implications.", "content": "The hypotheses of this study of sex differences on a measure of self-esteem are as follows: 1) the scales good, nice, generous, pleasant, dependable, honest, and active will group together to form the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 2) the scales strong, leader, powerful, confident, curious, inventive, sharp, and active will group together to form the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 3) males will score significantly higher than females on the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 4) females will score significantly higher than males on the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 5) there will be a significnat difference between the scoring patterns of males and females on the two dimensions of the semantic differential after controlling for the effects of race and social desirability. The sample of 442 sixth through eighth grade students consisted of two subsamples made heterogeneous on race, geographic location, and type of school. The Frnks-Marolla Self-Esteem Semantic Differential and the Lunneborg and Lunneborg Child's Social Desirability Scale were administered. The findings support each of the hypotheses and indicate that there is a significant difference between the sexes on the Franks-Marolla Semantic Differential Measure of Self-Esteem. It is concluded that additional research in self-esteem might specify the meaning of sex differences in esteem by measuring esteem relative to an individual's structural social positions rather than measuring esteem in the general and environmentally nonspecific contexts as advocated by some.", "contents": "Sex differences on a measure of self-esteem: theoretical implications. The hypotheses of this study of sex differences on a measure of self-esteem are as follows: 1) the scales good, nice, generous, pleasant, dependable, honest, and active will group together to form the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 2) the scales strong, leader, powerful, confident, curious, inventive, sharp, and active will group together to form the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 3) males will score significantly higher than females on the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 4) females will score significantly higher than males on the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 5) there will be a significnat difference between the scoring patterns of males and females on the two dimensions of the semantic differential after controlling for the effects of race and social desirability. The sample of 442 sixth through eighth grade students consisted of two subsamples made heterogeneous on race, geographic location, and type of school. The Frnks-Marolla Self-Esteem Semantic Differential and the Lunneborg and Lunneborg Child's Social Desirability Scale were administered. The findings support each of the hypotheses and indicate that there is a significant difference between the sexes on the Franks-Marolla Semantic Differential Measure of Self-Esteem. It is concluded that additional research in self-esteem might specify the meaning of sex differences in esteem by measuring esteem relative to an individual's structural social positions rather than measuring esteem in the general and environmentally nonspecific contexts as advocated by some.", "PMID": 650183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4651", "title": "Body image stereotypes: a developmental comparison.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that temperament judgments associated with different body types were dependent upon sex and age of the respondents. A total of 500 participants, 249 females and 251 males ranging from 6 to 60 years of age, were sampled. Participants were drawn from various civic, educational, institutional, and residential groups in a Southern cosmopolitan city. A paper-pencil instrument consisted of three body silhouettes (representing an ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph) and 40 temperament/behavior descriptors. The respondents matched each descriptor with one of the three body types. The results indicated that the descriptors were differentially associated with body types according to age groups but not by sex. The mesomorph was overwhelmingly and consistently viewed as the most positive of the three body types, but was rated somewhat more negatively as the age of the group increased. Participants of ages 6 through 25 rated the endomorph more negatively than the ectomorph, while those of ages 26-40 rates them equally. In contrast, participants over 40 years of age viewed the ectomorph more negatively than the endomorph.", "contents": "Body image stereotypes: a developmental comparison. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that temperament judgments associated with different body types were dependent upon sex and age of the respondents. A total of 500 participants, 249 females and 251 males ranging from 6 to 60 years of age, were sampled. Participants were drawn from various civic, educational, institutional, and residential groups in a Southern cosmopolitan city. A paper-pencil instrument consisted of three body silhouettes (representing an ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph) and 40 temperament/behavior descriptors. The respondents matched each descriptor with one of the three body types. The results indicated that the descriptors were differentially associated with body types according to age groups but not by sex. The mesomorph was overwhelmingly and consistently viewed as the most positive of the three body types, but was rated somewhat more negatively as the age of the group increased. Participants of ages 6 through 25 rated the endomorph more negatively than the ectomorph, while those of ages 26-40 rates them equally. In contrast, participants over 40 years of age viewed the ectomorph more negatively than the endomorph.", "PMID": 650184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4652", "title": "An exploration of antecedents and attributes of androgynous and undifferentiated sex roles.", "content": "This study sought to clarify the nature of androgynous (both masculine and feminine) and undifferentiated (neither masculine nor feminine) sex-role outcomes. One inquiry concerned the parent identification patterms most likely associated with androgyny and undifferentiation. ANother inquiry considered differences between the masculinity or femininity of androgynous adolescents and these sex-role behaviors as represented in masculine and feminine adolescents, respectively. Similarly, the sex-role differences for masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated adolescents were investigated. The white, middle-class Ss included 142 male and 193 female college students (average age under 19 years). Parent and S sex-role scores, as well as identification scores, were based upon adjective check list self-descriptions and parent descriptions obtained from the S's. Androgynous males most frequently identified with a nonstereotypic mother combining masculine and feminine qualities, whereas undifferentiated males more often identified with a stereotypically feminine mother (p less than .01). No differences in female identification emerged. Both sexes of androgynous Ss revealed masculine attributes similar to those of masculine Ss but lacked many of the femine qualities of feminine Ss. A blending of sex-role dispositions in androgyny was inferred.", "contents": "An exploration of antecedents and attributes of androgynous and undifferentiated sex roles. This study sought to clarify the nature of androgynous (both masculine and feminine) and undifferentiated (neither masculine nor feminine) sex-role outcomes. One inquiry concerned the parent identification patterms most likely associated with androgyny and undifferentiation. ANother inquiry considered differences between the masculinity or femininity of androgynous adolescents and these sex-role behaviors as represented in masculine and feminine adolescents, respectively. Similarly, the sex-role differences for masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated adolescents were investigated. The white, middle-class Ss included 142 male and 193 female college students (average age under 19 years). Parent and S sex-role scores, as well as identification scores, were based upon adjective check list self-descriptions and parent descriptions obtained from the S's. Androgynous males most frequently identified with a nonstereotypic mother combining masculine and feminine qualities, whereas undifferentiated males more often identified with a stereotypically feminine mother (p less than .01). No differences in female identification emerged. Both sexes of androgynous Ss revealed masculine attributes similar to those of masculine Ss but lacked many of the femine qualities of feminine Ss. A blending of sex-role dispositions in androgyny was inferred.", "PMID": 650185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4653", "title": "A psychological profile of the transsexual. I. The male.", "content": "The present research introduced standardized psychological measurement into the clinical assessment of the male transsexual. Thirty-one males with a presenting complaint of gender dysphoria were carefully screened as to their correspondence with current nosological conceptions of transsexualism, and administered the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) as part of their clinical psychometric work-up. The DSFI is an omnibus self-report scale providing measurement in the primary domains of sexual information, sexual experiences, sexual drive, sexual attitudes, psychological symptoms, affects, gender role definition, and sexual fantasy. Transsexual profiles were contrasted with those of a comparison group of 57 normal heterosexual males. Results of the comparisons revealed the transsexuals to show a significant decrement in accurate sexual information, and a marked reduction in the variety of sexual experiences they have been involved in. They also revealed a reduction in drive levels; however, this was qualified by which indicator of drive was used. Significant elevations in psychological symptoms and dysphoric affect were also noted, particularly of a depressive nature. Gender role definitions were markedly polarized in the feminine direction for male transsexuals, and their fantasy endorsements revealed some of the classic transsexual themes. The ability to develop this quantified and standardized psychological profile is viewed as an important step in accurately assessing the nature of these complex individuals, and developing a more accurate understanding of their condition.", "contents": "A psychological profile of the transsexual. I. The male. The present research introduced standardized psychological measurement into the clinical assessment of the male transsexual. Thirty-one males with a presenting complaint of gender dysphoria were carefully screened as to their correspondence with current nosological conceptions of transsexualism, and administered the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) as part of their clinical psychometric work-up. The DSFI is an omnibus self-report scale providing measurement in the primary domains of sexual information, sexual experiences, sexual drive, sexual attitudes, psychological symptoms, affects, gender role definition, and sexual fantasy. Transsexual profiles were contrasted with those of a comparison group of 57 normal heterosexual males. Results of the comparisons revealed the transsexuals to show a significant decrement in accurate sexual information, and a marked reduction in the variety of sexual experiences they have been involved in. They also revealed a reduction in drive levels; however, this was qualified by which indicator of drive was used. Significant elevations in psychological symptoms and dysphoric affect were also noted, particularly of a depressive nature. Gender role definitions were markedly polarized in the feminine direction for male transsexuals, and their fantasy endorsements revealed some of the classic transsexual themes. The ability to develop this quantified and standardized psychological profile is viewed as an important step in accurately assessing the nature of these complex individuals, and developing a more accurate understanding of their condition.", "PMID": 650186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4654", "title": "The psychological management and treatment of hospitalized transsexuals.", "content": "The findings of this paper are based on a 3-year study at the Gender Identiy Clinic of University Hospitals of Cleveland, involving 16 patients who were sexually revised (SR) from a total of 125 applicants. Three of these patients were provided second-stage surgeries which were begun elsewhere. The paper addresses some of the major problems of the SR patients' pre- and postsurgical experience. Specifically, a) evidence is provided to suggest the existence of a well defined preoperative syndrome which often affects the postoperative course of recovery which may lead to a clinical state of depression; b) the problems and process of the medical team in the treatment of the SR patient are discussed; and c) a modified version of Janis' counseling model for the high risk presurgical patient (to be employed with the preoperative SR patient) is introduced. These important but often neglected topics help us to understand some of the psychiatric management problems in the pre- and postoperative SR patient, while also pointing to some of the difficulties researchers have had in providing follow-up studies with this patient population.", "contents": "The psychological management and treatment of hospitalized transsexuals. The findings of this paper are based on a 3-year study at the Gender Identiy Clinic of University Hospitals of Cleveland, involving 16 patients who were sexually revised (SR) from a total of 125 applicants. Three of these patients were provided second-stage surgeries which were begun elsewhere. The paper addresses some of the major problems of the SR patients' pre- and postsurgical experience. Specifically, a) evidence is provided to suggest the existence of a well defined preoperative syndrome which often affects the postoperative course of recovery which may lead to a clinical state of depression; b) the problems and process of the medical team in the treatment of the SR patient are discussed; and c) a modified version of Janis' counseling model for the high risk presurgical patient (to be employed with the preoperative SR patient) is introduced. These important but often neglected topics help us to understand some of the psychiatric management problems in the pre- and postoperative SR patient, while also pointing to some of the difficulties researchers have had in providing follow-up studies with this patient population.", "PMID": 650187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4655", "title": "Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory prediction of intellectual changes following cardiac surgery.", "content": "One hundred two cardiac surgery patients were tested with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) preoperatively and 98 of these patientts (two diet, two were untestable) were tested both pre- and postoperatively with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Bender-Gestalt, and the Wechsler Memory Scale. A large number of the patients obtained preoperative \"neurotic\"-type MMPI profiles. Postoperative deficits in intellectual ability were slight for the group as a whole, however, there was marked within-group variance. The MMPI was not found to be useful as a predictor of postoperative intellectual changes.", "contents": "Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory prediction of intellectual changes following cardiac surgery. One hundred two cardiac surgery patients were tested with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) preoperatively and 98 of these patientts (two diet, two were untestable) were tested both pre- and postoperatively with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Bender-Gestalt, and the Wechsler Memory Scale. A large number of the patients obtained preoperative \"neurotic\"-type MMPI profiles. Postoperative deficits in intellectual ability were slight for the group as a whole, however, there was marked within-group variance. The MMPI was not found to be useful as a predictor of postoperative intellectual changes.", "PMID": 650188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4656", "title": "Capgras syndrome-a biochemical marker?", "content": "Two cased of Capgras syndrome are reported in which platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is singificantly less than that of 24 psychiatric controls and 39 nonpsychiatric controls. This is the first report of a consistent biochemical abnormality associated with the Capgras phenomenon. Additional evidence is discussed which suggests that psychiatric patients with  Capgras syndrome may belong to a discrete group of behavioral disorders characterized by reduced platelet MAO activity.", "contents": "Capgras syndrome-a biochemical marker? Two cased of Capgras syndrome are reported in which platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is singificantly less than that of 24 psychiatric controls and 39 nonpsychiatric controls. This is the first report of a consistent biochemical abnormality associated with the Capgras phenomenon. Additional evidence is discussed which suggests that psychiatric patients with  Capgras syndrome may belong to a discrete group of behavioral disorders characterized by reduced platelet MAO activity.", "PMID": 650189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4657", "title": "Hemodialysis and schizophrenia. A negative report.", "content": "A preliminary, uncontrolled study utilizing hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia reported a high success rate. Two patients are presented who had both schizophrenia and chronic renal failure and who underwent intensive, long term hemodialysis with no change in their schizophrenic symptomatology. This negative finding is consistent with other case reports. Retrospective or limited controlled studies based on previous research with false neurotransmitters, serum protein factors, or endorphins in schizophrenia are urged before further patients with normal kidney function are exposed to the risks of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Hemodialysis and schizophrenia. A negative report. A preliminary, uncontrolled study utilizing hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia reported a high success rate. Two patients are presented who had both schizophrenia and chronic renal failure and who underwent intensive, long term hemodialysis with no change in their schizophrenic symptomatology. This negative finding is consistent with other case reports. Retrospective or limited controlled studies based on previous research with false neurotransmitters, serum protein factors, or endorphins in schizophrenia are urged before further patients with normal kidney function are exposed to the risks of hemodialysis.", "PMID": 650190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4658", "title": "A rapid behavioral treatment for needle phobics.", "content": "A morbid fear of injections and injection paraphernalia can on occasion seriously compromise both the inpatient and outpatient treatment of medical illnesses. Two individuals with a severe needle phobia were treated using participant modeling. In both cases, this very rapid treatment resulted in a remission of symptoms, that in one case persisted at 1 year follow-up post-treatment.", "contents": "A rapid behavioral treatment for needle phobics. A morbid fear of injections and injection paraphernalia can on occasion seriously compromise both the inpatient and outpatient treatment of medical illnesses. Two individuals with a severe needle phobia were treated using participant modeling. In both cases, this very rapid treatment resulted in a remission of symptoms, that in one case persisted at 1 year follow-up post-treatment.", "PMID": 650191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4659", "title": "Sociodemographic factors and military psychiatric hospitalization.", "content": "This study of race, rank, and psychiatric hospitalization was conducted to provie more information about the impact of social class factors on military inpatient treatment. A retrospective review of the charts of all commissioned officers admitted over a 16-month period along with control groups of airmen and sergeants matche for time of admission was undertaken at a large military training center. Groups were compared on sociodemographic variables (age, race, rank, sex, marital status, length of service, and education background) as well aa clinical variables (referral source, chief complaint, diagnosis, length of stay, and outcome). The implications of briefer hospitalizations for the youngest group of patients (the airmen) are discussed. The over-representation of black enlisted soldiers as psychiatric patients and organizational means of rectifying this situation are discussed.", "contents": "Sociodemographic factors and military psychiatric hospitalization. This study of race, rank, and psychiatric hospitalization was conducted to provie more information about the impact of social class factors on military inpatient treatment. A retrospective review of the charts of all commissioned officers admitted over a 16-month period along with control groups of airmen and sergeants matche for time of admission was undertaken at a large military training center. Groups were compared on sociodemographic variables (age, race, rank, sex, marital status, length of service, and education background) as well aa clinical variables (referral source, chief complaint, diagnosis, length of stay, and outcome). The implications of briefer hospitalizations for the youngest group of patients (the airmen) are discussed. The over-representation of black enlisted soldiers as psychiatric patients and organizational means of rectifying this situation are discussed.", "PMID": 650192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4660", "title": "Treatment of erythrophobia by paradoxical intention.", "content": "A 25-year-old male was treated by paradoxical intention for erythrophobia that had been present for 12 years. Severe blushing episodes decreased from 28 during the month preceding treatment to three during treatment; there were never more than two severe blushing episodes per month during the 6-month follow-up. The mean duration of each severe episode was 13 minutes before treatment, 8 minutes during treatment, and varied from 4 to 9 minutes during follow-up. Although this treatment is easy for both the patient and therapist, it is important that the patient be highly motivated. A good relationship with the therapist and the use of humor can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of paradoxical intention.", "contents": "Treatment of erythrophobia by paradoxical intention. A 25-year-old male was treated by paradoxical intention for erythrophobia that had been present for 12 years. Severe blushing episodes decreased from 28 during the month preceding treatment to three during treatment; there were never more than two severe blushing episodes per month during the 6-month follow-up. The mean duration of each severe episode was 13 minutes before treatment, 8 minutes during treatment, and varied from 4 to 9 minutes during follow-up. Although this treatment is easy for both the patient and therapist, it is important that the patient be highly motivated. A good relationship with the therapist and the use of humor can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of paradoxical intention.", "PMID": 650193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4661", "title": "Life event stress, social support, coping style, and risk of psychological impairment.", "content": "The effects of life event stress, coping style, and social support on psychological impairment were examined in a survey of a representative Australian suburban sample (N = 863). Psychological impairment was defined as a score of 4 or more on the 20-item General Health Questionnaire. Life event stress, coping style, and one of the social support variates, crisis support, were related to impairment, significantly decreasing or increasing the risk of being identified as impaired from the total sample frequency of 24 per cent. There was no evidence that coping style or social support became associated by moderating the relationship between life event stress and impairment, but rather because of their independent relationship with psychological impairment.", "contents": "Life event stress, social support, coping style, and risk of psychological impairment. The effects of life event stress, coping style, and social support on psychological impairment were examined in a survey of a representative Australian suburban sample (N = 863). Psychological impairment was defined as a score of 4 or more on the 20-item General Health Questionnaire. Life event stress, coping style, and one of the social support variates, crisis support, were related to impairment, significantly decreasing or increasing the risk of being identified as impaired from the total sample frequency of 24 per cent. There was no evidence that coping style or social support became associated by moderating the relationship between life event stress and impairment, but rather because of their independent relationship with psychological impairment.", "PMID": 650194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4662", "title": "Social adjustment by self-report in a community sample and in psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "Data are presented on social functioning derived from a self-report social adjustment scale (SAS-SR) administered to 774 subjects including a community sample and three psychiatric outpatient populations: acute depressives, alcoholics, and schizophrenics. This self-report scale derives from an interview form and was developed and tested on depressed outpatients. Since its publication, it has been used in populations other than depressives including other psychiatric patients, nonpsychiatric patients, and nonpatients. The purpose of this paper is to make data available to other investigators on results of this self-report social adjustment scale in a broad range of subjects and to describe further the psychometric properties, limitations, and utility of the scale. Findings show that the scale has wide applicability in a range of subjects but that certain cautions should be followed in using it with chronically impaired psychiatric populations who may not be involved in the major roles assessed by the scale.", "contents": "Social adjustment by self-report in a community sample and in psychiatric outpatients. Data are presented on social functioning derived from a self-report social adjustment scale (SAS-SR) administered to 774 subjects including a community sample and three psychiatric outpatient populations: acute depressives, alcoholics, and schizophrenics. This self-report scale derives from an interview form and was developed and tested on depressed outpatients. Since its publication, it has been used in populations other than depressives including other psychiatric patients, nonpsychiatric patients, and nonpatients. The purpose of this paper is to make data available to other investigators on results of this self-report social adjustment scale in a broad range of subjects and to describe further the psychometric properties, limitations, and utility of the scale. Findings show that the scale has wide applicability in a range of subjects but that certain cautions should be followed in using it with chronically impaired psychiatric populations who may not be involved in the major roles assessed by the scale.", "PMID": 650195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4663", "title": "Treatment environment and patient improvement.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between treatment environment and patient behavior change. The psychosocial environments of eight psychiatric wards were assessed by having patients complete the Ward Atmosphere Scale and by having observers record ongoing social interactions on the ward. These environmental measures were related to behavior change scores taken from staff ratings of patient behavior. Both the patient perceptions of the ward environment and the observational environmental measures displayed significant relationships with behavior change. Patient perceptions of staff control and of staff acceptance of anger were found to be important environmental dimensions for patient improvement. In addition, wards having more patient-staff interaction displayed more patient improvement.", "contents": "Treatment environment and patient improvement. This study investigated the relationship between treatment environment and patient behavior change. The psychosocial environments of eight psychiatric wards were assessed by having patients complete the Ward Atmosphere Scale and by having observers record ongoing social interactions on the ward. These environmental measures were related to behavior change scores taken from staff ratings of patient behavior. Both the patient perceptions of the ward environment and the observational environmental measures displayed significant relationships with behavior change. Patient perceptions of staff control and of staff acceptance of anger were found to be important environmental dimensions for patient improvement. In addition, wards having more patient-staff interaction displayed more patient improvement.", "PMID": 650196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4664", "title": "Sexual behavior correlates of female orgasm and marital happiness.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate sexual behavior correlates of marital happiness and female orgasm. Forty-eight female students of Baylor University who were 20 to 35 years old and had been married at least 2 years participated in the survey. A specially compiled 131-item marital relations questionnaire provided data for an intercorrelational analysis. Marital happiness, fidelity, and experience of orgasm correlated with certain specific sexual behaviors. These variables were related also to dissatisfaction with marital sex, which is consistent with previous research. However, when dissatisfaction resulting from performing less desired sexual acts was separated from dissatisfaction resulting from not performing desired sexual acts, the correlations differed, often markedly. Thus, the data suggest that unitary measures of dissatisfaction with marital sex may obscure meaningful differences. Also, information was obtained concerning the orgasmic and multiple orgasmic experience of the women, their extramartial experience, and their relative use of and preference for various intercourse positions and noncoital sexual activities.", "contents": "Sexual behavior correlates of female orgasm and marital happiness. The present study was designed to investigate sexual behavior correlates of marital happiness and female orgasm. Forty-eight female students of Baylor University who were 20 to 35 years old and had been married at least 2 years participated in the survey. A specially compiled 131-item marital relations questionnaire provided data for an intercorrelational analysis. Marital happiness, fidelity, and experience of orgasm correlated with certain specific sexual behaviors. These variables were related also to dissatisfaction with marital sex, which is consistent with previous research. However, when dissatisfaction resulting from performing less desired sexual acts was separated from dissatisfaction resulting from not performing desired sexual acts, the correlations differed, often markedly. Thus, the data suggest that unitary measures of dissatisfaction with marital sex may obscure meaningful differences. Also, information was obtained concerning the orgasmic and multiple orgasmic experience of the women, their extramartial experience, and their relative use of and preference for various intercourse positions and noncoital sexual activities.", "PMID": 650197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4665", "title": "Covert outpatient drug abuse. Incidence and therapist recognition.", "content": "One hundred ninety-five consecutive psychiatric outpatients were surveyed for covert drug abuse by a standardized technique for determining opiates, cocaine, barbiturates, and amphetamines in urine samples. On the basis of demographic variables, diagnostic information, and treatment course, patterns of abuse were defined for the 13.3 per cent with positive test results. Covert abusers demonstrated a higher incidence of adverse drug reactions and a less favorable therapy course than controls. Covert abuse was meaningfuly related to misdiagnosis, management problems, and therapist's response. Demographic variables and patient reports of previous abuse were not found to be reliable predicators of covert drug abuse. Urine screening for drug use is recommended as an aid to proper diagnosis of psychiatric outpatients that present diagnostic questions.", "contents": "Covert outpatient drug abuse. Incidence and therapist recognition. One hundred ninety-five consecutive psychiatric outpatients were surveyed for covert drug abuse by a standardized technique for determining opiates, cocaine, barbiturates, and amphetamines in urine samples. On the basis of demographic variables, diagnostic information, and treatment course, patterns of abuse were defined for the 13.3 per cent with positive test results. Covert abusers demonstrated a higher incidence of adverse drug reactions and a less favorable therapy course than controls. Covert abuse was meaningfuly related to misdiagnosis, management problems, and therapist's response. Demographic variables and patient reports of previous abuse were not found to be reliable predicators of covert drug abuse. Urine screening for drug use is recommended as an aid to proper diagnosis of psychiatric outpatients that present diagnostic questions.", "PMID": 650198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4666", "title": "An investigation of weights in the parents of anorexia nervosa patients.", "content": "Although large series studies of anorexia nervosa families have found a greater than expected occurrence of anorexia nervosa in family members, there are no reports of the anorectic's parents' weights during the time of the patient's illness. An unusual degree of weight aberrations present in the parents at the time of the patient's illness could represent both a genetic and noxious environmental influence for the development of anorexia nervosa. In order to examine the possibility that weight aberrations may be more frequent in anorectic patients' parents, we obtained height and weight measurements from the parents of 30 anorexia nervosa patients. The parents were compared with 30 control families in which the father was matched for age, level of education, occupation, and salary to the patient's father. Matching the control group for socioeconomic status was necessary since previous studies have shown a relationship between socioeconomic status and weight. An analysis of covariance showed no difference between the weight of the patient and control parents, although a significant relationship between educational level and weight was present.", "contents": "An investigation of weights in the parents of anorexia nervosa patients. Although large series studies of anorexia nervosa families have found a greater than expected occurrence of anorexia nervosa in family members, there are no reports of the anorectic's parents' weights during the time of the patient's illness. An unusual degree of weight aberrations present in the parents at the time of the patient's illness could represent both a genetic and noxious environmental influence for the development of anorexia nervosa. In order to examine the possibility that weight aberrations may be more frequent in anorectic patients' parents, we obtained height and weight measurements from the parents of 30 anorexia nervosa patients. The parents were compared with 30 control families in which the father was matched for age, level of education, occupation, and salary to the patient's father. Matching the control group for socioeconomic status was necessary since previous studies have shown a relationship between socioeconomic status and weight. An analysis of covariance showed no difference between the weight of the patient and control parents, although a significant relationship between educational level and weight was present.", "PMID": 650200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4667", "title": "Marijuana effects on associations to novel stimuli.", "content": "Sixteen college-educated male subjects were given an object description task during placebo conditions and while intoxicated with marijuana extract cookies calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a dose within the range of usual social use. The task was scored for fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and uniqueness, all of which represent associational thinking and are considered to be components of creativity. Marijuana did not enhance any of these measures.", "contents": "Marijuana effects on associations to novel stimuli. Sixteen college-educated male subjects were given an object description task during placebo conditions and while intoxicated with marijuana extract cookies calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a dose within the range of usual social use. The task was scored for fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and uniqueness, all of which represent associational thinking and are considered to be components of creativity. Marijuana did not enhance any of these measures.", "PMID": 650201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4668", "title": "The effects of amitriptyline and lithium on a patient with 48-hour recurrent depressions.", "content": "A 61-year-old man with a 5-year history of 48-hour mood swing cycles--1 day depressed, 1-day euthymic--was treated with medications in a double blind trial. Placebo had no effect on his cycles, amitriptyline lessened the amplitude of depression on \"bad days\" but did not effect the 48-hour periodicity, whereas lithium carbonate therapy terminated both affective symptoms and the cycle itself. After several months on lithium, the patient discontinued the drug, but neither symptoms nor cycles returned. Forty-eight-hour affective cycles are unusual, and this patient's response to lithium is particularly striking.", "contents": "The effects of amitriptyline and lithium on a patient with 48-hour recurrent depressions. A 61-year-old man with a 5-year history of 48-hour mood swing cycles--1 day depressed, 1-day euthymic--was treated with medications in a double blind trial. Placebo had no effect on his cycles, amitriptyline lessened the amplitude of depression on \"bad days\" but did not effect the 48-hour periodicity, whereas lithium carbonate therapy terminated both affective symptoms and the cycle itself. After several months on lithium, the patient discontinued the drug, but neither symptoms nor cycles returned. Forty-eight-hour affective cycles are unusual, and this patient's response to lithium is particularly striking.", "PMID": 650202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4669", "title": "The effect of thyroid hormones on rat pineal indoleamine metabolism in vitro.", "content": "The effect of TSH, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) on basic and noradrenaline (NA)-induced indoleamine metabolism was investigated in rat pineal culture based on the observation that, under the experimental system used, melatonin is formed from its amino acid precursor tryptophan. When added to the culture medium, alone or in the presence of NA, TSH in dosages of 5 and 20 mU had no significant effect on pineal tryptophan metabolism.T4 and 2.5 microgram increased the melatonin concentration and, in the presence of NA 10(-4) M, also induced an increase in N-acetylserotonin (NAS). T3, already at a dosage as low as 0.25 microgram enhanced the melatonin concentration, while 2.5 microgram produced significant increases in concentrations of all pineal indoleamines measured. The latter dosage of T3 also enhanced the NA-stimulated NAS. On adding larger quantities of T4 or T3 to the medium none of the changes encountered with the lower dosages could be seen. The results obtained may suggest a direct positive feedback between the thyroid and pineal glands.", "contents": "The effect of thyroid hormones on rat pineal indoleamine metabolism in vitro. The effect of TSH, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) on basic and noradrenaline (NA)-induced indoleamine metabolism was investigated in rat pineal culture based on the observation that, under the experimental system used, melatonin is formed from its amino acid precursor tryptophan. When added to the culture medium, alone or in the presence of NA, TSH in dosages of 5 and 20 mU had no significant effect on pineal tryptophan metabolism.T4 and 2.5 microgram increased the melatonin concentration and, in the presence of NA 10(-4) M, also induced an increase in N-acetylserotonin (NAS). T3, already at a dosage as low as 0.25 microgram enhanced the melatonin concentration, while 2.5 microgram produced significant increases in concentrations of all pineal indoleamines measured. The latter dosage of T3 also enhanced the NA-stimulated NAS. On adding larger quantities of T4 or T3 to the medium none of the changes encountered with the lower dosages could be seen. The results obtained may suggest a direct positive feedback between the thyroid and pineal glands.", "PMID": 650203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4670", "title": "Direct evidence of acetylcholine releasing effect of serotonin in the Auerbach plexus.", "content": "The mode of action of serotonin on isolated longitudinal muscle strip with attached Auerbach plexus and on whole ileum preparation has been studied. Atropine, tetrodoxtoxin, morphine and alpha-adrenoceptor stimulants inhibited the contractions of the strips and whole ileum in response to serotonin. In the presence of atropine (2 X 10(-8) M) at 9 times higher concentration of serotonin was needed to produce the same contraction of the ileum as in control experiments. These facts indicate that the contractile effect of serotonin on the longitudinal muscle of ileum might be mediated via a cholinergic pathway. Direct evidence has also been provided that serotonin is capable of releasing acetylcholine from the Auerbach plexus. It is very likely that serotonin stimulates ganglion cells, which in fact leads to firing and, consequently, to an increase of acetylcholine release from the nerve terminals.", "contents": "Direct evidence of acetylcholine releasing effect of serotonin in the Auerbach plexus. The mode of action of serotonin on isolated longitudinal muscle strip with attached Auerbach plexus and on whole ileum preparation has been studied. Atropine, tetrodoxtoxin, morphine and alpha-adrenoceptor stimulants inhibited the contractions of the strips and whole ileum in response to serotonin. In the presence of atropine (2 X 10(-8) M) at 9 times higher concentration of serotonin was needed to produce the same contraction of the ileum as in control experiments. These facts indicate that the contractile effect of serotonin on the longitudinal muscle of ileum might be mediated via a cholinergic pathway. Direct evidence has also been provided that serotonin is capable of releasing acetylcholine from the Auerbach plexus. It is very likely that serotonin stimulates ganglion cells, which in fact leads to firing and, consequently, to an increase of acetylcholine release from the nerve terminals.", "PMID": 650204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4671", "title": "Plasma pituitary hormones in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bromocriptine.", "content": "Bromocriptine was used for Parkinson's disease in 15 patients for 20 weeks. Immunoreactive plasma lutrophin (LH), follitrophin (FSH), prolactin, and somatotrophin (GH, growth hormone) concentrations were analysed before and during the treatment. Plasma prolactin levels were very markedly reduced during treatment. Plasma lutrophin levels were increased significantly in female patients, but not in male patients. No changes were noticed in follitrophin levels, but plasma somatotrophin levels were reduced during treatment. No correlations were found between the degree of clinical response and changes in plasma gonadotrophin and somatotrophin. This suggests that the effects of bromocriptine on extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurones are unrelated. We suggest careful and frequent controls of neuroendocrine secretion patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease who are treated with high doses of dopamine receptor stimulators, since the response of some pituitary hormones to bromocriptine are very marked.", "contents": "Plasma pituitary hormones in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bromocriptine. Bromocriptine was used for Parkinson's disease in 15 patients for 20 weeks. Immunoreactive plasma lutrophin (LH), follitrophin (FSH), prolactin, and somatotrophin (GH, growth hormone) concentrations were analysed before and during the treatment. Plasma prolactin levels were very markedly reduced during treatment. Plasma lutrophin levels were increased significantly in female patients, but not in male patients. No changes were noticed in follitrophin levels, but plasma somatotrophin levels were reduced during treatment. No correlations were found between the degree of clinical response and changes in plasma gonadotrophin and somatotrophin. This suggests that the effects of bromocriptine on extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurones are unrelated. We suggest careful and frequent controls of neuroendocrine secretion patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease who are treated with high doses of dopamine receptor stimulators, since the response of some pituitary hormones to bromocriptine are very marked.", "PMID": 650205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4672", "title": "Increased effect of apomorphine on homovanillic acid in rats terminated from chronic haloperidol.", "content": "Rats who were administered apomorphine seven days after termination of chronic treatment with haloperidol had significantly (59%) lower level of brain HVA than saline control rats. This finding is consistent with the behavioral evidence suggesting supersensitivity of post-synaptic dopamine receptors after termination of chronic haloperidol.", "contents": "Increased effect of apomorphine on homovanillic acid in rats terminated from chronic haloperidol. Rats who were administered apomorphine seven days after termination of chronic treatment with haloperidol had significantly (59%) lower level of brain HVA than saline control rats. This finding is consistent with the behavioral evidence suggesting supersensitivity of post-synaptic dopamine receptors after termination of chronic haloperidol.", "PMID": 650206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4673", "title": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in a group of patients with Parkinson disease.", "content": "In a group of patients with Parkinson disease there was no difference in plasma DBH activity between cases treated with L-Dopa and not treated. These patients tend to have an elevated activity of erythrocyte AChE.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in a group of patients with Parkinson disease. In a group of patients with Parkinson disease there was no difference in plasma DBH activity between cases treated with L-Dopa and not treated. These patients tend to have an elevated activity of erythrocyte AChE.", "PMID": 650207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4674", "title": "The emetic action of L-dopa and its effect on the swallowing reflex in the cat.", "content": "In adults cats anesthetized with urethane it was shown that facilitation of reflexly-induced swallowing by dopaminomimetics is caused by a central action independent of the emetic of such drugs. It is suggested that this modulatory influence is mediated by dopamine receptors associated with the amygdala and ventral basal striatum.", "contents": "The emetic action of L-dopa and its effect on the swallowing reflex in the cat. In adults cats anesthetized with urethane it was shown that facilitation of reflexly-induced swallowing by dopaminomimetics is caused by a central action independent of the emetic of such drugs. It is suggested that this modulatory influence is mediated by dopamine receptors associated with the amygdala and ventral basal striatum.", "PMID": 650208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4675", "title": "Analysis of evoked lumbosacral potentials in man.", "content": "Surface electrodes have been used to record potentials evoked in the lumbosacral region of 15 healthy volunteers after tibial nerve stimulation. By monitoring the M waves and H reflexes in the triceps surae muslces and by comparing the responses recorded over the roots with those over the lower cord, it was possible to identify the neural substrates responsible for several of the components in the responses. The findings are compared with those of previous studies in man and in other mammalian preparations.", "contents": "Analysis of evoked lumbosacral potentials in man. Surface electrodes have been used to record potentials evoked in the lumbosacral region of 15 healthy volunteers after tibial nerve stimulation. By monitoring the M waves and H reflexes in the triceps surae muslces and by comparing the responses recorded over the roots with those over the lower cord, it was possible to identify the neural substrates responsible for several of the components in the responses. The findings are compared with those of previous studies in man and in other mammalian preparations.", "PMID": 650237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4676", "title": "Growing fractures of the skull.", "content": "Tne cases of growing fractures seen in the last 10 years are presented. Six of the patients sustained their injury within the first six months of life. The defects formed rapidly, several within two or three months after injury. There was enlargement of the defect in only one case after the date of discovery. Although the defects involved the parietal bone most commonly, in four out of 10 the lesion crossed either the coronal or the lambdoid suture. The edges of the defects were usually thickened; in some areas they were saucer-shaped but in two cases there was erosion of the outer table of the skull at a distance from the margin of the defect, the erosion being related to an extracranial fluid-filled cavity in continuity with a porencephalic cyst. The ipsilateral ventricle was usually dilated and in a number of cases was associated with a porencephalic cyst. In no case was a \"leptomeningeal cyst\" found beneath the defect at operation. A detailed review confirms many of the findings previously described but suggests that the pathology of the condition is still not fully understood. Computed tomography, undertaken in one case, appears to be the examination of choice. Further light may be thrown on the pathogenesis of this condition by the use of intracystic, intrathecal, and intraventricular water-soluble contrast media.", "contents": "Growing fractures of the skull. Tne cases of growing fractures seen in the last 10 years are presented. Six of the patients sustained their injury within the first six months of life. The defects formed rapidly, several within two or three months after injury. There was enlargement of the defect in only one case after the date of discovery. Although the defects involved the parietal bone most commonly, in four out of 10 the lesion crossed either the coronal or the lambdoid suture. The edges of the defects were usually thickened; in some areas they were saucer-shaped but in two cases there was erosion of the outer table of the skull at a distance from the margin of the defect, the erosion being related to an extracranial fluid-filled cavity in continuity with a porencephalic cyst. The ipsilateral ventricle was usually dilated and in a number of cases was associated with a porencephalic cyst. In no case was a \"leptomeningeal cyst\" found beneath the defect at operation. A detailed review confirms many of the findings previously described but suggests that the pathology of the condition is still not fully understood. Computed tomography, undertaken in one case, appears to be the examination of choice. Further light may be thrown on the pathogenesis of this condition by the use of intracystic, intrathecal, and intraventricular water-soluble contrast media.", "PMID": 650238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4677", "title": "Tension pneumocephalus complicating ventriculoperitoneal shunt for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: case report.", "content": "A case of spontaneous nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea secondary to aqueductal stenosis is reported. The patient required direct repair of the fistula after the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for aqueductal stenosis. We emphasise an unusual complication of tension pneumocephalus in a case where the shunt patency had been substantiated. Intracranial pressure fall due to the siphon effect in the ventriculoperitoneal shunt tubing in the erect position might be responsible for ingress of an excessive amount of air.", "contents": "Tension pneumocephalus complicating ventriculoperitoneal shunt for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: case report. A case of spontaneous nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea secondary to aqueductal stenosis is reported. The patient required direct repair of the fistula after the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for aqueductal stenosis. We emphasise an unusual complication of tension pneumocephalus in a case where the shunt patency had been substantiated. Intracranial pressure fall due to the siphon effect in the ventriculoperitoneal shunt tubing in the erect position might be responsible for ingress of an excessive amount of air.", "PMID": 650239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4678", "title": "Influence of dietary myoinositol on nerve conduction and inositol phospholipids in normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "Observations have been made on motor conduction velocity in the tibial nerve of rats given 35% myoinositol in the diet. Comparison between the values before and with up to nine weeks of dosing revealed no alteration in conduction velocity. In such animals, the free myoinositol content in the sciatic nerve was increased; there was no detectable alteration in the lipid inositol concentration. In a second series of experiments, tibial motor nerve conduction velocity in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was compared with conduction velocity in diabetic animals given 1% supplementary dietary myoinositol, and with a control group of nondiabetic rats. Conduction velocity was reduced in the diabetic animals, but no influence from the added dietary myoinositol was detected. No statistically significantly difference in sciatic nerve myoinositol was demonstrated, but the sorbitol and fructose concentrations were increased. Those animals fed the myoinositol supplement had a significantly lower lipid inositol content. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of dietary myoinositol on nerve conduction and inositol phospholipids in normal and diabetic rats. Observations have been made on motor conduction velocity in the tibial nerve of rats given 35% myoinositol in the diet. Comparison between the values before and with up to nine weeks of dosing revealed no alteration in conduction velocity. In such animals, the free myoinositol content in the sciatic nerve was increased; there was no detectable alteration in the lipid inositol concentration. In a second series of experiments, tibial motor nerve conduction velocity in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was compared with conduction velocity in diabetic animals given 1% supplementary dietary myoinositol, and with a control group of nondiabetic rats. Conduction velocity was reduced in the diabetic animals, but no influence from the added dietary myoinositol was detected. No statistically significantly difference in sciatic nerve myoinositol was demonstrated, but the sorbitol and fructose concentrations were increased. Those animals fed the myoinositol supplement had a significantly lower lipid inositol content. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 650240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4679", "title": "Systemic vascular responses to increased intracranial pressure. 3. Effects of individual balloon inflations on intracranial pressure and the systemic circulation.", "content": "The effects of discrete increases in the volume of an artificial space-occupying lesion on intracranial pressures and the systemic circulation were studied in six anaesthetised and artificially ventilated dogs. Each increase in volume, accompanied by an increase in supratentorial intracranial pressure, a decrease in supratentorial perfusion pressure, and an increase in transtentorial pressure gradient, induced alterations in the systemic circulation. There were a decrease in heart rate, marked alterations in the arrhythmia index, and increases in stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance. A period of transient systemic hypertension was noted to accompany each discrete increase in intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Systemic vascular responses to increased intracranial pressure. 3. Effects of individual balloon inflations on intracranial pressure and the systemic circulation. The effects of discrete increases in the volume of an artificial space-occupying lesion on intracranial pressures and the systemic circulation were studied in six anaesthetised and artificially ventilated dogs. Each increase in volume, accompanied by an increase in supratentorial intracranial pressure, a decrease in supratentorial perfusion pressure, and an increase in transtentorial pressure gradient, induced alterations in the systemic circulation. There were a decrease in heart rate, marked alterations in the arrhythmia index, and increases in stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance. A period of transient systemic hypertension was noted to accompany each discrete increase in intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 650241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4680", "title": "CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 2 . Normal hydrodynamic variables related to CSF pressure and flow.", "content": "With the patient in the supine position, the subarachnoidal space was infused with artificial CSF at several constant pressure levels. The resulting flow of liquid was recorded. By draining CSF at a low pressure the CSF production rate was determined. Normal values are given and discussed for (1) the resting pressure, (2) the conductance of the CSF outflow pathways, (3) the formation rate of CSF, (4) the pressure difference across the CSF outflow pathways, and (5) the sagittal sinus pressure. None of the variables showed any age dependence, nor was there any sex difference.", "contents": "CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 2 . Normal hydrodynamic variables related to CSF pressure and flow. With the patient in the supine position, the subarachnoidal space was infused with artificial CSF at several constant pressure levels. The resulting flow of liquid was recorded. By draining CSF at a low pressure the CSF production rate was determined. Normal values are given and discussed for (1) the resting pressure, (2) the conductance of the CSF outflow pathways, (3) the formation rate of CSF, (4) the pressure difference across the CSF outflow pathways, and (5) the sagittal sinus pressure. None of the variables showed any age dependence, nor was there any sex difference.", "PMID": 650242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4681", "title": "Language laterality assessed by unilateral ECT and dichotic monitoring.", "content": "A dichotic monitoring test for the lateralisation of speech dominance was compared with testing for dysphasia after unilateral electroconvulsive therapy to each side of the head in 31 patients, and the intracarotid amylobarbitone test in four epileptic patients. Twenty-eight patients shown to be left speech dominant also showed right ear advantages in the dichotic test. Four of the five right speech dominant patients showed left ear advantages. Two patients with bilateral speech representation showed nonsignificant ear asymmetries. The noninvasive dichotic monitoring task is quick and simple and produces large mean ear advantages (14 to 25%) in normal subjects as well as patients.", "contents": "Language laterality assessed by unilateral ECT and dichotic monitoring. A dichotic monitoring test for the lateralisation of speech dominance was compared with testing for dysphasia after unilateral electroconvulsive therapy to each side of the head in 31 patients, and the intracarotid amylobarbitone test in four epileptic patients. Twenty-eight patients shown to be left speech dominant also showed right ear advantages in the dichotic test. Four of the five right speech dominant patients showed left ear advantages. Two patients with bilateral speech representation showed nonsignificant ear asymmetries. The noninvasive dichotic monitoring task is quick and simple and produces large mean ear advantages (14 to 25%) in normal subjects as well as patients.", "PMID": 650243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4682", "title": "Clinical aspects of spasmodic dysphonia.", "content": "The clinical features of 12 patients with spasmodic dysphonia are described. In 11 patients, the voice was strained, harsh, tight, and tremulous, and was low in volume and pitch. Speech, which was sometimes barely intelligible, was interrupted by irregular stoppages and catches of the voice; it required considerable effort, and was accompanied by facial grimacing. The dysphonia was part of a more widespread neurological disorder (idiopathic torsion dystonia) in one case, while it coexisted with blepharospasm in another, and with postural tremor in two. There was a buccolingual hyskinesia in another of these 11 patients, but this may have been related to her previous drug regime. In the twelfth patient, who had a familial tremor, the voice was characterised by marked breathiness, with intermittent aphonia. The disorder is probably due to a focal dystonia of the laryngeal musculature, and this would be consistent with the type of neurological disorders that were associated with it in our cases. Symptomatic benefit follows the therapeutic division of one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, in selected cases.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of spasmodic dysphonia. The clinical features of 12 patients with spasmodic dysphonia are described. In 11 patients, the voice was strained, harsh, tight, and tremulous, and was low in volume and pitch. Speech, which was sometimes barely intelligible, was interrupted by irregular stoppages and catches of the voice; it required considerable effort, and was accompanied by facial grimacing. The dysphonia was part of a more widespread neurological disorder (idiopathic torsion dystonia) in one case, while it coexisted with blepharospasm in another, and with postural tremor in two. There was a buccolingual hyskinesia in another of these 11 patients, but this may have been related to her previous drug regime. In the twelfth patient, who had a familial tremor, the voice was characterised by marked breathiness, with intermittent aphonia. The disorder is probably due to a focal dystonia of the laryngeal musculature, and this would be consistent with the type of neurological disorders that were associated with it in our cases. Symptomatic benefit follows the therapeutic division of one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, in selected cases.", "PMID": 650244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4683", "title": "Neuropsychological syndrome in a patient with episodic howling and violent motor behaviour.", "content": "A patient with atypical temporal lobe seizures involving violent behavior was found to exhibit the neuropsychological syndrome described by Luria (1966, 1976) as pathognomonic of lesions in the depths of the left temporal lobe. This syndrome, mainly an audioverbal memory defect with relatively intact phonemic hearing, was evident in spite of an intact intellect.", "contents": "Neuropsychological syndrome in a patient with episodic howling and violent motor behaviour. A patient with atypical temporal lobe seizures involving violent behavior was found to exhibit the neuropsychological syndrome described by Luria (1966, 1976) as pathognomonic of lesions in the depths of the left temporal lobe. This syndrome, mainly an audioverbal memory defect with relatively intact phonemic hearing, was evident in spite of an intact intellect.", "PMID": 650245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4684", "title": "Diagnosis of subdural haematoma by computed axial tomography: use of xenon inhalation for contrast enhancement.", "content": "A subdural haematoma is described in which a definite computed tomographic (CT) scan diagnosis was made only after contrast enhancement had been achieved by the inhalation of xenon. The different types of enhancement obtained with iodide containing contrast media and with xenon are discussed. The use of xenon to obtain further information in conditions which are inadequately elucidated by conventional CT must be balanced against its anaesthetic effects and relatively high cost.", "contents": "Diagnosis of subdural haematoma by computed axial tomography: use of xenon inhalation for contrast enhancement. A subdural haematoma is described in which a definite computed tomographic (CT) scan diagnosis was made only after contrast enhancement had been achieved by the inhalation of xenon. The different types of enhancement obtained with iodide containing contrast media and with xenon are discussed. The use of xenon to obtain further information in conditions which are inadequately elucidated by conventional CT must be balanced against its anaesthetic effects and relatively high cost.", "PMID": 650246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4685", "title": "Sectorial optic atrophy and homonymous, horizontal sectoranopia: a lateral choroidal artery syndrome?", "content": "Two patients with sectorial optic atrophy and homonymous, horizontal sectoranopia are described. Neuroradiological investigations localised the visual pathway lesion to the lateral geniculate body. The peculiar nature of the field defect and the optic atrophy appeared explicable in terms of ischaemia in the territory of the lateral choroidal artery.", "contents": "Sectorial optic atrophy and homonymous, horizontal sectoranopia: a lateral choroidal artery syndrome? Two patients with sectorial optic atrophy and homonymous, horizontal sectoranopia are described. Neuroradiological investigations localised the visual pathway lesion to the lateral geniculate body. The peculiar nature of the field defect and the optic atrophy appeared explicable in terms of ischaemia in the territory of the lateral choroidal artery.", "PMID": 650247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4686", "title": "Hemiplegia and the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome.", "content": "Four young patients presenting with major neurological episodes and with coexisting prolapsing mitral valve are described. An attempt at correlating the two entities is made. The neurological complications of prolapsing mitral valve are stressed.", "contents": "Hemiplegia and the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. Four young patients presenting with major neurological episodes and with coexisting prolapsing mitral valve are described. An attempt at correlating the two entities is made. The neurological complications of prolapsing mitral valve are stressed.", "PMID": 650248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4687", "title": "The effect of progesterone on the spontaneous interictal spike evoked by the application of penicillin to the cat's cerebral cortex.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of progesterone and Mebumal (ACO, Sweden; penotobarbital, INN) on the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous interictal spikes from a penicillin focus in the cerebral cortex was investigated in ovariectomized cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The plasma concentration of progesterone was determined. It was found that the generation of penicillin spikes was depressed by progesterone in plasma concentrations as low as 40 ng/ml. Equimolar doses of Mebumal were less effective.", "contents": "The effect of progesterone on the spontaneous interictal spike evoked by the application of penicillin to the cat's cerebral cortex. The effect of intravenous infusion of progesterone and Mebumal (ACO, Sweden; penotobarbital, INN) on the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous interictal spikes from a penicillin focus in the cerebral cortex was investigated in ovariectomized cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The plasma concentration of progesterone was determined. It was found that the generation of penicillin spikes was depressed by progesterone in plasma concentrations as low as 40 ng/ml. Equimolar doses of Mebumal were less effective.", "PMID": 650250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4688", "title": "Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Studies of granulocyte enzyme activities.", "content": "Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is characterized by pigmentary degeneration of the retina, psychomotor degeneration, epilepsy and intracellular deposition of ceroidlipofuscin. Recent reports have suggested that deficiency of peroxidase is the basic genetic defect. However, deficiency of myeloperoxidase could be demonstrated in some but not all patients; this deficiency was noted only when p-phenylenediamine (PPD) was used as hydrogen donor and could not be confirmed with guaiacol. We found that horseradish peroxidase (HR-P) oxidized PPD in the absence of added H2O2. The oxidative product of PPD showed the same absorption spectrum as the peroxidative product. The oxidation of PPD by HR-P was not inhibited by catalase or superoxide dismutase. In addition, catalase oxidized PPD in the presence of H2O2. Soluble and granular fractions obtained from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) also oxidized PPD in the absence of H2O2. Addition of H2O2 inhibited the oxidation of PPD in some cell fractions. This inhibition could be partially eliminated by dialysis of the cell fractions. Thus, PPD is not a suitable hydrogen donor for the study of peroxidase. This may explain the variable results obtained by the previous investigators. In contrast, guaiacol did not show these undesirable characteristics. The PMN peroxidase (measured with guaiacol), catalase, beta-glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in individuals from three families with juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Family 1: an affected boy and healthy parents; all showed normal enzyme activities in both soluble and granular fractions. Family 2: two affected sisters, one healthy sib and mother, and Family 3: one affected boy; all showed reduced peroxidase activities in the granular fractions. Other enzymes were normal. The role of peroxidase deficiency in the pathogenesis of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is not clear. The basic defect of this syndrome remains uncertain.", "contents": "Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Studies of granulocyte enzyme activities. Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is characterized by pigmentary degeneration of the retina, psychomotor degeneration, epilepsy and intracellular deposition of ceroidlipofuscin. Recent reports have suggested that deficiency of peroxidase is the basic genetic defect. However, deficiency of myeloperoxidase could be demonstrated in some but not all patients; this deficiency was noted only when p-phenylenediamine (PPD) was used as hydrogen donor and could not be confirmed with guaiacol. We found that horseradish peroxidase (HR-P) oxidized PPD in the absence of added H2O2. The oxidative product of PPD showed the same absorption spectrum as the peroxidative product. The oxidation of PPD by HR-P was not inhibited by catalase or superoxide dismutase. In addition, catalase oxidized PPD in the presence of H2O2. Soluble and granular fractions obtained from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) also oxidized PPD in the absence of H2O2. Addition of H2O2 inhibited the oxidation of PPD in some cell fractions. This inhibition could be partially eliminated by dialysis of the cell fractions. Thus, PPD is not a suitable hydrogen donor for the study of peroxidase. This may explain the variable results obtained by the previous investigators. In contrast, guaiacol did not show these undesirable characteristics. The PMN peroxidase (measured with guaiacol), catalase, beta-glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in individuals from three families with juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Family 1: an affected boy and healthy parents; all showed normal enzyme activities in both soluble and granular fractions. Family 2: two affected sisters, one healthy sib and mother, and Family 3: one affected boy; all showed reduced peroxidase activities in the granular fractions. Other enzymes were normal. The role of peroxidase deficiency in the pathogenesis of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is not clear. The basic defect of this syndrome remains uncertain.", "PMID": 650251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4689", "title": "Familial communicating syringomyelia.", "content": "Calssical cervical syringomyelia was found in 3 members of one family. All 3 underwent air myelogram, and a Chiari malformation type I and postural collapse of the spinal cord was found in each case. An affected 7-year-old boy was discovered after a clinical and radiological survey of 8 first-degree relatives on the basis of mild scoliosis, pyramidal tract signs in the lower limbs and enlarged sagittal diameter of the cervical canal. One other member had basilar impression of the skull but no neurological abnormalities. No positive correlation was found between either the size of the cystic cord enlargement or descent of the ectopic tonsils with the duration or severity of the neurological findings. Suboccipital decompressive craniotomy and upper cervical laminectomy in one case was followed by improvement in strength and sensation 1 year later. Progression in familial syringomyelia appears to occur through a mechanism identical to that in the sporadic form and surgery is therefore also indicated. In affected families, routine survey of close relatives for abnormal neurological signs, and radiological evidence of scoliotic deformity of the spine, enlarged cervical canal and bone abnormalities at the craniovertebral junction may prove valuable for early detection. A dominantly inherited, genetically determined malformation seems to be the probable mechanism of inheritance in this family.", "contents": "Familial communicating syringomyelia. Calssical cervical syringomyelia was found in 3 members of one family. All 3 underwent air myelogram, and a Chiari malformation type I and postural collapse of the spinal cord was found in each case. An affected 7-year-old boy was discovered after a clinical and radiological survey of 8 first-degree relatives on the basis of mild scoliosis, pyramidal tract signs in the lower limbs and enlarged sagittal diameter of the cervical canal. One other member had basilar impression of the skull but no neurological abnormalities. No positive correlation was found between either the size of the cystic cord enlargement or descent of the ectopic tonsils with the duration or severity of the neurological findings. Suboccipital decompressive craniotomy and upper cervical laminectomy in one case was followed by improvement in strength and sensation 1 year later. Progression in familial syringomyelia appears to occur through a mechanism identical to that in the sporadic form and surgery is therefore also indicated. In affected families, routine survey of close relatives for abnormal neurological signs, and radiological evidence of scoliotic deformity of the spine, enlarged cervical canal and bone abnormalities at the craniovertebral junction may prove valuable for early detection. A dominantly inherited, genetically determined malformation seems to be the probable mechanism of inheritance in this family.", "PMID": 650252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4690", "title": "The stability of the auditory evoked potentials in normal man and patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Sequential records of the early and middle components of the auditory evoked potential in response to a click stimulus have been obtained over a period of 2.5 years in normal subjects and in patients with multiple sclerosis. The latencies of all the components were highly consistent in the control subjects and in the patients who were clinically stable throughout the period of study. In constrast, in some of the patients who had clinical relapses during the study there was variation in the latency and amplitude of some of the components. The significance of this variation is discussed and the poor correlation between the sites of the new lesions as determined clinically and the auditory evoked potential variability is emphasised.", "contents": "The stability of the auditory evoked potentials in normal man and patients with multiple sclerosis. Sequential records of the early and middle components of the auditory evoked potential in response to a click stimulus have been obtained over a period of 2.5 years in normal subjects and in patients with multiple sclerosis. The latencies of all the components were highly consistent in the control subjects and in the patients who were clinically stable throughout the period of study. In constrast, in some of the patients who had clinical relapses during the study there was variation in the latency and amplitude of some of the components. The significance of this variation is discussed and the poor correlation between the sites of the new lesions as determined clinically and the auditory evoked potential variability is emphasised.", "PMID": 650253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4691", "title": "Motor innervation of the striated oesophagus muscle. Part 1. Intramural distribution of the right and left vagus nerve in the rat oesophagus as revealed by the glycogen depletion technique.", "content": "The muscularis propria of the rat oesophagus is entirely made up of striated muscle fibres. All fibres are of the same histochemical type, which is characterized by high activity of actomyosin ATPase, medium activity of oxidative enzymes and relatively strong reaction for phosphorylase. Prolonged stimulation (10 Hz, 30 min) of the vagus nerves causes depletion of the glycogen content of the oesophageal muscle fibres. This stimulation effect can be visualized by means of the PAS technique as well as by the histochemical reaction for phosphorylase. In 8 animals the right and in 8 animals the left vagus nerve were stimulated repetitively and the stimulated muscle fibres were identified in transverse sections of the oesophagi, stained for phosphorylase. The muscle fibres supplied by one vagus nerve are distributed all over the circumference of the oesophagus. In the upper third of the oesophagus stimulation of either vagus nerve depletes slightly less than 50% of the muscle fibres, whereas in the lower two-thirds the right vagus nerve seems to predominate to a certain degree. In 3 animals both vagus nerves were stimulated simultaneously. Bilateral stimulation produced a very extensive depletion. Only a few muscle fibres remained unaffected. Functional implications of the results, the question of polyneuronal innervation and the role of the myenteric plexus are discussed.", "contents": "Motor innervation of the striated oesophagus muscle. Part 1. Intramural distribution of the right and left vagus nerve in the rat oesophagus as revealed by the glycogen depletion technique. The muscularis propria of the rat oesophagus is entirely made up of striated muscle fibres. All fibres are of the same histochemical type, which is characterized by high activity of actomyosin ATPase, medium activity of oxidative enzymes and relatively strong reaction for phosphorylase. Prolonged stimulation (10 Hz, 30 min) of the vagus nerves causes depletion of the glycogen content of the oesophageal muscle fibres. This stimulation effect can be visualized by means of the PAS technique as well as by the histochemical reaction for phosphorylase. In 8 animals the right and in 8 animals the left vagus nerve were stimulated repetitively and the stimulated muscle fibres were identified in transverse sections of the oesophagi, stained for phosphorylase. The muscle fibres supplied by one vagus nerve are distributed all over the circumference of the oesophagus. In the upper third of the oesophagus stimulation of either vagus nerve depletes slightly less than 50% of the muscle fibres, whereas in the lower two-thirds the right vagus nerve seems to predominate to a certain degree. In 3 animals both vagus nerves were stimulated simultaneously. Bilateral stimulation produced a very extensive depletion. Only a few muscle fibres remained unaffected. Functional implications of the results, the question of polyneuronal innervation and the role of the myenteric plexus are discussed.", "PMID": 650254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4692", "title": "Pattern-reversal visual evoked potential. Method of analysis and results in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A detailed method of analysis of the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential is presented. This method takes into account a number of parameters in addition to the latency of the major surface-positive component (P2) and has been tested in a group of 50 normal subjects and in 98 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). It was found that this more detailed form of analysis improved the detection rate of abnormal responses in the MS subjects particularly in those classified in the suspected category. The potential value of this form of analysis, particularly in clinical neurophysiology laboratories where the recording of visual evoked potentials is the only technique employed in the investigation of patients with suspected MS, is discussed.", "contents": "Pattern-reversal visual evoked potential. Method of analysis and results in multiple sclerosis. A detailed method of analysis of the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential is presented. This method takes into account a number of parameters in addition to the latency of the major surface-positive component (P2) and has been tested in a group of 50 normal subjects and in 98 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). It was found that this more detailed form of analysis improved the detection rate of abnormal responses in the MS subjects particularly in those classified in the suspected category. The potential value of this form of analysis, particularly in clinical neurophysiology laboratories where the recording of visual evoked potentials is the only technique employed in the investigation of patients with suspected MS, is discussed.", "PMID": 650255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4693", "title": "Motor innervation of striated oesophageal muscle. Part 2. Characteristics of the oesophagomotor fibres in the rat studied by implanting the vagus nerve into a skeletal muscle.", "content": "In 12 rats the right vagus nerve distal to its recurrent laryngeal branch was implanted into the inferior segment of the denervated sternohyoid muscle. One month after implantation the first signs of neuromuscular transmission at the vagal motor endings could be recorded. Two months after implantation the reinnervated muscles showed vigorous contractions on electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. During the performance of propulsive waves of the oesophagus the implanted vagus nerve caused clonic to tetanic contractions of the sternohyoid muscle, thus proving the oesophagomotor genesis of the reinnervating nerve fibres. In addition, the vagus-innervated motor end-plates were shown to exhibit the same ultrastructural peculiarities as the original neuromuscular junctions of the oesophagus. In sections stained for cholinesterase it could be demonstrated that the oesophagomotor fibres had preferentially reinnervated the denervated motor end-plates. In many instances the subneural apparatus was not completely covered by the vagal axon terminals. Newly formed, ectopic vagal motor endings were few in number and confined to muscle fibres immediately adjacent to the site of nerve-implantation. Six months after implantation some of the vagal motor endings showed signs of degeneration. As in the oesophagus, the reinnervating oesophagomotor fibres proved to be unmyelinated, sometimes forming a plexus-like intramuscular network before terminating at motor end-plates. Myelinated vagal nerve fibres were also observed running between the skeletal muscle fibres, but they did not establish any demonstrable form of neuromuscular contacts. It was concluded that, in the rat, the myelinated fibres of the oesophageal nerves are afferent, whereas the oesophagomotor fibres, although supplying striated muscle, are unmyelinated.", "contents": "Motor innervation of striated oesophageal muscle. Part 2. Characteristics of the oesophagomotor fibres in the rat studied by implanting the vagus nerve into a skeletal muscle. In 12 rats the right vagus nerve distal to its recurrent laryngeal branch was implanted into the inferior segment of the denervated sternohyoid muscle. One month after implantation the first signs of neuromuscular transmission at the vagal motor endings could be recorded. Two months after implantation the reinnervated muscles showed vigorous contractions on electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. During the performance of propulsive waves of the oesophagus the implanted vagus nerve caused clonic to tetanic contractions of the sternohyoid muscle, thus proving the oesophagomotor genesis of the reinnervating nerve fibres. In addition, the vagus-innervated motor end-plates were shown to exhibit the same ultrastructural peculiarities as the original neuromuscular junctions of the oesophagus. In sections stained for cholinesterase it could be demonstrated that the oesophagomotor fibres had preferentially reinnervated the denervated motor end-plates. In many instances the subneural apparatus was not completely covered by the vagal axon terminals. Newly formed, ectopic vagal motor endings were few in number and confined to muscle fibres immediately adjacent to the site of nerve-implantation. Six months after implantation some of the vagal motor endings showed signs of degeneration. As in the oesophagus, the reinnervating oesophagomotor fibres proved to be unmyelinated, sometimes forming a plexus-like intramuscular network before terminating at motor end-plates. Myelinated vagal nerve fibres were also observed running between the skeletal muscle fibres, but they did not establish any demonstrable form of neuromuscular contacts. It was concluded that, in the rat, the myelinated fibres of the oesophageal nerves are afferent, whereas the oesophagomotor fibres, although supplying striated muscle, are unmyelinated.", "PMID": 650256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4694", "title": "Lipid abnormalities in hereditary neuropathy. Part 2. Serum phospholipids.", "content": "The mean percentage of linoleate to total fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine fractions of serum phospholipids from neuropathic patients with HMN (hereditary motor neuropathy, also called distal type of progressive muscular atrophy), HMSN-I and HMSN-II (two types of peroneal muscular atrophy), and FA (Friedreich's ataxia) was reduced by approximately 10--20% (P less than 0.001). On the other hand, the mean percentage of nervonic acid in sphingomyelin was elevated by 9--20%. No significant difference was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine between neuropathic patients and control subjects. The mean concentration of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin was also significantly reduced in neuropathic patients (except in HMN and HMSN-III). A significant correlation between endogenous 2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine and cholesteryl linoleate synthesis in vitro suggests that the decreased activity of phosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43; LCAT) in neuropathic patients is influenced by the fatty acid composition of their lipoprotein substrate. Furthermore, the reduction of phosphatidylcholine and of cholesteryl linoleate synthesis in vitro in neuropathic patients was affected by age and sex. It is unlikely that the reduced linoleate level in serum phosphatidylcholine for most, possibly all, of the inherited neuropathies studied here reflects a specific biochemical disorder. Possibly it reflects a more generalized biochemical alteration common to inherited neuropathy. One possibility is that biosynthesis of new membrane in axonal regeneration, segmental remyelination and Schwann cell hyperplasia may reduce the serum linoleate pool.", "contents": "Lipid abnormalities in hereditary neuropathy. Part 2. Serum phospholipids. The mean percentage of linoleate to total fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine fractions of serum phospholipids from neuropathic patients with HMN (hereditary motor neuropathy, also called distal type of progressive muscular atrophy), HMSN-I and HMSN-II (two types of peroneal muscular atrophy), and FA (Friedreich's ataxia) was reduced by approximately 10--20% (P less than 0.001). On the other hand, the mean percentage of nervonic acid in sphingomyelin was elevated by 9--20%. No significant difference was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine between neuropathic patients and control subjects. The mean concentration of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin was also significantly reduced in neuropathic patients (except in HMN and HMSN-III). A significant correlation between endogenous 2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine and cholesteryl linoleate synthesis in vitro suggests that the decreased activity of phosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43; LCAT) in neuropathic patients is influenced by the fatty acid composition of their lipoprotein substrate. Furthermore, the reduction of phosphatidylcholine and of cholesteryl linoleate synthesis in vitro in neuropathic patients was affected by age and sex. It is unlikely that the reduced linoleate level in serum phosphatidylcholine for most, possibly all, of the inherited neuropathies studied here reflects a specific biochemical disorder. Possibly it reflects a more generalized biochemical alteration common to inherited neuropathy. One possibility is that biosynthesis of new membrane in axonal regeneration, segmental remyelination and Schwann cell hyperplasia may reduce the serum linoleate pool.", "PMID": 650257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4695", "title": "Multivesicular bodies in cortical dendrites of two patients with Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Biopsy fragments from the frontal cortex of 2 patients with Alzheimer's disease were studied with ultrastructural and cytochemical methods. A great number of light and dark, acid phosphatase positive, multivesicular bodies were observed in dendrites and their spines, in all cortical layers, being more abundant in layers 3 and 4. A close topographic relationship between these organelles and post-synaptic membranes was found. It is postulated that these findings might be related to the neurite formation of the senile plaques and to the synaptic involvement in Alzheimer's disease.", "contents": "Multivesicular bodies in cortical dendrites of two patients with Alzheimer's disease. Biopsy fragments from the frontal cortex of 2 patients with Alzheimer's disease were studied with ultrastructural and cytochemical methods. A great number of light and dark, acid phosphatase positive, multivesicular bodies were observed in dendrites and their spines, in all cortical layers, being more abundant in layers 3 and 4. A close topographic relationship between these organelles and post-synaptic membranes was found. It is postulated that these findings might be related to the neurite formation of the senile plaques and to the synaptic involvement in Alzheimer's disease.", "PMID": 650258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4696", "title": "Early-juvenile Batten's disease--a recognisable sub-group distinct from other forms of Batten's disease. Analysis of 5 patients.", "content": "In most cases where rectal biopsy is performed to diagnose Batten's disease, there is good correlation between biopsy appearance, age of onset, clinical course and electrophysiological parameters. As a result 3 forms of the disease have been recognised; infantile, late infantile and juvenile. In a review of rectal biopsy in Batten's disease at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, we have studied the few cases in which no such correlation appeared to exist. In 5 the features are sufficiently similar to suggest a further recognisable sub-group which could be descriptively called \"early juvenile\". The clinical course, electrophysiological features and the absence of vacuolated lymphocytes in this subgroup are as found in the late infantile form, whereas the biopsy findings are identical to those of the juvenile form. By analogy with some of the mucopolysaccharidoses we speculate that the genes of the late infantile and juvenile forms of Batten's disease are allelic and that the \"early juvenile\" sub-group is a genetic compound presenting as an intermediate phenotype.", "contents": "Early-juvenile Batten's disease--a recognisable sub-group distinct from other forms of Batten's disease. Analysis of 5 patients. In most cases where rectal biopsy is performed to diagnose Batten's disease, there is good correlation between biopsy appearance, age of onset, clinical course and electrophysiological parameters. As a result 3 forms of the disease have been recognised; infantile, late infantile and juvenile. In a review of rectal biopsy in Batten's disease at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, we have studied the few cases in which no such correlation appeared to exist. In 5 the features are sufficiently similar to suggest a further recognisable sub-group which could be descriptively called \"early juvenile\". The clinical course, electrophysiological features and the absence of vacuolated lymphocytes in this subgroup are as found in the late infantile form, whereas the biopsy findings are identical to those of the juvenile form. By analogy with some of the mucopolysaccharidoses we speculate that the genes of the late infantile and juvenile forms of Batten's disease are allelic and that the \"early juvenile\" sub-group is a genetic compound presenting as an intermediate phenotype.", "PMID": 650259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4697", "title": "An association between mitochondria and microtubules in synaptosomes and axon terminals of cerebral cortex.", "content": "A substantial number of synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex were found by electron microscopy to contain a horseshoe-shaped mitochondrion flanked by an arc of three to ten microtubules opposite the synaptic membrane specializations. The microtubules were replaced by characteristic paracrystals following the incubation of synaptosomes with vinblastine sulfate. A similar spatial organization of microtubules and mitochondria was also observed in some axon terminals of the cerebral cortex in situ. The significance of this novel observation is discussed with regard to the role of microtubules in axonal transport at the synaptic terminal and previous reports on the identification of tubulin in synaptosomes and subsynaptic structures.", "contents": "An association between mitochondria and microtubules in synaptosomes and axon terminals of cerebral cortex. A substantial number of synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex were found by electron microscopy to contain a horseshoe-shaped mitochondrion flanked by an arc of three to ten microtubules opposite the synaptic membrane specializations. The microtubules were replaced by characteristic paracrystals following the incubation of synaptosomes with vinblastine sulfate. A similar spatial organization of microtubules and mitochondria was also observed in some axon terminals of the cerebral cortex in situ. The significance of this novel observation is discussed with regard to the role of microtubules in axonal transport at the synaptic terminal and previous reports on the identification of tubulin in synaptosomes and subsynaptic structures.", "PMID": 650260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4698", "title": "Intracellular localization of acetylcholinesterase in nerve terminals and capillaries of the rat superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been studied in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Previous descriptions of the general pattern of localization were confirmed, but in addition, AChE reaction product was found within vesicles in preganglionic nerve terminals, and in pinocytotic vesicles and along the basement lamina of capillaries. There was indication of a continuity between AChE reaction product in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the principal ganglion cells and extracellular reaction product. These observations are discussed with particular reference to AChE as a secretory protein.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of acetylcholinesterase in nerve terminals and capillaries of the rat superior cervical ganglion. The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been studied in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Previous descriptions of the general pattern of localization were confirmed, but in addition, AChE reaction product was found within vesicles in preganglionic nerve terminals, and in pinocytotic vesicles and along the basement lamina of capillaries. There was indication of a continuity between AChE reaction product in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the principal ganglion cells and extracellular reaction product. These observations are discussed with particular reference to AChE as a secretory protein.", "PMID": 650261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4699", "title": "The larval electric organ of the weakly electric fish Pollimyrus (Marcusenius) isidori (Mormyridae, Teleostei).", "content": "The larval electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori consists of four longitudinal tubes, a dorsal and a ventral pair, which begin behind the skull, end at the beginning of the caudal peduncle and show myotomic segmentation. The elementary units are, apparently, transformed muscle fibres called electrocytes. They are shorter and thicker than muscle fibres, with long stalks and are found in the medial part of the deep lateral muscle. Electron microscopy reveals a clear difference between the anterior and posterior face of the electrocyte. Anteriorly, deep linear invaginations of the surface membrane together with many small vesicles of about 100 nm diameter can be seen. Posteriorly, many plasma membrane invaginations and vacuoles are found together with numerous cytoplasmic organelles--pleiomorphic nuclei, Golgi apparatus, oblong mitochondria and multivesicular bodies. The stalk originates at the posterior face and the nerve terminals are situated at the distal end of the stalk. In the electrocyte, myofibrils, similar to those found in muscle fibres, can be detected with clearly visible Z lines but with only a suggestion of H zones. Two bundles of myofibrils can be seen arranged orthogonally in the electrocyte. Strong acetylcholinesterase activity was found on the anterior face and on the innervated stalk. Under the given recording conditions the overall discharge amplitude of the larval electric organ reaches a maximum of about 100 mV peak to peak. The pulse duration is 1 millisecond and the main phase is head-positive.", "contents": "The larval electric organ of the weakly electric fish Pollimyrus (Marcusenius) isidori (Mormyridae, Teleostei). The larval electric organ of Pollimyrus isidori consists of four longitudinal tubes, a dorsal and a ventral pair, which begin behind the skull, end at the beginning of the caudal peduncle and show myotomic segmentation. The elementary units are, apparently, transformed muscle fibres called electrocytes. They are shorter and thicker than muscle fibres, with long stalks and are found in the medial part of the deep lateral muscle. Electron microscopy reveals a clear difference between the anterior and posterior face of the electrocyte. Anteriorly, deep linear invaginations of the surface membrane together with many small vesicles of about 100 nm diameter can be seen. Posteriorly, many plasma membrane invaginations and vacuoles are found together with numerous cytoplasmic organelles--pleiomorphic nuclei, Golgi apparatus, oblong mitochondria and multivesicular bodies. The stalk originates at the posterior face and the nerve terminals are situated at the distal end of the stalk. In the electrocyte, myofibrils, similar to those found in muscle fibres, can be detected with clearly visible Z lines but with only a suggestion of H zones. Two bundles of myofibrils can be seen arranged orthogonally in the electrocyte. Strong acetylcholinesterase activity was found on the anterior face and on the innervated stalk. Under the given recording conditions the overall discharge amplitude of the larval electric organ reaches a maximum of about 100 mV peak to peak. The pulse duration is 1 millisecond and the main phase is head-positive.", "PMID": 650262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4700", "title": "Schwann cell myelin ensheathing C.N.S. axons in the nerve fibre layer of the cat retina.", "content": "In the retina of the cat the axons of the nerve fibre layer are unmyelinated and are provided with a C.N.S. myelin sheath only in the extraocular part of the optic nerve. The present study demonstrates that in the apparently normal cat retina close to the optic disc, some axons of the nerve fibre layer run for a short distance in the perivascular space of the retinal arteries. While coursing in the perivascular space, these C.N.S. axons become transiently myelinated by Schwann cells, which form a typical P.N.S. myelin sheath. These P.N.S. myelin sheaths terminate at a heminode in the transitional zone in which the C.N.S. axons penetrate the perivascular glial sheath in order to leave or to re-enter the nerve fibre layer. It is suggested that the Schwann cells, which elaborate the P.N.S. myelin around C.N.S. axons, are descendants of the Schwann cells of the perivascular autonomic nerves. The present study shows that Schwann cells are able to provide previously unmyelinated C.N.S. axons with a P.N.S. myelin sheath.", "contents": "Schwann cell myelin ensheathing C.N.S. axons in the nerve fibre layer of the cat retina. In the retina of the cat the axons of the nerve fibre layer are unmyelinated and are provided with a C.N.S. myelin sheath only in the extraocular part of the optic nerve. The present study demonstrates that in the apparently normal cat retina close to the optic disc, some axons of the nerve fibre layer run for a short distance in the perivascular space of the retinal arteries. While coursing in the perivascular space, these C.N.S. axons become transiently myelinated by Schwann cells, which form a typical P.N.S. myelin sheath. These P.N.S. myelin sheaths terminate at a heminode in the transitional zone in which the C.N.S. axons penetrate the perivascular glial sheath in order to leave or to re-enter the nerve fibre layer. It is suggested that the Schwann cells, which elaborate the P.N.S. myelin around C.N.S. axons, are descendants of the Schwann cells of the perivascular autonomic nerves. The present study shows that Schwann cells are able to provide previously unmyelinated C.N.S. axons with a P.N.S. myelin sheath.", "PMID": 650264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4701", "title": "Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection.", "content": "Trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve were studied by light and electron microscopy. Counts of ganglion cells in ganglia on operated and unoperated sides were made following long postoperative survival times. The ultrastructural changes in ganglia of the operated side were studied from 3 to 70 days postoperatively. The quantitative observations show that a considerable loss of ganglion cells takes place on the operated side. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells. The results are compatible with the view that degeneration of trigeminal afferents in the brain stem following lesions of peripheral trigeminal nerve branches is related to retrograde degeneration of trigeminal ganglion cells.", "contents": "Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection. Trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve were studied by light and electron microscopy. Counts of ganglion cells in ganglia on operated and unoperated sides were made following long postoperative survival times. The ultrastructural changes in ganglia of the operated side were studied from 3 to 70 days postoperatively. The quantitative observations show that a considerable loss of ganglion cells takes place on the operated side. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells. The results are compatible with the view that degeneration of trigeminal afferents in the brain stem following lesions of peripheral trigeminal nerve branches is related to retrograde degeneration of trigeminal ganglion cells.", "PMID": 650265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4702", "title": "Cat hindlimb tactile dermatomes determined with single-unit recordings.", "content": "1. Single-unit recording from dorsal root ganglia was used to determine the dermatomes of L4-S2 segments in the cat. Dermatomes for low-threshold myelinated mechanoreceptor afferents are smaller than those reported in earlier studies of whole-root dermatomes. There are also sufficient discrepancies among earlier studies and with the present data to merit reexamination of hindlimb whole-root dermatomes. 2. Receptive-field size varies directly with distance from toes. Length/width ratio is essentially constant for different parts of the hindlimb. 3. Estimates of innervation density verify the long-standing assumption that innervation density is greater for foot and toes than for proximal hindlimb, at least for low-threshold cutaneous myelinated afferents.", "contents": "Cat hindlimb tactile dermatomes determined with single-unit recordings. 1. Single-unit recording from dorsal root ganglia was used to determine the dermatomes of L4-S2 segments in the cat. Dermatomes for low-threshold myelinated mechanoreceptor afferents are smaller than those reported in earlier studies of whole-root dermatomes. There are also sufficient discrepancies among earlier studies and with the present data to merit reexamination of hindlimb whole-root dermatomes. 2. Receptive-field size varies directly with distance from toes. Length/width ratio is essentially constant for different parts of the hindlimb. 3. Estimates of innervation density verify the long-standing assumption that innervation density is greater for foot and toes than for proximal hindlimb, at least for low-threshold cutaneous myelinated afferents.", "PMID": 650266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4703", "title": "Cytoarchitecture and thalamic connectivity of third somatosensory area of cat cerebral cortex.", "content": "1. The third somatosensory area (SIII) was identified in the cat cerebral cortex by the recording of surface potentials evoked by deflection of a single contralateral mystacial vibrissa. A small amount of tritiated leucine was then injected at the center of the focus of evoked activity and, after a suitable survival period, the brain was prepared for autoradiography. 2. As defined by the presence of an autoradiographic injection, the SIII focus lay in a cytoarchitectonic field characterized in particular by the presence of very large pyramidal cells in layer V and corresponding to area 5a of Hassler and Muhs-Clement (24). 3. The terminal ramifications of corticothalamic cells, as outlined by axoplasmically transported label, formed clustered aggregations in the medial division of the posterior group of thalamic nuclei (Pom) and not in the ventrobasal complex (VB). This part of Pom is known to receive fibers from the spinal cord. 4. Injections of horseradish peroxidase primarily affecting area 5a retrogradely labeled cells in Pom but not in VB. 5. Injections of isotope in the two other foci of vibrissa-evoked activity usually recorded in each brain were invariably found to label a part of area 3b of the first somatosensory area (SI) in the case of the more anterior focus. The second focus sometimes lay in area 2 of SI and sometimes in the second somatosensory area (SII).", "contents": "Cytoarchitecture and thalamic connectivity of third somatosensory area of cat cerebral cortex. 1. The third somatosensory area (SIII) was identified in the cat cerebral cortex by the recording of surface potentials evoked by deflection of a single contralateral mystacial vibrissa. A small amount of tritiated leucine was then injected at the center of the focus of evoked activity and, after a suitable survival period, the brain was prepared for autoradiography. 2. As defined by the presence of an autoradiographic injection, the SIII focus lay in a cytoarchitectonic field characterized in particular by the presence of very large pyramidal cells in layer V and corresponding to area 5a of Hassler and Muhs-Clement (24). 3. The terminal ramifications of corticothalamic cells, as outlined by axoplasmically transported label, formed clustered aggregations in the medial division of the posterior group of thalamic nuclei (Pom) and not in the ventrobasal complex (VB). This part of Pom is known to receive fibers from the spinal cord. 4. Injections of horseradish peroxidase primarily affecting area 5a retrogradely labeled cells in Pom but not in VB. 5. Injections of isotope in the two other foci of vibrissa-evoked activity usually recorded in each brain were invariably found to label a part of area 3b of the first somatosensory area (SI) in the case of the more anterior focus. The second focus sometimes lay in area 2 of SI and sometimes in the second somatosensory area (SII).", "PMID": 650267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4704", "title": "Indirect, across-the-midline retinotectal projections and representation of ipsilateral visual field in superior colliculus of the cat.", "content": "1. In agreement with previous work, we have found that the ipsilateral visual field is represented in an extensive rostral portion--from one-third to one-half--of the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat. This representation is binocular. The SC representation of the ipsilateral visual field can be mediated both directly, by crossed retinotectal connections originating from temporal hemiretina, and indirectly, by across-the-midline connections relaying visual information from one-half of the brain to contralateral SC. 2. In order to study the indirect, across-the-midline visual input to the SC, we have recorded responses of SC neurons to visual stimuli presented to either the ipsilateral or the contralateral eye of cats with a midsagittal splitting of the optic chiasm. Units driven by the ipsilateral eye, presumably through the direct retinotectal input and/or corticotectal connections from ipsilateral visual cortex, were found throughout the SC, except at its caudal pole, which normally receives fibers from the extreme periphery of the contralateral nasal hemiretina. Units driven by the contralateral eye, undoubtedly through an indirect across-the-midline connection, were found only in the anterior portion of the SC, in which is normally represented the ipsilateral visual field. Receptive fields in both ipsilateral and contralateral eye had properties typical of SC receptive fields in cats with intact optic pathways. 3. All units having a receptive field in the contralateral eye had also a receptive field in the ipsilateral eye; for each of these units, the receptive fields in both eyes invariably abutted the vertical meridian of the visual field. The receptive field in one eye had about the same elevation relative to the horizontal meridian and the same vertical extension as the receptive field in the other eye; the two receptive fields of each binocular unit matched each other at the vertical meridian and formed a combined receptive field straddling the vertical midline of the horopter...", "contents": "Indirect, across-the-midline retinotectal projections and representation of ipsilateral visual field in superior colliculus of the cat. 1. In agreement with previous work, we have found that the ipsilateral visual field is represented in an extensive rostral portion--from one-third to one-half--of the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat. This representation is binocular. The SC representation of the ipsilateral visual field can be mediated both directly, by crossed retinotectal connections originating from temporal hemiretina, and indirectly, by across-the-midline connections relaying visual information from one-half of the brain to contralateral SC. 2. In order to study the indirect, across-the-midline visual input to the SC, we have recorded responses of SC neurons to visual stimuli presented to either the ipsilateral or the contralateral eye of cats with a midsagittal splitting of the optic chiasm. Units driven by the ipsilateral eye, presumably through the direct retinotectal input and/or corticotectal connections from ipsilateral visual cortex, were found throughout the SC, except at its caudal pole, which normally receives fibers from the extreme periphery of the contralateral nasal hemiretina. Units driven by the contralateral eye, undoubtedly through an indirect across-the-midline connection, were found only in the anterior portion of the SC, in which is normally represented the ipsilateral visual field. Receptive fields in both ipsilateral and contralateral eye had properties typical of SC receptive fields in cats with intact optic pathways. 3. All units having a receptive field in the contralateral eye had also a receptive field in the ipsilateral eye; for each of these units, the receptive fields in both eyes invariably abutted the vertical meridian of the visual field. The receptive field in one eye had about the same elevation relative to the horizontal meridian and the same vertical extension as the receptive field in the other eye; the two receptive fields of each binocular unit matched each other at the vertical meridian and formed a combined receptive field straddling the vertical midline of the horopter...", "PMID": 650268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4705", "title": "An intracellular analysis of some intrinsic factors controlling neural output from inferior mesenteric ganglion of guinea pigs.", "content": "1. In vitro studies were conducted on neurons within the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) of guinea pigs to investigate how intrinsic features of the spike-generating process interact with preganglionic inputs to produce the output firing patterns of these neurons. Intracellular-electrode techniques were used to monitor and control electrical activity of IMG neurons. Preganglionic inputs were activated either synchronously by stimulating an attached nerve trunk or asynchronously by leaving the ganglion attached to a segment of terminal colon and activating the colonic-IMG mechanosensory system. 2. Ninety-seven percent of the neurons studied demonstrated an afterspike hyperpolarization (ASH). The ASH process was activated only by the occurrence of a spike and did not have a synaptically induced component. Further activation of this process was produced by two or more spikes having interspike intervals less than the duration of an ASH following a single spike. An aftertrain hyperpolarization (ATH) resulted from this progressive activation. The amplitude of both the ASH and the ATH decreased when the resting membrane potential was hyperpolarized by current injection or by increasing the external potassium ion concentration. 3. Neuronal excitability was reduced during the ASH. From this observation it was concluded that when IMG neurons operate in the occasional-firing mode, the ASH process prevents output frequency from greatly exceeding the reciprocal of the ASH duration produced by a single spike. 4. Two types of synaptically induced slow depolarizations were observed: a slow, long-latency depolarization and a short-latency depolarization (SLD). These depolarizations differed in their latency, onset, and duration. Both were capable of converting synchronous, preganglionic input from subthreshold (non-spike-activating) to threshold (spike-activating) activity. 5. Neurons having resting potentials more positive than -60 mV were capable of firing in the rhythmic-firing mode; 40% of these neurons demonstrated tonic- and 60% phasic-firing behavior. Frequency-current relations for tonic-discharging neurons were linear from the rhythmic-firing threshold to current levels approximately 2.5 times the threshold value. Minimal frequency for tonic firing and the slope of the linear portion of the frequency-current relation were indirectly related to the duration of the ASH. 6. This study suggests that sympathetic, noradrenergic neurons of the IMG can operate in either the occasional- or rhythmic-firing mode. In the physiologic state in vivo, most IMG neurons probably do not produce action potentials in excess of 10-15 Hz because of their intrinsic properties which regulate firing in both modes of operation.", "contents": "An intracellular analysis of some intrinsic factors controlling neural output from inferior mesenteric ganglion of guinea pigs. 1. In vitro studies were conducted on neurons within the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) of guinea pigs to investigate how intrinsic features of the spike-generating process interact with preganglionic inputs to produce the output firing patterns of these neurons. Intracellular-electrode techniques were used to monitor and control electrical activity of IMG neurons. Preganglionic inputs were activated either synchronously by stimulating an attached nerve trunk or asynchronously by leaving the ganglion attached to a segment of terminal colon and activating the colonic-IMG mechanosensory system. 2. Ninety-seven percent of the neurons studied demonstrated an afterspike hyperpolarization (ASH). The ASH process was activated only by the occurrence of a spike and did not have a synaptically induced component. Further activation of this process was produced by two or more spikes having interspike intervals less than the duration of an ASH following a single spike. An aftertrain hyperpolarization (ATH) resulted from this progressive activation. The amplitude of both the ASH and the ATH decreased when the resting membrane potential was hyperpolarized by current injection or by increasing the external potassium ion concentration. 3. Neuronal excitability was reduced during the ASH. From this observation it was concluded that when IMG neurons operate in the occasional-firing mode, the ASH process prevents output frequency from greatly exceeding the reciprocal of the ASH duration produced by a single spike. 4. Two types of synaptically induced slow depolarizations were observed: a slow, long-latency depolarization and a short-latency depolarization (SLD). These depolarizations differed in their latency, onset, and duration. Both were capable of converting synchronous, preganglionic input from subthreshold (non-spike-activating) to threshold (spike-activating) activity. 5. Neurons having resting potentials more positive than -60 mV were capable of firing in the rhythmic-firing mode; 40% of these neurons demonstrated tonic- and 60% phasic-firing behavior. Frequency-current relations for tonic-discharging neurons were linear from the rhythmic-firing threshold to current levels approximately 2.5 times the threshold value. Minimal frequency for tonic firing and the slope of the linear portion of the frequency-current relation were indirectly related to the duration of the ASH. 6. This study suggests that sympathetic, noradrenergic neurons of the IMG can operate in either the occasional- or rhythmic-firing mode. In the physiologic state in vivo, most IMG neurons probably do not produce action potentials in excess of 10-15 Hz because of their intrinsic properties which regulate firing in both modes of operation.", "PMID": 650269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4706", "title": "Receptive-field properties of neurons in binocular and monocular segments of striate cortex in cats raised with binocular lid suture.", "content": "1. We studied the receptive fields of 171 striate cortical neurons from 17 cats raised with binocular lid suture. Of these, 102 fields were within 10 degrees of the area centralis and the remaining 69 were at least 38 degrees from the vertical meridian. 2. Based on their different response properties, cells were divided into three broad groups: the mappable cells (49%) had clearly defined receptive fields, the unmappable cells (31%) were activated by visual stimuli but had diffuse fields which could not be hand plotted, and the visually inexcitable cells (20%) could not be activated by visual stimuli. Very few (less than or equal to 12% of the total sample) normal simple or complex cells could be found. 3. Orientation selectivity was assessed in these cells. Only 12% displayed orientation selectivity within normal bounds, and these were all mappable cells. None of the unmappable cells had discernible orientation selectivity. 4. Ocular dominance was assessed for 62 of the centrally located receptive fields. Among mappable cells, there was an abnormally low proportion of binocular fields, while no such abnormality was seen for unmappable cells. 5. For 47 of the neurons, average response histograms were compiled for moving stimuli of various parameters in an effort to evoke the maximum discharge or peak response. This peak response was normal for mappable cells but reduced for unmappable cells. 6. We devised a technique for studying potential inhibitory receptive-field zones in these neurons, validated the method in normal striate cortex, and used it to test 20 mappable cells in the lid-sutured cats. None showed the pattern of strong inhibitory side bands seen in normal simple cells, although six showed weak or abnormal inhibitory zones. Interestingly, six of the seven visually inexcitable cells tested by this method had purely inhibitory receptive fields. 7. The effects of binocular suture were essentially identical for the binocular and monocular segments since the cell types and their response properties did not differ between these two areas of cortex. Furthermore, the cortical monocular segments of these cats seemed qualitatively different from the deprived cortical monocular segment after monocular suture. This extends an analogous difference for these cats reported for the monocular segments of the lateral geniculate nucleus. We thus conclude that monocularly and binocularly sutured cats develop by qualitatively different mechanisms. For the former, competition between central synapses related to each eye is a prominent feature of geniculocortical development, whereas, for the latter, such specific forms of geniculocortical development may not obtain.", "contents": "Receptive-field properties of neurons in binocular and monocular segments of striate cortex in cats raised with binocular lid suture. 1. We studied the receptive fields of 171 striate cortical neurons from 17 cats raised with binocular lid suture. Of these, 102 fields were within 10 degrees of the area centralis and the remaining 69 were at least 38 degrees from the vertical meridian. 2. Based on their different response properties, cells were divided into three broad groups: the mappable cells (49%) had clearly defined receptive fields, the unmappable cells (31%) were activated by visual stimuli but had diffuse fields which could not be hand plotted, and the visually inexcitable cells (20%) could not be activated by visual stimuli. Very few (less than or equal to 12% of the total sample) normal simple or complex cells could be found. 3. Orientation selectivity was assessed in these cells. Only 12% displayed orientation selectivity within normal bounds, and these were all mappable cells. None of the unmappable cells had discernible orientation selectivity. 4. Ocular dominance was assessed for 62 of the centrally located receptive fields. Among mappable cells, there was an abnormally low proportion of binocular fields, while no such abnormality was seen for unmappable cells. 5. For 47 of the neurons, average response histograms were compiled for moving stimuli of various parameters in an effort to evoke the maximum discharge or peak response. This peak response was normal for mappable cells but reduced for unmappable cells. 6. We devised a technique for studying potential inhibitory receptive-field zones in these neurons, validated the method in normal striate cortex, and used it to test 20 mappable cells in the lid-sutured cats. None showed the pattern of strong inhibitory side bands seen in normal simple cells, although six showed weak or abnormal inhibitory zones. Interestingly, six of the seven visually inexcitable cells tested by this method had purely inhibitory receptive fields. 7. The effects of binocular suture were essentially identical for the binocular and monocular segments since the cell types and their response properties did not differ between these two areas of cortex. Furthermore, the cortical monocular segments of these cats seemed qualitatively different from the deprived cortical monocular segment after monocular suture. This extends an analogous difference for these cats reported for the monocular segments of the lateral geniculate nucleus. We thus conclude that monocularly and binocularly sutured cats develop by qualitatively different mechanisms. For the former, competition between central synapses related to each eye is a prominent feature of geniculocortical development, whereas, for the latter, such specific forms of geniculocortical development may not obtain.", "PMID": 650270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4707", "title": "Properties of auditory nerve responses in absence of outer hair cells.", "content": "1. Recordings were made from chinchilla auditory nerve fibers after portions of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) population were destroyed with the antibiotic kanamycin. In most cases the inner hair cell (IHC) population was completely preserved as determined by phase-contrast microscopy. We presume that the remaining IHCs are functionally normal, and thus that recordings obtained from fibers originating from the lesioned cochlear segment reflect IHC behavior. 2. Behavioral thresholds were measured for all animals both before and after the production of the cochlear lesion. The audiograms and the histological evaluation of the ears were the basis for assessing whether a particular fiber originated in a normal, pathological (shifted threshold; IHC only), or border region. These criteria also identified the animals that sustained IHC damage together with the destruction of part of the OHC population. Only the data obtained from those fibers which probably originated from the OHC-free segment of the cochlea are considered in detail. 3. Fibers whose characteristic frequency (CF) identified them as belonging to the normal (audiometrically and histologically) region, were found to be normal in all respects. 4. Fibers from the border region (where the audiogram has a steep slope between normal and hearing-loss regions probably corresponding to the segment where OHC loss progresses from less than 10% to more than 90%) had very complex response patterns. Their frequency threshold curves (FTC) showed great variability. In general, the closer the fiber was to the fully developed lesion, the more abnormal its FTC became. 5. Those units that were concluded to have originated from the OHC-free part of the cochlea could be divided into three categories on the basis of the shape of their FTCs. A small fraction had very broad tuning (9%). The majority (53%) had approximately normal tail segment, normal bandwidth of the tip segment, and highly elevated threshold at CF. A group of fibers (38%) could not be assigned a CF. Probably the FTC of most of these latter fibers are similar to those of the previous group, but the sharply tuned short tip segment was either missed or was not reachable on account of its extremely high threshold level. 6. Such indexes of fiber response as latency, spontaneous rate, and time pattern (PST histograms) were not affected by the loss of OHCs. 7. On the basis of the data and of the assumptions made it was suggested that outer hair cells provide a frequency-dependent sensitizing influence to the inner hair cells. The frequency dependence could best be expressed as a flat-topped band pass characteristic.", "contents": "Properties of auditory nerve responses in absence of outer hair cells. 1. Recordings were made from chinchilla auditory nerve fibers after portions of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) population were destroyed with the antibiotic kanamycin. In most cases the inner hair cell (IHC) population was completely preserved as determined by phase-contrast microscopy. We presume that the remaining IHCs are functionally normal, and thus that recordings obtained from fibers originating from the lesioned cochlear segment reflect IHC behavior. 2. Behavioral thresholds were measured for all animals both before and after the production of the cochlear lesion. The audiograms and the histological evaluation of the ears were the basis for assessing whether a particular fiber originated in a normal, pathological (shifted threshold; IHC only), or border region. These criteria also identified the animals that sustained IHC damage together with the destruction of part of the OHC population. Only the data obtained from those fibers which probably originated from the OHC-free segment of the cochlea are considered in detail. 3. Fibers whose characteristic frequency (CF) identified them as belonging to the normal (audiometrically and histologically) region, were found to be normal in all respects. 4. Fibers from the border region (where the audiogram has a steep slope between normal and hearing-loss regions probably corresponding to the segment where OHC loss progresses from less than 10% to more than 90%) had very complex response patterns. Their frequency threshold curves (FTC) showed great variability. In general, the closer the fiber was to the fully developed lesion, the more abnormal its FTC became. 5. Those units that were concluded to have originated from the OHC-free part of the cochlea could be divided into three categories on the basis of the shape of their FTCs. A small fraction had very broad tuning (9%). The majority (53%) had approximately normal tail segment, normal bandwidth of the tip segment, and highly elevated threshold at CF. A group of fibers (38%) could not be assigned a CF. Probably the FTC of most of these latter fibers are similar to those of the previous group, but the sharply tuned short tip segment was either missed or was not reachable on account of its extremely high threshold level. 6. Such indexes of fiber response as latency, spontaneous rate, and time pattern (PST histograms) were not affected by the loss of OHCs. 7. On the basis of the data and of the assumptions made it was suggested that outer hair cells provide a frequency-dependent sensitizing influence to the inner hair cells. The frequency dependence could best be expressed as a flat-topped band pass characteristic.", "PMID": 650272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4708", "title": "Sustained depolarizing potentials in reticulospinal axons during evoked seizure activity in lamprey spinal cord.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from lamprey reticulospinal axons (M\u00fcller axons) during seizures evoked by electrical stimulation of the isolated spinal cord in saline containing either 0 Cl or 1 mM picrotoxin. The seizures had tonic and clonic-phases similar to ictal seizures in mammalian brain. 2. During seizures M\u00fcller axons were depolarized by 10-15 mV. These seizure-depolarizations were not due to any direct effect of the evoking stimulus on the M\u00fcller axons themselves nor were they initiated by an accumulation or extracellular potassium. 3. A decrease in axonal input resistance occurred during a seizure-depolarization. Also, the amplitude of a seizure-depolarization was decreased by depolarizing the axon 5-15 mV with injected current. Further, hyperpolarizing the axon increased the amplitude of the seizure-depolarization, but the growth flattened out beyond 30-40 mV of hyperpolarization. The decrease in input resistance during the seizure-depolarization and the dependence of the response amplitude on axonal membrane potential suggested that the seizure-depolarization was an excitatory synaptic potential. However, the failure of the seizure-depolarization amplitude to continue to grow at membrane potentials greater than 30 mV negative to the resting potential was not consistent with this interpretation. 4. A synaptic conductance change as the cause of the seizure-depolarization was ruled out by setting the axonal membrane potential at different levels with injected current and monitoring the input resistance of the axon before and during seizure-depolarizations. It was found that no change in input resistance occurred during the seizure-depolarization when the axon was hyperpolarized more than approximately 30 mV, the same potential at which the growth in the response amplitude ceased. From analysis of these data and the passive current-voltage properties of M\u00fcller axons it is concluded that the seizure-depolarization is not a chemical synaptic potential, but rather the result of the passive injection of depolarizing current into the axons. 5. The source of the depolarizing current which flows into M\u00fcller axons during seizures is probably paroxysmal action-potential activity in spinal motoneurons and interneurons, many of which are electrically coupled to M\u00fcller axons.", "contents": "Sustained depolarizing potentials in reticulospinal axons during evoked seizure activity in lamprey spinal cord. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from lamprey reticulospinal axons (M\u00fcller axons) during seizures evoked by electrical stimulation of the isolated spinal cord in saline containing either 0 Cl or 1 mM picrotoxin. The seizures had tonic and clonic-phases similar to ictal seizures in mammalian brain. 2. During seizures M\u00fcller axons were depolarized by 10-15 mV. These seizure-depolarizations were not due to any direct effect of the evoking stimulus on the M\u00fcller axons themselves nor were they initiated by an accumulation or extracellular potassium. 3. A decrease in axonal input resistance occurred during a seizure-depolarization. Also, the amplitude of a seizure-depolarization was decreased by depolarizing the axon 5-15 mV with injected current. Further, hyperpolarizing the axon increased the amplitude of the seizure-depolarization, but the growth flattened out beyond 30-40 mV of hyperpolarization. The decrease in input resistance during the seizure-depolarization and the dependence of the response amplitude on axonal membrane potential suggested that the seizure-depolarization was an excitatory synaptic potential. However, the failure of the seizure-depolarization amplitude to continue to grow at membrane potentials greater than 30 mV negative to the resting potential was not consistent with this interpretation. 4. A synaptic conductance change as the cause of the seizure-depolarization was ruled out by setting the axonal membrane potential at different levels with injected current and monitoring the input resistance of the axon before and during seizure-depolarizations. It was found that no change in input resistance occurred during the seizure-depolarization when the axon was hyperpolarized more than approximately 30 mV, the same potential at which the growth in the response amplitude ceased. From analysis of these data and the passive current-voltage properties of M\u00fcller axons it is concluded that the seizure-depolarization is not a chemical synaptic potential, but rather the result of the passive injection of depolarizing current into the axons. 5. The source of the depolarizing current which flows into M\u00fcller axons during seizures is probably paroxysmal action-potential activity in spinal motoneurons and interneurons, many of which are electrically coupled to M\u00fcller axons.", "PMID": 650273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4709", "title": "Stimulus-response relations and stability of mechanoreceptor and motor neurons mediating defensive gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.", "content": "1. A weak or moderate-intensity tactile stimulus delivered to the siphon skin of Aplysia californica elicits a defensive reflex withdrawal of the gill and siphon into the mantle cavity. The reflex undergoes both short- and long-term habituation and sensitization and has, therefore, been used as a model system to examine various forms of learning. In this paper we describe studies of the response properties of the sensory and motor neurons of the reflex during repeated stimulation at rates that produce habituation. 2. The sensory neurons are slowly adapting mechanoreceptor cells whose frequency of discharge is a monotonic function of controlled-force punctate stimuli delivered to the skin. The majority of the stimulus-response relations could best be described by exponential functions. 3. We examined the stability of the sensory neuron responses in two ways; with punctate stimuli of varying intensity and with water jets of varying intensity. 4. With repeated punctate stimulation at rates which produce habituation in the intact animal the mechanoreceptor discharge showed no decrement. This stability was observed over a 10-fold range of intensities. 5. Weak or moderate intensity water-jet stimuli to the skin also gave stable responses but stronger stimuli caused the mechanoreceptor response to fatigue. 6. We examined the stability of the motor responses by using intracellular depolarizing current pulses to produce repetitive bursts of action potentials in gill motor neurons while monitoring the gill contractions with a strain gauge, photocell, or videotape recorder. The photocell and strain gauge were alternatively used in the same experiment. Gill contractions monitored with the photocell were stable, whereas those monitored by the strain gauge showed decrement. An independent measure of gill contraction, videotape recording, confirmed the results obtained with the photocell and showed that the gill contractions following repeated intracellular depolarization of the motor neurons were stable.", "contents": "Stimulus-response relations and stability of mechanoreceptor and motor neurons mediating defensive gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. 1. A weak or moderate-intensity tactile stimulus delivered to the siphon skin of Aplysia californica elicits a defensive reflex withdrawal of the gill and siphon into the mantle cavity. The reflex undergoes both short- and long-term habituation and sensitization and has, therefore, been used as a model system to examine various forms of learning. In this paper we describe studies of the response properties of the sensory and motor neurons of the reflex during repeated stimulation at rates that produce habituation. 2. The sensory neurons are slowly adapting mechanoreceptor cells whose frequency of discharge is a monotonic function of controlled-force punctate stimuli delivered to the skin. The majority of the stimulus-response relations could best be described by exponential functions. 3. We examined the stability of the sensory neuron responses in two ways; with punctate stimuli of varying intensity and with water jets of varying intensity. 4. With repeated punctate stimulation at rates which produce habituation in the intact animal the mechanoreceptor discharge showed no decrement. This stability was observed over a 10-fold range of intensities. 5. Weak or moderate intensity water-jet stimuli to the skin also gave stable responses but stronger stimuli caused the mechanoreceptor response to fatigue. 6. We examined the stability of the motor responses by using intracellular depolarizing current pulses to produce repetitive bursts of action potentials in gill motor neurons while monitoring the gill contractions with a strain gauge, photocell, or videotape recorder. The photocell and strain gauge were alternatively used in the same experiment. Gill contractions monitored with the photocell were stable, whereas those monitored by the strain gauge showed decrement. An independent measure of gill contraction, videotape recording, confirmed the results obtained with the photocell and showed that the gill contractions following repeated intracellular depolarization of the motor neurons were stable.", "PMID": 650274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4710", "title": "Contribution of individual mechanoreceptor sensory neurons to defensive gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.", "content": "1. To evaluate the contribution which mechanoreceptor sensory neurons make to the defensive gill-withdrawal reflex we developed an isolated reflex preparation. We then reduced this isolated reflex to a microcircuit (consisting of a single sensory cell and single motor cell) so as to causally relate the contribution of individual cells to the expression and plastic properties of the behavior. 2. Mechanoreceptor neurons make significant contributions to the amplitude and duration of the complex PSP in the motor neurons. A single spike in a sensory neuron produces an EPSP in the motor neuron which accounts for 7-36% of the complex EPSP produced by weak tactile stimulation of the skin. 3. More than 50% of the synaptic input to the gill motor neurons appears to be monosynaptic. Perfusing the ganglion with solutions of high divalent cations reduced the motor neurons' complex PSP by only 40%. 4. The population response of the mechanoreceptors to a point stimulus can be simulated by repetitively firing a single sensory neuron. Firing a single sensory cell discharges the motor neuron and produces a gill contraction similar to that produced by a natural stimulus. 5. Mechanoreceptors make monosynaptic connections onto gill motor neurons which decrement with repeated stimulation paralleling the decrement of the complex PSP to punctate tactile stimulation of the skin. 6. The results indicate that the known neural elements may quantitatively account for most of the expression of the behavior and its short-term habituation.", "contents": "Contribution of individual mechanoreceptor sensory neurons to defensive gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. 1. To evaluate the contribution which mechanoreceptor sensory neurons make to the defensive gill-withdrawal reflex we developed an isolated reflex preparation. We then reduced this isolated reflex to a microcircuit (consisting of a single sensory cell and single motor cell) so as to causally relate the contribution of individual cells to the expression and plastic properties of the behavior. 2. Mechanoreceptor neurons make significant contributions to the amplitude and duration of the complex PSP in the motor neurons. A single spike in a sensory neuron produces an EPSP in the motor neuron which accounts for 7-36% of the complex EPSP produced by weak tactile stimulation of the skin. 3. More than 50% of the synaptic input to the gill motor neurons appears to be monosynaptic. Perfusing the ganglion with solutions of high divalent cations reduced the motor neurons' complex PSP by only 40%. 4. The population response of the mechanoreceptors to a point stimulus can be simulated by repetitively firing a single sensory neuron. Firing a single sensory cell discharges the motor neuron and produces a gill contraction similar to that produced by a natural stimulus. 5. Mechanoreceptors make monosynaptic connections onto gill motor neurons which decrement with repeated stimulation paralleling the decrement of the complex PSP to punctate tactile stimulation of the skin. 6. The results indicate that the known neural elements may quantitatively account for most of the expression of the behavior and its short-term habituation.", "PMID": 650275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4711", "title": "Neural transduction in Xenopus laevis lateral line system.", "content": "1. The process of neural excitation in hair cell systems was studied in an in vitro preparation of the Xenopus laevis (African clawed toad) lateral line organ. A specially designed stimulus chamber was used to apply accurately controlled pressure, water movement, or electrical stimuli, and to record the neural responses of the two afferent fibers innervating each organ or stitch. The objective of the study was to determine the characteristics of the neural responses to these stimuli, and thus gain insight into the transduction process. 2. A sustained deflection of the hair cell cilia due to a constant flow of water past the capula resulted in a maintained change in the mean firing rate (MFR) of the afferent fibers. The data also demonstrated that the neural response was proportional to the velocity of the water flow and indicated that both deflection and movement of the cilia were the effective physiological stimuli for this hair cell system. 3. The preparations responded to sinusoidal water movements (past the capula) over the entire frequency range of the stimulus chamber, 0.1-130 Hz, and were most sensitive between 10 and 40 Hz. The variation of the MFR and the percent modulation indicated that the average dynamic range of each organ was 23.5 dB. 4. The thresholds, if any, for sustained pressure changes and for sinusoidal pressure variations in the absence of water movements were very high. Due to the limitations of the stimulus chamber it was not possible to generate pressure stimuli of sufficient magnitude to elicit a neural response without also generating suprathreshold water-movement stimuli. Sustained pressures had no detectable effect on the neural response to water-movement stimuli. 5. The preparations were very sensitive to electrical potentials applied across the toad skin on which the hair cells were located. Potentials which made the ciliated surfaces of the hair cells positive with respect to their bases increased the MFR of the fibers, whereas negative potentials decreased it. The responses to sinusoidal electrical stimuli were similar to responses to water-movement stimuli with respect to frequency and dynamic ranges. Thresholds as low as 100 muV peak to peak (p-p) for 16-Hz stimuli were found. 6. The characteristics of the neural responses to electrical stimulation as well as supporting data obtained from the studies of the effects of anoxia on the evoked responses indicate that the electrical stimulus acts on the hair cells or on the synapses, rather than directly on the nerve fibers. This finding suggests that receptor potentials or their associated currents play an important role in the process of neural excitation in hair cell systems.", "contents": "Neural transduction in Xenopus laevis lateral line system. 1. The process of neural excitation in hair cell systems was studied in an in vitro preparation of the Xenopus laevis (African clawed toad) lateral line organ. A specially designed stimulus chamber was used to apply accurately controlled pressure, water movement, or electrical stimuli, and to record the neural responses of the two afferent fibers innervating each organ or stitch. The objective of the study was to determine the characteristics of the neural responses to these stimuli, and thus gain insight into the transduction process. 2. A sustained deflection of the hair cell cilia due to a constant flow of water past the capula resulted in a maintained change in the mean firing rate (MFR) of the afferent fibers. The data also demonstrated that the neural response was proportional to the velocity of the water flow and indicated that both deflection and movement of the cilia were the effective physiological stimuli for this hair cell system. 3. The preparations responded to sinusoidal water movements (past the capula) over the entire frequency range of the stimulus chamber, 0.1-130 Hz, and were most sensitive between 10 and 40 Hz. The variation of the MFR and the percent modulation indicated that the average dynamic range of each organ was 23.5 dB. 4. The thresholds, if any, for sustained pressure changes and for sinusoidal pressure variations in the absence of water movements were very high. Due to the limitations of the stimulus chamber it was not possible to generate pressure stimuli of sufficient magnitude to elicit a neural response without also generating suprathreshold water-movement stimuli. Sustained pressures had no detectable effect on the neural response to water-movement stimuli. 5. The preparations were very sensitive to electrical potentials applied across the toad skin on which the hair cells were located. Potentials which made the ciliated surfaces of the hair cells positive with respect to their bases increased the MFR of the fibers, whereas negative potentials decreased it. The responses to sinusoidal electrical stimuli were similar to responses to water-movement stimuli with respect to frequency and dynamic ranges. Thresholds as low as 100 muV peak to peak (p-p) for 16-Hz stimuli were found. 6. The characteristics of the neural responses to electrical stimulation as well as supporting data obtained from the studies of the effects of anoxia on the evoked responses indicate that the electrical stimulus acts on the hair cells or on the synapses, rather than directly on the nerve fibers. This finding suggests that receptor potentials or their associated currents play an important role in the process of neural excitation in hair cell systems.", "PMID": 650276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4712", "title": "Intracellular staining reveals different levels of stratification for on- and off-center ganglion cells in cat retina.", "content": "1. Ganglion cells in the retina of the cat were stained by intracellular dye injection after recording their responses to photic stimulation. 2. All cells encountered were divided into those giving on-responses and those producing off-responses, and the level of dendritic branching of these two groups was compared. Cells giving off-responses were found to branch high in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), near the amacrine cell bodies (sublamina a); those giving on-responses were found to branch lower in the inner plexiform layer (sublamina b). 3. Dye-injected cells varied widely in morphology and size, having cell bodies ranging in diameter from 8 to 32 micrometer and dendritic fields ranging from 25 to 490 micrometer in diameter; yet the sign of the response of each unit correlated only with the level of dendritic branching. Thus, no other morphological feature except stratification appears to be important in determining the sign of the response of these cells. 4. The stratification of ganglion cells into on- and off-layers parallels the distribution of the axon terminals of the flat and invaginating cone bipolars. Flat cone bipolars are in a position to contact off-center ganglion cells (in sublamina a) and invaginating cone bipolars are in a position to contact on-center ganglion cells (in sublamina b). 5. The rod and cone inputs to some cells were characterized by comparing their responses to deep red and blue rod-matched stimuli over a 2-log unit range starting at dark-adapted threshold. About half the cells appeared to be rod dominated under these conditions, whereas the others appeared to have mixed rod and cone signals. 6. The nature of the rod and cone pathways to ganglion cells is discussed.", "contents": "Intracellular staining reveals different levels of stratification for on- and off-center ganglion cells in cat retina. 1. Ganglion cells in the retina of the cat were stained by intracellular dye injection after recording their responses to photic stimulation. 2. All cells encountered were divided into those giving on-responses and those producing off-responses, and the level of dendritic branching of these two groups was compared. Cells giving off-responses were found to branch high in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), near the amacrine cell bodies (sublamina a); those giving on-responses were found to branch lower in the inner plexiform layer (sublamina b). 3. Dye-injected cells varied widely in morphology and size, having cell bodies ranging in diameter from 8 to 32 micrometer and dendritic fields ranging from 25 to 490 micrometer in diameter; yet the sign of the response of each unit correlated only with the level of dendritic branching. Thus, no other morphological feature except stratification appears to be important in determining the sign of the response of these cells. 4. The stratification of ganglion cells into on- and off-layers parallels the distribution of the axon terminals of the flat and invaginating cone bipolars. Flat cone bipolars are in a position to contact off-center ganglion cells (in sublamina a) and invaginating cone bipolars are in a position to contact on-center ganglion cells (in sublamina b). 5. The rod and cone inputs to some cells were characterized by comparing their responses to deep red and blue rod-matched stimuli over a 2-log unit range starting at dark-adapted threshold. About half the cells appeared to be rod dominated under these conditions, whereas the others appeared to have mixed rod and cone signals. 6. The nature of the rod and cone pathways to ganglion cells is discussed.", "PMID": 650277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4713", "title": "Corticopontine cells in area 18 of the cat.", "content": "1. Area 18 projects to the rostral pontine nuclei. The visual response properties of rostral pontine cells differ greatly from those that have been reported for area 18 cells. We identified and studied corticopontine cells in area 18 and compared their receptive-field properties to those of other area 18 cells and to pontine visual cells. 2. We first located the visual area in the rostral pons by microelectrode recording and placed stimulating electrodes at the same site. Anti-dromically invaded cells were then recorded in area 18. The antidromic invasion of each cell was verified by orthodromic-antidromic spike collision. 3. Fifty-seven well-isolated corticopontine cells were studied in detail. We also recorded 466 unitary antidromic potentials with a mean invasion latency of 3.5 ms and recorded from 40 additional area 18 units to serve as a comparison group for the corticopontine cells. The comparison group cells were located in the same area in the visual field as the corticopontine cells. 4. The average receptive-field area for corticopontine cells (485 deg2) was much larger than the comparison cells (59 deg2). Forty percent of the corticopontine cells responded preferentially to multiple-spot target. Properly oriented gratings, slits, or edges were the most effective stimuli for the comparison cells. Eighty-two percent of the corticopontine cells showed clear directional preferences to moving-spot stimuli, and downward movements were most commonly preferred. Fifty-five percent of the area 18 comparison cells showed some directional preference, but no particular direction was preferred. The optimal stimulus speeds for corticopontine cells were higher than those for the comparison cells. 5. The response properties of the area 18 corticopontine cells are similar to the response properties of rostral pontine visual cells, except for a somewhat higher selectivity for orientation in the corticopontine cells. 6. We conclude that most response properties of rostral pontine visual cells are already present in a subset of area 18 cortical cells which project to the pons. The corticopontine cells are sensitive to multiple-spot targets moving in particular directions over large portions of the visual field, such properties are consistent with a visuomotor function for the corticopontocerebellar pathway.", "contents": "Corticopontine cells in area 18 of the cat. 1. Area 18 projects to the rostral pontine nuclei. The visual response properties of rostral pontine cells differ greatly from those that have been reported for area 18 cells. We identified and studied corticopontine cells in area 18 and compared their receptive-field properties to those of other area 18 cells and to pontine visual cells. 2. We first located the visual area in the rostral pons by microelectrode recording and placed stimulating electrodes at the same site. Anti-dromically invaded cells were then recorded in area 18. The antidromic invasion of each cell was verified by orthodromic-antidromic spike collision. 3. Fifty-seven well-isolated corticopontine cells were studied in detail. We also recorded 466 unitary antidromic potentials with a mean invasion latency of 3.5 ms and recorded from 40 additional area 18 units to serve as a comparison group for the corticopontine cells. The comparison group cells were located in the same area in the visual field as the corticopontine cells. 4. The average receptive-field area for corticopontine cells (485 deg2) was much larger than the comparison cells (59 deg2). Forty percent of the corticopontine cells responded preferentially to multiple-spot target. Properly oriented gratings, slits, or edges were the most effective stimuli for the comparison cells. Eighty-two percent of the corticopontine cells showed clear directional preferences to moving-spot stimuli, and downward movements were most commonly preferred. Fifty-five percent of the area 18 comparison cells showed some directional preference, but no particular direction was preferred. The optimal stimulus speeds for corticopontine cells were higher than those for the comparison cells. 5. The response properties of the area 18 corticopontine cells are similar to the response properties of rostral pontine visual cells, except for a somewhat higher selectivity for orientation in the corticopontine cells. 6. We conclude that most response properties of rostral pontine visual cells are already present in a subset of area 18 cortical cells which project to the pons. The corticopontine cells are sensitive to multiple-spot targets moving in particular directions over large portions of the visual field, such properties are consistent with a visuomotor function for the corticopontocerebellar pathway.", "PMID": 650278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4714", "title": "Effect of compensatory hypertrophy studied in individual motor units in medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat.", "content": "1. Compensatory hypertrophy of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle was produced by denervating or removing its synergists (i.e., the lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles) in adult cats. Following survival times of 14-32 wk, intracellular recording and stimulation techniques were used to study the motor-unit population in MG. The data obtained were compared with results from MG motor units in normal unoperated cats of the same body size and weight. 2. Using criteria employed for normal motor units, the units in hypertrophic MG muscles were readily classified into the same groups (types FF, F(int), FR, and S) as in normal MG. There was no detectable difference in the distribution of motor-unit types after hypertrophy. 3. When compared with a normal motor-unit sample, there was a large increase in mean tetanic tension, but no significant change in twitch tension, for each motor-unit type in the hypertrophied muscles. The most marked increase was found among the fatigue-resistant type S and type FR motor units. There was no alteration of twitch contraction times or fatigue resistance in any unit type after hypertrophy. 4. For each motor-unit type, the mean homonymous (MG) group Ia EPSP amplitude was the same in normal and hypertrophic MG populations. There was, however, a significant increase in the average conduction velocity of MG motor axons in the animals with uncomplicated MG synergist removal and maximal MG hypertrophy. 5. On the basis of histochemical staining, muscle fibers from comparable sections of hypertrophic and contralateral (unoperated) MG muscles were presumptively identified as belonging to FF, FR, or S units. There was no significant difference between hypertrophic and contralateral MG muscles in the percentage of each fiber type, although there was some variability in muscle composition from one cat to another. One muscle pair was studied in detail for fiber cross-sectional area. In this cat, with marked hypertrophy by muscle weight, there was a modest increase in the mean fiber areas of histochemical S and FR muscle fibers, but no evident change in FF fibers, on the hypertrophic side. 6. MG motor units were examined in several cats in which synergist removal resulted in scarring and marked limitation of passive ankle mobility, and no evident weight gain in MG. Motor units of all types in these animals showed a decrease in twitch tension and in mean twitch/tetanus ratios, with little alteration in mean tetanic tensions. 7. The main effect of compensatory hypertrophy under the present conditions was a large increase in tetanic tension output from individual motor units due, at least in part, to an increase in fiber cross-sectional area. There was no evidence indicating any \"conversion\" of motor units or of their muscle fibers from one type to another.", "contents": "Effect of compensatory hypertrophy studied in individual motor units in medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat. 1. Compensatory hypertrophy of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle was produced by denervating or removing its synergists (i.e., the lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles) in adult cats. Following survival times of 14-32 wk, intracellular recording and stimulation techniques were used to study the motor-unit population in MG. The data obtained were compared with results from MG motor units in normal unoperated cats of the same body size and weight. 2. Using criteria employed for normal motor units, the units in hypertrophic MG muscles were readily classified into the same groups (types FF, F(int), FR, and S) as in normal MG. There was no detectable difference in the distribution of motor-unit types after hypertrophy. 3. When compared with a normal motor-unit sample, there was a large increase in mean tetanic tension, but no significant change in twitch tension, for each motor-unit type in the hypertrophied muscles. The most marked increase was found among the fatigue-resistant type S and type FR motor units. There was no alteration of twitch contraction times or fatigue resistance in any unit type after hypertrophy. 4. For each motor-unit type, the mean homonymous (MG) group Ia EPSP amplitude was the same in normal and hypertrophic MG populations. There was, however, a significant increase in the average conduction velocity of MG motor axons in the animals with uncomplicated MG synergist removal and maximal MG hypertrophy. 5. On the basis of histochemical staining, muscle fibers from comparable sections of hypertrophic and contralateral (unoperated) MG muscles were presumptively identified as belonging to FF, FR, or S units. There was no significant difference between hypertrophic and contralateral MG muscles in the percentage of each fiber type, although there was some variability in muscle composition from one cat to another. One muscle pair was studied in detail for fiber cross-sectional area. In this cat, with marked hypertrophy by muscle weight, there was a modest increase in the mean fiber areas of histochemical S and FR muscle fibers, but no evident change in FF fibers, on the hypertrophic side. 6. MG motor units were examined in several cats in which synergist removal resulted in scarring and marked limitation of passive ankle mobility, and no evident weight gain in MG. Motor units of all types in these animals showed a decrease in twitch tension and in mean twitch/tetanus ratios, with little alteration in mean tetanic tensions. 7. The main effect of compensatory hypertrophy under the present conditions was a large increase in tetanic tension output from individual motor units due, at least in part, to an increase in fiber cross-sectional area. There was no evidence indicating any \"conversion\" of motor units or of their muscle fibers from one type to another.", "PMID": 650279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4715", "title": "Effects of monensin on in vivo rumen propionate production and blood glucose kinetics in cattle.", "content": "Four rumen-fistulated steers (154 to 253 kg), fed two different diets in succession, were used to determine effects of monensin on rumen propionate production rates and blood glucose kinetics as determined by single-injection isotope-dilution techniques. A high-roughage and a high-grain diet, with and without 150 mg of monensin daily, were fed isoenergetically at 2-hour intervals. Monensin increased rumen propionate pool sizes from 32 to 57 g for the high-roughage diet and from 37 to 66 g for the high-grain diet and increased rumen propionate production rates from 441 to 659 g/day for the high-roughage diet and from 510 to 899 g/day for the high-grain diet. Molar percentages of rumen propionate were increased significantly by monensin in the high-grain diet. Blood glucose pool sizes were not changed significantly by either monensin or isoenergetic diets. Monensin increased irreversible losses of glucose from 582 to 677 g/day for the high-grain diet. Monensin tended to increase glucose total entry rates for both diets and to increase irreversible loss of glucose for the high-roughage diet but the differences were not significant. Thus, increases in glucose kinetics are minor in contrast to major increases of rumen propionate production caused by monensin.", "contents": "Effects of monensin on in vivo rumen propionate production and blood glucose kinetics in cattle. Four rumen-fistulated steers (154 to 253 kg), fed two different diets in succession, were used to determine effects of monensin on rumen propionate production rates and blood glucose kinetics as determined by single-injection isotope-dilution techniques. A high-roughage and a high-grain diet, with and without 150 mg of monensin daily, were fed isoenergetically at 2-hour intervals. Monensin increased rumen propionate pool sizes from 32 to 57 g for the high-roughage diet and from 37 to 66 g for the high-grain diet and increased rumen propionate production rates from 441 to 659 g/day for the high-roughage diet and from 510 to 899 g/day for the high-grain diet. Molar percentages of rumen propionate were increased significantly by monensin in the high-grain diet. Blood glucose pool sizes were not changed significantly by either monensin or isoenergetic diets. Monensin increased irreversible losses of glucose from 582 to 677 g/day for the high-grain diet. Monensin tended to increase glucose total entry rates for both diets and to increase irreversible loss of glucose for the high-roughage diet but the differences were not significant. Thus, increases in glucose kinetics are minor in contrast to major increases of rumen propionate production caused by monensin.", "PMID": 650286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4716", "title": "Heat increment associated with dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and complete diets in salmonids: comparative energetic efficiency.", "content": "The heat increment (HI) of feeding, which is the increased heat production following consumption of food by an animal, accounts for as much as 30% of the ingested metabolizable energy (ME) in mammals and birds. The purpose of these experiments was to measure the HI associated with the feeding of a complete diet and purified fat, protein, and carbohydrate to salmonids. Measured amounts were fed and the heat production was measured by direct calorimetry. Increased heat production was observed about 30 minutes after feeding and remained elevated for 1 to 5 hours, depending on the amount and type of material fed. The HI of protein was much lower with fish than with mammals and amounted to less than 5% of the ingested ME. The HI's of carbohydrate and protein were not significantly different from each other but both were higher than fat. The HI, when complete diets were fed, was less than 3% of the ME. The net energy of protein is higher for fish than for birds or mammals. A major part of the superior energetic efficiency of fish is due to the low energy cost of protein metabolism.", "contents": "Heat increment associated with dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and complete diets in salmonids: comparative energetic efficiency. The heat increment (HI) of feeding, which is the increased heat production following consumption of food by an animal, accounts for as much as 30% of the ingested metabolizable energy (ME) in mammals and birds. The purpose of these experiments was to measure the HI associated with the feeding of a complete diet and purified fat, protein, and carbohydrate to salmonids. Measured amounts were fed and the heat production was measured by direct calorimetry. Increased heat production was observed about 30 minutes after feeding and remained elevated for 1 to 5 hours, depending on the amount and type of material fed. The HI of protein was much lower with fish than with mammals and amounted to less than 5% of the ingested ME. The HI's of carbohydrate and protein were not significantly different from each other but both were higher than fat. The HI, when complete diets were fed, was less than 3% of the ME. The net energy of protein is higher for fish than for birds or mammals. A major part of the superior energetic efficiency of fish is due to the low energy cost of protein metabolism.", "PMID": 650289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4717", "title": "Effects of an essential fatty acid deficiency, pair-feeding and level of dietary corn oil on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and other physiological parameters in the male chicken.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to observe the effects of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency, added dietary corn oil and pair-feeding on growth, reproduction and other physiological parameters in the mature cockerel. A purified, linoleic acid (LA)-deficient diet (0.01% LA), or additions of 5% (3.01% LA) or 15% (9.04% LA) corn oil, were fed ad libitum from hatching through 24 weeks of age. Reductions in growth, feed consumption, and comb, and testes size, incomplete spermatogenesis, increased tissue eicosatrienoic acid (20: 3 omega 9) and changes in weights of selected internal organs were observed in deficient cockerels. Total pituitary gonadotropic activity was measured by two bioassay procedures and blood luteinizing hormone was measured by radioimmunoassay. By maturity both of these parameters were significantly reduced in deficient chickens. When these chickens were fed diets with 5% or 15% corn oil under pair-feeding or ad libitum conditions from 20 to 24 weeks, the reduced growth, comb and testes size and gonadotropin metabolism appeared to be caused by depressions in appetite and energy intake rather than EFA per se. The degenerate testicular histology of the 20-week old deficient cockerels, while responding fully to the ad libitum intake of the diets containing corn oil, showed only partial rehabilitation of spermatogenesis when diets with either 5% or 15% corn oil were pair-fed. In general, increasing the level of dietary fat from 5% to 15% did not cause many physiological changes.", "contents": "Effects of an essential fatty acid deficiency, pair-feeding and level of dietary corn oil on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and other physiological parameters in the male chicken. Two studies were conducted to observe the effects of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency, added dietary corn oil and pair-feeding on growth, reproduction and other physiological parameters in the mature cockerel. A purified, linoleic acid (LA)-deficient diet (0.01% LA), or additions of 5% (3.01% LA) or 15% (9.04% LA) corn oil, were fed ad libitum from hatching through 24 weeks of age. Reductions in growth, feed consumption, and comb, and testes size, incomplete spermatogenesis, increased tissue eicosatrienoic acid (20: 3 omega 9) and changes in weights of selected internal organs were observed in deficient cockerels. Total pituitary gonadotropic activity was measured by two bioassay procedures and blood luteinizing hormone was measured by radioimmunoassay. By maturity both of these parameters were significantly reduced in deficient chickens. When these chickens were fed diets with 5% or 15% corn oil under pair-feeding or ad libitum conditions from 20 to 24 weeks, the reduced growth, comb and testes size and gonadotropin metabolism appeared to be caused by depressions in appetite and energy intake rather than EFA per se. The degenerate testicular histology of the 20-week old deficient cockerels, while responding fully to the ad libitum intake of the diets containing corn oil, showed only partial rehabilitation of spermatogenesis when diets with either 5% or 15% corn oil were pair-fed. In general, increasing the level of dietary fat from 5% to 15% did not cause many physiological changes.", "PMID": 650291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4718", "title": "Effect of excess dietary L-histidine on plasma cholesterol levels in weanling rats.", "content": "Supplementation of a closed formula, cereal based stock diet with excess L-histidine at a 5% or 8% level for 4 days reduced growth and induced hepatomegaly and an increase in plasma cholesterole levels in weanling rats. The enlargement of the liver was in part due to glycogen accumulation; plasma glucose concentration was unchanged. Feeding four different amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, glycine and L-tryptophan), at levels which caused reduction of growth comparable to the 5% and 8% L-histidine supplementation, did not effect liver weight or plasma cholesterol levels. L-Threonine added, at a 2% level, to the 8% L-histidine diet did not alleviate any of the histidine effects. Rats fed a diet containing 5% urocanic acid, the first metabolite of the histidine degradative pathway, grew at a normal rate but had higher plasma cholesterol levels compared to rats fed stock diet. When rats fed L-histidine-or urocanic acid-supplemented diets were returned to stock diet, a normal growth rate was resumed immediately and plasma cholesterol levels returned to normal within 6 days. These results suggest that L-histidine and/or urocanic acid induce a hypercholesterolemia which disappears several days after the supplementation ceases.", "contents": "Effect of excess dietary L-histidine on plasma cholesterol levels in weanling rats. Supplementation of a closed formula, cereal based stock diet with excess L-histidine at a 5% or 8% level for 4 days reduced growth and induced hepatomegaly and an increase in plasma cholesterole levels in weanling rats. The enlargement of the liver was in part due to glycogen accumulation; plasma glucose concentration was unchanged. Feeding four different amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, glycine and L-tryptophan), at levels which caused reduction of growth comparable to the 5% and 8% L-histidine supplementation, did not effect liver weight or plasma cholesterol levels. L-Threonine added, at a 2% level, to the 8% L-histidine diet did not alleviate any of the histidine effects. Rats fed a diet containing 5% urocanic acid, the first metabolite of the histidine degradative pathway, grew at a normal rate but had higher plasma cholesterol levels compared to rats fed stock diet. When rats fed L-histidine-or urocanic acid-supplemented diets were returned to stock diet, a normal growth rate was resumed immediately and plasma cholesterol levels returned to normal within 6 days. These results suggest that L-histidine and/or urocanic acid induce a hypercholesterolemia which disappears several days after the supplementation ceases.", "PMID": 650295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4719", "title": "Calcium metabolism, intestinal calcium-binding protein, and bone growth of rats fed high protein diets.", "content": "The rat was used as a model for investigating the mechanism by which the consumption of high diets causes calciuria. Using a combined balance and kinetics study, calcium (Ca) metabolism was studied in 56-day old male rats which had been consuming a control (18% casein) or a high protein (36% casein) diet for 2, 14, or 28 days. Urine Ca was significantly increased to 1.7 mg/day and 1.1 mg/day in rats which consumed the high protein diet for 2 or 14 days respectively. After 29 days of consuming the high protein diet, urinary Ca excretion was 0.7 mg/day, the same as that of controls. No other criteria of calcium metabolism were significantly affected by the high protein intakes. Intestinal calcium-binding protein activity was not affected by consumption of the 36% casein diet for 7 days, nor was bone mineralization after consumption of this diet for 32 days. Since the rat excretes a low percentage of dietary Ca via the urinary route, it is not a useful model for studying Ca kinetics in protein-induced calciuria.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism, intestinal calcium-binding protein, and bone growth of rats fed high protein diets. The rat was used as a model for investigating the mechanism by which the consumption of high diets causes calciuria. Using a combined balance and kinetics study, calcium (Ca) metabolism was studied in 56-day old male rats which had been consuming a control (18% casein) or a high protein (36% casein) diet for 2, 14, or 28 days. Urine Ca was significantly increased to 1.7 mg/day and 1.1 mg/day in rats which consumed the high protein diet for 2 or 14 days respectively. After 29 days of consuming the high protein diet, urinary Ca excretion was 0.7 mg/day, the same as that of controls. No other criteria of calcium metabolism were significantly affected by the high protein intakes. Intestinal calcium-binding protein activity was not affected by consumption of the 36% casein diet for 7 days, nor was bone mineralization after consumption of this diet for 32 days. Since the rat excretes a low percentage of dietary Ca via the urinary route, it is not a useful model for studying Ca kinetics in protein-induced calciuria.", "PMID": 650298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4720", "title": "Studies on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats under chronic toxicity due to organophosphorus insecticides: effects of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid in high doses.", "content": "The effects of chronic administration of two organophosphorus insecticides, parathion and malathion on the growth rate, ascorbic acid metabolism and some other nutritional and physiological parameters in rats were studied. Both parathion and malathion toxicity retarded the growth rate of rats. Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase was taken as an index of organophosphorus insecticide toxicity. Haemoglobin concentration of blood and organ weights were not affected under the toxic conditions. Parathion and malathion administration stimulated the activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase along with a simultaneous increase in the tissue storage and urinary excretion of vitamin C. The activities of other enzymes of ascorbic acid metabolism, dehydroascorbatase, uronolactonase, and L-gulonate dehydrogenase and decarboxylase were altered under the experimental conditions. Only minor histological changes of the liver and kidney tissues were noted under parathion and malathion toxicities. Excess intake of vitamin C under the toxic conditions was found to be very effective in counteracting the growth retardation and also the alterations produced by parathion and malathion both at the enzymatic and histological levels.", "contents": "Studies on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats under chronic toxicity due to organophosphorus insecticides: effects of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid in high doses. The effects of chronic administration of two organophosphorus insecticides, parathion and malathion on the growth rate, ascorbic acid metabolism and some other nutritional and physiological parameters in rats were studied. Both parathion and malathion toxicity retarded the growth rate of rats. Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase was taken as an index of organophosphorus insecticide toxicity. Haemoglobin concentration of blood and organ weights were not affected under the toxic conditions. Parathion and malathion administration stimulated the activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase along with a simultaneous increase in the tissue storage and urinary excretion of vitamin C. The activities of other enzymes of ascorbic acid metabolism, dehydroascorbatase, uronolactonase, and L-gulonate dehydrogenase and decarboxylase were altered under the experimental conditions. Only minor histological changes of the liver and kidney tissues were noted under parathion and malathion toxicities. Excess intake of vitamin C under the toxic conditions was found to be very effective in counteracting the growth retardation and also the alterations produced by parathion and malathion both at the enzymatic and histological levels.", "PMID": 650299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4721", "title": "Hepatic cytosolic non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity: its nature and the effect of selenium deficiency.", "content": "Recent work had indicated the presence of a non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver in addition to the selenium-dependent activity. The present study was undertaken to learn whether the glutathione S-transferases are reponsible for the non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and to study the effect of selenium deficiency on those enzymes. Glutathione S-transferase B was purified by an established method using carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography and studied. It exhibited glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide. A limiting Km of 0.55 mM was determined for cumene hydroperoxide. Sulfobromophthalein was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to cumene hydroperoxide of the glutathione peroxidase activity of glutathione S-transferase B. Selenium deficiency caused an increase in glutathione S-transferase activity. These results establish that glutathione S-transferase B contributes to the non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver and show that it increases in selenium deficiency when the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase is decreased.", "contents": "Hepatic cytosolic non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity: its nature and the effect of selenium deficiency. Recent work had indicated the presence of a non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver in addition to the selenium-dependent activity. The present study was undertaken to learn whether the glutathione S-transferases are reponsible for the non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and to study the effect of selenium deficiency on those enzymes. Glutathione S-transferase B was purified by an established method using carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography and studied. It exhibited glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide. A limiting Km of 0.55 mM was determined for cumene hydroperoxide. Sulfobromophthalein was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to cumene hydroperoxide of the glutathione peroxidase activity of glutathione S-transferase B. Selenium deficiency caused an increase in glutathione S-transferase activity. These results establish that glutathione S-transferase B contributes to the non selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in rat liver and show that it increases in selenium deficiency when the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase is decreased.", "PMID": 650300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4722", "title": "Cyclic changes in the osmolality and electrolyte composition in the gastrointestinal tract of the rock hyrax.", "content": "The rock hyrax has been shown to have a very unusual and complex digestive tract. The gastrointestinal tract is comparable to that of the simple and complex stomach of mammals as well as to that of birds. Determinations of osmolality and electrolytes have been made in different sections of the gut of the hyrax. However, with the exception of the elevated potassium levels observed in the cranial stomach, the hyrax poses no unusual osmotic or electrolyte concentrations when compared to man or other mammals. The greater cation concentration and hypertonicity of the cranial stomach was largely accounted for by the elevated potassium load in this gut segment. Sodium and potassium comprised the major cations present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Chloride was the major anion observed in the foregut; however, the electroneutrality of the mid and hindgut of the hyrax was primarily maintained by the presence of large concentrations of volatile fatty acids produced in these portions of the gut. Volatile fatty acid also accounted for the high anion concentration and hypertonicity of the cranial stomach.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in the osmolality and electrolyte composition in the gastrointestinal tract of the rock hyrax. The rock hyrax has been shown to have a very unusual and complex digestive tract. The gastrointestinal tract is comparable to that of the simple and complex stomach of mammals as well as to that of birds. Determinations of osmolality and electrolytes have been made in different sections of the gut of the hyrax. However, with the exception of the elevated potassium levels observed in the cranial stomach, the hyrax poses no unusual osmotic or electrolyte concentrations when compared to man or other mammals. The greater cation concentration and hypertonicity of the cranial stomach was largely accounted for by the elevated potassium load in this gut segment. Sodium and potassium comprised the major cations present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Chloride was the major anion observed in the foregut; however, the electroneutrality of the mid and hindgut of the hyrax was primarily maintained by the presence of large concentrations of volatile fatty acids produced in these portions of the gut. Volatile fatty acid also accounted for the high anion concentration and hypertonicity of the cranial stomach.", "PMID": 650301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4723", "title": "Rumen propionate and blood glucose kinetics in growing cattle fed isoenergetic diets.", "content": "The relationship between rumen propionate production and blood glucose kinetics was examined in four rumen-fistulated Holstein steers fed isoenergetic amounts of 80/20 (G) and 30/70 (R) grain/chopped alfalfa hay diets at 2-hour intervals. Single-injection rumen propionate and blood glucose kinetics were determined in consecutive 4-hour periods by using [6-3H]glucose intravenously then [1-14C]propionate intraruminally. Rumen propionate specific activity was determined after isolation and quantitation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Average rumen propionate production rates and pool sizes were 441 g/day and 32.0 g when diet R was fed but increased to 510 g/day (P less than 0.05) and 36.5 g (P less than 0.10), respectively, when diet G was fed. Propionate production as related to digestible energy (DE) intake, averaged 0.56 mole/Mcal DE for R and 0.64 mole/Mcal DE for G. Rumen propionate turnover times were similar for both diets. Despite differences in propionate availability, there were no significant dietary differences in glucose kinetic parameters. Average glucose pool sizes and irreversible losses were 27.0 g and 585 g/day for R and 27.0 g and 582 g/day for G.", "contents": "Rumen propionate and blood glucose kinetics in growing cattle fed isoenergetic diets. The relationship between rumen propionate production and blood glucose kinetics was examined in four rumen-fistulated Holstein steers fed isoenergetic amounts of 80/20 (G) and 30/70 (R) grain/chopped alfalfa hay diets at 2-hour intervals. Single-injection rumen propionate and blood glucose kinetics were determined in consecutive 4-hour periods by using [6-3H]glucose intravenously then [1-14C]propionate intraruminally. Rumen propionate specific activity was determined after isolation and quantitation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Average rumen propionate production rates and pool sizes were 441 g/day and 32.0 g when diet R was fed but increased to 510 g/day (P less than 0.05) and 36.5 g (P less than 0.10), respectively, when diet G was fed. Propionate production as related to digestible energy (DE) intake, averaged 0.56 mole/Mcal DE for R and 0.64 mole/Mcal DE for G. Rumen propionate turnover times were similar for both diets. Despite differences in propionate availability, there were no significant dietary differences in glucose kinetic parameters. Average glucose pool sizes and irreversible losses were 27.0 g and 585 g/day for R and 27.0 g and 582 g/day for G.", "PMID": 650302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4724", "title": "A respiratory survey of cedar mill workers. I. Prevalence of symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities.", "content": "A respiratory-occupational questionnaire and spirometry were used to compare the prevalence of symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in 405 workers exposed to red cedar dust and 252 control workers exposed to other wood dusts. Compared with controls, the cedar workers were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, cough, phlegm, wheeze and breathlessness, as well as more rhinitis and conjunctivitis. While, as expected, there was a clear relationship between respiratory symptoms and cigarette smoking, there was also evidence to suggest a synergistic effect between exposure to cedar dust and smoking. There was no difference in the lung function between cedar workers and controls. Sixty-five workers in the control group previously had worked in red cedar mills; they had a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms than other workers in this group. Red cedar asthma was found in only 1.1% of the cedar workers. This condition usually develops in the early months of exposure, and workers who are affected tend to leave the industry. The probable incidence of red cedar asthma was estimated to be higher, around 4-5%.", "contents": "A respiratory survey of cedar mill workers. I. Prevalence of symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities. A respiratory-occupational questionnaire and spirometry were used to compare the prevalence of symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in 405 workers exposed to red cedar dust and 252 control workers exposed to other wood dusts. Compared with controls, the cedar workers were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, cough, phlegm, wheeze and breathlessness, as well as more rhinitis and conjunctivitis. While, as expected, there was a clear relationship between respiratory symptoms and cigarette smoking, there was also evidence to suggest a synergistic effect between exposure to cedar dust and smoking. There was no difference in the lung function between cedar workers and controls. Sixty-five workers in the control group previously had worked in red cedar mills; they had a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms than other workers in this group. Red cedar asthma was found in only 1.1% of the cedar workers. This condition usually develops in the early months of exposure, and workers who are affected tend to leave the industry. The probable incidence of red cedar asthma was estimated to be higher, around 4-5%.", "PMID": 650305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4725", "title": "Pleuropulmonary disease among asbestos workers in relation to smoking and type of exposure.", "content": "The chest roentgenograms of employees aged 40 and over in two asbestos manufacturing plants were read by consensus without knowledge of the plant or smoking habits. Plant A used only chrysotile asbestos throughout its history and Plant B used amosite as well as chrysotile, the amosite being limited to the period 1950-64. The prevalence of pulmonary disease was 25% in Plant A and 33% in Plant B. The prevalence of pleural thickening was 18% in Plant A and 35% in Plant B. Neither age nor work duration were factors in these differences. In Plant A there was no obvious relationship between smoking and pleuropulmonary disease. In Plant B there was a definite relationship of smoking to pulmonary disease and perhaps to pleural thickening. Both type of asbestos and smoking habits appear to be determinants of pleuropulmonary disease in asbestos workers.", "contents": "Pleuropulmonary disease among asbestos workers in relation to smoking and type of exposure. The chest roentgenograms of employees aged 40 and over in two asbestos manufacturing plants were read by consensus without knowledge of the plant or smoking habits. Plant A used only chrysotile asbestos throughout its history and Plant B used amosite as well as chrysotile, the amosite being limited to the period 1950-64. The prevalence of pulmonary disease was 25% in Plant A and 33% in Plant B. The prevalence of pleural thickening was 18% in Plant A and 35% in Plant B. Neither age nor work duration were factors in these differences. In Plant A there was no obvious relationship between smoking and pleuropulmonary disease. In Plant B there was a definite relationship of smoking to pulmonary disease and perhaps to pleural thickening. Both type of asbestos and smoking habits appear to be determinants of pleuropulmonary disease in asbestos workers.", "PMID": 650307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4726", "title": "Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the Dutch viscose rayon industry.", "content": "An investigation was made into the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the Dutch viscose rayon industry. The first part of the article discusses a further study, complementary to a pilot study conducted in 1974, into the distribution of cardiovascular cases among the various departments of a rayon plant. No differences in the frequency of cardiovascular cases in departments with and departments without CS2 were observed. The second part deals with a case-control study in which the total number of patients per plant was matched with comparable individuals not suffering from cardiovascular disease. Here, too, it was not possible to demonstrate a significant correlation between CS2 exposure and cardiovascular diseases. The third part describes a cohort study. Three cohorts were formed: (1) a cohort of shift workers exposed to CS2; (2) a cohort of shift workers not exposed to CS2; and, (3) a cohort of non-shift workers not exposed to CS2. With a three-year interval, these cohorts were examined twice for cardiovascular diseases, with reference to a checklist of 39 variables. Again, no significant differences between the cohorts could be shown to exist.", "contents": "Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the Dutch viscose rayon industry. An investigation was made into the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the Dutch viscose rayon industry. The first part of the article discusses a further study, complementary to a pilot study conducted in 1974, into the distribution of cardiovascular cases among the various departments of a rayon plant. No differences in the frequency of cardiovascular cases in departments with and departments without CS2 were observed. The second part deals with a case-control study in which the total number of patients per plant was matched with comparable individuals not suffering from cardiovascular disease. Here, too, it was not possible to demonstrate a significant correlation between CS2 exposure and cardiovascular diseases. The third part describes a cohort study. Three cohorts were formed: (1) a cohort of shift workers exposed to CS2; (2) a cohort of shift workers not exposed to CS2; and, (3) a cohort of non-shift workers not exposed to CS2. With a three-year interval, these cohorts were examined twice for cardiovascular diseases, with reference to a checklist of 39 variables. Again, no significant differences between the cohorts could be shown to exist.", "PMID": 650308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4727", "title": "An alternative phototherapy light combination.", "content": "Combinations of fluorescent lamps for phototherapy were evaluated in order to select one that maximizes blue light content (400 to 500 nanometers) for most effective photodegradation of bilirubin, maintains acceptable color balance for observing infant skin color, and requires minimal lamp replacement for low maintenance cost. The combination that best achieves these objectives consists of four special blue (Westinghouse F20T12-BB) and four broad spectrum (Verd-A-Ray F20T12-CC) lamps that produce blue radiation in excess of an array of eight conventional blue lamps, a spectrum closely approximating that of natural light, and at least 80% of the original blue radiation after 2,100 hours of use.", "contents": "An alternative phototherapy light combination. Combinations of fluorescent lamps for phototherapy were evaluated in order to select one that maximizes blue light content (400 to 500 nanometers) for most effective photodegradation of bilirubin, maintains acceptable color balance for observing infant skin color, and requires minimal lamp replacement for low maintenance cost. The combination that best achieves these objectives consists of four special blue (Westinghouse F20T12-BB) and four broad spectrum (Verd-A-Ray F20T12-CC) lamps that produce blue radiation in excess of an array of eight conventional blue lamps, a spectrum closely approximating that of natural light, and at least 80% of the original blue radiation after 2,100 hours of use.", "PMID": 650317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4728", "title": "Intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid--modifying activity of intermittent phototherapy.", "content": "Phototherapy is capable of damaging the genetic material of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at fluences considerably less than that received by irradiated infants. It has been suggested that intermittent phototherapy, with varying on-off cycles, may offer theoretical advantages since the total light dosage received by the exposed infant is reduced. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of intermittent phototherapy on the genetic material of human cells in tissue culture. Intermittent illumination produced more DNA damage than a similar light dosage administered continuously. These results suggest that intermittent phototherapy regimens may prove more deleterious to irradiated infants than continuous phototherapy.", "contents": "Intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid--modifying activity of intermittent phototherapy. Phototherapy is capable of damaging the genetic material of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at fluences considerably less than that received by irradiated infants. It has been suggested that intermittent phototherapy, with varying on-off cycles, may offer theoretical advantages since the total light dosage received by the exposed infant is reduced. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of intermittent phototherapy on the genetic material of human cells in tissue culture. Intermittent illumination produced more DNA damage than a similar light dosage administered continuously. These results suggest that intermittent phototherapy regimens may prove more deleterious to irradiated infants than continuous phototherapy.", "PMID": 650318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4729", "title": "The silent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Preterm infants at risk of developing a patent ductus arteriosus were followed sequentially by physical examination, echocardiographic determinations of the LA/AO ratio, and chest roentgenograms. The results show that a significant number of infants who have no clinical signs or symptoms of a PDA have large left-to-right shunts. The presence of this shunt was suggested by acute increase in left atrial size by ECHO determination and confirmed by retrograde single-film aortography. Clinical signs and symptoms often developed several days after documentation of the left-to-right shunt.", "contents": "The silent ductus arteriosus. Preterm infants at risk of developing a patent ductus arteriosus were followed sequentially by physical examination, echocardiographic determinations of the LA/AO ratio, and chest roentgenograms. The results show that a significant number of infants who have no clinical signs or symptoms of a PDA have large left-to-right shunts. The presence of this shunt was suggested by acute increase in left atrial size by ECHO determination and confirmed by retrograde single-film aortography. Clinical signs and symptoms often developed several days after documentation of the left-to-right shunt.", "PMID": 650319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4730", "title": "Efficacy and safety of long-term phenobarbital therapy of familial cholestasis.", "content": "Two brothers with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis were followed during four years of phenobarbital therapy to assess its long-term safety and efficacy. Effects attributable to phenobarbital included sustained relief of pruritus, lowering of serum bilirubin levels, and enhanced hepatic excretion of 131I-rose bengal; serum bile acid levels were only transiently decreased. Two brief interruptions in therapy resulted in symptomatic deterioration. Phenobarbital did not retard growth nor impede the response to vitamin D therapy of concomitant rickets.", "contents": "Efficacy and safety of long-term phenobarbital therapy of familial cholestasis. Two brothers with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis were followed during four years of phenobarbital therapy to assess its long-term safety and efficacy. Effects attributable to phenobarbital included sustained relief of pruritus, lowering of serum bilirubin levels, and enhanced hepatic excretion of 131I-rose bengal; serum bile acid levels were only transiently decreased. Two brief interruptions in therapy resulted in symptomatic deterioration. Phenobarbital did not retard growth nor impede the response to vitamin D therapy of concomitant rickets.", "PMID": 650323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4731", "title": "HbAlc--an indicator of diabetic control.", "content": "Hemoglobin Alc levels were determined on 16 nondiabetic and 115 diabetic subjects. Twelve of the diabetic patients were newly diagnosed and 12 were in the remission phase. The mean percentage of HbAlc in the nondiabetic subjects was 4.33 +/- 0.39 (SE), in those with long-standing diabetes 8.34 +/- 0.23 SE, in newly diagnosed diabetic patients 8.99 +/- 0.50 SE, and in those undergoing partial remission 5.16 +/- 0.18 SE. The mean HbAlc levels of these four groups differed significantly (0.001 less than P less than 0.025). Among the diabetic subjects there was a good correlation between HbAlc level and such measures as fasting blood sugar, urinary sugar, and degree of diabetic control, whereas the correlations between HbAlc and age, sex, or duration of the disease were not significant. The obtained data show that HbAlc measurement can serve as an objective measure of glucose control in diabetic subjects.", "contents": "HbAlc--an indicator of diabetic control. Hemoglobin Alc levels were determined on 16 nondiabetic and 115 diabetic subjects. Twelve of the diabetic patients were newly diagnosed and 12 were in the remission phase. The mean percentage of HbAlc in the nondiabetic subjects was 4.33 +/- 0.39 (SE), in those with long-standing diabetes 8.34 +/- 0.23 SE, in newly diagnosed diabetic patients 8.99 +/- 0.50 SE, and in those undergoing partial remission 5.16 +/- 0.18 SE. The mean HbAlc levels of these four groups differed significantly (0.001 less than P less than 0.025). Among the diabetic subjects there was a good correlation between HbAlc level and such measures as fasting blood sugar, urinary sugar, and degree of diabetic control, whereas the correlations between HbAlc and age, sex, or duration of the disease were not significant. The obtained data show that HbAlc measurement can serve as an objective measure of glucose control in diabetic subjects.", "PMID": 650324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4732", "title": "Indomethacin in the treatment of idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Ten patients with idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome were treated with indomethacin. Nine patients received the drug for five weeks and one patient for nine weeks. Indomethacin was administered in a dose of 1 mg/kg/day during the first week and 2 mg/kg/day, thereafter. At the end of the study, nine patients remained edematous and all had a urinary protein excretion greater than 50 mg/kg/day, within the nephrotic range. Indomethacin did not change the course of the disease and its use in the treatment of IMLNS is not advised.", "contents": "Indomethacin in the treatment of idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome. Ten patients with idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome were treated with indomethacin. Nine patients received the drug for five weeks and one patient for nine weeks. Indomethacin was administered in a dose of 1 mg/kg/day during the first week and 2 mg/kg/day, thereafter. At the end of the study, nine patients remained edematous and all had a urinary protein excretion greater than 50 mg/kg/day, within the nephrotic range. Indomethacin did not change the course of the disease and its use in the treatment of IMLNS is not advised.", "PMID": 650326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4733", "title": "Home management of hyperkinetic children.", "content": "Six clinical programs and one controlled, experimental program are described in which parents of hyperkinetic children were trained to alleviate behavior problems in the home. Parents attended educational workshops in which basic general principles of behavior modification were taught. As a result of the training workshops, parents were able to achieve significant reductions in their children's hyperactivity and in the severity of behavioral problems, as well as significant gains in their knowledge of behavior management. All gains were maintained at the time of follow-up assessments. Parent-training workshops are considered to be a useful adjunct to other services provided to the hyperkinetic child and his family.", "contents": "Home management of hyperkinetic children. Six clinical programs and one controlled, experimental program are described in which parents of hyperkinetic children were trained to alleviate behavior problems in the home. Parents attended educational workshops in which basic general principles of behavior modification were taught. As a result of the training workshops, parents were able to achieve significant reductions in their children's hyperactivity and in the severity of behavioral problems, as well as significant gains in their knowledge of behavior management. All gains were maintained at the time of follow-up assessments. Parent-training workshops are considered to be a useful adjunct to other services provided to the hyperkinetic child and his family.", "PMID": 650327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4734", "title": "Sucrose malabsorption in children: noninvasive diagnosis by interval breath hydrogen determination.", "content": "To assess whether malabsorption of specific sugars is easily detected in a pediatric population by interval measurement of breath hydrogen excretion, hydrogen concentration was determined following administration of oral sucrose to six sucrose-intolerant children with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency and in 16 sucrose-tolerant control subjects. Breath samples were collected by means of a newly  devised nasal prong technique not requiring active patient cooperation and suitable for use in all age groups. Breath hydrogen concentrations obtained by samples collected by this method correlated highly (r = 0.94) with the previously validated modified Haldane-Priestley tube method for sampling alveolar air. Identification of sucrose-intolerant individuals was achieved on the basis of hydrogen excretion: peak values, expressed as parts per million above baseline (deltappm), equalled 114 +/- 63 (mean +/- SD) versus 2.4 +/- 3.6 deltappm in control subjects (P = 0.007). Best discrimination between the groups occurred at 90 minutes postingestion. The findings validate this simple method for collection of expired air and demonstrate that breath hydrogen determination permits the noninvasive detection of sucrose malabsorption in children.", "contents": "Sucrose malabsorption in children: noninvasive diagnosis by interval breath hydrogen determination. To assess whether malabsorption of specific sugars is easily detected in a pediatric population by interval measurement of breath hydrogen excretion, hydrogen concentration was determined following administration of oral sucrose to six sucrose-intolerant children with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency and in 16 sucrose-tolerant control subjects. Breath samples were collected by means of a newly  devised nasal prong technique not requiring active patient cooperation and suitable for use in all age groups. Breath hydrogen concentrations obtained by samples collected by this method correlated highly (r = 0.94) with the previously validated modified Haldane-Priestley tube method for sampling alveolar air. Identification of sucrose-intolerant individuals was achieved on the basis of hydrogen excretion: peak values, expressed as parts per million above baseline (deltappm), equalled 114 +/- 63 (mean +/- SD) versus 2.4 +/- 3.6 deltappm in control subjects (P = 0.007). Best discrimination between the groups occurred at 90 minutes postingestion. The findings validate this simple method for collection of expired air and demonstrate that breath hydrogen determination permits the noninvasive detection of sucrose malabsorption in children.", "PMID": 650340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4735", "title": "Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and gastroesophageal reflux in recurrent acute pulmonary disease of infancy and childhood.", "content": "Fifteen patients with recurrent acute respiratory symptoms were evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux. All 15 had barium esophagrams. Ten of 15 had acid reflux tests performed and lower esophageal sphincter pressures measured. The data were compared to those in 23 patients with no acid reflux and 23 patients with positive acid reflux but no respiratory symptoms. Ten of ten patients with respiratory symptoms who were evaluated by the acid reflux test had positive results. The remaining five demonstrated GER by barium esophagram. LES pressure measurements in the ten patients were 11.3 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, which was significantly lower than the pressures in the acid reflux-negative group (20.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) but not different than in the patients with GER but no respiratory symptoms (13.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P greater than 0.05). GER secondary to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter may be one cause of recurrent acute respiratory disease in infants and children.", "contents": "Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and gastroesophageal reflux in recurrent acute pulmonary disease of infancy and childhood. Fifteen patients with recurrent acute respiratory symptoms were evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux. All 15 had barium esophagrams. Ten of 15 had acid reflux tests performed and lower esophageal sphincter pressures measured. The data were compared to those in 23 patients with no acid reflux and 23 patients with positive acid reflux but no respiratory symptoms. Ten of ten patients with respiratory symptoms who were evaluated by the acid reflux test had positive results. The remaining five demonstrated GER by barium esophagram. LES pressure measurements in the ten patients were 11.3 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, which was significantly lower than the pressures in the acid reflux-negative group (20.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) but not different than in the patients with GER but no respiratory symptoms (13.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P greater than 0.05). GER secondary to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter may be one cause of recurrent acute respiratory disease in infants and children.", "PMID": 650341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4736", "title": "Interferon in nasal secretions from infants with viral respiratory tract infections.", "content": "Interferon levels in nasal secretions of infants under one year of age, and hospitalized with lower repiratory tract disease, were measured during two respiratory infection seasons. In the first year serial secretions from 50 infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection were examined. Undetectable or low levels of interferon were found in all samples, and mean levels did not fluctuate significantly in relation to disease and recovery. This was in contrast to anti-RSV IgA, which appeared and increased in concentration as virus shedding decreased and stopped. In the second year secretions were obtained from  nine infants with influenza A virus infection as well as from 13 with RSV. All those with influenza developed measurable interferon in secretions (geometric mean titer 138 units/ml), which was acid and heat stable, and trypsin sensitive (type I interferon). RSV infection again stimulated very low levels (geometric mean 5 units/ml). The lack of correlation of interferon concentration with cessation of RSV shedding suggests either that it is not involved in recovery or that low levels are adequate. On the other hand, it appears that the young infant is fully capable of a brisk local interferon response, at least to infection by influenza A.", "contents": "Interferon in nasal secretions from infants with viral respiratory tract infections. Interferon levels in nasal secretions of infants under one year of age, and hospitalized with lower repiratory tract disease, were measured during two respiratory infection seasons. In the first year serial secretions from 50 infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection were examined. Undetectable or low levels of interferon were found in all samples, and mean levels did not fluctuate significantly in relation to disease and recovery. This was in contrast to anti-RSV IgA, which appeared and increased in concentration as virus shedding decreased and stopped. In the second year secretions were obtained from  nine infants with influenza A virus infection as well as from 13 with RSV. All those with influenza developed measurable interferon in secretions (geometric mean titer 138 units/ml), which was acid and heat stable, and trypsin sensitive (type I interferon). RSV infection again stimulated very low levels (geometric mean 5 units/ml). The lack of correlation of interferon concentration with cessation of RSV shedding suggests either that it is not involved in recovery or that low levels are adequate. On the other hand, it appears that the young infant is fully capable of a brisk local interferon response, at least to infection by influenza A.", "PMID": 650342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4737", "title": "Measles vaccination after exposure to natural measles.", "content": "When an extensive measles epidemic broke out in Turku in late 1975, the availability of a previous study on measles vaccination reactions in 442 children permitted a comparative evaluation to be made on reactions to and the efficacy of measles vaccine (Schwartz strain) administered after exposure to natural measles. In a preliminary study, nine children were vaccinated one to 14 days after exposure to natural measles but before prodromal symptoms appeared. Only one of these nine children developed symptoms and signs comparable to those of the natural disease. In five day-care centers the children were vaccinated when five or more children out of 30 to 40 at each center had measles. In only five of 74 exposed children were the signs and symptoms comparable to those of natural measles. No marked differences in signs and symptoms after the vaccinations were observed between the exposed and nonexposed children. It is concluded that vaccination is safe, can usually prevent measles, even when administered after a prolonged interval following exposure to natural disease, and can usually control an epidemic in progress.", "contents": "Measles vaccination after exposure to natural measles. When an extensive measles epidemic broke out in Turku in late 1975, the availability of a previous study on measles vaccination reactions in 442 children permitted a comparative evaluation to be made on reactions to and the efficacy of measles vaccine (Schwartz strain) administered after exposure to natural measles. In a preliminary study, nine children were vaccinated one to 14 days after exposure to natural measles but before prodromal symptoms appeared. Only one of these nine children developed symptoms and signs comparable to those of the natural disease. In five day-care centers the children were vaccinated when five or more children out of 30 to 40 at each center had measles. In only five of 74 exposed children were the signs and symptoms comparable to those of natural measles. No marked differences in signs and symptoms after the vaccinations were observed between the exposed and nonexposed children. It is concluded that vaccination is safe, can usually prevent measles, even when administered after a prolonged interval following exposure to natural disease, and can usually control an epidemic in progress.", "PMID": 650343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4738", "title": "Combined immunodeficiency disease associated with absence of cell-surface HLA-A and -B antigens.", "content": "An infant with a family history suggestive of immunodeficiency presented with combined immunodeficiency. No HLA-A and -B antigens were present on lymphocyte and platelet surfaces, but they were found in the serum. HLA-D determinants were present on lymphocytes. In spite of a fetal thymus transplantation, the infant died of infections associated with the immunodeficiency. The thymus and lymphoid organs were present but hypoplastic and contained few lymphocytes at postmortem examination. The finding of an immodeficiency associated with an absence of cell-surface HLA-A and -B antigens may be regarded as the consequence of the lack of cellular histocompatibility antigens on immune development. Alternatively, other membrane components may have also been defective and partly responsible for the observed abnormalities.", "contents": "Combined immunodeficiency disease associated with absence of cell-surface HLA-A and -B antigens. An infant with a family history suggestive of immunodeficiency presented with combined immunodeficiency. No HLA-A and -B antigens were present on lymphocyte and platelet surfaces, but they were found in the serum. HLA-D determinants were present on lymphocytes. In spite of a fetal thymus transplantation, the infant died of infections associated with the immunodeficiency. The thymus and lymphoid organs were present but hypoplastic and contained few lymphocytes at postmortem examination. The finding of an immodeficiency associated with an absence of cell-surface HLA-A and -B antigens may be regarded as the consequence of the lack of cellular histocompatibility antigens on immune development. Alternatively, other membrane components may have also been defective and partly responsible for the observed abnormalities.", "PMID": 650344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4739", "title": "Thyroid antibodies in children and adolescents with thyroid disorders.", "content": "Thyroid antibodies were determined by three different techniques in the sera of 125 children and adolescents with thyroid disorders and in the sera of 53 short, normal children without thyroid dysfunction. The incidence of antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with thyroiditis was highest when measured by radioimmunoassay (85%), less than when measured by hemagglutination (24%), and least by antimicrosomal antibodies (7%). No patient who had initially negative serum for RATA subsequently had positive tests during follow-up of five to 24 months, whereas eight of 31 patients with initially negative serum for ATA later developed positive tests. Treatment appeared to have a suppressive effect on RATA, but not on ATA titers, in hypothroid patients with clinical thyroiditis. The incidence of hypothyroidism in the patients with clinical thyroiditis on initial presentation was significant (37%) and suggests that identification of children and adolescents with thyroiditis is important to ensure adequate medical follow-up.", "contents": "Thyroid antibodies in children and adolescents with thyroid disorders. Thyroid antibodies were determined by three different techniques in the sera of 125 children and adolescents with thyroid disorders and in the sera of 53 short, normal children without thyroid dysfunction. The incidence of antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with thyroiditis was highest when measured by radioimmunoassay (85%), less than when measured by hemagglutination (24%), and least by antimicrosomal antibodies (7%). No patient who had initially negative serum for RATA subsequently had positive tests during follow-up of five to 24 months, whereas eight of 31 patients with initially negative serum for ATA later developed positive tests. Treatment appeared to have a suppressive effect on RATA, but not on ATA titers, in hypothroid patients with clinical thyroiditis. The incidence of hypothyroidism in the patients with clinical thyroiditis on initial presentation was significant (37%) and suggests that identification of children and adolescents with thyroiditis is important to ensure adequate medical follow-up.", "PMID": 650345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4740", "title": "Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults.", "content": "Estimates of body surface area were made based on measurement of 81 subjects, ranging from premature infants to adults. SA was calculated geometrically for each subject from 34 body measurements, and the values obtained compared with those based on previously published formulas and graphs. The most widely used formula, that of Du Bois and Du Bois, increasingly underestimated SA as values fell below 0.7 m2; the disparity was greatest in the newborn infant (7.96%). Closer agreement was obtained with the equations and nomograms of Body, Brody, Faber and Melcher, and Sendroy and Cecchini, although minor deviations were noted in some age ranges. The formula SA (m2) = weight (kg)0.5378 X height (cm)0.3964 X 0.024265, derived from the measured data by multiple regression analysis, gave a good fit for all values of SA from less than 0.2 m2 to greater than 2.0 m2 (r = 0.998). This formula was used to construct nomograms for estimation of SA in infants, children, and adults from height (length) and weight.", "contents": "Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults. Estimates of body surface area were made based on measurement of 81 subjects, ranging from premature infants to adults. SA was calculated geometrically for each subject from 34 body measurements, and the values obtained compared with those based on previously published formulas and graphs. The most widely used formula, that of Du Bois and Du Bois, increasingly underestimated SA as values fell below 0.7 m2; the disparity was greatest in the newborn infant (7.96%). Closer agreement was obtained with the equations and nomograms of Body, Brody, Faber and Melcher, and Sendroy and Cecchini, although minor deviations were noted in some age ranges. The formula SA (m2) = weight (kg)0.5378 X height (cm)0.3964 X 0.024265, derived from the measured data by multiple regression analysis, gave a good fit for all values of SA from less than 0.2 m2 to greater than 2.0 m2 (r = 0.998). This formula was used to construct nomograms for estimation of SA in infants, children, and adults from height (length) and weight.", "PMID": 650346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4741", "title": "Cardiac catheterization in the neonate. A comparison of three techniques.", "content": "This study evaluated three methods of catheter entry for cardiac catheterization in neonates less than one week of age. Eighty-five neonates underwent venous catheterization through the umbilical vein, 77 by saphenous or femoral cutdown, and 31 by femoral percutaneous entry. Of these 194 neonates, 128 also had an aortic catheter introduced via the umbilical artery. Umbilical vein catheterizations took an average of 115 minutes, 30 minutes shorter than either of the other techniques. Fatal complications following catheterization occurred in 10 of the 194 neonates (5%) three of these were related to catheterization technique. Diagnostic cardiac catheterization and balloon atrial septostomy may be performed most quickly by way of the umbilical vessels. Percutaneous entry of the femoral vein in this series carried the lowest complication rate; cutdown entry resulted in the highest complication rate.", "contents": "Cardiac catheterization in the neonate. A comparison of three techniques. This study evaluated three methods of catheter entry for cardiac catheterization in neonates less than one week of age. Eighty-five neonates underwent venous catheterization through the umbilical vein, 77 by saphenous or femoral cutdown, and 31 by femoral percutaneous entry. Of these 194 neonates, 128 also had an aortic catheter introduced via the umbilical artery. Umbilical vein catheterizations took an average of 115 minutes, 30 minutes shorter than either of the other techniques. Fatal complications following catheterization occurred in 10 of the 194 neonates (5%) three of these were related to catheterization technique. Diagnostic cardiac catheterization and balloon atrial septostomy may be performed most quickly by way of the umbilical vessels. Percutaneous entry of the femoral vein in this series carried the lowest complication rate; cutdown entry resulted in the highest complication rate.", "PMID": 650356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4742", "title": "Nonoperative management of traumatized spleen in children: how and why.", "content": "In the absence of the apleen, overwhelming infection is a real threat. Therefore, there is a trend to try to preserve all spleens. Recognizing this, and realizing that not every damaged spleen must be removed, a nonoperative approach has been advocated and practiced for 35 yr at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. This experience is recorded herein, providing indications and methods of management. The results are considered to be very satisfactory.", "contents": "Nonoperative management of traumatized spleen in children: how and why. In the absence of the apleen, overwhelming infection is a real threat. Therefore, there is a trend to try to preserve all spleens. Recognizing this, and realizing that not every damaged spleen must be removed, a nonoperative approach has been advocated and practiced for 35 yr at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. This experience is recorded herein, providing indications and methods of management. The results are considered to be very satisfactory.", "PMID": 650357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4743", "title": "Splenic trauma--nonoperative management and long-term follow-up by scintiscan.", "content": "1972 TO April, 1977, 28 children with splenic rupture were managed nonoperatively. The diagnosis was confirmed by splenic scintigraphy with 99mTechnetium-sulfide colloid. Those patients whose condition was stable and satisfactory or maintained stable with intravenous fluids or blood transfusions were not operated upon. All patients sustained their ruptured spleens as a result of trauma, except for one spontaneous rupture in a patients with infectious mononucleosis. Emergency laparotomy for deterioration of clinical condition or late complications was never necessary. Splenic scans were repeated in 22 patients to assess resolution. Fourteen patients had minimal residual defects but there were no late complications detected.", "contents": "Splenic trauma--nonoperative management and long-term follow-up by scintiscan. 1972 TO April, 1977, 28 children with splenic rupture were managed nonoperatively. The diagnosis was confirmed by splenic scintigraphy with 99mTechnetium-sulfide colloid. Those patients whose condition was stable and satisfactory or maintained stable with intravenous fluids or blood transfusions were not operated upon. All patients sustained their ruptured spleens as a result of trauma, except for one spontaneous rupture in a patients with infectious mononucleosis. Emergency laparotomy for deterioration of clinical condition or late complications was never necessary. Splenic scans were repeated in 22 patients to assess resolution. Fourteen patients had minimal residual defects but there were no late complications detected.", "PMID": 650358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4744", "title": "Wandering spleen with torsion of pedicle in a child presenting as an intermittently-appearing abdominal mass.", "content": "Wandering spleen with torsion of the splenic pedicle is a rare condition with vague clinical manifestations. If this diagnosis is under condiseration, it can be established by angiography or by splenic scan.", "contents": "Wandering spleen with torsion of pedicle in a child presenting as an intermittently-appearing abdominal mass. Wandering spleen with torsion of the splenic pedicle is a rare condition with vague clinical manifestations. If this diagnosis is under condiseration, it can be established by angiography or by splenic scan.", "PMID": 650359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4745", "title": "Infarction of accessory spleen.", "content": "A rare disease that can mimic acute appendicitis is infarction of accessory spleen. It may occur in children and is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Greater awareness of this entity may show not only that it is associated with other intraabdominal anomalies but also that it is more common in the tropics than elsewhere. Two cases are reported.", "contents": "Infarction of accessory spleen. A rare disease that can mimic acute appendicitis is infarction of accessory spleen. It may occur in children and is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Greater awareness of this entity may show not only that it is associated with other intraabdominal anomalies but also that it is more common in the tropics than elsewhere. Two cases are reported.", "PMID": 650360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4746", "title": "Splenic function following experimental dearterialization injury in the suckling rat.", "content": "An experimental splenic dearterilization injury was created in 1-wk-old rats to study the effect of vascular trauma on splenic function. Splenic weight significantly decreased 1 wk following injury but returned to control values within a month. Total splenic nuclear activity diminished initially but increased to above control values 1 mo after injury, and finally returned to normal at 2 mo. Survival rate after an intraperitoneal challenge with pneumococcus in groups 1 wk following total splenectomy and partial dearterlization was not significantly different than controls. This study confirmed the clinical impression that vascular injury to the spleen causes only a transient impariment of splenic size and function and provides further incentive to perform splenorrhaphy following splenic trauma.", "contents": "Splenic function following experimental dearterialization injury in the suckling rat. An experimental splenic dearterilization injury was created in 1-wk-old rats to study the effect of vascular trauma on splenic function. Splenic weight significantly decreased 1 wk following injury but returned to control values within a month. Total splenic nuclear activity diminished initially but increased to above control values 1 mo after injury, and finally returned to normal at 2 mo. Survival rate after an intraperitoneal challenge with pneumococcus in groups 1 wk following total splenectomy and partial dearterlization was not significantly different than controls. This study confirmed the clinical impression that vascular injury to the spleen causes only a transient impariment of splenic size and function and provides further incentive to perform splenorrhaphy following splenic trauma.", "PMID": 650361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4747", "title": "Alternatives to total splenectomy: two case reports.", "content": "Postsplenectomy sepsis is a serious problem with high morbidity and high mortality. Surgical alternatives to total splenectomy are being sought. This paper describes two cases where, after splenectomy, some splenic tissue was either reimplanted or was left in situ and remains functional.", "contents": "Alternatives to total splenectomy: two case reports. Postsplenectomy sepsis is a serious problem with high morbidity and high mortality. Surgical alternatives to total splenectomy are being sought. This paper describes two cases where, after splenectomy, some splenic tissue was either reimplanted or was left in situ and remains functional.", "PMID": 650362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4748", "title": "An attempt to separate xiphopagus twins sharing a common heart, liver, and duodenum.", "content": "An attempt was made to separate 7-wk-old conjoined twins. It proved unsuccessful because of extensive cardiac malformations in the shared heart. Details of operation and postmortem findings are described.", "contents": "An attempt to separate xiphopagus twins sharing a common heart, liver, and duodenum. An attempt was made to separate 7-wk-old conjoined twins. It proved unsuccessful because of extensive cardiac malformations in the shared heart. Details of operation and postmortem findings are described.", "PMID": 650363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4749", "title": "Pancreatitis in childhood.", "content": "Thirty cases of pancreatitis in children are reviewed. Diagnosis is based on the clinical findings of pancreatic inflammation, laboratory confirmation with elevated serum and/or urinary amylase values, and in some cases surgical or postmortem tissue substantiation. Four major classes of pancreatitis are defined in children: (1) traumatic; (2) systemic-disease associated; (3) drug-induced, caused by drug therapy for various life-threatening diseases, and (4) chronic pancreatitis, with or without an anatomic abnormality. If cases of traumatic pancreatitis are excluded, females outnumber males 5 to 1. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis, and this is very important if the mortality for pancreatitis in children is to be lowered. Awareness and consistent early aggressive intervention should increase the salvage rate.", "contents": "Pancreatitis in childhood. Thirty cases of pancreatitis in children are reviewed. Diagnosis is based on the clinical findings of pancreatic inflammation, laboratory confirmation with elevated serum and/or urinary amylase values, and in some cases surgical or postmortem tissue substantiation. Four major classes of pancreatitis are defined in children: (1) traumatic; (2) systemic-disease associated; (3) drug-induced, caused by drug therapy for various life-threatening diseases, and (4) chronic pancreatitis, with or without an anatomic abnormality. If cases of traumatic pancreatitis are excluded, females outnumber males 5 to 1. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis, and this is very important if the mortality for pancreatitis in children is to be lowered. Awareness and consistent early aggressive intervention should increase the salvage rate.", "PMID": 650364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4750", "title": "The role of gastrin in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "A study was designed and carried out to determine if the canine model of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is applicable to other species and to demonstrate the transplacental passage of gastrin. Results of the study show that (1) pentagastrin does not induce hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the rabbit; (2) human gastrin does not cross the canine placenta, and (3) gastrin has no documented and little inferred role in the etiology of CHPS.", "contents": "The role of gastrin in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. A study was designed and carried out to determine if the canine model of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is applicable to other species and to demonstrate the transplacental passage of gastrin. Results of the study show that (1) pentagastrin does not induce hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the rabbit; (2) human gastrin does not cross the canine placenta, and (3) gastrin has no documented and little inferred role in the etiology of CHPS.", "PMID": 650365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4751", "title": "Stage IVS neuroblastoma.", "content": "This is a review of the findings in 10 cases of stage IVS neuroblastoma, that have been observed in the First Surgical Department of Hokkaido University Hospital. The patients under the age of 1 yr in stage IVS neuroblastoma have a favorable prognosis; the survival rate was 70%. The regressions were histologically confirmed as maturation of the neuroblastoma cells to ganglioma cells. The lymphocyte counts and T-cell function were well maintained in the surviving patients but both were markedly reduced in the patients who later died. The treatment should be conservative so that immune mechanisms are not inhibited and should be withheld until respiratory failure or progressive signs toward stage IV are identified.", "contents": "Stage IVS neuroblastoma. This is a review of the findings in 10 cases of stage IVS neuroblastoma, that have been observed in the First Surgical Department of Hokkaido University Hospital. The patients under the age of 1 yr in stage IVS neuroblastoma have a favorable prognosis; the survival rate was 70%. The regressions were histologically confirmed as maturation of the neuroblastoma cells to ganglioma cells. The lymphocyte counts and T-cell function were well maintained in the surviving patients but both were markedly reduced in the patients who later died. The treatment should be conservative so that immune mechanisms are not inhibited and should be withheld until respiratory failure or progressive signs toward stage IV are identified.", "PMID": 650366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4752", "title": "Appendicitis in infancy.", "content": "One percent (40 infants) of all the children treated for acute appendicitis at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children presented during the first 2 yr of life. Nineteen of the 40 children had an appendix mass at the time of the diagnosis. Conservative management of the appendix mass followed by delayed elective appendectomy is a safe and effective method of treatment.", "contents": "Appendicitis in infancy. One percent (40 infants) of all the children treated for acute appendicitis at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children presented during the first 2 yr of life. Nineteen of the 40 children had an appendix mass at the time of the diagnosis. Conservative management of the appendix mass followed by delayed elective appendectomy is a safe and effective method of treatment.", "PMID": 650367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4753", "title": "Intestinal obstruction from appendiceal abscess in a newborn infant.", "content": "Perforated appendix in the newborn period is rare, its symptoms are occult and its outcome is disastrous. Associated mechanical small bowel obstruction as part of the clinical picture is rare indeed. We have treated a premature infant who presented with prolonged intermittent vomiting. Factors contributing to difficulty in diagnosis and to eventual succussful management are discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction from appendiceal abscess in a newborn infant. Perforated appendix in the newborn period is rare, its symptoms are occult and its outcome is disastrous. Associated mechanical small bowel obstruction as part of the clinical picture is rare indeed. We have treated a premature infant who presented with prolonged intermittent vomiting. Factors contributing to difficulty in diagnosis and to eventual succussful management are discussed.", "PMID": 650368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4754", "title": "Neonatal appendicitis: ischemic infarction in incarcerated inguinal hernia.", "content": "A premature 12-day-old infant with ischemic infarction of the appendix due to hernial incarceration is presented. Literature review (1901-1975) of 106 cases of acute appendicitis in the first 30 days of life permitted tabulation of some clinical aspects in 94 cases. Overt manifestations mandating surgical intervention and isolation of the inflammatory process in the inguinoscrotal region are important factors responsible for the significantly better prognosis for neonatal hernial versus intraabdominal appendicitis.", "contents": "Neonatal appendicitis: ischemic infarction in incarcerated inguinal hernia. A premature 12-day-old infant with ischemic infarction of the appendix due to hernial incarceration is presented. Literature review (1901-1975) of 106 cases of acute appendicitis in the first 30 days of life permitted tabulation of some clinical aspects in 94 cases. Overt manifestations mandating surgical intervention and isolation of the inflammatory process in the inguinoscrotal region are important factors responsible for the significantly better prognosis for neonatal hernial versus intraabdominal appendicitis.", "PMID": 650369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4755", "title": "Acute appendicitis located in a scrotal hernia of a premature infant.", "content": "A premature infant is presented with acute appendicitis in a scrotal hernia causing localization of the inflammatory signs to the scrotum, and relatively early operation.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis located in a scrotal hernia of a premature infant. A premature infant is presented with acute appendicitis in a scrotal hernia causing localization of the inflammatory signs to the scrotum, and relatively early operation.", "PMID": 650370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4756", "title": "Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma causing heart failure in the neonate.", "content": "This is the first report of an hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma causing congestive heart failure in an infant. These benign tumors usually present as a bulky abdominal mass but rarely can present with congestive failure when the angiomatous component is prominent.", "contents": "Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma causing heart failure in the neonate. This is the first report of an hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma causing congestive heart failure in an infant. These benign tumors usually present as a bulky abdominal mass but rarely can present with congestive failure when the angiomatous component is prominent.", "PMID": 650371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4757", "title": "A triple duplication of the alimentary tract.", "content": "Duplications of the alimentary tract occur infrequently, and are usually isolated anomalies. In the infant described below, a complex clinical picture was the result of three distinct duplication in widely separated portions of the alimentary tract (esophagus, duodenum, ileum). Details of the clinical course and technical management of an extremely long ileal duplication form the basis for this report.", "contents": "A triple duplication of the alimentary tract. Duplications of the alimentary tract occur infrequently, and are usually isolated anomalies. In the infant described below, a complex clinical picture was the result of three distinct duplication in widely separated portions of the alimentary tract (esophagus, duodenum, ileum). Details of the clinical course and technical management of an extremely long ileal duplication form the basis for this report.", "PMID": 650372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4758", "title": "Actinomycotic bowel and ureteral obstruction in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "This is a case report of a patient who presented with colonic and ureteral obstruction 4 yr following diagnosis and abdominal-pelvic radiation therapy of stage IIA Hodgkin's disease. Biopsy of a pelvic mass revealed actinomycosis.", "contents": "Actinomycotic bowel and ureteral obstruction in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. This is a case report of a patient who presented with colonic and ureteral obstruction 4 yr following diagnosis and abdominal-pelvic radiation therapy of stage IIA Hodgkin's disease. Biopsy of a pelvic mass revealed actinomycosis.", "PMID": 650373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4759", "title": "Torsion of the normal uterine adnexa in premenarchal girls.", "content": "Two cases are reported of torsion of the normal uterine adnexa in premenarchal girls. In one patient, aged 3 yr, both the ovary and fallopian tube had undergone torsion. The second patient, aged 11 yr, had sustained torsion of the fallopian tube alone. This is the first reported case of torsion of the fallopian tube occurring without torsion of the ovary in a patient in this age group. The mechanisms of torsion of normal uterine adnexa are described and the operative management is discussed.", "contents": "Torsion of the normal uterine adnexa in premenarchal girls. Two cases are reported of torsion of the normal uterine adnexa in premenarchal girls. In one patient, aged 3 yr, both the ovary and fallopian tube had undergone torsion. The second patient, aged 11 yr, had sustained torsion of the fallopian tube alone. This is the first reported case of torsion of the fallopian tube occurring without torsion of the ovary in a patient in this age group. The mechanisms of torsion of normal uterine adnexa are described and the operative management is discussed.", "PMID": 650375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4760", "title": "Friendship, proximity, and self-disclosure.", "content": "Patterns of self-disclosure were explored by means of a questionnaire administered to pairs of roommates and hallmates (non-roommates living on the same floor) in freshman dormitories. It was predicted and found that friendship was more highly related to self-disclosure in intimate than in non-intimate topic areas, whereas proximity was more highly related to disclosure in non-intimate than in intimate areas. It was also found that friendship and intimate disclosure were more highly related among women than among men. These findings emphasize the interplay of personal, role-related, and environmental factors which underlie patterns of friendship and self-disclosure. They also point to the importance of viewing self-disclosure in differentiated terms, rather than as single monolithic entity. Other findings of both substantive and methodological interest are reported. For example, there was a strong tendency for respondents to overemphasize the degree to which their patterns of giving and receiving personal information were symmetrical. There was also a tendency for respondents to report giving more disclosure than they received in non-intimate areas, but not in intimate areas.", "contents": "Friendship, proximity, and self-disclosure. Patterns of self-disclosure were explored by means of a questionnaire administered to pairs of roommates and hallmates (non-roommates living on the same floor) in freshman dormitories. It was predicted and found that friendship was more highly related to self-disclosure in intimate than in non-intimate topic areas, whereas proximity was more highly related to disclosure in non-intimate than in intimate areas. It was also found that friendship and intimate disclosure were more highly related among women than among men. These findings emphasize the interplay of personal, role-related, and environmental factors which underlie patterns of friendship and self-disclosure. They also point to the importance of viewing self-disclosure in differentiated terms, rather than as single monolithic entity. Other findings of both substantive and methodological interest are reported. For example, there was a strong tendency for respondents to overemphasize the degree to which their patterns of giving and receiving personal information were symmetrical. There was also a tendency for respondents to report giving more disclosure than they received in non-intimate areas, but not in intimate areas.", "PMID": 650376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4761", "title": "Objective self-awareness and individuation: an empirical link.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to determine whether the phenomenal experiences associated with the states of objective and subjective self-awareness are those which typically are associated with the states of individuation and deindividuation. In order to test this hypothesis, 20 male and 20 female matched pairs of subjects completed 15 self-descriptive statements on a Who Am I questionnaire under conditions of experimentally manipulated self-awareness (high vs. low). The obtained responses were then coded on 21 dimensions of self-conception, including several suggested by Gordon (1968). Converging result from a number of different measures indicated that increased objective self-awareness led to a more individuated conception of self. More specifically, objective self-awareness appeared to increase responding on dimensions which reflect individuation but to decrease responding on dimensions which reflect deindividuation suggested that this effect held strongly for low self-monitoring subjects. The self-descriptions of high self-monitoring subjects, however, appeared to be relatively unaffected by situationally induced self-awareness.", "contents": "Objective self-awareness and individuation: an empirical link. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the phenomenal experiences associated with the states of objective and subjective self-awareness are those which typically are associated with the states of individuation and deindividuation. In order to test this hypothesis, 20 male and 20 female matched pairs of subjects completed 15 self-descriptive statements on a Who Am I questionnaire under conditions of experimentally manipulated self-awareness (high vs. low). The obtained responses were then coded on 21 dimensions of self-conception, including several suggested by Gordon (1968). Converging result from a number of different measures indicated that increased objective self-awareness led to a more individuated conception of self. More specifically, objective self-awareness appeared to increase responding on dimensions which reflect individuation but to decrease responding on dimensions which reflect deindividuation suggested that this effect held strongly for low self-monitoring subjects. The self-descriptions of high self-monitoring subjects, however, appeared to be relatively unaffected by situationally induced self-awareness.", "PMID": 650377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4762", "title": "Direct and vicarious censure in the control of interracial aggression.", "content": "An experimental explored the relative effectiveness of two strategies for controlling interracial aggression: observing other individuals censured for aggression and potential direct censure of the aggressor himself. Subjects were provided with an opportunity to agress under conditions designed to maximize or reduce each type of censure. A principal components analysis of the data revealed two orthogonal variates: direct aggression and indirect aggression. It was found that both observed censure and potential direct censure were effective in modifying directly aggressive responses. However, these forms of censure interacted in their effect on indirect aggression, such that observed censure was effective in reducing indirect aggression only under conditions of potential direct censure.", "contents": "Direct and vicarious censure in the control of interracial aggression. An experimental explored the relative effectiveness of two strategies for controlling interracial aggression: observing other individuals censured for aggression and potential direct censure of the aggressor himself. Subjects were provided with an opportunity to agress under conditions designed to maximize or reduce each type of censure. A principal components analysis of the data revealed two orthogonal variates: direct aggression and indirect aggression. It was found that both observed censure and potential direct censure were effective in modifying directly aggressive responses. However, these forms of censure interacted in their effect on indirect aggression, such that observed censure was effective in reducing indirect aggression only under conditions of potential direct censure.", "PMID": 650378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4763", "title": "Who cares about ecology? Personality and sex differences in environmental concern.", "content": "This study was designed to identify personality factors that underlie concern for ecological-environmental problems. High and low environmental-concern individuals were given the California Psychological Inventory and were found to differ significantly on many subscales. A factor analysis of the CPI data produced four factors which closely paralleled previous CPI research findings. In conjunction with this analysis, four factorially derived scores were obtained for each individual. Comparison of high and low environmental-concern individual's factorially derived scores showed high environmental-concern persons as having stronger value orientation, person orientation, and ethical-conscientiousness, but not differing from low environmental-concern individuals in terms of independence of thought or action. Further, high environmental-concern females were found to be significantly more extraverted, \"leader-types\" than low environmental-concern females; while the opposite relation was obtained for males. Thus, it appears that men and women become involved with the environmental movement for different reasons, Finally, additional implications of the involvement of basic psychological individual differences in determining ecological-environmental concern were discussed.", "contents": "Who cares about ecology? Personality and sex differences in environmental concern. This study was designed to identify personality factors that underlie concern for ecological-environmental problems. High and low environmental-concern individuals were given the California Psychological Inventory and were found to differ significantly on many subscales. A factor analysis of the CPI data produced four factors which closely paralleled previous CPI research findings. In conjunction with this analysis, four factorially derived scores were obtained for each individual. Comparison of high and low environmental-concern individual's factorially derived scores showed high environmental-concern persons as having stronger value orientation, person orientation, and ethical-conscientiousness, but not differing from low environmental-concern individuals in terms of independence of thought or action. Further, high environmental-concern females were found to be significantly more extraverted, \"leader-types\" than low environmental-concern females; while the opposite relation was obtained for males. Thus, it appears that men and women become involved with the environmental movement for different reasons, Finally, additional implications of the involvement of basic psychological individual differences in determining ecological-environmental concern were discussed.", "PMID": 650379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4764", "title": "Physical/verbal aggression: sex differences in style.", "content": "Two studies exploring the use of physical/verbal aggression are reported, the first using women and the second using men as subjects. Both studies allowed subjects to choose between and control the intensity of two response modes: verbal aggression (insults) and physical aggression (electric shock). Aggressive style was investigated over two levels of arousal, sex of experimenter, and sex of provocateur-victim. Results indicated that women aggressed discriminatively in the verbal mode as a function of their arousal, while men were capable of aggressing discriminatively in both the verbal and physical modes. Men who had been disagreed with and punished by a female victim-provocateur in the presence of a male experimenter or by a male victim in the presence of a male experimenter demonstrated high levels of physical aggression compared to the other groups.", "contents": "Physical/verbal aggression: sex differences in style. Two studies exploring the use of physical/verbal aggression are reported, the first using women and the second using men as subjects. Both studies allowed subjects to choose between and control the intensity of two response modes: verbal aggression (insults) and physical aggression (electric shock). Aggressive style was investigated over two levels of arousal, sex of experimenter, and sex of provocateur-victim. Results indicated that women aggressed discriminatively in the verbal mode as a function of their arousal, while men were capable of aggressing discriminatively in both the verbal and physical modes. Men who had been disagreed with and punished by a female victim-provocateur in the presence of a male experimenter or by a male victim in the presence of a male experimenter demonstrated high levels of physical aggression compared to the other groups.", "PMID": 650380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4765", "title": "Effects of personality and situational variation in locus of control on cheating: determinants of the \"congruence effect\".", "content": "Thirty-two male and 32 female introductory psychology students were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) on a series of objectively unsolvable achievement tasks. Consistent with previous evidence, a Personality X Situational Locus of Control interaction effect, accounting for 24% of the variance, was found whereby persons classified as having generalized internal locus of control beliefs (internals) cheated more when the task was described as requiring skill while those with external control beliefs (externals) cheated more when chance presumably determined performance outcomes. Differing rates of task persistence, postperformance belief and affect ratings. and stated reasons for cheating (or not) were consistent with both affective and cognitive theories in explaining the cheating to conform to their status on the internal stable dimension of ability, externals were concerned with maintaining a belief in their status as fortunate individuals, also conceived as an internal stable attributional determinant. No sex differences in cheating or persistence behavior were found.", "contents": "Effects of personality and situational variation in locus of control on cheating: determinants of the \"congruence effect\". Thirty-two male and 32 female introductory psychology students were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) on a series of objectively unsolvable achievement tasks. Consistent with previous evidence, a Personality X Situational Locus of Control interaction effect, accounting for 24% of the variance, was found whereby persons classified as having generalized internal locus of control beliefs (internals) cheated more when the task was described as requiring skill while those with external control beliefs (externals) cheated more when chance presumably determined performance outcomes. Differing rates of task persistence, postperformance belief and affect ratings. and stated reasons for cheating (or not) were consistent with both affective and cognitive theories in explaining the cheating to conform to their status on the internal stable dimension of ability, externals were concerned with maintaining a belief in their status as fortunate individuals, also conceived as an internal stable attributional determinant. No sex differences in cheating or persistence behavior were found.", "PMID": 650381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4766", "title": "Depression and causal attributions for success and failure.", "content": "The present study investigated the effects of depression on causal attributions for success and failure. Specifically, female university students were separated into depressed and nondepressed groups on the basis of Costello--Comrey Depression Scale scores, and then received either 20%, 55%, or 80% reinforcement on a word association task. Following the task, attributions were made for outcome using the four factors of effort, ability, task difficulty, and luck. In accord with predictions generated from a self-serving biases hypothesis, nondepressives made internal (ability, effort) attributions for a successful outcome (80% reinforcement) and external attributions (luck, task difficulty) for a failure outcome (20% reinforcement). As predicted from consideration of the self-blame component of depression, the attributions made by depressives for a failure outcome were personal or internal. Contrary to expectations, depressives also made internal attributions for a successful outcome. The findings for depressives were discussed in relation to the recently revised learned helplessness model of depression, which incorporates causal attributions. For nondepressives, the findings were considered in terms of the self-serving biases hypothesis.", "contents": "Depression and causal attributions for success and failure. The present study investigated the effects of depression on causal attributions for success and failure. Specifically, female university students were separated into depressed and nondepressed groups on the basis of Costello--Comrey Depression Scale scores, and then received either 20%, 55%, or 80% reinforcement on a word association task. Following the task, attributions were made for outcome using the four factors of effort, ability, task difficulty, and luck. In accord with predictions generated from a self-serving biases hypothesis, nondepressives made internal (ability, effort) attributions for a successful outcome (80% reinforcement) and external attributions (luck, task difficulty) for a failure outcome (20% reinforcement). As predicted from consideration of the self-blame component of depression, the attributions made by depressives for a failure outcome were personal or internal. Contrary to expectations, depressives also made internal attributions for a successful outcome. The findings for depressives were discussed in relation to the recently revised learned helplessness model of depression, which incorporates causal attributions. For nondepressives, the findings were considered in terms of the self-serving biases hypothesis.", "PMID": 650382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4767", "title": "The bogus pipeline as lie detector: two validity studies.", "content": "The validity of the bogus pipeline procedure for eliciting truthful responses from subjects in social psychological experiments was tested in two studies. Subjects were illegitimately informed about how to perform well on an experimental test, were tested, and then were asked whether they had possessed this prior information. As compared to subjects responding to pencil-and-paper questions or face-to-face questionning by the experimenter, those in a bogus pipeline condition confessed more often.", "contents": "The bogus pipeline as lie detector: two validity studies. The validity of the bogus pipeline procedure for eliciting truthful responses from subjects in social psychological experiments was tested in two studies. Subjects were illegitimately informed about how to perform well on an experimental test, were tested, and then were asked whether they had possessed this prior information. As compared to subjects responding to pencil-and-paper questions or face-to-face questionning by the experimenter, those in a bogus pipeline condition confessed more often.", "PMID": 650383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4768", "title": "Modeling processes in the acquisition of fears: vicarious electrodermal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli.", "content": "Fear-relevant (snakes, spiders, and rats) and fear-irrelevant (flowers, mushrooms, and berries) pictures were compared as conditioned and instigating stimuli in a vicarious classical conditioning paradigm with skin conductance responses as the dependent variable. A female confederate model and subject watched the pictures side by side. A female stimulus presentations, the experimenter interrupted to investigate alleged overreactions of the model to one of the stimulus classes. The model then vividly described a phobia for this object, which was to serve as a vicarious instigating stimulus. The experiment continued for a few conditioning trials, and then the experimenter announced that the disturbing stimulus would be omitted before the second part of the experiment. There was no effect of stimulus content on vicariously instigated responses, although significant overall instigation was observed. However, the responses to the stimulus that was paired with the model's phobic stimulus, that is, the vicariously conditioned responses, failed to extinguish during the second part of the experiment when it was fear-relevant but extinguished immediately when it was fear-irrelevant.", "contents": "Modeling processes in the acquisition of fears: vicarious electrodermal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli. Fear-relevant (snakes, spiders, and rats) and fear-irrelevant (flowers, mushrooms, and berries) pictures were compared as conditioned and instigating stimuli in a vicarious classical conditioning paradigm with skin conductance responses as the dependent variable. A female confederate model and subject watched the pictures side by side. A female stimulus presentations, the experimenter interrupted to investigate alleged overreactions of the model to one of the stimulus classes. The model then vividly described a phobia for this object, which was to serve as a vicarious instigating stimulus. The experiment continued for a few conditioning trials, and then the experimenter announced that the disturbing stimulus would be omitted before the second part of the experiment. There was no effect of stimulus content on vicariously instigated responses, although significant overall instigation was observed. However, the responses to the stimulus that was paired with the model's phobic stimulus, that is, the vicariously conditioned responses, failed to extinguish during the second part of the experiment when it was fear-relevant but extinguished immediately when it was fear-irrelevant.", "PMID": 650384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4769", "title": "Ambient temperature and the occurrence of collective violence: the \"long, hot summer\" revisited.", "content": "Archival data pertaining to 102 instances of serious collective violence were examined in order to study the relationship between ambient temperature and the occurrence of such events. Results indicated that the frequency of collective violence and ambient temperature were curvilinearly related. Specifically, ambient temperature was directly associated with the frequency of collective violence through the mid-80s (degrees Fahrenheit). Beyond this point, however, further increments in temperature were associated with a decreasing incidence of such events. Additional findings indicated that ambient temperature increased significantly during the 7 days preceding the outbreak of collective violence, remained stable during its occurrence, but then decreased significantly in the 3 days following its termination. Possible implications of these findings, as well as their relationship to the results of previous laboratory studies, are discussed.", "contents": "Ambient temperature and the occurrence of collective violence: the \"long, hot summer\" revisited. Archival data pertaining to 102 instances of serious collective violence were examined in order to study the relationship between ambient temperature and the occurrence of such events. Results indicated that the frequency of collective violence and ambient temperature were curvilinearly related. Specifically, ambient temperature was directly associated with the frequency of collective violence through the mid-80s (degrees Fahrenheit). Beyond this point, however, further increments in temperature were associated with a decreasing incidence of such events. Additional findings indicated that ambient temperature increased significantly during the 7 days preceding the outbreak of collective violence, remained stable during its occurrence, but then decreased significantly in the 3 days following its termination. Possible implications of these findings, as well as their relationship to the results of previous laboratory studies, are discussed.", "PMID": 650385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4770", "title": "Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success.", "content": "In two closely related experiments, college student subjects were instructed to choose between a drug that allegedly interfered with performance and a drug that allegedly enhanced performance. This choice was the main dependent measure of the experiment. The drug choice intervened between work on soluble or insoluble problems and a promised retest on similar problems. In Experiment 1, all subjects received success feedback after their initial problem-solving attempts, thus creating one condition in which the success appeared to be accidental (noncontingent on performance) and one in which the success appeared to be contingent on appropriate knowledge. Males in the noncontingent-success condition were alone in preferring the performance-inhibiting drug, presumably because they wished to externalize probable failure on the retest. The predicted effect, however, did not hold for female subjects. Experiment 2 replicated the unique preference shown by males after noncontingent success and showed the critical importance of success feedback.", "contents": "Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. In two closely related experiments, college student subjects were instructed to choose between a drug that allegedly interfered with performance and a drug that allegedly enhanced performance. This choice was the main dependent measure of the experiment. The drug choice intervened between work on soluble or insoluble problems and a promised retest on similar problems. In Experiment 1, all subjects received success feedback after their initial problem-solving attempts, thus creating one condition in which the success appeared to be accidental (noncontingent on performance) and one in which the success appeared to be contingent on appropriate knowledge. Males in the noncontingent-success condition were alone in preferring the performance-inhibiting drug, presumably because they wished to externalize probable failure on the retest. The predicted effect, however, did not hold for female subjects. Experiment 2 replicated the unique preference shown by males after noncontingent success and showed the critical importance of success feedback.", "PMID": 650387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4771", "title": "Characteristics and tachyphylaxis of gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the cat.", "content": "1. The characteristics of gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion were investigated in conscious cats fitted with chronic cannulated gastric fistulae, with particular reference to tachyphylaxis. 2. There is a significant postive correlation between the peak acid secretion in response to pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 and body weight. Male cats secret significantly greater amounts of acid in response to pentagastrin than females. The difference is lessened, but not eliminated, by expressing the acid out put in terms of body weight. 3. Pentagastrin stimulates a dose-dependent increase in acid secretion in the range 0.5-32 microgram kg-1 hr-1 when the response to each dose is assayed on separate occasions. Pentagastrin 64 microgram kg-1 hr-1 does not produce a further increase in acid secretion. The acid response to pentagastrin 1-16 microgram kg-1 hr-1 assayed on a single occasion by a continuous infusion method shows a dose-response relationship up to 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 when it reaches a plateau of secretion. There is no difference between the two methods of assaying the gastric acid stimulating activity using doses of pentagastrin up to 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1. 4 The acid secretion in response to pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 reaches a maximum after 45 min of stimulation and thereafter shows tachyphylaxis. Over a period of 5 hr there are at least two phases of tachyphylaxis distinguishable. During the period 0.75--2.5 hr of stimulation there is a fast phase of tachyphylaxis (-32.0 muequivH+kg-1 15 min-1). This is followed by a slow phase of tachyphylaxis (-9.4 muequivH+kg-1 15 min-1) up to 5 hr of stimulation. 5. The absolute rate of the fast phase of tachyphylaxis of acid secretion (muequivH+kg-1 15 min-1) increases with increasing doses of pentagastrin, but rates of tachyphylaxis are similar when expressed as a percentage of the peak acid response to the particular dose of pentagastrin (5.1--7.8% 15 min-1). Synthetic human gastrin-17, the synthetic C-terminal decapeptide of human gastrin and the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin have comparable rates of tachyphylaxis. The possible receptor models for the tachyphylaxis of gastrin-stimulated acid secretion are discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics and tachyphylaxis of gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the cat. 1. The characteristics of gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion were investigated in conscious cats fitted with chronic cannulated gastric fistulae, with particular reference to tachyphylaxis. 2. There is a significant postive correlation between the peak acid secretion in response to pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 and body weight. Male cats secret significantly greater amounts of acid in response to pentagastrin than females. The difference is lessened, but not eliminated, by expressing the acid out put in terms of body weight. 3. Pentagastrin stimulates a dose-dependent increase in acid secretion in the range 0.5-32 microgram kg-1 hr-1 when the response to each dose is assayed on separate occasions. Pentagastrin 64 microgram kg-1 hr-1 does not produce a further increase in acid secretion. The acid response to pentagastrin 1-16 microgram kg-1 hr-1 assayed on a single occasion by a continuous infusion method shows a dose-response relationship up to 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 when it reaches a plateau of secretion. There is no difference between the two methods of assaying the gastric acid stimulating activity using doses of pentagastrin up to 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1. 4 The acid secretion in response to pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 reaches a maximum after 45 min of stimulation and thereafter shows tachyphylaxis. Over a period of 5 hr there are at least two phases of tachyphylaxis distinguishable. During the period 0.75--2.5 hr of stimulation there is a fast phase of tachyphylaxis (-32.0 muequivH+kg-1 15 min-1). This is followed by a slow phase of tachyphylaxis (-9.4 muequivH+kg-1 15 min-1) up to 5 hr of stimulation. 5. The absolute rate of the fast phase of tachyphylaxis of acid secretion (muequivH+kg-1 15 min-1) increases with increasing doses of pentagastrin, but rates of tachyphylaxis are similar when expressed as a percentage of the peak acid response to the particular dose of pentagastrin (5.1--7.8% 15 min-1). Synthetic human gastrin-17, the synthetic C-terminal decapeptide of human gastrin and the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin have comparable rates of tachyphylaxis. The possible receptor models for the tachyphylaxis of gastrin-stimulated acid secretion are discussed.", "PMID": 650426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4772", "title": "Uptake and binding of calcium by axoplasm isolated from giant axons of Loligo and Myxicola.", "content": "1. Axoplasm isolated from giant axons of the squid Loligo and of the polychaete worm Myxicola continues to bind Ca and maintain an ionized Ca concentration close to 0.1 microgram which is similar to that seen in intact axons. 2. Injection of Ca into isolated axoplasm only produces a transient rise in ionized Ca showing that axoplasm can buffer a Ca challenge. 3. In order to characterize the Ca-binding systems isolated axoplasm was placed in small dialysis tubes and exposed to a variety of artificial axoplasms containing 45Ca. 4. In the presence of ATP, orthophosphate and succinate, Ca uptake appreciable and after 4 hr exposure of Loligo axoplasm to 0.1 microgram-Ca, approximately 100 mumole Ca/kg axoplasm was bound. Binding could be divided operationally into two distinct processes, one that requires ATP or succinate togeth with orthophosphate and is blocked by cyanide and oligomyocin, and one that is unaffected by these reagents. 5. Energy-dependent binding has a large capacity, but a rather low affinity for Ca, being half-maximal between 20 and 60 microgram-Ca. In Loligo, its properties closely parallel those of a crude mitochondrial preparation isolated from axoplasm; but there are some interesting differences in Myxicola. Energy-independent binding is half-maximal at ionized Ca concentrations between 80 and 160 nM but is readily saturated and has a capacity of 6-60 mumole/kg axoplasm. 6. Ca binding by Loligo is greatest in media containing roughly physiological concentrations of K and is reduced by isosmotic replacement of K by Na. This effect seems to be confined to the energy-dependent, presumed mitochondrial, component of binding. 7. Ca binding by Loligo axoplasm is reduced by both La and Mn ions.", "contents": "Uptake and binding of calcium by axoplasm isolated from giant axons of Loligo and Myxicola. 1. Axoplasm isolated from giant axons of the squid Loligo and of the polychaete worm Myxicola continues to bind Ca and maintain an ionized Ca concentration close to 0.1 microgram which is similar to that seen in intact axons. 2. Injection of Ca into isolated axoplasm only produces a transient rise in ionized Ca showing that axoplasm can buffer a Ca challenge. 3. In order to characterize the Ca-binding systems isolated axoplasm was placed in small dialysis tubes and exposed to a variety of artificial axoplasms containing 45Ca. 4. In the presence of ATP, orthophosphate and succinate, Ca uptake appreciable and after 4 hr exposure of Loligo axoplasm to 0.1 microgram-Ca, approximately 100 mumole Ca/kg axoplasm was bound. Binding could be divided operationally into two distinct processes, one that requires ATP or succinate togeth with orthophosphate and is blocked by cyanide and oligomyocin, and one that is unaffected by these reagents. 5. Energy-dependent binding has a large capacity, but a rather low affinity for Ca, being half-maximal between 20 and 60 microgram-Ca. In Loligo, its properties closely parallel those of a crude mitochondrial preparation isolated from axoplasm; but there are some interesting differences in Myxicola. Energy-independent binding is half-maximal at ionized Ca concentrations between 80 and 160 nM but is readily saturated and has a capacity of 6-60 mumole/kg axoplasm. 6. Ca binding by Loligo is greatest in media containing roughly physiological concentrations of K and is reduced by isosmotic replacement of K by Na. This effect seems to be confined to the energy-dependent, presumed mitochondrial, component of binding. 7. Ca binding by Loligo axoplasm is reduced by both La and Mn ions.", "PMID": 650429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4773", "title": "Blocking of the squid axon potassium channel by external caesium ions.", "content": "1. The blocking by external Cs of inward tail currents though the K channel of the squid giant axon, as seen by the effect of Cs on the 'instantaneous' I-V curve is described. 2. Block onset is complete within 50--100 musec of a step in voltage. The block produces a negative slope region in the inward current quadrants of the I-V plots. 3. The experiments were performed in the presence of external concentrations of 240 mM-K and 0-200 mM-Cs, with the external ionic strength maintained by substituting Tris or Na for the Cs. Essentially the same results were obtained with either Tris or Na as the substitute ion. 4. The concentration of Cs required to block 50% of the K channels at zero transmembrane voltage, in intact axons, was estimated to be approximately 1 M. 5. The slope of the dose-response curve is steeper than expected for a blocking reaction with 1:1 stoichiometry when membrane voltage is in the neighbourhood of 100 mV. 6. With Cs concentrations greater than or approximately 50 mM, the voltage dependence of the block is too steep to be accounted for by the binding of a single Cs ion per channel within the membrane electric field. 7. In perfused axons, the block occurred at less negative internal voltage when internal K concentration was reduced. 8. These observations are qualitatively consistent with a multisite channel showing single file properties.", "contents": "Blocking of the squid axon potassium channel by external caesium ions. 1. The blocking by external Cs of inward tail currents though the K channel of the squid giant axon, as seen by the effect of Cs on the 'instantaneous' I-V curve is described. 2. Block onset is complete within 50--100 musec of a step in voltage. The block produces a negative slope region in the inward current quadrants of the I-V plots. 3. The experiments were performed in the presence of external concentrations of 240 mM-K and 0-200 mM-Cs, with the external ionic strength maintained by substituting Tris or Na for the Cs. Essentially the same results were obtained with either Tris or Na as the substitute ion. 4. The concentration of Cs required to block 50% of the K channels at zero transmembrane voltage, in intact axons, was estimated to be approximately 1 M. 5. The slope of the dose-response curve is steeper than expected for a blocking reaction with 1:1 stoichiometry when membrane voltage is in the neighbourhood of 100 mV. 6. With Cs concentrations greater than or approximately 50 mM, the voltage dependence of the block is too steep to be accounted for by the binding of a single Cs ion per channel within the membrane electric field. 7. In perfused axons, the block occurred at less negative internal voltage when internal K concentration was reduced. 8. These observations are qualitatively consistent with a multisite channel showing single file properties.", "PMID": 650431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4774", "title": "Glutamate sensitivity and distribution of receptors along normal and denervated locust muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Factors influencing the glutamate sensitivity of extrajunctional regions of innervated and denervated locust muscle fibres have been investigated. Properties of the two types of extrajunctional glutamate receptors, D- and H-receptors, have been studied in regions of high and low sensitivity. 2. The low level of extrajunctional sensitivity which is normally present in innervated fibres was 20-30 times higher at the muscle-tendon junction than at other sites; increased sensitivity extended about 20-40 micron from the tendon. After denervation or localized damage the entire extrajunctional sensitivity was increased approximately 100 times above control levels. 3. Applying L-glutamate (which activates D- and H-receptors) and DL-ibotenate (which activates H-receptors) from multibarrelled micropipettes showed that increased extrajunctional sensitivity resulted from an increase in D-receptors while H-receptors were apparently unchanged. 4. Coulomb dose vs. response relationships for the action of glutamate on D-receptors were similar when obtained at the muscle-tendon junction and nerve-muscle junction of innervated fibres or at extrajunctional regions in denervated fibres. 5. Time course of onset and percentage desensitization of D- and H-receptors in innervated fibres were similar. The percentage desensitization of D-receptors in extrajunctional regions of high sensitivity was greatly reduced. 6. It is suggested that D- and H-receptors are independent and that the trigger for increased receptor sensitivity acts specifically on D-receptors. In all respects so far studied, the D-receptors resemble extrajunctional ACh-receptors in vertebrate muscle.", "contents": "Glutamate sensitivity and distribution of receptors along normal and denervated locust muscle fibres. 1. Factors influencing the glutamate sensitivity of extrajunctional regions of innervated and denervated locust muscle fibres have been investigated. Properties of the two types of extrajunctional glutamate receptors, D- and H-receptors, have been studied in regions of high and low sensitivity. 2. The low level of extrajunctional sensitivity which is normally present in innervated fibres was 20-30 times higher at the muscle-tendon junction than at other sites; increased sensitivity extended about 20-40 micron from the tendon. After denervation or localized damage the entire extrajunctional sensitivity was increased approximately 100 times above control levels. 3. Applying L-glutamate (which activates D- and H-receptors) and DL-ibotenate (which activates H-receptors) from multibarrelled micropipettes showed that increased extrajunctional sensitivity resulted from an increase in D-receptors while H-receptors were apparently unchanged. 4. Coulomb dose vs. response relationships for the action of glutamate on D-receptors were similar when obtained at the muscle-tendon junction and nerve-muscle junction of innervated fibres or at extrajunctional regions in denervated fibres. 5. Time course of onset and percentage desensitization of D- and H-receptors in innervated fibres were similar. The percentage desensitization of D-receptors in extrajunctional regions of high sensitivity was greatly reduced. 6. It is suggested that D- and H-receptors are independent and that the trigger for increased receptor sensitivity acts specifically on D-receptors. In all respects so far studied, the D-receptors resemble extrajunctional ACh-receptors in vertebrate muscle.", "PMID": 650435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4775", "title": "Effects of membrane potential and temperature on the excitatory post-synaptic current in the crayfish muscle.", "content": "1. Effects of membrane potential and temperature on the excitatory post-synaptic current (e.p.s.c.) were studied in the voltage-clamped crayfish muscle. E.p.c. was recorded either by measuring the feedback current through an intracellular wire electrode or by focal recording with an extracellular micro-electrode. 2. The amplitude of the e.p.s.c. obtained by the voltage clamp method varied almost linearly with membrane potential between -100 mV and +70 mV, whilst the reversal potential was +23.8 +/- 3.9 mV (S.E. of mean). 3. The declining phase of the extracellular e.p.s.c. was slightly prolonged by depolarization and shortened by hyperpolarization. Potential dependence of the decay time constant was expressed by tau = a exp (AV), with a = 2.78 msec and A = 0.0037 mV-1. 4. The decay time constant had a Q10 of 2.3 and the growth time had a Q10 of 1.5. 5. The voltage dependence of the decay phase of the e.p.s. was the reverse of that found in frog end-plate. It is concluded that the voltage dependence of the time course is not related either to the charge of ions which carry the synaptic current or to the charge of the transmitter.", "contents": "Effects of membrane potential and temperature on the excitatory post-synaptic current in the crayfish muscle. 1. Effects of membrane potential and temperature on the excitatory post-synaptic current (e.p.s.c.) were studied in the voltage-clamped crayfish muscle. E.p.c. was recorded either by measuring the feedback current through an intracellular wire electrode or by focal recording with an extracellular micro-electrode. 2. The amplitude of the e.p.s.c. obtained by the voltage clamp method varied almost linearly with membrane potential between -100 mV and +70 mV, whilst the reversal potential was +23.8 +/- 3.9 mV (S.E. of mean). 3. The declining phase of the extracellular e.p.s.c. was slightly prolonged by depolarization and shortened by hyperpolarization. Potential dependence of the decay time constant was expressed by tau = a exp (AV), with a = 2.78 msec and A = 0.0037 mV-1. 4. The decay time constant had a Q10 of 2.3 and the growth time had a Q10 of 1.5. 5. The voltage dependence of the decay phase of the e.p.s. was the reverse of that found in frog end-plate. It is concluded that the voltage dependence of the time course is not related either to the charge of ions which carry the synaptic current or to the charge of the transmitter.", "PMID": 650437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4776", "title": "Adaptive rundown of excitatory post-synaptic potentials at synapses between hair cells and eight nerve fibres in the goldfish.", "content": "1. The excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s.) evoked by sound stimuli were recorded intracellularly from large afferent eight nerve fibres in the sacculus of the goldfish (S1 fibres). The fish were anaesthetized with MS-222 and spike potentials were suppressed with locally applied tetrodotoxin. 2. The e.p.s.p.s. successively evoked in response to each wound wave showed a marked rundown in size, while no reduction was observed in the microphonic potentials. The amplitude of successive e.p.s.p.s was reduced keeping approximately a fixed ratio to the preceding ones, suggesting that the rundown is attributable to a depletion of transmitter quanta from the release sites. 3. The rate of rundown of successive e.p.s.p.s, however, remained almost unchanged when the intensity of the stimulus sound was changed. It was also observed that, even after the e.p.s.p.s had been completely adapted to a continuous sound, a vigorous discharge of new e.p.s.p.s was observed when the intensity of the sound was increased. 4. These findings seem to indicate that it is the size of the readily available store and not the release fraction that is changed by a change in the sound intensity. 5. The saccular macula was superfused with solutions different in Ca and Mg ion concentrations. High Ca ion concentration brought about an increase in the size of the readily available store as well as the release fraction. 6. Mechanisms underlying these observations were discussed in terms of the quantal release mechanism as well as the morphology of the release sites.", "contents": "Adaptive rundown of excitatory post-synaptic potentials at synapses between hair cells and eight nerve fibres in the goldfish. 1. The excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s.) evoked by sound stimuli were recorded intracellularly from large afferent eight nerve fibres in the sacculus of the goldfish (S1 fibres). The fish were anaesthetized with MS-222 and spike potentials were suppressed with locally applied tetrodotoxin. 2. The e.p.s.p.s. successively evoked in response to each wound wave showed a marked rundown in size, while no reduction was observed in the microphonic potentials. The amplitude of successive e.p.s.p.s was reduced keeping approximately a fixed ratio to the preceding ones, suggesting that the rundown is attributable to a depletion of transmitter quanta from the release sites. 3. The rate of rundown of successive e.p.s.p.s, however, remained almost unchanged when the intensity of the stimulus sound was changed. It was also observed that, even after the e.p.s.p.s had been completely adapted to a continuous sound, a vigorous discharge of new e.p.s.p.s was observed when the intensity of the sound was increased. 4. These findings seem to indicate that it is the size of the readily available store and not the release fraction that is changed by a change in the sound intensity. 5. The saccular macula was superfused with solutions different in Ca and Mg ion concentrations. High Ca ion concentration brought about an increase in the size of the readily available store as well as the release fraction. 6. Mechanisms underlying these observations were discussed in terms of the quantal release mechanism as well as the morphology of the release sites.", "PMID": 650439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4777", "title": "New properties of rabbit retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "1. Receptive fields of centre surround cells in the rabbit retina were investigated. There is a clear distinction between cells with sluggish responses, low spontaneous activity and slow conduction velocity (centre surround sluggish cells) and cells with brisk responses, higher spontaneous activity and faster conduction velocity (X and Y cells). The sluggish cells can be divided into sustained and transient types. X and Y cells can be distinguished from each other by their responses to a moving linear grating, a large rapidly moving object and whether or not there is a response to the alternation of certain stimuli. Some times the response to a rotating radial grating, the rate of spontaneous activity, and whether or not the response to spots and annuli was sustained or transient could also be used to distinguish these two types. The antidromic latency from electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm and the periphery effect did not distinguish X from Y. 2. Eleven colour coded units were investigated. They all gave on responses to blue light in the centre of their receptive field and off responses to green light in the periphery of their receptive field. The blue pigment had a spectral sensitivity peaking at about 465 nm. The other pigment peaked near 500 nm, like the rods but gave a response at high mesopic and probably photopic levels. In some cases there was evidence for excitatory input from the green receptors to the centre of the receptive field. All the colour coded cells had rapidly conducting axons and were on centre X cells by all criteria. 3. Eighty-five cells various types other than colour coded were tested for their thresholds at 420 nm and 590 nm. In all cases the results were explained by a pigment peaking close to 500 nm, even at high mesopic and low photopic levels, which suggests the existence of cones with a cyan pigment in them. 4. Conduction latency from stimulation at the optic chiasm was measured for cells with centre surround receptive fields and cells with more complex receptive fields. Both 'on-off' and 'on' directionally sensitive cells have short conduction latencies, overlapping X and Y cells. Orientation selective cells and local edge detectors have long conduction latencies, overlapping centre surround sluggish cells. The sample of uniformity detectors was too small to characterize...", "contents": "New properties of rabbit retinal ganglion cells. 1. Receptive fields of centre surround cells in the rabbit retina were investigated. There is a clear distinction between cells with sluggish responses, low spontaneous activity and slow conduction velocity (centre surround sluggish cells) and cells with brisk responses, higher spontaneous activity and faster conduction velocity (X and Y cells). The sluggish cells can be divided into sustained and transient types. X and Y cells can be distinguished from each other by their responses to a moving linear grating, a large rapidly moving object and whether or not there is a response to the alternation of certain stimuli. Some times the response to a rotating radial grating, the rate of spontaneous activity, and whether or not the response to spots and annuli was sustained or transient could also be used to distinguish these two types. The antidromic latency from electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm and the periphery effect did not distinguish X from Y. 2. Eleven colour coded units were investigated. They all gave on responses to blue light in the centre of their receptive field and off responses to green light in the periphery of their receptive field. The blue pigment had a spectral sensitivity peaking at about 465 nm. The other pigment peaked near 500 nm, like the rods but gave a response at high mesopic and probably photopic levels. In some cases there was evidence for excitatory input from the green receptors to the centre of the receptive field. All the colour coded cells had rapidly conducting axons and were on centre X cells by all criteria. 3. Eighty-five cells various types other than colour coded were tested for their thresholds at 420 nm and 590 nm. In all cases the results were explained by a pigment peaking close to 500 nm, even at high mesopic and low photopic levels, which suggests the existence of cones with a cyan pigment in them. 4. Conduction latency from stimulation at the optic chiasm was measured for cells with centre surround receptive fields and cells with more complex receptive fields. Both 'on-off' and 'on' directionally sensitive cells have short conduction latencies, overlapping X and Y cells. Orientation selective cells and local edge detectors have long conduction latencies, overlapping centre surround sluggish cells. The sample of uniformity detectors was too small to characterize...", "PMID": 650447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4778", "title": "Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: lateral interactions for cells with more complex receptive fields.", "content": "1. The effects of picrotoxin and strychnine were tested on the receptive fields of direction sensitive cells, orientation sensitive cells, local edge detectors, uniformity detectors and large field units in the rabbit retina. 2. Picrotoxin eliminated the direction specificity and size specificity of 'on-off' and 'on' directionally sensitive cells for both black and white objects. Picrotoxin also made 'on' directionally sensitive cells responsive to faster velocities. 3. Picrotoxin eliminated the orientation specificity of orientation sensitive cells, and changed the bar-flank arrangement of the receptive field into a centre surround arrangement. Thus, the orientation specificity is due to inhibitory rather than excitatory mechanisms. 4. Picrotoxin altered the speed sensitivity of large field units so that they responded to slow speeds as well as fast ones, like centre surround Y cells. 5. Strychnine abolished the size specificity of local edge detectors and changed their speed specificity so that they responded to faster speeds. 6. Picrotoxin changed a uniformity detector into a sustained on centre cell. 7. Strychnine did not effect the direction specificity of directionally sensitive cells, the orientation specificity of orientation sensitive cells, or the speed specificity of large field units. Picrotoxin did not affect the size specificity of local edge detectors. 8. Picrotoxin and strychnine usually had opposing effects on the transient responses of these units to spots and annuli. In general picrotoxin prolonged and enhanced these responses at both on and off, and strychnine shortened them. 9. The effect of these drugs for every type of ganglion cell with complex receptive field properties was to make the receptive field more simple. The orientation selective cells, large field cells, 'on' direction selective cells and uniformity detectors seem to be centre surround cells with special properties that are abolished by these drugs. The 'on-off' direction selective cells and local edge detectors still on-off receptive fields, but in each case one of the drugs abolished the feature that was the basis for the cell's name.", "contents": "Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: lateral interactions for cells with more complex receptive fields. 1. The effects of picrotoxin and strychnine were tested on the receptive fields of direction sensitive cells, orientation sensitive cells, local edge detectors, uniformity detectors and large field units in the rabbit retina. 2. Picrotoxin eliminated the direction specificity and size specificity of 'on-off' and 'on' directionally sensitive cells for both black and white objects. Picrotoxin also made 'on' directionally sensitive cells responsive to faster velocities. 3. Picrotoxin eliminated the orientation specificity of orientation sensitive cells, and changed the bar-flank arrangement of the receptive field into a centre surround arrangement. Thus, the orientation specificity is due to inhibitory rather than excitatory mechanisms. 4. Picrotoxin altered the speed sensitivity of large field units so that they responded to slow speeds as well as fast ones, like centre surround Y cells. 5. Strychnine abolished the size specificity of local edge detectors and changed their speed specificity so that they responded to faster speeds. 6. Picrotoxin changed a uniformity detector into a sustained on centre cell. 7. Strychnine did not effect the direction specificity of directionally sensitive cells, the orientation specificity of orientation sensitive cells, or the speed specificity of large field units. Picrotoxin did not affect the size specificity of local edge detectors. 8. Picrotoxin and strychnine usually had opposing effects on the transient responses of these units to spots and annuli. In general picrotoxin prolonged and enhanced these responses at both on and off, and strychnine shortened them. 9. The effect of these drugs for every type of ganglion cell with complex receptive field properties was to make the receptive field more simple. The orientation selective cells, large field cells, 'on' direction selective cells and uniformity detectors seem to be centre surround cells with special properties that are abolished by these drugs. The 'on-off' direction selective cells and local edge detectors still on-off receptive fields, but in each case one of the drugs abolished the feature that was the basis for the cell's name.", "PMID": 650450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4779", "title": "Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: changes in centre surround receptive fields.", "content": "1. The effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on the centre surround types of ganglion cell (X, Y, sluggish sustained and sluggish transient with on or off centres, and colour coded) were studied in the rabbit retina. 2. Picrotoxin changed the centre surround balance in favour of the centre for Y cells and sluggish transient cells but not for X cells or sluggish sustained cells. 3. Inhibition by a moving radial grating was abolished by picrotoxin for off centre Y cells, but not for on centre Y cells. 4. Picrotoxin abolished the surround response for six on centre sustained cells. These were hybrid cells with conduction velocities and receptive field properties characteristic of more than one of the X, Y and sluggish categories. The surround was not abolished by picrotoxin for any of the cells which fell in the standard X, Y and sluggish categories. 5. Strychnine did not affect the centre surround balance substantially in any of the cells tested. Strychnine did effect the transients: in general strychnine shortened or abolished them, while picrotoxin made them larger.", "contents": "Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: changes in centre surround receptive fields. 1. The effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on the centre surround types of ganglion cell (X, Y, sluggish sustained and sluggish transient with on or off centres, and colour coded) were studied in the rabbit retina. 2. Picrotoxin changed the centre surround balance in favour of the centre for Y cells and sluggish transient cells but not for X cells or sluggish sustained cells. 3. Inhibition by a moving radial grating was abolished by picrotoxin for off centre Y cells, but not for on centre Y cells. 4. Picrotoxin abolished the surround response for six on centre sustained cells. These were hybrid cells with conduction velocities and receptive field properties characteristic of more than one of the X, Y and sluggish categories. The surround was not abolished by picrotoxin for any of the cells which fell in the standard X, Y and sluggish categories. 5. Strychnine did not affect the centre surround balance substantially in any of the cells tested. Strychnine did effect the transients: in general strychnine shortened or abolished them, while picrotoxin made them larger.", "PMID": 650452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4780", "title": "Effects of diethylstilboestrol and ovarian steroids on the contractile responses and calcium movements in rat uterine smooth muscle.", "content": "1. The synthetic oestrogen diethylstilboestrol had a potent inhibitory effect on the mechanical responses of the rat uterus. The spontaneous contractions were reduced in amplitude by 2 microgram and were completely abolished by 20 microgram diethylstilboestrol. The amplitude of contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) was also considerably reduced in the presence of 20 microgram of the compound. 2. Oestradiol (oestradiol-17 beta) had a weaker, and progesterone a negligible, effect on the spontaneous contractions. 3. In the depolarized (induced by high potassium) uterus, the log concentration response curve for contraction induced by Ca was sigmoidal and reached its maximum at about 1 mM-Ca. These responses to Ca were greatly depressed by oestradiol and progesterone and were again completely abolished by diethylstilboestrol. All three compounds were also able to induce a relatively rapid relaxation in preparations contracted by Ca. 4. Inhibition of the ACh contraction in the depolarized uterus by diethylstilboestrol, oestradiol and progesterone had the characteristic of blocking the second, and relatively slow, phase of the contraction without influencing the first rapid response. A similar pattern of inhibition was observed in the presence of D-600 or EGTA. 5. The lanthanum method gave only an approximate measure of cellular Ca in the rat uterus, since La failed to block 45Ca efflux and was unable effectively to displace extracellular 45Ca. 6. Diethylstilboestrol reduced the influx of 45Ca both in normal and depolarizing media but did not affect 45Ca efflux. 7. These results indicate that oestrogens and progesterone are able to decrease Ca entry into the uterine cells, which probably accounts for their inhibitory effect on the contractile activity. The mechanism by which these agents induce relaxation of a contracted uterus also seems to depend on the inhibition of Ca influx.", "contents": "Effects of diethylstilboestrol and ovarian steroids on the contractile responses and calcium movements in rat uterine smooth muscle. 1. The synthetic oestrogen diethylstilboestrol had a potent inhibitory effect on the mechanical responses of the rat uterus. The spontaneous contractions were reduced in amplitude by 2 microgram and were completely abolished by 20 microgram diethylstilboestrol. The amplitude of contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) was also considerably reduced in the presence of 20 microgram of the compound. 2. Oestradiol (oestradiol-17 beta) had a weaker, and progesterone a negligible, effect on the spontaneous contractions. 3. In the depolarized (induced by high potassium) uterus, the log concentration response curve for contraction induced by Ca was sigmoidal and reached its maximum at about 1 mM-Ca. These responses to Ca were greatly depressed by oestradiol and progesterone and were again completely abolished by diethylstilboestrol. All three compounds were also able to induce a relatively rapid relaxation in preparations contracted by Ca. 4. Inhibition of the ACh contraction in the depolarized uterus by diethylstilboestrol, oestradiol and progesterone had the characteristic of blocking the second, and relatively slow, phase of the contraction without influencing the first rapid response. A similar pattern of inhibition was observed in the presence of D-600 or EGTA. 5. The lanthanum method gave only an approximate measure of cellular Ca in the rat uterus, since La failed to block 45Ca efflux and was unable effectively to displace extracellular 45Ca. 6. Diethylstilboestrol reduced the influx of 45Ca both in normal and depolarizing media but did not affect 45Ca efflux. 7. These results indicate that oestrogens and progesterone are able to decrease Ca entry into the uterine cells, which probably accounts for their inhibitory effect on the contractile activity. The mechanism by which these agents induce relaxation of a contracted uterus also seems to depend on the inhibition of Ca influx.", "PMID": 650456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4781", "title": "Long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic responses in the rat hippocampus: localization and frequency dependency.", "content": "1. The consequences of repetitive activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to the CA1 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus have been studied using in vitro techniques. 2. Single stimulation trains of 100 pulses at rates of 5-100/sec resulted in potentiation of population spike amplitudes lasting the duration of a 5 min test period in thirty-four out of thirty-five cases. Trains of 100 pulses delivered at 1/sec resulted in depression of the stimulated pathway in ten out of twelve experiments. 3. Responses to test stimulation of other excitatory inputs to the same cell population were depressed following conditioning trains at frequencies in the range 1-100/sec. Depression was seen both in the population spike amplitude (reflecting synchronous cell discharge) as well as the extracellularly recorded population e.p.s.p., and appeared to be maximal at lower frequencies. 4. Trains of antidromic stimulation of the CA1 cell population produced subsequent decreases in synaptically evoked responses, indicating that repetitive firing of pyramidal neurones or interneurones do not cause potentiation, but may be involved in heterosynaptic depression. 5. The results suggest that potentiation and heterosynaptic depression arise from different mechanisms, and that potentiation is confined to the set of terminals activated by a conditioning train, whereas the depression is generalized to the whole neurone.", "contents": "Long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic responses in the rat hippocampus: localization and frequency dependency. 1. The consequences of repetitive activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to the CA1 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus have been studied using in vitro techniques. 2. Single stimulation trains of 100 pulses at rates of 5-100/sec resulted in potentiation of population spike amplitudes lasting the duration of a 5 min test period in thirty-four out of thirty-five cases. Trains of 100 pulses delivered at 1/sec resulted in depression of the stimulated pathway in ten out of twelve experiments. 3. Responses to test stimulation of other excitatory inputs to the same cell population were depressed following conditioning trains at frequencies in the range 1-100/sec. Depression was seen both in the population spike amplitude (reflecting synchronous cell discharge) as well as the extracellularly recorded population e.p.s.p., and appeared to be maximal at lower frequencies. 4. Trains of antidromic stimulation of the CA1 cell population produced subsequent decreases in synaptically evoked responses, indicating that repetitive firing of pyramidal neurones or interneurones do not cause potentiation, but may be involved in heterosynaptic depression. 5. The results suggest that potentiation and heterosynaptic depression arise from different mechanisms, and that potentiation is confined to the set of terminals activated by a conditioning train, whereas the depression is generalized to the whole neurone.", "PMID": 650459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4782", "title": "Inhibition of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes on heart rate by afferents from the lungs.", "content": "1. Brief stimuli were delivered to the carotid baroreceptors or chemoreceptors in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and paralysed with D-turbocurarine. Baroreceptor stimulation was achieved by forceful retrograde injection of 2-5 ml or air-equilibrated saline into the external carotid artery after first clamping the common carotid artery. Chemoreceptor stimulation was achieved by rapid retrograde injections of 0.2-0.5 ml of warmed CO2-equilibrated saline into the external carotid artery. Observations were made during periods of temporary cessation of artificial ventilation. 2. When the volume of the lungs was not changing, prompt decreases in heart rate  were evoked by chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimuli except when these were delivered during the inspiratory phase of breathing (as judged from the records of phrenic nerve activity). 3. No changes in heart rate were evoked when these stimuli were timed to occur during expansion of the lungs in response to a rapid increase in intratracheal pressure (6-10 mmHg in 1-2 sec). Decreases in heart rate were evoked when the stimuli occurred during slower inflations of the lungs. 4. Both stimuli regained their effectiveness on heart rate with time after inflations of the lung when the lungs were held inflated. Both stimuli evoked large decreases in heart rate when delivered during deflations of the lung. 5. The effects of lung inflation on the effectiveness of both cardiodepressor reflexes were abolished by surgical denervation of the lungs.", "contents": "Inhibition of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes on heart rate by afferents from the lungs. 1. Brief stimuli were delivered to the carotid baroreceptors or chemoreceptors in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and paralysed with D-turbocurarine. Baroreceptor stimulation was achieved by forceful retrograde injection of 2-5 ml or air-equilibrated saline into the external carotid artery after first clamping the common carotid artery. Chemoreceptor stimulation was achieved by rapid retrograde injections of 0.2-0.5 ml of warmed CO2-equilibrated saline into the external carotid artery. Observations were made during periods of temporary cessation of artificial ventilation. 2. When the volume of the lungs was not changing, prompt decreases in heart rate  were evoked by chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimuli except when these were delivered during the inspiratory phase of breathing (as judged from the records of phrenic nerve activity). 3. No changes in heart rate were evoked when these stimuli were timed to occur during expansion of the lungs in response to a rapid increase in intratracheal pressure (6-10 mmHg in 1-2 sec). Decreases in heart rate were evoked when the stimuli occurred during slower inflations of the lungs. 4. Both stimuli regained their effectiveness on heart rate with time after inflations of the lung when the lungs were held inflated. Both stimuli evoked large decreases in heart rate when delivered during deflations of the lung. 5. The effects of lung inflation on the effectiveness of both cardiodepressor reflexes were abolished by surgical denervation of the lungs.", "PMID": 650460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4783", "title": "Reflex bradycardia occurring in response to diving, nasopharyngeal stimulation and ocular pressure, and its modification by respiration and swallowing.", "content": "1. Digital pressure applied to the eyes evokes reflex bradycardia in human subjects and anaesthetized dogs. The bradycardia is most pronounced when breathing stops. 2. In the dog oculo-cardiac reflex bradycardia is mediated by vegal stimulation and by sympathetic withdrawal. 3. Oculo-cardiac reflex bradycardia in the dog is reduced by central neural inspiratory activity and by the excitation of pulmonary afferents by inflation of the lungs. In human subjects it is reduced when inspiratory efforts are made against a closed glottis. 4. Nasopharyngeal stimulation with water evokes reflex bradycardia in the anaesthetized dog. This bradycardia is reduced by central neural inspiratory activity and by the excitation of pulmonary afferents by inflation of the lungs. 5. Bradycardia occurs in normal human subjects during immersion of the face in water ('diving'). This bradycardia is reduced when inspiratory efforts are made against a closed glottis. 6. Swallowing evokes transient tachycardia in human subjects. During diving or the application of ocular pressure, swallowing reduces the reflex bradycardia which these evoke.", "contents": "Reflex bradycardia occurring in response to diving, nasopharyngeal stimulation and ocular pressure, and its modification by respiration and swallowing. 1. Digital pressure applied to the eyes evokes reflex bradycardia in human subjects and anaesthetized dogs. The bradycardia is most pronounced when breathing stops. 2. In the dog oculo-cardiac reflex bradycardia is mediated by vegal stimulation and by sympathetic withdrawal. 3. Oculo-cardiac reflex bradycardia in the dog is reduced by central neural inspiratory activity and by the excitation of pulmonary afferents by inflation of the lungs. In human subjects it is reduced when inspiratory efforts are made against a closed glottis. 4. Nasopharyngeal stimulation with water evokes reflex bradycardia in the anaesthetized dog. This bradycardia is reduced by central neural inspiratory activity and by the excitation of pulmonary afferents by inflation of the lungs. 5. Bradycardia occurs in normal human subjects during immersion of the face in water ('diving'). This bradycardia is reduced when inspiratory efforts are made against a closed glottis. 6. Swallowing evokes transient tachycardia in human subjects. During diving or the application of ocular pressure, swallowing reduces the reflex bradycardia which these evoke.", "PMID": 650462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4784", "title": "Renin substrate in plasma of unanaesthetized pregnant ewes and their foetal lambs.", "content": "1. In unanaesthetized preparations 6-14 days after catheterization, the concentration of renin substrate (AI 212 +/- 20 ng/ml. S.E. of mean) in the plasma of foetal lambs during the last third of gestation was significantly less than that of paired samples of maternal plasma (AI 350 +/- 27 ng/ml.). 2. During the first 5 days following catheterization the concentration of renin substrate in maternal plasma was lower than subsequently but was raised if the uterus contained a nephrectomized foetus. 3. The concentration of renin substrate in the plasma of intact foetal lambs without nephrectomized twins varied little in the post-catheterization period and later; the concentration of substrate in nephrectomized foetal lambs averaged threefold that of intact lambs and a similar concentration of substrate was found in intact twins of such lambs in the immediate post-catheterization period. 4. It is suggested that the ratio of foetal/maternal plasma renin activity understates their relative enzyme activity since foetal substrate concentration is so considerably less than maternal.", "contents": "Renin substrate in plasma of unanaesthetized pregnant ewes and their foetal lambs. 1. In unanaesthetized preparations 6-14 days after catheterization, the concentration of renin substrate (AI 212 +/- 20 ng/ml. S.E. of mean) in the plasma of foetal lambs during the last third of gestation was significantly less than that of paired samples of maternal plasma (AI 350 +/- 27 ng/ml.). 2. During the first 5 days following catheterization the concentration of renin substrate in maternal plasma was lower than subsequently but was raised if the uterus contained a nephrectomized foetus. 3. The concentration of renin substrate in the plasma of intact foetal lambs without nephrectomized twins varied little in the post-catheterization period and later; the concentration of substrate in nephrectomized foetal lambs averaged threefold that of intact lambs and a similar concentration of substrate was found in intact twins of such lambs in the immediate post-catheterization period. 4. It is suggested that the ratio of foetal/maternal plasma renin activity understates their relative enzyme activity since foetal substrate concentration is so considerably less than maternal.", "PMID": 650463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4785", "title": "Drinking and haemodynamic changes induced in the dog by intracranial injection of components of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "1. Intracranial injections of the individual components of the renin-angiotensin system caused drinking in water-replete dogs. 2. Angiotensin II was the most reliable, potent and rapidly acting intracranial dipsogen and elicited drinking in the absence of peripheral circulatory changes. After the highest dose of angiotensin II (10(-9) mole) five dogs drank a mean amount of 380.0 +/- 88.6 ml. For the other components, the order of dipsogenic effectiveness was angiotensin I, synthetic renin substrate, and angiotensin III. 3. Isotonic saline, bradykinin (10(-10) mole), eledosin-hexapeptide (10(-10) mole), oxytocin (10(-10) mole) and prostaglandin F2alpha (1-200 X 10(-12) mole) were ineffective. 4. Intracranial renin (10 m-u.) produced a mean intake of 445 +/- 152 ml. of water in eight dogs. 5. Dog renin substrate and synthetic renin substrate, injected intracranially in a dose of 10(-10) mole, produced similar intakes of water but these amounts were very much less than the volume drunk in response to the same dose of angiotensin II. 6. None of the components injected into dipsogenically responsive sites in the brain caused changes in blood pressure, although the act of drinking itself produced a small rise. 7. Angiotensin II at the highest dose produced drinking when injected into the subfornical organ, preoptic region, anterior hypothalamus, lateral ventricle, third ventricle, ventral hippocampus and mid-line thalamus. Negative sites were found in the caudate nucleus, fourth ventricle, mid-brain, posterior thalamus, dorsal hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus. 8. After the lowest dose of intracranial angiotensin II (10(-12) mole) only the preoptic region and subfornical orgal were responsive. These two sites were equally sensitive in terms of latency and amounts drunk at all doses injected. 9. Angiotensin did not necessarily have to reach a cerebral ventricle in order to cause drinking. 10. The dog resembles the rat in its responsiveness to the dipsogenic action of intracranial angiotensin II. The regions of the brain from which drinking can be elicited are more widespread than has been claimed by some in the rat.", "contents": "Drinking and haemodynamic changes induced in the dog by intracranial injection of components of the renin-angiotensin system. 1. Intracranial injections of the individual components of the renin-angiotensin system caused drinking in water-replete dogs. 2. Angiotensin II was the most reliable, potent and rapidly acting intracranial dipsogen and elicited drinking in the absence of peripheral circulatory changes. After the highest dose of angiotensin II (10(-9) mole) five dogs drank a mean amount of 380.0 +/- 88.6 ml. For the other components, the order of dipsogenic effectiveness was angiotensin I, synthetic renin substrate, and angiotensin III. 3. Isotonic saline, bradykinin (10(-10) mole), eledosin-hexapeptide (10(-10) mole), oxytocin (10(-10) mole) and prostaglandin F2alpha (1-200 X 10(-12) mole) were ineffective. 4. Intracranial renin (10 m-u.) produced a mean intake of 445 +/- 152 ml. of water in eight dogs. 5. Dog renin substrate and synthetic renin substrate, injected intracranially in a dose of 10(-10) mole, produced similar intakes of water but these amounts were very much less than the volume drunk in response to the same dose of angiotensin II. 6. None of the components injected into dipsogenically responsive sites in the brain caused changes in blood pressure, although the act of drinking itself produced a small rise. 7. Angiotensin II at the highest dose produced drinking when injected into the subfornical organ, preoptic region, anterior hypothalamus, lateral ventricle, third ventricle, ventral hippocampus and mid-line thalamus. Negative sites were found in the caudate nucleus, fourth ventricle, mid-brain, posterior thalamus, dorsal hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus. 8. After the lowest dose of intracranial angiotensin II (10(-12) mole) only the preoptic region and subfornical orgal were responsive. These two sites were equally sensitive in terms of latency and amounts drunk at all doses injected. 9. Angiotensin did not necessarily have to reach a cerebral ventricle in order to cause drinking. 10. The dog resembles the rat in its responsiveness to the dipsogenic action of intracranial angiotensin II. The regions of the brain from which drinking can be elicited are more widespread than has been claimed by some in the rat.", "PMID": 650466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4786", "title": "Systemic angiotensin-induced drinking in the dog: a physiological phenomenon.", "content": "1. Intravenous infusion of the individual components of the renin-angiotensin system caused drinking in dogs in water balance. 2. Angiotensin II was the most potent and rapidly acting peptide inducing drinking. The minimum effective rate of infusion was between 8.3 and 16.6 X 10(-12) mole kg-1 min-1 which yield blood levels of angiotensin II that fell well within physiological limits for the dog and were mildly pressor. Angiotensin I and synthetic renin substrate caused less drinking than angiotensin II, and angiotensin III was the least effective dipsogen. 3. Renin caused significant drinking when infused I.V. at a rate of 0.5 u. min-1 for 15 min. Drinking was slower in onset and continued for longer than after other components of the renin-angiotensin system. 4. Within the dose range 1875-15,000 X 10(-12) mole of angiotensin II the amount of water drunk depended more on the rate of infusion than on the duration of the infusion. 5. During an I.V. infusion of angiotensin II lasting 2 hr, the rate of drinking was greatest during the first 15 min. After this declined progressively. 6. A delay of 1 hr after the start of an intravenous infusion of angiotensin II before access to water was allowed, did not significantly reduce the amount of water drunk. Nor did infusion of isotonic saline for 105 min reduce drinking in response to a subsequent infusion of angiotensin II. However, a preload of dilute milk approximately equal in volume to the amount of water normally drunk in response to I.V. angiotensin II significantly reduced drinking. Therefore the dog stopped drinking during long-term infusions of angiotensin II owing to the action of satiety mechanisms and not to tachyphylaxis or fatigue. 7. Intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II, angiotensin I, synthetic renin substrate and angiotensin III, at 40 X 10(-12) mole min-1 also caused drinking. Intakes of water were similar to the intakes after I.V. infusion at six times the arterial rate, except that angiotensin I was relatively less effective by intracarotid infusion than by I.V. infusion. 8. Renin, infused at 0.5 u. min-1 for 15 min, was much less effective by intracarotid infusion than by intravenous. 9. These results are compatible with a role for circulating angiotensin II in the thirst of hypovolaemia or moderate extracellular dehydration.", "contents": "Systemic angiotensin-induced drinking in the dog: a physiological phenomenon. 1. Intravenous infusion of the individual components of the renin-angiotensin system caused drinking in dogs in water balance. 2. Angiotensin II was the most potent and rapidly acting peptide inducing drinking. The minimum effective rate of infusion was between 8.3 and 16.6 X 10(-12) mole kg-1 min-1 which yield blood levels of angiotensin II that fell well within physiological limits for the dog and were mildly pressor. Angiotensin I and synthetic renin substrate caused less drinking than angiotensin II, and angiotensin III was the least effective dipsogen. 3. Renin caused significant drinking when infused I.V. at a rate of 0.5 u. min-1 for 15 min. Drinking was slower in onset and continued for longer than after other components of the renin-angiotensin system. 4. Within the dose range 1875-15,000 X 10(-12) mole of angiotensin II the amount of water drunk depended more on the rate of infusion than on the duration of the infusion. 5. During an I.V. infusion of angiotensin II lasting 2 hr, the rate of drinking was greatest during the first 15 min. After this declined progressively. 6. A delay of 1 hr after the start of an intravenous infusion of angiotensin II before access to water was allowed, did not significantly reduce the amount of water drunk. Nor did infusion of isotonic saline for 105 min reduce drinking in response to a subsequent infusion of angiotensin II. However, a preload of dilute milk approximately equal in volume to the amount of water normally drunk in response to I.V. angiotensin II significantly reduced drinking. Therefore the dog stopped drinking during long-term infusions of angiotensin II owing to the action of satiety mechanisms and not to tachyphylaxis or fatigue. 7. Intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II, angiotensin I, synthetic renin substrate and angiotensin III, at 40 X 10(-12) mole min-1 also caused drinking. Intakes of water were similar to the intakes after I.V. infusion at six times the arterial rate, except that angiotensin I was relatively less effective by intracarotid infusion than by I.V. infusion. 8. Renin, infused at 0.5 u. min-1 for 15 min, was much less effective by intracarotid infusion than by intravenous. 9. These results are compatible with a role for circulating angiotensin II in the thirst of hypovolaemia or moderate extracellular dehydration.", "PMID": 650470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4787", "title": "The sacral parasympathetic reflex pathway regulating colonic motility and defaecation in the cat.", "content": "1. The sacral parasympathetic outflow to the large intestine of the cat was studied by monitoring simultaneously intestinal motility and the efferent firing in postganglionic fibres on the serosal surface of the mid-distal colon. 2. Increases in efferent firing were noted during the occurrence of spontaneous propulsive activity (tonic pressure waves) or segmental contractions (slow rhythmic pressure waves). The neural discharge was not altered by transection of the lumbar sympathetic innervation to the colon but was blocked by interruption of the sacral parasympathetic outflow. 3. Electrical stimulation of pelvic nerve afferents arising in the colon or distension of the colon or rectum evoked reflex increases in efferent firing and sustained propulsive contractions that were associated with defaecation. Both responses were abolished by transection of the pelvic nerves or sacral dorsal roots. 4. Electrical stimulation of colonic afferent fibres also evoked synchronous reflex discharges in colonic efferents at latencies ranging from 180 to 300 msec. The discharges were enhanced during propulsive contractions, abolished by transection of the pelvic nerves but not altered by transection of the lumbar sympathetic nerves. 5. Sacral reflexes were present in cats with intact spinal cord and in chronic spinal animals (transection at T10-T12). The reflexes recovered within minutes to several hours after acute transection of the spinal cord. 6. Electrophysiological measurements indicated that the sacral reflexes to the large intestine were mediated by non-myelinated afferent and preganglionic efferent fibres. The central delay for the reflex was estimated to be 45-60 msec. 7. It is concluded that the sacral parasympathetic reflexes to the large intestine are mediated via a spinal pathway and have an essential role in the initiation of propulsive activity during defaecation.", "contents": "The sacral parasympathetic reflex pathway regulating colonic motility and defaecation in the cat. 1. The sacral parasympathetic outflow to the large intestine of the cat was studied by monitoring simultaneously intestinal motility and the efferent firing in postganglionic fibres on the serosal surface of the mid-distal colon. 2. Increases in efferent firing were noted during the occurrence of spontaneous propulsive activity (tonic pressure waves) or segmental contractions (slow rhythmic pressure waves). The neural discharge was not altered by transection of the lumbar sympathetic innervation to the colon but was blocked by interruption of the sacral parasympathetic outflow. 3. Electrical stimulation of pelvic nerve afferents arising in the colon or distension of the colon or rectum evoked reflex increases in efferent firing and sustained propulsive contractions that were associated with defaecation. Both responses were abolished by transection of the pelvic nerves or sacral dorsal roots. 4. Electrical stimulation of colonic afferent fibres also evoked synchronous reflex discharges in colonic efferents at latencies ranging from 180 to 300 msec. The discharges were enhanced during propulsive contractions, abolished by transection of the pelvic nerves but not altered by transection of the lumbar sympathetic nerves. 5. Sacral reflexes were present in cats with intact spinal cord and in chronic spinal animals (transection at T10-T12). The reflexes recovered within minutes to several hours after acute transection of the spinal cord. 6. Electrophysiological measurements indicated that the sacral reflexes to the large intestine were mediated by non-myelinated afferent and preganglionic efferent fibres. The central delay for the reflex was estimated to be 45-60 msec. 7. It is concluded that the sacral parasympathetic reflexes to the large intestine are mediated via a spinal pathway and have an essential role in the initiation of propulsive activity during defaecation.", "PMID": 650474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4788", "title": "Activation of the electrogenic sodium pump in guinea-pig atria by external potassium ions.", "content": "1. When cardiac preparations are rewarmed following prolonged hypothermia a transient hyperpolarization occurs in K-containing media. This hyperpolarization is correlated with the active Na efflux. It might be due to electrogenic Na pumping or to extracellular K depletion brought about by the activity of an electroneutral Na-K exchange pump. In order to distinguish between these mechanisms the effect of various extracellular K concentrations ([K](o)) on the membrane potential of guineapig atria was studied before and after hypothermia.2. The membrane potential increased with decreasing [K](o) before cooling. It reached values of -64 and -92 mV at 10.8 and 0 mM-K, respectively.3. The membrane hyperpolarized transiently after hypothermia beyong the potential observed before cooling. Maximal values of about -94 mV were obtained during rewarming in solutions containing 0.4-2.7 mM-K. The membrane potential was significantly lower (-88 mV) in K-free media. It was also diminished at [K](o) higher than 2.7 mM and was measured to be -74 mV at 10.8 mM-K.4. The hyperpolarization of the cell membrane during the first 20 min of rewarming was maximal at 2.7 mM-K and yielded 15.5 mV. The hyperpolarization amounted to 7.2 and 10 mV at 0.4 and 10.8 mM-K, respectively. No hyperpolarization occurred in K-free solutions.5. The rate of decline of the transient hyperpolarization increased with [K](o).6. Variations of membrane input resistance after changes in [K](o) were measured in rewarmed atrial trabecula. The measurements revealed an increase in membrane resistance in lower [K](o).7. It is concluded that the transient hyperpolarization of the cardiac cell membrane during rewarming is due to the activation of an electrogenic Na pump.8. The (relative) strength of the pump current at various [K](o) was derived from the observed dependence of the hyperpolarization and of the membrane input resistance on [K](o). The current is estimated to be half-maximal at about 1.5 mM-K.", "contents": "Activation of the electrogenic sodium pump in guinea-pig atria by external potassium ions. 1. When cardiac preparations are rewarmed following prolonged hypothermia a transient hyperpolarization occurs in K-containing media. This hyperpolarization is correlated with the active Na efflux. It might be due to electrogenic Na pumping or to extracellular K depletion brought about by the activity of an electroneutral Na-K exchange pump. In order to distinguish between these mechanisms the effect of various extracellular K concentrations ([K](o)) on the membrane potential of guineapig atria was studied before and after hypothermia.2. The membrane potential increased with decreasing [K](o) before cooling. It reached values of -64 and -92 mV at 10.8 and 0 mM-K, respectively.3. The membrane hyperpolarized transiently after hypothermia beyong the potential observed before cooling. Maximal values of about -94 mV were obtained during rewarming in solutions containing 0.4-2.7 mM-K. The membrane potential was significantly lower (-88 mV) in K-free media. It was also diminished at [K](o) higher than 2.7 mM and was measured to be -74 mV at 10.8 mM-K.4. The hyperpolarization of the cell membrane during the first 20 min of rewarming was maximal at 2.7 mM-K and yielded 15.5 mV. The hyperpolarization amounted to 7.2 and 10 mV at 0.4 and 10.8 mM-K, respectively. No hyperpolarization occurred in K-free solutions.5. The rate of decline of the transient hyperpolarization increased with [K](o).6. Variations of membrane input resistance after changes in [K](o) were measured in rewarmed atrial trabecula. The measurements revealed an increase in membrane resistance in lower [K](o).7. It is concluded that the transient hyperpolarization of the cardiac cell membrane during rewarming is due to the activation of an electrogenic Na pump.8. The (relative) strength of the pump current at various [K](o) was derived from the observed dependence of the hyperpolarization and of the membrane input resistance on [K](o). The current is estimated to be half-maximal at about 1.5 mM-K.", "PMID": 650479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4789", "title": "Properties of twitch motor units in snake costocutaneous muscle.", "content": "1. Single motor units of twitch muscle fibres were studied in isolated nerve-muscle preparations of m. costocutanei inferiores from grass and garter snakes. Preparations were superfused with Ringer solution at a controlled temperature of 22 degrees C.2. The peak and time-to-peak tension (contraction time) were measured for isometric twitches of forty-seven whole muscles and 83 motor units. The sample of motor units was drawn from an estimated total population of 213-355 twitch units. Peak tetanic tensions were also measured. The measurements were made at muscle lengths at which the twitch tension was maximal, and this length was not always the same for whole muscle and unit twitches. In fifty-nine cases 1 and in twelve cases 2 motor units were isolated from each muscle.3. Whole muscle contraction times ranged from 22-61 msec (mean +/- S.D. = 40.3 +/- 9.8 msec) and those for units from 18-92 msec (mean +/- S.D. = 46.9 +/- 15.9 msec). The wide range for whole muscles is discussed.4. The percentage of the whole muscle tetanic tension contributed by each unit (unit size) was calculated. Contraction time was inversely related to unit size.5. Twitch-tetanus ratios were calculated and found not to be related to unit contraction time.6. The conduction velocities of axons innervating 23 motor units were calculated from latency measurements at two points along the length of the nerve. They ranged from 1.9 to 10.4 m/sec. Axon conduction velocity was inversely related to unit contraction time, and directly related to unit size.", "contents": "Properties of twitch motor units in snake costocutaneous muscle. 1. Single motor units of twitch muscle fibres were studied in isolated nerve-muscle preparations of m. costocutanei inferiores from grass and garter snakes. Preparations were superfused with Ringer solution at a controlled temperature of 22 degrees C.2. The peak and time-to-peak tension (contraction time) were measured for isometric twitches of forty-seven whole muscles and 83 motor units. The sample of motor units was drawn from an estimated total population of 213-355 twitch units. Peak tetanic tensions were also measured. The measurements were made at muscle lengths at which the twitch tension was maximal, and this length was not always the same for whole muscle and unit twitches. In fifty-nine cases 1 and in twelve cases 2 motor units were isolated from each muscle.3. Whole muscle contraction times ranged from 22-61 msec (mean +/- S.D. = 40.3 +/- 9.8 msec) and those for units from 18-92 msec (mean +/- S.D. = 46.9 +/- 15.9 msec). The wide range for whole muscles is discussed.4. The percentage of the whole muscle tetanic tension contributed by each unit (unit size) was calculated. Contraction time was inversely related to unit size.5. Twitch-tetanus ratios were calculated and found not to be related to unit contraction time.6. The conduction velocities of axons innervating 23 motor units were calculated from latency measurements at two points along the length of the nerve. They ranged from 1.9 to 10.4 m/sec. Axon conduction velocity was inversely related to unit contraction time, and directly related to unit size.", "PMID": 650481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4790", "title": "Post-tetanic potentiation of twitch motor units in snake costocutaneous muscle.", "content": "1. Isometric twitch responses of single motor units in snake costocutaneous muscle have been recorded before and after conditioning tetanic stimulation. 2. Most units showed post-tetanic potentiation of twitch tension, associated with increased maximal rate of rise of twitch tension, and in some cases also associated with prolongation of twitch contraction time. A few units showed a short phase of actual depression of the post-tetanic twich responses, followed by potentiation. 3. The time course and magnitude of post-tetanic changes of twitch tension and maximal rate of rise of tension could be described by the sum of three processes which are assumed to be maximal close to the end of the conditioning tetanus: (i) a rapidly declining potentiation (called here early potentiation, which lasted less than 2 sec) which may have a purely mechanical origin; (ii) a much slower-declining potentiation (called here prolonged potentiation, which lasted up to 15 min); and (iii) a process which lasted up to 60 sec during which twitch potentiation was reduced. The latter process (called here depressed potentiation) was usually apparent as a marked trough in the plots of twitch amplitude versus time after the conditioning tetanus, and occassionally was evident as an actual transient depression of twitch amplitude after the tetanus compared with that before. 4. The effects of the prolonged potentiation and the depressed potentiation on the maximal effect of each process close to the end of the tetanus were extracted by fitting single exponential equations to different portions of the data, using a computer program. 5. Twitch potentiation associated with increased maximal rate of rise of tension seemed to be a separate phenomenon to that associated with prolongation of contraction time, seen when conditioning tetani of higher frequency and numbers of stimuli were employed. The depressed potentiation of twitch tension tended to be partly masked in cases where contraction time was prolonged, but this did not affect the depressed potentiation of maximal rate of rise of tension. 6. The post-tetanic potentiation shown by a unit was related to the contraction time of the unit, in addition to the well known relationship to the initial twitch-tetanus ratio. The depressed potentiation may correlat more closely with the initial twitch-tetanus ratio than with the unit contraction time. 7. The magnitude of maximal depressed potentiation shown by a unit may be directly correlated to that of maximal prolonged potentiation. 8. The time constant of decay for prolonged potentiation of twitch tension tended to be related inversely to unit contraction time and directly to unit size and the maximal value of prolonged potentiation oftwitch tension. The time constant of decay for prolonged potentiation of maximal rate of rise of tension tended to be related to unit size and initial twitch-tetanus ratio, and the time constant of decay for depressed potentiation of rate of rise of tension tended to be related to unit size. 9...", "contents": "Post-tetanic potentiation of twitch motor units in snake costocutaneous muscle. 1. Isometric twitch responses of single motor units in snake costocutaneous muscle have been recorded before and after conditioning tetanic stimulation. 2. Most units showed post-tetanic potentiation of twitch tension, associated with increased maximal rate of rise of twitch tension, and in some cases also associated with prolongation of twitch contraction time. A few units showed a short phase of actual depression of the post-tetanic twich responses, followed by potentiation. 3. The time course and magnitude of post-tetanic changes of twitch tension and maximal rate of rise of tension could be described by the sum of three processes which are assumed to be maximal close to the end of the conditioning tetanus: (i) a rapidly declining potentiation (called here early potentiation, which lasted less than 2 sec) which may have a purely mechanical origin; (ii) a much slower-declining potentiation (called here prolonged potentiation, which lasted up to 15 min); and (iii) a process which lasted up to 60 sec during which twitch potentiation was reduced. The latter process (called here depressed potentiation) was usually apparent as a marked trough in the plots of twitch amplitude versus time after the conditioning tetanus, and occassionally was evident as an actual transient depression of twitch amplitude after the tetanus compared with that before. 4. The effects of the prolonged potentiation and the depressed potentiation on the maximal effect of each process close to the end of the tetanus were extracted by fitting single exponential equations to different portions of the data, using a computer program. 5. Twitch potentiation associated with increased maximal rate of rise of tension seemed to be a separate phenomenon to that associated with prolongation of contraction time, seen when conditioning tetani of higher frequency and numbers of stimuli were employed. The depressed potentiation of twitch tension tended to be partly masked in cases where contraction time was prolonged, but this did not affect the depressed potentiation of maximal rate of rise of tension. 6. The post-tetanic potentiation shown by a unit was related to the contraction time of the unit, in addition to the well known relationship to the initial twitch-tetanus ratio. The depressed potentiation may correlat more closely with the initial twitch-tetanus ratio than with the unit contraction time. 7. The magnitude of maximal depressed potentiation shown by a unit may be directly correlated to that of maximal prolonged potentiation. 8. The time constant of decay for prolonged potentiation of twitch tension tended to be related inversely to unit contraction time and directly to unit size and the maximal value of prolonged potentiation oftwitch tension. The time constant of decay for prolonged potentiation of maximal rate of rise of tension tended to be related to unit size and initial twitch-tetanus ratio, and the time constant of decay for depressed potentiation of rate of rise of tension tended to be related to unit size. 9...", "PMID": 650483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4791", "title": "The dependence of membrane potential on extracellular chloride concentration in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The steady-state intracellular membrane potential of fibres in thin bundles dissected from mouse extensor digitorum longus or soleus muscles or rat sternomastoid muscles was measured with 3 M-KCl glass micro-electrodes. The steady-state membrane potential was found to depend on the extracellular concentrations of Na, K and Cl ions. 2. The resting membrane potential (3.5 mM-[K]o, 160 mM-[Cl]o) was -74 +/- 1 mV (mean +/- S.E.) and a reduction in [Cl]o to 3.5 mM caused a reversible steady-state hyperpolarization to -94 +/- 1 mV (mean +/- S.E.). 3. The steady-state membrane potentials recorded in fibres exposed to different [K]o and zero [Cl]o were consistent with potentials predicted by the Goldman, Hodgkin & Katz (GHK) equation for Na and K. The results of similar experiments done with Cl as the major external anion could not be fitted by the same equation. 4. The GHK equation for Na, K and Cl did fit data obtained from fibres in solutions containing different [K]o with Cl as the major external anion if the intracellular Cl concentration was allowed to be out of equilibrium with the steady-state membrane potential. 5. It is suggested that an active influx of Cl ions controls the intracellular Cl concentrations in these fibres and hence maintains the Cl equilibrium potential at a depolarized value with respect to the resting membrane potential. 6. The steady-state membrane potential of rat diaphragm fibres was independent of [Cl]o and it seems likely that the intracellular Cl concentration of these fibres is not controlled by active Cl transport.", "contents": "The dependence of membrane potential on extracellular chloride concentration in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. 1. The steady-state intracellular membrane potential of fibres in thin bundles dissected from mouse extensor digitorum longus or soleus muscles or rat sternomastoid muscles was measured with 3 M-KCl glass micro-electrodes. The steady-state membrane potential was found to depend on the extracellular concentrations of Na, K and Cl ions. 2. The resting membrane potential (3.5 mM-[K]o, 160 mM-[Cl]o) was -74 +/- 1 mV (mean +/- S.E.) and a reduction in [Cl]o to 3.5 mM caused a reversible steady-state hyperpolarization to -94 +/- 1 mV (mean +/- S.E.). 3. The steady-state membrane potentials recorded in fibres exposed to different [K]o and zero [Cl]o were consistent with potentials predicted by the Goldman, Hodgkin & Katz (GHK) equation for Na and K. The results of similar experiments done with Cl as the major external anion could not be fitted by the same equation. 4. The GHK equation for Na, K and Cl did fit data obtained from fibres in solutions containing different [K]o with Cl as the major external anion if the intracellular Cl concentration was allowed to be out of equilibrium with the steady-state membrane potential. 5. It is suggested that an active influx of Cl ions controls the intracellular Cl concentrations in these fibres and hence maintains the Cl equilibrium potential at a depolarized value with respect to the resting membrane potential. 6. The steady-state membrane potential of rat diaphragm fibres was independent of [Cl]o and it seems likely that the intracellular Cl concentration of these fibres is not controlled by active Cl transport.", "PMID": 650497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4792", "title": "The permeability of the secretin stimulated exocrine pancreas to non-electrolytes.", "content": "1. A method of measuring the permeability of the pancreas by determining the apparent reflexion coefficient (sigmaA) is described, in the isolated pancreas secreting maximally under the influence of secretin. The principle is to add a non-electrolyte to the perfusate which will create an osmotic gradient (RTsigmadeltaC) counter to that of active transport and reduce the secretion rate. This is compared with the effect of an equal concentration (0.1 M) of sucrose (RTdeltaC; sigma = 1). The apparent reflection coefficient is obtained by dividing the percentage reduction in the secretion rate due to the test molecule with that due to sucrose. 2. Sucrose when added to the perfusate inhibits pancreatic secretion. For every 10 mM increase in sucrose concentration, the secretion rate was inhibited by 7.1%. It has been estimated that an osmotic gradient of 131 m-osmole/kg water will cause zero flow rate. This is a measure of the pressure required to counteract the local osmotic gradient set up by active transport, it is equivalent to about 3.4 atm. 3. Non-electrolytes with molecular volumes greater than about 85 cm3 mole-1 are relatively impermeable, below this value they enter the pancreatic juice with increasing ease as the molecular volume decreases. 4. SigmaA for a number of compounds has been measured: urea 0.17; ethanediol 0.27; thiourea 0.51; glycerol 0.69; creatinine 0.81; erythritol 0.91; arabinose 0.96; xylose 0.98; sorbitol 0.98. 5. The addition of non-electrolytes to the perfusate had effects on pancreatic secretion which were a function of sigmaA. For molecules with sigmaA lying between 0.81 and 1.0 an osmotic load of 0.1 M increased both the concentration of sodium plus potassium and the concentration of chloride plus bicarbonate by about 50 m-mole/l. Whereas the cation change is almost exclusively one of sodium that of the anions was preferentially an increase in chloride. For compounds with sigmaA lying between 0 and 0.81 the concentration of sodium plus potassium was proportional to sigmaA. 6. A number of compounds have been described which inhibit pancreatic secretion, other than by an osmotic effect. These include acetaldehyde, thioglycerol, nicotinamide, ribose, dihydroxyacetone, and glyceraldehyde. 7. It is concluded that the pancreas is more permeable than the gall-bladder of rabbit, fish and bullfrog, the proximal tubule of the kidney of rat and the small intestine of bullfrog, but is probably similar to that of small intestine of guinea-pig and man.", "contents": "The permeability of the secretin stimulated exocrine pancreas to non-electrolytes. 1. A method of measuring the permeability of the pancreas by determining the apparent reflexion coefficient (sigmaA) is described, in the isolated pancreas secreting maximally under the influence of secretin. The principle is to add a non-electrolyte to the perfusate which will create an osmotic gradient (RTsigmadeltaC) counter to that of active transport and reduce the secretion rate. This is compared with the effect of an equal concentration (0.1 M) of sucrose (RTdeltaC; sigma = 1). The apparent reflection coefficient is obtained by dividing the percentage reduction in the secretion rate due to the test molecule with that due to sucrose. 2. Sucrose when added to the perfusate inhibits pancreatic secretion. For every 10 mM increase in sucrose concentration, the secretion rate was inhibited by 7.1%. It has been estimated that an osmotic gradient of 131 m-osmole/kg water will cause zero flow rate. This is a measure of the pressure required to counteract the local osmotic gradient set up by active transport, it is equivalent to about 3.4 atm. 3. Non-electrolytes with molecular volumes greater than about 85 cm3 mole-1 are relatively impermeable, below this value they enter the pancreatic juice with increasing ease as the molecular volume decreases. 4. SigmaA for a number of compounds has been measured: urea 0.17; ethanediol 0.27; thiourea 0.51; glycerol 0.69; creatinine 0.81; erythritol 0.91; arabinose 0.96; xylose 0.98; sorbitol 0.98. 5. The addition of non-electrolytes to the perfusate had effects on pancreatic secretion which were a function of sigmaA. For molecules with sigmaA lying between 0.81 and 1.0 an osmotic load of 0.1 M increased both the concentration of sodium plus potassium and the concentration of chloride plus bicarbonate by about 50 m-mole/l. Whereas the cation change is almost exclusively one of sodium that of the anions was preferentially an increase in chloride. For compounds with sigmaA lying between 0 and 0.81 the concentration of sodium plus potassium was proportional to sigmaA. 6. A number of compounds have been described which inhibit pancreatic secretion, other than by an osmotic effect. These include acetaldehyde, thioglycerol, nicotinamide, ribose, dihydroxyacetone, and glyceraldehyde. 7. It is concluded that the pancreas is more permeable than the gall-bladder of rabbit, fish and bullfrog, the proximal tubule of the kidney of rat and the small intestine of bullfrog, but is probably similar to that of small intestine of guinea-pig and man.", "PMID": 650509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4793", "title": "Renal handling of phenol red. III. Bidirectional transport.", "content": "1. The renal excretion of phenol red and other phenolsulphophthalein dyes (bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue) was studied in clearance experiments on anaesthetized rabbits. 2. Net tubular excretion of phenol red reached a maximal value of 8 mumole/min at a plasma concentration of ultrafiltrable dye of about 0.1 mM and was decreased at higher plasma concentrations. Decreases in net tubular excretion at high plasma concentrations were also obtained for bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue suggesting tubular reabsorption in addition to tubular secretion of the dye. Conclusive evidence for reabsorption was provided by administration of probenecid which caused a fall in the excretion of the dyes below that filtered by the glomeruli. 3. Tubular reabsorption of phenol red during probenecid administration appeared to be proportional to the glomerular load and was increased under experimental conditions leading to a decrease of urinary pH. Experiments involving efflux of phenol red from liposomes gave no evidence of a significant role of transmembrane passage by non-ionic diffusion. It is suggested that the pH dependence of the reabsorptive process is the result of preferential reabsorption of the acid as compared to the basic form of the indicator dye across a hydrophilic pathway in the transporting membranes. 4. Clearance ratio of phenol red to that of p-aminohippurate at low plasma concentrations was about 0.3. They low degree of extraction of phenol red from renal plasma is attributed both to tubular reabsorption and binding of the dye by plasma proteins.", "contents": "Renal handling of phenol red. III. Bidirectional transport. 1. The renal excretion of phenol red and other phenolsulphophthalein dyes (bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue) was studied in clearance experiments on anaesthetized rabbits. 2. Net tubular excretion of phenol red reached a maximal value of 8 mumole/min at a plasma concentration of ultrafiltrable dye of about 0.1 mM and was decreased at higher plasma concentrations. Decreases in net tubular excretion at high plasma concentrations were also obtained for bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue suggesting tubular reabsorption in addition to tubular secretion of the dye. Conclusive evidence for reabsorption was provided by administration of probenecid which caused a fall in the excretion of the dyes below that filtered by the glomeruli. 3. Tubular reabsorption of phenol red during probenecid administration appeared to be proportional to the glomerular load and was increased under experimental conditions leading to a decrease of urinary pH. Experiments involving efflux of phenol red from liposomes gave no evidence of a significant role of transmembrane passage by non-ionic diffusion. It is suggested that the pH dependence of the reabsorptive process is the result of preferential reabsorption of the acid as compared to the basic form of the indicator dye across a hydrophilic pathway in the transporting membranes. 4. Clearance ratio of phenol red to that of p-aminohippurate at low plasma concentrations was about 0.3. They low degree of extraction of phenol red from renal plasma is attributed both to tubular reabsorption and binding of the dye by plasma proteins.", "PMID": 650511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4794", "title": "Axonal conduction velocity and voluntary discharge properties of individual short toe extensor motor units in man.", "content": "1. The axonal conduction velocity and the voluntary discharge properties of 120 short toe extensor motor units were studied in man. 2. Electromyographic techniques were used which permitted the identification of individual motor unit potentials after proximal and distal electrical nerve stimulation and during maximum voluntary effort. 3. The necessary selectivity of the e.m.g. recordings was achieved in two circumstances. In some subjects, previous motor nerve lesions distal to the point of stimulation had led to collateral sprouting with larger motor unit potentials. In other subjects an accessory deep peroneal nerve was present, so that lidocaine block of the main motor nerve left a small number of innervated motor units. 4. The axonal conduction velocities of the individual motor units ranged from 30 to 54 m/sec with most motor units between 35 and 45 m/sec. 5. Motor units which voluntarily could be driven continuously at frequencies below 10/sec had axonal conduction velocities between 30 and 45 m/sec. 6. Motor units which on voluntary drive responded only in high frequency bursts had axonal conduction velocities between 40 and 54 m/sec. 7. Motor units with intermediate voluntary discharge properties had intermediate axonal conduction velocities. 8. Thus a relationship was established between voluntary discharge properties and axonal conduction velocity.", "contents": "Axonal conduction velocity and voluntary discharge properties of individual short toe extensor motor units in man. 1. The axonal conduction velocity and the voluntary discharge properties of 120 short toe extensor motor units were studied in man. 2. Electromyographic techniques were used which permitted the identification of individual motor unit potentials after proximal and distal electrical nerve stimulation and during maximum voluntary effort. 3. The necessary selectivity of the e.m.g. recordings was achieved in two circumstances. In some subjects, previous motor nerve lesions distal to the point of stimulation had led to collateral sprouting with larger motor unit potentials. In other subjects an accessory deep peroneal nerve was present, so that lidocaine block of the main motor nerve left a small number of innervated motor units. 4. The axonal conduction velocities of the individual motor units ranged from 30 to 54 m/sec with most motor units between 35 and 45 m/sec. 5. Motor units which voluntarily could be driven continuously at frequencies below 10/sec had axonal conduction velocities between 30 and 45 m/sec. 6. Motor units which on voluntary drive responded only in high frequency bursts had axonal conduction velocities between 40 and 54 m/sec. 7. Motor units with intermediate voluntary discharge properties had intermediate axonal conduction velocities. 8. Thus a relationship was established between voluntary discharge properties and axonal conduction velocity.", "PMID": 650513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4795", "title": "Morphology and organization of axon collaterals from afferent fibres of slowly adapting type I units in cat spinal cord.", "content": "1. The morphology of the collaterals of single axons innervating Type I slowly adapting receptors was studied by using the intra-axonal injection of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase in anaesthetized cats. The axons were impaled near their dorsal root entrance zone in the lumbosacral cord. The morphology was revealed by subsequent histochemistry. 2. Thirteen Type I axons were stained, nine with receptors in the hairy skin and four with receptors in the glabrous foot pad skin. Twelve axons could be traced back into their dorsal roots and 11 of these divided into rostral and caudal branches shortly after entering the spinal cord. 3. One hundred and twelve collaterals were given off the thirteen axons and all well filled collaterals had a similar morphology. In the dorsal horn they gave rise to wide elliptical areas of terminal arborization (in transverse sections of cord) that were limited to laminae III, IV and the dorsal part of lamina V. The terminal arborizations of collaterals from the same axon were in line in the saggittal plane, but only rarely did the terminal arborizations of adjacent collaterals overlap; usually there was a gap between adjacent terminal arborizations. 4. Synaptic boutons of Type I units from hairy skin were mainly of the \"en passant\" variety whereas those of Type I units from glabrous skin were generally \"boutons terminaux\" with very few boutons \"de passage\". 5. The morphology of axon collaterals of Type I units is compared with that of hair follicle units.", "contents": "Morphology and organization of axon collaterals from afferent fibres of slowly adapting type I units in cat spinal cord. 1. The morphology of the collaterals of single axons innervating Type I slowly adapting receptors was studied by using the intra-axonal injection of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase in anaesthetized cats. The axons were impaled near their dorsal root entrance zone in the lumbosacral cord. The morphology was revealed by subsequent histochemistry. 2. Thirteen Type I axons were stained, nine with receptors in the hairy skin and four with receptors in the glabrous foot pad skin. Twelve axons could be traced back into their dorsal roots and 11 of these divided into rostral and caudal branches shortly after entering the spinal cord. 3. One hundred and twelve collaterals were given off the thirteen axons and all well filled collaterals had a similar morphology. In the dorsal horn they gave rise to wide elliptical areas of terminal arborization (in transverse sections of cord) that were limited to laminae III, IV and the dorsal part of lamina V. The terminal arborizations of collaterals from the same axon were in line in the saggittal plane, but only rarely did the terminal arborizations of adjacent collaterals overlap; usually there was a gap between adjacent terminal arborizations. 4. Synaptic boutons of Type I units from hairy skin were mainly of the \"en passant\" variety whereas those of Type I units from glabrous skin were generally \"boutons terminaux\" with very few boutons \"de passage\". 5. The morphology of axon collaterals of Type I units is compared with that of hair follicle units.", "PMID": 650514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4796", "title": "The effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on thoracic gas volume in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "1. Thoracic gas volume at end expiration (functional residual capacity, FRC) was measured in chronically and acutely hypoxic anaesthetized rats by a plethysmograph method. 2. FRC, measured during air breathing, was 34-62% larger in rats which had been kept in an environmental chamber in 8, 10 or 12% O2 for 3 weeks than in littermate controls. FRC returned to normal after the rats had returned to air for 9 days. There was no constant difference in the pattern of breathing between control and chronically hypoxic rats. 3. Pressure-volume curves measured post mortem showed no difference in the volume of the lung at 25 cm H2O pressure or in the compliance of the lung between chronically hypoxic and control rats. Thus there was no gross mechanical change in the lung to account for the increase in FRC. 4. Acute hypoxia caused by breathing 12% O2 increased FRC in control but not in chronically hypoxic rats. The increase in FRC in control rats was abolished by combined blockade of the vagus nerves and carotid bodies (with procaine) but not by vagal blockade alone. 5. The combined vagal and carotid body blockade reduced FRC significantly in rats which had been in 10% O2 for 3 days but not in those which had been in 10% O2 for 21 days. 6. Lung area measured from radiographs was not reduced by a muscle relaxant in chronically hypoxic rats. Electromyograms from anterior intercostal muscles and the diaphragm showed no electrical activity in expiration in chronically hypoxic rats which might indicate an active muscular basis for their increased FRC. However when FRC was raised by acute hypoxia in control animals there was also no increase in electrical activity in expiration which could have explained their increase in lung volume. 7. We concluded that the increase in FRC during acute hypoxia in control rats was probably due to a reflex from the carotid body. The increase in FRC in chronically hypoxic rats, which was present while they breathed air, may have had an active muscular component in the early stages but later on there was possibly a structural factor in the chest wall.", "contents": "The effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on thoracic gas volume in anaesthetized rats. 1. Thoracic gas volume at end expiration (functional residual capacity, FRC) was measured in chronically and acutely hypoxic anaesthetized rats by a plethysmograph method. 2. FRC, measured during air breathing, was 34-62% larger in rats which had been kept in an environmental chamber in 8, 10 or 12% O2 for 3 weeks than in littermate controls. FRC returned to normal after the rats had returned to air for 9 days. There was no constant difference in the pattern of breathing between control and chronically hypoxic rats. 3. Pressure-volume curves measured post mortem showed no difference in the volume of the lung at 25 cm H2O pressure or in the compliance of the lung between chronically hypoxic and control rats. Thus there was no gross mechanical change in the lung to account for the increase in FRC. 4. Acute hypoxia caused by breathing 12% O2 increased FRC in control but not in chronically hypoxic rats. The increase in FRC in control rats was abolished by combined blockade of the vagus nerves and carotid bodies (with procaine) but not by vagal blockade alone. 5. The combined vagal and carotid body blockade reduced FRC significantly in rats which had been in 10% O2 for 3 days but not in those which had been in 10% O2 for 21 days. 6. Lung area measured from radiographs was not reduced by a muscle relaxant in chronically hypoxic rats. Electromyograms from anterior intercostal muscles and the diaphragm showed no electrical activity in expiration in chronically hypoxic rats which might indicate an active muscular basis for their increased FRC. However when FRC was raised by acute hypoxia in control animals there was also no increase in electrical activity in expiration which could have explained their increase in lung volume. 7. We concluded that the increase in FRC during acute hypoxia in control rats was probably due to a reflex from the carotid body. The increase in FRC in chronically hypoxic rats, which was present while they breathed air, may have had an active muscular component in the early stages but later on there was possibly a structural factor in the chest wall.", "PMID": 650518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4797", "title": "The representation of facial temperature in the caudal trigeminal nucleus of the cat.", "content": "1. In cats anaesthetized with urethane, extracellular micro-electrode recordings were made in the marginal layer of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis between the level of the obex and the Cl rootlets. 2. Nearly 300 neurones were found whose discharge rate increased with a reduction of facial temperature and a few which were excited by an increase in temperature. Over half of the neurons in each group were specifically sensitive to temperature and the remainder had a weak input from mechanical stimulation of the face. 3. Thermal receptive fields were all ipsilateral and found most frequently on the nose, lips, lower eyelid and pinna. There was a somatotopic organization of the receptive fields according to the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. 4. On quantitative thermal testing, the neurones showed responses which were similar to those of the skin temperature sensors. 5. The thermal neurones could be antidromically fired by a stimulating electrode in the thalamus.", "contents": "The representation of facial temperature in the caudal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. 1. In cats anaesthetized with urethane, extracellular micro-electrode recordings were made in the marginal layer of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis between the level of the obex and the Cl rootlets. 2. Nearly 300 neurones were found whose discharge rate increased with a reduction of facial temperature and a few which were excited by an increase in temperature. Over half of the neurons in each group were specifically sensitive to temperature and the remainder had a weak input from mechanical stimulation of the face. 3. Thermal receptive fields were all ipsilateral and found most frequently on the nose, lips, lower eyelid and pinna. There was a somatotopic organization of the receptive fields according to the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. 4. On quantitative thermal testing, the neurones showed responses which were similar to those of the skin temperature sensors. 5. The thermal neurones could be antidromically fired by a stimulating electrode in the thalamus.", "PMID": 650531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4798", "title": "Nucleoside transport in sheep erythrocytes: genetically controlled transport variation and its influence on erythrocyte ATP concentrations.", "content": "1. The permeability of sheep erythrocytes to purine and pyrimidine nucleosides was investigated. Erythrocytes from most sheep (nucleoside-impermeable) were almost completely impermeable to 5 mM inosine whereas cells from approximately 5% of the animals studied (nucleoside-permeable) showed a rapid inosine uptake. Cells from both types of animal were permeable to 5 mM adenosine, although transport was slower in nucleoside-impermeable erythrocytes. 2. Two distinct nucleoside transport routes were present in nucleoside-permeable erythrocytes; a high affinity (apparent Km congruent to 0.2 mM) facilitated diffusion system which transported both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, and a non-saturable uptake route selective for adenosine. The high affinity system was the major route of adenosine transport at physiological concentrations. 3. Transport by the high affinity system was completely inhibited by micromolar concentrations of dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine. Dipyridamole had no effect on the non-saturable component of adenosine uptake. 4. The transport differences between nucleoside-permeable and impermeable erythrocytes were due to the absence of the high affinity system from nucleoside-impermeable cells. 5. Nucleoside-permeable cells had a higher intracellular ATP concentration than nucleoside-impermeable erythrocytes, suggesting that the high affinity transport system participates in the energy metabolism of the cell.", "contents": "Nucleoside transport in sheep erythrocytes: genetically controlled transport variation and its influence on erythrocyte ATP concentrations. 1. The permeability of sheep erythrocytes to purine and pyrimidine nucleosides was investigated. Erythrocytes from most sheep (nucleoside-impermeable) were almost completely impermeable to 5 mM inosine whereas cells from approximately 5% of the animals studied (nucleoside-permeable) showed a rapid inosine uptake. Cells from both types of animal were permeable to 5 mM adenosine, although transport was slower in nucleoside-impermeable erythrocytes. 2. Two distinct nucleoside transport routes were present in nucleoside-permeable erythrocytes; a high affinity (apparent Km congruent to 0.2 mM) facilitated diffusion system which transported both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, and a non-saturable uptake route selective for adenosine. The high affinity system was the major route of adenosine transport at physiological concentrations. 3. Transport by the high affinity system was completely inhibited by micromolar concentrations of dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine. Dipyridamole had no effect on the non-saturable component of adenosine uptake. 4. The transport differences between nucleoside-permeable and impermeable erythrocytes were due to the absence of the high affinity system from nucleoside-impermeable cells. 5. Nucleoside-permeable cells had a higher intracellular ATP concentration than nucleoside-impermeable erythrocytes, suggesting that the high affinity transport system participates in the energy metabolism of the cell.", "PMID": 650536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4799", "title": "Plasma vasopressin levels during hypoxaemia and the cardiovascular effects of exogenous vasopressin in foetal and adult sheep.", "content": "1. Fotetal plasma vasopressin levels were measured by bio-assay in chronically catheterized sheep from 110 to 145 days gestation. 2. In foetuses in good condition resting circulating vasopressin concentrations were generally undetectable (less than 5 micromicron./ml.). In 15% of the samples low concentrations (5-10 micromicron./ml.) were observed. 3. Hypoxaemia in the foetus was caused by allowing the ewe to breathe 9% O2-3% CO2 in N2 for 1 hr. Plasma vasopressin levels rose in the foetus to 119 +/- 32 micromicron./ml., whereas the hormone levels in the ewe were not routinely increased. In the foetus, the rise in plasma vasopressin levels was significantly related to the fall in pH and Pa, O2 during the hypoxia. 4. In foetuses in which the cervical vagosympathetic trunks were cut, the rise in plasma vasopressin levels (to 48 +/- 25 micromicron./ml.) during hypoxaemia was less than in intact foetuses. The increase was related only to the fall in arterial pH and the regression coefficient was less than in intact foetuses. 5. During hypoxaemia arterial pressure rose and heart rate fell in the normal foetuses. The rise in arterial pressure was greatest when the plasma vasopressin concentration was highest. 6. Spontaneous episodes of hypoxaemia (Pa, O2 less than 15 mmHg) and/or acidaemia (pH less than 7.30) occurred in four intact foetuses and four foetuses in which the cervical vagosympathetic trunks were cut; all of the latter lambs died in utero. Plasma vasopressin levels were elevated and the concentrations were inversely related to arterial pH. 7. Intravenous infusions of vasopressin to foetuses increased plasma vasopressin levels to 6-202 micromicron./ml.; the rate of clearance of the hormone was three times that in adult ewes. There was a large increase in arterial pressure and bradycardia. The hypertensive effects of vasopressin were relatively much greater in the foetus than in adult ewes.", "contents": "Plasma vasopressin levels during hypoxaemia and the cardiovascular effects of exogenous vasopressin in foetal and adult sheep. 1. Fotetal plasma vasopressin levels were measured by bio-assay in chronically catheterized sheep from 110 to 145 days gestation. 2. In foetuses in good condition resting circulating vasopressin concentrations were generally undetectable (less than 5 micromicron./ml.). In 15% of the samples low concentrations (5-10 micromicron./ml.) were observed. 3. Hypoxaemia in the foetus was caused by allowing the ewe to breathe 9% O2-3% CO2 in N2 for 1 hr. Plasma vasopressin levels rose in the foetus to 119 +/- 32 micromicron./ml., whereas the hormone levels in the ewe were not routinely increased. In the foetus, the rise in plasma vasopressin levels was significantly related to the fall in pH and Pa, O2 during the hypoxia. 4. In foetuses in which the cervical vagosympathetic trunks were cut, the rise in plasma vasopressin levels (to 48 +/- 25 micromicron./ml.) during hypoxaemia was less than in intact foetuses. The increase was related only to the fall in arterial pH and the regression coefficient was less than in intact foetuses. 5. During hypoxaemia arterial pressure rose and heart rate fell in the normal foetuses. The rise in arterial pressure was greatest when the plasma vasopressin concentration was highest. 6. Spontaneous episodes of hypoxaemia (Pa, O2 less than 15 mmHg) and/or acidaemia (pH less than 7.30) occurred in four intact foetuses and four foetuses in which the cervical vagosympathetic trunks were cut; all of the latter lambs died in utero. Plasma vasopressin levels were elevated and the concentrations were inversely related to arterial pH. 7. Intravenous infusions of vasopressin to foetuses increased plasma vasopressin levels to 6-202 micromicron./ml.; the rate of clearance of the hormone was three times that in adult ewes. There was a large increase in arterial pressure and bradycardia. The hypertensive effects of vasopressin were relatively much greater in the foetus than in adult ewes.", "PMID": 650539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4800", "title": "Blood flow in the resting forearm during prolonged contralateral isometric handgrip at maximal effort.", "content": "1. In earlier studies we have shown that muscle contraction performed as handgrip at constant force, one third of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), induces a rapid vasodilation in the resting contralateral forearm which in all probability is neurogenically mediated, followed by a relative increase in resistance.2. The maintenance of contraction at one third MVC for 2 min requires continuously increasing effort because of fatigue, as also evidence by the e.m.g. The biphasic response of the vascular bed may then be related to the increasing intensity of somatomotor activation which is needed to maintain contraction force, or, alternatively, to differences in vasomotor activity on initiation of and continued muscle activity.3. To elucidate these two possibilities blood flow in the resting forearm was measured during contralateral handgrips at constant maximal effort for 6 min (in which case force will drop) and compared to handgrip at constant force, one third MVC, for 2 min.4. The flow reaction during prolonged contraction at maximal effort was similar to that induced by contraction at constant force with a marked transient lowering of vascular resistance, although maximal vasodilation tended to be more pronounced and occur earlier.5. The results indicate that the rapid decrease in vascular resistance is related primarily to the initiation of somatomotor activity, whereas continued muscle contraction produces a relative increase in vasoconstrictor activity irrespective of changes in contraction effort.", "contents": "Blood flow in the resting forearm during prolonged contralateral isometric handgrip at maximal effort. 1. In earlier studies we have shown that muscle contraction performed as handgrip at constant force, one third of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), induces a rapid vasodilation in the resting contralateral forearm which in all probability is neurogenically mediated, followed by a relative increase in resistance.2. The maintenance of contraction at one third MVC for 2 min requires continuously increasing effort because of fatigue, as also evidence by the e.m.g. The biphasic response of the vascular bed may then be related to the increasing intensity of somatomotor activation which is needed to maintain contraction force, or, alternatively, to differences in vasomotor activity on initiation of and continued muscle activity.3. To elucidate these two possibilities blood flow in the resting forearm was measured during contralateral handgrips at constant maximal effort for 6 min (in which case force will drop) and compared to handgrip at constant force, one third MVC, for 2 min.4. The flow reaction during prolonged contraction at maximal effort was similar to that induced by contraction at constant force with a marked transient lowering of vascular resistance, although maximal vasodilation tended to be more pronounced and occur earlier.5. The results indicate that the rapid decrease in vascular resistance is related primarily to the initiation of somatomotor activity, whereas continued muscle contraction produces a relative increase in vasoconstrictor activity irrespective of changes in contraction effort.", "PMID": 650540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4801", "title": "A study of the composition of pericardial fluid, with special reference to the probable mechanism of fluid formation.", "content": "The composition of pericardial fluid and simultaneously withdrawn plasma have been measured in rabbits and greyhounds. 1. Sodium and chloride distributions were found to be not markedly different from the ratio predicted for a passive distribution. The small deviation found in greyhounds could be largely corrected by the in vitro dialysis of plasma against pericardial fluid. 2. Calcium and magnesium were distributed in a manner expected from a passive ultrafiltrate of plasma. 3. Pericardial fluid was found to contain between one quarter and one third of the protein of plasma. 4. Separation of the protein constituents demonstrated a far higher proportion of albumin to other proteins in the pericardial fluid. 5. The osmolality of plasma was slightly higher than that of pericardial fluid, as would be expected from a plasma ultrafiltrate. 6. The potassium concentration of pericardial fluid was higher than the plasma concentration in all animals studied. This difference could be abolished, and an expected distribution obtained in the samples from greyhounds, by the in vitro dialysis of plasma against pericardial fluid. This observation for potassium cannot be attributed to haemolysis of blood in pericardial fluid samples or to the use of any inappropriate references. It is suggested that the elevated potassium concentration of pericardial fluid may reflect the lability of the cardiac intracellular potassium during cardiac contraction. 7. The results obtained in this study do not support the concept of an active secretion of pericardial fluid as has been claimed by others. The distribution of ions would appear to be passive and to follow the values predicted by the Gibbs-Donnan relationship.", "contents": "A study of the composition of pericardial fluid, with special reference to the probable mechanism of fluid formation. The composition of pericardial fluid and simultaneously withdrawn plasma have been measured in rabbits and greyhounds. 1. Sodium and chloride distributions were found to be not markedly different from the ratio predicted for a passive distribution. The small deviation found in greyhounds could be largely corrected by the in vitro dialysis of plasma against pericardial fluid. 2. Calcium and magnesium were distributed in a manner expected from a passive ultrafiltrate of plasma. 3. Pericardial fluid was found to contain between one quarter and one third of the protein of plasma. 4. Separation of the protein constituents demonstrated a far higher proportion of albumin to other proteins in the pericardial fluid. 5. The osmolality of plasma was slightly higher than that of pericardial fluid, as would be expected from a plasma ultrafiltrate. 6. The potassium concentration of pericardial fluid was higher than the plasma concentration in all animals studied. This difference could be abolished, and an expected distribution obtained in the samples from greyhounds, by the in vitro dialysis of plasma against pericardial fluid. This observation for potassium cannot be attributed to haemolysis of blood in pericardial fluid samples or to the use of any inappropriate references. It is suggested that the elevated potassium concentration of pericardial fluid may reflect the lability of the cardiac intracellular potassium during cardiac contraction. 7. The results obtained in this study do not support the concept of an active secretion of pericardial fluid as has been claimed by others. The distribution of ions would appear to be passive and to follow the values predicted by the Gibbs-Donnan relationship.", "PMID": 650542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4802", "title": "Discrimination between descriptive models of L-glutamate uptake by the retina using non-linear regression analysis.", "content": "1. The uptake of labelled L-glutamate by the isolated rat retina was measured over a large range of external concentrations (1 micron to 1 mM). 2. The results obtained from measurements of the initial velocity of L-glutamate uptake at different concentrations did not follow simple hyperbolic kinetics. 3. The error structure of replicate velocity measurements was examined and found to be normally distributed and heteroscedastic. 4. Descriptive models were fitted directly to data, weighted by the invariance, using non-linear regression analysis. 5. The most suitable suitable descriptive model consisted of a saturable hyperbola (Vm = 285 n-mole.(g wet wt.)-1.min-1, Km = 252 micron) and a linear term (b = 0.45 min-1).", "contents": "Discrimination between descriptive models of L-glutamate uptake by the retina using non-linear regression analysis. 1. The uptake of labelled L-glutamate by the isolated rat retina was measured over a large range of external concentrations (1 micron to 1 mM). 2. The results obtained from measurements of the initial velocity of L-glutamate uptake at different concentrations did not follow simple hyperbolic kinetics. 3. The error structure of replicate velocity measurements was examined and found to be normally distributed and heteroscedastic. 4. Descriptive models were fitted directly to data, weighted by the invariance, using non-linear regression analysis. 5. The most suitable suitable descriptive model consisted of a saturable hyperbola (Vm = 285 n-mole.(g wet wt.)-1.min-1, Km = 252 micron) and a linear term (b = 0.45 min-1).", "PMID": 650545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4803", "title": "Mechanisms of functional recovery and regeneration after spinal cord transection in larval sea lamprey.", "content": "1. Large sea lamprey larvae, close to metamorphosis, regained swimming coordination after several weeks following complete spinal cord transection. Recovery was much faster when animals were kept at 23 than at 12 degrees C. 2. The behavioural recovery involved a regenerative mechanism in the spinal cord, since stimulation of the head resulted in tail curling, even when all tissue other than spinal cord and notocord was stripped away for several cm above and below the transection. 3. Following complete behavioural recovery, stimulation of the rostral cord evoked electrical signals recorded from the cord dorsum for only 10 mm below the transection. 4. Dorsal cells and giant interneurones, which normally project to the brain, could not be antidromically activated across the transection zone. However, giant interneurones could be activated polysynaptically by descending volleys. 5. Twelve of eighteen large reticulospinal axons followed in serial sections regenerated across the glial-ependymal scar, but branched abnormally and migrated away from their customary locations. They became smaller, and were finally lost within 4 mm of the centre of the transection zone. 6. These data suggest that behavioural recovery does not involve long axon tract regeneration. An alternate hypothesis, that short distance sprouting of axons across the transection zone may result in synapse formation with propriospinal interneurones which relay the necessary information, is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of functional recovery and regeneration after spinal cord transection in larval sea lamprey. 1. Large sea lamprey larvae, close to metamorphosis, regained swimming coordination after several weeks following complete spinal cord transection. Recovery was much faster when animals were kept at 23 than at 12 degrees C. 2. The behavioural recovery involved a regenerative mechanism in the spinal cord, since stimulation of the head resulted in tail curling, even when all tissue other than spinal cord and notocord was stripped away for several cm above and below the transection. 3. Following complete behavioural recovery, stimulation of the rostral cord evoked electrical signals recorded from the cord dorsum for only 10 mm below the transection. 4. Dorsal cells and giant interneurones, which normally project to the brain, could not be antidromically activated across the transection zone. However, giant interneurones could be activated polysynaptically by descending volleys. 5. Twelve of eighteen large reticulospinal axons followed in serial sections regenerated across the glial-ependymal scar, but branched abnormally and migrated away from their customary locations. They became smaller, and were finally lost within 4 mm of the centre of the transection zone. 6. These data suggest that behavioural recovery does not involve long axon tract regeneration. An alternate hypothesis, that short distance sprouting of axons across the transection zone may result in synapse formation with propriospinal interneurones which relay the necessary information, is discussed.", "PMID": 650547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4804", "title": "Changes in the intracellular sodium activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres produced by calcium and other divalent cations.", "content": "1. The intracellular Na activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres was recorded with Na+-sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The effects of various external divalent cations on the intracellular Na activity were investigated. 2. Raising the external concentration of divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr or Ba) from 3 to 16 mM resulted in a decrease in the intracellular Na activity of 10-50%. 3. Raising the external concentration of Ca, Sr or Ba could produce a decrease in the intracellular Na activity even when the Na-K pump was inhibited (with strophanthidin, 10(-5) M); but raising the external concentration of Mg or Mn could not. 4. Mn inhibited the decrease in the intracellular Na activity produced by raising external Ca while the Na-K pump was inhibited. 5. Raising external Ca or adding Mn reduced the rate of rise of the intracellular Na activity on inhibition of the Na-K pump. 6. The removal of external K resulted in an increase in the intracellular Na activity. This increase could be stopped and even reversed by raising external Ca. 7. Removal of divalent cations from the external solution produced an increase in the intracellular Na activity. However, replacing external Ca and Mg by another divalent cation, e.g. Mn, did not result in a rise in the intracellular Na activity, except when the Na-K pump was inhibited. 8. The intracellular Na activity decreased by approximately 50% for a tenfold increase in the external Ca concentration. 9. The extent of the decrease in internal Na activity produced by raising external Ca was directly proportional to the internal Na activity before external Ca was raised. 10. We conclude that external Ca influences the intracellular Na activity in two ways: (a) by changing the passive Na influx: the resultant change in the intracellular Na depends on the activity of the Na-K pump; and (b) by a process where internal Na ions are exchanged for external Ca ions.", "contents": "Changes in the intracellular sodium activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres produced by calcium and other divalent cations. 1. The intracellular Na activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres was recorded with Na+-sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The effects of various external divalent cations on the intracellular Na activity were investigated. 2. Raising the external concentration of divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr or Ba) from 3 to 16 mM resulted in a decrease in the intracellular Na activity of 10-50%. 3. Raising the external concentration of Ca, Sr or Ba could produce a decrease in the intracellular Na activity even when the Na-K pump was inhibited (with strophanthidin, 10(-5) M); but raising the external concentration of Mg or Mn could not. 4. Mn inhibited the decrease in the intracellular Na activity produced by raising external Ca while the Na-K pump was inhibited. 5. Raising external Ca or adding Mn reduced the rate of rise of the intracellular Na activity on inhibition of the Na-K pump. 6. The removal of external K resulted in an increase in the intracellular Na activity. This increase could be stopped and even reversed by raising external Ca. 7. Removal of divalent cations from the external solution produced an increase in the intracellular Na activity. However, replacing external Ca and Mg by another divalent cation, e.g. Mn, did not result in a rise in the intracellular Na activity, except when the Na-K pump was inhibited. 8. The intracellular Na activity decreased by approximately 50% for a tenfold increase in the external Ca concentration. 9. The extent of the decrease in internal Na activity produced by raising external Ca was directly proportional to the internal Na activity before external Ca was raised. 10. We conclude that external Ca influences the intracellular Na activity in two ways: (a) by changing the passive Na influx: the resultant change in the intracellular Na depends on the activity of the Na-K pump; and (b) by a process where internal Na ions are exchanged for external Ca ions.", "PMID": 650551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4805", "title": "Selective impairment of contrast sensitivity in kittens exposed to periodic gratings.", "content": "1. Kittens were exposed to a periodic grating orientated vertically during the critical period of their life. 2. At the end of the critical period the amplitude of the response to drifting gratings was found to be reduced at the spatial frequency of exposure in multi-unit and in some single unit recordings at lateral geniculate level. 3. The contrast sensitivity measured with behavioural methods also showed a depression at the spatial frequency of exposure. 4. An analysis of the preferred stimulus orientation of cortical units in area 17 showed that all orientations were represented.", "contents": "Selective impairment of contrast sensitivity in kittens exposed to periodic gratings. 1. Kittens were exposed to a periodic grating orientated vertically during the critical period of their life. 2. At the end of the critical period the amplitude of the response to drifting gratings was found to be reduced at the spatial frequency of exposure in multi-unit and in some single unit recordings at lateral geniculate level. 3. The contrast sensitivity measured with behavioural methods also showed a depression at the spatial frequency of exposure. 4. An analysis of the preferred stimulus orientation of cortical units in area 17 showed that all orientations were represented.", "PMID": 650554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4806", "title": "The influence of stimulus velocity on the responses of single neurones in the striate cortex.", "content": "1. Using a multi-histogram technique forty-seven response-velocity curves were prepared for a variety of visual stimuli presented to twenty-one cells in the striate cortex of the anaesthetized, paralysed cat. 2. The character of each velocity-response curve varied according to the measurement used in assessing a response. Reasons are advanced for sampling the response over a single bin of short duration at the peak of the discharge in each average response histogram. 3. The sharpness of tuning varied markedly throughout the population of cells but it was not possible to establish any definitive class differences. 4. For simple and complex cell categories there was considerable overlap in both the range of effective stimulus velocities and the distribution of the optimal velocities. An observation not emphasized in the past was that some simple cells responded to very fast stimuli while a number of complex cells were driven by very slowly moving stimuli. 5. Generally changes in stimulus parameters such as the polarity of contrast of a moving edge, its orientation or direction of movement produced only slight modifications in the profile of the velocity-response curve. 6. The abolition of the response of simple cells that failed to be driven by rapidly moving stimuli was shown to be due to the entry of the stimulus into the inhibitory flank distal to the discharge region. When the movement of the stimulus was confined to the discharge region there was little evidence of velocity dependence in the response. The duration over which the inhibition from the distal flank remained effective was evaluated for representative simple cells.", "contents": "The influence of stimulus velocity on the responses of single neurones in the striate cortex. 1. Using a multi-histogram technique forty-seven response-velocity curves were prepared for a variety of visual stimuli presented to twenty-one cells in the striate cortex of the anaesthetized, paralysed cat. 2. The character of each velocity-response curve varied according to the measurement used in assessing a response. Reasons are advanced for sampling the response over a single bin of short duration at the peak of the discharge in each average response histogram. 3. The sharpness of tuning varied markedly throughout the population of cells but it was not possible to establish any definitive class differences. 4. For simple and complex cell categories there was considerable overlap in both the range of effective stimulus velocities and the distribution of the optimal velocities. An observation not emphasized in the past was that some simple cells responded to very fast stimuli while a number of complex cells were driven by very slowly moving stimuli. 5. Generally changes in stimulus parameters such as the polarity of contrast of a moving edge, its orientation or direction of movement produced only slight modifications in the profile of the velocity-response curve. 6. The abolition of the response of simple cells that failed to be driven by rapidly moving stimuli was shown to be due to the entry of the stimulus into the inhibitory flank distal to the discharge region. When the movement of the stimulus was confined to the discharge region there was little evidence of velocity dependence in the response. The duration over which the inhibition from the distal flank remained effective was evaluated for representative simple cells.", "PMID": 650556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4807", "title": "Thermal stimulation of intra-abdominal veins in conscious rabbits.", "content": "1. Infusions of hot and cold Hartmann's solution were given into the hepatic portal vein and inferior vena cava of conscious rabbits. Similar infusions were given into an ear vein as controls. The time integral of the displacement of brain temperature was measured. 2. There was no evidence for the presence of warm sensors in the inferior vena cava, portal vein, liver or hepatic vein, and no evidence for a concentration of cold sensors in the inferior vena cava. 3. There may be cold-sensitive elements in the portal vein or the tissue perfused by blood passing through it.", "contents": "Thermal stimulation of intra-abdominal veins in conscious rabbits. 1. Infusions of hot and cold Hartmann's solution were given into the hepatic portal vein and inferior vena cava of conscious rabbits. Similar infusions were given into an ear vein as controls. The time integral of the displacement of brain temperature was measured. 2. There was no evidence for the presence of warm sensors in the inferior vena cava, portal vein, liver or hepatic vein, and no evidence for a concentration of cold sensors in the inferior vena cava. 3. There may be cold-sensitive elements in the portal vein or the tissue perfused by blood passing through it.", "PMID": 650560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4808", "title": "Accumulation of amines by rabbit erythrocytes in vitro.", "content": "1. Accumulation of noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tyramine by rabbit erythrocytes was measured at 37 degrees C in vitro. 2. Of the amines used only NA was broken down during incubation. This was a result of intracellular catechol-O-methyl transferase activity. 3. NA and 5HT entered the red cells by similar processes which were temperature-sensitive (cooling to 0 degrees C inhibited accumulation) and had saturation kinetics. The entry of NA was partially stereospecific; the (-)-isomer accumulated twice as fast as did (+)-NA. 5HT and NA competed for entry. Tyramine entry was unaffected by cooling, was not saturable and did not affect the entry of either NA or 5HT. NA and 5HT entered the erythrocytes at rates which were proportional to their lipid solubilities. 4. Metabolic inhibitors had no effect on amine transport. Inhibitors of amine transport in other tissues produced only small non-specific reductions of NA accumulation in the red cells. 5. Amine accumulation was a symmetrical process (no amine was retained by the red cells if the concentration gradient was reversed). It is concluded that NA and 5HT enter the cells by facilitated diffusion. The entry of NA and 5HT displayed countertransport, an additional feature of facilitated diffusion. 6. The relationship between the physical properties of the amines and the routes by which they entered the erythrocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Accumulation of amines by rabbit erythrocytes in vitro. 1. Accumulation of noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tyramine by rabbit erythrocytes was measured at 37 degrees C in vitro. 2. Of the amines used only NA was broken down during incubation. This was a result of intracellular catechol-O-methyl transferase activity. 3. NA and 5HT entered the red cells by similar processes which were temperature-sensitive (cooling to 0 degrees C inhibited accumulation) and had saturation kinetics. The entry of NA was partially stereospecific; the (-)-isomer accumulated twice as fast as did (+)-NA. 5HT and NA competed for entry. Tyramine entry was unaffected by cooling, was not saturable and did not affect the entry of either NA or 5HT. NA and 5HT entered the erythrocytes at rates which were proportional to their lipid solubilities. 4. Metabolic inhibitors had no effect on amine transport. Inhibitors of amine transport in other tissues produced only small non-specific reductions of NA accumulation in the red cells. 5. Amine accumulation was a symmetrical process (no amine was retained by the red cells if the concentration gradient was reversed). It is concluded that NA and 5HT enter the cells by facilitated diffusion. The entry of NA and 5HT displayed countertransport, an additional feature of facilitated diffusion. 6. The relationship between the physical properties of the amines and the routes by which they entered the erythrocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 650585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4809", "title": "A study of the canine gastric action potential in the presence of tetraethylammonium chloride.", "content": "1. The effects of tetraethylammonium (TEA) ion on the action potential of isolated longitudinal muscle of the dog antrum were used to gain some insight into the mechanism of generation of the plateau potential of the action potential complex. The double sucrose gap was used. 2. In concentrations of TEA up to 5 mM, the amplitude of the upstroke potential was increased. In 10mM-TEA there was also an increase in the amplitude of the plateau potential and in the maximum rate of rise of the upstroke potential. 3. Concentrations of TEA (3 mM and greater) increased the duration of the action potential. Five mM-TEA produced spike potentials which occurred only during the plateau potential of the action potential. Each spike caused a contraction. 4. The steady-state voltage-current relation was studied in normal Krebs solution and in TEA containing Krebs solution. In normal Krebs solution the voltage response was not a linear function of the applied current when outward current pulses were used. In TEA solution the voltage response was a linear function of the entire range of applied depolarizing current. 5. In low concentrations of TEA (2-4 mM), when the steady-state voltage-current relation was linear, constant current pulses were applied between action potentials and during the plateau potential to determine if there were a decrease in membrane slope resistance during the plateau. It was found that the amplitude of the electrotonic potential recorded during the plateau was significantly less than the amplitude of the electrotonic potential recorded between action potentials. 6. The rate of repolarization of the plateau potential was studied in normal Krebs solution and in 2 mM-TEA Krebs solution. The rate of repolarization of the plateau potential was slowed in TEA Krebs solution. 7. It is concluded that there is an increase in the membrane conductance during the plateau potential. The repolarization following the plateau potential is due to a TEA-sensitive outward current.", "contents": "A study of the canine gastric action potential in the presence of tetraethylammonium chloride. 1. The effects of tetraethylammonium (TEA) ion on the action potential of isolated longitudinal muscle of the dog antrum were used to gain some insight into the mechanism of generation of the plateau potential of the action potential complex. The double sucrose gap was used. 2. In concentrations of TEA up to 5 mM, the amplitude of the upstroke potential was increased. In 10mM-TEA there was also an increase in the amplitude of the plateau potential and in the maximum rate of rise of the upstroke potential. 3. Concentrations of TEA (3 mM and greater) increased the duration of the action potential. Five mM-TEA produced spike potentials which occurred only during the plateau potential of the action potential. Each spike caused a contraction. 4. The steady-state voltage-current relation was studied in normal Krebs solution and in TEA containing Krebs solution. In normal Krebs solution the voltage response was not a linear function of the applied current when outward current pulses were used. In TEA solution the voltage response was a linear function of the entire range of applied depolarizing current. 5. In low concentrations of TEA (2-4 mM), when the steady-state voltage-current relation was linear, constant current pulses were applied between action potentials and during the plateau potential to determine if there were a decrease in membrane slope resistance during the plateau. It was found that the amplitude of the electrotonic potential recorded during the plateau was significantly less than the amplitude of the electrotonic potential recorded between action potentials. 6. The rate of repolarization of the plateau potential was studied in normal Krebs solution and in 2 mM-TEA Krebs solution. The rate of repolarization of the plateau potential was slowed in TEA Krebs solution. 7. It is concluded that there is an increase in the membrane conductance during the plateau potential. The repolarization following the plateau potential is due to a TEA-sensitive outward current.", "PMID": 650594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4810", "title": "Effects of simulated approval-seeking and avoiding on self-disclosure, self-presentation, and interpersonal attraction.", "content": "Forty-eight undergraduate women assigned an approval-seeking or approval-avoiding role disclosed significantly more to a male listener (C) than did control Ss given no particular set, with no difference found between seeking and avoiding conditions in intimacy of disclosure. But content analyses indicated that approval-seeking Ss presented themselves significantly more positively, and approval-avoiding Ss significantly more negatively than did controls. These data supported the hypothesis that disclosure may serve as an instrumental affiliative act associated with both interpersonal approach and avoidance motives. The hypothesis that simulated attraction facilitates actual attraction was supported more clearly in analyses of Ss' liking ratings of C than in Ss' ratings of C's attractiveness or desirability as a dating partner. The latter findings are discussed in terms of intimacy implications of the attraction measures used.", "contents": "Effects of simulated approval-seeking and avoiding on self-disclosure, self-presentation, and interpersonal attraction. Forty-eight undergraduate women assigned an approval-seeking or approval-avoiding role disclosed significantly more to a male listener (C) than did control Ss given no particular set, with no difference found between seeking and avoiding conditions in intimacy of disclosure. But content analyses indicated that approval-seeking Ss presented themselves significantly more positively, and approval-avoiding Ss significantly more negatively than did controls. These data supported the hypothesis that disclosure may serve as an instrumental affiliative act associated with both interpersonal approach and avoidance motives. The hypothesis that simulated attraction facilitates actual attraction was supported more clearly in analyses of Ss' liking ratings of C than in Ss' ratings of C's attractiveness or desirability as a dating partner. The latter findings are discussed in terms of intimacy implications of the attraction measures used.", "PMID": 650595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4811", "title": "Beneficial and detrimental modeling effects on creative response production.", "content": "Enhancement of creativity through various educational \"training\" methods or external factors fostering creative production has long been demonstrated. The assumption has been that creativity exists as a given quantity in trait form, or that progressive learning takes place. Social observational modeling is investigated here as a technique that can both increase and decrease level of creative production in the individual despite every opportunity presented to respond freely and without (a) resort to any direct education or reinforcement methods or (b) the presence of environmental constraints. One hundred and twenty female university students were assessed for creativity on one figural and one verbal task of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the components of fluence, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Ss then observed either high, low, or no figural creative model performance based on normative responses of past Ss and were reassessed on alternate test forms. Reassessment showed both predicted increases and decreases in component verbal creativity scores.", "contents": "Beneficial and detrimental modeling effects on creative response production. Enhancement of creativity through various educational \"training\" methods or external factors fostering creative production has long been demonstrated. The assumption has been that creativity exists as a given quantity in trait form, or that progressive learning takes place. Social observational modeling is investigated here as a technique that can both increase and decrease level of creative production in the individual despite every opportunity presented to respond freely and without (a) resort to any direct education or reinforcement methods or (b) the presence of environmental constraints. One hundred and twenty female university students were assessed for creativity on one figural and one verbal task of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the components of fluence, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Ss then observed either high, low, or no figural creative model performance based on normative responses of past Ss and were reassessed on alternate test forms. Reassessment showed both predicted increases and decreases in component verbal creativity scores.", "PMID": 650596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4812", "title": "Sex differences in adolescent life stress, social support, and well-being.", "content": "The present study compared male and female adolescents in terms of experienced life stress, social support recieved from parents and peers, and emotional and physical well-being. Ss were 93 male and 181 female adolescents obtained from three high schools. Data were collected by anonymous questionnaires. The results showed that female adolescents reported significantly greater life stress, and although they received significantly more social support from peers, they also reported significantly poorer emotional and physical well-being than males. An explanation for these findings in terms of difficulties in the socialization of female adolescents is proposed.", "contents": "Sex differences in adolescent life stress, social support, and well-being. The present study compared male and female adolescents in terms of experienced life stress, social support recieved from parents and peers, and emotional and physical well-being. Ss were 93 male and 181 female adolescents obtained from three high schools. Data were collected by anonymous questionnaires. The results showed that female adolescents reported significantly greater life stress, and although they received significantly more social support from peers, they also reported significantly poorer emotional and physical well-being than males. An explanation for these findings in terms of difficulties in the socialization of female adolescents is proposed.", "PMID": 650597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4813", "title": "Some correlates of trust.", "content": "Trust has been variously defined by behavioral scientists and not very thoroughly investigated. In this study trust was defined as an expectancy held by an individual that the behavior of another person or a group would be altruistic and personally beneficial. An attempt was made, using this conceptual definition, to identify some personality and behavioral correlates of trust. Seven interpersonal relations groups with approximately 10 male and female undergraduates per group were studied with use of the Janis and Field self-esteem inventory, Schutz's FIRO-B scale, and the Rotter internal-external scale. It was discovered that a trusted person is one who is highly influential, has an internal locus of control, a low need to control others, high self-esteem, and is open to being influenced by others.", "contents": "Some correlates of trust. Trust has been variously defined by behavioral scientists and not very thoroughly investigated. In this study trust was defined as an expectancy held by an individual that the behavior of another person or a group would be altruistic and personally beneficial. An attempt was made, using this conceptual definition, to identify some personality and behavioral correlates of trust. Seven interpersonal relations groups with approximately 10 male and female undergraduates per group were studied with use of the Janis and Field self-esteem inventory, Schutz's FIRO-B scale, and the Rotter internal-external scale. It was discovered that a trusted person is one who is highly influential, has an internal locus of control, a low need to control others, high self-esteem, and is open to being influenced by others.", "PMID": 650598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4814", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity and level of maturity.", "content": "It was hypothesized that scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) are related to level of maturity. To test this hypothesis, 76 latency-aged boys in residential treatment were administered the MFF and a gross motor coordination test and were assessed for soft signs of neurological damage. Also included were age, IQ, and reading scores, along with ratings of behavior problems, activity, and impulsivity levels. A factor analysis yielded a factor (Factor II) consisting of MFF errors, age, soft signs of neurological damage, and gross motor coordination. Another factor (Factor IV) consisted of MFF errors and MFF latency. Factor IV provides support for the reflection-impulsivity construct, while Factor II may suggest that scores on the MFF are partially a function of physiological maturity and that errors contribute more than latency to the determination of reflection/impulsivity.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity and level of maturity. It was hypothesized that scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) are related to level of maturity. To test this hypothesis, 76 latency-aged boys in residential treatment were administered the MFF and a gross motor coordination test and were assessed for soft signs of neurological damage. Also included were age, IQ, and reading scores, along with ratings of behavior problems, activity, and impulsivity levels. A factor analysis yielded a factor (Factor II) consisting of MFF errors, age, soft signs of neurological damage, and gross motor coordination. Another factor (Factor IV) consisted of MFF errors and MFF latency. Factor IV provides support for the reflection-impulsivity construct, while Factor II may suggest that scores on the MFF are partially a function of physiological maturity and that errors contribute more than latency to the determination of reflection/impulsivity.", "PMID": 650599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4815", "title": "The unitary construct variously named overinclusion and cognitive style.", "content": "To assess the relationships among field dependence, overinclusion, and retardedness, 87 individuals were administered Epstein's Overinclusion Test, the Embedded Figures Test, and two tests of retardedness--the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test and a word association test. Ss included both males and females: 21 noninstitutionalized controls solicited via newspaper advertisements, 23 recently admitted and 21 long-term non-paranoid schizophrenics, and 22 recently admitted individuals with affective disorders. Results supported the direct relationship between overinclusion and field dependence. Sex differences appeared on these same two tests. Contradictory to the third hypothesis, the two tests of retardedness were directly related to both overinclusion and field dependence. These two latter concepts may therefore be manifestations of a single more comprehensive construct.", "contents": "The unitary construct variously named overinclusion and cognitive style. To assess the relationships among field dependence, overinclusion, and retardedness, 87 individuals were administered Epstein's Overinclusion Test, the Embedded Figures Test, and two tests of retardedness--the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test and a word association test. Ss included both males and females: 21 noninstitutionalized controls solicited via newspaper advertisements, 23 recently admitted and 21 long-term non-paranoid schizophrenics, and 22 recently admitted individuals with affective disorders. Results supported the direct relationship between overinclusion and field dependence. Sex differences appeared on these same two tests. Contradictory to the third hypothesis, the two tests of retardedness were directly related to both overinclusion and field dependence. These two latter concepts may therefore be manifestations of a single more comprehensive construct.", "PMID": 650600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4816", "title": "Locus of control and teacher ratings of behavior problems in preschoolers.", "content": "The present study investigated the relationship between internal-external control and behavior adjustment in 25 preschool boys and girls. Ratings were completed by the preschool teachers on 11 specific indices of behavior adjustment as observed in school. Results were nonsupportive and, in fact, were contrary to the general hypothesis that high external locus of control would be positively related to greater behavior adjustment problems, as has been found with some groups of older children and adults. Results revealed the need for more longitudinal research investigating the developmental changes of such relationships. The usefulness of employing more specific behavior problem indices rather than a general measure of adjustment-maladjustment was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Locus of control and teacher ratings of behavior problems in preschoolers. The present study investigated the relationship between internal-external control and behavior adjustment in 25 preschool boys and girls. Ratings were completed by the preschool teachers on 11 specific indices of behavior adjustment as observed in school. Results were nonsupportive and, in fact, were contrary to the general hypothesis that high external locus of control would be positively related to greater behavior adjustment problems, as has been found with some groups of older children and adults. Results revealed the need for more longitudinal research investigating the developmental changes of such relationships. The usefulness of employing more specific behavior problem indices rather than a general measure of adjustment-maladjustment was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 650601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4817", "title": "Focal point location and inversion perception among New Zealand Maori and Pakeha children at two age levels.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether differences in focal point dependency in inversion perception exist among New Zealand Maori (N = 42) and Pakeha (N = 44) boys and girls at two age levels. Ss were five- and eight-year-old children individually exposed to 12 figure pairs. The task was to indicate one figure of each pair as appearing upside down. Significant focal point dependency was exhibited for all groups (p less than .01). Significant differences in focal point dependency were found between five- and eight-year-old Pakeha children (p less than .025) and between eight-year-old Maori and eight-year-old Pakeha children (p less than .05).", "contents": "Focal point location and inversion perception among New Zealand Maori and Pakeha children at two age levels. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether differences in focal point dependency in inversion perception exist among New Zealand Maori (N = 42) and Pakeha (N = 44) boys and girls at two age levels. Ss were five- and eight-year-old children individually exposed to 12 figure pairs. The task was to indicate one figure of each pair as appearing upside down. Significant focal point dependency was exhibited for all groups (p less than .01). Significant differences in focal point dependency were found between five- and eight-year-old Pakeha children (p less than .025) and between eight-year-old Maori and eight-year-old Pakeha children (p less than .05).", "PMID": 650602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4818", "title": "Moral judgment in retarded and nonretarded school age children.", "content": "The moral judgment of 135 normal, educable retarded, and trainable retarded boys and girls (ages 6-10, 11-13, and 14-16) was individually assessed to determine the significance of chronological age and IQ on moral development. The results indicated significant differences in mean normal judgment between the groups and each age level. The findings were interpreted as substantiating Piaget's stage theory of moral development and suggesting that within the retarded population, level of intellectual ability is also significantly related to moral judgment.", "contents": "Moral judgment in retarded and nonretarded school age children. The moral judgment of 135 normal, educable retarded, and trainable retarded boys and girls (ages 6-10, 11-13, and 14-16) was individually assessed to determine the significance of chronological age and IQ on moral development. The results indicated significant differences in mean normal judgment between the groups and each age level. The findings were interpreted as substantiating Piaget's stage theory of moral development and suggesting that within the retarded population, level of intellectual ability is also significantly related to moral judgment.", "PMID": 650603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4819", "title": "Hospitalized chronic alcoholic patients without field-dependent performance in the rod-and-frame test.", "content": "Hospitalized male chronic alcoholics (n = 60) fully employed and with no history of malnutrition were compared with matched nonalcoholic controls (n = 50) on the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT). The RFT scores of the alcoholics were not significantly worse than those of the controls. This is in marked contrast to earlier reports of RFT field dependence in unemployed, indigent alcoholics and supports Burdick's findings with the Embedded Figures Test.", "contents": "Hospitalized chronic alcoholic patients without field-dependent performance in the rod-and-frame test. Hospitalized male chronic alcoholics (n = 60) fully employed and with no history of malnutrition were compared with matched nonalcoholic controls (n = 50) on the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT). The RFT scores of the alcoholics were not significantly worse than those of the controls. This is in marked contrast to earlier reports of RFT field dependence in unemployed, indigent alcoholics and supports Burdick's findings with the Embedded Figures Test.", "PMID": 650604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4820", "title": "Physical attractiveness and personality development.", "content": "A test of the relationship between physical attractiveness and ego development was completed through an interview study of 294 men and women college students. Ss responded to personality measures assessing identity formation, locus of control, and ego functioning and were rated on facial attractiveness and body form scales. Contrary to the physical attractiveness stereotype, attractive and unattractive Ss did not differ in their personality styles.", "contents": "Physical attractiveness and personality development. A test of the relationship between physical attractiveness and ego development was completed through an interview study of 294 men and women college students. Ss responded to personality measures assessing identity formation, locus of control, and ego functioning and were rated on facial attractiveness and body form scales. Contrary to the physical attractiveness stereotype, attractive and unattractive Ss did not differ in their personality styles.", "PMID": 650605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4821", "title": "Work-related motives and self-esteem in American women.", "content": "Acknowledging the need for additional research on work-related motives and self-esteem in American women, this study investigated the hypothesis that women with a favorable self-esteem would score high in n Ach, in Pow, and n Auto, whereas women with a less favorable self-esteem would score high in n Aff, n Agg, and n Def. Eighty-five female college students completed Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List and Form B of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Data were analyzed by means of chi square tests in conjunction with the coefficient of association asymmetric lambda. The results indicated that, as predicted, women with a favorable self-esteem scored high in n Ach (p less than .001) and n Pow (p less than .001), while contrary to expectation, they also scored high in n Aff (p less than .05). All other relationships were found to be nonreliable. These findings were interpreted as stressing the importance of the relationship between self-esteem and work-related motives in women.", "contents": "Work-related motives and self-esteem in American women. Acknowledging the need for additional research on work-related motives and self-esteem in American women, this study investigated the hypothesis that women with a favorable self-esteem would score high in n Ach, in Pow, and n Auto, whereas women with a less favorable self-esteem would score high in n Aff, n Agg, and n Def. Eighty-five female college students completed Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List and Form B of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Data were analyzed by means of chi square tests in conjunction with the coefficient of association asymmetric lambda. The results indicated that, as predicted, women with a favorable self-esteem scored high in n Ach (p less than .001) and n Pow (p less than .001), while contrary to expectation, they also scored high in n Aff (p less than .05). All other relationships were found to be nonreliable. These findings were interpreted as stressing the importance of the relationship between self-esteem and work-related motives in women.", "PMID": 650606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4822", "title": "Aggression, performance variables, and anger self-report in ice hockey players.", "content": "This study partially replicated a former one showing a relationship between aggression and performance among hockey players. With certain penalties used as a measure of aggression, two groups of male college ice hockey players were compared for differences in goals and assists. Those rated high in aggression scored significantly more goals than those low in aggression. The direction of differences in assists was the same but did not reach significance. When the same groups were compared for shots on goals, significant differences were found, favoring the high aggressive group. This findings was discussed in light of energy output and efficiency. Attempts to relate performance and personality measures were not successful when comparisons on a self-report measure of anger were analyzed.", "contents": "Aggression, performance variables, and anger self-report in ice hockey players. This study partially replicated a former one showing a relationship between aggression and performance among hockey players. With certain penalties used as a measure of aggression, two groups of male college ice hockey players were compared for differences in goals and assists. Those rated high in aggression scored significantly more goals than those low in aggression. The direction of differences in assists was the same but did not reach significance. When the same groups were compared for shots on goals, significant differences were found, favoring the high aggressive group. This findings was discussed in light of energy output and efficiency. Attempts to relate performance and personality measures were not successful when comparisons on a self-report measure of anger were analyzed.", "PMID": 650607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4823", "title": "[Results of lymphography in 13 cases of onchocerciasis].", "content": "Systematic lymphographic studies in 13 cases of infection with Onchocerca volvulus have enabled a \"lymphographic diagram\" to be made for each infected patient. The images obtained are similar to those observed in wuchereriasis. The microfilariae in onchocerciasis, however, are not transmitted in the lymphatic system, and the lesions, which vary according to the degree of infestation, show little progression. They are found mainly in the inguino-crural ganglia which are the first main ganglionic relay system for the lower limbs.", "contents": "[Results of lymphography in 13 cases of onchocerciasis]. Systematic lymphographic studies in 13 cases of infection with Onchocerca volvulus have enabled a \"lymphographic diagram\" to be made for each infected patient. The images obtained are similar to those observed in wuchereriasis. The microfilariae in onchocerciasis, however, are not transmitted in the lymphatic system, and the lesions, which vary according to the degree of infestation, show little progression. They are found mainly in the inguino-crural ganglia which are the first main ganglionic relay system for the lower limbs.", "PMID": 650632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4824", "title": "[Experimental study of intensifying screens used in diagnostic radiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A physical experimental study of intensifying screens for diagnostic radiography was set up. Experimental conditions were identical with those of medical practice. Spectra speeds of several films and spectral emission of intensifying screens were built up. Speeds of screen-film combinations, as well as definitions, were measured. Results are available to range the different screens-film systems after their speed factor, at 40, 70 and 120 kV, with mention of definition of these systems. It so objectively appears that rare-earth intensifying screens make possible a decrease of X-ray exposure for patient under a factor 2 to 2,5 and a less early wearing of apparatus, namely of X-ray tubes.", "contents": "[Experimental study of intensifying screens used in diagnostic radiography (author's transl)]. A physical experimental study of intensifying screens for diagnostic radiography was set up. Experimental conditions were identical with those of medical practice. Spectra speeds of several films and spectral emission of intensifying screens were built up. Speeds of screen-film combinations, as well as definitions, were measured. Results are available to range the different screens-film systems after their speed factor, at 40, 70 and 120 kV, with mention of definition of these systems. It so objectively appears that rare-earth intensifying screens make possible a decrease of X-ray exposure for patient under a factor 2 to 2,5 and a less early wearing of apparatus, namely of X-ray tubes.", "PMID": 650634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4825", "title": "Clinical study of recurrence rate and survival time of patients with carcinoma of the breast treated by biopsy excision without any other therapy.", "content": "We report the recurrence rate and survival time in 31 patients with carcinoma of the breast who were treated by limited excision of the primary tumour and no other therapy. At three years the overall recurrence rate in the breast was 28%. One patient was found to have systemic disease and two died of other causes. The overall recurrence rate in the breast at five years was 33%. One patient died of disseminated disease at 6 years 4 months.", "contents": "Clinical study of recurrence rate and survival time of patients with carcinoma of the breast treated by biopsy excision without any other therapy. We report the recurrence rate and survival time in 31 patients with carcinoma of the breast who were treated by limited excision of the primary tumour and no other therapy. At three years the overall recurrence rate in the breast was 28%. One patient was found to have systemic disease and two died of other causes. The overall recurrence rate in the breast at five years was 33%. One patient died of disseminated disease at 6 years 4 months.", "PMID": 650646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4826", "title": "Continent ileocaecal urinary reservoir.", "content": "In 14 cases, a continent ureteroileocaecal urinary reservoir has been constructed. If a long-term ease of self catheterization can be maintained, some patients requiring an urinary diversion might prefer an appliance-free urinary reservoir to a freely draining conduit and urinary appliance. The indications and place for the continent urinary reservoir still need to be studied, modified and proven during the coming years.", "contents": "Continent ileocaecal urinary reservoir. In 14 cases, a continent ureteroileocaecal urinary reservoir has been constructed. If a long-term ease of self catheterization can be maintained, some patients requiring an urinary diversion might prefer an appliance-free urinary reservoir to a freely draining conduit and urinary appliance. The indications and place for the continent urinary reservoir still need to be studied, modified and proven during the coming years.", "PMID": 650648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4827", "title": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 and 10-nor-9,11-secoprostaglandin F1 and their derivatives.", "content": "Three 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 and two 10-nor-9,11-secoprostaglandin F1 analogues were prepared. The compounds were evaluated for pregnancy interruptions, oxytocin-like activity (uterine strip), and antiprostaglandin activity. One of the 10-nor-9,11-secoprostaglandin F1 analogues displayed activity as a PGE2 antagonist in the gerbil colon smooth muscle preparation.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 and 10-nor-9,11-secoprostaglandin F1 and their derivatives. Three 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 and two 10-nor-9,11-secoprostaglandin F1 analogues were prepared. The compounds were evaluated for pregnancy interruptions, oxytocin-like activity (uterine strip), and antiprostaglandin activity. One of the 10-nor-9,11-secoprostaglandin F1 analogues displayed activity as a PGE2 antagonist in the gerbil colon smooth muscle preparation.", "PMID": 650661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4828", "title": "Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of 2-dialkylaminoalkyl-9-phenyl-1H-indeno[2,1-c]pyridine derivatives.", "content": "Some dihydro- and hexahydro-2-dialkylaminoalkyl-9-phenyl-1H-indeno[2,1-c]pyridines were prepared and found to possess significant antiarrhythmic activity. Hydrogenation of the dihydro compounds 4 produced the allcis-hexahydro isomers 5 which were consistently active in three assays against induced ventricular arrhythmias. On the other hand, the H9H9a-trans isomers, which were obtained by basic equilibration of the cis isomers, were less effective.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of 2-dialkylaminoalkyl-9-phenyl-1H-indeno[2,1-c]pyridine derivatives. Some dihydro- and hexahydro-2-dialkylaminoalkyl-9-phenyl-1H-indeno[2,1-c]pyridines were prepared and found to possess significant antiarrhythmic activity. Hydrogenation of the dihydro compounds 4 produced the allcis-hexahydro isomers 5 which were consistently active in three assays against induced ventricular arrhythmias. On the other hand, the H9H9a-trans isomers, which were obtained by basic equilibration of the cis isomers, were less effective.", "PMID": 650662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4829", "title": "Synthesis of O-alkylated lysine-vasopressins, inhibitors of the antidiuretic response to lysine-vasopressin.", "content": "[Mpa1,Tyr(Et)2]-LVP (1-deamino-2-O-ethyltyrosine-8-lysine-vasopressin), [Mpa1,Tyr(n-Pr)2]-LVP, [Tyr(n-Bu)2]-LVP, [Mpa1,Tyr(n-Bu)2]-LVP, and [Mpa1,Tyr(n-hexyl)2]-LVP were synthesized in solution by the p-nitrophenyl ester method. The previously prepared [Tyr(Et)2]-LVP was resynthesized. All compounds possessed weak agonistic properties in both antidiuretic (0.5-2.0 IU/mumol) and pressor (0.5-3.0 IU/mumol) assays. In the rat none of the analogues inhibited the antidiuretic action of LVP when the two substances were given together in a single injection. However, when administered in low subthreshold doses, most of the deamino compounds suppressed the antidiuresis induced by a continuous infusion of LVP. Complete inhibition was obtained with [Mpa1,Tyr(Et)2]-LVP. The antagonistic potency seemed to decrease with increasing size of the alkyl substituent and [Mpa1,Tyr(n-hexyl)2]-LVP showed no antagonism. The molar inhibitor-LVP ratio for maximal inhibition was well below 100. Neither of the two amino analogues showed a clear-cut antagonism in the antidiuretic assay. Furthermore, none of the reported compounds was antagonistic to LVP in the rat pressor assay.", "contents": "Synthesis of O-alkylated lysine-vasopressins, inhibitors of the antidiuretic response to lysine-vasopressin. [Mpa1,Tyr(Et)2]-LVP (1-deamino-2-O-ethyltyrosine-8-lysine-vasopressin), [Mpa1,Tyr(n-Pr)2]-LVP, [Tyr(n-Bu)2]-LVP, [Mpa1,Tyr(n-Bu)2]-LVP, and [Mpa1,Tyr(n-hexyl)2]-LVP were synthesized in solution by the p-nitrophenyl ester method. The previously prepared [Tyr(Et)2]-LVP was resynthesized. All compounds possessed weak agonistic properties in both antidiuretic (0.5-2.0 IU/mumol) and pressor (0.5-3.0 IU/mumol) assays. In the rat none of the analogues inhibited the antidiuretic action of LVP when the two substances were given together in a single injection. However, when administered in low subthreshold doses, most of the deamino compounds suppressed the antidiuresis induced by a continuous infusion of LVP. Complete inhibition was obtained with [Mpa1,Tyr(Et)2]-LVP. The antagonistic potency seemed to decrease with increasing size of the alkyl substituent and [Mpa1,Tyr(n-hexyl)2]-LVP showed no antagonism. The molar inhibitor-LVP ratio for maximal inhibition was well below 100. Neither of the two amino analogues showed a clear-cut antagonism in the antidiuretic assay. Furthermore, none of the reported compounds was antagonistic to LVP in the rat pressor assay.", "PMID": 650663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4830", "title": "Discriminant analysis and structure-activity relationships. 1. Naphthoquinones.", "content": "Discriminant analysis has been used to study the data for naphthoquinones as antitumor agents in three different animal tumor systems. In each case the most significant variables for classifying the compounds into two groups according to their antitumor activities were determined by a stepwise procedure. The usefulness of discriminant analysis in the design of drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis and structure-activity relationships. 1. Naphthoquinones. Discriminant analysis has been used to study the data for naphthoquinones as antitumor agents in three different animal tumor systems. In each case the most significant variables for classifying the compounds into two groups according to their antitumor activities were determined by a stepwise procedure. The usefulness of discriminant analysis in the design of drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 650665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4831", "title": "Effects of molecular modification on hypocholesteremic activity of 1,3-bis(substituted phenoxy)-2-propanones and related derivatives.", "content": "A series of 1,3-bis(substituted phenoxy)-2-propanones, long-chain ketones, and related derivatives has been synthesized, and it has been found that certain analogues produce significant lowering of serum cholesterol levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. These compounds possess no estrogenic properties and are nontoxic at 10 mg/kg/day. Physical studies on these compounds include an attempt to correlate hypocholesteremic activity with the lipophilic, electronic, and steric properties of the compounds. The 1-octanol-H2O partition coefficient was measured for certain derivatives and the pi constant for the substituents was calculated. Hammett's sigma constants for aromatic substituents were obtained from the literature. The only correlation found to exist is between hypocholesteremic activity and steric size and position of the aromatic substituents in the propanones.", "contents": "Effects of molecular modification on hypocholesteremic activity of 1,3-bis(substituted phenoxy)-2-propanones and related derivatives. A series of 1,3-bis(substituted phenoxy)-2-propanones, long-chain ketones, and related derivatives has been synthesized, and it has been found that certain analogues produce significant lowering of serum cholesterol levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. These compounds possess no estrogenic properties and are nontoxic at 10 mg/kg/day. Physical studies on these compounds include an attempt to correlate hypocholesteremic activity with the lipophilic, electronic, and steric properties of the compounds. The 1-octanol-H2O partition coefficient was measured for certain derivatives and the pi constant for the substituents was calculated. Hammett's sigma constants for aromatic substituents were obtained from the literature. The only correlation found to exist is between hypocholesteremic activity and steric size and position of the aromatic substituents in the propanones.", "PMID": 650666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4832", "title": "Potential organ or tumor imaging agents. 16. Fluorinated androstanes and the prostate.", "content": "A series of substituted 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ols was synthesized and evaluated for their potential use in the development of a prostate imaging agent. The ability of the synthesized compounds to compete with [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone for rat prostate androgen receptor protein served as the screening assay. For 3-substituted derivatives, the order of binding to the androgen receptor protein was =O greater than -OH greater than H approximately or equal to F. 3beta-Fluoro-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol was found to have approximately 5% the androgenic activity of testosterone propionate in the castrated rat. The low biological activity for the 3beta-fluoro derivatives, coupled with the synthetic obstacles associated with introducing fluorine-18, has led us to search for more suitable halo steroids as potential radiodiagnostics.", "contents": "Potential organ or tumor imaging agents. 16. Fluorinated androstanes and the prostate. A series of substituted 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ols was synthesized and evaluated for their potential use in the development of a prostate imaging agent. The ability of the synthesized compounds to compete with [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone for rat prostate androgen receptor protein served as the screening assay. For 3-substituted derivatives, the order of binding to the androgen receptor protein was =O greater than -OH greater than H approximately or equal to F. 3beta-Fluoro-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol was found to have approximately 5% the androgenic activity of testosterone propionate in the castrated rat. The low biological activity for the 3beta-fluoro derivatives, coupled with the synthetic obstacles associated with introducing fluorine-18, has led us to search for more suitable halo steroids as potential radiodiagnostics.", "PMID": 650667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4833", "title": "Ferrocenyl polyamines as agents for the chemoimmunotherapy of cancer.", "content": "A series of ferrocenyl polyamines, compounds intended to bind to the tumor cell surface nucleic acid and elicit an immune response, was synthesized and screened for antitumor activity. Target ferrocenyl polyamines 1a,b,2, and 3, bearing 2-, 3-, and 4-amino groups, respectively, were readily obtained in yields of 31-58% from their corresponding ferrocenyl polyamides (5a-d) by reduction with diborane in THF; lithium aluminum hydride was not an effective reducing agent in this case. Although the target compounds failed to prolong the life ofmice with P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, three of the intermediate amides (5b-d) did exhibit low but significant activity (T/C = 123, 132, and 120%, respectively).", "contents": "Ferrocenyl polyamines as agents for the chemoimmunotherapy of cancer. A series of ferrocenyl polyamines, compounds intended to bind to the tumor cell surface nucleic acid and elicit an immune response, was synthesized and screened for antitumor activity. Target ferrocenyl polyamines 1a,b,2, and 3, bearing 2-, 3-, and 4-amino groups, respectively, were readily obtained in yields of 31-58% from their corresponding ferrocenyl polyamides (5a-d) by reduction with diborane in THF; lithium aluminum hydride was not an effective reducing agent in this case. Although the target compounds failed to prolong the life ofmice with P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, three of the intermediate amides (5b-d) did exhibit low but significant activity (T/C = 123, 132, and 120%, respectively).", "PMID": 650668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4834", "title": "2,3-Dihydroxy-9-amino-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a rigid congener of dopamine and isoapomorphine.", "content": "A rigid dopamine congener, 2,3-dihydroxy-9-amino-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, was synthesized and tested for the ability to dilate the renal artery in dogs. The compound was found to be inactive in this assay at molar doses 1000 times greater than required for dopamine. This result is similar to isoapomorphine. The title compound was also examined for its ability to stimulate rat striatal adenylate cyclase. In concentrations of 10-100 micrometer no effect was observed. The phenanthrene also showed no ability to block dopamine-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxy-9-amino-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a rigid congener of dopamine and isoapomorphine. A rigid dopamine congener, 2,3-dihydroxy-9-amino-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, was synthesized and tested for the ability to dilate the renal artery in dogs. The compound was found to be inactive in this assay at molar doses 1000 times greater than required for dopamine. This result is similar to isoapomorphine. The title compound was also examined for its ability to stimulate rat striatal adenylate cyclase. In concentrations of 10-100 micrometer no effect was observed. The phenanthrene also showed no ability to block dopamine-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 650669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4835", "title": "Antitubercular 2,8-bis(alkylaminomethyl)phenazines.", "content": "The preparation and antitubercular properties of a series of 2,8-bis(alkylaminomethyl)phenazines are described. These compounds all inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 in vitro. 2,8-Bis(dibutylaminomethyl)phenazine (5c) was also active against a lethal Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection in mice.", "contents": "Antitubercular 2,8-bis(alkylaminomethyl)phenazines. The preparation and antitubercular properties of a series of 2,8-bis(alkylaminomethyl)phenazines are described. These compounds all inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 in vitro. 2,8-Bis(dibutylaminomethyl)phenazine (5c) was also active against a lethal Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection in mice.", "PMID": 650670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4836", "title": "2-(Alkoxyaryl)-2-imidazoline monoamine oxidase inhibitors with antidepressant activity.", "content": "Unlike the related noncyclic amidines which are broad-spectrum cestocides, a number of 2-imidazolines substituted in the 2 position by alkoxyaryl groups were not highly active in screening tests against the mouse tapeworms Hymenolepsis nana and Oochoristica symmetrica. Certain of the 2-(4-alkoxynaphthyl)-2-imidazolines and 2-(6-alkoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-imidzolines, however, had activity interpreted as antidepressant in the mouse. This activity paralleled in vitro irreversible inhibitory activity against mouse brain MAO for those where no substitution is present on the imidazoline ring. This irreversibility probably has a different origin from that postulated to explain the irreversible MAO inhibition of proparglic, cyclopropyl, and other \"chemically reactive\" MAO inhibitors.", "contents": "2-(Alkoxyaryl)-2-imidazoline monoamine oxidase inhibitors with antidepressant activity. Unlike the related noncyclic amidines which are broad-spectrum cestocides, a number of 2-imidazolines substituted in the 2 position by alkoxyaryl groups were not highly active in screening tests against the mouse tapeworms Hymenolepsis nana and Oochoristica symmetrica. Certain of the 2-(4-alkoxynaphthyl)-2-imidazolines and 2-(6-alkoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-imidzolines, however, had activity interpreted as antidepressant in the mouse. This activity paralleled in vitro irreversible inhibitory activity against mouse brain MAO for those where no substitution is present on the imidazoline ring. This irreversibility probably has a different origin from that postulated to explain the irreversible MAO inhibition of proparglic, cyclopropyl, and other \"chemically reactive\" MAO inhibitors.", "PMID": 650671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4837", "title": "Voltage-gated cation conductance channel from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum: steady-state electrical properties.", "content": "The interaction of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) with an artificial planar phospholipid membrane under conditions known to induce fusion of phospholipid vesicles raises the conductance of the planar bilayer by several orders of magnitude. Measurements of steady-state electrical properties of bilayers thus modified by SR show that two types of conductance pathways are present. One is a voltage-independent pathway which may be somewhat anion-selective. The other is a voltage-gated ionophore showing selectivity to small monovalent cations. This latter ionophore is fully oriented within the artificial bilayer and is inhibited asymmetrically by divalent cations. It is also inhibited below pH6. The ionophore displays single-channel conductance fluctuations between two states. \"open\" and \"closed\", with an open-state conductance of 1.4 x 10-10 mho in 0.1 M K+. The physiological function of this ionophore is unknown.", "contents": "Voltage-gated cation conductance channel from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum: steady-state electrical properties. The interaction of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) with an artificial planar phospholipid membrane under conditions known to induce fusion of phospholipid vesicles raises the conductance of the planar bilayer by several orders of magnitude. Measurements of steady-state electrical properties of bilayers thus modified by SR show that two types of conductance pathways are present. One is a voltage-independent pathway which may be somewhat anion-selective. The other is a voltage-gated ionophore showing selectivity to small monovalent cations. This latter ionophore is fully oriented within the artificial bilayer and is inhibited asymmetrically by divalent cations. It is also inhibited below pH6. The ionophore displays single-channel conductance fluctuations between two states. \"open\" and \"closed\", with an open-state conductance of 1.4 x 10-10 mho in 0.1 M K+. The physiological function of this ionophore is unknown.", "PMID": 650672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4838", "title": "Activity coefficients of intracellular Na+ and K+ during development of frog oocytes.", "content": "The chemical activities, (a), of Na+ and K+ were determined in large mature and in small immature frog oocytes, using open-tipped micropripettes and ion-selective microelectrodes. The average chemical concentrations, c, of Na+ and K+ were determined by spectrophotometry and by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The apparent activity coefficient (gammaapp) was calculated for each ion as the ratio, a/c. With development, (aNa/ak) decreased four to fivefold and (cNa/cK) increased six to sevenfold. In the large mature oocytes, gammaapp was measured to be 0.08 +/- 0.02 and gammaappK lay within the range 1.15 +/- 0.03 to 1.29 +/- 0.04, constituting the smallest value for Na+ and largest value for K+, respectively, thus far reported. This intracellular value of gammaappK was substantially greater than the activity coefficient of K+ in the external medium (0.76). The data suggest that the inequality of gammaappNa and gammaappK in this and probably other cells reflects the development of subcellular compartmentalization of ions. Possible intracellular sites of ionic compartmentalization are considered.", "contents": "Activity coefficients of intracellular Na+ and K+ during development of frog oocytes. The chemical activities, (a), of Na+ and K+ were determined in large mature and in small immature frog oocytes, using open-tipped micropripettes and ion-selective microelectrodes. The average chemical concentrations, c, of Na+ and K+ were determined by spectrophotometry and by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The apparent activity coefficient (gammaapp) was calculated for each ion as the ratio, a/c. With development, (aNa/ak) decreased four to fivefold and (cNa/cK) increased six to sevenfold. In the large mature oocytes, gammaapp was measured to be 0.08 +/- 0.02 and gammaappK lay within the range 1.15 +/- 0.03 to 1.29 +/- 0.04, constituting the smallest value for Na+ and largest value for K+, respectively, thus far reported. This intracellular value of gammaappK was substantially greater than the activity coefficient of K+ in the external medium (0.76). The data suggest that the inequality of gammaappNa and gammaappK in this and probably other cells reflects the development of subcellular compartmentalization of ions. Possible intracellular sites of ionic compartmentalization are considered.", "PMID": 650673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4839", "title": "Kinetic properties of electrostatic pores with orientable dipoles, for Na+ and K+ transport through biological membranes.", "content": "The model, used previously to account for the transport of K+ ions through squid axon membranes under steady-state conditions, is extended to the description of the kinetic behavior of Na+ and K+ currents, for sudden variations of the applied potential. Theoretical curves are obtained by numerical integration of the electrodiffusion equation for ions within pores, with variable boundary conditions resulting from a progressive reorientation of dipoles at the pore surface. The pores are supposed to be selective and the dipole parameters are allowed to be different for Na+ and K+ pores. The K+ current varies with time, in agreement with the K+ dipole parameters deduced from the steady-state results of Gilbert and Ehrenstein (1969). The dipole parameters for Na+ current are deduced from the steady-state results of Armstrong, Bezanilla & Rojas (1973), where the inactivation phase of the Na+ current is suppressed by introducing pronase in the inside solution. The dipole reorientation is relavent to explain the sigmoid shape of the activation phase of the Na+ current, while the inactivation phase seems to resort to another physical mechanism. The predictions based on this model agree with the experimental results for the steady-state negative resistance and the gating current, associated both with a reorientation of surface dipoles, as well as the activation phase of the Na+ current using a consistent set of parameters for all these comparisons.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of electrostatic pores with orientable dipoles, for Na+ and K+ transport through biological membranes. The model, used previously to account for the transport of K+ ions through squid axon membranes under steady-state conditions, is extended to the description of the kinetic behavior of Na+ and K+ currents, for sudden variations of the applied potential. Theoretical curves are obtained by numerical integration of the electrodiffusion equation for ions within pores, with variable boundary conditions resulting from a progressive reorientation of dipoles at the pore surface. The pores are supposed to be selective and the dipole parameters are allowed to be different for Na+ and K+ pores. The K+ current varies with time, in agreement with the K+ dipole parameters deduced from the steady-state results of Gilbert and Ehrenstein (1969). The dipole parameters for Na+ current are deduced from the steady-state results of Armstrong, Bezanilla & Rojas (1973), where the inactivation phase of the Na+ current is suppressed by introducing pronase in the inside solution. The dipole reorientation is relavent to explain the sigmoid shape of the activation phase of the Na+ current, while the inactivation phase seems to resort to another physical mechanism. The predictions based on this model agree with the experimental results for the steady-state negative resistance and the gating current, associated both with a reorientation of surface dipoles, as well as the activation phase of the Na+ current using a consistent set of parameters for all these comparisons.", "PMID": 650674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4840", "title": "Quercetin inhibits hexose transport in a human diploid fibroblast.", "content": "The flavonol quercetin, a phloretin analog, inhibits transport of 2-deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose in a cultured human diploid fibroblast. This inhibition is related to transport itself and not to the reported effects of flavonoids on membrane-bound ATPases. From concentration-inhibition curves at several pH's we conclude that uncharged (acid) quercetin (pK = 7.65) is the inhibitory form of the molecule (K1 = 10micron). Quercetin, unlike phloretin, is rapidly degraded in 0.1 N NaOH; the degradation products are weakly inhibitory to hexose transport.", "contents": "Quercetin inhibits hexose transport in a human diploid fibroblast. The flavonol quercetin, a phloretin analog, inhibits transport of 2-deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose in a cultured human diploid fibroblast. This inhibition is related to transport itself and not to the reported effects of flavonoids on membrane-bound ATPases. From concentration-inhibition curves at several pH's we conclude that uncharged (acid) quercetin (pK = 7.65) is the inhibitory form of the molecule (K1 = 10micron). Quercetin, unlike phloretin, is rapidly degraded in 0.1 N NaOH; the degradation products are weakly inhibitory to hexose transport.", "PMID": 650675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4841", "title": "A chamber attached to the SEM for fracturing and coating frozen biological samples.", "content": "A chamber for introducing, fracturing and coating frozen biological samples has been developed as an attachment to the sepcimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. Together with a eucentric-tilt cold-stage, this chamber constitutes a complete system for viewing fractured biological surfaces of the type normally only seen by replica techniques. An air-lock on the chamber accepts a transfer module to allow insertion of the frozen sample without frost build-up. Fracturing is carried out with a precisely adjustable cooled knife under a 10--100X binocular microscope. The sample can tilt and rotate while being coated with carbon or metals evaporated from rechargeable sources introduced through the air-lock. Cooling in the chamber is provided by a cylindrical copper tank filled with liquid nitrogen. The chamber has its own LN2 trapped high vacuum system. After preparation the sample can be placed directly into the SEM through an isolation valve. The cold-stage utilizes a Joule-Thomson refrigerator. The sample can be kept below 103 K at all times though there are provisions for heating it in the fracturing and cold-stage positions. A system of controls, sensors and interlocks simplifies the operation of the system.", "contents": "A chamber attached to the SEM for fracturing and coating frozen biological samples. A chamber for introducing, fracturing and coating frozen biological samples has been developed as an attachment to the sepcimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. Together with a eucentric-tilt cold-stage, this chamber constitutes a complete system for viewing fractured biological surfaces of the type normally only seen by replica techniques. An air-lock on the chamber accepts a transfer module to allow insertion of the frozen sample without frost build-up. Fracturing is carried out with a precisely adjustable cooled knife under a 10--100X binocular microscope. The sample can tilt and rotate while being coated with carbon or metals evaporated from rechargeable sources introduced through the air-lock. Cooling in the chamber is provided by a cylindrical copper tank filled with liquid nitrogen. The chamber has its own LN2 trapped high vacuum system. After preparation the sample can be placed directly into the SEM through an isolation valve. The cold-stage utilizes a Joule-Thomson refrigerator. The sample can be kept below 103 K at all times though there are provisions for heating it in the fracturing and cold-stage positions. A system of controls, sensors and interlocks simplifies the operation of the system.", "PMID": 650676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4842", "title": "Interference reflection microscopy of adhesion of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "A simple method of observing the adhesive behaviour of large cells by means of interference reflection microscope is described, and some observations of monopodial Amoeba proteus are presented. Amoebae may contact with the substratum at any point along the long axis of the cells. Points of contact are usually few, small and temporary. Frequently the cell surface within the contact points oscillates, changing the separation distance from the substratum.", "contents": "Interference reflection microscopy of adhesion of Amoeba proteus. A simple method of observing the adhesive behaviour of large cells by means of interference reflection microscope is described, and some observations of monopodial Amoeba proteus are presented. Amoebae may contact with the substratum at any point along the long axis of the cells. Points of contact are usually few, small and temporary. Frequently the cell surface within the contact points oscillates, changing the separation distance from the substratum.", "PMID": 650677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4843", "title": "Electron microscope fluoro-autoradiography: improvement of efficiency.", "content": "The fluorographic process for enhancement of the autoradiographic detection of beta-ray emitted by tritium has been successfully adapted to electron microscope autoradiography. An original scintillator plastic film helped to increase the detection yield of electrons up to 80% without alteration of the morphological aspect of the autoradiograms, and without increasing background fog or causing apparent loss of resolution.", "contents": "Electron microscope fluoro-autoradiography: improvement of efficiency. The fluorographic process for enhancement of the autoradiographic detection of beta-ray emitted by tritium has been successfully adapted to electron microscope autoradiography. An original scintillator plastic film helped to increase the detection yield of electrons up to 80% without alteration of the morphological aspect of the autoradiograms, and without increasing background fog or causing apparent loss of resolution.", "PMID": 650678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4844", "title": "A simple and inexpensive culture device for cell growth, quantitative microscopy and autoradiography.", "content": "An inexpensive culture chamber suitable for subsequent preparations for cytochemical or radiographic work is demonstrated. The chamber consists of two glass microscope slides suitably prepared for cell growth and a gasket of silicone rubber. The slides and gasket are sealed and held together with two ordinary spring letter clips or clothes-pins. Cells may be inoculated by piercing the gasket with a hypodermic needle, or by removing the top slide and adding cells directly. Long-term cultivation with medium replacement is easy and efficient and addition of isotopes or other materials may be done aseptically.", "contents": "A simple and inexpensive culture device for cell growth, quantitative microscopy and autoradiography. An inexpensive culture chamber suitable for subsequent preparations for cytochemical or radiographic work is demonstrated. The chamber consists of two glass microscope slides suitably prepared for cell growth and a gasket of silicone rubber. The slides and gasket are sealed and held together with two ordinary spring letter clips or clothes-pins. Cells may be inoculated by piercing the gasket with a hypodermic needle, or by removing the top slide and adding cells directly. Long-term cultivation with medium replacement is easy and efficient and addition of isotopes or other materials may be done aseptically.", "PMID": 650679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4845", "title": "Comparison of age-specific mortality from breast cancer in males in the United States and Japan.", "content": "Mortality data on breast cancer in males from the United States and Japan were analyzed. The logarithm of the mortality rate increased in a linear fashion with the logarithm of age and had a slope of about 5. Mortality in Japan was about one-fourth that in the United States, but the relationship to age was similar.", "contents": "Comparison of age-specific mortality from breast cancer in males in the United States and Japan. Mortality data on breast cancer in males from the United States and Japan were analyzed. The logarithm of the mortality rate increased in a linear fashion with the logarithm of age and had a slope of about 5. Mortality in Japan was about one-fourth that in the United States, but the relationship to age was similar.", "PMID": 650694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4846", "title": "Cancer incidence in a religious isolate of Alberta, Canada, 1953-74.", "content": "Members of a religious isolate who live in approximately 240 farming colonies in the Canadian prairie provinces and the United States border states were studied. The sect's 6,700 members living in the province of Alberta, Canada, comprise more than 30% of this sect's population of North America. The numbers of their cancer cases ascertained from 1953 to 1974 in Alberta were compared to those expected from Alberta Cancer Registry rates. The overall incidence of registered cases of cancer among the religious isolate's females was significantly less than expected (48 observed, 74.2 expected), and in the males the overall incidence of cancer did not differ from that expected (52 observed, 56.5 expected). Significantly fewer cases of lung cancer than expected were found in males, and significantly fewer cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri were found in females. Finally, significantly higher incidence of stomach cancer was found in the sect's males. Data on a family with two cases of stomach cancer contributed to this observed excess of stomach cancer.", "contents": "Cancer incidence in a religious isolate of Alberta, Canada, 1953-74. Members of a religious isolate who live in approximately 240 farming colonies in the Canadian prairie provinces and the United States border states were studied. The sect's 6,700 members living in the province of Alberta, Canada, comprise more than 30% of this sect's population of North America. The numbers of their cancer cases ascertained from 1953 to 1974 in Alberta were compared to those expected from Alberta Cancer Registry rates. The overall incidence of registered cases of cancer among the religious isolate's females was significantly less than expected (48 observed, 74.2 expected), and in the males the overall incidence of cancer did not differ from that expected (52 observed, 56.5 expected). Significantly fewer cases of lung cancer than expected were found in males, and significantly fewer cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri were found in females. Finally, significantly higher incidence of stomach cancer was found in the sect's males. Data on a family with two cases of stomach cancer contributed to this observed excess of stomach cancer.", "PMID": 650695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4847", "title": "Correction of modal DNA values obtained by microspectrophotometry and tests for their shifts.", "content": "The technical problems in the application of statistical analyses of the nuclear DNA contents measured by plug or two-wavelength Feulgen microspectrophotometry were discussed. The skewness of the nuclear DNA content unimodally distributed in a cluster could be corrected by logarithmic transformation. A mean value of the logarithmically transformed DNA contents was a more logical characterization of cancer than a graphically obtained mode of nontransformed values. Equations were derived to estimate the number of cells in the G1- and S-phases of mitotic cycles contained within the cluster and to estimate the correction factor of the mean of transformed values of cells in the G1-phase. Thus statistical tests for a shift in the nuclear DNA content of the cells in question in the G1-phase from that of control cells were made possible.", "contents": "Correction of modal DNA values obtained by microspectrophotometry and tests for their shifts. The technical problems in the application of statistical analyses of the nuclear DNA contents measured by plug or two-wavelength Feulgen microspectrophotometry were discussed. The skewness of the nuclear DNA content unimodally distributed in a cluster could be corrected by logarithmic transformation. A mean value of the logarithmically transformed DNA contents was a more logical characterization of cancer than a graphically obtained mode of nontransformed values. Equations were derived to estimate the number of cells in the G1- and S-phases of mitotic cycles contained within the cluster and to estimate the correction factor of the mean of transformed values of cells in the G1-phase. Thus statistical tests for a shift in the nuclear DNA content of the cells in question in the G1-phase from that of control cells were made possible.", "PMID": 650696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4848", "title": "Spontaneous human mononuclear cell cytotoxicity to cultured tumor cells: reproducibility of serial measurements with the use of a chromium-51-release microcytotoxicity assay.", "content": "Twenty-three healthy human adults with naturally occurring (spontaneous) mononuclear cell cytotoxicity (MCC) to cultured human tumor cells were evaluated in a serial study over 23 months to determine whether their initial MCC levels remained stable. A 3-hour 51Cr-release microcytotoxicity assay, in which the HBT-3 cancer-derived cell line with HeLa markers and the ALAB breast cancer-derived cell line were used, was standardized and its suitability for such serial studies was evaluated. The data showed that the 51Cr-release assay is reproducible and suitable for use in serial studies of MCC. The intrinsic technical error for a single assay averaged 12.5% (2-26%) coefficient of variation. The greatest sources of technical variation with time were the passage level of the target cells and the temperature at which the effector cells were stored and handled. When these technical factors were controlled, naturally occurring MCC was fairly reproducible with time. Of the healthy individuals with initial high or low MCC levels, 61% tended to retain these levels in a stable fashion, but the remaining 39% studied showed fluctuations of MCC greater than 33% coefficient of variation.", "contents": "Spontaneous human mononuclear cell cytotoxicity to cultured tumor cells: reproducibility of serial measurements with the use of a chromium-51-release microcytotoxicity assay. Twenty-three healthy human adults with naturally occurring (spontaneous) mononuclear cell cytotoxicity (MCC) to cultured human tumor cells were evaluated in a serial study over 23 months to determine whether their initial MCC levels remained stable. A 3-hour 51Cr-release microcytotoxicity assay, in which the HBT-3 cancer-derived cell line with HeLa markers and the ALAB breast cancer-derived cell line were used, was standardized and its suitability for such serial studies was evaluated. The data showed that the 51Cr-release assay is reproducible and suitable for use in serial studies of MCC. The intrinsic technical error for a single assay averaged 12.5% (2-26%) coefficient of variation. The greatest sources of technical variation with time were the passage level of the target cells and the temperature at which the effector cells were stored and handled. When these technical factors were controlled, naturally occurring MCC was fairly reproducible with time. Of the healthy individuals with initial high or low MCC levels, 61% tended to retain these levels in a stable fashion, but the remaining 39% studied showed fluctuations of MCC greater than 33% coefficient of variation.", "PMID": 650697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4849", "title": "Morphologic evidence for retrovirus production by epithelial cells derived from a human testicular tumor metastasis.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of primary and subcultured epithelial cells established in vitro from an abdominal metastasis of a human testicular tumor revealed particles with the morphology of retroviruses. These structures, found only after extensive scanning of the cells, were observed budding from microvilli and from the outer cell membrane and as extracellular particles. Production of these virus particles was stimulated by the incubation of cells in culture medium containing 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone.", "contents": "Morphologic evidence for retrovirus production by epithelial cells derived from a human testicular tumor metastasis. Ultrastructural examination of primary and subcultured epithelial cells established in vitro from an abdominal metastasis of a human testicular tumor revealed particles with the morphology of retroviruses. These structures, found only after extensive scanning of the cells, were observed budding from microvilli and from the outer cell membrane and as extracellular particles. Production of these virus particles was stimulated by the incubation of cells in culture medium containing 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone.", "PMID": 650698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4850", "title": "Synergistic cytotoxicity for L929 cells of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid and amphotericin B methyl ester.", "content": "A synergistic impairment in cell growth of L929 mouse fibroblasts resulted from treatment with a combination of amphotericin B methyl ester and polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid. This effect, which may result from the altered membrane permeability induced by polyenes, may augment the therapeutic efficacy of polyribonucleotides as antitumor compounds.", "contents": "Synergistic cytotoxicity for L929 cells of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid and amphotericin B methyl ester. A synergistic impairment in cell growth of L929 mouse fibroblasts resulted from treatment with a combination of amphotericin B methyl ester and polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid. This effect, which may result from the altered membrane permeability induced by polyenes, may augment the therapeutic efficacy of polyribonucleotides as antitumor compounds.", "PMID": 650699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4851", "title": "Production of adenocarcinomas of the small intestines of Wistar rats fed panfuran-S containing 3-di(hydroxymethyl)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl)-1,2,4-triazine.", "content": "Panfuran-S in the diet produced a high incidence of invasive and metastatic adenocarcinomas of the duodenum and the jejunum in outbred Wistar rats. Depressed growth and incidence of cancer production were dose-dependent. Adenocarcinomas of the duodenum were present in 2 of 18 (11%) rats that received 1,750 ppm 3-di(hydroxymethyl)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl)-1,2,4-triazine (DHNT) in the diet and in 11 of 19 (58%) rats that received 3,500 ppm DHNT. Adenocarcinomas of the jejunum were present in 10 of 18 (56%) and 16 of 19 (84%) rats that received 1,750 and 3,500 ppm DHNT, respectively, for 35-37 weeks. The only other tumors observed were squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach. Histologically, most of the adenocarcinomas appeared tubular or papillary and were similar to adenocarcinomas in the small intestine of man and also to human intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This system provided a useful experimental model for the study of the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the small intestine.", "contents": "Production of adenocarcinomas of the small intestines of Wistar rats fed panfuran-S containing 3-di(hydroxymethyl)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl)-1,2,4-triazine. Panfuran-S in the diet produced a high incidence of invasive and metastatic adenocarcinomas of the duodenum and the jejunum in outbred Wistar rats. Depressed growth and incidence of cancer production were dose-dependent. Adenocarcinomas of the duodenum were present in 2 of 18 (11%) rats that received 1,750 ppm 3-di(hydroxymethyl)amino-6-(5-nitro-2-furylethenyl)-1,2,4-triazine (DHNT) in the diet and in 11 of 19 (58%) rats that received 3,500 ppm DHNT. Adenocarcinomas of the jejunum were present in 10 of 18 (56%) and 16 of 19 (84%) rats that received 1,750 and 3,500 ppm DHNT, respectively, for 35-37 weeks. The only other tumors observed were squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach. Histologically, most of the adenocarcinomas appeared tubular or papillary and were similar to adenocarcinomas in the small intestine of man and also to human intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This system provided a useful experimental model for the study of the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the small intestine.", "PMID": 650700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4852", "title": "Mammary nodules in beagle dogs administered investigational oral contraceptive steroids.", "content": "Of 172 beagle dogs administered oral contraceptive steroids for 5-7 years, 114 developed 1,156 nodules in the mammary gland region. Most of these nodules arose 2.5-3.5 years after initiation of treatment. Approximately 16% of the nodules were transient and disappeared spontaneously from the mammary gland during the study. A total of 925 nodules were present in 99 dogs at the time of death or necropsy. These nodules were classified as benign mammary dysplasias (7.0%), lobular or intraductal hyperplasias (31.4%), simple adenomas (20.8%), complex adenomas (25.4%), benign mixed tumors (5.3%), malignant tumors (3.6%), or nonmammary lesions (6.5%). Histologically, the mammary nodules were representative primarily of the hyperplasias and tumors that occur spontaneously in the mammary glands of the dog. The only major exception was the presence of 82 simple adenomas that had basaloid features. Most of the contraceptive-related mammary nodules developed in dogs receiving the combination of progestion and mestranol at 10 or 25 times the proposed human dosage. Control dogs and dogs receiving mestrenol alone had few mammary nodules. Combinations of anagestone acetate and mestranol and chloroethynyl norgestrel (WY-4355) and mestranol produced large numbers of nodules at 10 and 25 times the proposed human dosage, whereas ethynerone plus mestranol produced large numbers of nodules only at 25 times the proposed human dosage. Ethynerone, when given alone at 25 times the proposed human dosage, was associated with fewer mammary nodules. Malignant neoplasms were seen in dogs given 10 and 25 times the proposed human dosage of anagestone acetate plus mestranol and 25 times the proposed human dosage of WY-4355 plus mestranol and ethynerone plus mestranol. This study strongly associates certain combinations of progestin and mestranol with mammary neoplasia in dogs.", "contents": "Mammary nodules in beagle dogs administered investigational oral contraceptive steroids. Of 172 beagle dogs administered oral contraceptive steroids for 5-7 years, 114 developed 1,156 nodules in the mammary gland region. Most of these nodules arose 2.5-3.5 years after initiation of treatment. Approximately 16% of the nodules were transient and disappeared spontaneously from the mammary gland during the study. A total of 925 nodules were present in 99 dogs at the time of death or necropsy. These nodules were classified as benign mammary dysplasias (7.0%), lobular or intraductal hyperplasias (31.4%), simple adenomas (20.8%), complex adenomas (25.4%), benign mixed tumors (5.3%), malignant tumors (3.6%), or nonmammary lesions (6.5%). Histologically, the mammary nodules were representative primarily of the hyperplasias and tumors that occur spontaneously in the mammary glands of the dog. The only major exception was the presence of 82 simple adenomas that had basaloid features. Most of the contraceptive-related mammary nodules developed in dogs receiving the combination of progestion and mestranol at 10 or 25 times the proposed human dosage. Control dogs and dogs receiving mestrenol alone had few mammary nodules. Combinations of anagestone acetate and mestranol and chloroethynyl norgestrel (WY-4355) and mestranol produced large numbers of nodules at 10 and 25 times the proposed human dosage, whereas ethynerone plus mestranol produced large numbers of nodules only at 25 times the proposed human dosage. Ethynerone, when given alone at 25 times the proposed human dosage, was associated with fewer mammary nodules. Malignant neoplasms were seen in dogs given 10 and 25 times the proposed human dosage of anagestone acetate plus mestranol and 25 times the proposed human dosage of WY-4355 plus mestranol and ethynerone plus mestranol. This study strongly associates certain combinations of progestin and mestranol with mammary neoplasia in dogs.", "PMID": 650701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4853", "title": "In situ Fc receptor-bearing cells in two murine tumors. I. Isolation and identification.", "content": "The in situ inflammatory response was studied in 2 different tumors, the T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma in inbred DBA/2 mice and a sarcoma induced in inbred C57BL/6 mice by murine sarcoma virus. The presence of Fc receptors (FcR's) on infiltrating host cells was determined by rosette formation with antibody-coated sheep red blood cells (EA). Differences in FcR-binding activity among various cells were detected with the use of EA prepared with a range of antibody concentrations. Cells bearing FcR represented one-third or more of the inflammatory cell population in both tumors. The FcR-positive cells were heterogeneous in regard to both cell type and FcR activity. Monocytes and macrophages had greater FcR activity than did lymphocytes. Different populations of FcR-positive cells could be isolated by their EA-binding characteristics.", "contents": "In situ Fc receptor-bearing cells in two murine tumors. I. Isolation and identification. The in situ inflammatory response was studied in 2 different tumors, the T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma in inbred DBA/2 mice and a sarcoma induced in inbred C57BL/6 mice by murine sarcoma virus. The presence of Fc receptors (FcR's) on infiltrating host cells was determined by rosette formation with antibody-coated sheep red blood cells (EA). Differences in FcR-binding activity among various cells were detected with the use of EA prepared with a range of antibody concentrations. Cells bearing FcR represented one-third or more of the inflammatory cell population in both tumors. The FcR-positive cells were heterogeneous in regard to both cell type and FcR activity. Monocytes and macrophages had greater FcR activity than did lymphocytes. Different populations of FcR-positive cells could be isolated by their EA-binding characteristics.", "PMID": 650702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4854", "title": "Involvement of chromosome No. 2 in chromosome changes in primary leukemia induced in rats by N-nitroso-N-butylurea.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were done on 34 primary leukemias induced by N-nitroso-N-butylurea (NBU) in outbred Long-Evans rats. The results revealed leukemia cells with No. 2 trisomy and long No. 2 chromosome, which characterized the leukemias induced by polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens such as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[a]-anthracene. These findings suggest a common mode of action of different carcinogenic chemicals at the chromosome level, although the lower incidence of these chromosome changes and of erythroblastic leukemias with NBU suggests subtle difference in their actions.", "contents": "Involvement of chromosome No. 2 in chromosome changes in primary leukemia induced in rats by N-nitroso-N-butylurea. Cytogenetic studies were done on 34 primary leukemias induced by N-nitroso-N-butylurea (NBU) in outbred Long-Evans rats. The results revealed leukemia cells with No. 2 trisomy and long No. 2 chromosome, which characterized the leukemias induced by polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens such as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[a]-anthracene. These findings suggest a common mode of action of different carcinogenic chemicals at the chromosome level, although the lower incidence of these chromosome changes and of erythroblastic leukemias with NBU suggests subtle difference in their actions.", "PMID": 650703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4855", "title": "Histogenesis of symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasms of the colon in the mouse.", "content": "CF-1 female adult mice were given weekly sc injections of 20 mg symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-2HCl/kg body weight and killed at various intervals after commencement of the injection. [3H]thymidine (TdR) was given before the animals were killed. The histogenesis of colon neoplasms was investigated by means of autoradiographs prepared from sections of Epon-embedded descending colon, which were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction and iron hematoxylin. By 9 weeks after initiation of DMH treatment, the distal 5 cm of the colon became enlarged, the mucosa thickened, and the crypts were elongated and hyperplastic. In the hyperplastic crypts, the number of proliferating cells increased, but the distribution of these cells followed a previously discussed slow cut-off model of Cairnie et al. as for the normal crypts. Differentiation and transformation of epithelial cells occurred, but somewhat aberrantly. Hyperplasia of the crypts occurred diffusely, but neoplastic lesions that began to appear by 9 weeks after the intiial treatment were isolated. An isolated crypt from which a neoplasm developed was first repopulated by what appeared to be altered, undifferentiated \"stem\" cells. These cells did not differentiate, continued to divide, and eventually upon migration accumulated in the upper part of the crypts, where an earliest identifiable neoplastic lesion was observed. Once such a lesion was formed, it expanded in various directions, depending on the local environments, and formed a polypoid or discoid lesion. The biologic behavior of the neoplasm seemed to be determined by the downward progression of its leading edge. When it penetrated the muscularis mucosae, the neoplasm became highly invasive. In the murine model, the invasive adenocarcinomas were observed by 26 weeks after commencement of DMH treatment.", "contents": "Histogenesis of symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasms of the colon in the mouse. CF-1 female adult mice were given weekly sc injections of 20 mg symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-2HCl/kg body weight and killed at various intervals after commencement of the injection. [3H]thymidine (TdR) was given before the animals were killed. The histogenesis of colon neoplasms was investigated by means of autoradiographs prepared from sections of Epon-embedded descending colon, which were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction and iron hematoxylin. By 9 weeks after initiation of DMH treatment, the distal 5 cm of the colon became enlarged, the mucosa thickened, and the crypts were elongated and hyperplastic. In the hyperplastic crypts, the number of proliferating cells increased, but the distribution of these cells followed a previously discussed slow cut-off model of Cairnie et al. as for the normal crypts. Differentiation and transformation of epithelial cells occurred, but somewhat aberrantly. Hyperplasia of the crypts occurred diffusely, but neoplastic lesions that began to appear by 9 weeks after the intiial treatment were isolated. An isolated crypt from which a neoplasm developed was first repopulated by what appeared to be altered, undifferentiated \"stem\" cells. These cells did not differentiate, continued to divide, and eventually upon migration accumulated in the upper part of the crypts, where an earliest identifiable neoplastic lesion was observed. Once such a lesion was formed, it expanded in various directions, depending on the local environments, and formed a polypoid or discoid lesion. The biologic behavior of the neoplasm seemed to be determined by the downward progression of its leading edge. When it penetrated the muscularis mucosae, the neoplasm became highly invasive. In the murine model, the invasive adenocarcinomas were observed by 26 weeks after commencement of DMH treatment.", "PMID": 650704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4856", "title": "Resistance to syngeneic lymphoma cells as a result of immunization with chemically modified allogeneic lymphoma cells in mice.", "content": "Immunization with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-derivatized allogeneic lymphoma cells resulted in significant immunity to poorly immunogenic syngeneic lymphoma cells. Neither TNP-treated nor X-irradiated syngeneic lymphoma cells were immunogenic under similar experimental conditions. Immunization with untreated allogeneic lymphoma cells produced only minimal levels of resistance to challenge with syngeneic lymphoma cells. The complete set of antigens responsible for the immunity was carried exclusively on transformed lymphocytes because allogeneic TNP-derivatized lymph node and thymus cells also did not immunize. The immunity was transferred to nonimmune inbred BALB/c and A/J mice by spleen cells from immune donors. The Winn assay was used to measure the antilymphoma immunity in vivo. When immune spleen cell-lymphoma mixtures were inoculated sc at a ratio of 1,000:1, nonimmune mice were completely protected. Reactivity of immune lymphocytes to syngeneic lymphoma cells was also demonstrated in vitro by the 51Cr-release method. Immunization with TNP-derivatized allogeneic lymphoma cells resulted in measurable immune resistance to inocula of viable syngeneic tumor cells in excess of 100 times the tumorigenic dose. Induction of immunity to syngeneic lymphoma cells strictly required that the immunizing cells be histoincompatible at the major H-2 locus and possess tumor-specific antigen(s). Maximum immune sensitivity was observed only after chemical modification of the immunizing allogeneic lymphoma cells.", "contents": "Resistance to syngeneic lymphoma cells as a result of immunization with chemically modified allogeneic lymphoma cells in mice. Immunization with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-derivatized allogeneic lymphoma cells resulted in significant immunity to poorly immunogenic syngeneic lymphoma cells. Neither TNP-treated nor X-irradiated syngeneic lymphoma cells were immunogenic under similar experimental conditions. Immunization with untreated allogeneic lymphoma cells produced only minimal levels of resistance to challenge with syngeneic lymphoma cells. The complete set of antigens responsible for the immunity was carried exclusively on transformed lymphocytes because allogeneic TNP-derivatized lymph node and thymus cells also did not immunize. The immunity was transferred to nonimmune inbred BALB/c and A/J mice by spleen cells from immune donors. The Winn assay was used to measure the antilymphoma immunity in vivo. When immune spleen cell-lymphoma mixtures were inoculated sc at a ratio of 1,000:1, nonimmune mice were completely protected. Reactivity of immune lymphocytes to syngeneic lymphoma cells was also demonstrated in vitro by the 51Cr-release method. Immunization with TNP-derivatized allogeneic lymphoma cells resulted in measurable immune resistance to inocula of viable syngeneic tumor cells in excess of 100 times the tumorigenic dose. Induction of immunity to syngeneic lymphoma cells strictly required that the immunizing cells be histoincompatible at the major H-2 locus and possess tumor-specific antigen(s). Maximum immune sensitivity was observed only after chemical modification of the immunizing allogeneic lymphoma cells.", "PMID": 650705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4857", "title": "Mouse natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity to human leukemia: independence of serum source used for target-cell culturing and cytotoxicity assay.", "content": "Human hematopoietic target-cell lines known to be lysable in short-term 51Cr-release assays by natural killer (NK) cells occurring in spleens of normal, nonimmune CBA/J and A/J mice were adapted to grow in culture medium supplemented with human AB serum or with normal mouse serum (NMS). After a culture period of more than 8 weeks, the resulting AB serum- or NMS-grown sublines exhibited the same degree of sensitivity to mouse NK cells in direct or competition assays as the original lines kept in fetal calf serum. Susceptibility of the various target cell lines was also independent of the type of serum supplement used during the cytotoxicity assay. Preabsorption of the serum supplement with in vitro cultured cell lines identical to the target cells left NK cytotoxicity to these lines intact. In this heterologous system, no changes in the expression of NK relevant target structure(s) could be detected in sublines grown in sera from different species, but target susceptibility seemed to be preserved.", "contents": "Mouse natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity to human leukemia: independence of serum source used for target-cell culturing and cytotoxicity assay. Human hematopoietic target-cell lines known to be lysable in short-term 51Cr-release assays by natural killer (NK) cells occurring in spleens of normal, nonimmune CBA/J and A/J mice were adapted to grow in culture medium supplemented with human AB serum or with normal mouse serum (NMS). After a culture period of more than 8 weeks, the resulting AB serum- or NMS-grown sublines exhibited the same degree of sensitivity to mouse NK cells in direct or competition assays as the original lines kept in fetal calf serum. Susceptibility of the various target cell lines was also independent of the type of serum supplement used during the cytotoxicity assay. Preabsorption of the serum supplement with in vitro cultured cell lines identical to the target cells left NK cytotoxicity to these lines intact. In this heterologous system, no changes in the expression of NK relevant target structure(s) could be detected in sublines grown in sera from different species, but target susceptibility seemed to be preserved.", "PMID": 650706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4858", "title": "Immunologic studies on a pancreatic oncofetal protein.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with a human fetal pancreas extract produced precipitating antibody against an antigen present only in fetal pancreas and extracts of human pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreatic oncofetal protein (POP) migrated on immunoelectrophoresis in the alpha1-alpha2 region, thus making possible its detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. POP was found in the 12,000 X g supernatant of fetal pancreas and could be precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 at concentrations between 30 and 45%. The antigen was partially purified by consecutive centrifugation at 12,000 X g, 40% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and ion-exchange chromatography. Treatment of the POP with trypsin completely abolished its antigenic activity; this suggested that the antigen was a protein or a moiety closely associated with protein.", "contents": "Immunologic studies on a pancreatic oncofetal protein. Immunization of rabbits with a human fetal pancreas extract produced precipitating antibody against an antigen present only in fetal pancreas and extracts of human pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreatic oncofetal protein (POP) migrated on immunoelectrophoresis in the alpha1-alpha2 region, thus making possible its detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. POP was found in the 12,000 X g supernatant of fetal pancreas and could be precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 at concentrations between 30 and 45%. The antigen was partially purified by consecutive centrifugation at 12,000 X g, 40% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and ion-exchange chromatography. Treatment of the POP with trypsin completely abolished its antigenic activity; this suggested that the antigen was a protein or a moiety closely associated with protein.", "PMID": 650707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4859", "title": "Cytology and quantitative cytochemistry of a poliferative atypical hemocytic condition in Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia, mollusca).", "content": "Proliferative lesions were found in 16 of 994 Mytilus edulis mussels obtained from the mouth of the River Lynher at Plymouth, England. These lesions were characterized by infiltration and replacement of the connective tissue by enlarged, atypical, mitotically active, basophilic, hemocyte-like cells. Cytologic examination indicated the involvement of two cell types in this disorder, both of which were similar in appearance to the much smaller, normal basophallic agranular hemocyte. The abnormal cells were rich in cytoplasmic RNA and had significantly higher DNA levels than normal hemocytes as determined by scanning microdensitometry. A few of the atypical cells contained small cytoplasmic granules that were positive for lysosomal hydrolases. This condition was observed sequentially from what is believed to be the earliest stage of the disease, in which only a few atypical cells were present, to the terminal stage, in which the connective tissue was almost completely replaced and the digestive gland cells were necrotized. Some potentially carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in the substrate of the mussel bed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.", "contents": "Cytology and quantitative cytochemistry of a poliferative atypical hemocytic condition in Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia, mollusca). Proliferative lesions were found in 16 of 994 Mytilus edulis mussels obtained from the mouth of the River Lynher at Plymouth, England. These lesions were characterized by infiltration and replacement of the connective tissue by enlarged, atypical, mitotically active, basophilic, hemocyte-like cells. Cytologic examination indicated the involvement of two cell types in this disorder, both of which were similar in appearance to the much smaller, normal basophallic agranular hemocyte. The abnormal cells were rich in cytoplasmic RNA and had significantly higher DNA levels than normal hemocytes as determined by scanning microdensitometry. A few of the atypical cells contained small cytoplasmic granules that were positive for lysosomal hydrolases. This condition was observed sequentially from what is believed to be the earliest stage of the disease, in which only a few atypical cells were present, to the terminal stage, in which the connective tissue was almost completely replaced and the digestive gland cells were necrotized. Some potentially carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in the substrate of the mussel bed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.", "PMID": 650708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4860", "title": "Effects of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy with the use of pyran copolymer on murine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "A weakly immunogenic, 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, subcutaneous fibrosarcoma syngeneic to inbred C3H/HeJ mice was used. Pyran copolymer was injected either directly into the tumor, ip, or iv as soon as tumors appeared or when tumors were 8 mm in diameter. One, three, or five doses of pyran copolymer at 10 or 20 mg/kg/dose were injected, with multiple doses being given every other day. Pyran copolymer injected intratumorally once, three times, or five times significantly retarded tumor growth and prolonged the survival times of the hosts. Of the other routes and doses, only pyran copolymer given three times iv significantly retarded tumor growth, but none of these significantly prolonged the survival times of the hosts. Pyran copolymer alone did not induce any complete regression of tumor. Local tumor irradiation with a single exposure to 2,000 rads of X-ray induced complete regressions in some mice, but a higher percentage of tumor cure was observed when tumor irradiation was followed by pyran copolymer treatment.", "contents": "Effects of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy with the use of pyran copolymer on murine fibrosarcoma. A weakly immunogenic, 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, subcutaneous fibrosarcoma syngeneic to inbred C3H/HeJ mice was used. Pyran copolymer was injected either directly into the tumor, ip, or iv as soon as tumors appeared or when tumors were 8 mm in diameter. One, three, or five doses of pyran copolymer at 10 or 20 mg/kg/dose were injected, with multiple doses being given every other day. Pyran copolymer injected intratumorally once, three times, or five times significantly retarded tumor growth and prolonged the survival times of the hosts. Of the other routes and doses, only pyran copolymer given three times iv significantly retarded tumor growth, but none of these significantly prolonged the survival times of the hosts. Pyran copolymer alone did not induce any complete regression of tumor. Local tumor irradiation with a single exposure to 2,000 rads of X-ray induced complete regressions in some mice, but a higher percentage of tumor cure was observed when tumor irradiation was followed by pyran copolymer treatment.", "PMID": 650709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4861", "title": "Dose response to intrarectal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and histopathologic evaluation of the effect of two retinoids on colon lesions induced in rats.", "content": "Male F344 rats, 8 weeks of age, were given 16 intrarectal administrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) at one of three dose levels over a period of 8 weeks. Five days after the final NMU instillation, rats were placed on one of three diets: chow with gelatin beadlets, chow with beadlets containing 0.024% 13-cis-retinoic acid, or chow and beadlets with 0.006% of the trimethylmethoxy phenyl analog of retinoic acid ethylamide. Groups of 20-40 rats were killed at 22-26 weeks after the first carcinogen treatment. The number of rats with colon carcinoma and the number of tumors per rat were dose related. In addition, \"blind\" histopathologic evaluation of four predesignate colon locations revealed a dose-related incidence of microscopic preinvasive and invasive colon carcinomas. The feeding of diets containing these two retinoids did not significantly alter the incidence of these parameters of carcinogenesis or the mean histopathologic score at predesignated colon locations for preinvasive or invasive neoplastic lesions. Over 90% of the colon neoplasms induced were invasive tubulopapillary adenocarcinomas. The diameters of the tumors correlated significantly with degrees of invasion of the colons. Only 1 tumor (a signet ring carcinoma) metastasized to the peritoneal cavity. Only 2 of 300 rats treated with NMU had tumors at sites other than the colon.", "contents": "Dose response to intrarectal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and histopathologic evaluation of the effect of two retinoids on colon lesions induced in rats. Male F344 rats, 8 weeks of age, were given 16 intrarectal administrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) at one of three dose levels over a period of 8 weeks. Five days after the final NMU instillation, rats were placed on one of three diets: chow with gelatin beadlets, chow with beadlets containing 0.024% 13-cis-retinoic acid, or chow and beadlets with 0.006% of the trimethylmethoxy phenyl analog of retinoic acid ethylamide. Groups of 20-40 rats were killed at 22-26 weeks after the first carcinogen treatment. The number of rats with colon carcinoma and the number of tumors per rat were dose related. In addition, \"blind\" histopathologic evaluation of four predesignate colon locations revealed a dose-related incidence of microscopic preinvasive and invasive colon carcinomas. The feeding of diets containing these two retinoids did not significantly alter the incidence of these parameters of carcinogenesis or the mean histopathologic score at predesignated colon locations for preinvasive or invasive neoplastic lesions. Over 90% of the colon neoplasms induced were invasive tubulopapillary adenocarcinomas. The diameters of the tumors correlated significantly with degrees of invasion of the colons. Only 1 tumor (a signet ring carcinoma) metastasized to the peritoneal cavity. Only 2 of 300 rats treated with NMU had tumors at sites other than the colon.", "PMID": 650711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4862", "title": "Antitumor of a boiled scallop extract.", "content": "A fraction from a boiled scallop extract modified by a sonication procedure exhibited marked antitumor activity when it was injected intradermally into either ICR or C3H/He mice that had been given sc implants of sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma. The active moiety was heat-stable and noncytotoxic. In contrast, preparations from raw scallop showed lower antitumor activity and were heat-labile.", "contents": "Antitumor of a boiled scallop extract. A fraction from a boiled scallop extract modified by a sonication procedure exhibited marked antitumor activity when it was injected intradermally into either ICR or C3H/He mice that had been given sc implants of sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma. The active moiety was heat-stable and noncytotoxic. In contrast, preparations from raw scallop showed lower antitumor activity and were heat-labile.", "PMID": 650712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4863", "title": "Effect of bile acids and neutral sterols on benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis in skin of mice.", "content": "The effect of neutral sterols and bile acids were determined in the classic mouse skin tumor induction system by applying each sterol or acid with benzo[a]pyrene to the skin of Swiss mice three times per week for 60 weeks. The mice were killed 63 weeks after the experimenta was begun. Most of the chemicals had an inhibitory effect on skin tumor formation by benzo[a]pyrene. Unconjugated bile acids had higher inhibitory action than did conjugated bile acids. The inhibition decreased in the following order of acids: chenodeoxycholic, lithocholic, deoxycholic, and clinic. Within the group of conjugated acids, taurine conjugates were more effective inhibitors than were glycine conjugates. The neutral sterols cholesterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone showed relatively similar, moderate inhibitory effects.", "contents": "Effect of bile acids and neutral sterols on benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis in skin of mice. The effect of neutral sterols and bile acids were determined in the classic mouse skin tumor induction system by applying each sterol or acid with benzo[a]pyrene to the skin of Swiss mice three times per week for 60 weeks. The mice were killed 63 weeks after the experimenta was begun. Most of the chemicals had an inhibitory effect on skin tumor formation by benzo[a]pyrene. Unconjugated bile acids had higher inhibitory action than did conjugated bile acids. The inhibition decreased in the following order of acids: chenodeoxycholic, lithocholic, deoxycholic, and clinic. Within the group of conjugated acids, taurine conjugates were more effective inhibitors than were glycine conjugates. The neutral sterols cholesterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone showed relatively similar, moderate inhibitory effects.", "PMID": 650713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4864", "title": "Incidence of spontaneous ileocecal immunocytomas in hybrids of LOU/C rats and rat strains with low spontaneous tumor incidence.", "content": "Monoclonal immunoglobulin-secreting tumors (immunocytomas or plasmacytomas) appear in many species, but they occur at a low incidence and usually originate in lymphoid tissues. However, in the rat, the incidence of malignant spontaneous immunocytomas (or plasmacytomas) was high and the tumors consistently arose in the ileocecal lymph nodes. In inbred LOU/C/Wsl rats, these immunocytomas developed in twice as many males (31%) as females (16%). The susceptibility of the rats to immunocytoma was under genetic control; e.g., LOU/C/Wsl rats had a dominant locus (or loci) of susceptibility that could induce immunocytoma in inbred AUG/Wsl or inbred A X C9935/Wsl rats. However, inbred Okamoto/Wsl rats had at least one dominant locus of resistance that did not exist in LOU/C/Wsl, LOU/M/Wsl, AUG/Wsl, or A X C9935/Wsl rats.", "contents": "Incidence of spontaneous ileocecal immunocytomas in hybrids of LOU/C rats and rat strains with low spontaneous tumor incidence. Monoclonal immunoglobulin-secreting tumors (immunocytomas or plasmacytomas) appear in many species, but they occur at a low incidence and usually originate in lymphoid tissues. However, in the rat, the incidence of malignant spontaneous immunocytomas (or plasmacytomas) was high and the tumors consistently arose in the ileocecal lymph nodes. In inbred LOU/C/Wsl rats, these immunocytomas developed in twice as many males (31%) as females (16%). The susceptibility of the rats to immunocytoma was under genetic control; e.g., LOU/C/Wsl rats had a dominant locus (or loci) of susceptibility that could induce immunocytoma in inbred AUG/Wsl or inbred A X C9935/Wsl rats. However, inbred Okamoto/Wsl rats had at least one dominant locus of resistance that did not exist in LOU/C/Wsl, LOU/M/Wsl, AUG/Wsl, or A X C9935/Wsl rats.", "PMID": 650714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4865", "title": "Inhibition of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine in female CF1 mice by carbon disulfide.", "content": "Disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate, and bis-(ethylxanthogen) inhibit symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH)-induced neoplasia of the large bowel in female CF1 mice. These three compounds contain a carbon disulfide (CS2) moiety in their structure. In the present study, CS2 itself was found to inhibit DMH-induced neoplasia of the large bowel in female CF1 mice. Thus a relatively simple compound is now available for investigation of the mechanism of inhibition of DMH-induced neoplasia by a group of sulfur-containing inhibitors having common structural features.", "contents": "Inhibition of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine in female CF1 mice by carbon disulfide. Disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate, and bis-(ethylxanthogen) inhibit symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH)-induced neoplasia of the large bowel in female CF1 mice. These three compounds contain a carbon disulfide (CS2) moiety in their structure. In the present study, CS2 itself was found to inhibit DMH-induced neoplasia of the large bowel in female CF1 mice. Thus a relatively simple compound is now available for investigation of the mechanism of inhibition of DMH-induced neoplasia by a group of sulfur-containing inhibitors having common structural features.", "PMID": 650715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4866", "title": "Amoebic liver abscess in Wessex--a retrospective survey of 24 cases.", "content": "The clinical features and response to treatment of 24 patients with amoebic liver abscess in Wessex are presented. Two patients died before adequate treatment could be instituted, but 6 of the remaining 22 patients (27%) did not respond to single courses of conventional anti-amoebic therapy. Possible reasons for this high failure rate are discussed. It is concluded that although Metronidazole is a highly effective anti-amoebicide, there remains a place for other drugs such as Emetine. The importance of early diagnosis of Amoebic Liver Abscess is emphasised.", "contents": "Amoebic liver abscess in Wessex--a retrospective survey of 24 cases. The clinical features and response to treatment of 24 patients with amoebic liver abscess in Wessex are presented. Two patients died before adequate treatment could be instituted, but 6 of the remaining 22 patients (27%) did not respond to single courses of conventional anti-amoebic therapy. Possible reasons for this high failure rate are discussed. It is concluded that although Metronidazole is a highly effective anti-amoebicide, there remains a place for other drugs such as Emetine. The importance of early diagnosis of Amoebic Liver Abscess is emphasised.", "PMID": 650716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4867", "title": "Hazards of cortisone therapy in hepatic amoebiasis.", "content": "Twelve cases were presented as amoebic liver abscess. They were clinically diagnosed and confirmed by screening, selective hepatic angiography and aspiration of abscess cavity. History of cortisone therapy was obtained in 66 per cent of the cases within a period of 1--3 months. Corticosteroids being immunosuppressive drugs may turn dormant amoebic hepatitis into liver abscess.", "contents": "Hazards of cortisone therapy in hepatic amoebiasis. Twelve cases were presented as amoebic liver abscess. They were clinically diagnosed and confirmed by screening, selective hepatic angiography and aspiration of abscess cavity. History of cortisone therapy was obtained in 66 per cent of the cases within a period of 1--3 months. Corticosteroids being immunosuppressive drugs may turn dormant amoebic hepatitis into liver abscess.", "PMID": 650718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4868", "title": "The value of mediastinoscopy--experience of 374 cases.", "content": "The diagnostic value of 374 mediastinoscopies with biopsies from 1958-1971 is shown. The procedure has been evaluated earlier. The observation period in this report is so long that the clinical diagnoses are very reliable and give the material special interest. Over 90 per cent of sarcoidosis cases were diagnosed. The procedure is also shown to be of great value in investigating doubtful radiographic changes in the lungs and mediastinum. Mediastinoscopy showed tumor invasion of the mediastinal lymph glands in 79 of 216 patients with lung cancer so that 79 patients were spared thoracotomy. Mediastinoscopy can also be used to assess tumor spread in the planning of radiotherapy. In order to carry out a satisfactory lung diagnosis it is necessary to use mediastinoscopy.", "contents": "The value of mediastinoscopy--experience of 374 cases. The diagnostic value of 374 mediastinoscopies with biopsies from 1958-1971 is shown. The procedure has been evaluated earlier. The observation period in this report is so long that the clinical diagnoses are very reliable and give the material special interest. Over 90 per cent of sarcoidosis cases were diagnosed. The procedure is also shown to be of great value in investigating doubtful radiographic changes in the lungs and mediastinum. Mediastinoscopy showed tumor invasion of the mediastinal lymph glands in 79 of 216 patients with lung cancer so that 79 patients were spared thoracotomy. Mediastinoscopy can also be used to assess tumor spread in the planning of radiotherapy. In order to carry out a satisfactory lung diagnosis it is necessary to use mediastinoscopy.", "PMID": 650719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4869", "title": "Spontaneous perilymphatic fistula.", "content": "Sudden hearing loss from spontaneous perilymphatic fistula in a child managed by prompt surgical intervention and with recovery of hearing has not previously been reported. The historical and contemporary theories of fistula formation are reviewed. A child with spontaneous oval window rupture associated with a congenital malformation of the stapes and cochlear aqueduct is described together with his complete recovery of hearing following surgical repair. Some rationales explaining the mechanism of oval window rupture in this patient are suggested.", "contents": "Spontaneous perilymphatic fistula. Sudden hearing loss from spontaneous perilymphatic fistula in a child managed by prompt surgical intervention and with recovery of hearing has not previously been reported. The historical and contemporary theories of fistula formation are reviewed. A child with spontaneous oval window rupture associated with a congenital malformation of the stapes and cochlear aqueduct is described together with his complete recovery of hearing following surgical repair. Some rationales explaining the mechanism of oval window rupture in this patient are suggested.", "PMID": 650720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4870", "title": "[Recurrent meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid fistula across the footplate of the stapes].", "content": "The clinical observation of a patient who presented an association of recurrent meningitis, unilateral deafness, and congenital anomaly of the ear is presented. The surgical exploration permitted us to find a CSF leak through the footplate of the stapes. The present concepts concerning especially the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology are discussed.", "contents": "[Recurrent meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid fistula across the footplate of the stapes]. The clinical observation of a patient who presented an association of recurrent meningitis, unilateral deafness, and congenital anomaly of the ear is presented. The surgical exploration permitted us to find a CSF leak through the footplate of the stapes. The present concepts concerning especially the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 650721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4871", "title": "Sound localization: value in localizing lesions of the auditory pathway.", "content": "Reports in the literature suggest that patients with otosclerosis, neural lesions such as acoustic neuroma, pontine lesions, and temporal lobe lesions may show abnormal sound localization ability. In the present experiment, 15 normal subjects and 22 patients with various auditory pathway lesions had sound localization testing using special apparatus. The results confirmed that patients with otosclerosis were unable to localize low frequency sounds. Those with temporal lobe lesions made judgments not significantly different from normal subjects. Patients with unilateral sensorineural deafness made errors localizing high frequency sounds. Those with acoustic neuromas made greater errors than those without, but the difference between these two groups just failed to reach statistical significance. The number of cases was however small, and further studies are in progress to attempt to define numerical criteria to assist clinical decisions with regard to the selection of patients for invasive investigations such as oil cisternogram.", "contents": "Sound localization: value in localizing lesions of the auditory pathway. Reports in the literature suggest that patients with otosclerosis, neural lesions such as acoustic neuroma, pontine lesions, and temporal lobe lesions may show abnormal sound localization ability. In the present experiment, 15 normal subjects and 22 patients with various auditory pathway lesions had sound localization testing using special apparatus. The results confirmed that patients with otosclerosis were unable to localize low frequency sounds. Those with temporal lobe lesions made judgments not significantly different from normal subjects. Patients with unilateral sensorineural deafness made errors localizing high frequency sounds. Those with acoustic neuromas made greater errors than those without, but the difference between these two groups just failed to reach statistical significance. The number of cases was however small, and further studies are in progress to attempt to define numerical criteria to assist clinical decisions with regard to the selection of patients for invasive investigations such as oil cisternogram.", "PMID": 650722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4872", "title": "The effects of indomethacin on inner ear fluids and morphology.", "content": "Metabolic disturbances may affect inner ear fluid homeostasis in various ways. The membrane sodium-potassium pump must play a role in this homeostasis, and as this pump derives energy from A.T.P. it may also depend somewhat on the presence of prostaglandins, through their stimulatory effect on the adenylate cyclase system. Salicylates suppress prostaglandins; and Indomethacin is even more potent in this respect. Could the temporary ototoxic effects of salicylates and Indomethacin be due to prostaglandin suppression? Further, could energy system problems involving prostaglandins be related to the development of endolymphatic hydrops? These questions prompted this study. Sublethal doses of Indomethacin were given to 14 guinea pigs in order to maximally suppress prostaglandins. Samples of perilymph and endolymph were analyzed for sodium and potassium concentrations and compared to normal controls. No significant differences were found in either acute (two to 24 hour) or chronic (three week) experiments. Light microscopic examination of serially sectioned cochleae in similarly treated animals showed, in a few cases, somewhat questionable distension of Reissner's membrane. Electron microscopy or the organ of Corti did not demonstrate any abnormalities. The study suggests that Indomethacin does not produce significant inner ear electrolyte shifts or endolymphatic distension, at least over the short term.", "contents": "The effects of indomethacin on inner ear fluids and morphology. Metabolic disturbances may affect inner ear fluid homeostasis in various ways. The membrane sodium-potassium pump must play a role in this homeostasis, and as this pump derives energy from A.T.P. it may also depend somewhat on the presence of prostaglandins, through their stimulatory effect on the adenylate cyclase system. Salicylates suppress prostaglandins; and Indomethacin is even more potent in this respect. Could the temporary ototoxic effects of salicylates and Indomethacin be due to prostaglandin suppression? Further, could energy system problems involving prostaglandins be related to the development of endolymphatic hydrops? These questions prompted this study. Sublethal doses of Indomethacin were given to 14 guinea pigs in order to maximally suppress prostaglandins. Samples of perilymph and endolymph were analyzed for sodium and potassium concentrations and compared to normal controls. No significant differences were found in either acute (two to 24 hour) or chronic (three week) experiments. Light microscopic examination of serially sectioned cochleae in similarly treated animals showed, in a few cases, somewhat questionable distension of Reissner's membrane. Electron microscopy or the organ of Corti did not demonstrate any abnormalities. The study suggests that Indomethacin does not produce significant inner ear electrolyte shifts or endolymphatic distension, at least over the short term.", "PMID": 650723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4873", "title": "Heterotopic salivary pleomorphic adenoma.", "content": "The occurrence of heterotopic salivary tissue in the head and neck is briefly reviewed, and an additional case of heterotopic cervical pleomorphic adenoma added to the literature.", "contents": "Heterotopic salivary pleomorphic adenoma. The occurrence of heterotopic salivary tissue in the head and neck is briefly reviewed, and an additional case of heterotopic cervical pleomorphic adenoma added to the literature.", "PMID": 650724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4874", "title": "Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "Liposarcoma is a rare tumor in the larynx. A case of such lesion occurring in a 52 year old male patient is described. This is the second case to be reported in the world literature. The patient underwent hemilaryngectomy and later total laryngectomy for a recurrent tumor and is living and well six years after diagnosis.", "contents": "Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma of the larynx. Liposarcoma is a rare tumor in the larynx. A case of such lesion occurring in a 52 year old male patient is described. This is the second case to be reported in the world literature. The patient underwent hemilaryngectomy and later total laryngectomy for a recurrent tumor and is living and well six years after diagnosis.", "PMID": 650725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4875", "title": "Carcinoma of the lip--a case presentation.", "content": "An unusually advanced case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is presented. Case management involved the use of a radiosensitizing agent, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and reconstruction. Two years later the patient is free of disease.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the lip--a case presentation. An unusually advanced case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is presented. Case management involved the use of a radiosensitizing agent, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and reconstruction. Two years later the patient is free of disease.", "PMID": 650726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4876", "title": "Open reduction of nasal fractures.", "content": "Open reduction of nasal fractures has been defined and discussed from a clinical standpoint. Specific advantages of the procedure are mentioned with the suggestion that perhaps more of these procedures should be performed. Reference is made to the authors' series of 788 cases, with analysis of type of injury, age group, and procedure performed.", "contents": "Open reduction of nasal fractures. Open reduction of nasal fractures has been defined and discussed from a clinical standpoint. Specific advantages of the procedure are mentioned with the suggestion that perhaps more of these procedures should be performed. Reference is made to the authors' series of 788 cases, with analysis of type of injury, age group, and procedure performed.", "PMID": 650727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4877", "title": "Altered E2 glycoprotein of Sindbis virus and its use in complementation studies.", "content": "We have detected a Sindbis virus variant that contains a smaller-molecular-weight form of the viral glycoprotein E2. The molecular weight of the PE2 precursor and the glycosylation pattern of the smaller E2 are normal, thus indicating that this E2 is formed by an aberrant proteolytic cleavage. The altered E2 was detected in an RNA+ temperature-sensitive mutant that was defective in proteolytic cleavage, but the abnormal PE2-to-E2 reaction could be separated from the ts mutation and is not itself a temperature-sensitive defect. We used the variant E2 as a marker to monitor the complementation reaction between an RNA+ and an RNA- mutant and discovered that complementation was not reciprocal; the RNA defect was corrected by the RNA+ mutant gene products but the RNA+ defect was not complemented by any RNA- gene products. Other studies have shown that the smaller E2 is not preferentially selected during viral maturation and budding. No significant changes have been detected in the biological activity of virions with this altered E2 protein. Comparison of the electrophoretic migration of the E1 and E2 Sindbis viral glycoproteins in a two-dimensional polyacrylamide slab gel system that was first run in the absence of sulfhydryl-reducing reagent and then with beta-mercaptoethanol indicated that the mobility of E1, but not that of E2, was significantly altered by reduction.", "contents": "Altered E2 glycoprotein of Sindbis virus and its use in complementation studies. We have detected a Sindbis virus variant that contains a smaller-molecular-weight form of the viral glycoprotein E2. The molecular weight of the PE2 precursor and the glycosylation pattern of the smaller E2 are normal, thus indicating that this E2 is formed by an aberrant proteolytic cleavage. The altered E2 was detected in an RNA+ temperature-sensitive mutant that was defective in proteolytic cleavage, but the abnormal PE2-to-E2 reaction could be separated from the ts mutation and is not itself a temperature-sensitive defect. We used the variant E2 as a marker to monitor the complementation reaction between an RNA+ and an RNA- mutant and discovered that complementation was not reciprocal; the RNA defect was corrected by the RNA+ mutant gene products but the RNA+ defect was not complemented by any RNA- gene products. Other studies have shown that the smaller E2 is not preferentially selected during viral maturation and budding. No significant changes have been detected in the biological activity of virions with this altered E2 protein. Comparison of the electrophoretic migration of the E1 and E2 Sindbis viral glycoproteins in a two-dimensional polyacrylamide slab gel system that was first run in the absence of sulfhydryl-reducing reagent and then with beta-mercaptoethanol indicated that the mobility of E1, but not that of E2, was significantly altered by reduction.", "PMID": 650737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4878", "title": "Stoichiometry and specificity of binding of Rauscher oncovirus 10,000-dalton (p10) structural protein to nucleic acids.", "content": "A structural protein of Rauscher oncovirus of about 8,000 to 10,000 daltons (p10), encoded by the gag gene, has been purified in high yield to apparent homogeneity by a simple three-step procedure. The purified protein was highly basic, with an isoelectric point of more than 9.0, and its immunological antigenicity was chiefly group specific. A distinctive property of the protein was the binding to nucleic acids. The stoichiometry of p10 binding to Rauscher virus RNA was analyzed using both 125I-labeled p10 and 3H-labeled RNA. The protein-RNA complex, cross-linked by formaldehyde, was separated from free RNA and free protein by velocity sedimentation and density gradient centrifugation. A maximum of about 140 mol of p10 was bound per mol of 35S RNA, or about one molecule of p10 per 70 nucleotides. This protein-RNA complex banded at a density of about 1.55 g/ml. The number of nucleic acid sites bound and the affinity of p10 binding differed significantly among the other polynucleotides tested. The protein bound to both RNA and DNA with a preference for single-stranded molecules. Rauscher virus RNA and single-stranded phage fd DNA contained the highest number of binding sites. Binding to fd DNA was saturated with about 30 mol of p10 per mol of fd DNA, an average of about one p10 molecule per 180 nucleotides. The apparent binding constant was 7.3 X 10(7) M(-1). The properties of the p10 place it in a category with other nucleic acid binding proteins that achieve a greater binding density on single-stranded than on double-stranded molecules and appear to act by facilitating changes in polynucleotide conformation.", "contents": "Stoichiometry and specificity of binding of Rauscher oncovirus 10,000-dalton (p10) structural protein to nucleic acids. A structural protein of Rauscher oncovirus of about 8,000 to 10,000 daltons (p10), encoded by the gag gene, has been purified in high yield to apparent homogeneity by a simple three-step procedure. The purified protein was highly basic, with an isoelectric point of more than 9.0, and its immunological antigenicity was chiefly group specific. A distinctive property of the protein was the binding to nucleic acids. The stoichiometry of p10 binding to Rauscher virus RNA was analyzed using both 125I-labeled p10 and 3H-labeled RNA. The protein-RNA complex, cross-linked by formaldehyde, was separated from free RNA and free protein by velocity sedimentation and density gradient centrifugation. A maximum of about 140 mol of p10 was bound per mol of 35S RNA, or about one molecule of p10 per 70 nucleotides. This protein-RNA complex banded at a density of about 1.55 g/ml. The number of nucleic acid sites bound and the affinity of p10 binding differed significantly among the other polynucleotides tested. The protein bound to both RNA and DNA with a preference for single-stranded molecules. Rauscher virus RNA and single-stranded phage fd DNA contained the highest number of binding sites. Binding to fd DNA was saturated with about 30 mol of p10 per mol of fd DNA, an average of about one p10 molecule per 180 nucleotides. The apparent binding constant was 7.3 X 10(7) M(-1). The properties of the p10 place it in a category with other nucleic acid binding proteins that achieve a greater binding density on single-stranded than on double-stranded molecules and appear to act by facilitating changes in polynucleotide conformation.", "PMID": 650738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4879", "title": "Synthesis of defective viral DNA in HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 3.", "content": "Virus-specific DNA fragments that are shorter than the full-length viral genomes have been isolated from HeLa cells productively infected with adenovirus type 3. A number of predominant size classes could be detected by gel electrophoresis and hybridization, and the array of sizes was similar or identical to the selection in DNA purified from incomplete particles of this serotype (E. Daniell, J. Virol. 19:685-708, 1976). A large fraction of these short DNA molecules contained long inverted terminal repetitions, as did DNA molecules from incomplete particles. Restriction analysis showed that these subgenomic molecules consist of sequences from the two molecular ends of the normal genome. These results suggest that the predominance of left-hand end fragments seen in packaged incomplete DNAs results from selective packaging, whereas the predominance of certain size classes of intracellular viral DNA is a function of prepackaging events. The incomplete DNAs were generated at all times during viral DNA replication, and the yield relative to complete DNA did not seem to vary significantly with time or multiplicity of infection or when the virus was propagated on different human cell types.", "contents": "Synthesis of defective viral DNA in HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 3. Virus-specific DNA fragments that are shorter than the full-length viral genomes have been isolated from HeLa cells productively infected with adenovirus type 3. A number of predominant size classes could be detected by gel electrophoresis and hybridization, and the array of sizes was similar or identical to the selection in DNA purified from incomplete particles of this serotype (E. Daniell, J. Virol. 19:685-708, 1976). A large fraction of these short DNA molecules contained long inverted terminal repetitions, as did DNA molecules from incomplete particles. Restriction analysis showed that these subgenomic molecules consist of sequences from the two molecular ends of the normal genome. These results suggest that the predominance of left-hand end fragments seen in packaged incomplete DNAs results from selective packaging, whereas the predominance of certain size classes of intracellular viral DNA is a function of prepackaging events. The incomplete DNAs were generated at all times during viral DNA replication, and the yield relative to complete DNA did not seem to vary significantly with time or multiplicity of infection or when the virus was propagated on different human cell types.", "PMID": 650739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4880", "title": "The renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram: a new method of individual renal function determination in obstructive renal disease.", "content": "The divided renal function of 10 patients with unilateral renal obstruction was measured with the renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram, a computerized radioisotope function study, and with endogenous creatinine clearances. Functional impairment of the obstructed kidney when estimated by the effective renal plasma flow determination of the renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram correlated closely with that measured by creatinine clearance. The clinical applications of the renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram in unilateral renal obstruction include the preoperative evaluation of individual renal function and serial estimates of individual renal function in chronic obstructive processes.", "contents": "The renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram: a new method of individual renal function determination in obstructive renal disease. The divided renal function of 10 patients with unilateral renal obstruction was measured with the renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram, a computerized radioisotope function study, and with endogenous creatinine clearances. Functional impairment of the obstructed kidney when estimated by the effective renal plasma flow determination of the renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram correlated closely with that measured by creatinine clearance. The clinical applications of the renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram in unilateral renal obstruction include the preoperative evaluation of individual renal function and serial estimates of individual renal function in chronic obstructive processes.", "PMID": 650741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4881", "title": "Anterior transperitoneal approach for treatment of urolithiasis.", "content": "An anterior transperitoneal incision was used to remove stones from 20 kidneys in 18 patients (2 bilateral). Our experience with 35 kidneys operated upon by this method (15 previously reported) has been favorable. Use of percutaneous nephropyelostomy tubes to drain obstructed kidneys in septic patients has permitted all procedures to be done under non-emergency conditions. Careful alignment of x-ray equipment and adjustment of exposure technique in the operating room before induction of anesthesia result in consistently good quality preoperative and intraoperative roentgenograms. The transperitoneal approach has afforded good access to the anterior portion of the renal pelvis even in those patients who have had previous operations on the kidney by the flank approach. Additional intra-abdominal procedures done at the same operation have included urinary diversion by ileal loop, revision of previous ileal loop, ureterolithotomy, pyeloureteroplasty, partial nephrectomy, cholecystectomy and appendectomy. The procedures done with the patients in the supine position have been well tolerated even in patients with serious coincident medical diseases.", "contents": "Anterior transperitoneal approach for treatment of urolithiasis. An anterior transperitoneal incision was used to remove stones from 20 kidneys in 18 patients (2 bilateral). Our experience with 35 kidneys operated upon by this method (15 previously reported) has been favorable. Use of percutaneous nephropyelostomy tubes to drain obstructed kidneys in septic patients has permitted all procedures to be done under non-emergency conditions. Careful alignment of x-ray equipment and adjustment of exposure technique in the operating room before induction of anesthesia result in consistently good quality preoperative and intraoperative roentgenograms. The transperitoneal approach has afforded good access to the anterior portion of the renal pelvis even in those patients who have had previous operations on the kidney by the flank approach. Additional intra-abdominal procedures done at the same operation have included urinary diversion by ileal loop, revision of previous ileal loop, ureterolithotomy, pyeloureteroplasty, partial nephrectomy, cholecystectomy and appendectomy. The procedures done with the patients in the supine position have been well tolerated even in patients with serious coincident medical diseases.", "PMID": 650742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4882", "title": "Anatrophic nephrolithotomy in the solitary kidney.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients who had undergone anatrophic nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculus disease in a solitary kidney. No statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.1) was found between the average preoperative and postoperative renal function values. Of 27 patients who were infected preoperatively 19 were rendered free of further urinary tract infection and 24 of 30 patients (80 per cent) had no further recurrence of renal calculi. Because of the predictable morbidity and mortality associated with the non-operative management of staghorn calculus disease these patients are managed best by the complete surgical removal of all calculi and intensive antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Anatrophic nephrolithotomy in the solitary kidney. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients who had undergone anatrophic nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculus disease in a solitary kidney. No statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.1) was found between the average preoperative and postoperative renal function values. Of 27 patients who were infected preoperatively 19 were rendered free of further urinary tract infection and 24 of 30 patients (80 per cent) had no further recurrence of renal calculi. Because of the predictable morbidity and mortality associated with the non-operative management of staghorn calculus disease these patients are managed best by the complete surgical removal of all calculi and intensive antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 650743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4883", "title": "Simultaneous balloon occlusion of the renal artery and hypothermic perfusion in in situ surgery of the kidney.", "content": "Renal ischemia and cooling may be achieved by intraluminal balloon occlusion and intermittent hypothermic perfusion using a double lumen, balloon-tipped catheter introduced into the renal artery percutaneously. This technique was used successfully in 26 of 31 extensive nephrolithotomies, eliminating the need for dissection and clamping of the renal artery and intricate surface cooling. Intrarenal operations could be performed as effectively as with clamp occlusion. Despite a mean ischemia time of 54 minutes the individual 131I-hippuran clearance of the operated kidneys was only reduced to a mean 78.4 per cent of the preoperative value 2 to 3 weeks postoperatively and increased to 92.2 per cent after 3 to 6 months, with a tendency toward further improvement.", "contents": "Simultaneous balloon occlusion of the renal artery and hypothermic perfusion in in situ surgery of the kidney. Renal ischemia and cooling may be achieved by intraluminal balloon occlusion and intermittent hypothermic perfusion using a double lumen, balloon-tipped catheter introduced into the renal artery percutaneously. This technique was used successfully in 26 of 31 extensive nephrolithotomies, eliminating the need for dissection and clamping of the renal artery and intricate surface cooling. Intrarenal operations could be performed as effectively as with clamp occlusion. Despite a mean ischemia time of 54 minutes the individual 131I-hippuran clearance of the operated kidneys was only reduced to a mean 78.4 per cent of the preoperative value 2 to 3 weeks postoperatively and increased to 92.2 per cent after 3 to 6 months, with a tendency toward further improvement.", "PMID": 650744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4884", "title": "Non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction associated with renal carcinoma.", "content": "A retrospective computer analysis of 102 patients treated for renal tubular carcinoma revealed 7 patients who presented with non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction. Of these 7 patients 5 also had the triad of fever, weight loss and fatigue. Only 1 patient survived more than 10 years after nephrectomy. A review of the literature on non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction revealed a significant interval between onset of symptoms and detection of the underlying renal malignancy, as well as a poor over-all survival rate if the syndrome persisted after nephrectomy.", "contents": "Non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction associated with renal carcinoma. A retrospective computer analysis of 102 patients treated for renal tubular carcinoma revealed 7 patients who presented with non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction. Of these 7 patients 5 also had the triad of fever, weight loss and fatigue. Only 1 patient survived more than 10 years after nephrectomy. A review of the literature on non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction revealed a significant interval between onset of symptoms and detection of the underlying renal malignancy, as well as a poor over-all survival rate if the syndrome persisted after nephrectomy.", "PMID": 650745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4885", "title": "Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for single ureteral disease in patients with ureteral duplication: a review of 8 years of experience with 16 patients.", "content": "Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy near the bladder (end-to-side anastomosis) for treatment of single ureteral disease in patients with complete ureteral duplication has been performed in 16 patients during the last 8 years. The operative technique, indications, results, followup and complications are presented. Reflux in the lower segment ureter was treated in 13 patients and upper segment ectopia or ureterocele was managed in 3 patients with this operative procedure. This operative technique is simpler and safer than reimplantation of both ureters into the bladder. Because no dissection of the bladder wall is needed there is less risk of injury to the pelvic viscera and vasculature. The chance of success in correcting reflux appears better than with reimplantation of both ureters into the bladder. Long-term followup has shown few complications and no repeat operations were needed in this series. The small stump of the diseased ureter left behind near the bladder caused no serious problems.", "contents": "Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for single ureteral disease in patients with ureteral duplication: a review of 8 years of experience with 16 patients. Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy near the bladder (end-to-side anastomosis) for treatment of single ureteral disease in patients with complete ureteral duplication has been performed in 16 patients during the last 8 years. The operative technique, indications, results, followup and complications are presented. Reflux in the lower segment ureter was treated in 13 patients and upper segment ectopia or ureterocele was managed in 3 patients with this operative procedure. This operative technique is simpler and safer than reimplantation of both ureters into the bladder. Because no dissection of the bladder wall is needed there is less risk of injury to the pelvic viscera and vasculature. The chance of success in correcting reflux appears better than with reimplantation of both ureters into the bladder. Long-term followup has shown few complications and no repeat operations were needed in this series. The small stump of the diseased ureter left behind near the bladder caused no serious problems.", "PMID": 650746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4886", "title": "Use of the omental pedicle graft in exenterative surgery.", "content": "The pedicled omentum can be used effectively to cover the ureterointestinal anastomosis and to fill the irradiated, denuded pelvis after a radical cancer operation.", "contents": "Use of the omental pedicle graft in exenterative surgery. The pedicled omentum can be used effectively to cover the ureterointestinal anastomosis and to fill the irradiated, denuded pelvis after a radical cancer operation.", "PMID": 650747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4887", "title": "Pregnancy in women with bladder exstrophy.", "content": "Little is known about pregnancies in women with bladder exstrophy. Of 28 women with bladder exstrophy who were evaluated 7 became pregnant and 5 delivered successfully. Problems seen during pregnancy, the long-term effects and the need for early, informed counseling by the urologist are discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in women with bladder exstrophy. Little is known about pregnancies in women with bladder exstrophy. Of 28 women with bladder exstrophy who were evaluated 7 became pregnant and 5 delivered successfully. Problems seen during pregnancy, the long-term effects and the need for early, informed counseling by the urologist are discussed.", "PMID": 650748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4888", "title": "Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. I. Voiding dysfunction.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine is a welcomed adjunct in the pharmacologic management of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction resulting from spinal cord trauma. Side effects are infrequent. Bladder balance was predictably and effectively achieved and maintained in patients with 1) lower motor neuron lesions, 2) upper motor neuron lesions and coexisting autonomic dysreflexia and 3) intact sympathetic innervation and upper motor neuron bladders. The response was unpredictable in patients with upper motor neuron lesions without coexisting dysreflexia.", "contents": "Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. I. Voiding dysfunction. Phenoxybenzamine is a welcomed adjunct in the pharmacologic management of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction resulting from spinal cord trauma. Side effects are infrequent. Bladder balance was predictably and effectively achieved and maintained in patients with 1) lower motor neuron lesions, 2) upper motor neuron lesions and coexisting autonomic dysreflexia and 3) intact sympathetic innervation and upper motor neuron bladders. The response was unpredictable in patients with upper motor neuron lesions without coexisting dysreflexia.", "PMID": 650749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4889", "title": "Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. II. Autonomic dysreflexia.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine blockade of the alpha receptor site can abolish the vascular and internal sphincter responses in patients with chronic recurrent autonomic dysreflexia associated with bladder filling or contraction. The life-threatening hypertensive response is suppressed by this medication. Therefore, the drug is a beneficial adjunct in the pharmacologic management of autonomic dysreflexia. When the drug is used patients can be maintained free of a catheter. The drug had no serious side effects at the dose regimen used. One particularly significant advantage is its long duration of action--patients occasionally can skip doses of medication and not suffer acute symptoms.", "contents": "Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. II. Autonomic dysreflexia. Phenoxybenzamine blockade of the alpha receptor site can abolish the vascular and internal sphincter responses in patients with chronic recurrent autonomic dysreflexia associated with bladder filling or contraction. The life-threatening hypertensive response is suppressed by this medication. Therefore, the drug is a beneficial adjunct in the pharmacologic management of autonomic dysreflexia. When the drug is used patients can be maintained free of a catheter. The drug had no serious side effects at the dose regimen used. One particularly significant advantage is its long duration of action--patients occasionally can skip doses of medication and not suffer acute symptoms.", "PMID": 650750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4890", "title": "Experience in the urologic management in 120 early spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "More than 120 patients with recent spinal cord injuries have been admitted to our hospital during the last 3 years. Intermittent catheterization has been the preliminary step in the urologic management of these patients. The transcutaneous suprapubic cystocath with intermittent aspiration of urine also has been used in 7 cases. A bladder outlet operation after 3 months was indicated 3 times more often in patients with complete than in those with incomplete neurologic lesions. Results and indications are discussed.", "contents": "Experience in the urologic management in 120 early spinal cord injury patients. More than 120 patients with recent spinal cord injuries have been admitted to our hospital during the last 3 years. Intermittent catheterization has been the preliminary step in the urologic management of these patients. The transcutaneous suprapubic cystocath with intermittent aspiration of urine also has been used in 7 cases. A bladder outlet operation after 3 months was indicated 3 times more often in patients with complete than in those with incomplete neurologic lesions. Results and indications are discussed.", "PMID": 650751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4891", "title": "The natural history of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and its treatment in an unselected population on the basis of histologic grading.", "content": "Between 1950 and 1965, 365 patients were treated for transitional cancer of the bladder at our hospitals. A retrospective study was done, using clinical records and a histopathologic review to determine the long-term natural history of this population when treated conservatively. The natural history of 3 separate patient populations was discovered, based solely on the grading of the transurethrally resected fragments. Based on the grade on initial presentation these patients were divided into grades I, II and III. Of the patients 5 per cent in grade I, 16 per cent in grade II, 28 to 35 per cent in grade III not involving muscle and 83 per cent in grade III involving muscle died of bladder cancer. Ninety-seven patients (26 per cent) died of bladder cancer, 110 (31 per cent) died of other causes and 158 (43 per cent) have been alive more than 5 years (104 more than 10 years). Grade I tumors that progressed to a higher grade did so within 2 years of the initial diagnosis. Of the bladder cancer deaths 83 per cent occurred within 2 years of the initial diagnosis. Of 64 patients dying more than 5 years after presentation only 7 died of bladder cancer.", "contents": "The natural history of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and its treatment in an unselected population on the basis of histologic grading. Between 1950 and 1965, 365 patients were treated for transitional cancer of the bladder at our hospitals. A retrospective study was done, using clinical records and a histopathologic review to determine the long-term natural history of this population when treated conservatively. The natural history of 3 separate patient populations was discovered, based solely on the grading of the transurethrally resected fragments. Based on the grade on initial presentation these patients were divided into grades I, II and III. Of the patients 5 per cent in grade I, 16 per cent in grade II, 28 to 35 per cent in grade III not involving muscle and 83 per cent in grade III involving muscle died of bladder cancer. Ninety-seven patients (26 per cent) died of bladder cancer, 110 (31 per cent) died of other causes and 158 (43 per cent) have been alive more than 5 years (104 more than 10 years). Grade I tumors that progressed to a higher grade did so within 2 years of the initial diagnosis. Of the bladder cancer deaths 83 per cent occurred within 2 years of the initial diagnosis. Of 64 patients dying more than 5 years after presentation only 7 died of bladder cancer.", "PMID": 650752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4892", "title": "Treatment of advanced bladder cancer with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II NSC 119875): a pilot study.", "content": "A pilot study was done using 19 patients with bladder cancer to test the efficacy of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum as a single agent to treat transitional cell carcinoma. Fourteen patients had stage D lesions, 3 patients had stage C and 2 patients had stage B tumors. The patients received 1 mg./kg. cis-diamminedichloroplatinum mixed with 2,000 cc dextrose 5 per cent in one-third normal saline solution, 37.5 gm. mannitol and 40 mEq. potassium chloride. The mixture was given in a slow infusion lasting 6 to 8 hours every week for the first 6 weeks and every 3 weeks thereafter. In the patients with stage D disease 1 complete clinical remission, 7 partial clinical remissions, 1 minimal objective response and 1 subjective response were observed. Four patients did not respond to the treatment. In the 3 stage C patients no response to the drug was observed. In the stage B patients 1 partial remission and 1 minimal objective response were seen. A total objective response (complete remission and partial remission) was seen in 9 of the 19 patients (47 per cent). The duration of the responses varied from 2 to 10 months, with an average of 4.8 months. These promising results seem to indicate the high degree of effectiveness of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum against transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced bladder cancer with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II NSC 119875): a pilot study. A pilot study was done using 19 patients with bladder cancer to test the efficacy of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum as a single agent to treat transitional cell carcinoma. Fourteen patients had stage D lesions, 3 patients had stage C and 2 patients had stage B tumors. The patients received 1 mg./kg. cis-diamminedichloroplatinum mixed with 2,000 cc dextrose 5 per cent in one-third normal saline solution, 37.5 gm. mannitol and 40 mEq. potassium chloride. The mixture was given in a slow infusion lasting 6 to 8 hours every week for the first 6 weeks and every 3 weeks thereafter. In the patients with stage D disease 1 complete clinical remission, 7 partial clinical remissions, 1 minimal objective response and 1 subjective response were observed. Four patients did not respond to the treatment. In the 3 stage C patients no response to the drug was observed. In the stage B patients 1 partial remission and 1 minimal objective response were seen. A total objective response (complete remission and partial remission) was seen in 9 of the 19 patients (47 per cent). The duration of the responses varied from 2 to 10 months, with an average of 4.8 months. These promising results seem to indicate the high degree of effectiveness of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum against transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 650753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4893", "title": "Transurethral urethrotomy under vision.", "content": "Transurethral urethrotomy under vision with the Sachse urethrotome is a new surgical procedure for the treatment of urethral strictures. The chief advantage of the urethrotome is the fact that the surgeon can cut strictures selectively and accurately under clear vision. The procedure is less painful than blind internal urethrotomy and less extensive cases can be done in the office with the patient under local anesthesia. We report on 36 cases with at least 6 months of followup. In 20 cases the strictures were distal to the prostate and the results were considered good in 16, improved in 3 and a failure in 1. The other 16 cases involved vesical neck contractures and all patients had good results. The technique for urethral strictures distal to the prostate and for vesical neck contractures is described and postoperative treatment is emphasized and discussed.", "contents": "Transurethral urethrotomy under vision. Transurethral urethrotomy under vision with the Sachse urethrotome is a new surgical procedure for the treatment of urethral strictures. The chief advantage of the urethrotome is the fact that the surgeon can cut strictures selectively and accurately under clear vision. The procedure is less painful than blind internal urethrotomy and less extensive cases can be done in the office with the patient under local anesthesia. We report on 36 cases with at least 6 months of followup. In 20 cases the strictures were distal to the prostate and the results were considered good in 16, improved in 3 and a failure in 1. The other 16 cases involved vesical neck contractures and all patients had good results. The technique for urethral strictures distal to the prostate and for vesical neck contractures is described and postoperative treatment is emphasized and discussed.", "PMID": 650754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4894", "title": "Erections and sexual function in post-sphincterotomy bladder neck patients.", "content": "A study of 131 patients who underwent sphincterotomy and bladder neck incision was done to determine changes in postoperative erectile and sexual function. A complete, permanent loss of erectile function was noted in 8.2 per cent of the patients and diminished erectile function was noted in 16.8 per cent. Unchanged or improved erections were noted in 74.8 per cent of the patients, while a complete loss of ability to engage in vaginal sexual intercourse, which had been present preoperatively, was sustained by 3.9 per cent of patients with diminished erections suffered no impairment of their preoperative sexual ability. Unaltered, improved or induced sexual function was present in 96.1 per cent of the patients postoperatively.", "contents": "Erections and sexual function in post-sphincterotomy bladder neck patients. A study of 131 patients who underwent sphincterotomy and bladder neck incision was done to determine changes in postoperative erectile and sexual function. A complete, permanent loss of erectile function was noted in 8.2 per cent of the patients and diminished erectile function was noted in 16.8 per cent. Unchanged or improved erections were noted in 74.8 per cent of the patients, while a complete loss of ability to engage in vaginal sexual intercourse, which had been present preoperatively, was sustained by 3.9 per cent of patients with diminished erections suffered no impairment of their preoperative sexual ability. Unaltered, improved or induced sexual function was present in 96.1 per cent of the patients postoperatively.", "PMID": 650755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4895", "title": "Clinical aspects of sperm bank.", "content": "The ability to preserve human sperm by cryogenic methods has been developed and successfully applied to reproductive biology. Some of the advantages include 1) availability of sperm for heterologous (donor) insemination, 2) accumulation of multiple oligospermic specimens for homologous (husband) insemination, 3) preservation of sperm prior to vasectomy, 4) collection and preservation of sperm from men who face permanent injury to spermatogenesis through an operation, chemotherapy or radiation, 5) to obviate the potential genetic danger of man's exposure to environmental pollutants such as radiation and 6) availability of husband's sperm at ovulation time.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of sperm bank. The ability to preserve human sperm by cryogenic methods has been developed and successfully applied to reproductive biology. Some of the advantages include 1) availability of sperm for heterologous (donor) insemination, 2) accumulation of multiple oligospermic specimens for homologous (husband) insemination, 3) preservation of sperm prior to vasectomy, 4) collection and preservation of sperm from men who face permanent injury to spermatogenesis through an operation, chemotherapy or radiation, 5) to obviate the potential genetic danger of man's exposure to environmental pollutants such as radiation and 6) availability of husband's sperm at ovulation time.", "PMID": 650756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4896", "title": "Radical retropubic prostatectomy: 59 cases.", "content": "Our results with radical retropubic prostatectomy in 59 patients are described. This is the largest retropubic series outside a university setting that we could find. We discuss the reasons that we believe our technique is beneficial. Our blood loss has been less than the loss in most series, with 48 per cent of our patients receiving no units of blood and, over-all, 64.5 per cent receiving 0 or 1 unit. None of our patients had total urinary incontinence or required a collecting device. Of the 59 patients 5 (9 per cent) are potent. A discussion of the method, complications and 5 and 10-year results is presented. Our statistics compare favorably to those of other series and we believe that this operation is beneficial for the patient.", "contents": "Radical retropubic prostatectomy: 59 cases. Our results with radical retropubic prostatectomy in 59 patients are described. This is the largest retropubic series outside a university setting that we could find. We discuss the reasons that we believe our technique is beneficial. Our blood loss has been less than the loss in most series, with 48 per cent of our patients receiving no units of blood and, over-all, 64.5 per cent receiving 0 or 1 unit. None of our patients had total urinary incontinence or required a collecting device. Of the 59 patients 5 (9 per cent) are potent. A discussion of the method, complications and 5 and 10-year results is presented. Our statistics compare favorably to those of other series and we believe that this operation is beneficial for the patient.", "PMID": 650757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4897", "title": "Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate (stage D) with infusion of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II NSC 119875): a pilot study.", "content": "A study was done on 21 patients who had advanced carcinoma of the prostate (stage D) treated with 1 mg./kg. cis-diamminedichloroplatinum per week for 6 weeks. The infusions were then spaced every 3 weeks thereafter. One patient had never been treated previously and 20 patients were failures of previous therapy with estrogens and/or radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. A partial objective clinical remission was seen in 9 of the 21 patients (43 per cent). This response lasted from 3 to 14 months, with an average of 5.8 months. The responses were evidenced by a 50 per cent or more decrease of lesions in the liver (2 patients), recalcification of a bone lytic lesion (1 patient), disappearance of positive lymph nodes in the neck (2 patients), disappearance of pleural effusion (1 patient), disappearance of lymphatic block of lower extremities (2 patients) and disappearance of lung metastases and ureteral obstruction (1 patient). Six patients (28.5 per cent) had a complete disappearance of the bone pain and became ambulatory and asymptomatic, 2 patients (9.5 per cent) with bony metastases remained asymptomatic and apparently stable and 4 patients did not respond to treatment and showed progression. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum seems to be the most effective drug available to date for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate (stage D) with infusion of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II NSC 119875): a pilot study. A study was done on 21 patients who had advanced carcinoma of the prostate (stage D) treated with 1 mg./kg. cis-diamminedichloroplatinum per week for 6 weeks. The infusions were then spaced every 3 weeks thereafter. One patient had never been treated previously and 20 patients were failures of previous therapy with estrogens and/or radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. A partial objective clinical remission was seen in 9 of the 21 patients (43 per cent). This response lasted from 3 to 14 months, with an average of 5.8 months. The responses were evidenced by a 50 per cent or more decrease of lesions in the liver (2 patients), recalcification of a bone lytic lesion (1 patient), disappearance of positive lymph nodes in the neck (2 patients), disappearance of pleural effusion (1 patient), disappearance of lymphatic block of lower extremities (2 patients) and disappearance of lung metastases and ureteral obstruction (1 patient). Six patients (28.5 per cent) had a complete disappearance of the bone pain and became ambulatory and asymptomatic, 2 patients (9.5 per cent) with bony metastases remained asymptomatic and apparently stable and 4 patients did not respond to treatment and showed progression. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum seems to be the most effective drug available to date for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 650758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4898", "title": "Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism is a disorder of sexual differentiation in which patients present with bilateral dysgenetic testes, persistent m\u00fcllerian structures, cryptorchidism and inadequate virilization. There were 10 patients with this syndrome seen at our hospital between 1956 and 1976. In this series, there was a 30 per cent incidence of testicular tumors. Because patients with dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism have a high incidence of testicular tumors this disorder, which is actually a variant of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, must be distinguished from the other forms of male pseudohermaphroditism.", "contents": "Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism. Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism is a disorder of sexual differentiation in which patients present with bilateral dysgenetic testes, persistent m\u00fcllerian structures, cryptorchidism and inadequate virilization. There were 10 patients with this syndrome seen at our hospital between 1956 and 1976. In this series, there was a 30 per cent incidence of testicular tumors. Because patients with dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism have a high incidence of testicular tumors this disorder, which is actually a variant of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, must be distinguished from the other forms of male pseudohermaphroditism.", "PMID": 650759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4899", "title": "Factor XI deficiency: detection and management during urological surgery.", "content": "Hereditary factor XI deficiency may remain undiagnosed until severe bleeding is observed after an operation or trauma. Two such cases were encountered and, therefore, a regular screening test for coagulation disorders among urological patients was initiated. During 2 years (1975 and 1976) 10 additional cases of factor XI deficiency were detected: 5 severe and 5 partial. All patients were Ashkenazic Jews of Eastern European origin. The 5 patients with severe factor XI deficiency underwent an operation without any complications. They were transfused with 5 to 20 ml./kg./day of fresh frozen plasma from the day before the operation until 10 to 14 days postoperatively. Of the 5 patients with partial XI deficiency 4 underwent an operation. In 1 of 3 patients who did not receive transfusions postoperative bleeding was observed. A minimal level of 0.3 U./ml. (30 per cent) factor XI was found necessary to ensure good hemostasis during and after an operation. In view of a recent finding of relatively high gene frequency of factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazic Jews it seems warranted to do a partial thromboplastin time in such patients who need an operation.", "contents": "Factor XI deficiency: detection and management during urological surgery. Hereditary factor XI deficiency may remain undiagnosed until severe bleeding is observed after an operation or trauma. Two such cases were encountered and, therefore, a regular screening test for coagulation disorders among urological patients was initiated. During 2 years (1975 and 1976) 10 additional cases of factor XI deficiency were detected: 5 severe and 5 partial. All patients were Ashkenazic Jews of Eastern European origin. The 5 patients with severe factor XI deficiency underwent an operation without any complications. They were transfused with 5 to 20 ml./kg./day of fresh frozen plasma from the day before the operation until 10 to 14 days postoperatively. Of the 5 patients with partial XI deficiency 4 underwent an operation. In 1 of 3 patients who did not receive transfusions postoperative bleeding was observed. A minimal level of 0.3 U./ml. (30 per cent) factor XI was found necessary to ensure good hemostasis during and after an operation. In view of a recent finding of relatively high gene frequency of factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazic Jews it seems warranted to do a partial thromboplastin time in such patients who need an operation.", "PMID": 650760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4900", "title": "Genetics of cystinuria in an inbred population.", "content": "After the identification of 2 cystinurics in a large eastern Virginia isolate a population study was undertaken to identify carriers of the gene and others who could be affected by it. Of 102 individuals 3 additional homozygous cystinurics and 27 possible carriers were found. The cystinuria gene shows a highly variable expression, although all those affected and carriers could be traced to 1 couple who married about 1890. These studies demonstrate that there is considerable variation in urinary concentrations of cystine even in an affected population. No form of therapy should be based on random or isolated samples.", "contents": "Genetics of cystinuria in an inbred population. After the identification of 2 cystinurics in a large eastern Virginia isolate a population study was undertaken to identify carriers of the gene and others who could be affected by it. Of 102 individuals 3 additional homozygous cystinurics and 27 possible carriers were found. The cystinuria gene shows a highly variable expression, although all those affected and carriers could be traced to 1 couple who married about 1890. These studies demonstrate that there is considerable variation in urinary concentrations of cystine even in an affected population. No form of therapy should be based on random or isolated samples.", "PMID": 650761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4901", "title": "Anti-arcing loop and resectoscope.", "content": "A new modified cutting loop assembly and a modification of the resectoscope to prevent arcing between the bare wire loop and the distal end of the telescope are described.", "contents": "Anti-arcing loop and resectoscope. A new modified cutting loop assembly and a modification of the resectoscope to prevent arcing between the bare wire loop and the distal end of the telescope are described.", "PMID": 650762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4902", "title": "Gas cystometry in cases of continent bladder exstrophy.", "content": "Cystometry in 21 cases of closed continent bladder exstrophy revealed that 14 patients had a normal reflexic bladder. A simultaneous anal plug electromyogram showed an appropriate response in all patients when correlated with a cystometrogram.", "contents": "Gas cystometry in cases of continent bladder exstrophy. Cystometry in 21 cases of closed continent bladder exstrophy revealed that 14 patients had a normal reflexic bladder. A simultaneous anal plug electromyogram showed an appropriate response in all patients when correlated with a cystometrogram.", "PMID": 650763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4903", "title": "Continence in cases of bladder exstrophy.", "content": "The relationship of the onset of continence, staged surgical procedures and continence length was investigated in 21 patients with closed continent exstrophy. Continence occurred within a year of operation in 13 patients and 10 of these 13 patients had a Young-Dees urethroplasty and Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz suspension. In 11 of these 13 patients the continence length was greater than 1 cm. In the remaining 8 patients continence was delayed beyong a year. Only 1 of these 8 patients had undergone both bladder neck procedures and in 5 patients the continence length was greater than 1 cm.", "contents": "Continence in cases of bladder exstrophy. The relationship of the onset of continence, staged surgical procedures and continence length was investigated in 21 patients with closed continent exstrophy. Continence occurred within a year of operation in 13 patients and 10 of these 13 patients had a Young-Dees urethroplasty and Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz suspension. In 11 of these 13 patients the continence length was greater than 1 cm. In the remaining 8 patients continence was delayed beyong a year. Only 1 of these 8 patients had undergone both bladder neck procedures and in 5 patients the continence length was greater than 1 cm.", "PMID": 650764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4904", "title": "Comparison of techniques to determine continence zone.", "content": "The urethral pressure profiles for 36 patients were analyzed specifically for continence zone by 3 techniques: 1) triangle, 2) planimeter and 3) weight. Graphically, the best agreement was between the weight and planimetry methods but, statistically, there was a significant difference among techniques except for the subgroup that had the smallest continence area.", "contents": "Comparison of techniques to determine continence zone. The urethral pressure profiles for 36 patients were analyzed specifically for continence zone by 3 techniques: 1) triangle, 2) planimeter and 3) weight. Graphically, the best agreement was between the weight and planimetry methods but, statistically, there was a significant difference among techniques except for the subgroup that had the smallest continence area.", "PMID": 650765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4905", "title": "Orthotopic ureteroceles in children.", "content": "Experience with 20 simple ureteroceles in 18 children is reviewed. In most cases hydroureteronephrosis of various grades of severity was present. In 5 cases the related kidney was non-functioning. The ureterocele generally is seen on excretory urography, either as a positive cobra-head dilatation or as a negative filling defect in the cystogram when renal function is impaired. Cystoscopy is diagnostic but confusion may occur when a lax ureterocele is compressed and emptied or even everted by a high intravesical pressure. Expectant management is warranted in the absence of upper tract dilatation but operative intervention is needed in most cases. Nephroureterectomy may be unavoidable if the kidney is afunctional. Simple unroofing or incision of the ureterocele is followed by vesicoureteral reflux and ascending infection. The preferred technique is total excision of the ureterocele and reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder by an antireflux technique.", "contents": "Orthotopic ureteroceles in children. Experience with 20 simple ureteroceles in 18 children is reviewed. In most cases hydroureteronephrosis of various grades of severity was present. In 5 cases the related kidney was non-functioning. The ureterocele generally is seen on excretory urography, either as a positive cobra-head dilatation or as a negative filling defect in the cystogram when renal function is impaired. Cystoscopy is diagnostic but confusion may occur when a lax ureterocele is compressed and emptied or even everted by a high intravesical pressure. Expectant management is warranted in the absence of upper tract dilatation but operative intervention is needed in most cases. Nephroureterectomy may be unavoidable if the kidney is afunctional. Simple unroofing or incision of the ureterocele is followed by vesicoureteral reflux and ascending infection. The preferred technique is total excision of the ureterocele and reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder by an antireflux technique.", "PMID": 650766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4906", "title": "Ureteral reimplantation by the transverse advancement technique.", "content": "When the transverse advancement technique of ureteral reimplantation is used the submucosal tunnel is made transversely across the base of the bladder. This method was used for reimplantation of 131 ureters in 92 children. The results indicate that the transverse advancement technique is adaptable to virtually any situation requiring ureteral reimplantation and is a simple, safe and reliable procedure for prevention of reflux.", "contents": "Ureteral reimplantation by the transverse advancement technique. When the transverse advancement technique of ureteral reimplantation is used the submucosal tunnel is made transversely across the base of the bladder. This method was used for reimplantation of 131 ureters in 92 children. The results indicate that the transverse advancement technique is adaptable to virtually any situation requiring ureteral reimplantation and is a simple, safe and reliable procedure for prevention of reflux.", "PMID": 650767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4907", "title": "The role of adjunctive drug therapy for intermittent catheterization and self-catheterization in children with vesical dysfunction.", "content": "Thirty-nine children with vesical dysfunction were managed with clean intermittent catheterization. Most children achieved effective urinary continence, the majority with the help of adjunctive drug therapy to relax the detrusor, contract the bladder neck or both. Intermittent catheterization had a generally favourable effect on infection, reflux and hydronephrosis. Intermittent catheterization in childhood is a perferred alternative to urinary diversion in cases of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "contents": "The role of adjunctive drug therapy for intermittent catheterization and self-catheterization in children with vesical dysfunction. Thirty-nine children with vesical dysfunction were managed with clean intermittent catheterization. Most children achieved effective urinary continence, the majority with the help of adjunctive drug therapy to relax the detrusor, contract the bladder neck or both. Intermittent catheterization had a generally favourable effect on infection, reflux and hydronephrosis. Intermittent catheterization in childhood is a perferred alternative to urinary diversion in cases of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "PMID": 650768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4908", "title": "Splenic cysts in the differential diagnosis of suprarenal masses.", "content": "Splenic cysts are uncommon and their preoperative diagnosis is suspected rarely from the clinical presentation. The urologist should be aware that on an excretory urogram these cysts appear as suprarenal masses, suggesting adrenal enlargement. Two recent cases are presented, with a discussion of their classification, incidence, diagnostic evaluation and therapy.", "contents": "Splenic cysts in the differential diagnosis of suprarenal masses. Splenic cysts are uncommon and their preoperative diagnosis is suspected rarely from the clinical presentation. The urologist should be aware that on an excretory urogram these cysts appear as suprarenal masses, suggesting adrenal enlargement. Two recent cases are presented, with a discussion of their classification, incidence, diagnostic evaluation and therapy.", "PMID": 650770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4909", "title": "Renin angiotensin involvement in transient hypertension after renal injury.", "content": "Transient hypertension occurred in 3 patients shortly after blunt injury to the abdomen. Renal trauma was suspected in all 3 patients and radiological evidence for renal injury was present in 2. Plasma renin activity definitely was elevated in 1 patient and probably was elevated in another. There was a decrease in blood pressure in all 3 patients during infusion of the angiotensin II analogue--saralasin--showing that the hypertension in these patients was angiotensin-mediated. Renal function as reflected by the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and electrolytes was not impaired significantly. Thus, acute hypertension after blunt abdominal trauma may be angiotensinogenic and is not necessarily sustained.", "contents": "Renin angiotensin involvement in transient hypertension after renal injury. Transient hypertension occurred in 3 patients shortly after blunt injury to the abdomen. Renal trauma was suspected in all 3 patients and radiological evidence for renal injury was present in 2. Plasma renin activity definitely was elevated in 1 patient and probably was elevated in another. There was a decrease in blood pressure in all 3 patients during infusion of the angiotensin II analogue--saralasin--showing that the hypertension in these patients was angiotensin-mediated. Renal function as reflected by the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and electrolytes was not impaired significantly. Thus, acute hypertension after blunt abdominal trauma may be angiotensinogenic and is not necessarily sustained.", "PMID": 650771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4910", "title": "The significance of delayed post-traumatic renal hemorrhage.", "content": "An impression is presented pertaining to the significance of delayed recurrent post-traumatic renal hematuria, documented by 3 case reports and an appraisal of relevant data selected from prior reports. Adjunctive features may include prolonged initial hematuria despite acceptable radiographic features, a preponderant relationship to penetrating (knife and low velocity missile) wounds and a tendency to respond temporarily to conservative management.", "contents": "The significance of delayed post-traumatic renal hemorrhage. An impression is presented pertaining to the significance of delayed recurrent post-traumatic renal hematuria, documented by 3 case reports and an appraisal of relevant data selected from prior reports. Adjunctive features may include prolonged initial hematuria despite acceptable radiographic features, a preponderant relationship to penetrating (knife and low velocity missile) wounds and a tendency to respond temporarily to conservative management.", "PMID": 650772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4911", "title": "Hypovascular renal tumors: an aggressive diagnostic approach required.", "content": "The value of a fine needle aspiration biopsy for confirmation of malignancy is demonstrated in 3 cases of angiographically hypovascular renal tumors. In 2 cases ultrasound examination suggested solid lesions but in 1 case it was predominantly sonolucent. Reliable documentation in the literature indicates that the risk of spreading tumor cells and, hence, of decreasing the survival rate is negligible.", "contents": "Hypovascular renal tumors: an aggressive diagnostic approach required. The value of a fine needle aspiration biopsy for confirmation of malignancy is demonstrated in 3 cases of angiographically hypovascular renal tumors. In 2 cases ultrasound examination suggested solid lesions but in 1 case it was predominantly sonolucent. Reliable documentation in the literature indicates that the risk of spreading tumor cells and, hence, of decreasing the survival rate is negligible.", "PMID": 650773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4912", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis.", "content": "An unusual heterologous carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis is reported. The differential diagnosis, problems related to nomenclature and histogenetic implications of this rare neoplasm are discussed.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis. An unusual heterologous carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis is reported. The differential diagnosis, problems related to nomenclature and histogenetic implications of this rare neoplasm are discussed.", "PMID": 650774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4913", "title": "Impotence: a diagnostic approach.", "content": "A diagnostic approach to erectile impotence using a sexual function questionnaire, nocturnal penile plethysmography, penile blood pressure measurement, cavernosograms, cystometrograms and plasma testosterone levels is presented. Case examples demonstrate the clinical value of these diagnostic tools. Psychogenic impotence should be diagnosed only after nocturnal penile plethysmography has demonstrated the presence of complete erections.", "contents": "Impotence: a diagnostic approach. A diagnostic approach to erectile impotence using a sexual function questionnaire, nocturnal penile plethysmography, penile blood pressure measurement, cavernosograms, cystometrograms and plasma testosterone levels is presented. Case examples demonstrate the clinical value of these diagnostic tools. Psychogenic impotence should be diagnosed only after nocturnal penile plethysmography has demonstrated the presence of complete erections.", "PMID": 650775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4914", "title": "Survey for toxoplasmosis in wild and domestic animals from Norway and Sweden.", "content": "Fifty-nine of 1250 (4.7%) wild and domestic animals from Norway and Sweden had positive dye-test titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) for antibody against Toxoplasma gondii. A dye-test titer of 1:8 (30-40 i.u.) or higher was detected in 3 of 732 small rodents (0.4%), 21 of 87 domestic cats (24%), 9 of 29 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (31%), 2 of 2 domesticated arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), 12 of 99 red deer (Cervus elaphus) (12%), 5 of 8 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (63%) and in 7 of 34 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (21%). Antibodies were not found in 29 shrews (Sorex spp.), 127 gulls (Larus spp.), 4 terns (Sterna sp.), 10 skuas (Stercorarius sp.) 68 domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and 21 wild reindeer. Histologic examination of brain tissue from another 51 wild rabbits on which serological data were not available, did not reveal cysts. Sero-conversion was not observed in laboratory mice inoculated with the same material. Infection with T. gondii was confirmed in two of the three sero-positive small rodents using a FA-technique. Cysts were not detected in the brains of another 55 rodents, of which 26 were sero-negative and 29 were not tested serologically.", "contents": "Survey for toxoplasmosis in wild and domestic animals from Norway and Sweden. Fifty-nine of 1250 (4.7%) wild and domestic animals from Norway and Sweden had positive dye-test titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) for antibody against Toxoplasma gondii. A dye-test titer of 1:8 (30-40 i.u.) or higher was detected in 3 of 732 small rodents (0.4%), 21 of 87 domestic cats (24%), 9 of 29 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (31%), 2 of 2 domesticated arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), 12 of 99 red deer (Cervus elaphus) (12%), 5 of 8 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (63%) and in 7 of 34 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (21%). Antibodies were not found in 29 shrews (Sorex spp.), 127 gulls (Larus spp.), 4 terns (Sterna sp.), 10 skuas (Stercorarius sp.) 68 domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and 21 wild reindeer. Histologic examination of brain tissue from another 51 wild rabbits on which serological data were not available, did not reveal cysts. Sero-conversion was not observed in laboratory mice inoculated with the same material. Infection with T. gondii was confirmed in two of the three sero-positive small rodents using a FA-technique. Cysts were not detected in the brains of another 55 rodents, of which 26 were sero-negative and 29 were not tested serologically.", "PMID": 650778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4915", "title": "Cryptocotyle lingua infection in a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).", "content": "Approximately 11,000 heterophyid trematodes, Crytocotyle lingua, were recovered from the small intestine of a bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, in Nova Scotia. Severe emaciation of the eagle was attributed to the heavy burden of trematodes. The wide distribution of this trematode in the Maritime area and the fact that fish are a primary source of food for eagles in Nova Scotia might be predisposing factors in this case.", "contents": "Cryptocotyle lingua infection in a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Approximately 11,000 heterophyid trematodes, Crytocotyle lingua, were recovered from the small intestine of a bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, in Nova Scotia. Severe emaciation of the eagle was attributed to the heavy burden of trematodes. The wide distribution of this trematode in the Maritime area and the fact that fish are a primary source of food for eagles in Nova Scotia might be predisposing factors in this case.", "PMID": 650779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4916", "title": "Oral papillomatosis in coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) of Alberta.", "content": "Twelve cases of oral papillomatosis were detected in wild carnivores of Alberta, ten in coyotes (Canis latrans) and two in wolves (Canis lupus). Lesions ranged from mild with a few small papillomas to severe with much of the surface of the lips, tongue and buccal cavity covered with papillomas. Three of five coyotes with severe papillomatosis were in obvious poor health. The gross and histologic lesions are described and the significance of this disease in wild carnivores is discussed.", "contents": "Oral papillomatosis in coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) of Alberta. Twelve cases of oral papillomatosis were detected in wild carnivores of Alberta, ten in coyotes (Canis latrans) and two in wolves (Canis lupus). Lesions ranged from mild with a few small papillomas to severe with much of the surface of the lips, tongue and buccal cavity covered with papillomas. Three of five coyotes with severe papillomatosis were in obvious poor health. The gross and histologic lesions are described and the significance of this disease in wild carnivores is discussed.", "PMID": 650780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4917", "title": "Occurrence and attempted transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).", "content": "Serums of 563 fledgling starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) trapped during a 14 month period near Lodi, California were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the microtiter indirect hemagglutination method. Titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 were found in 4.8% of the birds. Starlings collected during May through October had a higher prevalence of antibody than those collected during November through April. Rats inoculated with individual heart and brain suspensions from 10 seropositive starlings remained seronegative for T. gondii antibodies when tested at 22 and 82 days post-inoculation. Peritoneal smears made from these rats at post-inoculation day 82 were negative for T. gondii.", "contents": "Occurrence and attempted transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Serums of 563 fledgling starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) trapped during a 14 month period near Lodi, California were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the microtiter indirect hemagglutination method. Titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 were found in 4.8% of the birds. Starlings collected during May through October had a higher prevalence of antibody than those collected during November through April. Rats inoculated with individual heart and brain suspensions from 10 seropositive starlings remained seronegative for T. gondii antibodies when tested at 22 and 82 days post-inoculation. Peritoneal smears made from these rats at post-inoculation day 82 were negative for T. gondii.", "PMID": 650781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4918", "title": "Clinical blood values of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. III. Comparison of eye fluid and serum values.", "content": "The levels of 13 components in the serum and eye fluids of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, are compared. The wide variations observed would appear to limit the usefulness of eye fluid values as a substitute for serum values.", "contents": "Clinical blood values of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. III. Comparison of eye fluid and serum values. The levels of 13 components in the serum and eye fluids of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, are compared. The wide variations observed would appear to limit the usefulness of eye fluid values as a substitute for serum values.", "PMID": 650782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4919", "title": "Lead poisoning of raccoons in Connecticut.", "content": "A wild raccoon (Procyon lotor) had clinical signs, histopathologic and ultrastructural lesions indicative of lead intoxication. The diagnosis was confirmed by chemical analyses of liver and kidney tissues which revealed 35 ppm of lead in wet tissues. A survey of hepatic lead concentration in 13 additional raccoons was conducted.", "contents": "Lead poisoning of raccoons in Connecticut. A wild raccoon (Procyon lotor) had clinical signs, histopathologic and ultrastructural lesions indicative of lead intoxication. The diagnosis was confirmed by chemical analyses of liver and kidney tissues which revealed 35 ppm of lead in wet tissues. A survey of hepatic lead concentration in 13 additional raccoons was conducted.", "PMID": 650783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4920", "title": "Evaluation of the hemagglutination test for epidemiologic studies of leptospiral antibodies in wild mammals.", "content": "Sera from 153 wild animals of 18 species were tested for antibodies against 12 serovars of Leptospira by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test. Seventy-five percent of the animals tested were seropositive against one or more of the 12 serovars used. The most commonly found serovars were pomona, autumnalis, pyrogenes, icterohaemorrhagiae, australis, and canicola. Of 62 carnivores representing 7 species, 55 (89%) were seropositive, as were 46 (60%) of 77 rodents from 9 species. Leptospira of the serovar copenhageni serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae were recovered from kidney tissues of a Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Of 443 wildlife sera tested by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test using cells sensitized with L. illini antigen, 47 (11%), mainly carnivores and deer, gave a heterophile reaction. Of the remaining 396 sera, 164 (41%) were seropositive for leptospirosis by the IHA test. To compare the IHA test with the MA test, 143 serum samples were tested by both methods. There was 84% concordance between the two tests.", "contents": "Evaluation of the hemagglutination test for epidemiologic studies of leptospiral antibodies in wild mammals. Sera from 153 wild animals of 18 species were tested for antibodies against 12 serovars of Leptospira by the microscopic agglutination (MA) test. Seventy-five percent of the animals tested were seropositive against one or more of the 12 serovars used. The most commonly found serovars were pomona, autumnalis, pyrogenes, icterohaemorrhagiae, australis, and canicola. Of 62 carnivores representing 7 species, 55 (89%) were seropositive, as were 46 (60%) of 77 rodents from 9 species. Leptospira of the serovar copenhageni serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae were recovered from kidney tissues of a Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Of 443 wildlife sera tested by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test using cells sensitized with L. illini antigen, 47 (11%), mainly carnivores and deer, gave a heterophile reaction. Of the remaining 396 sera, 164 (41%) were seropositive for leptospirosis by the IHA test. To compare the IHA test with the MA test, 143 serum samples were tested by both methods. There was 84% concordance between the two tests.", "PMID": 650784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4921", "title": "Frequency and duration of paratyphoid organism shedding by experimentally infected bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).", "content": "Four-week old bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were experimentally infected with Salmonella urbana, S. infantis, S. newport, S. gaminara, S. braenderup, and S. litchfield. Rates of mortality varied from 0 to 50%. The rate of shedding of paratyphoid organisms varied from 14 to 100% for 18 or more days after infection. The maximum duration of shedding was 53 days by 12% of the quail infected with S. braenderup and the minimum duration was 18 days by 14% of the quail infected with S. litchfield.", "contents": "Frequency and duration of paratyphoid organism shedding by experimentally infected bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Four-week old bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were experimentally infected with Salmonella urbana, S. infantis, S. newport, S. gaminara, S. braenderup, and S. litchfield. Rates of mortality varied from 0 to 50%. The rate of shedding of paratyphoid organisms varied from 14 to 100% for 18 or more days after infection. The maximum duration of shedding was 53 days by 12% of the quail infected with S. braenderup and the minimum duration was 18 days by 14% of the quail infected with S. litchfield.", "PMID": 650785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4922", "title": "Cholelithiasis in the cottonrat, Sigmodon hispidus, from the high plains of Texas.", "content": "A high prevalence (71%) of gallstones was noted in free-ranging cottonrats, Sigmodon hispidus, collected from one site in Lubbock County, Texas. The gallbladder of affected animals was distended and filled with white, soft, friable, cholesterol gallstones of variable sizes. Focal hyperplasia of the epithelium and connective tissue layer of the gallbladder was evident in affected cottonrats. As the forage available to affected animals was different from that available to gallstone-free animals collected from other areas, this may be the cause of the higher prevalence of cholelithiasis in this population. The significance of this disease and possible use of the cottonrat as an experimental model are discussed.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis in the cottonrat, Sigmodon hispidus, from the high plains of Texas. A high prevalence (71%) of gallstones was noted in free-ranging cottonrats, Sigmodon hispidus, collected from one site in Lubbock County, Texas. The gallbladder of affected animals was distended and filled with white, soft, friable, cholesterol gallstones of variable sizes. Focal hyperplasia of the epithelium and connective tissue layer of the gallbladder was evident in affected cottonrats. As the forage available to affected animals was different from that available to gallstone-free animals collected from other areas, this may be the cause of the higher prevalence of cholelithiasis in this population. The significance of this disease and possible use of the cottonrat as an experimental model are discussed.", "PMID": 650786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4923", "title": "Granulosa cell tumor in a garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).", "content": "A granulosa cell tumor was identified in a captive six year old Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). Metastasis to both kidneys was manifested as miliary white foci and structure distortion.", "contents": "Granulosa cell tumor in a garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). A granulosa cell tumor was identified in a captive six year old Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). Metastasis to both kidneys was manifested as miliary white foci and structure distortion.", "PMID": 650788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4924", "title": "Lesions of tuberculosis in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni).", "content": "Lesions of tuberculosis in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) were present in all visceral organs. The tubercles were composed of large rounded macrophages which contained numerous intracytoplasmic acid-fast bacilli. The lesions were not encapsulated and mineralization was not observed.", "contents": "Lesions of tuberculosis in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni). Lesions of tuberculosis in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) were present in all visceral organs. The tubercles were composed of large rounded macrophages which contained numerous intracytoplasmic acid-fast bacilli. The lesions were not encapsulated and mineralization was not observed.", "PMID": 650789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4925", "title": "The 1975-76 avian cholera outbreaks in Humboldt County, California.", "content": "The 1975-76 avian cholera outbreaks were observed from 25 November 1975 to 17 February 1976 at three sites in Humboldt County, California. This is the first known occurrence of avian cholera on one of the sites (City of Arcata Oxidation Ponds).", "contents": "The 1975-76 avian cholera outbreaks in Humboldt County, California. The 1975-76 avian cholera outbreaks were observed from 25 November 1975 to 17 February 1976 at three sites in Humboldt County, California. This is the first known occurrence of avian cholera on one of the sites (City of Arcata Oxidation Ponds).", "PMID": 650790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4926", "title": "Mortality of young-of-the-year rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Erie associated with the occurrence of Glugea hertwigi.", "content": "An extensive mortality of young-of-the-year rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) occurred in Lake Erie during the fall of 1969. Dead and dying smelt were observed along the north shore from west of Long Point in the central basin to Port Maitland in the eastern basin. No other fish species was involved. Glugea hertwigi, a microsporidan parasite, was observed in 90% of the distressed smelt examined, and is believed to have been a major contributing factor to the mortality.", "contents": "Mortality of young-of-the-year rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Erie associated with the occurrence of Glugea hertwigi. An extensive mortality of young-of-the-year rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) occurred in Lake Erie during the fall of 1969. Dead and dying smelt were observed along the north shore from west of Long Point in the central basin to Port Maitland in the eastern basin. No other fish species was involved. Glugea hertwigi, a microsporidan parasite, was observed in 90% of the distressed smelt examined, and is believed to have been a major contributing factor to the mortality.", "PMID": 650791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4927", "title": "Naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in a coyote.", "content": "Schizonts of Hepatozoon sp. were found in the myocardium of an adult cyote (Canis latrans) collected from the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Austwell, Texas. This constitutes the first time hepatozoonosis has been recorded in Canidae in the Western Hemisphere.", "contents": "Naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in a coyote. Schizonts of Hepatozoon sp. were found in the myocardium of an adult cyote (Canis latrans) collected from the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Austwell, Texas. This constitutes the first time hepatozoonosis has been recorded in Canidae in the Western Hemisphere.", "PMID": 650792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4928", "title": "Spontaneous renal disease in beaver in Louisiana.", "content": "Interstitial nephritis was present in 13 of 25 adult beavers (Castor canadensis). Results of serum chemistry, serotyping, and culture for leptospires were compared with the extent of renal lesions. Although the pathogenesis of the nephritis was not determined, the survey provided baseline information on spontaneous renal disease in beavers.", "contents": "Spontaneous renal disease in beaver in Louisiana. Interstitial nephritis was present in 13 of 25 adult beavers (Castor canadensis). Results of serum chemistry, serotyping, and culture for leptospires were compared with the extent of renal lesions. Although the pathogenesis of the nephritis was not determined, the survey provided baseline information on spontaneous renal disease in beavers.", "PMID": 650793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4929", "title": "Avian cholera in eider ducks in Maine.", "content": "Outbreaks of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) occur frequently in common eiders (Somateria mollissima dresseri) in Maine during early summer. Studies over a seven year period show that over 90% of the loss occurred in incubating females and might be associated with their weakened condition because females do not feed during the incubation period. High nesting densities also may contribute to the losses. The exact source of P. multocida is unknown although carrier birds were found.", "contents": "Avian cholera in eider ducks in Maine. Outbreaks of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) occur frequently in common eiders (Somateria mollissima dresseri) in Maine during early summer. Studies over a seven year period show that over 90% of the loss occurred in incubating females and might be associated with their weakened condition because females do not feed during the incubation period. High nesting densities also may contribute to the losses. The exact source of P. multocida is unknown although carrier birds were found.", "PMID": 650794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4930", "title": "The histopathology and prevalence of Henneguya sebasta and Kudoa clupeidae in the rockfish, Sebastes paucispinis of southern California.", "content": "The pathogenesis of two histozoic myxosporidans, Henneguya sebasta and Kudoa clupeidae, was studied from the Pacific rockfish, Sebastes paucispinis. Infection of the bulbus and truncus arteriosus with H. sebasta was observed in 30 of 100 fish. The parasite metastasized throughout the tissue causing necrosis, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the connective tissue and smooth muscle. K. clupeidae, found in 37 of 100 fish, caused necrosis and atrophy of host skeletal muscle. The unattractive appearance of Kudoa cysts in rockfish filets detracted from their commercial value.", "contents": "The histopathology and prevalence of Henneguya sebasta and Kudoa clupeidae in the rockfish, Sebastes paucispinis of southern California. The pathogenesis of two histozoic myxosporidans, Henneguya sebasta and Kudoa clupeidae, was studied from the Pacific rockfish, Sebastes paucispinis. Infection of the bulbus and truncus arteriosus with H. sebasta was observed in 30 of 100 fish. The parasite metastasized throughout the tissue causing necrosis, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the connective tissue and smooth muscle. K. clupeidae, found in 37 of 100 fish, caused necrosis and atrophy of host skeletal muscle. The unattractive appearance of Kudoa cysts in rockfish filets detracted from their commercial value.", "PMID": 650795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4931", "title": "The development of clinical signs and the population significance of neurologic disease in a captive wapiti herd.", "content": "Clinical signs attributable to meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recorded in three male and three female wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) ranging in age from 5 - 29 months. The study was conducted from September, 1976 to May, 1977 in a 2104-ha preserve. Some differences were noted in occurrence, time schedule and sequence of signs but the basic pattern was similar. The mean time between initial sign observed and death was 100 days. The effect of neurologic disease on population socialization, harvest and recruitment is discussed. A comparison of projected potential population numbers with sighting data in 1959-1977 revealed a trend of lower than expected numbers since 1968 related to suspected neo-natal mortality as well as known natural mortality in the younger age classes due to meningeal worm infection.", "contents": "The development of clinical signs and the population significance of neurologic disease in a captive wapiti herd. Clinical signs attributable to meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recorded in three male and three female wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) ranging in age from 5 - 29 months. The study was conducted from September, 1976 to May, 1977 in a 2104-ha preserve. Some differences were noted in occurrence, time schedule and sequence of signs but the basic pattern was similar. The mean time between initial sign observed and death was 100 days. The effect of neurologic disease on population socialization, harvest and recruitment is discussed. A comparison of projected potential population numbers with sighting data in 1959-1977 revealed a trend of lower than expected numbers since 1968 related to suspected neo-natal mortality as well as known natural mortality in the younger age classes due to meningeal worm infection.", "PMID": 650796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4932", "title": "Girls' sports injuries in high school athletics.", "content": "Because of appreciable increases in the number of participants, injuries resulting from girls' interscholastic athletic activities have become a concern for school administrators and medical care providers. Four girls' high school athletic programs were prospectively studied for two years. Specially trained athletic trainers placed at each school examined each injured athlete and collected epidemiologic data. The 870 participant-seasons in nine sports resulted in 192 injuries. Three times more injuries occurred in practices than in competitive events. Although more than one third required a physician's services, the majority (59%) had returned to full athletic activity within a week of injury. Strains and sprains accounted for nearly two thirds of the injuries. Generally, the type and frequency of injuries were comparable with those seen in noncontact boys' interscholastic sports.", "contents": "Girls' sports injuries in high school athletics. Because of appreciable increases in the number of participants, injuries resulting from girls' interscholastic athletic activities have become a concern for school administrators and medical care providers. Four girls' high school athletic programs were prospectively studied for two years. Specially trained athletic trainers placed at each school examined each injured athlete and collected epidemiologic data. The 870 participant-seasons in nine sports resulted in 192 injuries. Three times more injuries occurred in practices than in competitive events. Although more than one third required a physician's services, the majority (59%) had returned to full athletic activity within a week of injury. Strains and sprains accounted for nearly two thirds of the injuries. Generally, the type and frequency of injuries were comparable with those seen in noncontact boys' interscholastic sports.", "PMID": 650803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4933", "title": "Hypertension-hypotension in pregnancy. Correlation with fetal outcome.", "content": "Data from 38,636 pregnant women were studied to determine the best criteria for diagnosing pregnancy hypertension based on the constellation of clinical factors yielding poorest perinatal and long-term results to the offspring. It was found that the combination of maximum diastolic blood pressure and maximum proteinuria, as observed during the interval 28 weeks to term, provided the closest correlation with outcome. This information offered an objective means for establishing a classification of hypertension-hypotension in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Hypertension-hypotension in pregnancy. Correlation with fetal outcome. Data from 38,636 pregnant women were studied to determine the best criteria for diagnosing pregnancy hypertension based on the constellation of clinical factors yielding poorest perinatal and long-term results to the offspring. It was found that the combination of maximum diastolic blood pressure and maximum proteinuria, as observed during the interval 28 weeks to term, provided the closest correlation with outcome. This information offered an objective means for establishing a classification of hypertension-hypotension in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 650804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4934", "title": "Performance of male and female medical students in a medicine clerkship.", "content": "Little has been published about objective evaluation and comparison of performance of female and male medical students in clinical clerkships. Data were collected on objective grading and examination results of a three-month medicine clerkship involving 269 medical students, 222 men and 47 women, during 1975 and 1976. There were no significant differences in final course grades between the two sexes. Performance in wards and clinics and on written and oral examinations was also without significant differences when the two sexes' scores were compared. Thus, gender would appear to have no relationship to medical student performance in this clinical clerkship.", "contents": "Performance of male and female medical students in a medicine clerkship. Little has been published about objective evaluation and comparison of performance of female and male medical students in clinical clerkships. Data were collected on objective grading and examination results of a three-month medicine clerkship involving 269 medical students, 222 men and 47 women, during 1975 and 1976. There were no significant differences in final course grades between the two sexes. Performance in wards and clinics and on written and oral examinations was also without significant differences when the two sexes' scores were compared. Thus, gender would appear to have no relationship to medical student performance in this clinical clerkship.", "PMID": 650805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4935", "title": "Extensive metastases in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome since age 11 years was hospitalized with a sudden onset of weakness of the right extremity, an expressive aphasia, and a three-month history of back pain. Liver and whole-body scintigrams demonstrated multiple metastatic disease; the brain scintigraphic study was compatible with infarction of the left hemisphere. Postmoretem examination two weeks after these studies showed extensive metastases in bone, liver, brain, lung, and left ovary. The source of the metastases was a malignant change from Peutz-Jeghers polyps.", "contents": "Extensive metastases in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A 27-year-old woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome since age 11 years was hospitalized with a sudden onset of weakness of the right extremity, an expressive aphasia, and a three-month history of back pain. Liver and whole-body scintigrams demonstrated multiple metastatic disease; the brain scintigraphic study was compatible with infarction of the left hemisphere. Postmoretem examination two weeks after these studies showed extensive metastases in bone, liver, brain, lung, and left ovary. The source of the metastases was a malignant change from Peutz-Jeghers polyps.", "PMID": 650807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4936", "title": "Corpus luteum hemorrhage. Cause of acute abdominal pain in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Intra-abdominal bleeding from the corpus luteum developed in three women receiving anticoagulant treatment. In one of these patients, no other hemorrhagic manifestations were present. Bleeding from corpus luteum should be considered in differential diagnosis of low abdominal pain in women of reproductive age receiving anticoagulant therapy. The ovary has not been widely recognized as a site of hemorrhage complicating anticoagulant therapy, although abdominal bleeding in this location may be more common than previously thought. Thorough clinical studies are needed to establish the precipitating factors and true incidence of this complication.", "contents": "Corpus luteum hemorrhage. Cause of acute abdominal pain in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. Intra-abdominal bleeding from the corpus luteum developed in three women receiving anticoagulant treatment. In one of these patients, no other hemorrhagic manifestations were present. Bleeding from corpus luteum should be considered in differential diagnosis of low abdominal pain in women of reproductive age receiving anticoagulant therapy. The ovary has not been widely recognized as a site of hemorrhage complicating anticoagulant therapy, although abdominal bleeding in this location may be more common than previously thought. Thorough clinical studies are needed to establish the precipitating factors and true incidence of this complication.", "PMID": 650808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4937", "title": "False-positive complement-fixation serology in histoplasmosis. A retrospective study.", "content": "A review of the records of 79 consecutive patients who had a positive immunodiffusion or complement-fixation test for histoplasmosis showed 28 (35%) with false-positive serologic results in relation to their clinical significance. Twelve patients (15%) had complement-fixation titers of 1:32 or greater, without cultural or histological evidence of active infection. No common clinical or laboratory finding could be correlated with the presence of false-positive tests. The latter finding correlates well with the incidence of false-positive complement-fixation titers (12%) in the normal random patient population.", "contents": "False-positive complement-fixation serology in histoplasmosis. A retrospective study. A review of the records of 79 consecutive patients who had a positive immunodiffusion or complement-fixation test for histoplasmosis showed 28 (35%) with false-positive serologic results in relation to their clinical significance. Twelve patients (15%) had complement-fixation titers of 1:32 or greater, without cultural or histological evidence of active infection. No common clinical or laboratory finding could be correlated with the presence of false-positive tests. The latter finding correlates well with the incidence of false-positive complement-fixation titers (12%) in the normal random patient population.", "PMID": 650825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4938", "title": "Understanding rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation of a patient education program.", "content": "We evaluated a patient education program on understanding rheumatoid arthritis; 94% of those responding to our questionnaire considered the program helpful in increasing their understanding of their condition, and 93% said it enhanced their communication with their family. A total of 85% reported one or more behavioral changes, such as not abusing joints (63%), getting more rest (56%), and using medications more meticulously (48%) after participating in the program. We recommend patient education as an effective means of helping patients understand and hence comply with physicians' instructions as well as helping patients to assume greater responsibility for their own health care.", "contents": "Understanding rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation of a patient education program. We evaluated a patient education program on understanding rheumatoid arthritis; 94% of those responding to our questionnaire considered the program helpful in increasing their understanding of their condition, and 93% said it enhanced their communication with their family. A total of 85% reported one or more behavioral changes, such as not abusing joints (63%), getting more rest (56%), and using medications more meticulously (48%) after participating in the program. We recommend patient education as an effective means of helping patients understand and hence comply with physicians' instructions as well as helping patients to assume greater responsibility for their own health care.", "PMID": 650827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4939", "title": "A new technique for external heart compression.", "content": "The traditional arm-hand method for external heart compression has proved effective but still can lack force and result in complications when performed by weak or fatigued rescuers. Consequently, a leg-heel method was tested as an alternative. Using a cardiopulmonary resuscitation manikin as the victim, our pilot study showed that external heart compression can be administered effectively by a rescuer standing next to a victim in a supine position. The leg-heel method deserves to be tested to establish its place in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "contents": "A new technique for external heart compression. The traditional arm-hand method for external heart compression has proved effective but still can lack force and result in complications when performed by weak or fatigued rescuers. Consequently, a leg-heel method was tested as an alternative. Using a cardiopulmonary resuscitation manikin as the victim, our pilot study showed that external heart compression can be administered effectively by a rescuer standing next to a victim in a supine position. The leg-heel method deserves to be tested to establish its place in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "PMID": 650828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4940", "title": "Secondary malignant neoplasms in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 232 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) treated at the University of Manitoba from Jan. 1, 1965, to Dec 31, 1973, and followed up to 44.3 months disclosed five cases of secondary malignant neoplasms. Two cases of acute leukemia were discovered compared with an expected value of 0.05 in our community. All neoplasms developed in the mixed cellularity group, representing only 28% of the HD cases. Combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy may have increased the incidence of leukemia, but its frequency does not appear high enough to abandon combined modality treatment.", "contents": "Secondary malignant neoplasms in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Retrospective analysis of 232 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) treated at the University of Manitoba from Jan. 1, 1965, to Dec 31, 1973, and followed up to 44.3 months disclosed five cases of secondary malignant neoplasms. Two cases of acute leukemia were discovered compared with an expected value of 0.05 in our community. All neoplasms developed in the mixed cellularity group, representing only 28% of the HD cases. Combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy may have increased the incidence of leukemia, but its frequency does not appear high enough to abandon combined modality treatment.", "PMID": 650829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4941", "title": "Increased prevalence of seizure disorders among prisoners.", "content": "In an effort to determine the prevalence of seizure disorders among persons confined to jails and prison, the prescription rates for anticonvulsant medications in ten Illinois correctional institutions were surveyed. The institutions housed 12,030 persons at the time of the survey. Analysis of the results of the survey suggests a point prevalence of seizure disorders of 1.9% among the Illinois prison and jail population. This estimated prevalence of seizure disorders is approximately three times higher than among middle-class nonprisoner populations on which previous epidemiologic studies of epilepsy have been based. Special programs and resources for the detection, treatment, and prevention of seizure disorders among prisoners appear necessary. Provisions to ensure continuity of care after release from incarceration are also needed.", "contents": "Increased prevalence of seizure disorders among prisoners. In an effort to determine the prevalence of seizure disorders among persons confined to jails and prison, the prescription rates for anticonvulsant medications in ten Illinois correctional institutions were surveyed. The institutions housed 12,030 persons at the time of the survey. Analysis of the results of the survey suggests a point prevalence of seizure disorders of 1.9% among the Illinois prison and jail population. This estimated prevalence of seizure disorders is approximately three times higher than among middle-class nonprisoner populations on which previous epidemiologic studies of epilepsy have been based. Special programs and resources for the detection, treatment, and prevention of seizure disorders among prisoners appear necessary. Provisions to ensure continuity of care after release from incarceration are also needed.", "PMID": 650840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4942", "title": "Intermediate-range sweat chloride concentration and Pseudomonas bronchitis. A cystic fibrosis variant with preservation of exocrine pancreatic function.", "content": "We studied the clinical and laboratory characteristics of seven patients with sweat chloride concentration consistently between 40 and 60 mEq/liter. Each has chronic Pseudomonas bronchitis, and all lack digestive symptoms. Laboratory findings indicate the preservation of exocrine pancreatic function. The patients include two of five children in one family and two of four in another. In a third family, one of five siblings has an intermediate sweat chloride concentration, but another has a typical fibrosis value (105 mEq/liter). One patient died of respiratory failure; results of an autopsy showed bronchiolectasis typical of cystic fibrosis, but minimal pancreatic changes. The data suggest a genetic basis for this variant of cystic fibrosis. These patients may be homozygous for a portion of a closely linked multigene cystic fibrosis locus or may have modifier genes that ameliorate the pancreatic and sweat lesions.", "contents": "Intermediate-range sweat chloride concentration and Pseudomonas bronchitis. A cystic fibrosis variant with preservation of exocrine pancreatic function. We studied the clinical and laboratory characteristics of seven patients with sweat chloride concentration consistently between 40 and 60 mEq/liter. Each has chronic Pseudomonas bronchitis, and all lack digestive symptoms. Laboratory findings indicate the preservation of exocrine pancreatic function. The patients include two of five children in one family and two of four in another. In a third family, one of five siblings has an intermediate sweat chloride concentration, but another has a typical fibrosis value (105 mEq/liter). One patient died of respiratory failure; results of an autopsy showed bronchiolectasis typical of cystic fibrosis, but minimal pancreatic changes. The data suggest a genetic basis for this variant of cystic fibrosis. These patients may be homozygous for a portion of a closely linked multigene cystic fibrosis locus or may have modifier genes that ameliorate the pancreatic and sweat lesions.", "PMID": 650841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4943", "title": "Genetic diversity in hemoglobins. Disease and nondisease.", "content": "Recent mass screening programs for sickle cell trait have been the first large-scale efforts to detect potentially deleterious genes and to provide genetic counseling to healthy carriers. In these programs, the expected prevalence of sickle hemoglobin and hemoglobin C has been found, and other mutant hemoglobin genes have also been uncovered. Many of these are not associated with disease, but simply reflect normal genetic diversity. A paradox of this finding is illustrated when, in counseling, many persons demonstrate difficulty in understanding that though they have an abnormal hemoglobin gene, they themselves are not ill or abnormal. The problem's solution lies in educating both health professionals and the public so that the normal existence of considerable genetic diversity is recognized. Since every person may carry mutant genes, whether potentially deleterious or innocuous, our definition of normal must be revised.", "contents": "Genetic diversity in hemoglobins. Disease and nondisease. Recent mass screening programs for sickle cell trait have been the first large-scale efforts to detect potentially deleterious genes and to provide genetic counseling to healthy carriers. In these programs, the expected prevalence of sickle hemoglobin and hemoglobin C has been found, and other mutant hemoglobin genes have also been uncovered. Many of these are not associated with disease, but simply reflect normal genetic diversity. A paradox of this finding is illustrated when, in counseling, many persons demonstrate difficulty in understanding that though they have an abnormal hemoglobin gene, they themselves are not ill or abnormal. The problem's solution lies in educating both health professionals and the public so that the normal existence of considerable genetic diversity is recognized. Since every person may carry mutant genes, whether potentially deleterious or innocuous, our definition of normal must be revised.", "PMID": 650842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4944", "title": "Elevation of creatine phosphokinase in young men after recreational exercise.", "content": "Twenty healthy male volunteers were divided into four groups for a period of recreational physical exercise. Standard blood chemistry determinations were made before exercise and on the two subsequent days. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), SGOT, and lactic dehydrogenase levels were transiently elevated, but the change was considered significant only in the CPK level after certain types of exercise. Persons having these determinations performed should be questioned about recent physical exertion in the event of abnormal laboratory results.", "contents": "Elevation of creatine phosphokinase in young men after recreational exercise. Twenty healthy male volunteers were divided into four groups for a period of recreational physical exercise. Standard blood chemistry determinations were made before exercise and on the two subsequent days. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), SGOT, and lactic dehydrogenase levels were transiently elevated, but the change was considered significant only in the CPK level after certain types of exercise. Persons having these determinations performed should be questioned about recent physical exertion in the event of abnormal laboratory results.", "PMID": 650843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4945", "title": "Recurrent intermittent small bowel obstruction due to carcinoid tumor.", "content": "We encountered an unusual case of carcinoid tumor of the terminal ileum with intermittent recurrent small bowel obstruction of seven years' duration rather than the usual presentation of chronic progressive obstruction.", "contents": "Recurrent intermittent small bowel obstruction due to carcinoid tumor. We encountered an unusual case of carcinoid tumor of the terminal ileum with intermittent recurrent small bowel obstruction of seven years' duration rather than the usual presentation of chronic progressive obstruction.", "PMID": 650844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4946", "title": "Self-induced vomiting. Psychiatric considerations.", "content": "Self-induced vomiting has been associated with the psychiatric diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and a newly proposed disorder named bulimia. Two patients with a self-induced vomiting compulsion did not fulfill criteria for either of these diagnoses. One patient had an affective disorder, and the other had no psychiatric illness, but the habit had developed as a weight control measure. Systematic studies of these symptoms are not available. Clinical diagnostic decisions should not be base on one outstanding sign or symptom, eg, self-induced vomiting, unless research clearly relates the sign or symptom to only one disorder.", "contents": "Self-induced vomiting. Psychiatric considerations. Self-induced vomiting has been associated with the psychiatric diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and a newly proposed disorder named bulimia. Two patients with a self-induced vomiting compulsion did not fulfill criteria for either of these diagnoses. One patient had an affective disorder, and the other had no psychiatric illness, but the habit had developed as a weight control measure. Systematic studies of these symptoms are not available. Clinical diagnostic decisions should not be base on one outstanding sign or symptom, eg, self-induced vomiting, unless research clearly relates the sign or symptom to only one disorder.", "PMID": 650845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4947", "title": "[Chemotherapy of peritonitis with particular reference to concentrations of sulbenicillin in human ascites (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with peritonitis to whom a drain was applied were given sulbenicillin (SBPC), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has so little hepatic and renal toxicity that massive doses may be feasible, and examination was made as to its therapeutic effects and concentrations of the antibiotic in the ascites. Daily dosage of SBPC was 10g in two divided doses in most cases given by the intravenous infusion. Medication was continued for 3 approximately 15 days. The highest daily dosage was 20g and the largest total dosage reached 190g, but there was no adverse reaction except for one case of a slight anemia. Peritonitis complicated appendicitis, adnexitis, duodenal ulcer perforation, intestinal obstruction or trauma as its primary disease. No difference in the therapeutic effect existed among the primary diseases. The response to SBPC treatment was excellent in 8 of the 27 patients and good in 17. Two patients failed to respond to the therapy. When SBPC was given just before operation, the SBPC concentration in ascites obtained at operation was 112 microgram/ml in 2 cases. The SBPC concentrations in ascites were examined following intravenous infusion of 5g over an hour, and a peak concentration of 94.7 microgram/ml was obtained at the completion of infusion (an hour after the start of infusion), which gradually decreased thereafter. In the ascites excreted from the drain after operation, a high concentration of 12.7 approximately 90.2 microgram/ml (mean: 51.7 +/- 7.7 microgram/ml) was obtained on the day after the operation day, but the concentration was lower thereafter. The SBPC concentrations in ascites were compared as regards the sites of drainage (Winslow's foramen, ileocecum and Douglas' fold), but no particular difference was observed. The SBPC concentrations in ascites after operation were in inverse proportion to the alleviation of peritonitis. They were higher when the inflammation was severer.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of peritonitis with particular reference to concentrations of sulbenicillin in human ascites (author's transl)]. Twenty-seven patients with peritonitis to whom a drain was applied were given sulbenicillin (SBPC), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has so little hepatic and renal toxicity that massive doses may be feasible, and examination was made as to its therapeutic effects and concentrations of the antibiotic in the ascites. Daily dosage of SBPC was 10g in two divided doses in most cases given by the intravenous infusion. Medication was continued for 3 approximately 15 days. The highest daily dosage was 20g and the largest total dosage reached 190g, but there was no adverse reaction except for one case of a slight anemia. Peritonitis complicated appendicitis, adnexitis, duodenal ulcer perforation, intestinal obstruction or trauma as its primary disease. No difference in the therapeutic effect existed among the primary diseases. The response to SBPC treatment was excellent in 8 of the 27 patients and good in 17. Two patients failed to respond to the therapy. When SBPC was given just before operation, the SBPC concentration in ascites obtained at operation was 112 microgram/ml in 2 cases. The SBPC concentrations in ascites were examined following intravenous infusion of 5g over an hour, and a peak concentration of 94.7 microgram/ml was obtained at the completion of infusion (an hour after the start of infusion), which gradually decreased thereafter. In the ascites excreted from the drain after operation, a high concentration of 12.7 approximately 90.2 microgram/ml (mean: 51.7 +/- 7.7 microgram/ml) was obtained on the day after the operation day, but the concentration was lower thereafter. The SBPC concentrations in ascites were compared as regards the sites of drainage (Winslow's foramen, ileocecum and Douglas' fold), but no particular difference was observed. The SBPC concentrations in ascites after operation were in inverse proportion to the alleviation of peritonitis. They were higher when the inflammation was severer.", "PMID": 650886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4948", "title": "[Lung abscess due to Fusobacterium nucleatum (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with epilepsy, 45 years of age, developed a lung abscess due to Fusobacterium nucleatum which was successfully treated with intravenous lincomycin. Quantitative anaerobic cultures of washed sputum proved to be useful in detecting the causative organism.", "contents": "[Lung abscess due to Fusobacterium nucleatum (author's transl)]. A patient with epilepsy, 45 years of age, developed a lung abscess due to Fusobacterium nucleatum which was successfully treated with intravenous lincomycin. Quantitative anaerobic cultures of washed sputum proved to be useful in detecting the causative organism.", "PMID": 650887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4949", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of 125I-sagamicin (author's transl)].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for an aminoglycoside antibiotic, sagamicin, was developed using antisera from rabbits injected with a sagamicin-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Sagamicin was iodinated by a modified Bolton & Hunter method. The standard curve was linear on a logit-log plot yielding an sensitivity of 0.5ng/tube. A correlation coefficient of 0.95 was obtained between the radioimmunoassay and a microbioassay for sagamicin in human sera. Cross-reaction occurred with gentamicin components and some of sagamicin subunits, but there was no cross-reactivity to neomycin, kanamycin and amikacin. Antibody was purified by affinity chromatography on sagamicin bound agarose.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of 125I-sagamicin (author's transl)]. A radioimmunoassay for an aminoglycoside antibiotic, sagamicin, was developed using antisera from rabbits injected with a sagamicin-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Sagamicin was iodinated by a modified Bolton & Hunter method. The standard curve was linear on a logit-log plot yielding an sensitivity of 0.5ng/tube. A correlation coefficient of 0.95 was obtained between the radioimmunoassay and a microbioassay for sagamicin in human sera. Cross-reaction occurred with gentamicin components and some of sagamicin subunits, but there was no cross-reactivity to neomycin, kanamycin and amikacin. Antibody was purified by affinity chromatography on sagamicin bound agarose.", "PMID": 650888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4950", "title": "Pathology of chronic rheumatic mitral valvulitis in Iran and its surgical implications.", "content": "Sixty-two consecutive surgically removed chronic rheumatic mitral valves were classified and tabulated according to their pathological features in relation to age and sex of the patients. The pathological features of the valves are quite different from the cases seen in Western hemisphere. Three types of gross pathological features are described. First is fibrous stenotic type which has very thick cusps and extremely short chordae tendineae. It is the most frequent rheumatic vavle seen in children, and majority of the valves show pure stenosis, for which probably open commissurotomy is the procedure of choice. Those which have a combination of stenosis and insufficiency usually require valve replacement. The second is the elastic insufficient type, which has a unique gross pathological feature, consisting of a remarkable elasticity and moderately thickened cusps. A valve replacement or valve repair when feasible is the treatment of choice for this type. The third is the calcific stenotic type. In this type the cusps are moderately thickened with short chordae tendineae with various degrees of calcification. This type is seen usually in the 4th decades of life and is more frequent in males. This type of valve must be treated either by open commissurotomy in order to eliminate the risk of embolization of calcific material or with valve replacement.", "contents": "Pathology of chronic rheumatic mitral valvulitis in Iran and its surgical implications. Sixty-two consecutive surgically removed chronic rheumatic mitral valves were classified and tabulated according to their pathological features in relation to age and sex of the patients. The pathological features of the valves are quite different from the cases seen in Western hemisphere. Three types of gross pathological features are described. First is fibrous stenotic type which has very thick cusps and extremely short chordae tendineae. It is the most frequent rheumatic vavle seen in children, and majority of the valves show pure stenosis, for which probably open commissurotomy is the procedure of choice. Those which have a combination of stenosis and insufficiency usually require valve replacement. The second is the elastic insufficient type, which has a unique gross pathological feature, consisting of a remarkable elasticity and moderately thickened cusps. A valve replacement or valve repair when feasible is the treatment of choice for this type. The third is the calcific stenotic type. In this type the cusps are moderately thickened with short chordae tendineae with various degrees of calcification. This type is seen usually in the 4th decades of life and is more frequent in males. This type of valve must be treated either by open commissurotomy in order to eliminate the risk of embolization of calcific material or with valve replacement.", "PMID": 650889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4951", "title": "Comparison of myocardial and adipose tissue lipase activity in the rat.", "content": "Effects of catecholamines and iodoacetamide on lipase activity (pH 6.8) and triglyceride mobilization were investigated in adipose tissue, myocardial slice and isolated perfused heart preparation of the rat. Epinephrine and isoproterenol did not enhance myocardial lipase activity in vitro and in perfused hearts. No detectable amount of fatty acid was released from myocardial slice by epinephrine in vitro. Epinephrine, however, induced an increase in lipase activity and in the amount of fatty acid released from the adipose tissue. The results suggest a difference in properties of lipase present in the myocardium and in the adipose tissue. Iodoacetamide decreased lipase activity in vitro both in the myocardium and in the adipose tissue. Triglyceride content in the perfused heart receiving iodoacetamide at 30 min of perfusion was higher than that of the control. However, there was no correlation between triglyceride mobilization and lipase activity in these 2 tissues.", "contents": "Comparison of myocardial and adipose tissue lipase activity in the rat. Effects of catecholamines and iodoacetamide on lipase activity (pH 6.8) and triglyceride mobilization were investigated in adipose tissue, myocardial slice and isolated perfused heart preparation of the rat. Epinephrine and isoproterenol did not enhance myocardial lipase activity in vitro and in perfused hearts. No detectable amount of fatty acid was released from myocardial slice by epinephrine in vitro. Epinephrine, however, induced an increase in lipase activity and in the amount of fatty acid released from the adipose tissue. The results suggest a difference in properties of lipase present in the myocardium and in the adipose tissue. Iodoacetamide decreased lipase activity in vitro both in the myocardium and in the adipose tissue. Triglyceride content in the perfused heart receiving iodoacetamide at 30 min of perfusion was higher than that of the control. However, there was no correlation between triglyceride mobilization and lipase activity in these 2 tissues.", "PMID": 650890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4952", "title": "Interpretation of the body surface isopotential maps of patients with right bundle branch block. Determination of the region of the delayed activation within the right ventricle.", "content": "Body surface isopotential maps were produced by computer processing of the 85 electrocardiograms obtained from the entire thorax of 28 patients with complete or incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB). We divided the map patterns into the following 3 groups. Type I map pattern (10 cases): at the early stage of QRS, the maximum was located in the left chest. It shifted to the left from the normal position; at the instant of 44 msec, on the average, after the onset of QRS breakthrough minimum appeared over the left chest. Its appearance was delayed and its site shifted to the left as compared with the normal; at the late stage, the positive zone covered extensively the right chest and the right back; terminally, the maximum was positioned along the right parasternum. Type II map pattern (13 cases): at the early stage of QRS, the maximum was in the left chest as in Type I; breakthrough minimum appeared at 38 msec on the average, later than in the normal, but the site of breakthrough minimum varied from the left chest as in Type I to the midsternal region as in the normal; at the late stage, the positive zone covered the upper part of the right chest and the right back, less extensively than in Type I; the terminal maximum was in the upper sternal region. Type III map pattern (5 cases): the map pattern passed normally until the late stage, but thereafter a small positive zone survived over the upper sternal region. In Type I the delayed activation was presumed to occur all over the right ventricle, in Type II mainly over the smaller area of the right anterior free wall, and in Type III over the localized area of the outflow tract. Patients with complete RBBB showed Type I pattern. Patients with incomplete RBBB showed Type II or Type III pattern, although electrocardiograms failed to differentiate Type II patients from Type III patients. These findings suggest that the electrocardiographic pattern of incomplete RBBB probably arises from the various mechanisms.", "contents": "Interpretation of the body surface isopotential maps of patients with right bundle branch block. Determination of the region of the delayed activation within the right ventricle. Body surface isopotential maps were produced by computer processing of the 85 electrocardiograms obtained from the entire thorax of 28 patients with complete or incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB). We divided the map patterns into the following 3 groups. Type I map pattern (10 cases): at the early stage of QRS, the maximum was located in the left chest. It shifted to the left from the normal position; at the instant of 44 msec, on the average, after the onset of QRS breakthrough minimum appeared over the left chest. Its appearance was delayed and its site shifted to the left as compared with the normal; at the late stage, the positive zone covered extensively the right chest and the right back; terminally, the maximum was positioned along the right parasternum. Type II map pattern (13 cases): at the early stage of QRS, the maximum was in the left chest as in Type I; breakthrough minimum appeared at 38 msec on the average, later than in the normal, but the site of breakthrough minimum varied from the left chest as in Type I to the midsternal region as in the normal; at the late stage, the positive zone covered the upper part of the right chest and the right back, less extensively than in Type I; the terminal maximum was in the upper sternal region. Type III map pattern (5 cases): the map pattern passed normally until the late stage, but thereafter a small positive zone survived over the upper sternal region. In Type I the delayed activation was presumed to occur all over the right ventricle, in Type II mainly over the smaller area of the right anterior free wall, and in Type III over the localized area of the outflow tract. Patients with complete RBBB showed Type I pattern. Patients with incomplete RBBB showed Type II or Type III pattern, although electrocardiograms failed to differentiate Type II patients from Type III patients. These findings suggest that the electrocardiographic pattern of incomplete RBBB probably arises from the various mechanisms.", "PMID": 650891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4953", "title": "Comparative regional and subcellular distributions of histamine and norepinephrine in the hearts of rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs.", "content": "The patterns of distribution of histamine and norepinephrine among the 4 chambers of the heart of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits and among 15 portions of the dog heart were quite similar, except for the coronary ring of the dog, which was disproportionately high in histamine. In whole mouse hearts the separate chambers were not assayed; in the whole heart, the contents of the 2 amines did not correlate. The subcellular distribution of histamine in the rat and guinea pig heart was different from that of norepinephrine. Histamine was mostly associated with mast cell-like granules. Toluidine blue-staining granules of 2 widely different densities were found.", "contents": "Comparative regional and subcellular distributions of histamine and norepinephrine in the hearts of rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs. The patterns of distribution of histamine and norepinephrine among the 4 chambers of the heart of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits and among 15 portions of the dog heart were quite similar, except for the coronary ring of the dog, which was disproportionately high in histamine. In whole mouse hearts the separate chambers were not assayed; in the whole heart, the contents of the 2 amines did not correlate. The subcellular distribution of histamine in the rat and guinea pig heart was different from that of norepinephrine. Histamine was mostly associated with mast cell-like granules. Toluidine blue-staining granules of 2 widely different densities were found.", "PMID": 650892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4954", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of propranolol on the human heart.", "content": "Effects of propranolol (10(-9) to 10(-4) Gm/ml) on various electrophysiologic properties of human papillary muscles obtained from patients undergoing corrective open heart surgery were studied to have an insight into the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic activity in man. Propranolol (10(-8) to 10(-6) Gm/ml) produced significant decreases in the action potential duration, effective refractory period and dv/dt of depolarization phase of action potential without significantly affecting the resting potential and amplitude of action potential. These effects were concentration dependent. High concentration (10(-4) Gm/ml) of propranolol not only produced greater decreases in the above parameters but also reduced the resting potential and amplitude of action potential. Although propranolol decreased both the action potential duration and effective refractory period, the shortening of the action potential duration was greater than the shortening of the effective refractory period. It shifted the membrane responsiveness curve to the right and down. It produced frequency dependent decreases in the dv/dt of phase 0 of action potential and the rate of repolarization. Propranolol also increased the threshold of stimulation. Propranolol produced electrophysiologic changes in the human myocardium qualitatively similar to those in canine myocardium. The probable mechanism of its antiarrhythmic activity in man has been discussed.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of propranolol on the human heart. Effects of propranolol (10(-9) to 10(-4) Gm/ml) on various electrophysiologic properties of human papillary muscles obtained from patients undergoing corrective open heart surgery were studied to have an insight into the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic activity in man. Propranolol (10(-8) to 10(-6) Gm/ml) produced significant decreases in the action potential duration, effective refractory period and dv/dt of depolarization phase of action potential without significantly affecting the resting potential and amplitude of action potential. These effects were concentration dependent. High concentration (10(-4) Gm/ml) of propranolol not only produced greater decreases in the above parameters but also reduced the resting potential and amplitude of action potential. Although propranolol decreased both the action potential duration and effective refractory period, the shortening of the action potential duration was greater than the shortening of the effective refractory period. It shifted the membrane responsiveness curve to the right and down. It produced frequency dependent decreases in the dv/dt of phase 0 of action potential and the rate of repolarization. Propranolol also increased the threshold of stimulation. Propranolol produced electrophysiologic changes in the human myocardium qualitatively similar to those in canine myocardium. The probable mechanism of its antiarrhythmic activity in man has been discussed.", "PMID": 650893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4955", "title": "An accelerated hypertension with neither malignant nephrosclerosis nor elevation of plasma renin activity.", "content": "A case of accelerated hypertension, which was unique in a resistance to an angiotensin antagonist, and a lack of the elevation of plasma renin activity (PRA) is reported. Non-elevated PRA was coincided with non-malignant nephrosclerosis in renal histology. The acceleration was attributed to the neurological cause i.e., cerebral hemorrhage in the right hypothalamus which extended to the ventricle and subarachnoid space. The case therefore clinically seemed malignant-like, but it was not malignant hypertension in the sense of Volhard's classical definition. This does not conflict with the usefulness of the determination of PRA in the diagnosis of malignant hypertension with nephrosclerosis.", "contents": "An accelerated hypertension with neither malignant nephrosclerosis nor elevation of plasma renin activity. A case of accelerated hypertension, which was unique in a resistance to an angiotensin antagonist, and a lack of the elevation of plasma renin activity (PRA) is reported. Non-elevated PRA was coincided with non-malignant nephrosclerosis in renal histology. The acceleration was attributed to the neurological cause i.e., cerebral hemorrhage in the right hypothalamus which extended to the ventricle and subarachnoid space. The case therefore clinically seemed malignant-like, but it was not malignant hypertension in the sense of Volhard's classical definition. This does not conflict with the usefulness of the determination of PRA in the diagnosis of malignant hypertension with nephrosclerosis.", "PMID": 650894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4956", "title": "False inhibition of a demand pacemaker by inactive myocardial electrodes.", "content": "A 14-year-old girl has been implanted a cardiac pacemaker with a myocardial electrode since 8 years old. As the first myocardial electrode fractured near its tip, the second one was added. Thus, patient had two pairs of myocardial electrode systems with one demand pacemaker implanted. When she was readmitted to hospital because of light-headedness, ECG monitor revealed the frequent suppression of pacemaker emission on transcutaneous waving of pacemaker unit. Application of the magnet over the generator resulted in no inhibition even on moving the unit. The pacemaker pocket was reopened. Waving the active myocardial electrode or pacemaker unit did not inhibit the demand pacemaker, but manipulation of the inactive lead induced suppression of pacemaker emission. Such manipulation produced high interference waves, which were created probably by motion of the cut end of inactive leads against patient's abdominal muscle. The exchange of the demand pulse generator to a fixed mode was followed by complete disappearance of light-headedness in this case.", "contents": "False inhibition of a demand pacemaker by inactive myocardial electrodes. A 14-year-old girl has been implanted a cardiac pacemaker with a myocardial electrode since 8 years old. As the first myocardial electrode fractured near its tip, the second one was added. Thus, patient had two pairs of myocardial electrode systems with one demand pacemaker implanted. When she was readmitted to hospital because of light-headedness, ECG monitor revealed the frequent suppression of pacemaker emission on transcutaneous waving of pacemaker unit. Application of the magnet over the generator resulted in no inhibition even on moving the unit. The pacemaker pocket was reopened. Waving the active myocardial electrode or pacemaker unit did not inhibit the demand pacemaker, but manipulation of the inactive lead induced suppression of pacemaker emission. Such manipulation produced high interference waves, which were created probably by motion of the cut end of inactive leads against patient's abdominal muscle. The exchange of the demand pulse generator to a fixed mode was followed by complete disappearance of light-headedness in this case.", "PMID": 650895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4957", "title": "Quantitative angiocardiographic recognition of atypical form of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy is reported who had tetralogy of Fallot, rudimentary pulmonic valve, and supravalvar pulmonic stenosis. The patient lacked almost all of the clinical findings commonly encountered in this syndrome. Thus he never had signs of a large left-to-right shunt, or congestive heart failure. He had no murmur of pulmonic regurgitation and his pulmonary artery was not large on chest roentgenogram. Angiocardiography revealed moderate main pulmonary arterial dilation. The lack of the usual manifestations of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve was due to supravalvar pulmonic stenosis, acting as a natural pulmonary artery band. A quantitative angiocardiographic study was undertaken in order to find a clue for the diagnosis of these atypical cases. The ratio of the transverse diameters of the main pulmonary artery and the aortic root as measured on lateral angiocardiograms in 31 children with uncomplicated tetralogy of Fallot was 0.70 +/- 0.22, whereas this ratio was 1.70 in this particular patient (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that a quantitative evaluation of the ratio of the transverse diameter of the main pulmonary artery to the aortic root on lateral angiocardiogram allows differentiation of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve associated with supravalvular pulmonic stenosis from uncomplicated forms of tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Quantitative angiocardiographic recognition of atypical form of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve. A 9-year-old boy is reported who had tetralogy of Fallot, rudimentary pulmonic valve, and supravalvar pulmonic stenosis. The patient lacked almost all of the clinical findings commonly encountered in this syndrome. Thus he never had signs of a large left-to-right shunt, or congestive heart failure. He had no murmur of pulmonic regurgitation and his pulmonary artery was not large on chest roentgenogram. Angiocardiography revealed moderate main pulmonary arterial dilation. The lack of the usual manifestations of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve was due to supravalvar pulmonic stenosis, acting as a natural pulmonary artery band. A quantitative angiocardiographic study was undertaken in order to find a clue for the diagnosis of these atypical cases. The ratio of the transverse diameters of the main pulmonary artery and the aortic root as measured on lateral angiocardiograms in 31 children with uncomplicated tetralogy of Fallot was 0.70 +/- 0.22, whereas this ratio was 1.70 in this particular patient (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that a quantitative evaluation of the ratio of the transverse diameter of the main pulmonary artery to the aortic root on lateral angiocardiogram allows differentiation of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonic valve associated with supravalvular pulmonic stenosis from uncomplicated forms of tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 650896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4958", "title": "Body surface isopotential maps. Clinical application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "content": "This paper is a review of recent work relating body surface isopotential maps to the detection of the site and extent of myocardial infarction in cases which are either indetectable or difficult to diagnose through the use of standard 12 lead ECGs. According to the difference of the site and extent of myocardial infarction, the characteristic maps are obtained. Through the use of body surface isopotential maps, the significant clinical information may be obtained in a number of cases, and we can do better with mapping than without it in the evaluation of patients with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Body surface isopotential maps. Clinical application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. This paper is a review of recent work relating body surface isopotential maps to the detection of the site and extent of myocardial infarction in cases which are either indetectable or difficult to diagnose through the use of standard 12 lead ECGs. According to the difference of the site and extent of myocardial infarction, the characteristic maps are obtained. Through the use of body surface isopotential maps, the significant clinical information may be obtained in a number of cases, and we can do better with mapping than without it in the evaluation of patients with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 650897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4959", "title": "Ultrasonic features of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.", "content": "Two cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with and without marked dilatation of the right coronary artery were studied by M-mode echocardiography and cross-sectional echocardiography. The M-mode echocardiogram obtained from the case with the dilated right coronary artery demonstrated an abnormal structure anterior to the aortic root. The cross-sectional echocardiogram of the same case visualized the origin of the dilated right coronary artery. In addition, echocardiographic abnormalities suggesting the ischemia of the left ventricle were observed in both cases. Although many of the ultrasonic features are nonspecific, the combination of ultrasonic technique provides useful clues to the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Ultrasonic features of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Two cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with and without marked dilatation of the right coronary artery were studied by M-mode echocardiography and cross-sectional echocardiography. The M-mode echocardiogram obtained from the case with the dilated right coronary artery demonstrated an abnormal structure anterior to the aortic root. The cross-sectional echocardiogram of the same case visualized the origin of the dilated right coronary artery. In addition, echocardiographic abnormalities suggesting the ischemia of the left ventricle were observed in both cases. Although many of the ultrasonic features are nonspecific, the combination of ultrasonic technique provides useful clues to the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 650898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4960", "title": "Echocardiographic features of congenital pulmonary regurgitation.", "content": "Eight patients with congenital pulmonary regurgitation documented by cardiac catheterization and angiography were studied by echocardiography. Echocardiographic features of the pulmonary valve observed in this condition included a) diastolic fluttering (5 cases), b) diastolic separation (2 cases), and c) increase of posterior motion during atrial systole (a wave). Maximum a wave depth exceeded the upper limit of the normal value in 2 cases and averaged 6.1 +/- 0.7 (standard error of the mean) mm. In addition, d) diastolic fluttering of the anterior tricuspid valve was seen in 5 cases and e) abnormal interventricular septal motion in 2 cases (one, paradoxical and the other, flat). Of these findings, the diastolic fluttering of the pulmonary valve, which results from the turbulent stream of blood in the outflow of the right ventricle striking the pulmonary valve, is pathognomonic for pulmonary regurgitation. Although the other findings are nonspecific, all patients had at least 1 of these 5 findings. Echocardiography, therefore, provides useful clues to the diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation. Furthermore, echocardiography should be of use in differentiating congenital from functional pulmonary regurgitation and from aortic regurgitation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of congenital pulmonary regurgitation. Eight patients with congenital pulmonary regurgitation documented by cardiac catheterization and angiography were studied by echocardiography. Echocardiographic features of the pulmonary valve observed in this condition included a) diastolic fluttering (5 cases), b) diastolic separation (2 cases), and c) increase of posterior motion during atrial systole (a wave). Maximum a wave depth exceeded the upper limit of the normal value in 2 cases and averaged 6.1 +/- 0.7 (standard error of the mean) mm. In addition, d) diastolic fluttering of the anterior tricuspid valve was seen in 5 cases and e) abnormal interventricular septal motion in 2 cases (one, paradoxical and the other, flat). Of these findings, the diastolic fluttering of the pulmonary valve, which results from the turbulent stream of blood in the outflow of the right ventricle striking the pulmonary valve, is pathognomonic for pulmonary regurgitation. Although the other findings are nonspecific, all patients had at least 1 of these 5 findings. Echocardiography, therefore, provides useful clues to the diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation. Furthermore, echocardiography should be of use in differentiating congenital from functional pulmonary regurgitation and from aortic regurgitation.", "PMID": 650899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4961", "title": "Role of autonomic and non-autonomic circulatory components in borderline hypertension in young men.", "content": "The role of autonomic nervous system and non-autonomic components in hemodynamic abnormalities of young patients with borderline hypertension was examined by comparing the effects of sequential pharmacological autonomic blockade on hemodynamics between 8 patients with borderline hypertension (mean age 20.0 +/- 0.2) and 10 normotensive subjects (mean age 19.3 +/- 0.2). Propranolol (0.2 mg/Kg), atropine (0.04 mg/Kg), and phenotolamine (10 or 15 mg) were given intravenously in that order to produce \"total\" autonomic blockade. Increased cardiac index, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure with normal peripheral vascular resistance were noted at rest in patients with borderline hypertension. Cardiac index and heart rate in patients with borderline hypertension were normalized by propranolol, but after \"total\" autonomic blockade mean arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance were higher in patients with borderline hypertension as compared to those in normotensive subjects. These results suggest that, although autonomic nervous system control of circulation is abnormal, non-autonomic components play an important role in maintaining increased peripheral vascular resistance in borderline hypertension in young men.", "contents": "Role of autonomic and non-autonomic circulatory components in borderline hypertension in young men. The role of autonomic nervous system and non-autonomic components in hemodynamic abnormalities of young patients with borderline hypertension was examined by comparing the effects of sequential pharmacological autonomic blockade on hemodynamics between 8 patients with borderline hypertension (mean age 20.0 +/- 0.2) and 10 normotensive subjects (mean age 19.3 +/- 0.2). Propranolol (0.2 mg/Kg), atropine (0.04 mg/Kg), and phenotolamine (10 or 15 mg) were given intravenously in that order to produce \"total\" autonomic blockade. Increased cardiac index, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure with normal peripheral vascular resistance were noted at rest in patients with borderline hypertension. Cardiac index and heart rate in patients with borderline hypertension were normalized by propranolol, but after \"total\" autonomic blockade mean arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance were higher in patients with borderline hypertension as compared to those in normotensive subjects. These results suggest that, although autonomic nervous system control of circulation is abnormal, non-autonomic components play an important role in maintaining increased peripheral vascular resistance in borderline hypertension in young men.", "PMID": 650900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4962", "title": "Clinical evaluation of left ventricular myocardial stiffness.", "content": "Left ventricular myocardial stiffness was calculated in clinical cases. Thirty patients who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization were studied. Left ventricular cineangiograms and simultaneously recorded left ventricular pressure tracings were analyzed. The left ventricular stiffness constant k, was computed by substituting the left ventricular myocardial stress (sigma) and strain (epsilon) throughout the period between the end of rapid ventricular filling and the beginning of atrial contraction, in the equation sigma = b.ek.epsilon. Left ventricular myocardial stiffness was measured as follows: Group I (normal): 9.6 +/- 4.3, Group II (mitral stenosis): 10.7 +/- 4.0, Group III (left ventricular volume overload): 12.1 +/- 4.2, Group IV (coronary artery disease without myocardial infarction): 8.6 +/- 2.5, and Group V (myocardial infarction): 23.6 +/- 7.4. All of the normal cases showed stiffness constants of less than 15 and maxVcf of more than 2.0 circ/sec, and all the patients with histories of heart failure in Groups III to V showed stiffness constants of more than 15 and maxVcf of less than 1.0 circ/sec. For the rest of the patients, measurements of the stiffness constant were valuable for the assessment of patients' clinical status, especially when combined with contractility.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of left ventricular myocardial stiffness. Left ventricular myocardial stiffness was calculated in clinical cases. Thirty patients who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization were studied. Left ventricular cineangiograms and simultaneously recorded left ventricular pressure tracings were analyzed. The left ventricular stiffness constant k, was computed by substituting the left ventricular myocardial stress (sigma) and strain (epsilon) throughout the period between the end of rapid ventricular filling and the beginning of atrial contraction, in the equation sigma = b.ek.epsilon. Left ventricular myocardial stiffness was measured as follows: Group I (normal): 9.6 +/- 4.3, Group II (mitral stenosis): 10.7 +/- 4.0, Group III (left ventricular volume overload): 12.1 +/- 4.2, Group IV (coronary artery disease without myocardial infarction): 8.6 +/- 2.5, and Group V (myocardial infarction): 23.6 +/- 7.4. All of the normal cases showed stiffness constants of less than 15 and maxVcf of more than 2.0 circ/sec, and all the patients with histories of heart failure in Groups III to V showed stiffness constants of more than 15 and maxVcf of less than 1.0 circ/sec. For the rest of the patients, measurements of the stiffness constant were valuable for the assessment of patients' clinical status, especially when combined with contractility.", "PMID": 650901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4963", "title": "Sodium excretion in volume-expanded dogs. I. Comparison of the effects of physiological saline and 5% glucose solution.", "content": "Dogs were subjected to volume expansion with physiological saline and 5% glucose solution. During the infusion Na excretion was significantly increased only when saline was given. Maintenance of the volume expansion with 5% glucose solution immediately following saline infusion was ineffective in preventing the decline of Na excretion rate after the cessation of saline loading. Although the indices of hemodilution such as plasma total protein concentration and peripheral venous hematocrit were reduced along with natriuresis, these values also correlated with the total amount of Na retained during saline infusion. And this amount of retained Na has also a good correlation with the natriuresis. It is concluded that hemodilution is not the essential cause of natriuresis in the present volume expansion experiments, and that the amount of Na retained during saline loading determines the Na excretion rate in some unknown manner. The implication of regression coefficient between Na retention and Na excretion is discussed as a characteristic value in the Na homeostatic mechanism of the organism.", "contents": "Sodium excretion in volume-expanded dogs. I. Comparison of the effects of physiological saline and 5% glucose solution. Dogs were subjected to volume expansion with physiological saline and 5% glucose solution. During the infusion Na excretion was significantly increased only when saline was given. Maintenance of the volume expansion with 5% glucose solution immediately following saline infusion was ineffective in preventing the decline of Na excretion rate after the cessation of saline loading. Although the indices of hemodilution such as plasma total protein concentration and peripheral venous hematocrit were reduced along with natriuresis, these values also correlated with the total amount of Na retained during saline infusion. And this amount of retained Na has also a good correlation with the natriuresis. It is concluded that hemodilution is not the essential cause of natriuresis in the present volume expansion experiments, and that the amount of Na retained during saline loading determines the Na excretion rate in some unknown manner. The implication of regression coefficient between Na retention and Na excretion is discussed as a characteristic value in the Na homeostatic mechanism of the organism.", "PMID": 650902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4964", "title": "Ultrasono-cardiographic diagnosis of the prolapsed mitral valve.", "content": "The characteristic ultrasono-cardiographic (UCG) findings of prolapsed mitral valve were studied in 9 cases by means of ultrasonocardiotomography (UCT). The changes in degree and shape of the prolapsed valve were examined and the leaflet involved was identified. Of the 9 cases, 5 had prolapse of anterior, 3 had that of posterior leaflet and 1 had both. In all cases with midsystolic click and late systolic murmur or pansystolic murmur with late systolic accentuation, the prolapse of anterior leaflet was observed on UCT, and though UCG disclosed midsystolic buckling it was difficult to determine the exact timing of the prolapse by UCG alone. In the cases with rheumatic mitral regurgitation, the prolapse of posterior leaflet and the ballooning of anterior leaflet could easily be found on UCT, but the detection of the above-mentioned 2 findings was difficult by UCG alone. Three of the 9 cases were found to have prolapse of posterior leaflet by left ventriculography, whereas these 3 had prolapse of anterior leaflet on UCT. Hence, the diagnosis of prolapsed mitral valve based on the cineangiography may require re-evaluation.", "contents": "Ultrasono-cardiographic diagnosis of the prolapsed mitral valve. The characteristic ultrasono-cardiographic (UCG) findings of prolapsed mitral valve were studied in 9 cases by means of ultrasonocardiotomography (UCT). The changes in degree and shape of the prolapsed valve were examined and the leaflet involved was identified. Of the 9 cases, 5 had prolapse of anterior, 3 had that of posterior leaflet and 1 had both. In all cases with midsystolic click and late systolic murmur or pansystolic murmur with late systolic accentuation, the prolapse of anterior leaflet was observed on UCT, and though UCG disclosed midsystolic buckling it was difficult to determine the exact timing of the prolapse by UCG alone. In the cases with rheumatic mitral regurgitation, the prolapse of posterior leaflet and the ballooning of anterior leaflet could easily be found on UCT, but the detection of the above-mentioned 2 findings was difficult by UCG alone. Three of the 9 cases were found to have prolapse of posterior leaflet by left ventriculography, whereas these 3 had prolapse of anterior leaflet on UCT. Hence, the diagnosis of prolapsed mitral valve based on the cineangiography may require re-evaluation.", "PMID": 650903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4965", "title": "Isometric contraction and  relaxation times of right and left ventricles in normal subjects and in patients with right ventricular overloading measured with bidirectional echocardiography.", "content": "With the use of bidirectional echocardiography, the isometric contraction (ICT) and relaxation times (IRT) of both ventricles were measured in 14 normal subjects (N), 6 cases with right ventricular (RV) diastolic overloading (DO), and 5 cases with RV systolic overloading (SO). The RVDO group consisted of patients with atrial septal defect of ostium secundum type who had large left-to-right shunting, and the RVSO group those with pulmonary hypertension of various origins. The mean ICT and IRT in N were 28.5 +/- 4.8 and 43.8 +/- 1.7 msec for RV, and 43.3 +/- 5.6 and 60.9 +/- 9.0 msec for left ventricle (LV), respectively. The RVDO group showed no significant change in the mean ICT and IRT of RV (29.7 +/- 4.6 and 54.3 +/- 11.8 msec, respectively), but significantly greater means of ICT and IRT of LV (58.5 +/- 9.5 and 83.6 +/- 14.1 msec, respectively. In the RVSO group, the mean ICT and IRT were 51.0 +/- 4.1 and 86.8 +/- 8.2 msec for RV, and 72.4 +/- 12.2 and 116.0 +/- 20.4 msec for LV, respectively. These values were all significantly greater than the means for both N and RVDO groups, except that the mean ICT of LV was insignificantly different between the RVDO and RVSO groups. It was noted that the intervals of LV tended to increase with the increasing intervals of RV, suggesting the changes in LV function secondarily due to RV overloading. It was concluded that the measurement of ICT and IRT of both ventricles is of clinical value for evaluation of overall cardiac function in the patients with RV overloading.", "contents": "Isometric contraction and  relaxation times of right and left ventricles in normal subjects and in patients with right ventricular overloading measured with bidirectional echocardiography. With the use of bidirectional echocardiography, the isometric contraction (ICT) and relaxation times (IRT) of both ventricles were measured in 14 normal subjects (N), 6 cases with right ventricular (RV) diastolic overloading (DO), and 5 cases with RV systolic overloading (SO). The RVDO group consisted of patients with atrial septal defect of ostium secundum type who had large left-to-right shunting, and the RVSO group those with pulmonary hypertension of various origins. The mean ICT and IRT in N were 28.5 +/- 4.8 and 43.8 +/- 1.7 msec for RV, and 43.3 +/- 5.6 and 60.9 +/- 9.0 msec for left ventricle (LV), respectively. The RVDO group showed no significant change in the mean ICT and IRT of RV (29.7 +/- 4.6 and 54.3 +/- 11.8 msec, respectively), but significantly greater means of ICT and IRT of LV (58.5 +/- 9.5 and 83.6 +/- 14.1 msec, respectively. In the RVSO group, the mean ICT and IRT were 51.0 +/- 4.1 and 86.8 +/- 8.2 msec for RV, and 72.4 +/- 12.2 and 116.0 +/- 20.4 msec for LV, respectively. These values were all significantly greater than the means for both N and RVDO groups, except that the mean ICT of LV was insignificantly different between the RVDO and RVSO groups. It was noted that the intervals of LV tended to increase with the increasing intervals of RV, suggesting the changes in LV function secondarily due to RV overloading. It was concluded that the measurement of ICT and IRT of both ventricles is of clinical value for evaluation of overall cardiac function in the patients with RV overloading.", "PMID": 650904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4966", "title": "Quantitative relationship between serum Ca and inorganic phosphate concentrations in uremic patients.", "content": "Sixty four blood samples from 28 uremic patients were analyzed for total calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), total protein (TP), and albumin in the serum. In these patients Ca had no significant correlation with either TP or albumin as was generally postulated, but showed significant correlation only with P. The regression analysis revealed that the residuals were of the same order of magnitude in both linear and non-linear formation. It was also found that the product, CaxP, increased along with BUN in uremic patients.", "contents": "Quantitative relationship between serum Ca and inorganic phosphate concentrations in uremic patients. Sixty four blood samples from 28 uremic patients were analyzed for total calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), total protein (TP), and albumin in the serum. In these patients Ca had no significant correlation with either TP or albumin as was generally postulated, but showed significant correlation only with P. The regression analysis revealed that the residuals were of the same order of magnitude in both linear and non-linear formation. It was also found that the product, CaxP, increased along with BUN in uremic patients.", "PMID": 650905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4967", "title": "The effects of infusion of calcium and magnesium ions on the cardiovascular system in man.", "content": "The effects of Ca++ and Mg++ infusion on the cardiovascular system were studied in 96 normotensive subjects and 85 hypertensive patients. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The effects of Ca++ infusion on the systolic time intervals were characterized by the shortening of QS2I, PEPI, and ICT, and increase in ET/PEP. The responses of the systemic hemodynamics were elevation of mean blood pressure and increase in cardiac index and stroke index. The heart rate was not altered. (2) These results support that Ca++ has a positive inotropic action and increases the left ventricular performance. (3) The effects of Mg++ infusion on the systolic time intervals were characterized by the prolongation of QS2I, PEPI, and ECT. The responses of systemic hemodynamics were elevation of mean blood pressure and increase in heart rate. The ET/PEP and cardiac index tended to decrease, but these changes were not significant. (4) From these results it is suggested that Mg++ depress myocardial contractility and has a positive chronotropic action. (5) There were no significant differences in the systolic time intervals and hemodynamic responses to the infusion of Ca++ and Mg++ between normotensives and hypertensives.", "contents": "The effects of infusion of calcium and magnesium ions on the cardiovascular system in man. The effects of Ca++ and Mg++ infusion on the cardiovascular system were studied in 96 normotensive subjects and 85 hypertensive patients. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The effects of Ca++ infusion on the systolic time intervals were characterized by the shortening of QS2I, PEPI, and ICT, and increase in ET/PEP. The responses of the systemic hemodynamics were elevation of mean blood pressure and increase in cardiac index and stroke index. The heart rate was not altered. (2) These results support that Ca++ has a positive inotropic action and increases the left ventricular performance. (3) The effects of Mg++ infusion on the systolic time intervals were characterized by the prolongation of QS2I, PEPI, and ECT. The responses of systemic hemodynamics were elevation of mean blood pressure and increase in heart rate. The ET/PEP and cardiac index tended to decrease, but these changes were not significant. (4) From these results it is suggested that Mg++ depress myocardial contractility and has a positive chronotropic action. (5) There were no significant differences in the systolic time intervals and hemodynamic responses to the infusion of Ca++ and Mg++ between normotensives and hypertensives.", "PMID": 650906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4968", "title": "Effects of cardioactive substances on the post-stimulation potentiation of contractility in the isolated dog atrium.", "content": "Effects of cardioactive substances on the post-stimulation potentiation of atrial contractility were studied in 17 isolated, blood-perfused preparations of dogs. Maximum degree of the post-stimulation potentiation was obtained over approximately 3.5 Hz within 5-60 sec of stimulation. Each drug was administered directly into the cannulated sinus node artery of isolated atrium. An adequate dose of verapramil, manganese chloride, or pentobarbital which caused marked depression of contractility did not significantly suppress the post-stimulation potentiation in percent changes. The post-stimulation potentiation was not inhibited by continuous infusion of adenosine, which caused a negative inotropic effect. Tetrodotoxin, propranolol, or caffeine also never suppressed the post-stimulation potentiation but ouabain abolished it in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Effects of cardioactive substances on the post-stimulation potentiation of contractility in the isolated dog atrium. Effects of cardioactive substances on the post-stimulation potentiation of atrial contractility were studied in 17 isolated, blood-perfused preparations of dogs. Maximum degree of the post-stimulation potentiation was obtained over approximately 3.5 Hz within 5-60 sec of stimulation. Each drug was administered directly into the cannulated sinus node artery of isolated atrium. An adequate dose of verapramil, manganese chloride, or pentobarbital which caused marked depression of contractility did not significantly suppress the post-stimulation potentiation in percent changes. The post-stimulation potentiation was not inhibited by continuous infusion of adenosine, which caused a negative inotropic effect. Tetrodotoxin, propranolol, or caffeine also never suppressed the post-stimulation potentiation but ouabain abolished it in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 650907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4969", "title": "Hydraulic and hemodynamic studies on the blood flow through the cardiovascular system.", "content": "To investigate the hemodynamic aspects across a stenosis in the cardiovascular system, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were performed. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Remarkable changes in the pressure profile were recognized downstream. The relationship between pressure gradient and flow across the stenotic orifice revealed an inverse linear relationship in in vitro studies, but showed a slight convex curve in in vivo studies. 2) The critical stenosis in vitro and in vivo studies 10% and 25%, respectively. 3) In the group of mitral valve area larger than 0.5 cm2, flow coefficient C was smaller than 1.0 and blood flow could be \"vena contracta\". 4) Gorlin's formula is considered to be appropriate in the cases with valve area larger than 0.5 cm2. But Gorlin's formula may over-estimate in the group with valve area smaller than 0.5 cm2.", "contents": "Hydraulic and hemodynamic studies on the blood flow through the cardiovascular system. To investigate the hemodynamic aspects across a stenosis in the cardiovascular system, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were performed. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Remarkable changes in the pressure profile were recognized downstream. The relationship between pressure gradient and flow across the stenotic orifice revealed an inverse linear relationship in in vitro studies, but showed a slight convex curve in in vivo studies. 2) The critical stenosis in vitro and in vivo studies 10% and 25%, respectively. 3) In the group of mitral valve area larger than 0.5 cm2, flow coefficient C was smaller than 1.0 and blood flow could be \"vena contracta\". 4) Gorlin's formula is considered to be appropriate in the cases with valve area larger than 0.5 cm2. But Gorlin's formula may over-estimate in the group with valve area smaller than 0.5 cm2.", "PMID": 650908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4970", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 and epinephrine participate in cyclical reduction of coronary blood pressure and flow.", "content": "The effects of the agents that inhibited synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs) on cyclical reduction of blood flow in partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dog were examined. The cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow was eliminated by intravenous injections of aspirin that inhibited synthesis of endoperoxides, of benzydamine that inhibited synthesis of endoperoxides and TX A2, and of phenylbutazone that inhibited synthesis of PG E2, but was not of reduced glutathione that inhibited synthesis of TX A2 and accelerated synthesis of PG E2. In the preparations in which cyclical reduction of blood flow did not occur spontaneously, intracoronary injection of PG  E2, but not of PG F2a, induced the cyclical reduction. The cyclical reduction was also induced by intravenous injections of epinephrine and reduced glutathione that accelerated synthesis of PG E2. The results indicate participation of PG E2 in the cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 and epinephrine participate in cyclical reduction of coronary blood pressure and flow. The effects of the agents that inhibited synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs) on cyclical reduction of blood flow in partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dog were examined. The cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow was eliminated by intravenous injections of aspirin that inhibited synthesis of endoperoxides, of benzydamine that inhibited synthesis of endoperoxides and TX A2, and of phenylbutazone that inhibited synthesis of PG E2, but was not of reduced glutathione that inhibited synthesis of TX A2 and accelerated synthesis of PG E2. In the preparations in which cyclical reduction of blood flow did not occur spontaneously, intracoronary injection of PG  E2, but not of PG F2a, induced the cyclical reduction. The cyclical reduction was also induced by intravenous injections of epinephrine and reduced glutathione that accelerated synthesis of PG E2. The results indicate participation of PG E2 in the cyclical reduction of coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 650909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4971", "title": "Intra-aortic oxygen distribution during veno-arterial bypass (VAB) without oxygenation in circulatory assist.", "content": "Right atrium-femoral artery VAB without oxygenation was performed in 7 dogs at 3 different bypass ratios, 15% 30%, and 45%. Respiration and cardiac output were controlled. Precise intra-aortic distributions of PO2 and O2 saturation were determined by means of a PO2 catheter probe and an oxygen analyzer. The following was concluded: 1) The blood pumped from dog heart produced a narrow \"mixing zone\" in the mid-aorta with the blood pumped from VAB. The area of the \"mixing zone\" was in the distal half between renal artery and bifurcation at 15% bypass ratio, in the proximal half between renal artery and bifurcation at 30% bypass ratio, and from celiac artery to below renal artery at 45% bypass ratio. It shifted proximally as the bypass ratio increased. 2) In order to supply necessary oxygen to abdominal viscera, it is recommended that the bypass flow should not exceed 30% of the baseline cardiac output.", "contents": "Intra-aortic oxygen distribution during veno-arterial bypass (VAB) without oxygenation in circulatory assist. Right atrium-femoral artery VAB without oxygenation was performed in 7 dogs at 3 different bypass ratios, 15% 30%, and 45%. Respiration and cardiac output were controlled. Precise intra-aortic distributions of PO2 and O2 saturation were determined by means of a PO2 catheter probe and an oxygen analyzer. The following was concluded: 1) The blood pumped from dog heart produced a narrow \"mixing zone\" in the mid-aorta with the blood pumped from VAB. The area of the \"mixing zone\" was in the distal half between renal artery and bifurcation at 15% bypass ratio, in the proximal half between renal artery and bifurcation at 30% bypass ratio, and from celiac artery to below renal artery at 45% bypass ratio. It shifted proximally as the bypass ratio increased. 2) In order to supply necessary oxygen to abdominal viscera, it is recommended that the bypass flow should not exceed 30% of the baseline cardiac output.", "PMID": 650910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4972", "title": "Renovascular hypertension due to Buerger's disease.", "content": "In a 42-year-old man with severe hypertension, stenosis of the left renal artery at its origin and occlusion of the abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries were observed. His past history and clinical and laboratory findings suggested that the renal artery stenosis was due to Buerger's disease which was reported to be a rare cause of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension due to Buerger's disease. In a 42-year-old man with severe hypertension, stenosis of the left renal artery at its origin and occlusion of the abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries were observed. His past history and clinical and laboratory findings suggested that the renal artery stenosis was due to Buerger's disease which was reported to be a rare cause of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 650911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4973", "title": "Effects of catecholamines and adrenergic blockade on fluid reabsorption in isolated rat cauda epidiymidis.", "content": "The rate of fluid reabsorption in the cauda epididymidis of rat has been measured in vitro. Both adrenaline and isoprenaline produced a prompt, reversible and dose dependent increase in the reabsorption rate. These effects were completely blocked by propranolol. The response to noradrenaline consisted of two components. In the presence of an alpha blocker, noradrenaline caused an increase, while in the presence of a beta blocker, it produced an inhibition in the rate of fluid reabsorption. The effects of these adrenergic agents were only observed when sodium ions were present in the intraluminal fluid, suggesting that they only affect the Na+-dependent component of fluid reabsorption. The possibility that they may affect the active transport of sodium in terms of the presence of alpha and beta receptors in the epithelium of the rat cauda epididymidis.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines and adrenergic blockade on fluid reabsorption in isolated rat cauda epidiymidis. The rate of fluid reabsorption in the cauda epididymidis of rat has been measured in vitro. Both adrenaline and isoprenaline produced a prompt, reversible and dose dependent increase in the reabsorption rate. These effects were completely blocked by propranolol. The response to noradrenaline consisted of two components. In the presence of an alpha blocker, noradrenaline caused an increase, while in the presence of a beta blocker, it produced an inhibition in the rate of fluid reabsorption. The effects of these adrenergic agents were only observed when sodium ions were present in the intraluminal fluid, suggesting that they only affect the Na+-dependent component of fluid reabsorption. The possibility that they may affect the active transport of sodium in terms of the presence of alpha and beta receptors in the epithelium of the rat cauda epididymidis.", "PMID": 651009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4974", "title": "Fundamental studies on physiological and pharmacological actions of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate. VI. Effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate on lipid metabolism in guinea pigs.", "content": "Effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate (AAS) on lipid metabolism were studied in guinea pigs maintained on diet I with sufficient L-ascorbic acid (AA) supplement or on diet II without AA supplement. AAS(300 mg/kg) inhibited an increase in serum and liver levels of lipids to a greater degree than AA (175 mg/kg), a reference compond, in hyperlipidemic guinea pigs induced by cholesterol feeding with diets I or II. AAS also induced a decrease in serum and liver levels of lipids in guinea pigs which had been previously maintained for 6 weeks on diet II containing 1.0% cholesterol. AA administration significantly increased AA level in various organs of animals maintained on both the diets containing cholesterol. It also rectified the AA level lowered by previous maintenance on diet II containing cholesterol. AAS showed a slight AA replacing effect on the AA level. Both AA and AAS exerted preventive and curative effects on several symptoms due to chronic AA deficiency.", "contents": "Fundamental studies on physiological and pharmacological actions of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate. VI. Effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate on lipid metabolism in guinea pigs. Effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate (AAS) on lipid metabolism were studied in guinea pigs maintained on diet I with sufficient L-ascorbic acid (AA) supplement or on diet II without AA supplement. AAS(300 mg/kg) inhibited an increase in serum and liver levels of lipids to a greater degree than AA (175 mg/kg), a reference compond, in hyperlipidemic guinea pigs induced by cholesterol feeding with diets I or II. AAS also induced a decrease in serum and liver levels of lipids in guinea pigs which had been previously maintained for 6 weeks on diet II containing 1.0% cholesterol. AA administration significantly increased AA level in various organs of animals maintained on both the diets containing cholesterol. It also rectified the AA level lowered by previous maintenance on diet II containing cholesterol. AAS showed a slight AA replacing effect on the AA level. Both AA and AAS exerted preventive and curative effects on several symptoms due to chronic AA deficiency.", "PMID": 651010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4975", "title": "Effects of intracerebroventricular prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on the urine outflow, and a possible role of pgE2 as a modulator.", "content": "Effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected PGE2 and PGF2alpha on the urine outflow were studied in ethanol-anesthetized rats. PGE2 and PGF2alpha, when injected i.c.v., caused diuresis which was followed by antidiuresis. Phentolamine, when perfused i.c.v., was an antidiuretic and inhibited the diuretic and antidiuretic effects of PGE2. Diphloretin phosphate inhibited both effects of PGE2. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) and propranolol blocked completely the PGE2-induced diuresis and consequently remarkable antidiuresis was observed after the combined treatments with PGE2 and PPP or propranolol. When PGE2 was perfused i.c.v., a sustained diuresis was obtained and antidiuretic effects of noradrenaline, gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamate were potentiated, inhibited and unaffected by the perfusion with PGE2, respectively. It was indicated that the antidiuretic effect of PGE2 could be dissociated from the diuretic effect and that both effects were mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. The present result also suggested that central PGE2 might act as a modulator of some neurotransmitters involved in water metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of intracerebroventricular prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on the urine outflow, and a possible role of pgE2 as a modulator. Effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected PGE2 and PGF2alpha on the urine outflow were studied in ethanol-anesthetized rats. PGE2 and PGF2alpha, when injected i.c.v., caused diuresis which was followed by antidiuresis. Phentolamine, when perfused i.c.v., was an antidiuretic and inhibited the diuretic and antidiuretic effects of PGE2. Diphloretin phosphate inhibited both effects of PGE2. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) and propranolol blocked completely the PGE2-induced diuresis and consequently remarkable antidiuresis was observed after the combined treatments with PGE2 and PPP or propranolol. When PGE2 was perfused i.c.v., a sustained diuresis was obtained and antidiuretic effects of noradrenaline, gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamate were potentiated, inhibited and unaffected by the perfusion with PGE2, respectively. It was indicated that the antidiuretic effect of PGE2 could be dissociated from the diuretic effect and that both effects were mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. The present result also suggested that central PGE2 might act as a modulator of some neurotransmitters involved in water metabolism.", "PMID": 651014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4976", "title": "Metabolites of piperidine in rat urine.", "content": "Piperidine is one of pharmacologically active biogenic amines. While two pathways for piperidine production have been reported, little is known about metabolism of the compound. In the present study, piperidine and its hydroxylated, conjugated and unknown metabolites were detected in rat urine by radiochromatographic analysis. Using GC-MS technique, it was confirmed that 3-hydroxypiperidine and 4-hydroxypiperidine are major metabolites of piperidine of either exogenous or endogenous origin. The findings substantiate the existence of a mechanism which inactivates piperidine in the living body, since both metabolites lack the potent pharmacological activities as those induced by piperidine.", "contents": "Metabolites of piperidine in rat urine. Piperidine is one of pharmacologically active biogenic amines. While two pathways for piperidine production have been reported, little is known about metabolism of the compound. In the present study, piperidine and its hydroxylated, conjugated and unknown metabolites were detected in rat urine by radiochromatographic analysis. Using GC-MS technique, it was confirmed that 3-hydroxypiperidine and 4-hydroxypiperidine are major metabolites of piperidine of either exogenous or endogenous origin. The findings substantiate the existence of a mechanism which inactivates piperidine in the living body, since both metabolites lack the potent pharmacological activities as those induced by piperidine.", "PMID": 651015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4977", "title": "Effects of centrally affecting drugs on the diuretic and antidiuretic actions of intracerebroventricular prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Effects of centrally affecting drugs on the diuretic and antidiuretic actions of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected prostaglandin (PG) E2 in ethanol-anaesthetized rats were studied. PGE2, when injected i.c.v. at a dose of 1 nmole, produced diuresis followed by antidiuresis. When morphine (0.1 mM) was perfused i.c.v., urine outflow decreased and neither diuretic nor antidiuretic effects of i.c.v. PGE2 was apparent. The perfusions with picrotoxin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamate inhibited either the diuretic or the antidiuretic effect of PGE2. On the other hand, when pentobarbital, diazepam, isoniazid and strychnine were perfused i.c.v., the diuretic action of PGE2 was diminished and antidiuresis in response to PGE2 remained unchanged. These results suggested that the diuretic and antidiuretic effects of PGE2 could be separated. The developed of the diuretic effect of PGE2 was completely blocked by amitriptyline and antidiuresis was increased. In rats pretreated i.c.v. with reserpine, the diuretic effect of PGE2 was prolonged and antidiuresis in response to PGE2 was not observed. An antidiuretic action of i.c.v. norepinephrine was not varied by reserpine. Mechanisms for both effects of PGE2 are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of centrally affecting drugs on the diuretic and antidiuretic actions of intracerebroventricular prostaglandin E2. Effects of centrally affecting drugs on the diuretic and antidiuretic actions of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected prostaglandin (PG) E2 in ethanol-anaesthetized rats were studied. PGE2, when injected i.c.v. at a dose of 1 nmole, produced diuresis followed by antidiuresis. When morphine (0.1 mM) was perfused i.c.v., urine outflow decreased and neither diuretic nor antidiuretic effects of i.c.v. PGE2 was apparent. The perfusions with picrotoxin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamate inhibited either the diuretic or the antidiuretic effect of PGE2. On the other hand, when pentobarbital, diazepam, isoniazid and strychnine were perfused i.c.v., the diuretic action of PGE2 was diminished and antidiuresis in response to PGE2 remained unchanged. These results suggested that the diuretic and antidiuretic effects of PGE2 could be separated. The developed of the diuretic effect of PGE2 was completely blocked by amitriptyline and antidiuresis was increased. In rats pretreated i.c.v. with reserpine, the diuretic effect of PGE2 was prolonged and antidiuresis in response to PGE2 was not observed. An antidiuretic action of i.c.v. norepinephrine was not varied by reserpine. Mechanisms for both effects of PGE2 are discussed.", "PMID": 651016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4978", "title": "Fundamental studies on physiological and pharmacological actions of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate. V. On the hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate in rabbits.", "content": "Effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate (AAS) on lipid metabolism and on pathological changes of aorta and visceral organs were investigated in cholesterol fed rabbits, with ascorbic acid (AA) and clofibrate (CPIB) as reference compounds. Administration of AAS (300 and 150 mg/kg) inhibited an increase in the levels of serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids caused by cholesterol feeding. A high dose of AAS prevented an increase of liver weight. An increase in the level of liver cholesterol was inhibited by a high dose of AAS. Both doses of AAS effectively prevented an accumulation of cholesterol in the aorta. The area rate of atheromatous plaque in aorta was less in specimens from both groups of AAS than in those from control I. Pathological changes in intima and media of aorta were milder in specimens from both groups of AAS. Developed of patholoigcal changes in arteries of various organs were prevented with both doses of AAS.", "contents": "Fundamental studies on physiological and pharmacological actions of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate. V. On the hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate in rabbits. Effects of L-ascorbate 2-sulfate (AAS) on lipid metabolism and on pathological changes of aorta and visceral organs were investigated in cholesterol fed rabbits, with ascorbic acid (AA) and clofibrate (CPIB) as reference compounds. Administration of AAS (300 and 150 mg/kg) inhibited an increase in the levels of serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids caused by cholesterol feeding. A high dose of AAS prevented an increase of liver weight. An increase in the level of liver cholesterol was inhibited by a high dose of AAS. Both doses of AAS effectively prevented an accumulation of cholesterol in the aorta. The area rate of atheromatous plaque in aorta was less in specimens from both groups of AAS than in those from control I. Pathological changes in intima and media of aorta were milder in specimens from both groups of AAS. Developed of patholoigcal changes in arteries of various organs were prevented with both doses of AAS.", "PMID": 651017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4979", "title": "Binding of H3-imipramine, H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine to synaptosomes.", "content": "Binding of H3-imipramine, H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine to synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex was studied using a centrifugation method, and kinetic analysis of the experimental data. Three psychotropic drugs were shown to be rapidly bound to synaptosomes at 2 degrees C, representing a typical binding mode with two classes of binding components, i.e., saturable and non-saturable binding. A double reciprocal plot of the saturable binding component of these drugs revealed that H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine represented a single binding mode, whereas H3-imipramine showed a multiple one. When the synaptosomes were treated by freezing and thawing 15 times, a high affinity binding component of H3-imipramine was not observed, while the other two drugs showed a single binding mode as well as those of the undisrupted synaptosomes.  To investigate the specificity of this multiple binding mode, comparative binding studies of H3-imipramine were carried out using myelin fragments of rat cerebral cortex. In the myelin fragments preparation, two typical classes of binding mode as shown in the synaptosomes were also recognized. However, a double reciprocal plot of the saturable binding component showed only a straight line, i.e., single binding mode. These findings suggest that imipramine has multiple binding sites to synaptosomes and a high affinity binding component is affected by freezing and thawing procedure.", "contents": "Binding of H3-imipramine, H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine to synaptosomes. Binding of H3-imipramine, H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine to synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex was studied using a centrifugation method, and kinetic analysis of the experimental data. Three psychotropic drugs were shown to be rapidly bound to synaptosomes at 2 degrees C, representing a typical binding mode with two classes of binding components, i.e., saturable and non-saturable binding. A double reciprocal plot of the saturable binding component of these drugs revealed that H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine represented a single binding mode, whereas H3-imipramine showed a multiple one. When the synaptosomes were treated by freezing and thawing 15 times, a high affinity binding component of H3-imipramine was not observed, while the other two drugs showed a single binding mode as well as those of the undisrupted synaptosomes.  To investigate the specificity of this multiple binding mode, comparative binding studies of H3-imipramine were carried out using myelin fragments of rat cerebral cortex. In the myelin fragments preparation, two typical classes of binding mode as shown in the synaptosomes were also recognized. However, a double reciprocal plot of the saturable binding component showed only a straight line, i.e., single binding mode. These findings suggest that imipramine has multiple binding sites to synaptosomes and a high affinity binding component is affected by freezing and thawing procedure.", "PMID": 651018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4980", "title": "Anti-convulsant effect of phthalazino-[2,3b]-phthalazine-5(14H), 12(7H)-dione (L-5418). II. Electroencephalographic study.", "content": "L-5418 has an anti-convulsant effect which is similar to that of diphenylhydantoin. The effects of L-5418 on EEG activity in rabbits with acute and chronic implantation of electrodes were studied in comparison with those of currently available anti-convulsants. Intravenous administration of L-5418 increased a slow-wave sleep pattern in the spontaneous EEG, which was also induced by diphenylhydantoin. With respect to the focal seizure in the cerebral cortex induced by local application of penicillin, L-5418 showed suppressive effects on the frequency and duration of seizure discharge, and on the spread of seizure discharge to other parts of the brain. The efficacy was about twice that of diphenylhydantoin. L-5418 and dephenylhydantoin did not increase the threshold of seizures induced by bemegride while trimethadione raised the threshold. L-5418 also showed suppressive effects twice as active as diphenylhydantoin on after-discharge induced by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and amygdala. This suppressive effect on after-discharge of the limbic system may be parallel with the suppressive effect on psychomotor seizure. From these results of L-5418 on an experimental model of epilepsy, it is suggested that L-5418 has suppressive effects similar to that of diphenylhydantoin on convulsion and the efficacy proved to be twice that of diphenylhydantoin in the EEG study.", "contents": "Anti-convulsant effect of phthalazino-[2,3b]-phthalazine-5(14H), 12(7H)-dione (L-5418). II. Electroencephalographic study. L-5418 has an anti-convulsant effect which is similar to that of diphenylhydantoin. The effects of L-5418 on EEG activity in rabbits with acute and chronic implantation of electrodes were studied in comparison with those of currently available anti-convulsants. Intravenous administration of L-5418 increased a slow-wave sleep pattern in the spontaneous EEG, which was also induced by diphenylhydantoin. With respect to the focal seizure in the cerebral cortex induced by local application of penicillin, L-5418 showed suppressive effects on the frequency and duration of seizure discharge, and on the spread of seizure discharge to other parts of the brain. The efficacy was about twice that of diphenylhydantoin. L-5418 and dephenylhydantoin did not increase the threshold of seizures induced by bemegride while trimethadione raised the threshold. L-5418 also showed suppressive effects twice as active as diphenylhydantoin on after-discharge induced by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and amygdala. This suppressive effect on after-discharge of the limbic system may be parallel with the suppressive effect on psychomotor seizure. From these results of L-5418 on an experimental model of epilepsy, it is suggested that L-5418 has suppressive effects similar to that of diphenylhydantoin on convulsion and the efficacy proved to be twice that of diphenylhydantoin in the EEG study.", "PMID": 651019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4981", "title": "Evaluation of chemotherapeutic effects on gastric cancer in relation to the histological pattern.", "content": "A combination of MFC (Mitomycin-C, 5-FU and Cytosine arabinoside) was administered to 32 gastric cancer patients and study was made of the therapeutic efficacy in relation to the histological pattern. In evaluation based on the degree of cancer cell infiltration (INF), chemotherapy was more effective in cases with INF alpha and beta than those with INF gamma. As for the grade of follicular hyperplasia in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer, the higher was the grade, the more effective was the chemotherapy. However, a significant relationship could not be observed between histological pattern of stromal reaction of the gastric cancer and clinical effects of chemotherapy. The grade of lymphocyte infiltration or connective tissue reaction in the stroma was not related with the therapeutic effects. No relationship was also obtained between the grade of sinus histiocytosis of lymphoid reaction in the lymph nodes and therapeutic effects.", "contents": "Evaluation of chemotherapeutic effects on gastric cancer in relation to the histological pattern. A combination of MFC (Mitomycin-C, 5-FU and Cytosine arabinoside) was administered to 32 gastric cancer patients and study was made of the therapeutic efficacy in relation to the histological pattern. In evaluation based on the degree of cancer cell infiltration (INF), chemotherapy was more effective in cases with INF alpha and beta than those with INF gamma. As for the grade of follicular hyperplasia in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer, the higher was the grade, the more effective was the chemotherapy. However, a significant relationship could not be observed between histological pattern of stromal reaction of the gastric cancer and clinical effects of chemotherapy. The grade of lymphocyte infiltration or connective tissue reaction in the stroma was not related with the therapeutic effects. No relationship was also obtained between the grade of sinus histiocytosis of lymphoid reaction in the lymph nodes and therapeutic effects.", "PMID": 651020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4982", "title": "Gastric response to meat extract stimulation in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer and patients after vagotomy or antrectomy.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion basally and in response to intragastric meat extract instillation or to tetragastrin, and circulating gastrin concentration basally and after meat extract stimulation were studied in 67 patients with gastroduodenal ulcer, 30 patients after highly selective vagotomy or selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer, 12 patients after antrectomy for or gastric ulcer and 10 control subjects. Circulating gastrin concentration increased significantly after meat extract stimulation in control subjects, patients with ulceration and patients after highly selective vagotomy, and acid secretion in each group was increased significantly above basal level. In patients after selective vagotomy, significant increase of circulating gastrin concentration was observed, but it was not associated with significant increase of acid secretion. After antrectomy, neither gastrin nor acid secretion increased significantly after meat extract stimulation. In conclusion, present study suggested that (1) gastric acid secretion in response to intragastric meat extract is chiefly affected by the responsiveness of oxyntic cells and release of antral gastrin and that (2) the presence of the antrum is almost essential for acid secretion after a test meal, and release of duodenal gastrin after antrectomy would not be so potent biologically as to result in an acid secretion.", "contents": "Gastric response to meat extract stimulation in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer and patients after vagotomy or antrectomy. Gastric acid secretion basally and in response to intragastric meat extract instillation or to tetragastrin, and circulating gastrin concentration basally and after meat extract stimulation were studied in 67 patients with gastroduodenal ulcer, 30 patients after highly selective vagotomy or selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer, 12 patients after antrectomy for or gastric ulcer and 10 control subjects. Circulating gastrin concentration increased significantly after meat extract stimulation in control subjects, patients with ulceration and patients after highly selective vagotomy, and acid secretion in each group was increased significantly above basal level. In patients after selective vagotomy, significant increase of circulating gastrin concentration was observed, but it was not associated with significant increase of acid secretion. After antrectomy, neither gastrin nor acid secretion increased significantly after meat extract stimulation. In conclusion, present study suggested that (1) gastric acid secretion in response to intragastric meat extract is chiefly affected by the responsiveness of oxyntic cells and release of antral gastrin and that (2) the presence of the antrum is almost essential for acid secretion after a test meal, and release of duodenal gastrin after antrectomy would not be so potent biologically as to result in an acid secretion.", "PMID": 651021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4983", "title": "Thyroid cancer in childhood.", "content": "Thyroid cancer in childhood is a relatively rare condition. Often it shows biological characteristics different from those seen in adults. Based upon 10 cases in our clinic and 57 cases collected from the Japanese literatures, clinical features, pathology, treatment and prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood are discussed. Pathogenesis is most likely to be related to hormonal changes during adolescence and previous radiation of the neck region. Cervical lymph nodes swelling was the chief complaint in 84.6 per cent of the cases. On the other hand, pulmonary metastases were recognized in the early stages in 33.5 per cent of the cases. Radical excision of the tumor with modified radical neck dissection is the treatment most frequently employed even in the presence of lung metastases. However, hypoparathyroidism and recurrent nerve injuries should be avoided at all cost in view of long life expectancy and the difficulty in treating them satisfactorily. Prognosis could be as good for children as it is for adults except in cases with early lung metastases.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer in childhood. Thyroid cancer in childhood is a relatively rare condition. Often it shows biological characteristics different from those seen in adults. Based upon 10 cases in our clinic and 57 cases collected from the Japanese literatures, clinical features, pathology, treatment and prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood are discussed. Pathogenesis is most likely to be related to hormonal changes during adolescence and previous radiation of the neck region. Cervical lymph nodes swelling was the chief complaint in 84.6 per cent of the cases. On the other hand, pulmonary metastases were recognized in the early stages in 33.5 per cent of the cases. Radical excision of the tumor with modified radical neck dissection is the treatment most frequently employed even in the presence of lung metastases. However, hypoparathyroidism and recurrent nerve injuries should be avoided at all cost in view of long life expectancy and the difficulty in treating them satisfactorily. Prognosis could be as good for children as it is for adults except in cases with early lung metastases.", "PMID": 651022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4984", "title": "Operative treatment of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver.", "content": "This study is based on the experience with 51 cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis underwent operative treatment up to the end of 1976. Hepatic resection was carried out in 28 cases with overall operative mortality of 25 per cent, but no death occurred in the last 10 years period during which 12 cases were subjected to the procedure. This apparent improvement of the result is ascribed to the establishment of the strict criteria for operative intervention, i.e., when less than three segments are involved, the hepatic hilum is not highly involved, and the inferior vena cava is not invaded. Marsupialization is employed when hepatic resection is not indicated and the lesion shows liquefaction. Ten cases underwent the procedure with one operative death. Biliary tract reconstruction was carried out in two cases with hilar involvement, but the prognosis was poor. Eleven cases were only with celiotomy. The follow-up studies indicated that the hepatic resection offers the best hope for cure followed by marsupialization. Unlike unilocular echinococcosis in which a cyst grows expansively, the alveolar echinococcosis should be considered clinically malignant, in that it grows invasively and often shows metastatic lesions. Surgical intervention at its early developmental stage is the only definitive way of the treatment. Only recent advances in diagnostic procedures and development of type specific serological studies made it possible to bring the disease under control.", "contents": "Operative treatment of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver. This study is based on the experience with 51 cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis underwent operative treatment up to the end of 1976. Hepatic resection was carried out in 28 cases with overall operative mortality of 25 per cent, but no death occurred in the last 10 years period during which 12 cases were subjected to the procedure. This apparent improvement of the result is ascribed to the establishment of the strict criteria for operative intervention, i.e., when less than three segments are involved, the hepatic hilum is not highly involved, and the inferior vena cava is not invaded. Marsupialization is employed when hepatic resection is not indicated and the lesion shows liquefaction. Ten cases underwent the procedure with one operative death. Biliary tract reconstruction was carried out in two cases with hilar involvement, but the prognosis was poor. Eleven cases were only with celiotomy. The follow-up studies indicated that the hepatic resection offers the best hope for cure followed by marsupialization. Unlike unilocular echinococcosis in which a cyst grows expansively, the alveolar echinococcosis should be considered clinically malignant, in that it grows invasively and often shows metastatic lesions. Surgical intervention at its early developmental stage is the only definitive way of the treatment. Only recent advances in diagnostic procedures and development of type specific serological studies made it possible to bring the disease under control.", "PMID": 651023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4985", "title": "Autogenous internal iliac artery bypass in the surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension: a case report.", "content": "A 24 year old female with severe renovascular hypertension resulting from bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia was successfully treated surgically. The internal iliac artery was used for a left aortorenal grafts. The right renal artery was dilated through the amputated left renal stump. Although saphenous vein graft is most commonly used, the autogenous internal iliac artery is considered a satisfactory graft in aortorenal reconstruction, especially for a young patient.", "contents": "Autogenous internal iliac artery bypass in the surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension: a case report. A 24 year old female with severe renovascular hypertension resulting from bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia was successfully treated surgically. The internal iliac artery was used for a left aortorenal grafts. The right renal artery was dilated through the amputated left renal stump. Although saphenous vein graft is most commonly used, the autogenous internal iliac artery is considered a satisfactory graft in aortorenal reconstruction, especially for a young patient.", "PMID": 651024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4986", "title": "Basic experiments on oral administration of 5-fluorouracil emulsion as adjuvant chemotherapy to surgical treatment for gastric cancer.", "content": "Oral administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) emulsion was compared experimentally with that of 5-FU aqueous solution as to the degree of absorption and tissue distribution. After oral administration of both the 5-FU emulsion and the 5-FU solution, 5-FU was detected at the highest level in both the stomach and the duodenum. This seems to suggest that 5-FU is strongly affinitive to the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. As to the relative concentration of these two forms of the drug, the oral administration of the 5-FU emulsion resulted in a maximum value 1.5 times higher than that of the 5-FU solution. An appreciable concentration of 5-FU was maintained for a considerably long time with the administration of 5-FU emulsion. In the lymph, the maximum level of the 5-FU emulsion was three times higher than that of the 5-FU solution. The drug concentration of the 5-FU emulsion remained higher than that of the 5-FU solution through the entire duration of the experiment. Regarding the drug concentration in the regional lymph nodes, the pattern demonstrated was almost the same as in the lymph itself. It is expected that the oral administration of 5-FU emulsion may be useful as an adjuvant to the surgical treatment of gastric cancer, because of the high drug concentration resulting both in the gastrointestinal tract and in the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Basic experiments on oral administration of 5-fluorouracil emulsion as adjuvant chemotherapy to surgical treatment for gastric cancer. Oral administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) emulsion was compared experimentally with that of 5-FU aqueous solution as to the degree of absorption and tissue distribution. After oral administration of both the 5-FU emulsion and the 5-FU solution, 5-FU was detected at the highest level in both the stomach and the duodenum. This seems to suggest that 5-FU is strongly affinitive to the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. As to the relative concentration of these two forms of the drug, the oral administration of the 5-FU emulsion resulted in a maximum value 1.5 times higher than that of the 5-FU solution. An appreciable concentration of 5-FU was maintained for a considerably long time with the administration of 5-FU emulsion. In the lymph, the maximum level of the 5-FU emulsion was three times higher than that of the 5-FU solution. The drug concentration of the 5-FU emulsion remained higher than that of the 5-FU solution through the entire duration of the experiment. Regarding the drug concentration in the regional lymph nodes, the pattern demonstrated was almost the same as in the lymph itself. It is expected that the oral administration of 5-FU emulsion may be useful as an adjuvant to the surgical treatment of gastric cancer, because of the high drug concentration resulting both in the gastrointestinal tract and in the regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 651025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4987", "title": "A case report of surgical repair of traumatic rupture of the pericardium and diaphragm.", "content": "A 55 year-old male with traumatic rupture of the pericardium, diaphragm and spleen, and with crush of the pancreas was successfully operated upon. The diagnosis of rupture of the diaphragm was done on the chest X ray on admission, and the rupture of the pericardium was diagnosed at the time of laparotomy and thoracotomy. The ruptured spleen and the crushed pancreas tail were removed, and the ruptured pericardium and diaphragm were closed successively.", "contents": "A case report of surgical repair of traumatic rupture of the pericardium and diaphragm. A 55 year-old male with traumatic rupture of the pericardium, diaphragm and spleen, and with crush of the pancreas was successfully operated upon. The diagnosis of rupture of the diaphragm was done on the chest X ray on admission, and the rupture of the pericardium was diagnosed at the time of laparotomy and thoracotomy. The ruptured spleen and the crushed pancreas tail were removed, and the ruptured pericardium and diaphragm were closed successively.", "PMID": 651026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4988", "title": "Surgical treatment of infantile lobar emphysema in cardiovascular disease with left-to-right shunts.", "content": "Serious symptoms associated with the lobar emphysema in congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt disappeared after radical operation for cardiac lesion. The study of seven autopsied cases revealed that the lobar emphysema resulted from check valve mechanism created by compression of the bronchi by distended pulmonary artery. Eight cases of our experience of lobar emphysema disappeared shortly after the operation for congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt seems to indicate infantile lobar emphysema in congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt should not be treated by resection but rather by radical operation for cardiac lesion as soon as possible even in infancy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of infantile lobar emphysema in cardiovascular disease with left-to-right shunts. Serious symptoms associated with the lobar emphysema in congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt disappeared after radical operation for cardiac lesion. The study of seven autopsied cases revealed that the lobar emphysema resulted from check valve mechanism created by compression of the bronchi by distended pulmonary artery. Eight cases of our experience of lobar emphysema disappeared shortly after the operation for congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt seems to indicate infantile lobar emphysema in congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt should not be treated by resection but rather by radical operation for cardiac lesion as soon as possible even in infancy.", "PMID": 651027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4989", "title": "Milk of calcium renal stone: a case report.", "content": "A case of milk of calcium renal stone was reported. It is an unusual condition in which there is suspension of calcium salt within a pyelogenic cyst. The diagnosis is difficult because of its rarity. Reviewing literature, plain abdominal X-ray in different positions were emphasized. We found that fluoroscopy with spot films in different positions is worthwhile. It has to be differentiated from gallstone and also from usual renal stone. Conservative treatment is advised if there is no suggestive malignancy.", "contents": "Milk of calcium renal stone: a case report. A case of milk of calcium renal stone was reported. It is an unusual condition in which there is suspension of calcium salt within a pyelogenic cyst. The diagnosis is difficult because of its rarity. Reviewing literature, plain abdominal X-ray in different positions were emphasized. We found that fluoroscopy with spot films in different positions is worthwhile. It has to be differentiated from gallstone and also from usual renal stone. Conservative treatment is advised if there is no suggestive malignancy.", "PMID": 651028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4990", "title": "Postirradiation fibrosarcoma following radical mastectomy.", "content": "A case of fibrosarcoma arising in the scar of the radical mastectomy with postoperative irradiation of breast carcinoma is reported. The tumors arose five times in spite of the extirpations including surrounding tissue since 11 years after radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation. All of arisen tumors were diagnosed fibrosarcoma histologically and with every recurrence the aggravation of malignancy of tumors was shown. In this case, the primary tumor of the breast was infiltrating carcinoma and no sign of fibrosarcoma was noted histologically. The mastectomy scar was indicated the irradiation therapy postoperatively and fibrosarcoma developed 11 years after postoperative irradiation. Namely, this case agreed to the strict criteria of the postirradiation sarcoma proposed by Cahan et al. In this paper, a case of postirradiation fibrosarcoma arising in the scar of radical mastectomy for carcinoma is presented.", "contents": "Postirradiation fibrosarcoma following radical mastectomy. A case of fibrosarcoma arising in the scar of the radical mastectomy with postoperative irradiation of breast carcinoma is reported. The tumors arose five times in spite of the extirpations including surrounding tissue since 11 years after radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation. All of arisen tumors were diagnosed fibrosarcoma histologically and with every recurrence the aggravation of malignancy of tumors was shown. In this case, the primary tumor of the breast was infiltrating carcinoma and no sign of fibrosarcoma was noted histologically. The mastectomy scar was indicated the irradiation therapy postoperatively and fibrosarcoma developed 11 years after postoperative irradiation. Namely, this case agreed to the strict criteria of the postirradiation sarcoma proposed by Cahan et al. In this paper, a case of postirradiation fibrosarcoma arising in the scar of radical mastectomy for carcinoma is presented.", "PMID": 651029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4991", "title": "Doppler ultrasound monitoring of systemic blood flow during CPR.", "content": "During cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 12 patients, Doppler ultrasound monitoring of radial arterial flow provided an audible, instantaneous flow sound to which the resuscitation team referred, along with the monitor electrocardiogram (EKG), in determining hemodynamic status. Incidental to the resuscitation effort, a separate analog flow signal and the monitor EKG were simultaneously recorded in eight patients. Doppler blood flow monitoring allowed evaluation of effectiveness of cardiac massage; immediate recognition of electromechanical dissociation; rapid determinations of blood pressure, often during profound hypotension, and estimates of changes in cardiac output. When the hemodynamic consequences were immediately obvious, both ineffective chest compression and pauses longer than five seconds during effective chest compression were not tolerated by those in attendance, for whom the Doppler flow signal often became the primary reference in determining the patient's cardiac status.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound monitoring of systemic blood flow during CPR. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 12 patients, Doppler ultrasound monitoring of radial arterial flow provided an audible, instantaneous flow sound to which the resuscitation team referred, along with the monitor electrocardiogram (EKG), in determining hemodynamic status. Incidental to the resuscitation effort, a separate analog flow signal and the monitor EKG were simultaneously recorded in eight patients. Doppler blood flow monitoring allowed evaluation of effectiveness of cardiac massage; immediate recognition of electromechanical dissociation; rapid determinations of blood pressure, often during profound hypotension, and estimates of changes in cardiac output. When the hemodynamic consequences were immediately obvious, both ineffective chest compression and pauses longer than five seconds during effective chest compression were not tolerated by those in attendance, for whom the Doppler flow signal often became the primary reference in determining the patient's cardiac status.", "PMID": 651071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4992", "title": "Severity, satisfaction and symptom resolution in patients of emergency medicine residents.", "content": "Emergency department patients treated by first and second year emergency medicine residents were compared with those treated by surgical interns and residents and medical interns and residents to see if emergency medicine residents are exposed to patients with problems that aid in teaching and whether there is a suitable correspondence between patient severity and clinical training level. The Emergency Department Surveillance System at The Johns Hopkins Health Services Research and Development Center was used to gather data. Results indicated emergency medicine residents were exposed to fewer severe medical causes than medical housestaff but saw a significantly greater number of severe surgical cases than surgical interns and residents. Patients reported greater satisfaction with nonemergency medicine residents. Regarding outcome, there was no significant difference among the clinician groups. For all the patients, pain and anxiety levels improved significantly. Although the findings may be specific to The Johns Hopkins Adult Emergency Department, they demonstrate the methods and motivation for examining the training experience offered emergency medicine residents.", "contents": "Severity, satisfaction and symptom resolution in patients of emergency medicine residents. Emergency department patients treated by first and second year emergency medicine residents were compared with those treated by surgical interns and residents and medical interns and residents to see if emergency medicine residents are exposed to patients with problems that aid in teaching and whether there is a suitable correspondence between patient severity and clinical training level. The Emergency Department Surveillance System at The Johns Hopkins Health Services Research and Development Center was used to gather data. Results indicated emergency medicine residents were exposed to fewer severe medical causes than medical housestaff but saw a significantly greater number of severe surgical cases than surgical interns and residents. Patients reported greater satisfaction with nonemergency medicine residents. Regarding outcome, there was no significant difference among the clinician groups. For all the patients, pain and anxiety levels improved significantly. Although the findings may be specific to The Johns Hopkins Adult Emergency Department, they demonstrate the methods and motivation for examining the training experience offered emergency medicine residents.", "PMID": 651072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4993", "title": "Skills and procedures in emergency medicine: room for controversy.", "content": "To examine patterns of consensus and divergence of opinion about whether, and under what conditions, residency-trained emergency physicians use certain skills and perform procedures, directors of 35 emergency medicine, 28 surgery and 30 internal medicine residency programs were surveyed. The directors reacted to a list of 30 skills modified from the condition/skills list compiled by the Certification Task Force of the American College of Emergency Physicians representing a consensus on the core-knowledge for emergency medicine, as determined by both practicing and university-based emergency physicians. The responses indicate a wide variation of opinion about which skills are within the realm of residency-trained emergency physicians, and under what circumstances a procedure should be performed. The skills of greatest concern among emergency medicine directors include axillary and intravenous lidocaine blocks, bronchoscopy, burr holes, closed reduction of dislocated hips, Swan-Ganz catheterization, and cardiopulmonary by-pass. In contrast, slightly more than one third of the procedures on the modified list were clearly agreed upon by over 80% of the directors as procedures performed by trained emergency physicians.", "contents": "Skills and procedures in emergency medicine: room for controversy. To examine patterns of consensus and divergence of opinion about whether, and under what conditions, residency-trained emergency physicians use certain skills and perform procedures, directors of 35 emergency medicine, 28 surgery and 30 internal medicine residency programs were surveyed. The directors reacted to a list of 30 skills modified from the condition/skills list compiled by the Certification Task Force of the American College of Emergency Physicians representing a consensus on the core-knowledge for emergency medicine, as determined by both practicing and university-based emergency physicians. The responses indicate a wide variation of opinion about which skills are within the realm of residency-trained emergency physicians, and under what circumstances a procedure should be performed. The skills of greatest concern among emergency medicine directors include axillary and intravenous lidocaine blocks, bronchoscopy, burr holes, closed reduction of dislocated hips, Swan-Ganz catheterization, and cardiopulmonary by-pass. In contrast, slightly more than one third of the procedures on the modified list were clearly agreed upon by over 80% of the directors as procedures performed by trained emergency physicians.", "PMID": 651073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4994", "title": "Toxicity of acetaminophen overdose.", "content": "Symptoms of toxicity following overdose of acetaminophen (APAP), now a common household medication, occur 24 to 48 hours following ingestion. Toxicity is mainly to the liver but, while data has implicated a minor metabolite, the precise mechanism is not known. Toxicity is likely to occur after a minimum ingestion of 140 mg/kg, but the toxic dose may vary as a function of individual glutathione levels. Since the early clinical picture is not diagnostic, APAP plasma levels must be measured. Supportive care alone has resulted in a 5% to 10% mortality with a high incidence of hepatic toxicity. Treatment within 10 to 12 hours following ingestion with any therapeutic agent reduced mortality to zero and diminished liver toxicity. N-acetylcysteine is an investigational new drug for treating APAP toxicity and can ethically be used if the patient is first enrolled in the current nationwide evaluation. Recommended treatment steps in a suspected APAP poisoning are 1) emesis or lavage; 2) plasma APAP determination; 3) obtain treatment protocol from the Rocky Mountain Poison Center; 4) history of use of other pharmacologic agents, and 5) diuresis, alkalinization or hemodialysis, as in aspirin poisoning, are contraindicated.", "contents": "Toxicity of acetaminophen overdose. Symptoms of toxicity following overdose of acetaminophen (APAP), now a common household medication, occur 24 to 48 hours following ingestion. Toxicity is mainly to the liver but, while data has implicated a minor metabolite, the precise mechanism is not known. Toxicity is likely to occur after a minimum ingestion of 140 mg/kg, but the toxic dose may vary as a function of individual glutathione levels. Since the early clinical picture is not diagnostic, APAP plasma levels must be measured. Supportive care alone has resulted in a 5% to 10% mortality with a high incidence of hepatic toxicity. Treatment within 10 to 12 hours following ingestion with any therapeutic agent reduced mortality to zero and diminished liver toxicity. N-acetylcysteine is an investigational new drug for treating APAP toxicity and can ethically be used if the patient is first enrolled in the current nationwide evaluation. Recommended treatment steps in a suspected APAP poisoning are 1) emesis or lavage; 2) plasma APAP determination; 3) obtain treatment protocol from the Rocky Mountain Poison Center; 4) history of use of other pharmacologic agents, and 5) diuresis, alkalinization or hemodialysis, as in aspirin poisoning, are contraindicated.", "PMID": 651074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4995", "title": "Emergency management and sequelae of acid ingestion.", "content": "Because it causes immediate pain when taken into the mouth, strong mineral acid is less often swallowed than corrosive alkali, but psychotic, inebriated or determined individuals may consume lethal amounts. Burns of the oropharynx and glottis may lead to asphyxial death. Acid has only superficial effects upon the esophagus but, upon reaching the stomach, flows along the lesser curvature, induces pylorospasm, and pools in the distal antrum. Pyloric stricture is the most common late complication among survivors. Due to the rapidity with which acid acts, local and systemic therapy must be expeditious. Neutralization and demulcification are recommended but no time should be lost if weak alkali is not readily available. Lavage has limited applicability and induced emesis is strictly contraindicated. Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy, antibiotics, and opiates for pain are needed in most instances. Immediate gastrectomy and steroids are controversial but operative intervention is eventually required following most significant ingestions.", "contents": "Emergency management and sequelae of acid ingestion. Because it causes immediate pain when taken into the mouth, strong mineral acid is less often swallowed than corrosive alkali, but psychotic, inebriated or determined individuals may consume lethal amounts. Burns of the oropharynx and glottis may lead to asphyxial death. Acid has only superficial effects upon the esophagus but, upon reaching the stomach, flows along the lesser curvature, induces pylorospasm, and pools in the distal antrum. Pyloric stricture is the most common late complication among survivors. Due to the rapidity with which acid acts, local and systemic therapy must be expeditious. Neutralization and demulcification are recommended but no time should be lost if weak alkali is not readily available. Lavage has limited applicability and induced emesis is strictly contraindicated. Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy, antibiotics, and opiates for pain are needed in most instances. Immediate gastrectomy and steroids are controversial but operative intervention is eventually required following most significant ingestions.", "PMID": 651075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4996", "title": "Fasting plasma free amino acids of infants and children consuming cow milk proteins.", "content": "We have analyzed the fasting plasma aminograms of 165 infants and small children. Mean age was 17 months (range, 3-42 months). The majority had been consuming a diet in which all protein was supplied by calcium caseinate, the remainder a modified cow milk formula. Protein provided less than 6.4% of energy for 8 children, 6.4%-7% of energy for 81 children, 8% of energy for 42 children and greater than 8% of energy for 34. Only the values for the concentrations of total essential amino acids, valine, and taurine at less than 6.4% of energy as protein were significantly lower than corresponding values at higher intakes of protein. Analysis of the remainder of the data revealed no significant differences in either absolute concentrations or molar fractions among differing levels or sources of protein intake. Interindividual variation in concentrations of amino acids was greater than that resulting from changes in the level of intake of high quality protein when 6.4% or more of energy was provided as protein.", "contents": "Fasting plasma free amino acids of infants and children consuming cow milk proteins. We have analyzed the fasting plasma aminograms of 165 infants and small children. Mean age was 17 months (range, 3-42 months). The majority had been consuming a diet in which all protein was supplied by calcium caseinate, the remainder a modified cow milk formula. Protein provided less than 6.4% of energy for 8 children, 6.4%-7% of energy for 81 children, 8% of energy for 42 children and greater than 8% of energy for 34. Only the values for the concentrations of total essential amino acids, valine, and taurine at less than 6.4% of energy as protein were significantly lower than corresponding values at higher intakes of protein. Analysis of the remainder of the data revealed no significant differences in either absolute concentrations or molar fractions among differing levels or sources of protein intake. Interindividual variation in concentrations of amino acids was greater than that resulting from changes in the level of intake of high quality protein when 6.4% or more of energy was provided as protein.", "PMID": 651083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4997", "title": "Severe methicillin-induced renal failure treated with hemodialysis.", "content": "We describe the clinical course of a patient who developed anuria following prophylactic methicillin administration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of prolonged anuria following administration of this drug. The patient's nephropathy developed as a result of routine perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery and resulted in a two-week period of complete anuria. Following discontinuation of methicillin the patient was supported throughout this period by intermittent hemodialysis and eventually had an excellent recovery of renal function without concurrent use of corticosteroids. Thus methicillin may occasionally cause severe and prolonged anuric renal failure, but maximal supportive measures, including dialysis when necessary, should nonetheless be used, since the renal failure is reversible once the antibiotic is discontinued.", "contents": "Severe methicillin-induced renal failure treated with hemodialysis. We describe the clinical course of a patient who developed anuria following prophylactic methicillin administration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of prolonged anuria following administration of this drug. The patient's nephropathy developed as a result of routine perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery and resulted in a two-week period of complete anuria. Following discontinuation of methicillin the patient was supported throughout this period by intermittent hemodialysis and eventually had an excellent recovery of renal function without concurrent use of corticosteroids. Thus methicillin may occasionally cause severe and prolonged anuric renal failure, but maximal supportive measures, including dialysis when necessary, should nonetheless be used, since the renal failure is reversible once the antibiotic is discontinued.", "PMID": 651084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4998", "title": "Candida meningitis in newborn infants: a review and report of combined amphotericin B--flucytosine therapy.", "content": "Meningitis due to Candida albicans was successfully treated in a 1.1 kg premature infant using combined antifungal therapy of amphotericin B for three weeks and 5-fluorocytosine for four months. Hydrocephalus and profound psychomotor retardation were present one year later. Psychomotor retardation, aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus were found to be common in a review of 16 previously reported cases of central nervous system (CNS) candidiasis in newborn infants. The diagnosis and institution of therapy were frequently delayed, and the mortality rate was 29% in the 17 patients reviewed here. The subacute course, lack of clinical findings, variable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, negative CSF cultures due to low concentrations of organisms, slow in vitro growth of C. albicans and misinterpretation of positive cultures as contaminants are factors frequently leading to delayed diagnoses. Using combination therapy, it should be possible to use lower doses and shorter courses of amphotericin B therapy for C. albicans meningitis in the newborn infant.", "contents": "Candida meningitis in newborn infants: a review and report of combined amphotericin B--flucytosine therapy. Meningitis due to Candida albicans was successfully treated in a 1.1 kg premature infant using combined antifungal therapy of amphotericin B for three weeks and 5-fluorocytosine for four months. Hydrocephalus and profound psychomotor retardation were present one year later. Psychomotor retardation, aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus were found to be common in a review of 16 previously reported cases of central nervous system (CNS) candidiasis in newborn infants. The diagnosis and institution of therapy were frequently delayed, and the mortality rate was 29% in the 17 patients reviewed here. The subacute course, lack of clinical findings, variable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, negative CSF cultures due to low concentrations of organisms, slow in vitro growth of C. albicans and misinterpretation of positive cultures as contaminants are factors frequently leading to delayed diagnoses. Using combination therapy, it should be possible to use lower doses and shorter courses of amphotericin B therapy for C. albicans meningitis in the newborn infant.", "PMID": 651085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_4999", "title": "Changes in the kinetics of muscle contraction in vitamin D-depleted rats.", "content": "Using an in situ rat soleus neuromuscular preparation, changes in the muscle contraction kinetics in response to vitamine D depletion were studied. For a single isometric contraction, the time-to-peak tension (Tp) and the time-for-recovery-half-way-to-resting tension (T1/2r) were recorded. For a 150 Hz, 300 msec tetanus, the T1/2r was determined. Animals raised on high-calcium, high-phosphate, vitamin D-depleted diets showed prolongation of all parameters. Repletion of vitamin D returned Tp and T1/2r values to normal. Neither dietary calcium deficiency nor thyroparathyroidectomy produced an prolongation of Tp or T1/2r values. Therefore, based upon the experimental data, it appears that vitamin D or one of its metabolites, independent of any effect on the serum calcium or serum phosphate concentration, is necessary for normal muscle relaxation.", "contents": "Changes in the kinetics of muscle contraction in vitamin D-depleted rats. Using an in situ rat soleus neuromuscular preparation, changes in the muscle contraction kinetics in response to vitamine D depletion were studied. For a single isometric contraction, the time-to-peak tension (Tp) and the time-for-recovery-half-way-to-resting tension (T1/2r) were recorded. For a 150 Hz, 300 msec tetanus, the T1/2r was determined. Animals raised on high-calcium, high-phosphate, vitamin D-depleted diets showed prolongation of all parameters. Repletion of vitamin D returned Tp and T1/2r values to normal. Neither dietary calcium deficiency nor thyroparathyroidectomy produced an prolongation of Tp or T1/2r values. Therefore, based upon the experimental data, it appears that vitamin D or one of its metabolites, independent of any effect on the serum calcium or serum phosphate concentration, is necessary for normal muscle relaxation.", "PMID": 651119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5000", "title": "Glomerular C3 receptors in human renal disease.", "content": "The relationship between glomerular C3 receptor activity and intraglomerular C3 deposition was studied in 73 cases of various forms of renal disease. C3 receptor activity was measured by enumeration of complement-coated sheep red blood cells (IgM EAC) that adhered to glomeruli in frozen sections and expressed as a percentage of the mean number present in control kidneys. Adjacent sections were studied for the presence and distribution of C3 deposits. The precise location of corresponding dense deposits was determined through 1-mu sections or electron micrographs. Marked depression of C3 receptor activity was found in most cases in which there was accumulation of C3 along the glomerular basement membrane, irrespective of whether the deposits were in a subepithelial, intramembranous, or subendothelial location. In contrast, when C3 was not detectable or was found exclusively in the mesangium, C3 receptor activity was affected only moderately, if at all. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction of C3 with podocytes is a major determinant in the loss of C3 receptor activity in glomerular disease, but do not exclude the possibility that interaction with mesangial or endothelial cells may also influence C3 receptor activity.", "contents": "Glomerular C3 receptors in human renal disease. The relationship between glomerular C3 receptor activity and intraglomerular C3 deposition was studied in 73 cases of various forms of renal disease. C3 receptor activity was measured by enumeration of complement-coated sheep red blood cells (IgM EAC) that adhered to glomeruli in frozen sections and expressed as a percentage of the mean number present in control kidneys. Adjacent sections were studied for the presence and distribution of C3 deposits. The precise location of corresponding dense deposits was determined through 1-mu sections or electron micrographs. Marked depression of C3 receptor activity was found in most cases in which there was accumulation of C3 along the glomerular basement membrane, irrespective of whether the deposits were in a subepithelial, intramembranous, or subendothelial location. In contrast, when C3 was not detectable or was found exclusively in the mesangium, C3 receptor activity was affected only moderately, if at all. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction of C3 with podocytes is a major determinant in the loss of C3 receptor activity in glomerular disease, but do not exclude the possibility that interaction with mesangial or endothelial cells may also influence C3 receptor activity.", "PMID": 651124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5001", "title": "Effect of hypertonic dialysate and vasodilators on peritoneal dialysis clearances in the rat.", "content": "A model for performing peritoneal dialysis in the rat was established which permitted the consistent measurement of dialysis clearances. The effects on urea and inulin clearances of interperitoneal vasodilators and 4.25% dextrose were compared. Isoproterenol, nitroprusside, histamine, and bradykinin, when added to 1.5% dextrose dialysate for three consecutive exchanges, all produced approximately a 20% increase in urea and inulin dialysis clearances. These increases in clearances persisted in the three subsequent exchanges when no drugs were added to the dialysate. The addition of isoproterenol, nitroprusside, or histamine to six consecutive exchanges did not produce a further increment in clearances. The use of 4.25% dextrose dialysate for three exchanges produced approximately a 50% increase in urea and inulin clearances. Clearances remained about 35% greater than control values in the subsequent three 1.5% dextrose exchanges.", "contents": "Effect of hypertonic dialysate and vasodilators on peritoneal dialysis clearances in the rat. A model for performing peritoneal dialysis in the rat was established which permitted the consistent measurement of dialysis clearances. The effects on urea and inulin clearances of interperitoneal vasodilators and 4.25% dextrose were compared. Isoproterenol, nitroprusside, histamine, and bradykinin, when added to 1.5% dextrose dialysate for three consecutive exchanges, all produced approximately a 20% increase in urea and inulin dialysis clearances. These increases in clearances persisted in the three subsequent exchanges when no drugs were added to the dialysate. The addition of isoproterenol, nitroprusside, or histamine to six consecutive exchanges did not produce a further increment in clearances. The use of 4.25% dextrose dialysate for three exchanges produced approximately a 50% increase in urea and inulin clearances. Clearances remained about 35% greater than control values in the subsequent three 1.5% dextrose exchanges.", "PMID": 651126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5002", "title": "Glomerular filtration of proteins: clearance of anionic, neutral, and cationic horseradish peroxidase in the rat.", "content": "Glomerular permeability to horseradish peroxidase, a protein slightly smaller than rat albumin but similar in shape, was studied in Wistar-Furth rats by using a purified neutral isozyme (HRP; molecular radius, a(e) = 29.8 A) as well as an anionic succinyl-derivative (sHRP a(e) = 31.8 A) and a cationized enzyme (cHRP, a(e) = 30 A). The clearance rate of the proteins was determined over a 20-min period using the amounts of enzyme actually filtered (i.e., protein in the urine and protein reabsorbed by tubules). Fractional clearance of cationic HRP (0.338 +/- 0.019) exceeded that of neutral HRP (0.061 +/- 0.005) by a factor of 5.5 and that of anionic HRP (0.007 +/- 0.000) by a factor of 48. Tubular reabsorption was less than 10% of the filtered load. The experimental results indicate marked charge dependency of the filtration of proteins across the glomerulus. Fractional clearances for these proteins are significantly lower than those reported in the literature for dextrans of similar molecular radii. Other molecular properties such as shape and deformability may explain these differences.", "contents": "Glomerular filtration of proteins: clearance of anionic, neutral, and cationic horseradish peroxidase in the rat. Glomerular permeability to horseradish peroxidase, a protein slightly smaller than rat albumin but similar in shape, was studied in Wistar-Furth rats by using a purified neutral isozyme (HRP; molecular radius, a(e) = 29.8 A) as well as an anionic succinyl-derivative (sHRP a(e) = 31.8 A) and a cationized enzyme (cHRP, a(e) = 30 A). The clearance rate of the proteins was determined over a 20-min period using the amounts of enzyme actually filtered (i.e., protein in the urine and protein reabsorbed by tubules). Fractional clearance of cationic HRP (0.338 +/- 0.019) exceeded that of neutral HRP (0.061 +/- 0.005) by a factor of 5.5 and that of anionic HRP (0.007 +/- 0.000) by a factor of 48. Tubular reabsorption was less than 10% of the filtered load. The experimental results indicate marked charge dependency of the filtration of proteins across the glomerulus. Fractional clearances for these proteins are significantly lower than those reported in the literature for dextrans of similar molecular radii. Other molecular properties such as shape and deformability may explain these differences.", "PMID": 651127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5003", "title": "Mechanism of blood pressure reduction by teprotide (SQ 20881) in rats.", "content": "The mechanism by which the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, teprotide (SQ 20881), lowers blood pressure was assessed in anesthetized normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Teprotide always was administered at a maximally effective dose of 1 mg/kg. In six normal Wistar rats, teprotide lowered blood pressure only after sodium depletion, an effect which was abolished by bilateral nephrectomy. Saralasin infusion (5 microgram/kg/min) into salt-depleted normal rats induced a blood pressure effect similar to that of teprotide. When administered in addition to saralasin infusion, teprotide did not reduce blood pressure further in normal rats or in SHR. When blood pressure of normal rats was raised by angiotensin II infusion (200 ng/kg/min), teprotide did not affect the induced blood pressure increase. In contrast, the pressure rise induced by angiotensin I infusion (230 ng/kg/min) was reversed by saralasin, but again concomitant administration of teprotide did not induce further blood pressure reduction. Thus, under the particular conditions of the present study, teprotide did not appear to exert its hypotensive effect by any mechanism other than inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Furthermore, given at a maximally effective dose to the rat, it produced no greater vasodepressor effect than did saralasin.", "contents": "Mechanism of blood pressure reduction by teprotide (SQ 20881) in rats. The mechanism by which the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, teprotide (SQ 20881), lowers blood pressure was assessed in anesthetized normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Teprotide always was administered at a maximally effective dose of 1 mg/kg. In six normal Wistar rats, teprotide lowered blood pressure only after sodium depletion, an effect which was abolished by bilateral nephrectomy. Saralasin infusion (5 microgram/kg/min) into salt-depleted normal rats induced a blood pressure effect similar to that of teprotide. When administered in addition to saralasin infusion, teprotide did not reduce blood pressure further in normal rats or in SHR. When blood pressure of normal rats was raised by angiotensin II infusion (200 ng/kg/min), teprotide did not affect the induced blood pressure increase. In contrast, the pressure rise induced by angiotensin I infusion (230 ng/kg/min) was reversed by saralasin, but again concomitant administration of teprotide did not induce further blood pressure reduction. Thus, under the particular conditions of the present study, teprotide did not appear to exert its hypotensive effect by any mechanism other than inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Furthermore, given at a maximally effective dose to the rat, it produced no greater vasodepressor effect than did saralasin.", "PMID": 651128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5004", "title": "Electroencephalographic and radionuclide studies in dialysis dementia.", "content": "Six maintenance hemodialysis patients with dialysis dementia (severe mental deterioration, speech disturbances, apraxia, facial grimacing, and myoclonus) were studied. They were matched with respect to age, duration of dialysis, and underlying renal disease with six patients who had no dementia and who acted as controls for the electroencephalographic (EEC) studies. The dementia patients had marked slowing of the EEG rhythm to 5--7 Hz with high voltage biphasic or triphasic spikes, and were clearly separated by frequency distribution analysis from the controls. Radio-iodinated serum albumin (RISA) cisternography in dementia patients demonstrated ventricular reflux, prolonged stasis, late appearance of the parasagittal strip, and persistence of RISA for up to 72--96 hr, which suggest an alteration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and radionuclide studies in dialysis dementia. Six maintenance hemodialysis patients with dialysis dementia (severe mental deterioration, speech disturbances, apraxia, facial grimacing, and myoclonus) were studied. They were matched with respect to age, duration of dialysis, and underlying renal disease with six patients who had no dementia and who acted as controls for the electroencephalographic (EEC) studies. The dementia patients had marked slowing of the EEG rhythm to 5--7 Hz with high voltage biphasic or triphasic spikes, and were clearly separated by frequency distribution analysis from the controls. Radio-iodinated serum albumin (RISA) cisternography in dementia patients demonstrated ventricular reflux, prolonged stasis, late appearance of the parasagittal strip, and persistence of RISA for up to 72--96 hr, which suggest an alteration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics.", "PMID": 651129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5005", "title": "Skeletal X-ray findings and bone histology in patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "X-ray films of the hand skeleton (mammography technique), serum chemistry, and quantitative bone histology (micromorphometry of undecalcified sections, iliac crest spongiosa) were compared in 25 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The X-ray findings correlated better with serum PTH levels than with bone histology. Of all radiological signs of renal osteodystrophy, pronounced subperiosteal resorption (radial aspect, second finger, middle phalanx) and periosteal new bone formation (middle phalanx) correlated best with histological indicators of osteitis fibrosa. These signs were never seen in control patients. Acroosteolysis (endphalanx) and intracortical or endosteal resorption (middle phalanx) were less specific (i.e., seen even in the absence of metabolic bone disease) and correlated less with bone histology. Osteosclerosis in iliac cancellous bone was paralleled by abnormal texture of spongy bone in the proximal metaphysis of the middle phalanx (second finger).", "contents": "Skeletal X-ray findings and bone histology in patients on hemodialysis. X-ray films of the hand skeleton (mammography technique), serum chemistry, and quantitative bone histology (micromorphometry of undecalcified sections, iliac crest spongiosa) were compared in 25 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The X-ray findings correlated better with serum PTH levels than with bone histology. Of all radiological signs of renal osteodystrophy, pronounced subperiosteal resorption (radial aspect, second finger, middle phalanx) and periosteal new bone formation (middle phalanx) correlated best with histological indicators of osteitis fibrosa. These signs were never seen in control patients. Acroosteolysis (endphalanx) and intracortical or endosteal resorption (middle phalanx) were less specific (i.e., seen even in the absence of metabolic bone disease) and correlated less with bone histology. Osteosclerosis in iliac cancellous bone was paralleled by abnormal texture of spongy bone in the proximal metaphysis of the middle phalanx (second finger).", "PMID": 651130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5006", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in urine of hemodialysis patients.", "content": "As part of an extensive epidemiological survey of chronic hemodialysis patients in Michigan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified in the sera of 79 of 701 (11%) patients. Of these patients, 59 were carriers of HBsAg for three or more months. Urine samples were collected from 36 of 39 HBsAg carriers having urinary output. Of these samples, 19 (52%) were positive for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay; this was confirmed by specific antibody neutralization. The HBsAg was not identified in the urine of seven hemodialysis patients who were lacking serum HBsAg or in urine samples from three HBsAg sero-carriers who had normal renal function. Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis appear to constitute a large reservoir of HBsAg chronic carriers. This study indicates that a minimum of 50% of persistent HBsAg carriers who are producing urine have detectable HBsAg in single, randomly timed, unconcentrated urine specimen. These data suggest that urine may represent a potential vehicle for transmission in nonparenterally acquired hepatitis B.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in urine of hemodialysis patients. As part of an extensive epidemiological survey of chronic hemodialysis patients in Michigan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified in the sera of 79 of 701 (11%) patients. Of these patients, 59 were carriers of HBsAg for three or more months. Urine samples were collected from 36 of 39 HBsAg carriers having urinary output. Of these samples, 19 (52%) were positive for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay; this was confirmed by specific antibody neutralization. The HBsAg was not identified in the urine of seven hemodialysis patients who were lacking serum HBsAg or in urine samples from three HBsAg sero-carriers who had normal renal function. Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis appear to constitute a large reservoir of HBsAg chronic carriers. This study indicates that a minimum of 50% of persistent HBsAg carriers who are producing urine have detectable HBsAg in single, randomly timed, unconcentrated urine specimen. These data suggest that urine may represent a potential vehicle for transmission in nonparenterally acquired hepatitis B.", "PMID": 651131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5007", "title": "[Nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "In 37,500 patients 291 cases of nystagmus were found. Jerky nystagmus of latent typ was the most frequent form, pendular nystagmus the next. Jerky nystagmus of gaze paretic type, micronystagmus, nystagmus amblyopicus and endpoint nystagmus are compared and contrasted.", "contents": "[Nystagmus (author's transl)]. In 37,500 patients 291 cases of nystagmus were found. Jerky nystagmus of latent typ was the most frequent form, pendular nystagmus the next. Jerky nystagmus of gaze paretic type, micronystagmus, nystagmus amblyopicus and endpoint nystagmus are compared and contrasted.", "PMID": 651204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5008", "title": "[Partial palpebral myotarsectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of senile entropium we prefer an operation method, which attempts to exclude the aetiologic factors of these senile alterations. The tension of the tarsus must be increased and the muscle of the orbicularis at the palpebral margin must be reduced and retightened over the convex margin of the tarsus. It is not of less importance to correct the reduced elasticity of the fascia tarsoorbitalis. These corrections are achieved by a perforating rhomboid excision of the lower eyelid. The operation is performed with the use of a Chalazion forceps (Desmarres) which steps all bleeding. The method of operation was successful in all 34 cases and achieved good functional and cosmetic results. Recurrences were not observed.", "contents": "[Partial palpebral myotarsectomy (author's transl)]. In cases of senile entropium we prefer an operation method, which attempts to exclude the aetiologic factors of these senile alterations. The tension of the tarsus must be increased and the muscle of the orbicularis at the palpebral margin must be reduced and retightened over the convex margin of the tarsus. It is not of less importance to correct the reduced elasticity of the fascia tarsoorbitalis. These corrections are achieved by a perforating rhomboid excision of the lower eyelid. The operation is performed with the use of a Chalazion forceps (Desmarres) which steps all bleeding. The method of operation was successful in all 34 cases and achieved good functional and cosmetic results. Recurrences were not observed.", "PMID": 651205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5009", "title": "[Complications and their prevention before, during and after the implantation of intraocular lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "The complications and their prevention during and after the implantation of iris clip- and iridocapsular lenses are evaluated. The follow-up period varied from 6-72 months. A careful selection of the patients and optimal conditions during the operation in endotracheal intubation are essential. Secondary cataracts (6%) and the lack of capsular synechiae to the haptic portion of the iridocapsular pseudophakos (7%) are the major complications.", "contents": "[Complications and their prevention before, during and after the implantation of intraocular lenses (author's transl)]. The complications and their prevention during and after the implantation of iris clip- and iridocapsular lenses are evaluated. The follow-up period varied from 6-72 months. A careful selection of the patients and optimal conditions during the operation in endotracheal intubation are essential. Secondary cataracts (6%) and the lack of capsular synechiae to the haptic portion of the iridocapsular pseudophakos (7%) are the major complications.", "PMID": 651206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5010", "title": "[Long term observations after irradiation of the iris by the argon laser (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven pigmented rabbit irides were irradiated with the argon laser and were examined electron-microscopically at several intervals between 15 minutes and 256 days after exposure. It was shown that cells start to migrate into the area of the lesion already on the fourth day. After 32 days the area of the lesion is completely closed. 256 days after exposure only a slight impression remained on the anterior surface of the iris.", "contents": "[Long term observations after irradiation of the iris by the argon laser (author's transl)]. Eleven pigmented rabbit irides were irradiated with the argon laser and were examined electron-microscopically at several intervals between 15 minutes and 256 days after exposure. It was shown that cells start to migrate into the area of the lesion already on the fourth day. After 32 days the area of the lesion is completely closed. 256 days after exposure only a slight impression remained on the anterior surface of the iris.", "PMID": 651208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5011", "title": "[Retinal circulation time in diabetic retinopathy treated with photocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A preliminary report is given on studies of the retinal circulation in diabetic retinopathy before and after photocoagulation treatment. The local retinal circulation time RCT of selected retinal areas was calculated by means of a fluorescein long-term infusion technique. In 7 eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR) the mean RCT was significantly higher (2.0 +/- 0.58 sec. range 1.27-2.6) than in 15 control eyes (1.11 +/- 0.34 sec, range 0.50-1.82, Niesel 1976). Assuming an increase of blood flow in DR (L'Esperance 1971, Kohner 1975) the increase of RCT by a factor 2 would imply an increase of the vascular volume by a factor hardly less than 3 indicating the marked impairment of retinal hemodynamics in DR. After photocoagulation, the mean RCT was significantly shortened only in eyes with preoperative RCT values above 2 sec. The reduction of local RCT correlated with the extent of treated retinal areas. The cross-sectional area of the retinal veins measured near the optic disc was generally reduced independently of the extent of coagulation treatment. Taking also the obvious postoperative reduction of the total retinal vascular volume into account, photocoagulation resulted in a marked decrease of blood flow not only in extensively treated but also in areas with little coagulation effects. In DR the disturbed retinal circulation in general tends to normalize following extensive photocoagulation.", "contents": "[Retinal circulation time in diabetic retinopathy treated with photocoagulation (author's transl)]. A preliminary report is given on studies of the retinal circulation in diabetic retinopathy before and after photocoagulation treatment. The local retinal circulation time RCT of selected retinal areas was calculated by means of a fluorescein long-term infusion technique. In 7 eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR) the mean RCT was significantly higher (2.0 +/- 0.58 sec. range 1.27-2.6) than in 15 control eyes (1.11 +/- 0.34 sec, range 0.50-1.82, Niesel 1976). Assuming an increase of blood flow in DR (L'Esperance 1971, Kohner 1975) the increase of RCT by a factor 2 would imply an increase of the vascular volume by a factor hardly less than 3 indicating the marked impairment of retinal hemodynamics in DR. After photocoagulation, the mean RCT was significantly shortened only in eyes with preoperative RCT values above 2 sec. The reduction of local RCT correlated with the extent of treated retinal areas. The cross-sectional area of the retinal veins measured near the optic disc was generally reduced independently of the extent of coagulation treatment. Taking also the obvious postoperative reduction of the total retinal vascular volume into account, photocoagulation resulted in a marked decrease of blood flow not only in extensively treated but also in areas with little coagulation effects. In DR the disturbed retinal circulation in general tends to normalize following extensive photocoagulation.", "PMID": 651209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5012", "title": "[The metabolic regulation of the retinal blood flow and the role of prostaglandins (author's transl)].", "content": "The microioptophoretic injection of PGE1 close to the retinal arterioles procedures a segmental vasodilatation of 40%. The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or aspirin blocks the vasodilatatory effect of hypercapnia and, to a lesser extent, of hypoxia. These results suggest that prostaglandins play a role in the regulation of retinal vasomotor activity.", "contents": "[The metabolic regulation of the retinal blood flow and the role of prostaglandins (author's transl)]. The microioptophoretic injection of PGE1 close to the retinal arterioles procedures a segmental vasodilatation of 40%. The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or aspirin blocks the vasodilatatory effect of hypercapnia and, to a lesser extent, of hypoxia. These results suggest that prostaglandins play a role in the regulation of retinal vasomotor activity.", "PMID": 651210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5013", "title": "[The role of the glial cells in the maintenance of the ionic environment of the photoreceptors of the retina of the drone (author's transl)].", "content": "A double-barrelled potassium sensitive microelectrode was used to record electrical potentials and K+ activities in the retina of the drone Apis Mellifera during stimulation with trains of flashes, 1 per sec, intense enough to produce receptor potentials of near maximal amplitude. During the stimulation photoreceptors lose about 25% of their intracellular potassium concentration. During stimulation the potassium activity in the extracellular space increased transitorily up to 20 mM and then fell to a plateau. By this time the potassium concentration increased by about 20% in the glial cells. These results suggest that the glial cells may participate in the regulation of K+ activity in the extracellular space. The increase of potassium activity in the glial cells may be a stimulus for activation of cellular metabolism.", "contents": "[The role of the glial cells in the maintenance of the ionic environment of the photoreceptors of the retina of the drone (author's transl)]. A double-barrelled potassium sensitive microelectrode was used to record electrical potentials and K+ activities in the retina of the drone Apis Mellifera during stimulation with trains of flashes, 1 per sec, intense enough to produce receptor potentials of near maximal amplitude. During the stimulation photoreceptors lose about 25% of their intracellular potassium concentration. During stimulation the potassium activity in the extracellular space increased transitorily up to 20 mM and then fell to a plateau. By this time the potassium concentration increased by about 20% in the glial cells. These results suggest that the glial cells may participate in the regulation of K+ activity in the extracellular space. The increase of potassium activity in the glial cells may be a stimulus for activation of cellular metabolism.", "PMID": 651211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5014", "title": "[Study on the tissue compatibility of intracorneal horn lenses in experimental animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Horn lenses, manufactured from human toenail donor material were implanted intracorneally in 15 rabbits. The thickness of the lenses ranged 0.08 to 0.2 mm, the diameter from 4.5 to 7 mm. 13 lenses were fenestrated, two were not. Within 6 months, growth of corneal tissue into fenestrations of the lenses occurred but no signs of aseptic necrosis were seen histologically. The boundary layer between stroma and horn lens revealed apposition as well as ingrowth of tissue in electron-microscopic studies. Unguinal tissue may be useful in keratoprosthesis on the basis of its permeability to glucose, lack of foreign body-activity and hydrophilia.", "contents": "[Study on the tissue compatibility of intracorneal horn lenses in experimental animals (author's transl)]. Horn lenses, manufactured from human toenail donor material were implanted intracorneally in 15 rabbits. The thickness of the lenses ranged 0.08 to 0.2 mm, the diameter from 4.5 to 7 mm. 13 lenses were fenestrated, two were not. Within 6 months, growth of corneal tissue into fenestrations of the lenses occurred but no signs of aseptic necrosis were seen histologically. The boundary layer between stroma and horn lens revealed apposition as well as ingrowth of tissue in electron-microscopic studies. Unguinal tissue may be useful in keratoprosthesis on the basis of its permeability to glucose, lack of foreign body-activity and hydrophilia.", "PMID": 651212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5015", "title": "[Practical experiences with the Octopus automatic perimeter (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical analysis comparing the results of more than 1000 visual field examinations carried out with the automatic perimeter Octopus and with a conventional Goldman-perimeter, clearly demonstrates the superiority of the automatic instrument in many respects: Apart from a higher precision of the perimetric measurements (smaller fluctuations), a better reproducibility of the results (larger correlation coefficients) is noticed. Due to great ease of operation of the automatic perimeter, the ophthalmologist is discharged from the time-consuming task of perimetric examinations.", "contents": "[Practical experiences with the Octopus automatic perimeter (author's transl)]. A statistical analysis comparing the results of more than 1000 visual field examinations carried out with the automatic perimeter Octopus and with a conventional Goldman-perimeter, clearly demonstrates the superiority of the automatic instrument in many respects: Apart from a higher precision of the perimetric measurements (smaller fluctuations), a better reproducibility of the results (larger correlation coefficients) is noticed. Due to great ease of operation of the automatic perimeter, the ophthalmologist is discharged from the time-consuming task of perimetric examinations.", "PMID": 651213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5016", "title": "[The effect of lens opacities on the visual field (author's transl)].", "content": "The stray light effect on the visual field was quantitatively studied in normal subjects under experimental conditions. Stray light comparable to that caused by lens opacities was produced by means of selective occluders or diascleral illumination. The results derived from this model were compared with the statistical evaluation of the visual fields of 123 eyes with glaucoma followed for a minimum of 10 years. As expected lens opacities resulted in a concentric constriction of the peripheral fields and a loss of the inner isopters. The light difference sensitivity as determined by static perimetry was generally reduced preferentially in the central fields. These calculations provide a measure to anticipate the degree of lens opacifications from a depressed visual without knowledge of the visual acuity.", "contents": "[The effect of lens opacities on the visual field (author's transl)]. The stray light effect on the visual field was quantitatively studied in normal subjects under experimental conditions. Stray light comparable to that caused by lens opacities was produced by means of selective occluders or diascleral illumination. The results derived from this model were compared with the statistical evaluation of the visual fields of 123 eyes with glaucoma followed for a minimum of 10 years. As expected lens opacities resulted in a concentric constriction of the peripheral fields and a loss of the inner isopters. The light difference sensitivity as determined by static perimetry was generally reduced preferentially in the central fields. These calculations provide a measure to anticipate the degree of lens opacifications from a depressed visual without knowledge of the visual acuity.", "PMID": 651214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5017", "title": "[Problems in the implantation of permanent magnets of the treatment of lagophthalmos (author's transl)].", "content": "We tried to implanted permanent magnets in the eye lid to cure lagophthalmos. But severe complications occurred very often, mainly decubitus with expulsion of the magnet through the skin. We think that it is necessary to change the system to get better results with permanent magnets in the treatment of lagophthalmos.", "contents": "[Problems in the implantation of permanent magnets of the treatment of lagophthalmos (author's transl)]. We tried to implanted permanent magnets in the eye lid to cure lagophthalmos. But severe complications occurred very often, mainly decubitus with expulsion of the magnet through the skin. We think that it is necessary to change the system to get better results with permanent magnets in the treatment of lagophthalmos.", "PMID": 651215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5018", "title": "[Degenerative ocular retinal albinism in a girl ten years old (author's transl)].", "content": "Ocular albinism with myopia and impaired vision (R.E. 0.2; L.E. 0.6), but without nystagmus, were observed in a 10-year-old girl. The electrophysiological tests indicate, in addition, the presence of a tapetoretinal degeneration. It is assumed that the patient is carrier of two genes, a sex-linked one responsible for albinismus solum fundi and a second one of autosomal-recessive type, responsible for the tapetoretinal degenerartion.", "contents": "[Degenerative ocular retinal albinism in a girl ten years old (author's transl)]. Ocular albinism with myopia and impaired vision (R.E. 0.2; L.E. 0.6), but without nystagmus, were observed in a 10-year-old girl. The electrophysiological tests indicate, in addition, the presence of a tapetoretinal degeneration. It is assumed that the patient is carrier of two genes, a sex-linked one responsible for albinismus solum fundi and a second one of autosomal-recessive type, responsible for the tapetoretinal degenerartion.", "PMID": 651216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5019", "title": "[Eye movement disorder in albinos (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent studies have shown misdirected optic fibres in albinotic animals to the lateral geniculate body, to the visual cortex and to the superior colliculi. Since a similar anomaly was found anatomiclly and neurophysiologically in human albinos, an oculography was performed in 10 albinos. The results were identical to those found in the so called congenital nystagmus. It remains doubtful that the misdirection is an explanation for the nystagmus in albinotic humans.", "contents": "[Eye movement disorder in albinos (author's transl)]. Recent studies have shown misdirected optic fibres in albinotic animals to the lateral geniculate body, to the visual cortex and to the superior colliculi. Since a similar anomaly was found anatomiclly and neurophysiologically in human albinos, an oculography was performed in 10 albinos. The results were identical to those found in the so called congenital nystagmus. It remains doubtful that the misdirection is an explanation for the nystagmus in albinotic humans.", "PMID": 651217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5020", "title": "[The role of bulb echography in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the choroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined A- and B-scan echography reliably separates intraocular melanoma from other intraocular lesion. This is showed by the analysis of 79 cases with clinically certain or possible melanoma during the last three years. In all 33 enucleated eyes the histology proved the echographic diagnosis of melanoma to be correct.", "contents": "[The role of bulb echography in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the choroid (author's transl)]. The combined A- and B-scan echography reliably separates intraocular melanoma from other intraocular lesion. This is showed by the analysis of 79 cases with clinically certain or possible melanoma during the last three years. In all 33 enucleated eyes the histology proved the echographic diagnosis of melanoma to be correct.", "PMID": 651218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5021", "title": "[Stimulation specific visual evoked responses (V.E.R.) in clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of the many different kind of stimuli used to elicit V.E.R., two classes are of practical clinical use. Luminance V.E.R. give information on the macular area and can be used through opaque media and in infants. Pattern stimulation may give information on visual acuity (foveolar function) or on conduction disturbances in the optic nerve. Pattern stimulation can be used in children under 1 year of age.", "contents": "[Stimulation specific visual evoked responses (V.E.R.) in clinical use (author's transl)]. Out of the many different kind of stimuli used to elicit V.E.R., two classes are of practical clinical use. Luminance V.E.R. give information on the macular area and can be used through opaque media and in infants. Pattern stimulation may give information on visual acuity (foveolar function) or on conduction disturbances in the optic nerve. Pattern stimulation can be used in children under 1 year of age.", "PMID": 651219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5022", "title": "[Empty sella turcica and papilloedema (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 49-year-old patient bilateral papilloedema with an empty sella turcica was observed. A summary of the literature references to this syndrome and its pathogenesis and its eye complications are given and discussed.", "contents": "[Empty sella turcica and papilloedema (author's transl)]. In a 49-year-old patient bilateral papilloedema with an empty sella turcica was observed. A summary of the literature references to this syndrome and its pathogenesis and its eye complications are given and discussed.", "PMID": 651220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5023", "title": "[On the differential diagnosis of bilateral retrobular optic neuritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of optic nerve neuritis are reported. The first had typical clinical symptoms and the other had an atypical course. In the case of the first patient an astrocytoma was found in the right frontal lobe. The aetiology of the second case was a meningioma of the tuberculum sellae. The clinical findings in our cases are discussed with regard to 58 cases in the literature. In all cases of optic neuritis with typical and atypical course a tumor of the central nervous system must always be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[On the differential diagnosis of bilateral retrobular optic neuritis (author's transl)]. Two cases of optic nerve neuritis are reported. The first had typical clinical symptoms and the other had an atypical course. In the case of the first patient an astrocytoma was found in the right frontal lobe. The aetiology of the second case was a meningioma of the tuberculum sellae. The clinical findings in our cases are discussed with regard to 58 cases in the literature. In all cases of optic neuritis with typical and atypical course a tumor of the central nervous system must always be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 651221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5024", "title": "[Posttraumatic Horner's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of 2 cases of Horner's syndrome caused by trauma. Pharmacological pupillary tests are mentioned. Traumatic Horner's syndrome occurs most often in injuries of spinal nerve roots. In rare instances it is reversible. Traumatic oculopupillary syndrome was first described in 1864.", "contents": "[Posttraumatic Horner's syndrome (author's transl)]. A report is given of 2 cases of Horner's syndrome caused by trauma. Pharmacological pupillary tests are mentioned. Traumatic Horner's syndrome occurs most often in injuries of spinal nerve roots. In rare instances it is reversible. Traumatic oculopupillary syndrome was first described in 1864.", "PMID": 651222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5025", "title": "[Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Thygeson's keratitis is characterized by a coarse punctate epithelial keratitis with almost no hyperaemia of the conjunctiva. It is a bilateral disease with frequent recurrences. The prognosis is good.", "contents": "[Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis (author's transl)]. Thygeson's keratitis is characterized by a coarse punctate epithelial keratitis with almost no hyperaemia of the conjunctiva. It is a bilateral disease with frequent recurrences. The prognosis is good.", "PMID": 651223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5026", "title": "[Corneal and conjunctival deposits in the eyes of patients treated with periodic haemodialysis. Study of 47 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of 47 patients with terminal renal failure treated in the centre for haemodialysis of Geneva shows that 66% present corneo-conjunctival deposits. These deposits do not produce symptoms nor diminution of the vision. Their pathogenesis, linked to the important variations of calcaemia and phospho-calcic product, is not a function of duration of haemodialysis. Similarity seems evident between these deposits, other soft-tissue calcifications and experimentally induced topical calciphylaxis.", "contents": "[Corneal and conjunctival deposits in the eyes of patients treated with periodic haemodialysis. Study of 47 patients (author's transl)]. The study of 47 patients with terminal renal failure treated in the centre for haemodialysis of Geneva shows that 66% present corneo-conjunctival deposits. These deposits do not produce symptoms nor diminution of the vision. Their pathogenesis, linked to the important variations of calcaemia and phospho-calcic product, is not a function of duration of haemodialysis. Similarity seems evident between these deposits, other soft-tissue calcifications and experimentally induced topical calciphylaxis.", "PMID": 651224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5027", "title": "[Dyskeratosis of the corneal epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients presented an unilateral whitish cloudiness of the corneal epithelium which reduced the vision considerably. In two cases, radiotherapy was carried out previously (because of pterygium and because of teleangiectasia of the conjunctiva). In the eye of one patient, a superficial corneal lesion developed during general anesthesia. The corneal epithelium was scraped off in all cases, but the opacities reappeared. Histologically, the epithelium showed dyskeratosis with signs of malignancy. --7 illustrations (3 sketches of the corneas, 4 histological photographs).", "contents": "[Dyskeratosis of the corneal epithelium (author's transl)]. Three patients presented an unilateral whitish cloudiness of the corneal epithelium which reduced the vision considerably. In two cases, radiotherapy was carried out previously (because of pterygium and because of teleangiectasia of the conjunctiva). In the eye of one patient, a superficial corneal lesion developed during general anesthesia. The corneal epithelium was scraped off in all cases, but the opacities reappeared. Histologically, the epithelium showed dyskeratosis with signs of malignancy. --7 illustrations (3 sketches of the corneas, 4 histological photographs).", "PMID": 651225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5028", "title": "[Problems of conjunctival closure after fornixplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "In plastic operations of the fornix the most important part of the reconstruction in cases without defect of the subconjunctival planes is to cover the defect with a plastic to make impossible the formation of symblepharon and to permit the spontaneous epithelialisation of the fornix. We operated on seven patients with this method and we always obtained very good fornix.", "contents": "[Problems of conjunctival closure after fornixplasty (author's transl)]. In plastic operations of the fornix the most important part of the reconstruction in cases without defect of the subconjunctival planes is to cover the defect with a plastic to make impossible the formation of symblepharon and to permit the spontaneous epithelialisation of the fornix. We operated on seven patients with this method and we always obtained very good fornix.", "PMID": 651226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5029", "title": "[Results of the surgical therapy of exotropia (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 113 exotropia operations showed a reduction of the evodeviation for distance to a residual angle of -9 and -12 delta. In 67 cases with unilateral surgery (recession-resection) each additional millimeter beyond two millimeters produced a reduction of angle of about 3 delta for distance, the variance, however, was considerable. The operation of 58 cases with intermittant exotropia improved the manifestation for distance significantly in 71%.", "contents": "[Results of the surgical therapy of exotropia (author's transl)]. An analysis of 113 exotropia operations showed a reduction of the evodeviation for distance to a residual angle of -9 and -12 delta. In 67 cases with unilateral surgery (recession-resection) each additional millimeter beyond two millimeters produced a reduction of angle of about 3 delta for distance, the variance, however, was considerable. The operation of 58 cases with intermittant exotropia improved the manifestation for distance significantly in 71%.", "PMID": 651227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5030", "title": "[On the indications for treatment of intermittent exotropia (author's transl)].", "content": "The most decisive factors for surgical intervention in intermittent exotropia are the frequency of manifest deviation, the motor disturbancies and the degree of binocular functions present. The disturbance of binocular function may be characterised primarily by the extent to which binocular vision is convergence-dependent. We prescribe increasingly strong correcting prisms preoperatively. The aim is to attain and stabilise the divergent position of rest, to approximate the near and distant angles in cases of pseudodivergenceexcess, and to eliminate convergence-dependency of binocular vision.", "contents": "[On the indications for treatment of intermittent exotropia (author's transl)]. The most decisive factors for surgical intervention in intermittent exotropia are the frequency of manifest deviation, the motor disturbancies and the degree of binocular functions present. The disturbance of binocular function may be characterised primarily by the extent to which binocular vision is convergence-dependent. We prescribe increasingly strong correcting prisms preoperatively. The aim is to attain and stabilise the divergent position of rest, to approximate the near and distant angles in cases of pseudodivergenceexcess, and to eliminate convergence-dependency of binocular vision.", "PMID": 651228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5031", "title": "[The surgical treatment of superior oblique paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The line of treatment drawn out by Malbran more than 20 years ago has lost none of its standing. However, although the main principles are still valid, the surgical protocol should be modified in view of the evolution of the surgical concept and technique for which we are indebted to C\u00fcppers. The so-called \"thread operation\", which the author proposes to call the \"Retroequatorial Myopexy of C\u00fcppers\" brings a decisive progress. Combined with the primary effect on the paralysis muscle, it also elegantly solves the three problems of this paralysis, namely hyperphoria, excyclophoria, and muscular incomitance. The ideal surgical plan includes now a Superior Oblique Tuck of the affected muscle, with a Retroequatorial Myopexy of the Inferior Rectus of the sound eye, either in the same operation or separately. The muscle weakening procedures by the traditional recession should be avoided.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of superior oblique paralysis (author's transl)]. The line of treatment drawn out by Malbran more than 20 years ago has lost none of its standing. However, although the main principles are still valid, the surgical protocol should be modified in view of the evolution of the surgical concept and technique for which we are indebted to C\u00fcppers. The so-called \"thread operation\", which the author proposes to call the \"Retroequatorial Myopexy of C\u00fcppers\" brings a decisive progress. Combined with the primary effect on the paralysis muscle, it also elegantly solves the three problems of this paralysis, namely hyperphoria, excyclophoria, and muscular incomitance. The ideal surgical plan includes now a Superior Oblique Tuck of the affected muscle, with a Retroequatorial Myopexy of the Inferior Rectus of the sound eye, either in the same operation or separately. The muscle weakening procedures by the traditional recession should be avoided.", "PMID": 651229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5032", "title": "[Retinal dysplasia with hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "A Study is described of a family in which four children of the same generation died during early childhood; three of them had an obvious hydrocephalus. Two of the latter could be examined clinically, and their eyes removed for pathology. One of them presented clinically bilateral leucocoria; histology showed a total detachment of a dysplastic retina, with absence of development of the vitreous. The other child had apparently normal eyes. Yet on microscopical examination there was a discrete retinal dysplasia without retinal detachment in both eyes, and a persistent hyaloid artery, in one. This association of hydrocephalus with retinal dysplasia is clinically and genetically different from other types of retinal dysplasia.", "contents": "[Retinal dysplasia with hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. A Study is described of a family in which four children of the same generation died during early childhood; three of them had an obvious hydrocephalus. Two of the latter could be examined clinically, and their eyes removed for pathology. One of them presented clinically bilateral leucocoria; histology showed a total detachment of a dysplastic retina, with absence of development of the vitreous. The other child had apparently normal eyes. Yet on microscopical examination there was a discrete retinal dysplasia without retinal detachment in both eyes, and a persistent hyaloid artery, in one. This association of hydrocephalus with retinal dysplasia is clinically and genetically different from other types of retinal dysplasia.", "PMID": 651230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5033", "title": "[Trabeculectomy-iridencleisis combined with cataract extraction].", "content": "On 31 eyes (23 patients, average age 74 years) with cataract and primary open-angle or chronic angle-closure glaucoma modified trabeculectomy with lobelike iridencleisis was performed combined with cataract-extraction. They were followed up for periods between 6 months and 3 years. In 84% of cases the i.o. pressure continued to be normalized without further antiglaucomatous therapy, in 16% additional treatment with drugs achieved sufficient lowering of i.o. pressure. In nearly all of the cases I observed a diffuse, very flat filtering bleb. Gonioscopy shows, that filtering channels stay open along the margin of the imbedded iris flap. Complications were rare and demanded no further surgery.", "contents": "[Trabeculectomy-iridencleisis combined with cataract extraction]. On 31 eyes (23 patients, average age 74 years) with cataract and primary open-angle or chronic angle-closure glaucoma modified trabeculectomy with lobelike iridencleisis was performed combined with cataract-extraction. They were followed up for periods between 6 months and 3 years. In 84% of cases the i.o. pressure continued to be normalized without further antiglaucomatous therapy, in 16% additional treatment with drugs achieved sufficient lowering of i.o. pressure. In nearly all of the cases I observed a diffuse, very flat filtering bleb. Gonioscopy shows, that filtering channels stay open along the margin of the imbedded iris flap. Complications were rare and demanded no further surgery.", "PMID": 651231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5034", "title": "[Trabeculectomy and trabeculotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 319 cases operated upon between 1970 and 1975 with evaluation of the postoperative results (average period of observation 34.4 months, never less than 2 years). When compared to fistulisating interventions according to the Scheie procedure, we found the pressure lowering effect to be comparable, however the intra- and postoperative complication-rate and the tendency to develop cataract definitely less. This may be due to a) covering of the fistula by a scleral lamella and b) the use of the operating microscope.", "contents": "[Trabeculectomy and trabeculotomy (author's transl)]. A retrospective study was made of 319 cases operated upon between 1970 and 1975 with evaluation of the postoperative results (average period of observation 34.4 months, never less than 2 years). When compared to fistulisating interventions according to the Scheie procedure, we found the pressure lowering effect to be comparable, however the intra- and postoperative complication-rate and the tendency to develop cataract definitely less. This may be due to a) covering of the fistula by a scleral lamella and b) the use of the operating microscope.", "PMID": 651232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5035", "title": "[The meteorological influence on cases of acute glaucoma in French-speaking Switzerland in the years 1971-1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a meteorological study of 45 cases of acute closed-angle glacuoma. Frontal type weather, especially that associated with an invasion of maritime air from the north-west following the passage of a cold front appears able to trigger off an attack in an anatomically predisposed subject.", "contents": "[The meteorological influence on cases of acute glaucoma in French-speaking Switzerland in the years 1971-1976 (author's transl)]. The authors present a meteorological study of 45 cases of acute closed-angle glacuoma. Frontal type weather, especially that associated with an invasion of maritime air from the north-west following the passage of a cold front appears able to trigger off an attack in an anatomically predisposed subject.", "PMID": 651233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5036", "title": "[Postural glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with different eye problems show pathological intraocular pressure in the supine position, while the pressure in the seated position was normal. In all three cases normalisation of intraocular pressure in the supine position could be achieved by treatment with Pilocarpine and other antiglaucomatous agents. Unfortunately one cases showed an aggravation of the visual acuity and visual fields. The term low tension glaucoma is discussed.", "contents": "[Postural glaucoma (author's transl)]. Three patients with different eye problems show pathological intraocular pressure in the supine position, while the pressure in the seated position was normal. In all three cases normalisation of intraocular pressure in the supine position could be achieved by treatment with Pilocarpine and other antiglaucomatous agents. Unfortunately one cases showed an aggravation of the visual acuity and visual fields. The term low tension glaucoma is discussed.", "PMID": 651234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5037", "title": "[Early results with scleral flap by Preziosi's operation (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiglaucomatous Preziosi operation leads within some months in a relatively high percentage of cases to a cataract necessary operation. The main cause for the seems to be a flat anterior chamber lasting several days. Posterior synechaie are frequent. Two out of 55 patients developed an infection of the filtration bleb. By additional preparation of a scleral flap over the sclerectomy complications were obviously rarer, and the regulation of the pressure was very good. There was no difference if the operation was done with or without scleral flap. High pressures during the first days after operation normalize themselves spontaneously or by massage of the eye ball, and have no significance the prognosis. In the cases with scleral flap the filtration blebs show good vascularisation, only in a few cases we saw cystic areas without vessels within filtration blebs with good vascularisation. Moreover the anterior chamber is formed much quicker and complications such as cataract are rare.", "contents": "[Early results with scleral flap by Preziosi's operation (author's transl)]. The antiglaucomatous Preziosi operation leads within some months in a relatively high percentage of cases to a cataract necessary operation. The main cause for the seems to be a flat anterior chamber lasting several days. Posterior synechaie are frequent. Two out of 55 patients developed an infection of the filtration bleb. By additional preparation of a scleral flap over the sclerectomy complications were obviously rarer, and the regulation of the pressure was very good. There was no difference if the operation was done with or without scleral flap. High pressures during the first days after operation normalize themselves spontaneously or by massage of the eye ball, and have no significance the prognosis. In the cases with scleral flap the filtration blebs show good vascularisation, only in a few cases we saw cystic areas without vessels within filtration blebs with good vascularisation. Moreover the anterior chamber is formed much quicker and complications such as cataract are rare.", "PMID": 651235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5038", "title": "[Coats' disease: early detection and early treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "With regard to visual prognosis Coats disease can grossly be divided in 3 different stages: If the disease is confined to the periphery of the fundus, complete recovery can be achieved by appropriate treatment. If there is already a severe macular involvement central visual acuity hardly improves, but blindness can be prevented. In case of a widespread, exsudative retinal detachment, the prognosis is unfavourable. Early diagnosis and early treatment of Coats' disease are therefore very important.", "contents": "[Coats' disease: early detection and early treatment (author's transl)]. With regard to visual prognosis Coats disease can grossly be divided in 3 different stages: If the disease is confined to the periphery of the fundus, complete recovery can be achieved by appropriate treatment. If there is already a severe macular involvement central visual acuity hardly improves, but blindness can be prevented. In case of a widespread, exsudative retinal detachment, the prognosis is unfavourable. Early diagnosis and early treatment of Coats' disease are therefore very important.", "PMID": 651236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5039", "title": "[Spotty fatty retinal degeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes the macroscopical, microscopical and ultrastructural features of a peculiar form of snail track degeneration, which was found in 3 eyes with absolute glaucoma. The snowflakes are concentrated to scattered patches in an extensive frosted area of the peripheral retina. The glittering points consist of neutral fat in a gliotic and atrophic retina. Electron microscopy examination shows fat droplets within the astrocytes and M\u00fcller cells. These findings are believed to be the expression of a \"in situ break down\" of a very slowly atrophying retina by the macroglia.", "contents": "[Spotty fatty retinal degeneration (author's transl)]. The author describes the macroscopical, microscopical and ultrastructural features of a peculiar form of snail track degeneration, which was found in 3 eyes with absolute glaucoma. The snowflakes are concentrated to scattered patches in an extensive frosted area of the peripheral retina. The glittering points consist of neutral fat in a gliotic and atrophic retina. Electron microscopy examination shows fat droplets within the astrocytes and M\u00fcller cells. These findings are believed to be the expression of a \"in situ break down\" of a very slowly atrophying retina by the macroglia.", "PMID": 651237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5040", "title": "[Reticular cystoid degeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the first description of the biomicroscopic appearance of reticular cystoid degeneration (RCD). The case with exceptionally large RCD illustrates the difficulties of diagnosis in the living eye of this rather common condition. There is no scotoma in the visual field and the pillars transgressing the cystoid spaces obviously contain nervous elements. Morphologically the RCD are not very conspicious and are easily confounded with typical cystoid degenerations. Differential diagnosis between these two cystoid alterations of the retina is therefore difficult and possible only if vessels on the outer layer of the cystoid spaces are found.", "contents": "[Reticular cystoid degeneration (author's transl)]. This is the first description of the biomicroscopic appearance of reticular cystoid degeneration (RCD). The case with exceptionally large RCD illustrates the difficulties of diagnosis in the living eye of this rather common condition. There is no scotoma in the visual field and the pillars transgressing the cystoid spaces obviously contain nervous elements. Morphologically the RCD are not very conspicious and are easily confounded with typical cystoid degenerations. Differential diagnosis between these two cystoid alterations of the retina is therefore difficult and possible only if vessels on the outer layer of the cystoid spaces are found.", "PMID": 651238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5041", "title": "[Eye a symptoms in relapsing polychondritis (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a rare auto-immune illness with necrosis of cartilages. Palpebral oedema, conjunctivitis, episcleritis, iridocyclitis and proptosis belong to this syndrom. But the cataracts often described are iatrogenic, due to the intense corticotherapy required. A report is given of one personal observation and discussion of new therapeutical possibilities.", "contents": "[Eye a symptoms in relapsing polychondritis (author's transl)]. This is a rare auto-immune illness with necrosis of cartilages. Palpebral oedema, conjunctivitis, episcleritis, iridocyclitis and proptosis belong to this syndrom. But the cataracts often described are iatrogenic, due to the intense corticotherapy required. A report is given of one personal observation and discussion of new therapeutical possibilities.", "PMID": 651240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5042", "title": "[Annular detachment of the chorioretina of vascular origin (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper relates the case of a 54-year-old woman with spontaneous annular detachment of the chorioretina in the right eye. Through examination and evolution confirm that it is an \"uveal effusion\", most probably in relation with choro\u00efdal circulatory troubles and an affection of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "[Annular detachment of the chorioretina of vascular origin (author's transl)]. This paper relates the case of a 54-year-old woman with spontaneous annular detachment of the chorioretina in the right eye. Through examination and evolution confirm that it is an \"uveal effusion\", most probably in relation with choro\u00efdal circulatory troubles and an affection of the pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 651241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5043", "title": "[Conservative treatment of malignant intra-ocular tumours seen in Lausanne. First report (author's transl)].", "content": "Conservative treatment of malignant tumours situated within the eye, was begun in Lausanne eight years ago. Although the period of observation has been short and the number of patients limited, we can already note the first results, insisting particularly on the dangers and difficulties encountered during this plan of treatment.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of malignant intra-ocular tumours seen in Lausanne. First report (author's transl)]. Conservative treatment of malignant tumours situated within the eye, was begun in Lausanne eight years ago. Although the period of observation has been short and the number of patients limited, we can already note the first results, insisting particularly on the dangers and difficulties encountered during this plan of treatment.", "PMID": 651242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5044", "title": "[Pneumatically driven instruments for microsurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years motor driven hand instruments for especially difficult microsurgical manipulations have come in use. Under certain conditions the electric low volt systems presented difficulties with regard to power or reliability. Therefore trials were made with pneumatic systems which with same dimensions produce much more power. In this way also totally different functions can be remote-controlled in quite a new way.", "contents": "[Pneumatically driven instruments for microsurgery (author's transl)]. In recent years motor driven hand instruments for especially difficult microsurgical manipulations have come in use. Under certain conditions the electric low volt systems presented difficulties with regard to power or reliability. Therefore trials were made with pneumatic systems which with same dimensions produce much more power. In this way also totally different functions can be remote-controlled in quite a new way.", "PMID": 651243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5045", "title": "[Neurinoma of the oculomotor nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of histologically verified neurinomas of the oculomotor nerve are reported. The preoperative diagnosis in all three cases was not made; on the contrary all cases were diagnosed as sphenoid ridge meningiomas. The oculomotor neurinoma manifests itself in the beginning with a discrete progressive palsy of the oculomotor nerve leading in later stages to complete ophthalmoplegia. Proceeding the oculomotor nerve paresis or going parallel to it is a functional loss of the homolateral optic nerve sometimes progressing to amaurosis. Unilateral exophthalmos as well as frontal or orbital neuralgic pain with or without sensory disorders in the area of trigeminus-I are characteristic for the clinical picture in later stages, all symptoms characteristic for the syndrome of the apex orbitae, resp. the superior orbital fissure, resp. the anterior cavernous sinus. The differential diagnosis has to consider above all the sphenoid ridge meningioma, the trigeminal neurinoma and the numerous tumors within the cavernous sinus (aneurysmas, meningiomas, chondromas, metastases of carcinomas, pituitary adenomas etc.) or the middle cranial fossa. Plain X-ray, carotid angiogram and computer tomogram are essential diagnostic means for localization and extension of the tumor but not for histological diagnosis. Oculomotor neurinomas are very seldom. The three observed cases did not have any relation to a possible generalized neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "[Neurinoma of the oculomotor nerve (author's transl)]. Three cases of histologically verified neurinomas of the oculomotor nerve are reported. The preoperative diagnosis in all three cases was not made; on the contrary all cases were diagnosed as sphenoid ridge meningiomas. The oculomotor neurinoma manifests itself in the beginning with a discrete progressive palsy of the oculomotor nerve leading in later stages to complete ophthalmoplegia. Proceeding the oculomotor nerve paresis or going parallel to it is a functional loss of the homolateral optic nerve sometimes progressing to amaurosis. Unilateral exophthalmos as well as frontal or orbital neuralgic pain with or without sensory disorders in the area of trigeminus-I are characteristic for the clinical picture in later stages, all symptoms characteristic for the syndrome of the apex orbitae, resp. the superior orbital fissure, resp. the anterior cavernous sinus. The differential diagnosis has to consider above all the sphenoid ridge meningioma, the trigeminal neurinoma and the numerous tumors within the cavernous sinus (aneurysmas, meningiomas, chondromas, metastases of carcinomas, pituitary adenomas etc.) or the middle cranial fossa. Plain X-ray, carotid angiogram and computer tomogram are essential diagnostic means for localization and extension of the tumor but not for histological diagnosis. Oculomotor neurinomas are very seldom. The three observed cases did not have any relation to a possible generalized neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 651244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5046", "title": "[The random dot test as a screening method for the visual acuity in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The Random Dot Test was used for a screening of the visual acuity of children of 6 to 10 years of age. The testing time is reduced by 50% as compared with the examination by means of illiterate E images on cardboard charts. Children with refractive errors of up to 3 delta but normal visual acuity after correction are not detected at the examination distance of 1.30 m used in this study. None out of 672 children with severe eye diseases gave false negative results with the Random Dot Test. Disturbances of the binocular vision could also be detected with the Random Dot Test.", "contents": "[The random dot test as a screening method for the visual acuity in children (author's transl)]. The Random Dot Test was used for a screening of the visual acuity of children of 6 to 10 years of age. The testing time is reduced by 50% as compared with the examination by means of illiterate E images on cardboard charts. Children with refractive errors of up to 3 delta but normal visual acuity after correction are not detected at the examination distance of 1.30 m used in this study. None out of 672 children with severe eye diseases gave false negative results with the Random Dot Test. Disturbances of the binocular vision could also be detected with the Random Dot Test.", "PMID": 651245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5047", "title": "[A simplified radioimmunoassay for digoxin determination using a 125-j-labelled, solid-phase kit (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experience with a commercially available kit (Radioimmunoassay DIGOXIN, Boehringer, Mannheim) using (125J)-labelled digoxin and antibody-coated tubes is reported. This simplified method requires only two pepetting steps per sample and results can be obtained in 70 min. The intra- and interassay coefficient of variation ranged between 7% and 8%. The specific digoxin antibody gave no clinical relevant cross-reactions with spironolactone or prednisone (less than 0.0007%). Of the digoxin metabolites the aglucone digoxigenin showed 31% cross-reaction while the more important cardioactive metabolites digoxigenin-bis- and mono-digitoxide had the same binding affinity to the antibody as digoxin, beta-methyldigoxin and beta-acetyldigoxin. Cross-reaction with digitoxin was 6.8%. More than double-fold dilution of serum protein concentration showed little influence on the digoxin values measured. The results obtained by this new kit compare closely with those obtained by our tritium-labelled kit (r = 0.94, p less than 0.001). Therefore, the upper therapeutic limit of 1.9 ng/ml can be adopted for this method.", "contents": "[A simplified radioimmunoassay for digoxin determination using a 125-j-labelled, solid-phase kit (author's transl)]. Our experience with a commercially available kit (Radioimmunoassay DIGOXIN, Boehringer, Mannheim) using (125J)-labelled digoxin and antibody-coated tubes is reported. This simplified method requires only two pepetting steps per sample and results can be obtained in 70 min. The intra- and interassay coefficient of variation ranged between 7% and 8%. The specific digoxin antibody gave no clinical relevant cross-reactions with spironolactone or prednisone (less than 0.0007%). Of the digoxin metabolites the aglucone digoxigenin showed 31% cross-reaction while the more important cardioactive metabolites digoxigenin-bis- and mono-digitoxide had the same binding affinity to the antibody as digoxin, beta-methyldigoxin and beta-acetyldigoxin. Cross-reaction with digitoxin was 6.8%. More than double-fold dilution of serum protein concentration showed little influence on the digoxin values measured. The results obtained by this new kit compare closely with those obtained by our tritium-labelled kit (r = 0.94, p less than 0.001). Therefore, the upper therapeutic limit of 1.9 ng/ml can be adopted for this method.", "PMID": 651281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5048", "title": "[Plasma concentrations of digoxin in patients under intensive care conditions and in patients undergoing anesthesia and operation (author' transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic behavior of digoxin or beta-acetyldigoxin was examined in 66 patients (27 patiets under intensive care conditions, partially with controlled breathing, 22 patients undergoing extirpation of the uterus and 17 patients treated with radium or chemotherapeutics; 19 males and 47 females) by determining plasma concentrations of digoxin (PDC). After intravenous and oral application with a maintenance dose of 0.20--0.50 mg/day blood was taken daily during a 2 to 3 week period, resulting in 510 determinations. 24 hours after the first application of 0.50 mg digoxin i.v. the mean values of PDC amounted to 0.62 +/- 0.08 ng/ml. After 0.40 or 0.25 mg digoxin per day i.v. therapeutical concentrations could be observed at the third vs fifth day. An equilibrium of PDC was reached on the 6th day after starting digitalization using maintenance doses. Intravenous application of 0.25, 0.40 or 0.50 mg digoxin per day resulted in a mean steady state of 0.68 +/- 0.37, 0.86 +/- 0.33 or 1.27 +/- 0.49 ng/ml PDC, respectively. The results were significantly different (p less than 0.01--0.001). Serial measurements indicated a great variation of PDC. In patients without renal failure the intraindividual variation of the plasma concentrations was maximal 37.4% referring to the mean steady state, interindividual 37.1% and the evaluation of the inter- and intraindividual differences amounted to 54.1%. After oral administration of digoxin (maintenance dose: 0.50 mg/day) or beta-acetyldigoxin (maintenance doses: 0.20--0.40 mg/day) differences in PDC of 38.3% and 29.7% were obtained. Body weight, age and serum creatinine concentration were partly responsible for the variance of PDC. Multiple linear regression between stead state PDC and dose, age, body weight and serum creatinine concentration revealed 62.1% of the variance of the PDC after intravenous administration of digoxin. After oral administration of beta-acetyldigoxin 39.9% were obtained. Thus, 40% of the variance were caused by differences in distribution and elimination of digoxin after i.v. application. After oral application additional 20% of the variance could be attributed to resorption and possible disturbances.", "contents": "[Plasma concentrations of digoxin in patients under intensive care conditions and in patients undergoing anesthesia and operation (author' transl)]. Pharmacokinetic behavior of digoxin or beta-acetyldigoxin was examined in 66 patients (27 patiets under intensive care conditions, partially with controlled breathing, 22 patients undergoing extirpation of the uterus and 17 patients treated with radium or chemotherapeutics; 19 males and 47 females) by determining plasma concentrations of digoxin (PDC). After intravenous and oral application with a maintenance dose of 0.20--0.50 mg/day blood was taken daily during a 2 to 3 week period, resulting in 510 determinations. 24 hours after the first application of 0.50 mg digoxin i.v. the mean values of PDC amounted to 0.62 +/- 0.08 ng/ml. After 0.40 or 0.25 mg digoxin per day i.v. therapeutical concentrations could be observed at the third vs fifth day. An equilibrium of PDC was reached on the 6th day after starting digitalization using maintenance doses. Intravenous application of 0.25, 0.40 or 0.50 mg digoxin per day resulted in a mean steady state of 0.68 +/- 0.37, 0.86 +/- 0.33 or 1.27 +/- 0.49 ng/ml PDC, respectively. The results were significantly different (p less than 0.01--0.001). Serial measurements indicated a great variation of PDC. In patients without renal failure the intraindividual variation of the plasma concentrations was maximal 37.4% referring to the mean steady state, interindividual 37.1% and the evaluation of the inter- and intraindividual differences amounted to 54.1%. After oral administration of digoxin (maintenance dose: 0.50 mg/day) or beta-acetyldigoxin (maintenance doses: 0.20--0.40 mg/day) differences in PDC of 38.3% and 29.7% were obtained. Body weight, age and serum creatinine concentration were partly responsible for the variance of PDC. Multiple linear regression between stead state PDC and dose, age, body weight and serum creatinine concentration revealed 62.1% of the variance of the PDC after intravenous administration of digoxin. After oral administration of beta-acetyldigoxin 39.9% were obtained. Thus, 40% of the variance were caused by differences in distribution and elimination of digoxin after i.v. application. After oral application additional 20% of the variance could be attributed to resorption and possible disturbances.", "PMID": 651282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5049", "title": "[Vascular effects of digitalis in human extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of lanatosid C on the peripheral vascular system was studied in a randomized double-blind cross-over study. 1 mg lanatosid C in saline or a corresponding volume of saline were applied intravenously for 30 min to healthy subjects. A significant drop of 28% in blood flow and an increase of peripheral vascular resistence at rest of 44% during and after the application of the cardiac glycoside could be seen while the placebo effect was minimal.", "contents": "[Vascular effects of digitalis in human extremities (author's transl)]. The effect of lanatosid C on the peripheral vascular system was studied in a randomized double-blind cross-over study. 1 mg lanatosid C in saline or a corresponding volume of saline were applied intravenously for 30 min to healthy subjects. A significant drop of 28% in blood flow and an increase of peripheral vascular resistence at rest of 44% during and after the application of the cardiac glycoside could be seen while the placebo effect was minimal.", "PMID": 651283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5050", "title": "Antigenic relationship between Chang liver cells and human hepatocytes.", "content": "Using monospecific antisera against human liver specific protein (LSP) it could be demonstrated that Chang liver cells bear LSP on their membranes. Chang liver cells can therefore be used as in vitro system to study immune reactions against LSP in human inflammatory liver diseases.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship between Chang liver cells and human hepatocytes. Using monospecific antisera against human liver specific protein (LSP) it could be demonstrated that Chang liver cells bear LSP on their membranes. Chang liver cells can therefore be used as in vitro system to study immune reactions against LSP in human inflammatory liver diseases.", "PMID": 651284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5051", "title": "[Circadian rhythms in the endocrine system (author's transl)].", "content": "In four sections, the contribution reviews data on 24-hour variations of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactine, testosterone, LH and FSH in the human plasma. 1) Experiments on isolated subjects show that the 24-h variation of cortisol is based on an endogenous circadian rhythm which can be independent from the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. 2) The various pattern each of which has been described in good correspondence by several groups of authors, suggest a series of hormones with a strong circadian component (e.g. cortisol) to those with a weaker (testosterone) or even without a circadian component (FSH). 3) The sleep-wake-cycle influences the phase of hormone rhythms by various degrees; therefore, a uniform reference to sleep time seems preferable to a reference to local time in order to compare several rhythms. 4) The rhythms of cortisol and growth hormone as described in man agree satisfactorily with those in other vertebrate species.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythms in the endocrine system (author's transl)]. In four sections, the contribution reviews data on 24-hour variations of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactine, testosterone, LH and FSH in the human plasma. 1) Experiments on isolated subjects show that the 24-h variation of cortisol is based on an endogenous circadian rhythm which can be independent from the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. 2) The various pattern each of which has been described in good correspondence by several groups of authors, suggest a series of hormones with a strong circadian component (e.g. cortisol) to those with a weaker (testosterone) or even without a circadian component (FSH). 3) The sleep-wake-cycle influences the phase of hormone rhythms by various degrees; therefore, a uniform reference to sleep time seems preferable to a reference to local time in order to compare several rhythms. 4) The rhythms of cortisol and growth hormone as described in man agree satisfactorily with those in other vertebrate species.", "PMID": 651285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5052", "title": "[Autologous 131J-tagged human fibrinogen for early detection of venous thrombosis (preparation, biological and in vivo properties) (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for preparation of autologous 131J-tagged human fibrinogen is demonstrated. In vitro the preparation is characterized by content of fibrinogen, protein, plasminogen, clottability and molecular weight. Total plasma radioactivity, specific radioactivity, non-protein-bound radioactivity, biologic half-life and the local activity at the thrombus define the properties in vivo. With the above criteria autologous 131-J-tagged human fibrinogen was shown to be useful for early diagnosis of venous thrombosis.", "contents": "[Autologous 131J-tagged human fibrinogen for early detection of venous thrombosis (preparation, biological and in vivo properties) (author's transl)]. A method for preparation of autologous 131J-tagged human fibrinogen is demonstrated. In vitro the preparation is characterized by content of fibrinogen, protein, plasminogen, clottability and molecular weight. Total plasma radioactivity, specific radioactivity, non-protein-bound radioactivity, biologic half-life and the local activity at the thrombus define the properties in vivo. With the above criteria autologous 131-J-tagged human fibrinogen was shown to be useful for early diagnosis of venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 651286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5053", "title": "Serum iron and total iron binding capacity in leprosy patients.", "content": "Serum Iron and Total Iron Binding capacity were estimated on the sera collected from 45 leprosy patients attending the out-patient department of the Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy, Agra. The Sera from 15 healthy subjects were included in the study as controls. Hypoferraemia was observed in lepromatous leprosy and was particularly marked during the reactive phase. Further investigations to elucidate the pathogenesis of anaemia in leprosy are being planned.", "contents": "Serum iron and total iron binding capacity in leprosy patients. Serum Iron and Total Iron Binding capacity were estimated on the sera collected from 45 leprosy patients attending the out-patient department of the Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy, Agra. The Sera from 15 healthy subjects were included in the study as controls. Hypoferraemia was observed in lepromatous leprosy and was particularly marked during the reactive phase. Further investigations to elucidate the pathogenesis of anaemia in leprosy are being planned.", "PMID": 651315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5054", "title": "Haematological profile in leprosy. Part II--Relationship to severity of disease and treament status.", "content": "321 adult male lepromatous leprosy patients were studied for relationship between haematological findings, severity of disease and duration of treatment. Significant changes were noticed in relation in haemoglobin concentration, serum vitamin B12 and serum folate levels, serum albumin and globulin. No significant changes were observed in serum iron levels in relation to disease and treatment status. With rising bacterial load, there was a trend towards lower haemoglobin concentration, higher vitamin B12 level and lowered serum folate levels. Serum albumin showed a significant decline, while serum globulin showed a significant rise. The findings are discussed in relation to replacement of bone marrow by lepromatous tissue as well as possible interference in the metabolism of haematinics by M. leprae. The exact mechanism of neurlogical deficit in leprosy in relation to deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid need to be further elucidated.", "contents": "Haematological profile in leprosy. Part II--Relationship to severity of disease and treament status. 321 adult male lepromatous leprosy patients were studied for relationship between haematological findings, severity of disease and duration of treatment. Significant changes were noticed in relation in haemoglobin concentration, serum vitamin B12 and serum folate levels, serum albumin and globulin. No significant changes were observed in serum iron levels in relation to disease and treatment status. With rising bacterial load, there was a trend towards lower haemoglobin concentration, higher vitamin B12 level and lowered serum folate levels. Serum albumin showed a significant decline, while serum globulin showed a significant rise. The findings are discussed in relation to replacement of bone marrow by lepromatous tissue as well as possible interference in the metabolism of haematinics by M. leprae. The exact mechanism of neurlogical deficit in leprosy in relation to deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid need to be further elucidated.", "PMID": 651316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5055", "title": "Irregularity of Dapsone intake in infectious leprosy patients attending an urban treatment centre--its magnitude and causes.", "content": "The Dapsone/creatinine ratio in random samples of urine was determined in 910 infectious leprosy patients attending the outpatient department of the Acworth Leprosy Hospital, Bombay during the period 20-9-76 to 20-11-1976. It was found that 48.7% of them were not taking regular treatment. The patients who were detected to be irregular in treatment were interviewed when they next attended the clinic to find the reason behind their irregularity. It was noticed that the majority of them (63%) attended the clinic for DDS treatment but could not come regularly for valid reasons, e.g. no time to attend, no money to travel to the clinic and absence from Bombay to go to native village.", "contents": "Irregularity of Dapsone intake in infectious leprosy patients attending an urban treatment centre--its magnitude and causes. The Dapsone/creatinine ratio in random samples of urine was determined in 910 infectious leprosy patients attending the outpatient department of the Acworth Leprosy Hospital, Bombay during the period 20-9-76 to 20-11-1976. It was found that 48.7% of them were not taking regular treatment. The patients who were detected to be irregular in treatment were interviewed when they next attended the clinic to find the reason behind their irregularity. It was noticed that the majority of them (63%) attended the clinic for DDS treatment but could not come regularly for valid reasons, e.g. no time to attend, no money to travel to the clinic and absence from Bombay to go to native village.", "PMID": 651317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5056", "title": "Serum calcium and magnesium in different types of leprosy.", "content": "Serum calcium and magnesium were studied in 200 leprosy patients and 25 apparently healthy individuals. Serum calcium was found to be significantly decreased in all types of leprosy except tuberculoid. The decrease in serum magnesium was highly significant in tuberculoid, lepromatous and borderline lepromatous cases.", "contents": "Serum calcium and magnesium in different types of leprosy. Serum calcium and magnesium were studied in 200 leprosy patients and 25 apparently healthy individuals. Serum calcium was found to be significantly decreased in all types of leprosy except tuberculoid. The decrease in serum magnesium was highly significant in tuberculoid, lepromatous and borderline lepromatous cases.", "PMID": 651318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5057", "title": "Persistence of Australia antigen in leprosy--a frustrating puzzle in immunology.", "content": "This paper deals with the relationship of Australia antigen (Au) to various sub-groups of leprosy, in a total of 200 cases. Au was found to be present up to 4% in lepromatous leprosy, 2% in tuberculoid leprosy and lepra reaction, and 3% of antibody in lepromatous leprosy. Presence of antibody denotes past antigenemia. The quantitation of the antigen is done using the new technique of Electro-immuno-diffusion (EID) of Laurell, synonymous with rocket technique. The persistence of the antigen is explained in the light of deranged immunological mechanisms.", "contents": "Persistence of Australia antigen in leprosy--a frustrating puzzle in immunology. This paper deals with the relationship of Australia antigen (Au) to various sub-groups of leprosy, in a total of 200 cases. Au was found to be present up to 4% in lepromatous leprosy, 2% in tuberculoid leprosy and lepra reaction, and 3% of antibody in lepromatous leprosy. Presence of antibody denotes past antigenemia. The quantitation of the antigen is done using the new technique of Electro-immuno-diffusion (EID) of Laurell, synonymous with rocket technique. The persistence of the antigen is explained in the light of deranged immunological mechanisms.", "PMID": 651319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5058", "title": "The distribution of consumption model of prevention of alcohol problems. A critical assessment.", "content": "The conceptual framework and empirical basis of the distribution model are examined, and it is concluded that a more satisfactory model is required.", "contents": "The distribution of consumption model of prevention of alcohol problems. A critical assessment. The conceptual framework and empirical basis of the distribution model are examined, and it is concluded that a more satisfactory model is required.", "PMID": 651353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5059", "title": "The single distribution theory of alcohol consumption. A rejoinder to the critique of Parker and Harman.", "content": "It is concluded that the central element of the theory, that the mean and rate of heavy consumption are closely related, is irrefutable, and recommendations for a prevention program are outlined.", "contents": "The single distribution theory of alcohol consumption. A rejoinder to the critique of Parker and Harman. It is concluded that the central element of the theory, that the mean and rate of heavy consumption are closely related, is irrefutable, and recommendations for a prevention program are outlined.", "PMID": 651354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5060", "title": "Comparison of alcoholism prevalence rates obtained by survey and indirect estimators.", "content": "Prevalence rates obtained by the Ledermann consumption model and the Jellinek estimation formula are similar to the rate of \"heavy--escape drinking\" obtained by a suvey using a quantity--frequency index and questions about \"escape drinking\".", "contents": "Comparison of alcoholism prevalence rates obtained by survey and indirect estimators. Prevalence rates obtained by the Ledermann consumption model and the Jellinek estimation formula are similar to the rate of \"heavy--escape drinking\" obtained by a suvey using a quantity--frequency index and questions about \"escape drinking\".", "PMID": 651355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5061", "title": "Evaluating implementation of a job-based alcoholism policy.", "content": "Implementation of the alcoholism policy of the U.S. Civil Service Commission could have been improved by canvassing supervisors and unit directors for their views, diffusing information more widely and providing more support to alcoholism coordinators.", "contents": "Evaluating implementation of a job-based alcoholism policy. Implementation of the alcoholism policy of the U.S. Civil Service Commission could have been improved by canvassing supervisors and unit directors for their views, diffusing information more widely and providing more support to alcoholism coordinators.", "PMID": 651356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5062", "title": "Relationship between blood alcohol concentration and self-reported drinking behavior.", "content": "Men having a high blood alcohol concentration when arrested for drunken driving reported more drinking and more alcohol-related impairment than did men with lower concentrations.", "contents": "Relationship between blood alcohol concentration and self-reported drinking behavior. Men having a high blood alcohol concentration when arrested for drunken driving reported more drinking and more alcohol-related impairment than did men with lower concentrations.", "PMID": 651357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5063", "title": "Difficulty of follow-up and outcome of alcoholism treatment.", "content": "Patients who are difficult to follow up after alcoholism treatment have poorer treatment outcome than do patients who are followed up more easily.", "contents": "Difficulty of follow-up and outcome of alcoholism treatment. Patients who are difficult to follow up after alcoholism treatment have poorer treatment outcome than do patients who are followed up more easily.", "PMID": 651358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5064", "title": "Self-esteem of women alcoholics.", "content": "The self-esteem of women alcoholics was lower than that of men alcoholics and of \"normal\" women nonalcoholics but was similar to that of women in treatment for psychiatric disorders not related to the misuse of alcohol or drugs.", "contents": "Self-esteem of women alcoholics. The self-esteem of women alcoholics was lower than that of men alcoholics and of \"normal\" women nonalcoholics but was similar to that of women in treatment for psychiatric disorders not related to the misuse of alcohol or drugs.", "PMID": 651359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5065", "title": "Alcohol-induced drowsiness and vigilance performance.", "content": "Detection of signals in a visual vigilance task decreased significantly after drinking 1.2 g of alcohol per kg. Two mechanisms for the detection decrement are discussed.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced drowsiness and vigilance performance. Detection of signals in a visual vigilance task decreased significantly after drinking 1.2 g of alcohol per kg. Two mechanisms for the detection decrement are discussed.", "PMID": 651360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5066", "title": "Rate of onset of drunkeness. A preliminary study.", "content": "Of eight moderate drinkers drinking until they became intoxicated, four left relatively sober prior to a rapid increase in sensations of intoxication, and four experienced a gradual progression to intoxication.", "contents": "Rate of onset of drunkeness. A preliminary study. Of eight moderate drinkers drinking until they became intoxicated, four left relatively sober prior to a rapid increase in sensations of intoxication, and four experienced a gradual progression to intoxication.", "PMID": 651361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5067", "title": "Effect of alcohol on emotional responses to stress.", "content": "When participating in tasks involving various probabilities of receiving an electric shock, men who had previously drunk alcohol maintained high levels of anxiety while anxiety decreased in men who had previously drunk a placebo.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on emotional responses to stress. When participating in tasks involving various probabilities of receiving an electric shock, men who had previously drunk alcohol maintained high levels of anxiety while anxiety decreased in men who had previously drunk a placebo.", "PMID": 651362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5068", "title": "Communication deviations in alcoholics; a pilot study.", "content": "Impairments in speech, language, voice and hearing were observed in 14 of 15 alcoholics in treatment.", "contents": "Communication deviations in alcoholics; a pilot study. Impairments in speech, language, voice and hearing were observed in 14 of 15 alcoholics in treatment.", "PMID": 651363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5069", "title": "Violence, alcohol problems and other problems in disintegrating families.", "content": "Violence is more than twice as likely to occur in families with rather than without alcohol problems.", "contents": "Violence, alcohol problems and other problems in disintegrating families. Violence is more than twice as likely to occur in families with rather than without alcohol problems.", "PMID": 651364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5070", "title": "Synchronized sipping in alcoholics and social drinkers; a preliminary investigation.", "content": "In a laboratory setting, social drinking couples synchronized a greater proportion of their sips of alcoholic beverages than did alcoholic husbands and their wives.", "contents": "Synchronized sipping in alcoholics and social drinkers; a preliminary investigation. In a laboratory setting, social drinking couples synchronized a greater proportion of their sips of alcoholic beverages than did alcoholic husbands and their wives.", "PMID": 651365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5071", "title": "Factors affecting survival following radical mastectomy.", "content": "Data on 17 potentially useful factors from 152 women undergoing radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer were analyzed in order to determine the effect of each on survival and their relative importance. Only four, clinical stage, clinical and pathological lymph node involvement, and appearance of recurrence and metastases, proved to be of significant prognostic value. Axillary nodal involvement was the main single determinant of survival. Multiple regression analysis, based on factor analysis of the original input variables, was able to account for 34% of the variance in survival and is thus of only very limited use as a predictive instrument in the clinical management of prospective patients.", "contents": "Factors affecting survival following radical mastectomy. Data on 17 potentially useful factors from 152 women undergoing radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer were analyzed in order to determine the effect of each on survival and their relative importance. Only four, clinical stage, clinical and pathological lymph node involvement, and appearance of recurrence and metastases, proved to be of significant prognostic value. Axillary nodal involvement was the main single determinant of survival. Multiple regression analysis, based on factor analysis of the original input variables, was able to account for 34% of the variance in survival and is thus of only very limited use as a predictive instrument in the clinical management of prospective patients.", "PMID": 651367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5072", "title": "Alveolar soft part sarcoma.", "content": "This paper presents the case history of a 22-year-old woman with an alveolar soft part sarcoma of the scapular region. Treatment consisted of resection. Cytostatic medication with adriamycin and dacarbazine (DTIC) failed to prevent rapid general metastatic growth.", "contents": "Alveolar soft part sarcoma. This paper presents the case history of a 22-year-old woman with an alveolar soft part sarcoma of the scapular region. Treatment consisted of resection. Cytostatic medication with adriamycin and dacarbazine (DTIC) failed to prevent rapid general metastatic growth.", "PMID": 651368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5073", "title": "Angiographic features in tubular-papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney.", "content": "Angiography and nephrotomography are essential in evaluation of avascular or hypovascular space occupying lesions of the kidney. Ultrasound adds another dimension in differentiating solid from cystic masses. Two cases of tubular-papillary adenocarcinoma were reported. Their angiographic findings consisted of a few neovascularities. Nephrotomography and ultrasonography in the second case showed a solid mass.", "contents": "Angiographic features in tubular-papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney. Angiography and nephrotomography are essential in evaluation of avascular or hypovascular space occupying lesions of the kidney. Ultrasound adds another dimension in differentiating solid from cystic masses. Two cases of tubular-papillary adenocarcinoma were reported. Their angiographic findings consisted of a few neovascularities. Nephrotomography and ultrasonography in the second case showed a solid mass.", "PMID": 651369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5074", "title": "Intermittent occlusion of the abdominal aorta: a conceptual approach in treating below-diaphragm tumors (a preliminary report).", "content": "A modified form of tumor strangulation as a possible treatment modality is considered. Intermittent intra-aortic occlusion by means of specially designed catheters and equipment is described. As a preliminary feasibility study, occlusion in non-tumor-bearing animals has begun, with projection for future human cases anticipated. Theoretical concepts of substances from the occlusion process resulting in cure and specific immunity in experimental animals are evaluated, and the belief in the development of modified antigens and antibodies as a consequence of restriction of a growing tumor's proliferating blood supply is discussed.", "contents": "Intermittent occlusion of the abdominal aorta: a conceptual approach in treating below-diaphragm tumors (a preliminary report). A modified form of tumor strangulation as a possible treatment modality is considered. Intermittent intra-aortic occlusion by means of specially designed catheters and equipment is described. As a preliminary feasibility study, occlusion in non-tumor-bearing animals has begun, with projection for future human cases anticipated. Theoretical concepts of substances from the occlusion process resulting in cure and specific immunity in experimental animals are evaluated, and the belief in the development of modified antigens and antibodies as a consequence of restriction of a growing tumor's proliferating blood supply is discussed.", "PMID": 651371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5075", "title": "Effect of phenylhydrazine pretreatment on splenectomized Rauscher leukemia virus-infected mice.", "content": "The protective effect of phenylhydrazine pretreatment seen in Rauscher leukemia virus-infected intact mice is not observed when splenectomized mice are used. Such mice succumb to infection even earlier than viral potency controls. Since phenylhydrazine is known to increase both splenic erythropoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell numbers, the results suggest that these two events may be involved in phenylhydrazine prophylaxis.", "contents": "Effect of phenylhydrazine pretreatment on splenectomized Rauscher leukemia virus-infected mice. The protective effect of phenylhydrazine pretreatment seen in Rauscher leukemia virus-infected intact mice is not observed when splenectomized mice are used. Such mice succumb to infection even earlier than viral potency controls. Since phenylhydrazine is known to increase both splenic erythropoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell numbers, the results suggest that these two events may be involved in phenylhydrazine prophylaxis.", "PMID": 651372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5076", "title": "Visualization of breast lesions with an advanced ultrasonic device: results of a pilot study.", "content": "A pilot study is described in which a new design of a sensitive ultrasonic device was used to visualize breast lesions in nine patients. The results were in general accord with clinical, histologic, and x-ray examinations, although ultrasound was superior to x-ray mammography in the visualization of discrete cysts in breasts having a \"dense\" background. As the device provides an indication of the capabilities of ultrasonic equipment which will be generally available within the next two years, projections are made on the impact of this equipment on the earlier diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, together with a discussion of the negligible radiation bio-hazards posed by devices of this type, in the light of present knowledge.", "contents": "Visualization of breast lesions with an advanced ultrasonic device: results of a pilot study. A pilot study is described in which a new design of a sensitive ultrasonic device was used to visualize breast lesions in nine patients. The results were in general accord with clinical, histologic, and x-ray examinations, although ultrasound was superior to x-ray mammography in the visualization of discrete cysts in breasts having a \"dense\" background. As the device provides an indication of the capabilities of ultrasonic equipment which will be generally available within the next two years, projections are made on the impact of this equipment on the earlier diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, together with a discussion of the negligible radiation bio-hazards posed by devices of this type, in the light of present knowledge.", "PMID": 651373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5077", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen follow-up and selection of patients for second-look operation in management of gastrointestinal carcinoma.", "content": "A long-term postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) follow-up study is carried out with patients having undergone primary resection of histologically proved adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Up to now, 122 patients who underwent curative resections, as judged from the situs and the results of histologic examinations, were followed up for tumor recurrence by computerized CEA surveillance diagrams and clinical diagnostic methods. In the cases of tumor recurrence the rise of the CEA level preceded a positive clinical diagnosis by a mean of 4 months. On the basis of the CEA time course, we selected 28 patients for second-look surgery. In all cases proof of recurrence of the disease was obtained. A local recurrence correlating with a slow CEA rise was generally resectable, metastases correlating with a rapid CEA rise were only in some cases resectable, provided that second-look surgery was carried out without delay.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen follow-up and selection of patients for second-look operation in management of gastrointestinal carcinoma. A long-term postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) follow-up study is carried out with patients having undergone primary resection of histologically proved adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Up to now, 122 patients who underwent curative resections, as judged from the situs and the results of histologic examinations, were followed up for tumor recurrence by computerized CEA surveillance diagrams and clinical diagnostic methods. In the cases of tumor recurrence the rise of the CEA level preceded a positive clinical diagnosis by a mean of 4 months. On the basis of the CEA time course, we selected 28 patients for second-look surgery. In all cases proof of recurrence of the disease was obtained. A local recurrence correlating with a slow CEA rise was generally resectable, metastases correlating with a rapid CEA rise were only in some cases resectable, provided that second-look surgery was carried out without delay.", "PMID": 651374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5078", "title": "Dumbbell neurogenic tumors of the mediastinum. Diagnosis and management.", "content": "Among 706 collected cases of mediastinal neurogenic tumors were 69 patients (9.8%) with extension through an intervertebral foramen, so that the composite neoplastic mass was dumbbell-shaped. Although only 10% of these dumbbell tumors were malignant, the majority of the patients presented with neurologic symptoms of spinal cord compression. In about 40% of reported cases, the intraspinal component, although present, was not clinically apparent. Such cases of asymptomatic intraspinal extension should be suspected when special roentgenologic views of the spine demonstrate erosion of the vertebral pedicle or enlargement of the intervertebral foramen adjacent to the posterior mediastinal mass. Workup of these patients should include myelographic studies to determine whether a dumbbell tumor is indeed present; if it is, surgery should be carried out by a team of thoracic surgeons and neurosurgeons in a one-stage combined resection of both the intraspinal and the mediastinal component of the tumor. With early diagnosis and surgical intervention, long-term survival is the rule. When the patient is in the pediatric age bracket, an orthopedic surgeon should be included on the team to help minimize subsequent skeletal growth deformity.", "contents": "Dumbbell neurogenic tumors of the mediastinum. Diagnosis and management. Among 706 collected cases of mediastinal neurogenic tumors were 69 patients (9.8%) with extension through an intervertebral foramen, so that the composite neoplastic mass was dumbbell-shaped. Although only 10% of these dumbbell tumors were malignant, the majority of the patients presented with neurologic symptoms of spinal cord compression. In about 40% of reported cases, the intraspinal component, although present, was not clinically apparent. Such cases of asymptomatic intraspinal extension should be suspected when special roentgenologic views of the spine demonstrate erosion of the vertebral pedicle or enlargement of the intervertebral foramen adjacent to the posterior mediastinal mass. Workup of these patients should include myelographic studies to determine whether a dumbbell tumor is indeed present; if it is, surgery should be carried out by a team of thoracic surgeons and neurosurgeons in a one-stage combined resection of both the intraspinal and the mediastinal component of the tumor. With early diagnosis and surgical intervention, long-term survival is the rule. When the patient is in the pediatric age bracket, an orthopedic surgeon should be included on the team to help minimize subsequent skeletal growth deformity.", "PMID": 651379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5079", "title": "Class of immunoglobulin deposition and prognosis in lupus nephritis.", "content": "In the three major morphologic groups of lupus nephritis--diffuse, focal proliferative, and membranous--glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins is usually a combination of IgG, IgM, and IgA and is not a good indicator of initial renal severity or outcome. In this study of 60 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis, patients with exclusive or predominant glomerular deposition of IgG did not have more severe renal disease or a worse prognosis than those with combined IgG-IgM deposition.", "contents": "Class of immunoglobulin deposition and prognosis in lupus nephritis. In the three major morphologic groups of lupus nephritis--diffuse, focal proliferative, and membranous--glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins is usually a combination of IgG, IgM, and IgA and is not a good indicator of initial renal severity or outcome. In this study of 60 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis, patients with exclusive or predominant glomerular deposition of IgG did not have more severe renal disease or a worse prognosis than those with combined IgG-IgM deposition.", "PMID": 651380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5080", "title": "Renovascular hypertension. Relationship of surgical curability to renin-angiotensin activity.", "content": "Fifteen patients whose renovascular hypertension was cured or improved by renal artery reconstructive surgery or nephrectomy (or both) underwent studies of their renin-angiotensin systems preoperatively. These studies included measurements of peripheral venous renin activity in the erect position without diuretic preparation, blood pressure response to blockade of endogenous angiotensin II with a saralasin infusion in the acutely sodium-depleted state, and levels of renal venous renin activity, also after sodium depletion. In 13 of these 15 patients who had benefitted from surgical intervention for relief of renovascular hypertension, at least one index of renin dependency was positive. Two patients had negative results in all of the tests. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that cure or improvement of renovascular hypertension is possible even though these three parameters of renin-angiotensin overactivity are negative.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension. Relationship of surgical curability to renin-angiotensin activity. Fifteen patients whose renovascular hypertension was cured or improved by renal artery reconstructive surgery or nephrectomy (or both) underwent studies of their renin-angiotensin systems preoperatively. These studies included measurements of peripheral venous renin activity in the erect position without diuretic preparation, blood pressure response to blockade of endogenous angiotensin II with a saralasin infusion in the acutely sodium-depleted state, and levels of renal venous renin activity, also after sodium depletion. In 13 of these 15 patients who had benefitted from surgical intervention for relief of renovascular hypertension, at least one index of renin dependency was positive. Two patients had negative results in all of the tests. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that cure or improvement of renovascular hypertension is possible even though these three parameters of renin-angiotensin overactivity are negative.", "PMID": 651381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5081", "title": "Hemolytic transfusion reaction. Recent experience in a large blood bank.", "content": "Data on 47 cases of hemolytic transfusion reactions are presented along with a review of the literature. Human error and limitations of current techniques of compatibility testing remain the major causative factors of hemolytic transfusion reactions.", "contents": "Hemolytic transfusion reaction. Recent experience in a large blood bank. Data on 47 cases of hemolytic transfusion reactions are presented along with a review of the literature. Human error and limitations of current techniques of compatibility testing remain the major causative factors of hemolytic transfusion reactions.", "PMID": 651382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5082", "title": "Treatment of diminutive mucosal lesions of the terminal colon by nurse endoscopists.", "content": "The efficiency of a supervised nurse endoscopist having been established, the role of nurse endoscopists has been extended to the treatment of diminutive colonic mucosal lesions. One nurse endoscopist, under supervision by a physician mentor, has carried out more than 6,000 sigmoidoscopies in a recent 1-year period and has fulgurated one or more diminutive polyps in almost 500 patients. Larger lesions detected by the nurse endoscopist were treated by the physician.", "contents": "Treatment of diminutive mucosal lesions of the terminal colon by nurse endoscopists. The efficiency of a supervised nurse endoscopist having been established, the role of nurse endoscopists has been extended to the treatment of diminutive colonic mucosal lesions. One nurse endoscopist, under supervision by a physician mentor, has carried out more than 6,000 sigmoidoscopies in a recent 1-year period and has fulgurated one or more diminutive polyps in almost 500 patients. Larger lesions detected by the nurse endoscopist were treated by the physician.", "PMID": 651383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5083", "title": "Consent forms--how, or whether, they should be used.", "content": "If written consent forms are to be used--their use normally is not mandatory--care should be taken that their use is proper and, hence, beneficial. To be of benefit to the physician, the consent forms must help him in meeting his duty to inform the patient or in protecting him from a patient's claim that his was not an informed consent (or both). Consent forms are of no benefit to the physician or the patient if they are worded poorly or put to poor use. Suggestions are provided to help the physician in considering his or her use of written consent forms.", "contents": "Consent forms--how, or whether, they should be used. If written consent forms are to be used--their use normally is not mandatory--care should be taken that their use is proper and, hence, beneficial. To be of benefit to the physician, the consent forms must help him in meeting his duty to inform the patient or in protecting him from a patient's claim that his was not an informed consent (or both). Consent forms are of no benefit to the physician or the patient if they are worded poorly or put to poor use. Suggestions are provided to help the physician in considering his or her use of written consent forms.", "PMID": 651384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5084", "title": "Thrombotic occlusion of Hancock conduit due to severe dehydration after Fontan operation.", "content": "Six months after undergoing a Fontan procedure for tricuspid valve atresia, a 7-year-old child experienced thrombotic occlusion of the Hancock conduit coincident with an acute gastroenterologic illness that produced sudden, severe dehydration. Recovery from this complication was possible only by virtue of pulmonary blood flow through a Glenn anastomosis, which had been constructed at 1 year of age and which was left in place at the time of the Fontan procedure. At subsequent reoperation, the Hancock conduit, which was completely occluded with organized thrombus, was replaced with another Hancock conduit, and the patient is now doing well 10 months after this last operation. The relatively nonpulsatile flow characteristic of blood passing through the prosthetic conduit after the Fontan operation predisposes the patient to the possibility of the potentially lethal complication, previously unreported, of thrombotic occlusion of the conduit, and care must be taken to avoid severe dehydration in such patients.", "contents": "Thrombotic occlusion of Hancock conduit due to severe dehydration after Fontan operation. Six months after undergoing a Fontan procedure for tricuspid valve atresia, a 7-year-old child experienced thrombotic occlusion of the Hancock conduit coincident with an acute gastroenterologic illness that produced sudden, severe dehydration. Recovery from this complication was possible only by virtue of pulmonary blood flow through a Glenn anastomosis, which had been constructed at 1 year of age and which was left in place at the time of the Fontan procedure. At subsequent reoperation, the Hancock conduit, which was completely occluded with organized thrombus, was replaced with another Hancock conduit, and the patient is now doing well 10 months after this last operation. The relatively nonpulsatile flow characteristic of blood passing through the prosthetic conduit after the Fontan operation predisposes the patient to the possibility of the potentially lethal complication, previously unreported, of thrombotic occlusion of the conduit, and care must be taken to avoid severe dehydration in such patients.", "PMID": 651385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5085", "title": "Plasmaperfusion for the treatment of intractable pruritus of cholestasis.", "content": "A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and intractable pruritus was treated with plasmaperfusion of charcoal-coated glass beads on two occasions. The procedures were well tolerated and resulted in the removal of about 70%  (494 mumol) of the estimated chenic acid pool. There was, in addition, pronounced amelioration of the pruritus which enabled the patient to sleep through the night without awakening because of itching. The pruritus, however, did not disappear and gradually returned to its preperfusion intensity by the end of the third week after perfusion.", "contents": "Plasmaperfusion for the treatment of intractable pruritus of cholestasis. A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and intractable pruritus was treated with plasmaperfusion of charcoal-coated glass beads on two occasions. The procedures were well tolerated and resulted in the removal of about 70%  (494 mumol) of the estimated chenic acid pool. There was, in addition, pronounced amelioration of the pruritus which enabled the patient to sleep through the night without awakening because of itching. The pruritus, however, did not disappear and gradually returned to its preperfusion intensity by the end of the third week after perfusion.", "PMID": 651386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5086", "title": "Treatment of acute central retinal artery occlusion.", "content": "Central retinal artery occlusion very often leads to irreversible visual loss and seldom responds to treatment. Retrograde cannulation of the supraorbital artery followed by irrigation with anticoagulants and vasodilators may be of value in the early management of this problem. A case in point is described.", "contents": "Treatment of acute central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery occlusion very often leads to irreversible visual loss and seldom responds to treatment. Retrograde cannulation of the supraorbital artery followed by irrigation with anticoagulants and vasodilators may be of value in the early management of this problem. A case in point is described.", "PMID": 651387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5087", "title": "Fidelity of histone synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "The results in the literature to support Orgel's general error hypothesis of ageing only provide indirect evidence that errors in protein synthesis increase during senescence. This study attempts to provide direct evidence of errors in protein synthesis by measuring the misincorporation of 35S-methionine into histone H1 obtained from young and old fibroblasts (MRC-5). The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: (a) the error level for the misincorporation of methionine into histone H1 is less than 7 methionines/10(5) amino acids and 2-3 methionines/10(4) amino acids in young and old cells respectively; (b) a methionine containing fraction associated with H1 is obtained after the final purification. The amount of this fraction increases with the age of the cell culture as does the number of methionine residues; (c) there is a variation in the complexity of H1 polypeptide chains, the complexity increasing with the age of cultured cells.", "contents": "Fidelity of histone synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. The results in the literature to support Orgel's general error hypothesis of ageing only provide indirect evidence that errors in protein synthesis increase during senescence. This study attempts to provide direct evidence of errors in protein synthesis by measuring the misincorporation of 35S-methionine into histone H1 obtained from young and old fibroblasts (MRC-5). The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: (a) the error level for the misincorporation of methionine into histone H1 is less than 7 methionines/10(5) amino acids and 2-3 methionines/10(4) amino acids in young and old cells respectively; (b) a methionine containing fraction associated with H1 is obtained after the final purification. The amount of this fraction increases with the age of the cell culture as does the number of methionine residues; (c) there is a variation in the complexity of H1 polypeptide chains, the complexity increasing with the age of cultured cells.", "PMID": 651392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5088", "title": "Structural and replicative forms of mitochondrial DNA from human leukocytes in relation to age.", "content": "The structure and replication of human leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in healthy young adult males (23--37 years old), middle-aged males (42--52 years old) with secondary polycythemia, and elderly males (80--89 years old) who exhibited different degrees of age-related disease syndromes. The distribution of the various cell types within the white cell population was within normal limits in all samples. Total mtDNA was isolated in ethidium bromide--CsCl gradients and examined by electron microscopy after spreading by the aqueous and formamide techniques. The individual frequencies of catenated forms ranged from 2 to 6% but showed relatively little change (declining slightly) with age. The individual frequencies of circular dimers varied from 0 to 0.1% in the young adult and polycythemic groups and in 10 out of 12 elderly individuals. One elderly individual had a circular dimer frequency of 0.3% (including a circular molecular of tetramer size) and another had 4.5%. This finding suggest that agerelated cellular pathology may exist in the blood-forming system in some cases. The mode of replication of leukocyte mtDNA agrees well with that described for mouse L cells. There was no evidence of aberrant mtDNA replication as a result of aging.", "contents": "Structural and replicative forms of mitochondrial DNA from human leukocytes in relation to age. The structure and replication of human leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in healthy young adult males (23--37 years old), middle-aged males (42--52 years old) with secondary polycythemia, and elderly males (80--89 years old) who exhibited different degrees of age-related disease syndromes. The distribution of the various cell types within the white cell population was within normal limits in all samples. Total mtDNA was isolated in ethidium bromide--CsCl gradients and examined by electron microscopy after spreading by the aqueous and formamide techniques. The individual frequencies of catenated forms ranged from 2 to 6% but showed relatively little change (declining slightly) with age. The individual frequencies of circular dimers varied from 0 to 0.1% in the young adult and polycythemic groups and in 10 out of 12 elderly individuals. One elderly individual had a circular dimer frequency of 0.3% (including a circular molecular of tetramer size) and another had 4.5%. This finding suggest that agerelated cellular pathology may exist in the blood-forming system in some cases. The mode of replication of leukocyte mtDNA agrees well with that described for mouse L cells. There was no evidence of aberrant mtDNA replication as a result of aging.", "PMID": 651393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5089", "title": "The use of health services by civilian beneficiaries of the military health care system. A comparative study.", "content": "The military Health Care System provides comprehensive health care to entitled beneficiaries in a dual system consisting of hospitals and clinics at military installations, and an insurance like program (CHAMPUS) which pays for care in civilian facilities. Utilization by civilian beneficiaries was studied and compared with utilization by members of the Kaiser-Permanente Plan in Northern California, and the Non-Institutionalized Population of the United States. Hospital use rates for beneficiaries under CHAMPUS and in military facilities were calculated, and rough order of magnitude data were developed for utilization of hospitals outside of the Military Health Care System. Rates within the system were found to be lower than those of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States, partly because of utilization of hospitals outside of the Military Health Care System by entitled beneficiaries. However, rates were generally higher than those of Kaiser-Permanente (northern California) enrollees, despite the high use of hospital care by beneficiaries outside of the Military System. Systems factors impinging on hospital utilization rates are discussed. Ambulatory visit rates for beneficiaries in northern California to all types of providers were found to closely approximate those of the Kaiser-Permanente system, when all sources of care (within and outside of the system) are considered. Utilization within the Military Health Care System, however, is less than utilization by Kaiser beneficiaries. In general, civilian beneficiaries of the Military Health Care System were found not to be taking full advantage of their entitlement to health care.", "contents": "The use of health services by civilian beneficiaries of the military health care system. A comparative study. The military Health Care System provides comprehensive health care to entitled beneficiaries in a dual system consisting of hospitals and clinics at military installations, and an insurance like program (CHAMPUS) which pays for care in civilian facilities. Utilization by civilian beneficiaries was studied and compared with utilization by members of the Kaiser-Permanente Plan in Northern California, and the Non-Institutionalized Population of the United States. Hospital use rates for beneficiaries under CHAMPUS and in military facilities were calculated, and rough order of magnitude data were developed for utilization of hospitals outside of the Military Health Care System. Rates within the system were found to be lower than those of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States, partly because of utilization of hospitals outside of the Military Health Care System by entitled beneficiaries. However, rates were generally higher than those of Kaiser-Permanente (northern California) enrollees, despite the high use of hospital care by beneficiaries outside of the Military System. Systems factors impinging on hospital utilization rates are discussed. Ambulatory visit rates for beneficiaries in northern California to all types of providers were found to closely approximate those of the Kaiser-Permanente system, when all sources of care (within and outside of the system) are considered. Utilization within the Military Health Care System, however, is less than utilization by Kaiser beneficiaries. In general, civilian beneficiaries of the Military Health Care System were found not to be taking full advantage of their entitlement to health care.", "PMID": 651394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5090", "title": "Financial incentives to perform medical procedures and laboratory tests: illustrative models of office practice.", "content": "Financial return is one of several factors that may affect a physician's decision to order services for a patient. The extent of financial incentives to perform in-office medical procedures and laboratory tests is illustrated by four hypothetical models of general internal medicine office practice. The model practices consist of fixed ratios of history and physical examinations to return visits, with numbers and types of medical procedures and laboratory tests increasing stepwise through the four models. The procedures and tests included are an electrocardiogram, urinalysis, complete blood count, sigmoidoscopy, tuberculin skin test, two-view chest x-ray, cardiovascular treadmill stress test, and an automated 12-channel blood chemistry test. Charges and office expenses are estimated at 1977 Northern California levels. Net incomes derived for the four models are as follows: $31,000, $55,000; $60,000; and $90,000. The demonstrated financial incentives, which apply not only to internal medicine, but to all fields of medical care, are in conflict with policies that would emphasize personal rather than technical services. National health insurance proposals should include a continuing review of medical services valuation.", "contents": "Financial incentives to perform medical procedures and laboratory tests: illustrative models of office practice. Financial return is one of several factors that may affect a physician's decision to order services for a patient. The extent of financial incentives to perform in-office medical procedures and laboratory tests is illustrated by four hypothetical models of general internal medicine office practice. The model practices consist of fixed ratios of history and physical examinations to return visits, with numbers and types of medical procedures and laboratory tests increasing stepwise through the four models. The procedures and tests included are an electrocardiogram, urinalysis, complete blood count, sigmoidoscopy, tuberculin skin test, two-view chest x-ray, cardiovascular treadmill stress test, and an automated 12-channel blood chemistry test. Charges and office expenses are estimated at 1977 Northern California levels. Net incomes derived for the four models are as follows: $31,000, $55,000; $60,000; and $90,000. The demonstrated financial incentives, which apply not only to internal medicine, but to all fields of medical care, are in conflict with policies that would emphasize personal rather than technical services. National health insurance proposals should include a continuing review of medical services valuation.", "PMID": 651395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5091", "title": "The demand for primary health care.", "content": "Data about the demand for primary health care, collected in a group practice of more than 10,000 individuals, were analyzed by Probit and Tobit techniques. With respect to the number of GP-contacts the results indicate, besides the well-known impact of age, sex, social class and morbidity, serious Interdoctor Variation, important influence of Problem Behavior and significant differences due to the Insurance System.", "contents": "The demand for primary health care. Data about the demand for primary health care, collected in a group practice of more than 10,000 individuals, were analyzed by Probit and Tobit techniques. With respect to the number of GP-contacts the results indicate, besides the well-known impact of age, sex, social class and morbidity, serious Interdoctor Variation, important influence of Problem Behavior and significant differences due to the Insurance System.", "PMID": 651396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5092", "title": "A causal model of health services for diabetic patients.", "content": "A causal model of health services which includes patient and provider variables, perceived access to care, utilization of services, continuity of care, technical quality of the care process, technical quality of the care outcome, and patient satisfaction is applied to a group of diabetic patients enrolled in the Seattle Prepaid Health Care Project. The enrollees received comprehensive health services at zero out-of-pocket cost from either a prepaid group practice plan or an independent practice plan. Surveys were periodically conducted to determine health status, satisfaction, and demographic characteristics of the enrollees; utilization of services was monitored throughout the experiment. The causal model is operationalized through the use of path analysis. Significant relationships (p less than or equal to .10) were established between satisfaction and perceived access to care, family size, sex, and professional qualifications of the provider; between outcome of care and health status, female education, and physician performance; between physician performance and professional qualifications; between continuity of care and health status and female education; between utilization and perceived access, specialty of provider, and provider system; and between access to care and provider system. The policy implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "A causal model of health services for diabetic patients. A causal model of health services which includes patient and provider variables, perceived access to care, utilization of services, continuity of care, technical quality of the care process, technical quality of the care outcome, and patient satisfaction is applied to a group of diabetic patients enrolled in the Seattle Prepaid Health Care Project. The enrollees received comprehensive health services at zero out-of-pocket cost from either a prepaid group practice plan or an independent practice plan. Surveys were periodically conducted to determine health status, satisfaction, and demographic characteristics of the enrollees; utilization of services was monitored throughout the experiment. The causal model is operationalized through the use of path analysis. Significant relationships (p less than or equal to .10) were established between satisfaction and perceived access to care, family size, sex, and professional qualifications of the provider; between outcome of care and health status, female education, and physician performance; between physician performance and professional qualifications; between continuity of care and health status and female education; between utilization and perceived access, specialty of provider, and provider system; and between access to care and provider system. The policy implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 651397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5093", "title": "Effects of acquiescent response set on patient satisfaction ratings.", "content": "This paper summarizes the results of three studies of bias in patient satisfaction questionnaires due to acquiescent response set (ARS), a tendency to agree with statements of opinion regardless of content. Three independent surveys (N = 1,280) were fielded using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. Across the three field tests, 40 to 60 per cent of respondents manifested some degree of ARS and from 2 to 10 per cent demonstrated noteworthy ARS tendencies. Occurrences of ARS accounted for significant upward bias in satisfaction scores computed from favorably worded questionnaire items and scales constructed from those items and significant downward bias in scores computed from unfavorably worded items and scales constructed from those items. These biases were greatest for groups reporting lower educational attainment or less income. An example was presented to show that mean satisfaction scores for groups differing in education were biased by ARS to such an extent that group differences in satisfaction were overestimated by favorably worded items and were missed entirely by unfavorably worded items. Balanced satisfaction scales, i.e., those containing both favorably and unfavorably worded items, were not correlated or correlated only slightly with ARS; therefore, group means for balanced scales were not biased by ARS or were biased only slightly.", "contents": "Effects of acquiescent response set on patient satisfaction ratings. This paper summarizes the results of three studies of bias in patient satisfaction questionnaires due to acquiescent response set (ARS), a tendency to agree with statements of opinion regardless of content. Three independent surveys (N = 1,280) were fielded using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. Across the three field tests, 40 to 60 per cent of respondents manifested some degree of ARS and from 2 to 10 per cent demonstrated noteworthy ARS tendencies. Occurrences of ARS accounted for significant upward bias in satisfaction scores computed from favorably worded questionnaire items and scales constructed from those items and significant downward bias in scores computed from unfavorably worded items and scales constructed from those items. These biases were greatest for groups reporting lower educational attainment or less income. An example was presented to show that mean satisfaction scores for groups differing in education were biased by ARS to such an extent that group differences in satisfaction were overestimated by favorably worded items and were missed entirely by unfavorably worded items. Balanced satisfaction scales, i.e., those containing both favorably and unfavorably worded items, were not correlated or correlated only slightly with ARS; therefore, group means for balanced scales were not biased by ARS or were biased only slightly.", "PMID": 651398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5094", "title": "Measurement of work satisfaction among health professionals.", "content": "This paper describes a three-year research project that investigates the concept of occupational satisfaction of health professionals and suggests a method of measuring their level of occupational satisfaction. Additionally, the research examines factors defining occupational satisfaction important to health professionals. This process involves the development of a scale that measures the relative importance of various components of satisfaction, attitudes toward these components, and a weighted Index of Work Satisfaction. The methodology utilized in the development of this scale in an institutional setting with a sample of nurses is described, along with the transfer of this scale to three categories of health professionals involved in an outpatient setting. Responses from the physicians, nurses, and support staff in the ambulatory setting and responses from the hospital nurses indicate that the scale does measure occupational satisfaction of health professionals both in institutional and noninstitutional settings. Finally, statistical analysis of the original scale is reported and a revised scale is suggested for wider use.", "contents": "Measurement of work satisfaction among health professionals. This paper describes a three-year research project that investigates the concept of occupational satisfaction of health professionals and suggests a method of measuring their level of occupational satisfaction. Additionally, the research examines factors defining occupational satisfaction important to health professionals. This process involves the development of a scale that measures the relative importance of various components of satisfaction, attitudes toward these components, and a weighted Index of Work Satisfaction. The methodology utilized in the development of this scale in an institutional setting with a sample of nurses is described, along with the transfer of this scale to three categories of health professionals involved in an outpatient setting. Responses from the physicians, nurses, and support staff in the ambulatory setting and responses from the hospital nurses indicate that the scale does measure occupational satisfaction of health professionals both in institutional and noninstitutional settings. Finally, statistical analysis of the original scale is reported and a revised scale is suggested for wider use.", "PMID": 651399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5095", "title": "Urgent care in the HMO: evolution of a system in Washington, D.C.", "content": "In 1961, Group Health Association, a large, non-hospital based, prepaid group practice in Washington, D.C. established an after-hours walk-in clinic on its premises for the care of medical problems requiring prompt attention. Within a year, this clinic's operation was extended to daytime hours for the use of the consumer-member at his own discretion. After 10 years, in the plan's main health center, the volume of adult visits to the acute care/walk-in center exceeded the number seen in the Department of Internal Medicine; most were of a routine rather than urgent nature. More visits to the acute care service were made during the day, when the full range of ambulatory services were available by appointment, than were made after hours. The choic of immediate first-come, first-served care over the conventional care-by-appointment by so many members was felt to have resulted in discontinuous suboptimal care, segregation of the membership along socioeconomic lines, as well as unnecessary and very costly duplications of service. The background of organizational behavior and community medical practices contribuing to this pattern of utilization are explored. Compared to traditional fee-for-service medicine, demands for outpatient services in the HMO tend to be greater. Acceptable alternatives to off-line channeling of patients with unexpected or acute conditions can be designed. In the general community today, utilization of medical services is strongly influenced by imbalances in available resources and by financial factors which are under no central control. In the HMO, all costs are prepaid and services are planned for a membership of known size. Even so, consumers' use of services in prepaid plans tends to follow the patterns seen in the community. More appropriate distribution of demands requires an active and ongoing system of patient education. A commitment by the HMO's providers and managers toward this goal is indispensable.", "contents": "Urgent care in the HMO: evolution of a system in Washington, D.C. In 1961, Group Health Association, a large, non-hospital based, prepaid group practice in Washington, D.C. established an after-hours walk-in clinic on its premises for the care of medical problems requiring prompt attention. Within a year, this clinic's operation was extended to daytime hours for the use of the consumer-member at his own discretion. After 10 years, in the plan's main health center, the volume of adult visits to the acute care/walk-in center exceeded the number seen in the Department of Internal Medicine; most were of a routine rather than urgent nature. More visits to the acute care service were made during the day, when the full range of ambulatory services were available by appointment, than were made after hours. The choic of immediate first-come, first-served care over the conventional care-by-appointment by so many members was felt to have resulted in discontinuous suboptimal care, segregation of the membership along socioeconomic lines, as well as unnecessary and very costly duplications of service. The background of organizational behavior and community medical practices contribuing to this pattern of utilization are explored. Compared to traditional fee-for-service medicine, demands for outpatient services in the HMO tend to be greater. Acceptable alternatives to off-line channeling of patients with unexpected or acute conditions can be designed. In the general community today, utilization of medical services is strongly influenced by imbalances in available resources and by financial factors which are under no central control. In the HMO, all costs are prepaid and services are planned for a membership of known size. Even so, consumers' use of services in prepaid plans tends to follow the patterns seen in the community. More appropriate distribution of demands requires an active and ongoing system of patient education. A commitment by the HMO's providers and managers toward this goal is indispensable.", "PMID": 651400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5096", "title": "Identification of patients in need of psychiatric intervention: visiting an emergency facility.", "content": "The utilization of the emergency room (E.R.) at a small community hospital located in a black inner-city area is investigated. Patients are classified according to a criterion for psychiatric intervention for the purpose of making staffing pattern recommendations. Psychiatric patients and non-psychiatric patients are classified by age, marital status, previous admissions to the E.R., time of arrival and time spent in the E.R., and circumstances of mode of arrival in the E.R. The criterion of psychiatric intervention is viewed as providing an additional dimension in the study of the emergency room, a hospital service which is providing increasing routine and non-routine medical care to the general population.", "contents": "Identification of patients in need of psychiatric intervention: visiting an emergency facility. The utilization of the emergency room (E.R.) at a small community hospital located in a black inner-city area is investigated. Patients are classified according to a criterion for psychiatric intervention for the purpose of making staffing pattern recommendations. Psychiatric patients and non-psychiatric patients are classified by age, marital status, previous admissions to the E.R., time of arrival and time spent in the E.R., and circumstances of mode of arrival in the E.R. The criterion of psychiatric intervention is viewed as providing an additional dimension in the study of the emergency room, a hospital service which is providing increasing routine and non-routine medical care to the general population.", "PMID": 651401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5097", "title": "The effects of outpatient psychiatric utilization on the costs of providing third-party coverage.", "content": "Although previous studies conducted in prepaid group practice settings have indicated that the cost of providing coverage for outpatient psychotherapy may be offset by lower utilization of medical/surgical services among those who receive the benefit, no such studies have been conducted in a fee-for-service setting, nor have actual before and after claims costs been compared. This study establishes a methodology for using routinely collected Blue Cross claims data to show how the acquisition and use of a given benefit affects total utilization patterns and the overall costs of providing third-party coverage. The use and cost of outpatient psychiatric coverage in one subscriber group is the particular application given to this methodology in this report. Blue Cross claims records of 136 subjects who utilized outpatient psychiatric benefits over a 48-month period were analyzed. Results indicate that overall medical/surgical utilization is reduced for that subgroup who used the outpatient psychotherapy benefit and that average costs dropped by $9.41, from $16.47 per patient per month before outpatient psychotherapy to $7.06 after contact, with costs being adjusted to reflect parity with the base year. Factors other than psychiatric intervention which may have brought about this cost reduction as well as policy implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of outpatient psychiatric utilization on the costs of providing third-party coverage. Although previous studies conducted in prepaid group practice settings have indicated that the cost of providing coverage for outpatient psychotherapy may be offset by lower utilization of medical/surgical services among those who receive the benefit, no such studies have been conducted in a fee-for-service setting, nor have actual before and after claims costs been compared. This study establishes a methodology for using routinely collected Blue Cross claims data to show how the acquisition and use of a given benefit affects total utilization patterns and the overall costs of providing third-party coverage. The use and cost of outpatient psychiatric coverage in one subscriber group is the particular application given to this methodology in this report. Blue Cross claims records of 136 subjects who utilized outpatient psychiatric benefits over a 48-month period were analyzed. Results indicate that overall medical/surgical utilization is reduced for that subgroup who used the outpatient psychotherapy benefit and that average costs dropped by $9.41, from $16.47 per patient per month before outpatient psychotherapy to $7.06 after contact, with costs being adjusted to reflect parity with the base year. Factors other than psychiatric intervention which may have brought about this cost reduction as well as policy implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 651402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5098", "title": "An index of hospital performance.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple index for computing relative hospital performance. An analysis of 33 short-stay general hospitals in New South Wales was used to develop the index. The index is based on patterns of admissions for each hospital, adjusting the hospital's crude death rate for the age distribution of patients treated and variations in the severity of their diagnoses. The index is relatively simple to calculate, but is nevertheless a valid indicator of hospital performance.", "contents": "An index of hospital performance. The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple index for computing relative hospital performance. An analysis of 33 short-stay general hospitals in New South Wales was used to develop the index. The index is based on patterns of admissions for each hospital, adjusting the hospital's crude death rate for the age distribution of patients treated and variations in the severity of their diagnoses. The index is relatively simple to calculate, but is nevertheless a valid indicator of hospital performance.", "PMID": 651403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5099", "title": "Examining physicians' drug order recording behavior.", "content": "The study reports the impact of a computer-based drug profile upon physicians' drug order recording behaviors. The drug profile system, including information about both drugs ordered and prescriptions received, was implemented for a randomly selected group of Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members during 1973. The monthly updated profile was made readily accessible to physicians. Drug order notations entered by physicians on outpatient medical records were examined to determine if the availability of the profile influenced the completeness of drug-related data being recorded by physicians. Using an experimental design, the results indicated the availability of the profile did not influence the completeness of drug-related data recorded. Also, observation of the data generated for analysis suggests caution in assuming drug notations or prescriptions reflect complete and reliable drug use data.", "contents": "Examining physicians' drug order recording behavior. The study reports the impact of a computer-based drug profile upon physicians' drug order recording behaviors. The drug profile system, including information about both drugs ordered and prescriptions received, was implemented for a randomly selected group of Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members during 1973. The monthly updated profile was made readily accessible to physicians. Drug order notations entered by physicians on outpatient medical records were examined to determine if the availability of the profile influenced the completeness of drug-related data being recorded by physicians. Using an experimental design, the results indicated the availability of the profile did not influence the completeness of drug-related data recorded. Also, observation of the data generated for analysis suggests caution in assuming drug notations or prescriptions reflect complete and reliable drug use data.", "PMID": 651404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5100", "title": "The Aroman food crisis: a fable with a lesson for national health insurance.", "content": "An analogy is always imperfect. Nevertheless, at times it is an effective way to communicate an insight. This paper uses an analogy to examine the consequences of attempting to achieve health sector efficiency through regulation, instead of consumer cost-sharing. It is suggested that as long as hospital care continues to be virtually \"free\" to patients at the time of use, such regulation may well do more harm than good. Moreover, a national health insurance plan that would make all medical care \"free\" to patients, and would pay for all health care through taxes (the proposed Health Security Act), would not only generate significant inefficiency; but, in contrast to the intentions of its supporters, would prove harmful to the poor and the elderly, by shifting scarce Federal tax dollars away from the programs that assist them in order to pay the medical bills of middle and upper income households. It is therefore urged that we enact income-related catastrophic national health insurance, that would place a ceiling, which varies with household income, on the financial burden a household must bear; but at the same time, would require most families to pay part of their own medical cost out-of-pocket, so that consumer cost-consciousness can help promote health sector efficiency.", "contents": "The Aroman food crisis: a fable with a lesson for national health insurance. An analogy is always imperfect. Nevertheless, at times it is an effective way to communicate an insight. This paper uses an analogy to examine the consequences of attempting to achieve health sector efficiency through regulation, instead of consumer cost-sharing. It is suggested that as long as hospital care continues to be virtually \"free\" to patients at the time of use, such regulation may well do more harm than good. Moreover, a national health insurance plan that would make all medical care \"free\" to patients, and would pay for all health care through taxes (the proposed Health Security Act), would not only generate significant inefficiency; but, in contrast to the intentions of its supporters, would prove harmful to the poor and the elderly, by shifting scarce Federal tax dollars away from the programs that assist them in order to pay the medical bills of middle and upper income households. It is therefore urged that we enact income-related catastrophic national health insurance, that would place a ceiling, which varies with household income, on the financial burden a household must bear; but at the same time, would require most families to pay part of their own medical cost out-of-pocket, so that consumer cost-consciousness can help promote health sector efficiency.", "PMID": 651405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5101", "title": "Attitudes toward mental disease in a sample of Israeli urban residents.", "content": "A random sample of 463 residents of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the 30 to 59 age group were interviewed in order to evaluate their attitude toward mental health. The image of mental disease among the respondents was vague and a general rejection of the ex-mental patient was observed. This is in contrast with findings of several similar studies conducted previously in the U.S.", "contents": "Attitudes toward mental disease in a sample of Israeli urban residents. A random sample of 463 residents of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the 30 to 59 age group were interviewed in order to evaluate their attitude toward mental health. The image of mental disease among the respondents was vague and a general rejection of the ex-mental patient was observed. This is in contrast with findings of several similar studies conducted previously in the U.S.", "PMID": 651406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5102", "title": "Coordinated home care: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience.", "content": "The problem of post-hospital care remains a continued challenge, as many patients who no longer require expensive acute care facilities continue to occupy these beds, awaiting appropriate placement. The Massachusetts General Hospital Coordinated Home Care program, under the central administration of the Boston Visiting Nurse Association, has demonstrated that home care can be a viable, economically feasible alternative to institutionalization for carefully selected patients, when the appropriate medical and social needs can be met. Three major groups of patients have been effectively cared for: 1) patients with multi-system chronic illness; 2) patients with terminal malignancies; and 3) patients with catastrophic neurologic disease. The organization of the Coordinated Home Care program, the criteria for patient selection, and the issue of funding are reviewed. The impact of this program is examined in terms of its potential for better utilization of the Massachusetts General Hospital facilities, as well as the more appropriate coordination and use of existing health care resources in the community.", "contents": "Coordinated home care: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience. The problem of post-hospital care remains a continued challenge, as many patients who no longer require expensive acute care facilities continue to occupy these beds, awaiting appropriate placement. The Massachusetts General Hospital Coordinated Home Care program, under the central administration of the Boston Visiting Nurse Association, has demonstrated that home care can be a viable, economically feasible alternative to institutionalization for carefully selected patients, when the appropriate medical and social needs can be met. Three major groups of patients have been effectively cared for: 1) patients with multi-system chronic illness; 2) patients with terminal malignancies; and 3) patients with catastrophic neurologic disease. The organization of the Coordinated Home Care program, the criteria for patient selection, and the issue of funding are reviewed. The impact of this program is examined in terms of its potential for better utilization of the Massachusetts General Hospital facilities, as well as the more appropriate coordination and use of existing health care resources in the community.", "PMID": 651408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5103", "title": "Validation of a patient classification through evaluation of the nursing staff degree of occupation.", "content": "The instrument of evaluation of the degree of occupation of nursing staff is centered on the activities of the staff. It generates an index indicating how \"busy\" the staff is during a given shift on a particular unit. It can be used to validate a patient classification system by level of nursing resources requirements.", "contents": "Validation of a patient classification through evaluation of the nursing staff degree of occupation. The instrument of evaluation of the degree of occupation of nursing staff is centered on the activities of the staff. It generates an index indicating how \"busy\" the staff is during a given shift on a particular unit. It can be used to validate a patient classification system by level of nursing resources requirements.", "PMID": 651409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5104", "title": "Assessing the quality of care for urinary tract infection in office practice: a comparative organizational study.", "content": "As part of a comprehensive evaluation of care received by enrollees in a prepaid community health care project, we studied the process of care for enrollees reported to have a urinary tract infection. The care given to 98 patients enrolled in a large prepaid group practice (PGP) and 69 patients seen by 45 physicians in the independent practice setting (IPP) was analyzed. We found the process of care to be significantly better in the PGP, with a large part of the difference due to more appropriate utilization of urine cultures. This occurred despite a higher visit rate to internists in the IPP, and suggests that the organization of practice strongly affects the process of care received by patients even when all care is fully prepaid.", "contents": "Assessing the quality of care for urinary tract infection in office practice: a comparative organizational study. As part of a comprehensive evaluation of care received by enrollees in a prepaid community health care project, we studied the process of care for enrollees reported to have a urinary tract infection. The care given to 98 patients enrolled in a large prepaid group practice (PGP) and 69 patients seen by 45 physicians in the independent practice setting (IPP) was analyzed. We found the process of care to be significantly better in the PGP, with a large part of the difference due to more appropriate utilization of urine cultures. This occurred despite a higher visit rate to internists in the IPP, and suggests that the organization of practice strongly affects the process of care received by patients even when all care is fully prepaid.", "PMID": 651410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5105", "title": "[Frequency of tonsillectomy in bronchial cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1415 bronchial cancer patients were 84 (5.94%) tonsillectomized observed. In an equal number of controls, selected according to the strictest criteria, there were 265 (18.7%) tonsillectomized. The latter figure corresponds to the lower limit for the frequency of tonsillectomies in the Federal Republic of Germany in the second half of the seventies. Thus these results show that bronchial cancer patients were subjected to tonsillectomy 3 times less than individuals not suffering from bronchial cancer. These results are in perfect agreement with previously obtained findings on the incidence of tonsillectomy in ENT tumors as well as in leukemia in children and adults.", "contents": "[Frequency of tonsillectomy in bronchial cancer patients (author's transl)]. Among 1415 bronchial cancer patients were 84 (5.94%) tonsillectomized observed. In an equal number of controls, selected according to the strictest criteria, there were 265 (18.7%) tonsillectomized. The latter figure corresponds to the lower limit for the frequency of tonsillectomies in the Federal Republic of Germany in the second half of the seventies. Thus these results show that bronchial cancer patients were subjected to tonsillectomy 3 times less than individuals not suffering from bronchial cancer. These results are in perfect agreement with previously obtained findings on the incidence of tonsillectomy in ENT tumors as well as in leukemia in children and adults.", "PMID": 651459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5106", "title": "[Syst\u00e8me International d'Unit\u00e9s = SI-units. Temporary prescriptions are finished now (author's transl)].", "content": "After a description of the legal basis for the use of the so-called SI-Units the problems of changing into the new system are discussed. The essential changes, especially in the ENT--field are demonstrated. According to the present international recommendations the new legal units should be used in medicine as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Syst\u00e8me International d'Unit\u00e9s = SI-units. Temporary prescriptions are finished now (author's transl)]. After a description of the legal basis for the use of the so-called SI-Units the problems of changing into the new system are discussed. The essential changes, especially in the ENT--field are demonstrated. According to the present international recommendations the new legal units should be used in medicine as soon as possible.", "PMID": 651460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5107", "title": "[The problems of simultaneous tympanoplasty and adeno- tonsillectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of adento-tonsillectomy on tube function and middle-ear ventilation was measured by tympanometry and manometry. It was found, that after adenotomy considerable negative pressure values may develop in the middle ear. In about one third of all cases five to six days after operation the tube function was not yet normal again. After tonsillectomy alone only a few of the operated children has slight negative pressure values. Adenotomy and tympanoplasty should not be achieved simultaneously.", "contents": "[The problems of simultaneous tympanoplasty and adeno- tonsillectomy (author's transl)]. The effect of adento-tonsillectomy on tube function and middle-ear ventilation was measured by tympanometry and manometry. It was found, that after adenotomy considerable negative pressure values may develop in the middle ear. In about one third of all cases five to six days after operation the tube function was not yet normal again. After tonsillectomy alone only a few of the operated children has slight negative pressure values. Adenotomy and tympanoplasty should not be achieved simultaneously.", "PMID": 651461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5108", "title": "[Our experience, with the tube manometry in chronic otitis media. I: Equipment and methodology (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for clinical routine to check tube function in perforated tympanic membranes using an additional set developed by us for an impedanceaudiometer is reported. Before the possibilities to check tube function by tympanometric methods in normal tympanic membranes are discussed.", "contents": "[Our experience, with the tube manometry in chronic otitis media. I: Equipment and methodology (author's transl)]. A simple method for clinical routine to check tube function in perforated tympanic membranes using an additional set developed by us for an impedanceaudiometer is reported. Before the possibilities to check tube function by tympanometric methods in normal tympanic membranes are discussed.", "PMID": 651462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5109", "title": "[Symptoms of the experimental auditory tube blockage in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The sound of an inhaling apparatus with a vibrator, introduced in both meatusses of the nose, is better heard in both ears during deglutition. This demonstrates a permeability of the Eustachian tubes. The same principle is used in the sonomanometry. We examined this phenomenon in five test persons, in whom we blocked by a pomphus the pharyngeal ostium of the tube during 90--150 min. On this occasion we found the following results: a ) The sound of the vibrator is always heard though the unblocked tube. b) There is a lateralisation in the Weber's hearing test immediately after the blockage of the tube, whereas the Rinne' test mains positive. c) The middle ear pression falls 1 mm H2O per min.", "contents": "[Symptoms of the experimental auditory tube blockage in man (author's transl)]. The sound of an inhaling apparatus with a vibrator, introduced in both meatusses of the nose, is better heard in both ears during deglutition. This demonstrates a permeability of the Eustachian tubes. The same principle is used in the sonomanometry. We examined this phenomenon in five test persons, in whom we blocked by a pomphus the pharyngeal ostium of the tube during 90--150 min. On this occasion we found the following results: a ) The sound of the vibrator is always heard though the unblocked tube. b) There is a lateralisation in the Weber's hearing test immediately after the blockage of the tube, whereas the Rinne' test mains positive. c) The middle ear pression falls 1 mm H2O per min.", "PMID": 651463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5110", "title": "[Adenoid-cystic carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 5 cases of adenoidcystic carcinoma of the larynx and review of the literature, containing about 60 further reports. About 80% of these tumors arise in the subglottice laryngo-tracheal transition region, 20% in the ventricular cord and the epiglottis. The vocal cords containing no mucus glands are never the origin of adenoid cystic carcinomas. These tumors grow under an intact mucosa and reach very often an enormous extension until dyspnoea, dysphagia and recurrent never paresis lead to diagnosis. The clinical course of these tumors ist not preditable--even not by their histological structure. In some cases the outcome is rapidely fatal by local growth and metastases, in others a many year long survival can be reached, but there exists no reliable report on a \"cured\" adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx. By radical surgery only better results can be expected. Irradiation produces long lasting remissions in some cases.", "contents": "[Adenoid-cystic carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. Report on 5 cases of adenoidcystic carcinoma of the larynx and review of the literature, containing about 60 further reports. About 80% of these tumors arise in the subglottice laryngo-tracheal transition region, 20% in the ventricular cord and the epiglottis. The vocal cords containing no mucus glands are never the origin of adenoid cystic carcinomas. These tumors grow under an intact mucosa and reach very often an enormous extension until dyspnoea, dysphagia and recurrent never paresis lead to diagnosis. The clinical course of these tumors ist not preditable--even not by their histological structure. In some cases the outcome is rapidely fatal by local growth and metastases, in others a many year long survival can be reached, but there exists no reliable report on a \"cured\" adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx. By radical surgery only better results can be expected. Irradiation produces long lasting remissions in some cases.", "PMID": 651464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5111", "title": "[Sarcomalike patterns in laryngeal carcinoma (pseudosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, spindle-cell-carcinoma, pleomorphic carcioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 5 cases of so called carcinosarcomas of the larynx and hypopharynx and review of literature. These polypoid tumors have a small epidermoid carcinomatous part and a major part with sarcoma like appearance. The sarcomatoid tissue resembles to fibrosarcomas or some undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Observations of a gradual transition from the epithelial tumor cells to cells with a mesodermal appearance show that these tumors are varieties of squamous cell carcinomas (spindle cell or pleomorphic variety) and not \"combination\"--or \"collision-tumors\", \"carcinosarcomas\" or \"seudosarcomas\". These tumors appear in the larynx predominantly in man, at the same sites and in the same ageclasses as common squamous cell cancers and are not less malignant. The sarcomatoid tissue can arise at the beginning of the disease or at a later stage it can appear or disappear after operation or irradiation. The reason for this change of cellular structure is unknown.", "contents": "[Sarcomalike patterns in laryngeal carcinoma (pseudosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, spindle-cell-carcinoma, pleomorphic carcioma (author's transl)]. Report on 5 cases of so called carcinosarcomas of the larynx and hypopharynx and review of literature. These polypoid tumors have a small epidermoid carcinomatous part and a major part with sarcoma like appearance. The sarcomatoid tissue resembles to fibrosarcomas or some undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Observations of a gradual transition from the epithelial tumor cells to cells with a mesodermal appearance show that these tumors are varieties of squamous cell carcinomas (spindle cell or pleomorphic variety) and not \"combination\"--or \"collision-tumors\", \"carcinosarcomas\" or \"seudosarcomas\". These tumors appear in the larynx predominantly in man, at the same sites and in the same ageclasses as common squamous cell cancers and are not less malignant. The sarcomatoid tissue can arise at the beginning of the disease or at a later stage it can appear or disappear after operation or irradiation. The reason for this change of cellular structure is unknown.", "PMID": 651465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5112", "title": "[Endolaryngeal microsurgery. A report of our experiences in the years from 1966 to 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The total of 1420 mikrolarynagoscopic operations during the past 11 years have been epicritically evaluated by the authors. Besides obtaining a disclosure of the various diseases, the question of an early diagnosis of glottis cancer an its preceeding illnesses was discusses. With available case histories, the authors could determine a definite increase in the early stages of the comprehensive glottic carcinoms. The observed optimation of an early diagnosis has been related back to a reduction of the prediagnostic ailment intervals and the consequent prognomatic use of the endolaryngeal microdiagnoses. Considering the possibility of complication during the microlaryngological operation, a critical position was taken to the question of indications, and the diagnostical value of microskopic laryngoskopic as well as the stroboskopic in reference to the early diagnosis of malignant glottic changes were discussed. The authors have come to the previously presented interpretation that with malignantly suspicios appearance a histomorphological clarification by process of endolaryngial microdiagnosis cannot be waived.", "contents": "[Endolaryngeal microsurgery. A report of our experiences in the years from 1966 to 1976 (author's transl)]. The total of 1420 mikrolarynagoscopic operations during the past 11 years have been epicritically evaluated by the authors. Besides obtaining a disclosure of the various diseases, the question of an early diagnosis of glottis cancer an its preceeding illnesses was discusses. With available case histories, the authors could determine a definite increase in the early stages of the comprehensive glottic carcinoms. The observed optimation of an early diagnosis has been related back to a reduction of the prediagnostic ailment intervals and the consequent prognomatic use of the endolaryngeal microdiagnoses. Considering the possibility of complication during the microlaryngological operation, a critical position was taken to the question of indications, and the diagnostical value of microskopic laryngoskopic as well as the stroboskopic in reference to the early diagnosis of malignant glottic changes were discussed. The authors have come to the previously presented interpretation that with malignantly suspicios appearance a histomorphological clarification by process of endolaryngial microdiagnosis cannot be waived.", "PMID": 651466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5113", "title": "[Transposition of the lingual thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "A lingual thyroid gland was transposed below the skin of the neck with the main vessels remaining intact. Metabolic parameters did not change during the control period of 21/2 years. This procedure could be an alternative to resection of free transplantation of lingual thyroid.", "contents": "[Transposition of the lingual thyroid gland (author's transl)]. A lingual thyroid gland was transposed below the skin of the neck with the main vessels remaining intact. Metabolic parameters did not change during the control period of 21/2 years. This procedure could be an alternative to resection of free transplantation of lingual thyroid.", "PMID": 651467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5114", "title": "[Ventilation measurings before, during and after treatment of tracheal stenosis due to long term intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "17 patients with post-intubation stenosis of the trachea were studied. By the extrathoracic stenosis the relative forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1,0) and in and expiratory flow were decreased, total airway resistance (Rt) was increased. After implantation of an endoprothesis the obstruction was significantly lowered (p less than 0,05). After removal of the tracheal endoprothesis further improvement occurred as was demonstrated by an increase in FEV1,0 an flow and by a decrease in Rt.", "contents": "[Ventilation measurings before, during and after treatment of tracheal stenosis due to long term intubation (author's transl)]. 17 patients with post-intubation stenosis of the trachea were studied. By the extrathoracic stenosis the relative forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1,0) and in and expiratory flow were decreased, total airway resistance (Rt) was increased. After implantation of an endoprothesis the obstruction was significantly lowered (p less than 0,05). After removal of the tracheal endoprothesis further improvement occurred as was demonstrated by an increase in FEV1,0 an flow and by a decrease in Rt.", "PMID": 651468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5115", "title": "[Comparability of lung and nasal resistance. possibilities of comparison of rhinomanometry and bodyplethysmography (author's transl)].", "content": "Only a harmonical balance between the lung and nasal resistance garant an optimal respiratory mechanism. Therefore both resistances should not be judged separately. Up to now different methods of measurement of both resistance have been used. The substruction method has certain drawbacks in determining nasal resistance. On the other hand nasal resistance determined by rhinomanometry only becomes comparable to lung resistance if registered by a special simplified method. The problems of comparing quantitively both resistances are discussed and a solution is proposed.", "contents": "[Comparability of lung and nasal resistance. possibilities of comparison of rhinomanometry and bodyplethysmography (author's transl)]. Only a harmonical balance between the lung and nasal resistance garant an optimal respiratory mechanism. Therefore both resistances should not be judged separately. Up to now different methods of measurement of both resistance have been used. The substruction method has certain drawbacks in determining nasal resistance. On the other hand nasal resistance determined by rhinomanometry only becomes comparable to lung resistance if registered by a special simplified method. The problems of comparing quantitively both resistances are discussed and a solution is proposed.", "PMID": 651469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5116", "title": "[Controlled hypotension anaesthesia in ENT surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on an experience over two years with 316 cases the principles of general anaesthesia with controlled hypotension in ENT surgery are described and discussed. Indications, contraindications and methods of application are outlined. The method reduces bleeding considerabley and proved to be useful for rhinoplasties, major sinus surgery as well as parotid gland and necksurgery.", "contents": "[Controlled hypotension anaesthesia in ENT surgery (author's transl)]. Based on an experience over two years with 316 cases the principles of general anaesthesia with controlled hypotension in ENT surgery are described and discussed. Indications, contraindications and methods of application are outlined. The method reduces bleeding considerabley and proved to be useful for rhinoplasties, major sinus surgery as well as parotid gland and necksurgery.", "PMID": 651470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5117", "title": "[Advantages of blood gas analyses of an improved ventilation bronchoscope (author's transl)].", "content": "During bronchoscopy in elder patients the development of respiratory acidosis is a hazard. A new and improved ventilation bronchoscope decreases the risk, which was demonstrated by blood gas analyses. This bronchoscope differs from those normally used in the following ways: 1. An inflatable cuff on the outer tube seals the bronchoscope like a breathing tube against the trachea. 2. This bronchoscope, although in the endobronchial position, improves the ventilation of the contraleateral lung aided by wider side holes lying above the bifurcation. 3. Jet-ventilation can be employed.", "contents": "[Advantages of blood gas analyses of an improved ventilation bronchoscope (author's transl)]. During bronchoscopy in elder patients the development of respiratory acidosis is a hazard. A new and improved ventilation bronchoscope decreases the risk, which was demonstrated by blood gas analyses. This bronchoscope differs from those normally used in the following ways: 1. An inflatable cuff on the outer tube seals the bronchoscope like a breathing tube against the trachea. 2. This bronchoscope, although in the endobronchial position, improves the ventilation of the contraleateral lung aided by wider side holes lying above the bifurcation. 3. Jet-ventilation can be employed.", "PMID": 651471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5118", "title": "[Flow rate, amylase and protein content of parotid saliva in sialadenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Flow rate, protein concentration and amylase activity of parotid saliva were investigated in 17 patients with sialadenosis. The results were compared with the data obtained from 90 healthy controls. Total protein and amylase concentrations of saliva did not change although, under the influence of sialadenosis, the parotid gland clearly shows ultrastructural signs of disturbed protein secretion. Also the flow rates of parotid saliva were the same in sialadenosis patients and the control group. This can be explained by the patho-physiology of parotid secretion from the sialadenotic gland.", "contents": "[Flow rate, amylase and protein content of parotid saliva in sialadenosis (author's transl)]. Flow rate, protein concentration and amylase activity of parotid saliva were investigated in 17 patients with sialadenosis. The results were compared with the data obtained from 90 healthy controls. Total protein and amylase concentrations of saliva did not change although, under the influence of sialadenosis, the parotid gland clearly shows ultrastructural signs of disturbed protein secretion. Also the flow rates of parotid saliva were the same in sialadenosis patients and the control group. This can be explained by the patho-physiology of parotid secretion from the sialadenotic gland.", "PMID": 651472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5119", "title": "[Surgery of extensive tumors of the petrosal bone and the lateral skull base region (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the problems in total removal of extensive tumors of the petrosal bone and the skull base in this region. These problems are: 1. Freeing of the tumor involved internal carotid artery from the carotid foramen to the cavernous sinus. 2. Covering the resulting large defects of the dura and covering the new ostium of the Eustachian tube to protect the posterior fossa from infection. 3. Stopping the blood flow during the removal of extensive glomus jugulare tumors. 4. Reconstruction of swallowing and voice in paralysis of the involved vagal nerve. Operative measures for the solution of these problems are described.", "contents": "[Surgery of extensive tumors of the petrosal bone and the lateral skull base region (author's transl)]. Report on the problems in total removal of extensive tumors of the petrosal bone and the skull base in this region. These problems are: 1. Freeing of the tumor involved internal carotid artery from the carotid foramen to the cavernous sinus. 2. Covering the resulting large defects of the dura and covering the new ostium of the Eustachian tube to protect the posterior fossa from infection. 3. Stopping the blood flow during the removal of extensive glomus jugulare tumors. 4. Reconstruction of swallowing and voice in paralysis of the involved vagal nerve. Operative measures for the solution of these problems are described.", "PMID": 651473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5120", "title": "[Anomalies of the stapes (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported are four cases of anomalies of the stapes and the oval window niche. Their diagnostic and operative problems are discussed. The report includes one case of spontaneous cerebrospinal otorrhea. Surgical exploration of the middle ear demonstrated a fluid leak from a fistula in the stapes footplate. Two cases presented combined congenital anomalies of the stapes and facial nerve as a cause of hearing loss. Additionally one case of \"columella\" shaped stapes was observed. The embryological aspects of the middle ear structures are discussed.", "contents": "[Anomalies of the stapes (author's transl)]. Reported are four cases of anomalies of the stapes and the oval window niche. Their diagnostic and operative problems are discussed. The report includes one case of spontaneous cerebrospinal otorrhea. Surgical exploration of the middle ear demonstrated a fluid leak from a fistula in the stapes footplate. Two cases presented combined congenital anomalies of the stapes and facial nerve as a cause of hearing loss. Additionally one case of \"columella\" shaped stapes was observed. The embryological aspects of the middle ear structures are discussed.", "PMID": 651474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5121", "title": "[Stapes fixation and proximal symphalangism caused by autosomal dominant transmission (author's transl)].", "content": "A family showed in four generations the syndrome of stapes fixation and proximal symphalangism with changing expressivity caused by autosomal dominant transmission.", "contents": "[Stapes fixation and proximal symphalangism caused by autosomal dominant transmission (author's transl)]. A family showed in four generations the syndrome of stapes fixation and proximal symphalangism with changing expressivity caused by autosomal dominant transmission.", "PMID": 651475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5122", "title": "[The efficiency of computer-tomography and conventional tomography of processes of the skull and of the skullbase (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with tumorous or chronic-inflammatory diseases of the skull and the skullbase the results of conventional and computer-tomography were compared with the operative findings. The computer-tomography of the most important regions is demonstrated by individual examples. The preliminary results indicate, that computer-tomography is reliable in evaluation of the extend of pathological processes. Therefor follow-up data after treatment were obtained by computer-tomography only.", "contents": "[The efficiency of computer-tomography and conventional tomography of processes of the skull and of the skullbase (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with tumorous or chronic-inflammatory diseases of the skull and the skullbase the results of conventional and computer-tomography were compared with the operative findings. The computer-tomography of the most important regions is demonstrated by individual examples. The preliminary results indicate, that computer-tomography is reliable in evaluation of the extend of pathological processes. Therefor follow-up data after treatment were obtained by computer-tomography only.", "PMID": 651476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5123", "title": "[Our experience with tube manometry in chronic otitis media. Part II: clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "The appliance of tube manometry in clinical routine is reported as a simple and valuable method to judge tube function. By tube manometry treatment, conservative and operation, of both tube and middle ear, may be judged. Examples are given for the application of tube manometry in clinical routine.", "contents": "[Our experience with tube manometry in chronic otitis media. Part II: clinical use (author's transl)]. The appliance of tube manometry in clinical routine is reported as a simple and valuable method to judge tube function. By tube manometry treatment, conservative and operation, of both tube and middle ear, may be judged. Examples are given for the application of tube manometry in clinical routine.", "PMID": 651477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5124", "title": "[Sudden deafness: the audiometric profile (author's transl)].", "content": "34 cases of unilateral idiopathic sudden deafness were subjected to an intensive audiometrical examination programme. The average hearing loss in percent (calculated on the basis of the pure tone audiogram according to D. R\u00f6ser, 1973) amounted to 71.6% prior to treatment, the average sound audiogram corresponding to a pantonal hearing defect. The percent gain in audition due to the treatment averaged 24.3%. The pretherapy hearing defect is greater in older patients, and therapy is much less successful in older than in younger patients. If treatment is started within 7 days, it is considerably more successful than in those cases where it is started a long time after the beginning of the disease. This, however, is no proof of the effectiveness of early treatment, but might also be due to the high rate of spontaneous remissions. The final stage of healing or partial recovery is reached, on the average, 20 days after the onset of the illness. In nearly all patients a recruitment was proved to exist; this means that most cases were cochlear hearing defects. The results are compared with the statements contained in medical literature, and an attempt is made to interpret diverging results.", "contents": "[Sudden deafness: the audiometric profile (author's transl)]. 34 cases of unilateral idiopathic sudden deafness were subjected to an intensive audiometrical examination programme. The average hearing loss in percent (calculated on the basis of the pure tone audiogram according to D. R\u00f6ser, 1973) amounted to 71.6% prior to treatment, the average sound audiogram corresponding to a pantonal hearing defect. The percent gain in audition due to the treatment averaged 24.3%. The pretherapy hearing defect is greater in older patients, and therapy is much less successful in older than in younger patients. If treatment is started within 7 days, it is considerably more successful than in those cases where it is started a long time after the beginning of the disease. This, however, is no proof of the effectiveness of early treatment, but might also be due to the high rate of spontaneous remissions. The final stage of healing or partial recovery is reached, on the average, 20 days after the onset of the illness. In nearly all patients a recruitment was proved to exist; this means that most cases were cochlear hearing defects. The results are compared with the statements contained in medical literature, and an attempt is made to interpret diverging results.", "PMID": 651478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5125", "title": "[Noise-induced hearing loss and the sisi test. on the assessment of noise-induced hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "In the assessment of noise-induced hearing loss problems arise mainly in those cases where the middle frequencies are involved in the hearing defects at a proportionally high degree, because this strongly impairs the speech discrimination and because such a hearing defect cannot be regarded as a typical case of noise-induced hearing loss. A recruitment test must be carried out in the middle or lower frequency range in order to diagnose any possible multifactorial genesis of the hearing defect. As concerns the widely used SISI test the result is shown to depend not only on the test intensity but also on the test frequency. Since the hearing threshold in the middle under discussion is usually better in the middle and lower frequency ranges than in the higher ones and since, as a consequence, the test intensity in the SISI test is lower, frequently lower SISI values can be observed here than in the case of higher frequencies. Since the test of the lower frequencies results in lower SISI values than for higher frequencies also in those cases where the hearing threshold in the lower frequency range is the same or even worse, we must assume that the results of the SISI test depend on the frequency. In the examination of patients with a hearing defect where the hearing threshold curve flattens obliquely, intensity dependence and frequency dependence are added in the lower frequency range; negative SISI values are not infrequent. It is not admissible to conclude from that a retrocochlear defect in the middle and lower frequency ranges in cases of noise-induced hearing loss in the high-tone range.", "contents": "[Noise-induced hearing loss and the sisi test. on the assessment of noise-induced hearing loss (author's transl)]. In the assessment of noise-induced hearing loss problems arise mainly in those cases where the middle frequencies are involved in the hearing defects at a proportionally high degree, because this strongly impairs the speech discrimination and because such a hearing defect cannot be regarded as a typical case of noise-induced hearing loss. A recruitment test must be carried out in the middle or lower frequency range in order to diagnose any possible multifactorial genesis of the hearing defect. As concerns the widely used SISI test the result is shown to depend not only on the test intensity but also on the test frequency. Since the hearing threshold in the middle under discussion is usually better in the middle and lower frequency ranges than in the higher ones and since, as a consequence, the test intensity in the SISI test is lower, frequently lower SISI values can be observed here than in the case of higher frequencies. Since the test of the lower frequencies results in lower SISI values than for higher frequencies also in those cases where the hearing threshold in the lower frequency range is the same or even worse, we must assume that the results of the SISI test depend on the frequency. In the examination of patients with a hearing defect where the hearing threshold curve flattens obliquely, intensity dependence and frequency dependence are added in the lower frequency range; negative SISI values are not infrequent. It is not admissible to conclude from that a retrocochlear defect in the middle and lower frequency ranges in cases of noise-induced hearing loss in the high-tone range.", "PMID": 651479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5126", "title": "[Faults in medical opinions of noise deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "The expertise appraisal of noise deafness takes a great amount of experience for granted, since faulty interpretations are very numerous. Considering possible errors and false interpretations the following points will be discussed: anamnesis-elevation, interpretation of noise-measurements, audiometric examination including aggravation, execution of conversational speech hearing examination and its possible sources of error, tone audiogram, language audiogram and SISI-test, the coupling of the degree of deafness and the MdE (reduction of work capability), overassessment and underestimation, consideration of tinnitus and recruitment, separation of war-connected and skull-traumatic hearing loss, the \"retroactive clause\", substantial worsening as well as re-examination dates. Furthermore, some examples of typical faulty medical opinions will be reported upon.", "contents": "[Faults in medical opinions of noise deafness (author's transl)]. The expertise appraisal of noise deafness takes a great amount of experience for granted, since faulty interpretations are very numerous. Considering possible errors and false interpretations the following points will be discussed: anamnesis-elevation, interpretation of noise-measurements, audiometric examination including aggravation, execution of conversational speech hearing examination and its possible sources of error, tone audiogram, language audiogram and SISI-test, the coupling of the degree of deafness and the MdE (reduction of work capability), overassessment and underestimation, consideration of tinnitus and recruitment, separation of war-connected and skull-traumatic hearing loss, the \"retroactive clause\", substantial worsening as well as re-examination dates. Furthermore, some examples of typical faulty medical opinions will be reported upon.", "PMID": 651480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5127", "title": "[Advances in medical expert inquiries of noise deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of the historical development the \"K\u00f6nigsteiner Merkblatt\" (Recommendations by the main union of trade associations for medical expert inquiries of professional noise deafness) in the edition of 1977 is presented. Some proposals for practice of medical inquiries are annexed as well as given indications to still unsolved problems of great practical importance.", "contents": "[Advances in medical expert inquiries of noise deafness (author's transl)]. After a short description of the historical development the \"K\u00f6nigsteiner Merkblatt\" (Recommendations by the main union of trade associations for medical expert inquiries of professional noise deafness) in the edition of 1977 is presented. Some proposals for practice of medical inquiries are annexed as well as given indications to still unsolved problems of great practical importance.", "PMID": 651481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5128", "title": "[Presbycusis (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is base on 438 patients (age 45-99), 250 women and 188 men, divided into decades from 45 to 95 years. Mean hearing levels were measured at 63 up to 12000 Hz using the atlas pure-tone audiometer. Statistical analyses helped estimating the influence of various anamnestic datas on sensorineural hearing loss. 65 patients with diabetes had no hearing loss related to their disease. In 115 noise-exposed patients 'correction for noise' was 5 to 7 dB at 2000 and 4000 Hz. There was no difference in men and women at any frequency and any age group. 'Average presbycusis' in the literature today is too positive. Starting age 20, a linear progressive hearing loss for all frequencies ranging from 6 to 18 dB per decade can be detected, being less for the lower than for the higher frequencies.", "contents": "[Presbycusis (author's transl)]. This study is base on 438 patients (age 45-99), 250 women and 188 men, divided into decades from 45 to 95 years. Mean hearing levels were measured at 63 up to 12000 Hz using the atlas pure-tone audiometer. Statistical analyses helped estimating the influence of various anamnestic datas on sensorineural hearing loss. 65 patients with diabetes had no hearing loss related to their disease. In 115 noise-exposed patients 'correction for noise' was 5 to 7 dB at 2000 and 4000 Hz. There was no difference in men and women at any frequency and any age group. 'Average presbycusis' in the literature today is too positive. Starting age 20, a linear progressive hearing loss for all frequencies ranging from 6 to 18 dB per decade can be detected, being less for the lower than for the higher frequencies.", "PMID": 651482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5129", "title": "[Basal cell carcinoma developing in a preauricular fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant neoplasms in lateral cervical cysts and fistulae have been frequently described in the literature. In the following case, a tumor is reported which was found in the unusual localization of a preauricular fistula. The histologic diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma. In this 41-year-old male patient the tumor led to local recurrent inflammatory symptoms. Therapy consisted first of excision of the fistula. After final diagnosis was made, total parotidectomy and an additional excision of the skin were carried out.", "contents": "[Basal cell carcinoma developing in a preauricular fistula (author's transl)]. Malignant neoplasms in lateral cervical cysts and fistulae have been frequently described in the literature. In the following case, a tumor is reported which was found in the unusual localization of a preauricular fistula. The histologic diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma. In this 41-year-old male patient the tumor led to local recurrent inflammatory symptoms. Therapy consisted first of excision of the fistula. After final diagnosis was made, total parotidectomy and an additional excision of the skin were carried out.", "PMID": 651483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5130", "title": "[The clinical value of rhinomanometry. An analysis of the discrepancy between anamnesis, clinical state and rhinomanometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Anamnesis, clinical state according to inspection and Rhinomanometry result of 117 patients have been compared by means of a stardarized measuring unit. RM turns out to be indispensable for an exact functional analysis. Misjudgement of air conduction of the nose considering only anamnesis or clinical inspection is remarquable. The most frequent causes for misjudgement are listed. To estimate air conduction of the nose inspectionally a model based on physiological principles is indicated. A future uniform assessment of anamnesis clinical state and RM is indispensable to obtain finally comparable results.", "contents": "[The clinical value of rhinomanometry. An analysis of the discrepancy between anamnesis, clinical state and rhinomanometry (author's transl)]. Anamnesis, clinical state according to inspection and Rhinomanometry result of 117 patients have been compared by means of a stardarized measuring unit. RM turns out to be indispensable for an exact functional analysis. Misjudgement of air conduction of the nose considering only anamnesis or clinical inspection is remarquable. The most frequent causes for misjudgement are listed. To estimate air conduction of the nose inspectionally a model based on physiological principles is indicated. A future uniform assessment of anamnesis clinical state and RM is indispensable to obtain finally comparable results.", "PMID": 651486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5131", "title": "[Examination of patency of ostium by measurement of air flow in the maxillary sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "The patency of the maxillary ostium can investigated by measurement of velocity and of presure difference with a new equipment of hot film anemometry and by strain gauges. This studies were performed during sinuscopy. The values are registered on a way-time recorder. The measurement of velocity in the maxillary sinus is more preferable than the measurement of pressure because we need no extraantal point of reference pressure: nose-sinus: difference pressure: sinus atmosphere. Both methods, the measurement of air flow and pressure difference, can proof the patency of the maxillary ostium. Examples are given from open partial patent ostium and from obstructed one.", "contents": "[Examination of patency of ostium by measurement of air flow in the maxillary sinus (author's transl)]. The patency of the maxillary ostium can investigated by measurement of velocity and of presure difference with a new equipment of hot film anemometry and by strain gauges. This studies were performed during sinuscopy. The values are registered on a way-time recorder. The measurement of velocity in the maxillary sinus is more preferable than the measurement of pressure because we need no extraantal point of reference pressure: nose-sinus: difference pressure: sinus atmosphere. Both methods, the measurement of air flow and pressure difference, can proof the patency of the maxillary ostium. Examples are given from open partial patent ostium and from obstructed one.", "PMID": 651487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5132", "title": "[Measurement of sinus secretions viscosity (author's transl)].", "content": "Viscosity studies of the paranasal sinus secretions reflect the recovery of the damaged secretory mucosa. Effectful treatment leads to an increase associated with a wider range between maximal and minimal viscosity. The type of microorganism is less important.", "contents": "[Measurement of sinus secretions viscosity (author's transl)]. Viscosity studies of the paranasal sinus secretions reflect the recovery of the damaged secretory mucosa. Effectful treatment leads to an increase associated with a wider range between maximal and minimal viscosity. The type of microorganism is less important.", "PMID": 651488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5133", "title": "[Cilia abnormalities in chronic maxillary sinusitis. a transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopic investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "In the resistance of respiratory diseases the mucociliary clearance is a very important factor. Among them the cilia play a decisive role. The normal structure and some variations of the cilia in the maxillary sinus are described using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The following cilia abnormalities were observed: cilia with a single axonema and excess cytoplasmic matrix; compound cilia and giant cilia with 2-4 and more complete or incomplete axonemata; development of cells, which have secretory granules like goblet cells and cilia like normal ciliated cells. Further the outgrowing of new cilia is shown in the SEM.", "contents": "[Cilia abnormalities in chronic maxillary sinusitis. a transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopic investigation (author's transl)]. In the resistance of respiratory diseases the mucociliary clearance is a very important factor. Among them the cilia play a decisive role. The normal structure and some variations of the cilia in the maxillary sinus are described using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The following cilia abnormalities were observed: cilia with a single axonema and excess cytoplasmic matrix; compound cilia and giant cilia with 2-4 and more complete or incomplete axonemata; development of cells, which have secretory granules like goblet cells and cilia like normal ciliated cells. Further the outgrowing of new cilia is shown in the SEM.", "PMID": 651489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5134", "title": "[Epipleural branchiogenic cervical cyst (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 71-year-old male patient with a branchiogenetic cervical cyst is presented. In addition to the clinical manifestation in the eight decade the speciality of this cyst was epipleural localisation. The longest diameter of the cyst was parallel to the right clavicule under the M. omohyoid. The cyst medially filled up the venous angle. Embryology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis as well as the therapy and prognosis are discussed in regard of cases of literature.", "contents": "[Epipleural branchiogenic cervical cyst (author's transl)]. A case of a 71-year-old male patient with a branchiogenetic cervical cyst is presented. In addition to the clinical manifestation in the eight decade the speciality of this cyst was epipleural localisation. The longest diameter of the cyst was parallel to the right clavicule under the M. omohyoid. The cyst medially filled up the venous angle. Embryology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis as well as the therapy and prognosis are discussed in regard of cases of literature.", "PMID": 651490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5135", "title": "[Neurogenic tumor of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of a 13-year old girl with a neurogenic tumor of the larynx. The tumor was localized in the submucosal region of the arytenoid and aryepiglottic area on the left side of the larynx. Histologically, it was classified as a neurinoma. As it was impossible to remove the tumor totally by endoscopic way, a lateral hypopharyngotomy had to be performed. Two years after this procedure, there are no functional defects or signs of recurrency.", "contents": "[Neurogenic tumor of the larynx (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of a 13-year old girl with a neurogenic tumor of the larynx. The tumor was localized in the submucosal region of the arytenoid and aryepiglottic area on the left side of the larynx. Histologically, it was classified as a neurinoma. As it was impossible to remove the tumor totally by endoscopic way, a lateral hypopharyngotomy had to be performed. Two years after this procedure, there are no functional defects or signs of recurrency.", "PMID": 651491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5136", "title": "[Results of treatment of the cancer of the larynx at the ENT-University-Clinic, Halle/Saale, 1940 to 1969 (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment-surgery and irradiation- of 722 patients with cancer of the larynx in the years 1940-1969 are being statistically evaluated. The classification was done accordingly to localisation, stage (TNM-system) and the kind of therapy. The evaluation of the results only considers the 5-years-healing. Surgical therapy and primary irradiation were confronted. The irradiation ranks equally to surgery only at stages I and II of the carcinoma of the vocal cords. Tumors at other localisation or at a different stage (III and IV) can only be successfully treated by surgery.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of the cancer of the larynx at the ENT-University-Clinic, Halle/Saale, 1940 to 1969 (author's transl)]. The treatment-surgery and irradiation- of 722 patients with cancer of the larynx in the years 1940-1969 are being statistically evaluated. The classification was done accordingly to localisation, stage (TNM-system) and the kind of therapy. The evaluation of the results only considers the 5-years-healing. Surgical therapy and primary irradiation were confronted. The irradiation ranks equally to surgery only at stages I and II of the carcinoma of the vocal cords. Tumors at other localisation or at a different stage (III and IV) can only be successfully treated by surgery.", "PMID": 651492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5137", "title": "[Laser surgery of the vocal cord. Clinical investigations with a view to treating small circumscribed carcinomas of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on endolaryngel laser irradiation prior to operation, carried out, with varied dosage, on tumour-free areas of vocal cords of patients with larynx carcinoma. In these instances, the Nd:YAG-Laser MediLas (Messrs. MBB) with flexible light delivery, which we already used in earlier tests, was, for the first time, furnished with a laser endoscope--a special construction by Messrs. Karl Storz, Tuttlingen. The alterations caused on the vocal cords were investigated endoscopically and morphologically. It was proved that a laser induced lesion at a high dosage (55 W over 6 sec or 9 sec resp.) is capable to lead to a destruction of a carcinoma infiltrating into the vocal cord body.", "contents": "[Laser surgery of the vocal cord. Clinical investigations with a view to treating small circumscribed carcinomas of the larynx (author's transl)]. It is reported on endolaryngel laser irradiation prior to operation, carried out, with varied dosage, on tumour-free areas of vocal cords of patients with larynx carcinoma. In these instances, the Nd:YAG-Laser MediLas (Messrs. MBB) with flexible light delivery, which we already used in earlier tests, was, for the first time, furnished with a laser endoscope--a special construction by Messrs. Karl Storz, Tuttlingen. The alterations caused on the vocal cords were investigated endoscopically and morphologically. It was proved that a laser induced lesion at a high dosage (55 W over 6 sec or 9 sec resp.) is capable to lead to a destruction of a carcinoma infiltrating into the vocal cord body.", "PMID": 651493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5138", "title": "[Laryngeal leukoplakias (author's transl)].", "content": "A histologic and cytologic classification of laryngeal dysplastic leukoplakias is described. The basic knowledge has been gained by the experience in the diagnosis of portio-carcinoma. Histologic and cytologic illustrations of different dysplastic stages are shown. The final classification including the clinical description is achieved by cytology and histology.", "contents": "[Laryngeal leukoplakias (author's transl)]. A histologic and cytologic classification of laryngeal dysplastic leukoplakias is described. The basic knowledge has been gained by the experience in the diagnosis of portio-carcinoma. Histologic and cytologic illustrations of different dysplastic stages are shown. The final classification including the clinical description is achieved by cytology and histology.", "PMID": 651494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5139", "title": "[Faults in operations as the nasal spine and the anterior parts of the septum (author's transl)].", "content": "The nasal spine and the anterior part of the septal cartilage are problematic parts for surgery. Technical faults in this region have not only poor functional results, they are also followed by dropping of the nasal tip and by unfavourable changes of the profile line of the face. This article shows some typical faults and their effects on the exterior picture of the nose. The principles for the reconstruction of the spine and the anterior septum are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Faults in operations as the nasal spine and the anterior parts of the septum (author's transl)]. The nasal spine and the anterior part of the septal cartilage are problematic parts for surgery. Technical faults in this region have not only poor functional results, they are also followed by dropping of the nasal tip and by unfavourable changes of the profile line of the face. This article shows some typical faults and their effects on the exterior picture of the nose. The principles for the reconstruction of the spine and the anterior septum are demonstrated.", "PMID": 651495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5140", "title": "[Histomorphology and resorption of longtime-implanted cartilage chips conserved in merthiolat in rhinoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "A histological study is presented on 18 cartilage grafts, conserved in Merthiolat TM, which had been implanted for reconstruction of the caudal border of the nose for time periods of 1 month up to 11 years. These cartilage graft preparations were compared to non graft cartilage from patients died in an age of 37, 51 and 53 years respectively. Our findings show that cartilage grafts are eroded from the edge by resorption granulations of the host. Besides resorption one case showed purulent chondritis and another one osteoneogenesis. The extent of the erosion and the resorption rate seem to depend strongly on the original quality of the cartilage graft. This is possibly due to degenerative focuses which could be found in all of the natural cartilage preparations. After our opinion these focuses regarded like \"loci minoris resistentiae\". Therefore cartilage material to be used for rhinoplasty ought to be checked for such degenerative focuses.", "contents": "[Histomorphology and resorption of longtime-implanted cartilage chips conserved in merthiolat in rhinoplasty (author's transl)]. A histological study is presented on 18 cartilage grafts, conserved in Merthiolat TM, which had been implanted for reconstruction of the caudal border of the nose for time periods of 1 month up to 11 years. These cartilage graft preparations were compared to non graft cartilage from patients died in an age of 37, 51 and 53 years respectively. Our findings show that cartilage grafts are eroded from the edge by resorption granulations of the host. Besides resorption one case showed purulent chondritis and another one osteoneogenesis. The extent of the erosion and the resorption rate seem to depend strongly on the original quality of the cartilage graft. This is possibly due to degenerative focuses which could be found in all of the natural cartilage preparations. After our opinion these focuses regarded like \"loci minoris resistentiae\". Therefore cartilage material to be used for rhinoplasty ought to be checked for such degenerative focuses.", "PMID": 651496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5141", "title": "[Frequency specific information retrieved from compound action potentials--model investigations and clinical results (author's transl)].", "content": "It is the aim of electrochleographic assessments to determine with sufficient accuracy the hearing threshold in the frequency range usually covered by subjective audiometric investigations. An optimal result would be an \"objective\" audiogram comparable to the subjective one. In the present paper, difficulties and limits which are arising during the retrieval of frequency specific information from compound action potentials are demonstrated on the basis of model experiments. In connection with these experiments a new approach is demonstrated which is based on the reverse process of the physiological formation of the compound action potential. As a result of this method, the excitation pattern at the level of primary auditory neurons is obtained. The efficiency of this technique is shown by means of model simulations as well as by processing derived action potentials recorded from normal hearing subjects.", "contents": "[Frequency specific information retrieved from compound action potentials--model investigations and clinical results (author's transl)]. It is the aim of electrochleographic assessments to determine with sufficient accuracy the hearing threshold in the frequency range usually covered by subjective audiometric investigations. An optimal result would be an \"objective\" audiogram comparable to the subjective one. In the present paper, difficulties and limits which are arising during the retrieval of frequency specific information from compound action potentials are demonstrated on the basis of model experiments. In connection with these experiments a new approach is demonstrated which is based on the reverse process of the physiological formation of the compound action potential. As a result of this method, the excitation pattern at the level of primary auditory neurons is obtained. The efficiency of this technique is shown by means of model simulations as well as by processing derived action potentials recorded from normal hearing subjects.", "PMID": 651498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5142", "title": "[Results of therapy in cases of tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in relation to different tumor classifications (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary findings in 128 patients with malignancies of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses were classified by 4 tumor classifications. The survival times and the rates of recurrences in relation to the stage of tumor were compared. Mostly cancers of advanced stages T3 and T4 with bad prognosis were treated: only 35% of the examined patients survived longer than 5 years. There was no obvious difference in the results of therapy in tumor cases T3 and T4 in relation to the different tumor classifications.", "contents": "[Results of therapy in cases of tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in relation to different tumor classifications (author's transl)]. The primary findings in 128 patients with malignancies of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses were classified by 4 tumor classifications. The survival times and the rates of recurrences in relation to the stage of tumor were compared. Mostly cancers of advanced stages T3 and T4 with bad prognosis were treated: only 35% of the examined patients survived longer than 5 years. There was no obvious difference in the results of therapy in tumor cases T3 and T4 in relation to the different tumor classifications.", "PMID": 651499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5143", "title": "Multiple congenital hemangiopericytomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor arising from contractile cells, the pericyte of Zimmermann. The neoplasms most frequently involve deep musculature; however, 16% occur in the head and neck region. The case presented here represents the rare occurrence of multiple congenital hemangiopericytoma of the head and neck. In older patients, these rather poorly differentiated tumors recur locally after excision in 50%-80% of cases depending on the organ site involved. Distant metastasis to lung or bone may follow. Congenital hemangiopericytomas appear to follow a more benign clinical course, possibly due to a more superficial location and a tendency to transform into hemangioendotheliomas. Recommended treatment is wide local excision and long-term follow-up.", "contents": "Multiple congenital hemangiopericytomas of the head and neck. Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor arising from contractile cells, the pericyte of Zimmermann. The neoplasms most frequently involve deep musculature; however, 16% occur in the head and neck region. The case presented here represents the rare occurrence of multiple congenital hemangiopericytoma of the head and neck. In older patients, these rather poorly differentiated tumors recur locally after excision in 50%-80% of cases depending on the organ site involved. Distant metastasis to lung or bone may follow. Congenital hemangiopericytomas appear to follow a more benign clinical course, possibly due to a more superficial location and a tendency to transform into hemangioendotheliomas. Recommended treatment is wide local excision and long-term follow-up.", "PMID": 651500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5144", "title": "Carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Aspects on treatment modalities with reference to a study on patients treated by irradiation.", "content": "Irradiation is the most common form of treatment of tonsillar region carcinomas in Scandinavia. During recent years, encouraging results have been reported when surgery has been performed. Therefore, an effort was made to compare different treatment principles on the basis of a study on patients treated by irradiation. This retrospective study comprised 37 patients over a 20-year period. The relative 5-year survival was 33%. Most of the patients died in the next two years after diagnosis. Seventy-three percent of the patients initially had signs of regional metastasis. Hardly 20% of these were still alive after 5 years, while patients without evidence of metastasis had a 5-year survival of 50%. Neither the size, nor the histopathological features of the primary tumor seemed to affect the incidence of regional metastasis. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis, however, seemed to influence prognosis. Surgical consideration alone, or in combination with irradiation, should be made in cases with large primary tumor with regional lymph node involvement. In other cases, however, there was no evidence suggesting surgery as a better form of therapy than irradiation alone.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Aspects on treatment modalities with reference to a study on patients treated by irradiation. Irradiation is the most common form of treatment of tonsillar region carcinomas in Scandinavia. During recent years, encouraging results have been reported when surgery has been performed. Therefore, an effort was made to compare different treatment principles on the basis of a study on patients treated by irradiation. This retrospective study comprised 37 patients over a 20-year period. The relative 5-year survival was 33%. Most of the patients died in the next two years after diagnosis. Seventy-three percent of the patients initially had signs of regional metastasis. Hardly 20% of these were still alive after 5 years, while patients without evidence of metastasis had a 5-year survival of 50%. Neither the size, nor the histopathological features of the primary tumor seemed to affect the incidence of regional metastasis. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis, however, seemed to influence prognosis. Surgical consideration alone, or in combination with irradiation, should be made in cases with large primary tumor with regional lymph node involvement. In other cases, however, there was no evidence suggesting surgery as a better form of therapy than irradiation alone.", "PMID": 651501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5145", "title": "Use of plastipore for ossicular chain reconstruction: an evaluation.", "content": "With the exception of stapes prostheses, previous use of implantable alloplastic materials in reconstructing the sound conducting mechanism in middle ear surgery has been uniformly unsuccessful. A new material composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene has been developed as a replacement for middle ear ossicles. This implant, called the Plastipore total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP), and the Plastipore drum to the stapes prosthesis were inserted in 87 patients, all of whom had a long history of extensive middle ear disease and/or surgery. One TORP patient was lost to follow-up. The overall average hearing gain was 14.8 db. The overall follow-up was 12.4 months with a range of from 3 to 25 months. Eleven of the 15 patients receiving the drum-to-stapes prosthesis had hearing gain; 55 of 71 patients receiving the TORP had hearing gain. Eight prostheses were extruded. Nine patients had no improvement in hearing. Eight patients had subsequent decrease in hearing after initial gains. All ears are now dry and aerated. Early evaluation appears to demonstrate that the Plastipore prosthesis shows promise for use in difficult reconstructive middle ear problems.", "contents": "Use of plastipore for ossicular chain reconstruction: an evaluation. With the exception of stapes prostheses, previous use of implantable alloplastic materials in reconstructing the sound conducting mechanism in middle ear surgery has been uniformly unsuccessful. A new material composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene has been developed as a replacement for middle ear ossicles. This implant, called the Plastipore total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP), and the Plastipore drum to the stapes prosthesis were inserted in 87 patients, all of whom had a long history of extensive middle ear disease and/or surgery. One TORP patient was lost to follow-up. The overall average hearing gain was 14.8 db. The overall follow-up was 12.4 months with a range of from 3 to 25 months. Eleven of the 15 patients receiving the drum-to-stapes prosthesis had hearing gain; 55 of 71 patients receiving the TORP had hearing gain. Eight prostheses were extruded. Nine patients had no improvement in hearing. Eight patients had subsequent decrease in hearing after initial gains. All ears are now dry and aerated. Early evaluation appears to demonstrate that the Plastipore prosthesis shows promise for use in difficult reconstructive middle ear problems.", "PMID": 651502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5146", "title": "Neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.", "content": "The authors have experimentally performed neurorrhaphy and its modifications and nerve grafting with end-to-end anastomosis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in dogs. Recovery of a neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve resulted in the bizarre and spasmodic movement of the vocal cords. These effects were recorded by means of electromyography and 16 mm cinematography to demonstrate restoration of nerve muscle function and vocal cord movements. From these results, it was concluded that these single modes were not adequate for restoration of laryngeal function, however, some specific attention is given to a few trophic changes of the affected muscles after a period of ten months postoperative.", "contents": "Neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The authors have experimentally performed neurorrhaphy and its modifications and nerve grafting with end-to-end anastomosis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in dogs. Recovery of a neurorrhaphy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve resulted in the bizarre and spasmodic movement of the vocal cords. These effects were recorded by means of electromyography and 16 mm cinematography to demonstrate restoration of nerve muscle function and vocal cord movements. From these results, it was concluded that these single modes were not adequate for restoration of laryngeal function, however, some specific attention is given to a few trophic changes of the affected muscles after a period of ten months postoperative.", "PMID": 651503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5147", "title": "Tympanoplasty: cartilage prostheses--a report of 564 cases.", "content": "We reviewed 564 tympanoplasties operated upon over an eight year period at the Otologic Medical Group in which tragal cartilage was used to re-establish the sound pressure transfer mechanism. Eighty-six percent of the cases were revisions, and half of these were planned second stage procedures. In the majority of cases the stapes crural arch was missing. The conductive deficit in these cases was reduced to 20 db or less in 67% and 10 db or less in 40%. The commonest single cause of failure was a short prosthesis. There were no instances of cartilage resorption. Extrusion occurred in one case. Tragal cartilage has been more satisfactory than ossicular tissue in many situations. Recently we have been using plastic prosthesis (TORP and PORP) in combination with tragal cartilage and believe that the results will be even better.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty: cartilage prostheses--a report of 564 cases. We reviewed 564 tympanoplasties operated upon over an eight year period at the Otologic Medical Group in which tragal cartilage was used to re-establish the sound pressure transfer mechanism. Eighty-six percent of the cases were revisions, and half of these were planned second stage procedures. In the majority of cases the stapes crural arch was missing. The conductive deficit in these cases was reduced to 20 db or less in 67% and 10 db or less in 40%. The commonest single cause of failure was a short prosthesis. There were no instances of cartilage resorption. Extrusion occurred in one case. Tragal cartilage has been more satisfactory than ossicular tissue in many situations. Recently we have been using plastic prosthesis (TORP and PORP) in combination with tragal cartilage and believe that the results will be even better.", "PMID": 651506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5148", "title": "Surgery of the skull base.", "content": "Tumors involving the base of the skull are often occult and may become quite large before detection is possible. Symptomology varies depending upon the nature of the tumor and its placement. These neoplasms have frequently been considered inoperable simply because of their location, but in recent years microsurgical technique and high speed air drills have allowed the modern temporal bone surgeon to gain improved access to the skull base. A wide variety of surgical approaches to tumors in this area have been described in the past 20 years: translabyrinthine, middle fossa, transcochlear, retrolabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, transpalatal-transclival, and through the jugular bulb. The purpose of this paper is to review the indications, complications, and results of each of these procedures in relation to specific tumors involving the skull base. Case reports illustrate the diagnosis and surgical management of a variety of unusual neoplasms, including an extradural meningioma of the temporal bone and clivus, a low grade squamous cell carcinoma on the tegmen in a radical cavity, a large primary cholesteatoma, an osteoblastoma of the temporal and occipital bones, an XIth nerve neuroma in the jugular bulb area, and an osseous hemangioma involving the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion.", "contents": "Surgery of the skull base. Tumors involving the base of the skull are often occult and may become quite large before detection is possible. Symptomology varies depending upon the nature of the tumor and its placement. These neoplasms have frequently been considered inoperable simply because of their location, but in recent years microsurgical technique and high speed air drills have allowed the modern temporal bone surgeon to gain improved access to the skull base. A wide variety of surgical approaches to tumors in this area have been described in the past 20 years: translabyrinthine, middle fossa, transcochlear, retrolabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, transpalatal-transclival, and through the jugular bulb. The purpose of this paper is to review the indications, complications, and results of each of these procedures in relation to specific tumors involving the skull base. Case reports illustrate the diagnosis and surgical management of a variety of unusual neoplasms, including an extradural meningioma of the temporal bone and clivus, a low grade squamous cell carcinoma on the tegmen in a radical cavity, a large primary cholesteatoma, an osteoblastoma of the temporal and occipital bones, an XIth nerve neuroma in the jugular bulb area, and an osseous hemangioma involving the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion.", "PMID": 651507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5149", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase levels in nasal turbinate congestion.", "content": "In a previous communication, one of the authors discussed prolonged congestion of the turbinates following nasal surgery. The clinical factors responsible were allergy or the traumatic effects of nasal packing on the turbinates. A study of turbinate function was done to find the factor responsible for this congestion. Biopsies of an inferior turbinate were obtained preoperatively and two weeks after surgery. The specimens were examined for the level of acetylcholinesterase by histochemical assay and were also studied by examining sections histologically. In the majority of cases, the level of acetylcholinesterase fell with the appearance of congestion and rose when the turbinates returned to normal. These results suggest a connection between turbinate congestion and levels of tissue acetylcholinesterase in the presence of inflammation or allergy.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase levels in nasal turbinate congestion. In a previous communication, one of the authors discussed prolonged congestion of the turbinates following nasal surgery. The clinical factors responsible were allergy or the traumatic effects of nasal packing on the turbinates. A study of turbinate function was done to find the factor responsible for this congestion. Biopsies of an inferior turbinate were obtained preoperatively and two weeks after surgery. The specimens were examined for the level of acetylcholinesterase by histochemical assay and were also studied by examining sections histologically. In the majority of cases, the level of acetylcholinesterase fell with the appearance of congestion and rose when the turbinates returned to normal. These results suggest a connection between turbinate congestion and levels of tissue acetylcholinesterase in the presence of inflammation or allergy.", "PMID": 651508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5150", "title": "What every otolaryngologist should know about hearing aids.", "content": "The otolaryngologist does not have to fit hearing aids, but he does have to know with a broad encompassing view what is being done by the hearing aid dispenser and the audiologist in regards to hearing aid fitting and selection. The acquisition of a hearing aid is part of the general care for the hard of hearing. In this particular case, the otolaryngologist should always be the \"Captain of the Ship.\" With him, as paramedical advisors and assistors, are the audiologist and the hearing aid dispenser. The ultimate responsibility of the members of this team to see that the patient is properly fitted and cared for is with the otolaryngologist. When problems exist with improper diagnosis or care, the medical-legal responsibility falls on the shoulders of the otolaryngologist. Having an audiologist work with the otolaryngologist is most desirable for the measurement and recommendations for the hearing aid. The new FDA regulations require an otolaryngologic examination prior to fitting hearing aids, except for personal and religious reasons. Children under 18 years of age require both a medical and audiologic examination. To simplify conversation with other members of this team, one should have some basic concepts clarified: 1) The nature of a hearing aid. 2) The concepts and nomenclature used in and for probably 90% of all descriptions regarding hearing aids. 3) Types of aids. 4) Coupling methods which involve ear molds, tubes, vents, and inserts. 5) Types of fittings, whether cross, bi-cross, monaural, etc. 6) Distortion. 7) Measurements. 8) Problems in fitting of hearing aids. It is reasonable to assume that adequate background in these simple basic concepts regarding hearing aids will permit the otolaryngologist to supervise and understand the nature of some of the complaints made by patients. It is totally desirable that a patient be seen by an otolaryngologist prior to being fit with a hearing aid. This can be accomplished by education of the public by the otolaryngologist.", "contents": "What every otolaryngologist should know about hearing aids. The otolaryngologist does not have to fit hearing aids, but he does have to know with a broad encompassing view what is being done by the hearing aid dispenser and the audiologist in regards to hearing aid fitting and selection. The acquisition of a hearing aid is part of the general care for the hard of hearing. In this particular case, the otolaryngologist should always be the \"Captain of the Ship.\" With him, as paramedical advisors and assistors, are the audiologist and the hearing aid dispenser. The ultimate responsibility of the members of this team to see that the patient is properly fitted and cared for is with the otolaryngologist. When problems exist with improper diagnosis or care, the medical-legal responsibility falls on the shoulders of the otolaryngologist. Having an audiologist work with the otolaryngologist is most desirable for the measurement and recommendations for the hearing aid. The new FDA regulations require an otolaryngologic examination prior to fitting hearing aids, except for personal and religious reasons. Children under 18 years of age require both a medical and audiologic examination. To simplify conversation with other members of this team, one should have some basic concepts clarified: 1) The nature of a hearing aid. 2) The concepts and nomenclature used in and for probably 90% of all descriptions regarding hearing aids. 3) Types of aids. 4) Coupling methods which involve ear molds, tubes, vents, and inserts. 5) Types of fittings, whether cross, bi-cross, monaural, etc. 6) Distortion. 7) Measurements. 8) Problems in fitting of hearing aids. It is reasonable to assume that adequate background in these simple basic concepts regarding hearing aids will permit the otolaryngologist to supervise and understand the nature of some of the complaints made by patients. It is totally desirable that a patient be seen by an otolaryngologist prior to being fit with a hearing aid. This can be accomplished by education of the public by the otolaryngologist.", "PMID": 651509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5151", "title": "Symposium on hearing loss--the otolaryngologist's responsibility. Medical management of hearing loss.", "content": "Millions of Americans suffer hearing loss resulting in immense social and economic consequences. Hearing loss is merely a symptom or sign and the evaluation and management of afflicted individuals requires a thorough knowledge of etiologic factors and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Hearing loss is either conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. It may be congenital or delayed in onset, genetic or progressive or stable. Specific diagnosis should be sought in all cases with the objective being reversal of the hearing loss. Often definitive therapy is lacking yet prevention of progression, when possible; recognition of associated disorders, when present; compensation for disability, when applicable; epidemiologic study; genetic and psycho-social counseling; and habilitation and rehabilitation may still be initiated. A vigorous approach to the patient with hearing loss should be championed by the otolaryngologist.", "contents": "Symposium on hearing loss--the otolaryngologist's responsibility. Medical management of hearing loss. Millions of Americans suffer hearing loss resulting in immense social and economic consequences. Hearing loss is merely a symptom or sign and the evaluation and management of afflicted individuals requires a thorough knowledge of etiologic factors and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Hearing loss is either conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. It may be congenital or delayed in onset, genetic or progressive or stable. Specific diagnosis should be sought in all cases with the objective being reversal of the hearing loss. Often definitive therapy is lacking yet prevention of progression, when possible; recognition of associated disorders, when present; compensation for disability, when applicable; epidemiologic study; genetic and psycho-social counseling; and habilitation and rehabilitation may still be initiated. A vigorous approach to the patient with hearing loss should be championed by the otolaryngologist.", "PMID": 651512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5152", "title": "Sympsium on hearing loss--the otolaryngologist's responsibility. Habilitation and rehabilitation of patients with sensorineural hearing losses.", "content": "A philosophy of the (re)habilitation of patients with sensorineural hearing losses from a communication point of view is presented. Pediatric and adult populations are discussed separately. Topics of consideration for pediatric patients include the appropriate use of amplification, team management of the hearing handicap, educational placement and the importance of parent counseling. The discussion of the management of adult patients reviews some problems in hearing aid fitting, patient counseling and appropriate case follow-up. The guiding principle behind these (re)habilitation processes is the integration of the hearing-impaired patient into a hearing world.", "contents": "Sympsium on hearing loss--the otolaryngologist's responsibility. Habilitation and rehabilitation of patients with sensorineural hearing losses. A philosophy of the (re)habilitation of patients with sensorineural hearing losses from a communication point of view is presented. Pediatric and adult populations are discussed separately. Topics of consideration for pediatric patients include the appropriate use of amplification, team management of the hearing handicap, educational placement and the importance of parent counseling. The discussion of the management of adult patients reviews some problems in hearing aid fitting, patient counseling and appropriate case follow-up. The guiding principle behind these (re)habilitation processes is the integration of the hearing-impaired patient into a hearing world.", "PMID": 651513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5153", "title": "Closure of tympanic membrane perforations by the use of fat.", "content": "Otologists have attempted to close tympanic membrane perforations for 300 years. It has been in the past 25 years that closure with autograft materials has been consistently successful. Homografts have been successful for the past 10 years. One of the autograft materials, ear lobe fat, has been in use for the past 15 years. Over this period 65 patients have been reviewed. This report reviews the literature, explains the technique and summarizes the results as to hearing, graft mobility and graft survival.", "contents": "Closure of tympanic membrane perforations by the use of fat. Otologists have attempted to close tympanic membrane perforations for 300 years. It has been in the past 25 years that closure with autograft materials has been consistently successful. Homografts have been successful for the past 10 years. One of the autograft materials, ear lobe fat, has been in use for the past 15 years. Over this period 65 patients have been reviewed. This report reviews the literature, explains the technique and summarizes the results as to hearing, graft mobility and graft survival.", "PMID": 651515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5154", "title": "Acute epiglottitis: intubation versus tracheostomy.", "content": "Acute epiglottitis is a disease with significant mortality. The patient, usually an otherwise healthy pre-school child, develops a sore throat and muffled voice from swollen supraglottic structures, and may progress rapidly to respiratory arrest. Early diagnosis and airway maintenance can prevent these fatalities. Whether to secure an airway by tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation is the subject of much discussion. Nineteen series totalling 738 cases of epiglottitis plus 11 new cases are reviewed. These patients were treated as follows: Tracheostomy = 348 (3 deaths - 0.86%); Endotracheal intubation = 216 (2 deaths - 0.92%); medical management with no artificial airway = 214 (13 deaths - 6.1%). The difference in morbidity and mortality between tracheostomy or nasotracheal intubation is so slight that the choice should be determined by local factors. Medical management with no artificial airway should not be used in children.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis: intubation versus tracheostomy. Acute epiglottitis is a disease with significant mortality. The patient, usually an otherwise healthy pre-school child, develops a sore throat and muffled voice from swollen supraglottic structures, and may progress rapidly to respiratory arrest. Early diagnosis and airway maintenance can prevent these fatalities. Whether to secure an airway by tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation is the subject of much discussion. Nineteen series totalling 738 cases of epiglottitis plus 11 new cases are reviewed. These patients were treated as follows: Tracheostomy = 348 (3 deaths - 0.86%); Endotracheal intubation = 216 (2 deaths - 0.92%); medical management with no artificial airway = 214 (13 deaths - 6.1%). The difference in morbidity and mortality between tracheostomy or nasotracheal intubation is so slight that the choice should be determined by local factors. Medical management with no artificial airway should not be used in children.", "PMID": 651516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5155", "title": "Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. An investigation of Hunnemannia fumariaefolia pseudoalcoholates of sanguinarine and chelerythrine.", "content": "The antimicrobial activity seen in extracts of Hunnemmania fumariaefolia S. resides in the alkaloids. The activity seen in the non-polar fractions had been shown by chromatography, physicochemical measurements, and comparisons with authentic samples to be due to apparently artifactual formation of the pseudomethanolates and pseudoethanolates of the alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine, which are abundant in the plant. The enhanced potency of the pseudoalcoholates of sanguinarine over the parent benzophenanthridine is discussed in comparison with the in vitro biopotencies of other analogs prepared for the purpose. It appears that the pseudoalcoholates may be useful prodrugs.", "contents": "Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. An investigation of Hunnemannia fumariaefolia pseudoalcoholates of sanguinarine and chelerythrine. The antimicrobial activity seen in extracts of Hunnemmania fumariaefolia S. resides in the alkaloids. The activity seen in the non-polar fractions had been shown by chromatography, physicochemical measurements, and comparisons with authentic samples to be due to apparently artifactual formation of the pseudomethanolates and pseudoethanolates of the alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine, which are abundant in the plant. The enhanced potency of the pseudoalcoholates of sanguinarine over the parent benzophenanthridine is discussed in comparison with the in vitro biopotencies of other analogs prepared for the purpose. It appears that the pseudoalcoholates may be useful prodrugs.", "PMID": 651561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5156", "title": "Antimicrobial activities of constituents of Uvaria chamae.", "content": "The antimicrobial activities of a number of cytotoxic C-benzylated flavonoids from Uvaria chamae have been determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of these flavonoids and certain of their derivatives against Straphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis compare favorably with those of streptomycin sulfate.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activities of constituents of Uvaria chamae. The antimicrobial activities of a number of cytotoxic C-benzylated flavonoids from Uvaria chamae have been determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of these flavonoids and certain of their derivatives against Straphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis compare favorably with those of streptomycin sulfate.", "PMID": 651562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5157", "title": "[Reproduction of the volume of biological objects by foreshortened roentgenograms].", "content": "The processing of a set of foreshortening roentgenograms by optico-holographic methods has been effected, its purpose being to obtain a three-dimensional image in a broad range of viewing angles. At the same time, the cross-sections of an object were synthetized by using an optical variant ofthe method providing for the synthesis of projecting functions and optical filtration of the synthetized image. The resolution power of the methods described is assessed.", "contents": "[Reproduction of the volume of biological objects by foreshortened roentgenograms]. The processing of a set of foreshortening roentgenograms by optico-holographic methods has been effected, its purpose being to obtain a three-dimensional image in a broad range of viewing angles. At the same time, the cross-sections of an object were synthetized by using an optical variant ofthe method providing for the synthesis of projecting functions and optical filtration of the synthetized image. The resolution power of the methods described is assessed.", "PMID": 651578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5158", "title": "[Automated complex for registering and analysing evoked potentials of the human auditory system].", "content": "A complex setup for diagnosing affections involving the auditory system of man is described. The algorhythm of the setup functioning is depicted in detail, its main task consisting in segregation of the signal produced by the potential from the noise--the background activity of the human brain cortex. The functioning of the complex setup in dynamics by following the given algorhythm is shown.", "contents": "[Automated complex for registering and analysing evoked potentials of the human auditory system]. A complex setup for diagnosing affections involving the auditory system of man is described. The algorhythm of the setup functioning is depicted in detail, its main task consisting in segregation of the signal produced by the potential from the noise--the background activity of the human brain cortex. The functioning of the complex setup in dynamics by following the given algorhythm is shown.", "PMID": 651579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5159", "title": "[Cryogenic technic in gynecological practice].", "content": "Two units with different refrigerants and cooling temperature are recommended for treating various gynecological affections by the method of cryodestruction of pathological changes in the cervical tissue and the uterine mucosa. In these liquid nitrogen, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are employed as refrigerants.", "contents": "[Cryogenic technic in gynecological practice]. Two units with different refrigerants and cooling temperature are recommended for treating various gynecological affections by the method of cryodestruction of pathological changes in the cervical tissue and the uterine mucosa. In these liquid nitrogen, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are employed as refrigerants.", "PMID": 651580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5160", "title": "[Medical equipment at the Leipzig Fall Fair of 1977].", "content": "An analysis of the most interesting exponents of the Leipzig autumn fair of 1977 served as a groundwork for an attempt to outline the major orientation and trends in the development of the biomedical engineering. The advantages of the functional units method of designing are taken notice of on an example of some groups of devices manufactured both in the countries members of the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance and in western countries. Emphasis is placed on the good prospects offered by medical devices for ultrasonic location of the heart with the type M scanning, of the X-ray units intended for solving concrete diagnostic objectives within a narrow branch of medicine (apparatus for mammography, for use in urology, etc). Particular attention is paid to the medical equipment utilizing the elements of computer technique, in the form of built-in units and also in that of complex setups in which small computers ensure the most effective realization of the diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "[Medical equipment at the Leipzig Fall Fair of 1977]. An analysis of the most interesting exponents of the Leipzig autumn fair of 1977 served as a groundwork for an attempt to outline the major orientation and trends in the development of the biomedical engineering. The advantages of the functional units method of designing are taken notice of on an example of some groups of devices manufactured both in the countries members of the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance and in western countries. Emphasis is placed on the good prospects offered by medical devices for ultrasonic location of the heart with the type M scanning, of the X-ray units intended for solving concrete diagnostic objectives within a narrow branch of medicine (apparatus for mammography, for use in urology, etc). Particular attention is paid to the medical equipment utilizing the elements of computer technique, in the form of built-in units and also in that of complex setups in which small computers ensure the most effective realization of the diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 651582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5161", "title": "[Microfluorimeter for biomedical research].", "content": "A new microfluorimeter built on the basis of the fluorescence microscope scheme is described. The study object is illuminated on the reading side. The device is highly sensitive and allows small amounts of fluorescent agents to be investigated. The microfluorimeter has been used to study the absorptive activity of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Microfluorimeter for biomedical research]. A new microfluorimeter built on the basis of the fluorescence microscope scheme is described. The study object is illuminated on the reading side. The device is highly sensitive and allows small amounts of fluorescent agents to be investigated. The microfluorimeter has been used to study the absorptive activity of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 651585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5162", "title": "[Pressure distribution on the surface of the cut-off elements of artificial heart valves].", "content": "With hydroaerodynamic investigations into pressure distribution on the surface of blocking components in artificial cardiac valves in the shape of a sphere, semisphere, lens and a disc opening at an angle serving as a basis a quantitative evaluation of the arrangement for the flow separation, evacuation peak regions and congestion zones is given. The highest velocity, greatest evacuation and shear stress occur in a flow-past of a valve having a shape of the lens. The disc valve opening at an angle, as concerns its hydrodynamic characteristics, is superior to the valves of all the other designs considered in the present work.", "contents": "[Pressure distribution on the surface of the cut-off elements of artificial heart valves]. With hydroaerodynamic investigations into pressure distribution on the surface of blocking components in artificial cardiac valves in the shape of a sphere, semisphere, lens and a disc opening at an angle serving as a basis a quantitative evaluation of the arrangement for the flow separation, evacuation peak regions and congestion zones is given. The highest velocity, greatest evacuation and shear stress occur in a flow-past of a valve having a shape of the lens. The disc valve opening at an angle, as concerns its hydrodynamic characteristics, is superior to the valves of all the other designs considered in the present work.", "PMID": 651592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5163", "title": "Plasma concentrations and tissue uptake of free amino acids in dogs in sepsis and starvation: effects of glucose infusion--some effects of low alimentation.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of substrates, together with transhepatic and transgut balances, have been studied in six control and eight septic awake fasted dogs. Four severely ill septic dogs (typically fluid in chest and/or abdomen, extensive peritonitis, respiratory difficulties) had high concentrations of threonine, glycine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, tryptophan, and triglycerides (p less than or equal to 0.05). The other septic dogs (less severely ill) showed fewer and less pronounced alterations in the plasma substrates (aspartate and tryptophan were elevated, p less than or equal to 0.05). The infusion of glucose increased the concentration of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate and depressed the concentrations of most amino acids in both normal and septic dogs. Threonine, asparagine, glutamine, leucine, isoleucine, alpha-aminobutyrate, and tyrosine were significantly depressed in the severely ill septic dogs (p less than or equal to 0.05). In the normal dogs most amino acids were removed by the liver, with alanine accounting for approximately 40% of the total. Glutamine removal was negligible. In the septic dogs hepatic removal of amino acids was variable; livers of two severely ill septic dogs did not remove amino acids. In the control dogs glucose infusion (0.015--0.017 g/kg/min) tended to lower hepatic removal of amino acids. Hepatic dye removal in the septic dogs was always very poor. In the gut glutamine was removed and alanine, glutamate, glycine, and ammonia produced, but the overall sum of amino acid uptake was negligible in both the control and septic dogs. The ratio of tryptophan to the sum of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine concentrations was greatly elevated in all septic dogs in which it was measured. The free concentrations of amino acids in the liver, heart, and muscle tissues were grossly elevated in the low intravenous alimented septic state relative to the fasted normal state, whereas the tissue concentrative ability as measured by nonmetabolizable amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyrate and cycloleucine, was not similarly increased. Sepsis clearly alters plasma and tissue concentrations, and in some instances hepatic uptake of amino acids.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations and tissue uptake of free amino acids in dogs in sepsis and starvation: effects of glucose infusion--some effects of low alimentation. The plasma concentrations of substrates, together with transhepatic and transgut balances, have been studied in six control and eight septic awake fasted dogs. Four severely ill septic dogs (typically fluid in chest and/or abdomen, extensive peritonitis, respiratory difficulties) had high concentrations of threonine, glycine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, tryptophan, and triglycerides (p less than or equal to 0.05). The other septic dogs (less severely ill) showed fewer and less pronounced alterations in the plasma substrates (aspartate and tryptophan were elevated, p less than or equal to 0.05). The infusion of glucose increased the concentration of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate and depressed the concentrations of most amino acids in both normal and septic dogs. Threonine, asparagine, glutamine, leucine, isoleucine, alpha-aminobutyrate, and tyrosine were significantly depressed in the severely ill septic dogs (p less than or equal to 0.05). In the normal dogs most amino acids were removed by the liver, with alanine accounting for approximately 40% of the total. Glutamine removal was negligible. In the septic dogs hepatic removal of amino acids was variable; livers of two severely ill septic dogs did not remove amino acids. In the control dogs glucose infusion (0.015--0.017 g/kg/min) tended to lower hepatic removal of amino acids. Hepatic dye removal in the septic dogs was always very poor. In the gut glutamine was removed and alanine, glutamate, glycine, and ammonia produced, but the overall sum of amino acid uptake was negligible in both the control and septic dogs. The ratio of tryptophan to the sum of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine concentrations was greatly elevated in all septic dogs in which it was measured. The free concentrations of amino acids in the liver, heart, and muscle tissues were grossly elevated in the low intravenous alimented septic state relative to the fasted normal state, whereas the tissue concentrative ability as measured by nonmetabolizable amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyrate and cycloleucine, was not similarly increased. Sepsis clearly alters plasma and tissue concentrations, and in some instances hepatic uptake of amino acids.", "PMID": 651652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5164", "title": "Initial splanchnic extraction of ingested glucose in normal man.", "content": "Estimates of initial splanchnic uptake of ingested glucose and the concomitant suppression of endogenous glucose production were obtained in man by validated tracer techniques for non--steady-state turnover measurement. Nine normal volunteers (18--44 yr old) fasted overnight received intravenous infusions of tracer (3-3H-glucose or 1-14C-glucose) and a low (45 +/- 1 g) or high (96 +/- 5 g) oral load of glucose labeled with an alternative tracer (1-14C-glucose or 2-2H-glucose). A two-compartment model was used to derive rates of peripheral appearance (Ra) of glucose from all sources (total) and the Ra of ingested glucose. Ra (total glucose) and Ra (ingested glucose) were integrated from the first appearance of ingested glucose until the basal Ra (total glucose) or 116 +/- 6 (SEM) mg/min was reattained. The total amount of glucose reaching the systemic pool in this time was 95 +/- 4 g and 46 +/- 3 g with high and low doses, respectively. Of these quantities 86 +/- 4 g and 40 +/- 3 g originated in the oral glucose, representing 90% +/- 4% of the administered glucose. The remainder (11% +/- 2% of the total) represented endogenous production, suppressed by 66% +/- 6% relative to basal. Sequestration of ingested glucose and subsequent release did not take place during the study since identical results were obtained with ingested 1-14C-glucose or 2-3H-glucose. The latter label would have been lost if the glucose had entered the hexose--phosphate pool. Thus, in normal man approximately 90% of an ingested glucose load is absorbed and passes through the liver to appear in the systemic pool.", "contents": "Initial splanchnic extraction of ingested glucose in normal man. Estimates of initial splanchnic uptake of ingested glucose and the concomitant suppression of endogenous glucose production were obtained in man by validated tracer techniques for non--steady-state turnover measurement. Nine normal volunteers (18--44 yr old) fasted overnight received intravenous infusions of tracer (3-3H-glucose or 1-14C-glucose) and a low (45 +/- 1 g) or high (96 +/- 5 g) oral load of glucose labeled with an alternative tracer (1-14C-glucose or 2-2H-glucose). A two-compartment model was used to derive rates of peripheral appearance (Ra) of glucose from all sources (total) and the Ra of ingested glucose. Ra (total glucose) and Ra (ingested glucose) were integrated from the first appearance of ingested glucose until the basal Ra (total glucose) or 116 +/- 6 (SEM) mg/min was reattained. The total amount of glucose reaching the systemic pool in this time was 95 +/- 4 g and 46 +/- 3 g with high and low doses, respectively. Of these quantities 86 +/- 4 g and 40 +/- 3 g originated in the oral glucose, representing 90% +/- 4% of the administered glucose. The remainder (11% +/- 2% of the total) represented endogenous production, suppressed by 66% +/- 6% relative to basal. Sequestration of ingested glucose and subsequent release did not take place during the study since identical results were obtained with ingested 1-14C-glucose or 2-3H-glucose. The latter label would have been lost if the glucose had entered the hexose--phosphate pool. Thus, in normal man approximately 90% of an ingested glucose load is absorbed and passes through the liver to appear in the systemic pool.", "PMID": 651653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5165", "title": "Cortisol metabolism in lymphocytes from cancer-bearing patients.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the pattern of cortisol metabolism by lymphocytes obtained from four groups of subjects: 27 male and female patients suffering from various types of malignancy other than malignancy of lymphatic tissues; and 26 healthy male and female controls. Known concentrations of cells were incubated with 1,2-3H-cortisol and the products were isolated by thin-layer and paper chromatography. Three metabolites were found to be produced by lymphocytes from both normal and cancer-bearing patients: 20alpha-hydroxycortisol, 20beta-hydroxycortisol, and tetrahydrocortisol. Cells from the female control group were found to be more active than those from the male controls, while cells from cancer-bearing patients were markedly more active than the normal cells, regardless of sex. It is suggested that this finding of increased metabolism of cortisol by lymphocytes from patients with different types of malignancy other than lymphoma may provide the basis for a new diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Cortisol metabolism in lymphocytes from cancer-bearing patients. A study was conducted to determine the pattern of cortisol metabolism by lymphocytes obtained from four groups of subjects: 27 male and female patients suffering from various types of malignancy other than malignancy of lymphatic tissues; and 26 healthy male and female controls. Known concentrations of cells were incubated with 1,2-3H-cortisol and the products were isolated by thin-layer and paper chromatography. Three metabolites were found to be produced by lymphocytes from both normal and cancer-bearing patients: 20alpha-hydroxycortisol, 20beta-hydroxycortisol, and tetrahydrocortisol. Cells from the female control group were found to be more active than those from the male controls, while cells from cancer-bearing patients were markedly more active than the normal cells, regardless of sex. It is suggested that this finding of increased metabolism of cortisol by lymphocytes from patients with different types of malignancy other than lymphoma may provide the basis for a new diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 651657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5166", "title": "Effect of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 on intestinal absorption of calcium in normal man and patients with renal failure.", "content": "The effects of short-term treatment with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) on intestinal absorption of 47Ca were examined in 18 studies of normal subjects and 16 studies of patients with advanced renal failure. Doses of 25(OH)D3 were 20, 100, 500, or 1000 microgram/day given orally for 7--10 days. There was an increase in 47Ca absorption and urinary calcium in normal subjects receiving 20 microgram/day, while doses of 500 or 1000 microgram/day were required to augment 47Ca absorption in renal failure patients. During treatment, plasma levels of 25(OH)D increased to similar levels in both normal and uremic subjects. A comparison of the dose-response curves found 25(OH)D3 to be 1/125 as potent as 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal subjects and 1/400 as potent as 1,25(OH)2D3 in patients with chronic renal failure. Thus, pharmacologic doses of 25(OH)D3 are active in both normal and uremic patients, although relatively greater quantities are necessary in uremia. This difference in relative potency of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 may be explained by some conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 in normal compared to uremic subjects, while 25(OH)D3 may act in large part via mass action in uremic patients.", "contents": "Effect of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 on intestinal absorption of calcium in normal man and patients with renal failure. The effects of short-term treatment with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) on intestinal absorption of 47Ca were examined in 18 studies of normal subjects and 16 studies of patients with advanced renal failure. Doses of 25(OH)D3 were 20, 100, 500, or 1000 microgram/day given orally for 7--10 days. There was an increase in 47Ca absorption and urinary calcium in normal subjects receiving 20 microgram/day, while doses of 500 or 1000 microgram/day were required to augment 47Ca absorption in renal failure patients. During treatment, plasma levels of 25(OH)D increased to similar levels in both normal and uremic subjects. A comparison of the dose-response curves found 25(OH)D3 to be 1/125 as potent as 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal subjects and 1/400 as potent as 1,25(OH)2D3 in patients with chronic renal failure. Thus, pharmacologic doses of 25(OH)D3 are active in both normal and uremic patients, although relatively greater quantities are necessary in uremia. This difference in relative potency of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 may be explained by some conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 in normal compared to uremic subjects, while 25(OH)D3 may act in large part via mass action in uremic patients.", "PMID": 651659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5167", "title": "[Natural variability of Bacillus diastaticus, a thermophilic bacterium that forms amylase].", "content": "Natural variability of the thermophilic culture of Bacillus diastaticus was studied, and the population of its cells was found to be genetically heterogeneous. The bulk (75.5%) of the cells had a high activity of amylase biosynthesis; 21.5% of the cells had a low activity; 2.94% of the cells had no activity. One inactive variant and two variants whose activity was higher that that of the parent culture with respect to amylase biosynthesis have been selected.", "contents": "[Natural variability of Bacillus diastaticus, a thermophilic bacterium that forms amylase]. Natural variability of the thermophilic culture of Bacillus diastaticus was studied, and the population of its cells was found to be genetically heterogeneous. The bulk (75.5%) of the cells had a high activity of amylase biosynthesis; 21.5% of the cells had a low activity; 2.94% of the cells had no activity. One inactive variant and two variants whose activity was higher that that of the parent culture with respect to amylase biosynthesis have been selected.", "PMID": 651679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5168", "title": "[Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the carboyxdobacterium, Pseudomonas gazotropha].", "content": "The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate: oxalacetate-carboxy-lyase phosphorylating, E. C. 4.1.1.31) in the cell extracts of the carboxydobacterium Pseudomonas gazotropha Z-1156 depends on the presence of bivalent metal ions, Mn2+ ions being more effective than Mg2+ ions. The value of apparent KM for phosphoenolpyruvate in a freshly prepared extract is 7.1 mM. The affinity of the enzyme to phosphoenolpyruvate increases after storage of the extract in ice in the presence of dithiothreitol: KM=0.42 mM at low concentrations of the substrate, and 2.5 mm, at high concentrations of the substrate. The calculated maximum rate is 18.1 mE per 1 mg of protein of the extract, and changes only slightly upon storage in the presence of a stabilizer of sulphydryl groups. The activity of the enzyme reaches its maximum at the phase of deceleration of growth. Nucleotide triphosphates inhibit the activity of the enzyme more than the corresponding nucleotide diphosphates. The properties of PEP-carboxylase are discussed from the viewpoint of comparative biochemistry.", "contents": "[Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the carboyxdobacterium, Pseudomonas gazotropha]. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate: oxalacetate-carboxy-lyase phosphorylating, E. C. 4.1.1.31) in the cell extracts of the carboxydobacterium Pseudomonas gazotropha Z-1156 depends on the presence of bivalent metal ions, Mn2+ ions being more effective than Mg2+ ions. The value of apparent KM for phosphoenolpyruvate in a freshly prepared extract is 7.1 mM. The affinity of the enzyme to phosphoenolpyruvate increases after storage of the extract in ice in the presence of dithiothreitol: KM=0.42 mM at low concentrations of the substrate, and 2.5 mm, at high concentrations of the substrate. The calculated maximum rate is 18.1 mE per 1 mg of protein of the extract, and changes only slightly upon storage in the presence of a stabilizer of sulphydryl groups. The activity of the enzyme reaches its maximum at the phase of deceleration of growth. Nucleotide triphosphates inhibit the activity of the enzyme more than the corresponding nucleotide diphosphates. The properties of PEP-carboxylase are discussed from the viewpoint of comparative biochemistry.", "PMID": 651681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5169", "title": "[Photosynthesizing bacteria from the Wanda Lake (Antarctica)].", "content": "Photoautotrophic bacteria growing under anaerobic conditions in the light at 28 degrees C with carbon dioxide as a sole source of carbon were isolated from the ooze of the Vanda Lake at a depth of 68 m. The cells are rounded gram-negative rods, and form a dark-red pigment. The morphology and physiology of the cells were studied as well as absorption spectra of the cells and isolated pigments. The main maxima of absorption were found to be shifted to a short-wavelength region of the spectrum. This fact and peculiar conditions of their habitat as well as some other characteristics are the reasons why these bacteria are classed as a new species Chomatium vanda. As far as we know, this is the first description of photosynthetic bacteria inhabiting the Vanda Lake in the Antarctic.", "contents": "[Photosynthesizing bacteria from the Wanda Lake (Antarctica)]. Photoautotrophic bacteria growing under anaerobic conditions in the light at 28 degrees C with carbon dioxide as a sole source of carbon were isolated from the ooze of the Vanda Lake at a depth of 68 m. The cells are rounded gram-negative rods, and form a dark-red pigment. The morphology and physiology of the cells were studied as well as absorption spectra of the cells and isolated pigments. The main maxima of absorption were found to be shifted to a short-wavelength region of the spectrum. This fact and peculiar conditions of their habitat as well as some other characteristics are the reasons why these bacteria are classed as a new species Chomatium vanda. As far as we know, this is the first description of photosynthetic bacteria inhabiting the Vanda Lake in the Antarctic.", "PMID": 651682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5170", "title": "[Thermophillic sulfate-reducing bacteria from oil-bearing strata].", "content": "The paper describes pure cultures (strains 435 and 781) of thermophilic spore-forming sulphate-reducing bacteria isolated from oil strata. The strain 435 was classed as a new subspecies Desulfotomaculum nigrificnas subsp. salinus according to its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. The cells of the culture are rod-like, 2-5 mcm long and 0.9-1.3 mcm thick. Some cells are spindle-shaped. The cells have peritrichously arranged flagella. Spores are oval, located terminally or subterminally, slightly widening the cells. The culture is an obligate anaerobe. It grows in media containing sulphates and assimilates sodium salts of lactic, pyruvic, malic and formic acids, ethanol, and butanol. The cuture assimilates pyruvate in the absence of sulphates. Sulphate, sulphite and thiosulphate are electron acceptors when the culture grows on lactate. The organism can grow at 40-70 degrees C, the optimum temperature being 60 degrees C. It requires NaCl for growth, and can grow even in the presence of 4% NaCl in the medium. The optimum should contain 1% NaCl and microelements. Desulfoviridin is absent. The cells contain a cytochrome of the protoheme class. The content of G + C base pairs in DNA is 57.0 +/- 0.5 mol. %.", "contents": "[Thermophillic sulfate-reducing bacteria from oil-bearing strata]. The paper describes pure cultures (strains 435 and 781) of thermophilic spore-forming sulphate-reducing bacteria isolated from oil strata. The strain 435 was classed as a new subspecies Desulfotomaculum nigrificnas subsp. salinus according to its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. The cells of the culture are rod-like, 2-5 mcm long and 0.9-1.3 mcm thick. Some cells are spindle-shaped. The cells have peritrichously arranged flagella. Spores are oval, located terminally or subterminally, slightly widening the cells. The culture is an obligate anaerobe. It grows in media containing sulphates and assimilates sodium salts of lactic, pyruvic, malic and formic acids, ethanol, and butanol. The cuture assimilates pyruvate in the absence of sulphates. Sulphate, sulphite and thiosulphate are electron acceptors when the culture grows on lactate. The organism can grow at 40-70 degrees C, the optimum temperature being 60 degrees C. It requires NaCl for growth, and can grow even in the presence of 4% NaCl in the medium. The optimum should contain 1% NaCl and microelements. Desulfoviridin is absent. The cells contain a cytochrome of the protoheme class. The content of G + C base pairs in DNA is 57.0 +/- 0.5 mol. %.", "PMID": 651683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5171", "title": "[Systematic position of an autotrophic actinomycete isolated from a floodplain marsh near Moscow].", "content": "A hydrogen-oxidizing actinomycete (Z-1046) was isolated from a flood-plain marsh in the Moscow Region. Its taxonomy was compared with that of similar cultures belonging to international special standards of actinomycetes (ISP). The strain Z-1046 was found to be identical with Streptomyces autotrophicus ISP-5011 (RIA-1008, ATCC-19727, CBS-466.68, IFO-12743). It has been also shown that the generic identification of the standard culture ISP-5011 is erroneous: as Hirsch (1960) holds, the culture belongs to the genus of Nocardia (Proactinomyces). Thus, the culture Streptomyces (Actinomyces) autotrophicus ISP-5011 must be eliminated from the international special standards of the genera Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium. The autotrophous actinomycete that we have isolated is classed as Proactinomyces autotrophicus comb. nov. (=Streptomyces autotrophicus Takamiya et Tubaki, 1956, ISP-5011, RIA-1008, ATCC-19727, CBS-466.68, IFO-12743, =Nocardia autotrophica, Hirsch, 1960).", "contents": "[Systematic position of an autotrophic actinomycete isolated from a floodplain marsh near Moscow]. A hydrogen-oxidizing actinomycete (Z-1046) was isolated from a flood-plain marsh in the Moscow Region. Its taxonomy was compared with that of similar cultures belonging to international special standards of actinomycetes (ISP). The strain Z-1046 was found to be identical with Streptomyces autotrophicus ISP-5011 (RIA-1008, ATCC-19727, CBS-466.68, IFO-12743). It has been also shown that the generic identification of the standard culture ISP-5011 is erroneous: as Hirsch (1960) holds, the culture belongs to the genus of Nocardia (Proactinomyces). Thus, the culture Streptomyces (Actinomyces) autotrophicus ISP-5011 must be eliminated from the international special standards of the genera Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium. The autotrophous actinomycete that we have isolated is classed as Proactinomyces autotrophicus comb. nov. (=Streptomyces autotrophicus Takamiya et Tubaki, 1956, ISP-5011, RIA-1008, ATCC-19727, CBS-466.68, IFO-12743, =Nocardia autotrophica, Hirsch, 1960).", "PMID": 651680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5172", "title": "[Autotrophic methanol metabolism in Microcyclus aquaticus].", "content": "Metabolism of methanol was studied in Microcyclus aquaticus Z-238 in enzymological experiments. This facultative methylotroph was found to assimilate the carbon of methanol after oxidation to CO2 via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. Dehydrogenases of methanol, formaldehyde and formate as well as ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase were induced during the methylotrophic growth of the bacterium. The serine pathway and the hexulose phosphate cycle were not involved in methanol metabolism owing to the absence of serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and hexulose phosphate synthase, respectively.", "contents": "[Autotrophic methanol metabolism in Microcyclus aquaticus]. Metabolism of methanol was studied in Microcyclus aquaticus Z-238 in enzymological experiments. This facultative methylotroph was found to assimilate the carbon of methanol after oxidation to CO2 via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. Dehydrogenases of methanol, formaldehyde and formate as well as ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase were induced during the methylotrophic growth of the bacterium. The serine pathway and the hexulose phosphate cycle were not involved in methanol metabolism owing to the absence of serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and hexulose phosphate synthase, respectively.", "PMID": 651686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5173", "title": "[Increased reliability of the legal protection of Soviet inventions in the field of microbiology].", "content": "The reliability of juridical protection of microbiological inventions which may result in the production of a commercial product is discussed in the paper. If the structure of an invention is strain-method-product, then juridical protection of each of the objects is possible. Protection of a product would be most reliable, but this is not always possible. Protection of a microbial strain is less typical of an invention, and is not reliable. Protection of a microbiological method of production has advantages over protection of a microbial strain since, in this case, the theory of equivalents can be applied.", "contents": "[Increased reliability of the legal protection of Soviet inventions in the field of microbiology]. The reliability of juridical protection of microbiological inventions which may result in the production of a commercial product is discussed in the paper. If the structure of an invention is strain-method-product, then juridical protection of each of the objects is possible. Protection of a product would be most reliable, but this is not always possible. Protection of a microbial strain is less typical of an invention, and is not reliable. Protection of a microbiological method of production has advantages over protection of a microbial strain since, in this case, the theory of equivalents can be applied.", "PMID": 651685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5174", "title": "[Development of bacteria and their activity in an aqueous surface film under experimental conditions].", "content": "The formation and number of bacteria in the surface film of water depend on the content of organic substances in water. In flasks containing distilled water after 1-2 days, a bacterial film 5-7 mcm thick is formed at the surface; in flasks with water taken from reservoirs, the film is 5-15 mcm thick; in flasks with water containing organic substances, the film is 15-50 mcm thick. A distinct bacterial band of growth is formed on glasses semisubmerged in water in this layer. At the beginning, bacterial rodshaped cells are oriented by their side surface to the surface layer of water. Judging by the assimilation of protein labeled hydrolysate, the total activity of bacterial population in a film is much higher than in deep water layers. In the course of time, the number of bacteria changes, they begin to die off, and their species are substituted by other bacterial species. Numerous motile forms and various Caulobacterial forms are found in the surface layer of water. The dimensions of bacterial cells growing on glass are much larger than in dry preparations obtained from this film on membrane filters.", "contents": "[Development of bacteria and their activity in an aqueous surface film under experimental conditions]. The formation and number of bacteria in the surface film of water depend on the content of organic substances in water. In flasks containing distilled water after 1-2 days, a bacterial film 5-7 mcm thick is formed at the surface; in flasks with water taken from reservoirs, the film is 5-15 mcm thick; in flasks with water containing organic substances, the film is 15-50 mcm thick. A distinct bacterial band of growth is formed on glasses semisubmerged in water in this layer. At the beginning, bacterial rodshaped cells are oriented by their side surface to the surface layer of water. Judging by the assimilation of protein labeled hydrolysate, the total activity of bacterial population in a film is much higher than in deep water layers. In the course of time, the number of bacteria changes, they begin to die off, and their species are substituted by other bacterial species. Numerous motile forms and various Caulobacterial forms are found in the surface layer of water. The dimensions of bacterial cells growing on glass are much larger than in dry preparations obtained from this film on membrane filters.", "PMID": 651684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5175", "title": "[3,4-dichloroaniline cometabolism by representatives of the genus Pseudomonas].", "content": "The effect of propanide, linuron and 3,4-dichloroaniline on soil organisms was studied. Two strains of Pseudomonas aurantiaca 1 and 7, were isolated from soil; they decomposed propanide yielding 3,4-dichloroaniline. These strains, as well as a number of collection cultures belonging to the Pseudomonas genus, could transform 3,4-dichloroaniline at a rate of 0-100 per cent during 48 hours. A certain correlation existed between this transformation ability and the level of total oxidase activity. All the strains of Pseudomonas studied in this work were characterized by a low peroxidase activity, and no strict correlation was detected between its level and the ability to transform 3,4-dichloroaniline.", "contents": "[3,4-dichloroaniline cometabolism by representatives of the genus Pseudomonas]. The effect of propanide, linuron and 3,4-dichloroaniline on soil organisms was studied. Two strains of Pseudomonas aurantiaca 1 and 7, were isolated from soil; they decomposed propanide yielding 3,4-dichloroaniline. These strains, as well as a number of collection cultures belonging to the Pseudomonas genus, could transform 3,4-dichloroaniline at a rate of 0-100 per cent during 48 hours. A certain correlation existed between this transformation ability and the level of total oxidase activity. All the strains of Pseudomonas studied in this work were characterized by a low peroxidase activity, and no strict correlation was detected between its level and the ability to transform 3,4-dichloroaniline.", "PMID": 651689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5176", "title": "[Composition of Actinomyces hygroscopicus membranes].", "content": "The composition of membranes was studied in four strains of Actinomyces hygroscopicus differing in their morphologo-cultural characteristics and synthesis of antibiotic hygromycin and enzyme hygrolytin. The composition of the membranes was not the same and varied in the course of growth and development. The content of proteins and carbohydrates increased in the membranes, particularly in the strains producing enzymes. In the process of growth, the content of phospholipids increased in the lipid component of the membranes, and the ratio between the main phospholipids, i. e. phosphatidyl ethanolamine and cardiolipine, changed. The spectrum of fatty acids of phospholipids did not change in the course of growth.", "contents": "[Composition of Actinomyces hygroscopicus membranes]. The composition of membranes was studied in four strains of Actinomyces hygroscopicus differing in their morphologo-cultural characteristics and synthesis of antibiotic hygromycin and enzyme hygrolytin. The composition of the membranes was not the same and varied in the course of growth and development. The content of proteins and carbohydrates increased in the membranes, particularly in the strains producing enzymes. In the process of growth, the content of phospholipids increased in the lipid component of the membranes, and the ratio between the main phospholipids, i. e. phosphatidyl ethanolamine and cardiolipine, changed. The spectrum of fatty acids of phospholipids did not change in the course of growth.", "PMID": 651693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5177", "title": "[Fine structure of the outer sheath of the aerial mycelium in Actinomyces levoris].", "content": "The outer sheath of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces levoris 64 bears groove-like and granular submicroscopic structures. They are very susceptible to a short-term treatment of the aerial mycelium with aqueous acetone which causes their disintegration. Under specified conditions, submicroscopic structures, viz. granules and threads, assemble from the acetone extract of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces levoris. These structures possess the anti-yeast activity. The granular structures reorganized from the acetone extract of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces levoris somewhat resemble in morphology the structures seen in the outer sheath of the aerial mycelium of this actinomycete. The results obtained are discussed within the framework of the hypothesis on a possible participation of polyene antibiotics in the formation of the outer sheath of the aerial mycelium of actinomycetes which produce these antibiotics.", "contents": "[Fine structure of the outer sheath of the aerial mycelium in Actinomyces levoris]. The outer sheath of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces levoris 64 bears groove-like and granular submicroscopic structures. They are very susceptible to a short-term treatment of the aerial mycelium with aqueous acetone which causes their disintegration. Under specified conditions, submicroscopic structures, viz. granules and threads, assemble from the acetone extract of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces levoris. These structures possess the anti-yeast activity. The granular structures reorganized from the acetone extract of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces levoris somewhat resemble in morphology the structures seen in the outer sheath of the aerial mycelium of this actinomycete. The results obtained are discussed within the framework of the hypothesis on a possible participation of polyene antibiotics in the formation of the outer sheath of the aerial mycelium of actinomycetes which produce these antibiotics.", "PMID": 651692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5178", "title": "[Candida mogii and Debaryomyces hansenii yeast development in the presence of metal chlorides].", "content": "The yeasts Candida mogii 2 and Debaryomyces hansenii 8 isolated from salted fish spawn in the process of its storage were found to be capable of growth in 4 M KCl, 3 M MgCl2, 2.5 M NaCl, 1.5 BaCl2 and 1 M CaCl2. The activity of water (aw) in these solutions varied from 0.983 to 0.719; the maximum osmotic pressure was 380 atm. The cultures grew also in a 3 M sucrose solution, at low concentrations of osmotically active substances and without them. Therefore, they can be regarded as osmotolerant microorganisms. The osmotolerance of the cultures decreased with temperature of solutions. The absence of growth or weak growth in solutions of certain other chlorides should be attributed to toxicity of cations.", "contents": "[Candida mogii and Debaryomyces hansenii yeast development in the presence of metal chlorides]. The yeasts Candida mogii 2 and Debaryomyces hansenii 8 isolated from salted fish spawn in the process of its storage were found to be capable of growth in 4 M KCl, 3 M MgCl2, 2.5 M NaCl, 1.5 BaCl2 and 1 M CaCl2. The activity of water (aw) in these solutions varied from 0.983 to 0.719; the maximum osmotic pressure was 380 atm. The cultures grew also in a 3 M sucrose solution, at low concentrations of osmotically active substances and without them. Therefore, they can be regarded as osmotolerant microorganisms. The osmotolerance of the cultures decreased with temperature of solutions. The absence of growth or weak growth in solutions of certain other chlorides should be attributed to toxicity of cations.", "PMID": 651691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5179", "title": "[Characteristics of Pseudomonas putida plasmid DNAs].", "content": "Physico-chemical characteristics of plasmid DNAs isoalted from Pseudomonas putida G7 were studied as well as the behavior of these DNAs in th eourse of chromatography on columns with Sepharose 4B and kieselguhr with methylated albumin (MAC). This strain was found to contain several plasmid DNAs having molecular weights of 33-36X10(6), 15-18X10(6), and 3-5X10(6) dalton. The plasmid DNAs of biodegradation are supposed to be located in the vicinity of chromosomes, and only a small part of them is characterized by extrachromosomal localization.", "contents": "[Characteristics of Pseudomonas putida plasmid DNAs]. Physico-chemical characteristics of plasmid DNAs isoalted from Pseudomonas putida G7 were studied as well as the behavior of these DNAs in th eourse of chromatography on columns with Sepharose 4B and kieselguhr with methylated albumin (MAC). This strain was found to contain several plasmid DNAs having molecular weights of 33-36X10(6), 15-18X10(6), and 3-5X10(6) dalton. The plasmid DNAs of biodegradation are supposed to be located in the vicinity of chromosomes, and only a small part of them is characterized by extrachromosomal localization.", "PMID": 651695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5180", "title": "[Cell morphology, nucleus distribution and DNA content in haploid and diploid Aspergillus niger strains].", "content": "The cells of haploid Aspergillus niger strains contain, on the average, 7-9 nuclei, a fragment of a thin hypha 100 me long comprising 11-19 nuclei. The cells of a diploid strain are 1.5-2.6 times larger in volume. The diploid cells contain less nuclei and more cytoplasm per nucleus as compared to the haploid strains. The primary sterigmae of Aspergillus niger comprise 3-13 nuclei, the secondary sterigmae and conidia, one nucleus. The conidia of the diploid strains are 1.8-2.0 times larger in volume and contain twice as much DNA as compared to the haploid strains.", "contents": "[Cell morphology, nucleus distribution and DNA content in haploid and diploid Aspergillus niger strains]. The cells of haploid Aspergillus niger strains contain, on the average, 7-9 nuclei, a fragment of a thin hypha 100 me long comprising 11-19 nuclei. The cells of a diploid strain are 1.5-2.6 times larger in volume. The diploid cells contain less nuclei and more cytoplasm per nucleus as compared to the haploid strains. The primary sterigmae of Aspergillus niger comprise 3-13 nuclei, the secondary sterigmae and conidia, one nucleus. The conidia of the diploid strains are 1.8-2.0 times larger in volume and contain twice as much DNA as compared to the haploid strains.", "PMID": 651694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5181", "title": "Congenital toxoplasmosis in Tasmania.", "content": "In a prospective study, 9037 cord sera from Tasmanian children were tested using the Toxoplasma indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). There were 494 positive reactors at the screening titre of 1:64. These reacting sera were titrated out and were also tested in the immunoglobulin M (IgM) Toxoplasma IFAT. No specific IgM antibodies were detected, but, even so, 33 of the sera had titres of 1:512 or greater. Repeat samples from 20 of the children with high titres revealed a substantial decline in titre. It is believed that these results indicate that congenital toxoplasmosis is not an important cause of perinatal morbidity in Tasmania.", "contents": "Congenital toxoplasmosis in Tasmania. In a prospective study, 9037 cord sera from Tasmanian children were tested using the Toxoplasma indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). There were 494 positive reactors at the screening titre of 1:64. These reacting sera were titrated out and were also tested in the immunoglobulin M (IgM) Toxoplasma IFAT. No specific IgM antibodies were detected, but, even so, 33 of the sera had titres of 1:512 or greater. Repeat samples from 20 of the children with high titres revealed a substantial decline in titre. It is believed that these results indicate that congenital toxoplasmosis is not an important cause of perinatal morbidity in Tasmania.", "PMID": 651703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5182", "title": "Electronic communication system for the disabled.", "content": "This paper outlines the need for and describes a communication system which enables immobile patients suffering from speech loss to communicate effectively.", "contents": "Electronic communication system for the disabled. This paper outlines the need for and describes a communication system which enables immobile patients suffering from speech loss to communicate effectively.", "PMID": 651704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5183", "title": "The clumsy child: observations in cases referred to the gymnasium of the Adelaide Children's Hospital over a three-year period.", "content": "Group treatment of clumsy children is one part of a multidisciplinary management programme which is provided at The Adelaide Children's Hospital for children who have multiple handicaps. This study reviews 176 children who were referred for treatment. Clumsiness was the most common reason for referral. Not all children benefited from group treatment, and those who had significant degrees of mental retardation, or mild spasticity worsening on effort, needed individual handling. Movement training aims mainly to reduce physical clumsiness, and it is hoped that certain nonspecific benefits may result. The greatest improvement occurred in the ability to mix with others. Group counselling of parents, with a social worker as leader, is considered to have played an essential part in the management of these children's problems.", "contents": "The clumsy child: observations in cases referred to the gymnasium of the Adelaide Children's Hospital over a three-year period. Group treatment of clumsy children is one part of a multidisciplinary management programme which is provided at The Adelaide Children's Hospital for children who have multiple handicaps. This study reviews 176 children who were referred for treatment. Clumsiness was the most common reason for referral. Not all children benefited from group treatment, and those who had significant degrees of mental retardation, or mild spasticity worsening on effort, needed individual handling. Movement training aims mainly to reduce physical clumsiness, and it is hoped that certain nonspecific benefits may result. The greatest improvement occurred in the ability to mix with others. Group counselling of parents, with a social worker as leader, is considered to have played an essential part in the management of these children's problems.", "PMID": 651706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5184", "title": "Sporting activities and exercise habits of the 1975 Busselton population.", "content": "Studies of the sporting activities and exercise habits of the 1975 Busselton population indicated that two out of three subjects exercised either not at all, or less than once a week, and only 7% stated they tried to get out of breath during their exertions. Those in sedentary occupations undertook more leisure exercise than those in non-sedentary occupations, with men exercising more frequently than women. Comparisons of body weights, blood pressures, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose levels, uric acid levels, lung function tests and electrocardiogram tracings between those who exercised four or more times per week and those who exercised less than four times per week revealed significant differences only in relation to lung function tests, which favoured the higher exercise group. This evidence suggested that the levels of activity involved in the Busselton population's sport and exercise habits were failing to provide additional protection against future coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Sporting activities and exercise habits of the 1975 Busselton population. Studies of the sporting activities and exercise habits of the 1975 Busselton population indicated that two out of three subjects exercised either not at all, or less than once a week, and only 7% stated they tried to get out of breath during their exertions. Those in sedentary occupations undertook more leisure exercise than those in non-sedentary occupations, with men exercising more frequently than women. Comparisons of body weights, blood pressures, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose levels, uric acid levels, lung function tests and electrocardiogram tracings between those who exercised four or more times per week and those who exercised less than four times per week revealed significant differences only in relation to lung function tests, which favoured the higher exercise group. This evidence suggested that the levels of activity involved in the Busselton population's sport and exercise habits were failing to provide additional protection against future coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 651707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5185", "title": "The dangers of surgery: an Aboriginal view.", "content": "The prospect of surgery occasions great anxiety among the people of Aboriginal communities in northern Australia. Several of the fears are similar to those of patients of other cultures. Others are intimately linked to traditional beliefs about healing, and attitudes towards the body, the shedding of blood and the activities of malevolent human beings or sorcerers. Successful rapprochement between medical staff members, the patient in need of surgery, and the members of his family depends on sensitivity to these fears, detailed consultation with all concerned, and the involvement of Aboriginal community members, particularly local Aboriginal health workers.", "contents": "The dangers of surgery: an Aboriginal view. The prospect of surgery occasions great anxiety among the people of Aboriginal communities in northern Australia. Several of the fears are similar to those of patients of other cultures. Others are intimately linked to traditional beliefs about healing, and attitudes towards the body, the shedding of blood and the activities of malevolent human beings or sorcerers. Successful rapprochement between medical staff members, the patient in need of surgery, and the members of his family depends on sensitivity to these fears, detailed consultation with all concerned, and the involvement of Aboriginal community members, particularly local Aboriginal health workers.", "PMID": 651713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5186", "title": "Environmental chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "The methodology of revealing and studying chemical carcinogens in the environment is based on epidemiology, animal testing, and short-term laboratory studies. The techniques and limitations of these respective investigations are described. From evidence of carcinogenicity, extrapolation must be made to assess whether a particular substance is a cause of cancer in humans. This inference depends upon the type of evidence for carcinogenicity. In particular, parameters limiting extrapolation of all laboratory assays include species' specificity and dose response. Control of the environmental distribution of punative carcinogens poses difficulty, both in the selection of substances, and in legislative design. Certain personal habits still constitute the major established carcinogenic hazards for the community-at-large.", "contents": "Environmental chemical carcinogenesis. The methodology of revealing and studying chemical carcinogens in the environment is based on epidemiology, animal testing, and short-term laboratory studies. The techniques and limitations of these respective investigations are described. From evidence of carcinogenicity, extrapolation must be made to assess whether a particular substance is a cause of cancer in humans. This inference depends upon the type of evidence for carcinogenicity. In particular, parameters limiting extrapolation of all laboratory assays include species' specificity and dose response. Control of the environmental distribution of punative carcinogens poses difficulty, both in the selection of substances, and in legislative design. Certain personal habits still constitute the major established carcinogenic hazards for the community-at-large.", "PMID": 651714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5187", "title": "Parvovirus gastroenteritis--a new entity for Australia.", "content": "An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in a primary school southwest of Sydney in August, 1977. Two hundred and eight pupils and nine teachers were affected over a one-month period. Electron microscopy revealed parvovirus-like particles in faecal extracts of 14 of 23 persons tested during the acute phase of illness. The virus was still present in the faeces of four individuals six weeks later. The appearance of specific antibodies was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy in five persons. No other cause for the outbreak could be found despite exhaustive investigations.", "contents": "Parvovirus gastroenteritis--a new entity for Australia. An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in a primary school southwest of Sydney in August, 1977. Two hundred and eight pupils and nine teachers were affected over a one-month period. Electron microscopy revealed parvovirus-like particles in faecal extracts of 14 of 23 persons tested during the acute phase of illness. The virus was still present in the faeces of four individuals six weeks later. The appearance of specific antibodies was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy in five persons. No other cause for the outbreak could be found despite exhaustive investigations.", "PMID": 651719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5188", "title": "The dental health revolution: The dramatic improvement in dental health of school children in the northern metropolitan region of New South Wales.", "content": "There has been a dramatic improvement in the dental health of school children in the past 15 years. The proportion of children aged five to 12 years who have never experienced any dental decay increased nearly ten-fold from 3.8% in 1961 to over 35% in 1974. The proportion of children with active dental decay at routine school examinations has fallen from 92% to 22%. These improvements are probably due to improved oral hygiene and diet in combination with the usage of fluoride. Almost certainly, the availability of fluoride both in tablet form and delivered through town water supplies has been the predominant factor. These very large reductions in the incidence of dental decay amont children represent a modern triumph of preventive health care. Further improvements in dental health may be effected by the topical application of fluoride and reduced intake of refined sugar.", "contents": "The dental health revolution: The dramatic improvement in dental health of school children in the northern metropolitan region of New South Wales. There has been a dramatic improvement in the dental health of school children in the past 15 years. The proportion of children aged five to 12 years who have never experienced any dental decay increased nearly ten-fold from 3.8% in 1961 to over 35% in 1974. The proportion of children with active dental decay at routine school examinations has fallen from 92% to 22%. These improvements are probably due to improved oral hygiene and diet in combination with the usage of fluoride. Almost certainly, the availability of fluoride both in tablet form and delivered through town water supplies has been the predominant factor. These very large reductions in the incidence of dental decay amont children represent a modern triumph of preventive health care. Further improvements in dental health may be effected by the topical application of fluoride and reduced intake of refined sugar.", "PMID": 651720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5189", "title": "Choledochoscopy: a comparison of a rigid and a flexible fibreoptic instrument.", "content": "A comparison of choledochoscopy using a Storz rigid choledochoscope and a flexible Olympus instrument has been made. After using both instruments during a 12-month period, it is felt that the rigid instrument has practical advantages for general use, while the flexible instrument offers additional benefits, but requires more skill and care in its use.", "contents": "Choledochoscopy: a comparison of a rigid and a flexible fibreoptic instrument. A comparison of choledochoscopy using a Storz rigid choledochoscope and a flexible Olympus instrument has been made. After using both instruments during a 12-month period, it is felt that the rigid instrument has practical advantages for general use, while the flexible instrument offers additional benefits, but requires more skill and care in its use.", "PMID": 651721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5190", "title": "How safe is isoniazid?", "content": "The complications of isoniazid (INH) were studied in 1033 patients, who had received INH for at least 18 months, with or without other drugs. Hepatitis developed in 25 patients; this was attributed to rifampicin, (15 cases); infectious hepatitis (three cases); INH alone, (three cases); IHN possibly exacerbating chronic liver disease, (two cases); and multiple drug treatment, (two cases). Central nervous system disorders (mainly peripheral neuropathy) due to INH occurred in 12 patients, all of whom were over the age of 40 years. Hypersensitivity to INH developed in 12 patients. Some difficulties in distinguishing hepatitis due to rifampicin from that due to INH are discussed. When the risk of hepatitis was compared with the risks of developing, or dying from, tuberculosis, it was found that the benefits of INH chemoprophylaxis outweighed the risks, particularly in patients who were less than 50 years of age.", "contents": "How safe is isoniazid? The complications of isoniazid (INH) were studied in 1033 patients, who had received INH for at least 18 months, with or without other drugs. Hepatitis developed in 25 patients; this was attributed to rifampicin, (15 cases); infectious hepatitis (three cases); INH alone, (three cases); IHN possibly exacerbating chronic liver disease, (two cases); and multiple drug treatment, (two cases). Central nervous system disorders (mainly peripheral neuropathy) due to INH occurred in 12 patients, all of whom were over the age of 40 years. Hypersensitivity to INH developed in 12 patients. Some difficulties in distinguishing hepatitis due to rifampicin from that due to INH are discussed. When the risk of hepatitis was compared with the risks of developing, or dying from, tuberculosis, it was found that the benefits of INH chemoprophylaxis outweighed the risks, particularly in patients who were less than 50 years of age.", "PMID": 651734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5191", "title": "Sarcoidosis in an Australia Aboriginal.", "content": "A case of sarcoidosis in a fullblood Aboriginal woman is reported. This condition appears not to have been recognized in Australian Aboriginals hitherto and some implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in an Australia Aboriginal. A case of sarcoidosis in a fullblood Aboriginal woman is reported. This condition appears not to have been recognized in Australian Aboriginals hitherto and some implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 651735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5192", "title": "Diving injury resulting in tetraplegia.", "content": "This paper reviews the medical records of 100 consecutive patients with tetraplegia owing to diving injury. Their high survival characteristics, plus youth on presentation, create the problem of an expanding population of chronically disabled patients.", "contents": "Diving injury resulting in tetraplegia. This paper reviews the medical records of 100 consecutive patients with tetraplegia owing to diving injury. Their high survival characteristics, plus youth on presentation, create the problem of an expanding population of chronically disabled patients.", "PMID": 651736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5193", "title": "Nursing training in intensive care in a country hospital.", "content": "Experiences with a training programme in intensive care in a country hospital are described. Difficulties in getting adequate numbers of trained persons to act as instructors can be partially overcome by the use of recorded tapes and manikins. The benefits of such a programme make it a worth-while venture for any similar unit.", "contents": "Nursing training in intensive care in a country hospital. Experiences with a training programme in intensive care in a country hospital are described. Difficulties in getting adequate numbers of trained persons to act as instructors can be partially overcome by the use of recorded tapes and manikins. The benefits of such a programme make it a worth-while venture for any similar unit.", "PMID": 651737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5194", "title": "Herpes simplex encephalitis: treatment with adenine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "A series of three infants with herpes simplex encephalitis is reported, together with details of treatment with adenine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside. The former appears to be the most effective treatment available. A more aggressive approach is urged in the diagnosis and treatment of this serious infantile disorder.", "contents": "Herpes simplex encephalitis: treatment with adenine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside. A series of three infants with herpes simplex encephalitis is reported, together with details of treatment with adenine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside. The former appears to be the most effective treatment available. A more aggressive approach is urged in the diagnosis and treatment of this serious infantile disorder.", "PMID": 651738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5195", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax. A review of 210 consecutive admissions to Royal Perth Hospital.", "content": "A series of the 210 consecutive admissions of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax to a large teaching hospital over a five-year period, was reviewed and analysed with regard to age and sex of the patient, side of involvement, family history, association with exertion, association with respiratory tract disease, incidence of recurrence, method of management, duration of pleural cavity drainage, duration of hospitalization, and pattern of unit admission. Spontaneous pneumothorax was a disease of young males, with a peak incidence at 16 to 25 years of age. For the majority of patients it was an isolated event, with left-sided predominance. It was neither familial nor fatal, and most commonly occurred in the absence of a history of exertion or of clinical evidence of concurrent respiratory disease. The usual method of definitive treatment involved the insertion of an intercostal catheter and resulted in hospitalization for a period of up to ten days.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax. A review of 210 consecutive admissions to Royal Perth Hospital. A series of the 210 consecutive admissions of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax to a large teaching hospital over a five-year period, was reviewed and analysed with regard to age and sex of the patient, side of involvement, family history, association with exertion, association with respiratory tract disease, incidence of recurrence, method of management, duration of pleural cavity drainage, duration of hospitalization, and pattern of unit admission. Spontaneous pneumothorax was a disease of young males, with a peak incidence at 16 to 25 years of age. For the majority of patients it was an isolated event, with left-sided predominance. It was neither familial nor fatal, and most commonly occurred in the absence of a history of exertion or of clinical evidence of concurrent respiratory disease. The usual method of definitive treatment involved the insertion of an intercostal catheter and resulted in hospitalization for a period of up to ten days.", "PMID": 651739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5196", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in women. The influence of age on complications and mortality.", "content": "The prognostic implications of a past history of ischaemic heart disease, site of infarction, ectopic ventricular dysrhythmias (ventricular premature beats (VPB) more than one in 10 sinus beats, and/or ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), atrioventricular blocks (AVB), bundle branch blocks (BBB)) and the occurrence of electrical and/or mechanical complications during stay in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) were analysed in 154 women with definte (WHO Class 1) acute myocardial infarction, admitted sequentially to the CCU over a four-year period. The prognosis in these women was then compared with the prognosis in a group which represented the general male population in the CCU and an age-matched group of men. The results showed that the long-term prognosis in women with acute myocardial infarction is remarkably similar to age-matched groups of men.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in women. The influence of age on complications and mortality. The prognostic implications of a past history of ischaemic heart disease, site of infarction, ectopic ventricular dysrhythmias (ventricular premature beats (VPB) more than one in 10 sinus beats, and/or ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), atrioventricular blocks (AVB), bundle branch blocks (BBB)) and the occurrence of electrical and/or mechanical complications during stay in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) were analysed in 154 women with definte (WHO Class 1) acute myocardial infarction, admitted sequentially to the CCU over a four-year period. The prognosis in these women was then compared with the prognosis in a group which represented the general male population in the CCU and an age-matched group of men. The results showed that the long-term prognosis in women with acute myocardial infarction is remarkably similar to age-matched groups of men.", "PMID": 651740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5197", "title": "Roadside resuscitation: a simple kit.", "content": "Of the many car accident victims who die at the scene of the accident or during transit to hospital from anoxia or blood volume depletion, 20% need not do so. The resuscitative facilities of the casualty department can, to a considerable extent, be made available at the roadside by doctors who carry in the boots of their cars simple, well-organized equipment. This is invaluable too for other emergencies, such as cardiac arrest and drowning. A study has been made of the most useful, basic lifesaving equipment which can be readily available. The items which are recommended are simple and familiar and are contained in a case with a pliable, polyurethane insert which is designed to hold the components in accurate recesses.", "contents": "Roadside resuscitation: a simple kit. Of the many car accident victims who die at the scene of the accident or during transit to hospital from anoxia or blood volume depletion, 20% need not do so. The resuscitative facilities of the casualty department can, to a considerable extent, be made available at the roadside by doctors who carry in the boots of their cars simple, well-organized equipment. This is invaluable too for other emergencies, such as cardiac arrest and drowning. A study has been made of the most useful, basic lifesaving equipment which can be readily available. The items which are recommended are simple and familiar and are contained in a case with a pliable, polyurethane insert which is designed to hold the components in accurate recesses.", "PMID": 651746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5198", "title": "Suburbia: a small obstetric hospital in Brisbane.", "content": "In a small suburban obstetric hospital, during the period from July 1, 1963 to December 31, 1970, 3760 private and intermediate patients were delivered by suburban general practitioners. The number of perinatal deaths in hospital were nine deaths per 1000 births, both live and still. During the same period, 4873 private and intermediate patients were delivered by suburban general practitioners in the private/intermediate section of a large centrally sited obstetric teaching hospital. The number of perinatal deaths in hospital were 18.9 per 1000 births, live and still. The reason for, and the implications of, these results are discussed.", "contents": "Suburbia: a small obstetric hospital in Brisbane. In a small suburban obstetric hospital, during the period from July 1, 1963 to December 31, 1970, 3760 private and intermediate patients were delivered by suburban general practitioners. The number of perinatal deaths in hospital were nine deaths per 1000 births, both live and still. During the same period, 4873 private and intermediate patients were delivered by suburban general practitioners in the private/intermediate section of a large centrally sited obstetric teaching hospital. The number of perinatal deaths in hospital were 18.9 per 1000 births, live and still. The reason for, and the implications of, these results are discussed.", "PMID": 651748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5199", "title": "Gastric candidiasis.", "content": "A male, aged 60 with rheumatoid arthritis which was treated with prednisone, developed a severe symptomatic stomal gastritis at the site of a previous Polya partial gastrectomy. The endoscopic appearance of the lesion was similar to that of Candida infection, which is more frequently seen in the oesophagus. Candida albicans was cultured from biopsy specimens, and prompt resolution of the lesion and the patient's symptoms occurred with orally administered antifungal therapy. Primary gastric candidiasis should be considered in compromised patients with symptoms of infection of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Gastric candidiasis. A male, aged 60 with rheumatoid arthritis which was treated with prednisone, developed a severe symptomatic stomal gastritis at the site of a previous Polya partial gastrectomy. The endoscopic appearance of the lesion was similar to that of Candida infection, which is more frequently seen in the oesophagus. Candida albicans was cultured from biopsy specimens, and prompt resolution of the lesion and the patient's symptoms occurred with orally administered antifungal therapy. Primary gastric candidiasis should be considered in compromised patients with symptoms of infection of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 651751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5200", "title": "Behavioural sciences in medicine at the University of Sydney.", "content": "The two-year preclinical course in Behavioural Sciences in Medicine at the University of Sydney is described. A brief history of the development of the department is followed by a description of the course objectives, and the way that these objectives are translated into course content. The supervision of assignment work in the community is considered to be an essential part of the department's work. Ongoing evaluation of the course contributes to its development and refinement.", "contents": "Behavioural sciences in medicine at the University of Sydney. The two-year preclinical course in Behavioural Sciences in Medicine at the University of Sydney is described. A brief history of the development of the department is followed by a description of the course objectives, and the way that these objectives are translated into course content. The supervision of assignment work in the community is considered to be an essential part of the department's work. Ongoing evaluation of the course contributes to its development and refinement.", "PMID": 651752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5201", "title": "[The concurrence of bronchial carcinoma and anthracosilicosis in the lung (concomitantly a contribution to \"silicotic carcinoma in scar tissue of the lung\")].", "content": "Among 4608 evaluated post mortem records (3452 miners with silicosis and 1156 miners without silicosis or nonminers resp.) 501 cases had developed a bronchial carcinoma. 425 of these observed cases showed a bronchial carcinoma together with silicosis, 76 cases were without anthracosilicosis. The occurrence of the bronchial carcinoma in case of anthracosilicosis did not depend on the time of employment in the underground mining industry. Neither was there a correlation between the determined grade of anthracosilicosis and the frequency of bronchial carcinoma. The diagnosis for 2,8% of these combined cases of anthracosilicosis and bronchial carcinoma was silicotic carcinoma of scar tissue. Statistically no signficant differences could be detected between the two groups of bronchial carcinomata with and without silicosis regarding age structure, kind of propagation and histological type of the bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "[The concurrence of bronchial carcinoma and anthracosilicosis in the lung (concomitantly a contribution to \"silicotic carcinoma in scar tissue of the lung\")]. Among 4608 evaluated post mortem records (3452 miners with silicosis and 1156 miners without silicosis or nonminers resp.) 501 cases had developed a bronchial carcinoma. 425 of these observed cases showed a bronchial carcinoma together with silicosis, 76 cases were without anthracosilicosis. The occurrence of the bronchial carcinoma in case of anthracosilicosis did not depend on the time of employment in the underground mining industry. Neither was there a correlation between the determined grade of anthracosilicosis and the frequency of bronchial carcinoma. The diagnosis for 2,8% of these combined cases of anthracosilicosis and bronchial carcinoma was silicotic carcinoma of scar tissue. Statistically no signficant differences could be detected between the two groups of bronchial carcinomata with and without silicosis regarding age structure, kind of propagation and histological type of the bronchial carcinoma.", "PMID": 651756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5202", "title": "[Successful haemodialysis treatment of acute renal failure in a patient with multiple myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of multiple myeloma with severe osteolytic destructions and myeloma kidney is presented, in whom a rapidly progressive renal insufficiency because of hyponatraemia and dehydration developed. After 5 months of regular dialysis treatment diuresis increased and a sufficient global kidney function recurred. Aetiological factors and the pathomechanisms of acute renal failure in multiple myeloma are discussed. We assume that acute renal insufficiency is - in rare cases - at least partly reversible. Therefore patients with acute renal failure and multiple myeloma should not be excluded from haemodialysis treatment because even complete rehabilitation can be achieved.", "contents": "[Successful haemodialysis treatment of acute renal failure in a patient with multiple myeloma (author's transl)]. A case of multiple myeloma with severe osteolytic destructions and myeloma kidney is presented, in whom a rapidly progressive renal insufficiency because of hyponatraemia and dehydration developed. After 5 months of regular dialysis treatment diuresis increased and a sufficient global kidney function recurred. Aetiological factors and the pathomechanisms of acute renal failure in multiple myeloma are discussed. We assume that acute renal insufficiency is - in rare cases - at least partly reversible. Therefore patients with acute renal failure and multiple myeloma should not be excluded from haemodialysis treatment because even complete rehabilitation can be achieved.", "PMID": 651757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5203", "title": "[Correlations between metabolisms of magnesium, calcium and parathormon (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum- or plasma levels of 102 healthy individuals as well as 78 patients with chronic renal insufficiency of various degrees were tested for parathormon (PTH), calcium, magnesium, anorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, kreatinin, total protein as well as magnesium concentrations of the erythrocytes; attempts were made to correlate these parameters with each other. As most important finding in healthy individuals a significant negative correlation could be observed between serum PTH and magnesium of erythrocytes, whereas patients with renal insufficiency had a marked elevation and significant positive correlation between these two parameters. Since all other correlations were not as striking, if compared to these findings, we concluded that a feedback regulation system may exist in the intracellular magnesium concentration and PTH metabolism, so that an increase of the intracellular magnesium stimulates the PTH secretion, whereas elevated PTH activity causes a decrease of the intracellular magnesium together with a depression of the PTH release.", "contents": "[Correlations between metabolisms of magnesium, calcium and parathormon (author's transl)]. Serum- or plasma levels of 102 healthy individuals as well as 78 patients with chronic renal insufficiency of various degrees were tested for parathormon (PTH), calcium, magnesium, anorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, kreatinin, total protein as well as magnesium concentrations of the erythrocytes; attempts were made to correlate these parameters with each other. As most important finding in healthy individuals a significant negative correlation could be observed between serum PTH and magnesium of erythrocytes, whereas patients with renal insufficiency had a marked elevation and significant positive correlation between these two parameters. Since all other correlations were not as striking, if compared to these findings, we concluded that a feedback regulation system may exist in the intracellular magnesium concentration and PTH metabolism, so that an increase of the intracellular magnesium stimulates the PTH secretion, whereas elevated PTH activity causes a decrease of the intracellular magnesium together with a depression of the PTH release.", "PMID": 651759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5204", "title": "[Coagulation factors and thrombocytes after application of Reptilase in the course of gynecologic operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemostasiologic effects of intravenous application of Reptilase were investigated in a randomized double blind study in the course of normal abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies. Coagulation factors and thrombocytes were checked before, after, 40 minutes after as well as 24 hours after the operation. Significant shortening of the clot observation time resulted 40 minutes after the injection of 1 ml Reptilase. A small but highly significant decrease of thrombocytes was observed 40 minutes after the end of the operation when Reptilase was injected. Further coagulation screening tests: Quick test, PTT and thrombin time were without statistically differences in both patients groups from the beginning till 24 hours after the operation. A significant decrease in Factor V concentrations resulted 40 minutes after the injection of Reptilase, whereas no changes were seen in the placebo patient group. Too, Factor XIII values and Antithrombin 3 concentrations decreased after the administration of Reptilase. There was no abnormal raise of fibrin-monomers in both groups. Enhanced fibrinolysis with elevated FDP-levels were measured in none of the cases. The administration of Reptilase induced a short lasting augmentation of blood coagulation but without any signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "[Coagulation factors and thrombocytes after application of Reptilase in the course of gynecologic operations (author's transl)]. Hemostasiologic effects of intravenous application of Reptilase were investigated in a randomized double blind study in the course of normal abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies. Coagulation factors and thrombocytes were checked before, after, 40 minutes after as well as 24 hours after the operation. Significant shortening of the clot observation time resulted 40 minutes after the injection of 1 ml Reptilase. A small but highly significant decrease of thrombocytes was observed 40 minutes after the end of the operation when Reptilase was injected. Further coagulation screening tests: Quick test, PTT and thrombin time were without statistically differences in both patients groups from the beginning till 24 hours after the operation. A significant decrease in Factor V concentrations resulted 40 minutes after the injection of Reptilase, whereas no changes were seen in the placebo patient group. Too, Factor XIII values and Antithrombin 3 concentrations decreased after the administration of Reptilase. There was no abnormal raise of fibrin-monomers in both groups. Enhanced fibrinolysis with elevated FDP-levels were measured in none of the cases. The administration of Reptilase induced a short lasting augmentation of blood coagulation but without any signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 651762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5205", "title": "[Mycoplasms in vagina and cervix in non-gonorrhoeal inflammatory disease of the pelvis (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of four years 110 patients with chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the pelvis were treated in our special clinic of micrbiology. In 59 patients (53,6%) mycoplasms were isolated from vagina and cervix. In patients without inflammatory pelvic disease only in 21% of all cases mycoplasms could be detected. It is pointed out that mycoplasms may play a role in the etiology of chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the pelvis.", "contents": "[Mycoplasms in vagina and cervix in non-gonorrhoeal inflammatory disease of the pelvis (author's transl)]. Over a period of four years 110 patients with chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the pelvis were treated in our special clinic of micrbiology. In 59 patients (53,6%) mycoplasms were isolated from vagina and cervix. In patients without inflammatory pelvic disease only in 21% of all cases mycoplasms could be detected. It is pointed out that mycoplasms may play a role in the etiology of chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the pelvis.", "PMID": 651763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5206", "title": "[Diagnosis of candidiasis by means of Microstix-Candida].", "content": "The incidence of candidiasis was study in 115 mothers (vaginal) and their newborn infants (throat and fecal). Comparison studies employing Microstix-Candida and conventional Nickerson's media indicate a higher detection rate with the former. The detection of candida albicans in the newborn was obtained at an earlier time point and somewhat more frequently with Nickerson's medium.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of candidiasis by means of Microstix-Candida]. The incidence of candidiasis was study in 115 mothers (vaginal) and their newborn infants (throat and fecal). Comparison studies employing Microstix-Candida and conventional Nickerson's media indicate a higher detection rate with the former. The detection of candida albicans in the newborn was obtained at an earlier time point and somewhat more frequently with Nickerson's medium.", "PMID": 651764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5207", "title": "[Diagnosis of yeast contamination in urine especially of patients with indwelling catheters (authors transl)].", "content": "Mycologic investigations of female patients with permanent catheters have shown that the yeast contamination detected in the urine depends on the time of catheterizing. Yeast from the genital and anal regions are the main sources of infection. Prophylactic therapy with antimycotic agents is recommended.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of yeast contamination in urine especially of patients with indwelling catheters (authors transl)]. Mycologic investigations of female patients with permanent catheters have shown that the yeast contamination detected in the urine depends on the time of catheterizing. Yeast from the genital and anal regions are the main sources of infection. Prophylactic therapy with antimycotic agents is recommended.", "PMID": 651765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5208", "title": "[Treatment of chronic arterial occlusive disease. Clinical study with a new galenic preparation of Pentoxifyllin (Trental 400) (author's transl)].", "content": "26 patients suffering from arterial occlusive disease in the legs, stages IIa to IV according to Fontaine classification, and 7 patients with serious vascular disorders in the arm, were treated with daily 3- to 4 X 1 tablet Trental 400 (400 mg Pentoxifylline per tablet) over extended periods. In order to establish the therapeutic efficacy of the drug, influence on microcirculation (133Xenon-muscle clearance), poststenotic blood pressure (Doppler ultrasonic technique), oscillography, walking distance and alteration of clinical stage (following Fontaine classification) were studied. The medication resulted in a significant increase in muscular capillary flow whereby more affected legs showed better response than those initially less impaired. The poststenotic pressure increased significantly in initially more affected arteries and elevation of oscillographic amplitudes was found, too. The walking distance increased markedly, rest pain was removed and the clinical stage according to Fontaine classification changed on a linear scale from the more severe to the light stages of impairment. The patients with vascular disorders in the arms showed good improvement of their condition.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic arterial occlusive disease. Clinical study with a new galenic preparation of Pentoxifyllin (Trental 400) (author's transl)]. 26 patients suffering from arterial occlusive disease in the legs, stages IIa to IV according to Fontaine classification, and 7 patients with serious vascular disorders in the arm, were treated with daily 3- to 4 X 1 tablet Trental 400 (400 mg Pentoxifylline per tablet) over extended periods. In order to establish the therapeutic efficacy of the drug, influence on microcirculation (133Xenon-muscle clearance), poststenotic blood pressure (Doppler ultrasonic technique), oscillography, walking distance and alteration of clinical stage (following Fontaine classification) were studied. The medication resulted in a significant increase in muscular capillary flow whereby more affected legs showed better response than those initially less impaired. The poststenotic pressure increased significantly in initially more affected arteries and elevation of oscillographic amplitudes was found, too. The walking distance increased markedly, rest pain was removed and the clinical stage according to Fontaine classification changed on a linear scale from the more severe to the light stages of impairment. The patients with vascular disorders in the arms showed good improvement of their condition.", "PMID": 651768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5209", "title": "[Thrombotic arterial and venous obstructions under ancrod (Arwin) therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "44 patients were treated with subcutaneous ancrod (Arwin) for peripheral arterial occlusive disease (Fontaine stage III). An acute fulminating arterial occlusion occurred in two patients on the 10th and 23rd days respectively, and in a third patient a deep venous thrombosis developed in the leg on the 45th day after beginning treatment. Accordingly, vascular occlusion must be expected during defibrination in the presence of poor peripheral drainage conditions and if the serum fibrinogen can no longer be maintained below 1.0 g/1 in spite of increasing the ancrod dosage. Under these circumstances the treatment must be terminated.", "contents": "[Thrombotic arterial and venous obstructions under ancrod (Arwin) therapy (author's transl)]. 44 patients were treated with subcutaneous ancrod (Arwin) for peripheral arterial occlusive disease (Fontaine stage III). An acute fulminating arterial occlusion occurred in two patients on the 10th and 23rd days respectively, and in a third patient a deep venous thrombosis developed in the leg on the 45th day after beginning treatment. Accordingly, vascular occlusion must be expected during defibrination in the presence of poor peripheral drainage conditions and if the serum fibrinogen can no longer be maintained below 1.0 g/1 in spite of increasing the ancrod dosage. Under these circumstances the treatment must be terminated.", "PMID": 651769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5210", "title": "[Influence of dihydroergotamine and leg compression on the blood volume in different regions of the body (author's transl)].", "content": "After intravenous injection of 99mTc labelled autologous erythrocytes the radioactivity of a definite body-region is proportional to the local blood volume. By whole body scintigraphy it is possible to assess simultaneous changes of blood volume in different interesting regions. By this method the influence of 1 mg dihydroergotamine i.v. was investigated in 10 patients and of compression of both legs by inflatable leg cuffs (Jobst) with pressures of 25 and 40 mmHg (3,3 and 5,3 kPa) in 7 patients. After dihydroergotamine statistically significant decreases of blood volume were found in the legs and arms and increases in the thorax and liver. Over the abdominal region there was a statistically not significant decrease of blood volume. After leg compression a statistically significant decrease of blood volume in the legs and an increase in thorax, liver and abdomen were found. The arms showed a statistically not significant blood volume increase. The blood volume diminishing effect of dihydroergotamine in the legs was 20,4% in average, of a leg compression (25 mmHg=3,3 kPa) 33,4%. Contrary to the general opinion a reduction of blood volume was also found in legs with severe varicosis. The diminution of blood volume is even more intense in such cases than in normal legs. The results after dihydroergotamine are explained by its well known constrictor effect on the capacitance vessels in the extremities.", "contents": "[Influence of dihydroergotamine and leg compression on the blood volume in different regions of the body (author's transl)]. After intravenous injection of 99mTc labelled autologous erythrocytes the radioactivity of a definite body-region is proportional to the local blood volume. By whole body scintigraphy it is possible to assess simultaneous changes of blood volume in different interesting regions. By this method the influence of 1 mg dihydroergotamine i.v. was investigated in 10 patients and of compression of both legs by inflatable leg cuffs (Jobst) with pressures of 25 and 40 mmHg (3,3 and 5,3 kPa) in 7 patients. After dihydroergotamine statistically significant decreases of blood volume were found in the legs and arms and increases in the thorax and liver. Over the abdominal region there was a statistically not significant decrease of blood volume. After leg compression a statistically significant decrease of blood volume in the legs and an increase in thorax, liver and abdomen were found. The arms showed a statistically not significant blood volume increase. The blood volume diminishing effect of dihydroergotamine in the legs was 20,4% in average, of a leg compression (25 mmHg=3,3 kPa) 33,4%. Contrary to the general opinion a reduction of blood volume was also found in legs with severe varicosis. The diminution of blood volume is even more intense in such cases than in normal legs. The results after dihydroergotamine are explained by its well known constrictor effect on the capacitance vessels in the extremities.", "PMID": 651770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5211", "title": "Changes in the liver lactate dehydrogenase isozyme profile after induced glycogenolysis.", "content": "Treatment with cystamine, phlorrhizin or nicotinic acid, which induced liver glycogenolysis, resulted in the increase of liver lactate dehydrogenase activity. This increase was counteracted by the administration of cycloheximide or actinomycin D and coincided with the increase os isozymes 4 and 3 and the decrease of isozyme 5. The enhancement of liver lactate dehydrogenase activity and the changes observed in the isozyme profile were similar to those observed after starvation. These results suggest that the changes in the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme profile found after cystamine, phlorrhizin or nicotinic acid administration may be related to the glycogenolytic effect of these compounds. These result in an adaptation of the liver lactate dehydrogenase to gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Changes in the liver lactate dehydrogenase isozyme profile after induced glycogenolysis. Treatment with cystamine, phlorrhizin or nicotinic acid, which induced liver glycogenolysis, resulted in the increase of liver lactate dehydrogenase activity. This increase was counteracted by the administration of cycloheximide or actinomycin D and coincided with the increase os isozymes 4 and 3 and the decrease of isozyme 5. The enhancement of liver lactate dehydrogenase activity and the changes observed in the isozyme profile were similar to those observed after starvation. These results suggest that the changes in the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme profile found after cystamine, phlorrhizin or nicotinic acid administration may be related to the glycogenolytic effect of these compounds. These result in an adaptation of the liver lactate dehydrogenase to gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 651872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5212", "title": "[Photosynthesis as a prototype of solar energetics of new type. I. Chlorophyll apparatus of photosynthesis].", "content": "The hybridization of double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA from mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, rabbit bone marrow cells and primary culture of rabbit kidney cells with an excess of total poly(A)+-mRNA of mouse or rabbit globin mRNA respectively was studied. The hybrids were detected as RNAase-stable acid precipitable material or by adsorbtion of the hybrid complexes of poly(U)-sepharose. The sizes of the hybrid complementary sequences and their thermal stability were estimated.", "contents": "[Photosynthesis as a prototype of solar energetics of new type. I. Chlorophyll apparatus of photosynthesis]. The hybridization of double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA from mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, rabbit bone marrow cells and primary culture of rabbit kidney cells with an excess of total poly(A)+-mRNA of mouse or rabbit globin mRNA respectively was studied. The hybrids were detected as RNAase-stable acid precipitable material or by adsorbtion of the hybrid complexes of poly(U)-sepharose. The sizes of the hybrid complementary sequences and their thermal stability were estimated.", "PMID": 651873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5213", "title": "[Structure of DNA complexes with regular polypeptides].", "content": "The conformation of some regular polypeptides: (Lys-Ala)50, (Lys-Ala2)37, (Lys-Ala2)26, (Lys-Ala3)18, (Lys3-Pro)29, (Orn3-Gly)28 was studied by means of CD. The complexes of these polypeptides with DNA were obtained by the methods of jump-dilution of a two-components mixture from 2 M NaCl to 0.05 M NaCl. The extent of DNA covering by the polypeptides was compared using binding isoterms of ethidium on DNA and DNA-polypeptide complex. The length, L, which polypeptides cover on DNA was estimated by means of energy transfer between the dyes absorbed on the complexes. The CD spectra of the complexes revealed a high sensitivity to changes of the environmental conditions. Small variations in the temperature and ionic strength produces marked changes in the CD spectra of the complexes. It was suggested that observed CD changes are due to both the structural relaxation of the complexes and the existence of liquid-crystal domains in solution.", "contents": "[Structure of DNA complexes with regular polypeptides]. The conformation of some regular polypeptides: (Lys-Ala)50, (Lys-Ala2)37, (Lys-Ala2)26, (Lys-Ala3)18, (Lys3-Pro)29, (Orn3-Gly)28 was studied by means of CD. The complexes of these polypeptides with DNA were obtained by the methods of jump-dilution of a two-components mixture from 2 M NaCl to 0.05 M NaCl. The extent of DNA covering by the polypeptides was compared using binding isoterms of ethidium on DNA and DNA-polypeptide complex. The length, L, which polypeptides cover on DNA was estimated by means of energy transfer between the dyes absorbed on the complexes. The CD spectra of the complexes revealed a high sensitivity to changes of the environmental conditions. Small variations in the temperature and ionic strength produces marked changes in the CD spectra of the complexes. It was suggested that observed CD changes are due to both the structural relaxation of the complexes and the existence of liquid-crystal domains in solution.", "PMID": 651874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5214", "title": "[Intracellular structures of influenza virus].", "content": "The intracellular influenza virus-containing structures involved in RNA synthesis in the cytoplasm and in the nucleoplasm of infected chicken fibroblasts were studied. Two approaches were used: (1) short pulse labeling of infected cell with [3H]uridine; (2) determination in vitro of polymerase activity of intracellular virus-specific structures. Both methods revealed functionally active virus-specific structures in the nucleoplasm and showed that a functionally active virus-specific structure was localized in the nucleoplasm of infected cells. This structure contained proteins of the viral ribonucleoprotein, but sedimented somewhat faster (at 60--90S in velocity sucrose and glycerol gradients). Meanwhile, polymerase-containing structures in the cytoplasm of infected cells sedimented in the position of viral ribonucleoproteins (25--60S).", "contents": "[Intracellular structures of influenza virus]. The intracellular influenza virus-containing structures involved in RNA synthesis in the cytoplasm and in the nucleoplasm of infected chicken fibroblasts were studied. Two approaches were used: (1) short pulse labeling of infected cell with [3H]uridine; (2) determination in vitro of polymerase activity of intracellular virus-specific structures. Both methods revealed functionally active virus-specific structures in the nucleoplasm and showed that a functionally active virus-specific structure was localized in the nucleoplasm of infected cells. This structure contained proteins of the viral ribonucleoprotein, but sedimented somewhat faster (at 60--90S in velocity sucrose and glycerol gradients). Meanwhile, polymerase-containing structures in the cytoplasm of infected cells sedimented in the position of viral ribonucleoproteins (25--60S).", "PMID": 651875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5215", "title": "[Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. IX. Hybridization of double-stranded portions of pre-mRNA with excess mRNA].", "content": "The hybridization of double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA from mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, rabbit bone marrow cells and primary culture of rabbit kidney cells with an excess of total poly(A)+-mRNA of mouse or rabbit globin mRNA respectively was studied. The hybrids were detected as RNAase-stable acid precipitable material or by adsorbtion of the hybrid complexes of poly(U)-sepharose. The sizes of the hybrid complementary sequences and their thermal stability were estimated.", "contents": "[Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. IX. Hybridization of double-stranded portions of pre-mRNA with excess mRNA]. The hybridization of double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA from mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, rabbit bone marrow cells and primary culture of rabbit kidney cells with an excess of total poly(A)+-mRNA of mouse or rabbit globin mRNA respectively was studied. The hybrids were detected as RNAase-stable acid precipitable material or by adsorbtion of the hybrid complexes of poly(U)-sepharose. The sizes of the hybrid complementary sequences and their thermal stability were estimated.", "PMID": 651876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5216", "title": "[Reaction between calcium and different protein S-100 fractions].", "content": "The interaction between various fractions of neurospecific S-100 protein and calcium was studied by means of differential spectrophotometry. Fractions demonstrating \"blue\" and \"red\" shifts of the spectrum were detected. The change of conformation, occurring when calcium is bound, results in a redistribution of the protein in the double-phase system (polyetylenglycol-dextran), and the fractions, demonstrating the \"blue\" shift are transferred to the more hydrophobic phase (PEG), while fractions with the \"red\" shift move to the less hydrophobic phase (dextran). The existence of fractions with different reaction to calcium binding is discussed considering their participation in controling ionic permeability of neuronal membranes.", "contents": "[Reaction between calcium and different protein S-100 fractions]. The interaction between various fractions of neurospecific S-100 protein and calcium was studied by means of differential spectrophotometry. Fractions demonstrating \"blue\" and \"red\" shifts of the spectrum were detected. The change of conformation, occurring when calcium is bound, results in a redistribution of the protein in the double-phase system (polyetylenglycol-dextran), and the fractions, demonstrating the \"blue\" shift are transferred to the more hydrophobic phase (PEG), while fractions with the \"red\" shift move to the less hydrophobic phase (dextran). The existence of fractions with different reaction to calcium binding is discussed considering their participation in controling ionic permeability of neuronal membranes.", "PMID": 651877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5217", "title": "[Compact form of synthetic polynucleotides. Relationship between secondary structure and circular dichroism spectra].", "content": "The formation of compact particles from synthetic double- and triplestranded polynucleotides in water-salt solutions, containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been investigated. CD spectra of compact particles are characterized by intense bands (positive or negative) in the region of 270 nm, compact particles being divided into two families--psi- and psi+--according to the CD band sign. The amplitude of the CD band at 270 nm increases with the increase of CPEG. Heating of a solution, containing compact particles, results in a disappearance of the CD band, the \"melting\" of compact particles as revealed by the CD method occuring prior to the melting of the secondary structure of the corresponding polynucleotide. It is concluded that intense CD bands, which are characteristic of the compact form of synthetic polynucleotides, arise (similar to the case of DNA or dsRNA) from regular arrangement of polynucleotide chains in compact particles. The question, concerning the relation between parameters of the secondary structure of polynucleotides and their belonging either to psi- or to psi+ family is discussed. The factors, which could account for the appearance of intense bands in CD spectra of compact particles are also considered.", "contents": "[Compact form of synthetic polynucleotides. Relationship between secondary structure and circular dichroism spectra]. The formation of compact particles from synthetic double- and triplestranded polynucleotides in water-salt solutions, containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been investigated. CD spectra of compact particles are characterized by intense bands (positive or negative) in the region of 270 nm, compact particles being divided into two families--psi- and psi+--according to the CD band sign. The amplitude of the CD band at 270 nm increases with the increase of CPEG. Heating of a solution, containing compact particles, results in a disappearance of the CD band, the \"melting\" of compact particles as revealed by the CD method occuring prior to the melting of the secondary structure of the corresponding polynucleotide. It is concluded that intense CD bands, which are characteristic of the compact form of synthetic polynucleotides, arise (similar to the case of DNA or dsRNA) from regular arrangement of polynucleotide chains in compact particles. The question, concerning the relation between parameters of the secondary structure of polynucleotides and their belonging either to psi- or to psi+ family is discussed. The factors, which could account for the appearance of intense bands in CD spectra of compact particles are also considered.", "PMID": 651879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5218", "title": "[Several properties of complexes of polynucleotides with aromatic amino acid amides of oligonucleotides].", "content": "Residues of Phe, Tyr and Trp in the complexes of their oligonucleotide amidates and polynucleotides of A-U of G-C nucleotide composition are most likely localized in the minor groove of the Watson--Crick part of the triple helix where they interact with bases but do not intercalate into the helix. Formation of the complexes is accompanied with a change in the relative localization of amino acids and bases. The major geometrical parameters of the triple helices of the complexes are not changed by the residues of aromatic amino acids (according to CD data). A slight violation of stacking interactions between bases is observed along with an increase of the cooperativity of melting of the complexes of A-U composition (according to UV absorption data). The effect of the residues of aromatic amino acids on the stability of triple helices is determined by the nucleotide composition of the latter, i.e. complexes of A-U composition are destabilized with the Phe, Tyr and Trp residues, whereas the Trp residue does not affect the stability of the complexes of G-C composition. The hydrophobic character of aromatic amino acids and their different affinity for bases of different structure seem to account for this difference in stability. The dependence of the thermal stability of RNH-dp(An).2poly(U)-complexes on the structure of the amide radical (residues of glycin, aromatic amino acids, alkyl- and arylalkyl amines) testifies the ability of the radical to \"regulate\" the interaction between the oligomer and the complementary polynucleotide. This capacity for \"regulation\" is not observed in the system of G-C composition.", "contents": "[Several properties of complexes of polynucleotides with aromatic amino acid amides of oligonucleotides]. Residues of Phe, Tyr and Trp in the complexes of their oligonucleotide amidates and polynucleotides of A-U of G-C nucleotide composition are most likely localized in the minor groove of the Watson--Crick part of the triple helix where they interact with bases but do not intercalate into the helix. Formation of the complexes is accompanied with a change in the relative localization of amino acids and bases. The major geometrical parameters of the triple helices of the complexes are not changed by the residues of aromatic amino acids (according to CD data). A slight violation of stacking interactions between bases is observed along with an increase of the cooperativity of melting of the complexes of A-U composition (according to UV absorption data). The effect of the residues of aromatic amino acids on the stability of triple helices is determined by the nucleotide composition of the latter, i.e. complexes of A-U composition are destabilized with the Phe, Tyr and Trp residues, whereas the Trp residue does not affect the stability of the complexes of G-C composition. The hydrophobic character of aromatic amino acids and their different affinity for bases of different structure seem to account for this difference in stability. The dependence of the thermal stability of RNH-dp(An).2poly(U)-complexes on the structure of the amide radical (residues of glycin, aromatic amino acids, alkyl- and arylalkyl amines) testifies the ability of the radical to \"regulate\" the interaction between the oligomer and the complementary polynucleotide. This capacity for \"regulation\" is not observed in the system of G-C composition.", "PMID": 651881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5219", "title": "[Possible mechanism of cooperative control in polyenzyme systems].", "content": "A mathematical model of an anabolic multienzyme system and its function mechanism is considered. The first substrate in this kind of biochemical system may be binded to its active site, provided the last product was released out of the system. The functional control is assumed to be exercised by cooperative rearrangement of the protein structure. Any intermediate or product molecule if present within the system, induces conformational changes in the entrance center of the multienzyme system, preventing the initial substrate binding. The steady-state product synthesis rate in such a system is determined by joint influence of rate constants at all stages of the reaction chain. The model corresponds closely to the multienzyme system of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. Essential advantages of cooperative controlled multienzyme systems in regulation of biochemical processes are discussed.", "contents": "[Possible mechanism of cooperative control in polyenzyme systems]. A mathematical model of an anabolic multienzyme system and its function mechanism is considered. The first substrate in this kind of biochemical system may be binded to its active site, provided the last product was released out of the system. The functional control is assumed to be exercised by cooperative rearrangement of the protein structure. Any intermediate or product molecule if present within the system, induces conformational changes in the entrance center of the multienzyme system, preventing the initial substrate binding. The steady-state product synthesis rate in such a system is determined by joint influence of rate constants at all stages of the reaction chain. The model corresponds closely to the multienzyme system of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. Essential advantages of cooperative controlled multienzyme systems in regulation of biochemical processes are discussed.", "PMID": 651880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5220", "title": "[Oligonucleotides and their analogs. III. Circular dichroism and conformation of analogs cytidylyl-(3'--5')-adenosine].", "content": "The CD spectra of 11 analogues of CpA, containing modified carbohydrate residue, achiral hydroxyalkyl- and optically active hydroxymethylene substituents have been studied. On the basis of the dependence of the CD spectra on temperature, the constants of U in equilibrium S equilibria and thermodynamic parameters in the approximation of dilute solution was calculated. The calculation was carried out on a computer in the terms of a two-state model. The influence of the modifications of the carbohydrate on the stability of the S-conformation is discussed. The CD spectra of S-conformation was calculated and the assumption of the origin of oligonucleotides CD is considered. Possible mechanisms of how water participates in the stabilization of the S-conformation of dinucleoside phosphate are analyzed.", "contents": "[Oligonucleotides and their analogs. III. Circular dichroism and conformation of analogs cytidylyl-(3'--5')-adenosine]. The CD spectra of 11 analogues of CpA, containing modified carbohydrate residue, achiral hydroxyalkyl- and optically active hydroxymethylene substituents have been studied. On the basis of the dependence of the CD spectra on temperature, the constants of U in equilibrium S equilibria and thermodynamic parameters in the approximation of dilute solution was calculated. The calculation was carried out on a computer in the terms of a two-state model. The influence of the modifications of the carbohydrate on the stability of the S-conformation is discussed. The CD spectra of S-conformation was calculated and the assumption of the origin of oligonucleotides CD is considered. Possible mechanisms of how water participates in the stabilization of the S-conformation of dinucleoside phosphate are analyzed.", "PMID": 651882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5221", "title": "[Physico-chemical study of the nucleic acid of bacteriophage phiB].", "content": "A study of physico-chemical properties of the nucleic acid of phage Brevibacterium flavum was made. It was found that the phage nucleic acid is a double-stranded DNA. The content of GC pairs was determined by the temperature of DNA melting and by the chromatographic method. In both cases it was (52 +/- 2) mole %. It has been shown that endonuclease Eco RI treatment of phiB DNA forms 12 fragments. The molecular weight of phiB DNA has been determined by two independent methods: by measuring the contous length of DNA and by the sum of molecular weights of DNA restricts obtained after hydrolysis by endonuclease Eco RI and was found to be (30 +/- 1) . 10(6) dalton. Electron microscopy investigations detected rod and circular DNA in either monomeric or dimeric forms. The polarity of DNA arrangement in the phiB phage particle was determined by using the partial denaturation maps.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical study of the nucleic acid of bacteriophage phiB]. A study of physico-chemical properties of the nucleic acid of phage Brevibacterium flavum was made. It was found that the phage nucleic acid is a double-stranded DNA. The content of GC pairs was determined by the temperature of DNA melting and by the chromatographic method. In both cases it was (52 +/- 2) mole %. It has been shown that endonuclease Eco RI treatment of phiB DNA forms 12 fragments. The molecular weight of phiB DNA has been determined by two independent methods: by measuring the contous length of DNA and by the sum of molecular weights of DNA restricts obtained after hydrolysis by endonuclease Eco RI and was found to be (30 +/- 1) . 10(6) dalton. Electron microscopy investigations detected rod and circular DNA in either monomeric or dimeric forms. The polarity of DNA arrangement in the phiB phage particle was determined by using the partial denaturation maps.", "PMID": 651878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5222", "title": "[Irreversible secondary structure changes in concentrated aqueous solutions of DNA].", "content": "\"Aqueous\" and \"electrolytic\" solutions of DNA from chicken erythrocytes different concentrations of NH4Cl have been investigated. Solutions of the first type were prepared from concentrated aqueous solutions of DNA and the second type solutions by solving a solid DNA in a supporting electrolyte. Studies of the melting curves showed that even the concentrated aqueous solutions of DNA were not completely native. The changes of the secondary structure of DNA caused by solving in deionized water are irreversible. This is confirmed by the abnormal dependence of melting temperatures of DNA on the ionic strength of aqueous solutions that is not characteristic for electrolytic solutions, that is not characteristic for electrolytic solutions. It has been shown that the type of dependence of the melting temperatures on the ionic strength is a more precise test of the secondary structure of DNA than a molar extinction or hyperchromic koefficient.", "contents": "[Irreversible secondary structure changes in concentrated aqueous solutions of DNA]. \"Aqueous\" and \"electrolytic\" solutions of DNA from chicken erythrocytes different concentrations of NH4Cl have been investigated. Solutions of the first type were prepared from concentrated aqueous solutions of DNA and the second type solutions by solving a solid DNA in a supporting electrolyte. Studies of the melting curves showed that even the concentrated aqueous solutions of DNA were not completely native. The changes of the secondary structure of DNA caused by solving in deionized water are irreversible. This is confirmed by the abnormal dependence of melting temperatures of DNA on the ionic strength of aqueous solutions that is not characteristic for electrolytic solutions, that is not characteristic for electrolytic solutions. It has been shown that the type of dependence of the melting temperatures on the ionic strength is a more precise test of the secondary structure of DNA than a molar extinction or hyperchromic koefficient.", "PMID": 651883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5223", "title": "[Helix-globule transitions of polypeptides selectively reacting with the interface].", "content": "An analytical theory of helix-coil transitions for polypeptides in a solution near a flat and homogeneous interface is given. The following cases were considered: a) only the helical parts are absorbtively active; b) only the coiled sections of the chain are active in adsorption. It has been shown that the binding of the polymer chain to the surface is a result of a phase transition of a second order, moreover in case a) the presence of a secondary structure abruptly increases the ability of the macromolecules to bind to the interface. This largely increases the stability of the helical structure of the chain and leads to a practically complete spiralization of the macromolecule. The profile of the conformational transitions was strictly asymmetrical which is typical for the phase transitions. In case b) the process of binding resembles the adsorbtion of the Gaussian coils. In this case the rate of spiralization of the chain decreases in the course of binding and the degradation of the secondary structure is significant even if the helical state in volume is stable. The profile of the transition remains qualitatively similar to the helix-coil transition in volume but is displaced to the region of larger equilibrium constants.", "contents": "[Helix-globule transitions of polypeptides selectively reacting with the interface]. An analytical theory of helix-coil transitions for polypeptides in a solution near a flat and homogeneous interface is given. The following cases were considered: a) only the helical parts are absorbtively active; b) only the coiled sections of the chain are active in adsorption. It has been shown that the binding of the polymer chain to the surface is a result of a phase transition of a second order, moreover in case a) the presence of a secondary structure abruptly increases the ability of the macromolecules to bind to the interface. This largely increases the stability of the helical structure of the chain and leads to a practically complete spiralization of the macromolecule. The profile of the conformational transitions was strictly asymmetrical which is typical for the phase transitions. In case b) the process of binding resembles the adsorbtion of the Gaussian coils. In this case the rate of spiralization of the chain decreases in the course of binding and the degradation of the secondary structure is significant even if the helical state in volume is stable. The profile of the transition remains qualitatively similar to the helix-coil transition in volume but is displaced to the region of larger equilibrium constants.", "PMID": 651884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5224", "title": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathica (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with the clinical observation of their five patients suffering from AE the authors summarize current questions related to this disease. They examined the function of the cellular immunity in this disease. They call attention to dangers of oxychinoline treatment, and to benefits of zinc administration. They established that the introduction of zinc therapy indicates a progress in the treatment of AE.", "contents": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathica (author's transl)]. In connection with the clinical observation of their five patients suffering from AE the authors summarize current questions related to this disease. They examined the function of the cellular immunity in this disease. They call attention to dangers of oxychinoline treatment, and to benefits of zinc administration. They established that the introduction of zinc therapy indicates a progress in the treatment of AE.", "PMID": 651891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5225", "title": "[A case of cobalamin-dependent methylmalonic acidemia. Biochemical aspects, diagnosis and possible treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of methylmalonic acidemia with intermittend homocystinuria is described. Special attention is given to the early symptoms of this inborn error of metabolism, like lethargy, muscular hypotony, poor feeding, ketoacidosis, and recurrent vomiting. Furthermore, the necessary diagnostic steps, the pertinent differential diagnosis (septicemia, duodenal stenosis, other inborn errors of metabolism), and the possible treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[A case of cobalamin-dependent methylmalonic acidemia. Biochemical aspects, diagnosis and possible treatment (author's transl)]. A case of methylmalonic acidemia with intermittend homocystinuria is described. Special attention is given to the early symptoms of this inborn error of metabolism, like lethargy, muscular hypotony, poor feeding, ketoacidosis, and recurrent vomiting. Furthermore, the necessary diagnostic steps, the pertinent differential diagnosis (septicemia, duodenal stenosis, other inborn errors of metabolism), and the possible treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 651892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5226", "title": "[Incidence of iron deficiency in a sample-population of Frankfurt children (author's transl)].", "content": "Using customary hematological and biochemical criteria, peripheral iron deficiency was observed, depending on age, in 12-51% and anemia in up to 6%, in a sample of 337 children (age: 4 4 months to 10 years). The majority of children were well nourished. Since iron deficiency occurs even in these children, it appears to be important to study this situation in underpriviledged German children as well. Even after peripheral iron deficiency was excluded, hemoglobin concentration varied significantly with age. This has to be considered in order to avoid unnecessary iron medication, that, according to recent findings, could cause adverse effects. The data presented here, do not as yet justify a general iron fortification program for all infants in Germany. Iron research should be directed toward the relationship of iron nutrition and iron-related blood chemistry of children on the one hand, and general criteria of functional capacity, morbidity, and longivity on the other. It will only be possible to give rational definitions of what are normal iron and hemoglobin concentrations in childhood, when we know more about these relationships.", "contents": "[Incidence of iron deficiency in a sample-population of Frankfurt children (author's transl)]. Using customary hematological and biochemical criteria, peripheral iron deficiency was observed, depending on age, in 12-51% and anemia in up to 6%, in a sample of 337 children (age: 4 4 months to 10 years). The majority of children were well nourished. Since iron deficiency occurs even in these children, it appears to be important to study this situation in underpriviledged German children as well. Even after peripheral iron deficiency was excluded, hemoglobin concentration varied significantly with age. This has to be considered in order to avoid unnecessary iron medication, that, according to recent findings, could cause adverse effects. The data presented here, do not as yet justify a general iron fortification program for all infants in Germany. Iron research should be directed toward the relationship of iron nutrition and iron-related blood chemistry of children on the one hand, and general criteria of functional capacity, morbidity, and longivity on the other. It will only be possible to give rational definitions of what are normal iron and hemoglobin concentrations in childhood, when we know more about these relationships.", "PMID": 651893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5227", "title": "[Radiotelemetric studies on heart rates of 10 year old boys and girls during a 3000 m-run on the sports field and on the treadmill (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of heart rates of 25 untrained boys and 25 untrained girls between 9.5 and 10.5 years of age was registered telemetrically before, during and after a 3000m-run with a finish on the sportsfield and during a run over the same distance with the equivalent but constant speed on a treadmill. Additionally an exhausting spiroergometric test on a bicycle in a sitting position (method: W/kg body weight) was carried out. With a self-determined intensity the boys passed the 3000 m-distance in a shorter time than the girls. During the run the girls' heart rates remained relatively constant between 190 and 204 per min, whereas the boys' heart rates were significantly lower (about 10/min). Children with a higher relative oxygen capacity (56 ml O2/kg) run faster and revealed lower heart rates than children with less relative oxygen capacity (39.8 ml O2/kg). The same results were obtained when children with lower body weight were compared to heavier children of the same size.", "contents": "[Radiotelemetric studies on heart rates of 10 year old boys and girls during a 3000 m-run on the sports field and on the treadmill (author's transl)]. The behaviour of heart rates of 25 untrained boys and 25 untrained girls between 9.5 and 10.5 years of age was registered telemetrically before, during and after a 3000m-run with a finish on the sportsfield and during a run over the same distance with the equivalent but constant speed on a treadmill. Additionally an exhausting spiroergometric test on a bicycle in a sitting position (method: W/kg body weight) was carried out. With a self-determined intensity the boys passed the 3000 m-distance in a shorter time than the girls. During the run the girls' heart rates remained relatively constant between 190 and 204 per min, whereas the boys' heart rates were significantly lower (about 10/min). Children with a higher relative oxygen capacity (56 ml O2/kg) run faster and revealed lower heart rates than children with less relative oxygen capacity (39.8 ml O2/kg). The same results were obtained when children with lower body weight were compared to heavier children of the same size.", "PMID": 651894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5228", "title": "[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, and deafness--an autosomal recessive syndrome (didmoad-syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "By reporting a further case attention is drawn to the autosomal recessive inherited DIDMOAD-syndrome. While diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy are easy to recognize, one often has specifically to look for deafness, diabetes insipidus and the frequently associated dilatation of the urinary tract. Awareness of this condition is important for genetic counselling and vocational guidance, and allows to avoid invasive neuroradiological investigations.", "contents": "[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, and deafness--an autosomal recessive syndrome (didmoad-syndrome) (author's transl)]. By reporting a further case attention is drawn to the autosomal recessive inherited DIDMOAD-syndrome. While diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy are easy to recognize, one often has specifically to look for deafness, diabetes insipidus and the frequently associated dilatation of the urinary tract. Awareness of this condition is important for genetic counselling and vocational guidance, and allows to avoid invasive neuroradiological investigations.", "PMID": 651895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5229", "title": "[Treatment of abdominal liposarcoma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with abdominal liposarcoma is described, and the treatment of this in children extremely uncommon tumor is discussed. After complete surgical excision, local irradion with 5000-6000 rad should be considered only if no vital organs are irradiated. Because of the high tendency for local recurrence and for distant metastases of this tumor a primary polychemotherapy beginning immediately after surgical excision is proposed as in cases of other solid tumors in children for instance rhabdomyosarcoma or fibrosarcoma. 18 months after the surgical excision and after the beginning of polychemotherapy our patient is clinically well without demonstrable tumor growth.", "contents": "[Treatment of abdominal liposarcoma in children (author's transl)]. A patient with abdominal liposarcoma is described, and the treatment of this in children extremely uncommon tumor is discussed. After complete surgical excision, local irradion with 5000-6000 rad should be considered only if no vital organs are irradiated. Because of the high tendency for local recurrence and for distant metastases of this tumor a primary polychemotherapy beginning immediately after surgical excision is proposed as in cases of other solid tumors in children for instance rhabdomyosarcoma or fibrosarcoma. 18 months after the surgical excision and after the beginning of polychemotherapy our patient is clinically well without demonstrable tumor growth.", "PMID": 651896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5230", "title": "[Waardenburg's syndrome. Four cases in an Iranian family (author's transl)].", "content": "4 cases of Waardenburg's syndrome in an Iranian family are presented and discussed. The patients, a 34-year-old father with his 6-month-old and 3-year-old sons and 2-year-old daughter, show symptoms of this syndrome in varying degrees of expression except for deafness.", "contents": "[Waardenburg's syndrome. Four cases in an Iranian family (author's transl)]. 4 cases of Waardenburg's syndrome in an Iranian family are presented and discussed. The patients, a 34-year-old father with his 6-month-old and 3-year-old sons and 2-year-old daughter, show symptoms of this syndrome in varying degrees of expression except for deafness.", "PMID": 651897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5231", "title": "Repair of UV-induced damage in wild-type and mutant strains of Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "The basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune was found to have both photo-repair and dark-repair systems for UV-induced damage. Three UV-sensitive mutants were isolated and characterized for ability to repair UV-induced damage in light and dark, and for cross-sensitivity to caffeine and methyl methanesulfonate. Two of the mutants were damaged, to different extents, in their capacity for excision repair; one of these mutants was also probably damaged in post-replication repair. The third mutant was damaged only in post-replication repair.", "contents": "Repair of UV-induced damage in wild-type and mutant strains of Schizophyllum commune. The basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune was found to have both photo-repair and dark-repair systems for UV-induced damage. Three UV-sensitive mutants were isolated and characterized for ability to repair UV-induced damage in light and dark, and for cross-sensitivity to caffeine and methyl methanesulfonate. Two of the mutants were damaged, to different extents, in their capacity for excision repair; one of these mutants was also probably damaged in post-replication repair. The third mutant was damaged only in post-replication repair.", "PMID": 651936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5232", "title": "Mutation in continuous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe II. Effect of amino acid starvation on mutational response and DNA concentration.", "content": "In agreement with the results obtained in Escherichia coli by other workers and our own previous data, the kinetics with which spontaneous mutations to resistance to the 12,13-epoxytrichothecene trichodermin accumulate in a lysine auxotroph of Schizosaccharomyces pombe are dependent upon the nutrilite used to limit the growth of the population. Under conditions of glucose-limitation mutation accumulation is proportional to generation time, while under lysine-limitation it becomes proportional to chronological time. In contrast to observations made in bacterial system, however, no significant change in the DNA content per cell is noted in slow growing cultures grown under amino acid starvation. These findings help to eliminate some of the theories put forward to explain the differential mutational responses observed under different growth limiting regimes.", "contents": "Mutation in continuous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe II. Effect of amino acid starvation on mutational response and DNA concentration. In agreement with the results obtained in Escherichia coli by other workers and our own previous data, the kinetics with which spontaneous mutations to resistance to the 12,13-epoxytrichothecene trichodermin accumulate in a lysine auxotroph of Schizosaccharomyces pombe are dependent upon the nutrilite used to limit the growth of the population. Under conditions of glucose-limitation mutation accumulation is proportional to generation time, while under lysine-limitation it becomes proportional to chronological time. In contrast to observations made in bacterial system, however, no significant change in the DNA content per cell is noted in slow growing cultures grown under amino acid starvation. These findings help to eliminate some of the theories put forward to explain the differential mutational responses observed under different growth limiting regimes.", "PMID": 651937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5233", "title": "Inhibition of post-replication repair by isonicotinic acid hydrazide.", "content": "In the presence of the alkylating mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), the well-known tuberculostatic ionicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), even in otherwise ineffective doses, depressed cell number and mitotic index in peripheral human lymphocytes and inhibited the post-replication repair process in Chinese hamster cells (CHO). INH had no influence on unscheduled DNA synthesis (cut-and-patch repair), which was negligible in CHO cells under our conditions.", "contents": "Inhibition of post-replication repair by isonicotinic acid hydrazide. In the presence of the alkylating mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), the well-known tuberculostatic ionicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), even in otherwise ineffective doses, depressed cell number and mitotic index in peripheral human lymphocytes and inhibited the post-replication repair process in Chinese hamster cells (CHO). INH had no influence on unscheduled DNA synthesis (cut-and-patch repair), which was negligible in CHO cells under our conditions.", "PMID": 651939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5234", "title": "Caffeine-inhibited DNA repair in 7-bromomethylbenz (a)-anthracene-treated Chinease hamster cells: formation of breaks in parental DNA and inhibition of ligation of nascent DNA as a mechanism for enhancement of lethality and chromosome damage.", "content": "The cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene (7-BMBA) are potentiated by post-treatment incubation of cells in the presence of an non-toxic concentration of caffeine. Under these conditions caffeine inhibits the rate of ligation of newly-synthesised DNA and induces breaks in the template strand of DNA. It is proposed that endonucleolytic attack occurs at the site of lesions in the template strand of DNA and that a later step(s) of excision-repair is (are) inhibited by the presence of caffeine-induced 'gap' in the nascent DNA opposite these lesions.", "contents": "Caffeine-inhibited DNA repair in 7-bromomethylbenz (a)-anthracene-treated Chinease hamster cells: formation of breaks in parental DNA and inhibition of ligation of nascent DNA as a mechanism for enhancement of lethality and chromosome damage. The cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene (7-BMBA) are potentiated by post-treatment incubation of cells in the presence of an non-toxic concentration of caffeine. Under these conditions caffeine inhibits the rate of ligation of newly-synthesised DNA and induces breaks in the template strand of DNA. It is proposed that endonucleolytic attack occurs at the site of lesions in the template strand of DNA and that a later step(s) of excision-repair is (are) inhibited by the presence of caffeine-induced 'gap' in the nascent DNA opposite these lesions.", "PMID": 651940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5235", "title": "The detection of mutation in human diploid fibroblasts after mutagen treatment using non-selective cloning and enzyme electrophoresis.", "content": "In an attempt to study mutagenesis in human diploid fibroblasts, clones derived from mass cultures treated with mutagen have been examined by starch-gel electrophoresis for 43 different enzyme loci. A technique of mutagen treatment was devised which facilitated the cloning and which enabled the cells to be exposed to very high doses of EMS and MNNG. Two alterations in phenotype, presumably the result of mutation, were observed, one involving peptidase D (PEPD) and the other phosphoglucomutase (PGM1).", "contents": "The detection of mutation in human diploid fibroblasts after mutagen treatment using non-selective cloning and enzyme electrophoresis. In an attempt to study mutagenesis in human diploid fibroblasts, clones derived from mass cultures treated with mutagen have been examined by starch-gel electrophoresis for 43 different enzyme loci. A technique of mutagen treatment was devised which facilitated the cloning and which enabled the cells to be exposed to very high doses of EMS and MNNG. Two alterations in phenotype, presumably the result of mutation, were observed, one involving peptidase D (PEPD) and the other phosphoglucomutase (PGM1).", "PMID": 651941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5236", "title": "Lidocaine kinetics predicted by indocyanine green clearance.", "content": "To evaluate the importance of hepatic blood flow in lidocaine kinetics, we compared indocyanine green clearance, an estimate of hepatic plasma flow, to lidocaine clearance in 26 patients, half with and half without congestive heart failure, who received a lidocaine infusion for 24 hours as clinically indicated. The results demonstrated that patients with congestive heart failure had significantly higher steady-state lidocaine levels (6.8 +/- 3.6(S.D.) vs. 2.9 +/- 0.9 microgram per milliliter, P less than 0.005) and reduced lidocaine clearance (3.8 +/- 1.4 vs. 10.9 +/- 3.1 ml per minute per kilogram, P less than 0.005) than patients without heart failure. Potentially subtherapeutic or toxic lidocaine levels were found in 10 patients. The regression line (y = 0.3 + 1.07 x) relating clearance of lidocaine to that of indocyanine green was linear (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001). Since indocyanine green clearance can be determined rapidly and noninvasively, it offers the potential of predicting lidocaine dosage requirements with avoidance of toxicity or suboptimum therapy.", "contents": "Lidocaine kinetics predicted by indocyanine green clearance. To evaluate the importance of hepatic blood flow in lidocaine kinetics, we compared indocyanine green clearance, an estimate of hepatic plasma flow, to lidocaine clearance in 26 patients, half with and half without congestive heart failure, who received a lidocaine infusion for 24 hours as clinically indicated. The results demonstrated that patients with congestive heart failure had significantly higher steady-state lidocaine levels (6.8 +/- 3.6(S.D.) vs. 2.9 +/- 0.9 microgram per milliliter, P less than 0.005) and reduced lidocaine clearance (3.8 +/- 1.4 vs. 10.9 +/- 3.1 ml per minute per kilogram, P less than 0.005) than patients without heart failure. Potentially subtherapeutic or toxic lidocaine levels were found in 10 patients. The regression line (y = 0.3 + 1.07 x) relating clearance of lidocaine to that of indocyanine green was linear (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001). Since indocyanine green clearance can be determined rapidly and noninvasively, it offers the potential of predicting lidocaine dosage requirements with avoidance of toxicity or suboptimum therapy.", "PMID": 651945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5237", "title": "Extreme insulin resistance in ataxia telangiectasia: defect in affinity of insulin receptors.", "content": "The syndrome of ataxia telangiectasia is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. We examined the status of insulin receptors on circulating monocytes and on cultured fibroblasts from two siblings with ataxia telangiectasia and severe insulin resistance. 125I-insulin binding to monocytes of the two patients consistently demonstrated an 80 to 85 per cent decrease in receptor affinity. In contrast, the defect in receptor affinity was not expressed on the patients' cultured fibroblasts or on monocytes or fibroblasts obtained from unaffected family members. Whole plasma and immunoglobulin-enriched fractions of plasma from the patients inhibited the normal binding of insulin to its receptors on cultured human lymphocytes (IM -9 line) and on human placental membranes. We conclude that the insulin resistance in the two siblings with ataxia telangiectasia was associated with defects in the affinity of the receptors for insulin, probably caused by circulating inhibitors of insulin binding.", "contents": "Extreme insulin resistance in ataxia telangiectasia: defect in affinity of insulin receptors. The syndrome of ataxia telangiectasia is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. We examined the status of insulin receptors on circulating monocytes and on cultured fibroblasts from two siblings with ataxia telangiectasia and severe insulin resistance. 125I-insulin binding to monocytes of the two patients consistently demonstrated an 80 to 85 per cent decrease in receptor affinity. In contrast, the defect in receptor affinity was not expressed on the patients' cultured fibroblasts or on monocytes or fibroblasts obtained from unaffected family members. Whole plasma and immunoglobulin-enriched fractions of plasma from the patients inhibited the normal binding of insulin to its receptors on cultured human lymphocytes (IM -9 line) and on human placental membranes. We conclude that the insulin resistance in the two siblings with ataxia telangiectasia was associated with defects in the affinity of the receptors for insulin, probably caused by circulating inhibitors of insulin binding.", "PMID": 651946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5238", "title": "A follow-up study of vascular disease in growth-hormone-deficient dwarfs with diabetes.", "content": "Thirty-one growth-hormone-deficient dwarfs were re-examined after a period of 10 to 12 years. These subjects had initially shown glucose intolerance, insulinopenia and hyperlipidemia comparable to those of diabetic patients matched for age and sex, but vascular complications were not present in dwarfs. After 10 years glucose tolerance became progessively more abnormal in dwarfs than could be accounted for by expected deterioration with age, and hyperglycemia after mixed meals remained greater than in control subjects. Serum lipid and serum lipoprotein concentrations were abnormal in over one third of the dwarfs. Despite the metabolic similarity to the diabetic patients, clinical complications of diabetes were absent in dwarfs: retinopathy did not occur, and the prevalence of hypertension and arteriosclerosis was considerably lower in dwarfs than in the diabetic subjects in both study periods. The follow-up data support the hypothesis that growth hormone has at least a supportive role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in the diabetic state.", "contents": "A follow-up study of vascular disease in growth-hormone-deficient dwarfs with diabetes. Thirty-one growth-hormone-deficient dwarfs were re-examined after a period of 10 to 12 years. These subjects had initially shown glucose intolerance, insulinopenia and hyperlipidemia comparable to those of diabetic patients matched for age and sex, but vascular complications were not present in dwarfs. After 10 years glucose tolerance became progessively more abnormal in dwarfs than could be accounted for by expected deterioration with age, and hyperglycemia after mixed meals remained greater than in control subjects. Serum lipid and serum lipoprotein concentrations were abnormal in over one third of the dwarfs. Despite the metabolic similarity to the diabetic patients, clinical complications of diabetes were absent in dwarfs: retinopathy did not occur, and the prevalence of hypertension and arteriosclerosis was considerably lower in dwarfs than in the diabetic subjects in both study periods. The follow-up data support the hypothesis that growth hormone has at least a supportive role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in the diabetic state.", "PMID": 651962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5239", "title": "The relation between estrogen receptors and response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "In a retrospective study we determined the relation between estrogen receptors and the response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in 70 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Thirty-four of 45 patients with low or absent estrogen-receptor values (less than 10 fmol per milligram of cytoplasmic protein) had objective responses to chemotherapy, whereas only three of 25 patients with higher values (greater than 10 fmol per milligram of cytoplasmic protein) responded (P less than 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, menopausal status, disease-free interval, Karnofsky index or prior therapy. Differences in sites of involvement or type of chemotherapy did not account for the increased response rate in receptor-negative patients. We conclude that estrogen-receptor values are an important predictor of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.", "contents": "The relation between estrogen receptors and response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. In a retrospective study we determined the relation between estrogen receptors and the response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in 70 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Thirty-four of 45 patients with low or absent estrogen-receptor values (less than 10 fmol per milligram of cytoplasmic protein) had objective responses to chemotherapy, whereas only three of 25 patients with higher values (greater than 10 fmol per milligram of cytoplasmic protein) responded (P less than 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, menopausal status, disease-free interval, Karnofsky index or prior therapy. Differences in sites of involvement or type of chemotherapy did not account for the increased response rate in receptor-negative patients. We conclude that estrogen-receptor values are an important predictor of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.", "PMID": 651963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5240", "title": "Relation of cigarette smoking to myocardial infarction in young women.", "content": "To examine the relation between myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in young women, we investigated the smoking habits of women under the age of 50 who had survived a recent myocardial infarction. They had not been using oral contraceptives, and other identifiable risk factors were excluded. Among 55 such women and 220 control matched for age and area of residence, the proportions of cigarette smokers were 89 per cent and 55 per cent respectively (P less than 0.001). A dose-response relation was evident; among women smoking 35 or more cigarettes per day the rate of myocardial infarction was estimated to be some 20-fold higher than among those who had never smoked. This study demonstrates that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for myocardial infarction in young women who are otherwise apparently healthy.", "contents": "Relation of cigarette smoking to myocardial infarction in young women. To examine the relation between myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in young women, we investigated the smoking habits of women under the age of 50 who had survived a recent myocardial infarction. They had not been using oral contraceptives, and other identifiable risk factors were excluded. Among 55 such women and 220 control matched for age and area of residence, the proportions of cigarette smokers were 89 per cent and 55 per cent respectively (P less than 0.001). A dose-response relation was evident; among women smoking 35 or more cigarettes per day the rate of myocardial infarction was estimated to be some 20-fold higher than among those who had never smoked. This study demonstrates that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for myocardial infarction in young women who are otherwise apparently healthy.", "PMID": 651977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5241", "title": "The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary-function tests.", "content": "To examine the relation between small-airways abnormalities and specific lung functions, we performed pulmonary-function tests in 36 patients, of whom two were nonsmokers, one to three days before open-lung biopsy for localized pulmonary lesions. The primary lesion in the small airways was a progressive inflammatory reaction leading to fibrosis with connective-tissue deposition in the airway walls. Increase in disease in small airways correlated with deterioration in lung function. Lesions could be reliably detected (P less than 0.05) by tests for closing capacity, the volume at which air and helium flow ere equal (a test of airway caliber and elastic recoil), and the slope of phase III of the single-breath washout curve (which tests evenness of ventilation). These tests showed abnormalities at a time when the pathologic changes were still potentially reversible and when other tests were not appreciably changed.", "contents": "The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary-function tests. To examine the relation between small-airways abnormalities and specific lung functions, we performed pulmonary-function tests in 36 patients, of whom two were nonsmokers, one to three days before open-lung biopsy for localized pulmonary lesions. The primary lesion in the small airways was a progressive inflammatory reaction leading to fibrosis with connective-tissue deposition in the airway walls. Increase in disease in small airways correlated with deterioration in lung function. Lesions could be reliably detected (P less than 0.05) by tests for closing capacity, the volume at which air and helium flow ere equal (a test of airway caliber and elastic recoil), and the slope of phase III of the single-breath washout curve (which tests evenness of ventilation). These tests showed abnormalities at a time when the pathologic changes were still potentially reversible and when other tests were not appreciably changed.", "PMID": 651978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5242", "title": "Regulation of gonadotropin secretion in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "To determine the role of body fat in regulating secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, we measured both at 20-minute intervals for 24 hours in eight children with Turner's syndrome. The 24-hour mean luteinizing hormone levels varied from 20.2 to 70.5 mlU per milliliter. Total body weight, total body fat and percentage of body fat showed a significant negative correlation with the 24-hour mean luteinizing hormone concentrations (P less than 0.01). The 24-hour mean follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations ranged from 60.4 to 229 mlU per milliliter, with a significant negative correlation between total body fat and percentage body fat and the 24-hour mean concentrations (P less than 0.05). These negative correlations were not mediated by estrogens or androgens.", "contents": "Regulation of gonadotropin secretion in Turner's syndrome. To determine the role of body fat in regulating secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, we measured both at 20-minute intervals for 24 hours in eight children with Turner's syndrome. The 24-hour mean luteinizing hormone levels varied from 20.2 to 70.5 mlU per milliliter. Total body weight, total body fat and percentage of body fat showed a significant negative correlation with the 24-hour mean luteinizing hormone concentrations (P less than 0.01). The 24-hour mean follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations ranged from 60.4 to 229 mlU per milliliter, with a significant negative correlation between total body fat and percentage body fat and the 24-hour mean concentrations (P less than 0.05). These negative correlations were not mediated by estrogens or androgens.", "PMID": 651991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5243", "title": "Endocrinologically incomplete transethmoidal trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy with relief of bone pain in breast cancer.", "content": "To assess endocrinologic completeness of transethmoidal trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy and the relation between postoperative pituitary hormone levels and relief of bone pain, we tested pituitary reserve by measuring base-line values of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin-relasing-factor-stimulated thyrotropin and prolactin, and levodopa-stimulated growth hormone after hypophysectomy in 15 menopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. In all 15 bone pain diminished or disappeared within 24 hours of operation. Pituitary-function testing identified only one patient as having had an endocrinologically complete hypophysectomy. Base-line gonadotropin levels and thyrotropin-releasing-factor-stimulated prolactin were the most reliable measures of residual pituitary function. We conclude that transethmoidal trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy may not totally ablate pituitary endocrine function; effective relief of bone pain in patients with metastic breast cancer can follow this procedure despite residual pituitary function and the lack of objective tumor remission.", "contents": "Endocrinologically incomplete transethmoidal trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy with relief of bone pain in breast cancer. To assess endocrinologic completeness of transethmoidal trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy and the relation between postoperative pituitary hormone levels and relief of bone pain, we tested pituitary reserve by measuring base-line values of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin-relasing-factor-stimulated thyrotropin and prolactin, and levodopa-stimulated growth hormone after hypophysectomy in 15 menopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. In all 15 bone pain diminished or disappeared within 24 hours of operation. Pituitary-function testing identified only one patient as having had an endocrinologically complete hypophysectomy. Base-line gonadotropin levels and thyrotropin-releasing-factor-stimulated prolactin were the most reliable measures of residual pituitary function. We conclude that transethmoidal trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy may not totally ablate pituitary endocrine function; effective relief of bone pain in patients with metastic breast cancer can follow this procedure despite residual pituitary function and the lack of objective tumor remission.", "PMID": 651992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5244", "title": "Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that donor blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) but lacking detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs)might transmit Type B hepatitis by examining donor and recipient serums from a Veterans Administration study of post-transfusion hepatitis. Donor blood was available from three patients with Type B hepatitis and from one patient with hepatitis B virus infection (development of anti-HBs and anti-HBc) without symptomatic disease. All four had received 1 unit of blood with high titer of anti-HBc but lacking HBsAg and anti-HBs. In contrast, no such units had been transfused into nine patients with \"immunization-like\" response (development of anti-HBs without anti-HBc) or into 26 control patients. These data stress the importance of anti-HBc as an indicator of hepatitis B virus infection and support the hypothesis that high-titer anti-HBc-positive blood might be infectious.", "contents": "Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. We tested the hypothesis that donor blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) but lacking detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs)might transmit Type B hepatitis by examining donor and recipient serums from a Veterans Administration study of post-transfusion hepatitis. Donor blood was available from three patients with Type B hepatitis and from one patient with hepatitis B virus infection (development of anti-HBs and anti-HBc) without symptomatic disease. All four had received 1 unit of blood with high titer of anti-HBc but lacking HBsAg and anti-HBs. In contrast, no such units had been transfused into nine patients with \"immunization-like\" response (development of anti-HBs without anti-HBc) or into 26 control patients. These data stress the importance of anti-HBc as an indicator of hepatitis B virus infection and support the hypothesis that high-titer anti-HBc-positive blood might be infectious.", "PMID": 652005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5245", "title": "The born-again spleen. Return of splenic function after splenectomy for trauma.", "content": "We assessed splenic activity after splenectomy by interference phase microscopical examination of circulating red cells. Normal eusplenic children had a low number (less than 1 per cent) of red cells with surface indentations or \"pits\". About 20 per cent of red cells of children who had electively been subjected to splenectomy for hematologic indications were \"pitted\". Thriteen of 22 children who had had emergency splenectomy because of traumatic injury had a low percentage of \"pitted\" red cells, suggesting a return of splenic function. In five of these children a 99mTc sulfur colloid scan demonstrated multiple nodules of recurrent splenic tissue. In contrast to the prevailing opinion that splenosis is rare, we have found it to be a frequent occurrence. Return of splenic function may, in part, account for the low frequency with which overwhelming bacterial sepsis and meningitis have been documented after splenectomy for traumatic indications.", "contents": "The born-again spleen. Return of splenic function after splenectomy for trauma. We assessed splenic activity after splenectomy by interference phase microscopical examination of circulating red cells. Normal eusplenic children had a low number (less than 1 per cent) of red cells with surface indentations or \"pits\". About 20 per cent of red cells of children who had electively been subjected to splenectomy for hematologic indications were \"pitted\". Thriteen of 22 children who had had emergency splenectomy because of traumatic injury had a low percentage of \"pitted\" red cells, suggesting a return of splenic function. In five of these children a 99mTc sulfur colloid scan demonstrated multiple nodules of recurrent splenic tissue. In contrast to the prevailing opinion that splenosis is rare, we have found it to be a frequent occurrence. Return of splenic function may, in part, account for the low frequency with which overwhelming bacterial sepsis and meningitis have been documented after splenectomy for traumatic indications.", "PMID": 652006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5246", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): studies on the general and specific humoral response.", "content": "Serum specimens from 138 patients suffering from chronic respiratory disorders including 63 with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 2o with suspected ABPA, 15 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 14 with bronchial asthma, 10 with chronic bronchitis and 6 with miscellaneous pulmonary conditions were studied for circulating antibodies to Aspergillus. The ammonium sulfate test was empolyed with an iodine-125 labeled mycelial component derived from Aspergillus fumigatus. When compared to normal controls from the same area, this test indicated that sera from 82 per cent of patients with ABPA had elevated binding titers to the radiolabeled antigenic component. Immunodiffusion using a culture filtrate antigen from A. fumigatus, revealed precipitating antibody to this fungus in 89 percent of sera from ABP patients. The majority of patients with ABPA demonstrated marked elevations of total serum IgE, moderate elevations of serum IgA and IgD and slightly increased levels of IgG and IgM.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): studies on the general and specific humoral response. Serum specimens from 138 patients suffering from chronic respiratory disorders including 63 with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 2o with suspected ABPA, 15 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 14 with bronchial asthma, 10 with chronic bronchitis and 6 with miscellaneous pulmonary conditions were studied for circulating antibodies to Aspergillus. The ammonium sulfate test was empolyed with an iodine-125 labeled mycelial component derived from Aspergillus fumigatus. When compared to normal controls from the same area, this test indicated that sera from 82 per cent of patients with ABPA had elevated binding titers to the radiolabeled antigenic component. Immunodiffusion using a culture filtrate antigen from A. fumigatus, revealed precipitating antibody to this fungus in 89 percent of sera from ABP patients. The majority of patients with ABPA demonstrated marked elevations of total serum IgE, moderate elevations of serum IgA and IgD and slightly increased levels of IgG and IgM.", "PMID": 652026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5247", "title": "Progressive pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis a study of 34 cases observed in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil).", "content": "Data on 34 patients with progressive pulmonary paracoccidioi domycosis seen in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) are reviewed. Clinical manifestations were similar to those of a prolonged or a recurrent undifferentiated respiratory infection. Roentgenographic findings were also non-characteristic. A mycologic diagnosis was readily made when sputum was available.", "contents": "Progressive pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis a study of 34 cases observed in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Data on 34 patients with progressive pulmonary paracoccidioi domycosis seen in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) are reviewed. Clinical manifestations were similar to those of a prolonged or a recurrent undifferentiated respiratory infection. Roentgenographic findings were also non-characteristic. A mycologic diagnosis was readily made when sputum was available.", "PMID": 652027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5248", "title": "Cross-linked surface Ig attaches to actin.", "content": "In lymphocytes and P3 myeloma cells, cross-linking of surface Ig by the capping and patching phenomenon has been used to demonstrate the induction of a specific association between surface Ig and cellular actin.", "contents": "Cross-linked surface Ig attaches to actin. In lymphocytes and P3 myeloma cells, cross-linking of surface Ig by the capping and patching phenomenon has been used to demonstrate the induction of a specific association between surface Ig and cellular actin.", "PMID": 652031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5249", "title": "Sensitivites in vitro to antimicrobial drugs of bovine mycoplasmas isolated from respiratory and genital tracts.", "content": "A total of 155 Mycoplasma strains were examined for sensitivity to nine antibiotics and four nitrofurans by the agar dilution method. They consisted of 69 strains of Mycoplasma bovirhinis, 33 strains of M. bovigenitalium, 49 strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and four strains of A. modicum isolated from the nasal secretions, tracheas and lungs of calves manifesting respiratory symptoms and from bovine genital tracts collected at a slaughterhouse. As a result, furamizole and mitomycin C showed the strongest growth-inhibiting effect on all the strains. They were followed in this effect by kitasamycin tartrate, spiramycin adipate, tylosin tartrate, tetracycline-HCl and chloramphenicol. Furthermore, these five drugs were followed in the effect by furazolidone, nitrofurantoin and sodium nifurstyrenate. Fradiomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate showed only little effect on all the strains. Erythromycin lactobionate showed a strong growth-inhibiting effect on the Acholeplasma strains, but not on the Mycoplasma strains. There were some cross resistant strains of the Acholeplasma species to the effects of the macrolides.", "contents": "Sensitivites in vitro to antimicrobial drugs of bovine mycoplasmas isolated from respiratory and genital tracts. A total of 155 Mycoplasma strains were examined for sensitivity to nine antibiotics and four nitrofurans by the agar dilution method. They consisted of 69 strains of Mycoplasma bovirhinis, 33 strains of M. bovigenitalium, 49 strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and four strains of A. modicum isolated from the nasal secretions, tracheas and lungs of calves manifesting respiratory symptoms and from bovine genital tracts collected at a slaughterhouse. As a result, furamizole and mitomycin C showed the strongest growth-inhibiting effect on all the strains. They were followed in this effect by kitasamycin tartrate, spiramycin adipate, tylosin tartrate, tetracycline-HCl and chloramphenicol. Furthermore, these five drugs were followed in the effect by furazolidone, nitrofurantoin and sodium nifurstyrenate. Fradiomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate showed only little effect on all the strains. Erythromycin lactobionate showed a strong growth-inhibiting effect on the Acholeplasma strains, but not on the Mycoplasma strains. There were some cross resistant strains of the Acholeplasma species to the effects of the macrolides.", "PMID": 652043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5250", "title": "Choleresis and hepatic transport mechanisms. IV. Influence of bile salt choleresis on the hepatic transport of the organic cations, D-tubocurarine and N4 -acetyl procainamide ethobromide.", "content": "The influence of the bile salts taurocholate and dehydrocholate on the hepatic transport of two quaternary ammonium compounds, D-tubocurarine (dTc) and N4 -acetylprocainamide ethobromide (APAEB) was investigated in rats. The biliary excretion of APAEB and dTc in vivo was not enhanced by 106 mumoles/h of taurocholate or dehydrocholate. Infusion of 268 mumoles/h dehydrocholate caused an inhibition of the plasma disappearance and hepatic transport of dTc. This inhibition, which presumably occurred at the hepatic uptake level, was also observed in isolated perfused rat liver experiments. In animals with an intact renal function, the high dose of dehydrocholate caused a decreased biliary excretion and an increased renal excretion of dTc. The observed concentration gradients, plasma/liver cytosol and bile/liver cytosol 20 min after injection of both drugs were 1.6 and 23 for APAEB and 2.2 and 190 for dTc. These concentration ratios were based on free drug concentrations; corrections were made for plasma protein binding, intracellular binding and bilary micelle binding. No substantial binding of both compounds to ligandin and Z proteins was found. From the amount in the liver 20 min after injection of both drugs 70% of APAEB and 90% of dTc was bound to cellular particles. The rate limiting step in hepatic transport of APAEB from plasma into bile was concluded to be the hepatic uptake, which may explain the lack of effect of bile salt induced choleresis on its biliary excretion.", "contents": "Choleresis and hepatic transport mechanisms. IV. Influence of bile salt choleresis on the hepatic transport of the organic cations, D-tubocurarine and N4 -acetyl procainamide ethobromide. The influence of the bile salts taurocholate and dehydrocholate on the hepatic transport of two quaternary ammonium compounds, D-tubocurarine (dTc) and N4 -acetylprocainamide ethobromide (APAEB) was investigated in rats. The biliary excretion of APAEB and dTc in vivo was not enhanced by 106 mumoles/h of taurocholate or dehydrocholate. Infusion of 268 mumoles/h dehydrocholate caused an inhibition of the plasma disappearance and hepatic transport of dTc. This inhibition, which presumably occurred at the hepatic uptake level, was also observed in isolated perfused rat liver experiments. In animals with an intact renal function, the high dose of dehydrocholate caused a decreased biliary excretion and an increased renal excretion of dTc. The observed concentration gradients, plasma/liver cytosol and bile/liver cytosol 20 min after injection of both drugs were 1.6 and 23 for APAEB and 2.2 and 190 for dTc. These concentration ratios were based on free drug concentrations; corrections were made for plasma protein binding, intracellular binding and bilary micelle binding. No substantial binding of both compounds to ligandin and Z proteins was found. From the amount in the liver 20 min after injection of both drugs 70% of APAEB and 90% of dTc was bound to cellular particles. The rate limiting step in hepatic transport of APAEB from plasma into bile was concluded to be the hepatic uptake, which may explain the lack of effect of bile salt induced choleresis on its biliary excretion.", "PMID": 652045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5251", "title": "Pharmacological studies on tandamine hydrochloride, a potential heterocyclic antidepressant.", "content": "Tandamine, a potential heterocyclic antidepressant, was compared with imipramine for its ability to modify: (a) the contractions induced by noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the normal and chronically denervated nictitating membrane of the cat, (b) the neuron blocking effect induced by guanethidine in the guinea pig vas deferens, (c) the electroencephalograph and the physostigmine arousal in the rabbit and (d) the sleep pattern of the rat. Both tandamine and imipramine potentiated the NA and 5-HT induced contractions of the normalnictitating membrane and antagonized the effects of gaunethidine on the vas deferens. The potentiation by tandamine and imipramine of the NA and 5-HT contraction of the nictitating membrane disappeared after chronic denervation of the membrane. These results are consistant with the ability of the substances to block the neural uptake of catechol- and indoleamines. Tandamine did not induce EEG synchronization and did not affect the arousal reaction induced by physostigmine. Tandamine also reduced or abolished REM (rapid eye movement) sleep with a concomitant decrease in NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on tandamine hydrochloride, a potential heterocyclic antidepressant. Tandamine, a potential heterocyclic antidepressant, was compared with imipramine for its ability to modify: (a) the contractions induced by noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the normal and chronically denervated nictitating membrane of the cat, (b) the neuron blocking effect induced by guanethidine in the guinea pig vas deferens, (c) the electroencephalograph and the physostigmine arousal in the rabbit and (d) the sleep pattern of the rat. Both tandamine and imipramine potentiated the NA and 5-HT induced contractions of the normalnictitating membrane and antagonized the effects of gaunethidine on the vas deferens. The potentiation by tandamine and imipramine of the NA and 5-HT contraction of the nictitating membrane disappeared after chronic denervation of the membrane. These results are consistant with the ability of the substances to block the neural uptake of catechol- and indoleamines. Tandamine did not induce EEG synchronization and did not affect the arousal reaction induced by physostigmine. Tandamine also reduced or abolished REM (rapid eye movement) sleep with a concomitant decrease in NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep.", "PMID": 652046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5252", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic uptake of bile acids by rifamycins.", "content": "The effect of rifamycin SV and rifampicin on hepatic acid uptake was studied using isolated rat hepatocytes in presence and in absence of albumin. The drugs inhibited cholate uptake more than taurocholate uptake and the inhibition was of non-competitive type. In presence of 3% albumin the inhibitory effect of the drugs was more for cholate and less for taurocholate uptake than in absence of albumin. Neither the binding of bile acids nor that of the drugs to albumin was altered by one another. Thus the effect in presence of albumin cannot be explained by the binding of the drugs and bile acids to albumin alone. It is suggested that albumin interacts with hepatic bile acid uptake process and this interaction with cholate uptake is different from that with taurocholate uptake. This additional and different effect of albumin may explain the effect of the drugs in presence of albumin. The results may be of clinical significance in rifamycins treatments.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic uptake of bile acids by rifamycins. The effect of rifamycin SV and rifampicin on hepatic acid uptake was studied using isolated rat hepatocytes in presence and in absence of albumin. The drugs inhibited cholate uptake more than taurocholate uptake and the inhibition was of non-competitive type. In presence of 3% albumin the inhibitory effect of the drugs was more for cholate and less for taurocholate uptake than in absence of albumin. Neither the binding of bile acids nor that of the drugs to albumin was altered by one another. Thus the effect in presence of albumin cannot be explained by the binding of the drugs and bile acids to albumin alone. It is suggested that albumin interacts with hepatic bile acid uptake process and this interaction with cholate uptake is different from that with taurocholate uptake. This additional and different effect of albumin may explain the effect of the drugs in presence of albumin. The results may be of clinical significance in rifamycins treatments.", "PMID": 652048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5253", "title": "In vivo method for quantitation for anti-platelet potency of drugs.", "content": "Aortic strips from atherosclerotic rabbits or Achilles tendons from healthy rabbits were superfused with blood (3 ml/min) from anaesthetized and heparinized cats, while blood was returned to the venous system of animals. The superfused tissues gained in weight because of deposition of platelet thrombi on their surface. This gain in weight was continuously monitored and quantified. Forty minutes after intravenous administration of indomethacin (14 mg/kg), aspirin (7 mg/kg) or nictindole (2 mg/kg) the formation of platelet depostis was reduced by half. Three hours after i.v. administration of each drug at a dose of 20 m;/kg the remaining anti-platelet activities were 92% for aspirin, 59% for indomethacin and 18% for nictindole as compared to their antithrombotic action, which was recorded 40 min after their administration. Thrombogenesis was also prevented by a direct infusion of nictindole (50 ng/ml) or indomethacin (2000 ng/ml) into a stream of superfusing blood. Thereby our method enables us to quantify in vivo anti-aggregating potency of drug, to estimate the duration of this action, and to compare their in vitro and in vivo aggregation-inhibitory activities.", "contents": "In vivo method for quantitation for anti-platelet potency of drugs. Aortic strips from atherosclerotic rabbits or Achilles tendons from healthy rabbits were superfused with blood (3 ml/min) from anaesthetized and heparinized cats, while blood was returned to the venous system of animals. The superfused tissues gained in weight because of deposition of platelet thrombi on their surface. This gain in weight was continuously monitored and quantified. Forty minutes after intravenous administration of indomethacin (14 mg/kg), aspirin (7 mg/kg) or nictindole (2 mg/kg) the formation of platelet depostis was reduced by half. Three hours after i.v. administration of each drug at a dose of 20 m;/kg the remaining anti-platelet activities were 92% for aspirin, 59% for indomethacin and 18% for nictindole as compared to their antithrombotic action, which was recorded 40 min after their administration. Thrombogenesis was also prevented by a direct infusion of nictindole (50 ng/ml) or indomethacin (2000 ng/ml) into a stream of superfusing blood. Thereby our method enables us to quantify in vivo anti-aggregating potency of drug, to estimate the duration of this action, and to compare their in vitro and in vivo aggregation-inhibitory activities.", "PMID": 652049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5254", "title": "Sensitization by caerulein of guinea-pig ileum to contractions by acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and nicotine.", "content": "Low concentrations (0.63 and 1.25 ng/ml) of caerulein increase the submaximal contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum induced by several agonists and electrical stimulation. These effects of the polypeptide are due partly to neuronal pathways (i.e., a ganglionic stimulation) and partly to a non specific muscular sensitization. At higher concentrations of caerulein the effects of all the agonists were decreased. This seems related to the contractile effect of the peptide itself on the longitudinal muscle which interfers non specifically with the development of contractions induced by any other agonist.", "contents": "Sensitization by caerulein of guinea-pig ileum to contractions by acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and nicotine. Low concentrations (0.63 and 1.25 ng/ml) of caerulein increase the submaximal contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum induced by several agonists and electrical stimulation. These effects of the polypeptide are due partly to neuronal pathways (i.e., a ganglionic stimulation) and partly to a non specific muscular sensitization. At higher concentrations of caerulein the effects of all the agonists were decreased. This seems related to the contractile effect of the peptide itself on the longitudinal muscle which interfers non specifically with the development of contractions induced by any other agonist.", "PMID": 652052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5255", "title": "Vasoconstriction after adenosine and inosine in the rat isolated hindlimb abolished by blockade of tryptaminergic mechanisms.", "content": "The isolated right hindlimb of the rat was perfused at a fixed flow rate through the femoral artery with heparinized blood from the carotid artery of a donor. Single injections of adenosine (1--300 microgram) induced a biphasic response, a long-lasting vasoconstriction preceded by a transient vasodilatation. Inosine (1--300 microgram) produced only vasoconstriction. After repeated administration of 300 microgram of these substances, the vasoconstriction became less prominent, and finally reverted to vasodilatation. The vasoconstrictor response to these substances (300 microgram) was also diminished or reverted to vasodilatation after pretreatment with reserpine or methysergide. From these results, it is concluded that vasoconstriction after adenosine or inosine may be mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine released from the peripheral stores and that the intrinsic direct action of these substances on the femoral vascular bed is vasodilator.", "contents": "Vasoconstriction after adenosine and inosine in the rat isolated hindlimb abolished by blockade of tryptaminergic mechanisms. The isolated right hindlimb of the rat was perfused at a fixed flow rate through the femoral artery with heparinized blood from the carotid artery of a donor. Single injections of adenosine (1--300 microgram) induced a biphasic response, a long-lasting vasoconstriction preceded by a transient vasodilatation. Inosine (1--300 microgram) produced only vasoconstriction. After repeated administration of 300 microgram of these substances, the vasoconstriction became less prominent, and finally reverted to vasodilatation. The vasoconstrictor response to these substances (300 microgram) was also diminished or reverted to vasodilatation after pretreatment with reserpine or methysergide. From these results, it is concluded that vasoconstriction after adenosine or inosine may be mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine released from the peripheral stores and that the intrinsic direct action of these substances on the femoral vascular bed is vasodilator.", "PMID": 652053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5256", "title": "Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)--a potent coronary vasoconstrictor agent in the guinea pig isolated heart.", "content": "The action of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on myocardial force of contraction (MFC) and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was studied in the isovolumetrically perfused guinea pig heart at constant driving frequency (180 beats/min). PGD2 (2 . 10(-9) - 1 . 10(-6) M) produced a concentration-dependent increase in the CVR while the MFC remained unchanged. The ED50 (50% of maximum response) of the coronary vasomotor action amounted to 4.3 . 10(-8) M PGD2. The results give evidence for a potent coronary vasoconstrictor activity of PGD2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)--a potent coronary vasoconstrictor agent in the guinea pig isolated heart. The action of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on myocardial force of contraction (MFC) and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was studied in the isovolumetrically perfused guinea pig heart at constant driving frequency (180 beats/min). PGD2 (2 . 10(-9) - 1 . 10(-6) M) produced a concentration-dependent increase in the CVR while the MFC remained unchanged. The ED50 (50% of maximum response) of the coronary vasomotor action amounted to 4.3 . 10(-8) M PGD2. The results give evidence for a potent coronary vasoconstrictor activity of PGD2.", "PMID": 652054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5257", "title": "Tissues concentration and excretion of deslanatoside C-3H in newborn and growing rabbits.", "content": "Deslanatoside C-3H was injected (i.p. 50 microgram/kg) into rabbits of 1, 4, 10, 20 days and more than 1 year old. The rabbits were sacrificed 2 and 6 h after dosing. Levels in all tissues were higher in newborn rabbits, decreased in the older animals and then in most tissues increased in adults to different degrees, showing the highest values in kidneys. Biliary excretion and above all urinary excretion increased with age. Levels in atria, ventricles, aorta and liver in rabbits 1 and 4 days old were consistently higher at the 6th h than those at the 2nd h, these tissues showing a particularly marked avidity with Deslanatoside C; in the older animals this behaviour was reversed. These data and those of other Authors working on other glycosides (incleding Digoxin) and other species (including newborn children) lead to the conclusion that digitalis glycosides in new born species are excreted at a lower rate and incorporated in the body tissues at a higher rate than in adults. They may also in part explain the large dosages employed in human infants in comparison with adults, as the higher distribtuion volume retains a large amount of the injected glycoside.", "contents": "Tissues concentration and excretion of deslanatoside C-3H in newborn and growing rabbits. Deslanatoside C-3H was injected (i.p. 50 microgram/kg) into rabbits of 1, 4, 10, 20 days and more than 1 year old. The rabbits were sacrificed 2 and 6 h after dosing. Levels in all tissues were higher in newborn rabbits, decreased in the older animals and then in most tissues increased in adults to different degrees, showing the highest values in kidneys. Biliary excretion and above all urinary excretion increased with age. Levels in atria, ventricles, aorta and liver in rabbits 1 and 4 days old were consistently higher at the 6th h than those at the 2nd h, these tissues showing a particularly marked avidity with Deslanatoside C; in the older animals this behaviour was reversed. These data and those of other Authors working on other glycosides (incleding Digoxin) and other species (including newborn children) lead to the conclusion that digitalis glycosides in new born species are excreted at a lower rate and incorporated in the body tissues at a higher rate than in adults. They may also in part explain the large dosages employed in human infants in comparison with adults, as the higher distribtuion volume retains a large amount of the injected glycoside.", "PMID": 652056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5258", "title": "Autoradiography of 14C-choline uptake in endplates and skeletal muscle of mice.", "content": "The uptake of 14C-choline into the axonal part of the motor endplate and muscle of mouse diaphragms was investigated by autoradiography. With i.v. doses of 0.1 microgram/g choline chloride, the uptake into the nerve endings is fast (less than 2 min) and into muscle slower (greater than 2 min). With higher doses (1.0 microgram/g) the uptake into muscle tissue is accelerated. The radioactivity in the endplates decreases with a halflife time of 20 min and remains constant in the muscle fibres over 60 min. Denervation by cutting the phrenic nerve reduces the uptake into endplates by 40% within 14 h, but probably induces uptake into regenerating Schwann cells during 30 days. Som compounds with choline-like structure (hemicholinium-3, decamethylen-dicholine, triethyl-choline) reduce the high-affinity uptake of choline into the nerve endings with sublethal doses, whereas tetraethylammonium and N-hydroxyethyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-pyridinium, an inhibitor of cholinacetyltransferase, are less active. Half lethal doses of cocaine, imipramine and reserpine have no significant action on uptake of choline into the endplates. Chlorpromazine slightly diminishes the uptake into endplates. Chlorpromazine and imipramine reduce uptake into the muscle fibres.", "contents": "Autoradiography of 14C-choline uptake in endplates and skeletal muscle of mice. The uptake of 14C-choline into the axonal part of the motor endplate and muscle of mouse diaphragms was investigated by autoradiography. With i.v. doses of 0.1 microgram/g choline chloride, the uptake into the nerve endings is fast (less than 2 min) and into muscle slower (greater than 2 min). With higher doses (1.0 microgram/g) the uptake into muscle tissue is accelerated. The radioactivity in the endplates decreases with a halflife time of 20 min and remains constant in the muscle fibres over 60 min. Denervation by cutting the phrenic nerve reduces the uptake into endplates by 40% within 14 h, but probably induces uptake into regenerating Schwann cells during 30 days. Som compounds with choline-like structure (hemicholinium-3, decamethylen-dicholine, triethyl-choline) reduce the high-affinity uptake of choline into the nerve endings with sublethal doses, whereas tetraethylammonium and N-hydroxyethyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-pyridinium, an inhibitor of cholinacetyltransferase, are less active. Half lethal doses of cocaine, imipramine and reserpine have no significant action on uptake of choline into the endplates. Chlorpromazine slightly diminishes the uptake into endplates. Chlorpromazine and imipramine reduce uptake into the muscle fibres.", "PMID": 652060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5259", "title": "Investigations on the structure-activity relationships of verapamil.", "content": "An investigation was carried out towards a qualitative and quantitative structure-activity relationship of verapamil based on an analysis of the frequency-dependent negative inotropic action exerted in cat papillary muscles by various groups of verapamil derivatives. (1) Substituents of the benzene ring near the asymmetric carbon atom and the isopropyl group were found to be no essential substituents for the frequency-dependent negative inotropic action of verapamil but to have a strong influence on the potency of the drug. (2) Both the tertiary amino nitrogen and the two benzene rings are essential for the frequency-dependent negative inotropic action of verapamil (3) The molecular importance of the N-methyl group is probably based on steric effects. (4) Investigations of the verapamil derivative H 1 revealed that a quaternization of the drug is followed by a total loss of effectiveness. (5) No significant correlation of the biological activity of verapamil derivatives with the partition coefficient P has been obtained. (6) Hansch analysis with verapamil derivatives of group A (= different substitution of the benzene ring near C) shows that the variance of biological activity can be optimally correlated to a combination of the Hammett constant and the molar volume. Hansch analysis of group B (= exchange of isopropyl group) led to the conclusion that hydrophobic effects are responsible for the influence of the isopropyl substituent.", "contents": "Investigations on the structure-activity relationships of verapamil. An investigation was carried out towards a qualitative and quantitative structure-activity relationship of verapamil based on an analysis of the frequency-dependent negative inotropic action exerted in cat papillary muscles by various groups of verapamil derivatives. (1) Substituents of the benzene ring near the asymmetric carbon atom and the isopropyl group were found to be no essential substituents for the frequency-dependent negative inotropic action of verapamil but to have a strong influence on the potency of the drug. (2) Both the tertiary amino nitrogen and the two benzene rings are essential for the frequency-dependent negative inotropic action of verapamil (3) The molecular importance of the N-methyl group is probably based on steric effects. (4) Investigations of the verapamil derivative H 1 revealed that a quaternization of the drug is followed by a total loss of effectiveness. (5) No significant correlation of the biological activity of verapamil derivatives with the partition coefficient P has been obtained. (6) Hansch analysis with verapamil derivatives of group A (= different substitution of the benzene ring near C) shows that the variance of biological activity can be optimally correlated to a combination of the Hammett constant and the molar volume. Hansch analysis of group B (= exchange of isopropyl group) led to the conclusion that hydrophobic effects are responsible for the influence of the isopropyl substituent.", "PMID": 652064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5260", "title": "Effects of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators, nifedipine and verapamil, on ventricular automaticity of the dog.", "content": "In isolated, blood-perfused canine papillary muscles intra-arterial injection of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators, nifedipine and verapamil, produced a dose-related decrease in force of contraction. The ventricular rate of about 40 beats/min was not significantly changed by nifedipine even in doses which profoundly decreased the force of contraction. Verapamil changed the ventricular rate in a biphasic manner, but the changes remained as small as about 10% of the basal rate in doses which markedly suppressed the force of contraction. Calcium chloride elicited an increase in force of contraction but depressed automaticity. The present results show that in response to nifedipine, verapamil and calcium ions, ventricular automaticity has characteristics different from those of the sinus node.", "contents": "Effects of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators, nifedipine and verapamil, on ventricular automaticity of the dog. In isolated, blood-perfused canine papillary muscles intra-arterial injection of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators, nifedipine and verapamil, produced a dose-related decrease in force of contraction. The ventricular rate of about 40 beats/min was not significantly changed by nifedipine even in doses which profoundly decreased the force of contraction. Verapamil changed the ventricular rate in a biphasic manner, but the changes remained as small as about 10% of the basal rate in doses which markedly suppressed the force of contraction. Calcium chloride elicited an increase in force of contraction but depressed automaticity. The present results show that in response to nifedipine, verapamil and calcium ions, ventricular automaticity has characteristics different from those of the sinus node.", "PMID": 652065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5261", "title": "[Responses of the neurons of the magnocellular portion of the medial geniculate body to acoustic and somatosensory stimulation].", "content": "The responses of 150 neurons of the magnocellular division of the medial geniculate body (MGB) to sound click and to contralateral forepaw electrical stimulation were studied in cats immobilized with myorelaxine. 68% of the studied neurons had bimodal responses, 16.6% of neurons responded only to click, and 15.4% - only to forepaw stimulation. The responses to click began with excitation more frequently, while initial inhibition was more often evoked by the forepaw stimulation. Latencies of the spike responses to click were between 5-27 ms (at an average 11.6 ms) and to forepaw stimulation between 6-33 ms (at an average 16.2 ms). A positive correlation was found in the same neurons between spike latencies to click and to forepaw stimulation as well as between the spike latencies to stimulation of the forepaw and of the spinal cord dorsal funiculus. A conclusion is made that the magnocellular division of the MGB is the transitional structure between VP and parvocellular division of the MGB and that is connected mainly with the auditory system. It is suggested that somatosensory input to the magnocellular division of the MGB is formed predominantly by the medial lemniscal fibres.", "contents": "[Responses of the neurons of the magnocellular portion of the medial geniculate body to acoustic and somatosensory stimulation]. The responses of 150 neurons of the magnocellular division of the medial geniculate body (MGB) to sound click and to contralateral forepaw electrical stimulation were studied in cats immobilized with myorelaxine. 68% of the studied neurons had bimodal responses, 16.6% of neurons responded only to click, and 15.4% - only to forepaw stimulation. The responses to click began with excitation more frequently, while initial inhibition was more often evoked by the forepaw stimulation. Latencies of the spike responses to click were between 5-27 ms (at an average 11.6 ms) and to forepaw stimulation between 6-33 ms (at an average 16.2 ms). A positive correlation was found in the same neurons between spike latencies to click and to forepaw stimulation as well as between the spike latencies to stimulation of the forepaw and of the spinal cord dorsal funiculus. A conclusion is made that the magnocellular division of the MGB is the transitional structure between VP and parvocellular division of the MGB and that is connected mainly with the auditory system. It is suggested that somatosensory input to the magnocellular division of the MGB is formed predominantly by the medial lemniscal fibres.", "PMID": 652095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5262", "title": "[Change in the evoked potentials in the visual centers of the rat brain following administration of tetanus toxin to the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "Changes in visual evoked potentials were studied under conditions of tetanus-toxin injection into the lateral geniculate body in rats. The main abnormality of the evoked potentials in the geniculate body was the function of a new phase of the primary response. At the same time a strong increase in the amplitude of the first negative component of the evoked response in the ipsilateral cortical visual field was observed. The results show the formation of disturbances in the relay function of the lateral geniculate body during the formation of a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in this nucleus.", "contents": "[Change in the evoked potentials in the visual centers of the rat brain following administration of tetanus toxin to the lateral geniculate body]. Changes in visual evoked potentials were studied under conditions of tetanus-toxin injection into the lateral geniculate body in rats. The main abnormality of the evoked potentials in the geniculate body was the function of a new phase of the primary response. At the same time a strong increase in the amplitude of the first negative component of the evoked response in the ipsilateral cortical visual field was observed. The results show the formation of disturbances in the relay function of the lateral geniculate body during the formation of a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in this nucleus.", "PMID": 652096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5263", "title": "[Synaptic activation of the interneurons of the thoracic portion of the spinal cord by reticulospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus].", "content": "Synaptic processes evoked in various functional groups of thoracic interneurons (Th10,11) by stimulation of ipsi- and contralateral bulbar reticular formation were studied in anesthetized cats with lesions of the spinal cord that remained intact only the ipsilateral funiculus. Activation of reticulospinal fibres of the lateral funiculus with conduction velocities of 30-100 m/s evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in the following types of cells tested: monosynaptically excited by group la muscle afferents; excited by flexor reflex afferents; excited mainly by descending systems; excited by low-threshold cutaneous afferents to a less extent. All these neurons with responses to reticular stimulation were located predominantly in the central and lateral regions of Rexed's lamina VII. Most of the cells in the dorsal horn were not affected by short-latency reticulofugal influences. The only exception were 6 neurons located in the horn most dorsal laminae. Functional organization of connections between the lateral reticulospinal pathways and spinal neurons is discussed as compared to that of medial reticulo-spinal pathways as well as to the organization of \"lateral\" descending systems: cortico- and rubro-spinal.", "contents": "[Synaptic activation of the interneurons of the thoracic portion of the spinal cord by reticulospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus]. Synaptic processes evoked in various functional groups of thoracic interneurons (Th10,11) by stimulation of ipsi- and contralateral bulbar reticular formation were studied in anesthetized cats with lesions of the spinal cord that remained intact only the ipsilateral funiculus. Activation of reticulospinal fibres of the lateral funiculus with conduction velocities of 30-100 m/s evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in the following types of cells tested: monosynaptically excited by group la muscle afferents; excited by flexor reflex afferents; excited mainly by descending systems; excited by low-threshold cutaneous afferents to a less extent. All these neurons with responses to reticular stimulation were located predominantly in the central and lateral regions of Rexed's lamina VII. Most of the cells in the dorsal horn were not affected by short-latency reticulofugal influences. The only exception were 6 neurons located in the horn most dorsal laminae. Functional organization of connections between the lateral reticulospinal pathways and spinal neurons is discussed as compared to that of medial reticulo-spinal pathways as well as to the organization of \"lateral\" descending systems: cortico- and rubro-spinal.", "PMID": 652097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5264", "title": "[Inhibitory influences of reticulospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus on neurons of the reflex arc of the thoracic region of the spinal cord].", "content": "Experiments on anesthetized cats with partial lesions of the spinal cord show that reticulospinal pathways in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus take part in the polysynaptic reflex inhibition caused by stimulation of ipsi- and contralateral reticular formation. The reticulofugal volley in the ventrolateral funiculus produced relatively short (up to 7 ms) inhibitory PSP in some motoneurons of the internal intercostal nerve and at the same time long-lasting depression of EPSPs evoked by high-threshold segmentary afferents. This volley also caused inhibitory PSP in segmental interneurons (in 14 out of 91, i.e. 15.5%). The IPSPs lasted no longer than 100 ms, while the segmentary excitatory responses of 21 out of 43 interneurons were depressed for 120-500 ms. The described inhibitory action of the lateral reticulospinal system on segmentary reflex pathways is suggested to be caused by several synaptic mechanisms which do not necessarily include hyperpolarization of spinal neurons. Possible mechanisms of such inhibition are discussed.", "contents": "[Inhibitory influences of reticulospinal fibers of the lateral funiculus on neurons of the reflex arc of the thoracic region of the spinal cord]. Experiments on anesthetized cats with partial lesions of the spinal cord show that reticulospinal pathways in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus take part in the polysynaptic reflex inhibition caused by stimulation of ipsi- and contralateral reticular formation. The reticulofugal volley in the ventrolateral funiculus produced relatively short (up to 7 ms) inhibitory PSP in some motoneurons of the internal intercostal nerve and at the same time long-lasting depression of EPSPs evoked by high-threshold segmentary afferents. This volley also caused inhibitory PSP in segmental interneurons (in 14 out of 91, i.e. 15.5%). The IPSPs lasted no longer than 100 ms, while the segmentary excitatory responses of 21 out of 43 interneurons were depressed for 120-500 ms. The described inhibitory action of the lateral reticulospinal system on segmentary reflex pathways is suggested to be caused by several synaptic mechanisms which do not necessarily include hyperpolarization of spinal neurons. Possible mechanisms of such inhibition are discussed.", "PMID": 652098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5265", "title": "[Depolarization of primary afferents during fictitious scratching of thalamic cats].", "content": "The cord dorsum and dorsal root potentials were recorded during fictious scratching in L6 segment of the thalamic cats. It is shown that primary afferent depolrization (PAD) can be modulated by the central generator of scratching. In some afferent fibres antidromic spikes appear on the top of PAD-waves. Antidromic spikes can be also evoked in the period of \"rest\" by mechanical stimulation of hindlimb receptors. It is supposed that PAD and resulting antidromic spikes which appear during real scratching may effectively control the level of afferent inflow to the spinal neurons.", "contents": "[Depolarization of primary afferents during fictitious scratching of thalamic cats]. The cord dorsum and dorsal root potentials were recorded during fictious scratching in L6 segment of the thalamic cats. It is shown that primary afferent depolrization (PAD) can be modulated by the central generator of scratching. In some afferent fibres antidromic spikes appear on the top of PAD-waves. Antidromic spikes can be also evoked in the period of \"rest\" by mechanical stimulation of hindlimb receptors. It is supposed that PAD and resulting antidromic spikes which appear during real scratching may effectively control the level of afferent inflow to the spinal neurons.", "PMID": 652099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5266", "title": "[Study of the silent period during the post-stimulus histogram method].", "content": "Isotonic contractions of human hand muscles were elicited by nerve stimulation and the silent period was studied on single motor units employing post-stimulus histograms. At submaximal M-response (up to 70% of M-maximum) the motoneurons under study were not stimulated and thus the after-hyperpolarization was excluded from the experiment. Under these conditions the latency of the silent period was not less than 60 ms and the silent period parameters were similar to those after subthreshold for M-response nerve stimulation and to those after skin stimulation. The experiments proved that neither recurrent inhibition nor spindle unloading affected the spinal centres of muscles under study.", "contents": "[Study of the silent period during the post-stimulus histogram method]. Isotonic contractions of human hand muscles were elicited by nerve stimulation and the silent period was studied on single motor units employing post-stimulus histograms. At submaximal M-response (up to 70% of M-maximum) the motoneurons under study were not stimulated and thus the after-hyperpolarization was excluded from the experiment. Under these conditions the latency of the silent period was not less than 60 ms and the silent period parameters were similar to those after subthreshold for M-response nerve stimulation and to those after skin stimulation. The experiments proved that neither recurrent inhibition nor spindle unloading affected the spinal centres of muscles under study.", "PMID": 652100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5267", "title": "[Ionic mechanisms of burst activity in grape snail neurons].", "content": "The membrane steady-state current-voltage relations and ionic current developing under membrane potential shifts were investigated in the snail bursting neurons by the clamp method. The steady-state current-voltage relation revealed a nonlinear region. Replacement of sodium by tris-HCl completely removed this region. The membrane hyperpolarization resulted in the development of an outward current which became inactivated after achieving its maximum. The reversal potential of the outward current was about --55 mV. The membrane depolarization led to a slow inward current which also inactivated. The ionic nature of these membrane currents is discussed and a model of slow wave generation in the bursting neurons is suggested.", "contents": "[Ionic mechanisms of burst activity in grape snail neurons]. The membrane steady-state current-voltage relations and ionic current developing under membrane potential shifts were investigated in the snail bursting neurons by the clamp method. The steady-state current-voltage relation revealed a nonlinear region. Replacement of sodium by tris-HCl completely removed this region. The membrane hyperpolarization resulted in the development of an outward current which became inactivated after achieving its maximum. The reversal potential of the outward current was about --55 mV. The membrane depolarization led to a slow inward current which also inactivated. The ionic nature of these membrane currents is discussed and a model of slow wave generation in the bursting neurons is suggested.", "PMID": 652101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5268", "title": "[Study of the reversion potential for the slow component of the entering current in the membrane of mollusk neurons].", "content": "The nature of a significant deviation of the reversal potential for the slow inward current component from calcium equilibrium potential was investigated in the snail neuron somatic membrane. It is shown that this deviation may be due to a development of a non-specific outward current during large depolarizing shifts of the clamped membrane potential. The real equilibrium potential for calcium ions in nerve cells may be of about +200 mV.", "contents": "[Study of the reversion potential for the slow component of the entering current in the membrane of mollusk neurons]. The nature of a significant deviation of the reversal potential for the slow inward current component from calcium equilibrium potential was investigated in the snail neuron somatic membrane. It is shown that this deviation may be due to a development of a non-specific outward current during large depolarizing shifts of the clamped membrane potential. The real equilibrium potential for calcium ions in nerve cells may be of about +200 mV.", "PMID": 652103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5269", "title": "[Modulation of Renshaw cell activity during scratching].", "content": "The activity of the Renshaw cells was recorded during fictitious scratching in 7 decerebrated and 1 spinal curarized cats. The flexor and extensor Renshaw cells were identified according to the responses induced by orthodromic stimulation of muscle nerves. Before the beginning of rhythmical oscillations, the background activity of the flexor Renshaw cells was inhibited. When the rhythmical generation began, both flexor and and extensor cells generated short bursts of spikes at the end of the flexor phase and at the extensor phase of the cycle. The activity of flexor cells began and terminated earlier in the cycle than that of the extensor cells. The results show that the flexor Renshaw cells are active reciprocally with flexor motoneurons, while the extensor cells are coactivated with extensor motoneurons.", "contents": "[Modulation of Renshaw cell activity during scratching]. The activity of the Renshaw cells was recorded during fictitious scratching in 7 decerebrated and 1 spinal curarized cats. The flexor and extensor Renshaw cells were identified according to the responses induced by orthodromic stimulation of muscle nerves. Before the beginning of rhythmical oscillations, the background activity of the flexor Renshaw cells was inhibited. When the rhythmical generation began, both flexor and and extensor cells generated short bursts of spikes at the end of the flexor phase and at the extensor phase of the cycle. The activity of flexor cells began and terminated earlier in the cycle than that of the extensor cells. The results show that the flexor Renshaw cells are active reciprocally with flexor motoneurons, while the extensor cells are coactivated with extensor motoneurons.", "PMID": 652104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5270", "title": "[Temporal and phase effects in the total synchronized response of the inferior colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina upon binaural acoustic stimulation].", "content": "Following binaural stimulation with tones of different interaural time delays, the frequency-following response (FFR) recorded in anaesthetized cats showed periodical changes in the amplitude. Their period was equal to the period of the tones. The \"characteristic\" delay delay was a function of both the signal frequency and electrode position. The sensitivity of the frequency-following response to the phase relations between the components of the complex sound signal depended to a great extent on the interaural time delay.", "contents": "[Temporal and phase effects in the total synchronized response of the inferior colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina upon binaural acoustic stimulation]. Following binaural stimulation with tones of different interaural time delays, the frequency-following response (FFR) recorded in anaesthetized cats showed periodical changes in the amplitude. Their period was equal to the period of the tones. The \"characteristic\" delay delay was a function of both the signal frequency and electrode position. The sensitivity of the frequency-following response to the phase relations between the components of the complex sound signal depended to a great extent on the interaural time delay.", "PMID": 652105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5271", "title": "[Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 1: Production of thalamus infarction model in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Difficulties in producing temporary cerebral ischemia in experimental animals have delayed the study on the prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction. Although occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in dog proved to be fruitless, we eventually succeeded in producing focal cerebral infarction by temporary occlusions of brain arteries. Infarction confined to the anterior portion of the thalamus was obtained by simultaneous occlusion of four arteries for 60 or 120 minutes: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries. This experimental model in dogs is unique, since a marked infarction can be seen in high frequency, and the dogs can be managed for sufficient periods after temporary clipping. Consequently, it is possible to investigate cerebral infarction not only from the pathophysiological viewpoint, but also for its prevention and treatment.", "contents": "[Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 1: Production of thalamus infarction model in dogs (author's transl)]. Difficulties in producing temporary cerebral ischemia in experimental animals have delayed the study on the prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction. Although occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in dog proved to be fruitless, we eventually succeeded in producing focal cerebral infarction by temporary occlusions of brain arteries. Infarction confined to the anterior portion of the thalamus was obtained by simultaneous occlusion of four arteries for 60 or 120 minutes: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries. This experimental model in dogs is unique, since a marked infarction can be seen in high frequency, and the dogs can be managed for sufficient periods after temporary clipping. Consequently, it is possible to investigate cerebral infarction not only from the pathophysiological viewpoint, but also for its prevention and treatment.", "PMID": 652111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5272", "title": "[Electroencephalogram study of 52 cases following subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past nine years the authors have seen 140 cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. In order to assess the EEG abnormalities in the chronic period after SAH, 45 patients were examined with 108 serial EEG recordings. Cases of early death were excluded from this study. Seven cases of SAH of unknown origin were also examined as a control group. Range of age was from 28 to 79 years. All of these patients except one were able to return to their previous activities. Results and conclusion were as follows. (1) The period of EEG study varied from a few weeks to nine years after SAH with the average being ten months. (2) The overall incidence of abnormal EEG was 82.4% in Group A (aneurysm) and 83.3% in Group B (unknown origin). (3) EEG abnormalities were divided into two patterns: focal slow wave (sporadic, polymorphous theta and delta wave) and focal spike, located mainly in the frontal and/or temporal areas. (4) Symptomatic epilepsy occurred in 6 cases of this series (13.3%) with onset from 8 months to 3 1/2 years after SAH. (5) Recent papers on microsurgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms have reported excellent results. Few studies, however, have dealt with EEG in the chronic period after SAH. The importance of EEG in the follow-up study of SAH is stressed because of the high incidence and long persistence of EEG abnormalities and because of the occurrence of epilepsy after SAH.", "contents": "[Electroencephalogram study of 52 cases following subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)]. During the past nine years the authors have seen 140 cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. In order to assess the EEG abnormalities in the chronic period after SAH, 45 patients were examined with 108 serial EEG recordings. Cases of early death were excluded from this study. Seven cases of SAH of unknown origin were also examined as a control group. Range of age was from 28 to 79 years. All of these patients except one were able to return to their previous activities. Results and conclusion were as follows. (1) The period of EEG study varied from a few weeks to nine years after SAH with the average being ten months. (2) The overall incidence of abnormal EEG was 82.4% in Group A (aneurysm) and 83.3% in Group B (unknown origin). (3) EEG abnormalities were divided into two patterns: focal slow wave (sporadic, polymorphous theta and delta wave) and focal spike, located mainly in the frontal and/or temporal areas. (4) Symptomatic epilepsy occurred in 6 cases of this series (13.3%) with onset from 8 months to 3 1/2 years after SAH. (5) Recent papers on microsurgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms have reported excellent results. Few studies, however, have dealt with EEG in the chronic period after SAH. The importance of EEG in the follow-up study of SAH is stressed because of the high incidence and long persistence of EEG abnormalities and because of the occurrence of epilepsy after SAH.", "PMID": 652110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5273", "title": "[A case of binasal quadrantanopsia due to opto-chiasmal arachnoiditis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of binasal quadrantanopsia due to chiasmal arachnoiditis was reported. The patient was a 28-year-old man who complained of blurring of vision for 12 months. Visual acuity of the right eye was 20 cm/numerus digitorum and the left 0.7X contact lens. Visual field revealed binasal lower quadrantanopsia. Pneumoencephalogram showed poor filling in the chiasmatic cistern, but the angiogram and CT scan showed no parasellar mass lesion. Then optochiasmal arachnoiditis was diagnosed and a right frontal craniotomy was performed. The arachnoid around the post-fixed chiasm was thickened and adhered to the bilateral rectal gyri. Proximal parts of A--1 segments of bilateral anterior cerebral arteries were displaced medially and downward, compressing the both lateral aspects of the chiasm. Compression of the optic chiasm by the anterior cerebral arteries was relieved after removed of the arachnoid. Despite of the slight improvement of visual acuity, visual fields were not changed postoperatively. The authors briefly discussed the mechanism of binasal hemianopsia in our case and reviewed recent literatures.", "contents": "[A case of binasal quadrantanopsia due to opto-chiasmal arachnoiditis (author's transl)]. A case of binasal quadrantanopsia due to chiasmal arachnoiditis was reported. The patient was a 28-year-old man who complained of blurring of vision for 12 months. Visual acuity of the right eye was 20 cm/numerus digitorum and the left 0.7X contact lens. Visual field revealed binasal lower quadrantanopsia. Pneumoencephalogram showed poor filling in the chiasmatic cistern, but the angiogram and CT scan showed no parasellar mass lesion. Then optochiasmal arachnoiditis was diagnosed and a right frontal craniotomy was performed. The arachnoid around the post-fixed chiasm was thickened and adhered to the bilateral rectal gyri. Proximal parts of A--1 segments of bilateral anterior cerebral arteries were displaced medially and downward, compressing the both lateral aspects of the chiasm. Compression of the optic chiasm by the anterior cerebral arteries was relieved after removed of the arachnoid. Despite of the slight improvement of visual acuity, visual fields were not changed postoperatively. The authors briefly discussed the mechanism of binasal hemianopsia in our case and reviewed recent literatures.", "PMID": 652114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5274", "title": "[A case of aneurysm of the left internal acoustic meatus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of aneurysm of the left internal acoustic meatus has been reported. The patient was 53-year-old man who was admitted with the history of sudden onset of a severe occipital headache 18 days previously. He also noted nausea, vomiting and became drowsy at that time. He was seen at a local clinic and a lumbar puncture showed bloody fluid. The next day his level of consciousness improved but he noted left tinnitus and neck stiffness. On admission, he only complained of a left tinnitus. The rest of the neurological examination was normal. Craniogram was of no abnormal findings. Cerebral angiogram showed an aneurysm at the left internal acoustic meatus fed by the left internal auditory artery. At operation, the aneurysm was clipped at the entrance of its feeding artery via retroauricural-retromastoidal craniectomy. The postoperative course was satisfactory except for the decrease of the left auditory acuity to 50dB. Postoperative angiogram revealed a complete disappearance of the aneurysm. In the literature only six cases have been reported, which were summarized in Figure 1. Clinical features of such an aneurysm are subarachnoid hemorrhage and symptoms of cerebello-pontine angle, namely tinnitus, hearing disturbance and facial palsy etc. Besides, on skull x-ray film, sometimes enlargement of the internal acoustic meatus has been found.", "contents": "[A case of aneurysm of the left internal acoustic meatus (author's transl)]. A case of aneurysm of the left internal acoustic meatus has been reported. The patient was 53-year-old man who was admitted with the history of sudden onset of a severe occipital headache 18 days previously. He also noted nausea, vomiting and became drowsy at that time. He was seen at a local clinic and a lumbar puncture showed bloody fluid. The next day his level of consciousness improved but he noted left tinnitus and neck stiffness. On admission, he only complained of a left tinnitus. The rest of the neurological examination was normal. Craniogram was of no abnormal findings. Cerebral angiogram showed an aneurysm at the left internal acoustic meatus fed by the left internal auditory artery. At operation, the aneurysm was clipped at the entrance of its feeding artery via retroauricural-retromastoidal craniectomy. The postoperative course was satisfactory except for the decrease of the left auditory acuity to 50dB. Postoperative angiogram revealed a complete disappearance of the aneurysm. In the literature only six cases have been reported, which were summarized in Figure 1. Clinical features of such an aneurysm are subarachnoid hemorrhage and symptoms of cerebello-pontine angle, namely tinnitus, hearing disturbance and facial palsy etc. Besides, on skull x-ray film, sometimes enlargement of the internal acoustic meatus has been found.", "PMID": 652116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5275", "title": "Luteinizing hormone response of castrated rabbits to treatment with testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate.", "content": "The effects of sex steroids on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in rabbits of both sexes castrated for at least 2 weeks previously were investigated. An intramuscular (i.m.) injection of testosterone propionate (TP) or estradiol benzoate (EB) was given about midway through blood sampling which ranged from 6 to 12 h. LH and steroids were measured by established radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures. Variable responses were obtained with animals. Castration itself in most instances led to increases in circulating levels of LH which ranged from normal levels to greater than 200 ng/ml with some evidence for episodic variation. EB was more effective than TP in reducing LH levels and inhibiting episodic release.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone response of castrated rabbits to treatment with testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate. The effects of sex steroids on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in rabbits of both sexes castrated for at least 2 weeks previously were investigated. An intramuscular (i.m.) injection of testosterone propionate (TP) or estradiol benzoate (EB) was given about midway through blood sampling which ranged from 6 to 12 h. LH and steroids were measured by established radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures. Variable responses were obtained with animals. Castration itself in most instances led to increases in circulating levels of LH which ranged from normal levels to greater than 200 ng/ml with some evidence for episodic variation. EB was more effective than TP in reducing LH levels and inhibiting episodic release.", "PMID": 652117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5276", "title": "Binding of dopamine to bovine anterior pituitary gland membranes.", "content": "[3H]-dopamine (DA) binding to bovine anterior pituitary membranes were measured using sensitive in vitro ultrafiltration and centrifugation techniques. The specific interaction of [3H]-DA with the membrane fraction reached a steady-state level within 15 min at 30 degrees C and was reversible by incubating with excess nonradioactive DA. Scatchard analysis suggests the presence of 2 sites for DA specific binding having Kd values of 4.4 x 10-10 M and 4.7 x 10-8 M, respecively. Correspondingly, the total receptor concentrations were calculated to be 336 and 2,340 pmoles/g protein. Blockade of [3H]-DA binding was produced most effectively by ergocryptine and apomorphine. Perphenazine and haloperidol were considerably less active and primozide did not compete. The importance of DA in the regulation of prolactin (Prl) secretion and the characterization of pituitary DA receptor sites are discussed.", "contents": "Binding of dopamine to bovine anterior pituitary gland membranes. [3H]-dopamine (DA) binding to bovine anterior pituitary membranes were measured using sensitive in vitro ultrafiltration and centrifugation techniques. The specific interaction of [3H]-DA with the membrane fraction reached a steady-state level within 15 min at 30 degrees C and was reversible by incubating with excess nonradioactive DA. Scatchard analysis suggests the presence of 2 sites for DA specific binding having Kd values of 4.4 x 10-10 M and 4.7 x 10-8 M, respecively. Correspondingly, the total receptor concentrations were calculated to be 336 and 2,340 pmoles/g protein. Blockade of [3H]-DA binding was produced most effectively by ergocryptine and apomorphine. Perphenazine and haloperidol were considerably less active and primozide did not compete. The importance of DA in the regulation of prolactin (Prl) secretion and the characterization of pituitary DA receptor sites are discussed.", "PMID": 652118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5277", "title": "A heterologous radioimmunoassay method for measurement of hamster growth hormone.", "content": "A heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for determination of hamster growth hormone (GH) is described which involves the use of radioiodinated rat GH (NIAMDD Rat GH-I-2), antiserum to rat GH (NIAMDD Anti-Rat-GHS-3), a standard hamster anterior pituitary homogenate (SHAP), as well as purified hamster GH (AFP-1595-B). This RIA was shown to be a reliable, sensitive, and specific method for measurement of hamster GH. With this method we have determined the effects of stress and hypophysectomy on serum GH concentrations as well as changes in serum GH concentration, and pituitary GH content and concentration as a function of hamster age. In contrast to responses noted in rats, the stress of ether anesthesia and i.c. puncture caused significant increases in serum GH. A decrease in the serum GH concentration was observed in hamsters at the age 2 to 16 days. Pituitary GH content and concentration increased steadily between 9 and 120 days of age.", "contents": "A heterologous radioimmunoassay method for measurement of hamster growth hormone. A heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for determination of hamster growth hormone (GH) is described which involves the use of radioiodinated rat GH (NIAMDD Rat GH-I-2), antiserum to rat GH (NIAMDD Anti-Rat-GHS-3), a standard hamster anterior pituitary homogenate (SHAP), as well as purified hamster GH (AFP-1595-B). This RIA was shown to be a reliable, sensitive, and specific method for measurement of hamster GH. With this method we have determined the effects of stress and hypophysectomy on serum GH concentrations as well as changes in serum GH concentration, and pituitary GH content and concentration as a function of hamster age. In contrast to responses noted in rats, the stress of ether anesthesia and i.c. puncture caused significant increases in serum GH. A decrease in the serum GH concentration was observed in hamsters at the age 2 to 16 days. Pituitary GH content and concentration increased steadily between 9 and 120 days of age.", "PMID": 652119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5278", "title": "Effects of amygdaloid lesions on reproductive function of grouped caged mice.", "content": "Amygdalotomized, sham-operated and intact wild-derived house mice of both sexes were group-caged (8-10) or singly caged for 3 weeks. The weights of ovaries (p is less than 0.05) and uteri (p is less than 0.01) were less in intact and sham-operated grouped females compared to singly caged intact and amygdalotomized females. The weight of the reproductive organs in amygdalotomized grouped female mice was not different from singly caged controls. Body weights among amygdalotomized grouped females were heavier (p is less than 0.05) than singly caged controls. Seminal vesicle weights of intact and sham-operated grouped males were less (p is less than 0.05) than that of singly caged controls and grouped amygdalotomized males. Plasma LH values from the various groups coincided with the morphological data. These results support the hypothesis that increased population density impairs reproductive function in mammals. Perhaps the effects of decreased pituitary-gonadal function associated with overcrowding are mediated via amygdalar nuclei.", "contents": "Effects of amygdaloid lesions on reproductive function of grouped caged mice. Amygdalotomized, sham-operated and intact wild-derived house mice of both sexes were group-caged (8-10) or singly caged for 3 weeks. The weights of ovaries (p is less than 0.05) and uteri (p is less than 0.01) were less in intact and sham-operated grouped females compared to singly caged intact and amygdalotomized females. The weight of the reproductive organs in amygdalotomized grouped female mice was not different from singly caged controls. Body weights among amygdalotomized grouped females were heavier (p is less than 0.05) than singly caged controls. Seminal vesicle weights of intact and sham-operated grouped males were less (p is less than 0.05) than that of singly caged controls and grouped amygdalotomized males. Plasma LH values from the various groups coincided with the morphological data. These results support the hypothesis that increased population density impairs reproductive function in mammals. Perhaps the effects of decreased pituitary-gonadal function associated with overcrowding are mediated via amygdalar nuclei.", "PMID": 652120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5279", "title": "Effects of gonadal hormones on the hypothalamic multi-unit response to glucose and saline in the rat.", "content": "The role of gonadal hormones in modulating the hypothalamic multi-unit activity (MUA) response to glucose and saline was studied in normal and gonadectomized male and female rats. In intact male rats, unlike intact females, all hypothalamic placements showed either an increase or a decrease in MUA following an injection of glucose. Gonadectomy alone did not produce a significant change in the pattern of hypothalamic response to glucose. Daily injections of estradiol-17beta resulted in a significant increase in the number of hypothalamic sites that did not show a glucose-induced change in MUA. In general, the effects on saline tended to parallel those on glucose, although the changes were not as extensive. The results are discussed of estradiol modulation of body weight (b.w.) and of the hypothalamic responsiveness to various stimuli, including glucosse and saline injections.", "contents": "Effects of gonadal hormones on the hypothalamic multi-unit response to glucose and saline in the rat. The role of gonadal hormones in modulating the hypothalamic multi-unit activity (MUA) response to glucose and saline was studied in normal and gonadectomized male and female rats. In intact male rats, unlike intact females, all hypothalamic placements showed either an increase or a decrease in MUA following an injection of glucose. Gonadectomy alone did not produce a significant change in the pattern of hypothalamic response to glucose. Daily injections of estradiol-17beta resulted in a significant increase in the number of hypothalamic sites that did not show a glucose-induced change in MUA. In general, the effects on saline tended to parallel those on glucose, although the changes were not as extensive. The results are discussed of estradiol modulation of body weight (b.w.) and of the hypothalamic responsiveness to various stimuli, including glucosse and saline injections.", "PMID": 652122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5280", "title": "Male rat brain androgen metabolism and sexual behavior.", "content": "Four groups of male rats, previously treated for sexual behavior and differing in age and length of time following castration, were examined for the localization of (3H)-testosterone (T) and (3H)-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the brain following the injection of (3H)-T. Significant differences existed in the concentration of the 2 androgens among brain regions in all groups. Only in the subcellular particulate fraction from the hypothalami of 1 group castrated for 48 h was there a significant correlation (r=-0.97) between DHT and T levels and pretest mating performance. Though the amount of DHT found in the pituitary was strongly affected by the length of time between castration and sacrifice, no similar effect was found in the brain.", "contents": "Male rat brain androgen metabolism and sexual behavior. Four groups of male rats, previously treated for sexual behavior and differing in age and length of time following castration, were examined for the localization of (3H)-testosterone (T) and (3H)-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the brain following the injection of (3H)-T. Significant differences existed in the concentration of the 2 androgens among brain regions in all groups. Only in the subcellular particulate fraction from the hypothalami of 1 group castrated for 48 h was there a significant correlation (r=-0.97) between DHT and T levels and pretest mating performance. Though the amount of DHT found in the pituitary was strongly affected by the length of time between castration and sacrifice, no similar effect was found in the brain.", "PMID": 652123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5281", "title": "Effect of ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with angiotensin II and indomethacin on the plasma vasopressin concentration.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with indomethacin (IM), an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, at rates of 1.9 or 7.6 microgram/min was without effect on the plasma ADH concentration. Ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with angiotensin II (AII; 19 ng/min) resulted in a 3-fold increase in the plasma ADH concentration within 45 min. When AII and IM were perfused together, the plasma ADH concentration increased only 2-fold, a response which was significantly lower than that obtained with AII alone. Thus, the ability of central AII to stimulate ADH release may depend, at least in part, upon the local release of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Effect of ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with angiotensin II and indomethacin on the plasma vasopressin concentration. In anesthetized dogs, perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with indomethacin (IM), an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, at rates of 1.9 or 7.6 microgram/min was without effect on the plasma ADH concentration. Ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with angiotensin II (AII; 19 ng/min) resulted in a 3-fold increase in the plasma ADH concentration within 45 min. When AII and IM were perfused together, the plasma ADH concentration increased only 2-fold, a response which was significantly lower than that obtained with AII alone. Thus, the ability of central AII to stimulate ADH release may depend, at least in part, upon the local release of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 652125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5282", "title": "The effect of ovariectomy on the responsiveness of preoptic-septal neurons to microelectrophoresed estrogen.", "content": "Extracellular potentials were recorded from medical preoptic-septal (MPOA-S) neurons in 2-week and 3--4 month ovariectomized rats, and the effects of microelectrophoresed 17beta-estradiol hemisuccinate (17betaE2S), acetylcholine (Ach), cortisol hemisuccinate (CS) and glutamate (Glut) were studied. 17betaE2S failed to produce changes in the firing rate of the majority of MPOA-S neurons tested, but Ach excited 48% of these neurons. MPOA-S neurons showed very little response to either Glut or CS. Previous findings from this laboratory have demonstrated that MPOA-S neurons recorded in 4-day cyclic female rats will respond to 17betaE2S. Therefore, the present results suggest that the ovarian steroids are necessary for maintaining this electrical sensitivity. Also, the involvement of a specific membrane or cytoplasmic receptor is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of ovariectomy on the responsiveness of preoptic-septal neurons to microelectrophoresed estrogen. Extracellular potentials were recorded from medical preoptic-septal (MPOA-S) neurons in 2-week and 3--4 month ovariectomized rats, and the effects of microelectrophoresed 17beta-estradiol hemisuccinate (17betaE2S), acetylcholine (Ach), cortisol hemisuccinate (CS) and glutamate (Glut) were studied. 17betaE2S failed to produce changes in the firing rate of the majority of MPOA-S neurons tested, but Ach excited 48% of these neurons. MPOA-S neurons showed very little response to either Glut or CS. Previous findings from this laboratory have demonstrated that MPOA-S neurons recorded in 4-day cyclic female rats will respond to 17betaE2S. Therefore, the present results suggest that the ovarian steroids are necessary for maintaining this electrical sensitivity. Also, the involvement of a specific membrane or cytoplasmic receptor is discussed.", "PMID": 652126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5283", "title": "Comparison of the effects of restricted morning or evening water intake on adrenocortical activity in female rats.", "content": "The effects of restricting daily water intake to either a 30-min morning or evening period were investigated on: (1) the overall circadian pattern of adrenocortical activity, and (2) adrenocortical activity during the 20-min period immediately after water presentation. Morning water restriction produced a substantial increase in pre-water levels of circulating corticosterone without affecting evening levels, thereby changing the form of the circadian pattern. In contrast, evening water restriction did not elicit any pre-water increase in corticosterone levels, and there was no change in the circadian pattern. Both morning and evening water restricted animals showed a pronounced and rapid decline in corticosterone levels during the 20-min post-water period, with levels dropping by more than 50% within 10 min of water presentation. The dissociation of the pre-water elevation and post-water decline in corticosterone evident in evening water animals indicates that these 2 processes may be governed by different factors. It is suggested that the pre-water effect involves circadian regulatory mechanisms whereas the post-water effect is associated with the process of reinforcement.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of restricted morning or evening water intake on adrenocortical activity in female rats. The effects of restricting daily water intake to either a 30-min morning or evening period were investigated on: (1) the overall circadian pattern of adrenocortical activity, and (2) adrenocortical activity during the 20-min period immediately after water presentation. Morning water restriction produced a substantial increase in pre-water levels of circulating corticosterone without affecting evening levels, thereby changing the form of the circadian pattern. In contrast, evening water restriction did not elicit any pre-water increase in corticosterone levels, and there was no change in the circadian pattern. Both morning and evening water restricted animals showed a pronounced and rapid decline in corticosterone levels during the 20-min post-water period, with levels dropping by more than 50% within 10 min of water presentation. The dissociation of the pre-water elevation and post-water decline in corticosterone evident in evening water animals indicates that these 2 processes may be governed by different factors. It is suggested that the pre-water effect involves circadian regulatory mechanisms whereas the post-water effect is associated with the process of reinforcement.", "PMID": 652127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5284", "title": "Neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating the suppression of circulating testosterone levels associated with chronic stress in male rats.", "content": "Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the reduction of testosterone (T) levels induced by the chronic surgical stress of s.c. gauze implantation were investigated in male rats. The reduction resulted from a decline in T secretion and not an increase in clearance of the hormone from the circulation. In most cases, the decrement was accompanied by a reduction in LH levels, indicating that decreased LH stimulation is the primary factor mediating the drop in T levels. The suppressive effect of surgical stress on LH and T levels was apparently not mediated by the pituitary-adrenal system.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating the suppression of circulating testosterone levels associated with chronic stress in male rats. Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the reduction of testosterone (T) levels induced by the chronic surgical stress of s.c. gauze implantation were investigated in male rats. The reduction resulted from a decline in T secretion and not an increase in clearance of the hormone from the circulation. In most cases, the decrement was accompanied by a reduction in LH levels, indicating that decreased LH stimulation is the primary factor mediating the drop in T levels. The suppressive effect of surgical stress on LH and T levels was apparently not mediated by the pituitary-adrenal system.", "PMID": 652128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5285", "title": "Angiotensin II immunohistochemistry of the rat brain.", "content": "Immunoreactive angiotensin II (AII) in rat brain is identified histochemically by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method. Addition of protease inhibitors, phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), to subzero (-10 degrees C) fixation with propylene glycol and formaldehyde provides reproducible preservation of immunoreactive AII. Synaptic boutons within the brainstem and cerebellum contain immunoreactive AII. The deep cerebellar nuclei have the richest density of AII positive synapses. Other nonneuronal cells such as pinealocytes, pituicytes, and 3rd ventricular tanycytes contain immunoreactive AII. This dual AII localization suggests that both neurons and blood vessels may be involved in the transport of AII to sensitive sites within the rat brain.", "contents": "Angiotensin II immunohistochemistry of the rat brain. Immunoreactive angiotensin II (AII) in rat brain is identified histochemically by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method. Addition of protease inhibitors, phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), to subzero (-10 degrees C) fixation with propylene glycol and formaldehyde provides reproducible preservation of immunoreactive AII. Synaptic boutons within the brainstem and cerebellum contain immunoreactive AII. The deep cerebellar nuclei have the richest density of AII positive synapses. Other nonneuronal cells such as pinealocytes, pituicytes, and 3rd ventricular tanycytes contain immunoreactive AII. This dual AII localization suggests that both neurons and blood vessels may be involved in the transport of AII to sensitive sites within the rat brain.", "PMID": 652129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5286", "title": "A genetic study of schizophrenia pedigrees. II. One-locus hypotheses.", "content": "One-locus models have been fitted to two sets of two-generational families, studied by Kallmann because each contained a schizophrenic twin proband; in one set each twin proband was in the nuclear group, in the other in the peripheral group. Allowing for a lognormal age of onset distribution and a dependence of ascertainment probability on age of onset, the following hypotheses were tested and rejected: ascertainment probability is a noncurvilinear function of age of onset on a log-log scale; the transmission of schizophrenia is via one Mendelian locus, and the transmission of schizophrenia is independent of parental type. The last hypothesis is more likely than one-locus Mendelian inheritance, but it too must be rejected.", "contents": "A genetic study of schizophrenia pedigrees. II. One-locus hypotheses. One-locus models have been fitted to two sets of two-generational families, studied by Kallmann because each contained a schizophrenic twin proband; in one set each twin proband was in the nuclear group, in the other in the peripheral group. Allowing for a lognormal age of onset distribution and a dependence of ascertainment probability on age of onset, the following hypotheses were tested and rejected: ascertainment probability is a noncurvilinear function of age of onset on a log-log scale; the transmission of schizophrenia is via one Mendelian locus, and the transmission of schizophrenia is independent of parental type. The last hypothesis is more likely than one-locus Mendelian inheritance, but it too must be rejected.", "PMID": 652143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5287", "title": "Systemic structural analysis of the electroencephalogram of depressed patients. General principles and preliminary results of an international collaborative study.", "content": "In previous articles, evidence has been presented which supports the hypothesis that detectable neurophysiological changes occur in the course of affective disorders, mainly of a depressive type. The scope of the present report has been to expand the previous investigation to comprise variables not hitherto taken into account and to present a new approach to the analysis of EEG in psychiatry. This new approach, a systemic structural analysis, follows the concepts borrowed from the general system theory, and is based on the assumption that brain activity can be regarded as a type of hierarchical system. Hints about the theoretical principles beyond a systemic structural analysis of EEG are given, and the point is stressed that possible correlations between, e.g., neurophysiological and clinical variables must be south starting from characteristics which are at a comparable level of integration in both realms. The preliminary findings of an international collaborative study of depressive syndromes are presented. 45 patients suffering from depressive syndromes of different aetiology and of varying severity participated in the study. These were rated by means of a rating scale which permitted a division for further analysis into subgroups according to the main symptomatology. The results show that characteristic neurofunctional structures can be identified which correspond to various symptomatological patterns. The occurrence of pronounced interhemispheric differences in electrical activity, related to the severity of the depressive syndrome, has also found further support in the results of this present investigation.", "contents": "Systemic structural analysis of the electroencephalogram of depressed patients. General principles and preliminary results of an international collaborative study. In previous articles, evidence has been presented which supports the hypothesis that detectable neurophysiological changes occur in the course of affective disorders, mainly of a depressive type. The scope of the present report has been to expand the previous investigation to comprise variables not hitherto taken into account and to present a new approach to the analysis of EEG in psychiatry. This new approach, a systemic structural analysis, follows the concepts borrowed from the general system theory, and is based on the assumption that brain activity can be regarded as a type of hierarchical system. Hints about the theoretical principles beyond a systemic structural analysis of EEG are given, and the point is stressed that possible correlations between, e.g., neurophysiological and clinical variables must be south starting from characteristics which are at a comparable level of integration in both realms. The preliminary findings of an international collaborative study of depressive syndromes are presented. 45 patients suffering from depressive syndromes of different aetiology and of varying severity participated in the study. These were rated by means of a rating scale which permitted a division for further analysis into subgroups according to the main symptomatology. The results show that characteristic neurofunctional structures can be identified which correspond to various symptomatological patterns. The occurrence of pronounced interhemispheric differences in electrical activity, related to the severity of the depressive syndrome, has also found further support in the results of this present investigation.", "PMID": 652144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5288", "title": "Amotivational syndrome in chronic schizophrenics. A biophysiological model of schizophrenic impairment.", "content": "An attempt is made ot provide a description and a biological foundation of the amotivational syndrome as a part of the schizophrenic impairment. The role of a reward system, brain stem arousal, and cortical facilitation is discussed as a neurophysiological support for self and species preservation functions, goal directed behavior and performances. Damage caused to the NA-ergic neurons by toxic metabolites of DA results in a flattening of basic motivations and an incapacity to achieve higher cortical motivations and to perform high cortical activities. As the source of the syndrome a pathological gene might be involved; as its end the superimposed institutionalization has to be removed, in order to uncover the schizophrenic defect itself.", "contents": "Amotivational syndrome in chronic schizophrenics. A biophysiological model of schizophrenic impairment. An attempt is made ot provide a description and a biological foundation of the amotivational syndrome as a part of the schizophrenic impairment. The role of a reward system, brain stem arousal, and cortical facilitation is discussed as a neurophysiological support for self and species preservation functions, goal directed behavior and performances. Damage caused to the NA-ergic neurons by toxic metabolites of DA results in a flattening of basic motivations and an incapacity to achieve higher cortical motivations and to perform high cortical activities. As the source of the syndrome a pathological gene might be involved; as its end the superimposed institutionalization has to be removed, in order to uncover the schizophrenic defect itself.", "PMID": 652145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5289", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in affective disorders.", "content": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was tested in 160 psychiatric patients suffering from affective disorders. The patients were divided into subgroups according to strict diagnostic criteria and clinical state at the time of the examination. Since no relationship was found between DBH activity and age or sex, these variables have been discarded from further analyses. Bipolar (manic-depressive) patients had lower (p less than 0.05) BDH mean values than patients suffering from unipolar, recurrent depressive psychoses. No other differences were found either among group or in relation to the clinical state. As such a wide range of DBH values was recorded in all the groups examined, measurements of DBH activity do not seem to be useful as a diagnostic acid, or as an indicator of the clinical state of patients suffering from affective disorders.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in affective disorders. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was tested in 160 psychiatric patients suffering from affective disorders. The patients were divided into subgroups according to strict diagnostic criteria and clinical state at the time of the examination. Since no relationship was found between DBH activity and age or sex, these variables have been discarded from further analyses. Bipolar (manic-depressive) patients had lower (p less than 0.05) BDH mean values than patients suffering from unipolar, recurrent depressive psychoses. No other differences were found either among group or in relation to the clinical state. As such a wide range of DBH values was recorded in all the groups examined, measurements of DBH activity do not seem to be useful as a diagnostic acid, or as an indicator of the clinical state of patients suffering from affective disorders.", "PMID": 652146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5290", "title": "[Behavior of the serum electrolytes after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity].", "content": "Serum electrolytes, diarrhoea and absorption of bile salts were examined before and for one year after jejuno-ileal by-pass in 5 obese subjects. Marked decrease in blood potassium, calcium and magnesium was noted post-operatively, with potassium and calcium levels still well below the preoperative levels after 1 yr. Faecal volume increased considerably soon after operation, then fell to about 1 1/day in the first few months and changed little thereafter. Absorption of bile salts was seriously and lastingly compromised. In the light of the relevant literature, these results show that electrolyte imbalance, being closely linked to diarrhoea induced by bile salts, is an inevitable consequence of this operation and cannot be controlled by changing the surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Behavior of the serum electrolytes after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity]. Serum electrolytes, diarrhoea and absorption of bile salts were examined before and for one year after jejuno-ileal by-pass in 5 obese subjects. Marked decrease in blood potassium, calcium and magnesium was noted post-operatively, with potassium and calcium levels still well below the preoperative levels after 1 yr. Faecal volume increased considerably soon after operation, then fell to about 1 1/day in the first few months and changed little thereafter. Absorption of bile salts was seriously and lastingly compromised. In the light of the relevant literature, these results show that electrolyte imbalance, being closely linked to diarrhoea induced by bile salts, is an inevitable consequence of this operation and cannot be controlled by changing the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 652182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5291", "title": "[Personal experience with gastric resection in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer].", "content": "Billroth I or II resection was adopted in the treatment of 85 subjects with simple or complicated gastroduodenal ulcer. Operative mortality was 1.4% in surgery of choice and 18.7% where emergency management was required to combat perforation of serious haemorrhage. Follow-up after 1-2 yr showed that marked benefit had been obtained from the operation in 83%, while partial success was achieved in 15,5%. Postoperative peptic ulcer was observed in one case only. Comparison with a series of 120 patients subjected of choice or in emergency to truncal vagotomy and gastric drainage during the same period for duodenal ulcer and followed for 2-6yr (no operative deaths and complete success in over 91%) made it clear trat, while resection was attended by a smaller number of recurrences (1.5% as opposed to 2.9%), this advantages was obtained at the price of a greater operative risk and by no means negligible long-term sequelae.", "contents": "[Personal experience with gastric resection in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer]. Billroth I or II resection was adopted in the treatment of 85 subjects with simple or complicated gastroduodenal ulcer. Operative mortality was 1.4% in surgery of choice and 18.7% where emergency management was required to combat perforation of serious haemorrhage. Follow-up after 1-2 yr showed that marked benefit had been obtained from the operation in 83%, while partial success was achieved in 15,5%. Postoperative peptic ulcer was observed in one case only. Comparison with a series of 120 patients subjected of choice or in emergency to truncal vagotomy and gastric drainage during the same period for duodenal ulcer and followed for 2-6yr (no operative deaths and complete success in over 91%) made it clear trat, while resection was attended by a smaller number of recurrences (1.5% as opposed to 2.9%), this advantages was obtained at the price of a greater operative risk and by no means negligible long-term sequelae.", "PMID": 652183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5292", "title": "[A case of atypical bone metastasis from breast carcinoma].", "content": "Clinical and radiographical data are presented for a case of suspected pathological fracture of the right ulna in a 66-yr-old women mastectomised two years previously. Multiple skeletal lesions were noted, often morphologically different from those usually observed in metastasis of breast cancer, with a fibrous and cystic appearance reminiscent of von Recklinhausen's disease. However, indisputable serohumoral data, the histological picture on biopsy, and repair of bone as a result of immuno-antiblastic management showed that true metastases were involved. The radiographical picture and the response to therapy make it clear that atypical bone pictures must be carefully watched, since metastasis from breast cancer may be responsible for special morphological and structural features requiring close differential investigation.", "contents": "[A case of atypical bone metastasis from breast carcinoma]. Clinical and radiographical data are presented for a case of suspected pathological fracture of the right ulna in a 66-yr-old women mastectomised two years previously. Multiple skeletal lesions were noted, often morphologically different from those usually observed in metastasis of breast cancer, with a fibrous and cystic appearance reminiscent of von Recklinhausen's disease. However, indisputable serohumoral data, the histological picture on biopsy, and repair of bone as a result of immuno-antiblastic management showed that true metastases were involved. The radiographical picture and the response to therapy make it clear that atypical bone pictures must be carefully watched, since metastasis from breast cancer may be responsible for special morphological and structural features requiring close differential investigation.", "PMID": 652189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5293", "title": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of the aberrant pathways of intraventricular conduction obtained by means of premature atrial stimulation].", "content": "12 patients with normal QRS either in basal condition or during atrial pacing, undergone on single premature atrial stimulation, showed several types of intraventricular aberrancies. These have been revalued with atrial premature stimulation introduced over a progressively increasing frequency of fixed atrial stimulation (extrastimulus method), sometimes after atropine. In 9 cases it was possible to eliminate completely the above mentioned aberrancies, having thus a clear reduction of the refractory periods regarding their responsible structures. In 3 cases this was not possible, owing to a less significant reduction of the refractory periods. Such fenomenon is considered as the only parameter able to identify probable initial organic facts of the His-Purkinje system.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of the aberrant pathways of intraventricular conduction obtained by means of premature atrial stimulation]. 12 patients with normal QRS either in basal condition or during atrial pacing, undergone on single premature atrial stimulation, showed several types of intraventricular aberrancies. These have been revalued with atrial premature stimulation introduced over a progressively increasing frequency of fixed atrial stimulation (extrastimulus method), sometimes after atropine. In 9 cases it was possible to eliminate completely the above mentioned aberrancies, having thus a clear reduction of the refractory periods regarding their responsible structures. In 3 cases this was not possible, owing to a less significant reduction of the refractory periods. Such fenomenon is considered as the only parameter able to identify probable initial organic facts of the His-Purkinje system.", "PMID": 652190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5294", "title": "[Protein-losing enteropathy in chronic constrictive pericarditis in children].", "content": "Protein-dispersive enteropathy was noted in three children with chronic constrictive pericarditis. Increased intestinal permeability to proteins was detected by using lavelled albumin in one patient. Biopsy showed absence of mucosa lesions and normal villi in another case. Partial pericardiotomy led to rapid resolution of pseudo-cirrhosis and normalisation of serum proteins in all three cases.", "contents": "[Protein-losing enteropathy in chronic constrictive pericarditis in children]. Protein-dispersive enteropathy was noted in three children with chronic constrictive pericarditis. Increased intestinal permeability to proteins was detected by using lavelled albumin in one patient. Biopsy showed absence of mucosa lesions and normal villi in another case. Partial pericardiotomy led to rapid resolution of pseudo-cirrhosis and normalisation of serum proteins in all three cases.", "PMID": 652192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5295", "title": "Diabetes insipidus and pregnancy. Case report, incidence and review of literature.", "content": "The coexistence of diabetes insipidus (D.I.) and pregnancy is rare. Sixty-seven cases are reviewed, including one of our own. The condition tends to become worse in pregnancy, labor appears unaffected and lactation appears to lead to an improvement in D.I. Theories are discussed to account for the effect of pregnancy on D.I.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus and pregnancy. Case report, incidence and review of literature. The coexistence of diabetes insipidus (D.I.) and pregnancy is rare. Sixty-seven cases are reviewed, including one of our own. The condition tends to become worse in pregnancy, labor appears unaffected and lactation appears to lead to an improvement in D.I. Theories are discussed to account for the effect of pregnancy on D.I.", "PMID": 652196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5296", "title": "Clinical and urodynamic features of failed incontinence surgery in the female.", "content": "Sixty women with urinary incontinence were treated by the Burch colposuspension operation and bladder neck plication. The pre- and postoperative clinical and urodynamic features of the 15 patients with recurrent incontinence were compared and contrasted with 45 women who were cured. Factors which were associated with failed surgery included increaseing age, previous continence surgery, the presence of detrusor instability, and a postoperative rise of intrinsic bladder pressure either on filling of standing up.", "contents": "Clinical and urodynamic features of failed incontinence surgery in the female. Sixty women with urinary incontinence were treated by the Burch colposuspension operation and bladder neck plication. The pre- and postoperative clinical and urodynamic features of the 15 patients with recurrent incontinence were compared and contrasted with 45 women who were cured. Factors which were associated with failed surgery included increaseing age, previous continence surgery, the presence of detrusor instability, and a postoperative rise of intrinsic bladder pressure either on filling of standing up.", "PMID": 652197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5297", "title": "Ovarian function, reproduction, and later operations following adnexal surgery.", "content": "Among 3102 patients who had major gynecologic operations, only 223 (7.18%) needed adnexal operations during which reproductive potential was preserved. Operations involved ovaries (156), tubes (55), and embryologic cysts (32). After recovery 53.69% of these patients had viable babies (64.46% of patients under age 30). Patients were examined up to 28 years after operations, an average 11.32 years. When last examined. most patients still retained physiologic evidence of ovarian hormonal function; 20 patients had passed through spontaneous menopause, at an average age of 49.4 years. Fifty-two patients needed subsequent pelvic operations, but only 7 for possibly related conditions (4 repeat tubal pregnancies and 3 cyst-adenomas). All but one twisted adnexal mass, with gangrene, originated as a paramesonephric duct cyst. Seventeen adnexal operations were associated with pregnancy: 15 mothers had healthy babies, and 2 aborted. Details concerning numbers and characteristics of specific lesions are included in the paper.", "contents": "Ovarian function, reproduction, and later operations following adnexal surgery. Among 3102 patients who had major gynecologic operations, only 223 (7.18%) needed adnexal operations during which reproductive potential was preserved. Operations involved ovaries (156), tubes (55), and embryologic cysts (32). After recovery 53.69% of these patients had viable babies (64.46% of patients under age 30). Patients were examined up to 28 years after operations, an average 11.32 years. When last examined. most patients still retained physiologic evidence of ovarian hormonal function; 20 patients had passed through spontaneous menopause, at an average age of 49.4 years. Fifty-two patients needed subsequent pelvic operations, but only 7 for possibly related conditions (4 repeat tubal pregnancies and 3 cyst-adenomas). All but one twisted adnexal mass, with gangrene, originated as a paramesonephric duct cyst. Seventeen adnexal operations were associated with pregnancy: 15 mothers had healthy babies, and 2 aborted. Details concerning numbers and characteristics of specific lesions are included in the paper.", "PMID": 652198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5298", "title": "Squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the cervix and vagina after prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Squamous cell abnormalities of the vagina and cervix were evaluated in 1424 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. The prevalence of dysplasia was 2.1% and the incidence 0.85/100 person-years of followup. The dysplastic epithelial changes were almost always mild in women with no prior history of dysplasia and was slightly more frequent in the cervix than the vagina. Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were encountered only in those subjects specifically referred because of those abnormalities. The most common problem in the diagnosis of these squamous cell changes was the misinterpretation of mature and immature metaplastic cells for dysplastic squamous cells. Discordance between biopsy and cytology was common-place in the detection and followup of dysplasia, especially when it was mild. There were no instances in the study where cytology and biopsy samples from the vagina were both abnormal concurrently. Colposcopically directed biopsies did not increase the frequency of confirmation of cytologic findings. These data suggest that both cytology and biopsy of abnormal segments of the vagina and cervix remain an integral part of the examination of the DES-exposed female during long-term follow-up studies.", "contents": "Squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the cervix and vagina after prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Squamous cell abnormalities of the vagina and cervix were evaluated in 1424 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. The prevalence of dysplasia was 2.1% and the incidence 0.85/100 person-years of followup. The dysplastic epithelial changes were almost always mild in women with no prior history of dysplasia and was slightly more frequent in the cervix than the vagina. Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were encountered only in those subjects specifically referred because of those abnormalities. The most common problem in the diagnosis of these squamous cell changes was the misinterpretation of mature and immature metaplastic cells for dysplastic squamous cells. Discordance between biopsy and cytology was common-place in the detection and followup of dysplasia, especially when it was mild. There were no instances in the study where cytology and biopsy samples from the vagina were both abnormal concurrently. Colposcopically directed biopsies did not increase the frequency of confirmation of cytologic findings. These data suggest that both cytology and biopsy of abnormal segments of the vagina and cervix remain an integral part of the examination of the DES-exposed female during long-term follow-up studies.", "PMID": 652199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5299", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A modified CEA-Roche kit was used to determine the pretreatment value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A positive correlation between tumor volume and CEA levels was found in patients with invasive disease, and patients with intraepithelial neoplasia also had elevated levels compared with a reference material of blood donors. Pre- and posttreatment levels were measured in 156 patients with invasive lesions, and a significant response to treatment was seen in 80%. The resutls of this study indicate that any pretreatment level can be of interest in the followup of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A modified CEA-Roche kit was used to determine the pretreatment value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A positive correlation between tumor volume and CEA levels was found in patients with invasive disease, and patients with intraepithelial neoplasia also had elevated levels compared with a reference material of blood donors. Pre- and posttreatment levels were measured in 156 patients with invasive lesions, and a significant response to treatment was seen in 80%. The resutls of this study indicate that any pretreatment level can be of interest in the followup of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 652200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5300", "title": "Menstrual dysfunction of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "This study group consisted of 10 female patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The duration of their illness was from 10 months to 8 years. Nine of the 10 had been undergoing hemodialysis for more than 1 year. Their menstrual patterns have been investigated, specifically with regard to menstrual history, gonadotropin and progesterone levels, and basal body temperature. Nine of the 10 patients had had regular menses prior to their renal illnesses. All patients became amenorrheic during and after hemodialysis with the exception of one patient who became hypermenorrheic. The gonadotropin levels were as follows: the luteinizing hormones were high-normal and the follicle stimulating hormones were low, almost to a hypogonadotropic range; progesterone level coupled with the basal body temperature showed no evidence of ovulatory cycles, except in one case.", "contents": "Menstrual dysfunction of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. This study group consisted of 10 female patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The duration of their illness was from 10 months to 8 years. Nine of the 10 had been undergoing hemodialysis for more than 1 year. Their menstrual patterns have been investigated, specifically with regard to menstrual history, gonadotropin and progesterone levels, and basal body temperature. Nine of the 10 patients had had regular menses prior to their renal illnesses. All patients became amenorrheic during and after hemodialysis with the exception of one patient who became hypermenorrheic. The gonadotropin levels were as follows: the luteinizing hormones were high-normal and the follicle stimulating hormones were low, almost to a hypogonadotropic range; progesterone level coupled with the basal body temperature showed no evidence of ovulatory cycles, except in one case.", "PMID": 652201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5301", "title": "Erroneous clinical diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis in women on oral contraceptives.", "content": "Most studies demonstrating an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in women on oral contraceptives are based on clinical manifestations of the disease. Because of the fallibility of the clinical diagnosis of suspected leg vein thrombosis, Doppler ultrasonic evaluation (with a 93% accuracy compared to venography) was performed for clinical manifestations in deep vein thrombosis in 54 women taking birth control pills and 75 women of similar age who were not on contraceptives. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by Doppler in only 16.7% of the women taking contraceptives and 30.7% of women not taking contraceptives (P = 0.052). This study suggests that the clinical diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis is frequently erroneous, particularly in women taking oral contraceptives. Future investigations reporting venous thromboembolism associated with oral contraceptives should be based on diagnoses validated by accurate objective techniques.", "contents": "Erroneous clinical diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis in women on oral contraceptives. Most studies demonstrating an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in women on oral contraceptives are based on clinical manifestations of the disease. Because of the fallibility of the clinical diagnosis of suspected leg vein thrombosis, Doppler ultrasonic evaluation (with a 93% accuracy compared to venography) was performed for clinical manifestations in deep vein thrombosis in 54 women taking birth control pills and 75 women of similar age who were not on contraceptives. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by Doppler in only 16.7% of the women taking contraceptives and 30.7% of women not taking contraceptives (P = 0.052). This study suggests that the clinical diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis is frequently erroneous, particularly in women taking oral contraceptives. Future investigations reporting venous thromboembolism associated with oral contraceptives should be based on diagnoses validated by accurate objective techniques.", "PMID": 652202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5302", "title": "The association of uterine and renal anomalies.", "content": "The ACI rat provides a mammalian model for the study of spontaneously occurring defects of partial uterine agenesis and renal agenesis. A variable uterine deformity also occurs with hydronephrosis. A mesonephric duct defect appears responsible for these anomalies.", "contents": "The association of uterine and renal anomalies. The ACI rat provides a mammalian model for the study of spontaneously occurring defects of partial uterine agenesis and renal agenesis. A variable uterine deformity also occurs with hydronephrosis. A mesonephric duct defect appears responsible for these anomalies.", "PMID": 652203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5303", "title": "Evaluation of single-stitch tubal ligation in postpartum women.", "content": "Permanent contraception by tubal surgery on completion of the family unit is increasingly becoming acceptable to younger women. Contraception by spacing methods during the long span of the reproductive period is impractical because of the cost involved, the fear of failure, and the possibility of side effects. Reversal of tubal surgery may be necessary in some young women as a result of unforseen infant deaths. Old and new techniques of tubal surgery,with or without endoscopy, still require the interruption of a long segment of the tubes (more than 1 cm) except in the spring-clip method, in which only 4 mm of tube is involved. These clips are expensive and not easily available. In a study of 463 women, the clip method was replaced by a single-stitch method to interrupt a small segment (1 mm) of the tubes. However, 24 failures occurred in the 230 women followed for a period of 6-36 months. In view of the high failure rate, use of this method was discontinued. This experience demonstrates that methods causing minimal tubal damage and providing maximum potential reversibility have greater risk of failure.", "contents": "Evaluation of single-stitch tubal ligation in postpartum women. Permanent contraception by tubal surgery on completion of the family unit is increasingly becoming acceptable to younger women. Contraception by spacing methods during the long span of the reproductive period is impractical because of the cost involved, the fear of failure, and the possibility of side effects. Reversal of tubal surgery may be necessary in some young women as a result of unforseen infant deaths. Old and new techniques of tubal surgery,with or without endoscopy, still require the interruption of a long segment of the tubes (more than 1 cm) except in the spring-clip method, in which only 4 mm of tube is involved. These clips are expensive and not easily available. In a study of 463 women, the clip method was replaced by a single-stitch method to interrupt a small segment (1 mm) of the tubes. However, 24 failures occurred in the 230 women followed for a period of 6-36 months. In view of the high failure rate, use of this method was discontinued. This experience demonstrates that methods causing minimal tubal damage and providing maximum potential reversibility have greater risk of failure.", "PMID": 652204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5304", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk cesarean section.", "content": "A brief perioperative course of ampicillin was recommended for high-risk patients undergoing cesarean section at our institution. High-risk patients were defined as those with two or more of the following factors: general anesthesia, obesity, hematocrit less than or equal to 30%, and labor prior to delivery. Fifteen percent of high-risk patients who received prophylactic antibiotics experienced postoperative febrile morbidity compared to 63% for the high-risk untreated group (P less than 0.001). Twenty-five percent of low-risk patients (less than 2 risk factors) developed this complication. Endometritis was the leading cause of postoperative febrile morbidity. Postoperative stay was only slightly decreased in the prophylactically treated group (5.9 vs 6.2 days). Prophylactic amplicillin given perioperatively was an effective agent in reducing post-cesarean-section febrile morbidty among high-risk patients.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk cesarean section. A brief perioperative course of ampicillin was recommended for high-risk patients undergoing cesarean section at our institution. High-risk patients were defined as those with two or more of the following factors: general anesthesia, obesity, hematocrit less than or equal to 30%, and labor prior to delivery. Fifteen percent of high-risk patients who received prophylactic antibiotics experienced postoperative febrile morbidity compared to 63% for the high-risk untreated group (P less than 0.001). Twenty-five percent of low-risk patients (less than 2 risk factors) developed this complication. Endometritis was the leading cause of postoperative febrile morbidity. Postoperative stay was only slightly decreased in the prophylactically treated group (5.9 vs 6.2 days). Prophylactic amplicillin given perioperatively was an effective agent in reducing post-cesarean-section febrile morbidty among high-risk patients.", "PMID": 652205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5305", "title": "Urinary urea-nitrogen ratio as an index of protein nutrition in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Urinary urea nitrogen-total nitrogen ratio (UN/TN) was measured at intervals throughout pregnancy in 12 normal women and in 10 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the results were related to protein ingestion estimated by dietary history. While urea and nitrogen correlated significantly with each other in both normal and diabetic subjects, the relationship between UN/TN and protein intake was quite different in the two groups. Nondiabetic patients exhibited generally close correlation between UN/TN and protein intake with statistically significant correlation coefficients (r = 0.74-0.99) in 11 of 12 subjects. In none of the 10 diabetic patients, however, was significant correlation found. While the reliability of the index in diabetic patients tended to improve as hyperglycemia lessened, even under conditions considered clinically to indicate excellent metabolic control (mean plasma glucose less than or equal to 125 mg/dl), UN/TN still did not correlate significantly with protein intake. These observations suggest that the unstable carbohydrate metabolism characteristic of diabetes mellitus may be responsible for altered protein retention during pregnancy. From a clinical point of view, the utility of urinary urea studies as a simple and objective index of protein intake in the normal pregnant women does not apply in the diabetic patients.", "contents": "Urinary urea-nitrogen ratio as an index of protein nutrition in diabetic pregnancy. Urinary urea nitrogen-total nitrogen ratio (UN/TN) was measured at intervals throughout pregnancy in 12 normal women and in 10 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the results were related to protein ingestion estimated by dietary history. While urea and nitrogen correlated significantly with each other in both normal and diabetic subjects, the relationship between UN/TN and protein intake was quite different in the two groups. Nondiabetic patients exhibited generally close correlation between UN/TN and protein intake with statistically significant correlation coefficients (r = 0.74-0.99) in 11 of 12 subjects. In none of the 10 diabetic patients, however, was significant correlation found. While the reliability of the index in diabetic patients tended to improve as hyperglycemia lessened, even under conditions considered clinically to indicate excellent metabolic control (mean plasma glucose less than or equal to 125 mg/dl), UN/TN still did not correlate significantly with protein intake. These observations suggest that the unstable carbohydrate metabolism characteristic of diabetes mellitus may be responsible for altered protein retention during pregnancy. From a clinical point of view, the utility of urinary urea studies as a simple and objective index of protein intake in the normal pregnant women does not apply in the diabetic patients.", "PMID": 652206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5306", "title": "Dopamine administration in the normotensive pregnant ewe.", "content": "Dopamine was administered to pregnant ewes at randomly selected rates of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 microgram/kg/min. Doses less than 10 microgram/kg/min produced no significant change in maternal areterial blood pressure, cardiac output, or renal or uterine blood flow. Higher doses increased maternal cardiac output and blood pressure, did not change renal blood flow, but decreased uterine blood flow. Dopamine consistently caused mild maternal and fetal respiratory acidosis.", "contents": "Dopamine administration in the normotensive pregnant ewe. Dopamine was administered to pregnant ewes at randomly selected rates of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 microgram/kg/min. Doses less than 10 microgram/kg/min produced no significant change in maternal areterial blood pressure, cardiac output, or renal or uterine blood flow. Higher doses increased maternal cardiac output and blood pressure, did not change renal blood flow, but decreased uterine blood flow. Dopamine consistently caused mild maternal and fetal respiratory acidosis.", "PMID": 652207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5307", "title": "Spontaneous remission of Cushing syndrome after termination of pregnancy.", "content": "A 27-year-old women developed Cushing syndrome during pregnancy. The course of pregnancy was characterized by abnormally low urine and plasma estrogen levels despite the presence of a living fetus. The signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome disappeared spontaneously within 2 months after delivery. Hormonal studies, however, suggested the presence of an adrenal tumor. An adrenocortical adenoma was found at surgery and removed.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of Cushing syndrome after termination of pregnancy. A 27-year-old women developed Cushing syndrome during pregnancy. The course of pregnancy was characterized by abnormally low urine and plasma estrogen levels despite the presence of a living fetus. The signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome disappeared spontaneously within 2 months after delivery. Hormonal studies, however, suggested the presence of an adrenal tumor. An adrenocortical adenoma was found at surgery and removed.", "PMID": 652208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5308", "title": "Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus for an obstetric population.", "content": "The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cultures of anterior nares was determined for personnel and patients of an obstetric and a neonatal unit. Among the hospital personnel, 10.2% harbored S. aureus. On admission to the hospital, 4% of the obstetric patients were identified as carriers of S. aureus and only 1.3% of the patients acquired the microorganism during hospitalization. The neonates of these mothers with S. aureus were not colonized during hospitalization. Subsequent bacteriophage typing indicated that microbial isolates were primarily in the Group 1 and Group 3 classifications of S. aureus.", "contents": "Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus for an obstetric population. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cultures of anterior nares was determined for personnel and patients of an obstetric and a neonatal unit. Among the hospital personnel, 10.2% harbored S. aureus. On admission to the hospital, 4% of the obstetric patients were identified as carriers of S. aureus and only 1.3% of the patients acquired the microorganism during hospitalization. The neonates of these mothers with S. aureus were not colonized during hospitalization. Subsequent bacteriophage typing indicated that microbial isolates were primarily in the Group 1 and Group 3 classifications of S. aureus.", "PMID": 652209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5309", "title": "Laminaria as an adjunct in induction of labor.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of laminaria tents as an adjunct to labor induction near term were examined in a prospective, controlled, and randomized study involving insertion of laminaria into the cervical canal the evening prior to planned induction. Six of 35 subjects in whom laminaria were used entered labor spontaneously and delivered overnight, compared with 1 of 39 controls. Of the remainder, the Bishop score increased an average of 3.7 points, a highly significant change, in the laminaria-treated group compared with no change in the controls. Labor, induced primarily by amniotomy with intravenous oxytocin then given to patients in whom regular contractions did not begin within 8 hours, was shorter with laminaria use than in controls, though the amniotomy-to-delivery interval did not differ significantly. However, comparison of the subgroup with cervices relatively unfavorable for induction, indicated by an initial Bishop score of 5 or less, showed both length of labor and amniotomy-to-delivery interval to be significantly shorter (each by an average of 3 hours) in the laminaria-treated group compared with controls. Complications, including febrile morbidity, did not differ. We conclude that laminaria tents are both effective and safe as an adjunct to labor induction, acting by accelerating the preparatory changes in the cervix which normally occur in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Laminaria as an adjunct in induction of labor. The safety and efficacy of laminaria tents as an adjunct to labor induction near term were examined in a prospective, controlled, and randomized study involving insertion of laminaria into the cervical canal the evening prior to planned induction. Six of 35 subjects in whom laminaria were used entered labor spontaneously and delivered overnight, compared with 1 of 39 controls. Of the remainder, the Bishop score increased an average of 3.7 points, a highly significant change, in the laminaria-treated group compared with no change in the controls. Labor, induced primarily by amniotomy with intravenous oxytocin then given to patients in whom regular contractions did not begin within 8 hours, was shorter with laminaria use than in controls, though the amniotomy-to-delivery interval did not differ significantly. However, comparison of the subgroup with cervices relatively unfavorable for induction, indicated by an initial Bishop score of 5 or less, showed both length of labor and amniotomy-to-delivery interval to be significantly shorter (each by an average of 3 hours) in the laminaria-treated group compared with controls. Complications, including febrile morbidity, did not differ. We conclude that laminaria tents are both effective and safe as an adjunct to labor induction, acting by accelerating the preparatory changes in the cervix which normally occur in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 652210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5310", "title": "Significance of biparietal diameter differences between twins.", "content": "Twins of dissimilar size have increased risks both at delivery and in the neonatal period. When dissimilar growth is severe, it should be reflected in birthweight and biparietal diameter (BPD) growth. Sonograms were done on 74 of 106 sets of twins delivered from July 1, 1973, to June 30, 1977. Excluding prematurity and birth trauma, the difference in BPD between twins with normal outcomes in the last scan prior to delivery was 1.32 +/- 0.20 mm (mean +/- SE) and the difference in birthweight was 250.3 +/- 31.4 g (mean +/- SE). In 7 sets of twins with poor outcomes (intrauterine fetal demise or severe intrauterine growth retardation) without central nervous system anomalies the difference in BPD between twins in the last scan,  while both fetuses were alive, was 6.86 +/- 1.06 mm (mean +/- SE) and the difference in birthweight was 604.3 +/- 217.2 g (mean +/- SE). Both the BPDs and birthweights are significantly different at the P less than 0.01 level. Large differences in BPD between twins may possibly indicate compromise of one twin.", "contents": "Significance of biparietal diameter differences between twins. Twins of dissimilar size have increased risks both at delivery and in the neonatal period. When dissimilar growth is severe, it should be reflected in birthweight and biparietal diameter (BPD) growth. Sonograms were done on 74 of 106 sets of twins delivered from July 1, 1973, to June 30, 1977. Excluding prematurity and birth trauma, the difference in BPD between twins with normal outcomes in the last scan prior to delivery was 1.32 +/- 0.20 mm (mean +/- SE) and the difference in birthweight was 250.3 +/- 31.4 g (mean +/- SE). In 7 sets of twins with poor outcomes (intrauterine fetal demise or severe intrauterine growth retardation) without central nervous system anomalies the difference in BPD between twins in the last scan,  while both fetuses were alive, was 6.86 +/- 1.06 mm (mean +/- SE) and the difference in birthweight was 604.3 +/- 217.2 g (mean +/- SE). Both the BPDs and birthweights are significantly different at the P less than 0.01 level. Large differences in BPD between twins may possibly indicate compromise of one twin.", "PMID": 652211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5311", "title": "Oxytocin challenge test: achieving the desired goals.", "content": "The desired goals of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) are preventing stillbirth and avoiding unnecessary premature intervention. To effectively reduce stillbirth the test should be done on a significant proportion of those fetuses who would subsequently succumb in utero. To analyze whether or not the OCT is achieving these goals. 5351 deliveries over a 2-year period at the University of California, Irvine, Medical Center were studied retrospectively. Four hundred and thirty of these patients had 823 OCTs performed. There were ten positive and 19 suspicious tests, and five neonatal deaths in these two groups. In patients who were studied with OCTs only one stillbirth occurred (in a patient who was noncompliant). During the same period, all stillbirths were reviewed. In the group in which stillbirth occurred, it was determined that 11 or 35% of the patients had indications for antepartum testing but were not tested. All 11 of these patients were transferred to the University hospital or had no prenatal care. It is suggested that these stillbirths may have been prevented had appropriate prenatal care allowed identification of patients for antepartum testing.", "contents": "Oxytocin challenge test: achieving the desired goals. The desired goals of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) are preventing stillbirth and avoiding unnecessary premature intervention. To effectively reduce stillbirth the test should be done on a significant proportion of those fetuses who would subsequently succumb in utero. To analyze whether or not the OCT is achieving these goals. 5351 deliveries over a 2-year period at the University of California, Irvine, Medical Center were studied retrospectively. Four hundred and thirty of these patients had 823 OCTs performed. There were ten positive and 19 suspicious tests, and five neonatal deaths in these two groups. In patients who were studied with OCTs only one stillbirth occurred (in a patient who was noncompliant). During the same period, all stillbirths were reviewed. In the group in which stillbirth occurred, it was determined that 11 or 35% of the patients had indications for antepartum testing but were not tested. All 11 of these patients were transferred to the University hospital or had no prenatal care. It is suggested that these stillbirths may have been prevented had appropriate prenatal care allowed identification of patients for antepartum testing.", "PMID": 652212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5312", "title": "Behcet syndrome: with immunologic evaluation.", "content": "A case of Behcet syndrome with immunologic evaluation, including screening of a vulvar ulcer for IgG, IgM, IgA, and fibrinogen by direct fluorescent microscopy is presented. Attempts were made to demonstrate cellular and humoral immune responses to mucosal antigens by lymphoblast transformation in the presence of cadaver esophageal mucosal extracts and indirect immunofluorescence using autologous serum and mucosal tissue. Serial measurements of percentages of total T, active T, and B lymphocyte populations, and lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation during the course of Behcet syndrome are also presented. Clinical evaluation, histology of a Behcet vulvar ulcer, and a 2-year followup with good response to chlorambucil are reviewed.", "contents": "Behcet syndrome: with immunologic evaluation. A case of Behcet syndrome with immunologic evaluation, including screening of a vulvar ulcer for IgG, IgM, IgA, and fibrinogen by direct fluorescent microscopy is presented. Attempts were made to demonstrate cellular and humoral immune responses to mucosal antigens by lymphoblast transformation in the presence of cadaver esophageal mucosal extracts and indirect immunofluorescence using autologous serum and mucosal tissue. Serial measurements of percentages of total T, active T, and B lymphocyte populations, and lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation during the course of Behcet syndrome are also presented. Clinical evaluation, histology of a Behcet vulvar ulcer, and a 2-year followup with good response to chlorambucil are reviewed.", "PMID": 652213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5313", "title": "Incompetent cervix in a hormone-exposed offspring.", "content": "Intensive interest has focused on DES-exposed men and women since the first reports on this in the early 1970s. We are presenting here what we feel is the first case of incompetent cervix in a DES-exposed female. It is hoped that this will stimulate further interest in the functional as well as anatomic problems which these individuals experience.", "contents": "Incompetent cervix in a hormone-exposed offspring. Intensive interest has focused on DES-exposed men and women since the first reports on this in the early 1970s. We are presenting here what we feel is the first case of incompetent cervix in a DES-exposed female. It is hoped that this will stimulate further interest in the functional as well as anatomic problems which these individuals experience.", "PMID": 652214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5314", "title": "Microfilm storage of fetal monitoring records: a practical solution.", "content": "Microfilming of fetal monitoring records has, at our institution, been found to be a practical method for storage of recording papers from fetal monitoring. This system permits a reduction of the records by a factor of 20:1 and up to 7.64 hours of fetal monitroing records will fit into a 4 x 6 inch film jacket. This microfilm record can easily be placed into a patient's chart and can thus easily be retrieved.", "contents": "Microfilm storage of fetal monitoring records: a practical solution. Microfilming of fetal monitoring records has, at our institution, been found to be a practical method for storage of recording papers from fetal monitoring. This system permits a reduction of the records by a factor of 20:1 and up to 7.64 hours of fetal monitroing records will fit into a 4 x 6 inch film jacket. This microfilm record can easily be placed into a patient's chart and can thus easily be retrieved.", "PMID": 652215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5315", "title": "Colposcopically directed cone biopsies in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ had a colposcopically directed cone biopsy in the operating room immediately prior to vaginal hysterectomy. In 3 cases (9%), the hysterectomy specimen showed the same type of residual disease as in the cone biopsy; in the remainder no residual disease was evident in the hysterectomy specimen. If colposcopically directed biopsies were performed, the long-term debate over the use of cone biopsy or hysterectomy for intraepithelial neoplasms would be resolved. Selected patients could be treated adequately by cone biopsy with a small number of patients requiring hysterectomy as indicated by direct examination with the colposcope.", "contents": "Colposcopically directed cone biopsies in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Thirty-three patients with severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ had a colposcopically directed cone biopsy in the operating room immediately prior to vaginal hysterectomy. In 3 cases (9%), the hysterectomy specimen showed the same type of residual disease as in the cone biopsy; in the remainder no residual disease was evident in the hysterectomy specimen. If colposcopically directed biopsies were performed, the long-term debate over the use of cone biopsy or hysterectomy for intraepithelial neoplasms would be resolved. Selected patients could be treated adequately by cone biopsy with a small number of patients requiring hysterectomy as indicated by direct examination with the colposcope.", "PMID": 652216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5316", "title": "OHN's play an important part in eye care and treatment.", "content": "Eye services the occupational nurse can render have been outlined. The degree to which the nurse may render care will vary according to applicable state statutes governing the practice of medicine, nursing, optometry and, in some cases, opticianry. Written directives must conform and consultation with company legal representatives is in the interest of the company and the medical staff.", "contents": "OHN's play an important part in eye care and treatment. Eye services the occupational nurse can render have been outlined. The degree to which the nurse may render care will vary according to applicable state statutes governing the practice of medicine, nursing, optometry and, in some cases, opticianry. Written directives must conform and consultation with company legal representatives is in the interest of the company and the medical staff.", "PMID": 652222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5317", "title": "Some metabolic aspects of a nitrogen mustard of prednisolone.", "content": "Prednimustine (Leo 1031), a conjugate of prednisolone and chlorambucil, was administered to humans and baboons and the metabolic fate of the compound ascertained. Compared to the excretion of prednisolone, prednimustine is excreted more slowly and less quantitatively, with a significant part of the compound being retained in the body. Hydrolysis of the prednimustine molecule appears to take place quantitatively after oral administration, but a substantial part of prednimustine appears to remain intact after its intravenous administration. Fecal excretion of radioactivity was minor compared to the urinary route. The biliary excretion in the baboon was relatively insignificant. Localisation within the lung and spleen of the baboon points to a potential therapeutic use of this drug in neoplastic conditions affecting these organs.", "contents": "Some metabolic aspects of a nitrogen mustard of prednisolone. Prednimustine (Leo 1031), a conjugate of prednisolone and chlorambucil, was administered to humans and baboons and the metabolic fate of the compound ascertained. Compared to the excretion of prednisolone, prednimustine is excreted more slowly and less quantitatively, with a significant part of the compound being retained in the body. Hydrolysis of the prednimustine molecule appears to take place quantitatively after oral administration, but a substantial part of prednimustine appears to remain intact after its intravenous administration. Fecal excretion of radioactivity was minor compared to the urinary route. The biliary excretion in the baboon was relatively insignificant. Localisation within the lung and spleen of the baboon points to a potential therapeutic use of this drug in neoplastic conditions affecting these organs.", "PMID": 652263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5318", "title": "Tumor markers: hormones, antigens, and enzymes in malignant disease.", "content": "Tumor markers (TM) represent a critical area of clinical investigation in cancer management. The mechanism of TM production and release are discussed for the three classes of TM: non-endocrine tumor produced hormones, tumor associated antigens, and tumor related enzymes. The concept of TM as a means of screening large patient populations for detection of early cancer has not been worthwhile, related in part to the uncommon occurrence of elevated levels of circulating TM, and in part to the fact that TM are generally abnormally elevated in patients with advanced and clinically detectable disease. Tumor markers as sequential monitors or quantitative measures of disease and response to therapy have similarly demonstrated limited utility, related to the heterogeneity of the tumors and to the lack of a precise quantitative relationship between circulating TM levels and tumor volume or mass.", "contents": "Tumor markers: hormones, antigens, and enzymes in malignant disease. Tumor markers (TM) represent a critical area of clinical investigation in cancer management. The mechanism of TM production and release are discussed for the three classes of TM: non-endocrine tumor produced hormones, tumor associated antigens, and tumor related enzymes. The concept of TM as a means of screening large patient populations for detection of early cancer has not been worthwhile, related in part to the uncommon occurrence of elevated levels of circulating TM, and in part to the fact that TM are generally abnormally elevated in patients with advanced and clinically detectable disease. Tumor markers as sequential monitors or quantitative measures of disease and response to therapy have similarly demonstrated limited utility, related to the heterogeneity of the tumors and to the lack of a precise quantitative relationship between circulating TM levels and tumor volume or mass.", "PMID": 652264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5319", "title": "Correlation between characteristics of transformation and malignancy of intra and interspecific somatic hybrid cells.", "content": "The transformed properties of five hybrid cell lines which had either one or another parent in common were studied and compared with their tumorigenicity. Three hybrid cell lines, derived from the Chinese hamster DC-3F/ADX/Aza line, were resistant to actinomycin-D. This property seemed to be correlated with the presence of a marker chromosome from the common parent. The tumorigenicity was intermediate between those of the parent cell lines. On the other hand, agglutinability by concanavalin A (Con A) was variable. Three hybrid cell lines which had either the A9 or the clone 1D (both derived from mouse fibroblasts) showed very similar transformed characteristics, but two were tumorigenic and one not so. It appears from this study that the properties of the hybrid cell lines can be influenced more by one parent, depending on the genes retained at chromosome segregation. The limits of Con A agglutination as a characteristic of transformation and the validity of the check pouch grafts as tumorigenicity test for malignant human cell lines are discussed.", "contents": "Correlation between characteristics of transformation and malignancy of intra and interspecific somatic hybrid cells. The transformed properties of five hybrid cell lines which had either one or another parent in common were studied and compared with their tumorigenicity. Three hybrid cell lines, derived from the Chinese hamster DC-3F/ADX/Aza line, were resistant to actinomycin-D. This property seemed to be correlated with the presence of a marker chromosome from the common parent. The tumorigenicity was intermediate between those of the parent cell lines. On the other hand, agglutinability by concanavalin A (Con A) was variable. Three hybrid cell lines which had either the A9 or the clone 1D (both derived from mouse fibroblasts) showed very similar transformed characteristics, but two were tumorigenic and one not so. It appears from this study that the properties of the hybrid cell lines can be influenced more by one parent, depending on the genes retained at chromosome segregation. The limits of Con A agglutination as a characteristic of transformation and the validity of the check pouch grafts as tumorigenicity test for malignant human cell lines are discussed.", "PMID": 652265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5320", "title": "Inhibition of adenocarcinoma TA3 ascites tumor growth by rifamycin derivatives.", "content": "A growth inhibitory effect on adenocarcinoma TA3 ascites tumors in LAF1/J mice resulted from the repeated IP administration of subtoxic doses of 3 rifamycin derivatives: rifampicin (Rif)1, dimethylbenzyldesmethylrifampicin (DMB), and rifazone-82 (R-82). A high-viscosity methylcellulose vehicle was found to be essential for obtaining a uniform drug suspension and a significant antitumor effect by the least water soluble derivatives, DMB and R-82. The more hydrophilic derivative, Rif, was found to have a comparable growth inhibitory effect on TA3 cells when prepared in 0.9% NaCl solution with or without added methylcellulose. Oral or SC drug injections did not have an antitumor effect. The results of this study point to the importance of vehicle and route of administration in chemotherapy trials with these compounds.", "contents": "Inhibition of adenocarcinoma TA3 ascites tumor growth by rifamycin derivatives. A growth inhibitory effect on adenocarcinoma TA3 ascites tumors in LAF1/J mice resulted from the repeated IP administration of subtoxic doses of 3 rifamycin derivatives: rifampicin (Rif)1, dimethylbenzyldesmethylrifampicin (DMB), and rifazone-82 (R-82). A high-viscosity methylcellulose vehicle was found to be essential for obtaining a uniform drug suspension and a significant antitumor effect by the least water soluble derivatives, DMB and R-82. The more hydrophilic derivative, Rif, was found to have a comparable growth inhibitory effect on TA3 cells when prepared in 0.9% NaCl solution with or without added methylcellulose. Oral or SC drug injections did not have an antitumor effect. The results of this study point to the importance of vehicle and route of administration in chemotherapy trials with these compounds.", "PMID": 652266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5321", "title": "Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma.", "content": "The case of a 47-year-old white female patient has been described with malignant melanoma that started as a node on her right ankle twelve years ago and regressed spontaneously. During the last two years of her life, dissemination of the melanoma appeared in the form of subcutaneous nodes, which regressed spontaneously in successive crops. In the course of her disease there was evidence of distant metastases to the brain. Spontaneous regression seems to have been enhanced by immunotherapy, when most of the metastases had regressed, including those in the brain.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma. The case of a 47-year-old white female patient has been described with malignant melanoma that started as a node on her right ankle twelve years ago and regressed spontaneously. During the last two years of her life, dissemination of the melanoma appeared in the form of subcutaneous nodes, which regressed spontaneously in successive crops. In the course of her disease there was evidence of distant metastases to the brain. Spontaneous regression seems to have been enhanced by immunotherapy, when most of the metastases had regressed, including those in the brain.", "PMID": 652267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5322", "title": "Studies on purification of antibodies against tumor-specific antigens.", "content": "The in vitro cytotoxic effect of anti Sarcoma I sera tumor cells in the presence of an exogenous source of complement was studied. The immune sera were obtained from xenogeneic and allogeneic animals, rabbits and mice, after injections with viable Sarcoma I tumor cells. Antibodies against mouse specific antigens were removed from the rabbit serum, by extensive absorption with mouse erythrocytes and lymphocytes. The absorbed serum was cytotoxic for Sarcoma I tumor cells and did not show any cytotoxicity for A/Jax lymphocytes. The antiserum was purified by an immunoabsorbent column using G-100 Sephadex conjugated with Sarcoma I tumor cell stroma. The eluted, purified antibodies were cytotoxic in vitro. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion tests showed the presence of immunoglobulin in the purified antibody preparation. There was a hundred-fold increase of the specific activity of the purified antibodies as compared to the non-purified serum.", "contents": "Studies on purification of antibodies against tumor-specific antigens. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of anti Sarcoma I sera tumor cells in the presence of an exogenous source of complement was studied. The immune sera were obtained from xenogeneic and allogeneic animals, rabbits and mice, after injections with viable Sarcoma I tumor cells. Antibodies against mouse specific antigens were removed from the rabbit serum, by extensive absorption with mouse erythrocytes and lymphocytes. The absorbed serum was cytotoxic for Sarcoma I tumor cells and did not show any cytotoxicity for A/Jax lymphocytes. The antiserum was purified by an immunoabsorbent column using G-100 Sephadex conjugated with Sarcoma I tumor cell stroma. The eluted, purified antibodies were cytotoxic in vitro. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion tests showed the presence of immunoglobulin in the purified antibody preparation. There was a hundred-fold increase of the specific activity of the purified antibodies as compared to the non-purified serum.", "PMID": 652378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5323", "title": "Learning experiences of medical students by different instructional methods.", "content": "We made a prospective study to determine students' response and perception of the various instructional methods during their pediatric rotation. We found that even those students who were used to passive learning adapted to the more self active learning and became more interested in this method.", "contents": "Learning experiences of medical students by different instructional methods. We made a prospective study to determine students' response and perception of the various instructional methods during their pediatric rotation. We found that even those students who were used to passive learning adapted to the more self active learning and became more interested in this method.", "PMID": 652380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5324", "title": "DNCB sensitivity in healthy Pakistani subjects and patients with liver disease.", "content": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response using DNCB was studied in 51 apparently healthy Pakistanis and 60 patents with acute and chronic liver diseases. A Positive response was observed in all the healthy subjects, 22 out of 29 cases with acute viral hepatitis, 8 out of 22 patients with post-necrotic cirrhosis, one out of three cases of liver cancer and all the cases of alcoholic cirrhosis. It was postulated that hyperactive cell mediated immune response and a heavy exposure to hepatitis virus may be resonsible for the observed pattern of liver disease in Pakistan.", "contents": "DNCB sensitivity in healthy Pakistani subjects and patients with liver disease. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response using DNCB was studied in 51 apparently healthy Pakistanis and 60 patents with acute and chronic liver diseases. A Positive response was observed in all the healthy subjects, 22 out of 29 cases with acute viral hepatitis, 8 out of 22 patients with post-necrotic cirrhosis, one out of three cases of liver cancer and all the cases of alcoholic cirrhosis. It was postulated that hyperactive cell mediated immune response and a heavy exposure to hepatitis virus may be resonsible for the observed pattern of liver disease in Pakistan.", "PMID": 652381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5325", "title": "Extraction and partial purification of ricin from Ricinus communis L.", "content": "Ricinus communis L., usually cultivated for production of oil, has some use in medicine, cosmetic industries and as motor oil. The defatted seed meal is very toxic, and can not be used as human or animal food. This study undertook extraction and identification of ricin, a toxalbumine, from Iranian Ricinus communis L. Ricin, was extracted from the seeds using dilute acid solution, salted out with ammonium sulfate, and purified by Sephadex G - 75 and DEAE - cellulose column chromatography. Disc electrophoresis showed the degree of the purification. Ricin is an anti-tumor and allergenic compound. It is also useful in biochemical research in gene control and protein systhesis.", "contents": "Extraction and partial purification of ricin from Ricinus communis L. Ricinus communis L., usually cultivated for production of oil, has some use in medicine, cosmetic industries and as motor oil. The defatted seed meal is very toxic, and can not be used as human or animal food. This study undertook extraction and identification of ricin, a toxalbumine, from Iranian Ricinus communis L. Ricin, was extracted from the seeds using dilute acid solution, salted out with ammonium sulfate, and purified by Sephadex G - 75 and DEAE - cellulose column chromatography. Disc electrophoresis showed the degree of the purification. Ricin is an anti-tumor and allergenic compound. It is also useful in biochemical research in gene control and protein systhesis.", "PMID": 652382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5326", "title": "Fine structural aspects of an embryo-adapted strain of Eimeria tanella in the epithelial cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane.", "content": "The fine structure and development of the endogenous stages of an embryo-adapted strain of Eimeria tenella in chicken embryos is described. First-generation merozoites were formed by endodyogeny in uninucleate developmental stages as well as schizogony and the endoplasmic reticulum of merozoites of the second-generation schizonts appeared as a circular structure, often enclosing other organelles. In contrast to the parent strain, development of the second-generation schizonts was restricted to cells of epithelial origin. These observations confirm that the complete endogenous cycle of the embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella is restricted to epithelial cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) and that no major ultrastructural changes have occurred as a result of repeated embryo passage.", "contents": "Fine structural aspects of an embryo-adapted strain of Eimeria tanella in the epithelial cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane. The fine structure and development of the endogenous stages of an embryo-adapted strain of Eimeria tenella in chicken embryos is described. First-generation merozoites were formed by endodyogeny in uninucleate developmental stages as well as schizogony and the endoplasmic reticulum of merozoites of the second-generation schizonts appeared as a circular structure, often enclosing other organelles. In contrast to the parent strain, development of the second-generation schizonts was restricted to cells of epithelial origin. These observations confirm that the complete endogenous cycle of the embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella is restricted to epithelial cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) and that no major ultrastructural changes have occurred as a result of repeated embryo passage.", "PMID": 652387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5327", "title": "Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection of guinea pigs: genetic basis for variation in susceptibility to infection among outbred animals.", "content": "Two lines of guinea-pigs, whose susceptibilities to infection with the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis differ significantly, have been established. This difference is probably based on genetically determined differences between the ability of members of each line to bring about immune expulsion of the parasite.", "contents": "Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection of guinea pigs: genetic basis for variation in susceptibility to infection among outbred animals. Two lines of guinea-pigs, whose susceptibilities to infection with the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis differ significantly, have been established. This difference is probably based on genetically determined differences between the ability of members of each line to bring about immune expulsion of the parasite.", "PMID": 652388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5328", "title": "Egg size and form as taxonomic criteria in Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea).", "content": "The size and form (length, width, and length: width ratio) of eggs of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, D. ditremum and D. latum vary considerably among individual worms within each species. The size of eggs varies with host species and a decrease in egg size with increasing intensity of infestation is indicated. The egg size of D. latum increases during the first 10-12 days of egg production. For single worm infections in golden hamsters the mean egg length and width of D. ditremum are significantly smaller than the corresponding means of D. dendriticum and D. latum, while D. latum has significantly wider eggs than D. dendriticum. As taxonomic characteristics, egg size and form may contribute to species delimitation at the population level. For identification at the individual level the best possible accuracy is about 80%. This accuracy is considerably reduced when variation in host species and intensities of infestations are introduced. Scanning electron microscope studies did not reveal any differences among eggs of the three species.", "contents": "Egg size and form as taxonomic criteria in Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea). The size and form (length, width, and length: width ratio) of eggs of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, D. ditremum and D. latum vary considerably among individual worms within each species. The size of eggs varies with host species and a decrease in egg size with increasing intensity of infestation is indicated. The egg size of D. latum increases during the first 10-12 days of egg production. For single worm infections in golden hamsters the mean egg length and width of D. ditremum are significantly smaller than the corresponding means of D. dendriticum and D. latum, while D. latum has significantly wider eggs than D. dendriticum. As taxonomic characteristics, egg size and form may contribute to species delimitation at the population level. For identification at the individual level the best possible accuracy is about 80%. This accuracy is considerably reduced when variation in host species and intensities of infestations are introduced. Scanning electron microscope studies did not reveal any differences among eggs of the three species.", "PMID": 652389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5329", "title": "[Radioautographic study of the incorporation sites and migration pathways of tritiated leucine in aortic myocytes].", "content": "The synthesis and fate of newly-formed proteins in the aortic media cell of 21 days old mice were investigated by quantitative radioautography after intravenous injection of tritium-labelled leucine. At 2 mn after injection, radioactivity was detected over the polysomes, the myofilaments and the rough endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that sedentary and exportable proteins were synthesized. It remained high on the sarcoplasm rich in polysomes and the myofilaments until 240 mn. However, the peak of radioactivity occured at 20 mn in the sarcoplasm and at 30 mn in the myoplasm. Therefore, the elaboration of sedentary proteins seems preponderant and they participate noticeably in the formation of the contractile apparatus. At 10 mn, radioactivity appeared in the Golgi apparatus at a high level, while increasing until 30 mn in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. By 20 mn, the labelling intensified along the plasma membrane and over the connective time lamellae. It occured earlier and was more intense on collagen fibrills than elastin, suggesting that the biosynthesis of elastin takes place more slowly. Thus, the pattern of two different metabolic pathways, as defined generally for the two types of proteins--sedentary and exportable--is true for the aortic media cell.", "contents": "[Radioautographic study of the incorporation sites and migration pathways of tritiated leucine in aortic myocytes]. The synthesis and fate of newly-formed proteins in the aortic media cell of 21 days old mice were investigated by quantitative radioautography after intravenous injection of tritium-labelled leucine. At 2 mn after injection, radioactivity was detected over the polysomes, the myofilaments and the rough endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that sedentary and exportable proteins were synthesized. It remained high on the sarcoplasm rich in polysomes and the myofilaments until 240 mn. However, the peak of radioactivity occured at 20 mn in the sarcoplasm and at 30 mn in the myoplasm. Therefore, the elaboration of sedentary proteins seems preponderant and they participate noticeably in the formation of the contractile apparatus. At 10 mn, radioactivity appeared in the Golgi apparatus at a high level, while increasing until 30 mn in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. By 20 mn, the labelling intensified along the plasma membrane and over the connective time lamellae. It occured earlier and was more intense on collagen fibrills than elastin, suggesting that the biosynthesis of elastin takes place more slowly. Thus, the pattern of two different metabolic pathways, as defined generally for the two types of proteins--sedentary and exportable--is true for the aortic media cell.", "PMID": 652385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5330", "title": "[Communicating acute aortic dissection (pathogenetic study)].", "content": "Thirty-five dissecting aneurisms of the aorta (D.A.). have been microscopically and ultramicroscopically examined. These data have been compared to those obtained from personal experiences on human aorta aging, as well as from Beta Aminopropionitrile treated rats. The authors conceive D.A. as a non-obligatory complication of a precocious and intense medianecrosis of the aortic wall, particularly characterized by a mucous imbibition and a loss elastic laminae. This medianecrosis is identical in dysplasic D.A. (Martan's syndrome for example) and in acquired D.A. (rapid aging or arteriosclerosis). The simultaneous occurence of a medianecrosis and conditions triggering tunica intima rupture, with blood afflux in the necrotic zone are undoubtedly rare. This explains the small number of observed D.A. in comparison to the large number of aortas with accentuated medial lesions.", "contents": "[Communicating acute aortic dissection (pathogenetic study)]. Thirty-five dissecting aneurisms of the aorta (D.A.). have been microscopically and ultramicroscopically examined. These data have been compared to those obtained from personal experiences on human aorta aging, as well as from Beta Aminopropionitrile treated rats. The authors conceive D.A. as a non-obligatory complication of a precocious and intense medianecrosis of the aortic wall, particularly characterized by a mucous imbibition and a loss elastic laminae. This medianecrosis is identical in dysplasic D.A. (Martan's syndrome for example) and in acquired D.A. (rapid aging or arteriosclerosis). The simultaneous occurence of a medianecrosis and conditions triggering tunica intima rupture, with blood afflux in the necrotic zone are undoubtedly rare. This explains the small number of observed D.A. in comparison to the large number of aortas with accentuated medial lesions.", "PMID": 652383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5331", "title": "Juvenile atherosclerosis and Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Four patients, three girls and one boy, ages 8 to 14 years, with clinical and pathological findings of Reye's syndrome, were found to have an unusual degree of intimal thickening in the coronary arteries and advanced fatty streaks in the aorta. It is suggested that viral infection or metabolic abnormalities may have played a role in their development. A careful examination of the cardiovascular system in children with this and other diseases of probable infectious etiology is emphasized.", "contents": "Juvenile atherosclerosis and Reye's syndrome. Four patients, three girls and one boy, ages 8 to 14 years, with clinical and pathological findings of Reye's syndrome, were found to have an unusual degree of intimal thickening in the coronary arteries and advanced fatty streaks in the aorta. It is suggested that viral infection or metabolic abnormalities may have played a role in their development. A careful examination of the cardiovascular system in children with this and other diseases of probable infectious etiology is emphasized.", "PMID": 652384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5332", "title": "Data on the role of the frontal cortex in vegetative behavior.", "content": "A homeostatic conditional reflex (CR) was elaborated to the effect of repeated inhalations in rats of a gas mixture containing 8 percent oxygen. The effect of the conditional response was opposite to that of the unconditional one. After ablation of the frontal cortex, the conditional reaction disappeared. The repeated administration of 40 mg/kg of histamine resulted in a tolerance to the temperature lowering effect of histamine similar to the habituation. An injection of distilled water brought about dishabituation. Tolerance was not influenced by the ablation of the frontal cortex, but the dishabituating effect of distilled water was absent.", "contents": "Data on the role of the frontal cortex in vegetative behavior. A homeostatic conditional reflex (CR) was elaborated to the effect of repeated inhalations in rats of a gas mixture containing 8 percent oxygen. The effect of the conditional response was opposite to that of the unconditional one. After ablation of the frontal cortex, the conditional reaction disappeared. The repeated administration of 40 mg/kg of histamine resulted in a tolerance to the temperature lowering effect of histamine similar to the habituation. An injection of distilled water brought about dishabituation. Tolerance was not influenced by the ablation of the frontal cortex, but the dishabituating effect of distilled water was absent.", "PMID": 652390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5333", "title": "The influence of body position on autonomic nervous system function.", "content": "Five physiological measurements were recorded while 20 males Ss listened to a series of tones in two body positions (horizontal and vertical). Half the Ss were tested in the horizontal position, then raised to a vertical position. The other half were tested vertically first. The results showed body position significantly influenced basal levels for heart rate (HR), finger volume (FV), skin resistance (SR) and blood pressure (BP). In the vertical position, sympathetic arousal was higher than in the horizontal position. In addition, the sequence in which a S was tested influenced physiological activity in the two body positions. It was concluded that both resting levels and pretest activity levels are important variables to consider in research on physiological differences in psychiatric populations.", "contents": "The influence of body position on autonomic nervous system function. Five physiological measurements were recorded while 20 males Ss listened to a series of tones in two body positions (horizontal and vertical). Half the Ss were tested in the horizontal position, then raised to a vertical position. The other half were tested vertically first. The results showed body position significantly influenced basal levels for heart rate (HR), finger volume (FV), skin resistance (SR) and blood pressure (BP). In the vertical position, sympathetic arousal was higher than in the horizontal position. In addition, the sequence in which a S was tested influenced physiological activity in the two body positions. It was concluded that both resting levels and pretest activity levels are important variables to consider in research on physiological differences in psychiatric populations.", "PMID": 652391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5334", "title": "Developmental changes in the enzymatic capacity for reduction and oxidation of alpha-ketoadipate in rat liver, heart, kidney, and brain.", "content": "alpha-Ketoadipate, an intermediate common to lysine and tryptophan metabolism, is a substrate for both alpha-ketoadipate reductase (alpha-KAR) and alpha-ketoadipate dehydrogenase (alpha-KADH). A comparison was made of the activities of these two enzymes in liver, heart, kidney, and brain of rats during the period from 5 days before birth to 56 days after birth. In general, both enzymes increased in activity during development in all tissues tested; however, different patterns of increase were observed (Figs. 1 and 2). The ratio of alpha-KADH to alpha-KAR (on the basis of activity/g tissue) did not change significantly in liver until day 10 and then increased 6.6-fold (from 0.08 to 0.53) in the period from day 10 to day 28. For other tissues the ratios increased 5.5-fold in hearts (from 0.2 to 1.1), 12-fold in kidney (from 0.2 to 2.4), and 5.3-fold in brain (from 0.3 to 1.6) during the period from day -5 to day 56. These results suggest that alpha-KAR has a major role in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan during development.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the enzymatic capacity for reduction and oxidation of alpha-ketoadipate in rat liver, heart, kidney, and brain. alpha-Ketoadipate, an intermediate common to lysine and tryptophan metabolism, is a substrate for both alpha-ketoadipate reductase (alpha-KAR) and alpha-ketoadipate dehydrogenase (alpha-KADH). A comparison was made of the activities of these two enzymes in liver, heart, kidney, and brain of rats during the period from 5 days before birth to 56 days after birth. In general, both enzymes increased in activity during development in all tissues tested; however, different patterns of increase were observed (Figs. 1 and 2). The ratio of alpha-KADH to alpha-KAR (on the basis of activity/g tissue) did not change significantly in liver until day 10 and then increased 6.6-fold (from 0.08 to 0.53) in the period from day 10 to day 28. For other tissues the ratios increased 5.5-fold in hearts (from 0.2 to 1.1), 12-fold in kidney (from 0.2 to 2.4), and 5.3-fold in brain (from 0.3 to 1.6) during the period from day -5 to day 56. These results suggest that alpha-KAR has a major role in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan during development.", "PMID": 652411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5335", "title": "Measurement of bilirubin-albumin binding. I. Comparative analysis of four methods and four human serum albumin preparations.", "content": "Four methods for the measurement of bilirubin-albumin binding have been compared. Three of these, the fluorescent dye binding (Direct Yellow 7), Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and the 2-(4-hydroxyazobenzene)benzoic acid (HBABA) dye binding methods demonstrate significant correlations of measured binding capacities for bilirubin over a range of bilirubin/albumin molar ratios. All three methods concurred in the demonstration that fresh adult human sera had a higher molar albumin binding capacity for bilirubin than the purified human serum albumin preparations. The fluorescent dye binding and Sephadex column methods agreed most closely in defining presumed deficiency in binding capacity. The HBABA dye binding method was less consistent and appeared to measure non-bilirubin binding sites on albumin in addition to bilirubin binding sites. The fourth method, the saturation index, yielded highly variable results as compared with the other methods because of an inherent excessive risk of laboratory error.", "contents": "Measurement of bilirubin-albumin binding. I. Comparative analysis of four methods and four human serum albumin preparations. Four methods for the measurement of bilirubin-albumin binding have been compared. Three of these, the fluorescent dye binding (Direct Yellow 7), Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and the 2-(4-hydroxyazobenzene)benzoic acid (HBABA) dye binding methods demonstrate significant correlations of measured binding capacities for bilirubin over a range of bilirubin/albumin molar ratios. All three methods concurred in the demonstration that fresh adult human sera had a higher molar albumin binding capacity for bilirubin than the purified human serum albumin preparations. The fluorescent dye binding and Sephadex column methods agreed most closely in defining presumed deficiency in binding capacity. The HBABA dye binding method was less consistent and appeared to measure non-bilirubin binding sites on albumin in addition to bilirubin binding sites. The fourth method, the saturation index, yielded highly variable results as compared with the other methods because of an inherent excessive risk of laboratory error.", "PMID": 652412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5336", "title": "Red blood cell size and glycolytic enzyme activity: relationship to number of intramedullary cell divisions.", "content": "In order to assess how the number of cell divisions influences the red blood cell (RBC) content of proteins other than hemoglobin, we measured the activity of two age-independent glycolytic enzymes in macrocytic, normal, and microcytic RBCs. The enzymes measured were phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). In macrocytes, both PGK and LDH activity/10(10) RBCs were increased 1.6-fold over normal RBCs. In microcytes, however, the activity of these enzymes was identical to that seen in normal RBCs.", "contents": "Red blood cell size and glycolytic enzyme activity: relationship to number of intramedullary cell divisions. In order to assess how the number of cell divisions influences the red blood cell (RBC) content of proteins other than hemoglobin, we measured the activity of two age-independent glycolytic enzymes in macrocytic, normal, and microcytic RBCs. The enzymes measured were phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). In macrocytes, both PGK and LDH activity/10(10) RBCs were increased 1.6-fold over normal RBCs. In microcytes, however, the activity of these enzymes was identical to that seen in normal RBCs.", "PMID": 652413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5337", "title": "Tay-Sachs disease: ultrastructural studies on cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The knowledge that the biochemical lesion associated with Tay-Sachs disease is demonstrable in many tissues, and in particular in cultured fibroblasts, suggested that ultrastructural lesions might also accompany hexosaminidase A deficiency in cultured fibroblasts. Electron microscopic studies on six human skin fibroblast lines and four amniotic fluid fibroblast lines, biochemically confirmed to be deficient in hexosaminidase A, showed characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions not observed in any normal lines studied. Up to 60 of these abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in full cell cross sections in all affected lines examined.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs disease: ultrastructural studies on cultured fibroblasts. The knowledge that the biochemical lesion associated with Tay-Sachs disease is demonstrable in many tissues, and in particular in cultured fibroblasts, suggested that ultrastructural lesions might also accompany hexosaminidase A deficiency in cultured fibroblasts. Electron microscopic studies on six human skin fibroblast lines and four amniotic fluid fibroblast lines, biochemically confirmed to be deficient in hexosaminidase A, showed characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions not observed in any normal lines studied. Up to 60 of these abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in full cell cross sections in all affected lines examined.", "PMID": 652414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5338", "title": "Visualization of compound scenes.", "content": "Subjects listened to descriptions of familiar objects and the spatial relations between them and attempted to visualize these objects as a composite scene. The time taken to generate a composite visual image, measured from the end of the verbal description, increased dramatically and linearly with the number of objects in the scene. As this relationship was independent of the rate of presentation of the verbal description, over a wide range, it could not be due to the visualization process cumulatively lagging behind the verbal description. Our evidence indicates that this relationship is due to some process, necessary to the subjective visualization of a composite array as a whole, which commences only after the verbal description is complete.", "contents": "Visualization of compound scenes. Subjects listened to descriptions of familiar objects and the spatial relations between them and attempted to visualize these objects as a composite scene. The time taken to generate a composite visual image, measured from the end of the verbal description, increased dramatically and linearly with the number of objects in the scene. As this relationship was independent of the rate of presentation of the verbal description, over a wide range, it could not be due to the visualization process cumulatively lagging behind the verbal description. Our evidence indicates that this relationship is due to some process, necessary to the subjective visualization of a composite array as a whole, which commences only after the verbal description is complete.", "PMID": 652470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5339", "title": "The effect of visual frame of reference on a judgement of plane stimulus orientation by children.", "content": "Three studies are reported with children aged 4 1/2 to 9 1/2 years and also with educationally subnormal children, in which it was found that up to about 7 years children's selection of one of a pair of line stimuli as 'falling over' is affected by the nature of the visual surround contours provided. Both the form of the stimulus surround and the presence or absence of a baseline tilted 45 degrees relative to the horizontal were found to affect the children's judgements. The plane (horizontal or vertical) in which the stimuli were presented had no effect on the results. It is argued that while the results show the influence of the visual surround on children's comprehension of 'falling over', this may not be wholly explicable in terms of surround contour matching, as conventionally correct judgements were obtained in the absence of all straight line contours in the immediate surround.", "contents": "The effect of visual frame of reference on a judgement of plane stimulus orientation by children. Three studies are reported with children aged 4 1/2 to 9 1/2 years and also with educationally subnormal children, in which it was found that up to about 7 years children's selection of one of a pair of line stimuli as 'falling over' is affected by the nature of the visual surround contours provided. Both the form of the stimulus surround and the presence or absence of a baseline tilted 45 degrees relative to the horizontal were found to affect the children's judgements. The plane (horizontal or vertical) in which the stimuli were presented had no effect on the results. It is argued that while the results show the influence of the visual surround on children's comprehension of 'falling over', this may not be wholly explicable in terms of surround contour matching, as conventionally correct judgements were obtained in the absence of all straight line contours in the immediate surround.", "PMID": 652471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5340", "title": "Recognition and knowledge of the water-level principle.", "content": "Piaget and Inhelder showed that children do not realize that the surface of a fluid remains horizontal in a tilted vessel. Several studies have since shown that many adults do not have an adequate concept of the water-level principle. However, in all these studies, drawings of vessels, or other abstract displays, were used. The present experiment is an investigation of whether adults who do not know the water-level principle are able to recognize the correct orientation of a fluid surface in realistic three-dimensional scenes and in cinematographic sequences. It was found that all subjects who could state the principle clearly, could precisely and accurately recognize the correct fluid level. More than half the subjects did not know the principle and all these subjects showed evidence in their judgments of only the crudest perceptual schema.", "contents": "Recognition and knowledge of the water-level principle. Piaget and Inhelder showed that children do not realize that the surface of a fluid remains horizontal in a tilted vessel. Several studies have since shown that many adults do not have an adequate concept of the water-level principle. However, in all these studies, drawings of vessels, or other abstract displays, were used. The present experiment is an investigation of whether adults who do not know the water-level principle are able to recognize the correct orientation of a fluid surface in realistic three-dimensional scenes and in cinematographic sequences. It was found that all subjects who could state the principle clearly, could precisely and accurately recognize the correct fluid level. More than half the subjects did not know the principle and all these subjects showed evidence in their judgments of only the crudest perceptual schema.", "PMID": 652472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5341", "title": "Spatial-frequency masking with briefly pulsed patterns.", "content": "Spatial-frequency masking was studied with briefly pulsed (25 ms) vertical gratings. The mask was a noise grating, and the test pattern was a sinusoidal grating. A low-frequency band of noise masked a low- but not high-spatial-frequency test grating when the patterns were presented simultaneously. A high-frequency band of noise did not mask a low-frequency test grating when the patterns were presented simultaneously or when the mask was presented after the test pattern (backward masking). Masking was, however, observed when the mask or test pattern was of sufficiently high contrast so that the stimuli had nonlinear distortion and thus produced DC shifts of the field luminance.", "contents": "Spatial-frequency masking with briefly pulsed patterns. Spatial-frequency masking was studied with briefly pulsed (25 ms) vertical gratings. The mask was a noise grating, and the test pattern was a sinusoidal grating. A low-frequency band of noise masked a low- but not high-spatial-frequency test grating when the patterns were presented simultaneously. A high-frequency band of noise did not mask a low-frequency test grating when the patterns were presented simultaneously or when the mask was presented after the test pattern (backward masking). Masking was, however, observed when the mask or test pattern was of sufficiently high contrast so that the stimuli had nonlinear distortion and thus produced DC shifts of the field luminance.", "PMID": 652473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5342", "title": "Size and position invariance in the visual system.", "content": "The encoding of simple features such as lines and angles leads naturally to size and position invariance when these features are analyzed symbolically in terms of structure and connectedness. No such analysis is possible for a spatial frequency encoding, however, as all a priori indications of pattern unity are lost. An additional transformation of spatial frequency information is therefore demonstrated that automatically derives a size invariant representation of form. The feasibility of the transform scheme in the visual system is outlined with a hypothetical processing sequence. It is found that the organization of cells in the striate cortex shows a marked similarity to an intermediate stage of the proposed sequence.", "contents": "Size and position invariance in the visual system. The encoding of simple features such as lines and angles leads naturally to size and position invariance when these features are analyzed symbolically in terms of structure and connectedness. No such analysis is possible for a spatial frequency encoding, however, as all a priori indications of pattern unity are lost. An additional transformation of spatial frequency information is therefore demonstrated that automatically derives a size invariant representation of form. The feasibility of the transform scheme in the visual system is outlined with a hypothetical processing sequence. It is found that the organization of cells in the striate cortex shows a marked similarity to an intermediate stage of the proposed sequence.", "PMID": 652474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5343", "title": "Importance of relative width differences and instructions on shape constancy performance.", "content": "Adult subjects were instructed to select either the wider physical or the wider perspective shape of two rotated rectangles. With equal differences between the physical and perspective widths, responses were governed by instructions and by the magnitude of the differences between widths of the forms. However, with unequal differences between physical and perspective widths of the two rectangles, responses were governed primarily by the magnitude of the differences. Regardless of instructions, responses were to the dimension with the greater difference between widths. The results suggest that performance in the shape constancy experiment is a function of relative dimensional discriminability, as defined by instructions, and relative differences of widths between forms presented for comparison.", "contents": "Importance of relative width differences and instructions on shape constancy performance. Adult subjects were instructed to select either the wider physical or the wider perspective shape of two rotated rectangles. With equal differences between the physical and perspective widths, responses were governed by instructions and by the magnitude of the differences between widths of the forms. However, with unequal differences between physical and perspective widths of the two rectangles, responses were governed primarily by the magnitude of the differences. Regardless of instructions, responses were to the dimension with the greater difference between widths. The results suggest that performance in the shape constancy experiment is a function of relative dimensional discriminability, as defined by instructions, and relative differences of widths between forms presented for comparison.", "PMID": 652475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5344", "title": "Illusory contours can arise in dot figures.", "content": "Frisby and Clatworthy have suggested that subjective contours depend on special contrast effects acting at the tips of lines and at right angles to the lines. Their suggestion depends in part on the absence of such contours in dot figures. However, if the dots are grouped regularly and make a 'good figure', strong subjective contours appear, including a pattern comparable to Kaniza's triangle. The kind of contrast explanation required for these figures would be one in which individual dots create small contrast effects which are only manifest in perception when the effects are grouped together, by Gestalt form indicators, overlap cues, or the like.", "contents": "Illusory contours can arise in dot figures. Frisby and Clatworthy have suggested that subjective contours depend on special contrast effects acting at the tips of lines and at right angles to the lines. Their suggestion depends in part on the absence of such contours in dot figures. However, if the dots are grouped regularly and make a 'good figure', strong subjective contours appear, including a pattern comparable to Kaniza's triangle. The kind of contrast explanation required for these figures would be one in which individual dots create small contrast effects which are only manifest in perception when the effects are grouped together, by Gestalt form indicators, overlap cues, or the like.", "PMID": 652477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5345", "title": "Monocular versus binocular contrast thresholds for movement and pattern.", "content": "The superiority of binocular vision over monocular vision has been compared for the detection of stationary sinusoidal grating patterns, and for the detection of the apparent movement induced by rapidly phase-reversing such gratings. The thresholds for binocular and monocular pattern perception were in the ratio 1:2 1/2, as found by previous workers. For apparent movement, however, binocular thresholds were lower than monocular thresholds by a factor of 1.9; for every subject tested (n = 20) the ratio for movement detection was larger than the ratio for pattern detection. The effects of combining inputs from the two eyes cannot be explained solely by linear summation models, but may in some circumstances depend on the nonlinearities of certain types of nerve cell.", "contents": "Monocular versus binocular contrast thresholds for movement and pattern. The superiority of binocular vision over monocular vision has been compared for the detection of stationary sinusoidal grating patterns, and for the detection of the apparent movement induced by rapidly phase-reversing such gratings. The thresholds for binocular and monocular pattern perception were in the ratio 1:2 1/2, as found by previous workers. For apparent movement, however, binocular thresholds were lower than monocular thresholds by a factor of 1.9; for every subject tested (n = 20) the ratio for movement detection was larger than the ratio for pattern detection. The effects of combining inputs from the two eyes cannot be explained solely by linear summation models, but may in some circumstances depend on the nonlinearities of certain types of nerve cell.", "PMID": 652478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5346", "title": "Interocular transfer in individuals with strabismic amblyopia; a cautionary note.", "content": "Interocular transfer of the adaptation after effect was measured and correlated with residual binocular function for two strabismic amblyopes who represent different types of neural loss. The results indicate that for these two subjects there is paradoxical correlation between efficacy of interocular transfer and residual binocular function.", "contents": "Interocular transfer in individuals with strabismic amblyopia; a cautionary note. Interocular transfer of the adaptation after effect was measured and correlated with residual binocular function for two strabismic amblyopes who represent different types of neural loss. The results indicate that for these two subjects there is paradoxical correlation between efficacy of interocular transfer and residual binocular function.", "PMID": 652479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5347", "title": "Orientation-selective inhibition and binocular rivalry.", "content": "It is hypothesized that a negative correlation exists between the readiness with which two visual stimuli display rivalry and the magnitude of the inhibition effects between the corresponding neural channels. With binocular rivalry being more readily observed than monocular rivalry, it is predicted that lateral inhibition between neural channels selectively sensitive to such fundamental parameters as orientation, is primarily confined to those monocularly driven channels deriving their sensory input from the same eye. In confirmation, it is shown that the visual tilt illusion, thought to reflect lateral inhibition between orientation-sensitive channels, is very much reduced under dichoptic viewing conditions. Moreover, it is shown that those subjects displaying the greatest interocular transfer of the illusion least readily experience binocular rivalry.", "contents": "Orientation-selective inhibition and binocular rivalry. It is hypothesized that a negative correlation exists between the readiness with which two visual stimuli display rivalry and the magnitude of the inhibition effects between the corresponding neural channels. With binocular rivalry being more readily observed than monocular rivalry, it is predicted that lateral inhibition between neural channels selectively sensitive to such fundamental parameters as orientation, is primarily confined to those monocularly driven channels deriving their sensory input from the same eye. In confirmation, it is shown that the visual tilt illusion, thought to reflect lateral inhibition between orientation-sensitive channels, is very much reduced under dichoptic viewing conditions. Moreover, it is shown that those subjects displaying the greatest interocular transfer of the illusion least readily experience binocular rivalry.", "PMID": 652480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5348", "title": "Another optical-geometrical illusion.", "content": "A new optical-geometrical illusion is described. The parallelism of short rows of dots is affected by some unknown factor, so that the rows appear as pivoting on their middle point. Some explanations of the illusion are considered, but with no success.", "contents": "Another optical-geometrical illusion. A new optical-geometrical illusion is described. The parallelism of short rows of dots is affected by some unknown factor, so that the rows appear as pivoting on their middle point. Some explanations of the illusion are considered, but with no success.", "PMID": 652482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5349", "title": "The angular function of orientation illusions induced by projected images of tilted real object scenes.", "content": "Tilt aftereffects induced by line gratings are maximal when the test and inducing stimuli have an angular separation of 10 degrees-15 degrees. Similar effects induced by prismatically tilted real-object scenes have been found to increase monotonically with scene tilt. The difference between these two angular functions of aftereffect (that induced by gratings and that induced by real objects) has been attributed to the 'meaning' inherent in the real-object scenes. The preliminary experiments described here suggest that tilt aftereffects and illusions induced by projected slides of tilted real-object scenes have angular functions similar to that induced by a line grating. Hence, the monotonically increasing angular function obtained in the prism studies is not necessarily determined by the use of real-object scenes.", "contents": "The angular function of orientation illusions induced by projected images of tilted real object scenes. Tilt aftereffects induced by line gratings are maximal when the test and inducing stimuli have an angular separation of 10 degrees-15 degrees. Similar effects induced by prismatically tilted real-object scenes have been found to increase monotonically with scene tilt. The difference between these two angular functions of aftereffect (that induced by gratings and that induced by real objects) has been attributed to the 'meaning' inherent in the real-object scenes. The preliminary experiments described here suggest that tilt aftereffects and illusions induced by projected slides of tilted real-object scenes have angular functions similar to that induced by a line grating. Hence, the monotonically increasing angular function obtained in the prism studies is not necessarily determined by the use of real-object scenes.", "PMID": 652483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5350", "title": "[Trigeminal involvement as the presentation of syringomyella and of an abnormality of the occipito-vertebral junction (author's transl)].", "content": "Trigeminal involvement in syringomyelia or in a malformation of the occipito-vertebral junction may rarely be the presenting feature of the disorder. Two cases are reported: in the first, recurrent pruritus of the side of the nose due to sensory involvement of CN V was the presenting feature of syringomyelia; in the second, a malformation of the occipito-vertebral junction presented with refractory and painful trismus by irritation of the motor part of the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "[Trigeminal involvement as the presentation of syringomyella and of an abnormality of the occipito-vertebral junction (author's transl)]. Trigeminal involvement in syringomyelia or in a malformation of the occipito-vertebral junction may rarely be the presenting feature of the disorder. Two cases are reported: in the first, recurrent pruritus of the side of the nose due to sensory involvement of CN V was the presenting feature of syringomyelia; in the second, a malformation of the occipito-vertebral junction presented with refractory and painful trismus by irritation of the motor part of the trigeminal nerve.", "PMID": 652499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5351", "title": "[Study of the Wirsung duct by echography (author's transl)].", "content": "With the usual echographic technics, the Wirsung duct, when dilated can be only episodically seen: the seesaw motion of the transducer produces some undesirable echoes, which rub out the lumen of the Wirsung duct. In order to obtain steadily pictures of the dilated Wirsung duct, the transducer must be used with a sweep motion in only one direction, while a positive pressure is exerted on the epigastrium. When transversally intersected, the Wirsung duct appears spindle shaped; it can be displayed on a rather good length. When sagittaly intersected, it presents, itself like a curved shaped picture, 4 mm to 2 cm in diameter, empty of echoes, in the center of the pancreatic section. The Wirsung duct, with the former technics, had been displayed 20 times in 140 cases of chronic pancreatitis; whe have found it in 4 cases in our 10 last cases of chronic pancreatitis. These case have been verified by endoscopic Wirsungography.", "contents": "[Study of the Wirsung duct by echography (author's transl)]. With the usual echographic technics, the Wirsung duct, when dilated can be only episodically seen: the seesaw motion of the transducer produces some undesirable echoes, which rub out the lumen of the Wirsung duct. In order to obtain steadily pictures of the dilated Wirsung duct, the transducer must be used with a sweep motion in only one direction, while a positive pressure is exerted on the epigastrium. When transversally intersected, the Wirsung duct appears spindle shaped; it can be displayed on a rather good length. When sagittaly intersected, it presents, itself like a curved shaped picture, 4 mm to 2 cm in diameter, empty of echoes, in the center of the pancreatic section. The Wirsung duct, with the former technics, had been displayed 20 times in 140 cases of chronic pancreatitis; whe have found it in 4 cases in our 10 last cases of chronic pancreatitis. These case have been verified by endoscopic Wirsungography.", "PMID": 652500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5352", "title": "[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients. The role of the water used for haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation in 14 dialysis patients of an encephalopathy associating myoclonia, dysarthria, generalised seizures in some cases, worsening over a few months, led to an aetiological inquiry based upon comparative study of patients with or without encephalopathy treated in the same centre or at home, and controls. Higher levels of aluminium were found in the frontal cortex grey matter of encephalopathy patients as compared to the control group. The same applies to manganese in the white matter. Copper, zinc and iron contents were not different. Aluminium levels in blood, dialysis bath and tap water supply were higher in center dialysis than in home dialysis. Blood aluminium levels at the end of hemodialysis were correlated with bath aluminium levels. The ingestion of alumine gels was not greater in the encephalopathy patients than in other hemodialysis patients; its estimation, in each case, was not related to the blood aluminium levels at the begining of hemodialysis. These finding indicate the need of a routine measure of metal content - mainly aluminium and manganese - in tap water used for dialysis, in order to treat this water if necessary.", "contents": "[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients. The role of the water used for haemodialysis (author's transl)]. The observation in 14 dialysis patients of an encephalopathy associating myoclonia, dysarthria, generalised seizures in some cases, worsening over a few months, led to an aetiological inquiry based upon comparative study of patients with or without encephalopathy treated in the same centre or at home, and controls. Higher levels of aluminium were found in the frontal cortex grey matter of encephalopathy patients as compared to the control group. The same applies to manganese in the white matter. Copper, zinc and iron contents were not different. Aluminium levels in blood, dialysis bath and tap water supply were higher in center dialysis than in home dialysis. Blood aluminium levels at the end of hemodialysis were correlated with bath aluminium levels. The ingestion of alumine gels was not greater in the encephalopathy patients than in other hemodialysis patients; its estimation, in each case, was not related to the blood aluminium levels at the begining of hemodialysis. These finding indicate the need of a routine measure of metal content - mainly aluminium and manganese - in tap water used for dialysis, in order to treat this water if necessary.", "PMID": 652514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5353", "title": "Wheat germ tRNAs containing uridine in place of ribothymidine: a characterization of an unusual class of eukaryotic tRNAs.", "content": "An unusual class of wheat germ tRNAs has been isolated which completely lacks ribothymidine (rT) and contains an unmodified uridine in its place. We discuss here the isolation, identification and properties of these tRNAs. The rT-lacking tRNAs of wheat germ are essentially limited to the glycine isoacceptors (a minimum of five identifiable species), three threonine and at least, one tyrosine tRNA. All tRNAs were obtained 70-100% pure by chromatographic methods, and were detected by their ability to be methylated by E. coli rT-forming uracil methyltransferase with methyl-labeled S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In vitro methylation of each of the tRNAs resulted in the formation of 1 mole of rT per mole of tRNA. In the one case analyzed in detail (tRNA1Gly), all of the rT was found to be located at the 23rd position from the 3' end of the tRNA molecule. Following complete digestion of four highly purified glycine isoacceptors (tRNAGly1,4,5,6) to nucleosides and subsequent periodate oxidation and 3H potassium borohydride reduction, all were found to contain an unusually high level of 5-methylcytidine (m5C) (3-4 residues per molecule), and all contained no rT. The possible correlation between the presence of m5C and the absence of rT is discussed. All of the chromatographically purified glycine tRNAs function in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system and polymerize glycine in response to either poly G or poly (G, U).", "contents": "Wheat germ tRNAs containing uridine in place of ribothymidine: a characterization of an unusual class of eukaryotic tRNAs. An unusual class of wheat germ tRNAs has been isolated which completely lacks ribothymidine (rT) and contains an unmodified uridine in its place. We discuss here the isolation, identification and properties of these tRNAs. The rT-lacking tRNAs of wheat germ are essentially limited to the glycine isoacceptors (a minimum of five identifiable species), three threonine and at least, one tyrosine tRNA. All tRNAs were obtained 70-100% pure by chromatographic methods, and were detected by their ability to be methylated by E. coli rT-forming uracil methyltransferase with methyl-labeled S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In vitro methylation of each of the tRNAs resulted in the formation of 1 mole of rT per mole of tRNA. In the one case analyzed in detail (tRNA1Gly), all of the rT was found to be located at the 23rd position from the 3' end of the tRNA molecule. Following complete digestion of four highly purified glycine isoacceptors (tRNAGly1,4,5,6) to nucleosides and subsequent periodate oxidation and 3H potassium borohydride reduction, all were found to contain an unusually high level of 5-methylcytidine (m5C) (3-4 residues per molecule), and all contained no rT. The possible correlation between the presence of m5C and the absence of rT is discussed. All of the chromatographically purified glycine tRNAs function in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system and polymerize glycine in response to either poly G or poly (G, U).", "PMID": 652515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5354", "title": "Protein kinase in HeLA nucleosomes: a reevaluation of the interactions of histomes with the ends of core particle DNA.", "content": "HeLa chromatin core particles contain a protein kinase which transfers phosphate from ATP to both nonhistone proteins and histones. The enzyme preferentially modifies H3 among the histones; about 7% of the H3 molecules in the nucleoprotein are modified at saturation. Activity of this kinase likely contributed to earlier results using crosslinking methodology to study which histones interact with the ends of core particle DNA. When the kinase is largely removed by sedimentation of core particles through sucrose gradients containing 0.45 M NaCl, crosslinking of the 5'-terminal label on DNA is observed only to histone H3. The overall efficiency of the crosslinking reaction is about 15%. The origin of the 5'-terminal 32P previously assigned as crosslinked to H4 is not explained by the current experiments.", "contents": "Protein kinase in HeLA nucleosomes: a reevaluation of the interactions of histomes with the ends of core particle DNA. HeLa chromatin core particles contain a protein kinase which transfers phosphate from ATP to both nonhistone proteins and histones. The enzyme preferentially modifies H3 among the histones; about 7% of the H3 molecules in the nucleoprotein are modified at saturation. Activity of this kinase likely contributed to earlier results using crosslinking methodology to study which histones interact with the ends of core particle DNA. When the kinase is largely removed by sedimentation of core particles through sucrose gradients containing 0.45 M NaCl, crosslinking of the 5'-terminal label on DNA is observed only to histone H3. The overall efficiency of the crosslinking reaction is about 15%. The origin of the 5'-terminal 32P previously assigned as crosslinked to H4 is not explained by the current experiments.", "PMID": 652516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5355", "title": "Mapping of the Xenopus laevis 5.8S rDNA by restriction and DNA sequencing.", "content": "The location of the 5.88 rDNA within the internal transcribed spacer has been found by restriction and sequence analysis. These analyses indicate the deletion of a dinucleotide from the known rRNA sequence. Regions to the 5' and 3' of the gene contain both uncommon sequences and palindromic structures which might provide potential control points. A secondary structure model is suggested for the 5.8S rRNA incorporating the flanking sequences.", "contents": "Mapping of the Xenopus laevis 5.8S rDNA by restriction and DNA sequencing. The location of the 5.88 rDNA within the internal transcribed spacer has been found by restriction and sequence analysis. These analyses indicate the deletion of a dinucleotide from the known rRNA sequence. Regions to the 5' and 3' of the gene contain both uncommon sequences and palindromic structures which might provide potential control points. A secondary structure model is suggested for the 5.8S rRNA incorporating the flanking sequences.", "PMID": 652517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5356", "title": "A second site-specific restriction endonuclease from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A site-specific restriction endonuclease has been isolated from Staphylococcus aureus PS 96. This enzyme, Sau96 I, recognizes the DNA sequence 5'--G-G-N-C-C--3' and cleaves  as indicated by the arrows. The enzyme 3'--C-C-N-G-G--5' cleaves adenovirus type 5 and lambda DNA many times, SV40 DNA 10 times and 0X174 RF DNA 2 times. Evidence is presented that the enzyme is involved in biological restriction-modification.", "contents": "A second site-specific restriction endonuclease from Staphylococcus aureus. A site-specific restriction endonuclease has been isolated from Staphylococcus aureus PS 96. This enzyme, Sau96 I, recognizes the DNA sequence 5'--G-G-N-C-C--3' and cleaves  as indicated by the arrows. The enzyme 3'--C-C-N-G-G--5' cleaves adenovirus type 5 and lambda DNA many times, SV40 DNA 10 times and 0X174 RF DNA 2 times. Evidence is presented that the enzyme is involved in biological restriction-modification.", "PMID": 652518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5357", "title": "Nucleotide sequences at the 5' termini of influenza virus RNAs and their transcripts.", "content": "The results of analyses of the 5'-terminal sequences of Fowl Plague virus RNAs are presented. The first 13 residues of each of the eight RNA molecules which constitute the genome are in the identical sequence 5'AGUAGAAAUUAGG- and this conservation of sequence is shown to extend to other influenza viruses. The 5'-terminal sequences of virion RNA transcripts produced in vitro are also reported and again the first 12 nucleotides of these are identical for all influenza type A transcripts examined in the sequence 5'AGCAAAAGCAGG-. In addition the results of attempts to determine the sequence relationship between vRNAs and the two classes of complementary RNA synthesized in influenza infected cells are described which support the conclusion that influenza messenger RNAs are incomplete transcripts.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences at the 5' termini of influenza virus RNAs and their transcripts. The results of analyses of the 5'-terminal sequences of Fowl Plague virus RNAs are presented. The first 13 residues of each of the eight RNA molecules which constitute the genome are in the identical sequence 5'AGUAGAAAUUAGG- and this conservation of sequence is shown to extend to other influenza viruses. The 5'-terminal sequences of virion RNA transcripts produced in vitro are also reported and again the first 12 nucleotides of these are identical for all influenza type A transcripts examined in the sequence 5'AGCAAAAGCAGG-. In addition the results of attempts to determine the sequence relationship between vRNAs and the two classes of complementary RNA synthesized in influenza infected cells are described which support the conclusion that influenza messenger RNAs are incomplete transcripts.", "PMID": 652519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5358", "title": "Is there specific transcription from isolated chromatin?", "content": "Hg-UMP-containing transcripts made from chick erythroid chromatins with E. coli RNA polymerase hybridize to chick globin cDNA. Contamination with endogenous globin RNA has been largely removed by purification on SH-agarose columns at 55 degrees C. Some endogenous globin mRNA sequences remain, probably as hybrids with \"anti-sense\" Hg-transcripts produced by RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Heating to 115 degrees C before SH-agarose chromatography eliminates these contaminants. Hg-transcripts from adult and embryonic erythroid chromatins purified by this method are hybridized to globin cDNA; they contain a 4- to 6-fold higher proportion of globin-specific sequences (10-13 PPM) than do transcripts from brain chromatin. Dissociation of erythroid chromatins in salt and urea, followed by reconstitution using standard methods, destroys even this low degree of specificity.", "contents": "Is there specific transcription from isolated chromatin? Hg-UMP-containing transcripts made from chick erythroid chromatins with E. coli RNA polymerase hybridize to chick globin cDNA. Contamination with endogenous globin RNA has been largely removed by purification on SH-agarose columns at 55 degrees C. Some endogenous globin mRNA sequences remain, probably as hybrids with \"anti-sense\" Hg-transcripts produced by RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Heating to 115 degrees C before SH-agarose chromatography eliminates these contaminants. Hg-transcripts from adult and embryonic erythroid chromatins purified by this method are hybridized to globin cDNA; they contain a 4- to 6-fold higher proportion of globin-specific sequences (10-13 PPM) than do transcripts from brain chromatin. Dissociation of erythroid chromatins in salt and urea, followed by reconstitution using standard methods, destroys even this low degree of specificity.", "PMID": 652520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5359", "title": "Photochemical dehydrogenation of 5, 6-dihydropyrimidines.", "content": "5, 6-Dihydropyrimidines can be oxidized photochemically to the original pyrimidines with light of lambda greater than 300 nm in the presence of transition metal salts which act as sensitizers. A hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radical is suggested as the reaction mechanism.", "contents": "Photochemical dehydrogenation of 5, 6-dihydropyrimidines. 5, 6-Dihydropyrimidines can be oxidized photochemically to the original pyrimidines with light of lambda greater than 300 nm in the presence of transition metal salts which act as sensitizers. A hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radical is suggested as the reaction mechanism.", "PMID": 652521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5360", "title": "Origin of the actinomycin D insensitive RNA species in Aedes albopictus cells.", "content": "In the presence of actinomycin D or a combination of actinomycin D and either camptothecin or alpha-amanatin. Aedes albopictus cells synthesize a variety of single stranded RNA species. These actinomycin D resistant species are ethidium bromide sensitive and they are present in the cell cytoplasm in an RNase resistant structure which has the sedimentation and buoyant density characteristics of mitochondria. Twelve actinomycin D insensitive RNA species can be detected by electrophoresis in 7M urea and 11 of these bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose. An identical set of oligo(dT)-cellulose binding RNA species is obtained when A. albopictus cells are labeled in the presence of camptothecin alone. The actinomycin D insensitive RNA species which bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose hybridize to mitochondrial DNA. These data indicate that the actinomycin D insensitive RNA species have a mitochondrial origin and are not associated with the replication of an inapparent contaminating virus.", "contents": "Origin of the actinomycin D insensitive RNA species in Aedes albopictus cells. In the presence of actinomycin D or a combination of actinomycin D and either camptothecin or alpha-amanatin. Aedes albopictus cells synthesize a variety of single stranded RNA species. These actinomycin D resistant species are ethidium bromide sensitive and they are present in the cell cytoplasm in an RNase resistant structure which has the sedimentation and buoyant density characteristics of mitochondria. Twelve actinomycin D insensitive RNA species can be detected by electrophoresis in 7M urea and 11 of these bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose. An identical set of oligo(dT)-cellulose binding RNA species is obtained when A. albopictus cells are labeled in the presence of camptothecin alone. The actinomycin D insensitive RNA species which bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose hybridize to mitochondrial DNA. These data indicate that the actinomycin D insensitive RNA species have a mitochondrial origin and are not associated with the replication of an inapparent contaminating virus.", "PMID": 652522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5361", "title": "Hydrogen bonding interactions of polyamines with the 2' OH of RNA.", "content": "Polyamines and other charged amines bind to RNA by hydrogen bonding to the 3' phosphate and to the 2' OH. This mode of binding suggests a mechanism by which DNA and RNA might be distinguished by enzymes.", "contents": "Hydrogen bonding interactions of polyamines with the 2' OH of RNA. Polyamines and other charged amines bind to RNA by hydrogen bonding to the 3' phosphate and to the 2' OH. This mode of binding suggests a mechanism by which DNA and RNA might be distinguished by enzymes.", "PMID": 652523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5362", "title": "Differently sized rDNA repeating units of Xenopus laevis are arranged as internally homogeneous clusters along the nucleolar organizer.", "content": "The organization of differently sized genes coding for rRNA in Xenophus laevis has been investigated by partial EcoRI or HindIII digestion. The electrophoretic patterns obtained revealed that most adjacent repeating units are equally sized. This conclusion is in agreement with a previous suggestion that the nucleolar organizer is made up of internally homogeneous blocks of rRNA genes.", "contents": "Differently sized rDNA repeating units of Xenopus laevis are arranged as internally homogeneous clusters along the nucleolar organizer. The organization of differently sized genes coding for rRNA in Xenophus laevis has been investigated by partial EcoRI or HindIII digestion. The electrophoretic patterns obtained revealed that most adjacent repeating units are equally sized. This conclusion is in agreement with a previous suggestion that the nucleolar organizer is made up of internally homogeneous blocks of rRNA genes.", "PMID": 652524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5363", "title": "The helical model of the nucleosome core.", "content": "A model of the nucleosome core is proposed based on a topologically linear array of histones attached sequentially to DNA. The linear complex folds helically forming a spring-like particle. Different variants of the particle are discussed (cylindrical springs with and without histone-histone contacts between turns of the helix, solenoidal spring). The model is consistent with known data about the nucleosome structure. Histones H3 and H4 have a special role in the model which is related also to the superstructure of chromatin.", "contents": "The helical model of the nucleosome core. A model of the nucleosome core is proposed based on a topologically linear array of histones attached sequentially to DNA. The linear complex folds helically forming a spring-like particle. Different variants of the particle are discussed (cylindrical springs with and without histone-histone contacts between turns of the helix, solenoidal spring). The model is consistent with known data about the nucleosome structure. Histones H3 and H4 have a special role in the model which is related also to the superstructure of chromatin.", "PMID": 652526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5364", "title": "In vitro RNA synthesis and expression of vitellogenin gene in isolated chicken liver nuclei.", "content": "Optimal conditions for prolonged in vitro synthesis of RNA in isolated chicken liver nuclei have been described. It is shown by incorporation of gamma32P-GTP into RNA, analysis of the product on sucrose density gradient, and digestion with alkaline phosphatase and ribonuclease A that there is reinitiation of RNA synthesis. Polynucleotide kinase activity has been ruled out as explanation for the incorporation of gamma32P-GTP. alpha-Amanitin inhibits RNA synthesis by about 50%. Nuclei prepared from estradiol-treated chicks have twice the RNA synthesis activity as the controls. RNA is synthesized in the presence of Hg-UTP and the mercurated product separated by affinity chromatography on sulfhydryl-Sepharose column under stringent conditions. Vitellogenin mRNA sequences are measured by hybridization with DNA complementary to vitellogenin mRNA. Estradiol treatment leads to a 10-fold increase in vitellogenin mRNA sequences.", "contents": "In vitro RNA synthesis and expression of vitellogenin gene in isolated chicken liver nuclei. Optimal conditions for prolonged in vitro synthesis of RNA in isolated chicken liver nuclei have been described. It is shown by incorporation of gamma32P-GTP into RNA, analysis of the product on sucrose density gradient, and digestion with alkaline phosphatase and ribonuclease A that there is reinitiation of RNA synthesis. Polynucleotide kinase activity has been ruled out as explanation for the incorporation of gamma32P-GTP. alpha-Amanitin inhibits RNA synthesis by about 50%. Nuclei prepared from estradiol-treated chicks have twice the RNA synthesis activity as the controls. RNA is synthesized in the presence of Hg-UTP and the mercurated product separated by affinity chromatography on sulfhydryl-Sepharose column under stringent conditions. Vitellogenin mRNA sequences are measured by hybridization with DNA complementary to vitellogenin mRNA. Estradiol treatment leads to a 10-fold increase in vitellogenin mRNA sequences.", "PMID": 652525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5365", "title": "Enzymes from Micrococcus luteus involved in the initial steps of excision repair of spontaneous DNA lesions: uracil-DNA-glycosidase and apurinic-endonucleases.", "content": "Uracil-DNA-glycosidase that releases free uracil from single-stranded or double-stranded deaminated DNA and poly d(A-U) has been partially purified from Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 16,000 and can be separated from uracil-endonuclease and endonucleases (AP-endonucleases) specific for apurinic and apyrimidinic sites. Uracil-DNA-glycosidase does not act on guanine residues opposite uracil in double-stranded DNA and on xanthine in deaminated DNA. The glycosidase generates apyrimidinic sites which can serve as substrate sites for different AP-endonucleases from M. luteus.", "contents": "Enzymes from Micrococcus luteus involved in the initial steps of excision repair of spontaneous DNA lesions: uracil-DNA-glycosidase and apurinic-endonucleases. Uracil-DNA-glycosidase that releases free uracil from single-stranded or double-stranded deaminated DNA and poly d(A-U) has been partially purified from Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 16,000 and can be separated from uracil-endonuclease and endonucleases (AP-endonucleases) specific for apurinic and apyrimidinic sites. Uracil-DNA-glycosidase does not act on guanine residues opposite uracil in double-stranded DNA and on xanthine in deaminated DNA. The glycosidase generates apyrimidinic sites which can serve as substrate sites for different AP-endonucleases from M. luteus.", "PMID": 652527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5366", "title": "Case report: familial thrombo-cytopenia in seven members of three generations.", "content": "All members in one generation and two of six members of the next generation were found to have familial thrombocytopenia. The disorder was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Easy bruising and a bleeding tendency were the common features. No member had splenomegaly. Platelet counts varied from 8 to 75 x 10-9/liter, and there were no apparent morphologic abnormalities. Platelet survival studies using sodium chromate Cr 51-labeled autologous platelets were done for three members and showed shortened survival times. Two members were treated with corticosteroids and splenectomy without benefit. Three members tolerated surgery (splenectomy, polypectomy) without undue difficulty. Defective or ineffective thrombocytopoiesis appeared to be the basis of this hereditary disorder.", "contents": "Case report: familial thrombo-cytopenia in seven members of three generations. All members in one generation and two of six members of the next generation were found to have familial thrombocytopenia. The disorder was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Easy bruising and a bleeding tendency were the common features. No member had splenomegaly. Platelet counts varied from 8 to 75 x 10-9/liter, and there were no apparent morphologic abnormalities. Platelet survival studies using sodium chromate Cr 51-labeled autologous platelets were done for three members and showed shortened survival times. Two members were treated with corticosteroids and splenectomy without benefit. Three members tolerated surgery (splenectomy, polypectomy) without undue difficulty. Defective or ineffective thrombocytopoiesis appeared to be the basis of this hereditary disorder.", "PMID": 652672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5367", "title": "Pregnancy testing. 2. Radioreceptor assay.", "content": "Of the various sensitive assays for human chorionic gonadotropin, the radioreceptor assay is now the most practical and should be used for the early diagnosis of pregnancy (35 days or less after the last normal menstrual period). Serial measurement of this hormone by the beta subunit radioimmunoassay provides a valuable guide to the management of trophoblastic disease.", "contents": "Pregnancy testing. 2. Radioreceptor assay. Of the various sensitive assays for human chorionic gonadotropin, the radioreceptor assay is now the most practical and should be used for the early diagnosis of pregnancy (35 days or less after the last normal menstrual period). Serial measurement of this hormone by the beta subunit radioimmunoassay provides a valuable guide to the management of trophoblastic disease.", "PMID": 652673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5368", "title": "Asbestos-related diseases of lung and pleura: clinical picture and illustrative cases.", "content": "Exposure to asbestos may occur in any of a large number of occupations, and the latent period from exposure to appearance of clinical or roentgenologic evidence of related disease of the lung or pleura, or both, may be more than 20 years. A complete occupational history is therefore of paramount importance in the detection of asbestos-related diseases. Illustrative cases highlight the features of benign and malignant diseases of the lung and pleura for which a causal relationship to asbestos exposure is probable or established.", "contents": "Asbestos-related diseases of lung and pleura: clinical picture and illustrative cases. Exposure to asbestos may occur in any of a large number of occupations, and the latent period from exposure to appearance of clinical or roentgenologic evidence of related disease of the lung or pleura, or both, may be more than 20 years. A complete occupational history is therefore of paramount importance in the detection of asbestos-related diseases. Illustrative cases highlight the features of benign and malignant diseases of the lung and pleura for which a causal relationship to asbestos exposure is probable or established.", "PMID": 652675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5369", "title": "Diet and diabetes mellitus: concepts and objectives.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with two dominant pathogenic lesions, one resulting from a failure of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and the other from resistance to the actions of insulin in peripheral tissue. Patients may demonstrate varying degrees of either or both lesions. Diet has an important place in the treatment of all diabetics. The most important objective is control of total caloric intake to attain and maintain ideal body weight. Obesity is diabetogenic. The diet of children with diabetes should allow them to grow and develop normally. Insulin-dependent diabetics must eat meals on a regular schedule. Carbohydrate intake should not be disproportionately restricted. Fat intake in diabetics and in nondiabetics should comprise only about 30% of total calories. Dietary instruction should not be a one-time affair. Physicians should seek the assistance of diet counselors when they are available. Many basic questions about diet and diabetes remain unanswered.", "contents": "Diet and diabetes mellitus: concepts and objectives. Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with two dominant pathogenic lesions, one resulting from a failure of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and the other from resistance to the actions of insulin in peripheral tissue. Patients may demonstrate varying degrees of either or both lesions. Diet has an important place in the treatment of all diabetics. The most important objective is control of total caloric intake to attain and maintain ideal body weight. Obesity is diabetogenic. The diet of children with diabetes should allow them to grow and develop normally. Insulin-dependent diabetics must eat meals on a regular schedule. Carbohydrate intake should not be disproportionately restricted. Fat intake in diabetics and in nondiabetics should comprise only about 30% of total calories. Dietary instruction should not be a one-time affair. Physicians should seek the assistance of diet counselors when they are available. Many basic questions about diet and diabetes remain unanswered.", "PMID": 652676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5370", "title": "Coronary artery disease in children.", "content": "In this paper an attempt has been made to correlate the morphologicla aspects of childhood atherosclerosis. Some of the features described are directly related to atherosclerosis. Some of the other conditions described may be related to the subsequent development of atherosclerosis by damaging the vessel wall and thus stimulating the production of atherosclerosis. In other instances, as in the description of the ultrastructural features of the coronary arteries, the exact role of the changes described still remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Coronary artery disease in children. In this paper an attempt has been made to correlate the morphologicla aspects of childhood atherosclerosis. Some of the features described are directly related to atherosclerosis. Some of the other conditions described may be related to the subsequent development of atherosclerosis by damaging the vessel wall and thus stimulating the production of atherosclerosis. In other instances, as in the description of the ultrastructural features of the coronary arteries, the exact role of the changes described still remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 652679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5371", "title": "Influence of nutrition in childhood on the origins of coronary heart disease.", "content": "Both the quality and the quantity of food ingested are relevant to the genesis of risk factors for coronary heart disease and the two are inseparable. Nevertheless they have a major common pathway through hypertension, which may well be the most important consequence of a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-energy and high-sodium diet. Because body fatness is a strongly genetically determined characteristic and because it evolves over the whole period of childhood a vigorous and sustained programme of health education is required at all levels. The aim of such a programme is to effect a small shift in the fatness of the whole population; such a shift would dramatically and disproportionately reduce the incidence of obesity. Since the morbidity and mortality which is found in obese subjects arises primarily from cardiovascular disease in general, and coronary heart disease in particular, nutritional influences have obvious relevance to the prevention of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Influence of nutrition in childhood on the origins of coronary heart disease. Both the quality and the quantity of food ingested are relevant to the genesis of risk factors for coronary heart disease and the two are inseparable. Nevertheless they have a major common pathway through hypertension, which may well be the most important consequence of a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-energy and high-sodium diet. Because body fatness is a strongly genetically determined characteristic and because it evolves over the whole period of childhood a vigorous and sustained programme of health education is required at all levels. The aim of such a programme is to effect a small shift in the fatness of the whole population; such a shift would dramatically and disproportionately reduce the incidence of obesity. Since the morbidity and mortality which is found in obese subjects arises primarily from cardiovascular disease in general, and coronary heart disease in particular, nutritional influences have obvious relevance to the prevention of coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 652680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5372", "title": "Preparations used for the artificial feeding of infants.", "content": "Cow's milk differs from human milk in a number of important ways, and manufactures of dried milk preparations for infants have used various methods to make the composition of the diluted product more like that of human milk. The first was to add lactose, or to recommend the mother to add sucrose. This not only increased the carbohydrate, but also 'diluted' the protein and inorganic constituents which are more concentrated in cow's than in human milk. The second was to replace all or part of the cow's milk fat with animal and vegetable fats, and so make the fatty acid composition more like that of human milk fat. In particular the proportion of linoleic acid was increased and that of stearic acid decreased, and this made the fat more easily digested and absorbed by the young infant. The third modification of cow's milk has been more fundamental. Its aim has been to make a product containing less sodium and phosphorus than cow's milk and with a higher lactalbumin: casein ratio. Whey, which contains lactalbumin but not casein, is used as the starting material. This is dialysed to remove soluble inorganic constituents. Some skimmed milk is then added to supply casein and some minerals, and the composition is adjusted as required with further minerals and vitamins. Lactose is added and a mixture of animal and vegetable fats. Dried milks on sale in Britain contain added vitamins A,D, and C and also iron. Some have added copper and zinc.", "contents": "Preparations used for the artificial feeding of infants. Cow's milk differs from human milk in a number of important ways, and manufactures of dried milk preparations for infants have used various methods to make the composition of the diluted product more like that of human milk. The first was to add lactose, or to recommend the mother to add sucrose. This not only increased the carbohydrate, but also 'diluted' the protein and inorganic constituents which are more concentrated in cow's than in human milk. The second was to replace all or part of the cow's milk fat with animal and vegetable fats, and so make the fatty acid composition more like that of human milk fat. In particular the proportion of linoleic acid was increased and that of stearic acid decreased, and this made the fat more easily digested and absorbed by the young infant. The third modification of cow's milk has been more fundamental. Its aim has been to make a product containing less sodium and phosphorus than cow's milk and with a higher lactalbumin: casein ratio. Whey, which contains lactalbumin but not casein, is used as the starting material. This is dialysed to remove soluble inorganic constituents. Some skimmed milk is then added to supply casein and some minerals, and the composition is adjusted as required with further minerals and vitamins. Lactose is added and a mixture of animal and vegetable fats. Dried milks on sale in Britain contain added vitamins A,D, and C and also iron. Some have added copper and zinc.", "PMID": 652681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5373", "title": "Normal and abnormal lipid metabolism in children.", "content": "The transport of lipids in plasma, and its dietary regulation are briefly reviewed. Plasma lipid concentrations are low in the neonate, rising to near-adult levels by the age of six years. The causes of childhood hyperlipidaemia are discussed and a classification is proposed.", "contents": "Normal and abnormal lipid metabolism in children. The transport of lipids in plasma, and its dietary regulation are briefly reviewed. Plasma lipid concentrations are low in the neonate, rising to near-adult levels by the age of six years. The causes of childhood hyperlipidaemia are discussed and a classification is proposed.", "PMID": 652682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5374", "title": "Risk factors of CHD in children--a retrospective view of the Westland study.", "content": "Routine medical examinations have been carried out in children for many years, but more recently paediatricians have broadened their outlook to consider not only the health of the child until the age of 14 or 16 years but also his future health as an adult. Screening for risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in children raises problems of normal values by sex and age, especially for serum cholesterol and blood pressure. The results of a study of CHD risk factors in school children in Westland, Holland, are described. Although further information is needed it is concluded that in future paediatricians should accept a greater responsibility for preventive cardiology.", "contents": "Risk factors of CHD in children--a retrospective view of the Westland study. Routine medical examinations have been carried out in children for many years, but more recently paediatricians have broadened their outlook to consider not only the health of the child until the age of 14 or 16 years but also his future health as an adult. Screening for risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in children raises problems of normal values by sex and age, especially for serum cholesterol and blood pressure. The results of a study of CHD risk factors in school children in Westland, Holland, are described. Although further information is needed it is concluded that in future paediatricians should accept a greater responsibility for preventive cardiology.", "PMID": 652683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5375", "title": "Smoking in childhood.", "content": "A longitudinal study of smoking in a cohort of 6000 children aged 11-12 years is being carried out in Derbyshire. One of the main objectives is to discover the factors which influence children to take up smoking. Once such factors are determined intervention methods can be developed to discourage children from smoking which, it is hoped, will result in a reduction in mortality and morbidity from cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Smoking in childhood. A longitudinal study of smoking in a cohort of 6000 children aged 11-12 years is being carried out in Derbyshire. One of the main objectives is to discover the factors which influence children to take up smoking. Once such factors are determined intervention methods can be developed to discourage children from smoking which, it is hoped, will result in a reduction in mortality and morbidity from cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 652684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5376", "title": "Arterial changes in infants of smoking mothers.", "content": "Examination of umbilical arteries and veins, and vessels in placental villi was carried out by electronmicroscopy in smoking and non-smoking mothers. Severe vascular changes were found in the smoking group. These findings suggest that similar changes may be present in the vessels of the newborn child. Stopping pregnant women from smoking may help to prevent CHD in their children in later life.", "contents": "Arterial changes in infants of smoking mothers. Examination of umbilical arteries and veins, and vessels in placental villi was carried out by electronmicroscopy in smoking and non-smoking mothers. Severe vascular changes were found in the smoking group. These findings suggest that similar changes may be present in the vessels of the newborn child. Stopping pregnant women from smoking may help to prevent CHD in their children in later life.", "PMID": 652685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5377", "title": "Blood pressure and its significance in childhood.", "content": "Hypertension is an important accelerator of the atherosclerotic process. Detection in childhood may be important although longitudinal data are lacking of the prognosis of blood pressure measurement in childhood through adult life. The blood pressure of children should be measured. In populations where salt intake is high, values for blood pressure increase with age. Populations who eat small quantities of salt are relatively free from hypertension. There is an epidemiological argument for limiting salt intake in children. There are few data to indicate the level of blood pressure in children which should be treated. Children's blood pressures are labile and elevated levels are sustained only in a small minority. In these secondary causes, advice should be sought. In subjects with extreme persistent hypertension drug therapy should be considered; in subjects with values of blood pressure not so extremely raised surveillance should be maintained to prevent the development of sustained hypertension.", "contents": "Blood pressure and its significance in childhood. Hypertension is an important accelerator of the atherosclerotic process. Detection in childhood may be important although longitudinal data are lacking of the prognosis of blood pressure measurement in childhood through adult life. The blood pressure of children should be measured. In populations where salt intake is high, values for blood pressure increase with age. Populations who eat small quantities of salt are relatively free from hypertension. There is an epidemiological argument for limiting salt intake in children. There are few data to indicate the level of blood pressure in children which should be treated. Children's blood pressures are labile and elevated levels are sustained only in a small minority. In these secondary causes, advice should be sought. In subjects with extreme persistent hypertension drug therapy should be considered; in subjects with values of blood pressure not so extremely raised surveillance should be maintained to prevent the development of sustained hypertension.", "PMID": 652686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5378", "title": "Motivating adolescents to reduce risk for chronic disease.", "content": "Motivating children to reduce risk for future disease can only be effective within a framework of personal involvement and peer interaction. The 'Know Your Body' programme of disease prevention is attempting to achieve this goal by means of medical screening for risk factors, giving students their own results in a 'Health Passport', and following up with educational activities integrated into existing school curricula. Didactic teaching alone has been unsuccessful because children cannot relate information about diseases in adult life to themselves. Screening for risk factors provides the 'reality factor' which makes health education pertinent and personal, since approximately half of all students screened will already have one or more risk factors for heart disease, cancer or stroke. This high prevalence of risk factors among our children suggests that chronic-disease prevention must assume a critically important position within the health and science curricula of every school. It is as important to teach our children healthy ways of living as it is to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic.", "contents": "Motivating adolescents to reduce risk for chronic disease. Motivating children to reduce risk for future disease can only be effective within a framework of personal involvement and peer interaction. The 'Know Your Body' programme of disease prevention is attempting to achieve this goal by means of medical screening for risk factors, giving students their own results in a 'Health Passport', and following up with educational activities integrated into existing school curricula. Didactic teaching alone has been unsuccessful because children cannot relate information about diseases in adult life to themselves. Screening for risk factors provides the 'reality factor' which makes health education pertinent and personal, since approximately half of all students screened will already have one or more risk factors for heart disease, cancer or stroke. This high prevalence of risk factors among our children suggests that chronic-disease prevention must assume a critically important position within the health and science curricula of every school. It is as important to teach our children healthy ways of living as it is to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic.", "PMID": 652687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5379", "title": "A national food policy for prevention of CHD?", "content": "There is an increasing recognition of the importance of diet in the prevention of CHD. Dietary recommendations of various authoritative bodies are summarized. There is now a concensus of opinion concerning certain nutritional changes needed. These have important implications for education, agriculture, food labelling and food subsidies. It is concluded that a national food policy is needed, but that this should come from education and persuasion and not from compulsion.", "contents": "A national food policy for prevention of CHD? There is an increasing recognition of the importance of diet in the prevention of CHD. Dietary recommendations of various authoritative bodies are summarized. There is now a concensus of opinion concerning certain nutritional changes needed. These have important implications for education, agriculture, food labelling and food subsidies. It is concluded that a national food policy is needed, but that this should come from education and persuasion and not from compulsion.", "PMID": 652688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5380", "title": "The attitude of the food industry.", "content": "The food industry necessarily provides what the nation will eat. Whilst taking care to meet all the standards laid down, the industry has to follow fashion rather than to dictate it. It welcomes advice from the medical profession but much advice has been slow to come. In this spirit of co-operation the food industry accepts its role to feed the nation and does so with responsibility for health and hygiene.", "contents": "The attitude of the food industry. The food industry necessarily provides what the nation will eat. Whilst taking care to meet all the standards laid down, the industry has to follow fashion rather than to dictate it. It welcomes advice from the medical profession but much advice has been slow to come. In this spirit of co-operation the food industry accepts its role to feed the nation and does so with responsibility for health and hygiene.", "PMID": 652689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5381", "title": "The role of the media.", "content": "There is an increasing awareness on the part both of the media and the profession of the need to co-operate in providing information and education on medical matters. This co-operation should be strongly encouraged. Where children are concerned the opportunities for education are great.", "contents": "The role of the media. There is an increasing awareness on the part both of the media and the profession of the need to co-operate in providing information and education on medical matters. This co-operation should be strongly encouraged. Where children are concerned the opportunities for education are great.", "PMID": 652690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5382", "title": "The paediatrician's responsibility for the prevention of coronary heart disease.", "content": "A strong case exists in favour of encouraging children not to smoke, to be reasonably physically active and to eat in moderation to avoid obesity. The principal role of the paediatrician is in the education of health personnel who are in a position to influence children and their families to adopt these measures. Paediatricians will also be involved with children at special risk of ischaemic heart disease. They have a responsibility to promote reasearch to determine the efficacy of these measures in the prevention of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "The paediatrician's responsibility for the prevention of coronary heart disease. A strong case exists in favour of encouraging children not to smoke, to be reasonably physically active and to eat in moderation to avoid obesity. The principal role of the paediatrician is in the education of health personnel who are in a position to influence children and their families to adopt these measures. Paediatricians will also be involved with children at special risk of ischaemic heart disease. They have a responsibility to promote reasearch to determine the efficacy of these measures in the prevention of coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 652691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5383", "title": "[The use of wide-bore catheters in acute haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiences are reported which were gained with a modified Shaldon catheter for cannulization of the superior vena cava in persons requiring acute haemodialysis. Since September 1976 this instrument has been used 147 times in 124 persons for catheterization of the superior vena cava with the Seldinger technique. In 72 cases the indication for haemodialysis was acute renal failure. In 52 persons a permanent access to vessels had either not yet been established or was not viable at the time chronic haemodialysis was begun. The incidence of complications was approximately the same as that following conventional catheterization of the subclavian vein. In a number of cases access was via the femoral vein although the choice of this site offers hardly any advantage in view of the necessary immobilization of the patient and the slightly higher risk of infection.", "contents": "[The use of wide-bore catheters in acute haemodialysis (author's transl)]. The experiences are reported which were gained with a modified Shaldon catheter for cannulization of the superior vena cava in persons requiring acute haemodialysis. Since September 1976 this instrument has been used 147 times in 124 persons for catheterization of the superior vena cava with the Seldinger technique. In 72 cases the indication for haemodialysis was acute renal failure. In 52 persons a permanent access to vessels had either not yet been established or was not viable at the time chronic haemodialysis was begun. The incidence of complications was approximately the same as that following conventional catheterization of the subclavian vein. In a number of cases access was via the femoral vein although the choice of this site offers hardly any advantage in view of the necessary immobilization of the patient and the slightly higher risk of infection.", "PMID": 652702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5384", "title": "[Stress-induced peptic ulcer; pathogenesis, clinical features, prevention and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Stress-induced ulcer is a fairly common acute erosive or ulcerative lesion of the stomach and duodenum that occurs in temporal relationship with, and in response to, stressful physical or mental situations in adults and children. Such situations may arise from surgical operations, severe injuries, especially cerebro-cranial trauma, septicaemia, during intensive therapy, in persons with respiratory or renal insufficiency, in cases of carcinoma, in moribund patients; also included, because of the identical symptoms, are ulcers developing during administration of glucocorticoids, salicylates, anti-rheumatic and anti-phlogistic drugs (pre-disposing factors). The stress-induced peptic ulcer manifests itself in haematemesis, melaena, blood in the stools and in perforation. The latter is often unrecognized because of its asymptomatic and frequently un-dramatic course. Two-thirds of the lesions are in the stomach, predominantly in the form of multiple haemorrhagic erosions; on-third of the cases are located in the duodenum, almost exclusively in the form of an acute ulceration; bleeding, due to arrosion, occurs in an high percentage of these cases. Pathogenetic factors are: shock-induced circulatory disturbances of the gastro-intestinal blood supply with necrosis of the apical mucosal cells, increased gastric acidity (increased histamine release, vagal stimulation and increased production of glucocorticoids), changes in the mucosal barrier (e.g. gastro-duodenal reflux). Cases of stress-induced peptic ulcers complicating a severe primary disease (which is often masked by the intestinal symptoms) carry an unfavourable prognosis. With conservative treatment the mortality rate is still 60 percent; with surgical treatment (neither advisable nor possible in every case) it is 40 percent.", "contents": "[Stress-induced peptic ulcer; pathogenesis, clinical features, prevention and treatment (author's transl)]. Stress-induced ulcer is a fairly common acute erosive or ulcerative lesion of the stomach and duodenum that occurs in temporal relationship with, and in response to, stressful physical or mental situations in adults and children. Such situations may arise from surgical operations, severe injuries, especially cerebro-cranial trauma, septicaemia, during intensive therapy, in persons with respiratory or renal insufficiency, in cases of carcinoma, in moribund patients; also included, because of the identical symptoms, are ulcers developing during administration of glucocorticoids, salicylates, anti-rheumatic and anti-phlogistic drugs (pre-disposing factors). The stress-induced peptic ulcer manifests itself in haematemesis, melaena, blood in the stools and in perforation. The latter is often unrecognized because of its asymptomatic and frequently un-dramatic course. Two-thirds of the lesions are in the stomach, predominantly in the form of multiple haemorrhagic erosions; on-third of the cases are located in the duodenum, almost exclusively in the form of an acute ulceration; bleeding, due to arrosion, occurs in an high percentage of these cases. Pathogenetic factors are: shock-induced circulatory disturbances of the gastro-intestinal blood supply with necrosis of the apical mucosal cells, increased gastric acidity (increased histamine release, vagal stimulation and increased production of glucocorticoids), changes in the mucosal barrier (e.g. gastro-duodenal reflux). Cases of stress-induced peptic ulcers complicating a severe primary disease (which is often masked by the intestinal symptoms) carry an unfavourable prognosis. With conservative treatment the mortality rate is still 60 percent; with surgical treatment (neither advisable nor possible in every case) it is 40 percent.", "PMID": 652703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5385", "title": "[The anaesthetist-patient relationship (author's transl)].", "content": "The busy atmosphere and routine of a hospital is apt to induce apprehension in a patient about to have a surgical operation. To calm and reassure him and relieve his anxiety is an important part of the anaesthetist's work.", "contents": "[The anaesthetist-patient relationship (author's transl)]. The busy atmosphere and routine of a hospital is apt to induce apprehension in a patient about to have a surgical operation. To calm and reassure him and relieve his anxiety is an important part of the anaesthetist's work.", "PMID": 652704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5386", "title": "[Naloxone--a clinical study on dosage (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 Patients (group I) anaesthetized with neuroleptanalgesia and in 20 patients (group II) anaesthetized with moderate doses of fentanyl given to supplement nitrous oxide - halothane anaesthesia the postoperative respiratory depression was antagonized with naloxone. Each patient was carefully titrated with small increments of naloxone (40 microgram) given in 1-2 minute intervals. A reversal of the narcotic induced respiratory depression was taken for granted, when respiratory rate exceeded 12/min, tidal volume and blood gas analysis showed normal values. The results demonstrated a correlation between the need for naloxone and the time interval from the last administration of fentanyl to the completion of the operation and the fentanyl consumption per hour. When the interval was less than 1 hour more than 90% of the patients required postsurgical naloxone for respiratory inadequacy. The mean naloxone dose was 20 to 30% of the fentanyl dose given per hour: 1,2 microgram/kg naloxone reversed 4,9 microgram/kg.h fentanyl (group I) and 0,6 microgram/kg naloxone reversed 2,9 microgram/kg.h fentanyl (group II) respectively. To prevent renarcotization it is recommended to administer naloxone i.m. 30 to 45 min after the last naloxone-injection using the total i.v. dose.", "contents": "[Naloxone--a clinical study on dosage (author's transl)]. In 50 Patients (group I) anaesthetized with neuroleptanalgesia and in 20 patients (group II) anaesthetized with moderate doses of fentanyl given to supplement nitrous oxide - halothane anaesthesia the postoperative respiratory depression was antagonized with naloxone. Each patient was carefully titrated with small increments of naloxone (40 microgram) given in 1-2 minute intervals. A reversal of the narcotic induced respiratory depression was taken for granted, when respiratory rate exceeded 12/min, tidal volume and blood gas analysis showed normal values. The results demonstrated a correlation between the need for naloxone and the time interval from the last administration of fentanyl to the completion of the operation and the fentanyl consumption per hour. When the interval was less than 1 hour more than 90% of the patients required postsurgical naloxone for respiratory inadequacy. The mean naloxone dose was 20 to 30% of the fentanyl dose given per hour: 1,2 microgram/kg naloxone reversed 4,9 microgram/kg.h fentanyl (group I) and 0,6 microgram/kg naloxone reversed 2,9 microgram/kg.h fentanyl (group II) respectively. To prevent renarcotization it is recommended to administer naloxone i.m. 30 to 45 min after the last naloxone-injection using the total i.v. dose.", "PMID": 652705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5387", "title": "[The effects of naloxone on oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation and cardiac performance in adult non-anaesthetised persons (author's transl)].", "content": "10 normal persons were given 0.4 milligrams of Naloxone intravenously, and the following measurements were taken: oxygen uptake, CO2 production, respiratory quotient, respiratory minute volume, tidal air, dead space, effective dead space, specific ventilation, alveolar O2 partial pressure, end-expiratory CO2 partial pressure, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the Burger Index. Analysis of the results established that administration of Naloxone was followed by a statistically significant, but clinically not relevant, reduction in O2 uptake and CO2 production. Higher doses produced the same results. The findings appear to contradict those observed in anaesthetised patients who are given Naloxone during the postoperative stage. However, closer examination of the results suggests that the so-called tachytrophic effect of Naloxone is attributable to its antagonistic action on the analgesic and sedative effects of opiates rather than to a specific pharmacodynamic property of Naloxone.", "contents": "[The effects of naloxone on oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation and cardiac performance in adult non-anaesthetised persons (author's transl)]. 10 normal persons were given 0.4 milligrams of Naloxone intravenously, and the following measurements were taken: oxygen uptake, CO2 production, respiratory quotient, respiratory minute volume, tidal air, dead space, effective dead space, specific ventilation, alveolar O2 partial pressure, end-expiratory CO2 partial pressure, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the Burger Index. Analysis of the results established that administration of Naloxone was followed by a statistically significant, but clinically not relevant, reduction in O2 uptake and CO2 production. Higher doses produced the same results. The findings appear to contradict those observed in anaesthetised patients who are given Naloxone during the postoperative stage. However, closer examination of the results suggests that the so-called tachytrophic effect of Naloxone is attributable to its antagonistic action on the analgesic and sedative effects of opiates rather than to a specific pharmacodynamic property of Naloxone.", "PMID": 652706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5388", "title": "[A new method for the transcutaneous measurement of deep body temperature during anaesthesia and intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for monitoring deep body temperature is described. It is based on the establishment, by means of electronic appliances, of a zone without heatflow from the deep tissues. The method is simple and the results compare favourably with those obtained by other procedures for measuring core temperature. The uses of this transcutaneous mehtod are discussed and its advantages and reliability in the operating theatre and intensive care unit are emphasized. It becomes less reliable if it is employed during and after extracorporeal circulation in hypothermia on account of the temperature gradient.", "contents": "[A new method for the transcutaneous measurement of deep body temperature during anaesthesia and intensive care (author's transl)]. A new method for monitoring deep body temperature is described. It is based on the establishment, by means of electronic appliances, of a zone without heatflow from the deep tissues. The method is simple and the results compare favourably with those obtained by other procedures for measuring core temperature. The uses of this transcutaneous mehtod are discussed and its advantages and reliability in the operating theatre and intensive care unit are emphasized. It becomes less reliable if it is employed during and after extracorporeal circulation in hypothermia on account of the temperature gradient.", "PMID": 652707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5389", "title": "[Catheterization of the central veins in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the successful treatment of critically ill patients often depends on access to the large veins close to the heart, the indications for this procedure should be strictly limited on account of the attendant risks and potential complications. From the large variety of cannulas, catheters and techniques available for this purpose those systems should be chosen that are simple and safe to use. Seldinger's technique is the method of choice for elective puncture under optimum conditions. If the time factor is important, closed complete systems should be employed. Aseptic puncture and nursing technique is essential to prevent the most common late complication-septicaemia. Radiological verification of the siting of the catheter is important. The various access routes to the central veins carry differing success rate and they also vary in respect of the incidence of complications. This should be borne in mind when deciding on a particular technique. On the other hand, the choice also depends on such factors as technical skill of the physician, the quality of nursing and the expected duration of hospital stay. The peripheral veins of the arm are the safest access for the less experienced physician and for short-lasting catheterization; otherwise the internal jugular vein is the preferred site followed by the subclavian vein. Even if the physician prefers a particular access route he should be familiar with all types of technique since critically ill patients are liable to require changes of the catheter. There is no single technique that will cover all contingencies.", "contents": "[Catheterization of the central veins in the adult (author's transl)]. Although the successful treatment of critically ill patients often depends on access to the large veins close to the heart, the indications for this procedure should be strictly limited on account of the attendant risks and potential complications. From the large variety of cannulas, catheters and techniques available for this purpose those systems should be chosen that are simple and safe to use. Seldinger's technique is the method of choice for elective puncture under optimum conditions. If the time factor is important, closed complete systems should be employed. Aseptic puncture and nursing technique is essential to prevent the most common late complication-septicaemia. Radiological verification of the siting of the catheter is important. The various access routes to the central veins carry differing success rate and they also vary in respect of the incidence of complications. This should be borne in mind when deciding on a particular technique. On the other hand, the choice also depends on such factors as technical skill of the physician, the quality of nursing and the expected duration of hospital stay. The peripheral veins of the arm are the safest access for the less experienced physician and for short-lasting catheterization; otherwise the internal jugular vein is the preferred site followed by the subclavian vein. Even if the physician prefers a particular access route he should be familiar with all types of technique since critically ill patients are liable to require changes of the catheter. There is no single technique that will cover all contingencies.", "PMID": 652708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5390", "title": "[Special technique for the catheterization of \"central\" veins (Seldinger's or indirect technique) (author's transl)].", "content": "Catheterization of the superior caval vein with the indirect technique of the alpha system is practically always successful. The integrated guide wire combines high elasticity with firmness; this makes it possible to employ highly flexible catheters thereby reducing tissue damage and, consequently, the incidence of thrombosis. The advantages of the indirect technique of catheterization of the caval vein are: minimum trauma at the site of puncture; a high success rate; avoidance of misplacement of the catheter (the catheter is safely guided by the plastic wire); avoidance of cardiac disturbances as the catheters are of uniform lenght or are graduated.", "contents": "[Special technique for the catheterization of \"central\" veins (Seldinger's or indirect technique) (author's transl)]. Catheterization of the superior caval vein with the indirect technique of the alpha system is practically always successful. The integrated guide wire combines high elasticity with firmness; this makes it possible to employ highly flexible catheters thereby reducing tissue damage and, consequently, the incidence of thrombosis. The advantages of the indirect technique of catheterization of the caval vein are: minimum trauma at the site of puncture; a high success rate; avoidance of misplacement of the catheter (the catheter is safely guided by the plastic wire); avoidance of cardiac disturbances as the catheters are of uniform lenght or are graduated.", "PMID": 652709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5391", "title": "The spectrin phosphorylation reaction in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Phosphorylation of spectrin in whole cells occurs on a single tryptic peptide and indicates a specific and limited modification of spectrin. Phosphorylation of spectrin in soluble extracts and isolated membranes is less specific. Diamide is an inhibitor of erythrocyte spectrin kinase and casein kinase. This agent also inhibits the restoration of biconcave morphology to metabolically depleted erythrocytes reincubated with adenosine.", "contents": "The spectrin phosphorylation reaction in human erythrocytes. Phosphorylation of spectrin in whole cells occurs on a single tryptic peptide and indicates a specific and limited modification of spectrin. Phosphorylation of spectrin in soluble extracts and isolated membranes is less specific. Diamide is an inhibitor of erythrocyte spectrin kinase and casein kinase. This agent also inhibits the restoration of biconcave morphology to metabolically depleted erythrocytes reincubated with adenosine.", "PMID": 652813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5392", "title": "Time-dependent effects of reserpine on retention of passive avoidance.", "content": "Reserpine produced amnesia for a one-trial passive avoidance task when given 2, 3, 4, 5 hr before but not when given 1, 8, 12, 24 hr or 30 min before, immediately, 90 min or 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24 hr following training. The results were discussed in terms of the reserpine effect on biogenic amines and their possible role in memory formation.", "contents": "Time-dependent effects of reserpine on retention of passive avoidance. Reserpine produced amnesia for a one-trial passive avoidance task when given 2, 3, 4, 5 hr before but not when given 1, 8, 12, 24 hr or 30 min before, immediately, 90 min or 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24 hr following training. The results were discussed in terms of the reserpine effect on biogenic amines and their possible role in memory formation.", "PMID": 652819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5393", "title": "Amphetamine-induced taste aversion demonstrated with operant behaviour.", "content": "Amphetamine can be used to condition strong taste aversions, but little is known about the possible effects of flavour-amphetamine pairings on operant behaviour. Rats were trained to press bars for water reinforcers delivered after every 40 responses (FR 40). Flavoured reinforcers were then substituted for the water and post-session injections of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) were given. Even a single flavour-amphetamine pairing produced some decrement in responding for that flavour, whereas three flavour-amphetamine pairings almost completely suppressed responding. In the same rats, a flavour which was paired with saline injections did not suppress responding. Flavour-amphetamine pairings can therefore have a powerful influence on operant behaviour and the different outcomes of flavour-conditioning and self-administration procedures cannot be attributed simply to the type of response required from the rat.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced taste aversion demonstrated with operant behaviour. Amphetamine can be used to condition strong taste aversions, but little is known about the possible effects of flavour-amphetamine pairings on operant behaviour. Rats were trained to press bars for water reinforcers delivered after every 40 responses (FR 40). Flavoured reinforcers were then substituted for the water and post-session injections of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) were given. Even a single flavour-amphetamine pairing produced some decrement in responding for that flavour, whereas three flavour-amphetamine pairings almost completely suppressed responding. In the same rats, a flavour which was paired with saline injections did not suppress responding. Flavour-amphetamine pairings can therefore have a powerful influence on operant behaviour and the different outcomes of flavour-conditioning and self-administration procedures cannot be attributed simply to the type of response required from the rat.", "PMID": 652820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5394", "title": "Morphine and self-stimulation: evidence for action on a common neural substrate.", "content": "Recent studies have demonstrated that the self-stimulation phenomenon may provide a useful technique for investigating the rewarding properties of potentially addictive drugs such as morphine. The present study attempted to examine the nature of morphine's effects on self-stimulation by observing changes in rate-intensity functions following morphine administration. The results indicate that morphine markedly enhanced bar pressing for low intensity stimulation when the intensities were presented in an ascending sequence but morphine produced only slight changes in self-stimulation rates when a descending series was used. The failure of morphine to facilitate responding in the descending series suggests that adaptation of the self-stimulation system can block morphine's effects on this system. These findings appear to support the hypothesis that morphine affects the excitability of the neural system which mediates self-stimulation.", "contents": "Morphine and self-stimulation: evidence for action on a common neural substrate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the self-stimulation phenomenon may provide a useful technique for investigating the rewarding properties of potentially addictive drugs such as morphine. The present study attempted to examine the nature of morphine's effects on self-stimulation by observing changes in rate-intensity functions following morphine administration. The results indicate that morphine markedly enhanced bar pressing for low intensity stimulation when the intensities were presented in an ascending sequence but morphine produced only slight changes in self-stimulation rates when a descending series was used. The failure of morphine to facilitate responding in the descending series suggests that adaptation of the self-stimulation system can block morphine's effects on this system. These findings appear to support the hypothesis that morphine affects the excitability of the neural system which mediates self-stimulation.", "PMID": 652821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5395", "title": "Effects of sodium nitrite on DRL performance in the rat.", "content": "Ffteen Sprague-Dawley rats were administered sodium nitrite 0.13% or 0.15% solutions in their drinking water from the age of 45 days to the end of the study. Six control rats received only tap water. At 80 days of age, rats were trained to bar press for food pellets on a CRF schedule. After reaching criterion performance the rats were switched to a DRL-20 for a period of 6 days to test for response inhibition, which was measured as a ratio of responses to reinforcements. Results indicated no significant differences between groups for response inhibition. All groups showed significant increases in learning as reflected by a decrease in ratios and an increase in total reinforcements over days. However, sodium nitrite rats compared to controls obtained significantly fewer reinforcements over sessions and a greater number of no responding periods (time-outs). One interpretation discussed was the possibility that sodium nitrite produced an increase in responding to distractible (non-task related) cues.", "contents": "Effects of sodium nitrite on DRL performance in the rat. Ffteen Sprague-Dawley rats were administered sodium nitrite 0.13% or 0.15% solutions in their drinking water from the age of 45 days to the end of the study. Six control rats received only tap water. At 80 days of age, rats were trained to bar press for food pellets on a CRF schedule. After reaching criterion performance the rats were switched to a DRL-20 for a period of 6 days to test for response inhibition, which was measured as a ratio of responses to reinforcements. Results indicated no significant differences between groups for response inhibition. All groups showed significant increases in learning as reflected by a decrease in ratios and an increase in total reinforcements over days. However, sodium nitrite rats compared to controls obtained significantly fewer reinforcements over sessions and a greater number of no responding periods (time-outs). One interpretation discussed was the possibility that sodium nitrite produced an increase in responding to distractible (non-task related) cues.", "PMID": 652822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5396", "title": "Alteration of thermoregulatory behavior in fish by 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Guppies were exposed for 30 min to doses of 5-HT ranging from 20 to 120 mg/l, and then tested in a horizontal temperature gradient. Atlantic salmon injected with 2 microgram/g of 5-HT were similarly tested. The guppies exhibited a biphasic relationship between 5-HT dose and mean selected temperature, i.e., the lowest dose significantly decreased the selected temperature, while the highest dose significantly increased it. In the salmon, injection of 5-HT initially decreased the selected temperature by about 4 degrees C. With time, however, the selected temperature gradually increased until by three hours after injection it exceeded the control value by about 1.5 degrees C. This pattern of temperature change is similar to that observed with rabbits subjected to both systemic and central injection of 5-HT.", "contents": "Alteration of thermoregulatory behavior in fish by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Guppies were exposed for 30 min to doses of 5-HT ranging from 20 to 120 mg/l, and then tested in a horizontal temperature gradient. Atlantic salmon injected with 2 microgram/g of 5-HT were similarly tested. The guppies exhibited a biphasic relationship between 5-HT dose and mean selected temperature, i.e., the lowest dose significantly decreased the selected temperature, while the highest dose significantly increased it. In the salmon, injection of 5-HT initially decreased the selected temperature by about 4 degrees C. With time, however, the selected temperature gradually increased until by three hours after injection it exceeded the control value by about 1.5 degrees C. This pattern of temperature change is similar to that observed with rabbits subjected to both systemic and central injection of 5-HT.", "PMID": 652823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5397", "title": "Synthesis and turnover of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in the later cerebroventricle.", "content": "The lateral cerebroventricle was perfused using two different labelling procedures in three separate experiments on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. The sensitivity of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism to various drugs was subsequently determined. The results demonstrate that two serotonin reuptake blockers, imipramine and fluoxetine, increase the efflux of 3h-5-hydroxytryptamine into the ventricle without affecting the efflux of 3H-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. BL-3912 A, a drug with weak serotonin agonist activity, also increased the efflux of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine into the ventricle.", "contents": "Synthesis and turnover of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in the later cerebroventricle. The lateral cerebroventricle was perfused using two different labelling procedures in three separate experiments on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. The sensitivity of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism to various drugs was subsequently determined. The results demonstrate that two serotonin reuptake blockers, imipramine and fluoxetine, increase the efflux of 3h-5-hydroxytryptamine into the ventricle without affecting the efflux of 3H-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. BL-3912 A, a drug with weak serotonin agonist activity, also increased the efflux of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine into the ventricle.", "PMID": 652825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5398", "title": "Paraventricular nucleus: a primary site mediating adrenergic stimulation of feeding and drinking.", "content": "Central injection of norepinephrine (NE) has been found to elicit preprandial drinking and feeding responses in the satiated rat. In the present study, 35 different brain areas, in over 500 rats, were examined to localize the precise region of NE sensitivity. Essentially all sites outside the hypothalamus, as well as in the lateral portion of the hypothalamus, were relatively or totally unresponsive to NE. In the medial hypothalamic area, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was clearly distinguished as the most effective site for initiating both feeding and drinking with noradrenergic activation in the satiated animal. Sites greater than 0.5 mm rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral or lateral to this nucleus yielded significantly smaller effects. In mildly hungry rats, NE was found to potentiate the ongoing feeding response, and anatomical analyses of this phenomenon showed the PVN to be most responsive, with a smaller but reliable potentiation occurring along the periventricular hypothalamus adjacent to the third ventricle. Norepinephrine injected into the lateral perifornical hypothalamic area actually produced a suppression of feeding in these hungry animals. These findings, together with results from other studies, converge on the medial PVN region as being a key link in the process of increased food and water consumption associated with increased noradrenergic activity.", "contents": "Paraventricular nucleus: a primary site mediating adrenergic stimulation of feeding and drinking. Central injection of norepinephrine (NE) has been found to elicit preprandial drinking and feeding responses in the satiated rat. In the present study, 35 different brain areas, in over 500 rats, were examined to localize the precise region of NE sensitivity. Essentially all sites outside the hypothalamus, as well as in the lateral portion of the hypothalamus, were relatively or totally unresponsive to NE. In the medial hypothalamic area, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was clearly distinguished as the most effective site for initiating both feeding and drinking with noradrenergic activation in the satiated animal. Sites greater than 0.5 mm rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral or lateral to this nucleus yielded significantly smaller effects. In mildly hungry rats, NE was found to potentiate the ongoing feeding response, and anatomical analyses of this phenomenon showed the PVN to be most responsive, with a smaller but reliable potentiation occurring along the periventricular hypothalamus adjacent to the third ventricle. Norepinephrine injected into the lateral perifornical hypothalamic area actually produced a suppression of feeding in these hungry animals. These findings, together with results from other studies, converge on the medial PVN region as being a key link in the process of increased food and water consumption associated with increased noradrenergic activity.", "PMID": 652826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5399", "title": "Effects of morphine and two enzyme resistant enkephalins on schedule-controlled responding in the rat.", "content": "Water-deprived rats to respond for access to a water-filled dipper under a 20 response fixed-ratio schedule. After training, the rats were each implanted with a lateral ventricle cannula and the effects of intraventricular injection of morphine, (N-methyl-tyrosyl)1-des COOH-Norleucyl5-Enkephalin, and (D-Ala)2 -(des COOH-Norleucyl)5-Enkephalin were determined. All three compounds produced dose-related decreases in FR20 responding. Morphine was about 5 times more potent than either of the two peptides. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, SC) antagonized the response-rate decreasing effects of intraventricular morphine and the two opiate peptides.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and two enzyme resistant enkephalins on schedule-controlled responding in the rat. Water-deprived rats to respond for access to a water-filled dipper under a 20 response fixed-ratio schedule. After training, the rats were each implanted with a lateral ventricle cannula and the effects of intraventricular injection of morphine, (N-methyl-tyrosyl)1-des COOH-Norleucyl5-Enkephalin, and (D-Ala)2 -(des COOH-Norleucyl)5-Enkephalin were determined. All three compounds produced dose-related decreases in FR20 responding. Morphine was about 5 times more potent than either of the two peptides. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, SC) antagonized the response-rate decreasing effects of intraventricular morphine and the two opiate peptides.", "PMID": 652827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5400", "title": "Intoxicating effects of three aliphatic alcohols and barbital on two rat strains genetically selected for their ethanol intake.", "content": "Intoxicating effects of ethanol, isopropanol, tert. butanol and barbital were studied by comparing performances on the tilted plane of ethanol preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) and ethanol avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rat strains raised by genetic selection for their voluntary ethanol intake. The motor coordination of AA rats was found to be less affected than that of ANA rats by all three alcohols and barbital. The results indicate a marked genetic difference in neural tolerance to the alcohols and barbital, and suggest that neural tolerance to alcohols plays a role in determining the ethanol preference of AA rats and ethanol aversion of ANA rats.", "contents": "Intoxicating effects of three aliphatic alcohols and barbital on two rat strains genetically selected for their ethanol intake. Intoxicating effects of ethanol, isopropanol, tert. butanol and barbital were studied by comparing performances on the tilted plane of ethanol preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) and ethanol avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rat strains raised by genetic selection for their voluntary ethanol intake. The motor coordination of AA rats was found to be less affected than that of ANA rats by all three alcohols and barbital. The results indicate a marked genetic difference in neural tolerance to the alcohols and barbital, and suggest that neural tolerance to alcohols plays a role in determining the ethanol preference of AA rats and ethanol aversion of ANA rats.", "PMID": 652828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5401", "title": "Effects of salsolinol, a tetrahydroisoquinolone alkaloid, on multiple schedule performance in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to lever press under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Intracerebroventricular injections of salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline), a condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde, caused a dose-related decrease in fixed-ratio responding over a dosage range of 15-120 microgram. In contrast, fixed-interval responding was only reduced at the 120 microgram dose and was increased in two of the animals after injection of 15-30 microgram of salsolinol.", "contents": "Effects of salsolinol, a tetrahydroisoquinolone alkaloid, on multiple schedule performance in rats. Rats were trained to lever press under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Intracerebroventricular injections of salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline), a condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde, caused a dose-related decrease in fixed-ratio responding over a dosage range of 15-120 microgram. In contrast, fixed-interval responding was only reduced at the 120 microgram dose and was increased in two of the animals after injection of 15-30 microgram of salsolinol.", "PMID": 652829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5402", "title": "Facilitation of lordosis behavior by clonidine in female guinea pigs.", "content": "Lordosis behavior was induced in previously unreceptive, ovariectomized estrogen-primed female guinea pigs by administration of the noradrenergic agonist clonidine. Clonidine also enhanced lordosis responding in females that were weakly receptive after estrogen priming. Unlike progesterone, the lordosis-facilitating effect of clonidine was not accompanied by a subsequent refractory period. Clonidine had a weak lordosis facilitatory effect when administered during the decline in receptivity to estrogen plus progesterone-primed animals and failed to induce lordosis when administered during the refractory period.", "contents": "Facilitation of lordosis behavior by clonidine in female guinea pigs. Lordosis behavior was induced in previously unreceptive, ovariectomized estrogen-primed female guinea pigs by administration of the noradrenergic agonist clonidine. Clonidine also enhanced lordosis responding in females that were weakly receptive after estrogen priming. Unlike progesterone, the lordosis-facilitating effect of clonidine was not accompanied by a subsequent refractory period. Clonidine had a weak lordosis facilitatory effect when administered during the decline in receptivity to estrogen plus progesterone-primed animals and failed to induce lordosis when administered during the refractory period.", "PMID": 652830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5403", "title": "Influence of post-training intrahippocampally applied oxotremorine on the consolidation of a brightness discrimination.", "content": "The posttraining intrahippocampal injection of oxotremorine revealed an improvement of the retention performance in a brightness discrimination task. The oxotremorine effect seemed to be dependent on distinct variables of training and was restricted to rats exhibiting a good acquisition performance. Scopolamine impaired the retention performance of animals with few training errors. The role of hippocampal cholinergic synapses for consolidation was discussed.", "contents": "Influence of post-training intrahippocampally applied oxotremorine on the consolidation of a brightness discrimination. The posttraining intrahippocampal injection of oxotremorine revealed an improvement of the retention performance in a brightness discrimination task. The oxotremorine effect seemed to be dependent on distinct variables of training and was restricted to rats exhibiting a good acquisition performance. Scopolamine impaired the retention performance of animals with few training errors. The role of hippocampal cholinergic synapses for consolidation was discussed.", "PMID": 652831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5404", "title": "Discriminative stimulus properties of clozapine and chlorpromazine.", "content": "Rats were trained to discriminate pairs of drug states in a two-lever operant paradigm for food reinforcement. One group learned to discriminate clozapine from vehicle, a second group learned to discriminate chlorpromazine from vehicle, and a third group learned to discriminate clozapine from chlorpromazine. The result that the clozapine versus chlorpromazine discrimination was acquired, as well as the results of substitution tests with non-training drugs, suggest that the stimulus properties of the classical neuroleptics and other psychotherapeutic agents indicate that the stimulus properties of antipsychotics are distinct from other classes of psychotropic agents, and support the hypothesis that clozapine may be a unique antipsychotic. It is suggested that the unique discrimination stimulus produced by clozapine may be related to the differential effect of the drug on the extrapyramidal versus accumbens dopamine system.", "contents": "Discriminative stimulus properties of clozapine and chlorpromazine. Rats were trained to discriminate pairs of drug states in a two-lever operant paradigm for food reinforcement. One group learned to discriminate clozapine from vehicle, a second group learned to discriminate chlorpromazine from vehicle, and a third group learned to discriminate clozapine from chlorpromazine. The result that the clozapine versus chlorpromazine discrimination was acquired, as well as the results of substitution tests with non-training drugs, suggest that the stimulus properties of the classical neuroleptics and other psychotherapeutic agents indicate that the stimulus properties of antipsychotics are distinct from other classes of psychotropic agents, and support the hypothesis that clozapine may be a unique antipsychotic. It is suggested that the unique discrimination stimulus produced by clozapine may be related to the differential effect of the drug on the extrapyramidal versus accumbens dopamine system.", "PMID": 652832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5405", "title": "Methylazoxymethanol acetate: effect of postnatal injection on brain amines and behavior.", "content": "The antimitotic drug, methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMA), was injected into newborn rats during the first four days of life. At 48 days of age, these rats weighed one-third less than controls, as did the cerebella of their brains, but the rest of their brains weighed only 7% less than those of controls. The cerebella structures of the drug-injected rats was highly disorganized. Purkinje cells were scattered haphazardly in the granular layer instead of forming a monolayer. More foldings and short folia were found in the cerebella of drugged animals. In spite of these large morphological differences, the total amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin in the cerebella of the drugged rats were not different from those of the control rats. Behavioral effects of postnatal injection of MAMA include retarded development of the righting reflex,i.e., the drugged pups took longer time to right themselves when placed on their backs during the first nine days after birth; and scondly, MAMA reduced locomotor activity measured 45 days after birth.", "contents": "Methylazoxymethanol acetate: effect of postnatal injection on brain amines and behavior. The antimitotic drug, methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMA), was injected into newborn rats during the first four days of life. At 48 days of age, these rats weighed one-third less than controls, as did the cerebella of their brains, but the rest of their brains weighed only 7% less than those of controls. The cerebella structures of the drug-injected rats was highly disorganized. Purkinje cells were scattered haphazardly in the granular layer instead of forming a monolayer. More foldings and short folia were found in the cerebella of drugged animals. In spite of these large morphological differences, the total amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin in the cerebella of the drugged rats were not different from those of the control rats. Behavioral effects of postnatal injection of MAMA include retarded development of the righting reflex,i.e., the drugged pups took longer time to right themselves when placed on their backs during the first nine days after birth; and scondly, MAMA reduced locomotor activity measured 45 days after birth.", "PMID": 652833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5406", "title": "Delayed response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose in hypothalamic obese rats.", "content": "A dose-response relationship for the effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) (0-400 mg/kg) on food intake was established in normal and obese ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rats. In normal animals the lowest dose that produced a statistically signififant increase over baseline food intake was 100 mg/kg 2-DG. Larger doses produced a progressively greater effect. Most of the increase in food intake occurred during the first hour after the injection of 2-DG, the latency of the first feeding bout being shorter for higher doses of the compound. Obese VMH rats significantly increased their 4-hr food intake after 150, 200, and 250, and 400 mg/kg 2-DG, but the increase in feeding was delayed compared to control animals. During the first hour after the injection, the food intake of obese rats was unaffected by doses of 2-DG up to 250 mg/kg, and inhibited by higher doses (300 and 400 mg/kg). The effects of VMH lesions on 2-DG-induced eating are attributed to the elimination of afferents from peripheral glucoreceptors.", "contents": "Delayed response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose in hypothalamic obese rats. A dose-response relationship for the effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) (0-400 mg/kg) on food intake was established in normal and obese ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rats. In normal animals the lowest dose that produced a statistically signififant increase over baseline food intake was 100 mg/kg 2-DG. Larger doses produced a progressively greater effect. Most of the increase in food intake occurred during the first hour after the injection of 2-DG, the latency of the first feeding bout being shorter for higher doses of the compound. Obese VMH rats significantly increased their 4-hr food intake after 150, 200, and 250, and 400 mg/kg 2-DG, but the increase in feeding was delayed compared to control animals. During the first hour after the injection, the food intake of obese rats was unaffected by doses of 2-DG up to 250 mg/kg, and inhibited by higher doses (300 and 400 mg/kg). The effects of VMH lesions on 2-DG-induced eating are attributed to the elimination of afferents from peripheral glucoreceptors.", "PMID": 652834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5407", "title": "Memory formation for an appetitive visual discrimination task in young chicks.", "content": "The three-phase model of memory formation in young chicks proposed by Gibbs and Ng [7] was based on a single trial passive avoidance task. Some methodological and interpretative problems associated with this task are not encountered in appetitive visual discrimination tasks. Using such a task, it is shown that 2 mM KCl induces amnesia at 10 min, ouabain at 30 min and cycloheximide at 60 min after learning. These findings are consistent with those for the single trail passive avoidance task and confirm the generality of a model of memory formation in young chicks entailing a short-term phase, a sodium pumo-dependent labile phase, and a long-term, protein synthesis-dependent phase.", "contents": "Memory formation for an appetitive visual discrimination task in young chicks. The three-phase model of memory formation in young chicks proposed by Gibbs and Ng [7] was based on a single trial passive avoidance task. Some methodological and interpretative problems associated with this task are not encountered in appetitive visual discrimination tasks. Using such a task, it is shown that 2 mM KCl induces amnesia at 10 min, ouabain at 30 min and cycloheximide at 60 min after learning. These findings are consistent with those for the single trail passive avoidance task and confirm the generality of a model of memory formation in young chicks entailing a short-term phase, a sodium pumo-dependent labile phase, and a long-term, protein synthesis-dependent phase.", "PMID": 652835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5408", "title": "Catecholamines in discrete areas of the hypothalamus of obese and castrated male rats.", "content": "Levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were measured in eight discrete regions of the hypothalamus in three groups of male rats; genetically obese (fafa), non-obese (FaFa) and castrated non-obese (FaFa). DA levels showed no significant differences among the groups in any of the regions. NE levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were significantly lower in the obese and castrated animals than in the normal animals. In the median eminence (ME), NE levels were significantly decreased for the castrated group. None of the other regions sampled showed significant differences in NE levels.", "contents": "Catecholamines in discrete areas of the hypothalamus of obese and castrated male rats. Levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were measured in eight discrete regions of the hypothalamus in three groups of male rats; genetically obese (fafa), non-obese (FaFa) and castrated non-obese (FaFa). DA levels showed no significant differences among the groups in any of the regions. NE levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were significantly lower in the obese and castrated animals than in the normal animals. In the median eminence (ME), NE levels were significantly decreased for the castrated group. None of the other regions sampled showed significant differences in NE levels.", "PMID": 652836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5409", "title": "Interactions of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol with d-amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine in rats.", "content": "The acute, reciprocal dose-response interactions between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC; 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg; IG) and each of three stimulants - d-amphetamine (dA; 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg; IP), cocaine (COC; 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg; IP), and nicotine (NIC; 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg; IP) were studied for their effects on performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR), photocell activity, heart rate, body temperature, and rotarod performance. delta9-THC impaired CAR and rotarod performance, depressed photocell activity, and decreased heart rate and body temperature. None of the three stimulants influenced CAR performance, but dA and COC increased the number of intertrial responses, and this latter effect was partially antagonized by delta9-THC. dA and COC, but not NIC, stimulated photocell activity. delta9-THC completely blocked this effect of dA, whereas there was mutual antagonism between delta9-THC and COC on this measure and NIC markedly potentiated the depression caused by delta9-THC. dA and COC tended to offset the impairment of rotarod performance caused by delta9-THC, whereas NIC augmented it. The bradycardia and hypothermia caused by delta9-THC tended to be augmented by these stimulants, especially NIC. The interactions were also studied after subacute treatment for six days with delta9-THC and/or each of the three stimulants. There was evidence for tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on all measures and this tolerance generally resulted in less interactive effects between delta9-THC and the stimulants. Little or no tolerance was seen for the effects of the three stimulants or their interaction with delta9-THC. The time course of radioactivity derived from 14C-delta9-THC and each of the radiolabelled stimulants was determined in plasma and brain. Only minor interactive effects were found and, in general, they could not account for the functional interactions.", "contents": "Interactions of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol with d-amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine in rats. The acute, reciprocal dose-response interactions between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC; 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg; IG) and each of three stimulants - d-amphetamine (dA; 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg; IP), cocaine (COC; 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg; IP), and nicotine (NIC; 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg; IP) were studied for their effects on performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR), photocell activity, heart rate, body temperature, and rotarod performance. delta9-THC impaired CAR and rotarod performance, depressed photocell activity, and decreased heart rate and body temperature. None of the three stimulants influenced CAR performance, but dA and COC increased the number of intertrial responses, and this latter effect was partially antagonized by delta9-THC. dA and COC, but not NIC, stimulated photocell activity. delta9-THC completely blocked this effect of dA, whereas there was mutual antagonism between delta9-THC and COC on this measure and NIC markedly potentiated the depression caused by delta9-THC. dA and COC tended to offset the impairment of rotarod performance caused by delta9-THC, whereas NIC augmented it. The bradycardia and hypothermia caused by delta9-THC tended to be augmented by these stimulants, especially NIC. The interactions were also studied after subacute treatment for six days with delta9-THC and/or each of the three stimulants. There was evidence for tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on all measures and this tolerance generally resulted in less interactive effects between delta9-THC and the stimulants. Little or no tolerance was seen for the effects of the three stimulants or their interaction with delta9-THC. The time course of radioactivity derived from 14C-delta9-THC and each of the radiolabelled stimulants was determined in plasma and brain. Only minor interactive effects were found and, in general, they could not account for the functional interactions.", "PMID": 652837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5410", "title": "Schedule-dependent effect of d-amphetamine on pausing by pigeons.", "content": "Two pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule of grain reinforcement where key-pecks were reinforced according to a fixed ratio schedule in the presence of one stimulus and a fixed interval schedule in another stimulus. The fixed interval was adjusted to match average interreinforcer time for the fixed ratio schedule. d-Amphetamine decreased overall rate of responding in the fixed ratio schedule -- primarily by increasing pausing, especially just after a change from the fixed interval component. Rate of responding in the fixed interval schedule was increased for one bird and little affected for the other bird by d-Amphetamine. Again, changes in pausing primarily determined rate change. Since pausing was differently affected, a schedule-dependent rather than rate-dependent effect was indicated.", "contents": "Schedule-dependent effect of d-amphetamine on pausing by pigeons. Two pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule of grain reinforcement where key-pecks were reinforced according to a fixed ratio schedule in the presence of one stimulus and a fixed interval schedule in another stimulus. The fixed interval was adjusted to match average interreinforcer time for the fixed ratio schedule. d-Amphetamine decreased overall rate of responding in the fixed ratio schedule -- primarily by increasing pausing, especially just after a change from the fixed interval component. Rate of responding in the fixed interval schedule was increased for one bird and little affected for the other bird by d-Amphetamine. Again, changes in pausing primarily determined rate change. Since pausing was differently affected, a schedule-dependent rather than rate-dependent effect was indicated.", "PMID": 652838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5411", "title": "[Crenotherapy and surgery in venous diseases].", "content": "In spite of the fact that they appear to have nothing in common, treatment by water from mineral springs and surgery may sometimes be used in combination against certain venous diseases. The spa phlebologist may suggest the indication for operation, c.q. prepare his patients for it by means of special cures. Also, spa treatments may help consolidate the early results of surgery, or comb\u00e1t possible complications (e.g. post-phlebitic complications); in such cases, the spa treatment should be instituted as early as possible.", "contents": "[Crenotherapy and surgery in venous diseases]. In spite of the fact that they appear to have nothing in common, treatment by water from mineral springs and surgery may sometimes be used in combination against certain venous diseases. The spa phlebologist may suggest the indication for operation, c.q. prepare his patients for it by means of special cures. Also, spa treatments may help consolidate the early results of surgery, or comb\u00e1t possible complications (e.g. post-phlebitic complications); in such cases, the spa treatment should be instituted as early as possible.", "PMID": 652846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5412", "title": "[Suicide with cesium-137].", "content": "Reported first case of suicide with radioactive substance in Bulgaria. Male, aged 30, defectoscopist, with cyclothymic structure of character and psychotraumatic family environment made a second and successful attempt at suicide, this time by means of outer irradiation with cesium-137 with an activity of 5.3 curie in the course of two hours--irradiated his heart region and the first three fingers of his right hand. A grave picture of acute, local irradiation injury lasting four months with lethal outcome. The authors treat the psychological motives in the behaviour of these suicides and the reasons which determine the small number of suicide carried out with radioactive substance.", "contents": "[Suicide with cesium-137]. Reported first case of suicide with radioactive substance in Bulgaria. Male, aged 30, defectoscopist, with cyclothymic structure of character and psychotraumatic family environment made a second and successful attempt at suicide, this time by means of outer irradiation with cesium-137 with an activity of 5.3 curie in the course of two hours--irradiated his heart region and the first three fingers of his right hand. A grave picture of acute, local irradiation injury lasting four months with lethal outcome. The authors treat the psychological motives in the behaviour of these suicides and the reasons which determine the small number of suicide carried out with radioactive substance.", "PMID": 652864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5413", "title": "[Relationship between the unconscious and motivation in establishing a therapeutic program].", "content": "The need for complex psychotherapy is reified by using the combination of group psychotherapy with methods of individual and behavioral therapy as an example. The fact that certain forms of maldevelopment cannot be satisfactorily checked by dynamic group psychotherapy alone is considered to be due not only to the conditioning of, and automatism associated with, neurotic malbehavior. It is especially in the case of inordinate dread and fear of disease, which is generally referred to as nosophobia, that the patient's great difficulty in accepting the possibility of a mental origin or causation of his ailment stands in the way of making effective use of such a therapy. The authors are of the opinion that acceptance by the patient of a mental origin or causation is made difficult especially by the fact that in the case of neurotic maldevelopments the kind and degree of neurotic conflictiveness are lore or less unconscious. This fact, which has not so far received much attention, should be taken into consideration in future research into the unconscious.", "contents": "[Relationship between the unconscious and motivation in establishing a therapeutic program]. The need for complex psychotherapy is reified by using the combination of group psychotherapy with methods of individual and behavioral therapy as an example. The fact that certain forms of maldevelopment cannot be satisfactorily checked by dynamic group psychotherapy alone is considered to be due not only to the conditioning of, and automatism associated with, neurotic malbehavior. It is especially in the case of inordinate dread and fear of disease, which is generally referred to as nosophobia, that the patient's great difficulty in accepting the possibility of a mental origin or causation of his ailment stands in the way of making effective use of such a therapy. The authors are of the opinion that acceptance by the patient of a mental origin or causation is made difficult especially by the fact that in the case of neurotic maldevelopments the kind and degree of neurotic conflictiveness are lore or less unconscious. This fact, which has not so far received much attention, should be taken into consideration in future research into the unconscious.", "PMID": 652866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5414", "title": "[Results of self image studies in children and adolescents (11/12-years-old to 16/17-years-old)].", "content": "The author in his present paper reports the results of studies made in an effort to reconstructively validate a method of self-imaging during childhood and adolescence. From the investigative results obtained it is apparent that during adolescence large self-image/ideal-image differences and low self-image values correlate with neuroticism, a situation which is similar to that which is usually observed in adults. Timid and introverted juveniles differ significantly from less timid and extroverted juveniles in both the self-image level and the self-image/ideal-image difference. Aside from the fact that the self-image level has been found to be relatively independent of intelligence, there are correlations between the maternal and child's self-image. It is of interest to note that the self-image level of children whose parents got a divorce is lower than that of children coming from intact families.", "contents": "[Results of self image studies in children and adolescents (11/12-years-old to 16/17-years-old)]. The author in his present paper reports the results of studies made in an effort to reconstructively validate a method of self-imaging during childhood and adolescence. From the investigative results obtained it is apparent that during adolescence large self-image/ideal-image differences and low self-image values correlate with neuroticism, a situation which is similar to that which is usually observed in adults. Timid and introverted juveniles differ significantly from less timid and extroverted juveniles in both the self-image level and the self-image/ideal-image difference. Aside from the fact that the self-image level has been found to be relatively independent of intelligence, there are correlations between the maternal and child's self-image. It is of interest to note that the self-image level of children whose parents got a divorce is lower than that of children coming from intact families.", "PMID": 652868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5415", "title": "[Method of determining the concentrating ability of unschoolable children and adolescents capable of making progress].", "content": "The design, characteristics, and use of a process of determining the concentration power of unschoolable, but furtherable children and juveniles are reported. Diagnostically relevant quality criteria were determined and verified by tests of eighty-five children and juveniles. Standard values were not found. The experience gathered thus far shows that the method presented by the author in his present paper enables the capacity and development of imbecile and abnormality feeble children and juveniles to be diagnosed.", "contents": "[Method of determining the concentrating ability of unschoolable children and adolescents capable of making progress]. The design, characteristics, and use of a process of determining the concentration power of unschoolable, but furtherable children and juveniles are reported. Diagnostically relevant quality criteria were determined and verified by tests of eighty-five children and juveniles. Standard values were not found. The experience gathered thus far shows that the method presented by the author in his present paper enables the capacity and development of imbecile and abnormality feeble children and juveniles to be diagnosed.", "PMID": 652869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5416", "title": "[Critical comments on the theory and practice of behavior therapy from the viewpoint of Marxist-Leninist philosophy].", "content": "By analyzing previous critical studies of the theoretical and methodological positions of behavioral therapy, which were conducted on Marxist-Leninist principles, the authors discuss the complex relationship of one-sided philosophical assumptions, simplifying elements of psychological theories, and radional moments of successful practical application in certain fields. Both critical delimitation from untenable theoretical interpretations and the inclusion of rational forms of therapy in a complex system of psychotherapy are considered essential.", "contents": "[Critical comments on the theory and practice of behavior therapy from the viewpoint of Marxist-Leninist philosophy]. By analyzing previous critical studies of the theoretical and methodological positions of behavioral therapy, which were conducted on Marxist-Leninist principles, the authors discuss the complex relationship of one-sided philosophical assumptions, simplifying elements of psychological theories, and radional moments of successful practical application in certain fields. Both critical delimitation from untenable theoretical interpretations and the inclusion of rational forms of therapy in a complex system of psychotherapy are considered essential.", "PMID": 652870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5417", "title": "[Standardized questionaire for the recording of data on behavior typical of encephalophathies].", "content": "The author in his present paper describes the testing, standardization, and applications of a newly developed questionnaire to obtain quantitative data on encephalopathic behavior patterns of five- to ten-year-old children by interrogating parents, teachers, and educators. The results of extreme-group and factor-analysis validation show that the questionnaire is suitable for use in pedoneuropsychiatric interrogation.", "contents": "[Standardized questionaire for the recording of data on behavior typical of encephalophathies]. The author in his present paper describes the testing, standardization, and applications of a newly developed questionnaire to obtain quantitative data on encephalopathic behavior patterns of five- to ten-year-old children by interrogating parents, teachers, and educators. The results of extreme-group and factor-analysis validation show that the questionnaire is suitable for use in pedoneuropsychiatric interrogation.", "PMID": 652871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5418", "title": "[Optimizing the therapeutic process in long-term antiepileptic therapy through the determination of drug levels in patients].", "content": "Serum levels of phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and ethosuximide were determined in about 2,000 subjects treated on an outpatient and inpatient basis, respectively. Therapeutical serum level ranges were obtained in about 50 percent of the patients. In the other patients, the values determined were either too low or too high. These studies, in addition to enabling the drug-taking behavior of patients to be objectified, made possible \"blood-level-oriented dosage\" and allowed differential approaches to be adopted in the control of undesirable effects. Blood level determinations permit the therapeutical procedure to be improved and made more reliable especially in \"problem cases\". A pharmacokinetic therapy service has proved useful for long-time antiepileptic therapy.", "contents": "[Optimizing the therapeutic process in long-term antiepileptic therapy through the determination of drug levels in patients]. Serum levels of phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and ethosuximide were determined in about 2,000 subjects treated on an outpatient and inpatient basis, respectively. Therapeutical serum level ranges were obtained in about 50 percent of the patients. In the other patients, the values determined were either too low or too high. These studies, in addition to enabling the drug-taking behavior of patients to be objectified, made possible \"blood-level-oriented dosage\" and allowed differential approaches to be adopted in the control of undesirable effects. Blood level determinations permit the therapeutical procedure to be improved and made more reliable especially in \"problem cases\". A pharmacokinetic therapy service has proved useful for long-time antiepileptic therapy.", "PMID": 652872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5419", "title": "[Role of the book in the care for hospitalized gerontopsychiatric patients].", "content": "In order to be able to realize the cultural care of patients with therapeutic aim the choice of literature and the behaviour of reading of gerontopsychiatric patients were systematicly examined within a two years' programme. In the reading they looked for distraction from the burdening reality, relaxation, but also for the possibility to fill up gaps in the experience by identification. The literature that particularly serves the widening of knowledge found less attention. The reading, which was carried out as a kind of group therapy, proved to be a suitable method to counteract the lack of interest and mental slowness of many gerontopsychiatric patients and through that to make them more capable of the living together in the sense of the therapeutic community.", "contents": "[Role of the book in the care for hospitalized gerontopsychiatric patients]. In order to be able to realize the cultural care of patients with therapeutic aim the choice of literature and the behaviour of reading of gerontopsychiatric patients were systematicly examined within a two years' programme. In the reading they looked for distraction from the burdening reality, relaxation, but also for the possibility to fill up gaps in the experience by identification. The literature that particularly serves the widening of knowledge found less attention. The reading, which was carried out as a kind of group therapy, proved to be a suitable method to counteract the lack of interest and mental slowness of many gerontopsychiatric patients and through that to make them more capable of the living together in the sense of the therapeutic community.", "PMID": 652873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5420", "title": "[Literary creations of schizophrenics].", "content": "On the basis of material from the archiv of the district mental hospital Schwerin literary products of schizophrenic patients were examined and compared with the works of the primitives with the literature of manierism and \"modern lyric\".", "contents": "[Literary creations of schizophrenics]. On the basis of material from the archiv of the district mental hospital Schwerin literary products of schizophrenic patients were examined and compared with the works of the primitives with the literature of manierism and \"modern lyric\".", "PMID": 652874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5421", "title": "[Toxic \"atrophie cerebelleuse\". (problems associated with permanent cerebellar damage due to chronic diphenylhydantion intoxication)].", "content": "The authors report two cases with roentgenomophologically established cerebellar atrophy caused by chronic diphenylhydantoin overdosing. Exact neuropsychiatric testing of epileptics treated with diphenylhydantoin for a long period of time is demanded, and it is recommended that in the case of long-time therapy a maximum daily dose of 0.3 g of diphenylhydantoin be not exceeded.", "contents": "[Toxic \"atrophie cerebelleuse\". (problems associated with permanent cerebellar damage due to chronic diphenylhydantion intoxication)]. The authors report two cases with roentgenomophologically established cerebellar atrophy caused by chronic diphenylhydantoin overdosing. Exact neuropsychiatric testing of epileptics treated with diphenylhydantoin for a long period of time is demanded, and it is recommended that in the case of long-time therapy a maximum daily dose of 0.3 g of diphenylhydantoin be not exceeded.", "PMID": 652875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5422", "title": "Moral masochism.", "content": "The author questions the existence of unconscious guild and unconscious need for punishment. His thesis is that the self-destructive acts and sufferings of the moral masochist are not caused by an unconscious need for punishment, but rather by a flight from severe castration anxiety into masochistic acts. The analysis of the latent castration anxiety leads to the maturation of the superego. Clinical material from one case is used to support this thesis. Further material from the same case shows how the moral masochism of adolescence and adulthood grew out of the feminine masochism of latency. In addition, the author discusses another case of moral masochism which reviews the intricate relationship between psychic health and moral codes. The importance of the cultural atmosphere is emphasized, particularly what the moral masochist extracts from it.", "contents": "Moral masochism. The author questions the existence of unconscious guild and unconscious need for punishment. His thesis is that the self-destructive acts and sufferings of the moral masochist are not caused by an unconscious need for punishment, but rather by a flight from severe castration anxiety into masochistic acts. The analysis of the latent castration anxiety leads to the maturation of the superego. Clinical material from one case is used to support this thesis. Further material from the same case shows how the moral masochism of adolescence and adulthood grew out of the feminine masochism of latency. In addition, the author discusses another case of moral masochism which reviews the intricate relationship between psychic health and moral codes. The importance of the cultural atmosphere is emphasized, particularly what the moral masochist extracts from it.", "PMID": 652890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5423", "title": "Primary and secondard process in the context of cerebral hemispheric specialization.", "content": "Increasing knowledge of human cerebral hemispheric specialization suggests a relationship between the different formal modes of thinking attributed to the two hemispheres and those psychoanalysis has traditionally assigned to primary (similar to recessive hemispheric) and secondary (similar to dominant hemispheric) processes. The fact of a lifelong capability at the neurophysiological level for coequal, simultaneous registration and organization of experience in these different cognitive modes allows primary process to be conceptualized in developmental terms. As the first organizing mode of infantile development, it shapes the primitive content of the dynamic unconscious. Thereafter, it can be viewed as coexistent and commingled with secondary process in dynamic tension, complementarity, and developing complexity. Observations from normal behavior, current research, and the functioning of the psychoanalyst support this thesis and reinforce an emerging viewpoint in contemporary psychoanalysis that primary processes are not confined to archaic levels but are open to growth and developmental integration into the complete range of ego functions.", "contents": "Primary and secondard process in the context of cerebral hemispheric specialization. Increasing knowledge of human cerebral hemispheric specialization suggests a relationship between the different formal modes of thinking attributed to the two hemispheres and those psychoanalysis has traditionally assigned to primary (similar to recessive hemispheric) and secondary (similar to dominant hemispheric) processes. The fact of a lifelong capability at the neurophysiological level for coequal, simultaneous registration and organization of experience in these different cognitive modes allows primary process to be conceptualized in developmental terms. As the first organizing mode of infantile development, it shapes the primitive content of the dynamic unconscious. Thereafter, it can be viewed as coexistent and commingled with secondary process in dynamic tension, complementarity, and developing complexity. Observations from normal behavior, current research, and the functioning of the psychoanalyst support this thesis and reinforce an emerging viewpoint in contemporary psychoanalysis that primary processes are not confined to archaic levels but are open to growth and developmental integration into the complete range of ego functions.", "PMID": 652891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5424", "title": "Paradoxical depression after heart surgery: a form of survivor syndrome.", "content": "A study of patients who developed depression immediately after heart surgery is presented. Nineteen of the twenty patients shared a history of having lost a close object who had died as a result of complications following a minor surgical procedure or illness, or had suffered from a disease similar to the one the patient now had, but for which there had been no surgical help at the time. The patients are compared with other survivors and are discussed in terms of both survival and paradoxical reaction. Almost all of the patients showed quick recovery when these issues were pointed out.", "contents": "Paradoxical depression after heart surgery: a form of survivor syndrome. A study of patients who developed depression immediately after heart surgery is presented. Nineteen of the twenty patients shared a history of having lost a close object who had died as a result of complications following a minor surgical procedure or illness, or had suffered from a disease similar to the one the patient now had, but for which there had been no surgical help at the time. The patients are compared with other survivors and are discussed in terms of both survival and paradoxical reaction. Almost all of the patients showed quick recovery when these issues were pointed out.", "PMID": 652892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5425", "title": "The concept of a 'case' in psychiatric population surveys.", "content": "A series of in-patients, a series of out-patients and a series of women from a general population sample, all aged under 65, and all living in the same area of south-east London, were examined using the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE). An 'index of definition' (ID), based on number, type and severity of PSE symptoms, was constructed in order to define a threshold point above which sufficient information was available to allow classification into one of the functional psychoses or neuroses. The index specified 8 levels of definition of disorder; the threshold point for a 'case' lying between levels 4 and 5. The identification of 'cases' by this means in the general population series was highly concordant with global clinical judgement. When the 3 series were compared, the in-patient series contained the most definite cases, the outpatient series was intermediate, and the general population series was characterized mainly by below-threshold conditions. Disorders above the threshold point were classified using the CATEGO program. The clinical severity of the depressive disorders and anxiety states identified in this way in the 3 series was compared on the basis of symptom and syndrome profiles and PSE scores. As expected, the inpatients had the most severe, and the general population 'cases' the least severe disorders. It is suggested that the PSE-ID-CATEGO techniques can be used to help standardize certain aspects of case-finding and case-description in both referred and non-referred populations and thereby make the results of surveys more comparable.", "contents": "The concept of a 'case' in psychiatric population surveys. A series of in-patients, a series of out-patients and a series of women from a general population sample, all aged under 65, and all living in the same area of south-east London, were examined using the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE). An 'index of definition' (ID), based on number, type and severity of PSE symptoms, was constructed in order to define a threshold point above which sufficient information was available to allow classification into one of the functional psychoses or neuroses. The index specified 8 levels of definition of disorder; the threshold point for a 'case' lying between levels 4 and 5. The identification of 'cases' by this means in the general population series was highly concordant with global clinical judgement. When the 3 series were compared, the in-patient series contained the most definite cases, the outpatient series was intermediate, and the general population series was characterized mainly by below-threshold conditions. Disorders above the threshold point were classified using the CATEGO program. The clinical severity of the depressive disorders and anxiety states identified in this way in the 3 series was compared on the basis of symptom and syndrome profiles and PSE scores. As expected, the inpatients had the most severe, and the general population 'cases' the least severe disorders. It is suggested that the PSE-ID-CATEGO techniques can be used to help standardize certain aspects of case-finding and case-description in both referred and non-referred populations and thereby make the results of surveys more comparable.", "PMID": 652895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5426", "title": "The effect of aircraft noise on the mental health of a community sample: a pilot study.", "content": "Results of the investigation of a sample of size N = 200, half of whom live in the vicinity of a main airport, are reported. Three health indicators were examined: (1) annoyance reactions measured with a scale which did not include symptoms; (2) a symptom score, obtained with a screening instrument which identifies possible psychiatric cases; and (3) confirmed psychiatric cases identified with a traditional diagnosis after an interview by a psychiatrist. Noise was undoubtedly associated with annoyance. An association between noise and psychiatric measures was only present in a subgroup of respondents of high education. There was a marked association between annoyance and psychiatric measures. An attempt was made to clarify the nature of this relationship. Hypersensitivity to noise was associated with a high frequency of psychiatric symptoms and should be considered among the high risk factors for psychiatric illness.", "contents": "The effect of aircraft noise on the mental health of a community sample: a pilot study. Results of the investigation of a sample of size N = 200, half of whom live in the vicinity of a main airport, are reported. Three health indicators were examined: (1) annoyance reactions measured with a scale which did not include symptoms; (2) a symptom score, obtained with a screening instrument which identifies possible psychiatric cases; and (3) confirmed psychiatric cases identified with a traditional diagnosis after an interview by a psychiatrist. Noise was undoubtedly associated with annoyance. An association between noise and psychiatric measures was only present in a subgroup of respondents of high education. There was a marked association between annoyance and psychiatric measures. An attempt was made to clarify the nature of this relationship. Hypersensitivity to noise was associated with a high frequency of psychiatric symptoms and should be considered among the high risk factors for psychiatric illness.", "PMID": 652896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5427", "title": "Mental illness, neuroticism and life events in a Dutch village sample: a follow-up.", "content": "In a 5-year follow-up of 32 patients identified during a survey of a Dutch village in 1969, approximately two-thirds were found to have recovered. This result was reflected in the scores on a self-reporting questionnaire. A control group showed little change over those years. The persistence of psychiatric problems was related to life experience, as measured by a life-event interview.", "contents": "Mental illness, neuroticism and life events in a Dutch village sample: a follow-up. In a 5-year follow-up of 32 patients identified during a survey of a Dutch village in 1969, approximately two-thirds were found to have recovered. This result was reflected in the scores on a self-reporting questionnaire. A control group showed little change over those years. The persistence of psychiatric problems was related to life experience, as measured by a life-event interview.", "PMID": 652897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5428", "title": "Contribution of life events to causation of psychiatric illness.", "content": "This paper discusses the magnitude of the effect of life events in the causation of psychiatric illness. It is argued that an established epidemiological concept, relative risk, provides a useful measure of association which can be approximately adapted for retrospective controlled studies. Examination of studies employing general population controls consistently indicates effects of some importance, with risks of illness increased by factors of between 2 and 7 in the 6 months after an event. Risks are greater for the more stressful types of events, greater for depression and neuroses than schizophrenia, and even greater for suicide attempts. However, similar events occur commonly and a large proportion of event occurrences are not followed by illness. Events must interact with a wide variety of background factors, and the appropriate model is one of multifactorial causation.", "contents": "Contribution of life events to causation of psychiatric illness. This paper discusses the magnitude of the effect of life events in the causation of psychiatric illness. It is argued that an established epidemiological concept, relative risk, provides a useful measure of association which can be approximately adapted for retrospective controlled studies. Examination of studies employing general population controls consistently indicates effects of some importance, with risks of illness increased by factors of between 2 and 7 in the 6 months after an event. Risks are greater for the more stressful types of events, greater for depression and neuroses than schizophrenia, and even greater for suicide attempts. However, similar events occur commonly and a large proportion of event occurrences are not followed by illness. Events must interact with a wide variety of background factors, and the appropriate model is one of multifactorial causation.", "PMID": 652898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5429", "title": "Hypotheses linking neuroses with premature mortality.", "content": "The death risk for psychiatric patients has decreased over the last 30 years but still remains higher than that of the general population. The death risk for patients with a diagnosis of neurosis is higher than that for the general population. Previous studies are enlisted to investigate this mortality for socio-economic characteristics, alcohol and drug abuse, psychopathy and accident proneness. Possible psychosomatic aetiology of disease and subsequent death is examined. Psychological theories for premature death are discussed and some recommendations made for future areas of enquiry.", "contents": "Hypotheses linking neuroses with premature mortality. The death risk for psychiatric patients has decreased over the last 30 years but still remains higher than that of the general population. The death risk for patients with a diagnosis of neurosis is higher than that for the general population. Previous studies are enlisted to investigate this mortality for socio-economic characteristics, alcohol and drug abuse, psychopathy and accident proneness. Possible psychosomatic aetiology of disease and subsequent death is examined. Psychological theories for premature death are discussed and some recommendations made for future areas of enquiry.", "PMID": 652899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5430", "title": "A reappraisal of alcoholic psychoses.", "content": "A retrospective study of alcoholic psychoses is reported. The phenomena of the illnesses corresponded poorly with classical descriptions of alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens and alcoholic paranoia. Alternative diagnostic approaches were tried (Catego, restrictive definition of alcoholic hallucinosis). The problems of distinguishing psychoses with associated organic factors from 'idiopathic' forms are discussed.", "contents": "A reappraisal of alcoholic psychoses. A retrospective study of alcoholic psychoses is reported. The phenomena of the illnesses corresponded poorly with classical descriptions of alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens and alcoholic paranoia. Alternative diagnostic approaches were tried (Catego, restrictive definition of alcoholic hallucinosis). The problems of distinguishing psychoses with associated organic factors from 'idiopathic' forms are discussed.", "PMID": 652900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5431", "title": "Dream content and daytime attitudes in anxious and calm women.", "content": "Twenty female anxious neurotic patients were compared with 25 normal female volunteers, divided into a low anxious normal and a high anxious group, with respect to dream report content. Dream reports were analysed using an objective and reliable method and were correlated with the day-time attitudes of the subjects measured by Semantic Differential techniques. Anxiety levels influenced both dream reporting and dream content. In particular, aggression towards the dreamer was more common in the anxious patients. Significant correlations were found in all groups between dream content and daytime attitudes. The results were consistent with the 'continuity' hypothesis of dream function.", "contents": "Dream content and daytime attitudes in anxious and calm women. Twenty female anxious neurotic patients were compared with 25 normal female volunteers, divided into a low anxious normal and a high anxious group, with respect to dream report content. Dream reports were analysed using an objective and reliable method and were correlated with the day-time attitudes of the subjects measured by Semantic Differential techniques. Anxiety levels influenced both dream reporting and dream content. In particular, aggression towards the dreamer was more common in the anxious patients. Significant correlations were found in all groups between dream content and daytime attitudes. The results were consistent with the 'continuity' hypothesis of dream function.", "PMID": 652901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5432", "title": "Estimation of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The estimation of body dimensions in a group of 31 patients with anorexia nervosa and a control group of 20 psychoneurotic females has been studied with different techniques, including a visual size estimation apparatus and the marking of indicated body points on a paper attached to the wall. The results confirm the previously described tendency by patients with anorexia nervosa to overestimate body size in the stage before their treatment in hospital. Various differences between the two groups were found and the anorexic patients were more inconsistent in the estimation of the different body measures. On the basis of correlations with the results of an internal-external control questionnaire, it is suggested that overestimation and variability in visual size estimation could be promoted by an orientation towards external control.", "contents": "Estimation of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa. The estimation of body dimensions in a group of 31 patients with anorexia nervosa and a control group of 20 psychoneurotic females has been studied with different techniques, including a visual size estimation apparatus and the marking of indicated body points on a paper attached to the wall. The results confirm the previously described tendency by patients with anorexia nervosa to overestimate body size in the stage before their treatment in hospital. Various differences between the two groups were found and the anorexic patients were more inconsistent in the estimation of the different body measures. On the basis of correlations with the results of an internal-external control questionnaire, it is suggested that overestimation and variability in visual size estimation could be promoted by an orientation towards external control.", "PMID": 652902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5433", "title": "Sex differences in perception of illness and expressed life satisfaction.", "content": "A preliminary survey of 10 married couples was carried out to test the hypothesis that women express greater dissatisfaction with their health and other personal life domains than men. Although the women made more use of medical facilities for minor complaints than their husbands, no difference was found in expressed satisfaction, or in number or severity of symptoms reported at interview. However, there was a discrepancy between husbands' and wives' perception of their spouses' satisfaction levels and experience of illness-symptoms, in the direction of wives being perceived by their husbands as considerably less healthy and more dissatisfied than the husbands were rated by their wives. Some evidence was also found for greater emotionality in women. The results are regarded as indicating that illness is more socially acceptable in women than in men.", "contents": "Sex differences in perception of illness and expressed life satisfaction. A preliminary survey of 10 married couples was carried out to test the hypothesis that women express greater dissatisfaction with their health and other personal life domains than men. Although the women made more use of medical facilities for minor complaints than their husbands, no difference was found in expressed satisfaction, or in number or severity of symptoms reported at interview. However, there was a discrepancy between husbands' and wives' perception of their spouses' satisfaction levels and experience of illness-symptoms, in the direction of wives being perceived by their husbands as considerably less healthy and more dissatisfied than the husbands were rated by their wives. Some evidence was also found for greater emotionality in women. The results are regarded as indicating that illness is more socially acceptable in women than in men.", "PMID": 652903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5434", "title": "Depression, hypertension, and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity.", "content": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in a heterogeneous sample of 290 outpatients awaiting medical, surgical, or psychiatric appointments at a Veterans Administration Hospital. All patients were assessed for depressive symptomatology by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and for elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg). Elevated DBH activity was associated with SDS scores greater than or equal to 60. No statistical association was found between DBH activity and diastolic BP. Two pharmacological agents, alpha-methyl-DOPA and minor tranquilizers, also were associated with significant alterations in serum DBH activity.", "contents": "Depression, hypertension, and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in a heterogeneous sample of 290 outpatients awaiting medical, surgical, or psychiatric appointments at a Veterans Administration Hospital. All patients were assessed for depressive symptomatology by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and for elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg). Elevated DBH activity was associated with SDS scores greater than or equal to 60. No statistical association was found between DBH activity and diastolic BP. Two pharmacological agents, alpha-methyl-DOPA and minor tranquilizers, also were associated with significant alterations in serum DBH activity.", "PMID": 652914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5435", "title": "Urinary catecholamines, stress, and psychopathy: a study of arrested men awaiting trial.", "content": "The urinary excretion of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) in a group of 24 arrested men was measured in three experimental sessions: 2 weeks, 1 week, and immediately before trial. The first session was assumed to represent a moderate laboratory stress due to the novelty of the situation and the last session a real life stress, associated with anticipation of appearing in court. Both are superimposed on the sustained real life stress of being in jail. There was no significant increase in A or NA in the last, presumedly the most stressful session. However, when personality measures were taken into account, there were significant and consistent differences in the pattern of A and NA excretion over the sessions between subgroups of subjects. Subjects high in psychopathy did not react with an increase in either A or NA in the last, presumedly the most stressful session. They also had conspicuously lower NA excretion, as compared to subjects low in psychopathy and relative to their own A excretion. Subjects low in psychopathy showed a reversed pattern.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamines, stress, and psychopathy: a study of arrested men awaiting trial. The urinary excretion of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) in a group of 24 arrested men was measured in three experimental sessions: 2 weeks, 1 week, and immediately before trial. The first session was assumed to represent a moderate laboratory stress due to the novelty of the situation and the last session a real life stress, associated with anticipation of appearing in court. Both are superimposed on the sustained real life stress of being in jail. There was no significant increase in A or NA in the last, presumedly the most stressful session. However, when personality measures were taken into account, there were significant and consistent differences in the pattern of A and NA excretion over the sessions between subgroups of subjects. Subjects high in psychopathy did not react with an increase in either A or NA in the last, presumedly the most stressful session. They also had conspicuously lower NA excretion, as compared to subjects low in psychopathy and relative to their own A excretion. Subjects low in psychopathy showed a reversed pattern.", "PMID": 652915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5436", "title": "The assessment of life change stress: a comparative and methodological inquiry.", "content": "A comprehensive life events questionnaire was administered to 416 men. Total life change scores were computed from published normative weights and from individuals' own ratings of events that occurred. The results showed that the rank order of life events was highly correlated between our sample and the original normative groups. However, in the population of men we studied, there were significant differences between the total life event scores derived by summing the published normative weights and the total adjustment or distress reported by those men who experienced the events. Other results indicated that life event scores based on normative weights reflect more on the number of life events that are experienced, whereas life change scores based on individuals' ratings may better reflect on the potential impact of life change. Finally, the psychometric properties of several life change inventories are poor.", "contents": "The assessment of life change stress: a comparative and methodological inquiry. A comprehensive life events questionnaire was administered to 416 men. Total life change scores were computed from published normative weights and from individuals' own ratings of events that occurred. The results showed that the rank order of life events was highly correlated between our sample and the original normative groups. However, in the population of men we studied, there were significant differences between the total life event scores derived by summing the published normative weights and the total adjustment or distress reported by those men who experienced the events. Other results indicated that life event scores based on normative weights reflect more on the number of life events that are experienced, whereas life change scores based on individuals' ratings may better reflect on the potential impact of life change. Finally, the psychometric properties of several life change inventories are poor.", "PMID": 652916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5437", "title": "Health change in air traffic controllers: a prospective study. I. Background and description.", "content": "The background, rationale, and design of a 3-year prospective study of health change in 416 air traffic controllers is described. This study was designed to assess the relevant variables that might predict future physical and psychological health change. This report describes the major variables that were assessed in all participants, which included endocrine, cardiovascular, and behavioral differences in response to work, the occurrence of significant life events, work attitude and morale, availability and usefulness of psychosocial supports, and job commitment and performance. Future reports will describe the contribution, both individually and interactively, of these various factors to the risk for future illness. A major hypothesis to be tested by this study is that health change among air traffic controllers can be predicted by differential responsivity to work.", "contents": "Health change in air traffic controllers: a prospective study. I. Background and description. The background, rationale, and design of a 3-year prospective study of health change in 416 air traffic controllers is described. This study was designed to assess the relevant variables that might predict future physical and psychological health change. This report describes the major variables that were assessed in all participants, which included endocrine, cardiovascular, and behavioral differences in response to work, the occurrence of significant life events, work attitude and morale, availability and usefulness of psychosocial supports, and job commitment and performance. Future reports will describe the contribution, both individually and interactively, of these various factors to the risk for future illness. A major hypothesis to be tested by this study is that health change among air traffic controllers can be predicted by differential responsivity to work.", "PMID": 652917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5438", "title": "Psychoendocrine response to sexual arousal in human males.", "content": "The hypothesis is tested that luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH( may be released from the anterior pituitary in response to a psychological state of sexual arousal. LH levels in 10 male volunteers were found to be higher after viewing a sexually arousing film than after a control film. The magnitude of LH response was found to be positively correlated with the subjective evaluation of sexual arousal. FSH levels tended in the same direction bu the predominant and unexpected finding for this hormone was that levels were consistently lower during the first session, when anxiety was high, and higher during the second session, when anxiety was less, whether control or stimulus film had been shown. This study is analogous to those demonstrating the responsiveness of other anterior pituitary hormones to specific psychological states.", "contents": "Psychoendocrine response to sexual arousal in human males. The hypothesis is tested that luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH( may be released from the anterior pituitary in response to a psychological state of sexual arousal. LH levels in 10 male volunteers were found to be higher after viewing a sexually arousing film than after a control film. The magnitude of LH response was found to be positively correlated with the subjective evaluation of sexual arousal. FSH levels tended in the same direction bu the predominant and unexpected finding for this hormone was that levels were consistently lower during the first session, when anxiety was high, and higher during the second session, when anxiety was less, whether control or stimulus film had been shown. This study is analogous to those demonstrating the responsiveness of other anterior pituitary hormones to specific psychological states.", "PMID": 652918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5439", "title": "Factors relating to the use of mental health services in a neighborhood health center.", "content": "Six-month utilization data are presented for the mental health unit of a comprehensive neighborhood health center. Almost 5% of the 16,877 people in Charlestown, Mass., used these services at a rate of 48.7 per 1,000 residents. Nearly all the residents of this Boston neighborhood were white; the median family income was $8,828 annually; and 14% of the families received public assistance. Age, sex, marital status, census tract of residence, and diagnostic factors were quantitatively related to the use of services. Those 0-17 years represented 39.6% of the total caseload and had a utilization rate of 57.0 per 1,000. Boys and women were the biggest users of service, and married adults constituted 47.7% of the adults using the service. About 55% of the patients paid through Medicaid. During the study period 999 diagnoses were recorded for 822 separate patients, or 1.2 diagnoses per patient. Findings from the center's caseload are compared with utilization data for other mental health services and available national data. The study data demonstrate that the health center's goals of providing accessible, family-oriented, comprehensive mental health services that are targeted particularly to the lower socioeconomic groups in the community were largely accomplished.", "contents": "Factors relating to the use of mental health services in a neighborhood health center. Six-month utilization data are presented for the mental health unit of a comprehensive neighborhood health center. Almost 5% of the 16,877 people in Charlestown, Mass., used these services at a rate of 48.7 per 1,000 residents. Nearly all the residents of this Boston neighborhood were white; the median family income was $8,828 annually; and 14% of the families received public assistance. Age, sex, marital status, census tract of residence, and diagnostic factors were quantitatively related to the use of services. Those 0-17 years represented 39.6% of the total caseload and had a utilization rate of 57.0 per 1,000. Boys and women were the biggest users of service, and married adults constituted 47.7% of the adults using the service. About 55% of the patients paid through Medicaid. During the study period 999 diagnoses were recorded for 822 separate patients, or 1.2 diagnoses per patient. Findings from the center's caseload are compared with utilization data for other mental health services and available national data. The study data demonstrate that the health center's goals of providing accessible, family-oriented, comprehensive mental health services that are targeted particularly to the lower socioeconomic groups in the community were largely accomplished.", "PMID": 652944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5440", "title": "Frequency of alpha-particles from 239PuO2 in lung cells.", "content": "NCRP-Report 49 deals with the effect of 239PuO2-particles in the lung. A basic aspect in the considerations is the frequency of cells traversed by one or by more alpha-particles. The present article contains the explicit derivation of the formulae underlying the data in the NCRP-report.", "contents": "Frequency of alpha-particles from 239PuO2 in lung cells. NCRP-Report 49 deals with the effect of 239PuO2-particles in the lung. A basic aspect in the considerations is the frequency of cells traversed by one or by more alpha-particles. The present article contains the explicit derivation of the formulae underlying the data in the NCRP-report.", "PMID": 652954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5441", "title": "Stochastic late effects after partial body irradiation in diagnostic radiology: evaluation for approximate data.", "content": "The paper describes a method to estimate the risk of inducing a malignant disease by the highly nonuniform partial body X-irradiation as performed in diagnostic radiological examinations. The cumulative probability, p, for the development of a radiation-induced malignant neoplasm is obtained from the equation p = Gt Es, where Es is the energy imparted to the soft tissues of trunk and head during a special radiological procedure. Gt is the mean integral incidence function for trunk and head, reflecting the cancer inducibility of organs and tissues in trunk and head, G t approximately 0;3 kJ-1; The value of Gt was obtained from mortality risk factors for the different tissues at risk, adopted in ICRP Publication 26, 1977. The energy, E, imparted to the body in typical radiographic procedures is in the range of 1--30 mJ, going up to about 1 J in an extensive fluoroscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract. The corresponding values for p are about 10(-6) to 10(-5), in extensive examinations 10(-4). As to a radiograph of chest, the method described in this paper yields practically the same value for p as the Monte Carlo calculation, using the MIRD phantom and the relevant mortality risk factors.", "contents": "Stochastic late effects after partial body irradiation in diagnostic radiology: evaluation for approximate data. The paper describes a method to estimate the risk of inducing a malignant disease by the highly nonuniform partial body X-irradiation as performed in diagnostic radiological examinations. The cumulative probability, p, for the development of a radiation-induced malignant neoplasm is obtained from the equation p = Gt Es, where Es is the energy imparted to the soft tissues of trunk and head during a special radiological procedure. Gt is the mean integral incidence function for trunk and head, reflecting the cancer inducibility of organs and tissues in trunk and head, G t approximately 0;3 kJ-1; The value of Gt was obtained from mortality risk factors for the different tissues at risk, adopted in ICRP Publication 26, 1977. The energy, E, imparted to the body in typical radiographic procedures is in the range of 1--30 mJ, going up to about 1 J in an extensive fluoroscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract. The corresponding values for p are about 10(-6) to 10(-5), in extensive examinations 10(-4). As to a radiograph of chest, the method described in this paper yields practically the same value for p as the Monte Carlo calculation, using the MIRD phantom and the relevant mortality risk factors.", "PMID": 652955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5442", "title": "Screening for phenylketonuria in New York City. Threshold values reconsidered.", "content": "In New York City from 1966 to 1970, almost all 736,469 newborns were screened for phenylketonuria (PKU). Among 1,094 infants with presumptive positive test results, 763 were followed up and 46 of them were judged to require preventive treatment. The considerable annual variation observed in the frequency of values of 4 to 6 mg/100 ml bood phenylalanine suggested low reliability at this level. Screening test results of 4 mg/100 ml, with no cases detected among them, represented 53% of all false positive results; newborns with 6 mg/100 ml results yielded 1 infant in need of treatment and accounted for 40% of the false positive results. The large volume of presumptive positive results generated by these levels presumably contributed to incomplete followup. If the threshold value for followup were raised, the effectiveness and the efficiency of the screening program could be improved. The experiences of other large PKU programs in the United States support these observations.", "contents": "Screening for phenylketonuria in New York City. Threshold values reconsidered. In New York City from 1966 to 1970, almost all 736,469 newborns were screened for phenylketonuria (PKU). Among 1,094 infants with presumptive positive test results, 763 were followed up and 46 of them were judged to require preventive treatment. The considerable annual variation observed in the frequency of values of 4 to 6 mg/100 ml bood phenylalanine suggested low reliability at this level. Screening test results of 4 mg/100 ml, with no cases detected among them, represented 53% of all false positive results; newborns with 6 mg/100 ml results yielded 1 infant in need of treatment and accounted for 40% of the false positive results. The large volume of presumptive positive results generated by these levels presumably contributed to incomplete followup. If the threshold value for followup were raised, the effectiveness and the efficiency of the screening program could be improved. The experiences of other large PKU programs in the United States support these observations.", "PMID": 652946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5443", "title": "Repair and biochemical protection in life shortening of mice exposed to fractionated X-irradiation.", "content": "Male mice of the BALB/c+ strain were exposed to X-rays at fractionation intervals of 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. One group received a mixture of radioprotectors, another AET (only 30 days fractionation), a third one served as control. The doses ranged, dependent on the treatment, from 300--1500 R. When survival was corrected for acute death, the control and AET treated animals died after an accumulated dose of about 2000 R whereas those treated with a mixture of radioprotectors died after about 4000 tr. Bone marrow failure and lung damage is the main cause of death within the initial 200 days after start of the exposure. At later times, fibrotic changes and in particular glomerulosclerosis are observed.", "contents": "Repair and biochemical protection in life shortening of mice exposed to fractionated X-irradiation. Male mice of the BALB/c+ strain were exposed to X-rays at fractionation intervals of 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. One group received a mixture of radioprotectors, another AET (only 30 days fractionation), a third one served as control. The doses ranged, dependent on the treatment, from 300--1500 R. When survival was corrected for acute death, the control and AET treated animals died after an accumulated dose of about 2000 R whereas those treated with a mixture of radioprotectors died after about 4000 tr. Bone marrow failure and lung damage is the main cause of death within the initial 200 days after start of the exposure. At later times, fibrotic changes and in particular glomerulosclerosis are observed.", "PMID": 652956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5444", "title": "Effects of acute X-irradiation on pre-implantation embryos and on the implantation reaction in the mouse.", "content": "Pregnant mice were treated on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of pregnancy by a single dose of 300 R X-rays. Uterine dissections at day 6 p.c. topographically revealed decrease of the implantation sites from 9.67 per female in the controls to 8.00 in females irradiated on day 1, to 6.63 in females irradiated on day 2, and to 7.00 in females irradiated on day 3 p.c; Among a number of 22 implantations after irradiation on day 1, 19 after irradiation on day 2 and 11 after irradiation on day 3, however no living embryo could be detected on histological examination. The degree of damage as indicated by the total resorptions was highest (94,7%) after irradiation on day 2 p.c., and lowest (31,8%) after irradiation on day 1 p.c. Since the decidual cell reaction was either unaffected or only slightly reduced after irradiation on day 2 p.c. as indicated by cytomorphological criteria and the alkaline phosphatase reaction, not maternal effects but direct effects only of the irradiation on the embryo must account for embryonic deaths.", "contents": "Effects of acute X-irradiation on pre-implantation embryos and on the implantation reaction in the mouse. Pregnant mice were treated on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of pregnancy by a single dose of 300 R X-rays. Uterine dissections at day 6 p.c. topographically revealed decrease of the implantation sites from 9.67 per female in the controls to 8.00 in females irradiated on day 1, to 6.63 in females irradiated on day 2, and to 7.00 in females irradiated on day 3 p.c; Among a number of 22 implantations after irradiation on day 1, 19 after irradiation on day 2 and 11 after irradiation on day 3, however no living embryo could be detected on histological examination. The degree of damage as indicated by the total resorptions was highest (94,7%) after irradiation on day 2 p.c., and lowest (31,8%) after irradiation on day 1 p.c. Since the decidual cell reaction was either unaffected or only slightly reduced after irradiation on day 2 p.c. as indicated by cytomorphological criteria and the alkaline phosphatase reaction, not maternal effects but direct effects only of the irradiation on the embryo must account for embryonic deaths.", "PMID": 652957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5445", "title": "Unscheduled DNA-synthesis in UV-irradiated spleen lymphocytes of the rat after whole-body X-irradiation.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA-synthesis of UV-irradiated spleen lymphocytes of the rat is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by total-body X-irradiation. The reaction is observed immediately after exposure and reaches its maximum within 8--16 h. Doses of some rads are detectable. Following sublethal X-irradiation (250 rad), regeneration takes 4--6 weeks. Analogous results have been obtained in rats treated with 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-1,3,5-triazine. Regardless of the action mechanisms, it is concluded from the present results that the inhibition of the unscheduled incorporation of thymidine-3H in splenic lymphocytes is a very sensitive, though not specific expression of impairment of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "Unscheduled DNA-synthesis in UV-irradiated spleen lymphocytes of the rat after whole-body X-irradiation. Unscheduled DNA-synthesis of UV-irradiated spleen lymphocytes of the rat is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by total-body X-irradiation. The reaction is observed immediately after exposure and reaches its maximum within 8--16 h. Doses of some rads are detectable. Following sublethal X-irradiation (250 rad), regeneration takes 4--6 weeks. Analogous results have been obtained in rats treated with 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-1,3,5-triazine. Regardless of the action mechanisms, it is concluded from the present results that the inhibition of the unscheduled incorporation of thymidine-3H in splenic lymphocytes is a very sensitive, though not specific expression of impairment of the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 652959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5446", "title": "[Cerebral magnification angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages of magnification angiography for diagnosis of cerebral diseases are reported. Following description of the physical basics and our own examination technique, the indications are enumerated which necessitate modern magnification angiography in neuroradiological diagnosis. These are mainly all those tumors whose location and nature are not definitely demonstrable by conventional angiography, furthermore tumor recurrency, vascular alterations of arteriosclerotic genesis and arteriovenous malformations. Magnification angiography under hyperventilation may also be used for differential diagnosis between brain infarct and brain tumor. The author uses this examination technique for 7 years and emphasizes that without magnification angiography optimal neuroradiology is not possible anymore.", "contents": "[Cerebral magnification angiography (author's transl)]. The advantages of magnification angiography for diagnosis of cerebral diseases are reported. Following description of the physical basics and our own examination technique, the indications are enumerated which necessitate modern magnification angiography in neuroradiological diagnosis. These are mainly all those tumors whose location and nature are not definitely demonstrable by conventional angiography, furthermore tumor recurrency, vascular alterations of arteriosclerotic genesis and arteriovenous malformations. Magnification angiography under hyperventilation may also be used for differential diagnosis between brain infarct and brain tumor. The author uses this examination technique for 7 years and emphasizes that without magnification angiography optimal neuroradiology is not possible anymore.", "PMID": 652981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5447", "title": "[Magnification technique in abdominal angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the requirements for improved information with magnification in abdominal angiography. The low effect of the microfocus tube limits its use in conventional technique mainly because of the grid. Magnification technique combined with high sensitive screens and no grid will compensate for the low effect of the tube. Unsharpness due to motion is more marked with magnification technique but is in practical work of little importance. A useful technique for renal and pancreatic angiography is discussed.", "contents": "[Magnification technique in abdominal angiography (author's transl)]. The authors describe the requirements for improved information with magnification in abdominal angiography. The low effect of the microfocus tube limits its use in conventional technique mainly because of the grid. Magnification technique combined with high sensitive screens and no grid will compensate for the low effect of the tube. Unsharpness due to motion is more marked with magnification technique but is in practical work of little importance. A useful technique for renal and pancreatic angiography is discussed.", "PMID": 652982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5448", "title": "[Resolution of small vessels in abdominal magnification angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to assess the resolution of small vessels in abdominal magnification angiography, the influence of iodine concentration and magnification ratio was analyzed in a model experiment using 0.1 mm focus and lanthanoxibromide screens MR 600. The experiment showed that the resolution increases with both increasing magnification ratio and iodine concentration. Assuming that there was no movement of the object, the vessels of 80 micrometer could be resolved in three- to five-fold magnification.", "contents": "[Resolution of small vessels in abdominal magnification angiography (author's transl)]. In order to assess the resolution of small vessels in abdominal magnification angiography, the influence of iodine concentration and magnification ratio was analyzed in a model experiment using 0.1 mm focus and lanthanoxibromide screens MR 600. The experiment showed that the resolution increases with both increasing magnification ratio and iodine concentration. Assuming that there was no movement of the object, the vessels of 80 micrometer could be resolved in three- to five-fold magnification.", "PMID": 652983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5449", "title": "[Radiation dose in renal magnification angiography compared with conventional angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of skin dose, integrated skin dose area, and integral dose in combined conventional and magnification renal angiography using lanthanoxibromide screens MR 600 and carbon fibre plate in filmchangertop have been made. The mean skin dose in magnification technique was 0.56 rad./film with focus-skin distance of 35 cm, FFD 1 m, 85-90 kV and sagittal diameter of abdomen of 20 cm. The combination of angiographic technique with and without magnification and the use of a high-sensitivity receiving unit makes it possible to keep the total skin dose per investigation (8.5 rad.) within the limits accepted in conventional abdominal angiography.", "contents": "[Radiation dose in renal magnification angiography compared with conventional angiography (author's transl)]. Measurements of skin dose, integrated skin dose area, and integral dose in combined conventional and magnification renal angiography using lanthanoxibromide screens MR 600 and carbon fibre plate in filmchangertop have been made. The mean skin dose in magnification technique was 0.56 rad./film with focus-skin distance of 35 cm, FFD 1 m, 85-90 kV and sagittal diameter of abdomen of 20 cm. The combination of angiographic technique with and without magnification and the use of a high-sensitivity receiving unit makes it possible to keep the total skin dose per investigation (8.5 rad.) within the limits accepted in conventional abdominal angiography.", "PMID": 652984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5450", "title": "[Staging of patients with carcinoma of the breast by bone scans? [author's transl)].", "content": "Bone scans were performed in 170 patients with widespread breast cancer and metastases which were confirmed by the clinical course. In 82% a positive x-ray and in 95% a positive bone scan could be demonstrated. In 43 patients without bone metastases the ratio of false positive scans was 5%. Seventeen out of 50 patients with early cancer had abnormal scans. In 12 cases there were metastases proven by follow-up of at least 18 months. Assuming an incidence of 25% for bone metastases in patients with early breast cancer, bone scans with a sensitivity and specificity of 95% will be valid in staging. To validate this high incidence we investigated a second group of 97 patients with early cancer in a prospective study: in only 3 cases there was an abnormal scan. Using this low incidence bone scanning is calculated to be not valid for staging of breast cancer.", "contents": "[Staging of patients with carcinoma of the breast by bone scans? [author's transl)]. Bone scans were performed in 170 patients with widespread breast cancer and metastases which were confirmed by the clinical course. In 82% a positive x-ray and in 95% a positive bone scan could be demonstrated. In 43 patients without bone metastases the ratio of false positive scans was 5%. Seventeen out of 50 patients with early cancer had abnormal scans. In 12 cases there were metastases proven by follow-up of at least 18 months. Assuming an incidence of 25% for bone metastases in patients with early breast cancer, bone scans with a sensitivity and specificity of 95% will be valid in staging. To validate this high incidence we investigated a second group of 97 patients with early cancer in a prospective study: in only 3 cases there was an abnormal scan. Using this low incidence bone scanning is calculated to be not valid for staging of breast cancer.", "PMID": 652985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5451", "title": "[Bifid ureter with blind-ending branch, a diagnosis by excretory urography (author's transl)].", "content": "Bifid ureter with blind-ending branch must fulfill the criterias of Culp. Retardation of ureter growth or degeneration of a ureteral segment after fusion with the metanephrogenic tissue are to be considered as the cause for this anomaly. Infrequently other, preferably congenital lesions of the kidneys or other organ systems are combined. The bifid ureter with blind-ending branch can be a casual finding. But it may cause symptoms which make resection necessary. The diagnosis is possible by excretory urography. Two cases are added to the known 66 patients in the literature.", "contents": "[Bifid ureter with blind-ending branch, a diagnosis by excretory urography (author's transl)]. Bifid ureter with blind-ending branch must fulfill the criterias of Culp. Retardation of ureter growth or degeneration of a ureteral segment after fusion with the metanephrogenic tissue are to be considered as the cause for this anomaly. Infrequently other, preferably congenital lesions of the kidneys or other organ systems are combined. The bifid ureter with blind-ending branch can be a casual finding. But it may cause symptoms which make resection necessary. The diagnosis is possible by excretory urography. Two cases are added to the known 66 patients in the literature.", "PMID": 652986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5452", "title": "[Pharmacolymphography (author's transl)].", "content": "In 110 patients with different malignant tumors various pharmacological substances (Ridol (G. Richter, Hungary), Arphonad (Hoffmann, Switzerland), Xavin (Chinoin, Hungary) etc.) were used in lymphography to improve inflow of contrast medium and visualization of lymph vessels and nodes. Different substances with vasodilatatory effects of varying degree were tested. Ridol and the combination Atropin-Promedol-Pipolphen proved to have a specific lymphotropic affinity. Time of contrast medium injection could be shortened and visualization of the intermediary lymphnode sinus as well as thoracic duct improved by pharmacolymphography. The optimal method consists of i.m. Ridol application 10 to 15 minutes prior to lymphangiography and endolymphatic injection of the combination Atropin-Promedol-Pipolphen.", "contents": "[Pharmacolymphography (author's transl)]. In 110 patients with different malignant tumors various pharmacological substances (Ridol (G. Richter, Hungary), Arphonad (Hoffmann, Switzerland), Xavin (Chinoin, Hungary) etc.) were used in lymphography to improve inflow of contrast medium and visualization of lymph vessels and nodes. Different substances with vasodilatatory effects of varying degree were tested. Ridol and the combination Atropin-Promedol-Pipolphen proved to have a specific lymphotropic affinity. Time of contrast medium injection could be shortened and visualization of the intermediary lymphnode sinus as well as thoracic duct improved by pharmacolymphography. The optimal method consists of i.m. Ridol application 10 to 15 minutes prior to lymphangiography and endolymphatic injection of the combination Atropin-Promedol-Pipolphen.", "PMID": 652987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5453", "title": "[Arthropathy of sacro-iliac joints in psoriasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgenographic studies of the sacroiliac joints were carried out in 117 psoriatic patients with associated symptoms of joint and/or bone involvement and in eleven psoriatic patients without signs of bone or joint disease. In all patients arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints with varying degree of severity was demonstrated. The sacro-iliac joint space remained open in patients without associated rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylarthritis. It was shown that the described method in the assessment of the sacro-iliac joints is fully justified.", "contents": "[Arthropathy of sacro-iliac joints in psoriasis (author's transl)]. Roentgenographic studies of the sacroiliac joints were carried out in 117 psoriatic patients with associated symptoms of joint and/or bone involvement and in eleven psoriatic patients without signs of bone or joint disease. In all patients arthritis of the sacro-iliac joints with varying degree of severity was demonstrated. The sacro-iliac joint space remained open in patients without associated rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylarthritis. It was shown that the described method in the assessment of the sacro-iliac joints is fully justified.", "PMID": 652988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5454", "title": "[Long bone growth changes in thymectomized rats in the pre-puberal stage (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the relationship between thymus and growth of long bones in rats in the pre-puberal stage. 150 rats of both sexes were divided in 3 groups: thymectomized, sham-thymectomized and controls. The animals were sacrificed 15 days after surgery, the femurs were collected and measured, in length and breadth. Thymectomized animals have a bone growth significantly lesser in length and breadth when compared to the sham-thymectomized animals. The latter ones also presented a lesser bone growth when compared to the controls. The average body weight was also significantly lesser in thymectomized rats than in controls, the same happening with the shamthymectomized rats. It is suggested that the thymus probably presents some kind of relation with the hypothalamus through a positive feed-back, simulating secretion of substances that would act on the adenohypophysis rising the secretion of growth hormone and the thymus playing a role in maintaining the serum levels of growth hormone and thyroxine necessary for the growth and development of bones.", "contents": "[Long bone growth changes in thymectomized rats in the pre-puberal stage (author's transl)]. The authors studied the relationship between thymus and growth of long bones in rats in the pre-puberal stage. 150 rats of both sexes were divided in 3 groups: thymectomized, sham-thymectomized and controls. The animals were sacrificed 15 days after surgery, the femurs were collected and measured, in length and breadth. Thymectomized animals have a bone growth significantly lesser in length and breadth when compared to the sham-thymectomized animals. The latter ones also presented a lesser bone growth when compared to the controls. The average body weight was also significantly lesser in thymectomized rats than in controls, the same happening with the shamthymectomized rats. It is suggested that the thymus probably presents some kind of relation with the hypothalamus through a positive feed-back, simulating secretion of substances that would act on the adenohypophysis rising the secretion of growth hormone and the thymus playing a role in maintaining the serum levels of growth hormone and thyroxine necessary for the growth and development of bones.", "PMID": 653012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5455", "title": "Some studies on the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase in rat plasma.", "content": "The results presented in this study, which include different physiological and pathological conditions, show: 1--In the rat subjected to bile duct occlusion there is a rapid decrease in the plasma LCAT activity which is followed by an increase in the activity to normal values at a later time. 2--In the rat subjected to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts by means of a sequestering agent there is an increase in the plasma LCAT activity. 3--In the rat subjected to a 48 hour fast there is an increase in the plasma LCAT activity. 4--In the rat subjected to a small dietary cholesterol supplement there is an increase in the plasma LCAT activity.", "contents": "Some studies on the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase in rat plasma. The results presented in this study, which include different physiological and pathological conditions, show: 1--In the rat subjected to bile duct occlusion there is a rapid decrease in the plasma LCAT activity which is followed by an increase in the activity to normal values at a later time. 2--In the rat subjected to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts by means of a sequestering agent there is an increase in the plasma LCAT activity. 3--In the rat subjected to a 48 hour fast there is an increase in the plasma LCAT activity. 4--In the rat subjected to a small dietary cholesterol supplement there is an increase in the plasma LCAT activity.", "PMID": 653013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5456", "title": "[Characteristics of the isometric myocardial contractions during its activation by the slow response (author's transl)].", "content": "The characteristics of the isometric contractions of rabbit's left atria were studied during its activation by the slow response of the cardiac action potential. When compared to the conditions where activation occurs with normal action potentials it verifies that contraction amplitude decreases, becoming slowly and larger. Positive inotropic effects that enhance calcium entrance through the membrane (Ca and IPA), during action potential, increase contraction amplitude. Negative inotropic effects that depress the slow response (Ach and verapamil) also depress the contractions. Staircase becomes reversed, with contraction strength decreasing with increase in rate of beating. It was seen that adequate conduction is an important factor for the normality of contractions, and the importance of the fast component of the cardiac action potential, for this occurrence, was remembered.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the isometric myocardial contractions during its activation by the slow response (author's transl)]. The characteristics of the isometric contractions of rabbit's left atria were studied during its activation by the slow response of the cardiac action potential. When compared to the conditions where activation occurs with normal action potentials it verifies that contraction amplitude decreases, becoming slowly and larger. Positive inotropic effects that enhance calcium entrance through the membrane (Ca and IPA), during action potential, increase contraction amplitude. Negative inotropic effects that depress the slow response (Ach and verapamil) also depress the contractions. Staircase becomes reversed, with contraction strength decreasing with increase in rate of beating. It was seen that adequate conduction is an important factor for the normality of contractions, and the importance of the fast component of the cardiac action potential, for this occurrence, was remembered.", "PMID": 653014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5457", "title": "Starvation---an interesting model for the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "content": "Five obese subjects were studied during prolonged starvation. Then renin aldosterone system and urinary aldosterone excretion were studied during prolonged starvation and refeeding in five obese subjects. An uniform increase in aldosterone urinary excretion was observed in all subjects studied. A progressive increase in renin plasma activity was found in all patients along the starvation period with a striking additional increase after refeeding. The possible factors involved are discussed.", "contents": "Starvation---an interesting model for the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Five obese subjects were studied during prolonged starvation. Then renin aldosterone system and urinary aldosterone excretion were studied during prolonged starvation and refeeding in five obese subjects. An uniform increase in aldosterone urinary excretion was observed in all subjects studied. A progressive increase in renin plasma activity was found in all patients along the starvation period with a striking additional increase after refeeding. The possible factors involved are discussed.", "PMID": 653015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5458", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a general hospital of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight hundreds and fifteen patients of the Prof. Edgard Santos Hospital, Salvador, Bahia, were studied for G6PD deficiency by the spot test. The frequencies of deficients were 11,39% for the blacks, 7,85% for the dark mulattoes and 6,98% for the medium mulattoes. There was no difference in the percentage of deficients between out patients and patients in the wards. Also, there was no difference in the means for hematocrit, hemoglobin, frequency of hospitalization and type of disease between patients with the deficiency and the control patients. However, a past history for jaundice was significantly more frequent among the deficient patients (22,22%) than among the control patients (12,76%) (x 2(1) = 4,43; p less than 0,03). These results suggest that, in Northeastern Brazil, G6PD deficiency is not severe enough to require hospitalization but is able to cause clinically detectable jaundice.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a general hospital of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (author's transl)]. Eight hundreds and fifteen patients of the Prof. Edgard Santos Hospital, Salvador, Bahia, were studied for G6PD deficiency by the spot test. The frequencies of deficients were 11,39% for the blacks, 7,85% for the dark mulattoes and 6,98% for the medium mulattoes. There was no difference in the percentage of deficients between out patients and patients in the wards. Also, there was no difference in the means for hematocrit, hemoglobin, frequency of hospitalization and type of disease between patients with the deficiency and the control patients. However, a past history for jaundice was significantly more frequent among the deficient patients (22,22%) than among the control patients (12,76%) (x 2(1) = 4,43; p less than 0,03). These results suggest that, in Northeastern Brazil, G6PD deficiency is not severe enough to require hospitalization but is able to cause clinically detectable jaundice.", "PMID": 653016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5459", "title": "The histological effect of an ovarian growth factor on ovarian follicle development in immature mice.", "content": "The effect of an ovarian growth factor (OGF) purified from bovine pituitary glands was tested in vivo in immature mice from twelve to nineteen days old. Differential count of ovarian follicles was taken as a morphologic parameter for OGF effect upon ovarian maturation. Results obtained suggest that OGF injection increases the number of small secondary follicles which leave the pool of non-growing follicles, but does not promote follicle cell luteinization nor present follicle degeneration.", "contents": "The histological effect of an ovarian growth factor on ovarian follicle development in immature mice. The effect of an ovarian growth factor (OGF) purified from bovine pituitary glands was tested in vivo in immature mice from twelve to nineteen days old. Differential count of ovarian follicles was taken as a morphologic parameter for OGF effect upon ovarian maturation. Results obtained suggest that OGF injection increases the number of small secondary follicles which leave the pool of non-growing follicles, but does not promote follicle cell luteinization nor present follicle degeneration.", "PMID": 653017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5460", "title": "[Producing generative sentence usage in a retarded girl (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to teach a 15-years old mentally and speech retarded girl the use of simple generative sentences by means of question-answer procedures (cf. Clark & Sherman 1975). Whereas at the beginning the girl rarely produced correct new sentences, there was a marked improvement towards the end of the training programme. The generalisation effect--probably a result of the training--was such that also irregular verbs were formed with regular endings.", "contents": "[Producing generative sentence usage in a retarded girl (author's transl)]. The purpose of the study was to teach a 15-years old mentally and speech retarded girl the use of simple generative sentences by means of question-answer procedures (cf. Clark & Sherman 1975). Whereas at the beginning the girl rarely produced correct new sentences, there was a marked improvement towards the end of the training programme. The generalisation effect--probably a result of the training--was such that also irregular verbs were formed with regular endings.", "PMID": 653092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5461", "title": "Sensitivity to continuous administration of pentobarbital in different strains of mice.", "content": "The comparisons of responses to pentobarbital by pellet implantation method with respect to cumulative mortality, narcosis and tolerance development on five strains (ICR, ddY, ddN, C57BL, and C3H) of mice were studied. C3H mice showed most susceptible and sensitive to pentobarbital among the five strains of mice tested. ICR mice were most resistant to the treatment. It appears that the effects of genetic variation could be of importance for future studies in gaining insight of the mechanism of barbiturate tolerance.", "contents": "Sensitivity to continuous administration of pentobarbital in different strains of mice. The comparisons of responses to pentobarbital by pellet implantation method with respect to cumulative mortality, narcosis and tolerance development on five strains (ICR, ddY, ddN, C57BL, and C3H) of mice were studied. C3H mice showed most susceptible and sensitive to pentobarbital among the five strains of mice tested. ICR mice were most resistant to the treatment. It appears that the effects of genetic variation could be of importance for future studies in gaining insight of the mechanism of barbiturate tolerance.", "PMID": 653096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5462", "title": "Effects of maternally administered reserpine on the development of the cold stress response and its possible relation to adrenergic nervous system function.", "content": "Maternal administration of reserpine (100 microgram/kg/day) from day 8 of pregnancy until weaning of the pups produced no change in litter size, birth weight or weaning weight. At 70 to 80 days of age the offspring of reserpine treated dams were less able to maintain body temperature in response to cold stress with physical restraint. Similarly treated offspring exhibited a smaller rise in urinary free norepinephrine levels during the initial stages of cold exposure and they incorporated significantly less 14C from tyrosine into heart norepinephrine during acute cold exposure. No differences in incorporation of 14C into norepinephrine from tyrosine were evident when the animals were not subjected to cold stress. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal administration of reserpine produces a permanent alteration in the ability of the offspring to respond to cold stress and that this deficit is related to an alteration in adrenergic nervous system development.", "contents": "Effects of maternally administered reserpine on the development of the cold stress response and its possible relation to adrenergic nervous system function. Maternal administration of reserpine (100 microgram/kg/day) from day 8 of pregnancy until weaning of the pups produced no change in litter size, birth weight or weaning weight. At 70 to 80 days of age the offspring of reserpine treated dams were less able to maintain body temperature in response to cold stress with physical restraint. Similarly treated offspring exhibited a smaller rise in urinary free norepinephrine levels during the initial stages of cold exposure and they incorporated significantly less 14C from tyrosine into heart norepinephrine during acute cold exposure. No differences in incorporation of 14C into norepinephrine from tyrosine were evident when the animals were not subjected to cold stress. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal administration of reserpine produces a permanent alteration in the ability of the offspring to respond to cold stress and that this deficit is related to an alteration in adrenergic nervous system development.", "PMID": 653097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5463", "title": "Hypocalcemic effect of phentolamine.", "content": "The effects of phentolamine on calcium and phosphate metabolism were studied in young female rats. The i.p. administration of phentolamine (1.3 to 35.1 mg/kg) produces hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic responses that resemble those produced by the hormone calcitonin. The hypocalcemic response to phentolamine reaches a maximum one hour post injection and blood calcium concentrations return to normal three hours following drug administration. Bilateral nephrectomy does not negate the hypocalcemic effect of phentolamine indicating that the drug effect is not mediated by increased renal excretion of calcium. Thyroparathyroidectomy inhibits the hypocalcemic activity of phentolamine. The mechanism of action of phentolamine with respect to changes in circulating calcium does not involve alpha adrenergic receptor blockage since large doses of tolazoline do not result in alterations in the plasma concentration of calcium. Labeling experiments with 45Ca indicate that the administration of phentolamine results in an inhibition of bone resorption.", "contents": "Hypocalcemic effect of phentolamine. The effects of phentolamine on calcium and phosphate metabolism were studied in young female rats. The i.p. administration of phentolamine (1.3 to 35.1 mg/kg) produces hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic responses that resemble those produced by the hormone calcitonin. The hypocalcemic response to phentolamine reaches a maximum one hour post injection and blood calcium concentrations return to normal three hours following drug administration. Bilateral nephrectomy does not negate the hypocalcemic effect of phentolamine indicating that the drug effect is not mediated by increased renal excretion of calcium. Thyroparathyroidectomy inhibits the hypocalcemic activity of phentolamine. The mechanism of action of phentolamine with respect to changes in circulating calcium does not involve alpha adrenergic receptor blockage since large doses of tolazoline do not result in alterations in the plasma concentration of calcium. Labeling experiments with 45Ca indicate that the administration of phentolamine results in an inhibition of bone resorption.", "PMID": 653098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5464", "title": "Antihemolytic, antiproteolytic and anticonvulsant properties of 10-substituted hydrazonoacetyl phenothiazines.", "content": "Twelve 10-substituted hydrazonoacetyl phenothiazines were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their antihemolytic, antiproteolytic and anticonvulsant properties. The degree of protection of the in vitro hypoosmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells by these compounds ranged from 30-65%, at a final concentration of 1 mM. All phenothiazine derivatives (1 mM) possessed antiproteolytic activity which was reflected by 25-71% protection observed with these compounds against in vitro trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. These compounds at a dose of 100 mg/kg provided 20-80% protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice. All phenothiazine derivatives possessed low toxicity which was reflected by their approximate LD50 values ranging from 500- greater than 1000 mg/kg.", "contents": "Antihemolytic, antiproteolytic and anticonvulsant properties of 10-substituted hydrazonoacetyl phenothiazines. Twelve 10-substituted hydrazonoacetyl phenothiazines were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their antihemolytic, antiproteolytic and anticonvulsant properties. The degree of protection of the in vitro hypoosmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells by these compounds ranged from 30-65%, at a final concentration of 1 mM. All phenothiazine derivatives (1 mM) possessed antiproteolytic activity which was reflected by 25-71% protection observed with these compounds against in vitro trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. These compounds at a dose of 100 mg/kg provided 20-80% protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice. All phenothiazine derivatives possessed low toxicity which was reflected by their approximate LD50 values ranging from 500- greater than 1000 mg/kg.", "PMID": 653099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5465", "title": "Preliminary studies of the sodium borohydride stabilizable binding of phenylethylamine and tyramine to brain preparations.", "content": "The borohydride stabilizable binding of 2-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine to mouse brain homogenates was compared to that of tryptamine and of serotonin. The highest binding was found to be that of tryptamine, followed by that of serotonin, tyramine, and phenylethylamine. The stabilizable binding of phenylethylamine to calf midbrain (including corpus striatum) homogenates and synaptic membranes was decreased by dopamine; this amine and D-amphetamine also decreased the stabilizable binding of tyramine to rat brain homogenates. The subsynaptosomal distribution of the binding of phenylethylamine to synaptic calf midbrain fractions was also investigated. The highest binding capacity was found in the 0.8 M fraction, rich in myelin.", "contents": "Preliminary studies of the sodium borohydride stabilizable binding of phenylethylamine and tyramine to brain preparations. The borohydride stabilizable binding of 2-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine to mouse brain homogenates was compared to that of tryptamine and of serotonin. The highest binding was found to be that of tryptamine, followed by that of serotonin, tyramine, and phenylethylamine. The stabilizable binding of phenylethylamine to calf midbrain (including corpus striatum) homogenates and synaptic membranes was decreased by dopamine; this amine and D-amphetamine also decreased the stabilizable binding of tyramine to rat brain homogenates. The subsynaptosomal distribution of the binding of phenylethylamine to synaptic calf midbrain fractions was also investigated. The highest binding capacity was found in the 0.8 M fraction, rich in myelin.", "PMID": 653100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5466", "title": "Altered metabolism of androstenedione by hepatic microsomes from streptozotocin-diabetic male rats.", "content": "The total metabolism of androstenedione by hepatic microsomes from streptozotocin-diabetic male rats was decreased from corresponding control values. Microsomal androstenedione 7alpha-hydroxylase activity was increased, while 16alpha-hydroxylase activity was decreased in the diabetic animals. The effects are similar to previously reported changes in the hepatic microsomal metabolism of aniline and aminopyrine, respectively, and suggest similar regulatory mechanisms. Insulin treatment of diabetic animals antagonized all abnormalities of androstenedione.", "contents": "Altered metabolism of androstenedione by hepatic microsomes from streptozotocin-diabetic male rats. The total metabolism of androstenedione by hepatic microsomes from streptozotocin-diabetic male rats was decreased from corresponding control values. Microsomal androstenedione 7alpha-hydroxylase activity was increased, while 16alpha-hydroxylase activity was decreased in the diabetic animals. The effects are similar to previously reported changes in the hepatic microsomal metabolism of aniline and aminopyrine, respectively, and suggest similar regulatory mechanisms. Insulin treatment of diabetic animals antagonized all abnormalities of androstenedione.", "PMID": 653101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5467", "title": "Seasonal variation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in human lymphocytes in culture.", "content": "The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility in lymphocytes from peripheral blood of 92 healthy young subjects was tested during a period of 8 months (November - June). The average AHH inducibility was found to be higher from March to June than from November to February, indicating a seasonal variation. Various other features of lymphocytes in culture also appeared to change with the season.", "contents": "Seasonal variation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in human lymphocytes in culture. The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility in lymphocytes from peripheral blood of 92 healthy young subjects was tested during a period of 8 months (November - June). The average AHH inducibility was found to be higher from March to June than from November to February, indicating a seasonal variation. Various other features of lymphocytes in culture also appeared to change with the season.", "PMID": 653102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5468", "title": "Inhibition of two human tumor cell lines by antimetabolites of coenzyme Q10.", "content": "5-Chloro-2,3-dimethyoxy-6-octylmercapto-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 252188) and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 277818) inhibited the human cell lines 4265 and K 562c, and the experimental animal tumor line W256; they also showed antitumor activity against Walker carcinosarcoma 256 in rats with cures; they also inhibited the mitochondrial coenzyme Q10-enzymes, succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase. 5-Chloro-2,3-dimethoxy-6-n-dodecylmercapto-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 220334) and 5-chloro-6-omega-cyclohexylhexylmercapto-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 238136) were also active against the K 562c cell line and showed cures against the Walker carcinosarcoma 256 in rats.", "contents": "Inhibition of two human tumor cell lines by antimetabolites of coenzyme Q10. 5-Chloro-2,3-dimethyoxy-6-octylmercapto-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 252188) and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 277818) inhibited the human cell lines 4265 and K 562c, and the experimental animal tumor line W256; they also showed antitumor activity against Walker carcinosarcoma 256 in rats with cures; they also inhibited the mitochondrial coenzyme Q10-enzymes, succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase. 5-Chloro-2,3-dimethoxy-6-n-dodecylmercapto-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 220334) and 5-chloro-6-omega-cyclohexylhexylmercapto-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (NSC 238136) were also active against the K 562c cell line and showed cures against the Walker carcinosarcoma 256 in rats.", "PMID": 653103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5469", "title": "Renal arterial infusion of cyclophosphamide in dogs.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide, a nitrogen mustard derivative, has been reported to induce antidiuresis in man and water diuresis in dogs. In order to determine whether the drug acts directly on the kidney, we have infused the drug into one renal artery of hydropenic dogs and compared the responses with those observed following i.v. administration. Renal artery infusion of two different doses in ten dogs induced no unilateral or bilateral, hemodynamic or excretory responses. Intravenous administration of similar doses (16 mg/min for 120 to 160 min) in five dogs induced a progressive increase in the clearance of para-aminohippurate (PAH) (P less than 0.05), creatinine and urea (P less than 0.01), and a natriuresis and kaliuresis (P less than 0.05). The excretion of phosphate increased but was not statistically significant. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in the clearance of free water. The lack of response to intrarenal infusion of a drug which acts systemically to alter renal function is unusual. Possible explanations are inactivation of drug by renal tissue or rapid excretion by the kidney. In either case, removal rate must approximate renal blood flow in order to prevent the systemic response to the drug.", "contents": "Renal arterial infusion of cyclophosphamide in dogs. Cyclophosphamide, a nitrogen mustard derivative, has been reported to induce antidiuresis in man and water diuresis in dogs. In order to determine whether the drug acts directly on the kidney, we have infused the drug into one renal artery of hydropenic dogs and compared the responses with those observed following i.v. administration. Renal artery infusion of two different doses in ten dogs induced no unilateral or bilateral, hemodynamic or excretory responses. Intravenous administration of similar doses (16 mg/min for 120 to 160 min) in five dogs induced a progressive increase in the clearance of para-aminohippurate (PAH) (P less than 0.05), creatinine and urea (P less than 0.01), and a natriuresis and kaliuresis (P less than 0.05). The excretion of phosphate increased but was not statistically significant. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in the clearance of free water. The lack of response to intrarenal infusion of a drug which acts systemically to alter renal function is unusual. Possible explanations are inactivation of drug by renal tissue or rapid excretion by the kidney. In either case, removal rate must approximate renal blood flow in order to prevent the systemic response to the drug.", "PMID": 653104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5470", "title": "Albumin and alkaline phosphatase as factors involved in the regulation of tyrosine phenol-lyase activity.", "content": "Holotyrosine phenol-lyase (EC 4.1.99.2), a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)- requiring enzyme, was shown to rapidly dissociate when injected into BDF1 mice. The holoenzyme dissociated when incubated in plasma but not 0.01 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) buffer at 37 degrees C. A nonspecific alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine was found to inactivate the holoenzyme at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. This inactivation was inhibited in the presence of 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer. Two other PLP-requiring enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) were inactivated by alkaline phosphatase in a similar manner. Incubation of holotyrosine phenol-lyase in the presence of bovine serum albumin also resulted in a reduction of holoenzyme activity but partially protected the enzyme from inactivation by alkaline phosphatase. A nuclear fraction having PLP-hydrolyzing activity also inactivated holotyrosine phenol-lyase. A regulatory function for alkaline phosphatase in the metabolism of PLP-requiring enzymes is suggested by these data.", "contents": "Albumin and alkaline phosphatase as factors involved in the regulation of tyrosine phenol-lyase activity. Holotyrosine phenol-lyase (EC 4.1.99.2), a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)- requiring enzyme, was shown to rapidly dissociate when injected into BDF1 mice. The holoenzyme dissociated when incubated in plasma but not 0.01 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) buffer at 37 degrees C. A nonspecific alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine was found to inactivate the holoenzyme at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. This inactivation was inhibited in the presence of 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer. Two other PLP-requiring enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) were inactivated by alkaline phosphatase in a similar manner. Incubation of holotyrosine phenol-lyase in the presence of bovine serum albumin also resulted in a reduction of holoenzyme activity but partially protected the enzyme from inactivation by alkaline phosphatase. A nuclear fraction having PLP-hydrolyzing activity also inactivated holotyrosine phenol-lyase. A regulatory function for alkaline phosphatase in the metabolism of PLP-requiring enzymes is suggested by these data.", "PMID": 653105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5471", "title": "Effects of multiple treatments of isoxicam on organ weights and serum SGPT, AP, and BUN in adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rats.", "content": "Isoxicam at 25 mg/kg/day x 28 days significantly inhibited the multiple alterations with the developing polyarthritis. In rats, this drug did not induce any changes in the relative liver weights or serum SGPT, AP, or BUN in polyarthritic rats. Isoxicam absorption was similar in normal and arthritic rats.", "contents": "Effects of multiple treatments of isoxicam on organ weights and serum SGPT, AP, and BUN in adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rats. Isoxicam at 25 mg/kg/day x 28 days significantly inhibited the multiple alterations with the developing polyarthritis. In rats, this drug did not induce any changes in the relative liver weights or serum SGPT, AP, or BUN in polyarthritic rats. Isoxicam absorption was similar in normal and arthritic rats.", "PMID": 653106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5472", "title": "Pattern and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma and liver tissue of phenobarbital-treated rats.", "content": "The pattern and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma and liver tissue of phenobarbital-treated rats was investigated. In phenobarbital-treated rats, there was a significant plasma increase of the total concentration of free amino acids. No significant change in liver free amino acid concentration was observed because of the contemporaneous and general increase in liver size which does not allow observation of any percentual variation in amino acid concentration.", "contents": "Pattern and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma and liver tissue of phenobarbital-treated rats. The pattern and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma and liver tissue of phenobarbital-treated rats was investigated. In phenobarbital-treated rats, there was a significant plasma increase of the total concentration of free amino acids. No significant change in liver free amino acid concentration was observed because of the contemporaneous and general increase in liver size which does not allow observation of any percentual variation in amino acid concentration.", "PMID": 653107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5473", "title": "Effects of phenformin and alpha-bromopalmitate on fatty acid and glucose oxidation in muscle.", "content": "Hemidiaphragms removed from fasted rats which were treated with the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, alpha-bromopalmitate (125-250 mg/kg, i.p.) oxidized less glucose to CO2 than vehicle-treated rats. Hypoglycemia was noted and was preceded by reduction of muscle palmitate oxidation and by increased plasma free fatty acids (FFA). However, phenformin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) lowered plasma FFA and diaphragm oxidation of both palmitic acid and glucose, without altering glucose levels. These results fail to support the hypothesis that phenformin lowers blood glucose secondary to inhibiton of fatty acid oxidation.", "contents": "Effects of phenformin and alpha-bromopalmitate on fatty acid and glucose oxidation in muscle. Hemidiaphragms removed from fasted rats which were treated with the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, alpha-bromopalmitate (125-250 mg/kg, i.p.) oxidized less glucose to CO2 than vehicle-treated rats. Hypoglycemia was noted and was preceded by reduction of muscle palmitate oxidation and by increased plasma free fatty acids (FFA). However, phenformin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) lowered plasma FFA and diaphragm oxidation of both palmitic acid and glucose, without altering glucose levels. These results fail to support the hypothesis that phenformin lowers blood glucose secondary to inhibiton of fatty acid oxidation.", "PMID": 653108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5474", "title": "Identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio longilobus).", "content": "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids derived from Senecio longilobus have been rapidly isolated and identified. The potential of isolating individual pyrrolizidine alkaloids utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography is discussed. The utilization of a single 10 mu CN column to isolate closely related pyrrolizidine alkaloids suggests a marked improvement in pyrrolizidine alkaloid chemistry.", "contents": "Identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio longilobus). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids derived from Senecio longilobus have been rapidly isolated and identified. The potential of isolating individual pyrrolizidine alkaloids utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography is discussed. The utilization of a single 10 mu CN column to isolate closely related pyrrolizidine alkaloids suggests a marked improvement in pyrrolizidine alkaloid chemistry.", "PMID": 653109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5475", "title": "Is thioridazine-induced ejaculation failure peripheral in origin?", "content": "The contractile response of rabbit vas deferens to the field stimulation was almost equally depressed by thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Phenoxybenzamine in a dose of 10(-7) g/ml augmented the response slightly, while in a dose of 10(-6) g/ml slightly depressed. The contractile response to exogenously administered noradrenaline was remarkably depressed by thioridazine and chlorpromazine and completely abolished by phenoxybenzamine. Almost equal potencies of sympatholytic effects of thioridazine and chlorpromazine may exclude the possibility that thioridazine-induced ejaculation failure, which is higher incidence than the failure induced by chlorpromazine, is due to its inhibitory action on peripheral adrenergic mechanism.", "contents": "Is thioridazine-induced ejaculation failure peripheral in origin? The contractile response of rabbit vas deferens to the field stimulation was almost equally depressed by thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Phenoxybenzamine in a dose of 10(-7) g/ml augmented the response slightly, while in a dose of 10(-6) g/ml slightly depressed. The contractile response to exogenously administered noradrenaline was remarkably depressed by thioridazine and chlorpromazine and completely abolished by phenoxybenzamine. Almost equal potencies of sympatholytic effects of thioridazine and chlorpromazine may exclude the possibility that thioridazine-induced ejaculation failure, which is higher incidence than the failure induced by chlorpromazine, is due to its inhibitory action on peripheral adrenergic mechanism.", "PMID": 653110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5476", "title": "Alteration of brain chromatin and nuclear synthetic activity in morphine-tolerant rats.", "content": "3H-UTP incorporation by endogenous RNA-polymerase of intact, isolated rat brain nuclei was enhanced by chronic morphine treatment. Analgesic tolerance using the hot-plate assay was also evident. Fractionation proflies for brain chromatin on hydroxylapatite from morphine and vehicle-treated rats was different. These results suggest that morphine-tolerance in the rat may be accompanied by enhanced nuclear synthesis of a new species of RNA.", "contents": "Alteration of brain chromatin and nuclear synthetic activity in morphine-tolerant rats. 3H-UTP incorporation by endogenous RNA-polymerase of intact, isolated rat brain nuclei was enhanced by chronic morphine treatment. Analgesic tolerance using the hot-plate assay was also evident. Fractionation proflies for brain chromatin on hydroxylapatite from morphine and vehicle-treated rats was different. These results suggest that morphine-tolerance in the rat may be accompanied by enhanced nuclear synthesis of a new species of RNA.", "PMID": 653111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5477", "title": "Effects of mineral buffers on the rumen flora of sheep fed grain diets.", "content": "The structure of the microbial population of rumen liquor froom sheep fed diets of roughage and of whole wheat grain with and without mineral buffer additives was studied. Addition of either 2 per cent of a mixture of 1/1/1/1 sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate or of 1 per cent of aluminium hydroxide to grain diets acted to increase microbial concentration, allow persistance of a rumen flora of predominatly Gramnegative staining characteristic, and to increase the proportion of rods. Animals consuming these diets had an improved production performance. In the absence of dietary buffers the microbial population shifted towards a Gram-positive population with no reduction in the proportion of coccal forms.", "contents": "Effects of mineral buffers on the rumen flora of sheep fed grain diets. The structure of the microbial population of rumen liquor froom sheep fed diets of roughage and of whole wheat grain with and without mineral buffer additives was studied. Addition of either 2 per cent of a mixture of 1/1/1/1 sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate or of 1 per cent of aluminium hydroxide to grain diets acted to increase microbial concentration, allow persistance of a rumen flora of predominatly Gramnegative staining characteristic, and to increase the proportion of rods. Animals consuming these diets had an improved production performance. In the absence of dietary buffers the microbial population shifted towards a Gram-positive population with no reduction in the proportion of coccal forms.", "PMID": 653113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5478", "title": "Experimental toxoplasmosis in young piglets.", "content": "Piglets eight to 10 days old and one day old were infected with a cyst-forming strain of Toxoplasma gondii of low virulence. The older piglets developed an immunological response to the infection and survived, although inflammatory lesions were demonstrable in a variety of tissues. Some of the one-day-old piglets died; they exhibited more severe inflammatory lesions and lymphoid depletion in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. The tissue reaction resembled infection with a high-virulence strain of the organism. Control animals showed a delay in maturation of the lymphoid system during the first week of life. The virulence of the organism in therefore modified to a certain extent by the competence of the animal to develop an immunological response to the infection.", "contents": "Experimental toxoplasmosis in young piglets. Piglets eight to 10 days old and one day old were infected with a cyst-forming strain of Toxoplasma gondii of low virulence. The older piglets developed an immunological response to the infection and survived, although inflammatory lesions were demonstrable in a variety of tissues. Some of the one-day-old piglets died; they exhibited more severe inflammatory lesions and lymphoid depletion in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. The tissue reaction resembled infection with a high-virulence strain of the organism. Control animals showed a delay in maturation of the lymphoid system during the first week of life. The virulence of the organism in therefore modified to a certain extent by the competence of the animal to develop an immunological response to the infection.", "PMID": 653114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5479", "title": "Haematological, serological and pathological effects in chicks of one or more intravenous injections of Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin.", "content": "Abnormalities appeared a few hours after groups of 14-day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were injected intravenously with 15 mg/kg of endotoxin (LPS) from Salmonella gallinarum. Clinical illness without mortality was accompanied by significant (P less than 0.05) falls in body temperature, bursa weight, the main haematological parameters, serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) and a significant increase in unsaturated iron-binding capacity. All responses, apart from bursa weight, SI values and total and differential white-cell counts, returned to normal within 24 to 48 h. LPS given daily for three consecutive days did not cause changes in the main haematological parameters during the 48 h period following the third injection. However body and bursa weight and heterophil counts were significantly depressed, whereas body temperature, SI and TS were affected biphasically, being first depressed and then raised above normal. Chicks injected with LPS daily for six consecutive days showed broadly similar responses but a persistent microcytosis was also present.", "contents": "Haematological, serological and pathological effects in chicks of one or more intravenous injections of Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin. Abnormalities appeared a few hours after groups of 14-day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were injected intravenously with 15 mg/kg of endotoxin (LPS) from Salmonella gallinarum. Clinical illness without mortality was accompanied by significant (P less than 0.05) falls in body temperature, bursa weight, the main haematological parameters, serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) and a significant increase in unsaturated iron-binding capacity. All responses, apart from bursa weight, SI values and total and differential white-cell counts, returned to normal within 24 to 48 h. LPS given daily for three consecutive days did not cause changes in the main haematological parameters during the 48 h period following the third injection. However body and bursa weight and heterophil counts were significantly depressed, whereas body temperature, SI and TS were affected biphasically, being first depressed and then raised above normal. Chicks injected with LPS daily for six consecutive days showed broadly similar responses but a persistent microcytosis was also present.", "PMID": 653115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5480", "title": "Magnesium transport by isolated rumen epithelium of sheep.", "content": "The mechanism of transfer of magnesium across isolated rumen epithelium was studied in vitro using 28Mg. Isolated pieces of rumen epithelium developed a transmural potential difference of 8.2 +/- 2.3 mV, lumen side negative, during the first hour of incubation when mounted between the two halves of an incubation chamber. A significant net transport of magnesium from lumen to blood was measured when the initial concentration of magnesium in the solutions bathing both surfaces of the epithelium was 2.5 mM. Net flux of magnesium took place against an electrical gradient and was dependent on the presence of the transmural potential difference. The process was saturable at magnesium concentrations of about 5 mM and was markedly reduced by lowering the temperature of the bathing solution, by addition of 10(-4) M ouabain and by extending the time of incubation. The findings strongly support the view that magnesium absorption from the rumen is mediated by an active transport process.", "contents": "Magnesium transport by isolated rumen epithelium of sheep. The mechanism of transfer of magnesium across isolated rumen epithelium was studied in vitro using 28Mg. Isolated pieces of rumen epithelium developed a transmural potential difference of 8.2 +/- 2.3 mV, lumen side negative, during the first hour of incubation when mounted between the two halves of an incubation chamber. A significant net transport of magnesium from lumen to blood was measured when the initial concentration of magnesium in the solutions bathing both surfaces of the epithelium was 2.5 mM. Net flux of magnesium took place against an electrical gradient and was dependent on the presence of the transmural potential difference. The process was saturable at magnesium concentrations of about 5 mM and was markedly reduced by lowering the temperature of the bathing solution, by addition of 10(-4) M ouabain and by extending the time of incubation. The findings strongly support the view that magnesium absorption from the rumen is mediated by an active transport process.", "PMID": 653116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5481", "title": "Further observations on the effect of different levels of larval intake on the output of eggs of Ostertagia circumcincta in lambs.", "content": "Three groups of lambs were given 50, 250 or 2800 infective larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta per day for a period of six weeks. All groups then received 25,00 larvae per day for a similar period and observations were continued for a further six weeks. Egg output following the initial infection varied directly with the level of larval intake, but fell to a low during the second period of infection and decreased still further in the final six weeks of the observation. The investigation suggests that, provided high levels of residual larval infection on pasture are avoided, there appears to be considerable merit in exposing lambs to a low level of initial infection.", "contents": "Further observations on the effect of different levels of larval intake on the output of eggs of Ostertagia circumcincta in lambs. Three groups of lambs were given 50, 250 or 2800 infective larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta per day for a period of six weeks. All groups then received 25,00 larvae per day for a similar period and observations were continued for a further six weeks. Egg output following the initial infection varied directly with the level of larval intake, but fell to a low during the second period of infection and decreased still further in the final six weeks of the observation. The investigation suggests that, provided high levels of residual larval infection on pasture are avoided, there appears to be considerable merit in exposing lambs to a low level of initial infection.", "PMID": 653117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5482", "title": "Effects of experimental excision arthroplasty of the hip joint.", "content": "The experimental results are reported on a series of sheep in which unilateral hip excision arthroplasty was performed. These sheep were slaughtered at regular postoperative intervals. Radiography and histology were performed on the normal and excised hip joints of the experimental sheep to provide information of the formation of the pseudarthrosis that develops following excision arthroplasty. The efficiency of the false joint that develops is good, judged on a clinical basis. Continuous remodelling of the acetabulum and resected face was noted throughout the experimental period. A sequence of degenerative changes in the acetabular cartilage was observed followed by filling in of the acetabular favity with new bone. New bone also developed on the cemoral component of the pseudarthrosis in the form of osteophytes situated around the perimeter of the resected surface. Growth deformities of the contralateral, nonoperated limb were induced.", "contents": "Effects of experimental excision arthroplasty of the hip joint. The experimental results are reported on a series of sheep in which unilateral hip excision arthroplasty was performed. These sheep were slaughtered at regular postoperative intervals. Radiography and histology were performed on the normal and excised hip joints of the experimental sheep to provide information of the formation of the pseudarthrosis that develops following excision arthroplasty. The efficiency of the false joint that develops is good, judged on a clinical basis. Continuous remodelling of the acetabulum and resected face was noted throughout the experimental period. A sequence of degenerative changes in the acetabular cartilage was observed followed by filling in of the acetabular favity with new bone. New bone also developed on the cemoral component of the pseudarthrosis in the form of osteophytes situated around the perimeter of the resected surface. Growth deformities of the contralateral, nonoperated limb were induced.", "PMID": 653118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5483", "title": "Intestinal adenomatosis in the pig: histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the mucosa.", "content": "Histochemical studies of normal and adenomatous intestinal mucosa of the pig showed the adenomatous epithelium to be deficient in enzymes normally found in mature absorptive cells. Electron microscopic studies confirmed that the adenomatous cells closely remsembled the crypt cells of normal mucosa.", "contents": "Intestinal adenomatosis in the pig: histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the mucosa. Histochemical studies of normal and adenomatous intestinal mucosa of the pig showed the adenomatous epithelium to be deficient in enzymes normally found in mature absorptive cells. Electron microscopic studies confirmed that the adenomatous cells closely remsembled the crypt cells of normal mucosa.", "PMID": 653119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5484", "title": "Glomerular capillary endotheliosis in sow kidney.", "content": "A high incidence of proliferative renal glomerular lesions was found in sows from a breeding herd. All the sows had a very similar lesion, which was characterised by swelling of endothelial cells, with varying degrees of obstruction of the capillary lumina, and an increase in the number of mesangial cells. By differential diagnosis the condition was found to conform most closely with the renal lesion of human pregnancy toxaemia (pre-eclampsia syndrome). It is suggested that this nephropathy may play a part in limiting the useful breeding life of affected sows.", "contents": "Glomerular capillary endotheliosis in sow kidney. A high incidence of proliferative renal glomerular lesions was found in sows from a breeding herd. All the sows had a very similar lesion, which was characterised by swelling of endothelial cells, with varying degrees of obstruction of the capillary lumina, and an increase in the number of mesangial cells. By differential diagnosis the condition was found to conform most closely with the renal lesion of human pregnancy toxaemia (pre-eclampsia syndrome). It is suggested that this nephropathy may play a part in limiting the useful breeding life of affected sows.", "PMID": 653120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5485", "title": "Stressor effects of adrenaline on the immature fowl.", "content": "Chicks were injected with L-adrenaline (500 microgram/kg) thrice weekly from hatching for one, two or three weeks. The growth rate of treated chicks was depressed, particularly in the first week. When four-week-old chicks were given nine injections of adrenaline over a three-week period, growth rate was also depressed but less severely. The greater sensitivity of the younger chicks is thought to result from an immature blood-brain barrier. Relative adrenal mass (mg/kg) was generally increased but adrenal cholesterol depletion occurred only in three-week-old birds treated with adrenaline throughout. Plasma glucose and cholesterole concentrations were within the normal range after three weeks of treatment but there was a significant hypolipacidaemia in the younger birds treated for two or three weeks.", "contents": "Stressor effects of adrenaline on the immature fowl. Chicks were injected with L-adrenaline (500 microgram/kg) thrice weekly from hatching for one, two or three weeks. The growth rate of treated chicks was depressed, particularly in the first week. When four-week-old chicks were given nine injections of adrenaline over a three-week period, growth rate was also depressed but less severely. The greater sensitivity of the younger chicks is thought to result from an immature blood-brain barrier. Relative adrenal mass (mg/kg) was generally increased but adrenal cholesterol depletion occurred only in three-week-old birds treated with adrenaline throughout. Plasma glucose and cholesterole concentrations were within the normal range after three weeks of treatment but there was a significant hypolipacidaemia in the younger birds treated for two or three weeks.", "PMID": 653121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5486", "title": "The pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks.", "content": "Groups of 10 two-week-old chicks, turkey poults and ducklings were each infected by the intranasal route with one of four avian influenza viruses: a/fowl/Germany/34 (Hav 1N))--Rostock, A/FPV/Dutch/27 (Hav 1 Neq 1)--Dutch, A/fowl/Victoria/75 (Hav 1 Neq 1)--Australian, and A/parrot/Ulster/73 (Hav 1 N1)--Ulster. Eight hours after infection 10 birds of the same age and species were placed in contact with each group and allowed to mix. The clinical signs of disease and onset of sickness and death were recorded. Ulster virus was completely avirulent for all birds. Rostock, Dutch and Australian viruses were virulent for fowls and turkeys causing death in all birds with the exception of 3/10 in contact fowls from the Rostock virus group and 2/10 in contact fowls from the Australian virus group. Only Rostock virus caused sicked sickness or death in ducks, 9/10 intranasally infected and 6/7 in contact birds showed clinical signs and 2/10 intranasally infected and 3/7 in contact ducks died. Intranasal and in contact pathogenicity indices were calculated for each virus in each bird species and indicated quantitatively the differences in virulence of the four virus strains. Virus isolation and immune response studies indicated that surviving in contact fowls in the Rostock virus group had never been infected but that surviving Australian virus in contact fowls had recovered from infection. Infection was not established in Ulster virus in contact fowls and Australian virus intranasally infected and in contact ducks. The birds in all other groups showed positive virus isolations and a high incidence of positive immune response. The last virus isolation was made at 22 days after intranasal infection of ducks with Ulster virus.", "contents": "The pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks. Groups of 10 two-week-old chicks, turkey poults and ducklings were each infected by the intranasal route with one of four avian influenza viruses: a/fowl/Germany/34 (Hav 1N))--Rostock, A/FPV/Dutch/27 (Hav 1 Neq 1)--Dutch, A/fowl/Victoria/75 (Hav 1 Neq 1)--Australian, and A/parrot/Ulster/73 (Hav 1 N1)--Ulster. Eight hours after infection 10 birds of the same age and species were placed in contact with each group and allowed to mix. The clinical signs of disease and onset of sickness and death were recorded. Ulster virus was completely avirulent for all birds. Rostock, Dutch and Australian viruses were virulent for fowls and turkeys causing death in all birds with the exception of 3/10 in contact fowls from the Rostock virus group and 2/10 in contact fowls from the Australian virus group. Only Rostock virus caused sicked sickness or death in ducks, 9/10 intranasally infected and 6/7 in contact birds showed clinical signs and 2/10 intranasally infected and 3/7 in contact ducks died. Intranasal and in contact pathogenicity indices were calculated for each virus in each bird species and indicated quantitatively the differences in virulence of the four virus strains. Virus isolation and immune response studies indicated that surviving in contact fowls in the Rostock virus group had never been infected but that surviving Australian virus in contact fowls had recovered from infection. Infection was not established in Ulster virus in contact fowls and Australian virus intranasally infected and in contact ducks. The birds in all other groups showed positive virus isolations and a high incidence of positive immune response. The last virus isolation was made at 22 days after intranasal infection of ducks with Ulster virus.", "PMID": 653122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5487", "title": "Induction of delayed hypersensitivity to turkey herpesvirus in fowls.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity, as determined by the wattle skin reaction, to turkey herpesvirus developed in chickens sensitised with the infected cell antigen. A significant increase in skin thickness occurred in the sensitised wattles as compared with the controls.", "contents": "Induction of delayed hypersensitivity to turkey herpesvirus in fowls. Delayed hypersensitivity, as determined by the wattle skin reaction, to turkey herpesvirus developed in chickens sensitised with the infected cell antigen. A significant increase in skin thickness occurred in the sensitised wattles as compared with the controls.", "PMID": 653123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5488", "title": "Serological and histological studies on adult rabbits with recent, naturally acquired encephalitozoonosis.", "content": "Twenty adult rabbits were killed two to 12 weeks after antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi were first detected in their sera. Specimens of urine were examined for E cuniculi and sections of kidneys and brains were examined both for organisms and lesions consistent with encephalitozoonosis. Organisms were observed in the kidneys from two weeks after the appearance of antibodies, and histological lesions in the kidneys were observed after five weeks. However, organisms were rarely seen in the brain and lesions in this organ were infrequent and, generally, not present until at least eight weeks after the first detectable antibody. The results indicate the course of natural infection of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and show that serology is the most sensitive procedure for its early diagnosis.", "contents": "Serological and histological studies on adult rabbits with recent, naturally acquired encephalitozoonosis. Twenty adult rabbits were killed two to 12 weeks after antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi were first detected in their sera. Specimens of urine were examined for E cuniculi and sections of kidneys and brains were examined both for organisms and lesions consistent with encephalitozoonosis. Organisms were observed in the kidneys from two weeks after the appearance of antibodies, and histological lesions in the kidneys were observed after five weeks. However, organisms were rarely seen in the brain and lesions in this organ were infrequent and, generally, not present until at least eight weeks after the first detectable antibody. The results indicate the course of natural infection of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and show that serology is the most sensitive procedure for its early diagnosis.", "PMID": 653124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5489", "title": "Intestinal bacterial flora of the household lizard, Gecko gecko.", "content": "A total of 114 isolates was recovered from the intestines of 43 househould lizards, Gecko gecko. Among the important ones were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Edwardsiella tarda.", "contents": "Intestinal bacterial flora of the household lizard, Gecko gecko. A total of 114 isolates was recovered from the intestines of 43 househould lizards, Gecko gecko. Among the important ones were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Edwardsiella tarda.", "PMID": 653125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5490", "title": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in Scottish Blackface lambs on a hill farm.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin concentration in one- to 11-day-old Scottish Blackface lambs born outdoors on a hill farm were very similar to those in Scottish Blackface lambs born indoors on an experimental lowland farm. The concentrations were significantly higher in single lambs than in twins, and in lambs which survived for six months than in lambs which died, and showed significant annual variations which could not be related to the weather. They were significantly correlated with the ages of the dams, the lambs' gains in weight to weaning, but not with the weights or ratios of weights of the lambs and ewes after lambing, nor with the birth-coat types of sexes of the lambs. There were wide variations in the capacities of the abomasums at birth.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in Scottish Blackface lambs on a hill farm. The serum immunoglobulin concentration in one- to 11-day-old Scottish Blackface lambs born outdoors on a hill farm were very similar to those in Scottish Blackface lambs born indoors on an experimental lowland farm. The concentrations were significantly higher in single lambs than in twins, and in lambs which survived for six months than in lambs which died, and showed significant annual variations which could not be related to the weather. They were significantly correlated with the ages of the dams, the lambs' gains in weight to weaning, but not with the weights or ratios of weights of the lambs and ewes after lambing, nor with the birth-coat types of sexes of the lambs. There were wide variations in the capacities of the abomasums at birth.", "PMID": 653126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5491", "title": "Deep pectoral myopathy: an experimental simulation in the fowl.", "content": "Surgical occlusion of the subclavian artery of domestic fowls has been found to induce a condition closely resembling, in location and histopathology, the deep pectoral myopathy of turkeys. The operative procedure is described and the significance of the collateral blood supply in the pathogenesis of the lesion is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Deep pectoral myopathy: an experimental simulation in the fowl. Surgical occlusion of the subclavian artery of domestic fowls has been found to induce a condition closely resembling, in location and histopathology, the deep pectoral myopathy of turkeys. The operative procedure is described and the significance of the collateral blood supply in the pathogenesis of the lesion is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 653127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5492", "title": "[The recessive Hm phenotypes].", "content": "The survival of \"Bombay\" erythrocytes as well as that of \"para Bombay\" red cells (first and third class according to Race and Sanger classification) has been studied among non compatible and \"para Bombay\" individuals. This shows not only the heterogeneity of these phenotypes (as already described by Salmon and co workers) but also the presence of highly differenciated ABH formed antigens. H deficient recessive phenotypes are not explained by the presence of an amorphe h gene. They arise from the activity (or better from the non activity) of the regulation genes of which the recessive alleles x and z in double dose do not enable a normal functioning of the H gene. The appelation Hxx for \"Bombay\" phenotypes (1st classe) and the appelation Hzz for Hm recessive (3d. class) phenotypes are proposed. Genetics as well as the synthesis of Ah, Bh (AHm, BHm) phenotypes have not yet been clarified. Interaction of zz and sese genes, or accomplementation in the \"trans\" position have to be looked at.", "contents": "[The recessive Hm phenotypes]. The survival of \"Bombay\" erythrocytes as well as that of \"para Bombay\" red cells (first and third class according to Race and Sanger classification) has been studied among non compatible and \"para Bombay\" individuals. This shows not only the heterogeneity of these phenotypes (as already described by Salmon and co workers) but also the presence of highly differenciated ABH formed antigens. H deficient recessive phenotypes are not explained by the presence of an amorphe h gene. They arise from the activity (or better from the non activity) of the regulation genes of which the recessive alleles x and z in double dose do not enable a normal functioning of the H gene. The appelation Hxx for \"Bombay\" phenotypes (1st classe) and the appelation Hzz for Hm recessive (3d. class) phenotypes are proposed. Genetics as well as the synthesis of Ah, Bh (AHm, BHm) phenotypes have not yet been clarified. Interaction of zz and sese genes, or accomplementation in the \"trans\" position have to be looked at.", "PMID": 653203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5493", "title": "[Thermodynamic study of the allohemagglutinins of the ABO system].", "content": "Many thermodynamic assays on natural allohemagglutinins ABO were undertaken by different authors. Our experiment concerns anti-A and anti-B. The allohemagglutinins level was determined by the Probit Method, using bromelin red blood cells and methyl cellulose, with an autoanalyser. This thermodynamic assay was carried out in almost the same conditions as those used by Wurmser. The data reveal an intraphenotypic (anti-A) or intra genotypic heterogeneity (anti-B) in the repartition of affinities. Average enthalpy changes are, in this methodology, interphenotypic (anti-A) and intergenotypic (anti-B) features. For Wurmser every genotype has a typical feature: so this author concludes a natural agglutinin homogeneity. Heterogeneity showed by our experimentation seems bound to the specific IgM and IgG repartition of each serum. Specific anti-A or anti-B IgM are more exothermic than specific IgG. The apparent disagreement must be interpreted owing to the fact that in N4 Wurmser's method, the only agglutinins determined are specific IgM.", "contents": "[Thermodynamic study of the allohemagglutinins of the ABO system]. Many thermodynamic assays on natural allohemagglutinins ABO were undertaken by different authors. Our experiment concerns anti-A and anti-B. The allohemagglutinins level was determined by the Probit Method, using bromelin red blood cells and methyl cellulose, with an autoanalyser. This thermodynamic assay was carried out in almost the same conditions as those used by Wurmser. The data reveal an intraphenotypic (anti-A) or intra genotypic heterogeneity (anti-B) in the repartition of affinities. Average enthalpy changes are, in this methodology, interphenotypic (anti-A) and intergenotypic (anti-B) features. For Wurmser every genotype has a typical feature: so this author concludes a natural agglutinin homogeneity. Heterogeneity showed by our experimentation seems bound to the specific IgM and IgG repartition of each serum. Specific anti-A or anti-B IgM are more exothermic than specific IgG. The apparent disagreement must be interpreted owing to the fact that in N4 Wurmser's method, the only agglutinins determined are specific IgM.", "PMID": 653205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5494", "title": "[An acquired B antigen in a subject of A2 group].", "content": "Almost all cases of acquired B antigen have been found in individuals. This report concerns a group A2 patient with acquired B antigen. The family was not available for genetic studies. Nevertheless two facts were in favour of A2 genotype: 10 after acetylation of the patient's red cells the A1 reactivity which usually reappears or is increased on acquired B cells, did not appear. 20 The study of the serum alpha-N acetyl galactosaminyl transferase showed an optimal activity at pH7, as it is usually found in A2. The respective roles of anti acquired B antibodies, group A specific structures and bacterial enzyme properties in the occurrence of acquired B antigen are discussed.", "contents": "[An acquired B antigen in a subject of A2 group]. Almost all cases of acquired B antigen have been found in individuals. This report concerns a group A2 patient with acquired B antigen. The family was not available for genetic studies. Nevertheless two facts were in favour of A2 genotype: 10 after acetylation of the patient's red cells the A1 reactivity which usually reappears or is increased on acquired B cells, did not appear. 20 The study of the serum alpha-N acetyl galactosaminyl transferase showed an optimal activity at pH7, as it is usually found in A2. The respective roles of anti acquired B antibodies, group A specific structures and bacterial enzyme properties in the occurrence of acquired B antigen are discussed.", "PMID": 653206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5495", "title": "[A family with an \"Hm\" phenotype transmitted over 3 generations].", "content": "Hm phenotype represents a dissociation between a normal salivary expression of H substance and a very weakened expression of the antigen on red blood cells. Genetic analysis of the reported family reveals a dominant inheritance: Some members (Marie K..., Francette, Carmen) present a phenotype marked by a normal H enzyme but a deficient H antigen in erythrocyte membrane. Others Alice, Mathilde) have no expression of A1 antigen due to H substrate deficiency. H substance in salivary secretion is normal. In the other branch of this pedigree without consanguinity, Herbert presents an H substance deficiency, though quite different, as A1 antigen is expressed. In this family, Hm phenotype can be explained, without resorting to a Zm allele, by the expression of an exceptional allele at the H locus (like Am is an ABO allele). This hypothesis supports the possible polymorphism of H locus.", "contents": "[A family with an \"Hm\" phenotype transmitted over 3 generations]. Hm phenotype represents a dissociation between a normal salivary expression of H substance and a very weakened expression of the antigen on red blood cells. Genetic analysis of the reported family reveals a dominant inheritance: Some members (Marie K..., Francette, Carmen) present a phenotype marked by a normal H enzyme but a deficient H antigen in erythrocyte membrane. Others Alice, Mathilde) have no expression of A1 antigen due to H substrate deficiency. H substance in salivary secretion is normal. In the other branch of this pedigree without consanguinity, Herbert presents an H substance deficiency, though quite different, as A1 antigen is expressed. In this family, Hm phenotype can be explained, without resorting to a Zm allele, by the expression of an exceptional allele at the H locus (like Am is an ABO allele). This hypothesis supports the possible polymorphism of H locus.", "PMID": 653208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5496", "title": "[Paternity index. Application to a sample of 48 trios presumptive father-mother-child. Study of the relationship between the probability of paternity and the percentage of exclusion].", "content": "Two different indices are of interest in paternity diagnosis. 1. The proportion of men whose paternity is excluded by mother and child phenotypes. 2. The posterior probability of paternity, obtained by a bayesian process from the phenotypes of putative father, mother and child. These two indices are different, and it is proposed that the first one be used for gauging the value of the second. Two examples of the method are given: first, a sample of 48 putative father-mother-child trios, observed in the probability of paternity versus proportion of excluded men plane at different steps on the laboratory examinations, second, the figure obtained for a child for whom two putative fathers were at examination.", "contents": "[Paternity index. Application to a sample of 48 trios presumptive father-mother-child. Study of the relationship between the probability of paternity and the percentage of exclusion]. Two different indices are of interest in paternity diagnosis. 1. The proportion of men whose paternity is excluded by mother and child phenotypes. 2. The posterior probability of paternity, obtained by a bayesian process from the phenotypes of putative father, mother and child. These two indices are different, and it is proposed that the first one be used for gauging the value of the second. Two examples of the method are given: first, a sample of 48 putative father-mother-child trios, observed in the probability of paternity versus proportion of excluded men plane at different steps on the laboratory examinations, second, the figure obtained for a child for whom two putative fathers were at examination.", "PMID": 653209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5497", "title": "[Modifications of genetic markers during malignant blood disease].", "content": "Genetic marker changes in malignancy are related to an acquired disfunction of the genetic material in stem cells. This disfunction always leads to the lack of antigen; whenever we evidenced a new specificity it was an unconverted substrate. In malignant states modifications are multiple, polyclonal and independent. This least feature explains the extent of the process giving that disfunction. The evidence of a genetic defect is supported by the simultaneous decrease of the primary gene product: the glycosyl-transferase (ABO locus). In some other malignant carcinoma, blood group specificities were observed, their meaning is not well explained. Blood group specificities associated to carcino embryogenic antigen (CEA) or to some mucins could be related to the structure of macromolecular carriers.", "contents": "[Modifications of genetic markers during malignant blood disease]. Genetic marker changes in malignancy are related to an acquired disfunction of the genetic material in stem cells. This disfunction always leads to the lack of antigen; whenever we evidenced a new specificity it was an unconverted substrate. In malignant states modifications are multiple, polyclonal and independent. This least feature explains the extent of the process giving that disfunction. The evidence of a genetic defect is supported by the simultaneous decrease of the primary gene product: the glycosyl-transferase (ABO locus). In some other malignant carcinoma, blood group specificities were observed, their meaning is not well explained. Blood group specificities associated to carcino embryogenic antigen (CEA) or to some mucins could be related to the structure of macromolecular carriers.", "PMID": 653211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5498", "title": "[MNSs system, erythrocyte membrane and false paternity exclusion].", "content": "The modification of the red cell membrane first observed by Darnborough and co-workers in En (a-) and EnaEn heterozygous persons, and characterized by a) exaggerated agglutinability of the cells by various serological reagents, b) decrease of their electric surface charge, and c) reduction of their sialic acid content, is shown to be regularly and, to all appearances, directly associated with weakness or absence of MN antigenic substance; it is not seen in comparable \"variants\" of the Ss antigens. This type of modified cell membrane is thus found in the presence of Mg, of weak forms of M or N (N2 with or without a positive direct antiglobulin test, or as produced by the gene complexes MS.Sta, Ms.Sta, MsMi.V or NsMi.V) and when antigen production at the MN locus is inhibited, completely or almost completely, by the \"operator\" genes En or Mk. Apparent exclusions of parentage due to some of the genes involved, particularly Mg, En and Mk, are presented. On the other hand, the NNSs genotypes of members of the 3 known families with an En(a-) propositus are discussed and a revised interpretation of them is given, based on renewed serological studies of the persons concerned. A genetical scheme of the MNSs system, comprising four \"structural\" loci-Ena MN, U Ss-and three \"operators\", is proposed.", "contents": "[MNSs system, erythrocyte membrane and false paternity exclusion]. The modification of the red cell membrane first observed by Darnborough and co-workers in En (a-) and EnaEn heterozygous persons, and characterized by a) exaggerated agglutinability of the cells by various serological reagents, b) decrease of their electric surface charge, and c) reduction of their sialic acid content, is shown to be regularly and, to all appearances, directly associated with weakness or absence of MN antigenic substance; it is not seen in comparable \"variants\" of the Ss antigens. This type of modified cell membrane is thus found in the presence of Mg, of weak forms of M or N (N2 with or without a positive direct antiglobulin test, or as produced by the gene complexes MS.Sta, Ms.Sta, MsMi.V or NsMi.V) and when antigen production at the MN locus is inhibited, completely or almost completely, by the \"operator\" genes En or Mk. Apparent exclusions of parentage due to some of the genes involved, particularly Mg, En and Mk, are presented. On the other hand, the NNSs genotypes of members of the 3 known families with an En(a-) propositus are discussed and a revised interpretation of them is given, based on renewed serological studies of the persons concerned. A genetical scheme of the MNSs system, comprising four \"structural\" loci-Ena MN, U Ss-and three \"operators\", is proposed.", "PMID": 653213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5499", "title": "[Epidemic focus of Q fever in a rural location in the Suceava district].", "content": "A Q fever epidemic focus with 46 cases was detected in a rural locality among the workmen of livestock farms. In 33 cases, the subclinical and inapparent form of the disease was detected by serologic tests, performed in the focus. Complement fixation antibody titers persisting in very high titers, a retrospective diagnosis of infection may be established even 3-4 months after the onset of the disease.", "contents": "[Epidemic focus of Q fever in a rural location in the Suceava district]. A Q fever epidemic focus with 46 cases was detected in a rural locality among the workmen of livestock farms. In 33 cases, the subclinical and inapparent form of the disease was detected by serologic tests, performed in the focus. Complement fixation antibody titers persisting in very high titers, a retrospective diagnosis of infection may be established even 3-4 months after the onset of the disease.", "PMID": 653215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5500", "title": "[Risks of therapy in infectious shock].", "content": "On the basis of their experience in the intensive therapy unit, correlated with modern pharmacokinetic data, the authors discuss the adverse effects induced by polyvalent therapy in septic shock, and which may be listed in the group of iatrogenic pathointerference. To the biochemical and functional alterations of shock may be added the possible effects of antibioticotherapy, corticotherapy, plasma expanders, lipid emulsions, crystalloid solutions, alkaline correcting solutions, osmotic diuretics, oxygenotherapy, vasoactive drugs, heparin and epsilon-amino-caproic acid. The possible summation of these effects should be indicated in the rules for observance by the medical staff of intensive therapy units.", "contents": "[Risks of therapy in infectious shock]. On the basis of their experience in the intensive therapy unit, correlated with modern pharmacokinetic data, the authors discuss the adverse effects induced by polyvalent therapy in septic shock, and which may be listed in the group of iatrogenic pathointerference. To the biochemical and functional alterations of shock may be added the possible effects of antibioticotherapy, corticotherapy, plasma expanders, lipid emulsions, crystalloid solutions, alkaline correcting solutions, osmotic diuretics, oxygenotherapy, vasoactive drugs, heparin and epsilon-amino-caproic acid. The possible summation of these effects should be indicated in the rules for observance by the medical staff of intensive therapy units.", "PMID": 653214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5501", "title": "[Varicella associated with Lyell's syndrome after administration of sulfametin].", "content": "A case of chickenpox associated with Lyell syndrome, which appeared after the administration of sulfamethine, is reported. Quantitative determination of the immunoglobulins showed marked immunologic changes in the course of the syndrome. Antistaphylococcal treatment, without corticotherapy led to clinical recovery.", "contents": "[Varicella associated with Lyell's syndrome after administration of sulfametin]. A case of chickenpox associated with Lyell syndrome, which appeared after the administration of sulfamethine, is reported. Quantitative determination of the immunoglobulins showed marked immunologic changes in the course of the syndrome. Antistaphylococcal treatment, without corticotherapy led to clinical recovery.", "PMID": 653217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5502", "title": "[Normal values of the spontaneous cytochemical NBT test in adults].", "content": "The description is given of a working method adapted after Park, Fikrig and Smithwick, for testing the capacity of neutrophils to reduce tetrazolium nitroblue salts spontaneously. In contrast to the original technique, the present method uses : 10-20 units indigenous heparin/ml blood, leukocyte concentrate, other reaction times at 37 degrees C, contrast staining with a week Giemsa solution. Applied to young healthy subjects, the mean proportion of NBT-positive neutrophils was of 4.3 +/- 3.09 and the absolute number approximately less than 700/ml blood. The results obtained were consistent with the published data.", "contents": "[Normal values of the spontaneous cytochemical NBT test in adults]. The description is given of a working method adapted after Park, Fikrig and Smithwick, for testing the capacity of neutrophils to reduce tetrazolium nitroblue salts spontaneously. In contrast to the original technique, the present method uses : 10-20 units indigenous heparin/ml blood, leukocyte concentrate, other reaction times at 37 degrees C, contrast staining with a week Giemsa solution. Applied to young healthy subjects, the mean proportion of NBT-positive neutrophils was of 4.3 +/- 3.09 and the absolute number approximately less than 700/ml blood. The results obtained were consistent with the published data.", "PMID": 653216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5503", "title": "[Possibilities and significance of computer tomography in non-tumorous space-occupying intracranial lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the experience collected in 108 patients from a series of more than 7500 CT examinations, the possibilities and limitations of computed tomography in non-tumorous space-occupying lesions are discussed. Serious problems of differential diagnosis are encountered mainly in the case of cerebral abscesses and acute demyelinization, as well as granulomas. Cystic processes are usually easier to classify. Anamnesis will often be helpful in the case of parasites. Old intracerebral hemorrhages can simulate tumors and calcifications. The same applies to giant angiomas and giant aneurysms. In cerebral infarction, too, an occasional confusion with a tumor in the blood-brain barrier disturbance phase cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Possibilities and significance of computer tomography in non-tumorous space-occupying intracranial lesions (author's transl)]. Based on the experience collected in 108 patients from a series of more than 7500 CT examinations, the possibilities and limitations of computed tomography in non-tumorous space-occupying lesions are discussed. Serious problems of differential diagnosis are encountered mainly in the case of cerebral abscesses and acute demyelinization, as well as granulomas. Cystic processes are usually easier to classify. Anamnesis will often be helpful in the case of parasites. Old intracerebral hemorrhages can simulate tumors and calcifications. The same applies to giant angiomas and giant aneurysms. In cerebral infarction, too, an occasional confusion with a tumor in the blood-brain barrier disturbance phase cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 653239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5504", "title": "[Computer tomography in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of the density of a lesion is important in infant computer tomography. The authors show examples of hematomas, tumors and pericerebral collections, as well as the experimental determination of the density of the CSF with increasing protein content.", "contents": "[Computer tomography in children (author's transl)]. The determination of the density of a lesion is important in infant computer tomography. The authors show examples of hematomas, tumors and pericerebral collections, as well as the experimental determination of the density of the CSF with increasing protein content.", "PMID": 653240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5505", "title": "[Comparison of the results of computer tomography and isotope diagnostics in pathologic processes of the infratentorial range (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Computer tomography is much more clearly superior to cranial scintigraphy with regard to the identification and localization of pathologic infratentorial processes, than in the supratentorial range. 2. Computer tomography alone solves many diagnostic problems relating to the infratentorial range, but it cannot by any means solve all the problems. 3. The diagnosis identifying the kind of infratentorial growing and displacing tumors cannot be safely established either by computer tomography alone or by a combination of computer tomography and cranial scintigraphy. 4. Cranial scintigraphy and CSF scintigraphy can supply additional informations, support the diagnosis, or contribute towards establishing the final diagnosis, in cases where computer tomography alone supplies ambiguous, questionably positive or discrete answers. In such cases, the emphasis is on the etiologic grouping of unclear forms of hydrocephalos.", "contents": "[Comparison of the results of computer tomography and isotope diagnostics in pathologic processes of the infratentorial range (author's transl)]. 1. Computer tomography is much more clearly superior to cranial scintigraphy with regard to the identification and localization of pathologic infratentorial processes, than in the supratentorial range. 2. Computer tomography alone solves many diagnostic problems relating to the infratentorial range, but it cannot by any means solve all the problems. 3. The diagnosis identifying the kind of infratentorial growing and displacing tumors cannot be safely established either by computer tomography alone or by a combination of computer tomography and cranial scintigraphy. 4. Cranial scintigraphy and CSF scintigraphy can supply additional informations, support the diagnosis, or contribute towards establishing the final diagnosis, in cases where computer tomography alone supplies ambiguous, questionably positive or discrete answers. In such cases, the emphasis is on the etiologic grouping of unclear forms of hydrocephalos.", "PMID": 653241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5506", "title": "[Diverse findings in cranial CT and scintigraphy in space occupying lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Incongruent statements in CT and scintigraphy may disturb therapy planning. Many years of scintigraphy have presented here an established method. Cranial CT was performed here with 2000 persons in one year. Parallel CT and scintigraphy was performed in about 350 cases. There were some cases with positive findings in CT and negative in scintigraphy and vice versa. These cases will be compared with the definite diagnosis, we will discuss the different findings and the relevance of both methods as a diagnostic aid for the neurosurgeon and therapeutic radiologist.", "contents": "[Diverse findings in cranial CT and scintigraphy in space occupying lesions (author's transl)]. Incongruent statements in CT and scintigraphy may disturb therapy planning. Many years of scintigraphy have presented here an established method. Cranial CT was performed here with 2000 persons in one year. Parallel CT and scintigraphy was performed in about 350 cases. There were some cases with positive findings in CT and negative in scintigraphy and vice versa. These cases will be compared with the definite diagnosis, we will discuss the different findings and the relevance of both methods as a diagnostic aid for the neurosurgeon and therapeutic radiologist.", "PMID": 653242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5507", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of intracranial calcifications (author's transl)].", "content": "An accurate analysis of calcifications and of their localization enables a tentative diagnosis, not as rarely as is often assumed, especially if anamnestic and clinical findings are utilized for better interpretation. However, an accurate determination of the area covered by the disease, and of the kind of process, is possible only via neuroradiologic contrast medium diagnostics and computed tomography.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of intracranial calcifications (author's transl)]. An accurate analysis of calcifications and of their localization enables a tentative diagnosis, not as rarely as is often assumed, especially if anamnestic and clinical findings are utilized for better interpretation. However, an accurate determination of the area covered by the disease, and of the kind of process, is possible only via neuroradiologic contrast medium diagnostics and computed tomography.", "PMID": 653243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5508", "title": "[Clinical problems in extracranial vascular processes (author's transl)].", "content": "About 20 to 30% of the cerebral circulatory disturbances caused by arteriosclerosis depend on extracranial angiostenoses and vascular occlusions. Most frequently they are found in the region of the A. carotis interna, more seldomly the A. vertebralis or the A. subclavia and the aortic arch. The blood supply of the cerebral vascular regions concerned depends on the constitution and caliber of the collateral vessels, on their wall condition and elasticity, the blood pressure in the collateral circulation and the factor of time, the localization and the extension of the arterial disease. With regard to their effect asymptomatic stenoses and occlusions are differentiated from the transitory cerebral ischemia, the manifest encephalomalacia and the defective states. The clinical symptoms in extracranial angiostenoses and vascular occlusions, the necessary additional examinations to localize the process and to establish the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical problems in extracranial vascular processes (author's transl)]. About 20 to 30% of the cerebral circulatory disturbances caused by arteriosclerosis depend on extracranial angiostenoses and vascular occlusions. Most frequently they are found in the region of the A. carotis interna, more seldomly the A. vertebralis or the A. subclavia and the aortic arch. The blood supply of the cerebral vascular regions concerned depends on the constitution and caliber of the collateral vessels, on their wall condition and elasticity, the blood pressure in the collateral circulation and the factor of time, the localization and the extension of the arterial disease. With regard to their effect asymptomatic stenoses and occlusions are differentiated from the transitory cerebral ischemia, the manifest encephalomalacia and the defective states. The clinical symptoms in extracranial angiostenoses and vascular occlusions, the necessary additional examinations to localize the process and to establish the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 653244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5509", "title": "[Angiography in extracranial vascular processes (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomy and technique in angiography of extracranial vessels is discussed based upon 1321 own cases. Most frequently catheter technique is used. Main indication is cerebral vascular insufficiency, less often aneurysm, trauma and tumor. Results of angiography are discussed.", "contents": "[Angiography in extracranial vascular processes (author's transl)]. Anatomy and technique in angiography of extracranial vessels is discussed based upon 1321 own cases. Most frequently catheter technique is used. Main indication is cerebral vascular insufficiency, less often aneurysm, trauma and tumor. Results of angiography are discussed.", "PMID": 653245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5510", "title": "[Findings in extracranial arteries ensuring cerebral blood supply in patients with peripheral and generalized disturbances of blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention is drawn to the incidence rate of the various types of obliterations of the carotid artery in the extracranial area. The evaluation is based on 242 carotid stenoses from a total of 1283 angiograms. Over and above this, the paper presents initial results of computertomography in 15 patients with obliterations of the carotid arteries in the cervical region.", "contents": "[Findings in extracranial arteries ensuring cerebral blood supply in patients with peripheral and generalized disturbances of blood flow (author's transl)]. Attention is drawn to the incidence rate of the various types of obliterations of the carotid artery in the extracranial area. The evaluation is based on 242 carotid stenoses from a total of 1283 angiograms. Over and above this, the paper presents initial results of computertomography in 15 patients with obliterations of the carotid arteries in the cervical region.", "PMID": 653246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5511", "title": "[The surgical treatment of cerebral ischaemia due to vertebral artery and subclavian artery insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of reconstructive vascular surgery in 86 patients with vertebral artery and subclavian artery insufficiency are reported. 1. The neurologic symptomatology can be improved effectly and persistend by an astonishing small risk of operation. 2. The basic disease remains untreated and reduces life-expectancy. 3. The The valuation of reconstructive vascular surgery for the human rehabilitation is missing biometric facts. The advantage can't be described according to the statistics, it helps patients to a worth living life.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of cerebral ischaemia due to vertebral artery and subclavian artery insufficiency (author's transl)]. Results of reconstructive vascular surgery in 86 patients with vertebral artery and subclavian artery insufficiency are reported. 1. The neurologic symptomatology can be improved effectly and persistend by an astonishing small risk of operation. 2. The basic disease remains untreated and reduces life-expectancy. 3. The The valuation of reconstructive vascular surgery for the human rehabilitation is missing biometric facts. The advantage can't be described according to the statistics, it helps patients to a worth living life.", "PMID": 653247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5512", "title": "[Anastomosis between carotis externa and carotis interna circulation (indication and results) (author's transl)].", "content": "An extra-intracranial anastomosis operation was carried out in 60 stroke patients in order to bypass the occlusion or severe stenosis in the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery. Postoperative angiographical follow-up studies showed a well functioning extra-intracranial bypass in more than 90 % of the patients. In many cases repeat angiography done weeks or months following surgery revealed an enlargement of the caliber of the extracranial artery used for constructing the bypass and also of the cerebral arteries that were irrigated by the bypass. Furthermore we noted that the new collateral channel was able to fill a steadely increasing part of the cerebral circulation and that it was also found to irrigate territories of the brain that were previously well perfused by leptomeningeal anastomosis or retrograd flow through the ophthalmic artery etc. resulting in a reversal of the direction of blood flow in these collaterals. The neurological follow-up examinations revealed that the increase in cerebral blood supply following the extra-intracranial anastomosis operation resulted in a considerable improvement of the post-stroke neurological deficits.", "contents": "[Anastomosis between carotis externa and carotis interna circulation (indication and results) (author's transl)]. An extra-intracranial anastomosis operation was carried out in 60 stroke patients in order to bypass the occlusion or severe stenosis in the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery. Postoperative angiographical follow-up studies showed a well functioning extra-intracranial bypass in more than 90 % of the patients. In many cases repeat angiography done weeks or months following surgery revealed an enlargement of the caliber of the extracranial artery used for constructing the bypass and also of the cerebral arteries that were irrigated by the bypass. Furthermore we noted that the new collateral channel was able to fill a steadely increasing part of the cerebral circulation and that it was also found to irrigate territories of the brain that were previously well perfused by leptomeningeal anastomosis or retrograd flow through the ophthalmic artery etc. resulting in a reversal of the direction of blood flow in these collaterals. The neurological follow-up examinations revealed that the increase in cerebral blood supply following the extra-intracranial anastomosis operation resulted in a considerable improvement of the post-stroke neurological deficits.", "PMID": 653248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5513", "title": "[Radiobiological problems in the radiotherapy of brain tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical findings on the unsatisfactory results of radiotherapy of glioblastomas, and on the genesis of cerebral necrosis, are analyzed in the light of modern radiobiologic research. It is concluded that, usually from unjustified fear of exceeding the \"tolerance limit\", radiotherapy of glioblastomas is underdosed.", "contents": "[Radiobiological problems in the radiotherapy of brain tumors (author's transl)]. Clinical findings on the unsatisfactory results of radiotherapy of glioblastomas, and on the genesis of cerebral necrosis, are analyzed in the light of modern radiobiologic research. It is concluded that, usually from unjustified fear of exceeding the \"tolerance limit\", radiotherapy of glioblastomas is underdosed.", "PMID": 653249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5514", "title": "[SI-units in radiotherapy and radiation protection--an addendum (author's transl)].", "content": "As an extension of a recent paper, this addendum conversion tables between the new SI-unit Sievert (Sv) for the dose equivalent and the unit Rem (rem) used previously, as well as the relations of the corresponding dose rates.", "contents": "[SI-units in radiotherapy and radiation protection--an addendum (author's transl)]. As an extension of a recent paper, this addendum conversion tables between the new SI-unit Sievert (Sv) for the dose equivalent and the unit Rem (rem) used previously, as well as the relations of the corresponding dose rates.", "PMID": 653250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5515", "title": "Microfiling and automatic filing of radiographs.", "content": "When advantage is taken of the newest qualities of microfilms and copy films and when using their special developers and developing machines, it seems today that the microfilming of radiographs on 35 mm film is successful. Equipment in the price range of 67 000 DM is available. It includes automated filming and developing, but slipping microfilms onto the punch card jackets is semi-automatic. The advantage of the equipment is its low price, its small size compared to the Delcomat system, and thus its smaller filing space need. Also, the automation of filing is possible with this system. The system seems to be quite suitable for at least creating and maintenance of teaching files.", "contents": "Microfiling and automatic filing of radiographs. When advantage is taken of the newest qualities of microfilms and copy films and when using their special developers and developing machines, it seems today that the microfilming of radiographs on 35 mm film is successful. Equipment in the price range of 67 000 DM is available. It includes automated filming and developing, but slipping microfilms onto the punch card jackets is semi-automatic. The advantage of the equipment is its low price, its small size compared to the Delcomat system, and thus its smaller filing space need. Also, the automation of filing is possible with this system. The system seems to be quite suitable for at least creating and maintenance of teaching files.", "PMID": 653251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5516", "title": "[The failures of D penicillamine].", "content": "On the basis or a study of 50 cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis treated with D penicillamine comments are made on the failure of this form of treatment by comparison of the apparent and real efficacy. Taking account of withdrawals the percentage of true success is no more than a quarter of the patients treated with D penicillamine. Failure are due to overall inefficacy, dropouts from treatment and intolerance. The practical data on the indications and contra-indications of treatment, its conduct and supervision are defined.", "contents": "[The failures of D penicillamine]. On the basis or a study of 50 cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis treated with D penicillamine comments are made on the failure of this form of treatment by comparison of the apparent and real efficacy. Taking account of withdrawals the percentage of true success is no more than a quarter of the patients treated with D penicillamine. Failure are due to overall inefficacy, dropouts from treatment and intolerance. The practical data on the indications and contra-indications of treatment, its conduct and supervision are defined.", "PMID": 653292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5517", "title": "[Kinetics of salicylates from the blood to the articular fluid].", "content": "A study was made of the salicylate concentrations in samples of blood and articular fluid from 30 patients treated with acetylsalicylic acid. The data were divided in groups according to the diagnosis of the articular diseases and showed no significant differences as regards the salicylate kinetics in the blood. A concentration of 0.3 mg/1 was reached in 6 minutes on the average and the \"near maximum\" concentration was 23.0 mg/1 on the average. In the articular fluid a concentration of 0.3 mg/1 the salicylates was reached in 10 to 31 minutes. The average maximum concentration as 14.8 mg/1. The findings support the hypothesis that diffusion was the dominant factor in the passage of salicylates from the blood to the articular fluid. The transport varied with the characteristics of the articular diseases. Histopathological changes in the various types of synovitis would alter the biophysical properties of the internal part of the articularcapsule and would thus alter the kinetics of salicylates.", "contents": "[Kinetics of salicylates from the blood to the articular fluid]. A study was made of the salicylate concentrations in samples of blood and articular fluid from 30 patients treated with acetylsalicylic acid. The data were divided in groups according to the diagnosis of the articular diseases and showed no significant differences as regards the salicylate kinetics in the blood. A concentration of 0.3 mg/1 was reached in 6 minutes on the average and the \"near maximum\" concentration was 23.0 mg/1 on the average. In the articular fluid a concentration of 0.3 mg/1 the salicylates was reached in 10 to 31 minutes. The average maximum concentration as 14.8 mg/1. The findings support the hypothesis that diffusion was the dominant factor in the passage of salicylates from the blood to the articular fluid. The transport varied with the characteristics of the articular diseases. Histopathological changes in the various types of synovitis would alter the biophysical properties of the internal part of the articularcapsule and would thus alter the kinetics of salicylates.", "PMID": 653293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5518", "title": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee].", "content": "For more than 10 years the authors have had a rather differentiated attitude to osteochondritis dissecans. The indication depends on the age, topography of the lesion, its volume and stage of evolution. The results of three techniques are discussed: simple ablation of the sequestrum, re-implantation of the sequestrum after treatment of the niche and cortico-spongiosa grafting.", "contents": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee]. For more than 10 years the authors have had a rather differentiated attitude to osteochondritis dissecans. The indication depends on the age, topography of the lesion, its volume and stage of evolution. The results of three techniques are discussed: simple ablation of the sequestrum, re-implantation of the sequestrum after treatment of the niche and cortico-spongiosa grafting.", "PMID": 653294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5519", "title": "Mammalian O-phosphorylethanolamine phospho-lyase activity and its inhibition.", "content": "The activity of the enzyme O-phosphorylethanolamine phospho-lyase, metabolizing O-phosphorylethanolamine to acetaldehyde, orthophosphate, and ammonia in vitro, was studied in human liver biopsy and autopsy material, and leucocytes. Only in the liver biopsies enzyme activity towards O-phosphorylethanolamine could be found, and in amounts corresponding to one tenth of the activity found in rat liver examined under identical conditions. The enzyme activity of the liver biopsies was confined to the post-microsomal fraction, the activity amounting to 35 +/- 7 (SD)  micromicron/mg protein. The results suggest the presence of an inhibiting factor of protein character. Inhibition was not due to competition from alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) or O-phosphorylethanolamine cytidylyl-transferase (E.C. 2.7.7.14).", "contents": "Mammalian O-phosphorylethanolamine phospho-lyase activity and its inhibition. The activity of the enzyme O-phosphorylethanolamine phospho-lyase, metabolizing O-phosphorylethanolamine to acetaldehyde, orthophosphate, and ammonia in vitro, was studied in human liver biopsy and autopsy material, and leucocytes. Only in the liver biopsies enzyme activity towards O-phosphorylethanolamine could be found, and in amounts corresponding to one tenth of the activity found in rat liver examined under identical conditions. The enzyme activity of the liver biopsies was confined to the post-microsomal fraction, the activity amounting to 35 +/- 7 (SD)  micromicron/mg protein. The results suggest the presence of an inhibiting factor of protein character. Inhibition was not due to competition from alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) or O-phosphorylethanolamine cytidylyl-transferase (E.C. 2.7.7.14).", "PMID": 653300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5520", "title": "Efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism at various levels of inotropy and afterload during aortic insufficiency in the dog.", "content": "Reversible aortic insufficiency was produced in six dogs before and during aortic contrictions at control myocardial inotropy, during high and low inotropy induced by calcium infusion and propranolol administration, respectively. Myocardial chord lengths (MCL) of the left ventricular wall were continuously recorded by ultrasonic technique. Activation of the Frank-Starling mechanism during aortic insufficiency was verified by an increase in end-diastolic length and systolic shortening of MCL. Efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism was calculated as the quotient between the rise in systolic shortening and the rise in end-diastolic MCL. At control blood pressure, the efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism was 59 +/- 3, 76 +/- 6 and 53 +/- 6% at control, high and low inotropy, respectively. After raising systolic ventricular pressure 30-40 mmHg by aortic constriction, the efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism decreased at control inotropy to 41 +/- 7 and at low inotropy to 32 +/- 9% but did not decrease significantly at high inotropy (70 +/- 6%). During periods with aortic insufficiency, left ventricular afterload is increased and it is concluded that the apparent greater efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism at high than at low inotropy. At either level of inotropy and afterload examined and at constant heart rate, the Frank-Starling mechanism was activated on a beat to beat basis.", "contents": "Efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism at various levels of inotropy and afterload during aortic insufficiency in the dog. Reversible aortic insufficiency was produced in six dogs before and during aortic contrictions at control myocardial inotropy, during high and low inotropy induced by calcium infusion and propranolol administration, respectively. Myocardial chord lengths (MCL) of the left ventricular wall were continuously recorded by ultrasonic technique. Activation of the Frank-Starling mechanism during aortic insufficiency was verified by an increase in end-diastolic length and systolic shortening of MCL. Efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism was calculated as the quotient between the rise in systolic shortening and the rise in end-diastolic MCL. At control blood pressure, the efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism was 59 +/- 3, 76 +/- 6 and 53 +/- 6% at control, high and low inotropy, respectively. After raising systolic ventricular pressure 30-40 mmHg by aortic constriction, the efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism decreased at control inotropy to 41 +/- 7 and at low inotropy to 32 +/- 9% but did not decrease significantly at high inotropy (70 +/- 6%). During periods with aortic insufficiency, left ventricular afterload is increased and it is concluded that the apparent greater efficiency of the Frank-Starling mechanism at high than at low inotropy. At either level of inotropy and afterload examined and at constant heart rate, the Frank-Starling mechanism was activated on a beat to beat basis.", "PMID": 653301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5521", "title": "Renal plasma flow and cardiac output during hydralazine and propranolol treatment in essential hypertension.", "content": "Eleven patients with essential hypertension were given hydralazine (25 mg b.i.d.) for 2 weeks, hydralazine and propranolol (80 mg b.i.d.) for the next 2 weeks, and propranolol alone for the last 2 weeks. The changes in the renal and systemic circulation elicited by the drugs were studied before start of medication and bi-weekly during the treatment, using non-invasive radioisotope techniques. Hydralazine alone did not alter mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), peripheral renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (Aldo) but when propranolol was added MAP fell 15.2%, HR 22.5% and CI 18.4%, while ERPF was unchanged. When hydralazine was withdrawn and propranolol was given alone, ERPF decreased 13.2%. Plasma aldosterone was unchanged, whereas PRA decreased during propranolol treatment. The reduction in ERPF elicited by propranolol, was highly significant (P less than 0.01). From the test sequence it appears that dihydralazine prevents this effect of propranolol on kidney function. These findings might have a direct bearing on the choice of antihypertensive treatment.", "contents": "Renal plasma flow and cardiac output during hydralazine and propranolol treatment in essential hypertension. Eleven patients with essential hypertension were given hydralazine (25 mg b.i.d.) for 2 weeks, hydralazine and propranolol (80 mg b.i.d.) for the next 2 weeks, and propranolol alone for the last 2 weeks. The changes in the renal and systemic circulation elicited by the drugs were studied before start of medication and bi-weekly during the treatment, using non-invasive radioisotope techniques. Hydralazine alone did not alter mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), peripheral renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (Aldo) but when propranolol was added MAP fell 15.2%, HR 22.5% and CI 18.4%, while ERPF was unchanged. When hydralazine was withdrawn and propranolol was given alone, ERPF decreased 13.2%. Plasma aldosterone was unchanged, whereas PRA decreased during propranolol treatment. The reduction in ERPF elicited by propranolol, was highly significant (P less than 0.01). From the test sequence it appears that dihydralazine prevents this effect of propranolol on kidney function. These findings might have a direct bearing on the choice of antihypertensive treatment.", "PMID": 653302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5522", "title": "The influence of acute blood volume changes on plasma renin activity in man.", "content": "The effect of an acute 10% blood volume reduction on plasma renin activity (PRA) was examined in seven patients with minor heart diseases during haemodynamic investigation and in five healthy subjects after 3 days furosemide administration. PRA was not significantly changed. Blood pressure remained constant, atrial pressures decreased. The effect on PRA of an acute 10% blood volume expansion with albumin infusion was studied in thirteen patients with liver or heart diseases. A slight reduction of PRA after albumin did not exceed the expected decrease due to plasma dilution. Blood pressure was unchanged, atrial pressures increased. Renal blood flow increased after albumin in all of the five patients investigated. The effect of PRA of an acute 10% blood volume expansion with whole blood flow increased after albumin in all of the five patients investigated. The effect on PRA of an acute 10% blood volume expansion with whole blood was then investigated in five healthy subjects, pretreated with furosemide for 3 days. A significant decrease in PRA was found. Blood pressure remained constant. It is concluded that an acute blood loss of 10% and an acute blood volume expansion of 10% with albumin have little influence on PRA in supine man, whereas an acute blood volume expansion of 10% with whole blood induces a significant PRA suppression.", "contents": "The influence of acute blood volume changes on plasma renin activity in man. The effect of an acute 10% blood volume reduction on plasma renin activity (PRA) was examined in seven patients with minor heart diseases during haemodynamic investigation and in five healthy subjects after 3 days furosemide administration. PRA was not significantly changed. Blood pressure remained constant, atrial pressures decreased. The effect on PRA of an acute 10% blood volume expansion with albumin infusion was studied in thirteen patients with liver or heart diseases. A slight reduction of PRA after albumin did not exceed the expected decrease due to plasma dilution. Blood pressure was unchanged, atrial pressures increased. Renal blood flow increased after albumin in all of the five patients investigated. The effect of PRA of an acute 10% blood volume expansion with whole blood flow increased after albumin in all of the five patients investigated. The effect on PRA of an acute 10% blood volume expansion with whole blood was then investigated in five healthy subjects, pretreated with furosemide for 3 days. A significant decrease in PRA was found. Blood pressure remained constant. It is concluded that an acute blood loss of 10% and an acute blood volume expansion of 10% with albumin have little influence on PRA in supine man, whereas an acute blood volume expansion of 10% with whole blood induces a significant PRA suppression.", "PMID": 653303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5523", "title": "Renin stimulation by passive tilting: the influence of an anti-gravity suit on postural changes in plasma renin activity, plasma noradrenaline concentration and kidney function in normal man.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma noradrenaline concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and clearances of para-aminohippurate and inulin were measured in twelve normal subjects (clearances in only three subjects) before and after 40 min of 60 degrees upright tilting. The tilting experiments were repeated after inflation of an anti-gravity suit to 60 mmHg on the lower extremities. Inflation of the anti-gravity suit caused an abolition of the postural PRA increase, a marked reduction of the postural increases in plasma noradrenaline and heart rate, and elimination of the decreases in pulse pressure, inulin and para-aminohippurate clearances and sodium excretion. The results suggest a decisive role of the sympathetic nervous system for postural renin increase, probably mainly activated by stretch receptors in the low-pressure cardiopulmoanry area.", "contents": "Renin stimulation by passive tilting: the influence of an anti-gravity suit on postural changes in plasma renin activity, plasma noradrenaline concentration and kidney function in normal man. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma noradrenaline concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and clearances of para-aminohippurate and inulin were measured in twelve normal subjects (clearances in only three subjects) before and after 40 min of 60 degrees upright tilting. The tilting experiments were repeated after inflation of an anti-gravity suit to 60 mmHg on the lower extremities. Inflation of the anti-gravity suit caused an abolition of the postural PRA increase, a marked reduction of the postural increases in plasma noradrenaline and heart rate, and elimination of the decreases in pulse pressure, inulin and para-aminohippurate clearances and sodium excretion. The results suggest a decisive role of the sympathetic nervous system for postural renin increase, probably mainly activated by stretch receptors in the low-pressure cardiopulmoanry area.", "PMID": 653304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5524", "title": "Lower leg blood flow in intermittent claudication.", "content": "Lower leg blood flow was measured at rest and both during and after graduated bicycle exercise in five healthy men and in seventeen patients suffering from various degrees of obliterating arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs. A thermodilution technique was used for flow determinations. The subject exercised in the sitting position and the work load was increased stepwise from a starting load of 100 kpm/min (100 kpm/min load increment every second minute until exhaustion). Three flow phases were depicted during and after the exercise: the aerobic phase, the phase of relative ischaemia and a postexercise phase. During exercise, lower leg blood flow increased approximately twenty times in healthy subjects, while in the arteriosclerotic subjects there was a two-fold to ten-fold increase in flow. In patients with serious distal and proximal stenoses a proximal steal phenomenon was demonstrated during submaximal and maximal exercise. A close correlation was found between maximum individual work load capacity and maximum lower leg blood flow (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001). In the patient group lower leg blood flow at a certain work load was 45% (P less than 0.001) higher in the sitting than in the supine position.", "contents": "Lower leg blood flow in intermittent claudication. Lower leg blood flow was measured at rest and both during and after graduated bicycle exercise in five healthy men and in seventeen patients suffering from various degrees of obliterating arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs. A thermodilution technique was used for flow determinations. The subject exercised in the sitting position and the work load was increased stepwise from a starting load of 100 kpm/min (100 kpm/min load increment every second minute until exhaustion). Three flow phases were depicted during and after the exercise: the aerobic phase, the phase of relative ischaemia and a postexercise phase. During exercise, lower leg blood flow increased approximately twenty times in healthy subjects, while in the arteriosclerotic subjects there was a two-fold to ten-fold increase in flow. In patients with serious distal and proximal stenoses a proximal steal phenomenon was demonstrated during submaximal and maximal exercise. A close correlation was found between maximum individual work load capacity and maximum lower leg blood flow (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001). In the patient group lower leg blood flow at a certain work load was 45% (P less than 0.001) higher in the sitting than in the supine position.", "PMID": 653305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5525", "title": "Maximal work performance test in middle-aged women: results from a population study.", "content": "Based on sampling from official census lists a sample of middle-aged women was obtained in five different age strata; 38, 46, 50, 54 and 60 years. Based on date of birth a sub-set was sampled for maximal exercise testing. The participation rate was 81% and 194 women underwent the test. In sixteen women the test was interrupted due to poor cooperation or clinical contra-indications against continued loading. 54% of the women considered the maximal load to be at least very straining according to a standardized scale for perceived exertion. The average maximal load decreased from 113 to 98 W with advancing age. In the highest age group only 16% exceeded 130 W compared to 43% in the youngest group. Maximum heart rate decreased with age but maximum respiratory frequency and perceived exertion did not. Systolic blood pressure 2 min after maximal work increased with age. Minnesota Code items 4:1-3 and 5:1-3 were demonstrated in 30% of the women, mainly in the older age strata. Other ECG-abnormalities were uncommon. Despite the widely differing incidence of myocardial infarction these ischaemic ECG-abnormalities were as common in women as in a comparative sample of men. This observation questions the traditional interpretation of the exercise induced ECG response in women.", "contents": "Maximal work performance test in middle-aged women: results from a population study. Based on sampling from official census lists a sample of middle-aged women was obtained in five different age strata; 38, 46, 50, 54 and 60 years. Based on date of birth a sub-set was sampled for maximal exercise testing. The participation rate was 81% and 194 women underwent the test. In sixteen women the test was interrupted due to poor cooperation or clinical contra-indications against continued loading. 54% of the women considered the maximal load to be at least very straining according to a standardized scale for perceived exertion. The average maximal load decreased from 113 to 98 W with advancing age. In the highest age group only 16% exceeded 130 W compared to 43% in the youngest group. Maximum heart rate decreased with age but maximum respiratory frequency and perceived exertion did not. Systolic blood pressure 2 min after maximal work increased with age. Minnesota Code items 4:1-3 and 5:1-3 were demonstrated in 30% of the women, mainly in the older age strata. Other ECG-abnormalities were uncommon. Despite the widely differing incidence of myocardial infarction these ischaemic ECG-abnormalities were as common in women as in a comparative sample of men. This observation questions the traditional interpretation of the exercise induced ECG response in women.", "PMID": 653306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5526", "title": "Enzymatic determination of triglycerides with a system Olli 3000 analyser.", "content": "We describe a totally enzymatic method for determining serum triglycerides adapted for a System Olli 3000 analyser. In this procedure triglycerides are determined by measuring free glycerol enzymatically after hydrolysis of a sample with lipase and esterase. The method utilizes two standards for calibration, includes a blank correction and requires 20 microliter of serum. Forty serum samples can be analysed in about 30 min. The procedure is linear up to a concentration of 8 mmol/l of triglycerides. The precision and sensitivity of the method are good. A comparison of this method with another enzymatic method gave the correlation coefficient 0.988 and the regression line y = 1.02x + 0.02 (n = 95).", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of triglycerides with a system Olli 3000 analyser. We describe a totally enzymatic method for determining serum triglycerides adapted for a System Olli 3000 analyser. In this procedure triglycerides are determined by measuring free glycerol enzymatically after hydrolysis of a sample with lipase and esterase. The method utilizes two standards for calibration, includes a blank correction and requires 20 microliter of serum. Forty serum samples can be analysed in about 30 min. The procedure is linear up to a concentration of 8 mmol/l of triglycerides. The precision and sensitivity of the method are good. A comparison of this method with another enzymatic method gave the correlation coefficient 0.988 and the regression line y = 1.02x + 0.02 (n = 95).", "PMID": 653307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5527", "title": "Evaluation of the double antibody-solid phase radioimmunoassay technique in plasma LH and FSH and urinary LH measurements.", "content": "Double antibody-solid phase (DASP) radioimmunoassay methods for plasma LH and FSH and urinary LH were developed and carefully evaluated as to their reliability and practicability. The peptide hormones were iodinated enzymatically with immobilized lactoperoxidase which resulted in pure and stable products of unchanged immunoreactivity. The sensitivities of these assay methods are 0.02, 0.17 and 0.20 mIU/tube for plasma LH (MRC 68/40) and FSH (MRC 68/39) and urinary LH (IRP-HMG, urinary), respectively. Interassay coefficients of variation obtained over a 6-18 month period were 14.2, 14.7 and 12.8%, respectively. The latter values for plasma LH and FSH assays were obtained from one level pool samples, and the value for urinary LH is the mean of those obtained from two pools of different levels. Plasma reference values for LH and FSH obtained using these methods are about 1.8-2.9 times higher than those cited for other types of radioimmunoassay. However, the values obtained for LH in urine are similar to those reported in the literature. It is suggested that the DASP technique is less influenced by interference from plasma proteins and because of this gives plasma values closer to the true ones. It is concluded that the methods are well suited for use as routine clinical assays in laboratories with a high work load.", "contents": "Evaluation of the double antibody-solid phase radioimmunoassay technique in plasma LH and FSH and urinary LH measurements. Double antibody-solid phase (DASP) radioimmunoassay methods for plasma LH and FSH and urinary LH were developed and carefully evaluated as to their reliability and practicability. The peptide hormones were iodinated enzymatically with immobilized lactoperoxidase which resulted in pure and stable products of unchanged immunoreactivity. The sensitivities of these assay methods are 0.02, 0.17 and 0.20 mIU/tube for plasma LH (MRC 68/40) and FSH (MRC 68/39) and urinary LH (IRP-HMG, urinary), respectively. Interassay coefficients of variation obtained over a 6-18 month period were 14.2, 14.7 and 12.8%, respectively. The latter values for plasma LH and FSH assays were obtained from one level pool samples, and the value for urinary LH is the mean of those obtained from two pools of different levels. Plasma reference values for LH and FSH obtained using these methods are about 1.8-2.9 times higher than those cited for other types of radioimmunoassay. However, the values obtained for LH in urine are similar to those reported in the literature. It is suggested that the DASP technique is less influenced by interference from plasma proteins and because of this gives plasma values closer to the true ones. It is concluded that the methods are well suited for use as routine clinical assays in laboratories with a high work load.", "PMID": 653308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5528", "title": "Immunological family studies in Hodgkin's disease. Is the immunodeficiency horizontally transmitted?", "content": "27 consanguineous and non-consanguineous relatives to 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) have been studied. The lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin (ConA) was depressed in 6 patients. 7 out of 15 tested relatives (3 first degree relatives and 4 spouses) showed a profound impairment in lymphocyte response to ConA stimulation. None out of 12 relatives to ConA normal patients was defect in this respect. In relatives to ConA hyporesponsive patients there was a small but statistically significant decrease in lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and PPD in vitro. No differences in lymphocyte subpopulations were seen. The findings strongly support an exogenous factory (probably a virus) causing the depressed mitogen response in relatives to immunodeficient patients with HD. A possible linkage between the immunodeficiency and the pathogenesis of HD is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological family studies in Hodgkin's disease. Is the immunodeficiency horizontally transmitted? 27 consanguineous and non-consanguineous relatives to 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) have been studied. The lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin (ConA) was depressed in 6 patients. 7 out of 15 tested relatives (3 first degree relatives and 4 spouses) showed a profound impairment in lymphocyte response to ConA stimulation. None out of 12 relatives to ConA normal patients was defect in this respect. In relatives to ConA hyporesponsive patients there was a small but statistically significant decrease in lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and PPD in vitro. No differences in lymphocyte subpopulations were seen. The findings strongly support an exogenous factory (probably a virus) causing the depressed mitogen response in relatives to immunodeficient patients with HD. A possible linkage between the immunodeficiency and the pathogenesis of HD is discussed.", "PMID": 653309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5529", "title": "Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease. II. Role of the lymphocyte defect.", "content": "Purified blood lymphocytes from 81 consecutive and previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied in vitro. The patients were evaluated 23 to 52 months after institution of therapy and were divided into two prognostic groups: 1. Complete remission with or without previous relapse/relapses. 2. Uncontrolled relapse or decreased from Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte activation by concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen or phytohaemagglutinin was impaired and spontaneous DNA synthesis was high in patients with poor prognosis as compared to the good prognosis group. The prognostic information increased if the four lymphocyte tests were combined in a score (range 0-8). All 8 patients with pronounced lymphocyte defects (score 7-8), died, while all patients with score 0 and 1 were in complete remission. In contrast, total lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte stimulation by PPD were of no prognostic value. The ability of certain lymphocyte functions to predict prognosis was equal or better than that of age and better than clinical staging, histopathology and symptoms.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease. II. Role of the lymphocyte defect. Purified blood lymphocytes from 81 consecutive and previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied in vitro. The patients were evaluated 23 to 52 months after institution of therapy and were divided into two prognostic groups: 1. Complete remission with or without previous relapse/relapses. 2. Uncontrolled relapse or decreased from Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte activation by concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen or phytohaemagglutinin was impaired and spontaneous DNA synthesis was high in patients with poor prognosis as compared to the good prognosis group. The prognostic information increased if the four lymphocyte tests were combined in a score (range 0-8). All 8 patients with pronounced lymphocyte defects (score 7-8), died, while all patients with score 0 and 1 were in complete remission. In contrast, total lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte stimulation by PPD were of no prognostic value. The ability of certain lymphocyte functions to predict prognosis was equal or better than that of age and better than clinical staging, histopathology and symptoms.", "PMID": 653310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5530", "title": "Cytochemistry of marrow and extramedullary adipocytes in monolayer cultures.", "content": "The behavior of isolated, disaggregated white adipose cells obtained from marrow and extramedullar sites in the rabbit was compared in monolayer cultures. Both cell types transform within 2 weeks into fibroblast-like cells which can be maintained in subcultures. Both in freshly isolated state and in fibroblast-like state the marrow adipocyte contains esterase activities reacting with naphthol AS acetate and D-chloracetate. These activites are not present in extramedullary cells. In addition, alpha-naphthyl butyrate-reacting esterase, present in both cell types, is fluoride-resistant in marrow adipocytes but labile in extramedullar cells. These differences are consistent with heterogeneity of white adipose tissue and suggest different potentials for marrow and extramedullary adipocytes.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of marrow and extramedullary adipocytes in monolayer cultures. The behavior of isolated, disaggregated white adipose cells obtained from marrow and extramedullar sites in the rabbit was compared in monolayer cultures. Both cell types transform within 2 weeks into fibroblast-like cells which can be maintained in subcultures. Both in freshly isolated state and in fibroblast-like state the marrow adipocyte contains esterase activities reacting with naphthol AS acetate and D-chloracetate. These activites are not present in extramedullary cells. In addition, alpha-naphthyl butyrate-reacting esterase, present in both cell types, is fluoride-resistant in marrow adipocytes but labile in extramedullar cells. These differences are consistent with heterogeneity of white adipose tissue and suggest different potentials for marrow and extramedullary adipocytes.", "PMID": 653311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5531", "title": "The exchangeable splenic platelet pool in response to intravenous infusion of isoprenaline.", "content": "8 healthy volunteers and 4 asplenic subjects, in whom autologous platelets had been labelled with radioactive sodium chromate, received i.v. infusions of isoprenaline in a dose of 0.03 microgram x kg-1 x min-1 over a period of 6 min. In the former group these infusions caused a significant decrease in the concentration of labelled as well as unlabelled platelets in the peripheral blood. Body surface countings showed that a significant increase in the count rate over the spleen occurred concomitantly with the decrease in the circulating platelet-bound radioactivity (PBR). In the group of asplenic subjects no change in PBR occurred. It is concluded that adrenergic beta-receptor stimulation causes a transitory trapping of platelets in the exchangeable splenic platelet pool.", "contents": "The exchangeable splenic platelet pool in response to intravenous infusion of isoprenaline. 8 healthy volunteers and 4 asplenic subjects, in whom autologous platelets had been labelled with radioactive sodium chromate, received i.v. infusions of isoprenaline in a dose of 0.03 microgram x kg-1 x min-1 over a period of 6 min. In the former group these infusions caused a significant decrease in the concentration of labelled as well as unlabelled platelets in the peripheral blood. Body surface countings showed that a significant increase in the count rate over the spleen occurred concomitantly with the decrease in the circulating platelet-bound radioactivity (PBR). In the group of asplenic subjects no change in PBR occurred. It is concluded that adrenergic beta-receptor stimulation causes a transitory trapping of platelets in the exchangeable splenic platelet pool.", "PMID": 653312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5532", "title": "Circulating megakaryocytes in blood from the antecubital vein in healthy, adult humans.", "content": "A total of 21 healthy, adult men and 30 healthy, adult women aged 21-73 years were investigated for circulating megakaryocytes in the antecubital vein using the saponinhaemolysis leucoconcentration technique. In the males, the number of megakaryocytes in 1.5 ml blood varied from 1 to 20, the arithmetic mean being 10 megakaryocytes. In the females the number varied from 0 to 29 megakaryocytes and the arithmetic mean was 7.6 megakaryocytes. No significant difference was found between the values for the two sexes. There was no correlation between the number of megakaryocytes and platelets or leucocytes. 99% of the observed megakaryocytes were naked nuclei or had sparse cytoplasm and 1% had copious cytoplasm. Megakaryocytes without copious cytoplasm may be regarded as normally occurring cells in the peripheral venous blood.", "contents": "Circulating megakaryocytes in blood from the antecubital vein in healthy, adult humans. A total of 21 healthy, adult men and 30 healthy, adult women aged 21-73 years were investigated for circulating megakaryocytes in the antecubital vein using the saponinhaemolysis leucoconcentration technique. In the males, the number of megakaryocytes in 1.5 ml blood varied from 1 to 20, the arithmetic mean being 10 megakaryocytes. In the females the number varied from 0 to 29 megakaryocytes and the arithmetic mean was 7.6 megakaryocytes. No significant difference was found between the values for the two sexes. There was no correlation between the number of megakaryocytes and platelets or leucocytes. 99% of the observed megakaryocytes were naked nuclei or had sparse cytoplasm and 1% had copious cytoplasm. Megakaryocytes without copious cytoplasm may be regarded as normally occurring cells in the peripheral venous blood.", "PMID": 653314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5533", "title": "Platelet activation: a new biological activity of guinea-pig C3a anaphylatoxin.", "content": "3H-serotonin-release from labelled gp-platelets is established as a sensitive method for testing a new biological activity of gp-C3a anaphylatoxin in an autologous situation. Time-, dose- and temperature-dependent release reactions as well as specific inhibition by carboxypeptidase B and anti-C3a antibodies show that C3a is a potent and specific inducer of platelet activation. Inactive C3a does not induce 3H-serotonin-release but specifically inhibits the action of C3a on platelets.", "contents": "Platelet activation: a new biological activity of guinea-pig C3a anaphylatoxin. 3H-serotonin-release from labelled gp-platelets is established as a sensitive method for testing a new biological activity of gp-C3a anaphylatoxin in an autologous situation. Time-, dose- and temperature-dependent release reactions as well as specific inhibition by carboxypeptidase B and anti-C3a antibodies show that C3a is a potent and specific inducer of platelet activation. Inactive C3a does not induce 3H-serotonin-release but specifically inhibits the action of C3a on platelets.", "PMID": 653315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5534", "title": "IgA in blood and thoracic duct lymph: concentration and degree of polymerization.", "content": "Lymph fluid and serum samples from four mammalian species were studied forthe concentration and degree of polymerization of IgA. The results suggest that in the mouse, in the rat and in the dog circulating IgA represents only a small fraction of all IgA entering the blood stream from the lymph vessels. A majority of the input IgA of oligomeric type (13S, 11S and 9S) in these species is cleared rapidly. Monomeric IgA, and in the mouse and the dog the dimeric (9S) variety, dwell much longer in the blood; and because of this they form the majority of the circulating IgA. Blood concentration of IgA is high in man, a species whose blood seems to receive mostly monomeric IgA. It is much lower in the rat, mouse and dog, and in these species most of IgA entering the blood is probably oligomeric.", "contents": "IgA in blood and thoracic duct lymph: concentration and degree of polymerization. Lymph fluid and serum samples from four mammalian species were studied forthe concentration and degree of polymerization of IgA. The results suggest that in the mouse, in the rat and in the dog circulating IgA represents only a small fraction of all IgA entering the blood stream from the lymph vessels. A majority of the input IgA of oligomeric type (13S, 11S and 9S) in these species is cleared rapidly. Monomeric IgA, and in the mouse and the dog the dimeric (9S) variety, dwell much longer in the blood; and because of this they form the majority of the circulating IgA. Blood concentration of IgA is high in man, a species whose blood seems to receive mostly monomeric IgA. It is much lower in the rat, mouse and dog, and in these species most of IgA entering the blood is probably oligomeric.", "PMID": 653316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5535", "title": "Mononuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers: inhibition by subantimitotic concentrations of antitubulins.", "content": "The chemotaxis of Lymphoprep -isolated human mononuclear leucocytes (L-MNs) from peripheral blood was inhibited by subantimitotic concentrations of the antitubulins demecolcine, podophyllic acid ethylhydrazide, vinblastine and griseofulvin. It is suggest that L-MN chemotaxis, like polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, is composed of a direct antitubulin-insensitive chemotaxis and a leukocyte-induced antitubulin-sensitive chemotaxis.", "contents": "Mononuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers: inhibition by subantimitotic concentrations of antitubulins. The chemotaxis of Lymphoprep -isolated human mononuclear leucocytes (L-MNs) from peripheral blood was inhibited by subantimitotic concentrations of the antitubulins demecolcine, podophyllic acid ethylhydrazide, vinblastine and griseofulvin. It is suggest that L-MN chemotaxis, like polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, is composed of a direct antitubulin-insensitive chemotaxis and a leukocyte-induced antitubulin-sensitive chemotaxis.", "PMID": 653317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5536", "title": "The phagocytosis-associated chemotaxis of human mononuclear leucocytes from peripheral blood is not antitubulin-sensitive.", "content": "Lymphoprep-isolated and glass-adherent mononuclear leucocytes (L-MNs) from the peripheral blood of healthy donors appeared to display directional locomotion towards sparsely distributed yeast cells during continuous observation in coverslip preparations and during observations by means of time-lapse filming in Rose chambers. The phagocytosis-associated L-MN chemotaxis was not inhibited by antitubulin concentrations which were antichemotactic thesis that a direct antitubulin-insensitive chemotaxis exists in L-MNs, besides the antitubulin-inhibited L-MN chemoataxis reported in a previous study.", "contents": "The phagocytosis-associated chemotaxis of human mononuclear leucocytes from peripheral blood is not antitubulin-sensitive. Lymphoprep-isolated and glass-adherent mononuclear leucocytes (L-MNs) from the peripheral blood of healthy donors appeared to display directional locomotion towards sparsely distributed yeast cells during continuous observation in coverslip preparations and during observations by means of time-lapse filming in Rose chambers. The phagocytosis-associated L-MN chemotaxis was not inhibited by antitubulin concentrations which were antichemotactic thesis that a direct antitubulin-insensitive chemotaxis exists in L-MNs, besides the antitubulin-inhibited L-MN chemoataxis reported in a previous study.", "PMID": 653318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5537", "title": "Specific antibodies are responsible for the low dose suppression of the immune response to thymus-independent antigens.", "content": "Animals primed to the thymus-independent antigen native dextran B512 could not respond to the FITC hapten after immunization with native FITC-dextran. The degree of suppression of the anti-FITC response paralleled the increase of the anti-alpha1-6 PFC after priming with different doses of dextran. Suppression could be passively transferred with serum from dextran primed animals. Young animals that are very low-or non-responders to the alpha1-6 epitope of dextran B512, failed to suppress the anti FITC PFC response after priming with native dextran. We conclude that antibodies against the dextran carrier were responsible for the suppressed response to the FITC epitope in FITC-dextran immunized animals that had been primed with low doses of the dextran carrier.", "contents": "Specific antibodies are responsible for the low dose suppression of the immune response to thymus-independent antigens. Animals primed to the thymus-independent antigen native dextran B512 could not respond to the FITC hapten after immunization with native FITC-dextran. The degree of suppression of the anti-FITC response paralleled the increase of the anti-alpha1-6 PFC after priming with different doses of dextran. Suppression could be passively transferred with serum from dextran primed animals. Young animals that are very low-or non-responders to the alpha1-6 epitope of dextran B512, failed to suppress the anti FITC PFC response after priming with native dextran. We conclude that antibodies against the dextran carrier were responsible for the suppressed response to the FITC epitope in FITC-dextran immunized animals that had been primed with low doses of the dextran carrier.", "PMID": 653319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5538", "title": "D-penicillamine and macrophages: modulation of lymphocyte transformation by concanavalin A.", "content": "Pretreatment with D-Penicillamine of rat peritoneal macrophages markedly influences their ability to modulate Concanavalin A stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in non-adherent rat lymph node cells. Untreated macrophages added in high numbers to the lymphocytes (ratio lymphocytes/macrophage 7.5 : 1) depress their [3H]thymidine incorporation. Pretreatment with D-Penicillamine further reduces this response. Lower proportions of untreated macrophages (ratio 15 : 1) exert a stimulatory effect on the lymphocytes. This response is reversed by pretreatment of macrophages with D-Penicillamine. Addition of untreated macrophages in very low proportions (40 : 1 and 75 : 1) is without effect on the [3H]thymidine incorporation by the lymphocytes. This response is markedly stimulated by pretreatment of the macrophages with D-Penicillamine. The culture of macrophages in the presence of D-Penicillamine increases their incorporation of [3H]D-glucosamine, but it is without effect on their incorporation of [3H]L-leucine. It is suggested that D-Penicillamine enhances the functional activity of the macrophage in the regulation of the lymphocyte response to mitogens.", "contents": "D-penicillamine and macrophages: modulation of lymphocyte transformation by concanavalin A. Pretreatment with D-Penicillamine of rat peritoneal macrophages markedly influences their ability to modulate Concanavalin A stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in non-adherent rat lymph node cells. Untreated macrophages added in high numbers to the lymphocytes (ratio lymphocytes/macrophage 7.5 : 1) depress their [3H]thymidine incorporation. Pretreatment with D-Penicillamine further reduces this response. Lower proportions of untreated macrophages (ratio 15 : 1) exert a stimulatory effect on the lymphocytes. This response is reversed by pretreatment of macrophages with D-Penicillamine. Addition of untreated macrophages in very low proportions (40 : 1 and 75 : 1) is without effect on the [3H]thymidine incorporation by the lymphocytes. This response is markedly stimulated by pretreatment of the macrophages with D-Penicillamine. The culture of macrophages in the presence of D-Penicillamine increases their incorporation of [3H]D-glucosamine, but it is without effect on their incorporation of [3H]L-leucine. It is suggested that D-Penicillamine enhances the functional activity of the macrophage in the regulation of the lymphocyte response to mitogens.", "PMID": 653320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5539", "title": "The affinity of soluble immune complexes for concanavalin A.", "content": "Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography may be used in the analysis and classification of immune complexes. Experiments with model immune complexes suggest that the degree of affinity of an immune complex for Con A-Sepharose is determined by the antigen rather than the IgG antibody of the complex. It is possible that partial characterization of unknown antigens linked to IgG in immune complexes may be achieved in many diseases. Preliminary explorations with selected human sera indicate that the IgG containing immune complexes in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma have affinity for Con A-Sepharose. By contrast IgG containing immune complexes in chronic hepatitis B seem to lack affinity for Con A-Sepharose.", "contents": "The affinity of soluble immune complexes for concanavalin A. Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography may be used in the analysis and classification of immune complexes. Experiments with model immune complexes suggest that the degree of affinity of an immune complex for Con A-Sepharose is determined by the antigen rather than the IgG antibody of the complex. It is possible that partial characterization of unknown antigens linked to IgG in immune complexes may be achieved in many diseases. Preliminary explorations with selected human sera indicate that the IgG containing immune complexes in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma have affinity for Con A-Sepharose. By contrast IgG containing immune complexes in chronic hepatitis B seem to lack affinity for Con A-Sepharose.", "PMID": 653321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5540", "title": "Airways obstruction in asthmatics induced by body cooling.", "content": "Pulmonary and thermoregulatory reactions to body cooling were studied in eight asthmatic and five normal subjects. The cooling was achieved by a cold shower at water temperature (T) of 15 degrees C for 1 min, followed by exposing the wet body to a high wind generated by a fan for another minute. The skin T, oral T and pulmonary functions were measured before and after cooling. After the cooling, skin T fell a mean of 7 degrees in all subjects and the oral T fell 0.5 degrees in the normals and 0.7 degrees in the asthmatics. In asthmatics, the post-cooling forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) fell significantly (P less than .05) to a mean of 79% and 72%of baseline, respectively, and thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway resistance (Raw) increased significantly to 133% and 198% of baseline, respectively. In normal subjects a small but significant increase in Raw was found. No obstruction developed in the asthmatics after a warm shower at 37 degrees or after breathing the cold shower mist. It is suggested that it is body cooling which leads first to vasoconstriction and then cooling of respiratory mucosa that initiates bronchoconstriction in asthmatics.", "contents": "Airways obstruction in asthmatics induced by body cooling. Pulmonary and thermoregulatory reactions to body cooling were studied in eight asthmatic and five normal subjects. The cooling was achieved by a cold shower at water temperature (T) of 15 degrees C for 1 min, followed by exposing the wet body to a high wind generated by a fan for another minute. The skin T, oral T and pulmonary functions were measured before and after cooling. After the cooling, skin T fell a mean of 7 degrees in all subjects and the oral T fell 0.5 degrees in the normals and 0.7 degrees in the asthmatics. In asthmatics, the post-cooling forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) fell significantly (P less than .05) to a mean of 79% and 72%of baseline, respectively, and thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway resistance (Raw) increased significantly to 133% and 198% of baseline, respectively. In normal subjects a small but significant increase in Raw was found. No obstruction developed in the asthmatics after a warm shower at 37 degrees or after breathing the cold shower mist. It is suggested that it is body cooling which leads first to vasoconstriction and then cooling of respiratory mucosa that initiates bronchoconstriction in asthmatics.", "PMID": 653323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5541", "title": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration. A report of 12 cases.", "content": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration signifies an abnormal and non-aerated mass in the lung, supplied by a systemic artery. Twelve cases are submitted, 10 treated by surgery and two conservatively. There was a male preponderance 11:1, and half the patients were over 25 years. In 66% the abnormality was situated basally on the left side A definite diagnosis can be made only by arteriography, visualizing the number, site, and size of the anomalous vessel(s). Clinically, the symptoms may range from no symptoms at all (four of the present patients) to recurrent pneumonia, cough, and haemoptysis (five of the present patients). In two patients the excised tissue showed epithelial proliferations, tumourlets and slight epithelial dysplasia, but no manifest malignancy. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for intrapulmonary sequestration. In \"silent\" cases it is felt justified to apply conservative treatment should primary surgery be contra-indicated.", "contents": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration. A report of 12 cases. Intralobar pulmonary sequestration signifies an abnormal and non-aerated mass in the lung, supplied by a systemic artery. Twelve cases are submitted, 10 treated by surgery and two conservatively. There was a male preponderance 11:1, and half the patients were over 25 years. In 66% the abnormality was situated basally on the left side A definite diagnosis can be made only by arteriography, visualizing the number, site, and size of the anomalous vessel(s). Clinically, the symptoms may range from no symptoms at all (four of the present patients) to recurrent pneumonia, cough, and haemoptysis (five of the present patients). In two patients the excised tissue showed epithelial proliferations, tumourlets and slight epithelial dysplasia, but no manifest malignancy. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for intrapulmonary sequestration. In \"silent\" cases it is felt justified to apply conservative treatment should primary surgery be contra-indicated.", "PMID": 653324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5542", "title": "Small airways function in pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "Closing volume and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves were performed in a group of 25 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis in stages I and II and with normal spirographic results. Although the mean values of these tests were mostly within the limits of predicted values, 48% of the patients had an increased slope of the alveolar plateau and 40% had decreased maximal expiratory flow at low lung volumes. Abnormal test results were found even in patients with normal static lung compliance. Our results suggest that functional abnormalities in small airways may occur early in the course of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Small airways function in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Closing volume and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves were performed in a group of 25 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis in stages I and II and with normal spirographic results. Although the mean values of these tests were mostly within the limits of predicted values, 48% of the patients had an increased slope of the alveolar plateau and 40% had decreased maximal expiratory flow at low lung volumes. Abnormal test results were found even in patients with normal static lung compliance. Our results suggest that functional abnormalities in small airways may occur early in the course of sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 653325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5543", "title": "Obstructive lung disease in Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "Obstructive lung disease in two patients with Behcet's syndrome is presented. In both cases increased airways resistance, impaired PEF and FEV1.0 were found. In addition, diffusion capacity was slightly decreased in spite of enlarged total lung capacity and increased residual volumes. Both patients had mild hypoxaemia despite slight hyperventilation; a normal chest X-ray, and a decreased serum complement C3 level. Corticosteroids had a beneficial effect on VC in one of the two cases but failed to have any significant effect on the impaired ventilatory function in the other.", "contents": "Obstructive lung disease in Behcet's syndrome. Obstructive lung disease in two patients with Behcet's syndrome is presented. In both cases increased airways resistance, impaired PEF and FEV1.0 were found. In addition, diffusion capacity was slightly decreased in spite of enlarged total lung capacity and increased residual volumes. Both patients had mild hypoxaemia despite slight hyperventilation; a normal chest X-ray, and a decreased serum complement C3 level. Corticosteroids had a beneficial effect on VC in one of the two cases but failed to have any significant effect on the impaired ventilatory function in the other.", "PMID": 653326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5544", "title": "HLA-antigens and pulmonary upper lobe fibrocystic changes with and without ankylosing spondylitis. A report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven patients with remarkably similar progressing pulmonary apical fibrocystic disease are presented. Active tuberculosis was excluded, antituberculous chemotherapy had no effect on the pulmonary lesions. One of the patients had the typical clinical picture of Reiter's syndrome, the other that of ankylosing spondylitis. HLA-antigens were determined in all seven cases, only two patients, one with Reiter's syndrome and another with ankylosing spondylitis, had the HLA-B27 antigen.", "contents": "HLA-antigens and pulmonary upper lobe fibrocystic changes with and without ankylosing spondylitis. A report of seven cases. Seven patients with remarkably similar progressing pulmonary apical fibrocystic disease are presented. Active tuberculosis was excluded, antituberculous chemotherapy had no effect on the pulmonary lesions. One of the patients had the typical clinical picture of Reiter's syndrome, the other that of ankylosing spondylitis. HLA-antigens were determined in all seven cases, only two patients, one with Reiter's syndrome and another with ankylosing spondylitis, had the HLA-B27 antigen.", "PMID": 653327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5545", "title": "[Medicine, health and prevention].", "content": "Health problems far exceed the potentialities of medicine as conventionally practised in Switzerland and elsewhere. Only a health policy directed primarily towards prevention will ensure a more harmonious development for all, both individually and collectively. \"Passive\" preventive medicine (vaccinations, regular check-ups, etc.) has already been shown to be important, and will remain so in the future, but \"active\" prevention should be employed more generally. In order to motivate the public to assume co-responsibility for its own health, education in human biology and behaviour, customs, risk factors, environment, social conditions and the economic situation of the community should be dispensed at a very early age, as should the elementary measures necessary for maintaining good health. Education on suhc a general scale is only possible by a constant exchange of information and close collaboration between experts in various health-related fields, politicians, laymen, adults and children. Health is not a right as such, but is the result of daily care and a long learning process.", "contents": "[Medicine, health and prevention]. Health problems far exceed the potentialities of medicine as conventionally practised in Switzerland and elsewhere. Only a health policy directed primarily towards prevention will ensure a more harmonious development for all, both individually and collectively. \"Passive\" preventive medicine (vaccinations, regular check-ups, etc.) has already been shown to be important, and will remain so in the future, but \"active\" prevention should be employed more generally. In order to motivate the public to assume co-responsibility for its own health, education in human biology and behaviour, customs, risk factors, environment, social conditions and the economic situation of the community should be dispensed at a very early age, as should the elementary measures necessary for maintaining good health. Education on suhc a general scale is only possible by a constant exchange of information and close collaboration between experts in various health-related fields, politicians, laymen, adults and children. Health is not a right as such, but is the result of daily care and a long learning process.", "PMID": 653328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5546", "title": "[A newly discovered kinship with hereditary amyloidneuropathy. Demonstration of increased enteral deconjugation of bile acids].", "content": "In a hitherto undescribed German kinship, 6 cases of slowly progessing peripheral polyneuropathy have been observed. The polyneuropathy affected all peripheral sensory qualities to a similar degree; the mode of inheritance seemed to be autosomal dominant. Four of the six cases had diarrhea, while two had steatorrhea and increased enteral deconjugation of bile acids. Amyloid was found in biopsies of peripheral nerves, arteries and gastric mucosa. This amyloidosis resembles the so-called Portuguese form of the hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies, except that the sensory loses were not dissociated. Increased enteral deconjugation of bile acids as demonstrated by an abnormal 14C-glycocholate breath test appears to contribute to the chronic diarrhea characteristic of this disease.", "contents": "[A newly discovered kinship with hereditary amyloidneuropathy. Demonstration of increased enteral deconjugation of bile acids]. In a hitherto undescribed German kinship, 6 cases of slowly progessing peripheral polyneuropathy have been observed. The polyneuropathy affected all peripheral sensory qualities to a similar degree; the mode of inheritance seemed to be autosomal dominant. Four of the six cases had diarrhea, while two had steatorrhea and increased enteral deconjugation of bile acids. Amyloid was found in biopsies of peripheral nerves, arteries and gastric mucosa. This amyloidosis resembles the so-called Portuguese form of the hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies, except that the sensory loses were not dissociated. Increased enteral deconjugation of bile acids as demonstrated by an abnormal 14C-glycocholate breath test appears to contribute to the chronic diarrhea characteristic of this disease.", "PMID": 653330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5547", "title": "[Hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol].", "content": "Major hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol are rare. They are characterized by systemic vasculitis associated with a grave clinical picture. 20 days after beginning treatment with allopurinol, a 70-year-old patient presented with a maculo-papular, erythemato-squamous eruption which developed into erythroderma with fever, edema, polyadenopathy, marked eosinophilia, cholostatic jaudice, and aggravation of preexisting renal insufficiency. Skin biopsy showed vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis and a chiefly lymphocytic infiltrate suggestive of a malignant lymphoma-type process. As soon as allopurinol was discontinued, and without steroid treatment, the patient spontaneously recovered. A lymphocyte transformation test was positive for this drug. The poorly know mechanism is immunological, with formation of immune complex deposits on the endothelial cells and at the dermo-epidermal junction, fibrinoid necrosis of small vessels and cellular reaction which is lymphocytic. It is not a toxic reaction related to the dose administered, though most authors have emphasized that preexisting renal insufficiency could favor hypersensitivity to allopurinol.", "contents": "[Hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol]. Major hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol are rare. They are characterized by systemic vasculitis associated with a grave clinical picture. 20 days after beginning treatment with allopurinol, a 70-year-old patient presented with a maculo-papular, erythemato-squamous eruption which developed into erythroderma with fever, edema, polyadenopathy, marked eosinophilia, cholostatic jaudice, and aggravation of preexisting renal insufficiency. Skin biopsy showed vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis and a chiefly lymphocytic infiltrate suggestive of a malignant lymphoma-type process. As soon as allopurinol was discontinued, and without steroid treatment, the patient spontaneously recovered. A lymphocyte transformation test was positive for this drug. The poorly know mechanism is immunological, with formation of immune complex deposits on the endothelial cells and at the dermo-epidermal junction, fibrinoid necrosis of small vessels and cellular reaction which is lymphocytic. It is not a toxic reaction related to the dose administered, though most authors have emphasized that preexisting renal insufficiency could favor hypersensitivity to allopurinol.", "PMID": 653331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5548", "title": "[Trombotic endocarditis and its correlation to disseminated intravascular coagulation].", "content": "6275 autopsies performed at the Institute of Pathology of the University of Zurich in the period 1973--1976 included 47 microscopically verified cases of thrombotic endocarditis. Thirty of these patients harboured a neoplasm, most often of the gastro-intestinal tract. Twelve died from arterial emboli, particularly to the central nervous system, although valvular disease of the heart was not manifest clinically. The association of thrombotic endocarditis and histologic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was seen in a different group of 30 cases. Patients with carcinomas and thrombotic endocarditis exhibited microthrombi to a significantly higher degree than a comparable control group with carcinomas but without thrombotic endocarditis. There results confirm that hypercoagulability may well be the denominator common to both thrombotic endocarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "[Trombotic endocarditis and its correlation to disseminated intravascular coagulation]. 6275 autopsies performed at the Institute of Pathology of the University of Zurich in the period 1973--1976 included 47 microscopically verified cases of thrombotic endocarditis. Thirty of these patients harboured a neoplasm, most often of the gastro-intestinal tract. Twelve died from arterial emboli, particularly to the central nervous system, although valvular disease of the heart was not manifest clinically. The association of thrombotic endocarditis and histologic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was seen in a different group of 30 cases. Patients with carcinomas and thrombotic endocarditis exhibited microthrombi to a significantly higher degree than a comparable control group with carcinomas but without thrombotic endocarditis. There results confirm that hypercoagulability may well be the denominator common to both thrombotic endocarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 653332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5549", "title": "[The enlarged diagnosis of the fatal penicillin accident. Immunehistologic demonstration of antigen-antibody complexes and of antibodies against the tubular basement membrane after administraiton of depot penicillin].", "content": "In a case of fatal penicillin allergy it proved possible at autopsy to demonstrate (by immunohistological examination of basal membranes of proximal renal tubuli) antigen-antibody complexes belonging to the penicillin (BPO) group and to an anti-penicilloyl antibody of the IgG type. In addition, complement C3 was detected. Antibodies against the basal membranes or renal tubuli were also demonstrated in material eluted from the kidney, although an inflammatory reaction ot the immunoligical changes had not yet been observed in light microscopy. It is undecided whether this discrepancy is due to the low dose of penicillin administered or the relatively short time lag between first injection and time of fatality. It is assumed that, pathogenetically, a reaction of the serum sickness type is probably involved. For etiological clarification the use of immunohistological methods in addition to serological procedures provides further indices for an antecedent sensitization to penicillin, because assay effectiveness does not decrease even after a lengthy postmortal time-lapse. On the other hand, tissues and serum for examination should be frozen at low temperatures immediately after autopsy.", "contents": "[The enlarged diagnosis of the fatal penicillin accident. Immunehistologic demonstration of antigen-antibody complexes and of antibodies against the tubular basement membrane after administraiton of depot penicillin]. In a case of fatal penicillin allergy it proved possible at autopsy to demonstrate (by immunohistological examination of basal membranes of proximal renal tubuli) antigen-antibody complexes belonging to the penicillin (BPO) group and to an anti-penicilloyl antibody of the IgG type. In addition, complement C3 was detected. Antibodies against the basal membranes or renal tubuli were also demonstrated in material eluted from the kidney, although an inflammatory reaction ot the immunoligical changes had not yet been observed in light microscopy. It is undecided whether this discrepancy is due to the low dose of penicillin administered or the relatively short time lag between first injection and time of fatality. It is assumed that, pathogenetically, a reaction of the serum sickness type is probably involved. For etiological clarification the use of immunohistological methods in addition to serological procedures provides further indices for an antecedent sensitization to penicillin, because assay effectiveness does not decrease even after a lengthy postmortal time-lapse. On the other hand, tissues and serum for examination should be frozen at low temperatures immediately after autopsy.", "PMID": 653333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5550", "title": "[Isolated ulcer of the small intestine. Abnormal structures in the intestinal wall].", "content": "Four years after abdominal trauma, an intestinal loop was resected in a 19-year-old male due to persistent abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and the suspicion of tumor. A typical ischemic ulcer was found. The resected loop showed, moreover, two peculiar histological features which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described in the literature: 1. smooth muscle sleeves surrounding intraparietal arteries; 2. entero-mesenteric smooth muscle bands. It is suggested that these muscular structures could, when contracted, provoke arterial stenoses and contribute to the formation of the ulcer.", "contents": "[Isolated ulcer of the small intestine. Abnormal structures in the intestinal wall]. Four years after abdominal trauma, an intestinal loop was resected in a 19-year-old male due to persistent abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and the suspicion of tumor. A typical ischemic ulcer was found. The resected loop showed, moreover, two peculiar histological features which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described in the literature: 1. smooth muscle sleeves surrounding intraparietal arteries; 2. entero-mesenteric smooth muscle bands. It is suggested that these muscular structures could, when contracted, provoke arterial stenoses and contribute to the formation of the ulcer.", "PMID": 653334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5551", "title": "[When to discharge a patient after myocardial infarct].", "content": "The evidence suggest that its possible on the fourth day after myocardial infarction to identify a group of patients with near-zero mortality during the next 14 days. These patients can leave hospital on the fifth day if adequate home care is available. Since 66 of our series of 255 patients belonged to this fortunate group, a notable cost reduction was achieved.", "contents": "[When to discharge a patient after myocardial infarct]. The evidence suggest that its possible on the fourth day after myocardial infarction to identify a group of patients with near-zero mortality during the next 14 days. These patients can leave hospital on the fifth day if adequate home care is available. Since 66 of our series of 255 patients belonged to this fortunate group, a notable cost reduction was achieved.", "PMID": 653336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5552", "title": "[Linearity and blank value in the serum creatine phophokinase MB-fraction determination by means of the inhibition test].", "content": "The inhibition test shows elevated creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) activity if the test volume is reduced. Hence, sera with considerably increased serum protein values may produce negative CK-MB results. What is involved here is an apparent blank phenomenon dependent on the serum proteins. This effect is not derived from the Inh-CK-M antibody but is directly connected with the CK-reagents, since analogous relationships are also shown with the conventional CK-method. In order to produce reliable inhibition test results, a reflectant blank versus test-volume and serum protein level must be taken into account.", "contents": "[Linearity and blank value in the serum creatine phophokinase MB-fraction determination by means of the inhibition test]. The inhibition test shows elevated creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) activity if the test volume is reduced. Hence, sera with considerably increased serum protein values may produce negative CK-MB results. What is involved here is an apparent blank phenomenon dependent on the serum proteins. This effect is not derived from the Inh-CK-M antibody but is directly connected with the CK-reagents, since analogous relationships are also shown with the conventional CK-method. In order to produce reliable inhibition test results, a reflectant blank versus test-volume and serum protein level must be taken into account.", "PMID": 653337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5553", "title": "[Fever of long standing in atrial myxoma].", "content": "A 39-year-old man is described who presented with the unspecific signs of systemic disease (elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased gamma-globulins, positive rheumatoid factor; clubbing, splenomegaly) and with fever whose origin remained undiagnosed for 8 years despite numerous investigations. Later in the course of the disease, the signs of mitral stenosis appeared, suggesting left atrial myxoma even in the absence of arterial embolization. This diagnosis was established by echocardiography and confirmed by angiocardiography as well as at operation, after which all the systemic signs and symptoms disappeared.", "contents": "[Fever of long standing in atrial myxoma]. A 39-year-old man is described who presented with the unspecific signs of systemic disease (elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased gamma-globulins, positive rheumatoid factor; clubbing, splenomegaly) and with fever whose origin remained undiagnosed for 8 years despite numerous investigations. Later in the course of the disease, the signs of mitral stenosis appeared, suggesting left atrial myxoma even in the absence of arterial embolization. This diagnosis was established by echocardiography and confirmed by angiocardiography as well as at operation, after which all the systemic signs and symptoms disappeared.", "PMID": 653338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5554", "title": "[Current aspects and prospects of preventive pediatrics in France].", "content": "Preventive medicine perhaps achieved its earliest and most complete successes in the field of pediatrics. Work on the problems of main concern in the last third of the century has reached a stage where preventive medicine has virtually mastered those of nutrition and infection in our countries. The current problems are malformation, accidents, and suicide, and this has meant a major shift of interest for preventive activity. In some fields, prevention-detection of neonatal affections takes place in the prenatal period: here, the pediatrician joins hands with the geneticist and the obstetrician. In other fields, such as accident prevention, the pediatrician's role is of particular importance to the authorities, industry, and the family. Finally, and this is new, the pediatrician is responsible for the prevention of diseases occurring in the adult. His role in this was a matter of course in nutritional diseases such as malnutrition and rickets, and in infections such as tuberculosis. It is assuming increasing importance in the detection and prevention of certain risk factors and common affections of the adult such as obesity, hypertension and atheroma.", "contents": "[Current aspects and prospects of preventive pediatrics in France]. Preventive medicine perhaps achieved its earliest and most complete successes in the field of pediatrics. Work on the problems of main concern in the last third of the century has reached a stage where preventive medicine has virtually mastered those of nutrition and infection in our countries. The current problems are malformation, accidents, and suicide, and this has meant a major shift of interest for preventive activity. In some fields, prevention-detection of neonatal affections takes place in the prenatal period: here, the pediatrician joins hands with the geneticist and the obstetrician. In other fields, such as accident prevention, the pediatrician's role is of particular importance to the authorities, industry, and the family. Finally, and this is new, the pediatrician is responsible for the prevention of diseases occurring in the adult. His role in this was a matter of course in nutritional diseases such as malnutrition and rickets, and in infections such as tuberculosis. It is assuming increasing importance in the detection and prevention of certain risk factors and common affections of the adult such as obesity, hypertension and atheroma.", "PMID": 653340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5555", "title": "[Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in venous occlusive lung diseases].", "content": "In a 73-year-old female patient, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease was diagnosed by the typical histological findings in the lung. Immunofluorescence studies showed granular deposits of IgG and C1q in the lung, suggesting immune complex deposition and complement activation by the classical pathway. Furthermore, the presence of lymphocytes sensitized against collagen was demonstrated using the leukocyte migration inhibition system. These results demonstrate the significance of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "[Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in venous occlusive lung diseases]. In a 73-year-old female patient, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease was diagnosed by the typical histological findings in the lung. Immunofluorescence studies showed granular deposits of IgG and C1q in the lung, suggesting immune complex deposition and complement activation by the classical pathway. Furthermore, the presence of lymphocytes sensitized against collagen was demonstrated using the leukocyte migration inhibition system. These results demonstrate the significance of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 653341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5556", "title": "[Does room air humidification prevent respiratory diseases in winter? An epidemiologic study on 1321 office workers].", "content": "An epidemiological study was carried out from January 15th to March 31st 1976 among 1321 clerical workers of the Administration of the Canton of Geneva. This study was intended to determine whether indoor humidification during winter prevents respiratory infections. The results obtained show that air-conditioning, in spite of an average relative humidity (RH) of 52%, has an unfavourable influence on respiratory infections which are significantly more numerous among people working in air-conditioned offices. Humidifiers did not have a significant influence on the incidence of respiratory diseases, but the trifling difference of average air humidity between offices equipped with humidifiers (RH:33%) and offices without humidifier (RH:30%) shows that these appliances, as at present commonly used, are inefficient. After a review of the literature on the subject, the authors reach the conclusion  that no convincing evidence supports the theory of the effectiveness of indoor humidification in the prevention of respiratory diseases.", "contents": "[Does room air humidification prevent respiratory diseases in winter? An epidemiologic study on 1321 office workers]. An epidemiological study was carried out from January 15th to March 31st 1976 among 1321 clerical workers of the Administration of the Canton of Geneva. This study was intended to determine whether indoor humidification during winter prevents respiratory infections. The results obtained show that air-conditioning, in spite of an average relative humidity (RH) of 52%, has an unfavourable influence on respiratory infections which are significantly more numerous among people working in air-conditioned offices. Humidifiers did not have a significant influence on the incidence of respiratory diseases, but the trifling difference of average air humidity between offices equipped with humidifiers (RH:33%) and offices without humidifier (RH:30%) shows that these appliances, as at present commonly used, are inefficient. After a review of the literature on the subject, the authors reach the conclusion  that no convincing evidence supports the theory of the effectiveness of indoor humidification in the prevention of respiratory diseases.", "PMID": 653342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5557", "title": "[Gas gangrene. The files of the Swiss Accident Insurance Company 1963-1975].", "content": "The clinical histories of 28 cases registered as gas gangrene by the Swiss National Accident Insurance (Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt) from 1963 to 1975 are reviewed. According to the classification of Altemeier (1. gas gangrene, 2. clostridial cellulitis, 3. simple contamination of a wound by Clostridium, and 4. gaseous infection without Clostridium) only 5 cases were assignable to group one (1 survivor), 2 cases to group two, 9 to group three and 9 to group four. Typical cases from each group are discussed to illustrate the advantages of this classification, the dangers of treatment based on wrong diagnosis, and the necessary prophylaxis. The more serious prognosis in gas gangrene in comparison to the other groups is emphasized.", "contents": "[Gas gangrene. The files of the Swiss Accident Insurance Company 1963-1975]. The clinical histories of 28 cases registered as gas gangrene by the Swiss National Accident Insurance (Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt) from 1963 to 1975 are reviewed. According to the classification of Altemeier (1. gas gangrene, 2. clostridial cellulitis, 3. simple contamination of a wound by Clostridium, and 4. gaseous infection without Clostridium) only 5 cases were assignable to group one (1 survivor), 2 cases to group two, 9 to group three and 9 to group four. Typical cases from each group are discussed to illustrate the advantages of this classification, the dangers of treatment based on wrong diagnosis, and the necessary prophylaxis. The more serious prognosis in gas gangrene in comparison to the other groups is emphasized.", "PMID": 653345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5558", "title": "[Paralysis of the trapezius muscle].", "content": "Four cases of paralysis of the trapezius muscle occurring during the last 15 years are reported. The characteristics of this lesion, which is usually of iatrogenic origin, are outlined. Among the alternatives in treatment, Eden's operation is the method of choice. Major handicaps are usually corrected from both an esthetic and functional point of view.", "contents": "[Paralysis of the trapezius muscle]. Four cases of paralysis of the trapezius muscle occurring during the last 15 years are reported. The characteristics of this lesion, which is usually of iatrogenic origin, are outlined. Among the alternatives in treatment, Eden's operation is the method of choice. Major handicaps are usually corrected from both an esthetic and functional point of view.", "PMID": 653346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5559", "title": "[Sertoli-cell-only-syndrome. Histology and pathogenesis].", "content": "The Sertoli-cell-only syndrome is characterized histologically by complete loss of the germinal epithelium in testicular tubules, and clinically by aspermia, i.e. lack of spermatozoa and their earlier stages in the ejaculate. In our opinion the term Sertoli-cell-only syndrome should be used exclusively for these lesions, although some authors also use it for cases with oligo- or azoospermia in which the tubules still retain some remnants of germinal epithelium. The etiology of the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome is obscure. Maldevelopment, with failure of the primordial germ cells to migrate into the future gonads, and secondary destruction of the germinal epithelial layer are discussed. In the hope of finding distinct histologic differences that would indicate either malformation or an acquired lesion, we examined 53 cases of Sertoli-cell-only syndrome out of a series of 2700 testicular biopsies from our Institute. All 53 patients had aspermia, and no remnants of germ cells were identifiable in the testicular biopsies. The microscopic lesions in all cases were more or less identical. Two small groups could be distinguished in which the histologic alterations appeared to fulfil the criteria for germ cell aplasia and germ cell atrophy respectively. The majority, however, belonged to an intermediate group showing all states of transition between these lesions. It is likely that the varying histological patterns simply represent different grades of testicular destruction with loss of germinal epithelium, rather than different etiologies. Our study does not allow conclusions as to the cause of the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome.", "contents": "[Sertoli-cell-only-syndrome. Histology and pathogenesis]. The Sertoli-cell-only syndrome is characterized histologically by complete loss of the germinal epithelium in testicular tubules, and clinically by aspermia, i.e. lack of spermatozoa and their earlier stages in the ejaculate. In our opinion the term Sertoli-cell-only syndrome should be used exclusively for these lesions, although some authors also use it for cases with oligo- or azoospermia in which the tubules still retain some remnants of germinal epithelium. The etiology of the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome is obscure. Maldevelopment, with failure of the primordial germ cells to migrate into the future gonads, and secondary destruction of the germinal epithelial layer are discussed. In the hope of finding distinct histologic differences that would indicate either malformation or an acquired lesion, we examined 53 cases of Sertoli-cell-only syndrome out of a series of 2700 testicular biopsies from our Institute. All 53 patients had aspermia, and no remnants of germ cells were identifiable in the testicular biopsies. The microscopic lesions in all cases were more or less identical. Two small groups could be distinguished in which the histologic alterations appeared to fulfil the criteria for germ cell aplasia and germ cell atrophy respectively. The majority, however, belonged to an intermediate group showing all states of transition between these lesions. It is likely that the varying histological patterns simply represent different grades of testicular destruction with loss of germinal epithelium, rather than different etiologies. Our study does not allow conclusions as to the cause of the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome.", "PMID": 653347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5560", "title": "[Peroral poisoning with isocyanate and methylenechloride].", "content": "Despite worldwide use of organic isocyanates and methylene chloride, little is known of oral intoxication with these substances in human beings. Two suicide attempts and their subsequent clinical course are reported. Coma, shock, relative bradycardia, leukocytosis and metabolic acidosis were ascribed to the effect of methylene chloride. The causes of the necrosis in the gastro-intestinal tract (as demonstrated endoscopically and histologically) of hemolysis and of intravascular clotting are discussed. The prognosis is good after survival of the acute phase. Untoward reactions in cases of pregnancy have not been observed.", "contents": "[Peroral poisoning with isocyanate and methylenechloride]. Despite worldwide use of organic isocyanates and methylene chloride, little is known of oral intoxication with these substances in human beings. Two suicide attempts and their subsequent clinical course are reported. Coma, shock, relative bradycardia, leukocytosis and metabolic acidosis were ascribed to the effect of methylene chloride. The causes of the necrosis in the gastro-intestinal tract (as demonstrated endoscopically and histologically) of hemolysis and of intravascular clotting are discussed. The prognosis is good after survival of the acute phase. Untoward reactions in cases of pregnancy have not been observed.", "PMID": 653348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5561", "title": "[Mortality rates and causes of death in the \"Basle study\"].", "content": "The Basle Study of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) from 1960 to 1973 showed, in the original cohort, a mortality rate of 6% in 4858 men aged 15-65 at entry and of 2.2% in 1471 women aged 15-55. In the male cohort, the age-specific 10-year mortality is lower than in the general Swiss population, due to a smaller number of fatal accidents and a low incidence of various diseases with fatal outcome. This is not true of cardiovascular mortality, which accounted for 40%, or of tumors, which accounted for 35% of the observed mortality. In females, 59% of the fatal events were caused by tumors and 16% by CVD. The autopsy rate was 61% and allowed confirmation of the death certificate. Myocardial infarction was the cause of death in 51% of all males dying from CVD. A comparison of findings at the entry examination between subjects who died from CVD and those who died from other causes showed a significantly higher incidence of CVD in both the family history and the personal history in the cardiovascular mortality group. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent. Blood cholesterol, betalipoproteins, and blood pressure were significantly higher than in the non-cardiovascular mortality group. Our findings demonstrate that no measurable preventive action against CVD was taken even in a group of presumably healthy subjects interested in health maintenance. The necessity of increased efforts toward prevention of CVD is evident.", "contents": "[Mortality rates and causes of death in the \"Basle study\"]. The Basle Study of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) from 1960 to 1973 showed, in the original cohort, a mortality rate of 6% in 4858 men aged 15-65 at entry and of 2.2% in 1471 women aged 15-55. In the male cohort, the age-specific 10-year mortality is lower than in the general Swiss population, due to a smaller number of fatal accidents and a low incidence of various diseases with fatal outcome. This is not true of cardiovascular mortality, which accounted for 40%, or of tumors, which accounted for 35% of the observed mortality. In females, 59% of the fatal events were caused by tumors and 16% by CVD. The autopsy rate was 61% and allowed confirmation of the death certificate. Myocardial infarction was the cause of death in 51% of all males dying from CVD. A comparison of findings at the entry examination between subjects who died from CVD and those who died from other causes showed a significantly higher incidence of CVD in both the family history and the personal history in the cardiovascular mortality group. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent. Blood cholesterol, betalipoproteins, and blood pressure were significantly higher than in the non-cardiovascular mortality group. Our findings demonstrate that no measurable preventive action against CVD was taken even in a group of presumably healthy subjects interested in health maintenance. The necessity of increased efforts toward prevention of CVD is evident.", "PMID": 653349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5562", "title": "The hydrophobic effect and the organization of living matter.", "content": "Biological organization may be viewed as consisting of two stages: biosynthesis and assembly. The assembly process is largely under thermodynamic control; that is, as a first approximation it represents a search by each structural molecule for its state of lowest chemical potential. The hydrophobic effect is a unique organizing force, based on repulsion by the solvent instead of attractive forces at the site of organization. It is responsible for assembly of membranes of cells and intracellular compartments, and the absence of strong attractive forces makes the membranes fluid and deformable. The spontaneous folding of proteins, however, involves directed polar bonds, leading to more rigid structures. Intercellular organization probably involves polar bonds between cell surface proteins.", "contents": "The hydrophobic effect and the organization of living matter. Biological organization may be viewed as consisting of two stages: biosynthesis and assembly. The assembly process is largely under thermodynamic control; that is, as a first approximation it represents a search by each structural molecule for its state of lowest chemical potential. The hydrophobic effect is a unique organizing force, based on repulsion by the solvent instead of attractive forces at the site of organization. It is responsible for assembly of membranes of cells and intracellular compartments, and the absence of strong attractive forces makes the membranes fluid and deformable. The spontaneous folding of proteins, however, involves directed polar bonds, leading to more rigid structures. Intercellular organization probably involves polar bonds between cell surface proteins.", "PMID": 653353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5563", "title": "A harvester ant venom: chemistry and pharmacology.", "content": "The mammalian toxicity of the potently algogenic venom of the ant Pogonomyrmex badius is greater than that reported for any other insect venom. This enzyme-rich venom contains high concentrations of phospholipase A2 and B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, lipase, and esterases. This hemolytic secretion from the poison gland products unusual symptoms in mammals and appears to have been evolved as a deterrent for vertebrate predators.", "contents": "A harvester ant venom: chemistry and pharmacology. The mammalian toxicity of the potently algogenic venom of the ant Pogonomyrmex badius is greater than that reported for any other insect venom. This enzyme-rich venom contains high concentrations of phospholipase A2 and B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, lipase, and esterases. This hemolytic secretion from the poison gland products unusual symptoms in mammals and appears to have been evolved as a deterrent for vertebrate predators.", "PMID": 653354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5564", "title": "Effect of oxygen pressure during culture on survival of mouse thyroid allografts.", "content": "A marked increase in the percentage of mouse thyroids that retained function 20 days after transplantation across a major histocompatibility barrier and the percentage that lacked generalized infiltration was observed when the grafts received hyperbaric oxygen during a 4-day culture period. Perfusion of the donor animal before thyroidotomy and the addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium did not have a significant effect on graft survival, but the percentage of grafts lacking generalized infiltration was slightly increased by the addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen pressure during culture on survival of mouse thyroid allografts. A marked increase in the percentage of mouse thyroids that retained function 20 days after transplantation across a major histocompatibility barrier and the percentage that lacked generalized infiltration was observed when the grafts received hyperbaric oxygen during a 4-day culture period. Perfusion of the donor animal before thyroidotomy and the addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium did not have a significant effect on graft survival, but the percentage of grafts lacking generalized infiltration was slightly increased by the addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium.", "PMID": 653355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5565", "title": "Magnetic microspheres prepared by redox polymerization used in a cell separation based on gangliosides.", "content": "A facile method is described for making magnetic microspheres that bind specifically to cell surfaces, in order to separate cells magnetophoretically. Control over the sizes of the spheres is effected by using their magnetic cores as part of a redox polymerization system. The use of the microspheres is demonstrated with a separation involving C-1300 neuroblastoma cells, 10% of which express the ganglioside GM1 in their membranes. The GM1-containing cells were separated with better than 99% purity, while the deficient cells were obtained at least 98% pure. The separation, which was carried out under sterile conditions, required only 6 minutes.", "contents": "Magnetic microspheres prepared by redox polymerization used in a cell separation based on gangliosides. A facile method is described for making magnetic microspheres that bind specifically to cell surfaces, in order to separate cells magnetophoretically. Control over the sizes of the spheres is effected by using their magnetic cores as part of a redox polymerization system. The use of the microspheres is demonstrated with a separation involving C-1300 neuroblastoma cells, 10% of which express the ganglioside GM1 in their membranes. The GM1-containing cells were separated with better than 99% purity, while the deficient cells were obtained at least 98% pure. The separation, which was carried out under sterile conditions, required only 6 minutes.", "PMID": 653356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5566", "title": "Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent chronic alcoholics measured by computed tomography scans.", "content": "Eight chronic alcoholics received repeated computed tomography scans. Four, who maintained abstinence and functionally improved, showed partially reversible cerebral atrophy. Two nonabstinent patients and two abstinent patients who had completed functional improvement before the first scan showed no change in atrophy.", "contents": "Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent chronic alcoholics measured by computed tomography scans. Eight chronic alcoholics received repeated computed tomography scans. Four, who maintained abstinence and functionally improved, showed partially reversible cerebral atrophy. Two nonabstinent patients and two abstinent patients who had completed functional improvement before the first scan showed no change in atrophy.", "PMID": 653357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5567", "title": "Postpartum amenorrhea: how is it affected by maternal nutritional status?", "content": "The average length of postpartum amenorrhea reported by breast-feeding women in rural Bangladesh in 1975 was 18 to 20 months. Its duration was found to be only slightly related to maternal nutritional status. There was no evidence of a threshold of weight for height necessary for the resumption of menses postpartum. Factors related to the duration of postpartum amenorrhea were maternal age, socioeconomic status, and supplemental feeding of the infant.", "contents": "Postpartum amenorrhea: how is it affected by maternal nutritional status? The average length of postpartum amenorrhea reported by breast-feeding women in rural Bangladesh in 1975 was 18 to 20 months. Its duration was found to be only slightly related to maternal nutritional status. There was no evidence of a threshold of weight for height necessary for the resumption of menses postpartum. Factors related to the duration of postpartum amenorrhea were maternal age, socioeconomic status, and supplemental feeding of the infant.", "PMID": 653359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5568", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the Fc region of a canine immunoglobulin M: interspecies homology for the IgM class.", "content": "The amino acid structure for the Fc portion of a canine immunoglobulin mu chain was determined. The sequence was compared with those of two human mu chains, and a high degree of interspecies homology was observed. The preservation of primary structure between species is probably reflective of the unique functions associated with the immunoglobulin M class.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the Fc region of a canine immunoglobulin M: interspecies homology for the IgM class. The amino acid structure for the Fc portion of a canine immunoglobulin mu chain was determined. The sequence was compared with those of two human mu chains, and a high degree of interspecies homology was observed. The preservation of primary structure between species is probably reflective of the unique functions associated with the immunoglobulin M class.", "PMID": 653360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5569", "title": "Cohort mortality for prostatic cancer among United States nonwhites.", "content": "In recent decades, age-adjusted mortality rates from prostatic cancer have risen precipitously among blacks, remaining unchanged among whites. It is now the most common cancer among United States black males. When nonwhite mortality rates were examined by age and birth cohort, it was found that peak rates occurred at every age in the cohort of 1896 to 1900, and declined thereafter. This presages an arrest and reversal of the time trend in summary mortality rates as more recent nonwhite cohorts reach the ages of maximum risk.", "contents": "Cohort mortality for prostatic cancer among United States nonwhites. In recent decades, age-adjusted mortality rates from prostatic cancer have risen precipitously among blacks, remaining unchanged among whites. It is now the most common cancer among United States black males. When nonwhite mortality rates were examined by age and birth cohort, it was found that peak rates occurred at every age in the cohort of 1896 to 1900, and declined thereafter. This presages an arrest and reversal of the time trend in summary mortality rates as more recent nonwhite cohorts reach the ages of maximum risk.", "PMID": 653361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5570", "title": "Striatal nondopaminergic neurons: possible involvement in feeding and drinking behavior.", "content": "Intracaudate injections of kainic acid destroy striatal neurons containing acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid but leave dopaminergic nerve terminals in this brain region intact. Rats injected with the drug are aphagic and adipsic, and have other behavioral abnormalities strikingly similar to those seen in animals with lesions in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal bundle.", "contents": "Striatal nondopaminergic neurons: possible involvement in feeding and drinking behavior. Intracaudate injections of kainic acid destroy striatal neurons containing acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid but leave dopaminergic nerve terminals in this brain region intact. Rats injected with the drug are aphagic and adipsic, and have other behavioral abnormalities strikingly similar to those seen in animals with lesions in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal bundle.", "PMID": 653362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5571", "title": "Receptors for glucocorticoids in the lens epithelium of the calf.", "content": "The calf lens epithelium contains a specific cytoplasmic receptor for glucocorticoids. This binding protein has a high affinity for dexamethasone (average dissociation constant, 8 x 10(-9) mole per liter), a low capacity (average, 550 femtomoles per milligram of protein), extreme heat sensitivity, and exhibits a pattern of competition similar to that of glucocorticoid receptors in other tissues. This provides direct biochemical evidence that these tissues may function as a target organ for glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Receptors for glucocorticoids in the lens epithelium of the calf. The calf lens epithelium contains a specific cytoplasmic receptor for glucocorticoids. This binding protein has a high affinity for dexamethasone (average dissociation constant, 8 x 10(-9) mole per liter), a low capacity (average, 550 femtomoles per milligram of protein), extreme heat sensitivity, and exhibits a pattern of competition similar to that of glucocorticoid receptors in other tissues. This provides direct biochemical evidence that these tissues may function as a target organ for glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 653363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5572", "title": "Risk factors in surgical correction of congenital heart defects in early childhood.", "content": "The technique of surface-induced hypothermia, circulatory arrest and limited extracorporeal circulation was used in the surgical correction of congenital heart defects in 125 young children. Hospital mortality was 18% and no death could be attributed to the surgical technique. An analysis of risk factors demonstrated that successful corrective surgery was not significantly related to age, body weight or pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. In transposition of the great arteries, the presence of a ventricular septal defect was associated with an increased mortality. Emergency operations performed because of severe hypoxaemia carried a high mortality, especially in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Risk factors in surgical correction of congenital heart defects in early childhood. The technique of surface-induced hypothermia, circulatory arrest and limited extracorporeal circulation was used in the surgical correction of congenital heart defects in 125 young children. Hospital mortality was 18% and no death could be attributed to the surgical technique. An analysis of risk factors demonstrated that successful corrective surgery was not significantly related to age, body weight or pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. In transposition of the great arteries, the presence of a ventricular septal defect was associated with an increased mortality. Emergency operations performed because of severe hypoxaemia carried a high mortality, especially in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 653469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5573", "title": "Long-term effects of kwashiorkor on psychomotor development.", "content": "The long-term effects of kwashiorkor on psychomotor development were assessed by means of 3 tests. A group of 31 children aged from 6 to 12 years, who had been hospitalized for the treatment of kwashiorkor during infancy, was age-matched with 2 control groups, consisting of a group of siblings and a group of yardmates, none of whom had been exposed to acute infantile malnutrition. The test scores for the groups were not significantly different. The results are discussed in the light of suggestions that marasmus has a more damaging effect on human development than kwashiorkor.", "contents": "Long-term effects of kwashiorkor on psychomotor development. The long-term effects of kwashiorkor on psychomotor development were assessed by means of 3 tests. A group of 31 children aged from 6 to 12 years, who had been hospitalized for the treatment of kwashiorkor during infancy, was age-matched with 2 control groups, consisting of a group of siblings and a group of yardmates, none of whom had been exposed to acute infantile malnutrition. The test scores for the groups were not significantly different. The results are discussed in the light of suggestions that marasmus has a more damaging effect on human development than kwashiorkor.", "PMID": 653470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5574", "title": "The radiological signs of acute appendicitis in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The radiological findings in 93 children operated on for acute appendicitis were reviewed retrospectively; acute appendicitis was confirmed in 76 (81%). These children were compared with 40 children with abdominal pain, but without appendicitis. Pre-operative radiographs in the children with appendicitis showed a significantly higher incidence of scoliosis, properitoneal line displacement, caecal dilatation with air/fluid levels and terminal ileal dilatation with air/fluid levels. The incidence of radiologically demonstrable faecaliths was not statistically higher in the children suffering from acute appendicitis. In children under the age of 4 years, in whom the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is often difficult, the radiological signs are helpful.", "contents": "The radiological signs of acute appendicitis in infancy and childhood. The radiological findings in 93 children operated on for acute appendicitis were reviewed retrospectively; acute appendicitis was confirmed in 76 (81%). These children were compared with 40 children with abdominal pain, but without appendicitis. Pre-operative radiographs in the children with appendicitis showed a significantly higher incidence of scoliosis, properitoneal line displacement, caecal dilatation with air/fluid levels and terminal ileal dilatation with air/fluid levels. The incidence of radiologically demonstrable faecaliths was not statistically higher in the children suffering from acute appendicitis. In children under the age of 4 years, in whom the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is often difficult, the radiological signs are helpful.", "PMID": 653471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5575", "title": "Repetitive ventricular ectopic activity in chronic ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The characteristics of repetitive ventricular ectopic activity in 175 ambulatory patients after myocardial infarction are analysed. A total of 1 500 magnetic tape recordings were made on these patients over a period of up to 8 years. In the group of patients exhibiting few ectopic beats, i.e. less than 8/h, the incidence of ventricular salvoes and tachycardia was 9% and 4% respectively, whereas in the group exhibiting many ectopic beats, i.e. greater than or equal to 8/h, the incidence of ventricular salvoes and tachycardia was 60% and 30% respectively. Even though only 1 patient in the first group, exhibiting repetitive ventricular ectopic activity, died, in contrast to 10 in the second group, this is not of statistical significance. The coupling intervals between preceding normal sinus beats and beats which led to repetitive ventricular discharge were clustered between the shortest and the longest coupling intervals which did not lead to salvoes and tachycardia.", "contents": "Repetitive ventricular ectopic activity in chronic ischaemic heart disease. The characteristics of repetitive ventricular ectopic activity in 175 ambulatory patients after myocardial infarction are analysed. A total of 1 500 magnetic tape recordings were made on these patients over a period of up to 8 years. In the group of patients exhibiting few ectopic beats, i.e. less than 8/h, the incidence of ventricular salvoes and tachycardia was 9% and 4% respectively, whereas in the group exhibiting many ectopic beats, i.e. greater than or equal to 8/h, the incidence of ventricular salvoes and tachycardia was 60% and 30% respectively. Even though only 1 patient in the first group, exhibiting repetitive ventricular ectopic activity, died, in contrast to 10 in the second group, this is not of statistical significance. The coupling intervals between preceding normal sinus beats and beats which led to repetitive ventricular discharge were clustered between the shortest and the longest coupling intervals which did not lead to salvoes and tachycardia.", "PMID": 653472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5576", "title": "The value of serum drug concentration assays in clinical practice.", "content": "The value of serum drug assays in clinical practice is assessed, and it is concluded that, except in neonates, elderly persons or patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction, such assays are of little clinical value. However, research projects to obtain clinically applicable pharmacokinetic data are of great value. Routine clinical drug assays should be discouraged on clinical, practical and economic grounds.", "contents": "The value of serum drug concentration assays in clinical practice. The value of serum drug assays in clinical practice is assessed, and it is concluded that, except in neonates, elderly persons or patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction, such assays are of little clinical value. However, research projects to obtain clinically applicable pharmacokinetic data are of great value. Routine clinical drug assays should be discouraged on clinical, practical and economic grounds.", "PMID": 653473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5577", "title": "Intermittent exposure of gravid rats to 1% nitrous oxide and the effect on the postnatal growth of their offspring.", "content": "Three groups of pregnant rats were exposed to 1% nitrous oxide 6 hours a day, 5 days per week for the first, first and second, and all 3 weeks of gestation. The offspring were weighed and measured at weekly intervals. The following variables were evaluated in control and experimental groups: litter size, body weight, tail length and body length. Litter sizes in animals exposed for the first and second weeks of gestation were significantly smaller than the controls. A two-way nested statistical analysis of the data revealed that over an 8-week period the experimental rats were significantly smaller than the control rats of the same age. Analysis of the 95% confidence intervals revealed no particular pattern related to the timing of the exposure to nitrous oxide.", "contents": "Intermittent exposure of gravid rats to 1% nitrous oxide and the effect on the postnatal growth of their offspring. Three groups of pregnant rats were exposed to 1% nitrous oxide 6 hours a day, 5 days per week for the first, first and second, and all 3 weeks of gestation. The offspring were weighed and measured at weekly intervals. The following variables were evaluated in control and experimental groups: litter size, body weight, tail length and body length. Litter sizes in animals exposed for the first and second weeks of gestation were significantly smaller than the controls. A two-way nested statistical analysis of the data revealed that over an 8-week period the experimental rats were significantly smaller than the control rats of the same age. Analysis of the 95% confidence intervals revealed no particular pattern related to the timing of the exposure to nitrous oxide.", "PMID": 653474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5578", "title": "Lung biopsy--a review of 3 years' experience.", "content": "The results of 140 percutaneous lung biopsies by 3 different methods and 37 transbronchial biopsies through the fibre-optic bronchoscope are presented. The indications for each procedure, their diagnostic accuracy and ensuing complications are discussed. We conclude that each method has its place and that skill with several techniques permits the selection of the most appropriate method in each individual case.", "contents": "Lung biopsy--a review of 3 years' experience. The results of 140 percutaneous lung biopsies by 3 different methods and 37 transbronchial biopsies through the fibre-optic bronchoscope are presented. The indications for each procedure, their diagnostic accuracy and ensuing complications are discussed. We conclude that each method has its place and that skill with several techniques permits the selection of the most appropriate method in each individual case.", "PMID": 653478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5579", "title": "The role of radiology in urinary tract infection in children.", "content": "Of 758 children examined by uroradiography at the Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children, 232 (30%) had been referred for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. The incidence of radiological anomaly or abnormality in these children was an overall 30%; in the first 3 years of life this figure rose to 40%. Radiological investigation of these children should be undertaken routinely. Excretory urography alone is a satisfactory screening procedure in children over the age of 3 years; under this age, formal voiding cysto-urethrography is of immense importance. The incidence of 70% of underlying radiologically detectable abnormalities associated with Pseudomonas infection was statistically significantly higher than the 30% found in association with all other infecting organisms.", "contents": "The role of radiology in urinary tract infection in children. Of 758 children examined by uroradiography at the Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children, 232 (30%) had been referred for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. The incidence of radiological anomaly or abnormality in these children was an overall 30%; in the first 3 years of life this figure rose to 40%. Radiological investigation of these children should be undertaken routinely. Excretory urography alone is a satisfactory screening procedure in children over the age of 3 years; under this age, formal voiding cysto-urethrography is of immense importance. The incidence of 70% of underlying radiologically detectable abnormalities associated with Pseudomonas infection was statistically significantly higher than the 30% found in association with all other infecting organisms.", "PMID": 653480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5580", "title": "A profile of general practitioner obstetrics.", "content": "The pattern of obstetrics as practised by general practitioners in a small country town over a period of 22 years is reviewed. The importance of dedicated nursing staff is emphasized, and an appeal is made for the establishment of maternity units distinctly separate from general hospitals.", "contents": "A profile of general practitioner obstetrics. The pattern of obstetrics as practised by general practitioners in a small country town over a period of 22 years is reviewed. The importance of dedicated nursing staff is emphasized, and an appeal is made for the establishment of maternity units distinctly separate from general hospitals.", "PMID": 653481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5581", "title": "The alternative to colostomy for the injured colon.", "content": "In 34 patients with penetrating colon wounds which were considered to be liable to dehiscence, the sutured wounds were exteriorized. There were several 'high-risk' factors, i.e. operative delay of more than 6 hours after injury, faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, marked contusion of the bowel wall, and severe associated visceral haematoma which is deemed liable to infection. Additional considerations were thoraco-abdominal penetration and combined colonic and renal injuries. The operative technique is described in detail, and the morbidity of the procedure, which is low, is analysed. Comparison is made with a similar group of patients in whom colostomy was performed with subsequent closure. Exteriorization and closure of the penetrating colon wound appear significantly superior to colostomy in terms of mortality, septic complications and period of hospitalization.", "contents": "The alternative to colostomy for the injured colon. In 34 patients with penetrating colon wounds which were considered to be liable to dehiscence, the sutured wounds were exteriorized. There were several 'high-risk' factors, i.e. operative delay of more than 6 hours after injury, faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, marked contusion of the bowel wall, and severe associated visceral haematoma which is deemed liable to infection. Additional considerations were thoraco-abdominal penetration and combined colonic and renal injuries. The operative technique is described in detail, and the morbidity of the procedure, which is low, is analysed. Comparison is made with a similar group of patients in whom colostomy was performed with subsequent closure. Exteriorization and closure of the penetrating colon wound appear significantly superior to colostomy in terms of mortality, septic complications and period of hospitalization.", "PMID": 653482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5582", "title": "Skin tumours in White South Africans. Part I. Patients, methods and incidence.", "content": "A survey of all skin tumours recorded in Whites in a dermatological practice in the southern Transvaal is presented. Nearly a quarter of the 15 000 consecutive patients seen over a period of 7 years complained of skin tumours. They were considered to be a representative sample of the population, since their occupations compared well with those of White South Africans in general. The relative frequency of skin tumours is shown in detail. Sun-induced tumours are common, solar keratoses occurring in 10% of all patients, basal cell carcinomas in 4%, kerato-acanthomas in 1% and squamous cell carcinomas in 0,5%. Seborrhoeic keratoses, cellular naevi, polyps, cysts, angiomas and histiocytomas are also commonly seen; patients with these complaints often seek medical advice for cosmetic reasons.", "contents": "Skin tumours in White South Africans. Part I. Patients, methods and incidence. A survey of all skin tumours recorded in Whites in a dermatological practice in the southern Transvaal is presented. Nearly a quarter of the 15 000 consecutive patients seen over a period of 7 years complained of skin tumours. They were considered to be a representative sample of the population, since their occupations compared well with those of White South Africans in general. The relative frequency of skin tumours is shown in detail. Sun-induced tumours are common, solar keratoses occurring in 10% of all patients, basal cell carcinomas in 4%, kerato-acanthomas in 1% and squamous cell carcinomas in 0,5%. Seborrhoeic keratoses, cellular naevi, polyps, cysts, angiomas and histiocytomas are also commonly seen; patients with these complaints often seek medical advice for cosmetic reasons.", "PMID": 653483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5583", "title": "Skin tumours in White South Africans. Part II. Age and sex distribution.", "content": "The incidence of skin tumours according to age and sex is analysed. Sun-induced tumours occur most commonly in persons between the ages of 50 and 69 years. One half of malignant melanomas are seen at ages following the decline in incidence of junctional and compound naevi. Squamous cell carcinomas occur earlier in males. Histiocytomas are seen earlier and spider angiomas later in females. Tumours occurring predominantly in males include squamous and basal cell carcinoma, kerato-acanthoma and pyogenic granuloma. Histiocytoma and spider angioma are seen more often in females.", "contents": "Skin tumours in White South Africans. Part II. Age and sex distribution. The incidence of skin tumours according to age and sex is analysed. Sun-induced tumours occur most commonly in persons between the ages of 50 and 69 years. One half of malignant melanomas are seen at ages following the decline in incidence of junctional and compound naevi. Squamous cell carcinomas occur earlier in males. Histiocytomas are seen earlier and spider angiomas later in females. Tumours occurring predominantly in males include squamous and basal cell carcinoma, kerato-acanthoma and pyogenic granuloma. Histiocytoma and spider angioma are seen more often in females.", "PMID": 653488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5584", "title": "Skin tumours in White South Africans. Part III. Distribution of skin tumours on the body.", "content": "The distribution of the commoner skin tumours is detailed according to body site. Cutaneous horns, keratoacanthomas, Bowen's lesions and squamous and basal cell carcinomas occur mainly on exposed areas, confirming the importance of sunlight in their causation. However, a quarter of the Bowen's and over half the superficial basal cell carcinoma lesions are seen on covered areas, indicating that these tumours are both distinct entities. That seborrhoeic keratoses, intradermal and compound naevi, haemangiomas and lentigines were most often seen on the face may simply reflect the fact that patients often seek cosmetic help for these complaints. Distributional analysis suggests that cellular naevi on the trunk are much more likely to cause malignant melanoma than those on exposed areas.", "contents": "Skin tumours in White South Africans. Part III. Distribution of skin tumours on the body. The distribution of the commoner skin tumours is detailed according to body site. Cutaneous horns, keratoacanthomas, Bowen's lesions and squamous and basal cell carcinomas occur mainly on exposed areas, confirming the importance of sunlight in their causation. However, a quarter of the Bowen's and over half the superficial basal cell carcinoma lesions are seen on covered areas, indicating that these tumours are both distinct entities. That seborrhoeic keratoses, intradermal and compound naevi, haemangiomas and lentigines were most often seen on the face may simply reflect the fact that patients often seek cosmetic help for these complaints. Distributional analysis suggests that cellular naevi on the trunk are much more likely to cause malignant melanoma than those on exposed areas.", "PMID": 653489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5585", "title": "Amniotic fluid infection at term.", "content": "The incidence of amniotic fluid infection, determined by histological examination of the placenta and cord and cytological examination of gastric aspirate, was found to be high (52%) in term deliveries. A detailed histological system of grading the inflammatory response was used. No relationship was found between maternal nutritional factors or the baby's weight and inflammatory response, as judged by histological examination. The presence of pus cells in the gastric aspirate was of only limited diagnostic value. The absence of clinically obvious infection in the infants suggested amniotic fluid colonization without spread to the fetus.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid infection at term. The incidence of amniotic fluid infection, determined by histological examination of the placenta and cord and cytological examination of gastric aspirate, was found to be high (52%) in term deliveries. A detailed histological system of grading the inflammatory response was used. No relationship was found between maternal nutritional factors or the baby's weight and inflammatory response, as judged by histological examination. The presence of pus cells in the gastric aspirate was of only limited diagnostic value. The absence of clinically obvious infection in the infants suggested amniotic fluid colonization without spread to the fetus.", "PMID": 653490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5586", "title": "The orbital muscle of M\u00fcller.", "content": "The orbital muscle consists of smooth muscle fibres interspersed with blood lacunae and is therefore both contractile and erectile. Contraction is under sympathetic control, whereas erection appears to be under parasympathetic (pterygopalatine) influence. Apart from its possible effect on the position of the eyeball in the orbit, the muscle seems to be mainly concerned with directing facial venous blood to or away from the cavernous sinus which acts as a heat exchanger for internal carotid blood.", "contents": "The orbital muscle of M\u00fcller. The orbital muscle consists of smooth muscle fibres interspersed with blood lacunae and is therefore both contractile and erectile. Contraction is under sympathetic control, whereas erection appears to be under parasympathetic (pterygopalatine) influence. Apart from its possible effect on the position of the eyeball in the orbit, the muscle seems to be mainly concerned with directing facial venous blood to or away from the cavernous sinus which acts as a heat exchanger for internal carotid blood.", "PMID": 653491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5587", "title": "Pregnancy in a uterine scar sacculus--an unusual cause of postabortal haemorrhage. A case report.", "content": "A patient who presented with incomplete abortion developed severe persistent haemorrhage from the genital tract after evacuation of the uterus, as a result of erosion of a major vessel in a sacculus in a previous caesarean section scar. Detection and management of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in a uterine scar sacculus--an unusual cause of postabortal haemorrhage. A case report. A patient who presented with incomplete abortion developed severe persistent haemorrhage from the genital tract after evacuation of the uterus, as a result of erosion of a major vessel in a sacculus in a previous caesarean section scar. Detection and management of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 653492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5588", "title": "Skin tumours in white South Africans. Part IV. Influence of occupation, sun sensitivity, colouring and associated skin tumours on the incidence of skin tumours.", "content": "Outdoor and industrial occupations in the southern Transvaal do not increase the incidence of any skin tumour excepting that of squamous cell carcinoma. However, they accelerate the onset of solar keratoses and squamous and basal cell carcinomas. A fair, sun-sensitive skin, red hair and blue eyes are more important factors predisposing towards the development of skin cancer. Unduly large numbers of seborrhoeic keratoses were found in association with polyps, and of intradermal naevi with both cavernous haemangiomas and lentigines. A high proportion of solar keratosis was found in both squamous cell carcinoma and Bowen's disease, and of basal cell carcinoma in superficial basal carcinoma, but the reverse associations were not significant.", "contents": "Skin tumours in white South Africans. Part IV. Influence of occupation, sun sensitivity, colouring and associated skin tumours on the incidence of skin tumours. Outdoor and industrial occupations in the southern Transvaal do not increase the incidence of any skin tumour excepting that of squamous cell carcinoma. However, they accelerate the onset of solar keratoses and squamous and basal cell carcinomas. A fair, sun-sensitive skin, red hair and blue eyes are more important factors predisposing towards the development of skin cancer. Unduly large numbers of seborrhoeic keratoses were found in association with polyps, and of intradermal naevi with both cavernous haemangiomas and lentigines. A high proportion of solar keratosis was found in both squamous cell carcinoma and Bowen's disease, and of basal cell carcinoma in superficial basal carcinoma, but the reverse associations were not significant.", "PMID": 653495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5589", "title": "Skin tumours in white South Africans. Part V. Treatment of skin tumours.", "content": "Dermatological methods of treating skin tumours, comprising curettage and electrodesiccation, simple excision and topical 5-fluoro-uracil, are described. Treatment of benign tumours was successful and recurrences were insignificant. Most skin cancers were treated by curettage and electrodesiccation. Cure rates with this method were 96.5% for basal cell, 94.2% for squamous cell and 100% for superficial carcinomas. Cosmetic results were satisfactory in 95% of cases. The indications for the different methods of treating skin tumours are discussed. It is concluded that curettage and electrodesiccation, in experienced hands, is a quick, effective and inexpensive procedure suitable for treating most of the skin tumours encountered in dermatological practice.", "contents": "Skin tumours in white South Africans. Part V. Treatment of skin tumours. Dermatological methods of treating skin tumours, comprising curettage and electrodesiccation, simple excision and topical 5-fluoro-uracil, are described. Treatment of benign tumours was successful and recurrences were insignificant. Most skin cancers were treated by curettage and electrodesiccation. Cure rates with this method were 96.5% for basal cell, 94.2% for squamous cell and 100% for superficial carcinomas. Cosmetic results were satisfactory in 95% of cases. The indications for the different methods of treating skin tumours are discussed. It is concluded that curettage and electrodesiccation, in experienced hands, is a quick, effective and inexpensive procedure suitable for treating most of the skin tumours encountered in dermatological practice.", "PMID": 653496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5590", "title": "Failure of computerized tomography to differentiate between radiation necrosis and cerebral tumour.", "content": "Post-radiation cerebral necrosis simulating tumours was found in 2 patients by computerized axial tomography (CAT). The appearance was indistinguishable from that of a recurrent tumour in one patient and a glioma in the second. The significance of the scan findings was only realized after surgery and histological examination. The investigation appears to offer no assistance in differentiating between these conditions.", "contents": "Failure of computerized tomography to differentiate between radiation necrosis and cerebral tumour. Post-radiation cerebral necrosis simulating tumours was found in 2 patients by computerized axial tomography (CAT). The appearance was indistinguishable from that of a recurrent tumour in one patient and a glioma in the second. The significance of the scan findings was only realized after surgery and histological examination. The investigation appears to offer no assistance in differentiating between these conditions.", "PMID": 653497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5591", "title": "[Obstetrics and gynecology in the undergraduate medical curriculum].", "content": "In the present situation where medical curricula are being re-examined by many medical faculties, the importance of obstetrics and gynaecology in the undergraduate curriculum has come under intense scrutiny. Obstetrics and gynaecology form a major part of the general practitioner's work, and should therefore form a major part of his medical training. The subject also stresses par excellence the importance of communication with patients, preventive medicine and special responsibility of the medical practitioner to the community. Every department of obstetrics and gynaecology must examine the contents of the course presented to its students. We must move away from the old mechanistic approach and concentrate on those aspects which are important in a modern society--antenatal and postnatal care, preventive measures, family planning, and sexual and psychological problems of our patients.", "contents": "[Obstetrics and gynecology in the undergraduate medical curriculum]. In the present situation where medical curricula are being re-examined by many medical faculties, the importance of obstetrics and gynaecology in the undergraduate curriculum has come under intense scrutiny. Obstetrics and gynaecology form a major part of the general practitioner's work, and should therefore form a major part of his medical training. The subject also stresses par excellence the importance of communication with patients, preventive medicine and special responsibility of the medical practitioner to the community. Every department of obstetrics and gynaecology must examine the contents of the course presented to its students. We must move away from the old mechanistic approach and concentrate on those aspects which are important in a modern society--antenatal and postnatal care, preventive measures, family planning, and sexual and psychological problems of our patients.", "PMID": 653498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5592", "title": "Failure of naloxone to reverse peripheral transcutaneous electro-analgesia in patients suffering from acute trauma.", "content": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the intercostal nerves innervating the site of fractured ribs in 6 patients produced subjective and clinical evidence of decrease in the pain experienced by the patients. This analgesia was not significantly modified by naloxone, a pure narcotic antagonist. The possible role of endogenous morphine-like substances in peripheral electro-analgesia in man is discussed.", "contents": "Failure of naloxone to reverse peripheral transcutaneous electro-analgesia in patients suffering from acute trauma. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the intercostal nerves innervating the site of fractured ribs in 6 patients produced subjective and clinical evidence of decrease in the pain experienced by the patients. This analgesia was not significantly modified by naloxone, a pure narcotic antagonist. The possible role of endogenous morphine-like substances in peripheral electro-analgesia in man is discussed.", "PMID": 653499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5593", "title": "Sheehan's syndrome presenting with hypothyroidism and hypo-adrenalism despite treatment with thyroxine and prednisone.", "content": "A 35-year-old patient with Sheehan's syndrome presented with hypothyroidism and hypo-adrenalism despite having received treatment with regular daily L-thyroxine (0,3 mg) and prednisone (30 mg) for the preceding 12 months. Replacement of the prednisone with 37,5 mg cortisone acetate resulted in satisfactory control of the disease. The observations suggest that large doses of prednisone may interfere with thyroxine treatment.", "contents": "Sheehan's syndrome presenting with hypothyroidism and hypo-adrenalism despite treatment with thyroxine and prednisone. A 35-year-old patient with Sheehan's syndrome presented with hypothyroidism and hypo-adrenalism despite having received treatment with regular daily L-thyroxine (0,3 mg) and prednisone (30 mg) for the preceding 12 months. Replacement of the prednisone with 37,5 mg cortisone acetate resulted in satisfactory control of the disease. The observations suggest that large doses of prednisone may interfere with thyroxine treatment.", "PMID": 653500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5594", "title": "Osteitis deformans in the South African negro. A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Osteitis deformans is a relatively common disease in Caucasians, but rare in the indigenous people in Africa. Three cases of Paget's disease occuring in South African Negroes are reported here. Gene marker studies confirmed the absence of Caucasoid genes in these patients.", "contents": "Osteitis deformans in the South African negro. A report of 3 cases. Osteitis deformans is a relatively common disease in Caucasians, but rare in the indigenous people in Africa. Three cases of Paget's disease occuring in South African Negroes are reported here. Gene marker studies confirmed the absence of Caucasoid genes in these patients.", "PMID": 653501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5595", "title": "Trans-septal monitoring of left atrial pressure after cardiac surgery. An alternative method.", "content": "A simple, safe method for trans-septal insertion of a left atrial pressure line in 25 patients is presented. Complications have not been noted. Monitoring of left atrial pressure is often desirable after cardiac surgery. The conventional lateral approach is associated with the risk of haemorrhage after the cannula has been withdrawn. In an oversensitive heart manipulation might not be tolerated, precluding placement of the cannula.", "contents": "Trans-septal monitoring of left atrial pressure after cardiac surgery. An alternative method. A simple, safe method for trans-septal insertion of a left atrial pressure line in 25 patients is presented. Complications have not been noted. Monitoring of left atrial pressure is often desirable after cardiac surgery. The conventional lateral approach is associated with the risk of haemorrhage after the cannula has been withdrawn. In an oversensitive heart manipulation might not be tolerated, precluding placement of the cannula.", "PMID": 653502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5596", "title": "The electro-encephalogram in childhood.", "content": "The electro-encephalogram (EEG) is a useful adjunct when clinical history and physical examination suggest the diagnosis of epilepsy, whether idiopathic, focal or petit mal. It may be helpful in separating the child with simple convulsions due to fever from the child whose epileptic dysrhythmia first finds outward expression while he is feverish. The real nature of disordered behaviour may be demonstrated by the EEG which shows specific evidence of temporal lobe abnormality. In many infective and metabolic disorders of childhood, the EEG has little if any diagnostic specificity, and there is real danger that a variety of entities, such as abdominal pain, aggressive behaviour or minimal brain dysfunction, may be incorrectly attributed to cerebral dysrhythmia on the basis of incidental EEG changes.", "contents": "The electro-encephalogram in childhood. The electro-encephalogram (EEG) is a useful adjunct when clinical history and physical examination suggest the diagnosis of epilepsy, whether idiopathic, focal or petit mal. It may be helpful in separating the child with simple convulsions due to fever from the child whose epileptic dysrhythmia first finds outward expression while he is feverish. The real nature of disordered behaviour may be demonstrated by the EEG which shows specific evidence of temporal lobe abnormality. In many infective and metabolic disorders of childhood, the EEG has little if any diagnostic specificity, and there is real danger that a variety of entities, such as abdominal pain, aggressive behaviour or minimal brain dysfunction, may be incorrectly attributed to cerebral dysrhythmia on the basis of incidental EEG changes.", "PMID": 653508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5597", "title": "The effect of calcitonin on secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of calcitonin on pancreatic secretion was studied in man. After steady-state secretion had been achieved with a constant intravenous infusion of secretin (2 microgram/kg/h), either calcitonin (0,16 and 0,32 microgram/kg/h) or 0,15M NaCl was infused over a period of 80 minutes. Calcitonin did not affect pancreatic volume output or bicarbonate concentration, but amylase concentration and output were significantly inhibited (P less than 0.025). The colour index in the duodenal juice was unchanged by calcitonin. No changes were observed in blood glucose or serum calcium concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of calcitonin on secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion in man. The effect of calcitonin on pancreatic secretion was studied in man. After steady-state secretion had been achieved with a constant intravenous infusion of secretin (2 microgram/kg/h), either calcitonin (0,16 and 0,32 microgram/kg/h) or 0,15M NaCl was infused over a period of 80 minutes. Calcitonin did not affect pancreatic volume output or bicarbonate concentration, but amylase concentration and output were significantly inhibited (P less than 0.025). The colour index in the duodenal juice was unchanged by calcitonin. No changes were observed in blood glucose or serum calcium concentrations.", "PMID": 653509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5598", "title": "Autonomic hyperreflexia. A serious complication of radiological procedures in patients with cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord lesions.", "content": "Autonomic hyperreflexia is a reflex response to visceral distension which occurs only in patients with spinal cord lesions above T6. The marked hypertension, which is an integral part of this reflex, may lead to severe morbidity, or even death. The mechanism whereby interruption of the sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord results in autonomic hyperreflexia is described, as well as the clinical signs and symptoms associated with this condition. The value of autonomic hyperreflexia as a clinical indicator of complications in patients with spinal cord lesions is stressed. The diagnosis and treatment of autonomic hyperreflexia which has occurred as a complication of radiological procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Autonomic hyperreflexia. A serious complication of radiological procedures in patients with cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord lesions. Autonomic hyperreflexia is a reflex response to visceral distension which occurs only in patients with spinal cord lesions above T6. The marked hypertension, which is an integral part of this reflex, may lead to severe morbidity, or even death. The mechanism whereby interruption of the sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord results in autonomic hyperreflexia is described, as well as the clinical signs and symptoms associated with this condition. The value of autonomic hyperreflexia as a clinical indicator of complications in patients with spinal cord lesions is stressed. The diagnosis and treatment of autonomic hyperreflexia which has occurred as a complication of radiological procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 653510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5599", "title": "Primary intracranial tumours in Black and Indian children, 1960-1975.", "content": "This report of cerebral tumours in 60 children admitted to the medical wards of King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, shows that cerebral tumour is the commonest solid neoplasm in both Black and Indian children. There is a significantly lower incidence of cerebral tumour in Black children. No difference was apparent in age, sex ratio, site or histological types in our racial groups compared with studies in White children from other parts of the world.", "contents": "Primary intracranial tumours in Black and Indian children, 1960-1975. This report of cerebral tumours in 60 children admitted to the medical wards of King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, shows that cerebral tumour is the commonest solid neoplasm in both Black and Indian children. There is a significantly lower incidence of cerebral tumour in Black children. No difference was apparent in age, sex ratio, site or histological types in our racial groups compared with studies in White children from other parts of the world.", "PMID": 653511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5600", "title": "[New statistical review of skin diseases in the Western Cape].", "content": "Statistics concerning dermatological disease in outpatients seen at the dermatology clinic at Tygerberg Hospital during 1975 are presented. The greatest number of patients suffered from bacterial, mycotic or parasitic infection. Acne also features high on the list. Except for the photodermatoses and acne, the difference in racial incidence of certain skin conditions, as published by Marshall and Heyl in 1963, is confirmed. More women than men were seen. This might be explained by the fact that, owing to working obligations, men often find it more difficult to attend outpatient clinics during the day. The greatest number of patients seen ranged in age from 20 to 60 years.", "contents": "[New statistical review of skin diseases in the Western Cape]. Statistics concerning dermatological disease in outpatients seen at the dermatology clinic at Tygerberg Hospital during 1975 are presented. The greatest number of patients suffered from bacterial, mycotic or parasitic infection. Acne also features high on the list. Except for the photodermatoses and acne, the difference in racial incidence of certain skin conditions, as published by Marshall and Heyl in 1963, is confirmed. More women than men were seen. This might be explained by the fact that, owing to working obligations, men often find it more difficult to attend outpatient clinics during the day. The greatest number of patients seen ranged in age from 20 to 60 years.", "PMID": 653512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5601", "title": "Incidence, contributory factors and costs of pressure sores.", "content": "Although pressure sores are an increasing problem in long-term medical care, the magnitude and costs of the complication are not well documented. In this article an investigation of the pressure sore problem in a general hospital is described. The incidence of patients with pressure sores was found to be 4,5% of the total patient population, with an additional 5,2% showing signs of skin discoloration from excessive or prolonged pressure. The majority of patients with sores were over 60 years of age, incontinent, immobile and White.", "contents": "Incidence, contributory factors and costs of pressure sores. Although pressure sores are an increasing problem in long-term medical care, the magnitude and costs of the complication are not well documented. In this article an investigation of the pressure sore problem in a general hospital is described. The incidence of patients with pressure sores was found to be 4,5% of the total patient population, with an additional 5,2% showing signs of skin discoloration from excessive or prolonged pressure. The majority of patients with sores were over 60 years of age, incontinent, immobile and White.", "PMID": 653513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5602", "title": "Population homeostasis.", "content": "Population size is controlled by forces more subtle than mere survival of the fittest in the face of an ever-hostile environment. The mechanisms whereby control is effected among animal populations have only recently been explored. Possible natural controls on human population size are examined.", "contents": "Population homeostasis. Population size is controlled by forces more subtle than mere survival of the fittest in the face of an ever-hostile environment. The mechanisms whereby control is effected among animal populations have only recently been explored. Possible natural controls on human population size are examined.", "PMID": 653514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5603", "title": "Handling of highly infectious material in a clinical pathology laboratory and in a viral diagnostic unit.", "content": "The handling of potentially lethal and highly infective material in a routine clinical pathology laboratory and in a viral diagnostic unit is detailed. Extensive precautions were taken at each step of the receiving, processing and disposal cycle. Disposable protective clothing and apparatus were used whenever possible. Laboratory tests were limited to those essential for the clinical management and diagnosis. Technologists who handled infective material were limited to minimal numbers of experienced, non-pregnant, informed volunteers. They wore special protective clothing, including gloves, caps, gowns and masks. When possible, specimens were handled under special protective hoods. Potentially infective material was processed through automated apparatus, and care was taken to prevent contamination of its exterior. The effluent from the machines was collected into viricidal agents (glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite). After processing, the machines were flushed extensively with viricidal solution. This procedure has caused no damage to the automated equipment and has been adopted as a routine laboratory safety measure. The protective procedures adopted were successful in that there was no outbreak of the viral infection among the associated laboratory workers.", "contents": "Handling of highly infectious material in a clinical pathology laboratory and in a viral diagnostic unit. The handling of potentially lethal and highly infective material in a routine clinical pathology laboratory and in a viral diagnostic unit is detailed. Extensive precautions were taken at each step of the receiving, processing and disposal cycle. Disposable protective clothing and apparatus were used whenever possible. Laboratory tests were limited to those essential for the clinical management and diagnosis. Technologists who handled infective material were limited to minimal numbers of experienced, non-pregnant, informed volunteers. They wore special protective clothing, including gloves, caps, gowns and masks. When possible, specimens were handled under special protective hoods. Potentially infective material was processed through automated apparatus, and care was taken to prevent contamination of its exterior. The effluent from the machines was collected into viricidal agents (glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite). After processing, the machines were flushed extensively with viricidal solution. This procedure has caused no damage to the automated equipment and has been adopted as a routine laboratory safety measure. The protective procedures adopted were successful in that there was no outbreak of the viral infection among the associated laboratory workers.", "PMID": 653518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5604", "title": "Metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin-1 (SHG-17-1) and rat insulin were perfused cyclically through the isolated rat liver in a plasma-free medium. Synthetic human gastrin did not disappear from the medium at either physiological or supraphysiological levels, whereas rat insulin was cleared rapidly. Chromatography of perfusion samples showed that the SHG-17-U was neither lysed to smaller peptides nor changed to the larger molecular weight species. The isolated rat liver apparently plays no role in the metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin-I.", "contents": "Metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin by the isolated perfused rat liver. Synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin-1 (SHG-17-1) and rat insulin were perfused cyclically through the isolated rat liver in a plasma-free medium. Synthetic human gastrin did not disappear from the medium at either physiological or supraphysiological levels, whereas rat insulin was cleared rapidly. Chromatography of perfusion samples showed that the SHG-17-U was neither lysed to smaller peptides nor changed to the larger molecular weight species. The isolated rat liver apparently plays no role in the metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin-I.", "PMID": 653519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5605", "title": "Failure of somatostatin to influence in vitro 35SO4 uptake into cartilage.", "content": "In an in vitro incubation system, somatostatin in concentrations of 0,2-250 ng/ml failed to influence the uptake of 35SO4 into porcine costal cartilage discs. This applied both to basal 35SO4 uptake (in the absence of serum) or uptake stimulated by 30% pooled normal human serum.", "contents": "Failure of somatostatin to influence in vitro 35SO4 uptake into cartilage. In an in vitro incubation system, somatostatin in concentrations of 0,2-250 ng/ml failed to influence the uptake of 35SO4 into porcine costal cartilage discs. This applied both to basal 35SO4 uptake (in the absence of serum) or uptake stimulated by 30% pooled normal human serum.", "PMID": 653520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5606", "title": "Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). Four case reports.", "content": "Four patients with unusual features of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) are reported. This syndrome is more common than is apparent from the small number of case reports. It has well-defined clinical and histological criteria, but may be considered within the erythema multiforme spectrum of reaction patterns. The clinical presentation and course can vary, as illustrated by these 4 case reports.", "contents": "Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). Four case reports. Four patients with unusual features of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) are reported. This syndrome is more common than is apparent from the small number of case reports. It has well-defined clinical and histological criteria, but may be considered within the erythema multiforme spectrum of reaction patterns. The clinical presentation and course can vary, as illustrated by these 4 case reports.", "PMID": 653521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5607", "title": "Anaphylactic-like reaction to hydrocortisone.", "content": "Two asthmatic patients with life-threatening allergy to intravenous hydrocortisone are described. A 21-year-old woman with chronic atopic asthma developed severe bronchospasm on 3 occasions after treatment with hydrocortisone. Allergy to hydrocortisone was only established on the third occasion. Skin prick tests with hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef) gave a 5-mm wheal reaction and confirmed the allergy. Skin prick tests with methylprednisolone and dexamethasone elicited no allergic response. Allergy to hydrocortisone was also seen on 2 occasions in a 41-year-old man with asthma, although it was not proved by challenging him with intravenous hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Anaphylactic-like reaction to hydrocortisone. Two asthmatic patients with life-threatening allergy to intravenous hydrocortisone are described. A 21-year-old woman with chronic atopic asthma developed severe bronchospasm on 3 occasions after treatment with hydrocortisone. Allergy to hydrocortisone was only established on the third occasion. Skin prick tests with hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef) gave a 5-mm wheal reaction and confirmed the allergy. Skin prick tests with methylprednisolone and dexamethasone elicited no allergic response. Allergy to hydrocortisone was also seen on 2 occasions in a 41-year-old man with asthma, although it was not proved by challenging him with intravenous hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 653523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5608", "title": "Radiology and the law in South Africa.", "content": "In terms of regulations gazetted in 1973, the Department of Health has control of the practice of medical radiology in South Africa. The regulations and the rules of the South African Medical and Dental Council that apply to radiology are discussed, and the legal position of workers is noted.", "contents": "Radiology and the law in South Africa. In terms of regulations gazetted in 1973, the Department of Health has control of the practice of medical radiology in South Africa. The regulations and the rules of the South African Medical and Dental Council that apply to radiology are discussed, and the legal position of workers is noted.", "PMID": 653524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5609", "title": "The adrenal cortex in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits: histochemical and electron microscopical changes.", "content": "The adrenals of rabbits on a cholesterol-rich diet for 35 days show histopathological changes, a marked increase in weight and a lowering in the ascorbate content. A focal increase in the neutral lipid and cholesterol content was noted mostly in the inner cortical zones; and a characteristic acid phosphatase-positive pattern in areas of infiltrating cells, and an alkaline phosphatase-positive reaction in heterophils in the infiltrated areas. Electron microscopy confirmed that the zona glomerulosa cells were relatively normal in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits, while necrosis and fibrosis were very obvious in the inner two zones. The cellular infiltrate was shown to consist of large, granular mononuclear cells, heterophils, eosinophils, stromal phagocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The possibility that the reaction was of an immunological nature is considered. The morphology of the adrenals of rabbits which were on a cholesterol-rich diet for 35 days and on a normal diet for 6 weeks afterwards, was indistinguishable from that of those rabbits killed after 35 days on a cholesterol-rich diet.", "contents": "The adrenal cortex in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits: histochemical and electron microscopical changes. The adrenals of rabbits on a cholesterol-rich diet for 35 days show histopathological changes, a marked increase in weight and a lowering in the ascorbate content. A focal increase in the neutral lipid and cholesterol content was noted mostly in the inner cortical zones; and a characteristic acid phosphatase-positive pattern in areas of infiltrating cells, and an alkaline phosphatase-positive reaction in heterophils in the infiltrated areas. Electron microscopy confirmed that the zona glomerulosa cells were relatively normal in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits, while necrosis and fibrosis were very obvious in the inner two zones. The cellular infiltrate was shown to consist of large, granular mononuclear cells, heterophils, eosinophils, stromal phagocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The possibility that the reaction was of an immunological nature is considered. The morphology of the adrenals of rabbits which were on a cholesterol-rich diet for 35 days and on a normal diet for 6 weeks afterwards, was indistinguishable from that of those rabbits killed after 35 days on a cholesterol-rich diet.", "PMID": 653531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5610", "title": "[Universal coaxial anesthetic system].", "content": "A true universal co-axial anaesthetic system has been designed. This system may be used either as a Mapleson A circuit during spontaneous ventilation or as a Mapleson D circuit during controlled ventilation. Conversion to either system may be conveniently carried out by interchanging the pop-off valve and fresh gas inlet, without disconnecting the system from the patient. Resistance to flow of both tubes has been measured and was found to be within acceptable limits. The efficiency of this system in a Mapleson A arrangement was compared with that of a conventional Magill circuit during spontaneous breathing in 2 conscious volunteers. It was shown that no significant difference exists between these systems eith regard to rebreathing, and that the universal co-axial system may be used as efficiently and economically as the Magill circuit during spontaneous ventilation. The co-axial system can be easily connected to a circle system, combining the advantages of the two systems.", "contents": "[Universal coaxial anesthetic system]. A true universal co-axial anaesthetic system has been designed. This system may be used either as a Mapleson A circuit during spontaneous ventilation or as a Mapleson D circuit during controlled ventilation. Conversion to either system may be conveniently carried out by interchanging the pop-off valve and fresh gas inlet, without disconnecting the system from the patient. Resistance to flow of both tubes has been measured and was found to be within acceptable limits. The efficiency of this system in a Mapleson A arrangement was compared with that of a conventional Magill circuit during spontaneous breathing in 2 conscious volunteers. It was shown that no significant difference exists between these systems eith regard to rebreathing, and that the universal co-axial system may be used as efficiently and economically as the Magill circuit during spontaneous ventilation. The co-axial system can be easily connected to a circle system, combining the advantages of the two systems.", "PMID": 653532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5611", "title": "Failure of pyridoxine to suppress raised serum prolactin levels.", "content": "Pyridoxine has been reported as having an antilactogenic effect, presumably by suppressing prolactin secretion. We have measured serum prolactin levels during pyridoxine administration in two groups of hyperprolactinaemic subjects. In normal postpartum women, the postdelivery fall in serum prolactin levels did not differ significantly in treated and control subjects. In patients with chlorpromazine-induced hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea, pyridoxine did not reduce the elevated levels. In neither group was milk production suppressed.", "contents": "Failure of pyridoxine to suppress raised serum prolactin levels. Pyridoxine has been reported as having an antilactogenic effect, presumably by suppressing prolactin secretion. We have measured serum prolactin levels during pyridoxine administration in two groups of hyperprolactinaemic subjects. In normal postpartum women, the postdelivery fall in serum prolactin levels did not differ significantly in treated and control subjects. In patients with chlorpromazine-induced hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea, pyridoxine did not reduce the elevated levels. In neither group was milk production suppressed.", "PMID": 653534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5612", "title": "Q fever endocarditis: a report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two patients with Q fever endocarditis are described. Both patients demonstrated some of the characteristic features of Q fever endocarditis, i.e. the long course of the disease before diagnosis, persistently negative blood cultures, resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy and a dramatic response to tetracycline therapy. Complications included arteriovenous thrombo-embolism and hepatic enlargement, and 1 patient developed an immune complex form of glomerulonephritis. The possibility of Q fever endocarditis should be considered in all patients with infective endocarditis in whom blood cultures are negative and who fail to respond to conventional antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Q fever endocarditis: a report of 2 cases. Two patients with Q fever endocarditis are described. Both patients demonstrated some of the characteristic features of Q fever endocarditis, i.e. the long course of the disease before diagnosis, persistently negative blood cultures, resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy and a dramatic response to tetracycline therapy. Complications included arteriovenous thrombo-embolism and hepatic enlargement, and 1 patient developed an immune complex form of glomerulonephritis. The possibility of Q fever endocarditis should be considered in all patients with infective endocarditis in whom blood cultures are negative and who fail to respond to conventional antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 653535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5613", "title": "The cast syndrome--vascular obstruction of the duodenum.", "content": "Vascular obstruction of the duodenum has been reported as a consequence of the application of a cast or the correction of a spinal curvature following severe burn or combat injuries and complicating treatment of a fractured femur with balanced traction. This syndrome rarly develops more than a week after the application of a cast. An unusual case is reported in which the onset was delayed, but progressed rapidly to a fatal outcome. The pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of this condition are reviewed. A high index of suspicion in patients at risk is essential as early diagnosis and prompt treatment are imperative.", "contents": "The cast syndrome--vascular obstruction of the duodenum. Vascular obstruction of the duodenum has been reported as a consequence of the application of a cast or the correction of a spinal curvature following severe burn or combat injuries and complicating treatment of a fractured femur with balanced traction. This syndrome rarly develops more than a week after the application of a cast. An unusual case is reported in which the onset was delayed, but progressed rapidly to a fatal outcome. The pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of this condition are reviewed. A high index of suspicion in patients at risk is essential as early diagnosis and prompt treatment are imperative.", "PMID": 653543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5614", "title": "The extended role of the nurse.", "content": "The improvement of the quality and quantity of primary health care is a major issue in southern Africa. The role of the nurse in the delivery of this care was examined at a workshop conference on 'The extended role of the nurse'. In this article in the conclusions of the conference are reported, and the problems identified in extending the role of the nurse in this field are discussed.", "contents": "The extended role of the nurse. The improvement of the quality and quantity of primary health care is a major issue in southern Africa. The role of the nurse in the delivery of this care was examined at a workshop conference on 'The extended role of the nurse'. In this article in the conclusions of the conference are reported, and the problems identified in extending the role of the nurse in this field are discussed.", "PMID": 653544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5615", "title": "Four years' experience with South Africa's first mobile accident unit.", "content": "The mobile accident unit manned by medical staff is not a new concept, yet for a variety of reasons it has not been widely used. The first such service in South Africa was initiated by the author, and 4 years of successful duty have now been completed. Facts relating to our experience in this period are presented to illustrate the need for and the viability of such units. These facts and figures have been divided into 3 sections: incidents, patients and injuries, and treatment. The article is concluded with a discussion of the wider implications of using such a unit.", "contents": "Four years' experience with South Africa's first mobile accident unit. The mobile accident unit manned by medical staff is not a new concept, yet for a variety of reasons it has not been widely used. The first such service in South Africa was initiated by the author, and 4 years of successful duty have now been completed. Facts relating to our experience in this period are presented to illustrate the need for and the viability of such units. These facts and figures have been divided into 3 sections: incidents, patients and injuries, and treatment. The article is concluded with a discussion of the wider implications of using such a unit.", "PMID": 653545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5616", "title": "Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy: a case report.", "content": "The literature on Cushing's syndrome associated with pregnancy is reviewed, and a case of this rare association is reported. The patient had an adrenal adenoma. Investigations and interpretation of stimulation and suppression tests are discussed. Cortisol metabolism in normal pregnancy is referred to.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy: a case report. The literature on Cushing's syndrome associated with pregnancy is reviewed, and a case of this rare association is reported. The patient had an adrenal adenoma. Investigations and interpretation of stimulation and suppression tests are discussed. Cortisol metabolism in normal pregnancy is referred to.", "PMID": 653546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5617", "title": "Portacaval shunt with arterialization of the portal vein by means of a low flow arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "A new operative technique was designed combining an end-to-side portacaval shunt with arterialization of the intrahepatic portal vein by means of a saphenous vein graft between the right gastroepiploic artery and the stump of the portal vein. The objective of this operation is to perfuse the hepatic portion of the portal vein with a low volume of arterial blood to ameliorate the adverse metabolic consequences of portosystemic decompression. The procedure was performed upon 18 patients with one operative mortality. The mean follow-up period is 15.4 months. The benefits of this operation are evident in the prevention of hepatic decompensation and avoidance of encephalophy, thus permiting unrestricted protein intake. The operation is well tolerated, and the operative mortality appears to be less than that following conventional shunting procedures.", "contents": "Portacaval shunt with arterialization of the portal vein by means of a low flow arteriovenous fistula. A new operative technique was designed combining an end-to-side portacaval shunt with arterialization of the intrahepatic portal vein by means of a saphenous vein graft between the right gastroepiploic artery and the stump of the portal vein. The objective of this operation is to perfuse the hepatic portion of the portal vein with a low volume of arterial blood to ameliorate the adverse metabolic consequences of portosystemic decompression. The procedure was performed upon 18 patients with one operative mortality. The mean follow-up period is 15.4 months. The benefits of this operation are evident in the prevention of hepatic decompensation and avoidance of encephalophy, thus permiting unrestricted protein intake. The operation is well tolerated, and the operative mortality appears to be less than that following conventional shunting procedures.", "PMID": 653559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5618", "title": "Studies on the capillary permeability of experimental liver metastases.", "content": "By using a quantitative Evans blue technique, vascular permeability of Walker carcinosarcomas implanted in the liver was compared with that of the host liver tissue. Rats were sacrificed at intervals from one minute to 96 hours after the intravenous injection of the dye. Permeability activity curves were significantly different for tumors and normal liver. Permeability activity was lower in the tumor at one and five minutes, approximately the same in the tumor and liver from 15 minutes to one hour but, from two hours to 48 hours, the permeability activity was significantly higher in the tumor. The peak tumor-liver permeability activity ratio of 1.87 occurred at six hours, and the highest tumor permeability activity values were seen at 18 hours. Liver permeability activity, in contrast, increased gradually after dye injection, reading peak levels at 24 to 72 hours. At 96 hours, both tumor and liver permeability activity were lower and equal. The differences in permeability activity may be explainable on the basis of structural differences in normal and tumor vessels or may be due to chemical substances released as a result of the presence of the tumor. The differences in permeability activity of tumors and normal tissues may be an important factor in determining the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.", "contents": "Studies on the capillary permeability of experimental liver metastases. By using a quantitative Evans blue technique, vascular permeability of Walker carcinosarcomas implanted in the liver was compared with that of the host liver tissue. Rats were sacrificed at intervals from one minute to 96 hours after the intravenous injection of the dye. Permeability activity curves were significantly different for tumors and normal liver. Permeability activity was lower in the tumor at one and five minutes, approximately the same in the tumor and liver from 15 minutes to one hour but, from two hours to 48 hours, the permeability activity was significantly higher in the tumor. The peak tumor-liver permeability activity ratio of 1.87 occurred at six hours, and the highest tumor permeability activity values were seen at 18 hours. Liver permeability activity, in contrast, increased gradually after dye injection, reading peak levels at 24 to 72 hours. At 96 hours, both tumor and liver permeability activity were lower and equal. The differences in permeability activity may be explainable on the basis of structural differences in normal and tumor vessels or may be due to chemical substances released as a result of the presence of the tumor. The differences in permeability activity of tumors and normal tissues may be an important factor in determining the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.", "PMID": 653561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5619", "title": "The influence fo traumatic splenectomy on the volume of human platelets.", "content": "A rise in the blood platelet count and volume occurred in 11 patients following traumatic splenectomy. The pattern of the volume distribution, however, remained unchanged. This indicates an increased rate of platelet production, with the newly formed cells substantially larger than their preoperative counterparts, and can be interpreted in terms of a humoral factor of splenic origin that is able to exert its control over the bone marrow. The stable shape of the volume distribution, despite splenectomy, suggests the presence of an organ other than the spleen that is capable of maintaining the normal age distribution in the peripheral circulation, and the liver is proposed as a possible candidate for this role. The evidence, so far, has been circumstantial and further investigation will be required before definite conclusions can be drawn.", "contents": "The influence fo traumatic splenectomy on the volume of human platelets. A rise in the blood platelet count and volume occurred in 11 patients following traumatic splenectomy. The pattern of the volume distribution, however, remained unchanged. This indicates an increased rate of platelet production, with the newly formed cells substantially larger than their preoperative counterparts, and can be interpreted in terms of a humoral factor of splenic origin that is able to exert its control over the bone marrow. The stable shape of the volume distribution, despite splenectomy, suggests the presence of an organ other than the spleen that is capable of maintaining the normal age distribution in the peripheral circulation, and the liver is proposed as a possible candidate for this role. The evidence, so far, has been circumstantial and further investigation will be required before definite conclusions can be drawn.", "PMID": 653562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5620", "title": "Carcinoma of the ovary and serum lactic dehydrogenase levels.", "content": "This report of a prospective study lends further evidence to a previous finding that serum lactic dehydrogenase levels are elevated in primary carcinoma of the ovary. Levels of this enzyme in the proper context appear valuable in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up study of patients with primary carcinoma of the ovary.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the ovary and serum lactic dehydrogenase levels. This report of a prospective study lends further evidence to a previous finding that serum lactic dehydrogenase levels are elevated in primary carcinoma of the ovary. Levels of this enzyme in the proper context appear valuable in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up study of patients with primary carcinoma of the ovary.", "PMID": 653563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5621", "title": "Intraoperative assessment of arterial reconstruction by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "The Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector is a simple, inexpensive and versatile device for intraoperative monitoring of the integrity and hemodynamics result of vascular reconstructive surgical procedures. With this instrument, an ankle-arm systolic pressure index may be obtained before and after aortoiliac and femoral reconstructive surgical procedures. If the ankle pressure index does not increase following aortofemoral bypass and a thromboembolic vascular accident has been ruled out, it is unlikely that the patient will be significantly helped by that procedure alone. The use of a sterile Doppler probe permits qualitative assessment of arterial velocity signals following femoropopliteal bypass, carotid endarterectomy and mesenteric or renal vascular procedures. The Doppler detector may also be used to assess periorbital flow dynamics following carotid endarterectomy. Selective intraoperative arteriography can be based upon the presence of residual flow abnormalities detected by Doppler ultrasound.", "contents": "Intraoperative assessment of arterial reconstruction by Doppler ultrasound. The Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector is a simple, inexpensive and versatile device for intraoperative monitoring of the integrity and hemodynamics result of vascular reconstructive surgical procedures. With this instrument, an ankle-arm systolic pressure index may be obtained before and after aortoiliac and femoral reconstructive surgical procedures. If the ankle pressure index does not increase following aortofemoral bypass and a thromboembolic vascular accident has been ruled out, it is unlikely that the patient will be significantly helped by that procedure alone. The use of a sterile Doppler probe permits qualitative assessment of arterial velocity signals following femoropopliteal bypass, carotid endarterectomy and mesenteric or renal vascular procedures. The Doppler detector may also be used to assess periorbital flow dynamics following carotid endarterectomy. Selective intraoperative arteriography can be based upon the presence of residual flow abnormalities detected by Doppler ultrasound.", "PMID": 653564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5622", "title": "Comparison of wound strength in normal, radiated and infected tissues closed with polyglycolic and chromic catgut sutures.", "content": "Wound strength in the rectus muscle of rabbits is greater at any measured time interval when sutured with polyglycolic acid than when sutured with chromic catgut. This is true for both irradiated and nonirradiated tissues. No significant advantage is seen for either suture in nonirradiated bladder, although the trend favors polyglycolic acid. In irradiated bladders, a significant advantage is seen for polyglycolic acid at 15 days. In measuring repaired ureteral orifice size, only chronic catgut suture in nonirradiated rabbits caused marked edema and unreteral obstruction. Postoperative ureteral dilation with both materials resolved over a 90 day period. In the irradiated ureter, however, resolution of this obstruction appears to occur earlier and more dependably when polyglycolic acid suture has been used. Polyglycolic acid showed a trend for superior strength in urothelial wounds tested. The healing of bladder epithelium is usually completed in ten to 14 days. The entire bladder wound gains strength rapidly until day 21 and gains little strength thereafter. A suture material that does not increase the inflammatory response but lasts long enough for complete bladder healing is advisable. Using the criterion of wound breaking strength in our experimental work, polyglycolic acid was shown to be superior to chromic catgut suture material.", "contents": "Comparison of wound strength in normal, radiated and infected tissues closed with polyglycolic and chromic catgut sutures. Wound strength in the rectus muscle of rabbits is greater at any measured time interval when sutured with polyglycolic acid than when sutured with chromic catgut. This is true for both irradiated and nonirradiated tissues. No significant advantage is seen for either suture in nonirradiated bladder, although the trend favors polyglycolic acid. In irradiated bladders, a significant advantage is seen for polyglycolic acid at 15 days. In measuring repaired ureteral orifice size, only chronic catgut suture in nonirradiated rabbits caused marked edema and unreteral obstruction. Postoperative ureteral dilation with both materials resolved over a 90 day period. In the irradiated ureter, however, resolution of this obstruction appears to occur earlier and more dependably when polyglycolic acid suture has been used. Polyglycolic acid showed a trend for superior strength in urothelial wounds tested. The healing of bladder epithelium is usually completed in ten to 14 days. The entire bladder wound gains strength rapidly until day 21 and gains little strength thereafter. A suture material that does not increase the inflammatory response but lasts long enough for complete bladder healing is advisable. Using the criterion of wound breaking strength in our experimental work, polyglycolic acid was shown to be superior to chromic catgut suture material.", "PMID": 653565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5623", "title": "Propranolol for the preoperative preparation of patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thirty patients with hyperthyroidism were were prepared for subtotal thyroidectomy with propranolol. Rapid control of thyrotoxic symptoms occurred in all, and there were no undesirable drug reactions. There were no instances of post-operative thyroid storm. The drug was as effective and safe in four patients who were pregnant as it was in the other 26 patients discussed. We consider propranolol to be the drug of choice in the preoperative preparation of most patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Propranolol for the preoperative preparation of patients with thyrotoxicosis. Thirty patients with hyperthyroidism were were prepared for subtotal thyroidectomy with propranolol. Rapid control of thyrotoxic symptoms occurred in all, and there were no undesirable drug reactions. There were no instances of post-operative thyroid storm. The drug was as effective and safe in four patients who were pregnant as it was in the other 26 patients discussed. We consider propranolol to be the drug of choice in the preoperative preparation of most patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 653566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5624", "title": "The effect of prosthetic gallstones on total bile acid pool size in dogs.", "content": "A reduction in total bile acid pool size was noted in nine of ten dogs after the implantation of inert prosthetic gallstones. Sham cholecystotomy without implantation of a prosthesis also produced a small decrease in bile acid pool size but was significantly less than the decrease noted with prosthetic stones. Bile acid ratios--cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid--did not change after implantation of prosthetic stones. These findings raise the possibility that the small total bile acid pool size noted in patients with cholesterol gallstones is a phenomenon secondary to the pathologic state of the gallbladder.", "contents": "The effect of prosthetic gallstones on total bile acid pool size in dogs. A reduction in total bile acid pool size was noted in nine of ten dogs after the implantation of inert prosthetic gallstones. Sham cholecystotomy without implantation of a prosthesis also produced a small decrease in bile acid pool size but was significantly less than the decrease noted with prosthetic stones. Bile acid ratios--cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid--did not change after implantation of prosthetic stones. These findings raise the possibility that the small total bile acid pool size noted in patients with cholesterol gallstones is a phenomenon secondary to the pathologic state of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 653567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5625", "title": "Practical approach to laparotomy for staging in the management of lymphomas.", "content": "This study was designed to delineate the role of laparotomy for staging in the management of lymphomas and to determine the accuracy of nonsurgical staging procedures. Fifty-four untreated patients with diagnoses of Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma had extensive physical, laboratory, roentgenologic, scintigraphic, nonsurgical and surgical staging evaluation. Forty-five out of 54 patients had clinical Stage I and II disease; clinical Stage IV patients were excluded. One out of eight enlarged spleens, 12 out of 46 normal spleens, none of four enlarged livers and four out of 50 normal livers were positive at laparotomy. None of the preoperative needle biopsies of the liver and iliac crest was positive for lymphoma. The pathologic stage was advanced in six out of 25 of clinical Stage I, six out of 20 Stage II and two out of nine of Stage III. 67Ga scanning and lymphography were accurate in 16 out of 30 and 24 out of 45 patients, respectively. There was no mortality, but morbidity was limited to atelectasis, thrombophlebitis and subphrenic abscess in three patients, respectively. Only when treatment regimen is stage-dependent and only if nonsurgical staging procedures have reliably failed to rule out disseminated disease, then laparotomy for staging indicated in localized lymphomas. Laparotomy for staging should not be done when the treatment plan is not altered by staging data or when there is a medical contraindication or when evidence of disseminated disease has been reliably and consistently obtained by nonsurgical methods as needle biopsies of the liver and bone, lymphography, scintigraphic studies and laparoscopy.", "contents": "Practical approach to laparotomy for staging in the management of lymphomas. This study was designed to delineate the role of laparotomy for staging in the management of lymphomas and to determine the accuracy of nonsurgical staging procedures. Fifty-four untreated patients with diagnoses of Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma had extensive physical, laboratory, roentgenologic, scintigraphic, nonsurgical and surgical staging evaluation. Forty-five out of 54 patients had clinical Stage I and II disease; clinical Stage IV patients were excluded. One out of eight enlarged spleens, 12 out of 46 normal spleens, none of four enlarged livers and four out of 50 normal livers were positive at laparotomy. None of the preoperative needle biopsies of the liver and iliac crest was positive for lymphoma. The pathologic stage was advanced in six out of 25 of clinical Stage I, six out of 20 Stage II and two out of nine of Stage III. 67Ga scanning and lymphography were accurate in 16 out of 30 and 24 out of 45 patients, respectively. There was no mortality, but morbidity was limited to atelectasis, thrombophlebitis and subphrenic abscess in three patients, respectively. Only when treatment regimen is stage-dependent and only if nonsurgical staging procedures have reliably failed to rule out disseminated disease, then laparotomy for staging indicated in localized lymphomas. Laparotomy for staging should not be done when the treatment plan is not altered by staging data or when there is a medical contraindication or when evidence of disseminated disease has been reliably and consistently obtained by nonsurgical methods as needle biopsies of the liver and bone, lymphography, scintigraphic studies and laparoscopy.", "PMID": 653568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5626", "title": "Two instances of bile reflux without acute pancreatitis.", "content": "In two patients in whom most of the bile and the pancreatic juice were mixed, one within the pancreatic duct because of a presumed injury to the ampulla of Vater and the other within the bile duct secondary to a tumor of the ampulla of Vater, there was no pathologic evidence of acute pancreatitis within the pancreas. This was true even though there was chemical evidence that trypsin in its active form passed through the pancreas. On explanation for this is that trypsin inhibitors contained in human bile and pancreatic juice may bind trypsin.", "contents": "Two instances of bile reflux without acute pancreatitis. In two patients in whom most of the bile and the pancreatic juice were mixed, one within the pancreatic duct because of a presumed injury to the ampulla of Vater and the other within the bile duct secondary to a tumor of the ampulla of Vater, there was no pathologic evidence of acute pancreatitis within the pancreas. This was true even though there was chemical evidence that trypsin in its active form passed through the pancreas. On explanation for this is that trypsin inhibitors contained in human bile and pancreatic juice may bind trypsin.", "PMID": 653569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5627", "title": "Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Eighty-eight patients with perforations of the gastrointestinal tract in infancy and childhood, excluding those caused by appendicitis, are presented. Fifty-five patients were four weeks of age or younger. Fourteen of the perforations occurred during the first year of life and 19 occurred between one and 15 years of age. The locations of perforations by order of frequency were the ileum, rectosigmoid, stomach and duodenum. The causes in order of frequency were necrotizing enterocolitis, ulcers, unknown causes, Hirschsprung's disease, atresia of the small intestine, volvulus, trauma, gastroschisis and ventriculoperitoneal shunts for hydrocephalus. A high index of suspicion, aided by roentgenograms, is essential for an early diagnosis. The over-all mortality was 49 of 88 patients. No reduction in mortality was observed in the last ten years, despite improved surgical techniques and better antimicrobial agents. Early recognition and rapid transport of the child to a pediatric intensive care unit with better supportive measures plus antimicrobial agents effective against both anaerobic and aerobis bacteria should reduce this high mortality.", "contents": "Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract in infancy and childhood. Eighty-eight patients with perforations of the gastrointestinal tract in infancy and childhood, excluding those caused by appendicitis, are presented. Fifty-five patients were four weeks of age or younger. Fourteen of the perforations occurred during the first year of life and 19 occurred between one and 15 years of age. The locations of perforations by order of frequency were the ileum, rectosigmoid, stomach and duodenum. The causes in order of frequency were necrotizing enterocolitis, ulcers, unknown causes, Hirschsprung's disease, atresia of the small intestine, volvulus, trauma, gastroschisis and ventriculoperitoneal shunts for hydrocephalus. A high index of suspicion, aided by roentgenograms, is essential for an early diagnosis. The over-all mortality was 49 of 88 patients. No reduction in mortality was observed in the last ten years, despite improved surgical techniques and better antimicrobial agents. Early recognition and rapid transport of the child to a pediatric intensive care unit with better supportive measures plus antimicrobial agents effective against both anaerobic and aerobis bacteria should reduce this high mortality.", "PMID": 653571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5628", "title": "Steroid hypothermia.", "content": "A retrospective study of 17 episodes of septic shock was made. In most patients, intravenous treatment involving a 2 gram bolus of Solu-Medrol produced a precipitous fall in temperature within four hours. Accompanying the temperature change was an improvement in their general physical condition. The hypothermic effect usually lasted approximately 30 hours, after which the temperature would reach a level below the presteroid temperature or would return to the presteroid level. If the sepsis was overwhelming and the patient did not survive, thetemperature response was not as dramatic and lasted approximately eight to ten hours, with no clinical improvement.", "contents": "Steroid hypothermia. A retrospective study of 17 episodes of septic shock was made. In most patients, intravenous treatment involving a 2 gram bolus of Solu-Medrol produced a precipitous fall in temperature within four hours. Accompanying the temperature change was an improvement in their general physical condition. The hypothermic effect usually lasted approximately 30 hours, after which the temperature would reach a level below the presteroid temperature or would return to the presteroid level. If the sepsis was overwhelming and the patient did not survive, thetemperature response was not as dramatic and lasted approximately eight to ten hours, with no clinical improvement.", "PMID": 653572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5629", "title": "The nature of the proteins of fat emboli released during total hip prosthesis.", "content": "Human fat emboli, released during total hip prosthesis contained less than 0.1 per cent proteins. Most likely, this was the result of absorption of the fat particle during in vitro procedures.", "contents": "The nature of the proteins of fat emboli released during total hip prosthesis. Human fat emboli, released during total hip prosthesis contained less than 0.1 per cent proteins. Most likely, this was the result of absorption of the fat particle during in vitro procedures.", "PMID": 653573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5630", "title": "Transperitoneal relocation of the ileal stoma without formal laparotomy.", "content": "A method of transperitoneal ileal stoma relocation without formal laparotomy is described. Twenty of these procedures were performed during a ten year period. There was one postoperative failure. The barium stomal injection is a valuable aid in the peroperative diagnosis of possible underlying Crohn's disease. Transperitoneal relocation of an ileal stoma without formal laparotomy is a safe and useful method in selected patients.", "contents": "Transperitoneal relocation of the ileal stoma without formal laparotomy. A method of transperitoneal ileal stoma relocation without formal laparotomy is described. Twenty of these procedures were performed during a ten year period. There was one postoperative failure. The barium stomal injection is a valuable aid in the peroperative diagnosis of possible underlying Crohn's disease. Transperitoneal relocation of an ileal stoma without formal laparotomy is a safe and useful method in selected patients.", "PMID": 653574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5631", "title": "Preservation of the pylorus in pancreaticoduodenectomy.", "content": "Further clinical observation and laboratory evaluation will be necessary before we can recommend this modification of the usual technique of pancreaticoduodenectomy to preserve the pylorus and distal part of the stomach in patients in whom the resection is performed for benign disease or for carcinoma of the distal part of the duodenum. However, we believe that the early results in the two patients described are encouraging.", "contents": "Preservation of the pylorus in pancreaticoduodenectomy. Further clinical observation and laboratory evaluation will be necessary before we can recommend this modification of the usual technique of pancreaticoduodenectomy to preserve the pylorus and distal part of the stomach in patients in whom the resection is performed for benign disease or for carcinoma of the distal part of the duodenum. However, we believe that the early results in the two patients described are encouraging.", "PMID": 653575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5632", "title": "Intraocular hemorrhages: a hemostatic therapeutic approach.", "content": "Our knowledge of the local hemostatic factors capable of playing a role in certain intraocular hemorrhages is reviewed as a background to therapy with agents active in hemostasis. Common to hyphemas and subretinal hemorrhages are some conditions which are apt to disturb hemostasis and result in recurrent bleeding. They are: 1) Dilution of blood by aqueous humor or subretinal exudative fluid followed by the formation of hemostatic plugs which are prone to spontaneous lysis; 2) Contiguity of certain structures, such as the iris and the choroid, which are extremely rich in fibrinolytic activators favoring premature dissolution of the hemostatic plug and thereby recurrent bleeding; and 3) Presumptive high local concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP), which have an anticoagulant action and would counteract hemostasis in the event of rebleeding. Based on these observations, the use of fibrinolytic inhibitors for the treatment of hyphema and subretinal hemorrhages seems warranted. Hemostatic mechanisms in intraocular hemorrhages and their treatment with various agents are discussed.", "contents": "Intraocular hemorrhages: a hemostatic therapeutic approach. Our knowledge of the local hemostatic factors capable of playing a role in certain intraocular hemorrhages is reviewed as a background to therapy with agents active in hemostasis. Common to hyphemas and subretinal hemorrhages are some conditions which are apt to disturb hemostasis and result in recurrent bleeding. They are: 1) Dilution of blood by aqueous humor or subretinal exudative fluid followed by the formation of hemostatic plugs which are prone to spontaneous lysis; 2) Contiguity of certain structures, such as the iris and the choroid, which are extremely rich in fibrinolytic activators favoring premature dissolution of the hemostatic plug and thereby recurrent bleeding; and 3) Presumptive high local concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP), which have an anticoagulant action and would counteract hemostasis in the event of rebleeding. Based on these observations, the use of fibrinolytic inhibitors for the treatment of hyphema and subretinal hemorrhages seems warranted. Hemostatic mechanisms in intraocular hemorrhages and their treatment with various agents are discussed.", "PMID": 653577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5633", "title": "Intraocular coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "A case of unsuccessfully treated coccidioidomycosis with intraocular manifestations is presented. Fever, skin lesions and a variety of constitutional symptoms dominated the clinical course. At autopsy there were extensive systemic dissemination and conspicuous intraocular lesions involving the uveal tract. The ocular and systemic features and the immunologic aspects of Coccidioidomycosis are discussed. Previously reported intraocular cases are reviewed and compared to our case.", "contents": "Intraocular coccidioidomycosis. A case of unsuccessfully treated coccidioidomycosis with intraocular manifestations is presented. Fever, skin lesions and a variety of constitutional symptoms dominated the clinical course. At autopsy there were extensive systemic dissemination and conspicuous intraocular lesions involving the uveal tract. The ocular and systemic features and the immunologic aspects of Coccidioidomycosis are discussed. Previously reported intraocular cases are reviewed and compared to our case.", "PMID": 653576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5634", "title": "Ophthalmic ointments.", "content": "The use of ointments as an ocular drug vehicle adds an important dimension to topical therapy. Ointments are well tolerated, fairly safe, and provide an excellent means for enhanced ocular contact time. In the case of certain antibiotics, this improved contact time yields increased ocular drug levels. However, experimental data indicate that corticosteroid ointments do not penetrate into the eye as well as do suspension preparations. This may relate to the binding of the drug to the ointment base and also to the particular steroid compound. Like other ophthalmic preparations, ointments may become contaminated. Ophthalmic ointments should not be instilled into eyes with open wounds. Instillation of ointments into postoperative eyes where wound closure is secure appears to be safe and effective.", "contents": "Ophthalmic ointments. The use of ointments as an ocular drug vehicle adds an important dimension to topical therapy. Ointments are well tolerated, fairly safe, and provide an excellent means for enhanced ocular contact time. In the case of certain antibiotics, this improved contact time yields increased ocular drug levels. However, experimental data indicate that corticosteroid ointments do not penetrate into the eye as well as do suspension preparations. This may relate to the binding of the drug to the ointment base and also to the particular steroid compound. Like other ophthalmic preparations, ointments may become contaminated. Ophthalmic ointments should not be instilled into eyes with open wounds. Instillation of ointments into postoperative eyes where wound closure is secure appears to be safe and effective.", "PMID": 653578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5635", "title": "[Possible methods of control of virus disease in swine today and in the future. II. Specific applications (author's transl)].", "content": "The four alternatives discussed in the previous paper (5), are applied to a number of virus infections which are common in pigs. The enzootic state of SMEDI enteroviruses, vomiting and wasting virus and parvovirus should be promoted by bringing the young gilts into close contact with the older sow population at a sufficiently early stage. There should preferably not be a change of herd for primiparous sows during pregnancy. In parvovirus infection, maternal immunity may be so prolonged that gilts will only be infected after the time of breeding. Therefore, mating should preferably be postponed until they are nine months of age, unless previous serological tests have shown that they are in a state of active immunity. Considering the present disease situation of swine fever in several continental West European countries and consequently they high number of existing virus sources, compulsory vaccination of sows and fattening piglets is recommended against this virus on an international scale for at least three years. This vaccination can be omitted only after the number of outbreaks has been reduced to a very low level. Vaccination is the only possible alternative left in the combat against Aujezky's disease. Caution is undoubtedly indicated in using live vaccines in these cases. So far, methods have not become available for the effective control of transmissible gastroenteritis and prospects are not encouraging. The possibility of eradication of transmissible gastroenteritis is discussed.", "contents": "[Possible methods of control of virus disease in swine today and in the future. II. Specific applications (author's transl)]. The four alternatives discussed in the previous paper (5), are applied to a number of virus infections which are common in pigs. The enzootic state of SMEDI enteroviruses, vomiting and wasting virus and parvovirus should be promoted by bringing the young gilts into close contact with the older sow population at a sufficiently early stage. There should preferably not be a change of herd for primiparous sows during pregnancy. In parvovirus infection, maternal immunity may be so prolonged that gilts will only be infected after the time of breeding. Therefore, mating should preferably be postponed until they are nine months of age, unless previous serological tests have shown that they are in a state of active immunity. Considering the present disease situation of swine fever in several continental West European countries and consequently they high number of existing virus sources, compulsory vaccination of sows and fattening piglets is recommended against this virus on an international scale for at least three years. This vaccination can be omitted only after the number of outbreaks has been reduced to a very low level. Vaccination is the only possible alternative left in the combat against Aujezky's disease. Caution is undoubtedly indicated in using live vaccines in these cases. So far, methods have not become available for the effective control of transmissible gastroenteritis and prospects are not encouraging. The possibility of eradication of transmissible gastroenteritis is discussed.", "PMID": 653695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5636", "title": "[Findings in an outbreak of salmonellosis due to S. dublin in veal calves in the province of Gelderland (author's transl)].", "content": "An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by S. dublin has been prevalent in the Province of Gelderland ever since the end of 1975. The clinical picture is marked by general disease and respiratory symptoms, variations in temperature and diarrhoea which was present in not more than approximately 20 per cent of the cases. The most satisfactory results of treatment were obtained on administration of a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound and colistin. Mortality averaged 16 per cent, the flock continuing to be affected with the disease for six weeks. In addition to enteritis, septicaemia and pneumonia were outstanding features in post-mortem studies. S. dublin was detected particularly in the liver, spleen and kidney. The sensitivity pattern showed a marked decrease during the past six to seven years, particularly sensitivity to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin. The greater part of the strains were only sensitive to colistin, furazolidone and a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound. This increase in resistance is discussed, and it is attributed to mass administration of antibodies rather than to transfer of resistance due to R-factors.", "contents": "[Findings in an outbreak of salmonellosis due to S. dublin in veal calves in the province of Gelderland (author's transl)]. An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by S. dublin has been prevalent in the Province of Gelderland ever since the end of 1975. The clinical picture is marked by general disease and respiratory symptoms, variations in temperature and diarrhoea which was present in not more than approximately 20 per cent of the cases. The most satisfactory results of treatment were obtained on administration of a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound and colistin. Mortality averaged 16 per cent, the flock continuing to be affected with the disease for six weeks. In addition to enteritis, septicaemia and pneumonia were outstanding features in post-mortem studies. S. dublin was detected particularly in the liver, spleen and kidney. The sensitivity pattern showed a marked decrease during the past six to seven years, particularly sensitivity to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin. The greater part of the strains were only sensitive to colistin, furazolidone and a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound. This increase in resistance is discussed, and it is attributed to mass administration of antibodies rather than to transfer of resistance due to R-factors.", "PMID": 653696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5637", "title": "[Scours in piglets during the first four weeks of life. Studies on the incidence and the effect of various features of management on the appearance of scours (author's transl)].", "content": "On 793 farms, studies were done on: --the incidence of scours on commercial farms. --The differences between groups of animals, such as the difference of age and the differences between litters of primiparae and multiparae. --Various features of herd management as factors in the incidence of scours, such as the size of the farm, the use of straw-bedding in the farrowing house, hygienic procedures, supplementary feeding and supply of drinking-water. Investigations were carried out during the periods of February and March 1975 and August and September 1975. The total number of litters of piglets taking part in the studies was 7,692. Some of the most important conclusions drawn from these studies were: --The incidence of scours was highest during the second week of life, namely in 34 per cent of the litters. --The litters of primiparae, scours was commoner than it was in litters of multiparae. This difference was most marked during the first week of life. --When straw-bedding was used in the farrowing houses, much fewer cases of scours were observed. --Supplementary feeding and supplying drinking water-during the first week of life resulted in a higher incidence of scours. --Hygienic procedures such as washing the sow and cleaning the farrowing house prior to farrowing reduced the proportion of litters showing scours.", "contents": "[Scours in piglets during the first four weeks of life. Studies on the incidence and the effect of various features of management on the appearance of scours (author's transl)]. On 793 farms, studies were done on: --the incidence of scours on commercial farms. --The differences between groups of animals, such as the difference of age and the differences between litters of primiparae and multiparae. --Various features of herd management as factors in the incidence of scours, such as the size of the farm, the use of straw-bedding in the farrowing house, hygienic procedures, supplementary feeding and supply of drinking-water. Investigations were carried out during the periods of February and March 1975 and August and September 1975. The total number of litters of piglets taking part in the studies was 7,692. Some of the most important conclusions drawn from these studies were: --The incidence of scours was highest during the second week of life, namely in 34 per cent of the litters. --The litters of primiparae, scours was commoner than it was in litters of multiparae. This difference was most marked during the first week of life. --When straw-bedding was used in the farrowing houses, much fewer cases of scours were observed. --Supplementary feeding and supplying drinking water-during the first week of life resulted in a higher incidence of scours. --Hygienic procedures such as washing the sow and cleaning the farrowing house prior to farrowing reduced the proportion of litters showing scours.", "PMID": 653697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5638", "title": "[Fungus infection in a guinea pig as a cause of human infection (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of fungus infection in a guinea pig is reported which was found to have caused human dermatomycosis resulting from Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. A number of diagnostic features are discussed.", "contents": "[Fungus infection in a guinea pig as a cause of human infection (author's transl)]. A case of fungus infection in a guinea pig is reported which was found to have caused human dermatomycosis resulting from Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. A number of diagnostic features are discussed.", "PMID": 653698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5639", "title": "[An unusual fracture of the elbow (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of long-standing lateral condylar fracture of an elbow in a dog is reported. The fracture resulted in peripheral neuropathy of the ulnar nerve. The previous history, the findings at operation, the stable osteosynthesis permitting weight-bearing and the post-operative course are discussed.", "contents": "[An unusual fracture of the elbow (author's transl)]. A case of long-standing lateral condylar fracture of an elbow in a dog is reported. The fracture resulted in peripheral neuropathy of the ulnar nerve. The previous history, the findings at operation, the stable osteosynthesis permitting weight-bearing and the post-operative course are discussed.", "PMID": 653699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5640", "title": "[Compensatory mechanisms of haemolysis after surgery with the heart-lung-maschine (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 patients, suffering from various diseases, the extent of haemolysis and the correlation between the rate of haemolysis and various mechanisms of erythrocyte damage in the course of open heart surgery was studied. We investigated haemotological parameters, electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase before, and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after operation. Besides free haemoglobin, haptoglobin and haemopexin were determined 5 and 15 minutes after starting perfusior with the heart-lung machine and after finishing. The best index of haemolysis was free haemoglobin in the serum. With increasing duration of perfusion the rate of haemolysis increased. Compensating mechanisms were postoperative increase of haptoglobin and haemopexin.", "contents": "[Compensatory mechanisms of haemolysis after surgery with the heart-lung-maschine (author's transl)]. In 20 patients, suffering from various diseases, the extent of haemolysis and the correlation between the rate of haemolysis and various mechanisms of erythrocyte damage in the course of open heart surgery was studied. We investigated haemotological parameters, electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase before, and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after operation. Besides free haemoglobin, haptoglobin and haemopexin were determined 5 and 15 minutes after starting perfusior with the heart-lung machine and after finishing. The best index of haemolysis was free haemoglobin in the serum. With increasing duration of perfusion the rate of haemolysis increased. Compensating mechanisms were postoperative increase of haptoglobin and haemopexin.", "PMID": 653701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5641", "title": "[Severe mechanical haemolysis after correction of a partial atrioventricular canal (author's transl)].", "content": "Following correction of a partial atrioventricular canal and closure of the atrial septum defect with a Dacron patch a severe hemolytic anemia developed caused by moderate mitral insufficiency. The clinical postoperative course and the successful treatment by reoperation is described in detail. The Dacron patch was excised, the mitral cleft was closed by four single sutures, and the septal defect was covered with a pericardial patch. In the literature ten other communications were gathered reporting hemolytic anemias following correction of endocardial cushion defects with Dacron, Teflon, or Ivalon patches. Three of six reoperated patients died postoperatively. A woman died after correction with renal failure caused by severe hemolysis. In four patients hemolytic anemia was compensated and there was no need for reoperation. In consideration of our own experience and those reported in the literature we recommend pericardium instead of synthetics for closure of atrial septum defects of Foramen-primum-type.", "contents": "[Severe mechanical haemolysis after correction of a partial atrioventricular canal (author's transl)]. Following correction of a partial atrioventricular canal and closure of the atrial septum defect with a Dacron patch a severe hemolytic anemia developed caused by moderate mitral insufficiency. The clinical postoperative course and the successful treatment by reoperation is described in detail. The Dacron patch was excised, the mitral cleft was closed by four single sutures, and the septal defect was covered with a pericardial patch. In the literature ten other communications were gathered reporting hemolytic anemias following correction of endocardial cushion defects with Dacron, Teflon, or Ivalon patches. Three of six reoperated patients died postoperatively. A woman died after correction with renal failure caused by severe hemolysis. In four patients hemolytic anemia was compensated and there was no need for reoperation. In consideration of our own experience and those reported in the literature we recommend pericardium instead of synthetics for closure of atrial septum defects of Foramen-primum-type.", "PMID": 653702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5642", "title": "Bronchogenic cysts: problems in diagnosis and management.", "content": "Bronchogenic cysts usually are easily recognized and treated. On occasion they can present problems in diagnosis or management. We have experienced four such cases. A two month old infant whose cyst drained transbronchially during induction of anesthesia; a nine month old infant with preoperative respiratory obstructive signs; an adult with preoperative respiratory obstruction and acute severe respiratory distress during positioning for thoracotomy; and a newborn with an opacified hemithorax associated with retained fetal pulmonary fluid. Awareness of these unusual problems with bronchogenic cysts allows for promt and accurate management and avoids delays and possible complications.", "contents": "Bronchogenic cysts: problems in diagnosis and management. Bronchogenic cysts usually are easily recognized and treated. On occasion they can present problems in diagnosis or management. We have experienced four such cases. A two month old infant whose cyst drained transbronchially during induction of anesthesia; a nine month old infant with preoperative respiratory obstructive signs; an adult with preoperative respiratory obstruction and acute severe respiratory distress during positioning for thoracotomy; and a newborn with an opacified hemithorax associated with retained fetal pulmonary fluid. Awareness of these unusual problems with bronchogenic cysts allows for promt and accurate management and avoids delays and possible complications.", "PMID": 653703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5643", "title": "[Esophagopleural fistula; a rare complication after pneumonectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "This work deals with 8 own cases of esophagopleural fistula observed in 807 pneumonectomies with mortality rate of 37%. The pathogenesis as well as the treatment of esophagopleural fistulae based on world literature and own experience are discussed. The esophagopleural fistula is serious complication usually connected with pneumonectomy. Esophagography which should be done in every case after pneumonectomy ensures the diagnosis and before the operation shows any pathology of esophagus in its course and position. Small esophagopleural fistulae heal best after gastrostomy but larger ones require beside a double row suture of esophageal wall and additional covering with muscle flap.", "contents": "[Esophagopleural fistula; a rare complication after pneumonectomy (author's transl)]. This work deals with 8 own cases of esophagopleural fistula observed in 807 pneumonectomies with mortality rate of 37%. The pathogenesis as well as the treatment of esophagopleural fistulae based on world literature and own experience are discussed. The esophagopleural fistula is serious complication usually connected with pneumonectomy. Esophagography which should be done in every case after pneumonectomy ensures the diagnosis and before the operation shows any pathology of esophagus in its course and position. Small esophagopleural fistulae heal best after gastrostomy but larger ones require beside a double row suture of esophageal wall and additional covering with muscle flap.", "PMID": 653704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5644", "title": "[How effective is the interruption of the inferior vena cava for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary emboli?].", "content": "Analysis of results which have been obtained by interruption of the inferior vena cava for prevention of recurrent pulmonary emboli. The incidence of recurren emboli by means of the 3 possible methods ligature, plication and intraluminal filter is 6%, 5% or 2%. The incidence of fatal pulmonary emboli is 2%, 1% or 0,5%. There are no studies which do compare the effectiveness of operative procedures with the drug prevention. Both the operative and the drug prevention are not without mortality. Interruption of the inferior vena cava for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary emboli should be carried out in exceptional situations only as possibility of failure of anticoagulation.", "contents": "[How effective is the interruption of the inferior vena cava for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary emboli?]. Analysis of results which have been obtained by interruption of the inferior vena cava for prevention of recurrent pulmonary emboli. The incidence of recurren emboli by means of the 3 possible methods ligature, plication and intraluminal filter is 6%, 5% or 2%. The incidence of fatal pulmonary emboli is 2%, 1% or 0,5%. There are no studies which do compare the effectiveness of operative procedures with the drug prevention. Both the operative and the drug prevention are not without mortality. Interruption of the inferior vena cava for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary emboli should be carried out in exceptional situations only as possibility of failure of anticoagulation.", "PMID": 653705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5645", "title": "[Spontaneous lysis of pulmonary embolism during angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spontaneous lysis of pulmonary embolism during pulmonary arteriography is reported. Moreover diagnostical and therapeutical problems are discussed, especially with regard to operative intervention in cases of discrepancy between symptoms and angiographical findings.", "contents": "[Spontaneous lysis of pulmonary embolism during angiography (author's transl)]. A case of spontaneous lysis of pulmonary embolism during pulmonary arteriography is reported. Moreover diagnostical and therapeutical problems are discussed, especially with regard to operative intervention in cases of discrepancy between symptoms and angiographical findings.", "PMID": 653706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5646", "title": "[Preoperative ventilatory function tests as an aid in assessment of operative risk of prosthetic heart valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The operative risk of prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve in 97 patients and of the aortic valve in 126 patients showed a good correlation with the decrease in preoperative pulmonary function (p less than 0,01). The overall mortality rate reached 12,4% respectively 13,4% during the first 28 days after surgery. Depending upon the stage of ventilatory impairment the mortality rate varied between 0 to 50% in the mitral group and between 6,5 to 50% in the aorti group. The impairment of respiratory function is caused by the disturbed hemodynamic function demonstrated by a negative correlation between pulmonary artery pressure and vital capacity.", "contents": "[Preoperative ventilatory function tests as an aid in assessment of operative risk of prosthetic heart valve replacement (author's transl)]. The operative risk of prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve in 97 patients and of the aortic valve in 126 patients showed a good correlation with the decrease in preoperative pulmonary function (p less than 0,01). The overall mortality rate reached 12,4% respectively 13,4% during the first 28 days after surgery. Depending upon the stage of ventilatory impairment the mortality rate varied between 0 to 50% in the mitral group and between 6,5 to 50% in the aorti group. The impairment of respiratory function is caused by the disturbed hemodynamic function demonstrated by a negative correlation between pulmonary artery pressure and vital capacity.", "PMID": 653707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5647", "title": "[Myocardial protection utilizing hypothermia and cardioplegin during surgical correction of congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Our methods of myocardial protection are demonstrated in 846 patients subjected to open heart surgery for correction of congenital heart disease. They include body hypothermia and injection cardioplegia using magnesium-asparate-procaine. The spectrum of myocardial protection reaches from normothermia without cardioplegic arrest during short periods of extracorporeal circulation to profound body hypothermia with multiple injections of the cardioplegic solution in complex cardiac malformations. The results in 586 patients with left to right shunt, 140 patients with cyanotic cardiac malformations and 120 patients with congenital valve lesions are presented. Attention is directed to possible negative sequelae of overdosage of magnesium-asparate.", "contents": "[Myocardial protection utilizing hypothermia and cardioplegin during surgical correction of congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. Our methods of myocardial protection are demonstrated in 846 patients subjected to open heart surgery for correction of congenital heart disease. They include body hypothermia and injection cardioplegia using magnesium-asparate-procaine. The spectrum of myocardial protection reaches from normothermia without cardioplegic arrest during short periods of extracorporeal circulation to profound body hypothermia with multiple injections of the cardioplegic solution in complex cardiac malformations. The results in 586 patients with left to right shunt, 140 patients with cyanotic cardiac malformations and 120 patients with congenital valve lesions are presented. Attention is directed to possible negative sequelae of overdosage of magnesium-asparate.", "PMID": 653708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5648", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. I. Jews of Polish extraction.", "content": "One hundred and twenty seven randomly selected Polish Jews were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding 0.1 were detected for A1, A2, Aw19, B14, Bw16 and Bw17. Significant gametic association was observed for (A1, Bw17), (A2, B27), (Aw26, Bw16), (Aw19, B13) and (A28, B14). Although a predominantly Caucasoid population, the Polish Jews show greater resemblance to Middle Eastern rather than to Northern European Caucasoids.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. I. Jews of Polish extraction. One hundred and twenty seven randomly selected Polish Jews were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding 0.1 were detected for A1, A2, Aw19, B14, Bw16 and Bw17. Significant gametic association was observed for (A1, Bw17), (A2, B27), (Aw26, Bw16), (Aw19, B13) and (A28, B14). Although a predominantly Caucasoid population, the Polish Jews show greater resemblance to Middle Eastern rather than to Northern European Caucasoids.", "PMID": 653710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5649", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 2. Israeli Jews originating from Russia.", "content": "HLA typing of 123 Israel Jews of Russian origin showed a high frequency for HLA--A1, A2, Aw19 and B14, Bw16 and Bw35 of the A and B loci, respectively. The most frequently occuring haplotypes were (A1, B17), (Aw25, B18), (Aw26, Bw16), (Aw19, B13), (Aw23, B5) and (Aw25, Bw35). This study reveals a striking resemblance in the distribution of frequencies of HLA alleles and haplotypes between Russian Jews and two other East European Jewish communities (presented in this issue) of Polish and Rumanian origin.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 2. Israeli Jews originating from Russia. HLA typing of 123 Israel Jews of Russian origin showed a high frequency for HLA--A1, A2, Aw19 and B14, Bw16 and Bw35 of the A and B loci, respectively. The most frequently occuring haplotypes were (A1, B17), (Aw25, B18), (Aw26, Bw16), (Aw19, B13), (Aw23, B5) and (Aw25, Bw35). This study reveals a striking resemblance in the distribution of frequencies of HLA alleles and haplotypes between Russian Jews and two other East European Jewish communities (presented in this issue) of Polish and Rumanian origin.", "PMID": 653711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5650", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 3. Ashkenazi Jews of German descent.", "content": "Seventy-three random Jewish individuals whose families have lived in Germany for at least 4-5 generations, were typed for HLA antigens at the A and B loci. In comparison with other European populations, the frequencies of B7 and B12 are low whereas Bw35 is almost twice as frequent (21%). Among the uncommon associations found in the German Jews were: (A2, Bw21), (Aw25, B18), (A29, B14), (A28, Bw15). The frequent haplotype (Aw24, Bw35) was previously found, but only in Asia and in American Indians. Subdivisions of the subjects according to geographic regions within Germany point to differences in gene frequency between the groups.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 3. Ashkenazi Jews of German descent. Seventy-three random Jewish individuals whose families have lived in Germany for at least 4-5 generations, were typed for HLA antigens at the A and B loci. In comparison with other European populations, the frequencies of B7 and B12 are low whereas Bw35 is almost twice as frequent (21%). Among the uncommon associations found in the German Jews were: (A2, Bw21), (Aw25, B18), (A29, B14), (A28, Bw15). The frequent haplotype (Aw24, Bw35) was previously found, but only in Asia and in American Indians. Subdivisions of the subjects according to geographic regions within Germany point to differences in gene frequency between the groups.", "PMID": 653712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5651", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 4. Israeli Jews originating from Rumania.", "content": "The frequencies of 29 HLA antigens of the A amd B loci were studied in 130 Israeli Jews originating from Rumania. The antigens A1, A2, Aw19 and B14, Bw16 and Bw35 occurred with the highest frequencies. The most common haplotypes were (A1, B17), (Aw26, Bw16) and (A28, Bw22). These results are similar to those observed in Polish and Russian Jews.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 4. Israeli Jews originating from Rumania. The frequencies of 29 HLA antigens of the A amd B loci were studied in 130 Israeli Jews originating from Rumania. The antigens A1, A2, Aw19 and B14, Bw16 and Bw35 occurred with the highest frequencies. The most common haplotypes were (A1, B17), (Aw26, Bw16) and (A28, Bw22). These results are similar to those observed in Polish and Russian Jews.", "PMID": 653713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5652", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 5. The Moroccan Jews.", "content": "One hundred and forty one unrelated Moroccan Jews living in Israel were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding .1 were found for A1, A2, A3, Aw19, B5, B12, and B13. Significant linkage disequilibrium occurred for (A1, B8), (A2, B5), (A2, Bw21), (A3, Bw40), (A9, B7), (A10, Bw16), (A29, B18) and (Aw19, b14). they represent an intermediate population between Europe and the Middle East.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 5. The Moroccan Jews. One hundred and forty one unrelated Moroccan Jews living in Israel were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding .1 were found for A1, A2, A3, Aw19, B5, B12, and B13. Significant linkage disequilibrium occurred for (A1, B8), (A2, B5), (A2, Bw21), (A3, Bw40), (A9, B7), (A10, Bw16), (A29, B18) and (Aw19, b14). they represent an intermediate population between Europe and the Middle East.", "PMID": 653714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5653", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 6. North African Jews from Libya.", "content": "Phenotype and gene frequencies of antigens at the A and B HLA loci were determined in a sample of 89 random Libyan Jews now settled in Israel. Most antigens at the A locus are within the range found in European populations while, at the B locus, the frequencies differ from Caucasoid populations: B7 is usually rare (1%), Bw35 is frequent (14%) and Bw40 very common with more than 10%. Thirteen percent of Libyan women whose sera were screened for the presence of HLA antibodies gave positive results. Some of them are elderly women, about 15 years or more beyond their last birth.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 6. North African Jews from Libya. Phenotype and gene frequencies of antigens at the A and B HLA loci were determined in a sample of 89 random Libyan Jews now settled in Israel. Most antigens at the A locus are within the range found in European populations while, at the B locus, the frequencies differ from Caucasoid populations: B7 is usually rare (1%), Bw35 is frequent (14%) and Bw40 very common with more than 10%. Thirteen percent of Libyan women whose sera were screened for the presence of HLA antibodies gave positive results. Some of them are elderly women, about 15 years or more beyond their last birth.", "PMID": 653715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5654", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 7. The Babylonian Jews.", "content": "One hundred and twenty three Iraqi Jews, now living in Israel, were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding .1 were found for A1, A3, Aw19, B5, B12, and Bw35. A28, B8 and B14 were relatively rare whereas Aw25 and Bw37 were not found at all. Significant gametic associations occurred for (Aw23, Bw21), (Aw26, Bw16), (A11, B5), (A28, B8) and (A28, B7). The Iraqi Jewish population was found to be typical of Asiatics and Middle Easterners.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 7. The Babylonian Jews. One hundred and twenty three Iraqi Jews, now living in Israel, were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding .1 were found for A1, A3, Aw19, B5, B12, and Bw35. A28, B8 and B14 were relatively rare whereas Aw25 and Bw37 were not found at all. Significant gametic associations occurred for (Aw23, Bw21), (Aw26, Bw16), (A11, B5), (A28, B8) and (A28, B7). The Iraqi Jewish population was found to be typical of Asiatics and Middle Easterners.", "PMID": 653716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5655", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 8. The Armenian community in Jerusalem.", "content": "Gene and phenotype frequencies for the three HLA loci were determined for 90 random Armenians from the Old City of Jerusalem. Relatively high frequencies were found for HLA-A2, A3 and Aw24, while the lowest frequencies were those for Aw23 and Aw25. The major distinguishing antigen, when compared with European Caucasoids is Bw35 with a frequency of 22%. Two unusual associations between the B and C loci were observed: Bw 17, Cw3 and B7, Cw3. Another interesting association in Armenians, Aw32 Cw4, has previously been found only among Cochini Jews and Malay populations.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 8. The Armenian community in Jerusalem. Gene and phenotype frequencies for the three HLA loci were determined for 90 random Armenians from the Old City of Jerusalem. Relatively high frequencies were found for HLA-A2, A3 and Aw24, while the lowest frequencies were those for Aw23 and Aw25. The major distinguishing antigen, when compared with European Caucasoids is Bw35 with a frequency of 22%. Two unusual associations between the B and C loci were observed: Bw 17, Cw3 and B7, Cw3. Another interesting association in Armenians, Aw32 Cw4, has previously been found only among Cochini Jews and Malay populations.", "PMID": 653717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5656", "title": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 9. An overall comparative analysis.", "content": "HLA gene frequencies in 11 Israeli populations and nine other relevant populations were used to calculate genetic distances in a quantitative assessment of their similarities and differences. The shortest distance found is between Polish and Rumanian Jews, while the largest is between Russian Jews and Black Africans. Estimates of \"average\" distances within major population groups suggest that the Ashkenazi Jews (Poles, Russians, Rumanians and Germans) are a more homogeneous population than East European non-Jews or than Middle-Eastern populations (Arabs, Armenians, Lebanese and Turks). A cline of distances between Ashkenazi Jews and other Jewish communities parallels their geographic distribution; however, the relatively large distance between the two North African communities (Libyans and Moroccans) demonstrates that geographic proximity is not necessarily correlated with genetic similarity. The Jewish populations, especially the Ashkenazi, show a clear divergence from their neighboring non-Jewish populations, among whom they have lived for many centuries. There are indications in the HLA data of a common origin for the diverse Jewish populations.", "contents": "HLA polymorphism in Israel. 9. An overall comparative analysis. HLA gene frequencies in 11 Israeli populations and nine other relevant populations were used to calculate genetic distances in a quantitative assessment of their similarities and differences. The shortest distance found is between Polish and Rumanian Jews, while the largest is between Russian Jews and Black Africans. Estimates of \"average\" distances within major population groups suggest that the Ashkenazi Jews (Poles, Russians, Rumanians and Germans) are a more homogeneous population than East European non-Jews or than Middle-Eastern populations (Arabs, Armenians, Lebanese and Turks). A cline of distances between Ashkenazi Jews and other Jewish communities parallels their geographic distribution; however, the relatively large distance between the two North African communities (Libyans and Moroccans) demonstrates that geographic proximity is not necessarily correlated with genetic similarity. The Jewish populations, especially the Ashkenazi, show a clear divergence from their neighboring non-Jewish populations, among whom they have lived for many centuries. There are indications in the HLA data of a common origin for the diverse Jewish populations.", "PMID": 653718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5657", "title": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. II. Histocompatibility typing of diploid fibroblastic cultures by the mixed hemadsorption (MH) test.", "content": "Skin fibroblasts derived from persons who had been HLA-typed by conventional lymphocytotoxocity tests were subjected to HLA-typing by the mixed hemadsorption (MH) test. The agreement between the two methods was good, provided sera for the MH test were carefully selected. Minor discrepancies found in this study can probably be corrected by further serum selection. There was no difficulty in typing late passages of cultured diploid cells (22 doublings) and in fact it was easier to type a culture at the 33rd doubling than at the 11th. Thus no signs of disappearance of HLA-antigens were seen in these tests.", "contents": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. II. Histocompatibility typing of diploid fibroblastic cultures by the mixed hemadsorption (MH) test. Skin fibroblasts derived from persons who had been HLA-typed by conventional lymphocytotoxocity tests were subjected to HLA-typing by the mixed hemadsorption (MH) test. The agreement between the two methods was good, provided sera for the MH test were carefully selected. Minor discrepancies found in this study can probably be corrected by further serum selection. There was no difficulty in typing late passages of cultured diploid cells (22 doublings) and in fact it was easier to type a culture at the 33rd doubling than at the 11th. Thus no signs of disappearance of HLA-antigens were seen in these tests.", "PMID": 653719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5658", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in two American Indian tribes of French Guiana.", "content": "Two South American Indian populations were typed for HLA antigens. In each, the individuals typed were related and their genealogies were known. Determination of their genotypes was done; there seemed to be neither excess nor deficiency in homozygotes. The antigens observed, A2, A9, Aw19.2 (Aw30-Aw31), A28 for the first locus and B5, Bw15, Bw35, Bw40 for the second locus are in accordance with those previously described for other South American Indians. The two populations belong to the same primary linguistic family Tupi-Guarani and they live in the same geographic area, but there was no intertribal marriage until recently. Genetic drift can explain the differences observed.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in two American Indian tribes of French Guiana. Two South American Indian populations were typed for HLA antigens. In each, the individuals typed were related and their genealogies were known. Determination of their genotypes was done; there seemed to be neither excess nor deficiency in homozygotes. The antigens observed, A2, A9, Aw19.2 (Aw30-Aw31), A28 for the first locus and B5, Bw15, Bw35, Bw40 for the second locus are in accordance with those previously described for other South American Indians. The two populations belong to the same primary linguistic family Tupi-Guarani and they live in the same geographic area, but there was no intertribal marriage until recently. Genetic drift can explain the differences observed.", "PMID": 653720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5659", "title": "Delta-aminolaevulinic acid metabolism in normal and lead-exposed humans.", "content": "The activity of the haem biosynthetic enzymes delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase (ALA.S) and delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA.D) were measured in the peripheral blood of a group of lead workers and control subjects. The haem precursor delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) was measured in blood and urine, whilst lead levels were measured in whole blood. The inter-relationships between all these parameters were examined and quantified. The results demonstrate that above a blood lead concentration of 2 mumole/l and below an erythrocyte ALA.D activity of 18 nmole ALA utlized/min/ml red blood cells (R.B.C.), Haem synthesis is depressed to such an extent that the activity of leucocyte ALA.S, the rate-limiting enzyme of haem biosynthesis, is increased by negative feedback.", "contents": "Delta-aminolaevulinic acid metabolism in normal and lead-exposed humans. The activity of the haem biosynthetic enzymes delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase (ALA.S) and delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA.D) were measured in the peripheral blood of a group of lead workers and control subjects. The haem precursor delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) was measured in blood and urine, whilst lead levels were measured in whole blood. The inter-relationships between all these parameters were examined and quantified. The results demonstrate that above a blood lead concentration of 2 mumole/l and below an erythrocyte ALA.D activity of 18 nmole ALA utlized/min/ml red blood cells (R.B.C.), Haem synthesis is depressed to such an extent that the activity of leucocyte ALA.S, the rate-limiting enzyme of haem biosynthesis, is increased by negative feedback.", "PMID": 653730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5660", "title": "The hepatotoxicity of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and carbon disulphide in phenobarbitone-treated starved rats.", "content": "In phenobarbitone-treated starved male rats 1 g/kg 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole produced moderate liver necorsis and increased the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity. If half an hour after the administration of aminotriazole animals were exposed for 4 h to 2.0 mg/l CS2, the necrotic damage in the liver was larger and the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity higher than in rats not exposed to CS2. Carbon-disulphide in phenobarbitone-treated starved male rats caused only a very slight increase in the serum transminase activity in spite of the widespread hydropic degeneration in the liver. These experiments indicated that increase in serum transaminase activity is the consequence of necrosis and not hydropic degeneration; aminotriazole is hepatotoxic in rats when microsomal enzymes are induced and the hepatotoxicity of aminotriazole and carbon disulphide is potentiated by the administration of the other compound.", "contents": "The hepatotoxicity of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and carbon disulphide in phenobarbitone-treated starved rats. In phenobarbitone-treated starved male rats 1 g/kg 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole produced moderate liver necorsis and increased the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity. If half an hour after the administration of aminotriazole animals were exposed for 4 h to 2.0 mg/l CS2, the necrotic damage in the liver was larger and the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity higher than in rats not exposed to CS2. Carbon-disulphide in phenobarbitone-treated starved male rats caused only a very slight increase in the serum transminase activity in spite of the widespread hydropic degeneration in the liver. These experiments indicated that increase in serum transaminase activity is the consequence of necrosis and not hydropic degeneration; aminotriazole is hepatotoxic in rats when microsomal enzymes are induced and the hepatotoxicity of aminotriazole and carbon disulphide is potentiated by the administration of the other compound.", "PMID": 653731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5661", "title": "Biochemical studies on phthalic esters. III. Metabolism of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in animals.", "content": "The excretion, distribution and metabolism of DBP were studied in rats. More than 90% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 48 h following intravenous or oral administration, but the faecal excretion was low. Biliary excretion was remarkably higher than that in the faeces when DBP was given orally. No significant retention was observed in organs and tissues at 24 h after dosing. In vitro experiments showed that DBP was hydrolysed very rapidly to MBP by the esterase of rat liver microsome. DBP was found to be a strong inhibitor for the succinate dehydrogenase of rat liver. DBP and its metabolites, MBP and phthalic acid, did not produce any striking effect upon hepatic and serum enzyme activities in vitro. Urinary metabolites of orally ingested DBP were investigated in 3 species, namely, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. MBP was a common major metabolite in all 3 species. A further increment was apparently excreted as the glucuronide in the rat, hamster and guinea pig together with a small amount of phthalic acid and unchanged DBP. Omega- or omega-1 oxidation products of MBP were also detected in the urine.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on phthalic esters. III. Metabolism of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in animals. The excretion, distribution and metabolism of DBP were studied in rats. More than 90% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 48 h following intravenous or oral administration, but the faecal excretion was low. Biliary excretion was remarkably higher than that in the faeces when DBP was given orally. No significant retention was observed in organs and tissues at 24 h after dosing. In vitro experiments showed that DBP was hydrolysed very rapidly to MBP by the esterase of rat liver microsome. DBP was found to be a strong inhibitor for the succinate dehydrogenase of rat liver. DBP and its metabolites, MBP and phthalic acid, did not produce any striking effect upon hepatic and serum enzyme activities in vitro. Urinary metabolites of orally ingested DBP were investigated in 3 species, namely, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. MBP was a common major metabolite in all 3 species. A further increment was apparently excreted as the glucuronide in the rat, hamster and guinea pig together with a small amount of phthalic acid and unchanged DBP. Omega- or omega-1 oxidation products of MBP were also detected in the urine.", "PMID": 653732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5662", "title": "Studies on the uptake and metabolism of dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) by guinea-pig cornea.", "content": "The uptake and metabolic fate of the sensory irritant dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) have been investigated in intact cornea and corneal homogenates using 3H-labelled CR. The cornea metabolises CR to its lactam derivative (10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine) by a process which appears to be located in the cell cytoplasm and which is easily saturated. Uptake studies with higher concentrations of [3H]CR (1 X10(-5) M) which saturate lactam biosynthesis, suggest that CR may bind, with low affinity, to sites within the corneal cells. The possible roles of CR metabolism and CR binding in chemical sensory irritation are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the uptake and metabolism of dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) by guinea-pig cornea. The uptake and metabolic fate of the sensory irritant dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) have been investigated in intact cornea and corneal homogenates using 3H-labelled CR. The cornea metabolises CR to its lactam derivative (10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine) by a process which appears to be located in the cell cytoplasm and which is easily saturated. Uptake studies with higher concentrations of [3H]CR (1 X10(-5) M) which saturate lactam biosynthesis, suggest that CR may bind, with low affinity, to sites within the corneal cells. The possible roles of CR metabolism and CR binding in chemical sensory irritation are discussed.", "PMID": 653733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5663", "title": "Toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene in mouse following oral administration.", "content": "Male Swiss--Webster mice were given 400 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene ([methyl-14C]toluene) by stomach tube. Radioactivity was measured in plasma, lung, liver and kidney from 0.5 h to 10 days later. Radioactivity associated with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or its metabolites was highest in plasma and all tissues examined between 1 and 12 h after administration. After 24 h, less than 1% of the administered dose remained in the lung, kidney or liver. One day after BHT, DNA synthesis in lung increased and, on days 3, 4 and 5, was 6--8 times as high as in controls. DNA content of the lungs almost doubled. Synthesis and net increase of pulmonary DNA were dose-dependent. If BHT was given orally following injection of one single dose of urethane, adenoma formation in lung was enhanced. It is concluded that BHT, given by stomach tube and in doses higher than 100 mg/kg, produces extensive cell proliferation in mouse lung and acts as a promoting agent in adenoma development.", "contents": "Toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene in mouse following oral administration. Male Swiss--Webster mice were given 400 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene ([methyl-14C]toluene) by stomach tube. Radioactivity was measured in plasma, lung, liver and kidney from 0.5 h to 10 days later. Radioactivity associated with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or its metabolites was highest in plasma and all tissues examined between 1 and 12 h after administration. After 24 h, less than 1% of the administered dose remained in the lung, kidney or liver. One day after BHT, DNA synthesis in lung increased and, on days 3, 4 and 5, was 6--8 times as high as in controls. DNA content of the lungs almost doubled. Synthesis and net increase of pulmonary DNA were dose-dependent. If BHT was given orally following injection of one single dose of urethane, adenoma formation in lung was enhanced. It is concluded that BHT, given by stomach tube and in doses higher than 100 mg/kg, produces extensive cell proliferation in mouse lung and acts as a promoting agent in adenoma development.", "PMID": 653734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5664", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of hexachlorophene in rats, guinea pigs and pigs.", "content": "A comparative study of the percutaneous absorption of hexachlorophene (HCP) was undertaken in rats, guinea pigs and pigs. [14C]Hexachlorophene ([14C]HCP) was applied evenly over the shaved back of the animals at a dose of 40 microgram/cm2 skin surface. Urine and feces were collected at 24-h intervals for 5 days from animals kept in metabolism cages. Different methods were used for quantitating the percutaneous absorption of HCP. This study showed that skin permeability to HCP decreased in the following order: rat, guinea pig and pig. The permeability characteristics of the pig skin to topically applied HCP were comparable to the published human data. We suggest that pig may be a suitable animal model for studying the percutaneous absorption of antimicrobial drugs.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of hexachlorophene in rats, guinea pigs and pigs. A comparative study of the percutaneous absorption of hexachlorophene (HCP) was undertaken in rats, guinea pigs and pigs. [14C]Hexachlorophene ([14C]HCP) was applied evenly over the shaved back of the animals at a dose of 40 microgram/cm2 skin surface. Urine and feces were collected at 24-h intervals for 5 days from animals kept in metabolism cages. Different methods were used for quantitating the percutaneous absorption of HCP. This study showed that skin permeability to HCP decreased in the following order: rat, guinea pig and pig. The permeability characteristics of the pig skin to topically applied HCP were comparable to the published human data. We suggest that pig may be a suitable animal model for studying the percutaneous absorption of antimicrobial drugs.", "PMID": 653735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5665", "title": "Dimethadione-induced fetotoxicity in rats.", "content": "The fetotoxic potential of dimethadione was studied in rats given single daily oral dosages of 0, 54, 433 or 541 mg/kg on days 1--21 or 6--15 of gestation. No maternal toxicity was observed following treatment on days 6--15. When administered from days 1 to 21 only the highest dose (541 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in maternal body weight gain. Dimethadione caused a dose-related decrease in fetal weight and an increased incidence of umbilical hernia, ecchymoses and subcutaneous edema. There were also increased incidences of non-specific skeleton defects which consisted of unilateral or bilateral wavy ribs, additional ribs (14th rib, uni- and bilateral), retarded ossification of calvaria and a wide variety of sternal defects. Specific defects were bent radius and ulna, and bent tibia and fibula which increased with increasing dosages of dimethadione. Fetal mortality and incidence of skeletal anomalies were higher when the treatment was given on days 1--21 of gestation than on days 6--15 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Dimethadione-induced fetotoxicity in rats. The fetotoxic potential of dimethadione was studied in rats given single daily oral dosages of 0, 54, 433 or 541 mg/kg on days 1--21 or 6--15 of gestation. No maternal toxicity was observed following treatment on days 6--15. When administered from days 1 to 21 only the highest dose (541 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in maternal body weight gain. Dimethadione caused a dose-related decrease in fetal weight and an increased incidence of umbilical hernia, ecchymoses and subcutaneous edema. There were also increased incidences of non-specific skeleton defects which consisted of unilateral or bilateral wavy ribs, additional ribs (14th rib, uni- and bilateral), retarded ossification of calvaria and a wide variety of sternal defects. Specific defects were bent radius and ulna, and bent tibia and fibula which increased with increasing dosages of dimethadione. Fetal mortality and incidence of skeletal anomalies were higher when the treatment was given on days 1--21 of gestation than on days 6--15 of pregnancy.", "PMID": 653736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5666", "title": "Heme synthesis in the lead-intoxicated mouse embryo.", "content": "Incorporation of 55Fe and of [14C]glycine was studied in control embryos and mothers and in those which had received lead in the diet from day 7 of pregnancy. Incorporation of Fe into heme of embryonic liver which increases markedly for controls on day 17 of pregnancy was depressed greatly and showed no such increase in lead-intoxicated embryos. These embryos were retarded in growth but had normal heme concentrations in body and liver. Incorporation of glycine into embryonic heme and proteins was not affected. Data on incorporation in the mothers are also presented. It is thought that the impaired synthesis of heme in lead-intoxicated embryos limits their body growth during the late phase of pregnancy.", "contents": "Heme synthesis in the lead-intoxicated mouse embryo. Incorporation of 55Fe and of [14C]glycine was studied in control embryos and mothers and in those which had received lead in the diet from day 7 of pregnancy. Incorporation of Fe into heme of embryonic liver which increases markedly for controls on day 17 of pregnancy was depressed greatly and showed no such increase in lead-intoxicated embryos. These embryos were retarded in growth but had normal heme concentrations in body and liver. Incorporation of glycine into embryonic heme and proteins was not affected. Data on incorporation in the mothers are also presented. It is thought that the impaired synthesis of heme in lead-intoxicated embryos limits their body growth during the late phase of pregnancy.", "PMID": 653737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5667", "title": "The effect of carcinogens on the nuclear size of HeLa cells.", "content": "The size of HeLa S-3 cell nuclei was measured after 1--3 days in culture. After exposure to carcinogens, nuclear size increased and the frequency distribution pattern of nuclear size changed. The optimal conditions for these changes were the use of concentrations of chemicals which had a low order of cytotoxicity and the measurement of nuclear size 48 h after pulse treatment of the cells for 30--60 min. These effects were not seen with non-carcinogens. The results obtained suggest that changes in nuclear size may be an index of chemical carcinogenicity.", "contents": "The effect of carcinogens on the nuclear size of HeLa cells. The size of HeLa S-3 cell nuclei was measured after 1--3 days in culture. After exposure to carcinogens, nuclear size increased and the frequency distribution pattern of nuclear size changed. The optimal conditions for these changes were the use of concentrations of chemicals which had a low order of cytotoxicity and the measurement of nuclear size 48 h after pulse treatment of the cells for 30--60 min. These effects were not seen with non-carcinogens. The results obtained suggest that changes in nuclear size may be an index of chemical carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 653739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5668", "title": "Short-term toxicity of allyl alcohol in rats.", "content": "Groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were give 0 (control), 50, 100, 200 or 800 ppm allyl alcohol in the drinking water for 15 weeks. There were no effects attributable to allyl alcohol in the results of the haematological examinations or analyses of serum. There was a dose-related reduction in the fluid intake at all treatment levels in both sexes, while growth and food consumption were reduced in both sexes given 800 ppm and in males give 200 ppm. Males given 100 ppm or above and females given 200 or 800 ppm produced less urine than the controls in a period without water or following a water load. The only changes in organ weight that could be attributed to treatment were increased values for the relative weights of liver, spleen and kidney. All 3 organs were affected in both sexes given 800 ppm and the kidneys were also affected in both sexes given 200 ppm and in females given 100 ppm. No effects attributable to allyl alcohol treatment were seen at autopsy or in the histopathological examination. The no-untoward-effect level established in this study was 50 ppm of the drinking water, a level equivalent to an intake in rats of between 4.8 and 6.2 mg allyl alcohol/kg/day.", "contents": "Short-term toxicity of allyl alcohol in rats. Groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were give 0 (control), 50, 100, 200 or 800 ppm allyl alcohol in the drinking water for 15 weeks. There were no effects attributable to allyl alcohol in the results of the haematological examinations or analyses of serum. There was a dose-related reduction in the fluid intake at all treatment levels in both sexes, while growth and food consumption were reduced in both sexes given 800 ppm and in males give 200 ppm. Males given 100 ppm or above and females given 200 or 800 ppm produced less urine than the controls in a period without water or following a water load. The only changes in organ weight that could be attributed to treatment were increased values for the relative weights of liver, spleen and kidney. All 3 organs were affected in both sexes given 800 ppm and the kidneys were also affected in both sexes given 200 ppm and in females given 100 ppm. No effects attributable to allyl alcohol treatment were seen at autopsy or in the histopathological examination. The no-untoward-effect level established in this study was 50 ppm of the drinking water, a level equivalent to an intake in rats of between 4.8 and 6.2 mg allyl alcohol/kg/day.", "PMID": 653740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5669", "title": "Repeated exposure to acrolein vapour: subacute studies in hamsters, rats and rabbits.", "content": "The subacute inhalation toxicity of acrolein was examined in 4 groups of 20 hamsters, 12 rats and 4 rabbits each, exposed repeatedly to acrolein vapour at concentrations of 0, 0.4, 1.4 and 4.9 ppm (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a 13-week period. The most important effects found at the highest level included mortality in rats, ocular and nasal irritation, growth depression and histopathological changes of the respiratory tract in each of the animal species exposed. The aberrations in the airways consisted of destruction and hyper- and metaplasia of the lining epithelium accompanied by inflammatory alterations. Rats appeared to be the most susceptible of the species examined and showed treatment-related abnormalities even at 0.4 ppm, whereas this exposure level was found to be a no-toxic effect level in both hamsters and rabbits.", "contents": "Repeated exposure to acrolein vapour: subacute studies in hamsters, rats and rabbits. The subacute inhalation toxicity of acrolein was examined in 4 groups of 20 hamsters, 12 rats and 4 rabbits each, exposed repeatedly to acrolein vapour at concentrations of 0, 0.4, 1.4 and 4.9 ppm (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a 13-week period. The most important effects found at the highest level included mortality in rats, ocular and nasal irritation, growth depression and histopathological changes of the respiratory tract in each of the animal species exposed. The aberrations in the airways consisted of destruction and hyper- and metaplasia of the lining epithelium accompanied by inflammatory alterations. Rats appeared to be the most susceptible of the species examined and showed treatment-related abnormalities even at 0.4 ppm, whereas this exposure level was found to be a no-toxic effect level in both hamsters and rabbits.", "PMID": 653741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5670", "title": "Absorption of paraquat and diquat from the airways of the perfused rat lung.", "content": "The uptake of paraquat dichloride (bis-N-[14C]methyl-4,4'-bipyridilium chloride) and diquat dibromide (N,N-ethylene-[U-14C]2,2'-bipyridilium dibromide monohydrate) from the airways and by the vasculature of the isolated and perfused rat lung (IPL) were studied. A semilogarithmic plot of the percent unabsorbed with time revealed a bi-exponential decay, suggesting at least two phases of removal of paraquat and diquat from the airways. The rapid initial process was similar for both herbicides. The slow component had at t1/2 of 355.98 min for paraquat and 75.03 min for diquat. This second process may represent the storage pool associated with the pulmonary toxicity of paraquat. When paraquat or diquat was presented to the capillary side of the lung, long-term storage was not evident. Uptake by the lung occurred from the pulmonary circulation with similar velocity. These data suggest that the energy-dependent uptake observed with lung slices probably represents airway transport and may be associated with cell membranes lining the alveolus.", "contents": "Absorption of paraquat and diquat from the airways of the perfused rat lung. The uptake of paraquat dichloride (bis-N-[14C]methyl-4,4'-bipyridilium chloride) and diquat dibromide (N,N-ethylene-[U-14C]2,2'-bipyridilium dibromide monohydrate) from the airways and by the vasculature of the isolated and perfused rat lung (IPL) were studied. A semilogarithmic plot of the percent unabsorbed with time revealed a bi-exponential decay, suggesting at least two phases of removal of paraquat and diquat from the airways. The rapid initial process was similar for both herbicides. The slow component had at t1/2 of 355.98 min for paraquat and 75.03 min for diquat. This second process may represent the storage pool associated with the pulmonary toxicity of paraquat. When paraquat or diquat was presented to the capillary side of the lung, long-term storage was not evident. Uptake by the lung occurred from the pulmonary circulation with similar velocity. These data suggest that the energy-dependent uptake observed with lung slices probably represents airway transport and may be associated with cell membranes lining the alveolus.", "PMID": 653742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5671", "title": "Further investigations of indomethacin and intestinal ulcers in the rat.", "content": "The lower incidence of indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers in fasted as compared to fed rats must be attributed to factor(s) other than changes in bile flow and composition. Experimental evidence and data in the literature rather suggest that the amount of food present in the gastrointestinal tract at the time indomethacin was given may influence ulcer formation by affecting the duration and degree enterohepatic circulation of this compound.", "contents": "Further investigations of indomethacin and intestinal ulcers in the rat. The lower incidence of indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers in fasted as compared to fed rats must be attributed to factor(s) other than changes in bile flow and composition. Experimental evidence and data in the literature rather suggest that the amount of food present in the gastrointestinal tract at the time indomethacin was given may influence ulcer formation by affecting the duration and degree enterohepatic circulation of this compound.", "PMID": 653743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5672", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke. V. Deposition of smoke particles in the respiratory system of rats under various exposure conditions.", "content": "This paper describes a dosimetry experiment on rats which was designed to make a contribution towards the optimisation of exposure conditions for inhalation toxicology studies with smoke aerosols. The main conclusions drawn from the work are: (i) Under continuous exposure conditions the deposition of total particulate matter (TPM) in the respiratory system and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels in blood were linearly dependent on the concentration of smoke in the exposure chamber. (ii) Intermittent exposure gave relatively lower TPM deposition compared to continuous exposure, even after allowing for differences in actual exposure times. (iii) For arithmetically equivalent exposure levels, short exposure to high concentration gave greater TPM deposition than long exposures to low smoke concentrations. (iv) There was a good correlation between lower respiratory system (LRS) and lung deposition of TPM and blood COHb level for both continuous and intermittent exposure conditions. These findings are discussed in relation to the conduct of inhalation studies with tobacco smoke.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke. V. Deposition of smoke particles in the respiratory system of rats under various exposure conditions. This paper describes a dosimetry experiment on rats which was designed to make a contribution towards the optimisation of exposure conditions for inhalation toxicology studies with smoke aerosols. The main conclusions drawn from the work are: (i) Under continuous exposure conditions the deposition of total particulate matter (TPM) in the respiratory system and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels in blood were linearly dependent on the concentration of smoke in the exposure chamber. (ii) Intermittent exposure gave relatively lower TPM deposition compared to continuous exposure, even after allowing for differences in actual exposure times. (iii) For arithmetically equivalent exposure levels, short exposure to high concentration gave greater TPM deposition than long exposures to low smoke concentrations. (iv) There was a good correlation between lower respiratory system (LRS) and lung deposition of TPM and blood COHb level for both continuous and intermittent exposure conditions. These findings are discussed in relation to the conduct of inhalation studies with tobacco smoke.", "PMID": 653745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5673", "title": "Effects of milk diet on gastrointestinal absorption of cadmium in adult mice.", "content": "Effect of milk diet on absorption of cadmium were investigated in a 6-week study. Forty adult male mice were divided into groups of 10 and treated with different foodstuffs (I: mouse pellets and deionized water; II: mouse pellets and water containing cadmium chloride: III: milk only: IV: milk containing cadmium chloride). The intake of cadmium and milk was regulated during the experiment to make sure that the animal groups received the same amounts of cadmium andmilk respectively. After 2 weeks the mice were exposed to a single oral dose via stomach tube of 109CdCl2, the fate of which was followed by whole body counting. A markedly higher whole body retention of 109CdCl2 was observed in animals given milk diet compared to other groups. Total cadmium concentrations in different organs measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry were twice as high in milk-fed mice compared to mice fed on R35 mouse pellets.", "contents": "Effects of milk diet on gastrointestinal absorption of cadmium in adult mice. Effect of milk diet on absorption of cadmium were investigated in a 6-week study. Forty adult male mice were divided into groups of 10 and treated with different foodstuffs (I: mouse pellets and deionized water; II: mouse pellets and water containing cadmium chloride: III: milk only: IV: milk containing cadmium chloride). The intake of cadmium and milk was regulated during the experiment to make sure that the animal groups received the same amounts of cadmium andmilk respectively. After 2 weeks the mice were exposed to a single oral dose via stomach tube of 109CdCl2, the fate of which was followed by whole body counting. A markedly higher whole body retention of 109CdCl2 was observed in animals given milk diet compared to other groups. Total cadmium concentrations in different organs measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry were twice as high in milk-fed mice compared to mice fed on R35 mouse pellets.", "PMID": 653746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5674", "title": "Histopathological changes induced by quinalphos in the testes and liver of Indian dessert gerbils, Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon).", "content": "Single intraperitoneal injection of quinalphos (15 mg/kg body weight) produced several pathological changes in the testes and liver of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurriane (Jerdon). The degenerative changes included testicular atrophy, reduction in tubular size and enlarged interstitium. In the spermatogenic cells, necrosis and karyopycnosis were observed. Hepatic cells revealed cytoplasmolysis, vacuolation and necrosis. The nuclei of the hepatocytes showed karyorrhexis and karyolysis.", "contents": "Histopathological changes induced by quinalphos in the testes and liver of Indian dessert gerbils, Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon). Single intraperitoneal injection of quinalphos (15 mg/kg body weight) produced several pathological changes in the testes and liver of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurriane (Jerdon). The degenerative changes included testicular atrophy, reduction in tubular size and enlarged interstitium. In the spermatogenic cells, necrosis and karyopycnosis were observed. Hepatic cells revealed cytoplasmolysis, vacuolation and necrosis. The nuclei of the hepatocytes showed karyorrhexis and karyolysis.", "PMID": 653748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5675", "title": "The sensitization potential of some perfume ingredients tested using a modified draize procedure.", "content": "A modified Draize procedure was used to test 23 natural and 46 synthetic perfume ingredients for their potential to induce allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs. Fifty-three ingredients did not induce sensitization. Two synthetic ingredients showed a strong sensitization potential and 14 ingredients, 7 natural and 7 synthetic, showed a weak sensitization potential. The findings indicate that there is little risk of sensitization in man to most of these perfume ingredients.", "contents": "The sensitization potential of some perfume ingredients tested using a modified draize procedure. A modified Draize procedure was used to test 23 natural and 46 synthetic perfume ingredients for their potential to induce allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs. Fifty-three ingredients did not induce sensitization. Two synthetic ingredients showed a strong sensitization potential and 14 ingredients, 7 natural and 7 synthetic, showed a weak sensitization potential. The findings indicate that there is little risk of sensitization in man to most of these perfume ingredients.", "PMID": 653749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5676", "title": "[Radiotherapy of testicle tumors--results and consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on 113 patients who had been irradiated because of testicle tumors and a part of whom had been submitted to an anterior lymphadenectomy. The five-year survival rate of the seminomas of all stages was 81% (n = 61) and that of the non-seminomas of all stages was 54% (n = 52). It has to be mentioned that the group of patients with seminomas of the stages T1-2N0M0 had a five-year survival rate of 100%, and those with embryonic teratomas of all stages had a five-year survival rate of 69%. With regard to these therapy results, it is recommended to carry out the radiotherapy of testicle tumors in conformity to the individual stage. A therapy scheme is presented.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of testicle tumors--results and consequences (author's transl)]. A report is given on 113 patients who had been irradiated because of testicle tumors and a part of whom had been submitted to an anterior lymphadenectomy. The five-year survival rate of the seminomas of all stages was 81% (n = 61) and that of the non-seminomas of all stages was 54% (n = 52). It has to be mentioned that the group of patients with seminomas of the stages T1-2N0M0 had a five-year survival rate of 100%, and those with embryonic teratomas of all stages had a five-year survival rate of 69%. With regard to these therapy results, it is recommended to carry out the radiotherapy of testicle tumors in conformity to the individual stage. A therapy scheme is presented.", "PMID": 653759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5677", "title": "[Experimental results from preoperative irradiation of renal adenocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Tissue samples were taken from the surgical preparations of 25 renal adenocarcinomas immediately after the operation, and cells were cultured. Between two and six weeks, the number of colonies per 10(6) sowed viable cells (not stainable with eosin) was determined. Eleven patients had not undergone preparatory treatment before operation, in three cases the branches of the renal artery were embolized, and eleven patients had been exposed to 800 up to 1600 rd TD delivered by 2 or 4 fractions in the course of two days prior to surgical treatment. Tumors without pretreatment or with preoperative embolization grew 32.6 and 41.7 colonies, respectively, per 10(6) viable cells, whereas the average yield from three tumors irradiated with a focal dose of 800 to 1100 rd was reduced to 7.1 colonies per 10(6) viable cells and in eight tumors exposed to a focal dose of 1200 or 1600 rd, even to zero. Therapeutical consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental results from preoperative irradiation of renal adenocarcinoma (author's transl)]. Tissue samples were taken from the surgical preparations of 25 renal adenocarcinomas immediately after the operation, and cells were cultured. Between two and six weeks, the number of colonies per 10(6) sowed viable cells (not stainable with eosin) was determined. Eleven patients had not undergone preparatory treatment before operation, in three cases the branches of the renal artery were embolized, and eleven patients had been exposed to 800 up to 1600 rd TD delivered by 2 or 4 fractions in the course of two days prior to surgical treatment. Tumors without pretreatment or with preoperative embolization grew 32.6 and 41.7 colonies, respectively, per 10(6) viable cells, whereas the average yield from three tumors irradiated with a focal dose of 800 to 1100 rd was reduced to 7.1 colonies per 10(6) viable cells and in eight tumors exposed to a focal dose of 1200 or 1600 rd, even to zero. Therapeutical consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 653760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5678", "title": "[Cerebral arterio-venous malformations (avm): course of 18 cases treated by radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "18 cases with large cerebral arterio-venous malformations, which were treated by high dose radiotherapy in the years 1940-1972 are reported. Radiation dose was 4000-6000 rd, single dose between 150 and 200 rd 5 or 6 times per week. Comparison of angiographic investigations and clinical symptomatology before and after treatment does not demonstrate a significant effect of high dose radiotherapy on large cerebral AVM. The own data are compared with untreated cases of AVM from the literature. Some other radiotherapeutic series from the literature show that some cases with small AVM may be cured by high dose radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Cerebral arterio-venous malformations (avm): course of 18 cases treated by radiotherapy (author's transl)]. 18 cases with large cerebral arterio-venous malformations, which were treated by high dose radiotherapy in the years 1940-1972 are reported. Radiation dose was 4000-6000 rd, single dose between 150 and 200 rd 5 or 6 times per week. Comparison of angiographic investigations and clinical symptomatology before and after treatment does not demonstrate a significant effect of high dose radiotherapy on large cerebral AVM. The own data are compared with untreated cases of AVM from the literature. Some other radiotherapeutic series from the literature show that some cases with small AVM may be cured by high dose radiotherapy.", "PMID": 653761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5679", "title": "Systematic optimization of the double-scatterer system for electron beam field-flattening.", "content": "The scattering foil widely used for field flattening in electron therapy produces a distortion of the electron spectrum which significantly reduces the slope of the descending part of the depth dose curve. It is already known that this effect can be drastically reduced by replacing the scattering foil by a two-foil scatterer. The second foil, fit with a radial thickness profile, acts as a compensator, attenuating the central part and enhancing the peripheral part of the beam by electron scattering. Calculations of the optimal foil combinations and radial thickness profiles are presented and numerical values of smooth (Gaussian) and three-step profiles for various field sizes are provided. The results are applicable to a variety of electron energies and scattering foil materials.", "contents": "Systematic optimization of the double-scatterer system for electron beam field-flattening. The scattering foil widely used for field flattening in electron therapy produces a distortion of the electron spectrum which significantly reduces the slope of the descending part of the depth dose curve. It is already known that this effect can be drastically reduced by replacing the scattering foil by a two-foil scatterer. The second foil, fit with a radial thickness profile, acts as a compensator, attenuating the central part and enhancing the peripheral part of the beam by electron scattering. Calculations of the optimal foil combinations and radial thickness profiles are presented and numerical values of smooth (Gaussian) and three-step profiles for various field sizes are provided. The results are applicable to a variety of electron energies and scattering foil materials.", "PMID": 653762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5680", "title": "New individual tissue compensators for high-energetic photons. Part I. Principle and procedure.", "content": "Part I. The inhomogeneity of absorbed dose caused by irregular body surface contour in the treatment port for external photon radiation is shown as a problem. The discussion of the physical fundamentals and technical possibilities of missing tissue compensators leads to a practical solution. A new handy procedure is presented allowing easy and rapid preparing of geometrically minified as well as absorption- and stray radiation corrected individual compensators. The achievable dose homogeneity within the target volume is shown as better than +/-5%. Systematical errors are investigated for the different parameters. In Part II systematical preclinical tests and first practical clinical experiences will be discussed.", "contents": "New individual tissue compensators for high-energetic photons. Part I. Principle and procedure. Part I. The inhomogeneity of absorbed dose caused by irregular body surface contour in the treatment port for external photon radiation is shown as a problem. The discussion of the physical fundamentals and technical possibilities of missing tissue compensators leads to a practical solution. A new handy procedure is presented allowing easy and rapid preparing of geometrically minified as well as absorption- and stray radiation corrected individual compensators. The achievable dose homogeneity within the target volume is shown as better than +/-5%. Systematical errors are investigated for the different parameters. In Part II systematical preclinical tests and first practical clinical experiences will be discussed.", "PMID": 653763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5681", "title": "[Study of combined injuries (23rd communication) (author's transl)].", "content": "NMRI-mice which were whole-body irradiated, received two or three days later open skin wounds. While irradiation or wounding alone caused a mortality of 10 to 20% and 0% respectively, a combination of injuries caused 80 to 100% mortality. With regard to the as yet unexplained pathogenesis of this clinical condition, bacteriological examination of the skin-wound was undertaken. Staphylococci, lactobacilli and gramnegative bacilli were found on the wounds, and the bacterial concentration per cm2 wound area among animals with combined injuries was significantly higher than in controls. Covering the wounds with lint effected a distinct reduction of bacterial number as well as a reduction of mortality. A similar success of therapy was attained through local administration of antibiotics. A possible correlation between bacterial seeding and increased mortality is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of combined injuries (23rd communication) (author's transl)]. NMRI-mice which were whole-body irradiated, received two or three days later open skin wounds. While irradiation or wounding alone caused a mortality of 10 to 20% and 0% respectively, a combination of injuries caused 80 to 100% mortality. With regard to the as yet unexplained pathogenesis of this clinical condition, bacteriological examination of the skin-wound was undertaken. Staphylococci, lactobacilli and gramnegative bacilli were found on the wounds, and the bacterial concentration per cm2 wound area among animals with combined injuries was significantly higher than in controls. Covering the wounds with lint effected a distinct reduction of bacterial number as well as a reduction of mortality. A similar success of therapy was attained through local administration of antibiotics. A possible correlation between bacterial seeding and increased mortality is discussed.", "PMID": 653764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5682", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in locally gamma-irradiated rabbit intestine.", "content": "The effect of local irradiation of a 50-cm long intestinal segment outside the abdominal cavity in rabbits has been studied. The rabbits were killed at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. Activities of succinate and lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase were studied histochemically in the irradiated intestinal segment and in the part of the intestine remaining in the abdominal cavity. The same material was studied electron-microscopically. Changes in enterocytes of the intestinal crypts were observed mainly in the mitochondria and in the form of a chaotic distribution of endoplasmic membranes and densely scattered ribosomes. In intestinal crypt cells, irradiation was followed by a depression in the activities of succinate and lactate dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase. These changes were related to postradiation damage, not to recovery.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in locally gamma-irradiated rabbit intestine. The effect of local irradiation of a 50-cm long intestinal segment outside the abdominal cavity in rabbits has been studied. The rabbits were killed at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. Activities of succinate and lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase were studied histochemically in the irradiated intestinal segment and in the part of the intestine remaining in the abdominal cavity. The same material was studied electron-microscopically. Changes in enterocytes of the intestinal crypts were observed mainly in the mitochondria and in the form of a chaotic distribution of endoplasmic membranes and densely scattered ribosomes. In intestinal crypt cells, irradiation was followed by a depression in the activities of succinate and lactate dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase. These changes were related to postradiation damage, not to recovery.", "PMID": 653766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5683", "title": "On Macdonald's model for schistosomiasis.", "content": "An attempt is made to reconstruct the specifics of the model in Macdonald's 1965 paper based on some manuscripts. The resulting model is not conclusive as discrepancies occur between this formulation and Macdonald's results. Assuming the formulation is adequate, the values of parameters yielding Macdonald's standard situation are provided. A way of studying the equilibrium behaviour of the model is outlined. The mathematical nature of the properties observed by Macdonald is studied. The model is altered to admit aggregated distributions of worms in hosts and to permit different death rates of infected and uninfected snails. The dynamics are found to depend strongly on the death rate of infected snails.", "contents": "On Macdonald's model for schistosomiasis. An attempt is made to reconstruct the specifics of the model in Macdonald's 1965 paper based on some manuscripts. The resulting model is not conclusive as discrepancies occur between this formulation and Macdonald's results. Assuming the formulation is adequate, the values of parameters yielding Macdonald's standard situation are provided. A way of studying the equilibrium behaviour of the model is outlined. The mathematical nature of the properties observed by Macdonald is studied. The model is altered to admit aggregated distributions of worms in hosts and to permit different death rates of infected and uninfected snails. The dynamics are found to depend strongly on the death rate of infected snails.", "PMID": 653783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5684", "title": "Onchocercal lymphadenitis: Clinicopathologic study of 34 patients.", "content": "Clinicopathological studies on lymph nodes of 32 Africans with onchocerciasis--some complicated by hanging groin and elephantiasis of the genitalia--revealed atrophic lymphoid tissue, lymphoedema, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. We identified microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in nodes of 24 of 32 Africans (75%). There microfilariae were most numerous in the capsule and in the fibrous tissue of the medulla, but smaller numbers were also found within lymphoid tissue, in dilated lymphatics and in blood vessels. We believe that in Africians, antigens released from microfilariae of O. volvulus lead to the deposition of immune complex in tissues, which in turn causes inflammation and fibrosis and eventually obstructive lymphadenitis. This causes hanging groin and, possibly, also elephantiasis. A distinctive pattern of perivascular fibrosis contains \"fibrinoid material\" that we interpret as immune complexes involving microfilarial antigens. In contrast, nodes from two Yemenites with severe onchocercal dermatitis of the lower limbs (sowda) had hyperplastic follicles, minimal fibrosis and no microfilariae.", "contents": "Onchocercal lymphadenitis: Clinicopathologic study of 34 patients. Clinicopathological studies on lymph nodes of 32 Africans with onchocerciasis--some complicated by hanging groin and elephantiasis of the genitalia--revealed atrophic lymphoid tissue, lymphoedema, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. We identified microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in nodes of 24 of 32 Africans (75%). There microfilariae were most numerous in the capsule and in the fibrous tissue of the medulla, but smaller numbers were also found within lymphoid tissue, in dilated lymphatics and in blood vessels. We believe that in Africians, antigens released from microfilariae of O. volvulus lead to the deposition of immune complex in tissues, which in turn causes inflammation and fibrosis and eventually obstructive lymphadenitis. This causes hanging groin and, possibly, also elephantiasis. A distinctive pattern of perivascular fibrosis contains \"fibrinoid material\" that we interpret as immune complexes involving microfilarial antigens. In contrast, nodes from two Yemenites with severe onchocercal dermatitis of the lower limbs (sowda) had hyperplastic follicles, minimal fibrosis and no microfilariae.", "PMID": 653785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5685", "title": "Mastomys natalensis as an experimental host for Leishmania mexicana mexicana.", "content": "Young multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) can be readily infected when inoculated intradermally with the amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana. Lesions appear at the site of inoculation in the second week of infection and continue to increase in size for the first month; amastigotes can be detected during this period. In the second month, lesions begin to decrease in size and it is more difficult to detect amastigotes. Three months after inoculation, the rats show no sign of infection. The results suggest that M. natalensis could be a useful laboratory host for immunological studies on dermatotropic Leishmania and for chemotherapeutic assays.", "contents": "Mastomys natalensis as an experimental host for Leishmania mexicana mexicana. Young multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) can be readily infected when inoculated intradermally with the amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana. Lesions appear at the site of inoculation in the second week of infection and continue to increase in size for the first month; amastigotes can be detected during this period. In the second month, lesions begin to decrease in size and it is more difficult to detect amastigotes. Three months after inoculation, the rats show no sign of infection. The results suggest that M. natalensis could be a useful laboratory host for immunological studies on dermatotropic Leishmania and for chemotherapeutic assays.", "PMID": 653786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5686", "title": "In vivo cercaria-schistosomulum transformation: inhibitory effect of oxamniquine.", "content": "High doses of oxamniquine (given intramuscularly) produced inhibition of cercaria-schistosomulum transformation following intraperitoneal injections of cercariae into mice. Cercariae, tail-less cercarial bodies, and schistosomula were recovered from the peritoneal cavity of drug-treated mice in numbers significantly different from those recovered from untreated mice. Since untreated animals induced transformation of almost all the injected cercariae, the data suggest the compound is active during the process of host-larvae adaptation.", "contents": "In vivo cercaria-schistosomulum transformation: inhibitory effect of oxamniquine. High doses of oxamniquine (given intramuscularly) produced inhibition of cercaria-schistosomulum transformation following intraperitoneal injections of cercariae into mice. Cercariae, tail-less cercarial bodies, and schistosomula were recovered from the peritoneal cavity of drug-treated mice in numbers significantly different from those recovered from untreated mice. Since untreated animals induced transformation of almost all the injected cercariae, the data suggest the compound is active during the process of host-larvae adaptation.", "PMID": 653787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5687", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis and leprosy.", "content": "Eight patients who had concomitant leprosy and leishmaniasis are described. Two patients with lepromatous leprosy had high resistance leishmaniasis, implying that the immune deficiency in lepromatous leprosy is specific to Mycobacterium leprae.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis and leprosy. Eight patients who had concomitant leprosy and leishmaniasis are described. Two patients with lepromatous leprosy had high resistance leishmaniasis, implying that the immune deficiency in lepromatous leprosy is specific to Mycobacterium leprae.", "PMID": 653788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5688", "title": "An indirect haemagglutination reaction for the demonstration of Schistosoma mansoni circulating anodic antigen.", "content": "Using the IgG fraction of a monospecific sheep antiserum against the circulating anodic antigen (CAA) of Schistosoma mansoni, an indirect haemagglutination reaction for the determination of this antigen was developed. This is the first time that an IHA has been applied to the detection of circulating antigens in parasite infections. The IHA proved to be highly sensitive; CAA levels up to 20 ng/ml could be measured. At the moment it appears to be the most sensitive technique for the determination of CAA levels. CAA could readily be detected in the sera of S. mansoni infected hamsters and in the immune complexes isolated from these sera, but never in sera from human schistosome infections.", "contents": "An indirect haemagglutination reaction for the demonstration of Schistosoma mansoni circulating anodic antigen. Using the IgG fraction of a monospecific sheep antiserum against the circulating anodic antigen (CAA) of Schistosoma mansoni, an indirect haemagglutination reaction for the determination of this antigen was developed. This is the first time that an IHA has been applied to the detection of circulating antigens in parasite infections. The IHA proved to be highly sensitive; CAA levels up to 20 ng/ml could be measured. At the moment it appears to be the most sensitive technique for the determination of CAA levels. CAA could readily be detected in the sera of S. mansoni infected hamsters and in the immune complexes isolated from these sera, but never in sera from human schistosome infections.", "PMID": 653790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5689", "title": "Stability of faecal egg excretion in Schistosoma mansoni infection.", "content": "Stability of Schistosoma mansoni egg excretion was studied in 23 residents of a rural endemic area in North-east Brazil where the over-all prevalence rate was 87% and the peak geometric mean egg excretion was 308 eggs/ml (Bell method) in the 10 to 14-year-old age group. Stool examinations by the Kato method were performed for three to four consecutive days each month for three consecutive months. Both raw and transformed data showed significant stability of S. mansoni egg excretion from day to day and month to month in this population. A single Kato examination detected 68% of individuals who were excreting more than 400 eggs per gramme. Although S. mansoni egg excretion is stable over time, identifying individuals with high egg excretion in endemic populations requires sensitive quantitative methods.", "contents": "Stability of faecal egg excretion in Schistosoma mansoni infection. Stability of Schistosoma mansoni egg excretion was studied in 23 residents of a rural endemic area in North-east Brazil where the over-all prevalence rate was 87% and the peak geometric mean egg excretion was 308 eggs/ml (Bell method) in the 10 to 14-year-old age group. Stool examinations by the Kato method were performed for three to four consecutive days each month for three consecutive months. Both raw and transformed data showed significant stability of S. mansoni egg excretion from day to day and month to month in this population. A single Kato examination detected 68% of individuals who were excreting more than 400 eggs per gramme. Although S. mansoni egg excretion is stable over time, identifying individuals with high egg excretion in endemic populations requires sensitive quantitative methods.", "PMID": 653791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5690", "title": "Evaluation of hypertonic citrate flushing solution for kidney preservation using the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat kidney has been used to study the effects of cold ischaemia during ice storage. Tissue adenine nucleotide levels in freeze-clamped kidneys were closely correlated with their function after circulation had been reestablished in the perfusion circuit. The ATP content was depleted to a greater extent than total adenine nucleotide after 8 hr of cold ischaemia but both were considerably diminished after 24 hr. The model was also used to compare four solutions which are available clinically for preliminary flushing of organs in the ice storage preservation technique. The results indicated that for periods of 8 and 24 hr of cold ischaemia, renal function and adenine nucleotide content were significantly better maintained with a solution based on hyperosmolar citrate than with Collins, Sacks, or Perfudex solutions. This study confirmed recent observations of the clinical efficacy of citrate solution, while demonstrating how the isolated perfused rat kidney could be used for rapid screening of modifications in preservation techniques.", "contents": "Evaluation of hypertonic citrate flushing solution for kidney preservation using the isolated perfused rat kidney. The isolated perfused rat kidney has been used to study the effects of cold ischaemia during ice storage. Tissue adenine nucleotide levels in freeze-clamped kidneys were closely correlated with their function after circulation had been reestablished in the perfusion circuit. The ATP content was depleted to a greater extent than total adenine nucleotide after 8 hr of cold ischaemia but both were considerably diminished after 24 hr. The model was also used to compare four solutions which are available clinically for preliminary flushing of organs in the ice storage preservation technique. The results indicated that for periods of 8 and 24 hr of cold ischaemia, renal function and adenine nucleotide content were significantly better maintained with a solution based on hyperosmolar citrate than with Collins, Sacks, or Perfudex solutions. This study confirmed recent observations of the clinical efficacy of citrate solution, while demonstrating how the isolated perfused rat kidney could be used for rapid screening of modifications in preservation techniques.", "PMID": 653804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5691", "title": "[Cytogenetic analysis of the 1-st cleavage division of rat embryos].", "content": "The chromosome number in 174 zygotes on the stage of the 1st cleavage division was counted. In 113 zygotes (64.94%) euploidy (metaphase with 42 chromosomes) and in 57 zygotes (32.77%) aneuploidy was found. Frequencies of spontaneous chromosomal aberration were 14.93%. 33 zygotes were hypoploid, 6 (3.44%)--hyperploid (with 43 and 46 chromosomes), and 3 (5.76%)--polyploid, 4 zygotes (2.29%) had structural anomalies of chromosomes. Hypoploidy may be often due to artifacts. Superovulation induced by gonadotrophin results in an increased polyspermia.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic analysis of the 1-st cleavage division of rat embryos]. The chromosome number in 174 zygotes on the stage of the 1st cleavage division was counted. In 113 zygotes (64.94%) euploidy (metaphase with 42 chromosomes) and in 57 zygotes (32.77%) aneuploidy was found. Frequencies of spontaneous chromosomal aberration were 14.93%. 33 zygotes were hypoploid, 6 (3.44%)--hyperploid (with 43 and 46 chromosomes), and 3 (5.76%)--polyploid, 4 zygotes (2.29%) had structural anomalies of chromosomes. Hypoploidy may be often due to artifacts. Superovulation induced by gonadotrophin results in an increased polyspermia.", "PMID": 653816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5692", "title": "[Transport of the substance through thin membranes with narrow pores after the preceding stage of surface diffusion].", "content": "A model of the substance transport through thin membranes is discussed. Existence of a step of the surface diffusion of permeable particles is assumed preceding its entrance into membrane channel. An expression is given for the stationary flow, which has earlier been obtained for other transport models. It is shown that the permeant affinity to the membrane surface is the main condition for the validity of the scheme in question.", "contents": "[Transport of the substance through thin membranes with narrow pores after the preceding stage of surface diffusion]. A model of the substance transport through thin membranes is discussed. Existence of a step of the surface diffusion of permeable particles is assumed preceding its entrance into membrane channel. An expression is given for the stationary flow, which has earlier been obtained for other transport models. It is shown that the permeant affinity to the membrane surface is the main condition for the validity of the scheme in question.", "PMID": 653817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5693", "title": "[Regulation of the commitment processes in the hematopoiesis].", "content": "Various methods of commitment regulation have been analysed on the basis of the mathematical model of the haemopoietic stem cell number dynamics. The starting point is the requirement on the system stability. The basic hypothesis is that of the intrinsic nature of the population commitment regulation. The analysis states that the commitment specific velocity increases with stem cell number. This way of regulation may be performed in the case the commitment takes place at Go phase of the cell cycle. The role of the committed precursor pool in providing the haemopoietic system reliability is discussed.", "contents": "[Regulation of the commitment processes in the hematopoiesis]. Various methods of commitment regulation have been analysed on the basis of the mathematical model of the haemopoietic stem cell number dynamics. The starting point is the requirement on the system stability. The basic hypothesis is that of the intrinsic nature of the population commitment regulation. The analysis states that the commitment specific velocity increases with stem cell number. This way of regulation may be performed in the case the commitment takes place at Go phase of the cell cycle. The role of the committed precursor pool in providing the haemopoietic system reliability is discussed.", "PMID": 653818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5694", "title": "[Effect of various substances on cultured mammalian cell growth].", "content": "The effect of different home industry materials on the growth of Chinese hamster cells in culture has been studied. The plating efficiency of the culture and the ability to produce a monolayer were used as criteria. The materials under study can be divided into three groups: indifferent materials, those partially inhibiting the cell growth, and destructive ones. While constructing the apparatus for cultivation, the following materials are to chosen: titanium, molybdenum glass, plexiglass, polycarbonate, lavsan, polyethylene, fruorine films, pentoplast, silicon rubber, stainless steel, white food plate rubber, teflon, polymerized epoxy resin.", "contents": "[Effect of various substances on cultured mammalian cell growth]. The effect of different home industry materials on the growth of Chinese hamster cells in culture has been studied. The plating efficiency of the culture and the ability to produce a monolayer were used as criteria. The materials under study can be divided into three groups: indifferent materials, those partially inhibiting the cell growth, and destructive ones. While constructing the apparatus for cultivation, the following materials are to chosen: titanium, molybdenum glass, plexiglass, polycarbonate, lavsan, polyethylene, fruorine films, pentoplast, silicon rubber, stainless steel, white food plate rubber, teflon, polymerized epoxy resin.", "PMID": 653819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5695", "title": "[Controlled cell cultivation. 2. Cultivation of mammalian cells and tissues in the perfusion chamber].", "content": "The results of biological testing of a perfusion chamber are presented. The chamber can be used for a prolonged cultivation of cells and tissues of different types on controlling the composition of nutrient medium and gas phase. The possibility is shown to apply the chamber for a prolonged cultivation and the observation of the behavior of live cells under different influences.", "contents": "[Controlled cell cultivation. 2. Cultivation of mammalian cells and tissues in the perfusion chamber]. The results of biological testing of a perfusion chamber are presented. The chamber can be used for a prolonged cultivation of cells and tissues of different types on controlling the composition of nutrient medium and gas phase. The possibility is shown to apply the chamber for a prolonged cultivation and the observation of the behavior of live cells under different influences.", "PMID": 653820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5696", "title": "[Change in the shape and volume of the secretory cells of the mammae in the course of the secretory cycle].", "content": "Changes occurring in the acini due to oxytocin were studied using the vital photometry and the morphometric analysis of materials obtained by biopsy. At the initial stages of the functional activation, the secretory cells become cylindric, their volumes simultaneously increasing. A study of intercellular interrelations using the atropine blockade of cholinoreceptors, revealed the lack of activation of the secretory cycle which suggests the functional dissociation of contractile and secretory functions of the cell alveolar complex.", "contents": "[Change in the shape and volume of the secretory cells of the mammae in the course of the secretory cycle]. Changes occurring in the acini due to oxytocin were studied using the vital photometry and the morphometric analysis of materials obtained by biopsy. At the initial stages of the functional activation, the secretory cells become cylindric, their volumes simultaneously increasing. A study of intercellular interrelations using the atropine blockade of cholinoreceptors, revealed the lack of activation of the secretory cycle which suggests the functional dissociation of contractile and secretory functions of the cell alveolar complex.", "PMID": 653821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5697", "title": "[Use of the method of double labeling with H3 and C14-thymidine for identification of cells in different periods of interphase].", "content": "For the identification of the position of individual cells in G1, S- and G2-periods of mitotic cycle in any heteroploid cell culture, it is suggested to use the Wimber and Quastler radioautographical method of double labeling of cells. It was shown that independent of the basal polidy of the cells by the successive impulse labeling of the cells with H3- and C14-thymidine with the time interval as long as G2 + M, the cells of the G1-period are unlabeled, S-cells are double labeled with C14- and C14 + H3, and G2-cells have only H3-label.", "contents": "[Use of the method of double labeling with H3 and C14-thymidine for identification of cells in different periods of interphase]. For the identification of the position of individual cells in G1, S- and G2-periods of mitotic cycle in any heteroploid cell culture, it is suggested to use the Wimber and Quastler radioautographical method of double labeling of cells. It was shown that independent of the basal polidy of the cells by the successive impulse labeling of the cells with H3- and C14-thymidine with the time interval as long as G2 + M, the cells of the G1-period are unlabeled, S-cells are double labeled with C14- and C14 + H3, and G2-cells have only H3-label.", "PMID": 653822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5698", "title": "[Effect of mitomycin C on SPEV cell cultures].", "content": "Mitomycin C (in doses of 0.5-1.5 mkg/ml during 24-72 hours) significantly changes the ultrastructure and morphology of porcine embryo kidney cells (condensation of chromatin and the mitochondrial matrix, expansion of small channels in the endoplasmatic reticulum, total hypertrophy of the nuclei and cells). In the given case, mytomycin C sharply inhibits DNA synthesis and mitotic activity, considerably more weakly reduces RNA and protein synthesis, raises the activity of lactate and alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenases. The disbalance of syntheses leads to protein accumulation in the cells, and general enlargement of nuclei and cells. As the action of the antibiotics increases, the ultrastructural changes progress and lead to the destruction of a considerable part of cells in the culture.", "contents": "[Effect of mitomycin C on SPEV cell cultures]. Mitomycin C (in doses of 0.5-1.5 mkg/ml during 24-72 hours) significantly changes the ultrastructure and morphology of porcine embryo kidney cells (condensation of chromatin and the mitochondrial matrix, expansion of small channels in the endoplasmatic reticulum, total hypertrophy of the nuclei and cells). In the given case, mytomycin C sharply inhibits DNA synthesis and mitotic activity, considerably more weakly reduces RNA and protein synthesis, raises the activity of lactate and alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenases. The disbalance of syntheses leads to protein accumulation in the cells, and general enlargement of nuclei and cells. As the action of the antibiotics increases, the ultrastructural changes progress and lead to the destruction of a considerable part of cells in the culture.", "PMID": 653823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5699", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of supercooling and freezing on fungal cells].", "content": "Observations of the reactivation rate and subsequent growth in addition to the luminescence of cells subjected to supercooling and freezing at 15 degrees C suggested that the effect of supercooling is more significant than that of freezing. In supercooled suspensions, cells are more injured than in frozen ones and the number of injured cells increases more rapidly. Unlike the supercooled cells, the live cells from frozen suspensions maintain a higher growth activity for a longer time.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of supercooling and freezing on fungal cells]. Observations of the reactivation rate and subsequent growth in addition to the luminescence of cells subjected to supercooling and freezing at 15 degrees C suggested that the effect of supercooling is more significant than that of freezing. In supercooled suspensions, cells are more injured than in frozen ones and the number of injured cells increases more rapidly. Unlike the supercooled cells, the live cells from frozen suspensions maintain a higher growth activity for a longer time.", "PMID": 653824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5700", "title": "[Characteristics of synaptic and intracellular neuron activation].", "content": "Stimulation of the leech abdominal neural chain with electric pulses of 1 imp/sec frequency results in alterations in the activity of the Retzius cells in addition to an increased protein metabolism in the postactivation period. The direct stimulation produces a decrease in the cellular protein metabolism.", "contents": "[Characteristics of synaptic and intracellular neuron activation]. Stimulation of the leech abdominal neural chain with electric pulses of 1 imp/sec frequency results in alterations in the activity of the Retzius cells in addition to an increased protein metabolism in the postactivation period. The direct stimulation produces a decrease in the cellular protein metabolism.", "PMID": 653825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5701", "title": "[Effect of colchicine on virus-induced interferon synthesis in chick embryo cells].", "content": "Colchicine, at a concentration of 5 X 10(-4) M (0.2 microgram/ml), inhibits interferon synthesis induced by theLee strain of influenza B virus in chick embryo cells, but it does not influence the release of preformed interferon from cells. The same drug concentration does not affect the overall synthesis of cellular RNA and protein. The inhibition of interferon synthesis by colchicine is a temperature-dependent process and is not manifested at 0 degrees C. Colchicine is found to be most effective when it is introduced into the medium at early stages of infection. It is suggested that colchicine inhibits the formation of messenger RNA for interferonogenesis.", "contents": "[Effect of colchicine on virus-induced interferon synthesis in chick embryo cells]. Colchicine, at a concentration of 5 X 10(-4) M (0.2 microgram/ml), inhibits interferon synthesis induced by theLee strain of influenza B virus in chick embryo cells, but it does not influence the release of preformed interferon from cells. The same drug concentration does not affect the overall synthesis of cellular RNA and protein. The inhibition of interferon synthesis by colchicine is a temperature-dependent process and is not manifested at 0 degrees C. Colchicine is found to be most effective when it is introduced into the medium at early stages of infection. It is suggested that colchicine inhibits the formation of messenger RNA for interferonogenesis.", "PMID": 653826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5702", "title": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 11. oxidation-reduction enzymes in the parasites during developmental stages in cat's intestines].", "content": "Dehydrogenases of glycolysis, Krebs' cycle and pentose phosphate shunt were investigated in the intestinal stages of T. gondii. The \"oval stages\" appeared to display the activity of all the enzymes studied differing in this from merozoites and macrogametocytes. The macrogametocytes displayed very low, if any, activity of the enzymes studied, even the mature parasites. Immediately after fertilization, sharp shifts were observed in the oxidative metabolism of the zygote: from very low or negative it became moderate to strong. This may be suggestive of the changes in metabolic requirements of the zygote which is no longer an intracellular parasite. In this respect macrogametocytes and zygotes of Toxoplasma resemble the corresponding stages of chicken and rabbit intestinal coccidia of the genus Eimeria.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 11. oxidation-reduction enzymes in the parasites during developmental stages in cat's intestines]. Dehydrogenases of glycolysis, Krebs' cycle and pentose phosphate shunt were investigated in the intestinal stages of T. gondii. The \"oval stages\" appeared to display the activity of all the enzymes studied differing in this from merozoites and macrogametocytes. The macrogametocytes displayed very low, if any, activity of the enzymes studied, even the mature parasites. Immediately after fertilization, sharp shifts were observed in the oxidative metabolism of the zygote: from very low or negative it became moderate to strong. This may be suggestive of the changes in metabolic requirements of the zygote which is no longer an intracellular parasite. In this respect macrogametocytes and zygotes of Toxoplasma resemble the corresponding stages of chicken and rabbit intestinal coccidia of the genus Eimeria.", "PMID": 653827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5703", "title": "Behavior of a cell line derived from a mouse submaxillary adenocarcinoma during the initial 480 days in vitro.", "content": "A cell line was established from a transplantable adenocarcinoma, containing viral particles of the A and B type, drived from a tumor appearing spontaneously in the submaxillary region of a male mouse of the C3H/He strain. This line, after 480 days in vitro, did not change the original epithelial-like morphology, the viral expression, the membrane immunofluorescence and the degree of agglutination by various plant lectins. After 208 days of culture, the presence of up to 3 pairs of metacentric chromosomes appeared in about 55% of the cells. However, this change in the chromosomal pattern  was not sufficient, at least within the limits of our observation, to modify significantly the other parameters investigated, with the possible exception of the oncogenicity, which showed a modest decrease after 296 days of culture.", "contents": "Behavior of a cell line derived from a mouse submaxillary adenocarcinoma during the initial 480 days in vitro. A cell line was established from a transplantable adenocarcinoma, containing viral particles of the A and B type, drived from a tumor appearing spontaneously in the submaxillary region of a male mouse of the C3H/He strain. This line, after 480 days in vitro, did not change the original epithelial-like morphology, the viral expression, the membrane immunofluorescence and the degree of agglutination by various plant lectins. After 208 days of culture, the presence of up to 3 pairs of metacentric chromosomes appeared in about 55% of the cells. However, this change in the chromosomal pattern  was not sufficient, at least within the limits of our observation, to modify significantly the other parameters investigated, with the possible exception of the oncogenicity, which showed a modest decrease after 296 days of culture.", "PMID": 653828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5704", "title": "Effect of peptichemio upon localization of injected radiolabelled lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs of antigen-stimulated mice.", "content": "Increased localization (trapping) of lymphocytes occurs in lymphoid organs following antigenic challenge. The effect of peptichemio (PTC) upon lymphocyte trapping in lymph nodes and spleen was investigated: the results demonstrate that the drug diminishes trapping in lymphatic organs. The depression of lymphocyte trapping may provide at least one mechanism whereby PTC achieves it immunosuppressive effects.", "contents": "Effect of peptichemio upon localization of injected radiolabelled lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs of antigen-stimulated mice. Increased localization (trapping) of lymphocytes occurs in lymphoid organs following antigenic challenge. The effect of peptichemio (PTC) upon lymphocyte trapping in lymph nodes and spleen was investigated: the results demonstrate that the drug diminishes trapping in lymphatic organs. The depression of lymphocyte trapping may provide at least one mechanism whereby PTC achieves it immunosuppressive effects.", "PMID": 653829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5705", "title": "Lymphangiomyoma of the thoracic duct with previously undescribed epithelial tubules.", "content": "A case of mediastinal lymphangiomyoma with tubules covered with epithelium is reported. The epithelium of these tubules is morphologically identical to that of the bronchi. It is the first time that epithelial, presumably pulmonary, elements have been described in an extrapulmonary lymphangiomyoma. It is concluded that the present case of mediastinal lymphangiomyoma suggests a hamartomatous malformation. Whether this applies in general to lymphangiomyomatosis still remains a matter of discussion.", "contents": "Lymphangiomyoma of the thoracic duct with previously undescribed epithelial tubules. A case of mediastinal lymphangiomyoma with tubules covered with epithelium is reported. The epithelium of these tubules is morphologically identical to that of the bronchi. It is the first time that epithelial, presumably pulmonary, elements have been described in an extrapulmonary lymphangiomyoma. It is concluded that the present case of mediastinal lymphangiomyoma suggests a hamartomatous malformation. Whether this applies in general to lymphangiomyomatosis still remains a matter of discussion.", "PMID": 653830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5706", "title": "Significance of ascitic fluid and peritoneal washing cytology in ovarian tumor diagnosis.", "content": "The results of the cytological test on 179 ascitic fluids and 88 peritoneal washes of patients suspected to have ovarian tumors are critically reviewed to illustrate the difficulties, limitations and future possibilities of this technique. Tissue correlation was available in all cases. The data was evaluated in order to obtain information as to the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of cytological examination, both in ascitic fluids and in peritoneal washings. A correct diagnosis as to the ovarian tumor histotype was obtained in more than 80 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "Significance of ascitic fluid and peritoneal washing cytology in ovarian tumor diagnosis. The results of the cytological test on 179 ascitic fluids and 88 peritoneal washes of patients suspected to have ovarian tumors are critically reviewed to illustrate the difficulties, limitations and future possibilities of this technique. Tissue correlation was available in all cases. The data was evaluated in order to obtain information as to the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of cytological examination, both in ascitic fluids and in peritoneal washings. A correct diagnosis as to the ovarian tumor histotype was obtained in more than 80 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 653832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5707", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and cyclophosphamide in metastatic melanoma.", "content": "Twenty one patients with advanced metastatic melanoma were treated with a combination of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) and cyclophosphamide. All the patients had not previously been treated with cytostatics. MNU in the dose of 4 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide in the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight was administered daily. The drugs were given in 6 day cycles. Objective response (greater than 50% tumor regression) was obtained in 8 (38%) of the 21 treated patients, with 2 complete and 6 partial remissions. The duration of remission was 2--12 months (M = 6.2 months). Injections of MNU caused nausea and vomiting in approximately all the treated patients. Combination of these drugs, however, produced myelodepression in 33% of treated patients. This combination of drugs showed antitumor activity in metastatic malignant melanoma, particularly in melanoma metastasis of the lung, brain and lymph nodes and needs further investigation.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and cyclophosphamide in metastatic melanoma. Twenty one patients with advanced metastatic melanoma were treated with a combination of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) and cyclophosphamide. All the patients had not previously been treated with cytostatics. MNU in the dose of 4 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide in the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight was administered daily. The drugs were given in 6 day cycles. Objective response (greater than 50% tumor regression) was obtained in 8 (38%) of the 21 treated patients, with 2 complete and 6 partial remissions. The duration of remission was 2--12 months (M = 6.2 months). Injections of MNU caused nausea and vomiting in approximately all the treated patients. Combination of these drugs, however, produced myelodepression in 33% of treated patients. This combination of drugs showed antitumor activity in metastatic malignant melanoma, particularly in melanoma metastasis of the lung, brain and lymph nodes and needs further investigation.", "PMID": 653833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5708", "title": "Cocarcinogenic and irritant factors of Euphorbia esula L. latex.", "content": "The latex of (Euphorbia esula) has been found to contain highly skin irritant and inflammatory ingenol-3delta 2,4,6,8,10 pentene tetradecanoate and another factor, ingenol-3-dodecanoate, which is less irritating but which can be responsible for the cocarcinogenic activity exhibited by the latex preparation in the mice back skin experiment.", "contents": "Cocarcinogenic and irritant factors of Euphorbia esula L. latex. The latex of (Euphorbia esula) has been found to contain highly skin irritant and inflammatory ingenol-3delta 2,4,6,8,10 pentene tetradecanoate and another factor, ingenol-3-dodecanoate, which is less irritating but which can be responsible for the cocarcinogenic activity exhibited by the latex preparation in the mice back skin experiment.", "PMID": 653835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5709", "title": "[X-ray-video amplifier photography: use in urologie X-ray diagnosis and renovasography (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experiences indicate that the 'urograph', in combination with the 100-mm sheet-film camera, represents an x-ray apparatus that is just about optimally suited to the needs of urologic x-ray diagnoses. Only in extreme situations is the range of movement of the tabletop in the direction of the head and feet insufficient. A major advantage of the camera, and the one which, above all, plays a decisive role in the urologic x-ray diagnosis of children, is that the amount of radiation can be reduced by about 1/2 to 1/3 that necessary with conventional photo techniques. Through optimal use of the apparatus, considerable time and personnel can be saved. In view of the additional fact that kidney angiographs can be performed with this apparatus, in combination with the 100-mm camera, with minimal problems, minimal time, and minimal stress for the patient, x-ray-video amplifier photography represents an important addition to urologic x-ray examination possibilities that today we can no longer afford to do without.", "contents": "[X-ray-video amplifier photography: use in urologie X-ray diagnosis and renovasography (author's transl)]. Our experiences indicate that the 'urograph', in combination with the 100-mm sheet-film camera, represents an x-ray apparatus that is just about optimally suited to the needs of urologic x-ray diagnoses. Only in extreme situations is the range of movement of the tabletop in the direction of the head and feet insufficient. A major advantage of the camera, and the one which, above all, plays a decisive role in the urologic x-ray diagnosis of children, is that the amount of radiation can be reduced by about 1/2 to 1/3 that necessary with conventional photo techniques. Through optimal use of the apparatus, considerable time and personnel can be saved. In view of the additional fact that kidney angiographs can be performed with this apparatus, in combination with the 100-mm camera, with minimal problems, minimal time, and minimal stress for the patient, x-ray-video amplifier photography represents an important addition to urologic x-ray examination possibilities that today we can no longer afford to do without.", "PMID": 653903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5710", "title": "[Renal sonography--errors, pitfalls, and their sources (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective evaluation of sonographic diagnoses showed 14 false interpretations, proven by operation or renal angiogram. A classification of errors and pitfalls in renal sonography is attempted and the place of this method in the diagnostic plan in kidney diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Renal sonography--errors, pitfalls, and their sources (author's transl)]. Retrospective evaluation of sonographic diagnoses showed 14 false interpretations, proven by operation or renal angiogram. A classification of errors and pitfalls in renal sonography is attempted and the place of this method in the diagnostic plan in kidney diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 653904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5711", "title": "[Videocystometry (VCM)--a method for quantitative and qualitative diagnosis of refluxes (author's transl)].", "content": "Videocystometry (VCM) is a combination of videography and cystometry for the investigation of vesico-ureteral refluxes and is an accurate method of reflux classification that registers intravesical pressure and volume simultaneously after X-ray detection. We investigated 86 refluxes detected by micturating cystourethrography; 21 could not be confirmed, 14 disappeared with conservative treatment, and 10 underwent surgery, because their condition became worse during examination. Especially refluxes without primary indications for operation can be verified by comparative data. This facilitates the decision to continue conservative or operative treatment.", "contents": "[Videocystometry (VCM)--a method for quantitative and qualitative diagnosis of refluxes (author's transl)]. Videocystometry (VCM) is a combination of videography and cystometry for the investigation of vesico-ureteral refluxes and is an accurate method of reflux classification that registers intravesical pressure and volume simultaneously after X-ray detection. We investigated 86 refluxes detected by micturating cystourethrography; 21 could not be confirmed, 14 disappeared with conservative treatment, and 10 underwent surgery, because their condition became worse during examination. Especially refluxes without primary indications for operation can be verified by comparative data. This facilitates the decision to continue conservative or operative treatment.", "PMID": 653905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5712", "title": "[Tantalum in diagnosing tumors of the ureter and renal pelvis. A preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "Differential diagnosis of small tumors of the ureter and renal pelvis is often difficult. Retrograde pyelogramm and tri-iodied contrast material is not effective in diagnosing small tumors and their surface condition. A retrograde pyelogram with a tantalum powder solution offers the following advantages: 1. Clearer representation of the tumor surface. 2. X-ray films show sharper contrast. 3. Small tumors could be seen that are not visible with routine contrast material. Preparation of tantalum solution and the technique of retrograde pyelogram are described.", "contents": "[Tantalum in diagnosing tumors of the ureter and renal pelvis. A preliminary report (author's transl)]. Differential diagnosis of small tumors of the ureter and renal pelvis is often difficult. Retrograde pyelogramm and tri-iodied contrast material is not effective in diagnosing small tumors and their surface condition. A retrograde pyelogram with a tantalum powder solution offers the following advantages: 1. Clearer representation of the tumor surface. 2. X-ray films show sharper contrast. 3. Small tumors could be seen that are not visible with routine contrast material. Preparation of tantalum solution and the technique of retrograde pyelogram are described.", "PMID": 653906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5713", "title": "[The bilateral nephrectomy in terminal renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "45 cases of nephrectomy are reported. Mortality was 8.9%. Thirty-one had a drug-resistant, severe hypertension, three had infected kidneys, and in eleven cases nephrectomy was performed prior to transplantation. Although blood pressure improved in all patients, of the first group 24% died within one year after nephrectomy, which shows unsatisfactory prognosis of malignant nephrosclerosis. Only early nephrectomy can lead to better results. Routine nephrectomy before transplantation should be avoided. Indications for this group are discussed.", "contents": "[The bilateral nephrectomy in terminal renal disease (author's transl)]. 45 cases of nephrectomy are reported. Mortality was 8.9%. Thirty-one had a drug-resistant, severe hypertension, three had infected kidneys, and in eleven cases nephrectomy was performed prior to transplantation. Although blood pressure improved in all patients, of the first group 24% died within one year after nephrectomy, which shows unsatisfactory prognosis of malignant nephrosclerosis. Only early nephrectomy can lead to better results. Routine nephrectomy before transplantation should be avoided. Indications for this group are discussed.", "PMID": 653907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5714", "title": "[Experiences with transcatheter emoblization in urology (author's transl)].", "content": "Transcatheter embolization of the kidneys and bladder is increasingly important. The main indication for embolization is persistent hematuria involving surgically nonaccessible renal and bladder cancer. Additional surgical management of the disease can be avoided. Another indication is the preoperative embbolization of the kidney which facilitates surgical procedure and possibly prevents tumor cell embolization in the venous circulation. The indication for embolization of bleeding bladder carcinoma is different and permanent arterial occlusion is only justified if other measurements fail.", "contents": "[Experiences with transcatheter emoblization in urology (author's transl)]. Transcatheter embolization of the kidneys and bladder is increasingly important. The main indication for embolization is persistent hematuria involving surgically nonaccessible renal and bladder cancer. Additional surgical management of the disease can be avoided. Another indication is the preoperative embbolization of the kidney which facilitates surgical procedure and possibly prevents tumor cell embolization in the venous circulation. The indication for embolization of bleeding bladder carcinoma is different and permanent arterial occlusion is only justified if other measurements fail.", "PMID": 653908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5715", "title": "[Retroperitoneal, non-chromaffin paraganglioma of the right kidney (author's transl].", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal, nonchromaffin paraganglioma simulating a hypernephroma of the right kidney is described. Prognosis and therapy of this rare tumor is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal, non-chromaffin paraganglioma of the right kidney (author's transl]. A case of retroperitoneal, nonchromaffin paraganglioma simulating a hypernephroma of the right kidney is described. Prognosis and therapy of this rare tumor is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 653909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5716", "title": "[Urological Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Manifestations and complications of Hodgkin's disease in the urinary tract can appear as alterations of the kidneys (stag's antlers type), compression and displacement of the ureter (ureteric type), or as chemotherapeutically induced cystitis (Endoxam type). All these complications were found consecutively in the case documented here. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the symptoms, the findings in the i.v. urogram, and cystoscopy; it was confirmed post mortem by the autopsy. In this advanced case of Hodgkin's disease, only the hemorrhagic cystitis warranted therapy.", "contents": "[Urological Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Manifestations and complications of Hodgkin's disease in the urinary tract can appear as alterations of the kidneys (stag's antlers type), compression and displacement of the ureter (ureteric type), or as chemotherapeutically induced cystitis (Endoxam type). All these complications were found consecutively in the case documented here. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the symptoms, the findings in the i.v. urogram, and cystoscopy; it was confirmed post mortem by the autopsy. In this advanced case of Hodgkin's disease, only the hemorrhagic cystitis warranted therapy.", "PMID": 653910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5717", "title": "[Examination of stenotic bladder neck using the Kishev balloon stretch test with the Foley catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "A 2-year study with 125 patients who suffered from symptoms suggestive of stenotic bladder neck with or without overlapping symptoms of 'abacterial prostatitis' is described. More than 200 balloon stretch tests were carried out in order to choose 125 patients for operation. With a knife electrode designed by one of us, two deep furrows were cut along the 5 o'clock and the 7 o'clock positions, which begin at the trigonum and continue through the entire bladder neck and the floor of the prostatic part of the urethra to the apex of the verumontanum.", "contents": "[Examination of stenotic bladder neck using the Kishev balloon stretch test with the Foley catheter (author's transl)]. A 2-year study with 125 patients who suffered from symptoms suggestive of stenotic bladder neck with or without overlapping symptoms of 'abacterial prostatitis' is described. More than 200 balloon stretch tests were carried out in order to choose 125 patients for operation. With a knife electrode designed by one of us, two deep furrows were cut along the 5 o'clock and the 7 o'clock positions, which begin at the trigonum and continue through the entire bladder neck and the floor of the prostatic part of the urethra to the apex of the verumontanum.", "PMID": 653911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5718", "title": "[Technique and results of the colon conduit, continent by means of a new magnetic stoma seal. An animal experiment study. Enterocystoplasty as model of continent urinary diversion. Review and comparison of the results of colocystoplasty, coloprostatoplasty and colourethroplasty (authors transl)].", "content": "On the basis of satisfactory results with a new magnetic stoma seal in colostomy patients, this seal, consisting of a magnetic ring and cap, was used in an experimental study to convert the colonic conduit into a continent reservoir. The aim of the study, involving 16 dogs, was to find a method of ring implantation that would avoid infection of the ring and yield complete continence in a higher percentage than had been achieved so far in patients. Complete continence was obtained in all animals but there was a 75% incidence of immediate and delayed infection of the magnetic ring when the ring was inserted transcutaneously. In contrast, all rings were well accepted by the tissue when the procedure was staged with the ring being implanted transperitoneally several weeks prior to fashioning of the conduit. The general problems arising from the colonic conduit when used as continent reservoir are known from the results of colocystoplasty, coloprostatoplasty and colourethroplasty, which are reviewed and compared with our observations. Residual urine was low due to an ideal energy-balance pattern. Coloureteric reflux was successfully prevented in all cases operated on by a long-tunnel modification of the Leadbetter-Clarke technique. Hyperchloremic acidosis and renal function deterioration were not observed. All conduits were infected.", "contents": "[Technique and results of the colon conduit, continent by means of a new magnetic stoma seal. An animal experiment study. Enterocystoplasty as model of continent urinary diversion. Review and comparison of the results of colocystoplasty, coloprostatoplasty and colourethroplasty (authors transl)]. On the basis of satisfactory results with a new magnetic stoma seal in colostomy patients, this seal, consisting of a magnetic ring and cap, was used in an experimental study to convert the colonic conduit into a continent reservoir. The aim of the study, involving 16 dogs, was to find a method of ring implantation that would avoid infection of the ring and yield complete continence in a higher percentage than had been achieved so far in patients. Complete continence was obtained in all animals but there was a 75% incidence of immediate and delayed infection of the magnetic ring when the ring was inserted transcutaneously. In contrast, all rings were well accepted by the tissue when the procedure was staged with the ring being implanted transperitoneally several weeks prior to fashioning of the conduit. The general problems arising from the colonic conduit when used as continent reservoir are known from the results of colocystoplasty, coloprostatoplasty and colourethroplasty, which are reviewed and compared with our observations. Residual urine was low due to an ideal energy-balance pattern. Coloureteric reflux was successfully prevented in all cases operated on by a long-tunnel modification of the Leadbetter-Clarke technique. Hyperchloremic acidosis and renal function deterioration were not observed. All conduits were infected.", "PMID": 653912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5719", "title": "[Diagnostic and surgical errors in congenital hydronephrosis in children].", "content": "34 children with congenital hydronephrosis, operated upon for erroneosly diagnosed acute appendicitis (17), malignant tumor (11), and ileus (8), were under observation. To prevent from unwarranted surgical interventions in dubious cases excretory urography and other x-ray and instrumental methods of examination must be used widely. After the removal of an unchanged vermiform process in children, suffering from abdominal pain, the examination of the urinary tract is indicated. Such patients should be under dispensary observation of a children's surgeon.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and surgical errors in congenital hydronephrosis in children]. 34 children with congenital hydronephrosis, operated upon for erroneosly diagnosed acute appendicitis (17), malignant tumor (11), and ileus (8), were under observation. To prevent from unwarranted surgical interventions in dubious cases excretory urography and other x-ray and instrumental methods of examination must be used widely. After the removal of an unchanged vermiform process in children, suffering from abdominal pain, the examination of the urinary tract is indicated. Such patients should be under dispensary observation of a children's surgeon.", "PMID": 653955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5720", "title": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of gelvisol in acute hemorrhage].", "content": "The results of a comparative study of the effect of the gelvisol therapeutic solution for the peroral administration, elaborated by A. N. Filatov, L. G. Bogomolova, V. S. Suslova and I. G. Andrianova in 1971, upon the clinical course of acute blood loss are summed up in this article. Experimentally on 50 dogs it was shown that at the loss of 40% of CBV the hemodynamic effect of gelvisol administration exceeds that of intragastral administration of 5% glucose, but is not as good as intravenous gelatinol injection. In the clinic gelatinol has been used successfully in 50 cases of blood loss equal to 10-12 ml/kg of body weight. No complications due to the administration of the preparation are noted.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of gelvisol in acute hemorrhage]. The results of a comparative study of the effect of the gelvisol therapeutic solution for the peroral administration, elaborated by A. N. Filatov, L. G. Bogomolova, V. S. Suslova and I. G. Andrianova in 1971, upon the clinical course of acute blood loss are summed up in this article. Experimentally on 50 dogs it was shown that at the loss of 40% of CBV the hemodynamic effect of gelvisol administration exceeds that of intragastral administration of 5% glucose, but is not as good as intravenous gelatinol injection. In the clinic gelatinol has been used successfully in 50 cases of blood loss equal to 10-12 ml/kg of body weight. No complications due to the administration of the preparation are noted.", "PMID": 653960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5721", "title": "[Surgical tactics in drainage of the thoracic duct].", "content": "A method of finding the thoracic lymphatic duct, paracentetic method of its opening, method of the fixation of the catheter, ensuring a longlasting withdrawal of the lymph, are described.", "contents": "[Surgical tactics in drainage of the thoracic duct]. A method of finding the thoracic lymphatic duct, paracentetic method of its opening, method of the fixation of the catheter, ensuring a longlasting withdrawal of the lymph, are described.", "PMID": 653961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5722", "title": "[Ischemic necrosis of the stomach stump wall after distal resection].", "content": "The author has observed ischemic necrosis of the stomach stump wall after distal resection in 4 patients. The clinical picture of the complication and prophylactic measures are described.", "contents": "[Ischemic necrosis of the stomach stump wall after distal resection]. The author has observed ischemic necrosis of the stomach stump wall after distal resection in 4 patients. The clinical picture of the complication and prophylactic measures are described.", "PMID": 653962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5723", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm].", "content": "The treatment by means of bloodless dilatation was carried out upon 82 cases of cardiospasm. Good results were achieved in 80 cases the results were satisfactory. An improved method of cardiodilatation is described.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm]. The treatment by means of bloodless dilatation was carried out upon 82 cases of cardiospasm. Good results were achieved in 80 cases the results were satisfactory. An improved method of cardiodilatation is described.", "PMID": 653968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5724", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of acute gastro-duodenal ulcers and erosions complicated by profuse hemorrhage].", "content": "25 cases were operated upon at the climax of a massive gastrointestinal bleeding from acute ulcers and erosions. Among them 20 patients underwent stomach resection. One patient died from pancreonecrosis within the early postoperative period. There were no cases of the recurrence of bleeding. Excellent late results were found in 12 of 17 cases, in other 5 cases the results were good.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of acute gastro-duodenal ulcers and erosions complicated by profuse hemorrhage]. 25 cases were operated upon at the climax of a massive gastrointestinal bleeding from acute ulcers and erosions. Among them 20 patients underwent stomach resection. One patient died from pancreonecrosis within the early postoperative period. There were no cases of the recurrence of bleeding. Excellent late results were found in 12 of 17 cases, in other 5 cases the results were good.", "PMID": 653969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5725", "title": "[Mortality in peptic ulcer hemorrhage and ways of its reduction].", "content": "The authors have studied the results of the treatment of 9688 cases with hemorrhage of ulcer etiology. The authors believe that the lowering of the lethality in repeated or primary profuse hemorrhage may be attained through a surgical intervention at the height of hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Mortality in peptic ulcer hemorrhage and ways of its reduction]. The authors have studied the results of the treatment of 9688 cases with hemorrhage of ulcer etiology. The authors believe that the lowering of the lethality in repeated or primary profuse hemorrhage may be attained through a surgical intervention at the height of hemorrhage.", "PMID": 653970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5726", "title": "[Effect of orotic acid on the regeneration processes after gastrectomy].", "content": "Experiments on animals have shown a favourable effect of orotic acid upon reparative regeneration processes in injured abdominal wall and stomach. In the clinic the administration of orotic acid favoured the decrease of the incidence of postoperative complications from 32% to 14% and the acceleration of the wound healing by 30%.", "contents": "[Effect of orotic acid on the regeneration processes after gastrectomy]. Experiments on animals have shown a favourable effect of orotic acid upon reparative regeneration processes in injured abdominal wall and stomach. In the clinic the administration of orotic acid favoured the decrease of the incidence of postoperative complications from 32% to 14% and the acceleration of the wound healing by 30%.", "PMID": 653971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5727", "title": "[Prevention of suppurative complications considering the risk of their occurrence].", "content": "The efficacy of a mark-grading system for the prognosis of the occurrence of suppuration in acquired and congenital heart diseases is analyzed in this work. The mathematical relationship between the sum of marks of the risk and the probability of the occurrence of purulent complication is proved. On the grounds of the found phenomenon a group of patients with high risk of purulent complications, needing some supplementary prophylactic procedures, has been selected. A complex of medicamental and organizational measures has been devised, which ensured more than 1.5-fold decrease of the incidence of surgical infection in high risk patients following operations with extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "[Prevention of suppurative complications considering the risk of their occurrence]. The efficacy of a mark-grading system for the prognosis of the occurrence of suppuration in acquired and congenital heart diseases is analyzed in this work. The mathematical relationship between the sum of marks of the risk and the probability of the occurrence of purulent complication is proved. On the grounds of the found phenomenon a group of patients with high risk of purulent complications, needing some supplementary prophylactic procedures, has been selected. A complex of medicamental and organizational measures has been devised, which ensured more than 1.5-fold decrease of the incidence of surgical infection in high risk patients following operations with extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 653972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5728", "title": "[Non-surgical removal of calculi left in the bile ducts].", "content": "The experience with non-surgical treatment of 8 patients with calculi left in the bile ducts in presence of external drainage of the hepatocholedochus is set forth. Various procedures were used: washing ofthe bile ducts, injection of heparinized physiological solution into the bile ducts and removal of the calculi with the help of Dormia's probe. Good results were obtained in all 8 cases. No repeated operations were needed.", "contents": "[Non-surgical removal of calculi left in the bile ducts]. The experience with non-surgical treatment of 8 patients with calculi left in the bile ducts in presence of external drainage of the hepatocholedochus is set forth. Various procedures were used: washing ofthe bile ducts, injection of heparinized physiological solution into the bile ducts and removal of the calculi with the help of Dormia's probe. Good results were obtained in all 8 cases. No repeated operations were needed.", "PMID": 653973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5729", "title": "[Removal of residual calculi of the bile ducts].", "content": "Residual gall-stones were removed from the common bile duct in 11 patients. The removal was carried out through fistulous passage or by pushing the gall-stones into the duodenum.", "contents": "[Removal of residual calculi of the bile ducts]. Residual gall-stones were removed from the common bile duct in 11 patients. The removal was carried out through fistulous passage or by pushing the gall-stones into the duodenum.", "PMID": 653974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5730", "title": "[Changes of the leukocytic index of intoxication in pancreatitis].", "content": "When studying the leucocytic index of intoxication (LII) in 94 pancreatitis cases the highest values of it were found in case of destructive forms of the disease. In patients with edematous and chronic pancreatitis LII values were smaller. No correlation between LII and urine diastase was found. LII permits to assess impartially the degree of intoxication in various forms of pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Changes of the leukocytic index of intoxication in pancreatitis]. When studying the leucocytic index of intoxication (LII) in 94 pancreatitis cases the highest values of it were found in case of destructive forms of the disease. In patients with edematous and chronic pancreatitis LII values were smaller. No correlation between LII and urine diastase was found. LII permits to assess impartially the degree of intoxication in various forms of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 653975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5731", "title": "[Surgical tactics in cases of foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The experiments on 30 dogs and observation over 186 patients suggest that the indications for the operation in case of foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract depend on the shape and size of the foreign body and on the time during which it has been fixed in one place.", "contents": "[Surgical tactics in cases of foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract]. The experiments on 30 dogs and observation over 186 patients suggest that the indications for the operation in case of foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract depend on the shape and size of the foreign body and on the time during which it has been fixed in one place.", "PMID": 653976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5732", "title": "[Variant of the descent operation with preservation of the sphincter in cancer of the distal end of the rectum].", "content": "A new variant of the operation for cancer of the rectum with a partial preservation of the natural function of the obturator apparatus is suggested. The method consists in the keeping of the anal constrictor muscular ring, the vascularization and innervation of which are brought about by preservation of two portions of the muscles rising the anus. The operation carried out upon 7 patients has shown fair immediate and early results.", "contents": "[Variant of the descent operation with preservation of the sphincter in cancer of the distal end of the rectum]. A new variant of the operation for cancer of the rectum with a partial preservation of the natural function of the obturator apparatus is suggested. The method consists in the keeping of the anal constrictor muscular ring, the vascularization and innervation of which are brought about by preservation of two portions of the muscles rising the anus. The operation carried out upon 7 patients has shown fair immediate and early results.", "PMID": 653977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5733", "title": "[Classification and pathogenetic mechanisms of fever reactions in surgical practice].", "content": "Based on clinical observations and investigations carried out in 150 patients the authors suggest the classification of hyperthermic reactions, in which metabolic, regulatory, malignant, bacterial, nocious, infusion and artificial forms are distinguished. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the development, typical of all these forms, their clinical symptomocomplex, characteristic features of laboratory and functional diagnostics, the main principles of therapy are reported. In patients with energetic disbalance an aimed differential therapy is found to be highly effective.", "contents": "[Classification and pathogenetic mechanisms of fever reactions in surgical practice]. Based on clinical observations and investigations carried out in 150 patients the authors suggest the classification of hyperthermic reactions, in which metabolic, regulatory, malignant, bacterial, nocious, infusion and artificial forms are distinguished. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the development, typical of all these forms, their clinical symptomocomplex, characteristic features of laboratory and functional diagnostics, the main principles of therapy are reported. In patients with energetic disbalance an aimed differential therapy is found to be highly effective.", "PMID": 653980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5734", "title": "[Use of droperidol and seduxen for preanesthetic medication in surgical treatment of mitral valve stenosis].", "content": "According to the authors' data, droperidol (5-10 mg.) or seduxen (15-25 mg.), injected intramuscularly 90-120 minutes before operation, are more efficient than the premedication by traditional scheme (barbamil, pipolphene, promedol and atropine).", "contents": "[Use of droperidol and seduxen for preanesthetic medication in surgical treatment of mitral valve stenosis]. According to the authors' data, droperidol (5-10 mg.) or seduxen (15-25 mg.), injected intramuscularly 90-120 minutes before operation, are more efficient than the premedication by traditional scheme (barbamil, pipolphene, promedol and atropine).", "PMID": 653981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5735", "title": "[Anestheasia in minor surgery].", "content": "The analysis of anesthesiological accessories in carrying out some surgical interventions of short duration or painful manipulations on 652 patients has been performed. In 527 of them the intravenous narcosis was applied, therewith in 390 cases muscle relaxants were injected and artificial pulmonary ventilation was done without intubation of the trachea. In other patients mask narcosis or combined anesthesia were applied.", "contents": "[Anestheasia in minor surgery]. The analysis of anesthesiological accessories in carrying out some surgical interventions of short duration or painful manipulations on 652 patients has been performed. In 527 of them the intravenous narcosis was applied, therewith in 390 cases muscle relaxants were injected and artificial pulmonary ventilation was done without intubation of the trachea. In other patients mask narcosis or combined anesthesia were applied.", "PMID": 653982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5736", "title": "[Burns of the respiratory tract].", "content": "The authors observed 167 cases with thermal burns of the respiratory tract and body integument. According to the authors' data the mortality among these cases reaches 72.4%. The treatment of such patients should be a complex one. The authors prefer the microtracheostomy and consider this operation to be a compulsory one for the most of the burned with the second degree burns of the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Burns of the respiratory tract]. The authors observed 167 cases with thermal burns of the respiratory tract and body integument. According to the authors' data the mortality among these cases reaches 72.4%. The treatment of such patients should be a complex one. The authors prefer the microtracheostomy and consider this operation to be a compulsory one for the most of the burned with the second degree burns of the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 653983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5737", "title": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of chronic nonspecific suppurative lung diseases under conditions of Extreme North].", "content": "137 patients, who underwent various lung operations under the conditions of the Extreme North, were examined within the period from 1.5 to 9 years after operation. Good results were found in 87 patients (63.5%), satisfactory ones in 30 patients (20.9%) and poor results - in 20 patients (14.6%).", "contents": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of chronic nonspecific suppurative lung diseases under conditions of Extreme North]. 137 patients, who underwent various lung operations under the conditions of the Extreme North, were examined within the period from 1.5 to 9 years after operation. Good results were found in 87 patients (63.5%), satisfactory ones in 30 patients (20.9%) and poor results - in 20 patients (14.6%).", "PMID": 653984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5738", "title": "[Non-surgical method of treatment of dislocation of the acromial end of the clavicle].", "content": "An apparatus for reposition and fixation of the clavicle in case of the dislocation, in the acromioclavicular joint is described. The method was used in the treatment of 60 patients. There were 57 good results, and in 3 cases the results were fair.", "contents": "[Non-surgical method of treatment of dislocation of the acromial end of the clavicle]. An apparatus for reposition and fixation of the clavicle in case of the dislocation, in the acromioclavicular joint is described. The method was used in the treatment of 60 patients. There were 57 good results, and in 3 cases the results were fair.", "PMID": 653985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5739", "title": "[Relaparotomy in the early period after appendectomy in children with acute appendicitis].", "content": "The experience with 102 relaparotomies in children for complications following the operations for acute appendicitis is analyzed. The repeated operation should be a minimal one, as to its volume, and sparing in character.", "contents": "[Relaparotomy in the early period after appendectomy in children with acute appendicitis]. The experience with 102 relaparotomies in children for complications following the operations for acute appendicitis is analyzed. The repeated operation should be a minimal one, as to its volume, and sparing in character.", "PMID": 653986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5740", "title": "[Congenital cystic transformation of the common bile duct in children].", "content": "By now the world literature counts 955 observations on congenital cystic enlargement of the common bile duct. The authors add 14 own observations of this rather rare pathology. Preoperative diagnosis is still difficult. The intravenous cholegraphy remains the best diagnostic procedure. The choledochocystoduodenostomy is justified by its usefulness and is the most frequently used. The late results of the treatment are good. An unfavourable prognosis is present only in cases with preoperative chronic hepatitis, cholangitis or pancreatitis, as these diseases are likely to aggravate later on.", "contents": "[Congenital cystic transformation of the common bile duct in children]. By now the world literature counts 955 observations on congenital cystic enlargement of the common bile duct. The authors add 14 own observations of this rather rare pathology. Preoperative diagnosis is still difficult. The intravenous cholegraphy remains the best diagnostic procedure. The choledochocystoduodenostomy is justified by its usefulness and is the most frequently used. The late results of the treatment are good. An unfavourable prognosis is present only in cases with preoperative chronic hepatitis, cholangitis or pancreatitis, as these diseases are likely to aggravate later on.", "PMID": 653987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5741", "title": "[Temporal characteristics of the movement of the cut-off elements of artificial heart valves in a pulsing flow].", "content": "A comparative investigation of time characteristics of the movement of artificial heart valves with spherical, hemispherical and lentil-shaped obturative elements under non-stationary conditions was carried out. It has been found that it is practically impossible to avoid the delay in the valve closing and opening, as well as the regurgitation phenomena, on the valve prothesis, due to the inertia of obturative elements and attached masses. A searching for new models of the heart valves should go on.", "contents": "[Temporal characteristics of the movement of the cut-off elements of artificial heart valves in a pulsing flow]. A comparative investigation of time characteristics of the movement of artificial heart valves with spherical, hemispherical and lentil-shaped obturative elements under non-stationary conditions was carried out. It has been found that it is practically impossible to avoid the delay in the valve closing and opening, as well as the regurgitation phenomena, on the valve prothesis, due to the inertia of obturative elements and attached masses. A searching for new models of the heart valves should go on.", "PMID": 653995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5742", "title": "[Classification of postoperative hernias of the anterior abdominal wall].", "content": "The author has developed and suggested a classification of hernias of the anterior abdominal wall. The new classification is grounded on observations over numerous clinical manifestations and peculiarities of the disease and subdivides these hernias according to the condition and shape of the hernia sac, localization, number and size of the hernias, time of the occurrence and incidence rate of the hernia following an operation, presence of concommitant diseases and the degree of disability of the patients.", "contents": "[Classification of postoperative hernias of the anterior abdominal wall]. The author has developed and suggested a classification of hernias of the anterior abdominal wall. The new classification is grounded on observations over numerous clinical manifestations and peculiarities of the disease and subdivides these hernias according to the condition and shape of the hernia sac, localization, number and size of the hernias, time of the occurrence and incidence rate of the hernia following an operation, presence of concommitant diseases and the degree of disability of the patients.", "PMID": 654007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5743", "title": "[Anatomical and surgical justification for selective catheterization of the thoracic lymphatic duct and thoracic arteries for infusion immunochemotherapy of breast cancer].", "content": "An anatomo-topographic and operative study aimed at the elaboration of approaches and methods of the catheterization of the thoracic lympheduct and of the selective catheterization of the internal thoracic, external thoracic and acromiothoracic arteries for the regional infusion of activated proper lymphocytes and chemopreparations in breast cancer was carried out on 25 cadavers. An experimental injection of stained solutions proved that the selective catheterization of the thoracic arteries allows to create a significant concentration of injected drugs in the breast and regional lymphatic nodes without their propagation into adjacent regions, which is different from other methods of the regional chemotherapy in breast cancer.", "contents": "[Anatomical and surgical justification for selective catheterization of the thoracic lymphatic duct and thoracic arteries for infusion immunochemotherapy of breast cancer]. An anatomo-topographic and operative study aimed at the elaboration of approaches and methods of the catheterization of the thoracic lympheduct and of the selective catheterization of the internal thoracic, external thoracic and acromiothoracic arteries for the regional infusion of activated proper lymphocytes and chemopreparations in breast cancer was carried out on 25 cadavers. An experimental injection of stained solutions proved that the selective catheterization of the thoracic arteries allows to create a significant concentration of injected drugs in the breast and regional lymphatic nodes without their propagation into adjacent regions, which is different from other methods of the regional chemotherapy in breast cancer.", "PMID": 654008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5744", "title": "[Clinical aspects and classification of echinococcosis].", "content": "350 cases of alveococcosis were examined with the use of clinical and generally available methods of laboratory analysis. This study helped to find out the characteristic symptoms of the disease and their incidence rate. A clinico-anatomical classification of alveoccoccosis, based on local and general manifestations, localization of a primary focus, anatomic form of the growth of an alveococcal node and the degree of its propagation in the liver parenchima, has been developed. The suggested classification promotes a correct construction of a detailed clinical diagnosis and complete solution of the problems of therapeutic tactics.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and classification of echinococcosis]. 350 cases of alveococcosis were examined with the use of clinical and generally available methods of laboratory analysis. This study helped to find out the characteristic symptoms of the disease and their incidence rate. A clinico-anatomical classification of alveoccoccosis, based on local and general manifestations, localization of a primary focus, anatomic form of the growth of an alveococcal node and the degree of its propagation in the liver parenchima, has been developed. The suggested classification promotes a correct construction of a detailed clinical diagnosis and complete solution of the problems of therapeutic tactics.", "PMID": 654009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5745", "title": "[Characteristics of the classification of acute cholecystitis in the elderly].", "content": "On the grounds of the analysis of 1300 case records and own observations with the use of angioscopy and angiography the authors have come to the conclusion that acute cholecystitis in elderly individuals results from the blood supply disorder in the gallbladder wall, caused by the thrombosis of the vascular branches of the cystic artery. They have suggested the classification of acute cholecystitis, mirroring the stage character of the disease and the nature of pathological changes in the gallbladder.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the classification of acute cholecystitis in the elderly]. On the grounds of the analysis of 1300 case records and own observations with the use of angioscopy and angiography the authors have come to the conclusion that acute cholecystitis in elderly individuals results from the blood supply disorder in the gallbladder wall, caused by the thrombosis of the vascular branches of the cystic artery. They have suggested the classification of acute cholecystitis, mirroring the stage character of the disease and the nature of pathological changes in the gallbladder.", "PMID": 654010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5746", "title": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of calculus-free cholecystitis].", "content": "On the grounds of the experience with 72 cases of non-calculous cholecystitis the authors describe the characteristic features and sequelae of the disease. The authors recommend to use endoscopy methods widely with the goal to differentiate this pathology from any other biliary pancreato-duodenal pathology in order to elaborate adequate surgical indications for patients suffering from non-calculous cholecystitis.", "contents": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of calculus-free cholecystitis]. On the grounds of the experience with 72 cases of non-calculous cholecystitis the authors describe the characteristic features and sequelae of the disease. The authors recommend to use endoscopy methods widely with the goal to differentiate this pathology from any other biliary pancreato-duodenal pathology in order to elaborate adequate surgical indications for patients suffering from non-calculous cholecystitis.", "PMID": 654011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5747", "title": "[Primary cancer of the stump of the stomach resected for peptic ulcer].", "content": "According to the author's data initial carcinoma of the stomach stump occurs more often after the resection for peptic ulcer, than after the duodenal ulcer surgery. In this case the character of surgical intervention depends upon the degree of the propagation of the tumor and on the patient's general condition.", "contents": "[Primary cancer of the stump of the stomach resected for peptic ulcer]. According to the author's data initial carcinoma of the stomach stump occurs more often after the resection for peptic ulcer, than after the duodenal ulcer surgery. In this case the character of surgical intervention depends upon the degree of the propagation of the tumor and on the patient's general condition.", "PMID": 654012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5748", "title": "[Decompression duodenostomy in the prevention and treatment of incompetence of duodenal stump sutures].", "content": "The use of decompressive duodenostomy for the prevention of the incompetence of the duodenal stump sutures of a poorly sutured duodenal stump in stomach resection in 6 cases gave satisfactory results in all the observations. The author is convinced that the decompression of the duodenum by means of the duodenostomy in the incompetence of the duodenal stump sutures decreases significantly the leakage of the intestinal contents between the sutures, which ensures the involution of peritonitis. The patients get rid of an abundant soaking of the bandage, which is very troublesome for them.", "contents": "[Decompression duodenostomy in the prevention and treatment of incompetence of duodenal stump sutures]. The use of decompressive duodenostomy for the prevention of the incompetence of the duodenal stump sutures of a poorly sutured duodenal stump in stomach resection in 6 cases gave satisfactory results in all the observations. The author is convinced that the decompression of the duodenum by means of the duodenostomy in the incompetence of the duodenal stump sutures decreases significantly the leakage of the intestinal contents between the sutures, which ensures the involution of peritonitis. The patients get rid of an abundant soaking of the bandage, which is very troublesome for them.", "PMID": 654013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5749", "title": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of functional disorders of the cardia in duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The article deals with the problem of the functional status of the cardia in duodenal ulcer. The cardial function was studied in 27 patients with complicated duodenal ulcer. The results make it possible to judge about the degree of manifestation of cardia insufficiency. While tackling the problem of a character of surgical intervention upon the duodenal ulcer cases it is necessary, in author's opinion, to take into consideration the results of the functional examination of the cardia.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of functional disorders of the cardia in duodenal ulcer]. The article deals with the problem of the functional status of the cardia in duodenal ulcer. The cardial function was studied in 27 patients with complicated duodenal ulcer. The results make it possible to judge about the degree of manifestation of cardia insufficiency. While tackling the problem of a character of surgical intervention upon the duodenal ulcer cases it is necessary, in author's opinion, to take into consideration the results of the functional examination of the cardia.", "PMID": 654014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5750", "title": "[Treatment of external intestinal fistulae].", "content": "The authors observed 105 cases of external intestinal fistula of various localization and found that the destruction of the intestinal wall under the conditions of suppurative peritonitis, together with the tampons and drainage tubes inserted into the abdominal cavity and left there for a long period of time, constitute the main causes of the occurrnce of intestinal fistula. Surgical treatment of a lip-shaped fistula (63 cases) of the small intestine and colon, mainly by the intraabdominal method, was carried out. Tubular fistula was closed conservatively in 22 cases. The intestinal motor activity was studied in 20 cases and potassium iodide resorption was investigated in the experiments on 20 animals. Some practically important recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Treatment of external intestinal fistulae]. The authors observed 105 cases of external intestinal fistula of various localization and found that the destruction of the intestinal wall under the conditions of suppurative peritonitis, together with the tampons and drainage tubes inserted into the abdominal cavity and left there for a long period of time, constitute the main causes of the occurrnce of intestinal fistula. Surgical treatment of a lip-shaped fistula (63 cases) of the small intestine and colon, mainly by the intraabdominal method, was carried out. Tubular fistula was closed conservatively in 22 cases. The intestinal motor activity was studied in 20 cases and potassium iodide resorption was investigated in the experiments on 20 animals. Some practically important recommendations are given.", "PMID": 654015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5751", "title": "[Nature of the relation of acute appendicitis morbidity to meteorological and heliogeophysical factors].", "content": "The authors analyzed 2009 appendicitis case records for the period from 1964 to 1973. In a sea climate region an evident season distribution of the apendicitis morbidity was found, with the rise of the incidence rate in January, March and April. The rise of the appendicitis incidence rate during the periods of vast fluctuations of air temperature, increase of air humidity and decrease of actual duration of sun radiance was established. The rise of the incidence of acute appendicitis was also noted during the months of a great and extremely great magnetic storms.", "contents": "[Nature of the relation of acute appendicitis morbidity to meteorological and heliogeophysical factors]. The authors analyzed 2009 appendicitis case records for the period from 1964 to 1973. In a sea climate region an evident season distribution of the apendicitis morbidity was found, with the rise of the incidence rate in January, March and April. The rise of the appendicitis incidence rate during the periods of vast fluctuations of air temperature, increase of air humidity and decrease of actual duration of sun radiance was established. The rise of the incidence of acute appendicitis was also noted during the months of a great and extremely great magnetic storms.", "PMID": 654016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5752", "title": "[Comparative evaulation of different methods of draining the mediastinum in treating posterior suppurative mediastinitis].", "content": "A comparative study of the effectiveness of various methods of the drainage of the mediastinum was carried out on the grounds of the analysis of the clinical course and lethality in two groups of patients. The drainage of the mediastinum by means of two double-gap silicon tubes, followed by flowing-fractional washing and aspiration from the purulent cavity, applied in 40 patients, proved to be the most effective.", "contents": "[Comparative evaulation of different methods of draining the mediastinum in treating posterior suppurative mediastinitis]. A comparative study of the effectiveness of various methods of the drainage of the mediastinum was carried out on the grounds of the analysis of the clinical course and lethality in two groups of patients. The drainage of the mediastinum by means of two double-gap silicon tubes, followed by flowing-fractional washing and aspiration from the purulent cavity, applied in 40 patients, proved to be the most effective.", "PMID": 654017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5753", "title": "[Clinical and x-ray aspects of the diagnosis of multiple primary malignant tumors of the colon].", "content": "On the grounds of the study of 78 cases with malignant tumors of the colon it has been found that multiple cancer of the colon and rectum has no specific clinical picture- the fact which hinders the diagnosis of this condition. As there is a possibility of the metachronic development of the colon multiple tumors it should be recommended to keep all the patients operated upon for a neoplasm of this organ under a continuous dispensary observation.", "contents": "[Clinical and x-ray aspects of the diagnosis of multiple primary malignant tumors of the colon]. On the grounds of the study of 78 cases with malignant tumors of the colon it has been found that multiple cancer of the colon and rectum has no specific clinical picture- the fact which hinders the diagnosis of this condition. As there is a possibility of the metachronic development of the colon multiple tumors it should be recommended to keep all the patients operated upon for a neoplasm of this organ under a continuous dispensary observation.", "PMID": 654018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5754", "title": "[Diagnosis and the results of treatment of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head].", "content": "Some early symptoms of devascular femoral head necrosis are covered in the paper together with the results of surgical treatment of 48 cases. Both extra- and intraarticular operations were performed. The extraatricular interventions proved to be the best: intertrochanteric medializing osteotomies, drilling of the canal with introduction of cortical bone grafts into the femoral neck and head and tunnelization followed by the replacement of the femoral head defect with autospongy bone tissue.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and the results of treatment of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head]. Some early symptoms of devascular femoral head necrosis are covered in the paper together with the results of surgical treatment of 48 cases. Both extra- and intraarticular operations were performed. The extraatricular interventions proved to be the best: intertrochanteric medializing osteotomies, drilling of the canal with introduction of cortical bone grafts into the femoral neck and head and tunnelization followed by the replacement of the femoral head defect with autospongy bone tissue.", "PMID": 654019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5755", "title": "[Pharmacolymphography].", "content": "With the goal of accelerating the contrast-medium injection at the lymphography and improving the contrasting of the vessels and node conduction system the authors applied a variety of pharmacological preparations: Ridol (G. Richter), Nospanum (Quinoine, HPR), Arfonadum (Hoffman-La Rochet, Switzerland), Xavinum (Quinoine) etc. in 110 cases of various malignant neoplasms. All the selected drugs are, to a greater or lesser extent, of a vasodilative effect. It has been found that Ridol together with the combination of Novocaine and Nospanum produce a pronounced lymphotropic effect. Pharmacolymphography with these preparations contributes to the shortening of the time necessary for the injection of contrast-medium and also improves the image of the intermediate node sinuses and of the thoracic duct.", "contents": "[Pharmacolymphography]. With the goal of accelerating the contrast-medium injection at the lymphography and improving the contrasting of the vessels and node conduction system the authors applied a variety of pharmacological preparations: Ridol (G. Richter), Nospanum (Quinoine, HPR), Arfonadum (Hoffman-La Rochet, Switzerland), Xavinum (Quinoine) etc. in 110 cases of various malignant neoplasms. All the selected drugs are, to a greater or lesser extent, of a vasodilative effect. It has been found that Ridol together with the combination of Novocaine and Nospanum produce a pronounced lymphotropic effect. Pharmacolymphography with these preparations contributes to the shortening of the time necessary for the injection of contrast-medium and also improves the image of the intermediate node sinuses and of the thoracic duct.", "PMID": 654021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5756", "title": "[Contrastless venography in the diagnosis of varicosities of the subcutaneous veins of the lower extremities].", "content": "The results of the use of non-contrast venography in a surgical clinic on 38 patients with chronic venous defficiency and on 45 patients suspected of varicosis are generalized in this article. The obtained findings allow to recommend this method as a part of a complex examination of patients with various venous pathology of the lower extremities. Non-contrast venography method is described in this paper.", "contents": "[Contrastless venography in the diagnosis of varicosities of the subcutaneous veins of the lower extremities]. The results of the use of non-contrast venography in a surgical clinic on 38 patients with chronic venous defficiency and on 45 patients suspected of varicosis are generalized in this article. The obtained findings allow to recommend this method as a part of a complex examination of patients with various venous pathology of the lower extremities. Non-contrast venography method is described in this paper.", "PMID": 654022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5757", "title": "The surgical treatment of equine fractures.", "content": "The current trends in equine fracture treatment are reviewed. Surgical approach, method of fixation, the advantages of Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) implants and the complications of treatment are discussed with reference to 21 fracture cases. Normal limb function was restored in four horses with fractures of the olecranon and one with a mid shaft fracture of the tibia following stabilisation of the fracture with plates. A horse with a chip fracture of the distal radius and three other animals with fractures of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpal bone were also successfully treated with lag screws to stabilise the fractures. Treatment of the remaining 13 horses was unsuccessful as a result of refracture or infection. This group included horses with fractures of the radius (three cases), the third metatarsal bone (three cases), proximal epiphysis of the tibia (two cases) and five foals with mid shaft fractures of the femur.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of equine fractures. The current trends in equine fracture treatment are reviewed. Surgical approach, method of fixation, the advantages of Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) implants and the complications of treatment are discussed with reference to 21 fracture cases. Normal limb function was restored in four horses with fractures of the olecranon and one with a mid shaft fracture of the tibia following stabilisation of the fracture with plates. A horse with a chip fracture of the distal radius and three other animals with fractures of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpal bone were also successfully treated with lag screws to stabilise the fractures. Treatment of the remaining 13 horses was unsuccessful as a result of refracture or infection. This group included horses with fractures of the radius (three cases), the third metatarsal bone (three cases), proximal epiphysis of the tibia (two cases) and five foals with mid shaft fractures of the femur.", "PMID": 654023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5758", "title": "Serological response in mares affected by contagious equine metritis 1977.", "content": "A serum agglutination and antiglobulin test is described for the detection of antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism. A provisional interpretation of the test is proposed and using this interpretation the results of 66 such tests are discussed.", "contents": "Serological response in mares affected by contagious equine metritis 1977. A serum agglutination and antiglobulin test is described for the detection of antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism. A provisional interpretation of the test is proposed and using this interpretation the results of 66 such tests are discussed.", "PMID": 654024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5759", "title": "Morphology, histology and functional anatomy of the canine cranial cruciate ligament.", "content": "Morphologically the canine cranial cruciate ligament can be divided into a cranio-medial and caudo-lateral component which perform reciprocal functions at all angles of flexion of the stifle joint. Histologically the main constituents of these two components are bundles of longitudinally orientated collagen fibre. The results of the study of the effect of partial and total sectioning of the cranial cruciate ligament on the \"anterior-draw\" movement implied that the relatively minor degree of movement, elicited following sectioning of either of the components of the ligament, would not be detected under clinical conditions. For joint instability to be clinically detectable most of the ligament must have ruptured, or the intact portion must have undergone degenerative or disruptive changes.", "contents": "Morphology, histology and functional anatomy of the canine cranial cruciate ligament. Morphologically the canine cranial cruciate ligament can be divided into a cranio-medial and caudo-lateral component which perform reciprocal functions at all angles of flexion of the stifle joint. Histologically the main constituents of these two components are bundles of longitudinally orientated collagen fibre. The results of the study of the effect of partial and total sectioning of the cranial cruciate ligament on the \"anterior-draw\" movement implied that the relatively minor degree of movement, elicited following sectioning of either of the components of the ligament, would not be detected under clinical conditions. For joint instability to be clinically detectable most of the ligament must have ruptured, or the intact portion must have undergone degenerative or disruptive changes.", "PMID": 654025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5760", "title": "An outbreak of monensin poisoning in adult turkeys.", "content": "Monensin, fed in excess of 200 ppm caused mortality in Triple 5 and Triple 6 turkeys aged 25 weeks old and over. Mortality commenced three to four days after administering feed containing monensin and ceased three to five days after it was removed. This concentration of drug did not have any detectable adverse effects on Triple 5 turkeys fed from day old, four weeks old, or 11 weeks old for periods of two weeks.", "contents": "An outbreak of monensin poisoning in adult turkeys. Monensin, fed in excess of 200 ppm caused mortality in Triple 5 and Triple 6 turkeys aged 25 weeks old and over. Mortality commenced three to four days after administering feed containing monensin and ceased three to five days after it was removed. This concentration of drug did not have any detectable adverse effects on Triple 5 turkeys fed from day old, four weeks old, or 11 weeks old for periods of two weeks.", "PMID": 654035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5761", "title": "Small animal husbandry: what should be taught?", "content": "As far as the small animals are concerned, animal husbandry refers to animal welfare and management. There are five main areas of undergraduate instruction in this subject--normal animal behaviour, nutritional requirements, restraint, housing and management in disease. University education, vacational studies and personal experience all provide important sources of knowledge. Most university instruction in small animal welfare and management is provided in the clinical courses where extensive care material can be utilised in practical teaching. Integration of the animal husbandry and clinical courses is to be encouraged.", "contents": "Small animal husbandry: what should be taught? As far as the small animals are concerned, animal husbandry refers to animal welfare and management. There are five main areas of undergraduate instruction in this subject--normal animal behaviour, nutritional requirements, restraint, housing and management in disease. University education, vacational studies and personal experience all provide important sources of knowledge. Most university instruction in small animal welfare and management is provided in the clinical courses where extensive care material can be utilised in practical teaching. Integration of the animal husbandry and clinical courses is to be encouraged.", "PMID": 654036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5762", "title": "Quantification of obstetric traction.", "content": "Measurements of factors involved in the degree of traction exerted during obstetric cases were carried out. Bovine material force was approximately 150 lbs. Maximum manual effort would be approximately four times this and mechanical traction would be at least 50 per cent higher again. A workable maternal fetal ratio was established for use in cases of fetal oversize. Possible quantification of other factors is also discussed.", "contents": "Quantification of obstetric traction. Measurements of factors involved in the degree of traction exerted during obstetric cases were carried out. Bovine material force was approximately 150 lbs. Maximum manual effort would be approximately four times this and mechanical traction would be at least 50 per cent higher again. A workable maternal fetal ratio was established for use in cases of fetal oversize. Possible quantification of other factors is also discussed.", "PMID": 654044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5763", "title": "Salmonella gona infection in sheep.", "content": "A field outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella agona in sheep and some subsequent experimental work is described. While the field outbreak in pregnant ewes and neonatal lambs caused severe losses the experimental disease in non-pregnant sheep was mild and transient. S agona was not isolated from the carcases of the experimental sheep killed after 28 days post infection but it persisted for 69 days in the faeces of one ewe which was kept alive for three months. Media comparisons indicated that selenite enrichment broths incubated at 43 degrees C and plated on to brilliant green agar gave the most satisfactory cultural results.", "contents": "Salmonella gona infection in sheep. A field outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella agona in sheep and some subsequent experimental work is described. While the field outbreak in pregnant ewes and neonatal lambs caused severe losses the experimental disease in non-pregnant sheep was mild and transient. S agona was not isolated from the carcases of the experimental sheep killed after 28 days post infection but it persisted for 69 days in the faeces of one ewe which was kept alive for three months. Media comparisons indicated that selenite enrichment broths incubated at 43 degrees C and plated on to brilliant green agar gave the most satisfactory cultural results.", "PMID": 654045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5764", "title": "Biochemical changes in horses during a 50-mile endurance ride.", "content": "Blood samples were taken from 15 horses before and after a 50-mile ride to examine the changes occurring in some biochemical constituents. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations and a rise in inorganic phosphate but there was no alteration in plasma sodium, chloride or protein levels or change in haematocrit. After the ride there was a highly significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood glucose corresponding with increased lipolysis and a rise in plasma free fatty acids (P less than 0.001) and glycerol (P less than 0.001). There was a modest increase in blood lactate and a rise in plasma creatine phosphokinase. The results of this preliminary investigation are discussed in relation to the problem of exhaustion in horses during endurance rides.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in horses during a 50-mile endurance ride. Blood samples were taken from 15 horses before and after a 50-mile ride to examine the changes occurring in some biochemical constituents. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations and a rise in inorganic phosphate but there was no alteration in plasma sodium, chloride or protein levels or change in haematocrit. After the ride there was a highly significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood glucose corresponding with increased lipolysis and a rise in plasma free fatty acids (P less than 0.001) and glycerol (P less than 0.001). There was a modest increase in blood lactate and a rise in plasma creatine phosphokinase. The results of this preliminary investigation are discussed in relation to the problem of exhaustion in horses during endurance rides.", "PMID": 654049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5765", "title": "Non-surgical recovery of bovine embryos.", "content": "The non-surgical recovery of bovine embryos was examined using a three-lumen PVC catheter passed to the tip of each uterine horn. The recovery of eggs placed in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, with protein was very efficient whether in boiling tubes or funnels. In the absence of protein egg recovery was considerably lower. In a group of 42 heifers, superovulated on two occasions, embryos were recovered non-surgically on day 7 after the first superovulation (Day 0 = oestrus) and surgically after the second. Laparotomy was performed on each occasion and the number of corpora lutea counted. Ovulation rate was lower at the second superovulation and a correspondingly greater recovery of embryos was obtained surgically (P less than 0.02). Non-surgical recovery rates from anaesthetised cows and heifers and from standing sedated heifers were found to be similar. The distance of the catheter tip from the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) significantly affected recovery rate (P less than 0.001). Best results were obtained when the catheter tip was within 5 cm of the UTJ. Most embryos were recovered in the first 100 ml of recovered medium. The method compares favourably with other reported methods.", "contents": "Non-surgical recovery of bovine embryos. The non-surgical recovery of bovine embryos was examined using a three-lumen PVC catheter passed to the tip of each uterine horn. The recovery of eggs placed in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, with protein was very efficient whether in boiling tubes or funnels. In the absence of protein egg recovery was considerably lower. In a group of 42 heifers, superovulated on two occasions, embryos were recovered non-surgically on day 7 after the first superovulation (Day 0 = oestrus) and surgically after the second. Laparotomy was performed on each occasion and the number of corpora lutea counted. Ovulation rate was lower at the second superovulation and a correspondingly greater recovery of embryos was obtained surgically (P less than 0.02). Non-surgical recovery rates from anaesthetised cows and heifers and from standing sedated heifers were found to be similar. The distance of the catheter tip from the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) significantly affected recovery rate (P less than 0.001). Best results were obtained when the catheter tip was within 5 cm of the UTJ. Most embryos were recovered in the first 100 ml of recovered medium. The method compares favourably with other reported methods.", "PMID": 654055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5766", "title": "Serum immune globulin status of purchased calves: an unreliable guide to viability and performance.", "content": "The circulating immune globulin levels and weights of 40 bought-in calves were measured as the group was introduced into a commercial calf rearing enterprise. Records of growth rate and mortality were kept during the 11 to 12 weeks the group remained on the premises. This was repeated with five further batches. No relationship could be found between the recorded performance parameters of the calves and either the immune globulin content of their serum or their weight at purchase.", "contents": "Serum immune globulin status of purchased calves: an unreliable guide to viability and performance. The circulating immune globulin levels and weights of 40 bought-in calves were measured as the group was introduced into a commercial calf rearing enterprise. Records of growth rate and mortality were kept during the 11 to 12 weeks the group remained on the premises. This was repeated with five further batches. No relationship could be found between the recorded performance parameters of the calves and either the immune globulin content of their serum or their weight at purchase.", "PMID": 654056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5767", "title": "A simple technique for measurement of pressure in the tympanitic rumen of cattle.", "content": "The construction and method of use of a simple device for the non-invasive measurement of intra-rumenal pressure is outlined. Results obtained from calves suffering from increased intra-rumenal pressure (bloat) are shown. The method is capable of quantifying pressures involved in bloat and could be used to augment the visual assessment of bloat scoring.", "contents": "A simple technique for measurement of pressure in the tympanitic rumen of cattle. The construction and method of use of a simple device for the non-invasive measurement of intra-rumenal pressure is outlined. Results obtained from calves suffering from increased intra-rumenal pressure (bloat) are shown. The method is capable of quantifying pressures involved in bloat and could be used to augment the visual assessment of bloat scoring.", "PMID": 654057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5768", "title": "Discrete prostatic (paraprostatic) cysts in the dog.", "content": "A description is given of the history, clinical features, surgery, outcome and pathology of 12 dogs with discrete prostatic cysts over 50 ml in volume. The dogs were middle-aged and presented with either urinary or alimentary signs or both. The cyst was usually palpable in the posterior abdomen as a smooth, non-painful mass, readily demonstrable on contrast radiography (pneumocystogram). Attempts were made to drain and resect the cysts, but resection often proved difficult due to its attachment to the region of bladder neck and ureters. In no case could the origin be shown to be from an enlarged uterus masculinus. The cyst content was invariably sterile, but its nature and the pathology of the cyst wall varied considerably between individuals. Since the long-term outcome was only satisfactory in three cases, the prognosis must be guarded.", "contents": "Discrete prostatic (paraprostatic) cysts in the dog. A description is given of the history, clinical features, surgery, outcome and pathology of 12 dogs with discrete prostatic cysts over 50 ml in volume. The dogs were middle-aged and presented with either urinary or alimentary signs or both. The cyst was usually palpable in the posterior abdomen as a smooth, non-painful mass, readily demonstrable on contrast radiography (pneumocystogram). Attempts were made to drain and resect the cysts, but resection often proved difficult due to its attachment to the region of bladder neck and ureters. In no case could the origin be shown to be from an enlarged uterus masculinus. The cyst content was invariably sterile, but its nature and the pathology of the cyst wall varied considerably between individuals. Since the long-term outcome was only satisfactory in three cases, the prognosis must be guarded.", "PMID": 654065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5769", "title": "A field trial of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH D3) in the prevention of milk fever.", "content": "The efficacy of 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol for the prevention of milk fever has been tested in a controlled field trial using 597 cows on 19 farms all of which had previously had a high incidence of milk fever. Of 293 cows receiving 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol 34 had milk fever and of 304 control cows 51 had milk fever. Although there was an apparent efficacy of 31 per cent the difference in incidence was not statistically significant. There was no effect if 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol was administered less than 24 hours before the cows succumbed to milk fever. However, if 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol was administered more than 24 hours and less than one week before the occurrence of milk fever the efficacy increased to 61 per cent and the effect was highly significant.", "contents": "A field trial of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH D3) in the prevention of milk fever. The efficacy of 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol for the prevention of milk fever has been tested in a controlled field trial using 597 cows on 19 farms all of which had previously had a high incidence of milk fever. Of 293 cows receiving 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol 34 had milk fever and of 304 control cows 51 had milk fever. Although there was an apparent efficacy of 31 per cent the difference in incidence was not statistically significant. There was no effect if 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol was administered less than 24 hours before the cows succumbed to milk fever. However, if 1alpha-OH cholecalciferol was administered more than 24 hours and less than one week before the occurrence of milk fever the efficacy increased to 61 per cent and the effect was highly significant.", "PMID": 654066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5770", "title": "1alpha hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of milk fever.", "content": "During the 12 months commencing July 1976 the animals in a herd of 400 Friesian cows which were carrying their second or later calf were injected intramuscularly with either microgram of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in 5 ml aqueous carrier or with 5 ml of carrier. The injections were randomised so that 135 of the 269 injected cows received the drug and 134 received the carrier solution. Ten of the experimental group (7.4 per cent) and 22 of the control group (16.4 per cent) had to be treated for milk fever, (P less than 0.08). The protective effect was greatest, (P less than 0.001), when the cows calved between one and eight days after injection of the drug.", "contents": "1alpha hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of milk fever. During the 12 months commencing July 1976 the animals in a herd of 400 Friesian cows which were carrying their second or later calf were injected intramuscularly with either microgram of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in 5 ml aqueous carrier or with 5 ml of carrier. The injections were randomised so that 135 of the 269 injected cows received the drug and 134 received the carrier solution. Ten of the experimental group (7.4 per cent) and 22 of the control group (16.4 per cent) had to be treated for milk fever, (P less than 0.08). The protective effect was greatest, (P less than 0.001), when the cows calved between one and eight days after injection of the drug.", "PMID": 654067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5771", "title": "[Expansion of the indications for sphincter-preserving operations in rectal cancer].", "content": "The authors present the analysis of 353 abdomino-anal resections of the rectum with a pull-through procedure on the colon. Different postoperative complications were noted in 88 patients (24.9%), 59 of them (16.7%) developed complications typical for the procedure concerned (necrosis of the descended colon, colovaginal fistula). Due to a high level of the descended colon necrosis 24 patients (6.7%) were subjected to the reoperation - a double trunk transversostomy to exclude feces. In 37 patients with necrosis of the descended intestine a principally new method of treatment with colonic enemas was employed. As a result, there was a possibility to avoid colostomy and to liquidate diastasis between the descended colon and anal canal in 33 patients. The postoperative mortality among patients, subjected to abdomino-anal resection of the rectum with a pull-through procedure on different portions of the colon, made 3.1 per cent.", "contents": "[Expansion of the indications for sphincter-preserving operations in rectal cancer]. The authors present the analysis of 353 abdomino-anal resections of the rectum with a pull-through procedure on the colon. Different postoperative complications were noted in 88 patients (24.9%), 59 of them (16.7%) developed complications typical for the procedure concerned (necrosis of the descended colon, colovaginal fistula). Due to a high level of the descended colon necrosis 24 patients (6.7%) were subjected to the reoperation - a double trunk transversostomy to exclude feces. In 37 patients with necrosis of the descended intestine a principally new method of treatment with colonic enemas was employed. As a result, there was a possibility to avoid colostomy and to liquidate diastasis between the descended colon and anal canal in 33 patients. The postoperative mortality among patients, subjected to abdomino-anal resection of the rectum with a pull-through procedure on different portions of the colon, made 3.1 per cent.", "PMID": 654166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5772", "title": "[Surgical treatment of rectal cancer].", "content": "The author presents on analysis of the treatment of pathological patients, admitted to the Chair of Hospital Surgery of Kuibyshev Medical Institute named after D. I. Uljyanov, for a 32-year period. A total number of patients-21.590, 1.702 of them were treated for rectal cancer, and 1.250 fo these (73.4) were radically operated upon. Three basic types of radical surgery performed by the author are described, as well as the method of the postoperative management of the patients (chemotherapy, etc). A survival over 5 years was noted 46.5% and over 10 years in 18.1% of radically operated patients.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of rectal cancer]. The author presents on analysis of the treatment of pathological patients, admitted to the Chair of Hospital Surgery of Kuibyshev Medical Institute named after D. I. Uljyanov, for a 32-year period. A total number of patients-21.590, 1.702 of them were treated for rectal cancer, and 1.250 fo these (73.4) were radically operated upon. Three basic types of radical surgery performed by the author are described, as well as the method of the postoperative management of the patients (chemotherapy, etc). A survival over 5 years was noted 46.5% and over 10 years in 18.1% of radically operated patients.", "PMID": 654167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5773", "title": "[Acid-base equilibrium in rectal cancer under combined therapy].", "content": "Under study were the indices of the acid-base condition of blood in 49 patients with rectal cancer at different stages of the combined therapy (intensive telegamma therapy and surgery). The control group comprised 47 analogous patients subjected to surgical therapy solely. A mixed respiratory-metablic acidosis with signs of tissue hypoxia was noted prior to the treatment. Following irradiation and during the operative procedure these changes would aggravate. In irradiated patients these disorders are manifest to a greater extent and age dependent on the duration of the operative procedure, blood losses and the amount of transfused donor blood. If there are no complications, then such disorders resume their initial level or are normalized to the 1st-3d day postoperatively. To correct metabolic acidosis in the irradiated patients more intesive medication measures would be required.", "contents": "[Acid-base equilibrium in rectal cancer under combined therapy]. Under study were the indices of the acid-base condition of blood in 49 patients with rectal cancer at different stages of the combined therapy (intensive telegamma therapy and surgery). The control group comprised 47 analogous patients subjected to surgical therapy solely. A mixed respiratory-metablic acidosis with signs of tissue hypoxia was noted prior to the treatment. Following irradiation and during the operative procedure these changes would aggravate. In irradiated patients these disorders are manifest to a greater extent and age dependent on the duration of the operative procedure, blood losses and the amount of transfused donor blood. If there are no complications, then such disorders resume their initial level or are normalized to the 1st-3d day postoperatively. To correct metabolic acidosis in the irradiated patients more intesive medication measures would be required.", "PMID": 654168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5774", "title": "[Results of treating the late complications of patients radically operated on for rectal cancer].", "content": "Based on the study of the causes of rehospitalization of 323 patients. Previously operated upon for rectal cancer, it was found that 91 patients developed late postoperative complications, 96 - recurrences, 45 - distant metastases and 51 - metachronous tumors. Among surgical complications colostome strictures in the anal region (37), mucosa prolapse (26) and paracolonic fistulas (23) were most frequently observed. The analysis of treatment for tumor recurrences (96) and distant metastases (45) indicated that surgical excision seems to be mostly effective as a radical procedure. The effect of electrocoagulation in recurrences is somewhate inferior to surgery but still it is appreciable enough. The use of irradiation, chemotherapy, palliative operations fails to produce any appreciable effect on patients' lifeterms.", "contents": "[Results of treating the late complications of patients radically operated on for rectal cancer]. Based on the study of the causes of rehospitalization of 323 patients. Previously operated upon for rectal cancer, it was found that 91 patients developed late postoperative complications, 96 - recurrences, 45 - distant metastases and 51 - metachronous tumors. Among surgical complications colostome strictures in the anal region (37), mucosa prolapse (26) and paracolonic fistulas (23) were most frequently observed. The analysis of treatment for tumor recurrences (96) and distant metastases (45) indicated that surgical excision seems to be mostly effective as a radical procedure. The effect of electrocoagulation in recurrences is somewhate inferior to surgery but still it is appreciable enough. The use of irradiation, chemotherapy, palliative operations fails to produce any appreciable effect on patients' lifeterms.", "PMID": 654170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5775", "title": "[Pathogenesis of polyposis of the large intestine].", "content": "As a result of the complex investigation of the functional-morphological status of the small intestine, it was shown that polyposis of the colon is associated with a natural involvement of the small intestine in the pathological process. It is felt that the pathology of the small intestine per se is one of the major pathogenetic trains of colonic polyposis, while its clinical manifestation is the result of the functional-morphological imcompetency of compensatory-adaptive reactions in the digestion system.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of polyposis of the large intestine]. As a result of the complex investigation of the functional-morphological status of the small intestine, it was shown that polyposis of the colon is associated with a natural involvement of the small intestine in the pathological process. It is felt that the pathology of the small intestine per se is one of the major pathogenetic trains of colonic polyposis, while its clinical manifestation is the result of the functional-morphological imcompetency of compensatory-adaptive reactions in the digestion system.", "PMID": 654171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5776", "title": "[Combined transplacental carcinogenic action of N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) in rats].", "content": "To reveal the relationship between teratogenesis and carcinogenesis, the author studied brain blastomogenesis features against the background of the development of deformities induced by the combined transplacental effect of NMU and NEU. To induce brain defects such as microcephaly NMU was injected on the 15th day, whereas to induce cerebellar defects- on the 21st day of embryogenesis. Moreover, at the 13th or 17th day NEU was additionally injected, which is found to be highly effective for inducing brain tumors. It was found that in NMU exposure (at the 15th day) until NEU exposure (at the 17th day of embryogenesis) no reliable decrease in brain tumor occurrence was noted, compared with that if only NEU was employed. In the reverse sequence, i. e. first the exposure to NEU (at the 13th day) and then to NMU (at the 15th day) the occurrence of tumors located in cerebral hemisphers was 3 times less. It is assumed that cytotoxic effect of NMU leading to microcephaly is likely to cause the death of a considerable amount of cell population previously transformed.", "contents": "[Combined transplacental carcinogenic action of N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) in rats]. To reveal the relationship between teratogenesis and carcinogenesis, the author studied brain blastomogenesis features against the background of the development of deformities induced by the combined transplacental effect of NMU and NEU. To induce brain defects such as microcephaly NMU was injected on the 15th day, whereas to induce cerebellar defects- on the 21st day of embryogenesis. Moreover, at the 13th or 17th day NEU was additionally injected, which is found to be highly effective for inducing brain tumors. It was found that in NMU exposure (at the 15th day) until NEU exposure (at the 17th day of embryogenesis) no reliable decrease in brain tumor occurrence was noted, compared with that if only NEU was employed. In the reverse sequence, i. e. first the exposure to NEU (at the 13th day) and then to NMU (at the 15th day) the occurrence of tumors located in cerebral hemisphers was 3 times less. It is assumed that cytotoxic effect of NMU leading to microcephaly is likely to cause the death of a considerable amount of cell population previously transformed.", "PMID": 654172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5777", "title": "[Development of malignant tumors in rats under the influence of nickel-containing aerosols].", "content": "The authors conducted observations of 70 nonpedigree white rats, subjected to inhalation, intraperitoneal or intratracheal effect of nickel-containing dusts (feinstein, nickel monoxide) typical for nickel black production. It was found that intraperitoneal injection of feinstein dusts after 6-15 months was followed by the development of sarcomas at the site of injection (in 6 of 39 rats). Following inhalation dusting with feinstein dust in one of 5 cases squamous cell lung carcinoma without keratinization has arisen. Intracheal injection of nickel monoxide dust resulted in the development of squamous cell lung carcinoma without keratinization in one of 26 rats. In control series no tumors were found. The data obtained indicate the blastomogenic effect of dusts of nickel black production and are in keeping with the results of epidemiological studies and dictate the necessity of radical measures of the combat against dust at nickel-production plants.", "contents": "[Development of malignant tumors in rats under the influence of nickel-containing aerosols]. The authors conducted observations of 70 nonpedigree white rats, subjected to inhalation, intraperitoneal or intratracheal effect of nickel-containing dusts (feinstein, nickel monoxide) typical for nickel black production. It was found that intraperitoneal injection of feinstein dusts after 6-15 months was followed by the development of sarcomas at the site of injection (in 6 of 39 rats). Following inhalation dusting with feinstein dust in one of 5 cases squamous cell lung carcinoma without keratinization has arisen. Intracheal injection of nickel monoxide dust resulted in the development of squamous cell lung carcinoma without keratinization in one of 26 rats. In control series no tumors were found. The data obtained indicate the blastomogenic effect of dusts of nickel black production and are in keeping with the results of epidemiological studies and dictate the necessity of radical measures of the combat against dust at nickel-production plants.", "PMID": 654173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5778", "title": "[Antitumor action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and the effectiveness of a combination with sarcolysine].", "content": "Therapeutic properties of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) were studied on 12 strains of transplantable tumors and leukemias in mice. The compound is characterized by a wide spectrum of antitumor action. The greatest effect was gained in adenocarcinoma of the lage intestine (strain AKATOL), proventricular cancer (strain PRG) and adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland (strain Ca-755). The terms of survival in mice with leukemia (strain La and L-1210) and ascites hepatoma 22 are increased considerably. In some L-1210 animals the complete cure was noted. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) may be effectively combined with sarcolysin. Much greater antitumor effect was obtained on 3 tumor strains (AKATOL, Ca-755 and sarcoma 37) with the combined therapy than with each drug used separately. The histological study of Ca-755 during chemotherapy indicated that immunocompetent cells of the organism play an important role in the mechanism of antitumor action of the platinum complex. This is manifested in the development of intensive lymphohistiocytic reaction around and inside the tumor. A damage to the convoluted tubules of the kidney and intestinal villi is one of the main adverse side-effects of the combination.", "contents": "[Antitumor action of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and the effectiveness of a combination with sarcolysine]. Therapeutic properties of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) were studied on 12 strains of transplantable tumors and leukemias in mice. The compound is characterized by a wide spectrum of antitumor action. The greatest effect was gained in adenocarcinoma of the lage intestine (strain AKATOL), proventricular cancer (strain PRG) and adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland (strain Ca-755). The terms of survival in mice with leukemia (strain La and L-1210) and ascites hepatoma 22 are increased considerably. In some L-1210 animals the complete cure was noted. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) may be effectively combined with sarcolysin. Much greater antitumor effect was obtained on 3 tumor strains (AKATOL, Ca-755 and sarcoma 37) with the combined therapy than with each drug used separately. The histological study of Ca-755 during chemotherapy indicated that immunocompetent cells of the organism play an important role in the mechanism of antitumor action of the platinum complex. This is manifested in the development of intensive lymphohistiocytic reaction around and inside the tumor. A damage to the convoluted tubules of the kidney and intestinal villi is one of the main adverse side-effects of the combination.", "PMID": 654174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5779", "title": "[Choice of the method of operation in rectal cancer].", "content": "The analysis of 257 radical operations of the rectum for cancer, made comparatively for 2 decades period, indicated that the increase of the experience and skill of surgical specialists and current successes in practical surgery and anesthesiology ran parallel to the increased amount of sphincter-preserving operations - from 15% in 1964 to 52% in 1976. The advantages of abdomino-anal resection with a pull-through procedure are emphasized.", "contents": "[Choice of the method of operation in rectal cancer]. The analysis of 257 radical operations of the rectum for cancer, made comparatively for 2 decades period, indicated that the increase of the experience and skill of surgical specialists and current successes in practical surgery and anesthesiology ran parallel to the increased amount of sphincter-preserving operations - from 15% in 1964 to 52% in 1976. The advantages of abdomino-anal resection with a pull-through procedure are emphasized.", "PMID": 654175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5780", "title": "[Improvement in the functional and morphological mononuclear blood cell indices under the influence of miscleron].", "content": "Taking into account the conception of metabolic immunosuppression, arising in the case when fatty acids but no glucose serves as the basic energetic substrate, the authors have studied the effect of miscleron (clofibrate, athromid-S) on a number of hormonal-metabolic and immune indices. It is shown that miscleron in addition to decreasing the blood level of cholesterol, beta-lipoproteids, triglycerids, free fatty acids, cortisol and reducing 17-ketosteroids excretion, produces higher indices of the blasttransformation reaction, induced by FHA, an increased phagocytic index of monocytes, a rise in the level of peroxidase and lysosomal activity of monocytes. Miscleron and other substances lowering the lipid level in blood should be examined in patients with nonlymphoid types of tumors both with the aim to eliminate metabolic immunosuppression and to retard the rate of tumor cells growth due to a reduced level of low density lipoproteins.", "contents": "[Improvement in the functional and morphological mononuclear blood cell indices under the influence of miscleron]. Taking into account the conception of metabolic immunosuppression, arising in the case when fatty acids but no glucose serves as the basic energetic substrate, the authors have studied the effect of miscleron (clofibrate, athromid-S) on a number of hormonal-metabolic and immune indices. It is shown that miscleron in addition to decreasing the blood level of cholesterol, beta-lipoproteids, triglycerids, free fatty acids, cortisol and reducing 17-ketosteroids excretion, produces higher indices of the blasttransformation reaction, induced by FHA, an increased phagocytic index of monocytes, a rise in the level of peroxidase and lysosomal activity of monocytes. Miscleron and other substances lowering the lipid level in blood should be examined in patients with nonlymphoid types of tumors both with the aim to eliminate metabolic immunosuppression and to retard the rate of tumor cells growth due to a reduced level of low density lipoproteins.", "PMID": 654176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5781", "title": "[Therapeutic effect from the combined action of pyrogenal and irradiation on sarcoma 45 in rats].", "content": "The use of pyrogenal associated with radiotherapy in the experiment (rat sarcoma-45) contributes to a successful realization of radiotherapeutic effect, longer life-terms and non-recurrence period, the increased number of completely cured and survived animals. Pyrogenal would produce no adverse side-effects.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect from the combined action of pyrogenal and irradiation on sarcoma 45 in rats]. The use of pyrogenal associated with radiotherapy in the experiment (rat sarcoma-45) contributes to a successful realization of radiotherapeutic effect, longer life-terms and non-recurrence period, the increased number of completely cured and survived animals. Pyrogenal would produce no adverse side-effects.", "PMID": 654177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5782", "title": "[Aspects of the combined treatment of rectal cancer].", "content": "A comparative estimation of the results of the treatment for rectal cancer in 2 groups of patients has shown the number of postoperative complications following the combined method to be 68.5%, while in surgical method-51.4%. Greater incidence of complications was dependent on the technic of irradiation employed, and to a certain extent, could be due to a more pronounced reduction of the sympatho-adrenal system activity and immunobiological reactivity of the organism in this group of patients. The postoperative mortality was approximately the same and yielded 9.9% in the combined and 11.7% in surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Aspects of the combined treatment of rectal cancer]. A comparative estimation of the results of the treatment for rectal cancer in 2 groups of patients has shown the number of postoperative complications following the combined method to be 68.5%, while in surgical method-51.4%. Greater incidence of complications was dependent on the technic of irradiation employed, and to a certain extent, could be due to a more pronounced reduction of the sympatho-adrenal system activity and immunobiological reactivity of the organism in this group of patients. The postoperative mortality was approximately the same and yielded 9.9% in the combined and 11.7% in surgical treatment.", "PMID": 654179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5783", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of malignant polyps of the rectum and sigmoid].", "content": "By means of cytological and histological methods of investigation malignant transformation of rectal and sigmoid polyps was revealed in 6.3% among 127 patients suffering polyps. Electroexcision of tumors resulting in persistent cure is felt to be the method of choice in treatment of such patients.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of malignant polyps of the rectum and sigmoid]. By means of cytological and histological methods of investigation malignant transformation of rectal and sigmoid polyps was revealed in 6.3% among 127 patients suffering polyps. Electroexcision of tumors resulting in persistent cure is felt to be the method of choice in treatment of such patients.", "PMID": 654180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5784", "title": "[Abdominoanal resections of the rectum in cancer].", "content": "The positive aspects of abdomino-anal resections are as follows: their radicality (a 5-year postoperative survival - in 64.8% of patients, a 10-year survival - in 47.3%), somewhat low rate of the postoperative mortality (5.5%), excellent, good and satisfactory function of the sphincter was noted in 79.6%. Whereas its shortcomings are necroses of the rectum following the pull-through procedures, necessitating a double-trunk colostomy to be performed in 2.4% of patients, and the impaired sphincter functioning. Some measures to reduce the mentioned complications are suggested. The study is based on 417 observations.", "contents": "[Abdominoanal resections of the rectum in cancer]. The positive aspects of abdomino-anal resections are as follows: their radicality (a 5-year postoperative survival - in 64.8% of patients, a 10-year survival - in 47.3%), somewhat low rate of the postoperative mortality (5.5%), excellent, good and satisfactory function of the sphincter was noted in 79.6%. Whereas its shortcomings are necroses of the rectum following the pull-through procedures, necessitating a double-trunk colostomy to be performed in 2.4% of patients, and the impaired sphincter functioning. Some measures to reduce the mentioned complications are suggested. The study is based on 417 observations.", "PMID": 654182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5785", "title": "[Pituitary neoplasms extending into the nasal cavity and their needle biopsy cytodiagnosis].", "content": "In 5.5% of 126 patients treated for hypophyseal tumors at the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery, AMS USSR for 12 months, spread of the new growth to the nasal cavity was revealed. The tumor was usually located in the posterosuperior parts of the nose and was discovered on anterior rhinoscopy only after the nasal mucosa had been carefully anemized, particularly with the use of a nasal dilator with a lamp on its end specially designed by us. Spread of a hypophyseal tumor to the nasal cavity was encountered when the tumor was very large and grew regularly in all directions or when it was marked by selective infrasellarg growth in the direction of the sphenoidal sinus. Cytologic examination of the punctate made it possible to determine the presence of the hypophyseal tumor and its character (benign, malignant) and differentiate it from other new growths and from c.s.p. cysts.", "contents": "[Pituitary neoplasms extending into the nasal cavity and their needle biopsy cytodiagnosis]. In 5.5% of 126 patients treated for hypophyseal tumors at the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery, AMS USSR for 12 months, spread of the new growth to the nasal cavity was revealed. The tumor was usually located in the posterosuperior parts of the nose and was discovered on anterior rhinoscopy only after the nasal mucosa had been carefully anemized, particularly with the use of a nasal dilator with a lamp on its end specially designed by us. Spread of a hypophyseal tumor to the nasal cavity was encountered when the tumor was very large and grew regularly in all directions or when it was marked by selective infrasellarg growth in the direction of the sphenoidal sinus. Cytologic examination of the punctate made it possible to determine the presence of the hypophyseal tumor and its character (benign, malignant) and differentiate it from other new growths and from c.s.p. cysts.", "PMID": 654183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5786", "title": "[Regional-cerebral and systemic hemodynamic disorders in brain tumors].", "content": "The results of a combined electro-physiological study of cerebral circulation, peripheral circulation and cardiac activity in 100 patients with supratentorial tumors of the brain were examined. Regional-cerebral and systemic hemodynamic disorders increase with the development of intracranial hypertension and in a definite way depend on the histological structure of the new growth and the effect of the median brain structure.", "contents": "[Regional-cerebral and systemic hemodynamic disorders in brain tumors]. The results of a combined electro-physiological study of cerebral circulation, peripheral circulation and cardiac activity in 100 patients with supratentorial tumors of the brain were examined. Regional-cerebral and systemic hemodynamic disorders increase with the development of intracranial hypertension and in a definite way depend on the histological structure of the new growth and the effect of the median brain structure.", "PMID": 654184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5787", "title": "[Diagnostic possibilities and prospects for the use of thermovision in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "On the basis of examination of 130 patients, the authors describe for the first time the thermovision syndromes of cerebral tumors, intracranial hematomas, posttraumatic cranial defects, tumors of the spinal cord, Schmorl' body, injuries to the peripheral nerves, and some other neurosurgical pathologic conditions. The mechanisms of the origin of thermoasymmetry are discussed. The diagnostic possibilities and the prospects of thermovision in neurosurgery are disclosed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic possibilities and prospects for the use of thermovision in neurosurgical clinical practice]. On the basis of examination of 130 patients, the authors describe for the first time the thermovision syndromes of cerebral tumors, intracranial hematomas, posttraumatic cranial defects, tumors of the spinal cord, Schmorl' body, injuries to the peripheral nerves, and some other neurosurgical pathologic conditions. The mechanisms of the origin of thermoasymmetry are discussed. The diagnostic possibilities and the prospects of thermovision in neurosurgery are disclosed.", "PMID": 654185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5788", "title": "[Topographoanatomic prerequisites for radical surgery of craniopharyngiomas].", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with craniopharyngioma were tested by total (41) or subtotal (26) resection of the tumor. The possibility for radical removal of a craniopharyngioma depends on the size of the tumor and the character of its growth and on the peculiarities of its relation with the abjoining structures, i.e. the sella turcica, third ventricle, optic chiasm, and the vessels of the cerebral base. The tendency to perform radical operations for endosuprasellar craniopharyngiomas may be undertaken if it is possible to achieve atraumatic separation of the capsule of the tumor from the structures forming its seat under the floor of the third ventricle. The results of radical interventions for suprasellar intraventricular craniopharyngiomas are less favourable due to the marked macro- and microstructural changes in the hypothalamic and thalamic parts of the brain.", "contents": "[Topographoanatomic prerequisites for radical surgery of craniopharyngiomas]. Sixty-seven patients with craniopharyngioma were tested by total (41) or subtotal (26) resection of the tumor. The possibility for radical removal of a craniopharyngioma depends on the size of the tumor and the character of its growth and on the peculiarities of its relation with the abjoining structures, i.e. the sella turcica, third ventricle, optic chiasm, and the vessels of the cerebral base. The tendency to perform radical operations for endosuprasellar craniopharyngiomas may be undertaken if it is possible to achieve atraumatic separation of the capsule of the tumor from the structures forming its seat under the floor of the third ventricle. The results of radical interventions for suprasellar intraventricular craniopharyngiomas are less favourable due to the marked macro- and microstructural changes in the hypothalamic and thalamic parts of the brain.", "PMID": 654186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5789", "title": "[Method of continuous direct recording of arterial pressure from a mercury manometer].", "content": "The article describes a transducer for continuous recording of the readings of a mercury manometer in which, to simplify the construction and calibration, the transducer of pressure changes to electric current changes is made of high-resistant (nichrome) wire passed through the tube of the mercury manometer and incorporated in the circuit of the measuring bridge.", "contents": "[Method of continuous direct recording of arterial pressure from a mercury manometer]. The article describes a transducer for continuous recording of the readings of a mercury manometer in which, to simplify the construction and calibration, the transducer of pressure changes to electric current changes is made of high-resistant (nichrome) wire passed through the tube of the mercury manometer and incorporated in the circuit of the measuring bridge.", "PMID": 654187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5790", "title": "[Association of persistent primitive trigeminal artery and an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery].", "content": "A case in which the persisting trigeminal artery is combined with arterial aneurysm is described. This is the 26th case with such combination reported in the world literature and the 4th with combination with an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. The arterial aneurysm was manifested by two subarachnoid hemorrhages, and the persisting trigeminal artery only by mild dysfunction of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. The case described is an additional proof in favour of the theory of the congenital origin of arterial aneurysms of the brain.", "contents": "[Association of persistent primitive trigeminal artery and an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery]. A case in which the persisting trigeminal artery is combined with arterial aneurysm is described. This is the 26th case with such combination reported in the world literature and the 4th with combination with an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. The arterial aneurysm was manifested by two subarachnoid hemorrhages, and the persisting trigeminal artery only by mild dysfunction of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. The case described is an additional proof in favour of the theory of the congenital origin of arterial aneurysms of the brain.", "PMID": 654189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5791", "title": "[\"Moyamoya\" disease].", "content": "The article discusses the clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of a rare pathologic condition of the cerebral vessels known by the Japanese name \"moyamoya\". Six cases with this disease among adults are described. Three patients had ischemic attacks, two young females were found to have intracerebral hematomas which were successfully evacuated. In one case the vascular anomaly became evident after a craniocerebral trauma and was manifested by subarachnoid hemorrhage and infarction in the subcortical structures.", "contents": "[\"Moyamoya\" disease]. The article discusses the clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of a rare pathologic condition of the cerebral vessels known by the Japanese name \"moyamoya\". Six cases with this disease among adults are described. Three patients had ischemic attacks, two young females were found to have intracerebral hematomas which were successfully evacuated. In one case the vascular anomaly became evident after a craniocerebral trauma and was manifested by subarachnoid hemorrhage and infarction in the subcortical structures.", "PMID": 654188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5792", "title": "[Determination of the optimal amount of protein in the diet in chronic enteritis].", "content": "In patients with chronic enteritis the curative effect of diets containing 135 and 160 g of protein was studied. The optimal action was found to produce a diet containing 135 g of protein. An increase of the protein proportion up to 160 g does not improve the clinical efficacy of the diet, nor does it increase the retention of nitrogen. It augments above the normal level the elimination of epinephrine with urine, which is followed by the appearance of creatinuria and an elevated oxygen deficiency in the urine. The dietary with 135 g of protein is to be continued for a lengthy period of time, for it is no sooner than after 1 1/2-2 months of the cure that there appears a tendency toward normalization of the body mass and concentration of ninhydrin-positively responding compounds in the blood serum.", "contents": "[Determination of the optimal amount of protein in the diet in chronic enteritis]. In patients with chronic enteritis the curative effect of diets containing 135 and 160 g of protein was studied. The optimal action was found to produce a diet containing 135 g of protein. An increase of the protein proportion up to 160 g does not improve the clinical efficacy of the diet, nor does it increase the retention of nitrogen. It augments above the normal level the elimination of epinephrine with urine, which is followed by the appearance of creatinuria and an elevated oxygen deficiency in the urine. The dietary with 135 g of protein is to be continued for a lengthy period of time, for it is no sooner than after 1 1/2-2 months of the cure that there appears a tendency toward normalization of the body mass and concentration of ninhydrin-positively responding compounds in the blood serum.", "PMID": 654202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5793", "title": "[Structuring rational nutrition for the workers of the Baikal-Amur mainline route].", "content": "The paper carries information on the requirement in calorific supply, basic nutritional and biologically active substances of some occupational groups of workers engaged in the construction of the railroad. Substantiation is given to the choice of average daily assortments of food products and an analysis of the actual nutritional pattern is presented.", "contents": "[Structuring rational nutrition for the workers of the Baikal-Amur mainline route]. The paper carries information on the requirement in calorific supply, basic nutritional and biologically active substances of some occupational groups of workers engaged in the construction of the railroad. Substantiation is given to the choice of average daily assortments of food products and an analysis of the actual nutritional pattern is presented.", "PMID": 654204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5794", "title": "[Schoolchild nutrition in the Lithuanian SSR].", "content": "The nutrition of schoolchildren was studied on the ground of questionnaires, physiological characteristics of the schoolchildrens' organism, by considering their protein and vitamin C allowances and also by the nourishment status of children, these being classified according to groups of physical development adopted in the USSR.", "contents": "[Schoolchild nutrition in the Lithuanian SSR]. The nutrition of schoolchildren was studied on the ground of questionnaires, physiological characteristics of the schoolchildrens' organism, by considering their protein and vitamin C allowances and also by the nourishment status of children, these being classified according to groups of physical development adopted in the USSR.", "PMID": 654203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5795", "title": "[Analysis of the daily human requirements for thiamine in the newly arrived population of Polar regions].", "content": "The erythrocytes transketolase activity and the TDP-effect were determined in persons residing in the regions beyond the polar circle and these demonstrated a moderate thiamine deficiency. The daily thiamine intake with food in the examined did not exceed 1.5 mg, the thiamine-diphosphate of the epoenzyme amounting to 90 per cent. Following introduction of various pharmacological preparations of vitamin B1 for a space of 2 weeks a somewhat greater transketolase activity and a diminution of the TDP-effect were observed. Administration of cocarboxylase and vitamin B1 with Mg and gelatin more favourable changes were obtained. Some macro- and micro-elements were found to exercise a positive effect on the thiamine assimilation by the tissues. The results obtained indicate that the daily thiamine requirement (allowance) of man in the North does not surpass 1.5-2.0 mg. To control hypovitaminoses in the North it is more effective to use natural vitamin-carriers rather than pharmacological preparations of vitamin B1.", "contents": "[Analysis of the daily human requirements for thiamine in the newly arrived population of Polar regions]. The erythrocytes transketolase activity and the TDP-effect were determined in persons residing in the regions beyond the polar circle and these demonstrated a moderate thiamine deficiency. The daily thiamine intake with food in the examined did not exceed 1.5 mg, the thiamine-diphosphate of the epoenzyme amounting to 90 per cent. Following introduction of various pharmacological preparations of vitamin B1 for a space of 2 weeks a somewhat greater transketolase activity and a diminution of the TDP-effect were observed. Administration of cocarboxylase and vitamin B1 with Mg and gelatin more favourable changes were obtained. Some macro- and micro-elements were found to exercise a positive effect on the thiamine assimilation by the tissues. The results obtained indicate that the daily thiamine requirement (allowance) of man in the North does not surpass 1.5-2.0 mg. To control hypovitaminoses in the North it is more effective to use natural vitamin-carriers rather than pharmacological preparations of vitamin B1.", "PMID": 654205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5796", "title": "[Effect of different food stimuli on pancreatic exocrine function in ontogeny].", "content": "The fermentative adaptation of the pancreas to the quality of food through determination of the amylase, lipase and proteases activity in the contents of the small intestine and the gland homogenate on an empty stomach and 2 hours feeding on the egg white, bread and walnuts were studied in chickens aged 1-60 days. The 1-2 day old chicken are shown to lack the ability to adapt the gamut of pancreatic enzymes to the quality of the stimulant. This ability appears on the 5th day and becomes persistent by the 20th day of life. The adaptability of pancreatic enzymes manifests itself in a predominant rise of the lipolytic activity of the chyme after feeding on a fat stimulant and in the activity of proteases after feeding on protein. In paultry of the age under consideration the fermentative adaptability to carbohydrate food is lacking.", "contents": "[Effect of different food stimuli on pancreatic exocrine function in ontogeny]. The fermentative adaptation of the pancreas to the quality of food through determination of the amylase, lipase and proteases activity in the contents of the small intestine and the gland homogenate on an empty stomach and 2 hours feeding on the egg white, bread and walnuts were studied in chickens aged 1-60 days. The 1-2 day old chicken are shown to lack the ability to adapt the gamut of pancreatic enzymes to the quality of the stimulant. This ability appears on the 5th day and becomes persistent by the 20th day of life. The adaptability of pancreatic enzymes manifests itself in a predominant rise of the lipolytic activity of the chyme after feeding on a fat stimulant and in the activity of proteases after feeding on protein. In paultry of the age under consideration the fermentative adaptability to carbohydrate food is lacking.", "PMID": 654209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5797", "title": "[Energy requirements of workers in the coke chemical industry].", "content": "Energy spent by workers engaged in the basic departments of a coke-chemical plant during working hours and performing operations after the Douglas-Holdeine method was measured and total energy expenditures during separate periods of the day and as a whole determined. Depending upon their jobs the energy spent by the workers during working hours varies within a range of 825 to 1860 Kcal. The energy expenditure during the time outside work, including sleep, amounts to from 1482 up to 1756 Kcal. As concerns the calorific requirements of their alimentation the workers of coke-chemical industry are subdivided into 5 groups of labour-intensity within an interval of from 2500 to 3600 kcal (for men) and from 2200 to 3100 kcal (for women).", "contents": "[Energy requirements of workers in the coke chemical industry]. Energy spent by workers engaged in the basic departments of a coke-chemical plant during working hours and performing operations after the Douglas-Holdeine method was measured and total energy expenditures during separate periods of the day and as a whole determined. Depending upon their jobs the energy spent by the workers during working hours varies within a range of 825 to 1860 Kcal. The energy expenditure during the time outside work, including sleep, amounts to from 1482 up to 1756 Kcal. As concerns the calorific requirements of their alimentation the workers of coke-chemical industry are subdivided into 5 groups of labour-intensity within an interval of from 2500 to 3600 kcal (for men) and from 2200 to 3100 kcal (for women).", "PMID": 654206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5798", "title": "[Determination of the N-nitrosamine content in meat and meat products].", "content": "Samples of meat and meat products for the content therein of carcinogenic N-nitrose-amines were subjected to a fluorometric analysis. In case of positive results the presence of NA was confirmed by cromate-mass-spectrometric and/or mass-spectrometric methods. The mean value for the concentrations of dimethyl-nitrose-amine, diethyl-nitrose-amine and nitrose-piperidine in meat products is within the ranges of 1.5-5.4, 1.0-6.1, 0.9-23.4 gamma/kg, respectively. NA was not found in meat.", "contents": "[Determination of the N-nitrosamine content in meat and meat products]. Samples of meat and meat products for the content therein of carcinogenic N-nitrose-amines were subjected to a fluorometric analysis. In case of positive results the presence of NA was confirmed by cromate-mass-spectrometric and/or mass-spectrometric methods. The mean value for the concentrations of dimethyl-nitrose-amine, diethyl-nitrose-amine and nitrose-piperidine in meat products is within the ranges of 1.5-5.4, 1.0-6.1, 0.9-23.4 gamma/kg, respectively. NA was not found in meat.", "PMID": 654211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5799", "title": "[Effect of sodium on the content and distribution of nicotinic acid in animal organs].", "content": "Tests conducted on rats kept for 2 months on a food ration deficient of sodium demonstrated a reduced concentration of nicotinic acid in the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain and the muscles. In these conditions of the experiment intraperitoneal administration of 14C-nicotinic acid resulted in a greater incorporation of the tag in the organs of test animals as compared with controls. A particularly clearcut increase of such incorporation occurs with a 12-hour exposure.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium on the content and distribution of nicotinic acid in animal organs]. Tests conducted on rats kept for 2 months on a food ration deficient of sodium demonstrated a reduced concentration of nicotinic acid in the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain and the muscles. In these conditions of the experiment intraperitoneal administration of 14C-nicotinic acid resulted in a greater incorporation of the tag in the organs of test animals as compared with controls. A particularly clearcut increase of such incorporation occurs with a 12-hour exposure.", "PMID": 654208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5800", "title": "[Hygienic evaluation of Euparen fungicide residues in food products].", "content": "Euparene (N1,N1-dimethyl-N-phenyl-fluorine-dichlormethylthiosulfamide) is a highly effective fungicide used in controlling a number of fungus infections affecting grapes and strawberries. Following chemical treatment it is found on these agricultural crops both as a starting product and in the form of its metabolite (N1,N-dimethyl-N-phenyl diamide sulfide), whose residual quantities exceed, at times, those of the original compound itself. The organoleptic properties of grapes change with the content of the above substances of not less than 10 mg/kg. Euparene belongs to the category of compounds with little and medium-toxic and moderately pronounced cumulative properties (LD50 for rats -- 4630 mg/kg, for mice -- 1905 mg/kg, for guinea pigs -- 805 mg/kg. Cummulation coefficient with introduction of 1/20 LD50: for mice -- 3.7, for guinea pigs -- 3.3). In a chronic 10-month long experiment the threshold dose of the preparation was set at a level of 5.4 mg/kg, and subliminal -- at 1.6 mg/kg. The metabolite proved to be somewhat more toxic, but less cumulative than euparene (LD50 for mice -- 820 mg/kg, cumulation coefficient -- over 5). The permissible residual concentration (PRC) of euparene and its metabolite in grapes is recommended at a level of 1.3 mg/kg (total), while in strawberries it is not permitted at all. In the case of grapes the \"expectation time\" should be 30 days with the consumption of the preparation of up to 3 kg per hectar and in that of strawberries -- 15 days and its consumption of up to 1.2 kg/he.", "contents": "[Hygienic evaluation of Euparen fungicide residues in food products]. Euparene (N1,N1-dimethyl-N-phenyl-fluorine-dichlormethylthiosulfamide) is a highly effective fungicide used in controlling a number of fungus infections affecting grapes and strawberries. Following chemical treatment it is found on these agricultural crops both as a starting product and in the form of its metabolite (N1,N-dimethyl-N-phenyl diamide sulfide), whose residual quantities exceed, at times, those of the original compound itself. The organoleptic properties of grapes change with the content of the above substances of not less than 10 mg/kg. Euparene belongs to the category of compounds with little and medium-toxic and moderately pronounced cumulative properties (LD50 for rats -- 4630 mg/kg, for mice -- 1905 mg/kg, for guinea pigs -- 805 mg/kg. Cummulation coefficient with introduction of 1/20 LD50: for mice -- 3.7, for guinea pigs -- 3.3). In a chronic 10-month long experiment the threshold dose of the preparation was set at a level of 5.4 mg/kg, and subliminal -- at 1.6 mg/kg. The metabolite proved to be somewhat more toxic, but less cumulative than euparene (LD50 for mice -- 820 mg/kg, cumulation coefficient -- over 5). The permissible residual concentration (PRC) of euparene and its metabolite in grapes is recommended at a level of 1.3 mg/kg (total), while in strawberries it is not permitted at all. In the case of grapes the \"expectation time\" should be 30 days with the consumption of the preparation of up to 3 kg per hectar and in that of strawberries -- 15 days and its consumption of up to 1.2 kg/he.", "PMID": 654212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5801", "title": "[Clinical use of the apex carotid diagram in mitral stenosis].", "content": "Apex-carotid diagram (ACD) is a new mechanic-cardiographic method, consisting in integration of carotis-sphygmogram and apex-cardiogram in one diagram. In the present work, 121 patients with mitral stenosis were examined. ACD in mitral stenosis is characterized by an extension of the field of ventricle filling (p less than 0.05) and diminished angle alpha' (p less than 0.001). A reliable correlation was established between the values of angle alpha' and the mean pressure in the left ventricle r = -0.88, p less than 0.001 with a standard deviation of +/- mm Hg.", "contents": "[Clinical use of the apex carotid diagram in mitral stenosis]. Apex-carotid diagram (ACD) is a new mechanic-cardiographic method, consisting in integration of carotis-sphygmogram and apex-cardiogram in one diagram. In the present work, 121 patients with mitral stenosis were examined. ACD in mitral stenosis is characterized by an extension of the field of ventricle filling (p less than 0.05) and diminished angle alpha' (p less than 0.001). A reliable correlation was established between the values of angle alpha' and the mean pressure in the left ventricle r = -0.88, p less than 0.001 with a standard deviation of +/- mm Hg.", "PMID": 654219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5802", "title": "[Vascular impressions on the renal cavitary system].", "content": "The clinical significance of forty vascular impressions confirmed at pyelographies and angiographies and based on clinical material is discussed. The vascular impressions upon the cavity system of the kidney is pointed to lead to urostasis with complications, being the sequelae of it. A scheme of their own is presented by the authors for the morbid disorders ethiopathogenetically conditioned by the vascular impressions on the cavity system of the kidney.", "contents": "[Vascular impressions on the renal cavitary system]. The clinical significance of forty vascular impressions confirmed at pyelographies and angiographies and based on clinical material is discussed. The vascular impressions upon the cavity system of the kidney is pointed to lead to urostasis with complications, being the sequelae of it. A scheme of their own is presented by the authors for the morbid disorders ethiopathogenetically conditioned by the vascular impressions on the cavity system of the kidney.", "PMID": 654220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5803", "title": "[Pulmonary changes in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The authors examined 90 patients with myocardial infarction with a view to the lung changes developed and especially to the manifestations of pulmonary stasis. Series of face roentgenographies of the lungs were made of the patients in lying down position. In 76,7 per cent of the patients X-ray findings of pulmonary stasis were found. The dilated veins in the upper lung lobes are the earliest and most frequent manifestations, suggesting congestion. They are found in 23,3 per cent of the cases. Most important, among the X-ray findings, according to the authors, are those of perivascular edema--hilus images with widened and indistinct lines (24,4%). The X-ray findings of lung congestion and interstitial edema are early symptoms of pulmonary edema, in case the physical data from the lung examinations are negative. The therapeutic measures, at that stage, could prevent the development of a severe and very often fatal edema of the lungs.", "contents": "[Pulmonary changes in myocardial infarct]. The authors examined 90 patients with myocardial infarction with a view to the lung changes developed and especially to the manifestations of pulmonary stasis. Series of face roentgenographies of the lungs were made of the patients in lying down position. In 76,7 per cent of the patients X-ray findings of pulmonary stasis were found. The dilated veins in the upper lung lobes are the earliest and most frequent manifestations, suggesting congestion. They are found in 23,3 per cent of the cases. Most important, among the X-ray findings, according to the authors, are those of perivascular edema--hilus images with widened and indistinct lines (24,4%). The X-ray findings of lung congestion and interstitial edema are early symptoms of pulmonary edema, in case the physical data from the lung examinations are negative. The therapeutic measures, at that stage, could prevent the development of a severe and very often fatal edema of the lungs.", "PMID": 654221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5804", "title": "[Radioisotopic diagnosis of regional lung functions in occupational lung diseases].", "content": "The results are reported from the radioisotope investigations of the regional blood supply, ventilation and difussion of 133 Xenon from four zones of both lungs in 78 patients with all stages of silicosis and 43 patients with chronic bronchitis--emphysema. Unsystemic and scattered focal disturbances of the separate respiration processes are established. They should be given consideration separately and together with the classical non-isotope investigations, with a view to the making of a precise functional diagnosis and occupational expertise, because they reflect the changes due to the basic disease as well as the other accompanying lung diseases as pneumosclerosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tumors, etc. The complete safety, lack of unpleasant procedures for the patient and sufficient accuracy urge their wider application in practice, including as screening tests.", "contents": "[Radioisotopic diagnosis of regional lung functions in occupational lung diseases]. The results are reported from the radioisotope investigations of the regional blood supply, ventilation and difussion of 133 Xenon from four zones of both lungs in 78 patients with all stages of silicosis and 43 patients with chronic bronchitis--emphysema. Unsystemic and scattered focal disturbances of the separate respiration processes are established. They should be given consideration separately and together with the classical non-isotope investigations, with a view to the making of a precise functional diagnosis and occupational expertise, because they reflect the changes due to the basic disease as well as the other accompanying lung diseases as pneumosclerosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tumors, etc. The complete safety, lack of unpleasant procedures for the patient and sufficient accuracy urge their wider application in practice, including as screening tests.", "PMID": 654222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5805", "title": "[Analysis of hospital mortality in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Hospital lethality was studied in myocardial infarction which was 24.9 per cent for the period 1973--1976 with a decreasing tendency during the last two years. The study covers 134 deceased of myocardial infarction at an average age of 70,78, their pathologoanatomical findings in the coronary arteries and localization of the nectrotic zone. In 49,26 per cent the case was that of repeated myocardial infarction, thus raising the lethality in the first 24 hours after hospital admission with 70,9 dead up to the 7th day. The analysis of the lethality causes revealed that according to the relative share they were as follows: acute cardiovascular failure, cardiac rupture, acute rhythm and conductivity disturbances, pulmonary embolism, inflammatory lung diseases, etc. No correlation was found between arterial hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus and the leading lethality cause.", "contents": "[Analysis of hospital mortality in myocardial infarct]. Hospital lethality was studied in myocardial infarction which was 24.9 per cent for the period 1973--1976 with a decreasing tendency during the last two years. The study covers 134 deceased of myocardial infarction at an average age of 70,78, their pathologoanatomical findings in the coronary arteries and localization of the nectrotic zone. In 49,26 per cent the case was that of repeated myocardial infarction, thus raising the lethality in the first 24 hours after hospital admission with 70,9 dead up to the 7th day. The analysis of the lethality causes revealed that according to the relative share they were as follows: acute cardiovascular failure, cardiac rupture, acute rhythm and conductivity disturbances, pulmonary embolism, inflammatory lung diseases, etc. No correlation was found between arterial hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus and the leading lethality cause.", "PMID": 654223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5806", "title": "[Diagnosis of gastric polyposis].", "content": "The authors report that they applied the adrenaline test in their practice, in determining the cardio-vascular system state in patients with gastric polyposis. They examined 16 patients with gastric polyposis by the adrenaline test and found that the maximal arterial pressure was lowered, instead of elevated, as the normal effect of adrenaline. Similar data were obtained in patients with gastric carcinoma. It is obvious that in carcinoma and precarcinoma state of the stomach, as gastric polyposis should be treated as precarcinogenic state and should be operated. The application of the adrenaline test in a complex with the rest of the investigations help us in making the correct and timely diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of gastric polyposis]. The authors report that they applied the adrenaline test in their practice, in determining the cardio-vascular system state in patients with gastric polyposis. They examined 16 patients with gastric polyposis by the adrenaline test and found that the maximal arterial pressure was lowered, instead of elevated, as the normal effect of adrenaline. Similar data were obtained in patients with gastric carcinoma. It is obvious that in carcinoma and precarcinoma state of the stomach, as gastric polyposis should be treated as precarcinogenic state and should be operated. The application of the adrenaline test in a complex with the rest of the investigations help us in making the correct and timely diagnosis.", "PMID": 654224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5807", "title": "[Case of an immigrant with Balkan endemic nefropathy].", "content": "The author describes a female patient with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) born in a non-endemic village of Sofia district, who at the age of 23, after her marriage, emigrated to an endemic village of Vratza district and after living 38 years in that village, got sick and died. The case was confirmed pathohisto-morphologically. The case is a contribution to the clinical development of BEN and solves definitely the problem that emigrants suffer that disease after a long period living in an endemic settlement.", "contents": "[Case of an immigrant with Balkan endemic nefropathy]. The author describes a female patient with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) born in a non-endemic village of Sofia district, who at the age of 23, after her marriage, emigrated to an endemic village of Vratza district and after living 38 years in that village, got sick and died. The case was confirmed pathohisto-morphologically. The case is a contribution to the clinical development of BEN and solves definitely the problem that emigrants suffer that disease after a long period living in an endemic settlement.", "PMID": 654226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5808", "title": "[Case of Sch\u00f6nlein-Hennoch disease with severe endo- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis].", "content": "A case of female-patient is reported with Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch disease together with manifestations for an endo- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis, confirmed by needle biopsy. The latter were manifested 20 days after the disease onset with decreased concentration capacity of the kidneys, diminished clearances of creatinine and urea, a considerable proteinuria, without hyperazotemia, with hypercholesterinemia and hypertension. No essential improvement developed with the treatment with glycocorticoids and indomethacine in the course of four months.", "contents": "[Case of Sch\u00f6nlein-Hennoch disease with severe endo- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis]. A case of female-patient is reported with Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch disease together with manifestations for an endo- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis, confirmed by needle biopsy. The latter were manifested 20 days after the disease onset with decreased concentration capacity of the kidneys, diminished clearances of creatinine and urea, a considerable proteinuria, without hyperazotemia, with hypercholesterinemia and hypertension. No essential improvement developed with the treatment with glycocorticoids and indomethacine in the course of four months.", "PMID": 654227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5809", "title": "[Right bundle-branch block depending on the cardiac frequency].", "content": "Two cases with paroxysmal tachycardia are described. A transitory right bundle branch block was induced, lasting from twenty to forty minutes, with the medicament controlling of the paroxysms. The transitory bundle branch block is explained by an existing lesion of one of the His bundle branches. A brief literature survey is presented and the experience in paroxysms treatment is shared.", "contents": "[Right bundle-branch block depending on the cardiac frequency]. Two cases with paroxysmal tachycardia are described. A transitory right bundle branch block was induced, lasting from twenty to forty minutes, with the medicament controlling of the paroxysms. The transitory bundle branch block is explained by an existing lesion of one of the His bundle branches. A brief literature survey is presented and the experience in paroxysms treatment is shared.", "PMID": 654229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5810", "title": "[Pancreatic exocrine secretion in cancer of the pancreas].", "content": "Pancreatic exocrine secretion was studied in 22 patients with pancreas cancer. In 17 of patients the diagnosis was made at operation. In all patients examined the pancreocymine-secretin test according to Herfort was performed. The results were compared with those of a control group of 30 healthy subjects. In 95.5 per cent of the examined a statistically significant decreased hydrobicabonate and enzyme secretion was found. The changes in the pancreatic secretion are characterized by the presence of a total secretory deficiency, with a significant diminution ( p less than 0.001) of all parameters of pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "[Pancreatic exocrine secretion in cancer of the pancreas]. Pancreatic exocrine secretion was studied in 22 patients with pancreas cancer. In 17 of patients the diagnosis was made at operation. In all patients examined the pancreocymine-secretin test according to Herfort was performed. The results were compared with those of a control group of 30 healthy subjects. In 95.5 per cent of the examined a statistically significant decreased hydrobicabonate and enzyme secretion was found. The changes in the pancreatic secretion are characterized by the presence of a total secretory deficiency, with a significant diminution ( p less than 0.001) of all parameters of pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 654230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5811", "title": "[Pathologicoanatomic analysis of deaths from acute myocardial infarct with and without arterial hypertension].", "content": "Analysis was performed on 220 cases--decreased with acute myocardial infarction, subdivided into two groups--not hypertonics and hypertonics. The average age of the decreased with acute myocardial infarction with arterial hypertension is higher. Substantial differences are absent in the carriers of coronary type, degree of atherosclerotic affection and coronaries myocardiosclerosis and past infarctions, preceding the development of the acute myocardial infarction, being the cause of the death. Coronary thrombosis, mural thrombosis, acute aneurysms, and embolic complications in the systemic and pulmonary circulation proved to be more frequent among hypertonic. Discrepancies are absent as regards the localization of the necrotic zone and involvment of the ventricular muscles. Rupture incidence in both groups is very high and almost the same--over 25 per cent. External ruptures are found to be more frequent, being most often posterior in hypertonics. Parillary ruptures are characteristic for them. No difference is established concerning the exitus. Left ventricle insufficiency ranks first for both groups--over 67 per cent; second to follow are the heart ruptures with tamponade--about 20 per cent; and third--the arterial embolias in systemic circulation--9--10 per cent.", "contents": "[Pathologicoanatomic analysis of deaths from acute myocardial infarct with and without arterial hypertension]. Analysis was performed on 220 cases--decreased with acute myocardial infarction, subdivided into two groups--not hypertonics and hypertonics. The average age of the decreased with acute myocardial infarction with arterial hypertension is higher. Substantial differences are absent in the carriers of coronary type, degree of atherosclerotic affection and coronaries myocardiosclerosis and past infarctions, preceding the development of the acute myocardial infarction, being the cause of the death. Coronary thrombosis, mural thrombosis, acute aneurysms, and embolic complications in the systemic and pulmonary circulation proved to be more frequent among hypertonic. Discrepancies are absent as regards the localization of the necrotic zone and involvment of the ventricular muscles. Rupture incidence in both groups is very high and almost the same--over 25 per cent. External ruptures are found to be more frequent, being most often posterior in hypertonics. Parillary ruptures are characteristic for them. No difference is established concerning the exitus. Left ventricle insufficiency ranks first for both groups--over 67 per cent; second to follow are the heart ruptures with tamponade--about 20 per cent; and third--the arterial embolias in systemic circulation--9--10 per cent.", "PMID": 654231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5812", "title": "[Hemodynamic classification of 2d-stage mitral stenosis].", "content": "Thirty patients with mitral stenosis were examined according to the Bakulev-Damir classification during right heart catheterization at rest, with loading and during the rehabilitation period. The relationships found between the extent of the resistance at rest and the character of the degree of its changes at loading, reflecting the stenosis evolution, provide grounds for the differentiation of four stages, four substages resp., in its classification, namely: Second A substage with sinus rhythm, without included protective reaction of a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest, with markedly manifested peripheral vasodilation with loading. Second B substage with sinus rhythm, protective reaction of a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest included to a lesser degree, excluded loading, with a following manifested vasodilation. Second C substage with absolute arrhythmia, included to a lesser degree protective reaction of a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest, excluded with loading, with a following slighter vasodilation. Second D substage with sinus rhythm, included protective reaction at a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest, considerably intensified with loading. The extent and dynamics of the rest of the values studied are followed up in the separate stenosis substages aiming at their complete hemodynamic characterization. The pathogenetic mechanism of the pulmonary edema in the second stenosis stage is analyzed, not rarely conditioning the clinical pardox \"minor stenosis of mitral valve with menacing pulmonary edemas\".", "contents": "[Hemodynamic classification of 2d-stage mitral stenosis]. Thirty patients with mitral stenosis were examined according to the Bakulev-Damir classification during right heart catheterization at rest, with loading and during the rehabilitation period. The relationships found between the extent of the resistance at rest and the character of the degree of its changes at loading, reflecting the stenosis evolution, provide grounds for the differentiation of four stages, four substages resp., in its classification, namely: Second A substage with sinus rhythm, without included protective reaction of a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest, with markedly manifested peripheral vasodilation with loading. Second B substage with sinus rhythm, protective reaction of a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest included to a lesser degree, excluded loading, with a following manifested vasodilation. Second C substage with absolute arrhythmia, included to a lesser degree protective reaction of a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest, excluded with loading, with a following slighter vasodilation. Second D substage with sinus rhythm, included protective reaction at a. Pulmonalis periphery at rest, considerably intensified with loading. The extent and dynamics of the rest of the values studied are followed up in the separate stenosis substages aiming at their complete hemodynamic characterization. The pathogenetic mechanism of the pulmonary edema in the second stenosis stage is analyzed, not rarely conditioning the clinical pardox \"minor stenosis of mitral valve with menacing pulmonary edemas\".", "PMID": 654232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5813", "title": "[Sick sinus node syndrome and the transitory collapse of the R wave in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The authors observed 40 patients (7.79%) with the morbid sinus node syndrome among the treated 526 patients with acute myocardial infarction at the department of intensive care during the period 1973--1976. Thirty one were males and nine--females. The syndrome was manifested, in all patients followed up, during the first 14 days after the onsed of the coronary incidence. One case was with a lethal end. Ten patients (1.90%) were observed with the syndrome \"transitory collapse of R-deflection\" in the separate precordial leads. Half of them had a combination of both syndromes. The collapse of R-deflection was manifested between the 3rd and 14th day in all cases. The character and incidence of rhythm-conductivity disturbances accompanying both syndromes are discussed.", "contents": "[Sick sinus node syndrome and the transitory collapse of the R wave in myocardial infarct]. The authors observed 40 patients (7.79%) with the morbid sinus node syndrome among the treated 526 patients with acute myocardial infarction at the department of intensive care during the period 1973--1976. Thirty one were males and nine--females. The syndrome was manifested, in all patients followed up, during the first 14 days after the onsed of the coronary incidence. One case was with a lethal end. Ten patients (1.90%) were observed with the syndrome \"transitory collapse of R-deflection\" in the separate precordial leads. Half of them had a combination of both syndromes. The collapse of R-deflection was manifested between the 3rd and 14th day in all cases. The character and incidence of rhythm-conductivity disturbances accompanying both syndromes are discussed.", "PMID": 654234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5814", "title": "[Sick sinus node syndrome].", "content": "The clinical and ECG findings of four cases with sinuatrial nodal disease are reported. The first case is characterized by sharply manifested rhythm bradycardia, the second--be a considerable heterotropic rhythm from the atrioventricular combination, the third--sinu-atrial block and the fourth--typical example of Tachycardisa-Bradycardia syndrome. In all four cases, episodes of syncopes are present, due to an extreme sinus bradycardia, conductivity block in sinu-atrial zone and possible re-entry mechanism of tachycardia paroxysms in case with Tychycardia-Bradycardia syndrome.", "contents": "[Sick sinus node syndrome]. The clinical and ECG findings of four cases with sinuatrial nodal disease are reported. The first case is characterized by sharply manifested rhythm bradycardia, the second--be a considerable heterotropic rhythm from the atrioventricular combination, the third--sinu-atrial block and the fourth--typical example of Tachycardisa-Bradycardia syndrome. In all four cases, episodes of syncopes are present, due to an extreme sinus bradycardia, conductivity block in sinu-atrial zone and possible re-entry mechanism of tachycardia paroxysms in case with Tychycardia-Bradycardia syndrome.", "PMID": 654235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5815", "title": "[Biochemical and x-ray changes in thyroid osteopathy].", "content": "Moderately elevated calcemia, increased urine calcium excretion, normal values of phosphate clearance and tubular phosphate resorption, elevated alkaline phosphatase were found in 50 patients with clinically confirmed thyrotoxicosis. With calcium loading, an essential calcium elevation in serum was determined as well as a delayed restoration to the norm of the latter, providing grounds to admit an insufficiency of hypocalcemia leading systems, thyrocalcitonine resp. The characteristic features of the X-ray changes observed are described, especially of osteoporosis. The bone changes were established to be more frequent among females (64% versus 204 among males). They increase in parallel with age advancing, during and severity of the disease. The special X-grams for fine analysis of bone structure according to Meema-Heunk enable the confirmation of intracortical striation in metacarpal bones and phalanges in 56.7 per cent of the examined.", "contents": "[Biochemical and x-ray changes in thyroid osteopathy]. Moderately elevated calcemia, increased urine calcium excretion, normal values of phosphate clearance and tubular phosphate resorption, elevated alkaline phosphatase were found in 50 patients with clinically confirmed thyrotoxicosis. With calcium loading, an essential calcium elevation in serum was determined as well as a delayed restoration to the norm of the latter, providing grounds to admit an insufficiency of hypocalcemia leading systems, thyrocalcitonine resp. The characteristic features of the X-ray changes observed are described, especially of osteoporosis. The bone changes were established to be more frequent among females (64% versus 204 among males). They increase in parallel with age advancing, during and severity of the disease. The special X-grams for fine analysis of bone structure according to Meema-Heunk enable the confirmation of intracortical striation in metacarpal bones and phalanges in 56.7 per cent of the examined.", "PMID": 654236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5816", "title": "[Bone isoenzyme fraction of alkaline phosphatase in patients undergoing prolonged hemodialysis treatment].", "content": "The values of serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase and of bone isoenzyme fraction, determined by thermal inactivation of serum were followed up in 42 patients with chronic renal insufficieny, treated with hemodialysis for a long time. The authors found that the elevation of those valuse correlates with the degree of the manifested changes in the bone skeleton. Attention is paid to the fact that the determination of bone and liver isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase could help the earlier diagnosis of bone changes and infectious hepatitis, both being frequent complications in patients treated with hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Bone isoenzyme fraction of alkaline phosphatase in patients undergoing prolonged hemodialysis treatment]. The values of serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase and of bone isoenzyme fraction, determined by thermal inactivation of serum were followed up in 42 patients with chronic renal insufficieny, treated with hemodialysis for a long time. The authors found that the elevation of those valuse correlates with the degree of the manifested changes in the bone skeleton. Attention is paid to the fact that the determination of bone and liver isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase could help the earlier diagnosis of bone changes and infectious hepatitis, both being frequent complications in patients treated with hemodialysis.", "PMID": 654237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5817", "title": "[Hepatorenal lesions in acute acetone poisoning].", "content": "Lesions of the parenchymal organs, not described so far, were found in two males and two females with acute acetone intoxication, besides the well known morbid changes in the gastrointestinal tract and ZNS, regardless the energetic hepato--and nephroprotective treatment. In all patients (one of them inhaled acetone vapours and the rest swallowed the poison per os) liver lesion is present with the corresponding clinical manifestations and changes in the laboratory liver indices. In two of the per orally intoxicated, renal lesion was also found, manifested in a milder degree. The state of the parenchymal organs is necessary to be followed up carefully in case of acute acetone intoxications and a timely treatment with hepato- and nephroprotective drugs in large doses to be applied: glucocorticoids, glucose and levulose solutions, cocarboxylase, lipovitan, vitamin \"C\", \"B1\", \"B2\", \"B12\", calcium gluconate.", "contents": "[Hepatorenal lesions in acute acetone poisoning]. Lesions of the parenchymal organs, not described so far, were found in two males and two females with acute acetone intoxication, besides the well known morbid changes in the gastrointestinal tract and ZNS, regardless the energetic hepato--and nephroprotective treatment. In all patients (one of them inhaled acetone vapours and the rest swallowed the poison per os) liver lesion is present with the corresponding clinical manifestations and changes in the laboratory liver indices. In two of the per orally intoxicated, renal lesion was also found, manifested in a milder degree. The state of the parenchymal organs is necessary to be followed up carefully in case of acute acetone intoxications and a timely treatment with hepato- and nephroprotective drugs in large doses to be applied: glucocorticoids, glucose and levulose solutions, cocarboxylase, lipovitan, vitamin \"C\", \"B1\", \"B2\", \"B12\", calcium gluconate.", "PMID": 654238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5818", "title": "[Endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography (ERPC) (a preliminary report of 2 cases)].", "content": "The application of two retrograde pancreato-cholangiographies is reported in patients with papillo-oditis and chronic pancreatitis. The advantages of the method for the diagnosis of the diseases of bile and pancreatic duct systems are stressed upon. Temporary and rapid transitory diastases elevation in serum and urine was observed without pancreatitis manifestations.", "contents": "[Endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography (ERPC) (a preliminary report of 2 cases)]. The application of two retrograde pancreato-cholangiographies is reported in patients with papillo-oditis and chronic pancreatitis. The advantages of the method for the diagnosis of the diseases of bile and pancreatic duct systems are stressed upon. Temporary and rapid transitory diastases elevation in serum and urine was observed without pancreatitis manifestations.", "PMID": 654239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5819", "title": "[The risk of lacticate acidosis: a comparison of the 3 biguanides in treatment of diabetics (authors' transl)].", "content": "Hyperlactaemia was induced by means of a standard exercise test in 10 diabetics receiving normal treatment with biguanides (either buformin, metformin, or phenformin) in combination with either a sulfonylurea or insulin. The treatment regimen was then continued without biguanides for 3 weeks and the exercise test was repeated at the end of this period. All 3 biguanide preparations induce hyperlactaemia in diabetics. Physical stress leads to an additional increase in lactate, which reaches pathological proportions. Discontinuation of biguanide treatment leads to a significant decrease in resting and stress values. In a comparison of the 3 biguanide products, phenformin induced significantly higher lactate values in response to exercise than buformin. Of the biguanides, phenformin appears to carry the greatest risk of causing hyperlactaemia in susceptible patients, induced by concurrent circumstances, with progression to severe lacticate acidosis. The special pharmacokinetic properties of phenformin and the 8-fold higher incidence of lacticate acidosis than under buformin or metformin therapy support this observation.", "contents": "[The risk of lacticate acidosis: a comparison of the 3 biguanides in treatment of diabetics (authors' transl)]. Hyperlactaemia was induced by means of a standard exercise test in 10 diabetics receiving normal treatment with biguanides (either buformin, metformin, or phenformin) in combination with either a sulfonylurea or insulin. The treatment regimen was then continued without biguanides for 3 weeks and the exercise test was repeated at the end of this period. All 3 biguanide preparations induce hyperlactaemia in diabetics. Physical stress leads to an additional increase in lactate, which reaches pathological proportions. Discontinuation of biguanide treatment leads to a significant decrease in resting and stress values. In a comparison of the 3 biguanide products, phenformin induced significantly higher lactate values in response to exercise than buformin. Of the biguanides, phenformin appears to carry the greatest risk of causing hyperlactaemia in susceptible patients, induced by concurrent circumstances, with progression to severe lacticate acidosis. The special pharmacokinetic properties of phenformin and the 8-fold higher incidence of lacticate acidosis than under buformin or metformin therapy support this observation.", "PMID": 654296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5820", "title": "[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings in 30 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 25 cases of pancreatic cancer are presented in this report. The diagnosis was confirmed in every case by surgery or at autopsy. ERCP was found to be a reliable means of differentiating between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis in most cases. Multiple lesions are typical of chronic pancreatitis. In solitary lesions a diagnosis can be reached only by consideration of the pancreatographic findings in conjunction with the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer (author's transl)]. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings in 30 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 25 cases of pancreatic cancer are presented in this report. The diagnosis was confirmed in every case by surgery or at autopsy. ERCP was found to be a reliable means of differentiating between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis in most cases. Multiple lesions are typical of chronic pancreatitis. In solitary lesions a diagnosis can be reached only by consideration of the pancreatographic findings in conjunction with the clinical picture.", "PMID": 654297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5821", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of cardiac and abdominal diseases using real time b-scan technique (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of the physical principles of ultrasound, the indications and usefulness of the real time B-scan technique in the non-invasive diagnosis of cardiac and abdominal diseases are discussed. A correct diagnosis was made in 90% of the cardiac cases (valve abnormalities, pericardial effusion, cardiac aneurysm, cardiomyopathy), whereas the diagnosis by ultrasound was correct in only 81.1% of the abdominal cases (diffuse and localized liver diseases, pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, carcinoma of the pancreas, cholelithiasis, renal cyst, renal tumours, aortic aneurysm). The advantages of the real time B-scan technique lie in the two-dimenstional clear representation of intracardiac and intraabdominal structures with the possibility of undertaking quantitative measurements. Furthermore, it is a non-invasive and safe method, which can be repeated as often as necessary and can complete the diagnositic spectrum of radiology, endoscopy and nuclear medicine.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of cardiac and abdominal diseases using real time b-scan technique (author's transl)]. After a short description of the physical principles of ultrasound, the indications and usefulness of the real time B-scan technique in the non-invasive diagnosis of cardiac and abdominal diseases are discussed. A correct diagnosis was made in 90% of the cardiac cases (valve abnormalities, pericardial effusion, cardiac aneurysm, cardiomyopathy), whereas the diagnosis by ultrasound was correct in only 81.1% of the abdominal cases (diffuse and localized liver diseases, pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, carcinoma of the pancreas, cholelithiasis, renal cyst, renal tumours, aortic aneurysm). The advantages of the real time B-scan technique lie in the two-dimenstional clear representation of intracardiac and intraabdominal structures with the possibility of undertaking quantitative measurements. Furthermore, it is a non-invasive and safe method, which can be repeated as often as necessary and can complete the diagnositic spectrum of radiology, endoscopy and nuclear medicine.", "PMID": 654298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5822", "title": "[The diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by combined endoscopic retrograde pancreatiography, aspiration cytology and carcinoembryonic antigen determination in the pancreatic secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The reliability of diagnostic procedures in pancreatic disease can be significantly increased by the combination of endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography, determination of carcinoembryonic antigen and cytological examination of the aspirated pancreatic section. In the present study all cases of pancreatic carcinoma were correctly diagnosed by these methods. These combined diagnostic procedures seem to provide the basis for potential progress in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by combined endoscopic retrograde pancreatiography, aspiration cytology and carcinoembryonic antigen determination in the pancreatic secretion (author's transl)]. The reliability of diagnostic procedures in pancreatic disease can be significantly increased by the combination of endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography, determination of carcinoembryonic antigen and cytological examination of the aspirated pancreatic section. In the present study all cases of pancreatic carcinoma were correctly diagnosed by these methods. These combined diagnostic procedures seem to provide the basis for potential progress in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 654299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5823", "title": "The distribution and excretion of non-biodegradable anionic surfactants.", "content": "1. The metabolism of potassium 10-undecenyl [35S]sulphate and potassium 10-phenyldecyl [35S]sulphate was investigated in the rat. 2. The major route for elimination of radioactivity following potassium 10-undecenyl [35S]sulphate administration was urinary. With 10-phenyldecyl [35S]sulphate the major route of elimination was biliary. 3. Whole-body radioautography and isolated liver perfusion experiments established that both esters were concentrated in the liver, the major organ of metabolism. 4. Neither surfactant was degraded to short-chain anionic derivatives but both compounds were extensively metabolized.", "contents": "The distribution and excretion of non-biodegradable anionic surfactants. 1. The metabolism of potassium 10-undecenyl [35S]sulphate and potassium 10-phenyldecyl [35S]sulphate was investigated in the rat. 2. The major route for elimination of radioactivity following potassium 10-undecenyl [35S]sulphate administration was urinary. With 10-phenyldecyl [35S]sulphate the major route of elimination was biliary. 3. Whole-body radioautography and isolated liver perfusion experiments established that both esters were concentrated in the liver, the major organ of metabolism. 4. Neither surfactant was degraded to short-chain anionic derivatives but both compounds were extensively metabolized.", "PMID": 654308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5824", "title": "Effect of tilorone hydrochloride on hepatic disposition of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) in the rat.", "content": "1. Biliary excretion of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) was studied in male rats after oral administration of tilorone HCl, an anti-viral and anti-tumour agent. 2. The stimulation of bile flow by BSP was decreased 1 h after tilorone administration; this decrease was no longer apparent 24 h later but a fall of basal bile flow was noted at that time. No changes in bile flow were observed 7 days after this single dose. 3. Repeated dosing with tilorone produced a dose-dependent increase in hepatic concentration of unchanged and metabolized tilorone. This was associated with a dose-dependent decrease of bile formation and BSP excretion. Bile acid excretion was depressed as well. 4. BSP metabolism was not significantly affected by tilorone administration.", "contents": "Effect of tilorone hydrochloride on hepatic disposition of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) in the rat. 1. Biliary excretion of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) was studied in male rats after oral administration of tilorone HCl, an anti-viral and anti-tumour agent. 2. The stimulation of bile flow by BSP was decreased 1 h after tilorone administration; this decrease was no longer apparent 24 h later but a fall of basal bile flow was noted at that time. No changes in bile flow were observed 7 days after this single dose. 3. Repeated dosing with tilorone produced a dose-dependent increase in hepatic concentration of unchanged and metabolized tilorone. This was associated with a dose-dependent decrease of bile formation and BSP excretion. Bile acid excretion was depressed as well. 4. BSP metabolism was not significantly affected by tilorone administration.", "PMID": 654309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5825", "title": "Metabolism and urinary excretion of benzhexol in humans.", "content": "1. Benzhexol and three of its metabolites excreted in urine in man have been investigated by g.l.c.--mass spectrometry. 2. Three isomeric hydroxylated metabolites were identified as the 1-(hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-phenyl-3-piperidinopropan-1-ols. 3. The amounts of benzhexol and its identified metabolites have been semiquantitatively determined after a single oral dose in two healthy adults. Approx. 56% of the dose was excreted as the hydroxylated metabolites. The levels of benzhexol excreted were too low to be measured by the techniques used.", "contents": "Metabolism and urinary excretion of benzhexol in humans. 1. Benzhexol and three of its metabolites excreted in urine in man have been investigated by g.l.c.--mass spectrometry. 2. Three isomeric hydroxylated metabolites were identified as the 1-(hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-phenyl-3-piperidinopropan-1-ols. 3. The amounts of benzhexol and its identified metabolites have been semiquantitatively determined after a single oral dose in two healthy adults. Approx. 56% of the dose was excreted as the hydroxylated metabolites. The levels of benzhexol excreted were too low to be measured by the techniques used.", "PMID": 654310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5826", "title": "Glutathione conjugation of some xenobiotics by Ascaris suum and Moniezia expansa.", "content": "1. The cestode Moniezia expansa and the nematode Ascaris suum both possess enzymes catalysing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 2. The GSH-S-aryl transferase (GSH-S-transferase A) was present in the cytosol of the cestode proglottids and of the nematode intestinal epithelial cells. Other tissues did not contain measurable activity. The enzymes from both species had mol. wt. of about 37 000 and broad pH optima around pH 8.3. Both enzymes were inhibited by Cu2+, Fe3+ and Hg2+ at 1 mM and stimulated by Co2+. 3. Neither M. expansa nor A. suum possessed measurable DDT dehydrochlorinase activity. GSH-S-epoxide transferase (GSH-S-transferase E) activity was indicated in both species; neither species effected the conjugation of bromo- or chlorobenzene. 4. Halogenated anthelmintics were not metabolized to GSH conjugates in the helminths studied and did not inhibit GSH-S-aryltransferase activity towards chlorodinitrobenzene.", "contents": "Glutathione conjugation of some xenobiotics by Ascaris suum and Moniezia expansa. 1. The cestode Moniezia expansa and the nematode Ascaris suum both possess enzymes catalysing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 2. The GSH-S-aryl transferase (GSH-S-transferase A) was present in the cytosol of the cestode proglottids and of the nematode intestinal epithelial cells. Other tissues did not contain measurable activity. The enzymes from both species had mol. wt. of about 37 000 and broad pH optima around pH 8.3. Both enzymes were inhibited by Cu2+, Fe3+ and Hg2+ at 1 mM and stimulated by Co2+. 3. Neither M. expansa nor A. suum possessed measurable DDT dehydrochlorinase activity. GSH-S-epoxide transferase (GSH-S-transferase E) activity was indicated in both species; neither species effected the conjugation of bromo- or chlorobenzene. 4. Halogenated anthelmintics were not metabolized to GSH conjugates in the helminths studied and did not inhibit GSH-S-aryltransferase activity towards chlorodinitrobenzene.", "PMID": 654311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5827", "title": "The localization and some properties of the acetylsalicylic acid O-deacetylases of Ascaris lumbricoides var suum and Moniezia expansa.", "content": "1. Enzymes hydrolysing acetylsalicylic acid were found in the cytosol of the cestode, Moniezia expansa, and in the cytosol of the intestinal epithelial cells and cytosol of the reproductive tract of the nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides var suum. 2. Enzymes hydrolysing 2-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate were found throughout the proglottid of the cestode and in the reproductive tract, intestine, mesenchyme fluid and cuticle of the nematode. These enzymes had mol. wt. of 30 000-300 000 whereas those hydrolysing acetylsalicylic acid in both species had mol. wt. of about 87 000. 3. The acetylsalicylic acid hydrolases from both helminths showed pH optima of about 7.0, and activity was enhanced by Ca2+ and low-mol. wt. thiols. Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, La3+, F- and EDTA at 1 mM inhibited activity. N-Ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, haloxon and paraoxon also inhibited hydrolase activity.", "contents": "The localization and some properties of the acetylsalicylic acid O-deacetylases of Ascaris lumbricoides var suum and Moniezia expansa. 1. Enzymes hydrolysing acetylsalicylic acid were found in the cytosol of the cestode, Moniezia expansa, and in the cytosol of the intestinal epithelial cells and cytosol of the reproductive tract of the nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides var suum. 2. Enzymes hydrolysing 2-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate were found throughout the proglottid of the cestode and in the reproductive tract, intestine, mesenchyme fluid and cuticle of the nematode. These enzymes had mol. wt. of 30 000-300 000 whereas those hydrolysing acetylsalicylic acid in both species had mol. wt. of about 87 000. 3. The acetylsalicylic acid hydrolases from both helminths showed pH optima of about 7.0, and activity was enhanced by Ca2+ and low-mol. wt. thiols. Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, La3+, F- and EDTA at 1 mM inhibited activity. N-Ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, haloxon and paraoxon also inhibited hydrolase activity.", "PMID": 654312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5828", "title": "The fate of saccharin impurities. The excretion and metabolism of [14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide and 4-sulphamoyl[14C]benzoic acid in the rat.", "content": "1. 4-Sulphamoyl[carboxy-14C]benzoic acid was rapidly eliminateda after oral administration to rats (94% dose in 24 h). After 6 days most of the 14C (73-83% dose) was recovered in the urine with significant amounts (18-32% dose) in the faeces due to incomplete absorption. 2. The 14C in the urine and faeces was unchanged 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid. No 14CO2 was detected in the expired air. 3. After oral administration of [methyl-14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide to rats the label was rapidly eliminated largely in the urine (66-89% dose) with little in the faeces (2-8% dose). The 14C in the faeces was 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid, which probably originated in the tissues since the gut flora was unable to effect this biotransformation. 4. The urine of rats given [14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide contained 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid as the major metabolite (93% of the urinary 14C) together with small amounts of unchanged compound (1.5-2.3% of urinary 14C), 4-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (2.0-3.9%), 4-sulphamoylbenzaldehyde (0-1.5%) and at higher doses N-acetyltoluene-4-sulphonamide (2.1-2.3%).", "contents": "The fate of saccharin impurities. The excretion and metabolism of [14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide and 4-sulphamoyl[14C]benzoic acid in the rat. 1. 4-Sulphamoyl[carboxy-14C]benzoic acid was rapidly eliminateda after oral administration to rats (94% dose in 24 h). After 6 days most of the 14C (73-83% dose) was recovered in the urine with significant amounts (18-32% dose) in the faeces due to incomplete absorption. 2. The 14C in the urine and faeces was unchanged 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid. No 14CO2 was detected in the expired air. 3. After oral administration of [methyl-14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide to rats the label was rapidly eliminated largely in the urine (66-89% dose) with little in the faeces (2-8% dose). The 14C in the faeces was 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid, which probably originated in the tissues since the gut flora was unable to effect this biotransformation. 4. The urine of rats given [14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide contained 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid as the major metabolite (93% of the urinary 14C) together with small amounts of unchanged compound (1.5-2.3% of urinary 14C), 4-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (2.0-3.9%), 4-sulphamoylbenzaldehyde (0-1.5%) and at higher doses N-acetyltoluene-4-sulphonamide (2.1-2.3%).", "PMID": 654313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5829", "title": "Biochemical and toxicological effects of combined exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene on rat liver and brain.", "content": "1. Inhalation exposure of adult male rats to a mixture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (500 p.p.m.) and trichloroethylene (200 p.p.m.) for four days 6 h daily resulted in an accumulation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in perirenal fat. Further exposure on the fifth day caused a rapid increase in various organ contents of both solvents with secondary depression of brain RNA. 2. The four-day exposure doubled the RNA content of liver and caused a slight decline in the concentrations of glutathione in liver. 3. The amount of cytochrome P-450 in liver was increased, as well as the overall mono-oxygenase activity, measured with styrene as substrate. During continuing treatment on the fifth day, styrene mono-oxygenase activity decreased, the activity after 6 h being only about 50% of that at the beginning of the fifth day of exposure. 4. UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity (measured in digitonin-activated microsomes) was doubled by the four-day combined exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. 5. The changes during the fifth day of exposure, e.g. rapid increase in the concentrations of solvents in organs, the detection of trichloroethylene in tissues and depression of mono-oxygenase activity, obviously also occurred during the exposures on days 1 to 4 and reverted during each post-exposure period.", "contents": "Biochemical and toxicological effects of combined exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene on rat liver and brain. 1. Inhalation exposure of adult male rats to a mixture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (500 p.p.m.) and trichloroethylene (200 p.p.m.) for four days 6 h daily resulted in an accumulation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in perirenal fat. Further exposure on the fifth day caused a rapid increase in various organ contents of both solvents with secondary depression of brain RNA. 2. The four-day exposure doubled the RNA content of liver and caused a slight decline in the concentrations of glutathione in liver. 3. The amount of cytochrome P-450 in liver was increased, as well as the overall mono-oxygenase activity, measured with styrene as substrate. During continuing treatment on the fifth day, styrene mono-oxygenase activity decreased, the activity after 6 h being only about 50% of that at the beginning of the fifth day of exposure. 4. UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity (measured in digitonin-activated microsomes) was doubled by the four-day combined exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. 5. The changes during the fifth day of exposure, e.g. rapid increase in the concentrations of solvents in organs, the detection of trichloroethylene in tissues and depression of mono-oxygenase activity, obviously also occurred during the exposures on days 1 to 4 and reverted during each post-exposure period.", "PMID": 654314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5830", "title": "[Development of the disease and autopsy findings in a case of malignant hemangioendothelioma of the right main bronchus (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 47-years-old woman with malignant hemangioendothelioma growing from the wall of the right main bronchus is reported. Due to its endobronchial growth, the tumor had led to early obliteration of the bronchus with atelectasis of the right lung, perforated the bronchial wall and had grown up in the mediastinum to the size of 8,5 X 7 X 5 cm bounded by a wall of fibrous tissue. The development of the disease had required about 3 month only on the whole. Exstirpation of the tumour had not been advisable owing to its unfavourable location. In spite of the considerable size of the tumour, no metastases have been founded in the autopsy.", "contents": "[Development of the disease and autopsy findings in a case of malignant hemangioendothelioma of the right main bronchus (author's transl)]. The case of a 47-years-old woman with malignant hemangioendothelioma growing from the wall of the right main bronchus is reported. Due to its endobronchial growth, the tumor had led to early obliteration of the bronchus with atelectasis of the right lung, perforated the bronchial wall and had grown up in the mediastinum to the size of 8,5 X 7 X 5 cm bounded by a wall of fibrous tissue. The development of the disease had required about 3 month only on the whole. Exstirpation of the tumour had not been advisable owing to its unfavourable location. In spite of the considerable size of the tumour, no metastases have been founded in the autopsy.", "PMID": 654335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5831", "title": "[Bronchial haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary haemangiopericytoma of the lung is very rare. Up to now 36 cases of lung origin have been reported in the world literature. All of them were peripheral lung tumours. In this paper report is given on a malignant (central) haemangiopericytoma of the right main bronchus in a 27 years old female. The clinical features, the morphological findings, the differential-diagnosis, the therapy and the prognosis of these lung tumours are discussed.", "contents": "[Bronchial haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)]. Primary haemangiopericytoma of the lung is very rare. Up to now 36 cases of lung origin have been reported in the world literature. All of them were peripheral lung tumours. In this paper report is given on a malignant (central) haemangiopericytoma of the right main bronchus in a 27 years old female. The clinical features, the morphological findings, the differential-diagnosis, the therapy and the prognosis of these lung tumours are discussed.", "PMID": 654336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5832", "title": "[Aerosoltherapy and operative aspects in cystic fibrotic children with sinusitis maxillaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Cystic fibrosis is often associated with chronic sinusitis maxillaris. Endonasal fenetration recommended improves aerosol efficiency on the mucosa and simultaneous improves swab and rinsing treatment.", "contents": "[Aerosoltherapy and operative aspects in cystic fibrotic children with sinusitis maxillaris (author's transl)]. Cystic fibrosis is often associated with chronic sinusitis maxillaris. Endonasal fenetration recommended improves aerosol efficiency on the mucosa and simultaneous improves swab and rinsing treatment.", "PMID": 654337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5833", "title": "[Organisation of work in an outpatients' department for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the work-sharing and cooperative process of socialist teamwork the organisation of work is a deduced essential condition (function) as well as an active influencing element of the management. It intends to make the collective fit to master a common task. Based on general scientific aspects of leadership some principles of organisation in an outpatients' department for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (German abbreviature: PALT) are explained, which also can be of advantage for other institutions of public health, if they are used ingeniously.", "contents": "[Organisation of work in an outpatients' department for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Within the work-sharing and cooperative process of socialist teamwork the organisation of work is a deduced essential condition (function) as well as an active influencing element of the management. It intends to make the collective fit to master a common task. Based on general scientific aspects of leadership some principles of organisation in an outpatients' department for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (German abbreviature: PALT) are explained, which also can be of advantage for other institutions of public health, if they are used ingeniously.", "PMID": 654338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5834", "title": "[On experiences with the new ultrasonic inhalation generator TuR USI 50 (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with our experiences with the new TuR ultrasonic nebulizer USI 50, whose nebulizer chamber consists of glass and stainless steel. It works with an electronic feed system and has an electronically controlled heater for the production of thermoaerosols. In an alternating series of nearly 1,000 inhalations with normal and thermoaerosol, about 3/4 of the patients preferred thermoaerosol, about 20% preferred normal aerosol while 10% did not find any difference. According to our experiences the TuR USI 50 can be recommended for medical application.", "contents": "[On experiences with the new ultrasonic inhalation generator TuR USI 50 (author's transl)]. The paper deals with our experiences with the new TuR ultrasonic nebulizer USI 50, whose nebulizer chamber consists of glass and stainless steel. It works with an electronic feed system and has an electronically controlled heater for the production of thermoaerosols. In an alternating series of nearly 1,000 inhalations with normal and thermoaerosol, about 3/4 of the patients preferred thermoaerosol, about 20% preferred normal aerosol while 10% did not find any difference. According to our experiences the TuR USI 50 can be recommended for medical application.", "PMID": 654339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5835", "title": "[Electron microscopical and histochemical investigations of phagocytotic defense reaction of the lung in experimental mineral oil pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "Phagocytosis of foreign body material (mineral oil) by alveolar macrophages and interstitial localized macrophages is seen in early stages of mineral oil pneumonia studied by electron microscopy and histochemistry. Degradation of phagocytized mineral oil by phagolysosomes is seen in alveolar macrophages, appearing in final stages as empty vacuoles. In contrast, this hydrolytic degradation cannot be found in interstitially localized macrophages. In these cells the mineral oil is present in unchanged form. It seems to be likely that this retention of foreign body material is the reason of granuloma formation. As a non-specific result of mineral oil application there is observed an increased production and extrusion of osmiophilic material (surface active phospholipids) by large alveolar epithel cells.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical and histochemical investigations of phagocytotic defense reaction of the lung in experimental mineral oil pneumonia (author's transl)]. Phagocytosis of foreign body material (mineral oil) by alveolar macrophages and interstitial localized macrophages is seen in early stages of mineral oil pneumonia studied by electron microscopy and histochemistry. Degradation of phagocytized mineral oil by phagolysosomes is seen in alveolar macrophages, appearing in final stages as empty vacuoles. In contrast, this hydrolytic degradation cannot be found in interstitially localized macrophages. In these cells the mineral oil is present in unchanged form. It seems to be likely that this retention of foreign body material is the reason of granuloma formation. As a non-specific result of mineral oil application there is observed an increased production and extrusion of osmiophilic material (surface active phospholipids) by large alveolar epithel cells.", "PMID": 654340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5836", "title": "[Sensitivity and specifitivity of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis for determination of precipitating antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.) is suitable for routine-work in clinical medicine to give quantitative evidence of precipitating antibodies. Sensitivity of this method is high (lowest level being 200 to 400 ng albumin/ml serum) and range of evidence being very broad (14-15 titer steps). The direction of migrations of proteins with anodal migration (Ig) is changed by carbamylation. The experience gained in more than 3,000 investigations, concerning methods and evaluation of the results, is reported in detail. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is superior to immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion (Ouchterlony) due to its higher sensitivity and to RAST or RIST by reason of its lower costs.", "contents": "[Sensitivity and specifitivity of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis for determination of precipitating antibodies (author's transl)]. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.) is suitable for routine-work in clinical medicine to give quantitative evidence of precipitating antibodies. Sensitivity of this method is high (lowest level being 200 to 400 ng albumin/ml serum) and range of evidence being very broad (14-15 titer steps). The direction of migrations of proteins with anodal migration (Ig) is changed by carbamylation. The experience gained in more than 3,000 investigations, concerning methods and evaluation of the results, is reported in detail. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is superior to immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion (Ouchterlony) due to its higher sensitivity and to RAST or RIST by reason of its lower costs.", "PMID": 654341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5837", "title": "[Enzymehistochemical and immunopathological findings in the guinea pig lung after repeated doses of Freund's adjuvant (author's transl)].", "content": "An interstitial cell reaction was produced in guinea pigs by repeated doses of complete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting changes were investigated with enzymehistochemical and immunopathological methods. Histologically there were diffuse or focal interstitial infiltrations of histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and some eosinophils. Enzymehistochemically a strong activity of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase is found in an increased number of alveolar macrophages, in contrast to the poor enzyme content of the interstitial cell infiltrations. Only some granulomas with starting fibrosis, visible after 6 weeks, exhibit an activity of leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Immunopathologically, with the aid of anti-guinea pig-globulin, no immunoglobulins could be detected in the lungs of all animals.", "contents": "[Enzymehistochemical and immunopathological findings in the guinea pig lung after repeated doses of Freund's adjuvant (author's transl)]. An interstitial cell reaction was produced in guinea pigs by repeated doses of complete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting changes were investigated with enzymehistochemical and immunopathological methods. Histologically there were diffuse or focal interstitial infiltrations of histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and some eosinophils. Enzymehistochemically a strong activity of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase is found in an increased number of alveolar macrophages, in contrast to the poor enzyme content of the interstitial cell infiltrations. Only some granulomas with starting fibrosis, visible after 6 weeks, exhibit an activity of leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Immunopathologically, with the aid of anti-guinea pig-globulin, no immunoglobulins could be detected in the lungs of all animals.", "PMID": 654342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5838", "title": "[Determination of glucose and fructose for the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "The glucose and fructose concentrations in the punctured liquid and the glucose effusion serum quotient were determined for 200 persons with pleural effusions of different genesis. It was tried to estimate the diagnostic value of this quotient for the differentiation of effusions of malignant, specific, nonspecific genesis and cardiac transsudations. A serum comparison value of the punctured fructose was determined in a control group of 30 persons with healthy metabolism value. The results of the examinations show, that a certain separation between the malignant and tuberculous exsudations is possible by means of the determination of glucose. The glucose level for the pleuritis exsudativa tuberculosa amounts to about 50 till 70 mg% whereas its value lies above the serum mean value for the malignant basic disease (glucose effusion serum quotient above 1). The determination of fructose seems to be limited suitable for the differentiation of the specific and nonspecific pleural diseases. The classification of the glucose and fructose concentrations has in relation with other examination parameters a differential diagnostic value, especially for the differentiation of malignant and specific pleural effusions. The tests for both parameters can be realized in every laboratory-clinical-chemistry.", "contents": "[Determination of glucose and fructose for the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions (author's transl)]. The glucose and fructose concentrations in the punctured liquid and the glucose effusion serum quotient were determined for 200 persons with pleural effusions of different genesis. It was tried to estimate the diagnostic value of this quotient for the differentiation of effusions of malignant, specific, nonspecific genesis and cardiac transsudations. A serum comparison value of the punctured fructose was determined in a control group of 30 persons with healthy metabolism value. The results of the examinations show, that a certain separation between the malignant and tuberculous exsudations is possible by means of the determination of glucose. The glucose level for the pleuritis exsudativa tuberculosa amounts to about 50 till 70 mg% whereas its value lies above the serum mean value for the malignant basic disease (glucose effusion serum quotient above 1). The determination of fructose seems to be limited suitable for the differentiation of the specific and nonspecific pleural diseases. The classification of the glucose and fructose concentrations has in relation with other examination parameters a differential diagnostic value, especially for the differentiation of malignant and specific pleural effusions. The tests for both parameters can be realized in every laboratory-clinical-chemistry.", "PMID": 654343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5839", "title": "[Does airways obstruction in children with asthma bronchial persist in the symptomfree interval? (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no doubt that asthmatic attack is creating symptoms of long-lasting obstruction. In symptom-free period many functional tests are quite normal. The most distinct changes found in that period of the diseases are the loss of elastic recoil and a raise of static compliance. This suggests that obstruction of any part of the airways cannot persist over the period of attacks.", "contents": "[Does airways obstruction in children with asthma bronchial persist in the symptomfree interval? (author's transl)]. There is no doubt that asthmatic attack is creating symptoms of long-lasting obstruction. In symptom-free period many functional tests are quite normal. The most distinct changes found in that period of the diseases are the loss of elastic recoil and a raise of static compliance. This suggests that obstruction of any part of the airways cannot persist over the period of attacks.", "PMID": 654344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5840", "title": "[Bronchial obstruction by mucoid impaction--a frequent cause of atelectasis (author's transl)].", "content": "A frequent complication in abdominal and thoracic surgery is bronchial obstruction by mucous secretion with atelectasis in a part of the lungs. The author introduces two patients and describes clinical symptoms and the possibility of false diagnosis. Prevention and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Bronchial obstruction by mucoid impaction--a frequent cause of atelectasis (author's transl)]. A frequent complication in abdominal and thoracic surgery is bronchial obstruction by mucous secretion with atelectasis in a part of the lungs. The author introduces two patients and describes clinical symptoms and the possibility of false diagnosis. Prevention and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 654345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5841", "title": "[Thorotrast carcinoma of the lung--contribution to the genesis of carcinoma after application of thorotrast and of old bullet wound (author's transl)].", "content": "A bronchogenic carcinoma was found in the sphere of the scar in a fifty-years-old man who suffered in 1945, 27 years before his death, from a pulmonary bullet wound caused by war influence. The histological examination furthermore disclosed considerable autoradiographic secured deposits of thorotrast in the carcinoma and scar sphere. One may suppose that in connection with the treatment of the results of this injury a bronchography or a preparation of the fistula followed. All available cases of a beginning of carcinoma after a pulmonary bullet wound as well as all cases of carcinoma of the lungs after thorotrast incorporation found in literature were collected, critically sorted out and represented in schedules. A summary of questions of the causes and pathogenesis is given.", "contents": "[Thorotrast carcinoma of the lung--contribution to the genesis of carcinoma after application of thorotrast and of old bullet wound (author's transl)]. A bronchogenic carcinoma was found in the sphere of the scar in a fifty-years-old man who suffered in 1945, 27 years before his death, from a pulmonary bullet wound caused by war influence. The histological examination furthermore disclosed considerable autoradiographic secured deposits of thorotrast in the carcinoma and scar sphere. One may suppose that in connection with the treatment of the results of this injury a bronchography or a preparation of the fistula followed. All available cases of a beginning of carcinoma after a pulmonary bullet wound as well as all cases of carcinoma of the lungs after thorotrast incorporation found in literature were collected, critically sorted out and represented in schedules. A summary of questions of the causes and pathogenesis is given.", "PMID": 654346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5842", "title": "[The measurement of aerosol density of ultrasonic inhalation generators (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the behaviour of ultrasonic USI-Nebulizers during operation were carried out using a simple photometric arrangement. It shows, that the electrically controlled feed system of USI 3 and USI 50 is superior to the far simpler chicken feed system of USI 3 and USI 50 is superior to the far simpler chicken feed system. For the inhalation of small amounts of medicament not using the feed system the measuring procedure for the remaining amount of medicament should be reconsidered.", "contents": "[The measurement of aerosol density of ultrasonic inhalation generators (author's transl)]. Measurements of the behaviour of ultrasonic USI-Nebulizers during operation were carried out using a simple photometric arrangement. It shows, that the electrically controlled feed system of USI 3 and USI 50 is superior to the far simpler chicken feed system of USI 3 and USI 50 is superior to the far simpler chicken feed system. For the inhalation of small amounts of medicament not using the feed system the measuring procedure for the remaining amount of medicament should be reconsidered.", "PMID": 654347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5843", "title": "[Fibrinous bronchitis in a child (case report) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a five years old with fibrinous bronchitis expectorating pasts of bronchial casts of the right lower lobe in all 16 times in 6 episodes lasting one to two weeks. Etiology and pathogenesis could not be elucidate.", "contents": "[Fibrinous bronchitis in a child (case report) (author's transl)]. Report on a five years old with fibrinous bronchitis expectorating pasts of bronchial casts of the right lower lobe in all 16 times in 6 episodes lasting one to two weeks. Etiology and pathogenesis could not be elucidate.", "PMID": 654348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5844", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics of C-14 cinnamic-acid derivatives in rats].", "content": "Using some 14C-labelled derivatives of cinnamic acid which are of interest as metabolites of chlorogenic acid we studied their pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats. The absorption rate constant from intestinal was 2--10 times greater than the elimination rate constant. After i.v. application the half life of elimination from the blood was between 13 and 37 minutes. When greater amounts (50 mg/kg) were given by i.d. application, absorption and elimation were delayed. The tested compounds were excreted mainly by the kidneys and most of the given dosis could be found in urine within 2 hours. The biliary excretion differed widely among the tested compounds: only up to 3% were excreted in the bile in the case of m-cumaric acid, p-cumaric acid and caffeic acid, whereas up to 30% were found when ferulic acid or trimethoxycinnamic acid were given. From these results a greater ole of caffeic acid in the enterohepatic circulation is not to be expected.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics of C-14 cinnamic-acid derivatives in rats]. Using some 14C-labelled derivatives of cinnamic acid which are of interest as metabolites of chlorogenic acid we studied their pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats. The absorption rate constant from intestinal was 2--10 times greater than the elimination rate constant. After i.v. application the half life of elimination from the blood was between 13 and 37 minutes. When greater amounts (50 mg/kg) were given by i.d. application, absorption and elimation were delayed. The tested compounds were excreted mainly by the kidneys and most of the given dosis could be found in urine within 2 hours. The biliary excretion differed widely among the tested compounds: only up to 3% were excreted in the bile in the case of m-cumaric acid, p-cumaric acid and caffeic acid, whereas up to 30% were found when ferulic acid or trimethoxycinnamic acid were given. From these results a greater ole of caffeic acid in the enterohepatic circulation is not to be expected.", "PMID": 654349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5845", "title": "Effect of ATP on liver function tests in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Liver function tests were performed in severe and mild diabetic rats and under the influence of ATP. In mild diabetics the serum cholesterol was significantly increased, while in severe diabetes the serum cholesterol was significantly lower than in mild diabetes. The decreased serum cholesterol in severe diabetes may be an indication for the development of fatty liver. The serum alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin were significantly increased in both the severe and mild diabetic states, while the thymol turbidity test was insignificantly changed in both states of diabetes. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in 10 days mild diabetes, while it was insignificantly changed in 48 hrs severe diabetic animals. The effect of ATP was investigated in mild diabetes. ATP resulted in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in total globulins with the resultant increase in A/G ratio. The serum alkaline phosphatase exhibited a significant reduction under the influence of ATP. The elevated cholesterol of mild diabetic rats remained significantly elevated and was not reduced by ATP, though the fat content of the liver showed a significant reduction. This may be due to more rapid mobilisation of fat from the liver under the influence of ATP. ATP showed no significant effect on serum bilirubin and thymol turbidity test. the histopathological examination of the liver revealed that administration of ATP to alloxan diabetic rats had a beneficial effect. It resulted in disappearrance of the fat globules from the liver cells.", "contents": "Effect of ATP on liver function tests in experimental diabetes. Liver function tests were performed in severe and mild diabetic rats and under the influence of ATP. In mild diabetics the serum cholesterol was significantly increased, while in severe diabetes the serum cholesterol was significantly lower than in mild diabetes. The decreased serum cholesterol in severe diabetes may be an indication for the development of fatty liver. The serum alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin were significantly increased in both the severe and mild diabetic states, while the thymol turbidity test was insignificantly changed in both states of diabetes. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in 10 days mild diabetes, while it was insignificantly changed in 48 hrs severe diabetic animals. The effect of ATP was investigated in mild diabetes. ATP resulted in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in total globulins with the resultant increase in A/G ratio. The serum alkaline phosphatase exhibited a significant reduction under the influence of ATP. The elevated cholesterol of mild diabetic rats remained significantly elevated and was not reduced by ATP, though the fat content of the liver showed a significant reduction. This may be due to more rapid mobilisation of fat from the liver under the influence of ATP. ATP showed no significant effect on serum bilirubin and thymol turbidity test. the histopathological examination of the liver revealed that administration of ATP to alloxan diabetic rats had a beneficial effect. It resulted in disappearrance of the fat globules from the liver cells.", "PMID": 654350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5846", "title": "Effect of AMP on serum minerals in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.", "content": "Carbon tetrachloride twenty-four hours after its administration resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium, while for magnesium no significant change was observed. A portion of this rise was due to the known hepatotoxic effect of CCl4 on the liver. Pretreatment with adenosine-5-monophosphate led to a normalization of the level of serum iron, copper and zinc, while in case of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium there was no significant change from that found in CCl4. The normalization of serum copper and iron under the influence of AMP may be due to some protective action of AMP on the liver. However, the disturbance in minerals metabolism may be considered as one of the earliest lesions in CCl4 poisoning.", "contents": "Effect of AMP on serum minerals in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Carbon tetrachloride twenty-four hours after its administration resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium, while for magnesium no significant change was observed. A portion of this rise was due to the known hepatotoxic effect of CCl4 on the liver. Pretreatment with adenosine-5-monophosphate led to a normalization of the level of serum iron, copper and zinc, while in case of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium there was no significant change from that found in CCl4. The normalization of serum copper and iron under the influence of AMP may be due to some protective action of AMP on the liver. However, the disturbance in minerals metabolism may be considered as one of the earliest lesions in CCl4 poisoning.", "PMID": 654351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5847", "title": "[Simultaneous enzyme determination of C-14 glucose and C-14 fructose in human body fluids].", "content": "A new enzymatic method for simultaneous estimation of radioactivity of 1-14C-glucose and 1-14C-fructose is described. It is based on the isomerisation of 1-14C-fructose to 1-14C-glucose by phosphoglucoseisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and on its enzymatic removal as ribulose-5-phosphate and 14CO2. The method is specific, reproducible, and gives over 97% recoveries of glucose and fructose concentrations up to 11 mmol/1 in aquos and biological solutions.", "contents": "[Simultaneous enzyme determination of C-14 glucose and C-14 fructose in human body fluids]. A new enzymatic method for simultaneous estimation of radioactivity of 1-14C-glucose and 1-14C-fructose is described. It is based on the isomerisation of 1-14C-fructose to 1-14C-glucose by phosphoglucoseisomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and on its enzymatic removal as ribulose-5-phosphate and 14CO2. The method is specific, reproducible, and gives over 97% recoveries of glucose and fructose concentrations up to 11 mmol/1 in aquos and biological solutions.", "PMID": 654352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5848", "title": "[Biochemical and hematological parameters during extracorporeal heterologous perfusion with a porcine liver in acute liver failure].", "content": "The authors report on biochemical and hematologic investigations during 6 extracorporeal heterologous perfusions by means of porcine livers in 4 patients suffering from acute hepatic failure. The findings stress the functioning of porcine liver in the extracorporeal system. All livers produced bile with higher values of bilirubin and pH than found in serum. At each perfusion the serum levels of bilirubin decreased. Activities of serum enzymes (GOT, GPT, GLDH, gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase) and the levels of potassium and sodium behaved differently. This could be explained by different damages of the porcine livers during perfusion which always occur. In 3 perfusions decreased leucocyte counts were observed, explicable immunologically. Extracorporeal heterologous perfusion by means of an alien liver is considered a possible way for temporary replacement of liver function and for removing toxins from the host. Success in single cases with reasonable indication are considered possible. The patients endured the perfusions well. After transitory improvement of their general conditions they succumbed from their severe diseases, though.", "contents": "[Biochemical and hematological parameters during extracorporeal heterologous perfusion with a porcine liver in acute liver failure]. The authors report on biochemical and hematologic investigations during 6 extracorporeal heterologous perfusions by means of porcine livers in 4 patients suffering from acute hepatic failure. The findings stress the functioning of porcine liver in the extracorporeal system. All livers produced bile with higher values of bilirubin and pH than found in serum. At each perfusion the serum levels of bilirubin decreased. Activities of serum enzymes (GOT, GPT, GLDH, gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase) and the levels of potassium and sodium behaved differently. This could be explained by different damages of the porcine livers during perfusion which always occur. In 3 perfusions decreased leucocyte counts were observed, explicable immunologically. Extracorporeal heterologous perfusion by means of an alien liver is considered a possible way for temporary replacement of liver function and for removing toxins from the host. Success in single cases with reasonable indication are considered possible. The patients endured the perfusions well. After transitory improvement of their general conditions they succumbed from their severe diseases, though.", "PMID": 654373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5849", "title": "[Studies on wound healing and secondary and tertiary wounds].", "content": "From animal experiments, the authors draw the following conclusions: 1. Compared with primary wounds, the tensile strength of secondary and tertiary wounds is significantly elevated. 2. Aside from a slight elevation on the third day, there is no difference of tensile strength between secondary and tertiary wounds. 3. Collagenous fibers are earlier formed in secondary and tertiary wounds because the initial phase of fibrillogenesis is shortened due to more developed granular tissue with increased vascularization as compared with primary wounds. Whether local factors influence the accelerated healing and the tensile strength of the wounds requires further investigation.", "contents": "[Studies on wound healing and secondary and tertiary wounds]. From animal experiments, the authors draw the following conclusions: 1. Compared with primary wounds, the tensile strength of secondary and tertiary wounds is significantly elevated. 2. Aside from a slight elevation on the third day, there is no difference of tensile strength between secondary and tertiary wounds. 3. Collagenous fibers are earlier formed in secondary and tertiary wounds because the initial phase of fibrillogenesis is shortened due to more developed granular tissue with increased vascularization as compared with primary wounds. Whether local factors influence the accelerated healing and the tensile strength of the wounds requires further investigation.", "PMID": 654374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5850", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on immunogenicity, humoral response and danger of anaphylaxis in parenteral administration of hyaluronidase].", "content": "The widespread intravenous application of hyaluronidase rises questions for its potential immunogenicity, formation of humoral antibodies, and danger of anaphylaxis. In experiments on 21 rabbits and 40 rats, the authors searched for precipitating antibodies after subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous application of hyaluronidase in doses equivalent to the human. Intravenous and intramuscular shots of 150 to 75 000 IU of Hylase were applied in order to test anaphylaxis. By all proving procedures antibodies against Hylase were found. The formation of antibodies occurred earlier and in higher concentrations after subcutaneous and intramuscular application. The antibodies belonged to the IgG group. One third of the animals showed anaphylactic responses at doses which were 13 to 630 times as high. 26 per cent of human patients developed antibodies after application of Hylase. No anaphylactic reactions were observed in 17 patients with antibodies when intravenous application of hyaluronidase was continued. In the dosage used in the man anaphylactic response is obviously rare though it is possible.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on immunogenicity, humoral response and danger of anaphylaxis in parenteral administration of hyaluronidase]. The widespread intravenous application of hyaluronidase rises questions for its potential immunogenicity, formation of humoral antibodies, and danger of anaphylaxis. In experiments on 21 rabbits and 40 rats, the authors searched for precipitating antibodies after subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous application of hyaluronidase in doses equivalent to the human. Intravenous and intramuscular shots of 150 to 75 000 IU of Hylase were applied in order to test anaphylaxis. By all proving procedures antibodies against Hylase were found. The formation of antibodies occurred earlier and in higher concentrations after subcutaneous and intramuscular application. The antibodies belonged to the IgG group. One third of the animals showed anaphylactic responses at doses which were 13 to 630 times as high. 26 per cent of human patients developed antibodies after application of Hylase. No anaphylactic reactions were observed in 17 patients with antibodies when intravenous application of hyaluronidase was continued. In the dosage used in the man anaphylactic response is obviously rare though it is possible.", "PMID": 654375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5851", "title": "[Changes in the myocardial catecholamines in experimental stress and during assisted circulation].", "content": "After two hours of immobilization stress in rats, the authors observed significantly decreased noradrenalin values in the myocardium, returning to normal values later. The concentration of adrenalin in the myocardium of rats showed a contrary behavior under stress conditions. Myocardiac catecholamin shifts in dogs with experimental stress induced by coronary occlusion were registered. After 120 minutes of mechanical circulatory support for the left-sided bypass system the catecholamin level in the left atrium decreased. On the other hand, catecholamin levels in the left ventricular myocardium, injured by experimental infarction, were unchanged after 120 minutes of assisted circulation. In correspondence with hemodynamic and metabolic findings, these results could support the method of assisted leftside bypass. Myocardial catecholamines seem to be another possible parameter for the assisted circulation.", "contents": "[Changes in the myocardial catecholamines in experimental stress and during assisted circulation]. After two hours of immobilization stress in rats, the authors observed significantly decreased noradrenalin values in the myocardium, returning to normal values later. The concentration of adrenalin in the myocardium of rats showed a contrary behavior under stress conditions. Myocardiac catecholamin shifts in dogs with experimental stress induced by coronary occlusion were registered. After 120 minutes of mechanical circulatory support for the left-sided bypass system the catecholamin level in the left atrium decreased. On the other hand, catecholamin levels in the left ventricular myocardium, injured by experimental infarction, were unchanged after 120 minutes of assisted circulation. In correspondence with hemodynamic and metabolic findings, these results could support the method of assisted leftside bypass. Myocardial catecholamines seem to be another possible parameter for the assisted circulation.", "PMID": 654376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5852", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic changes in the myocardium of children with cyanotic heart diseases].", "content": "In 7 children with Fallot's tetralogy ultrastructural quantitative and qualitative investigations on the heart muscle were carried out. Bizarre nuclei and slightly increased volume of mitochondrial part indicated hypertrophy. The amount of mitochondria was 35.07 per cent. The content of glycogen is relatively high. The lipofuscin bodies, mainly originating from mitochondria, amount to 1.43 per cent. No essential damage is observed. From the ultrastructural findings can be concluded that surgery may be done without suspicion as to cardiac cell morphology.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic changes in the myocardium of children with cyanotic heart diseases]. In 7 children with Fallot's tetralogy ultrastructural quantitative and qualitative investigations on the heart muscle were carried out. Bizarre nuclei and slightly increased volume of mitochondrial part indicated hypertrophy. The amount of mitochondria was 35.07 per cent. The content of glycogen is relatively high. The lipofuscin bodies, mainly originating from mitochondria, amount to 1.43 per cent. No essential damage is observed. From the ultrastructural findings can be concluded that surgery may be done without suspicion as to cardiac cell morphology.", "PMID": 654377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5853", "title": "[Experimental studies on surgical therapy of acute infarct].", "content": "The authors examined the effects of reperfusion after temporary ischemia in 50 dogs. The morphologic alterations were documented by methods of electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and histochemistry. Lactate and activity of glycogen phosphorylase were assessed. According to the results, the optimal ischemia interval is 30 to 60 minutes for rational application of reperfusion, while it is just possible after 120 minutes. After a 4-hours-period of ischemia reperfusion increase morphologic damage of myocardium and impairment of myocardial metabolism. Prolonged reperfusion of 7 days resulted in a reduced extent of infarction compared with controls. In non-ischemic myocardium the morphologic and metabolic alterations were less expressed. The effects of \"no-reflow\"-phenomenon and conclusions for clinical practice are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on surgical therapy of acute infarct]. The authors examined the effects of reperfusion after temporary ischemia in 50 dogs. The morphologic alterations were documented by methods of electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and histochemistry. Lactate and activity of glycogen phosphorylase were assessed. According to the results, the optimal ischemia interval is 30 to 60 minutes for rational application of reperfusion, while it is just possible after 120 minutes. After a 4-hours-period of ischemia reperfusion increase morphologic damage of myocardium and impairment of myocardial metabolism. Prolonged reperfusion of 7 days resulted in a reduced extent of infarction compared with controls. In non-ischemic myocardium the morphologic and metabolic alterations were less expressed. The effects of \"no-reflow\"-phenomenon and conclusions for clinical practice are discussed.", "PMID": 654378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5854", "title": "[Morphological studies on swine livers after extracorporeal perfusion].", "content": "Morphologic examination of 6 porcine livers after extracorporeal perfusion showed toxic damages of parenchyma with and without necrosis, dilatation and distension of sinusoids with and without hemorrhage and accumulation of inflammatory cells, activated stellate cells, different distributions and loss of glycogen. These findings in the liver could be caused as well by inflow of toxins and cells from the patient, as by increasing damage of the livers under the unphysiological conditions of extracorporeal circulation. The authors point at possible immunologic responses and give their opinion on the question of \"vitality\" of extracorporeally perfused porcine livers.", "contents": "[Morphological studies on swine livers after extracorporeal perfusion]. Morphologic examination of 6 porcine livers after extracorporeal perfusion showed toxic damages of parenchyma with and without necrosis, dilatation and distension of sinusoids with and without hemorrhage and accumulation of inflammatory cells, activated stellate cells, different distributions and loss of glycogen. These findings in the liver could be caused as well by inflow of toxins and cells from the patient, as by increasing damage of the livers under the unphysiological conditions of extracorporeal circulation. The authors point at possible immunologic responses and give their opinion on the question of \"vitality\" of extracorporeally perfused porcine livers.", "PMID": 654379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5855", "title": "[Diagnostic accuracy of fiber endoscopy in esophageal and gastric carcinoma. Attempt at error analysis].", "content": "A retrospective analysis was performed in 332 cases with cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A limit of one month was set for delayed and missed bioptically verified endoscopic diagnosis. Malignant cycle in ulcerated lesions and the size of elevated processes were the probable causes of delayed diagnosis in 7 out of 37 cases with early cancer. In advanced gastric cancer missed diagnosis was probably caused by the indication for endoscopy made too late in an unknown number of cases or patient's refusal to undergo controls. However, failure of the endoscopist to recognize a malignant process must be considered too. The percentage of endoscopist's mistakes was below 2% in our series.", "contents": "[Diagnostic accuracy of fiber endoscopy in esophageal and gastric carcinoma. Attempt at error analysis]. A retrospective analysis was performed in 332 cases with cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A limit of one month was set for delayed and missed bioptically verified endoscopic diagnosis. Malignant cycle in ulcerated lesions and the size of elevated processes were the probable causes of delayed diagnosis in 7 out of 37 cases with early cancer. In advanced gastric cancer missed diagnosis was probably caused by the indication for endoscopy made too late in an unknown number of cases or patient's refusal to undergo controls. However, failure of the endoscopist to recognize a malignant process must be considered too. The percentage of endoscopist's mistakes was below 2% in our series.", "PMID": 654380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5856", "title": "[Functional scintigraphy in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "The accepted diagnostical procedures to prove a gastroesophageal reflux by direct or indirect methods do not allow any quantification and are of limited sensitivity. A quantification is possible by use of a gamma-camera with a computer-system after application of a small amount of 99m Tc-DPTA (reflux scintiscan). The high accuracy of this method could be proven by evaluation of 51 patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux esophagitis or after total gastrectomy. The results were compared with the histological findings. With this method we found after total gastrectomy the expected high incidence of relux. The long-term results after semifundoplication were not as good as after fundoplication. The reflux scintiscan is a less invasive, but reliable method to detect the gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "[Functional scintigraphy in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux (author's transl)]. The accepted diagnostical procedures to prove a gastroesophageal reflux by direct or indirect methods do not allow any quantification and are of limited sensitivity. A quantification is possible by use of a gamma-camera with a computer-system after application of a small amount of 99m Tc-DPTA (reflux scintiscan). The high accuracy of this method could be proven by evaluation of 51 patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux esophagitis or after total gastrectomy. The results were compared with the histological findings. With this method we found after total gastrectomy the expected high incidence of relux. The long-term results after semifundoplication were not as good as after fundoplication. The reflux scintiscan is a less invasive, but reliable method to detect the gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 654381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5857", "title": "[Behavior of histamine in gastric secretion and plasma in the normal and morphologically altered human gastric mucosa].", "content": "The existence of a relationship between the morphological state of oxynthic gland area of the stomach and the histamine content in the gastric juice was studied. In 86 patients (48 males and 38 females) four groups were formed due to a multiple biopsy pattern: individuals with normal gastric mucosa, with superficial gastritis, with beginning atrophy and with advanced atrophic gastritis. In the basal and maximal stimulated gastric juice the following parameters were used: volume, H+ concentration, acid output, histamine concentration and histamine output. The histamine content was additionally determined also in the plasma. The histamine output and the histamine content of the gastric juice was significantly diminished parallel to the degree of the atrophy of gastric mucosa and parallel to the decrease of the volume and acid output and the increase of the intragastral pH values. In the plasma an increase of the histamine content was observed under similar conditions. A possible relationship is discussed between increased plasma histamine content and increased serum gastrin concentration in cases of advanced atrophic gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Behavior of histamine in gastric secretion and plasma in the normal and morphologically altered human gastric mucosa]. The existence of a relationship between the morphological state of oxynthic gland area of the stomach and the histamine content in the gastric juice was studied. In 86 patients (48 males and 38 females) four groups were formed due to a multiple biopsy pattern: individuals with normal gastric mucosa, with superficial gastritis, with beginning atrophy and with advanced atrophic gastritis. In the basal and maximal stimulated gastric juice the following parameters were used: volume, H+ concentration, acid output, histamine concentration and histamine output. The histamine content was additionally determined also in the plasma. The histamine output and the histamine content of the gastric juice was significantly diminished parallel to the degree of the atrophy of gastric mucosa and parallel to the decrease of the volume and acid output and the increase of the intragastral pH values. In the plasma an increase of the histamine content was observed under similar conditions. A possible relationship is discussed between increased plasma histamine content and increased serum gastrin concentration in cases of advanced atrophic gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 654382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5858", "title": "[Changes of alcohol resorption through apomorphine in subemetic dosage].", "content": "Apomorphine in sub-emetic doses inhibits gastric emptying without producing nausea or vomiting. This discovery was applied to 21 persons to find out correlation between gastric emptying rate and alcohol absorption. In the 60 minutes after a single oral ingestion the shape of the alcohol-tolerance curve is considerably flatter after administration of apromorphine as compared to controls. The peak blood alcohol concentration occurs later and is significantly lower. These findings suggest that absorption of ethyl alcohol after a single oral alcohol ingestion can be controlled to a considerable extent by the gastric emptying rate.", "contents": "[Changes of alcohol resorption through apomorphine in subemetic dosage]. Apomorphine in sub-emetic doses inhibits gastric emptying without producing nausea or vomiting. This discovery was applied to 21 persons to find out correlation between gastric emptying rate and alcohol absorption. In the 60 minutes after a single oral ingestion the shape of the alcohol-tolerance curve is considerably flatter after administration of apromorphine as compared to controls. The peak blood alcohol concentration occurs later and is significantly lower. These findings suggest that absorption of ethyl alcohol after a single oral alcohol ingestion can be controlled to a considerable extent by the gastric emptying rate.", "PMID": 654383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5859", "title": "[Gastrin].", "content": "Gastrin antisera were raised by immunization of rabbits or guinea pigs with synthetic human gastrin I conjugated to bovine serum albumin by carbodiimide. Radioiodination of SHG: 2-17 was performed by the chloramine T-method and by an enzymatic procedure. AE-cellulose was used to get a monoiodinated tracer hormone. Antibody reactions with the different forms of gastrin and with CCK-PZ was characterized. Precision (VK = 6-8%) and reproducibility (VK less than 15%) of the gastrin values were comparable to the insulin assay. Gastrin stimulates the parietal cell and has trophic effects on gastric mucosa. Hypergastrinaemia in combination with hypersecretion exhibits clinical significance in patients suffering from Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome or excluded antrum-syndrome which are due to autonomous gastrin release. Some findings suggest a pathogenetic role of gastrin in duodenal ulcer disease. Those disease in which gastrin determinations are of clinical value are discussed.", "contents": "[Gastrin]. Gastrin antisera were raised by immunization of rabbits or guinea pigs with synthetic human gastrin I conjugated to bovine serum albumin by carbodiimide. Radioiodination of SHG: 2-17 was performed by the chloramine T-method and by an enzymatic procedure. AE-cellulose was used to get a monoiodinated tracer hormone. Antibody reactions with the different forms of gastrin and with CCK-PZ was characterized. Precision (VK = 6-8%) and reproducibility (VK less than 15%) of the gastrin values were comparable to the insulin assay. Gastrin stimulates the parietal cell and has trophic effects on gastric mucosa. Hypergastrinaemia in combination with hypersecretion exhibits clinical significance in patients suffering from Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome or excluded antrum-syndrome which are due to autonomous gastrin release. Some findings suggest a pathogenetic role of gastrin in duodenal ulcer disease. Those disease in which gastrin determinations are of clinical value are discussed.", "PMID": 654384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5860", "title": "[Secretion radioimmunoassay, physiology and pathophysiology in man].", "content": "Production of antibodies to secretin for radioimmunoassay is straightforward. Secretion is iodinated by weak oxydation with lactoperoxydase and subsequent purification by ionexchange chromatography (Sephadex C25). The specific activity of fresh label is between 650 and 900 mCi . mol-6. The label is highly purified and may be used in radioimmunoassay for several months. In order to eliminate plasma interference sepharose-beads with covalently coupled secretin antibodies are used to produce secretin-free standard plasma samples. Delay in the separation of plasma from fresh blood samples can lead to erronous results, even to falsely elevated secretin levels.--Duodental acidification only leads to physiological increases of secretin plasma levels. This may happen by intraduodenal instillation of acid, or by an acidic oral drink, or to a lesser extent after a meal. Secretin is distributed throughout the plasmavolume and has a short halflife of around 3 minutes. Impaired release of secretion is found in children with coeliac disease. The role of secretin in peptic ulcer however is not clear. Chronic pancreatitis and renal insufficiency are without effect on plasma secretin levels.", "contents": "[Secretion radioimmunoassay, physiology and pathophysiology in man]. Production of antibodies to secretin for radioimmunoassay is straightforward. Secretion is iodinated by weak oxydation with lactoperoxydase and subsequent purification by ionexchange chromatography (Sephadex C25). The specific activity of fresh label is between 650 and 900 mCi . mol-6. The label is highly purified and may be used in radioimmunoassay for several months. In order to eliminate plasma interference sepharose-beads with covalently coupled secretin antibodies are used to produce secretin-free standard plasma samples. Delay in the separation of plasma from fresh blood samples can lead to erronous results, even to falsely elevated secretin levels.--Duodental acidification only leads to physiological increases of secretin plasma levels. This may happen by intraduodenal instillation of acid, or by an acidic oral drink, or to a lesser extent after a meal. Secretin is distributed throughout the plasmavolume and has a short halflife of around 3 minutes. Impaired release of secretion is found in children with coeliac disease. The role of secretin in peptic ulcer however is not clear. Chronic pancreatitis and renal insufficiency are without effect on plasma secretin levels.", "PMID": 654385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5861", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay [RIA] of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin [33-CCK] (author's transl)].", "content": "A further specific, reproducible radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin was developed. 125J-labelled 39-CCK was used as tracer. The limit of detection for CCK in serum was 40 pg/ml. Basal levels for CCK have been found to be 222 pg/ml, being increased after food ingestin. No crossreactivity with gastronintestinal hormones could be observed. Somatostatin was inhibiting the stimulated CCK-release. Histochemical and radioimmunological determinations localized CCK-containing cells in duodenal tissue of humans. Physiological and pathological processes in which CCK is involved have to be studied to evaluate its role in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay [RIA] of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin [33-CCK] (author's transl)]. A further specific, reproducible radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin was developed. 125J-labelled 39-CCK was used as tracer. The limit of detection for CCK in serum was 40 pg/ml. Basal levels for CCK have been found to be 222 pg/ml, being increased after food ingestin. No crossreactivity with gastronintestinal hormones could be observed. Somatostatin was inhibiting the stimulated CCK-release. Histochemical and radioimmunological determinations localized CCK-containing cells in duodenal tissue of humans. Physiological and pathological processes in which CCK is involved have to be studied to evaluate its role in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 654386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5862", "title": "[Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (author's transl].", "content": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is released from the duodenum and jejunum following the ingestion of glucose, fat and amino acids. This hormone potentiates the glucose-induced insulin release from the beta-cells of the pancreas. The role of GIP as \"incretin\" is discussed. The method of the radioimmunoassay for the determination of GIP in serum samples is described. The lower limit of sensitivity of the GIP radioimmunoassay is in the range of 30-50 pg per ml serum. The described radioimmunoassay is sensitive enough to determine fasting levels of GIP in normal subjects (287 +/- 59 pg/ml). The clinical and pathophysiological importance of GIP is discussed by means of various diseases (obesity, maturity-onset diabetes mellitus, duodenal ulcer disease).", "contents": "[Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (author's transl]. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is released from the duodenum and jejunum following the ingestion of glucose, fat and amino acids. This hormone potentiates the glucose-induced insulin release from the beta-cells of the pancreas. The role of GIP as \"incretin\" is discussed. The method of the radioimmunoassay for the determination of GIP in serum samples is described. The lower limit of sensitivity of the GIP radioimmunoassay is in the range of 30-50 pg per ml serum. The described radioimmunoassay is sensitive enough to determine fasting levels of GIP in normal subjects (287 +/- 59 pg/ml). The clinical and pathophysiological importance of GIP is discussed by means of various diseases (obesity, maturity-onset diabetes mellitus, duodenal ulcer disease).", "PMID": 654387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5863", "title": "[Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) can be reproducible measured in serum and tissue extracts by mean of a standardized radioimmunoassay. Dispite extensive investigations into the biological actions of the polypeptide and a range of radioimmunological measurements in serum and tissue the physiological significance of PP is, at present, unclear. The normal postprandial increase of serum PP levels has been reported to be lacking after vagotomy and reduced in patients with chronic pancreatitis. If these observations can be confirmed then PP measurement may be a clinically usefull criterion as to the effectiveness of vagotomy and as an indicator for chronic pancreatic disease.", "contents": "[Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (author's transl)]. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) can be reproducible measured in serum and tissue extracts by mean of a standardized radioimmunoassay. Dispite extensive investigations into the biological actions of the polypeptide and a range of radioimmunological measurements in serum and tissue the physiological significance of PP is, at present, unclear. The normal postprandial increase of serum PP levels has been reported to be lacking after vagotomy and reduced in patients with chronic pancreatitis. If these observations can be confirmed then PP measurement may be a clinically usefull criterion as to the effectiveness of vagotomy and as an indicator for chronic pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 654388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5864", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of motilin (author's transl)].", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for motilin is described and a few technical details concerning antibody production and tracer iodination are discussed. Though a variety of biological actions of motilin have been reported, its role in normal human physiology remains to be established. So far, the motilin radioimmunoassay brought no major break through to elucidate the physiology, disregard pathophysiology, of motilin.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of motilin (author's transl)]. A specific radioimmunoassay for motilin is described and a few technical details concerning antibody production and tracer iodination are discussed. Though a variety of biological actions of motilin have been reported, its role in normal human physiology remains to be established. So far, the motilin radioimmunoassay brought no major break through to elucidate the physiology, disregard pathophysiology, of motilin.", "PMID": 654389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5865", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins (author's transl)].", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGs) can be measured by bioassay or combined gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry or by radioimmunoassay. The main advantage of the latter method is its great sensitivity. On the other hand, difficulties, with this method can arise from the small molecular weight of PGs and the large number of structurally closely related PGs and PG metabolites which cross-react in the various radioimmunoassays thus influencing the specificity of the method. Exogenous PGs exert a variety of effects on the gastro-intestinal tract. The effects on the various organs differ between the PGs tested and are species-dependent. Endogenous PGs have been found both in human and animal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. PGE2 and its 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-metabolite are the main PGs found in human gastric juice, while much smaller concentrations of PGF2alpha and PGA2 and their metabolites were detected. In human gastric mucosa both PG synthetase and PG-metabolizing enzymes were found to occur. Both enzyme systems can be influenced specifically by drugs. Inhibition of PG synthetase seems to correlate with gastric mucosal irritation, while inhibition of enzymatic PG inactivation might be associated with protection of gastro-intestinal mucosa. Results from animal experiments as well as clinical observations on humans indicate, that endogenous PGs might be involved in such syndromes as diarrhea, colitis, gastritis, tumors, acute pancreatitis and gastric ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The exact role, however, played by PGs in physiology and pathophysiology of the gastro-intestinal tract, awaits further investigations.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins (author's transl)]. Prostaglandins (PGs) can be measured by bioassay or combined gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry or by radioimmunoassay. The main advantage of the latter method is its great sensitivity. On the other hand, difficulties, with this method can arise from the small molecular weight of PGs and the large number of structurally closely related PGs and PG metabolites which cross-react in the various radioimmunoassays thus influencing the specificity of the method. Exogenous PGs exert a variety of effects on the gastro-intestinal tract. The effects on the various organs differ between the PGs tested and are species-dependent. Endogenous PGs have been found both in human and animal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. PGE2 and its 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-metabolite are the main PGs found in human gastric juice, while much smaller concentrations of PGF2alpha and PGA2 and their metabolites were detected. In human gastric mucosa both PG synthetase and PG-metabolizing enzymes were found to occur. Both enzyme systems can be influenced specifically by drugs. Inhibition of PG synthetase seems to correlate with gastric mucosal irritation, while inhibition of enzymatic PG inactivation might be associated with protection of gastro-intestinal mucosa. Results from animal experiments as well as clinical observations on humans indicate, that endogenous PGs might be involved in such syndromes as diarrhea, colitis, gastritis, tumors, acute pancreatitis and gastric ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The exact role, however, played by PGs in physiology and pathophysiology of the gastro-intestinal tract, awaits further investigations.", "PMID": 654390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5866", "title": "[Determination of the gestation period by means of ultrasound. Cephalometry in twins (author's transl)].", "content": "In 147 twin pregnancies, the biparietal diameter of the skull was determined by means of an ultrasound B-scan method. 574 individual measurements were evaluated. It was found that a marked flattening of the growth curve sets in from the 30th week of pregnancy, compared with single births. The difference amounted to 6 mm in the 40th week of pregnancy. The wavy shape of the mean value curve in twins up to the 30th week of pregnancy, appears particularly remarkable. The reason for this phenomenon could be seen in high-grade placental insufficiency causing spontaneous abortion or premature delivery. Accordingly, an increased incidence of abortion was recorded in the 21st and 25th week, as well as a peak in premature births in the 29th and 30th week of pregnancy. The heads of the twins were not equal in size. The average difference of the diameters of the skull was 6 mm.", "contents": "[Determination of the gestation period by means of ultrasound. Cephalometry in twins (author's transl)]. In 147 twin pregnancies, the biparietal diameter of the skull was determined by means of an ultrasound B-scan method. 574 individual measurements were evaluated. It was found that a marked flattening of the growth curve sets in from the 30th week of pregnancy, compared with single births. The difference amounted to 6 mm in the 40th week of pregnancy. The wavy shape of the mean value curve in twins up to the 30th week of pregnancy, appears particularly remarkable. The reason for this phenomenon could be seen in high-grade placental insufficiency causing spontaneous abortion or premature delivery. Accordingly, an increased incidence of abortion was recorded in the 21st and 25th week, as well as a peak in premature births in the 29th and 30th week of pregnancy. The heads of the twins were not equal in size. The average difference of the diameters of the skull was 6 mm.", "PMID": 654391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5867", "title": "[Aspiration of meconium stained amniotic fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "Respiratory distress following aspiration of meconium stained amniotic fluid can be found in about 3% of newborn infants. The lethality rate of this disease is high. Pathophysiology and variability of the clinical course as well as radiological findings and further diagnostic procedures are being described. The therapeutic concept requires recognition of meconium stained amniotic fluid as early as possible, early suctioning of the nasopharynx, intubation and endotracheal suction. Further therapy consists in physical procedures, i. e. lavage, suctioning, positioning, vibration and percussing of the chest, and inhalation. Antibiotics can only be recommended if infection of the amniotic fluid has been proven.", "contents": "[Aspiration of meconium stained amniotic fluid (author's transl)]. Respiratory distress following aspiration of meconium stained amniotic fluid can be found in about 3% of newborn infants. The lethality rate of this disease is high. Pathophysiology and variability of the clinical course as well as radiological findings and further diagnostic procedures are being described. The therapeutic concept requires recognition of meconium stained amniotic fluid as early as possible, early suctioning of the nasopharynx, intubation and endotracheal suction. Further therapy consists in physical procedures, i. e. lavage, suctioning, positioning, vibration and percussing of the chest, and inhalation. Antibiotics can only be recommended if infection of the amniotic fluid has been proven.", "PMID": 654393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5868", "title": "[New aspects of drug induced lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "Approximately 8% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have drug induced disease. Many drugs are associated with lupus erythematosus-like syndrom (Chart 1). It is also a well known fact that the administration of other drugs may exacerbate corticoid treated systemic lupus erythematosus (Chart 2). This report illustrates that it is obvious that we must learn the relationship of diseases and the drugs which induce antinuclear antibodies.", "contents": "[New aspects of drug induced lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. Approximately 8% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have drug induced disease. Many drugs are associated with lupus erythematosus-like syndrom (Chart 1). It is also a well known fact that the administration of other drugs may exacerbate corticoid treated systemic lupus erythematosus (Chart 2). This report illustrates that it is obvious that we must learn the relationship of diseases and the drugs which induce antinuclear antibodies.", "PMID": 654396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5869", "title": "[Drug-induced lupus erythematosus].", "content": "There is a variety of immunologic and etiologic phenomena in Lupus Erythematosus Disseminatus (LED) sive Visceralis particularly when induced by drugs (\"Pseudo-LE-Syndrom\"). In this report a patient (age 22 y.) is presented suffering from LED in whom the disease exacerbated under treatment with Ethambutol. Various drugs known to either cause a \"pseudo-LE-Syndrom\" or to induce or aggravate a LED have been compiled in this paper and listed in tablets; Ethambutol apparently represents a new addition to the drugs listed.", "contents": "[Drug-induced lupus erythematosus]. There is a variety of immunologic and etiologic phenomena in Lupus Erythematosus Disseminatus (LED) sive Visceralis particularly when induced by drugs (\"Pseudo-LE-Syndrom\"). In this report a patient (age 22 y.) is presented suffering from LED in whom the disease exacerbated under treatment with Ethambutol. Various drugs known to either cause a \"pseudo-LE-Syndrom\" or to induce or aggravate a LED have been compiled in this paper and listed in tablets; Ethambutol apparently represents a new addition to the drugs listed.", "PMID": 654399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5870", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of acute gonorrhic perihepatitis].", "content": "At the end of her menstruation a 25 years old woman develops acute pain in her right lower and upper abdomen radiating into the right shoulder. There are pains during breathing, coughing, and changing of position, vomitus, and local signs of peritonitis in the right lower and upper abdomen, subicterus and leucocytosis. Gonococci in the cervical smear are demonstrated by Grams stain and by culture. Two days after treatment with 3,5 millions IU of penicillin G sodium and 500.000 IU procaine penicillin per day the complaints disappeared. The demonstrated signs and symptoms are characteristic for acute perihepatitis gonorrhoica which seems to occur more often as a complication of gonococcal adnexitis than is suspected. The symptoms are so typical that the diagnosis can be made also without confirmation by laparascopy.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of acute gonorrhic perihepatitis]. At the end of her menstruation a 25 years old woman develops acute pain in her right lower and upper abdomen radiating into the right shoulder. There are pains during breathing, coughing, and changing of position, vomitus, and local signs of peritonitis in the right lower and upper abdomen, subicterus and leucocytosis. Gonococci in the cervical smear are demonstrated by Grams stain and by culture. Two days after treatment with 3,5 millions IU of penicillin G sodium and 500.000 IU procaine penicillin per day the complaints disappeared. The demonstrated signs and symptoms are characteristic for acute perihepatitis gonorrhoica which seems to occur more often as a complication of gonococcal adnexitis than is suspected. The symptoms are so typical that the diagnosis can be made also without confirmation by laparascopy.", "PMID": 654402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5871", "title": "[The skin trichophytin reactivity in psoriasis vulgaris. A contribution to the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of psoriatric skin changes].", "content": "On the basis of the resultats of four years lasting studies on 330 patients with psoriasis the allergic mechanism of the dermatosis is discussed. In 65 cases it was able to make a clinical diagnosis of the primary psoriasis focus (PPH) and to cultivate from it in 12 cases trichophyton fungi. The possibility to show the relevant mycotic antigen from the PPH is demonstrated, the development of the disease from the initial focus is described by analogy to the clinical development and a difference is made between the acute--subacute psoriasis and the chronic psoriasis with regard to the responsiveness of the competent immunological system. With 330 patients intracutan-tests have been made with trichophytin, and at the same time control tests with tuberculin, toxoplasmin and candida alb. for a period of 12 months up to 24 months. The relative and even absolute blocking of the trichophyton immunological system (TAS) and which is in correlation to the pushes and remittences of the disease constitutes the impressing resultat of the tests. With regard to the working mechanism the opinion is held that the immunological complex which is existant in the psoriatic epidermis participates to a great extent in the release of the epidermopoesis which is typical for the psoriasis. The classification into the stade of PS I (early psoriasis), PS II and PS III (late psoriasis) makes the differentiation of the process possible.", "contents": "[The skin trichophytin reactivity in psoriasis vulgaris. A contribution to the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of psoriatric skin changes]. On the basis of the resultats of four years lasting studies on 330 patients with psoriasis the allergic mechanism of the dermatosis is discussed. In 65 cases it was able to make a clinical diagnosis of the primary psoriasis focus (PPH) and to cultivate from it in 12 cases trichophyton fungi. The possibility to show the relevant mycotic antigen from the PPH is demonstrated, the development of the disease from the initial focus is described by analogy to the clinical development and a difference is made between the acute--subacute psoriasis and the chronic psoriasis with regard to the responsiveness of the competent immunological system. With 330 patients intracutan-tests have been made with trichophytin, and at the same time control tests with tuberculin, toxoplasmin and candida alb. for a period of 12 months up to 24 months. The relative and even absolute blocking of the trichophyton immunological system (TAS) and which is in correlation to the pushes and remittences of the disease constitutes the impressing resultat of the tests. With regard to the working mechanism the opinion is held that the immunological complex which is existant in the psoriatic epidermis participates to a great extent in the release of the epidermopoesis which is typical for the psoriasis. The classification into the stade of PS I (early psoriasis), PS II and PS III (late psoriasis) makes the differentiation of the process possible.", "PMID": 654403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5872", "title": "[Perianal psoriasis--a reliable symptom in the differential diagnosis of psoriasis].", "content": "Psoriatic lesions of the perianal region are so frequent and characteristic that they may be used with striking accuracy for differential diagnosis of isolated lesions on the head, hands, glans or the nails.", "contents": "[Perianal psoriasis--a reliable symptom in the differential diagnosis of psoriasis]. Psoriatic lesions of the perianal region are so frequent and characteristic that they may be used with striking accuracy for differential diagnosis of isolated lesions on the head, hands, glans or the nails.", "PMID": 654404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5873", "title": "[Initial systolic ejection rate as a parameter of ventricular function in valvular heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with valvular heart disease the initial systolic ejection rate was determined in an attempt to characterize ventricular function in pressure and volume overload. By means of left ventricular cineangiography, the volume change during the initial third of the ejection phase was determined and the mean ejection rate of this period was calculated. A total of 40 patients were examined, 7 patients without heart disease, 15 patients with pure aortic regurgitation, 9 patient with pure aortic stenosis and 9 patients with pure mitral regurgitation. In patients with pure aortic regurgitation and high-normal values for ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf) a significant increase in initial systolic ejection rate when compared to the group of normals was observed. The distribution of the stroke volume for each third of the ejection phase corresponded to the normal pattern. In contrast, in patients with low-normal values for ejection fraction and mVcf, a decrease in the initial systolic ejection rate below the normal value was observed, along with a pathological distribution of the stroke volume during the ejection phase. This finding was also noted in all patients with pure mitral regurgitation and pure aortic stenosis. In aortic stenosis, the decline in initial systolic ejection rate was regarded as a consequence of the outflow tract obstruction, whereas in volume overload, this was regarded as a sign of a decline in ventricular function which is not recognized with global parameters such as ejection fraction and mVcf.", "contents": "[Initial systolic ejection rate as a parameter of ventricular function in valvular heart disease (author's transl)]. In patients with valvular heart disease the initial systolic ejection rate was determined in an attempt to characterize ventricular function in pressure and volume overload. By means of left ventricular cineangiography, the volume change during the initial third of the ejection phase was determined and the mean ejection rate of this period was calculated. A total of 40 patients were examined, 7 patients without heart disease, 15 patients with pure aortic regurgitation, 9 patient with pure aortic stenosis and 9 patients with pure mitral regurgitation. In patients with pure aortic regurgitation and high-normal values for ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf) a significant increase in initial systolic ejection rate when compared to the group of normals was observed. The distribution of the stroke volume for each third of the ejection phase corresponded to the normal pattern. In contrast, in patients with low-normal values for ejection fraction and mVcf, a decrease in the initial systolic ejection rate below the normal value was observed, along with a pathological distribution of the stroke volume during the ejection phase. This finding was also noted in all patients with pure mitral regurgitation and pure aortic stenosis. In aortic stenosis, the decline in initial systolic ejection rate was regarded as a consequence of the outflow tract obstruction, whereas in volume overload, this was regarded as a sign of a decline in ventricular function which is not recognized with global parameters such as ejection fraction and mVcf.", "PMID": 654406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5874", "title": "[Effects of dopamine and orciprenalin on human metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "10 healthy probands were given on several subsequent days by intravenous infusion lasting 20' only orciprenalin and dopamine in therapeutic doses of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight and 0.5 mg, respectively. In all cases application of orciprenalin resulted in a significant rise of glucose, insuline, lactate and free fatty acids. By contrast, no such changes were observed after infusion of dopamine. This suggests that a rise of free fatty acids in the serum may be important for the occurrence of cardiac arrythmia.", "contents": "[Effects of dopamine and orciprenalin on human metabolism (author's transl)]. 10 healthy probands were given on several subsequent days by intravenous infusion lasting 20' only orciprenalin and dopamine in therapeutic doses of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight and 0.5 mg, respectively. In all cases application of orciprenalin resulted in a significant rise of glucose, insuline, lactate and free fatty acids. By contrast, no such changes were observed after infusion of dopamine. This suggests that a rise of free fatty acids in the serum may be important for the occurrence of cardiac arrythmia.", "PMID": 654409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5875", "title": "[Alterations of systolic and electrocardiographic time intervals in normal patients by Ro 11-1781, a new calcium-antagonist (author's transl)].", "content": "Five minutes following intravenous application of calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 (1 mg/kg BDW) PQ duration increased significantly in 10 healthy volunteers without more severe atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Both, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased and heart rate increased significantly. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and the time from the beginning of QRS to the first sound (QS1) did not change in contrast to a significant decrease of the electromechanical systolic interval (QS2) and of the total pre-ejection-period (PEP). The decrease in PEP is explained by a decrease in isovolumic contraction time (IVCT). This can be regarded in connection with a decreased PEP/LVET-ratio, an expression of better heart performance. In spite of the negative inotropic effect of the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781, our results point to an increase in left ventricular performance and in heart rate caused by an exaggerated sympathic reaction to a fall in blood pressure.", "contents": "[Alterations of systolic and electrocardiographic time intervals in normal patients by Ro 11-1781, a new calcium-antagonist (author's transl)]. Five minutes following intravenous application of calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 (1 mg/kg BDW) PQ duration increased significantly in 10 healthy volunteers without more severe atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Both, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased and heart rate increased significantly. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and the time from the beginning of QRS to the first sound (QS1) did not change in contrast to a significant decrease of the electromechanical systolic interval (QS2) and of the total pre-ejection-period (PEP). The decrease in PEP is explained by a decrease in isovolumic contraction time (IVCT). This can be regarded in connection with a decreased PEP/LVET-ratio, an expression of better heart performance. In spite of the negative inotropic effect of the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781, our results point to an increase in left ventricular performance and in heart rate caused by an exaggerated sympathic reaction to a fall in blood pressure.", "PMID": 654410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5876", "title": "[The effect of oxyfedrine and intervall training in intermittent claudication (author's transl)].", "content": "In 23 patients suffering from intermittent claudication due to chronic occlusions of the femoral artery proved on angiography, a double-blind study was performed to compare the effects of treatment with oxyfedrine and interval-training and of interval-training alone. The claudication distance, physical work capacity and physical work intensity were measured on the treadmill before, during and after 10-weeks training period in each case. After training, the walking ability improved in both groups, however, quantitatively being more pronounced in the oxyfedrine group. In the placebo group, the increase in physical work intensity was mainly caused by the improvement of walking ability in patients with higher levels of performance at the beginning of the training. In the oxyfedrine group, on the other hand, a continuous and regular increase in physical work intensity was found at all levels of performance and during the whole training period. For the differences found, blood supply lowering mechanisms after physical training and improvement of collaterals after combination oxyfedrine and physical training are discussed. The possibility of additive action of the pharmacologic treatment and physical training are pointed out.", "contents": "[The effect of oxyfedrine and intervall training in intermittent claudication (author's transl)]. In 23 patients suffering from intermittent claudication due to chronic occlusions of the femoral artery proved on angiography, a double-blind study was performed to compare the effects of treatment with oxyfedrine and interval-training and of interval-training alone. The claudication distance, physical work capacity and physical work intensity were measured on the treadmill before, during and after 10-weeks training period in each case. After training, the walking ability improved in both groups, however, quantitatively being more pronounced in the oxyfedrine group. In the placebo group, the increase in physical work intensity was mainly caused by the improvement of walking ability in patients with higher levels of performance at the beginning of the training. In the oxyfedrine group, on the other hand, a continuous and regular increase in physical work intensity was found at all levels of performance and during the whole training period. For the differences found, blood supply lowering mechanisms after physical training and improvement of collaterals after combination oxyfedrine and physical training are discussed. The possibility of additive action of the pharmacologic treatment and physical training are pointed out.", "PMID": 654412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5877", "title": "[Vagal tone in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "Under investigation in this study were the role of vagal tone in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction and the relationship between hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex (HCSR) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS). In 168 symptomatic patients (pts) resting heart rate (HR), maximal corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRTmax) and maximal carotid sinus pressure results (CSPmax) were determined before and after Atropine, 1 mg i.v. (A). According to test results, 103 pts had HCSR (1), 33 had HCSR + SSS (II), 30 pts had isolated SSS (III) and 20 pts with normal test results served as controls (IV). Mean age was the same in groups I--IV (p greater than 0.05). Groups I--III had a HR less than or equal to 60 bpm, rising 31% after A in groups I--IV, but absolute values were below those in group IV. In groups I--III CSP normalized after A and CSRT remained unchanged (p greater than 0.05). We conclude that increased vagal tone plays but one role in groups I--III and the combination HCSR + SSS seems rather frequent. Specific testing clearly separated HCSR from SSS.", "contents": "[Vagal tone in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction (author's transl)]. Under investigation in this study were the role of vagal tone in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction and the relationship between hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex (HCSR) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS). In 168 symptomatic patients (pts) resting heart rate (HR), maximal corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRTmax) and maximal carotid sinus pressure results (CSPmax) were determined before and after Atropine, 1 mg i.v. (A). According to test results, 103 pts had HCSR (1), 33 had HCSR + SSS (II), 30 pts had isolated SSS (III) and 20 pts with normal test results served as controls (IV). Mean age was the same in groups I--IV (p greater than 0.05). Groups I--III had a HR less than or equal to 60 bpm, rising 31% after A in groups I--IV, but absolute values were below those in group IV. In groups I--III CSP normalized after A and CSRT remained unchanged (p greater than 0.05). We conclude that increased vagal tone plays but one role in groups I--III and the combination HCSR + SSS seems rather frequent. Specific testing clearly separated HCSR from SSS.", "PMID": 654415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5878", "title": "[The significance of electrophysiologic findings and clinical course in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "Under investigation in this study were the relationship between hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex (HCSR) and sick sinus snydrome (SSS), the significance of clinical symptomatology versus electrophysiologic test results and the natural course of both syndromes. In 186 symptomatic patients (pts) resting heart rate, maximal corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRTmax) and maximal carotid sinus pressure results (CSPmax) were determined. According to test results, 103 pts had HCSR (I), 33 had HCSR + SSS (II), 30 pts had SSS (III), and 20 pts with normal test results served as controls (IV). Mean age was the same in groups I--IV (p greater than 0.05). Groups I--III had a heart rate less than or equal to 60 bpm. There was no correlation between patients test data and the occurrence of syncopes in each of groups I--III (p greater than 0.05). In 16 pts with SSS, test results remained unchanged 16 months later (p greater than 0.05). More pts (31%) in group II died in a shorter period of time after pacer application (1.4 +/- 1 year) than pts with AV III degrees block (25%, 1.8 +/- 1.6 years) after pacer application. We conclude that the combination HCSR + SSS seems rather frequent. Specific testing separated HCSR from SSS, but failed to predict syncopes and thereby cannot aid in the indication for pacer application. The 16 months prognosis of SSS proved unfavorable. Mortality after pacer application in HCSR + SSS seems less favorable than in AV III degrees block (p less than 0.05), but depends largely on the severity of associated diseases.", "contents": "[The significance of electrophysiologic findings and clinical course in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction (author's transl)]. Under investigation in this study were the relationship between hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex (HCSR) and sick sinus snydrome (SSS), the significance of clinical symptomatology versus electrophysiologic test results and the natural course of both syndromes. In 186 symptomatic patients (pts) resting heart rate, maximal corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRTmax) and maximal carotid sinus pressure results (CSPmax) were determined. According to test results, 103 pts had HCSR (I), 33 had HCSR + SSS (II), 30 pts had SSS (III), and 20 pts with normal test results served as controls (IV). Mean age was the same in groups I--IV (p greater than 0.05). Groups I--III had a heart rate less than or equal to 60 bpm. There was no correlation between patients test data and the occurrence of syncopes in each of groups I--III (p greater than 0.05). In 16 pts with SSS, test results remained unchanged 16 months later (p greater than 0.05). More pts (31%) in group II died in a shorter period of time after pacer application (1.4 +/- 1 year) than pts with AV III degrees block (25%, 1.8 +/- 1.6 years) after pacer application. We conclude that the combination HCSR + SSS seems rather frequent. Specific testing separated HCSR from SSS, but failed to predict syncopes and thereby cannot aid in the indication for pacer application. The 16 months prognosis of SSS proved unfavorable. Mortality after pacer application in HCSR + SSS seems less favorable than in AV III degrees block (p less than 0.05), but depends largely on the severity of associated diseases.", "PMID": 654416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5879", "title": "[Dihydrogenated metabolites of digoxin: clinical importance and identification (author's transl)].", "content": "Several methods for the determination of dihydrometabolites of digoxin are described. Dihydrometabolites of digoxin are essentially inactive. They are the most important group of metabolites of digoxin. Seven (7) percent of a group of in-patients excreted more than 35% of these metabolites. The average was 13%, with respect to total extractable digoxin and metabolites in urine. In blood up to 40%, and in urine up to 52% dihydrogenated metabolites were found. The main metabolite was dihydrodigoxin, but the hydrolytic metabolites of digoxin exist also in reduced form. Neither the dose of digoxin, impaired renal function, nor an increased body content of digoxin seems to affect the rate of formation of these dihydrometabolites.", "contents": "[Dihydrogenated metabolites of digoxin: clinical importance and identification (author's transl)]. Several methods for the determination of dihydrometabolites of digoxin are described. Dihydrometabolites of digoxin are essentially inactive. They are the most important group of metabolites of digoxin. Seven (7) percent of a group of in-patients excreted more than 35% of these metabolites. The average was 13%, with respect to total extractable digoxin and metabolites in urine. In blood up to 40%, and in urine up to 52% dihydrogenated metabolites were found. The main metabolite was dihydrodigoxin, but the hydrolytic metabolites of digoxin exist also in reduced form. Neither the dose of digoxin, impaired renal function, nor an increased body content of digoxin seems to affect the rate of formation of these dihydrometabolites.", "PMID": 654418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5880", "title": "[Detection of right-to-left shunts by one- and twodimensional contrast echocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "33 children with different congenital cardiac malformations--aged one day to twelve and a half years--were investigated by peripheral and central, 1- and 2 dimensional contrast echocardiography. 11 patients were studied during routinely performed cardiac catheterization and 23 in the early postoperative period (one patient pre- and postoperatively.) Contrast echocardiography peripherally performed represents a very sensitive diagnostic method to detect right-to-left shunting at atrial and/or ventricular levels. Quantification of shunts seems to be possible, if standardization can be achieved. Contrast echocardiography centrally performed can detect right-to-left shunts in residual postoperative defects, delineate and identify intra- and extracardiac structures, assess \"low-output\" states and should be applied in complex cardia malformations.", "contents": "[Detection of right-to-left shunts by one- and twodimensional contrast echocardiography (author's transl)]. 33 children with different congenital cardiac malformations--aged one day to twelve and a half years--were investigated by peripheral and central, 1- and 2 dimensional contrast echocardiography. 11 patients were studied during routinely performed cardiac catheterization and 23 in the early postoperative period (one patient pre- and postoperatively.) Contrast echocardiography peripherally performed represents a very sensitive diagnostic method to detect right-to-left shunting at atrial and/or ventricular levels. Quantification of shunts seems to be possible, if standardization can be achieved. Contrast echocardiography centrally performed can detect right-to-left shunts in residual postoperative defects, delineate and identify intra- and extracardiac structures, assess \"low-output\" states and should be applied in complex cardia malformations.", "PMID": 654419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5881", "title": "[Antiarrhythmic effect of propafenone in relation to serum concentration and conduction time (author's transl)].", "content": "7 patients with stable cardiac dysrhythmias (ectopic beats of ventricular origin) received a single oral dose of 900 mg Propafenone. Besides the antiarrhythmic effect of propafenone the effect on changes of PQ- and QRS duration as well as the corresponding serum concentration was measured. A significant correlation between changes of PQ-time and serum concentration (r = 0.6810, p less than 0.001) was found. The half-life of serum level was 3.6 +/- 0.2 h, that of PQ-time prolongation 3.8 +/- 0.6 h. A complete suppression of all ectopic beats has been achieved in all treated patients for 6--8 hours.", "contents": "[Antiarrhythmic effect of propafenone in relation to serum concentration and conduction time (author's transl)]. 7 patients with stable cardiac dysrhythmias (ectopic beats of ventricular origin) received a single oral dose of 900 mg Propafenone. Besides the antiarrhythmic effect of propafenone the effect on changes of PQ- and QRS duration as well as the corresponding serum concentration was measured. A significant correlation between changes of PQ-time and serum concentration (r = 0.6810, p less than 0.001) was found. The half-life of serum level was 3.6 +/- 0.2 h, that of PQ-time prolongation 3.8 +/- 0.6 h. A complete suppression of all ectopic beats has been achieved in all treated patients for 6--8 hours.", "PMID": 654420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5882", "title": "[Course and prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction during 7 years (observations in a cardiological clinic with an intensive care unit (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 701 male patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in intensive care unit from 1969 to 1976 30.0% died within the time of 1969--71 during the stay in the clinic. The lethality decreased significantly to 22.3% from the year 1972 until 1973, between 1974 and 1976 to 21.7% respectively, while the average age of the patients was growing. The number of patients with myocardial infarction in the age group of 50 to 69 years has decreased since 1974, whereas the number of patients in the age group of 70 years and older has increased, lethality sinking in this age group (from 57.4% 1969--71 to 32.3% 1974--1976). The incidence of threatening disorders of cardiac rhythm and their lethality has decreased. The high lethality of patients with cardiogenic shock remained unchanged high.", "contents": "[Course and prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction during 7 years (observations in a cardiological clinic with an intensive care unit (author's transl)]. In a group of 701 male patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in intensive care unit from 1969 to 1976 30.0% died within the time of 1969--71 during the stay in the clinic. The lethality decreased significantly to 22.3% from the year 1972 until 1973, between 1974 and 1976 to 21.7% respectively, while the average age of the patients was growing. The number of patients with myocardial infarction in the age group of 50 to 69 years has decreased since 1974, whereas the number of patients in the age group of 70 years and older has increased, lethality sinking in this age group (from 57.4% 1969--71 to 32.3% 1974--1976). The incidence of threatening disorders of cardiac rhythm and their lethality has decreased. The high lethality of patients with cardiogenic shock remained unchanged high.", "PMID": 654421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5883", "title": "[Rupture of sinus of valsalva aneurysm. Differentiation from cardiac contusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic aspects of rupture sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are discussed. The indication for corrective surgery can only be derived by angiocardiography. Important is the demonstration of pathophysiological hemodynamics, due to the cardiovascular anomaly. The importance of echocardiographic findings in an early phase of the clinical examination is stressed.", "contents": "[Rupture of sinus of valsalva aneurysm. Differentiation from cardiac contusion (author's transl)]. The diagnostic aspects of rupture sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are discussed. The indication for corrective surgery can only be derived by angiocardiography. Important is the demonstration of pathophysiological hemodynamics, due to the cardiovascular anomaly. The importance of echocardiographic findings in an early phase of the clinical examination is stressed.", "PMID": 654422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5884", "title": "[Surgical interruption of the accessory pathway in a case of WPW-syndrome with persistent supraventricular tachycardia provoked by sinus node suppression (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a case report of a 60-year-old woman with a WPW-syndrome Type A developing persistent supraventricular tachycardia refractory to medical treatment. The re-entry mechanism was based on av-junction escape beats leading to retrograde conduction through the accessory pathway in presence of sinus node dysfunction i.e. long periods of sinus arrest probably enhanced through antiarrhythmic drug therapy and/or digitalis. With the aid of electrophysiological examinations and intraoperative epicardial mapping the accessory pathway was located in the upper lateral region of the left ventricle and interrupted by an incision in the av-groove from inside of the lfet atrium. Although an additional accessory pathway, not interrupted by surgery was suggested by the postoperative electrophysiological study, the patient remained free from tachycardia over more than 18 months, except for one episode terminated promptly by overdrive pacing from the right atrium. Postoperatively sinus bradycardia and av-junctional escape rhythm prevailed.", "contents": "[Surgical interruption of the accessory pathway in a case of WPW-syndrome with persistent supraventricular tachycardia provoked by sinus node suppression (author's transl)]. This is a case report of a 60-year-old woman with a WPW-syndrome Type A developing persistent supraventricular tachycardia refractory to medical treatment. The re-entry mechanism was based on av-junction escape beats leading to retrograde conduction through the accessory pathway in presence of sinus node dysfunction i.e. long periods of sinus arrest probably enhanced through antiarrhythmic drug therapy and/or digitalis. With the aid of electrophysiological examinations and intraoperative epicardial mapping the accessory pathway was located in the upper lateral region of the left ventricle and interrupted by an incision in the av-groove from inside of the lfet atrium. Although an additional accessory pathway, not interrupted by surgery was suggested by the postoperative electrophysiological study, the patient remained free from tachycardia over more than 18 months, except for one episode terminated promptly by overdrive pacing from the right atrium. Postoperatively sinus bradycardia and av-junctional escape rhythm prevailed.", "PMID": 654423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5885", "title": "Babesia bovis (= argentina): changes in erythrophylic and associated proteins during acute infection of splenectomized and intact calves.", "content": "Saline eluates were prepared from sucrose-washed erythrocytes of cattle infected with B. bovis (= argentina). Fibrinogen, plasminogen and IgG2 were constituent proteins of the eluates and all three proteins increased in concentration during infection. The significance of the protein changes and their contribution to coagulation and fibrinolysis during infection are discussed.", "contents": "Babesia bovis (= argentina): changes in erythrophylic and associated proteins during acute infection of splenectomized and intact calves. Saline eluates were prepared from sucrose-washed erythrocytes of cattle infected with B. bovis (= argentina). Fibrinogen, plasminogen and IgG2 were constituent proteins of the eluates and all three proteins increased in concentration during infection. The significance of the protein changes and their contribution to coagulation and fibrinolysis during infection are discussed.", "PMID": 654424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5886", "title": "[Experiments in vitro with Litomosoides carinii (Nematoda: Filarioidea). I. Maintenance of adult females and microfilariae as well as release of microfilariae in different culture media (author's transl)].", "content": "Embryos of L. carinii continue intrauterine development to microfilariae and are totally released into the medium within 5--6 days when the latter (Tc 199) is changed daily and air is used as the gas phase. Oogenesis or further fertilization of eggs, however, does not occur in vitro in any of the media examined by us. One female releases 140 X 10(3) microfilaria/day on an average in vitro within 5--6 days. Mean initial numbers of 300 X 10(3) Mf/female/day are observed. Addition of equine serum inhibits microfilarial release in vitro; normal cotton rat serum prolongs survival of females while total numbers of released microfilariae or retained embryonic stages are not increased. The serum of post-patent animals does not influence the numbers of released microfilariae or their viability or survival of females. Microfilariae released in vitro in Tc 199 + 33% normal cotton rat serum survive for more than 8 days, when air is used as the gas phase and the medium is changed daily. Microfilariae isolated from the blood of patent animals survive for at most 6 days, at a 48-hourly change of medium survival does not even exceed 4 days.", "contents": "[Experiments in vitro with Litomosoides carinii (Nematoda: Filarioidea). I. Maintenance of adult females and microfilariae as well as release of microfilariae in different culture media (author's transl)]. Embryos of L. carinii continue intrauterine development to microfilariae and are totally released into the medium within 5--6 days when the latter (Tc 199) is changed daily and air is used as the gas phase. Oogenesis or further fertilization of eggs, however, does not occur in vitro in any of the media examined by us. One female releases 140 X 10(3) microfilaria/day on an average in vitro within 5--6 days. Mean initial numbers of 300 X 10(3) Mf/female/day are observed. Addition of equine serum inhibits microfilarial release in vitro; normal cotton rat serum prolongs survival of females while total numbers of released microfilariae or retained embryonic stages are not increased. The serum of post-patent animals does not influence the numbers of released microfilariae or their viability or survival of females. Microfilariae released in vitro in Tc 199 + 33% normal cotton rat serum survive for more than 8 days, when air is used as the gas phase and the medium is changed daily. Microfilariae isolated from the blood of patent animals survive for at most 6 days, at a 48-hourly change of medium survival does not even exceed 4 days.", "PMID": 654425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5887", "title": "[Reproduction and sexuality of parasitic copepods of fishes. I. The reproductive apparatus of Chondracanthus angustatus Heller, 1865: anatomy, histology, and spermiogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pygmy males of Chondracanthus angustatus are fixed on the genital segment of the female on two anterior-ventral tubercules. The genital system is formed by two dorsal testes, two broad vas deferens and two seminal vesicles each one containing a spermatophore. Two types of cells can be seen in the interstitial tram: the sexual (normal and abortive) and the somatic ones. The plasmic and nuclear membranes joined together on one end of the spermatid; on the opposite pole, the mitochondria penetrate into the cytoplasmic expansions. The non-motile starfish spermatozoa present neither di-ferentiated acrosome nor centrioles. The male gametes are stocked in the spermatophore and enveloped by many kinds of secretions. Spermatozoa are discharged into the female integument folds and they reach the seminal receptacle with the help of the villosities movement; they stay there till fertilization occurs.", "contents": "[Reproduction and sexuality of parasitic copepods of fishes. I. The reproductive apparatus of Chondracanthus angustatus Heller, 1865: anatomy, histology, and spermiogenesis (author's transl)]. The pygmy males of Chondracanthus angustatus are fixed on the genital segment of the female on two anterior-ventral tubercules. The genital system is formed by two dorsal testes, two broad vas deferens and two seminal vesicles each one containing a spermatophore. Two types of cells can be seen in the interstitial tram: the sexual (normal and abortive) and the somatic ones. The plasmic and nuclear membranes joined together on one end of the spermatid; on the opposite pole, the mitochondria penetrate into the cytoplasmic expansions. The non-motile starfish spermatozoa present neither di-ferentiated acrosome nor centrioles. The male gametes are stocked in the spermatophore and enveloped by many kinds of secretions. Spermatozoa are discharged into the female integument folds and they reach the seminal receptacle with the help of the villosities movement; they stay there till fertilization occurs.", "PMID": 654426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5888", "title": "Morphology of the spermatid and spermatozoon of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina; Ixodidae).", "content": "Spermatids and spermatozoa of Amblyomma hebraeum were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by freeze-etch and freeze-fracture techniques. The external surface of the spermatid is smooth except for a rim of two parallel grooves near the anterior apex. This rim probably marks the level at which a cap detaches, permitting extrusion of the inner cord during spermatozoon maturation. Both ends of the spermatid are closed, the anterior part being slightly thicker than the posterior. The spermatozoon is clavate anteriorly and tail-like posteriorly. The tip of the anterior part is a hemispherical structures carrying numerous bulbous expansions. Apart from the hemispherical structure, the entire spermatozoon surface is covered with parallel longitudinal cellular processes. Waves of constrictions on the tail-like part of the spermatozoon and undulations of the cellular processes are considered to be involved in sperm motility.", "contents": "Morphology of the spermatid and spermatozoon of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina; Ixodidae). Spermatids and spermatozoa of Amblyomma hebraeum were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by freeze-etch and freeze-fracture techniques. The external surface of the spermatid is smooth except for a rim of two parallel grooves near the anterior apex. This rim probably marks the level at which a cap detaches, permitting extrusion of the inner cord during spermatozoon maturation. Both ends of the spermatid are closed, the anterior part being slightly thicker than the posterior. The spermatozoon is clavate anteriorly and tail-like posteriorly. The tip of the anterior part is a hemispherical structures carrying numerous bulbous expansions. Apart from the hemispherical structure, the entire spermatozoon surface is covered with parallel longitudinal cellular processes. Waves of constrictions on the tail-like part of the spermatozoon and undulations of the cellular processes are considered to be involved in sperm motility.", "PMID": 654427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5889", "title": "[\"Apert's foot\" (in acrocephalo-syndactyly) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss foot abnormalities in Apert's syndrome (acrocephalo-syndactyly). Characteristic of these deformities are bilateral, mostly symmetrical syndactlys of the toes; incorrect hyperextension positions of the first toe with large toes in flexed positions; intermetatarsal synostoeses, above all between the first and second metatarsal bones; multiple synostoses in the tarsal region; bi- and monophalanges with pseudo-, delta- or arcuate epiphyses. A classification of Apert's foot is presented, using 68 examples from the literature and 12 cases treated by the authors. The calssification is analogous to the hand deformities in Apert's syndrome. Three types can be distinguished: In type I, toes II-IV are webbed together. However, the large and small toes are still well separated. Syndactilys of toes II-V are present in type II, and all toes have grown together in type III. The deformity can be accompanied by stress pain and difficulties in providing shoes. In this case surgical correction is indicated in childhood: the incorrect position of the large toe is eliminated. Good results can be achieved via osteotomies of the metatarsal bones and resections of the intermetatarsal bone bridges.", "contents": "[\"Apert's foot\" (in acrocephalo-syndactyly) (author's transl)]. The authors discuss foot abnormalities in Apert's syndrome (acrocephalo-syndactyly). Characteristic of these deformities are bilateral, mostly symmetrical syndactlys of the toes; incorrect hyperextension positions of the first toe with large toes in flexed positions; intermetatarsal synostoeses, above all between the first and second metatarsal bones; multiple synostoses in the tarsal region; bi- and monophalanges with pseudo-, delta- or arcuate epiphyses. A classification of Apert's foot is presented, using 68 examples from the literature and 12 cases treated by the authors. The calssification is analogous to the hand deformities in Apert's syndrome. Three types can be distinguished: In type I, toes II-IV are webbed together. However, the large and small toes are still well separated. Syndactilys of toes II-V are present in type II, and all toes have grown together in type III. The deformity can be accompanied by stress pain and difficulties in providing shoes. In this case surgical correction is indicated in childhood: the incorrect position of the large toe is eliminated. Good results can be achieved via osteotomies of the metatarsal bones and resections of the intermetatarsal bone bridges.", "PMID": 654428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5890", "title": "[Early results of the operated patients with a femoral neck fracture. Experiences with the AO techniques in the Central Hospital of Central Finland in 1972--75 (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 223 patients with fractures of the femoral neck treated by AO osteosynthes were evaluated. The series consisted of 140 women and 83 men, 114 femoral neck fractures and 109 trachanteric fractures. One year after the operation the nailing results were poor in 22.9 per cent of the femoral neck fractures and in 2.7 per cent of the trochanteric fractures. The reasons of the poor results were mainly the perforation of the nail. Pseudoarthrosis were founded in 3 cases and in one case the AO nail was broken. The mortality after 2 weeks was 3.1 per cent, after one month 6.3 per cent, after 6 months 15.7 per cent and after 12 months 20.6 per cent. Infection and thrombosis were founded both in 3.1 per cent.", "contents": "[Early results of the operated patients with a femoral neck fracture. Experiences with the AO techniques in the Central Hospital of Central Finland in 1972--75 (author's transl)]. The results of 223 patients with fractures of the femoral neck treated by AO osteosynthes were evaluated. The series consisted of 140 women and 83 men, 114 femoral neck fractures and 109 trachanteric fractures. One year after the operation the nailing results were poor in 22.9 per cent of the femoral neck fractures and in 2.7 per cent of the trochanteric fractures. The reasons of the poor results were mainly the perforation of the nail. Pseudoarthrosis were founded in 3 cases and in one case the AO nail was broken. The mortality after 2 weeks was 3.1 per cent, after one month 6.3 per cent, after 6 months 15.7 per cent and after 12 months 20.6 per cent. Infection and thrombosis were founded both in 3.1 per cent.", "PMID": 654429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5891", "title": "[Walking with canes and forearm-crutches (author's transl)].", "content": "Partial weight bearing is frequently prescribed but cannot be controlled adequately. In a previous paper the change of forces at the hip joint as effected by a one sided cane was determined by instrumentation of the cane and a mechanical analysis of gait on a walkway. In the present study we looked at the conditions for control of partial weightbearing when two forearm crutches are used. Instrumented crutches and a forceplate were used. In walking with two forearm crutches the total of the ground reaction forces and the force pattern differ from those in free walking. The total of two crutch forces plus the force at the leg with partial weightbearing exceeds that caused by body weight alone. This is due to mass accelerations in a changed gait pattern. When the maximal leg force is reduced from 100% body weight to zero, the additional dynamic forces exceed those caused by body weight alone by 4%-19%. Only 2% of the additional dynamic forces act on the controlateral crutch while the rest is transmitted through the ipsilateral crutch. The crutch force pattern on the ipsilateral side depends more on individual gait characteristics than does that on the controlateral side. Load reduction is more pronounced in the late stages of the stand phase than in the early ones.", "contents": "[Walking with canes and forearm-crutches (author's transl)]. Partial weight bearing is frequently prescribed but cannot be controlled adequately. In a previous paper the change of forces at the hip joint as effected by a one sided cane was determined by instrumentation of the cane and a mechanical analysis of gait on a walkway. In the present study we looked at the conditions for control of partial weightbearing when two forearm crutches are used. Instrumented crutches and a forceplate were used. In walking with two forearm crutches the total of the ground reaction forces and the force pattern differ from those in free walking. The total of two crutch forces plus the force at the leg with partial weightbearing exceeds that caused by body weight alone. This is due to mass accelerations in a changed gait pattern. When the maximal leg force is reduced from 100% body weight to zero, the additional dynamic forces exceed those caused by body weight alone by 4%-19%. Only 2% of the additional dynamic forces act on the controlateral crutch while the rest is transmitted through the ipsilateral crutch. The crutch force pattern on the ipsilateral side depends more on individual gait characteristics than does that on the controlateral side. Load reduction is more pronounced in the late stages of the stand phase than in the early ones.", "PMID": 654430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5892", "title": "[The sacroiliac joint after hip arthrodesis (author's transl)].", "content": "After an introductory chapter about the anatomy and the function of the sacroiliac joint we examined the influence of an arthrodesis of the hip joint on the sacroiliac joint. We observed that an arthrosis of this joint is being formed because of the change in statics and dynamics, which appears radiologically, but rarely clinically. Subjective symptoms, if existant, have their cause mostly in alterations of the lumbar spine. Finally we observed that alterations of the sacroiliac joint after an arthrodesis of the hip joint are mostly insignificant for the patient and do not influence the success of this operation.", "contents": "[The sacroiliac joint after hip arthrodesis (author's transl)]. After an introductory chapter about the anatomy and the function of the sacroiliac joint we examined the influence of an arthrodesis of the hip joint on the sacroiliac joint. We observed that an arthrosis of this joint is being formed because of the change in statics and dynamics, which appears radiologically, but rarely clinically. Subjective symptoms, if existant, have their cause mostly in alterations of the lumbar spine. Finally we observed that alterations of the sacroiliac joint after an arthrodesis of the hip joint are mostly insignificant for the patient and do not influence the success of this operation.", "PMID": 654431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5893", "title": "[As to the traumatic etiology of the Freiberg-K\u00f6hler's epiphyseonecrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "There is demonstrated the case of a Freiberg-K\u00f6hler's epiphyseonecrosis developing without any doubt after a direct massive contusion of the forefoot by hit against the edge of a swimmingpool. While the X-ray from the date of accident only showed a tiny osseus avulsion fracture out of the base of the proximal phalanx II--in spite of the immediately taken accurate therapeutical provisions (by fixation with plaster and later on paviment dressing)--there took place a massive epiphyseonecrosis of the capitulum II within only three months.--The etiology of the necrosis--direct trauma of the nutritive arteries passing through the collateral ligaments--is discussed. There is given a reference to the particular problems arising by critical examination of similar cases for instance at medical reports.", "contents": "[As to the traumatic etiology of the Freiberg-K\u00f6hler's epiphyseonecrosis (author's transl)]. There is demonstrated the case of a Freiberg-K\u00f6hler's epiphyseonecrosis developing without any doubt after a direct massive contusion of the forefoot by hit against the edge of a swimmingpool. While the X-ray from the date of accident only showed a tiny osseus avulsion fracture out of the base of the proximal phalanx II--in spite of the immediately taken accurate therapeutical provisions (by fixation with plaster and later on paviment dressing)--there took place a massive epiphyseonecrosis of the capitulum II within only three months.--The etiology of the necrosis--direct trauma of the nutritive arteries passing through the collateral ligaments--is discussed. There is given a reference to the particular problems arising by critical examination of similar cases for instance at medical reports.", "PMID": 654432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5894", "title": "[Modification of the operative technics for the ventralisation of the tuberositas tibiae (Maquet-Bandi) (author's transl)].", "content": "There is given a modification of operative technics for ventralisation of the tuberosity of the tibia (Maquet-Bandi-Operation). Similar to a sand-glass two triangular cortical/spongious bone grafts are taken from the medial side of the tibia, just beside the tuberosity. Their size can be determined exactly. After having chiseled the proximal part of the tuberosity from both sides and lifted it up, the bone grafts are put under it, one from the medial, the other one from the lateral side by the way, that the top of the triangle is looking in distal, the base in proximal direction. The cortical surfaces of the grafts, showing to the medial and lateral side, make sure the stable keeping place, while their spongious surfaces, showing to the internal side, by direct contact to the spongious backside of the tuberosity and its spongious bed guarantee the quick osseous consolidation. A minimal osteosynthesis by drilling 2 Kirschner-wires in ventro-dorsal direction through the tuberosity, the cortical part of the bone grafts up to the opposite cortex of the tibia finishes the operation. 1. The bone graft can be taken directly at the field of operation. 2. The bone material is homogenous. 3. The cortical part of the grafts guarantee stable keeping place. 4. Their spongious parts make sure the quick osseous consolidation. 5. Minimal osteosynthesis is necessary.", "contents": "[Modification of the operative technics for the ventralisation of the tuberositas tibiae (Maquet-Bandi) (author's transl)]. There is given a modification of operative technics for ventralisation of the tuberosity of the tibia (Maquet-Bandi-Operation). Similar to a sand-glass two triangular cortical/spongious bone grafts are taken from the medial side of the tibia, just beside the tuberosity. Their size can be determined exactly. After having chiseled the proximal part of the tuberosity from both sides and lifted it up, the bone grafts are put under it, one from the medial, the other one from the lateral side by the way, that the top of the triangle is looking in distal, the base in proximal direction. The cortical surfaces of the grafts, showing to the medial and lateral side, make sure the stable keeping place, while their spongious surfaces, showing to the internal side, by direct contact to the spongious backside of the tuberosity and its spongious bed guarantee the quick osseous consolidation. A minimal osteosynthesis by drilling 2 Kirschner-wires in ventro-dorsal direction through the tuberosity, the cortical part of the bone grafts up to the opposite cortex of the tibia finishes the operation. 1. The bone graft can be taken directly at the field of operation. 2. The bone material is homogenous. 3. The cortical part of the grafts guarantee stable keeping place. 4. Their spongious parts make sure the quick osseous consolidation. 5. Minimal osteosynthesis is necessary.", "PMID": 654433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5895", "title": "[The inguinal incision for the open reduction of congenital hip dislocation (author's transl)].", "content": "Operative reductions of congenital hip dislocation are sometimes difficult when lateral incisions are used since the medial part of the acetabulum and the lower limbus are difficult to visualize. In the Ludloff technique this part of the acetabulum is seen excellent, but not the lateral part. High dislocations with inverted limbus are difficult to reduce and only with partial excision of the limbus. An inguinal incision beginning lateral at the spina ilica ventralis offers the best view and can be used for all different degrees of dislocation and age groups. The technique is described, the advantages and the rate of avascular necrosis compared with other incisions. Femoral osteotomies and acetabular or pelvic osteotomies should not be done at the same time because of a higher percantage of avascular necrosis. In high dislocaitons shortening osteotomies should not be done in the intertrochanteric region but deeper in the shaft to avoid additional disturbances of the vascular system of the proximal femur.", "contents": "[The inguinal incision for the open reduction of congenital hip dislocation (author's transl)]. Operative reductions of congenital hip dislocation are sometimes difficult when lateral incisions are used since the medial part of the acetabulum and the lower limbus are difficult to visualize. In the Ludloff technique this part of the acetabulum is seen excellent, but not the lateral part. High dislocations with inverted limbus are difficult to reduce and only with partial excision of the limbus. An inguinal incision beginning lateral at the spina ilica ventralis offers the best view and can be used for all different degrees of dislocation and age groups. The technique is described, the advantages and the rate of avascular necrosis compared with other incisions. Femoral osteotomies and acetabular or pelvic osteotomies should not be done at the same time because of a higher percantage of avascular necrosis. In high dislocaitons shortening osteotomies should not be done in the intertrochanteric region but deeper in the shaft to avoid additional disturbances of the vascular system of the proximal femur.", "PMID": 654434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5896", "title": "[The problem of late results of total endoprostheses of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the report about our collective of 1000 hip-TEP operations from 1967--76. The relatively low loosening- and infection rate of other clinics without sterile box is confirmed: 2.9% loosening, 0.7% infections. The results of 5 years amounted to 1.1% infections and 1.38% loosenings. We refer to the inexplicable high loosening rate of 11% in patients operated within 12 months in 1973/74. The author thinks that the low loosening rate measured during the other periods is due to the consequent application of the \"low-friction\" original prosthesis of Charnley.", "contents": "[The problem of late results of total endoprostheses of the hip (author's transl)]. This is the report about our collective of 1000 hip-TEP operations from 1967--76. The relatively low loosening- and infection rate of other clinics without sterile box is confirmed: 2.9% loosening, 0.7% infections. The results of 5 years amounted to 1.1% infections and 1.38% loosenings. We refer to the inexplicable high loosening rate of 11% in patients operated within 12 months in 1973/74. The author thinks that the low loosening rate measured during the other periods is due to the consequent application of the \"low-friction\" original prosthesis of Charnley.", "PMID": 654435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5897", "title": "[On the roentgenologic observation of wrist flexion (author's transl)].", "content": "To analyze adduction (ulnar flexion) or abduction (radial flexion) at the wrist, a simple calculatory method is described (quitient from the length of the scaphoid bone--navicular bone or os scaphoideum--in radial and ulnar flexion), converted to angle measurement via the cosine value. The normal values are limited by the pathologic values, so that beginning lesions can be identified in this manner. Description of a few pathologic cases and of the limits and possibilities of the method.", "contents": "[On the roentgenologic observation of wrist flexion (author's transl)]. To analyze adduction (ulnar flexion) or abduction (radial flexion) at the wrist, a simple calculatory method is described (quitient from the length of the scaphoid bone--navicular bone or os scaphoideum--in radial and ulnar flexion), converted to angle measurement via the cosine value. The normal values are limited by the pathologic values, so that beginning lesions can be identified in this manner. Description of a few pathologic cases and of the limits and possibilities of the method.", "PMID": 654436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5898", "title": "[Draft of a detailed total hand evaluation status (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comprehensive study dealing with the function of the hand and its impariment, difficulties are encountered owing to the lack of a standardised method of estimating the findings. Consequently, even until the present time, it has not proved possible to obtain a precise documentation and assessment, or to obtain comparable results. A hand examination form has been produced and presented for discussion, with the aim of standardising, and thus improving, the report of findings.", "contents": "[Draft of a detailed total hand evaluation status (author's transl)]. In a comprehensive study dealing with the function of the hand and its impariment, difficulties are encountered owing to the lack of a standardised method of estimating the findings. Consequently, even until the present time, it has not proved possible to obtain a precise documentation and assessment, or to obtain comparable results. A hand examination form has been produced and presented for discussion, with the aim of standardising, and thus improving, the report of findings.", "PMID": 654437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5899", "title": "[Calcification of glenoid labrum in the aged (author's transl)].", "content": "200 radiographs of 100 elderly patients considering themselves to be fit are compared. Calcification of the glenoid labrum at the shoulder is due to age, without clinical importance, a radiologic finding. It was seen in 84%, symmetrical and independent of sex, bodyweight, occupation and left- or right handedness. It is, therefore, not considered to be a sign of arthrosis.", "contents": "[Calcification of glenoid labrum in the aged (author's transl)]. 200 radiographs of 100 elderly patients considering themselves to be fit are compared. Calcification of the glenoid labrum at the shoulder is due to age, without clinical importance, a radiologic finding. It was seen in 84%, symmetrical and independent of sex, bodyweight, occupation and left- or right handedness. It is, therefore, not considered to be a sign of arthrosis.", "PMID": 654438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5900", "title": "[\"Example of clinic rehabilitation\" (author's transl)].", "content": "After ten years' activities of a working group for rehabilitation in an orthopedic clinic, the actual success as reported by the rehabilitated persons, is checked and evaluated in a questionnaire operation. The aim of this inquiry was to assess the work done by such a group within the general framework of clinical activities. Particular emphasis was places on the results in respect of rehabilitation, i.e., the extent to which the patient was able to resume his normal professional or employment activities.", "contents": "[\"Example of clinic rehabilitation\" (author's transl)]. After ten years' activities of a working group for rehabilitation in an orthopedic clinic, the actual success as reported by the rehabilitated persons, is checked and evaluated in a questionnaire operation. The aim of this inquiry was to assess the work done by such a group within the general framework of clinical activities. Particular emphasis was places on the results in respect of rehabilitation, i.e., the extent to which the patient was able to resume his normal professional or employment activities.", "PMID": 654439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5901", "title": "[\"Fibula-pro-tibia-fusion\" (Hahn-Brandes-Graft) in treatment of bone defects of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors use the \"fibula-pro-tibia fusion\" (also called Hahn-Brandes Graft, for the treating large bone defects of the tibia shaft. This method is preferred both with congenital partial tibial aplasias with acquired extensive pseudarthrosis defects of the tibia. In congenital cases, grafting of the distal end of the fibula onto the calcaneal end of the foot with careful preservation of the epiphyseal disc, should precede surgery. Large differences in leg length can be treated after fusion surgery by means of elongation osteotomies. Attention is drawn to this method in the second example of pseudarthrosis defect. Lastly the authors mention a further method for mediation of large diaphyseal tibia defects, namely the transplantation of the opposing fibula. This can lead to good results when an aggressive form of fibrous dysplasia is not present, as was the case however in the third example. In such a case the process only heals after removal of the cover of the periosteum as well.", "contents": "[\"Fibula-pro-tibia-fusion\" (Hahn-Brandes-Graft) in treatment of bone defects of the tibia (author's transl)]. The authors use the \"fibula-pro-tibia fusion\" (also called Hahn-Brandes Graft, for the treating large bone defects of the tibia shaft. This method is preferred both with congenital partial tibial aplasias with acquired extensive pseudarthrosis defects of the tibia. In congenital cases, grafting of the distal end of the fibula onto the calcaneal end of the foot with careful preservation of the epiphyseal disc, should precede surgery. Large differences in leg length can be treated after fusion surgery by means of elongation osteotomies. Attention is drawn to this method in the second example of pseudarthrosis defect. Lastly the authors mention a further method for mediation of large diaphyseal tibia defects, namely the transplantation of the opposing fibula. This can lead to good results when an aggressive form of fibrous dysplasia is not present, as was the case however in the third example. In such a case the process only heals after removal of the cover of the periosteum as well.", "PMID": 654442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5902", "title": "[Transplantation of periosteum-coated cortical and cancellous bone grafts for treatment of fractures and pseudarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone grafts are used in the treatment of fractures just as in the treatment of atrophic pseudarthroses of long tube bones. Only autologous bone graft is a reliable transplantation material. The discussion about different values of cancellous grafts and cortical-cancellous grafts is not completed yet. It will be reported about the own results of 110 transplantations of fresh and ununited fractures of long tube bones between 1968--1975. Only the autologous cortical-cancellous periosteum-coated single graft was used.", "contents": "[Transplantation of periosteum-coated cortical and cancellous bone grafts for treatment of fractures and pseudarthrosis (author's transl)]. Bone grafts are used in the treatment of fractures just as in the treatment of atrophic pseudarthroses of long tube bones. Only autologous bone graft is a reliable transplantation material. The discussion about different values of cancellous grafts and cortical-cancellous grafts is not completed yet. It will be reported about the own results of 110 transplantations of fresh and ununited fractures of long tube bones between 1968--1975. Only the autologous cortical-cancellous periosteum-coated single graft was used.", "PMID": 654443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5903", "title": "[Postoperative complications of wound healing in orthopaedic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1. 1. 1971--30. 6. 1977 (6.5 years) 4,169 aseptic orthopaedic operations were performed in the Orthop\u00e4dische Universit\u00e4tsklinik D\u00fcsseldorf. 42 complications of wound healing have been observed (1%)9 Without an ultrasteril operationbox it is also possible to reduce the complications of wound healing in orthopaedic surgery. It is important to know the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, the method of our preoperative preparation of patients is described; the indication of prophylaxis of chemotherapeutic agents should be severe.", "contents": "[Postoperative complications of wound healing in orthopaedic surgery (author's transl)]. From 1. 1. 1971--30. 6. 1977 (6.5 years) 4,169 aseptic orthopaedic operations were performed in the Orthop\u00e4dische Universit\u00e4tsklinik D\u00fcsseldorf. 42 complications of wound healing have been observed (1%)9 Without an ultrasteril operationbox it is also possible to reduce the complications of wound healing in orthopaedic surgery. It is important to know the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, the method of our preoperative preparation of patients is described; the indication of prophylaxis of chemotherapeutic agents should be severe.", "PMID": 654444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5904", "title": "[Chondrosarcoma. (An electronmicroscopic study) (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of 6 chondrosarcomas was analysed. These areas which by means of light microscopy appear benign, displayed the same appearance as chondromas. Malignant areas are characterised by distined variation of cells, nuclei and nucleoli. There is an electron-dense zone of 400 A between the inner membrane of the nucleus and the chromatic in some nuclei containing dense chromatin. The amount of cytoplasmatic organellae decreases as differentiation decreases. Nevertheless there are sometimes cells with an unusual accumulation of cytoplasmic organellae.", "contents": "[Chondrosarcoma. (An electronmicroscopic study) (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of 6 chondrosarcomas was analysed. These areas which by means of light microscopy appear benign, displayed the same appearance as chondromas. Malignant areas are characterised by distined variation of cells, nuclei and nucleoli. There is an electron-dense zone of 400 A between the inner membrane of the nucleus and the chromatic in some nuclei containing dense chromatin. The amount of cytoplasmatic organellae decreases as differentiation decreases. Nevertheless there are sometimes cells with an unusual accumulation of cytoplasmic organellae.", "PMID": 654445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5905", "title": "[Electromyographic examination of the femoral muscles in hemophilic effusion in the knee-joint and in irritated conditions of the knee-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients with acute effusion in the knee-joint due to hemophilia, or with chronic knee-joint affection, the maximal isometric contraction of the M. vastus medialis and lateralis and of the M. rectus femoris was measured by electromyography. Measurements were taken before and after puncture of the effusion, or before and after intraarticular injection of a local anesthetic. In all examined patients, the contraction tests were performed below the pain threshold. The proportionate share of energy of the quadriceps muscle was considerably enhanced by reducing the intraarticular pressure and injecting a local anesthetic. This increase differs, depending on the state of the knee-joint affection.", "contents": "[Electromyographic examination of the femoral muscles in hemophilic effusion in the knee-joint and in irritated conditions of the knee-joint (author's transl)]. In ten patients with acute effusion in the knee-joint due to hemophilia, or with chronic knee-joint affection, the maximal isometric contraction of the M. vastus medialis and lateralis and of the M. rectus femoris was measured by electromyography. Measurements were taken before and after puncture of the effusion, or before and after intraarticular injection of a local anesthetic. In all examined patients, the contraction tests were performed below the pain threshold. The proportionate share of energy of the quadriceps muscle was considerably enhanced by reducing the intraarticular pressure and injecting a local anesthetic. This increase differs, depending on the state of the knee-joint affection.", "PMID": 654446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5906", "title": "[On crossed reflexes in human leg motoricity (author's transl)].", "content": "Crossed reflexes induced in the muscles of the calf were studied in 30 neurologically healthy volunteers. Almost half of the volunteers showed a pronounced reaction of the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle and of the soleus on ipsilateral stimulation of the corresponding muscle. The results vary, but they show that fundamentally there are processes of facilitation and inhibition due to the stimulation of the tension receptors or Golgi tendon organs of the stimulated muscle and also to the muscle spindle afferents of the antagonistically stretched muscle. It is assumed that the contralateral reflexes can exercise a modulatory effect on the central locomotor program, although they do not monitor it.", "contents": "[On crossed reflexes in human leg motoricity (author's transl)]. Crossed reflexes induced in the muscles of the calf were studied in 30 neurologically healthy volunteers. Almost half of the volunteers showed a pronounced reaction of the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle and of the soleus on ipsilateral stimulation of the corresponding muscle. The results vary, but they show that fundamentally there are processes of facilitation and inhibition due to the stimulation of the tension receptors or Golgi tendon organs of the stimulated muscle and also to the muscle spindle afferents of the antagonistically stretched muscle. It is assumed that the contralateral reflexes can exercise a modulatory effect on the central locomotor program, although they do not monitor it.", "PMID": 654447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5907", "title": "[Caudal regression syndrome and diastematomyelia. What is contained in Hohl's first publication of sacral dysgenesis? (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypoplasias and defective development of the caudal end of the spine are called caudal regression-syndrome. Occasionally such patients also show diastematomyelia. This combination, clinically important and of developmental interest is described on the basis of the first description and an observation of the author. The means of diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Caudal regression syndrome and diastematomyelia. What is contained in Hohl's first publication of sacral dysgenesis? (author's transl)]. Hypoplasias and defective development of the caudal end of the spine are called caudal regression-syndrome. Occasionally such patients also show diastematomyelia. This combination, clinically important and of developmental interest is described on the basis of the first description and an observation of the author. The means of diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 654448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5908", "title": "[Retropatellar facet replacement using the McKeever patellar prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "110 knees were evaluated after retropatellar facet replacement (McKeever). In 105 of these cases high tibial osteotomy has been additionally performed. Indication and operative technique are discussed in details. The evaluation of the pre- and postoperative status bases upon an observation period of 1--7 years and concerns the criteria of pain, movability of the joint and ability to walk. Due to the magnitudes of compressive forces in the patella joint during flexed-knee stance, the position of the patella is considered to be essential for the result of this surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Retropatellar facet replacement using the McKeever patellar prosthesis (author's transl)]. 110 knees were evaluated after retropatellar facet replacement (McKeever). In 105 of these cases high tibial osteotomy has been additionally performed. Indication and operative technique are discussed in details. The evaluation of the pre- and postoperative status bases upon an observation period of 1--7 years and concerns the criteria of pain, movability of the joint and ability to walk. Due to the magnitudes of compressive forces in the patella joint during flexed-knee stance, the position of the patella is considered to be essential for the result of this surgical treatment.", "PMID": 654449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5909", "title": "[Diastematomyelia--a harmless finding or cause of late neurological disturbance? (author's transl)].", "content": "Diastematomyelia is said to produce neurological lesions. Several new cases of diastematomyelia are reported without any neurological defect. They are discussed and compared with similar cases from the literature. Apparently the fixation of the spinal cord by diastematomyelia seems not to be the primary cause of the \"tethering cord syndrome\". Other conditions which are sometimes associated with diastematomyelia (myelodysplasia, dysraphia of the spinal cord etc.) may be the primary cause of progressive neurological lesions.", "contents": "[Diastematomyelia--a harmless finding or cause of late neurological disturbance? (author's transl)]. Diastematomyelia is said to produce neurological lesions. Several new cases of diastematomyelia are reported without any neurological defect. They are discussed and compared with similar cases from the literature. Apparently the fixation of the spinal cord by diastematomyelia seems not to be the primary cause of the \"tethering cord syndrome\". Other conditions which are sometimes associated with diastematomyelia (myelodysplasia, dysraphia of the spinal cord etc.) may be the primary cause of progressive neurological lesions.", "PMID": 654450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5910", "title": "[Metabolic diseases and idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "100 patients suffering from osteonecroses (including 95 with necroses of the head of the femur) were subjected to comprehensive clinical, roentgenologic and chemical laboratory examination. A triangle was established from the range of factors considered as pathogenetically important by various authors. These three outstanding factors were: disturbance of lipid metabolism, found in 41% of the patients, deviation of the liver function data, and, finally, abuse of alcohol as discovered on the basis of the case history. The statistically significant correlation of these factors makes it probable that there is actually a pathogenetic chain abuse of alcohol--hyperlipoproteinemia--arteriosclerosis--osteonecrosis. No specific importance of the uric acid and glucose metabolism could be established, since the metabolic disturbances associated with these processes are mostly linked with the observed hyperlipoproteinemia. Deliberations regarding the genesis of necrosis of the head of the femur must also take into account, over and above the relation between metabolic disturbances and stenosing vascular processes, the presence of a locally predisposing factor, such as mechanical strain or the state of enzymatic supply of the osseous tissue.", "contents": "[Metabolic diseases and idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in adults (author's transl)]. 100 patients suffering from osteonecroses (including 95 with necroses of the head of the femur) were subjected to comprehensive clinical, roentgenologic and chemical laboratory examination. A triangle was established from the range of factors considered as pathogenetically important by various authors. These three outstanding factors were: disturbance of lipid metabolism, found in 41% of the patients, deviation of the liver function data, and, finally, abuse of alcohol as discovered on the basis of the case history. The statistically significant correlation of these factors makes it probable that there is actually a pathogenetic chain abuse of alcohol--hyperlipoproteinemia--arteriosclerosis--osteonecrosis. No specific importance of the uric acid and glucose metabolism could be established, since the metabolic disturbances associated with these processes are mostly linked with the observed hyperlipoproteinemia. Deliberations regarding the genesis of necrosis of the head of the femur must also take into account, over and above the relation between metabolic disturbances and stenosing vascular processes, the presence of a locally predisposing factor, such as mechanical strain or the state of enzymatic supply of the osseous tissue.", "PMID": 654451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5911", "title": "[Long-term follow-ups in adult idiopathic necrosis of head of femur (author's transl)].", "content": "28 patients were subjected to follow-up examination after having suffered for more than 10 years from idiopathic necrosis of head of femur. The high incidence of the bilateral affection of the hip joint as well as the occurrence of multiple osteonecroses are correlated with distrubances of lipid metabolism. Under conservative treatment the disease takes a progressive course, which, however, can remain subclinical for a long time. Good postoperative results can only be expected from intertrochanteric corrective osteotomy which often leads to a regeneration of the head of femur. Caution is recommended before confirming the indication for athrodesis or total endoprothesis because of the risk of disturbances of consolidation or loosening of the implant.", "contents": "[Long-term follow-ups in adult idiopathic necrosis of head of femur (author's transl)]. 28 patients were subjected to follow-up examination after having suffered for more than 10 years from idiopathic necrosis of head of femur. The high incidence of the bilateral affection of the hip joint as well as the occurrence of multiple osteonecroses are correlated with distrubances of lipid metabolism. Under conservative treatment the disease takes a progressive course, which, however, can remain subclinical for a long time. Good postoperative results can only be expected from intertrochanteric corrective osteotomy which often leads to a regeneration of the head of femur. Caution is recommended before confirming the indication for athrodesis or total endoprothesis because of the risk of disturbances of consolidation or loosening of the implant.", "PMID": 654452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5912", "title": "[Indications for reoperation in radicular syndromes following surgical removal of lumbar disk hernias (author's transl)].", "content": "In case ischias-type pain persists or recurs following surgical removal of lumbar disk prolapses, it will be necessary to carefully weigh against one another as possible causes: disk prolapse recidivation, epidural or intradural cicatrization, and pseudoradicular pain in myotendinoses. Postoperative diskitis or spondylitis must also be considered as a possible cause.", "contents": "[Indications for reoperation in radicular syndromes following surgical removal of lumbar disk hernias (author's transl)]. In case ischias-type pain persists or recurs following surgical removal of lumbar disk prolapses, it will be necessary to carefully weigh against one another as possible causes: disk prolapse recidivation, epidural or intradural cicatrization, and pseudoradicular pain in myotendinoses. Postoperative diskitis or spondylitis must also be considered as a possible cause.", "PMID": 654453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5913", "title": "[Roentgenologic investigations on surgical treatment of Perthes' disease. First communication: results following spiking operations with Moore's pins (author's transl)].", "content": "The present investigation of 84 operations effected because of Perthes' disease, was conducted with the aim of comparing and assessing two surgical methods. For this purpose, preoperative and postoperative measurements and statistical calculations were effected of the epiphyseal index, the radius quotient, the acetabular head index, the acetabular index, and the angle of the capitular epiphysis of the femur. The shape and kind of congruence was also included in the assessment. Fixation with Moore's pins or with Kirschner wires was conducted 28 times up to 1971. The patients remained in the clinic for an average period of six months with an average immobilization period of twelve weeks. Physiological congruence 1 was achieved in only 15% of the cases; deformed femoral heads were seen in 36% of the patients. The influence of the operation on the central positioning of the femoral head was only slight. 81% of the diseased hip joints showed an enlarged acetabular entrance. The angle of the capitular epiphysis of the femur showed average values near the boundary to the predysplasia range (19.8 degrees). Objective total assessment (Bauer and J\u00fcnger 1974) yielded 45% good or very good results and 37% poor results. Basing on these results this surgical method can no longer be recommended.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic investigations on surgical treatment of Perthes' disease. First communication: results following spiking operations with Moore's pins (author's transl)]. The present investigation of 84 operations effected because of Perthes' disease, was conducted with the aim of comparing and assessing two surgical methods. For this purpose, preoperative and postoperative measurements and statistical calculations were effected of the epiphyseal index, the radius quotient, the acetabular head index, the acetabular index, and the angle of the capitular epiphysis of the femur. The shape and kind of congruence was also included in the assessment. Fixation with Moore's pins or with Kirschner wires was conducted 28 times up to 1971. The patients remained in the clinic for an average period of six months with an average immobilization period of twelve weeks. Physiological congruence 1 was achieved in only 15% of the cases; deformed femoral heads were seen in 36% of the patients. The influence of the operation on the central positioning of the femoral head was only slight. 81% of the diseased hip joints showed an enlarged acetabular entrance. The angle of the capitular epiphysis of the femur showed average values near the boundary to the predysplasia range (19.8 degrees). Objective total assessment (Bauer and J\u00fcnger 1974) yielded 45% good or very good results and 37% poor results. Basing on these results this surgical method can no longer be recommended.", "PMID": 654454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5914", "title": "[Roentgenologic investigations on surgical treatment of Perthes' disease. Second communication: results following intertrochanteric varisational osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Follow-up examinations of 37 out of a total of 56 intertrochanteric varisational and partly derotational osteotomies after an average period of 62 months showed more favorable results in all respects. The in-patient treatment period was on the average 15 weeks when using Schanz' screws. In fixation with AO angular plates, the average hospitalization period was 8 weeks (including the second stay in the hospital for the removal of the metal). The regeneration period of the necrotic femoral head was 18 months, and was, therefore, 7 months shorter than after the spiking or nailing operation. Most of the operations took place in the beginning rehabilitation phase (stage 3a), resulting in a below-average regeneration period. Physiological congruence was achieved in 24% of the cases, and deformations of the femoral head were seen in only 19% of the patients. In 62% of the cases, good central positioning of the femoral head was achieved, whereas in 68% the entrance of the acetabulum was wider than on the contralateral, healthy side. The improved head/acetabulum ratio was also documented in a postoperative increase of the angle of the capitular epiphysis to almost 24 degrees. The objective total assessment yielded 68% very good and good results, whereas 19% of the results were considered poor. Basing on the favorable roentgenological and also clinical results which are mainly confirmed by literature references, this method can be considered as the method of choice according to the present state of knowledge.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic investigations on surgical treatment of Perthes' disease. Second communication: results following intertrochanteric varisational osteotomy (author's transl)]. Follow-up examinations of 37 out of a total of 56 intertrochanteric varisational and partly derotational osteotomies after an average period of 62 months showed more favorable results in all respects. The in-patient treatment period was on the average 15 weeks when using Schanz' screws. In fixation with AO angular plates, the average hospitalization period was 8 weeks (including the second stay in the hospital for the removal of the metal). The regeneration period of the necrotic femoral head was 18 months, and was, therefore, 7 months shorter than after the spiking or nailing operation. Most of the operations took place in the beginning rehabilitation phase (stage 3a), resulting in a below-average regeneration period. Physiological congruence was achieved in 24% of the cases, and deformations of the femoral head were seen in only 19% of the patients. In 62% of the cases, good central positioning of the femoral head was achieved, whereas in 68% the entrance of the acetabulum was wider than on the contralateral, healthy side. The improved head/acetabulum ratio was also documented in a postoperative increase of the angle of the capitular epiphysis to almost 24 degrees. The objective total assessment yielded 68% very good and good results, whereas 19% of the results were considered poor. Basing on the favorable roentgenological and also clinical results which are mainly confirmed by literature references, this method can be considered as the method of choice according to the present state of knowledge.", "PMID": 654455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5915", "title": "[Model investigations on the static abnormal strain on the homolateral knee joint following arthrodesis or ankylosis of the hip joint in the frontal plane (author's transl)].", "content": "The static abnormal load on the homolateral knee joint after stiffening of the hip in the frontal plane (abnormal load associated with abduction or adduction) is examined via a simplified pelvis and leg model. Besides the direct impairment of the homolateral knee joint, it has also been possible to demonstrate the indirect impairment of the ankle joint and of the foot.", "contents": "[Model investigations on the static abnormal strain on the homolateral knee joint following arthrodesis or ankylosis of the hip joint in the frontal plane (author's transl)]. The static abnormal load on the homolateral knee joint after stiffening of the hip in the frontal plane (abnormal load associated with abduction or adduction) is examined via a simplified pelvis and leg model. Besides the direct impairment of the homolateral knee joint, it has also been possible to demonstrate the indirect impairment of the ankle joint and of the foot.", "PMID": 654456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5916", "title": "[What is the value of the corrective osteotomies in the therapy of the coxarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Followup examinations of 29 corrective osteotomies carried out near the hip show that surgical removal of a contracture can yield quite favorable results in osteoarthritis of the hip. Surgery is indicated in cases where rotation and extension of the thigh is no longer possible, resulting in immobilization, whereas, on the other hand, flexion is still possible to a satisfactory extent and the patient is still too young for plastic surgery.", "contents": "[What is the value of the corrective osteotomies in the therapy of the coxarthrosis (author's transl)]. Followup examinations of 29 corrective osteotomies carried out near the hip show that surgical removal of a contracture can yield quite favorable results in osteoarthritis of the hip. Surgery is indicated in cases where rotation and extension of the thigh is no longer possible, resulting in immobilization, whereas, on the other hand, flexion is still possible to a satisfactory extent and the patient is still too young for plastic surgery.", "PMID": 654457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5917", "title": "[Aimed partial immobilization (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for treating dislocation of the hip is described which is relatively problem-free. The paper also describes how to apply a partly immobilizing plaster cast. Success of the treatment is confirmed by the reduced quota of necroses of the femoral head. Easy care is another remarkable feature of this method.", "contents": "[Aimed partial immobilization (author's transl)]. A method for treating dislocation of the hip is described which is relatively problem-free. The paper also describes how to apply a partly immobilizing plaster cast. Success of the treatment is confirmed by the reduced quota of necroses of the femoral head. Easy care is another remarkable feature of this method.", "PMID": 654458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5918", "title": "[Avoidable surgical errors in hallux valgus surgery according to Brandes (author's transl)].", "content": "In postoperative follow-ups in a large number of patients who underwent Hallus valgus surgery according to Brandes, residual pain was found due to insufficient resection of the proximal phalanx. It is pointed out that the results of this frequent and beneficial Hallux valgus surgery can be improved by using a more subtile surgical technique. Figs. 1-5 show that errors continue to be made. If these errors can be avoided in the future this report will have fulfilled its purpose.", "contents": "[Avoidable surgical errors in hallux valgus surgery according to Brandes (author's transl)]. In postoperative follow-ups in a large number of patients who underwent Hallus valgus surgery according to Brandes, residual pain was found due to insufficient resection of the proximal phalanx. It is pointed out that the results of this frequent and beneficial Hallux valgus surgery can be improved by using a more subtile surgical technique. Figs. 1-5 show that errors continue to be made. If these errors can be avoided in the future this report will have fulfilled its purpose.", "PMID": 654459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5919", "title": "[Considerations in a long-term study on progressive cranio-carpo-tarsal osteolysis (author's transl)].", "content": "A long-term study conducted in a female patient who is now 21 years old and who showed a disease pattern similar to cranio-carpo-tarsal dystrophia, investigated thoroughly by Liersch and Hoevels when the girl was 6 years old. It must be stated as a result of this long-term study that in our case, the osteolyses at the wristbone (carpalia) and tarsal bone remained progressive up to the onset of puberty. The radiological changes came to a standstill after puberty had set in; in fact, there was even a certain amount of clinical compensation of the radiologically visible defects during the years that followed. It seems that the disease pattern described here, is limited to the growth period of the patient. It was not possible to classify this disease pattern as belonging to a particular category, and its cause remains largely unknown. The author describes the disease pattern as an \"essential\" one.", "contents": "[Considerations in a long-term study on progressive cranio-carpo-tarsal osteolysis (author's transl)]. A long-term study conducted in a female patient who is now 21 years old and who showed a disease pattern similar to cranio-carpo-tarsal dystrophia, investigated thoroughly by Liersch and Hoevels when the girl was 6 years old. It must be stated as a result of this long-term study that in our case, the osteolyses at the wristbone (carpalia) and tarsal bone remained progressive up to the onset of puberty. The radiological changes came to a standstill after puberty had set in; in fact, there was even a certain amount of clinical compensation of the radiologically visible defects during the years that followed. It seems that the disease pattern described here, is limited to the growth period of the patient. It was not possible to classify this disease pattern as belonging to a particular category, and its cause remains largely unknown. The author describes the disease pattern as an \"essential\" one.", "PMID": 654460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5920", "title": "[The problem of surgical therapy of bone cysts at the coxal end of the femur (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of the juvenile bone cyst in the region of the coxal end of the femur is described on the basis of the case histories and references. Surgery is always mandatory, whereas the type of surgery depends on the dimensions and shape of the juvenile bone cyst.", "contents": "[The problem of surgical therapy of bone cysts at the coxal end of the femur (author's transl)]. The problem of the juvenile bone cyst in the region of the coxal end of the femur is described on the basis of the case histories and references. Surgery is always mandatory, whereas the type of surgery depends on the dimensions and shape of the juvenile bone cyst.", "PMID": 654461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5921", "title": "[Arthrolysis in the treatment of post-traumatic extensor rigidity of the knee (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensor rigidity of the knee may be due to a wide variety of causes and is certainly quite often a sequela of an injury. Rigidity is caused by damage to tissue distant or proximal to the knee joint, in the joint itself, or simultaneously at several locations. In many cases considerable improvement can be achieved by arthrolysis. However, this requires detailed knowledge of the involved and expected pathologic changes. Besides detailed clinical and x-ray examination via arthrography it is particularly important to select and prepare the patients properly. Knee arthrolysis can never be based on only one surgical procedure. The authors differentiate between covered and open loosening of the stiffened joint besides intraarticular and extraarticular arthrolysis, and a combined intraarticular and extraarticular procedure. Postoperative followup treatment is at least just as important as the surgical procedure itself. Complications can be largely avoided via subtile technique and sufficient experience. The authors report on 16 followup examinations effected during the past four subsequent to arthrolyses of the knee. On the average there was an improvement in flexibility and stretch-ability by 70 degrees, or a relative flexibility increase by 80%. No serious complications were seen. Arthrolysis of the knee is recommended as a well-tried and highly successful surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Arthrolysis in the treatment of post-traumatic extensor rigidity of the knee (author's transl)]. Extensor rigidity of the knee may be due to a wide variety of causes and is certainly quite often a sequela of an injury. Rigidity is caused by damage to tissue distant or proximal to the knee joint, in the joint itself, or simultaneously at several locations. In many cases considerable improvement can be achieved by arthrolysis. However, this requires detailed knowledge of the involved and expected pathologic changes. Besides detailed clinical and x-ray examination via arthrography it is particularly important to select and prepare the patients properly. Knee arthrolysis can never be based on only one surgical procedure. The authors differentiate between covered and open loosening of the stiffened joint besides intraarticular and extraarticular arthrolysis, and a combined intraarticular and extraarticular procedure. Postoperative followup treatment is at least just as important as the surgical procedure itself. Complications can be largely avoided via subtile technique and sufficient experience. The authors report on 16 followup examinations effected during the past four subsequent to arthrolyses of the knee. On the average there was an improvement in flexibility and stretch-ability by 70 degrees, or a relative flexibility increase by 80%. No serious complications were seen. Arthrolysis of the knee is recommended as a well-tried and highly successful surgical procedure.", "PMID": 654462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5922", "title": "[Experimental experiences with intra-articular injections of the alpha-emitting radionuclide 224Ra (ThX) into the knee-joint of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "224Ra is used within the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. The distribution of this radionuclide in the organism was investigated up to 7 days after incorporation in order to estimate a possible risk of late effects. In the autoradiographs we found strong blackenings at those bonesurfaces which faced the injected knee-joint hole. In addition the radionuclide was deposited in skeletal growth-zones similarly as after i.v. and i.p. injections. The dosimetric data (particularly of knee-joint and skeleton) were calculated and compared with those which occur after the therapy of ankylosing spondylitis using i.v. 224Ra injections.", "contents": "[Experimental experiences with intra-articular injections of the alpha-emitting radionuclide 224Ra (ThX) into the knee-joint of rats (author's transl)]. 224Ra is used within the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. The distribution of this radionuclide in the organism was investigated up to 7 days after incorporation in order to estimate a possible risk of late effects. In the autoradiographs we found strong blackenings at those bonesurfaces which faced the injected knee-joint hole. In addition the radionuclide was deposited in skeletal growth-zones similarly as after i.v. and i.p. injections. The dosimetric data (particularly of knee-joint and skeleton) were calculated and compared with those which occur after the therapy of ankylosing spondylitis using i.v. 224Ra injections.", "PMID": 654463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5923", "title": "[Perthes' disease: a roentgenological clinic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Perthes' disease (a condition also known as Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease), or osteochondrosis of the head of the femur, has been repeatedly subdivided into several stages and subjected to classifications which are hardly satisfactory in practice. Catterall has presented a new group classification on the basis of untreated cases of Perthes' disease, which has been combined in the present paper with Somerville's subdivision into different stages. This subdivision into groups and stages was examined for feasibility and practical usefulness via 51 cases of Perthes' disease. It was found that both systems of grouping and classification sometimes required repeated correction in the course of the disease. Hence, this subdivision remains unsatisfactory, especially when therapeutic consequences are expected to be drawn. Cases for Perthes' disease treated by the authors are described and compared with the data given in medical literature.", "contents": "[Perthes' disease: a roentgenological clinic study (author's transl)]. Perthes' disease (a condition also known as Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease), or osteochondrosis of the head of the femur, has been repeatedly subdivided into several stages and subjected to classifications which are hardly satisfactory in practice. Catterall has presented a new group classification on the basis of untreated cases of Perthes' disease, which has been combined in the present paper with Somerville's subdivision into different stages. This subdivision into groups and stages was examined for feasibility and practical usefulness via 51 cases of Perthes' disease. It was found that both systems of grouping and classification sometimes required repeated correction in the course of the disease. Hence, this subdivision remains unsatisfactory, especially when therapeutic consequences are expected to be drawn. Cases for Perthes' disease treated by the authors are described and compared with the data given in medical literature.", "PMID": 654464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5924", "title": "[Experience in 77 changes of hip-joint prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on 77 changes of hip-joint prostheses. The main indications are deep infections and loosening. The surgical procedure and complications are described. Results are encouraging. Even in cases of changes of prostheses on account of fistulating, deep infection, the infections can be controlled in 75% of the cases. Long-term results must be awaited.", "contents": "[Experience in 77 changes of hip-joint prostheses (author's transl)]. The article reports on 77 changes of hip-joint prostheses. The main indications are deep infections and loosening. The surgical procedure and complications are described. Results are encouraging. Even in cases of changes of prostheses on account of fistulating, deep infection, the infections can be controlled in 75% of the cases. Long-term results must be awaited.", "PMID": 654465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5925", "title": "[Prognosis and therapy of the congenital scoliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients, suffering from congenital scoliosis, offer multiple problems for the prognostic judgement and consequent therapy. The diagnosis has to include the patterns of malformation, the lack of balance and accompanying malformations of other organs. This requires an interdisciplinary cure. Physical therapy or redressing plaster-shells do not guarantee a sufficient treatment. In most cases the Milwaukee-brace will not stop the progredience, but just an early operative intervention. Indications and techniques of stabilizing or correcting operative procedure from dorsal or ventral are described.", "contents": "[Prognosis and therapy of the congenital scoliosis (author's transl)]. Patients, suffering from congenital scoliosis, offer multiple problems for the prognostic judgement and consequent therapy. The diagnosis has to include the patterns of malformation, the lack of balance and accompanying malformations of other organs. This requires an interdisciplinary cure. Physical therapy or redressing plaster-shells do not guarantee a sufficient treatment. In most cases the Milwaukee-brace will not stop the progredience, but just an early operative intervention. Indications and techniques of stabilizing or correcting operative procedure from dorsal or ventral are described.", "PMID": 654466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5926", "title": "[Comments on pseudarthrosis of the cuneonavicular joint (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports on the result of central bone chip bolting in the treatment of pseudarthrosis of the cuneonavicular joint, using an autologous bone chip according to the method evolved by Wilhelm and Sperling. The surgical procedure and postoperative course are described in detail, as well as the findings of a followup check effected two years later.", "contents": "[Comments on pseudarthrosis of the cuneonavicular joint (author's transl)]. This paper reports on the result of central bone chip bolting in the treatment of pseudarthrosis of the cuneonavicular joint, using an autologous bone chip according to the method evolved by Wilhelm and Sperling. The surgical procedure and postoperative course are described in detail, as well as the findings of a followup check effected two years later.", "PMID": 654467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5927", "title": "[A method for measuring the distal torsion of the femoral bone (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of measuring the distal torsion of the femoral bone is introduced. The term \"torsion\" is defined, and the etiology of femoral torsion is scrutinized. The sources of error are discussed after a description of the process of measurement and of the calculation of the angle of torsion. The aim and value of this method are, firstly, to supply evidence for the existence of a prearthrosis factor of the patellofemoral joint, and, secondly, to be of practical importance for the consequences of surgery. These consequences will be discussed elsewhere.", "contents": "[A method for measuring the distal torsion of the femoral bone (author's transl)]. A new method of measuring the distal torsion of the femoral bone is introduced. The term \"torsion\" is defined, and the etiology of femoral torsion is scrutinized. The sources of error are discussed after a description of the process of measurement and of the calculation of the angle of torsion. The aim and value of this method are, firstly, to supply evidence for the existence of a prearthrosis factor of the patellofemoral joint, and, secondly, to be of practical importance for the consequences of surgery. These consequences will be discussed elsewhere.", "PMID": 654468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5928", "title": "[Intercentral interactions in the neocortex of 2-year-old children when exposed to verbal signals].", "content": "It has been shown by the EEG correlation analysis method that perception by children of the third year of life of signal verbal stimuli consderably increases spatial synchronization of biopotentials as compared with the action of indifferent verbal stimuli. Perception and recognition of words is attended with involvement in the synchronous activity of potentials of the inferior parietal and frontal associative zones and the projection zone of the auditory analyser in the left hemisphere. In addition, children of the indicated age, as compared with a younger age, display an involvement in the sensory analysis of a word of the projection zones of the articulation apparatus, which establish an interconnection with the frontal zones of the dominant hemisphere.", "contents": "[Intercentral interactions in the neocortex of 2-year-old children when exposed to verbal signals]. It has been shown by the EEG correlation analysis method that perception by children of the third year of life of signal verbal stimuli consderably increases spatial synchronization of biopotentials as compared with the action of indifferent verbal stimuli. Perception and recognition of words is attended with involvement in the synchronous activity of potentials of the inferior parietal and frontal associative zones and the projection zone of the auditory analyser in the left hemisphere. In addition, children of the indicated age, as compared with a younger age, display an involvement in the sensory analysis of a word of the projection zones of the articulation apparatus, which establish an interconnection with the frontal zones of the dominant hemisphere.", "PMID": 654566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5929", "title": "[Significance of the relative position in space of associated stimuli for formation and performance of motor conditioned reflexes].", "content": "In experiments on cats the rate of formation of conditioned reflexes to sound (running to the feeding trough) depended on the spatial interrelations of the paired stimuli: the closer the source of the conditioned signal to the feeding trough, the sooner the formation of the conditioned reflex. It has been assumed that during formation of a conditioned reflex the closing of connection between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is also attended with the closing of connection between the spatial parameters of the paired stimuli. Experiments with inactivation through cold of the temporal area (cortical representation of the vestibular system) of one hemisphere have shown that such a connection is formed in central parts of the vestibular analyser. When the conditioned reflex is elaborated to one feeding trough, the connection is duplicated by both hemispheres; in reflexes to two feeding troughs (i.e. spatial choice) such connections are lateralized in each hemisphere.", "contents": "[Significance of the relative position in space of associated stimuli for formation and performance of motor conditioned reflexes]. In experiments on cats the rate of formation of conditioned reflexes to sound (running to the feeding trough) depended on the spatial interrelations of the paired stimuli: the closer the source of the conditioned signal to the feeding trough, the sooner the formation of the conditioned reflex. It has been assumed that during formation of a conditioned reflex the closing of connection between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is also attended with the closing of connection between the spatial parameters of the paired stimuli. Experiments with inactivation through cold of the temporal area (cortical representation of the vestibular system) of one hemisphere have shown that such a connection is formed in central parts of the vestibular analyser. When the conditioned reflex is elaborated to one feeding trough, the connection is duplicated by both hemispheres; in reflexes to two feeding troughs (i.e. spatial choice) such connections are lateralized in each hemisphere.", "PMID": 654568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5930", "title": "[Effect of activating the putamen on alimentary conditioned reflexes in dogs].", "content": "The influence was studied of the near-threshold high- and low-frequency stimulation of the putamen on achievement of alimentary conditioned reflexes in dogs. Both low- and high-frequency activation of the examined structure significantly changes the parameters of intermediate secretion, of the salivary conditioned reflexes, without influencing unconditioned ones. Unilateral stimulation disturbs the achievement of positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes to a greater extent than bilateral one. Difference between the effects of low- and high-frequency stimulation has been revealed.", "contents": "[Effect of activating the putamen on alimentary conditioned reflexes in dogs]. The influence was studied of the near-threshold high- and low-frequency stimulation of the putamen on achievement of alimentary conditioned reflexes in dogs. Both low- and high-frequency activation of the examined structure significantly changes the parameters of intermediate secretion, of the salivary conditioned reflexes, without influencing unconditioned ones. Unilateral stimulation disturbs the achievement of positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes to a greater extent than bilateral one. Difference between the effects of low- and high-frequency stimulation has been revealed.", "PMID": 654567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5931", "title": "[Formation of a defensive conditioned reflex to an acoustic stimulus in rabbits after early visual deprivation].", "content": "The formation of a defensive conditioned reflex to sound has been studied in rabbits raised from birth up to 30 days of life in dark. It was shown that, as compared with control animals of the same age, elaboration of reflex to sound takes place in them in shorter times periods and with less pairings. This corresponds to changes in electrographic manifestations of conditioning: increased amplitude and reduced peak latency of evoked potentials to acoustic stimuli in the auditory and sensorimotor cortical zones. The data obtained testify to enahcned functional activity of the auditory cortex, apparently due to a compensatory enhancement of impulse activity coming from the intact receptors of the auditory apparatus. It has been assumed that the observed functional changes appearing in the cortical end of the signal analyser (auditory zone); in response to sound, following visual deprivation, are a consequence of an early nature training of synaptic structures with regard to perceptionof impulses of acoustic modality.", "contents": "[Formation of a defensive conditioned reflex to an acoustic stimulus in rabbits after early visual deprivation]. The formation of a defensive conditioned reflex to sound has been studied in rabbits raised from birth up to 30 days of life in dark. It was shown that, as compared with control animals of the same age, elaboration of reflex to sound takes place in them in shorter times periods and with less pairings. This corresponds to changes in electrographic manifestations of conditioning: increased amplitude and reduced peak latency of evoked potentials to acoustic stimuli in the auditory and sensorimotor cortical zones. The data obtained testify to enahcned functional activity of the auditory cortex, apparently due to a compensatory enhancement of impulse activity coming from the intact receptors of the auditory apparatus. It has been assumed that the observed functional changes appearing in the cortical end of the signal analyser (auditory zone); in response to sound, following visual deprivation, are a consequence of an early nature training of synaptic structures with regard to perceptionof impulses of acoustic modality.", "PMID": 654569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5932", "title": "[Dynamics of the activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons during elaboration of elementary conditioned reflexes to time and association].", "content": "Elaboration of a reflex to time (with omissions of stimuli) and of association; light--light + electrocutaneous stimulation of the paw was studied on neurones of the rabbit visual cortex. It was shown that by similarity of patterns of the discharge to a conditioned stimulus and to reinforcement, 83% of neurones reveal the formation of a reflex to time, and 57%--elaboration of association. Three ways of coding plastic reorganizations of the neuronal discharges are suggested; by the total number of spikes in the response, by the total sum of inhibitory periods, and by the pattern of the response. It has been found that in the reflex to time the early components of the response to the stimulus are reproduced during omissions; in elaboration of the association the late components of the discharge reaction to reinforcement are mainly repeated. Most cells with plastic reorganizations possessed polysensority and revealed discharge sensitization during habituation.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons during elaboration of elementary conditioned reflexes to time and association]. Elaboration of a reflex to time (with omissions of stimuli) and of association; light--light + electrocutaneous stimulation of the paw was studied on neurones of the rabbit visual cortex. It was shown that by similarity of patterns of the discharge to a conditioned stimulus and to reinforcement, 83% of neurones reveal the formation of a reflex to time, and 57%--elaboration of association. Three ways of coding plastic reorganizations of the neuronal discharges are suggested; by the total number of spikes in the response, by the total sum of inhibitory periods, and by the pattern of the response. It has been found that in the reflex to time the early components of the response to the stimulus are reproduced during omissions; in elaboration of the association the late components of the discharge reaction to reinforcement are mainly repeated. Most cells with plastic reorganizations possessed polysensority and revealed discharge sensitization during habituation.", "PMID": 654570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5933", "title": "[Dynamics of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain during elaboration and stabilization of defensive conditioned reflexes].", "content": "Electro-defensive condtioned reflexes (CR) to light were elaborated in rats in Y-maze in one experimental session and their training was continued during subsequent 20 sessions. Immediately after CR elaboration or the 20th session of its training, AChE activity in the motor and visual cortex and the hippocampus decreased, increasing again in 24 hours. Animals used as active control which received non-paired photic and electric stimuli, exhibited opposite changes of AChE activity.", "contents": "[Dynamics of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain during elaboration and stabilization of defensive conditioned reflexes]. Electro-defensive condtioned reflexes (CR) to light were elaborated in rats in Y-maze in one experimental session and their training was continued during subsequent 20 sessions. Immediately after CR elaboration or the 20th session of its training, AChE activity in the motor and visual cortex and the hippocampus decreased, increasing again in 24 hours. Animals used as active control which received non-paired photic and electric stimuli, exhibited opposite changes of AChE activity.", "PMID": 654572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5934", "title": "[Neuronal correlates of an alimentary instrumental conditioned reflex in rats].", "content": "Elaboration of an instrumental reaction of getting the food from a narrow tube with a defnite forepaw (handedness) brings about a distinct re-distribution of cellular activity in the motor cortex and in the caudate nucleus, contralateral to the instrumental paw. The changes were observed at a 250 msec. interval before and 512 msec. interval after the beginning of the movement. Two types of cellular discharge changes were recorded: phasic and tonic. The phasic reactions (both inhibitory and activating) were grouped around the beginning of movement, with an average duration of about 100 msec. The tonic reactions lasted a few hundred milliseconds.", "contents": "[Neuronal correlates of an alimentary instrumental conditioned reflex in rats]. Elaboration of an instrumental reaction of getting the food from a narrow tube with a defnite forepaw (handedness) brings about a distinct re-distribution of cellular activity in the motor cortex and in the caudate nucleus, contralateral to the instrumental paw. The changes were observed at a 250 msec. interval before and 512 msec. interval after the beginning of the movement. Two types of cellular discharge changes were recorded: phasic and tonic. The phasic reactions (both inhibitory and activating) were grouped around the beginning of movement, with an average duration of about 100 msec. The tonic reactions lasted a few hundred milliseconds.", "PMID": 654571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5935", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of the reticular formation on the motivational and reinforcing effects of the self stimulation zones].", "content": "The influence was studied on the midbrain reticular formation (RF) on motivational and reinforcing effects of stimulation of the same selfstimulation zones (SS) of hypothalamic area. A current of gradually increasing intensity was used, by means of which three groups of functionally (behaviourally) specific reticular points were revealed: motivationaly neutral, positive and negative. The data obtained show that influences of RF on SS zones of hypothalamus differand depend on functional properties of various RF areas. Changes of motivational effects in SS zones reflex the specificity of reticular foci in a lesser degree than changes in reinforcing effects. It has been suggested that reinforcing effects of the SS hypothalamic zones possess their own activating mechanism specifically related to its \"positive\" link and differing from reticular mechanism of unspecific activation.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of the reticular formation on the motivational and reinforcing effects of the self stimulation zones]. The influence was studied on the midbrain reticular formation (RF) on motivational and reinforcing effects of stimulation of the same selfstimulation zones (SS) of hypothalamic area. A current of gradually increasing intensity was used, by means of which three groups of functionally (behaviourally) specific reticular points were revealed: motivationaly neutral, positive and negative. The data obtained show that influences of RF on SS zones of hypothalamus differand depend on functional properties of various RF areas. Changes of motivational effects in SS zones reflex the specificity of reticular foci in a lesser degree than changes in reinforcing effects. It has been suggested that reinforcing effects of the SS hypothalamic zones possess their own activating mechanism specifically related to its \"positive\" link and differing from reticular mechanism of unspecific activation.", "PMID": 654573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5936", "title": "[Sensitization and habituation of command neurons during a defensive reflex in grape snails].", "content": "All investigated neurones were classified into functional groups depending on their participation in unconditioned avoidance reflex of pneumostome closure. Habituation was produced by tactile stimuli applied with a frequency of 0.1 c/s. Spike responses of neurons participating in processing sensory information habituated gradually, while reactions of command neurones of avoidance behaviour became sensitized to the second or third stimulus of the series. Behavioral reaction was sensitized in parallel with command neurones in spite of habituation in other types of nerve cells. A conclusion is drawn that behavioral habituation is due to waning of responses in all the participating neurones, but the independnet process of sensitization is due to sensitization of command neurones. Probable mechanisms of neuronal sensitization are discussed.", "contents": "[Sensitization and habituation of command neurons during a defensive reflex in grape snails]. All investigated neurones were classified into functional groups depending on their participation in unconditioned avoidance reflex of pneumostome closure. Habituation was produced by tactile stimuli applied with a frequency of 0.1 c/s. Spike responses of neurons participating in processing sensory information habituated gradually, while reactions of command neurones of avoidance behaviour became sensitized to the second or third stimulus of the series. Behavioral reaction was sensitized in parallel with command neurones in spite of habituation in other types of nerve cells. A conclusion is drawn that behavioral habituation is due to waning of responses in all the participating neurones, but the independnet process of sensitization is due to sensitization of command neurones. Probable mechanisms of neuronal sensitization are discussed.", "PMID": 654575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5937", "title": "[Generalization of activation reaction extinction during consecutive stimulation of different parts of the brain].", "content": "The process of extinction of the brain activation reactions (\"arousal\") was studied in chronic experiments on cats with implanted electrodes during repeated electrical stimulation of alternated points in the cortex and in the brain stem reticular formation. Extinction of the reactions achieved by stimulation of one point resulted in the loss of excitability both at this point and in other activating structures at different levels of the brain. The sequence of stimulated structures was of no importance. A possibility is suggested of development of a generalized inhibition in the neural net of the non-specific reticular system of the brain which may be inciated in any point of this system: in the brain stem, in the thalamus or in the cortex.", "contents": "[Generalization of activation reaction extinction during consecutive stimulation of different parts of the brain]. The process of extinction of the brain activation reactions (\"arousal\") was studied in chronic experiments on cats with implanted electrodes during repeated electrical stimulation of alternated points in the cortex and in the brain stem reticular formation. Extinction of the reactions achieved by stimulation of one point resulted in the loss of excitability both at this point and in other activating structures at different levels of the brain. The sequence of stimulated structures was of no importance. A possibility is suggested of development of a generalized inhibition in the neural net of the non-specific reticular system of the brain which may be inciated in any point of this system: in the brain stem, in the thalamus or in the cortex.", "PMID": 654576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5938", "title": "[Neuronal activity of the \"isolated hippocampus\"].", "content": "Spontaneous and evoked activity of the field CA1 neurones were investigated in long-lasting experiments on unanesthetized rabbits with \"isolated hippocampus\" (destruction of both septal and perforant path's afferents). Testing by various sensory stimuli as well as by electrical stimulation of Schaffer's collateral's, subiculum, posterior cingulate cortex, neocortex and midbrain reticular formation was used. The sensory reactions were virtually absent during first 1--2 weeks after the operation, but by the 4--6th week the level of reactivity became normal (65--70%). The first sensory reactions encountered were of diffuse tonic type; later on complex patterned on-responses appeared. The sources of hippocampal reactions, the possibility of plastic rearrangement of synapses and the absence of intrinsinc ability for generation of the theta-activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Neuronal activity of the \"isolated hippocampus\"]. Spontaneous and evoked activity of the field CA1 neurones were investigated in long-lasting experiments on unanesthetized rabbits with \"isolated hippocampus\" (destruction of both septal and perforant path's afferents). Testing by various sensory stimuli as well as by electrical stimulation of Schaffer's collateral's, subiculum, posterior cingulate cortex, neocortex and midbrain reticular formation was used. The sensory reactions were virtually absent during first 1--2 weeks after the operation, but by the 4--6th week the level of reactivity became normal (65--70%). The first sensory reactions encountered were of diffuse tonic type; later on complex patterned on-responses appeared. The sources of hippocampal reactions, the possibility of plastic rearrangement of synapses and the absence of intrinsinc ability for generation of the theta-activity are discussed.", "PMID": 654577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5939", "title": "[Relationship between the frequency of self stimulation and the strength and duration of stimulation].", "content": "In experiments on thirteen rats with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus, with a simultaneous change in current intensity I and of stimulation duration T, two variants were obtained of the empirical response surface of the self-stimulation (SS) frequency: with the maximum SS frequency, located within the surface boundaries (peak variant), and with the maximum at one of its boundaries (side variant). An equation has also been deduced on the regression of SS frequency on the parameters I and T, which quite accurately defines the experimental and rated data (R = 0.57 divided by 0.97). It has been established that current intensity has a greater effect on SS frequency as compared with the stimulation duration and that the influences of these parameters are relatively independent of one another.", "contents": "[Relationship between the frequency of self stimulation and the strength and duration of stimulation]. In experiments on thirteen rats with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus, with a simultaneous change in current intensity I and of stimulation duration T, two variants were obtained of the empirical response surface of the self-stimulation (SS) frequency: with the maximum SS frequency, located within the surface boundaries (peak variant), and with the maximum at one of its boundaries (side variant). An equation has also been deduced on the regression of SS frequency on the parameters I and T, which quite accurately defines the experimental and rated data (R = 0.57 divided by 0.97). It has been established that current intensity has a greater effect on SS frequency as compared with the stimulation duration and that the influences of these parameters are relatively independent of one another.", "PMID": 654574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5940", "title": "[Several properties of the connections between the dentate fascia and field CA3 of the hippocampus in vitro].", "content": "Topography of connections between the dentate fascia (DF) and the field CA3 was investigated on transverse hippocampal slices of guinea pigs in vitro. Recording of the extracellular spike activity from different loci in the CA3, during threshold electrical stimulation of DF has shown that while each pyramidal neurone responded to 3-4 widely spaced stimulated points, any CA3 locus responded to nearly all points in DF. The dispersion of latencies for each DF-CA3 distance was about 5--7 ms. Increase in intensity of stimulating current was followed by a decrease of long latencies to the minimal theoretically counted value characteristic for a given DF-CA3 distance. The same process was observed in the course of post-tetanic potentiation. It is suggested that dispersion of response latencies depends upon different levels of synaptic modification, obtained in vivo.", "contents": "[Several properties of the connections between the dentate fascia and field CA3 of the hippocampus in vitro]. Topography of connections between the dentate fascia (DF) and the field CA3 was investigated on transverse hippocampal slices of guinea pigs in vitro. Recording of the extracellular spike activity from different loci in the CA3, during threshold electrical stimulation of DF has shown that while each pyramidal neurone responded to 3-4 widely spaced stimulated points, any CA3 locus responded to nearly all points in DF. The dispersion of latencies for each DF-CA3 distance was about 5--7 ms. Increase in intensity of stimulating current was followed by a decrease of long latencies to the minimal theoretically counted value characteristic for a given DF-CA3 distance. The same process was observed in the course of post-tetanic potentiation. It is suggested that dispersion of response latencies depends upon different levels of synaptic modification, obtained in vivo.", "PMID": 654578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5941", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus on the synchronous flow of cortical electrical processes].", "content": "It was shown in chronic experiments on rabbits that stimulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus brings about, as a rule, en enhancement of amplitudes of the spatially-synchronous cortical theta-rhythm and a decreased frequency of its oscillations. Analysis of the phenomenon by means of a simple mathematical models shows that such a connection between amplitude and frequency EEG parameters may be accounted for by the existence of two-way cyclic interactions between the cortex and the thalamus, forming a closed contour of a feedback connection. The capacity of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to influence the synchroneity of cortical electrical processes is compared with published data on its role in conditioned activity.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus on the synchronous flow of cortical electrical processes]. It was shown in chronic experiments on rabbits that stimulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus brings about, as a rule, en enhancement of amplitudes of the spatially-synchronous cortical theta-rhythm and a decreased frequency of its oscillations. Analysis of the phenomenon by means of a simple mathematical models shows that such a connection between amplitude and frequency EEG parameters may be accounted for by the existence of two-way cyclic interactions between the cortex and the thalamus, forming a closed contour of a feedback connection. The capacity of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to influence the synchroneity of cortical electrical processes is compared with published data on its role in conditioned activity.", "PMID": 654579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5942", "title": "[Effect of light deprivation on cytochemical features of visual cortex neurons in rabbit brain].", "content": "A cytophotometric measurement of protein concentration and content in the neuronal cytoplasm and in the structures surrounding the neurones was made with the view of studying the plastic properties of units in individual layers of the visual cortex. The data obtained attest that the absence of specific impulse activity from the moment of birth up to 2.5 months brings about  a distinct rise of concentration and a drop in protein content along with a decrease of the cytoplasm surface of neurones in layer IV and large pyramides of layer V as well as a decrease of protein concentration in the structures surrounding the neurones in the lower part of layer III, in layer IV and in the area of large pyramids in the layer V. It is suggested that such changes are related to the fact that neurones belong to groups differing in the degree of reactivity of biochemical changes, depending on their functional significance.", "contents": "[Effect of light deprivation on cytochemical features of visual cortex neurons in rabbit brain]. A cytophotometric measurement of protein concentration and content in the neuronal cytoplasm and in the structures surrounding the neurones was made with the view of studying the plastic properties of units in individual layers of the visual cortex. The data obtained attest that the absence of specific impulse activity from the moment of birth up to 2.5 months brings about  a distinct rise of concentration and a drop in protein content along with a decrease of the cytoplasm surface of neurones in layer IV and large pyramides of layer V as well as a decrease of protein concentration in the structures surrounding the neurones in the lower part of layer III, in layer IV and in the area of large pyramids in the layer V. It is suggested that such changes are related to the fact that neurones belong to groups differing in the degree of reactivity of biochemical changes, depending on their functional significance.", "PMID": 654580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5943", "title": "[Changes in glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the neurons of the motor cortexof the cerebral hemispheres during light deprivation].", "content": "It has been shown that early light deprivation (keeping the rats for eight weeks from birth in a dark chamber) produces compensatory changes in the majority of pyramidal neurones in layers III and V of the brain motor area: significant enhancement of glutamatdehydrogenase activity activity in the bodies and processes of the neurones, increase of their volumes, augmentation of the number of neuroglial satellites with a high ferment activity. The revealed morphochemical changes, more pronounced in the layer V, are considered as a manifestation of enhanced functional activity of the coritcal end of the motor analyser, resulting from visual dereceptation.", "contents": "[Changes in glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the neurons of the motor cortexof the cerebral hemispheres during light deprivation]. It has been shown that early light deprivation (keeping the rats for eight weeks from birth in a dark chamber) produces compensatory changes in the majority of pyramidal neurones in layers III and V of the brain motor area: significant enhancement of glutamatdehydrogenase activity activity in the bodies and processes of the neurones, increase of their volumes, augmentation of the number of neuroglial satellites with a high ferment activity. The revealed morphochemical changes, more pronounced in the layer V, are considered as a manifestation of enhanced functional activity of the coritcal end of the motor analyser, resulting from visual dereceptation.", "PMID": 654581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5944", "title": "A micromethod for the isolation of drugs from blood using amberlite XAD-2.", "content": "The extraction of drugs from small blood samples (1 ml or less) for subsequent quantitative determination is described. Isolation was carried out by adsorption of the drugs to Amberlite XAD-2 resin utilizing a batch procedure that enabled the simultaneous extraction of up to 200 samples in approx. 5 hours. A new desorption technique yielded extracts of high purity that could be used directly for gas chromatographic or radioimmunological determinations, even if hemolyzed or putrid blood was to be examined. The following 26 substances were quantitated after addition to postmortem blood speciments at concentrations of 1-10 microgram/ml: tilidine, diphenhydramine, dibenzepine, imipramine, chlorpromazine, amphetamine, pentazocine, phenacetin, methaqualone, meprobamate, parathion, diazepam, digoxin, beta-methyldigoxin, carbromal, glutethimide, amobarbital, pentobarbital, cyclobarbital, phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, carbutamide, tolbutamide, glycodiazin, tolazamide and chlorpropamide. Thereby recoveries of 60-100% could be achieved. The reproducibility of the procedure was satisfactory as demonstrated by coefficients of variation of 3.7-8%.", "contents": "A micromethod for the isolation of drugs from blood using amberlite XAD-2. The extraction of drugs from small blood samples (1 ml or less) for subsequent quantitative determination is described. Isolation was carried out by adsorption of the drugs to Amberlite XAD-2 resin utilizing a batch procedure that enabled the simultaneous extraction of up to 200 samples in approx. 5 hours. A new desorption technique yielded extracts of high purity that could be used directly for gas chromatographic or radioimmunological determinations, even if hemolyzed or putrid blood was to be examined. The following 26 substances were quantitated after addition to postmortem blood speciments at concentrations of 1-10 microgram/ml: tilidine, diphenhydramine, dibenzepine, imipramine, chlorpromazine, amphetamine, pentazocine, phenacetin, methaqualone, meprobamate, parathion, diazepam, digoxin, beta-methyldigoxin, carbromal, glutethimide, amobarbital, pentobarbital, cyclobarbital, phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, carbutamide, tolbutamide, glycodiazin, tolazamide and chlorpropamide. Thereby recoveries of 60-100% could be achieved. The reproducibility of the procedure was satisfactory as demonstrated by coefficients of variation of 3.7-8%.", "PMID": 654595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5945", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the effects of alcoholic drinks of different qualities (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors compared the effects of alcoholic drinks rich in fusel oil with the effects of diluted pure alcohol of the same quantity on 19 clinically healthy university students. The investigations utilized EEG and physiopsychic testing methods. The clinical symptoms were observed both under the effect of drinks and in a crapulous state (\"hang-over\"). It was found that alcoholic drinks rich in fusel oil can produce a more deviating EEG curve, an increased worsening of physiopsychic performance and of clinical and subjective symptoms. The necessity of regular quality control of alcoholic beverages is pointed out.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the effects of alcoholic drinks of different qualities (author's transl)]. The authors compared the effects of alcoholic drinks rich in fusel oil with the effects of diluted pure alcohol of the same quantity on 19 clinically healthy university students. The investigations utilized EEG and physiopsychic testing methods. The clinical symptoms were observed both under the effect of drinks and in a crapulous state (\"hang-over\"). It was found that alcoholic drinks rich in fusel oil can produce a more deviating EEG curve, an increased worsening of physiopsychic performance and of clinical and subjective symptoms. The necessity of regular quality control of alcoholic beverages is pointed out.", "PMID": 654596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5946", "title": "[Fatal decompression sickness following therapeutic hyperbaric environment (author's transl)].", "content": "In Hannover/Germany in 1976 a so called \"Society for Regenerative Hyperbaric Therapy\" (Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Regenerative Uberdruck-Therapie) subjected 20 patients within two coupled multi-place chambers to a simulated hyperbaric environment, equivalent to a maximum of 4 ata, followed usually by gradual reductions of the pressure. The patients were of an average age of 67.2 years and were afflicted by various disorders. During one of the \"dives\" a patient developed air embolism of the central nervous system. During ensuing confusion of the chamber was opened suddenly, with resultant explosive reduction of the high pressure. This resulted in five letal accidents of decompression sickness. Post mortem examination revealed diffuse distribution of gas bubbles throughout the entire body. By elecronmicroscopy each bubble was covered by an osmiophilic coat. Post mortem findings are discussed and correlated with well-known and new clinical symptomes. These observations present for the first time fatal accidents of decompression sickness in humans, associated with hyperbaric air-therapy.", "contents": "[Fatal decompression sickness following therapeutic hyperbaric environment (author's transl)]. In Hannover/Germany in 1976 a so called \"Society for Regenerative Hyperbaric Therapy\" (Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Regenerative Uberdruck-Therapie) subjected 20 patients within two coupled multi-place chambers to a simulated hyperbaric environment, equivalent to a maximum of 4 ata, followed usually by gradual reductions of the pressure. The patients were of an average age of 67.2 years and were afflicted by various disorders. During one of the \"dives\" a patient developed air embolism of the central nervous system. During ensuing confusion of the chamber was opened suddenly, with resultant explosive reduction of the high pressure. This resulted in five letal accidents of decompression sickness. Post mortem examination revealed diffuse distribution of gas bubbles throughout the entire body. By elecronmicroscopy each bubble was covered by an osmiophilic coat. Post mortem findings are discussed and correlated with well-known and new clinical symptomes. These observations present for the first time fatal accidents of decompression sickness in humans, associated with hyperbaric air-therapy.", "PMID": 654597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5947", "title": "[On fingertips of \"washerwoman's hands\" (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation method is proposed to find out quantitatively the beginning and the degree of \"washerwoman's hands\" at the fingertips. To answer the question, for how long there was contact with a fluid medium, systematic investigations are necessary to measure the width of the \"cristae papillares\" of several test persons with an onlight-photomicroscope under similar fluid conditions.", "contents": "[On fingertips of \"washerwoman's hands\" (author's transl)]. An investigation method is proposed to find out quantitatively the beginning and the degree of \"washerwoman's hands\" at the fingertips. To answer the question, for how long there was contact with a fluid medium, systematic investigations are necessary to measure the width of the \"cristae papillares\" of several test persons with an onlight-photomicroscope under similar fluid conditions.", "PMID": 654598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5948", "title": "[Distribution of blood in lungs in the sudden infant death (author's transl)].", "content": "In 67 cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) the distribution of blood in the lungs was examined by staining paraffinsections of 50 mu with benzidine. A focal, acute emphysema and, frequently, a diffuse, alveolar and also interstitial emphysema exists in all cases. In all parts of the lungs atelectases and dystelectases, some of them covering larger areas, are found. Both atelectases and dystelectases show a high degree of hyperaemia coupled with expanded alveolar capillaries, while emphysematous areas show reduced blood volume. The possible functional significance of the disorder in blood distribution in the lungs for increased hypoxemia and the death mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "[Distribution of blood in lungs in the sudden infant death (author's transl)]. In 67 cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) the distribution of blood in the lungs was examined by staining paraffinsections of 50 mu with benzidine. A focal, acute emphysema and, frequently, a diffuse, alveolar and also interstitial emphysema exists in all cases. In all parts of the lungs atelectases and dystelectases, some of them covering larger areas, are found. Both atelectases and dystelectases show a high degree of hyperaemia coupled with expanded alveolar capillaries, while emphysematous areas show reduced blood volume. The possible functional significance of the disorder in blood distribution in the lungs for increased hypoxemia and the death mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 654599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5949", "title": "[The use of childbirth alterations of the pubic bone for identification (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper discusses whether parturition or the number of parturition events can be determined from certain gross alterations, which are caused by pregnancy and parturition, found around the symphysis area of the pubic bone. The study is based on the analysis of 49 pairs of pubic bones, for which the number of parturitions and/or abortions were known. No criteria were found to be useful for a clear forensic diagnosis. However, this investigation did show a certain probability of correlation between the extension of grooves on the posterior pubic cortex and the number of parturitions. Examples of remarkable misleading conclusions in special cases are given.", "contents": "[The use of childbirth alterations of the pubic bone for identification (author's transl)]. This paper discusses whether parturition or the number of parturition events can be determined from certain gross alterations, which are caused by pregnancy and parturition, found around the symphysis area of the pubic bone. The study is based on the analysis of 49 pairs of pubic bones, for which the number of parturitions and/or abortions were known. No criteria were found to be useful for a clear forensic diagnosis. However, this investigation did show a certain probability of correlation between the extension of grooves on the posterior pubic cortex and the number of parturitions. Examples of remarkable misleading conclusions in special cases are given.", "PMID": 654600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5950", "title": "[Current possibilities of preoperative diagnosis in planned partial kidney resections].", "content": "Sequential and functional scintigraphy utilizing the regions of interest technique has a definite place in preoperative diagnostic renal evaluation prior to partial nephrectomy. Whereas scintigraphy offers information regarding parenchymal function and eventual therapy, renal angiography enables one to visualize the vascular tree, which is technically important for the urologist during surgery. The fate of the diseased parenchymal portion should not only be determined from the subjective intraoperative findings, but rather from more exact methods which measure function and morphology.", "contents": "[Current possibilities of preoperative diagnosis in planned partial kidney resections]. Sequential and functional scintigraphy utilizing the regions of interest technique has a definite place in preoperative diagnostic renal evaluation prior to partial nephrectomy. Whereas scintigraphy offers information regarding parenchymal function and eventual therapy, renal angiography enables one to visualize the vascular tree, which is technically important for the urologist during surgery. The fate of the diseased parenchymal portion should not only be determined from the subjective intraoperative findings, but rather from more exact methods which measure function and morphology.", "PMID": 654601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5951", "title": "[Lymphangiography--a guide in tumor nephrectomy?].", "content": "The anatomy of renal lymphatic vessels is described. Marked discrepancy in the results of lymphangiography carried out in 47 patients with kidney tumor and the histological examination of the lymphatic tissue removed by lymphadenectomy is discussed. However, there is a conclusive evidence of the prognostic value of lymphangiography concerning the postoperative survival of patients with kidney tumors. Due to misinterpretations of lymphangiography, the variability of the lymphatic outflow of the kidney as well as the predominant hematogenic spread of metastases of kidney tumors, lymphangiography does not appear to be a valuable diagnostic approach in renal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Lymphangiography--a guide in tumor nephrectomy?]. The anatomy of renal lymphatic vessels is described. Marked discrepancy in the results of lymphangiography carried out in 47 patients with kidney tumor and the histological examination of the lymphatic tissue removed by lymphadenectomy is discussed. However, there is a conclusive evidence of the prognostic value of lymphangiography concerning the postoperative survival of patients with kidney tumors. Due to misinterpretations of lymphangiography, the variability of the lymphatic outflow of the kidney as well as the predominant hematogenic spread of metastases of kidney tumors, lymphangiography does not appear to be a valuable diagnostic approach in renal carcinoma.", "PMID": 654602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5952", "title": "[High-grade Urinary retention in the upper urinary tract due to ovarian cysts].", "content": "The obstructive uropathy of the upper urinary tract the reason of which is to be searched e.g. in congenital malformation, concrements hindering the passage, strictures and tumors of the urinary tract itself as well as in growing and displacing processes of the adjoining organs have often been observed and described. More seldom this is suitable for benign expansive processes of the ovary. Especially smaller growing and displacing benign processes in the ovary area may result in considerable difficulties concerning differential diagnosis. It is reported on a case of chronic urinary retention with cystic changes of the ovary.", "contents": "[High-grade Urinary retention in the upper urinary tract due to ovarian cysts]. The obstructive uropathy of the upper urinary tract the reason of which is to be searched e.g. in congenital malformation, concrements hindering the passage, strictures and tumors of the urinary tract itself as well as in growing and displacing processes of the adjoining organs have often been observed and described. More seldom this is suitable for benign expansive processes of the ovary. Especially smaller growing and displacing benign processes in the ovary area may result in considerable difficulties concerning differential diagnosis. It is reported on a case of chronic urinary retention with cystic changes of the ovary.", "PMID": 654604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5953", "title": "[Malignant lymphoma of the testis--an urological or nonurological disease?[].", "content": "Malignant lymphomas of the testis have a special position among the tumours of the testis. Also in such cases, in which only the testis is perceptibly diseased, nevertheless must be started from a systemic disease which is clinically not yet recognizable. These special problems demand a multidisciplinary, oncological collaboration in diagnostics and therapy. After establishment of the diagnosis and semicastration by the urologist further diagnostics and therapy should be performed by the representatives of other specialities.", "contents": "[Malignant lymphoma of the testis--an urological or nonurological disease?[]. Malignant lymphomas of the testis have a special position among the tumours of the testis. Also in such cases, in which only the testis is perceptibly diseased, nevertheless must be started from a systemic disease which is clinically not yet recognizable. These special problems demand a multidisciplinary, oncological collaboration in diagnostics and therapy. After establishment of the diagnosis and semicastration by the urologist further diagnostics and therapy should be performed by the representatives of other specialities.", "PMID": 654603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5954", "title": "[Transfer of behavior patterns through transplantation of systems of neuroanatomic structures in amphibian larvae. II. Xenoplastic transplantation of hind brain systems between Xenopus laevis (Daud.) as well as Hymenochirus boettgeri (Torn.) and Triturus vulgaris].", "content": "By replacing parts of the neural plate (prospective medulla oblongata) of Triturus vulgaris by neural ectoderm of Xenopus laevis larval chimaeras were obtained, which showed donorlike rhythmical movements of distinct parts of the visceral musculature according to the place of implantation. Especially the branchial region with its external gills showed rhythmical movements and is the special object of this investigation.", "contents": "[Transfer of behavior patterns through transplantation of systems of neuroanatomic structures in amphibian larvae. II. Xenoplastic transplantation of hind brain systems between Xenopus laevis (Daud.) as well as Hymenochirus boettgeri (Torn.) and Triturus vulgaris]. By replacing parts of the neural plate (prospective medulla oblongata) of Triturus vulgaris by neural ectoderm of Xenopus laevis larval chimaeras were obtained, which showed donorlike rhythmical movements of distinct parts of the visceral musculature according to the place of implantation. Especially the branchial region with its external gills showed rhythmical movements and is the special object of this investigation.", "PMID": 654606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5955", "title": "[Mesenchymoma of the chest wall in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report on the mesenchymal mixed tumor (mesenchymoma) of the chest wall of a baby is given. It was composed of chondroblastoma and osteoblastoma and of areas of angioblastoma. This neoplasm shows immature areas and infiltrates extensively the adjacent tissues. The morphologic classification of benign and malignant mesenchymoma is uncertain and does sometimes not correspond to the behaviour. The significance of different histological features of these tumors in relation to the prognosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Mesenchymoma of the chest wall in childhood (author's transl)]. A case report on the mesenchymal mixed tumor (mesenchymoma) of the chest wall of a baby is given. It was composed of chondroblastoma and osteoblastoma and of areas of angioblastoma. This neoplasm shows immature areas and infiltrates extensively the adjacent tissues. The morphologic classification of benign and malignant mesenchymoma is uncertain and does sometimes not correspond to the behaviour. The significance of different histological features of these tumors in relation to the prognosis is discussed.", "PMID": 654614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5956", "title": "[Viability assay on animal cells with ethidium bromide by fluorescence microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper reports on a viability assay on animal cells with the fluorochrome ethidium bromide and its combined use with fluorescein diacetate. The fluorescence microscopic investigations were quantified by pulse cytophotometry, slide preparation, and counting chamber.", "contents": "[Viability assay on animal cells with ethidium bromide by fluorescence microscopy (author's transl)]. The present paper reports on a viability assay on animal cells with the fluorochrome ethidium bromide and its combined use with fluorescein diacetate. The fluorescence microscopic investigations were quantified by pulse cytophotometry, slide preparation, and counting chamber.", "PMID": 654615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5957", "title": "[The consequences of fibrosis of spleen capsule and perisplenitis cartilaginea for the postmortem diagnosis of hypertension and cor pulmonale (author's transl)].", "content": "The statistical investigation of fibrosis of the spleen capsule and of perisplenitis cartilaginea in 444 consecutive autopsy cases revealed a significant correlation between the changes of the spleen capsule and cor pulmonale, but no significant correlation to hypertension was detected. Therefore, fibrosis of the spleen capsule and perisplenitis cartilaginea can be used as a criterion for the postmortem diagnosis of cor pulmonale.", "contents": "[The consequences of fibrosis of spleen capsule and perisplenitis cartilaginea for the postmortem diagnosis of hypertension and cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. The statistical investigation of fibrosis of the spleen capsule and of perisplenitis cartilaginea in 444 consecutive autopsy cases revealed a significant correlation between the changes of the spleen capsule and cor pulmonale, but no significant correlation to hypertension was detected. Therefore, fibrosis of the spleen capsule and perisplenitis cartilaginea can be used as a criterion for the postmortem diagnosis of cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 654616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5958", "title": "[Fibrosarcoma of the right ventricle of the heart--a contribution to the pathology of the primary sarcoma of heart and pulmonary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical signs as well as the pathological-anatomical and histological peculiarities of a case of fibrosarcoma of the right ventricle of the heart in a fifty-years-old women are described. Examining of all cases described in literature it becomes evident that when ascertaining the starting points, there is a fluent transition from the sarcoma of the endocardium to the sarcoma of the pulmonary arteries. Four types become evident. The morphological pecularities of the appearance of Anitschkow-cells are described. Origin and importance of these cells are not known yet in all their details. The Survey over the single observations speaks in favour of their affiliation to the cellular defence system of the heart.", "contents": "[Fibrosarcoma of the right ventricle of the heart--a contribution to the pathology of the primary sarcoma of heart and pulmonary arteries (author's transl)]. The clinical signs as well as the pathological-anatomical and histological peculiarities of a case of fibrosarcoma of the right ventricle of the heart in a fifty-years-old women are described. Examining of all cases described in literature it becomes evident that when ascertaining the starting points, there is a fluent transition from the sarcoma of the endocardium to the sarcoma of the pulmonary arteries. Four types become evident. The morphological pecularities of the appearance of Anitschkow-cells are described. Origin and importance of these cells are not known yet in all their details. The Survey over the single observations speaks in favour of their affiliation to the cellular defence system of the heart.", "PMID": 654617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5959", "title": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. 8th communication: Relationship of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1.1951 until 31.12.1969 were scored for cases of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In 89.05 per cent (2131 cases) of all myocardial infarctions a coronary sclerosis was present. Males suffered significantly more frequent from these forms of ischaemic heart disease. During the period of nineteen years a significant increase of the coronary atherosclerosis in combination with a myocardial infarction was observed. This is due to the more frequent occurrence of severe forms. The increase of the frequency of the myocardial infarctions and of the weak and moderately coronary sclerosis particularly concerns the younger age groups. Callous infarcts were more frequent than fresh and relapsing ones.", "contents": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. 8th communication: Relationship of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1.1951 until 31.12.1969 were scored for cases of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In 89.05 per cent (2131 cases) of all myocardial infarctions a coronary sclerosis was present. Males suffered significantly more frequent from these forms of ischaemic heart disease. During the period of nineteen years a significant increase of the coronary atherosclerosis in combination with a myocardial infarction was observed. This is due to the more frequent occurrence of severe forms. The increase of the frequency of the myocardial infarctions and of the weak and moderately coronary sclerosis particularly concerns the younger age groups. Callous infarcts were more frequent than fresh and relapsing ones.", "PMID": 654618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5960", "title": "[Polypoid eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a circumscribed polypoid eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine is reported. The tumor caused an intussusception with consecutive ileus. After resection of the involved bowels the patient was healed. No allergic history was found. The morphology, clinical features, and the therapy of this type of tumor is discussed and the relationship to the Histocytosis X is emphasized.", "contents": "[Polypoid eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine (author's transl)]. The case of a circumscribed polypoid eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine is reported. The tumor caused an intussusception with consecutive ileus. After resection of the involved bowels the patient was healed. No allergic history was found. The morphology, clinical features, and the therapy of this type of tumor is discussed and the relationship to the Histocytosis X is emphasized.", "PMID": 654619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5961", "title": "[Alveolar soft-part sarcomas in the skeleton (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare alveolar soft-part sarcomas, tumours with well defined histological pattern but uncertain histogenesis, are up to now described only in soft tissues, especially in those of the extremities of adolescents and young adults. We can report two cases of alveolar soft-part sarcomas in the sceleton, both in the right femur of 22 years old women. The delimitation of these tumours against others with similar histological pattern may be very difficult. The occurrence of these tumours in the sceleton does not require to substitute the term alveolar soft-part sarcoma by an other one.", "contents": "[Alveolar soft-part sarcomas in the skeleton (author's transl)]. The rare alveolar soft-part sarcomas, tumours with well defined histological pattern but uncertain histogenesis, are up to now described only in soft tissues, especially in those of the extremities of adolescents and young adults. We can report two cases of alveolar soft-part sarcomas in the sceleton, both in the right femur of 22 years old women. The delimitation of these tumours against others with similar histological pattern may be very difficult. The occurrence of these tumours in the sceleton does not require to substitute the term alveolar soft-part sarcoma by an other one.", "PMID": 654620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5962", "title": "[Psychological care of surgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Today the effective psychical management of patients has become more difficult because the doctor is confronted with a modern critical patient. The relations between doctor and patient are complicated due to many doctors cooperating in treatment and diagnosis. Information of the patient and organisation of the psychical care concerning the prae, intra- and postoperative period are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychological care of surgical patients (author's transl)]. Today the effective psychical management of patients has become more difficult because the doctor is confronted with a modern critical patient. The relations between doctor and patient are complicated due to many doctors cooperating in treatment and diagnosis. Information of the patient and organisation of the psychical care concerning the prae, intra- and postoperative period are discussed.", "PMID": 654634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5963", "title": "[Postoperative psychical disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Abnormal psychical disturbances after surgical procedures may either be attributed to the experience of illness or to cerebral dysfunction, directly or indirectly including the brain in the process of the disease. The latter results in somatic psychotic states and \"Durchgangssyndrom\". The postoperative psychosis is not a nosological entity.", "contents": "[Postoperative psychical disturbances (author's transl)]. Abnormal psychical disturbances after surgical procedures may either be attributed to the experience of illness or to cerebral dysfunction, directly or indirectly including the brain in the process of the disease. The latter results in somatic psychotic states and \"Durchgangssyndrom\". The postoperative psychosis is not a nosological entity.", "PMID": 654635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5964", "title": "[Acute haemorrhage from ulcers of the stomach and duodenum; rate of transfusion and complications (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been shown in 35 patients with severe acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage that there is a limit regarding the amount of transfused blood needed for substitution. Whereas patients over 65 years had a 100% mortality rate after more than 10 units., the limit in younger patient was 15 units. The time of the beginning of surgical therapy is decisive for the chance of survival. After 4 transfusions in few hours the surgical intervention should be started. Under these conditions even older patients have a better chance of survival. The number of transfusions given and the time is directly proportional to the rate of complications.", "contents": "[Acute haemorrhage from ulcers of the stomach and duodenum; rate of transfusion and complications (author's transl)]. It has been shown in 35 patients with severe acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage that there is a limit regarding the amount of transfused blood needed for substitution. Whereas patients over 65 years had a 100% mortality rate after more than 10 units., the limit in younger patient was 15 units. The time of the beginning of surgical therapy is decisive for the chance of survival. After 4 transfusions in few hours the surgical intervention should be started. Under these conditions even older patients have a better chance of survival. The number of transfusions given and the time is directly proportional to the rate of complications.", "PMID": 654637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5965", "title": "[Spontaneous perforation of the gall bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "We suggest to differentiate between the real spontaneous perforation of the gallbladder and the inflammatory rupture and contrast both with the traumatic form. In one case treated by us we suceeded in finding the cause of the perforation to be an antatomical deficiency. Sterile cholascos should be distinguished from severe bile peritonitis.", "contents": "[Spontaneous perforation of the gall bladder (author's transl)]. We suggest to differentiate between the real spontaneous perforation of the gallbladder and the inflammatory rupture and contrast both with the traumatic form. In one case treated by us we suceeded in finding the cause of the perforation to be an antatomical deficiency. Sterile cholascos should be distinguished from severe bile peritonitis.", "PMID": 654638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5966", "title": "[Surgery of old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of surgery in the aged is based on the increased life expectancy of the population. Besides the multimorbidity of geriatric people psychological and social aspects must be taken into consideration. In old age the danger of shock is increased therefore the indication for urgent surgery permits no delay. In 1975 649 patients over 60 years out of a total of 2532 operations underwent surgical procedures; 349 were urgent cases. Mortality rate below 10%.", "contents": "[Surgery of old age (author's transl)]. The importance of surgery in the aged is based on the increased life expectancy of the population. Besides the multimorbidity of geriatric people psychological and social aspects must be taken into consideration. In old age the danger of shock is increased therefore the indication for urgent surgery permits no delay. In 1975 649 patients over 60 years out of a total of 2532 operations underwent surgical procedures; 349 were urgent cases. Mortality rate below 10%.", "PMID": 654640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5967", "title": "[Should the B-I gastric resection no longer be used? Results of 228 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical indications, operative findings, technical details and pathological studies in 228 Billroth-I-Pean gastrict resections for gastric ulcer, are represented in detail. 186 of these patients could be followed up with a maximum of 18 years: 8.6% had troubles after meals, 8.6% gastritis of the remaining stump, 5.9% a small stomach syndrome and 0.5% a reflux oesophagitis. But no one of them had to be reoperated nor for functional troubles, nor for recurrent ulceration. According to the Visick classification the following results have been obtained: V. 1:75.3%, V. 2:13.4%, V. 3:7.5% and V.4:3.7%.", "contents": "[Should the B-I gastric resection no longer be used? Results of 228 cases (author's transl)]. Clinical indications, operative findings, technical details and pathological studies in 228 Billroth-I-Pean gastrict resections for gastric ulcer, are represented in detail. 186 of these patients could be followed up with a maximum of 18 years: 8.6% had troubles after meals, 8.6% gastritis of the remaining stump, 5.9% a small stomach syndrome and 0.5% a reflux oesophagitis. But no one of them had to be reoperated nor for functional troubles, nor for recurrent ulceration. According to the Visick classification the following results have been obtained: V. 1:75.3%, V. 2:13.4%, V. 3:7.5% and V.4:3.7%.", "PMID": 654641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5968", "title": "[Behaviour of serum phosphorus level during the postoperative period (author's transl)].", "content": "Behaviour of serum phosphorus and phosphate-excretion in urine has been observed during the postoperative period in 40 patients who obtained different amounts of phosphate-substitution. The findings were compared with 8 patients who had a phosphate-depletion syndrome. It was shown, that the appearance of hypophosphataemia during the postoperative period can be prevented by a daily supply of at least 25 mmol phosphate. If a phosphoate depletion syndrome has occurred, the substitution of 40 to 50 mmol phosphate and simultaneous reduction of caloric supply is recommended. Furthermore, routine control of serum phosphorus level and, if necessary, measurement of phosphate excretion in urine should be performed in any type of postoperative parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[Behaviour of serum phosphorus level during the postoperative period (author's transl)]. Behaviour of serum phosphorus and phosphate-excretion in urine has been observed during the postoperative period in 40 patients who obtained different amounts of phosphate-substitution. The findings were compared with 8 patients who had a phosphate-depletion syndrome. It was shown, that the appearance of hypophosphataemia during the postoperative period can be prevented by a daily supply of at least 25 mmol phosphate. If a phosphoate depletion syndrome has occurred, the substitution of 40 to 50 mmol phosphate and simultaneous reduction of caloric supply is recommended. Furthermore, routine control of serum phosphorus level and, if necessary, measurement of phosphate excretion in urine should be performed in any type of postoperative parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 654642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5969", "title": "[Monday to Friday-clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "On a Monday to Friday ward with 21 beds in 1 1/2 years 1149 patients underwent the following operations: appendectomy 23%, hernioplasty (femoral and inguinal) 20,5%, phimoses 14,4%, cryptorchidism 9,7%, anal fistula and fissure 7,8%, hydrocelectomy 2,9%, saphenectomy 2,7%, haemorrhoidectomy 2,9%, excisions of Dupuytren's contracture 1,0%, varicocelectomy 0,4% pacemaker implantations 2,7%, other operations and patients for diagnostics 8,5%. The standardised diagnostic procedure is performed during the prehospital time. On Monday all patients were operated upon and dismissed on Friday. The operative results are good. The in-patient time is 4,5 days. - The advantage of this system is: increase of scheduled in-patient surgery, short stay, prophylaxis of noso - comial infections, more efficiency.", "contents": "[Monday to Friday-clinic (author's transl)]. On a Monday to Friday ward with 21 beds in 1 1/2 years 1149 patients underwent the following operations: appendectomy 23%, hernioplasty (femoral and inguinal) 20,5%, phimoses 14,4%, cryptorchidism 9,7%, anal fistula and fissure 7,8%, hydrocelectomy 2,9%, saphenectomy 2,7%, haemorrhoidectomy 2,9%, excisions of Dupuytren's contracture 1,0%, varicocelectomy 0,4% pacemaker implantations 2,7%, other operations and patients for diagnostics 8,5%. The standardised diagnostic procedure is performed during the prehospital time. On Monday all patients were operated upon and dismissed on Friday. The operative results are good. The in-patient time is 4,5 days. - The advantage of this system is: increase of scheduled in-patient surgery, short stay, prophylaxis of noso - comial infections, more efficiency.", "PMID": 654643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5970", "title": "[Surgical hand disinfection with \"Fesia cito\" (author's transl)].", "content": "F\u00fcrbringer's classical method of scrubbing has been compared with the procedure of embrocation of Fesia cito after Kanz. Concerning the reduction of bacilli both methods are equivalent.", "contents": "[Surgical hand disinfection with \"Fesia cito\" (author's transl)]. F\u00fcrbringer's classical method of scrubbing has been compared with the procedure of embrocation of Fesia cito after Kanz. Concerning the reduction of bacilli both methods are equivalent.", "PMID": 654644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5971", "title": "[More effective surgical care and its regional organisation (author's transl)].", "content": "The decrease of the number of surgical cases within the past few years was not essentially due to the decrease of the number of hospital surgeons or to the decrease of the number of beds in surgical units. Decrease in the length of stay and increase in bed occupancy rate might effectively respond to increasing demands. A community comprising about 60 000 inhabitants will occupy a fulltime outpatient surgeon. Smaller communities should be served by an integrate inpatient-outpatient service. There is no need for each surgical unit to run a separate emergency service of its own.", "contents": "[More effective surgical care and its regional organisation (author's transl)]. The decrease of the number of surgical cases within the past few years was not essentially due to the decrease of the number of hospital surgeons or to the decrease of the number of beds in surgical units. Decrease in the length of stay and increase in bed occupancy rate might effectively respond to increasing demands. A community comprising about 60 000 inhabitants will occupy a fulltime outpatient surgeon. Smaller communities should be served by an integrate inpatient-outpatient service. There is no need for each surgical unit to run a separate emergency service of its own.", "PMID": 654645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5972", "title": "[Various prognostic aspects in squamous epithelial cervix carcinoma of clinical stage I-III].", "content": "On base of the 5-year healing a report is given about the relationship between prognosis and histological grade of differentiation by epithelial carcinoma of the cervix. For this purpose uniform cases were choses, by which both histological and clinical judgement took place. A near correlation between grade of differtiation and prognosis was found. The 5-year healing amounted by stage I 73.5%, by stage II 56.3%, by stage III 27.5% and by stage IV 0%. Taking all stages of the epithelial carcinoma of the cervix together, the 5-year healing was reached by the differentiated carcinoma in 94% of cases, whereas only 52.4% of the middleripe and 9.2% of the undifferentiated carcinoma were able to reach the same. A near relationship between the biological valence of the tumor and prognosis was found.", "contents": "[Various prognostic aspects in squamous epithelial cervix carcinoma of clinical stage I-III]. On base of the 5-year healing a report is given about the relationship between prognosis and histological grade of differentiation by epithelial carcinoma of the cervix. For this purpose uniform cases were choses, by which both histological and clinical judgement took place. A near correlation between grade of differtiation and prognosis was found. The 5-year healing amounted by stage I 73.5%, by stage II 56.3%, by stage III 27.5% and by stage IV 0%. Taking all stages of the epithelial carcinoma of the cervix together, the 5-year healing was reached by the differentiated carcinoma in 94% of cases, whereas only 52.4% of the middleripe and 9.2% of the undifferentiated carcinoma were able to reach the same. A near relationship between the biological valence of the tumor and prognosis was found.", "PMID": 654647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5973", "title": "[Results of rapid intraoperative biopsies in breast neoplasms].", "content": "200 intraoperative biopsies of mamma tumors are demonstrated. Carcinomas of mamma are divided due to frequency of histological type. Intraoperative diagnostic procedures are valuable to confirme malignant tumors, especially that patients are to be spared of second operation day.", "contents": "[Results of rapid intraoperative biopsies in breast neoplasms]. 200 intraoperative biopsies of mamma tumors are demonstrated. Carcinomas of mamma are divided due to frequency of histological type. Intraoperative diagnostic procedures are valuable to confirme malignant tumors, especially that patients are to be spared of second operation day.", "PMID": 654648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5974", "title": "[A Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor as an incidental finding in a 72 year old patient].", "content": "In a 72-year old patient a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed because of a proliferating serous cystadenofibroma of the right ovary. A small but typical Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor was incidentaly found in the left ovary. The clinical and histological features of this unusual case are briefly presented.", "contents": "[A Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor as an incidental finding in a 72 year old patient]. In a 72-year old patient a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed because of a proliferating serous cystadenofibroma of the right ovary. A small but typical Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor was incidentaly found in the left ovary. The clinical and histological features of this unusual case are briefly presented.", "PMID": 654649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5975", "title": "[Late results of surgical development of the artificial vagina from the Douglas's pouch (author's transl)].", "content": "Late results of surgical development of artificial vagina in 18 patients by the Glowi\u0144ski method are discussed. The Rokitansky-K\u00fcster syndrome was found in 16 women, and pseudomale hermaphrodism in two. In 12 cases the results of operation were positive, satisfactory in 3, and negative in the remaining 3 cases. The surgical method is simple and safe, and from the functional point of view prognosis is favourable.", "contents": "[Late results of surgical development of the artificial vagina from the Douglas's pouch (author's transl)]. Late results of surgical development of artificial vagina in 18 patients by the Glowi\u0144ski method are discussed. The Rokitansky-K\u00fcster syndrome was found in 16 women, and pseudomale hermaphrodism in two. In 12 cases the results of operation were positive, satisfactory in 3, and negative in the remaining 3 cases. The surgical method is simple and safe, and from the functional point of view prognosis is favourable.", "PMID": 654650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5976", "title": "[Iso and autoantibodies to spermatozoa in sterile marriages].", "content": "Our clinical catamnestic studies on cases of sterility with a proven sensitization against spermatozoa revealed a statistically significant decrease of pregnancies only in patients with positive spermantibody tests over a period longer than 3 years. A direct spermimunological etiology of sterility can not yet be derived. In the investigated 759 cases a sensitization against spermatozoa was detected in 93 cases. In 11 patients the spermantibodies proved to be positive longer than 3 years. Washed spermatozoa were used as antigen in the applied test methods. It may very well be possible, that the results point in a different direction once we are applying a particular fertility diminishing spermatozoa antigen.", "contents": "[Iso and autoantibodies to spermatozoa in sterile marriages]. Our clinical catamnestic studies on cases of sterility with a proven sensitization against spermatozoa revealed a statistically significant decrease of pregnancies only in patients with positive spermantibody tests over a period longer than 3 years. A direct spermimunological etiology of sterility can not yet be derived. In the investigated 759 cases a sensitization against spermatozoa was detected in 93 cases. In 11 patients the spermantibodies proved to be positive longer than 3 years. Washed spermatozoa were used as antigen in the applied test methods. It may very well be possible, that the results point in a different direction once we are applying a particular fertility diminishing spermatozoa antigen.", "PMID": 654651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5977", "title": "[Behavior of the C-reactive protein in short and long-term application of various hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "The behaviour of the C-reactive protein--an acute phase reactant=-in sera from pregnant women and women with different applications of hormonal contraceptives was analysed. A significant increase of the CRP as a consequence of the effect of the sexualsteroids in 627 single measurements could be shown.", "contents": "[Behavior of the C-reactive protein in short and long-term application of various hormonal contraceptives]. The behaviour of the C-reactive protein--an acute phase reactant=-in sera from pregnant women and women with different applications of hormonal contraceptives was analysed. A significant increase of the CRP as a consequence of the effect of the sexualsteroids in 627 single measurements could be shown.", "PMID": 654652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5978", "title": "[Tubal actinomycosis as a complication of intrauterine contraception].", "content": "A case of actinomycosis of the uterine tube occuring in a 29-year-old clerk is reported. The disease became manifest clinically a month after the introduction of IUD. In spite of intensive antiinflammatory therapy the disease was in progress and cachexia developed. The case was cured only after radical surgical intervention and antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "[Tubal actinomycosis as a complication of intrauterine contraception]. A case of actinomycosis of the uterine tube occuring in a 29-year-old clerk is reported. The disease became manifest clinically a month after the introduction of IUD. In spite of intensive antiinflammatory therapy the disease was in progress and cachexia developed. The case was cured only after radical surgical intervention and antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 654653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5979", "title": "[Large mucocele of the appendix imitating an ovarian cyst].", "content": "Mukokela appendix--described by Rokitansky in 1842 for the first time--appears in 0,2% of appendectomy at Bulovka-Hospital Prague. Great mukokela appendix (12,5 x 5,5 cm), which resembled ovarial cyst on the right hand side, had been found for the first time in 20 years. The patient was a 63 old woman; she was cured in 9 days after appendectomy. The authors describe etiology, clinic and the case itself.", "contents": "[Large mucocele of the appendix imitating an ovarian cyst]. Mukokela appendix--described by Rokitansky in 1842 for the first time--appears in 0,2% of appendectomy at Bulovka-Hospital Prague. Great mukokela appendix (12,5 x 5,5 cm), which resembled ovarial cyst on the right hand side, had been found for the first time in 20 years. The patient was a 63 old woman; she was cured in 9 days after appendectomy. The authors describe etiology, clinic and the case itself.", "PMID": 654654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5980", "title": "[Experimental contribution on the biochemical and morphological study of lung maturation in Wistar rats].", "content": "This is a research on the pulmonary normal maturity of a Wistar's Rat from the biochemic and morphological point of view. To do that we have chosen 3 lots of 5 rats each. The animals were sacrificed by killing them up to 15, 18 and 21 days of pregnancy. Then we have removed the amniotic liquid of each rat to know or study the creatinin concentration and the lecithin/sphingomyelin relation or report. To every foetus that we have got from every rat we have removed or extirpated the lungs to do a study under the optic microscope by using the hematoxilin-eosin together with the Fontana-Masson techniques.", "contents": "[Experimental contribution on the biochemical and morphological study of lung maturation in Wistar rats]. This is a research on the pulmonary normal maturity of a Wistar's Rat from the biochemic and morphological point of view. To do that we have chosen 3 lots of 5 rats each. The animals were sacrificed by killing them up to 15, 18 and 21 days of pregnancy. Then we have removed the amniotic liquid of each rat to know or study the creatinin concentration and the lecithin/sphingomyelin relation or report. To every foetus that we have got from every rat we have removed or extirpated the lungs to do a study under the optic microscope by using the hematoxilin-eosin together with the Fontana-Masson techniques.", "PMID": 654655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5981", "title": "[Behavior of body weight during pregnancy].", "content": "Attitude of weight during 12. up to the 42. week of pregnancy was observed with 946 pregnant women which had an regular course of pregnancy. The normal range of the weekly grow of weight was given in an average for this period, and dissemination was found out. By this, compared with all the pregnants, a separation was made when representing women who brought forth compared with all the pregnants, a separation was made when representing women who bought forth the first time and such who had given birth to more children. Further on, the variety of weight attitude depending from parity, distribution of the age, and body tallness was taken into consideration. This substantially showed independence of the masium grow of weight from parity, age, and tallness of the pregnants between the 21. and 25. week of pregnancy. Altogether, those who give their first birth as well as younger and taller women show a stronger grow of weight during pregnancy than those who have already born more children, or older and smaller women.", "contents": "[Behavior of body weight during pregnancy]. Attitude of weight during 12. up to the 42. week of pregnancy was observed with 946 pregnant women which had an regular course of pregnancy. The normal range of the weekly grow of weight was given in an average for this period, and dissemination was found out. By this, compared with all the pregnants, a separation was made when representing women who brought forth compared with all the pregnants, a separation was made when representing women who bought forth the first time and such who had given birth to more children. Further on, the variety of weight attitude depending from parity, distribution of the age, and body tallness was taken into consideration. This substantially showed independence of the masium grow of weight from parity, age, and tallness of the pregnants between the 21. and 25. week of pregnancy. Altogether, those who give their first birth as well as younger and taller women show a stronger grow of weight during pregnancy than those who have already born more children, or older and smaller women.", "PMID": 654657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5982", "title": "[Suitability of mephentermine for the management of arterial hypotension in pregnancy].", "content": "10 late pregnant women with hypotension were examined before and after the intravenous injection of 30 mg mephentermin with the method of quantitative sphygmometry, the bloodless graphic registration of the arterial blood pressure and direct electronic timing of pulse wave velocity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase significantly. The cause of this rise in arterial blood pressure is the increase of stroke volume exclusively. Heart rate and total peripheral resistance remain constant. This hemodynamic mode of action is a favourable one in regard to protection of uteroplacental blood flow. Therefore mephentermin is suitable for treatment of hypotension in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Suitability of mephentermine for the management of arterial hypotension in pregnancy]. 10 late pregnant women with hypotension were examined before and after the intravenous injection of 30 mg mephentermin with the method of quantitative sphygmometry, the bloodless graphic registration of the arterial blood pressure and direct electronic timing of pulse wave velocity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase significantly. The cause of this rise in arterial blood pressure is the increase of stroke volume exclusively. Heart rate and total peripheral resistance remain constant. This hemodynamic mode of action is a favourable one in regard to protection of uteroplacental blood flow. Therefore mephentermin is suitable for treatment of hypotension in pregnancy.", "PMID": 654658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5983", "title": "[Effect of pathological liver values in late pregnancy on the course of pregnancy and on the status of the child].", "content": "In the years 1970 to 1975 90 out of 75213 women had the delivery in the infections delivery-room of the Municipal Clinics Berlin-Buch on account of suspected hepatitis infectiosa, i.e. 1,2 0/00. There was an increased prematurity in 15,6%, dysmaturity in 7,8% as well as necessity for operative delivery indicated by the child itself in 10%. That means a reduced function of placenta. In no case a specific damage to the child was to be found.", "contents": "[Effect of pathological liver values in late pregnancy on the course of pregnancy and on the status of the child]. In the years 1970 to 1975 90 out of 75213 women had the delivery in the infections delivery-room of the Municipal Clinics Berlin-Buch on account of suspected hepatitis infectiosa, i.e. 1,2 0/00. There was an increased prematurity in 15,6%, dysmaturity in 7,8% as well as necessity for operative delivery indicated by the child itself in 10%. That means a reduced function of placenta. In no case a specific damage to the child was to be found.", "PMID": 654659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5984", "title": "[Relationships between the macroscopic placentary condition and postnatal state of underweight neonates. A contribution to the correlational pathology of the placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of macroscopic examinations of placentae, which were obtained under routine clinical conditions for a total of 615 underweight neonates, were checked for their capability of a respiratory distress syndrome, and perinatal mortality. Evidence was obtained for a (partially statistically significant) trend showing that, within individual gestatory age groups and for equal weights of babies, premature infants born in the period up to and including the thirty-fifth week of gestation and having relatively low placental weights premature babies born during the thirty-sixth week of pregnancy, and hypotrophic babies born at term and showing a relatively heigh weight of the placenta are particularly exposed to a number of dangers in the further postnatal course of life. The clinical importance of these results to attending neonatologists is pointed out. Other conditions. such as the form of attachment of the umbilical cord of the nature of allantochorial vasculature, were not found to be closely related to the parameters studied in this investigation.", "contents": "[Relationships between the macroscopic placentary condition and postnatal state of underweight neonates. A contribution to the correlational pathology of the placenta (author's transl)]. Results of macroscopic examinations of placentae, which were obtained under routine clinical conditions for a total of 615 underweight neonates, were checked for their capability of a respiratory distress syndrome, and perinatal mortality. Evidence was obtained for a (partially statistically significant) trend showing that, within individual gestatory age groups and for equal weights of babies, premature infants born in the period up to and including the thirty-fifth week of gestation and having relatively low placental weights premature babies born during the thirty-sixth week of pregnancy, and hypotrophic babies born at term and showing a relatively heigh weight of the placenta are particularly exposed to a number of dangers in the further postnatal course of life. The clinical importance of these results to attending neonatologists is pointed out. Other conditions. such as the form of attachment of the umbilical cord of the nature of allantochorial vasculature, were not found to be closely related to the parameters studied in this investigation.", "PMID": 654660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5985", "title": "[A cubical support pessary within the scope of complex therapy of threatening prematurity].", "content": "Report about experience with a cubic supperting pessary for the prophylaxis and therapy in cervixinsufficiency or inpending premature delivery. The indication, selection, evaluation of riscfactors and the application of a complex therapy are discussed.--Information on therapeutic results and a first conclusion concerning the longtime incorporation of pessaries during pregnancy and the questions related to this. For the period under review, in which intensive prophylactic measures were carried out, a considerable decrease in premature deliveries could be achieved in the territory of pregnancy care center attached to our hospital.", "contents": "[A cubical support pessary within the scope of complex therapy of threatening prematurity]. Report about experience with a cubic supperting pessary for the prophylaxis and therapy in cervixinsufficiency or inpending premature delivery. The indication, selection, evaluation of riscfactors and the application of a complex therapy are discussed.--Information on therapeutic results and a first conclusion concerning the longtime incorporation of pessaries during pregnancy and the questions related to this. For the period under review, in which intensive prophylactic measures were carried out, a considerable decrease in premature deliveries could be achieved in the territory of pregnancy care center attached to our hospital.", "PMID": 654661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5986", "title": "[Influence of different obstetric-manipulations on the continuous measured pO2-tension upon the fetus sub partu (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of different obstetric-manipulations and medicamental applications was investigated in regard of the continuous measured fetal intrauterine pO2-tension sub partu. By demonstrating some original registrations it was intended to point out the efficiency of these obstetric-manipulations.", "contents": "[Influence of different obstetric-manipulations on the continuous measured pO2-tension upon the fetus sub partu (author's transl)]. The influence of different obstetric-manipulations and medicamental applications was investigated in regard of the continuous measured fetal intrauterine pO2-tension sub partu. By demonstrating some original registrations it was intended to point out the efficiency of these obstetric-manipulations.", "PMID": 654662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5987", "title": "[Postcoital contraception in primates. I. Action mechanism of a potential postovulatory fertility-inhibiting substance STS 456 in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)].", "content": "With the substance STS 456, an estrogenic active steroid, a high fertility inhibition could be obtained in the pavian, when administered p. o. over a 5 day period postcoital. The effectiveness and also the side effects were dose dependent. The antifertility mechanism is based on an luteolytic effect, demonstrated by analytical hormonal investigations. The inhibition of the synthesis of steroids in the ovary affected not only progesterone but also the estrogens.", "contents": "[Postcoital contraception in primates. I. Action mechanism of a potential postovulatory fertility-inhibiting substance STS 456 in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)]. With the substance STS 456, an estrogenic active steroid, a high fertility inhibition could be obtained in the pavian, when administered p. o. over a 5 day period postcoital. The effectiveness and also the side effects were dose dependent. The antifertility mechanism is based on an luteolytic effect, demonstrated by analytical hormonal investigations. The inhibition of the synthesis of steroids in the ovary affected not only progesterone but also the estrogens.", "PMID": 654663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5988", "title": "[Formation of epicrises using the ESER computer R 21 based on the data-marking technic in gynecology].", "content": "Report about an electronic data processing system for gynaecology. The developed data document design and data flowchart are shown. The accumulated data allowed a detailed interpretation record. For all clinical treated patients the computer printed out a final gynaecological epicrisis. The system is an improvement of the information and the typewriting work of medial staff has been reduced.", "contents": "[Formation of epicrises using the ESER computer R 21 based on the data-marking technic in gynecology]. Report about an electronic data processing system for gynaecology. The developed data document design and data flowchart are shown. The accumulated data allowed a detailed interpretation record. For all clinical treated patients the computer printed out a final gynaecological epicrisis. The system is an improvement of the information and the typewriting work of medial staff has been reduced.", "PMID": 654664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5989", "title": "[Clinical significance of common anaerobes in pyogenic infections of the female genitalia].", "content": "From 1972-1977 one hundred and fouteen pyogenic infections of gynaecologic and obstetric patients at UFK Halle had retrospectively been examined. 168 isolations were analysed. By improving the methods of taking away, transporting and bacteriologic cultivation the specimens anaerobic organisms were recovered in 67.3% of all positive results. The pathogenic importance of them is being emphasized by 30,8% of anaerobic monoinfections. The difficult culture of these microogranisms requires a close cooperation between hospital and the place of research. In the treatment surgical operative measures often are preferred to use of chemotherapeutica because of the latter is characterized by a distinctive resistance against numerous antibiotica. This is especially characteristics of Genus Bacteroides besides E. coli the most isolated organism of all.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of common anaerobes in pyogenic infections of the female genitalia]. From 1972-1977 one hundred and fouteen pyogenic infections of gynaecologic and obstetric patients at UFK Halle had retrospectively been examined. 168 isolations were analysed. By improving the methods of taking away, transporting and bacteriologic cultivation the specimens anaerobic organisms were recovered in 67.3% of all positive results. The pathogenic importance of them is being emphasized by 30,8% of anaerobic monoinfections. The difficult culture of these microogranisms requires a close cooperation between hospital and the place of research. In the treatment surgical operative measures often are preferred to use of chemotherapeutica because of the latter is characterized by a distinctive resistance against numerous antibiotica. This is especially characteristics of Genus Bacteroides besides E. coli the most isolated organism of all.", "PMID": 654665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5990", "title": "[Experience with the one-way aspiration curette (Keradenta)].", "content": "An aspiration-curette sucking endometrium from the uterine cavity for diagnostic purposes is described. The curette is available as sterilised embaled one-way set, consisting of metal probe, tissue collecting basin, label and transportation bag. By means of this curette in 100 cases of various gynecological diagnoses aspirations from the uterine cavity were performed. The tissue was investigated histologically and compared with that gained by traditional curettage. It was found that by means of suction-curettage an exact histological diagnosis is possible. The one-way curette offers several advantages, especially an intervention without anaesthesia and under ambulant conditions.  Complications are not to be expected.", "contents": "[Experience with the one-way aspiration curette (Keradenta)]. An aspiration-curette sucking endometrium from the uterine cavity for diagnostic purposes is described. The curette is available as sterilised embaled one-way set, consisting of metal probe, tissue collecting basin, label and transportation bag. By means of this curette in 100 cases of various gynecological diagnoses aspirations from the uterine cavity were performed. The tissue was investigated histologically and compared with that gained by traditional curettage. It was found that by means of suction-curettage an exact histological diagnosis is possible. The one-way curette offers several advantages, especially an intervention without anaesthesia and under ambulant conditions.  Complications are not to be expected.", "PMID": 654666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5991", "title": "[Chromosome analysis in baboons born following the use of potential, postovulatory, fertility-inhibiting steroids].", "content": "The chromosomal aberrations of the offsprings of four mothers of pavians which received the steroid substances STS 456 and J 628 postcoitally were investigated. The aberration rate was within the norm. Malformation of the offsprings did not occur.", "contents": "[Chromosome analysis in baboons born following the use of potential, postovulatory, fertility-inhibiting steroids]. The chromosomal aberrations of the offsprings of four mothers of pavians which received the steroid substances STS 456 and J 628 postcoitally were investigated. The aberration rate was within the norm. Malformation of the offsprings did not occur.", "PMID": 654667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5992", "title": "[Voice disorders following the use of hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "Voice disorders due to hormonal contraceptives in twenty-six patients are reported. All patients are working in occupations with a strong use for their voices especially of the singing voice. The disorders are primarily caused by norsteroid containing preparations (Non-Ovlon). Therefore these preparations should not be applied for patients in voice professions. With regard to good prophylactic measures and an early diagnosis a regular joint gynaecological and phoniatric examination is recommended.", "contents": "[Voice disorders following the use of hormonal contraceptives]. Voice disorders due to hormonal contraceptives in twenty-six patients are reported. All patients are working in occupations with a strong use for their voices especially of the singing voice. The disorders are primarily caused by norsteroid containing preparations (Non-Ovlon). Therefore these preparations should not be applied for patients in voice professions. With regard to good prophylactic measures and an early diagnosis a regular joint gynaecological and phoniatric examination is recommended.", "PMID": 654668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5993", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies on women during and following the use of hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "The object of our investigations was the assessment of chromosomal changes in lymphocyte cultures of 33 women after long-term application of Ovosiston and Non-Ovlon (Group I), of 10 women with discontinued use of hormonal contraceptives at intervals of at least two month (Group II), cytogenetic investigations of 20 untreated healthy persons (Group III). We did not find an increase of numerical or structural aberrations in all cases. Our study of anomalies in the position of acrocentric chromosomes in the metaphase indicates a significantly increasing rate of associations after long-term use of hormonal contraceptives in lymphocyte culture. Origin connexion and importance of associations were discussed.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies on women during and following the use of hormonal contraceptives]. The object of our investigations was the assessment of chromosomal changes in lymphocyte cultures of 33 women after long-term application of Ovosiston and Non-Ovlon (Group I), of 10 women with discontinued use of hormonal contraceptives at intervals of at least two month (Group II), cytogenetic investigations of 20 untreated healthy persons (Group III). We did not find an increase of numerical or structural aberrations in all cases. Our study of anomalies in the position of acrocentric chromosomes in the metaphase indicates a significantly increasing rate of associations after long-term use of hormonal contraceptives in lymphocyte culture. Origin connexion and importance of associations were discussed.", "PMID": 654669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5994", "title": "[Results of directed cytoctatic therapy for ovarian cancer].", "content": "The paper presents the comparison of the results of individualized postoperative chemotherapy and non-individualized treatment with Trenimon in ovarian cancer patients. Individual treated patients had a mean survival time of 9.7 months and the other group only 9.4 months, that means, there are no significant differences between the two treatment groups.", "contents": "[Results of directed cytoctatic therapy for ovarian cancer]. The paper presents the comparison of the results of individualized postoperative chemotherapy and non-individualized treatment with Trenimon in ovarian cancer patients. Individual treated patients had a mean survival time of 9.7 months and the other group only 9.4 months, that means, there are no significant differences between the two treatment groups.", "PMID": 654670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5995", "title": "[Endometrial-smear cytology using an intrauterine pessary for the early recognition of corpus uteri carcinoma].", "content": "An additional way for screening of the carcinoma of the endometrium was described reporting about 340 patients with IUD. --The cytology of the endometrium taken from the IUD was compared with the histology of the endometrium. It is reported about conclusions for practical work.", "contents": "[Endometrial-smear cytology using an intrauterine pessary for the early recognition of corpus uteri carcinoma]. An additional way for screening of the carcinoma of the endometrium was described reporting about 340 patients with IUD. --The cytology of the endometrium taken from the IUD was compared with the histology of the endometrium. It is reported about conclusions for practical work.", "PMID": 654671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5996", "title": "[Behavior of serum immunoglobulin E in female genital cancer].", "content": "More seldom allergic patients suffer from cancer than healthy ones. The level of serum-IgE of these patients is higher whereas IgE of cancerous patients is often lower. 16 patients with gynaecologic cancer and without allergic anamnesis were examined and the results were compared with references in literature. A possible importance of IgE for the physical prevention against tumor is being discussed.", "contents": "[Behavior of serum immunoglobulin E in female genital cancer]. More seldom allergic patients suffer from cancer than healthy ones. The level of serum-IgE of these patients is higher whereas IgE of cancerous patients is often lower. 16 patients with gynaecologic cancer and without allergic anamnesis were examined and the results were compared with references in literature. A possible importance of IgE for the physical prevention against tumor is being discussed.", "PMID": 654672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5997", "title": "[Indication for surgical therapy of tubo-ovarian abscess].", "content": "It is reported about the indication to operative therapy, therapy-shape and the going of cure of 30 patients suffering from tuboovarian abscesses. At the beginning there is the conservative therapy with general measures immediately dose of antibiotica without waiting for the germ and resistence determinations. However the well timed operative therapy under conditions as well as possible is deciding. As a rule the abdominal exstirpation of the uterus with both adnexe is practiced in order to come to a complete removal of the infection hearth. --The postoperative cours war only febril in one third of the treated women. In 86,7% the laparotomy scare healed per primam intentionem. We didn't observe an extension of the infection post operationem and there were not any complications with letal exit.", "contents": "[Indication for surgical therapy of tubo-ovarian abscess]. It is reported about the indication to operative therapy, therapy-shape and the going of cure of 30 patients suffering from tuboovarian abscesses. At the beginning there is the conservative therapy with general measures immediately dose of antibiotica without waiting for the germ and resistence determinations. However the well timed operative therapy under conditions as well as possible is deciding. As a rule the abdominal exstirpation of the uterus with both adnexe is practiced in order to come to a complete removal of the infection hearth. --The postoperative cours war only febril in one third of the treated women. In 86,7% the laparotomy scare healed per primam intentionem. We didn't observe an extension of the infection post operationem and there were not any complications with letal exit.", "PMID": 654673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5998", "title": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan in guinea pigs.", "content": "Skin hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan in guinea pigs was studied. For distinct skin reaction injection of 50 microgram of the antigen was required. Nonsensitized guinea pigs and animals sensitized with emulsion of 1 mg or 100 microgram of peptidoglycan with complete or incomplete FREUND's adjuvant exhibited distinct immediate skin hypersensitivity. Nonsensitized animals did not show delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). For development of DTH sensitization with 100 microgram of the antigen with incomplete FREUND's adjuvant was sufficient. The application of complete FREUND's adjuvant resulted in intensification of DTH; however, also nonspecific sensitization to staphylococcal peptidoglycan with Mycobacterium butyricum cells, present in complete adjuvant, occurred.", "contents": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan in guinea pigs. Skin hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan in guinea pigs was studied. For distinct skin reaction injection of 50 microgram of the antigen was required. Nonsensitized guinea pigs and animals sensitized with emulsion of 1 mg or 100 microgram of peptidoglycan with complete or incomplete FREUND's adjuvant exhibited distinct immediate skin hypersensitivity. Nonsensitized animals did not show delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). For development of DTH sensitization with 100 microgram of the antigen with incomplete FREUND's adjuvant was sufficient. The application of complete FREUND's adjuvant resulted in intensification of DTH; however, also nonspecific sensitization to staphylococcal peptidoglycan with Mycobacterium butyricum cells, present in complete adjuvant, occurred.", "PMID": 654674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_5999", "title": "Bacteriocine typing of Providencia isolates.", "content": "A method of typing isolates of Providencia is described based on the sensitivities of the organisms to bacteriocines. Twelve standard bacteriocine producing strains were selected from a large number of isolates tested and from these liquid bacteriocine preparations were obtained. The activities of these preparations on over 300 isolates were determined and from this information a bacteriocine typing system has been developed.", "contents": "Bacteriocine typing of Providencia isolates. A method of typing isolates of Providencia is described based on the sensitivities of the organisms to bacteriocines. Twelve standard bacteriocine producing strains were selected from a large number of isolates tested and from these liquid bacteriocine preparations were obtained. The activities of these preparations on over 300 isolates were determined and from this information a bacteriocine typing system has been developed.", "PMID": 654675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6000", "title": "[Studies on the viability of pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria in water of different sources (author's transl)].", "content": "Water specimens taken from the public water supply (A), a swimming-pool (B), and an inland lake (C) were infected with pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria (strain TY/Richmond). The specimens were stored at various temperatures for different periods. The water was then filtered and examined for naegleriae by animal inoculation. The results summarized in table 1 indicate that pathogenic naegleriae are viable at least for some weeks in warm tap and natural waters. Water from indoor swimming-pools however, may be a less suitable medium for the viability of pathogenic naegleriae.", "contents": "[Studies on the viability of pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria in water of different sources (author's transl)]. Water specimens taken from the public water supply (A), a swimming-pool (B), and an inland lake (C) were infected with pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria (strain TY/Richmond). The specimens were stored at various temperatures for different periods. The water was then filtered and examined for naegleriae by animal inoculation. The results summarized in table 1 indicate that pathogenic naegleriae are viable at least for some weeks in warm tap and natural waters. Water from indoor swimming-pools however, may be a less suitable medium for the viability of pathogenic naegleriae.", "PMID": 654681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6001", "title": "[Investigations carried out to ascertain the dose-effect relationship of a BCG vaccine, strain 1331 Copenhagen, in neonates and young infants (author's transl)].", "content": "1405 neonates and infants were vaccinated with BCG Vaccine (strain 1331 Copenhagen) at five clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany. Doses in logarithmic increments from 22000 to 250000 VU (viable units)/0.1 ml were given by strictly intradermal injection. Carrying out the post-vaccinal tuberculin test by the MENDEL-MANTOUX technique, the dose-effect relationship could be demonstrated (Fig. 3). Conversion rates raised from 43% to 76% (Tab. 1); they are furthermore depending from the tuberculin dose and the assessment of the skin reaction. Tests with up to 50 I.U. of purified tuberculin were resulting in conversion rates over 90% for vaccination doses of 100 000 VU and more, any palpable infiltration regarding as a positive result (Fig. 4). The vaccine showed good safety in all concentrations employed concerning reactions at the site of injection. Lympnode enlargement, palable even 12 weeks postvacc., was common. In the course of the trial there was one case of suppurative lymphadenitis among the 262 children who were given the vaccine in the highest concentration (250000 VU). Subsequent trials revealed a rate of this complication in the 1:1000 range. The approval for the vaccine with 100000-300000 VU/dose has subsequently been given by the Federal Bureau for Sera and Vaccines.", "contents": "[Investigations carried out to ascertain the dose-effect relationship of a BCG vaccine, strain 1331 Copenhagen, in neonates and young infants (author's transl)]. 1405 neonates and infants were vaccinated with BCG Vaccine (strain 1331 Copenhagen) at five clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany. Doses in logarithmic increments from 22000 to 250000 VU (viable units)/0.1 ml were given by strictly intradermal injection. Carrying out the post-vaccinal tuberculin test by the MENDEL-MANTOUX technique, the dose-effect relationship could be demonstrated (Fig. 3). Conversion rates raised from 43% to 76% (Tab. 1); they are furthermore depending from the tuberculin dose and the assessment of the skin reaction. Tests with up to 50 I.U. of purified tuberculin were resulting in conversion rates over 90% for vaccination doses of 100 000 VU and more, any palpable infiltration regarding as a positive result (Fig. 4). The vaccine showed good safety in all concentrations employed concerning reactions at the site of injection. Lympnode enlargement, palable even 12 weeks postvacc., was common. In the course of the trial there was one case of suppurative lymphadenitis among the 262 children who were given the vaccine in the highest concentration (250000 VU). Subsequent trials revealed a rate of this complication in the 1:1000 range. The approval for the vaccine with 100000-300000 VU/dose has subsequently been given by the Federal Bureau for Sera and Vaccines.", "PMID": 654682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6002", "title": "[Influence of population growth on national health care (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Federal Republic of Germany a decline of population is expected, because fertility is very low. This article deals with the implications of this trend for the health system. On the basis of population models and population forcasts the author comes to the conclusion that in the long run the burden of health costs will not become lower but higher, because of the growing proportion of old people. Nevertheless it is supposed that the influence of other factors than demographic ones may be greater.", "contents": "[Influence of population growth on national health care (author's transl)]. In the Federal Republic of Germany a decline of population is expected, because fertility is very low. This article deals with the implications of this trend for the health system. On the basis of population models and population forcasts the author comes to the conclusion that in the long run the burden of health costs will not become lower but higher, because of the growing proportion of old people. Nevertheless it is supposed that the influence of other factors than demographic ones may be greater.", "PMID": 654683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6003", "title": "[Hygienic requirements for the architectural-functional design of intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "Three standard variants of intensive care units are described. The hygienic-microbiological examinations of the patients' surrounding show in how fat architectural factors influence the propagation of germs responsible for nosocomial infections. The results are hygienic requirements concerning the architectural functional structure of intensive care units to facilitate the maintenance of anti- and asepsis for the nursing personal.", "contents": "[Hygienic requirements for the architectural-functional design of intensive care units (author's transl)]. Three standard variants of intensive care units are described. The hygienic-microbiological examinations of the patients' surrounding show in how fat architectural factors influence the propagation of germs responsible for nosocomial infections. The results are hygienic requirements concerning the architectural functional structure of intensive care units to facilitate the maintenance of anti- and asepsis for the nursing personal.", "PMID": 654685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6004", "title": "[Criteria for the hygienic appraisal of intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "7 intensiv-care-units (I.U.C.) were compared by analysing the charts of 100 patients from each station. They showed remarkable differences concerning the diagnosis of admittance, age and other factors related to the risk of infection. Consequently, kind and number of intensive care related medical procedures, the use of antibiotics, the duration of the patients stay on the station and the death rate differed widely. Some criteria concerning the layout, personnel, organisation and therapy on I.C.U. are named, which are mainly related to the patients condition and to the thereby given risk of infection.", "contents": "[Criteria for the hygienic appraisal of intensive care units (author's transl)]. 7 intensiv-care-units (I.U.C.) were compared by analysing the charts of 100 patients from each station. They showed remarkable differences concerning the diagnosis of admittance, age and other factors related to the risk of infection. Consequently, kind and number of intensive care related medical procedures, the use of antibiotics, the duration of the patients stay on the station and the death rate differed widely. Some criteria concerning the layout, personnel, organisation and therapy on I.C.U. are named, which are mainly related to the patients condition and to the thereby given risk of infection.", "PMID": 654686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6005", "title": "[Profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particles of different cities in the Western Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "The relative proportion of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in suspended particles from several sampling stations with different level of air pollution (cities and rural districts) was investigated. The PAH-profiles of most samples collected in three winters (1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77) and in one summer (1975) were very similar. On the other hand the PAH-profiles differ distinctly from those of several exhausts, especially regarding automobiles, coke and oil stoves. It can be presumed, that the mixture of the emissions in the atmosphere leeds to a rather uniform relative proportion of the eight PAH in the immission as much as the difference in stability of the PAH.", "contents": "[Profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particles of different cities in the Western Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. The relative proportion of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in suspended particles from several sampling stations with different level of air pollution (cities and rural districts) was investigated. The PAH-profiles of most samples collected in three winters (1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77) and in one summer (1975) were very similar. On the other hand the PAH-profiles differ distinctly from those of several exhausts, especially regarding automobiles, coke and oil stoves. It can be presumed, that the mixture of the emissions in the atmosphere leeds to a rather uniform relative proportion of the eight PAH in the immission as much as the difference in stability of the PAH.", "PMID": 654687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6006", "title": "[Microorganisms in the open air during the period of a winter-half-year (author's transl)].", "content": "During the winter-half-year 1976/77 the concentrations of airborne microorganisms in the open air were measured in Bonn and at a place in the Sauerland. Simultaneously the data of wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric rel. humidity, temperature, intensity of solar radiation were registered. It can be shown, that the denominated parameters are influencing the content of microorganisms of the air in different proportions.", "contents": "[Microorganisms in the open air during the period of a winter-half-year (author's transl)]. During the winter-half-year 1976/77 the concentrations of airborne microorganisms in the open air were measured in Bonn and at a place in the Sauerland. Simultaneously the data of wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric rel. humidity, temperature, intensity of solar radiation were registered. It can be shown, that the denominated parameters are influencing the content of microorganisms of the air in different proportions.", "PMID": 654688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6007", "title": "[Analysis of the germ content of the air in university lecture rooms (author's transl)].", "content": "The microflora of the air in university lecture rooms was examined with the sedimentation method. For this purpose blood agar (20 degrees C and 37 degrees C), saline agar and Endo plates were used. The germ counts identified correlate to the size and utilization of the rooms. The lowest germ count was determined in the room used for practical work, which was followed by the lecture room. The newly built lecture room contained the highest colony count. The floor ventilation furnishes an explanation for this. Most of the colonies were Gram-positive cocci (micrococci, indifferent streptococci, sarcins). Aerobic spore-forming organisms were found to be present in smaller quantities than cocci. Fungi, mainly, moulds grew better at a temperature of 20 centigrade. The microbiological monitoring of air forms an important part of environmental protection. Great importance can be attached to a stardization of the air germ count in the prevention of airborne infections.", "contents": "[Analysis of the germ content of the air in university lecture rooms (author's transl)]. The microflora of the air in university lecture rooms was examined with the sedimentation method. For this purpose blood agar (20 degrees C and 37 degrees C), saline agar and Endo plates were used. The germ counts identified correlate to the size and utilization of the rooms. The lowest germ count was determined in the room used for practical work, which was followed by the lecture room. The newly built lecture room contained the highest colony count. The floor ventilation furnishes an explanation for this. Most of the colonies were Gram-positive cocci (micrococci, indifferent streptococci, sarcins). Aerobic spore-forming organisms were found to be present in smaller quantities than cocci. Fungi, mainly, moulds grew better at a temperature of 20 centigrade. The microbiological monitoring of air forms an important part of environmental protection. Great importance can be attached to a stardization of the air germ count in the prevention of airborne infections.", "PMID": 654689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6008", "title": "[Effect of zinc ions on the selected osmotic characteristics of human erythrocytes in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of zinc on the osmotic fragility-stability of human erythrocytes in hypotonic NaCl solutions and on the reversion of hemolysis was studied in vitro. Erythrocytes washed in 0.9% NaCl were incubated in 1.5 X 10(-3) M ZnSO4 solution in 0.6% NaCl. The obtained results indicate an osmotic stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane by Zn2+ ions increase in osmotic fragility-stability in hypotonic NaCl solutions and increase in reversion of hemolysis due to the effect of Zn2+ ions. As the process of stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane by zinc ions was found to be independent of temperature, a non-enzymatic character of this phenomenon is postulated on this basis and on the basis of literature data.", "contents": "[Effect of zinc ions on the selected osmotic characteristics of human erythrocytes in vitro (author's transl)]. Effect of zinc on the osmotic fragility-stability of human erythrocytes in hypotonic NaCl solutions and on the reversion of hemolysis was studied in vitro. Erythrocytes washed in 0.9% NaCl were incubated in 1.5 X 10(-3) M ZnSO4 solution in 0.6% NaCl. The obtained results indicate an osmotic stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane by Zn2+ ions increase in osmotic fragility-stability in hypotonic NaCl solutions and increase in reversion of hemolysis due to the effect of Zn2+ ions. As the process of stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane by zinc ions was found to be independent of temperature, a non-enzymatic character of this phenomenon is postulated on this basis and on the basis of literature data.", "PMID": 654691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6009", "title": "[Does a 50-cycle alternating field cause central-nervous effects? (author's transl)].", "content": "This project was to provide a further indication for the triggering of central-nervous effects by a 50 - cycle alternating field with a field strength of 5.300 V/m. Previous studies already raised the suspicion of an effector mechanism of this kind: for instance, the nucleus temperature of rats sank under field influence. The same effect is triggered in mice and rats by prescribing centrally stimulating pharmaca. Furthermore, a rise in diastolic blood pressure with a simultaneous drop in heart rate was described for human subjects. We were able to demonstrate the latter effect in laboratory animals (rats). The experiments under consideration resulted in a significant rise in norepinephrine content of the rats' brains following brief exposure of 15 min length. The measured data after 10 d fell highly significantly below those of the untreated controls and remained approximately at this lowered level until the end of field exposure (21 d). Changes in \"turn over\" of the norepinephrine metabolism of the brain represent an important indicator for the demonstration of the stimulation of central-nervous structures. Our findings therefore substantiate the presented hypothesis of a central-nervous point of attack by electrical energies.", "contents": "[Does a 50-cycle alternating field cause central-nervous effects? (author's transl)]. This project was to provide a further indication for the triggering of central-nervous effects by a 50 - cycle alternating field with a field strength of 5.300 V/m. Previous studies already raised the suspicion of an effector mechanism of this kind: for instance, the nucleus temperature of rats sank under field influence. The same effect is triggered in mice and rats by prescribing centrally stimulating pharmaca. Furthermore, a rise in diastolic blood pressure with a simultaneous drop in heart rate was described for human subjects. We were able to demonstrate the latter effect in laboratory animals (rats). The experiments under consideration resulted in a significant rise in norepinephrine content of the rats' brains following brief exposure of 15 min length. The measured data after 10 d fell highly significantly below those of the untreated controls and remained approximately at this lowered level until the end of field exposure (21 d). Changes in \"turn over\" of the norepinephrine metabolism of the brain represent an important indicator for the demonstration of the stimulation of central-nervous structures. Our findings therefore substantiate the presented hypothesis of a central-nervous point of attack by electrical energies.", "PMID": 654692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6010", "title": "[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. II. Communication: effect of homogenisation conditions on mould plate count (author's transl)].", "content": "The different effects of homogenisation of four commonly used homogenisating apparatus, such as Stomacher, Ultraturrax, Waring-Blender, B\u00fchler-homogenisator) were compared with each other by applying 1 artificially and 6 naturally moulded, non-fluid food products. Furthermore the influence of sedimentation in the homogenisate as well as the time of homogenisation was examined. One part of the examination was the direct microscopic observation on stained Breed-smears, the other part the cultural methods (number of mould plate count on malt extract agar). The homogenisation effect of the Stomacher was as good as with all other mentioned apparatus with the food products applied, except for the home-made smoked sausage. With this home made smoked sausage, much better results were obtained by these homogenisating apparatus, especially by the B\u00fchler Homogenisator. This is due to the fact that the sausage was minced to a much higher degree and thus the inner mould flora was set free.--A more tender effect of the Stomacher on hyphal elements could not be achieved.--Prolonging the time of homogenisation from 1 minute to 2 up to 4 minutes did not give any better results.--A short sedimentation of coarser food particles facilitates the pipetting of the homogenisates without influencing the mould counts.--The naturally moulded foods, which were kept at room temperature for several weeks, showed a significantly smaller number of plate count than of total mould count in contrary to those foods moulded just before experimental beginning.", "contents": "[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. II. Communication: effect of homogenisation conditions on mould plate count (author's transl)]. The different effects of homogenisation of four commonly used homogenisating apparatus, such as Stomacher, Ultraturrax, Waring-Blender, B\u00fchler-homogenisator) were compared with each other by applying 1 artificially and 6 naturally moulded, non-fluid food products. Furthermore the influence of sedimentation in the homogenisate as well as the time of homogenisation was examined. One part of the examination was the direct microscopic observation on stained Breed-smears, the other part the cultural methods (number of mould plate count on malt extract agar). The homogenisation effect of the Stomacher was as good as with all other mentioned apparatus with the food products applied, except for the home-made smoked sausage. With this home made smoked sausage, much better results were obtained by these homogenisating apparatus, especially by the B\u00fchler Homogenisator. This is due to the fact that the sausage was minced to a much higher degree and thus the inner mould flora was set free.--A more tender effect of the Stomacher on hyphal elements could not be achieved.--Prolonging the time of homogenisation from 1 minute to 2 up to 4 minutes did not give any better results.--A short sedimentation of coarser food particles facilitates the pipetting of the homogenisates without influencing the mould counts.--The naturally moulded foods, which were kept at room temperature for several weeks, showed a significantly smaller number of plate count than of total mould count in contrary to those foods moulded just before experimental beginning.", "PMID": 654693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6011", "title": "[Natural borna virus infection in rabbits].", "content": "Two spontaneous cases of Bornea disease in rabbits are reported. With the help of fluorescence-serological methods it was possible to detect virus-specific antibodies in the brain and serum of both animals. Demonstration of viral antigen in the brain is a valuable supplement to cell culture from brains. The findings confirm earlier reports that the natural host spectrum of Borna virus includes the rabbit, in addition to the horse and sheep.", "contents": "[Natural borna virus infection in rabbits]. Two spontaneous cases of Bornea disease in rabbits are reported. With the help of fluorescence-serological methods it was possible to detect virus-specific antibodies in the brain and serum of both animals. Demonstration of viral antigen in the brain is a valuable supplement to cell culture from brains. The findings confirm earlier reports that the natural host spectrum of Borna virus includes the rabbit, in addition to the horse and sheep.", "PMID": 654703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6012", "title": "[Demonstration of afferent connections of the forebrain in Emys orbicularis turtles by the peroxidase method].", "content": "The transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) out of the injection site in the dorsal ventricular ridge was studied in turtles Emys orbicularis. Labeled cells in the forebrain were observed in the paleostriatum among fibers of the lateral forebrain bundle. In the thalamus most of cells containing the granular HRP reaction product were located in the n. rotundus, n. reuniens and perirotundal nuclei (n. dorso-medialis anterior, n. magnocellularis thalami, n (centralis) lateralis, n. dorso-medialis). Fewer labeled cells were revealed in the n. anterior and n. ventralis. The density of labeled cells in the majority of all thalamic nuclei increased if the HRP was extended from the dorsal ventricular ridge into the neostriatum and the pallial thickening with adjacent general cortex. HRP positive cells in the pretectal area, nuclei of the posterior commissura and mesencephalic ventro-lateral tegmentum were observed only in cases when the enzyme was diffused from the injection site into the neostriatum, while the HRP retrograde transport to n. geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis was revealed only when HRP was extended into the pallial thickening and adjacent general cortex. Ascending connections of the paleostriatum, thalamic nuclei and mesencephalic tegmentum with telencephalic structures, mainly with the dorsal ventricular ridge, were discussed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of afferent connections of the forebrain in Emys orbicularis turtles by the peroxidase method]. The transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) out of the injection site in the dorsal ventricular ridge was studied in turtles Emys orbicularis. Labeled cells in the forebrain were observed in the paleostriatum among fibers of the lateral forebrain bundle. In the thalamus most of cells containing the granular HRP reaction product were located in the n. rotundus, n. reuniens and perirotundal nuclei (n. dorso-medialis anterior, n. magnocellularis thalami, n (centralis) lateralis, n. dorso-medialis). Fewer labeled cells were revealed in the n. anterior and n. ventralis. The density of labeled cells in the majority of all thalamic nuclei increased if the HRP was extended from the dorsal ventricular ridge into the neostriatum and the pallial thickening with adjacent general cortex. HRP positive cells in the pretectal area, nuclei of the posterior commissura and mesencephalic ventro-lateral tegmentum were observed only in cases when the enzyme was diffused from the injection site into the neostriatum, while the HRP retrograde transport to n. geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis was revealed only when HRP was extended into the pallial thickening and adjacent general cortex. Ascending connections of the paleostriatum, thalamic nuclei and mesencephalic tegmentum with telencephalic structures, mainly with the dorsal ventricular ridge, were discussed.", "PMID": 654713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6013", "title": "[Study of the ancient tecto-thalamo-cortical pathway of the visual system in rats].", "content": "Recording the evoked potentials and neuronal activity, electrophysiological studies have been made on tecto-thalamo-cortical tract in rats. The existence of a system of efferent projections in the superficial, visual layers of the superior colliculi was shown which are diffusely present in the nucleus lateralis posterior (n. LP), indicating low level of morpho-functional organization of this region of the dorsal thalamus in rats. In response to electrical stimulation of the n. LP, in laterocaudal parts of the visual system (fields 17 and 18a of the cortex) the evoked potentials of primary-negative polarity were observed which are associated mainly with the superficial (I--IV) cortical layers. Predominant representation of tecto-thalamo-cortical system in the laterocaudal visual area of the cortex indicates the tendency to separate representation (with respect to cortical areas and cortical layers) of retino-geniculate and retino-tecal visual systems in rats.", "contents": "[Study of the ancient tecto-thalamo-cortical pathway of the visual system in rats]. Recording the evoked potentials and neuronal activity, electrophysiological studies have been made on tecto-thalamo-cortical tract in rats. The existence of a system of efferent projections in the superficial, visual layers of the superior colliculi was shown which are diffusely present in the nucleus lateralis posterior (n. LP), indicating low level of morpho-functional organization of this region of the dorsal thalamus in rats. In response to electrical stimulation of the n. LP, in laterocaudal parts of the visual system (fields 17 and 18a of the cortex) the evoked potentials of primary-negative polarity were observed which are associated mainly with the superficial (I--IV) cortical layers. Predominant representation of tecto-thalamo-cortical system in the laterocaudal visual area of the cortex indicates the tendency to separate representation (with respect to cortical areas and cortical layers) of retino-geniculate and retino-tecal visual systems in rats.", "PMID": 654714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6014", "title": "[Activity of several erythrocyte enzymes in chick embryos and chicks after gamma-irradiation].", "content": "After irradiation of chick embryos and chicks (1,000 rad), the activity of some erythrocyte enzymes undergoes significant changes. During the 1st day after irradiation of chick embryos, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase leucine aminopeptidase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase decreases. At the 3rd day, the decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase is also observed. In irradiated chicks, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and aldolase decreases within the 1st and the 3rd days, the decrease being most significant for the former two enzymes. At later period (10 and 15 days after irradiation), most significant decrease was found in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of the same enzymes in the blood plasma of irradiated embryos and chicks increases, the increase being most evident for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Activity of several erythrocyte enzymes in chick embryos and chicks after gamma-irradiation]. After irradiation of chick embryos and chicks (1,000 rad), the activity of some erythrocyte enzymes undergoes significant changes. During the 1st day after irradiation of chick embryos, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase leucine aminopeptidase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase decreases. At the 3rd day, the decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase is also observed. In irradiated chicks, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and aldolase decreases within the 1st and the 3rd days, the decrease being most significant for the former two enzymes. At later period (10 and 15 days after irradiation), most significant decrease was found in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of the same enzymes in the blood plasma of irradiated embryos and chicks increases, the increase being most evident for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 654715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6015", "title": "[Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and thyroid gland of Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti sturgeon fry during temperature changes].", "content": "In the parr of the sturgeon (body length varies from 6.1 to 14.0 cm) histometric studies have been made on the elements of hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system, tireotropic cells (TC) of the hypophysis and the thyroid gland (TG) during the decrease of water temperature from 24--27 degrees to 10--14 degrees. It was shown that in all size groups of the fish an increase in the number, growth and differentiation of neurosecretory cells in the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus are taking place. Correlation was found between the activity of neurosecretory cells of the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus and hypophyseal TC. The response to the decrease in water temperature follows the pattern of stress reaction, being expressed to different extent in various size groups of the parr depending on the initial condition of the functional complex investigated.", "contents": "[Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and thyroid gland of Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti sturgeon fry during temperature changes]. In the parr of the sturgeon (body length varies from 6.1 to 14.0 cm) histometric studies have been made on the elements of hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system, tireotropic cells (TC) of the hypophysis and the thyroid gland (TG) during the decrease of water temperature from 24--27 degrees to 10--14 degrees. It was shown that in all size groups of the fish an increase in the number, growth and differentiation of neurosecretory cells in the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus are taking place. Correlation was found between the activity of neurosecretory cells of the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus and hypophyseal TC. The response to the decrease in water temperature follows the pattern of stress reaction, being expressed to different extent in various size groups of the parr depending on the initial condition of the functional complex investigated.", "PMID": 654716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6016", "title": "[Protein-sensitive elements of the labellar sensillas of Musca domestica flies].", "content": "Using electrophysiological technique of registration of impulse activity in chemoreceptive cells of the labellar sensillae of the housefly, it has been demonstrated that taste hairs are not uniform in their properties. They differ from each other by the set of receptive elements which exhibit different sensitivity, range of selectivity and pattern of impulse activity. It was shown that albumen solution (10(-5) M) evokes the activity in 1--2 cells of a sensilla which are classified as water and sugar receptors. Among these receptors, protein-sensitive and protein-insensitive cells may be distinguished. Considering the inhomogeneity of sugar receptor sites, it was suggested that chemo receptive membranes in most sensitive to protein cells contain more numerous fructose receptive sites, that glucose ones.", "contents": "[Protein-sensitive elements of the labellar sensillas of Musca domestica flies]. Using electrophysiological technique of registration of impulse activity in chemoreceptive cells of the labellar sensillae of the housefly, it has been demonstrated that taste hairs are not uniform in their properties. They differ from each other by the set of receptive elements which exhibit different sensitivity, range of selectivity and pattern of impulse activity. It was shown that albumen solution (10(-5) M) evokes the activity in 1--2 cells of a sensilla which are classified as water and sugar receptors. Among these receptors, protein-sensitive and protein-insensitive cells may be distinguished. Considering the inhomogeneity of sugar receptor sites, it was suggested that chemo receptive membranes in most sensitive to protein cells contain more numerous fructose receptive sites, that glucose ones.", "PMID": 654717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6017", "title": "[Myopathy (terminology, clinical picture, and diagnosis)].", "content": "The paper deals with a description of the clinical picture and diagnosis of the main types of myodystrophies taking into account formes of muscular damages and a trend of generalization of a pathological process at the early phase of the disease. The clinical picture of endocrine myopathies was also studied. The authors revealed almost the same formula of muscular damages. Muscles of the pelvic girdle and femurs mainly suffered and to a lesser degree--muscles of the shoulder girdle and shoulders. According to the data of the clinical picture, histopathology and electromyography endocrinic myopathies are phenocopies of hereditary myodystrophies.", "contents": "[Myopathy (terminology, clinical picture, and diagnosis)]. The paper deals with a description of the clinical picture and diagnosis of the main types of myodystrophies taking into account formes of muscular damages and a trend of generalization of a pathological process at the early phase of the disease. The clinical picture of endocrine myopathies was also studied. The authors revealed almost the same formula of muscular damages. Muscles of the pelvic girdle and femurs mainly suffered and to a lesser degree--muscles of the shoulder girdle and shoulders. According to the data of the clinical picture, histopathology and electromyography endocrinic myopathies are phenocopies of hereditary myodystrophies.", "PMID": 654722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6018", "title": "[Catecholamine excretion in torsion dystonia].", "content": "The study concerns some results of the catecholamine metabolism in torsion dystonia. The author found certain changes of the excretion of catecholamines that were different in patients with various clinical manifestations of the disease. The most expressed changes were observed in patients with prevalent local regidity of the muscles in the clinical picture. They were seen in significant descrease of the excretion of all catecholamines and DOPA; the most expressed was a decrease of dopamine and adrenalin discharge. Along with this in prevalent torsion spastic hyperkinesis in the clinical picture there was a tendency towards an increase of dopamine excretion (in the absence of DOPA and noradrenalin changes), and a decreased adrenalin excretion. A conclusion is drawn concerning heterogeneity of torsion dystonia that deals with a clinical polymorphism of the disease. The author discusses the pathogenetical significance of the found biochemical disturbances.", "contents": "[Catecholamine excretion in torsion dystonia]. The study concerns some results of the catecholamine metabolism in torsion dystonia. The author found certain changes of the excretion of catecholamines that were different in patients with various clinical manifestations of the disease. The most expressed changes were observed in patients with prevalent local regidity of the muscles in the clinical picture. They were seen in significant descrease of the excretion of all catecholamines and DOPA; the most expressed was a decrease of dopamine and adrenalin discharge. Along with this in prevalent torsion spastic hyperkinesis in the clinical picture there was a tendency towards an increase of dopamine excretion (in the absence of DOPA and noradrenalin changes), and a decreased adrenalin excretion. A conclusion is drawn concerning heterogeneity of torsion dystonia that deals with a clinical polymorphism of the disease. The author discusses the pathogenetical significance of the found biochemical disturbances.", "PMID": 654723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6019", "title": "[Proton acceptor properties of the blood plasma of a series of vertebrates].", "content": "Comparative studies have been made on the kinetics of thermal denaturation of the blood plasma of various vertebrates (lampreys, teleosts, frogs, tortoises, pigeons, mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, man) by measuring ionization equilibrium of protein solution at elevated temperature. It was demonstrated that during the initial stage of heat denaturation at 58 degrees the blood plasma of all the animals studied binds protons practically linearly. Among the animals studied, the highest protonoacceptor capacity exhibited the plasma of warm-blooded animals; it was lower in tortoises frogs and teleost fishes, being the lowest one in lampreys. Comparison of total electric charge of plasma proteins evaluated by potentiometric titration with data on thermal denturation of plasma revealed positive correlation between the charge and protonoacceptor properties of the plasma.", "contents": "[Proton acceptor properties of the blood plasma of a series of vertebrates]. Comparative studies have been made on the kinetics of thermal denaturation of the blood plasma of various vertebrates (lampreys, teleosts, frogs, tortoises, pigeons, mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, man) by measuring ionization equilibrium of protein solution at elevated temperature. It was demonstrated that during the initial stage of heat denaturation at 58 degrees the blood plasma of all the animals studied binds protons practically linearly. Among the animals studied, the highest protonoacceptor capacity exhibited the plasma of warm-blooded animals; it was lower in tortoises frogs and teleost fishes, being the lowest one in lampreys. Comparison of total electric charge of plasma proteins evaluated by potentiometric titration with data on thermal denturation of plasma revealed positive correlation between the charge and protonoacceptor properties of the plasma.", "PMID": 654718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6020", "title": "[Clinico-genealogic analysis of 2 families with an unusual syndrome combining dwarfism with dysostosis of the facial cranium and pyramido-extrapyramidal pathology].", "content": "The presentation is concerned with a clinico-genealogical analysis of 7 patients from 2 relative famalies with inbreeding marriages. In all patients the authors observed a peculiar syndrome of combination of proportional dwarfism with dysostosis of the facial cranium and pyramidal-extrapyramidal pathology of a different degree of expressiveness. The onset of the disease was at the end of the 1st year of life with a following steady progression. The given syndrome is of great interest as a rare autosomno-recessive form of hereditary diseases which has not been described in literature.", "contents": "[Clinico-genealogic analysis of 2 families with an unusual syndrome combining dwarfism with dysostosis of the facial cranium and pyramido-extrapyramidal pathology]. The presentation is concerned with a clinico-genealogical analysis of 7 patients from 2 relative famalies with inbreeding marriages. In all patients the authors observed a peculiar syndrome of combination of proportional dwarfism with dysostosis of the facial cranium and pyramidal-extrapyramidal pathology of a different degree of expressiveness. The onset of the disease was at the end of the 1st year of life with a following steady progression. The given syndrome is of great interest as a rare autosomno-recessive form of hereditary diseases which has not been described in literature.", "PMID": 654724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6021", "title": "[Pathologic inclination to alcohol, its dynamics, variants and significance in the clinical picture of chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Pathological inclination to alcohol is a pivotal sign in the clinical picture of chronic alcoholism. Its concrete manifestations and clinical variants are determined by its intensity and dynamics. It points to high intensity, rapid increase and short duration, as a rule, it contains in its structure a significantly expressed emotionally-vegetative component. Along with cyclic and continuous variants of a pathological inclination to alcohol paroxysmal and hallucinatory variants which have not been described in the literature are encountered. They all may be combined with each other. Some correlations between peculiarities of pathological inclination to alcohol and remoteness of the disease, premorbid, etc. can be noted.", "contents": "[Pathologic inclination to alcohol, its dynamics, variants and significance in the clinical picture of chronic alcoholism]. Pathological inclination to alcohol is a pivotal sign in the clinical picture of chronic alcoholism. Its concrete manifestations and clinical variants are determined by its intensity and dynamics. It points to high intensity, rapid increase and short duration, as a rule, it contains in its structure a significantly expressed emotionally-vegetative component. Along with cyclic and continuous variants of a pathological inclination to alcohol paroxysmal and hallucinatory variants which have not been described in the literature are encountered. They all may be combined with each other. Some correlations between peculiarities of pathological inclination to alcohol and remoteness of the disease, premorbid, etc. can be noted.", "PMID": 654725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6022", "title": "[Seasonal dynamics of adrenal 11-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in Citellus erythrogenus susliks].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that during different periods of life cycle of the ground squirrels their adrenals produce various amounts of glucocorticoids. Maximum secretion of 11-oxycorticosteroids by the adrenals was noted in active period of animals (May), decreasing to the period of preparation to hibernation (August). During hibernation of the animals, 11-oxycorticosteroid secretion exhibits intrinsic endogenous rhythm. Whereas the first half of hibernation is characterized by a constant secretion (October, November, December), during the second one (from January till March) the secretion of 11-oxycorticosteroids by the adrenals increases.", "contents": "[Seasonal dynamics of adrenal 11-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in Citellus erythrogenus susliks]. It has been demonstrated that during different periods of life cycle of the ground squirrels their adrenals produce various amounts of glucocorticoids. Maximum secretion of 11-oxycorticosteroids by the adrenals was noted in active period of animals (May), decreasing to the period of preparation to hibernation (August). During hibernation of the animals, 11-oxycorticosteroid secretion exhibits intrinsic endogenous rhythm. Whereas the first half of hibernation is characterized by a constant secretion (October, November, December), during the second one (from January till March) the secretion of 11-oxycorticosteroids by the adrenals increases.", "PMID": 654720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6023", "title": "[State of the tone and reactivity of the vascular wall in patients with chronic alcoholism during therapy].", "content": "With the aid of the rheoencephalographical and rheovazographical methods the authors revealed some objective criteria of a change of reactivity of brain vessels and peripheral vessels--the hypertonus of the vascular wall combined with a decreased pulse blood filling, a decrease of elasticity of the vascular wall. The pathogenetical validity of the inclusion of psychotropic drugs and insulin-sub-shock therapy into the scheme of antialcoholic treatment is proved.", "contents": "[State of the tone and reactivity of the vascular wall in patients with chronic alcoholism during therapy]. With the aid of the rheoencephalographical and rheovazographical methods the authors revealed some objective criteria of a change of reactivity of brain vessels and peripheral vessels--the hypertonus of the vascular wall combined with a decreased pulse blood filling, a decrease of elasticity of the vascular wall. The pathogenetical validity of the inclusion of psychotropic drugs and insulin-sub-shock therapy into the scheme of antialcoholic treatment is proved.", "PMID": 654726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6024", "title": "[Treatment of reactive stuporous states with L-DOPA].", "content": "The paper presents the results of L-dopa use for the treatment of patients with reactive stuporous states. The assumption concerning curability of these patients is based on the similarity of a number of their clinical and biochemical manifestations with an akynetic-rigid form of parkinsonism where L-dopa is very effective. From 25 patients with reactive psychoses 7 demonstrated recovery, 3 patients--significant improvement, 5 patients--improvement and 10 patients--absence of the effect. The drug is the most effective in the stuporous depth of psychomotor inhibition in persons with a monomorphic structure of stuporous syndromes, rather \"frequent\" depressive disorders and a decrease of a background level of dopamine excreation with urine. Use of L-dopa in schizophrenic stuporous states (5 patients) was ineffective.", "contents": "[Treatment of reactive stuporous states with L-DOPA]. The paper presents the results of L-dopa use for the treatment of patients with reactive stuporous states. The assumption concerning curability of these patients is based on the similarity of a number of their clinical and biochemical manifestations with an akynetic-rigid form of parkinsonism where L-dopa is very effective. From 25 patients with reactive psychoses 7 demonstrated recovery, 3 patients--significant improvement, 5 patients--improvement and 10 patients--absence of the effect. The drug is the most effective in the stuporous depth of psychomotor inhibition in persons with a monomorphic structure of stuporous syndromes, rather \"frequent\" depressive disorders and a decrease of a background level of dopamine excreation with urine. Use of L-dopa in schizophrenic stuporous states (5 patients) was ineffective.", "PMID": 654727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6025", "title": "[Psychopathologic features of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome].", "content": "The authors studied the mental state of 83 patients at the age of 2--48 years with the Klinefelter syndrome: 23 patients had normal intellect, 38 patients--moderate debility and 22 patients--marked debility. The presented material is given in the age aspect. The most typical psychopathological manifestations, conditioned by genetic factors, are consistent for all age groups. The intellect decrease with emotionally-volitional disturbances in these patients can be a favourable background for development of neurologic and mental reactions, which require differential diagnosis with other diseases. The complex of medicopedagogical measures on the background of microsocial conditions permits to achieve the satisfactory social adaptation and to prevent personality psychopathization in patients.", "contents": "[Psychopathologic features of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome]. The authors studied the mental state of 83 patients at the age of 2--48 years with the Klinefelter syndrome: 23 patients had normal intellect, 38 patients--moderate debility and 22 patients--marked debility. The presented material is given in the age aspect. The most typical psychopathological manifestations, conditioned by genetic factors, are consistent for all age groups. The intellect decrease with emotionally-volitional disturbances in these patients can be a favourable background for development of neurologic and mental reactions, which require differential diagnosis with other diseases. The complex of medicopedagogical measures on the background of microsocial conditions permits to achieve the satisfactory social adaptation and to prevent personality psychopathization in patients.", "PMID": 654728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6026", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of hippocampo-hypothalamic connections in rabbits].", "content": "Using the evoked potentials (EP) studies have been made on functional connections of different fields (CA1, CA3) of the dorsal hippocamp with phylogenetically different parts of the hypothalamus in rabbits. It was shown that during stimulation of both the field CA1 and the field CA3 of the hippocamp, the EP are widely present in nuclear structures of the posterior hypothalamus (supramammilary area, the posterior hypothalamic area, mammilary bodies). In the anterior hypothalamus (area preoptic medialis), the EP were recorded only during stimulation of the field CA1 in the dorsal hippocamp.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of hippocampo-hypothalamic connections in rabbits]. Using the evoked potentials (EP) studies have been made on functional connections of different fields (CA1, CA3) of the dorsal hippocamp with phylogenetically different parts of the hypothalamus in rabbits. It was shown that during stimulation of both the field CA1 and the field CA3 of the hippocamp, the EP are widely present in nuclear structures of the posterior hypothalamus (supramammilary area, the posterior hypothalamic area, mammilary bodies). In the anterior hypothalamus (area preoptic medialis), the EP were recorded only during stimulation of the field CA1 in the dorsal hippocamp.", "PMID": 654721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6027", "title": "[Principle of the determinant and formation of complexes of epileptic activity].", "content": "Experiments on cats under nembutal anesthesia demonstrated that the focus in cerebral cortex with a high level of convulsive activity increases the activity in foci with a low level of convulsive activity, unites them into a functional complex of epileptic activity and determines the behaviour of this complex. Such a focus has been named a determinant. An abolishment of the determinant focus entails a breakage of this complex. The abolishment of any dependent foci fails to produce such effect. The dependent foci are suppressed first of all under ether or halothane anesthesia. Bemegrid injected intravenously revealed first of all the latent determinant foci. The results of such studies as well as some problems of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and terminology of focal epilepsia are discussed from the point of view of a general conception of the role of the determinant structures in the CNS activity and the theories of generator mechanisms of neuropathologic syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.", "contents": "[Principle of the determinant and formation of complexes of epileptic activity]. Experiments on cats under nembutal anesthesia demonstrated that the focus in cerebral cortex with a high level of convulsive activity increases the activity in foci with a low level of convulsive activity, unites them into a functional complex of epileptic activity and determines the behaviour of this complex. Such a focus has been named a determinant. An abolishment of the determinant focus entails a breakage of this complex. The abolishment of any dependent foci fails to produce such effect. The dependent foci are suppressed first of all under ether or halothane anesthesia. Bemegrid injected intravenously revealed first of all the latent determinant foci. The results of such studies as well as some problems of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and terminology of focal epilepsia are discussed from the point of view of a general conception of the role of the determinant structures in the CNS activity and the theories of generator mechanisms of neuropathologic syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.", "PMID": 654729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6028", "title": "[Monosynaptic spinal reflex in epilepsy].", "content": "In 33 patients with generalized convulsive seizures a monosynaptic spinal reflex was studied. In an interattack period the author observed its clear asymmetry which was combined with a contralateral situation of epileptogenic focus on the EEG. In the majority of cases in patients with diffusive paroxysmal activity on the EEG asymmetry in the quantity of H-reflex was marked as well. The obtained data permit to recommend a study of H-reflex in an interattack period of epilepsy for specification of the topics of an epileptogenic focus.", "contents": "[Monosynaptic spinal reflex in epilepsy]. In 33 patients with generalized convulsive seizures a monosynaptic spinal reflex was studied. In an interattack period the author observed its clear asymmetry which was combined with a contralateral situation of epileptogenic focus on the EEG. In the majority of cases in patients with diffusive paroxysmal activity on the EEG asymmetry in the quantity of H-reflex was marked as well. The obtained data permit to recommend a study of H-reflex in an interattack period of epilepsy for specification of the topics of an epileptogenic focus.", "PMID": 654730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6029", "title": "[Perceptive behavior of epileptic patients with a predominant lesion in the right or left hemisphere].", "content": "A total of 50 epileptic patients (27 patients with the left and 23 patients with the right lesion) were studied clinically, electrophysiologically and with the aid of Rorschach's method. The patients with the left lesion were more characterized by psychastheniclike features, motor inhibition with marked rigidity and emotive poverty, torpidity of affects, hypochondriasis, readiness for overvalued formations. When interpreting Rorschach's tables the authors observed few responses, refuses, uncertainty, many replies on animals and few colour replies. The following features were characteristic of the patients with the right lesion: hysteroform manifestations with labile emotionality, impulsiveness and suggestibility. When interpreting Rorschach's tables more replies are obtained, but with poor forms, more colour replies and more responses to insignificant details and interfigured space.", "contents": "[Perceptive behavior of epileptic patients with a predominant lesion in the right or left hemisphere]. A total of 50 epileptic patients (27 patients with the left and 23 patients with the right lesion) were studied clinically, electrophysiologically and with the aid of Rorschach's method. The patients with the left lesion were more characterized by psychastheniclike features, motor inhibition with marked rigidity and emotive poverty, torpidity of affects, hypochondriasis, readiness for overvalued formations. When interpreting Rorschach's tables the authors observed few responses, refuses, uncertainty, many replies on animals and few colour replies. The following features were characteristic of the patients with the right lesion: hysteroform manifestations with labile emotionality, impulsiveness and suggestibility. When interpreting Rorschach's tables more replies are obtained, but with poor forms, more colour replies and more responses to insignificant details and interfigured space.", "PMID": 654731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6030", "title": "[Effect of the incidence of allergies among relatives on the risk level for development of infantile convulsions and epilepsy in their progeny].", "content": "A clinico-genealogical study revealed an increased (in 2--3 times) frequency of allergies in epileptic patients and their close relatives (291 families) in comparison with a general population (118 families). Risk for appearance of epilepsy and children's convulsions among the sibs of the probands with parental allergic loading occurred to be 2 times higher than without it. It is established that parental allergic loading and its degree is one of a family-constitutional risk factors that significantly raises the frequency of a phenotypical manifestation of hereditary predisposition to epilepsy and children's convulsions.", "contents": "[Effect of the incidence of allergies among relatives on the risk level for development of infantile convulsions and epilepsy in their progeny]. A clinico-genealogical study revealed an increased (in 2--3 times) frequency of allergies in epileptic patients and their close relatives (291 families) in comparison with a general population (118 families). Risk for appearance of epilepsy and children's convulsions among the sibs of the probands with parental allergic loading occurred to be 2 times higher than without it. It is established that parental allergic loading and its degree is one of a family-constitutional risk factors that significantly raises the frequency of a phenotypical manifestation of hereditary predisposition to epilepsy and children's convulsions.", "PMID": 654732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6031", "title": "[Personality changes and psychotherapy of epileptic patients (clinico-psychologic study)].", "content": "Personality peculiarities of epileptic patients were studied in 217 patients with different frequency and clinical forms of strokes with the aid of 10 psychological methods and clinical studies. The concrete changes in different spheres of mental activity are established. On the basis of the obtained data and the clinical picture of the disease the authors plan a programme of individual and group therapy.", "contents": "[Personality changes and psychotherapy of epileptic patients (clinico-psychologic study)]. Personality peculiarities of epileptic patients were studied in 217 patients with different frequency and clinical forms of strokes with the aid of 10 psychological methods and clinical studies. The concrete changes in different spheres of mental activity are established. On the basis of the obtained data and the clinical picture of the disease the authors plan a programme of individual and group therapy.", "PMID": 654733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6032", "title": "[Change in the character of fatal outcomes in epilepsy under the influence of modern therapy].", "content": "The results of 151 autopsies are analysed depending on the methods of treatment of epileptic patients in separate periods from 1952 up to 1974. It is established that comprehensive therapeutical methods and prophylaxis of an epileptic status have led to a qualitative change of causes of lethal outcomes--a decrease of a number of lethal cases in an epileptic status and an increase of the number of deaths from intercurrent diseases on the background of an increase of duration of the patient's life. The assumption is made that in lethal cases in an epileptic seizure pathology of cardiac muscle plays a great role.", "contents": "[Change in the character of fatal outcomes in epilepsy under the influence of modern therapy]. The results of 151 autopsies are analysed depending on the methods of treatment of epileptic patients in separate periods from 1952 up to 1974. It is established that comprehensive therapeutical methods and prophylaxis of an epileptic status have led to a qualitative change of causes of lethal outcomes--a decrease of a number of lethal cases in an epileptic status and an increase of the number of deaths from intercurrent diseases on the background of an increase of duration of the patient's life. The assumption is made that in lethal cases in an epileptic seizure pathology of cardiac muscle plays a great role.", "PMID": 654734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6033", "title": "[Treatment of benign stricture of the throat using Thal's fundoplasty combined with fundoplication].", "content": "In seven years we have operated eleven patients with the benign stricture of the distal part of esophagus secondary to the gastroesophageal reflux. We have made Thal's fundoplastic operation in the combination with the fundoplication operation. We are contented with the late results of the operation in eight observed patients. In five cases results of the operation are very good and patients consume food without difficulties. In three cases we have observed stenosis after the operation, successfully treated by dilatation. All these patients were rentogenologically examined and thus patent anastomosis without gastroesophageal reflux was prooved. High mortality (two patients) and morbidity ater the operation are conditional with the age of patients, their bad physical condition due to the malnutrition and the extensive operation. Thus clear indication and the utilization of the conservative treatment of strictures is demanded.", "contents": "[Treatment of benign stricture of the throat using Thal's fundoplasty combined with fundoplication]. In seven years we have operated eleven patients with the benign stricture of the distal part of esophagus secondary to the gastroesophageal reflux. We have made Thal's fundoplastic operation in the combination with the fundoplication operation. We are contented with the late results of the operation in eight observed patients. In five cases results of the operation are very good and patients consume food without difficulties. In three cases we have observed stenosis after the operation, successfully treated by dilatation. All these patients were rentogenologically examined and thus patent anastomosis without gastroesophageal reflux was prooved. High mortality (two patients) and morbidity ater the operation are conditional with the age of patients, their bad physical condition due to the malnutrition and the extensive operation. Thus clear indication and the utilization of the conservative treatment of strictures is demanded.", "PMID": 654750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6034", "title": "[Late results of esophageal and cardial resection for cancer during the past 15 years].", "content": "Out of 196 patients--that we performed recestion on for cancerous esophagus and cardia, 30 are still alive by June 1977. 18,7% patients lived more than 5 years, and today 15 patients have been alive for more than 5 years. The majority of operated patients died due to advanced cancerous illness and metastasis, and less than half in number due to local recidive. By for largest percentage of them had soon after operation started to live normal lives, had no problems with taking in food, had improved physically and psychologically and started their jobs anew. All but one of alive patients are mobile, four of them partially. Two thirds do same or lighter jobs, eat normally and are in good condition. The most frequent problems are pain which are mostly temporary, and pyrosis due to reflux. We can conclude that the quality of life of operated patients is in major cases good, and cure by operation the only way for permanent recovery or fast and best method to palliate patients troubles.", "contents": "[Late results of esophageal and cardial resection for cancer during the past 15 years]. Out of 196 patients--that we performed recestion on for cancerous esophagus and cardia, 30 are still alive by June 1977. 18,7% patients lived more than 5 years, and today 15 patients have been alive for more than 5 years. The majority of operated patients died due to advanced cancerous illness and metastasis, and less than half in number due to local recidive. By for largest percentage of them had soon after operation started to live normal lives, had no problems with taking in food, had improved physically and psychologically and started their jobs anew. All but one of alive patients are mobile, four of them partially. Two thirds do same or lighter jobs, eat normally and are in good condition. The most frequent problems are pain which are mostly temporary, and pyrosis due to reflux. We can conclude that the quality of life of operated patients is in major cases good, and cure by operation the only way for permanent recovery or fast and best method to palliate patients troubles.", "PMID": 654752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6035", "title": "[The Garloch-Sweet operation in cancer of the lower segment of the esophagus].", "content": "The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus presents a problem in the sense of operability and five--years survival. The authors presented 56 patients operated by GARLOCK-SWEET method for carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus. The investigated clinical material was divided into 2 groups. In the group--I (A) 17 operated patients were classified without metastatic deposits in the regional lymph nodes. In group--II (B) were 39 operated cases with regional lymphatic nodes metastatic deposits, where as a splenectomy was made. In a 11 operated patients pyloroplasty was made. Leakage of the anastomosis occurred in 7 patients. Only 6 patients survived more than 5 years after the operation. A control group (C) of 13 patients with inoperabile carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus had been inserted the Celestin tube. In 5 patients there was operabile mortality.", "contents": "[The Garloch-Sweet operation in cancer of the lower segment of the esophagus]. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus presents a problem in the sense of operability and five--years survival. The authors presented 56 patients operated by GARLOCK-SWEET method for carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus. The investigated clinical material was divided into 2 groups. In the group--I (A) 17 operated patients were classified without metastatic deposits in the regional lymph nodes. In group--II (B) were 39 operated cases with regional lymphatic nodes metastatic deposits, where as a splenectomy was made. In a 11 operated patients pyloroplasty was made. Leakage of the anastomosis occurred in 7 patients. Only 6 patients survived more than 5 years after the operation. A control group (C) of 13 patients with inoperabile carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus had been inserted the Celestin tube. In 5 patients there was operabile mortality.", "PMID": 654753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6036", "title": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer].", "content": "In the Institute of Radiology in Belgrade, in 1960 to 1972 period, 115 patients with malignant tumors of eosophagus were treated only with radiation. Among them there were 89 men and 26 women. The tumors appeared most frequently in the seventh decade of life, and their localization did not have an essential influence on the course of the disease, respectively on the effects of medical treatment. Two of these patients survived 5 years, and 78 died in the course of the first year after radiation. Particularly we found improvement regarding the general condition and the better feeding possibilities (70 per cent of the cases). These patients spent their last days relatively well and in this we should see the significant of radiotherapy of these malignant tumors, because another choice of medical treatment and help does not exist for the present. From 1975 year we have been using the preoperative radiation in short courses in order to improve the surgical results.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer]. In the Institute of Radiology in Belgrade, in 1960 to 1972 period, 115 patients with malignant tumors of eosophagus were treated only with radiation. Among them there were 89 men and 26 women. The tumors appeared most frequently in the seventh decade of life, and their localization did not have an essential influence on the course of the disease, respectively on the effects of medical treatment. Two of these patients survived 5 years, and 78 died in the course of the first year after radiation. Particularly we found improvement regarding the general condition and the better feeding possibilities (70 per cent of the cases). These patients spent their last days relatively well and in this we should see the significant of radiotherapy of these malignant tumors, because another choice of medical treatment and help does not exist for the present. From 1975 year we have been using the preoperative radiation in short courses in order to improve the surgical results.", "PMID": 654757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6037", "title": "[Reconstruction of the terminal aorta in the treatment of ischemia of the lower extremities].", "content": "The significance of the terminal aorta reconstruction in the treatment of lower extremities ischemia cases is described in this work. The indications for this type of reconstructive operations, as well as operating methods which were performed on 115 patients are described. To be able to perform any of the described methods, authors are of opinion that advantages, as well as disadvantages in their mutual relation should be well known. Authors believe that after reconstruction in the aorta-iliac area is carried out, some additional reconstructive operations in the peripheral parts of the femoral artery can be avoided, because they do not contribute to better results.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the terminal aorta in the treatment of ischemia of the lower extremities]. The significance of the terminal aorta reconstruction in the treatment of lower extremities ischemia cases is described in this work. The indications for this type of reconstructive operations, as well as operating methods which were performed on 115 patients are described. To be able to perform any of the described methods, authors are of opinion that advantages, as well as disadvantages in their mutual relation should be well known. Authors believe that after reconstruction in the aorta-iliac area is carried out, some additional reconstructive operations in the peripheral parts of the femoral artery can be avoided, because they do not contribute to better results.", "PMID": 654760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6038", "title": "[Results of reconstructive bypass surgery of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the aortoiliac segment].", "content": "The present study included the results of 154 cases aortoiliac arteriosclerotic obstruction surgically treated at the Clinic for Surgical Diseases--Skopje Yugoslavia. The investigated operative clinical material was divided in to 3 groups. The I group consisted of endarterectomy in 89 patients. The II group had undergone resection of arterosclerotic obstruction in 26 cases. While in the III group a aortofemoral by-pass operation was carried out in 39 cases. In addition, a control group of 16 patients with aortoiliacal arteriosclerotic obstruction were medically treated. Preoperatively all patients were treated by Bergmann, s infusions. In our comparative study we found that the best satisfactory results were obtained by applying each of these methods on selected cases. There were 2 operative deaths.", "contents": "[Results of reconstructive bypass surgery of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the aortoiliac segment]. The present study included the results of 154 cases aortoiliac arteriosclerotic obstruction surgically treated at the Clinic for Surgical Diseases--Skopje Yugoslavia. The investigated operative clinical material was divided in to 3 groups. The I group consisted of endarterectomy in 89 patients. The II group had undergone resection of arterosclerotic obstruction in 26 cases. While in the III group a aortofemoral by-pass operation was carried out in 39 cases. In addition, a control group of 16 patients with aortoiliacal arteriosclerotic obstruction were medically treated. Preoperatively all patients were treated by Bergmann, s infusions. In our comparative study we found that the best satisfactory results were obtained by applying each of these methods on selected cases. There were 2 operative deaths.", "PMID": 654762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6039", "title": "[Reconstruction of the arteries of the thigh. Our experiences and views].", "content": "The authors report here their experiences with regard to reconstructive treatment of arteriosclerotic changes occurring in arteries of the thigh area. In the introduction the historic development of the blood vessels surgery has been given. Various operating methods and respective experiences, as well as the results obtained from this operating field have been described. It has been mentioned in the conclusion that the exact indication is responsible for successful reconstructive operation. Further factors playing the main role are: adequate operative technic, appropriate anesthesia, as well constant blood pressure in the course of operation.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the arteries of the thigh. Our experiences and views]. The authors report here their experiences with regard to reconstructive treatment of arteriosclerotic changes occurring in arteries of the thigh area. In the introduction the historic development of the blood vessels surgery has been given. Various operating methods and respective experiences, as well as the results obtained from this operating field have been described. It has been mentioned in the conclusion that the exact indication is responsible for successful reconstructive operation. Further factors playing the main role are: adequate operative technic, appropriate anesthesia, as well constant blood pressure in the course of operation.", "PMID": 654763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6040", "title": "[Significance of angiography of the deep femoral artery in surgical therapy of obliterative diseases of the lower extremities].", "content": "Difficulties occuring in angiography of profunda femoris artery during performance of peripheral angiographies are presented. Better presentation can be achieved when applying two of the known methods: by contrast injecting during Valsalva manouever, or synchronously with heart action. Collateral circulation in stenosis or obliteration of profunda femora artery are here presented.", "contents": "[Significance of angiography of the deep femoral artery in surgical therapy of obliterative diseases of the lower extremities]. Difficulties occuring in angiography of profunda femoris artery during performance of peripheral angiographies are presented. Better presentation can be achieved when applying two of the known methods: by contrast injecting during Valsalva manouever, or synchronously with heart action. Collateral circulation in stenosis or obliteration of profunda femora artery are here presented.", "PMID": 654768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6041", "title": "[Surgical reconstructive treatment of blood vessels in the popliteal region].", "content": "Severe occlusive disease frequently includes the popliteal artery and origin of the trifurcation vessels with reconstruction of one or more of the crural arteries. We made femorocrural bypass 23 times. Our indications for operation continue to be relief of pain or salvage of extremity. Of the 23 grafts during of one year period block recurred in 8 patients. Five times we made amputation and good results we had in 15 patients. In one patient we used Gore-tex prosthesis with succses in 4 month period.", "contents": "[Surgical reconstructive treatment of blood vessels in the popliteal region]. Severe occlusive disease frequently includes the popliteal artery and origin of the trifurcation vessels with reconstruction of one or more of the crural arteries. We made femorocrural bypass 23 times. Our indications for operation continue to be relief of pain or salvage of extremity. Of the 23 grafts during of one year period block recurred in 8 patients. Five times we made amputation and good results we had in 15 patients. In one patient we used Gore-tex prosthesis with succses in 4 month period.", "PMID": 654769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6042", "title": "[Our views and experience with 80 thromboendarterectomies].", "content": "In three years' period 80 trombendarteriotomies on iliacae and femoralis arteris were made in our department. The decision for surgical measures was made on the basis of clinical state as well as aorto--graphies. With us, the basic principal of obliteration removing, was the initial gangren extremities and stronger rest pains. Analyzing our results we found out that 60 per cent of patients were good and in the 6 per cent cases the surgical measures didn't give the expected result. The aim of this exposition is to represent the way of our work, experience and encouraging results trombendarteriotomy which propose further efforts in the field of vascular surgery.", "contents": "[Our views and experience with 80 thromboendarterectomies]. In three years' period 80 trombendarteriotomies on iliacae and femoralis arteris were made in our department. The decision for surgical measures was made on the basis of clinical state as well as aorto--graphies. With us, the basic principal of obliteration removing, was the initial gangren extremities and stronger rest pains. Analyzing our results we found out that 60 per cent of patients were good and in the 6 per cent cases the surgical measures didn't give the expected result. The aim of this exposition is to represent the way of our work, experience and encouraging results trombendarteriotomy which propose further efforts in the field of vascular surgery.", "PMID": 654778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6043", "title": "[Treatment of hemodynamic disorders of the peripheral arteries in a diabetic].", "content": "The experiences of the authors in treatment of disturbed haemodynamics in peripheral arteries in diabetics, as well as their complications have been here presented. The increased frequency of these disturbances, as well as pathologic changes on the parts of lower extremities in diabetics, regarding prolonged age and always better detection in new cases of diabetes have been presented in the introduction. Etiopathogenic causes and clinical picture and symptomatology of the mentioned cases are briefly described. In diagnosis particular significance has been given to all standard examination methods, and in indicated cases angiologic, respectively contrast investigations are necessary. In surgical treatment of such patients, the causes of the respective disturbances should be established first and only then therapeutic principles should be applied. The presentation of the treated patients has been given, and it has been considered in the conclusion that the team work in treatment of the mentioned disturbances is necessary.", "contents": "[Treatment of hemodynamic disorders of the peripheral arteries in a diabetic]. The experiences of the authors in treatment of disturbed haemodynamics in peripheral arteries in diabetics, as well as their complications have been here presented. The increased frequency of these disturbances, as well as pathologic changes on the parts of lower extremities in diabetics, regarding prolonged age and always better detection in new cases of diabetes have been presented in the introduction. Etiopathogenic causes and clinical picture and symptomatology of the mentioned cases are briefly described. In diagnosis particular significance has been given to all standard examination methods, and in indicated cases angiologic, respectively contrast investigations are necessary. In surgical treatment of such patients, the causes of the respective disturbances should be established first and only then therapeutic principles should be applied. The presentation of the treated patients has been given, and it has been considered in the conclusion that the team work in treatment of the mentioned disturbances is necessary.", "PMID": 654781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6044", "title": "[The value of angiography of the popliteal artery and its branches in the successful reconstruction of the thigh].", "content": "The difficulties occuring in angiography of popliteal artery and its branches are here presented. The presentation of these arteries on angiogram is very important due to establishing operative andications on arteries of thigh and upper parts of leg. Successfully performed peripheral angiographies on 1000 patients are here presented.", "contents": "[The value of angiography of the popliteal artery and its branches in the successful reconstruction of the thigh]. The difficulties occuring in angiography of popliteal artery and its branches are here presented. The presentation of these arteries on angiogram is very important due to establishing operative andications on arteries of thigh and upper parts of leg. Successfully performed peripheral angiographies on 1000 patients are here presented.", "PMID": 654787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6045", "title": "[Traumatic aneurysms].", "content": "Analysis of 37 surgical treated patients suffered from traumatic arterial aneurysms and fistulas is done. 27 aneurysms and 10 fistulas is presented. Restoration of continuity of damaged artery was performed in 26 patients and ligation was done in 11 patients. Good long term results were obtained in 29 patients (78.38 per cent), satisfactory in 4 patients and unsatisfactory in four, too. The authors advocate early surgery and method of restoration applied because of they give the best functional results. Ligation of vessel is method of necessity. No mortality and no amputation was in presented serie.", "contents": "[Traumatic aneurysms]. Analysis of 37 surgical treated patients suffered from traumatic arterial aneurysms and fistulas is done. 27 aneurysms and 10 fistulas is presented. Restoration of continuity of damaged artery was performed in 26 patients and ligation was done in 11 patients. Good long term results were obtained in 29 patients (78.38 per cent), satisfactory in 4 patients and unsatisfactory in four, too. The authors advocate early surgery and method of restoration applied because of they give the best functional results. Ligation of vessel is method of necessity. No mortality and no amputation was in presented serie.", "PMID": 654789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6046", "title": "[Description of various features of injuries to the peripheral arteries and their surgical treatment].", "content": "Some of the peripheral arteries damages which were treated during the time period of five years are here presented. The cases of arterial--venous fistulas, as well as false aneurisms have been reported. It should be emphasized that successful treatment requires rapid recognition of lesions, and the reconstruction of the affected artery should be carried out to surgical principles.", "contents": "[Description of various features of injuries to the peripheral arteries and their surgical treatment]. Some of the peripheral arteries damages which were treated during the time period of five years are here presented. The cases of arterial--venous fistulas, as well as false aneurisms have been reported. It should be emphasized that successful treatment requires rapid recognition of lesions, and the reconstruction of the affected artery should be carried out to surgical principles.", "PMID": 654792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6047", "title": "[Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities and a halt to absenteeism].", "content": "In this work authors experiences about the influence of operation on absentism decrease in 2450 surgically treated patients with chronic venous insufficiency signs and clinical manifestations of various intensity have been presented. In the introduction higher frequency of this disturbance and great financial loss which appear as consequence of this disease, as well as complications which affect the patients with syndrome of chronic venous insufficiency have been described. The authors particularly emphasize still intensive conservative attitude in the therapy of this illness, what leads to its deterioration. Further the authors describe the method of their investigation and the results obtained have been presented in tables. That the operative treatment protects the respective patient with such disturbances from more serious clinical manifestations as well as adequate complications of these disturbances has been emphasized in the conclusion. Further it has been pointed out that immediately applied operative treatment obviously decreases absentism.", "contents": "[Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities and a halt to absenteeism]. In this work authors experiences about the influence of operation on absentism decrease in 2450 surgically treated patients with chronic venous insufficiency signs and clinical manifestations of various intensity have been presented. In the introduction higher frequency of this disturbance and great financial loss which appear as consequence of this disease, as well as complications which affect the patients with syndrome of chronic venous insufficiency have been described. The authors particularly emphasize still intensive conservative attitude in the therapy of this illness, what leads to its deterioration. Further the authors describe the method of their investigation and the results obtained have been presented in tables. That the operative treatment protects the respective patient with such disturbances from more serious clinical manifestations as well as adequate complications of these disturbances has been emphasized in the conclusion. Further it has been pointed out that immediately applied operative treatment obviously decreases absentism.", "PMID": 654809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6048", "title": "Changes in the composition of human blood by intravenous saline infusion with and without simultaneous controlled bleeding.", "content": "The pattern of dilution and re-concentration of the blood in connection with intravenous infusion of saline-alone or in combination with bleeding-was studied in volunteers. In these we followed the immediate and delayed changes in 16 common haematological and clinical chemical variables in relation to such infusions. In one group 15 ml/kg was given in an hour. In another, 2500 ml was given during a bleeding of 870 ml. These dosage principles are elements of a recommended scheme of peroperative infusion therapy. Estimated by the haemoglobin changes the blood volume was expanded by 10% at the end of infusion alone and by 5% at the end of bleeding/infusion. This expansion, which was of short duration, was accompanied by initial reductions of 15 and 29%, respectively, in serum protein concentration. Three diagnostic enzymes were diluted less systematically. Components of low molecular weight were little affected, except serum calcium, which was 21% decreased at the end of bleeding/infusion. The larger part of the reconcentration took place in the next six hours. In this phase an entry of protein into the blood was demonstrated in both test groups. In contrast to creatininium the carbamide continued decreasing in this time interval. As demonstrated in a control group, other factors than infusion and bleeding contributed on a limited scale to the shift in plasma variables.", "contents": "Changes in the composition of human blood by intravenous saline infusion with and without simultaneous controlled bleeding. The pattern of dilution and re-concentration of the blood in connection with intravenous infusion of saline-alone or in combination with bleeding-was studied in volunteers. In these we followed the immediate and delayed changes in 16 common haematological and clinical chemical variables in relation to such infusions. In one group 15 ml/kg was given in an hour. In another, 2500 ml was given during a bleeding of 870 ml. These dosage principles are elements of a recommended scheme of peroperative infusion therapy. Estimated by the haemoglobin changes the blood volume was expanded by 10% at the end of infusion alone and by 5% at the end of bleeding/infusion. This expansion, which was of short duration, was accompanied by initial reductions of 15 and 29%, respectively, in serum protein concentration. Three diagnostic enzymes were diluted less systematically. Components of low molecular weight were little affected, except serum calcium, which was 21% decreased at the end of bleeding/infusion. The larger part of the reconcentration took place in the next six hours. In this phase an entry of protein into the blood was demonstrated in both test groups. In contrast to creatininium the carbamide continued decreasing in this time interval. As demonstrated in a control group, other factors than infusion and bleeding contributed on a limited scale to the shift in plasma variables.", "PMID": 654829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6049", "title": "Recurrent and persistent Cushing's syndrome after assumed total bilateral adrenalectomy.", "content": "Two cases of recurrent Cushing's syndrome after assumed total bilateral adrenalectomy are presented. Both cases were due to adrenal tissue left at the adrenalectomy. In the first case the lack of preoperative localization of the adrenal remnant caused severe postoperative complications. In the other patient localization of the adrenal tissue was achieved by scanning after administration of 131I-19-iodocholesterol. The reoperation was easy and the postoperative course smooth.", "contents": "Recurrent and persistent Cushing's syndrome after assumed total bilateral adrenalectomy. Two cases of recurrent Cushing's syndrome after assumed total bilateral adrenalectomy are presented. Both cases were due to adrenal tissue left at the adrenalectomy. In the first case the lack of preoperative localization of the adrenal remnant caused severe postoperative complications. In the other patient localization of the adrenal tissue was achieved by scanning after administration of 131I-19-iodocholesterol. The reoperation was easy and the postoperative course smooth.", "PMID": 654830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6050", "title": "Survival after arterial reconstruction in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. Follow-up after 10-20 years.", "content": "Cumulative survival rates were calculated for 144 patients subjected, 10-20 years previously, to vascular surgery for arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. The five-, ten-, and fifteen-year survival rates were 71%, 49%, and 30% respectively, when calculated from the time of operation. The five-, ten-, fifteen, and twenty-year survival rates were 85%, 65%, 44%, and 23% respectively, when calculated from the onset of symptoms. This represents a considerable excess mortality, mainly among men, and mainly caused by arteriosclerotic diseases. However, the median survival time is 13 years from the onset of symptoms, and during this period it is of decisive importance, that patients with disabling symptoms get access to vascular surgical evaluation.", "contents": "Survival after arterial reconstruction in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. Follow-up after 10-20 years. Cumulative survival rates were calculated for 144 patients subjected, 10-20 years previously, to vascular surgery for arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. The five-, ten-, and fifteen-year survival rates were 71%, 49%, and 30% respectively, when calculated from the time of operation. The five-, ten-, fifteen, and twenty-year survival rates were 85%, 65%, 44%, and 23% respectively, when calculated from the onset of symptoms. This represents a considerable excess mortality, mainly among men, and mainly caused by arteriosclerotic diseases. However, the median survival time is 13 years from the onset of symptoms, and during this period it is of decisive importance, that patients with disabling symptoms get access to vascular surgical evaluation.", "PMID": 654831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6051", "title": "Abdominal paracentesis for early diagnosis of closed abdominal injury.", "content": "In a 4 year material of closed abdominal injuries consisting of 114 patients, mostly multiple trauma traffic accidents, diagnostic paracentesis with peritoneal lavage was used in 47 cases. The aim of the investigation was to indicate or exclude blood in the abdominal cavity as early as possible and thereby facilitate the priority of treatment and diminish the delay in surgical intervention. The main indication was suspicion of abdominal injury in multiple traumatized, unconscious or shocked patients. The puncture was performed in the emergency room immediately after ordinary lifesaving steps had been taken. If blood was obtained the patients were sent to the operating theatre for laparotomy. If blood was not obtained one litre of an isotonic salt solution was infused and if the returning solution was only slightly blood tinged, the investigation was continued with roentgenographic methods. In our series only two cases were not correctly diagnosed. Diagnostic paracentesis is the most rapid method of demonstrating intraabdominal bleeding, which is found in 90% of all serious intraabdominal organ injuries. In doubtful cases this method must be combined with other diagnostic methods and the patient put under proper clinical observation.", "contents": "Abdominal paracentesis for early diagnosis of closed abdominal injury. In a 4 year material of closed abdominal injuries consisting of 114 patients, mostly multiple trauma traffic accidents, diagnostic paracentesis with peritoneal lavage was used in 47 cases. The aim of the investigation was to indicate or exclude blood in the abdominal cavity as early as possible and thereby facilitate the priority of treatment and diminish the delay in surgical intervention. The main indication was suspicion of abdominal injury in multiple traumatized, unconscious or shocked patients. The puncture was performed in the emergency room immediately after ordinary lifesaving steps had been taken. If blood was obtained the patients were sent to the operating theatre for laparotomy. If blood was not obtained one litre of an isotonic salt solution was infused and if the returning solution was only slightly blood tinged, the investigation was continued with roentgenographic methods. In our series only two cases were not correctly diagnosed. Diagnostic paracentesis is the most rapid method of demonstrating intraabdominal bleeding, which is found in 90% of all serious intraabdominal organ injuries. In doubtful cases this method must be combined with other diagnostic methods and the patient put under proper clinical observation.", "PMID": 654832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6052", "title": "Hereditary pancreatitis-a report on two kindreds.", "content": "Two Swedish kindreds with hereditary pancreatitis are reported. The onset of symptoms was in early childhood. Otherwise the clinical course did not differ from the non-hereditary form. In no patients were found signs of alcohol-overconsumption, hyperparathyreoidism, hyperlipidemia or mucoviscoidosis. Three patients with intractable pain and frequent hospitalization were operated on with pancreatico-jejunostomy as described by Puestow-Gillesby, with excellent results. Although the observation periods are short (0.5, 2 and 4 years, respectively) it seems legitimate to recommend the operation also for the hereditary form of pancreatitis if intractable pain or frequent exacerbations are present.", "contents": "Hereditary pancreatitis-a report on two kindreds. Two Swedish kindreds with hereditary pancreatitis are reported. The onset of symptoms was in early childhood. Otherwise the clinical course did not differ from the non-hereditary form. In no patients were found signs of alcohol-overconsumption, hyperparathyreoidism, hyperlipidemia or mucoviscoidosis. Three patients with intractable pain and frequent hospitalization were operated on with pancreatico-jejunostomy as described by Puestow-Gillesby, with excellent results. Although the observation periods are short (0.5, 2 and 4 years, respectively) it seems legitimate to recommend the operation also for the hereditary form of pancreatitis if intractable pain or frequent exacerbations are present.", "PMID": 654833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6053", "title": "Diagnostic value of hypotonic duodenography in superior mesenteric artery syndrome.", "content": "The superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a compression of the duodenum. We believe that the diagnostic limitations of the routine barium meal studies can be abolished by hypotonic duodenography. Before surgical treatment other pathological conditions should be excluded. Peptic ulcer disease often coexists. Patients with persisting signs and symptoms after surgery for ulcer should be re-examined with this condition in mind. The adequate treatment is duodenojejunostomy.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of hypotonic duodenography in superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a compression of the duodenum. We believe that the diagnostic limitations of the routine barium meal studies can be abolished by hypotonic duodenography. Before surgical treatment other pathological conditions should be excluded. Peptic ulcer disease often coexists. Patients with persisting signs and symptoms after surgery for ulcer should be re-examined with this condition in mind. The adequate treatment is duodenojejunostomy.", "PMID": 654834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6054", "title": "Small bowel transit time and roentgenological changes of the intestinal mucosa after jejunoileostomy in obese patients.", "content": "In ten patients, operated jejunoileostomy and ileocolostmy because of longstanding obesity resistant to conventional therapy, roentgenological examinations of the small bowel were performed before and after the operation. Seven patients were examined preoperatively, and all were investigated at least twice during a period from 1 to 38 months postoperatively. Preoperatively, the passage time pylorus-cecum was 80-270 min, and postoperatively, it varied between 1 and 30 min. There was no tendency to slowing of the gastrointestinal passage with time. Immediately postoperatively, the patients had 6 to 12 loose stools daily. At investigations performed 6-38 months after the operation, the stool frequency had diminished to 1-4 a day, and the patients had lost 21 to 98 kg in weight. Roentgenologically, an increased thickness of the mucosal folds of the small bowel could be demonstrated in 9 of the 10 patients. The results suggest that in patients with jejunoileostomy, the gastrointestinal passage time is decreased. The bowel function tends to normalize with time, but the passage time remains shorter than normal. Compensatory changes in the intestinal mucosa occur.", "contents": "Small bowel transit time and roentgenological changes of the intestinal mucosa after jejunoileostomy in obese patients. In ten patients, operated jejunoileostomy and ileocolostmy because of longstanding obesity resistant to conventional therapy, roentgenological examinations of the small bowel were performed before and after the operation. Seven patients were examined preoperatively, and all were investigated at least twice during a period from 1 to 38 months postoperatively. Preoperatively, the passage time pylorus-cecum was 80-270 min, and postoperatively, it varied between 1 and 30 min. There was no tendency to slowing of the gastrointestinal passage with time. Immediately postoperatively, the patients had 6 to 12 loose stools daily. At investigations performed 6-38 months after the operation, the stool frequency had diminished to 1-4 a day, and the patients had lost 21 to 98 kg in weight. Roentgenologically, an increased thickness of the mucosal folds of the small bowel could be demonstrated in 9 of the 10 patients. The results suggest that in patients with jejunoileostomy, the gastrointestinal passage time is decreased. The bowel function tends to normalize with time, but the passage time remains shorter than normal. Compensatory changes in the intestinal mucosa occur.", "PMID": 654835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6055", "title": "Long-term results after excisional surgery for Chrohn's disease of the terminal ileum.", "content": "Resection with the object of cure was undertaken in 20 patients with Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum. These patients were followed up more than five years after operation. Recurrence took place in eight patients, in half of them more than five years after the primary operation. Six patients were submitted to reoperation and two died. Seven out of the eight recurrences were localized to the anastomosis. These results may support the results of a bigger Swedish material which favours more radical primary resections in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Long-term results after excisional surgery for Chrohn's disease of the terminal ileum. Resection with the object of cure was undertaken in 20 patients with Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum. These patients were followed up more than five years after operation. Recurrence took place in eight patients, in half of them more than five years after the primary operation. Six patients were submitted to reoperation and two died. Seven out of the eight recurrences were localized to the anastomosis. These results may support the results of a bigger Swedish material which favours more radical primary resections in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 654836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6056", "title": "Rupture of the stomach: a rare complication of resuscitation. Case report.", "content": "Rupture of the stomach following resuscitation is a rare event and only five such cases have been published before. A case is presented and the pathological anatomy, clinical picture and treatment discussed.", "contents": "Rupture of the stomach: a rare complication of resuscitation. Case report. Rupture of the stomach following resuscitation is a rare event and only five such cases have been published before. A case is presented and the pathological anatomy, clinical picture and treatment discussed.", "PMID": 654838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6057", "title": "Occurrence of previous neck radiotherapy among patients with associated non-medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia.", "content": "Sixteen consecutive patients with co-existent non-medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia are reported. Ten of these patients had earlier been treated with external radiation in the neck region. The estimated absorbed dose varied between 5 and 23 gray. The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was established 36 years (average) after exposure to radiation. The findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that radiation can serve as an etiological factor in the development of associated thyroid carcinoma and HPT.", "contents": "Occurrence of previous neck radiotherapy among patients with associated non-medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Sixteen consecutive patients with co-existent non-medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia are reported. Ten of these patients had earlier been treated with external radiation in the neck region. The estimated absorbed dose varied between 5 and 23 gray. The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was established 36 years (average) after exposure to radiation. The findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that radiation can serve as an etiological factor in the development of associated thyroid carcinoma and HPT.", "PMID": 654839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6058", "title": "Synergistic action of hepatocyte membrane defect and activated complement system in liver cell death--an experimental approach to fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "The hypothesis was tested whether under the presence of a membrane defect of hepatocytes an activation of the complement system leads to massive liver cell necrosis. Low doses of galactosamine (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered to rats with and without an additional i.v. injection of sublethal doses of endotoxin (1.5 mg/kg). The latter was done in order to activate the complement system via the C3-bypath. Neither after doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg nor after an additional administration endotoxin liver cell necrosis were observed. A dose of 200 mg/kg led to moderate liver cell necrosis, and when administered with endotoxin fulminant hepatic necrosis developed. The explanation was given that only after 200 mg/kg alterations of hepatocytes membranes were present, which prepare liver cells for complement mediated hepatocytolysis. In rats to which 1 g/kg galactosamine was given in addition to endotoxin it was demonstrated by immunohistology that the third component of complement was already fixed on hepatocyte plasma membranes at hour 3 and was accumulated within areas of necrotic liver parenchymal cells at hour 12. Thus, liver cell death is suggested as complement mediated if the membranes are altered. Clinical implications are given in concern of fulminant hepatic failure and an approach to effective treatment regims.", "contents": "Synergistic action of hepatocyte membrane defect and activated complement system in liver cell death--an experimental approach to fulminant hepatic failure. The hypothesis was tested whether under the presence of a membrane defect of hepatocytes an activation of the complement system leads to massive liver cell necrosis. Low doses of galactosamine (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered to rats with and without an additional i.v. injection of sublethal doses of endotoxin (1.5 mg/kg). The latter was done in order to activate the complement system via the C3-bypath. Neither after doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg nor after an additional administration endotoxin liver cell necrosis were observed. A dose of 200 mg/kg led to moderate liver cell necrosis, and when administered with endotoxin fulminant hepatic necrosis developed. The explanation was given that only after 200 mg/kg alterations of hepatocytes membranes were present, which prepare liver cells for complement mediated hepatocytolysis. In rats to which 1 g/kg galactosamine was given in addition to endotoxin it was demonstrated by immunohistology that the third component of complement was already fixed on hepatocyte plasma membranes at hour 3 and was accumulated within areas of necrotic liver parenchymal cells at hour 12. Thus, liver cell death is suggested as complement mediated if the membranes are altered. Clinical implications are given in concern of fulminant hepatic failure and an approach to effective treatment regims.", "PMID": 654840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6059", "title": "Oral contraceptives and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Two case reports with electron-microscopic studies.", "content": "The authors report on the cases of 2 young females who had been on oral contraceptives for 2 and 6 years, respectively. During cholecystectomy, as a subsidiary finding, liver tumour was found which, histologically, proved to be focal nodular hyperplasia. On the basis of their electron-microscopic studies, they consider possible the primary role of pathological vascularization in the development of the tumour. They suggest the radical removal of the tumour and regard as inevitable for the patient the stopping of oral contraceptives, due to the recurrence or malignant transformation of the tumour.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Two case reports with electron-microscopic studies. The authors report on the cases of 2 young females who had been on oral contraceptives for 2 and 6 years, respectively. During cholecystectomy, as a subsidiary finding, liver tumour was found which, histologically, proved to be focal nodular hyperplasia. On the basis of their electron-microscopic studies, they consider possible the primary role of pathological vascularization in the development of the tumour. They suggest the radical removal of the tumour and regard as inevitable for the patient the stopping of oral contraceptives, due to the recurrence or malignant transformation of the tumour.", "PMID": 654841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6060", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on normal human liver biopsies.", "content": "Normal liver biopsies of 14 volunteers were investigated ultrastructural morphometrically. Besides the determination of morphometric baseline data for comparative purposes particular emphasis was placed on the question, if morphometric evaluations of human livers yield reliable results in spite of the higher range of distribution than in experimental liver material. The results showed that the surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of human liver is significantly greater than the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Otherwise the morphometric data of the human liver tissue did not differ essentially to the values of the laboratory rat. The variance analytical consideration of the mean evaluated from the data of the 14 liver biopsies indicated that the standard error of nearly all proved parameters was less than 10% of the mean. The results suggest that ultrastructural morphometric evaluation of human liver biopsy samples yield reliable results provided the samples investigated are sufficiently extensive.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on normal human liver biopsies. Normal liver biopsies of 14 volunteers were investigated ultrastructural morphometrically. Besides the determination of morphometric baseline data for comparative purposes particular emphasis was placed on the question, if morphometric evaluations of human livers yield reliable results in spite of the higher range of distribution than in experimental liver material. The results showed that the surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of human liver is significantly greater than the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Otherwise the morphometric data of the human liver tissue did not differ essentially to the values of the laboratory rat. The variance analytical consideration of the mean evaluated from the data of the 14 liver biopsies indicated that the standard error of nearly all proved parameters was less than 10% of the mean. The results suggest that ultrastructural morphometric evaluation of human liver biopsy samples yield reliable results provided the samples investigated are sufficiently extensive.", "PMID": 654842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6061", "title": "Alteration of haem synthesis in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "In 51 cases of liver cirrhosis an increased amount of free protoporphyrins in matured erythrocytes was obvious in 22 cases (43%). In 29 cases (57) the amount of EPP rranged at the normal rate. No relationship was found neither to the blood level of bilirubin, iron, protein or of GOT and GPT nor to different histologic findings in liver biopsy slices. The only relation seemed to be as to the amount of fat deposits in hepatocytes. Cases with a high amount of fat had an increased amount of EPP too. Two groups of liver cirrhosis have been separated: one group with EPP amounts above 27/10(11) and another group with EPP amounts below 27/10(11) e., thus ranging within normal rates. Therefore a partial impairment of function is supposed to be and discussed in regard to steroid metabolism.", "contents": "Alteration of haem synthesis in cirrhosis of the liver. In 51 cases of liver cirrhosis an increased amount of free protoporphyrins in matured erythrocytes was obvious in 22 cases (43%). In 29 cases (57) the amount of EPP rranged at the normal rate. No relationship was found neither to the blood level of bilirubin, iron, protein or of GOT and GPT nor to different histologic findings in liver biopsy slices. The only relation seemed to be as to the amount of fat deposits in hepatocytes. Cases with a high amount of fat had an increased amount of EPP too. Two groups of liver cirrhosis have been separated: one group with EPP amounts above 27/10(11) and another group with EPP amounts below 27/10(11) e., thus ranging within normal rates. Therefore a partial impairment of function is supposed to be and discussed in regard to steroid metabolism.", "PMID": 654843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6062", "title": "Isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in chronic liver diseases.", "content": "The total activity and activity of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase was examined in blood plasma of 56 patients with chronic liver diseases (chronic hepatitis in 27, liver cirrhosis in 23, secondary neoplastic effection of the liver in 6). All the patients with biochemically active forms of liver disease manifested increased the total as well as cytoplasmic enzyme activity, as compared with control group, 57% of the patients manifested simultaneously also increased activity of the mitochondrial isoenzyme. In 13% of the patients with stabilised forms of liver diseases manifested isolated increase of the mitochondrial isoenzyme activity. This might be of importance for the evaluation of the course of the disease. In patients with tumorous metastases in the liver a strikingly high share and activity of mitochondrial isoenzyme was shown.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in chronic liver diseases. The total activity and activity of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase was examined in blood plasma of 56 patients with chronic liver diseases (chronic hepatitis in 27, liver cirrhosis in 23, secondary neoplastic effection of the liver in 6). All the patients with biochemically active forms of liver disease manifested increased the total as well as cytoplasmic enzyme activity, as compared with control group, 57% of the patients manifested simultaneously also increased activity of the mitochondrial isoenzyme. In 13% of the patients with stabilised forms of liver diseases manifested isolated increase of the mitochondrial isoenzyme activity. This might be of importance for the evaluation of the course of the disease. In patients with tumorous metastases in the liver a strikingly high share and activity of mitochondrial isoenzyme was shown.", "PMID": 654844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6063", "title": "Chronic pancreatitis in north-east Italy: a clinical and pathological study.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of 132 patients of North-Eastern Italy with proven chronic pancreatitis (presence of radiological pancreatic calcification and/or surgical and histological data) have been studied. The disease appeared to be associated with chronic and regular alcoholic habits in most cases. Histo-pathological examinations showed calcifying pancreatitis also in patients without radiological pancreatic calcification. Chronic pancreatitis in North-Eastern Italy seems to be similar to that described in France, except for a high frequency of associated gallstones.", "contents": "Chronic pancreatitis in north-east Italy: a clinical and pathological study. The clinical and pathological features of 132 patients of North-Eastern Italy with proven chronic pancreatitis (presence of radiological pancreatic calcification and/or surgical and histological data) have been studied. The disease appeared to be associated with chronic and regular alcoholic habits in most cases. Histo-pathological examinations showed calcifying pancreatitis also in patients without radiological pancreatic calcification. Chronic pancreatitis in North-Eastern Italy seems to be similar to that described in France, except for a high frequency of associated gallstones.", "PMID": 654845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6064", "title": "Gastric transmural potential difference in rats fed with a retionol-free diet.", "content": "The concentration of retinol is decreased in serum after periods of stress. The incidence of stress ulcers can be reduced in experimental animals and in man by high doses of retinol. It has been postulated that the stress-induced reduction of serum retinol may be implicated as one of the factors favouring the development of stress ulcers. Functional damage to the gastric mucosa triggered off by noxious agents and particularly ulcerogenic drugs is followed by a fall of the transmural potential difference (P. D.). This observation has led us to investigate whether retinol-depleted rats display an alteration of the P.D. as a parameter of gastric mucosal dysfunction, when compared with animals optimally supplied with retinol. In this study it should not be demonstrated that the P.D. differs between optimally fed and retinol-deficient animals in spite of severe retinol depletion.", "contents": "Gastric transmural potential difference in rats fed with a retionol-free diet. The concentration of retinol is decreased in serum after periods of stress. The incidence of stress ulcers can be reduced in experimental animals and in man by high doses of retinol. It has been postulated that the stress-induced reduction of serum retinol may be implicated as one of the factors favouring the development of stress ulcers. Functional damage to the gastric mucosa triggered off by noxious agents and particularly ulcerogenic drugs is followed by a fall of the transmural potential difference (P. D.). This observation has led us to investigate whether retinol-depleted rats display an alteration of the P.D. as a parameter of gastric mucosal dysfunction, when compared with animals optimally supplied with retinol. In this study it should not be demonstrated that the P.D. differs between optimally fed and retinol-deficient animals in spite of severe retinol depletion.", "PMID": 654846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6065", "title": "Production and evaluation of secretin antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies were readily produced in three rabbits to unconjugated pure natural porcine secretin, and in two rabbits to synthetic porcine secretin conjugated to BSA. The final dilutions of the antisera to bind 50% of 1 fmol 125-i-labeled secretin prepared by the Chloramine-T method and purified on a Sephadex G-15 and a SP Sephadex C-25 column varied between 1:14,500 and 1:245,000. The effective equilibrium constants (Keff) according to Scatchard varied between 0.8 x 10(11) and 3.4 x 10(11), the average equilibrium constants (Ko) according to Sips varied between 0.8 x 10(11) and 3.6 x 10(11), and the indices of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips were 1.00 or close to 1.00. None of the antisera showed any cross reactivity to gastrin, glucagon or insulin. There was no differences in any of the preceding parameters between the antisera produced to the two immunogen preparations. It is suggested that the immunogenicity of secretin may be related to its basic charge, and to the possibility that secretin may circulate bound to certain plasmafactors or in a polymerized form. The two antisera with the highest equilibrium constants, which also allowed the highest working dilution to be applied, allowed measurements of fasting plasma secretin levels in the low pmol/1 range in all acidified plasmas examined.", "contents": "Production and evaluation of secretin antibodies. Antibodies were readily produced in three rabbits to unconjugated pure natural porcine secretin, and in two rabbits to synthetic porcine secretin conjugated to BSA. The final dilutions of the antisera to bind 50% of 1 fmol 125-i-labeled secretin prepared by the Chloramine-T method and purified on a Sephadex G-15 and a SP Sephadex C-25 column varied between 1:14,500 and 1:245,000. The effective equilibrium constants (Keff) according to Scatchard varied between 0.8 x 10(11) and 3.4 x 10(11), the average equilibrium constants (Ko) according to Sips varied between 0.8 x 10(11) and 3.6 x 10(11), and the indices of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips were 1.00 or close to 1.00. None of the antisera showed any cross reactivity to gastrin, glucagon or insulin. There was no differences in any of the preceding parameters between the antisera produced to the two immunogen preparations. It is suggested that the immunogenicity of secretin may be related to its basic charge, and to the possibility that secretin may circulate bound to certain plasmafactors or in a polymerized form. The two antisera with the highest equilibrium constants, which also allowed the highest working dilution to be applied, allowed measurements of fasting plasma secretin levels in the low pmol/1 range in all acidified plasmas examined.", "PMID": 654847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6066", "title": "Functional and structural characteristics of the rat intestinal mucosa following ileo-jejunal transposition.", "content": "The transformation of the rat ileal mucosa following interposition into the jejunum has been examined with respect to its functional and structural characteristics. Morphometric studies show that there is an increase in the size of the villi and crypts in the same proportions, such that the structures become longer than those of normal jejunal mucosa. There is no change in villus width or epithelial cell height and no evidence of mucosal damage. In agreement with these observations, there is an increase in the amount of DNA per unit weight mucosa in the transposed ileum. L-phenylalanine accumulation in vitro by transposed loops is reduced to the level of the control jejunum, whereas beta-methyl-D-glucose uptake is unchanged. Biochemical and histochemical determinations of various enzyme activities reveal that the levels in the transposed mucosa are much lower than in the controls. The results show that although certain features of the transposed ileum resemble those of the normal jejunum, this does not apply to all characteristics. It is argued that the ileal mucosa retains its normal functional properties, but undergoes hyperplastic changes, possibly as a result of contact with chyme that is richer in nutritive material, resulting in the establishment of a more immature cell population with a global reduction in enzyme levels and transport capacities.", "contents": "Functional and structural characteristics of the rat intestinal mucosa following ileo-jejunal transposition. The transformation of the rat ileal mucosa following interposition into the jejunum has been examined with respect to its functional and structural characteristics. Morphometric studies show that there is an increase in the size of the villi and crypts in the same proportions, such that the structures become longer than those of normal jejunal mucosa. There is no change in villus width or epithelial cell height and no evidence of mucosal damage. In agreement with these observations, there is an increase in the amount of DNA per unit weight mucosa in the transposed ileum. L-phenylalanine accumulation in vitro by transposed loops is reduced to the level of the control jejunum, whereas beta-methyl-D-glucose uptake is unchanged. Biochemical and histochemical determinations of various enzyme activities reveal that the levels in the transposed mucosa are much lower than in the controls. The results show that although certain features of the transposed ileum resemble those of the normal jejunum, this does not apply to all characteristics. It is argued that the ileal mucosa retains its normal functional properties, but undergoes hyperplastic changes, possibly as a result of contact with chyme that is richer in nutritive material, resulting in the establishment of a more immature cell population with a global reduction in enzyme levels and transport capacities.", "PMID": 654848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6067", "title": "The short choledochus syndrome. Case report and retrograde endoscopic visualization of the biliary system.", "content": "A case report of a short ductus choledochus terminating in the bulbus duoden is presented. The patient suffered from recurrent gastric and duodenal ulcers. Peroral retrograde endoscopic choledochyography visualized this rare anomaly of the biliary system. Therapeutical and aetiological relationships between this anomaly and the ulcers are discussed.", "contents": "The short choledochus syndrome. Case report and retrograde endoscopic visualization of the biliary system. A case report of a short ductus choledochus terminating in the bulbus duoden is presented. The patient suffered from recurrent gastric and duodenal ulcers. Peroral retrograde endoscopic choledochyography visualized this rare anomaly of the biliary system. Therapeutical and aetiological relationships between this anomaly and the ulcers are discussed.", "PMID": 654849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6068", "title": "D-galactosamine induced hepatic cirrhosis: its ultrastructural and biochemical studies in rat.", "content": "The morphological and biochemical studies were performed on the injured livers of female rats produced by chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GALN) (250 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 months. Light microscopically, cirrhotic changes were observed in most of the animals characterized by the proliferation of the connective tissues from portal triads into hepatic lobules. The electron microscopic study demonstrated mitochondrial proliferation and irregularities with crenated membranes, focal hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, decrease of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with partial detouchment of ribosomes, slight loss of compactness of nucleoli and no remarkable accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The proliferation of collagen fibers was observed around the hepatocytes and acid mucopolysaccharides were seen in the space of Disse and partly in the sinusoids histochemically using electron microscope. Biochemically chronic GALN administration, which increased hepatic weight significantly, resulted in a significant decrease in microsomal protein concentration, whereas cytochrome P450 content significantly increased. There was no change in phospholipid contents. After GALN, plasma albumin concentration was significantly decreased and the value of zinc turbidity test was increased. However, there was no change in plasma GPT level and total cholesterol concentration.", "contents": "D-galactosamine induced hepatic cirrhosis: its ultrastructural and biochemical studies in rat. The morphological and biochemical studies were performed on the injured livers of female rats produced by chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GALN) (250 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 months. Light microscopically, cirrhotic changes were observed in most of the animals characterized by the proliferation of the connective tissues from portal triads into hepatic lobules. The electron microscopic study demonstrated mitochondrial proliferation and irregularities with crenated membranes, focal hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, decrease of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with partial detouchment of ribosomes, slight loss of compactness of nucleoli and no remarkable accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The proliferation of collagen fibers was observed around the hepatocytes and acid mucopolysaccharides were seen in the space of Disse and partly in the sinusoids histochemically using electron microscope. Biochemically chronic GALN administration, which increased hepatic weight significantly, resulted in a significant decrease in microsomal protein concentration, whereas cytochrome P450 content significantly increased. There was no change in phospholipid contents. After GALN, plasma albumin concentration was significantly decreased and the value of zinc turbidity test was increased. However, there was no change in plasma GPT level and total cholesterol concentration.", "PMID": 654850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6069", "title": "The effect of halothane on the distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flows in the hemorrhagic, hypotensive dog.", "content": "Halothane was given to dogs which had been bled to an arterial mean blood pressure of 60 mmHg, and the circulatory effects were studied with the aid of the radioactive microsphere technique. The cardiac output and coronary blood flow were well maintained, whereas the arterial mean blood pressure was slightly, and the stroke volume markedly increased, indicating an improved heart function. The blood flows to the brain, lungs, liver and kidneys were well preserved throughout the anesthesia. The effect of retransfusing the withdrawn blood was also studied, and it resulted in an increased cardiac output, arterial mean blood pressure and increased blood flows to the heart, lungs, spleen, bowel and liver.", "contents": "The effect of halothane on the distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flows in the hemorrhagic, hypotensive dog. Halothane was given to dogs which had been bled to an arterial mean blood pressure of 60 mmHg, and the circulatory effects were studied with the aid of the radioactive microsphere technique. The cardiac output and coronary blood flow were well maintained, whereas the arterial mean blood pressure was slightly, and the stroke volume markedly increased, indicating an improved heart function. The blood flows to the brain, lungs, liver and kidneys were well preserved throughout the anesthesia. The effect of retransfusing the withdrawn blood was also studied, and it resulted in an increased cardiac output, arterial mean blood pressure and increased blood flows to the heart, lungs, spleen, bowel and liver.", "PMID": 654851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6070", "title": "Venous air embolism through infusion sets. Theoretical considerations, model experiments and prevention.", "content": "Some infusion sets are so designed that, even when infusing into peripheral veins, a negative pressure may occur in a large portion of the infusion tubing, with the result that air enters the system from a side drip which has run dry, or though leaks. In model experiments, it was found that, when infusing into a peripheral vein, volumes of air up to 13 ml per min can enter the system from an empty side drip. From an analysis of the pressure conditions in infusion sets before and during infusion, it is concluded that infusions sets should be so designed that clamps and connections forthe attachment of a side drip are placed distally on the infusion tubing. Even then there is a risk of air embolism. The tubes for both the main and the side drip should therefore be so long that each of them can be fixed below the heart level of the patient, thus forming a waterlock and preventing the entry of air.", "contents": "Venous air embolism through infusion sets. Theoretical considerations, model experiments and prevention. Some infusion sets are so designed that, even when infusing into peripheral veins, a negative pressure may occur in a large portion of the infusion tubing, with the result that air enters the system from a side drip which has run dry, or though leaks. In model experiments, it was found that, when infusing into a peripheral vein, volumes of air up to 13 ml per min can enter the system from an empty side drip. From an analysis of the pressure conditions in infusion sets before and during infusion, it is concluded that infusions sets should be so designed that clamps and connections forthe attachment of a side drip are placed distally on the infusion tubing. Even then there is a risk of air embolism. The tubes for both the main and the side drip should therefore be so long that each of them can be fixed below the heart level of the patient, thus forming a waterlock and preventing the entry of air.", "PMID": 654852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6071", "title": "The effect of surgical stress on haemodynamics during neurolept anaesthesia.", "content": "The influence of surgical stress on haemodynamics during neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) was studied in ten patients, while they were awake, under anaesthesia prior to surgery and peroperatively. Systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, as well as cardiac ouput (Qt), arterial oxygen content and mixed venous oxygen content, were measured. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, arterial-venous oxygen content difference (AVD), oxygen consumption (VO2) and cardiac index (CI) were calculated. On institution of anaesthesia, CI fell from 2.8 +/- 0.1 1/min-m2 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 1/min-m2 and systolic arterial pressure (SBP) fell from 13.4 +/- 0.5 kPa to 10.2 +/- 0.3 kPa. During surgery CI rose to 3.3 +/- 0.1 1/min-m2 and SBP rose to 15.7 +/- 0.6 kPa. Prior to anaesthesia, AVD was 40.2 +/- 0.2 ml/l. Under anaesthesia prior to surgery, AVD did not change, but VO2 declined from 207 +/- 13ml/min to 171 +/- 10 ml/min. During surgery, AVD fell to 30.5 +/- 0.3 ml/l, while VO2 remained unchanged. It is concluded that NLA has a direct metabolic depressant effect and, in association with surgery, is accompanied by hyperkinetic circulation.", "contents": "The effect of surgical stress on haemodynamics during neurolept anaesthesia. The influence of surgical stress on haemodynamics during neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) was studied in ten patients, while they were awake, under anaesthesia prior to surgery and peroperatively. Systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, as well as cardiac ouput (Qt), arterial oxygen content and mixed venous oxygen content, were measured. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, arterial-venous oxygen content difference (AVD), oxygen consumption (VO2) and cardiac index (CI) were calculated. On institution of anaesthesia, CI fell from 2.8 +/- 0.1 1/min-m2 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 1/min-m2 and systolic arterial pressure (SBP) fell from 13.4 +/- 0.5 kPa to 10.2 +/- 0.3 kPa. During surgery CI rose to 3.3 +/- 0.1 1/min-m2 and SBP rose to 15.7 +/- 0.6 kPa. Prior to anaesthesia, AVD was 40.2 +/- 0.2 ml/l. Under anaesthesia prior to surgery, AVD did not change, but VO2 declined from 207 +/- 13ml/min to 171 +/- 10 ml/min. During surgery, AVD fell to 30.5 +/- 0.3 ml/l, while VO2 remained unchanged. It is concluded that NLA has a direct metabolic depressant effect and, in association with surgery, is accompanied by hyperkinetic circulation.", "PMID": 654853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6072", "title": "Peroperative haemorrhage and epidural anaesthesia in major abdominal surgery. A retrospective study.", "content": "The preoperative blood loss during resection of the colon, abdominal-perineal excision of the rectum and cystectomy, according to the method of Bricker, was studied from anaesthetic reports. The period under study was 18 months. A total of 97 patients were divied into two main groups according to the type of anaesthesia (general anaesthesia and general anaesthesia combined with epidural analgesia), as well as into sub-groups according to the type of operation. An evaluation was made of the blood loss, peroperative mean arterial blood pressure and the duration of the operation. In contrast to reports published earlier on other types of operation, we have been unable to demonstrate a significant reduction in the blood loss of patients given general anaesthesia plus epidural analgesia, despite a lower mean arterial blood pressure during the operation. We ignored any possible postoperative beneficial effect of epidural anaesthesia.", "contents": "Peroperative haemorrhage and epidural anaesthesia in major abdominal surgery. A retrospective study. The preoperative blood loss during resection of the colon, abdominal-perineal excision of the rectum and cystectomy, according to the method of Bricker, was studied from anaesthetic reports. The period under study was 18 months. A total of 97 patients were divied into two main groups according to the type of anaesthesia (general anaesthesia and general anaesthesia combined with epidural analgesia), as well as into sub-groups according to the type of operation. An evaluation was made of the blood loss, peroperative mean arterial blood pressure and the duration of the operation. In contrast to reports published earlier on other types of operation, we have been unable to demonstrate a significant reduction in the blood loss of patients given general anaesthesia plus epidural analgesia, despite a lower mean arterial blood pressure during the operation. We ignored any possible postoperative beneficial effect of epidural anaesthesia.", "PMID": 654854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6073", "title": "Renal function during neurolept anaesthesia.", "content": "Renal function and central haemodynamics were studied in eight patients, without known histories of renal or cardiovascular disease, during and immediately after upper abdominal surgery under neurolept anaesthesia. Inulin and PAH clearance, fractional sodium and fractional osmolar excretion decreased, while fractional free water reabsorption increased under anaesthesia. Cardiac output, mean systemic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance remained virtually unchanged both per- and postoperatively. Renal haemodynamics were promptly restored postoperatively, while fractional sodium and fractional osmolal excretion were unaltered and antidiuresis increased. It is concluded that neurolept anaesthesia, as far as renal function is concerned, is well suited for the anaesthetic management of the poor-risk patient.", "contents": "Renal function during neurolept anaesthesia. Renal function and central haemodynamics were studied in eight patients, without known histories of renal or cardiovascular disease, during and immediately after upper abdominal surgery under neurolept anaesthesia. Inulin and PAH clearance, fractional sodium and fractional osmolar excretion decreased, while fractional free water reabsorption increased under anaesthesia. Cardiac output, mean systemic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance remained virtually unchanged both per- and postoperatively. Renal haemodynamics were promptly restored postoperatively, while fractional sodium and fractional osmolal excretion were unaltered and antidiuresis increased. It is concluded that neurolept anaesthesia, as far as renal function is concerned, is well suited for the anaesthetic management of the poor-risk patient.", "PMID": 654856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6074", "title": "Acute effects of furosemide and mannitol on central haemodynamics in the early postoperative period.", "content": "The effects of furosemide and mannitol on central haemodynamics in the early postoperative period were investigated in 16 patients, who had undergone upper abdominal surgery. Measurements were performed prior to, and then 10, 30, 50 and 90 min after postoperative drug administration. Furosemide administration resulted in reductions of cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary wedge, and mean systemic arterial pressures, while systemic vascular resistance increased. Mannitol administration on the other hand, caused increases of cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. Systemic vascular resistance decreased. It is concluded that mannitol should be used as the diuretic of choice in the treatment of postoperative (post-traumatic) oliguria in patients without known cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Acute effects of furosemide and mannitol on central haemodynamics in the early postoperative period. The effects of furosemide and mannitol on central haemodynamics in the early postoperative period were investigated in 16 patients, who had undergone upper abdominal surgery. Measurements were performed prior to, and then 10, 30, 50 and 90 min after postoperative drug administration. Furosemide administration resulted in reductions of cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary wedge, and mean systemic arterial pressures, while systemic vascular resistance increased. Mannitol administration on the other hand, caused increases of cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. Systemic vascular resistance decreased. It is concluded that mannitol should be used as the diuretic of choice in the treatment of postoperative (post-traumatic) oliguria in patients without known cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 654858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6075", "title": "The effect of halothane on the distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow in the hypovolemic dog.", "content": "The circulatory effect of halothane anesthesia given to moderately hypovolemic dogs (blood loss 25 ml/kg b.w.) was investigated using the radioactive microsphere technique. The effect of the anesthetic was reflected by a decrease in the arterial mean blood pressure and a reduced blood flow to the heart, whereas the blood flows to other organs did not change significantly but were well preserved in vital organs (brain, kidneys, liver and lungs). The effect on the circulation of reinfusing the withdrawn blood was also studied.", "contents": "The effect of halothane on the distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow in the hypovolemic dog. The circulatory effect of halothane anesthesia given to moderately hypovolemic dogs (blood loss 25 ml/kg b.w.) was investigated using the radioactive microsphere technique. The effect of the anesthetic was reflected by a decrease in the arterial mean blood pressure and a reduced blood flow to the heart, whereas the blood flows to other organs did not change significantly but were well preserved in vital organs (brain, kidneys, liver and lungs). The effect on the circulation of reinfusing the withdrawn blood was also studied.", "PMID": 654859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6076", "title": "Growth pattern of the rabbit nasal bone region. A combined serial gross and radiographic study with metallic implants.", "content": "Two radiopaque implants were inserted into each left and right nasal bone in 5 female rabbits. Ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs were then taken in a specially designed head-holder at 6 and 16 weeks of age. From these radiographs separate tracings were made on matte acetate paper of the left and right nasal bone regions including the radiopaque implants. Since the implants maintained the same relationship to each other in each nasal bone, they served as stable reference sites. The markers of the 16-week tracing were superposed on the markers of the 6-week tracing. The difference in the two established outlines represented the changes in size and shape in two dimensions that had occurred during the 10-week period. Our purpose was to determine the relative growth activity at several borders. The mean increase was 6.79 mm at the proximal (posterior) border, 6.19 mm at the distal (anterior) border, 2.73 mm at the lateral border, 1.22 mm at the medial border. Thus, growth at the proximal and the distal borders was about the same and about twice that of the lateral border and about 5 times that of the medial border.", "contents": "Growth pattern of the rabbit nasal bone region. A combined serial gross and radiographic study with metallic implants. Two radiopaque implants were inserted into each left and right nasal bone in 5 female rabbits. Ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs were then taken in a specially designed head-holder at 6 and 16 weeks of age. From these radiographs separate tracings were made on matte acetate paper of the left and right nasal bone regions including the radiopaque implants. Since the implants maintained the same relationship to each other in each nasal bone, they served as stable reference sites. The markers of the 16-week tracing were superposed on the markers of the 6-week tracing. The difference in the two established outlines represented the changes in size and shape in two dimensions that had occurred during the 10-week period. Our purpose was to determine the relative growth activity at several borders. The mean increase was 6.79 mm at the proximal (posterior) border, 6.19 mm at the distal (anterior) border, 2.73 mm at the lateral border, 1.22 mm at the medial border. Thus, growth at the proximal and the distal borders was about the same and about twice that of the lateral border and about 5 times that of the medial border.", "PMID": 654860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6077", "title": "Considerations on the possible structrual basis of neuronal integrated functions.", "content": "Different types of dendro-dendritic and dendro-somatic contacts in several species are described. They are classified in five varieties: (a) parallel dendro-dendritic contacts; (b) crossed dendro-dendritic contacts; (c) perisomatic interdendritic contacts; (d) perivascular interdendritic contacts; (e) dendro-somatic contacts. It is hypothetically postulated, in agreement with other authors, that the structurally differentiated interdendritic and dendro-somatic contacts could act as functional junctions for the electrotonic spread of stimuli between neighbour neuronal elements.", "contents": "Considerations on the possible structrual basis of neuronal integrated functions. Different types of dendro-dendritic and dendro-somatic contacts in several species are described. They are classified in five varieties: (a) parallel dendro-dendritic contacts; (b) crossed dendro-dendritic contacts; (c) perisomatic interdendritic contacts; (d) perivascular interdendritic contacts; (e) dendro-somatic contacts. It is hypothetically postulated, in agreement with other authors, that the structurally differentiated interdendritic and dendro-somatic contacts could act as functional junctions for the electrotonic spread of stimuli between neighbour neuronal elements.", "PMID": 654861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6078", "title": "Effect of monosodium glutamate on the histogenesis of bone marrow in mice.", "content": "The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the histogenesis of bone and bone marrow of mice is studied. Intraperitoneal-subcutaneous injections and oral administration of the drug MSG induced marked repression in the ossification of developing endochondral bone with the persistence of cartilagenous elements and chondrocytes. A massive accumulation of adipose tissue accompanied by receded haemopoietic tissue within the bone marrow is observed in the MSG-treated animals. These pathological changes are attributed to the influence of the drug on the hydrolysis of enzyme alkaline phosphatase, glycolysis involved in the bone deposition or on the secretion of hormones responsible for bone resorption.", "contents": "Effect of monosodium glutamate on the histogenesis of bone marrow in mice. The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the histogenesis of bone and bone marrow of mice is studied. Intraperitoneal-subcutaneous injections and oral administration of the drug MSG induced marked repression in the ossification of developing endochondral bone with the persistence of cartilagenous elements and chondrocytes. A massive accumulation of adipose tissue accompanied by receded haemopoietic tissue within the bone marrow is observed in the MSG-treated animals. These pathological changes are attributed to the influence of the drug on the hydrolysis of enzyme alkaline phosphatase, glycolysis involved in the bone deposition or on the secretion of hormones responsible for bone resorption.", "PMID": 654862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6079", "title": "Morphological changes in the small intestine of the cat following transection of the vagal nerve.", "content": "An attempt was made to identify the vagal fibres of the small intestine and to investigate their course by secondary degeneration after transection of both vagus nerves just below the ganglion nodosum. Under the electron microscope, degenerated fibres could be observed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses, in the longitudinal and circular muscular coats of the duodenum and jejunum. No signs of degeneration were encountered in the wall of the ileum. Direct synaptic relationship between these degenerated fibres and the nerve cells and intact nerve processes could scarcely be found. The degenerated axons do not differ basically from other, intrinsic nerve processes containing round clear vesicles (30--60 nm in diameter) and granular vesicles (80--120 nm in diameter). The sporadic occurrence of the degenerated axons on the surface of cell somata and processes might indicate that the vagal nerve innervates only a few neurons in the small intestine and that the intrinsic neurons contact a large number of other neurons via processes in the intestinal wall. The vagal nerve fibres thus seem to have a modulatory effect on the activity of the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the small intestine of the cat following transection of the vagal nerve. An attempt was made to identify the vagal fibres of the small intestine and to investigate their course by secondary degeneration after transection of both vagus nerves just below the ganglion nodosum. Under the electron microscope, degenerated fibres could be observed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses, in the longitudinal and circular muscular coats of the duodenum and jejunum. No signs of degeneration were encountered in the wall of the ileum. Direct synaptic relationship between these degenerated fibres and the nerve cells and intact nerve processes could scarcely be found. The degenerated axons do not differ basically from other, intrinsic nerve processes containing round clear vesicles (30--60 nm in diameter) and granular vesicles (80--120 nm in diameter). The sporadic occurrence of the degenerated axons on the surface of cell somata and processes might indicate that the vagal nerve innervates only a few neurons in the small intestine and that the intrinsic neurons contact a large number of other neurons via processes in the intestinal wall. The vagal nerve fibres thus seem to have a modulatory effect on the activity of the intestinal wall.", "PMID": 654863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6080", "title": "Permature death of Purkinje cells following low-level X-ray irradiation during embryonic development.", "content": "Rat embryos were exposed to 170 r of X-ray irradiation on day 15 or 18 of gestation, and sacrificed when they reached the postnatal age of 30 days. In the cerebella of these animals, normal-looking and atrophied Purkinje cells were studied and compared with those observed in the cerebellum of the normal animals. The normal animals did not show presence of any atrophied Purkinje cells, but the X-ray-irradiated animals showed a lesser number of Purkinje cells and many atrophied Purkinje cells. In the cerebellum of animals that were X-ray-irradiated on day 15 of gestation, the number of Purkinje cells was only 32% of those in the normal cerebellum, and in those that received X-ray irradiation on day 18 of embryogenesis there were about 95.5% as many Prukinje cells as in the normal cerebellum. But, in the cerebella of animals in the latter group there were two to three times more atrophied Purkinje cells than in the cerebella of animals in the former group. These findings are discussed in terms of lasting effects of low-level X-ray irradiation in the form of premature atrophy and death of the Purkinje cells.", "contents": "Permature death of Purkinje cells following low-level X-ray irradiation during embryonic development. Rat embryos were exposed to 170 r of X-ray irradiation on day 15 or 18 of gestation, and sacrificed when they reached the postnatal age of 30 days. In the cerebella of these animals, normal-looking and atrophied Purkinje cells were studied and compared with those observed in the cerebellum of the normal animals. The normal animals did not show presence of any atrophied Purkinje cells, but the X-ray-irradiated animals showed a lesser number of Purkinje cells and many atrophied Purkinje cells. In the cerebellum of animals that were X-ray-irradiated on day 15 of gestation, the number of Purkinje cells was only 32% of those in the normal cerebellum, and in those that received X-ray irradiation on day 18 of embryogenesis there were about 95.5% as many Prukinje cells as in the normal cerebellum. But, in the cerebella of animals in the latter group there were two to three times more atrophied Purkinje cells than in the cerebella of animals in the former group. These findings are discussed in terms of lasting effects of low-level X-ray irradiation in the form of premature atrophy and death of the Purkinje cells.", "PMID": 654864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6081", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometric study on developing acinar cells of the rat pancreas and parotid gland.", "content": "The fraction of cellular volume occupied by the cytoplasm has been assessed by point-counting volumetry in 0.5 micrometer araldite sections. Measurement of the transection radius of the nuclei of acinar cells allowed the assessment of the mean nuclear volume according to the method of Bach. With these data, the cytoplasm volume was calculated in cubic micrometers. Ultrastructural morphometric data were obtained by means of superimposing on the electron photomicrographies (x 21,000 or x 28,500) a test system of 84 evenly spaced segments according to Weibel et al. The analysis of the values obtained for the pancreas and parotid gland allowed for the supposition that the process of maturation in the rat, either for the pancreas or the parotid gland, occurs simultaneously with the mitotic process, this last being held as the predominating one in the first 3--4 postnatal weeks. The cytodifferentiation process becomes more marked in the last phases studied and on the 40th day it already shows parameters held as similar to those of the adult animal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometric study on developing acinar cells of the rat pancreas and parotid gland. The fraction of cellular volume occupied by the cytoplasm has been assessed by point-counting volumetry in 0.5 micrometer araldite sections. Measurement of the transection radius of the nuclei of acinar cells allowed the assessment of the mean nuclear volume according to the method of Bach. With these data, the cytoplasm volume was calculated in cubic micrometers. Ultrastructural morphometric data were obtained by means of superimposing on the electron photomicrographies (x 21,000 or x 28,500) a test system of 84 evenly spaced segments according to Weibel et al. The analysis of the values obtained for the pancreas and parotid gland allowed for the supposition that the process of maturation in the rat, either for the pancreas or the parotid gland, occurs simultaneously with the mitotic process, this last being held as the predominating one in the first 3--4 postnatal weeks. The cytodifferentiation process becomes more marked in the last phases studied and on the 40th day it already shows parameters held as similar to those of the adult animal.", "PMID": 654865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6082", "title": "Muscle growth during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation in the rat.", "content": "The growth of the rat calf muscle has been followed radiographically during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent catch-up. The following observations were made: (1) The mean calf muscle width of rats reared in litters of 16 was 20% less than that of those reared in litters of 8. (2) There was no significant difference between the sexes in the degree of growth retardation brought about by suckling the pups in large litters. (3) By the end of the experiment, females had caught up in both muscle width and muscle length, the males had caught up in muscle length (identical to tibia length) but not in muscle width. (4) In male pups during undernutrition the muscle diameter was greater than in normally fed animals of the same weight (but younger). This difference was not seen in females. (5) During recovery, until a weight of about 160 g was reached, the muscle width of the neonatally undernourished rats of both sexes was less than controls of the same body weight.", "contents": "Muscle growth during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation in the rat. The growth of the rat calf muscle has been followed radiographically during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent catch-up. The following observations were made: (1) The mean calf muscle width of rats reared in litters of 16 was 20% less than that of those reared in litters of 8. (2) There was no significant difference between the sexes in the degree of growth retardation brought about by suckling the pups in large litters. (3) By the end of the experiment, females had caught up in both muscle width and muscle length, the males had caught up in muscle length (identical to tibia length) but not in muscle width. (4) In male pups during undernutrition the muscle diameter was greater than in normally fed animals of the same weight (but younger). This difference was not seen in females. (5) During recovery, until a weight of about 160 g was reached, the muscle width of the neonatally undernourished rats of both sexes was less than controls of the same body weight.", "PMID": 654866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6083", "title": "Influence of theophylline on the diameter of the afferent glomerular arteriole of the rat.", "content": "After agar-agar and india ink mixture intrarenal injection, it is possible to measure precisely the glomerular afferent arteriole diameter and to evaluate its variations after theophylline perfusion. The increased diameter (+ 35.78%) confirms the peripheral vasodilating theophylline effect, often assumed, but never to our knowledge proven in situ.", "contents": "Influence of theophylline on the diameter of the afferent glomerular arteriole of the rat. After agar-agar and india ink mixture intrarenal injection, it is possible to measure precisely the glomerular afferent arteriole diameter and to evaluate its variations after theophylline perfusion. The increased diameter (+ 35.78%) confirms the peripheral vasodilating theophylline effect, often assumed, but never to our knowledge proven in situ.", "PMID": 654867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6084", "title": "Morphological changes in the testis and epididymis of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Part I.", "content": "The normal anatomy and morphological changes in the testis and epididymis, due to age and seasonal variations, were studied in camels (Camelus dromedarius) between 4 and 20 years of age. The testes had a dark gray colour and were situated in the perineum. The weight ranged from 32 to 225 g. The length and maximum cross-diameter were 6--13 and 3--6.5 cm, respectively. The maximum weight of the left testis in 12-year-old camels during the winter months (December to March) was 225 g, and the minimum weight in the camels of the same age group during the summer months (April to July) was 181 g. The seasonal influence on the weight of the testis was very profound in the camels of 9--14 years. The weight of the epidiymis ranged from 10 to 40 g; their weight increased in all age groups during the winter months.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the testis and epididymis of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Part I. The normal anatomy and morphological changes in the testis and epididymis, due to age and seasonal variations, were studied in camels (Camelus dromedarius) between 4 and 20 years of age. The testes had a dark gray colour and were situated in the perineum. The weight ranged from 32 to 225 g. The length and maximum cross-diameter were 6--13 and 3--6.5 cm, respectively. The maximum weight of the left testis in 12-year-old camels during the winter months (December to March) was 225 g, and the minimum weight in the camels of the same age group during the summer months (April to July) was 181 g. The seasonal influence on the weight of the testis was very profound in the camels of 9--14 years. The weight of the epidiymis ranged from 10 to 40 g; their weight increased in all age groups during the winter months.", "PMID": 654868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6085", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies on the testis of camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the various seasons and ages. Part II.", "content": "Histological and a few histochemical studies were done on the testes of 34 camels between 4 and 20 years of age, during three seasons: the tunica albuginea of the testes was composed of collagenous and a few elastic fibers. Isolated bundles of the smooth muscle fibers were observed in the capsule. The mediastinum testis and its radiating septula into the parenchyma also consisted of mainly collagenous and a few elastic fibers. The interstitial tissue was composed of Leydig cells and a network of reticular fibers. These cells increased in volume in the rutting period from December to March, and were distorted and reduced in volume in the nonrutting period from April to November. The seminiferous tubules were 113--250 micrometer in diameter, and were lined by many layers of spermatogenic cells and a single layer of Sertoli cells. The spermatogenesis was observed as a continuous process throughout the year, particularly in the camels between 4 and 15 years of age. Almost in all the testes studied, three types of spermatogonia, two to three layers of primary spermatocytes, rarely secondary spermatocytes and spermatids in two stages were observed. The spermatozoa were present attached to the Sertoli cells as well as free in the lumen of the tubules. The oval head of the spermatozoa was characterized by the presence of an elongated pointed, strongly PAS-positive acrosome.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies on the testis of camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the various seasons and ages. Part II. Histological and a few histochemical studies were done on the testes of 34 camels between 4 and 20 years of age, during three seasons: the tunica albuginea of the testes was composed of collagenous and a few elastic fibers. Isolated bundles of the smooth muscle fibers were observed in the capsule. The mediastinum testis and its radiating septula into the parenchyma also consisted of mainly collagenous and a few elastic fibers. The interstitial tissue was composed of Leydig cells and a network of reticular fibers. These cells increased in volume in the rutting period from December to March, and were distorted and reduced in volume in the nonrutting period from April to November. The seminiferous tubules were 113--250 micrometer in diameter, and were lined by many layers of spermatogenic cells and a single layer of Sertoli cells. The spermatogenesis was observed as a continuous process throughout the year, particularly in the camels between 4 and 15 years of age. Almost in all the testes studied, three types of spermatogonia, two to three layers of primary spermatocytes, rarely secondary spermatocytes and spermatids in two stages were observed. The spermatozoa were present attached to the Sertoli cells as well as free in the lumen of the tubules. The oval head of the spermatozoa was characterized by the presence of an elongated pointed, strongly PAS-positive acrosome.", "PMID": 654869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6086", "title": "Fine structure of a cerebellar neuroblastoma.", "content": "A cerebellar neoplasm of an 18-month-old boy was examined with both the light and electron microscopes. The diagnosis of neuroblastoma was made on the basis of the presence of numerous synaptic vesicles in the great majority of cell processes and the occasional complete synapses within the tumor tissue.", "contents": "Fine structure of a cerebellar neuroblastoma. A cerebellar neoplasm of an 18-month-old boy was examined with both the light and electron microscopes. The diagnosis of neuroblastoma was made on the basis of the presence of numerous synaptic vesicles in the great majority of cell processes and the occasional complete synapses within the tumor tissue.", "PMID": 654873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6087", "title": "The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on axonal growth and myelination of central motor fibers. A morphometric study on rat cortico-spinal tract.", "content": "A morphometric study of the axon circumference and myelin sheath thickness in the rat corticospinal tract was undertaken to establish the effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation. Both axonal growth and myelin deposition were affected by undernutrition. Rats subjected to postnatal nutritional rehabilitation revealed a catch-up in axonal growth; whereas the process of myelination remained affected.", "contents": "The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on axonal growth and myelination of central motor fibers. A morphometric study on rat cortico-spinal tract. A morphometric study of the axon circumference and myelin sheath thickness in the rat corticospinal tract was undertaken to establish the effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation. Both axonal growth and myelin deposition were affected by undernutrition. Rats subjected to postnatal nutritional rehabilitation revealed a catch-up in axonal growth; whereas the process of myelination remained affected.", "PMID": 654874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6088", "title": "[Indications and operative conditions of aneurysms in old patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The age factor is analysed for the operative indication in old patients. For the authors, operative indications are depended of mental and general status, clinical grade (I or II), localization and anatomical conformation of the aneurysm. The operation is performed only if the patient is asymptomatic or three weeks after the onset of the subarachnoid hemorrage. The peroperative hypotension is prohibited.", "contents": "[Indications and operative conditions of aneurysms in old patients (author's transl)]. The age factor is analysed for the operative indication in old patients. For the authors, operative indications are depended of mental and general status, clinical grade (I or II), localization and anatomical conformation of the aneurysm. The operation is performed only if the patient is asymptomatic or three weeks after the onset of the subarachnoid hemorrage. The peroperative hypotension is prohibited.", "PMID": 654871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6089", "title": "Nemaline myopathy: histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed on muscle biopsies from three siblings with congenital nemaline myopathy. Histological studies revealed type I fibre atrophy and type II fibre paucity. Ultrastructural studies of intramuscular nerves showed that the axonal diameters were very narrow compared with the width of myelin lamellae. Granular or membranous osmiophilic material occurred in the adaxonal Schwann cell cytoplasm and had a periodicity of 33--38 A. The neuromuscular junctions showed degenerative features such as glycogen granules or myelin figures in 27.1% of total terminal axons. The secondary synaptic clefts were markedly decreased in number and short in length. Myotendinous junction-like structures were found in 5.5% of the muscle fibres near the neuromuscular junctions, and often near sites of fibre-splitting. Rods in nemaline myopathy might be caused as a result of longitudinal splitting and disruption of fibres due to deficient regeneration of the muscle fibres associated with neurotrophic abnormalities.", "contents": "Nemaline myopathy: histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed on muscle biopsies from three siblings with congenital nemaline myopathy. Histological studies revealed type I fibre atrophy and type II fibre paucity. Ultrastructural studies of intramuscular nerves showed that the axonal diameters were very narrow compared with the width of myelin lamellae. Granular or membranous osmiophilic material occurred in the adaxonal Schwann cell cytoplasm and had a periodicity of 33--38 A. The neuromuscular junctions showed degenerative features such as glycogen granules or myelin figures in 27.1% of total terminal axons. The secondary synaptic clefts were markedly decreased in number and short in length. Myotendinous junction-like structures were found in 5.5% of the muscle fibres near the neuromuscular junctions, and often near sites of fibre-splitting. Rods in nemaline myopathy might be caused as a result of longitudinal splitting and disruption of fibres due to deficient regeneration of the muscle fibres associated with neurotrophic abnormalities.", "PMID": 654876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6090", "title": "[Metabolic study of Vincamine in cranial trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolic effects of Vincamine were studied in eight cases of cranial trauma. The lactate/pyruvate ratio in venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid was observed for a period of six hours immediately following intravenous injection of Pervincamine (1 mg/kg) and the results compared with values obtained in the six hours following injection of a placebo. The injections were administered in 20 minutes, at intervals of 24 hours. A statistically significant change was observed in the lactate/pyruvate ratio after injection of Pervincamine. No effect was observed after administration of the placebo.", "contents": "[Metabolic study of Vincamine in cranial trauma (author's transl)]. The metabolic effects of Vincamine were studied in eight cases of cranial trauma. The lactate/pyruvate ratio in venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid was observed for a period of six hours immediately following intravenous injection of Pervincamine (1 mg/kg) and the results compared with values obtained in the six hours following injection of a placebo. The injections were administered in 20 minutes, at intervals of 24 hours. A statistically significant change was observed in the lactate/pyruvate ratio after injection of Pervincamine. No effect was observed after administration of the placebo.", "PMID": 654872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6091", "title": "Effects of long-term administration of chlorpromazine on the pineal gland of rats.", "content": "Long-term (6 months) administration of 25 mg/kg body weight/day chlorpromazine (CPZ) to rats resulted in remarkable inhibition of normal increase with age of osmiophilic lipid droplets (OLD) in the pineal gland, and atrophy of pinealocytes. The breeding conditions such as illumination, humidity, and room temperature were strictly controlled. Hence, these changes were ascribed solely to the effects of the drug. OLD are considered as an indicator of physiological activity of the gland. In view of the possible functional relations of this organ to endocrine or autonomic nervous activity, our finding may give a clue to the clarification of the possible cause of some side-effects of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of long-term administration of chlorpromazine on the pineal gland of rats. Long-term (6 months) administration of 25 mg/kg body weight/day chlorpromazine (CPZ) to rats resulted in remarkable inhibition of normal increase with age of osmiophilic lipid droplets (OLD) in the pineal gland, and atrophy of pinealocytes. The breeding conditions such as illumination, humidity, and room temperature were strictly controlled. Hence, these changes were ascribed solely to the effects of the drug. OLD are considered as an indicator of physiological activity of the gland. In view of the possible functional relations of this organ to endocrine or autonomic nervous activity, our finding may give a clue to the clarification of the possible cause of some side-effects of the drug.", "PMID": 654878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6092", "title": "Loss of pigment-laden stellate cells: a severe alteration of the isocortex in juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "Juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is associated with a moderate numerical decrease of isocortical neurons. From Nissl preparations, it is not apparent, whether this neuronal rarefication occurs at random or affects specific types of cortical neurons. Lipopigment preparations facilitate the distinction between pyramidal and stellate cells. In juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, they reveal an almost complete to total loss of small pigment-laden stellate cells. This type of local circuit neurons, scattered throughout the corpuscular and pyramidal layer in varying numbers and patterns of distribution, is common to all isocortical regions. Its pronounced and selective vulnerability in this lysosomal disease may be causally related to the marked functional impairment of the brain.", "contents": "Loss of pigment-laden stellate cells: a severe alteration of the isocortex in juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is associated with a moderate numerical decrease of isocortical neurons. From Nissl preparations, it is not apparent, whether this neuronal rarefication occurs at random or affects specific types of cortical neurons. Lipopigment preparations facilitate the distinction between pyramidal and stellate cells. In juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, they reveal an almost complete to total loss of small pigment-laden stellate cells. This type of local circuit neurons, scattered throughout the corpuscular and pyramidal layer in varying numbers and patterns of distribution, is common to all isocortical regions. Its pronounced and selective vulnerability in this lysosomal disease may be causally related to the marked functional impairment of the brain.", "PMID": 654879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6093", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis and dysplasia of the corpus callosum. Case report of their combined occurrence in a newborn.", "content": "A neuropathological study is presented of a case showing the association of tuberous sclerosis of the brain and dysplasia of the corpus callosum as well as omphalocele and malrotated colon. No signs of tuberous sclerosis were found in the internal organs. From a review of the literature this appears to be the fourth case report of tuberous sclerosis and dysplasia of the corpus callosum. The association with omphalocele, to our knowledge, has not yet been reported.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis and dysplasia of the corpus callosum. Case report of their combined occurrence in a newborn. A neuropathological study is presented of a case showing the association of tuberous sclerosis of the brain and dysplasia of the corpus callosum as well as omphalocele and malrotated colon. No signs of tuberous sclerosis were found in the internal organs. From a review of the literature this appears to be the fourth case report of tuberous sclerosis and dysplasia of the corpus callosum. The association with omphalocele, to our knowledge, has not yet been reported.", "PMID": 654880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6094", "title": "Dural involvement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Involvement of the cranial dura in rheumatoid arthritis is rare; a new case of this complication is added to the four recorded instances. Dural involvement in rheumatoid arthritis may occur in the absence of other rheumatoid lesions of the CNS; it appears to take a clinically uneventful course and does not seem to represent a factor predisposing to the development of chronic subdural hematoma.", "contents": "Dural involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Involvement of the cranial dura in rheumatoid arthritis is rare; a new case of this complication is added to the four recorded instances. Dural involvement in rheumatoid arthritis may occur in the absence of other rheumatoid lesions of the CNS; it appears to take a clinically uneventful course and does not seem to represent a factor predisposing to the development of chronic subdural hematoma.", "PMID": 654881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6095", "title": "Primary familial amyloidosis with vitreous opacities. Report of an autopsy case.", "content": "A 41-year-old Japanese male with a new type of primary familial amyloidosis was reported. The patient developed vitreous opacities, and later, disturbances in the gastrointestinal and nervous systems. At autopsy, amyloid was observed in the vitreous and the retinal vessels. There were extensive cerebral infarcts and heavy meningo-vascular amyloid deposition. Although the postmortem study revealed slight peripheral nerve degeneration in the lower extremities secondary to amyloid deposition, there was no clinical evidence of polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Primary familial amyloidosis with vitreous opacities. Report of an autopsy case. A 41-year-old Japanese male with a new type of primary familial amyloidosis was reported. The patient developed vitreous opacities, and later, disturbances in the gastrointestinal and nervous systems. At autopsy, amyloid was observed in the vitreous and the retinal vessels. There were extensive cerebral infarcts and heavy meningo-vascular amyloid deposition. Although the postmortem study revealed slight peripheral nerve degeneration in the lower extremities secondary to amyloid deposition, there was no clinical evidence of polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 654882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6096", "title": "Suppression of remyelination in the CNS by X-irradiation.", "content": "Rat and cat spinal cords were exposed to 2000, 3000 or 4000 rads of x-irradiation prior to producing an area of primary demyelination in the dorsal columns by the injection of lysolecithin. In animals irradiated with 4000 rads no remyelination by either Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes occurred. With 2000 rads both types of remyelination occurred, but when compared to unirradiated controls, central remyelination was less extensive, while Schwann cells remyelinated a greater percentage of axons. With 3000 rads the results were variable, some animals responded similarly to those in the 4000 rad group, whereas others responded as the 2000 rad animals. Oligodendrocytes were found among the persistently demyelinated axons in the 4000 rad animals and their processes were associated with, but only rarely formed a myelin sheath round, the demyelinated axons. It was concluded that irradiation damage to local cells was responsible for the inhibition of remyelination but it could not be determined if this was due to its effect on the oligodendrocytes alone. The origin of the oligodendrocytes found among the demyelinated axons is discussed in this context.", "contents": "Suppression of remyelination in the CNS by X-irradiation. Rat and cat spinal cords were exposed to 2000, 3000 or 4000 rads of x-irradiation prior to producing an area of primary demyelination in the dorsal columns by the injection of lysolecithin. In animals irradiated with 4000 rads no remyelination by either Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes occurred. With 2000 rads both types of remyelination occurred, but when compared to unirradiated controls, central remyelination was less extensive, while Schwann cells remyelinated a greater percentage of axons. With 3000 rads the results were variable, some animals responded similarly to those in the 4000 rad group, whereas others responded as the 2000 rad animals. Oligodendrocytes were found among the persistently demyelinated axons in the 4000 rad animals and their processes were associated with, but only rarely formed a myelin sheath round, the demyelinated axons. It was concluded that irradiation damage to local cells was responsible for the inhibition of remyelination but it could not be determined if this was due to its effect on the oligodendrocytes alone. The origin of the oligodendrocytes found among the demyelinated axons is discussed in this context.", "PMID": 654883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6097", "title": "Lewy bodies in cerebral cortex, report of three cases.", "content": "The histochemical and structural properties and the topographical distribution pattern of Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex as well as in the brain stem and diencephalon were studied in three cases. The Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex were found in the small or medium-sized neurons of the fifth and sixth layers, particularly in the anterior frontal, temporal, insular, and cingulate cortex, and showed minor differences in their histochemical and structural properties from typical Lewy bodies in the brain stem and diencephalon. By light microscopy they were more irregular in shape, less eosinophilic, less sharply demarcated, and did not have clear halos and central cores. From the ultrastructural aspect, the filaments in them did not radiate, but were arranged at random, and circular profiles were not associated in the central zone. This type of Lewy body was also distributed in the basal ganglia. A close relationship between Lewy bodies and monoamines in the cerebral cortex of our cases was not recognized. These three cases showed also concomitant senile changes, i.e., senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.", "contents": "Lewy bodies in cerebral cortex, report of three cases. The histochemical and structural properties and the topographical distribution pattern of Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex as well as in the brain stem and diencephalon were studied in three cases. The Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex were found in the small or medium-sized neurons of the fifth and sixth layers, particularly in the anterior frontal, temporal, insular, and cingulate cortex, and showed minor differences in their histochemical and structural properties from typical Lewy bodies in the brain stem and diencephalon. By light microscopy they were more irregular in shape, less eosinophilic, less sharply demarcated, and did not have clear halos and central cores. From the ultrastructural aspect, the filaments in them did not radiate, but were arranged at random, and circular profiles were not associated in the central zone. This type of Lewy body was also distributed in the basal ganglia. A close relationship between Lewy bodies and monoamines in the cerebral cortex of our cases was not recognized. These three cases showed also concomitant senile changes, i.e., senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.", "PMID": 654884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6098", "title": "Dendro-dendritic pentalaminar junctions in the Weaver mouse cerebellum.", "content": "The cerebellum of weaver mouse is characterized by an extensive reorganization of cell interaction secondary to the absence of mature granule cells. One yet undescribed modality of reorganization found in the hemispheres of 1-month-old animals consisted in the presence of dendro-dendritic pentalaminar junctions. The possible formation of these junctions by fusion of facing post-synaptic densities is discussed.", "contents": "Dendro-dendritic pentalaminar junctions in the Weaver mouse cerebellum. The cerebellum of weaver mouse is characterized by an extensive reorganization of cell interaction secondary to the absence of mature granule cells. One yet undescribed modality of reorganization found in the hemispheres of 1-month-old animals consisted in the presence of dendro-dendritic pentalaminar junctions. The possible formation of these junctions by fusion of facing post-synaptic densities is discussed.", "PMID": 654885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6099", "title": "Granulovacuolar degeneration in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus.", "content": "We have shown that as the number of granulovacuolar bodies in affected pyramidal cells of the hippocampus increases so cytoplasmic RNA contant is reduced. Prior to its degeration, the nucleolus is increased in volume while that of the nucleus remains unchanged in size throughout. The effects of these degenerative changes are to bring about a progressive decline in the capacity for nerve cell function, leading eventually to the death of the cell.", "contents": "Granulovacuolar degeneration in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. We have shown that as the number of granulovacuolar bodies in affected pyramidal cells of the hippocampus increases so cytoplasmic RNA contant is reduced. Prior to its degeration, the nucleolus is increased in volume while that of the nucleus remains unchanged in size throughout. The effects of these degenerative changes are to bring about a progressive decline in the capacity for nerve cell function, leading eventually to the death of the cell.", "PMID": 654886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6100", "title": "Hemosiderin deposition in muscle. Report of three cases.", "content": "This report presents the morphological character of iron deposits in muscle biopsies of three patients who have been suffering from secondary hemochromatosis. The granules observed by light microscopy and located either in the cytoplasm of macrophages or inside muscle fibres are illustrated in electron micrographs. In this study, Thiery's technic, which is a specific and very sensitive reaction, has been very useful to confirm by electron microscopy that these granules contain iron. Such a study in muscle appears to be unique. In our experience, accumulation of hemosiderin pigment in muscle does not seem to be specific of any disease but suggests that a hepatic biopsy must be done.", "contents": "Hemosiderin deposition in muscle. Report of three cases. This report presents the morphological character of iron deposits in muscle biopsies of three patients who have been suffering from secondary hemochromatosis. The granules observed by light microscopy and located either in the cytoplasm of macrophages or inside muscle fibres are illustrated in electron micrographs. In this study, Thiery's technic, which is a specific and very sensitive reaction, has been very useful to confirm by electron microscopy that these granules contain iron. Such a study in muscle appears to be unique. In our experience, accumulation of hemosiderin pigment in muscle does not seem to be specific of any disease but suggests that a hepatic biopsy must be done.", "PMID": 654887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6101", "title": "Topographic distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal cortex of aging and demented patients. A quantitative study.", "content": "Topographic analysis was performed of the distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles and the granulovacuolar degeneration of Simchowicz in the hippocampal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's dementia and mentally normal aged controls. A semiautomated scanning stage microscope was linked potentiometrically to an XY pen recorder in order to plot cytoarchitectonic \"scattergrams\" from the sequentially screened hippocampal formations. The density of both lesions per cubic mm of pyramidal cortex was quantified by measuring the area of each of six \"zones\", using a digitizer and programmable calculator. In elderly normal brains as well as those of Alzheimer's disease, the statistically most representative ranking order of predilection for neurofibrillary tangles (in decreasing severity) was: entorhinal cortex greater than subiculum greater than H1 greater than end-plate greater than presubiculum greater than H2. For granulovacuolar degeneration the best rank order was: subiculum greater than H1 greater than H2 greater than end-plate greater than entorhinal cortex greater than presubiculum. The notable similarities of both such orders of predilection to the well-recognized \"selective vulnerability\" of certain hippocampal neurones in clinical conditions of hypoxia, ischemia and epilepsy suggest some common, focally accentuated cytotoxic mechanism may underlie all these regional predispositions.", "contents": "Topographic distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal cortex of aging and demented patients. A quantitative study. Topographic analysis was performed of the distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles and the granulovacuolar degeneration of Simchowicz in the hippocampal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's dementia and mentally normal aged controls. A semiautomated scanning stage microscope was linked potentiometrically to an XY pen recorder in order to plot cytoarchitectonic \"scattergrams\" from the sequentially screened hippocampal formations. The density of both lesions per cubic mm of pyramidal cortex was quantified by measuring the area of each of six \"zones\", using a digitizer and programmable calculator. In elderly normal brains as well as those of Alzheimer's disease, the statistically most representative ranking order of predilection for neurofibrillary tangles (in decreasing severity) was: entorhinal cortex greater than subiculum greater than H1 greater than end-plate greater than presubiculum greater than H2. For granulovacuolar degeneration the best rank order was: subiculum greater than H1 greater than H2 greater than end-plate greater than entorhinal cortex greater than presubiculum. The notable similarities of both such orders of predilection to the well-recognized \"selective vulnerability\" of certain hippocampal neurones in clinical conditions of hypoxia, ischemia and epilepsy suggest some common, focally accentuated cytotoxic mechanism may underlie all these regional predispositions.", "PMID": 654888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6102", "title": "Ultrastructure of the Bunina bodies in anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies were made on the anterior horn cells in a case o amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eosinophilic inclusions of Bunina type were observed almost selectively in the motor neurons of spinal cord, as well as of brain stem, at the light microscopic level. Fine structural study revealed the presence of two types of cytoplasmic inclusions. The first, mainly corresponding to the light microscopic inclusions, were homogeneous, electron-dense, round- or oval-shaped bodies with vesicular or tubular rims and ribosome particles, about 2-5 mu in diameter, which contained filaments or other cytoplasmic componenets in the clear areas within them. The second were lamellar structures (laminated cytoplasmic bodies, Morales) which appeared to be originating from endoplasmic reticulum. There was no distinct transition in these two types of inclusions and the relationship to each other is not clear. The significance of Bunina body is unknown, but some manifestation of a primary disorder, e.g., protein metabolism, rather than a secondary degenerative change in the motor neurons in amyotorophic lateral sclerosis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the Bunina bodies in anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Light and electron microscopic studies were made on the anterior horn cells in a case o amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eosinophilic inclusions of Bunina type were observed almost selectively in the motor neurons of spinal cord, as well as of brain stem, at the light microscopic level. Fine structural study revealed the presence of two types of cytoplasmic inclusions. The first, mainly corresponding to the light microscopic inclusions, were homogeneous, electron-dense, round- or oval-shaped bodies with vesicular or tubular rims and ribosome particles, about 2-5 mu in diameter, which contained filaments or other cytoplasmic componenets in the clear areas within them. The second were lamellar structures (laminated cytoplasmic bodies, Morales) which appeared to be originating from endoplasmic reticulum. There was no distinct transition in these two types of inclusions and the relationship to each other is not clear. The significance of Bunina body is unknown, but some manifestation of a primary disorder, e.g., protein metabolism, rather than a secondary degenerative change in the motor neurons in amyotorophic lateral sclerosis.", "PMID": 654889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6103", "title": "Pathological involvement of primary sensory neurons in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease.", "content": "Seven patients with the typical clinical picture and muscle biopsy findings of classical Werdnig-Hoffmann disease showed Wallerian degeneration in their biopsied sural nerves. In dorsal root ganglia of one patient there were residual nodules and several chromatolytic neurons. By electron microscopy the changes of chromatolysis were confirmed and found to be consistent with an axonal reaction. Involvement of the primary sensory neuron is probably a regular pathologic feature of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. The type of abnormality suggests in initial failure of the axon distal to the nerve roots.", "contents": "Pathological involvement of primary sensory neurons in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. Seven patients with the typical clinical picture and muscle biopsy findings of classical Werdnig-Hoffmann disease showed Wallerian degeneration in their biopsied sural nerves. In dorsal root ganglia of one patient there were residual nodules and several chromatolytic neurons. By electron microscopy the changes of chromatolysis were confirmed and found to be consistent with an axonal reaction. Involvement of the primary sensory neuron is probably a regular pathologic feature of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. The type of abnormality suggests in initial failure of the axon distal to the nerve roots.", "PMID": 654890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6104", "title": "Stress fractures caused by physical exercise.", "content": "A series of 142 stress fractures caused by sporting activities and physical exercise is presented. 121 fractures occurred in athletes and 21 in non-competitive sportsmen. Distance runners presented with 68 fractures, skiers 12, sprinters 10, orienteering runners 9, vaulters 3, and football-players 3 fractures. Athletes engaged in other events had fewer stress fractures. 76 fractures occurred in the tibia, 26 in the metatarsal bones, 20 in the fibula, 5 in the femoral neck, 4 in the femoral shaft, and 2 in the metacapal bones, lower pubic arch and sesamoid bones of the first MTP-joint. There was one fracture of each of the following: the humeral shaft, the ulna, the vertebral arch of L 5, the tarsal navicular and the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe. The treatment was generally a pause in training for 4-6 weeks, on the average. Running caused most of the stress fractures; the rest followed jumping exercises. The athletes mostly developed stress fractures during a period of alteration from one training session to another or during the preparation period close to the competition season. Joggers usually developped stress fractures 2-4 months after the beginning of regular training.", "contents": "Stress fractures caused by physical exercise. A series of 142 stress fractures caused by sporting activities and physical exercise is presented. 121 fractures occurred in athletes and 21 in non-competitive sportsmen. Distance runners presented with 68 fractures, skiers 12, sprinters 10, orienteering runners 9, vaulters 3, and football-players 3 fractures. Athletes engaged in other events had fewer stress fractures. 76 fractures occurred in the tibia, 26 in the metatarsal bones, 20 in the fibula, 5 in the femoral neck, 4 in the femoral shaft, and 2 in the metacapal bones, lower pubic arch and sesamoid bones of the first MTP-joint. There was one fracture of each of the following: the humeral shaft, the ulna, the vertebral arch of L 5, the tarsal navicular and the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe. The treatment was generally a pause in training for 4-6 weeks, on the average. Running caused most of the stress fractures; the rest followed jumping exercises. The athletes mostly developed stress fractures during a period of alteration from one training session to another or during the preparation period close to the competition season. Joggers usually developped stress fractures 2-4 months after the beginning of regular training.", "PMID": 654891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6105", "title": "Fractures of the olecranon. Analysis of 37 consecutive cases.", "content": "This study is based on 37 consecutive cases of fracture of the olecranon, treated during the period 1973-1975. The average follow-up time was 2 years. The treatment was operative in all but two of the cases. Superficial post-operative infection occurred in three cases and in three cases the internal fixation failed due to porotic bone. The transverse fractures healed more satisfactorily than the comminuted ones. A short post-operative immobilization of 3 weeks or less gave the best results (P less than 0.05). In the comparison of methods cerclage combined with two Kirschner wires gave better results than cerclage alone.", "contents": "Fractures of the olecranon. Analysis of 37 consecutive cases. This study is based on 37 consecutive cases of fracture of the olecranon, treated during the period 1973-1975. The average follow-up time was 2 years. The treatment was operative in all but two of the cases. Superficial post-operative infection occurred in three cases and in three cases the internal fixation failed due to porotic bone. The transverse fractures healed more satisfactorily than the comminuted ones. A short post-operative immobilization of 3 weeks or less gave the best results (P less than 0.05). In the comparison of methods cerclage combined with two Kirschner wires gave better results than cerclage alone.", "PMID": 654892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6106", "title": "Fracture of the radial neck in children. A long-term follow-up study of 43 cases.", "content": "A series of 43 radial neck or head fractures in children was analysed with respect to the type of fracture and whether conservative or surgical treatment had been employed. Thirty-seven patients were examined after a follow-up period of 1-18 years (average 8 years). Tilting of the radial head, the length of the radius and the size of the radial head were  measured roentgenologically to evaluate any growth disturbances. The results were good in 24, fair in 10 and poor in 3 cases. In the 14 patients treated surgically results were good in five, fair in six and poor in three cases. All but two of these patients had an angulation of the radial head of 30 degrees or more. The result was good in 20 of the 23 patients who were treated conservatively because the angulation was less than 30 degrees after reduction. In fair and poor cases the function was impaired by the limitation of motion. Disturbances in growth were generally slight, but an enlargement of the radial head was observed in 16 cases at the follow-up.", "contents": "Fracture of the radial neck in children. A long-term follow-up study of 43 cases. A series of 43 radial neck or head fractures in children was analysed with respect to the type of fracture and whether conservative or surgical treatment had been employed. Thirty-seven patients were examined after a follow-up period of 1-18 years (average 8 years). Tilting of the radial head, the length of the radius and the size of the radial head were  measured roentgenologically to evaluate any growth disturbances. The results were good in 24, fair in 10 and poor in 3 cases. In the 14 patients treated surgically results were good in five, fair in six and poor in three cases. All but two of these patients had an angulation of the radial head of 30 degrees or more. The result was good in 20 of the 23 patients who were treated conservatively because the angulation was less than 30 degrees after reduction. In fair and poor cases the function was impaired by the limitation of motion. Disturbances in growth were generally slight, but an enlargement of the radial head was observed in 16 cases at the follow-up.", "PMID": 654893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6107", "title": "Reduction of displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children by manipulation in flexion.", "content": "Sixty-one children with posteriourly displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by minipulation with the elbow flexed 40 degrees-60 degrees. This method proved to be safe, easy to apply and was followed by a high rate of success. The elbow was immobilized using a collar-and-cuff or a broad sling and binding of the arm to the forearm with zinc oxide adhesive plaster. In difficult children, the limb was put under the child's clothing to avoid its being used. Redisplacement occurred in only 8.2 per cent of the patients and in none of these was it severe enough to justify remanipulation.", "contents": "Reduction of displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children by manipulation in flexion. Sixty-one children with posteriourly displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by minipulation with the elbow flexed 40 degrees-60 degrees. This method proved to be safe, easy to apply and was followed by a high rate of success. The elbow was immobilized using a collar-and-cuff or a broad sling and binding of the arm to the forearm with zinc oxide adhesive plaster. In difficult children, the limb was put under the child's clothing to avoid its being used. Redisplacement occurred in only 8.2 per cent of the patients and in none of these was it severe enough to justify remanipulation.", "PMID": 654894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6108", "title": "A photoelastic study of a model of the proximal femur. A biomechanical study of unstable trochanteric fractures I.", "content": "In attempt to standardize an experimental model for biomechanical studies of unstable trochanteric fractures, acrylic models of the proximal femur were investigated by the photoelastic technique. By matching the stress distribution in the acrylic models to those calculated by Pauwels, it was found that the optimal femoral shaft and resultant hip joint force angles were 5 degrees and 6 degrees to the vertical, respectively. The abductor muscle pull was determined to be 55 per cent of the resultant hip joint force at 15 degrees medial inclination to the vertical.", "contents": "A photoelastic study of a model of the proximal femur. A biomechanical study of unstable trochanteric fractures I. In attempt to standardize an experimental model for biomechanical studies of unstable trochanteric fractures, acrylic models of the proximal femur were investigated by the photoelastic technique. By matching the stress distribution in the acrylic models to those calculated by Pauwels, it was found that the optimal femoral shaft and resultant hip joint force angles were 5 degrees and 6 degrees to the vertical, respectively. The abductor muscle pull was determined to be 55 per cent of the resultant hip joint force at 15 degrees medial inclination to the vertical.", "PMID": 654895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6109", "title": "A photoelastic study of the hip nail-plate in unstable trochanteric fractures. A biomechanical study of unstable trochanteric fractures II.", "content": "The photoelastic technique was applied to acrylic models of unstable trochanteric fractures. Model osteosynthesis was performed on nail-plates with different angles. An increase of the angle between the nail and plate was shown to reduce the shear force between those two components considerably. From mecnanical considerations it is recommended that a steep placement of the nail-plate is advantageous in osteosynthesis of unstable trochanteric fractures without medial support.", "contents": "A photoelastic study of the hip nail-plate in unstable trochanteric fractures. A biomechanical study of unstable trochanteric fractures II. The photoelastic technique was applied to acrylic models of unstable trochanteric fractures. Model osteosynthesis was performed on nail-plates with different angles. An increase of the angle between the nail and plate was shown to reduce the shear force between those two components considerably. From mecnanical considerations it is recommended that a steep placement of the nail-plate is advantageous in osteosynthesis of unstable trochanteric fractures without medial support.", "PMID": 654896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6110", "title": "A roentgen stereophotogrammetric investigation of innominate osteotomy (Salter).", "content": "The effect of the innominate osteotomy according to Salter was investigated by a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method in a 17-year-old girl with hip dysplasia as a part of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal (Giedion) syndrome. The osteotomy resulted in a total rotation of 32 degrees about an axis passing cranially to the pubic symphysis and the osteotomy. The acetabulum rotated 22 degrees forwards about a transverse axis, 9 degrees laterally about a longitudinal axis and 24 degrees laterally about a sagittal axis. The acetabulum was translated 2 mm laterally along a transverse axis, 21 mm caudally along a longitudinal axis and 19 mm dorsally along a sagittal axis. The position of the screw axis indicates that some motion also took place in one or both of the sacroiliac joints. The correction as measured with the CE-angle was 25 degrees which was almost the same as the correction about the sagittal axis. It is, however, noted that the CE-angle was also dependent upon the rotations about the transverse and longitudinal axes.", "contents": "A roentgen stereophotogrammetric investigation of innominate osteotomy (Salter). The effect of the innominate osteotomy according to Salter was investigated by a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method in a 17-year-old girl with hip dysplasia as a part of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal (Giedion) syndrome. The osteotomy resulted in a total rotation of 32 degrees about an axis passing cranially to the pubic symphysis and the osteotomy. The acetabulum rotated 22 degrees forwards about a transverse axis, 9 degrees laterally about a longitudinal axis and 24 degrees laterally about a sagittal axis. The acetabulum was translated 2 mm laterally along a transverse axis, 21 mm caudally along a longitudinal axis and 19 mm dorsally along a sagittal axis. The position of the screw axis indicates that some motion also took place in one or both of the sacroiliac joints. The correction as measured with the CE-angle was 25 degrees which was almost the same as the correction about the sagittal axis. It is, however, noted that the CE-angle was also dependent upon the rotations about the transverse and longitudinal axes.", "PMID": 654898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6111", "title": "Quadriceps function following indirect nailing of femoral shaft fractures.", "content": "A series of 24 adult patients with isolated, unilateral fractures of the femoral shaft treated by indirect Street-Hansen nailing is submitted. Follow-up included clinical and radiological assessment as well as measurement of quadriceps power. Isometric strength as well as dynamic endurance were significantly decreased at the 5 per cent level as compared with the unaffected leg. There was a poor correlation between thigh circumference and strength. The decrease in strength and  endurance after indirect nailing was less than that found in previous investigations of femoral fractures treated by direct nailing.", "contents": "Quadriceps function following indirect nailing of femoral shaft fractures. A series of 24 adult patients with isolated, unilateral fractures of the femoral shaft treated by indirect Street-Hansen nailing is submitted. Follow-up included clinical and radiological assessment as well as measurement of quadriceps power. Isometric strength as well as dynamic endurance were significantly decreased at the 5 per cent level as compared with the unaffected leg. There was a poor correlation between thigh circumference and strength. The decrease in strength and  endurance after indirect nailing was less than that found in previous investigations of femoral fractures treated by direct nailing.", "PMID": 654899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6112", "title": "High tibial osteotomy for rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. A one to six year follow-up study.", "content": "Although high tibial osteotomy for osteoarthrosis of the knee joint is well recognized, its place in the management of rheumatoid arthritis of the knee is much less well established. Thirty-six rheumatoid knees were reviewed 1 to 6 years following tibial osteotomy. The results were 42 per cent good, 19 per cent satisfactory and 39 per cent poor. No patient remained free of pain for more than 3 years, and recurrence of pain was not always associated with recurrence of deformity. Varus knees did considerably better than valgus knees despite some technical errors. Maintenance of a normal femoro-tibial angle range of 164 degrees to 177 degrees at follow-up was important but not as vital as in osteoarthrosis of the knee. The beneficial effect of tibial osteotomy in rheumatoid arthritis of the knee seldom lasted more than 3 years after which time an increasing number of bad results were seen. It was concluded that high tibial osteotomy was a satisfactory procedure for rheumatoid arthritis of the knee but its efficacy was not comparable to that seen in osteoarthrosis nor was its effect long-lasting.", "contents": "High tibial osteotomy for rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. A one to six year follow-up study. Although high tibial osteotomy for osteoarthrosis of the knee joint is well recognized, its place in the management of rheumatoid arthritis of the knee is much less well established. Thirty-six rheumatoid knees were reviewed 1 to 6 years following tibial osteotomy. The results were 42 per cent good, 19 per cent satisfactory and 39 per cent poor. No patient remained free of pain for more than 3 years, and recurrence of pain was not always associated with recurrence of deformity. Varus knees did considerably better than valgus knees despite some technical errors. Maintenance of a normal femoro-tibial angle range of 164 degrees to 177 degrees at follow-up was important but not as vital as in osteoarthrosis of the knee. The beneficial effect of tibial osteotomy in rheumatoid arthritis of the knee seldom lasted more than 3 years after which time an increasing number of bad results were seen. It was concluded that high tibial osteotomy was a satisfactory procedure for rheumatoid arthritis of the knee but its efficacy was not comparable to that seen in osteoarthrosis nor was its effect long-lasting.", "PMID": 654900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6113", "title": "A physical examination of orthopaedic implants and asjacent tissue.", "content": "This paper reports a metallurgical study of five metal-on-metal total hip replacements removed from patients because of varying degrees of loss of bone substance and/or proven sensitivity to Ni and Cr. Evidence of corrosion of the Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy used to fabricate the prostheses was found. It is suggested that the products of this corrosion may alter the balance of bone formation/resorption to produce a loss of bone substance. An unusual tissue response which included rod-like particles (1-2 micron long x 0.2 micron in cross section), of possible immunological origin, was seen on examination of the articulating surface of one of the prostheses by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "A physical examination of orthopaedic implants and asjacent tissue. This paper reports a metallurgical study of five metal-on-metal total hip replacements removed from patients because of varying degrees of loss of bone substance and/or proven sensitivity to Ni and Cr. Evidence of corrosion of the Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy used to fabricate the prostheses was found. It is suggested that the products of this corrosion may alter the balance of bone formation/resorption to produce a loss of bone substance. An unusual tissue response which included rod-like particles (1-2 micron long x 0.2 micron in cross section), of possible immunological origin, was seen on examination of the articulating surface of one of the prostheses by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 654901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6114", "title": "The SAAB jig: an aid in high tibial osteotomy.", "content": "To increase the precision of high tibial osteotomy a surgical tool has been developed. The instrument is described. The precision obtainable using the instrument is found to be significantly ( P less than 0.001) higher than that obtained when operating without the instrument.", "contents": "The SAAB jig: an aid in high tibial osteotomy. To increase the precision of high tibial osteotomy a surgical tool has been developed. The instrument is described. The precision obtainable using the instrument is found to be significantly ( P less than 0.001) higher than that obtained when operating without the instrument.", "PMID": 654902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6115", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus.", "content": "Nineteen patients showing radiological subchondral changes in the trochlea tali are submitted. In 16 cases the changes were osteochondritis dissecans, either with sequestra or with multilocular cysts, and in three cases so-called synovial cysts. The site was in 13 cases the upper medial and in five cases the upper lateral angle of the talus, and in one patient both. In five of the six lateral cases symptoms had started following trauma, while this applied to only five of the 13 medial cases. The three solitary cysts showed marked similarity to the other cases with respect to symptoms, signs, operative findings, as well as possible traumatic aetiology.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. Nineteen patients showing radiological subchondral changes in the trochlea tali are submitted. In 16 cases the changes were osteochondritis dissecans, either with sequestra or with multilocular cysts, and in three cases so-called synovial cysts. The site was in 13 cases the upper medial and in five cases the upper lateral angle of the talus, and in one patient both. In five of the six lateral cases symptoms had started following trauma, while this applied to only five of the 13 medial cases. The three solitary cysts showed marked similarity to the other cases with respect to symptoms, signs, operative findings, as well as possible traumatic aetiology.", "PMID": 654903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6116", "title": "A case of septic arthritis in multiple joints due to Bacteroides fragilis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A case of arthritis in multiple joints due to B. fragilis ssp. fragilis is described. The patient was a 55-year-old man badly disabled by rheumatoid arthritis. The patient's immune response to the isolated strain was studied and a significant titre reduction during the course of the disease was observed. The serum antibodies of the patient cross-reacted with heterologous strains of B. fragilis ssp. fragilis. It is suggested that indirect immunofluorescence tests against a certain number of B. fragilis strains could be performed with serum from a patient in whom an infection with B. fragilis is suspected.", "contents": "A case of septic arthritis in multiple joints due to Bacteroides fragilis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. A case of arthritis in multiple joints due to B. fragilis ssp. fragilis is described. The patient was a 55-year-old man badly disabled by rheumatoid arthritis. The patient's immune response to the isolated strain was studied and a significant titre reduction during the course of the disease was observed. The serum antibodies of the patient cross-reacted with heterologous strains of B. fragilis ssp. fragilis. It is suggested that indirect immunofluorescence tests against a certain number of B. fragilis strains could be performed with serum from a patient in whom an infection with B. fragilis is suspected.", "PMID": 654904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6117", "title": "Antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of infants and children with their first two urinary tract infections.", "content": "The presence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine has been shown to be an indicator for renal bacteriuria in adults with chronic UTI. To evaluate this method (ABCU test) in pediatric patients, 128 infants and children with their first UTI were investigated. Twenty-nine patients of the 78 who had a first clinically defined upper UTI had antibody-coated bacteria in urine. The test was seldom (2/20) positive in the infants under six months. In the older patients (27/58 ABCU-positive) the frequency of positive tests increased with the duration of symptoms. When the symptoms had lasted for over one weeks, 11 out of the 13 children with their first upper UTI showed antibody-coated bacteria in urine. Four of the 36 first lower UTIs and 5 out of the 14 asymptomatic cases were ABCU-positive. The patients were followed-up for an average of 9 months. Those who were classified as having first upper UTI had in most cases a positive ABCU test in recurrences, independently of the clinical picture. The recurrences after the first lower UTIs showed antibody-coated bacteria in urine only when the recurrence was classified as upper UTI on the grounds of the clinical criteria used.", "contents": "Antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of infants and children with their first two urinary tract infections. The presence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine has been shown to be an indicator for renal bacteriuria in adults with chronic UTI. To evaluate this method (ABCU test) in pediatric patients, 128 infants and children with their first UTI were investigated. Twenty-nine patients of the 78 who had a first clinically defined upper UTI had antibody-coated bacteria in urine. The test was seldom (2/20) positive in the infants under six months. In the older patients (27/58 ABCU-positive) the frequency of positive tests increased with the duration of symptoms. When the symptoms had lasted for over one weeks, 11 out of the 13 children with their first upper UTI showed antibody-coated bacteria in urine. Four of the 36 first lower UTIs and 5 out of the 14 asymptomatic cases were ABCU-positive. The patients were followed-up for an average of 9 months. Those who were classified as having first upper UTI had in most cases a positive ABCU test in recurrences, independently of the clinical picture. The recurrences after the first lower UTIs showed antibody-coated bacteria in urine only when the recurrence was classified as upper UTI on the grounds of the clinical criteria used.", "PMID": 654905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6118", "title": "Long-term effect of previous swimtraining in girls. A 10-year follow-up of the \"girl swimmers\".", "content": "Thirty girls, studied in 1961 after 2.5 years of intensive swimtraining, were the subject of a follow-up for ten years. When last examined, seven and ten years after the original study, all the girls had given up swimtraining. The increased values for vital capacity observed in 1961 remained unchanged, but residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity showed small increases even after corrections for body growth. Such increases are, however, normal in these years. Heart volume which was high originally, was found to be lower ten years later, although mean values were still higher than normal. The decreases seen from 1961 to 1971 could mainly be ascirbed to a decrease in the subjects with the larges hearts originally. Both total hemoglobin and blood volume decreased to normal values in relation to body size. Maximal oxygen uptake, though, fell from 2.80 l/min (51. 4 ml/kg X min) to 2.18 l/min (36.4 ml/kg X min) ten years later. It is suggested that the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system declined more markedly than its dimensions.", "contents": "Long-term effect of previous swimtraining in girls. A 10-year follow-up of the \"girl swimmers\". Thirty girls, studied in 1961 after 2.5 years of intensive swimtraining, were the subject of a follow-up for ten years. When last examined, seven and ten years after the original study, all the girls had given up swimtraining. The increased values for vital capacity observed in 1961 remained unchanged, but residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity showed small increases even after corrections for body growth. Such increases are, however, normal in these years. Heart volume which was high originally, was found to be lower ten years later, although mean values were still higher than normal. The decreases seen from 1961 to 1971 could mainly be ascirbed to a decrease in the subjects with the larges hearts originally. Both total hemoglobin and blood volume decreased to normal values in relation to body size. Maximal oxygen uptake, though, fell from 2.80 l/min (51. 4 ml/kg X min) to 2.18 l/min (36.4 ml/kg X min) ten years later. It is suggested that the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system declined more markedly than its dimensions.", "PMID": 654906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6119", "title": "Effect of intravenous L-alanine administration on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon, blood pyruvate, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in newborn infants. Study in term and preterm newborn infants.", "content": "Ten term and eleven preterm newborn infants with appropriate weights for their gestational age were infused for one minute with L-alanine (150 mg/kg) at the age of 29 to 76 hours (mean 48 hours) and circulating levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, D-betahydroxybutyrate (D-BOHB), insulin and glucagon were monitored. Plasma glucose concentrations increased from 2.7 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 3.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l after 50 min (p less than 0.01) in term infants. In preterm infants, after an initial decrease of the glucose level from 3.1 +/- 0.16 to 2.6 +/- 0.16 mmol/l (p less than 0.05), it returned to the baseline level at 50 min: 3.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. The blood concentration of D-BOHB decreased in term infants from 192 +/- 37 to 112 + 6 micrometer/l (p less than 0.01) after 40 min. In preterms, its decrease was not significant (p greater than 0.05). Plasma glucagon level rose from 53 +/- 5 to 70 +/- 8 pmol/l after ten minutes (p less than 0.01) in terms infants and from 61 +/- 6 to 75 +/- 9 after 20 min (p less than 0.01) in preterm infants. There were no significant changes in plasma insulin concentrations in either group. Forty minutes after L-alanine infusion, I/G ratios were lower in preterm infants (1.26 +/- 0.14) than in term infants (1.71 +/- 0.25) (p less than 0.01). There was no relationship between the glycemic responses to L-alanine and the basal levels of D-BOHB. The data suggest that the glycemic effect of L-alanine infusion and circulating glucagon depends upon a specific stage in maturation. The antiketogenic effect of L-alanine infusion is observed in term infants as in adults.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous L-alanine administration on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon, blood pyruvate, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in newborn infants. Study in term and preterm newborn infants. Ten term and eleven preterm newborn infants with appropriate weights for their gestational age were infused for one minute with L-alanine (150 mg/kg) at the age of 29 to 76 hours (mean 48 hours) and circulating levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, D-betahydroxybutyrate (D-BOHB), insulin and glucagon were monitored. Plasma glucose concentrations increased from 2.7 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 3.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l after 50 min (p less than 0.01) in term infants. In preterm infants, after an initial decrease of the glucose level from 3.1 +/- 0.16 to 2.6 +/- 0.16 mmol/l (p less than 0.05), it returned to the baseline level at 50 min: 3.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. The blood concentration of D-BOHB decreased in term infants from 192 +/- 37 to 112 + 6 micrometer/l (p less than 0.01) after 40 min. In preterms, its decrease was not significant (p greater than 0.05). Plasma glucagon level rose from 53 +/- 5 to 70 +/- 8 pmol/l after ten minutes (p less than 0.01) in terms infants and from 61 +/- 6 to 75 +/- 9 after 20 min (p less than 0.01) in preterm infants. There were no significant changes in plasma insulin concentrations in either group. Forty minutes after L-alanine infusion, I/G ratios were lower in preterm infants (1.26 +/- 0.14) than in term infants (1.71 +/- 0.25) (p less than 0.01). There was no relationship between the glycemic responses to L-alanine and the basal levels of D-BOHB. The data suggest that the glycemic effect of L-alanine infusion and circulating glucagon depends upon a specific stage in maturation. The antiketogenic effect of L-alanine infusion is observed in term infants as in adults.", "PMID": 654907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6120", "title": "Copper deficiency and hypocalcemic rickets in a small-for-date infant.", "content": "A case of copper deficiency associated with hypocalcemia, radiological features of rickets and hyperparathyroidism is described in a small-for-date infant (gestational age 39 weeks, B.W 1 240 g). Neonatal serum copper (Cu) levels were found between 223 and 138 mumol/l. She was given daily 2 400 U of vitamin D2 and a load dose of 80 000 IU at the age of 55 days. At the age of 79 days, X-rays of the legs and wrist showed spread, cupped and frayed metaphyses. Serum Ca was 1.35 mmol/l, P = 0.99 mmol/l with high alkaline phosphatases (A.P.) 590 IU/ml. But plasma level of 25 hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-CC) was normal = 10.8 ng/ml. Serum Cu  was low = 3.14 mumol/l and serum immunoreactive parathormone (iPTH) level was elevated: 520 mulEq/ml (N less than or equal to 100). Administration of vitamin D2 (15 mg) induced an immediate normalization of serum Ca, normal serum iPTH (68 mulEq/ml) in one month, normal X-rays in two months and normal A.P. in four months. Serum Cu and ceruloplasmin levels increased slowly without any supplementation to subnormal levels at the age of eight months (14.9 and 1.65 mumol/l. Serum Cu concentrations were found to be normal (16.0--33.7 mumol/l) in five children with hypocalcemic rickets. These results suggest a role of Cu deficiency in the occurrence of this transient vitamin D-resistant rickets.", "contents": "Copper deficiency and hypocalcemic rickets in a small-for-date infant. A case of copper deficiency associated with hypocalcemia, radiological features of rickets and hyperparathyroidism is described in a small-for-date infant (gestational age 39 weeks, B.W 1 240 g). Neonatal serum copper (Cu) levels were found between 223 and 138 mumol/l. She was given daily 2 400 U of vitamin D2 and a load dose of 80 000 IU at the age of 55 days. At the age of 79 days, X-rays of the legs and wrist showed spread, cupped and frayed metaphyses. Serum Ca was 1.35 mmol/l, P = 0.99 mmol/l with high alkaline phosphatases (A.P.) 590 IU/ml. But plasma level of 25 hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-CC) was normal = 10.8 ng/ml. Serum Cu  was low = 3.14 mumol/l and serum immunoreactive parathormone (iPTH) level was elevated: 520 mulEq/ml (N less than or equal to 100). Administration of vitamin D2 (15 mg) induced an immediate normalization of serum Ca, normal serum iPTH (68 mulEq/ml) in one month, normal X-rays in two months and normal A.P. in four months. Serum Cu and ceruloplasmin levels increased slowly without any supplementation to subnormal levels at the age of eight months (14.9 and 1.65 mumol/l. Serum Cu concentrations were found to be normal (16.0--33.7 mumol/l) in five children with hypocalcemic rickets. These results suggest a role of Cu deficiency in the occurrence of this transient vitamin D-resistant rickets.", "PMID": 654908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6121", "title": "Diagnostic value of hand X-rays in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Previously described radiological signs of Turner's syndrome were evaluated in X-rays of the left hand from 17 patients with Turner's syndrome (age 10.4--15.3 years) and 17 age-matched girls with constitutional short stature. While none of the signs clearly distinguished between the two groups, ballooning of the tips of the terminal phalanges with a high ratio between the tip and mid-shaft diameters seemed to be the most useful of Turner's syndrome. Disproportionately long phalanges in the 4th finger and the presence of a coarse reticular pattern in the carpal bones appeared to be the next most useful signs. The presence of a short 4th metacarpal or a narrow carpal angle, and assessment for Madelung's deformity were of little value in distinguishing between the two groups.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of hand X-rays in Turner's syndrome. Previously described radiological signs of Turner's syndrome were evaluated in X-rays of the left hand from 17 patients with Turner's syndrome (age 10.4--15.3 years) and 17 age-matched girls with constitutional short stature. While none of the signs clearly distinguished between the two groups, ballooning of the tips of the terminal phalanges with a high ratio between the tip and mid-shaft diameters seemed to be the most useful of Turner's syndrome. Disproportionately long phalanges in the 4th finger and the presence of a coarse reticular pattern in the carpal bones appeared to be the next most useful signs. The presence of a short 4th metacarpal or a narrow carpal angle, and assessment for Madelung's deformity were of little value in distinguishing between the two groups.", "PMID": 654909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6122", "title": "Renal function in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Renal function was studied in 11 pre-term infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) grade 1 according to Prod'hom's criteria. As a reference 16 healthy pre-term infants were studied. The groups did not differ with regard to mean gestational age (GA) and mean postnatal age (PNA). The studies were prefomred twice, first at a PNA of 33--37 hours and then at 132--148 hours. GFR and CPAH were determined with the single injection technique and the ability to excrete Na+ was determined following an oral Na+ load. GFR was higher in IRDS infants at the first investigation and slightly lower in IRDS infants at the second investigation. The GFR correlated to the lowest recorded PaO2 (r=0.45) in IRDS infants. CPAH was similar in IRDS and controls at the first, and lower in IRDS infants at the second investigation. The urinary Na+ excretion was significantly higher in IRDS infants. Treatment with digitalis was in part responsible for the high urinary Na+ excretion. The IRDS infants had a higher Na+ and glucose intake than the control infants. It is suggested that this higher intake is in part responsible for the relatively high GFR and urinary Na+ excretion in IRDS infants.", "contents": "Renal function in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Renal function was studied in 11 pre-term infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) grade 1 according to Prod'hom's criteria. As a reference 16 healthy pre-term infants were studied. The groups did not differ with regard to mean gestational age (GA) and mean postnatal age (PNA). The studies were prefomred twice, first at a PNA of 33--37 hours and then at 132--148 hours. GFR and CPAH were determined with the single injection technique and the ability to excrete Na+ was determined following an oral Na+ load. GFR was higher in IRDS infants at the first investigation and slightly lower in IRDS infants at the second investigation. The GFR correlated to the lowest recorded PaO2 (r=0.45) in IRDS infants. CPAH was similar in IRDS and controls at the first, and lower in IRDS infants at the second investigation. The urinary Na+ excretion was significantly higher in IRDS infants. Treatment with digitalis was in part responsible for the high urinary Na+ excretion. The IRDS infants had a higher Na+ and glucose intake than the control infants. It is suggested that this higher intake is in part responsible for the relatively high GFR and urinary Na+ excretion in IRDS infants.", "PMID": 654910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6123", "title": "Acute hemolytic anemia related to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination.", "content": "Three infants developed severe hemolytic anemia following the second or third diphtheria-pertussistetanus vaccination. Direct antiglobulin tests were positive, and the infant most severely affected also had reduced serum complement levels, indicating an immunological mechanism for the hemolysis. The presence of IgM on the erythrocytes from 2 of the infants could be demonstrated by antiglobulin tests or immunization experiments. Heat eluates of the erythrocytes from one of the infants contained antibodies to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, as well as to Bordetella pertussis, suggesting that these antibodies were antigenically bound to the erythrocytes. Virus antibodies or isoagglutinins, present in the serum, were not found in the eluate. No antibodies against the vaccine components could be demonstrated in eluates of erythrocytes from control subjects. In vivo experiments showed that tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were easily bound to human erythrocytes. This finding could help explain the pathogenesis of the autohemolysis.", "contents": "Acute hemolytic anemia related to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination. Three infants developed severe hemolytic anemia following the second or third diphtheria-pertussistetanus vaccination. Direct antiglobulin tests were positive, and the infant most severely affected also had reduced serum complement levels, indicating an immunological mechanism for the hemolysis. The presence of IgM on the erythrocytes from 2 of the infants could be demonstrated by antiglobulin tests or immunization experiments. Heat eluates of the erythrocytes from one of the infants contained antibodies to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, as well as to Bordetella pertussis, suggesting that these antibodies were antigenically bound to the erythrocytes. Virus antibodies or isoagglutinins, present in the serum, were not found in the eluate. No antibodies against the vaccine components could be demonstrated in eluates of erythrocytes from control subjects. In vivo experiments showed that tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were easily bound to human erythrocytes. This finding could help explain the pathogenesis of the autohemolysis.", "PMID": 654911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6124", "title": "Renography in the foetal and newborn lamb.", "content": "Hippuran renography indicates kidney function as reflected in a substance handled mainly by the tubules. The working conditions of the kidneys undergo a fundamental change at birth with the cessation of placenta circulation, and these organs become responsible for waste elimination. 131I-hippuran renography was performed on foetal and newborn lambs using a gamma camera and a computer. The intervals of the maximum- and half-time renal activity were determined. These decreased by a half from mean foetal value of Tm=7 mi and T12=19 min in 1 to 1.5 days and reached the full-grown level in 2 to 5 weeks. No sudden change occurred as a result of the first breath.", "contents": "Renography in the foetal and newborn lamb. Hippuran renography indicates kidney function as reflected in a substance handled mainly by the tubules. The working conditions of the kidneys undergo a fundamental change at birth with the cessation of placenta circulation, and these organs become responsible for waste elimination. 131I-hippuran renography was performed on foetal and newborn lambs using a gamma camera and a computer. The intervals of the maximum- and half-time renal activity were determined. These decreased by a half from mean foetal value of Tm=7 mi and T12=19 min in 1 to 1.5 days and reached the full-grown level in 2 to 5 weeks. No sudden change occurred as a result of the first breath.", "PMID": 654912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6125", "title": "The diagnosis of iron deficiency by erythrocyte protoporphyrin and serum ferritin analyses.", "content": "Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and serum ferritin have been determined in 57 healthy children and in 25 children with varying degrees of iron deficiency. FEP was found to be inversely correlated to the concentration of hemoglobin (r = -0.80) as well as to serum ferritin (r=-0.64). Elevated FEP was found in children with hemoglobin less than 12.5 g/dl, or serum ferritin less than 8 microgram/l. In a group of apparently hematologically normal children between the age of 10--14 years (hemoglobin greater than 12.5 g/dl), a 2-month-trial of iron medication resulted in an increase in hemoglobin and ferritin, and a decrease in  FEP, indicating suboptimal supply of iron for hemoglobin synthesis before iron medication. In a patient with iron deficiency (FEP 15.3 mumole/l, hemoglobin 5.2 g/dl), iron therapy was followed by a rapid fall in FEP before any changes in hemoglobin, serum iron transferrin saturation and ferritin could be detected. The rapid fall in FEP during start of treatment in iron deficiency makes FEP a sensitive biochemical parameter on iron homeostasis in iron deficiency anemia.", "contents": "The diagnosis of iron deficiency by erythrocyte protoporphyrin and serum ferritin analyses. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and serum ferritin have been determined in 57 healthy children and in 25 children with varying degrees of iron deficiency. FEP was found to be inversely correlated to the concentration of hemoglobin (r = -0.80) as well as to serum ferritin (r=-0.64). Elevated FEP was found in children with hemoglobin less than 12.5 g/dl, or serum ferritin less than 8 microgram/l. In a group of apparently hematologically normal children between the age of 10--14 years (hemoglobin greater than 12.5 g/dl), a 2-month-trial of iron medication resulted in an increase in hemoglobin and ferritin, and a decrease in  FEP, indicating suboptimal supply of iron for hemoglobin synthesis before iron medication. In a patient with iron deficiency (FEP 15.3 mumole/l, hemoglobin 5.2 g/dl), iron therapy was followed by a rapid fall in FEP before any changes in hemoglobin, serum iron transferrin saturation and ferritin could be detected. The rapid fall in FEP during start of treatment in iron deficiency makes FEP a sensitive biochemical parameter on iron homeostasis in iron deficiency anemia.", "PMID": 654913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6126", "title": "Effects of thiamine in a patient with a variant form of branched-chian ketoaciduria.", "content": "A boy with the intermediate variant of branched-chain ketoaciduria was studied. Treatment with an amino acid mixture was discontinued at the age of 7.5 years. Reintroduction of normal protein-containing foods precipitated the biochemical abnormalities, characteristic of MSUD, which were relieved by 10 mg thiamine/day. Adaptation to this regiment developed and thiamine intake was increased to 100 mg/day, later to 1 000 mg/day. The patient developed well and had no attacks of ketoacidosis. 1-14C-leucine degradation in intact fibroblasts was 15% of controls and did not increase upon addition of thiamine to the incubation medium.", "contents": "Effects of thiamine in a patient with a variant form of branched-chian ketoaciduria. A boy with the intermediate variant of branched-chain ketoaciduria was studied. Treatment with an amino acid mixture was discontinued at the age of 7.5 years. Reintroduction of normal protein-containing foods precipitated the biochemical abnormalities, characteristic of MSUD, which were relieved by 10 mg thiamine/day. Adaptation to this regiment developed and thiamine intake was increased to 100 mg/day, later to 1 000 mg/day. The patient developed well and had no attacks of ketoacidosis. 1-14C-leucine degradation in intact fibroblasts was 15% of controls and did not increase upon addition of thiamine to the incubation medium.", "PMID": 654914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6127", "title": "Visual disorders in 7-year-old children with and without previous vision screening.", "content": "An analysis of visual defects among 310 children referred from a vision screening of 2 178 7-year-old children revealed a 50% frequency of significant eye defects among the referrals (7% of screened children). Of the screened children, one group (1 530 children) had previous visual screening three years earlier. The other group (648 children) had no previous vision screening until the age of seven. A comparison between the two groups showed that the risk of finding a new significant eye disorder in a school entrant was more than 6 times greater for a child who was not examined in his preschool years, and the risk of finding an amblyopic child was more than 10 times greater. The results do indicate the need for continuation of the present vision screening program of pre-school children.", "contents": "Visual disorders in 7-year-old children with and without previous vision screening. An analysis of visual defects among 310 children referred from a vision screening of 2 178 7-year-old children revealed a 50% frequency of significant eye defects among the referrals (7% of screened children). Of the screened children, one group (1 530 children) had previous visual screening three years earlier. The other group (648 children) had no previous vision screening until the age of seven. A comparison between the two groups showed that the risk of finding a new significant eye disorder in a school entrant was more than 6 times greater for a child who was not examined in his preschool years, and the risk of finding an amblyopic child was more than 10 times greater. The results do indicate the need for continuation of the present vision screening program of pre-school children.", "PMID": 654915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6128", "title": "Abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis in a syndrome of unusual facies, proportionate small stature and sensorineural deafness-mutism.", "content": "Two of 5 children in one family presented with unique facies, proportionate small stature and sensorineural deafness-mutism. One of the children who had a history of recurrent infections, was shown to have a defect of leukocyte chemotaxis. Although impairment of chemotaxis could not be demonstrated in the other affected sibling, it is unlikely that the association of a previously undescribed syndrome and a rare disorder of chemotaxis is a chance occurrence.", "contents": "Abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis in a syndrome of unusual facies, proportionate small stature and sensorineural deafness-mutism. Two of 5 children in one family presented with unique facies, proportionate small stature and sensorineural deafness-mutism. One of the children who had a history of recurrent infections, was shown to have a defect of leukocyte chemotaxis. Although impairment of chemotaxis could not be demonstrated in the other affected sibling, it is unlikely that the association of a previously undescribed syndrome and a rare disorder of chemotaxis is a chance occurrence.", "PMID": 654917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6129", "title": "Polyamines and nucleic acids in the mouse kidney induced to growth by testosterone propionate.", "content": "Daily injections of testosterone propionate to castrated mice resulted in a striking increase in kidney weight. Renal putrescine rose sharply and the amounts of spermidine were also increased. The activity or ornithine decarboxylase was enhanced to values of more than 1 000 times the control level within a few days of testosterone substitution. A moderate and temporary increase in the activity of the putrescine-activated S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase was observed. Testosterone injections produced a large increase of renal RNA but only a minor change in DNA. It is apparent that in mice distinct alterations in polyamine metabolism occur during the development of renal hypertrophy induced by testosterone administration.", "contents": "Polyamines and nucleic acids in the mouse kidney induced to growth by testosterone propionate. Daily injections of testosterone propionate to castrated mice resulted in a striking increase in kidney weight. Renal putrescine rose sharply and the amounts of spermidine were also increased. The activity or ornithine decarboxylase was enhanced to values of more than 1 000 times the control level within a few days of testosterone substitution. A moderate and temporary increase in the activity of the putrescine-activated S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase was observed. Testosterone injections produced a large increase of renal RNA but only a minor change in DNA. It is apparent that in mice distinct alterations in polyamine metabolism occur during the development of renal hypertrophy induced by testosterone administration.", "PMID": 654930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6130", "title": "The effect of endogenous and exogenous GABA on the level and turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of endogenous and exogenous GABA on the level and turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 117--121. GABA administered to the lateral ventricle of the rat brain (i.v.c.) in doses of 200 and 600 microgram decreased the level of noradrenaline and had no effect on dopamine level. A similar effect was obtained after raising the level of endogenous GABA in the brain by means of intraperitoneal hydroxylamine (Hx) in doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg. It was also observed that GABA given i.v.c. in a dose of 600 mg/kg reduces the turnover of dopamine in the brain.", "contents": "The effect of endogenous and exogenous GABA on the level and turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat brain. The effect of endogenous and exogenous GABA on the level and turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 117--121. GABA administered to the lateral ventricle of the rat brain (i.v.c.) in doses of 200 and 600 microgram decreased the level of noradrenaline and had no effect on dopamine level. A similar effect was obtained after raising the level of endogenous GABA in the brain by means of intraperitoneal hydroxylamine (Hx) in doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg. It was also observed that GABA given i.v.c. in a dose of 600 mg/kg reduces the turnover of dopamine in the brain.", "PMID": 654925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6131", "title": "Time course of light induced changes in pilocarpine sensitivity of rat iris.", "content": "Pigmented rats were kept under different light regimens for 1--20 days. Supramaximal light was used. The response of the iris sphincter in enucleated eyes with their cornea intact was tested in vitro. Pilocarpine at 6 X 10(-5) M was used as a standard stimulus. In agreement with previous authors there was a marked difference between constant light treated (subsensitive) eyes and dark treated (supersensitive) ones. Animals pretreated to reach maximal sub- and supersensitivity and then shifted to the opposite regimen, showed that reversal was a gradual process starting within a few hours. Full reversal had not been reached at 72 h. The two curves of sensitivity vs time intersected around 24 h. The time constants of the two curves were approximately equal. Light regimens using intermittent light shifting every 1, 3, 6 or 12 h gave intermediate results.", "contents": "Time course of light induced changes in pilocarpine sensitivity of rat iris. Pigmented rats were kept under different light regimens for 1--20 days. Supramaximal light was used. The response of the iris sphincter in enucleated eyes with their cornea intact was tested in vitro. Pilocarpine at 6 X 10(-5) M was used as a standard stimulus. In agreement with previous authors there was a marked difference between constant light treated (subsensitive) eyes and dark treated (supersensitive) ones. Animals pretreated to reach maximal sub- and supersensitivity and then shifted to the opposite regimen, showed that reversal was a gradual process starting within a few hours. Full reversal had not been reached at 72 h. The two curves of sensitivity vs time intersected around 24 h. The time constants of the two curves were approximately equal. Light regimens using intermittent light shifting every 1, 3, 6 or 12 h gave intermediate results.", "PMID": 654931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6132", "title": "The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl.", "content": "The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 107--110. The blood arginine vasotocin (AVT) level of domestic fowl after hemorrage was determined on the isolated bladder of the frog. It was found that hemorrhage equivalent to 10--20% of the blood volume caused a 2--3 times greater increase in blood AVT level compared to that found before stimulation.", "contents": "The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl. The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 107--110. The blood arginine vasotocin (AVT) level of domestic fowl after hemorrage was determined on the isolated bladder of the frog. It was found that hemorrhage equivalent to 10--20% of the blood volume caused a 2--3 times greater increase in blood AVT level compared to that found before stimulation.", "PMID": 654924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6133", "title": "Relationships between muscular strength and the level of energy sources in the muscle.", "content": "Relationships between muscular strength and the level of energy sources in the muscle. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 139--151. An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the post-excercise changes in the level of anaerobic energy sources and changes in the muscular strength. The gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats was examined. The muscle strength was measured by the resistance tensometry. In muscle specimens ATP, CP and glycogen contents were determined. It was demonstrated that changes in the post-excersise muscle response to electric stimulus have a phasic character resembling the overcompensation curve. The percent changes in the content of anaerobic energy sources in the muscle after contractions varying in duration suggests also overcompensation the muscle content of these substances. The parallelity between the time of appearance of peak overcompensation phase in the muscle strength and in the post-exercise level of musclar ATP, CP and glycogen contents suggest a casual relationship between these changes.", "contents": "Relationships between muscular strength and the level of energy sources in the muscle. Relationships between muscular strength and the level of energy sources in the muscle. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 139--151. An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the post-excercise changes in the level of anaerobic energy sources and changes in the muscular strength. The gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats was examined. The muscle strength was measured by the resistance tensometry. In muscle specimens ATP, CP and glycogen contents were determined. It was demonstrated that changes in the post-excersise muscle response to electric stimulus have a phasic character resembling the overcompensation curve. The percent changes in the content of anaerobic energy sources in the muscle after contractions varying in duration suggests also overcompensation the muscle content of these substances. The parallelity between the time of appearance of peak overcompensation phase in the muscle strength and in the post-exercise level of musclar ATP, CP and glycogen contents suggest a casual relationship between these changes.", "PMID": 654926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6134", "title": "Competitive inhibition and exchange transport between arginine and lysine in the process of absorption from the caecum in pigs.", "content": "Competitive inhibition and exchange transport between arginine and lysine in the process of absorption from the caecum in pigs. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 161--165. Arginine competes with lysine in the process of transport across the mucosal epithelium of the pig caecum, and the ability of arginine absorption is much greater than that of lysine. Absorption of large amounts of arginine causes secretion of large amounts of lysine into the intestinal lumen in the process of primary active exchange transport. Lysine is better absorbed from solution containing no other amino acids than from solutions containing mixtures of amino acids. Basic amino acids (Arg, Lys, His) stimulate the absorption of serine and threonine from the caecum of pigs.", "contents": "Competitive inhibition and exchange transport between arginine and lysine in the process of absorption from the caecum in pigs. Competitive inhibition and exchange transport between arginine and lysine in the process of absorption from the caecum in pigs. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 161--165. Arginine competes with lysine in the process of transport across the mucosal epithelium of the pig caecum, and the ability of arginine absorption is much greater than that of lysine. Absorption of large amounts of arginine causes secretion of large amounts of lysine into the intestinal lumen in the process of primary active exchange transport. Lysine is better absorbed from solution containing no other amino acids than from solutions containing mixtures of amino acids. Basic amino acids (Arg, Lys, His) stimulate the absorption of serine and threonine from the caecum of pigs.", "PMID": 654927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6135", "title": "Inhibition of vasopressin-release during developing hypernatremia and plasma hyperosmolality: an effect of intracerebroventricular glycerol.", "content": "In non-hydrated goats prolonged (3 h, 0.02 ml/min) intracerebroventricular (IVT) infusion of 0.35 M glycerol depressed the plasma vasopressin level during the entire infusion period which resulted in a conspicuous water diuresis outlasting the infusion by about 20 min. Since no compensatory drinking occurred during this sustained water diuresis it gradually induced pronounced dehydration (loss of greater than 1 liter of total body water causing 5% increase in plasma [Na+] and osmolality). The same degree of dehydration was in other experiments induced by water deprivation. It then caused a 5-fold increase in plasma vasopressin level. Corresponding IVT infusions of 0.35 M d-glucose depressed plasma vasopressin level only during the first half of the 3 h infusion period. Consequently, the resulting water diuresis was transient and subsided before the glucose infusion was finished. Plasma renin activity increased during the IVT glycerol infusion and during water deprivation, but was largely unaffected by IVT glucose. Both IVT glycerol and glucose decreased renal sodium excretion. The possibility is discussed that the pronounced ability of IVT glycerol to depress the vasopressin release and thirst is not only due to dilution induced reduction of CSF [Na+], but also to an influence of glycerol on choroidal and/or transependymal Na+-transporting mechanisms.", "contents": "Inhibition of vasopressin-release during developing hypernatremia and plasma hyperosmolality: an effect of intracerebroventricular glycerol. In non-hydrated goats prolonged (3 h, 0.02 ml/min) intracerebroventricular (IVT) infusion of 0.35 M glycerol depressed the plasma vasopressin level during the entire infusion period which resulted in a conspicuous water diuresis outlasting the infusion by about 20 min. Since no compensatory drinking occurred during this sustained water diuresis it gradually induced pronounced dehydration (loss of greater than 1 liter of total body water causing 5% increase in plasma [Na+] and osmolality). The same degree of dehydration was in other experiments induced by water deprivation. It then caused a 5-fold increase in plasma vasopressin level. Corresponding IVT infusions of 0.35 M d-glucose depressed plasma vasopressin level only during the first half of the 3 h infusion period. Consequently, the resulting water diuresis was transient and subsided before the glucose infusion was finished. Plasma renin activity increased during the IVT glycerol infusion and during water deprivation, but was largely unaffected by IVT glucose. Both IVT glycerol and glucose decreased renal sodium excretion. The possibility is discussed that the pronounced ability of IVT glycerol to depress the vasopressin release and thirst is not only due to dilution induced reduction of CSF [Na+], but also to an influence of glycerol on choroidal and/or transependymal Na+-transporting mechanisms.", "PMID": 654932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6136", "title": "The effect of secretin on bile production, splanchnohepatic hemodynamics and liver function in cats.", "content": "The effect of secretin on bile flow, biliary clearance of 14C-erythritol and bile composition was studied in fasting, chloralose anesthetized cats. Secretin (2 U.kg-1 . h-1) increased from values below the values above the erythritol clearance, which did not change significantly. It is therefore concluded that secretin altered ductular transfer of fluid from a net reabsorption to a net secretion of a bicarbonate rich fluid. Secretin did not affect the sphlanchno-hepatic hemodynamics or the overall function of the liver and Indomethacin did not significantly alter the response to secretin.", "contents": "The effect of secretin on bile production, splanchnohepatic hemodynamics and liver function in cats. The effect of secretin on bile flow, biliary clearance of 14C-erythritol and bile composition was studied in fasting, chloralose anesthetized cats. Secretin (2 U.kg-1 . h-1) increased from values below the values above the erythritol clearance, which did not change significantly. It is therefore concluded that secretin altered ductular transfer of fluid from a net reabsorption to a net secretion of a bicarbonate rich fluid. Secretin did not affect the sphlanchno-hepatic hemodynamics or the overall function of the liver and Indomethacin did not significantly alter the response to secretin.", "PMID": 654933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6137", "title": "Interrelationships between amino acids absorbed from the isolated pig caecum in situ.", "content": "Interrelationships between amino acids absorbed from the isolated pig caecum in situ. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 167--176. Amino acids are absorbed selectively from the caecum of pigs depending on their qualitative and quantitative composition in the intestinal contents. Signigicant interrelationships were found between the absorption of different amino acids. Tyrosine exerted a significant stimulating effect on the absorption of most amino acids absorbed from the caecum, e.g. Asp-NH2, Ser, Thr, Arg, Asp, Glu. An increased absorption of Ser and Thr caused a rise in tyrosine absorption. The absorption of serine and threonine stimulated the absorption of arginine. Serine and threonine competed in the process of absorption, and the activity of serine in this process was much higher, in comparison with that of threonine. Secretion of amino acids back into the intestinal lumen was demonstrated.", "contents": "Interrelationships between amino acids absorbed from the isolated pig caecum in situ. Interrelationships between amino acids absorbed from the isolated pig caecum in situ. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 167--176. Amino acids are absorbed selectively from the caecum of pigs depending on their qualitative and quantitative composition in the intestinal contents. Signigicant interrelationships were found between the absorption of different amino acids. Tyrosine exerted a significant stimulating effect on the absorption of most amino acids absorbed from the caecum, e.g. Asp-NH2, Ser, Thr, Arg, Asp, Glu. An increased absorption of Ser and Thr caused a rise in tyrosine absorption. The absorption of serine and threonine stimulated the absorption of arginine. Serine and threonine competed in the process of absorption, and the activity of serine in this process was much higher, in comparison with that of threonine. Secretion of amino acids back into the intestinal lumen was demonstrated.", "PMID": 654928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6138", "title": "Effect of the nonionic detergent triton X-100 on sodium permeability of the myelinated nerve fibre of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The effect of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100) on the Na permeability (PNa) properties of the nodal membrane in myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis was analysed with potential clamp technique. Application of TX-100 caused a rapid initial decrease in PNa that was reversible at wash out as well as a slow irreversible block. Both effects dependend on [TX-100] and duration of exposure. The reversible reduction of PNa at the steady state was 50% at 40--60 micrometer TX-100. The slope of the Hill plot for the reaction was 1.75 indicating a deviation from a first order reaction. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for n = 1.75 was 0.9 X 10(-7) (M1.75). KD calculated from the rate constants for onset and offset of the reversible reaction (KD = k2/k1) was 1.5 X 10(-7) (M1.75). The possibility that the action of TX-100 involves membrane proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of the nonionic detergent triton X-100 on sodium permeability of the myelinated nerve fibre of Xenopus laevis. The effect of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100) on the Na permeability (PNa) properties of the nodal membrane in myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis was analysed with potential clamp technique. Application of TX-100 caused a rapid initial decrease in PNa that was reversible at wash out as well as a slow irreversible block. Both effects dependend on [TX-100] and duration of exposure. The reversible reduction of PNa at the steady state was 50% at 40--60 micrometer TX-100. The slope of the Hill plot for the reaction was 1.75 indicating a deviation from a first order reaction. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for n = 1.75 was 0.9 X 10(-7) (M1.75). KD calculated from the rate constants for onset and offset of the reversible reaction (KD = k2/k1) was 1.5 X 10(-7) (M1.75). The possibility that the action of TX-100 involves membrane proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 654934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6139", "title": "Dose-dependent inhibition of sensory nerve activity in the feline dental pulp by anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate whether substances known to antagonize algogenic agents can block an experimentally induced increased sensory nerve activity in the dental pulp of the cat. Increased neural activity following repeated brief head stimulation has been shown to be characteristic of the individual cat and can be utilized for intraindividual comparative studies on such increased activity. When indomethacin, diclofenac sodium or naproxen were given intravenously as a pretreatment prior to stimulation, a consistent blocking effect on expected impulse activity as compared to the impulse activity in the control teeth was produced. Indomethacin produced a dose-dependent inhibition (ID50 0.04--0.2 mg/kg). Diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg) inhibited nerve activity by 51--91% and naproxen (15 mg/kg) by 92--95%. Methylsergide (0.02--0.08 mg/kg) did not show such blocking effect. When the drugs were administered during a state of established increased neural activity no effect on the current impulse activity was obtained. The present results suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in certain stages of heat induced pulp inflammation and act as mediators of increased intradental sensory nerve excitability.", "contents": "Dose-dependent inhibition of sensory nerve activity in the feline dental pulp by anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether substances known to antagonize algogenic agents can block an experimentally induced increased sensory nerve activity in the dental pulp of the cat. Increased neural activity following repeated brief head stimulation has been shown to be characteristic of the individual cat and can be utilized for intraindividual comparative studies on such increased activity. When indomethacin, diclofenac sodium or naproxen were given intravenously as a pretreatment prior to stimulation, a consistent blocking effect on expected impulse activity as compared to the impulse activity in the control teeth was produced. Indomethacin produced a dose-dependent inhibition (ID50 0.04--0.2 mg/kg). Diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg) inhibited nerve activity by 51--91% and naproxen (15 mg/kg) by 92--95%. Methylsergide (0.02--0.08 mg/kg) did not show such blocking effect. When the drugs were administered during a state of established increased neural activity no effect on the current impulse activity was obtained. The present results suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in certain stages of heat induced pulp inflammation and act as mediators of increased intradental sensory nerve excitability.", "PMID": 654935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6140", "title": "Release of oxytocin from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ and from the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk.", "content": "Release of oxytocin from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ and from the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2):97--105. Using the method of incubation in situ of the posterior pituitary lobe and washing the hypothalamic end of the divided pituitary stalk the activity of neurosecretory neurons was investigated directly. The oxytocic activity of the fluid incubating in situ the posterior pituitary lobe or washing the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk was determined on the rat myometrium. The oxytocic activity disappeared from this fluid after inactivation with sodium thioglycolate. The samples of the fluid incubating the posterior pituitary lobe obtained at 30 min intervals showed alternatingly increased or decreased oxytocic activity. In the fluid washing the cut pituitary stalk the activity was highest from 31 to 60 minutes after division of the stalk.", "contents": "Release of oxytocin from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ and from the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk. Release of oxytocin from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ and from the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2):97--105. Using the method of incubation in situ of the posterior pituitary lobe and washing the hypothalamic end of the divided pituitary stalk the activity of neurosecretory neurons was investigated directly. The oxytocic activity of the fluid incubating in situ the posterior pituitary lobe or washing the hypothalamic end of the cut pituitary stalk was determined on the rat myometrium. The oxytocic activity disappeared from this fluid after inactivation with sodium thioglycolate. The samples of the fluid incubating the posterior pituitary lobe obtained at 30 min intervals showed alternatingly increased or decreased oxytocic activity. In the fluid washing the cut pituitary stalk the activity was highest from 31 to 60 minutes after division of the stalk.", "PMID": 654929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6141", "title": "Sympathetic control of metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise in rats.", "content": "The importance of the sympatho-adrenal system for the pancreatic hormonal response to exercise and, furthermore, the role of glucagon and catecholamines for the hepatic glycogen depletion during exercise were studied. Rats were either surgically adrenomedullectomized and chemically sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine or shamtreated. Two weeks later the rats had either rabbit-antiglucagon serum or normal rabbit serum injected. Subsequently the rats either rested or swam with a tail weight for 75 min. Immediately afterwards cardiac blood was drawn and liver and muscle tissue collected. In control rats in spite of an increase in blood glucose concentrati4ns during exercise plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged, while glucagon concentrations increased. In sympathectomized rats, compared to control rats, glucagon concentrations increased less, and insulin concentrations were higher, although glucose concentrations were lower during exercise. Sympathectomy completely abolished the exercise-induced decrease in liver and muscle glycogen concentrations, whereas neither glycogen depletion nor plasma catecholamine concentrations were influenced by the administration of glucagon antibodies. These findings indicate that the sympatho-adrenal system enhances glucagon secretion as well as muscular and hepatic glycogen depletion but inhibits insulin secretion in exercising rats. The increase in glucagon concentrations, however, does not enhance hepatic glycogen depletion at the work load used.", "contents": "Sympathetic control of metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise in rats. The importance of the sympatho-adrenal system for the pancreatic hormonal response to exercise and, furthermore, the role of glucagon and catecholamines for the hepatic glycogen depletion during exercise were studied. Rats were either surgically adrenomedullectomized and chemically sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine or shamtreated. Two weeks later the rats had either rabbit-antiglucagon serum or normal rabbit serum injected. Subsequently the rats either rested or swam with a tail weight for 75 min. Immediately afterwards cardiac blood was drawn and liver and muscle tissue collected. In control rats in spite of an increase in blood glucose concentrati4ns during exercise plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged, while glucagon concentrations increased. In sympathectomized rats, compared to control rats, glucagon concentrations increased less, and insulin concentrations were higher, although glucose concentrations were lower during exercise. Sympathectomy completely abolished the exercise-induced decrease in liver and muscle glycogen concentrations, whereas neither glycogen depletion nor plasma catecholamine concentrations were influenced by the administration of glucagon antibodies. These findings indicate that the sympatho-adrenal system enhances glucagon secretion as well as muscular and hepatic glycogen depletion but inhibits insulin secretion in exercising rats. The increase in glucagon concentrations, however, does not enhance hepatic glycogen depletion at the work load used.", "PMID": 654936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6142", "title": "The in vivo transport of 14C-alpha aminoisobuturic acid into mouse blastocysts during activation for implantation.", "content": "The in vivo transport of 14C-AIB (14C-alpha-aminoisobuturic acid) into mouse blastocysts was studied during activation for implantation. Mice, kept in experimentally delayed implantation, were given estrogen to induce implantation and then injections of 14C-AIB i.v. at 0, 4 and 8 h after the estrogen. After in vivo incubation times for 1/3 or 4 h with the labeled amino acid the blastocysts were flushed out of the uterus and collected. A distinct uptake of 14C-AIB occurred in the blastocysts 8 h (the highest uptake) and 12 h after the induction, provided that the in vivo incubation time was 4 h. At these times the blastocysts are lying free in the uterine lumen and consequently there is a transport of 14C-AIB from the epithelium via the uterine secretion into the blastocysts. This uptake indicates that amino acids transported by the system A are important nutrients during early activation. The uptake and retention of 14C-AIB in the uterus was tested at 4 and 8 h after the induction of implantation. The highest uptake was observed when the labeled amino acid was given at 8 h while the longest retention time occurred when 14C-AIB was given at 4 h. Since the transport ratio between the blastocysts and the uterine tissue is not maintained constant it is concluded that the metabolic rates for 14C-AIB transport are different for the uterus and the blastocysts. The AIB transport into uterine tissue preceeds that into the blastocysts. The AIB transport into the blastocysts is maintained as long as they have a negative surface charge.", "contents": "The in vivo transport of 14C-alpha aminoisobuturic acid into mouse blastocysts during activation for implantation. The in vivo transport of 14C-AIB (14C-alpha-aminoisobuturic acid) into mouse blastocysts was studied during activation for implantation. Mice, kept in experimentally delayed implantation, were given estrogen to induce implantation and then injections of 14C-AIB i.v. at 0, 4 and 8 h after the estrogen. After in vivo incubation times for 1/3 or 4 h with the labeled amino acid the blastocysts were flushed out of the uterus and collected. A distinct uptake of 14C-AIB occurred in the blastocysts 8 h (the highest uptake) and 12 h after the induction, provided that the in vivo incubation time was 4 h. At these times the blastocysts are lying free in the uterine lumen and consequently there is a transport of 14C-AIB from the epithelium via the uterine secretion into the blastocysts. This uptake indicates that amino acids transported by the system A are important nutrients during early activation. The uptake and retention of 14C-AIB in the uterus was tested at 4 and 8 h after the induction of implantation. The highest uptake was observed when the labeled amino acid was given at 8 h while the longest retention time occurred when 14C-AIB was given at 4 h. Since the transport ratio between the blastocysts and the uterine tissue is not maintained constant it is concluded that the metabolic rates for 14C-AIB transport are different for the uterus and the blastocysts. The AIB transport into uterine tissue preceeds that into the blastocysts. The AIB transport into the blastocysts is maintained as long as they have a negative surface charge.", "PMID": 654937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6143", "title": "Influence of indomethacin and of prostaglandin E1 on total and regional blood flow in man.", "content": "The central and regional circulatory effects in man of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin and of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were studied. Systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, and renal and splanchnic blood flow were measured at rest, following infusion of indomethacin (50 mg i.v.), and during infusion of PGE1 (4--8 mg x min-1 i.v.) after the administration of indomethacin. An increase in the total systemic resistance (+ 20%), as well as in the renal (+ 30%) and splanchnic (+ 16%) vascular resistances developed rapidly following the administration of indomethacin. Infusion of PGE1 completely restored the resistance in the renal and splanchnic regions, and in addition markedly increased the blood flow in non-visceral tissues. We suggest that the circulatory effects by indomethacin are elicited via the drug's inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthetase in the vessel walls, and that vasodilating products of PG synthetase affect the regional blood flow distribution in man.", "contents": "Influence of indomethacin and of prostaglandin E1 on total and regional blood flow in man. The central and regional circulatory effects in man of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin and of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were studied. Systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, and renal and splanchnic blood flow were measured at rest, following infusion of indomethacin (50 mg i.v.), and during infusion of PGE1 (4--8 mg x min-1 i.v.) after the administration of indomethacin. An increase in the total systemic resistance (+ 20%), as well as in the renal (+ 30%) and splanchnic (+ 16%) vascular resistances developed rapidly following the administration of indomethacin. Infusion of PGE1 completely restored the resistance in the renal and splanchnic regions, and in addition markedly increased the blood flow in non-visceral tissues. We suggest that the circulatory effects by indomethacin are elicited via the drug's inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthetase in the vessel walls, and that vasodilating products of PG synthetase affect the regional blood flow distribution in man.", "PMID": 654938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6144", "title": "Ectopic ureterocele in the male infant.", "content": "An account is given of a series of ectopic ureterocele present in 14 male infants. The malformation is found to be more complex than in the female. The ipsilateral renal function is severely impaired or abolished and obstruction to the bladder outflow common. Associated dilatation and elongation of the posterior urethra during micturition may result in a valvelike appearance. Eversion of the male ureterocele is common and possible mechanisms to account for this event are discussed.", "contents": "Ectopic ureterocele in the male infant. An account is given of a series of ectopic ureterocele present in 14 male infants. The malformation is found to be more complex than in the female. The ipsilateral renal function is severely impaired or abolished and obstruction to the bladder outflow common. Associated dilatation and elongation of the posterior urethra during micturition may result in a valvelike appearance. Eversion of the male ureterocele is common and possible mechanisms to account for this event are discussed.", "PMID": 654940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6145", "title": "Kidney size in infants and children assessed by area measurement.", "content": "A method for assessment of the kidney size in infants and children is described based on measurement of the renal parenchymal area determined planimetrically, using for reference the height of the column of the upper three lumbar vertebrae or the body weight. The kidney size is expressed in standard deviation in the appropriate nomograms.", "contents": "Kidney size in infants and children assessed by area measurement. A method for assessment of the kidney size in infants and children is described based on measurement of the renal parenchymal area determined planimetrically, using for reference the height of the column of the upper three lumbar vertebrae or the body weight. The kidney size is expressed in standard deviation in the appropriate nomograms.", "PMID": 654941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6146", "title": "Relation of length of submucous segment of the ureter to lesions of the renal parenchyma in children.", "content": "The possible relationship between the length of the submucous ureteral segment and frequency and degree of renal parenchymal injury was analysed in children with urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteral reflux. If the grade of reflux was disregarded, no relation was found to exist between these parameters.", "contents": "Relation of length of submucous segment of the ureter to lesions of the renal parenchyma in children. The possible relationship between the length of the submucous ureteral segment and frequency and degree of renal parenchymal injury was analysed in children with urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteral reflux. If the grade of reflux was disregarded, no relation was found to exist between these parameters.", "PMID": 654942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6147", "title": "Relationship between area and function of the kidney in well defined childhood nephropathies.", "content": "Length, parenchymal area planimetrically determined and volume of the kidney were estimated at urography and related to glomerular filtration rate in patients with different nephropathies. The results demonstrate that the size of the kidney is an excellent index of renal function in patients with pyelonephritic scarring secondary to urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. It is also a good index in patients with obstructive hydronephrosis but a poor index in patients with glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Relationship between area and function of the kidney in well defined childhood nephropathies. Length, parenchymal area planimetrically determined and volume of the kidney were estimated at urography and related to glomerular filtration rate in patients with different nephropathies. The results demonstrate that the size of the kidney is an excellent index of renal function in patients with pyelonephritic scarring secondary to urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. It is also a good index in patients with obstructive hydronephrosis but a poor index in patients with glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 654944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6148", "title": "Birth injuries to the epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "A birth injury in the vicinity of a joint might lead to a fracture through the epiphyseal cartilage. The criteria for diagnosing such a fracture at radiography are considered and the continued remodelling of the bone demonstrated. The history of 2 cases with late diagnosis and serious long-term sequelae are described, in order to emphasize the necessity of early radiography.", "contents": "Birth injuries to the epiphyseal cartilage. A birth injury in the vicinity of a joint might lead to a fracture through the epiphyseal cartilage. The criteria for diagnosing such a fracture at radiography are considered and the continued remodelling of the bone demonstrated. The history of 2 cases with late diagnosis and serious long-term sequelae are described, in order to emphasize the necessity of early radiography.", "PMID": 654945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6149", "title": "Traumatic bowing of forearm and lower leg in children.", "content": "Traumatic bowing of the forearm or lower leg is reported in 31 children. It is a relatively rare condition. Bowing occurs most frequently in combination with fracture of the other bone in the same extremity. In a minority of cases a bowing deformity is a single lesion. Age distribution, degree of deformity, mechanism of origin and therapy are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic bowing of forearm and lower leg in children. Traumatic bowing of the forearm or lower leg is reported in 31 children. It is a relatively rare condition. Bowing occurs most frequently in combination with fracture of the other bone in the same extremity. In a minority of cases a bowing deformity is a single lesion. Age distribution, degree of deformity, mechanism of origin and therapy are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 654949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6150", "title": "Recurrent intussusception. Analysis of a series treated with hydrostatic reduction.", "content": "The appearances at conventional radiography and barium enema were compared in a series of 35 patients with recurrent intussusception and in the same number of cases with an uncomplicated course. Only minor disparities between the groups could be established. The significance of a sparse amount of intestinal gas pointing to intussusception and the implication of a complete evacuation of the bowel following barium enema are stressed. The latter phenomenon, occasionally combined with persistent mild small bowel meteorism, occurred in approximately one-third of all early relapses. Patients with one manifest relapse run a significantly increased risk of further recurrences although in the majority of cases no significant etiologic factors are encountered.", "contents": "Recurrent intussusception. Analysis of a series treated with hydrostatic reduction. The appearances at conventional radiography and barium enema were compared in a series of 35 patients with recurrent intussusception and in the same number of cases with an uncomplicated course. Only minor disparities between the groups could be established. The significance of a sparse amount of intestinal gas pointing to intussusception and the implication of a complete evacuation of the bowel following barium enema are stressed. The latter phenomenon, occasionally combined with persistent mild small bowel meteorism, occurred in approximately one-third of all early relapses. Patients with one manifest relapse run a significantly increased risk of further recurrences although in the majority of cases no significant etiologic factors are encountered.", "PMID": 654950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6151", "title": "Scanty intestinal gas in infants and children. Clinical significance and radiologic diagnosis.", "content": "A material of 23 boys and 18 girls attending as abdominal emergencies and covering the age interval of neonates to 15 years of age had only scanty amounts of intestinal gas on films of the abdomen. A wide variety of underlying abnormalities were revealed, some of them calling for immediate operation. Supplementary contrast examinations were frequently needed in order to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Scanty intestinal gas in infants and children. Clinical significance and radiologic diagnosis. A material of 23 boys and 18 girls attending as abdominal emergencies and covering the age interval of neonates to 15 years of age had only scanty amounts of intestinal gas on films of the abdomen. A wide variety of underlying abnormalities were revealed, some of them calling for immediate operation. Supplementary contrast examinations were frequently needed in order to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 654951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6152", "title": "Displacement of left ventricle in atrial septal defect.", "content": "Catheterization and biplane cineangiography were performed in 28 patients with atrial septal defect. The left and right ventricular volume in end-systole and end-diastole were estimated with a computed method. The relation between the left and right stroke volume ratio and the posterior displacement of the left ventricle was analysed. A statistically highly significant positive correlation between the angle of the long axis of the left ventricle and the shunt was established.", "contents": "Displacement of left ventricle in atrial septal defect. Catheterization and biplane cineangiography were performed in 28 patients with atrial septal defect. The left and right ventricular volume in end-systole and end-diastole were estimated with a computed method. The relation between the left and right stroke volume ratio and the posterior displacement of the left ventricle was analysed. A statistically highly significant positive correlation between the angle of the long axis of the left ventricle and the shunt was established.", "PMID": 654954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6153", "title": "Stimulus intensity effects of acute extinction of the CER in rats.", "content": "Two groups of 9 rats were trained in the conditioned emotional response (CER) consisting of suppression of food-motivated behavior as a consequence of the pairing of white noise with unavoidable shock. One group was trained and then extinguished with an 80 dB white noise value and the other with the 50 dB white noise intensity as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The CER acquisition was faster with the more intense CS, however, on the last training day, conditioned suppression reached the same asymptotic level in both groups. Then an acute extinction procedure was introduced, wherein the CS was presented only once a day and lasted continuously until the end of the session with no US presentation during this period. This procedure was repeated over several consecutive days. During the first prolonged CS action, CER extinction was more rapid in the 50- than in 80-dB group. However, on the next extinction day the amount of suppression was less with the more intense CS. The results were discussed in terms of CS intensity effects on learning and performance of the conditioned response.", "contents": "Stimulus intensity effects of acute extinction of the CER in rats. Two groups of 9 rats were trained in the conditioned emotional response (CER) consisting of suppression of food-motivated behavior as a consequence of the pairing of white noise with unavoidable shock. One group was trained and then extinguished with an 80 dB white noise value and the other with the 50 dB white noise intensity as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The CER acquisition was faster with the more intense CS, however, on the last training day, conditioned suppression reached the same asymptotic level in both groups. Then an acute extinction procedure was introduced, wherein the CS was presented only once a day and lasted continuously until the end of the session with no US presentation during this period. This procedure was repeated over several consecutive days. During the first prolonged CS action, CER extinction was more rapid in the 50- than in 80-dB group. However, on the next extinction day the amount of suppression was less with the more intense CS. The results were discussed in terms of CS intensity effects on learning and performance of the conditioned response.", "PMID": 654955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6154", "title": "Deficit in postoperative learning and retention of complex tasks by septal rats.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative acquisition and retention of locomotor tasks of different complexity were investigated in septal rats. Experiment I involved acquisition and retention of a task using a four-unit-quadruple-choice apparatus. Severe impairment in both postoperative acquisition and postoperative retention was observed from all parameters of learning: trials, errors, repetitive errors and vicarious responses. However, there were significant savings in postoperative retention, scores compared to postoperative acquisition by septal rats. Experiment II examined acquisition and retention of a less complex task by using a two-unit-quadruple-choice apparatus. Impairment of postoperative acquisition in septal rats was reflected only in the number of trials to learning criterion and vicarious responses, while the number of errors and repetitive errors were not distinguished between normal and septal animals. Retention deficits in the septal rats were reflected in all learning parameters, although there were savings in postoperative retention compared to postoperative acquisition scores attained by septal rats. It is suggested that lesions of the septal area in rats may change the integration of intero- and exteroceptive cues, providing a source of interference if the task can be solved by the use of more than one strategy.", "contents": "Deficit in postoperative learning and retention of complex tasks by septal rats. Pre- and postoperative acquisition and retention of locomotor tasks of different complexity were investigated in septal rats. Experiment I involved acquisition and retention of a task using a four-unit-quadruple-choice apparatus. Severe impairment in both postoperative acquisition and postoperative retention was observed from all parameters of learning: trials, errors, repetitive errors and vicarious responses. However, there were significant savings in postoperative retention, scores compared to postoperative acquisition by septal rats. Experiment II examined acquisition and retention of a less complex task by using a two-unit-quadruple-choice apparatus. Impairment of postoperative acquisition in septal rats was reflected only in the number of trials to learning criterion and vicarious responses, while the number of errors and repetitive errors were not distinguished between normal and septal animals. Retention deficits in the septal rats were reflected in all learning parameters, although there were savings in postoperative retention compared to postoperative acquisition scores attained by septal rats. It is suggested that lesions of the septal area in rats may change the integration of intero- and exteroceptive cues, providing a source of interference if the task can be solved by the use of more than one strategy.", "PMID": 654956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6155", "title": "Proactive and retroactive effects of hippocampal stimulation on active avoidance learning, hippocampal EEG and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in cats.", "content": "The subject of this investigation were the effects of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus on the acquisition of active avoidance response (AAR) in a shuttle-box. The stimulation (200 microamperes, 50/s, negative rectangular pulses of 1.0 ms duration) was applied once for 10 s before or after each training session. It was found that the application of hippocampal stimulation before each session facilitated the acquisition of AAR; discontinuation of the stimulation after training did not cause a decrease of AAR performance. Application of the stimulation after each session inhibited learning in four out of six cats. However, the level of AAR performance increased rapidly in these cats after inversion of the trials-stimulation sequence. It was also found that the intensity of the somatic and vegetative symptoms evoked by stimulation (stupor, salivation, twitching of facial muscles, pupil dilatation, crying) increased gradually in successive experimental sessions, suggesting the development of the 'kindling effect in cats stimulated before each session. In cats stimulated after each session the intensity of these symptoms was greatly diminished as compared to sessions where the stimulation was not preceded by the avoidance training, or they did appear at all. However, normal sensitivity to stimulation returned after several applications of hippocampal stimulation before each experimental session. Electroencephalographic studies showed that hippocampal stimulation with the use of the same parameters as those used during training evoked hippocampal afterdischarges lasting 5-60 s. No changes of aceltycholinesterase activity in different brain regions were found in consequence of such stimulation.", "contents": "Proactive and retroactive effects of hippocampal stimulation on active avoidance learning, hippocampal EEG and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in cats. The subject of this investigation were the effects of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus on the acquisition of active avoidance response (AAR) in a shuttle-box. The stimulation (200 microamperes, 50/s, negative rectangular pulses of 1.0 ms duration) was applied once for 10 s before or after each training session. It was found that the application of hippocampal stimulation before each session facilitated the acquisition of AAR; discontinuation of the stimulation after training did not cause a decrease of AAR performance. Application of the stimulation after each session inhibited learning in four out of six cats. However, the level of AAR performance increased rapidly in these cats after inversion of the trials-stimulation sequence. It was also found that the intensity of the somatic and vegetative symptoms evoked by stimulation (stupor, salivation, twitching of facial muscles, pupil dilatation, crying) increased gradually in successive experimental sessions, suggesting the development of the 'kindling effect in cats stimulated before each session. In cats stimulated after each session the intensity of these symptoms was greatly diminished as compared to sessions where the stimulation was not preceded by the avoidance training, or they did appear at all. However, normal sensitivity to stimulation returned after several applications of hippocampal stimulation before each experimental session. Electroencephalographic studies showed that hippocampal stimulation with the use of the same parameters as those used during training evoked hippocampal afterdischarges lasting 5-60 s. No changes of aceltycholinesterase activity in different brain regions were found in consequence of such stimulation.", "PMID": 654957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6156", "title": "Persistent embryonic veins in arteriovenous malformations of the brain.", "content": "The  course and direction of persistent foetal venous channels are easily defined in the relatively simple segmental portions of the nervous system, such as the spinal cord, the myelencephalon, the metencephalon, and the mesencephalon. In sites were embryonic development is more complicated, like the diencephalon and the telencephalon, rapid growth and folding of the cortex complicate the patterns of the foetal blood vessels. Arteriovenous malformations in such sites are correspondingly more complex.", "contents": "Persistent embryonic veins in arteriovenous malformations of the brain. The  course and direction of persistent foetal venous channels are easily defined in the relatively simple segmental portions of the nervous system, such as the spinal cord, the myelencephalon, the metencephalon, and the mesencephalon. In sites were embryonic development is more complicated, like the diencephalon and the telencephalon, rapid growth and folding of the cortex complicate the patterns of the foetal blood vessels. Arteriovenous malformations in such sites are correspondingly more complex.", "PMID": 654961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6157", "title": "[Traumatic arteriovenous fistula following epidural haematoma due to middle meningeal haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of traumatic arteriovenous fistula following rupture of the middle meningeal artery and epidural haematoma formation is reported. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this and the surgical consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic arteriovenous fistula following epidural haematoma due to middle meningeal haemorrhage (author's transl)]. A case of traumatic arteriovenous fistula following rupture of the middle meningeal artery and epidural haematoma formation is reported. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this and the surgical consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 654962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6158", "title": "Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula with fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "A young woman presented with a spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula. She also had fibromuscular dysplasia of the extracranial cerebral arteries. The possible relationship of the two diseases brought up important questions concerning how to manage the patient. Treatment by obliteration of the carotid circulation on one side would be expected to increase blood flow on the other side. If the cavernous carotid artery on the second side was weakened by fibromuscular dysplasia, the increased flow might predispose to the formation of a second carotid-cavernous fistula. We first attempted to avoid surgery. When progressive symptoms occurred, the cavernous sinus was obliterated with bronze wire, thus preventing venous shunting.", "contents": "Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula with fibromuscular dysplasia. A young woman presented with a spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula. She also had fibromuscular dysplasia of the extracranial cerebral arteries. The possible relationship of the two diseases brought up important questions concerning how to manage the patient. Treatment by obliteration of the carotid circulation on one side would be expected to increase blood flow on the other side. If the cavernous carotid artery on the second side was weakened by fibromuscular dysplasia, the increased flow might predispose to the formation of a second carotid-cavernous fistula. We first attempted to avoid surgery. When progressive symptoms occurred, the cavernous sinus was obliterated with bronze wire, thus preventing venous shunting.", "PMID": 654963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6159", "title": "Treatment of tumours of the posterior part of the third ventricle and the pineal region: a long term follow-up.", "content": "This paper represents a further investigation into the origninal series, with additional cases from N.I.N.U. This follow-up has been immeasureably enhanced by the availability of the EMI Scanner. It seems clear that there continues to be adequate evidence that the use of shunting procedures, followed by radiotherapy, is a rational approach to tumours of the pineal and posterior third ventricular region. Short of more extensive evidence to the contrary, we feel that it remains the method of choice in the initial treatment of these difficult lesions.", "contents": "Treatment of tumours of the posterior part of the third ventricle and the pineal region: a long term follow-up. This paper represents a further investigation into the origninal series, with additional cases from N.I.N.U. This follow-up has been immeasureably enhanced by the availability of the EMI Scanner. It seems clear that there continues to be adequate evidence that the use of shunting procedures, followed by radiotherapy, is a rational approach to tumours of the pineal and posterior third ventricular region. Short of more extensive evidence to the contrary, we feel that it remains the method of choice in the initial treatment of these difficult lesions.", "PMID": 654964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6160", "title": "Unruptured intracranial aneurysms--an unusual source of epilepsy.", "content": "Six patients with epilepsy were found to have intracranial aneurysms, mainly in the middle cerebral territory. The mechanism of production of these presenting symptoms is considered to be a minor haemorrhage with localized destruction of brain, or calcification in the aneurysmal wall behaving as a hamartoma. In the differential diagnosis of factors causing epileptic attacks, an intracranial aneurysm should be considered, and its presence should be excluded by angiography before any blind surgical procedure for epilepsy is undertaken.", "contents": "Unruptured intracranial aneurysms--an unusual source of epilepsy. Six patients with epilepsy were found to have intracranial aneurysms, mainly in the middle cerebral territory. The mechanism of production of these presenting symptoms is considered to be a minor haemorrhage with localized destruction of brain, or calcification in the aneurysmal wall behaving as a hamartoma. In the differential diagnosis of factors causing epileptic attacks, an intracranial aneurysm should be considered, and its presence should be excluded by angiography before any blind surgical procedure for epilepsy is undertaken.", "PMID": 654968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6161", "title": "Classification of aneurysms of the internal carotid system.", "content": "Microsurgery has improved the treatment of cerebral aneurysms techically and by more detailed knowledge of the topographic relations, the variations, and the anomalies of the involved arteries. A personal study of 450 aneurysms formed the basis of a modified and more detailed classification of aneurysms of the carotid system. It was confirmed that aneurysms originate at the junctions of arteries, and generally project according to the course of the vessel involved. The origins and projections aneurysms and their different sites were analyzed with the aid of angiography, angiotomography, magnification angiography, operative drawings, photographs, and films, which permitted the establishment of a special classification for every particular form. Preoperative knowledge of the types of aneurysms facilitates the surgical procedures and results in lowered morbidity.", "contents": "Classification of aneurysms of the internal carotid system. Microsurgery has improved the treatment of cerebral aneurysms techically and by more detailed knowledge of the topographic relations, the variations, and the anomalies of the involved arteries. A personal study of 450 aneurysms formed the basis of a modified and more detailed classification of aneurysms of the carotid system. It was confirmed that aneurysms originate at the junctions of arteries, and generally project according to the course of the vessel involved. The origins and projections aneurysms and their different sites were analyzed with the aid of angiography, angiotomography, magnification angiography, operative drawings, photographs, and films, which permitted the establishment of a special classification for every particular form. Preoperative knowledge of the types of aneurysms facilitates the surgical procedures and results in lowered morbidity.", "PMID": 654969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6162", "title": "[Postoperative vasospasm after clipping of intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "After clipping of intracranial aneurysms, postoperative vasospasm may occur remote from the distribution area of the artery and may cause death. The authors report two cases and give the clinical, neuroradiological, and neuroanatomical findings.", "contents": "[Postoperative vasospasm after clipping of intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)]. After clipping of intracranial aneurysms, postoperative vasospasm may occur remote from the distribution area of the artery and may cause death. The authors report two cases and give the clinical, neuroradiological, and neuroanatomical findings.", "PMID": 654970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6163", "title": "Cavernous angiomas of the brain. Account of fourteen personal cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Fourteen cases of cerebral cavernous angiomas are reported and the literature pertaining to the subject is reviewed. Some of these rare malformations remain asymptomatic throughout life, some give rise to symptoms (epileptic seizures with or without haemorrhage or slowly evolving focal nervous deficits) which usually appear in adult life. Precise pre-operative diagnosis is difficult, as at angiography they most often appear as avascular space-occupying lesions. Surgical removal is easy in most cases, and the operative outcome is good.", "contents": "Cavernous angiomas of the brain. Account of fourteen personal cases and review of the literature. Fourteen cases of cerebral cavernous angiomas are reported and the literature pertaining to the subject is reviewed. Some of these rare malformations remain asymptomatic throughout life, some give rise to symptoms (epileptic seizures with or without haemorrhage or slowly evolving focal nervous deficits) which usually appear in adult life. Precise pre-operative diagnosis is difficult, as at angiography they most often appear as avascular space-occupying lesions. Surgical removal is easy in most cases, and the operative outcome is good.", "PMID": 654971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6164", "title": "Surgical treatment of arteriovenous angiomas localised in the corpus callosum, basal ganglia and near the brain stem.", "content": "Seven cases of deep angiomas, in regions near the midline, were operated on in the National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest. In four cases the malformation was not so circumscribed that it could be localized in one structure alone. On two occasions it involved the corpus callosum and the neighbouring hemispheral substance; in one instance it involved the head of the caudate nucleus and the lateral ventricle also. Two intraventricular angiomas, supplied by the choroidal arteries, involved the corpus striatum and the thalamus. Three cases of juxtapeduncular angiomas are described in this series. They were situated in the deep medial part of the temporal lobe, closely adhering to the peduncle, and supplied by branches of the posterior cerebral and the lateral choroidal arteries. In one case the malformation, which involved the thalamus, could be only partly removed. In six cases total extirpation was carried out. All patients ar alive and six are working. No symptoms which were not present before operation have appeared. The importance of adequate radiological studies prior to surgery is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the possibility of eventual obstruction in the CSF circulation in the postoperative period following intraventricular manipulation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of arteriovenous angiomas localised in the corpus callosum, basal ganglia and near the brain stem. Seven cases of deep angiomas, in regions near the midline, were operated on in the National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest. In four cases the malformation was not so circumscribed that it could be localized in one structure alone. On two occasions it involved the corpus callosum and the neighbouring hemispheral substance; in one instance it involved the head of the caudate nucleus and the lateral ventricle also. Two intraventricular angiomas, supplied by the choroidal arteries, involved the corpus striatum and the thalamus. Three cases of juxtapeduncular angiomas are described in this series. They were situated in the deep medial part of the temporal lobe, closely adhering to the peduncle, and supplied by branches of the posterior cerebral and the lateral choroidal arteries. In one case the malformation, which involved the thalamus, could be only partly removed. In six cases total extirpation was carried out. All patients ar alive and six are working. No symptoms which were not present before operation have appeared. The importance of adequate radiological studies prior to surgery is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the possibility of eventual obstruction in the CSF circulation in the postoperative period following intraventricular manipulation.", "PMID": 654972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6165", "title": "Properties of platelet phospholipase A2.", "content": "Thrombin, within seconds after its addition, stimulated the release of 1-14C-20:4n-6 from the platelet phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Although inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase did not inhibit this PLA2 activity, the anti-malarial drug, quinacrine, did. The location of the PLA2 that furnishes 20:4n-6 for the cyclooxygenase is not clear, but if it were in or near membranes containing the cyclooxygenase, phospholipids in the vicinity might serve as the source of 20:4n-6. How substrate specificity relates to the asymmetric distribution of the various phospholipid classes in membranes is yet to be determined.", "contents": "Properties of platelet phospholipase A2. Thrombin, within seconds after its addition, stimulated the release of 1-14C-20:4n-6 from the platelet phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Although inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase did not inhibit this PLA2 activity, the anti-malarial drug, quinacrine, did. The location of the PLA2 that furnishes 20:4n-6 for the cyclooxygenase is not clear, but if it were in or near membranes containing the cyclooxygenase, phospholipids in the vicinity might serve as the source of 20:4n-6. How substrate specificity relates to the asymmetric distribution of the various phospholipid classes in membranes is yet to be determined.", "PMID": 655003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6166", "title": "A comparison of the electrophoretic haemoglobin patterns of the vertebrates.", "content": "A comparative study of the haemoglobins of 648 animals distributed over 300 species of vertebrates and belonging to different classes has been made by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis is tris EDTA-borate pH 8.6. Multiple haemoglobins were found within the different classes. The percentage of multiple haemoglobins varies from class to class. The frequency-distribution of the mobility values of haemoglobins is rather specific for the different classes and in certain instances for the different orders.", "contents": "A comparison of the electrophoretic haemoglobin patterns of the vertebrates. A comparative study of the haemoglobins of 648 animals distributed over 300 species of vertebrates and belonging to different classes has been made by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis is tris EDTA-borate pH 8.6. Multiple haemoglobins were found within the different classes. The percentage of multiple haemoglobins varies from class to class. The frequency-distribution of the mobility values of haemoglobins is rather specific for the different classes and in certain instances for the different orders.", "PMID": 655032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6167", "title": "Study on the helminthiasis of Rutilus frisii katum from the South Caspian Sea.", "content": "Four different species of helminths: Anisakis spp. Diplozoon paradoxum, Aspidogaster limacoides and Asymphylodera kubanicum were found in 1.4%, 28%, 15% and 5% of 140 Rutilus frisii katum from the south Caspian Sea respectively. Generally, the number of worms collected was low and cannot be considered pathogenic to examined fish.", "contents": "Study on the helminthiasis of Rutilus frisii katum from the South Caspian Sea. Four different species of helminths: Anisakis spp. Diplozoon paradoxum, Aspidogaster limacoides and Asymphylodera kubanicum were found in 1.4%, 28%, 15% and 5% of 140 Rutilus frisii katum from the south Caspian Sea respectively. Generally, the number of worms collected was low and cannot be considered pathogenic to examined fish.", "PMID": 655033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6168", "title": "Localization of larvae of Metastrongylus apri (Gmelin, 1790) Vostokov, 1905, the lungworm of pigs, in the annelid Eisenia foetida Savigny, 1826.", "content": "The first stage larvae of Metastrongylus apri could be recovered from the crop of Eisenia foetida after 24 hours of their infection. These were found invading the calciferous glands of the annelid as early as 48 hours post-infection. The larvae were subsequently found localized in the calciferous glands. hearts, dorsal vessel, anterior part of crop and part of the oesophagus anterior to the calciferous glands of the annelid. In general, the larvae had a preference for the circulatory vessels of the annelid so that great majority of them inhabit in the vascular system and the blood sinuses of the above mentioned organs.", "contents": "Localization of larvae of Metastrongylus apri (Gmelin, 1790) Vostokov, 1905, the lungworm of pigs, in the annelid Eisenia foetida Savigny, 1826. The first stage larvae of Metastrongylus apri could be recovered from the crop of Eisenia foetida after 24 hours of their infection. These were found invading the calciferous glands of the annelid as early as 48 hours post-infection. The larvae were subsequently found localized in the calciferous glands. hearts, dorsal vessel, anterior part of crop and part of the oesophagus anterior to the calciferous glands of the annelid. In general, the larvae had a preference for the circulatory vessels of the annelid so that great majority of them inhabit in the vascular system and the blood sinuses of the above mentioned organs.", "PMID": 655034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6169", "title": "Renal papillary necrosis in the tiger.", "content": "Two examples of renal papillary necrosis in the tiger are described. The necrosis was characterised by large zones of liquefaction with minimal inflammation and was associated with pronouced scarring in the cortex. Both animals had been vomiting terminally and were severely dehydrated. It is suggested that papillary necrosis was precipitated by the reduced renal perfusion associated with dehydration in kidneys in which the medullary blood supply was already compromised by chronic cortical scarring. Comparisons are made between the lesions described in these tigers and those reported in the domestic cat, man and other domestic animals.", "contents": "Renal papillary necrosis in the tiger. Two examples of renal papillary necrosis in the tiger are described. The necrosis was characterised by large zones of liquefaction with minimal inflammation and was associated with pronouced scarring in the cortex. Both animals had been vomiting terminally and were severely dehydrated. It is suggested that papillary necrosis was precipitated by the reduced renal perfusion associated with dehydration in kidneys in which the medullary blood supply was already compromised by chronic cortical scarring. Comparisons are made between the lesions described in these tigers and those reported in the domestic cat, man and other domestic animals.", "PMID": 655037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6170", "title": "The total protein content in the blood serum of vertebrates.", "content": "The total protein content in the blood serum of 416 species and subspecies of vertebrates is determined by the microbiuret method. Generally speaking the total protein content of the serum shows an increase with a higher evolutionary level. The difference between the mammals and the other groups is particularly large. This increase is probably attributable to a number of factors, for instance adaptation to living on land, development of the circulatory system, the development of adaptive immunity and the forming of specific transport proteins. A connection between albumin content and level of development can also be noticed.", "contents": "The total protein content in the blood serum of vertebrates. The total protein content in the blood serum of 416 species and subspecies of vertebrates is determined by the microbiuret method. Generally speaking the total protein content of the serum shows an increase with a higher evolutionary level. The difference between the mammals and the other groups is particularly large. This increase is probably attributable to a number of factors, for instance adaptation to living on land, development of the circulatory system, the development of adaptive immunity and the forming of specific transport proteins. A connection between albumin content and level of development can also be noticed.", "PMID": 655038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6171", "title": "Establishing and administrating a private practice in a hospital setting.", "content": "This paper presents specific guidelines for establishing a private practice in an institution. Guidelines are discussed for structuring the practice, establishing the fee schedule, the billing procedures, proposals and contracts, general organization and administration, together with the expansion and termination of the practice for a client/institution.", "contents": "Establishing and administrating a private practice in a hospital setting. This paper presents specific guidelines for establishing a private practice in an institution. Guidelines are discussed for structuring the practice, establishing the fee schedule, the billing procedures, proposals and contracts, general organization and administration, together with the expansion and termination of the practice for a client/institution.", "PMID": 655042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6172", "title": "Occupational therapist: OTR/manager.", "content": "Occupational therapists become more involved in management/administrative skills as they progress profesionally; however, varying degrees of these same skills are used by the therapist at every work level and in every work environment. Operational management skills may include applying and implementing policy on the part of the supervising therapist, or may include organization of time as well as management of supplies and persons by a therapist for effective and efficient productivity. Administrative management skills, forming and interpreting policy, are also needed on every work level. The effectiveness of all management/administrative skills is dependent on the institutional or organizational structure within which the therapist works. Occupational therapists must acquire an understanding of organization and administration, how structure affects function, and how to apply management skills in the everyday work situation in order to produce their best professional effort.", "contents": "Occupational therapist: OTR/manager. Occupational therapists become more involved in management/administrative skills as they progress profesionally; however, varying degrees of these same skills are used by the therapist at every work level and in every work environment. Operational management skills may include applying and implementing policy on the part of the supervising therapist, or may include organization of time as well as management of supplies and persons by a therapist for effective and efficient productivity. Administrative management skills, forming and interpreting policy, are also needed on every work level. The effectiveness of all management/administrative skills is dependent on the institutional or organizational structure within which the therapist works. Occupational therapists must acquire an understanding of organization and administration, how structure affects function, and how to apply management skills in the everyday work situation in order to produce their best professional effort.", "PMID": 655041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6173", "title": "Doing and becoming: purposeful action and self-actualization.", "content": "While the critical nature of action to human existence and adaptation has been pursued by philosophers for many years, the characteristics of action transformed into purposeful doing and the meaning of human productivity have remained relatively unexplored in the behavioral sciences. This paper discusses several theoretical constructs in social and individual psychology that provide perspectives for understanding human action; defines doing as purposeful action that enables the nascent human to become humanized; and suggests, on the basis of these constructs, a prescription for doing for the development of performance skills and as a means for investigating the causes of psychopathology or dysfunction.", "contents": "Doing and becoming: purposeful action and self-actualization. While the critical nature of action to human existence and adaptation has been pursued by philosophers for many years, the characteristics of action transformed into purposeful doing and the meaning of human productivity have remained relatively unexplored in the behavioral sciences. This paper discusses several theoretical constructs in social and individual psychology that provide perspectives for understanding human action; defines doing as purposeful action that enables the nascent human to become humanized; and suggests, on the basis of these constructs, a prescription for doing for the development of performance skills and as a means for investigating the causes of psychopathology or dysfunction.", "PMID": 655044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6174", "title": "Work sampling: a tool in management.", "content": "\"Work sampling\" was used to determine the productivity of the employees of a small occupational therapy department and the nature and extent of the activities in which they were involved. Twelve general categories of activities were identified--peak loads occurred on Wednesday each week between 9:10 to 11:30 a.m., and daily between 1:40 to 3:20 p.m. It was found that the therapists spent more of their working hours productively compared to an aide's productive time. \"Work sampling\" is a convenient and inexpensive technique that may be used by small or large departments to justify staff size, hours of work, and assignments on the basis of activities and productivity.", "contents": "Work sampling: a tool in management. \"Work sampling\" was used to determine the productivity of the employees of a small occupational therapy department and the nature and extent of the activities in which they were involved. Twelve general categories of activities were identified--peak loads occurred on Wednesday each week between 9:10 to 11:30 a.m., and daily between 1:40 to 3:20 p.m. It was found that the therapists spent more of their working hours productively compared to an aide's productive time. \"Work sampling\" is a convenient and inexpensive technique that may be used by small or large departments to justify staff size, hours of work, and assignments on the basis of activities and productivity.", "PMID": 655043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6175", "title": "Behavioral and nystagmus response of a hyperkinetic child to vestibular stimulation.", "content": "A five-year-old boy, referred for hyperkinetic behavior, was tested for vestibular function before and after a four-week regime of controlled semicircular canal stimulation. Hyperkinetic behavior was assessed both during and after the four-week treatment period. Initial testing showed that semicircular canal function was normal, but that two measurable central nervous system mechanisms representing integration of the sensory signal were not at a normal level. Behavioral instruments demonstrated an improvement in symptoms of hyperkinetic behavior. It is postulated that the behavioral improvement resulted from an increase in task-relevant arousal in the reticular formation, accompanied by increased cortical inhibition.", "contents": "Behavioral and nystagmus response of a hyperkinetic child to vestibular stimulation. A five-year-old boy, referred for hyperkinetic behavior, was tested for vestibular function before and after a four-week regime of controlled semicircular canal stimulation. Hyperkinetic behavior was assessed both during and after the four-week treatment period. Initial testing showed that semicircular canal function was normal, but that two measurable central nervous system mechanisms representing integration of the sensory signal were not at a normal level. Behavioral instruments demonstrated an improvement in symptoms of hyperkinetic behavior. It is postulated that the behavioral improvement resulted from an increase in task-relevant arousal in the reticular formation, accompanied by increased cortical inhibition.", "PMID": 655045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6176", "title": "The soap opera: a dynamic group approach for psychiatric patients.", "content": "This article describes the use of television soap operas as a catalyst for group discussion in a psychiatric facility. Group objectives, membership criteria and format, as well as leadership styles and techniques are discussed. After analysis of the TV program and discussion themes, the authors determined that this group approach facilitates problem solving and patient interaction, while increasing self-awareness. In addition, this format eases the entry process of a new member into the group gy creating a nonthreatening atmosphere where patients are not pressured to relate to others immediately.", "contents": "The soap opera: a dynamic group approach for psychiatric patients. This article describes the use of television soap operas as a catalyst for group discussion in a psychiatric facility. Group objectives, membership criteria and format, as well as leadership styles and techniques are discussed. After analysis of the TV program and discussion themes, the authors determined that this group approach facilitates problem solving and patient interaction, while increasing self-awareness. In addition, this format eases the entry process of a new member into the group gy creating a nonthreatening atmosphere where patients are not pressured to relate to others immediately.", "PMID": 655046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6177", "title": "Neuropathic arthropathy in the diabetic foot.", "content": "Neuropathic arthropathy (Charcot's joint) is a relatively painless, progressive and degenerative condition due to underlying neurologic deficits. Although a variety of neurologic disorders may produce this arthropathy, diabetes mellitus has become the most common cause. In diabetes, the foot and ankle are the sites most often involved, particularly the tarsometatarsal and tarsal joints. In addition to neuropathy, trauma is an essential factor in producing the arthropathy.", "contents": "Neuropathic arthropathy in the diabetic foot. Neuropathic arthropathy (Charcot's joint) is a relatively painless, progressive and degenerative condition due to underlying neurologic deficits. Although a variety of neurologic disorders may produce this arthropathy, diabetes mellitus has become the most common cause. In diabetes, the foot and ankle are the sites most often involved, particularly the tarsometatarsal and tarsal joints. In addition to neuropathy, trauma is an essential factor in producing the arthropathy.", "PMID": 655062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6178", "title": "Scoliosis and school screening for spinal deformity.", "content": "The onset of \"idiopathic\" scoliosis is gradual. It goes unnoticed by parent and child alike. The problem is often not detected until the curvature has progressed. Severe scoliosis has serious long-term systemic, cosmetic and psychologic effects. School-based screening programs are very effective in reducing the number of operations required. These programs can be carried out by school nurses, physical education teachers and volunteers who are trained by a knowledgeable physician. Brace treatment is successful when scoliosis is detected only.", "contents": "Scoliosis and school screening for spinal deformity. The onset of \"idiopathic\" scoliosis is gradual. It goes unnoticed by parent and child alike. The problem is often not detected until the curvature has progressed. Severe scoliosis has serious long-term systemic, cosmetic and psychologic effects. School-based screening programs are very effective in reducing the number of operations required. These programs can be carried out by school nurses, physical education teachers and volunteers who are trained by a knowledgeable physician. Brace treatment is successful when scoliosis is detected only.", "PMID": 655064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6179", "title": "The hives dilemma.", "content": "Reucrrent or persistent hives may sometime be due to an apparently insoluble emotional dilemma. Five case studies demonstrate this association. They show that resolution of the dilemma can be curative. When the dilemma is unalterable, explaining this insoluble conflict-hives phenomenon to the patient will ameliorate symptoms. Such an emotional history should be sought in patients with hives and, when found, should be pursued along with other possible causes discovered during the initial evaluation.", "contents": "The hives dilemma. Reucrrent or persistent hives may sometime be due to an apparently insoluble emotional dilemma. Five case studies demonstrate this association. They show that resolution of the dilemma can be curative. When the dilemma is unalterable, explaining this insoluble conflict-hives phenomenon to the patient will ameliorate symptoms. Such an emotional history should be sought in patients with hives and, when found, should be pursued along with other possible causes discovered during the initial evaluation.", "PMID": 655065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6180", "title": "Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders.", "content": "Optimal rehabilitation of dysphagia requires an understanding of normal and diseased physiology, a systematic functional evaluation of the patient's disability and a wide repertoire of rehabilitative techniques. Nonsurgical techniques should be used first, especially when the possibility of spontaneous improvement exists. Cricopharyngeal myotomy is effective in a patient with obstruction at the cricopharyngeal level and good airway protection. When oral feeding is not possible, esophagostomy is usually the preferred bypass procedure.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders. Optimal rehabilitation of dysphagia requires an understanding of normal and diseased physiology, a systematic functional evaluation of the patient's disability and a wide repertoire of rehabilitative techniques. Nonsurgical techniques should be used first, especially when the possibility of spontaneous improvement exists. Cricopharyngeal myotomy is effective in a patient with obstruction at the cricopharyngeal level and good airway protection. When oral feeding is not possible, esophagostomy is usually the preferred bypass procedure.", "PMID": 655072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6181", "title": "Helping the hypochondriac.", "content": "Hypochondriasis can be reliably identified and requires a particular therapeutic approach by the family physician. These difficult patients are usually women over 40 with a chronic history of medical work-ups without significant findings, pride in suffering and self-sacrifice and a conviction of being ill which is essential for their self-esteem. To dismiss or confront this conviction results in a drain on medical services, while a supportive approach benefits both physician and patient.", "contents": "Helping the hypochondriac. Hypochondriasis can be reliably identified and requires a particular therapeutic approach by the family physician. These difficult patients are usually women over 40 with a chronic history of medical work-ups without significant findings, pride in suffering and self-sacrifice and a conviction of being ill which is essential for their self-esteem. To dismiss or confront this conviction results in a drain on medical services, while a supportive approach benefits both physician and patient.", "PMID": 655073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6182", "title": "Why does a child with a normal heart undergo cardiac catheterization?", "content": "Children who have no heart disease at cardiac catheterization have usually been referred because of signs or symptoms on the background of a basal flow murmur. The ECG and chest x-ray are sometimes spurious and may lead to catheterization. Advances in noninvasive testing are helping to screen this population. Only in rare instances should the risks involved with catheterization be taken in a child with a basal flow murmur and no other evidence of heart disease.", "contents": "Why does a child with a normal heart undergo cardiac catheterization? Children who have no heart disease at cardiac catheterization have usually been referred because of signs or symptoms on the background of a basal flow murmur. The ECG and chest x-ray are sometimes spurious and may lead to catheterization. Advances in noninvasive testing are helping to screen this population. Only in rare instances should the risks involved with catheterization be taken in a child with a basal flow murmur and no other evidence of heart disease.", "PMID": 655074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6183", "title": "Intraocular pressure tonometry.", "content": "The family physician should include measurement of the intraocular pressure in his examination. Chronic open-angle glaucoma can be discovered early. Tactile tension is not adequate. Many methods are available, but the Schi\u00f8tz tonometer is the best for general use. Careful attention to technique is required. When the tonometer reveals an intraocular pressure exceeding 21 mm. Hg, further studies are necessary for a diagnosis of glaucoma.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure tonometry. The family physician should include measurement of the intraocular pressure in his examination. Chronic open-angle glaucoma can be discovered early. Tactile tension is not adequate. Many methods are available, but the Schi\u00f8tz tonometer is the best for general use. Careful attention to technique is required. When the tonometer reveals an intraocular pressure exceeding 21 mm. Hg, further studies are necessary for a diagnosis of glaucoma.", "PMID": 655078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6184", "title": "Skull x-ray in the evaluation of endocrine diseases.", "content": "The skull x-ray remains invaluable as a first step in the diagnosis of many endocrine disorders. Pituitary tumors commonly cause enlargement or distortion of the sella turcica, which can be seen on skull x-ray. Pinealomas and craniopharyngiomas may also be detected. Hyperparathyroidism can cause granular decalcification in the skull. Hypoparathyroidism produces calcification of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Lesions due due to metastatic malignancies or eosinophilic granulomas may be noted in cases of diabetes insipidus. Sellar enlargement may be due to the \"empty sella\" syndrome. Twenty-five percent of all cases of enlarged sella may be accounted for by this syndrome.", "contents": "Skull x-ray in the evaluation of endocrine diseases. The skull x-ray remains invaluable as a first step in the diagnosis of many endocrine disorders. Pituitary tumors commonly cause enlargement or distortion of the sella turcica, which can be seen on skull x-ray. Pinealomas and craniopharyngiomas may also be detected. Hyperparathyroidism can cause granular decalcification in the skull. Hypoparathyroidism produces calcification of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Lesions due due to metastatic malignancies or eosinophilic granulomas may be noted in cases of diabetes insipidus. Sellar enlargement may be due to the \"empty sella\" syndrome. Twenty-five percent of all cases of enlarged sella may be accounted for by this syndrome.", "PMID": 655079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6185", "title": "Essentials in the management of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis is a disorder that most commonly affects young adults but occasionally appears in the elderly. Muscle weakness and easy fatigability, particularly of the ocular muscles, are characteristic. Diagnosis is confirmed by electromyography and the edrophonium (Tensilon) test. The pathology results from inability of acetylcholine to gain access to receptor sites at the neuromuscular junction, possibly because of a blocking antibody produced by the thymus. Initial treatment (in the absence of a thymoma) consists of administration of an anticholinesterase drug. If that is ineffective, thymectomy and/or corticosteroids may be useful.", "contents": "Essentials in the management of myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is a disorder that most commonly affects young adults but occasionally appears in the elderly. Muscle weakness and easy fatigability, particularly of the ocular muscles, are characteristic. Diagnosis is confirmed by electromyography and the edrophonium (Tensilon) test. The pathology results from inability of acetylcholine to gain access to receptor sites at the neuromuscular junction, possibly because of a blocking antibody produced by the thymus. Initial treatment (in the absence of a thymoma) consists of administration of an anticholinesterase drug. If that is ineffective, thymectomy and/or corticosteroids may be useful.", "PMID": 655080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6186", "title": "Myocardial infarction in  the black population of South Africa: coronary arteriographic findings.", "content": "Thirteen Black patients who had classic electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction supported by changes in serum enzymes were investigated by coronary arteriography. Ten of these had occlusive atherosclerosis and in none of these did the associated risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes appear to be operative, and most were manual laborers. Their mean serum cholesterol measurement was found to be 222 mg. per cent, a value which is found in 25 per cent of the urban Black population. In the remaining three patients, the coronary arteries were found to be angiographically normal and two of these were associated with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome; it is postulated that their myocardial infarction was a result of coronary spasm, or a consequence of fibrin emboli emanating from the redundant mitral leaflets. Based on statistics from our major referring hospital, it is estimated that the prevalence rate from myocardial infarction among general admissions to a medical ward is less than 0.05 per cent, a figure lower than previously reported by clinico-electrocardiographic studies. It would appear that the prevalence of this disease has not increased over the last two decades and the immunity of the Black population is unexplained.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in  the black population of South Africa: coronary arteriographic findings. Thirteen Black patients who had classic electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction supported by changes in serum enzymes were investigated by coronary arteriography. Ten of these had occlusive atherosclerosis and in none of these did the associated risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes appear to be operative, and most were manual laborers. Their mean serum cholesterol measurement was found to be 222 mg. per cent, a value which is found in 25 per cent of the urban Black population. In the remaining three patients, the coronary arteries were found to be angiographically normal and two of these were associated with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome; it is postulated that their myocardial infarction was a result of coronary spasm, or a consequence of fibrin emboli emanating from the redundant mitral leaflets. Based on statistics from our major referring hospital, it is estimated that the prevalence rate from myocardial infarction among general admissions to a medical ward is less than 0.05 per cent, a figure lower than previously reported by clinico-electrocardiographic studies. It would appear that the prevalence of this disease has not increased over the last two decades and the immunity of the Black population is unexplained.", "PMID": 655082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6187", "title": "Four year follow-up of black schoolchildren with non-ejection systolic clicks and mitral systolic murmurs.", "content": "In 1972 we conducted a survey of 12,050 urban Black schoolchildren and detected 168 (prevalence rate of 14 per 1,000) with a non-ejection systolic click (NESC), a late systolic murmur, or both. The etiology of the mitral valve abnormality was unknown but we considered that a significant proportion might have early rheumatic heart disease. The auscultatory features four years later of 139 of the original 168 subjects as well as those of 139 age- and sex-matched controls are presented in this study. No cardiac abnormality was detected in as many as 55 of the subjects. Five children now had pansystolic murmurs but the mitral regurgitation was assessed as mild in four. Twenty-five (17.9 per cent) of the controls, 23 of whom had NESCs, had auscultatory features compatible with mitral valve prolapse. These findings do not support our earlier suggestion that a large number of the 1972 subjects have mild rheumatic heart disease. The results are in accord with other studies which have indicated that auscultatory features compatible with mitral valve prolapse are common in \"normals\" and also that the prognosis of the specific \"billowing mitral leaflet syndrome\" is generally benign.", "contents": "Four year follow-up of black schoolchildren with non-ejection systolic clicks and mitral systolic murmurs. In 1972 we conducted a survey of 12,050 urban Black schoolchildren and detected 168 (prevalence rate of 14 per 1,000) with a non-ejection systolic click (NESC), a late systolic murmur, or both. The etiology of the mitral valve abnormality was unknown but we considered that a significant proportion might have early rheumatic heart disease. The auscultatory features four years later of 139 of the original 168 subjects as well as those of 139 age- and sex-matched controls are presented in this study. No cardiac abnormality was detected in as many as 55 of the subjects. Five children now had pansystolic murmurs but the mitral regurgitation was assessed as mild in four. Twenty-five (17.9 per cent) of the controls, 23 of whom had NESCs, had auscultatory features compatible with mitral valve prolapse. These findings do not support our earlier suggestion that a large number of the 1972 subjects have mild rheumatic heart disease. The results are in accord with other studies which have indicated that auscultatory features compatible with mitral valve prolapse are common in \"normals\" and also that the prognosis of the specific \"billowing mitral leaflet syndrome\" is generally benign.", "PMID": 655083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6188", "title": "Evaluation of the heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver.", "content": "A study has been made of the heart rate (HR) response to the Valsalva maneuver in five different groups of normal white males and two groups of male coronary heart disease (CHD) patients using non-invasive methods. By means of the analysis of variance the effects of age, posture, Valsalva phase and CHD on the HR response were assessed. Both age and CHD were factors that reduce the HR response. Further analysis indicated that the HR change from Phase 3 to Phase 4 in the Valsalva was the preferred discriminator between normals and cardiac patients. We have derived a \"Valsalva score\" that can be used  to identify HR changes that deviate from the expected average normal response for a given age, control HR and Phase 3 HR. HR assessment of the Valsalva maneuver is a simple safe non-invasive test. An abnormal response suggests altered functioning of hemodynamic or autonomic cardiovascular mechanisms governing HR control.", "contents": "Evaluation of the heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver. A study has been made of the heart rate (HR) response to the Valsalva maneuver in five different groups of normal white males and two groups of male coronary heart disease (CHD) patients using non-invasive methods. By means of the analysis of variance the effects of age, posture, Valsalva phase and CHD on the HR response were assessed. Both age and CHD were factors that reduce the HR response. Further analysis indicated that the HR change from Phase 3 to Phase 4 in the Valsalva was the preferred discriminator between normals and cardiac patients. We have derived a \"Valsalva score\" that can be used  to identify HR changes that deviate from the expected average normal response for a given age, control HR and Phase 3 HR. HR assessment of the Valsalva maneuver is a simple safe non-invasive test. An abnormal response suggests altered functioning of hemodynamic or autonomic cardiovascular mechanisms governing HR control.", "PMID": 655084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6189", "title": "Differences in metal content of the heart muscle in death from ischemic heart disease.", "content": "In a group of patients dying suddenly from ischemic heart disease, the uninfarcted heart muscle contained significantly lower concentrations of magnesium, iron, and potassium and a significantly higher concentration of calcium than the heart muscle from a group of normal controls and a group of patients dying more than three months after a coronary thrombosis. The late death group had significantly lower concentrations of manganese and copper than the normal group, and a slight decrease in magnesium concentration which was probably significant. There was no significant difference in the sodium concentration between the three groups. The results are discussed in relation to the increased death rate from ischemic heart disease in areas with soft drinking water, and possible dietary deficiencies in mineral salts.", "contents": "Differences in metal content of the heart muscle in death from ischemic heart disease. In a group of patients dying suddenly from ischemic heart disease, the uninfarcted heart muscle contained significantly lower concentrations of magnesium, iron, and potassium and a significantly higher concentration of calcium than the heart muscle from a group of normal controls and a group of patients dying more than three months after a coronary thrombosis. The late death group had significantly lower concentrations of manganese and copper than the normal group, and a slight decrease in magnesium concentration which was probably significant. There was no significant difference in the sodium concentration between the three groups. The results are discussed in relation to the increased death rate from ischemic heart disease in areas with soft drinking water, and possible dietary deficiencies in mineral salts.", "PMID": 655086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6190", "title": "The effect of chronic cardiac denervation on infarct size following acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "The effect of acute coronary ligation on infarct size was studied in (1) ten acute control dogs, which were non-denervated, (2) in six acutely denervated dogs in which the heart was denervated immediately prior to coronary ligation and in which intra-cardiac reflexes were pharmacologically blocked, (3) in seven chronically denervated dogs in which intrapericardial nerves were cut 2 weeks prior to ligation, and (4) in four dogs which were sham-operated 2 weeks prior to ligation. Infarct size was determined using a nitro blue tetrazolium stain for dehydrogenase activity. Infarct sizes in acute controls, acutely denervated, chronically denervated, and sham-operated hearts were 20.1, 15.0, 3.8, and 21.0 per cent of left ventricular weight, respectively. Infarct sizes in acutely and chronically denervated hearts were significantly less than in acute controls (P less than 0.05). In further studies the fluorescent stain thioflavin S was used to demonstrate that perfusion of myocardium distal to the ligation was substantially greater in chronically denervated hearts than in acute controls.", "contents": "The effect of chronic cardiac denervation on infarct size following acute coronary occlusion. The effect of acute coronary ligation on infarct size was studied in (1) ten acute control dogs, which were non-denervated, (2) in six acutely denervated dogs in which the heart was denervated immediately prior to coronary ligation and in which intra-cardiac reflexes were pharmacologically blocked, (3) in seven chronically denervated dogs in which intrapericardial nerves were cut 2 weeks prior to ligation, and (4) in four dogs which were sham-operated 2 weeks prior to ligation. Infarct size was determined using a nitro blue tetrazolium stain for dehydrogenase activity. Infarct sizes in acute controls, acutely denervated, chronically denervated, and sham-operated hearts were 20.1, 15.0, 3.8, and 21.0 per cent of left ventricular weight, respectively. Infarct sizes in acutely and chronically denervated hearts were significantly less than in acute controls (P less than 0.05). In further studies the fluorescent stain thioflavin S was used to demonstrate that perfusion of myocardium distal to the ligation was substantially greater in chronically denervated hearts than in acute controls.", "PMID": 655087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6191", "title": "The significance of hypotension developing during treadmill exercise testing.", "content": "The significance of hypotension developing during treadmill exercise testing was evaluated and correlated with the findings at cardiac catheterization in two groups of patients. Twenty-five patients (Group I) had a fall in systolic pressure during exercise and were compared to 50 consecutive unselected patients (Group II) with a normal blood pressure response. Clinical characteristics were similar in both groups. Females comprised 48 per cent of the patients in Group I and only 30 per cent in Group II. The incidence of significant coronary artery disease was not different when the two groups were compared as a whole, 56 per cent in Group I and 36 per cent in Group II (P = NS). When males and females were considered separately, it was noted that the incidence of coronary artery disease was higher in hypotensive males (77 per cent) when compared to control males (40 per cent) (p less than 0.01). Females in both groups had a lower but comparable incidence of coronary artery disease (25 per cent and 27 per cent, respectively). Resting hemodynamics and angiographic characteristics, such as contraction abnormalities, and the number and distribution of diseased coronary vessels, were similar in both groups of patients. These findings suggest that hypotension in females does not necessarily connote coronary artery disease. Males with hypotension have a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, but the extent and distribution of their disease is no different from that of patients with a normal blood pressure response to exercise.", "contents": "The significance of hypotension developing during treadmill exercise testing. The significance of hypotension developing during treadmill exercise testing was evaluated and correlated with the findings at cardiac catheterization in two groups of patients. Twenty-five patients (Group I) had a fall in systolic pressure during exercise and were compared to 50 consecutive unselected patients (Group II) with a normal blood pressure response. Clinical characteristics were similar in both groups. Females comprised 48 per cent of the patients in Group I and only 30 per cent in Group II. The incidence of significant coronary artery disease was not different when the two groups were compared as a whole, 56 per cent in Group I and 36 per cent in Group II (P = NS). When males and females were considered separately, it was noted that the incidence of coronary artery disease was higher in hypotensive males (77 per cent) when compared to control males (40 per cent) (p less than 0.01). Females in both groups had a lower but comparable incidence of coronary artery disease (25 per cent and 27 per cent, respectively). Resting hemodynamics and angiographic characteristics, such as contraction abnormalities, and the number and distribution of diseased coronary vessels, were similar in both groups of patients. These findings suggest that hypotension in females does not necessarily connote coronary artery disease. Males with hypotension have a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, but the extent and distribution of their disease is no different from that of patients with a normal blood pressure response to exercise.", "PMID": 655088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6192", "title": "Carbon monoxide and ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs with acute myocardial injury.", "content": "In a blind, randomized study, the effect of breathing 100 p.p.m. of CO versus compressed, purified air for 2 hours on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was investigated in 21 dogs with acute myocardial injury. The mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin was 1.16 per cent in the air control period, 1.07 per cent after air, 1.08 per cent in the CO control period, and 6.34 per cent after CO. In comparison to air, CO increased the mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin (P less than 0.001). One dog developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation 100 minutes after CO. Mean VFTs in the other 20 dogs were 12.8 +/- 6.8 milliamperes after CO, 11.2 +/- 6.0 milliamperes in the air control period, and 15.0 +/- 5.1 milliamperes after air. In comparison to air, CO decreased the VFT (P less than 0.001). These data show that breathing 100 p.p.m. of CO for 2 hours reduces the VFT in dogs with acute myocardial injury.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide and ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs with acute myocardial injury. In a blind, randomized study, the effect of breathing 100 p.p.m. of CO versus compressed, purified air for 2 hours on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was investigated in 21 dogs with acute myocardial injury. The mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin was 1.16 per cent in the air control period, 1.07 per cent after air, 1.08 per cent in the CO control period, and 6.34 per cent after CO. In comparison to air, CO increased the mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin (P less than 0.001). One dog developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation 100 minutes after CO. Mean VFTs in the other 20 dogs were 12.8 +/- 6.8 milliamperes after CO, 11.2 +/- 6.0 milliamperes in the air control period, and 15.0 +/- 5.1 milliamperes after air. In comparison to air, CO decreased the VFT (P less than 0.001). These data show that breathing 100 p.p.m. of CO for 2 hours reduces the VFT in dogs with acute myocardial injury.", "PMID": 655089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6193", "title": "Simulated tricuspid valve echoes in tricuspid atresia.", "content": "A case of tricuspid atresia with unusual echocardiographic findings is presented. The echocardiogram was successful in defining great artery interrelationships, ventricular looping, and cavity sizes. An echo pattern resembling the motion of a small tricuspid valve was observed; this was proven to be spurious at catheterization and necropsy. Caution should be exercised in diagnosing the presence of a tricuspid valve on the basis of atypical echoes from the tricuspid valve area.", "contents": "Simulated tricuspid valve echoes in tricuspid atresia. A case of tricuspid atresia with unusual echocardiographic findings is presented. The echocardiogram was successful in defining great artery interrelationships, ventricular looping, and cavity sizes. An echo pattern resembling the motion of a small tricuspid valve was observed; this was proven to be spurious at catheterization and necropsy. Caution should be exercised in diagnosing the presence of a tricuspid valve on the basis of atypical echoes from the tricuspid valve area.", "PMID": 655090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6194", "title": "Intravascular hemolysis in the late course of aortic valve.", "content": "The degree of intravascular hemolysis was evaluated in 315 patients in the late course of aortic valve replacement. Starr-Edwards aortic ball valves of series 2300 caused significantly more hemolysis than did those of series 1200, as estimated from the serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Smaller valves of series 2300 caused a higher degree of hemolysis than did the larger ones. Aortic disc valves induced a more moderate red cell destruction than did the ball valves, the Lillehei-Kaster significantly more than the Bj\u00f8rk-Shiley prostheses. Crushing of red cells is thought to be a more important cause of hemolysis than shearing forces in turbulent blood. Hemolytic anemia represented a problem only in some patients with Starr-Edwards valve type 2300, although iron substitution was necessary also in some with other prostheses, since the hemoglobin-binding capacity of haptoglobin was exceeded in several patients. Valvular or paravalvular leakage was associated with stronger hemolysis in some patients, and should be suspected whenever the rate of red cell destruction increases. Longstanding intravascular hemolysis did not seriously affect renal function.", "contents": "Intravascular hemolysis in the late course of aortic valve. The degree of intravascular hemolysis was evaluated in 315 patients in the late course of aortic valve replacement. Starr-Edwards aortic ball valves of series 2300 caused significantly more hemolysis than did those of series 1200, as estimated from the serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Smaller valves of series 2300 caused a higher degree of hemolysis than did the larger ones. Aortic disc valves induced a more moderate red cell destruction than did the ball valves, the Lillehei-Kaster significantly more than the Bj\u00f8rk-Shiley prostheses. Crushing of red cells is thought to be a more important cause of hemolysis than shearing forces in turbulent blood. Hemolytic anemia represented a problem only in some patients with Starr-Edwards valve type 2300, although iron substitution was necessary also in some with other prostheses, since the hemoglobin-binding capacity of haptoglobin was exceeded in several patients. Valvular or paravalvular leakage was associated with stronger hemolysis in some patients, and should be suspected whenever the rate of red cell destruction increases. Longstanding intravascular hemolysis did not seriously affect renal function.", "PMID": 655106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6195", "title": "Arterial thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia.", "content": "The course of essential thrombocythemia has been observed in ten patients, ages 46 to 83, of whom nine were followed for a period of 4 months to 9 years. In contrast to the experience with essential thrombocythemia recorded in the literature, manifestations of arterial thrombosis were far more common than hemorrhage. In six of the ten patients, the presenting complaints were ascribable to incipient gangrene of the toes and several of these patients additionally developed occlusion of tibial and larger arteries while under our observation. All patients with incipient gangrene showed marked clinical improvement accompanying busulfan-induced reduction and normalization of the platelet count. Relapses in five patients after 2 to 87 months responded well to retreatment with busulfan. No patient has shown evolution to another myeloproliferative disorder. Essential thrombocythemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of occlusive arterial disease.", "contents": "Arterial thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia. The course of essential thrombocythemia has been observed in ten patients, ages 46 to 83, of whom nine were followed for a period of 4 months to 9 years. In contrast to the experience with essential thrombocythemia recorded in the literature, manifestations of arterial thrombosis were far more common than hemorrhage. In six of the ten patients, the presenting complaints were ascribable to incipient gangrene of the toes and several of these patients additionally developed occlusion of tibial and larger arteries while under our observation. All patients with incipient gangrene showed marked clinical improvement accompanying busulfan-induced reduction and normalization of the platelet count. Relapses in five patients after 2 to 87 months responded well to retreatment with busulfan. No patient has shown evolution to another myeloproliferative disorder. Essential thrombocythemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of occlusive arterial disease.", "PMID": 655107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6196", "title": "The error in indirect blood pressure measurement with the incorrect size of cuff.", "content": "This paper shows the error to be expected when blood pressure is measured indirectly with a cuff that is too wide or too narrow for the member to which it is applied. A cuff that is too narrow overestimates and a cuff that is too wide underestimated blood pressure.", "contents": "The error in indirect blood pressure measurement with the incorrect size of cuff. This paper shows the error to be expected when blood pressure is measured indirectly with a cuff that is too wide or too narrow for the member to which it is applied. A cuff that is too narrow overestimates and a cuff that is too wide underestimated blood pressure.", "PMID": 655109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6197", "title": "Comparison of heart rate and blood pressure response to amyl nitrite, isoproterenol, and standing before and during acute beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenous propranolol.", "content": "Heart rate responses to three different procedures (amyl nitrite inhalation, standing up, and isoproterenol infusion), were studied before and during acute adrenergic beta blockade with intravenous propranolol in three normal and six hypertensive subjects. Propranolol decreased, but did not completely abolish, the heart rate increase produced by amyl nitrite and standing, probably because of vagal participation (withdrawal) in heart rate increase produced by baroreceptor hypotension (amyl nitrite) and on assuming the upright posture. Heart rate responses to amyl nitrite varied greatly from patient to patient (from 27 to 97%), but the drug proved to be the most potent stimulus for heart rate increase as a result of its marked hypotensive effect. However, this vasodilator-induced acute hypotension was well tolerated, and without deleterious hemodynamic consequences, despite the presence of beta blockade. Different degrees of correlation in heart rate increase were observed with the three procedures, reflecting probably the varying sympathetic-parasympathetic participation in reflex heart rate control. It is concluded that from the clinical stand point, neither amyl nitrite administration nor standing up can be used as a test to assess acurately the degree of beta blockade, because both procedures activate vagal withdrawal which increases heart rate regardless of the degree of beta blockade.", "contents": "Comparison of heart rate and blood pressure response to amyl nitrite, isoproterenol, and standing before and during acute beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenous propranolol. Heart rate responses to three different procedures (amyl nitrite inhalation, standing up, and isoproterenol infusion), were studied before and during acute adrenergic beta blockade with intravenous propranolol in three normal and six hypertensive subjects. Propranolol decreased, but did not completely abolish, the heart rate increase produced by amyl nitrite and standing, probably because of vagal participation (withdrawal) in heart rate increase produced by baroreceptor hypotension (amyl nitrite) and on assuming the upright posture. Heart rate responses to amyl nitrite varied greatly from patient to patient (from 27 to 97%), but the drug proved to be the most potent stimulus for heart rate increase as a result of its marked hypotensive effect. However, this vasodilator-induced acute hypotension was well tolerated, and without deleterious hemodynamic consequences, despite the presence of beta blockade. Different degrees of correlation in heart rate increase were observed with the three procedures, reflecting probably the varying sympathetic-parasympathetic participation in reflex heart rate control. It is concluded that from the clinical stand point, neither amyl nitrite administration nor standing up can be used as a test to assess acurately the degree of beta blockade, because both procedures activate vagal withdrawal which increases heart rate regardless of the degree of beta blockade.", "PMID": 655110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6198", "title": "Variations in the critical cycle length inducing rate dependent bundle branch block.", "content": "In five patients with tachycardic RDBBB (rate dependent bundle branch block), variations in the critical CL (cycle length) inducing RDBBB were investigated. In one patient, independent of changes in the preceding CL, the critical CL inducing RDBBB was invariable, extending over two years. In the other patients, the critical CL inducing RDBBB varied within a comparatively short period. However, when RDBBB was maintained for only a few cycles, the critical CL allowing reversion to normal conduction was always longer than the critical CL inducing RDBBB here, in all patients except one. In one patient such a distinct difference in CL could not be disclosed because the critical CL inducing RDBBB varied from cycle to cycle. These observations suggest that independent of variations in the refractory period of the blocked bundle branch, the critical CL allowing reversion to normal conduction was considerably longer than this refractory period in all patients. The possible mechanisms by which RDBBB could be maintained are discussed. The most probable mechanism appears to be \"true\" unidirectional block in the affected bundle branch, in which the refractory period for the retrogradely conducted impulse is shorter than that for the anterogradely conducted impulse.", "contents": "Variations in the critical cycle length inducing rate dependent bundle branch block. In five patients with tachycardic RDBBB (rate dependent bundle branch block), variations in the critical CL (cycle length) inducing RDBBB were investigated. In one patient, independent of changes in the preceding CL, the critical CL inducing RDBBB was invariable, extending over two years. In the other patients, the critical CL inducing RDBBB varied within a comparatively short period. However, when RDBBB was maintained for only a few cycles, the critical CL allowing reversion to normal conduction was always longer than the critical CL inducing RDBBB here, in all patients except one. In one patient such a distinct difference in CL could not be disclosed because the critical CL inducing RDBBB varied from cycle to cycle. These observations suggest that independent of variations in the refractory period of the blocked bundle branch, the critical CL allowing reversion to normal conduction was considerably longer than this refractory period in all patients. The possible mechanisms by which RDBBB could be maintained are discussed. The most probable mechanism appears to be \"true\" unidirectional block in the affected bundle branch, in which the refractory period for the retrogradely conducted impulse is shorter than that for the anterogradely conducted impulse.", "PMID": 655111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6199", "title": "Myocardial infarction in young vs old male rats: pathophysiologic changes.", "content": "Young (90 days) and old (15 months) male, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an acute and massive myocardial infarct by giving them two injections of a large dose of isoproterenol. The animals were autopsied at sequential time intervals to ascertain the similarities or dissimilarities in the pathophysiologic events which attend acute myocardial infarction and repair in young vs old rats. Although the signs and severity of hypotensive shock appeared to be equal, mortality was higher in the old rats, especially during the acute necrosis phase. The older rats also manifested more severe and persistent congestive heart failure, i.e., hydrothorax. Serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH), lipids (triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol), glucose, and BUN levels manifested a dynamic rise and fall concomitant with the induced myocardial necrosis and repair phases with distinct differences in these metabolic changes between young and old rats. Despite initially higher circulating levels of corticosterone in the old vs young rats, the older animals manifested little or no increase in circulating corticosterone levels during the acute stress of myocardial infarction. This apparent lack of adrenocortical responsiveness was accentuated by the concomitant finding of greatly hypertrophied, hemorrhagic, and lipid-depleted adrenal glands in the old rats vs a dynamic increase in circulating corticosterone levels and alterations in the weight of adrenal and thymus glands of the young rats. During the myocardial repair phase, the young rats manifested extensive endocardial fibrosis whereas the old rats displayed little or no endocardial fibrosis but copous and persistent myocardial edema and ground substance in keeping with their higher concentration of cardiac hexosamine. The pathophysiologic course of events which attends myocardial necrosis and repair is quite different in young vs old rats and may be related to the degree of responsiveness of the pituitary-adrenal axis which changes with age.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in young vs old male rats: pathophysiologic changes. Young (90 days) and old (15 months) male, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an acute and massive myocardial infarct by giving them two injections of a large dose of isoproterenol. The animals were autopsied at sequential time intervals to ascertain the similarities or dissimilarities in the pathophysiologic events which attend acute myocardial infarction and repair in young vs old rats. Although the signs and severity of hypotensive shock appeared to be equal, mortality was higher in the old rats, especially during the acute necrosis phase. The older rats also manifested more severe and persistent congestive heart failure, i.e., hydrothorax. Serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH), lipids (triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol), glucose, and BUN levels manifested a dynamic rise and fall concomitant with the induced myocardial necrosis and repair phases with distinct differences in these metabolic changes between young and old rats. Despite initially higher circulating levels of corticosterone in the old vs young rats, the older animals manifested little or no increase in circulating corticosterone levels during the acute stress of myocardial infarction. This apparent lack of adrenocortical responsiveness was accentuated by the concomitant finding of greatly hypertrophied, hemorrhagic, and lipid-depleted adrenal glands in the old rats vs a dynamic increase in circulating corticosterone levels and alterations in the weight of adrenal and thymus glands of the young rats. During the myocardial repair phase, the young rats manifested extensive endocardial fibrosis whereas the old rats displayed little or no endocardial fibrosis but copous and persistent myocardial edema and ground substance in keeping with their higher concentration of cardiac hexosamine. The pathophysiologic course of events which attends myocardial necrosis and repair is quite different in young vs old rats and may be related to the degree of responsiveness of the pituitary-adrenal axis which changes with age.", "PMID": 655113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6200", "title": "Effects of verapamil on ventricular rhythm during acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "The effects of verapamil on electrophysiologic parameters of the ventricle were studied during acute coronary occlusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Those parameters measured in the study were idioventricular automaticity, ventricular conduction, and fibrillation threshold. The incidence of rapidly repetitive beats and fibrillation induced by two successive premature beats was also studied. Verapamil significantly decreased idioventricular automaticity (in five dogs), improved conduction through the ischemic area (in six dogs), and increased fibrillation threshold of the ischemic ventricular (in eight dogs). The drug was effective in abolishing rapidly repetitive beats and fibrillation induced by closely coupled premature beats during acute coronary occlusion. Rapidly repetitive beats occurred in nine out of 15 dogs and these repetitive beats were degenerated into fibrillation in seven dogs before verapamil. Following pretreatment with the drug, rapidly repetitive beats and fibrillation occurred in none of the 15 dogs. The results indicate that verapamil can be very effective against ventricular arrhythmias occurring in association with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on ventricular rhythm during acute coronary occlusion. The effects of verapamil on electrophysiologic parameters of the ventricle were studied during acute coronary occlusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Those parameters measured in the study were idioventricular automaticity, ventricular conduction, and fibrillation threshold. The incidence of rapidly repetitive beats and fibrillation induced by two successive premature beats was also studied. Verapamil significantly decreased idioventricular automaticity (in five dogs), improved conduction through the ischemic area (in six dogs), and increased fibrillation threshold of the ischemic ventricular (in eight dogs). The drug was effective in abolishing rapidly repetitive beats and fibrillation induced by closely coupled premature beats during acute coronary occlusion. Rapidly repetitive beats occurred in nine out of 15 dogs and these repetitive beats were degenerated into fibrillation in seven dogs before verapamil. Following pretreatment with the drug, rapidly repetitive beats and fibrillation occurred in none of the 15 dogs. The results indicate that verapamil can be very effective against ventricular arrhythmias occurring in association with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 655114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6201", "title": "Acute idiopathic pericarditis and calcific aortic stenosis: unusual fatal disease combination.", "content": "Acute idiopathic pericarditis with massive pericardial effusion complicated left ventricular enlargement due to calcific aortic stenosis and led to intractable congestive heart failure and death during aortic valve replacement in a 42-year-old white male. This unusual combination of acute and chronic diseases is lethal due to their combined deleterious effect upon myocardial function.", "contents": "Acute idiopathic pericarditis and calcific aortic stenosis: unusual fatal disease combination. Acute idiopathic pericarditis with massive pericardial effusion complicated left ventricular enlargement due to calcific aortic stenosis and led to intractable congestive heart failure and death during aortic valve replacement in a 42-year-old white male. This unusual combination of acute and chronic diseases is lethal due to their combined deleterious effect upon myocardial function.", "PMID": 655115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6202", "title": "Isolated dissecting aneurysm of the renal artery.", "content": "We report two cases of an unusual cause of the acute onset of hypertension, a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm localized to the renal artery. Also reviewed are 16 reported cases from the literature. The mean age of the 18 patients was 52 years. The majority of these patients were males (78%). Hypertension was a presenting sign in 14 (78%), but was not usually a pre-existing feature. Loin pain, often severe, occurred in eleven patients (61%), whereas gross hematuria was recorded only in two (11%). The right renal artery was involved in ten cases (55%), the left in three (17%), and both in five cases (28%). Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries and the aorta was absent in 69%, and mild in 23%. There has been no report of renal artery rupture; however, vascular occlusion occurs frequently. Medical and surgical approaches to the management of this phenomenon have been reported and are reviewed.", "contents": "Isolated dissecting aneurysm of the renal artery. We report two cases of an unusual cause of the acute onset of hypertension, a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm localized to the renal artery. Also reviewed are 16 reported cases from the literature. The mean age of the 18 patients was 52 years. The majority of these patients were males (78%). Hypertension was a presenting sign in 14 (78%), but was not usually a pre-existing feature. Loin pain, often severe, occurred in eleven patients (61%), whereas gross hematuria was recorded only in two (11%). The right renal artery was involved in ten cases (55%), the left in three (17%), and both in five cases (28%). Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries and the aorta was absent in 69%, and mild in 23%. There has been no report of renal artery rupture; however, vascular occlusion occurs frequently. Medical and surgical approaches to the management of this phenomenon have been reported and are reviewed.", "PMID": 655117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6203", "title": "Microliths in sputum specimens and their relationship to pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.", "content": "The sputa of 26 of 100 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease contained microliths. The numbers of microliths per smear of sputum per patient ranged from one to 20. In seven of the sputum specimens containing microliths, deposition of calcium was present on the loops of Curshmann's spirals to different extents, from a single layer to the laminated appearance seen in a free microlith. Partial and complete separation of the calcified laminated masses from the spirals were also demonstrated. Based on these observations, the morphogenesis of microliths and the pathogenesis of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are discussed.", "contents": "Microliths in sputum specimens and their relationship to pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. The sputa of 26 of 100 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease contained microliths. The numbers of microliths per smear of sputum per patient ranged from one to 20. In seven of the sputum specimens containing microliths, deposition of calcium was present on the loops of Curshmann's spirals to different extents, from a single layer to the laminated appearance seen in a free microlith. Partial and complete separation of the calcified laminated masses from the spirals were also demonstrated. Based on these observations, the morphogenesis of microliths and the pathogenesis of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are discussed.", "PMID": 655126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6204", "title": "The nature of the receptor for complement (C3b) in the human renal glomerulus.", "content": "The physicochemical nature of the human glomerular complement receptor was studied. Receptor activity was measured by determining the avidity of glomeruli of normal human renal tissue for fluorescein-labeled bacteria (S.typhi) coated with C3b. Maximal binding of C3b-coated bacteria to normal human glomeruli took place in phosphate-saline buffers of pH 6.5 and 0.08 to 0.15 mu ionic strength. Pretreatment of renal tissue with neuraminidase enhanced receptor activity. On the other hand, binding of C3b-coated bacteria to the glomeruli was diminished by pretreatment of the tissue with proteolytic enzymes, phospholipase C and certain lipid solvents. The binding of C3b-coated bacteria to the glomeruli was also diminished by pretreatment of the tissue with fluid-phase C3b, or by pretreatment of the bacteria with C3b inactivator. Normal human serum and purified fluid-phase C3 or the absence of magnesium and calcium ions had little effect on glomerular complement receptor activity.", "contents": "The nature of the receptor for complement (C3b) in the human renal glomerulus. The physicochemical nature of the human glomerular complement receptor was studied. Receptor activity was measured by determining the avidity of glomeruli of normal human renal tissue for fluorescein-labeled bacteria (S.typhi) coated with C3b. Maximal binding of C3b-coated bacteria to normal human glomeruli took place in phosphate-saline buffers of pH 6.5 and 0.08 to 0.15 mu ionic strength. Pretreatment of renal tissue with neuraminidase enhanced receptor activity. On the other hand, binding of C3b-coated bacteria to the glomeruli was diminished by pretreatment of the tissue with proteolytic enzymes, phospholipase C and certain lipid solvents. The binding of C3b-coated bacteria to the glomeruli was also diminished by pretreatment of the tissue with fluid-phase C3b, or by pretreatment of the bacteria with C3b inactivator. Normal human serum and purified fluid-phase C3 or the absence of magnesium and calcium ions had little effect on glomerular complement receptor activity.", "PMID": 655127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6205", "title": "Preservation of erythrocytes using metabolic regulators and mutrients. V. Inosine and methylene blue.", "content": "Methylene blue and inosine have been shown to stimulate glycolytic metabolism in the erythrocytes, increasing the concentration of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which is necessary for hemoglobin function, by regulating oxidative metabolism and providing a five-carbon nutrient for glycolysis, respectively. However, a recent study suggested that the methylene blue effect was dependent on the presence of inosine. This study was designed to establish, if possible, the existence of a methylene blue effect and to confirm the usefulness of inosine. The optimal concentration of inosine for increasing 2,3-DPG synthesis in a CPD-adenine preservative is confirmed to be 10--15 mM. Concentrations of 2,3-DPG were maintained in the erythrocytes at normal or higher levels for 21 days of storage with 10 or 15 mM inosine, whether the methylene blue was present or not. However, when methylene blue was present, 2,3-DPG concentrations were significantly better maintained.", "contents": "Preservation of erythrocytes using metabolic regulators and mutrients. V. Inosine and methylene blue. Methylene blue and inosine have been shown to stimulate glycolytic metabolism in the erythrocytes, increasing the concentration of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which is necessary for hemoglobin function, by regulating oxidative metabolism and providing a five-carbon nutrient for glycolysis, respectively. However, a recent study suggested that the methylene blue effect was dependent on the presence of inosine. This study was designed to establish, if possible, the existence of a methylene blue effect and to confirm the usefulness of inosine. The optimal concentration of inosine for increasing 2,3-DPG synthesis in a CPD-adenine preservative is confirmed to be 10--15 mM. Concentrations of 2,3-DPG were maintained in the erythrocytes at normal or higher levels for 21 days of storage with 10 or 15 mM inosine, whether the methylene blue was present or not. However, when methylene blue was present, 2,3-DPG concentrations were significantly better maintained.", "PMID": 655128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6206", "title": "The medical usefulness of Stat tests.", "content": "Although Stat tests are one of the most important features of clinical laboratory performance, the indexed literature is devoid of significant discussion of the subject. The authors, undertook a study by querying hospital laboratories about their current practices and received 38 useable answers dealing with the types of tests done on an urgent basis, the turn-around time for reports, the limitations on ordering, the use of special Stat laboratories and instruments, and decisions regarding priorities.", "contents": "The medical usefulness of Stat tests. Although Stat tests are one of the most important features of clinical laboratory performance, the indexed literature is devoid of significant discussion of the subject. The authors, undertook a study by querying hospital laboratories about their current practices and received 38 useable answers dealing with the types of tests done on an urgent basis, the turn-around time for reports, the limitations on ordering, the use of special Stat laboratories and instruments, and decisions regarding priorities.", "PMID": 655130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6207", "title": "An approach to cost analysis of clinical laboratory services.", "content": "The authors have developed a system that provides information about costs related to specific laboratory tests. These costs are derived from: (1) labor and material actually used for specific tests; (2) allocation of costs for labor and material shared by several different tests; (3) allocation of supervisory and management costs. The \"cost\" of a specific procedure is a theoretical construct that is significantly affected by the method chosen for allocation. We know of no cost-analysis system generally accepted by all clinical laboratories. Since third-party payers may base future reimbursement on costs rather than charges, accurate systems for clinical laboratory cost analysis may have some practical value.", "contents": "An approach to cost analysis of clinical laboratory services. The authors have developed a system that provides information about costs related to specific laboratory tests. These costs are derived from: (1) labor and material actually used for specific tests; (2) allocation of costs for labor and material shared by several different tests; (3) allocation of supervisory and management costs. The \"cost\" of a specific procedure is a theoretical construct that is significantly affected by the method chosen for allocation. We know of no cost-analysis system generally accepted by all clinical laboratories. Since third-party payers may base future reimbursement on costs rather than charges, accurate systems for clinical laboratory cost analysis may have some practical value.", "PMID": 655131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6208", "title": "Growth and cytopathic effect of rubella virus in primary and progeny guinea pig kidney cells.", "content": "A culture system useful for the demonstration of cytopathology of rubella virus in guinea pig kidney cells is described. Not only were cytopathic rubella infections dependent on cell type (primary lung cells were not responsive), but infection early in primary passage was also necessary. Secondary-passage kidney cells were unresponsive. The cytopathic phenomenon did not appear to depend on any special medium or on inhibition of the normal interferon response.", "contents": "Growth and cytopathic effect of rubella virus in primary and progeny guinea pig kidney cells. A culture system useful for the demonstration of cytopathology of rubella virus in guinea pig kidney cells is described. Not only were cytopathic rubella infections dependent on cell type (primary lung cells were not responsive), but infection early in primary passage was also necessary. Secondary-passage kidney cells were unresponsive. The cytopathic phenomenon did not appear to depend on any special medium or on inhibition of the normal interferon response.", "PMID": 655133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6209", "title": "Agranulocytosis during therapy with orally administered cloxacillin.", "content": "Agranulocytosis developed in a patient with staphylococcal osteomyelitis after 35 days of treatment with orally administered cloxacillin. The patient had fever, prostration, pharyngitis, and profound leukopenia, which subsequently abated upon withdrawal of the drug. Cloxacillin should be included in the growing list of drugs capable of producing leukopenia and agranulocytosis.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis during therapy with orally administered cloxacillin. Agranulocytosis developed in a patient with staphylococcal osteomyelitis after 35 days of treatment with orally administered cloxacillin. The patient had fever, prostration, pharyngitis, and profound leukopenia, which subsequently abated upon withdrawal of the drug. Cloxacillin should be included in the growing list of drugs capable of producing leukopenia and agranulocytosis.", "PMID": 655134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6210", "title": "Epithelioma cuniculatum pedis, a variant of squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "The rare lesion of epithelioma cuniculatum pedis may be recognized by the gross appearance of a slow-growing, bulky, \"squashy,\" non-healing, exophytic mass of long duration on the sole, exuding foul-smelling purulent keratin debris from numerous sinuses, and biopsies showing extensive infiltrating plaques of keratinizing, well-formed, squamous epithelium forming walls for numerous sinuses filled with purulent material. The rarity of the lesion, the slow growth, and biopsies showing relatively benign-appearing well-differentiated squamous epithelium caused considerable diagnostic difficulty to clinicians and pathologists. The tumor failed to heal, extensively penetrated the soft tissues, ultimately destroyed the metatarsal bones, and invaded the skin of the dorsum of the fott. The lesion should be treated as a slow-growing, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma by wide local excision or by amputation when extensive growth causes deformity of the foot or penetration of the metatarsal bones.", "contents": "Epithelioma cuniculatum pedis, a variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The rare lesion of epithelioma cuniculatum pedis may be recognized by the gross appearance of a slow-growing, bulky, \"squashy,\" non-healing, exophytic mass of long duration on the sole, exuding foul-smelling purulent keratin debris from numerous sinuses, and biopsies showing extensive infiltrating plaques of keratinizing, well-formed, squamous epithelium forming walls for numerous sinuses filled with purulent material. The rarity of the lesion, the slow growth, and biopsies showing relatively benign-appearing well-differentiated squamous epithelium caused considerable diagnostic difficulty to clinicians and pathologists. The tumor failed to heal, extensively penetrated the soft tissues, ultimately destroyed the metatarsal bones, and invaded the skin of the dorsum of the fott. The lesion should be treated as a slow-growing, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma by wide local excision or by amputation when extensive growth causes deformity of the foot or penetration of the metatarsal bones.", "PMID": 655135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6211", "title": "Immobilization hypercalcemia after single limb fractures in children and adolescents.", "content": "Immobilization hypercalcemia following a single limb fracture of one weight bearing bone has been reported rarely in the pediatric age group. Nevertheless, in six of 12 patients immobilization hypercalcemia developed, associated with elevations in the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio and serum levels of ionized calcium after a single limb fracture of a weight-bearing bone during this two-year study period. We suggest that immobilization hypercalcemia occurs frequently in both children and adolescents after a single limb fracture of one weight-bearing bone, exercises in bed fail to prevent immobilization hypercalcemia, serial measurements of the serum ionized calcium and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio are critical measures in treating such patients, and though complete mobilization is curative, transient calcitonin therapy is highly effective in reversing the disorders in calcium metabolism.", "contents": "Immobilization hypercalcemia after single limb fractures in children and adolescents. Immobilization hypercalcemia following a single limb fracture of one weight bearing bone has been reported rarely in the pediatric age group. Nevertheless, in six of 12 patients immobilization hypercalcemia developed, associated with elevations in the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio and serum levels of ionized calcium after a single limb fracture of a weight-bearing bone during this two-year study period. We suggest that immobilization hypercalcemia occurs frequently in both children and adolescents after a single limb fracture of one weight-bearing bone, exercises in bed fail to prevent immobilization hypercalcemia, serial measurements of the serum ionized calcium and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio are critical measures in treating such patients, and though complete mobilization is curative, transient calcitonin therapy is highly effective in reversing the disorders in calcium metabolism.", "PMID": 655137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6212", "title": "Rubella, measles and mumps antibodies following vaccination of children. A potential rubella problem.", "content": "One hundred sixty-eight children immunized by one suburban Minneapolis clinic during routine pediatric visits had serum antibodies measured to determine the efficacy of rubella (HPV77 DE5 strain), measles (Edmonston B and Moraten strains), and mumps (Jeryl Lynn strain) vaccines. Serologic failure rates at the mean postvaccination times tested were as follows: rubella, 36% (4.7 years); measles, 18% (6.5 years); and mumps, 9% (4.5 years). Antibody titers shortly after vaccination were not done, so seronegative subjects may never have responded or their titers may have declined with time; our rubella data suggest the former. Children vaccinated with rubella and measles at less than 14 months of age had higher failure rates than those vaccinated at a later age. This supports postponement of rubella and measles vaccinations until at least 15 months of age. In addition to current measles reimmunization policies, consideration also should be given to reimmunizing girls who were given rubella vaccine at less than 14 months of age. Twenty-four percent (19/79) of children vaccinated with HPV77 DE5 strain rubella at 14 months or older had rubella hemagglutination-inhibiting titers less than 8. This is disturbing and, if confirmed by others, would prompt the use of a different strain of rubella vaccine for routine immunization.", "contents": "Rubella, measles and mumps antibodies following vaccination of children. A potential rubella problem. One hundred sixty-eight children immunized by one suburban Minneapolis clinic during routine pediatric visits had serum antibodies measured to determine the efficacy of rubella (HPV77 DE5 strain), measles (Edmonston B and Moraten strains), and mumps (Jeryl Lynn strain) vaccines. Serologic failure rates at the mean postvaccination times tested were as follows: rubella, 36% (4.7 years); measles, 18% (6.5 years); and mumps, 9% (4.5 years). Antibody titers shortly after vaccination were not done, so seronegative subjects may never have responded or their titers may have declined with time; our rubella data suggest the former. Children vaccinated with rubella and measles at less than 14 months of age had higher failure rates than those vaccinated at a later age. This supports postponement of rubella and measles vaccinations until at least 15 months of age. In addition to current measles reimmunization policies, consideration also should be given to reimmunizing girls who were given rubella vaccine at less than 14 months of age. Twenty-four percent (19/79) of children vaccinated with HPV77 DE5 strain rubella at 14 months or older had rubella hemagglutination-inhibiting titers less than 8. This is disturbing and, if confirmed by others, would prompt the use of a different strain of rubella vaccine for routine immunization.", "PMID": 655138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6213", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica osteomyelitis in a child.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica systemic infections are uncommon and osteomyelitis due to this organism is very rare. We report a 9-year-old girl with thalassemia major, liver cirrhosis, and hemosiderosis who developed osteomyelitis of the rib caused by Y enterocolitica type 0:3. Serologic response to the infection was confirmed. No definite source of infection was identified.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica osteomyelitis in a child. Yersinia enterocolitica systemic infections are uncommon and osteomyelitis due to this organism is very rare. We report a 9-year-old girl with thalassemia major, liver cirrhosis, and hemosiderosis who developed osteomyelitis of the rib caused by Y enterocolitica type 0:3. Serologic response to the infection was confirmed. No definite source of infection was identified.", "PMID": 655139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6214", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the pelvis. A diagnostic problem.", "content": "Osteomyelitis of the pelvis occurs more frequently than generally recognized. Three cases are presented that illustrate the diagnostic difficulties involved. All of the cases of pelvic osteomyelitis seen at The Children's Hospital, Denver, from 1943 to 1977 are summarized.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the pelvis. A diagnostic problem. Osteomyelitis of the pelvis occurs more frequently than generally recognized. Three cases are presented that illustrate the diagnostic difficulties involved. All of the cases of pelvic osteomyelitis seen at The Children's Hospital, Denver, from 1943 to 1977 are summarized.", "PMID": 655140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6215", "title": "Prevalence and correlates of poor sleep among adolescents.", "content": "The Stanford Sleep Inventory was given to 639, 11th- and 12th-grade students to assess the prevalence and correlates of poor sleep among an adolescent population. Of the sample reported, 49.8% had no sleep problems, whereas 37.6% reported occasional sleep disturbance and 12.6% reported chronic and severe sleep disturbance. Students complaining of disturbed sleep were more likely than good sleepers to describe negatively their physical and personality characteristics. The clinical implications of these data for developing educationally-based nondrug treatment of the complaint of insomnia among adolescents are discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence and correlates of poor sleep among adolescents. The Stanford Sleep Inventory was given to 639, 11th- and 12th-grade students to assess the prevalence and correlates of poor sleep among an adolescent population. Of the sample reported, 49.8% had no sleep problems, whereas 37.6% reported occasional sleep disturbance and 12.6% reported chronic and severe sleep disturbance. Students complaining of disturbed sleep were more likely than good sleepers to describe negatively their physical and personality characteristics. The clinical implications of these data for developing educationally-based nondrug treatment of the complaint of insomnia among adolescents are discussed.", "PMID": 655141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6216", "title": "Blood pressure response to isometric and dynamic exercise in healthy black children.", "content": "One hundred seventy healthy black boys and girls (76 boys and 94 girls) had their systolic blood pressure (BP) determined at rest, during submaximum and maximum dynamic exercise, and in response to isometric exercise. Differences in BP between boys and girls were not significant. Blood pressure response to both dynamic and isometric exercise correlated with age and body surface area. Differences between resting BP and the BP during isometric exercise (BPiso), submaximum dynamic exercise (deltaBP170) and maximum dynamic exercise (deltaBPmax) for boys were: deltaBP150 18 +/- 9, deltaBP170 40 +/- 16 and deltaBPmax 55 +/- 17. Corresponding values for girls were: 16 +/- 8, 36 +/- 14 and 47 +/- 16. The higher the resting BP the less was the percentage change in BP to each stress.", "contents": "Blood pressure response to isometric and dynamic exercise in healthy black children. One hundred seventy healthy black boys and girls (76 boys and 94 girls) had their systolic blood pressure (BP) determined at rest, during submaximum and maximum dynamic exercise, and in response to isometric exercise. Differences in BP between boys and girls were not significant. Blood pressure response to both dynamic and isometric exercise correlated with age and body surface area. Differences between resting BP and the BP during isometric exercise (BPiso), submaximum dynamic exercise (deltaBP170) and maximum dynamic exercise (deltaBPmax) for boys were: deltaBP150 18 +/- 9, deltaBP170 40 +/- 16 and deltaBPmax 55 +/- 17. Corresponding values for girls were: 16 +/- 8, 36 +/- 14 and 47 +/- 16. The higher the resting BP the less was the percentage change in BP to each stress.", "PMID": 655142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6217", "title": "Exercise electrocardiography of health black children.", "content": "Exercise electrocardiography was performed on 170 healthy black children 7 to 14 years of age in order to determine the normal childhood electrocardiographic response to exercise. R-wave amplitude decreased from 27 +/- 8 (SD) to 22 +/- 8 mm (P less than .01) and the S-wave amplitude increased from 6.9 +/- 4.4 to 7.8 +/- 5 mm (P less than .01), indicating a shift of the mean QRS vector to the right at maximum exercise. J-point depression of 1.0 mm or greater was observed in 2.3% of children at maximum exercise, using the PR isoelectric line. ST-segment slope increased from 1.5 +/- 0.7 to 4.3 +/- 1.5 mV/sec at maximum. T-wave duration decreased with exercise and T-wave amplitude initially decreased with mild exercise but exceeded resting values at maximum exercise. No dysrhythmias were observed during or after the exercise study.", "contents": "Exercise electrocardiography of health black children. Exercise electrocardiography was performed on 170 healthy black children 7 to 14 years of age in order to determine the normal childhood electrocardiographic response to exercise. R-wave amplitude decreased from 27 +/- 8 (SD) to 22 +/- 8 mm (P less than .01) and the S-wave amplitude increased from 6.9 +/- 4.4 to 7.8 +/- 5 mm (P less than .01), indicating a shift of the mean QRS vector to the right at maximum exercise. J-point depression of 1.0 mm or greater was observed in 2.3% of children at maximum exercise, using the PR isoelectric line. ST-segment slope increased from 1.5 +/- 0.7 to 4.3 +/- 1.5 mV/sec at maximum. T-wave duration decreased with exercise and T-wave amplitude initially decreased with mild exercise but exceeded resting values at maximum exercise. No dysrhythmias were observed during or after the exercise study.", "PMID": 655143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6218", "title": "Corrosive esophagitis in children. Assessment by the esophagogram.", "content": "The roentgenograms of 27 children aged 10 months to 13 years with endoscopically confirmed corrosive esophagitis were reviewed. The initial barium esophagogram showed 19 to have strictures. The length and irregularity of the strictures were recorded and related to the severity of the illness and the treatment required. In the remaining eight patients, the initial study gave normal results, but two were later shown to have developed strictures.", "contents": "Corrosive esophagitis in children. Assessment by the esophagogram. The roentgenograms of 27 children aged 10 months to 13 years with endoscopically confirmed corrosive esophagitis were reviewed. The initial barium esophagogram showed 19 to have strictures. The length and irregularity of the strictures were recorded and related to the severity of the illness and the treatment required. In the remaining eight patients, the initial study gave normal results, but two were later shown to have developed strictures.", "PMID": 655144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6219", "title": "Hereditary fructose intolerance in childhood. Diagnosis, management, and course in 55 patients.", "content": "The early manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance are described in a series of 55 patients. Management of this metabolic disorder depends on the severity of liver impairment. When the patients are given a fructose-free diet, the improvement is a dramatic but liver enlargement and fatty vacuolization of liver cells often persist. These hepatic findings were also observed in the five homozygous infants who were given a fructose-free diet from birth; this outcome may support the hypothesis that minimal amounts of fructose are esential for human beings.", "contents": "Hereditary fructose intolerance in childhood. Diagnosis, management, and course in 55 patients. The early manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance are described in a series of 55 patients. Management of this metabolic disorder depends on the severity of liver impairment. When the patients are given a fructose-free diet, the improvement is a dramatic but liver enlargement and fatty vacuolization of liver cells often persist. These hepatic findings were also observed in the five homozygous infants who were given a fructose-free diet from birth; this outcome may support the hypothesis that minimal amounts of fructose are esential for human beings.", "PMID": 655145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6220", "title": "Multiple pterygium syndrome.", "content": "After treating a 12-year-old patient with multiple pterygium syndrome, we ascertained the minimal diagnostic criteria of pterygia in the neck, axilla, antecubital, and even popliteal areas; evidence supports autosomal recessive inheritance for this syndrome.", "contents": "Multiple pterygium syndrome. After treating a 12-year-old patient with multiple pterygium syndrome, we ascertained the minimal diagnostic criteria of pterygia in the neck, axilla, antecubital, and even popliteal areas; evidence supports autosomal recessive inheritance for this syndrome.", "PMID": 655146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6221", "title": "Increase in platelet aggregation following a rise in plasma free fatty acids.", "content": "Platelet aggregation was studied following intravenous injection of heparin to nine healthy adults. Heparin is known to produce an increase in the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) within 10 minutes of intravenous injection. A significant correlation was found between the intensity of primary platelet aggregation and changes in plasma FFA levels. No correlation was found between plasma FFA levels and the intensity of secondary platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Increase in platelet aggregation following a rise in plasma free fatty acids. Platelet aggregation was studied following intravenous injection of heparin to nine healthy adults. Heparin is known to produce an increase in the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) within 10 minutes of intravenous injection. A significant correlation was found between the intensity of primary platelet aggregation and changes in plasma FFA levels. No correlation was found between plasma FFA levels and the intensity of secondary platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 655154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6222", "title": "Murine hemopoietic colonies in culture containing normoblasts, macrophages, and megakaryocytes.", "content": "Murine marrow cells, when incubated in methylcellulose culture in the presence of erythropoietin and conditioned medium for two weeks, produced large macroscopic bursts containing normoblasts, macrophages, and often megakaryocytes. The clonal nature of these mixed colonies was supported by linearity studies and analysis of the percentages of constituent cells in different plating conditions. Time course observations and studies of the effects of L-cell-conditioned medium revealed that colony-forming cells for the mixed colonies (CFU-mix) are at earlier stages of hemopoietic development than burst-forming units (BFU-E). The mean of the modal sedimentation velocities of CFU-mix was 3.4 mm/hr and was in close agreement with that reported for the spleen colony-forming units. Almost none of the CFU-mix was in a DNA synthetic phase as measured by short-term exposure to tritiated thymidine. These results strongly indicate that CFU-mix represent a population of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in murine marrow.", "contents": "Murine hemopoietic colonies in culture containing normoblasts, macrophages, and megakaryocytes. Murine marrow cells, when incubated in methylcellulose culture in the presence of erythropoietin and conditioned medium for two weeks, produced large macroscopic bursts containing normoblasts, macrophages, and often megakaryocytes. The clonal nature of these mixed colonies was supported by linearity studies and analysis of the percentages of constituent cells in different plating conditions. Time course observations and studies of the effects of L-cell-conditioned medium revealed that colony-forming cells for the mixed colonies (CFU-mix) are at earlier stages of hemopoietic development than burst-forming units (BFU-E). The mean of the modal sedimentation velocities of CFU-mix was 3.4 mm/hr and was in close agreement with that reported for the spleen colony-forming units. Almost none of the CFU-mix was in a DNA synthetic phase as measured by short-term exposure to tritiated thymidine. These results strongly indicate that CFU-mix represent a population of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in murine marrow.", "PMID": 655155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6223", "title": "Two dimensional view of combination chemotherapy in vitro.", "content": "A newly developed micromethod to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of drugs on rapidly growing lymphoid cell lines is described, which permits evaluation of more than one variable. This technique allows a checkerboard titration of two drugs to determine the optimum concentration of each needed for the augmentation of the other's cell-killing activity. Such studies have shown that the minimum concentration of vincristine capable of killing a human lymphoid cell population is 5.6 ng/ml. The addition of prednisolone at a concentration of 460 ng/ml reduces the minimum lethal concentration of vincristine to 1.6 ng/ml. When prednisolone is added to vincristine at concentrations of 2.8 mu/ml (a level readily achieved in the serum in vivo) concentrations of vincristine as low as 200 pg/ml are clearly cytotoxic. Similar potentiation of cytotoxicity following the addition of prednisolone has been demonstrated for cytosine arabinoside, but not for daunorubicin and only slightly for methotrexate. The micromethod for the study of optimal doses to be used in drug combinations is simple and gives healthy reproducible results. It should be of considerable utility to anyone interested in screening a wide variety of drug combinations for augmentation or synergistic effects.", "contents": "Two dimensional view of combination chemotherapy in vitro. A newly developed micromethod to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of drugs on rapidly growing lymphoid cell lines is described, which permits evaluation of more than one variable. This technique allows a checkerboard titration of two drugs to determine the optimum concentration of each needed for the augmentation of the other's cell-killing activity. Such studies have shown that the minimum concentration of vincristine capable of killing a human lymphoid cell population is 5.6 ng/ml. The addition of prednisolone at a concentration of 460 ng/ml reduces the minimum lethal concentration of vincristine to 1.6 ng/ml. When prednisolone is added to vincristine at concentrations of 2.8 mu/ml (a level readily achieved in the serum in vivo) concentrations of vincristine as low as 200 pg/ml are clearly cytotoxic. Similar potentiation of cytotoxicity following the addition of prednisolone has been demonstrated for cytosine arabinoside, but not for daunorubicin and only slightly for methotrexate. The micromethod for the study of optimal doses to be used in drug combinations is simple and gives healthy reproducible results. It should be of considerable utility to anyone interested in screening a wide variety of drug combinations for augmentation or synergistic effects.", "PMID": 655156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6224", "title": "Cytotoxicity of a factor from normal and abnormal human spleens for allogenic leukemia cells.", "content": "A search for an endogenous cytotoxic factor (ECF) was made by analyzing 103 spleens from normal humans and patients suffering from hematopoietic malignancies, solid tumors, inflammatory diseases, and congestive and hyperplastic splenomegalies. A highly purified ECG was obtained by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography. The factor is a low-molecular-weight (less than 2,000) substance and is probably a peptide or peptide-nucleotide complex. The biologic activity of EC was assayed on myelogenous and lymphatic leukemia cells of human origin. The spleens from normal individuals produced and/or stored the largest quantity of the ECF. The amount of ECF extractable from the pathologic spleen was drastically diminished regardless of the disease or therapeutic regimen. The ECF was significantly more cytotoxic for lymphatic than for myelogenous leukemia cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of a factor from normal and abnormal human spleens for allogenic leukemia cells. A search for an endogenous cytotoxic factor (ECF) was made by analyzing 103 spleens from normal humans and patients suffering from hematopoietic malignancies, solid tumors, inflammatory diseases, and congestive and hyperplastic splenomegalies. A highly purified ECG was obtained by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography. The factor is a low-molecular-weight (less than 2,000) substance and is probably a peptide or peptide-nucleotide complex. The biologic activity of EC was assayed on myelogenous and lymphatic leukemia cells of human origin. The spleens from normal individuals produced and/or stored the largest quantity of the ECF. The amount of ECF extractable from the pathologic spleen was drastically diminished regardless of the disease or therapeutic regimen. The ECF was significantly more cytotoxic for lymphatic than for myelogenous leukemia cells.", "PMID": 655158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6225", "title": "Sequential pure red cell and megakaryocyte aplasia associated with chronic liver disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The clinical course of a patient with chronic hepatitis and previous ulcerative colitis who subsequently developed pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is described. The PRCA remitted initially with corticosteroid therapy. A subsequent relapse responded to cyclophosphamide therapy following splenectomy. This was followed by a fatal third episode of red cell aplasia associated with megakaryocyte aplasia.", "contents": "Sequential pure red cell and megakaryocyte aplasia associated with chronic liver disease and ulcerative colitis. The clinical course of a patient with chronic hepatitis and previous ulcerative colitis who subsequently developed pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is described. The PRCA remitted initially with corticosteroid therapy. A subsequent relapse responded to cyclophosphamide therapy following splenectomy. This was followed by a fatal third episode of red cell aplasia associated with megakaryocyte aplasia.", "PMID": 655159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6226", "title": "Deformability characteristics of sickle cells by microelastimetry.", "content": "Deformability of normal and sickle erythrocytes was measured by means of micropipette elastimetry with determination of intrinsic membrane rigidity (P) and total cell deformability (Pt). In the elastimetric technique employed, negative pressure at the pipette tip was generated and measured continuously. Membrane rigidity is defined as the negative pressure, in mm H2O, required to induce a hemispherical projection of the cell surface into the micropipette, and total cell deformability as the negative pressure required to aspirate the entire cell into the pipette lumen. Membrane rgidity for oxygenated sickle discocytes was not statistically different from that of control normal discocytes, but Pt measurements were significantly higher for sickle than normal discocytes. Irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) had markedly increased membrane rigidity and whole cell deformability when compared to control normal cells. Mildly deformed ISCs and severely deformed ISCs at ambient pO2, both showed significantly higher mean membrane rigidity values than sickle discocytes and reversibly sickled cells. Sickle and normal discocytes both showed membrane elasticity with reversion to original cell shape following release of the cell from its aspirated position at the pipette tip. ISCs, however, exhibited elastic deformation of the membrane. These studies provide further evidence of progressive alteration of the sickle cell membrane induced by the sickling-unsickling process, culminating in formation of the ISC, and suggest a role for the ISC membrane abnormality in the pathologic rheology of sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Deformability characteristics of sickle cells by microelastimetry. Deformability of normal and sickle erythrocytes was measured by means of micropipette elastimetry with determination of intrinsic membrane rigidity (P) and total cell deformability (Pt). In the elastimetric technique employed, negative pressure at the pipette tip was generated and measured continuously. Membrane rigidity is defined as the negative pressure, in mm H2O, required to induce a hemispherical projection of the cell surface into the micropipette, and total cell deformability as the negative pressure required to aspirate the entire cell into the pipette lumen. Membrane rgidity for oxygenated sickle discocytes was not statistically different from that of control normal discocytes, but Pt measurements were significantly higher for sickle than normal discocytes. Irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) had markedly increased membrane rigidity and whole cell deformability when compared to control normal cells. Mildly deformed ISCs and severely deformed ISCs at ambient pO2, both showed significantly higher mean membrane rigidity values than sickle discocytes and reversibly sickled cells. Sickle and normal discocytes both showed membrane elasticity with reversion to original cell shape following release of the cell from its aspirated position at the pipette tip. ISCs, however, exhibited elastic deformation of the membrane. These studies provide further evidence of progressive alteration of the sickle cell membrane induced by the sickling-unsickling process, culminating in formation of the ISC, and suggest a role for the ISC membrane abnormality in the pathologic rheology of sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 655160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6227", "title": "Medical and human genetics 1977: trends and directions.", "content": "Our field is in a rapid state of evolution. The broader concerns of human genetics not of immediate medical interest such as behavioral genetics are often investigated by persons not trained or identified as human geneticists. Both medical genetics and human genetics in general have prospered when various biologic techniques have been applied to genetic concepts. A search for novel biologic methods may provide new insights and may bridge the gulf between Mendelian and biometric approaches in studies of behavior and of common diseases. Medical geneticists need to broaden their fields of interest to encompass other fields than those of pediatric interest alone. We need to attract more basic scientists. Our field is evolving from a largely research oriented science to a service-oriented specialty. This logical development is a sign of increasing maturity and makes available to the public the results of our research. The resulting stresses and strains need careful watching to prevent their slowing the momentum of our science which can contribute continued insights into the many problems of behavior, health, and disease.", "contents": "Medical and human genetics 1977: trends and directions. Our field is in a rapid state of evolution. The broader concerns of human genetics not of immediate medical interest such as behavioral genetics are often investigated by persons not trained or identified as human geneticists. Both medical genetics and human genetics in general have prospered when various biologic techniques have been applied to genetic concepts. A search for novel biologic methods may provide new insights and may bridge the gulf between Mendelian and biometric approaches in studies of behavior and of common diseases. Medical geneticists need to broaden their fields of interest to encompass other fields than those of pediatric interest alone. We need to attract more basic scientists. Our field is evolving from a largely research oriented science to a service-oriented specialty. This logical development is a sign of increasing maturity and makes available to the public the results of our research. The resulting stresses and strains need careful watching to prevent their slowing the momentum of our science which can contribute continued insights into the many problems of behavior, health, and disease.", "PMID": 655162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6228", "title": "Heat-labile enzymes in circulating erythrocytes of a progeria family.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with progeria contain an increased fraction of heat-labile enzymes and other altered proteins. To determine whether freshly obtained cells are similarly affected, erythrocytes from a progeric female and her clinically normal parents were analyzed for heat-lability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Hemolysates of the child's whole erythrocyte populations and young erythrocytes isolated by equilibrium density centrifugation contained significantly higher heat-labile fractions of both enzymes compared to control hemolysates. Values in both parents were intermediate to those of their daughter and controls, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance in this family. The primary source of these multiple protein defects is unknown but may reside in a mutant gene producing abnormal protein turnover or defective DNA repair. An increased fraction of thermolabile enzymes in circulating erythrocytes should be useful in identifying persons at risk for progeria and other disorders of premature aging.", "contents": "Heat-labile enzymes in circulating erythrocytes of a progeria family. Cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with progeria contain an increased fraction of heat-labile enzymes and other altered proteins. To determine whether freshly obtained cells are similarly affected, erythrocytes from a progeric female and her clinically normal parents were analyzed for heat-lability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Hemolysates of the child's whole erythrocyte populations and young erythrocytes isolated by equilibrium density centrifugation contained significantly higher heat-labile fractions of both enzymes compared to control hemolysates. Values in both parents were intermediate to those of their daughter and controls, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance in this family. The primary source of these multiple protein defects is unknown but may reside in a mutant gene producing abnormal protein turnover or defective DNA repair. An increased fraction of thermolabile enzymes in circulating erythrocytes should be useful in identifying persons at risk for progeria and other disorders of premature aging.", "PMID": 655163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6229", "title": "Ornithine ketoacid transaminase deficiency in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.", "content": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is a chorioretinal degeneration associated with hyperornithinemia with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Cultured skin fibroblasts from five affected patients showed a virtual absence of ornithine ketoacid transaminase (OKT) (L-ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase E.C.2.6.1.13) activity. Fibroblasts from four carrier parents showed a 42%-65% reduction in OKT activity. Increasing the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6 in the assay media resulted in partial restoration of OKT activity in fibroblasts from one out of five patients studied. We conclude that OKT deficiency is closely associated with the genetic defect in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and that genetic heterogeneity exists in this disease.", "contents": "Ornithine ketoacid transaminase deficiency in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is a chorioretinal degeneration associated with hyperornithinemia with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Cultured skin fibroblasts from five affected patients showed a virtual absence of ornithine ketoacid transaminase (OKT) (L-ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase E.C.2.6.1.13) activity. Fibroblasts from four carrier parents showed a 42%-65% reduction in OKT activity. Increasing the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6 in the assay media resulted in partial restoration of OKT activity in fibroblasts from one out of five patients studied. We conclude that OKT deficiency is closely associated with the genetic defect in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and that genetic heterogeneity exists in this disease.", "PMID": 655164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6230", "title": "Effects of reproductive compensation and genetic drift on X-linked lethals.", "content": "A revival of interest in Haldane's equilibrium theory for X-linked lethals has been stimulated by the introduction of accurate tests for the detection of female heterozygotes in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Application of these tests appears to indicate an excess of familial cases. This excess can be attributed to ascertainment bias, a difference in female and male mutation rates, genetic drift, and reproductive compensation. Reproductive compensation will be particularly effective in increasing the proportion of familial cases if (1) birth control is widespread; (2) selection against affected males acts in utero; (3) affected sons show symptoms at an early age; and (4) sons are more highly valued than daughters. We demonstrate how only a few generations of reproductive compensation are sufficient to achieve an approximate equilibrium between selection and mutation showing a high proportion of familial cases. We also discuss the random fluctuations around equilibrium caused by genetic drift.", "contents": "Effects of reproductive compensation and genetic drift on X-linked lethals. A revival of interest in Haldane's equilibrium theory for X-linked lethals has been stimulated by the introduction of accurate tests for the detection of female heterozygotes in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Application of these tests appears to indicate an excess of familial cases. This excess can be attributed to ascertainment bias, a difference in female and male mutation rates, genetic drift, and reproductive compensation. Reproductive compensation will be particularly effective in increasing the proportion of familial cases if (1) birth control is widespread; (2) selection against affected males acts in utero; (3) affected sons show symptoms at an early age; and (4) sons are more highly valued than daughters. We demonstrate how only a few generations of reproductive compensation are sufficient to achieve an approximate equilibrium between selection and mutation showing a high proportion of familial cases. We also discuss the random fluctuations around equilibrium caused by genetic drift.", "PMID": 655165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6231", "title": "Population genetic studies of the Philippine Negritos. I. A pilot survey of red cell enzyme and serum protein groups.", "content": "Electrophoretic surveys of red cell enzyme and serum protein systems representing 21 genetic loci were carried out on 129 blood samples of the Negritos of Pampanga, Central Luzon, the Philippines. Nine (out of 16) red cell enzyme loci and four (out of five) serum protein loci showed polymorphic variation. Low frequencies of ACP 1A, GPTs1, ESD2, and Hp1, and a markedly high frequency of PGM12 were contrasted to those in non-Negrito Filipinos. Variant ESD phenotypes with a slowly migrating isozyme occurred in high frequency. The new allele designated as ESD3Negrito (ESD3N) had a frequency of .10 +/- .019. In AK, a variant phenotype indistinguishable from AK 2-1 was observed in 14% of the sample. In the Gc system, a fast migrating variant was discovered in high frequency which was distinct from Gc Ab and Gc J. The variant allele, denoted GcNegrito (GcN), had a frequency of .21 +/- .025. A relatively high degree of allelic diversity in the Negrito sample was also suggested by the average heterozygosity for 21 loci screened (.165), which is compared to that of the Japanese population (.140).", "contents": "Population genetic studies of the Philippine Negritos. I. A pilot survey of red cell enzyme and serum protein groups. Electrophoretic surveys of red cell enzyme and serum protein systems representing 21 genetic loci were carried out on 129 blood samples of the Negritos of Pampanga, Central Luzon, the Philippines. Nine (out of 16) red cell enzyme loci and four (out of five) serum protein loci showed polymorphic variation. Low frequencies of ACP 1A, GPTs1, ESD2, and Hp1, and a markedly high frequency of PGM12 were contrasted to those in non-Negrito Filipinos. Variant ESD phenotypes with a slowly migrating isozyme occurred in high frequency. The new allele designated as ESD3Negrito (ESD3N) had a frequency of .10 +/- .019. In AK, a variant phenotype indistinguishable from AK 2-1 was observed in 14% of the sample. In the Gc system, a fast migrating variant was discovered in high frequency which was distinct from Gc Ab and Gc J. The variant allele, denoted GcNegrito (GcN), had a frequency of .21 +/- .025. A relatively high degree of allelic diversity in the Negrito sample was also suggested by the average heterozygosity for 21 loci screened (.165), which is compared to that of the Japanese population (.140).", "PMID": 655166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6232", "title": "Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. III. genetic polymorphism of transcobalamin II in human plasma.", "content": "We detected genetically determined, electrophoretic variants of vitamin B12 binding proteins, most probably transcobalamin II, in human plasma. Polymorphic variants were observed in all populations tested; the two most common alleles (of at least four detected to date) attain frequencies of greater than 40% in Caucasians and Orientals. The variants are autosomally inherited and are seen as doublets in homozygotes, and four-banded patterns, the sum of two dissimilar homozygote patterns, in heterozygotes. The technique used in this survey, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) autoradiography of plasma and serum labeled in vitro with 57Co-vitamin B12 is particularly applicable to the study of trace proteins such as the transcobalamins (10(-9)M). Possible functional variation in the TC II allele products is described, and the selective significance of this worldwide polymorphism is considered.", "contents": "Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. III. genetic polymorphism of transcobalamin II in human plasma. We detected genetically determined, electrophoretic variants of vitamin B12 binding proteins, most probably transcobalamin II, in human plasma. Polymorphic variants were observed in all populations tested; the two most common alleles (of at least four detected to date) attain frequencies of greater than 40% in Caucasians and Orientals. The variants are autosomally inherited and are seen as doublets in homozygotes, and four-banded patterns, the sum of two dissimilar homozygote patterns, in heterozygotes. The technique used in this survey, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) autoradiography of plasma and serum labeled in vitro with 57Co-vitamin B12 is particularly applicable to the study of trace proteins such as the transcobalamins (10(-9)M). Possible functional variation in the TC II allele products is described, and the selective significance of this worldwide polymorphism is considered.", "PMID": 655167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6233", "title": "Consultant approach to improving drug-related services to chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "A consultant role for the pharmacist in solving a drug-related problem of another hospital department is described. The head of a 16-patient-per-day hemodialysis unit requested assistance from the pharmacy to improve the medication records for hemodialysis patients. Investigation uncovered several additional problems such as contradictory medication orders, poor patient compliance and evidence of drug abuse. The pharmacy devised and assisted in the implementation of new mechanisms for initiating, recording and charting medications. A patient education program and a system for assuring availability of medications for self-administration were also instituted. After nursing personnel were trained by the pharmacy, responsibility for maintaining the revised services was transferred to the hemodialysis staff. Documentation of medication orders, drug knowledge of the hemodialysis staff and patient compliance improved as a result of the revisions instituted by the pharmacy.", "contents": "Consultant approach to improving drug-related services to chronic hemodialysis patients. A consultant role for the pharmacist in solving a drug-related problem of another hospital department is described. The head of a 16-patient-per-day hemodialysis unit requested assistance from the pharmacy to improve the medication records for hemodialysis patients. Investigation uncovered several additional problems such as contradictory medication orders, poor patient compliance and evidence of drug abuse. The pharmacy devised and assisted in the implementation of new mechanisms for initiating, recording and charting medications. A patient education program and a system for assuring availability of medications for self-administration were also instituted. After nursing personnel were trained by the pharmacy, responsibility for maintaining the revised services was transferred to the hemodialysis staff. Documentation of medication orders, drug knowledge of the hemodialysis staff and patient compliance improved as a result of the revisions instituted by the pharmacy.", "PMID": 655177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6234", "title": "Computerized drug-drug interaction screening system.", "content": "A pharmacy automated drug interaction screening (PADIS) system is described which detects possible drug interactions by screening patient medication profiles. The data base contains approximately 24,000 drug interaction combinations of drugs marketed in the U.S. and also foreign and investigational drugs that have been implicated to cause drug interactions. It is updated on a monthly basis. The PADIS system operates as a batch run program which screens all patient medication profiles on a daily schedule. A patient drug interaction profile is printed by the computer for use by the pharmacist to suggest alternative therapy to the physician. The computer detects potential drug interactions in approximately 9% of the patients per day at the 635-bed hospital at which the system was developed.", "contents": "Computerized drug-drug interaction screening system. A pharmacy automated drug interaction screening (PADIS) system is described which detects possible drug interactions by screening patient medication profiles. The data base contains approximately 24,000 drug interaction combinations of drugs marketed in the U.S. and also foreign and investigational drugs that have been implicated to cause drug interactions. It is updated on a monthly basis. The PADIS system operates as a batch run program which screens all patient medication profiles on a daily schedule. A patient drug interaction profile is printed by the computer for use by the pharmacist to suggest alternative therapy to the physician. The computer detects potential drug interactions in approximately 9% of the patients per day at the 635-bed hospital at which the system was developed.", "PMID": 655178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6235", "title": "Confirmation of a computer-derived nomogram to predict gentamicin serum concentrations in postsurgical patients.", "content": "The applicability of a previously reported nomogram to predict serum gentamicin levels in postsurgical patients was investigated. Seventeen patients accounting for 20 courses of gentamicin were studied. A total of 72 peak serum gentamicin levels were measured by a microbiological assay and compared with predicted serum levels determined by the dosing nomogram. Eighty-five percent of the measured peak gentamicin serum levels agreed with nomogram-predicted levels. This figure was reduced to 65% when certain unforeseen factors (i.e., patient interference with intravenous lines, dosage miscalculation and extra routes of gentamicin elimination) were identified. The nomogram is a particularly useful tool for the clinician to whom serum gentamicin levels are unavailable and who needs a method to predict serum gentamicin concentration based upon a given dosage.", "contents": "Confirmation of a computer-derived nomogram to predict gentamicin serum concentrations in postsurgical patients. The applicability of a previously reported nomogram to predict serum gentamicin levels in postsurgical patients was investigated. Seventeen patients accounting for 20 courses of gentamicin were studied. A total of 72 peak serum gentamicin levels were measured by a microbiological assay and compared with predicted serum levels determined by the dosing nomogram. Eighty-five percent of the measured peak gentamicin serum levels agreed with nomogram-predicted levels. This figure was reduced to 65% when certain unforeseen factors (i.e., patient interference with intravenous lines, dosage miscalculation and extra routes of gentamicin elimination) were identified. The nomogram is a particularly useful tool for the clinician to whom serum gentamicin levels are unavailable and who needs a method to predict serum gentamicin concentration based upon a given dosage.", "PMID": 655179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6236", "title": "Pharmaceutical services in a medical screening clinic.", "content": "Pharmaceutical services in a medical screening clinic are described. Services provided include medication refills, patient education and medication histories. During the first year 1,067 patients were interviewed, evaluated and received these services from the pharmacist. The majority of these patients were seen for medication refills. A clinical assessment was made by the pharmacist of the current drug therapy, evidence of new or drug-related problems, and compliance with medication regimens. One hundred seventy-six patients were found to be receiving inappropriate drug therapy, 69 patients were found to have drug-related problems and 248 patients were found to be noncompliant with their drug regimens. Patients received 1,633 refills and 24 new prescriptions. One hundred fifty patients were refused refills because the medications were being abused or were not indicated. Many patients (564) received extensive education about their medications and diseases. One hundred eleven laboratory tests were ordered and 323 clinic appointments were made. The pharmacist is providing services which are an asset to both patients and other members of the health care team.", "contents": "Pharmaceutical services in a medical screening clinic. Pharmaceutical services in a medical screening clinic are described. Services provided include medication refills, patient education and medication histories. During the first year 1,067 patients were interviewed, evaluated and received these services from the pharmacist. The majority of these patients were seen for medication refills. A clinical assessment was made by the pharmacist of the current drug therapy, evidence of new or drug-related problems, and compliance with medication regimens. One hundred seventy-six patients were found to be receiving inappropriate drug therapy, 69 patients were found to have drug-related problems and 248 patients were found to be noncompliant with their drug regimens. Patients received 1,633 refills and 24 new prescriptions. One hundred fifty patients were refused refills because the medications were being abused or were not indicated. Many patients (564) received extensive education about their medications and diseases. One hundred eleven laboratory tests were ordered and 323 clinic appointments were made. The pharmacist is providing services which are an asset to both patients and other members of the health care team.", "PMID": 655180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6237", "title": "Drug therapy review as part of a medical audit process.", "content": "A method of chart review that focuses on the role of drugs as both therapeutic and iatrogenic agents in the sum of health care given to a patient is presented. A team of 11 to 16 health care professionals evaluated ambulatory health care systems funded by HEW. All clinician evaluators participated in the medical audit segment of the evaluation. Drug therapy review was based on an assessment of the relationship between patient, drug and other factors. Discussed also are the nine assessment options open to the evaluator and the mechanisms used to incorporate findings into the larger system review process. A by-product of the use of this process was increased prescribed-pharmacist cooperation and contribution in performance of the medical audit.", "contents": "Drug therapy review as part of a medical audit process. A method of chart review that focuses on the role of drugs as both therapeutic and iatrogenic agents in the sum of health care given to a patient is presented. A team of 11 to 16 health care professionals evaluated ambulatory health care systems funded by HEW. All clinician evaluators participated in the medical audit segment of the evaluation. Drug therapy review was based on an assessment of the relationship between patient, drug and other factors. Discussed also are the nine assessment options open to the evaluator and the mechanisms used to incorporate findings into the larger system review process. A by-product of the use of this process was increased prescribed-pharmacist cooperation and contribution in performance of the medical audit.", "PMID": 655181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6238", "title": "Intropin (dopamine hydrochloride) intravenous admixture compatibility, Part 3: stability with miscellaneous additives.", "content": "The compatibility of dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) with various additives in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, was studied. Dopamine hydrochloride stability for 24 hours in the admixture was established by colorimetric and thin-layer chromatographic procedures. Dopamine hydrochloride solutions are generally stable at an acidic pH and all admixtures produced a slightly acidic solution. Additives tested and found stable for 24 hours in the presence of Intropin included heparin sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride, neutral cephalothin sodium, oxacillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. The chemical stability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate and hydrocortisone sodium succinate was not established. Potassium chloride, calcium chloride and calcium gluceptate may be assumed to be stable in the presence of Intropin. Above pH 5.0, the calcium gluceptate-Intropin admixture exhibited a color change indicating physical incompatibility. The pH and physical compatibility of all admixtures were established. In order to avoid a fixed combination of potent drugs, it is recommended that a \"piggyback\" administration set or administration into a second injection site be employed when another drug is to be administered with Intropin.", "contents": "Intropin (dopamine hydrochloride) intravenous admixture compatibility, Part 3: stability with miscellaneous additives. The compatibility of dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) with various additives in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, was studied. Dopamine hydrochloride stability for 24 hours in the admixture was established by colorimetric and thin-layer chromatographic procedures. Dopamine hydrochloride solutions are generally stable at an acidic pH and all admixtures produced a slightly acidic solution. Additives tested and found stable for 24 hours in the presence of Intropin included heparin sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride, neutral cephalothin sodium, oxacillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. The chemical stability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate and hydrocortisone sodium succinate was not established. Potassium chloride, calcium chloride and calcium gluceptate may be assumed to be stable in the presence of Intropin. Above pH 5.0, the calcium gluceptate-Intropin admixture exhibited a color change indicating physical incompatibility. The pH and physical compatibility of all admixtures were established. In order to avoid a fixed combination of potent drugs, it is recommended that a \"piggyback\" administration set or administration into a second injection site be employed when another drug is to be administered with Intropin.", "PMID": 655182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6239", "title": "Taste preference test for oral liquid theophylline preparations.", "content": "Taste preferences among three oral liquid theophylline preparations were evaluated in 54 males. The products tested, and their theophylline concentrations, were Elixophyllin Pediatric Suspension (Cooper Laboratories, Inc.), 100 mg/5 ml; Somophyllin Oral Liquid (Fisons Corporation), 90 mg/5 ml; and Theophyl-225 Elixir (Knoll Pharmaceutical Company), 37.5 mg/5 ml. Generally-recommended procedures for taste tests were followed. The results indicated a taste preference for Theophyl-225 Elixir, followed by Elixophyllin Pediatric Suspension, followed by Somophyllin Oral Liquid. The results were statistically significant (p = 0.05). Product concentration and formulation were suggested to be major factors in determining taste preference.", "contents": "Taste preference test for oral liquid theophylline preparations. Taste preferences among three oral liquid theophylline preparations were evaluated in 54 males. The products tested, and their theophylline concentrations, were Elixophyllin Pediatric Suspension (Cooper Laboratories, Inc.), 100 mg/5 ml; Somophyllin Oral Liquid (Fisons Corporation), 90 mg/5 ml; and Theophyl-225 Elixir (Knoll Pharmaceutical Company), 37.5 mg/5 ml. Generally-recommended procedures for taste tests were followed. The results indicated a taste preference for Theophyl-225 Elixir, followed by Elixophyllin Pediatric Suspension, followed by Somophyllin Oral Liquid. The results were statistically significant (p = 0.05). Product concentration and formulation were suggested to be major factors in determining taste preference.", "PMID": 655183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6240", "title": "Comparison of the taste and acceptance of three potassium chloride preparations.", "content": "The palatability and acceptance of three commercially available potassium chloride solutions were evaluated. Adult ambulatory patients routinely self-administering potassium chloride solution rate the palatability and acceptance of each preparation. An open-label, three-treatment crossover study design was used. The taste of Klorvess was rated significantly more palatable than Kaochlor (p less than 0.01) or KayCiel (p less than 0.05). Klorvess was rated significantly more acceptable if taken over a long period of time than Kaochlor (p less than 0.01) or KayCiel (p less than 0.01). The average amount consumed of all three products was 57% of the prescribed amount. The amount of Klorvess returned was significantly less than the amount of either KayCiel (p less than 0.01) or Kaochlor (p less than 0.01). The flavoring agents are described and the importance of ensuring that the patient uses an accurate measuring spoon is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of the taste and acceptance of three potassium chloride preparations. The palatability and acceptance of three commercially available potassium chloride solutions were evaluated. Adult ambulatory patients routinely self-administering potassium chloride solution rate the palatability and acceptance of each preparation. An open-label, three-treatment crossover study design was used. The taste of Klorvess was rated significantly more palatable than Kaochlor (p less than 0.01) or KayCiel (p less than 0.05). Klorvess was rated significantly more acceptable if taken over a long period of time than Kaochlor (p less than 0.01) or KayCiel (p less than 0.01). The average amount consumed of all three products was 57% of the prescribed amount. The amount of Klorvess returned was significantly less than the amount of either KayCiel (p less than 0.01) or Kaochlor (p less than 0.01). The flavoring agents are described and the importance of ensuring that the patient uses an accurate measuring spoon is discussed.", "PMID": 655184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6241", "title": "Can pharmacists influence drug prescribing? A look at eight of the top 25 drug products for 1976.", "content": "The most frequently prescribed drug products were reviewed for insights into prescribing and dispensing patterns for ambulatory patients. The indications for eight of the \"top\" drug products were considered to be pharmacologically or therapeutically questionable. The drug products were: tetracycline, systemic; Dimetapp; Empirin Compound with Codeine; Actified; Darvon Compound 65; Darvocet-N; Donnatal; and Keflex. Drug prescribing review and prescriber education are crucially needed, as well as formulary controls when feasible.", "contents": "Can pharmacists influence drug prescribing? A look at eight of the top 25 drug products for 1976. The most frequently prescribed drug products were reviewed for insights into prescribing and dispensing patterns for ambulatory patients. The indications for eight of the \"top\" drug products were considered to be pharmacologically or therapeutically questionable. The drug products were: tetracycline, systemic; Dimetapp; Empirin Compound with Codeine; Actified; Darvon Compound 65; Darvocet-N; Donnatal; and Keflex. Drug prescribing review and prescriber education are crucially needed, as well as formulary controls when feasible.", "PMID": 655185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6242", "title": "Uremic pulmonary edema.", "content": "Pulmonary edema fluid analyses and hemodynamic evaluations were performed in two uremic patients with acute pulmonary edema. The colloid osmotic pressure of the pulmonary edema fluid ranged from 57 per cent to 93 per cent that of the serum. Although cardiac function was normal in both patients, the serum colloid osmotic pressure--pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradients were markedly reduced. Uremic pulmonary edema is the result of alterations of pulmonary intravascular Starling forces and increases in pulmonary capillary membrane permeability, allowing for the efflux of protein-rich fluid from the capillaries into the lung.", "contents": "Uremic pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema fluid analyses and hemodynamic evaluations were performed in two uremic patients with acute pulmonary edema. The colloid osmotic pressure of the pulmonary edema fluid ranged from 57 per cent to 93 per cent that of the serum. Although cardiac function was normal in both patients, the serum colloid osmotic pressure--pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradients were markedly reduced. Uremic pulmonary edema is the result of alterations of pulmonary intravascular Starling forces and increases in pulmonary capillary membrane permeability, allowing for the efflux of protein-rich fluid from the capillaries into the lung.", "PMID": 655190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6243", "title": "The control of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with mediastinal irradiation.", "content": "Forty patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have been treated with mediastinal irradiation. A full remission was achieved in 18 (45 per cent) patients, a partial response in eight (20 per cent), \"WBC control\" in eight (20 per cent) and no response in 6 (15 per cent). Although mediastinal irradiation benefited all stages of disease, earlier stages of disease correlated with more complete and longer response to mediastinal irradiation. Toxicity was mild and transient and included leukopenia in five patients (12 per cent), thrombocytopenia in eight patients (20 per cent), mild esophagitis in 12 patients (30 per cent) and pneumonitis in four patients (10 per cent). There were no toxic deaths and mediastinal irradiation did not adversely effect survival. Treatment was readily given on an ambulatory basis and completed within four weeks. In five of 11 patients, abnormal immunoglobulins became normal. Eleven patients had abnormal lymphocyte transformation with PHA, five had marked improvement and three had partial improvements following mediastinal irradiation. This improvement appeared to correlate with response and survival but further study is necessary to confirm this relationship. Although most patients required additional therapy within two years, eight patients have required no further therapy for periods of twenty-eight months to thirteen years.", "contents": "The control of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with mediastinal irradiation. Forty patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have been treated with mediastinal irradiation. A full remission was achieved in 18 (45 per cent) patients, a partial response in eight (20 per cent), \"WBC control\" in eight (20 per cent) and no response in 6 (15 per cent). Although mediastinal irradiation benefited all stages of disease, earlier stages of disease correlated with more complete and longer response to mediastinal irradiation. Toxicity was mild and transient and included leukopenia in five patients (12 per cent), thrombocytopenia in eight patients (20 per cent), mild esophagitis in 12 patients (30 per cent) and pneumonitis in four patients (10 per cent). There were no toxic deaths and mediastinal irradiation did not adversely effect survival. Treatment was readily given on an ambulatory basis and completed within four weeks. In five of 11 patients, abnormal immunoglobulins became normal. Eleven patients had abnormal lymphocyte transformation with PHA, five had marked improvement and three had partial improvements following mediastinal irradiation. This improvement appeared to correlate with response and survival but further study is necessary to confirm this relationship. Although most patients required additional therapy within two years, eight patients have required no further therapy for periods of twenty-eight months to thirteen years.", "PMID": 655197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6244", "title": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis with parafollicular cell (C-cell) hyperplasia.", "content": "Autopsy examination of a patient with well-documented supravalvular aortic stenosis and other characteristic features of the idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia syndrome revealed previously unreported hyperplasia of parafollicular cells (C cells). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated up to 30 calcitonin-containing cells per high power field, whereas normal glands contain only 4 to 10 cells per low power field in areas of highest concentration. The parathyroid glands were found to be normal both grossly and microscopically, whereas the bones showed thickened trabeculas, normal Haversian canals and no apparent increase in osteoblast or osteoclast activity, suggesting normal parathyroid hormone, but increased thyrocalcitonin activity. We suggest that C-cell hyperplasia has occurred in response to a persistent, rather than transient, elevation in serum calcium levels and that thyrocalcitonin function is augmented, rather than impaired in this disorder. The primary biochemical defect promoting hypercalcemia remains to be clarified, as well as the role, if any, such a defect plays in producing significant pathology in the central nervous system and in the cardiovascular, renal and skeletal systems.", "contents": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis with parafollicular cell (C-cell) hyperplasia. Autopsy examination of a patient with well-documented supravalvular aortic stenosis and other characteristic features of the idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia syndrome revealed previously unreported hyperplasia of parafollicular cells (C cells). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated up to 30 calcitonin-containing cells per high power field, whereas normal glands contain only 4 to 10 cells per low power field in areas of highest concentration. The parathyroid glands were found to be normal both grossly and microscopically, whereas the bones showed thickened trabeculas, normal Haversian canals and no apparent increase in osteoblast or osteoclast activity, suggesting normal parathyroid hormone, but increased thyrocalcitonin activity. We suggest that C-cell hyperplasia has occurred in response to a persistent, rather than transient, elevation in serum calcium levels and that thyrocalcitonin function is augmented, rather than impaired in this disorder. The primary biochemical defect promoting hypercalcemia remains to be clarified, as well as the role, if any, such a defect plays in producing significant pathology in the central nervous system and in the cardiovascular, renal and skeletal systems.", "PMID": 655198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6245", "title": "Predicting school failure from information available at birth.", "content": "Information available from birth certificates was used to predict the psychological and educational status of approximately 1,000 randomly sampled first-grade children. The purpose of the research was to explore the feasibility of using birth certificate information as a cost-effective mechanism to identify children who were likely to need special educational services at public school entry. Multiple-regression and discriminant-function analyses revealed the following factors to be important in predicting psychoeducational status: birth order, race, educational status of the mother, month prenatal care began, survivorship of older siblings, and the child's legitimacy.", "contents": "Predicting school failure from information available at birth. Information available from birth certificates was used to predict the psychological and educational status of approximately 1,000 randomly sampled first-grade children. The purpose of the research was to explore the feasibility of using birth certificate information as a cost-effective mechanism to identify children who were likely to need special educational services at public school entry. Multiple-regression and discriminant-function analyses revealed the following factors to be important in predicting psychoeducational status: birth order, race, educational status of the mother, month prenatal care began, survivorship of older siblings, and the child's legitimacy.", "PMID": 655199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6246", "title": "Neurological and intellectual sequelae of Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Eleven survivors of Reye's syndrome ranging in age from 9 months to 12 years were evaluated for neurological and psychoeducational sequelae. Seven children showed significant neuropsychological sequelae, ranging from severe global psychomotor retardation to mild specific perceptual and/or language impairments and from spastic quadriplegia and decorticate posturing to mild dysarthria. The severity of sequelae was inversely related to age of the child at onset of the disease. Whereas those children developing the syndrome when they were less than 1 year of age were seriously impaired, 3 children developing it in late childhood sustained no sequelae. Biochemical and neurological status at disease onset did not predict neuropsychological outcome. The results parallel the pattern of sequelae for other encephalopathies and suggest the importance for both child and family of early developmental evaluation following recovery from the disease.", "contents": "Neurological and intellectual sequelae of Reye's syndrome. Eleven survivors of Reye's syndrome ranging in age from 9 months to 12 years were evaluated for neurological and psychoeducational sequelae. Seven children showed significant neuropsychological sequelae, ranging from severe global psychomotor retardation to mild specific perceptual and/or language impairments and from spastic quadriplegia and decorticate posturing to mild dysarthria. The severity of sequelae was inversely related to age of the child at onset of the disease. Whereas those children developing the syndrome when they were less than 1 year of age were seriously impaired, 3 children developing it in late childhood sustained no sequelae. Biochemical and neurological status at disease onset did not predict neuropsychological outcome. The results parallel the pattern of sequelae for other encephalopathies and suggest the importance for both child and family of early developmental evaluation following recovery from the disease.", "PMID": 655200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6247", "title": "Effect of increased space on the social behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded male adults.", "content": "The social behavior of a group of institutionalized profoundly mentally retarded male adults was observed under conditions of increased space. The findings demonstrated that an increase in space of 29 percent significantly reduced the frequency of aggressive acts occurring within the group. Also observed was the effect of increased space on the residents' mobility and nonaggressive interactions. Results were discussed in relation to the residents' need for space.", "contents": "Effect of increased space on the social behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded male adults. The social behavior of a group of institutionalized profoundly mentally retarded male adults was observed under conditions of increased space. The findings demonstrated that an increase in space of 29 percent significantly reduced the frequency of aggressive acts occurring within the group. Also observed was the effect of increased space on the residents' mobility and nonaggressive interactions. Results were discussed in relation to the residents' need for space.", "PMID": 655201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6248", "title": "Use of testing-the-limits procedures in the assessment of intellectual capabilities in children with learning difficulties.", "content": "Various testing-the-limits procedures were employed in administering the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices test to 108 subjects with learning difficulties (age range 8.4 to 12.9 years). Both the picture and the puzzle forms of the test were employed in a repeated-measures format. Results revealed significant improvement in performance due to testing condition, test version, and repeated testing. Testing conditions involving verbalization and feedback were most salient. Performance on the second testing was higher than on the first testing. Localization of these effects was made to subgroupings of items on the test. The results were discussed in theoretical and practical terms.", "contents": "Use of testing-the-limits procedures in the assessment of intellectual capabilities in children with learning difficulties. Various testing-the-limits procedures were employed in administering the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices test to 108 subjects with learning difficulties (age range 8.4 to 12.9 years). Both the picture and the puzzle forms of the test were employed in a repeated-measures format. Results revealed significant improvement in performance due to testing condition, test version, and repeated testing. Testing conditions involving verbalization and feedback were most salient. Performance on the second testing was higher than on the first testing. Localization of these effects was made to subgroupings of items on the test. The results were discussed in theoretical and practical terms.", "PMID": 655202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6249", "title": "Motor components in the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults.", "content": "The contributions of specific motor-coordination disabilities and general slowness of motor function to the choice reaction times (RTs) of retarded subjects were examined in two experiments. RTs for the same stimulus-response (S-R) pairs were markedly shorter when presented in 2-choice than in 8-choice RT situations. Furthermore, in an 8-choice task, large RT differences between retarded and nonretarded subjects decreased markedly when processes of stimulus discrimination and S-R translation were minimized by direct stimulation of the response mechanisms.", "contents": "Motor components in the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults. The contributions of specific motor-coordination disabilities and general slowness of motor function to the choice reaction times (RTs) of retarded subjects were examined in two experiments. RTs for the same stimulus-response (S-R) pairs were markedly shorter when presented in 2-choice than in 8-choice RT situations. Furthermore, in an 8-choice task, large RT differences between retarded and nonretarded subjects decreased markedly when processes of stimulus discrimination and S-R translation were minimized by direct stimulation of the response mechanisms.", "PMID": 655203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6250", "title": "Increasing initial interactions among integrated EMR students and their nonretarded peers in a game-playing situation.", "content": "Two ways of increasing the initial interaction among integrated EMR students and their nonretarded classmates in a game-playing situation were examined. Three hundred and four randomly assigned intermediate school students observed classmates about to play a simple game and were asked to select partners and opponents from two pairs of students matched on sex and grade. The experimental pair had 1 EMR student and 1 nonretarded student; the control pair had 2 nonretarded students. The subjects' past knowledge of the pair members served as a covariate in the design to determine whether past knowledge influenced their selections of pair members. Each subject was also provided information regarding the competency level of each pair member in relation to the particular game. Results indicated that the covariate was not a significant factor in the selection process; however, the appended competency statement and the game-playing option were found to be highly significant in influencing selection of the pair members and increasing the selection of the EMR child by his nonretarded classmate.", "contents": "Increasing initial interactions among integrated EMR students and their nonretarded peers in a game-playing situation. Two ways of increasing the initial interaction among integrated EMR students and their nonretarded classmates in a game-playing situation were examined. Three hundred and four randomly assigned intermediate school students observed classmates about to play a simple game and were asked to select partners and opponents from two pairs of students matched on sex and grade. The experimental pair had 1 EMR student and 1 nonretarded student; the control pair had 2 nonretarded students. The subjects' past knowledge of the pair members served as a covariate in the design to determine whether past knowledge influenced their selections of pair members. Each subject was also provided information regarding the competency level of each pair member in relation to the particular game. Results indicated that the covariate was not a significant factor in the selection process; however, the appended competency statement and the game-playing option were found to be highly significant in influencing selection of the pair members and increasing the selection of the EMR child by his nonretarded classmate.", "PMID": 655204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6251", "title": "Technician turnover and absenteeism in public residential facilities.", "content": "Residential institutions have historically had problems attracting and retaining reliable unskilled personnel to fill technician-level positions. Even though there is little empirical evidence to support a relationship between staff stability and resident habilitation, there assuredly are such effects. A first step toward assessing these effects, and toward controlling costly technician withdrawal behavior (specifically, turnover and absenteeism), is the use of a common set of measures. The precipitants of employee withdrawal may be categorized into three areas that are subject to empirical investigation and intervention: extra-institutional factors, intra-institutional management, and factors surrounding the individual worker. Predictive research, for selection purposes, has not yielded much information that would be of use to administrators. Traditional and more recent explanations were reviewed and some direction suggested for further research.", "contents": "Technician turnover and absenteeism in public residential facilities. Residential institutions have historically had problems attracting and retaining reliable unskilled personnel to fill technician-level positions. Even though there is little empirical evidence to support a relationship between staff stability and resident habilitation, there assuredly are such effects. A first step toward assessing these effects, and toward controlling costly technician withdrawal behavior (specifically, turnover and absenteeism), is the use of a common set of measures. The precipitants of employee withdrawal may be categorized into three areas that are subject to empirical investigation and intervention: extra-institutional factors, intra-institutional management, and factors surrounding the individual worker. Predictive research, for selection purposes, has not yielded much information that would be of use to administrators. Traditional and more recent explanations were reviewed and some direction suggested for further research.", "PMID": 655205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6252", "title": "Environmental noise in a residential institution for mentally retarded persons.", "content": "The present study was designed to survey the noise characteristics in residence halls housing young mentally retarded children and test the effects of this noise on speech-discrimination performance of the residents. The noise survey indicated that the mean level of the noise was 75 dB SPL (WIth the level greater than 70 dB SPL during 71 percent of the sampling time). The spectrum was similar in configuration to the long-time speech spectrum. Selected residents were tested for speech discrimination in quiet and noise conditions. Mean scores on the Word Intelligibility by Perception Identification test were 73.9 percent correct in the quiet and 44 percent correct in the noise conditions. We concluded that the residents, who already had a primary language-learning handicap, were being subjected to a possible secondary impediment resulting from their living environment.", "contents": "Environmental noise in a residential institution for mentally retarded persons. The present study was designed to survey the noise characteristics in residence halls housing young mentally retarded children and test the effects of this noise on speech-discrimination performance of the residents. The noise survey indicated that the mean level of the noise was 75 dB SPL (WIth the level greater than 70 dB SPL during 71 percent of the sampling time). The spectrum was similar in configuration to the long-time speech spectrum. Selected residents were tested for speech discrimination in quiet and noise conditions. Mean scores on the Word Intelligibility by Perception Identification test were 73.9 percent correct in the quiet and 44 percent correct in the noise conditions. We concluded that the residents, who already had a primary language-learning handicap, were being subjected to a possible secondary impediment resulting from their living environment.", "PMID": 655206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6253", "title": "Cognitive training for EMR children: choosing the best alternative.", "content": "Twenty-eight EMR children participated in an 8-week training program on choosing the best alternative. The training was presented within the context of small-group discussions of familiar social problems and participation in table games. A control group (n = 28) engaged in similar activities but without specific cognitive training. The experimental group's posttest scores were far superior (p is less than .001) to those of the control group, an finding that suggests a major experiential component in the deficit in problem-solving skills typical of EMR children and provides strong support for the efficacy of early intensive cognitive training.", "contents": "Cognitive training for EMR children: choosing the best alternative. Twenty-eight EMR children participated in an 8-week training program on choosing the best alternative. The training was presented within the context of small-group discussions of familiar social problems and participation in table games. A control group (n = 28) engaged in similar activities but without specific cognitive training. The experimental group's posttest scores were far superior (p is less than .001) to those of the control group, an finding that suggests a major experiential component in the deficit in problem-solving skills typical of EMR children and provides strong support for the efficacy of early intensive cognitive training.", "PMID": 655207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6254", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity in retarded adolescents and nonretarded children of equal MA.", "content": "Educable mentally retarded (EMR) adolescents and nonretarded children of equal MA were given the preschool and elementary forms of the Matching Familiar Figures Test to assess reflection-impulsivity. We found that the EMR adolescents did not differ significantly in accuracy and had somewhat longer response latencies than did the nonretarded children. In view of these results, it is unlikely that impulsivity contributed to the previously reported performance decrement displayed by retarded individuals on problem-solving tasks.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity in retarded adolescents and nonretarded children of equal MA. Educable mentally retarded (EMR) adolescents and nonretarded children of equal MA were given the preschool and elementary forms of the Matching Familiar Figures Test to assess reflection-impulsivity. We found that the EMR adolescents did not differ significantly in accuracy and had somewhat longer response latencies than did the nonretarded children. In view of these results, it is unlikely that impulsivity contributed to the previously reported performance decrement displayed by retarded individuals on problem-solving tasks.", "PMID": 655208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6255", "title": "Vocational adjustment of EMR youth in a work-study program and a work program.", "content": "Adjustment measures for students who took part in two work programs for EMR graduates of special schools were compared. Fifty students took part in a work program (direct placement in the work) and 50 students, a work-study program. The students, their parents, and their employers were interviewed regarding vocational satisfaction and adjustment. The work-study program graduates were significantly more stable, satisfied, and adjusted than were the work-program graduates (p is less than .001), but their professional opportunities (reflected by the number of different jobs held) were limited.", "contents": "Vocational adjustment of EMR youth in a work-study program and a work program. Adjustment measures for students who took part in two work programs for EMR graduates of special schools were compared. Fifty students took part in a work program (direct placement in the work) and 50 students, a work-study program. The students, their parents, and their employers were interviewed regarding vocational satisfaction and adjustment. The work-study program graduates were significantly more stable, satisfied, and adjusted than were the work-program graduates (p is less than .001), but their professional opportunities (reflected by the number of different jobs held) were limited.", "PMID": 655209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6256", "title": "Optic nerve infarction.", "content": "In three cases infarction in the inferotemporal prelaminar portion of the optic disk resulted in shallow cupping and arcuate visual field defects. Such changes occurred acutely, were not progressive, and required no treatment.", "contents": "Optic nerve infarction. In three cases infarction in the inferotemporal prelaminar portion of the optic disk resulted in shallow cupping and arcuate visual field defects. Such changes occurred acutely, were not progressive, and required no treatment.", "PMID": 655210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6257", "title": "Hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy.", "content": "Four members of a family with dominantly inherited macular dystrophy demonstrated the essential features of hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy. They reported decreased visual acuity in the third decade and eventually developed bilateral disease. Fundus evaluations revealed hemorrhagic and exudative maculopathy associated with pigment atrophy, pigment clumping, and eventual glial scar formation. Early stages of the disease manifested a macular subretinal neovascular network. Photocoagulation treatment of subretinal neovascularization was successful in Case 3, unsuccessful in Case 1. Follow-up of these four brothers lasted over a period of two to 12 years. After they reached the cicatricial phase, the size of the lesion and visual symptoms remained stable. Visual function tests in the early and late stages indicated a local or geographic disease. We differentiated this dystrophy from other hereditary causes for subretinal neovascularization. We recommend early obliteration of the subretinal neovascular network with intense photocoagulation because the outcome of untreated hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy is legal blindness.", "contents": "Hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy. Four members of a family with dominantly inherited macular dystrophy demonstrated the essential features of hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy. They reported decreased visual acuity in the third decade and eventually developed bilateral disease. Fundus evaluations revealed hemorrhagic and exudative maculopathy associated with pigment atrophy, pigment clumping, and eventual glial scar formation. Early stages of the disease manifested a macular subretinal neovascular network. Photocoagulation treatment of subretinal neovascularization was successful in Case 3, unsuccessful in Case 1. Follow-up of these four brothers lasted over a period of two to 12 years. After they reached the cicatricial phase, the size of the lesion and visual symptoms remained stable. Visual function tests in the early and late stages indicated a local or geographic disease. We differentiated this dystrophy from other hereditary causes for subretinal neovascularization. We recommend early obliteration of the subretinal neovascular network with intense photocoagulation because the outcome of untreated hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy is legal blindness.", "PMID": 655211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6258", "title": "The effect of corneal section on early increased intraocular pressue after cataract extraction.", "content": "Increased intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period commonly occurs after cataract extraction. We compared a series of patients operated on through a limbal section to a series operated on through a corneal section. The incidence of increased IOP was significantly lower in the corneal section group. This supports the theory that trabecular damage is a major factor in causing early increased IOP after cataract extraction.", "contents": "The effect of corneal section on early increased intraocular pressue after cataract extraction. Increased intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period commonly occurs after cataract extraction. We compared a series of patients operated on through a limbal section to a series operated on through a corneal section. The incidence of increased IOP was significantly lower in the corneal section group. This supports the theory that trabecular damage is a major factor in causing early increased IOP after cataract extraction.", "PMID": 655212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6259", "title": "Hard contact lens wear as an environmental risk in keratoconus.", "content": "We studied 162 keratoconus patients in an attempt to clarify the role of hard contact lens wear in the development of keratoconus. Forty-three (26.5%) of these 162 patients developed keratoconus while wearing hard contact lenses. In a group of 1,248 controls who were fitted for soft contact lenses and observed by us from one year to six years, only one patient developed keratoconus. We demonstrated a circumstantial association between hard contact lens wear and the development of keratoconus, but no cause-effect relationship can be drawn from the existing data. However, we concluded that hard contact lenses do not retard or halt progression of the cone. Hard contact lens wear could not be ruled out as the specific environmental risk factor triggering keratoconus in 26.5% of the patients. If we identify the genetic risk present in this subpopulation, eliminating environmental risks would be an effective means of preventing keratoconus in those predisposed individuals.", "contents": "Hard contact lens wear as an environmental risk in keratoconus. We studied 162 keratoconus patients in an attempt to clarify the role of hard contact lens wear in the development of keratoconus. Forty-three (26.5%) of these 162 patients developed keratoconus while wearing hard contact lenses. In a group of 1,248 controls who were fitted for soft contact lenses and observed by us from one year to six years, only one patient developed keratoconus. We demonstrated a circumstantial association between hard contact lens wear and the development of keratoconus, but no cause-effect relationship can be drawn from the existing data. However, we concluded that hard contact lenses do not retard or halt progression of the cone. Hard contact lens wear could not be ruled out as the specific environmental risk factor triggering keratoconus in 26.5% of the patients. If we identify the genetic risk present in this subpopulation, eliminating environmental risks would be an effective means of preventing keratoconus in those predisposed individuals.", "PMID": 655213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6260", "title": "Occlusion of the central retinal artery after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection.", "content": "Occlusion of the central retinal artery with loss of all vision occurred in a 38-year-old white woman given a retrobulbar injection of betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate (Celestone Soluspan) for the treatment of a retrobulbar neuritis. Ophthalmoscopy revealed embolic, whitish material within several of the small retinal arterioles and capillaries. This, together with the absence of any signs of retrobulbar hemorrhage, suggested that the corticosteroid material was accidentally injected into a branch of the central retinal artery and subsequently passed into the main vessel.", "contents": "Occlusion of the central retinal artery after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection. Occlusion of the central retinal artery with loss of all vision occurred in a 38-year-old white woman given a retrobulbar injection of betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate (Celestone Soluspan) for the treatment of a retrobulbar neuritis. Ophthalmoscopy revealed embolic, whitish material within several of the small retinal arterioles and capillaries. This, together with the absence of any signs of retrobulbar hemorrhage, suggested that the corticosteroid material was accidentally injected into a branch of the central retinal artery and subsequently passed into the main vessel.", "PMID": 655214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6261", "title": "The HLA and ABO antigens in pigment dispersion syndrome.", "content": "We found no statistically significant differences in phenotype frequencies of the 36 different HLA antigens or the ABO antigens when we compared 27 white patients with pigment dispersion syndrome (18 without glaucoma and nine with glaucoma) with 323 white controls. An increase was suggested in the incidence of B7 in patients without glaucoma, and of B13 among patients with glaucoma.", "contents": "The HLA and ABO antigens in pigment dispersion syndrome. We found no statistically significant differences in phenotype frequencies of the 36 different HLA antigens or the ABO antigens when we compared 27 white patients with pigment dispersion syndrome (18 without glaucoma and nine with glaucoma) with 323 white controls. An increase was suggested in the incidence of B7 in patients without glaucoma, and of B13 among patients with glaucoma.", "PMID": 655215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6262", "title": "Cholinergic supersensitivity of the iris sphincter in Adie's tonic pupil.", "content": "In patients with unilateral Adie's syndrome, we compared the relative supersensitivity of the tonic pupil to methacholine hydrochloride (Mecholyl 2.5%) and pilocarpine 0.125%. We tested a large series of patients and photographed the pupils before and 30 minutes after the eyedrops. In a group of 36 patients, Mecholyl was positive in 64% of the tests; and in a group of 20 patients, pilocarpine 0.125% was positive in 80% of the tests. Eight patients who failed to show supersensitivity with Mecholyl were tested with pilocarpine and five of the eight were shown to be supersensitive. We concluded that pilocarpine, in this concentration is not only an adequate substitute for Mecholyl 2.5%, but is a more sensitive testing substance in unilateral cases, simply because it has a slightly stronger miotic action.", "contents": "Cholinergic supersensitivity of the iris sphincter in Adie's tonic pupil. In patients with unilateral Adie's syndrome, we compared the relative supersensitivity of the tonic pupil to methacholine hydrochloride (Mecholyl 2.5%) and pilocarpine 0.125%. We tested a large series of patients and photographed the pupils before and 30 minutes after the eyedrops. In a group of 36 patients, Mecholyl was positive in 64% of the tests; and in a group of 20 patients, pilocarpine 0.125% was positive in 80% of the tests. Eight patients who failed to show supersensitivity with Mecholyl were tested with pilocarpine and five of the eight were shown to be supersensitive. We concluded that pilocarpine, in this concentration is not only an adequate substitute for Mecholyl 2.5%, but is a more sensitive testing substance in unilateral cases, simply because it has a slightly stronger miotic action.", "PMID": 655216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6263", "title": "Penetration routes of topically applied eye medications.", "content": "Tritium-labeled hydrocortisone acetate and pilcarpine hydrochloride solutions were topically applied to the eyes of rabbits. In one group of animals, the drugs were excluded from contact with the cornea by a cylindrical well glued to the eye surface. In another group, the drug solutions were allowed contact with the entire anterior surface of the eye. Total application time in all cases was five minutes, then the eyes were flushed with saline. Samples of aqueous humor, stroma, and iris-ciliary body were taken after five, 20, 35, 65, and 125 minutes and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. With hydrocortisone, up to 70 times more drug reached the stroma when the cornea was exposed; 40 times more reached the iris. Peak stromal levels occurred by 20 minutes, dropping to one third of peak value by two hours. With pilocarpine, about five times more drug reached the iris-ciliary body when corneal access was allowed; the level peaked in about five minutes. These results illustrate the important role of tear film distribution and blinking in delivering remotely applied drugs over the cornea with subsequent entry to interior sites.", "contents": "Penetration routes of topically applied eye medications. Tritium-labeled hydrocortisone acetate and pilcarpine hydrochloride solutions were topically applied to the eyes of rabbits. In one group of animals, the drugs were excluded from contact with the cornea by a cylindrical well glued to the eye surface. In another group, the drug solutions were allowed contact with the entire anterior surface of the eye. Total application time in all cases was five minutes, then the eyes were flushed with saline. Samples of aqueous humor, stroma, and iris-ciliary body were taken after five, 20, 35, 65, and 125 minutes and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. With hydrocortisone, up to 70 times more drug reached the stroma when the cornea was exposed; 40 times more reached the iris. Peak stromal levels occurred by 20 minutes, dropping to one third of peak value by two hours. With pilocarpine, about five times more drug reached the iris-ciliary body when corneal access was allowed; the level peaked in about five minutes. These results illustrate the important role of tear film distribution and blinking in delivering remotely applied drugs over the cornea with subsequent entry to interior sites.", "PMID": 655217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6264", "title": "The insulin concentration in human ocular fluids.", "content": "We measured immunoreactive insulin concentrations in ocular fluids and serum of 19 patients. In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients without diabetes mellitus, the serum insulin level was 7 +/- 2 (SE) microunits/ml and the subretinal fluid insulin levels were mostly undetectable. By contrast, in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients with diabetes mellitus, serum insulin was 35 +/- 5 microunits/ml and the subretinal fluid always contained low but detectable amojnts of insulin. The data may suggest a small leak of insulin into the subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients with diabetic retinopathy. In vitrectomy patients with diabetes mellitus there was no insulin in the vitreous in eight out of nine cases.", "contents": "The insulin concentration in human ocular fluids. We measured immunoreactive insulin concentrations in ocular fluids and serum of 19 patients. In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients without diabetes mellitus, the serum insulin level was 7 +/- 2 (SE) microunits/ml and the subretinal fluid insulin levels were mostly undetectable. By contrast, in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients with diabetes mellitus, serum insulin was 35 +/- 5 microunits/ml and the subretinal fluid always contained low but detectable amojnts of insulin. The data may suggest a small leak of insulin into the subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients with diabetic retinopathy. In vitrectomy patients with diabetes mellitus there was no insulin in the vitreous in eight out of nine cases.", "PMID": 655218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6265", "title": "Square wave jerks in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "We observed a brother and sister with Friedreich's ataxia during steady fixation. They both had abnormal eye movements consisting of randomly occurring, small amplitude, conjugate horizontal saccades away from the fixation target. The saccades were followed by maintenance of this eccentric position for a brief period, and finally, a corrective saccade back to the original position. Electro-oculographic recordings showed these eye movements to be square wave jerks. They had an amplitude ranging from 1.5 to 10.7 degrees and a duration averaging less than 200 msec. Square wave jerks were also superimposed on pursuit movements in both patients. Square wave jerks are an additional ocular finding that may signify chronic cerebellar dysfunction. More specifically, they are an additional neuro-ophthalmological finding that may be observed in Friedreich's ataxia.", "contents": "Square wave jerks in Friedreich's ataxia. We observed a brother and sister with Friedreich's ataxia during steady fixation. They both had abnormal eye movements consisting of randomly occurring, small amplitude, conjugate horizontal saccades away from the fixation target. The saccades were followed by maintenance of this eccentric position for a brief period, and finally, a corrective saccade back to the original position. Electro-oculographic recordings showed these eye movements to be square wave jerks. They had an amplitude ranging from 1.5 to 10.7 degrees and a duration averaging less than 200 msec. Square wave jerks were also superimposed on pursuit movements in both patients. Square wave jerks are an additional ocular finding that may signify chronic cerebellar dysfunction. More specifically, they are an additional neuro-ophthalmological finding that may be observed in Friedreich's ataxia.", "PMID": 655219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6266", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of 56 cases of intraocular medulloepitheliomas.", "content": "A clinicopathologic and follow-up study of 56 intraocular medulloepitheliomas in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology revealed a mean age of five years at the time of definitive diagnosis, most patients having had a delay in surgical therapy of more than one year after onset of signs or symptoms. Histologic evidence of malignancy was observed in 37 tumors, and follow-up studies revealed four patients to have died of metastatic disease. Heteroplastic elements (brain tissue, cartilage, or rhabdomyoblasts) were observed in four benign and 17 malignant tumors; these 21 were designated teratoid medulloepitheliomas. The most important prognostic feature was extraocular extension, observed in ten cases. All four of the known tumor deaths were preceded by clinically obvious orbital spread. In four additional cases with orbital involvement the patients were lost to follow-up. We concluded, therefore, that the prognosis is worse than the results of this study would indicate, especially among those cases observed to habe extraocular extension.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of 56 cases of intraocular medulloepitheliomas. A clinicopathologic and follow-up study of 56 intraocular medulloepitheliomas in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology revealed a mean age of five years at the time of definitive diagnosis, most patients having had a delay in surgical therapy of more than one year after onset of signs or symptoms. Histologic evidence of malignancy was observed in 37 tumors, and follow-up studies revealed four patients to have died of metastatic disease. Heteroplastic elements (brain tissue, cartilage, or rhabdomyoblasts) were observed in four benign and 17 malignant tumors; these 21 were designated teratoid medulloepitheliomas. The most important prognostic feature was extraocular extension, observed in ten cases. All four of the known tumor deaths were preceded by clinically obvious orbital spread. In four additional cases with orbital involvement the patients were lost to follow-up. We concluded, therefore, that the prognosis is worse than the results of this study would indicate, especially among those cases observed to habe extraocular extension.", "PMID": 655220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6267", "title": "An endoscope for ophthalmology.", "content": "An endoscope with a 1.7-mm diameter shaft has unique properties of focus, magnification, and large field of view that make it useful for both orbital and intraocular surgery.", "contents": "An endoscope for ophthalmology. An endoscope with a 1.7-mm diameter shaft has unique properties of focus, magnification, and large field of view that make it useful for both orbital and intraocular surgery.", "PMID": 655221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6268", "title": "The use of continuous-wear silicone contact lenses in the optical correction of aphakia.", "content": "Forty-two aphakic eyes of 37 patients were fitted with oxygen-permeable silicone rubber corneal contact lenses. Thirty-four eyes had the lens after two to 11 months of continuous use. Visual results, comfort, and patient acceptance were good, but the deposition of mucus on the lenses remains a problem.", "contents": "The use of continuous-wear silicone contact lenses in the optical correction of aphakia. Forty-two aphakic eyes of 37 patients were fitted with oxygen-permeable silicone rubber corneal contact lenses. Thirty-four eyes had the lens after two to 11 months of continuous use. Visual results, comfort, and patient acceptance were good, but the deposition of mucus on the lenses remains a problem.", "PMID": 655225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6269", "title": "Corneal edema in divers wearing hard contact lenses.", "content": "Polymethylmethacrylate (hard) contact lens-wearing Navy divers involved in hyperbaric research complained of ocular discomfort, halos, specular highlights, and decreased visual acuity during and immediately after the decompression phase of dry chamber dives. These symptoms were related to bubbles in the tear film between the cornea and hard contact lens. The bubbles developed during the decompression phase of the dive and represented the trapping (by the hard contact lens) of nitrogen outgassing from the cornea and precorneal tear film. The bubbles effected nummular patches of corneal epithelial edema persisting up to two hours after diving. Gas trapping and corneal edema were not observed in uncovered corneas or corneas covered with membrane lenses.", "contents": "Corneal edema in divers wearing hard contact lenses. Polymethylmethacrylate (hard) contact lens-wearing Navy divers involved in hyperbaric research complained of ocular discomfort, halos, specular highlights, and decreased visual acuity during and immediately after the decompression phase of dry chamber dives. These symptoms were related to bubbles in the tear film between the cornea and hard contact lens. The bubbles developed during the decompression phase of the dive and represented the trapping (by the hard contact lens) of nitrogen outgassing from the cornea and precorneal tear film. The bubbles effected nummular patches of corneal epithelial edema persisting up to two hours after diving. Gas trapping and corneal edema were not observed in uncovered corneas or corneas covered with membrane lenses.", "PMID": 655226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6270", "title": "Mechanism of fixation of two-loop iridocapsular lenses.", "content": "I used seven eyes obtained postmortem to study the mechanism of fixation of a Binkhorst two-loop iridocapsular lens. During the first postoperative weeks, vitreous pressure and traction on the posterior lens capsule exerted by the zonular fibers pushed the loops of the iridocapsular lens against the iris. The zonular traction maintained the posterior capsule taut so that the vitreous pressure was distributed equally over the entire surface of the capsular diaphragm. Lens epithelial cells proliferated around the margin of the capsular breaks and defects and formed plaques or masses of spindle-shaped cells. This pseudofibrous tissue bridged and sealed capsular defects and caused adhesions between the anterior and posterior lens capsule and between the anterior capsule and the iris pigment epithelium. Fixation of the lenses may be reinforced by proliferation of the iris pigment epithlium and of the fibrous tissue arising from the iris stroma.", "contents": "Mechanism of fixation of two-loop iridocapsular lenses. I used seven eyes obtained postmortem to study the mechanism of fixation of a Binkhorst two-loop iridocapsular lens. During the first postoperative weeks, vitreous pressure and traction on the posterior lens capsule exerted by the zonular fibers pushed the loops of the iridocapsular lens against the iris. The zonular traction maintained the posterior capsule taut so that the vitreous pressure was distributed equally over the entire surface of the capsular diaphragm. Lens epithelial cells proliferated around the margin of the capsular breaks and defects and formed plaques or masses of spindle-shaped cells. This pseudofibrous tissue bridged and sealed capsular defects and caused adhesions between the anterior and posterior lens capsule and between the anterior capsule and the iris pigment epithelium. Fixation of the lenses may be reinforced by proliferation of the iris pigment epithlium and of the fibrous tissue arising from the iris stroma.", "PMID": 655227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6271", "title": "Plasma cortisol and elective cataract surgery.", "content": "Plasma cortisol was measured before and after elective cataract surgery in 19 patients given local anesthesia and in 11 patients given general anesthesia. In eight patients control plasma cortisols were measured at times corresponding to the surgical determinations. These eight patients demonstrated the circadian pattern of a fall in plasma cortisol. Only seven (37%) of 19 patients given local anesthesia failed to demonstrate the four-hour decrease in plasma cortisol (4-hr. p.o./8 A.M.0 greater than or equal to 0.80) following surgery, but this occurred in ten (91%) of 11 patients under general anesthesia (P less than .005). The 8:00 A.M. value was increased on the first postoperative day (8 A.M.1/8 A.M.0 greater than or equal to 1.37) in five (26%) of 19 patients given local anesthesia, but this occurred in 8 (73%) of 11 patients undergoing general anesthesia (P less than .025). The cortisol response to cataract surgery was significantly both more frequent and of greater magnitude in those patients undergoing general anesthesia.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol and elective cataract surgery. Plasma cortisol was measured before and after elective cataract surgery in 19 patients given local anesthesia and in 11 patients given general anesthesia. In eight patients control plasma cortisols were measured at times corresponding to the surgical determinations. These eight patients demonstrated the circadian pattern of a fall in plasma cortisol. Only seven (37%) of 19 patients given local anesthesia failed to demonstrate the four-hour decrease in plasma cortisol (4-hr. p.o./8 A.M.0 greater than or equal to 0.80) following surgery, but this occurred in ten (91%) of 11 patients under general anesthesia (P less than .005). The 8:00 A.M. value was increased on the first postoperative day (8 A.M.1/8 A.M.0 greater than or equal to 1.37) in five (26%) of 19 patients given local anesthesia, but this occurred in 8 (73%) of 11 patients undergoing general anesthesia (P less than .025). The cortisol response to cataract surgery was significantly both more frequent and of greater magnitude in those patients undergoing general anesthesia.", "PMID": 655228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6272", "title": "Electrophysiological responses in hydranencephaly.", "content": "We recorded electrophysiological responses, both electroretinograms (ERGs) and visual evoked responses (VER), at 4 and 21 months of age in a child with hydranencephaly. As expected, the ERG was normal. Despite the apparent absence of most of the cerebral cortex, a VER was present at both visits. The child's visual performance definitely improved both subjectively and electrophysiologically. The VER contained multiple early components in contrast to previous reports, where only a slow, monophasic response was detected.", "contents": "Electrophysiological responses in hydranencephaly. We recorded electrophysiological responses, both electroretinograms (ERGs) and visual evoked responses (VER), at 4 and 21 months of age in a child with hydranencephaly. As expected, the ERG was normal. Despite the apparent absence of most of the cerebral cortex, a VER was present at both visits. The child's visual performance definitely improved both subjectively and electrophysiologically. The VER contained multiple early components in contrast to previous reports, where only a slow, monophasic response was detected.", "PMID": 655229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6273", "title": "Patient tolerance to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.", "content": "We evaluated carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in a crossover study with a placebo and random allocation of treatment administration. Drugs evaluated included acetazolamide tablets and Sequels, dichlorphenamide, ethoxzolamide, methazolamide, and an ascorbic acid placebo. The best tolerated drug was acetazolamide Sequels. Methazolamide was next. The least tolerated drugs were ethoxzolamide, acetazolamide tablets, and dichlorphenamide.", "contents": "Patient tolerance to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. We evaluated carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in a crossover study with a placebo and random allocation of treatment administration. Drugs evaluated included acetazolamide tablets and Sequels, dichlorphenamide, ethoxzolamide, methazolamide, and an ascorbic acid placebo. The best tolerated drug was acetazolamide Sequels. Methazolamide was next. The least tolerated drugs were ethoxzolamide, acetazolamide tablets, and dichlorphenamide.", "PMID": 655230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6274", "title": "Management of posterior lenticonus complicated by unilateral cataract.", "content": "We studied 21 patients with 23 eyes with posterior lenticonus. Twenty-one of the eyes developed progressive cataractous changes that required lens aspiration in 19 eyes when vision reduction was 6/30 (20/100) or less. The inherent weakness of the diaphanous portion of the posterior lens capsule contributed to disruption of the normal lamellar arrangement of the lens fibers resulting in cataractous changes. Amblyopia was the most significant visual problem associated with posterior lenticonus. Fifteen of the 19 operated eyes in this study were amblyopic and nine of the 15 were improved to 6/15 (20/50) or better vision with occlusion therapy, after surgical aspiration of the cataractous lens and contact lens therapy.", "contents": "Management of posterior lenticonus complicated by unilateral cataract. We studied 21 patients with 23 eyes with posterior lenticonus. Twenty-one of the eyes developed progressive cataractous changes that required lens aspiration in 19 eyes when vision reduction was 6/30 (20/100) or less. The inherent weakness of the diaphanous portion of the posterior lens capsule contributed to disruption of the normal lamellar arrangement of the lens fibers resulting in cataractous changes. Amblyopia was the most significant visual problem associated with posterior lenticonus. Fifteen of the 19 operated eyes in this study were amblyopic and nine of the 15 were improved to 6/15 (20/50) or better vision with occlusion therapy, after surgical aspiration of the cataractous lens and contact lens therapy.", "PMID": 655231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6275", "title": "A histopathologic study of retinal arterial aneurysms.", "content": "An isolated retinal arterial aneurysm was found postmortem in the eye of a 75-year-old hypertensive woman, and multiple aneurysms were in the enucleated eye of a 68-year-old hypertensive man with neovascular glaucoma. The aneurysmal sites showed thickening of the vessel walls with hyaline, fibrin, and foamy macrophages. Fresh or organized thrombus partially filled the aneurysmal lumina. Trypsin digestion preparations in Case 2 showed a progressive severity of aneurysmal changes from the simplest \"cuff\" type to the hemorrhagic \"b;pwout\" aneurysms with a linear split in the vessel wall. Atheroma was present in the larger arterial branches and fat was in most of the aneurysmal walls. These findings suggested that damage to the arterial wall by cholesterol or other emboli, or by occlusive disease, may predispose especially hypertensive patients to arterial aneurysm formation.", "contents": "A histopathologic study of retinal arterial aneurysms. An isolated retinal arterial aneurysm was found postmortem in the eye of a 75-year-old hypertensive woman, and multiple aneurysms were in the enucleated eye of a 68-year-old hypertensive man with neovascular glaucoma. The aneurysmal sites showed thickening of the vessel walls with hyaline, fibrin, and foamy macrophages. Fresh or organized thrombus partially filled the aneurysmal lumina. Trypsin digestion preparations in Case 2 showed a progressive severity of aneurysmal changes from the simplest \"cuff\" type to the hemorrhagic \"b;pwout\" aneurysms with a linear split in the vessel wall. Atheroma was present in the larger arterial branches and fat was in most of the aneurysmal walls. These findings suggested that damage to the arterial wall by cholesterol or other emboli, or by occlusive disease, may predispose especially hypertensive patients to arterial aneurysm formation.", "PMID": 655232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6276", "title": "Relative afferent pupillary defect in optic tract hemianopias.", "content": "We saw four patients with optic tract lesions and complete homonymous hemianopia. In each patient, the visual acuity was good in both eyes. All four patients had a relative afferent pupillary defect in the eye with the temporal field loss. This pupillary sign is to be expected in all such cases and may serve to differentiate acute optic tract lesions from acute geniculostriate lesions when the characteristic midnasal pallor of the nerve head has not had time to develop.", "contents": "Relative afferent pupillary defect in optic tract hemianopias. We saw four patients with optic tract lesions and complete homonymous hemianopia. In each patient, the visual acuity was good in both eyes. All four patients had a relative afferent pupillary defect in the eye with the temporal field loss. This pupillary sign is to be expected in all such cases and may serve to differentiate acute optic tract lesions from acute geniculostriate lesions when the characteristic midnasal pallor of the nerve head has not had time to develop.", "PMID": 655233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6277", "title": "Retinal detachment and miotic therapy.", "content": "We studied a series of 34 eyes in 31 patients in whom retinal detachment occurred during miotic therapy. In 14 eyes, the duration of miotic use before the development of detachment was two months or less. Most detachments occurred in detachment-prone eyes either by virtue of myopia (62%), aphakia (24%), ipsilateral lattice degeneration (38%) or retinal pathology, in the fellow eye (50%). Virtually all detachments were rhegmatogenous. Distributions of retinal breaks are similar to the corresponding profiles in detached eyes not receiving miotics. The observed phenomena may be accounted for mechanistically, either with or without the role of miotics, so a specific causal role cannot be assigned to any given miotic in any given case. However, our data suggest that detachment-prone eyes may be at increased risk with miotic use, and thus demand careful retinal evaluation and prophylaxis when ominous peripheral symptoms are present.", "contents": "Retinal detachment and miotic therapy. We studied a series of 34 eyes in 31 patients in whom retinal detachment occurred during miotic therapy. In 14 eyes, the duration of miotic use before the development of detachment was two months or less. Most detachments occurred in detachment-prone eyes either by virtue of myopia (62%), aphakia (24%), ipsilateral lattice degeneration (38%) or retinal pathology, in the fellow eye (50%). Virtually all detachments were rhegmatogenous. Distributions of retinal breaks are similar to the corresponding profiles in detached eyes not receiving miotics. The observed phenomena may be accounted for mechanistically, either with or without the role of miotics, so a specific causal role cannot be assigned to any given miotic in any given case. However, our data suggest that detachment-prone eyes may be at increased risk with miotic use, and thus demand careful retinal evaluation and prophylaxis when ominous peripheral symptoms are present.", "PMID": 655234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6278", "title": "Platform tying scissors.", "content": "A platform tying scissor incorporates the functional parts of a scissors and tying forceps in one design.", "contents": "Platform tying scissors. A platform tying scissor incorporates the functional parts of a scissors and tying forceps in one design.", "PMID": 655235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6279", "title": "Ocular toxicity of styrene.", "content": "We completed histories and ocular examinations of 345 workers in a styrene plant in order to determine the ocular toxicity of styrene. Despite previous case reports of retrobulbar neuritis and central retinal vein occlusion (associated with a toxic hematopoietic disorder), no such conditions were found in these workers. Conjunctival irritation from styrene was found in 22% of the workers and correlated with intensity of exposure, thus confirming previous reports.", "contents": "Ocular toxicity of styrene. We completed histories and ocular examinations of 345 workers in a styrene plant in order to determine the ocular toxicity of styrene. Despite previous case reports of retrobulbar neuritis and central retinal vein occlusion (associated with a toxic hematopoietic disorder), no such conditions were found in these workers. Conjunctival irritation from styrene was found in 22% of the workers and correlated with intensity of exposure, thus confirming previous reports.", "PMID": 655236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6280", "title": "Peripheral corneal infiltrates following intravenous injection of diatrizoate meglumine.", "content": "A 66-year-old white man developed bilateral peripheral corneal infiltrates on two separate occasions after intravenous injections of a radiopaque dye containing iodide. To our knowledge this is the first case of drug-induced ocular hypersensitivity reaction associated with the administration of these dyes and manifesting with peripheral corneal infiltrates.", "contents": "Peripheral corneal infiltrates following intravenous injection of diatrizoate meglumine. A 66-year-old white man developed bilateral peripheral corneal infiltrates on two separate occasions after intravenous injections of a radiopaque dye containing iodide. To our knowledge this is the first case of drug-induced ocular hypersensitivity reaction associated with the administration of these dyes and manifesting with peripheral corneal infiltrates.", "PMID": 655239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6281", "title": "Cyclocryotherapy of chronic open-angle glaucoma in aphakic eyes.", "content": "Twenty-six eyes of 25 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and surgical aphakia with inadequate control of intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximal medical treatment were treated with cyclocryotherapy, according to a prospective protocol and specific technique. (Neovascular and synechial glaucoma were excluded from this series.) In most cases topical medications were resumed after cyclocryotherapy. During follow-up of seven to 95 months (average, 46 months), IOP was reduced to 19 mm Hg or lower in 24 out of 26 eyes (92%). In two eyes, persistent decrease in visual acuity, unrelated to reduction of IOP, occurred after cyclocryotherapy. On the basis of the long-term benefits obtained by this procedure, we concluded that cyclocryotherapy should be considered the procedure of choice in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma in surgically aphakic eyes when pressure cannot be adequately reduced by maximally tolerated medical treatment.", "contents": "Cyclocryotherapy of chronic open-angle glaucoma in aphakic eyes. Twenty-six eyes of 25 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and surgical aphakia with inadequate control of intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximal medical treatment were treated with cyclocryotherapy, according to a prospective protocol and specific technique. (Neovascular and synechial glaucoma were excluded from this series.) In most cases topical medications were resumed after cyclocryotherapy. During follow-up of seven to 95 months (average, 46 months), IOP was reduced to 19 mm Hg or lower in 24 out of 26 eyes (92%). In two eyes, persistent decrease in visual acuity, unrelated to reduction of IOP, occurred after cyclocryotherapy. On the basis of the long-term benefits obtained by this procedure, we concluded that cyclocryotherapy should be considered the procedure of choice in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma in surgically aphakic eyes when pressure cannot be adequately reduced by maximally tolerated medical treatment.", "PMID": 655240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6282", "title": "Cortical blepharoptosis.", "content": "A 59-year-old man with a previous left frontal lobe infarction sustained an infarction of the right frontal lobe. The patient manifested a bilateral symmetrical blepharoptosis that resolved in two months. Eyelid movements seem to be bilaterally represented in the frontal lobes. Bilateral cortical disease can produce supranuclear eyelid abnormalities such as blepharoptosis, difficulty maintaining eyelid position, and difficulty initiating eyelid movement.", "contents": "Cortical blepharoptosis. A 59-year-old man with a previous left frontal lobe infarction sustained an infarction of the right frontal lobe. The patient manifested a bilateral symmetrical blepharoptosis that resolved in two months. Eyelid movements seem to be bilaterally represented in the frontal lobes. Bilateral cortical disease can produce supranuclear eyelid abnormalities such as blepharoptosis, difficulty maintaining eyelid position, and difficulty initiating eyelid movement.", "PMID": 655241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6283", "title": "Pupil cycle time in optic neuritis.", "content": "A thin slit-lamp beam illuminating the pupil margin produced clearly visible pupil oscillations. These oscillations were timed with a stopwatch, thus producing a measurement of the \"pupil cycle time\". The pupil cycle time was remarkably stable in various testing situations and repeatable within +/- 3% over extended periods of time. When the iris muscles were normally innervated and responsive, the pupil cycle time was dependent on the speed of conduction and the number and strength of optic nerve impulses. Pupil cycle time can be measured in most persons with active or inactive optic neuritis. In the few patients whose light reflex is so poor that the pupil cycle time cannot be measured, the inability to induce cycling can itself be taken as a definite abnormality of the light reflex arc. Only 5% of normal persons 12 to 50 years of age are expected to have a pupil cycle time in either eye longer than 954 msec, or a difference in pupil cycle time between the two eyes longer than 70 msec. Pupil cycle time was significantly longer in patients with optic neuritis, with a P-value less than .001. The pupil cycle time is similar to visual evoked response latency time in that it can detect and quantitate subclinical defects in optic nerve conduction time. Pupil cycle time is objective and quantitative for each eye individually. It is a fast, simple, and reliable clinic test of optic nerve function.", "contents": "Pupil cycle time in optic neuritis. A thin slit-lamp beam illuminating the pupil margin produced clearly visible pupil oscillations. These oscillations were timed with a stopwatch, thus producing a measurement of the \"pupil cycle time\". The pupil cycle time was remarkably stable in various testing situations and repeatable within +/- 3% over extended periods of time. When the iris muscles were normally innervated and responsive, the pupil cycle time was dependent on the speed of conduction and the number and strength of optic nerve impulses. Pupil cycle time can be measured in most persons with active or inactive optic neuritis. In the few patients whose light reflex is so poor that the pupil cycle time cannot be measured, the inability to induce cycling can itself be taken as a definite abnormality of the light reflex arc. Only 5% of normal persons 12 to 50 years of age are expected to have a pupil cycle time in either eye longer than 954 msec, or a difference in pupil cycle time between the two eyes longer than 70 msec. Pupil cycle time was significantly longer in patients with optic neuritis, with a P-value less than .001. The pupil cycle time is similar to visual evoked response latency time in that it can detect and quantitate subclinical defects in optic nerve conduction time. Pupil cycle time is objective and quantitative for each eye individually. It is a fast, simple, and reliable clinic test of optic nerve function.", "PMID": 655242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6284", "title": "Solitary keratoacanthoma of the conjunctiva.", "content": "Two ranch workers had rapidly-growing crateriform conjunctival nodules excised without recurrence. Histopathologically, these lesions consisted of acanthotic epithelium characterized by prominent keratin formation both within cells and in horn pearls. Although both clinically and histologically they resemble squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthomas are benign tumors commonly thought to arise in hair follicles. The presence of these lesions on conjunctiva and other epithelia without hair in the two cases described was evidence against this hypothesis.", "contents": "Solitary keratoacanthoma of the conjunctiva. Two ranch workers had rapidly-growing crateriform conjunctival nodules excised without recurrence. Histopathologically, these lesions consisted of acanthotic epithelium characterized by prominent keratin formation both within cells and in horn pearls. Although both clinically and histologically they resemble squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthomas are benign tumors commonly thought to arise in hair follicles. The presence of these lesions on conjunctiva and other epithelia without hair in the two cases described was evidence against this hypothesis.", "PMID": 655243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6285", "title": "Postvitrectomy keratopathy.", "content": "Twenty-six of 75 eyes undergoing pars plana vitrectomy developed significant corneal complications requiring treatment. Slow or nonhealing epithelial abrasions, recurrent corneal erosion, and microcystoid and striate keratitis were among the most frequent problems. Significant predisposing factors included diabetes, surgical trauma such as epithelial debridement and prolonged operative time, aphakia, and postoperative glaucoma or hyphema. Corneal complications may be minimized with careful preoperative and operative precautions.", "contents": "Postvitrectomy keratopathy. Twenty-six of 75 eyes undergoing pars plana vitrectomy developed significant corneal complications requiring treatment. Slow or nonhealing epithelial abrasions, recurrent corneal erosion, and microcystoid and striate keratitis were among the most frequent problems. Significant predisposing factors included diabetes, surgical trauma such as epithelial debridement and prolonged operative time, aphakia, and postoperative glaucoma or hyphema. Corneal complications may be minimized with careful preoperative and operative precautions.", "PMID": 655244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6286", "title": "Current surgical management of the vitreous wick syndrome.", "content": "We successfully treated three consecutive cases of the vitreous wick syndrome by combining repair of the fistula with closed vitrectomy to remove vitreous gel from the anterior chamber and from the internal aspect of the fistula. In two cases, the fistula seemed to be formed by the tract of an externally tied corneoscleral suture. In two cases the external opening of the fistula was large, and we covered it by a partial-thickness, anteriorly hinged scleral flap. One patient developed an epithelial ingrowth, which was successfully treated by transscleral and transcorneal cryotherapy combined with the use of an intraocular gas bubble to provide a thermal insulating effect to enhance the cryotherapy.", "contents": "Current surgical management of the vitreous wick syndrome. We successfully treated three consecutive cases of the vitreous wick syndrome by combining repair of the fistula with closed vitrectomy to remove vitreous gel from the anterior chamber and from the internal aspect of the fistula. In two cases, the fistula seemed to be formed by the tract of an externally tied corneoscleral suture. In two cases the external opening of the fistula was large, and we covered it by a partial-thickness, anteriorly hinged scleral flap. One patient developed an epithelial ingrowth, which was successfully treated by transscleral and transcorneal cryotherapy combined with the use of an intraocular gas bubble to provide a thermal insulating effect to enhance the cryotherapy.", "PMID": 655245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6287", "title": "Chronic fibrous tenonitis with vitreous hemorrhage and choroidal indentation.", "content": "A 45-year-old white man had a bulbar subconjunctival mass, eyelid edema, and choroidal indentation. Biopsy of the subconjunctival mass revealed acute and chronic inflammation. One year later a spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage, choroidal folds, increased choroidal indentation, and serous retinal detachment were present. B-mode ultrasonography, operative findings, and biopsy revealed a chronic inflammatory mass with fibrosis confined to Tenon's capsule. Initial treatment with systemic corticosteroids resulted in no improvement, but mild progression occurred when the corticosteroids were tapered. Improvement occurred to the previous level of involvement when corticosteroids were reinstituted.", "contents": "Chronic fibrous tenonitis with vitreous hemorrhage and choroidal indentation. A 45-year-old white man had a bulbar subconjunctival mass, eyelid edema, and choroidal indentation. Biopsy of the subconjunctival mass revealed acute and chronic inflammation. One year later a spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage, choroidal folds, increased choroidal indentation, and serous retinal detachment were present. B-mode ultrasonography, operative findings, and biopsy revealed a chronic inflammatory mass with fibrosis confined to Tenon's capsule. Initial treatment with systemic corticosteroids resulted in no improvement, but mild progression occurred when the corticosteroids were tapered. Improvement occurred to the previous level of involvement when corticosteroids were reinstituted.", "PMID": 655246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6288", "title": "Explosive intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "We examined two patients, each with a foreign body composed of smokeless gunpowder in the vitreous body of one eye and multiple similar foreign bodies in the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea. No damage to the eye was caused by the retention of these foreign bodies for over three years in one case and two years in the other. The composition of these foreign bodies appeared to be nontoxic to the eye and thus, extraction of the foreign bodies did not seem to be necessary.", "contents": "Explosive intraocular foreign bodies. We examined two patients, each with a foreign body composed of smokeless gunpowder in the vitreous body of one eye and multiple similar foreign bodies in the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea. No damage to the eye was caused by the retention of these foreign bodies for over three years in one case and two years in the other. The composition of these foreign bodies appeared to be nontoxic to the eye and thus, extraction of the foreign bodies did not seem to be necessary.", "PMID": 655247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6289", "title": "Orbital fracture evaluation by coronal computed tomography.", "content": "Coronal computed tomography produces orbital scans in a plane that is analogous to Caldwell-view x-ray films. Coronal computed tomography permits simultaneous visualization of the orbital walls and the orbital soft tissues, including all extraocular muscles. Using coronal computed tomography, we studied a series of patients with radiographically proven orbital floor fractures. We studied in detail three of these patients, one with a linear orbital floor fracture, one with a depressed orbital floor fracture, and one with a severely comminuted orbital floor. In two patients, coronal computed tomography showed inferior rectus muscle entrapment, which was confirmed at the time of surgery. In each patient, some bone fragments could be seen more discreetly on coronal computed tomography than on conventional polytomes. Coronal computed tomography may be used to help confirm extraocular muscle entrapment in patients with orbital floor fractures. Coronal computed tomography can also be used to examine patients with possible intraorbital foreign bodies, unexplained reduction of vision, or severely displaced bone fragments.", "contents": "Orbital fracture evaluation by coronal computed tomography. Coronal computed tomography produces orbital scans in a plane that is analogous to Caldwell-view x-ray films. Coronal computed tomography permits simultaneous visualization of the orbital walls and the orbital soft tissues, including all extraocular muscles. Using coronal computed tomography, we studied a series of patients with radiographically proven orbital floor fractures. We studied in detail three of these patients, one with a linear orbital floor fracture, one with a depressed orbital floor fracture, and one with a severely comminuted orbital floor. In two patients, coronal computed tomography showed inferior rectus muscle entrapment, which was confirmed at the time of surgery. In each patient, some bone fragments could be seen more discreetly on coronal computed tomography than on conventional polytomes. Coronal computed tomography may be used to help confirm extraocular muscle entrapment in patients with orbital floor fractures. Coronal computed tomography can also be used to examine patients with possible intraorbital foreign bodies, unexplained reduction of vision, or severely displaced bone fragments.", "PMID": 655248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6290", "title": "Increased aqueous lactate dehydrogenase in Coats' disease.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy had glaucoma and a total left retinal detachment that displayed peripheral intraretinal telangiectasis. The most probable clinical diagnosis was Coats' disease. A suspicion of retinoblastoma also existed, and an aqueous aspirate was assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and found to contain three times the level present in a matching sample of serum. We enucleated the eye and verified the diagnosis of Coats' disease pathologically. The results of aqueous LDH determinations in eyes with glaucoma, phthisis, or large numbers of histiocytes, erythrocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Increased aqueous lactate dehydrogenase in Coats' disease. A 3-year-old boy had glaucoma and a total left retinal detachment that displayed peripheral intraretinal telangiectasis. The most probable clinical diagnosis was Coats' disease. A suspicion of retinoblastoma also existed, and an aqueous aspirate was assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and found to contain three times the level present in a matching sample of serum. We enucleated the eye and verified the diagnosis of Coats' disease pathologically. The results of aqueous LDH determinations in eyes with glaucoma, phthisis, or large numbers of histiocytes, erythrocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes should be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 655249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6291", "title": "Human retinal dysplasia.", "content": "We studied the ultrastructure of the four types of dysplastic rosettes and compared them with retinoblastoma rosettes. Dysplastic rosettes have morphologic characteristics intermediate between the normal photoreceptor layer and retino-blastoma rosettes; M\u00fcller cells contribute to the formation of dysplastic but not neoplastic rosettes. Abnormality in the relationship between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium is frequent in cases with spontaneously occurring retinal dsyplasia and is consistent with previous observations that the retinal pigment epithelium influences the development of retinal morphology and function. We believe the normal developmental sequence of cell death and disappearance of necrotic cells may have gone awry in retinal dysplasia.", "contents": "Human retinal dysplasia. We studied the ultrastructure of the four types of dysplastic rosettes and compared them with retinoblastoma rosettes. Dysplastic rosettes have morphologic characteristics intermediate between the normal photoreceptor layer and retino-blastoma rosettes; M\u00fcller cells contribute to the formation of dysplastic but not neoplastic rosettes. Abnormality in the relationship between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium is frequent in cases with spontaneously occurring retinal dsyplasia and is consistent with previous observations that the retinal pigment epithelium influences the development of retinal morphology and function. We believe the normal developmental sequence of cell death and disappearance of necrotic cells may have gone awry in retinal dysplasia.", "PMID": 655250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6292", "title": "A new magnetic technique for the treatment of giant retinal tears.", "content": "Using surgical techniques similar to those for closed vitreous surgery, we introduced a small magnetic sphere into the intraocular cavity of experimental animals. The sphere was subsequently maneuvered gently over the retina to unfold and reposition it with a small external permanent magnet probe. We used 68 enucleated canine eyes; eight eyes were operated in vivo and then examined microscopically. Retinal damage was caused by friction and excessive pressure when we used external magnets that were too strong or spheres that were too large. When small intraocular magnetic spheres coated with silicone or teflon or encased in a hollow oversize epoxy sphere were used the damage to the retina was minimal, or absent. We suggest using this same technique to treat retinal tumors through the introduction of radioactive material or antitumoral drugs. The intraocular magnetic sphere of this type would be left inside the eye in contact with the lesion for an extended period (seven days to three months) by suturing a small magnet to the sclera over the lesion.", "contents": "A new magnetic technique for the treatment of giant retinal tears. Using surgical techniques similar to those for closed vitreous surgery, we introduced a small magnetic sphere into the intraocular cavity of experimental animals. The sphere was subsequently maneuvered gently over the retina to unfold and reposition it with a small external permanent magnet probe. We used 68 enucleated canine eyes; eight eyes were operated in vivo and then examined microscopically. Retinal damage was caused by friction and excessive pressure when we used external magnets that were too strong or spheres that were too large. When small intraocular magnetic spheres coated with silicone or teflon or encased in a hollow oversize epoxy sphere were used the damage to the retina was minimal, or absent. We suggest using this same technique to treat retinal tumors through the introduction of radioactive material or antitumoral drugs. The intraocular magnetic sphere of this type would be left inside the eye in contact with the lesion for an extended period (seven days to three months) by suturing a small magnet to the sclera over the lesion.", "PMID": 655251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6293", "title": "Optic disk neovascularization in hemoglobin SC disease.", "content": "A 37-year-old black man had a clinically documented case of optic disk neovascularization associated with hemoglobin SC disease. Through medical evaluation, we ruled out other disorders associated with proliferative retinopathy. Extensive areas of retinal nonperfusion were associated with vasoproliferative retinopathy at the junction of the perfused and nonperfused retina; and a delicate network of neovascularization extended from the optic disk into the vitreous gel in one eye.", "contents": "Optic disk neovascularization in hemoglobin SC disease. A 37-year-old black man had a clinically documented case of optic disk neovascularization associated with hemoglobin SC disease. Through medical evaluation, we ruled out other disorders associated with proliferative retinopathy. Extensive areas of retinal nonperfusion were associated with vasoproliferative retinopathy at the junction of the perfused and nonperfused retina; and a delicate network of neovascularization extended from the optic disk into the vitreous gel in one eye.", "PMID": 655252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6294", "title": "Ball-bearing keratometry.", "content": "We obtained steel test balls for keratometer calibration at nominal cost by using a selected set of steel ball bearings, readily available for nonoptical purposes. The set of keratometer tests balls each have an accuracy of greater than one part in 1,000.", "contents": "Ball-bearing keratometry. We obtained steel test balls for keratometer calibration at nominal cost by using a selected set of steel ball bearings, readily available for nonoptical purposes. The set of keratometer tests balls each have an accuracy of greater than one part in 1,000.", "PMID": 655253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6295", "title": "A new surgical drape support.", "content": "A lightweight, malleable surgical drape support attaches to the patient's forehead by sterile tape strips and rests comfortably over the patient's nose. It keeps the surgical drape from occluding the nasal and oral airway of the patient, allowing for comfort as well as observation during an ophthalmic surgical procedure performed under local anesthesia. It is sterilizeable and compact and thus does not impede the surgeon or assistant during microsurgical procedures.", "contents": "A new surgical drape support. A lightweight, malleable surgical drape support attaches to the patient's forehead by sterile tape strips and rests comfortably over the patient's nose. It keeps the surgical drape from occluding the nasal and oral airway of the patient, allowing for comfort as well as observation during an ophthalmic surgical procedure performed under local anesthesia. It is sterilizeable and compact and thus does not impede the surgeon or assistant during microsurgical procedures.", "PMID": 655254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6296", "title": "Slit-lamp beamsplitter for two stereoscopic views.", "content": "A double binocular beamsplitter, compatible with Zeiss optics, splits the light from each optical train of a slip-lamp microscope to provide an observer the exact stereoscopic view of the examiner. It has advantages in teaching slit-lamp examination techniques. Further, in surgery at the slit lamp, it allows the observer to function as an assistant and the surgeon to have both hands free.", "contents": "Slit-lamp beamsplitter for two stereoscopic views. A double binocular beamsplitter, compatible with Zeiss optics, splits the light from each optical train of a slip-lamp microscope to provide an observer the exact stereoscopic view of the examiner. It has advantages in teaching slit-lamp examination techniques. Further, in surgery at the slit lamp, it allows the observer to function as an assistant and the surgeon to have both hands free.", "PMID": 655255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6297", "title": "Transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters. I. Histogenesis and immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Transmissible ileal hyperplasia (TIH) was experimentally induced in weanling hamsters, and the development of lesions was characterized. Ileal lesions developed in two phases: a hyperplastic phase which was detected by Day 10 and an inflammatory phase which began by Day 20. Hyperplasia began as focal lengthening of villi with expansion of crypt-type epithelium onto villus walls. Diffuse hyperplasia of distal ileum developed; dilated, tortuous crypts penetrated subjacent supporting tissues; but metastases were not seen. Inflammation began in association with focal or segmental necrosis of crypt epithelium, and crypt abscesses developed. Severe pyogranulomatous inflammation of the ileal wall, focal peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and portal hepatitis were common in advanced lesions. Development of ileal lesions was closely correlated with accumulation of particulate antigen, detectable by immunofluorescence, in the cytoplasm of mucosal epithelial cells. Antigen was also detected in ileal granulomas, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver. There was simultaneous development of serum antibody specific for intracytoplasmic antigen. These studies comfirm that mucosal hyperplasia is the primary lesion in TIH.", "contents": "Transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters. I. Histogenesis and immunocytochemistry. Transmissible ileal hyperplasia (TIH) was experimentally induced in weanling hamsters, and the development of lesions was characterized. Ileal lesions developed in two phases: a hyperplastic phase which was detected by Day 10 and an inflammatory phase which began by Day 20. Hyperplasia began as focal lengthening of villi with expansion of crypt-type epithelium onto villus walls. Diffuse hyperplasia of distal ileum developed; dilated, tortuous crypts penetrated subjacent supporting tissues; but metastases were not seen. Inflammation began in association with focal or segmental necrosis of crypt epithelium, and crypt abscesses developed. Severe pyogranulomatous inflammation of the ileal wall, focal peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and portal hepatitis were common in advanced lesions. Development of ileal lesions was closely correlated with accumulation of particulate antigen, detectable by immunofluorescence, in the cytoplasm of mucosal epithelial cells. Antigen was also detected in ileal granulomas, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver. There was simultaneous development of serum antibody specific for intracytoplasmic antigen. These studies comfirm that mucosal hyperplasia is the primary lesion in TIH.", "PMID": 655259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6298", "title": "Transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters. II. Ultrastructure.", "content": "The ultrastructure of developing ileal lesions was characterized in weanling hamsters with experimentally induced transmissible ileal hyperplasia (TIH). The primary lesion was mucosal hyperplasia with progressive replacement of mature villus columnar absorptive cells by undifferentiated crypt-type cells. The undifferentiated, mitotically active cells expanded onto villus walls from their normal location in crypts by Day 10 and reached villus tips by Day 14. Aggregates of slightly curved, 0.3 X 1.5 mu, rod-shaped bacteria were detected in the apical cytoplasm of crypt epithelium by Day ;. They replicated intracellularly and accumulated in progressively greater numbers in hyperplastic cells. Active penetration of cells by intralumenal bacteria was not seen. The appearance and distribution of TIH-associated antigen, demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, was identical to that observed for intracellular bacteria. Hyperplastic, bacteria-laden crypt epithelium penetrated adjacent supporting tissues. Dilated crypts with flattened epithelium ruptured and released organisms into surrounding tissues. Pyogranulomatous inflammation began at 17 to 25 days and preceded or accompanied penetration of the muscle layers by expanding crypts. Macrophages and neutrophils in inflammatory lesions contained many phagocytized bacteria. In some advanced lesions mature, bacteria-free absorptive cells and goblet cells reappeared. These observations support the hypothesis that intestinal bacteria cause TIH.", "contents": "Transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters. II. Ultrastructure. The ultrastructure of developing ileal lesions was characterized in weanling hamsters with experimentally induced transmissible ileal hyperplasia (TIH). The primary lesion was mucosal hyperplasia with progressive replacement of mature villus columnar absorptive cells by undifferentiated crypt-type cells. The undifferentiated, mitotically active cells expanded onto villus walls from their normal location in crypts by Day 10 and reached villus tips by Day 14. Aggregates of slightly curved, 0.3 X 1.5 mu, rod-shaped bacteria were detected in the apical cytoplasm of crypt epithelium by Day ;. They replicated intracellularly and accumulated in progressively greater numbers in hyperplastic cells. Active penetration of cells by intralumenal bacteria was not seen. The appearance and distribution of TIH-associated antigen, demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, was identical to that observed for intracellular bacteria. Hyperplastic, bacteria-laden crypt epithelium penetrated adjacent supporting tissues. Dilated crypts with flattened epithelium ruptured and released organisms into surrounding tissues. Pyogranulomatous inflammation began at 17 to 25 days and preceded or accompanied penetration of the muscle layers by expanding crypts. Macrophages and neutrophils in inflammatory lesions contained many phagocytized bacteria. In some advanced lesions mature, bacteria-free absorptive cells and goblet cells reappeared. These observations support the hypothesis that intestinal bacteria cause TIH.", "PMID": 655260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6299", "title": "Hyperplasia of vagal and carotid body paraganglia in patients with chronic hypoxemia.", "content": "Vagal and carotid body paraganglia were obtained from 43 randomly selected autopsies performed at the National Naval Medical Center. In each case, tissue from both sides was step sectioned and comparatively studied. The mean combined weight of carotid bodies in 37 control patients was 25.9 mg. There was good correlation between size and number of separate paraganglia comprising the vagal body (seven left, six right). Lobules were closely related to the ganglion nodosum and were actually within it in three instances. Tissue resembling parathyroid was encountered within 4 of the 86 resected vagus nerves. Lymphocytic infiltration occurred in carotid and vagal body paraganglia of 28% and 16% of patients, respectively. There was Schwann cell proliferatation in carotid body lobules of 2 patients; in another patient, talc emboli were present. The mean combined weight of carotid bodies in 6 patients with chronic hypoxemia was 47.6 mg, significantly greater than in the control group; in each case, lobules were enlarged. Chief cell hyperplasia occurred in vagal body paraganglia of 2 patients; in two other patients, lobules were large with equal proliferation of constituent cells. These morphologic findings indicate that in patients with chronic hypoxemia some vagal body paraganglia can be ascribed a chemoreceptor role similar to but probably less important than that of the carotid body.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of vagal and carotid body paraganglia in patients with chronic hypoxemia. Vagal and carotid body paraganglia were obtained from 43 randomly selected autopsies performed at the National Naval Medical Center. In each case, tissue from both sides was step sectioned and comparatively studied. The mean combined weight of carotid bodies in 37 control patients was 25.9 mg. There was good correlation between size and number of separate paraganglia comprising the vagal body (seven left, six right). Lobules were closely related to the ganglion nodosum and were actually within it in three instances. Tissue resembling parathyroid was encountered within 4 of the 86 resected vagus nerves. Lymphocytic infiltration occurred in carotid and vagal body paraganglia of 28% and 16% of patients, respectively. There was Schwann cell proliferatation in carotid body lobules of 2 patients; in another patient, talc emboli were present. The mean combined weight of carotid bodies in 6 patients with chronic hypoxemia was 47.6 mg, significantly greater than in the control group; in each case, lobules were enlarged. Chief cell hyperplasia occurred in vagal body paraganglia of 2 patients; in two other patients, lobules were large with equal proliferation of constituent cells. These morphologic findings indicate that in patients with chronic hypoxemia some vagal body paraganglia can be ascribed a chemoreceptor role similar to but probably less important than that of the carotid body.", "PMID": 655261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6300", "title": "Phospholipase A2 contamination of cobra venom factor preparations. Biologic role in complement-dependent in vivo reactions and inactivation with p-bromophenacyl bromide.", "content": "Cobra venom factor (CoF), the anticomplementary protein in Naja naja cobra venom, is usually purified by sequential ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. CoF prepared in this manner contains small but significant quantities of phospholipase A2 activity. This acyl hydrolase activity can be simply and efficiently removed on a large scale by treatment of CoF with p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), an irreversible modifier of the histidine residue in the active site of phospholipase A2. BPB treatment does not alter the anticomplementary activity of CoF. In vivo experiments utilizing intratracheal injections of control and BPB-treated CoF, as well as pure phospholipase A2, revealed that contaminating phospholipase A2, and not the anticomplementary protein, was responsible for the observed acute neutrophil-associated lung injury. However, phospholipase A2 had no effect on the hypotensive and thrombocytopenic effects of CoF infected intravenously into rabbits. Depletion of circulating C3-C9 by intraperitoneal injections of CoF was not altered by removal of phospholipase A2 activity with BPB.", "contents": "Phospholipase A2 contamination of cobra venom factor preparations. Biologic role in complement-dependent in vivo reactions and inactivation with p-bromophenacyl bromide. Cobra venom factor (CoF), the anticomplementary protein in Naja naja cobra venom, is usually purified by sequential ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. CoF prepared in this manner contains small but significant quantities of phospholipase A2 activity. This acyl hydrolase activity can be simply and efficiently removed on a large scale by treatment of CoF with p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), an irreversible modifier of the histidine residue in the active site of phospholipase A2. BPB treatment does not alter the anticomplementary activity of CoF. In vivo experiments utilizing intratracheal injections of control and BPB-treated CoF, as well as pure phospholipase A2, revealed that contaminating phospholipase A2, and not the anticomplementary protein, was responsible for the observed acute neutrophil-associated lung injury. However, phospholipase A2 had no effect on the hypotensive and thrombocytopenic effects of CoF infected intravenously into rabbits. Depletion of circulating C3-C9 by intraperitoneal injections of CoF was not altered by removal of phospholipase A2 activity with BPB.", "PMID": 655262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6301", "title": "Fine structural alterations induced in erythocytes by phorbol myristate acetate.", "content": "Prevous studies have demonstrated that PMA is a potent membrane-active agent causing cell-wall derived vacuole formation in neutrophils and granule labilization in platelets. The present investigation demonstrates that PMA also has marked effects on red blood cells. Erythrocytes exposed to PMA were converted into stomatocytes and stomatospherocytes. The effects of PMA on red cells were concentration-dependent, required removal of plasma, and occurred maximally at 37 C. Although the response of the red cell to PMA was not identical to that of other blood cells tested previously; the similarities suggest that the capacity of the agent to produce membrane invagination may be fundamental to its mode of action.", "contents": "Fine structural alterations induced in erythocytes by phorbol myristate acetate. Prevous studies have demonstrated that PMA is a potent membrane-active agent causing cell-wall derived vacuole formation in neutrophils and granule labilization in platelets. The present investigation demonstrates that PMA also has marked effects on red blood cells. Erythrocytes exposed to PMA were converted into stomatocytes and stomatospherocytes. The effects of PMA on red cells were concentration-dependent, required removal of plasma, and occurred maximally at 37 C. Although the response of the red cell to PMA was not identical to that of other blood cells tested previously; the similarities suggest that the capacity of the agent to produce membrane invagination may be fundamental to its mode of action.", "PMID": 655263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6302", "title": "Motility of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Roles of hydroxy fatty acids, other lipids, and cations.", "content": "Rapid ionic fluxes across local areas of leukocyte plasma membranes result in local swelling, ie, ruffling or blebbing. These fluxes are stimulated either locally or generally over the cell membranes by hydrophobic chemotactic peptides. This swelling is associated with migration of the cells in the direction of the swollen area of the cell. Hydroxy fatty acids, other lipids, and Ca++ ionophores activate a Ca++-dependent migratory activity of the cell, whereas acidic peptides activate a monovalent cation-dependent migratory activity. These two processes are therefore additive. The swelling due to the peptides results in an increase in urea space but no change in inulin space, whereas, swelling due to permeant cations and anions causes a massive increase in both spaces. Migration appears to result from the pushing of cellular contents, nucleus and cytoplasm, into the more swollen area of the cell by unopposed contraction of the unswollen area of the cell.", "contents": "Motility of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Roles of hydroxy fatty acids, other lipids, and cations. Rapid ionic fluxes across local areas of leukocyte plasma membranes result in local swelling, ie, ruffling or blebbing. These fluxes are stimulated either locally or generally over the cell membranes by hydrophobic chemotactic peptides. This swelling is associated with migration of the cells in the direction of the swollen area of the cell. Hydroxy fatty acids, other lipids, and Ca++ ionophores activate a Ca++-dependent migratory activity of the cell, whereas acidic peptides activate a monovalent cation-dependent migratory activity. These two processes are therefore additive. The swelling due to the peptides results in an increase in urea space but no change in inulin space, whereas, swelling due to permeant cations and anions causes a massive increase in both spaces. Migration appears to result from the pushing of cellular contents, nucleus and cytoplasm, into the more swollen area of the cell by unopposed contraction of the unswollen area of the cell.", "PMID": 655264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6303", "title": "The influence of experimental deformation on craniofacial development in rats.", "content": "Cranial deformation was produced experimentally in rats 8 to 40 days old for the purpose of studying the rotation of the craniofacial bones and the modification of the growth rates of the functional cranial components. One hundred and twenty four skulls (65 males and 59 females) were employed, classified as: deformed , deformed-hydrocephalic, sham-operated and controls. A midsagittal diagram was drawn for each skull and the angle subtended by each bone with respect to the vestibular plane was measured. Growth indices were worked out for both the neural skull and the facial skull. Deformation altered the rotation of the parietal, interparietal and basisphenoidal bones and restricted the rotation of the fronto-ethmo-facial complex. Alteration of the longitudinal growth rates of the dorsal and basilar components of the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium produced the persistence of the klinorynchal state.", "contents": "The influence of experimental deformation on craniofacial development in rats. Cranial deformation was produced experimentally in rats 8 to 40 days old for the purpose of studying the rotation of the craniofacial bones and the modification of the growth rates of the functional cranial components. One hundred and twenty four skulls (65 males and 59 females) were employed, classified as: deformed , deformed-hydrocephalic, sham-operated and controls. A midsagittal diagram was drawn for each skull and the angle subtended by each bone with respect to the vestibular plane was measured. Growth indices were worked out for both the neural skull and the facial skull. Deformation altered the rotation of the parietal, interparietal and basisphenoidal bones and restricted the rotation of the fronto-ethmo-facial complex. Alteration of the longitudinal growth rates of the dorsal and basilar components of the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium produced the persistence of the klinorynchal state.", "PMID": 655267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6304", "title": "The relationship between brain weight and head circumference from birth to age 18 years.", "content": "A relation between head circumference and brain weight of humans is generally believed to exist, but the literature contains only two studies which exhibit a quantitative aspect of the relation, showing that brain weight is proportional to the cube of the head circumference from birth through age 3.5 years. By assembling data from autopsy records, we have been able to show that this cubic relationship holds through brain maturation at around age 18 years.", "contents": "The relationship between brain weight and head circumference from birth to age 18 years. A relation between head circumference and brain weight of humans is generally believed to exist, but the literature contains only two studies which exhibit a quantitative aspect of the relation, showing that brain weight is proportional to the cube of the head circumference from birth through age 3.5 years. By assembling data from autopsy records, we have been able to show that this cubic relationship holds through brain maturation at around age 18 years.", "PMID": 655268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6305", "title": "Preservation of proteins in mummified tissues.", "content": "Protein material was extracted from the dessicated tissues of several Egyptian mummies and a frozen Eskimo. The distribution and degree of preservation of high molecular weight protein was analyzed by gel filtration, protein assays, amino acid analysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein has undergone considerable degradation although some high molecular weight protein (C. 130,000 daltons) remains intact. Amino acid analysis of the extracted protein indicates the basic amino acids have undergone a chemical modification and may represent a point of preferential breakdown in the polypeptide chain. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of tissue cations suggests a correlation between degree of preservation of mummified tissue and levels of sodium salts (natron) in the tissue.", "contents": "Preservation of proteins in mummified tissues. Protein material was extracted from the dessicated tissues of several Egyptian mummies and a frozen Eskimo. The distribution and degree of preservation of high molecular weight protein was analyzed by gel filtration, protein assays, amino acid analysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein has undergone considerable degradation although some high molecular weight protein (C. 130,000 daltons) remains intact. Amino acid analysis of the extracted protein indicates the basic amino acids have undergone a chemical modification and may represent a point of preferential breakdown in the polypeptide chain. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of tissue cations suggests a correlation between degree of preservation of mummified tissue and levels of sodium salts (natron) in the tissue.", "PMID": 655269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6306", "title": "Crown diameters of the deciduous teeth in Australian Aboriginals.", "content": "Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were measured from dental casts representing the deciduous dentitions of 197 Aboriginal children from the Northern Territory of Australia. Double determination analysis indicated that the semi-automatic recording procedure used was reliable leading to observer errors of no practical significance. Tooth-size was greater in the male subjects but the sexual dimorphism was less marked than in the permanent teeth of the same subjects. The mandibular teeth were more uniform than maxillary with respect to buccolingual size relative to mesiodistal. Extremes of general tooth-size were more marked in the deciduous dentition than in the permanent as a consequence of the relatively large deciduous second molar which in Aboriginals approximates in size the permanent first molar of many other ethnic groups.", "contents": "Crown diameters of the deciduous teeth in Australian Aboriginals. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were measured from dental casts representing the deciduous dentitions of 197 Aboriginal children from the Northern Territory of Australia. Double determination analysis indicated that the semi-automatic recording procedure used was reliable leading to observer errors of no practical significance. Tooth-size was greater in the male subjects but the sexual dimorphism was less marked than in the permanent teeth of the same subjects. The mandibular teeth were more uniform than maxillary with respect to buccolingual size relative to mesiodistal. Extremes of general tooth-size were more marked in the deciduous dentition than in the permanent as a consequence of the relatively large deciduous second molar which in Aboriginals approximates in size the permanent first molar of many other ethnic groups.", "PMID": 655270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6307", "title": "Age at menarche in Iceland.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mean age at menarche in Icelandic girls and compare it with results from other Scandinavian populations as well as in other ethnic groups. The study was performed during the school year 1972-1973 on a cross-sectional sample of 682 girls (aged 8.5 to over 17 years), constituting 9.5% of the girls from the third to eleventh forms in all the primary and secondary schools of Reykjavik. The mean age at menarche in Iceland, elicited by the status quo method, proved to be 13.06 +/- 0.10 years (S.D. 1.17 years). According to the information given by the girls (recall method), the earliest time of menstruation was 9.83 years and the latest 15.17 years, at which age all but one of the girls were menstruating.", "contents": "Age at menarche in Iceland. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mean age at menarche in Icelandic girls and compare it with results from other Scandinavian populations as well as in other ethnic groups. The study was performed during the school year 1972-1973 on a cross-sectional sample of 682 girls (aged 8.5 to over 17 years), constituting 9.5% of the girls from the third to eleventh forms in all the primary and secondary schools of Reykjavik. The mean age at menarche in Iceland, elicited by the status quo method, proved to be 13.06 +/- 0.10 years (S.D. 1.17 years). According to the information given by the girls (recall method), the earliest time of menstruation was 9.83 years and the latest 15.17 years, at which age all but one of the girls were menstruating.", "PMID": 655271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6308", "title": "Skin colorimetry in Belize. I. Conversion formulae.", "content": "Comparisons between skin colorimetry reports have been hampered by the common use of two different types of portable reflectometers, which sample reflectances at different wavelengths. In an attempt to provide direct comparability between the two machines, multiple linear regression equations were derived from reflectance spectrophotometry readings on 308 Black Caribs and 175 Creoles in Belize, Central America, using both machines. Cross validation tests show the coefficients presented are applicable to independent data sets and generally applicable to other heavily pigmented populations. Comparisons with previously published conversion formulae, which were from very small samples using simple linear regression, show a definite improvement in predictive accuracy when using multiple regression equations based on a large sample.", "contents": "Skin colorimetry in Belize. I. Conversion formulae. Comparisons between skin colorimetry reports have been hampered by the common use of two different types of portable reflectometers, which sample reflectances at different wavelengths. In an attempt to provide direct comparability between the two machines, multiple linear regression equations were derived from reflectance spectrophotometry readings on 308 Black Caribs and 175 Creoles in Belize, Central America, using both machines. Cross validation tests show the coefficients presented are applicable to independent data sets and generally applicable to other heavily pigmented populations. Comparisons with previously published conversion formulae, which were from very small samples using simple linear regression, show a definite improvement in predictive accuracy when using multiple regression equations based on a large sample.", "PMID": 655272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6309", "title": "ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion in Reddis and Kammas of Southern Andhra Pradesh.", "content": "ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion were investigated in two caste populations, Reddis and Kammas of Southern Andhra Pradesh, and compared with the data of other populations. In ABO gene frequencies, the present series of Reddis and Kammas approach the values from other Andhra caste data. Moderate gene frequency of non-secretor gene in both Reddis and Kammas are noted.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion in Reddis and Kammas of Southern Andhra Pradesh. ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion were investigated in two caste populations, Reddis and Kammas of Southern Andhra Pradesh, and compared with the data of other populations. In ABO gene frequencies, the present series of Reddis and Kammas approach the values from other Andhra caste data. Moderate gene frequency of non-secretor gene in both Reddis and Kammas are noted.", "PMID": 655273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6310", "title": "Natural history of male psychological health: VI. Correlates of successful marriage and fatherhood.", "content": "The author examines the relationship between quality of object relations and health on the basis of data from a prospective 35-year follow-up of 95 men selected for health. Judges blind to other data made independent ratings of physical health at 52, childhood environment, psychopathology, and maturity of defenses. These ratings were highly correlated with independent ratings of high school social adjustment, adult friendship patterns, marital satisfaction, and outcome of children. The author speculates that the capacity for object relations may be a relatively stable dimension of adult personality--a continous that stretches from mature, generative mental health to schizophrenia.", "contents": "Natural history of male psychological health: VI. Correlates of successful marriage and fatherhood. The author examines the relationship between quality of object relations and health on the basis of data from a prospective 35-year follow-up of 95 men selected for health. Judges blind to other data made independent ratings of physical health at 52, childhood environment, psychopathology, and maturity of defenses. These ratings were highly correlated with independent ratings of high school social adjustment, adult friendship patterns, marital satisfaction, and outcome of children. The author speculates that the capacity for object relations may be a relatively stable dimension of adult personality--a continous that stretches from mature, generative mental health to schizophrenia.", "PMID": 655274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6311", "title": "Transient situational disturbances: course and outcome.", "content": "The validity and usefulness of the diagnostic category transient situational disturbance were evaluated by studying the course and outcome for 2,078 hospitalized naval personnel. The condition was found to be less severe and disabling than other major psychiatric disorders in terms of chronicity, length of hospitalization, and disposition. Outcomes in terms of rehospitalization rates and work effectiveness also were relatively favorable. Based on three or more years of follow-up, a substantial proportion of patients originally diagnosed as having a transient situational disturbance subsequently manifested personality disorder problems. The results suggest that clearer criteria are needed to define situational disturbances operationally and to identify patients with underlying personality disorders.", "contents": "Transient situational disturbances: course and outcome. The validity and usefulness of the diagnostic category transient situational disturbance were evaluated by studying the course and outcome for 2,078 hospitalized naval personnel. The condition was found to be less severe and disabling than other major psychiatric disorders in terms of chronicity, length of hospitalization, and disposition. Outcomes in terms of rehospitalization rates and work effectiveness also were relatively favorable. Based on three or more years of follow-up, a substantial proportion of patients originally diagnosed as having a transient situational disturbance subsequently manifested personality disorder problems. The results suggest that clearer criteria are needed to define situational disturbances operationally and to identify patients with underlying personality disorders.", "PMID": 655275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6312", "title": "Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon.", "content": "Of 88 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, without prior psychotic symptoms, and without significant dementia, nearly half had experienced vivid dreams, hallucinations, illusions, and nonconfusional as well as confusional psychoses as side effects of chronic levodopa therapy within the previous year of treatment. It was found that 61.3% of all hallucinations were associated with preexistent or concurrent vivid dream phenomena, that all psychotic states were associated with preexistent or concurrent vivid dreams and/or hallucinations, and that nonconfusional psychotic states tended to become confusional. These findings raise the possibility that chronic levodopa therapy may result in dopaminergic kindling and support the hypothesis that chronic dopaminergic agonism may, via such a kindling mechanism, play a role in the development of some types of psychoses.", "contents": "Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon. Of 88 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, without prior psychotic symptoms, and without significant dementia, nearly half had experienced vivid dreams, hallucinations, illusions, and nonconfusional as well as confusional psychoses as side effects of chronic levodopa therapy within the previous year of treatment. It was found that 61.3% of all hallucinations were associated with preexistent or concurrent vivid dream phenomena, that all psychotic states were associated with preexistent or concurrent vivid dreams and/or hallucinations, and that nonconfusional psychotic states tended to become confusional. These findings raise the possibility that chronic levodopa therapy may result in dopaminergic kindling and support the hypothesis that chronic dopaminergic agonism may, via such a kindling mechanism, play a role in the development of some types of psychoses.", "PMID": 655276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6313", "title": "Mid-adult development and psychopathology.", "content": "The authors studied a group of 193 psychiatric outpatients with varying diagnoses and a comparison group of 136 nonpatients across nine measures: sense of self; feelings about marriage, sex, career, and leisure time; relationship to parents, friends, and children; and sense of time passing. They found significant differences between the groups at specific ages in the areas of sense of self, feelings about career and sex, and relationship to parents, children, and friends. They discuss these results with a view toward identifying and elucidating normal and pathological factors in the adult life cycle.", "contents": "Mid-adult development and psychopathology. The authors studied a group of 193 psychiatric outpatients with varying diagnoses and a comparison group of 136 nonpatients across nine measures: sense of self; feelings about marriage, sex, career, and leisure time; relationship to parents, friends, and children; and sense of time passing. They found significant differences between the groups at specific ages in the areas of sense of self, feelings about career and sex, and relationship to parents, children, and friends. They discuss these results with a view toward identifying and elucidating normal and pathological factors in the adult life cycle.", "PMID": 655277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6314", "title": "Observations on 67 patients who took Erhard Seminars Training.", "content": "The author describes the effects of Erhard Seminars Training (est) on 67 patients--49 who took est during the course of psychotherapy with him and 18 who were seen for evaluation, consultation, or treatment after having taken est. Responsiveness to est was assessed in terms of individually predefined psychodynamics and treatment goals. Of the 49 patients who took est during therapy, 30 were judged to show some positive response and 19 were rated unchanged. The author believes that est often has a strong influence toward psychotherapeutic movement in patients with good ego strength who are motivated to change.", "contents": "Observations on 67 patients who took Erhard Seminars Training. The author describes the effects of Erhard Seminars Training (est) on 67 patients--49 who took est during the course of psychotherapy with him and 18 who were seen for evaluation, consultation, or treatment after having taken est. Responsiveness to est was assessed in terms of individually predefined psychodynamics and treatment goals. Of the 49 patients who took est during therapy, 30 were judged to show some positive response and 19 were rated unchanged. The author believes that est often has a strong influence toward psychotherapeutic movement in patients with good ego strength who are motivated to change.", "PMID": 655278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6315", "title": "Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents.", "content": "The author reports on 37 children who are being raised by female homosexuals or by parents who have changed sex (transsexuals): 21 by female homosexuals, 7 by male-to-female transsexuals, and 9 by female-to-male transsexuals. The children range in age from 3 to 20 years (mean = 9.3) and have lived in the sexually atypical households for 1-16 years (mean = 4.9). Thirty-six of the children report or recall childhood toy, game, clothing, and peer group preferences that are typical for their sex. The 13 older children who report erotic fantasies or overt sexual behaviors are all heterosexually oriented.", "contents": "Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents. The author reports on 37 children who are being raised by female homosexuals or by parents who have changed sex (transsexuals): 21 by female homosexuals, 7 by male-to-female transsexuals, and 9 by female-to-male transsexuals. The children range in age from 3 to 20 years (mean = 9.3) and have lived in the sexually atypical households for 1-16 years (mean = 4.9). Thirty-six of the children report or recall childhood toy, game, clothing, and peer group preferences that are typical for their sex. The 13 older children who report erotic fantasies or overt sexual behaviors are all heterosexually oriented.", "PMID": 655279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6316", "title": "Pathological tolerance.", "content": "Pathological tolerance is a symptom that occurs in a stable triadic relationship with certain characteristics, including the sharing of a sexual partner. The term refers to inappropriate acceptance of the triangular relationship by the member of the primary dyad who is of the same sex as the \"triadic addition.\" The author suggests that the intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics of pathological tolerance are identical with those of pathological jealousy and include the reenactment of earlier conflictual relationships through symbolic representation, expression of homoerotic drives, and a variety of interpersonal patterns. He presents three case reports and recommendations for treatment.", "contents": "Pathological tolerance. Pathological tolerance is a symptom that occurs in a stable triadic relationship with certain characteristics, including the sharing of a sexual partner. The term refers to inappropriate acceptance of the triangular relationship by the member of the primary dyad who is of the same sex as the \"triadic addition.\" The author suggests that the intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics of pathological tolerance are identical with those of pathological jealousy and include the reenactment of earlier conflictual relationships through symbolic representation, expression of homoerotic drives, and a variety of interpersonal patterns. He presents three case reports and recommendations for treatment.", "PMID": 655280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6317", "title": "Comparing clinic and private practice of psychiatry.", "content": "The author compared data on 2,020 cases treated by private psychiatrists with those on 2,052 cases treated by clinic psychiatrists in California. He also compared data on private treatment in California with those from a national survey of private psychiatrists. Private psychiatrists in California treated as many psychotic patients and used relatively brief psychotherapy about as often as clinic psychiatrists and were more likely to use hospitalization and to see patients individually. In comparison with the national sample, private psychiatrists in California treated more children and patients with situational disturbances and were more likely to receive payment from government sources.", "contents": "Comparing clinic and private practice of psychiatry. The author compared data on 2,020 cases treated by private psychiatrists with those on 2,052 cases treated by clinic psychiatrists in California. He also compared data on private treatment in California with those from a national survey of private psychiatrists. Private psychiatrists in California treated as many psychotic patients and used relatively brief psychotherapy about as often as clinic psychiatrists and were more likely to use hospitalization and to see patients individually. In comparison with the national sample, private psychiatrists in California treated more children and patients with situational disturbances and were more likely to receive payment from government sources.", "PMID": 655281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6318", "title": "Anticholinergic activity of two tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Using a double-blind crossover Latin square design, the authors evaluated the peripheral anticholinergic and central nervous system effects of three dose levels of two tricyclic antidepressants in female volunteers. Results showed that 5 hours after drug administration, desipramine (50 and 100 mg) caused significantly less reduction in salivation than did amitriptyline. Amitriptyline produced more sedation (Clyde Mood Scale) and a greater number of subjective complaints than did desipramine. These results are consistent with anticholinergic profiles from animal experiments and suggest that clinically meaningful differences may exist among tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Anticholinergic activity of two tricyclic antidepressants. Using a double-blind crossover Latin square design, the authors evaluated the peripheral anticholinergic and central nervous system effects of three dose levels of two tricyclic antidepressants in female volunteers. Results showed that 5 hours after drug administration, desipramine (50 and 100 mg) caused significantly less reduction in salivation than did amitriptyline. Amitriptyline produced more sedation (Clyde Mood Scale) and a greater number of subjective complaints than did desipramine. These results are consistent with anticholinergic profiles from animal experiments and suggest that clinically meaningful differences may exist among tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 655282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6319", "title": "S-adenosylmethionine-dependent N-methyltransferase activity in autopsied brain parts of chronic schizophrenics and controls.", "content": "The transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that the disease results from excessive accumulation of methylated derivatives of biogenic amines. To test the hypothesis that an abnormality in S-adenosylmethionine-dependent N-methyltransferase (SAM enzyme) might play a role in schizophrenia, the authors compared SAM enzyme activity of in vitro preparations of 6 brain regions obtained at autopsy from chronic schizophrenics and nonschizophrenic controls. An analysis of variance demonstrated statistically significant differences among brain regions but not between schizophrenics and controls.", "contents": "S-adenosylmethionine-dependent N-methyltransferase activity in autopsied brain parts of chronic schizophrenics and controls. The transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that the disease results from excessive accumulation of methylated derivatives of biogenic amines. To test the hypothesis that an abnormality in S-adenosylmethionine-dependent N-methyltransferase (SAM enzyme) might play a role in schizophrenia, the authors compared SAM enzyme activity of in vitro preparations of 6 brain regions obtained at autopsy from chronic schizophrenics and nonschizophrenic controls. An analysis of variance demonstrated statistically significant differences among brain regions but not between schizophrenics and controls.", "PMID": 655283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6320", "title": "The family practitioner as psychiatrist.", "content": "The author describes attitudes held by nonpsychiatric physicians that are responsible for poor psychological handling of patients, including low interest in psychosocial aspects of illness, judgment of and disinterest in hypochondriasis or conversion reaction, avoidance of psychotic or terminally ill patients, and anger toward patients with unpleasant characteristics. He discusses reasons for these attitudes and suggests that medical schools increase psychological education and psychiatry departments increase the relevance of their teaching.", "contents": "The family practitioner as psychiatrist. The author describes attitudes held by nonpsychiatric physicians that are responsible for poor psychological handling of patients, including low interest in psychosocial aspects of illness, judgment of and disinterest in hypochondriasis or conversion reaction, avoidance of psychotic or terminally ill patients, and anger toward patients with unpleasant characteristics. He discusses reasons for these attitudes and suggests that medical schools increase psychological education and psychiatry departments increase the relevance of their teaching.", "PMID": 655284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6321", "title": "Attitudes toward issues in psychiatry among third-year residents: a brief survey.", "content": "The authors surveyed 378 third-year psychiatric residents on their attitudes toward psychiatric training, forms of psychotherapy, and the medical model; their treatment preferences for 4 given psychiatric disorders; and their career plans. Correlation coefficients and analysis of variance indicated clustering of attitudes along a dynamic-biological continuum, with medical education and experience with drug therapy rated highest of the training aspects and personal analysis or psychotherapy, training in psychoanalysis, and research rated lowest.", "contents": "Attitudes toward issues in psychiatry among third-year residents: a brief survey. The authors surveyed 378 third-year psychiatric residents on their attitudes toward psychiatric training, forms of psychotherapy, and the medical model; their treatment preferences for 4 given psychiatric disorders; and their career plans. Correlation coefficients and analysis of variance indicated clustering of attitudes along a dynamic-biological continuum, with medical education and experience with drug therapy rated highest of the training aspects and personal analysis or psychotherapy, training in psychoanalysis, and research rated lowest.", "PMID": 655285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6322", "title": "Symptom passing in a transvestite father and three sons.", "content": "Three sons of a transvestite father engaged in cross-dressing beginning in early adolescence. The literature suggests that observation may play a role in determining the specificity of the symptoms of conflicted sexual identity. These cases of transvestism in offspring are unusual in that the father played an important role in symptom choice and modeling. It is hoped that in future studies of transvestism in the father will be examined in a more intensive way as a figure with whom an active identification process may evolve.", "contents": "Symptom passing in a transvestite father and three sons. Three sons of a transvestite father engaged in cross-dressing beginning in early adolescence. The literature suggests that observation may play a role in determining the specificity of the symptoms of conflicted sexual identity. These cases of transvestism in offspring are unusual in that the father played an important role in symptom choice and modeling. It is hoped that in future studies of transvestism in the father will be examined in a more intensive way as a figure with whom an active identification process may evolve.", "PMID": 655286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6323", "title": "Creativity and self-actualization in the aging personality.", "content": "Twenty-five residents (sixty-nine to ninety-three years old) of two Israeli homes for the elderly were investigated in order to see if there was a correlation between the creative attitude (self-actualizing personality) and the way of coping with the process of aging and attitude toward death. The results showed that the more creative-actualizing a personality, the better the coping with aging phenomena and the less denial of death.", "contents": "Creativity and self-actualization in the aging personality. Twenty-five residents (sixty-nine to ninety-three years old) of two Israeli homes for the elderly were investigated in order to see if there was a correlation between the creative attitude (self-actualizing personality) and the way of coping with the process of aging and attitude toward death. The results showed that the more creative-actualizing a personality, the better the coping with aging phenomena and the less denial of death.", "PMID": 655303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6324", "title": "Depression in children on a general pediatric service.", "content": "Masked depression in the hospitalized child is precipitated by maternal separation and anxiety aggravated by environmental, somatic, and existing personality factors. Age, stage of ego development, and comprehension are important influences. Psychiatrically oriented as well as somatically indicated therapy is essential for a favorable outcome. Parents require supportive consideration also.", "contents": "Depression in children on a general pediatric service. Masked depression in the hospitalized child is precipitated by maternal separation and anxiety aggravated by environmental, somatic, and existing personality factors. Age, stage of ego development, and comprehension are important influences. Psychiatrically oriented as well as somatically indicated therapy is essential for a favorable outcome. Parents require supportive consideration also.", "PMID": 655304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6325", "title": "A psychotherapeutic approach to severely depressed patients.", "content": "Even severely depressed patients respond to psychotherapy. A knowledge of the psychodynamic patterns of the life of depressed patients is required for effective therapy. The psychodynamics and main psychotherapeutic procedures for the treatment of two common types of severe depression are described.", "contents": "A psychotherapeutic approach to severely depressed patients. Even severely depressed patients respond to psychotherapy. A knowledge of the psychodynamic patterns of the life of depressed patients is required for effective therapy. The psychodynamics and main psychotherapeutic procedures for the treatment of two common types of severe depression are described.", "PMID": 655305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6326", "title": "Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drugs in severely depressed out-patients--20-year evaluation.", "content": "Eight hundred fifty-one severely depressed patients were treated on an out-patient basis over a twenty-year period with psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drug therapy. The selection of patients and treatment technique is described. Eighty-three percent of the patients had excellent or good results within a period of three weeks. These results are compared with those obtained with electroshock treatment or psychotherapy alone.", "contents": "Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drugs in severely depressed out-patients--20-year evaluation. Eight hundred fifty-one severely depressed patients were treated on an out-patient basis over a twenty-year period with psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drug therapy. The selection of patients and treatment technique is described. Eighty-three percent of the patients had excellent or good results within a period of three weeks. These results are compared with those obtained with electroshock treatment or psychotherapy alone.", "PMID": 655306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6327", "title": "The epidemiology of major affective disorders.", "content": "This article examined the methodological difficulties encountered in the epidemiological studies of affective disorders, the incidence and prevalence of these conditions, and the sociodemographic risk factors. The course of treated and untreated affective disorders is reviewed in terms of implications for treatment modalities and their evaluation, as well as factors suspected to be causally related to affective disorders (concomitants, predisposing and precipitating).", "contents": "The epidemiology of major affective disorders. This article examined the methodological difficulties encountered in the epidemiological studies of affective disorders, the incidence and prevalence of these conditions, and the sociodemographic risk factors. The course of treated and untreated affective disorders is reviewed in terms of implications for treatment modalities and their evaluation, as well as factors suspected to be causally related to affective disorders (concomitants, predisposing and precipitating).", "PMID": 655307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6328", "title": "Bipolar affective disorder--techniques and results of treatment.", "content": "Differences between bipolar and unipolar patients and the natural history of bipolar illness are discussed. Reviewing recent studies, the paper then outlines the treatment of mania, the treatment of depression, and the prophylactic treatment of bipolar illness.", "contents": "Bipolar affective disorder--techniques and results of treatment. Differences between bipolar and unipolar patients and the natural history of bipolar illness are discussed. Reviewing recent studies, the paper then outlines the treatment of mania, the treatment of depression, and the prophylactic treatment of bipolar illness.", "PMID": 655308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6329", "title": "The treatment of depressed geriatric patients.", "content": "Biological changes more frequently associated with late onset depressions, such as cerebral arteriosclerosis, increased urinary MHPG concentrations, decreased gonadal functions, and increased MAO activity were reviewed and the therapeutic implications of these biological changes considered. The rationale for the use of Hydergine, amitriptyline, Gerovitol H3, fluoxymesterone, doxepin, and trazodone in geropsychiatric patients was discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of depressed geriatric patients. Biological changes more frequently associated with late onset depressions, such as cerebral arteriosclerosis, increased urinary MHPG concentrations, decreased gonadal functions, and increased MAO activity were reviewed and the therapeutic implications of these biological changes considered. The rationale for the use of Hydergine, amitriptyline, Gerovitol H3, fluoxymesterone, doxepin, and trazodone in geropsychiatric patients was discussed.", "PMID": 655309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6330", "title": "Assessing the timeliness of ambulatory medical care.", "content": "The extent to which individuals receive necessary and timely care (timeliness) is one dimension of the process of care that has received little attention. Timeliness can be viewed as the interaction between patient care-seeking behavior and system accessibility,both of which are expected to influence the effectiveness of medical care. This study examines the provider's assessment of the timeliness of care received in the department of medicine of a prepaid program. Provider judgments are found to be significantly related to the provider's perception of problem severity and to the patient's prognosis. Anaylsis of patient-reported problem status one week later are also found to be related to the timeliness of care. Implications of timeliness assessments for monitoring and improving access and care-seeking behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Assessing the timeliness of ambulatory medical care. The extent to which individuals receive necessary and timely care (timeliness) is one dimension of the process of care that has received little attention. Timeliness can be viewed as the interaction between patient care-seeking behavior and system accessibility,both of which are expected to influence the effectiveness of medical care. This study examines the provider's assessment of the timeliness of care received in the department of medicine of a prepaid program. Provider judgments are found to be significantly related to the provider's perception of problem severity and to the patient's prognosis. Anaylsis of patient-reported problem status one week later are also found to be related to the timeliness of care. Implications of timeliness assessments for monitoring and improving access and care-seeking behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 655313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6331", "title": "Manganese pollution in the city environment and its relationship to traffic density.", "content": "As lead is phased out of gasoline, other additives with anti-knock properties, particularly organic manganese compounds, are being substituted. Unavoidably, such compounds go through the combustion process, are eliminated in exhaust gases, and become part of the city environment. To obtain some indication of the extent of this new pollution street soils from various locations in a heavily trafficked city (Newark, NJ) were analyzed for manganese and lead by atomic absorption. Highly signigicant inverse relationships were found between the concentrations of both contaminants and distances from major traffic arteries. Strong circumstantial evidence is thus provided that: 1) manganese pollution is occurring, along with lead, in the city environment; 2) this new pollution is related to traffic density; and 3) the most likely sources are automobile exhausts. This suspicion is further strengthened by the significant correlations observed between manganese and lead contents in children's blood, suggesting a common source for both. Substantiation of the safety of this practice of adding manganese to gasoline is needed.", "contents": "Manganese pollution in the city environment and its relationship to traffic density. As lead is phased out of gasoline, other additives with anti-knock properties, particularly organic manganese compounds, are being substituted. Unavoidably, such compounds go through the combustion process, are eliminated in exhaust gases, and become part of the city environment. To obtain some indication of the extent of this new pollution street soils from various locations in a heavily trafficked city (Newark, NJ) were analyzed for manganese and lead by atomic absorption. Highly signigicant inverse relationships were found between the concentrations of both contaminants and distances from major traffic arteries. Strong circumstantial evidence is thus provided that: 1) manganese pollution is occurring, along with lead, in the city environment; 2) this new pollution is related to traffic density; and 3) the most likely sources are automobile exhausts. This suspicion is further strengthened by the significant correlations observed between manganese and lead contents in children's blood, suggesting a common source for both. Substantiation of the safety of this practice of adding manganese to gasoline is needed.", "PMID": 655314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6332", "title": "Follow-up study of patients treated by X-ray epilation for tinea capitis: psychiatric and psychometric evaluation.", "content": "To investigate the late effects of radiation to the head upon subclinical mental disorders, a psychiatric and psychometric evaluation was performed on 177 cases treated 10-29 years earlier for ringworm of the scalp by X-ray therapy (N :109) or, by chemotherapy (N :68). Analyses which controlled for educational level and family psychiatric disorders showed that, among whites, the irradiated group manifested more psychiatric symptoms and more deviant MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) scores. They were also judged more maladjusted from their MMPI profiles, and more frequently had a history of treated psychiatric disorders; however, the psychiatrist's overall rating of current psychiatric status showed only a borderline differnece between the two groups. There were no significant differences between irradiated and chemotherapy treated blacks.", "contents": "Follow-up study of patients treated by X-ray epilation for tinea capitis: psychiatric and psychometric evaluation. To investigate the late effects of radiation to the head upon subclinical mental disorders, a psychiatric and psychometric evaluation was performed on 177 cases treated 10-29 years earlier for ringworm of the scalp by X-ray therapy (N :109) or, by chemotherapy (N :68). Analyses which controlled for educational level and family psychiatric disorders showed that, among whites, the irradiated group manifested more psychiatric symptoms and more deviant MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) scores. They were also judged more maladjusted from their MMPI profiles, and more frequently had a history of treated psychiatric disorders; however, the psychiatrist's overall rating of current psychiatric status showed only a borderline differnece between the two groups. There were no significant differences between irradiated and chemotherapy treated blacks.", "PMID": 655315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6333", "title": "Ambulance utilization by patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fifty-five per cent (73/133) of myocardial infarction (MI) patients on Cape Cod during a three-month period reached the hospital by ambulance. the 45 per cent (60/133) not using ambulances were compared to users to identify a subpopulation to which public health programs might be directed to increase appropriate use of cardiac ambulances. Univariate analyses showed a distnce of more than ten miles from the hospital, and a prior history of MI distinguished ambulance users from non-users. Demographic/economic status, delay in seeking care, presenting symptoms, Killip class, and in-hospital mortality rates were not signigicantly different. Step-wise discriminant analysis identified four predictive variables in rank order: distance from the hospital, past history of MI, symptoms of fainting, and negative history for hypertension which correctly classified 72 per cent of our population with respect to ambulance utilization.", "contents": "Ambulance utilization by patients with acute myocardial infarction. Fifty-five per cent (73/133) of myocardial infarction (MI) patients on Cape Cod during a three-month period reached the hospital by ambulance. the 45 per cent (60/133) not using ambulances were compared to users to identify a subpopulation to which public health programs might be directed to increase appropriate use of cardiac ambulances. Univariate analyses showed a distnce of more than ten miles from the hospital, and a prior history of MI distinguished ambulance users from non-users. Demographic/economic status, delay in seeking care, presenting symptoms, Killip class, and in-hospital mortality rates were not signigicantly different. Step-wise discriminant analysis identified four predictive variables in rank order: distance from the hospital, past history of MI, symptoms of fainting, and negative history for hypertension which correctly classified 72 per cent of our population with respect to ambulance utilization.", "PMID": 655316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6334", "title": "Evaluation of the effectiveness of a high school course in cardiovascular nutrition.", "content": "High school biology students participated in a cardiovascular nutrition education program. The program was evaluated for its effect on the student's knowledge, attitudes, reported eating behavior, and serum lipid levels by matching individual's pre-and post-program results. There was a significant improvement in cardiovascular nutrition knowledge and attitudes toward a low cholesterol pattern of eating. There was also a signigicant improvement in reported eating patterns. However, the rise in serum cholesterol levels one year later did not differ from the rise in serum cholesterol levels in a control school. Improvement in attitudes and reported eating behavior was significantly greater for students whose initial cholesterol level was in the upper quartile of U.S. 16-year olds.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effectiveness of a high school course in cardiovascular nutrition. High school biology students participated in a cardiovascular nutrition education program. The program was evaluated for its effect on the student's knowledge, attitudes, reported eating behavior, and serum lipid levels by matching individual's pre-and post-program results. There was a significant improvement in cardiovascular nutrition knowledge and attitudes toward a low cholesterol pattern of eating. There was also a signigicant improvement in reported eating patterns. However, the rise in serum cholesterol levels one year later did not differ from the rise in serum cholesterol levels in a control school. Improvement in attitudes and reported eating behavior was significantly greater for students whose initial cholesterol level was in the upper quartile of U.S. 16-year olds.", "PMID": 655317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6335", "title": "Consumer-based boards of health centers: structural problems in achieving effective control.", "content": "The fact that consumers have problems in utilizing their formal power as board members is usually attributed to individual deficiencies or cultural differences. The position argued here is that such views need to be questioned and amended. Thus, the ties between a health center and the larger health care system, the relations of consumers to their community environments, and the internal organization of health centers are examined as structural factors which limit the effectiveness of consumer board members. Despite the magnitude and durability of such factors, suggestions are made for increasing the effectiveness of consumer-based boards.", "contents": "Consumer-based boards of health centers: structural problems in achieving effective control. The fact that consumers have problems in utilizing their formal power as board members is usually attributed to individual deficiencies or cultural differences. The position argued here is that such views need to be questioned and amended. Thus, the ties between a health center and the larger health care system, the relations of consumers to their community environments, and the internal organization of health centers are examined as structural factors which limit the effectiveness of consumer board members. Despite the magnitude and durability of such factors, suggestions are made for increasing the effectiveness of consumer-based boards.", "PMID": 655318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6336", "title": "Environmental quality as an issue in the legislative history of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (PL93-641).", "content": "It is the purpose of this brief communication to examine the history of the most recently enacted health planning legislation (PL 93-641) to assess how environmental health issues were addressed and resolved during the legislative process.", "contents": "Environmental quality as an issue in the legislative history of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (PL93-641). It is the purpose of this brief communication to examine the history of the most recently enacted health planning legislation (PL 93-641) to assess how environmental health issues were addressed and resolved during the legislative process.", "PMID": 655319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6337", "title": "The animal bite epidemic in Baltimore, Maryland: review and update.", "content": "In 1972 in Baltimore, a peak of 7,436 reported animal bites (8/1,000 population) was reached. The bite rate for the most susceptible age group (5-14) was 19 per 1,000 population. By 1976, only 5,092 bites were reported, 5.8 per 1,000 total population, and 12.3 per 1,000 population 5-14 years of age. The decline in the number and rates of animal bites is believed due in large measure to the actions taken by the Bureau of Animal Control: education and publicity, increased fees and penalties, and enforcement of the new laws and regulations.", "contents": "The animal bite epidemic in Baltimore, Maryland: review and update. In 1972 in Baltimore, a peak of 7,436 reported animal bites (8/1,000 population) was reached. The bite rate for the most susceptible age group (5-14) was 19 per 1,000 population. By 1976, only 5,092 bites were reported, 5.8 per 1,000 total population, and 12.3 per 1,000 population 5-14 years of age. The decline in the number and rates of animal bites is believed due in large measure to the actions taken by the Bureau of Animal Control: education and publicity, increased fees and penalties, and enforcement of the new laws and regulations.", "PMID": 655322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6338", "title": "Squamous cells in the human thyroid gland.", "content": "Squamous epithelium in the thyroid, which may be basaloid, epidermoid, or truly squamous, may be derived from several sources. In the normal thyroid, usually rests of one type or another are responsible for these cell nests. Thus, thymic or ultimobranchial remanants may be found in the lateral lobes of normal thyroid glands. Maldevelopment or excessive descent of thyro-glossal duct remnants may be responsible for squamous epithelial cysts noted in the central portions of the thymus, especially in the isthmus. In diseased thyroids, the most likely derivation of squamous or epidermoid epithelium is through metaplasia of follicular epithelial cells. Thus, in adenomatous goiter and various types of thyroiditis as well as follicular derived neoplasms, such a derivation is most likely. In tumors containing malignant squamous epithelium (adenoacanthoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or pure squamous carcinoma) there is a range of such lesions, and since many of them appear to be derived from follicular epithelium, it is most likely that squamous metaplasia which has undergone malignant transformation has occurred in these neoplasms.", "contents": "Squamous cells in the human thyroid gland. Squamous epithelium in the thyroid, which may be basaloid, epidermoid, or truly squamous, may be derived from several sources. In the normal thyroid, usually rests of one type or another are responsible for these cell nests. Thus, thymic or ultimobranchial remanants may be found in the lateral lobes of normal thyroid glands. Maldevelopment or excessive descent of thyro-glossal duct remnants may be responsible for squamous epithelial cysts noted in the central portions of the thymus, especially in the isthmus. In diseased thyroids, the most likely derivation of squamous or epidermoid epithelium is through metaplasia of follicular epithelial cells. Thus, in adenomatous goiter and various types of thyroiditis as well as follicular derived neoplasms, such a derivation is most likely. In tumors containing malignant squamous epithelium (adenoacanthoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or pure squamous carcinoma) there is a range of such lesions, and since many of them appear to be derived from follicular epithelium, it is most likely that squamous metaplasia which has undergone malignant transformation has occurred in these neoplasms.", "PMID": 655339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6339", "title": "Polypoid carcinoma of the esophagus. A unifying term for \"carcinosarcoma\" and \"pseudosarcoma\".", "content": "Polypoid carcinomas with spindle-cell sarcomatous features have been designated either as carcinosarcoma or pseudosarcoma. The distinction between these two tumors has depended on the presence of \"intermingling\" of the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components in so-called carcinosarcoma. But unlike the carcinosarcoma, the sarcomatous component in pseudosarcoma has been considered benign. A polypoid tumor of the esophagus in a 57-year-old male was predominantly composed of spindle cell, sarcomatous cells. The presence of adjacent intraepithelial epidermoid carcinoma with transitional and ultrastructural features confirmed the epithelial origin of this tumor. Because of the absence of \"intermingling,\" the primary tumor was considered to be a pseudosarcoma. However, our postmortem examination showed metastases composed of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous features. A review of the literature on carcinosarcomas and pseudosarcomas shows that only one case of pseudosarcoma reported by Hughes and Cruickshank showed a similar situation and indicates that the sarcomatous component in pseudosarcomas has the same metastatic potentiality as has been reported in carcinosarcomas. We conclude from these studies a basic similarity of the carcinosarcoma and pseudosarcoma. The term polypoid carcinoma is proposed for both these lesions.", "contents": "Polypoid carcinoma of the esophagus. A unifying term for \"carcinosarcoma\" and \"pseudosarcoma\". Polypoid carcinomas with spindle-cell sarcomatous features have been designated either as carcinosarcoma or pseudosarcoma. The distinction between these two tumors has depended on the presence of \"intermingling\" of the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components in so-called carcinosarcoma. But unlike the carcinosarcoma, the sarcomatous component in pseudosarcoma has been considered benign. A polypoid tumor of the esophagus in a 57-year-old male was predominantly composed of spindle cell, sarcomatous cells. The presence of adjacent intraepithelial epidermoid carcinoma with transitional and ultrastructural features confirmed the epithelial origin of this tumor. Because of the absence of \"intermingling,\" the primary tumor was considered to be a pseudosarcoma. However, our postmortem examination showed metastases composed of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous features. A review of the literature on carcinosarcomas and pseudosarcomas shows that only one case of pseudosarcoma reported by Hughes and Cruickshank showed a similar situation and indicates that the sarcomatous component in pseudosarcomas has the same metastatic potentiality as has been reported in carcinosarcomas. We conclude from these studies a basic similarity of the carcinosarcoma and pseudosarcoma. The term polypoid carcinoma is proposed for both these lesions.", "PMID": 655340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6340", "title": "Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as colitis.", "content": "An unusual example of Kaposi's sarcoma is reported in which the patient presented with a history of intractable diarrhea of 18 months duration. The roentgenographic and endoscopic findings were those of a segmental colitis. The diagnosis was established following the appearance of skin lesions and after a subtotal colectomy was performed. Kaposi's sarcoma was present in both the skin and colon.", "contents": "Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as colitis. An unusual example of Kaposi's sarcoma is reported in which the patient presented with a history of intractable diarrhea of 18 months duration. The roentgenographic and endoscopic findings were those of a segmental colitis. The diagnosis was established following the appearance of skin lesions and after a subtotal colectomy was performed. Kaposi's sarcoma was present in both the skin and colon.", "PMID": 655341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6341", "title": "Chondroma within the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath. A case report and literature review.", "content": "Chondromas in tendon sheaths are a rare entity proviously reported in the flexor sheaths on the hand and possibly the foot. This is the first reported case of condroma of the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath at the ankle region. A literature review with regard to pathogenesis, classification, and recurrence has been presented.", "contents": "Chondroma within the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath. A case report and literature review. Chondromas in tendon sheaths are a rare entity proviously reported in the flexor sheaths on the hand and possibly the foot. This is the first reported case of condroma of the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath at the ankle region. A literature review with regard to pathogenesis, classification, and recurrence has been presented.", "PMID": 655336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6342", "title": "[The role of ventilatory disturbances in the late postoperative hypoxaemia after upper abdominal surgery. A contribution to the risk of upper abdominal surgery in patients with respiratory damage (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of our investigations was to evaluate the influence of disturbed inspiratory gas distribution on postoperative hypoxemia in patients with abnormal lung function undergoing upper abdominal surgery. The lung function analyzer Hewlett-Packard 47402 A was used (Volume-time and flow-volume curves of forced expiration, single and multiple breath nitrogen washout tests with indices of ventilatory gas distribution). It was demonstrated that postoperative hypoxaemia in the undamaged lung is almost exclusively the result of augmented true right to left shunt. In patients with abnormal lung function the cause of postoperative hypoxaemia is, for the most part, an increase of disturbances of ventilatory gas distribution. These changes in the postoperative period can be explained by a reduction of FRC, that follows from changing of position (sitting-lying) and from pain. In patients with borderline lung function this reduction of FRC postoperatively may limit surgical treatment. The management of pain is of great importance in these patients. Continuous epidural anaesthesia certainly produces the best results in this respect.", "contents": "[The role of ventilatory disturbances in the late postoperative hypoxaemia after upper abdominal surgery. A contribution to the risk of upper abdominal surgery in patients with respiratory damage (author's transl)]. The purpose of our investigations was to evaluate the influence of disturbed inspiratory gas distribution on postoperative hypoxemia in patients with abnormal lung function undergoing upper abdominal surgery. The lung function analyzer Hewlett-Packard 47402 A was used (Volume-time and flow-volume curves of forced expiration, single and multiple breath nitrogen washout tests with indices of ventilatory gas distribution). It was demonstrated that postoperative hypoxaemia in the undamaged lung is almost exclusively the result of augmented true right to left shunt. In patients with abnormal lung function the cause of postoperative hypoxaemia is, for the most part, an increase of disturbances of ventilatory gas distribution. These changes in the postoperative period can be explained by a reduction of FRC, that follows from changing of position (sitting-lying) and from pain. In patients with borderline lung function this reduction of FRC postoperatively may limit surgical treatment. The management of pain is of great importance in these patients. Continuous epidural anaesthesia certainly produces the best results in this respect.", "PMID": 655363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6343", "title": "Ketamine-diazepam anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. A review of 1000 cases with continuous \"Micro-Mini\" drip administration technique.", "content": "During a twenty-one month period, over 1000 patients who underwent various types of intra-abdominal operations were anaesthetized with a combination of diazepam and ketamine using a continuous \"Micro-Mini\" drip administration technique. The results obtained from 1000 cases were eminently satisfactory. This paper also reviews all the previous literature on ketamine anaesthesia related to abdominal surgery. All the undesirable adverse side effects associated with ketamine anaesthesia in adult patients have been almost completely eliminated using this technique. Overall, the excellent results clearly indicate that ketamine has a definite place in anaesthesia for intra-abdominal operations.", "contents": "Ketamine-diazepam anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. A review of 1000 cases with continuous \"Micro-Mini\" drip administration technique. During a twenty-one month period, over 1000 patients who underwent various types of intra-abdominal operations were anaesthetized with a combination of diazepam and ketamine using a continuous \"Micro-Mini\" drip administration technique. The results obtained from 1000 cases were eminently satisfactory. This paper also reviews all the previous literature on ketamine anaesthesia related to abdominal surgery. All the undesirable adverse side effects associated with ketamine anaesthesia in adult patients have been almost completely eliminated using this technique. Overall, the excellent results clearly indicate that ketamine has a definite place in anaesthesia for intra-abdominal operations.", "PMID": 655364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6344", "title": "[The use of dopamin in shock and heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of dopamine was evaluated in 18 patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, in 14 patients with heart failure and in 18 patients with low-output syndrome after cardiac surgery. In the patients with shock, dopamine increased significantly systolic arterial blood pressure, myocardial contractility, diuresis and sodium excretion. In patients with heart failure a great increase in diuresis and sodium excretion with decrease of CVP was observed. In patients after cardiac surgery dopamine produced a significant increase of arterial blood pressure and diuresis with decrease of CVP. The clinical application of dopamine and the advantages of the use of dopamine combined with other catecholamines were discussed.", "contents": "[The use of dopamin in shock and heart failure (author's transl)]. The action of dopamine was evaluated in 18 patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, in 14 patients with heart failure and in 18 patients with low-output syndrome after cardiac surgery. In the patients with shock, dopamine increased significantly systolic arterial blood pressure, myocardial contractility, diuresis and sodium excretion. In patients with heart failure a great increase in diuresis and sodium excretion with decrease of CVP was observed. In patients after cardiac surgery dopamine produced a significant increase of arterial blood pressure and diuresis with decrease of CVP. The clinical application of dopamine and the advantages of the use of dopamine combined with other catecholamines were discussed.", "PMID": 655365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6345", "title": "[Tracheal wall/load during prolonged intubation. Experimental investigations on a model trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolonged endotracheal intubation may be complicated by tracheal wall lesions caused by the blocking cuff of the tube. This happens when the tracheal wall load exceeds the capillary perfusion pressure. It is therefore important to control this load. As direct measurement presents difficult methodological problems, there have been many attempts to approximate the pressure load using different formulae. In a model trachea we showed the significance of the tracheal wall pressure as approximated by an indirect measurement principle. Our investigations demonstrate that the examined indirect method provides a sufficient approximation of the tracheal wall load only if it is used with the new low pressure high volume cuffs. It fails if it is used with the customary high pressure low volume balloons.", "contents": "[Tracheal wall/load during prolonged intubation. Experimental investigations on a model trachea (author's transl)]. Prolonged endotracheal intubation may be complicated by tracheal wall lesions caused by the blocking cuff of the tube. This happens when the tracheal wall load exceeds the capillary perfusion pressure. It is therefore important to control this load. As direct measurement presents difficult methodological problems, there have been many attempts to approximate the pressure load using different formulae. In a model trachea we showed the significance of the tracheal wall pressure as approximated by an indirect measurement principle. Our investigations demonstrate that the examined indirect method provides a sufficient approximation of the tracheal wall load only if it is used with the new low pressure high volume cuffs. It fails if it is used with the customary high pressure low volume balloons.", "PMID": 655366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6346", "title": "[Water diuresis during methohexitone anaesthesia. Studies in chronically instrumented dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven chronically prepared dogs (electromagnetic flow transducers around the pulmonary and left renal artery, left atrial catheter) maintained on a controlled sodium and water intake were studied. About 20 h after the last intake of food and water, the effects of i.v. methohexitone (initial dose: 6.10 +/- 0.84 mg/kg bw; sustaining infusion: 0.34 +/- 0.10 mg/min.kg bw) on renal excretion of sodium, potassium, urea and water as well as on several haemodynamic values were investigated over a period of 60 min (MP) after a control period (CP) of 60 min in the unanaesthetized state. In 18 of 19 experiments water diuresis (U/Posm less than 1) was observed between 20 and 40 min after starting the administration of methohexitone. Urine volume increased from 44 +/- 21 microliter/min.kg bw (CP) to 104 +/- 62 microliter/min.kg bw (MP).I.v. administration of arginine-vasopressin (ADH) completely abolished water diuresis. During MP, there was a decrease in cardiac output (-11%), stroke volume (-36%) and left atrial pressure (-27%), heart rate increased (+ 43%). Mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow did not change. It is assumed-as plasma osmolality did not change-that the central release of antidiuretic hormone is suppressed by methohexitone.", "contents": "[Water diuresis during methohexitone anaesthesia. Studies in chronically instrumented dogs (author's transl)]. Seven chronically prepared dogs (electromagnetic flow transducers around the pulmonary and left renal artery, left atrial catheter) maintained on a controlled sodium and water intake were studied. About 20 h after the last intake of food and water, the effects of i.v. methohexitone (initial dose: 6.10 +/- 0.84 mg/kg bw; sustaining infusion: 0.34 +/- 0.10 mg/min.kg bw) on renal excretion of sodium, potassium, urea and water as well as on several haemodynamic values were investigated over a period of 60 min (MP) after a control period (CP) of 60 min in the unanaesthetized state. In 18 of 19 experiments water diuresis (U/Posm less than 1) was observed between 20 and 40 min after starting the administration of methohexitone. Urine volume increased from 44 +/- 21 microliter/min.kg bw (CP) to 104 +/- 62 microliter/min.kg bw (MP).I.v. administration of arginine-vasopressin (ADH) completely abolished water diuresis. During MP, there was a decrease in cardiac output (-11%), stroke volume (-36%) and left atrial pressure (-27%), heart rate increased (+ 43%). Mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow did not change. It is assumed-as plasma osmolality did not change-that the central release of antidiuretic hormone is suppressed by methohexitone.", "PMID": 655367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6347", "title": "[Technique for removal of anaesthetic vapours from the operation theater. CO2-concentrations in the Jackson Rees system using a removal unit (author's transl)].", "content": "The Jackson Rees system was used for short operations in 50 infants combined with or without a system for removal of excess anaesthetic vapours developed by the authors. The CO2-concentration in the system was measured directly before the upper airway of the patients. No statistically significance difference between the CO2-concentration with or without the use of the removal system. A variable power of suction up to 61/min is thought to be sufficient and harmless.", "contents": "[Technique for removal of anaesthetic vapours from the operation theater. CO2-concentrations in the Jackson Rees system using a removal unit (author's transl)]. The Jackson Rees system was used for short operations in 50 infants combined with or without a system for removal of excess anaesthetic vapours developed by the authors. The CO2-concentration in the system was measured directly before the upper airway of the patients. No statistically significance difference between the CO2-concentration with or without the use of the removal system. A variable power of suction up to 61/min is thought to be sufficient and harmless.", "PMID": 655369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6348", "title": "The endocrine control of embryonic lung maturation in the chicken. I. Morphological and biochemical differentiation of lungs after \"in ovo\" decapitation.", "content": "The effects of \"in ovo\" hypophysectomy on lung maturation of the chick embryo were investigated. Both biochemical and morphological aspects of differentiation were markedly delayed in experimental embryos: the phospholipid content of lungs was lower than in controls at all stages, whereas the water content remained very high. The type II pneumocytes, which normally appear within the epithelium on day 16 of incubation, started to differentiate only between days 18 and 20 of incubation in the decapitated embryos. The differentiation of type I pneumocytes leading to the formation of air capillaries was also slowed down: they did not appear until the end of incubation in decapitated embryos, whereas they normally start to appear on day 19. The presence of an intact hypophysis is thus essential for normal lung maturation in the chicken.", "contents": "The endocrine control of embryonic lung maturation in the chicken. I. Morphological and biochemical differentiation of lungs after \"in ovo\" decapitation. The effects of \"in ovo\" hypophysectomy on lung maturation of the chick embryo were investigated. Both biochemical and morphological aspects of differentiation were markedly delayed in experimental embryos: the phospholipid content of lungs was lower than in controls at all stages, whereas the water content remained very high. The type II pneumocytes, which normally appear within the epithelium on day 16 of incubation, started to differentiate only between days 18 and 20 of incubation in the decapitated embryos. The differentiation of type I pneumocytes leading to the formation of air capillaries was also slowed down: they did not appear until the end of incubation in decapitated embryos, whereas they normally start to appear on day 19. The presence of an intact hypophysis is thus essential for normal lung maturation in the chicken.", "PMID": 655431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6349", "title": "Electron-microscopic studies on the development and aging of the oviduct epithelium of mice.", "content": "The fine structure of the oviduct epithelium of the newborn to the old mouse was studied with an electron microscope. Just after birth, epithelial cells lining  the ampulla of the mouse oviduct are simple columnar in shape and of one type in fine structure. They contain numerous free ribosomes, an extremely poor rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a small Golgi complex. In the 3-day-old mouse, the epithelial cells are differentiated neither into ciliated nor secretory cells, and are characterized by the appearance of many autolysosomes and a solitary cilium. The ciliary cells differentiates 5 days after birth. Ciliogenesis is frequently observed at 5-10 days. The important role of the fibrous granules for ciliogenesis and that of the Golgi apparatus for membranogenesis of the cilia are described and discussed. The secretory cell having mucous secretory materials is differentiated at 23 days. In the epithelial cell lining the ampulla of the aged (22 to 24-month-old) mouse oviduct, large autolysosomes and vacuoles 2-6 micrometer in diameter occur in the ciliated cell, though cilia and other cell organelles are well preserved. In the old mouse the secretory granules almost disappear and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is strikingly dilated in the secretory cell. No features showing the transformation between the secretory cell and the ciliary one are seen in the mouse oviduct.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic studies on the development and aging of the oviduct epithelium of mice. The fine structure of the oviduct epithelium of the newborn to the old mouse was studied with an electron microscope. Just after birth, epithelial cells lining  the ampulla of the mouse oviduct are simple columnar in shape and of one type in fine structure. They contain numerous free ribosomes, an extremely poor rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a small Golgi complex. In the 3-day-old mouse, the epithelial cells are differentiated neither into ciliated nor secretory cells, and are characterized by the appearance of many autolysosomes and a solitary cilium. The ciliary cells differentiates 5 days after birth. Ciliogenesis is frequently observed at 5-10 days. The important role of the fibrous granules for ciliogenesis and that of the Golgi apparatus for membranogenesis of the cilia are described and discussed. The secretory cell having mucous secretory materials is differentiated at 23 days. In the epithelial cell lining the ampulla of the aged (22 to 24-month-old) mouse oviduct, large autolysosomes and vacuoles 2-6 micrometer in diameter occur in the ciliated cell, though cilia and other cell organelles are well preserved. In the old mouse the secretory granules almost disappear and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is strikingly dilated in the secretory cell. No features showing the transformation between the secretory cell and the ciliary one are seen in the mouse oviduct.", "PMID": 655432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6350", "title": "Biokinetical analysis of the movements of the pelvic limb of the horse and the role of the muscles in the walk and the trot.", "content": "The movements of the right hind limb of horses with normal locomotion were studied using cinephotography and electromyography. A model of the cycle of a stride in the walk and the trot was constructed and the kinetic parameters of the segments of the limb were calculated. A good correlation was obtained between the kinetics and the periods of the cycle of a stride during which individual muscles display activity. The results of this study demonstrate that: at placing and lifting, i.e., when a change occurs in the direction of the movement of the limb; b) At the walk, the greatest forces operant at the centres of gravity of the limb segments in the direction of the progression are present in the beginning and the end of the support phase. The first top in the acceleration curve is produced by activity in the retractors of the limb (hamstrings, gluteus medius muscles). At the end of the support phase, when activity in the retractors of the limb no longer exists, the dynamic effect of the moment of the weight about the point of support of the stabilized inclined limb, as well as the elastic resilience of the muscular tissue are responsible for the push-off. At the trot, the greatest forces in the direction of progression are exerted in the middle of the support phase and are largely due to muscular action; c) In the second part of the support phase in the walk, the stifle flexes and the hock extends, which results in stretching the tendinous peroneus tertius and subsequently in flexion of the hock as soon as the hoof starts rolling over; d) The gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles in the reciprocal tendinous apparatus centre the line of action of the resultant load on the tibia during the locomotion and reduce the strain due to bending; e) At the end of the support phase, the action of the rectus femoris muscle is replaced by that of the vastus lateralis, which prevents hooking of the patella on the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea by rotating it laterally around a longitudinal axis.", "contents": "Biokinetical analysis of the movements of the pelvic limb of the horse and the role of the muscles in the walk and the trot. The movements of the right hind limb of horses with normal locomotion were studied using cinephotography and electromyography. A model of the cycle of a stride in the walk and the trot was constructed and the kinetic parameters of the segments of the limb were calculated. A good correlation was obtained between the kinetics and the periods of the cycle of a stride during which individual muscles display activity. The results of this study demonstrate that: at placing and lifting, i.e., when a change occurs in the direction of the movement of the limb; b) At the walk, the greatest forces operant at the centres of gravity of the limb segments in the direction of the progression are present in the beginning and the end of the support phase. The first top in the acceleration curve is produced by activity in the retractors of the limb (hamstrings, gluteus medius muscles). At the end of the support phase, when activity in the retractors of the limb no longer exists, the dynamic effect of the moment of the weight about the point of support of the stabilized inclined limb, as well as the elastic resilience of the muscular tissue are responsible for the push-off. At the trot, the greatest forces in the direction of progression are exerted in the middle of the support phase and are largely due to muscular action; c) In the second part of the support phase in the walk, the stifle flexes and the hock extends, which results in stretching the tendinous peroneus tertius and subsequently in flexion of the hock as soon as the hoof starts rolling over; d) The gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles in the reciprocal tendinous apparatus centre the line of action of the resultant load on the tibia during the locomotion and reduce the strain due to bending; e) At the end of the support phase, the action of the rectus femoris muscle is replaced by that of the vastus lateralis, which prevents hooking of the patella on the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea by rotating it laterally around a longitudinal axis.", "PMID": 655433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6351", "title": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. I. Patterns of cell migration.", "content": "Patterns of cell migration in the cerebellum of Salmo gairneri RICHARDSON, 1836 were studied in fish ranging in length from 4.5 to 230 mm. Sagittal and transverse series were stained with haematoxylin-eosin or according to Nissl or Golgi. The cerebellum of the trout comprises three main parts, i.e. the massive corpus cerebelli, the folded valvula cerebelli and the transversely oriented lobus vestibulolateralis. The early cerebellar anlage is a simple plate, which is delimited from the tectum mesencephali by the fissura rhombo-mesencephalica. The histogenesis may be divided into three phases. During the first phase the matrix layer produces the mantle layer. During the second phase the three typical cerebellar layers are formed. The third phase is characterized by growth. As regards the first phase, the mantle layer develops throughout almost the entire extent of the cerebellar anlage. Only in a narrow paramedian strip (matrix zone M) this layer does fail to appear. In regions where the mantle layer is formed, the matrix no longer occupies the whole width of the wall and is termed the ventricular matrix. The largest part of the ventricular matrix is gradually exhausted. However, in some places this matrix persists as a layer of proliferating cells. This holds for the matrices of the caudal border of the cerebellum; matrix zone L, surrounding the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle, and matrix zone P, connecting the matrix zones L. The mantle layer produced in the first phase of histogensis mainly develops into the ganglionic layer. The second phase of histogenesis is characterized by the formation of a secondary matrix. Newly produced cells of the matrix zones M, L and P migrate away from their sites of origin towards the regions where a mantle layer prevsiously has been formed. The majority of these cells develops into granule cells. Migration of the cells produced in the first phase of histogenesis occurs in the radial direction. Because of the curvature of the cerebellum this direction changes with respect to the main longitudinal axis of the brain from region to region. The migration paths of granule cells show variable directions, namely (a) tangential followed by radial, for granule cells in the corpus cerebelli and in the medial parts of the valvula cerebelli and the lobus vestibulolaterialis, (b) tangential, for granule cells in the lateral parts of the valvula and (c) radial, for granule cells in the lateral parts of the lobus vestibulolateralis. The analysis of these migration patterns elucidates both the histogenesis and the morphogenesis of the cerebellum of the trout.", "contents": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. I. Patterns of cell migration. Patterns of cell migration in the cerebellum of Salmo gairneri RICHARDSON, 1836 were studied in fish ranging in length from 4.5 to 230 mm. Sagittal and transverse series were stained with haematoxylin-eosin or according to Nissl or Golgi. The cerebellum of the trout comprises three main parts, i.e. the massive corpus cerebelli, the folded valvula cerebelli and the transversely oriented lobus vestibulolateralis. The early cerebellar anlage is a simple plate, which is delimited from the tectum mesencephali by the fissura rhombo-mesencephalica. The histogenesis may be divided into three phases. During the first phase the matrix layer produces the mantle layer. During the second phase the three typical cerebellar layers are formed. The third phase is characterized by growth. As regards the first phase, the mantle layer develops throughout almost the entire extent of the cerebellar anlage. Only in a narrow paramedian strip (matrix zone M) this layer does fail to appear. In regions where the mantle layer is formed, the matrix no longer occupies the whole width of the wall and is termed the ventricular matrix. The largest part of the ventricular matrix is gradually exhausted. However, in some places this matrix persists as a layer of proliferating cells. This holds for the matrices of the caudal border of the cerebellum; matrix zone L, surrounding the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle, and matrix zone P, connecting the matrix zones L. The mantle layer produced in the first phase of histogensis mainly develops into the ganglionic layer. The second phase of histogenesis is characterized by the formation of a secondary matrix. Newly produced cells of the matrix zones M, L and P migrate away from their sites of origin towards the regions where a mantle layer prevsiously has been formed. The majority of these cells develops into granule cells. Migration of the cells produced in the first phase of histogenesis occurs in the radial direction. Because of the curvature of the cerebellum this direction changes with respect to the main longitudinal axis of the brain from region to region. The migration paths of granule cells show variable directions, namely (a) tangential followed by radial, for granule cells in the corpus cerebelli and in the medial parts of the valvula cerebelli and the lobus vestibulolaterialis, (b) tangential, for granule cells in the lateral parts of the valvula and (c) radial, for granule cells in the lateral parts of the lobus vestibulolateralis. The analysis of these migration patterns elucidates both the histogenesis and the morphogenesis of the cerebellum of the trout.", "PMID": 655434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6352", "title": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. II. Early development.", "content": "The early histogenesis of the cerebellum of Salmo gairdneri RICHARDSON, 1836 has been studied in fish ranging in length from about 5 to 14 mm, both with light microscopical and electron microscopical techniques. Structurally, the matrix cells correspond to those of other vertebrates. Mitoses occur predominantly at the ventricular surface, but peripheral mitoses are found as well, particularly in the period of highest mitotic activity. Mantle cell somata can be distinguished from the elongated matrix cells on the basis of their rounded shape. The neurogenetic and gliogenetic periods overlap considerably. Presumably the first mantle cells are all neuroblasts: as soon as the mantle layer starts to form, axonal profiles are found. In a slightly later stage glial differentiation is manifest in the radial processes contacting the meningeal surface. In young stages a distinction between neuroblasts and glioblasts can only be made on the basis of the structure of their processes. Processes of glioblasts can be distinguished from axons and dendrites by their paucity of microtubules. Dendrites, appearing in late-embryonic stages, contain the same organelles as axons, but in larger amounts. The first differentiation of mantle cell somata is an increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and that to a lesser degree in glioblasts than in neuroblasts. Neuronal nuclei are rounded and more electronlucent than those of mantle cells. Apart from zonulae adhaerentes between the internal processes of matrix cells, puncta adhaerentia occur frequently in the cerebellar anlage. However, they rarely occur on young neuron;. The possible significance of these junctions is discussed. The present study indicates that growth cones and filopodia are characteristic of most and probably of all types of cells in the early developing cerebellum. Growth cones contain much vesicular and tubular endoplasmic reticulum and in filopodia a fine filamentous network is present. In the somata of mantle cells growth areas were found, i.e. areas under the cell membrane with a similar content as growth cones. It is suggested that these areas anticipate the outgrowth of a new process.", "contents": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. II. Early development. The early histogenesis of the cerebellum of Salmo gairdneri RICHARDSON, 1836 has been studied in fish ranging in length from about 5 to 14 mm, both with light microscopical and electron microscopical techniques. Structurally, the matrix cells correspond to those of other vertebrates. Mitoses occur predominantly at the ventricular surface, but peripheral mitoses are found as well, particularly in the period of highest mitotic activity. Mantle cell somata can be distinguished from the elongated matrix cells on the basis of their rounded shape. The neurogenetic and gliogenetic periods overlap considerably. Presumably the first mantle cells are all neuroblasts: as soon as the mantle layer starts to form, axonal profiles are found. In a slightly later stage glial differentiation is manifest in the radial processes contacting the meningeal surface. In young stages a distinction between neuroblasts and glioblasts can only be made on the basis of the structure of their processes. Processes of glioblasts can be distinguished from axons and dendrites by their paucity of microtubules. Dendrites, appearing in late-embryonic stages, contain the same organelles as axons, but in larger amounts. The first differentiation of mantle cell somata is an increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and that to a lesser degree in glioblasts than in neuroblasts. Neuronal nuclei are rounded and more electronlucent than those of mantle cells. Apart from zonulae adhaerentes between the internal processes of matrix cells, puncta adhaerentia occur frequently in the cerebellar anlage. However, they rarely occur on young neuron;. The possible significance of these junctions is discussed. The present study indicates that growth cones and filopodia are characteristic of most and probably of all types of cells in the early developing cerebellum. Growth cones contain much vesicular and tubular endoplasmic reticulum and in filopodia a fine filamentous network is present. In the somata of mantle cells growth areas were found, i.e. areas under the cell membrane with a similar content as growth cones. It is suggested that these areas anticipate the outgrowth of a new process.", "PMID": 655435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6353", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of ileal epithelial cells in suckling rats.", "content": "The ileal epithelial cells containing the tubulo-vacuolar systems and supranuclear vacuoles in suckling rats were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, using specimens treated with osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium staining methods, and critical point drying and cracking. The cracked surface of the apical cytoplasm is seen as irregular and small hollows and pores of the anastomosing and branching tubulo-vacuolar system. The cracked surface of the supranuclear vacuoles shows the ellipsoidal structures. Numerous pores of various size and irregular shape are present on the apical inner surface of the supranuclear vacuole. These pores are clearly the openings from the tubulo-vacuolar system to the supranuclear vacuole. Some small pores are visible on the inner lateral surface of the supranuclear vacuole, especially near the nucleus. They are probably the pathways of the absorbed materials from the supranuclear vacuole into the lateral cytoplasm. Usually, the inclusions of the supranuclear vacuole reveal the globes or coarse and sponge-like networks.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of ileal epithelial cells in suckling rats. The ileal epithelial cells containing the tubulo-vacuolar systems and supranuclear vacuoles in suckling rats were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, using specimens treated with osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium staining methods, and critical point drying and cracking. The cracked surface of the apical cytoplasm is seen as irregular and small hollows and pores of the anastomosing and branching tubulo-vacuolar system. The cracked surface of the supranuclear vacuoles shows the ellipsoidal structures. Numerous pores of various size and irregular shape are present on the apical inner surface of the supranuclear vacuole. These pores are clearly the openings from the tubulo-vacuolar system to the supranuclear vacuole. Some small pores are visible on the inner lateral surface of the supranuclear vacuole, especially near the nucleus. They are probably the pathways of the absorbed materials from the supranuclear vacuole into the lateral cytoplasm. Usually, the inclusions of the supranuclear vacuole reveal the globes or coarse and sponge-like networks.", "PMID": 655436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6354", "title": "Quail Rathke's pouch differentiation an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Adenohypophyseal region of quail embryo has been examined by electron microscopy from stage 12 to stage 21 of Zacchei (1961). The Seessel's pouch develops prior to the early stages of adenohypophysis formation, then regresses while Rathke's pouch proliferates and differentiates. From Rathke's pouch formation by stage 12 (48 h of incubation) until appearance of the first secretory granules by stage 21 (6 days of incubation), there are no major ultrastructural modifications in adenohypophyseal cells. Mitochondria, Golgi vesicles, polysomic ribosomes, pinocytotic vesicles, and mitotic figures become more numerous while nucleocytoplasmic ratio and the number of ribosomes and lipid droplets decreases. The major change is the appearance of secretory granules by day 6 of incubation. This phenomenon occurs at the same time as in chick embryo, despite an incubation period shorter for quail than for chick. Mitotic figures are mainly distributed near the pouch lumen, while secretory granules are first located in the peripheral cells of the cephalic part of pars distalis primordium. The hypothetical role of mesenchyme and vascularization is discussed.", "contents": "Quail Rathke's pouch differentiation an electron microscopic study. Adenohypophyseal region of quail embryo has been examined by electron microscopy from stage 12 to stage 21 of Zacchei (1961). The Seessel's pouch develops prior to the early stages of adenohypophysis formation, then regresses while Rathke's pouch proliferates and differentiates. From Rathke's pouch formation by stage 12 (48 h of incubation) until appearance of the first secretory granules by stage 21 (6 days of incubation), there are no major ultrastructural modifications in adenohypophyseal cells. Mitochondria, Golgi vesicles, polysomic ribosomes, pinocytotic vesicles, and mitotic figures become more numerous while nucleocytoplasmic ratio and the number of ribosomes and lipid droplets decreases. The major change is the appearance of secretory granules by day 6 of incubation. This phenomenon occurs at the same time as in chick embryo, despite an incubation period shorter for quail than for chick. Mitotic figures are mainly distributed near the pouch lumen, while secretory granules are first located in the peripheral cells of the cephalic part of pars distalis primordium. The hypothetical role of mesenchyme and vascularization is discussed.", "PMID": 655437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6355", "title": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. IV. Development of the pattern of connectivity.", "content": "Synaptogenesis has been studied in the corpus cerebelli of the trout Salmo gairdneri, Richardson, 1836. The first synapses are observed in hatchlings and occur between parallel fibres and the shafts of Purkinje dendrites. Subsequently the axosomatic synapses of Purkinje axon collaterals on the neurons of the ganglionic layer appear, and finally the synapses made by climbing fibres and mossy fibres, and by stellate cell axons develop. Young synapses in the cerebellum of the trout resemble the mature structures so closely that the criteria for the identification of the latter can also be applied to the former. The number of parallel fibre synapses and of Purkinje axon collateral synapses increases considerably during development. Eurydendroid cells, the axons of which leave the cerebellum, receive an abundance of Purkinje axon collaterals on their somata and main dendritic trunks. Mossy fibre synapses are numerous in the granular layer. Climbing fibre contacts and synapses of stellate cell axons, both with Purkinje cells, are found occasionally. The following pattern of connectivity is proposed. The main input-output system is formed by the mossy fibres, the granule cells, the Purkinje cells and the eurydendroid cells. Additional pathways are formed by (1) the mossy fibres, granule cells and eurydendroid cells, and (2) the climbing fibres, Purkinje cells and eurydendroid cells. The afferent-efferent systems, mentioned above, are influenced by a number of internuncial elements: (1) The Golgi cells receive their input from the parallel fibres and contact with their axon collaterals the dendrites of granule cells. (2) Axon collaterals of Purkinje cells are in synaptic relation with Golgi cells. (3) Axon collaterals of Purkinje cells impinge upon the somata and main dendrites of other Purkinje cells. (4) Stellate cells, which derive their input from the parallel fibres, synapse with dendrites and somata of Purkinje cells. The possible functional roles of all of these neuronal elements are discussed.", "contents": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. IV. Development of the pattern of connectivity. Synaptogenesis has been studied in the corpus cerebelli of the trout Salmo gairdneri, Richardson, 1836. The first synapses are observed in hatchlings and occur between parallel fibres and the shafts of Purkinje dendrites. Subsequently the axosomatic synapses of Purkinje axon collaterals on the neurons of the ganglionic layer appear, and finally the synapses made by climbing fibres and mossy fibres, and by stellate cell axons develop. Young synapses in the cerebellum of the trout resemble the mature structures so closely that the criteria for the identification of the latter can also be applied to the former. The number of parallel fibre synapses and of Purkinje axon collateral synapses increases considerably during development. Eurydendroid cells, the axons of which leave the cerebellum, receive an abundance of Purkinje axon collaterals on their somata and main dendritic trunks. Mossy fibre synapses are numerous in the granular layer. Climbing fibre contacts and synapses of stellate cell axons, both with Purkinje cells, are found occasionally. The following pattern of connectivity is proposed. The main input-output system is formed by the mossy fibres, the granule cells, the Purkinje cells and the eurydendroid cells. Additional pathways are formed by (1) the mossy fibres, granule cells and eurydendroid cells, and (2) the climbing fibres, Purkinje cells and eurydendroid cells. The afferent-efferent systems, mentioned above, are influenced by a number of internuncial elements: (1) The Golgi cells receive their input from the parallel fibres and contact with their axon collaterals the dendrites of granule cells. (2) Axon collaterals of Purkinje cells are in synaptic relation with Golgi cells. (3) Axon collaterals of Purkinje cells impinge upon the somata and main dendrites of other Purkinje cells. (4) Stellate cells, which derive their input from the parallel fibres, synapse with dendrites and somata of Purkinje cells. The possible functional roles of all of these neuronal elements are discussed.", "PMID": 655438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6356", "title": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. V. Neuroglial cells and their development.", "content": "The neuroglia of the cerebellum of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836, has been studied in mature and developing specimens with light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic observations were largely carried out on Golgi material. The cerebellum of the trout contains all of the neurologlial cell types described for the mammalian cerebellum, viz. ependymal cells, Golgi epithelial cells, velate protoplasmic astrocytes, smooth protoplasmic astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In addition two types of glial elements, which combine characteristics of ependymal cells and of velate astrocytes, are found. These elements are designated as ependymoid astrocytes and astrocytoid ependymal cells. Smooth astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were observed only in later stages of development and possibly arise from the secondary matrix. The other glial cell types, as well as transitional forms between these types, are present in rather early stages, and show a similar ultrastructure. It is plausible that all these types develop from the glioblasts produced by the ventricular matrix layer. Many glial cells are radially oriented and keep in contact with the meningeal surface throughout development. The lattice formed by matrix cells in the earliest stages, and by glial cells and the axons of granule cells later on, plays a role in directing the migration of cells. Other functions of the glia, such as dividing the cerebellar cortex in synaptic compartments, are suggested. It may be concluded that the high degree of differentiation of the teleostean cerebellum is also reflected by the morphology of the neuroglia.", "contents": "On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. V. Neuroglial cells and their development. The neuroglia of the cerebellum of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836, has been studied in mature and developing specimens with light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic observations were largely carried out on Golgi material. The cerebellum of the trout contains all of the neurologlial cell types described for the mammalian cerebellum, viz. ependymal cells, Golgi epithelial cells, velate protoplasmic astrocytes, smooth protoplasmic astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In addition two types of glial elements, which combine characteristics of ependymal cells and of velate astrocytes, are found. These elements are designated as ependymoid astrocytes and astrocytoid ependymal cells. Smooth astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were observed only in later stages of development and possibly arise from the secondary matrix. The other glial cell types, as well as transitional forms between these types, are present in rather early stages, and show a similar ultrastructure. It is plausible that all these types develop from the glioblasts produced by the ventricular matrix layer. Many glial cells are radially oriented and keep in contact with the meningeal surface throughout development. The lattice formed by matrix cells in the earliest stages, and by glial cells and the axons of granule cells later on, plays a role in directing the migration of cells. Other functions of the glia, such as dividing the cerebellar cortex in synaptic compartments, are suggested. It may be concluded that the high degree of differentiation of the teleostean cerebellum is also reflected by the morphology of the neuroglia.", "PMID": 655439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6357", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of the changes of the luminal surface of rat thyroid epithelial cells following exposure to cold for 6 to 48 hours (author's transl)].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of thyroid follicle cells of rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 6 to 48 hours were found to show an increased number of apical microvilli in comparison to those of controls kept at 22 degrees C. These ultrastructural differences--which were statistically significant 48 hours after start of the experiments--are related to stimulation of thyroid gland activity by exposure to cold.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of the changes of the luminal surface of rat thyroid epithelial cells following exposure to cold for 6 to 48 hours (author's transl)]. Scanning electron microscopic observations of thyroid follicle cells of rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 6 to 48 hours were found to show an increased number of apical microvilli in comparison to those of controls kept at 22 degrees C. These ultrastructural differences--which were statistically significant 48 hours after start of the experiments--are related to stimulation of thyroid gland activity by exposure to cold.", "PMID": 655440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6358", "title": "The development of alkaline phosphatase activity in limb buds of mouse embryos in vitro and its relation to chondrogenesis.", "content": "The development of alkaline phosphatase (aPh) activity and chondrogenesis were studied in the limb buds of mouse embryos (day 11 p.c.) that had been grown in an organ culture. During a 12-day culture period an increase in aPh activity to more than 40 mU/limb bud was measured from day 2 in vitro onward. Depending on the time of application, aPh formation can be inhibited by certain substances. Cytosine-arabinoside inhibits aPh activity when the substance is added on day 2, 3, or 4. Chondrogenesis, on the other hand, is affected on days 1, 2, and 3 and to a lesser degree on day 4. Actinomycin D interferes with aPh activity after its addition on day 1, 2, 3, or 4. Chondrogenesis is only inhibited when the drug is applied on the 1st, 2nd, or to a lesser degree on the 3rd day. Cycloheximide inhibits aPh formation on all days of treatment, but to a lesser degree on days 5 and 6; chondrogenesis is most influenced on days 2, 3, and 4. On day 6 of the culture period, aPh activity can be demonstrated histochemically only in the region of humerus and proximal parts of radius and ulna. Alterations in the distal cartilage skeleton, therefore, do not influence the activity data. A prerequisite for an increase in aPh activity is cartilage growth in the proximal part of the limb buds and subsequent induction of a perichondral cell population to proliferation and differentiation.", "contents": "The development of alkaline phosphatase activity in limb buds of mouse embryos in vitro and its relation to chondrogenesis. The development of alkaline phosphatase (aPh) activity and chondrogenesis were studied in the limb buds of mouse embryos (day 11 p.c.) that had been grown in an organ culture. During a 12-day culture period an increase in aPh activity to more than 40 mU/limb bud was measured from day 2 in vitro onward. Depending on the time of application, aPh formation can be inhibited by certain substances. Cytosine-arabinoside inhibits aPh activity when the substance is added on day 2, 3, or 4. Chondrogenesis, on the other hand, is affected on days 1, 2, and 3 and to a lesser degree on day 4. Actinomycin D interferes with aPh activity after its addition on day 1, 2, 3, or 4. Chondrogenesis is only inhibited when the drug is applied on the 1st, 2nd, or to a lesser degree on the 3rd day. Cycloheximide inhibits aPh formation on all days of treatment, but to a lesser degree on days 5 and 6; chondrogenesis is most influenced on days 2, 3, and 4. On day 6 of the culture period, aPh activity can be demonstrated histochemically only in the region of humerus and proximal parts of radius and ulna. Alterations in the distal cartilage skeleton, therefore, do not influence the activity data. A prerequisite for an increase in aPh activity is cartilage growth in the proximal part of the limb buds and subsequent induction of a perichondral cell population to proliferation and differentiation.", "PMID": 655441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6359", "title": "The pressure reversal of a variety of anesthetic agents in mice.", "content": "The aim of this work was to study in mammals the ability of high pressures to reverse the anesthesia produced by a wide range of general anesthetics. Dose-response curves were obtained using mice at pressures ranging from 1 to 125 atm for five agents, namely alpha-chloralose, ethylcarbamate, phenobarbital and, for comparison, nitrogen and argon. The increase of ED50 was found to be a linear function of pressure in each case, but the proportionate increases in ED50 with pressure were greater for the three non-inhalation agents than for the two gases. Thus, the ratio of ED50 at 100 atm to that at 1 atm was 1.74 for alpha-chloralose, 1.68 for ethylcarbamate, and 1.54 for phenobarbital. On the other hand, the corresponding ratios for argon and nitrogen were only 1.36 and 1.34. The potencies of three short-acting agents (trichloroethanol, ketamine, and alphadione) were shown to increase with decreasing pressure, although ED50 values could not be obtained. It is concluded that pressure reverses the actions of a wide variety of anesthetics in mice. The results of this study are not inconsistent with either the fluidized lipid membrane or the critical volume hypotheses of anesthetic action.", "contents": "The pressure reversal of a variety of anesthetic agents in mice. The aim of this work was to study in mammals the ability of high pressures to reverse the anesthesia produced by a wide range of general anesthetics. Dose-response curves were obtained using mice at pressures ranging from 1 to 125 atm for five agents, namely alpha-chloralose, ethylcarbamate, phenobarbital and, for comparison, nitrogen and argon. The increase of ED50 was found to be a linear function of pressure in each case, but the proportionate increases in ED50 with pressure were greater for the three non-inhalation agents than for the two gases. Thus, the ratio of ED50 at 100 atm to that at 1 atm was 1.74 for alpha-chloralose, 1.68 for ethylcarbamate, and 1.54 for phenobarbital. On the other hand, the corresponding ratios for argon and nitrogen were only 1.36 and 1.34. The potencies of three short-acting agents (trichloroethanol, ketamine, and alphadione) were shown to increase with decreasing pressure, although ED50 values could not be obtained. It is concluded that pressure reverses the actions of a wide variety of anesthetics in mice. The results of this study are not inconsistent with either the fluidized lipid membrane or the critical volume hypotheses of anesthetic action.", "PMID": 655442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6360", "title": "Hypotensive anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: a study of blood loss and organ function (brain, heart, liver, and kidney).", "content": "The authors attempted to determine whether hypotensive anesthesia or the method of inducing hypotension has any effect on postoperative brain, liver, or kidney function and myocardial status following total hip arthroplasty. Thirty patients were anesthestized with halothane-nitrous oxide for total hip arthroplasty and randomly assigned to one of three groups. In two groups mean arterial blood pressure was decreased to 50 torr by high inspired concentrations of halothane (n = 90) or sodium nitroprusside (n = 12). In the third group (n = 9) mean blood pressure was maintained within 20% of control. Intraoperative blood losses decreased from 1,183 +/- 172 ml in the normotensive group to 406 +/- 102 ml and 326 +/- 41 ml in the halothane and nitroprusside hypotensive groups, respectively. Neither method of inducing hypotension nor hypertensive technique affected the results of postoperative tests of cerebral, hepatic, or renal function and myocardial status. These tests were performed before anesthesia and operation and at intervals in the postoperative course. In this small group of patients, deliberate hypotension for total hip arthroplasty added no morbidity and significantly shortened operating time, decreased blood loss, and decreased the number of blood transfusions needed.", "contents": "Hypotensive anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: a study of blood loss and organ function (brain, heart, liver, and kidney). The authors attempted to determine whether hypotensive anesthesia or the method of inducing hypotension has any effect on postoperative brain, liver, or kidney function and myocardial status following total hip arthroplasty. Thirty patients were anesthestized with halothane-nitrous oxide for total hip arthroplasty and randomly assigned to one of three groups. In two groups mean arterial blood pressure was decreased to 50 torr by high inspired concentrations of halothane (n = 90) or sodium nitroprusside (n = 12). In the third group (n = 9) mean blood pressure was maintained within 20% of control. Intraoperative blood losses decreased from 1,183 +/- 172 ml in the normotensive group to 406 +/- 102 ml and 326 +/- 41 ml in the halothane and nitroprusside hypotensive groups, respectively. Neither method of inducing hypotension nor hypertensive technique affected the results of postoperative tests of cerebral, hepatic, or renal function and myocardial status. These tests were performed before anesthesia and operation and at intervals in the postoperative course. In this small group of patients, deliberate hypotension for total hip arthroplasty added no morbidity and significantly shortened operating time, decreased blood loss, and decreased the number of blood transfusions needed.", "PMID": 655457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6361", "title": "The natural course of arteriosclerosis in animals and man.", "content": "A thorough search for the natural history of arteriosclerosis involving the cerebrum, aorta, and peripheral vessels has been made. The disease's rate of progress has been studied anatomically, clinically, radiologically, and plethysmographically. We conclude that arteriosclerosis is usually associated with other diseases such as diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and hypertension. Heart disease in particular is often the cause of the patient's death, rather than the peripheral arteriosclerotic disease itself. The usually slow development and course of arteriosclerosis indicate that its treatment is largely a medical problem. It seems important to control the various risk factors and to utilize surgical therapy to attack specific lesions which threaten the tissues. A thorough cardiovascular profile of the patient should be compiled and should include a glucose tolerance test and lipoprotein phenotyping.", "contents": "The natural course of arteriosclerosis in animals and man. A thorough search for the natural history of arteriosclerosis involving the cerebrum, aorta, and peripheral vessels has been made. The disease's rate of progress has been studied anatomically, clinically, radiologically, and plethysmographically. We conclude that arteriosclerosis is usually associated with other diseases such as diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and hypertension. Heart disease in particular is often the cause of the patient's death, rather than the peripheral arteriosclerotic disease itself. The usually slow development and course of arteriosclerosis indicate that its treatment is largely a medical problem. It seems important to control the various risk factors and to utilize surgical therapy to attack specific lesions which threaten the tissues. A thorough cardiovascular profile of the patient should be compiled and should include a glucose tolerance test and lipoprotein phenotyping.", "PMID": 655460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6362", "title": "Hemodynamic changes induced by prolonged NaCl and DOCA administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The results of this study demonstrate that the spontaneously hypertensive rat is sensitive to salt excess. The hypertensinogenic effect of salt was mediated through elevation of peripheral vascular resistance. The addition of DOCA aggravated the hypertension, mainly be elevating the cardiac output without appreciably decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. SHR'S EXPOSED TO 1% NaCl consumed more fluids and excreted more sodium and urine than control rats. Those exposed to 1% NaCl and DOCA had higher fluid consumptions and excreted more sodium than the other two groups. These effects of sodium in a neurogenic strain of hypertensive rats suggest a possible interplay between the neurogenic and salt-dependent components in the development and maintenance of hypertension. They also suggest that SHRs, like other hypertensive rat models, are salt sensitive.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes induced by prolonged NaCl and DOCA administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The results of this study demonstrate that the spontaneously hypertensive rat is sensitive to salt excess. The hypertensinogenic effect of salt was mediated through elevation of peripheral vascular resistance. The addition of DOCA aggravated the hypertension, mainly be elevating the cardiac output without appreciably decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. SHR'S EXPOSED TO 1% NaCl consumed more fluids and excreted more sodium and urine than control rats. Those exposed to 1% NaCl and DOCA had higher fluid consumptions and excreted more sodium than the other two groups. These effects of sodium in a neurogenic strain of hypertensive rats suggest a possible interplay between the neurogenic and salt-dependent components in the development and maintenance of hypertension. They also suggest that SHRs, like other hypertensive rat models, are salt sensitive.", "PMID": 655461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6363", "title": "Arterial flow in the lower leg correlated with plasma levels of two formulations of papaverine hydrochloride.", "content": "In patients with severe peripheral vascular disease (mean arterial flow of 40 ml/min), a suspension of papaverine in a soft gelatin capsule produced plasma levels almost three times higher than those following treatment with a sustained-release tablet formulation. The higher plasma levels resulted in significantly greater vasodilation with increased distal arterial flow. The onset of peak pulsatile flow with the soft gelatin form came sooner than with the sustained-release form. However the durations of vasodilation were similar with both papaverine preparations. The vasodilatory activity of papaverine appeared to be greater in the sympathectomized leg. The soft gelatin formulation of papter reconstruction of a large artery, and may be effective in sustaining a longer vasodilatory effect in patients with small vessel disease, when surgical procedures may not be applicable.", "contents": "Arterial flow in the lower leg correlated with plasma levels of two formulations of papaverine hydrochloride. In patients with severe peripheral vascular disease (mean arterial flow of 40 ml/min), a suspension of papaverine in a soft gelatin capsule produced plasma levels almost three times higher than those following treatment with a sustained-release tablet formulation. The higher plasma levels resulted in significantly greater vasodilation with increased distal arterial flow. The onset of peak pulsatile flow with the soft gelatin form came sooner than with the sustained-release form. However the durations of vasodilation were similar with both papaverine preparations. The vasodilatory activity of papaverine appeared to be greater in the sympathectomized leg. The soft gelatin formulation of papter reconstruction of a large artery, and may be effective in sustaining a longer vasodilatory effect in patients with small vessel disease, when surgical procedures may not be applicable.", "PMID": 655462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6364", "title": "Relative significance of plasma renin activity and concentration in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and concentration, measured after acid treatment of the plasma (PRC3.3), were determined on the same plasma samples in different conditions. Log PRA and log PRC3.3 were significantly (P less than 0.001) and similarly related to sodium intake, age, and plasma aldosterone concentration in normal subjects. The correlation coefficient between log PRA and log PRC3.3 was 0.49 in 80 sodium-replete and sodium-deplete normal subjects, and it was 0.84 in 84 hypertensive patients untreated or under treatment with thiazides. On the contrary, during beta adrenergic blockade, PRA decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) by 62% while the changes in PRC3.3 were not significant. At maximal exercise, PRA increased significantly by 168% while the PRC3.3 increase of 24% was not significant. In hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis the ipsilateral renal vein/artery ratio was higher for PRA (2.46) than for PRC3.3 (1.56), whereas both ratios on the controlateral side were similar and close to one (1.14 and 1.06). The conditions in which PRA and PRC3.3 determinations are concordant or discordant are discussed.", "contents": "Relative significance of plasma renin activity and concentration in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and concentration, measured after acid treatment of the plasma (PRC3.3), were determined on the same plasma samples in different conditions. Log PRA and log PRC3.3 were significantly (P less than 0.001) and similarly related to sodium intake, age, and plasma aldosterone concentration in normal subjects. The correlation coefficient between log PRA and log PRC3.3 was 0.49 in 80 sodium-replete and sodium-deplete normal subjects, and it was 0.84 in 84 hypertensive patients untreated or under treatment with thiazides. On the contrary, during beta adrenergic blockade, PRA decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) by 62% while the changes in PRC3.3 were not significant. At maximal exercise, PRA increased significantly by 168% while the PRC3.3 increase of 24% was not significant. In hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis the ipsilateral renal vein/artery ratio was higher for PRA (2.46) than for PRC3.3 (1.56), whereas both ratios on the controlateral side were similar and close to one (1.14 and 1.06). The conditions in which PRA and PRC3.3 determinations are concordant or discordant are discussed.", "PMID": 655465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6365", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula and forward hypertension in the portal circulation.", "content": "The notorious predilection for rupture of splenic artery aneurysms in women of childbearing age is once more stressed by this case report. Although such ruptures usually result in a catastrophic interabdominal bleeding, in rare instances they lead to the formation of an arteriovenous fistula and consequent portal hypertension. Arterialization of the portal vein results in a progressive development of intrinsic hepatic morphologic changes and hepatoportal sclerosis, which further elevate the pressure in the portal system. This combination of pathophysiologic hemodynamic features closely resembles the original concept of Banti. He postulated that portal hypertension began with pathologic changes within the spleen which were associated with an increased blood flow through this organ. This led to increased flow and pressure in the portal venous system and ultimately cumulated in cirrhosis of the liver. This concept of the pathophysiology of portal hypertension has been universally abandoned, but it could serve as a model of the sequelae of an arteriovenous communication within the portal system.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula and forward hypertension in the portal circulation. The notorious predilection for rupture of splenic artery aneurysms in women of childbearing age is once more stressed by this case report. Although such ruptures usually result in a catastrophic interabdominal bleeding, in rare instances they lead to the formation of an arteriovenous fistula and consequent portal hypertension. Arterialization of the portal vein results in a progressive development of intrinsic hepatic morphologic changes and hepatoportal sclerosis, which further elevate the pressure in the portal system. This combination of pathophysiologic hemodynamic features closely resembles the original concept of Banti. He postulated that portal hypertension began with pathologic changes within the spleen which were associated with an increased blood flow through this organ. This led to increased flow and pressure in the portal venous system and ultimately cumulated in cirrhosis of the liver. This concept of the pathophysiology of portal hypertension has been universally abandoned, but it could serve as a model of the sequelae of an arteriovenous communication within the portal system.", "PMID": 655466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6366", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of isometric exercise in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Isometric exercise increases arterial pressure and heart rate in normotensive individuals and also in patients with labile and fixed essential hypertension. The hypertensinogenic effect of isometric exercise is mediated through an increase in cardiac output because the peripheral vascular resistance is usually not affected. The cardioaccelerating effects of isometric exercise are mediated through an initial vagal withdrawal and a later stimulation of the sympathetic system. However hypertensive patients with defective sympathetic adjustments are not immune to the hypertensinogenic and cardioaccelerating effects of isometric exercise. Since isometric exercises are performed several times during daily activities, they may result in dangerous elevations in arterial pressure in patients with already increased arterial pressure, and this may eventually lead to cerebrovascular accidents and/or cardiac decompensation. It is therefore recommended that patients with elevated arterial pressure, or persons prone to hypertension, should refrain from such activities.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of isometric exercise in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Isometric exercise increases arterial pressure and heart rate in normotensive individuals and also in patients with labile and fixed essential hypertension. The hypertensinogenic effect of isometric exercise is mediated through an increase in cardiac output because the peripheral vascular resistance is usually not affected. The cardioaccelerating effects of isometric exercise are mediated through an initial vagal withdrawal and a later stimulation of the sympathetic system. However hypertensive patients with defective sympathetic adjustments are not immune to the hypertensinogenic and cardioaccelerating effects of isometric exercise. Since isometric exercises are performed several times during daily activities, they may result in dangerous elevations in arterial pressure in patients with already increased arterial pressure, and this may eventually lead to cerebrovascular accidents and/or cardiac decompensation. It is therefore recommended that patients with elevated arterial pressure, or persons prone to hypertension, should refrain from such activities.", "PMID": 655468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6367", "title": "Arterial compliance in permanent essential hypertension: preliminary report.", "content": "Systemic arterial compliance was measured in 22 patients with permanent essential hypertension and compared with 11 sex- and age-matched normal normal subjects. Determinations were made from analysis of the monoexponential blood pressure-time curve during diastole, according to a simple visco-elastic model. Arterial compliance was significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) in hypertensives. In the overall population, arterial compliance was negatively correlated to age (P less than 0.005) and blood pressure (P less than 0.001), suggesting that the changes in compliance could be attributable to the level of blood pressure per se and/or to the rigidity of the arterial wall. Administration of vasoactive substances (angiotensin and sodium nitroprusside) enabled a strong negative relationship (P less than 0.01) between arterial compliance and diastolic blood pressure to be demonstrated in each individual. The slope of the curve was not dependent on age and represented the ability to decrease compliance per unit rise in pressure. The slope was steeper in hypertensives, suggesting a change reactivity of the arterial wall in these patients.", "contents": "Arterial compliance in permanent essential hypertension: preliminary report. Systemic arterial compliance was measured in 22 patients with permanent essential hypertension and compared with 11 sex- and age-matched normal normal subjects. Determinations were made from analysis of the monoexponential blood pressure-time curve during diastole, according to a simple visco-elastic model. Arterial compliance was significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) in hypertensives. In the overall population, arterial compliance was negatively correlated to age (P less than 0.005) and blood pressure (P less than 0.001), suggesting that the changes in compliance could be attributable to the level of blood pressure per se and/or to the rigidity of the arterial wall. Administration of vasoactive substances (angiotensin and sodium nitroprusside) enabled a strong negative relationship (P less than 0.01) between arterial compliance and diastolic blood pressure to be demonstrated in each individual. The slope of the curve was not dependent on age and represented the ability to decrease compliance per unit rise in pressure. The slope was steeper in hypertensives, suggesting a change reactivity of the arterial wall in these patients.", "PMID": 655471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6368", "title": "Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a case report.", "content": "A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in a 17-year-old Indian man appears to be the first case reported from Asia. Primary pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and catheter data. The patient died shortly after catheterization. Histology reveald pulmonary veno-occlusive disease as a cause of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a case report. A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in a 17-year-old Indian man appears to be the first case reported from Asia. Primary pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and catheter data. The patient died shortly after catheterization. Histology reveald pulmonary veno-occlusive disease as a cause of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 655473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6369", "title": "Severe cyanosis due to atrial septal defect and an anomalous inferior vena caval valve.", "content": "Uncomplicated atrial septal defect is often associated with mild arterial desaturation. A case is reported with severe cyanosis and life-threatening hypoxemia due to an atrial septal defect. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal right heart pressures and an atrial septal defect with shunting of inferior vena caval blood into the left atrium. At surgery an anomalous inferior vena caval valve was found directing inferior vena caval blood into the left atrium. The embryologic basis for this association is discussed. The delayed onset of severe cyanosis may have been contributed to by the thoracic scoliosis.", "contents": "Severe cyanosis due to atrial septal defect and an anomalous inferior vena caval valve. Uncomplicated atrial septal defect is often associated with mild arterial desaturation. A case is reported with severe cyanosis and life-threatening hypoxemia due to an atrial septal defect. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal right heart pressures and an atrial septal defect with shunting of inferior vena caval blood into the left atrium. At surgery an anomalous inferior vena caval valve was found directing inferior vena caval blood into the left atrium. The embryologic basis for this association is discussed. The delayed onset of severe cyanosis may have been contributed to by the thoracic scoliosis.", "PMID": 655475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6370", "title": "Radiographic features of pleural effusions in pulmonary embolism.", "content": "A prospective analysis of 155 patients with pulmonary embolism was undertaken to describe the radiographic characteristics of associated pleural effusions and related abnormalities. Approximately one half of these patients had pleural effusions. Patients with other potential causes of effusion, such as heart failure, pneumonia, or cancer, were eliminated from further analysis. In the remaining 62 patients, radiographic evidence of pulmonary infarction accompanied pleural effusions in one half of the cases. One third of patients with parenchymal consolidation had no evidence of effusion. Atelectasis and other nonspecific radiographic abnormalities occurred in less than one fifth of the cases. Typically, pleural effusions were small and unilateral, appeared soon after symptoms of thromboembolism began, and tended to reach their maximal size very early in the course of the disorder. Pulmonary infarction was associated with larger effusions that cleared more slowly and were more often bloody in appearance on thoracentesis. Chest pain occurred in all but one patient and was a valuable diagnostic clue. Pain and pleural effusions were always ipsilateral and almost always unilateral, but neither correlated well with the presence or time course of infarction. Effusions that were delayed in onset or that enlarged late in the course were associated with recurrent pulmonary embolism or superinfection. These radiographic features may be helpful in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Radiographic features of pleural effusions in pulmonary embolism. A prospective analysis of 155 patients with pulmonary embolism was undertaken to describe the radiographic characteristics of associated pleural effusions and related abnormalities. Approximately one half of these patients had pleural effusions. Patients with other potential causes of effusion, such as heart failure, pneumonia, or cancer, were eliminated from further analysis. In the remaining 62 patients, radiographic evidence of pulmonary infarction accompanied pleural effusions in one half of the cases. One third of patients with parenchymal consolidation had no evidence of effusion. Atelectasis and other nonspecific radiographic abnormalities occurred in less than one fifth of the cases. Typically, pleural effusions were small and unilateral, appeared soon after symptoms of thromboembolism began, and tended to reach their maximal size very early in the course of the disorder. Pulmonary infarction was associated with larger effusions that cleared more slowly and were more often bloody in appearance on thoracentesis. Chest pain occurred in all but one patient and was a valuable diagnostic clue. Pain and pleural effusions were always ipsilateral and almost always unilateral, but neither correlated well with the presence or time course of infarction. Effusions that were delayed in onset or that enlarged late in the course were associated with recurrent pulmonary embolism or superinfection. These radiographic features may be helpful in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 655489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6371", "title": "Health effects of ozone exposure in asthmatics.", "content": "To investigate whether ambient air quality standards for ozone adequately protect high-risk populations, we assessed pulmonary and biochemical responses of 22 asthmatic volunteers to 2-hour controlled exposures to ozone at concentrations approximating 0.2 ppm, with secondary stresses of heat and intermittent exercise. All subjects had physician-diagnosed asthma; clinically, they covered a range from minimal wheezing to persistent marked abnormality in forced expiratory performance. Control experiments included repeated sham exposures (to purified air with no ozone added) as well as brief exposures to the odor of ozone followed by purified air. No meaningful changes in forced expiratory measures, lung volumes, or single-breath N2 indices were found after ozone exposure relative to control. Symptoms, scored semiquantitatively, increased slightly but not significantly with exposure to ozone. Small but significant (P is less than 0.05) group mean blood biochemical changes occurred with exposure to ozone; these included increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, increased erythrocyte fragility, and decreased concentration of reduced glutathione. Hemoglobin concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity decreased with ozone and decreased to a lesser extent in control studies. Concentrations of ozone readily attainable in smog episodes thus appear to be capable of affecting blood biochemistry in at least some asthmatic persons, in the absence of obvious adverse pulmonary responses. Whether the biochemical effects represent harm to health or a normal response to stress remains to be determined.", "contents": "Health effects of ozone exposure in asthmatics. To investigate whether ambient air quality standards for ozone adequately protect high-risk populations, we assessed pulmonary and biochemical responses of 22 asthmatic volunteers to 2-hour controlled exposures to ozone at concentrations approximating 0.2 ppm, with secondary stresses of heat and intermittent exercise. All subjects had physician-diagnosed asthma; clinically, they covered a range from minimal wheezing to persistent marked abnormality in forced expiratory performance. Control experiments included repeated sham exposures (to purified air with no ozone added) as well as brief exposures to the odor of ozone followed by purified air. No meaningful changes in forced expiratory measures, lung volumes, or single-breath N2 indices were found after ozone exposure relative to control. Symptoms, scored semiquantitatively, increased slightly but not significantly with exposure to ozone. Small but significant (P is less than 0.05) group mean blood biochemical changes occurred with exposure to ozone; these included increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, increased erythrocyte fragility, and decreased concentration of reduced glutathione. Hemoglobin concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity decreased with ozone and decreased to a lesser extent in control studies. Concentrations of ozone readily attainable in smog episodes thus appear to be capable of affecting blood biochemistry in at least some asthmatic persons, in the absence of obvious adverse pulmonary responses. Whether the biochemical effects represent harm to health or a normal response to stress remains to be determined.", "PMID": 655490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6372", "title": "Isoflow-volume curves in the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction.", "content": "We evaluated the ability of air and helium-O2 maximal expiratory flow-volume curves to distinguish upper airway obstruction from the diffuse, peripheral airway obstruction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The increase in expiratory flows at peak, 75, 50, and 25 per cent of the vital capacity during helium-O2 breathing compared to air breathing was determined in 5 normal subjects and 3 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease while breathing through fixed resistances, and in 6 patients with documented tracheal obstruction. In the normal subjects, the helium response at all 4 points remained normal and was unchanged from baseline until the simulated obstruction was severe (6-mm orifice), at which point all ofthe helium responses increased by 50 per cent. The patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease maintained their low baseline helium responses until the obstruction was severe (6-mm orifice), when only the expiratory flows at peak, 75, and 50 per cent of the vital capacity increased by at least 50 per cent. Five of the 6 patients with upper airway obstruction had helium responses very similar to those of the normal subjects with similar degrees of simulated obstruction, but the one patient with concomitant airway obstruction extending well below the carina had very small helium responses at each point. We conclude that upper airway obstruction can usually be identified by high helium responses and that upper airway obstruction, if severe, can be identified even in the presence of more peripheral airway obstruction by a normal helium response at high lung volumes.", "contents": "Isoflow-volume curves in the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction. We evaluated the ability of air and helium-O2 maximal expiratory flow-volume curves to distinguish upper airway obstruction from the diffuse, peripheral airway obstruction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The increase in expiratory flows at peak, 75, 50, and 25 per cent of the vital capacity during helium-O2 breathing compared to air breathing was determined in 5 normal subjects and 3 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease while breathing through fixed resistances, and in 6 patients with documented tracheal obstruction. In the normal subjects, the helium response at all 4 points remained normal and was unchanged from baseline until the simulated obstruction was severe (6-mm orifice), at which point all ofthe helium responses increased by 50 per cent. The patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease maintained their low baseline helium responses until the obstruction was severe (6-mm orifice), when only the expiratory flows at peak, 75, and 50 per cent of the vital capacity increased by at least 50 per cent. Five of the 6 patients with upper airway obstruction had helium responses very similar to those of the normal subjects with similar degrees of simulated obstruction, but the one patient with concomitant airway obstruction extending well below the carina had very small helium responses at each point. We conclude that upper airway obstruction can usually be identified by high helium responses and that upper airway obstruction, if severe, can be identified even in the presence of more peripheral airway obstruction by a normal helium response at high lung volumes.", "PMID": 655491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6373", "title": "Methoxamine-induced increase in afterload. Effect on left ventricular performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "With a radionuclide technique, left ventricular ejection fraction and stroke volume index were measured in the basal state and after the stress of a methoxamine-induced increase in afterload in 10 men with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The resting mean left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in all 10 patients. After an acute increase in resistance to left ventricular ejection with methoxamine, the left ventricular ejection fraction and the stroke volume index did not decrease significantly, even in the presence of cor pulmonale in 5 patients. Mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was normal before, and did not change significantly after, methoxamine infusion. The data suggest that latent left ventricular dysfunction is not present in this group of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Methoxamine-induced increase in afterload. Effect on left ventricular performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With a radionuclide technique, left ventricular ejection fraction and stroke volume index were measured in the basal state and after the stress of a methoxamine-induced increase in afterload in 10 men with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The resting mean left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in all 10 patients. After an acute increase in resistance to left ventricular ejection with methoxamine, the left ventricular ejection fraction and the stroke volume index did not decrease significantly, even in the presence of cor pulmonale in 5 patients. Mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was normal before, and did not change significantly after, methoxamine infusion. The data suggest that latent left ventricular dysfunction is not present in this group of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 655492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6374", "title": "An analysis of cross reactions among mycobacteria by in vivo and in vitro assays of cellular hypersensitivity.", "content": "Homologous and heterologous skin test reactions in sensitized guinea pigs to antigens from 11 species of mycobacteria were fitted by a linear model that permitted the ranking of each species on the basis of cross reactivity. When the same species were ranked on the basis of in vitro transformation of sensitive lymphocytes in response to homologous and heterologous antigen preparations, a different ranking order was observed. Reasons for the lack of strict correlation between skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformations are discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of cross reactions among mycobacteria by in vivo and in vitro assays of cellular hypersensitivity. Homologous and heterologous skin test reactions in sensitized guinea pigs to antigens from 11 species of mycobacteria were fitted by a linear model that permitted the ranking of each species on the basis of cross reactivity. When the same species were ranked on the basis of in vitro transformation of sensitive lymphocytes in response to homologous and heterologous antigen preparations, a different ranking order was observed. Reasons for the lack of strict correlation between skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformations are discussed.", "PMID": 655493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6375", "title": "Comparative study of histamine and exercise challenges in asthmatic children.", "content": "Fifty asthmatic children were tested with both a standardized treadmill exercise and a histamine inhalation on 2 separate days. Ninety per cent had a positive response to histamine, whereas 74 per cent had demonstrable exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. There was a close relationship between responsiveness to histamine and exercise, because all patients who responded to histamine had exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Eight children (16 per cent) responded to histamine only. Although prechallenge pulmonary function has an effect on the incidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, it does not appear to influence the responsiveness to histamine. Therefore, when provocation testing is being done for the purpose of diagnosing asthma, histamine is preferable to exercise.", "contents": "Comparative study of histamine and exercise challenges in asthmatic children. Fifty asthmatic children were tested with both a standardized treadmill exercise and a histamine inhalation on 2 separate days. Ninety per cent had a positive response to histamine, whereas 74 per cent had demonstrable exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. There was a close relationship between responsiveness to histamine and exercise, because all patients who responded to histamine had exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Eight children (16 per cent) responded to histamine only. Although prechallenge pulmonary function has an effect on the incidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, it does not appear to influence the responsiveness to histamine. Therefore, when provocation testing is being done for the purpose of diagnosing asthma, histamine is preferable to exercise.", "PMID": 655495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6376", "title": "Studies in sarcoidosis: intradermal Mycoplasma test.", "content": "Mycoplasma strain 215-M, closely related to Mycoplasma orale type 1, was grown in human macrophage monolayers in vitro. Sonicated homogenates of macrophages diluted in saline solution were used for intradermal skin tests in 19 patients with sarcoidosis and in 25 patients with a variety of other diseases. Positive skin-test reactions to this newly developed Mycoplasma test material were observed significantly more often in the patients with sarcoidosis than in the other patients.", "contents": "Studies in sarcoidosis: intradermal Mycoplasma test. Mycoplasma strain 215-M, closely related to Mycoplasma orale type 1, was grown in human macrophage monolayers in vitro. Sonicated homogenates of macrophages diluted in saline solution were used for intradermal skin tests in 19 patients with sarcoidosis and in 25 patients with a variety of other diseases. Positive skin-test reactions to this newly developed Mycoplasma test material were observed significantly more often in the patients with sarcoidosis than in the other patients.", "PMID": 655497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6377", "title": "[Intrauterine growth retardation: biochemical changes in human central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the central nervous system has been verified using biochemical techniques in two premature infants with intrauterine growth retardation. In both cases a retard of brain growth and maturity was detected. In the case less affected alterations consisted in a decrease in size of forebrain and cerebellum and a diminution of the DNA in cerebrum. In the other case sizes of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem were markedly reduced. The values of DNA and RNA were also lower than in controls being cerebellum and brain stem the more altered regions. The lipid composition of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem is also reported for both cases.", "contents": "[Intrauterine growth retardation: biochemical changes in human central nervous system (author's transl)]. The development of the central nervous system has been verified using biochemical techniques in two premature infants with intrauterine growth retardation. In both cases a retard of brain growth and maturity was detected. In the case less affected alterations consisted in a decrease in size of forebrain and cerebellum and a diminution of the DNA in cerebrum. In the other case sizes of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem were markedly reduced. The values of DNA and RNA were also lower than in controls being cerebellum and brain stem the more altered regions. The lipid composition of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem is also reported for both cases.", "PMID": 655500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6378", "title": "[Toward a renewed definition of health (author's transl)].", "content": "With several arguments and testimonies is founded the need for a renewed definition of health. It is offered to the discusion the following project; Health could be conceived as the model of a capacity of vital normatization which allows the person to enjoy his paycophysic harmony in dynamic equilibrium with his natural and social circumstances. The author thinks that at preent time, and humanistic definition like this, could not be easily understood and applied because of power structures and materialistic forces which act on the man of today. Notwithstanding this objetion, moral exigences and a personal feeling of sympathy toward the health matters, push the author to offer this project to the discusion.", "contents": "[Toward a renewed definition of health (author's transl)]. With several arguments and testimonies is founded the need for a renewed definition of health. It is offered to the discusion the following project; Health could be conceived as the model of a capacity of vital normatization which allows the person to enjoy his paycophysic harmony in dynamic equilibrium with his natural and social circumstances. The author thinks that at preent time, and humanistic definition like this, could not be easily understood and applied because of power structures and materialistic forces which act on the man of today. Notwithstanding this objetion, moral exigences and a personal feeling of sympathy toward the health matters, push the author to offer this project to the discusion.", "PMID": 655501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6379", "title": "[Urinary tract abnormalities with anorrectal malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty five patients with anorrectal malformations are reviewed. These are divided in high and low anomalies according to some simple clinical data, better than the drawing of reference lines to determinate the height of puborrectalis muscle. Malformations were associated in 13 cases with urinary tract estructural anomalies and in four cases with isolated vesico-ureteral reflux. Diagnosis of urinary tract infection was made in 14 patients, 12 of them with recto-urinary fistula. A point is made about the complete and early exploration of all these patients to prevent irreparable renal damage that could be developed.", "contents": "[Urinary tract abnormalities with anorrectal malformations (author's transl)]. Thirty five patients with anorrectal malformations are reviewed. These are divided in high and low anomalies according to some simple clinical data, better than the drawing of reference lines to determinate the height of puborrectalis muscle. Malformations were associated in 13 cases with urinary tract estructural anomalies and in four cases with isolated vesico-ureteral reflux. Diagnosis of urinary tract infection was made in 14 patients, 12 of them with recto-urinary fistula. A point is made about the complete and early exploration of all these patients to prevent irreparable renal damage that could be developed.", "PMID": 655503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6380", "title": "[Plasmatic levels of gastrin in children under seven years (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastrinemia was determined in 100 healthy children whose ages ranged from three months to seven years, who were separated in three groups: from three months to two years, from two to four years, determining the gastrin by radioinmunoassay twice in each case. As no significant difference was found among the three groups, total results were grouped together to confect a graph ranging from the 5th to the 95th percentile. Average percentage of gastrinemia was determined at 76.81 pcg./ml. (50 percentile), with extreme values between 48.31 pcg./ml. (5th percentile) and 105.31 pcg./ml. (95th percentile).", "contents": "[Plasmatic levels of gastrin in children under seven years (author's transl)]. Gastrinemia was determined in 100 healthy children whose ages ranged from three months to seven years, who were separated in three groups: from three months to two years, from two to four years, determining the gastrin by radioinmunoassay twice in each case. As no significant difference was found among the three groups, total results were grouped together to confect a graph ranging from the 5th to the 95th percentile. Average percentage of gastrinemia was determined at 76.81 pcg./ml. (50 percentile), with extreme values between 48.31 pcg./ml. (5th percentile) and 105.31 pcg./ml. (95th percentile).", "PMID": 655504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6381", "title": "[The direct isotopic cystography in the study of the vesico-ureteral reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique of direct isotopic cystography is presented. It uses 99mTc-DTPA and scintillation camera connected to a computer. The study included a group of children affected of vesico-ureteral reflux; the results are discussed and compared to those of the classical radiological method of voiding cystography. Both techniques seem to complete each other. The radiological method allows a high quality in the definition of the morphological disturbances which causes the reflux. The radioisotope method has a lower radiotoxicity--about 100 times less than voiding cystograph--and high diagnostic sensitivity. The direct isotopic cystography has, in this sense, a broad interest in the periodic control of the vesico-ureteral refluxes treated with conservative procedures.", "contents": "[The direct isotopic cystography in the study of the vesico-ureteral reflux (author's transl)]. A technique of direct isotopic cystography is presented. It uses 99mTc-DTPA and scintillation camera connected to a computer. The study included a group of children affected of vesico-ureteral reflux; the results are discussed and compared to those of the classical radiological method of voiding cystography. Both techniques seem to complete each other. The radiological method allows a high quality in the definition of the morphological disturbances which causes the reflux. The radioisotope method has a lower radiotoxicity--about 100 times less than voiding cystograph--and high diagnostic sensitivity. The direct isotopic cystography has, in this sense, a broad interest in the periodic control of the vesico-ureteral refluxes treated with conservative procedures.", "PMID": 655505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6382", "title": "[Experience and application of diagnostic pneumoperitoneum in the anomalies in the umbilical region (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of 30 pneumoperitoneograms performed \"postmortem\" and five performed for diagnosis, the exploratory technique, radiologic anatomy of umbilical region, and the usefulness of the process in the diagnosis in children are discussed. Pneumoperitoneum may be indicated in diagnosis of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum, in exclusion or confirmation of remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct in cronically moist lesions of the umbilicus resistent to symptomatic treatment, in cases of non-communicating urachal cysts which can not be diagnosed by cystogram, and in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors related to the umbilical region.", "contents": "[Experience and application of diagnostic pneumoperitoneum in the anomalies in the umbilical region (author's transl)]. By means of 30 pneumoperitoneograms performed \"postmortem\" and five performed for diagnosis, the exploratory technique, radiologic anatomy of umbilical region, and the usefulness of the process in the diagnosis in children are discussed. Pneumoperitoneum may be indicated in diagnosis of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum, in exclusion or confirmation of remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct in cronically moist lesions of the umbilicus resistent to symptomatic treatment, in cases of non-communicating urachal cysts which can not be diagnosed by cystogram, and in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors related to the umbilical region.", "PMID": 655506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6383", "title": "[Digestive atresia and associated malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a study on the associated malformations found among 143 cases of digestive atresia at various levels. They are classified as single, multiple, single with trisomy and multiple with trisomy. Malformations are analysed in quality and quantity depending on the organ affected and the digestive level bearing the atresia.", "contents": "[Digestive atresia and associated malformations (author's transl)]. The authors report a study on the associated malformations found among 143 cases of digestive atresia at various levels. They are classified as single, multiple, single with trisomy and multiple with trisomy. Malformations are analysed in quality and quantity depending on the organ affected and the digestive level bearing the atresia.", "PMID": 655507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6384", "title": "[Epileptic sleep seizures in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "64 children with seizures occuring during sleep were studied. No claim is made to definitive clinical results, but the clinical peculiarities of certain epileptic crises that tend to occur more frequently in sleep are presented. In 62.5% of all our cases are being treated as benign epilepsy, with centro-temporal E.E.G. foci and typical characteristics of age, hour of appearance and therapeutic response. In 32.5% are generalized seizures, and these have the widest age range at onset. The fits are at times unrelated to the length of previous sleep and respond less favourably to treatment. In 5% are either unilateral seizures or partial complex one. The incidence of a positive family history is higher than found in other epileptic groups, suggesting that sleep seizures are genetically determined.", "contents": "[Epileptic sleep seizures in childhood (author's transl)]. 64 children with seizures occuring during sleep were studied. No claim is made to definitive clinical results, but the clinical peculiarities of certain epileptic crises that tend to occur more frequently in sleep are presented. In 62.5% of all our cases are being treated as benign epilepsy, with centro-temporal E.E.G. foci and typical characteristics of age, hour of appearance and therapeutic response. In 32.5% are generalized seizures, and these have the widest age range at onset. The fits are at times unrelated to the length of previous sleep and respond less favourably to treatment. In 5% are either unilateral seizures or partial complex one. The incidence of a positive family history is higher than found in other epileptic groups, suggesting that sleep seizures are genetically determined.", "PMID": 655508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6385", "title": "[Foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "We present a series of 114 cases of children under seven years of age with solid foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract. These cases were analysed under diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. The index of clinical diagnosis is taken into consideration, based on the respiratory symptoms and the aspirative antecedent; the radiologic diagnosis: opacity and indirect signs; endoscopy as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, and the use of other medical and surgical treatments. From the results obtained we draw the following conclusions: a) Almost all cases of foreign bodies can be diagnosed from a good clinical history, and a radiologic study of the thorax, in inspiration-expiration. b) Endoscopy is the selective diagnostic and therapeutic tool; morbidity and mortality is negligible, and hospitalization period short. Either tracheostomy or bronchotomy are done very rarely. c) The pathologic lesions are dependent upon the shape of the object, its nature, the time it has been in the air tract and the response of the host. d) Foreign bodies appear most frequently in the right principal bronchus.", "contents": "[Foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract (author's transl)]. We present a series of 114 cases of children under seven years of age with solid foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract. These cases were analysed under diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. The index of clinical diagnosis is taken into consideration, based on the respiratory symptoms and the aspirative antecedent; the radiologic diagnosis: opacity and indirect signs; endoscopy as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, and the use of other medical and surgical treatments. From the results obtained we draw the following conclusions: a) Almost all cases of foreign bodies can be diagnosed from a good clinical history, and a radiologic study of the thorax, in inspiration-expiration. b) Endoscopy is the selective diagnostic and therapeutic tool; morbidity and mortality is negligible, and hospitalization period short. Either tracheostomy or bronchotomy are done very rarely. c) The pathologic lesions are dependent upon the shape of the object, its nature, the time it has been in the air tract and the response of the host. d) Foreign bodies appear most frequently in the right principal bronchus.", "PMID": 655509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6386", "title": "[Galactosemia and cow's milk intolerance (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical, biochemical and anatomical studies of one case of galactosemia with cow's milk intolerance in a one month old infant are reported. Diagnosis was ascertained measuring the enzyme (Gal-1-P-Uridyl-transferase) deficiency with the methods of Anderson, Kalckar and Isselbacher. Overload and enzymatic studies were also carried out in relatives. The interest of this association of galactosemia with cow's milk intolerance, and its clinical and therapeutic implications are pointed out in the discussion.", "contents": "[Galactosemia and cow's milk intolerance (author's transl)]. The clinical, biochemical and anatomical studies of one case of galactosemia with cow's milk intolerance in a one month old infant are reported. Diagnosis was ascertained measuring the enzyme (Gal-1-P-Uridyl-transferase) deficiency with the methods of Anderson, Kalckar and Isselbacher. Overload and enzymatic studies were also carried out in relatives. The interest of this association of galactosemia with cow's milk intolerance, and its clinical and therapeutic implications are pointed out in the discussion.", "PMID": 655510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6387", "title": "[Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose in overweight children (author's transl)].", "content": "Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose are studied in a group of 30 overweight children aged between 2--12 years. The results are: An increase in insulin secretion according to the age only in the overload test. The insulin and glucose areas in the overweight child is statistically bigger than in the healthy child. We conclude that hyperinsulinism in obesity, may be related with a insuline-resistance and with some kind of glucose intolerance.", "contents": "[Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose in overweight children (author's transl)]. Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose are studied in a group of 30 overweight children aged between 2--12 years. The results are: An increase in insulin secretion according to the age only in the overload test. The insulin and glucose areas in the overweight child is statistically bigger than in the healthy child. We conclude that hyperinsulinism in obesity, may be related with a insuline-resistance and with some kind of glucose intolerance.", "PMID": 655511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6388", "title": "[Allergic granulomatous angitis. A report on 4 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe four new cases of allergic granulomatous angiitis presenting symptoms of bronchopneumonia with asthma, weight loss, and persistent fever. There was associated eosinophilia in each case, and the outcome was rapidly fatal. Autopsy confirmed the presence of characteristic lesions; necrotizing angitis, vein involvement, and extra-vascular granulomatous infiltration, mainly in the lungs and heart. The characteristic clinical, biological, and histological changes seen in Churg and Strauss's syndrome should enable differentiation from other granulomatous angititis affections, especially PAN. A different diagnostic approach is needed, however, as surgical biopsy of the lungs, and/or needle biopsy of the liver is necessary.", "contents": "[Allergic granulomatous angitis. A report on 4 cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe four new cases of allergic granulomatous angiitis presenting symptoms of bronchopneumonia with asthma, weight loss, and persistent fever. There was associated eosinophilia in each case, and the outcome was rapidly fatal. Autopsy confirmed the presence of characteristic lesions; necrotizing angitis, vein involvement, and extra-vascular granulomatous infiltration, mainly in the lungs and heart. The characteristic clinical, biological, and histological changes seen in Churg and Strauss's syndrome should enable differentiation from other granulomatous angititis affections, especially PAN. A different diagnostic approach is needed, however, as surgical biopsy of the lungs, and/or needle biopsy of the liver is necessary.", "PMID": 655512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6389", "title": "[Cases of acute leukaemia following immunosuppressive therapy for disseminated sclerosis and for Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of two personal cases of acute leukaemia occurring following immunosuppressive therapy for disseminated sclerosis and for Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, the literature is reviewed. Thirty three similar detailed cases were collected. They are characterised in general by the prolonged use of immunosuppression. The acute leukaemia affected the granulocyte series in the majority of cases. In 30%; the leukaemia was preceded by a phase of several months of preleukaemic type dysmyelopoiesis. The mechanisms of action explaining this carcinogenic risk in a general way are multiple: the role of marrow aplasia, chromosomal abnormalities, the activation of a leukaemogenic virus, the role of immunodepression and that of repeated antigenic stimulation may all be discussed. The risks associated with such treatment should thus be borne in mind when evaluating its indications.", "contents": "[Cases of acute leukaemia following immunosuppressive therapy for disseminated sclerosis and for Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (author's transl)]. On the basis of two personal cases of acute leukaemia occurring following immunosuppressive therapy for disseminated sclerosis and for Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, the literature is reviewed. Thirty three similar detailed cases were collected. They are characterised in general by the prolonged use of immunosuppression. The acute leukaemia affected the granulocyte series in the majority of cases. In 30%; the leukaemia was preceded by a phase of several months of preleukaemic type dysmyelopoiesis. The mechanisms of action explaining this carcinogenic risk in a general way are multiple: the role of marrow aplasia, chromosomal abnormalities, the activation of a leukaemogenic virus, the role of immunodepression and that of repeated antigenic stimulation may all be discussed. The risks associated with such treatment should thus be borne in mind when evaluating its indications.", "PMID": 655513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6390", "title": "Route of absorption of drug and ointment after application to the eye.", "content": "Chloramphenicol, tetracycline hydrochloride, sodium sulfacetamide, and fluorescein sodium prepared in both aqueous solutions and ointments were placed in the conjunctival sac of humans. Each drug soon was tasted in the back of the mouth with no difference being noticed with the use of aqueous solution or ointment. Tetracycline and fluorescein studies showed that systemic absorption were similar regardless of whether solution or ointment were used. Furthermore, it was found that the ointment passed through the lacrimal drainage system and into the nose and throat. The ocular contact time of ointment with the eye is greater than that of water, and ointment is much more slowly absorbed via the lacrimal drainage system. Both the drugs and the ointment base applied topically to the eye travel through the nasolacrimal system as the way of elimination when given in the small volumes that are held by the conjunctival sac.", "contents": "Route of absorption of drug and ointment after application to the eye. Chloramphenicol, tetracycline hydrochloride, sodium sulfacetamide, and fluorescein sodium prepared in both aqueous solutions and ointments were placed in the conjunctival sac of humans. Each drug soon was tasted in the back of the mouth with no difference being noticed with the use of aqueous solution or ointment. Tetracycline and fluorescein studies showed that systemic absorption were similar regardless of whether solution or ointment were used. Furthermore, it was found that the ointment passed through the lacrimal drainage system and into the nose and throat. The ocular contact time of ointment with the eye is greater than that of water, and ointment is much more slowly absorbed via the lacrimal drainage system. Both the drugs and the ointment base applied topically to the eye travel through the nasolacrimal system as the way of elimination when given in the small volumes that are held by the conjunctival sac.", "PMID": 655537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6391", "title": "Intravitreal cephalothin in experimental staphylococcal endophthalmitis.", "content": "Intravitreal cephalothin was used to treat experimentally induced bacterial endophthalmitis in rabbit eyes. A dose of 2 mg and less was apparently nontoxic to all intraocular structures. Thirty-two hours after injection of a 2 mg dose, the level remaining in the vitreous was above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most susceptible organisms. Treatment of experimentally induced staphylococcal infections of the vitreous was successful with early intravitreal injection. When therapy was delayed, vitreous bands and posterior lens cataracts developed. Eyes of control animals receiving intramuscular and subconjunctival injections of cephalothin all progressed to phthisis bulbi.", "contents": "Intravitreal cephalothin in experimental staphylococcal endophthalmitis. Intravitreal cephalothin was used to treat experimentally induced bacterial endophthalmitis in rabbit eyes. A dose of 2 mg and less was apparently nontoxic to all intraocular structures. Thirty-two hours after injection of a 2 mg dose, the level remaining in the vitreous was above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most susceptible organisms. Treatment of experimentally induced staphylococcal infections of the vitreous was successful with early intravitreal injection. When therapy was delayed, vitreous bands and posterior lens cataracts developed. Eyes of control animals receiving intramuscular and subconjunctival injections of cephalothin all progressed to phthisis bulbi.", "PMID": 655538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6392", "title": "Introduction of the ocusert ocular system to an ophthalmic practice.", "content": "This study, on a sample of 81 patients, was primarily shortterm. The objectives were to determine what type of patient would be successful on the Ocusert; to see if we had similar pressure control with the Ocusert as with drops; and to see if the advantages were obvious to our patients. We found that 56% of our patients could wear the unit successfully (after 3 months of study). The major reasons for discontinuing the Ocusert were discomfort and retention, but age was also a significant factor to success. We found the most critical period of adjustment was the first 2 weeks. It was found that 46% of the group stayed in the smae pressure range, 30% moved to a lower pressure range, and 24% moved to a higher category of intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Introduction of the ocusert ocular system to an ophthalmic practice. This study, on a sample of 81 patients, was primarily shortterm. The objectives were to determine what type of patient would be successful on the Ocusert; to see if we had similar pressure control with the Ocusert as with drops; and to see if the advantages were obvious to our patients. We found that 56% of our patients could wear the unit successfully (after 3 months of study). The major reasons for discontinuing the Ocusert were discomfort and retention, but age was also a significant factor to success. We found the most critical period of adjustment was the first 2 weeks. It was found that 46% of the group stayed in the smae pressure range, 30% moved to a lower pressure range, and 24% moved to a higher category of intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 655539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6393", "title": "The conjunctival flora of nursing home patients and staff.", "content": "Conjunctival cultures were obtained on 118 patients and 59 staff members of a nursing home. The bacteria found and the sensitivities of the pathologic bacteria are related. Twenty-eight of the 118 patients had enteric organisms in their conjunctival sacs while none of the staff had these organisms.", "contents": "The conjunctival flora of nursing home patients and staff. Conjunctival cultures were obtained on 118 patients and 59 staff members of a nursing home. The bacteria found and the sensitivities of the pathologic bacteria are related. Twenty-eight of the 118 patients had enteric organisms in their conjunctival sacs while none of the staff had these organisms.", "PMID": 655540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6394", "title": "Acute corneal calcification.", "content": "This case report describes acute unilateral calcium deposition in the central cornea of a uremic patient with corneal exposure. A mechanism of calcium deposition is discussed. It is suggested that a high calcium-phosphorus product, combined with local factors secondary to injury of the exposed corneal epithelial cells, helped to trigger rapid and dense calcification. Details of the removal technique are presented. Constant irrigation of freshly prepared chelating agent combined with vigorous and frequent massage of residual deposits is necessary to completely remove dense concentrations of calcium.", "contents": "Acute corneal calcification. This case report describes acute unilateral calcium deposition in the central cornea of a uremic patient with corneal exposure. A mechanism of calcium deposition is discussed. It is suggested that a high calcium-phosphorus product, combined with local factors secondary to injury of the exposed corneal epithelial cells, helped to trigger rapid and dense calcification. Details of the removal technique are presented. Constant irrigation of freshly prepared chelating agent combined with vigorous and frequent massage of residual deposits is necessary to completely remove dense concentrations of calcium.", "PMID": 655542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6395", "title": "[Technical details concerning vidian neurectomy by intranasal approach].", "content": "In the period between May 1975 and 1976, 196 operations were carried out with an approach via the pterygomaxillary fossa, the majority for neurectomy of the vidian nerve in cases of vasomotor rhinitis or ethmoid polyposis. Other cases included neurectomy of the nerve of Bock in cases of obstructive tubaritis. The ease, precision and minimal operative trauma of this approach in comparison with the transmaxillary was the motive which led to an increase in our indications for surgery of the pterygomaxillary fossa. The experience acquired has led to the development of a routine procedure. This routine method is limited in the sense that note must be taken of a surgical field which is too narrow to work blind. It involves three risks: uncontrollable bleeding, functional failure if the nerve is not sectioned and possible ophthalmological complications.", "contents": "[Technical details concerning vidian neurectomy by intranasal approach]. In the period between May 1975 and 1976, 196 operations were carried out with an approach via the pterygomaxillary fossa, the majority for neurectomy of the vidian nerve in cases of vasomotor rhinitis or ethmoid polyposis. Other cases included neurectomy of the nerve of Bock in cases of obstructive tubaritis. The ease, precision and minimal operative trauma of this approach in comparison with the transmaxillary was the motive which led to an increase in our indications for surgery of the pterygomaxillary fossa. The experience acquired has led to the development of a routine procedure. This routine method is limited in the sense that note must be taken of a surgical field which is too narrow to work blind. It involves three risks: uncontrollable bleeding, functional failure if the nerve is not sectioned and possible ophthalmological complications.", "PMID": 655557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6396", "title": "[Objective audiometry by recording of early and middle-latency auditory evoked potentials using an external method].", "content": "The bio-electric potentials induced by a stimulus in the cochlea and the various structures of the auditory pathways of the brain stem and the primary auditory cortex may be collected using an external method. The authors frequently emply in clinical practice early components, which correspond to the cochlea response in the cochlear nucleus of the medulla, in the olive of the pons and the posterior quadrigeminal tubercle, and middle latency components, sub-cortico-cortical potentials generated in the thalamus and the primary auditory cortex. Combined use of early and middle latency components makes it possible, without preparation and with simple sedation in the child, to obtain an objective determination of threshold. In oto-neurology, this examination provides appraciable information concerning lesions in the auditory pathways: acoustic neuroma, brain stem tumour, multiple sclerosis, central deafness in patients with cerebral motor insufficiency.", "contents": "[Objective audiometry by recording of early and middle-latency auditory evoked potentials using an external method]. The bio-electric potentials induced by a stimulus in the cochlea and the various structures of the auditory pathways of the brain stem and the primary auditory cortex may be collected using an external method. The authors frequently emply in clinical practice early components, which correspond to the cochlea response in the cochlear nucleus of the medulla, in the olive of the pons and the posterior quadrigeminal tubercle, and middle latency components, sub-cortico-cortical potentials generated in the thalamus and the primary auditory cortex. Combined use of early and middle latency components makes it possible, without preparation and with simple sedation in the child, to obtain an objective determination of threshold. In oto-neurology, this examination provides appraciable information concerning lesions in the auditory pathways: acoustic neuroma, brain stem tumour, multiple sclerosis, central deafness in patients with cerebral motor insufficiency.", "PMID": 655560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6397", "title": "Further observations on posterior ampullary nerve transection for positional vertigo.", "content": "An evaluation was made on ten patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in whom transection of the posterior ampullary nerve was performed by the middle ear approach under local anesthesia. The undermost ear in the provocative test position was selected for surgery. All ten patients were relieved of positional vertigo by the procedure. Of the five patients who were relieved of BPPV by posterior ampullary nerve transection prior to 1974, the long-term follow-up on four revealed continued relief of vertigo. Five additional patients treated by this surgical procedure since 1975 have also experienced relief from BPPV, but a moderate sensorineural hearing loss occurred in one patient. Two additional patients with BPPV were explored surgically but the singular canal could not be located. Persistence of the vertigo in these two patients strengthens the conclusion that the posterior semicircular canal sense organ is largely responsible for BPPV.", "contents": "Further observations on posterior ampullary nerve transection for positional vertigo. An evaluation was made on ten patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in whom transection of the posterior ampullary nerve was performed by the middle ear approach under local anesthesia. The undermost ear in the provocative test position was selected for surgery. All ten patients were relieved of positional vertigo by the procedure. Of the five patients who were relieved of BPPV by posterior ampullary nerve transection prior to 1974, the long-term follow-up on four revealed continued relief of vertigo. Five additional patients treated by this surgical procedure since 1975 have also experienced relief from BPPV, but a moderate sensorineural hearing loss occurred in one patient. Two additional patients with BPPV were explored surgically but the singular canal could not be located. Persistence of the vertigo in these two patients strengthens the conclusion that the posterior semicircular canal sense organ is largely responsible for BPPV.", "PMID": 655566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6398", "title": "Flexible bronchoscopy in nonvisualized carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Of 1,000 consecutive patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 331 eventually were proven to have primary lung cancer. Of the 331 carcinomas, 253 were beyond the visual range of the flexible bronchoscope. However, under fluoroscopic guidance, the diagnosis of carcinoma was established in 194 (76.7%) of these nonvisualized tumors. Cytologic analysis of brush specimens was more often positive for malignancy than specimens obtained by forceps biopsy. An expert cytologist and experienced bronchoscopy team are esential for a high percentage of reliable positive diagnoses in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Flexible bronchoscopy in nonvisualized carcinoma of the lung. Of 1,000 consecutive patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 331 eventually were proven to have primary lung cancer. Of the 331 carcinomas, 253 were beyond the visual range of the flexible bronchoscope. However, under fluoroscopic guidance, the diagnosis of carcinoma was established in 194 (76.7%) of these nonvisualized tumors. Cytologic analysis of brush specimens was more often positive for malignancy than specimens obtained by forceps biopsy. An expert cytologist and experienced bronchoscopy team are esential for a high percentage of reliable positive diagnoses in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 655567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6399", "title": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Report of its occurrence in two siblings with retropharyngeal involvement in both.", "content": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) was found in two siblings, both of whom had retropharyngeal involvement. In one of the children the retropharyngeal swelling appeared to produce obstructive symptoms, requiring excision of the involved lymph nodes. These cases appear to constitute not only the first proven familial occurrence of SHML but also the only reported instances of retropharyngeal involvement. SHML is an uncommon disease of unknown etiology that must be distinguished from other diseases associated with marked lymphadenopathy, particularly as its course is generally benign and not altered by any known form of medical treatment.", "contents": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Report of its occurrence in two siblings with retropharyngeal involvement in both. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) was found in two siblings, both of whom had retropharyngeal involvement. In one of the children the retropharyngeal swelling appeared to produce obstructive symptoms, requiring excision of the involved lymph nodes. These cases appear to constitute not only the first proven familial occurrence of SHML but also the only reported instances of retropharyngeal involvement. SHML is an uncommon disease of unknown etiology that must be distinguished from other diseases associated with marked lymphadenopathy, particularly as its course is generally benign and not altered by any known form of medical treatment.", "PMID": 655569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6400", "title": "Study of spastic dysphonia using videofiberoptic laryngoscopy.", "content": "Spastic dysphonia is a speech disorder, characterized by a \"strangled voice quality,\" irregularly occuring phonatory arrests, and a jerky pattern of speech. This is often extremely disruptive to the patient's ability to communicate. Two cases are presented in which a new technique, videofiberoptic laryngoscopy, was employed in the study of these patients. The characteristic laryngeal behavior of this disorder is documented and recorded, particularly noting the increase in supraglottic activity and how different vocal maneuvers alter this activity.", "contents": "Study of spastic dysphonia using videofiberoptic laryngoscopy. Spastic dysphonia is a speech disorder, characterized by a \"strangled voice quality,\" irregularly occuring phonatory arrests, and a jerky pattern of speech. This is often extremely disruptive to the patient's ability to communicate. Two cases are presented in which a new technique, videofiberoptic laryngoscopy, was employed in the study of these patients. The characteristic laryngeal behavior of this disorder is documented and recorded, particularly noting the increase in supraglottic activity and how different vocal maneuvers alter this activity.", "PMID": 655568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6401", "title": "Head and neck manifestations of scleroderma.", "content": "Scleroderma has rarely been discussed in the otolaryngologic literature. A review of the records of 71 scleroderma patients admitted to UCLA Hospital during the past five years indicates that head and neck manifestations are common, occurring in 80% of these patients. The initial symptoms in 30% among them were related to the head and neck. It is the purpose of this paper to familiarize otolaryngologists with scleroderma. Although it has not been emphasized in the past, this is a disease whose early symptoms and findings may require otolaryngologic consultation and whose later course is characterized by head and neck symptoms and findings in the overwhelming majority of patients.", "contents": "Head and neck manifestations of scleroderma. Scleroderma has rarely been discussed in the otolaryngologic literature. A review of the records of 71 scleroderma patients admitted to UCLA Hospital during the past five years indicates that head and neck manifestations are common, occurring in 80% of these patients. The initial symptoms in 30% among them were related to the head and neck. It is the purpose of this paper to familiarize otolaryngologists with scleroderma. Although it has not been emphasized in the past, this is a disease whose early symptoms and findings may require otolaryngologic consultation and whose later course is characterized by head and neck symptoms and findings in the overwhelming majority of patients.", "PMID": 655570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6402", "title": "Size of bony labyrinth of human infant and adult compared to that in certain animals.", "content": "Comparative anatomic studies of the bony labyrinths of humans and those of a full grown pony, zebra, grizzly bear, seal and domestic cow were performed. Fusible metal was injected into the labyrinths and the resultant casts were then measured. The similarities and differences were noted and discussed.", "contents": "Size of bony labyrinth of human infant and adult compared to that in certain animals. Comparative anatomic studies of the bony labyrinths of humans and those of a full grown pony, zebra, grizzly bear, seal and domestic cow were performed. Fusible metal was injected into the labyrinths and the resultant casts were then measured. The similarities and differences were noted and discussed.", "PMID": 655573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6403", "title": "Perilymphatic oxygen tension and vasoactive drugs.", "content": "The oxygenation of the perilymph in response to the intravenous injection of vasoactive drugs has been measured in 67 cats using the polarographic method. Of all drugs used, only angiotensin induced a significant raise of perilymphatic PO2. Histamine, 50% glycerol and 7% Na2CO2 reduced the perilymphatic PO2. Papaverine, furosemid, pyridylcarbinol, naftidrofuryl and low molecular dextran have no significant effect upon the perilymphatic oxygen tension. Rapid changes of systemic blood pressure were found to correlate with subsequent modifications of the oxygen tension in the perilymphatic space.", "contents": "Perilymphatic oxygen tension and vasoactive drugs. The oxygenation of the perilymph in response to the intravenous injection of vasoactive drugs has been measured in 67 cats using the polarographic method. Of all drugs used, only angiotensin induced a significant raise of perilymphatic PO2. Histamine, 50% glycerol and 7% Na2CO2 reduced the perilymphatic PO2. Papaverine, furosemid, pyridylcarbinol, naftidrofuryl and low molecular dextran have no significant effect upon the perilymphatic oxygen tension. Rapid changes of systemic blood pressure were found to correlate with subsequent modifications of the oxygen tension in the perilymphatic space.", "PMID": 655575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6404", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of postnatal bone growth in the auditory ossicles of the dog.", "content": "The postnatal bone growth (appositional and internal) in the auditory ossicles and in the tibia of three mongrel dogs was studied by means of tetracycline and alizarin labeling. The appositional growth is characterized by an increase in the external dimensions of the auditory ossicles within the first month of postnatal life. No trace of bone deposition was found after this period of time. The patterns of internal growth are: 1) the rate of primary osteon formation shows the same value in the incus and malleus; 2) these values are always less than those in the primary osteons of the diaphysis of the tibia of the same dog; 3) the time required for the formation of these osteons in the auditory ossicles, like in the other parts of the skeleton, increases significantly with age.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of postnatal bone growth in the auditory ossicles of the dog. The postnatal bone growth (appositional and internal) in the auditory ossicles and in the tibia of three mongrel dogs was studied by means of tetracycline and alizarin labeling. The appositional growth is characterized by an increase in the external dimensions of the auditory ossicles within the first month of postnatal life. No trace of bone deposition was found after this period of time. The patterns of internal growth are: 1) the rate of primary osteon formation shows the same value in the incus and malleus; 2) these values are always less than those in the primary osteons of the diaphysis of the tibia of the same dog; 3) the time required for the formation of these osteons in the auditory ossicles, like in the other parts of the skeleton, increases significantly with age.", "PMID": 655576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6405", "title": "Hemangioma of the nasal bones: radiographic appearance.", "content": "Four additional cases of hemangioma involving the nasal bones are presented, bringing the reported cases to 15. The radiographic findings of nasal bone hemangioma are distinctive, permitting easy diagnosis. Hemangioma involving the nasal bones may result in a reticular or \"soap bubble\" osteoporosis, spiculation, bone thickening, or a channelled appearance of the nasal bone. Treatment is by local excision.", "contents": "Hemangioma of the nasal bones: radiographic appearance. Four additional cases of hemangioma involving the nasal bones are presented, bringing the reported cases to 15. The radiographic findings of nasal bone hemangioma are distinctive, permitting easy diagnosis. Hemangioma involving the nasal bones may result in a reticular or \"soap bubble\" osteoporosis, spiculation, bone thickening, or a channelled appearance of the nasal bone. Treatment is by local excision.", "PMID": 655574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6406", "title": "Combined flap-wire reconstruction of the oral cavity.", "content": "The concept of immediate reconstruction for head and neck defects following tumor resection provides the impetus for the development of new reconstructive techniques. In this article, the authors describe the evolution of local and regional flaps and the more recent use of composite tissues. The application of a combined forehead-deltopectoral flap and Kirschner wire for the reconstruction of a large defect involving the oral cavity, mandible and facial-cervical skin is presented in a case report and evaluated as to its efficacy in the treatment of head and neck cancer.", "contents": "Combined flap-wire reconstruction of the oral cavity. The concept of immediate reconstruction for head and neck defects following tumor resection provides the impetus for the development of new reconstructive techniques. In this article, the authors describe the evolution of local and regional flaps and the more recent use of composite tissues. The application of a combined forehead-deltopectoral flap and Kirschner wire for the reconstruction of a large defect involving the oral cavity, mandible and facial-cervical skin is presented in a case report and evaluated as to its efficacy in the treatment of head and neck cancer.", "PMID": 655571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6407", "title": "Surgical treatment of congenital choanal atresia.", "content": "In a follow-up, 2 to 27 years postoperatively, of 43 patients with unilateral choanal atresia a high frequency of relapses was observed. In 47% of the cases, preoperative symptoms had reappeared, and in 84% scar tissue had reduced the choanal opening to less than half of normal size. In most of the patients a transpalatinal approach was used, either ad modum Ruddy, Wilson or Owens. In order to improve the results, the surgical method and the postoperative treatment were changed in a new series of 15 patients with unilateral atresia. These patients, 6 to 26 years of age, were operated on by a transplantinal approach during two months in the autumn of 1974. After removal of the atresia, the posterior part of the nasal cavity was modeled, with a dental drill, to increasing diameter towards epipharynx. To keep the opening patent a PVC tube was left in the choana for six weeks postoperatively. The results were encouraging. Two and a half years after the operation there were no relapses.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of congenital choanal atresia. In a follow-up, 2 to 27 years postoperatively, of 43 patients with unilateral choanal atresia a high frequency of relapses was observed. In 47% of the cases, preoperative symptoms had reappeared, and in 84% scar tissue had reduced the choanal opening to less than half of normal size. In most of the patients a transpalatinal approach was used, either ad modum Ruddy, Wilson or Owens. In order to improve the results, the surgical method and the postoperative treatment were changed in a new series of 15 patients with unilateral atresia. These patients, 6 to 26 years of age, were operated on by a transplantinal approach during two months in the autumn of 1974. After removal of the atresia, the posterior part of the nasal cavity was modeled, with a dental drill, to increasing diameter towards epipharynx. To keep the opening patent a PVC tube was left in the choana for six weeks postoperatively. The results were encouraging. Two and a half years after the operation there were no relapses.", "PMID": 655572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6408", "title": "Vocal cord paralysis and thyroid surgery.", "content": "A technique used to identify the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is presented. The author has used this technique in 12 cases and found it superior to other techniques that he has tried.", "contents": "Vocal cord paralysis and thyroid surgery. A technique used to identify the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is presented. The author has used this technique in 12 cases and found it superior to other techniques that he has tried.", "PMID": 655578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6409", "title": "Alcohol and the oculomotor system.", "content": "The influence of alcohol on the oculomotor system was observed by means of the caloric eye tracking pattern (CETP) test, the visual suppression test on caloric nystagmus, and the positional nystagmus, eye tracking and gaze nystagmus tests. In Group A (nine cases whose CETP before the intake of alcohol was normal), the influence of alcohol consumption appeared regularly and consistently in the following order: abnormality of CEPT greater than or equal to positional alcohol nystagmus greater than or equal to abnormality of the eye tracking pattern greater than or equal to alcohol gaze nystagmus. On the contrary, in Group B (eight cases whose CETP before the consumption of alcohol was already abnormal), with one exception, the regularity noted in Group A was not observed. This phenomenon may be attributable to the presence of latent disorders of the oculomotor system. In both groups, the duration of the caloric nystagmus itself was slightly shortened and its amplitude somewhat suppressed after the consumption of alcohol. The results were confirmed by experiments in which the subjects kept their eyes open in darkness. On the other hand, when the eyes were kept open in light surroundings, the duration and amplitude of the caloric nystagmus were exaggerated in appearance because the mechanism of visual suppression was disturbed by alcohol.", "contents": "Alcohol and the oculomotor system. The influence of alcohol on the oculomotor system was observed by means of the caloric eye tracking pattern (CETP) test, the visual suppression test on caloric nystagmus, and the positional nystagmus, eye tracking and gaze nystagmus tests. In Group A (nine cases whose CETP before the intake of alcohol was normal), the influence of alcohol consumption appeared regularly and consistently in the following order: abnormality of CEPT greater than or equal to positional alcohol nystagmus greater than or equal to abnormality of the eye tracking pattern greater than or equal to alcohol gaze nystagmus. On the contrary, in Group B (eight cases whose CETP before the consumption of alcohol was already abnormal), with one exception, the regularity noted in Group A was not observed. This phenomenon may be attributable to the presence of latent disorders of the oculomotor system. In both groups, the duration of the caloric nystagmus itself was slightly shortened and its amplitude somewhat suppressed after the consumption of alcohol. The results were confirmed by experiments in which the subjects kept their eyes open in darkness. On the other hand, when the eyes were kept open in light surroundings, the duration and amplitude of the caloric nystagmus were exaggerated in appearance because the mechanism of visual suppression was disturbed by alcohol.", "PMID": 655580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6410", "title": "Estimate of vitamin A in the guinea pig cochlea.", "content": "Microfluorometric estimates of the membranous structures of the freeze-dried guinea pig cochlea have demonstrated that vitamin A is present in these tissues at a concentration of 21.2 microgram/gm (SD +/- 4.77 microgram) which is approximately ten times the vitamin A concentration in most other tissues.", "contents": "Estimate of vitamin A in the guinea pig cochlea. Microfluorometric estimates of the membranous structures of the freeze-dried guinea pig cochlea have demonstrated that vitamin A is present in these tissues at a concentration of 21.2 microgram/gm (SD +/- 4.77 microgram) which is approximately ten times the vitamin A concentration in most other tissues.", "PMID": 655577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6411", "title": "Temporal bone findings in hemifacial microsomia.", "content": "The temporal bone findings in a case of hemifacial microsomia are described with photographs. The right facial hypoplasia was associated with anophthalmia and microtia on the same side. The right petrous bone was hypoplastic and showed total superior dehiscence of the internal acoustic meatus. Th otic capsule was deformed with an underdeveloped cochlear modiolus grossly deficient in spiral ganglion population. The spiralling cochlear shell showed partial deficiency of the interscalar septum between the middle and apical coils. The cochlear duct was shorter than that on the normal side; the organ of Corti however was normal. The vestibular system did not show any structural abnormality except for the degeneration and reduction of the Scarpa's ganglion cells and nerve fibers. An additional interesting fact was that the facial nerve was totally absent in the temporal bone except for its nervus intermedius component.", "contents": "Temporal bone findings in hemifacial microsomia. The temporal bone findings in a case of hemifacial microsomia are described with photographs. The right facial hypoplasia was associated with anophthalmia and microtia on the same side. The right petrous bone was hypoplastic and showed total superior dehiscence of the internal acoustic meatus. Th otic capsule was deformed with an underdeveloped cochlear modiolus grossly deficient in spiral ganglion population. The spiralling cochlear shell showed partial deficiency of the interscalar septum between the middle and apical coils. The cochlear duct was shorter than that on the normal side; the organ of Corti however was normal. The vestibular system did not show any structural abnormality except for the degeneration and reduction of the Scarpa's ganglion cells and nerve fibers. An additional interesting fact was that the facial nerve was totally absent in the temporal bone except for its nervus intermedius component.", "PMID": 655581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6412", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. A self-limited pseudotumoral palatal ulcer.", "content": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the palate, an enigmatic pseudomalignant penetrating ulcer, is a benign lesion which heals spontaneously in three to ten weeks. Relative painlessness contributes to patient delay in seeking medical attention, and suggest that many cases are subclinical. Clinically, the patient age group and morbid gross appearance mimic malignant palatal tumors. Lack of awareness of this entity has led to the misdiagnosis of carcinoma in several previous cases. However, the histopathologic features of sialadenitis, focal lobular necrosis with mucosal ulceration and glandular squamous metaplasia, are distinctly benign. A typical case and literature review are presented.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. A self-limited pseudotumoral palatal ulcer. Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the palate, an enigmatic pseudomalignant penetrating ulcer, is a benign lesion which heals spontaneously in three to ten weeks. Relative painlessness contributes to patient delay in seeking medical attention, and suggest that many cases are subclinical. Clinically, the patient age group and morbid gross appearance mimic malignant palatal tumors. Lack of awareness of this entity has led to the misdiagnosis of carcinoma in several previous cases. However, the histopathologic features of sialadenitis, focal lobular necrosis with mucosal ulceration and glandular squamous metaplasia, are distinctly benign. A typical case and literature review are presented.", "PMID": 655582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6413", "title": "Cricothyroid muscle in respiration.", "content": "Although the phonatory activity of cricothyroid muscle is well-known, its respiratory role often remains unrecognized. Recent data suggest this muscle plays a major role in the overall regulation of breathing by its control of expiratory resistance and flow. Cricothyroid contraction in expiration results in vocal elongation increasing glottic size. Such a mechanical effect reduces airway resistance and shortens expiratory duration. By such a mechanism, the rate of respiration may ultimately be modified using the larynx as the principal effector of this control. In this regard, cricothyroid expiratory activity is a pressure-sensitive evoked response influenced by afferent vagal stimuli. Its activity is triggered by a critical threshold of pressure-increase with respect to time, and its duration is directly dependent on the duration of positive subglottic pressure. The threshold of cricothyroid activation is reduced in hypercapnia and elevated in hypocapnic states.", "contents": "Cricothyroid muscle in respiration. Although the phonatory activity of cricothyroid muscle is well-known, its respiratory role often remains unrecognized. Recent data suggest this muscle plays a major role in the overall regulation of breathing by its control of expiratory resistance and flow. Cricothyroid contraction in expiration results in vocal elongation increasing glottic size. Such a mechanical effect reduces airway resistance and shortens expiratory duration. By such a mechanism, the rate of respiration may ultimately be modified using the larynx as the principal effector of this control. In this regard, cricothyroid expiratory activity is a pressure-sensitive evoked response influenced by afferent vagal stimuli. Its activity is triggered by a critical threshold of pressure-increase with respect to time, and its duration is directly dependent on the duration of positive subglottic pressure. The threshold of cricothyroid activation is reduced in hypercapnia and elevated in hypocapnic states.", "PMID": 655579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6414", "title": "Dysplastic epithelial changes in nasal polyps.", "content": "In 33 patients undergoing nasal polypectomy, severely dysplastic or intraepithelial malignancy was observed focally in the surface lining of these polyps. Follow-up on 29 of these patients showed that the changes did not recur or progress to invasive tumor, and that local excision was curative. Investigations as to the possible causation of such changes failed to provide any answers. Other hypotheses in relation to the pathogenesis and significance of these changes are put forward.", "contents": "Dysplastic epithelial changes in nasal polyps. In 33 patients undergoing nasal polypectomy, severely dysplastic or intraepithelial malignancy was observed focally in the surface lining of these polyps. Follow-up on 29 of these patients showed that the changes did not recur or progress to invasive tumor, and that local excision was curative. Investigations as to the possible causation of such changes failed to provide any answers. Other hypotheses in relation to the pathogenesis and significance of these changes are put forward.", "PMID": 655584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6415", "title": "Major immunoglobulin ratios in carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were determined on 245 patients with carcinoma of the head and neck and on 92 controls. Ratios of these levels were calculated for each subject. The patients with cancer demonstrated elevated serum IgA levels (P less than .0001) and elevated IgA/IgM and IgA/IgG ratios (P less than .05). No differences were noted when the IgM/IgG ratios were compared between the cancer and the control groups. These observations are offered as evidence that previously reported elevations of serum IgA levels in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck are not merely an index of nonspecific increased immunoglobulin production in these patients.", "contents": "Major immunoglobulin ratios in carcinoma of the head and neck. Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were determined on 245 patients with carcinoma of the head and neck and on 92 controls. Ratios of these levels were calculated for each subject. The patients with cancer demonstrated elevated serum IgA levels (P less than .0001) and elevated IgA/IgM and IgA/IgG ratios (P less than .05). No differences were noted when the IgM/IgG ratios were compared between the cancer and the control groups. These observations are offered as evidence that previously reported elevations of serum IgA levels in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck are not merely an index of nonspecific increased immunoglobulin production in these patients.", "PMID": 655583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6416", "title": "Lymphocyte morphology in mucoid middle ear effusions.", "content": "Cytologically, the mucoid middle ear effusions could be divided into a lymphocyte-monocyte type and a type where the granulocytes predominated. By alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE) staining procedure the T lymphocytes were found to make up the majority of lymphocytes in the first type, often accompanied by large numbers of ANAE-positive macrophages. In the second type the relative and particularly the absolute numbers of T cells were smaller. The T lymphocytes in aural effusions, distributed in agreement with their normal distribution in blood, could be the basis of possible delayed hypersensitivity immune mechanisms in the middle ear, but definite proof, either demonstrating receptor molecules directed to antigens or a specific response by T cells, is still lacking.", "contents": "Lymphocyte morphology in mucoid middle ear effusions. Cytologically, the mucoid middle ear effusions could be divided into a lymphocyte-monocyte type and a type where the granulocytes predominated. By alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE) staining procedure the T lymphocytes were found to make up the majority of lymphocytes in the first type, often accompanied by large numbers of ANAE-positive macrophages. In the second type the relative and particularly the absolute numbers of T cells were smaller. The T lymphocytes in aural effusions, distributed in agreement with their normal distribution in blood, could be the basis of possible delayed hypersensitivity immune mechanisms in the middle ear, but definite proof, either demonstrating receptor molecules directed to antigens or a specific response by T cells, is still lacking.", "PMID": 655585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6417", "title": "Human tympanic membrane--malleus attachment. Preliminary study.", "content": "The relationship between the malleus handle and the tympanic membrane in humans has been studied with primary attention being directed to the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane and its method of attachment to the malleus. This attachment is most intimate at the level of the umbo and becomes progressively more tenuous as the short process is approached. The long process of the malleus, comprised of a bony core, has a definite sleeve of cartilage surrounding its entire length. This cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrial layer which has previously been termed a periosteum. In the lower third, the fibrous lamina propria appears to split equally and the fibers then blend imperceptively with those of the perichondrial layer surrounding the manubrium. At high levels, the attachment is less intimate, most of the fibers appearing to pass lateral to the malleus handle. The embryologic development of the tympanic membrane-malleus junction has been considered and the anatomical features of this area have been considered in relation to functional requirements.", "contents": "Human tympanic membrane--malleus attachment. Preliminary study. The relationship between the malleus handle and the tympanic membrane in humans has been studied with primary attention being directed to the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane and its method of attachment to the malleus. This attachment is most intimate at the level of the umbo and becomes progressively more tenuous as the short process is approached. The long process of the malleus, comprised of a bony core, has a definite sleeve of cartilage surrounding its entire length. This cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrial layer which has previously been termed a periosteum. In the lower third, the fibrous lamina propria appears to split equally and the fibers then blend imperceptively with those of the perichondrial layer surrounding the manubrium. At high levels, the attachment is less intimate, most of the fibers appearing to pass lateral to the malleus handle. The embryologic development of the tympanic membrane-malleus junction has been considered and the anatomical features of this area have been considered in relation to functional requirements.", "PMID": 655586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6418", "title": "Reconstruction of the external ear using multiple burow's triangles.", "content": "Basal cell carcinoma of the auricle presents a challenge in both excision and reconstruction to the clinician. The folloing case report discusses and illustrates the use of controlled excision with assessment of margins and reconstruction using chondrocutaneous advancement flaps and multiple Burow's triangles.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the external ear using multiple burow's triangles. Basal cell carcinoma of the auricle presents a challenge in both excision and reconstruction to the clinician. The folloing case report discusses and illustrates the use of controlled excision with assessment of margins and reconstruction using chondrocutaneous advancement flaps and multiple Burow's triangles.", "PMID": 655587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6419", "title": "[Endocrine interrelationships of the thymus (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the interrelation between the thymus and the hypophyso-adrenal and hypophyso-testicular axes in male rats. In the first part of our work, we have essayed the plasma levels of testosterone, LH, corticosterone and ACTH in neonatally thymectomized or thymectomized and hypophysectomized animals. The results obtained allow us to conclude that there is an indirect action (via hypophysis) of the thymus on the testes and a direct action on the adrenals by the intermediary of one active extract. In the second part of our study we measured hormonal activity of the thymus in hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized or orchidectomized rats. The results obtained show that there is no effect of the testes on the thymus secretion; on the other hand the thymus is under the control of hypophysis and adrenals.", "contents": "[Endocrine interrelationships of the thymus (author's transl)]. We have studied the interrelation between the thymus and the hypophyso-adrenal and hypophyso-testicular axes in male rats. In the first part of our work, we have essayed the plasma levels of testosterone, LH, corticosterone and ACTH in neonatally thymectomized or thymectomized and hypophysectomized animals. The results obtained allow us to conclude that there is an indirect action (via hypophysis) of the thymus on the testes and a direct action on the adrenals by the intermediary of one active extract. In the second part of our study we measured hormonal activity of the thymus in hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized or orchidectomized rats. The results obtained show that there is no effect of the testes on the thymus secretion; on the other hand the thymus is under the control of hypophysis and adrenals.", "PMID": 655612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6420", "title": "Investigation of exposure to nickel and lung cancer mortality: case control study at aircraft engine factory.", "content": "A case-control mortality study was performed at an aircraft engine factory to assess the possible association between exposure to nickel-containing compounds and death from lung cancer. Forty-two non-salaried male workers who died of lung cancer from 1966 to 1976 were identified from a chronological registry of death certificates that has been maintained by the company's medical department. Each of the decedents was matched with the next two non-salaried decedents in the registry who were of the same sex and comparable age (+/- 10 years), and who died of causes other than cancer. Without knowledge of the workmen's identities or causes of death, one of the authors classified the deceased workmen as exposed or non-exposed to nickel compounds during their employment. The proportion of workmen who died of lung cancer and were exposed to nickel (11/42) was found to be equal to the proportion of workmen who died of non-cancerous causes and were exposed to nickel (22/84). This study indicates that workers in an aircraft engine factory who were chronically exposed to low atmospheric concentrations of presumably weakly carcinogenic nickel compounds did not have any apparent increase in the relative risk of mortality from lung cancer prior to treatment.", "contents": "Investigation of exposure to nickel and lung cancer mortality: case control study at aircraft engine factory. A case-control mortality study was performed at an aircraft engine factory to assess the possible association between exposure to nickel-containing compounds and death from lung cancer. Forty-two non-salaried male workers who died of lung cancer from 1966 to 1976 were identified from a chronological registry of death certificates that has been maintained by the company's medical department. Each of the decedents was matched with the next two non-salaried decedents in the registry who were of the same sex and comparable age (+/- 10 years), and who died of causes other than cancer. Without knowledge of the workmen's identities or causes of death, one of the authors classified the deceased workmen as exposed or non-exposed to nickel compounds during their employment. The proportion of workmen who died of lung cancer and were exposed to nickel (11/42) was found to be equal to the proportion of workmen who died of non-cancerous causes and were exposed to nickel (22/84). This study indicates that workers in an aircraft engine factory who were chronically exposed to low atmospheric concentrations of presumably weakly carcinogenic nickel compounds did not have any apparent increase in the relative risk of mortality from lung cancer prior to treatment.", "PMID": 655607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6421", "title": "Urine nickel concentrations in nickel-exposed workers.", "content": "Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for analyses of nickel concentrations in urine samples from nickel-exposed workers in 10 occupational groups and from non-exposed workers in two control groups. Mean concentrations of nickel in urine were greatest in workers who were exposed to inhalation of aerosols of soluble nickel salts (e.g., workers in nickel plating operations and in an electrolytic nickel refinery). Less marked increases in urine nickel concentrations were found in groups of metal sprayers, nickel battery workers, bench mechanics and are welders. No significant increases in mean concentrations of nickel were found in urine samples from workers who performed grinding, buffing and polishing of nickel-containing alloys or workers in a coal gasification plant who employed Raney nickel as a hydrogenation catalyst. Measurements of nickel concentrations in urine are more sensitive and practical than measurements of serum nickel concentrations for evaluation of nickel exposures in industrial workers.", "contents": "Urine nickel concentrations in nickel-exposed workers. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for analyses of nickel concentrations in urine samples from nickel-exposed workers in 10 occupational groups and from non-exposed workers in two control groups. Mean concentrations of nickel in urine were greatest in workers who were exposed to inhalation of aerosols of soluble nickel salts (e.g., workers in nickel plating operations and in an electrolytic nickel refinery). Less marked increases in urine nickel concentrations were found in groups of metal sprayers, nickel battery workers, bench mechanics and are welders. No significant increases in mean concentrations of nickel were found in urine samples from workers who performed grinding, buffing and polishing of nickel-containing alloys or workers in a coal gasification plant who employed Raney nickel as a hydrogenation catalyst. Measurements of nickel concentrations in urine are more sensitive and practical than measurements of serum nickel concentrations for evaluation of nickel exposures in industrial workers.", "PMID": 655606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6422", "title": "[Study of thyroxine synthesis in non-toxic goiters using dispersed thyroid cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The ability of thyroid tissue from non-toxic goiter to synthesis thyroid hormones was investigated by measuring 131 I-iodide incorporation in T4 in dispersed thyroid cell system. Dispersed thyroid cells were prepared by trypsinization from 5 pathological and 2 Normal thyroid specimens. The patients with non-toxic goiter were euthyroid or in mild hypothyroidism. The capacity of T4 synthesis was decreased in 4 cases and increased in 1 as compared to that of normal thyroid tissue. In one case, the impairement of T4 synthesis seemed to be related to the presence of thyralbumin as the major thyroid iodoprotein. In the 3 other cases with a decreased T4 synthesis, a good correlation was found between the capacity of T4 synthesis in dispersed thyroid cells and the thyroid activity in vivo (6 hr - 132 I-uptake). The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro data in the case showing an increased T4 synthesis could be explained by the difference in the iodide supply in vitro (5 X 10(-8) M) and in vivo (urinary iodide : 2 microgram/24 hr). Thyroid cell preparations may serve as an experimental model to confirm or invalidate the hypothesis of a defect of thyroid hormone synthesis in non-toxic goiters.", "contents": "[Study of thyroxine synthesis in non-toxic goiters using dispersed thyroid cells (author's transl)]. The ability of thyroid tissue from non-toxic goiter to synthesis thyroid hormones was investigated by measuring 131 I-iodide incorporation in T4 in dispersed thyroid cell system. Dispersed thyroid cells were prepared by trypsinization from 5 pathological and 2 Normal thyroid specimens. The patients with non-toxic goiter were euthyroid or in mild hypothyroidism. The capacity of T4 synthesis was decreased in 4 cases and increased in 1 as compared to that of normal thyroid tissue. In one case, the impairement of T4 synthesis seemed to be related to the presence of thyralbumin as the major thyroid iodoprotein. In the 3 other cases with a decreased T4 synthesis, a good correlation was found between the capacity of T4 synthesis in dispersed thyroid cells and the thyroid activity in vivo (6 hr - 132 I-uptake). The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro data in the case showing an increased T4 synthesis could be explained by the difference in the iodide supply in vitro (5 X 10(-8) M) and in vivo (urinary iodide : 2 microgram/24 hr). Thyroid cell preparations may serve as an experimental model to confirm or invalidate the hypothesis of a defect of thyroid hormone synthesis in non-toxic goiters.", "PMID": 655613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6423", "title": "The seial thrombin time in the diagnosis of consumptive coagulopathy.", "content": "Acute consumptive coagulopathy may be initiated by diverse events. It is frequently necessary to establish the diagnosis with urgency. Rational therapy can only be approached with knowledge of the relative impact the primary consumption exerts upon hemostasis as well as the effects of secondary fibrinolysis. A constellation of interlocking tests within the capability of the small laboratory is presented. This includes the prothrombin time, the activated partial thromboplastin time, the serial thrombin time, the heat precipitation fibrinogen level, the platelet count, red cell morphology, the levels of fibrin (fibrinogen) degradation products and selected factor assays. This series can be completed within 45 minutes. Interpretation, with particular emphasis upon the stage in the natural history of the process when evaluation is instituted, and underlying diseases which modify typical patterns are discussed. The discriminant function of the serial thrombin time is stressed.", "contents": "The seial thrombin time in the diagnosis of consumptive coagulopathy. Acute consumptive coagulopathy may be initiated by diverse events. It is frequently necessary to establish the diagnosis with urgency. Rational therapy can only be approached with knowledge of the relative impact the primary consumption exerts upon hemostasis as well as the effects of secondary fibrinolysis. A constellation of interlocking tests within the capability of the small laboratory is presented. This includes the prothrombin time, the activated partial thromboplastin time, the serial thrombin time, the heat precipitation fibrinogen level, the platelet count, red cell morphology, the levels of fibrin (fibrinogen) degradation products and selected factor assays. This series can be completed within 45 minutes. Interpretation, with particular emphasis upon the stage in the natural history of the process when evaluation is instituted, and underlying diseases which modify typical patterns are discussed. The discriminant function of the serial thrombin time is stressed.", "PMID": 655608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6424", "title": "[Interaction of TSH with human plasma membranes from normals and diseased thyroid glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Binding of TSH to plasma membranes purified from normal human thyroid gland is specific, saturable and dependent upon temperature, time, pH and salt concentration (standard assay conditions: 27 degrees C, 30 min, pH 7.8, 20 mM Tris). Displacement curve of 125I-TSH by unlabelled TSH shows a curvilinear relationship between B/F and B which can be interpreted by the presence of two sites with apparent binding constants about 5 nM and 500 nM and capacities of about 3 and 30 pmol/mg membrane protein, respectively. Systematic study of binding characteristics of membranes from 6 normal glands, 7 euthyroid multinodular goitres, 14 Graves' goitres and 2 toxic nodules do not show difference in the dissociation constants and capacities of sites between normal and diseased thyroid and between nodular and perinodular tissue in toxic nodules.", "contents": "[Interaction of TSH with human plasma membranes from normals and diseased thyroid glands (author's transl)]. Binding of TSH to plasma membranes purified from normal human thyroid gland is specific, saturable and dependent upon temperature, time, pH and salt concentration (standard assay conditions: 27 degrees C, 30 min, pH 7.8, 20 mM Tris). Displacement curve of 125I-TSH by unlabelled TSH shows a curvilinear relationship between B/F and B which can be interpreted by the presence of two sites with apparent binding constants about 5 nM and 500 nM and capacities of about 3 and 30 pmol/mg membrane protein, respectively. Systematic study of binding characteristics of membranes from 6 normal glands, 7 euthyroid multinodular goitres, 14 Graves' goitres and 2 toxic nodules do not show difference in the dissociation constants and capacities of sites between normal and diseased thyroid and between nodular and perinodular tissue in toxic nodules.", "PMID": 655614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6425", "title": "Protein binding of drugs.", "content": "Basic considerations involved in the interaction of drugs with proteins are reviewed. The important role of the concentration of unbound drug in determining therapeutic and toxicologic effects is emphasized. Ultra-filtration is suggested to be the method of choice for the determination of concentrations of unbound drug in plasma in clinical practice.", "contents": "Protein binding of drugs. Basic considerations involved in the interaction of drugs with proteins are reviewed. The important role of the concentration of unbound drug in determining therapeutic and toxicologic effects is emphasized. Ultra-filtration is suggested to be the method of choice for the determination of concentrations of unbound drug in plasma in clinical practice.", "PMID": 655609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6426", "title": "[Interference of T4 in different serum T3 radioimmunologic determination kits].", "content": "The cross reactivity of T3 antibodies for T4 was studied with five T3 RIA kits. T4 used was provided from T4 RIA Kits (Abbot Beckman, Corning). The results are shown on the table indicating the concentration of T3 or T4 required to displace 50% of the T3 125 from anti T3. The cross reactivity for T4 of T3 antibodies from Lepetit and Phadebas was the same and was smaller than cross reactivity with the other laboratories. In clinical practice serum T4 levels of hypo and euthyroid subjects are not so high to false T3 determination. In hyperthyroid subjects the diagnosis cannot be influenced by this cross reactivity. However, the study of the kinetic and monodeiodination of T4 into T3 may be wrong when T4/T3 ratio increases.", "contents": "[Interference of T4 in different serum T3 radioimmunologic determination kits]. The cross reactivity of T3 antibodies for T4 was studied with five T3 RIA kits. T4 used was provided from T4 RIA Kits (Abbot Beckman, Corning). The results are shown on the table indicating the concentration of T3 or T4 required to displace 50% of the T3 125 from anti T3. The cross reactivity for T4 of T3 antibodies from Lepetit and Phadebas was the same and was smaller than cross reactivity with the other laboratories. In clinical practice serum T4 levels of hypo and euthyroid subjects are not so high to false T3 determination. In hyperthyroid subjects the diagnosis cannot be influenced by this cross reactivity. However, the study of the kinetic and monodeiodination of T4 into T3 may be wrong when T4/T3 ratio increases.", "PMID": 655615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6427", "title": "Standardization of serum protein analyses.", "content": "A brief historical review is presented of the development of bovine serum albumin as a standard for the determination of serum total protein. Bovine serum albumin is now available as a standard reference material from the National Bureau of Standards. Also reviewed is the present status of the immunoglobulin standards.", "contents": "Standardization of serum protein analyses. A brief historical review is presented of the development of bovine serum albumin as a standard for the determination of serum total protein. Bovine serum albumin is now available as a standard reference material from the National Bureau of Standards. Also reviewed is the present status of the immunoglobulin standards.", "PMID": 655610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6428", "title": "[In vitro synthesis of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase (author's transl)].", "content": "3,5,3'-triiodotyronine formation was studied in vitro after iodination of goiter thyroglobulin catalyzed by purified thyroid peroxidase. A fractionnal number of T3 is always obtained per mole of thyroglobulin in both in vitro and in vivo. This result cannot be explained by a heterogeneity in thyroglobulin iodination or in a partial conversion of T3 to T4. It is suggested that thyroglobulin is heterogenous either in its primary sequence or in its teritiary configuration. Thyroglobulin contains tyrosine residues which are specific for the T3 formation and moreover T3 is not the precursor of T4. The efficiency of T3 formation was studied: the maximal number of T3 molecules is obtained with 30 iodine atoms per mole of thyroglobulin. In addition the results suggest that the tyrosines which are coupled with a high efficiency are iodinated sequentially.", "contents": "[In vitro synthesis of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase (author's transl)]. 3,5,3'-triiodotyronine formation was studied in vitro after iodination of goiter thyroglobulin catalyzed by purified thyroid peroxidase. A fractionnal number of T3 is always obtained per mole of thyroglobulin in both in vitro and in vivo. This result cannot be explained by a heterogeneity in thyroglobulin iodination or in a partial conversion of T3 to T4. It is suggested that thyroglobulin is heterogenous either in its primary sequence or in its teritiary configuration. Thyroglobulin contains tyrosine residues which are specific for the T3 formation and moreover T3 is not the precursor of T4. The efficiency of T3 formation was studied: the maximal number of T3 molecules is obtained with 30 iodine atoms per mole of thyroglobulin. In addition the results suggest that the tyrosines which are coupled with a high efficiency are iodinated sequentially.", "PMID": 655617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6429", "title": "[Fetal and neonatal triiodothyronine (author's transl)].", "content": "Thyroid hormones of amniotic fluids give informations about their presence in the fetus. T3 and T4, determined by radioimmunoassay, are found as soon as 12 weeks of gestation. Their amounts are higher at 17 weeks than at 30-40 weeks of gestation. Thyroid tissues of premature and full term neonates were analysed by chromatography after hydrolysis and 127I determined. T3 amount was very low near birth and increased with duration of survival. These results may be related to hormonal serum changes observed in the early neonatal period.", "contents": "[Fetal and neonatal triiodothyronine (author's transl)]. Thyroid hormones of amniotic fluids give informations about their presence in the fetus. T3 and T4, determined by radioimmunoassay, are found as soon as 12 weeks of gestation. Their amounts are higher at 17 weeks than at 30-40 weeks of gestation. Thyroid tissues of premature and full term neonates were analysed by chromatography after hydrolysis and 127I determined. T3 amount was very low near birth and increased with duration of survival. These results may be related to hormonal serum changes observed in the early neonatal period.", "PMID": 655618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6430", "title": "[The low serum triiodothyronine syndrome in nonthyroid diseases. Distribution of plasma TSH concentrations].", "content": "T3 serum concentrations (RIA) was low in 25 cases and normal low in 10 among 57 patients with serious systemic illnesses. These 35 patients were in clinical euthyroid state and had a normal T4 serum concentration and F.T.I. T.S.H. serum concentration was normal in 28 cases of 31 low T3 syndrome observed.", "contents": "[The low serum triiodothyronine syndrome in nonthyroid diseases. Distribution of plasma TSH concentrations]. T3 serum concentrations (RIA) was low in 25 cases and normal low in 10 among 57 patients with serious systemic illnesses. These 35 patients were in clinical euthyroid state and had a normal T4 serum concentration and F.T.I. T.S.H. serum concentration was normal in 28 cases of 31 low T3 syndrome observed.", "PMID": 655621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6431", "title": "Relationships among the Otmoor villages and surrounding communities as inferred from surnames contained in the current register of electors.", "content": "The interrelationships of 17 villages and a town near Otmoor have been investigated by means of the coefficients of relationships by isonymy: Ri = sigma(Si1Si2)/2N1N2 in which Si1 and Si2 are the respective frequencies of the ith surname in communities 1 and 2 and N1 and N2 are the respective sample sizes. The coefficients calculated from all adult males listed in the current registers electros range from 0 to over 0.008. The coefficient of relationship within the town and between the town and villages average 0.0005. Those between villages average 0.0007. The correlation between the coefficient of relationship by isonymy wth the frequency of marriages between parishes is +0.75 but this high correlation rests largely on a few very closely related pairs of parishes and largely on the contribution to Ri of relatively rare surnames. The method can easily be applied to wide surveys, and even to historic data, to explore the development of intercommunity relationships in the period since surnames became general.", "contents": "Relationships among the Otmoor villages and surrounding communities as inferred from surnames contained in the current register of electors. The interrelationships of 17 villages and a town near Otmoor have been investigated by means of the coefficients of relationships by isonymy: Ri = sigma(Si1Si2)/2N1N2 in which Si1 and Si2 are the respective frequencies of the ith surname in communities 1 and 2 and N1 and N2 are the respective sample sizes. The coefficients calculated from all adult males listed in the current registers electros range from 0 to over 0.008. The coefficient of relationship within the town and between the town and villages average 0.0005. Those between villages average 0.0007. The correlation between the coefficient of relationship by isonymy wth the frequency of marriages between parishes is +0.75 but this high correlation rests largely on a few very closely related pairs of parishes and largely on the contribution to Ri of relatively rare surnames. The method can easily be applied to wide surveys, and even to historic data, to explore the development of intercommunity relationships in the period since surnames became general.", "PMID": 655622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6432", "title": "Gene frequencies and racial intermixture in a Mestizo population from Mexico City.", "content": "Blood specimens from a sample (of some 460 subjects) from the Mestizo population in Mexico City were tested for haptoglobin, transferrin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and haemoglobin types and blood groups. Gene frequencies for these characters were estimated. From the data on O, M, N, S, R degrees, r, Pc frequencies, the amount of admixture was calculated. In the Mestizo population studied the major contribution comes from European sources and the secondary contributions from Mexican Indians; the contribution from African sources is minimal.", "contents": "Gene frequencies and racial intermixture in a Mestizo population from Mexico City. Blood specimens from a sample (of some 460 subjects) from the Mestizo population in Mexico City were tested for haptoglobin, transferrin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and haemoglobin types and blood groups. Gene frequencies for these characters were estimated. From the data on O, M, N, S, R degrees, r, Pc frequencies, the amount of admixture was calculated. In the Mestizo population studied the major contribution comes from European sources and the secondary contributions from Mexican Indians; the contribution from African sources is minimal.", "PMID": 655624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6433", "title": "The influence of family characteristics on the heights, weights and skinfolds of highland and lowland children in Ethiopia.", "content": "In Ethiopian children residing at either high or low altitude, the relationship between growth (in stature, body weight and skinfold thickness) and age and family size (broken down into birth rank and number of younger sibs) was examined. Contrary to expectation, when children were grouped for similar ages, the impact of family characteristics appeared to be small. However, there was some evidence that among low-altitude girls, growth was significantly and positively related to the number of younger sibs. It is suggested tentatively that the relative lack of observed effects is due to the nuclear family being subsumed in a larger kinship group which forms the principal economic unit.", "contents": "The influence of family characteristics on the heights, weights and skinfolds of highland and lowland children in Ethiopia. In Ethiopian children residing at either high or low altitude, the relationship between growth (in stature, body weight and skinfold thickness) and age and family size (broken down into birth rank and number of younger sibs) was examined. Contrary to expectation, when children were grouped for similar ages, the impact of family characteristics appeared to be small. However, there was some evidence that among low-altitude girls, growth was significantly and positively related to the number of younger sibs. It is suggested tentatively that the relative lack of observed effects is due to the nuclear family being subsumed in a larger kinship group which forms the principal economic unit.", "PMID": 655625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6434", "title": "Population structure in the Western Pyrenees: social class, migration and the frequency of consanguineous marriage, 1850 to 1910.", "content": "The effects of social class on migration distances and on the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Errazu, a Pyrenean village in Navarre, Spain, have been studied using data from parish records of baptisms and marriages, 1850-1910, and the census data for the year 1897. Migration distances are greater for tenants than for land-owners. Mean marital distances are not significantly different for the two social classes, but the movement of tenant families during married life results in significantly different parent-offspring distances for the two classes, at the 0.001 level for fathers and at the 0.002 level for mothers, by a t-test. Consanguineous marriages, up to and including third cousin marriages, are more frequent among land-owners (16.3 per cent) than among tenants (3.7 per cent). These frequencies are consistent with estimates based on the demographic characteristics of the population. Some implications of these results are discussed with reference to the findings of communities elsewhere in Europe and studies of communities in Japan. The implications of variation in the social class composition of populations with population density, for pedigree inbreeding values, are also considered.", "contents": "Population structure in the Western Pyrenees: social class, migration and the frequency of consanguineous marriage, 1850 to 1910. The effects of social class on migration distances and on the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Errazu, a Pyrenean village in Navarre, Spain, have been studied using data from parish records of baptisms and marriages, 1850-1910, and the census data for the year 1897. Migration distances are greater for tenants than for land-owners. Mean marital distances are not significantly different for the two social classes, but the movement of tenant families during married life results in significantly different parent-offspring distances for the two classes, at the 0.001 level for fathers and at the 0.002 level for mothers, by a t-test. Consanguineous marriages, up to and including third cousin marriages, are more frequent among land-owners (16.3 per cent) than among tenants (3.7 per cent). These frequencies are consistent with estimates based on the demographic characteristics of the population. Some implications of these results are discussed with reference to the findings of communities elsewhere in Europe and studies of communities in Japan. The implications of variation in the social class composition of populations with population density, for pedigree inbreeding values, are also considered.", "PMID": 655627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6435", "title": "Age at menarche of schoolgirls in Egypt.", "content": "The mean ages at menarche of 1365 Egyptian girls attending eight different schools in the Cairo region and representing three strikingly different socio-economic sectors were estimated by probit analysis as 12.59 +/- 0.29 for the well-off girls in Cairo; 13.09 +/- 0.17 for the middle-class girls in Cairo; 13.89 +/- 0.18 for rural agricultural areas. The results were compared with those for some European series and with other data from Arabic-speaking countries in the Middle East. Egyptian well-off girls in Cairo have one of the earliest recorded means of all populations studied. In contrast, those from rural agricultural areas are delayed probably because of malnutrition and endemic diseases such as bilharzia, aggravated by the tendendcy for poor uneducated parents in agricultural societies to have large families.", "contents": "Age at menarche of schoolgirls in Egypt. The mean ages at menarche of 1365 Egyptian girls attending eight different schools in the Cairo region and representing three strikingly different socio-economic sectors were estimated by probit analysis as 12.59 +/- 0.29 for the well-off girls in Cairo; 13.09 +/- 0.17 for the middle-class girls in Cairo; 13.89 +/- 0.18 for rural agricultural areas. The results were compared with those for some European series and with other data from Arabic-speaking countries in the Middle East. Egyptian well-off girls in Cairo have one of the earliest recorded means of all populations studied. In contrast, those from rural agricultural areas are delayed probably because of malnutrition and endemic diseases such as bilharzia, aggravated by the tendendcy for poor uneducated parents in agricultural societies to have large families.", "PMID": 655628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6436", "title": "Blue Sepharose chromatography of human alcohol dehydrogenase: evidence for interlocus and interallelic differences in affinity characteristics.", "content": "1. The various isozymes of human alcohol dehydrogenase have been examined by Blue Sepharose column chromatography. 2. The products (alpha, beta1 and gamma1) of the common alleles at the three ADH loci (ADH1 ADH2 and ADH3 respectively) were found to show slight, but significant differences in their affinities for Blue Sepharose. The order of affinity of the homodimeric isozymes was: alphaalpha less than gamma1gamma1 less than beta1beta1. The heterodimeric isozymes showed intermediate affinities. 3. The products (gamma1 and gamma2) of the common alleles (ADH31 and ADH32 respectively) at the ADH3 locus showed a pronounced difference in their affinities: the gamma1gamma1 isozyme was firmly adsorbed by Blue Sepharose, whereas the gamma2gamma2 isozyme was not adsorbed. The heterodimeric gamma1gamma2 isozyme was intermediate in its behaviour. 4. The 'usual' and 'atypical' forms of ADH were indistinguishable by Blue Sepharose column chromatography. 6. The 'anodal' form of ADH showed no affinity for Blue Sepharose.", "contents": "Blue Sepharose chromatography of human alcohol dehydrogenase: evidence for interlocus and interallelic differences in affinity characteristics. 1. The various isozymes of human alcohol dehydrogenase have been examined by Blue Sepharose column chromatography. 2. The products (alpha, beta1 and gamma1) of the common alleles at the three ADH loci (ADH1 ADH2 and ADH3 respectively) were found to show slight, but significant differences in their affinities for Blue Sepharose. The order of affinity of the homodimeric isozymes was: alphaalpha less than gamma1gamma1 less than beta1beta1. The heterodimeric isozymes showed intermediate affinities. 3. The products (gamma1 and gamma2) of the common alleles (ADH31 and ADH32 respectively) at the ADH3 locus showed a pronounced difference in their affinities: the gamma1gamma1 isozyme was firmly adsorbed by Blue Sepharose, whereas the gamma2gamma2 isozyme was not adsorbed. The heterodimeric gamma1gamma2 isozyme was intermediate in its behaviour. 4. The 'usual' and 'atypical' forms of ADH were indistinguishable by Blue Sepharose column chromatography. 6. The 'anodal' form of ADH showed no affinity for Blue Sepharose.", "PMID": 655629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6437", "title": "Developmental changes in the protein profiles of human cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The use of SDS electrophoresis as a tool for the analysis of development processes in man has been evaluated. 2. The protein profiles of cardiac and skeletal muscle from foetal (10--24 weeks gestation) infant and adult specimens have been analysed and striking developmental changes were found which involved all the major proteins. 3. Before 20 weeks gestation the soluble protein profile of skeletal muscle appears to consist largely of extracellular proteins. 4. Myoglobin was found in foetal cardiac muscle from 20 weeks gestation but was not demonstrable in foetal (greater than 24 weeks) skeletal muscle. Foetal and adult myoglobin were indistinguishable. 5. A limited survey of the protein patterns of brain, liver and kidney was carried out. In general these tissues show less developmental change than skeletal or cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the protein profiles of human cardiac and skeletal muscle. 1. The use of SDS electrophoresis as a tool for the analysis of development processes in man has been evaluated. 2. The protein profiles of cardiac and skeletal muscle from foetal (10--24 weeks gestation) infant and adult specimens have been analysed and striking developmental changes were found which involved all the major proteins. 3. Before 20 weeks gestation the soluble protein profile of skeletal muscle appears to consist largely of extracellular proteins. 4. Myoglobin was found in foetal cardiac muscle from 20 weeks gestation but was not demonstrable in foetal (greater than 24 weeks) skeletal muscle. Foetal and adult myoglobin were indistinguishable. 5. A limited survey of the protein patterns of brain, liver and kidney was carried out. In general these tissues show less developmental change than skeletal or cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 655630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6438", "title": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins. IV. Acid phosphatase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, peptidase B and phosphohexose isomerase.", "content": "This paper presents the results of an electrophoretic survey of approximately 4000 individuals from Hiroshima and Nagasaki for four erythrocyte enzymes: isocitrate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, peptidase B, and phosphohexose isomerase. Also reported are the results for erythrocyte acid phosphatase for a subset of these individuals. The frequencies for the ACPA1 and ACPB1 alleles of the ACP1 locus are in agreement with previously reported results from Japanese populations. Rare variants of ICDS, PEPA, PEPB and PHI occur with frequencies varying from 0.25 to 7.2 per 1000 determinations. The relatively high frequency of the PHI 4HIR1 variant and some unusual features involving the effect of reducing agent on the electrophoretic pattern behaviour of some of the rare PHI variants detected during this study are discussed.", "contents": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins. IV. Acid phosphatase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, peptidase B and phosphohexose isomerase. This paper presents the results of an electrophoretic survey of approximately 4000 individuals from Hiroshima and Nagasaki for four erythrocyte enzymes: isocitrate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, peptidase B, and phosphohexose isomerase. Also reported are the results for erythrocyte acid phosphatase for a subset of these individuals. The frequencies for the ACPA1 and ACPB1 alleles of the ACP1 locus are in agreement with previously reported results from Japanese populations. Rare variants of ICDS, PEPA, PEPB and PHI occur with frequencies varying from 0.25 to 7.2 per 1000 determinations. The relatively high frequency of the PHI 4HIR1 variant and some unusual features involving the effect of reducing agent on the electrophoretic pattern behaviour of some of the rare PHI variants detected during this study are discussed.", "PMID": 655631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6439", "title": "A cytogenetic study of spontaneous abortions in Hawaii.", "content": "Cytogenetic results on 234 spontaneous abortions showed 109 (46.6%) to have a chromosome abnormality. The results were analysed separately for the four major ethnic groups of which the population was composed and no differences in the proportion or types of chromosome abnormalities seen. The results of this survey were found to be very similar to other major published surveys and it therefore appears, on present evidence, that neither geographic location nor racial group affects the frequency of chromosome abnormalities seen among human spontaneous abortions. The sex ratio among the chromosomally normal and abnormal abortuses and the effect of parental and gestational age were discussed.", "contents": "A cytogenetic study of spontaneous abortions in Hawaii. Cytogenetic results on 234 spontaneous abortions showed 109 (46.6%) to have a chromosome abnormality. The results were analysed separately for the four major ethnic groups of which the population was composed and no differences in the proportion or types of chromosome abnormalities seen. The results of this survey were found to be very similar to other major published surveys and it therefore appears, on present evidence, that neither geographic location nor racial group affects the frequency of chromosome abnormalities seen among human spontaneous abortions. The sex ratio among the chromosomally normal and abnormal abortuses and the effect of parental and gestational age were discussed.", "PMID": 655633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6440", "title": "Satellite associations of human acrocentric chromosomes identified by trypsin treatment at metaphase.", "content": "In the present work 2526 metaphase plates were prepared from 28 normal adult individuals (12 male and 16 female) and then treated with the trypsin method in order to recognize the acrocentric chromosomes involved in the satellite associations. From our data it can be inferred that while the pattern of association of D--D, D--G and G--G groups seems to be random, there exists some preferential association, particularly between the pairs 13--14, 13--13, 13--21 and 21--21. This non-random participation of the acrocentric chromosomes could fit with the new concepts of interphase/metaphase organization of the chromatin fibre.", "contents": "Satellite associations of human acrocentric chromosomes identified by trypsin treatment at metaphase. In the present work 2526 metaphase plates were prepared from 28 normal adult individuals (12 male and 16 female) and then treated with the trypsin method in order to recognize the acrocentric chromosomes involved in the satellite associations. From our data it can be inferred that while the pattern of association of D--D, D--G and G--G groups seems to be random, there exists some preferential association, particularly between the pairs 13--14, 13--13, 13--21 and 21--21. This non-random participation of the acrocentric chromosomes could fit with the new concepts of interphase/metaphase organization of the chromatin fibre.", "PMID": 655634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6441", "title": "On the computation of inbreeding coefficients.", "content": "A method of calculating inbreeding coefficients is described using a recursive algorithm. This has been programmed in ALGOL 68 and in SNOBOL 4. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed, and several examples are given.", "contents": "On the computation of inbreeding coefficients. A method of calculating inbreeding coefficients is described using a recursive algorithm. This has been programmed in ALGOL 68 and in SNOBOL 4. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed, and several examples are given.", "PMID": 655636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6442", "title": "The value of dual mating data in estimating genetic parameters.", "content": "It is shown that matings between two affected individuals provide important information on the parameters of a single locus model with incomplete penetrance.", "contents": "The value of dual mating data in estimating genetic parameters. It is shown that matings between two affected individuals provide important information on the parameters of a single locus model with incomplete penetrance.", "PMID": 655637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6443", "title": "On effects of relaxed selection in familial disorders.", "content": "Theoretical predictions are made of the effect of improved treatments, with consequent increase in fertility of affected individuals, on the frequency of familial disorders. Multifactorial inheritance and some two-locus models are considered. (Changes for simple Mendelian disorders have been estimated previously by many authors.) It is estimated that, with two-locus or multifactorial models, an increase in frequency per generation of not more than a few per cent of the frequency of a disorder may be expected. The greatest increase will be in the first generation following introduction of the new treatment.", "contents": "On effects of relaxed selection in familial disorders. Theoretical predictions are made of the effect of improved treatments, with consequent increase in fertility of affected individuals, on the frequency of familial disorders. Multifactorial inheritance and some two-locus models are considered. (Changes for simple Mendelian disorders have been estimated previously by many authors.) It is estimated that, with two-locus or multifactorial models, an increase in frequency per generation of not more than a few per cent of the frequency of a disorder may be expected. The greatest increase will be in the first generation following introduction of the new treatment.", "PMID": 655638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6444", "title": "A new model for measuring breeding genetic distance. II. Polygenic traits.", "content": "The breeding genetic distance measure of a single locus (Carlson & Welch, 1977) is extended to polygenic traits. For two populations with means -x and approximately x, theta(-x, approximately x) is defined as the size of the largest subpopulation with mean approximately x which can be (artificially) selected from a population with mean -x. The distance is defined as 1--theta(-x, approximately x). It is shown that theta(-x, approximately x) can be calculated from truncation selection and formulas (two loci) and tables (three and four loci) are given. Values for theta(-x, approximately x) based on a normal approximation are seen to be adequate for most cases. The measure is applied to a data example (human skin colour) and to a discussion of the idea of 'genetic inertia'.", "contents": "A new model for measuring breeding genetic distance. II. Polygenic traits. The breeding genetic distance measure of a single locus (Carlson & Welch, 1977) is extended to polygenic traits. For two populations with means -x and approximately x, theta(-x, approximately x) is defined as the size of the largest subpopulation with mean approximately x which can be (artificially) selected from a population with mean -x. The distance is defined as 1--theta(-x, approximately x). It is shown that theta(-x, approximately x) can be calculated from truncation selection and formulas (two loci) and tables (three and four loci) are given. Values for theta(-x, approximately x) based on a normal approximation are seen to be adequate for most cases. The measure is applied to a data example (human skin colour) and to a discussion of the idea of 'genetic inertia'.", "PMID": 655639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6445", "title": "On measuring genetic distance by selection intensity.", "content": "A simple selection model (fitness 1, w, w2 for AA, Aa, aa) is employed to change the gene frequency of one population to another. The genetic distance is then defined as d = -log w between the two populations. The distance is symmetrical with respect to the two populations. It is additive: d13 = d12 + d23. The sampling variance of d takes a very simple form. The possible difficulties of using genetic distance in studying evolutionary history have been briefly discussed. The writer means no offence to those who have developed or used the various measures of genetic distance.", "contents": "On measuring genetic distance by selection intensity. A simple selection model (fitness 1, w, w2 for AA, Aa, aa) is employed to change the gene frequency of one population to another. The genetic distance is then defined as d = -log w between the two populations. The distance is symmetrical with respect to the two populations. It is additive: d13 = d12 + d23. The sampling variance of d takes a very simple form. The possible difficulties of using genetic distance in studying evolutionary history have been briefly discussed. The writer means no offence to those who have developed or used the various measures of genetic distance.", "PMID": 655640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6446", "title": "Testing a single dominant gene theory without an accepted criterion variable.", "content": "In testing a single dominant gene hypothesis we often are not able directly to measure the inherited trait. A typical situation is one where we only have one or more fallible indicators of the trait under study. The statistical method proposed requires that we have measurements on several such indicators for each of the parents of probands known to possess the trait.", "contents": "Testing a single dominant gene theory without an accepted criterion variable. In testing a single dominant gene hypothesis we often are not able directly to measure the inherited trait. A typical situation is one where we only have one or more fallible indicators of the trait under study. The statistical method proposed requires that we have measurements on several such indicators for each of the parents of probands known to possess the trait.", "PMID": 655642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6447", "title": "[Adjuvant effect of Quil-A on the porcine humoral immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "Quil-A, a purified extract of saponin, was analyzed for its adjuvant properties in the porcine humoral immune response against lysozyme. The adjuvant properties of Quil-A are comparable to the oil adjuvant properties in the pig. The optimal dose was found to be 1 mg per pig. Quil-A enhanced also slightly the homocytotropic antibodies.", "contents": "[Adjuvant effect of Quil-A on the porcine humoral immune response (author's transl)]. Quil-A, a purified extract of saponin, was analyzed for its adjuvant properties in the porcine humoral immune response against lysozyme. The adjuvant properties of Quil-A are comparable to the oil adjuvant properties in the pig. The optimal dose was found to be 1 mg per pig. Quil-A enhanced also slightly the homocytotropic antibodies.", "PMID": 655643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6448", "title": "[Immune responsiveness of high and low antibody producing lines of mice against an antigen non-cross-reacting with the selection antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice genetically selected for high (HL) or low (LL) antibody responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes (SE) also differed in the immune response to other antigens. We have studied in details the non-specific effect of the selection on responsiveness to bovine seralbumin (BSA) that is an antigen non cross-reacting with SE. BSA has been used either heat-aggregated (H-BSA) or alum-precipitated (Al-BSA). The characteristics of the response to H-BSA and to SE both injected intravenously were similar in several aspects: ranges of interline difference in agglutinin response were equivalent; minimal immunogenic doses were lower in HL than in LL mice. As for SE, the use of an adjuvant (Al-BSA) increased the response of LL more than that of HL mice, so the interline difference decreased. The interline difference between minimal immunogenic doses was weaker with Al-BSA than with H-BSA (100 times and 10,000 times respectively). The threshold dose for induction of immunologic memory was lower in the HL than in LL mice. For Al-BSA this threshold dose was higher than the minimal immunogenice dose in both lines; for H-BSA it was higher (in HL) or equal (in LL) to the minimal immunogenic dose. The results of this article confirm that the selective breeding for SE responsiveness has modified the antibody response to BSA in a similar way. The group of genes controlling the level of antibody response are also responsible for the induction of immunological memory.", "contents": "[Immune responsiveness of high and low antibody producing lines of mice against an antigen non-cross-reacting with the selection antigen (author's transl)]. Mice genetically selected for high (HL) or low (LL) antibody responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes (SE) also differed in the immune response to other antigens. We have studied in details the non-specific effect of the selection on responsiveness to bovine seralbumin (BSA) that is an antigen non cross-reacting with SE. BSA has been used either heat-aggregated (H-BSA) or alum-precipitated (Al-BSA). The characteristics of the response to H-BSA and to SE both injected intravenously were similar in several aspects: ranges of interline difference in agglutinin response were equivalent; minimal immunogenic doses were lower in HL than in LL mice. As for SE, the use of an adjuvant (Al-BSA) increased the response of LL more than that of HL mice, so the interline difference decreased. The interline difference between minimal immunogenic doses was weaker with Al-BSA than with H-BSA (100 times and 10,000 times respectively). The threshold dose for induction of immunologic memory was lower in the HL than in LL mice. For Al-BSA this threshold dose was higher than the minimal immunogenice dose in both lines; for H-BSA it was higher (in HL) or equal (in LL) to the minimal immunogenic dose. The results of this article confirm that the selective breeding for SE responsiveness has modified the antibody response to BSA in a similar way. The group of genes controlling the level of antibody response are also responsible for the induction of immunological memory.", "PMID": 655644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6449", "title": "A comparative study on the development of rabbit male accessory gland organ-specific autoantigens.", "content": "Experimental cryosurgery of rabbit male accessory glands (RMAG) induced highly specific autoantibodies. They revealed in rabbit male accessory glands the presence of autoantigens when tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and passive haemagglutination test. Using the same techniques, the antisera were confronted with extracts of male accessory glands from rabbits of different ages. It was demonstrated that the autoantigens involved in both tests appear at about the age of three months. The significance of these findings in correlation with the initiation of the organ growth is discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study on the development of rabbit male accessory gland organ-specific autoantigens. Experimental cryosurgery of rabbit male accessory glands (RMAG) induced highly specific autoantibodies. They revealed in rabbit male accessory glands the presence of autoantigens when tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and passive haemagglutination test. Using the same techniques, the antisera were confronted with extracts of male accessory glands from rabbits of different ages. It was demonstrated that the autoantigens involved in both tests appear at about the age of three months. The significance of these findings in correlation with the initiation of the organ growth is discussed.", "PMID": 655645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6450", "title": "In vitro stimulation by mitogens of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of the rainbow trout can be stimulated by PHA, conA and LPS. Optimal concentrations for stimulation are 1-50 microgram/ml for PHA, 1-10 microgram/ml for ConA and 1 microgram/ml for LPS. Best stimulation is obtained after an incubation period of 72 h at a temperature of 28 degrees C. Thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes is enhanced when PHA and LPS (1 microgram/ml each) are given simultaneously. After a first stimulation by LPS the lymphocytes become less sensitive to a second exposure to this same mitogen. In contrast, LPS-primed lymphocytes are highly reactive to PHA. These results suggest that there exists (at least) two populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes, one sensitive to PHA and the other sensitive to LPS.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation by mitogens of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Peripheral blood lymphocytes of the rainbow trout can be stimulated by PHA, conA and LPS. Optimal concentrations for stimulation are 1-50 microgram/ml for PHA, 1-10 microgram/ml for ConA and 1 microgram/ml for LPS. Best stimulation is obtained after an incubation period of 72 h at a temperature of 28 degrees C. Thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes is enhanced when PHA and LPS (1 microgram/ml each) are given simultaneously. After a first stimulation by LPS the lymphocytes become less sensitive to a second exposure to this same mitogen. In contrast, LPS-primed lymphocytes are highly reactive to PHA. These results suggest that there exists (at least) two populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes, one sensitive to PHA and the other sensitive to LPS.", "PMID": 655646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6451", "title": "[Estimation of allergenic potency of \"Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus\" by radioimmunoassay of antigenic extracts (author's transl)].", "content": "The allergenic potency of different extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was evaoluated by in vitro methods based on the RAST-procedure (radioallergosorbent-test). Both the direct titration and the inhibition methods were performed and gave comparable results. The inhibition method was studied particularly because it presented various technical advantages, such as the use of a standard immunoadsorbent. The allergenic activity of different extracts of D. pteronyssinus were compared and the results demonstrated the value of this method for the routine estimations of biological activity in allergenic extracts and for control uses in allergen standardization.", "contents": "[Estimation of allergenic potency of \"Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus\" by radioimmunoassay of antigenic extracts (author's transl)]. The allergenic potency of different extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was evaoluated by in vitro methods based on the RAST-procedure (radioallergosorbent-test). Both the direct titration and the inhibition methods were performed and gave comparable results. The inhibition method was studied particularly because it presented various technical advantages, such as the use of a standard immunoadsorbent. The allergenic activity of different extracts of D. pteronyssinus were compared and the results demonstrated the value of this method for the routine estimations of biological activity in allergenic extracts and for control uses in allergen standardization.", "PMID": 655647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6452", "title": "[Suppression and therapy of experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis by injections of retinal extract (author's transl)].", "content": "The uveo-retinitis induced in guinea-pigs after one injection in the foot-pad of an extract of guinea-pig retina mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was successfully inhibited by a series of injections of the retinal extract. These injections were given after the induction by the antigen + FCA, either before (suppression) or after (treatment) the onset of the ocular symptoms. Injections of the antigenic preparation alone, or mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant were effective. Depression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivty was parallel to the inhibition of the disease. The repeated injections provoqued an increase of antibodies, titrated either with the complement fixation test or by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. But no correlation appeared between these antibodies and the inhibition of the disease.", "contents": "[Suppression and therapy of experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis by injections of retinal extract (author's transl)]. The uveo-retinitis induced in guinea-pigs after one injection in the foot-pad of an extract of guinea-pig retina mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was successfully inhibited by a series of injections of the retinal extract. These injections were given after the induction by the antigen + FCA, either before (suppression) or after (treatment) the onset of the ocular symptoms. Injections of the antigenic preparation alone, or mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant were effective. Depression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivty was parallel to the inhibition of the disease. The repeated injections provoqued an increase of antibodies, titrated either with the complement fixation test or by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. But no correlation appeared between these antibodies and the inhibition of the disease.", "PMID": 655648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6453", "title": "Effect of cell density on the disappearance of cell surface immunoglobulins.", "content": "Mouse macrophages and human peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibiting on the membrane autologous IgG as well as mouse thymocytes coated with human IgG, showed a strong cell concentration dependence of surface IgG disappearance during an incubation at 37 degrees C. Mouse spleen lymphocytes treated with anti-mouse Ig behaved in the same way regarding the disappearance of surface immunoglobulins, while the redistribution of ligands (cap formation) was not dependent on cell concentration.", "contents": "Effect of cell density on the disappearance of cell surface immunoglobulins. Mouse macrophages and human peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibiting on the membrane autologous IgG as well as mouse thymocytes coated with human IgG, showed a strong cell concentration dependence of surface IgG disappearance during an incubation at 37 degrees C. Mouse spleen lymphocytes treated with anti-mouse Ig behaved in the same way regarding the disappearance of surface immunoglobulins, while the redistribution of ligands (cap formation) was not dependent on cell concentration.", "PMID": 655649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6454", "title": "[Cutaneous sarcoid granuloma: cytoimmunological study of the lymphocytes (freed cells and tissue sections) (author's transl)].", "content": "Cutaneous lesions in sarcoidosis are characterized by epithelioid nodules surrounded by lymphocytes. The B- or T-cell subpopulation was identified by quantitative immunological methods on freed cells and immunocytochemical labelling on tissue sections. Most of the liberated cells formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and were devoid of membrane immunoglobulins. On tissue sections most of the lymphoid cells were labelled by anti-HTLA serum. These results demonstrate the thymodependent origin of lymphocytes in sarcoidosis granuloma. A possible cell-mediated immune reaction against an unknown antigen is suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "contents": "[Cutaneous sarcoid granuloma: cytoimmunological study of the lymphocytes (freed cells and tissue sections) (author's transl)]. Cutaneous lesions in sarcoidosis are characterized by epithelioid nodules surrounded by lymphocytes. The B- or T-cell subpopulation was identified by quantitative immunological methods on freed cells and immunocytochemical labelling on tissue sections. Most of the liberated cells formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and were devoid of membrane immunoglobulins. On tissue sections most of the lymphoid cells were labelled by anti-HTLA serum. These results demonstrate the thymodependent origin of lymphocytes in sarcoidosis granuloma. A possible cell-mediated immune reaction against an unknown antigen is suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "PMID": 655650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6455", "title": "Neuropathological changes in cerebellar biopsies of epileptic patients.", "content": "In 5 patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy, biopsy of the cerebellar cortex at the time of surface electrode implantation for therapeutic stimulation demonstrated marked degeneration of the Purkinje cell layer in every case. Two of the patients had never experienced a generalized convulsion. Comparison of these biopsy findings with the autopsy findings in two other groups of patients with a seizure disorder of different duration and severity and with the findings in other reported series suggests that permanent neuronal damage in epilepsy is related to the cumulative effects of the frequency and chronicity of the disorder. The pathogenesis remains unclear. The histopathological changes are identical to those seen in generalized cerebral hypoxia, but the observations in our series support the view that in epilepsy the pathogenesis may not be hypoxic.", "contents": "Neuropathological changes in cerebellar biopsies of epileptic patients. In 5 patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy, biopsy of the cerebellar cortex at the time of surface electrode implantation for therapeutic stimulation demonstrated marked degeneration of the Purkinje cell layer in every case. Two of the patients had never experienced a generalized convulsion. Comparison of these biopsy findings with the autopsy findings in two other groups of patients with a seizure disorder of different duration and severity and with the findings in other reported series suggests that permanent neuronal damage in epilepsy is related to the cumulative effects of the frequency and chronicity of the disorder. The pathogenesis remains unclear. The histopathological changes are identical to those seen in generalized cerebral hypoxia, but the observations in our series support the view that in epilepsy the pathogenesis may not be hypoxic.", "PMID": 655651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6456", "title": "The spectrum of primary blastomycotic meningitis: a review of central nervous system blastomycosis.", "content": "Three cases of meningitis with initial and exclusive neurological involvement prompted a review of the clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological findings in an additional 78 patients with central nervous system blastomycosis. The first patient of the 3 had progressive cerebellar dysfunction as the result of chronic basilar meningitis. The second had a C8-T1 radiculopathy without other evidence of superior sulcus syndrome, and subsequent acute fatal meningitis. The third had aseptic, benign, self-limited meningitis followed by clinically obvious systemic blastomycosis. Diagnosis is difficult, and it is likely that other cases have been presumptively treated for tuberculous meningitis. A more aggressive approach to diagnosis is proposed that takes into account the condition of the patient, the likelihood of dissemination at necropsy, and the frequent meningeal infections that are negative on culture of lumbar CSF.", "contents": "The spectrum of primary blastomycotic meningitis: a review of central nervous system blastomycosis. Three cases of meningitis with initial and exclusive neurological involvement prompted a review of the clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological findings in an additional 78 patients with central nervous system blastomycosis. The first patient of the 3 had progressive cerebellar dysfunction as the result of chronic basilar meningitis. The second had a C8-T1 radiculopathy without other evidence of superior sulcus syndrome, and subsequent acute fatal meningitis. The third had aseptic, benign, self-limited meningitis followed by clinically obvious systemic blastomycosis. Diagnosis is difficult, and it is likely that other cases have been presumptively treated for tuberculous meningitis. A more aggressive approach to diagnosis is proposed that takes into account the condition of the patient, the likelihood of dissemination at necropsy, and the frequent meningeal infections that are negative on culture of lumbar CSF.", "PMID": 655652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6457", "title": "Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The clinical findings in 130 conseucutive cases of spinal cord compression by metastatic extradural tumors were analyzed. These 130 patients were combined with a previous survey of 105 patients to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy (RT) alone with that of surgical decompression followed by RT. Ambulation after treatment was considered a successful outcome. The most common primary tumors producing spinal cord compression were (in order) breast, lung, prostate, and kidney. In 68% of these tumors the thoracic region was involved. Pain was the primary symptom of 96% of the patients, while motor or sensory deficits (or both) were found in 82% of them. Therapy consisted of surgery and RT in 65 patients and RT alone in 170 patients. There were no differences in outcome between those treated by surgery combined with RT and those managed by RT alone. Patients with radiosensitive tumors and those ambulatory at the onset of treatment benefited whether treated by surgery or by RT. Seventy-five percent of living patients who improved from treatment remained ambulatory at 6 months, and approximately 50% of living patients were ambulatory at 1 year. We conclude that RT without decompressive laminectomy is as effective as decompressive laminectomy in treating epidural spinal cord compression from systemic cancer.", "contents": "Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment. The clinical findings in 130 conseucutive cases of spinal cord compression by metastatic extradural tumors were analyzed. These 130 patients were combined with a previous survey of 105 patients to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy (RT) alone with that of surgical decompression followed by RT. Ambulation after treatment was considered a successful outcome. The most common primary tumors producing spinal cord compression were (in order) breast, lung, prostate, and kidney. In 68% of these tumors the thoracic region was involved. Pain was the primary symptom of 96% of the patients, while motor or sensory deficits (or both) were found in 82% of them. Therapy consisted of surgery and RT in 65 patients and RT alone in 170 patients. There were no differences in outcome between those treated by surgery combined with RT and those managed by RT alone. Patients with radiosensitive tumors and those ambulatory at the onset of treatment benefited whether treated by surgery or by RT. Seventy-five percent of living patients who improved from treatment remained ambulatory at 6 months, and approximately 50% of living patients were ambulatory at 1 year. We conclude that RT without decompressive laminectomy is as effective as decompressive laminectomy in treating epidural spinal cord compression from systemic cancer.", "PMID": 655653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6458", "title": "Creatine kinase BB isoenzyme levels by radioimmunoassay in patients with neurological disease.", "content": "Creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) isoenzyme was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid from 61 patients with various neurological disorders. Statistically significant elevations of CK-BB isoenzyme in the serum were observed in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents and in those with seizures and a prolonged alteration in level of consciousness. Statistically significant elevations of CK-BB isoenzyme in the cerebrospinal fluid were also found in patients who had suffered acute cerebrovascular accidents. Some patients with central nervous system infections, acute demyelinating disease, certain drug overdoses, head trauma, and complex migraine also had elevations of serum and CSF CK-BB isoenzyme. In 2 patients with elevations of CK-BB isoenzyme, the elevations in serum occurred later than those detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. If CK-BB elevations determined by radioimmunoassay can be demonstrated to be quantitatively related to the extent of brain damage, then these determinations in conjunction with experimental animal models and newer radiological techniques should allow evaluation, in an objective and precise manner, of measures designed to decrease that damage.", "contents": "Creatine kinase BB isoenzyme levels by radioimmunoassay in patients with neurological disease. Creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) isoenzyme was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid from 61 patients with various neurological disorders. Statistically significant elevations of CK-BB isoenzyme in the serum were observed in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents and in those with seizures and a prolonged alteration in level of consciousness. Statistically significant elevations of CK-BB isoenzyme in the cerebrospinal fluid were also found in patients who had suffered acute cerebrovascular accidents. Some patients with central nervous system infections, acute demyelinating disease, certain drug overdoses, head trauma, and complex migraine also had elevations of serum and CSF CK-BB isoenzyme. In 2 patients with elevations of CK-BB isoenzyme, the elevations in serum occurred later than those detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. If CK-BB elevations determined by radioimmunoassay can be demonstrated to be quantitatively related to the extent of brain damage, then these determinations in conjunction with experimental animal models and newer radiological techniques should allow evaluation, in an objective and precise manner, of measures designed to decrease that damage.", "PMID": 655654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6459", "title": "Behavioral toxicity of anesthetic gases.", "content": "Operating room personnel were studied for evidence of acute reversible or chronic cumulative cognitive dysfunction as measured by psychometric testing. In comparison with matched controls, no acute reversible deficits were noted in a relatively unpolluted operating room environment. There were only 2 marginally significant test differences between the control and operating room groups; however, control subjects did better than operating room personnel on 16 of 18 tests at both the beginning and end of the work week. Analyses of the deficit patterns and correlations with years of operating room exposure only weakly support the hypothesis that the test differences are due to toxic exposure.", "contents": "Behavioral toxicity of anesthetic gases. Operating room personnel were studied for evidence of acute reversible or chronic cumulative cognitive dysfunction as measured by psychometric testing. In comparison with matched controls, no acute reversible deficits were noted in a relatively unpolluted operating room environment. There were only 2 marginally significant test differences between the control and operating room groups; however, control subjects did better than operating room personnel on 16 of 18 tests at both the beginning and end of the work week. Analyses of the deficit patterns and correlations with years of operating room exposure only weakly support the hypothesis that the test differences are due to toxic exposure.", "PMID": 655655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6460", "title": "Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in young adults: the diverse manifestations of an underrecognized disease.", "content": "Primary cerebral venous thrombosis has a wide clinical and pathological spectrum, which has not been recognized. Seven cases of aseptic cerebral venous thrombosis (5 fatal) are discussed, with pathological study and literature review. Five patients ranged in age from 22 to 31 years. In 3 cases no discernible cause for thrombosis was found. Novel features of these cases include: primary bilateral internal cerebral venous thrombosis; isolated thrombocytopenia; occurrence in the context of (1) ulcerative colitis plus oral contraceptive use, (2) a twin transfusion syndrome, and (3) presenting syndrome five years after mastectomy for carcinoma. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed, and it is suggested that a focal coagulopathy may be responsible for this underdiagnosed condition.", "contents": "Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in young adults: the diverse manifestations of an underrecognized disease. Primary cerebral venous thrombosis has a wide clinical and pathological spectrum, which has not been recognized. Seven cases of aseptic cerebral venous thrombosis (5 fatal) are discussed, with pathological study and literature review. Five patients ranged in age from 22 to 31 years. In 3 cases no discernible cause for thrombosis was found. Novel features of these cases include: primary bilateral internal cerebral venous thrombosis; isolated thrombocytopenia; occurrence in the context of (1) ulcerative colitis plus oral contraceptive use, (2) a twin transfusion syndrome, and (3) presenting syndrome five years after mastectomy for carcinoma. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed, and it is suggested that a focal coagulopathy may be responsible for this underdiagnosed condition.", "PMID": 655656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6461", "title": "Normal CAT scans in craniopharyngioma.", "content": "Three patients with symptoms of headache and vision loss had normal routine CAT scans, with and without injection of contrast medium, as their initial diagnostic procedure. Subsequent pneumoencephalography revealed large suprasellar masses, which at operation were found to be partially cystic craniopharyngiomas. The findings emphasize the existence of craniopharyngiomas that are isodense with brain and may not be detected on routine CAT scan. When a patient's clinical presentation suggests chiasmal or sellar abnormalities, the pneumoencephalogram remains the most accurate diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "Normal CAT scans in craniopharyngioma. Three patients with symptoms of headache and vision loss had normal routine CAT scans, with and without injection of contrast medium, as their initial diagnostic procedure. Subsequent pneumoencephalography revealed large suprasellar masses, which at operation were found to be partially cystic craniopharyngiomas. The findings emphasize the existence of craniopharyngiomas that are isodense with brain and may not be detected on routine CAT scan. When a patient's clinical presentation suggests chiasmal or sellar abnormalities, the pneumoencephalogram remains the most accurate diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 655657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6462", "title": "Bilateral oculomotor paralysis due to neurosyphilis.", "content": "Bilateral third nerve paresis attributed to neurosyphilis has not been documented in the absence of associated neurological deficits. We describe a patient with isolated bilateral third nerve paresis, positive serological findings in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, CSF pheocytosis, and increased protein content. Resolution of these abnormalities occurred when the patient was treated with penicillin.", "contents": "Bilateral oculomotor paralysis due to neurosyphilis. Bilateral third nerve paresis attributed to neurosyphilis has not been documented in the absence of associated neurological deficits. We describe a patient with isolated bilateral third nerve paresis, positive serological findings in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, CSF pheocytosis, and increased protein content. Resolution of these abnormalities occurred when the patient was treated with penicillin.", "PMID": 655658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6463", "title": "A case of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome with unusual muscle biopsy findings.", "content": "A case of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome with electrical, radiographic, biopsy, and pharmacological studies is presented along with a summary of the 12 other reported cases. Radiological study showed nonspecific but definite abnormalities. The muscle biopsy revealed myopathic and neurogenic features. No drug was effective in reducing our patient's stiffness.", "contents": "A case of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome with unusual muscle biopsy findings. A case of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome with electrical, radiographic, biopsy, and pharmacological studies is presented along with a summary of the 12 other reported cases. Radiological study showed nonspecific but definite abnormalities. The muscle biopsy revealed myopathic and neurogenic features. No drug was effective in reducing our patient's stiffness.", "PMID": 655659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6464", "title": "What hope for repair of the brain?", "content": "The consequences of axonal injuries in the adult nervous system depend on the location of the axons: complete anatomical and functional repair can occur in the peripheral but not the central nervous system. A quantitative electron microscopical comparison of the reactions to axonal injuries in a peripheral site (the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) and in a central site (the septal nuclei) in adult rats shows that in both cases the denervated postsynaptic sites are reinnervated by new formation of synapses. However, in the ganglion it is the originally severed axons which form the new synapses (regeneration), whereas in the septum the new synapses arise from local, undamaged axons and the cut axons do not reestablish their original contacts. Failure of regeneration in the central site is probably due to the fact that the growing axon sprouts are incapable of finding a pathway to the denervated tissues. Since the observations indicate that the neuropil of the central nervous system is capable of highly efficient synapse formation after injury, true repair of central nervous system damage might be possible if methods could be devised for dealing with the \"pathway\" problem.", "contents": "What hope for repair of the brain? The consequences of axonal injuries in the adult nervous system depend on the location of the axons: complete anatomical and functional repair can occur in the peripheral but not the central nervous system. A quantitative electron microscopical comparison of the reactions to axonal injuries in a peripheral site (the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) and in a central site (the septal nuclei) in adult rats shows that in both cases the denervated postsynaptic sites are reinnervated by new formation of synapses. However, in the ganglion it is the originally severed axons which form the new synapses (regeneration), whereas in the septum the new synapses arise from local, undamaged axons and the cut axons do not reestablish their original contacts. Failure of regeneration in the central site is probably due to the fact that the growing axon sprouts are incapable of finding a pathway to the denervated tissues. Since the observations indicate that the neuropil of the central nervous system is capable of highly efficient synapse formation after injury, true repair of central nervous system damage might be possible if methods could be devised for dealing with the \"pathway\" problem.", "PMID": 655660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6465", "title": "Carotid and vertebral-basilar transient ischemic attacks: effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence--a population study.", "content": "A population of 199 patients from Rochester, MN, was followed from the time of their first carotid or vertebral-basilar transient ischemic attack (TIA). Patients treated with anticoagulants had no significant difference in survival from untreated patients. Among patients with carotid TIA who received anticoagulants, the net probability of stroke was slightly but not significantly lower than in untreated patients. The difference favoring treated patients with vertebral-basilar TIA was significant starting at three months. The rate of intracranial hemorrhage was higher higher among all patients receiving anticoagulant treatment than among untreated patients and was significantly higher among those 55 to 74 years old. Almost all the hemorrhages occurred after a year or more of anticoagulant treatment and in patients more than 65 years old. Patients with high diastolic blood pressure had a significantly higher net probability of stroke than did patients with lower blood pressure and those receiving antihypertensive drugs. By implication, treatment of hypertension was effective in preventing stroke in patients with TIA. Linear discriminant analysis and actuarial analysis indicated that diastolic blood pressure and anticoagulant therapy were the only factors that influenced stroke occurrence. There was no suggestion that previous myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, valvular heart disease, cardiac arrhythmia, or congestive heart failure--individually or in combination--influenced the occurrence of stroke or survival.", "contents": "Carotid and vertebral-basilar transient ischemic attacks: effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence--a population study. A population of 199 patients from Rochester, MN, was followed from the time of their first carotid or vertebral-basilar transient ischemic attack (TIA). Patients treated with anticoagulants had no significant difference in survival from untreated patients. Among patients with carotid TIA who received anticoagulants, the net probability of stroke was slightly but not significantly lower than in untreated patients. The difference favoring treated patients with vertebral-basilar TIA was significant starting at three months. The rate of intracranial hemorrhage was higher higher among all patients receiving anticoagulant treatment than among untreated patients and was significantly higher among those 55 to 74 years old. Almost all the hemorrhages occurred after a year or more of anticoagulant treatment and in patients more than 65 years old. Patients with high diastolic blood pressure had a significantly higher net probability of stroke than did patients with lower blood pressure and those receiving antihypertensive drugs. By implication, treatment of hypertension was effective in preventing stroke in patients with TIA. Linear discriminant analysis and actuarial analysis indicated that diastolic blood pressure and anticoagulant therapy were the only factors that influenced stroke occurrence. There was no suggestion that previous myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, valvular heart disease, cardiac arrhythmia, or congestive heart failure--individually or in combination--influenced the occurrence of stroke or survival.", "PMID": 655661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6466", "title": "Dopamine binding following prolonged haloperidol pretreatment.", "content": "The number of binding sites for tritiated dopamine as well as the affinity of 3H-dopamine for dopamine receptors was studied in rats chronically pretreated with the neuroleptic haloperidol. The rats were given haloperidol for 14 or 21 days and were killed on day 21. It was found that 14 days of haloperidol pretreatment followed by drug withdrawal resulted in a 67% increase in the number of 3H-dopamine binding sites in the striatum and ninefold increase in the affinity constant in the striatum. The same pretreatment regimen had no effect on either the number of receptor sites or the affinity constant in the nucleus accumbens. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic neuroleptic pretreatment results in receptor site hypersensitivity in the striatum, which may be a major factor in the production of tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Dopamine binding following prolonged haloperidol pretreatment. The number of binding sites for tritiated dopamine as well as the affinity of 3H-dopamine for dopamine receptors was studied in rats chronically pretreated with the neuroleptic haloperidol. The rats were given haloperidol for 14 or 21 days and were killed on day 21. It was found that 14 days of haloperidol pretreatment followed by drug withdrawal resulted in a 67% increase in the number of 3H-dopamine binding sites in the striatum and ninefold increase in the affinity constant in the striatum. The same pretreatment regimen had no effect on either the number of receptor sites or the affinity constant in the nucleus accumbens. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic neuroleptic pretreatment results in receptor site hypersensitivity in the striatum, which may be a major factor in the production of tardive dyskinesia.", "PMID": 655662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6467", "title": "Further evidence of a possible association between house dogs and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The present study was undertaken because of the recent report of an association between familial multiple sclerosis (MS) and prior ownership of a small pet. Forty-five patients with sporadic MS were retrospectively compared with 45 closely matched controls and were found to have owned a significantly greater number of indoor dogs prior to the onset of MS. Importantly, the MS patients had also had more exposure to neurologically ill dogs in the five years before the onset of symptoms. These new data further support the hypothesis that house dogs may serve as an animal vector in MS.", "contents": "Further evidence of a possible association between house dogs and multiple sclerosis. The present study was undertaken because of the recent report of an association between familial multiple sclerosis (MS) and prior ownership of a small pet. Forty-five patients with sporadic MS were retrospectively compared with 45 closely matched controls and were found to have owned a significantly greater number of indoor dogs prior to the onset of MS. Importantly, the MS patients had also had more exposure to neurologically ill dogs in the five years before the onset of symptoms. These new data further support the hypothesis that house dogs may serve as an animal vector in MS.", "PMID": 655663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6468", "title": "The cervical myelopathy associated with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of patients, with 2 postmortem cases.", "content": "The clinical findings in a group of 32 rheumatoid patients with symptomatic myelopathy are described. The myelopathy appeared in late middle age after many years of rheumatoid disease (average duration, 18 years). The most common radiological abnormality was anterior subluxation of C1. Other patterns occurred in about half the cases. The most common neurological findings were those of a mild to moderate spastic paraplegia, often with atrophy of muscles of the hands and sensory changes in the hands. Symptoms originating above the foramen magnum (nystagmus, diplopia, slurred speech) appeared to have a vascular cause and were sometimes associated with upward as well as posterior movement of the odontoid process. Root pain into the arms was not present, and its absence helped to distinguish these disorders from cervical spondylosis. Root pain into the territory of the C2 root was common. Medical or conservative therapy was not effective, and the preferred approach was use of a halo traction device followed by posterior fusion, with or without laminectomy. Pathologically, in 2 autopsy cases, the maximal change had occurred in the central gray matter and adjacent posterior and lateral columns. We postulate that direct pressure caused intermittent compression and narrowing of distal transverse branches of the anterior spinal artery.", "contents": "The cervical myelopathy associated with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of patients, with 2 postmortem cases. The clinical findings in a group of 32 rheumatoid patients with symptomatic myelopathy are described. The myelopathy appeared in late middle age after many years of rheumatoid disease (average duration, 18 years). The most common radiological abnormality was anterior subluxation of C1. Other patterns occurred in about half the cases. The most common neurological findings were those of a mild to moderate spastic paraplegia, often with atrophy of muscles of the hands and sensory changes in the hands. Symptoms originating above the foramen magnum (nystagmus, diplopia, slurred speech) appeared to have a vascular cause and were sometimes associated with upward as well as posterior movement of the odontoid process. Root pain into the arms was not present, and its absence helped to distinguish these disorders from cervical spondylosis. Root pain into the territory of the C2 root was common. Medical or conservative therapy was not effective, and the preferred approach was use of a halo traction device followed by posterior fusion, with or without laminectomy. Pathologically, in 2 autopsy cases, the maximal change had occurred in the central gray matter and adjacent posterior and lateral columns. We postulate that direct pressure caused intermittent compression and narrowing of distal transverse branches of the anterior spinal artery.", "PMID": 655664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6469", "title": "Ischemia-induced seizures and cortical monoamine levels.", "content": "Seizure activity as a component of the ischemic process possibly responsible for monoamine changes described in the gerbil stroke model was the subject of this study. Abnormal motor activity suggestive of seizures developed one to three hours after unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery in approximately 50% of gerbils that exhibited signs of stroke. Reduction of cortical levels of dopamine and norepinephrine was observed only when seizures occurred in association with stroke. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine were reduced bilaterally in animals with and without signs of stroke and were reduced further in animals with stroke plus seizures. Further study is needed to establish whether the catecholamine changes associated with ischemia-induced seizures are primary and causative or secondary to seizure activity itself. In the ischemic brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism appears disordered independent of seizure activity. Seizure activity must be taken into account when the mechanisms of disordered monoamine metabolism are being examined in the gerbil stroke model.", "contents": "Ischemia-induced seizures and cortical monoamine levels. Seizure activity as a component of the ischemic process possibly responsible for monoamine changes described in the gerbil stroke model was the subject of this study. Abnormal motor activity suggestive of seizures developed one to three hours after unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery in approximately 50% of gerbils that exhibited signs of stroke. Reduction of cortical levels of dopamine and norepinephrine was observed only when seizures occurred in association with stroke. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine were reduced bilaterally in animals with and without signs of stroke and were reduced further in animals with stroke plus seizures. Further study is needed to establish whether the catecholamine changes associated with ischemia-induced seizures are primary and causative or secondary to seizure activity itself. In the ischemic brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism appears disordered independent of seizure activity. Seizure activity must be taken into account when the mechanisms of disordered monoamine metabolism are being examined in the gerbil stroke model.", "PMID": 655665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6470", "title": "Regulation of intracranial pressure in rat, dog, and man.", "content": "Intracranial resistance and compliance were assessed in the cerebrospinal fluid system of rat, dog, and man by means of low-volume, short-duration infusions of artificial CSF into the subarachnoid space. A family of pressure/time response curves was obtained for each species: at low flow rates, steady-state pressure elevations were associated with normal neurological function; at high flow rates, rapid linear pressure elevations were associated with marked neurological dysfunction. From these curves a mathematical model was developed which describes transport and pressure-dependent valvelike characteristics of the CSF outflow resistance. This resistance shows a progressive phylogenetic change in rat, dog, and man which increasingly enhances the species' abilities to vent fluid from the intracranial cavity into the venous circulation. Arachnoid villi appear to be the major structures modulating sustained, nonlethal elevations of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Regulation of intracranial pressure in rat, dog, and man. Intracranial resistance and compliance were assessed in the cerebrospinal fluid system of rat, dog, and man by means of low-volume, short-duration infusions of artificial CSF into the subarachnoid space. A family of pressure/time response curves was obtained for each species: at low flow rates, steady-state pressure elevations were associated with normal neurological function; at high flow rates, rapid linear pressure elevations were associated with marked neurological dysfunction. From these curves a mathematical model was developed which describes transport and pressure-dependent valvelike characteristics of the CSF outflow resistance. This resistance shows a progressive phylogenetic change in rat, dog, and man which increasingly enhances the species' abilities to vent fluid from the intracranial cavity into the venous circulation. Arachnoid villi appear to be the major structures modulating sustained, nonlethal elevations of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 655666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6471", "title": "Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania: a disabling headache syndrome responding to indomethacin.", "content": "A 57-year-old man experienced daily episodes of unilateral headache accompanied by homolateral partial Horner syndrome and rhinorrhea for more than 40 years. Treatment with indomethacin eliminated these headaches. The patient's illness is best classified as \"chronic paroxysmal hemicrania\" as described by Sjaastad and Dale.", "contents": "Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania: a disabling headache syndrome responding to indomethacin. A 57-year-old man experienced daily episodes of unilateral headache accompanied by homolateral partial Horner syndrome and rhinorrhea for more than 40 years. Treatment with indomethacin eliminated these headaches. The patient's illness is best classified as \"chronic paroxysmal hemicrania\" as described by Sjaastad and Dale.", "PMID": 655667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6472", "title": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin-lymphoma: Introduction.", "content": "Appropriate selection of therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma requires an understanding of the various histologic classifications as well as knowledge of the role of clinical and pathologic staging. The histologic classification of the malignant lymphomas proposed by Rappaport is reviewed. The Ann Arbor Staging System is outlined and its application to NHLs analyzed. Recommendations for clinical staging procedures together with the accuracy of diagnostic tests in the NHL are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin-lymphoma: Introduction. Appropriate selection of therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma requires an understanding of the various histologic classifications as well as knowledge of the role of clinical and pathologic staging. The histologic classification of the malignant lymphomas proposed by Rappaport is reviewed. The Ann Arbor Staging System is outlined and its application to NHLs analyzed. Recommendations for clinical staging procedures together with the accuracy of diagnostic tests in the NHL are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 655672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6473", "title": "Prognostic significance of the labeling index in non-Hodgkin human malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The labeling index has been determined in 34 non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas. The kinetic parameter has been analyzed in relation to the different histologic types, according to the Kiel calssification, and a kinetic classification with three main groups at low, intermediate, and high proliferative activity has been proposed. The analysis of the survival of the patients in relation to the labeling index of the malignant lymphoma cell population has shown that the potential proliferative activity has an important prognostic significance.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of the labeling index in non-Hodgkin human malignant lymphomas. The labeling index has been determined in 34 non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas. The kinetic parameter has been analyzed in relation to the different histologic types, according to the Kiel calssification, and a kinetic classification with three main groups at low, intermediate, and high proliferative activity has been proposed. The analysis of the survival of the patients in relation to the labeling index of the malignant lymphoma cell population has shown that the potential proliferative activity has an important prognostic significance.", "PMID": 655673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6474", "title": "Clinical trials on gastrointestinal cancer in Western Europe and in the FORTC.", "content": "The therapeutics on gastrointestinal cancer including only randomized clinical trials carried out in Western Europe and in the EORTC are reported. The studies on preoperative radiotherapy in resectable esophagus cancer and on chemotherapy associated to radiotherapy in nonresectable esophagus cancer has just been activated. The data of a trial on the treatment of gastric cancer have demonstrated the efficacy of long term 5-FU administered after postoperative irradiations. A trial on the immunostimulating effect of levamisole as adjuvant treatment of colon cancer is described, as well as the results of chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer. Finally, scribed, as well as the results of chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer. Finally, the preliminary results of two European trials studying the effect of preoperative radiotherapy and of a chemotherapy, used as a preoperative irradiation sensitizer in rectal cancer, are commented on.", "contents": "Clinical trials on gastrointestinal cancer in Western Europe and in the FORTC. The therapeutics on gastrointestinal cancer including only randomized clinical trials carried out in Western Europe and in the EORTC are reported. The studies on preoperative radiotherapy in resectable esophagus cancer and on chemotherapy associated to radiotherapy in nonresectable esophagus cancer has just been activated. The data of a trial on the treatment of gastric cancer have demonstrated the efficacy of long term 5-FU administered after postoperative irradiations. A trial on the immunostimulating effect of levamisole as adjuvant treatment of colon cancer is described, as well as the results of chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer. Finally, scribed, as well as the results of chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer. Finally, the preliminary results of two European trials studying the effect of preoperative radiotherapy and of a chemotherapy, used as a preoperative irradiation sensitizer in rectal cancer, are commented on.", "PMID": 655675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6475", "title": "Small molecular microbial products enhancing immune response.", "content": "Plasmids are involved in the biosynthesis of many microbial secondary metabolites, and compounds which have various chemical structures are produced by microorganisms. Therefore, it is possible to find microbial products which have no antimicrobial activities but pharmacological activities. Aminopeptidases, alkaline phosphatase and esterase have been found to appear on the cell surface and their strong inhibitors have been confirmed to enhance or decrease immune response. These inhibitors have a very low toxicity without cytotoxic action. Bestatin, which inhibited aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase, enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity in a wide range of its low dosis (0.1-100 micrometer/mouse) and produced an immune resistance to the second inoculation of the same tumor cells. It showed a synergistic action with antitumor agents in treatment of experimental tumors. Treatment with bestatin alone exhibited a strong therapeutic effect on slowly growing solid tumors.", "contents": "Small molecular microbial products enhancing immune response. Plasmids are involved in the biosynthesis of many microbial secondary metabolites, and compounds which have various chemical structures are produced by microorganisms. Therefore, it is possible to find microbial products which have no antimicrobial activities but pharmacological activities. Aminopeptidases, alkaline phosphatase and esterase have been found to appear on the cell surface and their strong inhibitors have been confirmed to enhance or decrease immune response. These inhibitors have a very low toxicity without cytotoxic action. Bestatin, which inhibited aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase, enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity in a wide range of its low dosis (0.1-100 micrometer/mouse) and produced an immune resistance to the second inoculation of the same tumor cells. It showed a synergistic action with antitumor agents in treatment of experimental tumors. Treatment with bestatin alone exhibited a strong therapeutic effect on slowly growing solid tumors.", "PMID": 655681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6476", "title": "[Viability study of actinomycete cultures preserved for a long time on agar media].", "content": "Viability of 254 actinomycetous strains stored for 1 to 6 years on agarized media a temperature of 4-10 degrees C without passages was studied. The cultures included 204 strain of Actinomyces, 26 strains of Mycobacterium, 2 strains of Streptosporangium, 1 strain of Intrasporangium, 2 strains of Micropolyspora and 5 strains of Thermoactinomyces. Most of the cultures, i.e. 94.55 per cent stored for 6 years remained vialbe after the this period. With an increase in the storage period from 1 to 4 years the number of the viable cultures stored for such periods of time gradually decreased from 95.28 to 73.11 per cent. The representatives of Micromonospora and Streptosporangium, some strains of Proactinomyces and the cultures of Actinomyces forming whorl sporophores were the least stable when stored for a period up to 1 year. It was noted that viability of different strains within the same species was not the same in storage.", "contents": "[Viability study of actinomycete cultures preserved for a long time on agar media]. Viability of 254 actinomycetous strains stored for 1 to 6 years on agarized media a temperature of 4-10 degrees C without passages was studied. The cultures included 204 strain of Actinomyces, 26 strains of Mycobacterium, 2 strains of Streptosporangium, 1 strain of Intrasporangium, 2 strains of Micropolyspora and 5 strains of Thermoactinomyces. Most of the cultures, i.e. 94.55 per cent stored for 6 years remained vialbe after the this period. With an increase in the storage period from 1 to 4 years the number of the viable cultures stored for such periods of time gradually decreased from 95.28 to 73.11 per cent. The representatives of Micromonospora and Streptosporangium, some strains of Proactinomyces and the cultures of Actinomyces forming whorl sporophores were the least stable when stored for a period up to 1 year. It was noted that viability of different strains within the same species was not the same in storage.", "PMID": 655683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6477", "title": "[Carminomycin induction of single-stranded breaks in the DNA of tumor cells].", "content": "The effect of carminomycin, an antitumor antibiotic of the anthracycline group on DNA of lymphadenosis cells of mice NK/LI was studied. It was found that carminomycin induced single-stranded breaks in DNA. The effect of the antibiotic was proportional to its concentration and depended on the time of the cell exposure to it. When the antibiotic was used in a concentration of 10 gamma/ml, the maximum effect was observed within a minute of incubation. Reparation of DNA must be possible on prolong exposure of the cells to the above dose of the antibiotic. Double-stranded breaks as well as significant degradation of the DNA complex with other nuclear components were not observed.", "contents": "[Carminomycin induction of single-stranded breaks in the DNA of tumor cells]. The effect of carminomycin, an antitumor antibiotic of the anthracycline group on DNA of lymphadenosis cells of mice NK/LI was studied. It was found that carminomycin induced single-stranded breaks in DNA. The effect of the antibiotic was proportional to its concentration and depended on the time of the cell exposure to it. When the antibiotic was used in a concentration of 10 gamma/ml, the maximum effect was observed within a minute of incubation. Reparation of DNA must be possible on prolong exposure of the cells to the above dose of the antibiotic. Double-stranded breaks as well as significant degradation of the DNA complex with other nuclear components were not observed.", "PMID": 655684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6478", "title": "[Antiviral activity of the complexes obtained at different ratios of complementary homopolyribonucleotides].", "content": "Antiviral activity of the complexes of synthetic polyribonucleotides, i.e. poly (I).poly (C) and poly (G).poly (C) obtained at non-equimolar ratios of homopolymers was studied. The system of chick embryon fibroblasts and horse Venezuellan eguine encephalitis virus served as the model. It was shown that the active and stable complexes poly (I).poly (C) and poly (G).poly (C) were formed at some excess of poly (C), i.e. at the ratio of poly G) or poly (I) to poly (C) equal to 40/60 to 20/80 molar per cent. The role of the excessive poly (C) in formation of the stable secondary structure of the nucleotide complexes and its significance as one of the means for affecting the fine structure of double-stranded RNA were discussed.", "contents": "[Antiviral activity of the complexes obtained at different ratios of complementary homopolyribonucleotides]. Antiviral activity of the complexes of synthetic polyribonucleotides, i.e. poly (I).poly (C) and poly (G).poly (C) obtained at non-equimolar ratios of homopolymers was studied. The system of chick embryon fibroblasts and horse Venezuellan eguine encephalitis virus served as the model. It was shown that the active and stable complexes poly (I).poly (C) and poly (G).poly (C) were formed at some excess of poly (C), i.e. at the ratio of poly G) or poly (I) to poly (C) equal to 40/60 to 20/80 molar per cent. The role of the excessive poly (C) in formation of the stable secondary structure of the nucleotide complexes and its significance as one of the means for affecting the fine structure of double-stranded RNA were discussed.", "PMID": 655685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6479", "title": "[Effect of polymer complexons based on vinylpyrrolidone copolymers with vinyliminodiacetic acid and methacrtloylacetone on the antibiotic sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains].", "content": "Polymer complexons, such as copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with vinyliminodiacetic acid and metacryloilacetone changed the permeability of the bacterial cell wall due to chelating of the metalic ions contained in the cell wall. An increase in the bacterial sensitivity to chloretracycline, methicillin, ampicillin and methicillin was observed in the presence of the above complexons.", "contents": "[Effect of polymer complexons based on vinylpyrrolidone copolymers with vinyliminodiacetic acid and methacrtloylacetone on the antibiotic sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains]. Polymer complexons, such as copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with vinyliminodiacetic acid and metacryloilacetone changed the permeability of the bacterial cell wall due to chelating of the metalic ions contained in the cell wall. An increase in the bacterial sensitivity to chloretracycline, methicillin, ampicillin and methicillin was observed in the presence of the above complexons.", "PMID": 655686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6480", "title": "[Elimination of penicillinase plasmids by the new acridine derivative, Dimer].", "content": "The possibility of eliminating the drug resistance determinants in penicillinase-producing staphylococci under the effect of an acridine \"dimer\", synthesized by French scientists was studied. Comparison of the eliminating activity of a number of acridine compounds, such as acrichin, acriflavine, proflavine and \"dimer\" showed that the new derivative of acridine as well as the other acridines used in the experiments induced elimination of the penicillinase plasmids when used in the sublethal concentrations.", "contents": "[Elimination of penicillinase plasmids by the new acridine derivative, Dimer]. The possibility of eliminating the drug resistance determinants in penicillinase-producing staphylococci under the effect of an acridine \"dimer\", synthesized by French scientists was studied. Comparison of the eliminating activity of a number of acridine compounds, such as acrichin, acriflavine, proflavine and \"dimer\" showed that the new derivative of acridine as well as the other acridines used in the experiments induced elimination of the penicillinase plasmids when used in the sublethal concentrations.", "PMID": 655687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6481", "title": "[Resistance to antibiotics of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria of the genera, Citrobacter and Hafnia].", "content": "Antibiotic sensitivity of 363 strains of Citrobacter and 124 strains of Hafnia isolated from patients with acute intestine infections and healthy persons was studied. It was found that 44.6 per cent of the Citrobacter isolates and 36.3 per cent of the Hafnia isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Different sensitivity of the bacteria of these 2 genera of the conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria to definite antibiotics was shown. The resistant strains of Citrobacter to negramon, monomycin, levomycetin, polymyxin, streptomycin and tetracycline amounted to 3, 6.1, 24, 14.3, 24.8 and 25.9 per cent, respectively. Among the Hafnia isolates the resistant strains to negramone, levomycetin, polymyxin and tetracyline amounted to 0.8, 8.9, 29.8 and 25 per cent, respectively. All the tested strains of Hafnia were sensitive to monomycin and streptomycin. Comparison of the culture antibiotic sensitivity with respect to the resistance spectra revealed 24 and 5 types of resistance in the cultures of Citrobacter and Hafnia, respectively.", "contents": "[Resistance to antibiotics of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria of the genera, Citrobacter and Hafnia]. Antibiotic sensitivity of 363 strains of Citrobacter and 124 strains of Hafnia isolated from patients with acute intestine infections and healthy persons was studied. It was found that 44.6 per cent of the Citrobacter isolates and 36.3 per cent of the Hafnia isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Different sensitivity of the bacteria of these 2 genera of the conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria to definite antibiotics was shown. The resistant strains of Citrobacter to negramon, monomycin, levomycetin, polymyxin, streptomycin and tetracycline amounted to 3, 6.1, 24, 14.3, 24.8 and 25.9 per cent, respectively. Among the Hafnia isolates the resistant strains to negramone, levomycetin, polymyxin and tetracyline amounted to 0.8, 8.9, 29.8 and 25 per cent, respectively. All the tested strains of Hafnia were sensitive to monomycin and streptomycin. Comparison of the culture antibiotic sensitivity with respect to the resistance spectra revealed 24 and 5 types of resistance in the cultures of Citrobacter and Hafnia, respectively.", "PMID": 655688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6482", "title": "[Biological properties of sherry yeasts in the presence of antimicrobial preparations].", "content": "The wine yeasts Cheres were not sensitive to high concentration (500 gamma/ml) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, morphocycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, ceporin, ristomycin, levomycetin, furadonin and furazolidone. In concentrations of 50 to 500 gamma-ml oleadomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, kanamycin and ristomycin inhibited synthesis of the Cheres yeast biomass. Benzylpenicillin, polymyxin, neomycin and ampicillin in concentrations of 50 to 100 gamma/ml had a stimulating effect on the yeast biomass synthesis.", "contents": "[Biological properties of sherry yeasts in the presence of antimicrobial preparations]. The wine yeasts Cheres were not sensitive to high concentration (500 gamma/ml) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, morphocycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, ceporin, ristomycin, levomycetin, furadonin and furazolidone. In concentrations of 50 to 500 gamma-ml oleadomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, kanamycin and ristomycin inhibited synthesis of the Cheres yeast biomass. Benzylpenicillin, polymyxin, neomycin and ampicillin in concentrations of 50 to 100 gamma/ml had a stimulating effect on the yeast biomass synthesis.", "PMID": 655689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6483", "title": "[Effect of polyene antibiotics on the isolated kidney mitochondria of dogs].", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B and nystatin on mitochondria isolated from the dog kidneys was studied. It was shown that incubation of the isolated kidney mitocondria with amphotericin B or nystatin at a wide range of their concentrations, i.e. from 0.1 to 100 gamma per 0.5 mg of the mitochondrial protein did not affect the activity of succinate dehydrogenase of these cell microstructures. The absence of changes in the succinate dehydrogenase activity of the mitochondria under the effect of the polyenic antibiotics is significant from the viewpoint of elucidating their molecular mechanisms of the nephrotoxic effect.", "contents": "[Effect of polyene antibiotics on the isolated kidney mitochondria of dogs]. The effect of amphotericin B and nystatin on mitochondria isolated from the dog kidneys was studied. It was shown that incubation of the isolated kidney mitocondria with amphotericin B or nystatin at a wide range of their concentrations, i.e. from 0.1 to 100 gamma per 0.5 mg of the mitochondrial protein did not affect the activity of succinate dehydrogenase of these cell microstructures. The absence of changes in the succinate dehydrogenase activity of the mitochondria under the effect of the polyenic antibiotics is significant from the viewpoint of elucidating their molecular mechanisms of the nephrotoxic effect.", "PMID": 655690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6484", "title": "[Acute toxicity and the cumulative properties of carfecillin].", "content": "Acute toxicity of oral and intraperitoneal carfecillin was studied on different species of laboratory animals, such as albino mice, rats and guinea pigs. The average lethal doses equal to 3040 (2393.7-3860.8) and 1325 (1104.2-1590) mg/kg for oral and intraperitoneal administration respectively allowed the authors to consider the antibiotic as a low toxic substance under conditions of a single administration. Higher toxicity of carfecillin as compared to carbenicillin may be due to production of free phenol on carfecillin hydrolysin in the animal organism. The different laboratory animals of both sexes had almost the same sensitivity to the antibiotic. On repeated administration of carfecillin to the albino mouse stomach (in portions of LD50) no cumulative properties of the antibiotic were observed.", "contents": "[Acute toxicity and the cumulative properties of carfecillin]. Acute toxicity of oral and intraperitoneal carfecillin was studied on different species of laboratory animals, such as albino mice, rats and guinea pigs. The average lethal doses equal to 3040 (2393.7-3860.8) and 1325 (1104.2-1590) mg/kg for oral and intraperitoneal administration respectively allowed the authors to consider the antibiotic as a low toxic substance under conditions of a single administration. Higher toxicity of carfecillin as compared to carbenicillin may be due to production of free phenol on carfecillin hydrolysin in the animal organism. The different laboratory animals of both sexes had almost the same sensitivity to the antibiotic. On repeated administration of carfecillin to the albino mouse stomach (in portions of LD50) no cumulative properties of the antibiotic were observed.", "PMID": 655692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6485", "title": "Quantitative gas chromatography of Bacteroides species under different growth conditions.", "content": "From 56 strains of strictly anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from stool and purulent lesions the fermentation products in the presence and absence of hemin were determined by quantitative gas-solid chromatography, using a simple and more rapid chromatographic procedure. With hemin the fermentation products were propionic, acetic, lactin and succinic acid. Without hemin no or little succinic acid was formed and the main products were lactic and acetic acid. In both groups the distribution of subspecies was determined and the production of fatty acids measured quantitatively. Fourteen strains of the lesion group showed a higher metabolic activity, resulting in an increased total acid production caused by an excessive production of acetic and lactic acid. This characteristic is probably a virulence factor in these strains. All strains were protoporphyrin- and oxgall-dependent. It is postulated that these substances are used for the production of cytochromes which permits the formation of succinic acid by a fumarate reductase resulting in an increased growth rate and growth yield.", "contents": "Quantitative gas chromatography of Bacteroides species under different growth conditions. From 56 strains of strictly anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from stool and purulent lesions the fermentation products in the presence and absence of hemin were determined by quantitative gas-solid chromatography, using a simple and more rapid chromatographic procedure. With hemin the fermentation products were propionic, acetic, lactin and succinic acid. Without hemin no or little succinic acid was formed and the main products were lactic and acetic acid. In both groups the distribution of subspecies was determined and the production of fatty acids measured quantitatively. Fourteen strains of the lesion group showed a higher metabolic activity, resulting in an increased total acid production caused by an excessive production of acetic and lactic acid. This characteristic is probably a virulence factor in these strains. All strains were protoporphyrin- and oxgall-dependent. It is postulated that these substances are used for the production of cytochromes which permits the formation of succinic acid by a fumarate reductase resulting in an increased growth rate and growth yield.", "PMID": 655693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6486", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in Staphylococcus aureus treated with staphylococcin 1580.", "content": "Incorporation of precursors into macromolecules is immediately arrested upon treatment of Staphylococcus aureus cells with staphylococcin 1580. Except for a degradation of RNA, induced after about 40 min, no degradation of macromolecules is observed, and no trichloroacetic acid-insoluble components are released from the cells. The protein composition and content of membranes are not affected by staphylococcin 1580 treatment. The fatty acid pattern of cells is not significantly altered. Protoplasts do not lyse apparently upon treatment with staphylococcin 1580, but undergo morphological alterations. Thin sections of cells treated with the bacteriocin for 30 min show extensive mesosome-like structures, mostly arranged in honeycomb arrays connected to the plasma membrane, and alterations in the nucleoid area. Freeze-etched preparations taken after that time reveal alterations in the plasma membrane, presumably in relation to the formation of the mesosomal structures. No alterations were observed after bacteriocin treatment for 5 min, although at that time the permeability of the membrane is strongly affected. The implications of the observed changes with the development of irreversible lesions in the cells are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in Staphylococcus aureus treated with staphylococcin 1580. Incorporation of precursors into macromolecules is immediately arrested upon treatment of Staphylococcus aureus cells with staphylococcin 1580. Except for a degradation of RNA, induced after about 40 min, no degradation of macromolecules is observed, and no trichloroacetic acid-insoluble components are released from the cells. The protein composition and content of membranes are not affected by staphylococcin 1580 treatment. The fatty acid pattern of cells is not significantly altered. Protoplasts do not lyse apparently upon treatment with staphylococcin 1580, but undergo morphological alterations. Thin sections of cells treated with the bacteriocin for 30 min show extensive mesosome-like structures, mostly arranged in honeycomb arrays connected to the plasma membrane, and alterations in the nucleoid area. Freeze-etched preparations taken after that time reveal alterations in the plasma membrane, presumably in relation to the formation of the mesosomal structures. No alterations were observed after bacteriocin treatment for 5 min, although at that time the permeability of the membrane is strongly affected. The implications of the observed changes with the development of irreversible lesions in the cells are discussed.", "PMID": 655698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6487", "title": "A comparison of the killer character in different yeasts and its classification.", "content": "The interactions between 20 killer yeasts of various genera and species were examined. Ten distinct groups were recognised with respect to killer activity and 10 distinct groups with respect to resistance to killer action. Using both killing and resistance phenotypes, 13 classes of killer yeast were found. With the exception of Torulopsis glabrata NCYC 388, non-Saccharomyces strains of yeast were not killed by a member of the genus Saccharomyes. The killer character of the 3 killing groups of Saccharomyces identified could be cured by treatment with cycloheximide or incubation at elevated temperature and the effectiveness of these procedures was indicative of the category of killer yeast examined. Killer yeasts not belonging to the genus Saccharomyces could not be cured of their activity. Double-stranded ribonucleic acids were extracted only from Saccharomyces spp. and the molecular weights of the species present were a function of the killer class to which a strain belonged. By an analysis of the effects of proteolytic enzymes, temperature and pH on killer activity and by gel chromatography of crude preparations of killer factors, the toxins of different killer classes were shown to be biochemically distinct. However all toxins had certain properties in common consistent with there being a protein component essential to killer action.", "contents": "A comparison of the killer character in different yeasts and its classification. The interactions between 20 killer yeasts of various genera and species were examined. Ten distinct groups were recognised with respect to killer activity and 10 distinct groups with respect to resistance to killer action. Using both killing and resistance phenotypes, 13 classes of killer yeast were found. With the exception of Torulopsis glabrata NCYC 388, non-Saccharomyces strains of yeast were not killed by a member of the genus Saccharomyes. The killer character of the 3 killing groups of Saccharomyces identified could be cured by treatment with cycloheximide or incubation at elevated temperature and the effectiveness of these procedures was indicative of the category of killer yeast examined. Killer yeasts not belonging to the genus Saccharomyces could not be cured of their activity. Double-stranded ribonucleic acids were extracted only from Saccharomyces spp. and the molecular weights of the species present were a function of the killer class to which a strain belonged. By an analysis of the effects of proteolytic enzymes, temperature and pH on killer activity and by gel chromatography of crude preparations of killer factors, the toxins of different killer classes were shown to be biochemically distinct. However all toxins had certain properties in common consistent with there being a protein component essential to killer action.", "PMID": 655699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6488", "title": "Bacteria from the gut of Australian termites.", "content": "The major gut bacteria of the worker caste of nine species of Australian termites, belonging to four families, were isolated and identified to generic level. All species were either facultative anaerobes or strict aerobes. A correlation appears to exist between the major gut bacterium and the family to which the termite belongs. The major bacterium from the two lowest termites, Mastotermes darwiniensis (family Mastotermitidae) and Cryptotermes primus (family Kalotermitidae), was Streptococcus; from four species belonging to the Rhinotermitidae (Heterotermes ferox, Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. lacteus, Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius) it was Enterobacter; and from three species of the Termitidae (Nasutitermes exitiosus, N. graveolus, N. walkeri) it was Staphylococcus. Enterobacter was a minor symbiont of M. darwiniensis, C. primus, and N. graveolus; Streptococcus was a minor symbiont of H. ferox, C. lacteus, S. intermedius intermedius, and N. exitiosus; and Bacillus was a minor symbiont of C. acinaciformis and S. intermedius intermedius. M. darwiniensis possessed another minor symbiont tentatively identified as Flavobacterium. C. acinaciformis from three widely separated locations possessed a similar microbiota, indicating some form of control on the composition of the gut bacteria. Bacteria, capable of growth on N-free medium in the presence of nitrogen gas, were isolated from all termites, except N. exitiosus and N. walkeri, and were identified as Enterobacter. No cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated.", "contents": "Bacteria from the gut of Australian termites. The major gut bacteria of the worker caste of nine species of Australian termites, belonging to four families, were isolated and identified to generic level. All species were either facultative anaerobes or strict aerobes. A correlation appears to exist between the major gut bacterium and the family to which the termite belongs. The major bacterium from the two lowest termites, Mastotermes darwiniensis (family Mastotermitidae) and Cryptotermes primus (family Kalotermitidae), was Streptococcus; from four species belonging to the Rhinotermitidae (Heterotermes ferox, Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. lacteus, Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius) it was Enterobacter; and from three species of the Termitidae (Nasutitermes exitiosus, N. graveolus, N. walkeri) it was Staphylococcus. Enterobacter was a minor symbiont of M. darwiniensis, C. primus, and N. graveolus; Streptococcus was a minor symbiont of H. ferox, C. lacteus, S. intermedius intermedius, and N. exitiosus; and Bacillus was a minor symbiont of C. acinaciformis and S. intermedius intermedius. M. darwiniensis possessed another minor symbiont tentatively identified as Flavobacterium. C. acinaciformis from three widely separated locations possessed a similar microbiota, indicating some form of control on the composition of the gut bacteria. Bacteria, capable of growth on N-free medium in the presence of nitrogen gas, were isolated from all termites, except N. exitiosus and N. walkeri, and were identified as Enterobacter. No cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated.", "PMID": 655700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6489", "title": "Three-year investigation of the natural airborne bacterial flora at four localities in sweden.", "content": "The concentration of airborne bacteria was recorded during a period of 3 years at four localities: (i) in an agricultural district with an average of 99 (range, 2 to 3,400) bacteria per m3; (ii) in a coastal area with an average of 63 (range, 0 to 560) bacteria per m3; (iii) in a city park with an average of 763 (range, 100 to 2,500) bacteria per m3; and (iv) in a city street with an average of 850 (range, 100 to 4,000) bacteria per m3. At all four localities the bacterial concentrations varied within broad limits, but an annual periodicity with high average counts found during summer and autumn could be seen. The influence of certain meteorological factors on the number of airborne bacteria is also reported. Rain or high relative humidity caused a decrease in the bacterial counts, while high temperature or high wind velocities increased the counts. The particle size distribution for the four localities showed that about 50% of the particles carrying bacteria were larger than 8 micrometer.", "contents": "Three-year investigation of the natural airborne bacterial flora at four localities in sweden. The concentration of airborne bacteria was recorded during a period of 3 years at four localities: (i) in an agricultural district with an average of 99 (range, 2 to 3,400) bacteria per m3; (ii) in a coastal area with an average of 63 (range, 0 to 560) bacteria per m3; (iii) in a city park with an average of 763 (range, 100 to 2,500) bacteria per m3; and (iv) in a city street with an average of 850 (range, 100 to 4,000) bacteria per m3. At all four localities the bacterial concentrations varied within broad limits, but an annual periodicity with high average counts found during summer and autumn could be seen. The influence of certain meteorological factors on the number of airborne bacteria is also reported. Rain or high relative humidity caused a decrease in the bacterial counts, while high temperature or high wind velocities increased the counts. The particle size distribution for the four localities showed that about 50% of the particles carrying bacteria were larger than 8 micrometer.", "PMID": 655701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6490", "title": "Simultaneous determinations of nitrification and nitrate reduction in coastal sediments by a 15N dilution technique.", "content": "Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate, and nitrate reduction by bacteria in coastal sediments of Mangoku-Ura and Odawa Bay were simultaneously determined by a 15N dilution technique. In muddy sediments of Mangoku-Ura, nitrate reduction proceeded at a rate of 10(-2) to 10 X 10(-2) microgram-atoms of N/g per h. Nitrification was far less intensive. Denitrification, or N2 production from nitrate, accounted for about 30% of the nitrate reduction. A simultaneous occurrence of nitrification and nitrate reduction with a similar rate of 10(-2) microgram-atoms of N/g per h was demonstrated in sandy sediment collected from a Zostera bed of Odawa Bay.", "contents": "Simultaneous determinations of nitrification and nitrate reduction in coastal sediments by a 15N dilution technique. Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate, and nitrate reduction by bacteria in coastal sediments of Mangoku-Ura and Odawa Bay were simultaneously determined by a 15N dilution technique. In muddy sediments of Mangoku-Ura, nitrate reduction proceeded at a rate of 10(-2) to 10 X 10(-2) microgram-atoms of N/g per h. Nitrification was far less intensive. Denitrification, or N2 production from nitrate, accounted for about 30% of the nitrate reduction. A simultaneous occurrence of nitrification and nitrate reduction with a similar rate of 10(-2) microgram-atoms of N/g per h was demonstrated in sandy sediment collected from a Zostera bed of Odawa Bay.", "PMID": 655702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6491", "title": "Bacterial dehalogenation of halogenated alkanes and fatty acids.", "content": "Sewage samples dehalogenated 1,9-dichloronane, 1-chloroheptane, and 6-bromohexanoate, but an organism able to use 1,9-dichlorononane as the sole carbon source could not be isolated from these samples. Resting cells of Pseudomonas sp. grown on n-undecane, but not cells grown on glycerol, dehalogenated 1,9-dichlorononane in the presence of chloramphenicol. Resting cells of five other n-undecane-utilizing bacteria cleaved the halogen from dichlorononane and 6-bromohexanoate, and four dehalogenated 1-chloroheptane; however, none of these organisms used 1,9-dichlorononane for growth. By contrast, four benzoate-utilizing bacteria removed bromine from 6-bromohexanoate but had little or no activity on the chlorinated hydrocarbons. Incubation of sewage with 1,9-dichlorononane increased its subsequent capacity to dehalogenate 1,9-dichlorononane and 6-bromohexanoate but not 1-chloroheptane. A soil isolate could dehalogenate several dichloralkanes, three halogenated heptanes, and halogen-containing fatty acids. An enzyme preparation from this bacterium released chloride from 1,9-dichlorononane.", "contents": "Bacterial dehalogenation of halogenated alkanes and fatty acids. Sewage samples dehalogenated 1,9-dichloronane, 1-chloroheptane, and 6-bromohexanoate, but an organism able to use 1,9-dichlorononane as the sole carbon source could not be isolated from these samples. Resting cells of Pseudomonas sp. grown on n-undecane, but not cells grown on glycerol, dehalogenated 1,9-dichlorononane in the presence of chloramphenicol. Resting cells of five other n-undecane-utilizing bacteria cleaved the halogen from dichlorononane and 6-bromohexanoate, and four dehalogenated 1-chloroheptane; however, none of these organisms used 1,9-dichlorononane for growth. By contrast, four benzoate-utilizing bacteria removed bromine from 6-bromohexanoate but had little or no activity on the chlorinated hydrocarbons. Incubation of sewage with 1,9-dichlorononane increased its subsequent capacity to dehalogenate 1,9-dichlorononane and 6-bromohexanoate but not 1-chloroheptane. A soil isolate could dehalogenate several dichloralkanes, three halogenated heptanes, and halogen-containing fatty acids. An enzyme preparation from this bacterium released chloride from 1,9-dichlorononane.", "PMID": 655703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6492", "title": "Affinity chromatography purification of type A botulinum neurotoxin from crystalline toxic complex.", "content": "Type A botulinum neurotoxin was purified from toxic crystals by adsorption to p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside coupled to CH-Sepharose 4B. At pH 6.3, the toxic complex was held by the binding between the ligand and the hemagglutinin of the complex; the toxin is eluted selectively by dissociating the complex with buffer-saline of pH 7.9. The single-step affinity chromatography recovered 50 to 60% of applied toxicity as preparations of greater than 99% purity.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography purification of type A botulinum neurotoxin from crystalline toxic complex. Type A botulinum neurotoxin was purified from toxic crystals by adsorption to p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside coupled to CH-Sepharose 4B. At pH 6.3, the toxic complex was held by the binding between the ligand and the hemagglutinin of the complex; the toxin is eluted selectively by dissociating the complex with buffer-saline of pH 7.9. The single-step affinity chromatography recovered 50 to 60% of applied toxicity as preparations of greater than 99% purity.", "PMID": 655704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6493", "title": "Kinetics of biodegradation of p-nitrobenzoate and inhibition by benzoate in a pseudomonad.", "content": "The degradation of p-nitrobenzoate (p-NBA) by domestic sewage was inhibited by benzoate, and a model for this behavior was found in a soil isolate. The isolate, a pseudomonad, utilized p-NBA and benzoate by separate adaptive enzyme pathways. In oxygen uptake experiments, the degradation of p-NBA was competitively inhibited by benzoate, but the degradation of benzoate was not affected by the presence of p-NBA. 4-Nitrocatechol was not implicated in the inhibition. p-Hydroxybenzoate, which is the p-NBA degradation pathway, also had a decreased rate od degradation when benzoate was present. The growth rate of the isolate on the aromatic substrates and on glucose autoclaved in the medium was 0.3 h-1. When glucose was autoclaved separately, the growth rate was less, about 0.2 h-1. The apparent Km in oxygen uptake experiments was 25 micrometer for p-NBA and benzoate and 5 micrometer for p-hydroxybenzoate.", "contents": "Kinetics of biodegradation of p-nitrobenzoate and inhibition by benzoate in a pseudomonad. The degradation of p-nitrobenzoate (p-NBA) by domestic sewage was inhibited by benzoate, and a model for this behavior was found in a soil isolate. The isolate, a pseudomonad, utilized p-NBA and benzoate by separate adaptive enzyme pathways. In oxygen uptake experiments, the degradation of p-NBA was competitively inhibited by benzoate, but the degradation of benzoate was not affected by the presence of p-NBA. 4-Nitrocatechol was not implicated in the inhibition. p-Hydroxybenzoate, which is the p-NBA degradation pathway, also had a decreased rate od degradation when benzoate was present. The growth rate of the isolate on the aromatic substrates and on glucose autoclaved in the medium was 0.3 h-1. When glucose was autoclaved separately, the growth rate was less, about 0.2 h-1. The apparent Km in oxygen uptake experiments was 25 micrometer for p-NBA and benzoate and 5 micrometer for p-hydroxybenzoate.", "PMID": 655705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6494", "title": "Distribution of hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials in Alaskan continental shelf areas.", "content": "Hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were enumerated from Alaskan continental shelf areas by using plate counts and a new most-probable-number procedure based on mineralization of (14)C-labeled hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon utilizers were ubiquitously distributed, with no significant overall concentration differences between sampling regions or between surface water and sediment samples. There were, however, significant seasonal differences in numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers. Distribution of hydrocarbon utilizers within Cook Inlet was positively correlated with occurrence of hydrocarbons in the environment. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials were measured by using (14)C-radiolabeled hydrocarbon-spiked crude oil. There was no significant correlation between numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials. The biodegradation potentials showed large seasonal variations in the Beaufort Sea, probably due to seasonal depletion of available nutrients. Non-nutrient-limited biodegradation potentials followed the order hexadecane > naphthalene >> pristane > benzanthracene. In Cook Inlet, biodegradation potentials for hexadecane and naphthalene were dependent on availability of inorganic nutrients. Biodegradation potentials for pristane and benzanthracene were restricted, probably by resistance to attack by available enzymes in the indigenous population.", "contents": "Distribution of hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials in Alaskan continental shelf areas. Hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were enumerated from Alaskan continental shelf areas by using plate counts and a new most-probable-number procedure based on mineralization of (14)C-labeled hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon utilizers were ubiquitously distributed, with no significant overall concentration differences between sampling regions or between surface water and sediment samples. There were, however, significant seasonal differences in numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers. Distribution of hydrocarbon utilizers within Cook Inlet was positively correlated with occurrence of hydrocarbons in the environment. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials were measured by using (14)C-radiolabeled hydrocarbon-spiked crude oil. There was no significant correlation between numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials. The biodegradation potentials showed large seasonal variations in the Beaufort Sea, probably due to seasonal depletion of available nutrients. Non-nutrient-limited biodegradation potentials followed the order hexadecane > naphthalene >> pristane > benzanthracene. In Cook Inlet, biodegradation potentials for hexadecane and naphthalene were dependent on availability of inorganic nutrients. Biodegradation potentials for pristane and benzanthracene were restricted, probably by resistance to attack by available enzymes in the indigenous population.", "PMID": 655706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6495", "title": "Inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores by ultraviolet and visible light.", "content": "The inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores and spores treated with two protectants, one proteinaceous and the other a commercial product, Shade, at wavelengths of the near-ultraviolet and visible spectra and at 254 nm is described. Determination of the inactivating wavelengths may be used to establish an efficient sunlight protective system for B. thuringiensis when used as a microbial insecticide.", "contents": "Inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores by ultraviolet and visible light. The inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores and spores treated with two protectants, one proteinaceous and the other a commercial product, Shade, at wavelengths of the near-ultraviolet and visible spectra and at 254 nm is described. Determination of the inactivating wavelengths may be used to establish an efficient sunlight protective system for B. thuringiensis when used as a microbial insecticide.", "PMID": 655707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6496", "title": "Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Leuconostoc mesenteroides by sodium fluoride and ionic tin.", "content": "Sodium fluoride caused inhibition of growth rate and growth levels of Streptococcus mutans with glucose as the primary energy and carbon source. Stannous fluoride increased growth lag nad caused a much greater inhibition of growth rate than did sodium fluoride. Neither compound was found to be bactericidal when culture viability was measured after 6 days of incubation. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which lacks a phosphotransferase system for sugar transport, showed less inhibition of growth rate with both inhibitors than did S. mutans, which possesses a phosphotransferase system. Metabolism of glucose or lactose which requires enolase activity shoed sodium fluoride inhibition, whereas metabolism of arginine or pyruvate does not involve enolase activity and showed no inhibition of growth.", "contents": "Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Leuconostoc mesenteroides by sodium fluoride and ionic tin. Sodium fluoride caused inhibition of growth rate and growth levels of Streptococcus mutans with glucose as the primary energy and carbon source. Stannous fluoride increased growth lag nad caused a much greater inhibition of growth rate than did sodium fluoride. Neither compound was found to be bactericidal when culture viability was measured after 6 days of incubation. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which lacks a phosphotransferase system for sugar transport, showed less inhibition of growth rate with both inhibitors than did S. mutans, which possesses a phosphotransferase system. Metabolism of glucose or lactose which requires enolase activity shoed sodium fluoride inhibition, whereas metabolism of arginine or pyruvate does not involve enolase activity and showed no inhibition of growth.", "PMID": 655708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6497", "title": "Heterotrophic bacteria present in hindguts of wood-eating termites [Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)].", "content": "Strict anaerobic culture techniques were used to quantitate heterotrophic bacteria present in hindguts of Reticulitermes flavipes. The grand mean number of viable cells per hindgut was 0.4 X 10(5) (first-instar larvae), 1.3 X 10(5) (third-instar larvae), 3.5 X 10(5) (workers), and 1.5 X 10(5) (soldiers). Of a total of 344 isolates, 66.3% were streptococci that were always obtained regardless of the origin of termites, their developmental stage or caste, or their length of captivity. Most of the remaining isolates were strains of Bacteroides and Enterobacteriaceae. A small percentage were strains of Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium, and unidentified anaerobic gram-positive rods. Recovery of bacteria from worker hindguts was 13.0% of the direct microscopic count. Isolations performed aerobically failed to reveal strict aerobes. Attempts to isolate cellulolytic bacteria were uniformly unsuccessful. Of 145 streptococcal strains isolated from freshly collected termites, almost all were Streptococcus lactis and S. cremoris. Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the same termite specimens were indole-positive Citrobacter, citrate-negative Citrobacter, and Enterobacter cloacae. The possibility of in situ interspecies lactate transfer, between lactate producers (e.g., streptococci) and lactate fermenters (Bacteroides), is discussed.", "contents": "Heterotrophic bacteria present in hindguts of wood-eating termites [Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)]. Strict anaerobic culture techniques were used to quantitate heterotrophic bacteria present in hindguts of Reticulitermes flavipes. The grand mean number of viable cells per hindgut was 0.4 X 10(5) (first-instar larvae), 1.3 X 10(5) (third-instar larvae), 3.5 X 10(5) (workers), and 1.5 X 10(5) (soldiers). Of a total of 344 isolates, 66.3% were streptococci that were always obtained regardless of the origin of termites, their developmental stage or caste, or their length of captivity. Most of the remaining isolates were strains of Bacteroides and Enterobacteriaceae. A small percentage were strains of Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium, and unidentified anaerobic gram-positive rods. Recovery of bacteria from worker hindguts was 13.0% of the direct microscopic count. Isolations performed aerobically failed to reveal strict aerobes. Attempts to isolate cellulolytic bacteria were uniformly unsuccessful. Of 145 streptococcal strains isolated from freshly collected termites, almost all were Streptococcus lactis and S. cremoris. Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the same termite specimens were indole-positive Citrobacter, citrate-negative Citrobacter, and Enterobacter cloacae. The possibility of in situ interspecies lactate transfer, between lactate producers (e.g., streptococci) and lactate fermenters (Bacteroides), is discussed.", "PMID": 655709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6498", "title": "Microbial transformation of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in an activated-sludge system.", "content": "The fate of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in an activated-sludge system was investigated. No [14C]TNT could be detected in the contents of an aerated reactor after 3 to 5 days of incubation. No significant 14CO2 was formed, and the radioactivity was about equally divided between the floc and the supernatant. The radioactive carbon present in the microflora was mainly associated with the lipid and protein components, but the characteristic constituents of these compounds (e.g., fatty acids and amino acids) were not radioactive. The major part of the 14C present in the lipid and protein fractions was found in precipitates that formed in both fractions. The solubility properties and infrared spectra of these precipitates suggested that they are macromolecular structures of the polyamide type formed by the reaction of TNT biotransformation products with lipids, fatty acids, and protein constituents of the microbial flora. This hypothesis is further supported by the correspondence of the infrared spectrum of the lipid precipitate with that of a model compound synthesized from TNT transformation products and lipid precursors. The resistance of these macromolecules to further biodegradation was paralleled by the reported resistance to microbial attack of polyamides containing similar linkages.", "contents": "Microbial transformation of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in an activated-sludge system. The fate of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in an activated-sludge system was investigated. No [14C]TNT could be detected in the contents of an aerated reactor after 3 to 5 days of incubation. No significant 14CO2 was formed, and the radioactivity was about equally divided between the floc and the supernatant. The radioactive carbon present in the microflora was mainly associated with the lipid and protein components, but the characteristic constituents of these compounds (e.g., fatty acids and amino acids) were not radioactive. The major part of the 14C present in the lipid and protein fractions was found in precipitates that formed in both fractions. The solubility properties and infrared spectra of these precipitates suggested that they are macromolecular structures of the polyamide type formed by the reaction of TNT biotransformation products with lipids, fatty acids, and protein constituents of the microbial flora. This hypothesis is further supported by the correspondence of the infrared spectrum of the lipid precipitate with that of a model compound synthesized from TNT transformation products and lipid precursors. The resistance of these macromolecules to further biodegradation was paralleled by the reported resistance to microbial attack of polyamides containing similar linkages.", "PMID": 655710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6499", "title": "Pathway of degradation of nitrilotriacetate by a Pseudomonas species.", "content": "The pathway of degradation of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was determined by using cell-free extracts and a 35-fold purification of NTA monooxygenase. The first step in the breakdown was an oxidative cleavage of the tertiary amine by the monooxygenase to form the aldo acid, glyoxylate, and the secondary amine, iminodiacetate (IDA). NTA N-oxide acted as a substrate analog for induction of the monooxygenase and was slowly metabolized by the enzyme, but was not an intermediate in the pathway. No intermediate before IDA was found, but an unstable alpha-hydroxy-NTA intermediate was postulated. IDA did undergo cleavage in the presence of the purified monooxygenase to give glyoxylate and glycine, but was not metabolized in cell-free extracts. Glyoxylate was further metabolized by cell-free extracts to yield CO2 and glycerate or glycine, products also found from NTA metabolism. Of the three bacterial isolates in which the NTA pathway has been studied, two strains, one isolated from a British soil and ours from a Michigan soil, appear to be almost identical.", "contents": "Pathway of degradation of nitrilotriacetate by a Pseudomonas species. The pathway of degradation of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was determined by using cell-free extracts and a 35-fold purification of NTA monooxygenase. The first step in the breakdown was an oxidative cleavage of the tertiary amine by the monooxygenase to form the aldo acid, glyoxylate, and the secondary amine, iminodiacetate (IDA). NTA N-oxide acted as a substrate analog for induction of the monooxygenase and was slowly metabolized by the enzyme, but was not an intermediate in the pathway. No intermediate before IDA was found, but an unstable alpha-hydroxy-NTA intermediate was postulated. IDA did undergo cleavage in the presence of the purified monooxygenase to give glyoxylate and glycine, but was not metabolized in cell-free extracts. Glyoxylate was further metabolized by cell-free extracts to yield CO2 and glycerate or glycine, products also found from NTA metabolism. Of the three bacterial isolates in which the NTA pathway has been studied, two strains, one isolated from a British soil and ours from a Michigan soil, appear to be almost identical.", "PMID": 655711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6500", "title": "Utilization of non-sugar sources for vitamin B12 production.", "content": "Assimilation of non-sugar carbon sources for vitamin B(12) production was studied.", "contents": "Utilization of non-sugar sources for vitamin B12 production. Assimilation of non-sugar carbon sources for vitamin B(12) production was studied.", "PMID": 655712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6501", "title": "Safe, convenient, portable pipettor.", "content": "A dafe, convenient, portable pipetting device that will accommodate any size pipette is described. A vacuum bulb eliminates the need for external vacuum. Necessary components, fabrication procedures, and operating techniques are given.", "contents": "Safe, convenient, portable pipettor. A dafe, convenient, portable pipetting device that will accommodate any size pipette is described. A vacuum bulb eliminates the need for external vacuum. Necessary components, fabrication procedures, and operating techniques are given.", "PMID": 655713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6502", "title": "Anthraquinones in the biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor.", "content": "14C-labeled averufin, versiconal hemiacetal acetate, and versicolorin A were efficiently converted to sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor, thus providing experimental evidence that these anthraquinones are biosynthetic precursors of sterigmatocystin, a xanthone.", "contents": "Anthraquinones in the biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor. 14C-labeled averufin, versiconal hemiacetal acetate, and versicolorin A were efficiently converted to sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor, thus providing experimental evidence that these anthraquinones are biosynthetic precursors of sterigmatocystin, a xanthone.", "PMID": 655714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6503", "title": "Uterotropic activity of cis and trans isomers of zearalenone and zearalenol.", "content": "The cis and trans isomers of zearalenone [2,4-dihyroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecenyl)-benzoic acid mu-lactone] and zearalenol [2,4-dihydroxy-6-(6,10-dihydroxy-1-undecenyl)-benzoic acid mu-lactone] were tested for uterotropic activity in the white rat. The metabolites were administered through the oral route (per os) and by topical application to the freshly shaven skin on the back. cis-Zearalenone was significantly more active than trans when fed orally to the rats in the diet or when applied topically by skin application. However, the cis isomer of zearalenol was not significantly different than its trans isomer. trans-Zearalenone was less active than trans-zearalenol.", "contents": "Uterotropic activity of cis and trans isomers of zearalenone and zearalenol. The cis and trans isomers of zearalenone [2,4-dihyroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecenyl)-benzoic acid mu-lactone] and zearalenol [2,4-dihydroxy-6-(6,10-dihydroxy-1-undecenyl)-benzoic acid mu-lactone] were tested for uterotropic activity in the white rat. The metabolites were administered through the oral route (per os) and by topical application to the freshly shaven skin on the back. cis-Zearalenone was significantly more active than trans when fed orally to the rats in the diet or when applied topically by skin application. However, the cis isomer of zearalenol was not significantly different than its trans isomer. trans-Zearalenone was less active than trans-zearalenol.", "PMID": 655715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6504", "title": "Superoxide dismutase in anaerobes: survey.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was present in 23 of 28 strains of the genus Bacteroides tested. Several clostridia, anaerobic cocci, and anaerobic, grampositive, nonsporing rods contained measureable SOD, but the frequency of SOD occurrence was much lower than in the bacteroides. These data indicate that there is a large variation in SOD levels between genera and among species within a genus of anaerobic bacteria. There was also no correlation between source of isolate, SOD levels, and presumed pathogenicity of the isolate.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase in anaerobes: survey. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was present in 23 of 28 strains of the genus Bacteroides tested. Several clostridia, anaerobic cocci, and anaerobic, grampositive, nonsporing rods contained measureable SOD, but the frequency of SOD occurrence was much lower than in the bacteroides. These data indicate that there is a large variation in SOD levels between genera and among species within a genus of anaerobic bacteria. There was also no correlation between source of isolate, SOD levels, and presumed pathogenicity of the isolate.", "PMID": 655716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6505", "title": "Analysis of deoxynivalenol from cultures of Fusarium species.", "content": "Eight isolates of Fusarium roseum and three of Fusarium colmorum were found to produce deoxynivalenol in rice cultures. Deoxynivalenol was extracted with aqueous methanol (40%) and purified by partitioning with ethyl acetate and acetonitrile-petroleum ether (boiling point, 60--70 degrees C). The toxin was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. High recoveries (80%) of deoxynivalenol were obtained from rice cultures, and as low as 0.250 microgram of the toxin per g was detected.", "contents": "Analysis of deoxynivalenol from cultures of Fusarium species. Eight isolates of Fusarium roseum and three of Fusarium colmorum were found to produce deoxynivalenol in rice cultures. Deoxynivalenol was extracted with aqueous methanol (40%) and purified by partitioning with ethyl acetate and acetonitrile-petroleum ether (boiling point, 60--70 degrees C). The toxin was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. High recoveries (80%) of deoxynivalenol were obtained from rice cultures, and as low as 0.250 microgram of the toxin per g was detected.", "PMID": 655717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6506", "title": "Results of treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children with special reference to the cause and prevention of cubitus varus.", "content": "Report and analysis of the results of treatment of 56 children who exhibited a typical supracondylar fracture of the humerus necessitating reposition and treatment by clinical methods. The functional results were good on the whole and they were not clearly dependent on the nature of the treatment. The treatment consisting in manual reposition followed by application of a plaster cast was followed in about 50% of the cases by disfiguring cubitus varus. The causes of this phenomenon are discussed. The typical endorotation of the distal fracture fragment in regard to the proximal fragment plays an important part in causing cubitus varus. Cubitus varus may be prevented by wire traction through the olecranon, even if the rotation displacement persists. For this reason, this treatment is recommended. If the rotation displacement persists in the course of the traction treatment, it is advisable to use Baumann's method of demonstrating and correcting a possible varus tilting during the course of the traction treatment. If development of cubitus varus is still suspected, surgical reposition and fixation are possible, a safe method which gives good results. The surgical treatment should achieve an anatomically correct position of the fragments.", "contents": "Results of treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children with special reference to the cause and prevention of cubitus varus. Report and analysis of the results of treatment of 56 children who exhibited a typical supracondylar fracture of the humerus necessitating reposition and treatment by clinical methods. The functional results were good on the whole and they were not clearly dependent on the nature of the treatment. The treatment consisting in manual reposition followed by application of a plaster cast was followed in about 50% of the cases by disfiguring cubitus varus. The causes of this phenomenon are discussed. The typical endorotation of the distal fracture fragment in regard to the proximal fragment plays an important part in causing cubitus varus. Cubitus varus may be prevented by wire traction through the olecranon, even if the rotation displacement persists. For this reason, this treatment is recommended. If the rotation displacement persists in the course of the traction treatment, it is advisable to use Baumann's method of demonstrating and correcting a possible varus tilting during the course of the traction treatment. If development of cubitus varus is still suspected, surgical reposition and fixation are possible, a safe method which gives good results. The surgical treatment should achieve an anatomically correct position of the fragments.", "PMID": 655730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6507", "title": "Surgical treatment of clavicular fractures with Kirschner wires: a comparative study.", "content": "In the period January 1968 to January 1976, 1400 patients were treated for clavicular fractures. In 74 (5 percent) of cases co-adaptation osteosynthesis was carried out and the results are reported. Conservative treatment of clavicular fractures is to preferred. Surgical treatment should be performed only on strict indication. Percutaneous intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation, performed in an atraumatic manner and with proper postoperative treatment, gives good results for simple fractures. A warning is given against over-emphasis on the radiological findings in the treatment of clavicular fractures.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of clavicular fractures with Kirschner wires: a comparative study. In the period January 1968 to January 1976, 1400 patients were treated for clavicular fractures. In 74 (5 percent) of cases co-adaptation osteosynthesis was carried out and the results are reported. Conservative treatment of clavicular fractures is to preferred. Surgical treatment should be performed only on strict indication. Percutaneous intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation, performed in an atraumatic manner and with proper postoperative treatment, gives good results for simple fractures. A warning is given against over-emphasis on the radiological findings in the treatment of clavicular fractures.", "PMID": 655731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6508", "title": "Avulsion fractures of the inferior-anterior iliac spine.", "content": "The cases are discussed of two patients with an avulsion fracture of the inferior-anterior iliac spine. Both were treated by surgical fixation. Symptomatology, complications of conservative therapy and the results of surgical treatment are described. Ossifying myositis did not occur in these patients.", "contents": "Avulsion fractures of the inferior-anterior iliac spine. The cases are discussed of two patients with an avulsion fracture of the inferior-anterior iliac spine. Both were treated by surgical fixation. Symptomatology, complications of conservative therapy and the results of surgical treatment are described. Ossifying myositis did not occur in these patients.", "PMID": 655732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6509", "title": "Gluteal fasciaplasty as a method of primary closure in the treatment of pilonidal sinus.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1973 55 patients with a pilonidal sinus were treated by the gluteal fascial method. Thirty-two patients could be investigated in a follow-up study. Eight recurrences were observed. The author concludes that in his department (in a large training clinic) this method proved unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Gluteal fasciaplasty as a method of primary closure in the treatment of pilonidal sinus. Between 1968 and 1973 55 patients with a pilonidal sinus were treated by the gluteal fascial method. Thirty-two patients could be investigated in a follow-up study. Eight recurrences were observed. The author concludes that in his department (in a large training clinic) this method proved unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 655733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6510", "title": "Experience in the surgical treatment of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A report is presented on the experience gained in diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas in a group of 41 patients, observed and treated in the surgical clinic of the University Hospital of Leyden. Two groups are distinguished: patients observed before and after 1969. Prior to that year, anti-adrenergic blockade with dibenzyline and propanolol was not available, so aortography was practically impossible in view of the danger of triggering a hyptertensive crisis. Since 1969, this blockade has been applied systematically, both for the aortography which is now a routine measure and for the operation. By using subtotal adrenergic blockade, the surgical treatment of pheochromocytomas may now be regarded as safe.", "contents": "Experience in the surgical treatment of pheochromocytoma. A report is presented on the experience gained in diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas in a group of 41 patients, observed and treated in the surgical clinic of the University Hospital of Leyden. Two groups are distinguished: patients observed before and after 1969. Prior to that year, anti-adrenergic blockade with dibenzyline and propanolol was not available, so aortography was practically impossible in view of the danger of triggering a hyptertensive crisis. Since 1969, this blockade has been applied systematically, both for the aortography which is now a routine measure and for the operation. By using subtotal adrenergic blockade, the surgical treatment of pheochromocytomas may now be regarded as safe.", "PMID": 655734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6511", "title": "[Attempts of sensitizing guinea-pigs with five different derivates of para-substituted benzene (author's transl)].", "content": "Skin tests with derivatives of para-substituted benzene were carried out at 4 different concentrations on a total of 160 guinea pigs. Results were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Each substance was tested on 32 animals. Sensitization was obtained with p-aminodiphenylamine in about 50%, with p-toluylenediamine in about 25%, with 1% and 2% p-phenylenediamine in 62% with 5% p-aminoazotoluene in 37%, whereas no sensitization was observed with p-aminobenzoic acid. Thus, p-aminodiphenylamine, p-toluylenediamine and p-phenylenediamine must be regarded as highly sensitizing agents, whereas p-aminozotoluene and p-aminobenzoic acid seem to be less effective respectively non sensitizing.", "contents": "[Attempts of sensitizing guinea-pigs with five different derivates of para-substituted benzene (author's transl)]. Skin tests with derivatives of para-substituted benzene were carried out at 4 different concentrations on a total of 160 guinea pigs. Results were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Each substance was tested on 32 animals. Sensitization was obtained with p-aminodiphenylamine in about 50%, with p-toluylenediamine in about 25%, with 1% and 2% p-phenylenediamine in 62% with 5% p-aminoazotoluene in 37%, whereas no sensitization was observed with p-aminobenzoic acid. Thus, p-aminodiphenylamine, p-toluylenediamine and p-phenylenediamine must be regarded as highly sensitizing agents, whereas p-aminozotoluene and p-aminobenzoic acid seem to be less effective respectively non sensitizing.", "PMID": 655735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6512", "title": "Demonstration of giant and anular nexus in the psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "In the psoriatic skin, nexus were most prominent in the upper layers of the viable epidermis, using the Alcian blue-Lanthanum technique. There, they reached double and manifold the length (giant nexus) of those in normal epidermis. According to the villous transformation of the epidermal cell surface in psoriasis, the nexus showed a great variation in their shape. Undulating nexus were seen beside invagination--and anular nexus. On ther other hand, nexus were lacking in the deepest layers of the psoriatic epidermis in contrast to normal epidermis. From these findings it seems that the intercellular communication by specialized low resistant junctions is reduced in the deepest layers of the psoriatic epidermis. In the upper epidermal layers, however, the extensive formation and the variable configuration of the nexus express a high synthetic activity and a well developed intercellular information in these areas of the psoriatic epidermis.", "contents": "Demonstration of giant and anular nexus in the psoriatic epidermis. In the psoriatic skin, nexus were most prominent in the upper layers of the viable epidermis, using the Alcian blue-Lanthanum technique. There, they reached double and manifold the length (giant nexus) of those in normal epidermis. According to the villous transformation of the epidermal cell surface in psoriasis, the nexus showed a great variation in their shape. Undulating nexus were seen beside invagination--and anular nexus. On ther other hand, nexus were lacking in the deepest layers of the psoriatic epidermis in contrast to normal epidermis. From these findings it seems that the intercellular communication by specialized low resistant junctions is reduced in the deepest layers of the psoriatic epidermis. In the upper epidermal layers, however, the extensive formation and the variable configuration of the nexus express a high synthetic activity and a well developed intercellular information in these areas of the psoriatic epidermis.", "PMID": 655736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6513", "title": "[Photoaugmentation. a photobiological phenomenon (author's transl)].", "content": "The phenomenon of photoaugmentation was investigated in 37 male and female patients. UVA, UVB and UVC was applied with a high intensity grafting monochromator. Photoaugmentation could be induced following UVA plus UVB immediately or dissociated up to 3 h, but not after 24 h (15 J/cm2 lambda 351 less than or equal to 389 nm [UVA] + 13 mJ/cm2 lambda 290 less than or equal to 310 nm [UVB] = 1/2 MED). Simarily the reversed application of UVB plus UVA lead to photoaugmentation. With UVA plus UVC, photoaugmentation could not be elicited in every patient. Moreover, photoaugmentation was demonstrated in albino rabbits using a new light apparatus with a liquid filled light conducting core. Photoaugmentation seems to be an important biological phenomenon in association with sunburn, pigmentation, photoxicity, phototherapy, photochemotherapy, and UV-light induced cutaneous premalignanacies and malignancies.", "contents": "[Photoaugmentation. a photobiological phenomenon (author's transl)]. The phenomenon of photoaugmentation was investigated in 37 male and female patients. UVA, UVB and UVC was applied with a high intensity grafting monochromator. Photoaugmentation could be induced following UVA plus UVB immediately or dissociated up to 3 h, but not after 24 h (15 J/cm2 lambda 351 less than or equal to 389 nm [UVA] + 13 mJ/cm2 lambda 290 less than or equal to 310 nm [UVB] = 1/2 MED). Simarily the reversed application of UVB plus UVA lead to photoaugmentation. With UVA plus UVC, photoaugmentation could not be elicited in every patient. Moreover, photoaugmentation was demonstrated in albino rabbits using a new light apparatus with a liquid filled light conducting core. Photoaugmentation seems to be an important biological phenomenon in association with sunburn, pigmentation, photoxicity, phototherapy, photochemotherapy, and UV-light induced cutaneous premalignanacies and malignancies.", "PMID": 655737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6514", "title": "Treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in children with mebendazole.", "content": "Treatment of soil-transmitted nematodes with mebendazole was carried out in 137 children aged 6--15 years in Thailand. There were 100 cases of hookworm infection, 37 of ascariasis, 16 of trichuriasis and 32 of strongyloidiasis. Mebendazole was given at 100 mg twice daily for three consecutive days irrespective of age or weight. The reduction rates as seen by mean egg counts four weeks after treatment were 94.9% for hookworm infection, 100% for ascariasis and 93.9% for trichuriasis; the reduction rates of the mean larval count in 15 cases of strongyloidiasis was 82.1%. No side-effects were observed. Mebendazole was thus confirmed as effective and safe in the treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in children in Thailand.", "contents": "Treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in children with mebendazole. Treatment of soil-transmitted nematodes with mebendazole was carried out in 137 children aged 6--15 years in Thailand. There were 100 cases of hookworm infection, 37 of ascariasis, 16 of trichuriasis and 32 of strongyloidiasis. Mebendazole was given at 100 mg twice daily for three consecutive days irrespective of age or weight. The reduction rates as seen by mean egg counts four weeks after treatment were 94.9% for hookworm infection, 100% for ascariasis and 93.9% for trichuriasis; the reduction rates of the mean larval count in 15 cases of strongyloidiasis was 82.1%. No side-effects were observed. Mebendazole was thus confirmed as effective and safe in the treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in children in Thailand.", "PMID": 655740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6515", "title": "The use of chest wall muscle flaps to close bronchopleural fistulas: experience with 21 patients.", "content": "Nineteen patients with bronchopleural fistulas associated with tuberculosis and 2 patients with fistulas following resection for bronchiectasis underwent closure of the fistulas with pedicled flaps of chest wall muscle. The muscle grafting was combined with a limited thoracoplasty in 13 patients. The initial myoplasty produced prompt fistula closure in 15 patients and delayed closure in 2 others. A repeat myoplasty was successful in 2 patients in whom the initial myoplasty failed. Compared with other methods of treating bronchopleural fistulas used during the same period, muscle grafting carried a higher rate of successful fistula closure and a lower mortality rate.", "contents": "The use of chest wall muscle flaps to close bronchopleural fistulas: experience with 21 patients. Nineteen patients with bronchopleural fistulas associated with tuberculosis and 2 patients with fistulas following resection for bronchiectasis underwent closure of the fistulas with pedicled flaps of chest wall muscle. The muscle grafting was combined with a limited thoracoplasty in 13 patients. The initial myoplasty produced prompt fistula closure in 15 patients and delayed closure in 2 others. A repeat myoplasty was successful in 2 patients in whom the initial myoplasty failed. Compared with other methods of treating bronchopleural fistulas used during the same period, muscle grafting carried a higher rate of successful fistula closure and a lower mortality rate.", "PMID": 655744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6516", "title": "Gastric tube interpostion: a satisfactory alternative to the colon for esophageal replacement in children.", "content": "The gastric tube was used as the primary method of esophageal reconstruction in 15 infants and children, 9 with isolated esophageal atresia and 6 with lye stricture. The youngest patient was 8 months old and the oldest, 5 years old at the time of the procedure. The technique of gastric tube construction is described. There have been both major and minor complications but the gastric tube has proved very satisfactory as a conduit from mouth to stomach. Growth and development have been acceptable in all 15 children, although most remain in the lower percentiles for growth and height, a condition that usually predates the esophageal substitution. In our institution the gastric tube is the preferred method of esophageal substitution.", "contents": "Gastric tube interpostion: a satisfactory alternative to the colon for esophageal replacement in children. The gastric tube was used as the primary method of esophageal reconstruction in 15 infants and children, 9 with isolated esophageal atresia and 6 with lye stricture. The youngest patient was 8 months old and the oldest, 5 years old at the time of the procedure. The technique of gastric tube construction is described. There have been both major and minor complications but the gastric tube has proved very satisfactory as a conduit from mouth to stomach. Growth and development have been acceptable in all 15 children, although most remain in the lower percentiles for growth and height, a condition that usually predates the esophageal substitution. In our institution the gastric tube is the preferred method of esophageal substitution.", "PMID": 655746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6517", "title": "Topical cardiac hypothermia: the effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate.", "content": "We evaluated the effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) on 60 minutes of myocardial ischemia during profound (5 degrees C) topical cardiac hypothermia (ice chips) in a canine right heart bypass preparation. The ventricular function curve shifted to the right and downward, but not significantly, after ischemia, and stroke work declined significantly for both control and treated dogs. Contractility (rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and maximum velocity of the contractile element) declined for both groups but not significantly. Total coronary flow, oxygen consumption, and metabolism of lactate and pyruvate were not different for control and treated dogs. Ultrastructure of the outer and inner myocardium did not demonstrate benefit from MPSS. Intracellular and extracellular edema of moderate severity was slightly worse in the subendocardium, and reversible mitochondrial injury of  a mild to moderate degreee was symmetrically present. Ice-related injury was not noted. We were unable to deomonstrate that pretreatment with MPSS favorably alters cardiodynamics or ultrastructure after 60 minutes of profound topical cardiac hypothermia.", "contents": "Topical cardiac hypothermia: the effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. We evaluated the effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) on 60 minutes of myocardial ischemia during profound (5 degrees C) topical cardiac hypothermia (ice chips) in a canine right heart bypass preparation. The ventricular function curve shifted to the right and downward, but not significantly, after ischemia, and stroke work declined significantly for both control and treated dogs. Contractility (rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and maximum velocity of the contractile element) declined for both groups but not significantly. Total coronary flow, oxygen consumption, and metabolism of lactate and pyruvate were not different for control and treated dogs. Ultrastructure of the outer and inner myocardium did not demonstrate benefit from MPSS. Intracellular and extracellular edema of moderate severity was slightly worse in the subendocardium, and reversible mitochondrial injury of  a mild to moderate degreee was symmetrically present. Ice-related injury was not noted. We were unable to deomonstrate that pretreatment with MPSS favorably alters cardiodynamics or ultrastructure after 60 minutes of profound topical cardiac hypothermia.", "PMID": 655747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6518", "title": "Preservation of myocardial contractility in hemorrhagic shock with methylprednisolone.", "content": "The left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery was cannulated selectively in 10 dogs. Methylprednisolone, 1 mg per kilogram of body weight, was injected into the artery and the cannula was withdrawn. The animals were then subjected to hemorrhagic shock for 90 minutes. Retransfusion to prestudy blood pressure was then accomplished. The electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, contractile force, and first derivative of contractile force were recorded continously both from the areas that were pretreated and those that were not, the controls. Contractile force in the control area was reduced to 32 +/- 3.2% of the preshock period after 90 minutes of shock, whereas in the pretreated area it was twice as high at the same time. Ten minutes after transfusion, the contractile force of the pretreated area exceeded the preshock level, whereas the recovery of contractile force in the control area reached only 70% of the preshock level. This study shows that intracoronary infusion of methylpredisolone can afford myocardial protection in hemorrhagic shock to a significant degree.", "contents": "Preservation of myocardial contractility in hemorrhagic shock with methylprednisolone. The left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery was cannulated selectively in 10 dogs. Methylprednisolone, 1 mg per kilogram of body weight, was injected into the artery and the cannula was withdrawn. The animals were then subjected to hemorrhagic shock for 90 minutes. Retransfusion to prestudy blood pressure was then accomplished. The electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, contractile force, and first derivative of contractile force were recorded continously both from the areas that were pretreated and those that were not, the controls. Contractile force in the control area was reduced to 32 +/- 3.2% of the preshock period after 90 minutes of shock, whereas in the pretreated area it was twice as high at the same time. Ten minutes after transfusion, the contractile force of the pretreated area exceeded the preshock level, whereas the recovery of contractile force in the control area reached only 70% of the preshock level. This study shows that intracoronary infusion of methylpredisolone can afford myocardial protection in hemorrhagic shock to a significant degree.", "PMID": 655748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6519", "title": "Clinical trials with one type of lithium pacemaker generator.", "content": "Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. (CPI) solid-state, lithium-powered pulse generators were implanted in 100 patients by one surgeon in a twenty-eight-month period. Eleven CPI pacer generators were replaced, none due to pacer failure. Ninety-nine percent of the patients were followed for a total of 1,397.55 patient-months; 12 patients died, but no deaths appeared to be pacemaker related. The average age of the patients at the time of implantation was 72.8 years. If the warranty period of six years is achieved, the number of pacemaker generator changes required by many of the patients in this group could foreseeably be zero.", "contents": "Clinical trials with one type of lithium pacemaker generator. Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. (CPI) solid-state, lithium-powered pulse generators were implanted in 100 patients by one surgeon in a twenty-eight-month period. Eleven CPI pacer generators were replaced, none due to pacer failure. Ninety-nine percent of the patients were followed for a total of 1,397.55 patient-months; 12 patients died, but no deaths appeared to be pacemaker related. The average age of the patients at the time of implantation was 72.8 years. If the warranty period of six years is achieved, the number of pacemaker generator changes required by many of the patients in this group could foreseeably be zero.", "PMID": 655749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6520", "title": "Retrograde esophageal dilation in children without the string.", "content": "A new technique for retrograde esophageal dilation is presented, which does away with the indwelling string. The method utilizes a Teflon-coated arterial guide wire, which is passed through the gastrostomy and, under fluoroscopy, is directed up the esophagus and out the mouth. The wire is followed by the string and dilators. This method avoids both embarrassment caused by the string and occurence of the usual complications.", "contents": "Retrograde esophageal dilation in children without the string. A new technique for retrograde esophageal dilation is presented, which does away with the indwelling string. The method utilizes a Teflon-coated arterial guide wire, which is passed through the gastrostomy and, under fluoroscopy, is directed up the esophagus and out the mouth. The wire is followed by the string and dilators. This method avoids both embarrassment caused by the string and occurence of the usual complications.", "PMID": 655751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6521", "title": "Retrieval of an embolized polyethylene catheter: a new use for the Schultze endomyocardial bioptome.", "content": "The Schultze endomycardial bioptome was used to retrieve an embolized portion of plastic catheter from the right ventricle of a 5-month-old child. The retrieval was accomplished using fluoroscopy and took no more than two minutes after placement of the bioptome in the right internal jugular vein.", "contents": "Retrieval of an embolized polyethylene catheter: a new use for the Schultze endomyocardial bioptome. The Schultze endomycardial bioptome was used to retrieve an embolized portion of plastic catheter from the right ventricle of a 5-month-old child. The retrieval was accomplished using fluoroscopy and took no more than two minutes after placement of the bioptome in the right internal jugular vein.", "PMID": 655752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6522", "title": "Current status of pacemaker power sources.", "content": "After years during which pacers of very similar design and capabilities were provided by a small number of manufactures, many different lithium, halogen, rechargeable, and nuclear power sources are now available. The variety of chemistries, methods of construction, and sealing techniques used in the batteries of the different manufacturers is almost unlimited. This has made it necessary for physicians who implant and follow pacer to acquire a general knowledge of the field if they are to make an informed choice of pacemaker power source for implantation and if they are to manage recalls with a minimum of patient and physician trauma. More experience is required before it can be definitely determined which of the new pacer power sources will prove superior, but when coupled with well-designed, hermetically sealed pulse generators, all are capable of providing continuous pacing for at least 5 years and the 10-year pacemaker is now a probability.", "contents": "Current status of pacemaker power sources. After years during which pacers of very similar design and capabilities were provided by a small number of manufactures, many different lithium, halogen, rechargeable, and nuclear power sources are now available. The variety of chemistries, methods of construction, and sealing techniques used in the batteries of the different manufacturers is almost unlimited. This has made it necessary for physicians who implant and follow pacer to acquire a general knowledge of the field if they are to make an informed choice of pacemaker power source for implantation and if they are to manage recalls with a minimum of patient and physician trauma. More experience is required before it can be definitely determined which of the new pacer power sources will prove superior, but when coupled with well-designed, hermetically sealed pulse generators, all are capable of providing continuous pacing for at least 5 years and the 10-year pacemaker is now a probability.", "PMID": 655753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6523", "title": "Afferent fibers and sensory ganglion cells within the oculomotor nerve in some mammals and man. II. Electrophysiological investigations.", "content": "The main aim of the present study was to localize with electrophysiological techniques the central projections and terminations of the aberrant trigeminal fibres contained in the oculomotor nerve of the lamb. After severing a trigeminal root, single-shock electrical stimulation of the trigeminal axons present in the central stump of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve evoked field potentials in the area of, i) the subnucleus gelatinosus of the nucleus caudalis trigemini at the level of C1-C2; ii) the main sensory trigeminal nucleus; iii) the descending trigeminal nucleus and tract; iv) the adjacent reticular formation. Units whose discharge rate was influenced by such a stimulation were also found in the same territories. These regions actually exhibited degenerations after cutting an oculomotor nerve. We conclude, therefore, that the trigeminal fibres which leave the Vth nerve at the level of the cavernous sinus and enter the brain stem through the IIIrd nerve, end in the same structures which receive the terminations of the afferent fibres entering the brain stem through the sensory trigeminal root.", "contents": "Afferent fibers and sensory ganglion cells within the oculomotor nerve in some mammals and man. II. Electrophysiological investigations. The main aim of the present study was to localize with electrophysiological techniques the central projections and terminations of the aberrant trigeminal fibres contained in the oculomotor nerve of the lamb. After severing a trigeminal root, single-shock electrical stimulation of the trigeminal axons present in the central stump of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve evoked field potentials in the area of, i) the subnucleus gelatinosus of the nucleus caudalis trigemini at the level of C1-C2; ii) the main sensory trigeminal nucleus; iii) the descending trigeminal nucleus and tract; iv) the adjacent reticular formation. Units whose discharge rate was influenced by such a stimulation were also found in the same territories. These regions actually exhibited degenerations after cutting an oculomotor nerve. We conclude, therefore, that the trigeminal fibres which leave the Vth nerve at the level of the cavernous sinus and enter the brain stem through the IIIrd nerve, end in the same structures which receive the terminations of the afferent fibres entering the brain stem through the sensory trigeminal root.", "PMID": 655755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6524", "title": "Influence of internal shortening on time course of active state in rat papillary muscle.", "content": "In order to investigate internal shortening effects upon time course of active state, a study on rat papillary muscle has been carried out. Internal (or CE) shortening was evaluated according to a mechanical muscle model in which parallel elastic (PE), series elastic (SE), contractile (CE) elements are represented. CE force-velocity-shortening-time relationships have been used to describe time course of muscle active state in isometric, completely isotonic, afterloaded, and stopped isotonic contractions. The results obtained suggest that, regardless of type of contraction utilized, the parameters of muscle active state are strongly influenced by the amount of CE shortening.", "contents": "Influence of internal shortening on time course of active state in rat papillary muscle. In order to investigate internal shortening effects upon time course of active state, a study on rat papillary muscle has been carried out. Internal (or CE) shortening was evaluated according to a mechanical muscle model in which parallel elastic (PE), series elastic (SE), contractile (CE) elements are represented. CE force-velocity-shortening-time relationships have been used to describe time course of muscle active state in isometric, completely isotonic, afterloaded, and stopped isotonic contractions. The results obtained suggest that, regardless of type of contraction utilized, the parameters of muscle active state are strongly influenced by the amount of CE shortening.", "PMID": 655757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6525", "title": "Psychiatric epidemiology.", "content": "To aid the President's Commission on Mental Health as well as the nonspecialist, the uses and developments of psychiatric epidemiology are briefly sketched. In the past few years, methods have been innovated that are capable of making differential diagnoses on a lifetime basis. We need instruments and tools that provide sufficiently detailed information to be of real use for prevention, intervention, and social policy; many such developments are now within our grasp. The problems are prospects of epidemiology, and needed administration and educational supports for future application to the question of who gets ill and why are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric epidemiology. To aid the President's Commission on Mental Health as well as the nonspecialist, the uses and developments of psychiatric epidemiology are briefly sketched. In the past few years, methods have been innovated that are capable of making differential diagnoses on a lifetime basis. We need instruments and tools that provide sufficiently detailed information to be of real use for prevention, intervention, and social policy; many such developments are now within our grasp. The problems are prospects of epidemiology, and needed administration and educational supports for future application to the question of who gets ill and why are discussed.", "PMID": 655768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6526", "title": "Epidemiology of mental disorders: emerging trends in the United States.", "content": "Psychiatric epidemiology in the United States currently is being influenced by developments in genetics, psychopharmacology, neurobiology, and particularly psychopathology after the heavy influences of the social sciences during the post-World War II period. The integration of recent scientific developments in psychiatry, with the methodological precision that characterized the earlier studies of the 50s and 60s promises to provide new knowledge on the epidemiology of mental disorders in the community, which will have important implications both for professional practices in medicine and public health and for public policy in the planning of mental health services, training, and research.", "contents": "Epidemiology of mental disorders: emerging trends in the United States. Psychiatric epidemiology in the United States currently is being influenced by developments in genetics, psychopharmacology, neurobiology, and particularly psychopathology after the heavy influences of the social sciences during the post-World War II period. The integration of recent scientific developments in psychiatry, with the methodological precision that characterized the earlier studies of the 50s and 60s promises to provide new knowledge on the epidemiology of mental disorders in the community, which will have important implications both for professional practices in medicine and public health and for public policy in the planning of mental health services, training, and research.", "PMID": 655769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6527", "title": "Psychologic status of community residents along major demographic dimensions.", "content": "In a 1972 Chicago area survey of 2,299 adult community residents the prevalence of several psychologic measures were outlined along major demographic dimensions. Measures of psychologic status included a psychiatric symptom index, number of psychosomatic disorders, recent use of psychoactive drugs, and indexes of self-esteem and of self-efficacy. Results for psychiatric symptomatology showed it to be decidely higher among women, those in the lowest socioeconomic level, and those who are separated from their spouses. Blacks and whites showed no differences in symptomatology. Using multiple regression analysis, the combined effects of sex, age, marital status, and income accounted for 7% of the total variance of psychiatric symptoms. In a like manner, the prevalence of the other four psychologic characteristics has been viewed in the context of major demographic variables, with each showing a specific pattern of relationships.", "contents": "Psychologic status of community residents along major demographic dimensions. In a 1972 Chicago area survey of 2,299 adult community residents the prevalence of several psychologic measures were outlined along major demographic dimensions. Measures of psychologic status included a psychiatric symptom index, number of psychosomatic disorders, recent use of psychoactive drugs, and indexes of self-esteem and of self-efficacy. Results for psychiatric symptomatology showed it to be decidely higher among women, those in the lowest socioeconomic level, and those who are separated from their spouses. Blacks and whites showed no differences in symptomatology. Using multiple regression analysis, the combined effects of sex, age, marital status, and income accounted for 7% of the total variance of psychiatric symptoms. In a like manner, the prevalence of the other four psychologic characteristics has been viewed in the context of major demographic variables, with each showing a specific pattern of relationships.", "PMID": 655770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6528", "title": "The psychiatric status schedule as a measure of dimensions of psychopathology in the general population.", "content": "The Psychiatric Status Schedule (PSS) is a widely used interview that was designed to improve the research value of clinical judgments. Although it was developed with psychiatric patients, its authors hoped it could be used to evaluate nonpatients, a capability that would make it a much needed tool for epidemiologic research. The present study tests the internal consistency reliability of scales drawn from the PSS in both a general population sample (n. = 133) and a patient sample (n. = 100). Like the PSS's authors, we found a wide variety of clinically meaningful scales reliable for use with patients. In striking contrast, however, most of these proved unreliable in the general population sample. Speculative explanations are offered for the failure of most of the PSS scales in the general population sample and for the success of a few.", "contents": "The psychiatric status schedule as a measure of dimensions of psychopathology in the general population. The Psychiatric Status Schedule (PSS) is a widely used interview that was designed to improve the research value of clinical judgments. Although it was developed with psychiatric patients, its authors hoped it could be used to evaluate nonpatients, a capability that would make it a much needed tool for epidemiologic research. The present study tests the internal consistency reliability of scales drawn from the PSS in both a general population sample (n. = 133) and a patient sample (n. = 100). Like the PSS's authors, we found a wide variety of clinically meaningful scales reliable for use with patients. In striking contrast, however, most of these proved unreliable in the general population sample. Speculative explanations are offered for the failure of most of the PSS scales in the general population sample and for the success of a few.", "PMID": 655771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6529", "title": "Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in depression.", "content": "Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in 519 depressives were examined, comparing the effects of different treatments. After six months, suicide attempts were seen significantly less frequently in the ECT groups (0.8%) than in the antidepressant group (4.2%) or the \"adequate\" antidepressant subgroup (7.0%) Fewer suicide attempts occurred in the ECT group compared to the antidepressant group among both in those who had attempted suicide prior to admission (0% vs 10%) and in those who had not (1.1% vs 3.6%). A history of attempted suicide showed a greater risk of both suicide (2.9%) in the following year and subsequent suicide attempt (5.9%). A depressive diagnosis may be as good a predictor of suicidal behavior as a history of attempted suicide. Relapse rates did not differ between treatment groups.", "contents": "Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in depression. Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in 519 depressives were examined, comparing the effects of different treatments. After six months, suicide attempts were seen significantly less frequently in the ECT groups (0.8%) than in the antidepressant group (4.2%) or the \"adequate\" antidepressant subgroup (7.0%) Fewer suicide attempts occurred in the ECT group compared to the antidepressant group among both in those who had attempted suicide prior to admission (0% vs 10%) and in those who had not (1.1% vs 3.6%). A history of attempted suicide showed a greater risk of both suicide (2.9%) in the following year and subsequent suicide attempt (5.9%). A depressive diagnosis may be as good a predictor of suicidal behavior as a history of attempted suicide. Relapse rates did not differ between treatment groups.", "PMID": 655772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6530", "title": "The nosological status of neurotic depression: a prospective three- to four-year follow-up examination in light of the primary-secondary and unipolar-bipolar dichotomies.", "content": "One hundred patients with \"mild\" depressive states, variously referred to as \"situational,\" \"reactive,\" or \"neurotic,\" were studied. During a three- to four-year prospective follow-up, 4% had developed bipolar I, 14% bipolar II, and 22% unipolar disorders with predominantly favorable social outcome. Most of the remainder were suffering from nonaffective disorders; in this group, intermittent depressive symptomatology followed a protacted course (paralleling the underlying disorder) with generally unfavorable outcome. Irrespective of diagnostic subtype, a \"characterological\" component occurring in 24% of the total sample appeared to predict unfavorable prognosis, including three suicides. The diagnostic usage of the concept of neurotic depression may no longer be clinically meaningful, since it lacks sufficient phenomenological characterization and refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders. The data suggest the merits of a biaxial approach to the nosology of depressive disorders whereby phenomenologically based affective diagnoses are qualified as to the presence or absence of character disorder.", "contents": "The nosological status of neurotic depression: a prospective three- to four-year follow-up examination in light of the primary-secondary and unipolar-bipolar dichotomies. One hundred patients with \"mild\" depressive states, variously referred to as \"situational,\" \"reactive,\" or \"neurotic,\" were studied. During a three- to four-year prospective follow-up, 4% had developed bipolar I, 14% bipolar II, and 22% unipolar disorders with predominantly favorable social outcome. Most of the remainder were suffering from nonaffective disorders; in this group, intermittent depressive symptomatology followed a protacted course (paralleling the underlying disorder) with generally unfavorable outcome. Irrespective of diagnostic subtype, a \"characterological\" component occurring in 24% of the total sample appeared to predict unfavorable prognosis, including three suicides. The diagnostic usage of the concept of neurotic depression may no longer be clinically meaningful, since it lacks sufficient phenomenological characterization and refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders. The data suggest the merits of a biaxial approach to the nosology of depressive disorders whereby phenomenologically based affective diagnoses are qualified as to the presence or absence of character disorder.", "PMID": 655773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6531", "title": "Psychiatric disorder, hospital admission, and season.", "content": "Psychiatric disorder has been considered to have seasonal variation for a long time. The studies to date have suffered frequently from small samples and imprecise terminology, and the results have been inconclusive. This study has attempted to overcome these difficulties by examining hospital admissions to all facilities in the province of Ontario for a six-year period, with each year carefully divided into seasons. Statistically significant seasonal variation, with peaks in the spring and fall, was found overall for neurotic and endogenous depression. Alcoholism also showed a spring peak. No other diagnoses, overall, showed seasonality, although personality disorders, drug addictions, and transient situational disturbances exhibited trends similar to neurotic depression for certain age and sex groups. The findings are discussed in terms of their clinical and research significance.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorder, hospital admission, and season. Psychiatric disorder has been considered to have seasonal variation for a long time. The studies to date have suffered frequently from small samples and imprecise terminology, and the results have been inconclusive. This study has attempted to overcome these difficulties by examining hospital admissions to all facilities in the province of Ontario for a six-year period, with each year carefully divided into seasons. Statistically significant seasonal variation, with peaks in the spring and fall, was found overall for neurotic and endogenous depression. Alcoholism also showed a spring peak. No other diagnoses, overall, showed seasonality, although personality disorders, drug addictions, and transient situational disturbances exhibited trends similar to neurotic depression for certain age and sex groups. The findings are discussed in terms of their clinical and research significance.", "PMID": 655774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6532", "title": "Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability.", "content": "A crucial problem in psychiatry, affecting clinical work as well as research, is the generally low reliability of current psychiatric diagnostic procedures. This article describes the development and initial reliability studies of a set of specific diagnostic criteria for a selected group of functional psychiatric disorders, the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The RDC are being widely used to study a variety of research issues, particularly those related to genetics, psychobiology of selected mental disorders, and treatment outcome. The data presented here indicate high reliability for diagnostic judgments made using these criteria.", "contents": "Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. A crucial problem in psychiatry, affecting clinical work as well as research, is the generally low reliability of current psychiatric diagnostic procedures. This article describes the development and initial reliability studies of a set of specific diagnostic criteria for a selected group of functional psychiatric disorders, the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The RDC are being widely used to study a variety of research issues, particularly those related to genetics, psychobiology of selected mental disorders, and treatment outcome. The data presented here indicate high reliability for diagnostic judgments made using these criteria.", "PMID": 655775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6533", "title": "The concept of prevention in psychiatry: a reexamination.", "content": "We examine current concepts of prevention and offer a new approach. Prevention has different meanings and functions in the four major task areas of psychiatry: (1) medical tasks, (2) rehabilitative tasks, (3) social control tasks, and (4) humanistic tasks. Constructs of primary and secondary prevention are most useful in the medical task area. However, efforts at primary prevention of mental illness can have only limited effectiveness when we know so little about etiology. Secondary prevention is central to the medical caring tasks, where early diagnosis and treatment may lead to successful outcome. Tertiary prevention of disease and primary prevention of developmental defect are the work of the rehabilitative task area. The application of models of prevention in the social control and humanistic task areas has led to serious confusion.", "contents": "The concept of prevention in psychiatry: a reexamination. We examine current concepts of prevention and offer a new approach. Prevention has different meanings and functions in the four major task areas of psychiatry: (1) medical tasks, (2) rehabilitative tasks, (3) social control tasks, and (4) humanistic tasks. Constructs of primary and secondary prevention are most useful in the medical task area. However, efforts at primary prevention of mental illness can have only limited effectiveness when we know so little about etiology. Secondary prevention is central to the medical caring tasks, where early diagnosis and treatment may lead to successful outcome. Tertiary prevention of disease and primary prevention of developmental defect are the work of the rehabilitative task area. The application of models of prevention in the social control and humanistic task areas has led to serious confusion.", "PMID": 655776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6534", "title": "[Morphology and DNA content of cultures from normal and dysplastic epithelium, carcinoma in situ and carcinomas of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphology and DNA content were studied in explantate cultures of normal epithelium, persisting intraepithelial atypias (dysplasias and carcinomas in situ) and carcinomas of the cervix uteri. Intraepithelial atypias and carcinomas can be distinguished from the normal epithelium, growing strictly as a monolayer, chiefly by the primary and secondary loosening of the cellular lawn with increased tendency towards overlapping of cells. DNA determinations provide the possibility of demonstrating, also in vitro, deviations of the DNA content of dysplasias, carcinomas in situ and pavement epithelial carcinomas from the normal epithelium. The findings are in accord with the results which we obtained by in vivo studies and underlinions.", "contents": "[Morphology and DNA content of cultures from normal and dysplastic epithelium, carcinoma in situ and carcinomas of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. Morphology and DNA content were studied in explantate cultures of normal epithelium, persisting intraepithelial atypias (dysplasias and carcinomas in situ) and carcinomas of the cervix uteri. Intraepithelial atypias and carcinomas can be distinguished from the normal epithelium, growing strictly as a monolayer, chiefly by the primary and secondary loosening of the cellular lawn with increased tendency towards overlapping of cells. DNA determinations provide the possibility of demonstrating, also in vitro, deviations of the DNA content of dysplasias, carcinomas in situ and pavement epithelial carcinomas from the normal epithelium. The findings are in accord with the results which we obtained by in vivo studies and underlinions.", "PMID": 655777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6535", "title": "The diagnostic value of x-ray methods, endoscopy, oriented gastrobiopsy and brush cytodiagnostics in malignant and benign diseases of the stomach.", "content": "Studies in 59 patients with various diseases of the stomach (37 cancerous and 22 non-cancerous ones) are reported and their results commented on. Each of the patients underwent, beside clinical examinations, laboratory tests, and radiography, fibrogastroscopy with oriented gastrobiopsy and brush cytodiagnostics respectively. At the cytologic preparation of the material, three methods have been used: direct smears, smears from sediment as obtained after brush rinsing in alcohol (50%), and paraffine embedding of sediment. Out of 37 patients with carcinoma of the stomach, positive and suspicious data resulted at the clinical examination (chiefly suspected ones) in 27, as against 25 at the X-ray one, and 35 at fibrogastroscopy. Oriented gastrobiopsy yielded positive results in 27 cases, whereas oriented brush cytodiagnostics in 35 out of 37 patients. An evaluation of the various cytologic methods in the diagnostics of cancerous and non-tumorous diseases of the stomach has been made. The complex examination of the patients yields the most accurate diagnosis, contributing to the ascertainment of benign and malignant diseases of the stomach.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of x-ray methods, endoscopy, oriented gastrobiopsy and brush cytodiagnostics in malignant and benign diseases of the stomach. Studies in 59 patients with various diseases of the stomach (37 cancerous and 22 non-cancerous ones) are reported and their results commented on. Each of the patients underwent, beside clinical examinations, laboratory tests, and radiography, fibrogastroscopy with oriented gastrobiopsy and brush cytodiagnostics respectively. At the cytologic preparation of the material, three methods have been used: direct smears, smears from sediment as obtained after brush rinsing in alcohol (50%), and paraffine embedding of sediment. Out of 37 patients with carcinoma of the stomach, positive and suspicious data resulted at the clinical examination (chiefly suspected ones) in 27, as against 25 at the X-ray one, and 35 at fibrogastroscopy. Oriented gastrobiopsy yielded positive results in 27 cases, whereas oriented brush cytodiagnostics in 35 out of 37 patients. An evaluation of the various cytologic methods in the diagnostics of cancerous and non-tumorous diseases of the stomach has been made. The complex examination of the patients yields the most accurate diagnosis, contributing to the ascertainment of benign and malignant diseases of the stomach.", "PMID": 655778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6536", "title": "[Exfoliative gastric cytology -- quality control (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of exfoliative gastric cytology from two periods were compared (779 examinations in the first period, 598 in the second). In 85% of cytological examinations, a histologic diagnosis was available. 64% of histologically verified carcinoma were diagnosed by cytology, too. In the second period the percentage of false positive findings decreased from 4,7% to 1,1% and the rate of suspicious findings from 3,7% to 1,5%. The proportion of carcinomas not detected by cytology increased from 32% to 35%. The rate of correct diagnosis of two contributors remained constant (53% resp. 71%). Improvement of diagnostic accuracy depends upon better technique of yield of material by endoscopists.", "contents": "[Exfoliative gastric cytology -- quality control (author's transl)]. Results of exfoliative gastric cytology from two periods were compared (779 examinations in the first period, 598 in the second). In 85% of cytological examinations, a histologic diagnosis was available. 64% of histologically verified carcinoma were diagnosed by cytology, too. In the second period the percentage of false positive findings decreased from 4,7% to 1,1% and the rate of suspicious findings from 3,7% to 1,5%. The proportion of carcinomas not detected by cytology increased from 32% to 35%. The rate of correct diagnosis of two contributors remained constant (53% resp. 71%). Improvement of diagnostic accuracy depends upon better technique of yield of material by endoscopists.", "PMID": 655779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6537", "title": "[Experiences in gastrointestinal cytology in Steiermark country (author's transl)].", "content": "In Steiermark out of 150 000 smears per annum 1 percent concern gastrointestinal cytology. The material consists in brush smears of stomach and rectum, aspiration biopsy of pancreas and secretions from ERCP. In 80% of gastric brush smears a histologic diagnosis was available for comparison. 17% of gastric smears could not be evaluated, 3.5% were false positive and 4% false negative. Percentage of carcinomas amounted 25%. Age of cancer patients was 30--88 years with a peak between 60 and 65 years. 55% of cancers were inoperable. Only 4% were early cancers. 10% of brush biopsies from rectum and colon were normal, 25% were chronic ulcerative nonspecific proctitis, 15% papillous polyps and 35% carcinoma. Fine needle biopsies of pancreas were performed during operation and evaluated as urgent intraoperative diagnostic. 7 of 25 cases were carcinoma. ERCP is performed mainly in cholostatic icterus. Proportion of carcinoma was 9.1%.", "contents": "[Experiences in gastrointestinal cytology in Steiermark country (author's transl)]. In Steiermark out of 150 000 smears per annum 1 percent concern gastrointestinal cytology. The material consists in brush smears of stomach and rectum, aspiration biopsy of pancreas and secretions from ERCP. In 80% of gastric brush smears a histologic diagnosis was available for comparison. 17% of gastric smears could not be evaluated, 3.5% were false positive and 4% false negative. Percentage of carcinomas amounted 25%. Age of cancer patients was 30--88 years with a peak between 60 and 65 years. 55% of cancers were inoperable. Only 4% were early cancers. 10% of brush biopsies from rectum and colon were normal, 25% were chronic ulcerative nonspecific proctitis, 15% papillous polyps and 35% carcinoma. Fine needle biopsies of pancreas were performed during operation and evaluated as urgent intraoperative diagnostic. 7 of 25 cases were carcinoma. ERCP is performed mainly in cholostatic icterus. Proportion of carcinoma was 9.1%.", "PMID": 655780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6538", "title": "[Value of intraoperative gastric cytology in pernicious anaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of pernicious anaemia is described in which the diagnosis of gastric cancer in absence of stomach complaints was established by gastric lavage cytology. A small polypous lesion was detected by gastrotomy and cytologic print smears revealed cancer cells. The value of intraoperative gastric cytology is pointed out. Close cooperation of surgeon, pathologist and cytologist is mandatory.", "contents": "[Value of intraoperative gastric cytology in pernicious anaemia (author's transl)]. A case of pernicious anaemia is described in which the diagnosis of gastric cancer in absence of stomach complaints was established by gastric lavage cytology. A small polypous lesion was detected by gastrotomy and cytologic print smears revealed cancer cells. The value of intraoperative gastric cytology is pointed out. Close cooperation of surgeon, pathologist and cytologist is mandatory.", "PMID": 655781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6539", "title": "The effect of gravity on the ligaments of the medial malleolus and its pronating effect on the tarsus.", "content": "The strethcing effect of the force of gravity on the ligamentous system of the medial malleolus and the tarsus is described, based on biomechanical calculations. Attention is called to the necessity of the complete healing of the injuries of the ligaments and to the prevention of the valgus tendency of the tarsus.", "contents": "The effect of gravity on the ligaments of the medial malleolus and its pronating effect on the tarsus. The strethcing effect of the force of gravity on the ligamentous system of the medial malleolus and the tarsus is described, based on biomechanical calculations. Attention is called to the necessity of the complete healing of the injuries of the ligaments and to the prevention of the valgus tendency of the tarsus.", "PMID": 655811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6540", "title": "[Results after fracture of the os calcis (author's transl)].", "content": "A double study over a period of 40 years was undertaken--from 1935 to 1954 in Berlin and from 1955 to 1976 in Salzgitter--including a total of 393 fractures of the os calcis. The results of different types of treatment are presented. It is the type and severity of the fractures, not the way of treatment which determines the outcome. 161 patients have been followed clinically and radiologically at least 5 years after fracture of the os calcis. Third degree fractures were objectively and subjectively less favourable regardless of therapy. Active surgical treatment should be post-poned and consist in fusion of the subtalar joint.", "contents": "[Results after fracture of the os calcis (author's transl)]. A double study over a period of 40 years was undertaken--from 1935 to 1954 in Berlin and from 1955 to 1976 in Salzgitter--including a total of 393 fractures of the os calcis. The results of different types of treatment are presented. It is the type and severity of the fractures, not the way of treatment which determines the outcome. 161 patients have been followed clinically and radiologically at least 5 years after fracture of the os calcis. Third degree fractures were objectively and subjectively less favourable regardless of therapy. Active surgical treatment should be post-poned and consist in fusion of the subtalar joint.", "PMID": 655812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6541", "title": "[Anatomical and biomechanical considerations for medullary nailing (author's transl)].", "content": "By using X-ray films of 390 adult femurs and 15 cadaveric femurs of Japanese origin, and by measuring successive cross-sections the authors have made morphological and statistical analyses of the shape of the femoral medullary canal. These studies suggest new dimensions for the diameter of the reamer and the amount of contact area between nail and inner cortex. Furthermore it was found that the physiological antecurvature of the femur on the lateral view does not correspond with the prebending of the OA-nail. The authors made some mechanical experiments on four types of nails which are widely used today. As a consequence of these studies, the authors developed a new elastic nail for trial (Okayama-nail). This new type of nail greatly increases the area of contact with the inner femoral cortex. Obviously this nail satisfies better all of Kuentscher's originally mentioned requirements an intramedullary nail.", "contents": "[Anatomical and biomechanical considerations for medullary nailing (author's transl)]. By using X-ray films of 390 adult femurs and 15 cadaveric femurs of Japanese origin, and by measuring successive cross-sections the authors have made morphological and statistical analyses of the shape of the femoral medullary canal. These studies suggest new dimensions for the diameter of the reamer and the amount of contact area between nail and inner cortex. Furthermore it was found that the physiological antecurvature of the femur on the lateral view does not correspond with the prebending of the OA-nail. The authors made some mechanical experiments on four types of nails which are widely used today. As a consequence of these studies, the authors developed a new elastic nail for trial (Okayama-nail). This new type of nail greatly increases the area of contact with the inner femoral cortex. Obviously this nail satisfies better all of Kuentscher's originally mentioned requirements an intramedullary nail.", "PMID": 655813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6542", "title": "[Biomechanical investigations of the ankle joint after shortening of the distal end of the fibula (author's transl)].", "content": "Shortening of the distal fibula after malleolar fracture is accompanied with important alterations of the biomechanics and the compressive forces of the ankle joint. The relationship between the extent of shortening, the degree of valgus position of the talus and the reduction of the joint surfaces is described on the basis of experimental investigations. The importance of these circumstances for treatment of malleolar fractures is discussed.", "contents": "[Biomechanical investigations of the ankle joint after shortening of the distal end of the fibula (author's transl)]. Shortening of the distal fibula after malleolar fracture is accompanied with important alterations of the biomechanics and the compressive forces of the ankle joint. The relationship between the extent of shortening, the degree of valgus position of the talus and the reduction of the joint surfaces is described on the basis of experimental investigations. The importance of these circumstances for treatment of malleolar fractures is discussed.", "PMID": 655814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6543", "title": "[Follow-up results of 258 navicular fractures of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "258 fresh and old navicular fractures and pseudarthroses are analysed with regard to conservative and operative treatment. Fracture healing occurred in 97.2% of conservatively treated cases. The method described by Matti-Russe using an iliac graft has given good results in old fractures and pseudarthroses, causing 95% fracture healing in old fractures and 76% in pseudarthroses.", "contents": "[Follow-up results of 258 navicular fractures of the hand (author's transl)]. 258 fresh and old navicular fractures and pseudarthroses are analysed with regard to conservative and operative treatment. Fracture healing occurred in 97.2% of conservatively treated cases. The method described by Matti-Russe using an iliac graft has given good results in old fractures and pseudarthroses, causing 95% fracture healing in old fractures and 76% in pseudarthroses.", "PMID": 655815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6544", "title": "[On Dwyer's scoliosis operation using memory alloy wire (author's transl)].", "content": "In Dwyer's spinal column correction a titanium cable is stretched from vertebra to vertebra by a special clamp and secured to each vertebra with screws and clips. It is suggested to replace the titanium wire with wire consisting of the memory alloy NiTi. This will permit the prestretched wire to be tensioned by heating it to 60 deg C after it has been fixed at its ends in the vertebrae. The functional principle of the NiTi memory wire was demonstrated in an experiment carried out on a plastic model. This consists of 8 plastic vertebrae with 30 mm sides which are connected by interposed wedge-shaped soft rubber discs, giving the model a curved shape. Memory wire prestretched by 7% is led through eylets on the convex side and fixed at the ends. On being heated (electrically in this experiment for the sake of simplicity), the wire shortens, righting the model so that it assumes a straight shape. The authors also describe in detail the manufacture of the alloy, i.e. the melting and shaping operations, as well as the properties of the material, that is, the stress-strain and strain-temperature relationships and the transformation temperatures, as well as mechanical problems.", "contents": "[On Dwyer's scoliosis operation using memory alloy wire (author's transl)]. In Dwyer's spinal column correction a titanium cable is stretched from vertebra to vertebra by a special clamp and secured to each vertebra with screws and clips. It is suggested to replace the titanium wire with wire consisting of the memory alloy NiTi. This will permit the prestretched wire to be tensioned by heating it to 60 deg C after it has been fixed at its ends in the vertebrae. The functional principle of the NiTi memory wire was demonstrated in an experiment carried out on a plastic model. This consists of 8 plastic vertebrae with 30 mm sides which are connected by interposed wedge-shaped soft rubber discs, giving the model a curved shape. Memory wire prestretched by 7% is led through eylets on the convex side and fixed at the ends. On being heated (electrically in this experiment for the sake of simplicity), the wire shortens, righting the model so that it assumes a straight shape. The authors also describe in detail the manufacture of the alloy, i.e. the melting and shaping operations, as well as the properties of the material, that is, the stress-strain and strain-temperature relationships and the transformation temperatures, as well as mechanical problems.", "PMID": 655816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6545", "title": "[Dorsal occipito-cerivale spondylodesis with plate fixation of the wire to the occiput (author's transl)].", "content": "In occipito-cervical spondylodesis, performed because of instability in this area, there is quite a high incidence of pseudarthrosis. We tried to achieve a biomechanically stable spondylodesis by anchoring the temporary stabilizing wire-loop with a small osteosynthesis plate in the occiput and with a cortical screw in the spinous processus. Our two cases operated by this method showed a favorable result with good reduction. The bone graft consolidated without complications, the wire-loop did not break. This method seems to be less complicated that the fixation with a special plate according to Cabot and Mordent.", "contents": "[Dorsal occipito-cerivale spondylodesis with plate fixation of the wire to the occiput (author's transl)]. In occipito-cervical spondylodesis, performed because of instability in this area, there is quite a high incidence of pseudarthrosis. We tried to achieve a biomechanically stable spondylodesis by anchoring the temporary stabilizing wire-loop with a small osteosynthesis plate in the occiput and with a cortical screw in the spinous processus. Our two cases operated by this method showed a favorable result with good reduction. The bone graft consolidated without complications, the wire-loop did not break. This method seems to be less complicated that the fixation with a special plate according to Cabot and Mordent.", "PMID": 655817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6546", "title": "Avulsion of the less trochanter.", "content": "After a period with prodromal pain a 13 year old, slightly adiposogenital-looking boy suffered from an avulsion of the lesser trochanter after a minior trauma. He was successfully treated with operative reduction and fixation. The aetiology of the lesion is discussed. On the basis of this case and others reported in the literature, the lesion may be due to separation in an epiphysis already suffering from a disorder.", "contents": "Avulsion of the less trochanter. After a period with prodromal pain a 13 year old, slightly adiposogenital-looking boy suffered from an avulsion of the lesser trochanter after a minior trauma. He was successfully treated with operative reduction and fixation. The aetiology of the lesion is discussed. On the basis of this case and others reported in the literature, the lesion may be due to separation in an epiphysis already suffering from a disorder.", "PMID": 655818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6547", "title": "[X-ray dose reduction in examination of infant's hip with image-intensifier-fluoroscopy-system (author's transl)].", "content": "An image intensifier--70mm camera--fluoroscopy system combined with a conventional X-ray tube is used for routine examination of the infant's hip. The high quality of 85% of these 70mm exposures makes immediate diagnostic interpretation possible. An even higher percentage can be achieved by most exact positioning of the patients. Apart from the radiation protection of the gonades, the X-ray skin dose of the primary beam is reduced by 90-95% compared with full size radiography using film screen combinations. This exposure technique can certainly be used not only for the examination of the infant's hip.", "contents": "[X-ray dose reduction in examination of infant's hip with image-intensifier-fluoroscopy-system (author's transl)]. An image intensifier--70mm camera--fluoroscopy system combined with a conventional X-ray tube is used for routine examination of the infant's hip. The high quality of 85% of these 70mm exposures makes immediate diagnostic interpretation possible. An even higher percentage can be achieved by most exact positioning of the patients. Apart from the radiation protection of the gonades, the X-ray skin dose of the primary beam is reduced by 90-95% compared with full size radiography using film screen combinations. This exposure technique can certainly be used not only for the examination of the infant's hip.", "PMID": 655819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6548", "title": "[An analysis of the anatomical changes of the RA forefoot and the biomechanical consequences after the resection of the metatarsal heads (authors transl)].", "content": "Deformities of the forefoot depend on various mechanical factors as well as on the anatomical structure of the foot and the sufficiency of its individual static-dynamics elements. RA affects primarily the small joints and at the some time accelerates the deformative process of the forefoot. Reviewing literature and using his own observations as a basis the author discusses various causes of deformities and conducts an analysis of the biomechanical consequences after the resection of the metatarsal heads.", "contents": "[An analysis of the anatomical changes of the RA forefoot and the biomechanical consequences after the resection of the metatarsal heads (authors transl)]. Deformities of the forefoot depend on various mechanical factors as well as on the anatomical structure of the foot and the sufficiency of its individual static-dynamics elements. RA affects primarily the small joints and at the some time accelerates the deformative process of the forefoot. Reviewing literature and using his own observations as a basis the author discusses various causes of deformities and conducts an analysis of the biomechanical consequences after the resection of the metatarsal heads.", "PMID": 655820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6549", "title": "[Results of corrective surgery in juvenile cyphosis (scheuermann's disease) using Harrington's compressive rods (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of 20 corrective procedures for juvenile cyphosis using Harrington compressive rods and Hibbs spondylodesis. 16 procedures date back more than one year (average 3 years, 4 months). 10 cases of pure dorsal cyphosis. The pre-operative Cobb-angles for cyphosis averaged 52 degrees, postoperatively an average of 24 degrees was measured. This reflects a 57 p.c. average immediate correction (41 p.c. for pure dorsal cyphosis, 71 p.c. for dorso-lumbar cyphosis) following surgery nearly all cases showed a significant loss of correction (average 43 p.c., dorsal 37 p.c., dorso-lumbar 49 p.c.). Three main reasons for this loss of correction are discussed and documented in detail. 1. Mal-centered and too short a length of spondylodesis; 2. insufficient corrective growth of wedge shaped vertebral bodies post surgery and 3. frequent lumbar decompensation into total round back deformity of the pure thoracic spondylodesis. The following changes in procedure to solve the problem of loss of correction are proposed. 1. Combined posterior and anterior fusions and 2. upper lumbar dorsal fusion together with extended thoracic spondylodesis. The changing indication is discussed. The main but not fatal complication was postoperative wound infection (15 p.c.).", "contents": "[Results of corrective surgery in juvenile cyphosis (scheuermann's disease) using Harrington's compressive rods (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of 20 corrective procedures for juvenile cyphosis using Harrington compressive rods and Hibbs spondylodesis. 16 procedures date back more than one year (average 3 years, 4 months). 10 cases of pure dorsal cyphosis. The pre-operative Cobb-angles for cyphosis averaged 52 degrees, postoperatively an average of 24 degrees was measured. This reflects a 57 p.c. average immediate correction (41 p.c. for pure dorsal cyphosis, 71 p.c. for dorso-lumbar cyphosis) following surgery nearly all cases showed a significant loss of correction (average 43 p.c., dorsal 37 p.c., dorso-lumbar 49 p.c.). Three main reasons for this loss of correction are discussed and documented in detail. 1. Mal-centered and too short a length of spondylodesis; 2. insufficient corrective growth of wedge shaped vertebral bodies post surgery and 3. frequent lumbar decompensation into total round back deformity of the pure thoracic spondylodesis. The following changes in procedure to solve the problem of loss of correction are proposed. 1. Combined posterior and anterior fusions and 2. upper lumbar dorsal fusion together with extended thoracic spondylodesis. The changing indication is discussed. The main but not fatal complication was postoperative wound infection (15 p.c.).", "PMID": 655821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6550", "title": "[Mechanical tests with polymethylmethacrylate in fresh specimens and specimens obtained from loosened prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical testing of specimen from fresh acrylic cement and from lossened prostheses between one and two years after implantation shows difference in compressive strength. Air bubbles, blood particles, and folds distinctly influence mechanical properties. Therefore, care should be taken to avoid these enclosures during implantation. But it is not the aging of the acrylic cement which presents the main problem in endoprosthetic fixation, but the cement-bone interface. Clinical experience and this mechanical study show that fracture of the acrylic cement is not due to primary fatigue of the material, but occurs secondarily after loosening of the bonding between bone and cement.", "contents": "[Mechanical tests with polymethylmethacrylate in fresh specimens and specimens obtained from loosened prosthesis (author's transl)]. Mechanical testing of specimen from fresh acrylic cement and from lossened prostheses between one and two years after implantation shows difference in compressive strength. Air bubbles, blood particles, and folds distinctly influence mechanical properties. Therefore, care should be taken to avoid these enclosures during implantation. But it is not the aging of the acrylic cement which presents the main problem in endoprosthetic fixation, but the cement-bone interface. Clinical experience and this mechanical study show that fracture of the acrylic cement is not due to primary fatigue of the material, but occurs secondarily after loosening of the bonding between bone and cement.", "PMID": 655822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6551", "title": "[Biomechanical efficiency and biocompatibility of lubricating sprays PTFE or graphite (author's transl)].", "content": "The screws and plates used in operative treatment of fractures cause moments of friction between the bone screw head and the bone plate hole during the tightening of the screws. This results in hidden damage to the grinding metal surfaces, with the danger of erosion corrosion and in a reduction in the  screw force. By covering the screw heads with the lubricating sprays PTFE or graphite friction was significantly reduced, the screw force increased by 40% and extensive damage to the surfaces avoided. Lubricating sprays or their extracts, in fetal calf serum or in dimethylsulfoxide, were added to fibroblast cultures. Toxicity was manifest as changes in the synthesis of DNA, as measured by autoradiography. Sprays or spray extracts in fetal calf serum did not inhibit cell proliferation. In vivo experiments in rats reflected the in vitro results, there being no evidence that toxic substances were released from the sprays by physiological solvents: There was a lack of histopathological changes in the inner organs and a local encapsulation of implants which was essentially like that in a teflon control group.", "contents": "[Biomechanical efficiency and biocompatibility of lubricating sprays PTFE or graphite (author's transl)]. The screws and plates used in operative treatment of fractures cause moments of friction between the bone screw head and the bone plate hole during the tightening of the screws. This results in hidden damage to the grinding metal surfaces, with the danger of erosion corrosion and in a reduction in the  screw force. By covering the screw heads with the lubricating sprays PTFE or graphite friction was significantly reduced, the screw force increased by 40% and extensive damage to the surfaces avoided. Lubricating sprays or their extracts, in fetal calf serum or in dimethylsulfoxide, were added to fibroblast cultures. Toxicity was manifest as changes in the synthesis of DNA, as measured by autoradiography. Sprays or spray extracts in fetal calf serum did not inhibit cell proliferation. In vivo experiments in rats reflected the in vitro results, there being no evidence that toxic substances were released from the sprays by physiological solvents: There was a lack of histopathological changes in the inner organs and a local encapsulation of implants which was essentially like that in a teflon control group.", "PMID": 655823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6552", "title": "[Differentialdiagnostic problems in fibrosarcoma of the foot (author's transl)].", "content": "3 cases of fibrosarcoma of the foot are presented. Despite a history of pain up to several years the first radiological examination did not reveal any signs of a malignant tumor. X-rays taken 1/2 to one year later showed a localized osteolytic process. Then the diagnosis was established by biopsy. Consecutive x-rays and timing for a biopsy are discussed.", "contents": "[Differentialdiagnostic problems in fibrosarcoma of the foot (author's transl)]. 3 cases of fibrosarcoma of the foot are presented. Despite a history of pain up to several years the first radiological examination did not reveal any signs of a malignant tumor. X-rays taken 1/2 to one year later showed a localized osteolytic process. Then the diagnosis was established by biopsy. Consecutive x-rays and timing for a biopsy are discussed.", "PMID": 655824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6553", "title": "[A new drill guide for plastic repair of the anterior cruciate ligament by a free ligamenteous graft (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of the most widely used grafts for the replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament shows the difficulties of plastic repair. The author recommends the patella ligament used by Br\u00fcckner but, because of the relative shortness of this ligament, not as a distally based ligamenteous graft but as a free one. The exact topography of the anterior cruciate ligament is given. A new drill guide for repair of this ligament is described and the technique of implantation by making use of that drill guide is explained.", "contents": "[A new drill guide for plastic repair of the anterior cruciate ligament by a free ligamenteous graft (author's transl)]. A report of the most widely used grafts for the replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament shows the difficulties of plastic repair. The author recommends the patella ligament used by Br\u00fcckner but, because of the relative shortness of this ligament, not as a distally based ligamenteous graft but as a free one. The exact topography of the anterior cruciate ligament is given. A new drill guide for repair of this ligament is described and the technique of implantation by making use of that drill guide is explained.", "PMID": 655825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6554", "title": "[Osteomyelitis. First experiences with P.M.M.A. chains and balls (author's transl)].", "content": "A new therapeutic principle in the treatment of osteomyelitis is introduced-as an alternative to \"Suction Drainage\"-, i.e. \"Gentamycine P.M.M.A. chains\". After exact surgical debridement a local therapy with high concentrations of antibiotic is possible. Results of the performed operations on 51 patients are encouraging after 14 months. Long term results are as yet not known.", "contents": "[Osteomyelitis. First experiences with P.M.M.A. chains and balls (author's transl)]. A new therapeutic principle in the treatment of osteomyelitis is introduced-as an alternative to \"Suction Drainage\"-, i.e. \"Gentamycine P.M.M.A. chains\". After exact surgical debridement a local therapy with high concentrations of antibiotic is possible. Results of the performed operations on 51 patients are encouraging after 14 months. Long term results are as yet not known.", "PMID": 655826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6555", "title": "[Early treatment of intraoperative infections based on bacteriological testing (author's transl)].", "content": "Validity and efficiency of an antibiotic prophylaxis after extensive orthopedic and traumatological procedures are not universally accepted. Often the systematic antibiotic prophylaxis is withhold because of considerable disadvantages. A new method is reported, which enables a bactericidal antibiotic therapy based on bacteriological testing of swabs taken during and after surgery. Thus the administration of antibiotics is possible long before the clinical manifestation of an infection. Immediate therapy diminishes the danger of complications from infections. With this method microbial contamination was found and treated in 53 (17.44%) of 305 operations. Of these, only 0.66% resulted in deep infections and 3.6% delayed healings without further complications.", "contents": "[Early treatment of intraoperative infections based on bacteriological testing (author's transl)]. Validity and efficiency of an antibiotic prophylaxis after extensive orthopedic and traumatological procedures are not universally accepted. Often the systematic antibiotic prophylaxis is withhold because of considerable disadvantages. A new method is reported, which enables a bactericidal antibiotic therapy based on bacteriological testing of swabs taken during and after surgery. Thus the administration of antibiotics is possible long before the clinical manifestation of an infection. Immediate therapy diminishes the danger of complications from infections. With this method microbial contamination was found and treated in 53 (17.44%) of 305 operations. Of these, only 0.66% resulted in deep infections and 3.6% delayed healings without further complications.", "PMID": 655828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6556", "title": "[Fracture and pseudarthrosis of a synostosis between os lunatum and os triquetrum and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The unusual case of fracture and pseudarthrosis of a synostosis between os lunatum and os triquetrum is described. Aetiological factors, clinical symptoms and operative treatment are explained and legal aspects concerning insurance-problems are discussed.", "contents": "[Fracture and pseudarthrosis of a synostosis between os lunatum and os triquetrum and its treatment (author's transl)]. The unusual case of fracture and pseudarthrosis of a synostosis between os lunatum and os triquetrum is described. Aetiological factors, clinical symptoms and operative treatment are explained and legal aspects concerning insurance-problems are discussed.", "PMID": 655829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6557", "title": "Educational frame of reference: an additional model for rehabilitation medicine.", "content": "Since much of medical rehabilitation is actually training which is focused on helping the patient and/or his/her family become active in the patient's daily care, the addition of the educational frame of reference can make rehabilitation professionals more effective. A recommended model for patient-family education has these components: (1) Identification of patient-family understanding necessary for dealing with his/her problems or potential problems; (2) assessment of current patient-family knowledge, attitudes, and life style; (3) setting of educational goals based on individual patient and family needs; (4) planning an appropriate method of achievement of those goals; (5) implementing the plan; and (6) evaluating according to goals.", "contents": "Educational frame of reference: an additional model for rehabilitation medicine. Since much of medical rehabilitation is actually training which is focused on helping the patient and/or his/her family become active in the patient's daily care, the addition of the educational frame of reference can make rehabilitation professionals more effective. A recommended model for patient-family education has these components: (1) Identification of patient-family understanding necessary for dealing with his/her problems or potential problems; (2) assessment of current patient-family knowledge, attitudes, and life style; (3) setting of educational goals based on individual patient and family needs; (4) planning an appropriate method of achievement of those goals; (5) implementing the plan; and (6) evaluating according to goals.", "PMID": 655830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6558", "title": "Knee lock device for knee ankle orthoses for spinal cord injured patients: an evaluation.", "content": "The effect of a specially designed knee lock in a knee ankle orthosis was studied in 2 able-bodied volunteers and in 2 patients with spinal cord lesions. This lock allows the knee to bend during the swing phase but locks the knee securely during the stance phase. The device is intended to improve gait pattern and reduce oxygen consumption more than a standard knee lock which keeps the knee straight throughout the entire gait cycle. Energy savings with the knee locking mechanism were significant only at ambulation rates at or above 73 meters/min, a speed which could only be attained by able-bodied subjects. To achieve such high rates of ambulation a patient's hip flexors must be strong; yet a knee ankle orthosis is required only when the patient's knee extensors are weak. In patients with spinal cord injuries, this pattern of muscle strength is rarely encountered. The innervation of hip flexors or knee extensors overlaps, so voluntary control of these muscles will either be present or absent for both muscle groups. Therefore, most spinal cord injured persons who need a knee orthosis would not greatly benefit from this locking mechanism. There may be other conditions in which this device will prove valuable.", "contents": "Knee lock device for knee ankle orthoses for spinal cord injured patients: an evaluation. The effect of a specially designed knee lock in a knee ankle orthosis was studied in 2 able-bodied volunteers and in 2 patients with spinal cord lesions. This lock allows the knee to bend during the swing phase but locks the knee securely during the stance phase. The device is intended to improve gait pattern and reduce oxygen consumption more than a standard knee lock which keeps the knee straight throughout the entire gait cycle. Energy savings with the knee locking mechanism were significant only at ambulation rates at or above 73 meters/min, a speed which could only be attained by able-bodied subjects. To achieve such high rates of ambulation a patient's hip flexors must be strong; yet a knee ankle orthosis is required only when the patient's knee extensors are weak. In patients with spinal cord injuries, this pattern of muscle strength is rarely encountered. The innervation of hip flexors or knee extensors overlaps, so voluntary control of these muscles will either be present or absent for both muscle groups. Therefore, most spinal cord injured persons who need a knee orthosis would not greatly benefit from this locking mechanism. There may be other conditions in which this device will prove valuable.", "PMID": 655831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6559", "title": "Plasma renin and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase during orthostatic hypotension in quadriplegic man.", "content": "To determine whether orthostatic hypotension in patients with cervical spinal cord lesions is the result of impaired sympathetic nerve response and/or impaired renin release, serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) activity and plasma renin activity (PRA) were examined during passive tilting in 6 quadriplegic patients and in 6 able-bodied control subjects. Serum DbetaH was measured by an isotopic enzymatic method and PRA by radioimmunoassay. Following head-up tilting, quadriplegic subjects demonstrated a prompt, significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increase in heart rate (HR). DbetaH and PRA both increased significantly 15 minutes after tilt. In normal subjects, although HR increased, MAP was unchanged; DbetaH and PRA did not increase significantly during head-up tilt. The finding of increased DbetaH during tilt hypotension in quadriplegic patients provides evidence that reflex sympathetic nerve stimulation persists despite cervical cord transection. Increased PRA may be attributed to decreased renal perfusion pressure and increased sympathetic stimulation during tilt hypotension. These data suggest that orthostatic hypotension in quadriplegia patients cannot be attributed solely to failure of the sympathetic nervous system or the renin-angiotensin system to respond to the stimulus of orthostasis.", "contents": "Plasma renin and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase during orthostatic hypotension in quadriplegic man. To determine whether orthostatic hypotension in patients with cervical spinal cord lesions is the result of impaired sympathetic nerve response and/or impaired renin release, serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) activity and plasma renin activity (PRA) were examined during passive tilting in 6 quadriplegic patients and in 6 able-bodied control subjects. Serum DbetaH was measured by an isotopic enzymatic method and PRA by radioimmunoassay. Following head-up tilting, quadriplegic subjects demonstrated a prompt, significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increase in heart rate (HR). DbetaH and PRA both increased significantly 15 minutes after tilt. In normal subjects, although HR increased, MAP was unchanged; DbetaH and PRA did not increase significantly during head-up tilt. The finding of increased DbetaH during tilt hypotension in quadriplegic patients provides evidence that reflex sympathetic nerve stimulation persists despite cervical cord transection. Increased PRA may be attributed to decreased renal perfusion pressure and increased sympathetic stimulation during tilt hypotension. These data suggest that orthostatic hypotension in quadriplegia patients cannot be attributed solely to failure of the sympathetic nervous system or the renin-angiotensin system to respond to the stimulus of orthostasis.", "PMID": 655832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6560", "title": "Myoelectric control sites in the high-level quadriplegic patient.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine optimal myoelectric control sites in the C4 level quadriplegic patient. The criteria used for selecting sites as usable by the patient for myoelectric control were as follows: (1) The remaining repertoire of movement could be performed by the subject without producing interfering myoelectric activity at the control site. (2) Adequate myoelectric output could be produced from the underlying musculature. (3) Electrical silence at rest could be demonstrated at the site. Eight muscle groups of the head, neck and scapula were studied on six high-level quadriplegic patients using surface electromyography. The subjects were asked to perform 12 tasks, including active movements of the head and neck, swallowing and speaking. Following this, the subjects performed a series of maximal and submaximal voluntary contractions. Using the above criteria, sites feasible for functional myoelectric control were found over portions of the frontalis, upper and middle trapezius, and temporalis muscles. Other sites found acceptable for subjects individually were located over areas of the platysma, lower trapezius, and masseter muscles. Thus, myoelectric control sites for the operation of externally powered devices are present in the high-level quadriplegic patient. Sites have been demonstrated from which the user is able to generate adequate myoelectric output for the operation of such devices, but do not limit the remaining movements of the individual.", "contents": "Myoelectric control sites in the high-level quadriplegic patient. The purpose of this investigation was to determine optimal myoelectric control sites in the C4 level quadriplegic patient. The criteria used for selecting sites as usable by the patient for myoelectric control were as follows: (1) The remaining repertoire of movement could be performed by the subject without producing interfering myoelectric activity at the control site. (2) Adequate myoelectric output could be produced from the underlying musculature. (3) Electrical silence at rest could be demonstrated at the site. Eight muscle groups of the head, neck and scapula were studied on six high-level quadriplegic patients using surface electromyography. The subjects were asked to perform 12 tasks, including active movements of the head and neck, swallowing and speaking. Following this, the subjects performed a series of maximal and submaximal voluntary contractions. Using the above criteria, sites feasible for functional myoelectric control were found over portions of the frontalis, upper and middle trapezius, and temporalis muscles. Other sites found acceptable for subjects individually were located over areas of the platysma, lower trapezius, and masseter muscles. Thus, myoelectric control sites for the operation of externally powered devices are present in the high-level quadriplegic patient. Sites have been demonstrated from which the user is able to generate adequate myoelectric output for the operation of such devices, but do not limit the remaining movements of the individual.", "PMID": 655833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6561", "title": "\"Hand gym\" for patients with arthritic hand disabilities: preliminary report.", "content": "To improve function and to delay the tendency toward deformities of the rheumatoid arthritic hand, a new device was evaluated which enables patients to perform range of motion and isometric exercises in their home. Eighteen patients (35 hands) exercised daily for four months. Strength and range of motion showed statistically significant gains. Grip strength increased in 28 hands, volar pinch in 22 hands, lateral pinch in 21 hands. Of 140 PIP joints, 77% increased in range, indicating loosening of intrinsic muscles. Improvement in hand function was reported by most of the patients.", "contents": "\"Hand gym\" for patients with arthritic hand disabilities: preliminary report. To improve function and to delay the tendency toward deformities of the rheumatoid arthritic hand, a new device was evaluated which enables patients to perform range of motion and isometric exercises in their home. Eighteen patients (35 hands) exercised daily for four months. Strength and range of motion showed statistically significant gains. Grip strength increased in 28 hands, volar pinch in 22 hands, lateral pinch in 21 hands. Of 140 PIP joints, 77% increased in range, indicating loosening of intrinsic muscles. Improvement in hand function was reported by most of the patients.", "PMID": 655834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6562", "title": "Handicapped driver controls operability: a device for clinical evaluation of patients.", "content": "A simple device is described for measuring the force input capability of severely handicapped drivers to assist in prescribing motor vehicle adaptive controls to permit these patients to drive. The device uses off-the-shelf components and can easily be constructed in any small shop. Both steering wheel and hand control force inputs with either hand can be assessed. A recommended protocol, interpretation of findings and some clinical data collected at the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research and Houston VA Hospital are also presented and discussed.", "contents": "Handicapped driver controls operability: a device for clinical evaluation of patients. A simple device is described for measuring the force input capability of severely handicapped drivers to assist in prescribing motor vehicle adaptive controls to permit these patients to drive. The device uses off-the-shelf components and can easily be constructed in any small shop. Both steering wheel and hand control force inputs with either hand can be assessed. A recommended protocol, interpretation of findings and some clinical data collected at the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research and Houston VA Hospital are also presented and discussed.", "PMID": 655835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6563", "title": "Stroke rehabilitation: a family-team education program.", "content": "A stroke causes considerable anxiety and practical difficulties to the family of the patient. Additional confusion results because the difference between the acute care and the prolonged rehabilitation is poorly understood. For these reasons, a family-team conference was established at the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Hospital. Its purpose was to relieve anxiety and explain the scientific and professional aspects of the team approach to rehabilitation. The family-team program consisted of role descriptions presented by the representatives from the various disciplines involved in the rehabilitation process and a discussion of individual family-patient problems. Results of a three-year study were used to evaluate the sucess of the conference. Records of family attendance were compared with the number of persons contacted. Questionnaires completed by family members at the conference showed that the anxiety level of individual families had decreased. A better understanding of the team approach was indicated in more than 75% of those participating. More than 70% of the families felt more comfortable in visits to their relatives and in approaching team members with future questions. The family-team program is a practical instrument for expanding stroke rehabilitation and for including the needs and participation of the family.", "contents": "Stroke rehabilitation: a family-team education program. A stroke causes considerable anxiety and practical difficulties to the family of the patient. Additional confusion results because the difference between the acute care and the prolonged rehabilitation is poorly understood. For these reasons, a family-team conference was established at the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Hospital. Its purpose was to relieve anxiety and explain the scientific and professional aspects of the team approach to rehabilitation. The family-team program consisted of role descriptions presented by the representatives from the various disciplines involved in the rehabilitation process and a discussion of individual family-patient problems. Results of a three-year study were used to evaluate the sucess of the conference. Records of family attendance were compared with the number of persons contacted. Questionnaires completed by family members at the conference showed that the anxiety level of individual families had decreased. A better understanding of the team approach was indicated in more than 75% of those participating. More than 70% of the families felt more comfortable in visits to their relatives and in approaching team members with future questions. The family-team program is a practical instrument for expanding stroke rehabilitation and for including the needs and participation of the family.", "PMID": 655837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6564", "title": "Bell palsy: muscle reeducation by electromyograph feedback.", "content": "The present case study investigated the efficacy of feedback in restoring muscle control to facial muscles which had been affected by Bell palsy. The subject, a woman, was provided an analog tone as feedback for modifying the muscle activity on the paralyzed (right) side of her face to match that of her nonaffected (left) side. The results showed a statistically significant shift in muscle activity in masseter, zygomaticus, and orbicularis oculi muscles. Post-treatment levels closely approximated the nonaffected side, and resulted in more normal facial characteristics with respect to jaw position and symmetry of smiling. Bidirectional control of the zygomaticus was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Bell palsy: muscle reeducation by electromyograph feedback. The present case study investigated the efficacy of feedback in restoring muscle control to facial muscles which had been affected by Bell palsy. The subject, a woman, was provided an analog tone as feedback for modifying the muscle activity on the paralyzed (right) side of her face to match that of her nonaffected (left) side. The results showed a statistically significant shift in muscle activity in masseter, zygomaticus, and orbicularis oculi muscles. Post-treatment levels closely approximated the nonaffected side, and resulted in more normal facial characteristics with respect to jaw position and symmetry of smiling. Bidirectional control of the zygomaticus was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 655838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6565", "title": "Sinography in management of decubitus ulcers.", "content": "Draining sinuses are considered a major complication of decubitus ulcers in spinal cord injury patients. Of 144 such patients with decubitus ulcers admitted in 1975 and 1976, 15 had draining sinuses. Twenty-one sinograms were obtained in the process of their evaluation prior to treatment. In 6 patients, sinography resulted in unexpected findings such as excessive depth of the sinus tract, abscess formation, undermining of previous graft, and extension into neighboring joints, affecting both the management of the decubitus ulcers and the surgical approach. It is concluded that sinography should become an integral part of management of decubitus ulcers with draining sinuses.", "contents": "Sinography in management of decubitus ulcers. Draining sinuses are considered a major complication of decubitus ulcers in spinal cord injury patients. Of 144 such patients with decubitus ulcers admitted in 1975 and 1976, 15 had draining sinuses. Twenty-one sinograms were obtained in the process of their evaluation prior to treatment. In 6 patients, sinography resulted in unexpected findings such as excessive depth of the sinus tract, abscess formation, undermining of previous graft, and extension into neighboring joints, affecting both the management of the decubitus ulcers and the surgical approach. It is concluded that sinography should become an integral part of management of decubitus ulcers with draining sinuses.", "PMID": 655839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6566", "title": "Tracheo-esophageal anastomosis in treatment of chronic aspiration pneumonitis.", "content": "A patient underwent tracheo-esophageal anastomosis following repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia after the resection of a meningioma at foramen magnum. The surgery eliminated the intractable problem with aspiration. This procedure is reversible, and restoration of the laryngeal function can be accomplished when the patient has recovered neurologically. If adequate neurologic recovery does not occur, the anastomosis can be left intact indefinitely.", "contents": "Tracheo-esophageal anastomosis in treatment of chronic aspiration pneumonitis. A patient underwent tracheo-esophageal anastomosis following repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia after the resection of a meningioma at foramen magnum. The surgery eliminated the intractable problem with aspiration. This procedure is reversible, and restoration of the laryngeal function can be accomplished when the patient has recovered neurologically. If adequate neurologic recovery does not occur, the anastomosis can be left intact indefinitely.", "PMID": 655840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6567", "title": "Venous access using the bovine carotid heterograft: techniques, results, and complications in 75 patients.", "content": "Between January 1974 and March 1977, arm bovine carotid heterograft arteriovenous fistulas were constructed in 75 patients. Twenty-six fistulas were established between the distal radial artery and an antecubital vein, and 49 fistulas used the brachial artery and the axillary vein. Thirty-eight heterografts have functioned without complication over a maximun interval of 29 months, including 15 of 26 radiobasilic fistulas and 23 of 49 brachioaxillary fistulas. Of the 37 heterograft failures, 28 were caused by thrombosis, six by infection, two by false aneurysm formation, and one by distal arm ischemia. Early postoperative thrombosis was associated with a higher subsequent failure rate after thrombectomy than was late thrombosis and it often required insertion of a new heterograft. Infected heterografts must be ligated and eventually replaced with another fistula at a distant site to avoid the potentially lethal complications of systemic sepsis and local hemorrhage.", "contents": "Venous access using the bovine carotid heterograft: techniques, results, and complications in 75 patients. Between January 1974 and March 1977, arm bovine carotid heterograft arteriovenous fistulas were constructed in 75 patients. Twenty-six fistulas were established between the distal radial artery and an antecubital vein, and 49 fistulas used the brachial artery and the axillary vein. Thirty-eight heterografts have functioned without complication over a maximun interval of 29 months, including 15 of 26 radiobasilic fistulas and 23 of 49 brachioaxillary fistulas. Of the 37 heterograft failures, 28 were caused by thrombosis, six by infection, two by false aneurysm formation, and one by distal arm ischemia. Early postoperative thrombosis was associated with a higher subsequent failure rate after thrombectomy than was late thrombosis and it often required insertion of a new heterograft. Infected heterografts must be ligated and eventually replaced with another fistula at a distant site to avoid the potentially lethal complications of systemic sepsis and local hemorrhage.", "PMID": 655843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6568", "title": "Complex cerebral revascularization.", "content": "Although carotid endarterectomy is the usual technique for treating symptoms related to extracranial arterial occlusive disease, cerebrovascular and upper extremity symptoms caused by lesions of the innominate, common carotid, or subclavian orifices necessitate more complex revascularization techniques. We have treated five patients, three females and two males, with symptoms of cerebrovascular and/or upper extremity ischemia by highly individualized, complex, revascularization techniques. The procedures were amalgamations of carotid-subclavian bypass, carotid-subclavian bypass with carotid bifurcation endarterectomy, subclavian-subclavian bypass, axillo-axillary bypass, and carotid-axillary bypass. The conditions of all patients were greatly improved and four of the five patients became asymptomatic. These procedures seem to be highly effective in relieving symptoms and they minimize the risks of cerebral and upper extremity revascularization.", "contents": "Complex cerebral revascularization. Although carotid endarterectomy is the usual technique for treating symptoms related to extracranial arterial occlusive disease, cerebrovascular and upper extremity symptoms caused by lesions of the innominate, common carotid, or subclavian orifices necessitate more complex revascularization techniques. We have treated five patients, three females and two males, with symptoms of cerebrovascular and/or upper extremity ischemia by highly individualized, complex, revascularization techniques. The procedures were amalgamations of carotid-subclavian bypass, carotid-subclavian bypass with carotid bifurcation endarterectomy, subclavian-subclavian bypass, axillo-axillary bypass, and carotid-axillary bypass. The conditions of all patients were greatly improved and four of the five patients became asymptomatic. These procedures seem to be highly effective in relieving symptoms and they minimize the risks of cerebral and upper extremity revascularization.", "PMID": 655844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6569", "title": "Postsplenectomy thrombocytosis: its association with mesenteric, portal, and/or renal vein thrombosis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "During the past two years, postoperative thromboses of parts or all of the splanchnic venous circulation have developed in four of 30 patients with myeloproliferative disorders who have undergone splenectomy at our institution. The patients' courses were marked by platelet abnormalities, both quantitative and qualitative. In an attempt to avoid this complication, aspirin and low-dose heparin sodium have been administered and there has been no evidence of thrombosis in the four patients so managed.", "contents": "Postsplenectomy thrombocytosis: its association with mesenteric, portal, and/or renal vein thrombosis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. During the past two years, postoperative thromboses of parts or all of the splanchnic venous circulation have developed in four of 30 patients with myeloproliferative disorders who have undergone splenectomy at our institution. The patients' courses were marked by platelet abnormalities, both quantitative and qualitative. In an attempt to avoid this complication, aspirin and low-dose heparin sodium have been administered and there has been no evidence of thrombosis in the four patients so managed.", "PMID": 655845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6570", "title": "Rupture of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis: a critical review.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis is a well-known clinical phenomenon. However, when strict criteria concerning the presence or absence of trauma and the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis are applied to the 107 cases in the world literature, only 18 true spontaneous ruptures are found. In these, the survival rate was 100%. In addition to pain referral to the left shoulder (Kehr's sign), right shoulder and scapular pain from diaphragmatic irritation, caused by free intraperitoneal blood, can be a valuable sign in determining splenic rupture. Because the spleen remains susceptible to rupture even after recovery based on all clinical, hematologic, and serological criteria, it is recommended that full normal activities not be resumed for two to three months by the nonathlete and for six months by the athlete.", "contents": "Rupture of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis: a critical review. Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis is a well-known clinical phenomenon. However, when strict criteria concerning the presence or absence of trauma and the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis are applied to the 107 cases in the world literature, only 18 true spontaneous ruptures are found. In these, the survival rate was 100%. In addition to pain referral to the left shoulder (Kehr's sign), right shoulder and scapular pain from diaphragmatic irritation, caused by free intraperitoneal blood, can be a valuable sign in determining splenic rupture. Because the spleen remains susceptible to rupture even after recovery based on all clinical, hematologic, and serological criteria, it is recommended that full normal activities not be resumed for two to three months by the nonathlete and for six months by the athlete.", "PMID": 655846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6571", "title": "Missile tract infections after transcolonic gunshot wounds.", "content": "Severe invasive infections around missiles or missile tracts may occur after transcolonic gunshot wounds. Observations in seven patients disclosed that infections of bone, soft tissue, retroperitoneum, and vascular structures resulted from the contamination of these tissues by missiles that had passed through the lumen of the colon. The infections were frequently obscure and difficult to diagnose unless the missile was considered to be a potential source of contamination. Two of seven patients died as a direct result of infection. Aggressive debridement of missile tracts, removal of accessible missiles, and adjunctive antibiotic therapy were useful.", "contents": "Missile tract infections after transcolonic gunshot wounds. Severe invasive infections around missiles or missile tracts may occur after transcolonic gunshot wounds. Observations in seven patients disclosed that infections of bone, soft tissue, retroperitoneum, and vascular structures resulted from the contamination of these tissues by missiles that had passed through the lumen of the colon. The infections were frequently obscure and difficult to diagnose unless the missile was considered to be a potential source of contamination. Two of seven patients died as a direct result of infection. Aggressive debridement of missile tracts, removal of accessible missiles, and adjunctive antibiotic therapy were useful.", "PMID": 655847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6572", "title": "Operative cholangiography and overlooked stones.", "content": "In a series of 100 consecutive common bile duct explorations in which stones were present and operative cholangiography performed, 22 patients were found to have residual stones. The operative cholangiograms showed the missed stones in three fourths of the patients, even though many of the cholangiograms were of poor quality. It is concluded that operative cholangiography is an excellent technique that will demonstrate most common bile duct stones. Closer cooperation with the radiologist and more emphasis on technique should lead to consistently satisfactory films and more appropriate interpretation, thus resulting in fewer overlooked biliary calculi.", "contents": "Operative cholangiography and overlooked stones. In a series of 100 consecutive common bile duct explorations in which stones were present and operative cholangiography performed, 22 patients were found to have residual stones. The operative cholangiograms showed the missed stones in three fourths of the patients, even though many of the cholangiograms were of poor quality. It is concluded that operative cholangiography is an excellent technique that will demonstrate most common bile duct stones. Closer cooperation with the radiologist and more emphasis on technique should lead to consistently satisfactory films and more appropriate interpretation, thus resulting in fewer overlooked biliary calculi.", "PMID": 655848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6573", "title": "Antecolic or retrocolic anastomoses in Billroth II gastrojejunostomy?", "content": "A retrospective study of major postoperative morbidity in two groups (50 patients each) that underwent Billroth II gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer disease showed no difference according to the type of anastomosis used (antecolic vs retrocolic). Prevention was not related to the type of anastomosis used, the main means of prevention being the use of meticulous care during the gastrojejunostomy.", "contents": "Antecolic or retrocolic anastomoses in Billroth II gastrojejunostomy? A retrospective study of major postoperative morbidity in two groups (50 patients each) that underwent Billroth II gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer disease showed no difference according to the type of anastomosis used (antecolic vs retrocolic). Prevention was not related to the type of anastomosis used, the main means of prevention being the use of meticulous care during the gastrojejunostomy.", "PMID": 655849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6574", "title": "Right-sided diaphragmatic injury: rarity or overlooked diagnosis?", "content": "Although more than 90% of diaphragmatic injuries are said to occur on the left side, we have recently managed six patients with right-sided diaphragmatic injuries. In four instances, the diaphragmatic injury was not discovered until laparotomy was undertaken for concomitant visceral injury. All patients who underwent operations had fractures and abdominal visceral injuries as well. This experience, plus the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis of injury to the right hemidiaphragm preoperatively, makes us suspect that the true incidence of right-sided diaphragmatic tears is higher than usually stated. A high diaphragmatic shadow, elevation of the inferior liver edge, and acute changes at the right lung base are among the roentgenographic findings associated with diaphragmatic tears.", "contents": "Right-sided diaphragmatic injury: rarity or overlooked diagnosis? Although more than 90% of diaphragmatic injuries are said to occur on the left side, we have recently managed six patients with right-sided diaphragmatic injuries. In four instances, the diaphragmatic injury was not discovered until laparotomy was undertaken for concomitant visceral injury. All patients who underwent operations had fractures and abdominal visceral injuries as well. This experience, plus the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis of injury to the right hemidiaphragm preoperatively, makes us suspect that the true incidence of right-sided diaphragmatic tears is higher than usually stated. A high diaphragmatic shadow, elevation of the inferior liver edge, and acute changes at the right lung base are among the roentgenographic findings associated with diaphragmatic tears.", "PMID": 655850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6575", "title": "Injury to the portal vein: a hazard during common bile duct exploration.", "content": "Portal vein injury is an unusual but dramatic complication of biliary surgery. Unlike major arterial injury, this complication may, in carefully selected cases, be managed successfully without primary repair.", "contents": "Injury to the portal vein: a hazard during common bile duct exploration. Portal vein injury is an unusual but dramatic complication of biliary surgery. Unlike major arterial injury, this complication may, in carefully selected cases, be managed successfully without primary repair.", "PMID": 655851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6576", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism due to primary cystic parathyroid hyperplasia.", "content": "Cysts of the parathyroid glands are uncommon, and functioning parathyroid cysts that cause primary hyperparathyroidism are rare. A 63-year-old man had primary hyperparathyroidism because of cystic hyperplasia of all four parathyroid glands. He also had squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate, chronic renal failure, hypertension, type-4 renal tubular acidosis, a hyperplastic thyroid adenoma, and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. To our knowledge, this is the first patient to be described with hyperparathyroidism due to multiple parathyroid cysts. The finding of cystic involvement of all four glands supports the theory that at least some parathyroid cysts are either a result of a common embryologic defect or of retention of parathyoid secretions rather than of cystic infarction of parathyroid adenomas.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism due to primary cystic parathyroid hyperplasia. Cysts of the parathyroid glands are uncommon, and functioning parathyroid cysts that cause primary hyperparathyroidism are rare. A 63-year-old man had primary hyperparathyroidism because of cystic hyperplasia of all four parathyroid glands. He also had squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate, chronic renal failure, hypertension, type-4 renal tubular acidosis, a hyperplastic thyroid adenoma, and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. To our knowledge, this is the first patient to be described with hyperparathyroidism due to multiple parathyroid cysts. The finding of cystic involvement of all four glands supports the theory that at least some parathyroid cysts are either a result of a common embryologic defect or of retention of parathyoid secretions rather than of cystic infarction of parathyroid adenomas.", "PMID": 655852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6577", "title": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome confused with acute appendicitis.", "content": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) may have signs that are clinically indistinguishable from acute surgical diseases of the abdomen. A 2-year-old girl had HUS and physical findings leading to appendectomy. Various pediatric surgical and medical conditions are mimicked by HUS. Attention to specific diagnostic clues (anemia, evidence of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, azotemia) may lead to the correct diagnosis of HUS and avoidance of an unnecessary operation.", "contents": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome confused with acute appendicitis. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) may have signs that are clinically indistinguishable from acute surgical diseases of the abdomen. A 2-year-old girl had HUS and physical findings leading to appendectomy. Various pediatric surgical and medical conditions are mimicked by HUS. Attention to specific diagnostic clues (anemia, evidence of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, azotemia) may lead to the correct diagnosis of HUS and avoidance of an unnecessary operation.", "PMID": 655853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6578", "title": "Internal hernia with gastric outlet obstruction.", "content": "A patient with an unusual type of internal hernia was treated successfully. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a hernia emanating through the gastrohepatic ligament that resulted in gastric outlet obstruction. It is even more remarkable because, although the small bowel was the herniated viscus, the symptoms were due to obstruction of the stomach rather than obstruction of the small bowel.", "contents": "Internal hernia with gastric outlet obstruction. A patient with an unusual type of internal hernia was treated successfully. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a hernia emanating through the gastrohepatic ligament that resulted in gastric outlet obstruction. It is even more remarkable because, although the small bowel was the herniated viscus, the symptoms were due to obstruction of the stomach rather than obstruction of the small bowel.", "PMID": 655854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6579", "title": "An arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the hand.", "content": "A 56-year-old hypertensive man had bilateral arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the hand, the aneurysm on the right having recently enlarged. Since angiography showed the radial artery of the right arm to be the only blood supply to the hand, resection of the aneurysm and primary anastomosis of the radial artery were performed. The etiology of hand aneurysms and evaluation of arterial blood supply are key factors in therapeutic decisions, since arteriosclerotic aneurysms may lack sufficient collateral blood supply to allow ligation of the artery.", "contents": "An arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the hand. A 56-year-old hypertensive man had bilateral arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the hand, the aneurysm on the right having recently enlarged. Since angiography showed the radial artery of the right arm to be the only blood supply to the hand, resection of the aneurysm and primary anastomosis of the radial artery were performed. The etiology of hand aneurysms and evaluation of arterial blood supply are key factors in therapeutic decisions, since arteriosclerotic aneurysms may lack sufficient collateral blood supply to allow ligation of the artery.", "PMID": 655855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6580", "title": "Localized tamponade of the right atrium and right ventricle: induction of intracardiac right-to-left shunting after the use of a Gott shunt.", "content": "After repair of a traumatic tear of the descending aorta, using a Gott shunt between the left ventricle and the distal descending aorta, a patient was readmitted with profound postural cyanosis and dyspnea. Catheterization showed right-to-left shunting at the atrial level caused by extrinsic deformation of the right atrium and right ventricle. Sternotomy showed selective pericardial tamponade on the right side of the heart caused by a localized collection of organizing thrombus and old blood. The previously unsuspected large patent foramen ovale was closed. This complication represents a form of iatrogenic cyanosis tardice and is thought to be attributable to the method of shunting used during the first operation. Moreover, this complication should be easily preventable if the pooled blood and clot in the most dependent portion of the pericardial cavity is adequately evacuated.", "contents": "Localized tamponade of the right atrium and right ventricle: induction of intracardiac right-to-left shunting after the use of a Gott shunt. After repair of a traumatic tear of the descending aorta, using a Gott shunt between the left ventricle and the distal descending aorta, a patient was readmitted with profound postural cyanosis and dyspnea. Catheterization showed right-to-left shunting at the atrial level caused by extrinsic deformation of the right atrium and right ventricle. Sternotomy showed selective pericardial tamponade on the right side of the heart caused by a localized collection of organizing thrombus and old blood. The previously unsuspected large patent foramen ovale was closed. This complication represents a form of iatrogenic cyanosis tardice and is thought to be attributable to the method of shunting used during the first operation. Moreover, this complication should be easily preventable if the pooled blood and clot in the most dependent portion of the pericardial cavity is adequately evacuated.", "PMID": 655856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6581", "title": "[Energy and crude protein requirements of young fattening geese. 2. Inluence of varying energy and crude protein contents of feed on carcass quality].", "content": "In 5 trials using a total of 5,7000 geese (Deutsche Legegans maleXWhite Italian Goose female) of which 482 were slaughtered and subsequently dressed, the influence of varying net energy and crude protein levels in the ration on fattening and carcass performance were studied. Increased crude protein contents were found to improve the meat yield. High-energy feeding likewise caused gains to go up, the extra gain almost exclusively consisting in adipose tissue (particularly skin, and intestinal and abdominal fat). In addition, high energy intakes induced earlier juvenile moulting, this effect making the 56-day old carcasses rather bristly. Therefore, it seems more convenient to fatten geese on low-energy rations (500 energetic feed equivalents/poultry [EFp] per kg) up to the age of 63 days because the meat yield (especially of breast meat) is likely to improve considerably when slaughter takes place at a later date. Goose fattening rations should stick to the following parameters (per kg): 500--550 EFp, 160--180 g crude protein, 8 g lysine, 6.5 g thio-amino acids.", "contents": "[Energy and crude protein requirements of young fattening geese. 2. Inluence of varying energy and crude protein contents of feed on carcass quality]. In 5 trials using a total of 5,7000 geese (Deutsche Legegans maleXWhite Italian Goose female) of which 482 were slaughtered and subsequently dressed, the influence of varying net energy and crude protein levels in the ration on fattening and carcass performance were studied. Increased crude protein contents were found to improve the meat yield. High-energy feeding likewise caused gains to go up, the extra gain almost exclusively consisting in adipose tissue (particularly skin, and intestinal and abdominal fat). In addition, high energy intakes induced earlier juvenile moulting, this effect making the 56-day old carcasses rather bristly. Therefore, it seems more convenient to fatten geese on low-energy rations (500 energetic feed equivalents/poultry [EFp] per kg) up to the age of 63 days because the meat yield (especially of breast meat) is likely to improve considerably when slaughter takes place at a later date. Goose fattening rations should stick to the following parameters (per kg): 500--550 EFp, 160--180 g crude protein, 8 g lysine, 6.5 g thio-amino acids.", "PMID": 655860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6582", "title": "[Conception of female rats and litter mortality due to Mn-deficiency].", "content": "Sexually mature, female rats were fed an Mn-deficient (1.0 ppm) diet on saccharose/casein basis and studied for their reproductive behaviour. Cycle disorders as sometimes described of females depleted over a longer period, were not observed in any case. Although the experimental animals showed a normal estrus, only 50% of the rats conceived. The rats that had become pregnant produced litters of 2 to 11 animals born alive. However, their mortality was 80%. They died either immediately after birth or during the first days post partum.", "contents": "[Conception of female rats and litter mortality due to Mn-deficiency]. Sexually mature, female rats were fed an Mn-deficient (1.0 ppm) diet on saccharose/casein basis and studied for their reproductive behaviour. Cycle disorders as sometimes described of females depleted over a longer period, were not observed in any case. Although the experimental animals showed a normal estrus, only 50% of the rats conceived. The rats that had become pregnant produced litters of 2 to 11 animals born alive. However, their mortality was 80%. They died either immediately after birth or during the first days post partum.", "PMID": 655861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6583", "title": "[Nickel--an essential trace element. 3. Effect of nickel deficiency on reproductive performance in female animals].", "content": "A total of 26 Ni-deficient (less than 100 ppm Ni in the ration) breeding goats and their 30 kids and 24 corresponding control goats with 37 kids were used to investigate, over 6 experimental years, the influence of Ni-deficiency on the reproductive performance until weaning. Following the same arrangement, 7 and 6 mini sows, respectively, and their piglets (71 and 67) were studied. The following statistically secured results were obtained. Ni-deficiency resulted in reduced pregnancy rates (after one insemination) in animals that had revealed clear estrus symptoms. This caused delayed pregnancies and birth of offspring. The conception and abortion rates, the number of offspring and the sex ratio were not influenced significantly by Ni-deficiency. Intra-uterine Ni-deficiency reduced the birth weights and caused lower weight gains during the suckling period. Its influence proved stronger in the kids as compared to the mini piglets. Ni-deficiency caused the mortality of the offspring during the suckling period to increase significantly. The losses in the Ni-deficient kids and mini piglets were by 41 and 51%, respectively, higher than in the corresponding control animals.", "contents": "[Nickel--an essential trace element. 3. Effect of nickel deficiency on reproductive performance in female animals]. A total of 26 Ni-deficient (less than 100 ppm Ni in the ration) breeding goats and their 30 kids and 24 corresponding control goats with 37 kids were used to investigate, over 6 experimental years, the influence of Ni-deficiency on the reproductive performance until weaning. Following the same arrangement, 7 and 6 mini sows, respectively, and their piglets (71 and 67) were studied. The following statistically secured results were obtained. Ni-deficiency resulted in reduced pregnancy rates (after one insemination) in animals that had revealed clear estrus symptoms. This caused delayed pregnancies and birth of offspring. The conception and abortion rates, the number of offspring and the sex ratio were not influenced significantly by Ni-deficiency. Intra-uterine Ni-deficiency reduced the birth weights and caused lower weight gains during the suckling period. Its influence proved stronger in the kids as compared to the mini piglets. Ni-deficiency caused the mortality of the offspring during the suckling period to increase significantly. The losses in the Ni-deficient kids and mini piglets were by 41 and 51%, respectively, higher than in the corresponding control animals.", "PMID": 655862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6584", "title": "[Effect of endogenous factors on ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, zink, iron, copper and manganese concentration in the pig bristle. 6. Effect of gender on mineral composition of pig bristle].", "content": "Sex-specific hormones were found to influence the bristle's mineral content. The bristles of female (N=151) and male (N=152), 42-day old piglets did not differ in the proportion of the elements under study (P greater than 0.05). The bristles of 36 female and 36 male castrated fattening pigs in the 40-110 kg weight range did not reveal significant differences either (P greater than 0.05). The bristles of sows and boars showed differences in the contents of ash, Mg, K, Na, P, Zn and Mn (P greater than 0.05) as well as in the contents of Fe (P greater than 0.01) and Cu (P greater than 0.05). The difference for the Ca-content could not be statistically secured (P greater than 0.05). The content of the bristle or hair of sexually mature animals in certain elements is influenced by sex hormones and should be regarded as a secondary sexual characteristic.", "contents": "[Effect of endogenous factors on ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, zink, iron, copper and manganese concentration in the pig bristle. 6. Effect of gender on mineral composition of pig bristle]. Sex-specific hormones were found to influence the bristle's mineral content. The bristles of female (N=151) and male (N=152), 42-day old piglets did not differ in the proportion of the elements under study (P greater than 0.05). The bristles of 36 female and 36 male castrated fattening pigs in the 40-110 kg weight range did not reveal significant differences either (P greater than 0.05). The bristles of sows and boars showed differences in the contents of ash, Mg, K, Na, P, Zn and Mn (P greater than 0.05) as well as in the contents of Fe (P greater than 0.01) and Cu (P greater than 0.05). The difference for the Ca-content could not be statistically secured (P greater than 0.05). The content of the bristle or hair of sexually mature animals in certain elements is influenced by sex hormones and should be regarded as a secondary sexual characteristic.", "PMID": 655863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6585", "title": "[Effect of graduated protein supply (0-50%) on hematologic values as well as protein and urea concentrations in the plasma of rats].", "content": "The influence of graduated protein supply (0-50% casein) on hematological values was studied in growing rats and compared with other criteria of the supply status. The following results were obtained: Weight development was found to reflect to 30%, the plasma protein content to 40% the level of protein supply. The highest protein levels revealed a trend towards lower values. At a dietary protein content of 15 to 20%, the urea concentrations of plasma went through a minimum. Both with better and with poorer protein supply they proved higher thus suggesting an increasingly energetic conversion of the feed protein. The hematological values hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyt number responded uniformaly to the level of protein supply. This is also attributable to the close statsitical relationship between these three magnitudes. Whilst at the end of the experiment the erythrocyt number with protein-free diet proved lowest, the smallest values for hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed with 5% protein. From 10% on the differences were not so marked. Especially high values were measured, however, for all criteria at 40 and 50%, partly at 25% protein. As the calculation of the mean cell volume (MCV) revealed, insufficient protein supply is likely to affect rather the erythrocyt ripening than iron conversion. In agreement with this idea, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not found to be influenced by protein supply.", "contents": "[Effect of graduated protein supply (0-50%) on hematologic values as well as protein and urea concentrations in the plasma of rats]. The influence of graduated protein supply (0-50% casein) on hematological values was studied in growing rats and compared with other criteria of the supply status. The following results were obtained: Weight development was found to reflect to 30%, the plasma protein content to 40% the level of protein supply. The highest protein levels revealed a trend towards lower values. At a dietary protein content of 15 to 20%, the urea concentrations of plasma went through a minimum. Both with better and with poorer protein supply they proved higher thus suggesting an increasingly energetic conversion of the feed protein. The hematological values hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyt number responded uniformaly to the level of protein supply. This is also attributable to the close statsitical relationship between these three magnitudes. Whilst at the end of the experiment the erythrocyt number with protein-free diet proved lowest, the smallest values for hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed with 5% protein. From 10% on the differences were not so marked. Especially high values were measured, however, for all criteria at 40 and 50%, partly at 25% protein. As the calculation of the mean cell volume (MCV) revealed, insufficient protein supply is likely to affect rather the erythrocyt ripening than iron conversion. In agreement with this idea, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not found to be influenced by protein supply.", "PMID": 655864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6586", "title": "Replication of an enteric bovine coronavirus in intestinal organ cultures.", "content": "A coronavirus isolated in tracheal organ cultures from the faeces of a calf with diarrhoaea readily multiplied on passage in intestinal organ cultures. Evidence for multiplication was obtained by the production of viral haemagglutinin in organ culture fluids and the presence of immunofluorescence and viral particles in the columnar epithelial cells of the villi. Thus virus multiplication was studied in vitro in the cell type in which it multiplies naturally.", "contents": "Replication of an enteric bovine coronavirus in intestinal organ cultures. A coronavirus isolated in tracheal organ cultures from the faeces of a calf with diarrhoaea readily multiplied on passage in intestinal organ cultures. Evidence for multiplication was obtained by the production of viral haemagglutinin in organ culture fluids and the presence of immunofluorescence and viral particles in the columnar epithelial cells of the villi. Thus virus multiplication was studied in vitro in the cell type in which it multiplies naturally.", "PMID": 655865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6587", "title": "In vitro studies on Borna virus. I. The use of cell cultures for the demonstration, titration and production of Borna virus.", "content": "Borna virus produces non-lytic infections in a wide spectrum of primary cell cultures and cell lines. The sensitivity and virus yields vary with the different cell systems. Accurate virus titrations can be performed in the RK 13 cell line by counting immunoflourescent microfoci between the 5th and 10th day after infection. Since the virus is not released from the cells and does not spread via the culture medium, the use of a semisolid overlay in unnecessary in virus titrations. The cell line most productive for Borna virus is the CV 1 line. The conditions for optimum virus production include a prolonged cultivation period of at least two weeks with regular changes of medium, and an incubation temperature of 35 degrees C. Harvest of the virus requires thorough disruption of the infected cells, preferably by ultrasonication, since Borna virus seems to be closely associated with cellular structures.", "contents": "In vitro studies on Borna virus. I. The use of cell cultures for the demonstration, titration and production of Borna virus. Borna virus produces non-lytic infections in a wide spectrum of primary cell cultures and cell lines. The sensitivity and virus yields vary with the different cell systems. Accurate virus titrations can be performed in the RK 13 cell line by counting immunoflourescent microfoci between the 5th and 10th day after infection. Since the virus is not released from the cells and does not spread via the culture medium, the use of a semisolid overlay in unnecessary in virus titrations. The cell line most productive for Borna virus is the CV 1 line. The conditions for optimum virus production include a prolonged cultivation period of at least two weeks with regular changes of medium, and an incubation temperature of 35 degrees C. Harvest of the virus requires thorough disruption of the infected cells, preferably by ultrasonication, since Borna virus seems to be closely associated with cellular structures.", "PMID": 655866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6588", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid proteinogram of healthy preterm newborn infants].", "content": "The total protein concentration and the protein profile were studied in 40 healthy premature newborn infants at the second day of life. The results were compared to those obtained for 40 full-term healthy newborn infants. Results pertinent to this last group were reported previously. Results here reported confirm that there is a higher total protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of the premature newborn infant. Statistical analysis shows that the difference is significant (t : 2.16). The mean protein profile shows a protein fractions distribution proper to the \"mixed profile type\". The absence of tau-fraction was the most commonly finding observed in this way. Data were compared to those reported in the literature, and they were also considered proper to immaturity conditions of blood brain barrier.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid proteinogram of healthy preterm newborn infants]. The total protein concentration and the protein profile were studied in 40 healthy premature newborn infants at the second day of life. The results were compared to those obtained for 40 full-term healthy newborn infants. Results pertinent to this last group were reported previously. Results here reported confirm that there is a higher total protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of the premature newborn infant. Statistical analysis shows that the difference is significant (t : 2.16). The mean protein profile shows a protein fractions distribution proper to the \"mixed profile type\". The absence of tau-fraction was the most commonly finding observed in this way. Data were compared to those reported in the literature, and they were also considered proper to immaturity conditions of blood brain barrier.", "PMID": 655896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6589", "title": "[Prognostic-evolutive evaluation of patients in coma based on ocular reflexes].", "content": "The ocular reflexes (ciliospinal, photomotor, oculocephalic, vestibulo-ocular, corneal) were studied in 84 comatose patients. The scope of the investigation was the assessment of each reflex in terms of its resistance according to the degree of depth of the coma. From the statistical viewpoint it was possible to emphasize the photomotor, corneal and vestibulo-ocular as the most resistant ones. The periodic evaluation in short time intervals of these five reflexes, observing their extinction or their re-appearance, permits a better prognostic assessment in a longitudinal viewpoint of the comatose patient.", "contents": "[Prognostic-evolutive evaluation of patients in coma based on ocular reflexes]. The ocular reflexes (ciliospinal, photomotor, oculocephalic, vestibulo-ocular, corneal) were studied in 84 comatose patients. The scope of the investigation was the assessment of each reflex in terms of its resistance according to the degree of depth of the coma. From the statistical viewpoint it was possible to emphasize the photomotor, corneal and vestibulo-ocular as the most resistant ones. The periodic evaluation in short time intervals of these five reflexes, observing their extinction or their re-appearance, permits a better prognostic assessment in a longitudinal viewpoint of the comatose patient.", "PMID": 655897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6590", "title": "Electromyographic diagnosis of the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Sensory conduction velocities of the median nerve were studied from digit to palm and from palm to wrist in normal subjects and in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. Definite slowing was noted in the palm to wrist segment, even in the early carpal tunnel syndrome. It was noted that 37% of normal women over 40 years of age had electrophysiological evidence of the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Electromyographic diagnosis of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Sensory conduction velocities of the median nerve were studied from digit to palm and from palm to wrist in normal subjects and in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. Definite slowing was noted in the palm to wrist segment, even in the early carpal tunnel syndrome. It was noted that 37% of normal women over 40 years of age had electrophysiological evidence of the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "PMID": 655898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6591", "title": "[Primary amebic meningoencephalomyelitis. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of primary amebic meningoencephalomyelitis due to Naegleria sp observed in a 14 years old boy is reported. Symptoms due to myelitis at the dorsal level assumed ascending character during the first days of disease. Manifestations due to encephalic involvemente were discrete. Cerebrospinal fluid changes were marked by pleocytosis, and the eosinophil cells participation in the cytomorphological profile was persitently high. Amphotericin-B was used intravenously (25 mgm/day) until 1,500 mgm of total dosis. Remission of encephalitis manifestations was prompt, as well as of meningeal signs. Cerebrospinal fluid changes disappeared progressively. Sensitive-motor changes due to spinal cord involvement persisted as permanent sequelae. Naegleria sp., was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid in the acute stage of the disease, as well as, from the water of a lagoon where the patient used to swim.", "contents": "[Primary amebic meningoencephalomyelitis. Report of a case]. A case of primary amebic meningoencephalomyelitis due to Naegleria sp observed in a 14 years old boy is reported. Symptoms due to myelitis at the dorsal level assumed ascending character during the first days of disease. Manifestations due to encephalic involvemente were discrete. Cerebrospinal fluid changes were marked by pleocytosis, and the eosinophil cells participation in the cytomorphological profile was persitently high. Amphotericin-B was used intravenously (25 mgm/day) until 1,500 mgm of total dosis. Remission of encephalitis manifestations was prompt, as well as of meningeal signs. Cerebrospinal fluid changes disappeared progressively. Sensitive-motor changes due to spinal cord involvement persisted as permanent sequelae. Naegleria sp., was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid in the acute stage of the disease, as well as, from the water of a lagoon where the patient used to swim.", "PMID": 655899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6592", "title": "[Neurocutaneous melanosis. Report of a case].", "content": "The clinical, laboratorial and radiological features of a 3-month-old child with neurocutaneous melanosis are described. The patient was born with multiple disseminated benign cutaneous nevi, proven by skin-biopsy, and presented with drug-resistant seizures and psycho-motor retardation. Serial cerebrospinal fluid studies showed high protein and low glucose levels, with pleocytosis and malignant cells in the fluid. Pneumoencephalogram showed mild non-obstructive hydrocephalus. Immunological studies showed normal immunological activity at three months of age and very poor activity at one year. The patient died at 16 months of age, after the sudden onset of intracranial hypertension and meningeal signs. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy were suggested but not accepted by the family. Some comments are made based on this and other 43 cases described in the literature; the value of laboratory studies in detecting malignant transformaiton in the meninges in patients with benign skin nevi is stressed.", "contents": "[Neurocutaneous melanosis. Report of a case]. The clinical, laboratorial and radiological features of a 3-month-old child with neurocutaneous melanosis are described. The patient was born with multiple disseminated benign cutaneous nevi, proven by skin-biopsy, and presented with drug-resistant seizures and psycho-motor retardation. Serial cerebrospinal fluid studies showed high protein and low glucose levels, with pleocytosis and malignant cells in the fluid. Pneumoencephalogram showed mild non-obstructive hydrocephalus. Immunological studies showed normal immunological activity at three months of age and very poor activity at one year. The patient died at 16 months of age, after the sudden onset of intracranial hypertension and meningeal signs. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy were suggested but not accepted by the family. Some comments are made based on this and other 43 cases described in the literature; the value of laboratory studies in detecting malignant transformaiton in the meninges in patients with benign skin nevi is stressed.", "PMID": 655900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6593", "title": "[Giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of giant aneurysm of the middle artery with the size of 12,0 x 8,0 x 6,0 cm is reported. Some aspects of the treatment of such aneurysm are considered. As far as we know this is the largest intracranial aneurysm ever recorded.", "contents": "[Giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. Report of a case]. A case of giant aneurysm of the middle artery with the size of 12,0 x 8,0 x 6,0 cm is reported. Some aspects of the treatment of such aneurysm are considered. As far as we know this is the largest intracranial aneurysm ever recorded.", "PMID": 655901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6594", "title": "Infratentorial neurilemmoma of the trigeminal nerve in a child. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of trigeminal nerve infratentorial neurilemmoma in a 11-year-old girl is reported. The author remarks on this tumor's low incidence in this age group. A correlative analysis between the clinical and radiological findings in this case and those reported on the literature is made.", "contents": "Infratentorial neurilemmoma of the trigeminal nerve in a child. Report of a case. A case of trigeminal nerve infratentorial neurilemmoma in a 11-year-old girl is reported. The author remarks on this tumor's low incidence in this age group. A correlative analysis between the clinical and radiological findings in this case and those reported on the literature is made.", "PMID": 655902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6595", "title": "[Parasagittal meningioma simulating an extracerebral mass. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of a fronto-parietal parasagital \"in plaque\" meningioma which growed mainly in the subdural space is reported. The atipical angiographic picture of a subdural hematoma is described with comments on the mechanisms that occasioned this radiological appearance. The rarity of this finding and the need of angiographycal study of both internal and external carotid systems by the intracranial meningiomas are emphasized.", "contents": "[Parasagittal meningioma simulating an extracerebral mass. Report of a case]. The case of a fronto-parietal parasagital \"in plaque\" meningioma which growed mainly in the subdural space is reported. The atipical angiographic picture of a subdural hematoma is described with comments on the mechanisms that occasioned this radiological appearance. The rarity of this finding and the need of angiographycal study of both internal and external carotid systems by the intracranial meningiomas are emphasized.", "PMID": 655903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6596", "title": "Dermatoleukodystrophy with neuroaxonal spheroids.", "content": "A Japanese brother and sister, the progeny of healthy parents, were born with thickened, wrinkled skin and died between the age of 2 and 3 years with a progressive cerebral disease characterized by generalized mental and motor impairment. Postmortem neuropathological studies disclosed a remarkable leukodystrophy in which multiple axonal spheroids were the outstanding feature. Ultrastructurally, the spheroids contained granules resembling ceroid-lipofuscin bodies. Similar granules were found in degenerating oligodendrocytes and in Schwann cells. The skin showed hypercellular and sclerotic features, suggestive of a genodermatosis. This combined neurologic and dermatologic syndrome, which, to our knowledge, has not hitherto been recognized, may well result from a genetically determined metabolic disorder, the nature of which still remains undisclosed.", "contents": "Dermatoleukodystrophy with neuroaxonal spheroids. A Japanese brother and sister, the progeny of healthy parents, were born with thickened, wrinkled skin and died between the age of 2 and 3 years with a progressive cerebral disease characterized by generalized mental and motor impairment. Postmortem neuropathological studies disclosed a remarkable leukodystrophy in which multiple axonal spheroids were the outstanding feature. Ultrastructurally, the spheroids contained granules resembling ceroid-lipofuscin bodies. Similar granules were found in degenerating oligodendrocytes and in Schwann cells. The skin showed hypercellular and sclerotic features, suggestive of a genodermatosis. This combined neurologic and dermatologic syndrome, which, to our knowledge, has not hitherto been recognized, may well result from a genetically determined metabolic disorder, the nature of which still remains undisclosed.", "PMID": 655904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6597", "title": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Recognition and relationship to neurological abnormalities in Cockayne's syndrome.", "content": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) in adults is a well-known cause of dementia. We describe NPH in children having the recessively inherited Cockayne's syndrome (CS). Cockayne's syndrome is characterized by cachectic dwarfism, neurological dysfunction, and cutaneous sunlight sensitivity. We noted that the NPH-associated triad of dementia, gait disturbance, and incontinence developed in CS patients. Computerized tomography of the brain in our four CS patients showed hydrocephalic enlargement of the brain ventricles greatest in the older patients. There was no evidence of cortical atrophy except in the one patient who had CS with xeroderma pigmentosum. Lumbar puncture and radionuclide cisternography in the two patients tested showed normal CSF pressure, with complete blockade to flow of radionuclide above the tentorium cerebelli, ventricular reflux, and delayed absorption. Studies of NPH in CS may elucidate the pathophysiology of NPH and methods to alter its sequelae.", "contents": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Recognition and relationship to neurological abnormalities in Cockayne's syndrome. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) in adults is a well-known cause of dementia. We describe NPH in children having the recessively inherited Cockayne's syndrome (CS). Cockayne's syndrome is characterized by cachectic dwarfism, neurological dysfunction, and cutaneous sunlight sensitivity. We noted that the NPH-associated triad of dementia, gait disturbance, and incontinence developed in CS patients. Computerized tomography of the brain in our four CS patients showed hydrocephalic enlargement of the brain ventricles greatest in the older patients. There was no evidence of cortical atrophy except in the one patient who had CS with xeroderma pigmentosum. Lumbar puncture and radionuclide cisternography in the two patients tested showed normal CSF pressure, with complete blockade to flow of radionuclide above the tentorium cerebelli, ventricular reflux, and delayed absorption. Studies of NPH in CS may elucidate the pathophysiology of NPH and methods to alter its sequelae.", "PMID": 655905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6598", "title": "Human botulism studied with single-fiber electromyography.", "content": "In two cases of mild human botulism, conventional electromyography (EMG) was normal. In one case, the investigation with reptitive nerve stimulation showed slightly abnormal results, but in the other case the findings were within normal limits. Single-fiber EMG showed abnormal neuromuscular function and at later investigations as well, when the patient no longer showed any muscular fatigability. The jitter was frequency dependent and decreased with higher innervation frequency. The single-fiber EMG findings normalized after three months. The results are in agreement with the known disturbance of acetylcholine release.", "contents": "Human botulism studied with single-fiber electromyography. In two cases of mild human botulism, conventional electromyography (EMG) was normal. In one case, the investigation with reptitive nerve stimulation showed slightly abnormal results, but in the other case the findings were within normal limits. Single-fiber EMG showed abnormal neuromuscular function and at later investigations as well, when the patient no longer showed any muscular fatigability. The jitter was frequency dependent and decreased with higher innervation frequency. The single-fiber EMG findings normalized after three months. The results are in agreement with the known disturbance of acetylcholine release.", "PMID": 655906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6599", "title": "Normal and abnormal patterns of cerebrovascular reserve tested by 133 Xe inhalation.", "content": "Cerebrovascular functional reserve was tested by noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (nrCBF) at rest in quiet darkness and when repeated during standard multiple psychophysiologic activation. The test was applied to normal volunteers and patients with different neurologic disorders. The test included counting, conversation, music, and observing movements, while rCBF was measured over both cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum. In normal persons at rest, mean gray matter flow (Fg) values were the same for each hemisphere. Highest Fg values were observed in brain stem and both frontal regions. During activation in normal persons, there was a significant increase in Fg values over both hemispheres and in brain stem. During activation, three types of abnormal rCBF responses were seen: Demented patients showed no change, patients with vascular occlusion showed little or no increase over the ischemic hemisphere, and some patients with epilepsy showed excessive increases.", "contents": "Normal and abnormal patterns of cerebrovascular reserve tested by 133 Xe inhalation. Cerebrovascular functional reserve was tested by noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (nrCBF) at rest in quiet darkness and when repeated during standard multiple psychophysiologic activation. The test was applied to normal volunteers and patients with different neurologic disorders. The test included counting, conversation, music, and observing movements, while rCBF was measured over both cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum. In normal persons at rest, mean gray matter flow (Fg) values were the same for each hemisphere. Highest Fg values were observed in brain stem and both frontal regions. During activation in normal persons, there was a significant increase in Fg values over both hemispheres and in brain stem. During activation, three types of abnormal rCBF responses were seen: Demented patients showed no change, patients with vascular occlusion showed little or no increase over the ischemic hemisphere, and some patients with epilepsy showed excessive increases.", "PMID": 655907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6600", "title": "Electrophysiological study of hemiplegia. Motor nerve conduction velocity, brachial plexus latency, and electromyography.", "content": "Motor nerve conduction velocities of the ulnar and common peroneal but not the median nerves were substantially reduced in the affected limbs in a series of hemiplegic patients. Slowing of conduction velocity of the common peroneal nerve was related to the reduction of skin temperature in the hemiplegic limbs. Brachial plexus latencies to biceps and deltoid muscles were longer in the affected than in the unaffected sides in five of 12 hemiplegic patients. Electromyograms (EMGs) of limb muscles showed absence of spontaneous activity in 83% of patients. Spontaneous EMG activities in 12 of the 13 patients were related to an associated subclinical neuropathy or plexopathy in the involved limbs. Entrapment andtraction causing subclinical or clinical neuropathy or radiculopathy may be present in some hemiplegic patients.", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of hemiplegia. Motor nerve conduction velocity, brachial plexus latency, and electromyography. Motor nerve conduction velocities of the ulnar and common peroneal but not the median nerves were substantially reduced in the affected limbs in a series of hemiplegic patients. Slowing of conduction velocity of the common peroneal nerve was related to the reduction of skin temperature in the hemiplegic limbs. Brachial plexus latencies to biceps and deltoid muscles were longer in the affected than in the unaffected sides in five of 12 hemiplegic patients. Electromyograms (EMGs) of limb muscles showed absence of spontaneous activity in 83% of patients. Spontaneous EMG activities in 12 of the 13 patients were related to an associated subclinical neuropathy or plexopathy in the involved limbs. Entrapment andtraction causing subclinical or clinical neuropathy or radiculopathy may be present in some hemiplegic patients.", "PMID": 655908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6601", "title": "Visuospatial judgment. A clinical test.", "content": "We constructed and developed a brief test assessing capacity for discriminating the direction of lines. Application of the test to patients with unilateral brain disease disclosed a remarkably high frequency of defective performance in those with right hemisphere lesions. The performance of patients with left hemisphere lesions was comparable to that of control patients. Brevity and ease of administration make the test convenient for clinical use.", "contents": "Visuospatial judgment. A clinical test. We constructed and developed a brief test assessing capacity for discriminating the direction of lines. Application of the test to patients with unilateral brain disease disclosed a remarkably high frequency of defective performance in those with right hemisphere lesions. The performance of patients with left hemisphere lesions was comparable to that of control patients. Brevity and ease of administration make the test convenient for clinical use.", "PMID": 655909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6602", "title": "The natural history of acute confusional migraine.", "content": "Children with migraine, or, less commonly, with no previous history of migraine, may have agitated confusion lasting from several minutes to hours. There is a tendency for the confusional attacks to recur, but they are eventually replaced by typical migraine. The natural history of this syndrome with 1 1/2 to 5 years' follow-up in five children is reported. The mechanism is believed to be cerebral ischemia of one or both hemispheres.", "contents": "The natural history of acute confusional migraine. Children with migraine, or, less commonly, with no previous history of migraine, may have agitated confusion lasting from several minutes to hours. There is a tendency for the confusional attacks to recur, but they are eventually replaced by typical migraine. The natural history of this syndrome with 1 1/2 to 5 years' follow-up in five children is reported. The mechanism is believed to be cerebral ischemia of one or both hemispheres.", "PMID": 655910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6603", "title": "Bilateral congenital subdural cysts associated with porencephaly and CSF-subdural fistula. A report of two cases.", "content": "Tow infants had bilateral congenital subdural cysts associated with encephaloclastic porencephaly and a CSF-subdural fistula. The cysts occupied 80% to 90% of the crainal cavity. There was severe atrophy and malformation of the underlying brain, suggesting that its development had been disturbed at an early stage of gestation. The clinical and radiologic findings were indistinguishable from those of hydranencephaly.", "contents": "Bilateral congenital subdural cysts associated with porencephaly and CSF-subdural fistula. A report of two cases. Tow infants had bilateral congenital subdural cysts associated with encephaloclastic porencephaly and a CSF-subdural fistula. The cysts occupied 80% to 90% of the crainal cavity. There was severe atrophy and malformation of the underlying brain, suggesting that its development had been disturbed at an early stage of gestation. The clinical and radiologic findings were indistinguishable from those of hydranencephaly.", "PMID": 655911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6604", "title": "The thymus in infants with perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy.", "content": "Selected organ weights and body measurements of intants with perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy (PTL) were compared to those of infants without cerebral white matter abnormalities. Although infants with PTL tended to have lower values of all weights andmeasurements, only thymus and spleen weights were significantly lower in infants with PTL. Infants with PTL were much more likely than infants without PTL to have thymic atrophy histologically. These findings are compatible with hypotheses that PTL and its correlates-thymus atrophy and reduced organ weights-are manifestations of undernutrition, viral infection, and/or exposure to endotoxin.", "contents": "The thymus in infants with perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy. Selected organ weights and body measurements of intants with perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy (PTL) were compared to those of infants without cerebral white matter abnormalities. Although infants with PTL tended to have lower values of all weights andmeasurements, only thymus and spleen weights were significantly lower in infants with PTL. Infants with PTL were much more likely than infants without PTL to have thymic atrophy histologically. These findings are compatible with hypotheses that PTL and its correlates-thymus atrophy and reduced organ weights-are manifestations of undernutrition, viral infection, and/or exposure to endotoxin.", "PMID": 655912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6605", "title": "Sydenham's chorea and seizures. Clinical and electroencephalographic studies.", "content": "The hospital records of 28 children (mean age, 9.4 years) with typical Sydenham's chorea were reviewed. Nineteen of 28 patients had antistreptolysin O titers of greater than or equal to 200 Todd units. Other causes of chorea were excluded by appropriate laboratory and clinical follow-up studies. At the onset of the movement disorder, 17 of 28 patients had abnormal EEGs consisting of irregular posterior slowing in 15, sharp epileptic spikes in 5, and high-voltage sharp waves in 2. Two patients with spikes predominantly in the temporal lobe regions developed complex partial seizures. On follow-up evaluation, the EEGs returned to normal within one to four weeks. Seizures did not recur after therapy with anticonvulsants. Seizures have been reported only rarely in association with Sydenham's chorea. Our observation suggests that seizures may occur during chorea but may often be masked by frequent choreic movements and thus not recognized. The EEG changes and seizures were transient in our patients studied so far.", "contents": "Sydenham's chorea and seizures. Clinical and electroencephalographic studies. The hospital records of 28 children (mean age, 9.4 years) with typical Sydenham's chorea were reviewed. Nineteen of 28 patients had antistreptolysin O titers of greater than or equal to 200 Todd units. Other causes of chorea were excluded by appropriate laboratory and clinical follow-up studies. At the onset of the movement disorder, 17 of 28 patients had abnormal EEGs consisting of irregular posterior slowing in 15, sharp epileptic spikes in 5, and high-voltage sharp waves in 2. Two patients with spikes predominantly in the temporal lobe regions developed complex partial seizures. On follow-up evaluation, the EEGs returned to normal within one to four weeks. Seizures did not recur after therapy with anticonvulsants. Seizures have been reported only rarely in association with Sydenham's chorea. Our observation suggests that seizures may occur during chorea but may often be masked by frequent choreic movements and thus not recognized. The EEG changes and seizures were transient in our patients studied so far.", "PMID": 655913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6606", "title": "Studies on retinal blood flow. II. Diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Diabetic patients grouped according to the evolutive stages of their retinal involvement were examined by a direct method for estimation of segmental retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry. Initial stages of retinal involvement in diabetes, in which the only alteration is a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, show values of segmental blood flow that are within normal limits. Patients with a minimal background retinopathy show a slight increase in retinal blood flow, whereas an highly significant increase of segmental blood flow is observed in the more advanced stages of background retinopathy with maculopathy. In general, a good correlation is apparent between the progressions of diabetic background retinopathy and increase in retinal blood flow. On the other hand, patients with proliferative retinopathy show lower values of retinal blood flow, which are attributable to a marked decrease in arterial diameter.", "contents": "Studies on retinal blood flow. II. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic patients grouped according to the evolutive stages of their retinal involvement were examined by a direct method for estimation of segmental retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry. Initial stages of retinal involvement in diabetes, in which the only alteration is a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, show values of segmental blood flow that are within normal limits. Patients with a minimal background retinopathy show a slight increase in retinal blood flow, whereas an highly significant increase of segmental blood flow is observed in the more advanced stages of background retinopathy with maculopathy. In general, a good correlation is apparent between the progressions of diabetic background retinopathy and increase in retinal blood flow. On the other hand, patients with proliferative retinopathy show lower values of retinal blood flow, which are attributable to a marked decrease in arterial diameter.", "PMID": 655916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6607", "title": "Vitreous fluorophotometry in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Vitreous fluorophotometry was carried out in 99 juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetics and 31 control subjects. The mean vitreous fluorescein concentration one hour after intravenous administration of fluorescein, 7 mg/kg, was 5.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) for controls and 9.5 +/- 0.4 ng/ml for diabetics (P less than .005). Diabetic patients with or without background retinopathy, when randomly matched for age or duration of their disease, had similar vitreous fluorophotometry measurements. The break-down of the blood-retinal barrier to fluorescein appears to be the earliest detectable ocular abnormality of diabetes.", "contents": "Vitreous fluorophotometry in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Vitreous fluorophotometry was carried out in 99 juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetics and 31 control subjects. The mean vitreous fluorescein concentration one hour after intravenous administration of fluorescein, 7 mg/kg, was 5.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) for controls and 9.5 +/- 0.4 ng/ml for diabetics (P less than .005). Diabetic patients with or without background retinopathy, when randomly matched for age or duration of their disease, had similar vitreous fluorophotometry measurements. The break-down of the blood-retinal barrier to fluorescein appears to be the earliest detectable ocular abnormality of diabetes.", "PMID": 655917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6608", "title": "Leber's congenital amaurosis. A retrospective study of 33 cases and a histopathological study of one case.", "content": "This report is a retrospective study of 33 patients seen over a 16-year period in whom a diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis was made. The findings of an autosomal recessive heredity in 33%, connatal blindness (visual acuity less than 20/200) in 95%m nystagmus in 75%, and a markedly abnormal electroretinogram in 100% is in agreement with the findings of previously published large series. The difficulty in making the correct diagnosis initially was related to the wide variety of fundus findings and a high association (30%) of central nervous system disease. In the differential diagnosis of connatal blindness, only Leber's congenital amaurosis exhibits an absent or markedly diminished response on electroretinogram. The histopathologic findings in a 6-month-old infant with this disorder are compared with those of previously published reports.", "contents": "Leber's congenital amaurosis. A retrospective study of 33 cases and a histopathological study of one case. This report is a retrospective study of 33 patients seen over a 16-year period in whom a diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis was made. The findings of an autosomal recessive heredity in 33%, connatal blindness (visual acuity less than 20/200) in 95%m nystagmus in 75%, and a markedly abnormal electroretinogram in 100% is in agreement with the findings of previously published large series. The difficulty in making the correct diagnosis initially was related to the wide variety of fundus findings and a high association (30%) of central nervous system disease. In the differential diagnosis of connatal blindness, only Leber's congenital amaurosis exhibits an absent or markedly diminished response on electroretinogram. The histopathologic findings in a 6-month-old infant with this disorder are compared with those of previously published reports.", "PMID": 655918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6609", "title": "Retinitis pigmentosa. Genetic percentages.", "content": "A total of 173 patients, from 124 families, with retinitis pigmentosa were evaluated for the presence of various forms of genetic transmission. Of the 124 pedigrees, it was evident that some form of genetic transmission had occurred in 59 (48%). In 65 families (52%), the proband was the only known affected family member (isolated case). In those families with know genetic transmission, 17% (10 patients) were X-linked recessive, 39% (23 patients) were either probable or certain autosomal dominant, 41% (24 patients) were certain or probable autosomal recessive, and 3% (2 patients) were of a genetic type that could not be determined with certainty. These findings are, to my knowledge, the first published series from the United States to indicate that the X-linked recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa is a more prevalent genetic trait than has been emphasized previously.", "contents": "Retinitis pigmentosa. Genetic percentages. A total of 173 patients, from 124 families, with retinitis pigmentosa were evaluated for the presence of various forms of genetic transmission. Of the 124 pedigrees, it was evident that some form of genetic transmission had occurred in 59 (48%). In 65 families (52%), the proband was the only known affected family member (isolated case). In those families with know genetic transmission, 17% (10 patients) were X-linked recessive, 39% (23 patients) were either probable or certain autosomal dominant, 41% (24 patients) were certain or probable autosomal recessive, and 3% (2 patients) were of a genetic type that could not be determined with certainty. These findings are, to my knowledge, the first published series from the United States to indicate that the X-linked recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa is a more prevalent genetic trait than has been emphasized previously.", "PMID": 655919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6610", "title": "Ocular hypotony following retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "In a study of 130 cases of unilateral retinal vein occlusion uncomplicated by rubeosis, we found that more than 80% of the patients had a lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye with the occlusion than in the fellow normal eye. The reduction of IOP was greater with central than with branch vein occlusion, greater with hemorrhagic than with venous stasis retinopathy, and greater in patients who had high pressures in their fellow eyes. The pressure reductions persisted during follow-up periods of up to two years. How retinal vein occlusion lowers IOP is obscure and may involve more than one mechanism. Outflow facility was increased (compared to the fellow eye) in hemorrhagic retinopathy and in branch vein occlusion, both of which are association with retinal ischemia, but not in venous stasis retinopathy. Calculated rates of aqueous formation were low in central vein occlusion but not in branch vein occlusion.", "contents": "Ocular hypotony following retinal vein occlusion. In a study of 130 cases of unilateral retinal vein occlusion uncomplicated by rubeosis, we found that more than 80% of the patients had a lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye with the occlusion than in the fellow normal eye. The reduction of IOP was greater with central than with branch vein occlusion, greater with hemorrhagic than with venous stasis retinopathy, and greater in patients who had high pressures in their fellow eyes. The pressure reductions persisted during follow-up periods of up to two years. How retinal vein occlusion lowers IOP is obscure and may involve more than one mechanism. Outflow facility was increased (compared to the fellow eye) in hemorrhagic retinopathy and in branch vein occlusion, both of which are association with retinal ischemia, but not in venous stasis retinopathy. Calculated rates of aqueous formation were low in central vein occlusion but not in branch vein occlusion.", "PMID": 655920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6611", "title": "Whiplash maculopathy.", "content": "Maculopathy in three patients, caused by whiphash injury demonstrated three features that are characteristic of this subtle disturbance of the macula: a history of flexion-extension, head and neck trauma; a history of immediate mild reduction of central visual acuity in one or both eyes; and grayish swelling of the foveal zone accompanied by a small (50 to 100-mu) pit or depression in the fovea. In patients with this disturbance, the retinal opacification and the visual disturbance are transient, but the tiny depression in the retina with its whitish border is permanent.", "contents": "Whiplash maculopathy. Maculopathy in three patients, caused by whiphash injury demonstrated three features that are characteristic of this subtle disturbance of the macula: a history of flexion-extension, head and neck trauma; a history of immediate mild reduction of central visual acuity in one or both eyes; and grayish swelling of the foveal zone accompanied by a small (50 to 100-mu) pit or depression in the fovea. In patients with this disturbance, the retinal opacification and the visual disturbance are transient, but the tiny depression in the retina with its whitish border is permanent.", "PMID": 655921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6612", "title": "The visually evoked response. Binocular facilitation and failure when binocular vision is disturbed.", "content": "The visually evoked response (VER) caused by the horizontal sinusoidal movement of a display consisting of a checkerboard with 15-minute checks of relatively low contrast oscillating at 6.3 Hz is itself sinusoidal with a frequency of 12.6 Hz. When viewed binocularly, the VER is 25% to 30% greater in amplitude than the sum of the amplitudes for monocular viewing. This binocular faciltation may be a VER correlate of normal binocular single vision. It is lost in small-angle esotropes and in normals whose binocular function is disturbed by a vertical prism placed over one eye. Characteristic curves relating VER amplitude and phase angle to frequency to oscillation of the checker-board display suggest that two \"systems\" carry information to the visual cortex: a long and a short latency system. In amblyopia, the long latency system may be selectively impaired.", "contents": "The visually evoked response. Binocular facilitation and failure when binocular vision is disturbed. The visually evoked response (VER) caused by the horizontal sinusoidal movement of a display consisting of a checkerboard with 15-minute checks of relatively low contrast oscillating at 6.3 Hz is itself sinusoidal with a frequency of 12.6 Hz. When viewed binocularly, the VER is 25% to 30% greater in amplitude than the sum of the amplitudes for monocular viewing. This binocular faciltation may be a VER correlate of normal binocular single vision. It is lost in small-angle esotropes and in normals whose binocular function is disturbed by a vertical prism placed over one eye. Characteristic curves relating VER amplitude and phase angle to frequency to oscillation of the checker-board display suggest that two \"systems\" carry information to the visual cortex: a long and a short latency system. In amblyopia, the long latency system may be selectively impaired.", "PMID": 655922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6613", "title": "Retinal pigment epithelial window defect.", "content": "The clinical and histopathologic features of a solitary retinal pigment epithelial window defect are presented. Fluorescein angiography disclosed an area with early choroidal fluorescence but no late staining. Histopathologic studies showed an intact but attenuated retinal pigment epithelium with partial to complete loss of melanin granules, partial atrophy of the photoreceptor cells, and sclerosis of the choriocapillaris.", "contents": "Retinal pigment epithelial window defect. The clinical and histopathologic features of a solitary retinal pigment epithelial window defect are presented. Fluorescein angiography disclosed an area with early choroidal fluorescence but no late staining. Histopathologic studies showed an intact but attenuated retinal pigment epithelium with partial to complete loss of melanin granules, partial atrophy of the photoreceptor cells, and sclerosis of the choriocapillaris.", "PMID": 655923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6614", "title": "Epibulbar mucogenic subconjunctival cysts.", "content": "Two patients had freely movable epibulbar subconjunctival cysts that occurred in the absence of trauma, inflammation, and infection. Histopathologic examination of these cysts revealed them to be linked  by nonkeratinizing epithelial cells and goblet cells. The cysts had little or no stroma and contained PAS-positive mucoid material. Electron microscopy of adjacent conjunctiva indicated that the epithelial cells were actively producing mucous granules and did not form many hemidesmosomes. The mechanical displacement of epithelial cells, as well as their mucous-producing ability, probably contribute to cyst formation. The relative lack of hemidesmosomes may explain why these cysts are freely movable.", "contents": "Epibulbar mucogenic subconjunctival cysts. Two patients had freely movable epibulbar subconjunctival cysts that occurred in the absence of trauma, inflammation, and infection. Histopathologic examination of these cysts revealed them to be linked  by nonkeratinizing epithelial cells and goblet cells. The cysts had little or no stroma and contained PAS-positive mucoid material. Electron microscopy of adjacent conjunctiva indicated that the epithelial cells were actively producing mucous granules and did not form many hemidesmosomes. The mechanical displacement of epithelial cells, as well as their mucous-producing ability, probably contribute to cyst formation. The relative lack of hemidesmosomes may explain why these cysts are freely movable.", "PMID": 655924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6615", "title": "Alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in experimental diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Vitreous fluorophotometry was used to evaluate the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier to fluorescein in hooded rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus caused a breakdown of this barrier within ten days. Normalization of blood glucose levels with insulin significantly reduced (P less than .005) the increased permeability. This functional microangiopathy might prove to be the earliest detectable change in the retinal circulation in experimental diabetes.", "contents": "Alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in experimental diabetes mellitus. Vitreous fluorophotometry was used to evaluate the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier to fluorescein in hooded rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus caused a breakdown of this barrier within ten days. Normalization of blood glucose levels with insulin significantly reduced (P less than .005) the increased permeability. This functional microangiopathy might prove to be the earliest detectable change in the retinal circulation in experimental diabetes.", "PMID": 655925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6616", "title": "Intraocular penetration of topical clindamycin in rabbits.", "content": "Clindamycin is a recently developed, semisynthetic antibiotic whose spectrum of activity suggests a potential for the treatment of common ocular infections. The upake by various ocular tissues and serum in albino rabbits after topical administration of 0.2% clindamycin hydrochloride was studied. Therapeutic levels were achieved in the cornea, aqueous humor, and iris-ciliary body and persisted for two hours. Peak concentration occurred in the cornea within 15 minutes and in the aqueous humor and the iris-ciliary body at 30 minutes. Freezing of the tissue reduced active clindamycin levels in the cornea by a factor of 2 to 2 1/2 of those determined by fresh tissue analysis but had no apparent effect on aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body. There were, however, no detectable levels in the serum or vitreous humor.", "contents": "Intraocular penetration of topical clindamycin in rabbits. Clindamycin is a recently developed, semisynthetic antibiotic whose spectrum of activity suggests a potential for the treatment of common ocular infections. The upake by various ocular tissues and serum in albino rabbits after topical administration of 0.2% clindamycin hydrochloride was studied. Therapeutic levels were achieved in the cornea, aqueous humor, and iris-ciliary body and persisted for two hours. Peak concentration occurred in the cornea within 15 minutes and in the aqueous humor and the iris-ciliary body at 30 minutes. Freezing of the tissue reduced active clindamycin levels in the cornea by a factor of 2 to 2 1/2 of those determined by fresh tissue analysis but had no apparent effect on aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body. There were, however, no detectable levels in the serum or vitreous humor.", "PMID": 655926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6617", "title": "Soluble gentamicin ophthalmic inserts as a drug delivery system.", "content": "A comparison was made of soluble 14C-gentamicin ophthalmic inserts with drop, ointment, and the subconjunctival routes of administration. The insert is a solid, solubilizable collagen polymer containing 14C-gentamicin. We compared the levels of 14C-gentamicin in the rabbit tear film and in multiple corneal and scleral biopsies to determine which route of administration gave the best results. The wafer route of administration gave the highest tear film and tissue concentration of drug. The tear film concentration by subconjunctival injection was surprisingly low. Soluble collagen inserts offer a new method of delivering high doses of gentamicin in infected corneal tissue in a convenient and atraumatic fashion.", "contents": "Soluble gentamicin ophthalmic inserts as a drug delivery system. A comparison was made of soluble 14C-gentamicin ophthalmic inserts with drop, ointment, and the subconjunctival routes of administration. The insert is a solid, solubilizable collagen polymer containing 14C-gentamicin. We compared the levels of 14C-gentamicin in the rabbit tear film and in multiple corneal and scleral biopsies to determine which route of administration gave the best results. The wafer route of administration gave the highest tear film and tissue concentration of drug. The tear film concentration by subconjunctival injection was surprisingly low. Soluble collagen inserts offer a new method of delivering high doses of gentamicin in infected corneal tissue in a convenient and atraumatic fashion.", "PMID": 655927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6618", "title": "Classification of human cataracts.", "content": "A stereoscopic system of lens photography was developed and was applied in the classification of different forms of cataract. Lenses, after surgical extraction, can be classified by a technician, independent of ophthalmological collaboration. This system meets the needs of the laboratory scientist and has been adopted by the Cooperative Cataract Research Group.", "contents": "Classification of human cataracts. A stereoscopic system of lens photography was developed and was applied in the classification of different forms of cataract. Lenses, after surgical extraction, can be classified by a technician, independent of ophthalmological collaboration. This system meets the needs of the laboratory scientist and has been adopted by the Cooperative Cataract Research Group.", "PMID": 655928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6619", "title": "Studies on retinal blood flow. I. Estimation of human retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry.", "content": "This article describes a new direct method for estimation of human retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry. The apparatus consists fundamentally of a modified slit lamp with an eye piece containing two fiberoptic probes connected to a double photometric detection system. Both optic fibers are focused on a retinal arterial segment, and the passage of a fluorescein bolus is automatically registered, giving, after correction, the mean transit time. Fluorescein angiography allows the determination of the volume of the arterial segment under study. Values for superior temporal retinal blood flow in healthy individuals show a mean value of 4.2 +/- 0.5 microliter/min. Studies in anemic patients show an increase of approximately 52% in the retinal blood flow. The potential causes of error associated with this technique, apart from the slight increase in intraocular pressure induced by the contact lens used, do not appear to be significant.", "contents": "Studies on retinal blood flow. I. Estimation of human retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry. This article describes a new direct method for estimation of human retinal blood flow by slit-lamp fluorophotometry. The apparatus consists fundamentally of a modified slit lamp with an eye piece containing two fiberoptic probes connected to a double photometric detection system. Both optic fibers are focused on a retinal arterial segment, and the passage of a fluorescein bolus is automatically registered, giving, after correction, the mean transit time. Fluorescein angiography allows the determination of the volume of the arterial segment under study. Values for superior temporal retinal blood flow in healthy individuals show a mean value of 4.2 +/- 0.5 microliter/min. Studies in anemic patients show an increase of approximately 52% in the retinal blood flow. The potential causes of error associated with this technique, apart from the slight increase in intraocular pressure induced by the contact lens used, do not appear to be significant.", "PMID": 655929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6620", "title": "Corneal wick electrode for recording bright flash electroretinograms and early receptor potentials.", "content": "We developed a corneal wick electrode that is free of photovoltaic artifact when used with a bright flash strobe and is convenient for routine clinical application. The corneal wick electrode is employed for bright flash electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and for research measurements of the early receptor potential. The wick electrode gives accurate, stable, reproducible recordings with an amplitude comparable to that obtained with standard contact lens electrodes.", "contents": "Corneal wick electrode for recording bright flash electroretinograms and early receptor potentials. We developed a corneal wick electrode that is free of photovoltaic artifact when used with a bright flash strobe and is convenient for routine clinical application. The corneal wick electrode is employed for bright flash electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and for research measurements of the early receptor potential. The wick electrode gives accurate, stable, reproducible recordings with an amplitude comparable to that obtained with standard contact lens electrodes.", "PMID": 655931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6621", "title": "Response to topical epinephrine in chronic open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "The epinephrine pressure reduction was determined in 32 patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and 18 patients with untreated chronic open-angle glaucoma. The prevalence of responders was 53% of those patients with elevated IOP and 56% in those patients with open-angle glaucoma. This lack of difference between the two groups is suggestive of the need for caution before applying epinephrine in clinical practice as a predictive factor of future field loss.", "contents": "Response to topical epinephrine in chronic open-angle glaucoma. The epinephrine pressure reduction was determined in 32 patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and 18 patients with untreated chronic open-angle glaucoma. The prevalence of responders was 53% of those patients with elevated IOP and 56% in those patients with open-angle glaucoma. This lack of difference between the two groups is suggestive of the need for caution before applying epinephrine in clinical practice as a predictive factor of future field loss.", "PMID": 655935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6622", "title": "Timolol. A new drug for management of chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "Timolol maleate, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, reduces intraocular pressure in rabbits. With topical application in one eye, a significant reduction in pressure is seen in the contralateral, untreated eye also. When used in conjunction with timolol, other adrenergic amines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine, produce an additional hypotensive response. On the other hand, pretreatment with timolol does inhibit the ocular hypotensive response to topically applied albuterol. No further reduction in pressure is seen after application of this beta-adrenergic agonist to eyes pretreated with timolol. In a double-blind study with patients who had previously been receiving various medications for control of elevated intraocular pressures, timolol was as effective as pilocarpine in reducing intraocular tension. Many common complaints associated with pilocarpine therapy, including miosis, ocular irritation, and blurred vision, were not encountered with timolol therapy.", "contents": "Timolol. A new drug for management of chronic simple glaucoma. Timolol maleate, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, reduces intraocular pressure in rabbits. With topical application in one eye, a significant reduction in pressure is seen in the contralateral, untreated eye also. When used in conjunction with timolol, other adrenergic amines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine, produce an additional hypotensive response. On the other hand, pretreatment with timolol does inhibit the ocular hypotensive response to topically applied albuterol. No further reduction in pressure is seen after application of this beta-adrenergic agonist to eyes pretreated with timolol. In a double-blind study with patients who had previously been receiving various medications for control of elevated intraocular pressures, timolol was as effective as pilocarpine in reducing intraocular tension. Many common complaints associated with pilocarpine therapy, including miosis, ocular irritation, and blurred vision, were not encountered with timolol therapy.", "PMID": 655936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6623", "title": "Intraocular pressure response to topical epinephrine and HLA-B12.", "content": "Twenty high responders to topical corticosteroids (intraocular pressure greater than 31 mm Hg after six weeks of topical 0.1% dexamethasone, four times daily) and 20 low responders (IOP less than 20 mm Hg) of similar age, sex, race, initial IOP, and facility of outflow were selected. After 24 hours of treatment (two doses) of topical 1% epinephrine hydrochloride, the high corticosteroid responders showed a mean (+/-SD) corrected decrease in IOP of 3.6 +/- 2.0 mm Hg as opposed to 1.8 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in the low corticosteroid responders. Within both corticosteroid groups, individuals with the antigen HLA-B12 showed significantly greater decreases in IOP. This suggested that the presence of HLA-B12 was not only associated with increased responses to corticosteroids but also to epinephrine.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure response to topical epinephrine and HLA-B12. Twenty high responders to topical corticosteroids (intraocular pressure greater than 31 mm Hg after six weeks of topical 0.1% dexamethasone, four times daily) and 20 low responders (IOP less than 20 mm Hg) of similar age, sex, race, initial IOP, and facility of outflow were selected. After 24 hours of treatment (two doses) of topical 1% epinephrine hydrochloride, the high corticosteroid responders showed a mean (+/-SD) corrected decrease in IOP of 3.6 +/- 2.0 mm Hg as opposed to 1.8 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in the low corticosteroid responders. Within both corticosteroid groups, individuals with the antigen HLA-B12 showed significantly greater decreases in IOP. This suggested that the presence of HLA-B12 was not only associated with increased responses to corticosteroids but also to epinephrine.", "PMID": 655937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6624", "title": "Pars plana approach for pupillary membranes.", "content": "Pars plana surgery was performed, using a vitreous infusion suction cutter, for the treatment of after-cataracts, traumatic pupillary membranes, inflammatory pupillary membranes, and varoius pupillary membranes combined with other posterior segment problems. Surgical complications were minimal. A permanent pupillary opening was achieved in all but one case. Visual success was dependent on the underlying disease. One should not operate during active phases of uveitis.", "contents": "Pars plana approach for pupillary membranes. Pars plana surgery was performed, using a vitreous infusion suction cutter, for the treatment of after-cataracts, traumatic pupillary membranes, inflammatory pupillary membranes, and varoius pupillary membranes combined with other posterior segment problems. Surgical complications were minimal. A permanent pupillary opening was achieved in all but one case. Visual success was dependent on the underlying disease. One should not operate during active phases of uveitis.", "PMID": 655938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6625", "title": "Endothelial damage with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Specular microscopy was used to study the corneal endothelium in a series of patients undergoing phacoemulsification with and without intraocular lens implantation by one experienced surgeon. Cell loss after phacoemulsification alone  was variable, but the mean was 18%, with a median of 11%. The patients undergoing phacoemulsification plus lens implantation showed a mean cell loss of 26%, with a median of 17%. This is considerably lower than has been reported with standard intracapsular extraction plus lens implantation. The decreased endothelial damage is attributed to the technique of inserting the lens through a small incision and maintaining an air bubble between the lens and the cornea throughout lens insertion and wound closure.", "contents": "Endothelial damage with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Specular microscopy was used to study the corneal endothelium in a series of patients undergoing phacoemulsification with and without intraocular lens implantation by one experienced surgeon. Cell loss after phacoemulsification alone  was variable, but the mean was 18%, with a median of 11%. The patients undergoing phacoemulsification plus lens implantation showed a mean cell loss of 26%, with a median of 17%. This is considerably lower than has been reported with standard intracapsular extraction plus lens implantation. The decreased endothelial damage is attributed to the technique of inserting the lens through a small incision and maintaining an air bubble between the lens and the cornea throughout lens insertion and wound closure.", "PMID": 655939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6626", "title": "Atypical pterygium. A clinical feature of Terrien's marginal degeneration.", "content": "Three case reports illustrate a manifestation of Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration, the pseudopterygium. When present, the pseudopterygium has a characteristic appearance, which is of diagnostic value. This condition occurs at positions other than the 3- and 9-o'clock positions, and it grows onto the cornea at an oblique axis and has a rather broad, flat, leading edge. The pseudopterygium may appear extremely early in the disease when the marginal furrow may still be a subtle finding.", "contents": "Atypical pterygium. A clinical feature of Terrien's marginal degeneration. Three case reports illustrate a manifestation of Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration, the pseudopterygium. When present, the pseudopterygium has a characteristic appearance, which is of diagnostic value. This condition occurs at positions other than the 3- and 9-o'clock positions, and it grows onto the cornea at an oblique axis and has a rather broad, flat, leading edge. The pseudopterygium may appear extremely early in the disease when the marginal furrow may still be a subtle finding.", "PMID": 655940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6627", "title": "Epicanthus and epiblepharon.", "content": "There are four recognized types of epicanthus: epicanthus supraciliaris, epicanthus palpebralis, epicanthus tarsalis, and epicanthus inversus. Epiblepharon is a congenital anomaly that may appear in upper or lower eyelids. In the lower lids it tends to regress spontaneously and must be differentiated from congenital entropion, because treatment of the two conditions is not the same. Epiblepharon is considered herein with epicanthus because of similarity in treatment, especially in the case of epicanthus tarsalis. Epiblepharon of the upper eyelids may be considered to be essentially an exaggeration of epicanthus tarsalis. Epicanthus tarsalis and epiblepharon of the upper eyelids are treated by making a new fold in the upper lid and performing a V-Y plasty at the inner canthus. Epiblepharon of the lower lid is similarly treated if it does not spontaneously regress.", "contents": "Epicanthus and epiblepharon. There are four recognized types of epicanthus: epicanthus supraciliaris, epicanthus palpebralis, epicanthus tarsalis, and epicanthus inversus. Epiblepharon is a congenital anomaly that may appear in upper or lower eyelids. In the lower lids it tends to regress spontaneously and must be differentiated from congenital entropion, because treatment of the two conditions is not the same. Epiblepharon is considered herein with epicanthus because of similarity in treatment, especially in the case of epicanthus tarsalis. Epiblepharon of the upper eyelids may be considered to be essentially an exaggeration of epicanthus tarsalis. Epicanthus tarsalis and epiblepharon of the upper eyelids are treated by making a new fold in the upper lid and performing a V-Y plasty at the inner canthus. Epiblepharon of the lower lid is similarly treated if it does not spontaneously regress.", "PMID": 655941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6628", "title": "Adult cystinosis. A case report.", "content": "A 41-year-old man, referred because of the suspicion of retinal detachment, was found to have retinoschisis, moderately severe renal disease, and adult cystinosis with crystals in the cornea and conjunctiva. Conjunctival crystals were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy, and chemical analysis confirmed the presence of excessive amounts of cystine. Studies of renal tissue showed changes that were interpreted as being due to hypertensive vascular disease. Light and electron microscopic examination of kidney tissue showed no cystine crystals, and chemical analysis indicated only trace amounts of cystine.", "contents": "Adult cystinosis. A case report. A 41-year-old man, referred because of the suspicion of retinal detachment, was found to have retinoschisis, moderately severe renal disease, and adult cystinosis with crystals in the cornea and conjunctiva. Conjunctival crystals were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy, and chemical analysis confirmed the presence of excessive amounts of cystine. Studies of renal tissue showed changes that were interpreted as being due to hypertensive vascular disease. Light and electron microscopic examination of kidney tissue showed no cystine crystals, and chemical analysis indicated only trace amounts of cystine.", "PMID": 655942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6629", "title": "Cryosurgical iridocyclectomy.", "content": "A new surgical technique, cryosurgical iridocyclectomy, was used in the excision of an iris melanoma encroaching on the ciliary body. Iris-tumor-anterior ciliary body segment was removed en bloc. The elucidate the mechanical basis for the success of the procedure, similar operations were performed on three enucleated eyes. It was confirmed that traction on the iris by a cryoprobe resulted in forward movement of the ciliary body without iridodialysis. The iceball that formed prevented iridodialysis at its usual plane of cleavage. Cryosurgical iridocyclectomy is recommended for excision of small discrete iris tumors that encroach on the anterior ciliary body.", "contents": "Cryosurgical iridocyclectomy. A new surgical technique, cryosurgical iridocyclectomy, was used in the excision of an iris melanoma encroaching on the ciliary body. Iris-tumor-anterior ciliary body segment was removed en bloc. The elucidate the mechanical basis for the success of the procedure, similar operations were performed on three enucleated eyes. It was confirmed that traction on the iris by a cryoprobe resulted in forward movement of the ciliary body without iridodialysis. The iceball that formed prevented iridodialysis at its usual plane of cleavage. Cryosurgical iridocyclectomy is recommended for excision of small discrete iris tumors that encroach on the anterior ciliary body.", "PMID": 655943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6630", "title": "Histochemistry of human extraocular muscle.", "content": "A reliable method for evaluating biopsy specimens of human extraocular muscles is presented to better understand the pathological responses of these highly organized striated muscles. Three muscle fiber types and their distribution are described with morphological and histochemical measurements used commonly for limb muscle. The granular and fine fibers have single end plates and may be comparable to limb-twitch fibers (type 2 and type 1 fibers). The coarse fibers have multiple end plates and may correspond to multiple end plated tonic fibers found in avian and amphibian limb muscles. The fibers of extraocular muscles are arranged in three concentric zones. Because of the zonal arrangement, a complete cross section should be evaluated in diseases of the ocular muscles to estimate any changes in fiber type distribution.", "contents": "Histochemistry of human extraocular muscle. A reliable method for evaluating biopsy specimens of human extraocular muscles is presented to better understand the pathological responses of these highly organized striated muscles. Three muscle fiber types and their distribution are described with morphological and histochemical measurements used commonly for limb muscle. The granular and fine fibers have single end plates and may be comparable to limb-twitch fibers (type 2 and type 1 fibers). The coarse fibers have multiple end plates and may correspond to multiple end plated tonic fibers found in avian and amphibian limb muscles. The fibers of extraocular muscles are arranged in three concentric zones. Because of the zonal arrangement, a complete cross section should be evaluated in diseases of the ocular muscles to estimate any changes in fiber type distribution.", "PMID": 655944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6631", "title": "Calibration error in dark adaptometer.", "content": "We noted that the adjustable fixation device present on some models of the Goldmann-Weekers dark adaptometer has a calibration error that results in a consistent and predictable overestimation of retinal eccentricity. The error occurs because the eye being tested is not in the geometric center of the projection sphere. The true retinal locus may be computed by trigonometric analysis. A conversion table is available for reference.", "contents": "Calibration error in dark adaptometer. We noted that the adjustable fixation device present on some models of the Goldmann-Weekers dark adaptometer has a calibration error that results in a consistent and predictable overestimation of retinal eccentricity. The error occurs because the eye being tested is not in the geometric center of the projection sphere. The true retinal locus may be computed by trigonometric analysis. A conversion table is available for reference.", "PMID": 655945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6632", "title": "Curved ruler for measurement along the surface of the globe.", "content": "A curved ruler for measurement along the surface of the globe has been designed to measure the arc instead of the cord measurement. The ruler is especially helpful when one is doing large recessions and posterior fixation of the recti muscles (Faden operation).", "contents": "Curved ruler for measurement along the surface of the globe. A curved ruler for measurement along the surface of the globe has been designed to measure the arc instead of the cord measurement. The ruler is especially helpful when one is doing large recessions and posterior fixation of the recti muscles (Faden operation).", "PMID": 655946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6633", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the 6600 Autorefractor.", "content": "The 6600 Autorefractor was evaluated on 200 patients undergoing refraction. The automatic refractor showed a high degree of accuracy in determining the needed refractive correction, but the errors are sufficient that the automatic refractor alone without subjective refinement cannot be substituted for conventional complete refracting methods with subjective refinement. However, for aphakic patients and for patients with clear media and cylindric corrections over 0.50 diopters, the automatic refractor can be used as a substitute for retinoscopy in determining the starting point for a subjective refraction.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the 6600 Autorefractor. The 6600 Autorefractor was evaluated on 200 patients undergoing refraction. The automatic refractor showed a high degree of accuracy in determining the needed refractive correction, but the errors are sufficient that the automatic refractor alone without subjective refinement cannot be substituted for conventional complete refracting methods with subjective refinement. However, for aphakic patients and for patients with clear media and cylindric corrections over 0.50 diopters, the automatic refractor can be used as a substitute for retinoscopy in determining the starting point for a subjective refraction.", "PMID": 655948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6634", "title": "Is the Autorefractor reading closest to manifest refraction? A comparison of the patient's previous spectacles and the 6600 Autorefractor reading.", "content": "In a study of 56 patients, the old glasses of a previously refracted individual were as close to the final subjective refraction as the reading obtained with a 6600 Autorefractor. Therefore, the previous spectacle correction might logically be used for the starting point of a subjective refraction, with retinoscopy or automatic refractor results being used for this purpose in patients whose previous spectacle refraction is unknown or in the first refraction of an aphakic patients.", "contents": "Is the Autorefractor reading closest to manifest refraction? A comparison of the patient's previous spectacles and the 6600 Autorefractor reading. In a study of 56 patients, the old glasses of a previously refracted individual were as close to the final subjective refraction as the reading obtained with a 6600 Autorefractor. Therefore, the previous spectacle correction might logically be used for the starting point of a subjective refraction, with retinoscopy or automatic refractor results being used for this purpose in patients whose previous spectacle refraction is unknown or in the first refraction of an aphakic patients.", "PMID": 655949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6635", "title": "A simplified test of epinephrine responsiveness.", "content": "Forty-three ocular hypertensive and 33 ocular normotensive subjects received two doses of topical 1% epinephrine hydrochloride in one eye. The epinephrine was administered twice, ie, at time \"zero\" (8 AM) and 12 hours later (at 8 PM). The mean intraocular pressure responses at four hours and at 24 hours (12 hours after the last dose of epinephrine) were significantly correlated, r = 0.59 (P less than .001). This suggested that the simpler four-hour test was an equally accurate measure of the ocular responsiveness to topical epinephrine.", "contents": "A simplified test of epinephrine responsiveness. Forty-three ocular hypertensive and 33 ocular normotensive subjects received two doses of topical 1% epinephrine hydrochloride in one eye. The epinephrine was administered twice, ie, at time \"zero\" (8 AM) and 12 hours later (at 8 PM). The mean intraocular pressure responses at four hours and at 24 hours (12 hours after the last dose of epinephrine) were significantly correlated, r = 0.59 (P less than .001). This suggested that the simpler four-hour test was an equally accurate measure of the ocular responsiveness to topical epinephrine.", "PMID": 655950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6636", "title": "Acoustic reflex and loudness discomfort in acute facial paralysis.", "content": "An extensive research protocol was used to evaluate the conditions of 48 consecutive patients with acute facial paralysis. The results indicated that after nerve excitability testing, the acoustic reflex was the most efficient indicator of impending nerve degeneration and predictor of recovery. The presence of increased sensitivity to intense acoustic stimuli (loudness discomfort level) indicated poor prognosis. The data demonstrate that dysacusis (hyperacusis) is not related to stapedial muscle paralysis and also question the validity of \"topographic diagnosis\" in determination of the site of the lesion in facial paralysis.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex and loudness discomfort in acute facial paralysis. An extensive research protocol was used to evaluate the conditions of 48 consecutive patients with acute facial paralysis. The results indicated that after nerve excitability testing, the acoustic reflex was the most efficient indicator of impending nerve degeneration and predictor of recovery. The presence of increased sensitivity to intense acoustic stimuli (loudness discomfort level) indicated poor prognosis. The data demonstrate that dysacusis (hyperacusis) is not related to stapedial muscle paralysis and also question the validity of \"topographic diagnosis\" in determination of the site of the lesion in facial paralysis.", "PMID": 655951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6637", "title": "Carotid artery rupture. Management and prevention of delayed neurologic sequelae with low-dose heparin.", "content": "Carotid artery ligation, whether elective or an emergency, is an operation that most head and neck surgeons do with some trepidation because of the possible neurologic consequences. Of 440 major head and neck operations for cancer in which the carotid artery was exposed, 20 (4.5%) patients suffered a carotid rupture or had the vessel ligated just prior to rupture. We describe the typical patient and his management. Of these 20 patients, five died as a direct result of rupture or ligation, ten survived rupture and/or ligation with neurologic sequelae, and five survived rupture and/or ligation without neurologica sequelae. Of the ten patients with neurologic problems, four had immediate strokes, and six had delayed strokes, ie, these occurred greater than eight hours after ligation. Seven patients who required carotid artery ligation, separate from the previously mentioned group, received 5,000 units of heparin sodium subcutaneously every 12 hours in a prospective study. Of these seven patients, one died immediately postoperatively, and six survived without any neurologic sequelae. We discuss the cause of delayed neurologic problems and the rationale for the use of low-dose heparin.", "contents": "Carotid artery rupture. Management and prevention of delayed neurologic sequelae with low-dose heparin. Carotid artery ligation, whether elective or an emergency, is an operation that most head and neck surgeons do with some trepidation because of the possible neurologic consequences. Of 440 major head and neck operations for cancer in which the carotid artery was exposed, 20 (4.5%) patients suffered a carotid rupture or had the vessel ligated just prior to rupture. We describe the typical patient and his management. Of these 20 patients, five died as a direct result of rupture or ligation, ten survived rupture and/or ligation with neurologic sequelae, and five survived rupture and/or ligation without neurologica sequelae. Of the ten patients with neurologic problems, four had immediate strokes, and six had delayed strokes, ie, these occurred greater than eight hours after ligation. Seven patients who required carotid artery ligation, separate from the previously mentioned group, received 5,000 units of heparin sodium subcutaneously every 12 hours in a prospective study. Of these seven patients, one died immediately postoperatively, and six survived without any neurologic sequelae. We discuss the cause of delayed neurologic problems and the rationale for the use of low-dose heparin.", "PMID": 655952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6638", "title": "Experimental tracheal reconstruction with external ear canal autografts.", "content": "Experimental tracheal reconstruction was performed on four beagle dogs with the use of external ear canal autografts. Moderate success was achieved. There were no complications and no loss of a physiologic airway.", "contents": "Experimental tracheal reconstruction with external ear canal autografts. Experimental tracheal reconstruction was performed on four beagle dogs with the use of external ear canal autografts. Moderate success was achieved. There were no complications and no loss of a physiologic airway.", "PMID": 655953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6639", "title": "Pediatric tracheotomy. A five-year comparison study.", "content": "A five-year retrospective study (1972-1976) of pediatric tracheotomies that were performed on patients (age limit, 14 years) was undertaken with the following objectives in mind. We chose to compare the indications, complications, and both the short- and long-term follow-up results of patients who were arbitrarily classified into two groups. Group 1 consisted of those patients who weighed more than 2,500 g at the time of tracheotomy, and group 2 were those who weighed less than 2,500 g. A total of 61 patients were included in our study. Forty-eight patients (57 tracheotomies) were placed into group 1, and 13 patients (15 tracheotomies) were in group 2. The results of our study demonstrate that there is a higher morbidity, complication rate, and death rate in the patients in group 2.", "contents": "Pediatric tracheotomy. A five-year comparison study. A five-year retrospective study (1972-1976) of pediatric tracheotomies that were performed on patients (age limit, 14 years) was undertaken with the following objectives in mind. We chose to compare the indications, complications, and both the short- and long-term follow-up results of patients who were arbitrarily classified into two groups. Group 1 consisted of those patients who weighed more than 2,500 g at the time of tracheotomy, and group 2 were those who weighed less than 2,500 g. A total of 61 patients were included in our study. Forty-eight patients (57 tracheotomies) were placed into group 1, and 13 patients (15 tracheotomies) were in group 2. The results of our study demonstrate that there is a higher morbidity, complication rate, and death rate in the patients in group 2.", "PMID": 655954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6640", "title": "Auditory function in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Auditory function was assessed in nine black subjects with sickle cell anemia and compared with a control population. No differences were found for measures of hearing acuity and undistorted speech discrimination. However, some suggestion of reduced neural function was observed in terms of acoustic reflex measures and time-compressed speech discrimination. One subject with sickle cell anemia displayed a distinctive auditory profile that we treat separately.", "contents": "Auditory function in sickle cell anemia. Auditory function was assessed in nine black subjects with sickle cell anemia and compared with a control population. No differences were found for measures of hearing acuity and undistorted speech discrimination. However, some suggestion of reduced neural function was observed in terms of acoustic reflex measures and time-compressed speech discrimination. One subject with sickle cell anemia displayed a distinctive auditory profile that we treat separately.", "PMID": 655955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6641", "title": "Experimental grafting of the auditory nerve.", "content": "The auditory nerve of five cats was sectioned unilaterally. Its proximal stump was immediately sutured to the proximal stump of the simultaneously severed facial nerve to study afferent sensory nerve regeneration. After time intervals of nine to 18 months, the nerve anastomosis was tested by electrical stimulation of the anastomosis and by recording evoked cortical responses at the auditory cortex. Electrophysiologic evidence of both fiber regeneration within the sectioned auditory nerve and of the reestablishment of a functional synapse at the cochlear nucleus was obtained. Further support of the concept of a possible auditory nerve grafting was added by the histologic examination of the nerve anastomosis and of the cochlear nuclei, which showed signs of the outspreading of axons from the facial nerve through the auditory nerve and through the barrier of the brain stem into the areas of the cochlear nuclei.", "contents": "Experimental grafting of the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve of five cats was sectioned unilaterally. Its proximal stump was immediately sutured to the proximal stump of the simultaneously severed facial nerve to study afferent sensory nerve regeneration. After time intervals of nine to 18 months, the nerve anastomosis was tested by electrical stimulation of the anastomosis and by recording evoked cortical responses at the auditory cortex. Electrophysiologic evidence of both fiber regeneration within the sectioned auditory nerve and of the reestablishment of a functional synapse at the cochlear nucleus was obtained. Further support of the concept of a possible auditory nerve grafting was added by the histologic examination of the nerve anastomosis and of the cochlear nuclei, which showed signs of the outspreading of axons from the facial nerve through the auditory nerve and through the barrier of the brain stem into the areas of the cochlear nuclei.", "PMID": 655956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6642", "title": "Complications of combined therapy in head and neck carcinomas.", "content": "The combined modalities of surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer have vasity improved survival rates of larger neoplasms with heretofore poor prognoses, when treated with either modality alone. One of the unfortunate problems with combined therapy is the increase in postoperative complications. During the past four years, in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of California, Davis we have used both preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy in a random fashion in the combined approach to head and neck cancer in 45 patients. We have also operated on 37 patients whose conditions failed to respond to radiation. The complication rate of these three groups is compared. Each group was examined for possible contributing factors to these complications, such as age, hemoglobin levels, serum protein levels, albumin-globulin ratios, and preoperative weight loss. Our results show that surgery for radiation failures is met with a disastrously high complication rate, 45% of them of the major category. Postoperative radiotherapy results in a much lower complication rate than when radiation is used preoperatively and is our treatment of choice.", "contents": "Complications of combined therapy in head and neck carcinomas. The combined modalities of surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer have vasity improved survival rates of larger neoplasms with heretofore poor prognoses, when treated with either modality alone. One of the unfortunate problems with combined therapy is the increase in postoperative complications. During the past four years, in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of California, Davis we have used both preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy in a random fashion in the combined approach to head and neck cancer in 45 patients. We have also operated on 37 patients whose conditions failed to respond to radiation. The complication rate of these three groups is compared. Each group was examined for possible contributing factors to these complications, such as age, hemoglobin levels, serum protein levels, albumin-globulin ratios, and preoperative weight loss. Our results show that surgery for radiation failures is met with a disastrously high complication rate, 45% of them of the major category. Postoperative radiotherapy results in a much lower complication rate than when radiation is used preoperatively and is our treatment of choice.", "PMID": 655957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6643", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase as a measure of inflammation in experimental otitis media.", "content": "A reliable animal model for acute otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae was used to study the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in middle ear effusion during acute pneumococcal otitis media and after penicillin treatment. The findings indicate that LDH levels rise in the middle ear effusion during the early phase of acute infection and decrease as the infection resolves over time. Penicillin treatment affects the natural course of infection by resolving most visible signs of inflammation and by sterilizing the middle ear. However, once middle ear infection was established, penicillin treatment did not reduce the elevated levels of effusion LDH, suggesting that inflammation persists after sterilization of infected middle ears.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase as a measure of inflammation in experimental otitis media. A reliable animal model for acute otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae was used to study the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in middle ear effusion during acute pneumococcal otitis media and after penicillin treatment. The findings indicate that LDH levels rise in the middle ear effusion during the early phase of acute infection and decrease as the infection resolves over time. Penicillin treatment affects the natural course of infection by resolving most visible signs of inflammation and by sterilizing the middle ear. However, once middle ear infection was established, penicillin treatment did not reduce the elevated levels of effusion LDH, suggesting that inflammation persists after sterilization of infected middle ears.", "PMID": 655958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6644", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin metastatic to parotid nodes.", "content": "Preauricular masses may represent metastases to parotid nodes from carcinoma of the skin of the face, scalp, and neck. At the University of Florida from January 1966 to March 1977, a total of 20 patients were treated whose first evidence of metastasis was a preauricular mass ranging in size from 1 to 6 cm. All had been treated from two weeks to five years previously for at least one ipsilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the face or scalp. In no patient has a mucosal primary site of the head and neck subsequently developed. Treatment consisted of surgery or irradiation of both. The results suggest that superficial parotidectomy is usually inadequate for complete removal of these nodes, since the nodes lie lateral to the posterior facial vein and not the facial nerve. Surgery followed by irradiation appears to result in better survival than either modality alone.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin metastatic to parotid nodes. Preauricular masses may represent metastases to parotid nodes from carcinoma of the skin of the face, scalp, and neck. At the University of Florida from January 1966 to March 1977, a total of 20 patients were treated whose first evidence of metastasis was a preauricular mass ranging in size from 1 to 6 cm. All had been treated from two weeks to five years previously for at least one ipsilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the face or scalp. In no patient has a mucosal primary site of the head and neck subsequently developed. Treatment consisted of surgery or irradiation of both. The results suggest that superficial parotidectomy is usually inadequate for complete removal of these nodes, since the nodes lie lateral to the posterior facial vein and not the facial nerve. Surgery followed by irradiation appears to result in better survival than either modality alone.", "PMID": 655959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6645", "title": "Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Recognition and treatment.", "content": "Lentigo maligna is the preinvasive stage of lentigo maligna melanom, which is a specific type of cutaneous malignant melanom found almost exclusively in the head and neck area. The distinguishing features and the biological behavior of this disease are discussed. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis by clinical differentiation from other pigmented lesions and by biopsy specimen. Treatment by adequate surgical removal with appropriate reconstruction is discussed and illustrated with case reports.", "contents": "Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Recognition and treatment. Lentigo maligna is the preinvasive stage of lentigo maligna melanom, which is a specific type of cutaneous malignant melanom found almost exclusively in the head and neck area. The distinguishing features and the biological behavior of this disease are discussed. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis by clinical differentiation from other pigmented lesions and by biopsy specimen. Treatment by adequate surgical removal with appropriate reconstruction is discussed and illustrated with case reports.", "PMID": 655960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6646", "title": "Painful ophthalmoplegia. The Tolusa-Hunt syndrome.", "content": "A 36-year-old man had the Tolusa-Hunt syndrome, an unusual cause of painful ophthalmoplegia with a neurologic deficit that may not be distinguishable from the many other disease processes that involve the orbital apex. Diagnosis was made by excluding the other causes, and there was a prompt response to high-dose steroid therapy, which prevents or minimizes any permanent neurologic deficit. Because of this and the fact that the otolaryngologist is often involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the many causes of painful ophthalmoplegia, it is important to be aware of this syndrome.", "contents": "Painful ophthalmoplegia. The Tolusa-Hunt syndrome. A 36-year-old man had the Tolusa-Hunt syndrome, an unusual cause of painful ophthalmoplegia with a neurologic deficit that may not be distinguishable from the many other disease processes that involve the orbital apex. Diagnosis was made by excluding the other causes, and there was a prompt response to high-dose steroid therapy, which prevents or minimizes any permanent neurologic deficit. Because of this and the fact that the otolaryngologist is often involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the many causes of painful ophthalmoplegia, it is important to be aware of this syndrome.", "PMID": 655961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6647", "title": "Temporary loss of hearing after a glycerin test.", "content": "The glycerin test has been proposed as an adjunct in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Complications of the test are rare and usually minor. We describe a case in which a 20- to 40-dB hearing loss developed in the uninvolved ear of a patient during a standard glycerin test. He made a complete recovery within three days after the test. We discuss the possible mechanisms of the loss.", "contents": "Temporary loss of hearing after a glycerin test. The glycerin test has been proposed as an adjunct in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Complications of the test are rare and usually minor. We describe a case in which a 20- to 40-dB hearing loss developed in the uninvolved ear of a patient during a standard glycerin test. He made a complete recovery within three days after the test. We discuss the possible mechanisms of the loss.", "PMID": 655962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6648", "title": "Radical neck dissection after prosthetic repair of carotid artery.", "content": "A carcinoma of the pyriform fossa developed ten years after a Teflon patch graft angioplasty of the common and internal carotid vessels. The graft was embedded in fibrous tissue and covered by pseudoadventitia, which could be dissected free without difficulty. If radiation therapy is used, it should be administered postoperatively. The Teflon graft can be protected from possible salivary fistulae by a dermal graft that is covered by a levator scapulae muscle flap, which is sutured to the prevertebral fascia to separate the carotid vessels from the pharynx, but it is not recommended that the tumor resection be staged to achieve this carotid protection.", "contents": "Radical neck dissection after prosthetic repair of carotid artery. A carcinoma of the pyriform fossa developed ten years after a Teflon patch graft angioplasty of the common and internal carotid vessels. The graft was embedded in fibrous tissue and covered by pseudoadventitia, which could be dissected free without difficulty. If radiation therapy is used, it should be administered postoperatively. The Teflon graft can be protected from possible salivary fistulae by a dermal graft that is covered by a levator scapulae muscle flap, which is sutured to the prevertebral fascia to separate the carotid vessels from the pharynx, but it is not recommended that the tumor resection be staged to achieve this carotid protection.", "PMID": 655963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6649", "title": "Antibodies to Akabane virus in Australia.", "content": "Neutralising antibody to Akabane virus was shown to develop in cattle in northern Australia throughout the year and also on the east coast of New South Wales in the summer during 1975/1976. Other species found to have antibody to Akabane virus were buffaloes, horses, camels and sheep, but no antibody was found in domestic chickens, ducks, wallabies or man. The biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis has been detected in all the major areas where antibody was demonstrated in this study.", "contents": "Antibodies to Akabane virus in Australia. Neutralising antibody to Akabane virus was shown to develop in cattle in northern Australia throughout the year and also on the east coast of New South Wales in the summer during 1975/1976. Other species found to have antibody to Akabane virus were buffaloes, horses, camels and sheep, but no antibody was found in domestic chickens, ducks, wallabies or man. The biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis has been detected in all the major areas where antibody was demonstrated in this study.", "PMID": 655964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6650", "title": "The duration of latent infection and functional immunity in droughtmaster and hereford cattle following natural infection with Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina.", "content": "Tne Droughtmaster and 9 Hereford cattle were born in an enzootic babesiasis area and became naturally infected with Babesia argentina and B.bigemina during a 3 year period. They were then kept free of cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) for the remainder of the experiment. Annually for the next 3 years their individual infection status with Babesia was determined by sub-inoculation of blood into splenectomised calves. At the end of this period the functional immunity of all cattle was challenged by blood inoculation of heterologous strains of B. argentina and B. bigemina. Infection with B. argentina persisted in all Herefords for 2 years and in 7 for 3 years after they had been freed of B. microplus. The number of Droughtmasters with detectable B. argentina infection progressively declined, and at the end of 3 years only 2 of 10 were still infected. No Herefords were shown to be infected with B. bigemina following 1 year's freedom from B. microplus but latent B. bigemina infection of at least 2 year's duration was demonstrated in one of the Droughtmasters. A marked degree of resistance was apparent in all cattle when they were challenged with an heterologous strain of B. argentina. There were no differences between the response to challenge of the Herefords and Droughtmasters nor between the reactions of cattle which had apparently naturally sterilised B. argentina infection and those which were still infected. The heterologous strain of B. bigemina produced parasitaemia in the majority of animals but only minimal fever and anaemia resulted with no significant differences between the breeds.", "contents": "The duration of latent infection and functional immunity in droughtmaster and hereford cattle following natural infection with Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina. Tne Droughtmaster and 9 Hereford cattle were born in an enzootic babesiasis area and became naturally infected with Babesia argentina and B.bigemina during a 3 year period. They were then kept free of cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) for the remainder of the experiment. Annually for the next 3 years their individual infection status with Babesia was determined by sub-inoculation of blood into splenectomised calves. At the end of this period the functional immunity of all cattle was challenged by blood inoculation of heterologous strains of B. argentina and B. bigemina. Infection with B. argentina persisted in all Herefords for 2 years and in 7 for 3 years after they had been freed of B. microplus. The number of Droughtmasters with detectable B. argentina infection progressively declined, and at the end of 3 years only 2 of 10 were still infected. No Herefords were shown to be infected with B. bigemina following 1 year's freedom from B. microplus but latent B. bigemina infection of at least 2 year's duration was demonstrated in one of the Droughtmasters. A marked degree of resistance was apparent in all cattle when they were challenged with an heterologous strain of B. argentina. There were no differences between the response to challenge of the Herefords and Droughtmasters nor between the reactions of cattle which had apparently naturally sterilised B. argentina infection and those which were still infected. The heterologous strain of B. bigemina produced parasitaemia in the majority of animals but only minimal fever and anaemia resulted with no significant differences between the breeds.", "PMID": 655965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6651", "title": "The anthelmintic efficacy of non-benzimidazole anthelmintics against benzimidazole resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep.", "content": "The anthelmintic efficacy of 6 non-benzimidazole compounds and thiabendazole against standardised, benzimidazole resistant strains of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep was determined using a controlled test. All compounds were administered intraruminally at their recommended therapeutic dose rates and 4 of the compounds were also assessed at half their recommended therapeutic dose rates. Levimisole at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg body weight, morantel at 4.4 mg/kg and 8.8 mg/kg, naphthalophos at 6.25 mg/kg and 12.5 mg/kg, rafoxanide at 7.5 mg/kg and phenothiazine at 530 mg/kg were 98% or more effective in removing adult infections of benzimidazole resistant H. contortus. Rafoxanide at 3.75 mg/kg, phenothiazine at 265 mg/kg and carbon tetrachloride at 0.05ml/kg were less effective, removing 80%, 73% and 72% respectively of the benzimidazole resistant H. contortus worm burdens. Against the benzimidazole resistant T. colubriformis levamisole at 6.4 mg/kg, and morantel at 4.4 mg/kg and 8.8 mg/kg removed 99%, 68% and 86% respectively of the adult infections. All other anthelmintics had little or no efficacy at the dose rates tested. Thiabendazole at 44 mg/kg had no significant effect against these strains of H. contortus and T. colubriformis. Several non-benzimidazole anthelmintics have shown high efficacy in this experiment and should be suitable for treating infections with benzimidazole resistant H. contortus. Of the anthelmintics tested, only levamisole and morantel show high efficacy against benzimidazole resistant T. colubriformis.", "contents": "The anthelmintic efficacy of non-benzimidazole anthelmintics against benzimidazole resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. The anthelmintic efficacy of 6 non-benzimidazole compounds and thiabendazole against standardised, benzimidazole resistant strains of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep was determined using a controlled test. All compounds were administered intraruminally at their recommended therapeutic dose rates and 4 of the compounds were also assessed at half their recommended therapeutic dose rates. Levimisole at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg body weight, morantel at 4.4 mg/kg and 8.8 mg/kg, naphthalophos at 6.25 mg/kg and 12.5 mg/kg, rafoxanide at 7.5 mg/kg and phenothiazine at 530 mg/kg were 98% or more effective in removing adult infections of benzimidazole resistant H. contortus. Rafoxanide at 3.75 mg/kg, phenothiazine at 265 mg/kg and carbon tetrachloride at 0.05ml/kg were less effective, removing 80%, 73% and 72% respectively of the benzimidazole resistant H. contortus worm burdens. Against the benzimidazole resistant T. colubriformis levamisole at 6.4 mg/kg, and morantel at 4.4 mg/kg and 8.8 mg/kg removed 99%, 68% and 86% respectively of the adult infections. All other anthelmintics had little or no efficacy at the dose rates tested. Thiabendazole at 44 mg/kg had no significant effect against these strains of H. contortus and T. colubriformis. Several non-benzimidazole anthelmintics have shown high efficacy in this experiment and should be suitable for treating infections with benzimidazole resistant H. contortus. Of the anthelmintics tested, only levamisole and morantel show high efficacy against benzimidazole resistant T. colubriformis.", "PMID": 655966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6652", "title": "Evaluation of a pregnant mares' serum and human chorionic gonadotrophin mixture for alleviating summer infertility in sows.", "content": "A controlled on-farm trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial gonadotrophin hormone mixture at overcoming a seasonal decrease in fertility in pigs in a sub-tropical environment (summer infertility). The average weaning to oestrus interval of the untreated sows was more than double that of the treated sows and this difference was highly significant. However, fewer of the treated sows farrowed and they produced smaller litters. The improvement in fertility in the treated group achieved by reducing the weaning to oestrus interval was more than cancelled out by an overall reduction in the number of weaners produced.", "contents": "Evaluation of a pregnant mares' serum and human chorionic gonadotrophin mixture for alleviating summer infertility in sows. A controlled on-farm trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial gonadotrophin hormone mixture at overcoming a seasonal decrease in fertility in pigs in a sub-tropical environment (summer infertility). The average weaning to oestrus interval of the untreated sows was more than double that of the treated sows and this difference was highly significant. However, fewer of the treated sows farrowed and they produced smaller litters. The improvement in fertility in the treated group achieved by reducing the weaning to oestrus interval was more than cancelled out by an overall reduction in the number of weaners produced.", "PMID": 655967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6653", "title": "Immunoglobulins in blood serum of foetal pigs.", "content": "A total of 1,147 samples of blood serum, collected from porcine foetuses, were examined for the presence of immunoglobulin. The foetuses, from 182 sows, were sampled at abattoirs in Queensland during 1975. For detection and measurement of immunoglobulins, rabbit anti-pig serum and monospecific anti-pig IgG, anti-pig IgM and anti-pig IgA were employed in immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion and single radial immuno-diffusion assays. Twenty-four foetuses (from 7 litters) had detectable IgG or IgM. None of the samples were positive for IgA. Two of the serums (from siblings) had high antibody titres to porcine parvovirus but in the remainder of the immunoglobulin-positive serums no antibody activity was detected.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in blood serum of foetal pigs. A total of 1,147 samples of blood serum, collected from porcine foetuses, were examined for the presence of immunoglobulin. The foetuses, from 182 sows, were sampled at abattoirs in Queensland during 1975. For detection and measurement of immunoglobulins, rabbit anti-pig serum and monospecific anti-pig IgG, anti-pig IgM and anti-pig IgA were employed in immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion and single radial immuno-diffusion assays. Twenty-four foetuses (from 7 litters) had detectable IgG or IgM. None of the samples were positive for IgA. Two of the serums (from siblings) had high antibody titres to porcine parvovirus but in the remainder of the immunoglobulin-positive serums no antibody activity was detected.", "PMID": 655968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6654", "title": "Observations of the first service non-return rates of the hypoglycaemic, concentrate-fed dairy herds.", "content": "Fourteen dairy herds which had been subjected to the Compton Metabolic Profile test on a total of 29 occasions were selected from the records of the institute for Research on Animal Diseases, United Kingdom, because they had a wide range of mean blood-glucose concentrations. Two herds had to be rejected from the study because of inadequate breeding records, leaving 12 herds (26 profile tests) to be included. The first service non-return rate of each herd was calculated from the breeding records of 10 cows mated closest to the date of each profile test. These rates were positively related to the mean blood-glucose concentrations of the lactating cows (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Observations of the first service non-return rates of the hypoglycaemic, concentrate-fed dairy herds. Fourteen dairy herds which had been subjected to the Compton Metabolic Profile test on a total of 29 occasions were selected from the records of the institute for Research on Animal Diseases, United Kingdom, because they had a wide range of mean blood-glucose concentrations. Two herds had to be rejected from the study because of inadequate breeding records, leaving 12 herds (26 profile tests) to be included. The first service non-return rate of each herd was calculated from the breeding records of 10 cows mated closest to the date of each profile test. These rates were positively related to the mean blood-glucose concentrations of the lactating cows (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 655977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6655", "title": "The use of electrocardiography in the diagnosis of poor racing performance in the horse.", "content": "Electrocardiograms were reocrded from 153 racehorses and 10 Olympic three-day-event horses. The horses were then grouped into those presented for routine examination, those in which there was a complaint of poor performance, those going to the Montreal Olympics, and those with upper respiratory tract abnormalities. When the ECGs of the four groups were compared on the basis of detection of abnormality, it was found that 93.2% of the poor performance group showed abnormalities of various types. The routine examination group showed 21.1% of horses with abnormal ECGs, and over half of these have been followed to the point where it can be said they raced unsuccessfully. In particular, this applied to those horses with T wave abnormalities in 4 or more leads, and to those with intraatrial block. There were significant T wave changes in 50% of the Olympic horses, and 43.7% of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia showed abnormality. While it can be concluded that T wave changes are highly significant findings in an ECG, it is also true that modification of the training programme is a way of helping trainers to get the best out of horses which might otherwise have a serious limitation of their performance potential.", "contents": "The use of electrocardiography in the diagnosis of poor racing performance in the horse. Electrocardiograms were reocrded from 153 racehorses and 10 Olympic three-day-event horses. The horses were then grouped into those presented for routine examination, those in which there was a complaint of poor performance, those going to the Montreal Olympics, and those with upper respiratory tract abnormalities. When the ECGs of the four groups were compared on the basis of detection of abnormality, it was found that 93.2% of the poor performance group showed abnormalities of various types. The routine examination group showed 21.1% of horses with abnormal ECGs, and over half of these have been followed to the point where it can be said they raced unsuccessfully. In particular, this applied to those horses with T wave abnormalities in 4 or more leads, and to those with intraatrial block. There were significant T wave changes in 50% of the Olympic horses, and 43.7% of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia showed abnormality. While it can be concluded that T wave changes are highly significant findings in an ECG, it is also true that modification of the training programme is a way of helping trainers to get the best out of horses which might otherwise have a serious limitation of their performance potential.", "PMID": 655981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6656", "title": "Blood glutathione peroxidase activity in horses in relation to muscular dystrophy and selenium nutrition.", "content": "The activity of glutathione peroxidase, a selenium containing enzyme, was measured in the blood of horses to determine its usefulness as an indicator of selenium status. In 15 horses the enzyme activity was positively related to the blood selenium concentration (P less than .001, r-0.98) over the range of enzyme activities of 8.2 to 140 units (mumoles NADP-oxidised/min/gHb) and selenium concentrations of 0.24 to 2.74 mumol/l. In a group of 8 horses which 2 foals had died with lesions of muscular dystrophy the enzyme activity increased from a mean of 11.8 units before treatment with selenium to 34.5 units after 2 intravenous injections of sodium selenite given one month apart. Another group of 8 horses grazing paddocks adjacent to this affected group did not receive any selenium treatment and had a mean enzyme activity of 11.9 units. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in 50 pasture-fed horses and 180 stall-fed horses. The range of activities found (7 to 158 units) indicated that selenium intake in horses varied widely between localities. All pasture-fed horses grazing areas where muscular dystrophy had occurred in foals had low activities (less than 20 units). In stall-fed horses the enzyme activity was influenced by selenium treatment, and horses which had been treated usually had higher activities than horses in the same stable with no history of selenium treatment. It was concluded that blood glutathione peroxidase is a suitable indicator of selenium status in horses.", "contents": "Blood glutathione peroxidase activity in horses in relation to muscular dystrophy and selenium nutrition. The activity of glutathione peroxidase, a selenium containing enzyme, was measured in the blood of horses to determine its usefulness as an indicator of selenium status. In 15 horses the enzyme activity was positively related to the blood selenium concentration (P less than .001, r-0.98) over the range of enzyme activities of 8.2 to 140 units (mumoles NADP-oxidised/min/gHb) and selenium concentrations of 0.24 to 2.74 mumol/l. In a group of 8 horses which 2 foals had died with lesions of muscular dystrophy the enzyme activity increased from a mean of 11.8 units before treatment with selenium to 34.5 units after 2 intravenous injections of sodium selenite given one month apart. Another group of 8 horses grazing paddocks adjacent to this affected group did not receive any selenium treatment and had a mean enzyme activity of 11.9 units. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in 50 pasture-fed horses and 180 stall-fed horses. The range of activities found (7 to 158 units) indicated that selenium intake in horses varied widely between localities. All pasture-fed horses grazing areas where muscular dystrophy had occurred in foals had low activities (less than 20 units). In stall-fed horses the enzyme activity was influenced by selenium treatment, and horses which had been treated usually had higher activities than horses in the same stable with no history of selenium treatment. It was concluded that blood glutathione peroxidase is a suitable indicator of selenium status in horses.", "PMID": 655982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6657", "title": "Bovine enzootic haematuria in Queensland.", "content": "Bovine enzootic haematuria was diagnosed in Queensland in coastal areas in association with bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) on 3 properties or with mulga fern or rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on 4 properties, and in inland areas in association with C. sieberi on 3 properties. In the absence of bracken fern, long-term ingestion of C. sieberi is suggested as a cause of bovine enzootic haematuria. Haemangiomas, haemangiosarcomas, transitional cell carcinomas, papillomas, fibromas and an adenoma were detected in the urinary bladders of 19 affected cattle and were accompanied by chronic cystitis.", "contents": "Bovine enzootic haematuria in Queensland. Bovine enzootic haematuria was diagnosed in Queensland in coastal areas in association with bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) on 3 properties or with mulga fern or rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on 4 properties, and in inland areas in association with C. sieberi on 3 properties. In the absence of bracken fern, long-term ingestion of C. sieberi is suggested as a cause of bovine enzootic haematuria. Haemangiomas, haemangiosarcomas, transitional cell carcinomas, papillomas, fibromas and an adenoma were detected in the urinary bladders of 19 affected cattle and were accompanied by chronic cystitis.", "PMID": 655983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6658", "title": "Angiostrongylus cantonesis infection of the brain of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus).", "content": "Eleven immature adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from beneath the meninges of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) which died after displaying posterior paresis followed by paralysis and intermittent opisthotonic spasms of increasing frequency for 7 days. Congestion and focal malacia with haemorrhage were seen in the brainstem and cerebellum. Sections of worms with scanty inflammatory response were seen beneath the congested haemorrhagic leptomeninges of cerebrum and in a cerebellar folium. Infection was thought to have originated from feed or water contaminated with larvae released from a molluscan intermediate host.", "contents": "Angiostrongylus cantonesis infection of the brain of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). Eleven immature adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from beneath the meninges of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) which died after displaying posterior paresis followed by paralysis and intermittent opisthotonic spasms of increasing frequency for 7 days. Congestion and focal malacia with haemorrhage were seen in the brainstem and cerebellum. Sections of worms with scanty inflammatory response were seen beneath the congested haemorrhagic leptomeninges of cerebrum and in a cerebellar folium. Infection was thought to have originated from feed or water contaminated with larvae released from a molluscan intermediate host.", "PMID": 655984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6659", "title": "Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle.", "content": "Consumption of a sodium chloride based supplement followed by food and water restriction in yards for over 30 hours, resulted in nervous disorders in 5 of 60 three-year-old steers within hours of being released into a paddock. Clinical signs were associated with polioencephalomalacia which was confirmed in 2 of 3 affected steers by microscopic examination of brains. Oedema of the corpus striatum, thalamus and midbrain was observed in 2 animals, and vascular necrosis with neutrophil invasion into the vessel walls was seen in the cerebrum of one steer. Consideration of the history, clinical signs and necropsy findings resulted in a diagnosis of indirect salt poisoning. The affected animals had the lower body weights in the group.", "contents": "Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle. Consumption of a sodium chloride based supplement followed by food and water restriction in yards for over 30 hours, resulted in nervous disorders in 5 of 60 three-year-old steers within hours of being released into a paddock. Clinical signs were associated with polioencephalomalacia which was confirmed in 2 of 3 affected steers by microscopic examination of brains. Oedema of the corpus striatum, thalamus and midbrain was observed in 2 animals, and vascular necrosis with neutrophil invasion into the vessel walls was seen in the cerebrum of one steer. Consideration of the history, clinical signs and necropsy findings resulted in a diagnosis of indirect salt poisoning. The affected animals had the lower body weights in the group.", "PMID": 655985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6660", "title": "Experiments on the detection of roll motion.", "content": "Four experiments investigated the detection of whole-body roll motion by normal adult males. Experiments 1, 3, and 4 employed an earth-horizontal rotation axis, and Experiment 2 an earth-vertical rotation axis. Comparison of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the presence of gravireceptor stimuli increased the range of detectable angular accelerations and reduced the time required for detection. In Experiment 3, stimuli were presented from a side-down orientation and this increased detection times when compared to roll from the upright. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 used blindfolded subjects; however, Experiment 4 found no effect on detection times of viewing a head-stabilized visual target. The overall data show detection of angular position and velocity and suggest synergistic action of the semicircular canals and gravireceptors. The influence of somatosensory stimuli is considered. Finally, implications of the findings for flight simulators are discussed.", "contents": "Experiments on the detection of roll motion. Four experiments investigated the detection of whole-body roll motion by normal adult males. Experiments 1, 3, and 4 employed an earth-horizontal rotation axis, and Experiment 2 an earth-vertical rotation axis. Comparison of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the presence of gravireceptor stimuli increased the range of detectable angular accelerations and reduced the time required for detection. In Experiment 3, stimuli were presented from a side-down orientation and this increased detection times when compared to roll from the upright. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 used blindfolded subjects; however, Experiment 4 found no effect on detection times of viewing a head-stabilized visual target. The overall data show detection of angular position and velocity and suggest synergistic action of the semicircular canals and gravireceptors. The influence of somatosensory stimuli is considered. Finally, implications of the findings for flight simulators are discussed.", "PMID": 655988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6661", "title": "Circadian rhythm of body temperature during prolonged undersea voyages.", "content": "Circadian rhythms of oral temperature were assessed in 12 watchkeepers during a prolonged submarine voyage and compared with a \"standard\" rhythm obtained from nonwatchkeepers ashore. Initially, the parameters of the rhythms were similar to those of the standard; however, among eight ratings working 4-h watches in a rapidly rotating cycle, considerable changes in the rhythms occurred as the voyage progressed, and concurrent alterations in sleep patterning were observed. The most characteristic change in the rhythm was a marked decline in its amplitude. In most subjects, the rhythm also tended to depart from its original circadian pattern; in at least one case, it effectively disintegrated. One subject's rhythm appeared to \"free-run\" with a period greater than 24 h. A strong circadian rhythm was maintained in only one of these eight subjects. In four officers whose watch times were at fixed hours, adaptation of the rhythm to unusual times of sleep occurred in 2 of 3 cases where the schedule demanded it. The results are discussed in relation to the design of optimal watchkeeping systems for submariners.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of body temperature during prolonged undersea voyages. Circadian rhythms of oral temperature were assessed in 12 watchkeepers during a prolonged submarine voyage and compared with a \"standard\" rhythm obtained from nonwatchkeepers ashore. Initially, the parameters of the rhythms were similar to those of the standard; however, among eight ratings working 4-h watches in a rapidly rotating cycle, considerable changes in the rhythms occurred as the voyage progressed, and concurrent alterations in sleep patterning were observed. The most characteristic change in the rhythm was a marked decline in its amplitude. In most subjects, the rhythm also tended to depart from its original circadian pattern; in at least one case, it effectively disintegrated. One subject's rhythm appeared to \"free-run\" with a period greater than 24 h. A strong circadian rhythm was maintained in only one of these eight subjects. In four officers whose watch times were at fixed hours, adaptation of the rhythm to unusual times of sleep occurred in 2 of 3 cases where the schedule demanded it. The results are discussed in relation to the design of optimal watchkeeping systems for submariners.", "PMID": 655989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6662", "title": "Embryonic implantation, dietary intake, and plasma GH concentration in pregnant mice exposed to hypoxia.", "content": "Inseminated mice were: 1) exposed to 8% O2, 2) pair fed to mice exposed to 8% O2, 3) fasted at 21% O2 or 4) maintained at 21% O2 (control) between Days 1-3 of pregnancy. The frequency of embryonic implantation sites in mice was reduced by greater than 60% in 8% O2 exposed and pair fed animals, and by 100% in fasted mice. During the initial 24 h of exposure to 8% O2, a significant component of the body weight lost by hypoxic mice was associated with the reduction in dietary intake. The contragestational effects of hypoxia and fasting were attributed to the endocrine consequences of inanition induced by hypophagia and adypsia. Plasma samples collected at 6-h intervals revealed a significant reduction in GH concentration in treatment groups compared to the controls.", "contents": "Embryonic implantation, dietary intake, and plasma GH concentration in pregnant mice exposed to hypoxia. Inseminated mice were: 1) exposed to 8% O2, 2) pair fed to mice exposed to 8% O2, 3) fasted at 21% O2 or 4) maintained at 21% O2 (control) between Days 1-3 of pregnancy. The frequency of embryonic implantation sites in mice was reduced by greater than 60% in 8% O2 exposed and pair fed animals, and by 100% in fasted mice. During the initial 24 h of exposure to 8% O2, a significant component of the body weight lost by hypoxic mice was associated with the reduction in dietary intake. The contragestational effects of hypoxia and fasting were attributed to the endocrine consequences of inanition induced by hypophagia and adypsia. Plasma samples collected at 6-h intervals revealed a significant reduction in GH concentration in treatment groups compared to the controls.", "PMID": 655990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6663", "title": "Laboratory comparison of technique for rewarming hypothermic casualties.", "content": "The efficacy of inhalation, hot bath, piped suit and spontaneous rewarming have been directly compared under controlled conditions. Hot bath rewarming was significantly more effective at raising deep body temperature than the piped suit technique and both were more effective than the other two methods. The effect of inhalation rewarming was not significantly different  from that of spontaneous rewarming. All techniques gave rise to afterdrops of core temperature of widely varying degrees and durations. It is concluded that inhalation rewarming should not be employed if it entails a delay in transporting a patient to a facility for rapid external rewarming. Piped suit rewarming is a convenient field alternative to the use of a hot bath and a simple apparatus for carrying this out is described. The sluggish response of rectal temperature to cooling and rewarming in this study suggests that it should not be relied upon as the sole indicator of a patient's thermal state during treatment. Auditory canal temperature is a more valid substitute.", "contents": "Laboratory comparison of technique for rewarming hypothermic casualties. The efficacy of inhalation, hot bath, piped suit and spontaneous rewarming have been directly compared under controlled conditions. Hot bath rewarming was significantly more effective at raising deep body temperature than the piped suit technique and both were more effective than the other two methods. The effect of inhalation rewarming was not significantly different  from that of spontaneous rewarming. All techniques gave rise to afterdrops of core temperature of widely varying degrees and durations. It is concluded that inhalation rewarming should not be employed if it entails a delay in transporting a patient to a facility for rapid external rewarming. Piped suit rewarming is a convenient field alternative to the use of a hot bath and a simple apparatus for carrying this out is described. The sluggish response of rectal temperature to cooling and rewarming in this study suggests that it should not be relied upon as the sole indicator of a patient's thermal state during treatment. Auditory canal temperature is a more valid substitute.", "PMID": 655991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6664", "title": "Monocular peripheral vision as a factor in flight safety.", "content": "The performance of static visual identification tasks and simulated operational flying tasks, by nine binocular pilots and nine adapted monocular pilots, was measured in a unique operational visual simulator. It was hypothesized that, with head free to move, and adapted monocular pilot would perform as well as a binocular pilot, while an unadapted monocular (simulated by covering an eye) would perform less well. Other hypotheses were advanced. The static primary central task required sequential identification of dial readings. The dynamic primary central task involved simulated aircraft landing operations. During each set of primary tasks, a set of secondary peripheral visual tasks was performed. Results of the primary tasks and times of execution of the secondary tasks were subjected to analysis of variance. Factors included head position (fixed or free), stimulus location in peripheral field, eye state (seeing eye, blind eye), and type of central task (static, dynamic). All hypotheses were validated.", "contents": "Monocular peripheral vision as a factor in flight safety. The performance of static visual identification tasks and simulated operational flying tasks, by nine binocular pilots and nine adapted monocular pilots, was measured in a unique operational visual simulator. It was hypothesized that, with head free to move, and adapted monocular pilot would perform as well as a binocular pilot, while an unadapted monocular (simulated by covering an eye) would perform less well. Other hypotheses were advanced. The static primary central task required sequential identification of dial readings. The dynamic primary central task involved simulated aircraft landing operations. During each set of primary tasks, a set of secondary peripheral visual tasks was performed. Results of the primary tasks and times of execution of the secondary tasks were subjected to analysis of variance. Factors included head position (fixed or free), stimulus location in peripheral field, eye state (seeing eye, blind eye), and type of central task (static, dynamic). All hypotheses were validated.", "PMID": 655992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6665", "title": "Effect of altitude acclimatization on thermoregulation efficiency of man.", "content": "A study has been conducted on 20 sojourners (SJs) at a high altitude (HA) of 3500 m to evaluate the changes in thermoregulation efficiency (ThE) during acclimatization for 3 weeks, by observing the rate and pattern of rewarming of palm skin temperature (Tsk) after dipping the hand in water of 10 +/- 1 degrees C for 2 min (Tromp's water bath test). The ThE of the SJs was compared to that of 10 acclimatized lowlanders (ALs) staying at the same altitude for about 1 year and 10 high-altitude natives (HANs). In SJ, at sea level (SL), the effect of seasonal variation and ambient temperature on ThE was also studied. The initial Tsk of the palm (29.9 degrees C) was lower at altitude as compared to SL value (32.2 degrees C) in SJs inspite of similar ambient temperature (21 +/- 1 degrees C). There was a prolongation of rewarming time in all the subjects during stay at altitude. The rewarming curve showed a shift towards the right, indicating slower rewarming. The rewarming response of ALs and SJs was comparable at altitude. In HANs, the rewarming at altitude was faster and resembled those of SJs at SL. The rewarming improved in the season following cold months, and at higher ambient temperature in the same season, on the plains. It may be concluded that thermoregulation efficiency of man deteriorates at high altitude, and the peripheral vascular responses to local cold stress do not reach the level attained by natives even after 1 year of acclimatization. General cold acclimatization improves the rewarming response.", "contents": "Effect of altitude acclimatization on thermoregulation efficiency of man. A study has been conducted on 20 sojourners (SJs) at a high altitude (HA) of 3500 m to evaluate the changes in thermoregulation efficiency (ThE) during acclimatization for 3 weeks, by observing the rate and pattern of rewarming of palm skin temperature (Tsk) after dipping the hand in water of 10 +/- 1 degrees C for 2 min (Tromp's water bath test). The ThE of the SJs was compared to that of 10 acclimatized lowlanders (ALs) staying at the same altitude for about 1 year and 10 high-altitude natives (HANs). In SJ, at sea level (SL), the effect of seasonal variation and ambient temperature on ThE was also studied. The initial Tsk of the palm (29.9 degrees C) was lower at altitude as compared to SL value (32.2 degrees C) in SJs inspite of similar ambient temperature (21 +/- 1 degrees C). There was a prolongation of rewarming time in all the subjects during stay at altitude. The rewarming curve showed a shift towards the right, indicating slower rewarming. The rewarming response of ALs and SJs was comparable at altitude. In HANs, the rewarming at altitude was faster and resembled those of SJs at SL. The rewarming improved in the season following cold months, and at higher ambient temperature in the same season, on the plains. It may be concluded that thermoregulation efficiency of man deteriorates at high altitude, and the peripheral vascular responses to local cold stress do not reach the level attained by natives even after 1 year of acclimatization. General cold acclimatization improves the rewarming response.", "PMID": 655993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6666", "title": "Heat acclimatization by a method utilizing microclimate cooling.", "content": "A new approach to heat acclimatization has been shown to be feasible during laboratory experimentation. Wearing microclimate suits containing dry ice as the coolant, three groups of men were subjected to a moderate work rate in three different environments for 4 h/d for 8 d. Physiological responses on a subsequent heat tolerance test indicate that the group subjected to an environment of 32.0 degrees C W. B. and 33.5 degrees C D.B. were fully heat acclimatized. The 33/35 degrees C group were also well-acclimatized but developed dangerously high body temperatures during the first 2 d. Only partial acclimatization was achieved by the 31/33 degrees C group. The reason why the men acquire heat acclimatization while wearing the microclimate suits in a hot environment is probably that microclimate cooling does not prevent body temperature from rising--it only prevents it from rising excessively. It should be remembered that only one-third of the body is cooled while the rest shows the normal sweating response.", "contents": "Heat acclimatization by a method utilizing microclimate cooling. A new approach to heat acclimatization has been shown to be feasible during laboratory experimentation. Wearing microclimate suits containing dry ice as the coolant, three groups of men were subjected to a moderate work rate in three different environments for 4 h/d for 8 d. Physiological responses on a subsequent heat tolerance test indicate that the group subjected to an environment of 32.0 degrees C W. B. and 33.5 degrees C D.B. were fully heat acclimatized. The 33/35 degrees C group were also well-acclimatized but developed dangerously high body temperatures during the first 2 d. Only partial acclimatization was achieved by the 31/33 degrees C group. The reason why the men acquire heat acclimatization while wearing the microclimate suits in a hot environment is probably that microclimate cooling does not prevent body temperature from rising--it only prevents it from rising excessively. It should be remembered that only one-third of the body is cooled while the rest shows the normal sweating response.", "PMID": 655994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6667", "title": "Sexual variations in thermoregulation during heat stress.", "content": "Four male and three female physically fit, but untrained subjects performed a treadmill walking task in neutral (25 degrees C), warm (32 degrees C) and hot (40 degrees C) environments. The treadmill grade for each subject was based on 50% VO2 max as determined in a neutral environment. Environmental exposures were 2 h in duration divided into 40 min of rest, work, and recovery. No distinct sexual differences in rectal and skin temperature responses were observed in the three environments. The male subjects had higher heart rates and greater evaporative weight losses during exercise in all environments. The female subjects experienced less severe increases in metabolic requirements during work in the warm and hot environments than the male subjects. The greater percentage of increase in heart rates relative to changes in the metabolic cost of work in the females suggested a greater cardiovascular component of thermal regulation in the female than in the male subjects. The results of this study suggest that physically fit females are capable of working in the heat about as well as males when work load is relative to individual maximal aerobic capacity.", "contents": "Sexual variations in thermoregulation during heat stress. Four male and three female physically fit, but untrained subjects performed a treadmill walking task in neutral (25 degrees C), warm (32 degrees C) and hot (40 degrees C) environments. The treadmill grade for each subject was based on 50% VO2 max as determined in a neutral environment. Environmental exposures were 2 h in duration divided into 40 min of rest, work, and recovery. No distinct sexual differences in rectal and skin temperature responses were observed in the three environments. The male subjects had higher heart rates and greater evaporative weight losses during exercise in all environments. The female subjects experienced less severe increases in metabolic requirements during work in the warm and hot environments than the male subjects. The greater percentage of increase in heart rates relative to changes in the metabolic cost of work in the females suggested a greater cardiovascular component of thermal regulation in the female than in the male subjects. The results of this study suggest that physically fit females are capable of working in the heat about as well as males when work load is relative to individual maximal aerobic capacity.", "PMID": 655995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6668", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation developed in hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "Male rats of 260 g were exposed to hyperbaric conditions of oxygen with different partial pressures and the changes of the haemostasis were studied. In 100% oxygen at 2 ATA, the animals died within 48 h. In 100% oxygen at 1 ATA, death occurred only after 3 d; however, in 24-48 h there developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). At the same time uncompensated acidosis of 7.34 +/- 0.02 was measured. Perivascular bleeding could be histologically demonstrated in different organs. The mixture of 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen caused only a minimal DIC while a mixture of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen caused no changes in the haemostasis. Volunteer young males exposed to the mixture of 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen, developed the beginning symptoms of DIC, which made it necessary to stop the experiments.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation developed in hyperbaric oxygen. Male rats of 260 g were exposed to hyperbaric conditions of oxygen with different partial pressures and the changes of the haemostasis were studied. In 100% oxygen at 2 ATA, the animals died within 48 h. In 100% oxygen at 1 ATA, death occurred only after 3 d; however, in 24-48 h there developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). At the same time uncompensated acidosis of 7.34 +/- 0.02 was measured. Perivascular bleeding could be histologically demonstrated in different organs. The mixture of 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen caused only a minimal DIC while a mixture of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen caused no changes in the haemostasis. Volunteer young males exposed to the mixture of 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen, developed the beginning symptoms of DIC, which made it necessary to stop the experiments.", "PMID": 655996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6669", "title": "Stress in air traffic personnel: low-density towers and flight service stations.", "content": "Stress and anxiety levels were measured in 10 air traffic control specialists (ATCS) at two low traffic-density towers in Fayetteville (FYV), Ar, and Roswell (ROW), NM, and in 24 flight service (FS) specialists at those airports and at Okalhoma City (OKC), Ok. Physiological measurements consisted of heart rate and urine biochemical analysis  for 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. On-duty arousal in ATCSs and FS specialists was evident both physiologically and psychologically; such arousal was within psychologically normal limits and was generally low physiologically compared to other air traffic control (ATC) facilities studied in the past. Physiological stress levels at these low-density towers and flight service stations were also low compared to other ATC facilities studied previously. Therefore, it is inappropriate to describe all air traffic control work, as is commonly done in the popular press, as unusually stressful. Such accounts in the popular press tend to deal with the exceptional, rather than with the typical, controller or facility.", "contents": "Stress in air traffic personnel: low-density towers and flight service stations. Stress and anxiety levels were measured in 10 air traffic control specialists (ATCS) at two low traffic-density towers in Fayetteville (FYV), Ar, and Roswell (ROW), NM, and in 24 flight service (FS) specialists at those airports and at Okalhoma City (OKC), Ok. Physiological measurements consisted of heart rate and urine biochemical analysis  for 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. On-duty arousal in ATCSs and FS specialists was evident both physiologically and psychologically; such arousal was within psychologically normal limits and was generally low physiologically compared to other air traffic control (ATC) facilities studied in the past. Physiological stress levels at these low-density towers and flight service stations were also low compared to other ATC facilities studied previously. Therefore, it is inappropriate to describe all air traffic control work, as is commonly done in the popular press, as unusually stressful. Such accounts in the popular press tend to deal with the exceptional, rather than with the typical, controller or facility.", "PMID": 655997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6670", "title": "Method for rehabilitation of the alcohol-addicted pilot in a commercial airline.", "content": "Based upon data available from the National Council on Alcoholism and encouraged by the emerging concept of alcoholism as a disease responsive to the multidisciplinary approach to its management, a program to assist alcoholic employees was instituted in 1968 at the United Airlines Maintenance Operations Center in San Francisco. This program was developed through the tripartite efforts of management, union and the medical department. Using this basic model, a similar effort to assist flight crew members of our San Francisco pilot domicile emerged in 1970. The method is oriented to the three-fold process of identification, referral for treatment, and followup. The mechanism of identification includes an intervention process. Treatment is accomplished in a specialty hospital embracing the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. The essential monthly followup is continued for 2 years. Twenty-five pilots in United's system have been returned to flight deck duties after treatment and recertification.", "contents": "Method for rehabilitation of the alcohol-addicted pilot in a commercial airline. Based upon data available from the National Council on Alcoholism and encouraged by the emerging concept of alcoholism as a disease responsive to the multidisciplinary approach to its management, a program to assist alcoholic employees was instituted in 1968 at the United Airlines Maintenance Operations Center in San Francisco. This program was developed through the tripartite efforts of management, union and the medical department. Using this basic model, a similar effort to assist flight crew members of our San Francisco pilot domicile emerged in 1970. The method is oriented to the three-fold process of identification, referral for treatment, and followup. The mechanism of identification includes an intervention process. Treatment is accomplished in a specialty hospital embracing the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. The essential monthly followup is continued for 2 years. Twenty-five pilots in United's system have been returned to flight deck duties after treatment and recertification.", "PMID": 655998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6671", "title": "Ten-year experience with abnormal EEGs in asymptomatic adult males.", "content": "This study reports a 10-year experience of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine with spike waves of focal spikes on a screening electroencephalogram in aviators who did not have a history of seizure, unexplained loss of consciousness, or significant neurologic abnormality at the time of the first abnormal electroencephalogram. Only one of 20 patients went on to develop a seizure disorder 4 years after his first abnormal electroencephalogram.", "contents": "Ten-year experience with abnormal EEGs in asymptomatic adult males. This study reports a 10-year experience of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine with spike waves of focal spikes on a screening electroencephalogram in aviators who did not have a history of seizure, unexplained loss of consciousness, or significant neurologic abnormality at the time of the first abnormal electroencephalogram. Only one of 20 patients went on to develop a seizure disorder 4 years after his first abnormal electroencephalogram.", "PMID": 655999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6672", "title": "Heterophoria--its influence on stereopsis and the importance of cycloplegia in refraction testing of pilot applicants.", "content": "Heterophoria, its influence on stereopsis, and the importance of cycloplegia in refraction testing of pilot applicants were studied. Distant heterophoria was found in 94.5-100% while near heterophoria was found in 86.9-98.1% of the cases, depending on the test used. Hyperphoria of over 1 prism diopter was extremely rare. No statistically significant correlation between distant heterophoria and the degree of stereopsis could be demonstrated at a range of up to at least 6 prism diopters. Cycloplegia induced a mean difference of +0.75 diopter in refraction before and during cycloplegia. Eight percent of the applicants failed because of refractive errors (spherical extremes, -0.75 diopter and +4.50 diopters; cylindrical extreme, 1.25 diopters). It is concluded that stereopsis does not seem to be affected much by heterophoria within moderate limits, and that cycloplegia in refraction testing of young pilot applicants must be considered relatively important.", "contents": "Heterophoria--its influence on stereopsis and the importance of cycloplegia in refraction testing of pilot applicants. Heterophoria, its influence on stereopsis, and the importance of cycloplegia in refraction testing of pilot applicants were studied. Distant heterophoria was found in 94.5-100% while near heterophoria was found in 86.9-98.1% of the cases, depending on the test used. Hyperphoria of over 1 prism diopter was extremely rare. No statistically significant correlation between distant heterophoria and the degree of stereopsis could be demonstrated at a range of up to at least 6 prism diopters. Cycloplegia induced a mean difference of +0.75 diopter in refraction before and during cycloplegia. Eight percent of the applicants failed because of refractive errors (spherical extremes, -0.75 diopter and +4.50 diopters; cylindrical extreme, 1.25 diopters). It is concluded that stereopsis does not seem to be affected much by heterophoria within moderate limits, and that cycloplegia in refraction testing of young pilot applicants must be considered relatively important.", "PMID": 656000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6673", "title": "Preventive effect of a vasodilator on the occurrence of decompression sickness in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of terbutaline on the occurrence of decompression sickness was studied in seven rabbits. Terbutaline is a vasodilator, a sympathomimetic beta2-receptor stimulator. The rabbits were given a hyperbaric exposition at 2 ATA followed by oxygen breathing at 1 ATA and a hypobaric exposition at 0.2 ATA. Each rabbit got a hyperbaric exposition long enough for symptoms of decompression sickness to occur at the hypobaric exposition. With a time interval of at least 1 week, each rabbit received an identical pressure exposition, except that terbutaline was injected intravenously at the beginning of the denitrogenation period at 1 ATA. Of the seven experiments with the drug, only one case of decompression sickness occurred and with a delayed appearance. This may be compared to rapid-appearing decompression sickness in all cases in the control series. The results may be of importance in diving routines and, possibly, in the treatment of decompression sickness.", "contents": "Preventive effect of a vasodilator on the occurrence of decompression sickness in rabbits. The effect of terbutaline on the occurrence of decompression sickness was studied in seven rabbits. Terbutaline is a vasodilator, a sympathomimetic beta2-receptor stimulator. The rabbits were given a hyperbaric exposition at 2 ATA followed by oxygen breathing at 1 ATA and a hypobaric exposition at 0.2 ATA. Each rabbit got a hyperbaric exposition long enough for symptoms of decompression sickness to occur at the hypobaric exposition. With a time interval of at least 1 week, each rabbit received an identical pressure exposition, except that terbutaline was injected intravenously at the beginning of the denitrogenation period at 1 ATA. Of the seven experiments with the drug, only one case of decompression sickness occurred and with a delayed appearance. This may be compared to rapid-appearing decompression sickness in all cases in the control series. The results may be of importance in diving routines and, possibly, in the treatment of decompression sickness.", "PMID": 656001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6674", "title": "Physiological and psychological effects of heat stress simulating cockpit conditions.", "content": "It is generally accepted that physiologically tolerable heat stress can adversely affect human performance, but it is difficult to predict the impact of a specific environment. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of thermal conditions similar to those occurring in aircraft cockpits in warm climates, where both high air temperatures and radiant heat play important roles. Subjects (n = 13) were exposed to heat for 2 h, had a 30-min break, then repeated the exposure. Conditions were Tdb = 35 degrees C and Twhb = 26 degrees C, with or without use of infrared lamps which raised globe temperature to 47 degrees C. Measurements included skin, rectal, and esophageal temperatures, heart rate, weight loss, and hematocrit. Subjective Fatigue Estimates (SFE) and Repetitive Psychometric Measures (RPM) were performed before, during, and after each heat stress. Both thermal conditions were physiologically compensable but induced marked subjective fatigue and altered the learning curve for some subtests of the RPM. Similar conditions in aircraft can be associated with impaired performance, particularly in new or emergency situations.", "contents": "Physiological and psychological effects of heat stress simulating cockpit conditions. It is generally accepted that physiologically tolerable heat stress can adversely affect human performance, but it is difficult to predict the impact of a specific environment. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of thermal conditions similar to those occurring in aircraft cockpits in warm climates, where both high air temperatures and radiant heat play important roles. Subjects (n = 13) were exposed to heat for 2 h, had a 30-min break, then repeated the exposure. Conditions were Tdb = 35 degrees C and Twhb = 26 degrees C, with or without use of infrared lamps which raised globe temperature to 47 degrees C. Measurements included skin, rectal, and esophageal temperatures, heart rate, weight loss, and hematocrit. Subjective Fatigue Estimates (SFE) and Repetitive Psychometric Measures (RPM) were performed before, during, and after each heat stress. Both thermal conditions were physiologically compensable but induced marked subjective fatigue and altered the learning curve for some subtests of the RPM. Similar conditions in aircraft can be associated with impaired performance, particularly in new or emergency situations.", "PMID": 656002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6675", "title": "Effect of gravitational and inertial forces on vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow.", "content": "Vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow (VDPBF) was studied, using radioactive microsphere emboli, in dogs without thoracotomy in the right decubitus position during exposure to lateral (--Gy) accelerations of 1, 2, 4, and 6 G. At all levels of force environment studied, an inverse linear relationship was observed between vertical height in the thorax and pulmonary blood flow (ml/min/ml lung tissue) with a decrease in flow to the most dependent region of the lung despite large increases in intravascular pressures at this site. Changes in blood flow were smallest at the mid-lung level, the hydrostatic \"balance point\" for vascular and pleural pressures. These force environment-dependent changes in VDPBF are not readily explainable by the Starling resistor analog. Gravity-dependent regional differences in pleural and associated interstitial pressures, plus possible changes in vascular tone resulting from inadequate aeration of blood in the most dependent regions of the lung, probably also affect VDPBF.", "contents": "Effect of gravitational and inertial forces on vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow. Vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow (VDPBF) was studied, using radioactive microsphere emboli, in dogs without thoracotomy in the right decubitus position during exposure to lateral (--Gy) accelerations of 1, 2, 4, and 6 G. At all levels of force environment studied, an inverse linear relationship was observed between vertical height in the thorax and pulmonary blood flow (ml/min/ml lung tissue) with a decrease in flow to the most dependent region of the lung despite large increases in intravascular pressures at this site. Changes in blood flow were smallest at the mid-lung level, the hydrostatic \"balance point\" for vascular and pleural pressures. These force environment-dependent changes in VDPBF are not readily explainable by the Starling resistor analog. Gravity-dependent regional differences in pleural and associated interstitial pressures, plus possible changes in vascular tone resulting from inadequate aeration of blood in the most dependent regions of the lung, probably also affect VDPBF.", "PMID": 656003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6676", "title": "Peritoneal lavage cooling in an anesthetized dog heatstroke model.", "content": "This study was undertaken to compare cooling in room air (27 degrees C, 20% RH), ice slush surface cooling, and peritoneal lavage cooling (6-10 degrees C) as methods for lowering body temperature in an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. We anesthetized 19 animals with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) intravenously, and maintained them in an ambient temperature of 42-46 degrees C with a water heating blanket approximately 2.0 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C. At the maximum rectal temperature, the heating blankets were removed, and animals were cooled, observed until death occurred or 18 h elapsed, and then sacrificed. The data demonstrate that maximum cooling rates of rectal temperature were: peritoneal lavage, 0.56 degrees C/min; ice slush, 0.11 degrees C/min; and 27 degrees C air cooling, 0.06 degrees C/min. The incidence of 18-h survival for lavage-cooled dogs when supported with normothermic dialysis every 4 h was significantly greater than for either ice slush or air cooled dogs.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage cooling in an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. This study was undertaken to compare cooling in room air (27 degrees C, 20% RH), ice slush surface cooling, and peritoneal lavage cooling (6-10 degrees C) as methods for lowering body temperature in an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. We anesthetized 19 animals with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) intravenously, and maintained them in an ambient temperature of 42-46 degrees C with a water heating blanket approximately 2.0 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C. At the maximum rectal temperature, the heating blankets were removed, and animals were cooled, observed until death occurred or 18 h elapsed, and then sacrificed. The data demonstrate that maximum cooling rates of rectal temperature were: peritoneal lavage, 0.56 degrees C/min; ice slush, 0.11 degrees C/min; and 27 degrees C air cooling, 0.06 degrees C/min. The incidence of 18-h survival for lavage-cooled dogs when supported with normothermic dialysis every 4 h was significantly greater than for either ice slush or air cooled dogs.", "PMID": 656004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6677", "title": "Hypoxia, smoking history, and exercise.", "content": "Six nonsmokers and six cigarette smokers, 22-34 years old, performed bicycle work (53% sea level VO2 max) for 30 min in an altitude chamber under four conditions: SL, simulated sea level (PIO2 = 159 torr, PB = 523 torr) with 0.5% HbCO; SLCO, simulated sea level with 4.2% HbCO; and ACO, altitude with 4.2% HbCO. During work at altitude, heart rate (HR), minute ventilation and tidal volume increased and diastolic blood pressures decreased relative to SL. Cardiac output (Qc), stroke volume (SV), and arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a--vO2) were similar in smokers and nonsmokers at SL, SLCO, and A. At ACO, nonsmokers increased Qc and SV and decreased a--vO2, but these were not influenced in the smokers. Smokers showed a graded increase in HR when exposed to work in SLCO, A, and ACO. Their lower finger temperatures during A and ACO suggested vasoconstriction in the extremities. Cigarette smokers may be partially adapted to hypoxia.", "contents": "Hypoxia, smoking history, and exercise. Six nonsmokers and six cigarette smokers, 22-34 years old, performed bicycle work (53% sea level VO2 max) for 30 min in an altitude chamber under four conditions: SL, simulated sea level (PIO2 = 159 torr, PB = 523 torr) with 0.5% HbCO; SLCO, simulated sea level with 4.2% HbCO; and ACO, altitude with 4.2% HbCO. During work at altitude, heart rate (HR), minute ventilation and tidal volume increased and diastolic blood pressures decreased relative to SL. Cardiac output (Qc), stroke volume (SV), and arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a--vO2) were similar in smokers and nonsmokers at SL, SLCO, and A. At ACO, nonsmokers increased Qc and SV and decreased a--vO2, but these were not influenced in the smokers. Smokers showed a graded increase in HR when exposed to work in SLCO, A, and ACO. Their lower finger temperatures during A and ACO suggested vasoconstriction in the extremities. Cigarette smokers may be partially adapted to hypoxia.", "PMID": 656005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6678", "title": "Time course of change in soleus muscle fibers of rats subjected to chronic centrifugation.", "content": "Soleus muscles from three groups of rats were analysed for changes in muscle fiber populations and diameters after being subjected to chronic centrifugation. The experimental groups were: earth control, raised at earth gravity with no rotation; rotation control, subjected to a gravitational force of 1.03 g and 30 rpm; and rotation experimental, subjected to a gravitational force of 2 g and 30 rpm. One male and one female of each group were killed at 7, 14, 21, 35, 42, 45, 49, 56 and 60 d after initiation of the experiment. Hypergravity resulted in an increase in the proportion of slow oxidative fibers. The time course of change in their muscle fiber populations is plotted. The time course of change in the ratio of body weight to muscle fiber diameter in the rotation control animals differed from that of the earth control and rotation experimental animals.", "contents": "Time course of change in soleus muscle fibers of rats subjected to chronic centrifugation. Soleus muscles from three groups of rats were analysed for changes in muscle fiber populations and diameters after being subjected to chronic centrifugation. The experimental groups were: earth control, raised at earth gravity with no rotation; rotation control, subjected to a gravitational force of 1.03 g and 30 rpm; and rotation experimental, subjected to a gravitational force of 2 g and 30 rpm. One male and one female of each group were killed at 7, 14, 21, 35, 42, 45, 49, 56 and 60 d after initiation of the experiment. Hypergravity resulted in an increase in the proportion of slow oxidative fibers. The time course of change in their muscle fiber populations is plotted. The time course of change in the ratio of body weight to muscle fiber diameter in the rotation control animals differed from that of the earth control and rotation experimental animals.", "PMID": 656006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6679", "title": "Some influences of touch and pressure cues on human spatial orientation.", "content": "During constant velocity rotation about his recumbent Z axis, a blindfolded subject feels as if he were on an orbital path in the same direction. This experienced motion results from the pattern of touch and pressure stimulation of the body surface. If the subject changes the pressure pattern on his body by bracing himself in the rotating apparatus in different ways, it is possible for him to influence profoundly and systematically his apparent orientation. For example, pressure on the top of his head while he is rotating can make the subject feel he is upside down on a cylindrical path. The changes in apparent ongoing posture elicited by different patterns of pressure cues are very similar for different subjects and are constant for the same subject over time. During experienced orbital motion, a subject will hear a continuously emitting sound source--one that is stationary in the external environment--as circling his head in the direction opposite that of his true rotation. If the rotating subject is permitted unrestricted sight of his surroundings, he neither experiences orbital motion nor mislocalizes sounds. These observations provide insight into the spatial orientation mechanisms that normally allow an organism to distinguish accurately between those changes in activity at its receptors contingent on its own movements, and those resulting from movement within the environment. They also provide a way of understanding some of the postural illusions experienced during exposure to unusual force environments, including free fall.", "contents": "Some influences of touch and pressure cues on human spatial orientation. During constant velocity rotation about his recumbent Z axis, a blindfolded subject feels as if he were on an orbital path in the same direction. This experienced motion results from the pattern of touch and pressure stimulation of the body surface. If the subject changes the pressure pattern on his body by bracing himself in the rotating apparatus in different ways, it is possible for him to influence profoundly and systematically his apparent orientation. For example, pressure on the top of his head while he is rotating can make the subject feel he is upside down on a cylindrical path. The changes in apparent ongoing posture elicited by different patterns of pressure cues are very similar for different subjects and are constant for the same subject over time. During experienced orbital motion, a subject will hear a continuously emitting sound source--one that is stationary in the external environment--as circling his head in the direction opposite that of his true rotation. If the rotating subject is permitted unrestricted sight of his surroundings, he neither experiences orbital motion nor mislocalizes sounds. These observations provide insight into the spatial orientation mechanisms that normally allow an organism to distinguish accurately between those changes in activity at its receptors contingent on its own movements, and those resulting from movement within the environment. They also provide a way of understanding some of the postural illusions experienced during exposure to unusual force environments, including free fall.", "PMID": 656007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6680", "title": "Prevention of acute paraquat toxicity in rats by superoxide dismutase.", "content": "Paraquat is a widely used herbicide which causes lung injury in man characterized by progressive parenchymal damage that may lead to fatal respiratory failure. The precise mechanism of injury is unknown but is related to the cyclic oxidation and reduction of paraquat in cells with resultant production of free radicals of oxygen. In this study, superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutations of superoxide free radical (O2-) to less toxic forms, plus reduced glutathione (GSH), and d-propranolol (PROP), were evaluated for their ability to protect against acute paraquat toxicity. Rats maintained at room air were given 50 mg paraquat dichloride/kg body weight in a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection 60 min prior to receiving either 0.2, 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg/d SOD, 3.6, 7.2, or 14.4 mmol/kg/d GSH, 2 or 20 mg/kg/d PROP, or an equal volume of normal saline (controls) LP. in divided doses for 3 d. SOD significantly prolonged and increased survival at doses of 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg/d (p less than 0.05). In addition, histologic lung morphology in SOD-treated rats showed only minimal intra-alveolar hemorrhage and hypercellularity 24, 48, and 168 h after paraquat challenge. Treatment with GSH, PROP or 0.2 mg/kg/d SOD was not protective. Duration of survival, percent survival, and lung morphology in these groups were not significantly different from controls. These results indicate that a) SOD protects against the development of acute paraquat toxicity in rats, b) one mechanism of paraquat poisoning is increased biologic production of O2-, and c) SOD may have a role in the therapy of paraquat poisoning in man.", "contents": "Prevention of acute paraquat toxicity in rats by superoxide dismutase. Paraquat is a widely used herbicide which causes lung injury in man characterized by progressive parenchymal damage that may lead to fatal respiratory failure. The precise mechanism of injury is unknown but is related to the cyclic oxidation and reduction of paraquat in cells with resultant production of free radicals of oxygen. In this study, superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutations of superoxide free radical (O2-) to less toxic forms, plus reduced glutathione (GSH), and d-propranolol (PROP), were evaluated for their ability to protect against acute paraquat toxicity. Rats maintained at room air were given 50 mg paraquat dichloride/kg body weight in a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection 60 min prior to receiving either 0.2, 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg/d SOD, 3.6, 7.2, or 14.4 mmol/kg/d GSH, 2 or 20 mg/kg/d PROP, or an equal volume of normal saline (controls) LP. in divided doses for 3 d. SOD significantly prolonged and increased survival at doses of 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg/d (p less than 0.05). In addition, histologic lung morphology in SOD-treated rats showed only minimal intra-alveolar hemorrhage and hypercellularity 24, 48, and 168 h after paraquat challenge. Treatment with GSH, PROP or 0.2 mg/kg/d SOD was not protective. Duration of survival, percent survival, and lung morphology in these groups were not significantly different from controls. These results indicate that a) SOD protects against the development of acute paraquat toxicity in rats, b) one mechanism of paraquat poisoning is increased biologic production of O2-, and c) SOD may have a role in the therapy of paraquat poisoning in man.", "PMID": 656008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6681", "title": "Inflight measurement of pilot workload: a panel discussion.", "content": "A group of U.S. scientists engaged in inflight measurements of pilot workload discussed the problems and aspects of workload; the techniques used for inflight measurements; the various workload models, such as design-oriented, operational, psychological, and physiological concepts; different experimental approaches; and experiences, results and further plans, during the 48th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association in Las Vegas, Nv, on May 10, 1977. The contributions by the chairman and the five panel members are summarized.", "contents": "Inflight measurement of pilot workload: a panel discussion. A group of U.S. scientists engaged in inflight measurements of pilot workload discussed the problems and aspects of workload; the techniques used for inflight measurements; the various workload models, such as design-oriented, operational, psychological, and physiological concepts; different experimental approaches; and experiences, results and further plans, during the 48th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association in Las Vegas, Nv, on May 10, 1977. The contributions by the chairman and the five panel members are summarized.", "PMID": 656009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6682", "title": "Permanent changes in the spines of military parachutists.", "content": "To investigate whether parachuting causes permanent changes in the spine, 50 military parachutists (mean number of jumps 490 per parachutist) and 50 matched controls were studied. In X-rays of parachutists and controls, the frequency of degenerative changes differed in the cervical spine (46 and 20%; p less than 0.01), and in the thoracic spine (62 and 28%; p less than 0.05) but not in the lumbar spine (44 to 36%; not significant). Parachutists suffered significantly more often from stiff neck, but the incidence of other neck and back symptoms was the same in the two groups. The increased frequency of degenerative changes in the spine in military parachutists is probably due to repeated traumata which parachutists sustain on landing and, possibly, during the training period before parachute jumps.", "contents": "Permanent changes in the spines of military parachutists. To investigate whether parachuting causes permanent changes in the spine, 50 military parachutists (mean number of jumps 490 per parachutist) and 50 matched controls were studied. In X-rays of parachutists and controls, the frequency of degenerative changes differed in the cervical spine (46 and 20%; p less than 0.01), and in the thoracic spine (62 and 28%; p less than 0.05) but not in the lumbar spine (44 to 36%; not significant). Parachutists suffered significantly more often from stiff neck, but the incidence of other neck and back symptoms was the same in the two groups. The increased frequency of degenerative changes in the spine in military parachutists is probably due to repeated traumata which parachutists sustain on landing and, possibly, during the training period before parachute jumps.", "PMID": 656010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6683", "title": "Case report of an obsessive-compulsive personality: a precurser to accident proneness.", "content": "The social/physiological/psychological review of an aircraft accident involving input of incorrect controls and low-altitude ejection of a student naval aviator enlightened the investigators as to maybe a not-so-uncommon problem--accident proneness resulting from an obsessive-compulsive nonpsychotic personality. Review of the pilot's history reflected a perfectionist attitude since childhood with continuous associated near-serious accidents. Flight training revealed occurrences of over-correction, channelized attention, and denial of errors. With the demands of Naval Aviation that spurs the growth of the perfectionist, normal/abnormal parameters of obsession-compulsion as they present themselves must be cautiously examined.", "contents": "Case report of an obsessive-compulsive personality: a precurser to accident proneness. The social/physiological/psychological review of an aircraft accident involving input of incorrect controls and low-altitude ejection of a student naval aviator enlightened the investigators as to maybe a not-so-uncommon problem--accident proneness resulting from an obsessive-compulsive nonpsychotic personality. Review of the pilot's history reflected a perfectionist attitude since childhood with continuous associated near-serious accidents. Flight training revealed occurrences of over-correction, channelized attention, and denial of errors. With the demands of Naval Aviation that spurs the growth of the perfectionist, normal/abnormal parameters of obsession-compulsion as they present themselves must be cautiously examined.", "PMID": 656011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6684", "title": "Investigation of arterial bloodgases at altitude using constant-flow oxygen masks.", "content": "Arterial blood oxygen tensions up to 6700 m altitude (FL220) were measured polarographically while subjects breathed from various masks with constant-flow oxygen. The Sierra and Aro masks used for emergency decompression descent in commercial passenger aircraft, gave mean PaO2's of 130 +/- 7.6 and 130 +/- 12.1 torr at 6700 m (FL220) and 90 +/- 3.8 and 77 +/- 3.35 torr at 4260 m (FL140), respectively, when supplied with oxygen flows corresponding to those available in the Boeing 747. These oxygen tensions during descent are acceptable for normal physiological function in a heterogeneous population of air travellers whereas breathing ambient air during return to base at 4260 m (FL 140) (PaO2 of 48 or less) is not acceptable. The valveless Hudson 1007 and Puritan 114011 masks, used for air ambulance service, gave mean PaO2's of 110 +/- 2.7 and 98 +/- 4.5 torr at 6700 m and 80 +/- 3.0 and 77 +/- 2.5 torr at 4260 m under the same condition--significantly less than the Sierra mask.", "contents": "Investigation of arterial bloodgases at altitude using constant-flow oxygen masks. Arterial blood oxygen tensions up to 6700 m altitude (FL220) were measured polarographically while subjects breathed from various masks with constant-flow oxygen. The Sierra and Aro masks used for emergency decompression descent in commercial passenger aircraft, gave mean PaO2's of 130 +/- 7.6 and 130 +/- 12.1 torr at 6700 m (FL220) and 90 +/- 3.8 and 77 +/- 3.35 torr at 4260 m (FL140), respectively, when supplied with oxygen flows corresponding to those available in the Boeing 747. These oxygen tensions during descent are acceptable for normal physiological function in a heterogeneous population of air travellers whereas breathing ambient air during return to base at 4260 m (FL 140) (PaO2 of 48 or less) is not acceptable. The valveless Hudson 1007 and Puritan 114011 masks, used for air ambulance service, gave mean PaO2's of 110 +/- 2.7 and 98 +/- 4.5 torr at 6700 m and 80 +/- 3.0 and 77 +/- 2.5 torr at 4260 m under the same condition--significantly less than the Sierra mask.", "PMID": 656012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6685", "title": "Ca2+-uptake and -release phenomena from cardiac mitochondria under normal and ischemic conditions.", "content": "Guinea-pig and dog heart mitochondria were isolated in a KEA-medium. Ca2+-transport across mitochondrial membranes was measured continuously with an Aminco Dual-Wavelength-Spectrophotometer and murexide as a Ca2+-sensitive indicator. Ischemia was produced by cardioplegia at 15 degrees C according to Bretschneider. Guinea-pig heart mitochondria as well as mitochondria from dog heart show a spontaneous Ca2+-release without nonphysiological influence. Addition of 3.5 M Na+ can induce a very quick release of Ca2+ taken up by heart mitochondria. This release is different from that occurring spontaneously. Progressive ischemia results in a marked depression of Ca2+-uptake and spontaneous Ca2+-release.", "contents": "Ca2+-uptake and -release phenomena from cardiac mitochondria under normal and ischemic conditions. Guinea-pig and dog heart mitochondria were isolated in a KEA-medium. Ca2+-transport across mitochondrial membranes was measured continuously with an Aminco Dual-Wavelength-Spectrophotometer and murexide as a Ca2+-sensitive indicator. Ischemia was produced by cardioplegia at 15 degrees C according to Bretschneider. Guinea-pig heart mitochondria as well as mitochondria from dog heart show a spontaneous Ca2+-release without nonphysiological influence. Addition of 3.5 M Na+ can induce a very quick release of Ca2+ taken up by heart mitochondria. This release is different from that occurring spontaneously. Progressive ischemia results in a marked depression of Ca2+-uptake and spontaneous Ca2+-release.", "PMID": 656015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6686", "title": "Prevention of myocardial depression in experimental hemorrhagic shock by pretreatment with hydrocortisone.", "content": "The left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery was cannulated in ten dogs. 4 mg/kg hydrocortisone were slowly infused and the cannula was withdrawn. The dogs were then subjected to hemorrhagic shock for 90 minutes followed by retransfusion. The contractile force (CF) and its first derivative (df/dt) were measured in the pretreated (infused) area and in a control (non-perfused) area of the left ventricle. During the shock period, CF and df/dt in the non-pretreated area showed a 50% reduction in comparison to the pre-shock level, whereas the contractile force in the area that had been pretreated with hydrocortisone did not change when compared to the pre-shock period. This study shows that myocardial depression secondary to hemorrhagic shock can be effectively prevented by pretreatment with hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Prevention of myocardial depression in experimental hemorrhagic shock by pretreatment with hydrocortisone. The left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery was cannulated in ten dogs. 4 mg/kg hydrocortisone were slowly infused and the cannula was withdrawn. The dogs were then subjected to hemorrhagic shock for 90 minutes followed by retransfusion. The contractile force (CF) and its first derivative (df/dt) were measured in the pretreated (infused) area and in a control (non-perfused) area of the left ventricle. During the shock period, CF and df/dt in the non-pretreated area showed a 50% reduction in comparison to the pre-shock level, whereas the contractile force in the area that had been pretreated with hydrocortisone did not change when compared to the pre-shock period. This study shows that myocardial depression secondary to hemorrhagic shock can be effectively prevented by pretreatment with hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 656016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6687", "title": "Why does the cardiac force-velocity relationship not follow a Hill hyperbola? Possible implications of feedback loops involved in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.", "content": "1. If cardiac force-velocity (PV) relationships are determined in a rhythmically beating isolated preparation by progressively changing afterloads, the PV curves obtained exhibit a characteristic nonhyperbolic shape with an upward convexity in the force domain close to P0. It was suggested by others that this might be due to contractile element (CE) shortening against series elastic component (SEC) and/or the early decay of the active state at isometric peak tension. 2. The present investigation performed in isolated cat papillary muscles demonstrates that neither CE shortening against SEC nor the variation of the intensity of the active state can fully account for the nonhyperbolic shape of cardiac PV curves. 3. On the other hand large parts of the remaining deviation could be eliminated if the \"progressive loading sequence\" (PLS) was replaced for an \"interpolated loading sequence\" (ILS). Here, the muscle contracts under steady state conditions either isometrically or isotonically (zero load). Single afterloaded test contractions are interpolated after every 10th beat. 4. It is concluded that the nonhyperbolic shape of cardiac PV curves, determined by progressively changing afterloads, is the expression of at least four factors: (i) the existence of displacement dependent variation of excitation-contraction coupling (including the contraction-excitation-contraction recoupling loop), (ii) CE shortening against non CE bound SEC, (iii) a variable active state and (iiii) a fourth unknown mechanism.", "contents": "Why does the cardiac force-velocity relationship not follow a Hill hyperbola? Possible implications of feedback loops involved in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. 1. If cardiac force-velocity (PV) relationships are determined in a rhythmically beating isolated preparation by progressively changing afterloads, the PV curves obtained exhibit a characteristic nonhyperbolic shape with an upward convexity in the force domain close to P0. It was suggested by others that this might be due to contractile element (CE) shortening against series elastic component (SEC) and/or the early decay of the active state at isometric peak tension. 2. The present investigation performed in isolated cat papillary muscles demonstrates that neither CE shortening against SEC nor the variation of the intensity of the active state can fully account for the nonhyperbolic shape of cardiac PV curves. 3. On the other hand large parts of the remaining deviation could be eliminated if the \"progressive loading sequence\" (PLS) was replaced for an \"interpolated loading sequence\" (ILS). Here, the muscle contracts under steady state conditions either isometrically or isotonically (zero load). Single afterloaded test contractions are interpolated after every 10th beat. 4. It is concluded that the nonhyperbolic shape of cardiac PV curves, determined by progressively changing afterloads, is the expression of at least four factors: (i) the existence of displacement dependent variation of excitation-contraction coupling (including the contraction-excitation-contraction recoupling loop), (ii) CE shortening against non CE bound SEC, (iii) a variable active state and (iiii) a fourth unknown mechanism.", "PMID": 656017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6688", "title": "Influence of drugs on the relationship between sinus node recovery time and calculated sinoatrial conduction time in man.", "content": "Sinus node recovery time (SRT), the pacing rate with the maximal SRT, and calculated sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) were studied by overdrive atrial pacing and programmed premature atrial stimulation in 78 patients before and after the application of several antiarrhythmic drugs or of atropine. The maximum SRT was usually observed at lower rates of atrial pacing after application of a drug that prolonged SACT, whereas the opposite behaviour was observed in the majority of cases in whom the drug tested shortened calculated SACT. However, this relationship was not observed in all cases which may be due to random changes of sinus node automaticity or sinoatrial conduction, or to the inability of programmed premature atrial stimulation to detect changes of SACT. The results of this study further substantiate the importance of the properties of sinoat;ial conduction for achieving a maximal depression sinus node activity during high rate atrial pacing.", "contents": "Influence of drugs on the relationship between sinus node recovery time and calculated sinoatrial conduction time in man. Sinus node recovery time (SRT), the pacing rate with the maximal SRT, and calculated sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) were studied by overdrive atrial pacing and programmed premature atrial stimulation in 78 patients before and after the application of several antiarrhythmic drugs or of atropine. The maximum SRT was usually observed at lower rates of atrial pacing after application of a drug that prolonged SACT, whereas the opposite behaviour was observed in the majority of cases in whom the drug tested shortened calculated SACT. However, this relationship was not observed in all cases which may be due to random changes of sinus node automaticity or sinoatrial conduction, or to the inability of programmed premature atrial stimulation to detect changes of SACT. The results of this study further substantiate the importance of the properties of sinoat;ial conduction for achieving a maximal depression sinus node activity during high rate atrial pacing.", "PMID": 656018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6689", "title": "[Coronary risk factors and social class. Screening in employees of a large industrial firm (author's transl)].", "content": "In Munich, 1477 employees (868 males and 609 females) of a large industrial firm were examined with regard to coronary heart disease risk factors. The known risk factors--overweight, disorders of the lipometabolism, diabetes, cigarette smoking, hypertension, pathologic ECG, physical inactivity--as well as certain somatic complaints and mental stress were checked for their distribution within the various social levels. With the exception of cigarette smoking among women and professional worries among men, in both sexes the members of the upper social group are less burdened with danger factors than the average. Aside from high blood pressure and disorders of the lipometabolism, which predominate in males in the middle layers, and cigarette smoking, which prevails among females in the upper social group, the risk factors pile up in the lowest social level. Our results will be discussed and compared with other studies.", "contents": "[Coronary risk factors and social class. Screening in employees of a large industrial firm (author's transl)]. In Munich, 1477 employees (868 males and 609 females) of a large industrial firm were examined with regard to coronary heart disease risk factors. The known risk factors--overweight, disorders of the lipometabolism, diabetes, cigarette smoking, hypertension, pathologic ECG, physical inactivity--as well as certain somatic complaints and mental stress were checked for their distribution within the various social levels. With the exception of cigarette smoking among women and professional worries among men, in both sexes the members of the upper social group are less burdened with danger factors than the average. Aside from high blood pressure and disorders of the lipometabolism, which predominate in males in the middle layers, and cigarette smoking, which prevails among females in the upper social group, the risk factors pile up in the lowest social level. Our results will be discussed and compared with other studies.", "PMID": 656021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6690", "title": "Intropic and electrophysiological action of humoral factors released in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The inotropic and electrophysiological effects of plasma obtained from patients and experimental dogs during cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction were studied. Changes in the isometric contraction and the intracellular action potential were determined in isolated papillary muscles of rabbits. Control plasma collected from normal subjects produced no significant changes in the contraction or the electrical parameters. Plasma from shock patients decreased peak force by 42% and the maximum rate of force development by 38% in comparison to control values; the time to peak of contraction, the relaxation time and the action potential parameters were not significantly altered. Corresponding results were obtained with plasma from dogs before and during experimental cardiogenic shock. Biochemical determinations failed to identify a single specific \"myocardial depressant factor\" in the plasma of patients and dogs with cardiogenic shock. The results suggest that (1) various humoral factors released during cardiogenic shock may depress the contractile function of cardiac muscle and (2) that the observed negative intropic effect is not due to electrical changes in the cell membrane.", "contents": "Intropic and electrophysiological action of humoral factors released in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. The inotropic and electrophysiological effects of plasma obtained from patients and experimental dogs during cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction were studied. Changes in the isometric contraction and the intracellular action potential were determined in isolated papillary muscles of rabbits. Control plasma collected from normal subjects produced no significant changes in the contraction or the electrical parameters. Plasma from shock patients decreased peak force by 42% and the maximum rate of force development by 38% in comparison to control values; the time to peak of contraction, the relaxation time and the action potential parameters were not significantly altered. Corresponding results were obtained with plasma from dogs before and during experimental cardiogenic shock. Biochemical determinations failed to identify a single specific \"myocardial depressant factor\" in the plasma of patients and dogs with cardiogenic shock. The results suggest that (1) various humoral factors released during cardiogenic shock may depress the contractile function of cardiac muscle and (2) that the observed negative intropic effect is not due to electrical changes in the cell membrane.", "PMID": 656022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6691", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of isolated perfused rat hearts.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis was carried out on sections from isolated hearts perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with or without isoproterenol. Changes in P, Ca and Zn concentrations could be detected after isoproterenol and some correlation with hemodynamic and morphological parameters was observed. Ratios between P/Ca in myonuclei and the ratios of interstitial cell to myofiber nucleus calcium were related directly to the state of the heart.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of isolated perfused rat hearts. X-ray microanalysis was carried out on sections from isolated hearts perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with or without isoproterenol. Changes in P, Ca and Zn concentrations could be detected after isoproterenol and some correlation with hemodynamic and morphological parameters was observed. Ratios between P/Ca in myonuclei and the ratios of interstitial cell to myofiber nucleus calcium were related directly to the state of the heart.", "PMID": 656024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6692", "title": "A biometrical approach for determining the effects of treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent upon heart weight in the mature rabbit.", "content": "Changes in heart weight as attributable to treatments involving a chemotherapeutic agent (CTA) were studied using adult rabbits. CTA was administered to each subject three times a week until sacrifice. Dose level per administration was held constant with respect to mg of CTA per kgm of body weight. The level of treatment for a given animals was then determined by the length of time the animal was in the treatment program prior to sacrifice. At sacrifice, variations in heart weight were evaluated relative to sex, initial body weight, relative change in body weight and level of treatment. Regression techniques were used in the analysis of data. This procedures allowed for differentiation between the direct effects and indirect effects of treatment. The direct effect was shown to cause a significant increment in heart weight. The indirect effect as related to loss body weight was shown to lead to a significant decrement in heart weight.", "contents": "A biometrical approach for determining the effects of treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent upon heart weight in the mature rabbit. Changes in heart weight as attributable to treatments involving a chemotherapeutic agent (CTA) were studied using adult rabbits. CTA was administered to each subject three times a week until sacrifice. Dose level per administration was held constant with respect to mg of CTA per kgm of body weight. The level of treatment for a given animals was then determined by the length of time the animal was in the treatment program prior to sacrifice. At sacrifice, variations in heart weight were evaluated relative to sex, initial body weight, relative change in body weight and level of treatment. Regression techniques were used in the analysis of data. This procedures allowed for differentiation between the direct effects and indirect effects of treatment. The direct effect was shown to cause a significant increment in heart weight. The indirect effect as related to loss body weight was shown to lead to a significant decrement in heart weight.", "PMID": 656027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6693", "title": "The heterogeneity of the lipoprotein lipase of rat epididymal adipose tissue.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase is heterogeneous, and it was suggested that the enzyme in adipose tissue is transformed from a species of mol. wt. approx. 120000 to forms of much higher molecular weight as it is secreted from the fat-cell. This paper demonstrates that the forms of higher molecular weight are probably artifacts. Enzyme preparations were characterized by gel filtration, by density-gradient centrifugation and by affinity chromatography. The results indicate that the enzyme forms of mol. wt. greater than 120000 result from an association of the enzyme with particulate material. It is therefore necessary to reconsider schemes that have recently been proposed for the synthesis and export of lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of the lipoprotein lipase of rat epididymal adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase is heterogeneous, and it was suggested that the enzyme in adipose tissue is transformed from a species of mol. wt. approx. 120000 to forms of much higher molecular weight as it is secreted from the fat-cell. This paper demonstrates that the forms of higher molecular weight are probably artifacts. Enzyme preparations were characterized by gel filtration, by density-gradient centrifugation and by affinity chromatography. The results indicate that the enzyme forms of mol. wt. greater than 120000 result from an association of the enzyme with particulate material. It is therefore necessary to reconsider schemes that have recently been proposed for the synthesis and export of lipoprotein lipase.", "PMID": 656046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6694", "title": "Incorporation and release of inorganic phosphate in horse spleen ferritin.", "content": "When ferritin is reconstituted from Fe and apoferritin in vitro in the presence of Pi, the product obtained differs both from native ferritin and from ferritin reconstituted in the absence of Pi. When the latter is incubated with Pi the product resembles native ferritin with respect both to the pattern of Pi incorporated per molecule or per Fe atom and to the ease of release of this Pi relative to Fe release. It is concluded that much of the Pi of native ferritin is adsorbed on surfaces of ferritin iron-core crystallites. The results also suggest that Pi is not present at the intracellular site of Fe incorporation into ferritin, but is added after Fe.", "contents": "Incorporation and release of inorganic phosphate in horse spleen ferritin. When ferritin is reconstituted from Fe and apoferritin in vitro in the presence of Pi, the product obtained differs both from native ferritin and from ferritin reconstituted in the absence of Pi. When the latter is incubated with Pi the product resembles native ferritin with respect both to the pattern of Pi incorporated per molecule or per Fe atom and to the ease of release of this Pi relative to Fe release. It is concluded that much of the Pi of native ferritin is adsorbed on surfaces of ferritin iron-core crystallites. The results also suggest that Pi is not present at the intracellular site of Fe incorporation into ferritin, but is added after Fe.", "PMID": 656047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6695", "title": "Iron-binding fragments from the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of human lactoferrin.", "content": "Digestion of lactoferrin with pepsin at pH3.0 gave an iron-binding half-molecule that represents the C-terminal part of the native protein. Tryptic or chymotryptic digestion of 30%-iron-saturated lactoferrin yielded the N- and C-terminal half molecules, which could be separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The N- and C-terminal fragments did not show any immunological cross-reaction. The carbohydrate of lactoferrin was distributed equally between the two fragments.", "contents": "Iron-binding fragments from the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of human lactoferrin. Digestion of lactoferrin with pepsin at pH3.0 gave an iron-binding half-molecule that represents the C-terminal part of the native protein. Tryptic or chymotryptic digestion of 30%-iron-saturated lactoferrin yielded the N- and C-terminal half molecules, which could be separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The N- and C-terminal fragments did not show any immunological cross-reaction. The carbohydrate of lactoferrin was distributed equally between the two fragments.", "PMID": 656048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6696", "title": "Isolation and characterization of phytoferritin from pea (Pisum sativum) and Lentil (Lens esculenta).", "content": "Ferritin was isolated from the seeds of pea (Pisum sativum) and lentil (Lens esculenta). The homogeneity of the phytoferritins was established by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weights were respectively 20 300 and 21 400 for hte pea and lentil proteins. A neutron low-angle scattering study established the molecular weight of the oligomer as 480 000 for pea apoferritin and 510 000 for lentil apoferritin. Although the quaternary structure of 24 polypeptide chains is preserved, the phytoferritins have a larger cavity in the interior than mammalian ferritins and can thus potentially store 1.2-1.4 times as much iron. The amino acid composition of the phytoferritins show some similarities to those of mammalian apoferritins; tryptic 'fingerprinting' reveals that there are many differences in the amino acid sequence of plant and mammalian apoferritins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of phytoferritin from pea (Pisum sativum) and Lentil (Lens esculenta). Ferritin was isolated from the seeds of pea (Pisum sativum) and lentil (Lens esculenta). The homogeneity of the phytoferritins was established by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weights were respectively 20 300 and 21 400 for hte pea and lentil proteins. A neutron low-angle scattering study established the molecular weight of the oligomer as 480 000 for pea apoferritin and 510 000 for lentil apoferritin. Although the quaternary structure of 24 polypeptide chains is preserved, the phytoferritins have a larger cavity in the interior than mammalian ferritins and can thus potentially store 1.2-1.4 times as much iron. The amino acid composition of the phytoferritins show some similarities to those of mammalian apoferritins; tryptic 'fingerprinting' reveals that there are many differences in the amino acid sequence of plant and mammalian apoferritins.", "PMID": 656049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6697", "title": "Quantitative analysis of rat liver nucleolar and nucleoplasmic ribosomal ribonucleic acids.", "content": "rRNA from detergent-purified nuclei was fractionated quantitatively, by two independent methods, into nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA fractions. The two RNA fractions were analysed by urea/agar-gel electrophoresis and the amount of pre-rRNA (precursor of rRNA) and rRNA components was determined. The rRNA constitutes 35% of total nuclear RNA, of which two-thirds are in nucleolar RNA and one-third in nucleoplasmic RNA. The identified pre-rRNA components (45 S, 41 S, 39 S, 36 S, 32 S and 21 S) are confined to the nucleolus and constitute about 70% of its rRNA. The remaining 30% are represented by 28 S and 18 S rRNA, in a molar ratio of 1.4. The bulk of rRNA in nucleoplasmic RNA is represented by 28 S and 18 S rRNA in a molar ratio close to 1.0. Part of the mature rRNA species in nucleoplasmic RNA originate from ribosomes attached to the outer nuclear membrane, which resist detergent treatment. The absolute amount of nuclear pre-rRNA and rRNA components was evaluated. The amount of 32 S and 21 S pre-rRNA (2.9 x 10(4) and 2.5 x 10(4) molecules per nucleus respectively) is 2-3-fold higher  than that of 45 S, 41 S and 36 S pre-rRNA.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of rat liver nucleolar and nucleoplasmic ribosomal ribonucleic acids. rRNA from detergent-purified nuclei was fractionated quantitatively, by two independent methods, into nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA fractions. The two RNA fractions were analysed by urea/agar-gel electrophoresis and the amount of pre-rRNA (precursor of rRNA) and rRNA components was determined. The rRNA constitutes 35% of total nuclear RNA, of which two-thirds are in nucleolar RNA and one-third in nucleoplasmic RNA. The identified pre-rRNA components (45 S, 41 S, 39 S, 36 S, 32 S and 21 S) are confined to the nucleolus and constitute about 70% of its rRNA. The remaining 30% are represented by 28 S and 18 S rRNA, in a molar ratio of 1.4. The bulk of rRNA in nucleoplasmic RNA is represented by 28 S and 18 S rRNA in a molar ratio close to 1.0. Part of the mature rRNA species in nucleoplasmic RNA originate from ribosomes attached to the outer nuclear membrane, which resist detergent treatment. The absolute amount of nuclear pre-rRNA and rRNA components was evaluated. The amount of 32 S and 21 S pre-rRNA (2.9 x 10(4) and 2.5 x 10(4) molecules per nucleus respectively) is 2-3-fold higher  than that of 45 S, 41 S and 36 S pre-rRNA.", "PMID": 656050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6698", "title": "Processing and migration of ribosomal ribonculeic acids in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm of rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Kinetic studies on the labelling in vivo with [14C]orotate of rat liver nucleolar and nucleoplasmic pre-rRNA (precursor of rRNA) and rRNA, isolated from detergent-purified nuclei, were carried out. The mathematical methods used for the computer analysis of specific-radioactivity curves are described. Evaluation of the experimental data permitted the selection of the most probable models for the processing of pre-rRNA and the nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of rRNA. It was shown that considerable flexibility exists in the sequence of endonuclease attacks at critical sites of 45 and 41 S pre-rRNA chains, resulting in the simultaneous occurrence of several processing pathways. However, the phosphodiester bonds involved in the formation of mature 28 and 18 S rRNA appear to be protected until the generation of their immediate pre-rRNA. The turnover rates and half-lives of all pre-rRNA and rRNA pools were determined. The turnover rate of 45 S pre-rRNA corresponds to the formation of 1100 ribosomes/min per nucleus. The model for the nucleolus-nucleoplasm-cytoplasm migration of rRNA includes a 'nucleoplasm' compartment in which the small ribosomal subparticle is in rapid equilibrium with the respective cytoplasmic pool. At equimolar amounts of nuclear 28 and 18 S rRNA this model explains the faster appearance of labelled small ribosomal subparticles in the cytoplasm simultaneous with a lower labelling of nuclear 18 S rRNA as compared with 28 S rRNA.", "contents": "Processing and migration of ribosomal ribonculeic acids in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm of rat liver nuclei. Kinetic studies on the labelling in vivo with [14C]orotate of rat liver nucleolar and nucleoplasmic pre-rRNA (precursor of rRNA) and rRNA, isolated from detergent-purified nuclei, were carried out. The mathematical methods used for the computer analysis of specific-radioactivity curves are described. Evaluation of the experimental data permitted the selection of the most probable models for the processing of pre-rRNA and the nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of rRNA. It was shown that considerable flexibility exists in the sequence of endonuclease attacks at critical sites of 45 and 41 S pre-rRNA chains, resulting in the simultaneous occurrence of several processing pathways. However, the phosphodiester bonds involved in the formation of mature 28 and 18 S rRNA appear to be protected until the generation of their immediate pre-rRNA. The turnover rates and half-lives of all pre-rRNA and rRNA pools were determined. The turnover rate of 45 S pre-rRNA corresponds to the formation of 1100 ribosomes/min per nucleus. The model for the nucleolus-nucleoplasm-cytoplasm migration of rRNA includes a 'nucleoplasm' compartment in which the small ribosomal subparticle is in rapid equilibrium with the respective cytoplasmic pool. At equimolar amounts of nuclear 28 and 18 S rRNA this model explains the faster appearance of labelled small ribosomal subparticles in the cytoplasm simultaneous with a lower labelling of nuclear 18 S rRNA as compared with 28 S rRNA.", "PMID": 656051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6699", "title": "Bile salts of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (L.)", "content": "1. Bile salts of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (L.) were analysed as completely as possible. 2. They consist of taurine conjugates of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 22 xi-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (tetrahydroxysterocholanic acid) and 3 alpha 12 alpha, 22 xi-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, with minor amounts of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (cholic acid), 3alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (deoxycholic acid) and possibly other bile acids. 3. Cholic acid and deoxycholic acid represent the first known examples of bile acids common to chelonians and other animal forms: they may indicate independent evolution in chelonians to C24 bile acids. 4. The discovery of a 7-deoxy C27 bile acid is the first evidence that C27 bile acids or their conjugates have an enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Bile salts of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (L.). 1. Bile salts of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (L.) were analysed as completely as possible. 2. They consist of taurine conjugates of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 22 xi-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (tetrahydroxysterocholanic acid) and 3 alpha 12 alpha, 22 xi-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, with minor amounts of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (cholic acid), 3alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (deoxycholic acid) and possibly other bile acids. 3. Cholic acid and deoxycholic acid represent the first known examples of bile acids common to chelonians and other animal forms: they may indicate independent evolution in chelonians to C24 bile acids. 4. The discovery of a 7-deoxy C27 bile acid is the first evidence that C27 bile acids or their conjugates have an enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 656052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6700", "title": "Boundary refinement of the lysozyme antigenic site around the disulphide bond 6-127 (site 1) by 'surface-simulation' synthesis.", "content": "1. We have previously shown that an antigenic site (site 1) in native lysozyme resides around the disulphide bond 6-127 and, by classical synthesis of nine disulphide peptides, the antigenic site was accurately narrowed down to the structure Cys((6))-Arg((14))-[Cys((6))-Cys((127))] -Gly((126))-Arg((128)). Only a few residues on this disulphide peptide were proposed to be involved in the reactivity with antibody. However, this lacked direct verification and the role of Arg-128 remained uncertain. 2. In the present work, several peptides were designed and synthesized by the surface-simulation concept devised in our laboratory. These enabled the precise definition of the site as well as the investigation of its conformational and directional requirements. 3. The results showed that the antigenic site (site 1) is made up of the spatially contiguous surface residues: Arg-125, Arg-5, Glu-7, Arg-14, Lys-13. The surface-simulation synthetic peptide Arg-Gly-Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Lys (which does not exist in native lysozyme, but copies a surface region of it) accounted entirely for the maximum expected reactivity of the site (i.e. about one-third of the total antigenic reactivity of lysozyme). An immunoadsorbent of the peptide also removed about one-third of the total lysozyme antibodies. 4. The antigenic site exhibited restricted conformational freedom. The achievement of the full reactivity of the site by surface-simulation synthesis requires the appropriate choice of spacer separation between its reactive residues. The surface-simulation synthetic site exhibits the same mono-directional preference (Arg-125 to Lys-13) for the rabbit and goat antisera so far tested. The site describes a line which encircles a part (3.01 nm in C((alpha))-to-C((alpha)) distance from Arg-125 to Lys-13) of the surface of the molecule.", "contents": "Boundary refinement of the lysozyme antigenic site around the disulphide bond 6-127 (site 1) by 'surface-simulation' synthesis. 1. We have previously shown that an antigenic site (site 1) in native lysozyme resides around the disulphide bond 6-127 and, by classical synthesis of nine disulphide peptides, the antigenic site was accurately narrowed down to the structure Cys((6))-Arg((14))-[Cys((6))-Cys((127))] -Gly((126))-Arg((128)). Only a few residues on this disulphide peptide were proposed to be involved in the reactivity with antibody. However, this lacked direct verification and the role of Arg-128 remained uncertain. 2. In the present work, several peptides were designed and synthesized by the surface-simulation concept devised in our laboratory. These enabled the precise definition of the site as well as the investigation of its conformational and directional requirements. 3. The results showed that the antigenic site (site 1) is made up of the spatially contiguous surface residues: Arg-125, Arg-5, Glu-7, Arg-14, Lys-13. The surface-simulation synthetic peptide Arg-Gly-Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Lys (which does not exist in native lysozyme, but copies a surface region of it) accounted entirely for the maximum expected reactivity of the site (i.e. about one-third of the total antigenic reactivity of lysozyme). An immunoadsorbent of the peptide also removed about one-third of the total lysozyme antibodies. 4. The antigenic site exhibited restricted conformational freedom. The achievement of the full reactivity of the site by surface-simulation synthesis requires the appropriate choice of spacer separation between its reactive residues. The surface-simulation synthetic site exhibits the same mono-directional preference (Arg-125 to Lys-13) for the rabbit and goat antisera so far tested. The site describes a line which encircles a part (3.01 nm in C((alpha))-to-C((alpha)) distance from Arg-125 to Lys-13) of the surface of the molecule.", "PMID": 656053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6701", "title": "The precise and entire antigenic structure of native lysozyme.", "content": "The exact boundary, residue, conformational and directional definitions of the three antigenic sites of native hen's egg-white lysozyme are described. The results clearly reveal that the three antigenic sites account quantitatively for the total antigenic reactivity of the protein. Thus the entire antigenic structure of lysozyme has now been precisely determined and is briefly discussed here, together with the power of the surface-stimulation synthetic concept.", "contents": "The precise and entire antigenic structure of native lysozyme. The exact boundary, residue, conformational and directional definitions of the three antigenic sites of native hen's egg-white lysozyme are described. The results clearly reveal that the three antigenic sites account quantitatively for the total antigenic reactivity of the protein. Thus the entire antigenic structure of lysozyme has now been precisely determined and is briefly discussed here, together with the power of the surface-stimulation synthetic concept.", "PMID": 656054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6702", "title": "Lysine residue 240 of human serum albumin is involved in high-affinity binding of bilirubin.", "content": "Bilirubin can be coupled covalently to albumin by using water-soluble carbodi-imide as coupling reagent. The optimal specificity in the attachment of bilirubin to the high-affinity site on the albumin molecule was obtained by treating an albumin-bilirubin complex with carbodi-imide in low concentrations and for a short period. The product was reduced, carboxymethylated and digested with trypsin. By fractionation on Sephadex G-50 (superfine grade) a peptide fraction containing most of the bilirubin label was isolated. Further purification by paper chromatography gave one peptide, consisting of residues 240-258. The peptide containined a single lysine residue, 240, and had an intact disulphide bridge. The results indicate that bilirubin is bound to lysine residue 240 at its high-affinity site on human serum albumin.", "contents": "Lysine residue 240 of human serum albumin is involved in high-affinity binding of bilirubin. Bilirubin can be coupled covalently to albumin by using water-soluble carbodi-imide as coupling reagent. The optimal specificity in the attachment of bilirubin to the high-affinity site on the albumin molecule was obtained by treating an albumin-bilirubin complex with carbodi-imide in low concentrations and for a short period. The product was reduced, carboxymethylated and digested with trypsin. By fractionation on Sephadex G-50 (superfine grade) a peptide fraction containing most of the bilirubin label was isolated. Further purification by paper chromatography gave one peptide, consisting of residues 240-258. The peptide containined a single lysine residue, 240, and had an intact disulphide bridge. The results indicate that bilirubin is bound to lysine residue 240 at its high-affinity site on human serum albumin.", "PMID": 656055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6703", "title": "Comparison of the kinetic properties of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in chloroplast extracts of spinach, sunflower and four other reductive pentose phosphate-pathway species.", "content": "Extracts from chloroplasts of spinach, sunflower and four other reductive pentose phosphate (C3)-pathway species were measured spectrophotometrically with or without a modified preactivation procedure. In all six species this modification yielded Km (CO2) values in the range of 7-15 micron and maximum velocities, at 20 degrees C, of 129-431 mumol of CO2 carboxylated/h per mg of chlorophyll. In general, both the carboxylation and electron-transport capacities of sunflower were somewhat greater than that of the other species, and this is discussed in relation to the superior rates of photosynthesis believed to be displayed by the parent tissue.", "contents": "Comparison of the kinetic properties of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in chloroplast extracts of spinach, sunflower and four other reductive pentose phosphate-pathway species. Extracts from chloroplasts of spinach, sunflower and four other reductive pentose phosphate (C3)-pathway species were measured spectrophotometrically with or without a modified preactivation procedure. In all six species this modification yielded Km (CO2) values in the range of 7-15 micron and maximum velocities, at 20 degrees C, of 129-431 mumol of CO2 carboxylated/h per mg of chlorophyll. In general, both the carboxylation and electron-transport capacities of sunflower were somewhat greater than that of the other species, and this is discussed in relation to the superior rates of photosynthesis believed to be displayed by the parent tissue.", "PMID": 656056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6704", "title": "Simplified preparation of a phosphatase inhibitor and further studies of its action.", "content": "1-Pyrrolidinecarbothioic acid (2-pyridylmethylene) hydrazide chelates Zn2+ but not Mg2+. This compound is about twice as effective as EDTA for inhibiting alkaline phosphatase from calf mucosa, and approx. 1000-fold more effective than EDTA for inhibiting acid phosphatase from wheat germ. The compound did not inhibit pyridoxine kinase activity in human leucocytes at the highest concentration tested (33 micron). Therefore it may be a useful tool for either examining or eliminating the effects of phosphatases in complex enzyme systems.", "contents": "Simplified preparation of a phosphatase inhibitor and further studies of its action. 1-Pyrrolidinecarbothioic acid (2-pyridylmethylene) hydrazide chelates Zn2+ but not Mg2+. This compound is about twice as effective as EDTA for inhibiting alkaline phosphatase from calf mucosa, and approx. 1000-fold more effective than EDTA for inhibiting acid phosphatase from wheat germ. The compound did not inhibit pyridoxine kinase activity in human leucocytes at the highest concentration tested (33 micron). Therefore it may be a useful tool for either examining or eliminating the effects of phosphatases in complex enzyme systems.", "PMID": 656057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6705", "title": "The influence of the type of sulphate bond and degree of sulphation of glycosaminoglycans on their interaction with lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Significant differences occur between the interaction of several sulphated glycosaminoglycans with a particular lysosomal protein, leading to inhibition in the case of lysosomal enzymes. The order of strength of inhibition at pH4 was: heparin greater than chondroitin 4-sulphate = chondroitin 6-sulphate greater than dermatan sulphate.", "contents": "The influence of the type of sulphate bond and degree of sulphation of glycosaminoglycans on their interaction with lysosomal enzymes. Significant differences occur between the interaction of several sulphated glycosaminoglycans with a particular lysosomal protein, leading to inhibition in the case of lysosomal enzymes. The order of strength of inhibition at pH4 was: heparin greater than chondroitin 4-sulphate = chondroitin 6-sulphate greater than dermatan sulphate.", "PMID": 656058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6706", "title": "Criteria to recognize the structure and micropolarity of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding sites in proteins.", "content": "We show that polarography can be a useful tool for the recognition of the mode of binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to proteins. Furthermore we discuss the possibilities of other techniques that can be used to study this subject.", "contents": "Criteria to recognize the structure and micropolarity of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding sites in proteins. We show that polarography can be a useful tool for the recognition of the mode of binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to proteins. Furthermore we discuss the possibilities of other techniques that can be used to study this subject.", "PMID": 656059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6707", "title": "Co-operativity and the methods of plotting binding and steady-state kinetic data.", "content": "The features that distinguish positive from negative co-operativity in double-reciprocal Eadie-Hofstee-Scatchard and Hanes plots, often incorrectly stated to be the sign of curvature or second derivatives, are explained. It is shown how to determine the 'Hill exponent' and interaciton free energies from curves in these plots, and in the simple plot of ligand binding or velocity against free ligand or substrate concentration. New types of plots, where the kind of co-operative behaviour is more obvious than in the traditional ones, are proposed.", "contents": "Co-operativity and the methods of plotting binding and steady-state kinetic data. The features that distinguish positive from negative co-operativity in double-reciprocal Eadie-Hofstee-Scatchard and Hanes plots, often incorrectly stated to be the sign of curvature or second derivatives, are explained. It is shown how to determine the 'Hill exponent' and interaciton free energies from curves in these plots, and in the simple plot of ligand binding or velocity against free ligand or substrate concentration. New types of plots, where the kind of co-operative behaviour is more obvious than in the traditional ones, are proposed.", "PMID": 656060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6708", "title": "The preparation of liposomes bearing human (HLA) transplantation antigens.", "content": "The incorporation of HLA antigens into liposomes is described. At and above the lipidphase-transition temperature, between 50 and 80% of the added antigenic activity may be incorporated into liposomes in the form of multilamellar vesicles. The antigen appears to be asymmetrically orientated with respect to the lipid bilayer.", "contents": "The preparation of liposomes bearing human (HLA) transplantation antigens. The incorporation of HLA antigens into liposomes is described. At and above the lipidphase-transition temperature, between 50 and 80% of the added antigenic activity may be incorporated into liposomes in the form of multilamellar vesicles. The antigen appears to be asymmetrically orientated with respect to the lipid bilayer.", "PMID": 656061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6709", "title": "I-cell disease. A hypothesis for the structure of the carbohydrate recognition site on beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase.", "content": "I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) is presented as a model for endo- and exo-cytosis phenomena in man. A hypothesis is presented for the structure of the carbohydrate recognition site on fibroblast-derived beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase that may extend to the other affected hydrolases and that is responsible for specific uptake of the enzyme by fibroblasts. The proposed neuraminidase deficiency in I-cell disease is discussed in the light of its significance in influencing the final sugar sequence in the carbohydrate structure of the recognition site.", "contents": "I-cell disease. A hypothesis for the structure of the carbohydrate recognition site on beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase. I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) is presented as a model for endo- and exo-cytosis phenomena in man. A hypothesis is presented for the structure of the carbohydrate recognition site on fibroblast-derived beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase that may extend to the other affected hydrolases and that is responsible for specific uptake of the enzyme by fibroblasts. The proposed neuraminidase deficiency in I-cell disease is discussed in the light of its significance in influencing the final sugar sequence in the carbohydrate structure of the recognition site.", "PMID": 656062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6710", "title": "All factors required for protein synthesis are retained on heparin bound to Sepharose.", "content": "1. Postmitochondrial supernatants of rabbit reticulocyte lysates were chromatographed on heparin bound to Sepharose 4B, and the fraction retained on affinity columns was separated by subsequent gel filtration on Sepharose 4B into three fractions, two of them active in protein synthesis. 2. The heavier fraction sedimented at 40S and contained more than 10% RNA. This consisted predominantly of a 12S component, with smaller amounts of the 9S and 4S RNA species. The lighter fraction (18-20S) was composed of proteins with less than 1% RNA. 3. Different enzymic activities were associated with these fractions. 4. In the presence of both fractions, efficient translation took place on combined ribosomal subunits of rat liver with added cofactors. Globin messenger ribonucleoprotein stimulated this translation 5-6-fold. 5. Relatively large complexes of all factors required for protein synthesis are apparently isolated from reticulocytes by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose 4B. Such complexes may occur naturally in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells.", "contents": "All factors required for protein synthesis are retained on heparin bound to Sepharose. 1. Postmitochondrial supernatants of rabbit reticulocyte lysates were chromatographed on heparin bound to Sepharose 4B, and the fraction retained on affinity columns was separated by subsequent gel filtration on Sepharose 4B into three fractions, two of them active in protein synthesis. 2. The heavier fraction sedimented at 40S and contained more than 10% RNA. This consisted predominantly of a 12S component, with smaller amounts of the 9S and 4S RNA species. The lighter fraction (18-20S) was composed of proteins with less than 1% RNA. 3. Different enzymic activities were associated with these fractions. 4. In the presence of both fractions, efficient translation took place on combined ribosomal subunits of rat liver with added cofactors. Globin messenger ribonucleoprotein stimulated this translation 5-6-fold. 5. Relatively large complexes of all factors required for protein synthesis are apparently isolated from reticulocytes by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose 4B. Such complexes may occur naturally in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells.", "PMID": 656063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6711", "title": "The binding of monoribosomes, oligoribosomes and polyribosomes to reticular membranes from rat liver.", "content": "1. The activity of the enzyme protein disulphide-isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) was used to measure the binding of ribosomal fractions to reticular membranes from the liver of unstarved male rats. 2. Membranes degranulated by treatment with KCl plus puromycin and washed by centrifugation through 0.5 M-KCl bound oligoribosomes but not monoribosomes. 3. Substitution of 0.25 M-KCl for 0.5 M-KCl in the wash solution produced membranes that bound monoribosomes and 60 S subunits in addition to oligoribosomes. 4. The binding of all classes of ribosomes to smooth and 'lightly granulated' rough membranes was activated by oestradiol. The hormone activation was much greater with polyribosomes from fed rats than for monoribosomes or oligoribosomes from starved rats. 5. Exposure of rough membranes to centrifugal forces caused them to undergo partial degranulation, as demonstrated by unmasking of protein disulphide-isomerase activity.", "contents": "The binding of monoribosomes, oligoribosomes and polyribosomes to reticular membranes from rat liver. 1. The activity of the enzyme protein disulphide-isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) was used to measure the binding of ribosomal fractions to reticular membranes from the liver of unstarved male rats. 2. Membranes degranulated by treatment with KCl plus puromycin and washed by centrifugation through 0.5 M-KCl bound oligoribosomes but not monoribosomes. 3. Substitution of 0.25 M-KCl for 0.5 M-KCl in the wash solution produced membranes that bound monoribosomes and 60 S subunits in addition to oligoribosomes. 4. The binding of all classes of ribosomes to smooth and 'lightly granulated' rough membranes was activated by oestradiol. The hormone activation was much greater with polyribosomes from fed rats than for monoribosomes or oligoribosomes from starved rats. 5. Exposure of rough membranes to centrifugal forces caused them to undergo partial degranulation, as demonstrated by unmasking of protein disulphide-isomerase activity.", "PMID": 656064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6712", "title": "Possible interrelationship between vitamins E and b12 in the disturbance in methylmalonate metabolism in vitamin E deficiency.", "content": "1. The disturbance in 2-methylmalonate metabolism resulting in its increased urinary excretion observed in vitamin E deficiency is not caused by increased formation of methylmalonate from propionate as is evident from the activity of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.3), but can be traced to an impairment in the conversion of methylmalonate into succinate by the vitamin B12-requiring enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2) in rat liver. 2. It is shown that the decrease in the activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in vitamin E deficiency is not a consequence of a secondary vitamin B12 deficiency. Peroxidative destruction of the coenzyme in vitamin E deficiency was also ruled out. The results suggest a defect in the conversion of cyanocobalamin into its coenzyme form.", "contents": "Possible interrelationship between vitamins E and b12 in the disturbance in methylmalonate metabolism in vitamin E deficiency. 1. The disturbance in 2-methylmalonate metabolism resulting in its increased urinary excretion observed in vitamin E deficiency is not caused by increased formation of methylmalonate from propionate as is evident from the activity of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.3), but can be traced to an impairment in the conversion of methylmalonate into succinate by the vitamin B12-requiring enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2) in rat liver. 2. It is shown that the decrease in the activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in vitamin E deficiency is not a consequence of a secondary vitamin B12 deficiency. Peroxidative destruction of the coenzyme in vitamin E deficiency was also ruled out. The results suggest a defect in the conversion of cyanocobalamin into its coenzyme form.", "PMID": 656065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6713", "title": "Glycosyl transfer from nucleotide sugars to C85- and C55-polyprenyl and retinyl phosphates by microsomal subfractions and Golgi membranes of rat liver.", "content": "The capacity of isolated membrane fractions to catalyse transfer of sugars from sugar nucleotides to alpha-saturated and non-saturated forms of phosphorylated C85 and C55 polyprenols and retinyl phosphate was examined. The amount of endogenous lipid acceptor present for various sugars was also measured. It appears that the types and amounts of polyprenyl phosphates present in rough- and smooth-microsomal fractions and Golgi membranes are different and the individual polyprenyl phosphates exhibit specificity as sugar acceptors.", "contents": "Glycosyl transfer from nucleotide sugars to C85- and C55-polyprenyl and retinyl phosphates by microsomal subfractions and Golgi membranes of rat liver. The capacity of isolated membrane fractions to catalyse transfer of sugars from sugar nucleotides to alpha-saturated and non-saturated forms of phosphorylated C85 and C55 polyprenols and retinyl phosphate was examined. The amount of endogenous lipid acceptor present for various sugars was also measured. It appears that the types and amounts of polyprenyl phosphates present in rough- and smooth-microsomal fractions and Golgi membranes are different and the individual polyprenyl phosphates exhibit specificity as sugar acceptors.", "PMID": 656066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6714", "title": "The effect of dietary protein deficiency on albumin synthesis and on the concentration of active albumin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver.", "content": "In rats fed on a protein-deficient diet, albumin synthesis as a percentage of total liver protein synthesis falls from the normal value of approx. 15% to about 8%. We have extracted total cytoplasmic RNA from individual rat livers and measured the concentration of active albumin mRNA by translation in a reticulocyte lysate system from which the endogenous mRNA had been removed [Pelham & Jackson (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 67, 247-256]. In this messenger-dependent system it is possible to measure the synthesis of albumin as a proportion of the overall protein synthesis promoted by the addition of the hepatic RNA. The results show that the concentration of translatable albumin mRNA in samples of total cytoplasmic RNA from livers of protein-deficient rats is decreased markedly. These findings suggest that dietary protein supply affects selectively the synthesis and/or functional stability of albumin mRNA in rat liver.", "contents": "The effect of dietary protein deficiency on albumin synthesis and on the concentration of active albumin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver. In rats fed on a protein-deficient diet, albumin synthesis as a percentage of total liver protein synthesis falls from the normal value of approx. 15% to about 8%. We have extracted total cytoplasmic RNA from individual rat livers and measured the concentration of active albumin mRNA by translation in a reticulocyte lysate system from which the endogenous mRNA had been removed [Pelham & Jackson (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 67, 247-256]. In this messenger-dependent system it is possible to measure the synthesis of albumin as a proportion of the overall protein synthesis promoted by the addition of the hepatic RNA. The results show that the concentration of translatable albumin mRNA in samples of total cytoplasmic RNA from livers of protein-deficient rats is decreased markedly. These findings suggest that dietary protein supply affects selectively the synthesis and/or functional stability of albumin mRNA in rat liver.", "PMID": 656067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6715", "title": "Mechanisms of the ability of insulin to activate the glucose-transport system in rat adipocytes.", "content": "Isolated rat adipocytes were used to assess the mechanisms of the ability of insulin to accelerate glucose transport. Glucose transport was determined by measuring the initial rates of 2-deoxyglucose uptake, and at 24 degrees C insulin increased the Vmax. of transport from 7.3 +/- 1 to 23.1 +/- 2 nmol/min per 10(6) cells, but the Km value remained unchanged (2.5, cf. 2.4 mM). When the Vmax. of basal and insulin-stimulated transport was measured as a function of temperature (15-37 degrees C), parallel Arrhenius plots were obtained yielding equal activation energies of approx. 59kJ/mol. Since both processes have equal activation energies the data indicate that insulin increases Vmax. by increasing the number of available carriers rather than enhancing intrinsic activity of already functioning carriers. Since the ability of insulin to activate glucose transport did not decrease with temperature (whereas plasma-membrane fluidity declines), it is suggested that lateral diffusion of insulin receptors within the plasma-membrane bilayer is not a rat-determining step in insulin action.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the ability of insulin to activate the glucose-transport system in rat adipocytes. Isolated rat adipocytes were used to assess the mechanisms of the ability of insulin to accelerate glucose transport. Glucose transport was determined by measuring the initial rates of 2-deoxyglucose uptake, and at 24 degrees C insulin increased the Vmax. of transport from 7.3 +/- 1 to 23.1 +/- 2 nmol/min per 10(6) cells, but the Km value remained unchanged (2.5, cf. 2.4 mM). When the Vmax. of basal and insulin-stimulated transport was measured as a function of temperature (15-37 degrees C), parallel Arrhenius plots were obtained yielding equal activation energies of approx. 59kJ/mol. Since both processes have equal activation energies the data indicate that insulin increases Vmax. by increasing the number of available carriers rather than enhancing intrinsic activity of already functioning carriers. Since the ability of insulin to activate glucose transport did not decrease with temperature (whereas plasma-membrane fluidity declines), it is suggested that lateral diffusion of insulin receptors within the plasma-membrane bilayer is not a rat-determining step in insulin action.", "PMID": 656068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6716", "title": "Loss of cell-population-density-dependent incorporation of fucose into the lipid fraction of cultured human tumour cells.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactively labelled fucose into the lipid fraction of cultured normal human cells and several human tumour-cell lines was examined as a function of the cell population density. Normal cells exhibited a density-dependent pattern of incorporation, whereas in tumour cells the radioactivity incorporated was independent of the cell population density. An exception was found among the tumour cells, which suggests a possible correlation between the loss of this marker and the ability to produce tumours.", "contents": "Loss of cell-population-density-dependent incorporation of fucose into the lipid fraction of cultured human tumour cells. The incorporation of radioactively labelled fucose into the lipid fraction of cultured normal human cells and several human tumour-cell lines was examined as a function of the cell population density. Normal cells exhibited a density-dependent pattern of incorporation, whereas in tumour cells the radioactivity incorporated was independent of the cell population density. An exception was found among the tumour cells, which suggests a possible correlation between the loss of this marker and the ability to produce tumours.", "PMID": 656070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6717", "title": "The regulation of glutamate metabolism by tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity in rat brain mitochondria.", "content": "1. The interrelationship of metabolism of pyruvate or 3-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate transamination in rat brain mitochondria was studied. 2. If brain mitochondria are incubated in the presence of equimolar concentrations of pyruvate and glutamate and the K(+) concentration is increased from 1 to 20mm, the rate of pyruvate utilization is increased 3-fold, but the rate of production of aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate is decreased by half. 3. Brain mitochondria incubated in the presence of a fixed concentration of glutamate (0.87 or 8.7mm) but different concentrations of pyruvate (0 to 1mm) produce aspartate at rates that decrease as the pyruvate concentration is increased. At 1mm-pyruvate, the rate of aspartate production is decreased to 40% of that when zero pyruvate was present. 4. Brain mitochondria incubated in the presence of glutamate and malate alone produce 2-oxoglutarate at rates stoicheiometric with the rate of aspartate production. Both the 2-oxoglutarate and aspartate accumulate extramitochondrially. 5. Externally added 2-oxoglutarate has little inhibitory effect (K(i) approx. 31mm) on the production of aspartate from glutamate by rat brain mitochondria. 6. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of increased C(2) flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle on glutamate transamination is caused by competition for oxaloacetate between the transaminase and citrate synthase. 7. Evidence is provided from a reconstituted malate-aspartate (or Borst) cycle with brain mitochondria that increased C(2) flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle from pyruvate may inhibit the reoxidation of exogenous NADH. These results are discussed in the light of the relationship between glycolysis and reoxidation of cytosolic NADH by the Borst cycle and the requirement of the brain for a continuous supply of energy.", "contents": "The regulation of glutamate metabolism by tricarboxylic acid-cycle activity in rat brain mitochondria. 1. The interrelationship of metabolism of pyruvate or 3-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate transamination in rat brain mitochondria was studied. 2. If brain mitochondria are incubated in the presence of equimolar concentrations of pyruvate and glutamate and the K(+) concentration is increased from 1 to 20mm, the rate of pyruvate utilization is increased 3-fold, but the rate of production of aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate is decreased by half. 3. Brain mitochondria incubated in the presence of a fixed concentration of glutamate (0.87 or 8.7mm) but different concentrations of pyruvate (0 to 1mm) produce aspartate at rates that decrease as the pyruvate concentration is increased. At 1mm-pyruvate, the rate of aspartate production is decreased to 40% of that when zero pyruvate was present. 4. Brain mitochondria incubated in the presence of glutamate and malate alone produce 2-oxoglutarate at rates stoicheiometric with the rate of aspartate production. Both the 2-oxoglutarate and aspartate accumulate extramitochondrially. 5. Externally added 2-oxoglutarate has little inhibitory effect (K(i) approx. 31mm) on the production of aspartate from glutamate by rat brain mitochondria. 6. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of increased C(2) flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle on glutamate transamination is caused by competition for oxaloacetate between the transaminase and citrate synthase. 7. Evidence is provided from a reconstituted malate-aspartate (or Borst) cycle with brain mitochondria that increased C(2) flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle from pyruvate may inhibit the reoxidation of exogenous NADH. These results are discussed in the light of the relationship between glycolysis and reoxidation of cytosolic NADH by the Borst cycle and the requirement of the brain for a continuous supply of energy.", "PMID": 656069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6718", "title": "Absence of parallelism between polyamine and nucleic acid contents during induced growth of cucumber cotyledons.", "content": "The cytokinins (benzyladenine or benzyladenosine) decreased spermidine and spermine contents despite increasing putrescine content, when administered to isolated cotyledons of Cucumis sativus L. var. Guntur in organ culture. KCl decreased putrescine contents, although marginally increasing polyamine contents. The cytokinins and/or KCl augmented nucleic acid biosynthesis and accumulation, resulting in enhanced growth and differentiation of the isolated cotyledons. These observations show that polyamine accumulation and growth are not always coupled.", "contents": "Absence of parallelism between polyamine and nucleic acid contents during induced growth of cucumber cotyledons. The cytokinins (benzyladenine or benzyladenosine) decreased spermidine and spermine contents despite increasing putrescine content, when administered to isolated cotyledons of Cucumis sativus L. var. Guntur in organ culture. KCl decreased putrescine contents, although marginally increasing polyamine contents. The cytokinins and/or KCl augmented nucleic acid biosynthesis and accumulation, resulting in enhanced growth and differentiation of the isolated cotyledons. These observations show that polyamine accumulation and growth are not always coupled.", "PMID": 656071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6719", "title": "Fractionation of microsomal membranes on the basis of their surface properties.", "content": "Partition in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous-phase systems can be used for both membrane subfractionation and gaining information on membrane surface properties [H. Walter (1977) in Methods of Cell Separation (Catsimpoolas, N., ed.), vol. 1, pp. 307-354, Plenum, New York]. Smooth, light rough and heavy rough rat liver microsome (obtained by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation) were subjected to countercurrent distribution in such a system. Smooth microsomal membranes had the highest, heavy rough microsomal membranes the lowest and light rough microsomal membranes an intermediate partition coefficient. The separation is based primarily on hydrophobic differences in the membrane surfaces of the three preparations and is thus due to microsomal properties not previously utilized in their fractionation. The method permits additional subfractionations of microsomes.", "contents": "Fractionation of microsomal membranes on the basis of their surface properties. Partition in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous-phase systems can be used for both membrane subfractionation and gaining information on membrane surface properties [H. Walter (1977) in Methods of Cell Separation (Catsimpoolas, N., ed.), vol. 1, pp. 307-354, Plenum, New York]. Smooth, light rough and heavy rough rat liver microsome (obtained by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation) were subjected to countercurrent distribution in such a system. Smooth microsomal membranes had the highest, heavy rough microsomal membranes the lowest and light rough microsomal membranes an intermediate partition coefficient. The separation is based primarily on hydrophobic differences in the membrane surfaces of the three preparations and is thus due to microsomal properties not previously utilized in their fractionation. The method permits additional subfractionations of microsomes.", "PMID": 656072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6720", "title": "Intramolecular labelling of sucrose made by leaves from [14C)carbon dioxide or [3-14C]serine.", "content": "Pea leaves were illuminated in air containing 150 or 1000p.p.m. of 14CO2 for various times. Alternatively, segments of wheat leaves were supplied with [3-14C]serine for 40 min in the light in air with 145, 326 or 944p.p.m. of 12CO2. Sucrose was extracted from the leaf material, hydrolysed with invertase, and 14C in the pairs of carbon atoms C-3+C-4, C-2+C-5 and C-1+C-6 in the glucose moiety was measured. The results obtained after metabolism of 14CO2 were consistent with the operation of the photosynthetic carbon-reduction cycle; the effects of CO2 concentration on distribution of 14C in the carbon chain of glucose after metabolism of [3-14C]serine is more easily explained by metabolism through the glycollate pathway than by the carbon-reduction cycle.", "contents": "Intramolecular labelling of sucrose made by leaves from [14C)carbon dioxide or [3-14C]serine. Pea leaves were illuminated in air containing 150 or 1000p.p.m. of 14CO2 for various times. Alternatively, segments of wheat leaves were supplied with [3-14C]serine for 40 min in the light in air with 145, 326 or 944p.p.m. of 12CO2. Sucrose was extracted from the leaf material, hydrolysed with invertase, and 14C in the pairs of carbon atoms C-3+C-4, C-2+C-5 and C-1+C-6 in the glucose moiety was measured. The results obtained after metabolism of 14CO2 were consistent with the operation of the photosynthetic carbon-reduction cycle; the effects of CO2 concentration on distribution of 14C in the carbon chain of glucose after metabolism of [3-14C]serine is more easily explained by metabolism through the glycollate pathway than by the carbon-reduction cycle.", "PMID": 656073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6721", "title": "Lactate-stimulated ethanol oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Hepatocytes isolated from starved rats and incubated without other substrates oxidized ethanol at a rate of 0.8-0.9mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells. Addition of 10mm-lactate increased this rate 2-fold. 2. Quinolinate (5mm) or tryptophan (1mm) decreased the rate of gluconeogenesis with 10mm-lactate and 8mm-ethanol from 0.39 to 0.04-0.08mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells, but rates of ethanol oxidation were not decreased. From these results it appears that acceleration of ethanol oxidation by lactate is not dependent upon the stimulation of gluconeogenesis and the consequent increased demand for ATP. 3. As another test of the relationship between ethanol oxidation and gluconeogenesis, the initial lactate concentration was varied from 0.5mm to 10mm and pyruvate was added to give an initial [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio of 10. This substrate combination gave a large stimulation of ethanol oxidation (from 0.8 to 2.6mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) at low lactate concentrations (0.5-2.0mm), but rates remained nearly constant (2.6-3.0mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) at higher lactate concentrations (2.0-10mm). 4. In contrast, owing to the presence of ethanol, the rate of glucose synthesis was only slightly increased (from 0.08 to 0.12mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) between 0.5mm- and 2.0mm-lactate and continued to increase (from 0.12 to 0.65mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) with lactate concentrations between 2 and 10mm. 5. In the presence of ethanol, O(2) uptake increased with increasing substrate concentration over the entire range. 6. Changes in concentrations of glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate closely paralleled changes in the rate of ethanol oxidation. 7. In isolated hepatocytes, rates of ethanol oxidation are lower than those in vivo apparently because of depletion of malate-aspartate shuttle intermediates during cell preparation. Rates are returned to those observed in vivo by substrates that increase the intracellular concentration of shuttle metabolites.", "contents": "Lactate-stimulated ethanol oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. 1. Hepatocytes isolated from starved rats and incubated without other substrates oxidized ethanol at a rate of 0.8-0.9mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells. Addition of 10mm-lactate increased this rate 2-fold. 2. Quinolinate (5mm) or tryptophan (1mm) decreased the rate of gluconeogenesis with 10mm-lactate and 8mm-ethanol from 0.39 to 0.04-0.08mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells, but rates of ethanol oxidation were not decreased. From these results it appears that acceleration of ethanol oxidation by lactate is not dependent upon the stimulation of gluconeogenesis and the consequent increased demand for ATP. 3. As another test of the relationship between ethanol oxidation and gluconeogenesis, the initial lactate concentration was varied from 0.5mm to 10mm and pyruvate was added to give an initial [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio of 10. This substrate combination gave a large stimulation of ethanol oxidation (from 0.8 to 2.6mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) at low lactate concentrations (0.5-2.0mm), but rates remained nearly constant (2.6-3.0mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) at higher lactate concentrations (2.0-10mm). 4. In contrast, owing to the presence of ethanol, the rate of glucose synthesis was only slightly increased (from 0.08 to 0.12mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) between 0.5mm- and 2.0mm-lactate and continued to increase (from 0.12 to 0.65mumol/min per g wet wt. of cells) with lactate concentrations between 2 and 10mm. 5. In the presence of ethanol, O(2) uptake increased with increasing substrate concentration over the entire range. 6. Changes in concentrations of glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate closely paralleled changes in the rate of ethanol oxidation. 7. In isolated hepatocytes, rates of ethanol oxidation are lower than those in vivo apparently because of depletion of malate-aspartate shuttle intermediates during cell preparation. Rates are returned to those observed in vivo by substrates that increase the intracellular concentration of shuttle metabolites.", "PMID": 656074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6722", "title": "Studies on the orientation of brush-border membrane vesicles.", "content": "Orientation of rat renal and intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles was studied with two independent methods: electron-microscopic freeze-fracture technique and immunological methods. With the freeze-fracture technique a distinct asymmetric distribution of particles on the two membrane fracture faces was demonstrated; this was used as a criterion for orientation of the isolated membrane vesicles. For the immunological approach the accessibility or inaccessibility of aminopeptidase M localized on the outer surface of the cell membrane to antibodies was used. With both methods we showed that the brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex and from rat small intestine for transport studies are predominantly orientated right-side out.", "contents": "Studies on the orientation of brush-border membrane vesicles. Orientation of rat renal and intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles was studied with two independent methods: electron-microscopic freeze-fracture technique and immunological methods. With the freeze-fracture technique a distinct asymmetric distribution of particles on the two membrane fracture faces was demonstrated; this was used as a criterion for orientation of the isolated membrane vesicles. For the immunological approach the accessibility or inaccessibility of aminopeptidase M localized on the outer surface of the cell membrane to antibodies was used. With both methods we showed that the brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex and from rat small intestine for transport studies are predominantly orientated right-side out.", "PMID": 656075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6723", "title": "Biochemistry of metallocenes. Identification of the major metabolite of acetylruthenocene.", "content": "1. After oral administration of acetylruthenocene to rats, metabolites were detected in bile and urine. 2. The major metabolite, which is present in both bile and urine, is a glucuronide with the structure: C5H5-Ru-C5H4-CO-CH2-O-C6H9O6 3. The metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry of the permethylated glucuronide and mass spectrometry and n.m.r. of the aglycone. 4. The nature of the metabolite is discussed, and a comparison is made with the metabolism of the benzene analogue, acetophenone.", "contents": "Biochemistry of metallocenes. Identification of the major metabolite of acetylruthenocene. 1. After oral administration of acetylruthenocene to rats, metabolites were detected in bile and urine. 2. The major metabolite, which is present in both bile and urine, is a glucuronide with the structure: C5H5-Ru-C5H4-CO-CH2-O-C6H9O6 3. The metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry of the permethylated glucuronide and mass spectrometry and n.m.r. of the aglycone. 4. The nature of the metabolite is discussed, and a comparison is made with the metabolism of the benzene analogue, acetophenone.", "PMID": 656076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6724", "title": "The effects of pyruvate concentration, dichloroacetate and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate on gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate] ratios in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. In isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with pyruvate, ketogenesis increased with increasing pyruvate concentrations and decreased under the influence of 1 mM-alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, a known inhibitor of pyruvate transport. Ketogenesis from pyruvate was higher by 30% in hepatocytes prepared from starved than from fed rats. 2. With pyruvate as substrate, 2 mM-dichloroacetate had no effect on ketogenesis of starved-rat hepatocytes, but increased ketogenesis of fed-rat hepatocytes to the 'starved' value. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, lactate and alanine, but not from glycerol, was inhibited by dichloroacetate. Both increased ketogenesis and decreased gluconeogenesis may result from an inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase by dichloroacetate. 3. Mitochondria were rapidly isolated from incubated hepatocytes, and [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate] ratios were measured in the mitochondrial pellet ('mitochondrial' ratios) and in whole-cell suspensions ('total' ratios). Increasing pyruvate concentrations increased mitochondrial and decreased total ratios. In the presence of pyruvate (2 to 10 mM), dichloroacetate decreased mitochondrial and increased total ratios.", "contents": "The effects of pyruvate concentration, dichloroacetate and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate on gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate] ratios in isolated rat hepatocytes. 1. In isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with pyruvate, ketogenesis increased with increasing pyruvate concentrations and decreased under the influence of 1 mM-alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, a known inhibitor of pyruvate transport. Ketogenesis from pyruvate was higher by 30% in hepatocytes prepared from starved than from fed rats. 2. With pyruvate as substrate, 2 mM-dichloroacetate had no effect on ketogenesis of starved-rat hepatocytes, but increased ketogenesis of fed-rat hepatocytes to the 'starved' value. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, lactate and alanine, but not from glycerol, was inhibited by dichloroacetate. Both increased ketogenesis and decreased gluconeogenesis may result from an inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase by dichloroacetate. 3. Mitochondria were rapidly isolated from incubated hepatocytes, and [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[3-oxobutyrate] ratios were measured in the mitochondrial pellet ('mitochondrial' ratios) and in whole-cell suspensions ('total' ratios). Increasing pyruvate concentrations increased mitochondrial and decreased total ratios. In the presence of pyruvate (2 to 10 mM), dichloroacetate decreased mitochondrial and increased total ratios.", "PMID": 656077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6725", "title": "The effects of diphosphonates on the growth and glycolysis of connective-tissue cells in culture.", "content": "1. The effects of two diphosphonates (compounds containing a P-C-P bond), disodium dichloromethanediphosphonate and disodium 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, on the metabolism of cultured rat calvaria cells, rabbit ear cartilage cells and rat skin fibroblasts were investigated. 2. The diphosphonates had no effect on the growth of cartilage cells and on the exponential growth of the calvaria cells and the fibroblasts. However, dichloromethanediphosphonate stopped the growth of the calvaria cells and the fibroblasts after the beginning of confluence, whereas the untreated cells were still growing to a certain extent. This inhibition was dose-dependent. After the drug was withdrawn, the cells recovered slowly. 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate had no detectable effect on the growth of any of the cell types studied. Both diphosphonates decreased the cloning efficiency of calvaria cells and fibroblasts. 3. The K+ content of cartilage, calvaria and skin cells was diminished only by the highest (0.25 mM) concentration of dichloromethanediphosphonate. 4. Radioactive dichloromethanediphosphonate and 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate were taken up linearly with time for at least 48 h by calvaria cells and fibroblasts. The diphosphonate concentration in the cells depended on its concentration in the medium. 5. Both diphosphonates, in a dose-dependent fashion, markedly inhibited glycolysis, dichloromethanediphosphonate being more effective than 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, at drug doses that had no effect on cell growth or cellular K+ content. Calvaria cells were much more sensitive than cartilage cells. When cartilage cells were cultured in an N2 atmosphere, these effects on glucose and lactate metabolism disappeared. 6. As increased acid production appears to be associated with resorption of bone, this decrease in lactate may explain why diphosphonates are effective inhibitors of bone resorption in vivo.", "contents": "The effects of diphosphonates on the growth and glycolysis of connective-tissue cells in culture. 1. The effects of two diphosphonates (compounds containing a P-C-P bond), disodium dichloromethanediphosphonate and disodium 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, on the metabolism of cultured rat calvaria cells, rabbit ear cartilage cells and rat skin fibroblasts were investigated. 2. The diphosphonates had no effect on the growth of cartilage cells and on the exponential growth of the calvaria cells and the fibroblasts. However, dichloromethanediphosphonate stopped the growth of the calvaria cells and the fibroblasts after the beginning of confluence, whereas the untreated cells were still growing to a certain extent. This inhibition was dose-dependent. After the drug was withdrawn, the cells recovered slowly. 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate had no detectable effect on the growth of any of the cell types studied. Both diphosphonates decreased the cloning efficiency of calvaria cells and fibroblasts. 3. The K+ content of cartilage, calvaria and skin cells was diminished only by the highest (0.25 mM) concentration of dichloromethanediphosphonate. 4. Radioactive dichloromethanediphosphonate and 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate were taken up linearly with time for at least 48 h by calvaria cells and fibroblasts. The diphosphonate concentration in the cells depended on its concentration in the medium. 5. Both diphosphonates, in a dose-dependent fashion, markedly inhibited glycolysis, dichloromethanediphosphonate being more effective than 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate, at drug doses that had no effect on cell growth or cellular K+ content. Calvaria cells were much more sensitive than cartilage cells. When cartilage cells were cultured in an N2 atmosphere, these effects on glucose and lactate metabolism disappeared. 6. As increased acid production appears to be associated with resorption of bone, this decrease in lactate may explain why diphosphonates are effective inhibitors of bone resorption in vivo.", "PMID": 656078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6726", "title": "Total hip replacement in children with arthritis.", "content": "Fourteen children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and two with ankylosing spondylitis received 29 total hip replacements (THR). The ages at THR were 12 to 18 years, the median duration of prior hip disease was 7.1 years, and the minimum followup was one year (range 1--4 years, median 2.2 years). The primary indication for THR was pain in 5 hips and severe malposition or flexion contractures in 24 hips. (Sixteen of these also had some degree of pain.) All 29 hips demonstrated improved postoperative range of motion, and all were free of pain. In children, active rheumatic disease in other joints, prosthesis longevity, and possible lack of adequate motivation all merit special consideration prior to THR, but the results are encouraging.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in children with arthritis. Fourteen children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and two with ankylosing spondylitis received 29 total hip replacements (THR). The ages at THR were 12 to 18 years, the median duration of prior hip disease was 7.1 years, and the minimum followup was one year (range 1--4 years, median 2.2 years). The primary indication for THR was pain in 5 hips and severe malposition or flexion contractures in 24 hips. (Sixteen of these also had some degree of pain.) All 29 hips demonstrated improved postoperative range of motion, and all were free of pain. In children, active rheumatic disease in other joints, prosthesis longevity, and possible lack of adequate motivation all merit special consideration prior to THR, but the results are encouraging.", "PMID": 656158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6727", "title": "Pathologic features of a familial arthropathy associated with congenital flexion contractures of fingers.", "content": "Three siblings with a recently recognized form of familial arthropathy were studied clinically and by light and electron microscopy of the synovium. On light microscopy, the synovium from all 3 children showed synovial hyperplasia, necrotic villi, deposition of eosinophilic and PAS-positive material, and large numbers of multinucleated giant cells. Electron microscopy of the synovium in one patient revealed giant cells with profuse rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some phagocytic cells contained degenerated collagen in vacuoles or invaginations. There was granular and fibrinlike material on the synovial surface, but no amyloid. This symmetrical arthropathy now reported in three families appears to have characteristic histological appearance of synovium that allows its identification as distinct from other known joint diseases.", "contents": "Pathologic features of a familial arthropathy associated with congenital flexion contractures of fingers. Three siblings with a recently recognized form of familial arthropathy were studied clinically and by light and electron microscopy of the synovium. On light microscopy, the synovium from all 3 children showed synovial hyperplasia, necrotic villi, deposition of eosinophilic and PAS-positive material, and large numbers of multinucleated giant cells. Electron microscopy of the synovium in one patient revealed giant cells with profuse rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some phagocytic cells contained degenerated collagen in vacuoles or invaginations. There was granular and fibrinlike material on the synovial surface, but no amyloid. This symmetrical arthropathy now reported in three families appears to have characteristic histological appearance of synovium that allows its identification as distinct from other known joint diseases.", "PMID": 656159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6728", "title": "Enhancement of urate solubility by connective tissue. I. Effect of proteoglycan aggregates and buffer cation.", "content": "Proteoglycan aggregates (PGC) facilitated dissolution of 2 1/2 times more sodium urate crystals than nonaggregated proteoglycans. This effect of aggregates on urate solubility was abolished by digestion of the aggregates with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase. PGC, however, did not sustain urate concentrations in supersaturated solutions. Potassium urate was severalfold more soluble than sodium urate. In vivo, where they exist predominantly as their sodium salts in the extracellular connective tissue, proteoglycans may not markedly influence the solubility of sodium urate.", "contents": "Enhancement of urate solubility by connective tissue. I. Effect of proteoglycan aggregates and buffer cation. Proteoglycan aggregates (PGC) facilitated dissolution of 2 1/2 times more sodium urate crystals than nonaggregated proteoglycans. This effect of aggregates on urate solubility was abolished by digestion of the aggregates with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase. PGC, however, did not sustain urate concentrations in supersaturated solutions. Potassium urate was severalfold more soluble than sodium urate. In vivo, where they exist predominantly as their sodium salts in the extracellular connective tissue, proteoglycans may not markedly influence the solubility of sodium urate.", "PMID": 656160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6729", "title": "Vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis (Forestier's disease) and HLA antigens in Pima Indians.", "content": "Vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis is a common skeletal disorder among Pima Indians. Prevalence rates of approximately 50% have been reported in Pima Indian males aged 44 or older. The HLA-B27 antigen is also found more commonly in Pima Indians than in Caucasians (18% versus 6%). Because of the increased prevalence of both vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis and HLA-B27 in Pima Indians, a possible association between the two was thought to exist. Therefore, histocompatibility testing was done on 44 adult male Pima Indians age 55 or older with classic vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis and 33 age-matched controls. No significant association between any histocompatibility antigen phenotype or haplotype and vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis was found. This disease, therefore, connot be classified with the HLA-B27 associated spondylarthropathies.", "contents": "Vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis (Forestier's disease) and HLA antigens in Pima Indians. Vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis is a common skeletal disorder among Pima Indians. Prevalence rates of approximately 50% have been reported in Pima Indian males aged 44 or older. The HLA-B27 antigen is also found more commonly in Pima Indians than in Caucasians (18% versus 6%). Because of the increased prevalence of both vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis and HLA-B27 in Pima Indians, a possible association between the two was thought to exist. Therefore, histocompatibility testing was done on 44 adult male Pima Indians age 55 or older with classic vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis and 33 age-matched controls. No significant association between any histocompatibility antigen phenotype or haplotype and vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis was found. This disease, therefore, connot be classified with the HLA-B27 associated spondylarthropathies.", "PMID": 656161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6730", "title": "Age, sex, and race effects on mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States.", "content": "Nationwide rates of death from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were estimated from National Center for Health Statistics mortality data for 1968 to 1972 according to age, sex, and race. The overall rates for females, 6.3 per million person-years (whites 5.2, blacks 14.8), were about four times that for males, 1.6 per million person-years (whites 1.5, blacks 2.2). The overall rate for blacks, 8.8, was 2.6 times that for whites, 3.4. An earlier rise in age-specific mortality rates for females than males produced higher age-specific female-to male sex ratios in the early adult years than in later years. Mortality generally increased with age in whites whereas the phenomenon of an accentuation and decline during the early and middle adult ages was seen in blacks, particularly females. Analysis of age-, sex-, race-specific rates using one measure of synergistic interaction, S, revealed substantial synergy between the effects of sex and race on mortality during the childbearing ages (S = 3.2, 95% confidence interval = 2.3--4.4).", "contents": "Age, sex, and race effects on mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States. Nationwide rates of death from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were estimated from National Center for Health Statistics mortality data for 1968 to 1972 according to age, sex, and race. The overall rates for females, 6.3 per million person-years (whites 5.2, blacks 14.8), were about four times that for males, 1.6 per million person-years (whites 1.5, blacks 2.2). The overall rate for blacks, 8.8, was 2.6 times that for whites, 3.4. An earlier rise in age-specific mortality rates for females than males produced higher age-specific female-to male sex ratios in the early adult years than in later years. Mortality generally increased with age in whites whereas the phenomenon of an accentuation and decline during the early and middle adult ages was seen in blacks, particularly females. Analysis of age-, sex-, race-specific rates using one measure of synergistic interaction, S, revealed substantial synergy between the effects of sex and race on mortality during the childbearing ages (S = 3.2, 95% confidence interval = 2.3--4.4).", "PMID": 656162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6731", "title": "[Experimental study on hepatic encephalopathy: EEG and blood amino acid findings].", "content": "The AA. describe a method of gradual occlusion of the portal vein in the rat to induce a hepatic encephalopaty. This method allows to realise a condition of hepatic ischemia and a portal hypertensive state accompanied by spontaneous portal-systemic shunts. These two factors produce a hepatic encephalopaty like in cirrhotic state or in patients after portal systemic anastomosis. A part from similar behavior at the beginning of the encephalopaty it is possible to define two classes of animals: one showing a slow recovery and one showing a transient and slight improvement followed at the end by the death of the animal. The AA. found a definite correlation amoung the clinica, EEG's, serum aminoacids and biochemical data. Probably the different anatomical and phisiological aspects of the induced portal systemic shunts and the different ways of hepatic rivascularization may determine the two different evolutions of the animals.", "contents": "[Experimental study on hepatic encephalopathy: EEG and blood amino acid findings]. The AA. describe a method of gradual occlusion of the portal vein in the rat to induce a hepatic encephalopaty. This method allows to realise a condition of hepatic ischemia and a portal hypertensive state accompanied by spontaneous portal-systemic shunts. These two factors produce a hepatic encephalopaty like in cirrhotic state or in patients after portal systemic anastomosis. A part from similar behavior at the beginning of the encephalopaty it is possible to define two classes of animals: one showing a slow recovery and one showing a transient and slight improvement followed at the end by the death of the animal. The AA. found a definite correlation amoung the clinica, EEG's, serum aminoacids and biochemical data. Probably the different anatomical and phisiological aspects of the induced portal systemic shunts and the different ways of hepatic rivascularization may determine the two different evolutions of the animals.", "PMID": 656177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6732", "title": "Effect of cycloheximide on the bone marrow toxicity of nitrogen mustard.", "content": "Cycloheximide (CHM), a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, has been reported to protect rat intestinal crypt cells from mitotic inhibition by nitrogen mustard (HN2). For investigation of the effect of CHM on the bone marrow toxicity of HN2, CHM (1.0 mg/kg) and HN2 in doses up to 2.5 mg/kg were given i.p. to rats. Twenty-eight % (13 of 46) of rats given HN2 alone died within 5 days. Only 4% (2 of 45) of rats pretreated with CHM died within 5 days after the administration of HN2. Rats pretreated with CHM had significantly less leukopenia and granulocytopenia than did rats given HN2 alone, and their bone marrow cellularity, assessed by histological sections and total femoral marrow cell counts, was greater than that of animals given HN2 alone. Bone marrow DNA synthesis, as measured by in vitro [3H]thymidine incorporation, was decreased 2 hr after HN2 injection, appeared to recover at 4 hr, but was further decreased at 24 and 48 hr. CHM given up to 20 min before HN2 reversed the effect of HN2 on DNA synthesis at 2 and 4 hr. A variable protective effect of CHM was observed at 24 and 48 hr. These studies indicate that CHM increases the survival of HN2-treated rats and partially protects rat bone marrow cells from HN2 cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Effect of cycloheximide on the bone marrow toxicity of nitrogen mustard. Cycloheximide (CHM), a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, has been reported to protect rat intestinal crypt cells from mitotic inhibition by nitrogen mustard (HN2). For investigation of the effect of CHM on the bone marrow toxicity of HN2, CHM (1.0 mg/kg) and HN2 in doses up to 2.5 mg/kg were given i.p. to rats. Twenty-eight % (13 of 46) of rats given HN2 alone died within 5 days. Only 4% (2 of 45) of rats pretreated with CHM died within 5 days after the administration of HN2. Rats pretreated with CHM had significantly less leukopenia and granulocytopenia than did rats given HN2 alone, and their bone marrow cellularity, assessed by histological sections and total femoral marrow cell counts, was greater than that of animals given HN2 alone. Bone marrow DNA synthesis, as measured by in vitro [3H]thymidine incorporation, was decreased 2 hr after HN2 injection, appeared to recover at 4 hr, but was further decreased at 24 and 48 hr. CHM given up to 20 min before HN2 reversed the effect of HN2 on DNA synthesis at 2 and 4 hr. A variable protective effect of CHM was observed at 24 and 48 hr. These studies indicate that CHM increases the survival of HN2-treated rats and partially protects rat bone marrow cells from HN2 cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 656182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6733", "title": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate imaging of experimental infective endocarditis.", "content": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) cardiac scintigraphy was performed in 15 rabbits with experimental Streptococcus sanguis aortic valve infective endocarditis. The animals were imaged five to seven days after the administration of bacteria, and in each case abnormal accumulation of the tracer was visualized in the region of the aortic valve. Three types of cardiac scintigraphic patterns were demonstrated: focal, multifocal and extensive, each correlating well with the anatomical extent of the lesion as defined by gross pathology. Tissue distribution studies demonstrated a 30 +/- 5.3 (mean +/- SEM) fold excess of radionuclide uptake in the infective endocarditis lesion compared with that of normal myocardium. Imaging of excised hearts from four animals showed an excellent correlation with in vivo imaging as well as gross pathology. Five animals with nonbacterial thrombotic aortic valve endocarditis demonstrated similar scintigraphic and tissue distribution results. In contrast, four normal animals failed to demonstrate abnormal 99mTc-PYP cardiac scintigrams or tissue uptake. This study demonstrates that 99mTc-PYP cardiac scintigraphy is a sensitive technique to detect experimental aortic valve endocarditis.", "contents": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate imaging of experimental infective endocarditis. Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) cardiac scintigraphy was performed in 15 rabbits with experimental Streptococcus sanguis aortic valve infective endocarditis. The animals were imaged five to seven days after the administration of bacteria, and in each case abnormal accumulation of the tracer was visualized in the region of the aortic valve. Three types of cardiac scintigraphic patterns were demonstrated: focal, multifocal and extensive, each correlating well with the anatomical extent of the lesion as defined by gross pathology. Tissue distribution studies demonstrated a 30 +/- 5.3 (mean +/- SEM) fold excess of radionuclide uptake in the infective endocarditis lesion compared with that of normal myocardium. Imaging of excised hearts from four animals showed an excellent correlation with in vivo imaging as well as gross pathology. Five animals with nonbacterial thrombotic aortic valve endocarditis demonstrated similar scintigraphic and tissue distribution results. In contrast, four normal animals failed to demonstrate abnormal 99mTc-PYP cardiac scintigrams or tissue uptake. This study demonstrates that 99mTc-PYP cardiac scintigraphy is a sensitive technique to detect experimental aortic valve endocarditis.", "PMID": 656183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6734", "title": "[Changes of the intestinal mucosa-bacterial flora ecosystem in rats fed various diets].", "content": "A study has been made of the distribution of bacterial flora in the gastro-enteric tract of rats fed on glycidic, protein and lipidic diets and compared with that found in rats given a standard diet. The flora of the gastro-enteric tract was noted in a fraction adhering to the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane and in a fraction present in the contents of the gastro-enteric tract. Changes resulting from the differences in diet are made particularly at the expense of the adhering flora. In groups fed on a glycidic diet there is a clear prevalence of enterococci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli, peptostreptococci and yeasts. In rats fed on a protein diet the quantity and variability fo the flora are less and clostridia predominate. Where rats are given a lipidic diet there is a prevalence of enterobacteria, lactobacilli and peptostreptococci. An extensive and diversified colonization is noted as a further consequence of differences in diet. The results obtained are discussed in relation to certain pathological intestinal conditions and to results reported elsewhere in the literature.", "contents": "[Changes of the intestinal mucosa-bacterial flora ecosystem in rats fed various diets]. A study has been made of the distribution of bacterial flora in the gastro-enteric tract of rats fed on glycidic, protein and lipidic diets and compared with that found in rats given a standard diet. The flora of the gastro-enteric tract was noted in a fraction adhering to the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane and in a fraction present in the contents of the gastro-enteric tract. Changes resulting from the differences in diet are made particularly at the expense of the adhering flora. In groups fed on a glycidic diet there is a clear prevalence of enterococci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli, peptostreptococci and yeasts. In rats fed on a protein diet the quantity and variability fo the flora are less and clostridia predominate. Where rats are given a lipidic diet there is a prevalence of enterobacteria, lactobacilli and peptostreptococci. An extensive and diversified colonization is noted as a further consequence of differences in diet. The results obtained are discussed in relation to certain pathological intestinal conditions and to results reported elsewhere in the literature.", "PMID": 656191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6735", "title": "R factors from Enterobacter group.", "content": "Twenty-six R factors transmissible to E. coli K12 were derived from 79 strains of Enterobacter species isolated in various clinical specimens (urine, sputum, blood, pus); 71 of 79 strains were Enterobacter cloacae. Fifteen R factors were fi+: 14 belonged to group FII, 1 to group FI. Eleven R factors were fi-: 5 belonged to group M, of the others 6 (all controlling the cloramphenicol-resistance) 1 was recognized of group K, 1 was incompatible with standard plasmids of both groups S and W, and 4 belonged to group S.", "contents": "R factors from Enterobacter group. Twenty-six R factors transmissible to E. coli K12 were derived from 79 strains of Enterobacter species isolated in various clinical specimens (urine, sputum, blood, pus); 71 of 79 strains were Enterobacter cloacae. Fifteen R factors were fi+: 14 belonged to group FII, 1 to group FI. Eleven R factors were fi-: 5 belonged to group M, of the others 6 (all controlling the cloramphenicol-resistance) 1 was recognized of group K, 1 was incompatible with standard plasmids of both groups S and W, and 4 belonged to group S.", "PMID": 656192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6736", "title": "Clearance of viable salmonella typhi Ty 2 and Staphylococcus aureus by the isolated rat liver in the absence of serum factors.", "content": "The clearance of S. typhi Ty 2 and of a S. aureus strain by the isolated rat liver perfused in vitro with a synthetic serum free perfusate was studied. Bacteria were added to the perfusate at the initial concentration of 1x10(8) cells/ml. During perfusions the perfusate was sampled; after 30 min bile and liver samples were obtained and used for viable bacterial counts. After 30 min the amount of bacteria phagocytized greatly differed from one strain to the other: 30% for S. typhi Ty 2 and 100% for S. aureus. The end amount of viable bacteria recovered in the isolated liver was 7% for S. typhi Ty 2 and 80% for S. Aureus, thus indicating that for the latter strain greater clearance was not associated with an equally fast intracellular death.", "contents": "Clearance of viable salmonella typhi Ty 2 and Staphylococcus aureus by the isolated rat liver in the absence of serum factors. The clearance of S. typhi Ty 2 and of a S. aureus strain by the isolated rat liver perfused in vitro with a synthetic serum free perfusate was studied. Bacteria were added to the perfusate at the initial concentration of 1x10(8) cells/ml. During perfusions the perfusate was sampled; after 30 min bile and liver samples were obtained and used for viable bacterial counts. After 30 min the amount of bacteria phagocytized greatly differed from one strain to the other: 30% for S. typhi Ty 2 and 100% for S. aureus. The end amount of viable bacteria recovered in the isolated liver was 7% for S. typhi Ty 2 and 80% for S. Aureus, thus indicating that for the latter strain greater clearance was not associated with an equally fast intracellular death.", "PMID": 656193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6737", "title": "Histocompatibility (HLA) factors in ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "In the recent studies conducted in patients with various types of primary immunodeficiency diseases, an increased frequency of HLA-A1 or HLA-A2 antigens was reported. In order to determine the frequency of the histocompatibility antigens in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), HLA typing was carried out in 30 patients with A-T along with their 23 parents and 4 siblings. The results were compared with 138 healthy controls. That study showed no significant difference for the frequencies of 19 HLA antigens of the A and B loci between the controls and A-T patients or their parents-siblings.", "contents": "Histocompatibility (HLA) factors in ataxia telangiectasia. In the recent studies conducted in patients with various types of primary immunodeficiency diseases, an increased frequency of HLA-A1 or HLA-A2 antigens was reported. In order to determine the frequency of the histocompatibility antigens in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), HLA typing was carried out in 30 patients with A-T along with their 23 parents and 4 siblings. The results were compared with 138 healthy controls. That study showed no significant difference for the frequencies of 19 HLA antigens of the A and B loci between the controls and A-T patients or their parents-siblings.", "PMID": 656194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6738", "title": "Serum antibody level in rabbits submitted to antitetanus active-passive immunization with heterologous horse serum.", "content": "Serum antibody titres have been assessed in rabbits submitted to active and active-passive immunization against tetanus with AlPO4 adsorbed vaccine and horse heterologous immune serum. Heterologous antibodies survive in the blood stream no more than six days. Endogenous antibodies, with the adopted vaccination schedule, emerge fifteen days after the first vaccine inoculation. In rabbits undergoing active-passive immunization, the appearance time of endogenous antibodies is delayed, all the more so as the antiserum injected dose increases. Such data stress the opportunity to give up with the use of heterologous immune sera in tetanus prophylaxis, in association with vaccine as well.", "contents": "Serum antibody level in rabbits submitted to antitetanus active-passive immunization with heterologous horse serum. Serum antibody titres have been assessed in rabbits submitted to active and active-passive immunization against tetanus with AlPO4 adsorbed vaccine and horse heterologous immune serum. Heterologous antibodies survive in the blood stream no more than six days. Endogenous antibodies, with the adopted vaccination schedule, emerge fifteen days after the first vaccine inoculation. In rabbits undergoing active-passive immunization, the appearance time of endogenous antibodies is delayed, all the more so as the antiserum injected dose increases. Such data stress the opportunity to give up with the use of heterologous immune sera in tetanus prophylaxis, in association with vaccine as well.", "PMID": 656195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6739", "title": "Sheep red blood cell membrane structure: an immunological probe.", "content": "Pronase digested sheep red blood cell stromata were employed as probe in order to investigate erythrocyte membrane arrangement by immunological way. Antiserum from rabbits immunized with erythrocyte ghost pronase residue assayed for its hemolytic activity against intact sheep red cells, showed an high titer, in a good agreement with the presence in the same residue of externally located membrane antigens. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis was performed between the solubilized residue and precipitins produced by rabbits immunized respectively with the following antigens: intact sheep red blood cells (SRBC), sheep erythrocyte stromata (SRBCS), lipid complex (LC), sphingomyelin complex (SF), stromata after phospholipase A treatment (SPLA), stromata after phospholipase C treatment (SPLC), stromata after phospholipases A and C treatment (SPLAC), and pronase treated stromata (SP). Antigen/antibody reaction with anti-SP antiserum showed an additional precipitation line: this fact is discussed in view of a possible enrichment of the fraction after pronase stromata digestion, and/or enhancement of the immunogenicity.", "contents": "Sheep red blood cell membrane structure: an immunological probe. Pronase digested sheep red blood cell stromata were employed as probe in order to investigate erythrocyte membrane arrangement by immunological way. Antiserum from rabbits immunized with erythrocyte ghost pronase residue assayed for its hemolytic activity against intact sheep red cells, showed an high titer, in a good agreement with the presence in the same residue of externally located membrane antigens. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis was performed between the solubilized residue and precipitins produced by rabbits immunized respectively with the following antigens: intact sheep red blood cells (SRBC), sheep erythrocyte stromata (SRBCS), lipid complex (LC), sphingomyelin complex (SF), stromata after phospholipase A treatment (SPLA), stromata after phospholipase C treatment (SPLC), stromata after phospholipases A and C treatment (SPLAC), and pronase treated stromata (SP). Antigen/antibody reaction with anti-SP antiserum showed an additional precipitation line: this fact is discussed in view of a possible enrichment of the fraction after pronase stromata digestion, and/or enhancement of the immunogenicity.", "PMID": 656197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6740", "title": "[Evaluation of non-treponemal VDRL and RPRC reactions].", "content": "The non-treponemal reactions VDRL and RPRC for the serological diagnosis of syphilis were compared in serum samples having low-titer antibodies and/or antibody dissociations. The analysis of the serological results obtained by performing non-treponemal (VDRL, RPRC) and treponemal (FTA-5, FTA-ABS) tests indicates the best choice of reactions for the serology of lues, which may be summarized as follows: a) The VDRL is the most sensitive and specific test of the non-treponemal reactions which employ cardiolipin antigen. b) A screening serology of syphilis, performed by associating two selected tests (VDRL, FTA-5), demonstrates more positive cases than the use of only one test. c) The serological identification of the antibodies present in luetic sera, obtained by associating selected treponemal and non-treponemal tests (VDRL, FTA-5, FTA-ABS, CF-ATPS) enables us to correlate the serological data with the main biological phases of lues, even during the periods of clinical latency of the disease.", "contents": "[Evaluation of non-treponemal VDRL and RPRC reactions]. The non-treponemal reactions VDRL and RPRC for the serological diagnosis of syphilis were compared in serum samples having low-titer antibodies and/or antibody dissociations. The analysis of the serological results obtained by performing non-treponemal (VDRL, RPRC) and treponemal (FTA-5, FTA-ABS) tests indicates the best choice of reactions for the serology of lues, which may be summarized as follows: a) The VDRL is the most sensitive and specific test of the non-treponemal reactions which employ cardiolipin antigen. b) A screening serology of syphilis, performed by associating two selected tests (VDRL, FTA-5), demonstrates more positive cases than the use of only one test. c) The serological identification of the antibodies present in luetic sera, obtained by associating selected treponemal and non-treponemal tests (VDRL, FTA-5, FTA-ABS, CF-ATPS) enables us to correlate the serological data with the main biological phases of lues, even during the periods of clinical latency of the disease.", "PMID": 656196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6741", "title": "[Spontaneous blast formation of spontaneous rosette-forming human lymphocytes with sheep and mouse erythrocytes: morphological demonstration].", "content": "A high uptake rate of 3HTdR by human cultured rosette-forming lymphocytes with sheep or mouse erythrocytes without stimulation has been already found occasionally in a discrete percentage of experiments by the Authors. In this paper morphologic evidence is shown that in those cultures \"blastic\" or \"blast-like\" cells are present, probable expression of spontaneous lymphocyte activation by \"rosetting\" phenomenon.", "contents": "[Spontaneous blast formation of spontaneous rosette-forming human lymphocytes with sheep and mouse erythrocytes: morphological demonstration]. A high uptake rate of 3HTdR by human cultured rosette-forming lymphocytes with sheep or mouse erythrocytes without stimulation has been already found occasionally in a discrete percentage of experiments by the Authors. In this paper morphologic evidence is shown that in those cultures \"blastic\" or \"blast-like\" cells are present, probable expression of spontaneous lymphocyte activation by \"rosetting\" phenomenon.", "PMID": 656198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6742", "title": "[Cryoglobulinemia and mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis (comparison of the 2 histological types)].", "content": "Sera from 21 patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis were examined for the presence of cryoglobulins, for the complement levels and in 8 cases for the C3 splitting activity. Patients were divided, on the basis of histology, into two groups; the first of 10 patients with subendothelial deposits, the second of 11 patients with intramembranous dense deposits. The incidence of cryoglobulins and the cryoprecipitate components were similar in the two groups. As previously described, in the first group low levels the C3 was low without alterations in the C4 levels. There are no previous reports on this high incidence of cryoglobulins in dense deposits disease and these data add further support to the hypothesis that this disease is, at least partially immunecomplexes mediated.", "contents": "[Cryoglobulinemia and mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis (comparison of the 2 histological types)]. Sera from 21 patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis were examined for the presence of cryoglobulins, for the complement levels and in 8 cases for the C3 splitting activity. Patients were divided, on the basis of histology, into two groups; the first of 10 patients with subendothelial deposits, the second of 11 patients with intramembranous dense deposits. The incidence of cryoglobulins and the cryoprecipitate components were similar in the two groups. As previously described, in the first group low levels the C3 was low without alterations in the C4 levels. There are no previous reports on this high incidence of cryoglobulins in dense deposits disease and these data add further support to the hypothesis that this disease is, at least partially immunecomplexes mediated.", "PMID": 656199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6743", "title": "Chromosome radiation-induced aberrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Possible correlation with second malignancy?", "content": "The karyotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes has been studied in a group of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Before any therapy, the karyotype was either normal or aneuploid. A few months after radiotherapy (total nodal irradiation) a conspicuous amount of structural chromosome aberrations was found. Three to six years after completion of radiotherapy, the lymphocyte karyotype was almost normal, even if stable ionizing radiation-induced aberrations were still detectable. This is consistent with the normal behaviour of these patients and with the long-lasting effect of radiations on nuclear D.N.A. Owing to the close relationship between ionizing raditions and chromosome aberrations on one hand, and abnormal karyotypes and tumors on the other, it cannot be overlooked that these aberrations may play an important role, together with other carcinogenic factors, in the development of second malignancies in these patients.", "contents": "Chromosome radiation-induced aberrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Possible correlation with second malignancy? The karyotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes has been studied in a group of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Before any therapy, the karyotype was either normal or aneuploid. A few months after radiotherapy (total nodal irradiation) a conspicuous amount of structural chromosome aberrations was found. Three to six years after completion of radiotherapy, the lymphocyte karyotype was almost normal, even if stable ionizing radiation-induced aberrations were still detectable. This is consistent with the normal behaviour of these patients and with the long-lasting effect of radiations on nuclear D.N.A. Owing to the close relationship between ionizing raditions and chromosome aberrations on one hand, and abnormal karyotypes and tumors on the other, it cannot be overlooked that these aberrations may play an important role, together with other carcinogenic factors, in the development of second malignancies in these patients.", "PMID": 656200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6744", "title": "[Serological studies of influenza viruses in a sample of the population of Rome].", "content": "Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (H.I.A.) to influenza viruses A/Victoria/3/75, A/Victoria/112/76, B/Hong Kong/8/73 and A/New Jersey/8/76 were titrated in 1110 serum specimens collected in Rome in the period between March-May 1977 and obtained from subjects 0-60 years old. The H.I.A. protective level (greater than or equal to 1 : 40) found in 21.7% of the sera against A/Victoria/3/75 is such that it does not avoid a possible diffusion of this strain in the successive epidemic season. Moreover this finding suggests that there will be probably no antigenic change (4) in the same period. The age group 0-20 showed the higher titer H.I.A. Low protective levels were found against the virus A/Victoria/112/76 and B/Hong Kong/8/73, while the H.I.A. to virus A/New Jersey/8/76 showed a percentage of protective level increasing with the age.", "contents": "[Serological studies of influenza viruses in a sample of the population of Rome]. Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (H.I.A.) to influenza viruses A/Victoria/3/75, A/Victoria/112/76, B/Hong Kong/8/73 and A/New Jersey/8/76 were titrated in 1110 serum specimens collected in Rome in the period between March-May 1977 and obtained from subjects 0-60 years old. The H.I.A. protective level (greater than or equal to 1 : 40) found in 21.7% of the sera against A/Victoria/3/75 is such that it does not avoid a possible diffusion of this strain in the successive epidemic season. Moreover this finding suggests that there will be probably no antigenic change (4) in the same period. The age group 0-20 showed the higher titer H.I.A. Low protective levels were found against the virus A/Victoria/112/76 and B/Hong Kong/8/73, while the H.I.A. to virus A/New Jersey/8/76 showed a percentage of protective level increasing with the age.", "PMID": 656201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6745", "title": "[Incidence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in the population of Milan and of Bari against strains of influenza viruses of epidemiological importance in the winter of 1977-78].", "content": "A sero-epidemiological survey was carried out on 555 serum samples from normal subjects of both sexes (age: from few months to over 60 years) collected in the late summer 1977 in Milan and Bari, two towns with rather different climatic conditions. In both localities a further large spread of A/Victoria/3/75 strain seems unlikely, since 54% of sera from Milan and 58% of those from Bari have h.i.a. at protective titers. On the contrary, the degree of immunity against B/Hong Kong/8/73 virus is still faiitical level for the survival of A/Hong Kong/68 pandemic strain appears almost reached in the population of Milan, where 76% of subjects have antibody at protective titers. In Bari such percentage is 60%. The statistical analysis (X2 test) of the data concerning the subjects with h.i.a. at titers greater than or equal to 1:40 shows only one significant difference between Milan and Bari, that is the A/Hong Kong/68 antibody prevalence. Probably this is due to the low number of males of Bari with protective antibody levels.", "contents": "[Incidence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in the population of Milan and of Bari against strains of influenza viruses of epidemiological importance in the winter of 1977-78]. A sero-epidemiological survey was carried out on 555 serum samples from normal subjects of both sexes (age: from few months to over 60 years) collected in the late summer 1977 in Milan and Bari, two towns with rather different climatic conditions. In both localities a further large spread of A/Victoria/3/75 strain seems unlikely, since 54% of sera from Milan and 58% of those from Bari have h.i.a. at protective titers. On the contrary, the degree of immunity against B/Hong Kong/8/73 virus is still faiitical level for the survival of A/Hong Kong/68 pandemic strain appears almost reached in the population of Milan, where 76% of subjects have antibody at protective titers. In Bari such percentage is 60%. The statistical analysis (X2 test) of the data concerning the subjects with h.i.a. at titers greater than or equal to 1:40 shows only one significant difference between Milan and Bari, that is the A/Hong Kong/68 antibody prevalence. Probably this is due to the low number of males of Bari with protective antibody levels.", "PMID": 656202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6746", "title": "[Nerve fibers and nerve endings in the choroid plexus--electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Nerve fibers and nerve endings in the fourth ventricle choroid plexus of the adult rat were studies with the electron microscope. Nerve endings were found at two sites within the plexus : 1) on the vascular wall (i. e., vascular nerve endings), and 2) in the stroma between the choroidal epithelium and the fibrovascular core (i. e., stromal nerve endings). Ultrastructurally all fibers were of the efferent type, and the majority were unmyelinated. No ganglion cell bodies were identified. Fibers ending in relation to the smooth muscle of the vessels presumably control the calibre of these vascular channels. Although the role of the stromal nerve endings is as yet unknown, these fibers may influence epithelial cell functions and thus indirectly regulate choroidal cerebrospinal fluid production.", "contents": "[Nerve fibers and nerve endings in the choroid plexus--electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Nerve fibers and nerve endings in the fourth ventricle choroid plexus of the adult rat were studies with the electron microscope. Nerve endings were found at two sites within the plexus : 1) on the vascular wall (i. e., vascular nerve endings), and 2) in the stroma between the choroidal epithelium and the fibrovascular core (i. e., stromal nerve endings). Ultrastructurally all fibers were of the efferent type, and the majority were unmyelinated. No ganglion cell bodies were identified. Fibers ending in relation to the smooth muscle of the vessels presumably control the calibre of these vascular channels. Although the role of the stromal nerve endings is as yet unknown, these fibers may influence epithelial cell functions and thus indirectly regulate choroidal cerebrospinal fluid production.", "PMID": 656203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6747", "title": "[Endocrinological evaluation of pituitary function in the prognosis of hypothalamo-pituitary disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronological endocrine changes accompanying various diseases in the hypothalamo-pituitary region (183 cases) were collectively studied by evaluating both endocrinological symptoms and anterior pituitary functions, with the following results : 1) Endocrine disorders following the operation, trauma and subarachnoideal hemorrhage in the pituitary-diencephalic region varied in the order of a) subclinical, b) clinical and c) paradoxical. This trend was especially marked in young cases of pituitary adenoma and of craniopharyngioma. 2) In young patients, the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones was markedly improved, particularly, TSH showed hypersecretion. The clinical symptom, however, remained unimproved. 3) The alteration associated with the adhesion of pituitary-diencephalic region was significant for the endodrine disorders. Such alteration was observed at 2--6 months after traumatic subarachnoideal hemorrhage. 4) The endocrine disorder developed and exacerbated in 6 months to 2 years after radio therapy of the pituitary-diencephalic region. 5) For the estimation of recurrence of tumors in the pituitary-diencephalic region endocrinological assessment was very useful.", "contents": "[Endocrinological evaluation of pituitary function in the prognosis of hypothalamo-pituitary disorders (author's transl)]. Chronological endocrine changes accompanying various diseases in the hypothalamo-pituitary region (183 cases) were collectively studied by evaluating both endocrinological symptoms and anterior pituitary functions, with the following results : 1) Endocrine disorders following the operation, trauma and subarachnoideal hemorrhage in the pituitary-diencephalic region varied in the order of a) subclinical, b) clinical and c) paradoxical. This trend was especially marked in young cases of pituitary adenoma and of craniopharyngioma. 2) In young patients, the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones was markedly improved, particularly, TSH showed hypersecretion. The clinical symptom, however, remained unimproved. 3) The alteration associated with the adhesion of pituitary-diencephalic region was significant for the endodrine disorders. Such alteration was observed at 2--6 months after traumatic subarachnoideal hemorrhage. 4) The endocrine disorder developed and exacerbated in 6 months to 2 years after radio therapy of the pituitary-diencephalic region. 5) For the estimation of recurrence of tumors in the pituitary-diencephalic region endocrinological assessment was very useful.", "PMID": 656204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6748", "title": "[Kraepelin's calculating test as an indicator of shunt-operation effect for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) (author's transl)].", "content": "Many reports have been issued since the first report on NPH by Adams et al. in 1965, and shunting operation is reported as the most efficient procedure for this condition. However, still some problems are remained to be solved, for example we have no generally accepted objective evaluating method for mental activity of NPH--patient in pre- and post-shuntoperation. The author chose Kraepelin's calculating test, which is continuing adding of at random series of one figure numbers and result rate of every minute and correct or erroneous rates are used as the indicator for mental capacity according Yokota's standard. The reproducibility and stability of this test are realized again on the cases of this report. The most essential appreciation for the treatment of NPH is mental activity itself and not size of the ventricle nor improving of EEG. This report has proved that the Kraepelin's calcuculating test with Yokota's standard is stable objective indicator for mental activity of NPH--patient, and pre- and post-shuntoperation evaluation was mentioned.", "contents": "[Kraepelin's calculating test as an indicator of shunt-operation effect for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) (author's transl)]. Many reports have been issued since the first report on NPH by Adams et al. in 1965, and shunting operation is reported as the most efficient procedure for this condition. However, still some problems are remained to be solved, for example we have no generally accepted objective evaluating method for mental activity of NPH--patient in pre- and post-shuntoperation. The author chose Kraepelin's calculating test, which is continuing adding of at random series of one figure numbers and result rate of every minute and correct or erroneous rates are used as the indicator for mental capacity according Yokota's standard. The reproducibility and stability of this test are realized again on the cases of this report. The most essential appreciation for the treatment of NPH is mental activity itself and not size of the ventricle nor improving of EEG. This report has proved that the Kraepelin's calcuculating test with Yokota's standard is stable objective indicator for mental activity of NPH--patient, and pre- and post-shuntoperation evaluation was mentioned.", "PMID": 656205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6749", "title": "[Auditory response at the posterior part of the first temporal convolution (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the epileptic patients investigated by the stereotactic E. E. G. (Talairach) whose electrodes were introduced at or around the auditory cortex (Area 41, 42), the topography of the auditory responses by the electrical bipolar stimulation and that of the auditory evoked potential by the bilateral click sound stimulation were studied in relation to the ac--pc line (Talairach). The positive points of auditory responses and those of evoked potential were found in the posterior part of the first temporal convolution at or around the Hesch's transverse gyrus. The contralateral auditory responses to the stimulating electrodes situated more anterior and superior than the homolateral responses in lateral projection and more medial in frontal projection. The points of the sensation of \"elevation\" or \"fall\" elicited by the electrical stimulation which were thought to be related to the vestibular function were scattered more superior and posterior than the points of the auditory responses in lateral projection and more medial in frontal projection. This study gave the accurate topography concerning the auditory responses, the positive auditory evoked potentials and the vestibular function related sensation (sensation of \"elevation\" or \"fall\"). Further study will be required to elucidate the functional anatomy of the human auditory cortex.", "contents": "[Auditory response at the posterior part of the first temporal convolution (author's transl)]. Among the epileptic patients investigated by the stereotactic E. E. G. (Talairach) whose electrodes were introduced at or around the auditory cortex (Area 41, 42), the topography of the auditory responses by the electrical bipolar stimulation and that of the auditory evoked potential by the bilateral click sound stimulation were studied in relation to the ac--pc line (Talairach). The positive points of auditory responses and those of evoked potential were found in the posterior part of the first temporal convolution at or around the Hesch's transverse gyrus. The contralateral auditory responses to the stimulating electrodes situated more anterior and superior than the homolateral responses in lateral projection and more medial in frontal projection. The points of the sensation of \"elevation\" or \"fall\" elicited by the electrical stimulation which were thought to be related to the vestibular function were scattered more superior and posterior than the points of the auditory responses in lateral projection and more medial in frontal projection. This study gave the accurate topography concerning the auditory responses, the positive auditory evoked potentials and the vestibular function related sensation (sensation of \"elevation\" or \"fall\"). Further study will be required to elucidate the functional anatomy of the human auditory cortex.", "PMID": 656206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6750", "title": "[An autopsy case of bilateral cavities in the temporal white matter and the striatum (author's transl)].", "content": "A 24-year-old female developed high fever and unconsciousness for several days at the age of 3. She was said to have meningitis. Subsequently her verbal development was markedly retarded so that she was kept at a deaf-and-dumb institute. At the age of 19, she was transfered to the mental hospital because she occasionally became very wild without any reasons. She suddendly died at the age of 24 due to paralytic ileus. Her autopsy showed bilateral cavities in the white matter of the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and the striatum. Microscopically, the tissues around the cavities were necrotic and devastated with loss of neurones. Glio-mesodermal reaction was mild. Besides marked thickening of meninges and micropolygyria of the cerebellar hemispheres were demonstrated.", "contents": "[An autopsy case of bilateral cavities in the temporal white matter and the striatum (author's transl)]. A 24-year-old female developed high fever and unconsciousness for several days at the age of 3. She was said to have meningitis. Subsequently her verbal development was markedly retarded so that she was kept at a deaf-and-dumb institute. At the age of 19, she was transfered to the mental hospital because she occasionally became very wild without any reasons. She suddendly died at the age of 24 due to paralytic ileus. Her autopsy showed bilateral cavities in the white matter of the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and the striatum. Microscopically, the tissues around the cavities were necrotic and devastated with loss of neurones. Glio-mesodermal reaction was mild. Besides marked thickening of meninges and micropolygyria of the cerebellar hemispheres were demonstrated.", "PMID": 656207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6751", "title": "[Effects of bilateral amygdalectomy on levers pressing for food reward in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects for continuous reinforcement (CRF) learning and differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) learning for food in the rabbit by bilateral amygdalectomy were examined with the Skinner box. There was no changes in general behaviour and no impediment of CRF learning. But the completion of DRL learning was delayed by amygdalectomy. In the stage of completion of DRL learning there was no difference of total number of the reinforcement and the lever pressing between the control group and amygdalectmized group. But there was the impediment of DRL learning by the analysis of frequency distribution of inter-response time and of transition probability matrix in the amygdalectimized group. We thought that this impediment of DRL learning was due to the impediment of selection of decision of lever pressing action. The memory of the preamygdalectomy was maintained well after amygdalectomy.", "contents": "[Effects of bilateral amygdalectomy on levers pressing for food reward in the rabbit (author's transl)]. Effects for continuous reinforcement (CRF) learning and differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) learning for food in the rabbit by bilateral amygdalectomy were examined with the Skinner box. There was no changes in general behaviour and no impediment of CRF learning. But the completion of DRL learning was delayed by amygdalectomy. In the stage of completion of DRL learning there was no difference of total number of the reinforcement and the lever pressing between the control group and amygdalectmized group. But there was the impediment of DRL learning by the analysis of frequency distribution of inter-response time and of transition probability matrix in the amygdalectimized group. We thought that this impediment of DRL learning was due to the impediment of selection of decision of lever pressing action. The memory of the preamygdalectomy was maintained well after amygdalectomy.", "PMID": 656209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6752", "title": "Effects of gravitational stresses on mitral valve prolapse. I. Changes in auscultatory findings produced by progressive passive head-up tilt.", "content": "The effects of passive head-up tilt on systolic time intervals were assessed in 18 patients with mitral valve prolapse. In addition to causing prolongation of the pre-ejection period and shortening of left ventricular ejection time, this circulatory stress led to progressive shortening of the Q to click interval. In 1 patient, a systolic click became audible which had not been heard in the supine posture. In 7 patients the click disappeared during head-up tilt, usually at 60 degrees or 90 degrees. In 2 patients without a murmur while supine, a mid-late systolic murmur appeared with tilt; 1 of these 2 as well as another patient who had a soft late systolic murmur while supine developed loud systolic whoops at greater angles of tile. The correlations between Q to click interval and aortic valve opening to click interval, and both the angle and the sine of the angle of tilt were highly significant.", "contents": "Effects of gravitational stresses on mitral valve prolapse. I. Changes in auscultatory findings produced by progressive passive head-up tilt. The effects of passive head-up tilt on systolic time intervals were assessed in 18 patients with mitral valve prolapse. In addition to causing prolongation of the pre-ejection period and shortening of left ventricular ejection time, this circulatory stress led to progressive shortening of the Q to click interval. In 1 patient, a systolic click became audible which had not been heard in the supine posture. In 7 patients the click disappeared during head-up tilt, usually at 60 degrees or 90 degrees. In 2 patients without a murmur while supine, a mid-late systolic murmur appeared with tilt; 1 of these 2 as well as another patient who had a soft late systolic murmur while supine developed loud systolic whoops at greater angles of tile. The correlations between Q to click interval and aortic valve opening to click interval, and both the angle and the sine of the angle of tilt were highly significant.", "PMID": 656212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6753", "title": "Left coronary artery anatomy in patients with bicuspid aortic valves.", "content": "The anatomy of the proximal left coronary artery in 33 adult patients with bicuspid aortic valves was compared with that in 33 adult patients with aortic valve disease of other aetiologies and with that in 50 adult control patients with no valve or congenital heart disease. Patients with bicuspid aortic valves had a higher incidence of immediate bifurcation of the left main coronary artery, of left main coronary length less than 10 mm, and of left coronary artery dominance. The mean length of the left main coronary artery was significantly less in the patients with bicuspid aortic valves. These variations from the usual coronary artery anatomy may be part of the developmental abnormalities responsible for bicuspid aortic valves, and require evaluation and consideration when considering angiography and valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Left coronary artery anatomy in patients with bicuspid aortic valves. The anatomy of the proximal left coronary artery in 33 adult patients with bicuspid aortic valves was compared with that in 33 adult patients with aortic valve disease of other aetiologies and with that in 50 adult control patients with no valve or congenital heart disease. Patients with bicuspid aortic valves had a higher incidence of immediate bifurcation of the left main coronary artery, of left main coronary length less than 10 mm, and of left coronary artery dominance. The mean length of the left main coronary artery was significantly less in the patients with bicuspid aortic valves. These variations from the usual coronary artery anatomy may be part of the developmental abnormalities responsible for bicuspid aortic valves, and require evaluation and consideration when considering angiography and valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 656213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6754", "title": "Transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis.", "content": "A postmortem investigation was carried out of 19 heart specimens with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and congenital subvalvular pulmonary stenosis. Certain types of obstruction appeared to be closely related to other features of the hearts. In cases with malalignment of the infundibular septum, the obstruction was caused by this septum and the anterolateral muscle bundle of the left ventricle. If the infundibular septum was deviated considerably to the left, the pulmonary stenosis was usually severe because the infundibular septum and anterolateral muscle bundle were joined. This junction resulted in a relatively posterior position of the pulmonary orifice in the left ventricle. A less extreme deviation of the infundibular septum resulted in an obstruction by this septum and by the anterolateral muscle bundle, situated at the right and the left sides of the pulmonary orifice respectively. In some cases of paratricuspid ventricular septal defect an anomalously attached and cleft anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was found. This, together with a leftward deviation of the anterior left ventricular part of the ventricular septum, caused the obstruction.", "contents": "Transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. A postmortem investigation was carried out of 19 heart specimens with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and congenital subvalvular pulmonary stenosis. Certain types of obstruction appeared to be closely related to other features of the hearts. In cases with malalignment of the infundibular septum, the obstruction was caused by this septum and the anterolateral muscle bundle of the left ventricle. If the infundibular septum was deviated considerably to the left, the pulmonary stenosis was usually severe because the infundibular septum and anterolateral muscle bundle were joined. This junction resulted in a relatively posterior position of the pulmonary orifice in the left ventricle. A less extreme deviation of the infundibular septum resulted in an obstruction by this septum and by the anterolateral muscle bundle, situated at the right and the left sides of the pulmonary orifice respectively. In some cases of paratricuspid ventricular septal defect an anomalously attached and cleft anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was found. This, together with a leftward deviation of the anterior left ventricular part of the ventricular septum, caused the obstruction.", "PMID": 656214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6755", "title": "Cardiovascular malformations in Turner's and Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "The cardiovascular findings in 9 patients with Turner's syndrome and 9 patients with Noonan's syndrome are described. Of the 9 patients with Turner's syndrome, 4 had coarctation of the aorta, 4 aorta stenosis, and the remaining patient both these lesions. All patients with Noonan's syndrome had pulmonary valve stenosis. In addition, 2 children had an atrial septal defect and 1 an atrial septal defect associated with mild supravalvar pulmonary stenosis and anomalous drainage of the right upper pulmonary veins. In the majority of patients the electrocardiogram was different from the pattern usually seen in pulmonary valve stenosis: the QRS axis in the frontal plane was superiorly oriented in 7 out of 9 cases and in 2 patients evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy was lacking in the right praecordial leads; in 5 patients an rS complex was seen in the left praecordial leads. Gross thickening of pulmonary valve cusps was found at operation in 4 of the 8 patients who were operated on. Although phenotypically related, Turner's and Noonan's syndromes are associated with different and distinct cardiovascular anomalies.", "contents": "Cardiovascular malformations in Turner's and Noonan's syndrome. The cardiovascular findings in 9 patients with Turner's syndrome and 9 patients with Noonan's syndrome are described. Of the 9 patients with Turner's syndrome, 4 had coarctation of the aorta, 4 aorta stenosis, and the remaining patient both these lesions. All patients with Noonan's syndrome had pulmonary valve stenosis. In addition, 2 children had an atrial septal defect and 1 an atrial septal defect associated with mild supravalvar pulmonary stenosis and anomalous drainage of the right upper pulmonary veins. In the majority of patients the electrocardiogram was different from the pattern usually seen in pulmonary valve stenosis: the QRS axis in the frontal plane was superiorly oriented in 7 out of 9 cases and in 2 patients evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy was lacking in the right praecordial leads; in 5 patients an rS complex was seen in the left praecordial leads. Gross thickening of pulmonary valve cusps was found at operation in 4 of the 8 patients who were operated on. Although phenotypically related, Turner's and Noonan's syndromes are associated with different and distinct cardiovascular anomalies.", "PMID": 656215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6756", "title": "Uses of coronary heart attack registers.", "content": "By studying all coronary heart attacks presenting within defined communities it should be possible to avoid the distortions and omissions inherent in hospital-based case series. In practice the technique presents several problems. Measures of frequency and outcome are very sensitive to the diagnostic criteria used. Data of varying quality are mixed and specific attack rates can be calculated only for items for which the census provides a denominator. Patients presenting to different medical services have different outcomes, but probably less because of treatment than because the severity of the attack affects behaviour in it. Despite these problems, some such intelligence system is of value in any comprehensive strategy for coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Uses of coronary heart attack registers. By studying all coronary heart attacks presenting within defined communities it should be possible to avoid the distortions and omissions inherent in hospital-based case series. In practice the technique presents several problems. Measures of frequency and outcome are very sensitive to the diagnostic criteria used. Data of varying quality are mixed and specific attack rates can be calculated only for items for which the census provides a denominator. Patients presenting to different medical services have different outcomes, but probably less because of treatment than because the severity of the attack affects behaviour in it. Despite these problems, some such intelligence system is of value in any comprehensive strategy for coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 656216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6757", "title": "Large ventricular aneurysms occurring after myocardial infarction.", "content": "We have studied 33 patients with a large ventricular aneurysm complicating an anterior myocardial infarction. The features of myocardial infarction progressing towards an aneurysm were no previous history of coronary disease, severe infarction as shown by the severity of pain and the presence of pericardial rub and heart failure, and large increase in serum levels of cardiac enzymes. A large aneurysm usually follows a large infarction resulting from the total or partial occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, which is involved alone in about half the patients and is associated with lesions of the circumflex and right coronary arteries in the other half. In most cases, standard radiography showed an abnormal cardiac configuration, but in 7 patients (21%) there was no radiological evidence of aneurysm. ST segment elevation (mean 2.7 mm) was reported in all subjects but one. Heart failure was present in most patients and was an indication for surgical treatment in one-third of the patients. A large aneurysm was not a contraindication to operation even when at angiography the aneurysm seemed to occupy almost all the left ventricle. Twenty-one patients were operated upon for resection of the aneurysm with a mortality rate of 14 per cent.", "contents": "Large ventricular aneurysms occurring after myocardial infarction. We have studied 33 patients with a large ventricular aneurysm complicating an anterior myocardial infarction. The features of myocardial infarction progressing towards an aneurysm were no previous history of coronary disease, severe infarction as shown by the severity of pain and the presence of pericardial rub and heart failure, and large increase in serum levels of cardiac enzymes. A large aneurysm usually follows a large infarction resulting from the total or partial occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, which is involved alone in about half the patients and is associated with lesions of the circumflex and right coronary arteries in the other half. In most cases, standard radiography showed an abnormal cardiac configuration, but in 7 patients (21%) there was no radiological evidence of aneurysm. ST segment elevation (mean 2.7 mm) was reported in all subjects but one. Heart failure was present in most patients and was an indication for surgical treatment in one-third of the patients. A large aneurysm was not a contraindication to operation even when at angiography the aneurysm seemed to occupy almost all the left ventricle. Twenty-one patients were operated upon for resection of the aneurysm with a mortality rate of 14 per cent.", "PMID": 656217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6758", "title": "Role of Coxsackie B viruses in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serological evidence of Coxsackie B virus infection was found in 13.5 per cent of 52 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 19 per cent of 52 controls with chest pain but normal electrocardiograms. In contrast to an Australian report, but in agreement with previous findings in Glasgow, it seems unlikely that Coxsackie B viruses contribute significantly to the causation of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Role of Coxsackie B viruses in myocardial infarction. Serological evidence of Coxsackie B virus infection was found in 13.5 per cent of 52 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 19 per cent of 52 controls with chest pain but normal electrocardiograms. In contrast to an Australian report, but in agreement with previous findings in Glasgow, it seems unlikely that Coxsackie B viruses contribute significantly to the causation of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 656218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6759", "title": "Long-term follow up of cardiac pacing threshold using a noninvasive method of measurement.", "content": "Seventeen patients were followed up for a period ranging from 12 to 40 months after implantation of an Elema Vario pacemaker with an endocardial electrode. Two patients had a greater stimulation threshold beyond 6 months after implantation than the maximum threshold recorded before 6 months. One of these patients required replacement of the pacing system because of exit block. The 16 patients who retained their pacing systems showed, as a group, a statistically significant fall in stimulation threshold at 12 months after implantation despite continued pacing. These findings are important in relation to the occurrence and prediction of late exit block when long-life impulse generators are used.", "contents": "Long-term follow up of cardiac pacing threshold using a noninvasive method of measurement. Seventeen patients were followed up for a period ranging from 12 to 40 months after implantation of an Elema Vario pacemaker with an endocardial electrode. Two patients had a greater stimulation threshold beyond 6 months after implantation than the maximum threshold recorded before 6 months. One of these patients required replacement of the pacing system because of exit block. The 16 patients who retained their pacing systems showed, as a group, a statistically significant fall in stimulation threshold at 12 months after implantation despite continued pacing. These findings are important in relation to the occurrence and prediction of late exit block when long-life impulse generators are used.", "PMID": 656220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6760", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test in cases of ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Cases of ischaemic heart disease have been studied for the cell-mediated immune response against human heart antigen by using the leucocyte migration inhibition test. In 30 cases of acute myocardial infarction, the leucocyte migration inhibition values started increasing from the first week reaching a peak in 3 to 4 weeks and then declining but still above control values 12 months after infarction. The leucocyte migration inhibition values were significantly higher than control values in another 10 patients with late complications of previous infarction and in those patients with acute myocardial infarction who were less than 40 years of age, who had extensive anterior infarction, or who had a past history of angina pectoris. The leucocyte migration inhibition values were negligible in all the 12 patients with stable angina pectoris, but were high in 2 of the 8 with unstable angina and in 3 of the 4 with the intermediate coronary syndrome. The leucocyte migration inhibition values were much higher in patients with complications, which may be the result of cardiac damage by a cell-mediated immune response.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test in cases of ischaemic heart disease. Cases of ischaemic heart disease have been studied for the cell-mediated immune response against human heart antigen by using the leucocyte migration inhibition test. In 30 cases of acute myocardial infarction, the leucocyte migration inhibition values started increasing from the first week reaching a peak in 3 to 4 weeks and then declining but still above control values 12 months after infarction. The leucocyte migration inhibition values were significantly higher than control values in another 10 patients with late complications of previous infarction and in those patients with acute myocardial infarction who were less than 40 years of age, who had extensive anterior infarction, or who had a past history of angina pectoris. The leucocyte migration inhibition values were negligible in all the 12 patients with stable angina pectoris, but were high in 2 of the 8 with unstable angina and in 3 of the 4 with the intermediate coronary syndrome. The leucocyte migration inhibition values were much higher in patients with complications, which may be the result of cardiac damage by a cell-mediated immune response.", "PMID": 656222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6761", "title": "Anticoagulants and the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. Experience of 390 patients.", "content": "From September 1972 to January 1975, 390 patients underwent valve replacement using the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis. For the group as a whole hospital mortality was 13.3 per cent and was lowest in those undergoing isolated mitral or aortic valve replacement (5.3 and 9.4%, respectively). Available for follow-up were 209 patients of whom 123 were maintained on dipyridamole and 96 on warfarin. Thromboembolic complications were significantly (P less than 0.01) commoner in the dipyridamole (28 of 123, 22%) than warfarin (6 of 86, 7%) treated group. In the dipyridamole treated group the incidence of thromboembolic complications was similar whichever valve was replaced and thromboembolic complications were responsible for 14 of the 28 late deaths. In the warfarin treated group thromboembolic complications only occurred in patients with a mitral prosthesis. Anticoagulation is indicated for all patients with this prosthesis wherever inserted.", "contents": "Anticoagulants and the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. Experience of 390 patients. From September 1972 to January 1975, 390 patients underwent valve replacement using the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis. For the group as a whole hospital mortality was 13.3 per cent and was lowest in those undergoing isolated mitral or aortic valve replacement (5.3 and 9.4%, respectively). Available for follow-up were 209 patients of whom 123 were maintained on dipyridamole and 96 on warfarin. Thromboembolic complications were significantly (P less than 0.01) commoner in the dipyridamole (28 of 123, 22%) than warfarin (6 of 86, 7%) treated group. In the dipyridamole treated group the incidence of thromboembolic complications was similar whichever valve was replaced and thromboembolic complications were responsible for 14 of the 28 late deaths. In the warfarin treated group thromboembolic complications only occurred in patients with a mitral prosthesis. Anticoagulation is indicated for all patients with this prosthesis wherever inserted.", "PMID": 656224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6762", "title": "Regional variations in mortality from ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease in Britain.", "content": "In middle-aged men and women, mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease is highest in the north and west of Britain. The worst region is West Central Scotland. Statistical analysis using a linear logistic model shows that the differences between the regions are significant and the yearly fluctuation in numbers of deaths contributes little to the overall variation.", "contents": "Regional variations in mortality from ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease in Britain. In middle-aged men and women, mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease is highest in the north and west of Britain. The worst region is West Central Scotland. Statistical analysis using a linear logistic model shows that the differences between the regions are significant and the yearly fluctuation in numbers of deaths contributes little to the overall variation.", "PMID": 656225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6763", "title": "Effect of morphine on splanchnic blood flow.", "content": "Splanchnic blood flow was measured by the constant infusion of indocyanine green given before and after morphine 0.2 mg/kg (maximum 15 mg) intravenously in 13 patients. Splanchnic blood flow increased from 1012 +/- 98 ml/min to 1200 +/- 118 ml/min after the administration of morphine, a 19 per cent increase (P less than 0.025). Splanchnic vascular resistance decreased from 0.094 +/- 0.010 to 0.081 +/- 0.010 mmHg min/ml, a 16 per cent decrease (P less than 0.001). There was no significant change between baseline and post-morphine values in systemic arterial pressure (92.2 +/- 3.8 and 89.0 +/- 2.9 mmHg), hepatic vein wedge pressure (7.1 +/- 1.0 and 7.8 +/- 0.6 mmHg), or right atrial mean pressure (4.5 +/- 0.6 and 4.3 +/- 0.7 mmHg). This study shows that morphine induced significant splanchnic arteriolar dilatation.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on splanchnic blood flow. Splanchnic blood flow was measured by the constant infusion of indocyanine green given before and after morphine 0.2 mg/kg (maximum 15 mg) intravenously in 13 patients. Splanchnic blood flow increased from 1012 +/- 98 ml/min to 1200 +/- 118 ml/min after the administration of morphine, a 19 per cent increase (P less than 0.025). Splanchnic vascular resistance decreased from 0.094 +/- 0.010 to 0.081 +/- 0.010 mmHg min/ml, a 16 per cent decrease (P less than 0.001). There was no significant change between baseline and post-morphine values in systemic arterial pressure (92.2 +/- 3.8 and 89.0 +/- 2.9 mmHg), hepatic vein wedge pressure (7.1 +/- 1.0 and 7.8 +/- 0.6 mmHg), or right atrial mean pressure (4.5 +/- 0.6 and 4.3 +/- 0.7 mmHg). This study shows that morphine induced significant splanchnic arteriolar dilatation.", "PMID": 656226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6764", "title": "Diazoxide in treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Three patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and one man with suspected thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension were given up to 300 mg diazoxide by injection into the pulmonary artery. The three patients with primary pulmonary hypertension responded with a fall in total pulmonary resistance and a rise in cardiac output. The patient with suspected thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension did not respond. Haemodynamic and clinical improvement was maintained by oral diazoxide in two of the responders, and in one the prognosis appeared to be greatly improved.", "contents": "Diazoxide in treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Three patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and one man with suspected thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension were given up to 300 mg diazoxide by injection into the pulmonary artery. The three patients with primary pulmonary hypertension responded with a fall in total pulmonary resistance and a rise in cardiac output. The patient with suspected thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension did not respond. Haemodynamic and clinical improvement was maintained by oral diazoxide in two of the responders, and in one the prognosis appeared to be greatly improved.", "PMID": 656227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6765", "title": "Left atrial myxoma with aortic regurgitation.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman with a left atrial myxoma was shown to have moderate aortic regurgitation. At operation for removal of the myxoma it was found to be attached to the atrial septum close to the aortic root. It is suggested that the aortic regurgitation was caused by distortion of the aortic root caused by traction upon it from the myxoma as it moved downward into the left ventricle in diastole. Observations are made on the echocardiographic findings which helped in the diagnosis of the left atrial myxoma.", "contents": "Left atrial myxoma with aortic regurgitation. A 59-year-old woman with a left atrial myxoma was shown to have moderate aortic regurgitation. At operation for removal of the myxoma it was found to be attached to the atrial septum close to the aortic root. It is suggested that the aortic regurgitation was caused by distortion of the aortic root caused by traction upon it from the myxoma as it moved downward into the left ventricle in diastole. Observations are made on the echocardiographic findings which helped in the diagnosis of the left atrial myxoma.", "PMID": 656228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6766", "title": "Tricuspid valve excision without replacement in a case of endocarditis secondary to drug abuse.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom urgent surgical intervention was necessary to alleviate the consequences of tricuspid valve endocarditis. Six months after operation she remains well, without a valve prosthesis.", "contents": "Tricuspid valve excision without replacement in a case of endocarditis secondary to drug abuse. A patient is presented in whom urgent surgical intervention was necessary to alleviate the consequences of tricuspid valve endocarditis. Six months after operation she remains well, without a valve prosthesis.", "PMID": 656229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6767", "title": "A case of surgically corrected Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Clinical and histological data.", "content": "A case of type B Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, with intractable atrial fibrillation, underwent surgical division of a right-sided accessory atrioventricular bundle of Kent. Pre-excitation and complicating tachyarrhythmias were henceforth abolished for 6 weeks, when the patient died of infective endocarditis. Histological examination showed a divided Kent's accessory atrioventricular pathway and apparently functionless James and Mahaim fibres.", "contents": "A case of surgically corrected Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Clinical and histological data. A case of type B Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, with intractable atrial fibrillation, underwent surgical division of a right-sided accessory atrioventricular bundle of Kent. Pre-excitation and complicating tachyarrhythmias were henceforth abolished for 6 weeks, when the patient died of infective endocarditis. Histological examination showed a divided Kent's accessory atrioventricular pathway and apparently functionless James and Mahaim fibres.", "PMID": 656230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6768", "title": "Clinical experience with transvenous atrial pacing.", "content": "Twelve patients were paced with a transvenous J-shaped bipolar electrode positioned in the right atrial appendage. All had chronic sinoatrial dysfunction and 5 had paroxysmal atrial arrhythmia: 2 had recent myocardial infarction, 1 angina decubitus, and 1 ventricular pre-excitation. Atrioventricular sequential pacing was employed in this last patient and this mode of pacing was substituted for atrial pacing in one other. The remaining 10 patients were paced from the atrium only. Electrode displacement occurred in 2 patients and 2 others had a rise in pacing threshold. After repositioning the electrode or substituting a more powerful pacemaker, sustained atrial capture was achieved in 3 of these 4. Sensing of spontaneous P waves was present constantly in 4 and variably in 3 of 9 patients. Symptomatic improvement was obtained in 10 patients. A bipolar pacemaker with a variable output voltage and a relatively high demand sensitivity is optimal for atrial pacing. Measurements of intra-atrial voltage with various electrode configurations in 7 patients suggest that atrial sensing may more often be achieved when the reference electrode is situated in the upper part of the right atrium than when it is close to the electrode tip in the atrial appendage.", "contents": "Clinical experience with transvenous atrial pacing. Twelve patients were paced with a transvenous J-shaped bipolar electrode positioned in the right atrial appendage. All had chronic sinoatrial dysfunction and 5 had paroxysmal atrial arrhythmia: 2 had recent myocardial infarction, 1 angina decubitus, and 1 ventricular pre-excitation. Atrioventricular sequential pacing was employed in this last patient and this mode of pacing was substituted for atrial pacing in one other. The remaining 10 patients were paced from the atrium only. Electrode displacement occurred in 2 patients and 2 others had a rise in pacing threshold. After repositioning the electrode or substituting a more powerful pacemaker, sustained atrial capture was achieved in 3 of these 4. Sensing of spontaneous P waves was present constantly in 4 and variably in 3 of 9 patients. Symptomatic improvement was obtained in 10 patients. A bipolar pacemaker with a variable output voltage and a relatively high demand sensitivity is optimal for atrial pacing. Measurements of intra-atrial voltage with various electrode configurations in 7 patients suggest that atrial sensing may more often be achieved when the reference electrode is situated in the upper part of the right atrium than when it is close to the electrode tip in the atrial appendage.", "PMID": 656232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6769", "title": "Long-term haemodynamic evaluation of aortic pericardial xenograft.", "content": "Haemodynamic studies were performed in 30 patients at a mean interval of 43.4 (range 27 to 59) months after aortic valve replacements with pericardial xenografts. Five valve sizes--19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 mm annulus diameter--were used. Of these 30 patients, 16 had preoperative haemodynamic investigations. Comparison of the pre- and postoperative data showed a marginal but significant increase in cardiac output (P less than 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the pulmonary wedge and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures at rest and on exercise (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01). At the postoperative study the mean peak systolic gradient was 8.3 mmHg at rest and 12.3 mmHg on exercise in patients with the smallest xenograft inserted (19 mm) and decreased with each corresponding increase in graft size, so that across the 27 mm graft it was hardly measurable. The calculated xenograft surface area ranged from 1.1 to 2.1 cm2 at rest and 1.3 to 2.4 cm2 during exercise. Aortic root angiography showed competent valves in all 30 patients, but a grade 1 to 2 perivalvular leak was shown in 8 patients. This long-term study has indicated significant circulatory improvement and very small transvalvular gradients in patients with aortic pericardial xenografts.", "contents": "Long-term haemodynamic evaluation of aortic pericardial xenograft. Haemodynamic studies were performed in 30 patients at a mean interval of 43.4 (range 27 to 59) months after aortic valve replacements with pericardial xenografts. Five valve sizes--19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 mm annulus diameter--were used. Of these 30 patients, 16 had preoperative haemodynamic investigations. Comparison of the pre- and postoperative data showed a marginal but significant increase in cardiac output (P less than 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the pulmonary wedge and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures at rest and on exercise (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01). At the postoperative study the mean peak systolic gradient was 8.3 mmHg at rest and 12.3 mmHg on exercise in patients with the smallest xenograft inserted (19 mm) and decreased with each corresponding increase in graft size, so that across the 27 mm graft it was hardly measurable. The calculated xenograft surface area ranged from 1.1 to 2.1 cm2 at rest and 1.3 to 2.4 cm2 during exercise. Aortic root angiography showed competent valves in all 30 patients, but a grade 1 to 2 perivalvular leak was shown in 8 patients. This long-term study has indicated significant circulatory improvement and very small transvalvular gradients in patients with aortic pericardial xenografts.", "PMID": 656233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6770", "title": "Results after mitral valve replacement with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses (models 6300, 6310/6320, and 6400).", "content": "The actuarial survival and thromboembolic rates for the three types of cloth-covered Starr-Edwards mitral prostheses, models 6300, 6310/6320, and 6400 followed 6, 5, and 2 years, respectively, were not significantly different throughout the years they were followed. The combined cumulative survival and thromboembolic proportion at 5 years for these prostheses were 71 and 66 per cent, respectively. The thromboembolic rates were not different in the following two groups: (a) 238 patients receiving anticoagulants, and (b) 52 patients who had discontinued or who were not receiving anticoagulants. Four patients thrombosed their mitral prostheses. Another 8 per cent had class 3 symptoms after operation, which were attributed to myopathic or restrictive left ventricular dysfunction or other valvular disease.", "contents": "Results after mitral valve replacement with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses (models 6300, 6310/6320, and 6400). The actuarial survival and thromboembolic rates for the three types of cloth-covered Starr-Edwards mitral prostheses, models 6300, 6310/6320, and 6400 followed 6, 5, and 2 years, respectively, were not significantly different throughout the years they were followed. The combined cumulative survival and thromboembolic proportion at 5 years for these prostheses were 71 and 66 per cent, respectively. The thromboembolic rates were not different in the following two groups: (a) 238 patients receiving anticoagulants, and (b) 52 patients who had discontinued or who were not receiving anticoagulants. Four patients thrombosed their mitral prostheses. Another 8 per cent had class 3 symptoms after operation, which were attributed to myopathic or restrictive left ventricular dysfunction or other valvular disease.", "PMID": 656234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6771", "title": "Two monitored cases of sudden death outside hospital.", "content": "Two patients known to have coronary artery disease died suddenly outdoors while active. Neither had symptoms or signs of acute myocardial infarction. They were being monitored by continuous tape recording of the electrocardiogram at the time of death. In one patient the cause of death was cardiac arrest, preceded by bigeminy and multiform ventricular ectopic beats, in the other ventricular fibrillation preceded by atrial fibrillation, multiform ventricular ectopic beats, and ST depression. These observations are added to the limited reported cases in which the mechanism leading to sudden death outside the hospital is recorded.", "contents": "Two monitored cases of sudden death outside hospital. Two patients known to have coronary artery disease died suddenly outdoors while active. Neither had symptoms or signs of acute myocardial infarction. They were being monitored by continuous tape recording of the electrocardiogram at the time of death. In one patient the cause of death was cardiac arrest, preceded by bigeminy and multiform ventricular ectopic beats, in the other ventricular fibrillation preceded by atrial fibrillation, multiform ventricular ectopic beats, and ST depression. These observations are added to the limited reported cases in which the mechanism leading to sudden death outside the hospital is recorded.", "PMID": 656236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6772", "title": "Predictability of sudden death from resting electrocardiogram. Effect of previous manifestations of coronary heart disease.", "content": "The sudden death rate from coronary heart disease over a mean period of 4 years was related to the electrocardiographic findings in 3 groups of subjects, survivors of myocardial infarction, employed men, and employed men with no symptoms or history of coronary disease. Within each group the sudden death rate correlated with the number of electrocardiographic findings, particularly Q, ST, and T wave items. However, between groups there were large differences in sudden death rates in subjects with the same findings. These were greatest in the case of ventricular conduction disturbances and disturbances of rhythm and rate which appeared to be benign in those free of symptoms but ominous after infarction. Findings predictive of sudden death were also predictive of non-sudden coronary deaths. It is concluded that the electrocardiogram is only one of several aids to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of disease and not a substitute. Prognoses derived from clinical case series are inappropriate to symptomless individuals in whom isolated electrocardiographic findings denote little increase in risk.", "contents": "Predictability of sudden death from resting electrocardiogram. Effect of previous manifestations of coronary heart disease. The sudden death rate from coronary heart disease over a mean period of 4 years was related to the electrocardiographic findings in 3 groups of subjects, survivors of myocardial infarction, employed men, and employed men with no symptoms or history of coronary disease. Within each group the sudden death rate correlated with the number of electrocardiographic findings, particularly Q, ST, and T wave items. However, between groups there were large differences in sudden death rates in subjects with the same findings. These were greatest in the case of ventricular conduction disturbances and disturbances of rhythm and rate which appeared to be benign in those free of symptoms but ominous after infarction. Findings predictive of sudden death were also predictive of non-sudden coronary deaths. It is concluded that the electrocardiogram is only one of several aids to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of disease and not a substitute. Prognoses derived from clinical case series are inappropriate to symptomless individuals in whom isolated electrocardiographic findings denote little increase in risk.", "PMID": 656237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6773", "title": "Prevalence and prognosis of electrocardiographic findings in middle-aged men.", "content": "A screening examination including an electrocardiogram (limb leads only) coded by the Minnesota Code, using rigorous quality control was done on 18 403 male civil servants aged 40 to 64. The association of the findings with coronary heart disease has been tested in relation to age trends, symptomatic history, and coronary heart disease mortality rates in the ensuing five years. The results were positive for Q waves, left axis deviation, ST depression, and T wave changes (including minor T wave items as an isolated finding), ventricular conduction defects, and atrial fibrillation; but they were generally unimpressive for increased R amplitude and for lengthening or shortening of the PR interval, QT interval duration, premature beats, and extremes of heart rate. The prognosis of specific electrocardiographic findings discovered at screening is quite different from when they arise in clinical practice. Among the 6 per cent of men in this study with patterns suggesting ischaemia, the subsequent coronary heart disease mortality was little more than 1 per cent per year; and among those who were symptom free it was even less.", "contents": "Prevalence and prognosis of electrocardiographic findings in middle-aged men. A screening examination including an electrocardiogram (limb leads only) coded by the Minnesota Code, using rigorous quality control was done on 18 403 male civil servants aged 40 to 64. The association of the findings with coronary heart disease has been tested in relation to age trends, symptomatic history, and coronary heart disease mortality rates in the ensuing five years. The results were positive for Q waves, left axis deviation, ST depression, and T wave changes (including minor T wave items as an isolated finding), ventricular conduction defects, and atrial fibrillation; but they were generally unimpressive for increased R amplitude and for lengthening or shortening of the PR interval, QT interval duration, premature beats, and extremes of heart rate. The prognosis of specific electrocardiographic findings discovered at screening is quite different from when they arise in clinical practice. Among the 6 per cent of men in this study with patterns suggesting ischaemia, the subsequent coronary heart disease mortality was little more than 1 per cent per year; and among those who were symptom free it was even less.", "PMID": 656238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6774", "title": "Study of untreated hypertensive subjects by means of continuous intra-arterial blood pressure recordings.", "content": "Continuous recording of intra-arterial blood pressure and electrocardiograms has been performed in 41 ambulant untreated essential hypertensive subjects for periods up to 48 hours. Statistical analysis of the results has revealed: (1) A group of patients who developed a persistent tachycardia during the day. This response was not observed in a control population free of overt cardiovascular disease. (2) Three different haemodynamic responses to day-time activities suggesting different mechanisms for the production of high blood pressures. No normal controls are available for these changes. (3) No differences in responses between patients defined as 'labile' and 'fixed' hypertensives.", "contents": "Study of untreated hypertensive subjects by means of continuous intra-arterial blood pressure recordings. Continuous recording of intra-arterial blood pressure and electrocardiograms has been performed in 41 ambulant untreated essential hypertensive subjects for periods up to 48 hours. Statistical analysis of the results has revealed: (1) A group of patients who developed a persistent tachycardia during the day. This response was not observed in a control population free of overt cardiovascular disease. (2) Three different haemodynamic responses to day-time activities suggesting different mechanisms for the production of high blood pressures. No normal controls are available for these changes. (3) No differences in responses between patients defined as 'labile' and 'fixed' hypertensives.", "PMID": 656239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6775", "title": "Existence of automaticity in anomalous bundle of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Escape beats probably arising from the anomalous bundle were documented in 2 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. A third patient, in whom complete AV block developed both in the anomalous bundle and the normal pathway, showed the occurrence of escape beats (an escape-bigeminy pattern), as well as a regular idioventricular rhythm arising from the anomalous bundle. Phase 4 block in the anomalous bundle occurred in 7 other patients, in 4 of them spontaneously and in 3 only after the administration of ajmaline or amiodarone. Only 4 of 14 fully investigated patients (out of a total number of 23) showed absence of both escape beats and phase 4 block. The escape beats were considered as direct evidence, and the phase 4 block as indirect evidence, for the existence of automaticity in the anomalous bundle. Such evidence supports the view that the anomalous bundle, like the His bundle-branch system, may be composed of specialised tissue endowed with the property of automaticity.", "contents": "Existence of automaticity in anomalous bundle of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Escape beats probably arising from the anomalous bundle were documented in 2 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. A third patient, in whom complete AV block developed both in the anomalous bundle and the normal pathway, showed the occurrence of escape beats (an escape-bigeminy pattern), as well as a regular idioventricular rhythm arising from the anomalous bundle. Phase 4 block in the anomalous bundle occurred in 7 other patients, in 4 of them spontaneously and in 3 only after the administration of ajmaline or amiodarone. Only 4 of 14 fully investigated patients (out of a total number of 23) showed absence of both escape beats and phase 4 block. The escape beats were considered as direct evidence, and the phase 4 block as indirect evidence, for the existence of automaticity in the anomalous bundle. Such evidence supports the view that the anomalous bundle, like the His bundle-branch system, may be composed of specialised tissue endowed with the property of automaticity.", "PMID": 656241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6776", "title": "Distal type of aortopulmonary window. Report of 4 cases.", "content": "We have studied 14 patients with aortopulmonary window (10 male and 4 female, age range 1 month to 41 years). Four of these had a distal defect with characteristic haemodynamic and angiographic features. Aortopulmonary window may be classified into 3 types: type I (proximal) defects occur in the proximal part of aortopulmonary septum; type II (distal) defects occur in the distal part of the aortopulmonary septum adjacent to the right pulmonary artery; the type III defect is a combination of types I and II. In type I, injection of contrast media into the aortic root opacifies the main pulmonary trunk and then both pulmonary arteries. In type II, the right pulmonary artery is preferentially opacified simulating the finding of right pulmonary artery arising from the ascending aorta. In one case of type II, injection into the right ventricle showed preferential flow to the left pulmonary artery, because of the large shunt of unopacified blood into the right pulmonary artery, but in both types I and II the left and right pulmonary arteries are usually opacified simultaneously after injection into the main pulmonary trunk. In type I either transaortic or transpulmonary closure is the appropriate surgical procedure. In types II and III, the transaortic approach provides better exposure and facilitates the operative repair.", "contents": "Distal type of aortopulmonary window. Report of 4 cases. We have studied 14 patients with aortopulmonary window (10 male and 4 female, age range 1 month to 41 years). Four of these had a distal defect with characteristic haemodynamic and angiographic features. Aortopulmonary window may be classified into 3 types: type I (proximal) defects occur in the proximal part of aortopulmonary septum; type II (distal) defects occur in the distal part of the aortopulmonary septum adjacent to the right pulmonary artery; the type III defect is a combination of types I and II. In type I, injection of contrast media into the aortic root opacifies the main pulmonary trunk and then both pulmonary arteries. In type II, the right pulmonary artery is preferentially opacified simulating the finding of right pulmonary artery arising from the ascending aorta. In one case of type II, injection into the right ventricle showed preferential flow to the left pulmonary artery, because of the large shunt of unopacified blood into the right pulmonary artery, but in both types I and II the left and right pulmonary arteries are usually opacified simultaneously after injection into the main pulmonary trunk. In type I either transaortic or transpulmonary closure is the appropriate surgical procedure. In types II and III, the transaortic approach provides better exposure and facilitates the operative repair.", "PMID": 656242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6777", "title": "Obstruction of right ventricular outflow tract by solitary ovarian metastasis.", "content": "We report a case in whom there was right ventricular outflow tract obstruction by a solitary metastatic deposit from an ovarian primary. The patient presented with signs of right ventricular overload and the outflow tract obstruction was recognised at cardiac catheterisation, but the final diagnosis was only revealed at necropsy.", "contents": "Obstruction of right ventricular outflow tract by solitary ovarian metastasis. We report a case in whom there was right ventricular outflow tract obstruction by a solitary metastatic deposit from an ovarian primary. The patient presented with signs of right ventricular overload and the outflow tract obstruction was recognised at cardiac catheterisation, but the final diagnosis was only revealed at necropsy.", "PMID": 656244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6778", "title": "Red cell survival after aortic valve replacement with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in presence of sickle-cell trait.", "content": "A case of aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc prosthesis in a patient with sickle-cell trait is presented. Six months after operation red cell survival was not significantly reduced. On theoretical and clinical grounds it is concluded that the presence of sickle-cell trait does not contribute to late postoperative haemolysis after heart valve replacement.", "contents": "Red cell survival after aortic valve replacement with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in presence of sickle-cell trait. A case of aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc prosthesis in a patient with sickle-cell trait is presented. Six months after operation red cell survival was not significantly reduced. On theoretical and clinical grounds it is concluded that the presence of sickle-cell trait does not contribute to late postoperative haemolysis after heart valve replacement.", "PMID": 656245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6779", "title": "Acid-base balance and neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "In 40 cases anesthetized with chloralose and urethane, pancuronium was infused i.v. at a constant rate to produce and maintain 90% depression twitch tension of the anterior tibialis muscle following supramaximal stimulation of the peroneal nerve. Neither respiratory alkalosis nor metabolic acidosis influenced the infusion rate required to produce 90% depression of twitch tension or antagonism of this depression yb neotigmine. Respiratory acidosis (pH 7.15; PaCO2 10 kPa) did not alter the required infusion rate but did prevent complete antagonism by neostigmine. Metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.65; PaCO2 4.8 kPa) reduced both the required infusion rate and prevented complete restoration of twitch tension by neostigmine. The duration of neostigmine antagonism was shortened by metabolic alkalosis. We conclude that respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis prevent antagonism of pancuronium by neostigmine.", "contents": "Acid-base balance and neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. In 40 cases anesthetized with chloralose and urethane, pancuronium was infused i.v. at a constant rate to produce and maintain 90% depression twitch tension of the anterior tibialis muscle following supramaximal stimulation of the peroneal nerve. Neither respiratory alkalosis nor metabolic acidosis influenced the infusion rate required to produce 90% depression of twitch tension or antagonism of this depression yb neotigmine. Respiratory acidosis (pH 7.15; PaCO2 10 kPa) did not alter the required infusion rate but did prevent complete antagonism by neostigmine. Metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.65; PaCO2 4.8 kPa) reduced both the required infusion rate and prevented complete restoration of twitch tension by neostigmine. The duration of neostigmine antagonism was shortened by metabolic alkalosis. We conclude that respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis prevent antagonism of pancuronium by neostigmine.", "PMID": 656247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6780", "title": "The uptake and elimination of chloroform in man.", "content": "The rate of alveolar uptake of chloroform was studied in 16 patients during general anaesthesia. Eight patients breathed spontaneously and in eight the lungs were ventilated. Elimination was studied after 30 min and 65 min of exposure to the anaesthetic. The arterial and venous blood concentrations of chloroform plotted against time during the early phase of equilibration showed that the initial uptake of chloroform was rapid, approaching a plateau after 40-50 min. In patients breathing spontaneously the arterial concentration of chloroform, which averaged 17.28 +/- 4.1 mg dl-1, did not exceed 25% equilibration with the inspired concentration, whereas under controlled ventilation with 1% chloroform the mean concentration was 10.14 +/- 3.30 mg dl-1, which amounted to an equilibration of approximately 41%. The elimination of chloroform from the body was rapid, so that recovery was not prolonged.", "contents": "The uptake and elimination of chloroform in man. The rate of alveolar uptake of chloroform was studied in 16 patients during general anaesthesia. Eight patients breathed spontaneously and in eight the lungs were ventilated. Elimination was studied after 30 min and 65 min of exposure to the anaesthetic. The arterial and venous blood concentrations of chloroform plotted against time during the early phase of equilibration showed that the initial uptake of chloroform was rapid, approaching a plateau after 40-50 min. In patients breathing spontaneously the arterial concentration of chloroform, which averaged 17.28 +/- 4.1 mg dl-1, did not exceed 25% equilibration with the inspired concentration, whereas under controlled ventilation with 1% chloroform the mean concentration was 10.14 +/- 3.30 mg dl-1, which amounted to an equilibration of approximately 41%. The elimination of chloroform from the body was rapid, so that recovery was not prolonged.", "PMID": 656248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6781", "title": "Pulmonary shunting and lung volume during hypotension induced with trimetaphan.", "content": "In 10 dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone mean Pa02 decreased from the control value of 13.5 kPa to 10.2 kPa, cardiac output decreased by 33%, and right-to-left shunt doubled during hypotension induced with trimetaphan. There was no signficant change in functional residual capacity during the period of hypotension or recovery. The hypoxaemia resulted from an increase in ventilation/perfusion inequality, with a decrease in arterial saturation consequent upon a decrease in cardiac output with a constant shunt. During the recovery period, right-to-left shunting remained greater than the values obtained before induction of hypotension.", "contents": "Pulmonary shunting and lung volume during hypotension induced with trimetaphan. In 10 dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone mean Pa02 decreased from the control value of 13.5 kPa to 10.2 kPa, cardiac output decreased by 33%, and right-to-left shunt doubled during hypotension induced with trimetaphan. There was no signficant change in functional residual capacity during the period of hypotension or recovery. The hypoxaemia resulted from an increase in ventilation/perfusion inequality, with a decrease in arterial saturation consequent upon a decrease in cardiac output with a constant shunt. During the recovery period, right-to-left shunting remained greater than the values obtained before induction of hypotension.", "PMID": 656249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6782", "title": "A preliminary investigation of the renal and hepatic excretion of gallamine triethiodide in man.", "content": "The fate of gallamine triethiodide has been investigated in patients undergoing cholecystectomy with choledochostomy (group I), pelvic operations (group II) and orthopaedic operations (group III). Following a single i.v. injection of gallamine 2.5 mg kg(-1) the disappearance of the drug from the serum occurred in three phases with half-lives of less than 5, 30, 138 min, less than 5, 39, 141 and less than 5, 48, 144 min in the respective groups. Twenty-four hours after injection the renal excretion of the unchanged drug was 53% (15-100%) of the administered dose in group I, 67% (40-90%) in group II and 95% (89-100%) in group III. The biliary excretion of gallamine appeared to be negligible in man. The relationship between renal excretion and duration of action of gallamine, and the influence of some intraoperative factors on drug disposition, are discussed.", "contents": "A preliminary investigation of the renal and hepatic excretion of gallamine triethiodide in man. The fate of gallamine triethiodide has been investigated in patients undergoing cholecystectomy with choledochostomy (group I), pelvic operations (group II) and orthopaedic operations (group III). Following a single i.v. injection of gallamine 2.5 mg kg(-1) the disappearance of the drug from the serum occurred in three phases with half-lives of less than 5, 30, 138 min, less than 5, 39, 141 and less than 5, 48, 144 min in the respective groups. Twenty-four hours after injection the renal excretion of the unchanged drug was 53% (15-100%) of the administered dose in group I, 67% (40-90%) in group II and 95% (89-100%) in group III. The biliary excretion of gallamine appeared to be negligible in man. The relationship between renal excretion and duration of action of gallamine, and the influence of some intraoperative factors on drug disposition, are discussed.", "PMID": 656250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6783", "title": "Effects of tracheal intubation on intracranial pressure following induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone or althesin in patients undergoing neurosurgery.", "content": "Intracranial pressure (i.c.p.) and mean arterial pressure (m.a.p.) were studied in 20 patients during the induction of anaesthesia for craniotomy. Tubocurarine was administered as the muscle relaxant and either thiopentone or Althesin for the induction of anaesthesia. No significant differences were found in the i.c.p. changes with induction, intubation or pharyngeal packing, between the thiopentone and the Althesin groups. Except for two patients (one in each group) the increases in i.c.p. associated with intubation were small. In these two patients moderate increases from normal values to 28 and 37 mm Hg were recorded, but in one of these patients coughing and straining followed intubation. Marked decreases in m.a.p. were noted in both groups, but the recovery of m.a.p. was significantly more rapid in the Althesin group. Only two patients had i.c.p. values greater than 20 mm Hg before operation and in neither did i.c.p. increase above control values during induction and intubation. Packing the pharynx produced minimal changes in i.c.p. in all patients.", "contents": "Effects of tracheal intubation on intracranial pressure following induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone or althesin in patients undergoing neurosurgery. Intracranial pressure (i.c.p.) and mean arterial pressure (m.a.p.) were studied in 20 patients during the induction of anaesthesia for craniotomy. Tubocurarine was administered as the muscle relaxant and either thiopentone or Althesin for the induction of anaesthesia. No significant differences were found in the i.c.p. changes with induction, intubation or pharyngeal packing, between the thiopentone and the Althesin groups. Except for two patients (one in each group) the increases in i.c.p. associated with intubation were small. In these two patients moderate increases from normal values to 28 and 37 mm Hg were recorded, but in one of these patients coughing and straining followed intubation. Marked decreases in m.a.p. were noted in both groups, but the recovery of m.a.p. was significantly more rapid in the Althesin group. Only two patients had i.c.p. values greater than 20 mm Hg before operation and in neither did i.c.p. increase above control values during induction and intubation. Packing the pharynx produced minimal changes in i.c.p. in all patients.", "PMID": 656251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6784", "title": "Effect of undernutrition on uptake and distribution of i.v. anaesthetic agents. A study in mice.", "content": "The uptake and distribution of two i.v. anaesthetics agents, thiopentone and Althesin, were studied in mice with normal and subnormal nutritional states. The results show that, following the administration of thiopentone, the induction time was signficantly shorter, and that the sleeping time was significantly longer following the administration of Althesin and thiopentone in mice that have low net protein utilization, and decreased total and dry body mass. The increase in the sleeping time in these undernourished mice was 2.2 times greater for Althesin and 4.0 times greater for thiopentone when compared with well-nourished mice.", "contents": "Effect of undernutrition on uptake and distribution of i.v. anaesthetic agents. A study in mice. The uptake and distribution of two i.v. anaesthetics agents, thiopentone and Althesin, were studied in mice with normal and subnormal nutritional states. The results show that, following the administration of thiopentone, the induction time was signficantly shorter, and that the sleeping time was significantly longer following the administration of Althesin and thiopentone in mice that have low net protein utilization, and decreased total and dry body mass. The increase in the sleeping time in these undernourished mice was 2.2 times greater for Althesin and 4.0 times greater for thiopentone when compared with well-nourished mice.", "PMID": 656252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6785", "title": "Intra-ocular pressure changes during halothane and enflurance anaesthesia.", "content": "We have measured intra-ocular pressure (i.o.p.) in 20 patients anaesthetized with halothane or enflurance (0.6 MAC in oxygen) for repair of trauma to the eye. The changes in i.o.p. with halothane 0.5% were unpredictable, whereas enflurance 1% reduced intra-ocular tension consistently in all the patients studied. Enflurane is recommended as a possible alternative anaesthetic for surgery on the open eye.", "contents": "Intra-ocular pressure changes during halothane and enflurance anaesthesia. We have measured intra-ocular pressure (i.o.p.) in 20 patients anaesthetized with halothane or enflurance (0.6 MAC in oxygen) for repair of trauma to the eye. The changes in i.o.p. with halothane 0.5% were unpredictable, whereas enflurance 1% reduced intra-ocular tension consistently in all the patients studied. Enflurane is recommended as a possible alternative anaesthetic for surgery on the open eye.", "PMID": 656253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6786", "title": "Haemodynamic studies during induction of anaesthesia for open-heart surgery using diazepam and ketamine.", "content": "In 14 patients undergoing open-heart operations the haemodynamic effects of diazepam 0.4 mgkg(-1) followed by ketamine 2 mg kg(-1) were studied. In eight patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, the mean arterial pressure decreased significantly after diazepam from 90.3 +/-7.4 (SEM) to 78.0 +/-5.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). However, no changes occurred in six patients undergoing valve replacement. The subsequent administration of ketamine produced no significant changes in mean arterial pressure. No signfiicant change in heart rate occurred in any patient at any time during the period of study. No patient reported unpleasant emergence reactions after operation.", "contents": "Haemodynamic studies during induction of anaesthesia for open-heart surgery using diazepam and ketamine. In 14 patients undergoing open-heart operations the haemodynamic effects of diazepam 0.4 mgkg(-1) followed by ketamine 2 mg kg(-1) were studied. In eight patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, the mean arterial pressure decreased significantly after diazepam from 90.3 +/-7.4 (SEM) to 78.0 +/-5.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). However, no changes occurred in six patients undergoing valve replacement. The subsequent administration of ketamine produced no significant changes in mean arterial pressure. No signfiicant change in heart rate occurred in any patient at any time during the period of study. No patient reported unpleasant emergence reactions after operation.", "PMID": 656254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6787", "title": "Postoperative analgesia following brachial plexus block.", "content": "The time from the end of surgery to the administration of the first post-operative analgesic has been measured in 86 patients following brachial plexus block with bupivacaine, lignocaine, nepivacaine or prilocaine. A signficant increase in time occurred with bupivacaine; the combination of regional and general anesthesia significantly increased the time when compared with general anaesthesia in the same patient. In children, the use of regional anaesthesia almost removed the need for analgesia after surgery.", "contents": "Postoperative analgesia following brachial plexus block. The time from the end of surgery to the administration of the first post-operative analgesic has been measured in 86 patients following brachial plexus block with bupivacaine, lignocaine, nepivacaine or prilocaine. A signficant increase in time occurred with bupivacaine; the combination of regional and general anesthesia significantly increased the time when compared with general anaesthesia in the same patient. In children, the use of regional anaesthesia almost removed the need for analgesia after surgery.", "PMID": 656255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6788", "title": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine in Eaton Lambert Syndrome.", "content": "The effects of 4-aminopyridine (a non-anticholinesterase antagonist of curare-like agents) on the evoked muscle action potentials (EMAP) in a patient with Eaton Lambert Syndrome are reported. On two separate occasions the i.v. administration of 0.31 mg kg(-1) and 0.62 mg kg(-1) was followed by a 300% increase of EMAP for about 2 h without serious side-effects.", "contents": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine in Eaton Lambert Syndrome. The effects of 4-aminopyridine (a non-anticholinesterase antagonist of curare-like agents) on the evoked muscle action potentials (EMAP) in a patient with Eaton Lambert Syndrome are reported. On two separate occasions the i.v. administration of 0.31 mg kg(-1) and 0.62 mg kg(-1) was followed by a 300% increase of EMAP for about 2 h without serious side-effects.", "PMID": 656256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6789", "title": "Hyperpyrexia of uncertain origin.", "content": "Hyperpyrexia occurring in a 27-year-old woman undergoing eye surgery is described. The cause, although open to doubt, appeared to be a thyroid storm.", "contents": "Hyperpyrexia of uncertain origin. Hyperpyrexia occurring in a 27-year-old woman undergoing eye surgery is described. The cause, although open to doubt, appeared to be a thyroid storm.", "PMID": 656257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6790", "title": "Misplacement of nasogastric tubes and oesophageal monitoring devices.", "content": "Accidental invasion of the trachea past an inflated cuff may occur more easily when endotracheal tubes with soft, low pressure cuffs are used. A new, simple and safe technique for blind oesophageal intubation is outlined. Two cases of accidental invasion of the trachea by oesophageal tubes are described.", "contents": "Misplacement of nasogastric tubes and oesophageal monitoring devices. Accidental invasion of the trachea past an inflated cuff may occur more easily when endotracheal tubes with soft, low pressure cuffs are used. A new, simple and safe technique for blind oesophageal intubation is outlined. Two cases of accidental invasion of the trachea by oesophageal tubes are described.", "PMID": 656258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6791", "title": "The inhibiton of adrenergically provoked renin release by salbutamol in man.", "content": "1 The beta-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol is shown to have antagonist properties by its effect on adrenergically provoked renin release in normal people. 2 It significantly reduces the rate of renin secretion provoked by either endogenous (85 dregrees head-up tilt) or exogenous (isoprenaline infusion) adrenergic stimulation. 3 Because renin is relatively simple to measure, and because in acute studies its release is relatively uninfluenced by the vagaries of direct and reflex cardiovascular effects, we suggest that, in the characterization of drugs which act on adrenergic beta-receptors, an assessment of their effects on renin release would be useful.", "contents": "The inhibiton of adrenergically provoked renin release by salbutamol in man. 1 The beta-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol is shown to have antagonist properties by its effect on adrenergically provoked renin release in normal people. 2 It significantly reduces the rate of renin secretion provoked by either endogenous (85 dregrees head-up tilt) or exogenous (isoprenaline infusion) adrenergic stimulation. 3 Because renin is relatively simple to measure, and because in acute studies its release is relatively uninfluenced by the vagaries of direct and reflex cardiovascular effects, we suggest that, in the characterization of drugs which act on adrenergic beta-receptors, an assessment of their effects on renin release would be useful.", "PMID": 656264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6792", "title": "Comparison of plasma and saliva levels of metoprolol and oxprenolol.", "content": "1 Plasma and saliva levels of metoprolol and oxprenolol have been compared in two groups of healthy volunteers. 2 Mean salivary oxprenolol levels were lower than, but closely related to the corresponding plasma levels (r=0.93), the mean ratio of saliva:plasma concentration being 0.42. 3 Mean salivary metoprolol concentrations were considerably greater thatn the corresponding plasma levels and the relationship between the concentrations in the two fluids was less clear. 4 The evidence presented suggests that oxprenolol diffuses passively whilst metoprolol is actively secreted into saliva. The mechanism involved in the active process is not known.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma and saliva levels of metoprolol and oxprenolol. 1 Plasma and saliva levels of metoprolol and oxprenolol have been compared in two groups of healthy volunteers. 2 Mean salivary oxprenolol levels were lower than, but closely related to the corresponding plasma levels (r=0.93), the mean ratio of saliva:plasma concentration being 0.42. 3 Mean salivary metoprolol concentrations were considerably greater thatn the corresponding plasma levels and the relationship between the concentrations in the two fluids was less clear. 4 The evidence presented suggests that oxprenolol diffuses passively whilst metoprolol is actively secreted into saliva. The mechanism involved in the active process is not known.", "PMID": 656265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6793", "title": "Standardized stress and hypertension: comparison of effect of propranolol and methyldopa.", "content": "1 Using a standardized form of mental stress, 21 patients with idiopathic hypertension were investigated before and after treatment with placebo (n=8), propranolol (n=7) or methyldopa (n=6). 2 Blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled in the propranolol and methyldopa groups but only the propranolol group showed modification of the pressor response to stress testing. 3 These results suggest that propranolol may provide more uniform control of blood pressure than methyldopa in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Standardized stress and hypertension: comparison of effect of propranolol and methyldopa. 1 Using a standardized form of mental stress, 21 patients with idiopathic hypertension were investigated before and after treatment with placebo (n=8), propranolol (n=7) or methyldopa (n=6). 2 Blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled in the propranolol and methyldopa groups but only the propranolol group showed modification of the pressor response to stress testing. 3 These results suggest that propranolol may provide more uniform control of blood pressure than methyldopa in patients with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 656266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6794", "title": "Outcome of pregnancy in mothers given bromocriptine.", "content": "1 Information has been obtained on the outcome of 448 completed pregnancies in mothers who had been given bromocriptine at some stage in the early weeks of pregnancy. 2 The frequencies of spontaneous abortions, twin pregnancies and malformations have been compared with those reported for 'normal' populations. 3 Based on this limited material, we conclude that the use of bromocriptine to restore fertility in hyperprolactinaemic women is not associated with an increased risk of abortion, multiple pregnancy or the occurrence of malformations in the infants.", "contents": "Outcome of pregnancy in mothers given bromocriptine. 1 Information has been obtained on the outcome of 448 completed pregnancies in mothers who had been given bromocriptine at some stage in the early weeks of pregnancy. 2 The frequencies of spontaneous abortions, twin pregnancies and malformations have been compared with those reported for 'normal' populations. 3 Based on this limited material, we conclude that the use of bromocriptine to restore fertility in hyperprolactinaemic women is not associated with an increased risk of abortion, multiple pregnancy or the occurrence of malformations in the infants.", "PMID": 656267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6795", "title": "Bumetanide and frusemide: a comparison of dose-response curves in healthy men.", "content": "1 Log dose-responses for the loop diuretics bumetanide and frusemide in healthy subjects deviated significantly from parallelism as regards urine volume and sodium excretion. Ignoring the nonparallelism the best estimate of natriuretic potency (bumetanide: frusemide) was 46:1 in the bumetanide dose range 0.5-2 mg. 2 For a given natriuresis the urinary potassium excretion following bumetanide was significantly lower than that for frusemide within this dose range. 3 The data illustrate the limitations of studies comparing diuretics at a single dose level. Extrapolation of the observed log dose-response curves provides one possible explanation for the relative potency (bumetanide: frusemide) of 20:1 reported when the drugs are used at high dosage in patients with renal failure.", "contents": "Bumetanide and frusemide: a comparison of dose-response curves in healthy men. 1 Log dose-responses for the loop diuretics bumetanide and frusemide in healthy subjects deviated significantly from parallelism as regards urine volume and sodium excretion. Ignoring the nonparallelism the best estimate of natriuretic potency (bumetanide: frusemide) was 46:1 in the bumetanide dose range 0.5-2 mg. 2 For a given natriuresis the urinary potassium excretion following bumetanide was significantly lower than that for frusemide within this dose range. 3 The data illustrate the limitations of studies comparing diuretics at a single dose level. Extrapolation of the observed log dose-response curves provides one possible explanation for the relative potency (bumetanide: frusemide) of 20:1 reported when the drugs are used at high dosage in patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 656269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6796", "title": "Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for hypertriglyceridaemia in men.", "content": "1 Ten consecutive patients with hypertriglyceridaemia who adhered to a low carbohydrate diet without complete control of serum triglycerides were started on chenodeoxycholic acid 750 mg daily and followed monthly for 6 months. Nine of these patients were then followed for a further month on placebo capsules and thereafter monthly for a further 6 months on clofibrate 2 g daily. 2 The mean serum triglyceride level fell by 36% after dietary treatment alone (P less than 0.05) and by 47% from initial values on diet plus chenodeoxycholic acid (P less than 0.01). In the nine patients who proceeded to clofibrate therapy there was a rise in triglyceride levels on placebo capsules to the level achieved by diet alone, and a further fall on diet plus clofibrate of 47% of initial values (P less than 0.05). 3 Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy is effective in the management of hypertriglyceridaemia not completely cured by dietary measures, and may be as efficacious as clofibrate.", "contents": "Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for hypertriglyceridaemia in men. 1 Ten consecutive patients with hypertriglyceridaemia who adhered to a low carbohydrate diet without complete control of serum triglycerides were started on chenodeoxycholic acid 750 mg daily and followed monthly for 6 months. Nine of these patients were then followed for a further month on placebo capsules and thereafter monthly for a further 6 months on clofibrate 2 g daily. 2 The mean serum triglyceride level fell by 36% after dietary treatment alone (P less than 0.05) and by 47% from initial values on diet plus chenodeoxycholic acid (P less than 0.01). In the nine patients who proceeded to clofibrate therapy there was a rise in triglyceride levels on placebo capsules to the level achieved by diet alone, and a further fall on diet plus clofibrate of 47% of initial values (P less than 0.05). 3 Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy is effective in the management of hypertriglyceridaemia not completely cured by dietary measures, and may be as efficacious as clofibrate.", "PMID": 656270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6797", "title": "The effects of intravenous isoxsuprine on blood viscosity in patients with occlusive peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "1 Blood viscosity is thought to be a major factor in disorders of the peripheral circulation. 2 Ten patients with obliterative arterial disease received an infusion of isoxsuprine of 20 micrograms kg-1 for 30 min. The infusion was followed by a highly significant and prolonged fall in blood, plasma and serum viscosity, in haematocrit and in plasma fibrinogen concentration. Blood lipid levels were also studied: total lipids and total cholesterol did not alter; triglyceride level was significantly lowered at the end of, and after, drug infusion. 3 There was no change in blood, plasma or serum viscosity in the four patients receiving a control infusion 2 days before the infusion of isoxsuprine. 4 The relationships between lowered viscosity and increasing peripheral tissue perfusion are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of intravenous isoxsuprine on blood viscosity in patients with occlusive peripheral arterial disease. 1 Blood viscosity is thought to be a major factor in disorders of the peripheral circulation. 2 Ten patients with obliterative arterial disease received an infusion of isoxsuprine of 20 micrograms kg-1 for 30 min. The infusion was followed by a highly significant and prolonged fall in blood, plasma and serum viscosity, in haematocrit and in plasma fibrinogen concentration. Blood lipid levels were also studied: total lipids and total cholesterol did not alter; triglyceride level was significantly lowered at the end of, and after, drug infusion. 3 There was no change in blood, plasma or serum viscosity in the four patients receiving a control infusion 2 days before the infusion of isoxsuprine. 4 The relationships between lowered viscosity and increasing peripheral tissue perfusion are discussed.", "PMID": 656271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6798", "title": "Toxicity of nitrazepam in the elderly: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "1 To assess the potential hazards of nitrazepam therapy of insomnia in the elderly, adverse reactions to nitrazepam were studied in 2111 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug. 2 Manifestations of unwanted central nervous system (CNS) depression (such as drowsiness or 'hangover') were reported in 49 nitrazepam recipients (2.3%), and signs of unwanted CNS stimulation (such as nightmares, insomnia, agitation, etc.) in 15 (0.7%). None of the adverse reactions were considered serious. 3 Physician-rated clinical efficacy of nitrazepam was not related to dose, but the frequency of both types of adverse reactions increased significantly at higher daily doses. CNS depression also was significantly more frequent in the elderly, being reported in 11% of those aged 80 years or older, whereas the frequency of CNS stimulation was not correlated with age. 4 The effect of age on the reported rate of unwanted CNS depression was most striking at high doses. Among patients aged 80 years or over whose daily dose averaged 10 mg or more, 55% experienced unwanted CNS depression attributed to nitrazepam. 5 Low doses of nitrazepam are safe for elderly individuals, but the elderly are readily susceptible to excessive CNS depression at high doses. The findings suggest that there is little reason to exceed 5mg doses of nitrazepam for most patients, particularly those who are elderly.", "contents": "Toxicity of nitrazepam in the elderly: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. 1 To assess the potential hazards of nitrazepam therapy of insomnia in the elderly, adverse reactions to nitrazepam were studied in 2111 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug. 2 Manifestations of unwanted central nervous system (CNS) depression (such as drowsiness or 'hangover') were reported in 49 nitrazepam recipients (2.3%), and signs of unwanted CNS stimulation (such as nightmares, insomnia, agitation, etc.) in 15 (0.7%). None of the adverse reactions were considered serious. 3 Physician-rated clinical efficacy of nitrazepam was not related to dose, but the frequency of both types of adverse reactions increased significantly at higher daily doses. CNS depression also was significantly more frequent in the elderly, being reported in 11% of those aged 80 years or older, whereas the frequency of CNS stimulation was not correlated with age. 4 The effect of age on the reported rate of unwanted CNS depression was most striking at high doses. Among patients aged 80 years or over whose daily dose averaged 10 mg or more, 55% experienced unwanted CNS depression attributed to nitrazepam. 5 Low doses of nitrazepam are safe for elderly individuals, but the elderly are readily susceptible to excessive CNS depression at high doses. The findings suggest that there is little reason to exceed 5mg doses of nitrazepam for most patients, particularly those who are elderly.", "PMID": 656280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6799", "title": "The effect of low dose carbidopa/levodopa on prolactin and growth hormone concentrations in patients with breast cancer and in benign breast tumours.", "content": "1 Low doses of carbidopa/levodopa (12.5 mg 1-alpha-methyl-dopahydrazine, 125 mg levodopa) were administered orally to 29 patients with tumours of the breast (16 with breast cancer, 13 with benign breast disease). 2 Plasma dopa response curves were similar in all the patients studied. 3 Prolactin and growth hormone showed similar responses to carbidopa/levodopa irrespective of age or diagnosis. 4 Prolactin showed an unusual reponse in four patients which has not previously been recorded.", "contents": "The effect of low dose carbidopa/levodopa on prolactin and growth hormone concentrations in patients with breast cancer and in benign breast tumours. 1 Low doses of carbidopa/levodopa (12.5 mg 1-alpha-methyl-dopahydrazine, 125 mg levodopa) were administered orally to 29 patients with tumours of the breast (16 with breast cancer, 13 with benign breast disease). 2 Plasma dopa response curves were similar in all the patients studied. 3 Prolactin and growth hormone showed similar responses to carbidopa/levodopa irrespective of age or diagnosis. 4 Prolactin showed an unusual reponse in four patients which has not previously been recorded.", "PMID": 656281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6800", "title": "Enhanced elimination of warfarin during treatment with cholestyramine.", "content": "1 The elimination and anticoagulant activity of a single intravenous dose of warfarin (1.0-1.2 mg/kg) without and with concomitant cholestyramine treatment (about 4 g three times daily) was studied in five healthy male subjects. 2 Cholestyramine treatment decreased the biological half-life of plasma warfarin (from a mean value of 2 days -1.3 days) and increased the total clearance of this drug (from a mean value of 37 ml kg-1 day-1--53 ml kg--1 day--1). 3 The total anticoagulant effect per dose of warfarin, as measured by the area under the effect v time curve, was also reduced by cholestyramine (average reduction of about 25%). 4 Warfarin possibly undergoes enterohepatic recycling in man which can be interrupted by cholestyramine.", "contents": "Enhanced elimination of warfarin during treatment with cholestyramine. 1 The elimination and anticoagulant activity of a single intravenous dose of warfarin (1.0-1.2 mg/kg) without and with concomitant cholestyramine treatment (about 4 g three times daily) was studied in five healthy male subjects. 2 Cholestyramine treatment decreased the biological half-life of plasma warfarin (from a mean value of 2 days -1.3 days) and increased the total clearance of this drug (from a mean value of 37 ml kg-1 day-1--53 ml kg--1 day--1). 3 The total anticoagulant effect per dose of warfarin, as measured by the area under the effect v time curve, was also reduced by cholestyramine (average reduction of about 25%). 4 Warfarin possibly undergoes enterohepatic recycling in man which can be interrupted by cholestyramine.", "PMID": 656283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6801", "title": "A thermographic assessment of three intra-articular prednisolone analogues given in rheumatoid synovitis.", "content": "1 Three intra-articular prednisolone analogues have been studied in a group of forty-six rheumatoid arthritic subjects. Each compound was tested at 50 mg and 100 mg dose over 3 weeks. 2 The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by quantitative thermography. Systemic escape of the drug was monitored by plasma prednisolone and cortisol levels. 3 Both the systemic escape from the joint and the duration of effect on injected and uninjected knees were related to drug solubility. 4 Depression of plasma cortisol occurred with all three preparations and was most prolonged with the long-acting preparation. 5 Increasing the dose from 50 mg to 100 mg increased the antiflammatory effect only with the soluble acetate preparation.", "contents": "A thermographic assessment of three intra-articular prednisolone analogues given in rheumatoid synovitis. 1 Three intra-articular prednisolone analogues have been studied in a group of forty-six rheumatoid arthritic subjects. Each compound was tested at 50 mg and 100 mg dose over 3 weeks. 2 The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by quantitative thermography. Systemic escape of the drug was monitored by plasma prednisolone and cortisol levels. 3 Both the systemic escape from the joint and the duration of effect on injected and uninjected knees were related to drug solubility. 4 Depression of plasma cortisol occurred with all three preparations and was most prolonged with the long-acting preparation. 5 Increasing the dose from 50 mg to 100 mg increased the antiflammatory effect only with the soluble acetate preparation.", "PMID": 656284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6802", "title": "(+)-Propranolol clearance, an estimation of hepatic blood flow in man.", "content": "1 Hepatic blood flow was determined before and during (+)- and (+/-)-propranolol plasma concentration plateaus in 19 patients with suspected renal hypertension and normal liver function. 2 Hepatic blood flow significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) during (+/-)-propranolol administration and remained unchanged during (+)-propranolol administration. 3 Hepatic extraction ratio was 74 +/- 1% (+/-)-propranolol and 79 +/- 2% for (+)-propranolol. 4 Total propranolol clearances were determined during the steady-state achieved by a constant infusion. A highly significant positive relationship was observed (r = +0.86; P less than 0.01) between hepatic blood flow and (+)-propranolol clearance. The slope of the curve was 1.05 +/- 0.27. 5 The result implies that the total clearance of (+)-propranolol constitutes an accurate estimation of basal hepatic blood flow in subjects with normal liver function.", "contents": "(+)-Propranolol clearance, an estimation of hepatic blood flow in man. 1 Hepatic blood flow was determined before and during (+)- and (+/-)-propranolol plasma concentration plateaus in 19 patients with suspected renal hypertension and normal liver function. 2 Hepatic blood flow significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) during (+/-)-propranolol administration and remained unchanged during (+)-propranolol administration. 3 Hepatic extraction ratio was 74 +/- 1% (+/-)-propranolol and 79 +/- 2% for (+)-propranolol. 4 Total propranolol clearances were determined during the steady-state achieved by a constant infusion. A highly significant positive relationship was observed (r = +0.86; P less than 0.01) between hepatic blood flow and (+)-propranolol clearance. The slope of the curve was 1.05 +/- 0.27. 5 The result implies that the total clearance of (+)-propranolol constitutes an accurate estimation of basal hepatic blood flow in subjects with normal liver function.", "PMID": 656285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6803", "title": "Influence of soft gelatin on digoxin absorption.", "content": "1 The influence of encapsulation in soft gelatin on the absorption of digoxin from a solvent mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 90% W/W, ethanol 6% W/W, propylene glycol 3% W/W and water 1% W/W was studied in eight healthy volunteers. 2 Each volunteer received 0.6 mg digoxin as solution alone, as three intact capsules containing digoxin solution, as three capsules containing digoxin solution sectioned in half and as three capsules containing digoxin solution dissolved in water prior to administration. 3 There was no significant difference between the four treatments in terms of area under the plasma concentration--time curves for 7 h, peak plasma concentrations, time to peak or in the cumulative urinary excretion for 6 days. 4 It is suggested that a constituent of the solvent rather than the presence of or encapsulation within soft gelatin may be the determining factor in enhanced absorption of digoxin from soft gelatin capsules as compared to aqueous solution or tablets of rapid dissolution rate.", "contents": "Influence of soft gelatin on digoxin absorption. 1 The influence of encapsulation in soft gelatin on the absorption of digoxin from a solvent mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 90% W/W, ethanol 6% W/W, propylene glycol 3% W/W and water 1% W/W was studied in eight healthy volunteers. 2 Each volunteer received 0.6 mg digoxin as solution alone, as three intact capsules containing digoxin solution, as three capsules containing digoxin solution sectioned in half and as three capsules containing digoxin solution dissolved in water prior to administration. 3 There was no significant difference between the four treatments in terms of area under the plasma concentration--time curves for 7 h, peak plasma concentrations, time to peak or in the cumulative urinary excretion for 6 days. 4 It is suggested that a constituent of the solvent rather than the presence of or encapsulation within soft gelatin may be the determining factor in enhanced absorption of digoxin from soft gelatin capsules as compared to aqueous solution or tablets of rapid dissolution rate.", "PMID": 656286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6804", "title": "The influence of digoxin particle size on absorption of digoxin and the effect of propantheline and metoclopramide.", "content": "1 The influence of particle size on absorption of digoxin was studied in ten healthy volunteers who received 0.5 mg digoxin as two standard Lanoxin tablets, or tablets containing micronized digoxin or large particle size digoxin. Tablets were given 30 min after 15 mg propantheline, 10 mg metoclopramine or a placebo tablet, and following an overnight fast. 2 The overall mean cumulative 4 day urinary excretion of digoxin was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) after large particle size digoxin than after standard or micronized digoxin. Mean cumulative urinary excretion following large particle size digoxin was reduced when administered after metoclopramide and increased after propantheline, the difference between these two treatments being significant (P less than 0.05). There was a significantly lower (P less than 0.05) overall mean cumulative excretion following standard by comparison with micronized digoxin. However, by comparison with placebo, neither metoclopramide nor propantheline significantly altered mean cumulative excretion after standard or micronized digoxin. Propantheline and metoclopramide affect absorption of digoxin from formulations of large particle size and slow dissolution rate only.", "contents": "The influence of digoxin particle size on absorption of digoxin and the effect of propantheline and metoclopramide. 1 The influence of particle size on absorption of digoxin was studied in ten healthy volunteers who received 0.5 mg digoxin as two standard Lanoxin tablets, or tablets containing micronized digoxin or large particle size digoxin. Tablets were given 30 min after 15 mg propantheline, 10 mg metoclopramine or a placebo tablet, and following an overnight fast. 2 The overall mean cumulative 4 day urinary excretion of digoxin was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) after large particle size digoxin than after standard or micronized digoxin. Mean cumulative urinary excretion following large particle size digoxin was reduced when administered after metoclopramide and increased after propantheline, the difference between these two treatments being significant (P less than 0.05). There was a significantly lower (P less than 0.05) overall mean cumulative excretion following standard by comparison with micronized digoxin. However, by comparison with placebo, neither metoclopramide nor propantheline significantly altered mean cumulative excretion after standard or micronized digoxin. Propantheline and metoclopramide affect absorption of digoxin from formulations of large particle size and slow dissolution rate only.", "PMID": 656287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6805", "title": "The application of HPLC to the determination of some 1,4 benzodiazepines and their metabolites in plasma.", "content": "1 A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the measurement of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites, N-desmethylchlordiazepoxide and demoxepam in microgram concentrations in human plasma. 2 Another metabolite was detected in appreciable amounts in the plasma from patients receiving high doses of chlordiazepoxide after the first 3 days of treatment. 3 Preliminary studies would indicate that this metabolite is N-desmethyldiazepam. 4 A modified HPLC system, using a microparticulate column was developed to separate N-desmethyldiazepam from chlordiazepoxide and its other metabolites in plasma.", "contents": "The application of HPLC to the determination of some 1,4 benzodiazepines and their metabolites in plasma. 1 A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the measurement of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites, N-desmethylchlordiazepoxide and demoxepam in microgram concentrations in human plasma. 2 Another metabolite was detected in appreciable amounts in the plasma from patients receiving high doses of chlordiazepoxide after the first 3 days of treatment. 3 Preliminary studies would indicate that this metabolite is N-desmethyldiazepam. 4 A modified HPLC system, using a microparticulate column was developed to separate N-desmethyldiazepam from chlordiazepoxide and its other metabolites in plasma.", "PMID": 656291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6806", "title": "Identification of hydrallazine and hydrallazine hydrazone metabolites in human body fluids and quantitative in vitro comparisons of their smooth muscle relaxant activity.", "content": "1 Serum and urine from hypertensive subjects on chronic oral hydrallazine therapy were studied using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry techniques. 2 Metabolites resulting from acetylation, hydrolysis and conjugation reactions were detected. The acetone, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate hydrazone were identified. 3 The activity of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate hydrazones were compared with that of hydrallazine using isolated rabbit aortic strips. 4 Both hydrazones were active under in vitro conditions, producing smooth muscle relaxant effects equal to those of hydrallazine. 5 It is concluded that hydrazone metabolites will contribute to the hypotensive effects of hydrallazine therapy in proportion to their relative abundance, persistence in vascular tissues and intrinsic activity.", "contents": "Identification of hydrallazine and hydrallazine hydrazone metabolites in human body fluids and quantitative in vitro comparisons of their smooth muscle relaxant activity. 1 Serum and urine from hypertensive subjects on chronic oral hydrallazine therapy were studied using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry techniques. 2 Metabolites resulting from acetylation, hydrolysis and conjugation reactions were detected. The acetone, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate hydrazone were identified. 3 The activity of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate hydrazones were compared with that of hydrallazine using isolated rabbit aortic strips. 4 Both hydrazones were active under in vitro conditions, producing smooth muscle relaxant effects equal to those of hydrallazine. 5 It is concluded that hydrazone metabolites will contribute to the hypotensive effects of hydrallazine therapy in proportion to their relative abundance, persistence in vascular tissues and intrinsic activity.", "PMID": 656292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6807", "title": "Prednisone or prednisolone for the treatment of chronic active hepatitis? A comparison of plasma availability.", "content": "1 The plasma availability of prednisolone after oral doses of prednisolone and its precursor, prednisone, were compared in ten normal controls and twenty-five patients with chronic active hepatitis by estimation of the area under the plasma concentration--time curve for the drug (AUC). 2 In controls, values for AUC were significantly more variable after prednisone than prednisolone, and two subjects showed markedly inefficient conversion of prednisone to prednisolone. In patients, variability was similarly wide after both preparations, but overall bioavailability after both prednisone and prednisolone was similar to that found in controls, although three patients showed subnormal values after both preparations, possibly as a result of impaired intestinal absorption. 3 Patients with biochemical and histological evidence of active hepatocellular necrosis showed evidence of impaired activation of prednisone, but this was compensated for by a decreased rate of elimination of prednisolone from the plasma. 4 It is concluded that plasma prednisolone levels will be more predictable after prednisolone than after prednisone in subjects without hepatic dysfunction. In the presence of liver disease, because of the marked variability in plasma prednisolone levels after either drug, estimation of these could be of value in those patients whose disease cannot be controlled by normal maintenance doses.", "contents": "Prednisone or prednisolone for the treatment of chronic active hepatitis? A comparison of plasma availability. 1 The plasma availability of prednisolone after oral doses of prednisolone and its precursor, prednisone, were compared in ten normal controls and twenty-five patients with chronic active hepatitis by estimation of the area under the plasma concentration--time curve for the drug (AUC). 2 In controls, values for AUC were significantly more variable after prednisone than prednisolone, and two subjects showed markedly inefficient conversion of prednisone to prednisolone. In patients, variability was similarly wide after both preparations, but overall bioavailability after both prednisone and prednisolone was similar to that found in controls, although three patients showed subnormal values after both preparations, possibly as a result of impaired intestinal absorption. 3 Patients with biochemical and histological evidence of active hepatocellular necrosis showed evidence of impaired activation of prednisone, but this was compensated for by a decreased rate of elimination of prednisolone from the plasma. 4 It is concluded that plasma prednisolone levels will be more predictable after prednisolone than after prednisone in subjects without hepatic dysfunction. In the presence of liver disease, because of the marked variability in plasma prednisolone levels after either drug, estimation of these could be of value in those patients whose disease cannot be controlled by normal maintenance doses.", "PMID": 656293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6808", "title": "Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "1 delta1-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, (delta1-THC) produces bronchodilatation in asthmatic patients. 2 Administered in 62 microliter metered volumes containing 50--200 microgram by inhalation from an aerosol device to patients judged to be in a steady state, it increased peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). 3 The rate of onset, magnitude, and duration of the bronchodilator effect was dose related.", "contents": "Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol. 1 delta1-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, (delta1-THC) produces bronchodilatation in asthmatic patients. 2 Administered in 62 microliter metered volumes containing 50--200 microgram by inhalation from an aerosol device to patients judged to be in a steady state, it increased peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). 3 The rate of onset, magnitude, and duration of the bronchodilator effect was dose related.", "PMID": 656294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6809", "title": "Kinetics of changes in the crypts of the jejunal mucosa of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats.", "content": "When symmetrical 1,2 dimethylhydrazine was administered to rats by weekly s.c. injection, 37% of the animals had developed small intestinal carcinomas after 21-27 weeks. These lesions were largely localized to duodenum and upper jejunum. At the same time there was a diffuse crypt hyperplasia in the jejunum which affected all the treated animals, not just those with neoplasms. This marked hyperplasia was preceded by a modest sustained crypt elongation which was seen soon after DMH injections began. In these hyperplastic jejunal crypts the absolute size of the proliferative compartment was increased, but the growth fraction calculated from labelling studies appeared to fall, probably by reduction in relative size of the proliferating population within the proliferative compartment. No convincing alteration in actual cell-cycle time was observed in the abnormal crypts. There was a slight (25%) increase in cell-production rate in the abnormal crypts.", "contents": "Kinetics of changes in the crypts of the jejunal mucosa of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. When symmetrical 1,2 dimethylhydrazine was administered to rats by weekly s.c. injection, 37% of the animals had developed small intestinal carcinomas after 21-27 weeks. These lesions were largely localized to duodenum and upper jejunum. At the same time there was a diffuse crypt hyperplasia in the jejunum which affected all the treated animals, not just those with neoplasms. This marked hyperplasia was preceded by a modest sustained crypt elongation which was seen soon after DMH injections began. In these hyperplastic jejunal crypts the absolute size of the proliferative compartment was increased, but the growth fraction calculated from labelling studies appeared to fall, probably by reduction in relative size of the proliferating population within the proliferative compartment. No convincing alteration in actual cell-cycle time was observed in the abnormal crypts. There was a slight (25%) increase in cell-production rate in the abnormal crypts.", "PMID": 656298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6810", "title": "Mass and number of fibres in the pathogenesis of asbestos-related lung disease in rats.", "content": "Five groups of rats were treated by inhalation for 12 months, with the U.I.C.C. preparations of the 3 main commercially used asbestos types, chrysotile, crocidolite and amosite. The experiment was designed so that the effects of both fibre mass and fibre number could be examined. The results indicated that chrysotile dust caused far more lung fibrosis than either amphibole type even when the fibre numbers in the dust clouds were similar. All malignant pulmonary neoplasms found during this study occurred in animals treated with chrysotile. The fibre-number calculations used for the generation of dust clouds were evaluated using the parameters recommended by the Health and Safety Executive in 1976, by which all fibres over 5 microgram long are counted using a phase-contrast light microscopy. When fibre-length distributions were calculated using a scanning electron microscope, however, it was found that the chrysotile clouds used in this study contained many more fibres over 20 microgram long than either of the amphibole clouds. The results, therefore, support previous suggestions that long asbestos fibres are more dangerous than short. They also indicate that neither a single mass standard, nor the present fibre-number standards are satisfactory.", "contents": "Mass and number of fibres in the pathogenesis of asbestos-related lung disease in rats. Five groups of rats were treated by inhalation for 12 months, with the U.I.C.C. preparations of the 3 main commercially used asbestos types, chrysotile, crocidolite and amosite. The experiment was designed so that the effects of both fibre mass and fibre number could be examined. The results indicated that chrysotile dust caused far more lung fibrosis than either amphibole type even when the fibre numbers in the dust clouds were similar. All malignant pulmonary neoplasms found during this study occurred in animals treated with chrysotile. The fibre-number calculations used for the generation of dust clouds were evaluated using the parameters recommended by the Health and Safety Executive in 1976, by which all fibres over 5 microgram long are counted using a phase-contrast light microscopy. When fibre-length distributions were calculated using a scanning electron microscope, however, it was found that the chrysotile clouds used in this study contained many more fibres over 20 microgram long than either of the amphibole clouds. The results, therefore, support previous suggestions that long asbestos fibres are more dangerous than short. They also indicate that neither a single mass standard, nor the present fibre-number standards are satisfactory.", "PMID": 656299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6811", "title": "Saccharide alterations in rat kidney associated with malignant transformation by injection of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Renal tumours were induced in dietary-primed rats by injection of dimethylnitrosamine. Control and tumour tissue was excised at varying periods and maintained in short-term organ culture in the presence of 3H- or 14C-fucose. The plasma membranes were then isolated, and the isotopic profiles of normal kidney and renal tumour membrane proteins were established, using polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulphate. Several fucose-containing glycoproteins of the plasma membranes were found to alter upon neoplastic transformation: 4 increased and 3 decreased. The probable identity of 2 of these proteins is indicated: alpha-foetoprotein is one of the glycoproteins which increased, whereas neutral endopeptidase decreased in the tumour membranes. Fluorescein-labelled lectin binding by the kidney tissue was also found to alter upon transformation. The most marked changes were an increase in sialic acid (neuraminidase-sensitive) and galactosamine (Ricinus communis agglutinin Type I) in the nuclei of some neoplastic cells and some hyperplastic-tubule cells.", "contents": "Saccharide alterations in rat kidney associated with malignant transformation by injection of dimethylnitrosamine. Renal tumours were induced in dietary-primed rats by injection of dimethylnitrosamine. Control and tumour tissue was excised at varying periods and maintained in short-term organ culture in the presence of 3H- or 14C-fucose. The plasma membranes were then isolated, and the isotopic profiles of normal kidney and renal tumour membrane proteins were established, using polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulphate. Several fucose-containing glycoproteins of the plasma membranes were found to alter upon neoplastic transformation: 4 increased and 3 decreased. The probable identity of 2 of these proteins is indicated: alpha-foetoprotein is one of the glycoproteins which increased, whereas neutral endopeptidase decreased in the tumour membranes. Fluorescein-labelled lectin binding by the kidney tissue was also found to alter upon transformation. The most marked changes were an increase in sialic acid (neuraminidase-sensitive) and galactosamine (Ricinus communis agglutinin Type I) in the nuclei of some neoplastic cells and some hyperplastic-tubule cells.", "PMID": 656300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6812", "title": "Stability of transplanted murine tumour systems after storage of cells at -196 degrees C for up to 13 years.", "content": "Two murine lymphomas of spontaneous origin were stored in liquid N2 as cell suspensions in DMSO for 8 and 13 years respectively. Isogenic transplantation assays done some years before freezing and immediately after thawing indicated no measurable loss of clonogenic cells during freezing, storage or thawing; the number of cells required for 50% successful transplantation remained close to unity in both cases. The overall data revealed no evidence of an alteration of the receptivity of the mouse colonies over a period of 13 or 20 years. We attribute this remarkable stability to close supervision of the systems within a single laboratory.", "contents": "Stability of transplanted murine tumour systems after storage of cells at -196 degrees C for up to 13 years. Two murine lymphomas of spontaneous origin were stored in liquid N2 as cell suspensions in DMSO for 8 and 13 years respectively. Isogenic transplantation assays done some years before freezing and immediately after thawing indicated no measurable loss of clonogenic cells during freezing, storage or thawing; the number of cells required for 50% successful transplantation remained close to unity in both cases. The overall data revealed no evidence of an alteration of the receptivity of the mouse colonies over a period of 13 or 20 years. We attribute this remarkable stability to close supervision of the systems within a single laboratory.", "PMID": 656301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6813", "title": "Macrophage-mediated natrual cytotoxicity against various target cells in vitro. I. Macrophages from diverse anatomical sites and different strains of rats and mice.", "content": "Adherent, predominantly phagocytic, mononuclear cells expressing spontaneous cytotoxic activity against diverse target cells in vitro were present in various tissues of different strains of rats and mice. Cells with such natural killer capacity were thus everywhere readily available for mobilization and activation. The inherent spontaneous killer capacity of adherent mononuclear phagocytes can be abrogated by silica particles in vitro, and can be considerably enhanced by appropriate stimuli in vivo. Spontaneous cytolysis mediated by unstimulated mononuclear phagocytes was consistently manifested only after a lag phase of 12-20 h and was quite nonspecific; there was no cogent correlation between susceptibility to lysis and transformation.", "contents": "Macrophage-mediated natrual cytotoxicity against various target cells in vitro. I. Macrophages from diverse anatomical sites and different strains of rats and mice. Adherent, predominantly phagocytic, mononuclear cells expressing spontaneous cytotoxic activity against diverse target cells in vitro were present in various tissues of different strains of rats and mice. Cells with such natural killer capacity were thus everywhere readily available for mobilization and activation. The inherent spontaneous killer capacity of adherent mononuclear phagocytes can be abrogated by silica particles in vitro, and can be considerably enhanced by appropriate stimuli in vivo. Spontaneous cytolysis mediated by unstimulated mononuclear phagocytes was consistently manifested only after a lag phase of 12-20 h and was quite nonspecific; there was no cogent correlation between susceptibility to lysis and transformation.", "PMID": 656302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6814", "title": "Macrophage-mediated natural cytotoxicity against various target cells in vitro. II. Macrophages from rats of different ages.", "content": "Adherent, predominantly phagocytic mononuclear cells from various rat tissues express spontaneous cytoxicity against diverse target cells in vitro. The extent to which cytotoxicity was expressed by effector cells depended on the age of donors. Cytolytic effector-cell capacity was already fully developed a few days after birth, and persisted over many months, but was clearly reduced in senescence. Similarly, the ability to intensify natural cytotoxicity by peptone in vivo was already fully manifested in the newborn, but was significantly diminished in old rats.", "contents": "Macrophage-mediated natural cytotoxicity against various target cells in vitro. II. Macrophages from rats of different ages. Adherent, predominantly phagocytic mononuclear cells from various rat tissues express spontaneous cytoxicity against diverse target cells in vitro. The extent to which cytotoxicity was expressed by effector cells depended on the age of donors. Cytolytic effector-cell capacity was already fully developed a few days after birth, and persisted over many months, but was clearly reduced in senescence. Similarly, the ability to intensify natural cytotoxicity by peptone in vivo was already fully manifested in the newborn, but was significantly diminished in old rats.", "PMID": 656303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6815", "title": "Monocytes and macrophages in malignant melanoma. III. Reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by peripheral blood monocytes.", "content": "Peripheral-blood monocytes from normal individuals and from patients with malignant melanoma reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). A quantitative assay for dye reduction was applied to 25 healthy donors and 31 patients with malignant melanoma. NBT reduction expressed as dye reduction per monocyte was significantly impaired in patients with disseminated disease, and they responded poorly to a phagocytic stimulus. Monocytes from patients with micrometastatic disease, however, showed normal resting NBT reduction but, following exposure to a suspension of latex-polystyrene, showed significantly greater NBT reduction than those from normal individuals. Since NBT reduction is an indirect measure of intracellular hexose-monophosphate-shunt activity we conclude that the monocytes from patients with minimal disease are in some way activated.", "contents": "Monocytes and macrophages in malignant melanoma. III. Reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by peripheral blood monocytes. Peripheral-blood monocytes from normal individuals and from patients with malignant melanoma reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). A quantitative assay for dye reduction was applied to 25 healthy donors and 31 patients with malignant melanoma. NBT reduction expressed as dye reduction per monocyte was significantly impaired in patients with disseminated disease, and they responded poorly to a phagocytic stimulus. Monocytes from patients with micrometastatic disease, however, showed normal resting NBT reduction but, following exposure to a suspension of latex-polystyrene, showed significantly greater NBT reduction than those from normal individuals. Since NBT reduction is an indirect measure of intracellular hexose-monophosphate-shunt activity we conclude that the monocytes from patients with minimal disease are in some way activated.", "PMID": 656304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6816", "title": "Antigen shedding by human breast-cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Human breast cancer cells were adapted to chemically defined medium in order to recover naturally shed glycoproteins. Sephadex G-150 chromatography of these glycoproteins revealed 1 major and 2 minor peaks. When the cells were grown in the presence of 3H-leucine, the radioactive shed proteins had a Sephadex profile identical to the unlabelled shed glycoproteins. PAGE analysis of these proteins showed 5 major bands. Antigenically similar proteins were found in the serum of female nude mice bearing BOT-2 tumours, but not in controls.", "contents": "Antigen shedding by human breast-cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Human breast cancer cells were adapted to chemically defined medium in order to recover naturally shed glycoproteins. Sephadex G-150 chromatography of these glycoproteins revealed 1 major and 2 minor peaks. When the cells were grown in the presence of 3H-leucine, the radioactive shed proteins had a Sephadex profile identical to the unlabelled shed glycoproteins. PAGE analysis of these proteins showed 5 major bands. Antigenically similar proteins were found in the serum of female nude mice bearing BOT-2 tumours, but not in controls.", "PMID": 656305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6817", "title": "Response of tumour-related and normal lymphocytes to antigens on fibroblasts from embryos of varying age.", "content": "The in vitro cytotoxic immune response of spleen lymphocytes from primiparous and tumour-related mice to embryonic cells from embryos of varying age and tumour cells has been investigated. The results indicate that lymphocytes from both primiparous and tumour-related (i.e., tumour-bearing or tumour-excised) animals give a response which is greater than that from cells from control mice (\"virgin cells\"). Moreover, in this putative anamnestic response the immune cells detect antigenic differences in the cell populations of embryos of varying age, which are not as readily demonstrable when cytotoxicity is derived from virgin cells. As a further indication of the in vivo priming to embryo-assoicated antigens, the data show that the precursors of cytotoxic cells apparently undergo a blastogenic response in the presence of embryo antigen, and revert to small quiescent cells when antigen is removed, in a way entirely analogous to that described for reactivity of mixed leucocyte cultures to antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Finally, it seems that in animals immediately after removal of embryonic antigen (and to a lesser degree in virgin or late-embryo-immune mice) there exists a suppressor cell population which inhibits an anti-embryo cytotoxic response far more than an antiallograft response.", "contents": "Response of tumour-related and normal lymphocytes to antigens on fibroblasts from embryos of varying age. The in vitro cytotoxic immune response of spleen lymphocytes from primiparous and tumour-related mice to embryonic cells from embryos of varying age and tumour cells has been investigated. The results indicate that lymphocytes from both primiparous and tumour-related (i.e., tumour-bearing or tumour-excised) animals give a response which is greater than that from cells from control mice (\"virgin cells\"). Moreover, in this putative anamnestic response the immune cells detect antigenic differences in the cell populations of embryos of varying age, which are not as readily demonstrable when cytotoxicity is derived from virgin cells. As a further indication of the in vivo priming to embryo-assoicated antigens, the data show that the precursors of cytotoxic cells apparently undergo a blastogenic response in the presence of embryo antigen, and revert to small quiescent cells when antigen is removed, in a way entirely analogous to that described for reactivity of mixed leucocyte cultures to antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Finally, it seems that in animals immediately after removal of embryonic antigen (and to a lesser degree in virgin or late-embryo-immune mice) there exists a suppressor cell population which inhibits an anti-embryo cytotoxic response far more than an antiallograft response.", "PMID": 656306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6818", "title": "Fluorescence-polarization changes in mononuclear blood leucocytes after PHA incubation: differences in cells from patients with and without neoplasia.", "content": "In 32 healthy blood donors, 20 patients with histologically verified cancer and 18 patients with non-neoplastic diseases, the fluorescence polarization changes of fluorescein samples incorporated in mononuclear leucotyes were measured after incubation with PHA. The leucocytes of healthy persons, and 16/18 persons with non-neoplastic diseases, responded with a decrease in the degree of fluorescence polarization by about 20% from that in non-PHA-stimulated cells. In 19/20 patients with a variety of malignant tumours, the leucotyes did not respond to PHA stimulation with such a decrease. The exceptions among the patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases are considered, and may not be \"false-negative\" or \"false-positive\" respectively, but indicative of a particular situation in that disease. The biophysical mechanisms underlying the observed changes remain to be investigated.", "contents": "Fluorescence-polarization changes in mononuclear blood leucocytes after PHA incubation: differences in cells from patients with and without neoplasia. In 32 healthy blood donors, 20 patients with histologically verified cancer and 18 patients with non-neoplastic diseases, the fluorescence polarization changes of fluorescein samples incorporated in mononuclear leucotyes were measured after incubation with PHA. The leucocytes of healthy persons, and 16/18 persons with non-neoplastic diseases, responded with a decrease in the degree of fluorescence polarization by about 20% from that in non-PHA-stimulated cells. In 19/20 patients with a variety of malignant tumours, the leucotyes did not respond to PHA stimulation with such a decrease. The exceptions among the patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases are considered, and may not be \"false-negative\" or \"false-positive\" respectively, but indicative of a particular situation in that disease. The biophysical mechanisms underlying the observed changes remain to be investigated.", "PMID": 656307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6819", "title": "Natural cytotoxicity of haemopoietic cell populations against murine lymphoid tumours.", "content": "Homozygous nude and normal mice of 3 strains, BALB/c, CBA and C57BL, were used as sources of nucleated haemopoietic \"natural killer\" (NK) cells. These killer cells could lyse a wide range of syngeneic and allogeneic lymphoid tumour cell lines in vitro, and it was found that cell suspensions from nude mice were always significantly more active than those from normal mice, and that the most active effector population was a polymorph-enriched peritoneal-exudate cell suspension. Eosinophils did not appear to be involved in the phenomenon, and mononuclear peritoneal-exudate cell suspensions were actually highly inhibitory. Three non-lymphoid tumours, a carcinoma, a fibrosarcoma and a mastocytoma, were totally resistant to in vitro lysis. Although all susceptible tumour cell lines were C-type virus-associated, not all of these tumours were killed by all strain sources of spleen cells, indicating a specificity of killing.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxicity of haemopoietic cell populations against murine lymphoid tumours. Homozygous nude and normal mice of 3 strains, BALB/c, CBA and C57BL, were used as sources of nucleated haemopoietic \"natural killer\" (NK) cells. These killer cells could lyse a wide range of syngeneic and allogeneic lymphoid tumour cell lines in vitro, and it was found that cell suspensions from nude mice were always significantly more active than those from normal mice, and that the most active effector population was a polymorph-enriched peritoneal-exudate cell suspension. Eosinophils did not appear to be involved in the phenomenon, and mononuclear peritoneal-exudate cell suspensions were actually highly inhibitory. Three non-lymphoid tumours, a carcinoma, a fibrosarcoma and a mastocytoma, were totally resistant to in vitro lysis. Although all susceptible tumour cell lines were C-type virus-associated, not all of these tumours were killed by all strain sources of spleen cells, indicating a specificity of killing.", "PMID": 656308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6820", "title": "Combined treatment of a solid tumour by local hyperthermia and actionomycin D.", "content": "(BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice bearing an SV-40 fibrosarcoma in the limb were injected with 0.045, 0.09 and 0.18 microgram/g body wt actinomycin D into the tumour. Similar animals were also treated with local hyperthermia (39.7 degrees, 42.3 degrees and 43.6 degrees C intratumour temperature for 30 min). The marked increase in median survival time following the combination of drug and local hyperthermia indicates that the combined treatment has a synergistic effect in the control of solid tumours. The median survival time of animals receiving the two treatments in immediate succession was higher than in animals with 30 min between treatments. This has important implications for the therapy of human cancer.", "contents": "Combined treatment of a solid tumour by local hyperthermia and actionomycin D. (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice bearing an SV-40 fibrosarcoma in the limb were injected with 0.045, 0.09 and 0.18 microgram/g body wt actinomycin D into the tumour. Similar animals were also treated with local hyperthermia (39.7 degrees, 42.3 degrees and 43.6 degrees C intratumour temperature for 30 min). The marked increase in median survival time following the combination of drug and local hyperthermia indicates that the combined treatment has a synergistic effect in the control of solid tumours. The median survival time of animals receiving the two treatments in immediate succession was higher than in animals with 30 min between treatments. This has important implications for the therapy of human cancer.", "PMID": 656309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6821", "title": "Evaluation of single-agent therapy in human colorectal tumour xenografts.", "content": "The response of 6 human colorectal tumour xenografts to 7 cytotoxic agents have been established. Tumour responses have been quantified by growth inhibition, and the time taken for 3H-thymidine fractional incorporation (TFI) to recover to the control value after treatment. The chemosensitivity of each tumour line to a spectrum of agents was individual, and no pattern of response which would allow prediction of individual agent efficacy was apparent. Cyclophosphamide, methyl-CCNU and 5-fluorouracil produced marked growth inhibition in individual tumour lines, whereas actinomycin-D, cis-dichlorodiammine platinum, doxorubicin and pentamethylmelamine showed little activity. Data presented agree with clinical evaluation for single-agent therapy. The uptake and incorporation of radiolabelled 5-fluorouracil into 4 tumour lines is reported. No marked differences between 3 FU-insensitive lines and 1 sensitive line have been observed.", "contents": "Evaluation of single-agent therapy in human colorectal tumour xenografts. The response of 6 human colorectal tumour xenografts to 7 cytotoxic agents have been established. Tumour responses have been quantified by growth inhibition, and the time taken for 3H-thymidine fractional incorporation (TFI) to recover to the control value after treatment. The chemosensitivity of each tumour line to a spectrum of agents was individual, and no pattern of response which would allow prediction of individual agent efficacy was apparent. Cyclophosphamide, methyl-CCNU and 5-fluorouracil produced marked growth inhibition in individual tumour lines, whereas actinomycin-D, cis-dichlorodiammine platinum, doxorubicin and pentamethylmelamine showed little activity. Data presented agree with clinical evaluation for single-agent therapy. The uptake and incorporation of radiolabelled 5-fluorouracil into 4 tumour lines is reported. No marked differences between 3 FU-insensitive lines and 1 sensitive line have been observed.", "PMID": 656310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6822", "title": "Liver blood flow measurements in the portacavally transposed rat before and after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "The haemodynamic changes following partial hepatectomy (PH) in the portacavally transposed rat have been studied using an 85Kr clearance technique. Liver blood flow measurements (LBF) were made before and after portacaval transposition (PCT) and PH was performed either immediately or at 3 weeks after transposition and further blood flow measurements made. No change in LBF was noted after PCT compared with preoperative values. Following PH in the portacavally transposed animals there was no marked increase in LBF. It is suggested that the liver atrophy consequent on portal diversion is due to deviation factors in portal blood and not to a decrease in absolute LBF. Regenerative hyperplasia occurs in the absence of the post-hepatectomy rise in LBF seen in normal animals.", "contents": "Liver blood flow measurements in the portacavally transposed rat before and after partial hepatectomy. The haemodynamic changes following partial hepatectomy (PH) in the portacavally transposed rat have been studied using an 85Kr clearance technique. Liver blood flow measurements (LBF) were made before and after portacaval transposition (PCT) and PH was performed either immediately or at 3 weeks after transposition and further blood flow measurements made. No change in LBF was noted after PCT compared with preoperative values. Following PH in the portacavally transposed animals there was no marked increase in LBF. It is suggested that the liver atrophy consequent on portal diversion is due to deviation factors in portal blood and not to a decrease in absolute LBF. Regenerative hyperplasia occurs in the absence of the post-hepatectomy rise in LBF seen in normal animals.", "PMID": 656313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6823", "title": "The inflammatory response to paraffin in the peritoneal cavity of the rat.", "content": "The inflammatory response to intraperitoneal paraffin in hte rat has been defined in terms of the fluid influx and the pattern of cell accumulation. The volume of fluid exudate in the peritoneal cavity was small and did not change dramatically with time, but there was a moderate cellular influx which was biphasic with peaks at 24 and 72 h. Mononuclear phagocytes and eosinophils were the major cell types found in the exudate, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells being much less numerous. The neutrophil influx was apparent by 4 h. It was early, short-lived and of low magnitude. In contrast, the eosinophil response was later and more prolonged, cell numbers reaching a peak at 72 h when they were the predominant cell type. The response of the mononuclear phagocytes was multiphasic, with peaks in cell numbers occurring at 24 and 96 h, and 3 weeks after stimulation, by which time they exhibited the morphological features of large activated macrophages which were highly phagocytic for paraffin. The method is useful for the production of mixed inflammatory cell populations from which the fluid phase can readily be separated, and may be a valuable model for the study of esoinophil kinetics.", "contents": "The inflammatory response to paraffin in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. The inflammatory response to intraperitoneal paraffin in hte rat has been defined in terms of the fluid influx and the pattern of cell accumulation. The volume of fluid exudate in the peritoneal cavity was small and did not change dramatically with time, but there was a moderate cellular influx which was biphasic with peaks at 24 and 72 h. Mononuclear phagocytes and eosinophils were the major cell types found in the exudate, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells being much less numerous. The neutrophil influx was apparent by 4 h. It was early, short-lived and of low magnitude. In contrast, the eosinophil response was later and more prolonged, cell numbers reaching a peak at 72 h when they were the predominant cell type. The response of the mononuclear phagocytes was multiphasic, with peaks in cell numbers occurring at 24 and 96 h, and 3 weeks after stimulation, by which time they exhibited the morphological features of large activated macrophages which were highly phagocytic for paraffin. The method is useful for the production of mixed inflammatory cell populations from which the fluid phase can readily be separated, and may be a valuable model for the study of esoinophil kinetics.", "PMID": 656314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6824", "title": "Isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in dogs.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of isoprenaline sulphate in dogs (1-3 mg/kg) resulted in myocardial injury. Good correlation was observed between abnormal ECG recordings, serum enzyme concentrations and myocardial lesions in the acute phase of injury. However, in cases where less extensive myocardial injury was produced due to lower doses of isoprenaline or in cases of the reparative phase of the isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury, serum enzymes were not useful indicators of the change. Similary, ECG recordings taken peripherally also did not show alteration in the reparative phase of the injury in spite of extensive myocardial lesions.", "contents": "Isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in dogs. Subcutaneous injections of isoprenaline sulphate in dogs (1-3 mg/kg) resulted in myocardial injury. Good correlation was observed between abnormal ECG recordings, serum enzyme concentrations and myocardial lesions in the acute phase of injury. However, in cases where less extensive myocardial injury was produced due to lower doses of isoprenaline or in cases of the reparative phase of the isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury, serum enzymes were not useful indicators of the change. Similary, ECG recordings taken peripherally also did not show alteration in the reparative phase of the injury in spite of extensive myocardial lesions.", "PMID": 656315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6825", "title": "The rate of development of postmortem artefact in the small intestine of neonatal calves.", "content": "The rate of development of postmortem artefacts was investigated in the mucosa of the small intestine of a calf dually infected with an enteropathogenic strain of Esch. coli and rotavirus, and an uninfected control calf. Samples were removed under general anaesthesia from the proximal, middle and distal small intestine and compared with those taken from adjacent sites 1-30 min after severing the major blood vessels of the neck. In the challenged calf, changes occurred in the villous mucosa by 3 min after severance, whilst in the control calf good fixation was obtained until 10 min after severance.", "contents": "The rate of development of postmortem artefact in the small intestine of neonatal calves. The rate of development of postmortem artefacts was investigated in the mucosa of the small intestine of a calf dually infected with an enteropathogenic strain of Esch. coli and rotavirus, and an uninfected control calf. Samples were removed under general anaesthesia from the proximal, middle and distal small intestine and compared with those taken from adjacent sites 1-30 min after severing the major blood vessels of the neck. In the challenged calf, changes occurred in the villous mucosa by 3 min after severance, whilst in the control calf good fixation was obtained until 10 min after severance.", "PMID": 656317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6826", "title": "The cytotoxic effects of asbestos and other mineral dust in tissue culture cell lines.", "content": "The cytotoxic effects of 15 dusts have been tested in 2 cell lines. Experimental animal data are available for 11 of the 15 dusts. There is a correlation between the cytotoxic activities of the dusts and the ability to induce mesothelial tumours following intrapleural injection of the dusts. Some preliminary observations on the nature of interaction between the dusts, medium components and the cells are reported. It is suggested that the study of the interactions between cells and dusts in culture may lead to an understanding of the pathogenesis of these dusts in man and animals.", "contents": "The cytotoxic effects of asbestos and other mineral dust in tissue culture cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of 15 dusts have been tested in 2 cell lines. Experimental animal data are available for 11 of the 15 dusts. There is a correlation between the cytotoxic activities of the dusts and the ability to induce mesothelial tumours following intrapleural injection of the dusts. Some preliminary observations on the nature of interaction between the dusts, medium components and the cells are reported. It is suggested that the study of the interactions between cells and dusts in culture may lead to an understanding of the pathogenesis of these dusts in man and animals.", "PMID": 656318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6827", "title": "Association of foetal wastage with influenza infection during ferret pregnancy.", "content": "Inoculation of influenza virus into pregnant ferrets during the late gestational period was investigated. Foetal resorption followed intracardial inoculation of a large dose of influenza virus (10(9.4) EBID50) and a 100-fold lower dose caused lower litter sizes at birth. The possible role of fever in foetal resorptions was largely discounted by 2 observations: a non-pyrexic dose inoculated intracardially into the pregnant ferret still had detrimental effects on foetal viability; influenza virus inoculated intranasally caused a pyrexia but did not affect the progeny. The potential of the ferret as a model for studying the possible adverse effects of influenza during pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Association of foetal wastage with influenza infection during ferret pregnancy. Inoculation of influenza virus into pregnant ferrets during the late gestational period was investigated. Foetal resorption followed intracardial inoculation of a large dose of influenza virus (10(9.4) EBID50) and a 100-fold lower dose caused lower litter sizes at birth. The possible role of fever in foetal resorptions was largely discounted by 2 observations: a non-pyrexic dose inoculated intracardially into the pregnant ferret still had detrimental effects on foetal viability; influenza virus inoculated intranasally caused a pyrexia but did not affect the progeny. The potential of the ferret as a model for studying the possible adverse effects of influenza during pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 656319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6828", "title": "Effects of lymecycline on Mycoplasma pulmonis-induced arthritis in mice.", "content": "The effect of lymecycline treatment on arthritis in C3H mice produced 5 months previously by i.v. inoculation of Mycoplasma pulmonis was examined. Treatment had little effect on the severity of the clinical disease. However, there was a marked reduction the severity of the histopathological inflammatory reaction in joints from lymecycline-treated mice when compared with untreated controls. This reduction was associated with eradication of viable mycoplasmas from the joints. The findings suggest that persistent arthritis in C3H mice is due to the continued presence of viable M. pulmonis organisms in the joint tissues.", "contents": "Effects of lymecycline on Mycoplasma pulmonis-induced arthritis in mice. The effect of lymecycline treatment on arthritis in C3H mice produced 5 months previously by i.v. inoculation of Mycoplasma pulmonis was examined. Treatment had little effect on the severity of the clinical disease. However, there was a marked reduction the severity of the histopathological inflammatory reaction in joints from lymecycline-treated mice when compared with untreated controls. This reduction was associated with eradication of viable mycoplasmas from the joints. The findings suggest that persistent arthritis in C3H mice is due to the continued presence of viable M. pulmonis organisms in the joint tissues.", "PMID": 656320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6829", "title": "Effect of carrageenan on activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system in the mouse.", "content": "Injection of 5 mg carrageenan caused hepatosplenomegaly and thymic involution and resulted in temporary blockade of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Impaired MPS activity was shown by decreased hepatic phagocytosis of i.v. injected colloidal carbon and 51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Depression of Kupffer cell activity was dependent on carrageenan dose, route of administration and interval between carrageenan and particle injection. Reduction in hepatic uptake of SRBC was accompanied by increased localization of these cells within the spleen.", "contents": "Effect of carrageenan on activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system in the mouse. Injection of 5 mg carrageenan caused hepatosplenomegaly and thymic involution and resulted in temporary blockade of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Impaired MPS activity was shown by decreased hepatic phagocytosis of i.v. injected colloidal carbon and 51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Depression of Kupffer cell activity was dependent on carrageenan dose, route of administration and interval between carrageenan and particle injection. Reduction in hepatic uptake of SRBC was accompanied by increased localization of these cells within the spleen.", "PMID": 656321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6830", "title": "Morphologic changes of the junctional complex of the hepatocytes in rat liver after bile duct ligation.", "content": "Using freeze-fracture techniques, we have examined the changes in the morphology of the tight junctional network around the canalicular lumen of the hepatocytes in rat liver after experimental bile-duct ligation. The more or less regular belt of parallel strands formed by the tight junctions around the canalicular lumen of normal hepatocytes is changed after extrahepatic obstruction. A more irregular network is formed withe a reduced number of strands which also extend more in an abluminal direction with formation of irregular loops. Striking changes are seen at the gap junctions: the small patches normally situated within the tight junctional network become less numerous; at some canaliculi they are even absent; also the larger gap junctional areas normally present in deeer abluminal extensions of the lateral cell membrane become hard to find or are even absent. This altered tight junctional pattern suggests an increased permeability so that the pathway of intercellular escape of biliary constituents towards the blood stream in cholestasis becomes as plausible as transhepatocytic regurgitation. The disappearance of the gap junctions would result in a lack of intercellular communication and uncoupling of liver cells, which may lead to a more individual behaviour of adjecent hepatocytes, explaining the heterogeneity in canalicular changes in cholestasis.", "contents": "Morphologic changes of the junctional complex of the hepatocytes in rat liver after bile duct ligation. Using freeze-fracture techniques, we have examined the changes in the morphology of the tight junctional network around the canalicular lumen of the hepatocytes in rat liver after experimental bile-duct ligation. The more or less regular belt of parallel strands formed by the tight junctions around the canalicular lumen of normal hepatocytes is changed after extrahepatic obstruction. A more irregular network is formed withe a reduced number of strands which also extend more in an abluminal direction with formation of irregular loops. Striking changes are seen at the gap junctions: the small patches normally situated within the tight junctional network become less numerous; at some canaliculi they are even absent; also the larger gap junctional areas normally present in deeer abluminal extensions of the lateral cell membrane become hard to find or are even absent. This altered tight junctional pattern suggests an increased permeability so that the pathway of intercellular escape of biliary constituents towards the blood stream in cholestasis becomes as plausible as transhepatocytic regurgitation. The disappearance of the gap junctions would result in a lack of intercellular communication and uncoupling of liver cells, which may lead to a more individual behaviour of adjecent hepatocytes, explaining the heterogeneity in canalicular changes in cholestasis.", "PMID": 656322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6831", "title": "Erythrokeratolysis hiemalis--keratolytic winter erythema or 'Oudtshoorn Skin'. A new epidermal genodermatosis with its histological features.", "content": "A new autosomal, dominantly inherited epidermal disorder is described in which a spreading dissection of the stratum corneum with redness of the palms and soles occurs as a result of a centrifugal necrobiosis of the Malpighian layer below it. Iis is seen characteristically in winter. In extensive cases the limbs and trunk are affected with gyrate scaling erythemas.", "contents": "Erythrokeratolysis hiemalis--keratolytic winter erythema or 'Oudtshoorn Skin'. A new epidermal genodermatosis with its histological features. A new autosomal, dominantly inherited epidermal disorder is described in which a spreading dissection of the stratum corneum with redness of the palms and soles occurs as a result of a centrifugal necrobiosis of the Malpighian layer below it. Iis is seen characteristically in winter. In extensive cases the limbs and trunk are affected with gyrate scaling erythemas.", "PMID": 656323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6832", "title": "Chilblain lupus erythematosus (Hutchinson). A clinical and laboratory study of 17 patients.", "content": "Chilblain lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic unremitting form of LE ssen predominantly in women. It occurs commonly on the digits, calves and heels. Nasal lesions are rare. Chronic facial discoid LE usually appears before the chilblain form but, in most instances, resolves even though the chilblain lesions persists. Transformation to systemic LE occurs more often in those who develop both forms of cutaneous LE simultaneously and in the erythema multiforme syndrome. The chilblain lesions are the result of microvascular injury secondary to exposure to cold and possibly hyperviscosity from immunological abnormalities, Elevated serum gammaglobulins, positive latex factor and speckled pattern antinuclear factor are common. None of the usual treatments for cutaneous LE is effective for the chilblain lesions, probably because none is directed towards prevention and treatment of the microvascular stasis.", "contents": "Chilblain lupus erythematosus (Hutchinson). A clinical and laboratory study of 17 patients. Chilblain lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic unremitting form of LE ssen predominantly in women. It occurs commonly on the digits, calves and heels. Nasal lesions are rare. Chronic facial discoid LE usually appears before the chilblain form but, in most instances, resolves even though the chilblain lesions persists. Transformation to systemic LE occurs more often in those who develop both forms of cutaneous LE simultaneously and in the erythema multiforme syndrome. The chilblain lesions are the result of microvascular injury secondary to exposure to cold and possibly hyperviscosity from immunological abnormalities, Elevated serum gammaglobulins, positive latex factor and speckled pattern antinuclear factor are common. None of the usual treatments for cutaneous LE is effective for the chilblain lesions, probably because none is directed towards prevention and treatment of the microvascular stasis.", "PMID": 656324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6833", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulins and complement factors in patients with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The percentages of lymphocytes carrying different classes of membrane-bound Ig, and lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC), as well as lymphocytes with receptor for the Fc-part of IgG (EA-RFC) were determined in 19 patients with atopic dermatitis. Lymphocyte suspensions were also stained with a specific rabbit anti-human T-lymphocyte antiserum. Furthermore, the serum concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE and the complement factors C3 and C4 were measured. A small but significant increase in lymphocytes with membrane-bound IgE and an increase in the serum concentration of IgE and complement factor C4 were observed. A decrease in the percentages of lymphocytes with receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) was also found. The percentages of lymphocytes that stained with the anti-T antiserum correlated well with the percentages of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. In one patient we found increased IgE positive lymphocytes, increased IgE serum concentration and a decreased T-cell number.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulins and complement factors in patients with atopic dermatitis. The percentages of lymphocytes carrying different classes of membrane-bound Ig, and lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC), as well as lymphocytes with receptor for the Fc-part of IgG (EA-RFC) were determined in 19 patients with atopic dermatitis. Lymphocyte suspensions were also stained with a specific rabbit anti-human T-lymphocyte antiserum. Furthermore, the serum concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE and the complement factors C3 and C4 were measured. A small but significant increase in lymphocytes with membrane-bound IgE and an increase in the serum concentration of IgE and complement factor C4 were observed. A decrease in the percentages of lymphocytes with receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) was also found. The percentages of lymphocytes that stained with the anti-T antiserum correlated well with the percentages of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. In one patient we found increased IgE positive lymphocytes, increased IgE serum concentration and a decreased T-cell number.", "PMID": 656325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6834", "title": "Comparative electron microscopic study between Mendes da Costa's disease and recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of Mendes da Costa's disease (MCD) has been undertaken to determine whether this disease is a variant of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, or should be classified as a separate disease entity. It was shown that in MCD lacunae occur in the lower layers of the epidermis, in the presence of normal anchoring fibrils. In the recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (EBD), however, no lacunae were found in the epidermis, and anchoring fibrils were absent. These findings support the concept that MCD should not be considered as a special form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.", "contents": "Comparative electron microscopic study between Mendes da Costa's disease and recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. An electron microscopic study of Mendes da Costa's disease (MCD) has been undertaken to determine whether this disease is a variant of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, or should be classified as a separate disease entity. It was shown that in MCD lacunae occur in the lower layers of the epidermis, in the presence of normal anchoring fibrils. In the recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (EBD), however, no lacunae were found in the epidermis, and anchoring fibrils were absent. These findings support the concept that MCD should not be considered as a special form of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.", "PMID": 656326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6835", "title": "Skin temperature changes induced by UV irradiation at 254 nm and 300 nm.", "content": "Skin temperatures 24 h after irradiation at both 254 and 300 nm have been examined using the technique of thermography. Increases in skin temperature have been recorded at both wavelengths but the magnitude of these differences after 254 nm irradiation is influenced by the ambient temperature. The apparent disagreement between two groups of observers working in the field of UV erythema may well have been explained.", "contents": "Skin temperature changes induced by UV irradiation at 254 nm and 300 nm. Skin temperatures 24 h after irradiation at both 254 and 300 nm have been examined using the technique of thermography. Increases in skin temperature have been recorded at both wavelengths but the magnitude of these differences after 254 nm irradiation is influenced by the ambient temperature. The apparent disagreement between two groups of observers working in the field of UV erythema may well have been explained.", "PMID": 656327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6836", "title": "The effects of mental and physical stress on the incidence of skin disorders.", "content": "The effect of civil unrest and terrorism in Northern Ireland from 1969 on skin diseases which are generally accepted to be aggravated by stress and strain has been studied (1) by reporting cases making claims against the government for skin diseases developed as the result of violence and (2), studying changes in the pattern of skin diseases at skin clinics in Northern Ireland over the last 10 years. There has been little change in the pattern of skin diseases which could be attributed to mental or physical stress.", "contents": "The effects of mental and physical stress on the incidence of skin disorders. The effect of civil unrest and terrorism in Northern Ireland from 1969 on skin diseases which are generally accepted to be aggravated by stress and strain has been studied (1) by reporting cases making claims against the government for skin diseases developed as the result of violence and (2), studying changes in the pattern of skin diseases at skin clinics in Northern Ireland over the last 10 years. There has been little change in the pattern of skin diseases which could be attributed to mental or physical stress.", "PMID": 656328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6837", "title": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with partial response to transfer factor.", "content": "A male infant presented with dermatitis, purpura and susceptibility to bacterial infections. The clinical diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome was confirmed and after full immunological assessment, treatment with transfer factor was commenced. This has resulted in a rise in the platelet count and improvement in the bleeding tendency. This improvement in the haematological aspect of the disease has, however, been accompanied by exacerbations of the cutaneous lesions.", "contents": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with partial response to transfer factor. A male infant presented with dermatitis, purpura and susceptibility to bacterial infections. The clinical diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome was confirmed and after full immunological assessment, treatment with transfer factor was commenced. This has resulted in a rise in the platelet count and improvement in the bleeding tendency. This improvement in the haematological aspect of the disease has, however, been accompanied by exacerbations of the cutaneous lesions.", "PMID": 656329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6838", "title": "Familial lichen planus. Another disease or a distinct people?", "content": "When lichen planus strikes families, a very rare happening, it is likely to afflict younger members, to erupt more acutely, extensively, and gravely, attacking also nails and mucous membranes, and to recur. Ten patients with familial lichen planus, two each from five distinct Caucasian families, the parents of whom were unrelated by birth, were found to be carrying HLA-B7 statistically more frequently than in the normal population or in those with the characteristic forms of lichen planus. We hint that their genotype might have rendered them susceptible to a pathogen that precipitated their disease.", "contents": "Familial lichen planus. Another disease or a distinct people? When lichen planus strikes families, a very rare happening, it is likely to afflict younger members, to erupt more acutely, extensively, and gravely, attacking also nails and mucous membranes, and to recur. Ten patients with familial lichen planus, two each from five distinct Caucasian families, the parents of whom were unrelated by birth, were found to be carrying HLA-B7 statistically more frequently than in the normal population or in those with the characteristic forms of lichen planus. We hint that their genotype might have rendered them susceptible to a pathogen that precipitated their disease.", "PMID": 656330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6839", "title": "Familial lichen planus. A case report.", "content": "A Jewish Shirazee family is described in which 6 members had lichen planus. There was no increased incidence of the phenotype HLA A3.", "contents": "Familial lichen planus. A case report. A Jewish Shirazee family is described in which 6 members had lichen planus. There was no increased incidence of the phenotype HLA A3.", "PMID": 656331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6840", "title": "Mortality among Boston firefighters, 1915--1975.", "content": "Although the nature of firefighting involves particular health hazards, previous mortality and morbidity studies of firemen have produced inconsistent evidence for an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and accidents. Mortality experience since 1915 has been examined in 5655 Boston firefighters, comprising all male members of the city fire department with three or more years of service. The observed cause of death as stated on the death certificates of 2470 deceased firefighters has been compared with the numbers expected based on rates for the male population of Massachusetts and of the United States of America. Among all firefighters, deaths from all causes were 91% of expected. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was markedly reduced (less than 50) for infectious disease, diabetes, rheumatic heart disease, chronic nephritis, blood diseases and suicide. The SMR was 86 for cardiovascular deaths, 83 for neoplastic deaths, and 93 for respiratory deaths. The SMR for accidents was 135 for active firefighters. The results suggest that the survival experience of firefighters is strongly influenced by strict entry selection procedures, ethnic derivation, and sociocultural attributes of membership. While excessive morbidity has been demonstrated in firefighters, there does not appear to be a strong association between occupation and cause-specific mortality.", "contents": "Mortality among Boston firefighters, 1915--1975. Although the nature of firefighting involves particular health hazards, previous mortality and morbidity studies of firemen have produced inconsistent evidence for an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and accidents. Mortality experience since 1915 has been examined in 5655 Boston firefighters, comprising all male members of the city fire department with three or more years of service. The observed cause of death as stated on the death certificates of 2470 deceased firefighters has been compared with the numbers expected based on rates for the male population of Massachusetts and of the United States of America. Among all firefighters, deaths from all causes were 91% of expected. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was markedly reduced (less than 50) for infectious disease, diabetes, rheumatic heart disease, chronic nephritis, blood diseases and suicide. The SMR was 86 for cardiovascular deaths, 83 for neoplastic deaths, and 93 for respiratory deaths. The SMR for accidents was 135 for active firefighters. The results suggest that the survival experience of firefighters is strongly influenced by strict entry selection procedures, ethnic derivation, and sociocultural attributes of membership. While excessive morbidity has been demonstrated in firefighters, there does not appear to be a strong association between occupation and cause-specific mortality.", "PMID": 656333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6841", "title": "Radiological abnormalities in electric-arc welders.", "content": "Chest radiographs of 661 British electric-arc welders have been examined by three film readers experienced in the radiology of pneumoconiosis. About 7% of the welders showed signs of small rounded opacities of category 0/1 or greater. No definite evidence of large opacities (Progressive Massive Fibrosis) was seen. The prevalence of chest abnormalities other than pneumoconiosis was 7%. A clear association between prevalence of small rounded opacities of category 0/1 or greater and years of exposure to fumes was established, although few signs of severe grades of simple pneumoconiosis were seen.", "contents": "Radiological abnormalities in electric-arc welders. Chest radiographs of 661 British electric-arc welders have been examined by three film readers experienced in the radiology of pneumoconiosis. About 7% of the welders showed signs of small rounded opacities of category 0/1 or greater. No definite evidence of large opacities (Progressive Massive Fibrosis) was seen. The prevalence of chest abnormalities other than pneumoconiosis was 7%. A clear association between prevalence of small rounded opacities of category 0/1 or greater and years of exposure to fumes was established, although few signs of severe grades of simple pneumoconiosis were seen.", "PMID": 656335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6842", "title": "Experimental asbestosis: an investigation of functional and pathological disturbances. I. Methods, control animals and exposure conditions.", "content": "The measurement of respiratory function and quantitative assessment of changes in lung morphology are described in a long-term study of asbestos-exposed guinea pigs. Resistance and dynamic compliance of the guinea pig respiratory system were measured non-destructively, and the tidal volume and rate of spontaneous breathing were also determined. A point counting technique was used with histological preparations to quantify morphological changes. In one group of control animals, investigated between 3 and 28 months of age, dynamic compliance and tidal volume tended to increase, but resistance and breathing rate tended to decrease, as the animals matured. In contrast the percentage by volume of various lung components remained constant throughout this period. The animals were exposed to chrysotile and amosite aerosols, both aerosols containing high concentrations of short fibres (less than 5 micrometer) and at least 1000 fibres/ml longer than 5 micrometer. The total fibre concentration during chrysotile exposure was probably at least double that during amosite exposure. A gradient of fibre concentration (less than 5 micrometer) was detected along the exposure chamber, but this gradient was not reflected in the respiratory function of animals exposed at different positions along the chamber. These findings are discussed in relation to possible dose-dependence of the response.", "contents": "Experimental asbestosis: an investigation of functional and pathological disturbances. I. Methods, control animals and exposure conditions. The measurement of respiratory function and quantitative assessment of changes in lung morphology are described in a long-term study of asbestos-exposed guinea pigs. Resistance and dynamic compliance of the guinea pig respiratory system were measured non-destructively, and the tidal volume and rate of spontaneous breathing were also determined. A point counting technique was used with histological preparations to quantify morphological changes. In one group of control animals, investigated between 3 and 28 months of age, dynamic compliance and tidal volume tended to increase, but resistance and breathing rate tended to decrease, as the animals matured. In contrast the percentage by volume of various lung components remained constant throughout this period. The animals were exposed to chrysotile and amosite aerosols, both aerosols containing high concentrations of short fibres (less than 5 micrometer) and at least 1000 fibres/ml longer than 5 micrometer. The total fibre concentration during chrysotile exposure was probably at least double that during amosite exposure. A gradient of fibre concentration (less than 5 micrometer) was detected along the exposure chamber, but this gradient was not reflected in the respiratory function of animals exposed at different positions along the chamber. These findings are discussed in relation to possible dose-dependence of the response.", "PMID": 656337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6843", "title": "Significance of fibre length in the clearance of asbestos fibres from the lung.", "content": "Rats were exposed by inhalation to radioactive anthophyllite asbestos. Animals were then killed serially over a period of 205 days and the fibre content of the lungs measured radiometrically. The lungs were subjected to selective bronchopulmonary lavage and the mean fibre content determined of free cells recovered from the alveolar spaces. The length distributions of fibres recovered from the lungs by lavage, and of those remaining in the lungs following lavage, were measured. Short (less than 5 micrometer) fibres are cleared from the lung via the conducting airways more efficiently than longer fibres and fibres exceeding 50 micrometer in length are not removed from the lungs by this route. Although fibres of about 200 micrometer in length were present in all the lungs examined, the longest which could be recovered by lavage, once fibre deposited in the airways had been cleared, was only about 100 micrometer decreasing to 60-70 micrometer after 205 days. It is suggested that long fibres are more liable than short to penetrate the alveolar wall as they tend to bridge the alveolar ducts and alveoli.", "contents": "Significance of fibre length in the clearance of asbestos fibres from the lung. Rats were exposed by inhalation to radioactive anthophyllite asbestos. Animals were then killed serially over a period of 205 days and the fibre content of the lungs measured radiometrically. The lungs were subjected to selective bronchopulmonary lavage and the mean fibre content determined of free cells recovered from the alveolar spaces. The length distributions of fibres recovered from the lungs by lavage, and of those remaining in the lungs following lavage, were measured. Short (less than 5 micrometer) fibres are cleared from the lung via the conducting airways more efficiently than longer fibres and fibres exceeding 50 micrometer in length are not removed from the lungs by this route. Although fibres of about 200 micrometer in length were present in all the lungs examined, the longest which could be recovered by lavage, once fibre deposited in the airways had been cleared, was only about 100 micrometer decreasing to 60-70 micrometer after 205 days. It is suggested that long fibres are more liable than short to penetrate the alveolar wall as they tend to bridge the alveolar ducts and alveoli.", "PMID": 656339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6844", "title": "The effect of body protein supply on resistance to cadmium.", "content": "Six groups of 15 rats were fed on three diets, each differing in the quantity and quality of protein (17.87 as opposed to 8.85 g%, with or without the addition of 0.5 g methionine), one group of each pair of animals being injected subcutaneously with 0.3 mg Cd/kg body weight/day, for 13 weeks. The low protein diet increased the effects of cadmium, rendering them significantly more harmful than in animals which were given the normal protein diet. The incorporation of 0.5 g% DL-methionine in the low protein diet, without increasing the total nitrogen content, diminished the most marked effects induced by the same amounts of cadmium, so that their mean values were not significantly different from those found in the normal protein group treated with the same dose of the metal. The results show that a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate protein supply increased the resistance of the organism to cadmium, diminishing significantly the severity of symptoms induced by the metal.", "contents": "The effect of body protein supply on resistance to cadmium. Six groups of 15 rats were fed on three diets, each differing in the quantity and quality of protein (17.87 as opposed to 8.85 g%, with or without the addition of 0.5 g methionine), one group of each pair of animals being injected subcutaneously with 0.3 mg Cd/kg body weight/day, for 13 weeks. The low protein diet increased the effects of cadmium, rendering them significantly more harmful than in animals which were given the normal protein diet. The incorporation of 0.5 g% DL-methionine in the low protein diet, without increasing the total nitrogen content, diminished the most marked effects induced by the same amounts of cadmium, so that their mean values were not significantly different from those found in the normal protein group treated with the same dose of the metal. The results show that a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate protein supply increased the resistance of the organism to cadmium, diminishing significantly the severity of symptoms induced by the metal.", "PMID": 656340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6845", "title": "A quick and simple method for the routine determination of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in blood.", "content": "The salient features of this method for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to organophosphorus insecticides are: (a) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are determined separately in whole haemolysed blood using specific substrates at appropriate concentrations; (b) 20 microliter of blood drawn from the finger tip is sufficient for both determinations; (c) the blood sample is immediately diluted with a solution of saponin and may thereafter be frozen for storage; (d) diagnostic kits, commercially available for the determination of plasma BuChE, may be employed with modifications; (e) the kinetic procedure is avoided by blocking the enzyme reactions at the end of the incubation period. This paper describes attempts to achieve optimal conditions for the two reactions. Under the conditions finally chosen, the whole blood 'AChE' activity value still includes a small percentage of plasma BuChE activity (12.5% of the total), while the whole blood 'BuChE' activity includes a small percentage of erythrocyte AChE activity (7% of the total). Results of determinations performed with this procedure on 172 healthy subjects are reported.", "contents": "A quick and simple method for the routine determination of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in blood. The salient features of this method for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to organophosphorus insecticides are: (a) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are determined separately in whole haemolysed blood using specific substrates at appropriate concentrations; (b) 20 microliter of blood drawn from the finger tip is sufficient for both determinations; (c) the blood sample is immediately diluted with a solution of saponin and may thereafter be frozen for storage; (d) diagnostic kits, commercially available for the determination of plasma BuChE, may be employed with modifications; (e) the kinetic procedure is avoided by blocking the enzyme reactions at the end of the incubation period. This paper describes attempts to achieve optimal conditions for the two reactions. Under the conditions finally chosen, the whole blood 'AChE' activity value still includes a small percentage of plasma BuChE activity (12.5% of the total), while the whole blood 'BuChE' activity includes a small percentage of erythrocyte AChE activity (7% of the total). Results of determinations performed with this procedure on 172 healthy subjects are reported.", "PMID": 656341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6846", "title": "Relationship between clinical and electromyographic findings and exposure to solvents, in shoe and leather workers.", "content": "A very high prevalence of polyneuropathy was observed in shoe and leather workers from the area of Florence. In addition, normal workers showed abnormally low maximal nerve motor conduction velocity. A linear decrease of motor conduction velocity was observed as a function of age and of the length of exposure to solvents. The worker population showed a steeper decrease with age than controls. A higher prevalence of polyneuropathy was observed when the amount of glue used by each worker per day was higher, and when the air volume of the plant was smaller. The subjective symptoms most frequently associated with polyneuropathy were muscle spasms, leg weakness and pain, and arm paresthesiae. Cases of polyneuropathy were more frequent in the workers exposed to solvents and in the older age group. A solvent aetiology of the disease is suggested, and glue substitution and proper hygienic conditions are recommended.", "contents": "Relationship between clinical and electromyographic findings and exposure to solvents, in shoe and leather workers. A very high prevalence of polyneuropathy was observed in shoe and leather workers from the area of Florence. In addition, normal workers showed abnormally low maximal nerve motor conduction velocity. A linear decrease of motor conduction velocity was observed as a function of age and of the length of exposure to solvents. The worker population showed a steeper decrease with age than controls. A higher prevalence of polyneuropathy was observed when the amount of glue used by each worker per day was higher, and when the air volume of the plant was smaller. The subjective symptoms most frequently associated with polyneuropathy were muscle spasms, leg weakness and pain, and arm paresthesiae. Cases of polyneuropathy were more frequent in the workers exposed to solvents and in the older age group. A solvent aetiology of the disease is suggested, and glue substitution and proper hygienic conditions are recommended.", "PMID": 656342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6847", "title": "Ambulatory electrocardiography in car workers.", "content": "A previous study in a car assembly plant showed that production-line workers had a lower incidence rate of heart attacks than executive staff. In the present study some major coronary risk factors and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms were investigated in two age-matched samples of 30 middle-aged men drawn from these occupations. Men with a known history of heart disease were excluded. Compared with production-line workers, executive staff on average had a higher diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.05) and fewer took heavy exercise during their leisure time (P less than 0.05). Ventricular premature beats (VPB was also similar for each of the periods of work, leisure and sleep. Apart from isolated ectopic beats, disturbances of rhythm were uncommon, and neither VPB nor other arrhythmias appeared to be induced by occupational factors.", "contents": "Ambulatory electrocardiography in car workers. A previous study in a car assembly plant showed that production-line workers had a lower incidence rate of heart attacks than executive staff. In the present study some major coronary risk factors and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms were investigated in two age-matched samples of 30 middle-aged men drawn from these occupations. Men with a known history of heart disease were excluded. Compared with production-line workers, executive staff on average had a higher diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.05) and fewer took heavy exercise during their leisure time (P less than 0.05). Ventricular premature beats (VPB was also similar for each of the periods of work, leisure and sleep. Apart from isolated ectopic beats, disturbances of rhythm were uncommon, and neither VPB nor other arrhythmias appeared to be induced by occupational factors.", "PMID": 656344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6848", "title": "The value of a scoring system in predicting outcome of pre-term labour and comparing the efficacy of treatment with aminophylline and salbutamol.", "content": "A simple score, derived by allocating points to a selection of factors which influence the outcome of pre-term labour, was found to relate to the success of treatment. Used as a measure of the situation before therapy, this score can define a baseline allowing a realistic comparison of therapeutic methods. In this series, despite treatment, a large number of patients still were delivered before term and within a few days of admission to hospital. Thus it would seem that although drugs suppress uterine activity, they cannot neutralize the adverse effects of other factors associated with pre-term labour.", "contents": "The value of a scoring system in predicting outcome of pre-term labour and comparing the efficacy of treatment with aminophylline and salbutamol. A simple score, derived by allocating points to a selection of factors which influence the outcome of pre-term labour, was found to relate to the success of treatment. Used as a measure of the situation before therapy, this score can define a baseline allowing a realistic comparison of therapeutic methods. In this series, despite treatment, a large number of patients still were delivered before term and within a few days of admission to hospital. Thus it would seem that although drugs suppress uterine activity, they cannot neutralize the adverse effects of other factors associated with pre-term labour.", "PMID": 656345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6849", "title": "Plasma steroid changes in pre-term labour in association with salbutamol infusion.", "content": "Serial measurements of peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta were made in 23 women with singleton pregnancies who were given intravenous salbutamol in an attempt to inhibit pre-term labour. Mean levels of both hormones fell significantly during salbutamol infusion but returned to pre-treatment levels after therapy was stopped. Plasma human placental lactogen concentrations did not change during salbutamol infusion, suggesting that the fall in steroid hormone levels was unlikely to be an effect of altered uterine or placental blood flow.", "contents": "Plasma steroid changes in pre-term labour in association with salbutamol infusion. Serial measurements of peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta were made in 23 women with singleton pregnancies who were given intravenous salbutamol in an attempt to inhibit pre-term labour. Mean levels of both hormones fell significantly during salbutamol infusion but returned to pre-treatment levels after therapy was stopped. Plasma human placental lactogen concentrations did not change during salbutamol infusion, suggesting that the fall in steroid hormone levels was unlikely to be an effect of altered uterine or placental blood flow.", "PMID": 656346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6850", "title": "Propranolol for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy.", "content": "Twenty-five women were treated with propranolol during 26 pregnancies complicated by hypertension. The fetal wastage, which had been 48 per cent before treatment with propranolol was reduced to 15.4 per cent, with one missed abortion and three stillbirths. Of the 22 liveborn infants 2 were small-for-dates but all 22 had Apgar scores of 9 or 10 at five minutes. There were no congenital anomalies in 25 viable infants and none of the 22 liveborn infants had clinical or laboratory evidence of hypoglycaemia. The blood pressure was controlled in 17 of 19 patients taking propranolol alone (40 to 160 mg/day) and in 6 of 7 taking propranolol with diuretics.", "contents": "Propranolol for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Twenty-five women were treated with propranolol during 26 pregnancies complicated by hypertension. The fetal wastage, which had been 48 per cent before treatment with propranolol was reduced to 15.4 per cent, with one missed abortion and three stillbirths. Of the 22 liveborn infants 2 were small-for-dates but all 22 had Apgar scores of 9 or 10 at five minutes. There were no congenital anomalies in 25 viable infants and none of the 22 liveborn infants had clinical or laboratory evidence of hypoglycaemia. The blood pressure was controlled in 17 of 19 patients taking propranolol alone (40 to 160 mg/day) and in 6 of 7 taking propranolol with diuretics.", "PMID": 656347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6851", "title": "Thromboxane B2 in amniotic fluid before and during labour.", "content": "Concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) have been measured in amniotic fluid obtained during late pregnancy and labour. Samples taken at amniocentesis contained significantly lower levels of TXB2 than samples taken by amniotomy for the induction of labour which in turn contained significantly less than when the same procedure was performed during labour. In the latter group there was no correlation between the degree of cervical dilatation and the concentration of TXB2. There was no correlation between gestational age and the concentration of TXB2 in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis whereas there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.025) between these parameters when fluid was taken by amniotomy before labour. It is suggested that the relative activities of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxides to prostaglandins, thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin may be of great importance during parturition.", "contents": "Thromboxane B2 in amniotic fluid before and during labour. Concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) have been measured in amniotic fluid obtained during late pregnancy and labour. Samples taken at amniocentesis contained significantly lower levels of TXB2 than samples taken by amniotomy for the induction of labour which in turn contained significantly less than when the same procedure was performed during labour. In the latter group there was no correlation between the degree of cervical dilatation and the concentration of TXB2. There was no correlation between gestational age and the concentration of TXB2 in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis whereas there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.025) between these parameters when fluid was taken by amniotomy before labour. It is suggested that the relative activities of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxides to prostaglandins, thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin may be of great importance during parturition.", "PMID": 656348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6852", "title": "Total and free cortisol in amniotic fluid during late pregnancy.", "content": "Total cortisol levels were measured in 81 samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 72 patients in the third trimester of pregnancy; 19 of them had pre-eclampsia and the remainder had no pre-eclampsia, hypertension or renal disease. In accordance with previous studies, there was a rise in the concentration of amniotic fluid cortisol with advancing gestation; the rise was steepest after 40 weeks, the amniotic fluid cortisol levels invariably being above 700 nmol/l between 41 and 43 weeks of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid cortisol may thus be of value in diagnosing postmaturity. A relatively low correlation was found between total cortisol levels and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid unless results were ranked for gestational age. Total cortisol concentrations in amniotic fluid obtained from patients with pre-eclampsia were significantly higher than in controls. The concentration of free cortisol in amniotic fluid changed much less than total cortisol. Thus total cortisol should be measured in studies of the fetal capacity to synthesize corticosteroids.", "contents": "Total and free cortisol in amniotic fluid during late pregnancy. Total cortisol levels were measured in 81 samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 72 patients in the third trimester of pregnancy; 19 of them had pre-eclampsia and the remainder had no pre-eclampsia, hypertension or renal disease. In accordance with previous studies, there was a rise in the concentration of amniotic fluid cortisol with advancing gestation; the rise was steepest after 40 weeks, the amniotic fluid cortisol levels invariably being above 700 nmol/l between 41 and 43 weeks of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid cortisol may thus be of value in diagnosing postmaturity. A relatively low correlation was found between total cortisol levels and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid unless results were ranked for gestational age. Total cortisol concentrations in amniotic fluid obtained from patients with pre-eclampsia were significantly higher than in controls. The concentration of free cortisol in amniotic fluid changed much less than total cortisol. Thus total cortisol should be measured in studies of the fetal capacity to synthesize corticosteroids.", "PMID": 656349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6853", "title": "An International Collaborative Study of the assay of human placental lactogen: Establishment of WHO International Reference Preparation of human placental lactogen.", "content": "A reference preparation of human placental lactogen (HPL) for use in immunoassays is described. In an international collaborative study is was found to be stable and suitable for use as a standard for HPL in plasma. Estimates of HPL in plasma made in different laboratories agreed more closely when expressed in terms of this reference preparation than in terms of individual laboratory standards. The reference preparation is available in ampoules (coded 73/545) which each contain an identical amount of HPL, found in the study to be approximately 850 microgram. The preparation has been established as the International Reference Preparation for HPL for immunoassay and, based on the results of the study, the content of each ampoule is defined as 850 micro International Units.", "contents": "An International Collaborative Study of the assay of human placental lactogen: Establishment of WHO International Reference Preparation of human placental lactogen. A reference preparation of human placental lactogen (HPL) for use in immunoassays is described. In an international collaborative study is was found to be stable and suitable for use as a standard for HPL in plasma. Estimates of HPL in plasma made in different laboratories agreed more closely when expressed in terms of this reference preparation than in terms of individual laboratory standards. The reference preparation is available in ampoules (coded 73/545) which each contain an identical amount of HPL, found in the study to be approximately 850 microgram. The preparation has been established as the International Reference Preparation for HPL for immunoassay and, based on the results of the study, the content of each ampoule is defined as 850 micro International Units.", "PMID": 656350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6854", "title": "Comparison of plasma steroid and gonadotrophin profiles in spontaneous cycles in which conception did and did not occur.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol and progesterone were measured in plasma from blood samples obtained daily throughout 23 menstrual cycles in a total of 18 normal women. Eight of these women were trying to conceive at the time of investigation and five succeeded. The subjects were divided into those who were not exposed to pregnancy (Group I), those who became pregnant (Group II) and those who were trying to become pregnant but failed to do so (Group III). The mean profiles of each of the four hormones were similar for the three groups studied. Statistical comparisons (using 't' tests) between Groups II and III showed that FSH concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the late follicular phase (Days -7 to -3 before the LH peak) in Group III. Similarly, progresterone concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) during the early luteal phase (Days +3 to +7 after the LH peak) in Group III.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma steroid and gonadotrophin profiles in spontaneous cycles in which conception did and did not occur. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol and progesterone were measured in plasma from blood samples obtained daily throughout 23 menstrual cycles in a total of 18 normal women. Eight of these women were trying to conceive at the time of investigation and five succeeded. The subjects were divided into those who were not exposed to pregnancy (Group I), those who became pregnant (Group II) and those who were trying to become pregnant but failed to do so (Group III). The mean profiles of each of the four hormones were similar for the three groups studied. Statistical comparisons (using 't' tests) between Groups II and III showed that FSH concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the late follicular phase (Days -7 to -3 before the LH peak) in Group III. Similarly, progresterone concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) during the early luteal phase (Days +3 to +7 after the LH peak) in Group III.", "PMID": 656351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6855", "title": "Mechanisms in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "One hundred and nineteen eyes from 68 patients with open-angle glaucoma were provoked by means of a pilocarpine phenylephrine provocative test. In 22% the response was the same as that seen in normal eyes. In 78% the response was the same as that seen in contralateral eyes at risk to the development of closed-angle glaucoma, which do not develop a positive provocative test. The 68 patients were randomised and 34 submitted to a \"dummy\" provocative test. No significant change in pressure or outflow occurred. Fifty-two of the 93 eyes with an abnormal provocative test were selected for a peripheral iridectomy and reprovoked at least 6 months after operation. The results were significantly different from those obtained before operation. It was concluded that partial-angle closure could be demonstrated in some eyes with apparent open-angle glaucoma. The mechanisms involved in the production of partial-angle closure in eyes with apparent open-angle glaucoma are discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms in open-angle glaucoma. One hundred and nineteen eyes from 68 patients with open-angle glaucoma were provoked by means of a pilocarpine phenylephrine provocative test. In 22% the response was the same as that seen in normal eyes. In 78% the response was the same as that seen in contralateral eyes at risk to the development of closed-angle glaucoma, which do not develop a positive provocative test. The 68 patients were randomised and 34 submitted to a \"dummy\" provocative test. No significant change in pressure or outflow occurred. Fifty-two of the 93 eyes with an abnormal provocative test were selected for a peripheral iridectomy and reprovoked at least 6 months after operation. The results were significantly different from those obtained before operation. It was concluded that partial-angle closure could be demonstrated in some eyes with apparent open-angle glaucoma. The mechanisms involved in the production of partial-angle closure in eyes with apparent open-angle glaucoma are discussed.", "PMID": 656353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6856", "title": "The surgical treatment of open-angle glaucoma in Nigerians.", "content": "The results of trabeculectomy and sclerectomy procedures for open-angle glaucoma in African Negroes are compared. Trabeculectomy produced fewer long-term complications, but otherwise there was little difference in their results. Excision of Tenon's capsule and the use of local corticosteroids postoperatively are probably significant in preventing failure of aqueous drainage from subconjunctival fibrosis.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of open-angle glaucoma in Nigerians. The results of trabeculectomy and sclerectomy procedures for open-angle glaucoma in African Negroes are compared. Trabeculectomy produced fewer long-term complications, but otherwise there was little difference in their results. Excision of Tenon's capsule and the use of local corticosteroids postoperatively are probably significant in preventing failure of aqueous drainage from subconjunctival fibrosis.", "PMID": 656354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6857", "title": "Long-term hypotensive effect of atenolol 4% eyedrops.", "content": "The effect of long-term application of 4% atenolol eye drops has been studied in patients with either glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In some patients who show a good initial response the ocular hypotensive effect gradually wears off with long-term use. This pattern of response appears to be more frequent in patients with pretreatment intraocular pressure of 25 mmHg, or greater. In combination with atenolol miotics or adrenaline show an additive effect.", "contents": "Long-term hypotensive effect of atenolol 4% eyedrops. The effect of long-term application of 4% atenolol eye drops has been studied in patients with either glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In some patients who show a good initial response the ocular hypotensive effect gradually wears off with long-term use. This pattern of response appears to be more frequent in patients with pretreatment intraocular pressure of 25 mmHg, or greater. In combination with atenolol miotics or adrenaline show an additive effect.", "PMID": 656355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6858", "title": "Effects of pilocarpine on the morphology of the human outflow apparatus.", "content": "The morphology of the outflow apparatus in human eyes which had been treated topically with either 2 or 4% pilocarpine on 4 occasions at 6-hourly intervals before enucleation was compared with an untreated control series of eyes from patients in a similar age range. In the pilocarpine-treated group the scleral spur was pulled posteriorly and internally, so that the angle formed by the scleral spur and the scleral sulcus was significantly greater in the treated than the untreated series. The change in attitude of the scleral spur produced widening of the spaces between the corneoscleral trabeculae and distension of the endothelial meshwork. It was shown from counts of giant vacuoles in the endothelium of Schlemm's canal that the incidence of giant vacuoles in the pilocarpine-treated group was greater than twice that in the controls. It would appear that pilocarpine produces alterations in the configuration of the outflow apparatus which would promote the drainage of aqueous humour.", "contents": "Effects of pilocarpine on the morphology of the human outflow apparatus. The morphology of the outflow apparatus in human eyes which had been treated topically with either 2 or 4% pilocarpine on 4 occasions at 6-hourly intervals before enucleation was compared with an untreated control series of eyes from patients in a similar age range. In the pilocarpine-treated group the scleral spur was pulled posteriorly and internally, so that the angle formed by the scleral spur and the scleral sulcus was significantly greater in the treated than the untreated series. The change in attitude of the scleral spur produced widening of the spaces between the corneoscleral trabeculae and distension of the endothelial meshwork. It was shown from counts of giant vacuoles in the endothelium of Schlemm's canal that the incidence of giant vacuoles in the pilocarpine-treated group was greater than twice that in the controls. It would appear that pilocarpine produces alterations in the configuration of the outflow apparatus which would promote the drainage of aqueous humour.", "PMID": 656356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6859", "title": "An increased effect of pilocarpine on the pupil by application of the drug in oil.", "content": "In healthy volunteers pilocarpine in an oily solution had a greater degree and duration of effect on the pupil than the same amount of drug given in aqueous solution. Blue- and brown-eyed subjects had similar degrees of miosis, but the time taken to reach peak effects was longer with the latter. It can be concluded that eye drops made with an oily solvent may provide an improvement in the treatment of glaucoma with pilocarpine.", "contents": "An increased effect of pilocarpine on the pupil by application of the drug in oil. In healthy volunteers pilocarpine in an oily solution had a greater degree and duration of effect on the pupil than the same amount of drug given in aqueous solution. Blue- and brown-eyed subjects had similar degrees of miosis, but the time taken to reach peak effects was longer with the latter. It can be concluded that eye drops made with an oily solvent may provide an improvement in the treatment of glaucoma with pilocarpine.", "PMID": 656357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6860", "title": "Carotid artery disease and glaucoma.", "content": "Five patients with evidence of severe bilateral carotid artery disease and increased intraocular pressure have been followed up for 3 to 12 years without the development of glaucomatous disc or field changes. Although it is frequently stated that glaucoma patients with low systemic or ophthalmic artery blood pressures show rapid progression of their eye disease, our patients show that this is not necessarily true. Other more important and largely unknown susceptibility factors determine the occurrence of glaucoma in patients with raised intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Carotid artery disease and glaucoma. Five patients with evidence of severe bilateral carotid artery disease and increased intraocular pressure have been followed up for 3 to 12 years without the development of glaucomatous disc or field changes. Although it is frequently stated that glaucoma patients with low systemic or ophthalmic artery blood pressures show rapid progression of their eye disease, our patients show that this is not necessarily true. Other more important and largely unknown susceptibility factors determine the occurrence of glaucoma in patients with raised intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 656358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6861", "title": "The visual prognosis of the fellow eye in uniocular chronic open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "The risks of damage to the visual field in a previously undamaged eye of patients with uniocular chronic open-angle glaucoma was found to be 1 out of 4 after 5 years of follow-up. The prognosis of the second eye was worse if the cup/disc ratio was  greater than or equal to 0.5, a haemorrhage was present, and the pressure was raised.", "contents": "The visual prognosis of the fellow eye in uniocular chronic open-angle glaucoma. The risks of damage to the visual field in a previously undamaged eye of patients with uniocular chronic open-angle glaucoma was found to be 1 out of 4 after 5 years of follow-up. The prognosis of the second eye was worse if the cup/disc ratio was  greater than or equal to 0.5, a haemorrhage was present, and the pressure was raised.", "PMID": 656359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6862", "title": "Angle-closure glaucoma secondary to posterior scleritis.", "content": "This paper reports 3 patients who presented with angle-closure glaucoma secondary to posterior scleritis. Differentiation from primary angle-closure glaucoma is important, as medical treatment is markedly different while surgical treatment is not required.", "contents": "Angle-closure glaucoma secondary to posterior scleritis. This paper reports 3 patients who presented with angle-closure glaucoma secondary to posterior scleritis. Differentiation from primary angle-closure glaucoma is important, as medical treatment is markedly different while surgical treatment is not required.", "PMID": 656360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6863", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of pupillary block glaucoma following irrigation and aspiration.", "content": "Pupillary block glaucoma developed in 3 children treated with irrigation and aspiration using the Cavitron phacoemulsification system. One had a congenital cataract, 1 had blunt trauma, and 1 had a penetrating injury. The factors contributing to pupillary block included excessive retained lens material, severe post-traumatic inflammation with synechia formation in 2 cases, and the lack of iridectomy in a case requiring a membrane discission. The pupillary block was successfully treated by pars plana vitrectomy in all cases; however, vision in 1 eye was lost owing to secondary glaucoma resulting from delay in treatment and the development of 360 degrees peripheral anterior synechiae.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of pupillary block glaucoma following irrigation and aspiration. Pupillary block glaucoma developed in 3 children treated with irrigation and aspiration using the Cavitron phacoemulsification system. One had a congenital cataract, 1 had blunt trauma, and 1 had a penetrating injury. The factors contributing to pupillary block included excessive retained lens material, severe post-traumatic inflammation with synechia formation in 2 cases, and the lack of iridectomy in a case requiring a membrane discission. The pupillary block was successfully treated by pars plana vitrectomy in all cases; however, vision in 1 eye was lost owing to secondary glaucoma resulting from delay in treatment and the development of 360 degrees peripheral anterior synechiae.", "PMID": 656361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6864", "title": "Symptoms without signs in outpatients attending ophthalmology clinics.", "content": "Ophthalmic outpatients without physical signs have been shown, as a group, to be significantly more anxious and depressed than a control group. They also have a higher incidence of somatic complaints of a kind commonly made by patients with psychiatric 'disorder'. There was a higher incidence of past psychiatric history in the proband group, and they also gave a greater subjective assessment of recent conscious life stress.", "contents": "Symptoms without signs in outpatients attending ophthalmology clinics. Ophthalmic outpatients without physical signs have been shown, as a group, to be significantly more anxious and depressed than a control group. They also have a higher incidence of somatic complaints of a kind commonly made by patients with psychiatric 'disorder'. There was a higher incidence of past psychiatric history in the proband group, and they also gave a greater subjective assessment of recent conscious life stress.", "PMID": 656362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6865", "title": "Acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase of the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti. 1. Its isolation and molecular characteristics.", "content": "A biotin containing enzyme which carboxylates acetyl-CoA has been isolated from the nematode Turbatrix aceti and purified to homogeneity as judged by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 18.0 S and a molecular weight of 667 000. It is composed of four protomers having a molecular weight of 140 000 each. Each protomer, in turn, consists of two distinct polypeptide chains (molecular weights 82 000 and 58 000) and one biotinyl prosthetic group which is linked to the 82 000 peptide. The amino acid composition of the nematode carboxylase has also been determined.", "contents": "Acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase of the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti. 1. Its isolation and molecular characteristics. A biotin containing enzyme which carboxylates acetyl-CoA has been isolated from the nematode Turbatrix aceti and purified to homogeneity as judged by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 18.0 S and a molecular weight of 667 000. It is composed of four protomers having a molecular weight of 140 000 each. Each protomer, in turn, consists of two distinct polypeptide chains (molecular weights 82 000 and 58 000) and one biotinyl prosthetic group which is linked to the 82 000 peptide. The amino acid composition of the nematode carboxylase has also been determined.", "PMID": 656363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6866", "title": "Acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase of the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti. 2. Its catalytic properties and activation by monovalent cations.", "content": "A highly purified acyl-CoA carboxylase from the nametode Turbatrix aceti catalyzes the ATP, Mg2+, and HCO3- dependent alpha-carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and butyryl-CoA at the respective rates of 6.8, 39.7, and 9.1 mumol per min per mg. The enzyme is inhibited by avidin and sulfhydryl reagents. It is activated up to 30-fold by the monovalent cations K+, Rb+, Cs+, or NH4+, with the apparent activation constants of 11.0, 4.1, 10.0, and 6.7 mM, respectively. In the presence of K+, the apparent Km for ATP increases 5-fold, and the Km for HCO3- decreases 4-fold, whereas the Km for propionyl-CoA remains constant. Of the partial reactions, the ATP-32P exchange reaction and the carboxylation of free biotin have a nearly absolute requirement for K+. By contrast, the [14C]acetyl-CoA-malonyl-CoA exchange reaction proceeds without K+ at 80% of its maximum rate. The data indicate that K+ primarily stimulates the first half of the carboxylation reaction, i.e., the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotinyl residue.", "contents": "Acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase of the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti. 2. Its catalytic properties and activation by monovalent cations. A highly purified acyl-CoA carboxylase from the nametode Turbatrix aceti catalyzes the ATP, Mg2+, and HCO3- dependent alpha-carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and butyryl-CoA at the respective rates of 6.8, 39.7, and 9.1 mumol per min per mg. The enzyme is inhibited by avidin and sulfhydryl reagents. It is activated up to 30-fold by the monovalent cations K+, Rb+, Cs+, or NH4+, with the apparent activation constants of 11.0, 4.1, 10.0, and 6.7 mM, respectively. In the presence of K+, the apparent Km for ATP increases 5-fold, and the Km for HCO3- decreases 4-fold, whereas the Km for propionyl-CoA remains constant. Of the partial reactions, the ATP-32P exchange reaction and the carboxylation of free biotin have a nearly absolute requirement for K+. By contrast, the [14C]acetyl-CoA-malonyl-CoA exchange reaction proceeds without K+ at 80% of its maximum rate. The data indicate that K+ primarily stimulates the first half of the carboxylation reaction, i.e., the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotinyl residue.", "PMID": 656364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6867", "title": "Nitrogenase: the reaction between the Fe protein and bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate as a probe for interactions with MgATP.", "content": "The reaction between the Fe(II) chelating agent, bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate, and the iron-sulfur cluster in the Fe protein of nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum has been studied. This reaction is greatly accelerated by the presence of MgATP. Analysis of the relationship between reaction rate and concentration of MgATP supports a model in which both of two binding sites for MgATP on the Fe protein must be occupied before the protein undergoes a conformational change, allowing the iron-sulfur site to react rapidly with chelator. This model is also consistent with presently available data on equilibrium binding of MgATP to the Fe protein. MgADP inhibits the effect of MgATP on the chelator reaction in a manner which suggests that MgADP binds strongly to one of the MgATP sites and more weakly to the other. Loss of enzymic activity due to exposure to O2 or 0 degrees C is accompanied by a decrease in the ATP-specific chelator reaction. Hence, this reaction was used to estimate the concentration of active iron-sulfur centers for the purpose of computing the extinction coefficient of the Fe protein, giving the value delta epsilon 430nm(ox-red) = 6600 M-1 cm-1.", "contents": "Nitrogenase: the reaction between the Fe protein and bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate as a probe for interactions with MgATP. The reaction between the Fe(II) chelating agent, bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate, and the iron-sulfur cluster in the Fe protein of nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum has been studied. This reaction is greatly accelerated by the presence of MgATP. Analysis of the relationship between reaction rate and concentration of MgATP supports a model in which both of two binding sites for MgATP on the Fe protein must be occupied before the protein undergoes a conformational change, allowing the iron-sulfur site to react rapidly with chelator. This model is also consistent with presently available data on equilibrium binding of MgATP to the Fe protein. MgADP inhibits the effect of MgATP on the chelator reaction in a manner which suggests that MgADP binds strongly to one of the MgATP sites and more weakly to the other. Loss of enzymic activity due to exposure to O2 or 0 degrees C is accompanied by a decrease in the ATP-specific chelator reaction. Hence, this reaction was used to estimate the concentration of active iron-sulfur centers for the purpose of computing the extinction coefficient of the Fe protein, giving the value delta epsilon 430nm(ox-red) = 6600 M-1 cm-1.", "PMID": 656366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6868", "title": "Asymmetry of chromatin subunits probed with histone H1 in an H1-DNA complex.", "content": "Treatment of nucleosomes with a low concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate removed all proteins except histone H1 from DNA, thus confirming our previous observation on sheared chromatin. No redistribution of H1 occurred during this procedure for isolation of the H1-DNA complex. The H1-DNA complex was isolated from a nucleosome monomer, doubly labeled in its protein and DNA and fractionated according to the length of DNA, and then the distribution of H1 was analyzed quantitatively. The results indicated that the monomer consisted of two subspecies, one containing 160 base pairs of DNA and one molecule of H1, and the other containing 140 base pairs of DNA and no H1. Since no monomer with two molecules of H1 was found, it is concluded that the nucleosome core has a binding site for H1 on only one side, and thus that the nucleosome is not a dyad.", "contents": "Asymmetry of chromatin subunits probed with histone H1 in an H1-DNA complex. Treatment of nucleosomes with a low concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate removed all proteins except histone H1 from DNA, thus confirming our previous observation on sheared chromatin. No redistribution of H1 occurred during this procedure for isolation of the H1-DNA complex. The H1-DNA complex was isolated from a nucleosome monomer, doubly labeled in its protein and DNA and fractionated according to the length of DNA, and then the distribution of H1 was analyzed quantitatively. The results indicated that the monomer consisted of two subspecies, one containing 160 base pairs of DNA and one molecule of H1, and the other containing 140 base pairs of DNA and no H1. Since no monomer with two molecules of H1 was found, it is concluded that the nucleosome core has a binding site for H1 on only one side, and thus that the nucleosome is not a dyad.", "PMID": 656367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6869", "title": "Sites of in vivo phosphorylation of histone H5.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histone H5 play an important role in controlling the condensation of avian erythrocyte chromatin. The present work locates in the polypeptide chain the major sites at which H5 is phosphorylated in vivo. The majority of the radioactivity in 32P-labeled H5 is clustered in two regions of the molecule. Nearly 50% of the 32P is found in the amino-terminal N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) peptide (residues 1-28); the remainder is confined to three phosphopeptides arising from the C-terminal half of the molecule (residues 100-200). All phosphopeptides are found in a tryptic digest of monophosphorylated H5, indicating the phosphorylation of a given site is a random event. Automatic Edman degradation of the amino-terminal fragment shows that the radioactivity is equally divided between serines at positions 3 and 7. The C-terminal phosphorylated tryptic peptides share some features with the C-terminal phosphorylation sites in H1. If, as has been postulated, the sites of phosphorylation are in or near DNA combining regions, then H5 may have two DNA combining sites. The location of the phosphorylation sites is discussed in relation to a possible mechanism for controlling chromatin condensation.", "contents": "Sites of in vivo phosphorylation of histone H5. Previous studies have suggested that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histone H5 play an important role in controlling the condensation of avian erythrocyte chromatin. The present work locates in the polypeptide chain the major sites at which H5 is phosphorylated in vivo. The majority of the radioactivity in 32P-labeled H5 is clustered in two regions of the molecule. Nearly 50% of the 32P is found in the amino-terminal N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) peptide (residues 1-28); the remainder is confined to three phosphopeptides arising from the C-terminal half of the molecule (residues 100-200). All phosphopeptides are found in a tryptic digest of monophosphorylated H5, indicating the phosphorylation of a given site is a random event. Automatic Edman degradation of the amino-terminal fragment shows that the radioactivity is equally divided between serines at positions 3 and 7. The C-terminal phosphorylated tryptic peptides share some features with the C-terminal phosphorylation sites in H1. If, as has been postulated, the sites of phosphorylation are in or near DNA combining regions, then H5 may have two DNA combining sites. The location of the phosphorylation sites is discussed in relation to a possible mechanism for controlling chromatin condensation.", "PMID": 656368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6870", "title": "Immunological detection of O6-methylguanine in alkylated DNA.", "content": "Antibodies to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine were produced in rabbits and utilized in a radioimmunoassay to detect this nucleoside at picomole levels. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by the use of nucleoside analogues as inhibitors in the radioimmunoassay. The antibodies cross-reacted with O6-methylguanosine, O6-methylguanine, and O6-ethylguanosine. There was 10(4) to 10(6) times less sensitivity to inhibition by deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and guanosine than by O6-methyldeoxyguanosine. The radioimmunoassay also detected O6-methylguanine in DNA alkylated by agents known to produce O6-methylguanine, such as N'-methyl-N-nitrosourea. DNA alkylated with dimethyl sulfate, which does not produce O6-methylguanine in DNA, cross-reacted with the antibodies to a very limited extent. Such an assay system for modified nucleic acid components would be very useful in following the production, persistence, and repair of these lesions in a variety of cells and tissues treated with a broad spectrum of carcinogens and suspected carcinogens.", "contents": "Immunological detection of O6-methylguanine in alkylated DNA. Antibodies to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine were produced in rabbits and utilized in a radioimmunoassay to detect this nucleoside at picomole levels. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by the use of nucleoside analogues as inhibitors in the radioimmunoassay. The antibodies cross-reacted with O6-methylguanosine, O6-methylguanine, and O6-ethylguanosine. There was 10(4) to 10(6) times less sensitivity to inhibition by deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and guanosine than by O6-methyldeoxyguanosine. The radioimmunoassay also detected O6-methylguanine in DNA alkylated by agents known to produce O6-methylguanine, such as N'-methyl-N-nitrosourea. DNA alkylated with dimethyl sulfate, which does not produce O6-methylguanine in DNA, cross-reacted with the antibodies to a very limited extent. Such an assay system for modified nucleic acid components would be very useful in following the production, persistence, and repair of these lesions in a variety of cells and tissues treated with a broad spectrum of carcinogens and suspected carcinogens.", "PMID": 656369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6871", "title": "Kinetic analysis of cooperativity in tubulin polymerization in the presence of guanosine di- or triphosphate nucleotides.", "content": "In vitro polymerization of pig brain tubulin, highly purified and deprived of microtubule-associated proteins, was followed by turbidimetry. Treatment of the data yielded the relation existing between the observed turbidity and the amount of polymer formed. This allowed a kinetic analysis, according to Oosawa's theories, of the polymerization process, which consisted of a slow spontaneous nucleation followed by the growth process. The apparent elongation rate constant was closely related to the nucleation process and exhibited a highly cooperative variation with tubulin concentration. The cooperativity was indicative of the size of the nucleus which appears to remain the same whether sheets or microtubules are formed. Magnesium ions appear to play a role in the polymorphism of tubulin polymers, the proportion of microtubules to sheets increasing with magnesium ion concentration. From kinetic experiments evidence was provided for GDP binding in competition with GTP, with a sixfold lower affinity. The tubulin-GDP complex could participate in microtubules elongation, but was not able to form nuclei. The critical concentration of tubulin in the presence of GDP was roughly twice as high as in the presence of GTP.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of cooperativity in tubulin polymerization in the presence of guanosine di- or triphosphate nucleotides. In vitro polymerization of pig brain tubulin, highly purified and deprived of microtubule-associated proteins, was followed by turbidimetry. Treatment of the data yielded the relation existing between the observed turbidity and the amount of polymer formed. This allowed a kinetic analysis, according to Oosawa's theories, of the polymerization process, which consisted of a slow spontaneous nucleation followed by the growth process. The apparent elongation rate constant was closely related to the nucleation process and exhibited a highly cooperative variation with tubulin concentration. The cooperativity was indicative of the size of the nucleus which appears to remain the same whether sheets or microtubules are formed. Magnesium ions appear to play a role in the polymorphism of tubulin polymers, the proportion of microtubules to sheets increasing with magnesium ion concentration. From kinetic experiments evidence was provided for GDP binding in competition with GTP, with a sixfold lower affinity. The tubulin-GDP complex could participate in microtubules elongation, but was not able to form nuclei. The critical concentration of tubulin in the presence of GDP was roughly twice as high as in the presence of GTP.", "PMID": 656371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6872", "title": "Influence of phallotoxins and metal ions on the rate of proteolysis of actin.", "content": "The rate of proteolytic degradation of rabbit skeletal muscle actin by trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and, mainly, subtilisin was followed by dual wavelength spectroscopy at 285 nm by reference at 320 nm. Phalloidin and phallacidin, two toxic bicyclic heptapeptides from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, protect F-actin against degradation by the proteolytic enzymes. G-actin, which does not combine with phalloidin when maintained in the monomeric state by working at low ionic strength, and bovine serum albumin, which also has no affinity to the toxin, are hydrolyzed at the same rates in the presence or absence of phalloidin. The proteolysis of F-actin is distinctly retarded by KCl alone, i.e., without phalloidin, whereas Mg2+ or Ca2+ as sole cations permit a rather high rate of hydrolysis. An even faster degradation of F-actin by subtilisin is observed in the presence of Mg2+ plus cytochalasin B. Adenosine diphosphate and triphosphate have no influence on the rate of the enzymatic degradation. The S sulfoxide of phalloidin, the nontoxic diastereomer of the toxic R form, exerts only a limited inhibitory effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis; secophalloidin, another nontoxic derivative, which does not bind to F-actin has practically no effect.", "contents": "Influence of phallotoxins and metal ions on the rate of proteolysis of actin. The rate of proteolytic degradation of rabbit skeletal muscle actin by trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and, mainly, subtilisin was followed by dual wavelength spectroscopy at 285 nm by reference at 320 nm. Phalloidin and phallacidin, two toxic bicyclic heptapeptides from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, protect F-actin against degradation by the proteolytic enzymes. G-actin, which does not combine with phalloidin when maintained in the monomeric state by working at low ionic strength, and bovine serum albumin, which also has no affinity to the toxin, are hydrolyzed at the same rates in the presence or absence of phalloidin. The proteolysis of F-actin is distinctly retarded by KCl alone, i.e., without phalloidin, whereas Mg2+ or Ca2+ as sole cations permit a rather high rate of hydrolysis. An even faster degradation of F-actin by subtilisin is observed in the presence of Mg2+ plus cytochalasin B. Adenosine diphosphate and triphosphate have no influence on the rate of the enzymatic degradation. The S sulfoxide of phalloidin, the nontoxic diastereomer of the toxic R form, exerts only a limited inhibitory effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis; secophalloidin, another nontoxic derivative, which does not bind to F-actin has practically no effect.", "PMID": 656374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6873", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus).", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from finback whale, Balaenoptera physalus, was determined by the automated Edman degradation of several large peptides obtained by specific cleavages of the protein. Three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving with cyanogen bromide at the two methionine residues and one large peptide was isolated after cleavage with (2-p-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine. More than 60% of the covalent structure was established by the sequential degradation of three of these peptides and the apomyoglobin. An additional 30% of the primary sequence was established with peptides obtained from tryptic digestion of both the apomyoglobin and the acetimidoapomyoglobin, and the final 10% of the sequence was completed after digestion of the two larger cyanogen bromide peptides with S. aureus strain V8 protease. This myoglobin differs from that of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 15 positions, from that of the arctic minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, at 3 positions, and from that of the California gray whale, Eschrichtius gibbosus, at 4 positions. All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the three-dimensional structure of the sperm whale myoglobin.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus). The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from finback whale, Balaenoptera physalus, was determined by the automated Edman degradation of several large peptides obtained by specific cleavages of the protein. Three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving with cyanogen bromide at the two methionine residues and one large peptide was isolated after cleavage with (2-p-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine. More than 60% of the covalent structure was established by the sequential degradation of three of these peptides and the apomyoglobin. An additional 30% of the primary sequence was established with peptides obtained from tryptic digestion of both the apomyoglobin and the acetimidoapomyoglobin, and the final 10% of the sequence was completed after digestion of the two larger cyanogen bromide peptides with S. aureus strain V8 protease. This myoglobin differs from that of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 15 positions, from that of the arctic minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, at 3 positions, and from that of the California gray whale, Eschrichtius gibbosus, at 4 positions. All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the three-dimensional structure of the sperm whale myoglobin.", "PMID": 656375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6874", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of myoglobin from the pilot whale, Globicephala melaena.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the pilot whale, Globicephala melaena, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. The apomyoglobin was selectively cleaved at the two methionyl residues with cyanogen bromide and the acetimidated apomyoglobin was cleaved at the three arginyl residues by trypsin. From the sequence analysis of four of these peptides and the apoprotein, over 90% of the covalent structure of the protein was obtained. The remainder of the primary structure was determined by sequence analysis of three of the tryptic peptides isolated from the central cyanogen bromide fragment after modification of its single arginyl residue with 1,2-cyclohexanedione. This myoglobin differs from that of the Black Sea dolphin at four positions and from the myoglobin of the killer whale, Pacific common dolphin, and Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin at two positions. The above differences reflect the close taxonomic relationship of these five species of Cetacea. This sequence determination was aided by the use of a Texas Instruments 980A minicomputer system which performed peak integrations for all samples subjected to amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of myoglobin from the pilot whale, Globicephala melaena. The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the pilot whale, Globicephala melaena, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. The apomyoglobin was selectively cleaved at the two methionyl residues with cyanogen bromide and the acetimidated apomyoglobin was cleaved at the three arginyl residues by trypsin. From the sequence analysis of four of these peptides and the apoprotein, over 90% of the covalent structure of the protein was obtained. The remainder of the primary structure was determined by sequence analysis of three of the tryptic peptides isolated from the central cyanogen bromide fragment after modification of its single arginyl residue with 1,2-cyclohexanedione. This myoglobin differs from that of the Black Sea dolphin at four positions and from the myoglobin of the killer whale, Pacific common dolphin, and Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin at two positions. The above differences reflect the close taxonomic relationship of these five species of Cetacea. This sequence determination was aided by the use of a Texas Instruments 980A minicomputer system which performed peak integrations for all samples subjected to amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 656376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6875", "title": "Effect of ammonia on the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidative deamination of L-glutamate: production of an ammonia-containing intermediate in the \"burst\" phase.", "content": "We have studied the effects of ammonium acetate on the transient \"burst\" phase of the oxidation of L-glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase. Two measurable changes are observed in the \"burst\" phase as ammonium acetate concentration is increased: (i) an increase in the apparent first-order rate constant, kapp, and (ii) a decrease in the amplitude of the absorbance change measured at 320 nm. The increase in kapp shows a hyperbolic dependence on ammonium acetate concentration and is independent of glutamate concentration. The results demonstrate the existence of an intermediate immediately following hydrogen transfer. The intermediate contains enzyme, reduced coenzyme, ammonia, and alpha-ketoglutarate moieties and is in equilibrium with the known complex consisting of enzyme, reduced coenzyme, and alpha-ketoglutarate. At high concentrations of ammonium acetate, the equilibrium favors the ammonia containing complex.", "contents": "Effect of ammonia on the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidative deamination of L-glutamate: production of an ammonia-containing intermediate in the \"burst\" phase. We have studied the effects of ammonium acetate on the transient \"burst\" phase of the oxidation of L-glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase. Two measurable changes are observed in the \"burst\" phase as ammonium acetate concentration is increased: (i) an increase in the apparent first-order rate constant, kapp, and (ii) a decrease in the amplitude of the absorbance change measured at 320 nm. The increase in kapp shows a hyperbolic dependence on ammonium acetate concentration and is independent of glutamate concentration. The results demonstrate the existence of an intermediate immediately following hydrogen transfer. The intermediate contains enzyme, reduced coenzyme, ammonia, and alpha-ketoglutarate moieties and is in equilibrium with the known complex consisting of enzyme, reduced coenzyme, and alpha-ketoglutarate. At high concentrations of ammonium acetate, the equilibrium favors the ammonia containing complex.", "PMID": 656377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6876", "title": "Use of ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement to detect duplex DNA and DNA bacteriophages during zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients: molecular weight of DNA as a function of sedimentation rate.", "content": "Duplex DNA molecules and DNA bacteriophages have been sedimented through 5--25% sucrose gradients containing ethidium bromide. The location of DNA within the gradients has been determined by illuminating gradients with ultraviolet light and observing the ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement induced by the DNA. The relative sedimentation rates of linear, duplex DNAs from bacteriophages T4, T5, T7 and an 8.3% T7 deletion mutant have been determined. The distances sedimented by DNA have been corrected, when necessary, for a progressive decrease in sedimentation rate that occurs after the DNA has traversed 40% of the sucrose gradient. The corrected distances sedimented by two DNA molecules, r1' and r2', are related to the DNA molecular weights, m1 and m2, by the equation: r1'/r2' = (m1/m2)0.38 when 0.025--0.70 microgram of each type of DNA is sedimented. Intact bacteriophages were also sedimented in ethidium bromide--sucrose gradients and detected by fluorescence enhancement.", "contents": "Use of ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement to detect duplex DNA and DNA bacteriophages during zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients: molecular weight of DNA as a function of sedimentation rate. Duplex DNA molecules and DNA bacteriophages have been sedimented through 5--25% sucrose gradients containing ethidium bromide. The location of DNA within the gradients has been determined by illuminating gradients with ultraviolet light and observing the ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement induced by the DNA. The relative sedimentation rates of linear, duplex DNAs from bacteriophages T4, T5, T7 and an 8.3% T7 deletion mutant have been determined. The distances sedimented by DNA have been corrected, when necessary, for a progressive decrease in sedimentation rate that occurs after the DNA has traversed 40% of the sucrose gradient. The corrected distances sedimented by two DNA molecules, r1' and r2', are related to the DNA molecular weights, m1 and m2, by the equation: r1'/r2' = (m1/m2)0.38 when 0.025--0.70 microgram of each type of DNA is sedimented. Intact bacteriophages were also sedimented in ethidium bromide--sucrose gradients and detected by fluorescence enhancement.", "PMID": 656381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6877", "title": "In vitro oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups yields polymers of the two predominant polypeptides in the nuclear envelope fraction.", "content": "The two quantitatively predominant nuclear nonhistone polypeptides of the avian erythrocyte comprise a significant portion of the nuclear envelope protein. Each of these two polypeptides can be converted almost completely to homogeneous polymeric species via oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups by omicron-phenanthroline cupric ion complex. Major products are two dimeric species arising from each of the approximately 77 000-dalton pair. The larger of the two polypeptides also yields oligomers greater than dimers. These observations extend out earlier solubility and polypeptide cross-linking evidence which indicated that these polypeptides were involved in an oligomeric, proteinaceous nuclear structure. Ultramicroscopic studies from other laboratories indicate that such a structure may function as a nuclear skeleton. The architectural details of the structure now appear to be accessible at the molecular level.", "contents": "In vitro oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups yields polymers of the two predominant polypeptides in the nuclear envelope fraction. The two quantitatively predominant nuclear nonhistone polypeptides of the avian erythrocyte comprise a significant portion of the nuclear envelope protein. Each of these two polypeptides can be converted almost completely to homogeneous polymeric species via oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups by omicron-phenanthroline cupric ion complex. Major products are two dimeric species arising from each of the approximately 77 000-dalton pair. The larger of the two polypeptides also yields oligomers greater than dimers. These observations extend out earlier solubility and polypeptide cross-linking evidence which indicated that these polypeptides were involved in an oligomeric, proteinaceous nuclear structure. Ultramicroscopic studies from other laboratories indicate that such a structure may function as a nuclear skeleton. The architectural details of the structure now appear to be accessible at the molecular level.", "PMID": 656384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6878", "title": "Conformational states of a hydrophobic protein. The coat protein of fd bacteriophage.", "content": "The coat protein of fd bacteriophage has a short polypeptide chain of only 50 amino acid residues, containing a highly hydrophobic segment of 19 amino acids that is entirely devoid of ionic or other strongly polar amino acids. In the viral particle the protein exists as a closely packed array of alpha helices. It can be transformed to a monomeric randomly coiled polypeptide in very concentrated (greater than or equal to 7.3 M) guanidinium chloride. In anionic detergents or phospholipids the protein is dimeric, with a mixed conformation (\"50% alpha\"), the hydrophobic segment having a beta structure, whereas the two ends are predominantly alpha helical. In guanidinium chloride at concentrations of 6 M or less, and under other conditions in the absence of an anionic detergent or phospholipid, the protein forms an intractable polymer, with a beta-type conformation. If the protein is succinylated an oligomeric form of this structure (speculatively thought to be a soluble variety of a \"beta barrel\") can be obtained as a metastable state. The 50% alpha conformation, the beta oligomer, and the random coil can be interconverted reversibly, but formation of the beta polymer appears to be irreversible.", "contents": "Conformational states of a hydrophobic protein. The coat protein of fd bacteriophage. The coat protein of fd bacteriophage has a short polypeptide chain of only 50 amino acid residues, containing a highly hydrophobic segment of 19 amino acids that is entirely devoid of ionic or other strongly polar amino acids. In the viral particle the protein exists as a closely packed array of alpha helices. It can be transformed to a monomeric randomly coiled polypeptide in very concentrated (greater than or equal to 7.3 M) guanidinium chloride. In anionic detergents or phospholipids the protein is dimeric, with a mixed conformation (\"50% alpha\"), the hydrophobic segment having a beta structure, whereas the two ends are predominantly alpha helical. In guanidinium chloride at concentrations of 6 M or less, and under other conditions in the absence of an anionic detergent or phospholipid, the protein forms an intractable polymer, with a beta-type conformation. If the protein is succinylated an oligomeric form of this structure (speculatively thought to be a soluble variety of a \"beta barrel\") can be obtained as a metastable state. The 50% alpha conformation, the beta oligomer, and the random coil can be interconverted reversibly, but formation of the beta polymer appears to be irreversible.", "PMID": 656386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6879", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography in polynucleotide synthesis.", "content": "Reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using columns containing microparticulate materials with bonded octadecyl groups has been developed as a rapid and efficient method for the separation of nucleosides, nucleotides, and, in particular, of protected oligonucleotides which are standard intermediates in the stepwise synthesis of deoxyribopolynucleotides. Reported are extensive studies of the influence of the different purine and pyrimidine bases, of protecting groups, of the phosphate groups, and of the chain lengths of oligonucleotides on their retention on such columns. Further, the application of HPLC in the stepwise synthesis of an oligonucleotide, d(G-G-A-A-G-C-T-T-A-A-C), has been described. The methods, which are herein described, lend themselves to separations on a preparative scale and effect a marked reduction (up to 50%) in the time required for the synthesis of oligonucleotides.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography in polynucleotide synthesis. Reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using columns containing microparticulate materials with bonded octadecyl groups has been developed as a rapid and efficient method for the separation of nucleosides, nucleotides, and, in particular, of protected oligonucleotides which are standard intermediates in the stepwise synthesis of deoxyribopolynucleotides. Reported are extensive studies of the influence of the different purine and pyrimidine bases, of protecting groups, of the phosphate groups, and of the chain lengths of oligonucleotides on their retention on such columns. Further, the application of HPLC in the stepwise synthesis of an oligonucleotide, d(G-G-A-A-G-C-T-T-A-A-C), has been described. The methods, which are herein described, lend themselves to separations on a preparative scale and effect a marked reduction (up to 50%) in the time required for the synthesis of oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 656387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6880", "title": "Use of the lipophilic tert-butyldiphenylsilyl protecting group in synthesis and rapid separation of polynucleotides.", "content": "Butyldiphenylchlorosilanes react with deoxy- and N-protected deoxymononucleotides to give, in each case, the 3'-O-butyldiphenylsilyl ether in high yield. A comparative study of n-, sec-, and tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilanes showed, as expected, a wide variation in the rate of formation and in the stability of the 3'-O-silyl ethers, the tert-butylphenylsilyl group being the one of choice in polynucleotide synthesis. The silyl group can be readily removed on treatment with fluoride ion in buffered pyridine at room temperature. This property markedly increases flexibility of the current methodology for polynucleotide synthesis. Secondly, because of its high lipophilicity, the silyl group allows rapid solvent extraction of synthetic intermediates, and thirdly, it greatly facilitates the isolation of the required product in synthetic reactions because of the selective and strong retention of the condensation product during reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Several examples of synthetic procedures, including a stepwise synthesis of an undecanucleotide, are given which demonstrate overall simplification of polynucleotide synthesis.", "contents": "Use of the lipophilic tert-butyldiphenylsilyl protecting group in synthesis and rapid separation of polynucleotides. Butyldiphenylchlorosilanes react with deoxy- and N-protected deoxymononucleotides to give, in each case, the 3'-O-butyldiphenylsilyl ether in high yield. A comparative study of n-, sec-, and tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilanes showed, as expected, a wide variation in the rate of formation and in the stability of the 3'-O-silyl ethers, the tert-butylphenylsilyl group being the one of choice in polynucleotide synthesis. The silyl group can be readily removed on treatment with fluoride ion in buffered pyridine at room temperature. This property markedly increases flexibility of the current methodology for polynucleotide synthesis. Secondly, because of its high lipophilicity, the silyl group allows rapid solvent extraction of synthetic intermediates, and thirdly, it greatly facilitates the isolation of the required product in synthetic reactions because of the selective and strong retention of the condensation product during reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Several examples of synthetic procedures, including a stepwise synthesis of an undecanucleotide, are given which demonstrate overall simplification of polynucleotide synthesis.", "PMID": 656388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6881", "title": "Conformation of dinucleoside monophosphates modified with benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide as measured by circular dichroism.", "content": "The conformational properties of GpU modified with the reactive derivative of benzo[a]pyrene, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, has been investigated utilizing circular dichroism spectroscopy. Binding of this carcinogen to the N2 of G residues in GpU resulted in the formation of four compounds (I to IV) representing two pairs of diastereoisomers. The molar ellipticity values of the modified dimers were approximately twofold higher than those of the modified guanosine monomers. These values were decreased appreciably when the spectra of the dimers were obtained at 80 degrees C or in methanol rather than at 25 degrees C in water, suggesting that under the latter conditions there is a stacking interaction between the carcinogen and the neighboring uridine residue. Based on these results, a conformation is proposed for modified GpU. It includes insertion of the benzo[a]pyrene moiety, by rotation of the modified guanine residue about its glycoside bond, coplanar to the neighboring uridine and perpendicular to the phosphodiester backbone.", "contents": "Conformation of dinucleoside monophosphates modified with benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide as measured by circular dichroism. The conformational properties of GpU modified with the reactive derivative of benzo[a]pyrene, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, has been investigated utilizing circular dichroism spectroscopy. Binding of this carcinogen to the N2 of G residues in GpU resulted in the formation of four compounds (I to IV) representing two pairs of diastereoisomers. The molar ellipticity values of the modified dimers were approximately twofold higher than those of the modified guanosine monomers. These values were decreased appreciably when the spectra of the dimers were obtained at 80 degrees C or in methanol rather than at 25 degrees C in water, suggesting that under the latter conditions there is a stacking interaction between the carcinogen and the neighboring uridine residue. Based on these results, a conformation is proposed for modified GpU. It includes insertion of the benzo[a]pyrene moiety, by rotation of the modified guanine residue about its glycoside bond, coplanar to the neighboring uridine and perpendicular to the phosphodiester backbone.", "PMID": 656389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6882", "title": "Mitochondrial phospholipase A2 activity and mitochondrial aging.", "content": "The changes in mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and energy-linked functions have been followed as coupled mitochondria are allowed to age in isotonic sucrose at 18 degrees C. Analysis of the aging process has provided an approach for studying the structure--function relationships within the mitochondrion without adding external agents to perturb the membrane structure. The initial event observed in this process of deterioration is a loss of respiratory control which is paralleled by diminishing levels of ATP. As ATP levels decline, so do the rates of reacylation of monoacyglycerophosphorylethanolamine and fatty acid oxidation. In most cases the previously inactive phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, phosphatide-2-acyl-hydrolase) begins rapid hydrolysis of membrane phosphatidylethanolamine as ATP levels approach zero. The final energy-linked phenomenon observed to decline is the anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence response. Evidence is presented which suggests strongly that the activity of the mitochondrial phospholipase A2 on endogenous phospholipids is suppressed in tightly coupled mitochondria. This suppression is temporally linked to ATP levels in the mitochondria. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that mitochondria which are only slightly damaged have the potential to effect membrane repair through reacylation of monoacyl phospholipids.", "contents": "Mitochondrial phospholipase A2 activity and mitochondrial aging. The changes in mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and energy-linked functions have been followed as coupled mitochondria are allowed to age in isotonic sucrose at 18 degrees C. Analysis of the aging process has provided an approach for studying the structure--function relationships within the mitochondrion without adding external agents to perturb the membrane structure. The initial event observed in this process of deterioration is a loss of respiratory control which is paralleled by diminishing levels of ATP. As ATP levels decline, so do the rates of reacylation of monoacyglycerophosphorylethanolamine and fatty acid oxidation. In most cases the previously inactive phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, phosphatide-2-acyl-hydrolase) begins rapid hydrolysis of membrane phosphatidylethanolamine as ATP levels approach zero. The final energy-linked phenomenon observed to decline is the anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence response. Evidence is presented which suggests strongly that the activity of the mitochondrial phospholipase A2 on endogenous phospholipids is suppressed in tightly coupled mitochondria. This suppression is temporally linked to ATP levels in the mitochondria. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that mitochondria which are only slightly damaged have the potential to effect membrane repair through reacylation of monoacyl phospholipids.", "PMID": 656394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6883", "title": "Two human trypsinogens. Purification, molecular properties, and N-terminal sequences.", "content": "The two human trypsinogens have been isolated from human pancreatic juice in a sufficient amount to study molecular and structural properties. The purification procedure included filtration on Sephadex G-100 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The two trypsinogens represent 19% of total proteins of pancreatic juice. Trypsinogen 1, the major form, is present in a quantity twice that of trypsinogen 2, which is the most anionic protein in human pancreatic juice. The two proteins have partial immunological identity, close molecular weights (23 438 and 25 006 for trypsinogens 1 and 2, respectively) and similar amino acid compositions. The N-terminal sequences are the same for the first 9 residues: Ala-Pro-Phe-Asp4-Lys-Ile. The two proteins differ in the activation peptides released during the transformation to trypsins. Trypsinogen 2 liberates one octapeptide Ala-Pro-Phe-Asp4-Lys while trypsinogen 1 liberates two peptides, the same octapeptide and the pentapeptide (Asp)4-Lys.", "contents": "Two human trypsinogens. Purification, molecular properties, and N-terminal sequences. The two human trypsinogens have been isolated from human pancreatic juice in a sufficient amount to study molecular and structural properties. The purification procedure included filtration on Sephadex G-100 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The two trypsinogens represent 19% of total proteins of pancreatic juice. Trypsinogen 1, the major form, is present in a quantity twice that of trypsinogen 2, which is the most anionic protein in human pancreatic juice. The two proteins have partial immunological identity, close molecular weights (23 438 and 25 006 for trypsinogens 1 and 2, respectively) and similar amino acid compositions. The N-terminal sequences are the same for the first 9 residues: Ala-Pro-Phe-Asp4-Lys-Ile. The two proteins differ in the activation peptides released during the transformation to trypsins. Trypsinogen 2 liberates one octapeptide Ala-Pro-Phe-Asp4-Lys while trypsinogen 1 liberates two peptides, the same octapeptide and the pentapeptide (Asp)4-Lys.", "PMID": 656395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6884", "title": "Bombesin, bombesin analogues, and related peptides: effects on thermoregulation.", "content": "The synthesis and biological evaluation on thermoregulation of 39 peptides related to bombesin (structural analogues or other naturally occurring peptides) are described. The bioassay system reported measures the ability of peptides injected intracisternally to lower body temperature of cold (4 degrees C) exposed rats. The most potent analogues of bombesin were those in which positions one to five (not included) were altered, indicating that the decapeptide C terminal was sufficient for full potency. Gln at the seventh position and Gly at the 11th position could be replaced by D-Gln and D-Ala (but not D-Pro or D-Phe), respectively, without any change in potency. Methionine at the 14 position could be replaced with its D isomer with retention of 10% biological activity. Any other alteration of the C terminus (deletions or free acid with the exception of the N-methylamide) drastically reduced the biological potency of those peptides. Among other naturally occurring peptides, alytesin was found to have 100% of bombesin potency whereas litorin, neurotensin, xenopsin, substance P, physalaemin, and eledoisin were found to be in the order of 10(4) times less potent. The shortest peptide found to have full biological activity is the octapeptide des-Glp-Gln-Arg-Leu-Gly-Asn[D-Glp7, D-Ala11]-bombesin.", "contents": "Bombesin, bombesin analogues, and related peptides: effects on thermoregulation. The synthesis and biological evaluation on thermoregulation of 39 peptides related to bombesin (structural analogues or other naturally occurring peptides) are described. The bioassay system reported measures the ability of peptides injected intracisternally to lower body temperature of cold (4 degrees C) exposed rats. The most potent analogues of bombesin were those in which positions one to five (not included) were altered, indicating that the decapeptide C terminal was sufficient for full potency. Gln at the seventh position and Gly at the 11th position could be replaced by D-Gln and D-Ala (but not D-Pro or D-Phe), respectively, without any change in potency. Methionine at the 14 position could be replaced with its D isomer with retention of 10% biological activity. Any other alteration of the C terminus (deletions or free acid with the exception of the N-methylamide) drastically reduced the biological potency of those peptides. Among other naturally occurring peptides, alytesin was found to have 100% of bombesin potency whereas litorin, neurotensin, xenopsin, substance P, physalaemin, and eledoisin were found to be in the order of 10(4) times less potent. The shortest peptide found to have full biological activity is the octapeptide des-Glp-Gln-Arg-Leu-Gly-Asn[D-Glp7, D-Ala11]-bombesin.", "PMID": 656396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6885", "title": "High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of histones and histone--histone complexes in aqueous solution.", "content": "Low molecular weight histone complexes of H2A (congruent to dimer), H2B (congruent to tetramer), H3--H4 (congruent to tetramer), H2A--H2B (congruent to dimer), and H2B--H4 (congruent to dimer) have been prepared in 2 M NaCl and neutral pH at 4 degrees C. These materials are free of nonspecific aggregate and are suitable for study by high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Such spectra have been recorded in aqueous solutions under conditions allowing a study of the exchangeable proton resonances of histone complexes for the first time and indicate that the structured regions are rich in hydrophobic amino acids, as well as arginine and some acidic amino acids. Most of the lysine and probably alanine residues remain in a motile, random coil-like state after formation of the complexes. It is suggested that arginine residues may be important in inter- and/or intra-subunit interactions in histone complexes.", "contents": "High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of histones and histone--histone complexes in aqueous solution. Low molecular weight histone complexes of H2A (congruent to dimer), H2B (congruent to tetramer), H3--H4 (congruent to tetramer), H2A--H2B (congruent to dimer), and H2B--H4 (congruent to dimer) have been prepared in 2 M NaCl and neutral pH at 4 degrees C. These materials are free of nonspecific aggregate and are suitable for study by high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Such spectra have been recorded in aqueous solutions under conditions allowing a study of the exchangeable proton resonances of histone complexes for the first time and indicate that the structured regions are rich in hydrophobic amino acids, as well as arginine and some acidic amino acids. Most of the lysine and probably alanine residues remain in a motile, random coil-like state after formation of the complexes. It is suggested that arginine residues may be important in inter- and/or intra-subunit interactions in histone complexes.", "PMID": 656397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6886", "title": "Energy transfer and site of energy trapping in photosystem I.", "content": "Studies of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi deficient in the chlorophyll . protein complex CP1 show that energy transfer occurs between at least three Photosystem I units. Evidence for the connection of the Photosystem I units is also obtained by studying their optical cross-section in wild-type cells in which a fraction of the Photosystem I centers are inactivated. The site of energy trapping in the Photosystem I unit is shown to be the photochemical center itself and not the surrounding long-wavelength absorbing forms of chlorophyll.", "contents": "Energy transfer and site of energy trapping in photosystem I. Studies of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi deficient in the chlorophyll . protein complex CP1 show that energy transfer occurs between at least three Photosystem I units. Evidence for the connection of the Photosystem I units is also obtained by studying their optical cross-section in wild-type cells in which a fraction of the Photosystem I centers are inactivated. The site of energy trapping in the Photosystem I unit is shown to be the photochemical center itself and not the surrounding long-wavelength absorbing forms of chlorophyll.", "PMID": 656400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6887", "title": "Photoselection and aggregation in purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Preparations of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium suspended in dilute buffer and basal salt have been examined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and correlation analysis of scattered laser light. Dark adapted samples suspended in basal salt show photoselection when examined by circular dichroism. This was confirmed by irradiation with plane polarized light. Light-adapted samples or dark-adapted samples suspended in dilute buffer did not show this phenomenon. The reaction responsible for photoselection was shown to be the light induced cis-trans isomerization of bacteriorhodopsin. The stability of the induced anisotropy was due to aggregation in the basal salt suspensions which occurred despite little or no visual indication. This aggregation was confirmed by correlation analysis of scattered laser light.", "contents": "Photoselection and aggregation in purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Preparations of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium suspended in dilute buffer and basal salt have been examined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and correlation analysis of scattered laser light. Dark adapted samples suspended in basal salt show photoselection when examined by circular dichroism. This was confirmed by irradiation with plane polarized light. Light-adapted samples or dark-adapted samples suspended in dilute buffer did not show this phenomenon. The reaction responsible for photoselection was shown to be the light induced cis-trans isomerization of bacteriorhodopsin. The stability of the induced anisotropy was due to aggregation in the basal salt suspensions which occurred despite little or no visual indication. This aggregation was confirmed by correlation analysis of scattered laser light.", "PMID": 656401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6888", "title": "Photosynthetic oxygen evolution from hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "A study was made of the interactions of flash-illuminated chloroplasts with hydrogen peroxide. We conclude: 1. The oxygen precursor system can be reduced beyond the S0 state to an S-1 state, which can be oxidized to S0 by a single flash. 2. In the dark, a two-electron donation by H2O2 takes place which reduces S2 to S0 and S1 to S-1. 3. At the same time, two-electron oxidations by H2O2 re-form, S2 from S0 and S1 from S-1. 4. The catalase-like activity due to this cyclic oxidation and reduction of the S enzyme is higher with the S2 in equilibrium S0 couple than with the S1 in equilibrium S-1 couple. Another process, however, is responsible for most of the O2 evolution from H2O2 in the light. Our evidence indicates that this process: (1) is independent of the S states and insensitive to Tris washing, (2) turns over rapidly in high concentrations of peroxide, (3) yields 1 O2 per electron passing through system II; (4) dismutates two H2O2 molecules, so that there is no net consumption of 'holes'.", "contents": "Photosynthetic oxygen evolution from hydrogen peroxide. A study was made of the interactions of flash-illuminated chloroplasts with hydrogen peroxide. We conclude: 1. The oxygen precursor system can be reduced beyond the S0 state to an S-1 state, which can be oxidized to S0 by a single flash. 2. In the dark, a two-electron donation by H2O2 takes place which reduces S2 to S0 and S1 to S-1. 3. At the same time, two-electron oxidations by H2O2 re-form, S2 from S0 and S1 from S-1. 4. The catalase-like activity due to this cyclic oxidation and reduction of the S enzyme is higher with the S2 in equilibrium S0 couple than with the S1 in equilibrium S-1 couple. Another process, however, is responsible for most of the O2 evolution from H2O2 in the light. Our evidence indicates that this process: (1) is independent of the S states and insensitive to Tris washing, (2) turns over rapidly in high concentrations of peroxide, (3) yields 1 O2 per electron passing through system II; (4) dismutates two H2O2 molecules, so that there is no net consumption of 'holes'.", "PMID": 656402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6889", "title": "Specific transport of inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and triosephosphates across the inner membrane of the envelope in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "The uptake of phosphate and phosphorylated compounds into the chloroplast stroma has been studied by silicone layer filtering centrifugation. 1. Inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate are transported across the envelope leading to an accumulation in the chloroplast stroma. This uptake proceeds by a counter exchange with phosphate and phosphorylated compounds present there. 2. The transport shows saturation characteristics allowing the determination of Km and V. 3. The phosphorylated compounds transported act as competitive inhibitors of the transport. From measurements of the Km and Ki the specificity of the transport is described. 4. The transport of inorganic phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate is inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and trinitrobenzene sulfonate. 5. The activation energy of phosphate transport as determined from the temperature dependence is evaluated to be 16 kcal (0--12 degrees C). 6. It is concluded that inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxy-acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate are transported by the same carrier, which has been nominated phosphate translocator. 7. Simultaneous measurements of the proton concentration in the medium and the transport into the chloroplasts show that the transfer of 3-phosphoglycerate involves a transfer of a proton into the same direction. 8. Measurements of the pH dependence of the transport indicate that all substances including 3-phosphoglycerate are transported by the phosphate translocator as divalent anions. 9. The physiological function of the phosphate translocator is discussed.", "contents": "Specific transport of inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and triosephosphates across the inner membrane of the envelope in spinach chloroplasts. The uptake of phosphate and phosphorylated compounds into the chloroplast stroma has been studied by silicone layer filtering centrifugation. 1. Inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate are transported across the envelope leading to an accumulation in the chloroplast stroma. This uptake proceeds by a counter exchange with phosphate and phosphorylated compounds present there. 2. The transport shows saturation characteristics allowing the determination of Km and V. 3. The phosphorylated compounds transported act as competitive inhibitors of the transport. From measurements of the Km and Ki the specificity of the transport is described. 4. The transport of inorganic phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate is inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and trinitrobenzene sulfonate. 5. The activation energy of phosphate transport as determined from the temperature dependence is evaluated to be 16 kcal (0--12 degrees C). 6. It is concluded that inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxy-acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate are transported by the same carrier, which has been nominated phosphate translocator. 7. Simultaneous measurements of the proton concentration in the medium and the transport into the chloroplasts show that the transfer of 3-phosphoglycerate involves a transfer of a proton into the same direction. 8. Measurements of the pH dependence of the transport indicate that all substances including 3-phosphoglycerate are transported by the phosphate translocator as divalent anions. 9. The physiological function of the phosphate translocator is discussed.", "PMID": 656403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6890", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of Tris-induced inactivation of oxygen evolution.", "content": "A study was made of the inactivation by Tris of O2 evolution in chloroplasts and the subsequent reactivation of O2 evolution. We conclude: 1. At concentrations of Tris sufficient to inhibit O2 evolution directly, a slow rate (t 1/2 approximately 20--25 min) of inactivation occurs; 2. Inactivation is accelerated (t 1/2 approximately 2 min) by weak light absorbed by system II and is rate limited by a dark step with a half-time of about 200 s; 3. Minimally one quantum event within System II is sufficient to inactive 50--70% of the O2 evolving centers; 4. This process is 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea insensitive but is inhibited by reduced dichlorophenol indophenol and phenazine methosulfate, carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene and tetraphenylboron; 5. Partial reactivation of inactive O2 evolving centers is affected by the use of the same reagents inhibiting the light induced inactivations; 6. The life-time (t 1/2 approximately 1 to 3 h) of the activable state is correlated with diffusion across thylakoids of the larger manganese pool released from binding sites and remaining in thylakoids following inactivation of O2 evolution.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of Tris-induced inactivation of oxygen evolution. A study was made of the inactivation by Tris of O2 evolution in chloroplasts and the subsequent reactivation of O2 evolution. We conclude: 1. At concentrations of Tris sufficient to inhibit O2 evolution directly, a slow rate (t 1/2 approximately 20--25 min) of inactivation occurs; 2. Inactivation is accelerated (t 1/2 approximately 2 min) by weak light absorbed by system II and is rate limited by a dark step with a half-time of about 200 s; 3. Minimally one quantum event within System II is sufficient to inactive 50--70% of the O2 evolving centers; 4. This process is 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea insensitive but is inhibited by reduced dichlorophenol indophenol and phenazine methosulfate, carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene and tetraphenylboron; 5. Partial reactivation of inactive O2 evolving centers is affected by the use of the same reagents inhibiting the light induced inactivations; 6. The life-time (t 1/2 approximately 1 to 3 h) of the activable state is correlated with diffusion across thylakoids of the larger manganese pool released from binding sites and remaining in thylakoids following inactivation of O2 evolution.", "PMID": 656405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6891", "title": "Damage to mitochondrial electron transport and energy coupling by visible light.", "content": "The effect of treating mitochondria with visible light above 400 nm on electron transport and coupled reactions was examined. The temporal sequence of changes was: stimulation of respiration coupled to ATP synthesis, a decline in ATP synthesis, inactivation of respiration, increased ATPase activity and, later, loss of the membrane potential. Loss of respiration was principally due to inactivation of dehydrogenases. Of the components of dehydrogenase systems, flavins and quinones were most susceptible to illumination, the iron-sulfur centers were remarkably resistant to being damaged. Succinate dehydrogenase was inactivated before choline and NADH dehydrogenase. Redox reactions of cytochromes and cytochrome c oxidase activity were unaffected. Inactivation was O2-dependent and prevented by anaerobiosis or the presence of substrates for the dehydrogenases. Light in the range 400-500 nm was most effective and the presence of free flavins greatly enhanced inactivation of all of the above mitochondrial activities. This suggests that visible light mediates a flavin-photosensitized reaction that initiates damage involving participation of an activated species of oxygen in the damage propagation.", "contents": "Damage to mitochondrial electron transport and energy coupling by visible light. The effect of treating mitochondria with visible light above 400 nm on electron transport and coupled reactions was examined. The temporal sequence of changes was: stimulation of respiration coupled to ATP synthesis, a decline in ATP synthesis, inactivation of respiration, increased ATPase activity and, later, loss of the membrane potential. Loss of respiration was principally due to inactivation of dehydrogenases. Of the components of dehydrogenase systems, flavins and quinones were most susceptible to illumination, the iron-sulfur centers were remarkably resistant to being damaged. Succinate dehydrogenase was inactivated before choline and NADH dehydrogenase. Redox reactions of cytochromes and cytochrome c oxidase activity were unaffected. Inactivation was O2-dependent and prevented by anaerobiosis or the presence of substrates for the dehydrogenases. Light in the range 400-500 nm was most effective and the presence of free flavins greatly enhanced inactivation of all of the above mitochondrial activities. This suggests that visible light mediates a flavin-photosensitized reaction that initiates damage involving participation of an activated species of oxygen in the damage propagation.", "PMID": 656406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6892", "title": "Control of respiration in proteoliposomes containing cytochrome aa3. II. Inhibition by carbon monoxide and azide.", "content": "1. Carbon monoxide (CO) acts competitively towards oxygen when the latter is taken up in respiration by cytochrome aa3-containing proteoliposomes, both in the presence of p-trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone and valinomycin (deenergized state) and in their absence (energized state). At high levels of CO, the double reciprocal plots (1/v vs. 1/[O2]) in the energized and deenergized states are parallel, i.e. energization acts \"anti-competitively\" towards oxygen, and the \"respiratory control ratio\" decreases as the oxygen concentration decreases. 2. Azide acts non-competitively towards cytochrome c when the latter is oxidized by cytochrome aa3-containing proteoliposomes both in the energized and deenergized (plus p-trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone and valinomycin) conditions. At low azide concentrations the apparent Ki for azide is unaffected by energization, but at high azide levels the Ki increases in energized liposomes, i.e. the \"respiratory control ratio\" decreases as the azide concentration increases. 3. It is concluded that the inhibitor experiments are consistent with but do not prove the concept that the oxidase molecules in a single vesicle are responding to a single \"energization state\" or set of electrochemical gradients. This and other models are discussed.", "contents": "Control of respiration in proteoliposomes containing cytochrome aa3. II. Inhibition by carbon monoxide and azide. 1. Carbon monoxide (CO) acts competitively towards oxygen when the latter is taken up in respiration by cytochrome aa3-containing proteoliposomes, both in the presence of p-trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone and valinomycin (deenergized state) and in their absence (energized state). At high levels of CO, the double reciprocal plots (1/v vs. 1/[O2]) in the energized and deenergized states are parallel, i.e. energization acts \"anti-competitively\" towards oxygen, and the \"respiratory control ratio\" decreases as the oxygen concentration decreases. 2. Azide acts non-competitively towards cytochrome c when the latter is oxidized by cytochrome aa3-containing proteoliposomes both in the energized and deenergized (plus p-trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone and valinomycin) conditions. At low azide concentrations the apparent Ki for azide is unaffected by energization, but at high azide levels the Ki increases in energized liposomes, i.e. the \"respiratory control ratio\" decreases as the azide concentration increases. 3. It is concluded that the inhibitor experiments are consistent with but do not prove the concept that the oxidase molecules in a single vesicle are responding to a single \"energization state\" or set of electrochemical gradients. This and other models are discussed.", "PMID": 656407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6893", "title": "Requirement of the light-harvesting pigment.protein complex for magnesium ion regulation of excitation energy distribution in chloroplasts.", "content": "Cation regulation of excitation energy distribution was examined in chloroplasts isolated from (a) pea seedlings, grown in intermittent illumination, which contain no light-harvesting complex, (b) a barley mutant which is deficient in the major polypeptide component of the light-harvesting complex, and (c) a soybean mutant which contains a reduced amount of light-harvesting complex. It was found that: (1) Mg2+-induced increase in Photosystem II fluorescence at room temperature is small in the chloroplasts of the soybean mutant, smaller in the barley mutant, and almost absent in the light-harvesting complex-less chloroplasts of pea as compared to their respective controls. (2) Mg2+-induced increase in the F685/F730 emission peak ratio at 77 K is not detected in the isolated chloroplasts of the intermittent light-grown pea and the barley mutant. (3) Pre-illumination induced State 1-State 2 and adaptation in vivo is absent in the barley mutant and is less pronounced in the soybean mutant as compared to their respective controls. (4) Increase of slow fluorescence decay upon addition of Mg2+ observed in control chloroplasts was not detected in chloroplasts of intermittent-light grown peas. These results confirm earlier conclusions (Armond, P.A., Arntzen, C.J., Briantais, J.M. and Vernotte, C. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175, 54--63; Davis, D.J., Armond, P.A., Gross, E.L. and Arntzen, C.J. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175, 64--70) that light-harvesting complex is required for the Mg2+-induced regulation of the excitation energy distribution between Photosystems I and II. The characteristic P-S decay and I-D dip of the in vivo fluorescence inductions (Kautsky effect) were not significantly altered in the light-harvesting complex-less and the light-harvesting complex-deficient chloroplasts as compared to their respective controls. These results indicate that light-harvesting complex is not obligatorily required to observe the P-S decay or the I-D dip.", "contents": "Requirement of the light-harvesting pigment.protein complex for magnesium ion regulation of excitation energy distribution in chloroplasts. Cation regulation of excitation energy distribution was examined in chloroplasts isolated from (a) pea seedlings, grown in intermittent illumination, which contain no light-harvesting complex, (b) a barley mutant which is deficient in the major polypeptide component of the light-harvesting complex, and (c) a soybean mutant which contains a reduced amount of light-harvesting complex. It was found that: (1) Mg2+-induced increase in Photosystem II fluorescence at room temperature is small in the chloroplasts of the soybean mutant, smaller in the barley mutant, and almost absent in the light-harvesting complex-less chloroplasts of pea as compared to their respective controls. (2) Mg2+-induced increase in the F685/F730 emission peak ratio at 77 K is not detected in the isolated chloroplasts of the intermittent light-grown pea and the barley mutant. (3) Pre-illumination induced State 1-State 2 and adaptation in vivo is absent in the barley mutant and is less pronounced in the soybean mutant as compared to their respective controls. (4) Increase of slow fluorescence decay upon addition of Mg2+ observed in control chloroplasts was not detected in chloroplasts of intermittent-light grown peas. These results confirm earlier conclusions (Armond, P.A., Arntzen, C.J., Briantais, J.M. and Vernotte, C. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175, 54--63; Davis, D.J., Armond, P.A., Gross, E.L. and Arntzen, C.J. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175, 64--70) that light-harvesting complex is required for the Mg2+-induced regulation of the excitation energy distribution between Photosystems I and II. The characteristic P-S decay and I-D dip of the in vivo fluorescence inductions (Kautsky effect) were not significantly altered in the light-harvesting complex-less and the light-harvesting complex-deficient chloroplasts as compared to their respective controls. These results indicate that light-harvesting complex is not obligatorily required to observe the P-S decay or the I-D dip.", "PMID": 656408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6894", "title": "Induction patterns of delayed luminescence fromisolated chloroplasts. I. Response of delayed luminescence to changes in the prompt fluorescence yield.", "content": "1. Using a phosphoroscope, delayed luminescence and prompt chlorophyll fluorescence from isolated chloroplasts have been compared during the induction period. 2. Two distinct decay components of delayed luminescence were measured a \"fast\" component (from approximately 1 ms to approximately 6 ms) and a \"slow\" component (at approximately 6 ms). 3. The fast luminescence component often did not correlate with the fluorescence changes while the slow component significantly changed its intensity during the induction period in a manner which could usually be linearly correlated with variable portion of the fluorescence yield change. 4. This correlation was evident after preillumination with far-red light or after allowing a considerable time for dark relaxation. 5. The close relationship between the slow luminescence component and variable fluorescence yield was observed with a large range of light intensities and also in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea which considerably changes the fluorescence induction kinetics. 6. Valinomycin and other antibiotics reduced the amplitude of the 6 ms (slow) luminescence without affecting its relation with the fluorescence induction suggesting possibly that a constant electrical gradient exist in the dark or formed very rapidly in the light, which effects the emission intensity. 7. Changes in salt levels of suspending media equally affected the amplitude of both delayed luminescence and variable fluorescence under conditions when the reduction of Q is maximal and constant. 8. The results are discussed in terms of several models. It is concluded that the model of independent Photosystem II units together with photosynthetic back reaction concept is incompatible with the data. Other alternative models (the \"lake\" model and photosynthetic back reaction; recombination of charges in the antenna chlorophyll; the \"w\" hypothesis) were in closer agreement with the results.", "contents": "Induction patterns of delayed luminescence fromisolated chloroplasts. I. Response of delayed luminescence to changes in the prompt fluorescence yield. 1. Using a phosphoroscope, delayed luminescence and prompt chlorophyll fluorescence from isolated chloroplasts have been compared during the induction period. 2. Two distinct decay components of delayed luminescence were measured a \"fast\" component (from approximately 1 ms to approximately 6 ms) and a \"slow\" component (at approximately 6 ms). 3. The fast luminescence component often did not correlate with the fluorescence changes while the slow component significantly changed its intensity during the induction period in a manner which could usually be linearly correlated with variable portion of the fluorescence yield change. 4. This correlation was evident after preillumination with far-red light or after allowing a considerable time for dark relaxation. 5. The close relationship between the slow luminescence component and variable fluorescence yield was observed with a large range of light intensities and also in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea which considerably changes the fluorescence induction kinetics. 6. Valinomycin and other antibiotics reduced the amplitude of the 6 ms (slow) luminescence without affecting its relation with the fluorescence induction suggesting possibly that a constant electrical gradient exist in the dark or formed very rapidly in the light, which effects the emission intensity. 7. Changes in salt levels of suspending media equally affected the amplitude of both delayed luminescence and variable fluorescence under conditions when the reduction of Q is maximal and constant. 8. The results are discussed in terms of several models. It is concluded that the model of independent Photosystem II units together with photosynthetic back reaction concept is incompatible with the data. Other alternative models (the \"lake\" model and photosynthetic back reaction; recombination of charges in the antenna chlorophyll; the \"w\" hypothesis) were in closer agreement with the results.", "PMID": 656409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6895", "title": "Selective ion binding and membrane activity of synthetic cyclopeptides.", "content": "Four cyclic peptides related to the membrane-active complexones PV, cyclo-(L-Pro-Lval-D-Pro-D-Val)3, and valinomycin were synthesized: (1) cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ala-D-Val)3 or PVPA, (2) cyclo-(L-Ala-L-Val-D-Pro-D-Val)3 or PVAV, (3) cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val-D-Pro-D-Val)2-L-Pro-D-Val or PV-10, (4) cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val-D-Pro-D-Val)2 or PV-8. In a two-phase extraction assay the affinity of PV and PVPA for alkali picrates was about three orders or magnitude greater than that of valinomycin. It was about equal to valinomycin for PVAV and much lower for PV-10 and PV-8. PV, PVPA and PVAV showed a selectivity sequence similar to that of valinomycin, namely K+ approximately Rb+ greater than Cs+ greater than Na+ greater than Li+. In the series PV, PV-10, PV-, the preference for K+ over Na+ was 700, 5 and less than 1, respectively. Thus, it was possible to reverse the selectivity of PV for K+ over Na+ by reducing the ring size from 12 to 8 amino acid residues. In sheep red cell lipid bilayer membranes PVPA increased the membrane conductance significantly in the presence of either KCl or NaCl but it was less potent than PV. PV-10, PV-8 and PVAV on the other hand were ineffective in this assay. The inactivity of PVAV as a potassium carrier in membrane was in contrast to its high affinity for potassium picrate in two-phase assays. Such a behaviour may be observed of a compound that has too low an aqueous cation binding constant to use the solution-complexation mechanism of PV (Davis et al. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 768--774 and Pinkerton et al. (1969) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35, 512--518) and too slow binding and release kinetics to use the interfacial-complexation mechanism of valinomycin.", "contents": "Selective ion binding and membrane activity of synthetic cyclopeptides. Four cyclic peptides related to the membrane-active complexones PV, cyclo-(L-Pro-Lval-D-Pro-D-Val)3, and valinomycin were synthesized: (1) cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ala-D-Val)3 or PVPA, (2) cyclo-(L-Ala-L-Val-D-Pro-D-Val)3 or PVAV, (3) cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val-D-Pro-D-Val)2-L-Pro-D-Val or PV-10, (4) cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val-D-Pro-D-Val)2 or PV-8. In a two-phase extraction assay the affinity of PV and PVPA for alkali picrates was about three orders or magnitude greater than that of valinomycin. It was about equal to valinomycin for PVAV and much lower for PV-10 and PV-8. PV, PVPA and PVAV showed a selectivity sequence similar to that of valinomycin, namely K+ approximately Rb+ greater than Cs+ greater than Na+ greater than Li+. In the series PV, PV-10, PV-, the preference for K+ over Na+ was 700, 5 and less than 1, respectively. Thus, it was possible to reverse the selectivity of PV for K+ over Na+ by reducing the ring size from 12 to 8 amino acid residues. In sheep red cell lipid bilayer membranes PVPA increased the membrane conductance significantly in the presence of either KCl or NaCl but it was less potent than PV. PV-10, PV-8 and PVAV on the other hand were ineffective in this assay. The inactivity of PVAV as a potassium carrier in membrane was in contrast to its high affinity for potassium picrate in two-phase assays. Such a behaviour may be observed of a compound that has too low an aqueous cation binding constant to use the solution-complexation mechanism of PV (Davis et al. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 768--774 and Pinkerton et al. (1969) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35, 512--518) and too slow binding and release kinetics to use the interfacial-complexation mechanism of valinomycin.", "PMID": 656410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6896", "title": "Manipulation of fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipid and its effects on cell growth in mouse LM cells.", "content": "Fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of mouse LM cells grown in suspension culture in serum-free chemically defined medium was modified by supplementing the medium with various fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin. Following supplementation with saturated fatty acids of longer than 15 carbons (100 micron) profound inhibition of cell growth occurred; this inhibitory effect was completely abolished when unsaturated fatty acids were added at the same concentration. Supplementing with unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid or arachidonic acid had no effect on the cell growth. Fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids could be manipulated by addition of different fatty acids. The normal percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in LM cell membrane phospholipids (63%) was reduced to 35--41% following incorporation of saturated fatty acids longer than 15 carbon atoms and increased to 72--82% after addition of unsaturated fatty acids. A good correlation was found between the unsaturated fatty acid content of membrane phospholipids and cell growth. When incorporated saturated fatty acids reduced the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids to less than 50%, severe inhibition of the cell growth was found. Simultaneous addition of an unsaturated fatty acid completely abolished this effect of saturated fatty acids. The results suggest that maintenance of membrane fluidity by unsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids is critical to membrane integrity and cell growth.", "contents": "Manipulation of fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipid and its effects on cell growth in mouse LM cells. Fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of mouse LM cells grown in suspension culture in serum-free chemically defined medium was modified by supplementing the medium with various fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin. Following supplementation with saturated fatty acids of longer than 15 carbons (100 micron) profound inhibition of cell growth occurred; this inhibitory effect was completely abolished when unsaturated fatty acids were added at the same concentration. Supplementing with unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid or arachidonic acid had no effect on the cell growth. Fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids could be manipulated by addition of different fatty acids. The normal percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in LM cell membrane phospholipids (63%) was reduced to 35--41% following incorporation of saturated fatty acids longer than 15 carbon atoms and increased to 72--82% after addition of unsaturated fatty acids. A good correlation was found between the unsaturated fatty acid content of membrane phospholipids and cell growth. When incorporated saturated fatty acids reduced the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids to less than 50%, severe inhibition of the cell growth was found. Simultaneous addition of an unsaturated fatty acid completely abolished this effect of saturated fatty acids. The results suggest that maintenance of membrane fluidity by unsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids is critical to membrane integrity and cell growth.", "PMID": 656411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6897", "title": "Relation of cytolytic activity of an ether-deoxy lysophosphatidylcholine analog to available membrane surface. Comparison of normal and tumor cells from mice.", "content": "1-Hexadecylpropanediol-3-phosphorylcholine, an ether-deoxy analog of lysophosphatidylcholine, has been employed to study the sensitivity of various types of mouse cells with respect to changes in membrane permeability induced by lysophosphatidylcholine. Cells used included erythrocytes, thymocytes, spleen cells and macrophage, as well as 4 different tumors (2 lymphomas, 1 Ehrlich acites and 1 methylcholanthren-induced fibrosarcoma). The sensitivity to the lysophosphatide (on a per-cell basis) of the above cell types varied by a factor of 65. When lytic concentrations were related to available membrane surface, this variation was reduced to a factor of 2.5. No principal difference was observed between the sensitivity of normal versus tumor cell membranes with respect to lysophosphatidylcholine lysis. Membrane surface, available for lysophosphatidylcholine, has been estimated from binding equilibria of 14C-labelled deoxy-lysophosphatidylcholine to the cells under standardized conditions. This method is based on the finding that binding equilibria of lysophospholipids to cells are predominantly determined by the available membrane surface.", "contents": "Relation of cytolytic activity of an ether-deoxy lysophosphatidylcholine analog to available membrane surface. Comparison of normal and tumor cells from mice. 1-Hexadecylpropanediol-3-phosphorylcholine, an ether-deoxy analog of lysophosphatidylcholine, has been employed to study the sensitivity of various types of mouse cells with respect to changes in membrane permeability induced by lysophosphatidylcholine. Cells used included erythrocytes, thymocytes, spleen cells and macrophage, as well as 4 different tumors (2 lymphomas, 1 Ehrlich acites and 1 methylcholanthren-induced fibrosarcoma). The sensitivity to the lysophosphatide (on a per-cell basis) of the above cell types varied by a factor of 65. When lytic concentrations were related to available membrane surface, this variation was reduced to a factor of 2.5. No principal difference was observed between the sensitivity of normal versus tumor cell membranes with respect to lysophosphatidylcholine lysis. Membrane surface, available for lysophosphatidylcholine, has been estimated from binding equilibria of 14C-labelled deoxy-lysophosphatidylcholine to the cells under standardized conditions. This method is based on the finding that binding equilibria of lysophospholipids to cells are predominantly determined by the available membrane surface.", "PMID": 656412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6898", "title": "Electrical properties and glucose permeability of bilayer lipid membranes on incorporation of erythrocyte membrane extracts.", "content": "1. Extracts of the human erythrocyte membrane have been prepared by solubilization with Triton X-100 and analysed by electrophoresis and gel filtration techniques. 2. The extracts have been incorporated asymmetrically into lecithincholesterol-n-decane planar bilayers. 3. The electrical characteristics and glucose permeabilities of the bilayers have been measured. 4. The extracts increased the electrical conductance of the bilayers and also markedly enhanced the D-glucose permeability but not the L-glucose permeability. 5. The enhanced D-glucose permeability was inhibited by monosaccharide transport inhibitors. 6. The results support the claim that a monosachharide facititated diffusion system has been set-up in vitro which has many of the characteristics of the transport system in the human erythrocyte membrane. 7. The data indicates that the trans membrane polypeptides of band 3 of the electrophoretogram of the erythrocyte membrane proteins (notation of Fairbanks, G., Steck, T.L. and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2606-2616) are implicated in D-glucose transport, although the possibility that relatively minor component of the membrane could be responsible for glucose transport cannot be eliminated.", "contents": "Electrical properties and glucose permeability of bilayer lipid membranes on incorporation of erythrocyte membrane extracts. 1. Extracts of the human erythrocyte membrane have been prepared by solubilization with Triton X-100 and analysed by electrophoresis and gel filtration techniques. 2. The extracts have been incorporated asymmetrically into lecithincholesterol-n-decane planar bilayers. 3. The electrical characteristics and glucose permeabilities of the bilayers have been measured. 4. The extracts increased the electrical conductance of the bilayers and also markedly enhanced the D-glucose permeability but not the L-glucose permeability. 5. The enhanced D-glucose permeability was inhibited by monosaccharide transport inhibitors. 6. The results support the claim that a monosachharide facititated diffusion system has been set-up in vitro which has many of the characteristics of the transport system in the human erythrocyte membrane. 7. The data indicates that the trans membrane polypeptides of band 3 of the electrophoretogram of the erythrocyte membrane proteins (notation of Fairbanks, G., Steck, T.L. and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2606-2616) are implicated in D-glucose transport, although the possibility that relatively minor component of the membrane could be responsible for glucose transport cannot be eliminated.", "PMID": 656413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6899", "title": "Antibody-mediated targeting of liposomes. Binding to lymphocytes does not ensure incorporation of vesicle contents into the cells.", "content": "Small sonicated lipid vesicles containing the water-souble fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein were formed from dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and the antigenic lipid N-dinitrophenylaminocaproyl phosphatidylethanolamine. When these vesicles were incubated with trinitrophenyl-modified human lymphocytes and divalent anti-trinitrophenyl antibody, the antibody bound 5000 to 15 000 vesicles to each cell. Binding was detected by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated by fluorometry and flow microfluorometry. Binding was three times greater with F(ab')2 fragments than with the whole antibody and, as expected, was almost absent with the monovalent F(ab') fragments. It was also absent or greatly reduced, (i) with control immunoglobulin G, (ii) in the presence of excess soluble trintrophenyl hapten, or (iii) if hapten was omitted from either cells or vesicles. It was unaffected by sodium azide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose but was markedly decreased at 3 degrees C. It was not reversed by incubation at 3 degrees C with excess trinitrophenyl lysine. Self-quenching of the fluorescence of 6-carboxyfluorescein was used to distinguish between release of vesicle contents into the cells and simple binding of intact vesicles (Weinstein, J.N., Yoshikami, S., Henkart, P., Blumenthal, R. and Gagins, W.A. (1977) Science 195, 489--491). Antibody-mediated binding led to little or no increase over spontaneous background levels in the amount of vesicle contents released into the lymphocytes.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated targeting of liposomes. Binding to lymphocytes does not ensure incorporation of vesicle contents into the cells. Small sonicated lipid vesicles containing the water-souble fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein were formed from dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and the antigenic lipid N-dinitrophenylaminocaproyl phosphatidylethanolamine. When these vesicles were incubated with trinitrophenyl-modified human lymphocytes and divalent anti-trinitrophenyl antibody, the antibody bound 5000 to 15 000 vesicles to each cell. Binding was detected by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated by fluorometry and flow microfluorometry. Binding was three times greater with F(ab')2 fragments than with the whole antibody and, as expected, was almost absent with the monovalent F(ab') fragments. It was also absent or greatly reduced, (i) with control immunoglobulin G, (ii) in the presence of excess soluble trintrophenyl hapten, or (iii) if hapten was omitted from either cells or vesicles. It was unaffected by sodium azide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose but was markedly decreased at 3 degrees C. It was not reversed by incubation at 3 degrees C with excess trinitrophenyl lysine. Self-quenching of the fluorescence of 6-carboxyfluorescein was used to distinguish between release of vesicle contents into the cells and simple binding of intact vesicles (Weinstein, J.N., Yoshikami, S., Henkart, P., Blumenthal, R. and Gagins, W.A. (1977) Science 195, 489--491). Antibody-mediated binding led to little or no increase over spontaneous background levels in the amount of vesicle contents released into the lymphocytes.", "PMID": 656414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6900", "title": "Transient photovoltages in purple membrane multilayers. Charge displacement in bacteriorhodopsin and its photointermediates.", "content": "The photovoltaic properties of bacteriorhodopsin molecules and their photochemical intermediates have been investigated in an experimental cell consisting of multilayered films of highly oriented, dry fragments of purple membrane and lipid sandwiched between two metal (Pd) electrodes. The electrical time constant of these sandwich cells containing between 5 and 30 layers is less than 10(-5) S. Bright illumination of these cells with actinic flashes of approximately 1 ms duration generates transient photovoltages. These photovoltages, which make the extracellular surface of purple membrane positive with respect to the intracellular surface, follow the time course of the flash with no detectable latency. The amplitude of the photovoltages increases linearly with light intensity and their action spectrum matches the absorption spectrum of the light-adapted state of bacteriorhodopsin, BR570. In these dry multilayer cells, the slow photointermediates of bacteriorhodopsin, M412, N520 and O640 are long lived. Illumination of the sandwich cells with long duration (200 ms) pulses of light results, therefore, in the formation of photomixtures containing all these slow photointermediates. Flash illumination of the sandwich cells immediately following the conditioning pulse produces photovoltages whose action spectra match the absorption spectra of the M412 and N520 photointermediates. The M412 photovoltages, like the BR570 photovoltages, follow the time course of the actinic flash with no detectable latency and increase in amplitude linearly with light intensity. But, unlike the BR570 photovoltage, the M412, N520 and O640 photovoltages make the extracellular surface of purple membrane negative with respect to the intracellular surface. Through the of their specific photovoltaic signals, M412 and N520 are shown to be kinetically distinct photointermediates of bacteriorhodopsin. Detection of fast photovoltages with these characteristics in the absence of any ionic solution, and in parallel with spectrophotometric changes, suggest that they arise from charge displacements in the bacteriorhodopsin molecules and their photointermediates as they undergo photochemical conversion in response to the absorption of photons.", "contents": "Transient photovoltages in purple membrane multilayers. Charge displacement in bacteriorhodopsin and its photointermediates. The photovoltaic properties of bacteriorhodopsin molecules and their photochemical intermediates have been investigated in an experimental cell consisting of multilayered films of highly oriented, dry fragments of purple membrane and lipid sandwiched between two metal (Pd) electrodes. The electrical time constant of these sandwich cells containing between 5 and 30 layers is less than 10(-5) S. Bright illumination of these cells with actinic flashes of approximately 1 ms duration generates transient photovoltages. These photovoltages, which make the extracellular surface of purple membrane positive with respect to the intracellular surface, follow the time course of the flash with no detectable latency. The amplitude of the photovoltages increases linearly with light intensity and their action spectrum matches the absorption spectrum of the light-adapted state of bacteriorhodopsin, BR570. In these dry multilayer cells, the slow photointermediates of bacteriorhodopsin, M412, N520 and O640 are long lived. Illumination of the sandwich cells with long duration (200 ms) pulses of light results, therefore, in the formation of photomixtures containing all these slow photointermediates. Flash illumination of the sandwich cells immediately following the conditioning pulse produces photovoltages whose action spectra match the absorption spectra of the M412 and N520 photointermediates. The M412 photovoltages, like the BR570 photovoltages, follow the time course of the actinic flash with no detectable latency and increase in amplitude linearly with light intensity. But, unlike the BR570 photovoltage, the M412, N520 and O640 photovoltages make the extracellular surface of purple membrane negative with respect to the intracellular surface. Through the of their specific photovoltaic signals, M412 and N520 are shown to be kinetically distinct photointermediates of bacteriorhodopsin. Detection of fast photovoltages with these characteristics in the absence of any ionic solution, and in parallel with spectrophotometric changes, suggest that they arise from charge displacements in the bacteriorhodopsin molecules and their photointermediates as they undergo photochemical conversion in response to the absorption of photons.", "PMID": 656415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6901", "title": "A simple apparatus for performing short-time (1--2 seconds) uptake measurements in small volumes; its application to D-glucose transport studies in brush border vesicles from rabbit jejunum and ileum.", "content": "An automated procedure allows uptake measurements with incubation times as short as 0.5 s and with volumes of 10--20 microliter. Using this technique the kinetic parameters Km and V of D-glucose transport in brush border vesicles from rabbit small intestine could be determined from unidirectional fluxes. A comparison of the data obtained from jejunum and from ileum shows that the Km for D-glucose is the same in both parts of the intestine, whereas the maximum flux is significantly larger in the jejunum.", "contents": "A simple apparatus for performing short-time (1--2 seconds) uptake measurements in small volumes; its application to D-glucose transport studies in brush border vesicles from rabbit jejunum and ileum. An automated procedure allows uptake measurements with incubation times as short as 0.5 s and with volumes of 10--20 microliter. Using this technique the kinetic parameters Km and V of D-glucose transport in brush border vesicles from rabbit small intestine could be determined from unidirectional fluxes. A comparison of the data obtained from jejunum and from ileum shows that the Km for D-glucose is the same in both parts of the intestine, whereas the maximum flux is significantly larger in the jejunum.", "PMID": 656416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6902", "title": "Differential effects of erythrocyte lysates on spectra of potential-sensing carbocyanine dyes.", "content": "A recent report by Hladky, S.B. and Rink, T.J. ((1976) J. Physiol. 263, 287--319) demonstrates the binding of a thiocarbocyanine dye (di-S-C3 (5)) to an intracellular constituent from human erythrocytes. Evidence presented below shows that the binding of carbocyanine dyes depends on the particular type of dye used and on the species of erythrocyte from which cellular constituents are prepared. It is recommended that dyes which show minimal binding to intracellular components be used for investigations where carbocyanine dyes are employed as probes of membrane potential.", "contents": "Differential effects of erythrocyte lysates on spectra of potential-sensing carbocyanine dyes. A recent report by Hladky, S.B. and Rink, T.J. ((1976) J. Physiol. 263, 287--319) demonstrates the binding of a thiocarbocyanine dye (di-S-C3 (5)) to an intracellular constituent from human erythrocytes. Evidence presented below shows that the binding of carbocyanine dyes depends on the particular type of dye used and on the species of erythrocyte from which cellular constituents are prepared. It is recommended that dyes which show minimal binding to intracellular components be used for investigations where carbocyanine dyes are employed as probes of membrane potential.", "PMID": 656417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6903", "title": "Amiloride-induced stimulation of HCO-3 reabsorption in turtle bladder.", "content": "Amiloride in the mucosal fluid (at concentrations of 5 . 10(-6) M to 10(-4) M) reversibly stimulates the HCO-3-dependent moiety of the short-circuiting current (Isc) in ouabain-treated turtle bladders bathed by Na-free Ringer solutions with or without Cl-. This effect is uniquely different from the known inhibitory effect of this agent on Na+ transport. Thus, any comprehensive hypothesis on the action of amiloride over a wide dosage-response range should take into account its effect on HCO-3 transport.", "contents": "Amiloride-induced stimulation of HCO-3 reabsorption in turtle bladder. Amiloride in the mucosal fluid (at concentrations of 5 . 10(-6) M to 10(-4) M) reversibly stimulates the HCO-3-dependent moiety of the short-circuiting current (Isc) in ouabain-treated turtle bladders bathed by Na-free Ringer solutions with or without Cl-. This effect is uniquely different from the known inhibitory effect of this agent on Na+ transport. Thus, any comprehensive hypothesis on the action of amiloride over a wide dosage-response range should take into account its effect on HCO-3 transport.", "PMID": 656418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6904", "title": "Neurite formation and membrane changes of mouse neurobalstoma cells induced by valinomycin.", "content": "A clonal cell line of mouse neuroblastoma cells was found to undergo morphological differentiation in the presence of a K+ ionophore, valinomycin, in the assay medium. This effect was blocked by increasing the concentration of KCl of the medium, suggesting that the changes in resting membrane potential and ion fluxes may be involved in the mechanism of the formation of neurites. No enhancement of the neurite formation was observed in salines containing high concentrations of KCl in the absence of valinomycin. Depolarizing agents including veratridine, gramicidin and ouabain did not stimulate the outgrowth of neurites. Neither electrophoretic mobility of the cells nor molecular anisotropy of fluorescence probes in the membranes was modified by the treatment of valinomycin. Instead, it modified the slow binding phase in kinetics of the interaction of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) with the cells, which is related to the penetration process of the probe into membranes. Valinomycin also enhanced the fluorescence intensity of ANS by increasing the binding sites in neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "Neurite formation and membrane changes of mouse neurobalstoma cells induced by valinomycin. A clonal cell line of mouse neuroblastoma cells was found to undergo morphological differentiation in the presence of a K+ ionophore, valinomycin, in the assay medium. This effect was blocked by increasing the concentration of KCl of the medium, suggesting that the changes in resting membrane potential and ion fluxes may be involved in the mechanism of the formation of neurites. No enhancement of the neurite formation was observed in salines containing high concentrations of KCl in the absence of valinomycin. Depolarizing agents including veratridine, gramicidin and ouabain did not stimulate the outgrowth of neurites. Neither electrophoretic mobility of the cells nor molecular anisotropy of fluorescence probes in the membranes was modified by the treatment of valinomycin. Instead, it modified the slow binding phase in kinetics of the interaction of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) with the cells, which is related to the penetration process of the probe into membranes. Valinomycin also enhanced the fluorescence intensity of ANS by increasing the binding sites in neuroblastoma cells.", "PMID": 656419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6905", "title": "A change in membrane microviscosity of mouse neuroblastoma cells in association with morphological differentiation.", "content": "Changes in membrane microviscosity as well as in membrane constituents of mouse neuroblastoma clone N-18 were studied in association with neurite formation. The membrane microviscosity studied by fluorescence technique increased with the formation of neurites. The concomitant increase increase in the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids was also observed.", "contents": "A change in membrane microviscosity of mouse neuroblastoma cells in association with morphological differentiation. Changes in membrane microviscosity as well as in membrane constituents of mouse neuroblastoma clone N-18 were studied in association with neurite formation. The membrane microviscosity studied by fluorescence technique increased with the formation of neurites. The concomitant increase increase in the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids was also observed.", "PMID": 656420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6906", "title": "Glycophorin facilitates the transbilayer movement of phosphatidylcholine in vesicles.", "content": "The rate of transbilayer movement of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine in sonicated lipid vesicles is enhanced by at least two orders of magnitude upon incorporation of glycophorin in the bilayer.", "contents": "Glycophorin facilitates the transbilayer movement of phosphatidylcholine in vesicles. The rate of transbilayer movement of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine in sonicated lipid vesicles is enhanced by at least two orders of magnitude upon incorporation of glycophorin in the bilayer.", "PMID": 656421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6907", "title": "Heat inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. Evidence for a mechanism independent of the hemin-controlled repressor.", "content": "Incubation of rabbit reticulocytes at 45 degrees C results in a prompt but reversible decrease in protein synthesis and a concomitant conversion of polyribosomes to smaller aggregates. These effects occur even in the presence of 100 micrometer hemin in the incubation medium. There is also inhibition of heme synthesis but this occurs at a later time than the effect on protein synthesis. The inhibtion of heme synthesis results from a decrease in activity of beta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. This decrease of heme synthesis appears to be secondary to the inhibition of protein synthesis with resultant accumulation of intramitochondrial heme (which will decrease beta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity). An inhibitor of reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesis formed in the postribosomal supernatants of cells incubated at both 45 and 37 degrees C but not at 0 degrees C. No temporal or quantitative differences in the amount of this inhibitor from cells treated at either 37 or 45 degrees C was apparent. The inhibitor was not found in the fraction where the hemin-controlled repressor is isolated. It is concluded that heat inactivation of intact reticulocyte protein synthesis does not depend upon a decrease in heme synthesis, heme concentration or generation of the hemin-controlled repressor. Furthermore, it appears that the inhibitor formed in the post-ribosomal supernatant cannot be the sole cause of the heat inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Heat inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. Evidence for a mechanism independent of the hemin-controlled repressor. Incubation of rabbit reticulocytes at 45 degrees C results in a prompt but reversible decrease in protein synthesis and a concomitant conversion of polyribosomes to smaller aggregates. These effects occur even in the presence of 100 micrometer hemin in the incubation medium. There is also inhibition of heme synthesis but this occurs at a later time than the effect on protein synthesis. The inhibtion of heme synthesis results from a decrease in activity of beta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. This decrease of heme synthesis appears to be secondary to the inhibition of protein synthesis with resultant accumulation of intramitochondrial heme (which will decrease beta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity). An inhibitor of reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesis formed in the postribosomal supernatants of cells incubated at both 45 and 37 degrees C but not at 0 degrees C. No temporal or quantitative differences in the amount of this inhibitor from cells treated at either 37 or 45 degrees C was apparent. The inhibitor was not found in the fraction where the hemin-controlled repressor is isolated. It is concluded that heat inactivation of intact reticulocyte protein synthesis does not depend upon a decrease in heme synthesis, heme concentration or generation of the hemin-controlled repressor. Furthermore, it appears that the inhibitor formed in the post-ribosomal supernatant cannot be the sole cause of the heat inhibition of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 656422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6908", "title": "Mapping of deoxydi- and trinucleotides liberated by the action of endonucleases from the silkworm and Aspergillis oryzae.", "content": "Both silkworm nuclease and nuclease O of Aspergillus oryzae mycelia hydrolyse DNA endolytically to di- and trinucleotides terminating in 5'-phosphate. These oligonucleotides were fractionated first be DEAE-cellulose chromatography with 7 M urea into the respective isoplithic groups and then analysed for the composition and isomerism: each group was labeled 5'-terminally by the [gamma-32P]ATP-polynucleotide kinase reaction and then electrophoresed monodimensionally for the dinucleotides and two-dimensionally for the di- and trinucleotides mixtures, respectively, followed by elution and digestion with snake venom exonuclease. Both nucleases gave rather similar simple maps in which all sixteen dinucleotides and almost all the possible trinucleotides were identified, indicating their random mode of actions.", "contents": "Mapping of deoxydi- and trinucleotides liberated by the action of endonucleases from the silkworm and Aspergillis oryzae. Both silkworm nuclease and nuclease O of Aspergillus oryzae mycelia hydrolyse DNA endolytically to di- and trinucleotides terminating in 5'-phosphate. These oligonucleotides were fractionated first be DEAE-cellulose chromatography with 7 M urea into the respective isoplithic groups and then analysed for the composition and isomerism: each group was labeled 5'-terminally by the [gamma-32P]ATP-polynucleotide kinase reaction and then electrophoresed monodimensionally for the dinucleotides and two-dimensionally for the di- and trinucleotides mixtures, respectively, followed by elution and digestion with snake venom exonuclease. Both nucleases gave rather similar simple maps in which all sixteen dinucleotides and almost all the possible trinucleotides were identified, indicating their random mode of actions.", "PMID": 656423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6909", "title": "Non-coordinated histone synthesis with DNA replication and close temporal association of ribosomal proteins and rRNA syntheses in germinating Vicia faba embryos.", "content": "Syntheses of DNA, RNA and basic proteins during germination of Vicia faba seeds were examined. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA reached a maximum peak at approximately 34 h after beginning imbibition and the phase of DNA replication was preceded by active RNA synthesis. When Vicia embryos were labeled with [3H]lysine or E13H]arginine, these isotopes were incorporated into ribosomal proteins and histones. The incorporation studies indicated that the synthesis of ribosomal structural proteins is closely linked with rRNA synthesis and histone synthesis occurs during and also before the phase of DNA replication. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Vica histones indicated that some histones of Vicia embryos differ from corresponding calf thymus histones in their mobilities.", "contents": "Non-coordinated histone synthesis with DNA replication and close temporal association of ribosomal proteins and rRNA syntheses in germinating Vicia faba embryos. Syntheses of DNA, RNA and basic proteins during germination of Vicia faba seeds were examined. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA reached a maximum peak at approximately 34 h after beginning imbibition and the phase of DNA replication was preceded by active RNA synthesis. When Vicia embryos were labeled with [3H]lysine or E13H]arginine, these isotopes were incorporated into ribosomal proteins and histones. The incorporation studies indicated that the synthesis of ribosomal structural proteins is closely linked with rRNA synthesis and histone synthesis occurs during and also before the phase of DNA replication. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Vica histones indicated that some histones of Vicia embryos differ from corresponding calf thymus histones in their mobilities.", "PMID": 656424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6910", "title": "Cleavage of type 2 adenovirus DNA by HaeIII endonuclease. I. Catalog of HaeIII fragments.", "content": "Tye 2 adenovirus DNA was divided into 14 fragments by sequential use of BamI, HsuI, SmaI, anc EcoRI endonuclease. Each fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis and subsequently cleaved with HaeIII endonuclease. From the number of fragments produced, we could calculate the number of HaeIII cleavage sites: there are a total of 187 sites. HaeIII sites were not randomly distributed along the adenovirus chromosome. Most sites were clustered in the G + C-rich left half of the chromosome. The sum of the molecular weights of the HaeIII fragments is 22.4 . 10(6), within 2 % of the molecular weight of adenovirus DNA (22.9 . 10(6).", "contents": "Cleavage of type 2 adenovirus DNA by HaeIII endonuclease. I. Catalog of HaeIII fragments. Tye 2 adenovirus DNA was divided into 14 fragments by sequential use of BamI, HsuI, SmaI, anc EcoRI endonuclease. Each fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis and subsequently cleaved with HaeIII endonuclease. From the number of fragments produced, we could calculate the number of HaeIII cleavage sites: there are a total of 187 sites. HaeIII sites were not randomly distributed along the adenovirus chromosome. Most sites were clustered in the G + C-rich left half of the chromosome. The sum of the molecular weights of the HaeIII fragments is 22.4 . 10(6), within 2 % of the molecular weight of adenovirus DNA (22.9 . 10(6).", "PMID": 656425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6911", "title": "Cleavage of type 2 adenovirus DNA BY HaeIII endonuclease. II. Map of HaeIII sites in EcoRI fragments C and E.", "content": "Fourteen HaeIII cleavage sites have been located in EcoRI fragments C and E which together constitute the rightmost 16.6% of the type 2 adenovirus chromosome. In addition, nine sites recognized by SmaI, BalI, HsuI, HpaI, and HpaII endonucleases have also been mapped in this region.", "contents": "Cleavage of type 2 adenovirus DNA BY HaeIII endonuclease. II. Map of HaeIII sites in EcoRI fragments C and E. Fourteen HaeIII cleavage sites have been located in EcoRI fragments C and E which together constitute the rightmost 16.6% of the type 2 adenovirus chromosome. In addition, nine sites recognized by SmaI, BalI, HsuI, HpaI, and HpaII endonucleases have also been mapped in this region.", "PMID": 656426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6912", "title": "Base composition studies on transfer RNA from normal and regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The base composition of bulk tRNA isolated from regenerating rat liver, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h after partial hepatectomy, was determined by a 3H derivative method. Only a few minor statistically significant changes (2--11%), as compared to sham-operated liver, were found at 18, 24 and 30 h after hepatectomy. These included a reduction in the amounts of adenosine and 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine, and an increase in the amounts of 1-methyl-adenosine, 1-methylguanosine, 3-methylcytidine and pseudouridine. Similarly, when the base composition of tRNA fractions from control and 24-h regenerating rat liver, partially purified by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was determined, no gross differences were observed. These results suggest that the process of liver regeneration is not accompanied by a gross alteration of the modification pattern of tRNA.", "contents": "Base composition studies on transfer RNA from normal and regenerating rat liver. The base composition of bulk tRNA isolated from regenerating rat liver, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h after partial hepatectomy, was determined by a 3H derivative method. Only a few minor statistically significant changes (2--11%), as compared to sham-operated liver, were found at 18, 24 and 30 h after hepatectomy. These included a reduction in the amounts of adenosine and 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine, and an increase in the amounts of 1-methyl-adenosine, 1-methylguanosine, 3-methylcytidine and pseudouridine. Similarly, when the base composition of tRNA fractions from control and 24-h regenerating rat liver, partially purified by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was determined, no gross differences were observed. These results suggest that the process of liver regeneration is not accompanied by a gross alteration of the modification pattern of tRNA.", "PMID": 656428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6913", "title": "Uncoupling of amino acid turnover on transfer RNA from protein synthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "The aminoacylation of tRNA has been investigated in relation to protein aynthesis in living HeLa cells. In cells growing normally, the rates of tRNA charing are compatible with the observed entry of amino acids into protein. In contrast, when protein synthesis is inhibited 95--98% by either reduced temperature or cycloheximide, aminoacylation of tRNA is relatively unaffected. We conclude that, under these conditions, the aminoacylation of tRNA is uncoupled from subsequent steps in protein synthesis. These results provide for the first time a possible biological role for the observed aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activities of the tRNA synthetases.", "contents": "Uncoupling of amino acid turnover on transfer RNA from protein synthesis in HeLa cells. The aminoacylation of tRNA has been investigated in relation to protein aynthesis in living HeLa cells. In cells growing normally, the rates of tRNA charing are compatible with the observed entry of amino acids into protein. In contrast, when protein synthesis is inhibited 95--98% by either reduced temperature or cycloheximide, aminoacylation of tRNA is relatively unaffected. We conclude that, under these conditions, the aminoacylation of tRNA is uncoupled from subsequent steps in protein synthesis. These results provide for the first time a possible biological role for the observed aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activities of the tRNA synthetases.", "PMID": 656429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6914", "title": "Amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system derived from rat liver studied with the aid of selenodiglutathione.", "content": "Selenodiglutathione (GSSeSG), a potent inhibitor of elongation factor 2 (EF2) has been used to study amino acid incorporation in a rat liver cell-free system. While translocation of the ribosomes was inhibited by GSSeSG, ribosomes with a free acceptor site were still capable of incorporating one amino acid residue. From this the average number of amino acids incorporated per ribosomes was calculated to be 2--5. In this respect virtually no difference has been observed between ribosomes present on small or large aggregates. The time required for one translocation by all active ribosomes, and the time required for the incorporation of one amino acid (starting with aminoacyl-tRNA or amino acids) has also been determined. By incubation under conditions for amino acid incorporation, part of the ribosomes were completely inactivated whereas the rest remained as active as at the start of the incubation.", "contents": "Amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system derived from rat liver studied with the aid of selenodiglutathione. Selenodiglutathione (GSSeSG), a potent inhibitor of elongation factor 2 (EF2) has been used to study amino acid incorporation in a rat liver cell-free system. While translocation of the ribosomes was inhibited by GSSeSG, ribosomes with a free acceptor site were still capable of incorporating one amino acid residue. From this the average number of amino acids incorporated per ribosomes was calculated to be 2--5. In this respect virtually no difference has been observed between ribosomes present on small or large aggregates. The time required for one translocation by all active ribosomes, and the time required for the incorporation of one amino acid (starting with aminoacyl-tRNA or amino acids) has also been determined. By incubation under conditions for amino acid incorporation, part of the ribosomes were completely inactivated whereas the rest remained as active as at the start of the incubation.", "PMID": 656431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6915", "title": "Template activity for histones of poly(A)-minus RNA fraction from different developmental stages of Artemia salina embryos.", "content": "Template activity for histones of RNA fractions derived from Artemia salina embryos at different developmental stages were measured in a Krebs ascites cell-free system. Appreciable amounts of acid-soluble polypeptides comigrating with Hela cell histone markers on acrylamide gel electrophoresis were detected only when RNA fractions from nauplii were used. Tryptic peptide analysis by high voltage electrophoresis of the translational products had a pattern qualitatively similar to that of in vivo labeled histone markers from Hela.", "contents": "Template activity for histones of poly(A)-minus RNA fraction from different developmental stages of Artemia salina embryos. Template activity for histones of RNA fractions derived from Artemia salina embryos at different developmental stages were measured in a Krebs ascites cell-free system. Appreciable amounts of acid-soluble polypeptides comigrating with Hela cell histone markers on acrylamide gel electrophoresis were detected only when RNA fractions from nauplii were used. Tryptic peptide analysis by high voltage electrophoresis of the translational products had a pattern qualitatively similar to that of in vivo labeled histone markers from Hela.", "PMID": 656432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6916", "title": "The properties of hydrogenase from Thiocapsa roseopersicina.", "content": "The soluble and chromatophore-bound hydrogenases from the purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain BBS were purified up to homogeneity and the properties studied. The amino acid composition of hydrogenase preparations from different fractions of T. roseopersicina is identical, glycine and alanine as N-terminal amino acid residues. In comparison with other hydrogenases, especially in the immobilized state, the preparations obtained are shown to be more stable to O2 during storage and they are characterized by high thermal stability. Inactivation is observed above 78--80 degrees C and the optimal temperature for enzyme action is 70 degrees C. The homogeneous enzyme preparations catalyse the exchange reaction between 2H2 and H2O and reversible redox reactions of methyl viologen and benzyl viologen as well as H2 formation from reduced ferredoxin. According to our data, the hydrogenase of T. roseopersicina bound with chromatophores is identical to the soluble one.", "contents": "The properties of hydrogenase from Thiocapsa roseopersicina. The soluble and chromatophore-bound hydrogenases from the purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain BBS were purified up to homogeneity and the properties studied. The amino acid composition of hydrogenase preparations from different fractions of T. roseopersicina is identical, glycine and alanine as N-terminal amino acid residues. In comparison with other hydrogenases, especially in the immobilized state, the preparations obtained are shown to be more stable to O2 during storage and they are characterized by high thermal stability. Inactivation is observed above 78--80 degrees C and the optimal temperature for enzyme action is 70 degrees C. The homogeneous enzyme preparations catalyse the exchange reaction between 2H2 and H2O and reversible redox reactions of methyl viologen and benzyl viologen as well as H2 formation from reduced ferredoxin. According to our data, the hydrogenase of T. roseopersicina bound with chromatophores is identical to the soluble one.", "PMID": 656433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6917", "title": "The function of carbohydrate moiety and alteration of carbohydrate composition in human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.", "content": "The relationship between the structure and function of alkaline phosphatase (orthoposphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzymes is under investigation in a number of laboratories. The present study deals with the effects of glycosidase digestion on the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Changes in physicochemcial properties, activity, affinity for various lectins and blood group antisera, carbohydrate composition and biological half-life were investigated. The desialylated hepatic enzyme was shown to be more heat labile and more sensitive to protease digestion in the presence of 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate than native hepatic enzyme. Helix contents of the native and desialated hepatic enzyme were calculated to be 39.0 and 30.8%, respectively, and apparent molecular weights 175,000 and 167,000, respectively. Intestinal enzyme preparations treated with alpha-mannosidase, exo-N-acetyl-Dglucosaminidase and endo-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase-D displayed a decrease in enzyme activity. Among these, the alpha-mannosidase-treated enzyme activity was the most clearly reduction. The maximum activity of the alpha-mannosidase-treated intestinal enzyme was observed to change from 40 mM Mg2+ to 5--10 mM Mg2+.", "contents": "The function of carbohydrate moiety and alteration of carbohydrate composition in human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. The relationship between the structure and function of alkaline phosphatase (orthoposphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzymes is under investigation in a number of laboratories. The present study deals with the effects of glycosidase digestion on the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Changes in physicochemcial properties, activity, affinity for various lectins and blood group antisera, carbohydrate composition and biological half-life were investigated. The desialylated hepatic enzyme was shown to be more heat labile and more sensitive to protease digestion in the presence of 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate than native hepatic enzyme. Helix contents of the native and desialated hepatic enzyme were calculated to be 39.0 and 30.8%, respectively, and apparent molecular weights 175,000 and 167,000, respectively. Intestinal enzyme preparations treated with alpha-mannosidase, exo-N-acetyl-Dglucosaminidase and endo-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase-D displayed a decrease in enzyme activity. Among these, the alpha-mannosidase-treated enzyme activity was the most clearly reduction. The maximum activity of the alpha-mannosidase-treated intestinal enzyme was observed to change from 40 mM Mg2+ to 5--10 mM Mg2+.", "PMID": 656434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6918", "title": "An essential active-site histidine residue in human prostatic acid phosphatase. Ethoxyformylation by diethyl pyrocarbonate and phosphorylation by a substrate.", "content": "Human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) is a dimeric (alpha 2) protein that catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters. Several reports suggest that a phosphoenzyme intermediate is involved in the mechanism of acid phosphatase. Chemical modification studies and trapping experiments were therefore undertaken in order to ascertain the identity of the amino acid residue(s) involved in the formation of this intermediate. Human prostatic acid phosphatase is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate (second-order rate constant of 7 M-1. min-1 at pH 6.2) with an accompanying increase in absorbance at 242 nm due to formation of ethoxyformylhistidyl derivatives. In the presence of competive inhibitors the rate of inactivation is decreased. Inactivation can be partially reversed by hydroxylamine. The pH curve of inactivation indicates the involvement of a residue having a pK alpha of 6.5. Direct evidence for the involvement of a histidine residue in the mechanism was obtained by trapping a covalent phosphohistidyl-enzyme intermediate. Incubation of the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl [32 P] phosphate leads to incorporation of 0.44 mol 32P/mol enzyme. The denatured phosphoenzyme,which was acid labile but base stable, was hydrolyzed in 3 M KOH and the radioactivity was found to cochromatograph with synthetic tau-phosphohistidine on Dowex-1 ion-exchange resin. These results are consistent with a catalytic mechanism involving histidine as a nucleophile in the formation of a covalents phosphoenzyme intermediate.", "contents": "An essential active-site histidine residue in human prostatic acid phosphatase. Ethoxyformylation by diethyl pyrocarbonate and phosphorylation by a substrate. Human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) is a dimeric (alpha 2) protein that catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters. Several reports suggest that a phosphoenzyme intermediate is involved in the mechanism of acid phosphatase. Chemical modification studies and trapping experiments were therefore undertaken in order to ascertain the identity of the amino acid residue(s) involved in the formation of this intermediate. Human prostatic acid phosphatase is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate (second-order rate constant of 7 M-1. min-1 at pH 6.2) with an accompanying increase in absorbance at 242 nm due to formation of ethoxyformylhistidyl derivatives. In the presence of competive inhibitors the rate of inactivation is decreased. Inactivation can be partially reversed by hydroxylamine. The pH curve of inactivation indicates the involvement of a residue having a pK alpha of 6.5. Direct evidence for the involvement of a histidine residue in the mechanism was obtained by trapping a covalent phosphohistidyl-enzyme intermediate. Incubation of the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl [32 P] phosphate leads to incorporation of 0.44 mol 32P/mol enzyme. The denatured phosphoenzyme,which was acid labile but base stable, was hydrolyzed in 3 M KOH and the radioactivity was found to cochromatograph with synthetic tau-phosphohistidine on Dowex-1 ion-exchange resin. These results are consistent with a catalytic mechanism involving histidine as a nucleophile in the formation of a covalents phosphoenzyme intermediate.", "PMID": 656435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6919", "title": "An essential arginine residue in human prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Treatment of human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) with either of the arginine-specific modifiers 2,3-butanedione or 1,2-cyclohexanedione in borate buffer at pH 8.1 leads to loss of activity. The inactivation by cyclohexanedione can be partially reversed by 0.2 M hydroxylamine. The rate of inactivation by both modifiers is decreased in the presence of the competitive inhibitors L-(+)-tartrate or inorganic phosphate but not in the presence of the non-inhibitor D-(-)-tartrate. Amino acid analysis of modified acid phosphatase indicates that only arginines are modified and that L-(+)-tartrate protects at least two arginyl residues from modification. A likely role of these arginyl residues is their involvement in binding the negatively charged phosphate group of the substrate.", "contents": "An essential arginine residue in human prostatic acid phosphatase. Treatment of human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) with either of the arginine-specific modifiers 2,3-butanedione or 1,2-cyclohexanedione in borate buffer at pH 8.1 leads to loss of activity. The inactivation by cyclohexanedione can be partially reversed by 0.2 M hydroxylamine. The rate of inactivation by both modifiers is decreased in the presence of the competitive inhibitors L-(+)-tartrate or inorganic phosphate but not in the presence of the non-inhibitor D-(-)-tartrate. Amino acid analysis of modified acid phosphatase indicates that only arginines are modified and that L-(+)-tartrate protects at least two arginyl residues from modification. A likely role of these arginyl residues is their involvement in binding the negatively charged phosphate group of the substrate.", "PMID": 656436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6920", "title": "The multiple forms and kinetic differences of rat colonic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases.", "content": "Rat colonic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) has been separated into three forms by DEAE-cellulose chromatography with an increasing salt gradient. It was not possible to separate the glucosaminidase activity from the galactosaminidase activity by a variety of chromatographic procedues, but the ratio of the two specific activities varied during purification. The pH optima were however identical, for both activities and all three forms. Kinetic measurements including inhibition by substrate analogues showed differences between the two activities as well as among the three forms. A common active site model was inconsistent with the results. Data from mixed substrate experiments were consistent with a model wherein the two activities reside in seperate active sites, each able to be inhibited by the substrate for the other site. The effect of acetate and SH reagents confirmed the two-site model. Treatment with neuraminidase, thimerosal, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, HgCl2 and AgNO3 or heating at 50 degrees C did not produce any effect on the A form that could be identified as a conversion to the B form. Measurement of the effects on both activities supported the two-site model. It is concluded that the relationship between the A and B forms in the rat colonic mucosa hexosaminidases must be different from that reported for such enzymes from other sources.", "contents": "The multiple forms and kinetic differences of rat colonic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Rat colonic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) has been separated into three forms by DEAE-cellulose chromatography with an increasing salt gradient. It was not possible to separate the glucosaminidase activity from the galactosaminidase activity by a variety of chromatographic procedues, but the ratio of the two specific activities varied during purification. The pH optima were however identical, for both activities and all three forms. Kinetic measurements including inhibition by substrate analogues showed differences between the two activities as well as among the three forms. A common active site model was inconsistent with the results. Data from mixed substrate experiments were consistent with a model wherein the two activities reside in seperate active sites, each able to be inhibited by the substrate for the other site. The effect of acetate and SH reagents confirmed the two-site model. Treatment with neuraminidase, thimerosal, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, HgCl2 and AgNO3 or heating at 50 degrees C did not produce any effect on the A form that could be identified as a conversion to the B form. Measurement of the effects on both activities supported the two-site model. It is concluded that the relationship between the A and B forms in the rat colonic mucosa hexosaminidases must be different from that reported for such enzymes from other sources.", "PMID": 656437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6921", "title": "In vitro prothrombin synthesis from a purified precursor protein. II. Partial purification of bovine carboxylase.", "content": "In this paper, we describe the isolation and partial purification of an enzyme system that converts bovine decarboxyfactor II (PIVKA-II) into prothrombin (factor II). It is shown that the increase in factor II activity occurs in parallel with 14CO2 incorporation into BaSO4 adsorbable proteins. The system is not strictly vitamin K-dependent because it is obtained from the livers of normal healthy cows. By preincubating the enzyme(s) with an excess of warfarin, an absolute vitamin K1-dependence can be obtained. The reaction is inhibited by its own product, factor II.", "contents": "In vitro prothrombin synthesis from a purified precursor protein. II. Partial purification of bovine carboxylase. In this paper, we describe the isolation and partial purification of an enzyme system that converts bovine decarboxyfactor II (PIVKA-II) into prothrombin (factor II). It is shown that the increase in factor II activity occurs in parallel with 14CO2 incorporation into BaSO4 adsorbable proteins. The system is not strictly vitamin K-dependent because it is obtained from the livers of normal healthy cows. By preincubating the enzyme(s) with an excess of warfarin, an absolute vitamin K1-dependence can be obtained. The reaction is inhibited by its own product, factor II.", "PMID": 656438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6922", "title": "Enzymatic oxidation of mercury vapor by erythrocytes.", "content": "The formation of glutathione radicals, the evolution of nascent oxygen or the peroxidatic reaction with catalase complex I are considered as possible mechanisms for the oxidation of mercury vapor by red blood cells. To select among these, the uptake of atomic mercury by erythrocytes from different species was studied and related to their various activities of catalase (hydrogenperoxide : hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (glutathione : hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9). A slow and continuous infusion of diluted H2O2 was used to maintain steady concentrations of complex I. 1% red cell supsensions were found most suitable showing high rates of Hg uptake and yielding still enough cells for subsequent determinations. The results indicate that the oxidation of mercury depends upon the H2O2-generation rate and upon the specific acticity of red-cell catalase. The oxidation occurred in a range of the catalase-H2O2 reaction where the evolution of oxygen could be excluded. Compounds reacting with complex I were shown to be effective inhibitors of the mercury uptake. GSH-peroxidase did not participate in the oxidation but rather, was found to inhibit it by competing with catalase for hydrogen peroxide. These findings support the view that elemental mercury is oxidized in erythrocytes by a peroxidatic reaction with complex I only.", "contents": "Enzymatic oxidation of mercury vapor by erythrocytes. The formation of glutathione radicals, the evolution of nascent oxygen or the peroxidatic reaction with catalase complex I are considered as possible mechanisms for the oxidation of mercury vapor by red blood cells. To select among these, the uptake of atomic mercury by erythrocytes from different species was studied and related to their various activities of catalase (hydrogenperoxide : hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (glutathione : hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9). A slow and continuous infusion of diluted H2O2 was used to maintain steady concentrations of complex I. 1% red cell supsensions were found most suitable showing high rates of Hg uptake and yielding still enough cells for subsequent determinations. The results indicate that the oxidation of mercury depends upon the H2O2-generation rate and upon the specific acticity of red-cell catalase. The oxidation occurred in a range of the catalase-H2O2 reaction where the evolution of oxygen could be excluded. Compounds reacting with complex I were shown to be effective inhibitors of the mercury uptake. GSH-peroxidase did not participate in the oxidation but rather, was found to inhibit it by competing with catalase for hydrogen peroxide. These findings support the view that elemental mercury is oxidized in erythrocytes by a peroxidatic reaction with complex I only.", "PMID": 656439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6923", "title": "Physical properties and Tris inhibition of an insect trehalase and a thermodynamic approach to the nature of its active site.", "content": "The midgut from Rhynchosciara americana larvae display a trehalase (alpha,alpha'-trehalose glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) which is soluble with a molecular weight of 122 000 and pI 4.6. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.0, its apparent Km for trehalose is 0.67 mM and its energy of activation is 16.7 kcal/mol. Sulfhydryl reagents do not inhibit the trehalase. The results suggest the existence of two carboxyl groups in the active site, one of which has a very high (8.3) pK. The increase of the pK values of the essential groups of the free enzyme in the presence of increasing concentrations of dioxane supports the hypothesis that these groups are carboxyls. The purified enzyme hydrolyzes only alpha,alpha'-trehalose and it is competitively inhibited by several compounds.", "contents": "Physical properties and Tris inhibition of an insect trehalase and a thermodynamic approach to the nature of its active site. The midgut from Rhynchosciara americana larvae display a trehalase (alpha,alpha'-trehalose glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) which is soluble with a molecular weight of 122 000 and pI 4.6. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.0, its apparent Km for trehalose is 0.67 mM and its energy of activation is 16.7 kcal/mol. Sulfhydryl reagents do not inhibit the trehalase. The results suggest the existence of two carboxyl groups in the active site, one of which has a very high (8.3) pK. The increase of the pK values of the essential groups of the free enzyme in the presence of increasing concentrations of dioxane supports the hypothesis that these groups are carboxyls. The purified enzyme hydrolyzes only alpha,alpha'-trehalose and it is competitively inhibited by several compounds.", "PMID": 656440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6924", "title": "The interaction of a trypsin-dependent neutral protease and its inhibitor found in tumour cells. Analysis of complex kinetic data involved in a thiol-disulphide exchange mechanism.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumour cells contain a granule-derived zymogen which on trypsin activation yields a collegenolytic neutral protease. The preparation of the granule fraction by subcellular fractionation procedure results in the preparation of a second fraction referred to as the post-granule supernatant fraction. The post-granule supernatant fraction contains a latent form of the granule-derived neutral protease and an excess of cytoplasmic inhibitor for this enzyme. The inhibitor of neutral protease is also capable of inhibiting trypsin and in each case the chemical mechanism of enzyme.inhibitor complex formation has been shown to be a reversible thiol-disulphide exchange. The post-granule supernatant fraction exhibited complex kinetic data when the interactions between the inhibitor, the latent enzymes and trypsin were examined simultaneously by incremental analysis. The data were interpreted and quantitatively analysed by computer analysis. It was demonstrated that the conventional types of analysis could not have provided meaningful interpretations of the experimental data provided by these complex-interacting systems.", "contents": "The interaction of a trypsin-dependent neutral protease and its inhibitor found in tumour cells. Analysis of complex kinetic data involved in a thiol-disulphide exchange mechanism. Ehrlich ascites tumour cells contain a granule-derived zymogen which on trypsin activation yields a collegenolytic neutral protease. The preparation of the granule fraction by subcellular fractionation procedure results in the preparation of a second fraction referred to as the post-granule supernatant fraction. The post-granule supernatant fraction contains a latent form of the granule-derived neutral protease and an excess of cytoplasmic inhibitor for this enzyme. The inhibitor of neutral protease is also capable of inhibiting trypsin and in each case the chemical mechanism of enzyme.inhibitor complex formation has been shown to be a reversible thiol-disulphide exchange. The post-granule supernatant fraction exhibited complex kinetic data when the interactions between the inhibitor, the latent enzymes and trypsin were examined simultaneously by incremental analysis. The data were interpreted and quantitatively analysed by computer analysis. It was demonstrated that the conventional types of analysis could not have provided meaningful interpretations of the experimental data provided by these complex-interacting systems.", "PMID": 656442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6925", "title": "Separation of human renal renin and pseudorenin by affinity chromatography on hemoglobin-Sepharose-2B.", "content": "Human renal renin (EC 3.4.99.19) and pseudorenin were easily separated in a single step by affinity chromatography on hemoglobin-Sepharose-2B. Renin and pseudorenin were monitored by their actions on crude and partially purified hog protein renin substrates at neutral and acidic pH and on synthetic labelled polymeric renin substrate. Under the conditions employed (0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 3.5)/1 M sodium chloride at 4 degrees C) renin does not bind to the affinity adsorbent while pseudorenin is effectively bound and can be eluted only after raising the pH to 6.5. Pseudorenin-free renin prepared by this method is devoid of proteolytic activity toward hemoglobin. The chromatographic behaviour of renal pseudorenin on hemoglobin-Sepharose-2B is similar to that of cathepsin D.", "contents": "Separation of human renal renin and pseudorenin by affinity chromatography on hemoglobin-Sepharose-2B. Human renal renin (EC 3.4.99.19) and pseudorenin were easily separated in a single step by affinity chromatography on hemoglobin-Sepharose-2B. Renin and pseudorenin were monitored by their actions on crude and partially purified hog protein renin substrates at neutral and acidic pH and on synthetic labelled polymeric renin substrate. Under the conditions employed (0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 3.5)/1 M sodium chloride at 4 degrees C) renin does not bind to the affinity adsorbent while pseudorenin is effectively bound and can be eluted only after raising the pH to 6.5. Pseudorenin-free renin prepared by this method is devoid of proteolytic activity toward hemoglobin. The chromatographic behaviour of renal pseudorenin on hemoglobin-Sepharose-2B is similar to that of cathepsin D.", "PMID": 656443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6926", "title": "Purification and kinetic properties of human erythrocyte Mg2+-dependent inorganic pyrophosphatase.", "content": "Inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) from human erythrocyte hemolysates has been purified up to 10 000-fold. The purified enzyme is homogenous and has a specific activity of 79.75 mumol PPi hydrolysed.min-1.mg-1 at pH 8 and 37 degrees C. It was confirmed that it is a dimer with a molecular weight of 42 000, composed of two identical protomers. From kinetic studies, it is proposed that human erythrocyte inorganic pyrophosphatase activity depends on free Mg2+ concentration in different ways. This ion constitutes part of the substrate (the Mg.PPi complex; Km = 1.4.10(-4) M) and probably acts as an allosteric activator (kinetic activation constant: KMg2+a = 7.5.10(-4) M). Equilibrium binding studies performed in the absence of PPi showed 4 binding sites for Mg2+, all having the same high affinity (dissociation constant: KMg2+d = 4.10(-6) M). Since the concentration of free Mg2+ in red blood cells is very low and may vary with the oxygenation state, it is likely that in vivo erythrocyte pyrophosphatase activity is regulated.", "contents": "Purification and kinetic properties of human erythrocyte Mg2+-dependent inorganic pyrophosphatase. Inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) from human erythrocyte hemolysates has been purified up to 10 000-fold. The purified enzyme is homogenous and has a specific activity of 79.75 mumol PPi hydrolysed.min-1.mg-1 at pH 8 and 37 degrees C. It was confirmed that it is a dimer with a molecular weight of 42 000, composed of two identical protomers. From kinetic studies, it is proposed that human erythrocyte inorganic pyrophosphatase activity depends on free Mg2+ concentration in different ways. This ion constitutes part of the substrate (the Mg.PPi complex; Km = 1.4.10(-4) M) and probably acts as an allosteric activator (kinetic activation constant: KMg2+a = 7.5.10(-4) M). Equilibrium binding studies performed in the absence of PPi showed 4 binding sites for Mg2+, all having the same high affinity (dissociation constant: KMg2+d = 4.10(-6) M). Since the concentration of free Mg2+ in red blood cells is very low and may vary with the oxygenation state, it is likely that in vivo erythrocyte pyrophosphatase activity is regulated.", "PMID": 656444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6927", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and gluconeogenesis in cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo.", "content": "1. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating) EC 4.1.1.49) in the conversion of fat to sugar by the cotyledons of seedlings of Cucurbita pepo. 2. The enzyme was partially purified from the cotyledons of 5-day-old seedlings. The Michaelis constants for oxaloacetate and ATP were 56 and 119 micron, respectively. The decarboxylation reaction was optimum at pH 7.4. A range of intermediary metabolites did not affect the activity of the enzyme, but 3-mercaptopicolinic acid at micron concentrations was an effective inhibitor. 3. Centrifugation of extracts of 5-day-old cotyledons sedimented appreciable proportions of the ribuloseibisphosphate carboxylase, isocitrate lyase and fumarate hydratase present but very little of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 4. Measurements of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of cotyledons during germination showed that the maximum catalytic activity exceeded, and changed coincidently with, the rate of gluconeogenesis. 5. 3-Mercaptopicolinic acid inhibited gluconeogenesis from [1-14C]- and [2-14C]acetate supplied to excised cotyledons. The detailed distribution of 14C indicated inhibition of the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. 6. It is concluded that in marrow cotyledons phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm and catalyses a component reaction of gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and gluconeogenesis in cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo. 1. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating) EC 4.1.1.49) in the conversion of fat to sugar by the cotyledons of seedlings of Cucurbita pepo. 2. The enzyme was partially purified from the cotyledons of 5-day-old seedlings. The Michaelis constants for oxaloacetate and ATP were 56 and 119 micron, respectively. The decarboxylation reaction was optimum at pH 7.4. A range of intermediary metabolites did not affect the activity of the enzyme, but 3-mercaptopicolinic acid at micron concentrations was an effective inhibitor. 3. Centrifugation of extracts of 5-day-old cotyledons sedimented appreciable proportions of the ribuloseibisphosphate carboxylase, isocitrate lyase and fumarate hydratase present but very little of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 4. Measurements of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of cotyledons during germination showed that the maximum catalytic activity exceeded, and changed coincidently with, the rate of gluconeogenesis. 5. 3-Mercaptopicolinic acid inhibited gluconeogenesis from [1-14C]- and [2-14C]acetate supplied to excised cotyledons. The detailed distribution of 14C indicated inhibition of the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. 6. It is concluded that in marrow cotyledons phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm and catalyses a component reaction of gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 656445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6928", "title": "A specific and reversible macromolecular inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase in gherkins.", "content": "A non-dialysable inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.5) has been partially purified from dark-grown gherkin hypocotyls. On extraction of tissue it is found both in the soluble (106 000 X g supernatant) and microsomal (106 000 X g pellet) fractions and can be extracted from the microsomal membranes with 10 mM sodium cholate and 1 M KCl. The soluble and microsomal fractions have similar properties, suggesting the presence of the same active component. The inhibitor is small (Mr less than 20 000), thermolabile, sensitive to proteolytic digestion, and apparently hydrophobic. Purification of the inhibitor was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. The inhibitor preparations inhibit phenylalanine ammonia-lyase isolated from a number of plant tissues and also cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (trans-cinnamate, NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.13.11) from gherkins and peas, but not a wide range of other enzymes. The evidence suggests that inhibition of the two enzymes is due to the same substance, but this has not yet been confirmed. Kinetic experiments show that the inhibitor is competitive with phenylalanine for the lyase and that its association with the lyase is reversible. Further, a mixture of inhibitor and lyase can be separated on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels without loss of lyase activity. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase are often concurrently regulated and both have regulatory roles in phenol metabolism; it is suggested that the inhibitor may be specifically involved in controlling their activities in vivo.", "contents": "A specific and reversible macromolecular inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase in gherkins. A non-dialysable inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.5) has been partially purified from dark-grown gherkin hypocotyls. On extraction of tissue it is found both in the soluble (106 000 X g supernatant) and microsomal (106 000 X g pellet) fractions and can be extracted from the microsomal membranes with 10 mM sodium cholate and 1 M KCl. The soluble and microsomal fractions have similar properties, suggesting the presence of the same active component. The inhibitor is small (Mr less than 20 000), thermolabile, sensitive to proteolytic digestion, and apparently hydrophobic. Purification of the inhibitor was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. The inhibitor preparations inhibit phenylalanine ammonia-lyase isolated from a number of plant tissues and also cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (trans-cinnamate, NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.13.11) from gherkins and peas, but not a wide range of other enzymes. The evidence suggests that inhibition of the two enzymes is due to the same substance, but this has not yet been confirmed. Kinetic experiments show that the inhibitor is competitive with phenylalanine for the lyase and that its association with the lyase is reversible. Further, a mixture of inhibitor and lyase can be separated on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels without loss of lyase activity. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase are often concurrently regulated and both have regulatory roles in phenol metabolism; it is suggested that the inhibitor may be specifically involved in controlling their activities in vivo.", "PMID": 656446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6929", "title": "Purification and properties of two succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenases from human brain.", "content": "In human brain there are two major isoenzymes of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (succinate-semialdehyde: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.24). They are composed of two apparently identical subunits with a molecular weight of 69 000. The Km (limits) for their substrates NAD+ and succinate semialdehyde are 1.6.10(-5) M and 3.7.10(-6) M, respectively, for one enzyme, and 1.85.10(-5) M and 2.10(-6) M, respectively, for the other. These values, and other kinetic data obtained from the two enzymes are not very different. However the enzymes differ in the following respects: their behavior on ion exchange and 5'-AMP affinity columns, their isoelectric points, their tryptic fingerprints and in their amino acid compositions.", "contents": "Purification and properties of two succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenases from human brain. In human brain there are two major isoenzymes of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (succinate-semialdehyde: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.24). They are composed of two apparently identical subunits with a molecular weight of 69 000. The Km (limits) for their substrates NAD+ and succinate semialdehyde are 1.6.10(-5) M and 3.7.10(-6) M, respectively, for one enzyme, and 1.85.10(-5) M and 2.10(-6) M, respectively, for the other. These values, and other kinetic data obtained from the two enzymes are not very different. However the enzymes differ in the following respects: their behavior on ion exchange and 5'-AMP affinity columns, their isoelectric points, their tryptic fingerprints and in their amino acid compositions.", "PMID": 656447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6930", "title": "Serine transhydroxymethylase. Equilibrium binding of folate analogs as active site probes.", "content": "Formation of a quinoid-like structure within the glycyl-pyridoxal phosphate moiety of serine transhydroxymethylase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, EC 2.1.2.1) is dependent upon the dissociation of the 2-S hydrogen of glycine which in turn requires the presence of tetrahydrofolate or analogs thereof. Equilibrium binding studies with the series folate, dihydrofolate, and tetrahydrofolate showed that reduction of the pteridine ring enhances both quinoid formation and binding. A 5,8-deazafolate series showed that modifications in the 4 position, 10 position and the glutamyl position yield interrelated alterations of quinoid formation which could not be correlated with binding.", "contents": "Serine transhydroxymethylase. Equilibrium binding of folate analogs as active site probes. Formation of a quinoid-like structure within the glycyl-pyridoxal phosphate moiety of serine transhydroxymethylase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, EC 2.1.2.1) is dependent upon the dissociation of the 2-S hydrogen of glycine which in turn requires the presence of tetrahydrofolate or analogs thereof. Equilibrium binding studies with the series folate, dihydrofolate, and tetrahydrofolate showed that reduction of the pteridine ring enhances both quinoid formation and binding. A 5,8-deazafolate series showed that modifications in the 4 position, 10 position and the glutamyl position yield interrelated alterations of quinoid formation which could not be correlated with binding.", "PMID": 656448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6931", "title": "Evidence for significant quantities of creatine kinase MM isoenzyme in human brain.", "content": "The isoenzymes of creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) in human brain were studied. Approx. 30% of total creatine kinase activity is due to the MM isoenzyme. The identity of this isoenzyme was confirmed by several techniques and shown not to be of mitochondrial origin.", "contents": "Evidence for significant quantities of creatine kinase MM isoenzyme in human brain. The isoenzymes of creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) in human brain were studied. Approx. 30% of total creatine kinase activity is due to the MM isoenzyme. The identity of this isoenzyme was confirmed by several techniques and shown not to be of mitochondrial origin.", "PMID": 656449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6932", "title": "Chromatographic study on the specificity of bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate in vivo. Identification of labelled proteins of rat liver after intravenous injection of bis-p-nitro[14C]phenylphosphate as carboxylesterases and amidases.", "content": "The procedure established to isolate the carboxylesterases E1, E2 and EA from rat liver (Arndt, R. and Krisch, K. (1972) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 353, 589-598) was applied to characterize in vivo bis-p-nitro[14C]-phenyl-P-labelled proteins. The peaks of radioactivity and of residual enzyme activities (hydrolysing methylbutyrate, p-nitrophenylacetate and acetanilide) were found in the same peaks after column chromatography and could be related to the well-defined esterases E1, E2 and EA. There is no indication of a nonspecific binding of bis-p-nitrophenyl-P or of one of its metabolites. The relative quantitative amounts of E1, E2 and EA were calculated to represent 40, 14 and 46%, respectively, of the total carboxylesterase content of rat liver. The relative amount of bound (not dialysable) radioactivity in rat liver depended on the survival time. During purification, the yield of enzyme activities corresponded to that of bound radioactivity, confirming the specificity of bis-p-nitrophenyl-P in vivo. Hence the radioactive metabolites of the inhibitor obviously do not possess binding affinities of quantitative importance to the rat liver proteins.", "contents": "Chromatographic study on the specificity of bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate in vivo. Identification of labelled proteins of rat liver after intravenous injection of bis-p-nitro[14C]phenylphosphate as carboxylesterases and amidases. The procedure established to isolate the carboxylesterases E1, E2 and EA from rat liver (Arndt, R. and Krisch, K. (1972) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 353, 589-598) was applied to characterize in vivo bis-p-nitro[14C]-phenyl-P-labelled proteins. The peaks of radioactivity and of residual enzyme activities (hydrolysing methylbutyrate, p-nitrophenylacetate and acetanilide) were found in the same peaks after column chromatography and could be related to the well-defined esterases E1, E2 and EA. There is no indication of a nonspecific binding of bis-p-nitrophenyl-P or of one of its metabolites. The relative quantitative amounts of E1, E2 and EA were calculated to represent 40, 14 and 46%, respectively, of the total carboxylesterase content of rat liver. The relative amount of bound (not dialysable) radioactivity in rat liver depended on the survival time. During purification, the yield of enzyme activities corresponded to that of bound radioactivity, confirming the specificity of bis-p-nitrophenyl-P in vivo. Hence the radioactive metabolites of the inhibitor obviously do not possess binding affinities of quantitative importance to the rat liver proteins.", "PMID": 656450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6933", "title": "Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis after clofibrate treatment.", "content": "The effect of clofibrate treatment on hepatic ketogenic capacity was studied in rats. Ketogenesis from octanoate and oleate was increased 2- and 4,5-fold, respectively, in hepatocytes from fed, treated rats. In contrast to controls ketogenic rates did not increase upon starvation. While ketogenesis from oleate was higher in fed, treated animals than in fasted controls, endogenous ketogenesis was lower and increased upon starvation. Ketogenesis from octanoate and oleate was stimulated approx. 2-fold in homogenates from treated animals. Labeled pyruvate and succinate oxidation was unaltered. [1-14C]Oleate oxidation was severely inhibited by cyanide, both in homogenates from controls and treated animals. Clofibrate caused a 3-fold increase in hepatic carnitine levels. Catalase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were also increased by the drug. Cytochrome c oxidase did not change. Despite their increased ketogenic capacity hepatocytes from treated rats esterified as much oleate as controls. The increased oxidation was matched by an increased oleate uptake. Plasma ketones were increased 2-fold in fasted, treated animals. Plasma free fatty acids were unaffected. It is concluded that the enhanced ketogenic capacity induced by clofibrate is the result of an increase in mitochondrial beta-oxidation, an increase in the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and possibly of the observed increases in hepatic carnitine content and fatty acid uptake.", "contents": "Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis after clofibrate treatment. The effect of clofibrate treatment on hepatic ketogenic capacity was studied in rats. Ketogenesis from octanoate and oleate was increased 2- and 4,5-fold, respectively, in hepatocytes from fed, treated rats. In contrast to controls ketogenic rates did not increase upon starvation. While ketogenesis from oleate was higher in fed, treated animals than in fasted controls, endogenous ketogenesis was lower and increased upon starvation. Ketogenesis from octanoate and oleate was stimulated approx. 2-fold in homogenates from treated animals. Labeled pyruvate and succinate oxidation was unaltered. [1-14C]Oleate oxidation was severely inhibited by cyanide, both in homogenates from controls and treated animals. Clofibrate caused a 3-fold increase in hepatic carnitine levels. Catalase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were also increased by the drug. Cytochrome c oxidase did not change. Despite their increased ketogenic capacity hepatocytes from treated rats esterified as much oleate as controls. The increased oxidation was matched by an increased oleate uptake. Plasma ketones were increased 2-fold in fasted, treated animals. Plasma free fatty acids were unaffected. It is concluded that the enhanced ketogenic capacity induced by clofibrate is the result of an increase in mitochondrial beta-oxidation, an increase in the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and possibly of the observed increases in hepatic carnitine content and fatty acid uptake.", "PMID": 656451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6934", "title": "Bile acid pool changes and regulation of cholate synthesis in experimental diabetes.", "content": "The effect of alloxan-diabetes and insulin treatment in bile acid pool size and composition, bile acid secretion and cholic acid synthesis was investigated in the rat. The size of the cholate pool was significantly increased 4 days after diabetes induction. It reached a constant size three times that of control animals after 2 weeks of diabetes. Changes in bile acid pool size and secretion were directly dependent of the insulin deficiency state since they were reversed by insulin treatment and were not influenced by the caloric intake of the animal nor the pharmacologic effect of alloxan. Biliary cholate secretion was also 3-fold increased in diabetic rats and it accounted for more than 80% of the total bile acids compared to 60% in the control group. The calculated daily rate of cholate synthesis was increased in diabetic rats and the circadian rhythm of cholate synthesis was abolished in this condition. Therefore, it was shown that the negative feedback mechanism that regulates bile acid snythesis was deleted in diabetes. This mechanism was partially restored after 2 weeks of insulin treatment. These studies demonstrated that bile acid metabolism was profoundly changed in alloxan-diabetic rats and suggested that insulin may play an important role in the regulation of bile acid snythesis and intestinal absorption.", "contents": "Bile acid pool changes and regulation of cholate synthesis in experimental diabetes. The effect of alloxan-diabetes and insulin treatment in bile acid pool size and composition, bile acid secretion and cholic acid synthesis was investigated in the rat. The size of the cholate pool was significantly increased 4 days after diabetes induction. It reached a constant size three times that of control animals after 2 weeks of diabetes. Changes in bile acid pool size and secretion were directly dependent of the insulin deficiency state since they were reversed by insulin treatment and were not influenced by the caloric intake of the animal nor the pharmacologic effect of alloxan. Biliary cholate secretion was also 3-fold increased in diabetic rats and it accounted for more than 80% of the total bile acids compared to 60% in the control group. The calculated daily rate of cholate synthesis was increased in diabetic rats and the circadian rhythm of cholate synthesis was abolished in this condition. Therefore, it was shown that the negative feedback mechanism that regulates bile acid snythesis was deleted in diabetes. This mechanism was partially restored after 2 weeks of insulin treatment. These studies demonstrated that bile acid metabolism was profoundly changed in alloxan-diabetic rats and suggested that insulin may play an important role in the regulation of bile acid snythesis and intestinal absorption.", "PMID": 656452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6935", "title": "15-Hdroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in vitro in lung and kidney of essential fatty acid-deficient rats.", "content": "Weanling rats were fed for 6 months on a diet deficient in essential fatty acids: either fat-free, or with 28% (w/w) partially hydrogenated fish oil. Control rats were fed a diet with 28% (w/w) arachis oil for 6 months. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was determined as initial rates of formation of 3H-labelled 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin E1 plus 15-keto-prostaglandin E1 in high speed supernatants of lung and kidney from each of the groups of rats. Dehydrogenase activity (expressed as either pmol/min per mg soluble protein, or as nmol/min per g tissue) was decreased 30--40% in the lungs of the two groups on diets deficient in essential fatty acids as compared to the control group. No difference were observed in dehydrogenase activity in the kidneys. The dehydrogenase may be of importance for the regulation of the level of endogenous prostaglandins and, thus, a decrease in activity could result in a slower turnover of prostaglandins.", "contents": "15-Hdroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in vitro in lung and kidney of essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Weanling rats were fed for 6 months on a diet deficient in essential fatty acids: either fat-free, or with 28% (w/w) partially hydrogenated fish oil. Control rats were fed a diet with 28% (w/w) arachis oil for 6 months. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was determined as initial rates of formation of 3H-labelled 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin E1 plus 15-keto-prostaglandin E1 in high speed supernatants of lung and kidney from each of the groups of rats. Dehydrogenase activity (expressed as either pmol/min per mg soluble protein, or as nmol/min per g tissue) was decreased 30--40% in the lungs of the two groups on diets deficient in essential fatty acids as compared to the control group. No difference were observed in dehydrogenase activity in the kidneys. The dehydrogenase may be of importance for the regulation of the level of endogenous prostaglandins and, thus, a decrease in activity could result in a slower turnover of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 656454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6936", "title": "Localization of cytochrome P-450-linked mixed function oxidase and steroid hydroxylations within zones of bovine adrenocortices.", "content": "The localization of contents and activities of components of cytochrome P-450-linked mixed function oxidase system and the hydroxylation of steroids in mitochondria and microsomes within zones of adrenocortices was investigated. NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase activity was higher in the zona glomerulosa than in the other zones. Adrenodoxin content was present at high concentration in the zona fasciculata. The localization of cytochrome P-450 within zones of adrenocortices has already been reported (Ichikawa, Y., Kuroda, M. and Yamano, T. (1970) J. Cell Biol 45, 640--653). The zona fasciculata contained more mitochondrial and microsomal cytochromes P-450 than the zona glomerulosa or zona reticularis. Cleavage activity of the side chain of cholesterol was found in three zones. However, particularly high activity was observed in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. 11beta-Hydroxylation was found in the zona glomerulosa. 21-Hydroxylation activity was especially higher in the zona fasciculata than in the other zones.", "contents": "Localization of cytochrome P-450-linked mixed function oxidase and steroid hydroxylations within zones of bovine adrenocortices. The localization of contents and activities of components of cytochrome P-450-linked mixed function oxidase system and the hydroxylation of steroids in mitochondria and microsomes within zones of adrenocortices was investigated. NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase activity was higher in the zona glomerulosa than in the other zones. Adrenodoxin content was present at high concentration in the zona fasciculata. The localization of cytochrome P-450 within zones of adrenocortices has already been reported (Ichikawa, Y., Kuroda, M. and Yamano, T. (1970) J. Cell Biol 45, 640--653). The zona fasciculata contained more mitochondrial and microsomal cytochromes P-450 than the zona glomerulosa or zona reticularis. Cleavage activity of the side chain of cholesterol was found in three zones. However, particularly high activity was observed in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. 11beta-Hydroxylation was found in the zona glomerulosa. 21-Hydroxylation activity was especially higher in the zona fasciculata than in the other zones.", "PMID": 656455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6937", "title": "Enzymic hydrolysis of diol lipids by pancreatic lipase.", "content": "Chain length and positional specificities of pancreatic lipase for diol lipids have been examined by use of the synthetic substrates such as the diol esters and related esters that contain C6--C20 even-numbered saturated acids and oleic acid as fatty acids, and ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols, 1,3-, 1,4-, and 2,3-butanediols, monohydric alcohols, and glycerol as alcohols. No remarkable difference in the degree of hydrolysis was observed in the case of diol esters having C14--C20 fatty acids at least during 30-min digestion, though hydrolysis reached a maximum in diol diotanoates after the same period. Pancreatic lipase specifically released only the fatty acids esterified with the primary hydroxyl groups of diols.", "contents": "Enzymic hydrolysis of diol lipids by pancreatic lipase. Chain length and positional specificities of pancreatic lipase for diol lipids have been examined by use of the synthetic substrates such as the diol esters and related esters that contain C6--C20 even-numbered saturated acids and oleic acid as fatty acids, and ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols, 1,3-, 1,4-, and 2,3-butanediols, monohydric alcohols, and glycerol as alcohols. No remarkable difference in the degree of hydrolysis was observed in the case of diol esters having C14--C20 fatty acids at least during 30-min digestion, though hydrolysis reached a maximum in diol diotanoates after the same period. Pancreatic lipase specifically released only the fatty acids esterified with the primary hydroxyl groups of diols.", "PMID": 656456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6938", "title": "Lipid adaptation in liver mitochondrial membranes of carp acclimated to different environmental temperatures: phospholipid composition, fatty acid pattern and cholesterol content.", "content": "The lipid fraction of liver mitochondria has been studied in carp acclimated to high and low environmental temperatures. Evidence is provided for a temperature-induced lipid adaptation which might control membrane fluidity. This supports suggestions made in a recent communication on temperature-induced changes in the Arrhenius functions of mitochondrial oxidase systems from carp liver ((Wodtke, E. (1976) J. Comp. Physiol. 110, 145--157). The results of the analysis of lipid composition are: the ratio of phospholipid to protein does not differ at cold and warm acclimation temperatures. Fish kept at low environmental temperature show a decreased molar ratio of cholesterol : phospholipid in mitochondrial membrane lipids; the diminished complexation renders phospholipids more sensitive to fluidity control by fatty acid substitution. A decrease of mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine at low acclimation temperature is observed, which is compensated by increased amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. This means there is an increase in the acidic character of the phospholipids at low environmental temperature, and might be the cause of fluidization of the membrane and a decrease in transition temperature. The fatty acid pattern of carp mitochondria differs markedly from that of mammalian mitochondria; it is not identical for total lipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and is roughly characterized by high amounts in n--3, but low amounts in n--6 and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Low environmental temperature decreases the proportion of saturated species and markedly lowers the ratio of the alpha-linolenic acid family, the latter perhaps being caused by the increased activity of delta6-desaturase, as calculated for low acclimation temperature. An increase in mean unsaturation and in the proportion of 1,2-diunsaturated phospholipids most probably increases membrane fluidity at low acclimation temperature.", "contents": "Lipid adaptation in liver mitochondrial membranes of carp acclimated to different environmental temperatures: phospholipid composition, fatty acid pattern and cholesterol content. The lipid fraction of liver mitochondria has been studied in carp acclimated to high and low environmental temperatures. Evidence is provided for a temperature-induced lipid adaptation which might control membrane fluidity. This supports suggestions made in a recent communication on temperature-induced changes in the Arrhenius functions of mitochondrial oxidase systems from carp liver ((Wodtke, E. (1976) J. Comp. Physiol. 110, 145--157). The results of the analysis of lipid composition are: the ratio of phospholipid to protein does not differ at cold and warm acclimation temperatures. Fish kept at low environmental temperature show a decreased molar ratio of cholesterol : phospholipid in mitochondrial membrane lipids; the diminished complexation renders phospholipids more sensitive to fluidity control by fatty acid substitution. A decrease of mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine at low acclimation temperature is observed, which is compensated by increased amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. This means there is an increase in the acidic character of the phospholipids at low environmental temperature, and might be the cause of fluidization of the membrane and a decrease in transition temperature. The fatty acid pattern of carp mitochondria differs markedly from that of mammalian mitochondria; it is not identical for total lipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and is roughly characterized by high amounts in n--3, but low amounts in n--6 and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Low environmental temperature decreases the proportion of saturated species and markedly lowers the ratio of the alpha-linolenic acid family, the latter perhaps being caused by the increased activity of delta6-desaturase, as calculated for low acclimation temperature. An increase in mean unsaturation and in the proportion of 1,2-diunsaturated phospholipids most probably increases membrane fluidity at low acclimation temperature.", "PMID": 656457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6939", "title": "Effect of a choline inhibitor (N-isopropylethanolamine) on cellular metabolism of L-M cells.", "content": "N-Isopropylethanolamine, a choline analog, is incorporated into L-M cell lipids as 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoisopropylethanolamine de novo and not by base exchange. In addition, the N-isopropylethanolamine effectively blocks choline uptake, which is a reversible process. The following specific time-dependent changes in cell metabolism also occur when N-isopropylethanolamine is present: (1) a decrease in total content of phosphatidylcholine, (2) inhibition of both the cellular uptake of [3H]choline and its incorporation into phosphatidycholine, (3) a decrease in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA as early as 2 h after initiating the N-isopropylethanolamine block, (4) inhibition of the cellular uptake of [3H]uridine and incorporation into RNA 16--24 h after addition of the N-isopropylethanolamine, and (5) stimulation of the cellular uptake of [3H]leucine and an inhibition of its incorporation into protein, which reached a maximum (68% of controls) 8 h after N-isopropylethanolamine treatment.", "contents": "Effect of a choline inhibitor (N-isopropylethanolamine) on cellular metabolism of L-M cells. N-Isopropylethanolamine, a choline analog, is incorporated into L-M cell lipids as 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoisopropylethanolamine de novo and not by base exchange. In addition, the N-isopropylethanolamine effectively blocks choline uptake, which is a reversible process. The following specific time-dependent changes in cell metabolism also occur when N-isopropylethanolamine is present: (1) a decrease in total content of phosphatidylcholine, (2) inhibition of both the cellular uptake of [3H]choline and its incorporation into phosphatidycholine, (3) a decrease in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA as early as 2 h after initiating the N-isopropylethanolamine block, (4) inhibition of the cellular uptake of [3H]uridine and incorporation into RNA 16--24 h after addition of the N-isopropylethanolamine, and (5) stimulation of the cellular uptake of [3H]leucine and an inhibition of its incorporation into protein, which reached a maximum (68% of controls) 8 h after N-isopropylethanolamine treatment.", "PMID": 656458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6940", "title": "A spectral study of human ceruloplasmin.", "content": "The absorption, luminescence and CD spectra of human ceruloplasmin were studied. The absorption spectrum in the infrared, and the CD spectrum in the ultraviolet, both indicate the presence of beta conformation in the native structure of the protein. From the magnitude of the measured ellipticity, it is estimated that 0.46 of the amino acid residues are in the beta conformation, the remaining 0.54 being in unordered form. A comparison of the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of native and apoceruloplasmin shows that the presence of copper causes the quenching of tryptophanyl luminescence, probably through energy transfer to the copper chromophores. By the combined resolution of the absorption and CD spectra, it was concluded that the copper chromophores are involved in six electronic transitions in the region 300--900 nm. Our results provide evidence for an interaction between the copper chromophores responsible for the 330 nm absorption in ceruloplasmin.", "contents": "A spectral study of human ceruloplasmin. The absorption, luminescence and CD spectra of human ceruloplasmin were studied. The absorption spectrum in the infrared, and the CD spectrum in the ultraviolet, both indicate the presence of beta conformation in the native structure of the protein. From the magnitude of the measured ellipticity, it is estimated that 0.46 of the amino acid residues are in the beta conformation, the remaining 0.54 being in unordered form. A comparison of the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of native and apoceruloplasmin shows that the presence of copper causes the quenching of tryptophanyl luminescence, probably through energy transfer to the copper chromophores. By the combined resolution of the absorption and CD spectra, it was concluded that the copper chromophores are involved in six electronic transitions in the region 300--900 nm. Our results provide evidence for an interaction between the copper chromophores responsible for the 330 nm absorption in ceruloplasmin.", "PMID": 656459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6941", "title": "Relationship of thermal quenching of protein fluorescence to intramolecular structural mobility.", "content": "Temperature dependence (over the range from 5 to 75 degrees C) of the fluorescence quantum yield--the parameter sensitive to the rapid (ns) mobility--has been investigated. For native proteins containing 1--2 fluorescing chromophores this dependence in the non-denaturing temperature range can be described by the equation 1/q = a + b . T/eta (a and b are temperature-independent constants, T is the temperature (K), eta is the viscosity of water, (cP). The linearity of the plot of 1/q vs. T/eta probably indicates that the internal mobility of different parts of the protein globule is limited by the diffusion of the molecules of the solvent. The peculiarity of individual protein structures is reflected by various absolute values of the constants of quenching rates. The results of the studies indicate that an analysis of the temperature dependence of the protein fluorescence quantum yield (thermal quenching curves) might be a new experimental approach to the study of the mobility of protein structures. The thermal quenching curves of proteins could be used as a measure of the temperature dependence of the rapid reverse structural mobility.", "contents": "Relationship of thermal quenching of protein fluorescence to intramolecular structural mobility. Temperature dependence (over the range from 5 to 75 degrees C) of the fluorescence quantum yield--the parameter sensitive to the rapid (ns) mobility--has been investigated. For native proteins containing 1--2 fluorescing chromophores this dependence in the non-denaturing temperature range can be described by the equation 1/q = a + b . T/eta (a and b are temperature-independent constants, T is the temperature (K), eta is the viscosity of water, (cP). The linearity of the plot of 1/q vs. T/eta probably indicates that the internal mobility of different parts of the protein globule is limited by the diffusion of the molecules of the solvent. The peculiarity of individual protein structures is reflected by various absolute values of the constants of quenching rates. The results of the studies indicate that an analysis of the temperature dependence of the protein fluorescence quantum yield (thermal quenching curves) might be a new experimental approach to the study of the mobility of protein structures. The thermal quenching curves of proteins could be used as a measure of the temperature dependence of the rapid reverse structural mobility.", "PMID": 656460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6942", "title": "Heme sulfuric anhydrides as soybean leghemoglobin structure probes.", "content": "Mesoheme monosulfuric anhydride reacts at three distinct sites in soybean apoleghemoglobin a, at lysine-6, lysine-19 and lysine-57, the last one being the major site of reaction. The heme peptides obtained from thermolytic and pronase hydrolysates of the anhydride-leghemoglobin a were purified and correlated with the known amino acid sequence of the protein. Mesoheme bissulfuric anhydride also reacts with soybean apoleghemoglobin a giving a complex mixture of hemepeptides after hydrolysis with pronase. The visible spectrum of anhydride leghemoglobin is that of low spin heme. This suggests that anhydride leghemoglobin has a conformation with a covalent attachment via propionic acid side chain to lysine-57 and the sixth coordination position of the heme iron occupied by the distal histidine at position 61. Native leghemoglobin is assumed to exist in a similar type of configuration at low temperature, but with the heme propionate side chain being involved in a salt bridge with lysine-57.", "contents": "Heme sulfuric anhydrides as soybean leghemoglobin structure probes. Mesoheme monosulfuric anhydride reacts at three distinct sites in soybean apoleghemoglobin a, at lysine-6, lysine-19 and lysine-57, the last one being the major site of reaction. The heme peptides obtained from thermolytic and pronase hydrolysates of the anhydride-leghemoglobin a were purified and correlated with the known amino acid sequence of the protein. Mesoheme bissulfuric anhydride also reacts with soybean apoleghemoglobin a giving a complex mixture of hemepeptides after hydrolysis with pronase. The visible spectrum of anhydride leghemoglobin is that of low spin heme. This suggests that anhydride leghemoglobin has a conformation with a covalent attachment via propionic acid side chain to lysine-57 and the sixth coordination position of the heme iron occupied by the distal histidine at position 61. Native leghemoglobin is assumed to exist in a similar type of configuration at low temperature, but with the heme propionate side chain being involved in a salt bridge with lysine-57.", "PMID": 656461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6943", "title": "Amino acid sequence of chicken fibrinopeptide A.", "content": "Chicken fibrinopeptide A was isolated and the complete amino acid sequence was established. It is a pentadecapeptide with the sequence of Gln(Pyr)-Asp-Gly-Lys-Thr-Thr-Phe-Glu-Lys-Glu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg and is homologous with mammalian fibrinopeptide A. Two peptides which appear to be derivatives of fibrinopeptide A were also isolated. One of these appeared to be fibrinopeptide A with NH2-terminal pyroglutamic acid; the other was fibrinopeptide A which lacked the COOH-terminal arginine residue.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of chicken fibrinopeptide A. Chicken fibrinopeptide A was isolated and the complete amino acid sequence was established. It is a pentadecapeptide with the sequence of Gln(Pyr)-Asp-Gly-Lys-Thr-Thr-Phe-Glu-Lys-Glu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg and is homologous with mammalian fibrinopeptide A. Two peptides which appear to be derivatives of fibrinopeptide A were also isolated. One of these appeared to be fibrinopeptide A with NH2-terminal pyroglutamic acid; the other was fibrinopeptide A which lacked the COOH-terminal arginine residue.", "PMID": 656462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6944", "title": "The increase in human antithrombin III tryptophan fluorescence produced by heparin.", "content": "The increase in fluorescence of human antithrombin III has been used to study the binding of a semi-synthetic heparin analogue. One molecule of heparin were found to bind with an association constant of 8.9 . 10(4) M-1. The intrinsic fluorescence of antithrombin III exhibits a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.17. Upon addition of heparin a marked increase in the protein fluorescence quantum yield is observed.", "contents": "The increase in human antithrombin III tryptophan fluorescence produced by heparin. The increase in fluorescence of human antithrombin III has been used to study the binding of a semi-synthetic heparin analogue. One molecule of heparin were found to bind with an association constant of 8.9 . 10(4) M-1. The intrinsic fluorescence of antithrombin III exhibits a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.17. Upon addition of heparin a marked increase in the protein fluorescence quantum yield is observed.", "PMID": 656463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6945", "title": "The breakdown of spectrin produced by ultrasonication.", "content": "The application of carefully controlled ultrasonication to human erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) has been found to produce a selective breakdown of the two spectrin polypeptides. This breakdown increases with the time and the intensity of ultrasonication. The 240 000 molecular weight spectrin polypeptide is slightly more susceptible to ultrasonication than the 220 000 molecular weight polypeptide. Isolated spectrin behaves in an identical manner when ultrasonicated. When highly purified samples of spectrin are ultrasonicated the progressive reduction of the molecular weight of the products with increasing time is clearly apparent.", "contents": "The breakdown of spectrin produced by ultrasonication. The application of carefully controlled ultrasonication to human erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) has been found to produce a selective breakdown of the two spectrin polypeptides. This breakdown increases with the time and the intensity of ultrasonication. The 240 000 molecular weight spectrin polypeptide is slightly more susceptible to ultrasonication than the 220 000 molecular weight polypeptide. Isolated spectrin behaves in an identical manner when ultrasonicated. When highly purified samples of spectrin are ultrasonicated the progressive reduction of the molecular weight of the products with increasing time is clearly apparent.", "PMID": 656464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6946", "title": "Electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of a major secretory glycoprotein from the submandibular glands of the mouse.", "content": "After either cholinergic or adrenergic stimulation of the submandibular glands of the mouse, a major protein of the incubation medium could be isolated by electrophoresis, designated the AM2 protein. About 5 per cent of the secreted proteins and 2.4 per cent of the secreted protein-bound sialic acid was recovered as the purified AM2 protein. The AM2 protein appeared to be electrophoretically pure in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel both at pH 8.9 and at pH 4.3. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis the molecular weight was estimated to be about 80 000 for the major component and about 40 000 for the minor component. By isoelectric focusing the isoelectric point has been determined to be 4.7. The amino acid analysis indicated Glx, Asx, Leu and Ala as the major amino acids, comprising 15.0, 10.6, 9.2 and 9.1 per cent of the amino acid residues, respectively. The ratio of the acidic amino acids and their amides (Glx plus Asx) to the basic amino acids (Lys plus Arg) was 2.2. The sugar analysis showed that the AM2 glycoprotein consists of 17.3 per cent of carbohydrate, with as major carbohydrate component glucosamine. The molar ratio of the sugars was Man : Gal : Glc : GlcNH2 : sialic acid = 2.3 : 1.0 : 4.7 : 9.8 : 2.9. Galactosamine could be detected as a trace component and fucose was not detectable.", "contents": "Electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of a major secretory glycoprotein from the submandibular glands of the mouse. After either cholinergic or adrenergic stimulation of the submandibular glands of the mouse, a major protein of the incubation medium could be isolated by electrophoresis, designated the AM2 protein. About 5 per cent of the secreted proteins and 2.4 per cent of the secreted protein-bound sialic acid was recovered as the purified AM2 protein. The AM2 protein appeared to be electrophoretically pure in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel both at pH 8.9 and at pH 4.3. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis the molecular weight was estimated to be about 80 000 for the major component and about 40 000 for the minor component. By isoelectric focusing the isoelectric point has been determined to be 4.7. The amino acid analysis indicated Glx, Asx, Leu and Ala as the major amino acids, comprising 15.0, 10.6, 9.2 and 9.1 per cent of the amino acid residues, respectively. The ratio of the acidic amino acids and their amides (Glx plus Asx) to the basic amino acids (Lys plus Arg) was 2.2. The sugar analysis showed that the AM2 glycoprotein consists of 17.3 per cent of carbohydrate, with as major carbohydrate component glucosamine. The molar ratio of the sugars was Man : Gal : Glc : GlcNH2 : sialic acid = 2.3 : 1.0 : 4.7 : 9.8 : 2.9. Galactosamine could be detected as a trace component and fucose was not detectable.", "PMID": 656465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6947", "title": "Porcine serum cobalophilin and transcobalamin. Identification, isolation and properties including electrofocusing patterns.", "content": "Pooled porcine serum was found to contain cobalophilin (also called transcobalamin I) and transcobalamin (also called transcobalamin II). The two proteins were harvested by batchwise absorption with vitamin B-12 covalently coupled to Sepharose, and then separated from each other either by gel filtration or using an immunoadsorbent. Both proteins were finally isolated as single proteins using a second vitamin B-12-Sepharose chromatography step. Cobalophilin and transcobalamin complexed with vitamin B-12 had molecular weights by gel filtration of 135 000 and 38 000 and by the formula of Svedberg 104 000 and 44 000, Stokes radii 4.97 nm and 2.65 nm, and sedimentation coefficients 5.39 S and 3.75 S, respectively. Electrofocusing resolved the cobalophilin complex into three main isoproteins isoelectric at pH 3.23, 3.42 and 3.69, and transcobalamin into only the main component isoelectric at a value as low as pH 3.47. Neither protein was capable of binding to the ileal intrinsic factor receptor.", "contents": "Porcine serum cobalophilin and transcobalamin. Identification, isolation and properties including electrofocusing patterns. Pooled porcine serum was found to contain cobalophilin (also called transcobalamin I) and transcobalamin (also called transcobalamin II). The two proteins were harvested by batchwise absorption with vitamin B-12 covalently coupled to Sepharose, and then separated from each other either by gel filtration or using an immunoadsorbent. Both proteins were finally isolated as single proteins using a second vitamin B-12-Sepharose chromatography step. Cobalophilin and transcobalamin complexed with vitamin B-12 had molecular weights by gel filtration of 135 000 and 38 000 and by the formula of Svedberg 104 000 and 44 000, Stokes radii 4.97 nm and 2.65 nm, and sedimentation coefficients 5.39 S and 3.75 S, respectively. Electrofocusing resolved the cobalophilin complex into three main isoproteins isoelectric at pH 3.23, 3.42 and 3.69, and transcobalamin into only the main component isoelectric at a value as low as pH 3.47. Neither protein was capable of binding to the ileal intrinsic factor receptor.", "PMID": 656466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6948", "title": "Isolation of purified insoluble aortic collagen.", "content": "The chemistry of collagen from major blood vessels, such as the aorta, is poorly defined because of problems encountered in solubilization techniques. Normal extraction of calf aorta with acetic acid and/or pepsin does not yield significant quantities of collagen. However, treatment of the aorta with purified pancreatic elastase results in a residue containing a significant portion of the collagen. The amino acid analysis, the acrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns and the electron micrographs of this residue display characteristics consistent with relatively pure collagen. Using this purified collagen preparation approximately 90% of the collagenous material present can be solubilized by pepsin treatment.", "contents": "Isolation of purified insoluble aortic collagen. The chemistry of collagen from major blood vessels, such as the aorta, is poorly defined because of problems encountered in solubilization techniques. Normal extraction of calf aorta with acetic acid and/or pepsin does not yield significant quantities of collagen. However, treatment of the aorta with purified pancreatic elastase results in a residue containing a significant portion of the collagen. The amino acid analysis, the acrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns and the electron micrographs of this residue display characteristics consistent with relatively pure collagen. Using this purified collagen preparation approximately 90% of the collagenous material present can be solubilized by pepsin treatment.", "PMID": 656467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6949", "title": "The effect of experimental diabetes on the molecular characteristics of soluble rat-tail tendon collagen.", "content": "Acid soluble rat-tail tendon collagen was prepared from animals rendered diabetic by treatment with either streptozotocin or alloxan and from matched controls. In comparison to the normal, the diabetic collagens consistently demonstrated decreased solubility of reconstituted fibrils, marked increase in intrinsic viscosity and a decreased ratio of alpha to beta components. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed a marked decrease in migration of alpha1, alpha2, and beta components from both types of diabetic collagen. These data indicate that diabetic collagens are larger than normal and are capable of higher degrees of polymerization due to increased intra- and inter-molecular interactions. These changes could explain, in part, the altered response of diabetic connective tissues to inflammation and trauma.", "contents": "The effect of experimental diabetes on the molecular characteristics of soluble rat-tail tendon collagen. Acid soluble rat-tail tendon collagen was prepared from animals rendered diabetic by treatment with either streptozotocin or alloxan and from matched controls. In comparison to the normal, the diabetic collagens consistently demonstrated decreased solubility of reconstituted fibrils, marked increase in intrinsic viscosity and a decreased ratio of alpha to beta components. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed a marked decrease in migration of alpha1, alpha2, and beta components from both types of diabetic collagen. These data indicate that diabetic collagens are larger than normal and are capable of higher degrees of polymerization due to increased intra- and inter-molecular interactions. These changes could explain, in part, the altered response of diabetic connective tissues to inflammation and trauma.", "PMID": 656468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6950", "title": "Blue-fluorescent bovine alpha-crystallin.", "content": "Blue-fluorescent alpha-crystallin has been isolated from bovine lenses by gel-filtration on Sephacryl S-200 Superfine. The blue fluorescence of this alpha-crystallin is characterized by fluorescence peaks at about 410 and 435 nm and two excitation peaks at about 350 and 370 nm. This finding suggests the existence of two different blue-fluorescences in bovine alpha-crystallin. Both low molecular weight alpha-crystallin and higher molecular weight alpha-crystallin exhibit similar blue fluorescence. With aging, in the nuclear region of bovine lenses, blue fluorescent low molecular weight alpha-crystallin shifts to non-covalently-linked higher molecular weight aggregates which are also blue-fluorescent.", "contents": "Blue-fluorescent bovine alpha-crystallin. Blue-fluorescent alpha-crystallin has been isolated from bovine lenses by gel-filtration on Sephacryl S-200 Superfine. The blue fluorescence of this alpha-crystallin is characterized by fluorescence peaks at about 410 and 435 nm and two excitation peaks at about 350 and 370 nm. This finding suggests the existence of two different blue-fluorescences in bovine alpha-crystallin. Both low molecular weight alpha-crystallin and higher molecular weight alpha-crystallin exhibit similar blue fluorescence. With aging, in the nuclear region of bovine lenses, blue fluorescent low molecular weight alpha-crystallin shifts to non-covalently-linked higher molecular weight aggregates which are also blue-fluorescent.", "PMID": 656469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6951", "title": "Quantitation of epinephrine- and glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclases of rat liver. Implications of alterations of enzymatic activities during preparation of particulate fractions and membranes.", "content": "Stimulated and basal adenylate cyclase activities from livers of young and old rats were lower in particulates than in homogenates. Particulates were compared to homogenates by reconstituting the suspensions to the volume of the homogenates from which they were derived; enzyme activities in paired homogenates and particulates therefore reflected the same amounts of membrane-bound enzyme. The magnitude of the losses of hormone-sensitive activities in particulates was dependent on the age and sex of the animals and the concentrations of hormone. Particulates from 3-month-old animals showed glucagon-(1 . 10(-5) M) and epinephrine-sensitive (1 . 10(-4) M) activities which were 67 and 78% of homogenate activities, respectively; particulates from 24-month-old animals had activities relative to homogenates of 55% for glucagon and as low as 32% for epinephrine. The glucagon dose vs. response curve in particulates and membranes showed maximal activity at 1 . 10(-7) M glucagon while in homogenates activity increased linearly with increasing glucagon concentrations up to 1 . 10(-5) M. Losses of basal and anion-stimulated activities were similar at both ages. Fluoride and azide stimulations relative to basal activities were greater in particulates than in homogenates, while relative epinephrine activity was lower in particulates, suggesting qualitative alteration of adenylate cyclase during preparation of particulates. These studies show that adenylate cyclase activity in rat liver is presently best quantitated in homogenates and suggest caution in comparisons of enzyme activities based on particulates or membranes prepared from animals of differing physiologic states.", "contents": "Quantitation of epinephrine- and glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclases of rat liver. Implications of alterations of enzymatic activities during preparation of particulate fractions and membranes. Stimulated and basal adenylate cyclase activities from livers of young and old rats were lower in particulates than in homogenates. Particulates were compared to homogenates by reconstituting the suspensions to the volume of the homogenates from which they were derived; enzyme activities in paired homogenates and particulates therefore reflected the same amounts of membrane-bound enzyme. The magnitude of the losses of hormone-sensitive activities in particulates was dependent on the age and sex of the animals and the concentrations of hormone. Particulates from 3-month-old animals showed glucagon-(1 . 10(-5) M) and epinephrine-sensitive (1 . 10(-4) M) activities which were 67 and 78% of homogenate activities, respectively; particulates from 24-month-old animals had activities relative to homogenates of 55% for glucagon and as low as 32% for epinephrine. The glucagon dose vs. response curve in particulates and membranes showed maximal activity at 1 . 10(-7) M glucagon while in homogenates activity increased linearly with increasing glucagon concentrations up to 1 . 10(-5) M. Losses of basal and anion-stimulated activities were similar at both ages. Fluoride and azide stimulations relative to basal activities were greater in particulates than in homogenates, while relative epinephrine activity was lower in particulates, suggesting qualitative alteration of adenylate cyclase during preparation of particulates. These studies show that adenylate cyclase activity in rat liver is presently best quantitated in homogenates and suggest caution in comparisons of enzyme activities based on particulates or membranes prepared from animals of differing physiologic states.", "PMID": 656470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6952", "title": "Extracellular matrix metabolism by chondrocytes. 4. Role of glutamine in glycosaminoglycan synthesis in vitro by chondrocytes.", "content": "The rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cartilage was shown to be dependent on an exogenous source of L-glutamine. In the absence of L-glutamine the tissue and cellular levels of this amino acid were rapidly depleted. The levels of nucleotide sugars and their precursors were measured after separation on Dowex 1 (formate form) in cartilage incubated with and without L-glutamine. It was found that the levels of N-acetylhexoamine 6-phosphate and UDP-N-acetylhexosamine were decreased by 27 and 40% respectively. This demonstrates that L-glutamine is required as the amido group donor in the synthesis of glucosamine 6-phosphate and that the decrease in glycosaminoglycan synthesis is due to the limitation in synthesis of UDP-N-acetylhexoamine.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix metabolism by chondrocytes. 4. Role of glutamine in glycosaminoglycan synthesis in vitro by chondrocytes. The rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cartilage was shown to be dependent on an exogenous source of L-glutamine. In the absence of L-glutamine the tissue and cellular levels of this amino acid were rapidly depleted. The levels of nucleotide sugars and their precursors were measured after separation on Dowex 1 (formate form) in cartilage incubated with and without L-glutamine. It was found that the levels of N-acetylhexoamine 6-phosphate and UDP-N-acetylhexosamine were decreased by 27 and 40% respectively. This demonstrates that L-glutamine is required as the amido group donor in the synthesis of glucosamine 6-phosphate and that the decrease in glycosaminoglycan synthesis is due to the limitation in synthesis of UDP-N-acetylhexoamine.", "PMID": 656471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6953", "title": "The calcium accumulation in a microsomal fraction from porcine coronary artery smooth muscle. A study of the heterogeneity of the fraction.", "content": "1. Microsomes prepared from the combined media and intima of pig coronary artery, take up Ca in an ATP-dependent way. This uptake is stimulated by oxalate. 2. Conditions have been determined to optimize the preparation of the microsomes in terms of their Ca accumulation activity. Careful homogenization of the tissue mince in 0.25 M sucrose by means of a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer gives microsomal preparations with the highest specific activity for Ca accumulation. 3. Arguments are presented to support the hypothesis that, even in the absence of oxalate, Ca accumulation occurs into the lumen of the vesicles, and that these vesicles have a low Ca permeability. 4. Density gradient analysis shows that the microsomal fraction prepared from pig coronary artery media and intima is composed of vesicles that are heterogeneous in enzymatic composition. 5. Adenylate cyclase appears to be a predominantly plasma membrane-bound enzyme. Rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase and choline phosphotransferase, two putative markers for internal membranes, give distinct banding patterns on on isopycnic centrifugation, indicating different intracellular localization. 6. There is a difference between the density gradient distribution pattern of Ca uptake measured in the presence or absence of oxalate. The latter coincides more closely with plasma membrane markers. The former resembles more the distribution of rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase.", "contents": "The calcium accumulation in a microsomal fraction from porcine coronary artery smooth muscle. A study of the heterogeneity of the fraction. 1. Microsomes prepared from the combined media and intima of pig coronary artery, take up Ca in an ATP-dependent way. This uptake is stimulated by oxalate. 2. Conditions have been determined to optimize the preparation of the microsomes in terms of their Ca accumulation activity. Careful homogenization of the tissue mince in 0.25 M sucrose by means of a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer gives microsomal preparations with the highest specific activity for Ca accumulation. 3. Arguments are presented to support the hypothesis that, even in the absence of oxalate, Ca accumulation occurs into the lumen of the vesicles, and that these vesicles have a low Ca permeability. 4. Density gradient analysis shows that the microsomal fraction prepared from pig coronary artery media and intima is composed of vesicles that are heterogeneous in enzymatic composition. 5. Adenylate cyclase appears to be a predominantly plasma membrane-bound enzyme. Rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase and choline phosphotransferase, two putative markers for internal membranes, give distinct banding patterns on on isopycnic centrifugation, indicating different intracellular localization. 6. There is a difference between the density gradient distribution pattern of Ca uptake measured in the presence or absence of oxalate. The latter coincides more closely with plasma membrane markers. The former resembles more the distribution of rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase.", "PMID": 656472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6954", "title": "The nature of ABH blood group antigens in human gastric secretion.", "content": "The origin of blood group ABH activity in human gastric content was investigated. Dialyzed and lyophilized samples of ten individual gastric secretions were assayed for ABH antigen under various conditions. The native activity persisted in delipidated residue of the respective secretions, but was completely missing in the lipid extracts of the analyzed samples. The alkaline degradation of the native and delipidated samples led to total loss of blood group activity of the analyzed materials, but no effect on A-active glycosphingolipid was evolved. Purified glycolipid portion of the lipid extract was lacking ABH activity and was shown to have distinct composition. This fraction contained only glyceroglucolipids and neither sphingosine nor other carbohydrates were present. On the basis of blood group activity assays of the native, delipidated, alkaline degraded samples and also on glycolipid analysis it was established that the ABH blood group activity of stomach secretion originated entirely from the glycoprotein portion of these samples.", "contents": "The nature of ABH blood group antigens in human gastric secretion. The origin of blood group ABH activity in human gastric content was investigated. Dialyzed and lyophilized samples of ten individual gastric secretions were assayed for ABH antigen under various conditions. The native activity persisted in delipidated residue of the respective secretions, but was completely missing in the lipid extracts of the analyzed samples. The alkaline degradation of the native and delipidated samples led to total loss of blood group activity of the analyzed materials, but no effect on A-active glycosphingolipid was evolved. Purified glycolipid portion of the lipid extract was lacking ABH activity and was shown to have distinct composition. This fraction contained only glyceroglucolipids and neither sphingosine nor other carbohydrates were present. On the basis of blood group activity assays of the native, delipidated, alkaline degraded samples and also on glycolipid analysis it was established that the ABH blood group activity of stomach secretion originated entirely from the glycoprotein portion of these samples.", "PMID": 656473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6955", "title": "Characterization of plasminogen activator in human cervical cells.", "content": "Plasminogen activator activity was detected in human gynecologic specimens using a synthetic fluorogenic peptide substrate assay and confirmed by an 125I-labeled fibrin plate assay. Epithelial cells in these samples contain enzymatic activity that biochemically resembles both the well-characterized plasminogen activator, urokinase, and the less-specific plasminogen activator, trypsin. Inhibition of the cervical cell activity by diisopropylfluorophosphate and p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate demonstrates that, like urokinase and trypsin, this plasminogen activator is also a serine protease. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasminogen that had been incubated with cervical cells indicated the same mechanism of plasminogen activation as exhibited by urokinase. We attempted to correlate plasminogen activator activity of each sample with cytomorphologic diagnosis. Three of the four dysplastic samples analyzed showed higher plasminogen activator activity than did the normal samples.", "contents": "Characterization of plasminogen activator in human cervical cells. Plasminogen activator activity was detected in human gynecologic specimens using a synthetic fluorogenic peptide substrate assay and confirmed by an 125I-labeled fibrin plate assay. Epithelial cells in these samples contain enzymatic activity that biochemically resembles both the well-characterized plasminogen activator, urokinase, and the less-specific plasminogen activator, trypsin. Inhibition of the cervical cell activity by diisopropylfluorophosphate and p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate demonstrates that, like urokinase and trypsin, this plasminogen activator is also a serine protease. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasminogen that had been incubated with cervical cells indicated the same mechanism of plasminogen activation as exhibited by urokinase. We attempted to correlate plasminogen activator activity of each sample with cytomorphologic diagnosis. Three of the four dysplastic samples analyzed showed higher plasminogen activator activity than did the normal samples.", "PMID": 656474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6956", "title": "Blood glycoprotein from antarctic fish. Possible conformational origin of antifreeze activity.", "content": "High resolution 1H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) measurements have been performed on aqueous solutions of antarctic fish antifreeze glycoprotein. The carbohydrate contribution ot the observed CD spectrum has been estimated from closely analogous model compounds. The residual peptide contribution cannot be interpreted of the known spectral behaviour of alpha-helix, beta-sheet and random coil. Instead it resembles the CD spectrum of beta-structure in position, magnitude and spectral form, but is of opposite sign, indicating a specific but unusual peptide conformation, which we suggest may be stabilised by non-bonded interactions between the peptide backbone and the carbohydrate sidechains. Previous evidence which supports this interpretation is reviewed. NMR and CD measurements between -2 and +30 degrees C are consistent with conformational stability throughout the biologically relevant temperature range. The mechanism of the antifreeze activity is discussed in terms of the spatial and orientational correlations of sugar hydroxy groups and water in the liquid and solid states. The implication of an ordered peptide structure is explained by the comparison of the antifreeze glycoprotein with synthetic water-soluble polymers which also exhibit limited antifreeze properties.", "contents": "Blood glycoprotein from antarctic fish. Possible conformational origin of antifreeze activity. High resolution 1H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) measurements have been performed on aqueous solutions of antarctic fish antifreeze glycoprotein. The carbohydrate contribution ot the observed CD spectrum has been estimated from closely analogous model compounds. The residual peptide contribution cannot be interpreted of the known spectral behaviour of alpha-helix, beta-sheet and random coil. Instead it resembles the CD spectrum of beta-structure in position, magnitude and spectral form, but is of opposite sign, indicating a specific but unusual peptide conformation, which we suggest may be stabilised by non-bonded interactions between the peptide backbone and the carbohydrate sidechains. Previous evidence which supports this interpretation is reviewed. NMR and CD measurements between -2 and +30 degrees C are consistent with conformational stability throughout the biologically relevant temperature range. The mechanism of the antifreeze activity is discussed in terms of the spatial and orientational correlations of sugar hydroxy groups and water in the liquid and solid states. The implication of an ordered peptide structure is explained by the comparison of the antifreeze glycoprotein with synthetic water-soluble polymers which also exhibit limited antifreeze properties.", "PMID": 656475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6957", "title": "[Biosynthesis of RNA in the nuclear structure of wilted cotton plant leaves].", "content": "The development of verticillate wilt in cotton plants is accompanied by an increase in the RNA-polymerase activity in isolated nuclear structures of cotton leaves at the latent stage of disease followed by its decrease when the plants develope inner signs of disease. The analysis of biosynthetic rates of nuclear RNA individual fractions showed that at the latent stage the biosyntheses of rRNAs and mRNAs in the nuclear structrues of the leaves are considerably enhanced. The development of inner signs of disease is accompanied by a disturbance of biosynthesis in the nucleus, primarily of mRNA. In the cells of wilted plants only 60% of the mRNA nucleotide sequences present in the controls are synthesized. Deficiency in matric cells for protein biosynthesis leads to further progress of the disease and to destruction of cells.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of RNA in the nuclear structure of wilted cotton plant leaves]. The development of verticillate wilt in cotton plants is accompanied by an increase in the RNA-polymerase activity in isolated nuclear structures of cotton leaves at the latent stage of disease followed by its decrease when the plants develope inner signs of disease. The analysis of biosynthetic rates of nuclear RNA individual fractions showed that at the latent stage the biosyntheses of rRNAs and mRNAs in the nuclear structrues of the leaves are considerably enhanced. The development of inner signs of disease is accompanied by a disturbance of biosynthesis in the nucleus, primarily of mRNA. In the cells of wilted plants only 60% of the mRNA nucleotide sequences present in the controls are synthesized. Deficiency in matric cells for protein biosynthesis leads to further progress of the disease and to destruction of cells.", "PMID": 656482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6958", "title": "[Use of lipid exchange proteins for investigation of lipid dependence of rat liver cytochrome P-450].", "content": "The ability of lipid exchange proteins to introduce foreign phospholipids into intact microsomes was used for a study of the lipid dependence of rat liver cytochrome P-450. Cytochrome P-450 was converted into inactive cytochrome P-420 by treatment of rat liver microsomes with lysophosphatidylcholine. When such microsomes were incubated with phosphatidylcholine in the presence of lipid exchange proteins the lysophosphatidylcholine was partly replaced by phosphatidylcholine and the inactive cytochrome P-450 was reactivated. Similar incubation of the inactivated microsomes with phosphatidylethanolamine did not lead to reactivation of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Use of lipid exchange proteins for investigation of lipid dependence of rat liver cytochrome P-450]. The ability of lipid exchange proteins to introduce foreign phospholipids into intact microsomes was used for a study of the lipid dependence of rat liver cytochrome P-450. Cytochrome P-450 was converted into inactive cytochrome P-420 by treatment of rat liver microsomes with lysophosphatidylcholine. When such microsomes were incubated with phosphatidylcholine in the presence of lipid exchange proteins the lysophosphatidylcholine was partly replaced by phosphatidylcholine and the inactive cytochrome P-450 was reactivated. Similar incubation of the inactivated microsomes with phosphatidylethanolamine did not lead to reactivation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 656483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6959", "title": "[Effects of cycloheximide and chlorotetracycline on the activities of RNA-polymerases in mouse liver nuclei].", "content": "The activities of RNA-polymerases I and II in mouse liver nuclei isolated after injection of various poisons to mice were studied. An increased activity of RNA-polymerase I in the nuclei isolated from mouse liver after injection of the inhibitors of translation, i.e. cycloheximide and chlorotetracycline, was found. The activity of RNA-polymerase II remained unchanged. The inhibition of protein synthesis in mitochondria following the injection of chloramphenicol did not affect the activities of nuclear RNA-polymerases. The animal poisoning by carbon tetrachloride accompanied by a total decrease of the rates of protein and RNA synthesis in the liver decreased the activities of both RNA-polymerases, the activity of RNA-polymerase II being inhibited stronger as compared to that of RNA-polymerase I.", "contents": "[Effects of cycloheximide and chlorotetracycline on the activities of RNA-polymerases in mouse liver nuclei]. The activities of RNA-polymerases I and II in mouse liver nuclei isolated after injection of various poisons to mice were studied. An increased activity of RNA-polymerase I in the nuclei isolated from mouse liver after injection of the inhibitors of translation, i.e. cycloheximide and chlorotetracycline, was found. The activity of RNA-polymerase II remained unchanged. The inhibition of protein synthesis in mitochondria following the injection of chloramphenicol did not affect the activities of nuclear RNA-polymerases. The animal poisoning by carbon tetrachloride accompanied by a total decrease of the rates of protein and RNA synthesis in the liver decreased the activities of both RNA-polymerases, the activity of RNA-polymerase II being inhibited stronger as compared to that of RNA-polymerase I.", "PMID": 656484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6960", "title": "[Stabilization of modified glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale incorporated into the polymeric chains of gels].", "content": "Glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale was modified by unsaturated compounds, e.g. acrolein, allylisothiocyanate, acryloyl chloride and maleic anhydride. The degree of modification for the respective agents made up to 27.2, 8.3, 11.1 and 35.0% of the amine residues; the enzymatic activity was thereby retained by 98, 100, 0.03 and 58%, respectively. The thermal stability of modified enzymes was decreased 2-7 times. The modified preparations were copolymerized with acrylamide or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, spatially cross-linked by N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide or ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, respectively. The rate constants for thermal inactivation of immobilized glucose oxidase were 2-31 times lower as compared to the inactivation constants of the unmodified enzyme, incorporated into the same matrices.", "contents": "[Stabilization of modified glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale incorporated into the polymeric chains of gels]. Glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale was modified by unsaturated compounds, e.g. acrolein, allylisothiocyanate, acryloyl chloride and maleic anhydride. The degree of modification for the respective agents made up to 27.2, 8.3, 11.1 and 35.0% of the amine residues; the enzymatic activity was thereby retained by 98, 100, 0.03 and 58%, respectively. The thermal stability of modified enzymes was decreased 2-7 times. The modified preparations were copolymerized with acrylamide or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, spatially cross-linked by N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide or ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, respectively. The rate constants for thermal inactivation of immobilized glucose oxidase were 2-31 times lower as compared to the inactivation constants of the unmodified enzyme, incorporated into the same matrices.", "PMID": 656485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6961", "title": "[Energetics of active carbohydrate transport into mycoplasma cells].", "content": "Possible energy supply pathways of active transport of non-metabolized 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-mG) into Acholeplasma laidlawii cells are studied. 3-O-MG transport is sensitive to arsenate, inhibitors of glucolysis and membrane Mg-dependent ATPase (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and to uncoupling agents. It is suggested that glycolysis is the main energy source, which main enzymes are found in cell-free extracts. A. laidlawii cells are capable to glycolytic ATP synthesis using glucose as a substrate but not fructose, arginine and ethanol. ATP synthesis is also sensitive to arsenate and glycolytic inhibitors and is resistant to uncoupling agents, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, valinomycin and nigericin. Probably, hydrolysis of glycolytic ATP by membrane-bound ATPase results in the formation on a membrane of both components of proton-motive force, which supply energy for the active 3-O-MG transport. It is supported with the data on the inhibitor analysis of transport using ionic-selecive antibiotics and lipid-soluble ions.", "contents": "[Energetics of active carbohydrate transport into mycoplasma cells]. Possible energy supply pathways of active transport of non-metabolized 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-mG) into Acholeplasma laidlawii cells are studied. 3-O-MG transport is sensitive to arsenate, inhibitors of glucolysis and membrane Mg-dependent ATPase (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and to uncoupling agents. It is suggested that glycolysis is the main energy source, which main enzymes are found in cell-free extracts. A. laidlawii cells are capable to glycolytic ATP synthesis using glucose as a substrate but not fructose, arginine and ethanol. ATP synthesis is also sensitive to arsenate and glycolytic inhibitors and is resistant to uncoupling agents, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, valinomycin and nigericin. Probably, hydrolysis of glycolytic ATP by membrane-bound ATPase results in the formation on a membrane of both components of proton-motive force, which supply energy for the active 3-O-MG transport. It is supported with the data on the inhibitor analysis of transport using ionic-selecive antibiotics and lipid-soluble ions.", "PMID": 656486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6962", "title": "[Use of benzoylated DEAE-cellulose for the fractionation of high polymeric DNAs].", "content": "A method of fractionation of high polymeric DNAs on a column with benzoylated DEAE-cellulose has been developed. For chromatography it has been used a linear gradient of NaCl in a borate buffer, pH 7.0, concurrent with a gradient in ethanol from 0 to 48% (v/v). It has been shown that DNAs from various sources are eluted by two fractions. For complete elution of the second fraction it has been used supplementary solution of 1 M NaCl in a borate buffer, containing 30% dioxane (v/v). DNAs of every fraction distinguish oneself by base composition. The second fraction, containing DNA more high quantity of GC-pair nucleotides. Some advantages of fractionation on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of benzoylated DEAE-cellulose for the fractionation of high polymeric DNAs]. A method of fractionation of high polymeric DNAs on a column with benzoylated DEAE-cellulose has been developed. For chromatography it has been used a linear gradient of NaCl in a borate buffer, pH 7.0, concurrent with a gradient in ethanol from 0 to 48% (v/v). It has been shown that DNAs from various sources are eluted by two fractions. For complete elution of the second fraction it has been used supplementary solution of 1 M NaCl in a borate buffer, containing 30% dioxane (v/v). DNAs of every fraction distinguish oneself by base composition. The second fraction, containing DNA more high quantity of GC-pair nucleotides. Some advantages of fractionation on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose are discussed.", "PMID": 656487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6963", "title": "[Isolation of sarcolemma acetylcholinesterase fractions by gel-filtration through Sepharose 2B].", "content": "Gel-filtration of 0,6 M NaCl and 0,6 M NaCl--0,1% Triton X-100 extracts of freshly isolated sarcolemma through Sepharose 2B (1,5 X 72 cm) has revealed one symmetric peak of acetylcholinesterase activity containing phospholipid and cholesterol, moving faster than fibrinogen and tyreoglobulin. The acetylcholinesterase fraction is substantially separated from other extract proteins. Gel-filtration of extracts from long-store, treated by ultrasound or high concentration of detergent sarcolemma has revealed some peaks of acetylcholinesterase activity, which may be suggested to be degraded forms of the complex high molecular weight structure. All species of acetylcholinesterase are converted by treatment with trypsin to a form moving upon gel-filtration with enzyme-marker catalase. The microsome extracts contain only the form moving with catalase.", "contents": "[Isolation of sarcolemma acetylcholinesterase fractions by gel-filtration through Sepharose 2B]. Gel-filtration of 0,6 M NaCl and 0,6 M NaCl--0,1% Triton X-100 extracts of freshly isolated sarcolemma through Sepharose 2B (1,5 X 72 cm) has revealed one symmetric peak of acetylcholinesterase activity containing phospholipid and cholesterol, moving faster than fibrinogen and tyreoglobulin. The acetylcholinesterase fraction is substantially separated from other extract proteins. Gel-filtration of extracts from long-store, treated by ultrasound or high concentration of detergent sarcolemma has revealed some peaks of acetylcholinesterase activity, which may be suggested to be degraded forms of the complex high molecular weight structure. All species of acetylcholinesterase are converted by treatment with trypsin to a form moving upon gel-filtration with enzyme-marker catalase. The microsome extracts contain only the form moving with catalase.", "PMID": 656488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6964", "title": "[Inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by modifying ATP analogs].", "content": "The interaction between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2) from beef pancreas and the ATP analogs containing alkylating or phosphorylating groups in the polyphosphate moiety of ATP was studied as an approach to investigate the structure of the enzyme active center. Some of the compounds under study were shown to irreversibly inhibit the enzyme activity; the presence of ATP in the most cases protects the enzyme against inactivation. The kinetic constants Ki and k2 of interaction of the irreversible inhibitors with the enzyme were determined. It was found that the Ki values for a number of irreversible competitive inhibitors are by 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the Km value for ATP; the k2 values were found equal to 0.02-0.04 min-1. this suggests that the compounds may be used as affinity reagents, the most efficient ones being adenosine 5'-(beta-chloroethyl phosphate) and mixed AMP-mesithylene carbonic acid anhydride. The absence of a protective effect of ATP in the case of adenosine 5'-(beta-bromoethane phosphonate) and non-competitive type of reversible inhibition inhibition of the enzyme by adenosine 5'-chloromethane phosphonate indicate that the molecule of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase contains sites interacting with adenine nucleotides, other than the ATP binding sites of the active center.", "contents": "[Inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by modifying ATP analogs]. The interaction between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2) from beef pancreas and the ATP analogs containing alkylating or phosphorylating groups in the polyphosphate moiety of ATP was studied as an approach to investigate the structure of the enzyme active center. Some of the compounds under study were shown to irreversibly inhibit the enzyme activity; the presence of ATP in the most cases protects the enzyme against inactivation. The kinetic constants Ki and k2 of interaction of the irreversible inhibitors with the enzyme were determined. It was found that the Ki values for a number of irreversible competitive inhibitors are by 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the Km value for ATP; the k2 values were found equal to 0.02-0.04 min-1. this suggests that the compounds may be used as affinity reagents, the most efficient ones being adenosine 5'-(beta-chloroethyl phosphate) and mixed AMP-mesithylene carbonic acid anhydride. The absence of a protective effect of ATP in the case of adenosine 5'-(beta-bromoethane phosphonate) and non-competitive type of reversible inhibition inhibition of the enzyme by adenosine 5'-chloromethane phosphonate indicate that the molecule of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase contains sites interacting with adenine nucleotides, other than the ATP binding sites of the active center.", "PMID": 656489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6965", "title": "[Accumulation of 14C-nicotinate by membrane preparations].", "content": "The incorporation of nicotinic acid (NA) into cells and mitochondria depends on temperature and the presence of glucose, is coupled with the activity of Na, K-ATPase and is disturbed by the energy exchange inhibitors. The addition of a sucrose liver extract or protein-containing fractions of the extract stimulates the 14C-NA accumulation by liver mitochondria. The stimulating effect of the extract on 14C-NA incorporation into mitochondria is retained after dialysis, but is removed upon boiling of the extract. It is assumed that the 14C-NA transport is operated by proteins: NA is incorporated (at least, partially) into liver cells, where it exists both in a free and proteinbound states. It has been found that there exist at least two protein fractions which bind 14C-NA.", "contents": "[Accumulation of 14C-nicotinate by membrane preparations]. The incorporation of nicotinic acid (NA) into cells and mitochondria depends on temperature and the presence of glucose, is coupled with the activity of Na, K-ATPase and is disturbed by the energy exchange inhibitors. The addition of a sucrose liver extract or protein-containing fractions of the extract stimulates the 14C-NA accumulation by liver mitochondria. The stimulating effect of the extract on 14C-NA incorporation into mitochondria is retained after dialysis, but is removed upon boiling of the extract. It is assumed that the 14C-NA transport is operated by proteins: NA is incorporated (at least, partially) into liver cells, where it exists both in a free and proteinbound states. It has been found that there exist at least two protein fractions which bind 14C-NA.", "PMID": 656490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6966", "title": "[High-yield isolation of chloroplast DNA from Hordeum vulcare barley protoplasts].", "content": "A fraction of intact chloroplasts free of other cell components in isolated from barley leaf chloroplasts. Instead of mechanical desintegration of plant tissue, the method described includes the cellulysine treatment, thus increasing the yeild of chloroplast DNA. The mean content of DNA per barley chloroplast is found to be 1.10(-4) g. Base composition of barley chloroplast DNA is 39.8 mol.% of G+C. The treatment of chloroplast DNA with restriction endonuclease EcoRI results in the appearance of 17-19 bands under agarose gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "[High-yield isolation of chloroplast DNA from Hordeum vulcare barley protoplasts]. A fraction of intact chloroplasts free of other cell components in isolated from barley leaf chloroplasts. Instead of mechanical desintegration of plant tissue, the method described includes the cellulysine treatment, thus increasing the yeild of chloroplast DNA. The mean content of DNA per barley chloroplast is found to be 1.10(-4) g. Base composition of barley chloroplast DNA is 39.8 mol.% of G+C. The treatment of chloroplast DNA with restriction endonuclease EcoRI results in the appearance of 17-19 bands under agarose gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 656491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6967", "title": "[Effect of alcohols on the activity of bacterial agmatinase].", "content": "Aliphatic alcohols inhibit the activity of bacterial agmatinase (E. C. 3.5.3.11). A correlation is demonstrated between the inhibition constant and the length of alcohol carbohydrate radical, and the presence of polar groups has decreased the inhibitory effect. The importance of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of agmatinase-substrate and agmatinase-inhibitor complexes is suggested. The increment of free binding energy within the homologous alcohol row is practically constant (0.5-0.7 kcal/mole). Comparison of deltaF amines and their respective alcohols makes possible to evaluate the contribution of electrostatic interaction in the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. A correlation is observed between solubility of alcohols and their inhibitory effect.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohols on the activity of bacterial agmatinase]. Aliphatic alcohols inhibit the activity of bacterial agmatinase (E. C. 3.5.3.11). A correlation is demonstrated between the inhibition constant and the length of alcohol carbohydrate radical, and the presence of polar groups has decreased the inhibitory effect. The importance of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of agmatinase-substrate and agmatinase-inhibitor complexes is suggested. The increment of free binding energy within the homologous alcohol row is practically constant (0.5-0.7 kcal/mole). Comparison of deltaF amines and their respective alcohols makes possible to evaluate the contribution of electrostatic interaction in the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. A correlation is observed between solubility of alcohols and their inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 656492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6968", "title": "[Possible role of ammonium sulfate in inducing invertase biosynthesis in plants].", "content": "The induction of invertase from beetroot plants and wheat shoots was studied using the \"ageing tissues\" technique. It was found that ammonium sulfate at concentration 0.001 M enhances invertase induction. This effect of ammonium sulfate was not revealed when the preparations were pretreated by actidione, puromycin and chloramphenicol. A possibility of activation of invertase induction by ammonium sulfate is discussed.", "contents": "[Possible role of ammonium sulfate in inducing invertase biosynthesis in plants]. The induction of invertase from beetroot plants and wheat shoots was studied using the \"ageing tissues\" technique. It was found that ammonium sulfate at concentration 0.001 M enhances invertase induction. This effect of ammonium sulfate was not revealed when the preparations were pretreated by actidione, puromycin and chloramphenicol. A possibility of activation of invertase induction by ammonium sulfate is discussed.", "PMID": 656494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6969", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the products from dissolving unstabilized fibrin with complex heparin compounds].", "content": "Effects of some heparin complex compounds (heparin-urea, adrenaline-heparin, fibrinogen-heparin complexes and secondary complex adrenalin-heparin-fibrinogen) on factor XIIIa unstabilized fibrin were studied using electron microscopy. Fibrillar network of unstabilized fibrin destroys with the formation of globular molecular particles similar to fibrinogen molecule or fibrin monomer ultrastructure. A mechanism of fibrinolytic action of all the complexes mentioned is probably the same, since under dissolving of unstabilized fibrin, structures are found, which are similar to those forming under dissolving of unstabilized fibrin with urea.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the products from dissolving unstabilized fibrin with complex heparin compounds]. Effects of some heparin complex compounds (heparin-urea, adrenaline-heparin, fibrinogen-heparin complexes and secondary complex adrenalin-heparin-fibrinogen) on factor XIIIa unstabilized fibrin were studied using electron microscopy. Fibrillar network of unstabilized fibrin destroys with the formation of globular molecular particles similar to fibrinogen molecule or fibrin monomer ultrastructure. A mechanism of fibrinolytic action of all the complexes mentioned is probably the same, since under dissolving of unstabilized fibrin, structures are found, which are similar to those forming under dissolving of unstabilized fibrin with urea.", "PMID": 656495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6970", "title": "[Inhibition of leucyl-tRNA-synthetases by modified ATP analogs].", "content": "The interaction between modifying ATP analogs containing alkylating or phosphorylating groups in the polyphosphate moiety of the ATP molecule and leucyl-tRNA synthetases from cytoplasm and chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis (strain Z) was studied. It was shown that most of the ATP analogs irreversibly inhibit the cytoplasmic enzyme, having no inhibiting effect on the chloroplast synthetase. The kinetic constants K1 and k2 for the interaction between the most effective irreversible inhibitors and the cytoplasmic enzyme were determined. The data on the protection of the enzyme activity by substrates against irreversible inhibition suggest, that the effect of the adenosine 5'-(beta-chloroethyl phosphate) is directed to the ATP-binding site of the cytoplasmic enzyme, whereas the mixed anhydride of AMP and mesithylene carbonic acid acts predominantly on the binding site of 3'-terminal adenosine of the tRNALeu molecule. ATP analogs may be effectively used for affinity labelling of the cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "[Inhibition of leucyl-tRNA-synthetases by modified ATP analogs]. The interaction between modifying ATP analogs containing alkylating or phosphorylating groups in the polyphosphate moiety of the ATP molecule and leucyl-tRNA synthetases from cytoplasm and chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis (strain Z) was studied. It was shown that most of the ATP analogs irreversibly inhibit the cytoplasmic enzyme, having no inhibiting effect on the chloroplast synthetase. The kinetic constants K1 and k2 for the interaction between the most effective irreversible inhibitors and the cytoplasmic enzyme were determined. The data on the protection of the enzyme activity by substrates against irreversible inhibition suggest, that the effect of the adenosine 5'-(beta-chloroethyl phosphate) is directed to the ATP-binding site of the cytoplasmic enzyme, whereas the mixed anhydride of AMP and mesithylene carbonic acid acts predominantly on the binding site of 3'-terminal adenosine of the tRNALeu molecule. ATP analogs may be effectively used for affinity labelling of the cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase.", "PMID": 656496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6971", "title": "[Study of the role of arginine residues in aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol].", "content": "Reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione with chicken heart cytosolic aspartate transaminase results in loss of enzyme activity complying to first order kinetics up to 70% inactivation. The inactivation rate is markedly decreased in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutarate or alpha-methylaspartate. The number of arginine residues modified per subunit was approximately two (in enzyme preparations which retained 30% residual activity). The diketone-modified enzyme nearly completely loses affinity for alpha-methylaspartate and glutarate; in contrast, its ability to bind alpha-alanine and catalyze its transamination half-reaction with the bound coenzyme remains unimpaired. From these data it can be inferred that a functional arginine residue is the cationic binding site for the distal carboxyl group of the substrates. The transaminase apoenzyme was inactivated with cyclohexanedione at the same rate as reconstituted holoenzyme. Measurements of circular dichroism showed that the modified apoenzyme is capable to bind pyridoxal-P. No evidence was obtained for the presence of an arginine residue in the coenzyme binding site.", "contents": "[Study of the role of arginine residues in aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol]. Reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione with chicken heart cytosolic aspartate transaminase results in loss of enzyme activity complying to first order kinetics up to 70% inactivation. The inactivation rate is markedly decreased in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutarate or alpha-methylaspartate. The number of arginine residues modified per subunit was approximately two (in enzyme preparations which retained 30% residual activity). The diketone-modified enzyme nearly completely loses affinity for alpha-methylaspartate and glutarate; in contrast, its ability to bind alpha-alanine and catalyze its transamination half-reaction with the bound coenzyme remains unimpaired. From these data it can be inferred that a functional arginine residue is the cationic binding site for the distal carboxyl group of the substrates. The transaminase apoenzyme was inactivated with cyclohexanedione at the same rate as reconstituted holoenzyme. Measurements of circular dichroism showed that the modified apoenzyme is capable to bind pyridoxal-P. No evidence was obtained for the presence of an arginine residue in the coenzyme binding site.", "PMID": 656497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6972", "title": "[Comparison of the catalytic properties of alpha- and beta-forms of thrombin].", "content": "18-25-fold purified alpha-thrombin, having high esterase activity and coagulating ability of 2500 NIH u per 1 mg of protein, was isolated using chromatography of commercial thrombin through SP-Sephadex C-50. Limited proteolysis of alpha-thrombin on the column with immobilized trypsin resulted in the appearance of beta-thrombin with alpha-thrombin-like esterase activity and tracing coagulating activity (2-5 NIH u per 1 mg of protein). Molecular weight analysis of alpha- and beta-thrombin forms suggests that a peptide (or peptides) with Mr of 1100 is splitted off under proteolysis. Some similarity is revealed in kinetic parameters (Km(app) and kkat) of TAME and BAME hydrolysis by alpha- and beta-thrombin, although Km(app) is somewhat low (approximately 2-fold) for alpha-thrombin. Investigation of TAME hydrolysis kinetics by both thrombin forms at a wide range of substrate concentrations has revealed the effect of substrate activation. Kinetic constants Ks and beta for high substrate concentrations are calculated. It is suggested that the similarity of alpha- and beta-thrombin action on arginine esters and sharp differences in their effect on fibrinogen may be a result of a disturbance of substrate-binding region of beta-thrombin active site.", "contents": "[Comparison of the catalytic properties of alpha- and beta-forms of thrombin]. 18-25-fold purified alpha-thrombin, having high esterase activity and coagulating ability of 2500 NIH u per 1 mg of protein, was isolated using chromatography of commercial thrombin through SP-Sephadex C-50. Limited proteolysis of alpha-thrombin on the column with immobilized trypsin resulted in the appearance of beta-thrombin with alpha-thrombin-like esterase activity and tracing coagulating activity (2-5 NIH u per 1 mg of protein). Molecular weight analysis of alpha- and beta-thrombin forms suggests that a peptide (or peptides) with Mr of 1100 is splitted off under proteolysis. Some similarity is revealed in kinetic parameters (Km(app) and kkat) of TAME and BAME hydrolysis by alpha- and beta-thrombin, although Km(app) is somewhat low (approximately 2-fold) for alpha-thrombin. Investigation of TAME hydrolysis kinetics by both thrombin forms at a wide range of substrate concentrations has revealed the effect of substrate activation. Kinetic constants Ks and beta for high substrate concentrations are calculated. It is suggested that the similarity of alpha- and beta-thrombin action on arginine esters and sharp differences in their effect on fibrinogen may be a result of a disturbance of substrate-binding region of beta-thrombin active site.", "PMID": 656498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6973", "title": "[Determination of the kinetic parameters of individual stages of M(alpha)-arylsulfonyl-L-arginine ester hydrolysis by thrombin and trypsin].", "content": "The N(alpha)-arylsulfonyl-L-arginine ethyl- and propyl esters were synthesized and the kinetics of their hydrolysis by thrombin was studied. The values of kcat and Km were shown to depend on the structure of the leaving group and to decrease in the line: OCH3 greater than OC2H5 greater than OC3H7. Using methanol as an additional nucleophile, the kinetic parameters - k2, k3 and Ks - were measured for both thrombin- and trypsin-catalysed reactions. A similarity of two enzymes at the stage of Michaelis complex formation was revealed: the Ks values for both enzymes were practically identical (18.10(-5)M). The differences between thrombin and trypsin were observed at the stages of chemical conversion of substrates and were especially well-pronounced at the stage of acylation. It was shown that the k2 values for thrombin were lower than that for trypsin and the k2/k3 ratio of TAME hydrolysis by trypsin was equal to 21, while that for thrombin was 4.5. This finding is indicative of an essential role of the acylation step in thrombin-catalysed hydrolysis of the esters under study.", "contents": "[Determination of the kinetic parameters of individual stages of M(alpha)-arylsulfonyl-L-arginine ester hydrolysis by thrombin and trypsin]. The N(alpha)-arylsulfonyl-L-arginine ethyl- and propyl esters were synthesized and the kinetics of their hydrolysis by thrombin was studied. The values of kcat and Km were shown to depend on the structure of the leaving group and to decrease in the line: OCH3 greater than OC2H5 greater than OC3H7. Using methanol as an additional nucleophile, the kinetic parameters - k2, k3 and Ks - were measured for both thrombin- and trypsin-catalysed reactions. A similarity of two enzymes at the stage of Michaelis complex formation was revealed: the Ks values for both enzymes were practically identical (18.10(-5)M). The differences between thrombin and trypsin were observed at the stages of chemical conversion of substrates and were especially well-pronounced at the stage of acylation. It was shown that the k2 values for thrombin were lower than that for trypsin and the k2/k3 ratio of TAME hydrolysis by trypsin was equal to 21, while that for thrombin was 4.5. This finding is indicative of an essential role of the acylation step in thrombin-catalysed hydrolysis of the esters under study.", "PMID": 656499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6974", "title": "[Disintegration and fractionation of barley chloroplast membranes at different concentrations of digitonin and chloroplasts].", "content": "Chloroplasts pretreated with digitonin were fractionated by electrophoresis in order to study the arrangement of chloroplast membranes. Different types of particles resulting from the electrophoresis are shown to be due to fractionation of the chloroplast membranes of the same type rather than to the isolation of particular types from the chloroplasts of different ages. The stopped-flow measurement of quickly changing light scattering demonstrated that the membrane solubilization increased with the increase in the digitonin concentration. Meanwhile the fractionation result (the amount of particles in the electrophoretic zones and their spectral properties) remain very similar over a wide range of the detergent and chloroplast concentrations. This is explained by the fact that the increasing detergent concentrations do not cause particle destruction. Thus the method used revealed the particles which different from one another before they were isolated from the membrane. They are fractionated following the natural boundaries between them and the containing membrane. In other words, chloroplast membranes have a discrete set of submembrane particles of different types.", "contents": "[Disintegration and fractionation of barley chloroplast membranes at different concentrations of digitonin and chloroplasts]. Chloroplasts pretreated with digitonin were fractionated by electrophoresis in order to study the arrangement of chloroplast membranes. Different types of particles resulting from the electrophoresis are shown to be due to fractionation of the chloroplast membranes of the same type rather than to the isolation of particular types from the chloroplasts of different ages. The stopped-flow measurement of quickly changing light scattering demonstrated that the membrane solubilization increased with the increase in the digitonin concentration. Meanwhile the fractionation result (the amount of particles in the electrophoretic zones and their spectral properties) remain very similar over a wide range of the detergent and chloroplast concentrations. This is explained by the fact that the increasing detergent concentrations do not cause particle destruction. Thus the method used revealed the particles which different from one another before they were isolated from the membrane. They are fractionated following the natural boundaries between them and the containing membrane. In other words, chloroplast membranes have a discrete set of submembrane particles of different types.", "PMID": 656500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6975", "title": "[Conformation of gamma-aminobutyric acid and its receptors].", "content": "The preferable conformations of the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its specific inhibitor bicuculline are due to the occupation of the GABAreceptor by a part of the bicuculline molecule that is isosteric with the biologically active conformation of GABA. In the present review are described characteristics of sodium-independence receptor sites and evaluated the regional distribution of postsynaptic receptor binding for GABA in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic GABA receptor has been labeled by direct binding of 3H-GABA. The structural analogues and antagonists of GABA were investigated for inhibition of GABA binding. The developmental changes in the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the GABA uptake mechanism and GABA receptor binding in embryo brain were examined. Different models for the GABA-receptor interaction are considered. Data of the stoichiometry of GABA-receptor interactions indicate that the interaction is probabilistic and that 3 molecules of GABA are needed to activate the receptor probabilistically. It was found that 1 molecule of picrotoxin was capable of blocking the interaction with 3 GABA molecules. The hypothetical model of cooperative action of GABA-recepto-inophore complexes involving membrane mobility is also discussed. The transitive complex GABA with ligand binding of Na+, Cl- and the conformational changes of GABA-receptor is proposed.", "contents": "[Conformation of gamma-aminobutyric acid and its receptors]. The preferable conformations of the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its specific inhibitor bicuculline are due to the occupation of the GABAreceptor by a part of the bicuculline molecule that is isosteric with the biologically active conformation of GABA. In the present review are described characteristics of sodium-independence receptor sites and evaluated the regional distribution of postsynaptic receptor binding for GABA in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic GABA receptor has been labeled by direct binding of 3H-GABA. The structural analogues and antagonists of GABA were investigated for inhibition of GABA binding. The developmental changes in the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the GABA uptake mechanism and GABA receptor binding in embryo brain were examined. Different models for the GABA-receptor interaction are considered. Data of the stoichiometry of GABA-receptor interactions indicate that the interaction is probabilistic and that 3 molecules of GABA are needed to activate the receptor probabilistically. It was found that 1 molecule of picrotoxin was capable of blocking the interaction with 3 GABA molecules. The hypothetical model of cooperative action of GABA-recepto-inophore complexes involving membrane mobility is also discussed. The transitive complex GABA with ligand binding of Na+, Cl- and the conformational changes of GABA-receptor is proposed.", "PMID": 656501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6976", "title": "[Purification and properties of 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans].", "content": "3-Hexulosephosphate synthase (HPS), the key enzyme of the hexulosephosphate cycle of formaldehyde fixation, was isolated from facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans. Enzyme was purified 100-fold. The purification procedure involved fractionation with ammonium sulfate, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150 and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The purified enzyme gave single band on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Optimal conditions for activity of HPS are: pH 7,0, temperature 50 degrees C. The molecular weight was calculated to be 45 000 from gel-filtration experiments. HPS is active only in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. Ribulose-5-phosphate is the sole acceptor of formaldehyde. Activity of the enzyme is inhibited by NADH and NADPH.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans]. 3-Hexulosephosphate synthase (HPS), the key enzyme of the hexulosephosphate cycle of formaldehyde fixation, was isolated from facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans. Enzyme was purified 100-fold. The purification procedure involved fractionation with ammonium sulfate, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150 and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The purified enzyme gave single band on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Optimal conditions for activity of HPS are: pH 7,0, temperature 50 degrees C. The molecular weight was calculated to be 45 000 from gel-filtration experiments. HPS is active only in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. Ribulose-5-phosphate is the sole acceptor of formaldehyde. Activity of the enzyme is inhibited by NADH and NADPH.", "PMID": 656502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6977", "title": "[Chemical modification of epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine residues in horseradish peroxidase. Accessibility of these groups to different modifying agents].", "content": "Modification of epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine residues in horseradish peroxidase by acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and succinic anhydrides and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) is carried out. All the anhydrides modify at 0 degrees C four epsilon-NH2 lysine groups, and TNBS--three groups. TNBS modifies all 6 peroxidase epsilon-NH2 groups at 40 degrees C. Possible spacing of lysine epsilon-NH2 groups in the enzyme molecule is discussed.", "contents": "[Chemical modification of epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine residues in horseradish peroxidase. Accessibility of these groups to different modifying agents]. Modification of epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine residues in horseradish peroxidase by acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and succinic anhydrides and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) is carried out. All the anhydrides modify at 0 degrees C four epsilon-NH2 lysine groups, and TNBS--three groups. TNBS modifies all 6 peroxidase epsilon-NH2 groups at 40 degrees C. Possible spacing of lysine epsilon-NH2 groups in the enzyme molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 656503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6978", "title": "[Model for auxin receptor].", "content": "Literary data on correlation between the structure and auxin activity of aryl-, arylalkan- and aryloxyalkancarboxylic acids and those of 3-indolylacetic acid are reviewed. The structure of auxins is compared to that of their inactive structural analogs in terms of a literary hypothesis on the bifunctional binding of auxins to the receptor, which allowed to construct a model for the structure of the auxin receptor (site responsible for intrinsic binding of auxins). The geometric parameters of this receptor site and specific arrangement of specific auxin binding sites have been proposed. It is demonstrated that during auxin absorption on the receptor the conformation of the latter is changed, which may be accounted for as a primary functional effect of auxins on the receptor.", "contents": "[Model for auxin receptor]. Literary data on correlation between the structure and auxin activity of aryl-, arylalkan- and aryloxyalkancarboxylic acids and those of 3-indolylacetic acid are reviewed. The structure of auxins is compared to that of their inactive structural analogs in terms of a literary hypothesis on the bifunctional binding of auxins to the receptor, which allowed to construct a model for the structure of the auxin receptor (site responsible for intrinsic binding of auxins). The geometric parameters of this receptor site and specific arrangement of specific auxin binding sites have been proposed. It is demonstrated that during auxin absorption on the receptor the conformation of the latter is changed, which may be accounted for as a primary functional effect of auxins on the receptor.", "PMID": 656504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6979", "title": "[Study of evolutionary changes in subfraction composition of histone H1 in birds].", "content": "Analysis of electrophoretic mobility of histone H1 subfractions from liver, brain and erythrocytes of 41 bird species was carried out. Subfractions of erythrocyte H1 histones from each species were compared with those of thrush Turdus musicus. The majority of species proved to possess a set of electrophoretically similar subfractions. Interspecific differences in histone H1 were mainly due to the differences in the ratio of those subfractions. The identity of the electrophoretic mobility and similar contribution to H1 histone from the respective tissues in different species permits to consider certain subfractions as homologous ones. The conservation of electrophoretic mobility  for homologous subfractions of the birds of different orders shows a high evolutionary conservatism of the corresponding genes. It seems that in the course of evolution only a change in the expression of some of those genes occurs.", "contents": "[Study of evolutionary changes in subfraction composition of histone H1 in birds]. Analysis of electrophoretic mobility of histone H1 subfractions from liver, brain and erythrocytes of 41 bird species was carried out. Subfractions of erythrocyte H1 histones from each species were compared with those of thrush Turdus musicus. The majority of species proved to possess a set of electrophoretically similar subfractions. Interspecific differences in histone H1 were mainly due to the differences in the ratio of those subfractions. The identity of the electrophoretic mobility and similar contribution to H1 histone from the respective tissues in different species permits to consider certain subfractions as homologous ones. The conservation of electrophoretic mobility  for homologous subfractions of the birds of different orders shows a high evolutionary conservatism of the corresponding genes. It seems that in the course of evolution only a change in the expression of some of those genes occurs.", "PMID": 656505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6980", "title": "[Stabilization of polyribosomal mRNA in rat liver cells under protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide].", "content": "It was found that in the course of centrifugation of the postmitochondrial fraction from rat liver in the sucrose concentration gradient, mRNA located in the EDTA-resistant structures sedimented together with polyribosomes. The same structures were detected in the polyribosomal fraction of liver cells after injection of ethionine to the animals. Centrifugation of polyribosomes through a layer of 2.0 M sucrose at 105 000 g for 4 hrs and subsequent centrifugation through a layer of 1.0 M sucrose resulted in the disappearance of the complexes from the polyribosomal fraction. Evidence for the absence of destruction of labelled polyribosomal mRNA in liver cells following the injection of cycloheximide were obtained. Actinomycin D also stabilized polyribosomal mRNA in liver cells, however, in a much lesser degree as compared to cycloheximide. Possible mechanisms of the stabilizing effects of cycloheximide and actinomycin D on polyribosomal mRNA in liver cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Stabilization of polyribosomal mRNA in rat liver cells under protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide]. It was found that in the course of centrifugation of the postmitochondrial fraction from rat liver in the sucrose concentration gradient, mRNA located in the EDTA-resistant structures sedimented together with polyribosomes. The same structures were detected in the polyribosomal fraction of liver cells after injection of ethionine to the animals. Centrifugation of polyribosomes through a layer of 2.0 M sucrose at 105 000 g for 4 hrs and subsequent centrifugation through a layer of 1.0 M sucrose resulted in the disappearance of the complexes from the polyribosomal fraction. Evidence for the absence of destruction of labelled polyribosomal mRNA in liver cells following the injection of cycloheximide were obtained. Actinomycin D also stabilized polyribosomal mRNA in liver cells, however, in a much lesser degree as compared to cycloheximide. Possible mechanisms of the stabilizing effects of cycloheximide and actinomycin D on polyribosomal mRNA in liver cells are discussed.", "PMID": 656506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6981", "title": "[Proteolytic enzymes bound to Bac. thuringiensis crystals].", "content": "It was demonstrated that crystals of entomopathogenic protein from Bac. thuringiensis contain admixture of proteinase either adhered to their surface on inconponated into crystal lattice defects. A proteolytic action, particularly when enhanced by crystal dissolution, causes progressive degradation of crystal proteins with molecular weights of 140 000--129 000 down to the components with smaller molecular weights. This may, at least, partially account for the contradictions in the literature data on crystal composition. Using synthetic peptide substrates and specific inhibitors, it was shown that the enzymes incorporated into crystals belong to serine and metalloproteases. The presence of leucine aminopeptidase was also noted. A method for enzyme separation from crystal has been developed.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzymes bound to Bac. thuringiensis crystals]. It was demonstrated that crystals of entomopathogenic protein from Bac. thuringiensis contain admixture of proteinase either adhered to their surface on inconponated into crystal lattice defects. A proteolytic action, particularly when enhanced by crystal dissolution, causes progressive degradation of crystal proteins with molecular weights of 140 000--129 000 down to the components with smaller molecular weights. This may, at least, partially account for the contradictions in the literature data on crystal composition. Using synthetic peptide substrates and specific inhibitors, it was shown that the enzymes incorporated into crystals belong to serine and metalloproteases. The presence of leucine aminopeptidase was also noted. A method for enzyme separation from crystal has been developed.", "PMID": 656507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6982", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of restriction endonuclease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens].", "content": "A partially purified preparation of restriction endonuclease Bam I was isolated from the cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The purification procedure was a modification of a method described by Wilson and Young. Isolation and purification of the enzyme involved disruption of the cells by ultrasonication, treatment with streptomycin sulfate, fractionation by ammonium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite and rechromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Restrictase Bam I splits the linear double-chain DNA molecule of phage gamma into six fragments. The enzyme retained its stability under storage on the ice for 1,5--2 months in a Na- or K-phosphate buffer with beta-mercaptoethanol (10 mM).", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of restriction endonuclease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens]. A partially purified preparation of restriction endonuclease Bam I was isolated from the cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The purification procedure was a modification of a method described by Wilson and Young. Isolation and purification of the enzyme involved disruption of the cells by ultrasonication, treatment with streptomycin sulfate, fractionation by ammonium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite and rechromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Restrictase Bam I splits the linear double-chain DNA molecule of phage gamma into six fragments. The enzyme retained its stability under storage on the ice for 1,5--2 months in a Na- or K-phosphate buffer with beta-mercaptoethanol (10 mM).", "PMID": 656508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6983", "title": "[Soluble high molecular weight derivatives of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Isolation and properties of the inhibitor bound to carboxymethyl cellulose and diethylaminoethyl dextran].", "content": "Soluble preparations of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, which is bound to carboxymethyl cellulose- and diethylaminoethyl dextran activated by chlorine derivatives of s-triazine were isolated. The activity of the pancreatic inhibitor bound to carboxymethyl cellulose treated by 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine was completely retained. Simultaneously, the reaction cyanuric chloride activation of water-soluble polysaccharide carriers in a non-aqueous solvent was studied by assaying the amount of chlorine atoms on the treated matrix. The gel-filtration experiments show that the cross-linkages between polysaccharide molecules appear during the activation reaction. A structural model of a carboxymethyl cellulose-bound pancreatic inhibitor is proposed.", "contents": "[Soluble high molecular weight derivatives of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Isolation and properties of the inhibitor bound to carboxymethyl cellulose and diethylaminoethyl dextran]. Soluble preparations of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, which is bound to carboxymethyl cellulose- and diethylaminoethyl dextran activated by chlorine derivatives of s-triazine were isolated. The activity of the pancreatic inhibitor bound to carboxymethyl cellulose treated by 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine was completely retained. Simultaneously, the reaction cyanuric chloride activation of water-soluble polysaccharide carriers in a non-aqueous solvent was studied by assaying the amount of chlorine atoms on the treated matrix. The gel-filtration experiments show that the cross-linkages between polysaccharide molecules appear during the activation reaction. A structural model of a carboxymethyl cellulose-bound pancreatic inhibitor is proposed.", "PMID": 656509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6984", "title": "[Effect of phloridzin on photosynthetic electron transport].", "content": "Phloridzin (2',4',6',4-tetraoxyhydrochalcon-2'-glucoside) was used to study the localization of synthesis of ATP in the electrontransporting chain of photosynthesis. It was shown that phloridzin inhibits the rate of photoreduction of NADP+ by isolated pea chloroplasts by 40%, electron transport via cytochrome f by 100% and via plastocyanin--by 50%. The \"crossover\" experiments demonstrated that phloridzin inhibits ADP-induced photoreduction of cytochrome f, having no effect on plastocyanin under identical conditions. It is assumed that the site of ATP synthesis is localized on the reduced site of cytochrome f, while the carrier itself is located in the electron transporting chain coupled to phosphorylation. It is possible that only part of the plastocyanin molecules are located in the phosphorylating pathway of electron transport.", "contents": "[Effect of phloridzin on photosynthetic electron transport]. Phloridzin (2',4',6',4-tetraoxyhydrochalcon-2'-glucoside) was used to study the localization of synthesis of ATP in the electrontransporting chain of photosynthesis. It was shown that phloridzin inhibits the rate of photoreduction of NADP+ by isolated pea chloroplasts by 40%, electron transport via cytochrome f by 100% and via plastocyanin--by 50%. The \"crossover\" experiments demonstrated that phloridzin inhibits ADP-induced photoreduction of cytochrome f, having no effect on plastocyanin under identical conditions. It is assumed that the site of ATP synthesis is localized on the reduced site of cytochrome f, while the carrier itself is located in the electron transporting chain coupled to phosphorylation. It is possible that only part of the plastocyanin molecules are located in the phosphorylating pathway of electron transport.", "PMID": 656510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6985", "title": "[Electrophoretic and chromatographic studies of zein].", "content": "Total zein is isolated from fat-free maize flour and studied using electrophoresis in acrylamide gel gradient (7-30%) and gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200 (Superfine) and Sepharose CL-6B. Molecular weights of electrophoretic and chromatographic fractions are determined. 12 electrophoretic and 5-7 chromatographic fractions are found in zein, their molecular weight being 40000-280000 daltons.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic and chromatographic studies of zein]. Total zein is isolated from fat-free maize flour and studied using electrophoresis in acrylamide gel gradient (7-30%) and gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200 (Superfine) and Sepharose CL-6B. Molecular weights of electrophoretic and chromatographic fractions are determined. 12 electrophoretic and 5-7 chromatographic fractions are found in zein, their molecular weight being 40000-280000 daltons.", "PMID": 656511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6986", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the properties of rat liver polyribosomes, metabolism, and template activity of polysomal poly-A-containing RNA].", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on the amount of newly synthesized polyribosomal poly-A+-RNA and its translation activity and the distribution of polyribosomes in the induction dynamics according to their size were studied. It was shown that 3-5 hours after intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone the incorporation of labelled precursors into polyribosomal poly-A+-mRNA is increased, which is accompanied by rapid accumulation of mRNA in the polyribosomes. Under prolonged induction those parameters come down to the initial level. 4-7 hours after the injection of the hormone the relative amount of heavy polyribosomes (350-412S) in liver cells is increased. It was found that hydrocortisone significantly changes the specific translation activity of polysomal poly-A+-mRNA: it shows an increase 2-4 hours after the hormone injection and returns to the initial level 12 hours after the injection.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the properties of rat liver polyribosomes, metabolism, and template activity of polysomal poly-A-containing RNA]. The effect of hydrocortisone on the amount of newly synthesized polyribosomal poly-A+-RNA and its translation activity and the distribution of polyribosomes in the induction dynamics according to their size were studied. It was shown that 3-5 hours after intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone the incorporation of labelled precursors into polyribosomal poly-A+-mRNA is increased, which is accompanied by rapid accumulation of mRNA in the polyribosomes. Under prolonged induction those parameters come down to the initial level. 4-7 hours after the injection of the hormone the relative amount of heavy polyribosomes (350-412S) in liver cells is increased. It was found that hydrocortisone significantly changes the specific translation activity of polysomal poly-A+-mRNA: it shows an increase 2-4 hours after the hormone injection and returns to the initial level 12 hours after the injection.", "PMID": 656512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6987", "title": "[The absence of coupling between the formation of membrane potential and electron transfer via the alternative pathway of cyanide-resistant mitochondria].", "content": "The estimation of membrane potential of cyanide-resistant mitochondria of Candida lipolytica yeast was carried out using positively charged dye phenosafranine. The electron transfer via alternative pathway of cynide resistant mitochondria was shown not to be coupled with the formation of potential on membrane mitochondria.", "contents": "[The absence of coupling between the formation of membrane potential and electron transfer via the alternative pathway of cyanide-resistant mitochondria]. The estimation of membrane potential of cyanide-resistant mitochondria of Candida lipolytica yeast was carried out using positively charged dye phenosafranine. The electron transfer via alternative pathway of cynide resistant mitochondria was shown not to be coupled with the formation of potential on membrane mitochondria.", "PMID": 656513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6988", "title": "Sephadex-gel filtration (SGF) in infant and adult Gunn rats.", "content": "SGF was compared in infant and adult homozygous Gunn rats. Without any drug application, the test was negative in the adult animals, whereas a remarkable percentage of positive SGF was obtained in 5-7-day-old rats, especially in those undernourished and/or intensely icteric. Unexpectedly, in infant rats the rate of positive SGF after sulfadimethoxine injection was lower than in the untreated control group. Moreover, in 9-10-day-old animals who had positive SGF before the injection, the test became negative 15-20 min after sulfadimethoxine application in vivo. No convincing explanation could be given, but drug interference with the binding capacities of the Sephadex column could be excluded by appropriate in vitro tests.", "contents": "Sephadex-gel filtration (SGF) in infant and adult Gunn rats. SGF was compared in infant and adult homozygous Gunn rats. Without any drug application, the test was negative in the adult animals, whereas a remarkable percentage of positive SGF was obtained in 5-7-day-old rats, especially in those undernourished and/or intensely icteric. Unexpectedly, in infant rats the rate of positive SGF after sulfadimethoxine injection was lower than in the untreated control group. Moreover, in 9-10-day-old animals who had positive SGF before the injection, the test became negative 15-20 min after sulfadimethoxine application in vivo. No convincing explanation could be given, but drug interference with the binding capacities of the Sephadex column could be excluded by appropriate in vitro tests.", "PMID": 656518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6989", "title": "Undersulfated urinary glycosaminoglycans in preterm newborns.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans (GAG) isolated from pooled urine of preterm newborns were fractionated by stepwise elution from a Dowex 1-X2 column. Analytical reactions, cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzymatic digestions with chondroitinases and testicular hyaluronidase were performed on each fraction. Chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate constitute about 60% of urinary GAG; heparan sulfate amounts to about 20%, while chondroitin represents 12% of total GAG; dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and keratan sulfate are present in small traces. Approximately 30% of the total is constituted by nonsulfated GAG.", "contents": "Undersulfated urinary glycosaminoglycans in preterm newborns. The glycosaminoglycans (GAG) isolated from pooled urine of preterm newborns were fractionated by stepwise elution from a Dowex 1-X2 column. Analytical reactions, cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzymatic digestions with chondroitinases and testicular hyaluronidase were performed on each fraction. Chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate constitute about 60% of urinary GAG; heparan sulfate amounts to about 20%, while chondroitin represents 12% of total GAG; dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and keratan sulfate are present in small traces. Approximately 30% of the total is constituted by nonsulfated GAG.", "PMID": 656519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6990", "title": "Fetal and placental growth in the rat following differential reduction of litter size.", "content": "The effects on fetal and placental growth of differential litter size reduction on day 10 (LR10) and day 13 (LR13) were determined in the rat. LR10 resulted in significant increments in placental weight, fetal body and brain weight, and brain protein content in the survivors at day 21. A marginal effect on brain cellularity (DNA) was observed. Values for these parameters generally followed the extent of reduction. Placenta weight was also related to original litter size. In contrast, LR13 which was associated with survival of supernumerary placentae (those without a fetus) produced no growth enhancement. Prenatal development was discussed in terms of general systemic influences and hormonal regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Fetal and placental growth in the rat following differential reduction of litter size. The effects on fetal and placental growth of differential litter size reduction on day 10 (LR10) and day 13 (LR13) were determined in the rat. LR10 resulted in significant increments in placental weight, fetal body and brain weight, and brain protein content in the survivors at day 21. A marginal effect on brain cellularity (DNA) was observed. Values for these parameters generally followed the extent of reduction. Placenta weight was also related to original litter size. In contrast, LR13 which was associated with survival of supernumerary placentae (those without a fetus) produced no growth enhancement. Prenatal development was discussed in terms of general systemic influences and hormonal regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 656520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6991", "title": "Materno-fetal transport of creatine in the rat.", "content": "The transfer of 14C-creatine to the rat fetus was studied following continuous i.v. infusion into the mother. In the presence of a relatively constant maternal plasma 14C-creatine concentration, creatine was accumulated by the chorioallantoic placenta and visceral yolk sac to concentrations higher than that found in maternal or fetal plasma. The ability of the extraembryonic membranes to accumulate creatine changed during gestation; nevertheless, these membranes concentrated creatine against a gradient throughout the period studied (14-22 days of gestation). Neither 14C-creatine nor 14C-urea were concentrated in the placentae or fetal plasma when compared to maternal plasma. Simultaneous infusion of beta-guanidinopropionic acid with 14C-creatine reduced both movement and accumulation of creatine into the fetoplacental unit. It is concluded that the accumulation of creatine by the chorioallantoic placenta and by the visceral yolk sac is an active process with creatine diffusing down its concentration gradient into the fetal circulation.", "contents": "Materno-fetal transport of creatine in the rat. The transfer of 14C-creatine to the rat fetus was studied following continuous i.v. infusion into the mother. In the presence of a relatively constant maternal plasma 14C-creatine concentration, creatine was accumulated by the chorioallantoic placenta and visceral yolk sac to concentrations higher than that found in maternal or fetal plasma. The ability of the extraembryonic membranes to accumulate creatine changed during gestation; nevertheless, these membranes concentrated creatine against a gradient throughout the period studied (14-22 days of gestation). Neither 14C-creatine nor 14C-urea were concentrated in the placentae or fetal plasma when compared to maternal plasma. Simultaneous infusion of beta-guanidinopropionic acid with 14C-creatine reduced both movement and accumulation of creatine into the fetoplacental unit. It is concluded that the accumulation of creatine by the chorioallantoic placenta and by the visceral yolk sac is an active process with creatine diffusing down its concentration gradient into the fetal circulation.", "PMID": 656521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6992", "title": "Orotic acid: its influence on nuclear RNA and microsomal protein synthesis in brain cells of undernourished rat pups.", "content": "Malnourished rat pups were supplemented with orotic acid. RNA-synthesizing activity of isolated brain cell nuclei and microsomal protein synthesis was measured in vitro. A marked increase was found in the activity of nuclear RNA synthesis but not in microsomal protein synthesis after orotic acid treatment for 7 days.", "contents": "Orotic acid: its influence on nuclear RNA and microsomal protein synthesis in brain cells of undernourished rat pups. Malnourished rat pups were supplemented with orotic acid. RNA-synthesizing activity of isolated brain cell nuclei and microsomal protein synthesis was measured in vitro. A marked increase was found in the activity of nuclear RNA synthesis but not in microsomal protein synthesis after orotic acid treatment for 7 days.", "PMID": 656522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6993", "title": "The effects of glucose and alanine infusion on urea production and gluconeogenesis in the starved newborn guinea pig.", "content": "We studied the effects of glucose, alanine, and saline infusion in newborn guinea pigs. After acute (24-30 h after delivery) or prolonged (96-100 h after delivery) starvation, alanine or glucose infusion significantly increased liver glycogen concentration. Alanine infusion increased plasma glucose concentration and urea production rate (UrP). After acute starvation, a continuous 12-hour glucose infusion did not affect either plasma alanine concentration or UrP; however, after prolonged starvation, glucose infusion significantly reduced both variables. After prolonged starvation, the newborn guinea pig mobilizes alanine for gluconeogenesis. Increased protein catabolism is a consequence of this process. Glucose infusion negates the need for gluconeogenesis and spares body protein.", "contents": "The effects of glucose and alanine infusion on urea production and gluconeogenesis in the starved newborn guinea pig. We studied the effects of glucose, alanine, and saline infusion in newborn guinea pigs. After acute (24-30 h after delivery) or prolonged (96-100 h after delivery) starvation, alanine or glucose infusion significantly increased liver glycogen concentration. Alanine infusion increased plasma glucose concentration and urea production rate (UrP). After acute starvation, a continuous 12-hour glucose infusion did not affect either plasma alanine concentration or UrP; however, after prolonged starvation, glucose infusion significantly reduced both variables. After prolonged starvation, the newborn guinea pig mobilizes alanine for gluconeogenesis. Increased protein catabolism is a consequence of this process. Glucose infusion negates the need for gluconeogenesis and spares body protein.", "PMID": 656523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6994", "title": "Cord and maternal serum meperidine concentrations and clinical status of the infant.", "content": "The possible relationship between the use of meperidine during labor and fetal or neonatal distress was investigated by correlating clinical parameters with maternal and cord serum concentrations of meperidine. The serum concentration of meperidine was determined by a radioimmunoassay which is 100-fold more sensitive than previously employed techniques and can detect as little as 0.02 nmol meperidine/ml. The incidence of fetal or neonatal depression following meperidine administration was higher (6 of 17 infants) than in a control group but no correlation between suppression and the route of meperidine administration or the serum meperidine concentrations at the time of delivery was found.", "contents": "Cord and maternal serum meperidine concentrations and clinical status of the infant. The possible relationship between the use of meperidine during labor and fetal or neonatal distress was investigated by correlating clinical parameters with maternal and cord serum concentrations of meperidine. The serum concentration of meperidine was determined by a radioimmunoassay which is 100-fold more sensitive than previously employed techniques and can detect as little as 0.02 nmol meperidine/ml. The incidence of fetal or neonatal depression following meperidine administration was higher (6 of 17 infants) than in a control group but no correlation between suppression and the route of meperidine administration or the serum meperidine concentrations at the time of delivery was found.", "PMID": 656525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6995", "title": "Longitudinal studies of infants with the Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Clinical, radiological and mechanical correlations.", "content": "Simple clinical measurements were performed on a group of 23 very low birth weight babies (less than 1500 g and less than 32 weeks gestation), and combined with pulmonary function studies in 13 cases. The studied included a special single-breath analysis, or Tidal Resistance Profile, which enabled us to detect air trapping. 2 infants developed classical Wilson-Mikity syndrome and 2 further infants exhibited a milder, shorter form of the same disorder. All 4 survived. Results suggest that all infants in this maturity group are at risk of developing Wilson-Mikity syndrome, and that it comprises a wide spectrum of respiratory dysfunction.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of infants with the Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Clinical, radiological and mechanical correlations. Simple clinical measurements were performed on a group of 23 very low birth weight babies (less than 1500 g and less than 32 weeks gestation), and combined with pulmonary function studies in 13 cases. The studied included a special single-breath analysis, or Tidal Resistance Profile, which enabled us to detect air trapping. 2 infants developed classical Wilson-Mikity syndrome and 2 further infants exhibited a milder, shorter form of the same disorder. All 4 survived. Results suggest that all infants in this maturity group are at risk of developing Wilson-Mikity syndrome, and that it comprises a wide spectrum of respiratory dysfunction.", "PMID": 656526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6996", "title": "An in vivo method to evaluate the effect of materials upon arterial thrombosis.", "content": "An in vivo method to evaluate the effect of materials upon arterial thrombosis was developed that minimized the effect of surgical artifacts and provided a test which was critically sensitive to the surface properties of the materials. The procedure has general applicability to elastomers, either solvent cast or mold polymerized, and involves the implantation of segments of the test materials within canine femoral and carotid arteries. The sensitivity of this technique was demonstrated by comparing two surface preparations of a segmented polyurethane: as-cast and ion sputtered. There was a striking difference in the rate of thrombus development on as-cast polyurethane implants compared with sputtered polyurethane implants. After 1 hr. of implantation the surface of the as-cast polyurethane was covered with a monolayer of platelets and leukocytes, whereas thrombus development progressed more rapidly on the sputtered polyurethane surface and at 1 hr. it was covered with pillars of platelets and leukocytes with fibrin accumulation between pillars. The method was also useful for long-term studies, which showed that a thin layer of thrombus developed on both polyurethane surfaces and by 1 wk. after implantation the surfaces of the thrombi became endothelialized.", "contents": "An in vivo method to evaluate the effect of materials upon arterial thrombosis. An in vivo method to evaluate the effect of materials upon arterial thrombosis was developed that minimized the effect of surgical artifacts and provided a test which was critically sensitive to the surface properties of the materials. The procedure has general applicability to elastomers, either solvent cast or mold polymerized, and involves the implantation of segments of the test materials within canine femoral and carotid arteries. The sensitivity of this technique was demonstrated by comparing two surface preparations of a segmented polyurethane: as-cast and ion sputtered. There was a striking difference in the rate of thrombus development on as-cast polyurethane implants compared with sputtered polyurethane implants. After 1 hr. of implantation the surface of the as-cast polyurethane was covered with a monolayer of platelets and leukocytes, whereas thrombus development progressed more rapidly on the sputtered polyurethane surface and at 1 hr. it was covered with pillars of platelets and leukocytes with fibrin accumulation between pillars. The method was also useful for long-term studies, which showed that a thin layer of thrombus developed on both polyurethane surfaces and by 1 wk. after implantation the surfaces of the thrombi became endothelialized.", "PMID": 656536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6997", "title": "Spinal fixation using acrylic bone cement: mechanical property measurements.", "content": "Following dorsal laminectomies (L2-L3), the resultant spinal instabilities were stabilized by placing four Steinmann pins and embedding them in acrylic bone cement. The cement was molded about the instability and incorporated the pins and articular process. Mechanical testing was performed to evaluate the strength of the resultant union between the two vertebrae. Three types of samples, in vivo, in vitro and normal were tested using a specially built apparatus. The results showed average maximum loads of 150, 180 and 180 Newtons respectively which represent 29, 42 and 37 MPa in calculated shear stresses. The results indicate that the use of bone cement with pins can stabilize the injured vertebral discs easily iwth the maximum load or shear strength equivalent to that of normal vertebral discs.", "contents": "Spinal fixation using acrylic bone cement: mechanical property measurements. Following dorsal laminectomies (L2-L3), the resultant spinal instabilities were stabilized by placing four Steinmann pins and embedding them in acrylic bone cement. The cement was molded about the instability and incorporated the pins and articular process. Mechanical testing was performed to evaluate the strength of the resultant union between the two vertebrae. Three types of samples, in vivo, in vitro and normal were tested using a specially built apparatus. The results showed average maximum loads of 150, 180 and 180 Newtons respectively which represent 29, 42 and 37 MPa in calculated shear stresses. The results indicate that the use of bone cement with pins can stabilize the injured vertebral discs easily iwth the maximum load or shear strength equivalent to that of normal vertebral discs.", "PMID": 656538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6998", "title": "A numerical method to model excitable cells.", "content": "We have extended a fast, stable, and accurate method for the numerical solution of cable equations to include changes in geometry and membrane properties in order to model a single excitable cell realistically. In addition, by including the provision that the radius may be a function of distance along an axis, we have achieved a general and powerful method for simulating a cell with any number of branched processes, any or all of which may be nonuniform in diameter, and with no restriction on the branching pattern.", "contents": "A numerical method to model excitable cells. We have extended a fast, stable, and accurate method for the numerical solution of cable equations to include changes in geometry and membrane properties in order to model a single excitable cell realistically. In addition, by including the provision that the radius may be a function of distance along an axis, we have achieved a general and powerful method for simulating a cell with any number of branched processes, any or all of which may be nonuniform in diameter, and with no restriction on the branching pattern.", "PMID": 656539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_6999", "title": "High gradient magnetic separation of erythrocytes.", "content": "The high gradient magnetic separation technique has been applied to separate paramagnetic erythrocytes from a cell suspension that also contained diamagnetic cells. Paramagnetism was induced in the red blood cells by oxidizing the iron atoms in the cell hemoglobin to the ferric state (methemoglobin). Diamagnetic cells were either untreated erythrocytes, containing oxyferrohemoglobin, or leukocytes in a suspension of mouse spleen cells. Cell suspensions were passed through a column containing 40 micron diameter stainless steel wire in a high magnetic field (33 kG). The paramagnetic cells were retained on the surface of the wire while the diamagnetic cells passed through. Elution of the paramagnetic cells was accomplished by removing the column from the magnet, in effect turning off the field.", "contents": "High gradient magnetic separation of erythrocytes. The high gradient magnetic separation technique has been applied to separate paramagnetic erythrocytes from a cell suspension that also contained diamagnetic cells. Paramagnetism was induced in the red blood cells by oxidizing the iron atoms in the cell hemoglobin to the ferric state (methemoglobin). Diamagnetic cells were either untreated erythrocytes, containing oxyferrohemoglobin, or leukocytes in a suspension of mouse spleen cells. Cell suspensions were passed through a column containing 40 micron diameter stainless steel wire in a high magnetic field (33 kG). The paramagnetic cells were retained on the surface of the wire while the diamagnetic cells passed through. Elution of the paramagnetic cells was accomplished by removing the column from the magnet, in effect turning off the field.", "PMID": 656540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7000", "title": "Semiempirical calculations of model deoxyheme. Variation of calculated electromagnetic properties with electronic configuration and distance of iron from the plane.", "content": "The electronic structure of deoxyheme units and the electric field gradient at the iron nucleus are calculated as a function of the displacement of the iron from the heme plane. The high spin state has a calculated minimum energy with the iron out of plane at a distance similar to that observed for metMb. This could correspond to a relaxed form of deoxyHb, while the greater displacement observed in the intact protein could be strained. The calculated electric field gradient is relatively insensitive to iron displacement from the heme plane. This insensitivity could account for the very similar values of quadrupole splittings observed in low-affinity deoxyhemoglobin A and its separate high-affinity alpha and beta subunits, and still allow small differences in iron displacement consistent with the stereochemical trigger mechanism of cooperativity.", "contents": "Semiempirical calculations of model deoxyheme. Variation of calculated electromagnetic properties with electronic configuration and distance of iron from the plane. The electronic structure of deoxyheme units and the electric field gradient at the iron nucleus are calculated as a function of the displacement of the iron from the heme plane. The high spin state has a calculated minimum energy with the iron out of plane at a distance similar to that observed for metMb. This could correspond to a relaxed form of deoxyHb, while the greater displacement observed in the intact protein could be strained. The calculated electric field gradient is relatively insensitive to iron displacement from the heme plane. This insensitivity could account for the very similar values of quadrupole splittings observed in low-affinity deoxyhemoglobin A and its separate high-affinity alpha and beta subunits, and still allow small differences in iron displacement consistent with the stereochemical trigger mechanism of cooperativity.", "PMID": 656541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7001", "title": "Electrostatic calculations for an ion channel. I. Energy and potential profiles and interactions between ions.", "content": "The electrostatic energy profile of one, two, or three ions in an aqueous channel through a lipid membrane is calculated. It is shown that the previous solution to this problem (based on the assumption that the channel is infinitely long) significantly overestimates the electrostatic energy barrier. For example, for a 3-A radius pore, the energy is 16 kT for the infinite channel and 6.7 kT for an ion in the center of a channel 25 A long. The energy as a function of the position of the ion is also determined. With this energy profile, the rate of crossing the membrane (using the Nernst-Planck equation) was estimated and found to be compatible with the maximum conductance observed for the gramicidin A channel. The total electrostatic energy (as a function of position) required to place two or three ions in the channel is also calculated. The electrostatic interaction is small for two ions at opposite ends of the channel and large for any positioning of the three ions. Finally, the gradient through the channel of an applied potential is calculated. The solution to these problems is based on solving an equivalent problem in which an appropriate surface charge is placed on the boundary between the lipid and aqueous regions. The magnitude of the surface charge is obtained from the numerical solution for a system of coupled integral equations.", "contents": "Electrostatic calculations for an ion channel. I. Energy and potential profiles and interactions between ions. The electrostatic energy profile of one, two, or three ions in an aqueous channel through a lipid membrane is calculated. It is shown that the previous solution to this problem (based on the assumption that the channel is infinitely long) significantly overestimates the electrostatic energy barrier. For example, for a 3-A radius pore, the energy is 16 kT for the infinite channel and 6.7 kT for an ion in the center of a channel 25 A long. The energy as a function of the position of the ion is also determined. With this energy profile, the rate of crossing the membrane (using the Nernst-Planck equation) was estimated and found to be compatible with the maximum conductance observed for the gramicidin A channel. The total electrostatic energy (as a function of position) required to place two or three ions in the channel is also calculated. The electrostatic interaction is small for two ions at opposite ends of the channel and large for any positioning of the three ions. Finally, the gradient through the channel of an applied potential is calculated. The solution to these problems is based on solving an equivalent problem in which an appropriate surface charge is placed on the boundary between the lipid and aqueous regions. The magnitude of the surface charge is obtained from the numerical solution for a system of coupled integral equations.", "PMID": 656542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7002", "title": "The kinetics of thymine dimer excision in ultraviolet-irradiated human cells.", "content": "We have investigated the kinetics of the loss of thymine dimers from the acid-insoluble fraction of several ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated cultured human cell lines. Our results show that UV fluences between 10 and 40 J/m2 produce an average of 21-85 x 10(5) thymine dimers per cell and an eventual maximal loss per cell of 12-20 x 10(5) thymine dimers. The time for half-maximal loss of dimers ranged from 12-22 h after UV irradiation. In contrast, the time for half-maximal repair synthesis of DNA measured by autoradiography was 4.5 h. This figure agrees well with reported half-maximal repair synthesis times, which range from 0.5 to 3.6 h based on our analysis. The discrepancy in the kinetics of the loss of thymine dimers from DNA and repair synthesis is discussed in terms of possible molecular mechanisms of thymine dimer excision in vivo and in terms of possible experimental artifacts.", "contents": "The kinetics of thymine dimer excision in ultraviolet-irradiated human cells. We have investigated the kinetics of the loss of thymine dimers from the acid-insoluble fraction of several ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated cultured human cell lines. Our results show that UV fluences between 10 and 40 J/m2 produce an average of 21-85 x 10(5) thymine dimers per cell and an eventual maximal loss per cell of 12-20 x 10(5) thymine dimers. The time for half-maximal loss of dimers ranged from 12-22 h after UV irradiation. In contrast, the time for half-maximal repair synthesis of DNA measured by autoradiography was 4.5 h. This figure agrees well with reported half-maximal repair synthesis times, which range from 0.5 to 3.6 h based on our analysis. The discrepancy in the kinetics of the loss of thymine dimers from DNA and repair synthesis is discussed in terms of possible molecular mechanisms of thymine dimer excision in vivo and in terms of possible experimental artifacts.", "PMID": 656543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7003", "title": "Excision repair of ultraviolet damage in mammalian cells. Evidence for two steps in the excision of pyrimidine dimers.", "content": "The incidence of pyrimidine dimer formation and the kinetics of DNA repair in African green monkey kidney CV-1 cells after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were studied by measuring survival, T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites, the fraction of pyrimidine dimers in acid-insoluble DNA as determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and repair replication. CV-1 cells exhibit a survival curve with extrapolation number n = 7.8 and Do = 2.5 J/m2. Pyrimidine dimers were lost from acid-insoluble DNA more slowly than endonuclease-sensitive sites were lost from or new bases were incorporated into high molecular weight DNA during the course of repair. Growth of CV-1 cultures in [3H]thymidine or X-irradiation (2 or 10 krads) 24 h before UV irradiation had no effect on repair replication induced by 25 J/m2 of UV. These results suggest that pyrimidine dimer excision measurements by TLC are probably unaffected by radiation from high levels of incorporated radionuclides. The endonuclease-sensitive site and TLC measurements can be reconciled by the assumption that pyrimidine dimers are excised from high molecular weight DNA in acid-insoluble oligonucleotides that are slowly degraded to acid-soluble fragments.", "contents": "Excision repair of ultraviolet damage in mammalian cells. Evidence for two steps in the excision of pyrimidine dimers. The incidence of pyrimidine dimer formation and the kinetics of DNA repair in African green monkey kidney CV-1 cells after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were studied by measuring survival, T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites, the fraction of pyrimidine dimers in acid-insoluble DNA as determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and repair replication. CV-1 cells exhibit a survival curve with extrapolation number n = 7.8 and Do = 2.5 J/m2. Pyrimidine dimers were lost from acid-insoluble DNA more slowly than endonuclease-sensitive sites were lost from or new bases were incorporated into high molecular weight DNA during the course of repair. Growth of CV-1 cultures in [3H]thymidine or X-irradiation (2 or 10 krads) 24 h before UV irradiation had no effect on repair replication induced by 25 J/m2 of UV. These results suggest that pyrimidine dimer excision measurements by TLC are probably unaffected by radiation from high levels of incorporated radionuclides. The endonuclease-sensitive site and TLC measurements can be reconciled by the assumption that pyrimidine dimers are excised from high molecular weight DNA in acid-insoluble oligonucleotides that are slowly degraded to acid-soluble fragments.", "PMID": 656544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7004", "title": "Ionic channels in excitable membranes. Current problems and biophysical approaches.", "content": "Ionic channels are gated aqueous pores whose conformational changes are driven by the electric field in the membrane. Gating may be studied by three electrical methods: ionic current transients, ionic current fluctuations, and \"gating current,\" and probably occurs through a series of conformational changes in the channel leading to an all-or-nothing opening of the pore. When the potential is held constant, the gating steps come to equilibrium rather than reaching an energy-dissipating, cyclic steady state. The kinetic models now in use eventually need to be changed to correct disagreements with several recent studies. Diffusion of ions through open channels is very fast but involves many interactions of ions, pore, and solvent that lead to ionic selectivity, saturation, block, and flux coupling. Our description of the ionic fluxes can be improved by abandoning continuum models in favor of more structured ones. Problems to be solved include determining how many ions occupy a channel at once and what to be solved include determining how many ions occupy a channel at once and what kind of energy barriers they must cross in traversing the membrane. Ultimately we will need to know the chemical structure of the whole system to understand how it functions.", "contents": "Ionic channels in excitable membranes. Current problems and biophysical approaches. Ionic channels are gated aqueous pores whose conformational changes are driven by the electric field in the membrane. Gating may be studied by three electrical methods: ionic current transients, ionic current fluctuations, and \"gating current,\" and probably occurs through a series of conformational changes in the channel leading to an all-or-nothing opening of the pore. When the potential is held constant, the gating steps come to equilibrium rather than reaching an energy-dissipating, cyclic steady state. The kinetic models now in use eventually need to be changed to correct disagreements with several recent studies. Diffusion of ions through open channels is very fast but involves many interactions of ions, pore, and solvent that lead to ionic selectivity, saturation, block, and flux coupling. Our description of the ionic fluxes can be improved by abandoning continuum models in favor of more structured ones. Problems to be solved include determining how many ions occupy a channel at once and what to be solved include determining how many ions occupy a channel at once and what kind of energy barriers they must cross in traversing the membrane. Ultimately we will need to know the chemical structure of the whole system to understand how it functions.", "PMID": 656545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7005", "title": "Interactions between intrinsic membrane protein and electric field. An approach to studying nerve excitability.", "content": "We have approached the problem of nerve excitability through three questions: (a) What is the diagram for a channel? That is, what conformational states can the protein assume, and what transitions between these conformations are permitted? (b) What is the channel conductance associated with each conformation the channel can assume? (c) How do the rates for conformational transition depend upon membrane potential? These three questions arise from a standard statistical mechanical treatment of a nerve membrane containing several classes of identical, independent channels. Gating of channels, in this view, is associated with conformational changes of the channel protein, and it is assumed these conformations are distinct. The precise formulation of these questions is presented in terms of the theoretical treatment, and the approaches we have taken to answer the questions are indicated. Our present results indicate: Transition rates should depend exponentially on membrane potential over a limited voltage range, but probably will show a more complex dependence for extremes of the range; channels probably can take on only two conductances, open and shut, but more complicated situations are not entirely excluded; the diagram for a channel cannot be determined from standard voltage clamp data alone, but by studying gating currents and conductance fluctuations, it should be possible to select between alternative plausible physical mechanisms.", "contents": "Interactions between intrinsic membrane protein and electric field. An approach to studying nerve excitability. We have approached the problem of nerve excitability through three questions: (a) What is the diagram for a channel? That is, what conformational states can the protein assume, and what transitions between these conformations are permitted? (b) What is the channel conductance associated with each conformation the channel can assume? (c) How do the rates for conformational transition depend upon membrane potential? These three questions arise from a standard statistical mechanical treatment of a nerve membrane containing several classes of identical, independent channels. Gating of channels, in this view, is associated with conformational changes of the channel protein, and it is assumed these conformations are distinct. The precise formulation of these questions is presented in terms of the theoretical treatment, and the approaches we have taken to answer the questions are indicated. Our present results indicate: Transition rates should depend exponentially on membrane potential over a limited voltage range, but probably will show a more complex dependence for extremes of the range; channels probably can take on only two conductances, open and shut, but more complicated situations are not entirely excluded; the diagram for a channel cannot be determined from standard voltage clamp data alone, but by studying gating currents and conductance fluctuations, it should be possible to select between alternative plausible physical mechanisms.", "PMID": 656546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7006", "title": "The effects of calcium2+ and magnesium2+ on the electrophoretic mobility of chromaffin granules measured by electrophoretic light scattering.", "content": "Electrophoretic light scattering was used to determine the electrophoretic mobility distributions of isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin granules as a function of divalent metal ion concentrations. Changes in the electrophoretic mobility reflected changes in the surface charge density of the granules. Ca2+ and Mg2+ (0.10--2.0 mM) were equally effective in reducing the electrophoretic mobilities. These findings are consistent with recent studies of the binding of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the surface of chromaffin granules and are further evidence that the specific role of Ca2+ in exocytosis is due to effects other than the ability of Ca2+ to decrease the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged membranes.", "contents": "The effects of calcium2+ and magnesium2+ on the electrophoretic mobility of chromaffin granules measured by electrophoretic light scattering. Electrophoretic light scattering was used to determine the electrophoretic mobility distributions of isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin granules as a function of divalent metal ion concentrations. Changes in the electrophoretic mobility reflected changes in the surface charge density of the granules. Ca2+ and Mg2+ (0.10--2.0 mM) were equally effective in reducing the electrophoretic mobilities. These findings are consistent with recent studies of the binding of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the surface of chromaffin granules and are further evidence that the specific role of Ca2+ in exocytosis is due to effects other than the ability of Ca2+ to decrease the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged membranes.", "PMID": 656547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7007", "title": "Profiles in altered metabolism. II.--Accumulation of homogentisic acid in serum and urine following acetylsalicylic acid ingestion.", "content": "Homogentisic acid elevations have been found in urine and serum of patients on long term heavy salicylate therapy and those acutely intoxicated with acetylsalicylic acid. Loading of two normal volunteers with single oral acetylsalicylate doses produced transient elevations in urinary homogentisic acid excretion. These findings suggest that heavy salicylate use results in the partial inhibition of homogentisic acid oxidase in vivo.", "contents": "Profiles in altered metabolism. II.--Accumulation of homogentisic acid in serum and urine following acetylsalicylic acid ingestion. Homogentisic acid elevations have been found in urine and serum of patients on long term heavy salicylate therapy and those acutely intoxicated with acetylsalicylic acid. Loading of two normal volunteers with single oral acetylsalicylate doses produced transient elevations in urinary homogentisic acid excretion. These findings suggest that heavy salicylate use results in the partial inhibition of homogentisic acid oxidase in vivo.", "PMID": 656556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7008", "title": "Competitive reactions of protonated polyamines in the gas phase.", "content": "The chemical ionization mass spectra of polyamines have been used to determine the importance of competing intramolecular reactions of protonated molecules in the gas phase. Multifunctional molecules react if possible in the order of intramolecular displacement-cyclization reactions, stabilization of the protonated molecular ion through collision stabilized intramolecular hydrogen bond formation and fragmentation of an isolated protonated function. Intramolecular nucleophilic displacement reactions closely parallel the relative rates of cyclization reactions in solution. These reactions may occur from protonated functions which are neither the initial nor the most stable sites of protonation.", "contents": "Competitive reactions of protonated polyamines in the gas phase. The chemical ionization mass spectra of polyamines have been used to determine the importance of competing intramolecular reactions of protonated molecules in the gas phase. Multifunctional molecules react if possible in the order of intramolecular displacement-cyclization reactions, stabilization of the protonated molecular ion through collision stabilized intramolecular hydrogen bond formation and fragmentation of an isolated protonated function. Intramolecular nucleophilic displacement reactions closely parallel the relative rates of cyclization reactions in solution. These reactions may occur from protonated functions which are neither the initial nor the most stable sites of protonation.", "PMID": 656557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7009", "title": "Mass spectrometry and gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of catecholamine related molecules.", "content": "The trimethylsilyl derivatives of approximately 50 compounds related in structure to biogenic catecholamines have been studied in terms of their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behavior. The electron impact mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and deuterated isotopic variants were compared to determine fragmentation characteristics of the amines, acids, alcohols and amino acids within this class of compounds. Analysis of shifts in the masses of major diagnostic ions in the spectra of structural analogs of these compounds has shown that structural modification of the structure can be identified and localized within these molecules. The gas chromatographic characteristics of these derivatives are reported, in terms of methylene unit values.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry and gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of catecholamine related molecules. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of approximately 50 compounds related in structure to biogenic catecholamines have been studied in terms of their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behavior. The electron impact mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and deuterated isotopic variants were compared to determine fragmentation characteristics of the amines, acids, alcohols and amino acids within this class of compounds. Analysis of shifts in the masses of major diagnostic ions in the spectra of structural analogs of these compounds has shown that structural modification of the structure can be identified and localized within these molecules. The gas chromatographic characteristics of these derivatives are reported, in terms of methylene unit values.", "PMID": 656558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7010", "title": "A comparison of t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives for the characterization of urinary metabolites of prostaglandin F2alpha by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "t-Butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of a series of methylated prostaglandin F2alpha metabolites have been compared with respect to their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives had considerably higher retention indices (approximately 2.2 C units per silyl group) than their trimethylsilyl ether counterparts when analysed on the (non-polar) OV-1 stationary phase. Electron impact induced fragmentation patterns were strongly dependent upon the type of silyl ether employed and on the nature of the prostaglandin omega sidechain; the mass spectra of pairs of t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were found to differ appreciably in several respects and to afford complementatary structural information.", "contents": "A comparison of t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives for the characterization of urinary metabolites of prostaglandin F2alpha by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. t-Butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of a series of methylated prostaglandin F2alpha metabolites have been compared with respect to their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives had considerably higher retention indices (approximately 2.2 C units per silyl group) than their trimethylsilyl ether counterparts when analysed on the (non-polar) OV-1 stationary phase. Electron impact induced fragmentation patterns were strongly dependent upon the type of silyl ether employed and on the nature of the prostaglandin omega sidechain; the mass spectra of pairs of t-butyldimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were found to differ appreciably in several respects and to afford complementatary structural information.", "PMID": 656559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7011", "title": "Determination of the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of myoglobin from bottle nosed dolphin by mass spectrometric peptide mixture analysis.", "content": "The C-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of myoglobin from bottle nosed dolphin was digested with trypsin and two different derivatives of the digest were prepared, one being deuteroacetylated and deuteropermethylated, the other being submitted to one step of Edman degradation and then acetylated and permethylated. Comparison of the results obtained by computerized interpretation of the mass spectra of these two derivatives, combined with previous information about the sample, facilitated the sequence determination of all the peptides in the sample. Alignment of the peptides could then be carried out by homology with myoglobin from other cetaceans.", "contents": "Determination of the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of myoglobin from bottle nosed dolphin by mass spectrometric peptide mixture analysis. The C-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of myoglobin from bottle nosed dolphin was digested with trypsin and two different derivatives of the digest were prepared, one being deuteroacetylated and deuteropermethylated, the other being submitted to one step of Edman degradation and then acetylated and permethylated. Comparison of the results obtained by computerized interpretation of the mass spectra of these two derivatives, combined with previous information about the sample, facilitated the sequence determination of all the peptides in the sample. Alignment of the peptides could then be carried out by homology with myoglobin from other cetaceans.", "PMID": 656560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7012", "title": "Mass spectrometry of some permethylated apiosyl nucleosides.", "content": "The mass spectra of the permethyl derivatives of a group of synthetic D-apio-L-furanosyl nucleosides were collected and compared with those of their ribosyl analogs. While most of the m/e values are the same between analogous spectra, some of the relative intensities differ markedly. Each spectrum contains characteristics ions which are probably due to fragmentation of the dissimilar sugar moieties.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of some permethylated apiosyl nucleosides. The mass spectra of the permethyl derivatives of a group of synthetic D-apio-L-furanosyl nucleosides were collected and compared with those of their ribosyl analogs. While most of the m/e values are the same between analogous spectra, some of the relative intensities differ markedly. Each spectrum contains characteristics ions which are probably due to fragmentation of the dissimilar sugar moieties.", "PMID": 656561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7013", "title": "Taxonomy and phylogeny of chytrids.", "content": "Thallus development, zoospore size, zoospore ultrastructural complexity and organization, and flagellum length are cited as important in phylogeny of the Chytridiales (chytrids) and should be the bases for this classification. Discharge of zoospores is also cited as important although emphasis is not placed on operculation. It is proposed that simple, eucarpic, monocentric chytrids which discharge zoospores following dissolution of the sporangium wall evolved into multipapilliate species of Rhizophydium and 2 lines of evolution from these species are documented with examples. In one line they evolved into single-pored species such as R. pollinis-pini, then to Chytridium and tendochytrium-like chytrids and to polycentric chytrids such as Nowakowskiella and Cladochytrium. The second line evolved from multipapilliate Rhizophydium species to Phlyctochytrium and Entophlyctis, and to the order Blastocladiales. Rhizophlyctis rosea and some olpidiaceous chytrids, because of a fibrillar rhizoplast in their zoospores do not appear close to Rhizophydium-related chytrids and may require separate subordinal rank in classification. It is proposed that zoospores of the advanced members of the class Chytridiomycetes have reached limits for further zoospore development because of size; however, the zoospore is no longer essential for them because they have developed a filamentous habit of growth.", "contents": "Taxonomy and phylogeny of chytrids. Thallus development, zoospore size, zoospore ultrastructural complexity and organization, and flagellum length are cited as important in phylogeny of the Chytridiales (chytrids) and should be the bases for this classification. Discharge of zoospores is also cited as important although emphasis is not placed on operculation. It is proposed that simple, eucarpic, monocentric chytrids which discharge zoospores following dissolution of the sporangium wall evolved into multipapilliate species of Rhizophydium and 2 lines of evolution from these species are documented with examples. In one line they evolved into single-pored species such as R. pollinis-pini, then to Chytridium and tendochytrium-like chytrids and to polycentric chytrids such as Nowakowskiella and Cladochytrium. The second line evolved from multipapilliate Rhizophydium species to Phlyctochytrium and Entophlyctis, and to the order Blastocladiales. Rhizophlyctis rosea and some olpidiaceous chytrids, because of a fibrillar rhizoplast in their zoospores do not appear close to Rhizophydium-related chytrids and may require separate subordinal rank in classification. It is proposed that zoospores of the advanced members of the class Chytridiomycetes have reached limits for further zoospore development because of size; however, the zoospore is no longer essential for them because they have developed a filamentous habit of growth.", "PMID": 656564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7014", "title": "Phylogenetic implications of the microbody-lipid globule complex in zoosporic fungi.", "content": "Chytridiomycetous fungal zoospores contain a unique and intricate association of organelles, the 'microbody-lipid globule complex' (MLC). The spatial arrangement of organelles in the MLC appears important in the utilization of lipid globules for energy, but in addition, the structural association of organelles in the MLC reveals phylogenetic trends within this diverse group of organisms. Variations in the structure of the MLC correlate well with current phylogenetic concepts of aquatic fungi, yet suggest new relationships among these posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores. Based upon the organization of organelles in the MLC, 4 basic patterns of MLCs can be recognized, and these correspond to the 4 orders of Chytridiomycetes. The MLC in its simplest form consists of a microbody appressed to the edge of a lipid globule. In more highly organized MLCs, mitochondria subtend the microbody and a cisterna surmounts one side of the lipid globule. The organization and structure is still more complex in other MLCs where ER is elaborated into a tubular network of membranes or where small microbodies or mitochondria fuse into 'giant' organelles. The structural organization of the MLC provides an additional criterion by which the phylogeny of awuatic fungi can be evaluated.", "contents": "Phylogenetic implications of the microbody-lipid globule complex in zoosporic fungi. Chytridiomycetous fungal zoospores contain a unique and intricate association of organelles, the 'microbody-lipid globule complex' (MLC). The spatial arrangement of organelles in the MLC appears important in the utilization of lipid globules for energy, but in addition, the structural association of organelles in the MLC reveals phylogenetic trends within this diverse group of organisms. Variations in the structure of the MLC correlate well with current phylogenetic concepts of aquatic fungi, yet suggest new relationships among these posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores. Based upon the organization of organelles in the MLC, 4 basic patterns of MLCs can be recognized, and these correspond to the 4 orders of Chytridiomycetes. The MLC in its simplest form consists of a microbody appressed to the edge of a lipid globule. In more highly organized MLCs, mitochondria subtend the microbody and a cisterna surmounts one side of the lipid globule. The organization and structure is still more complex in other MLCs where ER is elaborated into a tubular network of membranes or where small microbodies or mitochondria fuse into 'giant' organelles. The structural organization of the MLC provides an additional criterion by which the phylogeny of awuatic fungi can be evaluated.", "PMID": 656565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7015", "title": "Microbial toxins, their functional role and phylogenetic validity.", "content": "Microbially produced toxins, which appear to lack a role in microbial survival, may be antimicrobial compounds of significance to the producers. These toxin/antibiotics may act against cell metabolism shared by man or animals and other microorganisms. Protein toxin/antibiotics are produced by single species of bacteria. Those from fungi and algae are nonprotein secondary metabolites and several microorganisms may make the same or similar toxin/antibiotics.", "contents": "Microbial toxins, their functional role and phylogenetic validity. Microbially produced toxins, which appear to lack a role in microbial survival, may be antimicrobial compounds of significance to the producers. These toxin/antibiotics may act against cell metabolism shared by man or animals and other microorganisms. Protein toxin/antibiotics are produced by single species of bacteria. Those from fungi and algae are nonprotein secondary metabolites and several microorganisms may make the same or similar toxin/antibiotics.", "PMID": 656567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7016", "title": "Phylogenetic affinities between eukaryotic cells and a thermophilic mycoplasma.", "content": "Thermoplasma acidophilum, a thermophilic mycoplasma, has several unusual features suggesting a possible relationship to eukaryotic cells. One feature is a histone-like protein that is associated with the DNA, condensing it into subunits similar to those in eukaryotic chromatin. A second feature is an association of cytoplasmic proteins that resembles eukaryotic actin and myosin. These two components are widely distributed in different groups of eukaryotic cells, but are typically lacking in prokaryotic cells. Furthermore, T. acidophilum lacks cytochromes and respires by enzymes that apparently are not coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. This primitive type of respiration resembles that of microbodies, another feature which is represented in the cytoplasm of all groups of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, since T. acidophilum lacks a cell wall and appears to have a primitive correlate of endocytosis, it would appear to be mechanically capable of acquiring a symbiotic mitochondrion. Thus, our observations are consistent with the symbiotic hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. We suggest that an organism similar to T. acidophilum was the host cell for the original symbiosis, becoming the nucleus and cytoplasm of modern eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Phylogenetic affinities between eukaryotic cells and a thermophilic mycoplasma. Thermoplasma acidophilum, a thermophilic mycoplasma, has several unusual features suggesting a possible relationship to eukaryotic cells. One feature is a histone-like protein that is associated with the DNA, condensing it into subunits similar to those in eukaryotic chromatin. A second feature is an association of cytoplasmic proteins that resembles eukaryotic actin and myosin. These two components are widely distributed in different groups of eukaryotic cells, but are typically lacking in prokaryotic cells. Furthermore, T. acidophilum lacks cytochromes and respires by enzymes that apparently are not coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. This primitive type of respiration resembles that of microbodies, another feature which is represented in the cytoplasm of all groups of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, since T. acidophilum lacks a cell wall and appears to have a primitive correlate of endocytosis, it would appear to be mechanically capable of acquiring a symbiotic mitochondrion. Thus, our observations are consistent with the symbiotic hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. We suggest that an organism similar to T. acidophilum was the host cell for the original symbiosis, becoming the nucleus and cytoplasm of modern eukaryotic cells.", "PMID": 656568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7017", "title": "Some advantages and limitations of mitosis as a phylogenetic criterion.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of mitosis as a phylogenetic character are discussed. Mitosis is suggested to be a good character on the grounds that it is universally applicable and that it reflects features of the basic organism since it is unlikely to have arisen through multiple endosymbiotic events. Since mitosis is an absolutely essential feature of the cell cycle it is subject to a great deal of evolutionary pressure and one would not expect a priori that relatively inefficient mitotic apparatuses would persist. It is suggested that supposedly primitive mitotic apparatuses are not inefficient and that the evidence that they are functionally different from those of higher organisms is largely negative electron microscopic evidence. This type of evidence is not very satisfactory since it can result from poor preservation and consequently it should be continually retested. Another weakness of mitosis as a phylogenetic criterion (shared with other essentially morphological criteria) is that there is no easy way to relate structural change with genetic change. Thus, while mitosis is a useful phylogenetic character, its usefulness is limited.", "contents": "Some advantages and limitations of mitosis as a phylogenetic criterion. The advantages and disadvantages of mitosis as a phylogenetic character are discussed. Mitosis is suggested to be a good character on the grounds that it is universally applicable and that it reflects features of the basic organism since it is unlikely to have arisen through multiple endosymbiotic events. Since mitosis is an absolutely essential feature of the cell cycle it is subject to a great deal of evolutionary pressure and one would not expect a priori that relatively inefficient mitotic apparatuses would persist. It is suggested that supposedly primitive mitotic apparatuses are not inefficient and that the evidence that they are functionally different from those of higher organisms is largely negative electron microscopic evidence. This type of evidence is not very satisfactory since it can result from poor preservation and consequently it should be continually retested. Another weakness of mitosis as a phylogenetic criterion (shared with other essentially morphological criteria) is that there is no easy way to relate structural change with genetic change. Thus, while mitosis is a useful phylogenetic character, its usefulness is limited.", "PMID": 656569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7018", "title": "[Effect of electrical stimulation of the inferior central raphe nucleus on spontaneous and induced thalamic neuron activity in awake cats].", "content": "Using microelectrode technique in chronic experiments it was shown that electrical stimulation of the inferior raphe nucleus inhibited spontaneous activity of the thalamic neurons and that evoked by stimulation of radial nerves. Changes in the activity of the same neurons were absent in case of stimulation of the bulbar reticular formation.", "contents": "[Effect of electrical stimulation of the inferior central raphe nucleus on spontaneous and induced thalamic neuron activity in awake cats]. Using microelectrode technique in chronic experiments it was shown that electrical stimulation of the inferior raphe nucleus inhibited spontaneous activity of the thalamic neurons and that evoked by stimulation of radial nerves. Changes in the activity of the same neurons were absent in case of stimulation of the bulbar reticular formation.", "PMID": 656571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7019", "title": "[Spread of excitation from the ventromedial hypothalamus to the limbic-reticular structure of the brain].", "content": "The sequence of origination of the evoked potentials in different regions of the septum amygdale and the reticular formation in response to the gradually increasing stimulation of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus was studied. As demonstrated, excitation that initially occurs in the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei embraced first the structures of the septum and rostral reticular formation and then more caudal region of the reticular formation and amygdala.", "contents": "[Spread of excitation from the ventromedial hypothalamus to the limbic-reticular structure of the brain]. The sequence of origination of the evoked potentials in different regions of the septum amygdale and the reticular formation in response to the gradually increasing stimulation of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus was studied. As demonstrated, excitation that initially occurs in the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei embraced first the structures of the septum and rostral reticular formation and then more caudal region of the reticular formation and amygdala.", "PMID": 656572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7020", "title": "[Effect of stimulating the medial and lateral zones of the respiratory center on the electrical activity of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and phrenic neurons].", "content": "Experiments on cats showed that the nucleus of the solitary tract displayed zones whose stimulation provoked separately stimulation or inhibition of the electrical activity of the phrenic neurons and the diaphragm. Stimulation in the nucleus ambiguus of such zones caused stimulation and inhibition of electrical activity of the intercostal inspiratory muscles. In stimulation of the corresponding zone in the giant cell nucleus the electrical activity of both groups of the inspiratory muscles proved to change. It is suggested that the action of stimulation of the giant cell nucleus zones on both groups of inspiratory muscles is mediated through the neurons of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulating the medial and lateral zones of the respiratory center on the electrical activity of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and phrenic neurons]. Experiments on cats showed that the nucleus of the solitary tract displayed zones whose stimulation provoked separately stimulation or inhibition of the electrical activity of the phrenic neurons and the diaphragm. Stimulation in the nucleus ambiguus of such zones caused stimulation and inhibition of electrical activity of the intercostal inspiratory muscles. In stimulation of the corresponding zone in the giant cell nucleus the electrical activity of both groups of the inspiratory muscles proved to change. It is suggested that the action of stimulation of the giant cell nucleus zones on both groups of inspiratory muscles is mediated through the neurons of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus.", "PMID": 656573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7021", "title": "[Extravagal respiratory reflex from pulmonary nociceptors].", "content": "A restricted damage of the lung parenchyma before vagotomy evokes an increase of inspiratory discharges of the diaphragm and an increase of the rate of respiration. Similar damage in vagotomized animals evokes only an increase of inspiratory discharges. The rate of respiration does not alter at all or changes insignificantly. An increase of the depth of respiration evoked by the lung nociceptors innervated by the extravagal afferents is of great importance because the lung ventilation is best provided by deep respiration. Probably not only the afferent fibers of the vagus nerves, but also the extravagal lung afferents must be taken into consideration in analysis of the relationship between the rate and depth of lung ventilation, particularly under pathological conditions.", "contents": "[Extravagal respiratory reflex from pulmonary nociceptors]. A restricted damage of the lung parenchyma before vagotomy evokes an increase of inspiratory discharges of the diaphragm and an increase of the rate of respiration. Similar damage in vagotomized animals evokes only an increase of inspiratory discharges. The rate of respiration does not alter at all or changes insignificantly. An increase of the depth of respiration evoked by the lung nociceptors innervated by the extravagal afferents is of great importance because the lung ventilation is best provided by deep respiration. Probably not only the afferent fibers of the vagus nerves, but also the extravagal lung afferents must be taken into consideration in analysis of the relationship between the rate and depth of lung ventilation, particularly under pathological conditions.", "PMID": 656574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7022", "title": "[Optimal parameters for electrical auricular defibrillation].", "content": "In acute experiments on dogs the chest was opened and auricular flutter and fibrillation were induced. Current, energy and charge thresholds which eliminated this arrhythmia by the monopolar direct impulse of 1--15 ms duration were determined. The current and energy values that evoked the auricular defibrillation during direct application of the electrodes to them were minimal when the impulses of 8 ms were used: 113 +/- 13.7 mA and 10.4 +/- 2.6 mWs in elimination of the flutter, and 275 +/- 18.2 mA and 62.3 +/- +/- 9.0 mWsec in elimination of the fibrillation. The current that restored the nomotopic rhythm during direct auricular defibrillation was 50 times less than that determined during the transthoracic auricular defibrillation in dogs. The efficacy of direct auricular defibrillation indicated the necessity of the elaboration of an adequate method for its application in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Optimal parameters for electrical auricular defibrillation]. In acute experiments on dogs the chest was opened and auricular flutter and fibrillation were induced. Current, energy and charge thresholds which eliminated this arrhythmia by the monopolar direct impulse of 1--15 ms duration were determined. The current and energy values that evoked the auricular defibrillation during direct application of the electrodes to them were minimal when the impulses of 8 ms were used: 113 +/- 13.7 mA and 10.4 +/- 2.6 mWs in elimination of the flutter, and 275 +/- 18.2 mA and 62.3 +/- +/- 9.0 mWsec in elimination of the fibrillation. The current that restored the nomotopic rhythm during direct auricular defibrillation was 50 times less than that determined during the transthoracic auricular defibrillation in dogs. The efficacy of direct auricular defibrillation indicated the necessity of the elaboration of an adequate method for its application in clinical practice.", "PMID": 656575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7023", "title": "[Properdin in the lymph in traumatic stress].", "content": "The changes of properdin level in different kinds of lymph and blood of dogs in case of burn of hind paws (the 1st group), and of craniocerebral injury (the 2nd group) were investigated. The properdin level proved to increase in the lymph of the cervical duct and the afferent lymph of the popliteal node in both the groups of dogs. The properdin level in the afferent lymph of the popliteal lymph node, thoracic duct and in blood was reduced in case of the burn and rose in cranicerebral injury. The total protein level in the afferent and efferent lymph of the popliteal lymph node, the cervical and thoracic ducts rose, whereas the total blood protein level fell.", "contents": "[Properdin in the lymph in traumatic stress]. The changes of properdin level in different kinds of lymph and blood of dogs in case of burn of hind paws (the 1st group), and of craniocerebral injury (the 2nd group) were investigated. The properdin level proved to increase in the lymph of the cervical duct and the afferent lymph of the popliteal node in both the groups of dogs. The properdin level in the afferent lymph of the popliteal lymph node, thoracic duct and in blood was reduced in case of the burn and rose in cranicerebral injury. The total protein level in the afferent and efferent lymph of the popliteal lymph node, the cervical and thoracic ducts rose, whereas the total blood protein level fell.", "PMID": 656576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7024", "title": "[Effect of estrogens on reconstructed nucleohistones].", "content": "The action of estron, 17beta-estradiol and estriol on the extent of histone binding with DNA in the reconstituted nucleohistones was studied; also the influence of these hormones on the thermal denaturation of nucleoproteins was investigated. As revealed, estrogens in a concentration of 10(-5) M failed to alter the protein/DNA weight ratio in the patially reconstituted nucleohistones F1, F2a, F2b, F3 and in the sum total nucleohistone reconstituted from the DNA and the equimolar complex of histones F2a, F2b, F3. Treatment with estrogens in the mentioned concentration did not alter the melting point of all the nucleohistones under study. The influence of estrogens on the thermal denaturation of the sum total nucleohistone and of the partially reconstituted nucleohistones F2a, F2b, and F3 consisted of the enhancement of hyperchromic effect of the first melting phase and a corresponding reduction of hyperchromicity of the rest of the phases. Estrogens failed to alter the heat denaturation profile of the partially reconstructed nucleohistone F1.", "contents": "[Effect of estrogens on reconstructed nucleohistones]. The action of estron, 17beta-estradiol and estriol on the extent of histone binding with DNA in the reconstituted nucleohistones was studied; also the influence of these hormones on the thermal denaturation of nucleoproteins was investigated. As revealed, estrogens in a concentration of 10(-5) M failed to alter the protein/DNA weight ratio in the patially reconstituted nucleohistones F1, F2a, F2b, F3 and in the sum total nucleohistone reconstituted from the DNA and the equimolar complex of histones F2a, F2b, F3. Treatment with estrogens in the mentioned concentration did not alter the melting point of all the nucleohistones under study. The influence of estrogens on the thermal denaturation of the sum total nucleohistone and of the partially reconstituted nucleohistones F2a, F2b, and F3 consisted of the enhancement of hyperchromic effect of the first melting phase and a corresponding reduction of hyperchromicity of the rest of the phases. Estrogens failed to alter the heat denaturation profile of the partially reconstructed nucleohistone F1.", "PMID": 656577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7025", "title": "[Incorporation of 14-c-1-glycine into tissue proteins under the influence of insulin and its derivatives].", "content": "Effect of parenterally injected insulin and its composite sulpho-A- and B-chains on the rate of protein synthesis by the organs of the rat was investigated. It has been shown that insulin accelerates the incorporation of I-C14-glycine into proteins of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, sceletal muscules, thyroid gland, thymus and adrenal glands but does not influence this process in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm. A- and B-chains also activated protein metabolism in some organs, but despite some specificity of their action its extent was more limited as compared to that of insulin.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 14-c-1-glycine into tissue proteins under the influence of insulin and its derivatives]. Effect of parenterally injected insulin and its composite sulpho-A- and B-chains on the rate of protein synthesis by the organs of the rat was investigated. It has been shown that insulin accelerates the incorporation of I-C14-glycine into proteins of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, sceletal muscules, thyroid gland, thymus and adrenal glands but does not influence this process in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm. A- and B-chains also activated protein metabolism in some organs, but despite some specificity of their action its extent was more limited as compared to that of insulin.", "PMID": 656578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7026", "title": "[Effect of the cytotoxin of Central Asia cobra venom on the functional state of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "A study was made of the action of various concentrations of cytotoxin (C), free of phospholipase A admixtures, on the respiration, oxidative phosphorylation of the rat liver mitochondria and their \"ghosts\", and also on the permeability of their internal membranes for various ions. Low C concentrations (10--25 micrometer) failed to influence the functional parameters of the intact mitochondria, but sharply increased the permeability of the internal membranes for monovalent ions. Apparently the uncoupling action of C on the mitochondrial \"ghosts\" was caused by the formation in the membrane of nonspecific conductivity \"canals\" with poor selectivity to the ion size and charge.", "contents": "[Effect of the cytotoxin of Central Asia cobra venom on the functional state of rat liver mitochondria]. A study was made of the action of various concentrations of cytotoxin (C), free of phospholipase A admixtures, on the respiration, oxidative phosphorylation of the rat liver mitochondria and their \"ghosts\", and also on the permeability of their internal membranes for various ions. Low C concentrations (10--25 micrometer) failed to influence the functional parameters of the intact mitochondria, but sharply increased the permeability of the internal membranes for monovalent ions. Apparently the uncoupling action of C on the mitochondrial \"ghosts\" was caused by the formation in the membrane of nonspecific conductivity \"canals\" with poor selectivity to the ion size and charge.", "PMID": 656579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7027", "title": "[Intensity of 14C-2-acetate incorporation into guinea pig brain and spinal cord phospholipids and cholesterol under normal conditions and following triorthocresylphosphate poisoning].", "content": "A severe form of chronic intoxication was caused in guinea pigs by a single intracutaneous inoculation of triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP); the intensity of acetate-2(14)C incorporation into the brain stem and spinal cord phospholipids and cholesterol was investigated in vivo. In paralytic stage of the disease incorporation of 14C into phospholipids and cholesterol was found to be markedly depressed; the inhibition of the synthesis of these lipids was observed not only in the most vulnerable lumbo-sacral region of the spinal cord, but also in the brain stem. This finding is in favour of the systemic character of lipid metabolism disorder in the central nervous system and indicates alteration of oligodendrocyte metabolism caused by TOCP.", "contents": "[Intensity of 14C-2-acetate incorporation into guinea pig brain and spinal cord phospholipids and cholesterol under normal conditions and following triorthocresylphosphate poisoning]. A severe form of chronic intoxication was caused in guinea pigs by a single intracutaneous inoculation of triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP); the intensity of acetate-2(14)C incorporation into the brain stem and spinal cord phospholipids and cholesterol was investigated in vivo. In paralytic stage of the disease incorporation of 14C into phospholipids and cholesterol was found to be markedly depressed; the inhibition of the synthesis of these lipids was observed not only in the most vulnerable lumbo-sacral region of the spinal cord, but also in the brain stem. This finding is in favour of the systemic character of lipid metabolism disorder in the central nervous system and indicates alteration of oligodendrocyte metabolism caused by TOCP.", "PMID": 656580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7028", "title": "[Effect of neuroleptics on acetylcholine metabolism in the basal ganglia of the brain].", "content": "Neuroleptics (haloperidol) closapine, pimozid, chlorpromazine) diminished the level of free (functionally active) form of acetylcholine (ACh), and, to some extent, the bound form of ACh; they changed the content of the labile-bound (vesicular) form of ACh and weakly influenced the choline-acetyltranspherase activity in the basal ganglia of the rat brain 5 to 30 min after the injection. In contrast to the inhibitory action on the acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) activity in vitro, most of the neuroleptics, except closapine, increased the AChE activity in vivo. These results indicate that the neuroleptics activate ACh-metabolism and probably stimulate the cholinergic structure in the basal ganglia of the brain; the AChE activity may serve as a criterion of such stimulating action of neuroleptics.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroleptics on acetylcholine metabolism in the basal ganglia of the brain]. Neuroleptics (haloperidol) closapine, pimozid, chlorpromazine) diminished the level of free (functionally active) form of acetylcholine (ACh), and, to some extent, the bound form of ACh; they changed the content of the labile-bound (vesicular) form of ACh and weakly influenced the choline-acetyltranspherase activity in the basal ganglia of the rat brain 5 to 30 min after the injection. In contrast to the inhibitory action on the acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) activity in vitro, most of the neuroleptics, except closapine, increased the AChE activity in vivo. These results indicate that the neuroleptics activate ACh-metabolism and probably stimulate the cholinergic structure in the basal ganglia of the brain; the AChE activity may serve as a criterion of such stimulating action of neuroleptics.", "PMID": 656581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7029", "title": "[Effect of the central cholinolytic cyclosil on several functional characteristics of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "The effectiveness of macroergic compounds formation was found to increase in the mitochondria of the rat liver incubated in the presence of cyclosil (0.04 mg/ml). The rate of O2 consumption was unchanged. A tendency to increase the K+ transport into mitochondria in the presence of cyclosil was noted. The data obtained testify to an increase of the mitochondrial energization in the presence of cyclosil.", "contents": "[Effect of the central cholinolytic cyclosil on several functional characteristics of rat liver mitochondria]. The effectiveness of macroergic compounds formation was found to increase in the mitochondria of the rat liver incubated in the presence of cyclosil (0.04 mg/ml). The rate of O2 consumption was unchanged. A tendency to increase the K+ transport into mitochondria in the presence of cyclosil was noted. The data obtained testify to an increase of the mitochondrial energization in the presence of cyclosil.", "PMID": 656582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7030", "title": "[Effect of verapamil on cerebral circulation].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on anesthetized cats; verapamil in a dose of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, injected intravenously, caused a reduction of the tone of the cerebral vessels and of the general arterial pressure. Changes in the volume velocity of the cerebral circulation were phasic in character and depended on the tone of the cerebral vessels and the arterial pressure level. The circulation increased more in the cerebral cortex than in the reticular formation; PO2 correlated with the circulation in the cerebral cortex. The diameter of the pial arteries became greater both in case of the intravascular verapramil administration and its local application. The block of beta-adrenoceptors, M-cholinoreceptors, histamine receptors and preliminary administration of the sympatholytic failed to eliminate the vasodilatory action of verapamil. It is supposed that vasodilation was myotropic in character, and was possible connected with the electrolyte metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of verapamil on cerebral circulation]. Acute experiments were conducted on anesthetized cats; verapamil in a dose of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, injected intravenously, caused a reduction of the tone of the cerebral vessels and of the general arterial pressure. Changes in the volume velocity of the cerebral circulation were phasic in character and depended on the tone of the cerebral vessels and the arterial pressure level. The circulation increased more in the cerebral cortex than in the reticular formation; PO2 correlated with the circulation in the cerebral cortex. The diameter of the pial arteries became greater both in case of the intravascular verapramil administration and its local application. The block of beta-adrenoceptors, M-cholinoreceptors, histamine receptors and preliminary administration of the sympatholytic failed to eliminate the vasodilatory action of verapamil. It is supposed that vasodilation was myotropic in character, and was possible connected with the electrolyte metabolism.", "PMID": 656583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7031", "title": "[Characteristics of the estrogen receptor system of the guinea pig uterus].", "content": "Physico-chemical parameters of estradiol-receptor interaction in guinea pig uterine cytosol (velocity constants of association and dissociation, half-life time of estradiol-receptor complex, and the value of free energy change) were studied. The number of receptor sites per cell was calculated. It was shown that under conditions of different degree of approximation to the equilibrium, the affinity percentage in the system under study remained unchanged for the majority of steroids, this pointing to the achievement of equilibrium in these cases. The steroid affinity to the analyzed R-system depended on presence of intact 3- and 17beta-hydroxils with somewhat greater significance of 3-(phenolic) hydroxil of steroid molecule.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the estrogen receptor system of the guinea pig uterus]. Physico-chemical parameters of estradiol-receptor interaction in guinea pig uterine cytosol (velocity constants of association and dissociation, half-life time of estradiol-receptor complex, and the value of free energy change) were studied. The number of receptor sites per cell was calculated. It was shown that under conditions of different degree of approximation to the equilibrium, the affinity percentage in the system under study remained unchanged for the majority of steroids, this pointing to the achievement of equilibrium in these cases. The steroid affinity to the analyzed R-system depended on presence of intact 3- and 17beta-hydroxils with somewhat greater significance of 3-(phenolic) hydroxil of steroid molecule.", "PMID": 656584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7032", "title": "[Vital microscopy and histochemical study of the autonomic nervous system of the small intestine in animals with thermal burns].", "content": "By means of vital microscopy a possibility of histochemical detection of redox enzymes and of study of changes in their activity in intramural nerve plexuses of the small intestine on a live animal was demonstrated. Severe thermal trauma induced a disturbance of permeability of mitochondrial membranes of the Auerbach's plexus nerve cells; as a result, there was a change in the activity of redox enzymes localized within the mitochondria. Lumbar novocain block performed soon after the burn trauma normalized the state of the mitochondrial membranes of the nerve cells.", "contents": "[Vital microscopy and histochemical study of the autonomic nervous system of the small intestine in animals with thermal burns]. By means of vital microscopy a possibility of histochemical detection of redox enzymes and of study of changes in their activity in intramural nerve plexuses of the small intestine on a live animal was demonstrated. Severe thermal trauma induced a disturbance of permeability of mitochondrial membranes of the Auerbach's plexus nerve cells; as a result, there was a change in the activity of redox enzymes localized within the mitochondria. Lumbar novocain block performed soon after the burn trauma normalized the state of the mitochondrial membranes of the nerve cells.", "PMID": 656585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7033", "title": "[Activation of rat heart atrial and auricular cells after left ventricular infarct].", "content": "The number of the DNA-synthesizing nuclei in the connective tissue cells of the auricle and the auricula atril rose from the 1st to the 15th day after the experimental induction of left ventricular infarction in rats. In the myocytes of the auricula atril the amount of the labeled nuclei peaked on the 5th day, and that of mitoses--on the 7th day. In myocytes of the auricle the number of the nuclei incorporating 3H-thymidine was insignificant and only occasional abnormal mitoses were observed. In the rat hearts with healed infarctions the amount of polyploid nuclei was increased both in the myocytes of the auricle and of the auricula atrii.", "contents": "[Activation of rat heart atrial and auricular cells after left ventricular infarct]. The number of the DNA-synthesizing nuclei in the connective tissue cells of the auricle and the auricula atril rose from the 1st to the 15th day after the experimental induction of left ventricular infarction in rats. In the myocytes of the auricula atril the amount of the labeled nuclei peaked on the 5th day, and that of mitoses--on the 7th day. In myocytes of the auricle the number of the nuclei incorporating 3H-thymidine was insignificant and only occasional abnormal mitoses were observed. In the rat hearts with healed infarctions the amount of polyploid nuclei was increased both in the myocytes of the auricle and of the auricula atrii.", "PMID": 656586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7034", "title": "[Morphologic and biochemical correlations in the muscle tissue of the atria and ventricles].", "content": "Electron microscope study of the heart muscle tissue demonstrated a difference between the cardiomyocytes of the auricles and ventricles. Three varieties of cells distinguished by the character of relations between the organoids and the number of specific secretory granules in them were revealed in the muscle tissue of the auricles. In studying the activity distribution of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymatic pattern by disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, the enzymatic spectra of LDH from the auricles and ventricles were found to differ considerably. It is suggested that the sources of energy and the mechanisms of energy production in the muscle cells of the auricles and ventricles are different.", "contents": "[Morphologic and biochemical correlations in the muscle tissue of the atria and ventricles]. Electron microscope study of the heart muscle tissue demonstrated a difference between the cardiomyocytes of the auricles and ventricles. Three varieties of cells distinguished by the character of relations between the organoids and the number of specific secretory granules in them were revealed in the muscle tissue of the auricles. In studying the activity distribution of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymatic pattern by disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, the enzymatic spectra of LDH from the auricles and ventricles were found to differ considerably. It is suggested that the sources of energy and the mechanisms of energy production in the muscle cells of the auricles and ventricles are different.", "PMID": 656587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7035", "title": "[Ultrastructure of epithelial cells and cell contacts in the urinary bladder of frogs treated with aminazine].", "content": "Chlorpromazine induced swelling and vacuolization of cells of the frog urinary bladder mucosa and eliminated their capacity to react to antidiuretic hormone by increased water permeability. The structure of the tight junction and desmosoma is unchanged, this possibly determining the water-tightness of the epithelium treated with chlorpromazine.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of epithelial cells and cell contacts in the urinary bladder of frogs treated with aminazine]. Chlorpromazine induced swelling and vacuolization of cells of the frog urinary bladder mucosa and eliminated their capacity to react to antidiuretic hormone by increased water permeability. The structure of the tight junction and desmosoma is unchanged, this possibly determining the water-tightness of the epithelium treated with chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 656588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7036", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the posterior lobe of the pituitary in tetanus poisoning].", "content": "Ultrastructural studies (electron microscopy) of the caudal part of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system were conducted in rats during experimental tetanus. Its activation was found to occur as soon as the initial period after the injection of the toxin, this being apparently connected with the administration of the heterogenous protein, because inactivated toxin proved to induce the same effect. Changes in the vascular permeability, lipid metabolism and the blood coagulation system were also observed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the posterior lobe of the pituitary in tetanus poisoning]. Ultrastructural studies (electron microscopy) of the caudal part of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system were conducted in rats during experimental tetanus. Its activation was found to occur as soon as the initial period after the injection of the toxin, this being apparently connected with the administration of the heterogenous protein, because inactivated toxin proved to induce the same effect. Changes in the vascular permeability, lipid metabolism and the blood coagulation system were also observed.", "PMID": 656589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7037", "title": "[Ultrastructural and functional features of the reversibility of sclerotic liver changes in rats treated with exogenous organ specific RNA].", "content": "Ultrastructural peculiarities of hepatocytes and Kupffer's cells in rats during the spontaneous reversibility of the experimental cirrhosis of the liver under the usual conditions and also under the influence of exogenous RNA, administered by different methods, were studied. The changes in cell ultrastructure proved to correlate with those of the quantitative indices of the protein synthesizing the liver function during the hepatic cirrhosis reversibility. A positive role of the RNA influence of short duration on the intracellular reparative hepatocytes regeneration, and a negative one in case of RNA influence of long duration was revealed. Participation in the resorption of collagen both of the parenchymal cells and of the stroma was shown.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and functional features of the reversibility of sclerotic liver changes in rats treated with exogenous organ specific RNA]. Ultrastructural peculiarities of hepatocytes and Kupffer's cells in rats during the spontaneous reversibility of the experimental cirrhosis of the liver under the usual conditions and also under the influence of exogenous RNA, administered by different methods, were studied. The changes in cell ultrastructure proved to correlate with those of the quantitative indices of the protein synthesizing the liver function during the hepatic cirrhosis reversibility. A positive role of the RNA influence of short duration on the intracellular reparative hepatocytes regeneration, and a negative one in case of RNA influence of long duration was revealed. Participation in the resorption of collagen both of the parenchymal cells and of the stroma was shown.", "PMID": 656591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7038", "title": "[Characteristics of the blood system of inbred and mongrel mice].", "content": "Peripheral blood and bone marrow indices were studied in inbred (101/H, CC57W, A2G, CBA/Lac, B6WV, C57BL/6, ACR) and mongrel mice. Normal values of the morphological composition of the blood and bone marrow were established. Comparative analysis demonstrated the existence of differences in the mentioned indices not only between the inbred and mongrel mice, but also within the individual animal strains.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the blood system of inbred and mongrel mice]. Peripheral blood and bone marrow indices were studied in inbred (101/H, CC57W, A2G, CBA/Lac, B6WV, C57BL/6, ACR) and mongrel mice. Normal values of the morphological composition of the blood and bone marrow were established. Comparative analysis demonstrated the existence of differences in the mentioned indices not only between the inbred and mongrel mice, but also within the individual animal strains.", "PMID": 656592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7039", "title": "[Effect of ligation of the pancreatic ducts on endogenous serotonin distribution in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The content of endogenous serotonin in the mucosa of various parts of the stomach and the small intestine and also in the homogenates of the pancreatic tissue and the peripheral blood was traced in the course of 12 months after the ligation of the pancreatic ducts in dogs. Marked and prolonged disturbances were revealed in the deposition of the endogenous serotonin characterized by definite regularities in all the tissues under study, connected with the changes of the relative constancy of the enteral medium due to the absence of pancreatic secretion in the lumen of the digestive tube.", "contents": "[Effect of ligation of the pancreatic ducts on endogenous serotonin distribution in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract]. The content of endogenous serotonin in the mucosa of various parts of the stomach and the small intestine and also in the homogenates of the pancreatic tissue and the peripheral blood was traced in the course of 12 months after the ligation of the pancreatic ducts in dogs. Marked and prolonged disturbances were revealed in the deposition of the endogenous serotonin characterized by definite regularities in all the tissues under study, connected with the changes of the relative constancy of the enteral medium due to the absence of pancreatic secretion in the lumen of the digestive tube.", "PMID": 656593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7040", "title": "[External respiration and gas metabolism in orthostatic syncopes].", "content": "Cardiorespiratory reactions to tilt tests were compared in 80 healthy male subjects with an adequate orthostatic tolerance and in 19 subjects who fainted during tilting. They showed significant differences in the gas exchange, hemodynamics, and external respiration. Variations in the heart rate, pulmonary ventilation and the alveolar CO2 tension were most demonstrative. The findings, particularly the lack of the expected decrease o= oxygen consumption in the presyncopal state contribute to the concepts of the pathogenesis of the orthostatic collapse.", "contents": "[External respiration and gas metabolism in orthostatic syncopes]. Cardiorespiratory reactions to tilt tests were compared in 80 healthy male subjects with an adequate orthostatic tolerance and in 19 subjects who fainted during tilting. They showed significant differences in the gas exchange, hemodynamics, and external respiration. Variations in the heart rate, pulmonary ventilation and the alveolar CO2 tension were most demonstrative. The findings, particularly the lack of the expected decrease o= oxygen consumption in the presyncopal state contribute to the concepts of the pathogenesis of the orthostatic collapse.", "PMID": 656594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7041", "title": "[Effect of different leukocyte pyrogen fractions on hemopoiesis].", "content": "Fractionation of leukocyte pyrogen on a column of Sephadex G-75 made it possible to obtain separately the fraction stimulating the hemopoiesis and the fraction possessing the pyrogenic activity and inhibiting the hemopoiesis. Judging by the elution profile of Sephadex column G-75, substances of high molecular weight produced a stimulating action, and of low molecular weight--pyrogenic and inhibitory action. Possibly pyrogenic and inhibitory activities are connected with different substances. The nature of the inhibitory factor requires further investigation. It may be supposed that it is a substance of chalone type.", "contents": "[Effect of different leukocyte pyrogen fractions on hemopoiesis]. Fractionation of leukocyte pyrogen on a column of Sephadex G-75 made it possible to obtain separately the fraction stimulating the hemopoiesis and the fraction possessing the pyrogenic activity and inhibiting the hemopoiesis. Judging by the elution profile of Sephadex column G-75, substances of high molecular weight produced a stimulating action, and of low molecular weight--pyrogenic and inhibitory action. Possibly pyrogenic and inhibitory activities are connected with different substances. The nature of the inhibitory factor requires further investigation. It may be supposed that it is a substance of chalone type.", "PMID": 656595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7042", "title": "[Effect of cholesterol administration on the state of the adrenal cortex in severe stress].", "content": "The two weeks' effect of cholesterol on the rat adrenal cortex response under conditions of a severe stress was studied. In comparison with control, the degree of the gland activation and its alteration was found to decrease. It is suggested that the effect of cholesterol depends upon the action on the hypothalamus, and upon the adrenocortical tissue as well. The action of cholesterol on the adrenocortical tissue is bound with the cholesterol capacity to retard peroxydation reactions.", "contents": "[Effect of cholesterol administration on the state of the adrenal cortex in severe stress]. The two weeks' effect of cholesterol on the rat adrenal cortex response under conditions of a severe stress was studied. In comparison with control, the degree of the gland activation and its alteration was found to decrease. It is suggested that the effect of cholesterol depends upon the action on the hypothalamus, and upon the adrenocortical tissue as well. The action of cholesterol on the adrenocortical tissue is bound with the cholesterol capacity to retard peroxydation reactions.", "PMID": 656596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7043", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity of the uterus of white rats with intrauterine streptococcal infection and exposed to the use of pulsing, local negative pressure with oxygen].", "content": "Intrauterine streptococcal infection of albino rats hematogenically during pregnancy (implantation, placentation) leads to different disorders of the bioelectrical activity of the uterus, which become normalized after the institution of pulsating local negative pressure with periodic oxygen supply.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity of the uterus of white rats with intrauterine streptococcal infection and exposed to the use of pulsing, local negative pressure with oxygen]. Intrauterine streptococcal infection of albino rats hematogenically during pregnancy (implantation, placentation) leads to different disorders of the bioelectrical activity of the uterus, which become normalized after the institution of pulsating local negative pressure with periodic oxygen supply.", "PMID": 656597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7044", "title": "[Effect of adrenalectomy on the gastric juice secretion evoked by food or histamine in dogs].", "content": "Comparison was made of the effect of total adrenalectomy on the gastric secretion in chronic experiments on dogs with the Pavlov's stomach and Basov's fistula. A decrease of the maximal secretion level of gastric juice was associated with the alteration of the organ hemodynamics. A tendency to reduction of the acid production in the stomach was revealed. Essential differences were noted in the character of proteolytic enzymes secretion with different agents stimulating the secretion. Specific nature of the gastric secretory system for each stimulant, and different effects of adrenalectomy on the secretion induced by these stimulants was shown.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenalectomy on the gastric juice secretion evoked by food or histamine in dogs]. Comparison was made of the effect of total adrenalectomy on the gastric secretion in chronic experiments on dogs with the Pavlov's stomach and Basov's fistula. A decrease of the maximal secretion level of gastric juice was associated with the alteration of the organ hemodynamics. A tendency to reduction of the acid production in the stomach was revealed. Essential differences were noted in the character of proteolytic enzymes secretion with different agents stimulating the secretion. Specific nature of the gastric secretory system for each stimulant, and different effects of adrenalectomy on the secretion induced by these stimulants was shown.", "PMID": 656598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7045", "title": "[Ribonuclease activity of the \"myofibrillar\" fraction of normal and autolyzed muscle tissue].", "content": "The separation in a sucrose gradient of the \"myofibrillar\" fraction of normal and autolysed muscle tissue gave 4 components. During the post-mortem destruction of the tissue there was observed a slight decrease of the \"myofibrillar\" fraction yield and also certain changes in the distribution of protein between different components. Under the selected conditions the RNA-ase activity was found in all 4 components. During the course of autolysis the enzymatic activity increased in the whole \"myofibrillar\" fraction, as well as in the lysosomal-mitochondrial components of \"myofibrillae\".", "contents": "[Ribonuclease activity of the \"myofibrillar\" fraction of normal and autolyzed muscle tissue]. The separation in a sucrose gradient of the \"myofibrillar\" fraction of normal and autolysed muscle tissue gave 4 components. During the post-mortem destruction of the tissue there was observed a slight decrease of the \"myofibrillar\" fraction yield and also certain changes in the distribution of protein between different components. Under the selected conditions the RNA-ase activity was found in all 4 components. During the course of autolysis the enzymatic activity increased in the whole \"myofibrillar\" fraction, as well as in the lysosomal-mitochondrial components of \"myofibrillae\".", "PMID": 656599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7046", "title": "[Optical properties of tissues and organs in relation to laser rays with a wave length of 632.8 and 488 nm].", "content": "The authors measure the coefficient of attenuation of the equivalent depth of penetration in tissues and organs of rats of helium-neon and argon lasers with the generation wave length of 632.8 and 488 nm, respectively. Blood and organs with numerous capillaries proved to have the greatest capacity to absorb laser ray energy. With the reduction of the generation wave length there occurred a sharp partial elevation of the absorptive capacity of the blood. This permits to expect a greater blood photoreactivity to laser rays generating in the short wave part of the visible wave length range.", "contents": "[Optical properties of tissues and organs in relation to laser rays with a wave length of 632.8 and 488 nm]. The authors measure the coefficient of attenuation of the equivalent depth of penetration in tissues and organs of rats of helium-neon and argon lasers with the generation wave length of 632.8 and 488 nm, respectively. Blood and organs with numerous capillaries proved to have the greatest capacity to absorb laser ray energy. With the reduction of the generation wave length there occurred a sharp partial elevation of the absorptive capacity of the blood. This permits to expect a greater blood photoreactivity to laser rays generating in the short wave part of the visible wave length range.", "PMID": 656600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7047", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine on radioactive iodine accumulation in the thyroid glands of hemithyroidectomized rats of different ages].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on hemithyroidectomized male rats aged from 2 to 20 months. Thyroxin administration in a dose of 1 microgram per 100 g of body weight on the 5th day of the experiment led to significantly greater suppression of radioiodine accumulation in the lobe of the thyroid gland remaining after the operation in 16--20-month-old rats in comparison with 2--2 1/2-month-old animals. The data obtained confirmed a conclusion drawn earlier on the reduction with ageing of the hypothalamo-hypophysial threshold to the homeostatic thyroxin inhibition.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine on radioactive iodine accumulation in the thyroid glands of hemithyroidectomized rats of different ages]. Experiments were carried out on hemithyroidectomized male rats aged from 2 to 20 months. Thyroxin administration in a dose of 1 microgram per 100 g of body weight on the 5th day of the experiment led to significantly greater suppression of radioiodine accumulation in the lobe of the thyroid gland remaining after the operation in 16--20-month-old rats in comparison with 2--2 1/2-month-old animals. The data obtained confirmed a conclusion drawn earlier on the reduction with ageing of the hypothalamo-hypophysial threshold to the homeostatic thyroxin inhibition.", "PMID": 656601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7048", "title": "[Study of the chemical receptor for diphtheria toxin in cell membranes].", "content": "Adsorption of diphtheria toxin on immobilized cell membrane preparations in the presence of gangliosides was studied. A mixture of gangliosides completely inhibited the adsorption of diphtheria toxin on the cell membranes, both sensitive (HeLa cells, macrophages) and resistant (L-cells) to its action. Neuraminidase-treated gangliosides were less effective. Immobilized gangliosides adsorbed diphtheria toxin effectively in the presence of a protective colloid and detergent triton X-100. The results obtained suggest gangliosides to be diphtheria toxin receptors.", "contents": "[Study of the chemical receptor for diphtheria toxin in cell membranes]. Adsorption of diphtheria toxin on immobilized cell membrane preparations in the presence of gangliosides was studied. A mixture of gangliosides completely inhibited the adsorption of diphtheria toxin on the cell membranes, both sensitive (HeLa cells, macrophages) and resistant (L-cells) to its action. Neuraminidase-treated gangliosides were less effective. Immobilized gangliosides adsorbed diphtheria toxin effectively in the presence of a protective colloid and detergent triton X-100. The results obtained suggest gangliosides to be diphtheria toxin receptors.", "PMID": 656602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7049", "title": "[Immunogenicity of H-antigen polymers obtained by different methods].", "content": "The authors studied the properties of two polymeres prepared from flagellin by various methods: precipitation with ammonium sulfate with the subsequent centrifugation or treatment with glutaric aldehyde in solution and subsequent gel-chromatography. Molecules of the former (P-I) and of the latter (P-II) were similar by shape, but the mol wt of P-I was greater. The preparations contained common H-antigen and were similar by serological activity. P-I had a very high \"priming\" activity for mice. P-II was highly immunogenic only within the narrow range of doses, was less immunogenic in comparison with P-II, and, in difference from P-I, induced formation of some amount of 7S-antibodies.", "contents": "[Immunogenicity of H-antigen polymers obtained by different methods]. The authors studied the properties of two polymeres prepared from flagellin by various methods: precipitation with ammonium sulfate with the subsequent centrifugation or treatment with glutaric aldehyde in solution and subsequent gel-chromatography. Molecules of the former (P-I) and of the latter (P-II) were similar by shape, but the mol wt of P-I was greater. The preparations contained common H-antigen and were similar by serological activity. P-I had a very high \"priming\" activity for mice. P-II was highly immunogenic only within the narrow range of doses, was less immunogenic in comparison with P-II, and, in difference from P-I, induced formation of some amount of 7S-antibodies.", "PMID": 656603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7050", "title": "[Stimulation and suppression of contact dermatitis in mice with a low-molecular thymic humoral factor].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of the low molecular lymphocyte-stimulating substance (LSS) of the thymus on the development of contact sensitivity to picrylchloride in mice. As revealed, low LSS doses enhanced, and high doses suppressed this type of delayed hypersensitivity. Contact sensitivity was passively transfered by means of the lymph node and spleen cells isolated on the 6th day after the immunization. Experiments showed mice given high LSS doses to contain cells suppressing passive transfer of contact sensitivity by immune cells. This suppression was annulled after the treatment of cells with theta-antiserum and the complement. A conclusion was drawn that suppressor cells influenced the effector phase of contact sensitivity.", "contents": "[Stimulation and suppression of contact dermatitis in mice with a low-molecular thymic humoral factor]. The authors studied the influence of the low molecular lymphocyte-stimulating substance (LSS) of the thymus on the development of contact sensitivity to picrylchloride in mice. As revealed, low LSS doses enhanced, and high doses suppressed this type of delayed hypersensitivity. Contact sensitivity was passively transfered by means of the lymph node and spleen cells isolated on the 6th day after the immunization. Experiments showed mice given high LSS doses to contain cells suppressing passive transfer of contact sensitivity by immune cells. This suppression was annulled after the treatment of cells with theta-antiserum and the complement. A conclusion was drawn that suppressor cells influenced the effector phase of contact sensitivity.", "PMID": 656604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7051", "title": "[Death of adhering spleen cells (macrophages) in vitro in delayed hypersensitivity to microbial antigens].", "content": "The cytotoxic action of immune lymphocytes on the adhering cells of the spleen obtained from guinea pigs sensitized and nonsensitized with BCG was studied in autologous and allogenous systems. A low cytotoxic effect revealed in cultivation with tuberculin of a suspension of spleen cells obtained from sensitized guinea pigs increased considerably after addition of lymph node cells from the same animal. Determination of death of the adhering cells of the spleen, as well as of the adhering cells of the lymph nodes could be used as a sensitive method for detection of hypersensitivity of a delayed type. Use of the splenic cells in the capacity of target cells is more convenient, since there are much more adhering cells in the spleen than in the suspension of lymph node cells.", "contents": "[Death of adhering spleen cells (macrophages) in vitro in delayed hypersensitivity to microbial antigens]. The cytotoxic action of immune lymphocytes on the adhering cells of the spleen obtained from guinea pigs sensitized and nonsensitized with BCG was studied in autologous and allogenous systems. A low cytotoxic effect revealed in cultivation with tuberculin of a suspension of spleen cells obtained from sensitized guinea pigs increased considerably after addition of lymph node cells from the same animal. Determination of death of the adhering cells of the spleen, as well as of the adhering cells of the lymph nodes could be used as a sensitive method for detection of hypersensitivity of a delayed type. Use of the splenic cells in the capacity of target cells is more convenient, since there are much more adhering cells in the spleen than in the suspension of lymph node cells.", "PMID": 656605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7052", "title": "[Mechanism of mammary cancer regression in lactating rats].", "content": "Dependence of the incidence of regression of the transplantable carcinoma of the mammary gland RMK-1 in albino rats on lactation conditions was studied. The tumour was subject to regression in 47% of the animals nursing 8 +/- 1 ratlings. Following ovariectomy and cortisone and oxytocine administration which produced mediated inhibitory effect of FSH secretion of the hypophysis the frequency of the tumour regression in rats nursing the same number of ratlings rose to 71--81%. In rats with prolonged lactation nursing 8 +/- 1 ratlings for 2--2.5 months and in rats with intensive lactation nursing 13 +/- 2 ratlings the tumour regression practically failed to occur. The data obtained confirmed the suggestion that along with high LTH of the hypophysis secretion of importance for regression of mammary carcinoma in the course of lactation was reduction of the secretion of FSH of the hypophysis.", "contents": "[Mechanism of mammary cancer regression in lactating rats]. Dependence of the incidence of regression of the transplantable carcinoma of the mammary gland RMK-1 in albino rats on lactation conditions was studied. The tumour was subject to regression in 47% of the animals nursing 8 +/- 1 ratlings. Following ovariectomy and cortisone and oxytocine administration which produced mediated inhibitory effect of FSH secretion of the hypophysis the frequency of the tumour regression in rats nursing the same number of ratlings rose to 71--81%. In rats with prolonged lactation nursing 8 +/- 1 ratlings for 2--2.5 months and in rats with intensive lactation nursing 13 +/- 2 ratlings the tumour regression practically failed to occur. The data obtained confirmed the suggestion that along with high LTH of the hypophysis secretion of importance for regression of mammary carcinoma in the course of lactation was reduction of the secretion of FSH of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 656606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7053", "title": "[Release of the nucleoli and karyoplasm into the cytoplasm of reticular cells in lymph node cultures].", "content": "Successive stages of the process characterizing the release of the nucleoli and part of the nuclei contents into the reticular cell cytoplasm were recorded in the primary cultures of the lymph nodes of albino mice with transplantable leukemia. Comparison of the results obtained with the autoradiographic data pointing to the high proliferative and metabolic activity of the reticular cells permits a suggestion that the recorded phenomenon reflected the secretory function of the stroma cells of the hemopoietic organs at the morphological level.", "contents": "[Release of the nucleoli and karyoplasm into the cytoplasm of reticular cells in lymph node cultures]. Successive stages of the process characterizing the release of the nucleoli and part of the nuclei contents into the reticular cell cytoplasm were recorded in the primary cultures of the lymph nodes of albino mice with transplantable leukemia. Comparison of the results obtained with the autoradiographic data pointing to the high proliferative and metabolic activity of the reticular cells permits a suggestion that the recorded phenomenon reflected the secretory function of the stroma cells of the hemopoietic organs at the morphological level.", "PMID": 656607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7054", "title": "[Plasmatic membrane protein synthesis in cells of the regenerating liver].", "content": "Protein synthesis in the cells of the regenerating rat liver was studied. The rate of 3H-glycine incorporation into the total proteins of the liver, those of microsomal fraction, proteins of hyaloplasm, and plasmatic membrane proteins, soluble and non-soluble in 0.05 M K2CO3, was determined. The rate of 3H-glycine incorporation into soluble proteines of plasma membranes became maximal one hour after partial hepatectomy. The peak of the rate of synthesis of proteins of other fractions fell on the end of the G1-period. A sharp increase of the synthesis rate of plasma membrane proteins seems to be one of the earliest biochemical events in the regenerating liver hepatocytes ready for division.", "contents": "[Plasmatic membrane protein synthesis in cells of the regenerating liver]. Protein synthesis in the cells of the regenerating rat liver was studied. The rate of 3H-glycine incorporation into the total proteins of the liver, those of microsomal fraction, proteins of hyaloplasm, and plasmatic membrane proteins, soluble and non-soluble in 0.05 M K2CO3, was determined. The rate of 3H-glycine incorporation into soluble proteines of plasma membranes became maximal one hour after partial hepatectomy. The peak of the rate of synthesis of proteins of other fractions fell on the end of the G1-period. A sharp increase of the synthesis rate of plasma membrane proteins seems to be one of the earliest biochemical events in the regenerating liver hepatocytes ready for division.", "PMID": 656608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7055", "title": "[Morphological and functional interrelationships of the thymus and adrenals in inbred mice].", "content": "The authors carried out morphological examination of the thymus, adrenal glands and the spleen in CBA, C57BL/6, AKR mice and studied the immunological reactivity of mice to sex antigen of the skin transplant with the determination of the blood plasma corticosterone level. In comparison with C57BL/6 and AKR mice, CBA mice displayed a narrow cortical layer in the thymus, wide thymus-dependent zones in the spleen, a high corticosterone level, and the absence of any reaction to the sex antigen of the skin transplant. Adrenalectomy in CBA mice led to a sharp dilatation of the thymus cortex, the appearance of numerous lymph follicles in the spleen and development of an immunological reaction to sex antigen of the skin transplant. Atrophy of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands witha sharp reduction of subanophilic lipids was noted in CBA B-mice.", "contents": "[Morphological and functional interrelationships of the thymus and adrenals in inbred mice]. The authors carried out morphological examination of the thymus, adrenal glands and the spleen in CBA, C57BL/6, AKR mice and studied the immunological reactivity of mice to sex antigen of the skin transplant with the determination of the blood plasma corticosterone level. In comparison with C57BL/6 and AKR mice, CBA mice displayed a narrow cortical layer in the thymus, wide thymus-dependent zones in the spleen, a high corticosterone level, and the absence of any reaction to the sex antigen of the skin transplant. Adrenalectomy in CBA mice led to a sharp dilatation of the thymus cortex, the appearance of numerous lymph follicles in the spleen and development of an immunological reaction to sex antigen of the skin transplant. Atrophy of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands witha sharp reduction of subanophilic lipids was noted in CBA B-mice.", "PMID": 656609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7056", "title": "[Origin of Kupffer macrophages in the regenerating liver].", "content": "Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with H3-thymidine (5 muC/g). Two thirds of the liver was removed one hour later. Sham operated animals served as control. A moderate elevation of the labeled nuclei indices of hepatocytes (LNI) was seen by the third hour, increased significantly by the ninth, and especially by the 24th hour after the operation. The indices decreased by the 48th hour after partial hepatectomy. In 3 hours the LNI was 10 times higher than in the control; in 9 hours it reached the maximum, decreasing by the 24th and 48th postoperative hours. The origin of Kupffer's macrophages in the regenerating liver is discussed.", "contents": "[Origin of Kupffer macrophages in the regenerating liver]. Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with H3-thymidine (5 muC/g). Two thirds of the liver was removed one hour later. Sham operated animals served as control. A moderate elevation of the labeled nuclei indices of hepatocytes (LNI) was seen by the third hour, increased significantly by the ninth, and especially by the 24th hour after the operation. The indices decreased by the 48th hour after partial hepatectomy. In 3 hours the LNI was 10 times higher than in the control; in 9 hours it reached the maximum, decreasing by the 24th and 48th postoperative hours. The origin of Kupffer's macrophages in the regenerating liver is discussed.", "PMID": 656610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7057", "title": "[Characteristics of mitosis pathology in a Chinese hamster cell culture with disorders of the protein-synthesizing system].", "content": "Disturbance of protein synthesis with puromycin and transcription of chromosomal and ribosomal RNA with actinomycin D was followed by marked changes in the normal course of mitosis. There was noted an increase in number of colchicin-like mitoses (C-mitoses), and particularly, sometimes, fragmentation of their cytoplasm with the formation of cluster-like structures. It is suggested that development of C-mitosis was connected not only with destruction in the mitotic apparatus formation system, but also with the block of synthesis of one of the chromosomal proteins, stabilizing DNA strands spiralization. Another form of pathological mitosis occurring under conditions of suppression of the metabolic processes (\"hollow metaphase plate\") was linked not only with the chromosomal alterations. Selective suppression of the ribosomal RNA transcription led to an evident anaphase delay and to coupling of telomere regions of chromosomes. This phenomenon is apparently associated with destruction of the \"protective cover\" of chromosomes, formed by RNA of the disintegrating nucleoli and RNA of perichromatin granules.", "contents": "[Characteristics of mitosis pathology in a Chinese hamster cell culture with disorders of the protein-synthesizing system]. Disturbance of protein synthesis with puromycin and transcription of chromosomal and ribosomal RNA with actinomycin D was followed by marked changes in the normal course of mitosis. There was noted an increase in number of colchicin-like mitoses (C-mitoses), and particularly, sometimes, fragmentation of their cytoplasm with the formation of cluster-like structures. It is suggested that development of C-mitosis was connected not only with destruction in the mitotic apparatus formation system, but also with the block of synthesis of one of the chromosomal proteins, stabilizing DNA strands spiralization. Another form of pathological mitosis occurring under conditions of suppression of the metabolic processes (\"hollow metaphase plate\") was linked not only with the chromosomal alterations. Selective suppression of the ribosomal RNA transcription led to an evident anaphase delay and to coupling of telomere regions of chromosomes. This phenomenon is apparently associated with destruction of the \"protective cover\" of chromosomes, formed by RNA of the disintegrating nucleoli and RNA of perichromatin granules.", "PMID": 656611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7058", "title": "[Electron microscopic autoradiography of the liver after corticosterone-3H administration].", "content": "Electron microscope autoradiography was applied to the study of the distribution of autographs corticosterone-3H in the cells of the liver against the background of adrenalectomy. Deficiency of endogenous glucocorticoids aided more intensive incorporation of corticosterone-3H into the cells of the liver, this being evidenced by the appearance of tracks over the hepatocyte nuclei and an increase of their number over various cytoplasmic formations.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic autoradiography of the liver after corticosterone-3H administration]. Electron microscope autoradiography was applied to the study of the distribution of autographs corticosterone-3H in the cells of the liver against the background of adrenalectomy. Deficiency of endogenous glucocorticoids aided more intensive incorporation of corticosterone-3H into the cells of the liver, this being evidenced by the appearance of tracks over the hepatocyte nuclei and an increase of their number over various cytoplasmic formations.", "PMID": 656612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7059", "title": "[Microspectrophotometric study of the sialomucin content of the glomerular filter in the nephrotic syndrome].", "content": "A microspectrophotometric study of sialomucins in human glomerular filter of the kidney in some diseases was carried out. Sialomucins were detected in paraffine sections stained after Haim, and examined on scanning microspectrophotometer. Lipid nephrosis, secondary amyloidosis, membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome were accompanied by a significant decrease in the amount of sialic acid. No reduction of sialomucins occurred in subacute glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome. A connection between the selective proteinuria and a decrease of the amount of sialomucins in the glomerulus is suggested.", "contents": "[Microspectrophotometric study of the sialomucin content of the glomerular filter in the nephrotic syndrome]. A microspectrophotometric study of sialomucins in human glomerular filter of the kidney in some diseases was carried out. Sialomucins were detected in paraffine sections stained after Haim, and examined on scanning microspectrophotometer. Lipid nephrosis, secondary amyloidosis, membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome were accompanied by a significant decrease in the amount of sialic acid. No reduction of sialomucins occurred in subacute glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome. A connection between the selective proteinuria and a decrease of the amount of sialomucins in the glomerulus is suggested.", "PMID": 656613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7060", "title": "[Immunocytochemical detection of the nonfibrillar stage of amyloid formation in the mouse myocardium].", "content": "The indirect electron microscope immunoperoxidase method utilizing pure rabbit antibodies to protein of mouse amyloid fibrils was used for studying casein-induced amyloidosis in mice. At the early stages of amyloidosis there appeared deposits of fine granular material in the mouse myocardium. These deposits contained an antigen similar to the amyloid fibrils antigen, but the deposits had no fibrillar ultrastructure. The results testify to the presence of early nonfibrillar stage of amyloid formation.", "contents": "[Immunocytochemical detection of the nonfibrillar stage of amyloid formation in the mouse myocardium]. The indirect electron microscope immunoperoxidase method utilizing pure rabbit antibodies to protein of mouse amyloid fibrils was used for studying casein-induced amyloidosis in mice. At the early stages of amyloidosis there appeared deposits of fine granular material in the mouse myocardium. These deposits contained an antigen similar to the amyloid fibrils antigen, but the deposits had no fibrillar ultrastructure. The results testify to the presence of early nonfibrillar stage of amyloid formation.", "PMID": 656614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7061", "title": "[Cytospectrophotometric study of GABA-transaminase in the rat cerebellar cortex].", "content": "Modification of the histochemical method for detection of GABA-transaminase activity is suggested. Optimal concentrations of the substrates and cofactors are chosen on the basis of kinetic study of the enzymatic reaction in the cryostat sections of the rat cerebellar cortex by the quantitative microspectrophotometric method. The method is intended for the quantitative histochemical analysis of GABA-transaminase activity in the brain sections.", "contents": "[Cytospectrophotometric study of GABA-transaminase in the rat cerebellar cortex]. Modification of the histochemical method for detection of GABA-transaminase activity is suggested. Optimal concentrations of the substrates and cofactors are chosen on the basis of kinetic study of the enzymatic reaction in the cryostat sections of the rat cerebellar cortex by the quantitative microspectrophotometric method. The method is intended for the quantitative histochemical analysis of GABA-transaminase activity in the brain sections.", "PMID": 656615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7062", "title": "[Device for the quantitative analysis of sum total pulse activity].", "content": "The authors present a circuit and the work principle of a device analysing the sum total electrical activity of the nerves. The device works by the principle of a frequency meter, it is made of integral elements, has a simple scheme, and is linear.", "contents": "[Device for the quantitative analysis of sum total pulse activity]. The authors present a circuit and the work principle of a device analysing the sum total electrical activity of the nerves. The device works by the principle of a frequency meter, it is made of integral elements, has a simple scheme, and is linear.", "PMID": 656616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7063", "title": "[Electronic device for determining motor activity].", "content": "The authors present a short description and the principal scheme of an electron apparatus for the determination of the motor activity of laboratory animals. This apparatus is based on the principle of recording the changes in volume occurring during the movement of animals.", "contents": "[Electronic device for determining motor activity]. The authors present a short description and the principal scheme of an electron apparatus for the determination of the motor activity of laboratory animals. This apparatus is based on the principle of recording the changes in volume occurring during the movement of animals.", "PMID": 656617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7064", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by protease inhibitors. Possible involvement of proteases in platelet aggregation.", "content": "The possible participation of proteases in human platelet aggregation was explored using various protease inhibitors and substrates. Protease inhibitors used included naturally occurring inhibitors of serine proteases and synthetic inhibitors that modify the active site of protease. Substrates used were synthetic substrates for the trypsin type as well as for the chymotrypsin type of protease. All these inhibitors and substrates inhibited platelet aggregation and serotonin release induced by ADP, collagen, epinephrine, or thrombin. In ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation the second phase of aggregation was most efficiently inhibited. The inhibitors suppressed the formation of malondialdehyde during platelet aggregation. Release by aggregating agents of arachidonate and its metabolites from indomethacin-treated platelets as well as nontreated platelets was also inhibited. The inhibitors apperar to interact with stimulated platelets but not with unstimulated platelets. These observations suggest that the interaction of an aggregating agent with its platelet receptor activates a unique precursor serine protease that in turn activates platelet phospholipase to liberate arachidonic acid (the precursor of the potent platelet aggregating agent thromboxane A2) from platelet phospholipids.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by protease inhibitors. Possible involvement of proteases in platelet aggregation. The possible participation of proteases in human platelet aggregation was explored using various protease inhibitors and substrates. Protease inhibitors used included naturally occurring inhibitors of serine proteases and synthetic inhibitors that modify the active site of protease. Substrates used were synthetic substrates for the trypsin type as well as for the chymotrypsin type of protease. All these inhibitors and substrates inhibited platelet aggregation and serotonin release induced by ADP, collagen, epinephrine, or thrombin. In ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation the second phase of aggregation was most efficiently inhibited. The inhibitors suppressed the formation of malondialdehyde during platelet aggregation. Release by aggregating agents of arachidonate and its metabolites from indomethacin-treated platelets as well as nontreated platelets was also inhibited. The inhibitors apperar to interact with stimulated platelets but not with unstimulated platelets. These observations suggest that the interaction of an aggregating agent with its platelet receptor activates a unique precursor serine protease that in turn activates platelet phospholipase to liberate arachidonic acid (the precursor of the potent platelet aggregating agent thromboxane A2) from platelet phospholipids.", "PMID": 656619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7065", "title": "Intermediate syndrome of platelet dysfunction.", "content": "We studied eight patients with intermittent bleeding episodes usually following trauma and associated with the ingestion of medicine known to interfere with platelet function. All patients had a normal or minimally prolonged baseline bleeding time. All had a normal platelet count, glass bead retention test, and platelet serotonin content and a variable pattern of abnormalities in prothrombin consumption and platelet factor 3 availability. However, all showed abnormal platelet aggregation reactions using epinephrine, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen. Following the administration of 975 mg aspirin, our patients' bleeding times became prolonged to a greater extent than the bleeding times of normal controls (range 13 to greater than 20 min). Review of the literature showed approximately 5% of \"normal\" controls had findings similar to those we report. We believe we are describing a group of individuals with an intermediate form of platelet dysfunction. Although their bleeding diathesis is not as severe as that of patients with platelet dysfunction syndromes previoulsy described, they do bleed significantly when subjected to trauma following the ingestion of drugs such as aspirin. We propose that this defect is common and should be screened for. The aspirin tolerance test is a simple test for detecting these patients.", "contents": "Intermediate syndrome of platelet dysfunction. We studied eight patients with intermittent bleeding episodes usually following trauma and associated with the ingestion of medicine known to interfere with platelet function. All patients had a normal or minimally prolonged baseline bleeding time. All had a normal platelet count, glass bead retention test, and platelet serotonin content and a variable pattern of abnormalities in prothrombin consumption and platelet factor 3 availability. However, all showed abnormal platelet aggregation reactions using epinephrine, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen. Following the administration of 975 mg aspirin, our patients' bleeding times became prolonged to a greater extent than the bleeding times of normal controls (range 13 to greater than 20 min). Review of the literature showed approximately 5% of \"normal\" controls had findings similar to those we report. We believe we are describing a group of individuals with an intermediate form of platelet dysfunction. Although their bleeding diathesis is not as severe as that of patients with platelet dysfunction syndromes previoulsy described, they do bleed significantly when subjected to trauma following the ingestion of drugs such as aspirin. We propose that this defect is common and should be screened for. The aspirin tolerance test is a simple test for detecting these patients.", "PMID": 656620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7066", "title": "Production of eosinophil-rich guinea pig peritoneal exudates.", "content": "A variety of methods for production of eosinophil-rich guinea pig peritoneal exudates were tested in order to procure large numbers of purified eosinophils. Repeated peritoneal lavage with saline did not produce peritoneal eosinophilia, nor did intraperitoneal injection of dextran beads. Mast cell degranulating agents polymyxin B and, to a lesser degree, compound 48/80 produced significant peritoneal eosinophilia after 6-8 wk of weekly intraperitoneal injections (p less than or equal to 0.05). After more than 8 wk of treatment a mean of 52.1 x 10(6) eosinophils comprising an average of 62% of the peritoneal exudate cells was recovered from polymyxin B-treated guinea pigs. However, polymyxin B-induced peritoneal eosinophilia was abolished by pretreatment with the antihistamine diphenhydramine. Metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, did not block the production of peritoneal eosinophils. This is a highly satisfactory method for preparing peritoneal eosinophils; however, the mechanism of action remains to be clearly elucidated.", "contents": "Production of eosinophil-rich guinea pig peritoneal exudates. A variety of methods for production of eosinophil-rich guinea pig peritoneal exudates were tested in order to procure large numbers of purified eosinophils. Repeated peritoneal lavage with saline did not produce peritoneal eosinophilia, nor did intraperitoneal injection of dextran beads. Mast cell degranulating agents polymyxin B and, to a lesser degree, compound 48/80 produced significant peritoneal eosinophilia after 6-8 wk of weekly intraperitoneal injections (p less than or equal to 0.05). After more than 8 wk of treatment a mean of 52.1 x 10(6) eosinophils comprising an average of 62% of the peritoneal exudate cells was recovered from polymyxin B-treated guinea pigs. However, polymyxin B-induced peritoneal eosinophilia was abolished by pretreatment with the antihistamine diphenhydramine. Metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, did not block the production of peritoneal eosinophils. This is a highly satisfactory method for preparing peritoneal eosinophils; however, the mechanism of action remains to be clearly elucidated.", "PMID": 656621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7067", "title": "Physiologic features of hemolysis axxociated with altered cation and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content.", "content": "A hemolytic disorder characterized by altered RBC cation composition (increases Na, decreases K), reduced monovalent cation content (decreased Na + K/liter RBC), and decreased levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is described. The etiology of these RBC abnormalities was not elucidated following extensive laboratory evaluation, although two important physiologic principles were manifested by this case: (1) Hemolysis was relatively well compensated (41% hematocrit) despite a significantly decreased RBC survival (51 Cr t 1/2 = 10.5 days). This effect presumably was due to reduced 2,3-DPG content (1.9 mumol/ml RBC) and the associated increase in whole blood oxygen affinity (P50 = 19.6 mm hg). (2) RBC size and water content were normal in spite of marked cation depletion. This anomaly was thought to reflect the osmotic effects of reduced polyvalent anion (2,3-DPG) content.", "contents": "Physiologic features of hemolysis axxociated with altered cation and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content. A hemolytic disorder characterized by altered RBC cation composition (increases Na, decreases K), reduced monovalent cation content (decreased Na + K/liter RBC), and decreased levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is described. The etiology of these RBC abnormalities was not elucidated following extensive laboratory evaluation, although two important physiologic principles were manifested by this case: (1) Hemolysis was relatively well compensated (41% hematocrit) despite a significantly decreased RBC survival (51 Cr t 1/2 = 10.5 days). This effect presumably was due to reduced 2,3-DPG content (1.9 mumol/ml RBC) and the associated increase in whole blood oxygen affinity (P50 = 19.6 mm hg). (2) RBC size and water content were normal in spite of marked cation depletion. This anomaly was thought to reflect the osmotic effects of reduced polyvalent anion (2,3-DPG) content.", "PMID": 656623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7068", "title": "Regulation of proliferation of murine megakaryocyte progenitor cells by cell cycle.", "content": "The extent to which mouse megakaryocyte progenitor cells (colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte, CFU-M) can proliferate in semisolid cultures prior to endomitosis, and conditions that may regulate that differentiation step, were investigated. The proliferative capacity of CFU-M was determined by estimating the number of megakaryocytes per colony. A bimodal distribution was observed (modal values, 10-15 and 25-30 cells/colony), indicating that separate megakaryocyte progenitor cells may be biased in their capacity for proliferation versus endomitosis. Differences were observed in the cell cycle characteristics of CFU-M as determined in vivo and in vitro that suggest that maturation of CFU-M into megakaryocytes may be regulated within the marrow by control of the cell cycle of the megakaryocyte precursor cell.", "contents": "Regulation of proliferation of murine megakaryocyte progenitor cells by cell cycle. The extent to which mouse megakaryocyte progenitor cells (colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte, CFU-M) can proliferate in semisolid cultures prior to endomitosis, and conditions that may regulate that differentiation step, were investigated. The proliferative capacity of CFU-M was determined by estimating the number of megakaryocytes per colony. A bimodal distribution was observed (modal values, 10-15 and 25-30 cells/colony), indicating that separate megakaryocyte progenitor cells may be biased in their capacity for proliferation versus endomitosis. Differences were observed in the cell cycle characteristics of CFU-M as determined in vivo and in vitro that suggest that maturation of CFU-M into megakaryocytes may be regulated within the marrow by control of the cell cycle of the megakaryocyte precursor cell.", "PMID": 656624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7069", "title": "Terminal stages of erythroid differentiation: persistent production of globin messenger RNA is necessary to sustain globin synthesis.", "content": "The kinetic relationship between the globin mRNA accumulation and the rate of synthesis of globin chains was studied during the terminal stages of differentiation in erythroid cells derived from the yolk sac of mouse fetuses. RNA derived from the whole cells and from different cell compartments were hybridized to DNA complementary to embryonic globin mRNA. The relative proportion of embryonic globin RNA molecules and their absolute number per cell were estimated on the 11th, 12th, and 13th days of mouse fetal development. During erythroid terminal differentiation globin mRNA became progressively predominant on polyribosomes along with the progressive specialization of cell functions. The number of embryonic globin RNA molecules per cell remained constant while yolk sac erythroid cells underwent two rounds of cell division. These data indicate that the transcription of globin genes is operative throughout the last stages of terminal differentiation and that there is no detectable storage of globin RNA sequences in these cells. The rates of accumulation of mRNA molecules and of globin synthesis both seem correlated to the length of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Terminal stages of erythroid differentiation: persistent production of globin messenger RNA is necessary to sustain globin synthesis. The kinetic relationship between the globin mRNA accumulation and the rate of synthesis of globin chains was studied during the terminal stages of differentiation in erythroid cells derived from the yolk sac of mouse fetuses. RNA derived from the whole cells and from different cell compartments were hybridized to DNA complementary to embryonic globin mRNA. The relative proportion of embryonic globin RNA molecules and their absolute number per cell were estimated on the 11th, 12th, and 13th days of mouse fetal development. During erythroid terminal differentiation globin mRNA became progressively predominant on polyribosomes along with the progressive specialization of cell functions. The number of embryonic globin RNA molecules per cell remained constant while yolk sac erythroid cells underwent two rounds of cell division. These data indicate that the transcription of globin genes is operative throughout the last stages of terminal differentiation and that there is no detectable storage of globin RNA sequences in these cells. The rates of accumulation of mRNA molecules and of globin synthesis both seem correlated to the length of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 656625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7070", "title": "Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in patients with thyroid disorders.", "content": "We measured red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the P50 value in vitro of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, which is the oxygen tension at half saturation of hemoglobin, in order to quantitate red blood cell oxygen transport function in individuals who were diagnosed as hypothyroid, euthyroid, or hyperthyroid based on measurements of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH), and their clinical status. Hypothyroid (mean T4 2.8 microgram/dl, T3 49 ng/dl, TSH 37 microU/ml) and hyperthyroid (mean T4 14 microgram/dl, T3 271 ng/dl, TSH less than 0.7 microU/ml) patients had normal red cell 2,3-DPG and ATP levels and normal P50 values in vitro. The known changes in oxygen consumption produced by alterations in thyroid hormone levels in patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism did not affect red blood cell oxygen transport function.", "contents": "Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in patients with thyroid disorders. We measured red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the P50 value in vitro of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, which is the oxygen tension at half saturation of hemoglobin, in order to quantitate red blood cell oxygen transport function in individuals who were diagnosed as hypothyroid, euthyroid, or hyperthyroid based on measurements of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH), and their clinical status. Hypothyroid (mean T4 2.8 microgram/dl, T3 49 ng/dl, TSH 37 microU/ml) and hyperthyroid (mean T4 14 microgram/dl, T3 271 ng/dl, TSH less than 0.7 microU/ml) patients had normal red cell 2,3-DPG and ATP levels and normal P50 values in vitro. The known changes in oxygen consumption produced by alterations in thyroid hormone levels in patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism did not affect red blood cell oxygen transport function.", "PMID": 656626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7071", "title": "Abnormalities of iron metabolism and erythropoiesis in vitamin E-deficient rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits fed a vitamin E-deficient diet developed severe muscular dystrophy in 3-4 wk, but they did not become anemic. Nevertheless, reticulocyte counts increased in deficient rabbits (3.2%) compared to control rabbits (0.9%), and erythroid hyperplasia was evident in the bone marrow. Comparing deficient rabbits to controls, the plasma iron concentration was lower (134.4 versus 206.6 microgram/dl); the TIBC was higher (335.9 versus 228.3 microgram/dl); the whole blood protoporphyrin concentration was higher (131.6 versus 81.7 microgram/dl); and the total iron content was lower in spleen (71 versus 153 microgram), higher in skeletal muscle (4956 versus 3054 microgram), and unchanged in bone marrow, liver, and heart. Studies of iron absorption and excretion using 59Fe showed no abnormalities in deficient rabbits. There were abnormalities of ferrokinetics, however. The half-time of disappearance of 59Fe was shorter (100.6 versus 169.4 min), the plasma iron turnover was greater (1.25 versus 0.95 mg/dl blood/day), and the reappearance of 59Fe  in circulating erythrocytes at day 9 was greater (77.2% versus 57.2%) in deficient rabbits. Anemia induced by phlebotomy accentuated the abnormal iron metabolism of deficient rabbits, and the animals were unable to correct the anemia. These findings show that vitamin E deficiency in rabbits causes abnormal erythropoiesis associated with abnormal iron metabolism and sequestration of iron in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Abnormalities of iron metabolism and erythropoiesis in vitamin E-deficient rabbits. Rabbits fed a vitamin E-deficient diet developed severe muscular dystrophy in 3-4 wk, but they did not become anemic. Nevertheless, reticulocyte counts increased in deficient rabbits (3.2%) compared to control rabbits (0.9%), and erythroid hyperplasia was evident in the bone marrow. Comparing deficient rabbits to controls, the plasma iron concentration was lower (134.4 versus 206.6 microgram/dl); the TIBC was higher (335.9 versus 228.3 microgram/dl); the whole blood protoporphyrin concentration was higher (131.6 versus 81.7 microgram/dl); and the total iron content was lower in spleen (71 versus 153 microgram), higher in skeletal muscle (4956 versus 3054 microgram), and unchanged in bone marrow, liver, and heart. Studies of iron absorption and excretion using 59Fe showed no abnormalities in deficient rabbits. There were abnormalities of ferrokinetics, however. The half-time of disappearance of 59Fe was shorter (100.6 versus 169.4 min), the plasma iron turnover was greater (1.25 versus 0.95 mg/dl blood/day), and the reappearance of 59Fe  in circulating erythrocytes at day 9 was greater (77.2% versus 57.2%) in deficient rabbits. Anemia induced by phlebotomy accentuated the abnormal iron metabolism of deficient rabbits, and the animals were unable to correct the anemia. These findings show that vitamin E deficiency in rabbits causes abnormal erythropoiesis associated with abnormal iron metabolism and sequestration of iron in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 656627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7072", "title": "Erythropoiesis-stimulating factor production by rabbit kidney cultures from \"programmed\" rabbits.", "content": "Rabbit kidney tissue either from normal rabbits or from rabbits \"programmed\" by phlebotomy or varying periods of hypoxia was cultured and shown to release into the culture medium an erythropoietically active substance. The cultures established from rabbits programmed by 6-12 hr of hypoxia yielded the highest levels of erythropoiesis-stimulating activity.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis-stimulating factor production by rabbit kidney cultures from \"programmed\" rabbits. Rabbit kidney tissue either from normal rabbits or from rabbits \"programmed\" by phlebotomy or varying periods of hypoxia was cultured and shown to release into the culture medium an erythropoietically active substance. The cultures established from rabbits programmed by 6-12 hr of hypoxia yielded the highest levels of erythropoiesis-stimulating activity.", "PMID": 656630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7073", "title": "[Effect of heparin and ASA on changes of haemostasis induced by venous occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of venous occlusion on plasmatic coagulation, on platelets, and on fibrinolysis was examined. After occlusion, activated factors XI and X could be demonstrated. Simultaneously, platelet aggregation induced by both collagen and epinephrine was increased. Fibrinolysis was found to be moderately enhanced. In patients taking acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), platelet functions were not altered by occlusion but the activation of plasmatic clotting factors was not influenced. Low dose heparin inhibited plasmatic activation but had no influence on the increase of platelet activities. By simultaneous administration of both substances, an additive effect was observed resulting in inhibition of plasmatic and platelet activation due to venous occlusion.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin and ASA on changes of haemostasis induced by venous occlusion (author's transl)]. The influence of venous occlusion on plasmatic coagulation, on platelets, and on fibrinolysis was examined. After occlusion, activated factors XI and X could be demonstrated. Simultaneously, platelet aggregation induced by both collagen and epinephrine was increased. Fibrinolysis was found to be moderately enhanced. In patients taking acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), platelet functions were not altered by occlusion but the activation of plasmatic clotting factors was not influenced. Low dose heparin inhibited plasmatic activation but had no influence on the increase of platelet activities. By simultaneous administration of both substances, an additive effect was observed resulting in inhibition of plasmatic and platelet activation due to venous occlusion.", "PMID": 656635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7074", "title": "[Inhibition of the carrageenen-induced inflammatory rat paw oedema by systemic application of rat fibrinogen and fibrinopeptides (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute inflammatory rat paw oedema induced by subplantar injection of carrageenan was significantly inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of rat fibrinogen, intraperitoneal and intracardial injection of fibrinoepetides A and B. In contrast the fibrin split products derived from plasmin digestion proved to be ineffective.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the carrageenen-induced inflammatory rat paw oedema by systemic application of rat fibrinogen and fibrinopeptides (author's transl)]. The acute inflammatory rat paw oedema induced by subplantar injection of carrageenan was significantly inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of rat fibrinogen, intraperitoneal and intracardial injection of fibrinoepetides A and B. In contrast the fibrin split products derived from plasmin digestion proved to be ineffective.", "PMID": 656637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7075", "title": "Prognostic aspects of aplastic anemia in pregnancy. Experience on six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Our resent experience on six cases of aplastic anemia complicated with pregnancy is described. In addition, 43 similar cases were collected from the literature and reviewed to analyze some prognostic aspects of this relatively rare but potentially serious complication. Clinical and hematological data were treated to extract some clinically meaningful factors in relation to the success and failure of pregnancy. Among initial hematological parameters, no significant difference was found between successful and unsuccessful cases with an exception of hemoglobin concentration. The patients diagnosed as aplastic anemia prior to conception demonstrated an better outcome of pregnancy as well as survival rate of mother when compared with those diagnosed during pregnancy. Mortality has apparently improved after the late 1950's. Success rate of pregnancy before 1958 was 21%, while it was 67% and 71% in the era of 1959-1969 and after 1970, respectively. However, hemorrhage and infection remained to be two major causes of maternal death in both eras. Based on these observations, the currently recommendable attitude to this complication is discussed.", "contents": "Prognostic aspects of aplastic anemia in pregnancy. Experience on six cases and review of the literature. Our resent experience on six cases of aplastic anemia complicated with pregnancy is described. In addition, 43 similar cases were collected from the literature and reviewed to analyze some prognostic aspects of this relatively rare but potentially serious complication. Clinical and hematological data were treated to extract some clinically meaningful factors in relation to the success and failure of pregnancy. Among initial hematological parameters, no significant difference was found between successful and unsuccessful cases with an exception of hemoglobin concentration. The patients diagnosed as aplastic anemia prior to conception demonstrated an better outcome of pregnancy as well as survival rate of mother when compared with those diagnosed during pregnancy. Mortality has apparently improved after the late 1950's. Success rate of pregnancy before 1958 was 21%, while it was 67% and 71% in the era of 1959-1969 and after 1970, respectively. However, hemorrhage and infection remained to be two major causes of maternal death in both eras. Based on these observations, the currently recommendable attitude to this complication is discussed.", "PMID": 656636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7076", "title": "[Progressive pulmonary fibrosis during combination chemotherapy with BCNU (author's transl)].", "content": "In two patients with acute leukaemia, the development of progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis was observed following chemotherapy with BCNU, Cytoxan and Ara-C. The x-ray changes were accompanied by restrictive changes of pulmonary function and, later on, by severe hypoxia. Serologic tests did not reveal infection with cytomegaly virus or mycoplasma pneumoniae. These findings, together with reports in the literature, suggest a toxic effect of BCNU on the lung. The combination with Cyclophosphamide may contribute to this toxic reaction.", "contents": "[Progressive pulmonary fibrosis during combination chemotherapy with BCNU (author's transl)]. In two patients with acute leukaemia, the development of progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis was observed following chemotherapy with BCNU, Cytoxan and Ara-C. The x-ray changes were accompanied by restrictive changes of pulmonary function and, later on, by severe hypoxia. Serologic tests did not reveal infection with cytomegaly virus or mycoplasma pneumoniae. These findings, together with reports in the literature, suggest a toxic effect of BCNU on the lung. The combination with Cyclophosphamide may contribute to this toxic reaction.", "PMID": 656638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7077", "title": "Studies on combined effects of organophosphates or carbamates and morsodren in birds. II. Plasma and cholinesterase in quail fed morsodren and orally dosed with parathion or carbofuran.", "content": "The degree of interaction between mercury and cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides was determined by comparing enzyme responses to sublethal dosages of parathion or carbofuran in quail fed 0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 ppm morsodren for 18 weeks. A statistically significant interaction was defined as greater brain cholinesterase inhibition in morsodren-fed than in clean-fed birds following pesticide dosage. The tissue residues of mercury that accumulated before significant mercury-parathion interactions occurred were higher than levels that might be expected in natural populations, but significant mercury-carbofuran interactions occurred in birds that had only accumulated 1.0 ppm liver mercury. The results indicate that indiscriminate usage of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides are dangerous, since natural populations of fish-eating birds oftentimes contain this magnitude of mercury.", "contents": "Studies on combined effects of organophosphates or carbamates and morsodren in birds. II. Plasma and cholinesterase in quail fed morsodren and orally dosed with parathion or carbofuran. The degree of interaction between mercury and cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides was determined by comparing enzyme responses to sublethal dosages of parathion or carbofuran in quail fed 0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 ppm morsodren for 18 weeks. A statistically significant interaction was defined as greater brain cholinesterase inhibition in morsodren-fed than in clean-fed birds following pesticide dosage. The tissue residues of mercury that accumulated before significant mercury-parathion interactions occurred were higher than levels that might be expected in natural populations, but significant mercury-carbofuran interactions occurred in birds that had only accumulated 1.0 ppm liver mercury. The results indicate that indiscriminate usage of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides are dangerous, since natural populations of fish-eating birds oftentimes contain this magnitude of mercury.", "PMID": 656640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7078", "title": "Departmental libraries: curse or blessing?", "content": "Communication patterns and working relationships between large health sciences libraries and departmental libraries are examined and discussed. The results of a telephone survey to obtain information on the experiences of twenty-one large New York metropolitan area health sciences libraries with their departmental libraries are reported. Discussion includes the experiences of Columbia University's Augustus Long Health Sciences Library with departmental libraries within the Columbia/Presbyterian Medical Center (C/PMC). A mediated survey of C/PMC departmental libraries and over thirty years of cooperation with some of these departments are reported. The potential detrimental effects of departmental libraries are acknowledged, but the substantial positive benefits of cooperation and ways to achieve this cooperation are emphasized.", "contents": "Departmental libraries: curse or blessing? Communication patterns and working relationships between large health sciences libraries and departmental libraries are examined and discussed. The results of a telephone survey to obtain information on the experiences of twenty-one large New York metropolitan area health sciences libraries with their departmental libraries are reported. Discussion includes the experiences of Columbia University's Augustus Long Health Sciences Library with departmental libraries within the Columbia/Presbyterian Medical Center (C/PMC). A mediated survey of C/PMC departmental libraries and over thirty years of cooperation with some of these departments are reported. The potential detrimental effects of departmental libraries are acknowledged, but the substantial positive benefits of cooperation and ways to achieve this cooperation are emphasized.", "PMID": 656654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7079", "title": "A health sciences libraries consortium in a rural setting.", "content": "The coming of the East Tennessee State University College of Medicine and its effect on the health sciences institutions and practitioners in upper east Tennessee (southern Appalachia) required increased and improved information resources and arrangements for delivery and for use. The Tri-Cities Health Sciences Libraries Consortium was organized to facilitate collection development and to improve services and staff qualifications. The progress of the consortium during the initial two and one-half years of its existence is delineated. Data reflecting the dramatic growth in collection development and staff are given.", "contents": "A health sciences libraries consortium in a rural setting. The coming of the East Tennessee State University College of Medicine and its effect on the health sciences institutions and practitioners in upper east Tennessee (southern Appalachia) required increased and improved information resources and arrangements for delivery and for use. The Tri-Cities Health Sciences Libraries Consortium was organized to facilitate collection development and to improve services and staff qualifications. The progress of the consortium during the initial two and one-half years of its existence is delineated. Data reflecting the dramatic growth in collection development and staff are given.", "PMID": 656655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7080", "title": "Evaluation of a library program in a Carnegie model area health education center.", "content": "The evaluation strategy of a medical library program within an Area Health Education Center is described. One of about thirty programs in the AHEC project, this library program was singled out as the first to be evaluated both because it was considered a key part of the total program and because a fair amount of quantitative data were available for measurement. Eleven hospitals of the thirty-nine in the area were selected for the study. Two specific and measurable objectives, the evaluation method, instruments, and results are presented. Finally, several important issues raised in conjunction with the evaluation are discussed in terms of the implications of evaluation and policy making.", "contents": "Evaluation of a library program in a Carnegie model area health education center. The evaluation strategy of a medical library program within an Area Health Education Center is described. One of about thirty programs in the AHEC project, this library program was singled out as the first to be evaluated both because it was considered a key part of the total program and because a fair amount of quantitative data were available for measurement. Eleven hospitals of the thirty-nine in the area were selected for the study. Two specific and measurable objectives, the evaluation method, instruments, and results are presented. Finally, several important issues raised in conjunction with the evaluation are discussed in terms of the implications of evaluation and policy making.", "PMID": 656656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7081", "title": "The information needs of practicing physicians in northeastern New York State.", "content": "The information needs of practicing physicians in seventeen counties of upstate New York were surveyed by questionnaire. A 45.6% response, or 258 usable replies, was obtained. Computer-aided market analysis indicated that the areas of greatest need for improved information were new developments in specialties and government regulations relating to health care. Sources most frequently used were journal papers, colleagues, and books, in that order. Specialty-related differences occurred with both specific information needs and source use. Degree date, geographical location, and type of practice (hospital, nonhospital, private, and so on), and involvement in research or education were also analyzed in relation to information needs and sources. Implications for library service are discussed.", "contents": "The information needs of practicing physicians in northeastern New York State. The information needs of practicing physicians in seventeen counties of upstate New York were surveyed by questionnaire. A 45.6% response, or 258 usable replies, was obtained. Computer-aided market analysis indicated that the areas of greatest need for improved information were new developments in specialties and government regulations relating to health care. Sources most frequently used were journal papers, colleagues, and books, in that order. Specialty-related differences occurred with both specific information needs and source use. Degree date, geographical location, and type of practice (hospital, nonhospital, private, and so on), and involvement in research or education were also analyzed in relation to information needs and sources. Implications for library service are discussed.", "PMID": 656657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7082", "title": "LATCH at the Washington Hospital Center, 1967-1975.", "content": "Immediate access to needed information is essential if medical personnel are to provide quality health care. At the Washington Hospital Center, Literature Attached to Charts, LATCH, was created in 1967 to provide the required information quickly. As a collection of a few relevant articles attached to the patient's chart, it supplies current literature on some aspect of the patient's illness. Following an account of the program's inception, an analysis of 1,935 LATCH requests for the years 1968--1975 reveals that new physicians, that is, interns and first-year residents, requested LATCHes most often. Requests in areas of internal medicine were the most common. The data also show that the program has been well received by its users. LATCH has affected the medical library in several ways. The program has been partially responsible for increases in staff, in the number of journal subscriptions, and in the number of literature searches requested. The program has also brought about greater access to the collection via the card catalog. An important effect has been the tremendous development of professional expertise in the staff preparing the LATCH.", "contents": "LATCH at the Washington Hospital Center, 1967-1975. Immediate access to needed information is essential if medical personnel are to provide quality health care. At the Washington Hospital Center, Literature Attached to Charts, LATCH, was created in 1967 to provide the required information quickly. As a collection of a few relevant articles attached to the patient's chart, it supplies current literature on some aspect of the patient's illness. Following an account of the program's inception, an analysis of 1,935 LATCH requests for the years 1968--1975 reveals that new physicians, that is, interns and first-year residents, requested LATCHes most often. Requests in areas of internal medicine were the most common. The data also show that the program has been well received by its users. LATCH has affected the medical library in several ways. The program has been partially responsible for increases in staff, in the number of journal subscriptions, and in the number of literature searches requested. The program has also brought about greater access to the collection via the card catalog. An important effect has been the tremendous development of professional expertise in the staff preparing the LATCH.", "PMID": 656658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7083", "title": "Are health science faculty interested in medical history? An evaluative case study.", "content": "This paper deals with the efforts of a medical library to stimulate interest in the history of medicine by utilizing its historical resources. It is based on a survey designed to evaluate the monthly publication of the library, the Bookman, and to determine the response of health science faculty to historical essays as well as to other sections of the publication. The results show that a large percentage of the faculty reads historical essays either regularly or occasionally, and reveal a trend contrary to the common belief that the teaching staff in health science centers is not interested in medical history. The authors suggest that a library with historical resources can contribute to the educational process in a medical community by actively publicizing its collections and providing opportunities for informal and self-initiated reading.", "contents": "Are health science faculty interested in medical history? An evaluative case study. This paper deals with the efforts of a medical library to stimulate interest in the history of medicine by utilizing its historical resources. It is based on a survey designed to evaluate the monthly publication of the library, the Bookman, and to determine the response of health science faculty to historical essays as well as to other sections of the publication. The results show that a large percentage of the faculty reads historical essays either regularly or occasionally, and reveal a trend contrary to the common belief that the teaching staff in health science centers is not interested in medical history. The authors suggest that a library with historical resources can contribute to the educational process in a medical community by actively publicizing its collections and providing opportunities for informal and self-initiated reading.", "PMID": 656659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7084", "title": "Microforms: uses and potential.", "content": "A general overview of microform usage in libraries is provided, emphasizing the impact of conversion of print materials to microforms on library patrons and library staff members. Diagnostic techniques are analyzed to determine the adaptability of both collections and clientele. Problems concerning the standardization of hardware, selection of the proper microform formats, and the use of silver halide, diazo, or vesicular films are discussed.", "contents": "Microforms: uses and potential. A general overview of microform usage in libraries is provided, emphasizing the impact of conversion of print materials to microforms on library patrons and library staff members. Diagnostic techniques are analyzed to determine the adaptability of both collections and clientele. Problems concerning the standardization of hardware, selection of the proper microform formats, and the use of silver halide, diazo, or vesicular films are discussed.", "PMID": 656660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7085", "title": "Perioperative care: preoperative care.", "content": "With a subject as vast as preoperative care its is impossible in an article of this length to do more than sketch in the broad outlines of assessment and preparation, using a few examples to illustrate certain aspects. Unfortunately the pressure of work in most hospitals is such that the standard of preoperative care is not as high as it might be. Many authors have stressed its values not only in making anaesthesia safer but especially in reducing the incidence of postoperative morbidity--a field that has received too little attention for too long.", "contents": "Perioperative care: preoperative care. With a subject as vast as preoperative care its is impossible in an article of this length to do more than sketch in the broad outlines of assessment and preparation, using a few examples to illustrate certain aspects. Unfortunately the pressure of work in most hospitals is such that the standard of preoperative care is not as high as it might be. Many authors have stressed its values not only in making anaesthesia safer but especially in reducing the incidence of postoperative morbidity--a field that has received too little attention for too long.", "PMID": 656681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7086", "title": "Perioperative care: emergency anaesthesia.", "content": "An attempt has been made to indicate some of the problems that may be encountered in emergency anaesthesia. Every case is unique, so it is important to assess each one on its merits and choose appropiate techniques. Experience, adaptability, and vigilance are the keys to patient safety.", "contents": "Perioperative care: emergency anaesthesia. An attempt has been made to indicate some of the problems that may be encountered in emergency anaesthesia. Every case is unique, so it is important to assess each one on its merits and choose appropiate techniques. Experience, adaptability, and vigilance are the keys to patient safety.", "PMID": 656682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7087", "title": "Perioperative care: intraoperative fluid balance.", "content": "Rational intraoperative fluid therapy is based on an understanding of the pathophysiology of severe trauma and surgery. Fluids of suitable compositions are administered in sufficient quantities to form part of the daily maintenance requirement and also to replace blood and ECF lost during surgery.", "contents": "Perioperative care: intraoperative fluid balance. Rational intraoperative fluid therapy is based on an understanding of the pathophysiology of severe trauma and surgery. Fluids of suitable compositions are administered in sufficient quantities to form part of the daily maintenance requirement and also to replace blood and ECF lost during surgery.", "PMID": 656683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7088", "title": "Outpatient problems: intermenstrual bleeding.", "content": "Intermenstrual bleeding in young girls is frequently a symptom that disappears spontaneously, but in adults it is best regarded as a symptom of intrauterine pathology. In patients in the late reproductive phase of life it may be the first symptom of uterine carcinoma and should therefore be treated with the same respect as postmenopausal bleeding. Treatment usually presents lille problem in patients who are properly investigated (Table 1).", "contents": "Outpatient problems: intermenstrual bleeding. Intermenstrual bleeding in young girls is frequently a symptom that disappears spontaneously, but in adults it is best regarded as a symptom of intrauterine pathology. In patients in the late reproductive phase of life it may be the first symptom of uterine carcinoma and should therefore be treated with the same respect as postmenopausal bleeding. Treatment usually presents lille problem in patients who are properly investigated (Table 1).", "PMID": 656687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7089", "title": "Time courses of the anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone in the rat and mouse.", "content": "1 The time course of the activity of dexamethasone has been studied in a variety of anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions in the rat and the mouse. 2 The times of peak activity of dexamethasone, expressed as time between oral dosage and induction of response, and the approximate ED50 values (mg/kg) found were: anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats, 12-24 h, ED50 1.8; passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, 6 h, ED50 0.04; cutaneous reactions to histamine in rats, 4 h, ED50 0.01; carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats, 4 h, ED50 0.03; pinnal anaphylaxis in mice, 6 h, ED50 0.82; histamine-induced pinnal reactions in mice, 6 h, ED50 0.05. 3 In rats, the characteristics of the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone indicate a differential activity against anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions and between different types of inflammatory reactions. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. 4 In mice there was little difference between the inhibition by dexamethasone of cutaneous allergic and histamine-induced reactions. 5 Pinnal anaphylaxis in mice was potentiated by dexamethasone given 1-2 h before challenge.", "contents": "Time courses of the anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone in the rat and mouse. 1 The time course of the activity of dexamethasone has been studied in a variety of anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions in the rat and the mouse. 2 The times of peak activity of dexamethasone, expressed as time between oral dosage and induction of response, and the approximate ED50 values (mg/kg) found were: anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats, 12-24 h, ED50 1.8; passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, 6 h, ED50 0.04; cutaneous reactions to histamine in rats, 4 h, ED50 0.01; carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats, 4 h, ED50 0.03; pinnal anaphylaxis in mice, 6 h, ED50 0.82; histamine-induced pinnal reactions in mice, 6 h, ED50 0.05. 3 In rats, the characteristics of the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone indicate a differential activity against anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions and between different types of inflammatory reactions. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. 4 In mice there was little difference between the inhibition by dexamethasone of cutaneous allergic and histamine-induced reactions. 5 Pinnal anaphylaxis in mice was potentiated by dexamethasone given 1-2 h before challenge.", "PMID": 656694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7090", "title": "Differential depletion of cytoplasmic high affinity oestrogen receptors after the in vivo administration of the antioestrogens, clomiphene, MER-25 and tamoxifen.", "content": "1 The in vivo actions of the oestrogen antagonists, MER-25 and tamoxifen upon the cytosol oestrogen receptors prepared from amygdala, hypothalamus, pituitary and uterus of rats were studied 24 h after drug administration. 2 There was a dose-related depletion of cytosol oestrogen receptors. However, the uterine and pituitary receptors were consistently affected at a lower dose than were those from the brain. 3 The ratios of the combined central ED50 to the combined peripheral ED50 were clomiphene 169 greater than MER-25 19.2 greater than tamoxifen 2.13. 4 The receptor changes were not related to biological activity monitored by serum luteinizing hormone levels and uterotrophic response. 5 The possible role of these drug effects in the induction of ovulation and future developments are discussed.", "contents": "Differential depletion of cytoplasmic high affinity oestrogen receptors after the in vivo administration of the antioestrogens, clomiphene, MER-25 and tamoxifen. 1 The in vivo actions of the oestrogen antagonists, MER-25 and tamoxifen upon the cytosol oestrogen receptors prepared from amygdala, hypothalamus, pituitary and uterus of rats were studied 24 h after drug administration. 2 There was a dose-related depletion of cytosol oestrogen receptors. However, the uterine and pituitary receptors were consistently affected at a lower dose than were those from the brain. 3 The ratios of the combined central ED50 to the combined peripheral ED50 were clomiphene 169 greater than MER-25 19.2 greater than tamoxifen 2.13. 4 The receptor changes were not related to biological activity monitored by serum luteinizing hormone levels and uterotrophic response. 5 The possible role of these drug effects in the induction of ovulation and future developments are discussed.", "PMID": 656695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7091", "title": "A study of the interactions between glutamate and aspartate at the lobster neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The depolarization produced by bath-applied or iontophoretically applied glutamate and aspartate were recorded from lobster muscle fibres by means of intracellular microelectrodes. 2 Bath-applied glutamate or aspartate evoked reversible, membrane depolarizations; however, responses to repeated applications of aspartate decreased progressively in amplitude until a plateau level was attained. Repeated applications of glutamate, kainate, domoate or quisqualate did not produce a similar effect. 3 After a dose of glutamate, responses to bath-applied aspartate were enhanced. Responses to other depolarizing agonists were little affected by previous administration of glutamate. Aspartate dose-depolarization curves were therefore constructed after initial aspartate responses had stabilized. The log-log transforms of the aspartate and glutamate curves had limiting slopes of 0.8 and 2.1 respectively. 4 Iontophoretic application of aspartate to single glutamate-sensitive sites produced small depolarizations with slow time course, compared with the glutamate potentials. When aspartate and glutamate were pulsed simultaneously from a twin-barrelled pipette, the resultant glutamate potential was enhanced. It is suggested that this potentiation was due to summation of agonist concentrations in the receptor region interacting with a second-order dose-response relationship. 5 Bath-applied aspartate increased the amplitude and prolonged the half-decay time of the glutamate potential. This effect was particularly noticeable when the glutamate potential was of slow time course. 6 It is proposed that bath-applied aspartate has an agonist effect whose magnitude is possibly exaggerated by concomitant release of glutamate and/or inhibition by glutamate of aspartate uptake. This agonist action of aspartate is thought to be exerted mainly on extrajunctional areas of the glutamate-sensitive sites.", "contents": "A study of the interactions between glutamate and aspartate at the lobster neuromuscular junction. The depolarization produced by bath-applied or iontophoretically applied glutamate and aspartate were recorded from lobster muscle fibres by means of intracellular microelectrodes. 2 Bath-applied glutamate or aspartate evoked reversible, membrane depolarizations; however, responses to repeated applications of aspartate decreased progressively in amplitude until a plateau level was attained. Repeated applications of glutamate, kainate, domoate or quisqualate did not produce a similar effect. 3 After a dose of glutamate, responses to bath-applied aspartate were enhanced. Responses to other depolarizing agonists were little affected by previous administration of glutamate. Aspartate dose-depolarization curves were therefore constructed after initial aspartate responses had stabilized. The log-log transforms of the aspartate and glutamate curves had limiting slopes of 0.8 and 2.1 respectively. 4 Iontophoretic application of aspartate to single glutamate-sensitive sites produced small depolarizations with slow time course, compared with the glutamate potentials. When aspartate and glutamate were pulsed simultaneously from a twin-barrelled pipette, the resultant glutamate potential was enhanced. It is suggested that this potentiation was due to summation of agonist concentrations in the receptor region interacting with a second-order dose-response relationship. 5 Bath-applied aspartate increased the amplitude and prolonged the half-decay time of the glutamate potential. This effect was particularly noticeable when the glutamate potential was of slow time course. 6 It is proposed that bath-applied aspartate has an agonist effect whose magnitude is possibly exaggerated by concomitant release of glutamate and/or inhibition by glutamate of aspartate uptake. This agonist action of aspartate is thought to be exerted mainly on extrajunctional areas of the glutamate-sensitive sites.", "PMID": 656696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7092", "title": "Hepatic drug metabolism and haem biosynthesis in lead-poisoned rats.", "content": "1 Pretreatment of rats with intraperitoneal injections of lead was shown to result in a depression of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system, as assessed by a decrease in hepatic microsomal P-450 and b5 content and by a decrease in the activity of the enzymes aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. Lead had a more marked effect on cytochrome P-450 than b5. 2 The activity of the rate-limiting enzyme of haem biosynthesis, delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase, was inversely correlated with the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. 3 The activity of the haem biosynthetic enzymes delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase were decreased by increasing lead pretreatment. 4 The activity of the haem catabolic enzyme, haem oxygenase, was increased by lead pretreatment.", "contents": "Hepatic drug metabolism and haem biosynthesis in lead-poisoned rats. 1 Pretreatment of rats with intraperitoneal injections of lead was shown to result in a depression of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system, as assessed by a decrease in hepatic microsomal P-450 and b5 content and by a decrease in the activity of the enzymes aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. Lead had a more marked effect on cytochrome P-450 than b5. 2 The activity of the rate-limiting enzyme of haem biosynthesis, delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase, was inversely correlated with the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. 3 The activity of the haem biosynthetic enzymes delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase were decreased by increasing lead pretreatment. 4 The activity of the haem catabolic enzyme, haem oxygenase, was increased by lead pretreatment.", "PMID": 656697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7093", "title": "Blockade of desensitization of nicotinic receptors of the cat adrenal medulla by concanavalin A.", "content": "1 The possibility of concanavalin A (Con A) blocking the development of desensitization of nicotinic receptors of the cat adrenal gland has been investigated. 2 During perfusion of the adrenal gland with Krebs-bicarbonate solution containing acetylcholine (ACh), the rate of catecholamine (CA) secretion was very high in the first 2 min; thereafter, as perfusion with ACh was continued the output fell, to reach about 20% of the initial value in 10 minutes. When the adrenal gland was pretreated with Con A, the subsequent desensitization of release during continued infusion of ACh was prevented. 3 When the adrenal gland was perfused with high K+ solution, there was always a large initial secretion of CA, and as perfusion with high K+ continued the output fell, to reach about 15% of the initial rate in 10 minutes. Con A did not affect the rate of CA secretion induced by high K+. 4 It is tentatively suggested that Con A blocks the desensitization of CA secretion evoked by ACh by interaction with the glycoprotein moiety of the nicotinic receptor of adrenal chromaffin cells.", "contents": "Blockade of desensitization of nicotinic receptors of the cat adrenal medulla by concanavalin A. 1 The possibility of concanavalin A (Con A) blocking the development of desensitization of nicotinic receptors of the cat adrenal gland has been investigated. 2 During perfusion of the adrenal gland with Krebs-bicarbonate solution containing acetylcholine (ACh), the rate of catecholamine (CA) secretion was very high in the first 2 min; thereafter, as perfusion with ACh was continued the output fell, to reach about 20% of the initial value in 10 minutes. When the adrenal gland was pretreated with Con A, the subsequent desensitization of release during continued infusion of ACh was prevented. 3 When the adrenal gland was perfused with high K+ solution, there was always a large initial secretion of CA, and as perfusion with high K+ continued the output fell, to reach about 15% of the initial rate in 10 minutes. Con A did not affect the rate of CA secretion induced by high K+. 4 It is tentatively suggested that Con A blocks the desensitization of CA secretion evoked by ACh by interaction with the glycoprotein moiety of the nicotinic receptor of adrenal chromaffin cells.", "PMID": 656698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7094", "title": "Time course of degeneration of short and long postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres and effect of pentobarbitone and colchicine on degeneration.", "content": "1 The time-course of degeneration of sympathetic nerves was investigated by measurement of the endogenous noradrenaline content of the rat vas deferens, submandibular gland and spleen following sympathectomy.2 Extirpation of the hypogastric plexus, superior cervical ganglion and coeliac plexus under pentobarbitone anaesthesia caused 50% depletion of the noradrenaline content of the vas deferens, submandibular gland and spleen in approximately 16, 19 and 21 h, respectively.3 Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, proximal sympathectomy (i.e., close to the end organ) produced depletion of the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland 8 h earlier than that caused by distal sympathectomy. Under ether anaesthesia, the time difference in obtaining the same degree of depletion after the two procedures of sympathectomy was only 2 hours.4 Removal of the superior cervical ganglion under ether anaesthesia resulted in almost complete depletion of noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland in 17 h, whereas when a similar operation was performed under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, nearly 24 h were required for the same degree of depletion. Similarly, the noradrenaline content of the spleen was depleted 4 h earlier if the coeliac plexus was ablated under ether as compared to pentobarbitone anaesthesia.5 Local application of colchicine (10 mg/ml, 30 min) to postganglionic sympathetic nerve axons had no effect on the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland up to 24 hours. However, removal of the superior ganglion following colchicine application considerably slowed the depletion of the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland (at 17 and 20 h after ganglionectomy, 10 and 20% depletion, respectively, in the experimental gland, as compared to 70 and 80%, respectively, in the control gland).6 To explain the results, it is proposed that injury to the sympathetic nerves at the site of sectioning triggers a signal (messenger substance) which travels down to the nerve endings to produce degeneration. Thus, the length of the extrinsic nerve fibre influences the time course of degeneration by changing the rate of transport of the messenger substance, whereas pentobarbitone and colchicine alter the synthesis and/or transport of the messenger substance to modify the time-course of degeneration.", "contents": "Time course of degeneration of short and long postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres and effect of pentobarbitone and colchicine on degeneration. 1 The time-course of degeneration of sympathetic nerves was investigated by measurement of the endogenous noradrenaline content of the rat vas deferens, submandibular gland and spleen following sympathectomy.2 Extirpation of the hypogastric plexus, superior cervical ganglion and coeliac plexus under pentobarbitone anaesthesia caused 50% depletion of the noradrenaline content of the vas deferens, submandibular gland and spleen in approximately 16, 19 and 21 h, respectively.3 Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, proximal sympathectomy (i.e., close to the end organ) produced depletion of the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland 8 h earlier than that caused by distal sympathectomy. Under ether anaesthesia, the time difference in obtaining the same degree of depletion after the two procedures of sympathectomy was only 2 hours.4 Removal of the superior cervical ganglion under ether anaesthesia resulted in almost complete depletion of noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland in 17 h, whereas when a similar operation was performed under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, nearly 24 h were required for the same degree of depletion. Similarly, the noradrenaline content of the spleen was depleted 4 h earlier if the coeliac plexus was ablated under ether as compared to pentobarbitone anaesthesia.5 Local application of colchicine (10 mg/ml, 30 min) to postganglionic sympathetic nerve axons had no effect on the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland up to 24 hours. However, removal of the superior ganglion following colchicine application considerably slowed the depletion of the noradrenaline content of the submandibular gland (at 17 and 20 h after ganglionectomy, 10 and 20% depletion, respectively, in the experimental gland, as compared to 70 and 80%, respectively, in the control gland).6 To explain the results, it is proposed that injury to the sympathetic nerves at the site of sectioning triggers a signal (messenger substance) which travels down to the nerve endings to produce degeneration. Thus, the length of the extrinsic nerve fibre influences the time course of degeneration by changing the rate of transport of the messenger substance, whereas pentobarbitone and colchicine alter the synthesis and/or transport of the messenger substance to modify the time-course of degeneration.", "PMID": 656699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7095", "title": "The influence of an extraneuronal compartment on the relaxation of the cat nictitating membrane in vivo.", "content": "1 Contractions of the cat nictitating membrane were elicited on stimulation of the internal carotid nerve, and the effects were studied of desipramine and two inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase, U-0521 and pyrogallol, on the subsequent relaxation of the muscle. 2 The relaxation of the nictitating membrane occurred in at least two phases. The late phase of relaxation was prolonged after increase in the period of nerve stimulation and the duration of this phase was further prolonged after treatment with pyrogallol. 3 After inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline with desipramine both the early and late phases of relaxation were increased in duration, and subsequent administration of pyrogallol or U-0521 caused a further increase in the duration of the late phase of relaxation. 4 The results suggest that the late phase of relaxation of the nictitating membrane is influenced by efflux of noradrenaline from an extraneuronal pool.", "contents": "The influence of an extraneuronal compartment on the relaxation of the cat nictitating membrane in vivo. 1 Contractions of the cat nictitating membrane were elicited on stimulation of the internal carotid nerve, and the effects were studied of desipramine and two inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase, U-0521 and pyrogallol, on the subsequent relaxation of the muscle. 2 The relaxation of the nictitating membrane occurred in at least two phases. The late phase of relaxation was prolonged after increase in the period of nerve stimulation and the duration of this phase was further prolonged after treatment with pyrogallol. 3 After inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline with desipramine both the early and late phases of relaxation were increased in duration, and subsequent administration of pyrogallol or U-0521 caused a further increase in the duration of the late phase of relaxation. 4 The results suggest that the late phase of relaxation of the nictitating membrane is influenced by efflux of noradrenaline from an extraneuronal pool.", "PMID": 656700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7096", "title": "Structure-activity relationships for the anticholinoceptor action of tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "1 The anticholinoceptor action of 15 tricyclic antidepressants and derivatives has been studied on the guinea-pig ileum. At the muscarinic receptors the compounds were found to exert antagonism which was reversible and apparently competitive up to dose-ratios of around 100 but non-competitive above this level. 2 Log affinity constants were derived from log dose-response curves at dose-ratios less than 100, where parallel curves were obtained. Amitriptyline, the most potent compound, had 214 X the potency of the weakest, hydroxyimipramine, but was itself 20 X weaker than atropine. 3 Structure-activity studies showed that dibenzocycloheptane derivatives were more potent than dibenzazepines and that S or O substitution for C-11 or other major changes in the central ring of the tricyclic nucleus greatly reduced activity. Side-chain N-methylation increased potency markedly. This and other findings indicate that both tricyclic nucleus and side-chain receptor attachments are largely non-polar in type.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships for the anticholinoceptor action of tricyclic antidepressants. 1 The anticholinoceptor action of 15 tricyclic antidepressants and derivatives has been studied on the guinea-pig ileum. At the muscarinic receptors the compounds were found to exert antagonism which was reversible and apparently competitive up to dose-ratios of around 100 but non-competitive above this level. 2 Log affinity constants were derived from log dose-response curves at dose-ratios less than 100, where parallel curves were obtained. Amitriptyline, the most potent compound, had 214 X the potency of the weakest, hydroxyimipramine, but was itself 20 X weaker than atropine. 3 Structure-activity studies showed that dibenzocycloheptane derivatives were more potent than dibenzazepines and that S or O substitution for C-11 or other major changes in the central ring of the tricyclic nucleus greatly reduced activity. Side-chain N-methylation increased potency markedly. This and other findings indicate that both tricyclic nucleus and side-chain receptor attachments are largely non-polar in type.", "PMID": 656701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7097", "title": "The effects of adenine nucleotides on cutaneous afferent nerve activity.", "content": "1 The activity produced by the adenine nucleotides adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and by potassium, acetylcholine (ACh), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and bradykinin when applied to an exposed blister base on the ear of anaesthetized rabbits or intra-arterially to anaesthetized cats was investigated in multiple strands dissected from the auricular-temporal and saphenous nerves of rabbits and cats, respectively. 2 In the rabbit preparation potassium and the adenine nucleotides produced activity in the nerve fibres. The effects of these substances were produced in comparable dose ranges; threshold effects being produced by potassium at a concentration of 13 mM and by ADP at a concentration of 4 mM. ACh, 5-HT and bradykinin were inactive at similar or higher concentrations. 3 In the cat preparation all the substances tested produced activity in the nerve fibres. The adenine nucleotides were comparatively less potent than ACh, 5-HT or bradykinin, but had greater potency than potassium. 4 It was concluded that the adenine nucleotides do possess effects on afferent nerve terminals or fibres and thus resemble other known algogenic substances such as potassium, ACh, 5-HT and bradykinin.", "contents": "The effects of adenine nucleotides on cutaneous afferent nerve activity. 1 The activity produced by the adenine nucleotides adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and by potassium, acetylcholine (ACh), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and bradykinin when applied to an exposed blister base on the ear of anaesthetized rabbits or intra-arterially to anaesthetized cats was investigated in multiple strands dissected from the auricular-temporal and saphenous nerves of rabbits and cats, respectively. 2 In the rabbit preparation potassium and the adenine nucleotides produced activity in the nerve fibres. The effects of these substances were produced in comparable dose ranges; threshold effects being produced by potassium at a concentration of 13 mM and by ADP at a concentration of 4 mM. ACh, 5-HT and bradykinin were inactive at similar or higher concentrations. 3 In the cat preparation all the substances tested produced activity in the nerve fibres. The adenine nucleotides were comparatively less potent than ACh, 5-HT or bradykinin, but had greater potency than potassium. 4 It was concluded that the adenine nucleotides do possess effects on afferent nerve terminals or fibres and thus resemble other known algogenic substances such as potassium, ACh, 5-HT and bradykinin.", "PMID": 656702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7098", "title": "A 5-hydroxytryptamine-like mode of anorectic action for 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine (MK-212).", "content": "The mechanism of the reduction in food consumption elicited by 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine (MK-212) administered systemically was investigated in the rat. (+/-)-Fenfluramine and (+)-amphetamine were included in some studies for comparative purposes. 2 Pretreatment with methergoline, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist, reduced the magnitude of the anorectic effect of 1.5 and 3 mg/kg of MK-212, while the anti-5-HT agents, cyproheptadine and cinanserin, were likewise effective against the 3 mg/kg dose. 3 Xylamidine, an antagonist of 5-HT that penetrates poorly into the central nervous system, completely blocked the decrease in food intake caused by 5-HT administered peripherally, while not antagonizing an equianorectic dose of MK-212. 4 Reduction of brain 5-HT by intraventricular injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, intraperitoneal administration of p-chloroamphetamine or placement of a lesion in the region of the median raph\u00e9 nucleus diminished the anorectic response to 3 mg/kg of MK-212. The anorectic effect of amphetamine was reduced by p-chloroamphetamine or lesion in the raph\u00e9, but not by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The decrease in food consumption produced by 1.5 mg/kg of MK-212 was antagonized by prior treatment with p-chloroamphetamine, but not by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 5 Haloperidol, which blocks receptors for dopamine, antagonized the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine, but was ineffective in offsetting the action of MK-212, 3 mg/kg. 6 Pretreatment with chlorimipramine to inhibit the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic uptake mechanism did not affect the anorectic response to 3 mg/kg of MK-212, whereas the response to fenfluramine was diminished. 7 The results indicate that the anorectic action of MK-212 involves a 5-HT-like component which is more evident at the higher dose level of the compound. The anorexigenic property of MK-212 may depend, at least partly, upon the integrity of 5-HT-containing neurones in the central nervous system.", "contents": "A 5-hydroxytryptamine-like mode of anorectic action for 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine (MK-212). The mechanism of the reduction in food consumption elicited by 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine (MK-212) administered systemically was investigated in the rat. (+/-)-Fenfluramine and (+)-amphetamine were included in some studies for comparative purposes. 2 Pretreatment with methergoline, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist, reduced the magnitude of the anorectic effect of 1.5 and 3 mg/kg of MK-212, while the anti-5-HT agents, cyproheptadine and cinanserin, were likewise effective against the 3 mg/kg dose. 3 Xylamidine, an antagonist of 5-HT that penetrates poorly into the central nervous system, completely blocked the decrease in food intake caused by 5-HT administered peripherally, while not antagonizing an equianorectic dose of MK-212. 4 Reduction of brain 5-HT by intraventricular injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, intraperitoneal administration of p-chloroamphetamine or placement of a lesion in the region of the median raph\u00e9 nucleus diminished the anorectic response to 3 mg/kg of MK-212. The anorectic effect of amphetamine was reduced by p-chloroamphetamine or lesion in the raph\u00e9, but not by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The decrease in food consumption produced by 1.5 mg/kg of MK-212 was antagonized by prior treatment with p-chloroamphetamine, but not by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 5 Haloperidol, which blocks receptors for dopamine, antagonized the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine, but was ineffective in offsetting the action of MK-212, 3 mg/kg. 6 Pretreatment with chlorimipramine to inhibit the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic uptake mechanism did not affect the anorectic response to 3 mg/kg of MK-212, whereas the response to fenfluramine was diminished. 7 The results indicate that the anorectic action of MK-212 involves a 5-HT-like component which is more evident at the higher dose level of the compound. The anorexigenic property of MK-212 may depend, at least partly, upon the integrity of 5-HT-containing neurones in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 656703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7099", "title": "The acute effects of nicotine, tobacco smoke and carbon monoxide on myocardial oxygen tension in the anaesthetized cat.", "content": "1 The acute effects of nicotine, tobacco smoke, and carbon monoxide on myocardial oxygen tension (MPo(2)) were estimated amperometrically in 33 anaesthetized open-chest cats with a glass-insulated 25 mum platinum cathode within a 22-gauge needle implanted in the left ventricular wall.2 MPo(2) was 1.6-60 mmHg (mean 23.5 mmHg) when arterial Po(2) was >80 mmHg. Sequential intravenous infusions of nicotine (2-3 mug/kg every 45 s) or intracheal puffs (3-5 ml) of tobacco smoke commonly produced transitory increases (25-35 mmHg) of arterial pressure and 4-6 mmHg increments of MPo(2). Intratracheal puffs (5 ml) of 5% carbon monoxide sufficient to increase carboxyhaemoglobin from 0.8 to 1.5% to 4-7% had no effect on arterial Po(2) or blood pressure but typically decreased MPo(2) by approximately 1-4 mmHg. Augmentation of MPo(2) often succeeded carbon monoxide administration.3 Arterial hypoxia (arterial Po(2) < 60 mmHg) reduced mean MPo(2) to 14.4 mmHg but anoxic levels were not observed. Pressor responses to nicotine and tobacco smoke were accompanied by small increases (usually 1-3 mmHg) of MPo(2). Puffs of 5% carbon monoxide had less effect than during normoxia. Locations of low MPo(2) (<10 mmHg) were unaffected as carboxyhaemoglobin was raised to 7-11% during hypoxaemia.4 It is concluded that nicotine and tobacco smoke cause augmentation of myocardial oxygen supply, even during moderate hypoxaemia. By contrast, smoking dosages of carbon monoxide have the potential of producing a small reduction of MPo(2) during normoxia, but the effect is negligible during moderate hypoxaemia.", "contents": "The acute effects of nicotine, tobacco smoke and carbon monoxide on myocardial oxygen tension in the anaesthetized cat. 1 The acute effects of nicotine, tobacco smoke, and carbon monoxide on myocardial oxygen tension (MPo(2)) were estimated amperometrically in 33 anaesthetized open-chest cats with a glass-insulated 25 mum platinum cathode within a 22-gauge needle implanted in the left ventricular wall.2 MPo(2) was 1.6-60 mmHg (mean 23.5 mmHg) when arterial Po(2) was >80 mmHg. Sequential intravenous infusions of nicotine (2-3 mug/kg every 45 s) or intracheal puffs (3-5 ml) of tobacco smoke commonly produced transitory increases (25-35 mmHg) of arterial pressure and 4-6 mmHg increments of MPo(2). Intratracheal puffs (5 ml) of 5% carbon monoxide sufficient to increase carboxyhaemoglobin from 0.8 to 1.5% to 4-7% had no effect on arterial Po(2) or blood pressure but typically decreased MPo(2) by approximately 1-4 mmHg. Augmentation of MPo(2) often succeeded carbon monoxide administration.3 Arterial hypoxia (arterial Po(2) < 60 mmHg) reduced mean MPo(2) to 14.4 mmHg but anoxic levels were not observed. Pressor responses to nicotine and tobacco smoke were accompanied by small increases (usually 1-3 mmHg) of MPo(2). Puffs of 5% carbon monoxide had less effect than during normoxia. Locations of low MPo(2) (<10 mmHg) were unaffected as carboxyhaemoglobin was raised to 7-11% during hypoxaemia.4 It is concluded that nicotine and tobacco smoke cause augmentation of myocardial oxygen supply, even during moderate hypoxaemia. By contrast, smoking dosages of carbon monoxide have the potential of producing a small reduction of MPo(2) during normoxia, but the effect is negligible during moderate hypoxaemia.", "PMID": 656704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7100", "title": "Incidence of depressive symptoms in users of the oral contraceptive.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the incidence of depression among users of oral contraceptives is no higher than that among matched controls not taking such medication. There is an association between high depression scores and high neuroticism scores, more marked in controls than takers. Intensity of depression is related more to age, personality and occupation than to the use of oral contraceptives. A higher proportion of users than of controls experience sexual satisfaction. Past takers include a large number of individuals with a high neuroticism score. The incidence of depression symptoms in women increases with age. A higher proportion of housewives than of women going out to full-time work show depressive symptoms.", "contents": "Incidence of depressive symptoms in users of the oral contraceptive. Evidence is presented that the incidence of depression among users of oral contraceptives is no higher than that among matched controls not taking such medication. There is an association between high depression scores and high neuroticism scores, more marked in controls than takers. Intensity of depression is related more to age, personality and occupation than to the use of oral contraceptives. A higher proportion of users than of controls experience sexual satisfaction. Past takers include a large number of individuals with a high neuroticism score. The incidence of depression symptoms in women increases with age. A higher proportion of housewives than of women going out to full-time work show depressive symptoms.", "PMID": 656705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7101", "title": "Management of the demented elderly patient in the community.", "content": "Eighty-three consecutive patients with organic mental disorder were studied on their first admission to a psychiatric day hospital assessment unit in a general hospital. They were evaluated medically, psychiatrically and by social work, re-evaluated after 3 months, and again after 12 months or at death. The types of care, and the number of days in each setting, were recorded. Nearly three-quarters were dead or in institutions by 12 months: those initially living with spouses did worst, and those with their children did best, while those on their own became long-stay residents in institutions. Family support seeemed the most important factor determining continued life in the community, and increased help to families from social services appeared to be needed. The value of earlier psychiatric diagnostic and earlier treatment of physical ills is also discussed.", "contents": "Management of the demented elderly patient in the community. Eighty-three consecutive patients with organic mental disorder were studied on their first admission to a psychiatric day hospital assessment unit in a general hospital. They were evaluated medically, psychiatrically and by social work, re-evaluated after 3 months, and again after 12 months or at death. The types of care, and the number of days in each setting, were recorded. Nearly three-quarters were dead or in institutions by 12 months: those initially living with spouses did worst, and those with their children did best, while those on their own became long-stay residents in institutions. Family support seeemed the most important factor determining continued life in the community, and increased help to families from social services appeared to be needed. The value of earlier psychiatric diagnostic and earlier treatment of physical ills is also discussed.", "PMID": 656706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7102", "title": "Residential needs in hospital and the community for mentally handicapped people.", "content": "Using successive analyses of hospitalized mentally handicapped people from a geographically defined Welsh catchment area, this article attempts to evaluate changes in cohorts of such patients. It suggests the likelihood that the level of hospital accommodation predicted in the White Paper \"Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped\" will be sufficient.", "contents": "Residential needs in hospital and the community for mentally handicapped people. Using successive analyses of hospitalized mentally handicapped people from a geographically defined Welsh catchment area, this article attempts to evaluate changes in cohorts of such patients. It suggests the likelihood that the level of hospital accommodation predicted in the White Paper \"Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped\" will be sufficient.", "PMID": 656707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7103", "title": "Social deviance in a day hospital.", "content": "A search was made of records available for 65 nonpsychotic patients referred to a psychiatric day hospital. Assessments were made of whether they had shown various specified types of deviant social conduct, such detailed objective surveys of social conduct being regarded as superior to the use of concepts such as \"psychopathic personality\". The correlational structures of the areas of deviance produced four factors, i.e. deviant family roles, poor social integration, violence, and a more heterogeneous antisocial behaviour factor. The relationship was examined between areas of deviance and indices of the course and outcome of day hospital admission. The prognostic significance of social deviance was different for men and women; for example, only men showed a correlation between the number of areas of social deviance and the outcome of day hospital admissions. Violence and poor social integration showed no relation to outcome at all. It is suggested that there is no basis for excluding such patients from day hospitals on the assumption that they are less likely to be helped than other non-psychotic patients.", "contents": "Social deviance in a day hospital. A search was made of records available for 65 nonpsychotic patients referred to a psychiatric day hospital. Assessments were made of whether they had shown various specified types of deviant social conduct, such detailed objective surveys of social conduct being regarded as superior to the use of concepts such as \"psychopathic personality\". The correlational structures of the areas of deviance produced four factors, i.e. deviant family roles, poor social integration, violence, and a more heterogeneous antisocial behaviour factor. The relationship was examined between areas of deviance and indices of the course and outcome of day hospital admission. The prognostic significance of social deviance was different for men and women; for example, only men showed a correlation between the number of areas of social deviance and the outcome of day hospital admissions. Violence and poor social integration showed no relation to outcome at all. It is suggested that there is no basis for excluding such patients from day hospitals on the assumption that they are less likely to be helped than other non-psychotic patients.", "PMID": 656708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7104", "title": "Social bonds in the epidemiology of neurosis: a preliminary communication.", "content": "In a random sample of the general population (N = 142) a strong inverse relationship was found between social bonds and the presence of neurotic symptoms. This association was strongest in the case of close affectional ties. Together, measures of social bonds accounted for 47 per cent of the variance in neurotic symptoms. While there is likely to be contamination between the two sets of variables, and while the data do not indicate the direction of causality, these findings constitute an aetiological lead which should be pursued.", "contents": "Social bonds in the epidemiology of neurosis: a preliminary communication. In a random sample of the general population (N = 142) a strong inverse relationship was found between social bonds and the presence of neurotic symptoms. This association was strongest in the case of close affectional ties. Together, measures of social bonds accounted for 47 per cent of the variance in neurotic symptoms. While there is likely to be contamination between the two sets of variables, and while the data do not indicate the direction of causality, these findings constitute an aetiological lead which should be pursued.", "PMID": 656709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7105", "title": "Distribution of drug-related problems among London casualty departments.", "content": "A survey of patients with drug-related problems seen in London casualty departments during the course of one month revealed 1,706 separate incidents. In 477 cases the patients were dependent on drugs, and more than 40 per cent were dealt with by only five hospitals, all in the West End of London. The remaining 1,229 incidents involved nondependent patients who had taken a drug overdose, and these cases were distributed more evenly between hospitals all over the Greater London area. The implications of this study for service planning and for further monitoring of the patterns of drug misuse are discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of drug-related problems among London casualty departments. A survey of patients with drug-related problems seen in London casualty departments during the course of one month revealed 1,706 separate incidents. In 477 cases the patients were dependent on drugs, and more than 40 per cent were dealt with by only five hospitals, all in the West End of London. The remaining 1,229 incidents involved nondependent patients who had taken a drug overdose, and these cases were distributed more evenly between hospitals all over the Greater London area. The implications of this study for service planning and for further monitoring of the patterns of drug misuse are discussed.", "PMID": 656710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7106", "title": "The effects of methadone maintenance with opioid takers. A review and some findings from one British city.", "content": "Various benefits claimed for methadone maintenance in the treatment of opioid drug takers are reviewed. It is said to stop illicit drug use, maintain treatment contact, reduce morbidity, mortality and crime, and improve social adjustment. Little firm evidence is found to support these claims. Results are reported comparing 26 drug takers on methadone prescriptions with 16 illicit opioid takers. The measures used are Stimson's (1972) 'Patterns of Behaviour' questionnaire and direct behavioural measures of social functioning. The groups are found not to differ in terms of treatment contact, work status and involvement with other drug takers. There is some evidence that the methadone group is involved in less criminal activity. However, no association is found between amounts of drugs prescribed and numbers of local pharmacy thefts. It is concluded that the benefits of methadone maintenance have been exaggerated.", "contents": "The effects of methadone maintenance with opioid takers. A review and some findings from one British city. Various benefits claimed for methadone maintenance in the treatment of opioid drug takers are reviewed. It is said to stop illicit drug use, maintain treatment contact, reduce morbidity, mortality and crime, and improve social adjustment. Little firm evidence is found to support these claims. Results are reported comparing 26 drug takers on methadone prescriptions with 16 illicit opioid takers. The measures used are Stimson's (1972) 'Patterns of Behaviour' questionnaire and direct behavioural measures of social functioning. The groups are found not to differ in terms of treatment contact, work status and involvement with other drug takers. There is some evidence that the methadone group is involved in less criminal activity. However, no association is found between amounts of drugs prescribed and numbers of local pharmacy thefts. It is concluded that the benefits of methadone maintenance have been exaggerated.", "PMID": 656711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7107", "title": "Some psychological correlates of long-term heavy cannabis users.", "content": "Fifty persons who had all been heavy cannabis users for a long time were given psychological tests measuring psychomotor, perceptual and other variables. Half of these persons were \"Charas\" smokers, half \"Bhang\" drinkers. The duration of cannabis use was 4--10 years, with an average daily dose of 150 mg tetrahydrocannabinol. A matched control group of twenty-five persons were given the same tests. Compared with this group, the cannabis users were found to react more slowly, to be poorer in concentration and time estimation, to have higher neuroticism and greater perceptuo-motor disturbance. The higher neuroticism and greater perceptuo-motor disturbance. The Charas smokers were the poorest performers and also showed poor memory, lowered psychomotor activity, and poor size estimation.", "contents": "Some psychological correlates of long-term heavy cannabis users. Fifty persons who had all been heavy cannabis users for a long time were given psychological tests measuring psychomotor, perceptual and other variables. Half of these persons were \"Charas\" smokers, half \"Bhang\" drinkers. The duration of cannabis use was 4--10 years, with an average daily dose of 150 mg tetrahydrocannabinol. A matched control group of twenty-five persons were given the same tests. Compared with this group, the cannabis users were found to react more slowly, to be poorer in concentration and time estimation, to have higher neuroticism and greater perceptuo-motor disturbance. The higher neuroticism and greater perceptuo-motor disturbance. The Charas smokers were the poorest performers and also showed poor memory, lowered psychomotor activity, and poor size estimation.", "PMID": 656712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7108", "title": "The relationship between duration of treatment in a therapeutic community for drug abusers and subsequent criminality.", "content": "The conviction rates for the first 61 admissions to a therapeutic community for drug dependence were obtained for a period two years prior to admission and two years after discharge, by searching in the Criminal Records Office at Scotland Yards. A long-stay group (n = 20) which had remained in residence more than six months was compared with a medium-stay group (n = 20) which had remained from one to six months and a short stay group (n = 21) which had remained less than one month. The long-stay group had a pre-admission conviction rate of 60 per cent, which was significantly reduced to 10 per cent during the follow-up period. The conviction rate of the medium-stay group was reduced from 70 per cent before treatment to 45 percent after treatment; that of the short stay group remained constant at 57 per cent before and after treatment. It is suggested that periods of more than six months treatment in the community are effective in reducing subsequent criminality.", "contents": "The relationship between duration of treatment in a therapeutic community for drug abusers and subsequent criminality. The conviction rates for the first 61 admissions to a therapeutic community for drug dependence were obtained for a period two years prior to admission and two years after discharge, by searching in the Criminal Records Office at Scotland Yards. A long-stay group (n = 20) which had remained in residence more than six months was compared with a medium-stay group (n = 20) which had remained from one to six months and a short stay group (n = 21) which had remained less than one month. The long-stay group had a pre-admission conviction rate of 60 per cent, which was significantly reduced to 10 per cent during the follow-up period. The conviction rate of the medium-stay group was reduced from 70 per cent before treatment to 45 percent after treatment; that of the short stay group remained constant at 57 per cent before and after treatment. It is suggested that periods of more than six months treatment in the community are effective in reducing subsequent criminality.", "PMID": 656713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7109", "title": "School phobia: classification and treatment.", "content": "Ninety-nine cases of school phobia seen at a child guidance clinic over a period of twelve years were divided into acute and chronic groups and investigated in several ways. The results indicate that the children of both groups are more likely to be the eldest or youngest in the family. Acute school phobia is more likely to occur in youngest children with two or fewer siblings, and mothers tend to be older. It is most common in adolescence and seems often to be precipitated by stress. Chronic school phobia is likely to occur in a child from a larger family and with a younger mother. It is more common in social class V and in children of mentally ill parents. Implications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "School phobia: classification and treatment. Ninety-nine cases of school phobia seen at a child guidance clinic over a period of twelve years were divided into acute and chronic groups and investigated in several ways. The results indicate that the children of both groups are more likely to be the eldest or youngest in the family. Acute school phobia is more likely to occur in youngest children with two or fewer siblings, and mothers tend to be older. It is most common in adolescence and seems often to be precipitated by stress. Chronic school phobia is likely to occur in a child from a larger family and with a younger mother. It is more common in social class V and in children of mentally ill parents. Implications for treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 656714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7110", "title": "An evaluation of hospital in-patient treatment in adolescent school phobia.", "content": "Thirty-two school-phobic youngsters of mean age 13 years were randomly allocated to two treatment groups after stratifying for sex. Length of in-patient management in a psychiatric hospital unit for young adolescents was evaluated. One group was admitted for three months and the other for six. Care was taken to ensure that cases had been fairly distributed between the groups by comparing them on a variety of clinical features. Follow-up assessments were carried out in a reliable fashion at six months, one year and two years after discharge. Outcome, overall, was similar to that found in a previous follow-up study for the same unit, in that symptoms of emotional disturbance and social impairment tended to persist in a considerable proportion of cases over the period of review. Length of stay in hospital did not affect outcome as far as the boys were concerned; the findings in relation to the girls was less certain and it seems likely that longer in-patient treatment improves outcome in school-phobic girls.", "contents": "An evaluation of hospital in-patient treatment in adolescent school phobia. Thirty-two school-phobic youngsters of mean age 13 years were randomly allocated to two treatment groups after stratifying for sex. Length of in-patient management in a psychiatric hospital unit for young adolescents was evaluated. One group was admitted for three months and the other for six. Care was taken to ensure that cases had been fairly distributed between the groups by comparing them on a variety of clinical features. Follow-up assessments were carried out in a reliable fashion at six months, one year and two years after discharge. Outcome, overall, was similar to that found in a previous follow-up study for the same unit, in that symptoms of emotional disturbance and social impairment tended to persist in a considerable proportion of cases over the period of review. Length of stay in hospital did not affect outcome as far as the boys were concerned; the findings in relation to the girls was less certain and it seems likely that longer in-patient treatment improves outcome in school-phobic girls.", "PMID": 656715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7111", "title": "Attempted suicide and suicide among Oxford University students.", "content": "A lower incidence of attempted suicide was found for Oxford University students than for other persons of the same age in Oxford City. This may be due to social class differences. Characteristics of the student attempters are reported. On the other hand, the rates for completed suicides of students, over a recent ten-year period, were in excess of those for the rest of their age group.", "contents": "Attempted suicide and suicide among Oxford University students. A lower incidence of attempted suicide was found for Oxford University students than for other persons of the same age in Oxford City. This may be due to social class differences. Characteristics of the student attempters are reported. On the other hand, the rates for completed suicides of students, over a recent ten-year period, were in excess of those for the rest of their age group.", "PMID": 656716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7112", "title": "Epileptic homocide: a case report.", "content": "This case report augments a paper published in 1971 (Gunn and Fenton) in which it was indicated that automatic behaviour is a rare explanation for the crimes of epileptic patients. It was claimed that although two possible \"automatic\" crimes were committed by two epileptic patients among the 46 male epileptics at Broadmoor there were no such crimes committed by any of the 158 male epileptic prisoners who came into a national sample. Since then it has become clear that one man serving life imprisonment, exluded from the epileptic prisoner sample in 1967 because of a doubt about his diagnosis, is definitely epileptic and probably killed his wife during an epileptic attack or its immediate sequela.", "contents": "Epileptic homocide: a case report. This case report augments a paper published in 1971 (Gunn and Fenton) in which it was indicated that automatic behaviour is a rare explanation for the crimes of epileptic patients. It was claimed that although two possible \"automatic\" crimes were committed by two epileptic patients among the 46 male epileptics at Broadmoor there were no such crimes committed by any of the 158 male epileptic prisoners who came into a national sample. Since then it has become clear that one man serving life imprisonment, exluded from the epileptic prisoner sample in 1967 because of a doubt about his diagnosis, is definitely epileptic and probably killed his wife during an epileptic attack or its immediate sequela.", "PMID": 656717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7113", "title": "Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activity in alcoholic individuals.", "content": "Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activity was determined in a group of 99 healthy male (active duty military) alcoholics referred for hospital treatment who had been abstinent from alcohol for 2-10 days, and compared with that of a control military group. Platelet MAO activity was slightly but significantly lower in the alcoholic group. Both groups were significantly lower in MAO activity compared to a group of 42 non-military controls. In the alcoholic group there was no correlation between platelet MAO and severity or chronicity of drinking, nor was there evidence of iron deficiency to account for the lowered MAO activity. When the alcoholic and military control groups were split at the median, the first degree relatives of both the 'low' MAO alcoholics and the 'low' MAO military controls had a higher incidence of alcoholism than did the relatives of both 'high' MAO subgroups. No personal or family history data of alcohol-related problems were available on the non-military control group.", "contents": "Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activity in alcoholic individuals. Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activity was determined in a group of 99 healthy male (active duty military) alcoholics referred for hospital treatment who had been abstinent from alcohol for 2-10 days, and compared with that of a control military group. Platelet MAO activity was slightly but significantly lower in the alcoholic group. Both groups were significantly lower in MAO activity compared to a group of 42 non-military controls. In the alcoholic group there was no correlation between platelet MAO and severity or chronicity of drinking, nor was there evidence of iron deficiency to account for the lowered MAO activity. When the alcoholic and military control groups were split at the median, the first degree relatives of both the 'low' MAO alcoholics and the 'low' MAO military controls had a higher incidence of alcoholism than did the relatives of both 'high' MAO subgroups. No personal or family history data of alcohol-related problems were available on the non-military control group.", "PMID": 656722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7114", "title": "Depression and hemispheric functions: changes associated with unilateral ECT.", "content": "Nine depressed patients received ECT to the dominant (left) side along with nine matched depressed patients who received ECT to the non-dominant (right) side. Neuropsychological tests showed that the right hemispheric functions were more frequently abnormal as compared to left hemispheric (dominant) functions in the pre-ECT tests. ECTs delivered to either the right or left side improved right hemispheric functions when the depression was ameliorated. This study indicates that in depression right hemispheric functions are initially disturbed and ECT, instead of being deleterious to these functions, tends to improve them.", "contents": "Depression and hemispheric functions: changes associated with unilateral ECT. Nine depressed patients received ECT to the dominant (left) side along with nine matched depressed patients who received ECT to the non-dominant (right) side. Neuropsychological tests showed that the right hemispheric functions were more frequently abnormal as compared to left hemispheric (dominant) functions in the pre-ECT tests. ECTs delivered to either the right or left side improved right hemispheric functions when the depression was ameliorated. This study indicates that in depression right hemispheric functions are initially disturbed and ECT, instead of being deleterious to these functions, tends to improve them.", "PMID": 656723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7115", "title": "Dysmorphophobia--a long-term study.", "content": "This study examines the mental health of 187 patients who had a rhinoplasty fifteen years earlier. Of 101 who had the operation following disease or injury 9 are now severely neurotic and one schizophrenic; of 86 who had the operation for aesthetic reasons 32 are now severely neurotic and 6 schizophrenic. The differences between the two groups are significant, and show that dysmorphophobia is an ominous symptom.", "contents": "Dysmorphophobia--a long-term study. This study examines the mental health of 187 patients who had a rhinoplasty fifteen years earlier. Of 101 who had the operation following disease or injury 9 are now severely neurotic and one schizophrenic; of 86 who had the operation for aesthetic reasons 32 are now severely neurotic and 6 schizophrenic. The differences between the two groups are significant, and show that dysmorphophobia is an ominous symptom.", "PMID": 656724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7116", "title": "The usefulness of first-rank symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a Saudi Arabian population.", "content": "Ninety-two schizophrenic patients of both sexes admitted to hospital at Taif, Saudi Arabia were examined to discover the incidence of Schneider's first-rand symptoms and their usefulness in diagnosing schizophrenia in this country. Fifty-two patients (56.5 per cent) were found to have these symptoms, most frequently 'made' phenomena and 'somatic passivity'. The role of possible socio-cultural factors and the need for serious studies on transcultural psychiatry are discussed.", "contents": "The usefulness of first-rank symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a Saudi Arabian population. Ninety-two schizophrenic patients of both sexes admitted to hospital at Taif, Saudi Arabia were examined to discover the incidence of Schneider's first-rand symptoms and their usefulness in diagnosing schizophrenia in this country. Fifty-two patients (56.5 per cent) were found to have these symptoms, most frequently 'made' phenomena and 'somatic passivity'. The role of possible socio-cultural factors and the need for serious studies on transcultural psychiatry are discussed.", "PMID": 656725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7117", "title": "Early parent death and the clinical scales of the MMPI.", "content": "There is growing evidence that early parent death can affect the severity of adult depressive illness. It was anticipated, therefore, that early-bereaved depressed patients might score higher on certain MMPI clinical scales than non-bereaved, depressed controls matched for age and sex. This is shown to be the case, the most affected scales being Hypochondriasis and Paranoia. Hypochondriasis is shown to be more strongly associated with early father death, while Paranoia is associated equally with mother and father death. There is some suggestion that early mother death is also associated with elevation of the F score. Early parent death is shown to have no effect upon the MMPI scores of non-depressed patients.", "contents": "Early parent death and the clinical scales of the MMPI. There is growing evidence that early parent death can affect the severity of adult depressive illness. It was anticipated, therefore, that early-bereaved depressed patients might score higher on certain MMPI clinical scales than non-bereaved, depressed controls matched for age and sex. This is shown to be the case, the most affected scales being Hypochondriasis and Paranoia. Hypochondriasis is shown to be more strongly associated with early father death, while Paranoia is associated equally with mother and father death. There is some suggestion that early mother death is also associated with elevation of the F score. Early parent death is shown to have no effect upon the MMPI scores of non-depressed patients.", "PMID": 656726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7118", "title": "A common language for the psychotherapies?", "content": "The account of mental processes emerging from the work of cognitive psychologists is briefly reviewed, and aspects of the theoretical basis of the work of psychoanalytic and behaviourist psychotherapists are considered in the light of this. It is argued that in both traditions increasing attention is being paid to cognitive processes. A restatement of psychoanalytic theory in cognitive terms could free it from its present confusion of metaphors, and an extension of behaviourist theory in this direction could free it from reductionism. The advantages of the adoption of a common language, based on the models of cognitive psychology, to theory, practice and research are briefly considered.", "contents": "A common language for the psychotherapies? The account of mental processes emerging from the work of cognitive psychologists is briefly reviewed, and aspects of the theoretical basis of the work of psychoanalytic and behaviourist psychotherapists are considered in the light of this. It is argued that in both traditions increasing attention is being paid to cognitive processes. A restatement of psychoanalytic theory in cognitive terms could free it from its present confusion of metaphors, and an extension of behaviourist theory in this direction could free it from reductionism. The advantages of the adoption of a common language, based on the models of cognitive psychology, to theory, practice and research are briefly considered.", "PMID": 656727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7119", "title": "How should we measure outcome in psychotherapy?", "content": "The problem of assessing outcome in psychotherapy is considered by examining the experiment conducted by Bloch et al (1977). The experimental design and statistical considerations in investigating psychotherapy outcome are briefly examined. Tt is argued that attention should be directed towards assessing the severity of patients' problems rather than improvement after treatment.", "contents": "How should we measure outcome in psychotherapy? The problem of assessing outcome in psychotherapy is considered by examining the experiment conducted by Bloch et al (1977). The experimental design and statistical considerations in investigating psychotherapy outcome are briefly examined. Tt is argued that attention should be directed towards assessing the severity of patients' problems rather than improvement after treatment.", "PMID": 656728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7120", "title": "Insanity in bar of trial in Scotland: a State Hospital study.", "content": "Legal findings of unfitness to stand trial are returned ten times more frequently in Scotland than in England and Wales. Sixty-five patients in the State Hospital who had been found insane in bar of trial were compared with a control group of 64 offender patients. They showed a significantly greater incidence of homicidal crimes and diagnoses of psychotic disorders, 19 per cent of which later proved to be unstable. They had also been detained longer at the State Hospital. These findings are discussed and particular reference is made to the tendency for psychotic offenders to be almost automatically regarded as unfit to plead. A brief comparison is made with the situation in England, and some modifications in forensic psychiatric procedure are suggested.", "contents": "Insanity in bar of trial in Scotland: a State Hospital study. Legal findings of unfitness to stand trial are returned ten times more frequently in Scotland than in England and Wales. Sixty-five patients in the State Hospital who had been found insane in bar of trial were compared with a control group of 64 offender patients. They showed a significantly greater incidence of homicidal crimes and diagnoses of psychotic disorders, 19 per cent of which later proved to be unstable. They had also been detained longer at the State Hospital. These findings are discussed and particular reference is made to the tendency for psychotic offenders to be almost automatically regarded as unfit to plead. A brief comparison is made with the situation in England, and some modifications in forensic psychiatric procedure are suggested.", "PMID": 656729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7121", "title": "Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning.", "content": "The present investigation was designed to study the relationship between impulsivity/sociability and modes of reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. Two 2x3 randomized block designs, one each for impulsivity and sociability, were replicated ten times. One hundred and twenty undergraduate female students (60 for impulsivity and 60 for sociability) were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. When the conditioning scores of high and low scorers on the impulsivity and sociability scales were compared, it was found that under rewarding conditions ('good' and 'buzzer' in respect of sociability and 'good' in respect of impulsivity) the high scorers' score and under punishing conditions ('electric shock') the low scorers' score was the higher of the two. The study also revealed that the high scorers (on the impulsivity scale) conditioned more under rewarding conditions while the low scorers (both on the impulsivity and sociability scales) conditioned more under punishing ones.", "contents": "Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. The present investigation was designed to study the relationship between impulsivity/sociability and modes of reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. Two 2x3 randomized block designs, one each for impulsivity and sociability, were replicated ten times. One hundred and twenty undergraduate female students (60 for impulsivity and 60 for sociability) were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. When the conditioning scores of high and low scorers on the impulsivity and sociability scales were compared, it was found that under rewarding conditions ('good' and 'buzzer' in respect of sociability and 'good' in respect of impulsivity) the high scorers' score and under punishing conditions ('electric shock') the low scorers' score was the higher of the two. The study also revealed that the high scorers (on the impulsivity scale) conditioned more under rewarding conditions while the low scorers (both on the impulsivity and sociability scales) conditioned more under punishing ones.", "PMID": 656731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7122", "title": "A note on the development of recall of spatial location.", "content": "Recall of spatial location was studied with 5, 8, 12--13, and 17--18 year old subjects. Pictures of objects were shown one at a time in one of the four quadrants of a projection screen which was either blank (NF) or divided by a cross into four quadrants (F). The presence of the frame (F) did not affect item recall, but facilitated location recall more, the younger the subjects. Intentional learning of location was superior to incidental learning in the youngest but not in older children. The results are in agreement with Bryant's (1974) analysis of perceptual development which emphasizes the use of external spatial frames of reference in the encoding of attributes of visual objects in young children.", "contents": "A note on the development of recall of spatial location. Recall of spatial location was studied with 5, 8, 12--13, and 17--18 year old subjects. Pictures of objects were shown one at a time in one of the four quadrants of a projection screen which was either blank (NF) or divided by a cross into four quadrants (F). The presence of the frame (F) did not affect item recall, but facilitated location recall more, the younger the subjects. Intentional learning of location was superior to incidental learning in the youngest but not in older children. The results are in agreement with Bryant's (1974) analysis of perceptual development which emphasizes the use of external spatial frames of reference in the encoding of attributes of visual objects in young children.", "PMID": 656732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7123", "title": "Role of symmetry in pattern reproduction.", "content": "The role of enantiomorphs (mirror images) as units of coding of symmetrical patterns was investigated. Simple symmetrical matrices were presented tachistoscopically for 0.3 sec and were immediately followed by 0.3 sec presentation of the same matrix but with half of its cells occluded. The subjects were required to reproduce the first matrix. Five patterns of occlusion were used: random, lateral, skew, vertical and horizontal. It was found that lateral occlusion (which leads to a display of an enantiomorph) did not differ in its effectiveness from horizontal and vertical occlusions, although it conveyed twice as much information. Lateral, horizontal and vertical occlusions all differed significantly from the other two types which gave inferior results. In another experiment the effects of random and symmetrical occlusions were investigated; it was found that random occlusion was more effective than symmetrical occlusion. The results of the experiments, it is argued, show that information theory and gestalt approaches to the problem of symmetry are to some extent complementary.", "contents": "Role of symmetry in pattern reproduction. The role of enantiomorphs (mirror images) as units of coding of symmetrical patterns was investigated. Simple symmetrical matrices were presented tachistoscopically for 0.3 sec and were immediately followed by 0.3 sec presentation of the same matrix but with half of its cells occluded. The subjects were required to reproduce the first matrix. Five patterns of occlusion were used: random, lateral, skew, vertical and horizontal. It was found that lateral occlusion (which leads to a display of an enantiomorph) did not differ in its effectiveness from horizontal and vertical occlusions, although it conveyed twice as much information. Lateral, horizontal and vertical occlusions all differed significantly from the other two types which gave inferior results. In another experiment the effects of random and symmetrical occlusions were investigated; it was found that random occlusion was more effective than symmetrical occlusion. The results of the experiments, it is argued, show that information theory and gestalt approaches to the problem of symmetry are to some extent complementary.", "PMID": 656733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7124", "title": "The subliminal perception of movement and the course of autokinesis.", "content": "The course of autokinesis is shown to be sensitive to the real movement of a surrounding stimulus. With the supraliminal presentation of this stimulus, apparent movement in a direction opposite to that of the real movement is induced. With the subliminal presentation of the same stimulus the real movement serves to inhibit autokinesis by inducing brief periods of stationarity between the phases of upward and downward apparent movement. The results confirm previous findings that the movement of a stimulus may be discriminated without there being any perceptual (phenomenal) adjunct.", "contents": "The subliminal perception of movement and the course of autokinesis. The course of autokinesis is shown to be sensitive to the real movement of a surrounding stimulus. With the supraliminal presentation of this stimulus, apparent movement in a direction opposite to that of the real movement is induced. With the subliminal presentation of the same stimulus the real movement serves to inhibit autokinesis by inducing brief periods of stationarity between the phases of upward and downward apparent movement. The results confirm previous findings that the movement of a stimulus may be discriminated without there being any perceptual (phenomenal) adjunct.", "PMID": 656734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7125", "title": "An intra-cultural investigation of susceptibility to 'perspective' and 'non-perspective' spatial illusions.", "content": "Conventional M\u00fcller-Lyer and modified M\u00fcller-Lyer (without 'perspective' cues) illusions were presented to two samples of children aged between eight and 19, matched in education, but living in 'carpentered' and 'uncarpentered' environments in Zambia. Traditional differences in susceptibility have been obtained with both the variations of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion. In view of the lack of perspective cues in one of these, it is concluded that the perspective theory as presented within the 'carpentered world hypothesis' is inadequate. Since these differences are intra-cultural, they also do not support the hypothesis which suggests that cross-cultural variations in illusion susceptibility are due to genetic factors--such as macular (or retinal) pigmentation.", "contents": "An intra-cultural investigation of susceptibility to 'perspective' and 'non-perspective' spatial illusions. Conventional M\u00fcller-Lyer and modified M\u00fcller-Lyer (without 'perspective' cues) illusions were presented to two samples of children aged between eight and 19, matched in education, but living in 'carpentered' and 'uncarpentered' environments in Zambia. Traditional differences in susceptibility have been obtained with both the variations of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion. In view of the lack of perspective cues in one of these, it is concluded that the perspective theory as presented within the 'carpentered world hypothesis' is inadequate. Since these differences are intra-cultural, they also do not support the hypothesis which suggests that cross-cultural variations in illusion susceptibility are due to genetic factors--such as macular (or retinal) pigmentation.", "PMID": 656735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7126", "title": "Chlorpromazine and serial reaction performance.", "content": "The effect of 25 mg or 75 mg of chlorpromazine on the serial reaction performance of 12 male human subjects was studied. Speed or number of correct responses was reduced by the high dose of chlorpromazine and errors of commission and omission were increased. The adverse effect of the drug upon speed appeared only at the end of the half-hour test. By contrast the adverse effect upon gaps and errors was apparent throughout the test and there was no interaction with test duration.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine and serial reaction performance. The effect of 25 mg or 75 mg of chlorpromazine on the serial reaction performance of 12 male human subjects was studied. Speed or number of correct responses was reduced by the high dose of chlorpromazine and errors of commission and omission were increased. The adverse effect of the drug upon speed appeared only at the end of the half-hour test. By contrast the adverse effect upon gaps and errors was apparent throughout the test and there was no interaction with test duration.", "PMID": 656736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7127", "title": "The misplaced caecum and the root of the mesentery.", "content": "Five cases presenting in late infancy and childhood with symptoms and signs referable to malrotation of the midgut are described. The condition may present with jaundice, malabsorption or the signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia or volvulus. It may also result in volvulus and gangrene of the midgut. A short root of the mesentery predisposing to this event will be seen on a barium meal and follow through examination and will warn of its impending occurrence.", "contents": "The misplaced caecum and the root of the mesentery. Five cases presenting in late infancy and childhood with symptoms and signs referable to malrotation of the midgut are described. The condition may present with jaundice, malabsorption or the signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia or volvulus. It may also result in volvulus and gangrene of the midgut. A short root of the mesentery predisposing to this event will be seen on a barium meal and follow through examination and will warn of its impending occurrence.", "PMID": 656737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7128", "title": "Transcatheter embolisation of bone tumour arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations complicating benign bone tumours may not be amenable to surgical treatment either because of their extensive size and likelihood of recurrence or because of their location. Transcatheter embolisation may then be used either as the definitive treatment or as a prelude to safe surgical intervention. Patients presenting with arteriovenous malformations in association with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and vertebral haemangioma are presented who were treated by transcatheter embolisation, using Oxycel and Gelfoam. A haemodynamically significant shunt was obliterated in one patient and in the other an excellent clinical response was obtained facilitating subsequent surgical management.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolisation of bone tumour arteriovenous malformations. Arteriovenous malformations complicating benign bone tumours may not be amenable to surgical treatment either because of their extensive size and likelihood of recurrence or because of their location. Transcatheter embolisation may then be used either as the definitive treatment or as a prelude to safe surgical intervention. Patients presenting with arteriovenous malformations in association with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and vertebral haemangioma are presented who were treated by transcatheter embolisation, using Oxycel and Gelfoam. A haemodynamically significant shunt was obliterated in one patient and in the other an excellent clinical response was obtained facilitating subsequent surgical management.", "PMID": 656738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7129", "title": "Limitations of fibre-optic bronchoscopy under fluoroscopy in the investigation of peripheral lung lesions.", "content": "Transbronchial lung biopsy under fluoroscopic guidance was attempted in 14 patients with discrete peripheral lesions and histological evidence of pathology was obtained in five (37.7%). The difficulties and limitations of the procedure are discussed. The radiation hazard to both patient and bronchoscope are assessed. From this study it is concluded that aspiration needle biopsy is preferred in the investigation of patients with peripheral lung lesions.", "contents": "Limitations of fibre-optic bronchoscopy under fluoroscopy in the investigation of peripheral lung lesions. Transbronchial lung biopsy under fluoroscopic guidance was attempted in 14 patients with discrete peripheral lesions and histological evidence of pathology was obtained in five (37.7%). The difficulties and limitations of the procedure are discussed. The radiation hazard to both patient and bronchoscope are assessed. From this study it is concluded that aspiration needle biopsy is preferred in the investigation of patients with peripheral lung lesions.", "PMID": 656741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7130", "title": "The determination of anatomical cross-sections using a radiotherapy simulator.", "content": "A system for obtaining anatomical cross-sections for treatment planning using a radiotherapy simulator is described. A fluorescent screen is viewed by a low light level Isocon television camera and the video signal is digitized and stored. Many projections of the phantom are obtained by rotating the simulator gantry. A convolution algorithm has been used to reconstruct chest sections in which skin and lung outlines are visible. The technique could also be used to make corrections to radiotherapy dose distributions where irradiation of lung tissue is involved.", "contents": "The determination of anatomical cross-sections using a radiotherapy simulator. A system for obtaining anatomical cross-sections for treatment planning using a radiotherapy simulator is described. A fluorescent screen is viewed by a low light level Isocon television camera and the video signal is digitized and stored. Many projections of the phantom are obtained by rotating the simulator gantry. A convolution algorithm has been used to reconstruct chest sections in which skin and lung outlines are visible. The technique could also be used to make corrections to radiotherapy dose distributions where irradiation of lung tissue is involved.", "PMID": 656744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7131", "title": "Topograhic relation between the myocardial uptake of radiothallium and left ventricular kinetics in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Myocardial images with thallium 201 are recorded on a computer with the ECG tracing and the cardiac cycle divided into 16 consecutive images. The patients then recieve 99Tcm albumin for first pass and a subsequent ECG gated series for comparison with the myocardial studies. These images can be superimposed and allow the topographic relationships of thallium uptake and ventricular contractility as reflected by the blood pool, to be seen. Quantitative parameters such as ejection fraction and stroke volume are also obtained. Examples in clinical practice are given.", "contents": "Topograhic relation between the myocardial uptake of radiothallium and left ventricular kinetics in myocardial infarction. Myocardial images with thallium 201 are recorded on a computer with the ECG tracing and the cardiac cycle divided into 16 consecutive images. The patients then recieve 99Tcm albumin for first pass and a subsequent ECG gated series for comparison with the myocardial studies. These images can be superimposed and allow the topographic relationships of thallium uptake and ventricular contractility as reflected by the blood pool, to be seen. Quantitative parameters such as ejection fraction and stroke volume are also obtained. Examples in clinical practice are given.", "PMID": 656743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7132", "title": "Thyroid uptake measurements: the influence of gland depth, gland mass and lobe separation.", "content": "Phantom measurements were carried out to define the dependence of standard thyroid uptake measurements on gland depth, gland mass and lobe separation. In the case of 99Tcm and 131I, depth can cause a variation of up to a factor of two in the apparent uptake, while in the case of 125I the variation due to depth is a factor of about four. By contrast, gland mass and lobe separation cause only small errors, of the order of 2 and 10% respectively for medium energy isotopes. These errors are particularly important when the uptake value is used to guide prescription of 131I for therapy of thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Thyroid uptake measurements: the influence of gland depth, gland mass and lobe separation. Phantom measurements were carried out to define the dependence of standard thyroid uptake measurements on gland depth, gland mass and lobe separation. In the case of 99Tcm and 131I, depth can cause a variation of up to a factor of two in the apparent uptake, while in the case of 125I the variation due to depth is a factor of about four. By contrast, gland mass and lobe separation cause only small errors, of the order of 2 and 10% respectively for medium energy isotopes. These errors are particularly important when the uptake value is used to guide prescription of 131I for therapy of thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 656745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7133", "title": "A study of technetium-labelled sulphide colloid uptake by regional lymph nodes draining a tumour-bearing area.", "content": "With appropriate controls, experimental groups of inbred C3H mice bearing a syngeneic mammary carcinoma challenge in their right rear footpads were injected in both rear footpads with 99TcmASC. Mice were sacrificed 15 and 90 min after the labelled colloid injection. Popliteal and sacral lymph nodes were weighed and counted in a well scintillation counter. A marked inhibition of labelled colloid uptake was demonstrated in regional lymph nodes draining a tumour-bearing area. Rabbits bearing VX2 carcinoma in a forelimb received 99TcmASC into each front footpad. Depression of labelled colloid uptake by regional lymph nodes draining tumour was evident on gamma-camera scanning.", "contents": "A study of technetium-labelled sulphide colloid uptake by regional lymph nodes draining a tumour-bearing area. With appropriate controls, experimental groups of inbred C3H mice bearing a syngeneic mammary carcinoma challenge in their right rear footpads were injected in both rear footpads with 99TcmASC. Mice were sacrificed 15 and 90 min after the labelled colloid injection. Popliteal and sacral lymph nodes were weighed and counted in a well scintillation counter. A marked inhibition of labelled colloid uptake was demonstrated in regional lymph nodes draining a tumour-bearing area. Rabbits bearing VX2 carcinoma in a forelimb received 99TcmASC into each front footpad. Depression of labelled colloid uptake by regional lymph nodes draining tumour was evident on gamma-camera scanning.", "PMID": 656753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7134", "title": "Diagnosis of malignant breast disease by axillary lymphoscintigraphy: a preliminary report.", "content": "The ability of regional lymph nodes to take up 99Tcm-labelled antimony sulphide colloid from the breast tissue was studied in 50 patients with mammary symptoms by gamma-camera scanning. Thirteen out of 14 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the breast had a depressed uptake of labelled colloid in ipsilateral nodes, i.e. a positive scan. Twenty-nine out of 32 patients with benign breast disease had a negative scan. The method promises to aid both the precise diagnosis of breast disease and the definition of the extent of mammary cancer.", "contents": "Diagnosis of malignant breast disease by axillary lymphoscintigraphy: a preliminary report. The ability of regional lymph nodes to take up 99Tcm-labelled antimony sulphide colloid from the breast tissue was studied in 50 patients with mammary symptoms by gamma-camera scanning. Thirteen out of 14 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the breast had a depressed uptake of labelled colloid in ipsilateral nodes, i.e. a positive scan. Twenty-nine out of 32 patients with benign breast disease had a negative scan. The method promises to aid both the precise diagnosis of breast disease and the definition of the extent of mammary cancer.", "PMID": 656754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7135", "title": "The effect of hepatic interposition on insulin-stimulated gastric secretion after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "The peak acid output to insulin 10-14 days after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer in a control group of 11 men was 1.5 mmol/h, and this rose significantly (P less than 0.01) after a mean interval of 26.1 months to 5.3 mmol/h. The rise in the PAOI in 7 male patients undergoing PGV and hepatic interposition for duodenal ulcer was from 1.0 mmol/h to 4.5 mmol/h (P less than 0.05) over a mean interval of 13.1 months. No significant difference between the changes in the PAOI in the two groups of patients could be detected. It is concluded that separation of the lesser curve of the stomach from the cut edge of the lesser omentum by the left lobe of the liver after PGV in an attempt to block vagal regeneration does not alter the postoperative rise in acid secretion.", "contents": "The effect of hepatic interposition on insulin-stimulated gastric secretion after proximal gastric vagotomy. The peak acid output to insulin 10-14 days after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer in a control group of 11 men was 1.5 mmol/h, and this rose significantly (P less than 0.01) after a mean interval of 26.1 months to 5.3 mmol/h. The rise in the PAOI in 7 male patients undergoing PGV and hepatic interposition for duodenal ulcer was from 1.0 mmol/h to 4.5 mmol/h (P less than 0.05) over a mean interval of 13.1 months. No significant difference between the changes in the PAOI in the two groups of patients could be detected. It is concluded that separation of the lesser curve of the stomach from the cut edge of the lesser omentum by the left lobe of the liver after PGV in an attempt to block vagal regeneration does not alter the postoperative rise in acid secretion.", "PMID": 656755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7136", "title": "Abdominal tuberculosis in the 1970s: a continuing problem.", "content": "Eight cases of abdominal tuberculosis (5 indigenous and 3 immigrants) treated in Cardiff in the 5-year period 1972-6 were studied to determine clinical presentation, errors in diagnosis and usefulness of investigations. The heterogeneous presentation is reflected in the 7 types of lesion seen in the 8 cases. Anorexia and weight loss were present in all cases and abdominal colic and post-prandial discomfort were common. No patient had diarrhoea, constipation or intestinal obstruction. The clinical diagnosis was wrong 7 out of 8 times. Investigations were unhelpful in the diagnosis and where a lesion was found on barium studies, a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or carcinoma was made. The same was true of the findings at laparotomy. The examinations most useful in the diagnosis were histopathological examination for caseation and demonstration of acid-fast bacilli by alcohol and acid-fast tissue stains, or by a culture technique. The need for a greater awareness of abdominal tuberculosis, not only in immigrants but also in the indigenous population of Britain, is apparent.", "contents": "Abdominal tuberculosis in the 1970s: a continuing problem. Eight cases of abdominal tuberculosis (5 indigenous and 3 immigrants) treated in Cardiff in the 5-year period 1972-6 were studied to determine clinical presentation, errors in diagnosis and usefulness of investigations. The heterogeneous presentation is reflected in the 7 types of lesion seen in the 8 cases. Anorexia and weight loss were present in all cases and abdominal colic and post-prandial discomfort were common. No patient had diarrhoea, constipation or intestinal obstruction. The clinical diagnosis was wrong 7 out of 8 times. Investigations were unhelpful in the diagnosis and where a lesion was found on barium studies, a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or carcinoma was made. The same was true of the findings at laparotomy. The examinations most useful in the diagnosis were histopathological examination for caseation and demonstration of acid-fast bacilli by alcohol and acid-fast tissue stains, or by a culture technique. The need for a greater awareness of abdominal tuberculosis, not only in immigrants but also in the indigenous population of Britain, is apparent.", "PMID": 656757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7137", "title": "A microsurgical technique for the creation of arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "A new method for creating arteriovenous fistulas employing microvascular techniques is described. It is proposed that this method should be used in problem cases where conventional means have failed or as a first procedure in cases in which technical problems are envisaged. A two-stage microvascular procedure has been used to create adequate fistulas in these difficult cases. Satisfactory fistulas have been formed in 15 out of 16 patients in whom these techniques have been used.", "contents": "A microsurgical technique for the creation of arteriovenous fistulas. A new method for creating arteriovenous fistulas employing microvascular techniques is described. It is proposed that this method should be used in problem cases where conventional means have failed or as a first procedure in cases in which technical problems are envisaged. A two-stage microvascular procedure has been used to create adequate fistulas in these difficult cases. Satisfactory fistulas have been formed in 15 out of 16 patients in whom these techniques have been used.", "PMID": 656758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7138", "title": "Arterial reconstruction extending below the popliteal bifurcation.", "content": "Results are reported for 172 anastomoses below the popliteal artery in patients almost exclusively suffering from severe distal ischaemia with an in-hospital mortality of 7.6 per cent. The patency rate in survivors was 83 per cent on discharge and 39 per cent at 3 years. There were 37 major amputations following 172 operations and 15 following 47 operations on diabetics. As most of the patients would have lost their limbs if arterial repair was not undertaken this constitutes a considerable salvage rate. Diabetes mellitus does not appear to influence the results infavourably, so patients suffering from this disease should be considered for operation.", "contents": "Arterial reconstruction extending below the popliteal bifurcation. Results are reported for 172 anastomoses below the popliteal artery in patients almost exclusively suffering from severe distal ischaemia with an in-hospital mortality of 7.6 per cent. The patency rate in survivors was 83 per cent on discharge and 39 per cent at 3 years. There were 37 major amputations following 172 operations and 15 following 47 operations on diabetics. As most of the patients would have lost their limbs if arterial repair was not undertaken this constitutes a considerable salvage rate. Diabetes mellitus does not appear to influence the results infavourably, so patients suffering from this disease should be considered for operation.", "PMID": 656759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7139", "title": "Amylase thermolability as a screening test for pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "Amylase thermolability was determined by heating sera from control patients and patients with acute pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts at 65 degrees C for 15 min. Normal serum amylase was 44 per cent thermolabile, but increased to 84 per cent thermolability during the hyperamylasaemia of acute pancreatitis, and returned to normal on resolution of the pancreatitis. In 9 patients with a pancreatic pseudocyst, although the total amylase level had almost returned to normal limits, 79 per cent of the amylase remained thermolabile. Amylase thermolability appears to be a simple screening test for pancreatic pseudocyst formation secondary to acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Amylase thermolability as a screening test for pancreatic pseudocysts. Amylase thermolability was determined by heating sera from control patients and patients with acute pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts at 65 degrees C for 15 min. Normal serum amylase was 44 per cent thermolabile, but increased to 84 per cent thermolability during the hyperamylasaemia of acute pancreatitis, and returned to normal on resolution of the pancreatitis. In 9 patients with a pancreatic pseudocyst, although the total amylase level had almost returned to normal limits, 79 per cent of the amylase remained thermolabile. Amylase thermolability appears to be a simple screening test for pancreatic pseudocyst formation secondary to acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 656760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7140", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum following hernia repair.", "content": "In a small series of 20 consecutive patients it proved impossible, using conventional radiography, to detect free intraperitoneal air following herniorrhaphy.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum following hernia repair. In a small series of 20 consecutive patients it proved impossible, using conventional radiography, to detect free intraperitoneal air following herniorrhaphy.", "PMID": 656761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7141", "title": "A method of treating post-irradiation rectovaginal fistulas.", "content": "A sphincter-saving operative method of treating post-irradiation rectovaginal fistulas is presented. The technique involves the peranal anastomosis of healthy colon to the mid-anal canal using a 'sleeve' anastomosis. Four patients have been treated with cure of the fistula and a return to normal bowel habit. A fifth, with an irradiation ulcer causing intractable pain, also obtained complete relief of symptoms.", "contents": "A method of treating post-irradiation rectovaginal fistulas. A sphincter-saving operative method of treating post-irradiation rectovaginal fistulas is presented. The technique involves the peranal anastomosis of healthy colon to the mid-anal canal using a 'sleeve' anastomosis. Four patients have been treated with cure of the fistula and a return to normal bowel habit. A fifth, with an irradiation ulcer causing intractable pain, also obtained complete relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 656762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7142", "title": "Unusual small intestinal obstruction in adolescent girls: the abdominal cocoon.", "content": "Ten cases of small intestinal obstruction seen over a period of 6 years (1971-6) in young girls within the narrow age range of 13-18 years are described. The patients were all within 2 years of menarche. In all these cases the obstruction was due to a membrane encasing the small intestine in the manner of a cocoon. There was no previous history of abdominal operation, peritonitis or prolonged drug intake. The clinical features, operative findings and management of the cases are presented. Possible causes of the condition are discussed. In view of the similar clinical presentation in all these patients, their conditions can be grouped as a clinical entity--'the abdominal cocoon'.", "contents": "Unusual small intestinal obstruction in adolescent girls: the abdominal cocoon. Ten cases of small intestinal obstruction seen over a period of 6 years (1971-6) in young girls within the narrow age range of 13-18 years are described. The patients were all within 2 years of menarche. In all these cases the obstruction was due to a membrane encasing the small intestine in the manner of a cocoon. There was no previous history of abdominal operation, peritonitis or prolonged drug intake. The clinical features, operative findings and management of the cases are presented. Possible causes of the condition are discussed. In view of the similar clinical presentation in all these patients, their conditions can be grouped as a clinical entity--'the abdominal cocoon'.", "PMID": 656764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7143", "title": "Strangulating adhesive small bowel obstruction with normal radiographs.", "content": "A review of patients having laparotomy for adhesive small bowel obstruction has revealed that many patients have normal radiographs on admission and that this group of patients, who are predominantly women, have delayed laparotomies and are at a significantly increased risk of developing strangulating obstruction while in hospital. The clinical and laboratory data which may distinguish strangulating from non-strangulating obstruction were examined and found to be non-discriminatory in this series.", "contents": "Strangulating adhesive small bowel obstruction with normal radiographs. A review of patients having laparotomy for adhesive small bowel obstruction has revealed that many patients have normal radiographs on admission and that this group of patients, who are predominantly women, have delayed laparotomies and are at a significantly increased risk of developing strangulating obstruction while in hospital. The clinical and laboratory data which may distinguish strangulating from non-strangulating obstruction were examined and found to be non-discriminatory in this series.", "PMID": 656765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7144", "title": "The role of IgA in the prevention of bacterial colonization of the jejunum in the vagotomized subject.", "content": "The efficacy of three mechanisms of defence against jejunal bacterial colonization (i.e. gastric acid, vagal and pyloric integrity and intestinal IgA) has been investigated. Only in subjects with disturbance of all three mechanisms did significant jejunal colonization occur, and this was invariably associated with severe diarrhoea. Clearly normal intestinal IgA is of critical importance in the prevention of jejunal bacterial colonization in the vagotomized subject.", "contents": "The role of IgA in the prevention of bacterial colonization of the jejunum in the vagotomized subject. The efficacy of three mechanisms of defence against jejunal bacterial colonization (i.e. gastric acid, vagal and pyloric integrity and intestinal IgA) has been investigated. Only in subjects with disturbance of all three mechanisms did significant jejunal colonization occur, and this was invariably associated with severe diarrhoea. Clearly normal intestinal IgA is of critical importance in the prevention of jejunal bacterial colonization in the vagotomized subject.", "PMID": 656766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7145", "title": "Endoscopic appearances and histological changes in ulcer-associated duodenitis.", "content": "A simple system of grading the endoscopic appearances of duodenitis is described. There was a good association between the degree of duodenitis recorded using this method and that obtained from a histological grading system in a group of duodenal ulcer patients and a group of dyspeptic patients with no endoscopic evidence of duodenitis. Endoscopic assessment is recommended as a reliable guide to the presence of duodenitis. After 1 month of treatment with cimetidine there was a significant improvement in the endoscopic duodenitis scores of a group of 17 duodenal ulcer patients. In 16 of these patients there was complete ulcer healing. Duodenitis can be a manifestation of chronic duodenal ulcer disease. In the absence of ulceration, the endoscopic diagnosis  of duodenitis is of value in the recognition of patients with this condition.", "contents": "Endoscopic appearances and histological changes in ulcer-associated duodenitis. A simple system of grading the endoscopic appearances of duodenitis is described. There was a good association between the degree of duodenitis recorded using this method and that obtained from a histological grading system in a group of duodenal ulcer patients and a group of dyspeptic patients with no endoscopic evidence of duodenitis. Endoscopic assessment is recommended as a reliable guide to the presence of duodenitis. After 1 month of treatment with cimetidine there was a significant improvement in the endoscopic duodenitis scores of a group of 17 duodenal ulcer patients. In 16 of these patients there was complete ulcer healing. Duodenitis can be a manifestation of chronic duodenal ulcer disease. In the absence of ulceration, the endoscopic diagnosis  of duodenitis is of value in the recognition of patients with this condition.", "PMID": 656767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7146", "title": "Graft avulsion: an unreported complication of axillofemoral bypass grafts.", "content": "A case of avulsion of a unilateral axillofemoral Dacron bypass graft 3 weeks after insertion is reported. Surface measurements on healthy volunteers suggest that when the thoracolumbar spine is in full lateral flexion the length of the graft may increase by up to 21 per cent. Such movements should be restricted during the early postoperative period.", "contents": "Graft avulsion: an unreported complication of axillofemoral bypass grafts. A case of avulsion of a unilateral axillofemoral Dacron bypass graft 3 weeks after insertion is reported. Surface measurements on healthy volunteers suggest that when the thoracolumbar spine is in full lateral flexion the length of the graft may increase by up to 21 per cent. Such movements should be restricted during the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 656768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7147", "title": "Thermography in screening postoperative deep vein thrombosis: a comparison with the 125I-fibrinogen test.", "content": "The value of thermography as a screening method for postoperative deep vein thrombosis has been evaluated in 308 patients (616 legs). Comparison was made with the 125I-fibrinogen test. The overall diagnostic agreement was 81.0 per cent; the sensitivity was 62.1 per cent and the specificity 90.3 per cent. The agreement increased with proximal extension of the thrombi. Thermography became positive 0.26 days after the 125I-fibrinogen test but in 19.8 per cent thermography was positive before a positive fibrinogen test.", "contents": "Thermography in screening postoperative deep vein thrombosis: a comparison with the 125I-fibrinogen test. The value of thermography as a screening method for postoperative deep vein thrombosis has been evaluated in 308 patients (616 legs). Comparison was made with the 125I-fibrinogen test. The overall diagnostic agreement was 81.0 per cent; the sensitivity was 62.1 per cent and the specificity 90.3 per cent. The agreement increased with proximal extension of the thrombi. Thermography became positive 0.26 days after the 125I-fibrinogen test but in 19.8 per cent thermography was positive before a positive fibrinogen test.", "PMID": 656769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7148", "title": "Resistance to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment in obese patients with gall stones.", "content": "In most patients with radiolucent gall stones who were given chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in doses of 13-15 mg/kg body weight/day the bile became unsaturated in cholesterol, and their gall stones dissolved. The patients whose stones did not dissolve were significantly heavier and fatter than the responders, which suggested that obese patients might be \"resistant\" to the effects of CDCA. To test this hypothesis, 32 consecutive patients presenting for medical treatment of gall stones had their ideal body weight (IBW) and estimated body fat mass calculated. The eight most obese and the eight least obese patients were then selected, and their fasting bile lipid responses to CDCA 13-15 mg/kg/day were measured. The very obese patients were also given larger doses, and any changes in bile lipid composition were studied in relation to subsequent gall-stone dissolution.Before treatment the obese patients had a higher mean biliary cholesterol saturation index than the non-obese patients, and this difference was maintained during treatment with the normal dose of CDCA: the bile in the obese patients remained supersaturated while that in the non-obese became unsaturated with cholesterol. When the obese patients were given larger doses of CDCA their bile ultimately became unsaturated in cholesterol. Gall stones dissolved partially or completely in five of the eight non-obese patients after 6-18 months of 13-15 mg CDCA/kg/day, but none of the obese patients showed any response after comparable periods of treatment with this standard dose. With increased doses and unsaturated bile, however, three of the obese patients showed partial gall-stone dissolution after 3-12 months' treatment and one showed complete gall-stone dissolution after three years' treatment.These results suggest that when giving CDCA to patients with gall stones, larger than normal doses (some 18-20 mg/kg/day) should be prescribed. Alternatively the lipid composition of the patients' bile should be monitored by duodenal intubation and the CDCA dose increased until the bile becomes unsaturated in cholesterol.", "contents": "Resistance to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment in obese patients with gall stones. In most patients with radiolucent gall stones who were given chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in doses of 13-15 mg/kg body weight/day the bile became unsaturated in cholesterol, and their gall stones dissolved. The patients whose stones did not dissolve were significantly heavier and fatter than the responders, which suggested that obese patients might be \"resistant\" to the effects of CDCA. To test this hypothesis, 32 consecutive patients presenting for medical treatment of gall stones had their ideal body weight (IBW) and estimated body fat mass calculated. The eight most obese and the eight least obese patients were then selected, and their fasting bile lipid responses to CDCA 13-15 mg/kg/day were measured. The very obese patients were also given larger doses, and any changes in bile lipid composition were studied in relation to subsequent gall-stone dissolution.Before treatment the obese patients had a higher mean biliary cholesterol saturation index than the non-obese patients, and this difference was maintained during treatment with the normal dose of CDCA: the bile in the obese patients remained supersaturated while that in the non-obese became unsaturated with cholesterol. When the obese patients were given larger doses of CDCA their bile ultimately became unsaturated in cholesterol. Gall stones dissolved partially or completely in five of the eight non-obese patients after 6-18 months of 13-15 mg CDCA/kg/day, but none of the obese patients showed any response after comparable periods of treatment with this standard dose. With increased doses and unsaturated bile, however, three of the obese patients showed partial gall-stone dissolution after 3-12 months' treatment and one showed complete gall-stone dissolution after three years' treatment.These results suggest that when giving CDCA to patients with gall stones, larger than normal doses (some 18-20 mg/kg/day) should be prescribed. Alternatively the lipid composition of the patients' bile should be monitored by duodenal intubation and the CDCA dose increased until the bile becomes unsaturated in cholesterol.", "PMID": 656777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7149", "title": "Serum lipid concentrations and blood pressure in obese women.", "content": "In 70 obese women no correlation was found between body weight and serum cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations, but there was a significant correlation between weight and blood pressure. Weight reduction by diet or jejunoileal shunt was not accompanied by any significant change in serum lipid concentrations other than the decrease in serum cholesterol expected after intestinal bypass. Twelve months after bypass surgery was carried out on 14 patients, however, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced and at levels appropriate to the patients' new weights. These results suggest that obesity in women cannot be taken to indicate the presence of hyperlipidaemia and that sustained weight loss may lower blood pressure.", "contents": "Serum lipid concentrations and blood pressure in obese women. In 70 obese women no correlation was found between body weight and serum cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations, but there was a significant correlation between weight and blood pressure. Weight reduction by diet or jejunoileal shunt was not accompanied by any significant change in serum lipid concentrations other than the decrease in serum cholesterol expected after intestinal bypass. Twelve months after bypass surgery was carried out on 14 patients, however, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced and at levels appropriate to the patients' new weights. These results suggest that obesity in women cannot be taken to indicate the presence of hyperlipidaemia and that sustained weight loss may lower blood pressure.", "PMID": 656778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7150", "title": "Early deaths in Jamaican children with sickle cell disease.", "content": "In Jamaican children with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease diagnosed at birth two-year survival was 87%, compared with 95% in children with sickle cell-haemoglobin C (CS) disease, and 99% in normal controls. Death among those with SS disease occurred most often between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Principal causes were acute splenic sequestration and pneumococcal infection. Neonatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies must be followed by close observation if mortality is to be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment of these complications.", "contents": "Early deaths in Jamaican children with sickle cell disease. In Jamaican children with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease diagnosed at birth two-year survival was 87%, compared with 95% in children with sickle cell-haemoglobin C (CS) disease, and 99% in normal controls. Death among those with SS disease occurred most often between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Principal causes were acute splenic sequestration and pneumococcal infection. Neonatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies must be followed by close observation if mortality is to be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment of these complications.", "PMID": 656779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7151", "title": "Maternal and fetal nutrition in south India.", "content": "The relation between the nutrition of the mother and that of her baby was assessed in a south Indian community where malnutrition is common and women do not smoke. Unselected mothers and their infants of over 37 weeks' gestation were studied in two groups: those who paid for their care (150) and a poorer group who did not (172). There were significnat differences between the paying and non-paying groups in maternal triceps skinfold thickness, infant weight, and infant length. Overall there was a significant positive correlation between maternal triceps thickness and infant weight, length, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. The correlation with the infant head circumference was less significant. These findings are further evidence that the nutrition of the mother has an important effect on the nutrition of her baby and that malnutrition is an important reason why Indian babies are lighter than European ones.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal nutrition in south India. The relation between the nutrition of the mother and that of her baby was assessed in a south Indian community where malnutrition is common and women do not smoke. Unselected mothers and their infants of over 37 weeks' gestation were studied in two groups: those who paid for their care (150) and a poorer group who did not (172). There were significnat differences between the paying and non-paying groups in maternal triceps skinfold thickness, infant weight, and infant length. Overall there was a significant positive correlation between maternal triceps thickness and infant weight, length, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. The correlation with the infant head circumference was less significant. These findings are further evidence that the nutrition of the mother has an important effect on the nutrition of her baby and that malnutrition is an important reason why Indian babies are lighter than European ones.", "PMID": 656780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7152", "title": "Management of intracranial metastases.", "content": "Of 223 patients with intracranial metastases, 161 underwent removal of a presumed solitary lesion and 29 were treated by burr-hole biopsy. Results of radical surgery were better than those of biopsy alone in terms of survival. Quality and duration of survival were poorer in patients who had infratentorial metastases removed than in those who underwent surgery for supratentorial metastases. In this second group only patients with breast cancer benefited from surgery, though a few women with bronchial carcinoma also did well. The interval removal of a primary tumour and development of intracranial symptoms did not influence outcome. Evidence of a previous primary tumour should not lead to the assumption that intracranial symptoms are caused by a metastasis.", "contents": "Management of intracranial metastases. Of 223 patients with intracranial metastases, 161 underwent removal of a presumed solitary lesion and 29 were treated by burr-hole biopsy. Results of radical surgery were better than those of biopsy alone in terms of survival. Quality and duration of survival were poorer in patients who had infratentorial metastases removed than in those who underwent surgery for supratentorial metastases. In this second group only patients with breast cancer benefited from surgery, though a few women with bronchial carcinoma also did well. The interval removal of a primary tumour and development of intracranial symptoms did not influence outcome. Evidence of a previous primary tumour should not lead to the assumption that intracranial symptoms are caused by a metastasis.", "PMID": 656788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7153", "title": "Developmental surveillance in general practice.", "content": "During a two-year study of a developmental surveillance programme covering all children under 5 in a large general practice in the south of England, 2157 children were examined, including 382 newborn babies seen at home. Suspected disorders--excluding those found during non-routine consultations--were discovered in 232 children (15% of boys and 11% of girls), of whom 171 (104 boys and 67 girls) were referred to specialist agencies. The number and nature of the disorders show that routine surveillance on the lines proposed by the Court Committee is worth while. Nevertheless, such programmes could not be started on a national scale without increased resources for the specialist services to which more children would need to be referred.", "contents": "Developmental surveillance in general practice. During a two-year study of a developmental surveillance programme covering all children under 5 in a large general practice in the south of England, 2157 children were examined, including 382 newborn babies seen at home. Suspected disorders--excluding those found during non-routine consultations--were discovered in 232 children (15% of boys and 11% of girls), of whom 171 (104 boys and 67 girls) were referred to specialist agencies. The number and nature of the disorders show that routine surveillance on the lines proposed by the Court Committee is worth while. Nevertheless, such programmes could not be started on a national scale without increased resources for the specialist services to which more children would need to be referred.", "PMID": 656789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7154", "title": "Relations between bleeding pattern, endometrial histology, and oestrogen treatment in menopausal women.", "content": "Vacuum curettage was performed on 348 women who had received various regimens of oestrogen treatment for an average of 9.7 months for climacteric symptoms. In 62 cases (18%) the specimens were unsatisfactory for histological assessment; among the remainder, however, they showed a normal endometrium in 257 cases (90%), cystic hyperplasia in 21 (7%), adenomatous hyperplasia in 7 (2%), and endometrial adenocarcinoma in one. Cyclical unopposed oral oestrogen treatment (98 cases) was associated with a 12% incidence of endometrial hyperplasia, but among those given an additional five-day course of progestogen in each cycle (37 cases) the incidence was only 8%. No case of hyperplasia occurred among 102 women taking regimens including 10 or 13 days of progestogen. Among women treated with subcutaneous oestradiol implants and monthly five-day courses of oral progestogen (50 cases) there was a 28% incidence of hyperplasia including the one case of carcinoma, though some of those with hyperplasia may not have taken the full course of progestogen. Regular withdrawal bleeding during treatment was associated with a lower incidence of endometrial hyperplasia (6%) than unscheduled breakthrough bleeding (28%), but the one patient with carcinoma had experienced regular bleeding only.The risk of developing endometrial carcinoma from oestrogen treatment may be reduced by avoiding the use of unopposed oestrogen regimens, the addition of more than five days' treatment with a progestogen, and recognising that a regular bleeding response to oestrogen is no guarantee of a healthy endometrium.", "contents": "Relations between bleeding pattern, endometrial histology, and oestrogen treatment in menopausal women. Vacuum curettage was performed on 348 women who had received various regimens of oestrogen treatment for an average of 9.7 months for climacteric symptoms. In 62 cases (18%) the specimens were unsatisfactory for histological assessment; among the remainder, however, they showed a normal endometrium in 257 cases (90%), cystic hyperplasia in 21 (7%), adenomatous hyperplasia in 7 (2%), and endometrial adenocarcinoma in one. Cyclical unopposed oral oestrogen treatment (98 cases) was associated with a 12% incidence of endometrial hyperplasia, but among those given an additional five-day course of progestogen in each cycle (37 cases) the incidence was only 8%. No case of hyperplasia occurred among 102 women taking regimens including 10 or 13 days of progestogen. Among women treated with subcutaneous oestradiol implants and monthly five-day courses of oral progestogen (50 cases) there was a 28% incidence of hyperplasia including the one case of carcinoma, though some of those with hyperplasia may not have taken the full course of progestogen. Regular withdrawal bleeding during treatment was associated with a lower incidence of endometrial hyperplasia (6%) than unscheduled breakthrough bleeding (28%), but the one patient with carcinoma had experienced regular bleeding only.The risk of developing endometrial carcinoma from oestrogen treatment may be reduced by avoiding the use of unopposed oestrogen regimens, the addition of more than five days' treatment with a progestogen, and recognising that a regular bleeding response to oestrogen is no guarantee of a healthy endometrium.", "PMID": 656818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7155", "title": "Relevance of duration of transient ischaemic attacks in carotid territory.", "content": "A retrospective review of the clinical and angiographic features of 116 patients who had had one or more transient ischaemic attacks in the carotid territory showed that stenosis of ther cervical portion of the internal carotid artery was significantly more prevalent among patients whose attacks had been brief, with full recovery in under one hour. This information may be helpful in selecting patients for angiography.", "contents": "Relevance of duration of transient ischaemic attacks in carotid territory. A retrospective review of the clinical and angiographic features of 116 patients who had had one or more transient ischaemic attacks in the carotid territory showed that stenosis of ther cervical portion of the internal carotid artery was significantly more prevalent among patients whose attacks had been brief, with full recovery in under one hour. This information may be helpful in selecting patients for angiography.", "PMID": 656819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7156", "title": "Anticonvulsants and thyroid function.", "content": "Serum total and free thyroid hormone concentrations were estimated in 42 patients with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine either singly or in combination). There was a significant reduction in total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in the treated group compared with controls. Free hormone concentrations were lower than total hormone concentrations, suggesting that increased clearance of thyroid hormones occurs in patients receiving anticonvulsants. Detailed analysis indicated that phenytoin had a significant depressant effect on TT4, FT4, FT3, and reverse T3 (rT3). Phenobarbitone and carbamazepine had no significant main effects, but there were significant interactions between phenytoin and carbamazepine for TT4 and FT4. phenobarbitone and carbamazepine for FT3, and phenytoin and phenobarbitone for rT3.", "contents": "Anticonvulsants and thyroid function. Serum total and free thyroid hormone concentrations were estimated in 42 patients with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine either singly or in combination). There was a significant reduction in total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in the treated group compared with controls. Free hormone concentrations were lower than total hormone concentrations, suggesting that increased clearance of thyroid hormones occurs in patients receiving anticonvulsants. Detailed analysis indicated that phenytoin had a significant depressant effect on TT4, FT4, FT3, and reverse T3 (rT3). Phenobarbitone and carbamazepine had no significant main effects, but there were significant interactions between phenytoin and carbamazepine for TT4 and FT4. phenobarbitone and carbamazepine for FT3, and phenytoin and phenobarbitone for rT3.", "PMID": 656820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7157", "title": "Effect of paracetamol on gastric mucosa.", "content": "The effect of paracetamol on the gastric mucosa was examined in seven healthy volunteers. The dose used (2 g instilled in 100 ml isotonic saline) was equivalent to about six tablets taken with water. Biopsy specimens were taken before and 10 and 60 minutes after instillation. The mean incidence of damaged surface cells in the control period was 1.7%. Ten minutes after instillation 3.5% of the surface cells were damaged. This increase was not significant. Light microscopy showed focal cell disruption and infiltration of red blood cells. Scanning electronmicroscopy showed minimal loss of normal cell apices. No erosions were seen on microscopy. Biopsy specimens taken 60 minutes after paracetamol showed similar changes. These findings differ appreciably from the extensive cell damage and microscopic erosions caused by therapeutic doses of 600 mg (two tablets) of aspirin. We conclude that large \"analgesic\" doses of paracetamol cause minimal ultrastructural changes in normal human gastric mucosa. The continued use of paracetamol in place of aspirin appears to be justified when there is a possibility of gastric mucosal injury.", "contents": "Effect of paracetamol on gastric mucosa. The effect of paracetamol on the gastric mucosa was examined in seven healthy volunteers. The dose used (2 g instilled in 100 ml isotonic saline) was equivalent to about six tablets taken with water. Biopsy specimens were taken before and 10 and 60 minutes after instillation. The mean incidence of damaged surface cells in the control period was 1.7%. Ten minutes after instillation 3.5% of the surface cells were damaged. This increase was not significant. Light microscopy showed focal cell disruption and infiltration of red blood cells. Scanning electronmicroscopy showed minimal loss of normal cell apices. No erosions were seen on microscopy. Biopsy specimens taken 60 minutes after paracetamol showed similar changes. These findings differ appreciably from the extensive cell damage and microscopic erosions caused by therapeutic doses of 600 mg (two tablets) of aspirin. We conclude that large \"analgesic\" doses of paracetamol cause minimal ultrastructural changes in normal human gastric mucosa. The continued use of paracetamol in place of aspirin appears to be justified when there is a possibility of gastric mucosal injury.", "PMID": 656821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7158", "title": "Stilboestrol and vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma syndrome.", "content": "A vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma developed in a young woman who had been exposed in utero to maternal stilboestrol treatment. During 1940-71 in the UK some 7500 women were given stilboestrol during pregnancy. Thus more cases are likely to appear and clinicians caring for young women should be alert to this possibility.", "contents": "Stilboestrol and vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma syndrome. A vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma developed in a young woman who had been exposed in utero to maternal stilboestrol treatment. During 1940-71 in the UK some 7500 women were given stilboestrol during pregnancy. Thus more cases are likely to appear and clinicians caring for young women should be alert to this possibility.", "PMID": 656822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7159", "title": "Bites by foreign venomous snakes in Britain.", "content": "In 1970-7 17 people in Britain were the victims of 32 bites by foreign venomous snakes. Crotalus atrox caused eight of these bites, Bitis arietans five, and the remaining 19 bites were caused by 12 different species. All the victims were bitten while handling the snake, and 24 bites were incurred by private individuals in their own homes. Poisoning was negligible in 17 of the 32 bites but life-threatening in at least two cases. Thus in the early stages snake bite may be unpredictable as a clinical problem. All victims of snake bite should be observed for at least 12 hours to assess the severity of poisoning and to ensure rational treatment. Local necrosis developed in six cases and resulted in prolonged illness in five of these cases; local incision was carried out and many have been a casual factor. Comprehensive stocks of antivenoms for treating bites by foreign venomous snakes are held by the National Health Services in Liverpool and London. Antivenom is indicated (a) for potentially serious systemic poisoning, as evidenced by hypotension, electrocardiographic changes, neurtrophilia, and acidosis (after viper or elapid bites), abnormal bleeding or non-clotting blood after viper bites; and ptosis or glossopharyngeal palsy after elapid bites; and (b) for bites from snakes whose venom causes local necrosis, to prevent or minimise this unpleasant complication. For effective antivenom treatment intravenous infusion is mandatory.", "contents": "Bites by foreign venomous snakes in Britain. In 1970-7 17 people in Britain were the victims of 32 bites by foreign venomous snakes. Crotalus atrox caused eight of these bites, Bitis arietans five, and the remaining 19 bites were caused by 12 different species. All the victims were bitten while handling the snake, and 24 bites were incurred by private individuals in their own homes. Poisoning was negligible in 17 of the 32 bites but life-threatening in at least two cases. Thus in the early stages snake bite may be unpredictable as a clinical problem. All victims of snake bite should be observed for at least 12 hours to assess the severity of poisoning and to ensure rational treatment. Local necrosis developed in six cases and resulted in prolonged illness in five of these cases; local incision was carried out and many have been a casual factor. Comprehensive stocks of antivenoms for treating bites by foreign venomous snakes are held by the National Health Services in Liverpool and London. Antivenom is indicated (a) for potentially serious systemic poisoning, as evidenced by hypotension, electrocardiographic changes, neurtrophilia, and acidosis (after viper or elapid bites), abnormal bleeding or non-clotting blood after viper bites; and ptosis or glossopharyngeal palsy after elapid bites; and (b) for bites from snakes whose venom causes local necrosis, to prevent or minimise this unpleasant complication. For effective antivenom treatment intravenous infusion is mandatory.", "PMID": 656831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7160", "title": "Radiological prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in British migrants to Australia.", "content": "The radiological prevalence of Paget's disease among migrants from the United Kingdom to Australia was higher than in a comparable Australian resident population but lower than in a British resident population. A probable explanation is that the migrants carry with them the higher UK risk of developing the disease.", "contents": "Radiological prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in British migrants to Australia. The radiological prevalence of Paget's disease among migrants from the United Kingdom to Australia was higher than in a comparable Australian resident population but lower than in a British resident population. A probable explanation is that the migrants carry with them the higher UK risk of developing the disease.", "PMID": 656864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7161", "title": "Norethisterone oenanthate as an injectable contraceptive: use of a modified dose schedule.", "content": "Norethisterone oenanthate (NET-OEN) was given as an injectable contraceptive to 295 healthy women over 1606 woman-months. A modified injection schedule was used. There were no pregnancies, and the 12-month, life-table, use-related discontinuation rate was 39.1/100 users. Menstrual disturbance (10.8/100 women), minor side effects (13.5/100 women), and personal reasons (12.0/100 women) were the main causes of use-related discontinuation. There was no difference in use-related discontinuation rates between women receiving their first injection during a normal menstrual period and those receiving it immediately after a pregnancy. There were no serious side effects. The use of NET-OEN in certain groups of women is recommended, particularly in those in need of highly effective contraception, who cannot or do not wish to take oral contraceptives, who are lactating, or who are awaiting hospital admission for sterilisation.", "contents": "Norethisterone oenanthate as an injectable contraceptive: use of a modified dose schedule. Norethisterone oenanthate (NET-OEN) was given as an injectable contraceptive to 295 healthy women over 1606 woman-months. A modified injection schedule was used. There were no pregnancies, and the 12-month, life-table, use-related discontinuation rate was 39.1/100 users. Menstrual disturbance (10.8/100 women), minor side effects (13.5/100 women), and personal reasons (12.0/100 women) were the main causes of use-related discontinuation. There was no difference in use-related discontinuation rates between women receiving their first injection during a normal menstrual period and those receiving it immediately after a pregnancy. There were no serious side effects. The use of NET-OEN in certain groups of women is recommended, particularly in those in need of highly effective contraception, who cannot or do not wish to take oral contraceptives, who are lactating, or who are awaiting hospital admission for sterilisation.", "PMID": 656865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7162", "title": "Variation in rates of hospital admission for appendicitis in Wales.", "content": "In a study designed to investigate the variations in rates of admission to hospital for appendicitis in Wales Hospital Activity Analysis listings were analysed according to the sex and age of the patients and the month and day of the week of admission. The incidence of hospitalisation was greatest among boys aged 10-14 and girls aged 15-19. The number of admissions was higher on weekdays than at weekends, but there were no seasonal variations. Durations of stay differed between the 17 health districts. We conclude that admission rates vary mainly because of differing hospital admission policies. Admission is not wholly governed by the sudden onset of abdominal pain; other factors include the threshold of consultation of each patient, the referral habits of general practitioners, the availability of hospital beds, and the degree to which doctors and patients expect admission.", "contents": "Variation in rates of hospital admission for appendicitis in Wales. In a study designed to investigate the variations in rates of admission to hospital for appendicitis in Wales Hospital Activity Analysis listings were analysed according to the sex and age of the patients and the month and day of the week of admission. The incidence of hospitalisation was greatest among boys aged 10-14 and girls aged 15-19. The number of admissions was higher on weekdays than at weekends, but there were no seasonal variations. Durations of stay differed between the 17 health districts. We conclude that admission rates vary mainly because of differing hospital admission policies. Admission is not wholly governed by the sudden onset of abdominal pain; other factors include the threshold of consultation of each patient, the referral habits of general practitioners, the availability of hospital beds, and the degree to which doctors and patients expect admission.", "PMID": 656866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7163", "title": "No news is bad news: patients' views about communication in hospital.", "content": "One hundred patients on four general surgical wards in a large teaching hospital were interviewed about the information they had received about their illness and what they had been told about the investigations they had undergone. Fifty-five of them expressed some dissatisfaction and 14 were strongly dissatisfied. The way in which ward rounds were conducted was heavily criticised, but most patients did not object to the teaching of medical students at the bedside. Twenty-four patients would have liked more explanation about why investigations were performed, and 38 though that they had not been told enough about the results of their investigations. This lack of information led to anxiety and fear. The findings suggest that more effort is needed to improve communication between doctors and patients.", "contents": "No news is bad news: patients' views about communication in hospital. One hundred patients on four general surgical wards in a large teaching hospital were interviewed about the information they had received about their illness and what they had been told about the investigations they had undergone. Fifty-five of them expressed some dissatisfaction and 14 were strongly dissatisfied. The way in which ward rounds were conducted was heavily criticised, but most patients did not object to the teaching of medical students at the bedside. Twenty-four patients would have liked more explanation about why investigations were performed, and 38 though that they had not been told enough about the results of their investigations. This lack of information led to anxiety and fear. The findings suggest that more effort is needed to improve communication between doctors and patients.", "PMID": 656870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7164", "title": "When and why are babies weaned?", "content": "A prospective study was designed to investigate the weaning practices of 50 primiparous mothers whose babies were born between September 1976 and March 1978. The question whether the age of weaning influenced growth from birth to 6 months was also considered. The mothers and babies were seen in hospital and then at a follow-up clinic at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Details were taken of feeding practices, and measurements made of the babies' weight, length, and subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Seventeen infants who were breastfed received their first solid food at a mean age of 13.8 weeks, compared with 8.3 weeks for the 33 bottle-fed infants. Most (38) mothers weaned because they though their babies were hungry (crying after a feed or demanding more frequent feeds, or both). The age of weaning did not influence weight gain, growth in length, or change in skinfold thicknesses. The results suggest that the \"4-month rule\" for weaning is unrealistic. The decision to wean should be based more on the mother's interpretation of her baby's needs than on age alone.", "contents": "When and why are babies weaned? A prospective study was designed to investigate the weaning practices of 50 primiparous mothers whose babies were born between September 1976 and March 1978. The question whether the age of weaning influenced growth from birth to 6 months was also considered. The mothers and babies were seen in hospital and then at a follow-up clinic at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Details were taken of feeding practices, and measurements made of the babies' weight, length, and subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Seventeen infants who were breastfed received their first solid food at a mean age of 13.8 weeks, compared with 8.3 weeks for the 33 bottle-fed infants. Most (38) mothers weaned because they though their babies were hungry (crying after a feed or demanding more frequent feeds, or both). The age of weaning did not influence weight gain, growth in length, or change in skinfold thicknesses. The results suggest that the \"4-month rule\" for weaning is unrealistic. The decision to wean should be based more on the mother's interpretation of her baby's needs than on age alone.", "PMID": 656873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7165", "title": "Improved management in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women.", "content": "In this paper an evaluation is made of the endeavours to improve diagnosis in women named as contacts of gonorrhoea. The problem was approached in three ways. (a) The number of sites sampled was increased. (b) The results of microscopical examination of smears made by clinical staff were regularly evaluated. (c) Cultural examinations by the supporting laboratory were dealt with more efficiently and speedily. It is concluded that the number of tests currently used to establish or exclude a diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women can safely be reduced to two, and that the methods currently in use allow a more cost-effective management of an increasing case load.", "contents": "Improved management in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women. In this paper an evaluation is made of the endeavours to improve diagnosis in women named as contacts of gonorrhoea. The problem was approached in three ways. (a) The number of sites sampled was increased. (b) The results of microscopical examination of smears made by clinical staff were regularly evaluated. (c) Cultural examinations by the supporting laboratory were dealt with more efficiently and speedily. It is concluded that the number of tests currently used to establish or exclude a diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women can safely be reduced to two, and that the methods currently in use allow a more cost-effective management of an increasing case load.", "PMID": 656889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7166", "title": "The efficacy of cefuroxime for the treatment of acute gonorrhoea in men.", "content": "This is a report on a clinical trial in which cefuroxime was used for treating 110 men with uncomplicated urethral gonorrhoea. Twenty-three men were given 1 g cefuroxime intramuscularly and 1 g probenecid orally, and 87 were treated with 1.5 g cefuroxime intramuscularly with 1 g probenecid orally. All 18 patients treated with 1 g cefuroxime and 1 g probenecid and seen at least once after treatment, were cured. Sixty-six (98.5%) of 67 patients treated with 1.5 g cefuroxime and 1 g probenecid and seen at least once after treatment, were cured. No side effects were reported. The high cure rates compared favourably with other antibiotics now in regular use and cefuroxime should be of great value especially for patients infected with beta-lactamase producing gonococci.", "contents": "The efficacy of cefuroxime for the treatment of acute gonorrhoea in men. This is a report on a clinical trial in which cefuroxime was used for treating 110 men with uncomplicated urethral gonorrhoea. Twenty-three men were given 1 g cefuroxime intramuscularly and 1 g probenecid orally, and 87 were treated with 1.5 g cefuroxime intramuscularly with 1 g probenecid orally. All 18 patients treated with 1 g cefuroxime and 1 g probenecid and seen at least once after treatment, were cured. Sixty-six (98.5%) of 67 patients treated with 1.5 g cefuroxime and 1 g probenecid and seen at least once after treatment, were cured. No side effects were reported. The high cure rates compared favourably with other antibiotics now in regular use and cefuroxime should be of great value especially for patients infected with beta-lactamase producing gonococci.", "PMID": 656890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7167", "title": "Clotrimazole (Canesten) in the treatment of candidal balanitis in men. With incidental observations on diabetic candidal balanoposthitis.", "content": "Clotrimazole 1% (Canesten) cream was used in a trial comprising 138 men with candidal balanitis. Eighty-six (91%) out of 94 men were asymptomatic after seven days and 57 (98%) of 58 men were asymptomatic after three weeks' treatment. After seven days, Candida albicans could no longer be cultured from 86 (90%) of 96 men, nor from 55 (95%) of 58 men three weeks after treatment. Microscopical examination gave varying results. Fifteen (10.9%) of 138 men were found to have diabetes mellitus; this group was significantly older than the non-diabetics. It is concluded that treatment with clotrimazole for seven days is effective in the treatment of candidal balanitis.", "contents": "Clotrimazole (Canesten) in the treatment of candidal balanitis in men. With incidental observations on diabetic candidal balanoposthitis. Clotrimazole 1% (Canesten) cream was used in a trial comprising 138 men with candidal balanitis. Eighty-six (91%) out of 94 men were asymptomatic after seven days and 57 (98%) of 58 men were asymptomatic after three weeks' treatment. After seven days, Candida albicans could no longer be cultured from 86 (90%) of 96 men, nor from 55 (95%) of 58 men three weeks after treatment. Microscopical examination gave varying results. Fifteen (10.9%) of 138 men were found to have diabetes mellitus; this group was significantly older than the non-diabetics. It is concluded that treatment with clotrimazole for seven days is effective in the treatment of candidal balanitis.", "PMID": 656891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7168", "title": "Measuring the outcome of contact tracing. 1. A description of the patient and contact populations studied.", "content": "A standard system for health workers to record and handle information on patients and contacts was introduced to five clinics. Information on all the patients interviewed during the first quarter of 1975 was collected and analysed. An analysis of the characteristics of these patients showed variation between the clinics. However, regardless of what was being measured, there were always differences between men and women. It was found that not all infected patients were interviewed about their contacts. Unless or until contact tracing includes all infected patients, the effect of contact tracing on the control of the sexually transmitted diseases will be of limited value and difficult to assess.", "contents": "Measuring the outcome of contact tracing. 1. A description of the patient and contact populations studied. A standard system for health workers to record and handle information on patients and contacts was introduced to five clinics. Information on all the patients interviewed during the first quarter of 1975 was collected and analysed. An analysis of the characteristics of these patients showed variation between the clinics. However, regardless of what was being measured, there were always differences between men and women. It was found that not all infected patients were interviewed about their contacts. Unless or until contact tracing includes all infected patients, the effect of contact tracing on the control of the sexually transmitted diseases will be of limited value and difficult to assess.", "PMID": 656892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7169", "title": "Measuring the outcome of contact tracing. 2. The responsibilities of the health worker and the outcome of contact investigations.", "content": "The previous paper (Satin and Mills, 1978) concerned information on patients who were interviewed by health workers in five selected clinics; information on the contacts named by these patients was similarly analysed. This paper describes and evaluates the activities of the health workers and the outcome of contact investigations. At all stages of the contact tracing process, differences were observed between men and women. It was found that more than half of the male contacts and half the female contacts were known to have been examined. Of those contacts examined, at least two-thirds of them attended the same clinic as the patient who had named them, and 85% of these contacts were found to have a treatable condition. It will be seen that the concept of success or effectiveness of contact tracing is complex in definition and measurement.", "contents": "Measuring the outcome of contact tracing. 2. The responsibilities of the health worker and the outcome of contact investigations. The previous paper (Satin and Mills, 1978) concerned information on patients who were interviewed by health workers in five selected clinics; information on the contacts named by these patients was similarly analysed. This paper describes and evaluates the activities of the health workers and the outcome of contact investigations. At all stages of the contact tracing process, differences were observed between men and women. It was found that more than half of the male contacts and half the female contacts were known to have been examined. Of those contacts examined, at least two-thirds of them attended the same clinic as the patient who had named them, and 85% of these contacts were found to have a treatable condition. It will be seen that the concept of success or effectiveness of contact tracing is complex in definition and measurement.", "PMID": 656893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7170", "title": "A survey of attitudes of patients in a department of genitourinary medicine.", "content": "A questionnaire concerning clinic organisation was completed by 415 patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine. Most (62.9%) patients preferred to be identified by number rather than by name, and about half (52.7%) did not like mixed waiting rooms. An appointment system as well as having an open clinic was liked by twice as many (44.9%) as those patients (23.6%) against such a system. More information about sexually transmitted diseases in the form of leaflets, etc. at the clinic was requested by most (79.1%) patients and a similar number (82.0%) felt the department itself should be more widely advertised.", "contents": "A survey of attitudes of patients in a department of genitourinary medicine. A questionnaire concerning clinic organisation was completed by 415 patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine. Most (62.9%) patients preferred to be identified by number rather than by name, and about half (52.7%) did not like mixed waiting rooms. An appointment system as well as having an open clinic was liked by twice as many (44.9%) as those patients (23.6%) against such a system. More information about sexually transmitted diseases in the form of leaflets, etc. at the clinic was requested by most (79.1%) patients and a similar number (82.0%) felt the department itself should be more widely advertised.", "PMID": 656894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7171", "title": "Cellular and field potential properties of epileptogenic hippocampal slices.", "content": "Epileptogenic activity was induced in hippocampal slices by addition of penicillin (2.0mM) to the bathing medium. Field potential epileptiform events were recorded and single cell bursts studied with intracellular electrodes. Epileptogenic activity was seen in areas CA1 and CA3 of the slice, with bursts in CA3 always leading CA1 bursts; a cut between CA1 and CA3 abolished spontaneous bursting in CA1 but not in CA3. Increased (Mg2+) and decreased (Ca2+) abolished epileptiform discharge, thus demonstrating its dependence on synaptic activity; burst occurrence was also sensitive to (K+). Measurements of single cell resting potentials, resistance, and time constant in CA1 cells revealed no difference between cells in normal medium and cells made epileptogenic by penicillin. Depolarization shifts in CA1 neurons during epileptogenesis did not behave like 'giant EPSPs' but rather were complexes to which depolarizing spike after-potentials, fast prepotentials, and underlying slow depolarizing events all contributed.", "contents": "Cellular and field potential properties of epileptogenic hippocampal slices. Epileptogenic activity was induced in hippocampal slices by addition of penicillin (2.0mM) to the bathing medium. Field potential epileptiform events were recorded and single cell bursts studied with intracellular electrodes. Epileptogenic activity was seen in areas CA1 and CA3 of the slice, with bursts in CA3 always leading CA1 bursts; a cut between CA1 and CA3 abolished spontaneous bursting in CA1 but not in CA3. Increased (Mg2+) and decreased (Ca2+) abolished epileptiform discharge, thus demonstrating its dependence on synaptic activity; burst occurrence was also sensitive to (K+). Measurements of single cell resting potentials, resistance, and time constant in CA1 cells revealed no difference between cells in normal medium and cells made epileptogenic by penicillin. Depolarization shifts in CA1 neurons during epileptogenesis did not behave like 'giant EPSPs' but rather were complexes to which depolarizing spike after-potentials, fast prepotentials, and underlying slow depolarizing events all contributed.", "PMID": 656907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7172", "title": "Experimental lead encephalopathy in the suckling rat: concentration of lead in cellular fractions enriched in brain capillaries.", "content": "Five-day old rats subjected to short-term (2-day) lead exposure by gastric gavage of aqueous lead acetate at the highest non-lethal dosage (1mgPb/g body weight/day) developed a hemorrhagic encephalopathy. Capillaries and microvessels isolated from brains of these rats showed abnormal morphology consisting of an increased number of irregularly dispersed endothelial nuclei and swollen, vacuolated endothelial cells. Lead was concentrated in isolated brain capillary-microvessel fractions, as demonstrated by both atomic absorption and 210Pb tracer methods. When lead exposure was continued for 20 days (at the maximal dosage regime compatible with a 60% survival rate), the rats recovered from the initial encephalopathy and capillaries and microvessels isolated from brains of these rats appeared morphologically normal. This recovery occurred despite continued high levels of lead in the blood and in the isolated capillary-microvessel fractions, suggesting that, as capillary endothelial cells mature, they are able to adapt to the presence of large amounts of lead.", "contents": "Experimental lead encephalopathy in the suckling rat: concentration of lead in cellular fractions enriched in brain capillaries. Five-day old rats subjected to short-term (2-day) lead exposure by gastric gavage of aqueous lead acetate at the highest non-lethal dosage (1mgPb/g body weight/day) developed a hemorrhagic encephalopathy. Capillaries and microvessels isolated from brains of these rats showed abnormal morphology consisting of an increased number of irregularly dispersed endothelial nuclei and swollen, vacuolated endothelial cells. Lead was concentrated in isolated brain capillary-microvessel fractions, as demonstrated by both atomic absorption and 210Pb tracer methods. When lead exposure was continued for 20 days (at the maximal dosage regime compatible with a 60% survival rate), the rats recovered from the initial encephalopathy and capillaries and microvessels isolated from brains of these rats appeared morphologically normal. This recovery occurred despite continued high levels of lead in the blood and in the isolated capillary-microvessel fractions, suggesting that, as capillary endothelial cells mature, they are able to adapt to the presence of large amounts of lead.", "PMID": 656908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7173", "title": "A quantitative electron microscope study of cerebellar axon terminals on the magnocellular red nucleus neurons in the cat.", "content": "In the red nucleus (RN) of the cat, the bouton covering ratio (BCR: the ratio of whole somatic surface length and that covered with axon terminals) and the density of axon terminals in contact with somatic profiles (DAST: the number of axosomatic terminals per micron of somatic surface membrane) were calculated in each neuronal somatic profile over 60 micron in diameter. The mean BCR was 61.4 +/- 1.43 (S.E. M.)%. The mean DAST of axosomatic terminals filled with spherical synaptic vesicles (S-terminals) was 27.7 +/- 0.95, and that of terminals with pleomorphic and/or flattened vesicles (F-terminals) was 10.3 +/- 1.12. Subsequently, sequential changes of the BCR and DAST of intact terminals were examined in the RN deafferented from the cerebellorubral fibers. The mean BCR and DAST were decreased most markedly during the survival period of 4-7 days; thus decrease was chiefly due to degeneration of S-terminals (BCR: 16.7 +/- 1.17 %, DAST of S-terminals: 7.1 +/- 1.12, DAST of F-terminals: 5.8 +/- 1.22). In the RN 11-63 days after the operation, both the BCR and DAST tended to re-increase slightly and the majority of the re-increased terminals appeared to be F-terminals. Possible meanings of this re-increase of axosomatic terminals are discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative electron microscope study of cerebellar axon terminals on the magnocellular red nucleus neurons in the cat. In the red nucleus (RN) of the cat, the bouton covering ratio (BCR: the ratio of whole somatic surface length and that covered with axon terminals) and the density of axon terminals in contact with somatic profiles (DAST: the number of axosomatic terminals per micron of somatic surface membrane) were calculated in each neuronal somatic profile over 60 micron in diameter. The mean BCR was 61.4 +/- 1.43 (S.E. M.)%. The mean DAST of axosomatic terminals filled with spherical synaptic vesicles (S-terminals) was 27.7 +/- 0.95, and that of terminals with pleomorphic and/or flattened vesicles (F-terminals) was 10.3 +/- 1.12. Subsequently, sequential changes of the BCR and DAST of intact terminals were examined in the RN deafferented from the cerebellorubral fibers. The mean BCR and DAST were decreased most markedly during the survival period of 4-7 days; thus decrease was chiefly due to degeneration of S-terminals (BCR: 16.7 +/- 1.17 %, DAST of S-terminals: 7.1 +/- 1.12, DAST of F-terminals: 5.8 +/- 1.22). In the RN 11-63 days after the operation, both the BCR and DAST tended to re-increase slightly and the majority of the re-increased terminals appeared to be F-terminals. Possible meanings of this re-increase of axosomatic terminals are discussed.", "PMID": 656912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7174", "title": "Electrophysiological and electron microscopic analysis of the vagus nerve of the pigeon, with particular reference to the cardiac innervation.", "content": "The compound action potential components and their associated fiber contingents were investigated in the pigeon vagus nerve with a view toward identifying the vagal cardioinhibitory fibers. In the cervical vagus, the compound action potential evoked by electrical stimulation included four major components that conducted at 17.0-30.0 (A-wave), 8.0-14.5 (B2-wave) and 0.8-2.0 (C-wave) m/sec. Cardiac slowing was not elicited until activation of the Bl-wave, and the bradycardic response was maximal when this component was maximized. Electron microscopic analysis of the cervical vagus revealed myelinated fibers 1.1-6.8 micron in diameter and unmyelinated fibers 0.3-1.4 micron in diameter. A contingent of myelinated fibers approximately 2-4 micron in diameter apparently generated the Bl-wave, while the prominent unmyelinated fiber contingent (37%) accounted for the C-wave. Analysis of various vagal branches indicated that approximatley 20% of the cervical vagal fibers exit the main trunk between cervical and mid-thoracic levels, but few of these are the larger myelinated fibers greater than 2 micron in diameter. The upper abdominal vagus consists largely of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers, and consequently the vast majority of larger myelinated fibers found in the cervical vagus exit between mid-thoracic and upper abdominal levels, presumably in the cardiac branches. Direct examination of the cardiac branches confirmed this. Thus, it is concluded that the Bl-wave of the compound action potential is uniquely associated with cardiac slowing, that this component is generated by myelinated fibers ranging from 2 to 4 micron in diameter, and that almost all such fibers are destined for the cardiac branches of the vagus.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and electron microscopic analysis of the vagus nerve of the pigeon, with particular reference to the cardiac innervation. The compound action potential components and their associated fiber contingents were investigated in the pigeon vagus nerve with a view toward identifying the vagal cardioinhibitory fibers. In the cervical vagus, the compound action potential evoked by electrical stimulation included four major components that conducted at 17.0-30.0 (A-wave), 8.0-14.5 (B2-wave) and 0.8-2.0 (C-wave) m/sec. Cardiac slowing was not elicited until activation of the Bl-wave, and the bradycardic response was maximal when this component was maximized. Electron microscopic analysis of the cervical vagus revealed myelinated fibers 1.1-6.8 micron in diameter and unmyelinated fibers 0.3-1.4 micron in diameter. A contingent of myelinated fibers approximately 2-4 micron in diameter apparently generated the Bl-wave, while the prominent unmyelinated fiber contingent (37%) accounted for the C-wave. Analysis of various vagal branches indicated that approximatley 20% of the cervical vagal fibers exit the main trunk between cervical and mid-thoracic levels, but few of these are the larger myelinated fibers greater than 2 micron in diameter. The upper abdominal vagus consists largely of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers, and consequently the vast majority of larger myelinated fibers found in the cervical vagus exit between mid-thoracic and upper abdominal levels, presumably in the cardiac branches. Direct examination of the cardiac branches confirmed this. Thus, it is concluded that the Bl-wave of the compound action potential is uniquely associated with cardiac slowing, that this component is generated by myelinated fibers ranging from 2 to 4 micron in diameter, and that almost all such fibers are destined for the cardiac branches of the vagus.", "PMID": 656917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7175", "title": "Field potential and single unit analyses of the avian dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and citeria for identifying vagal cardiac cells of origin.", "content": "Field potentials evoked by mid-cervical vagal stimulation were systematically mapped in the dorsal motor and solitary nuclei of the pigeon. Since responses varied predictably with microelectrode position, they could be used for localization in the dorsal medulla. By varying stimulus intensity and monitoring the vagal compound action potential, contributions of the different compound action potential waves were then established. Activation of the Bl-wave, which includes cardioinhibitory fiber activity, has its most prominent effect in the intermediate rostrocaudal zone of the dorsal motor nucleus in the region of subnuxleus b. This is where the cells of origin of the vagal cardiac fibers have previously been anatomically localized. Single unit experiments then established that (a) vagal motoneurons with axonal conduction velocities in the cardioinhibitory fiber range (8.0-14.5 m/sec) are primarily localized to the intermediate rostrocaudal zone of the dorsal motor nucleus in the region of subnucleus b, and (b) motoneurons in this zone that conduct at 8.0-14.5 m/sec distribute their axons in the cardiac branches. Furthermore, no error is introduced by identifying such neurons with mid-cervical rather than midthoracic vagal stimulation. Thus, the following criteria establish a neuron as giving rise to a vagal cardioinhibitory fiber: (a) localizing it to the intermediate rostrocaudal zone of the dorsal motor nucleus on the basis of the field potential evoked by mid-cervical vagal stimulation; (b) antidromically activating it with mid-cervical vagal stimulation; and (c) demonstrating that its axon conducts at 8.8-14.5 m/sec.", "contents": "Field potential and single unit analyses of the avian dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and citeria for identifying vagal cardiac cells of origin. Field potentials evoked by mid-cervical vagal stimulation were systematically mapped in the dorsal motor and solitary nuclei of the pigeon. Since responses varied predictably with microelectrode position, they could be used for localization in the dorsal medulla. By varying stimulus intensity and monitoring the vagal compound action potential, contributions of the different compound action potential waves were then established. Activation of the Bl-wave, which includes cardioinhibitory fiber activity, has its most prominent effect in the intermediate rostrocaudal zone of the dorsal motor nucleus in the region of subnuxleus b. This is where the cells of origin of the vagal cardiac fibers have previously been anatomically localized. Single unit experiments then established that (a) vagal motoneurons with axonal conduction velocities in the cardioinhibitory fiber range (8.0-14.5 m/sec) are primarily localized to the intermediate rostrocaudal zone of the dorsal motor nucleus in the region of subnucleus b, and (b) motoneurons in this zone that conduct at 8.0-14.5 m/sec distribute their axons in the cardiac branches. Furthermore, no error is introduced by identifying such neurons with mid-cervical rather than midthoracic vagal stimulation. Thus, the following criteria establish a neuron as giving rise to a vagal cardioinhibitory fiber: (a) localizing it to the intermediate rostrocaudal zone of the dorsal motor nucleus on the basis of the field potential evoked by mid-cervical vagal stimulation; (b) antidromically activating it with mid-cervical vagal stimulation; and (c) demonstrating that its axon conducts at 8.8-14.5 m/sec.", "PMID": 656918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7176", "title": "Distribution of an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding cholinergic nicotinic receptor in rat brain.", "content": "Cholinergic nicotinic receptors in rat brain were demonstrated by the use of the potent nicotinic antagonist [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin [125I]alpha-Btx). Biochemical studies on binding of [125I]alpha-Btx to rat hippocampal homogenates revealed saturable binding sites which are protected by nicotine, D-tuborcurarine and acetylcholine but not by atropine or oxotremorine. The hippocampus and hypothalamus displayed relatively high [125I]alpha-Btx specific binding whereas the cerebellum was devoid of specific binding. Other regions displayed intermediate binding levels. Analysis of the regional distribution of [125I]alpha-Btx binding by autoradiography of frontal brain sections revealed high labeling in the hippocampus, hypothalamic supraoptic, suprachiasmatic and periventricular nuclei, ventral lateral geniculate and the mesencephalic dorsal tegmental nucleus. It is suggested that the limbic forebrain and midbrain structures as well as sensory nuclei are the main nicotinic cholinoceptive structures in the brain.", "contents": "Distribution of an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding cholinergic nicotinic receptor in rat brain. Cholinergic nicotinic receptors in rat brain were demonstrated by the use of the potent nicotinic antagonist [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin [125I]alpha-Btx). Biochemical studies on binding of [125I]alpha-Btx to rat hippocampal homogenates revealed saturable binding sites which are protected by nicotine, D-tuborcurarine and acetylcholine but not by atropine or oxotremorine. The hippocampus and hypothalamus displayed relatively high [125I]alpha-Btx specific binding whereas the cerebellum was devoid of specific binding. Other regions displayed intermediate binding levels. Analysis of the regional distribution of [125I]alpha-Btx binding by autoradiography of frontal brain sections revealed high labeling in the hippocampus, hypothalamic supraoptic, suprachiasmatic and periventricular nuclei, ventral lateral geniculate and the mesencephalic dorsal tegmental nucleus. It is suggested that the limbic forebrain and midbrain structures as well as sensory nuclei are the main nicotinic cholinoceptive structures in the brain.", "PMID": 656919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7177", "title": "Release of dopamine in both caudate nuclei and both substantia nigrae in response to unilateral stimulation of cerebellar nuclei in the cat.", "content": "The effects of unilateral focal electrical stimulation of the deep cerebellar nuclei on the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons on both sides of the brain were examined in halothane anaesthetized cats. For this purpose, push-pull cannulae were inserted into both caudate nuclei and both substantia nigrae, and the release of [3H] dopamine ([3H]DA) continuously formed from [3,5-3H]L-tyrosine was estimated in superfusates. The unilateral electrical stimulation of the right cerebellar dentate nucleus induced a long-lasting increase in the release of [3H]DA in the left caudate nucleus and a simultaneous decrease in the release of [3H]transmitter in the right caudate nucleus. These changes were associated with opposite fluctuations in the release of [3H]DA from the corresponding substantia nigrae. Thus, the electrical stimulation of the right dentate nucleus induced a pronounced decrease in the release of the [3H]-amine in the [3H]transmitter in the corresponding substantia nigra, whereas the activity of the contralateral substantia nigra, whereas the release in the ipsilateral substantia nigra was simultaneously increased. In contrast, the unilateral electrical stimulation of the right cerebellar fastigial nucleus resulted only in an increased release of [3H]DA in the ipsilateral (right) caudate nucleus, associated with a decreased release of the [3H]transmitter in the corresponding substantia nigra, whereas the activity of the contralateral (left) dopaminergic system was not significantly affected. These results support a direct functional interaction between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. They also suggest that the release of DA from dopaminergic axonal terminals is inversely correlated to the extent of the transmitter release from dendrites.", "contents": "Release of dopamine in both caudate nuclei and both substantia nigrae in response to unilateral stimulation of cerebellar nuclei in the cat. The effects of unilateral focal electrical stimulation of the deep cerebellar nuclei on the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons on both sides of the brain were examined in halothane anaesthetized cats. For this purpose, push-pull cannulae were inserted into both caudate nuclei and both substantia nigrae, and the release of [3H] dopamine ([3H]DA) continuously formed from [3,5-3H]L-tyrosine was estimated in superfusates. The unilateral electrical stimulation of the right cerebellar dentate nucleus induced a long-lasting increase in the release of [3H]DA in the left caudate nucleus and a simultaneous decrease in the release of [3H]transmitter in the right caudate nucleus. These changes were associated with opposite fluctuations in the release of [3H]DA from the corresponding substantia nigrae. Thus, the electrical stimulation of the right dentate nucleus induced a pronounced decrease in the release of the [3H]-amine in the [3H]transmitter in the corresponding substantia nigra, whereas the activity of the contralateral substantia nigra, whereas the release in the ipsilateral substantia nigra was simultaneously increased. In contrast, the unilateral electrical stimulation of the right cerebellar fastigial nucleus resulted only in an increased release of [3H]DA in the ipsilateral (right) caudate nucleus, associated with a decreased release of the [3H]transmitter in the corresponding substantia nigra, whereas the activity of the contralateral (left) dopaminergic system was not significantly affected. These results support a direct functional interaction between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. They also suggest that the release of DA from dopaminergic axonal terminals is inversely correlated to the extent of the transmitter release from dendrites.", "PMID": 656921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7178", "title": "Survey of intracellular recording in the cochlear nucleus of the cat.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were made in the cochlear nucleus of anesthetized cats. In anterior passes, one never obtained sustained depolarizations from 'primary-like' units. For 'chopper' units, however, it was possible to record sustained depolarizations accompaneid by spikes that lasted as long as the tone burst. 'Pauser, 'buildup' and 'on' units also had spike responses that could be accompanied by sustained depolarizations. For 'pauser', 'buildup' and 'on' units, hyperpolarization was not seen during the times when no spike discharges appeared so long as the tone bursts were at the characteristic frequency of the units.", "contents": "Survey of intracellular recording in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. Intracellular recordings were made in the cochlear nucleus of anesthetized cats. In anterior passes, one never obtained sustained depolarizations from 'primary-like' units. For 'chopper' units, however, it was possible to record sustained depolarizations accompaneid by spikes that lasted as long as the tone burst. 'Pauser, 'buildup' and 'on' units also had spike responses that could be accompanied by sustained depolarizations. For 'pauser', 'buildup' and 'on' units, hyperpolarization was not seen during the times when no spike discharges appeared so long as the tone bursts were at the characteristic frequency of the units.", "PMID": 656932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7179", "title": "Dual actions of some amino acids on spike discharges in the carp retina.", "content": "The effects of some amino acids (Glu, Gly and GABA), applied in 3 different manners (electrophoretically, in the superfusate and by pressure-microinjection), were investigated on spontaneous and light-induced spike discharges in the isolated carp retina. When applied electrophoretically or by pressure-microinjection in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the agents acted directly on spike-generating units. Electrophoretic application of Glu at IPL consistently increased while Gly and GABA always decreased spike discharges regardless of the light-induced response patterns, when the tangential distance between the recording and injection electrodes was 25--100 micron. Increasing the distance up to 400 micron diminished the effects, but did not invert them. When added to the superfusate, the amino acids produced a dual action (two different sequential effects); Glu (5 mM) initially decreased and increased spike discharges, while Gly and GABA (5 mM) produced opposite effects. Gly and GABA tended to suppress selectively off-discharges (of ON--OFF units and certain OFF-center units), leaving on-discharges (of ON--OFF units and certain ON-center units) unaffected. The amino acids produced different effects on some units, when applied by pressure-microinjection into OPL or IPL. When injected in OPL Glu suppressed, while in IPL it activated spike discharges, whereas Gly and GABA caused opposite changes to those observed with Glu. Therefore, the action of the agents when pressure-microinjected in OPL is equivalent to the initial action of the agents applied in the superfusate. The dual actions of the agents are assumed to be mediated by bipolar cells, resulting in disfacilitation (Glu) or in disinhibition (Gly or GABA) of spike-generating units.", "contents": "Dual actions of some amino acids on spike discharges in the carp retina. The effects of some amino acids (Glu, Gly and GABA), applied in 3 different manners (electrophoretically, in the superfusate and by pressure-microinjection), were investigated on spontaneous and light-induced spike discharges in the isolated carp retina. When applied electrophoretically or by pressure-microinjection in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the agents acted directly on spike-generating units. Electrophoretic application of Glu at IPL consistently increased while Gly and GABA always decreased spike discharges regardless of the light-induced response patterns, when the tangential distance between the recording and injection electrodes was 25--100 micron. Increasing the distance up to 400 micron diminished the effects, but did not invert them. When added to the superfusate, the amino acids produced a dual action (two different sequential effects); Glu (5 mM) initially decreased and increased spike discharges, while Gly and GABA (5 mM) produced opposite effects. Gly and GABA tended to suppress selectively off-discharges (of ON--OFF units and certain OFF-center units), leaving on-discharges (of ON--OFF units and certain ON-center units) unaffected. The amino acids produced different effects on some units, when applied by pressure-microinjection into OPL or IPL. When injected in OPL Glu suppressed, while in IPL it activated spike discharges, whereas Gly and GABA caused opposite changes to those observed with Glu. Therefore, the action of the agents when pressure-microinjected in OPL is equivalent to the initial action of the agents applied in the superfusate. The dual actions of the agents are assumed to be mediated by bipolar cells, resulting in disfacilitation (Glu) or in disinhibition (Gly or GABA) of spike-generating units.", "PMID": 656933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7180", "title": "An electrophysiological study on the cholinergic system in the carp retina.", "content": "The effects on spike discharges of acetylcholine chloride (ACh), applied electrophoretically at the inner plexiform layer, were examined in air-exposed and superfused preparations of the isolated carp retina. Most of spike-generating units examined (147 of 204 units; 72%) were sensitive to electrophoretically applied ACh. Among the ACh-sensitive ones, 125 units (85%), including all ON-center, most ON-OFF and two-thirds of OFF-center units, were activated, whereas 22 units (15%), including mainly OFF-center units, were suppressed by the agent. In retinas superfused with a medium containing 20 mM M2+ and 0.5 mM Ca2+, units ceased in their spontaneous and light-induced discharges, but they were activated by electrophoretically applied ACh. The ACh-induced activation was reduced in magnitude or abolished during an exposure of the retina to a medium containing hexamethonium chloride (25 micrometer), whereas the ACh-induced suppression was reduced by atropine sulfate (25 micrometer) more effectively than by hexamethonium. Therefore, the results suggest that nicotinic receptors are involved in the ACh-activation, whereas both, but predominantly muscarinic, receptors may participate in the ACh-suppression of spike discharges in the carp retina.", "contents": "An electrophysiological study on the cholinergic system in the carp retina. The effects on spike discharges of acetylcholine chloride (ACh), applied electrophoretically at the inner plexiform layer, were examined in air-exposed and superfused preparations of the isolated carp retina. Most of spike-generating units examined (147 of 204 units; 72%) were sensitive to electrophoretically applied ACh. Among the ACh-sensitive ones, 125 units (85%), including all ON-center, most ON-OFF and two-thirds of OFF-center units, were activated, whereas 22 units (15%), including mainly OFF-center units, were suppressed by the agent. In retinas superfused with a medium containing 20 mM M2+ and 0.5 mM Ca2+, units ceased in their spontaneous and light-induced discharges, but they were activated by electrophoretically applied ACh. The ACh-induced activation was reduced in magnitude or abolished during an exposure of the retina to a medium containing hexamethonium chloride (25 micrometer), whereas the ACh-induced suppression was reduced by atropine sulfate (25 micrometer) more effectively than by hexamethonium. Therefore, the results suggest that nicotinic receptors are involved in the ACh-activation, whereas both, but predominantly muscarinic, receptors may participate in the ACh-suppression of spike discharges in the carp retina.", "PMID": 656934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7181", "title": "Separation of cell types from the developing cerebellum.", "content": "The heterogenous population of perikarya (cells) obtained by dissociating cerebellar tissue of developing postnatal rats was separated by sedimentation at unit gravity. Peak fractions, defined by monitoring the distribution of different size classes with a particle analyzer, were enriched in ultrastructurally well-preserved and metabolically competent specific cell types. These fractions included the peak of rapidly sedimenting cells comprising large neurones, such as Purkinje cells, which accounted for about 50% of the cells (vs. 2% in the initial cell suspension) and for a much greater proportion of the total cell mass (over 80%). More slowly sedimenting peak fractions contained 2-5-fold enrichments in replicating cells (assessed in terms of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA or by the frequency of mitotic cells), astroglia-like cells and external and differentiating granule cells, respectively. Separated, replicating cells continued synthesizing DNA in vitro; the [3H]thymidine incorporation rate was about 5-fold greater in the fraction enriched in proliferating cells than in the total cell suspension. Besides their structural integrity, the viability of the cells was also indicated by the finding that the proportion of trypan blue-excluding cells in all fractions exceeded 80%. Moreover, protein synthesis, in terms of incorporation of labelled amino acids, continued in the separated cells at a linear rate for a relatively long time. The rate per cell was highest in the large neuronal fraction, and lowest in the astroglia-like fraction.", "contents": "Separation of cell types from the developing cerebellum. The heterogenous population of perikarya (cells) obtained by dissociating cerebellar tissue of developing postnatal rats was separated by sedimentation at unit gravity. Peak fractions, defined by monitoring the distribution of different size classes with a particle analyzer, were enriched in ultrastructurally well-preserved and metabolically competent specific cell types. These fractions included the peak of rapidly sedimenting cells comprising large neurones, such as Purkinje cells, which accounted for about 50% of the cells (vs. 2% in the initial cell suspension) and for a much greater proportion of the total cell mass (over 80%). More slowly sedimenting peak fractions contained 2-5-fold enrichments in replicating cells (assessed in terms of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA or by the frequency of mitotic cells), astroglia-like cells and external and differentiating granule cells, respectively. Separated, replicating cells continued synthesizing DNA in vitro; the [3H]thymidine incorporation rate was about 5-fold greater in the fraction enriched in proliferating cells than in the total cell suspension. Besides their structural integrity, the viability of the cells was also indicated by the finding that the proportion of trypan blue-excluding cells in all fractions exceeded 80%. Moreover, protein synthesis, in terms of incorporation of labelled amino acids, continued in the separated cells at a linear rate for a relatively long time. The rate per cell was highest in the large neuronal fraction, and lowest in the astroglia-like fraction.", "PMID": 656936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7182", "title": "Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain.", "content": "The present report demonstrates the existence of a marked sexual difference in the volume of an intensely staining cellular component of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPON) of the rat. Moreover, this sexual dimorphism is shown to be independent of several specific hormonal conditions in the adult, but significantly influenced, perhaps determined, by the perinatal hormone environment. Adult rats were gonadectomized and sacrificed 2 or 5-6 weeks later, or sacrificed after gonadectomy and priming with estradiol benzoate (2 microgram/day x 3) and 500 microgram progesterone, or testosterone propionate (TP, 500 microgram/day x 14), or the ingestion of propylthiouracil (0.15% of the diet) for one month, or following water deprivation for 24 h. These treatments did not affect the sexual dimorphism in the MPON and, in all groups, nuclear volume in the male animals was significantly greater than that of females whether nuclear volume was expressed in absolute terms or relative to brain weight. On the other hand, the volume of the MPON of the adult male castrated neonatally was significantly reduced when compared to that of the male castrated at the time of weaning, i.e. after the period of sexual differentiation of the brain. Consistent with the view that this nuclear region undergoes sexual differentiation is the fact that the volume of the MPON was significantly greater in female rats injected with 1 mg TP on day 4 of life than in oil-treated females. More subtle sex differences in the volume of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also detected, as were several treatment effects. Although these differences may fall within the error of the analytical procedure, it is possible that hormone- or sex-dependent morphological differences exist elsewhere in the brain. Nevertheless, the gross sexual dimorphism in the MPON clearly demonstrates a possible morphological basis for the sexual differentiation of brain function.", "contents": "Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. The present report demonstrates the existence of a marked sexual difference in the volume of an intensely staining cellular component of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPON) of the rat. Moreover, this sexual dimorphism is shown to be independent of several specific hormonal conditions in the adult, but significantly influenced, perhaps determined, by the perinatal hormone environment. Adult rats were gonadectomized and sacrificed 2 or 5-6 weeks later, or sacrificed after gonadectomy and priming with estradiol benzoate (2 microgram/day x 3) and 500 microgram progesterone, or testosterone propionate (TP, 500 microgram/day x 14), or the ingestion of propylthiouracil (0.15% of the diet) for one month, or following water deprivation for 24 h. These treatments did not affect the sexual dimorphism in the MPON and, in all groups, nuclear volume in the male animals was significantly greater than that of females whether nuclear volume was expressed in absolute terms or relative to brain weight. On the other hand, the volume of the MPON of the adult male castrated neonatally was significantly reduced when compared to that of the male castrated at the time of weaning, i.e. after the period of sexual differentiation of the brain. Consistent with the view that this nuclear region undergoes sexual differentiation is the fact that the volume of the MPON was significantly greater in female rats injected with 1 mg TP on day 4 of life than in oil-treated females. More subtle sex differences in the volume of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also detected, as were several treatment effects. Although these differences may fall within the error of the analytical procedure, it is possible that hormone- or sex-dependent morphological differences exist elsewhere in the brain. Nevertheless, the gross sexual dimorphism in the MPON clearly demonstrates a possible morphological basis for the sexual differentiation of brain function.", "PMID": 656937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7183", "title": "Morphological changes in the cat cerebral cortex produced by superfusion of ouabain.", "content": "The morphological changes following superfusion of the cat cerebral cortex with ouabain were studied. Autoradiography of [3H]ouabain was performed to study drug distribution. The resulting lesion consists of an upper vacuolated layer which is distinctly separated from an underlying region containing dark neurones. Ouabain is confined to the vacuolated layer. Swelling of apical dendrites and many presynaptic terminals are the main morphological changes occurring in the vacuolar layer. Depletion of synaptic vesicles, clustering of vesicles around the synaptic membrane, and the production of coated vesicles and cisternae are further changes found within presynaptic endings. Whilst swelling of fibrous astrocytes within the glialimitans occurs, this is not true of astrocytic processes elsewhere in ouabain exposed regions. Regions containing dark neurones are characterised by a general swelling of astroglial processes. The results strongly suggest that apical dendrites and presynaptic endings possess high activities of Na+, K+-ATPase whereas the activity on astroglial processes within the neuropil is relatively low. Astroglial swelling in areas of dark neurones is produced by some change in the chemical milieu surrounding the processes which appears unrelated to Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the cat cerebral cortex produced by superfusion of ouabain. The morphological changes following superfusion of the cat cerebral cortex with ouabain were studied. Autoradiography of [3H]ouabain was performed to study drug distribution. The resulting lesion consists of an upper vacuolated layer which is distinctly separated from an underlying region containing dark neurones. Ouabain is confined to the vacuolated layer. Swelling of apical dendrites and many presynaptic terminals are the main morphological changes occurring in the vacuolar layer. Depletion of synaptic vesicles, clustering of vesicles around the synaptic membrane, and the production of coated vesicles and cisternae are further changes found within presynaptic endings. Whilst swelling of fibrous astrocytes within the glialimitans occurs, this is not true of astrocytic processes elsewhere in ouabain exposed regions. Regions containing dark neurones are characterised by a general swelling of astroglial processes. The results strongly suggest that apical dendrites and presynaptic endings possess high activities of Na+, K+-ATPase whereas the activity on astroglial processes within the neuropil is relatively low. Astroglial swelling in areas of dark neurones is produced by some change in the chemical milieu surrounding the processes which appears unrelated to Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition.", "PMID": 656938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7184", "title": "Cat spinoreticular neurons: locations, responses and changes in responses during repetitive stimulation.", "content": "Neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord which project to the medial pontomedulary reticular formation were studied in the chloralose-anesthetized cat. Such neurons, identified by antidromic activation, were found predominantly in lamina VIII and medial lamina VII, and most were found to project to the contralateral reticular formation. Receptive fields for natural stimuli were generally complex, having various combinations of excitatory and inhibitory areas ipsi- and/or contralaterally. Adequate stimuli ranged from innocuous to noxious, with the stimuli required for decreasing a neuron's activity usually more intense than the stimulus required for increasing it. Electrical stimulation of hindlimb nerves indicated the presence of extensive convergence. Responses of spinoreticular neurons were found to decline during periods of repetitive stimulation. The response decrements were found to have many of the parametric features of behavioral habituation and were similar to response decrements previously observed in the medial pontomedullary reticular formation.", "contents": "Cat spinoreticular neurons: locations, responses and changes in responses during repetitive stimulation. Neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord which project to the medial pontomedulary reticular formation were studied in the chloralose-anesthetized cat. Such neurons, identified by antidromic activation, were found predominantly in lamina VIII and medial lamina VII, and most were found to project to the contralateral reticular formation. Receptive fields for natural stimuli were generally complex, having various combinations of excitatory and inhibitory areas ipsi- and/or contralaterally. Adequate stimuli ranged from innocuous to noxious, with the stimuli required for decreasing a neuron's activity usually more intense than the stimulus required for increasing it. Electrical stimulation of hindlimb nerves indicated the presence of extensive convergence. Responses of spinoreticular neurons were found to decline during periods of repetitive stimulation. The response decrements were found to have many of the parametric features of behavioral habituation and were similar to response decrements previously observed in the medial pontomedullary reticular formation.", "PMID": 656939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7185", "title": "Studies on dopamine turnover in ovariectomized or hypophysectomized female rats. Effects of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate, ethynodioldiacetate and ovine prolactin.", "content": "The effects of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate (EB), ethynodioldiacetate and ovine prolactin on dopamine (DA) turnover have been studied. As an index for a change in turnover, differences in DA depletion following tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition with alpha-methyl-tyrosine methylester were observed. DA was measured by means of mass fragmentographical analysis in the rat median eminence, the olfactory tubercle and the striatum. The actions of ethynodioldiacetate and ovine prolactin on DA turnover in various subregions of the rat median eminence were analysed by quantitative microfluorimetry. Repeated injections of EB to ovariectomized rats resulted in a significant increase of DA turnover in the median eminence. Administration of ethynodioldiacetate to ovariectomized rats almost significantly increased DA turnover in the olfactory tubercle. In the median eminence DA turnover was significantly increased only in the lateral palisade zone. In male hypophysectomized rats ovine prolactin increased DA turnover in both the lateral and the medial palisade zone of the median eminence. The results support the involvement of DA neurons in the control of prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion. It is suggested that the tubero-infundibular DA neurons are involved in mediating the central inhibitory feedback actions of prolactin and gonadal steroids on prolactin and LH secretion, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on dopamine turnover in ovariectomized or hypophysectomized female rats. Effects of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate, ethynodioldiacetate and ovine prolactin. The effects of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate (EB), ethynodioldiacetate and ovine prolactin on dopamine (DA) turnover have been studied. As an index for a change in turnover, differences in DA depletion following tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition with alpha-methyl-tyrosine methylester were observed. DA was measured by means of mass fragmentographical analysis in the rat median eminence, the olfactory tubercle and the striatum. The actions of ethynodioldiacetate and ovine prolactin on DA turnover in various subregions of the rat median eminence were analysed by quantitative microfluorimetry. Repeated injections of EB to ovariectomized rats resulted in a significant increase of DA turnover in the median eminence. Administration of ethynodioldiacetate to ovariectomized rats almost significantly increased DA turnover in the olfactory tubercle. In the median eminence DA turnover was significantly increased only in the lateral palisade zone. In male hypophysectomized rats ovine prolactin increased DA turnover in both the lateral and the medial palisade zone of the median eminence. The results support the involvement of DA neurons in the control of prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion. It is suggested that the tubero-infundibular DA neurons are involved in mediating the central inhibitory feedback actions of prolactin and gonadal steroids on prolactin and LH secretion, respectively.", "PMID": 656940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7186", "title": "Comparison of firing patterns in oxytocin- and vasopressin-releasing neurones during progressive dehydration.", "content": "The electrical activity of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the urethane-anaesthetized lactating rat was examined after periods of water deprivation ranging from 0-24 h. Supraoptic units were identified by antidromic activation following stimulation of the neurohypophysis, and classified as oxytocin or vasopressin cells according to their response during reflex milk ejection. In 65 vasopressin cells, dehydration increased the mean firing rate from 2.1 spikes/sec at 0 h to 6.8 spikes/sec at 24 h and caused a change from a slow irregular to a phasic firing pattern. Thus, after 6 h or more of dehydration, 84-100% of the vasopressin cells fired phasically, compared to 12% under normal conditions. In phasic vasopressin cells , the intraburst firing rates were closely related to the stages of dehydration, rising from a mean of 6.3 spikes/sec at 6 h to 12.0 spikes/sec at 24 h. However, no systematic relationship was observed between the stages of dehydration and the mean burst or silence durations. In 77 identified oxytocin units, dehydration increased the firing rate from 0.9 spikes/sec to 2.8 spikes/sec after 24 h, but only 3 (4%) of the cells showed phasic firing. Instead, the oxytocin units changed from a slow irregular to a fast continuous discharge. In conclusion, both vasopressin and oxytocin neurones are activated during chronic dehydration, but there is a marked difference in the pattern of their response. The phasic firing of the vasopressin cells may be important in increasing the occurrence of short interspike intervals and thus facilitating hormone release.", "contents": "Comparison of firing patterns in oxytocin- and vasopressin-releasing neurones during progressive dehydration. The electrical activity of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the urethane-anaesthetized lactating rat was examined after periods of water deprivation ranging from 0-24 h. Supraoptic units were identified by antidromic activation following stimulation of the neurohypophysis, and classified as oxytocin or vasopressin cells according to their response during reflex milk ejection. In 65 vasopressin cells, dehydration increased the mean firing rate from 2.1 spikes/sec at 0 h to 6.8 spikes/sec at 24 h and caused a change from a slow irregular to a phasic firing pattern. Thus, after 6 h or more of dehydration, 84-100% of the vasopressin cells fired phasically, compared to 12% under normal conditions. In phasic vasopressin cells , the intraburst firing rates were closely related to the stages of dehydration, rising from a mean of 6.3 spikes/sec at 6 h to 12.0 spikes/sec at 24 h. However, no systematic relationship was observed between the stages of dehydration and the mean burst or silence durations. In 77 identified oxytocin units, dehydration increased the firing rate from 0.9 spikes/sec to 2.8 spikes/sec after 24 h, but only 3 (4%) of the cells showed phasic firing. Instead, the oxytocin units changed from a slow irregular to a fast continuous discharge. In conclusion, both vasopressin and oxytocin neurones are activated during chronic dehydration, but there is a marked difference in the pattern of their response. The phasic firing of the vasopressin cells may be important in increasing the occurrence of short interspike intervals and thus facilitating hormone release.", "PMID": 656941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7187", "title": "Subcellular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity.", "content": "The neurotoxic effects of inorganic lead (Pb) involve inhibition of calcium-dependent acetylcholine release and increases in calcium-dependent dopamine release. These apparently differential effects of Pb are associated with differing Pb-calcium (Ca) interactions: Pb blocks 45Ca binding to peripheral cholinergic ganglia and increases 45Ca binding to synaptosomes prepared from caudate nucleus (CN). Pb-induced increases in CN 45Ca binding did not result from nonspecific disruption of selective ion permeability of the membrane. Also, the Na-K ATPase-linked Ca extrusion system of synpatosomes was not affected by Pb. A Pb-sodium (Na) interaction was found such that elevation of intrasynaptosomal Na reversed effects of Pb on 45Ca binding. The intracellular localization of this effect appeared to be primarily at the mitochondrial level. Pb inhibited Na-induced release of 45Ca from preloaded mitochondria. This action may be translated into increased transmembrane flux of exogenous Ca, and thence into increased exocytotic events at the synapse. The apparently neurotransmitter-specific effects of Pb, cholinergic inhibition and dopaminergic augmentation, are hypothesized to result from different Pb-Ca interactions which are determined by the specific localization of Pb within nerve endings.", "contents": "Subcellular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. The neurotoxic effects of inorganic lead (Pb) involve inhibition of calcium-dependent acetylcholine release and increases in calcium-dependent dopamine release. These apparently differential effects of Pb are associated with differing Pb-calcium (Ca) interactions: Pb blocks 45Ca binding to peripheral cholinergic ganglia and increases 45Ca binding to synaptosomes prepared from caudate nucleus (CN). Pb-induced increases in CN 45Ca binding did not result from nonspecific disruption of selective ion permeability of the membrane. Also, the Na-K ATPase-linked Ca extrusion system of synpatosomes was not affected by Pb. A Pb-sodium (Na) interaction was found such that elevation of intrasynaptosomal Na reversed effects of Pb on 45Ca binding. The intracellular localization of this effect appeared to be primarily at the mitochondrial level. Pb inhibited Na-induced release of 45Ca from preloaded mitochondria. This action may be translated into increased transmembrane flux of exogenous Ca, and thence into increased exocytotic events at the synapse. The apparently neurotransmitter-specific effects of Pb, cholinergic inhibition and dopaminergic augmentation, are hypothesized to result from different Pb-Ca interactions which are determined by the specific localization of Pb within nerve endings.", "PMID": 656942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7188", "title": "Angiotensin-induced thirst: effects of third ventricle obstruction and periventricular ablation.", "content": "The role of periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) in mediating drinking behavior induced by angiotensin II was investigated rats. Electrolytic lesions which bilaterally destroyed preoptic-hypothalamic periventricular tissue surrounding AV3V abolished drinking responses normally elicited by intracerebral injections of angiotensin. In another experiment, ventricular obstruction in AV3V had no effect on drinking of a palatable sweet milk solution while the drinking responses induced by peripheral versus central administration of angiotensin were dissociated. Drinking normally induced by lateral preoptic injections of angiotensin was no longer observed when AV3V obstruction prevented drug distribution via cerebrospinal fluid circulation to AV3V periventricular tissue; the drinking response induced by subcutaneous injection of angiotensin was enhanced, however, after placement of the ventricular obstruction. These results, coupled with the earlier observation that AV3V lesions also abolish drinking induced by subcutaneous angiotensin injectin, suggest that, after central or peripheral administration, angiotensin acts on AV3V periventricular tissue to arouse drinking. In contrast to centrally injected angiotensin, peripherally administered angiotensin does not contact receptors by entry and spread in cerebrospinal fluid. After peripheral injection angiotensin may contact sensitive AV3V tissue directly from blood, perhaps via the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, a highly vascularized circumventricular organ within the AV3V which lacks a blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Angiotensin-induced thirst: effects of third ventricle obstruction and periventricular ablation. The role of periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) in mediating drinking behavior induced by angiotensin II was investigated rats. Electrolytic lesions which bilaterally destroyed preoptic-hypothalamic periventricular tissue surrounding AV3V abolished drinking responses normally elicited by intracerebral injections of angiotensin. In another experiment, ventricular obstruction in AV3V had no effect on drinking of a palatable sweet milk solution while the drinking responses induced by peripheral versus central administration of angiotensin were dissociated. Drinking normally induced by lateral preoptic injections of angiotensin was no longer observed when AV3V obstruction prevented drug distribution via cerebrospinal fluid circulation to AV3V periventricular tissue; the drinking response induced by subcutaneous injection of angiotensin was enhanced, however, after placement of the ventricular obstruction. These results, coupled with the earlier observation that AV3V lesions also abolish drinking induced by subcutaneous angiotensin injectin, suggest that, after central or peripheral administration, angiotensin acts on AV3V periventricular tissue to arouse drinking. In contrast to centrally injected angiotensin, peripherally administered angiotensin does not contact receptors by entry and spread in cerebrospinal fluid. After peripheral injection angiotensin may contact sensitive AV3V tissue directly from blood, perhaps via the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, a highly vascularized circumventricular organ within the AV3V which lacks a blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 656950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7189", "title": "Aspects of influx and efflux of homovanillic acid of rat cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "In rats, different methods of perfusion (lumbar-cisternal or ventricular-cisternal) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid were performed at velocities of about 30 and 180 microliter/min. Levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the outflow were assayed with a semiautomated fluorimetric technique. Intravenous administration of 20 microgram HVA did not substantially enhance the outflow of this acid, indicating that in our preparations HVA found in the perfusate is of central origin. In the lumbar-cisternal preparation probenecid (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to inhibit the efflux of a significant fraction of HVA added to the medium, at both perfusion rates. The proportions of HVA eliminated by a probenecid sensitive transport was much higher at the lower rate of perfusion. Following probenecid the increase of endogenous HVA in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate was higher at a lower rate of perfusion. We determined the turnover rate of HVA in the whole brain and compared this value with the HVA outflow in the various preparations. The highest efflux of HVA was found in the ventricular-cisternal preparation during probenecid treatment and did not appear to be dependent upon the rate of perfusion. A maximal value of 3.5% of HVA formed in the central nervous system was found to be released into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Aspects of influx and efflux of homovanillic acid of rat cerebrospinal fluid. In rats, different methods of perfusion (lumbar-cisternal or ventricular-cisternal) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid were performed at velocities of about 30 and 180 microliter/min. Levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the outflow were assayed with a semiautomated fluorimetric technique. Intravenous administration of 20 microgram HVA did not substantially enhance the outflow of this acid, indicating that in our preparations HVA found in the perfusate is of central origin. In the lumbar-cisternal preparation probenecid (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to inhibit the efflux of a significant fraction of HVA added to the medium, at both perfusion rates. The proportions of HVA eliminated by a probenecid sensitive transport was much higher at the lower rate of perfusion. Following probenecid the increase of endogenous HVA in the ventricular-cisternal perfusate was higher at a lower rate of perfusion. We determined the turnover rate of HVA in the whole brain and compared this value with the HVA outflow in the various preparations. The highest efflux of HVA was found in the ventricular-cisternal preparation during probenecid treatment and did not appear to be dependent upon the rate of perfusion. A maximal value of 3.5% of HVA formed in the central nervous system was found to be released into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 656951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7190", "title": "Amphetamine-induced increase in rat cerebral blood flow: apparent lack of catecholamine involvement.", "content": "The influence of D,L-amphetamine (5 mg/kg i.p.) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in rats has been studied after surgically or pharmacologically induced depletion of brain catecholamines. (1) Bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion (one week before the experiment) did not prevent the amphetamine-induced augmentation of CBF present in intact animals to 2--4 times above the control value. Maximal changes occurred in the frontal and parietal cortex. (2) Destruction of the ascending noradrenergic pathways by uni- or bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine, which decreased the noradrenaline (NA) level in the frontal cortex by 89%, was ineffective in abolishing the increase in CBF caused by the drug in the frontal cortex. (3) The involvement of other catecholaminergic systems was excluded by pretreatment of the rats with reserpine plus a-methyl-p-tyrosine which reduced the levels of NA, dopamine and adrenaline in the frontal cortex with 92, 97 and 99% respectively. Such treatment did not alter the effect of amphetamine on CBF in the frontal cortex. The results support the hypothesis that the action of amphetamine on CBF is not mainly mediated by catecholamines.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced increase in rat cerebral blood flow: apparent lack of catecholamine involvement. The influence of D,L-amphetamine (5 mg/kg i.p.) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in rats has been studied after surgically or pharmacologically induced depletion of brain catecholamines. (1) Bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion (one week before the experiment) did not prevent the amphetamine-induced augmentation of CBF present in intact animals to 2--4 times above the control value. Maximal changes occurred in the frontal and parietal cortex. (2) Destruction of the ascending noradrenergic pathways by uni- or bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine, which decreased the noradrenaline (NA) level in the frontal cortex by 89%, was ineffective in abolishing the increase in CBF caused by the drug in the frontal cortex. (3) The involvement of other catecholaminergic systems was excluded by pretreatment of the rats with reserpine plus a-methyl-p-tyrosine which reduced the levels of NA, dopamine and adrenaline in the frontal cortex with 92, 97 and 99% respectively. Such treatment did not alter the effect of amphetamine on CBF in the frontal cortex. The results support the hypothesis that the action of amphetamine on CBF is not mainly mediated by catecholamines.", "PMID": 656952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7191", "title": "Postural and kinetic coordination following cortical stimuli which induce flexion movements in the cat's limbs.", "content": "The relationship between movement and the postural adjustment associated with it has been studied following flexion movements of a limb induced by cortical stimulation in chronically implanted cats. Variations in the vertical force exerted by each limb, as well as the displacement of the centre of gravity (projected onto the plane of stance), were investigated. It was established that: The pattern of postural adjustment observed in these conditions is diagonal; that is to say, flexion of one limb is accompanied by diminution in the vertical force exerted by the diagonally opposite limb and an increase in the force exerted by the other two. The displacement of the projected centre of gravity is sterotyped during the first phase of variation in forces. Its extent may be considered as an index of the efficiency of postural adjustment. The study of the latencies of the changes in force indicates, at least in the case of hindlimb movements, that postural adjustment is an active phenomenon and does not arise passively from the interplay of purely mechanical forces. In the same conditions, an analysis of the time course and latency of recorded changes in force indicates that postural adjustment is not triggered reflexly by the disequilibrium brought about by movement but is a result of a central nervous command.", "contents": "Postural and kinetic coordination following cortical stimuli which induce flexion movements in the cat's limbs. The relationship between movement and the postural adjustment associated with it has been studied following flexion movements of a limb induced by cortical stimulation in chronically implanted cats. Variations in the vertical force exerted by each limb, as well as the displacement of the centre of gravity (projected onto the plane of stance), were investigated. It was established that: The pattern of postural adjustment observed in these conditions is diagonal; that is to say, flexion of one limb is accompanied by diminution in the vertical force exerted by the diagonally opposite limb and an increase in the force exerted by the other two. The displacement of the projected centre of gravity is sterotyped during the first phase of variation in forces. Its extent may be considered as an index of the efficiency of postural adjustment. The study of the latencies of the changes in force indicates, at least in the case of hindlimb movements, that postural adjustment is an active phenomenon and does not arise passively from the interplay of purely mechanical forces. In the same conditions, an analysis of the time course and latency of recorded changes in force indicates that postural adjustment is not triggered reflexly by the disequilibrium brought about by movement but is a result of a central nervous command.", "PMID": 656958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7192", "title": "Influence of pyramidotomy on limb flexion movements induced by cortical stimulation and on associated postural adjustment in the cat.", "content": "Flexion movements induced by cortical stimulation and the associated postural adjustments in bilaterally pyramidotomised cats have been studied by means of an apparatus which measures separately the changes of force under each limb in the upright position of the animal. The results show: (1) The general motor behaviour of the animal is not affected by the lesion. The principal deficit is loss of tactile placing reaction in the forelimbs; there also appears a state akin to a vestibular syndrome when a light restraining harness is placed around the back and chest. (2) Stimulation of the motor cortex continues to evoke flexion movements of the contralateral limbs together with associated postural adjustment. Coordination between movement and postural adjustment is generally similar to that observed before pyramidal section, and response thresholds are unchanged. (3) Measurements reveal great quantitative modification both of the movement and the postural adjustment after the lesion. Weight shift latencies are increased and more dispersed in time, while the weight shifts themselves are reduced in amplitude and speed. (4) All these changes are more marked in the case of forelimb, rather than hindlimb, flexion, emphasising the greater degree of pyramidal influence on forelimb activity in the normal animal. (5) The results as a whole underline the ability of non-pyramidal systems, under the control of the motor cortex, to bring about both limb flexion and the associated postural adjustments in the absence of the corticospinal pathway.", "contents": "Influence of pyramidotomy on limb flexion movements induced by cortical stimulation and on associated postural adjustment in the cat. Flexion movements induced by cortical stimulation and the associated postural adjustments in bilaterally pyramidotomised cats have been studied by means of an apparatus which measures separately the changes of force under each limb in the upright position of the animal. The results show: (1) The general motor behaviour of the animal is not affected by the lesion. The principal deficit is loss of tactile placing reaction in the forelimbs; there also appears a state akin to a vestibular syndrome when a light restraining harness is placed around the back and chest. (2) Stimulation of the motor cortex continues to evoke flexion movements of the contralateral limbs together with associated postural adjustment. Coordination between movement and postural adjustment is generally similar to that observed before pyramidal section, and response thresholds are unchanged. (3) Measurements reveal great quantitative modification both of the movement and the postural adjustment after the lesion. Weight shift latencies are increased and more dispersed in time, while the weight shifts themselves are reduced in amplitude and speed. (4) All these changes are more marked in the case of forelimb, rather than hindlimb, flexion, emphasising the greater degree of pyramidal influence on forelimb activity in the normal animal. (5) The results as a whole underline the ability of non-pyramidal systems, under the control of the motor cortex, to bring about both limb flexion and the associated postural adjustments in the absence of the corticospinal pathway.", "PMID": 656960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7193", "title": "Single unit activity in cat prefrontal and posterior association cortex during performance of spatial reversal tasks .", "content": "Relationships between the performance of complex learning tasks and the firing patterns of single unites in prefrontal and posterior association areas of the neocortex were studied in 9 cats. Recording data from 2 additional cats served as controls for sensory and motor aspects of the tasks employed. During recordings, animals sat in a box, their heads fixed to a stereotaxic instrument, and performed a non-sensory spatial reversal or delayed-alternation task by pressing 1 of 2 lateralized retractable levers. Units obtained were classified into 5 basic types according to their correlation with aspects of the tasks. The first 3 types were related directly to sensory, motor and motivational aspects of the tasks. The fourth type was named associative, as it contained units which changed firing rates in advance or as a consequence of environmental events, rather than in direct relation. Discharge changes of units of the fifth type were rated as non-specific or non-specifiable. Between recording areas and tasks a striking similarity of unit firing patterns was obtained. Differences were observed only between the reactivity of polymodal cells in prefrontal and in posterior fields, and in the proportions of units revealing mnemonic and motor response aspects. It was concluded that a considerable functional overlap between prefrontal and posterior association areas of the cat with respect to processing of complex learning tasks exists on the single neuron level.", "contents": "Single unit activity in cat prefrontal and posterior association cortex during performance of spatial reversal tasks . Relationships between the performance of complex learning tasks and the firing patterns of single unites in prefrontal and posterior association areas of the neocortex were studied in 9 cats. Recording data from 2 additional cats served as controls for sensory and motor aspects of the tasks employed. During recordings, animals sat in a box, their heads fixed to a stereotaxic instrument, and performed a non-sensory spatial reversal or delayed-alternation task by pressing 1 of 2 lateralized retractable levers. Units obtained were classified into 5 basic types according to their correlation with aspects of the tasks. The first 3 types were related directly to sensory, motor and motivational aspects of the tasks. The fourth type was named associative, as it contained units which changed firing rates in advance or as a consequence of environmental events, rather than in direct relation. Discharge changes of units of the fifth type were rated as non-specific or non-specifiable. Between recording areas and tasks a striking similarity of unit firing patterns was obtained. Differences were observed only between the reactivity of polymodal cells in prefrontal and in posterior fields, and in the proportions of units revealing mnemonic and motor response aspects. It was concluded that a considerable functional overlap between prefrontal and posterior association areas of the cat with respect to processing of complex learning tasks exists on the single neuron level.", "PMID": 656961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7194", "title": "Consequences of blocking the nerve with a local anaesthetic on the evolution of multiinnervation at the regenerating neuromuscular junction of the rat.", "content": "A transient multiinnervation is observed in adult rats during reinnervation of the soleus muscle. Chronic blockage of the sciatic nerve with a cuff of the local anaesthetic lidocaine during reinnervation increases the number of multiply innervated muscle fibres. This result indicates that the selective elimination of redundant nerve terminals is regulated by the activity of the innervated muscle.", "contents": "Consequences of blocking the nerve with a local anaesthetic on the evolution of multiinnervation at the regenerating neuromuscular junction of the rat. A transient multiinnervation is observed in adult rats during reinnervation of the soleus muscle. Chronic blockage of the sciatic nerve with a cuff of the local anaesthetic lidocaine during reinnervation increases the number of multiply innervated muscle fibres. This result indicates that the selective elimination of redundant nerve terminals is regulated by the activity of the innervated muscle.", "PMID": 656962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7195", "title": "Substance P in the amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus and stria terminalis of the rat brain.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques have demonstrated the presence of substance P in the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Hemisections and micro-knife cuts transecting the anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and ventral connections to the amygdala did not modify the content of substance P in the amygdala. In addition knife cuts totally isolating the medial amygdaloid nucleus from lateral and anterior-posterior connections did not reduce the substance P content of the medial nucleus, but produced a 70% reduction in the substance P content of the central nucleus. These results suggest that substance P containing neurones in the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei do not receive substance P projections originating outside the amygdala. However, there appears to be a short substance P projection from the medial nucleus to the central nucleus.", "contents": "Substance P in the amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus and stria terminalis of the rat brain. Radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques have demonstrated the presence of substance P in the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Hemisections and micro-knife cuts transecting the anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and ventral connections to the amygdala did not modify the content of substance P in the amygdala. In addition knife cuts totally isolating the medial amygdaloid nucleus from lateral and anterior-posterior connections did not reduce the substance P content of the medial nucleus, but produced a 70% reduction in the substance P content of the central nucleus. These results suggest that substance P containing neurones in the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei do not receive substance P projections originating outside the amygdala. However, there appears to be a short substance P projection from the medial nucleus to the central nucleus.", "PMID": 656963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7196", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation and controlled mechanical ventrilation without positive end-expiratory pressure following cardio-pulmonary bypass.", "content": "In a group of 18 male patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass, the overall incidence of post-operative atelectasis was 60%. Nearly three-quarters occurred during anaesthesia. After operation there was no difference whether CMV or IMV without PEEP was provided overnight. Atelectasis already present did not improve and further atelectasis occurred. A role for IMV is not excluded, since it facilitates the use of PEEP. Many factors operate and interact to provoke atelectasis during anaesthesia, which increases post-operative morbidity. Many of these factors are prevertible or reversible if their physiological basis is understood. Optimal post-operative ventilation should be tailored to the needs of the individual patient and demands close co-operation between anaesthetist and surgeon.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation and controlled mechanical ventrilation without positive end-expiratory pressure following cardio-pulmonary bypass. In a group of 18 male patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass, the overall incidence of post-operative atelectasis was 60%. Nearly three-quarters occurred during anaesthesia. After operation there was no difference whether CMV or IMV without PEEP was provided overnight. Atelectasis already present did not improve and further atelectasis occurred. A role for IMV is not excluded, since it facilitates the use of PEEP. Many factors operate and interact to provoke atelectasis during anaesthesia, which increases post-operative morbidity. Many of these factors are prevertible or reversible if their physiological basis is understood. Optimal post-operative ventilation should be tailored to the needs of the individual patient and demands close co-operation between anaesthetist and surgeon.", "PMID": 656988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7197", "title": "The mechanism of anaesthesia: a new hypothesis based on the effects on electrical properties of a model membrane: preliminary studies.", "content": "Changes induced by inhalational anaesthetic agents were investigated in a simple membrane model. All the agents tested increased the membrane's electrical capacitance and conductance linearly, proportional to concentration and potency, and decreased its dialectric strength independently of concentration. When protein was substituted for lipid, the same agents had no significant effect on capacitance, conductance, or dielectric strength. Based on these findings, the following hypothesis is presented. Anaesthetic agents exert their influence on the lipid portion of nerve membranes. They enhance excitability by reducing the dielectric strength of the membrane and depress excitability by increasing the membrane's dielectric constant and passive conductance. The degree of excitability or narcosis at any instant depends upon the relative magnitude of these opposing effects.", "contents": "The mechanism of anaesthesia: a new hypothesis based on the effects on electrical properties of a model membrane: preliminary studies. Changes induced by inhalational anaesthetic agents were investigated in a simple membrane model. All the agents tested increased the membrane's electrical capacitance and conductance linearly, proportional to concentration and potency, and decreased its dialectric strength independently of concentration. When protein was substituted for lipid, the same agents had no significant effect on capacitance, conductance, or dielectric strength. Based on these findings, the following hypothesis is presented. Anaesthetic agents exert their influence on the lipid portion of nerve membranes. They enhance excitability by reducing the dielectric strength of the membrane and depress excitability by increasing the membrane's dielectric constant and passive conductance. The degree of excitability or narcosis at any instant depends upon the relative magnitude of these opposing effects.", "PMID": 656989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7198", "title": "The effect of ethanol on the ventilatory responses mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors in man.", "content": "The ventilatory responses mediated by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors were separately assessed in eight healthy volunteers before and after the oral ingestion of ethanol in a dose of 0.75 ml/kg. No significant depression of the central response was observed, but a significant depression of the peripheral response was observed at 25 and 95 minutes after the consumption of ethanol. The peripheral chemoreceptor stimulus was the simultaneous increase of hypoxia and hypercapnia and this novel method is described.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol on the ventilatory responses mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors in man. The ventilatory responses mediated by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors were separately assessed in eight healthy volunteers before and after the oral ingestion of ethanol in a dose of 0.75 ml/kg. No significant depression of the central response was observed, but a significant depression of the peripheral response was observed at 25 and 95 minutes after the consumption of ethanol. The peripheral chemoreceptor stimulus was the simultaneous increase of hypoxia and hypercapnia and this novel method is described.", "PMID": 656990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7199", "title": "[Critical study of the hemodynamic status during anesthesia].", "content": "Physicians must choose the anaesthetics for their patients and select the methods to cheek their haemodynamic status. Experimental works do not always bring sufficient information to help them in their daily practice. Circulatory reaction to a pharmacodynamic agent is diffuse and non-specific. Some examples drawn from theoretical considerations and practical situations support this view. The difficulty of assessing the actual damage caused by one apparent variation still remains. On the other hand, haemodynamic indices such as PA, CVP, dP/dt are composed of elementary data that are interdependent; so indices are interdependent, too. A puzzling fact is that depressing anaesthetics can initiate severe haemodynamic crisis, generally badly tolerated by tissues, but better tolerated by myocardium which is not definietely altered if the anoxia inflicted is accompanied by a real decrease in cardiac work. This explains the often slight effect of short anesthetic overdosage. Previous haemodynamic variations to be countered relative to anaesthesia are not really known. Biochemistry of the venous coronary blood does not yet bring striking features in this field.", "contents": "[Critical study of the hemodynamic status during anesthesia]. Physicians must choose the anaesthetics for their patients and select the methods to cheek their haemodynamic status. Experimental works do not always bring sufficient information to help them in their daily practice. Circulatory reaction to a pharmacodynamic agent is diffuse and non-specific. Some examples drawn from theoretical considerations and practical situations support this view. The difficulty of assessing the actual damage caused by one apparent variation still remains. On the other hand, haemodynamic indices such as PA, CVP, dP/dt are composed of elementary data that are interdependent; so indices are interdependent, too. A puzzling fact is that depressing anaesthetics can initiate severe haemodynamic crisis, generally badly tolerated by tissues, but better tolerated by myocardium which is not definietely altered if the anoxia inflicted is accompanied by a real decrease in cardiac work. This explains the often slight effect of short anesthetic overdosage. Previous haemodynamic variations to be countered relative to anaesthesia are not really known. Biochemistry of the venous coronary blood does not yet bring striking features in this field.", "PMID": 656991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7200", "title": "An evaluation of the Bentley PFF-100 transfusion filter.", "content": "The effects of a new transfusion filter (Bentley PFF-100) on stored whole blood have been examined. Six filters were preloaded by passage of two units of outdated type-specific bank blood and the effects of filtration on a third unit of 21-day-old blood flowing under 19.95 kPa (150 mm Hg) pressure were measured. Filtration did not significantly alter erythrocyte or leukocyte count, total or plasma haemoglobin, red cell fragility, plasma sodium, potassium, albumin, or globulin. Platelet counts were reduced by 31%. Removal of microaggregates, assessed by Coulter counting, screen filtration pressure, total screen protein, wet and dry weight of material retained and scanning electron microscopy, was shown to be effective over the entire range of particle size. In comparison with other transfusion filters previously examined in this laboratory, the Bentley PFF-100 filter combines the feature of moderately efficient microaggregate removal with rapid blood flow rate. Compared to its predecessor, the Bentley PF-127, this new filter design has improved flow characteristics without loss of efficiency of microaggregate removal.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Bentley PFF-100 transfusion filter. The effects of a new transfusion filter (Bentley PFF-100) on stored whole blood have been examined. Six filters were preloaded by passage of two units of outdated type-specific bank blood and the effects of filtration on a third unit of 21-day-old blood flowing under 19.95 kPa (150 mm Hg) pressure were measured. Filtration did not significantly alter erythrocyte or leukocyte count, total or plasma haemoglobin, red cell fragility, plasma sodium, potassium, albumin, or globulin. Platelet counts were reduced by 31%. Removal of microaggregates, assessed by Coulter counting, screen filtration pressure, total screen protein, wet and dry weight of material retained and scanning electron microscopy, was shown to be effective over the entire range of particle size. In comparison with other transfusion filters previously examined in this laboratory, the Bentley PFF-100 filter combines the feature of moderately efficient microaggregate removal with rapid blood flow rate. Compared to its predecessor, the Bentley PF-127, this new filter design has improved flow characteristics without loss of efficiency of microaggregate removal.", "PMID": 656992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7201", "title": "Comparison of two benzodiazepines for anaesthesia induction: midazolam and diazepam.", "content": "Ro 21-3981 is a newly synthesized water soluble benzodiazepine derivative. Its pharmacological properties are similar to diazepam. This investigation was designed to establish the effective induction dosage of Ro 21-3981 and to compare it with diazepam for induction of anaesthesia. The ED50 for Ro 21-3981 induction is 0.15 mg/kg and ED 100 is 0.2 mg/kg. Ro 21-3981 is one and one-half times as potent as diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and more rapid in action. There is significantly less pain on injection with Ro 21-3981 as compared to diazepam. Cardiovascular stability and apnoea were observed with both drugs. Ro 21-3981 is a promising anaesthetic induction drug that merits further human study.", "contents": "Comparison of two benzodiazepines for anaesthesia induction: midazolam and diazepam. Ro 21-3981 is a newly synthesized water soluble benzodiazepine derivative. Its pharmacological properties are similar to diazepam. This investigation was designed to establish the effective induction dosage of Ro 21-3981 and to compare it with diazepam for induction of anaesthesia. The ED50 for Ro 21-3981 induction is 0.15 mg/kg and ED 100 is 0.2 mg/kg. Ro 21-3981 is one and one-half times as potent as diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and more rapid in action. There is significantly less pain on injection with Ro 21-3981 as compared to diazepam. Cardiovascular stability and apnoea were observed with both drugs. Ro 21-3981 is a promising anaesthetic induction drug that merits further human study.", "PMID": 656993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7202", "title": "The uptake and excretion of nitrous oxide in the newborn.", "content": "In the newborn, the uptake of nitrous oxide into the alveolus is very rapid, as is the fall in alveolar levels following withdrawal of the agent. During recovery relatively large volumes of nitrous oxide are excreted in the first minute, after which the excretion rate rapidly declines, most of the gas having been eliminated.", "contents": "The uptake and excretion of nitrous oxide in the newborn. In the newborn, the uptake of nitrous oxide into the alveolus is very rapid, as is the fall in alveolar levels following withdrawal of the agent. During recovery relatively large volumes of nitrous oxide are excreted in the first minute, after which the excretion rate rapidly declines, most of the gas having been eliminated.", "PMID": 656994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7203", "title": "Management of chronic dorsal root pain with epidural steroid.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients presenting with typical dorsal root pain of more than six months' duration were given a series of three epidural injections of methylprednisolone acetate. The patients were grouped according to known aetiologic factors. Improvement in symptoms was most marked in the post-herpetic group where 86% were free of pain after six months. In the post-trauma/surgical group, 50% of patients were free of pain after six months, while in the idiopathic group only minimal improvement occurred. The side-effects of steroid administration into the epidural space were in all cases minor.", "contents": "Management of chronic dorsal root pain with epidural steroid. Twenty-eight patients presenting with typical dorsal root pain of more than six months' duration were given a series of three epidural injections of methylprednisolone acetate. The patients were grouped according to known aetiologic factors. Improvement in symptoms was most marked in the post-herpetic group where 86% were free of pain after six months. In the post-trauma/surgical group, 50% of patients were free of pain after six months, while in the idiopathic group only minimal improvement occurred. The side-effects of steroid administration into the epidural space were in all cases minor.", "PMID": 656995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7204", "title": "Caudal anaesthesia in paediatric patients.", "content": "We have described our technique of caudal anaesthesia in children. This technique was used for relief of post-operative pain in 120 patients. Relief of pain was complete. Post-operative recovery was quiet and comfortable, with no side effects. The surgeons, the parents and recovery room personnel were satisfied. There were no surgical or anaesthetic complications.", "contents": "Caudal anaesthesia in paediatric patients. We have described our technique of caudal anaesthesia in children. This technique was used for relief of post-operative pain in 120 patients. Relief of pain was complete. Post-operative recovery was quiet and comfortable, with no side effects. The surgeons, the parents and recovery room personnel were satisfied. There were no surgical or anaesthetic complications.", "PMID": 656996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7205", "title": "Anaesthetic considerations in caesarean section for quadruplets.", "content": "A case of a caesarean delivery with epidural analgesia of a term parturient with quadruplets is presented. Maternal considerations of hypotension, respiratory embarrassment and aspiration of gastric content and foetal considerations of prematurity and impaired placental function are discussed relative to the use of general anaesthesia or epidural analgesia.", "contents": "Anaesthetic considerations in caesarean section for quadruplets. A case of a caesarean delivery with epidural analgesia of a term parturient with quadruplets is presented. Maternal considerations of hypotension, respiratory embarrassment and aspiration of gastric content and foetal considerations of prematurity and impaired placental function are discussed relative to the use of general anaesthesia or epidural analgesia.", "PMID": 656998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7206", "title": "Accidental over-dose of alfathesin under general anaesthesia: case report.", "content": "Under general anaesthesia, 35 ml of alfathesin was accidentally injected intravenously. There was no change in the pulse rate and blood pressure. However, two hours later, at the end of the operation, the rectal temperature was 31 degrees C. There were no long-lasting effects of the overdose.", "contents": "Accidental over-dose of alfathesin under general anaesthesia: case report. Under general anaesthesia, 35 ml of alfathesin was accidentally injected intravenously. There was no change in the pulse rate and blood pressure. However, two hours later, at the end of the operation, the rectal temperature was 31 degrees C. There were no long-lasting effects of the overdose.", "PMID": 656999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7207", "title": "Liquid nitrogen storage and human chromosome composition of human-mouse hybrid cells.", "content": "The human chromosome complement of eight human-mouse hybrid cell strains was studied with fluorescent banding before and after rejuvenation of these cells from liquid nitrogen storage. The karyotype remained essentially stable in several cell strains, while in others both human and mouse chromosomes were lost. A third group demonstrated loss of only human chromosomes. The loss of particular human chromosomes after the rejuvenation process was shown to be statistically significant in four of the eight hybrid cell strains. These preliminary results suggest that karyotypic constancy cannot be assumed in human-mouse hybrid cells subjected to rejuvenation from liquid nitrogen storage.", "contents": "Liquid nitrogen storage and human chromosome composition of human-mouse hybrid cells. The human chromosome complement of eight human-mouse hybrid cell strains was studied with fluorescent banding before and after rejuvenation of these cells from liquid nitrogen storage. The karyotype remained essentially stable in several cell strains, while in others both human and mouse chromosomes were lost. A third group demonstrated loss of only human chromosomes. The loss of particular human chromosomes after the rejuvenation process was shown to be statistically significant in four of the eight hybrid cell strains. These preliminary results suggest that karyotypic constancy cannot be assumed in human-mouse hybrid cells subjected to rejuvenation from liquid nitrogen storage.", "PMID": 657001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7208", "title": "Cytological effects of microwave radiation in Chinese hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "Cytological effects were investigated in the Chinese hamster cell line (CHO-K1) exposed to microwave radiation of 2450 MHz frequency and incident power of 25 to 200 W for a period of 30 min. Nuclear vacuoles, pycnotic and decondensed chromosomes were observed in cells exposed to 25 W under elevated temperature conditions (uncontrolled temp). In addition a significant increase in chromosomal breakages/cell was observed. Cells exposed to relatively higher power, 75-200 W, under hypothermic conditions (29 degrees C) revealed no significant increase in either nuclear vacuoles or other chromosomal anomalies over control cells. Radiation-induced temperature elevation appears to be an essential factor in the cytological effects of microwave.", "contents": "Cytological effects of microwave radiation in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Cytological effects were investigated in the Chinese hamster cell line (CHO-K1) exposed to microwave radiation of 2450 MHz frequency and incident power of 25 to 200 W for a period of 30 min. Nuclear vacuoles, pycnotic and decondensed chromosomes were observed in cells exposed to 25 W under elevated temperature conditions (uncontrolled temp). In addition a significant increase in chromosomal breakages/cell was observed. Cells exposed to relatively higher power, 75-200 W, under hypothermic conditions (29 degrees C) revealed no significant increase in either nuclear vacuoles or other chromosomal anomalies over control cells. Radiation-induced temperature elevation appears to be an essential factor in the cytological effects of microwave.", "PMID": 657002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7209", "title": "Hyperthermia and host-cell reactivation of adenovirus 12.", "content": "Exposure of cultured human fibroblasts to hyperthermia delayed the host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated human adenovirus type 12 (AD12). The experimental design consisted of irradiating human AD12 with UV doses ranging from 180 to 1800 ergs/mm2, infecting human cell populations at 37 degrees C, exposing the infected cells for 7 h to 39.5 degrees C and 41.8 degrees C, returning them to 37 degrees C and estimating the frequency of cells with intranuclear viral inclusion bodies (IB) 41 and 89 h after hyperthermia treatment. Hyperthermia reduced the fractions of fibroblasts with viral IB in the 41 h samples. By 89 h the capacity to form IB in the treated cells was comparable to that in control cells. Hyperthermia of 39.5 and 41.8 degrees C for 7 h did not affect the replication of nonirradiated AD12. The pattern of host-cell reactivation of AD12 following hyperthermia was compared to that in DNA repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cell populations.", "contents": "Hyperthermia and host-cell reactivation of adenovirus 12. Exposure of cultured human fibroblasts to hyperthermia delayed the host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated human adenovirus type 12 (AD12). The experimental design consisted of irradiating human AD12 with UV doses ranging from 180 to 1800 ergs/mm2, infecting human cell populations at 37 degrees C, exposing the infected cells for 7 h to 39.5 degrees C and 41.8 degrees C, returning them to 37 degrees C and estimating the frequency of cells with intranuclear viral inclusion bodies (IB) 41 and 89 h after hyperthermia treatment. Hyperthermia reduced the fractions of fibroblasts with viral IB in the 41 h samples. By 89 h the capacity to form IB in the treated cells was comparable to that in control cells. Hyperthermia of 39.5 and 41.8 degrees C for 7 h did not affect the replication of nonirradiated AD12. The pattern of host-cell reactivation of AD12 following hyperthermia was compared to that in DNA repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cell populations.", "PMID": 657003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7210", "title": "Chinese hamster cell lines resistant to the cytotoxic action of fluoride.", "content": "The proliferation and efficiency of colony formation of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line, CHO, was found to be inhibited by concentrations of fluoride greater than or equal to 10(-3) M. From mutagenized populations of CHO cells, clones were isolated that were from 1.6 to 13 times more resistant than the wild-type to the cytotoxic action of fluoride. The resistant clones were found to be stable in the absence of selection. The fluoride sensitivity of wild-type and fluoride resistant clones was not altered by changes in the pyruvate concentration in the culture medium, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of fluoride is not due to the action of fluoride on the glycolytic pathway. On the other hand, both the incorporation of 3H-leucine into acid precipitable material and the distribution of polyribosomes were sensitive only to fluoride concentrations that were cytotoxic, suggesting that the molecular basis of fluoride induced cytotoxicity in both wild-type and fluoride resistant cells is the sensitivity of protein synthesis to fluoride. At concentrations of fluoride at which the wild-type cells are inhibited but fluoride resistant cells are not, the intracellular concentration of fluoride in the fluoride resistant cells was found to be 1/5 to 1/10 that of the wild-type, suggesting that fluoride exclusion is the basis for resistance in the resistant lines.", "contents": "Chinese hamster cell lines resistant to the cytotoxic action of fluoride. The proliferation and efficiency of colony formation of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line, CHO, was found to be inhibited by concentrations of fluoride greater than or equal to 10(-3) M. From mutagenized populations of CHO cells, clones were isolated that were from 1.6 to 13 times more resistant than the wild-type to the cytotoxic action of fluoride. The resistant clones were found to be stable in the absence of selection. The fluoride sensitivity of wild-type and fluoride resistant clones was not altered by changes in the pyruvate concentration in the culture medium, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of fluoride is not due to the action of fluoride on the glycolytic pathway. On the other hand, both the incorporation of 3H-leucine into acid precipitable material and the distribution of polyribosomes were sensitive only to fluoride concentrations that were cytotoxic, suggesting that the molecular basis of fluoride induced cytotoxicity in both wild-type and fluoride resistant cells is the sensitivity of protein synthesis to fluoride. At concentrations of fluoride at which the wild-type cells are inhibited but fluoride resistant cells are not, the intracellular concentration of fluoride in the fluoride resistant cells was found to be 1/5 to 1/10 that of the wild-type, suggesting that fluoride exclusion is the basis for resistance in the resistant lines.", "PMID": 657004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7211", "title": "Effects of interactions between different culture fractions of 'phosphobacteria' and Rhizobium on mycorrhizal infection, growth, and nodulation of Medicago sativa.", "content": "Interactions between cell-free culture supernatants, cells, and the whole cultures of Rhizobium and phosphobacteria with endomycorrhizal fungi and their effects on growth and nutrition of Medicago sativa grown in a low-phosphate soil were studied. A satisfactory nodulation was greatly dependent on the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Cell-free supernatants of Rhizobium and phosphobacteria improved plant growth, nodulation and mycorrhiza formation. The activity of phosphobacterial culture seemed to be due mainly to the supernatant and the possibility of plant hormones contained in this culture fraction being involved in such interactions is discussed. An increase of the overall pool of soluble P in soil by the inoculated phosphobacteria cells was not found in the conditions of this experiment. It was noteworthy that the best positive effect was achieved by the treatment which consisted of the whole cultures of Rhizobium, phosphobacteria, and the mycorrhizal fungi applied all together.", "contents": "Effects of interactions between different culture fractions of 'phosphobacteria' and Rhizobium on mycorrhizal infection, growth, and nodulation of Medicago sativa. Interactions between cell-free culture supernatants, cells, and the whole cultures of Rhizobium and phosphobacteria with endomycorrhizal fungi and their effects on growth and nutrition of Medicago sativa grown in a low-phosphate soil were studied. A satisfactory nodulation was greatly dependent on the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Cell-free supernatants of Rhizobium and phosphobacteria improved plant growth, nodulation and mycorrhiza formation. The activity of phosphobacterial culture seemed to be due mainly to the supernatant and the possibility of plant hormones contained in this culture fraction being involved in such interactions is discussed. An increase of the overall pool of soluble P in soil by the inoculated phosphobacteria cells was not found in the conditions of this experiment. It was noteworthy that the best positive effect was achieved by the treatment which consisted of the whole cultures of Rhizobium, phosphobacteria, and the mycorrhizal fungi applied all together.", "PMID": 657005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7212", "title": "Pseudomonas maltophilia: identification of the hydrocarbons, glycerides, and glycolipoproteins of cellular lipids.", "content": "The nature of quantity of the free lipids of Pseudomonas maltophilia have been examined. Lipid components identified as phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylamino acid derivatives and phosphatidic acid accounted for about one-half of the total lipids and are generally typical of gram-negative bacteria. The remaining lipids were identified as a complex family of aliphatic hydrocarbon isomers (C22--C32) and a mixture of glycolipoproteins. These components are generally atypical lipids of bacteria. The glycolipoproteins were composed of a broad range of amino acids, ketodeoxyotulonic acid, mannose, glucose, 4-aminopentose, glucosamine, phosphates, and a relatively large quantity of fatty acids, principally OH-13:0. The total esterified fatty acids consist of cyclopropane, iso- and anteiso-branched and normal saturated and unsaturated chains in the range from C14 to C20. Amide bound fatty acids consist of OH 11:0, OH-12:0, OH-13:0, and methyl-branched OH-13 in addition to methyl-branched and normal saturated and unsaturated chains.", "contents": "Pseudomonas maltophilia: identification of the hydrocarbons, glycerides, and glycolipoproteins of cellular lipids. The nature of quantity of the free lipids of Pseudomonas maltophilia have been examined. Lipid components identified as phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylamino acid derivatives and phosphatidic acid accounted for about one-half of the total lipids and are generally typical of gram-negative bacteria. The remaining lipids were identified as a complex family of aliphatic hydrocarbon isomers (C22--C32) and a mixture of glycolipoproteins. These components are generally atypical lipids of bacteria. The glycolipoproteins were composed of a broad range of amino acids, ketodeoxyotulonic acid, mannose, glucose, 4-aminopentose, glucosamine, phosphates, and a relatively large quantity of fatty acids, principally OH-13:0. The total esterified fatty acids consist of cyclopropane, iso- and anteiso-branched and normal saturated and unsaturated chains in the range from C14 to C20. Amide bound fatty acids consist of OH 11:0, OH-12:0, OH-13:0, and methyl-branched OH-13 in addition to methyl-branched and normal saturated and unsaturated chains.", "PMID": 657006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7213", "title": "Presence and activity of the hexosemonophosphate shunt in a marine pennate chemoorganotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, clone Link 001.", "content": "A commonly occurrring chemoorganotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, clone Link 001, stores primarily fatty acids and utilizes the hexose monophosphate shunt as a major pathway in hexose oxidation. The presence and activity of this pathway in exponentially growing N. alba was demonstrated by the growth on potassium gluconate as a sole carbon source, in vitro assay of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), and in vivo radiorespirometric evaluation using [14C]-glucose or -gluconate. Radiorespirometry demonstrated that the hexose monophosphate and Embden--Meyerhoff--Parnas pathways account for 46 and 54% of hexose oxidation, respectively. The predominance of fatty acid storage plus the probable utilization of some C4--C5 hexose monophosphate intermediates in biosynthetic activities support the relatively high hexose monophosphate activity in these exponentially growing cells. Radiorespirometric values are supported by the absence of Enter-Doudoroff activity as determined by the lace of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase (EC 4.12.14) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.14) activity.", "contents": "Presence and activity of the hexosemonophosphate shunt in a marine pennate chemoorganotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, clone Link 001. A commonly occurrring chemoorganotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, clone Link 001, stores primarily fatty acids and utilizes the hexose monophosphate shunt as a major pathway in hexose oxidation. The presence and activity of this pathway in exponentially growing N. alba was demonstrated by the growth on potassium gluconate as a sole carbon source, in vitro assay of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), and in vivo radiorespirometric evaluation using [14C]-glucose or -gluconate. Radiorespirometry demonstrated that the hexose monophosphate and Embden--Meyerhoff--Parnas pathways account for 46 and 54% of hexose oxidation, respectively. The predominance of fatty acid storage plus the probable utilization of some C4--C5 hexose monophosphate intermediates in biosynthetic activities support the relatively high hexose monophosphate activity in these exponentially growing cells. Radiorespirometric values are supported by the absence of Enter-Doudoroff activity as determined by the lace of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase (EC 4.12.14) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.14) activity.", "PMID": 657007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7214", "title": "[Actinomycetes antagonistic to fungi and not affecting Rhizobium meliloti].", "content": "The effects of 481 actinomycetes isolated from agricultural soils supporting good growth of alfalfa or clover on two efficient strains of Rhizobium meliloti A2 and S14 were studied. Strain A2 was inhibited by 28% of the isolates and strain S14 was inhibited by 31% of them. No significant difference was found between the resistance of both actinomycete strains. The effects of the 288 isolates not affecting R. meliloti on six fungi were also studied. The most sensitive fungus was Stemphylium sarcinaeforme inhibited by 20% of the isolates, while Fusarium culmorum was the most resistant fungus and was inhibited by only 6% of the isolates. Thirteen isolates inhibited four to six fungi. In an autoclaved greenhouse soil, isolate 181 which inhibited the six fungi tested significantly reduced the population of the phytopathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis and eliminated the inhibitory effect showed by this fungus on strain A2 of R. meliloti.", "contents": "[Actinomycetes antagonistic to fungi and not affecting Rhizobium meliloti]. The effects of 481 actinomycetes isolated from agricultural soils supporting good growth of alfalfa or clover on two efficient strains of Rhizobium meliloti A2 and S14 were studied. Strain A2 was inhibited by 28% of the isolates and strain S14 was inhibited by 31% of them. No significant difference was found between the resistance of both actinomycete strains. The effects of the 288 isolates not affecting R. meliloti on six fungi were also studied. The most sensitive fungus was Stemphylium sarcinaeforme inhibited by 20% of the isolates, while Fusarium culmorum was the most resistant fungus and was inhibited by only 6% of the isolates. Thirteen isolates inhibited four to six fungi. In an autoclaved greenhouse soil, isolate 181 which inhibited the six fungi tested significantly reduced the population of the phytopathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis and eliminated the inhibitory effect showed by this fungus on strain A2 of R. meliloti.", "PMID": 657008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7215", "title": "Surcrose uptake by Neisseria denitrificans.", "content": "Neisseria dentrificans possesses an inducible sucrose-uptake system. Sucrose is transported as the free sugar and is rapidly converted into polymerized material. Uptake is inhibited by glucose, cyanide, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and sulfydryl reagents. Glutamate serves as an energy source for uptake. The importance of this phenomenon in the oral environment is discussed.", "contents": "Surcrose uptake by Neisseria denitrificans. Neisseria dentrificans possesses an inducible sucrose-uptake system. Sucrose is transported as the free sugar and is rapidly converted into polymerized material. Uptake is inhibited by glucose, cyanide, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and sulfydryl reagents. Glutamate serves as an energy source for uptake. The importance of this phenomenon in the oral environment is discussed.", "PMID": 657009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7216", "title": "Visual micromethod for assay of fungal growth.", "content": "A visual micromethod for measuring antifungal effects on germination and growth is described. The antifungal agent griseofulvin and the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes were used as materials to compare the micromethod with a standard assay based on dry mycelial weight. The micromethod was more sensitive than the weight method in detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration of griseofulvin (0.18 and 35 microgram/ml, respectively). At higher concentrations of griseofulvin (22.5 microgram/ml), the micromethod measured minimal fungal growth that was undetectable on a weight basis. The micromethod showed that griseofulvin does not change the number of spores forming germ tubes. Progressively severe alterations in fungal morphology occured as the concentration of griseofulvin was increased from 0.09 to 22.5 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Visual micromethod for assay of fungal growth. A visual micromethod for measuring antifungal effects on germination and growth is described. The antifungal agent griseofulvin and the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes were used as materials to compare the micromethod with a standard assay based on dry mycelial weight. The micromethod was more sensitive than the weight method in detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration of griseofulvin (0.18 and 35 microgram/ml, respectively). At higher concentrations of griseofulvin (22.5 microgram/ml), the micromethod measured minimal fungal growth that was undetectable on a weight basis. The micromethod showed that griseofulvin does not change the number of spores forming germ tubes. Progressively severe alterations in fungal morphology occured as the concentration of griseofulvin was increased from 0.09 to 22.5 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 657010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7217", "title": "Effect of respiratory deficiency and temperature on the mitochondrial lipid metabolism of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "A comparative study of the mitochondrial lipid composition of a wild strain (V 35) and a respiratory-deficient mutant (rd3) of Aspergillus niger grown at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C) has been performed. The lipid spectrum, though qualitatively similar, differs quantitatively in both cases. At the optimum growth temperature (30 degrees C) depletion in ergosterol (40%) and cardiolipin (52%) was observed. This probably indicates the formation of defective mitochondria in the mutant with a resultant impaired respiratory system. Complete depletion of cardiolipin species containing fatty acid (20:5omega3) in the respiratory-deficient mutant suggests a possible role of this lipid in mitochondriogenesis at least in A. niger. The effect of temperature is predominantly on the degree of unsaturation and sterol ester formation. The linoleic acid (18:2omega6) content decreases with a concomitant increase in oleic acid (18:1omega9) content as the growth temperature increases for both cell types. Some morphological changes and effects on the vegetative life cycle have been observed with variation in growth temperature in the wild type and also in the mutant form.", "contents": "Effect of respiratory deficiency and temperature on the mitochondrial lipid metabolism of Aspergillus niger. A comparative study of the mitochondrial lipid composition of a wild strain (V 35) and a respiratory-deficient mutant (rd3) of Aspergillus niger grown at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C) has been performed. The lipid spectrum, though qualitatively similar, differs quantitatively in both cases. At the optimum growth temperature (30 degrees C) depletion in ergosterol (40%) and cardiolipin (52%) was observed. This probably indicates the formation of defective mitochondria in the mutant with a resultant impaired respiratory system. Complete depletion of cardiolipin species containing fatty acid (20:5omega3) in the respiratory-deficient mutant suggests a possible role of this lipid in mitochondriogenesis at least in A. niger. The effect of temperature is predominantly on the degree of unsaturation and sterol ester formation. The linoleic acid (18:2omega6) content decreases with a concomitant increase in oleic acid (18:1omega9) content as the growth temperature increases for both cell types. Some morphological changes and effects on the vegetative life cycle have been observed with variation in growth temperature in the wild type and also in the mutant form.", "PMID": 657011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7218", "title": "[Morphological, physiological and taxonomic studies of Bacillus azotoformans].", "content": "Seventeen strains of the new species Bacillus azotoformans were isolated by enrichment culture in peptone broth inoculated with pasteurized soil and then incubated under N2O at 32 degrees C. The bacterium is a Gram-negative rod, motile with peritrichous flagella, which produces oval spores without exosporia in swollen sporangia. However, the cells have thick walls, mesosomes, and persistent septa characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. The bacterium lacks fermentative activity, does not attack carbohydrates, has complex growth requirements, and will grow anaerobically only if one of the following electron acceptors is present: NO3-, NO2-, N2O, S4O6--, or fumarate. Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are denitrified with the production of N2. The microorganism is mesophilic, gives a positive oxidase reaction, synthesizes a type c cytochrome, and does not hydrolyse gelatin, starch, or \"Tween 80.\" Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid is snythesized when the bacterium is grown in a medium containing DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. The following enzymes are present: nitrate reductase A, respiratory nitrite reductase, tetrathionate and fumarate reductases, and L-glutamate dehydrogenase. The following enzymes are absent: thiosulfate reductase, urease, lecithinase, arginine dihydrolase, phenylalanine deaminase, and catalase. For the 17 strains, the mean value of the G = C percent of the DNA is 39.8 +/- 1.2. All the strains are highly similar.", "contents": "[Morphological, physiological and taxonomic studies of Bacillus azotoformans]. Seventeen strains of the new species Bacillus azotoformans were isolated by enrichment culture in peptone broth inoculated with pasteurized soil and then incubated under N2O at 32 degrees C. The bacterium is a Gram-negative rod, motile with peritrichous flagella, which produces oval spores without exosporia in swollen sporangia. However, the cells have thick walls, mesosomes, and persistent septa characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. The bacterium lacks fermentative activity, does not attack carbohydrates, has complex growth requirements, and will grow anaerobically only if one of the following electron acceptors is present: NO3-, NO2-, N2O, S4O6--, or fumarate. Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are denitrified with the production of N2. The microorganism is mesophilic, gives a positive oxidase reaction, synthesizes a type c cytochrome, and does not hydrolyse gelatin, starch, or \"Tween 80.\" Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid is snythesized when the bacterium is grown in a medium containing DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. The following enzymes are present: nitrate reductase A, respiratory nitrite reductase, tetrathionate and fumarate reductases, and L-glutamate dehydrogenase. The following enzymes are absent: thiosulfate reductase, urease, lecithinase, arginine dihydrolase, phenylalanine deaminase, and catalase. For the 17 strains, the mean value of the G = C percent of the DNA is 39.8 +/- 1.2. All the strains are highly similar.", "PMID": 657012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7219", "title": "Glucose metabolism in Pycnoporus cinnabarinus.", "content": "It was demonstrated by the measurement of enzyme activities and by radiorespirometric assays that the basidiomycete Pycnoporus cinnabarinus metabolizes glucose through the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate cycle.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. It was demonstrated by the measurement of enzyme activities and by radiorespirometric assays that the basidiomycete Pycnoporus cinnabarinus metabolizes glucose through the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate cycle.", "PMID": 657013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7220", "title": "Improved production of citric acid by a diploid strain of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Aspergillus niger strain CGU 87 was treated with UV radiation and some auxotrophic mutants were obtained. These mutants were less productive than CGU 87, which produced an average of 7.4% citric acid. All possible crosses in pair wise combinations were carried out between these auxotrophs, and three heterokaryons were synthesised. Finally, one heterozygous diploid was isolated from each of them. These heterokaryons and diploids showed improved productivity when compared with their component parents, but except in one diploid D5, all others produced less citric acid than CGU 87. The yield of D5 exceeded that of CGU 87 by 1.2 times and it produced 9% citric acid. This is a significant improvement and the increased productivity seems to be the result of successful adaptation of D5 to its fermentation environment.", "contents": "Improved production of citric acid by a diploid strain of Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus niger strain CGU 87 was treated with UV radiation and some auxotrophic mutants were obtained. These mutants were less productive than CGU 87, which produced an average of 7.4% citric acid. All possible crosses in pair wise combinations were carried out between these auxotrophs, and three heterokaryons were synthesised. Finally, one heterozygous diploid was isolated from each of them. These heterokaryons and diploids showed improved productivity when compared with their component parents, but except in one diploid D5, all others produced less citric acid than CGU 87. The yield of D5 exceeded that of CGU 87 by 1.2 times and it produced 9% citric acid. This is a significant improvement and the increased productivity seems to be the result of successful adaptation of D5 to its fermentation environment.", "PMID": 657014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7221", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Between May 1976 and September 1977, 51 patients with severe psoriasis were treated with orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen followed by exposure to high-intensity long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation. Clearing of psoriasis occurred in 40 patients (78%) and marked improvement in 5 (10%). Of the remaining patients three (6%), who had generalized erythroderma, failed to respond to this therapy. The mean number of treatments required for clearing was 37.5. No serious side effects were noted clinically, by ophthalmologic examination or by laboratory testing. This therapy has some advantages over conventional types of treatment now used for severe psoriasis, but also has limitations. It appears to be an effective method of treatment for ambulatory patients. Further long-term follow-up studies are required to evaluate its side effects.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation. Between May 1976 and September 1977, 51 patients with severe psoriasis were treated with orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen followed by exposure to high-intensity long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation. Clearing of psoriasis occurred in 40 patients (78%) and marked improvement in 5 (10%). Of the remaining patients three (6%), who had generalized erythroderma, failed to respond to this therapy. The mean number of treatments required for clearing was 37.5. No serious side effects were noted clinically, by ophthalmologic examination or by laboratory testing. This therapy has some advantages over conventional types of treatment now used for severe psoriasis, but also has limitations. It appears to be an effective method of treatment for ambulatory patients. Further long-term follow-up studies are required to evaluate its side effects.", "PMID": 657030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7222", "title": "Relation of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and fetal asphyxia to respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.", "content": "In a group of 81 prematurely delivered infants the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was related to functional fetal lung maturity. Intrapartum fetal asphyxia occurred in 33% of the group. An association between fetal asphyxia and the development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the infant was observed. When pulmonary maturity was borderline according to the amniotic fluid assessment, intrapartum fetal asphyxia was associated with an increased risk for development of RDS in the infant.", "contents": "Relation of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and fetal asphyxia to respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. In a group of 81 prematurely delivered infants the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was related to functional fetal lung maturity. Intrapartum fetal asphyxia occurred in 33% of the group. An association between fetal asphyxia and the development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the infant was observed. When pulmonary maturity was borderline according to the amniotic fluid assessment, intrapartum fetal asphyxia was associated with an increased risk for development of RDS in the infant.", "PMID": 657031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7223", "title": "Use of a topical antibiotic spray in vaginal surgery.", "content": "During vaginal hysterectomy with or without colporrhaphy a topical aerosol spray containing neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate and zinc bacitracin was used in 50 patients to decrease the change of postoperative pelvic infection; a placebo spray was used in another 50 patients. All patients were treated preoperatively with povidone iodine and postoperatively with nitrofurantoin and an antibacterial irrigating solution for the bladder if catheter drainage was necessary. The frequency of postoperative pelvic infection was 16% in the group sprayed with the antibiotic combination and 34% in the group sprayed with the placebo, a significant difference (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Use of a topical antibiotic spray in vaginal surgery. During vaginal hysterectomy with or without colporrhaphy a topical aerosol spray containing neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate and zinc bacitracin was used in 50 patients to decrease the change of postoperative pelvic infection; a placebo spray was used in another 50 patients. All patients were treated preoperatively with povidone iodine and postoperatively with nitrofurantoin and an antibacterial irrigating solution for the bladder if catheter drainage was necessary. The frequency of postoperative pelvic infection was 16% in the group sprayed with the antibiotic combination and 34% in the group sprayed with the placebo, a significant difference (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 657032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7224", "title": "Cardiac conduction abnormalities and Stokes-Adams attacks in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Myotonic dystrophy is a well known cause of cardiomyopathy. While various cardiac conduction abnormalities have been described in patients with myotonic dystrophy, so far only sporadic cases of Stokes-Adams attacks have been reported. Of 27 patients with this disease various conduction disturbances were detected in 17 (63%), 5 of whom presented with Stokes-Adams attacks and were found to have intracardiac conduction defects. The prognosis in four of the five patients was greatly improved with permanent pacemaker implantation.", "contents": "Cardiac conduction abnormalities and Stokes-Adams attacks in myotonic dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy is a well known cause of cardiomyopathy. While various cardiac conduction abnormalities have been described in patients with myotonic dystrophy, so far only sporadic cases of Stokes-Adams attacks have been reported. Of 27 patients with this disease various conduction disturbances were detected in 17 (63%), 5 of whom presented with Stokes-Adams attacks and were found to have intracardiac conduction defects. The prognosis in four of the five patients was greatly improved with permanent pacemaker implantation.", "PMID": 657033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7225", "title": "Adverse biochemical and clinical consequences of furosemide administration.", "content": "Nurse monitors collected clinical and laboratory data from 204 hospitalized patients receiving furosemide (122 men and 82 women; mean age 69.6 years). Biochemical abnormalities and clinical problems definitely or probably induced by any drug occurred in 70.6% and 49.0% respectively of the patients, and were attributed to furosemide in 81.3% and 13.0% respectively of these patients. The most important clinical events were dehydration and hypotension. Furosemide-induced hypochloremia, hypokalemia and hyponatremia occurred in 35.8%, 25.0% and 24.5% of the patients respectively. Most of the biochemical changes were slight, and only 3.9% of the patients had a furosemide-induced decrease in the serum potassium concentration to less than 3.0 mmol/L. Surprisingly, 24.5% of the patients also manifested drug-induced hyperkalemia. Administration potassium supplements or spironolactone, or both, concurrently with furosemide was responsible in most cases for the development of hyperkalemia. The occurrence of drug-induced adverse effects after 2 weeks of hospitalization was significantly associated (P less than 0.05) with subsequent prolongation of hospitalization. The high frequency of drug-induced events warrants careful monitoring of all patients receiving furosemide in spite of the low frequency of serious toxic effects produced by the drug.", "contents": "Adverse biochemical and clinical consequences of furosemide administration. Nurse monitors collected clinical and laboratory data from 204 hospitalized patients receiving furosemide (122 men and 82 women; mean age 69.6 years). Biochemical abnormalities and clinical problems definitely or probably induced by any drug occurred in 70.6% and 49.0% respectively of the patients, and were attributed to furosemide in 81.3% and 13.0% respectively of these patients. The most important clinical events were dehydration and hypotension. Furosemide-induced hypochloremia, hypokalemia and hyponatremia occurred in 35.8%, 25.0% and 24.5% of the patients respectively. Most of the biochemical changes were slight, and only 3.9% of the patients had a furosemide-induced decrease in the serum potassium concentration to less than 3.0 mmol/L. Surprisingly, 24.5% of the patients also manifested drug-induced hyperkalemia. Administration potassium supplements or spironolactone, or both, concurrently with furosemide was responsible in most cases for the development of hyperkalemia. The occurrence of drug-induced adverse effects after 2 weeks of hospitalization was significantly associated (P less than 0.05) with subsequent prolongation of hospitalization. The high frequency of drug-induced events warrants careful monitoring of all patients receiving furosemide in spite of the low frequency of serious toxic effects produced by the drug.", "PMID": 657047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7226", "title": "Failure of diagnosis as a factor in tuberculosis mortality.", "content": "In British Columbia between January 1970 and December 1974 active tuberculosis was diagnosed only after death in 69 cases; this was more frequent for miliary tuberculosis (31% of reported cases) than for advanced pulmonary tuberculosis (3% of cases). Although 28% of the patients were more than 75 years old, some were much younger, and 38% of the latter were alcoholics. More than 50% of the patients had been hospitalized before death, for a mean of 14.5 days; they were most frequently thought to have pneumonia or cancer at the time of death. Clearly, increased awareness of the continuing presence of tuberculosis in our society is needed.", "contents": "Failure of diagnosis as a factor in tuberculosis mortality. In British Columbia between January 1970 and December 1974 active tuberculosis was diagnosed only after death in 69 cases; this was more frequent for miliary tuberculosis (31% of reported cases) than for advanced pulmonary tuberculosis (3% of cases). Although 28% of the patients were more than 75 years old, some were much younger, and 38% of the latter were alcoholics. More than 50% of the patients had been hospitalized before death, for a mean of 14.5 days; they were most frequently thought to have pneumonia or cancer at the time of death. Clearly, increased awareness of the continuing presence of tuberculosis in our society is needed.", "PMID": 657048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7227", "title": "Septicemia in children with leukemia.", "content": "A review of the hospital records of 164 children with leukemia diagnosed between January 1969 and December 1975 disclosed 51 episodes of septicemia in 43 patients; 57 infectious agents were isolated. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated as frequently as gram-negative bacteria, each type accounting for 45.6% of all the agents isolated. Only 2 of the 24 episodes of exclusively gram-positive septicemia were fatal, whereas 9 of the 23 episodes of exclusively gram-negative septicemia were fatal. The mean duration of neutropenia was 5.6 days in patients with gram-positive septicemia and 19.5 days in patients with gram-negative septicemia, a significant difference (P less than 0.01). Gram-positive septicemia was diagnosed after a mean of 5.9 days of hospitalization and gram-negative septicemia after a mean of 29.0 days, also a significant difference (P less than 0.001). In this exclusively pediatric population of leukemic patients gram-positive agents have to be considered as potential pathogens, and initial antibiotic therapy must be selected with this fact in mind.", "contents": "Septicemia in children with leukemia. A review of the hospital records of 164 children with leukemia diagnosed between January 1969 and December 1975 disclosed 51 episodes of septicemia in 43 patients; 57 infectious agents were isolated. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated as frequently as gram-negative bacteria, each type accounting for 45.6% of all the agents isolated. Only 2 of the 24 episodes of exclusively gram-positive septicemia were fatal, whereas 9 of the 23 episodes of exclusively gram-negative septicemia were fatal. The mean duration of neutropenia was 5.6 days in patients with gram-positive septicemia and 19.5 days in patients with gram-negative septicemia, a significant difference (P less than 0.01). Gram-positive septicemia was diagnosed after a mean of 5.9 days of hospitalization and gram-negative septicemia after a mean of 29.0 days, also a significant difference (P less than 0.001). In this exclusively pediatric population of leukemic patients gram-positive agents have to be considered as potential pathogens, and initial antibiotic therapy must be selected with this fact in mind.", "PMID": 657049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7228", "title": "Surveillance of the swine influenza vaccination program at the Royal Military College, Kingston.", "content": "In a prospective study symptoms appearing in a previously healthy population within 6 weeks after inoculation with monovalent swine influenza vaccine (A/New Jersey/76) were tabulated. Of the 703 persons (ranging in age from 17 to 55 years) participating in the follow-up 54% reported experiencing symptoms, usually within 24 hours of vaccination; the symptoms were usually minor and none of the participants displayed evidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "contents": "Surveillance of the swine influenza vaccination program at the Royal Military College, Kingston. In a prospective study symptoms appearing in a previously healthy population within 6 weeks after inoculation with monovalent swine influenza vaccine (A/New Jersey/76) were tabulated. Of the 703 persons (ranging in age from 17 to 55 years) participating in the follow-up 54% reported experiencing symptoms, usually within 24 hours of vaccination; the symptoms were usually minor and none of the participants displayed evidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "PMID": 657050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7229", "title": "The impact of a new geriatric program in a hospital for the chronically ill.", "content": "Reports of the rapidly increasing proportion of persons aged 65 years and more in Canada and the resultant need for changes in the country's health care system prompted experimental changes in the operation and training procedures at St. Mary's of the Lake Hospital, Kingston, Ont. Aimed at better patient care and at better education of medical house staff in geriatrics and long-term care, the revised program is permeated with the philosophy of rehabilitation. It includes full-time staff, a geriatric outpatient clinic, a day hospital, a team approach to patient care (with regular team audits), problem-oriented medical records, a formal physical medicine section with a district inpatient unit, and an intensive inservice education program. After the first year of the program patient outcome had improved and more efficient use was being made of continuing care beds because of larger numbers of patinets being discharged home after shorter stays. This may be one avenue for deceleration of our country's dismal rate of institutionalization.", "contents": "The impact of a new geriatric program in a hospital for the chronically ill. Reports of the rapidly increasing proportion of persons aged 65 years and more in Canada and the resultant need for changes in the country's health care system prompted experimental changes in the operation and training procedures at St. Mary's of the Lake Hospital, Kingston, Ont. Aimed at better patient care and at better education of medical house staff in geriatrics and long-term care, the revised program is permeated with the philosophy of rehabilitation. It includes full-time staff, a geriatric outpatient clinic, a day hospital, a team approach to patient care (with regular team audits), problem-oriented medical records, a formal physical medicine section with a district inpatient unit, and an intensive inservice education program. After the first year of the program patient outcome had improved and more efficient use was being made of continuing care beds because of larger numbers of patinets being discharged home after shorter stays. This may be one avenue for deceleration of our country's dismal rate of institutionalization.", "PMID": 657055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7230", "title": "Effectiveness of neonatal transport.", "content": "The condition of 259 infants transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Montreal Children's Hospital from Oct. 1, 1974 to Mar. 31, 1975 was evaluated. Their transport was provided by personnel and equipment from the Montreal Children's Hospital. When the transport team arrived at the referring hospital hypothermia (temperature of less than 36 degrees C) was present in 25.2% of the 163 infants for whom complete temperature measurements were available. Most (77.3%) of the infants were warmed during transport and only 3.1% arrived at the NICU with a temperature of less than 35 degrees C. The mortality was significantly higher in babies of all birth weight groups whose core temperature had been below the optimal temperature for survival (36 to 37 degrees C). It appears that the use of appropriate equipment and trained personnel can reduce the incidence of hypothermia and therefore the mortality in infants requiring transfer.", "contents": "Effectiveness of neonatal transport. The condition of 259 infants transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Montreal Children's Hospital from Oct. 1, 1974 to Mar. 31, 1975 was evaluated. Their transport was provided by personnel and equipment from the Montreal Children's Hospital. When the transport team arrived at the referring hospital hypothermia (temperature of less than 36 degrees C) was present in 25.2% of the 163 infants for whom complete temperature measurements were available. Most (77.3%) of the infants were warmed during transport and only 3.1% arrived at the NICU with a temperature of less than 35 degrees C. The mortality was significantly higher in babies of all birth weight groups whose core temperature had been below the optimal temperature for survival (36 to 37 degrees C). It appears that the use of appropriate equipment and trained personnel can reduce the incidence of hypothermia and therefore the mortality in infants requiring transfer.", "PMID": 657056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7231", "title": "Fetal exsanguination associated with antepartum hemorrhage.", "content": "Fetal bleeding in utero is infrequent. It is usually life-threatening but can be treated successfully in most cases if recognized early. Four cases are described and it is suggested that screening for fetal blood be done in all instances of antepartum hemorrhage.", "contents": "Fetal exsanguination associated with antepartum hemorrhage. Fetal bleeding in utero is infrequent. It is usually life-threatening but can be treated successfully in most cases if recognized early. Four cases are described and it is suggested that screening for fetal blood be done in all instances of antepartum hemorrhage.", "PMID": 657057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7232", "title": "Evaluation of three antibiotic programs in newborn infants.", "content": "Emergence of gram-negative bacteria resistnant to a number of antibiotics in intensive care nurseries for neonates emphasizes the need for alternatives in antibiotic combinations. One commonly used combination, gentamicin-ampicillin, and two newer combinations, tobramycin-cephalothin and amikacinampicillin, were evaluated prospectively in 60 newborns in such a nursery. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the above therapy groups. Dosages in mg/kg.d were 100 for ampicillin and cephalothin, 6 for gentamicin and tobramycin and 15 for amikacin. Aminoglycoside serum concentrations, clinical tolerance and toxicity were monitored. Aminoglycoside concentrations after intravenous administration of the drugs were within the expected range (gentamicin and tobramycin 4 to 6 microgram/mL and amikacin 15 to 20 microgram/mL). There was no hematologic, renal or hepatic toxicity attributable to antibiotic therapy and the combinations were tolerated equally; no bilirubin displacement was detected in vitro or in vivo.", "contents": "Evaluation of three antibiotic programs in newborn infants. Emergence of gram-negative bacteria resistnant to a number of antibiotics in intensive care nurseries for neonates emphasizes the need for alternatives in antibiotic combinations. One commonly used combination, gentamicin-ampicillin, and two newer combinations, tobramycin-cephalothin and amikacinampicillin, were evaluated prospectively in 60 newborns in such a nursery. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the above therapy groups. Dosages in mg/kg.d were 100 for ampicillin and cephalothin, 6 for gentamicin and tobramycin and 15 for amikacin. Aminoglycoside serum concentrations, clinical tolerance and toxicity were monitored. Aminoglycoside concentrations after intravenous administration of the drugs were within the expected range (gentamicin and tobramycin 4 to 6 microgram/mL and amikacin 15 to 20 microgram/mL). There was no hematologic, renal or hepatic toxicity attributable to antibiotic therapy and the combinations were tolerated equally; no bilirubin displacement was detected in vitro or in vivo.", "PMID": 657058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7233", "title": "Adriamycin in combination for the treatment of breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Patients with advanced breast cancer who had not previously received chemotherapy were treated on a three-arm prospective study: adriamycin day 1 plus 5-FU on day 1 and 8 (AF), adriamycin day 1, plus 5-FU day 1 and 8, and cyclophosphamide day 1 (AFC), and adriamycin day 1 plus 5-FU day 1 and 8, cyclophosphamide day 1 and methotrexate day 1 (AFCM). These courses were repeated every 21 days. The response rate was 44/105 (42%) AF, 44/103 (43%) AFC and 52/105 (49%) AFCM. The length of response was 22, 33 and 35 weeks, respectively, for AF, AFC and AFCM (P = 0.21). The median survival, 64 weeks, was equal in all three limbs. The major toxicity was leukopenia. Twenty-eight percent developed a WBC of less than 2,000/microliter, which resulted in seven deaths (2.2%).", "contents": "Adriamycin in combination for the treatment of breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Patients with advanced breast cancer who had not previously received chemotherapy were treated on a three-arm prospective study: adriamycin day 1 plus 5-FU on day 1 and 8 (AF), adriamycin day 1, plus 5-FU day 1 and 8, and cyclophosphamide day 1 (AFC), and adriamycin day 1 plus 5-FU day 1 and 8, cyclophosphamide day 1 and methotrexate day 1 (AFCM). These courses were repeated every 21 days. The response rate was 44/105 (42%) AF, 44/103 (43%) AFC and 52/105 (49%) AFCM. The length of response was 22, 33 and 35 weeks, respectively, for AF, AFC and AFCM (P = 0.21). The median survival, 64 weeks, was equal in all three limbs. The major toxicity was leukopenia. Twenty-eight percent developed a WBC of less than 2,000/microliter, which resulted in seven deaths (2.2%).", "PMID": 657081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7234", "title": "Surgical adjuvant chemotherapy: results with one short course with cyclophosphamide after mastectomy for breast cancer.", "content": "One single six-day course with cyclophosphamide (total dose 30 mg/kg) was given immediately after mastectomy to 507 breast cancer patients, with 519 randomized controls receiving no adjuvant chemotherapy. The control group now has 234 recurrences and 196 deaths, and the treatment group 175 recurrences and 146 deaths. The differences of 59 recurrences and 50 deaths in favour of the treatment group are significant with p values less than 0.001 and less than 0.01 respectively. The differences in recurrence rates increased gradually, reached 10.71% four years after mastectomy (p less than 0.001), and remained at the same level for another 6 years. The differences in death rates increased until 6 years after mastectomy, and was 10.48% after 10 years. With this pattern, the mechanism is probably not a delay in onset of clinical recurrences, but a definite reduction of recurrence rates due to tumoricidal chemotherapy. Prognostic factors or menstrual state had apparently no influence on the effect of this type of adjuvant chemotherapy. Side effects were of short duration and very moderate. Since there was a good effect in the prognostically most favourable groups of patients, treatment of such cases seems therefore also justified. The same chemotherapy course given 3 weeks after mastectomy seemed without effect.", "contents": "Surgical adjuvant chemotherapy: results with one short course with cyclophosphamide after mastectomy for breast cancer. One single six-day course with cyclophosphamide (total dose 30 mg/kg) was given immediately after mastectomy to 507 breast cancer patients, with 519 randomized controls receiving no adjuvant chemotherapy. The control group now has 234 recurrences and 196 deaths, and the treatment group 175 recurrences and 146 deaths. The differences of 59 recurrences and 50 deaths in favour of the treatment group are significant with p values less than 0.001 and less than 0.01 respectively. The differences in recurrence rates increased gradually, reached 10.71% four years after mastectomy (p less than 0.001), and remained at the same level for another 6 years. The differences in death rates increased until 6 years after mastectomy, and was 10.48% after 10 years. With this pattern, the mechanism is probably not a delay in onset of clinical recurrences, but a definite reduction of recurrence rates due to tumoricidal chemotherapy. Prognostic factors or menstrual state had apparently no influence on the effect of this type of adjuvant chemotherapy. Side effects were of short duration and very moderate. Since there was a good effect in the prognostically most favourable groups of patients, treatment of such cases seems therefore also justified. The same chemotherapy course given 3 weeks after mastectomy seemed without effect.", "PMID": 657082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7235", "title": "A correlation of serum C3DP levels with chemotherapeutic management of cancer patients.", "content": "Serial serum C3DP levels of 33 patients at our institution have been followed for up to 10 months. Individuals experiencing periods free of symptoms and signs of proliferating or expanding malignant disease, had C3DP levels which remained below 150 microgram/ml. Patients with active or recurrent disease, while on chemotherapy, had elevated C3DP values (greater than 150 microgram/ml). Serum C3DP values declined abruptly following treatment which resulted in major reduction of tumor mass. Decreases in C3DP levels from values above 150 microgram/ml to values within the normal range (50-150 microgram/ml) were observed during 89% (25/28) of the favorable clinical responses which have been followed with C3DP assays. Increases in C3DP levels from values within the normal range to values above 150 microgram/ml were observed either prior to or coordinate with clinical symptoms of disease recurrence 83% of the time (10/12 cases). These studies suggest that serial C3DP determinations offer an excellent prognostic aid for evaluating the response of malignant tumors during chemotherapeutic management.", "contents": "A correlation of serum C3DP levels with chemotherapeutic management of cancer patients. Serial serum C3DP levels of 33 patients at our institution have been followed for up to 10 months. Individuals experiencing periods free of symptoms and signs of proliferating or expanding malignant disease, had C3DP levels which remained below 150 microgram/ml. Patients with active or recurrent disease, while on chemotherapy, had elevated C3DP values (greater than 150 microgram/ml). Serum C3DP values declined abruptly following treatment which resulted in major reduction of tumor mass. Decreases in C3DP levels from values above 150 microgram/ml to values within the normal range (50-150 microgram/ml) were observed during 89% (25/28) of the favorable clinical responses which have been followed with C3DP assays. Increases in C3DP levels from values within the normal range to values above 150 microgram/ml were observed either prior to or coordinate with clinical symptoms of disease recurrence 83% of the time (10/12 cases). These studies suggest that serial C3DP determinations offer an excellent prognostic aid for evaluating the response of malignant tumors during chemotherapeutic management.", "PMID": 657083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7236", "title": "Combination hyperthermia and radiation therapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma.", "content": "The clinical studies were carried out to evaluate whether radiation combined with hyperthermia would evoke better local tumor control than that achieved with radiation alone. Using an inductive method of radiofrequency heating at 27.12 MHz and radiation therapy, 37 lesions in 14 patients were treated with heat alone, radiation alone and heat in combination with radiation. In patients who completed the planned course of the combined therapy with an adequate follow-up period of more than six months, 16 out of 18 lesions (in 9 patients) had a complete response, whereas only 1 out of 8 lesions (in 5 patients) had a permanent regression after radiation alone. The amount of radiation dose necessary to achieve a satisfactory tumor control in combination with radiofrequency heating has been 3000 rad (300 rad X 10 in 4 weeks) to 3200 rad (400 rad X 8 in 4 weeks). Importance of the temperature measurements of both tumor and the adjacent normal tissue is discussed.", "contents": "Combination hyperthermia and radiation therapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma. The clinical studies were carried out to evaluate whether radiation combined with hyperthermia would evoke better local tumor control than that achieved with radiation alone. Using an inductive method of radiofrequency heating at 27.12 MHz and radiation therapy, 37 lesions in 14 patients were treated with heat alone, radiation alone and heat in combination with radiation. In patients who completed the planned course of the combined therapy with an adequate follow-up period of more than six months, 16 out of 18 lesions (in 9 patients) had a complete response, whereas only 1 out of 8 lesions (in 5 patients) had a permanent regression after radiation alone. The amount of radiation dose necessary to achieve a satisfactory tumor control in combination with radiofrequency heating has been 3000 rad (300 rad X 10 in 4 weeks) to 3200 rad (400 rad X 8 in 4 weeks). Importance of the temperature measurements of both tumor and the adjacent normal tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 657086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7237", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity and lymphocytic transformation in patients with Hodgkin's disease and granulomas.", "content": "Noncaseating, sarcoid-like granulomas were found in the tissues of 9 out of 31 patients with Hodgkin's disease. In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in patients with and without granulomas and compared to a group of 20 normal controls. Hodgkin's disease patients of both groups showed a significantly reduced in vivo and in vitro response when compared to the control group. However, when patients in stages IIIB and IV were eliminated and patients in stages I, II, and IIIA examined separately, a positive skin test response to one or more antigens was elicited in 85.7% of patients with granulomas, while a markedly decreased-dose dependent response was observed in patients without granulomas. In vitro lymphocyte blastic transformation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was severely impaired in both groups of patients as determined by dose-responses curves. These results indicate that Hodgkin's disease patients with granulomas have a significantly better skin test response than those without granulomas.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity and lymphocytic transformation in patients with Hodgkin's disease and granulomas. Noncaseating, sarcoid-like granulomas were found in the tissues of 9 out of 31 patients with Hodgkin's disease. In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in patients with and without granulomas and compared to a group of 20 normal controls. Hodgkin's disease patients of both groups showed a significantly reduced in vivo and in vitro response when compared to the control group. However, when patients in stages IIIB and IV were eliminated and patients in stages I, II, and IIIA examined separately, a positive skin test response to one or more antigens was elicited in 85.7% of patients with granulomas, while a markedly decreased-dose dependent response was observed in patients without granulomas. In vitro lymphocyte blastic transformation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was severely impaired in both groups of patients as determined by dose-responses curves. These results indicate that Hodgkin's disease patients with granulomas have a significantly better skin test response than those without granulomas.", "PMID": 657087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7238", "title": "Electron and immunoelectron microscopic study of thyroidal medullary carcinoma.", "content": "A correlated light, immunofluorescent, electron and immunoelectron microscopic study on the histogenesis and immunochemical nature of the tumor amyloid in medullary carcinoma of thyroid (MCT) was performed. The light microscopic finding of cytoplasmic inclusions in tumor cells was related ultrastructurally to a unique form of cellular degeneration composed of particulate and fibrillar matters, which could be the precursor of amyloid deposits. The immunofluorescent staining revealed calcitonin in tumor cells and in portions of amyloid. Ultrastructurally, the storage granules were morphologically heterogeneous and contained variable amount of immunoreactive calcitonin. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated disintegration of the granules with apparent discharge of calcitonin into the matrix of the above-mentioned particulate and fibrillary mass. Immunoreactive calcitonin was not shown on the mature amyloid fibrils nor in most of the granular matters closely associated with the amyloid. The results indicate that the amyloid in MCT, though related to the secretory products of the tumor cells, may not represent the hormonally active calcitonin molecule.", "contents": "Electron and immunoelectron microscopic study of thyroidal medullary carcinoma. A correlated light, immunofluorescent, electron and immunoelectron microscopic study on the histogenesis and immunochemical nature of the tumor amyloid in medullary carcinoma of thyroid (MCT) was performed. The light microscopic finding of cytoplasmic inclusions in tumor cells was related ultrastructurally to a unique form of cellular degeneration composed of particulate and fibrillar matters, which could be the precursor of amyloid deposits. The immunofluorescent staining revealed calcitonin in tumor cells and in portions of amyloid. Ultrastructurally, the storage granules were morphologically heterogeneous and contained variable amount of immunoreactive calcitonin. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated disintegration of the granules with apparent discharge of calcitonin into the matrix of the above-mentioned particulate and fibrillary mass. Immunoreactive calcitonin was not shown on the mature amyloid fibrils nor in most of the granular matters closely associated with the amyloid. The results indicate that the amyloid in MCT, though related to the secretory products of the tumor cells, may not represent the hormonally active calcitonin molecule.", "PMID": 657088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7239", "title": "A qualitative and quantitative study of monocytes in patients with malignant solid tumors.", "content": "Monocytes from 21 patients with cancer of the lung and cancer of the prostate were studied prior to treatment. The absolute circulating monocyte count, serum lysozyme levels and monocyte IgG surface receptors were normal at all stages of the disease. Monocyte chemotaxis was defective in 45% of the patients. Serum chemotatic factor inactivator(s) that inhibit chemotaxis of normal monocytes were detected in 90% of the patients. In two of four patients the chemotactic factor(s) disappeared following surgical removal of localized tumors. The results of the chemotaxis studies may explain the data of defective delayed hypersensitivity reactions frequently seen in patients with malignancies. The defective chemotaxis and the presence of chemotatic factor inactivator(s) may interfere with the ability of monocytes to accumulate as macrophages in tumor sites.", "contents": "A qualitative and quantitative study of monocytes in patients with malignant solid tumors. Monocytes from 21 patients with cancer of the lung and cancer of the prostate were studied prior to treatment. The absolute circulating monocyte count, serum lysozyme levels and monocyte IgG surface receptors were normal at all stages of the disease. Monocyte chemotaxis was defective in 45% of the patients. Serum chemotatic factor inactivator(s) that inhibit chemotaxis of normal monocytes were detected in 90% of the patients. In two of four patients the chemotactic factor(s) disappeared following surgical removal of localized tumors. The results of the chemotaxis studies may explain the data of defective delayed hypersensitivity reactions frequently seen in patients with malignancies. The defective chemotaxis and the presence of chemotatic factor inactivator(s) may interfere with the ability of monocytes to accumulate as macrophages in tumor sites.", "PMID": 657089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7240", "title": "Hemidesmosome-like intercellular specializations in human meningiomas.", "content": "Desmosomes, gap junctions and tight junctions are intercellular specializations which have been described in human meningiomas. We report, in five of five meningiomas, including a pulmonary metastasis from a malignant intracranial meningioma, a fourth type of intercellular specialization which is similar to but not identical with the hemidesmosome of the epidermis. Idential intercellular specializations have been described between arachnoidal cells, but not between dural fibroblasts. The presence of the junction in human meningeal neoplasms of diverse histologic pattern supports the origin of the meningioma from arachnoidal epithelium. The consistent occurrence of these structures in a pulmonary metastasis as well as benign intracranial tumors suggests that they may be a useful morphologic marker in the differential diagnosis of putative extracranial metastatic meningiomas.", "contents": "Hemidesmosome-like intercellular specializations in human meningiomas. Desmosomes, gap junctions and tight junctions are intercellular specializations which have been described in human meningiomas. We report, in five of five meningiomas, including a pulmonary metastasis from a malignant intracranial meningioma, a fourth type of intercellular specialization which is similar to but not identical with the hemidesmosome of the epidermis. Idential intercellular specializations have been described between arachnoidal cells, but not between dural fibroblasts. The presence of the junction in human meningeal neoplasms of diverse histologic pattern supports the origin of the meningioma from arachnoidal epithelium. The consistent occurrence of these structures in a pulmonary metastasis as well as benign intracranial tumors suggests that they may be a useful morphologic marker in the differential diagnosis of putative extracranial metastatic meningiomas.", "PMID": 657090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7241", "title": "Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a review of 84 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Eighty-four cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid were reviewed. This is a swiftly growing, and rapidly fatal neoplasm that generally develops in the elderly. Treatment of this disease was generally unsuccessful with a 7.1% five-year survival rate and a mean survival period of 6.2 months from the time of tissue diagnosis. In the majority of cases, areas of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma could be identified, supporting the concept that spindle and giant cell carcinoma results from the transformation of preexisting well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Because of the aggressive biologic activity of this neoplasm, we treat all cases as disseminated disease at the time of presentation. Our best therapeutic results have been obtained with a combination of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy; however, these results still leave much to be desired. Patients with only small foci of spindle and giant cell carcinoma, at the time of diagnosis, may have a better chance of prolonged survival.", "contents": "Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a review of 84 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Eighty-four cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid were reviewed. This is a swiftly growing, and rapidly fatal neoplasm that generally develops in the elderly. Treatment of this disease was generally unsuccessful with a 7.1% five-year survival rate and a mean survival period of 6.2 months from the time of tissue diagnosis. In the majority of cases, areas of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma could be identified, supporting the concept that spindle and giant cell carcinoma results from the transformation of preexisting well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Because of the aggressive biologic activity of this neoplasm, we treat all cases as disseminated disease at the time of presentation. Our best therapeutic results have been obtained with a combination of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy; however, these results still leave much to be desired. Patients with only small foci of spindle and giant cell carcinoma, at the time of diagnosis, may have a better chance of prolonged survival.", "PMID": 657091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7242", "title": "Mechanisms of hypercalcemia in malignancy.", "content": "Various hormones have been implicated in the genesis of hypercalcemia in patients with malignancy. Ectopic secretion of PTH by tumor has been documented in only a few patients; rather, elevated levels of circulating iPTH have been presumed to reflect tumor production of hormone in most patients. Small fragments of PTH, as well as polypeptides larger than native PTH, have been described; their biological roles are unclear. The pattern of immunoreactivity, however, has been used to differentiate patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism from patients with concomitant primary hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin D-like sterols produced by breast cancer seldom reach plasma levels necessary for physiological effects. Members of the prostaglandin family have been proposed to induce hypercalcemia through osteoclast activation or alteration of the immune system and also to affect the frequency of bone metastases. At present, no direct evidence is available to prove a direct role for these effects and prostaglandins are most useful as possible indicators of disease activity.", "contents": "Mechanisms of hypercalcemia in malignancy. Various hormones have been implicated in the genesis of hypercalcemia in patients with malignancy. Ectopic secretion of PTH by tumor has been documented in only a few patients; rather, elevated levels of circulating iPTH have been presumed to reflect tumor production of hormone in most patients. Small fragments of PTH, as well as polypeptides larger than native PTH, have been described; their biological roles are unclear. The pattern of immunoreactivity, however, has been used to differentiate patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism from patients with concomitant primary hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin D-like sterols produced by breast cancer seldom reach plasma levels necessary for physiological effects. Members of the prostaglandin family have been proposed to induce hypercalcemia through osteoclast activation or alteration of the immune system and also to affect the frequency of bone metastases. At present, no direct evidence is available to prove a direct role for these effects and prostaglandins are most useful as possible indicators of disease activity.", "PMID": 657092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7243", "title": "Subretinal fluid examination of LDH, PGI, and CEA in a case of metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma of the choroid.", "content": "A 58-year-old white male with a history of bronchogenic carcinoma presented with a total retinal detachment overlying a choroidal metastasis. His main tumor burden had been extirpated by pneumonectomy followed by radiation therapy four months prior to admission. With the development of a painful, glaucomatous eye, unresponsive to conventional therapy, enucleation was performed. Histologic examination of the enucleated globe revealed a metastatic tumor to the choroid, consistent with primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Aqueous humor and plasma examination revealed elevated ratios (Aqueous humor:Plasma) of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). Furthermore, subretinal fluid examination demonstrated concentrations of LDH and PGI higher than aqueous humor. While the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the plasma was normal (less than 2.5 ng/ml) following pneumonectomy, it was 121 ng/ml in the subretinal fluid. This would suggest that a choroidal lesion alone, in the absence of a clinically detectable primary tumor, is insufficient to elevate the plasma CEA.", "contents": "Subretinal fluid examination of LDH, PGI, and CEA in a case of metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma of the choroid. A 58-year-old white male with a history of bronchogenic carcinoma presented with a total retinal detachment overlying a choroidal metastasis. His main tumor burden had been extirpated by pneumonectomy followed by radiation therapy four months prior to admission. With the development of a painful, glaucomatous eye, unresponsive to conventional therapy, enucleation was performed. Histologic examination of the enucleated globe revealed a metastatic tumor to the choroid, consistent with primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Aqueous humor and plasma examination revealed elevated ratios (Aqueous humor:Plasma) of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). Furthermore, subretinal fluid examination demonstrated concentrations of LDH and PGI higher than aqueous humor. While the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the plasma was normal (less than 2.5 ng/ml) following pneumonectomy, it was 121 ng/ml in the subretinal fluid. This would suggest that a choroidal lesion alone, in the absence of a clinically detectable primary tumor, is insufficient to elevate the plasma CEA.", "PMID": 657094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7244", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma: an autopsy study.", "content": "An autopsy study of 26 cases of Ewing's sarcoma treated with radiation to the primary site plus adjuvant chemotherapy has shown metastatic tumor in 23 cases. Metastases were found typically in lungs, pleura, bones and regional lymph nodes. In three cases no tumor could be found at autopsy, and death was due to complications of treatment. Tumor was found in the irradiated primary site in 13 of the 20 cases in which the primary site was examined at autopsy. Histologically, the tumor at autopsy frequently had increased pleomorphism and increased numbers of bizarre giant cells; however, these changes did not affect the presence of glycogen in tumor cells, thus reaffirming the importance of intracytoplasmic glycogen in the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma: an autopsy study. An autopsy study of 26 cases of Ewing's sarcoma treated with radiation to the primary site plus adjuvant chemotherapy has shown metastatic tumor in 23 cases. Metastases were found typically in lungs, pleura, bones and regional lymph nodes. In three cases no tumor could be found at autopsy, and death was due to complications of treatment. Tumor was found in the irradiated primary site in 13 of the 20 cases in which the primary site was examined at autopsy. Histologically, the tumor at autopsy frequently had increased pleomorphism and increased numbers of bizarre giant cells; however, these changes did not affect the presence of glycogen in tumor cells, thus reaffirming the importance of intracytoplasmic glycogen in the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma.", "PMID": 657096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7245", "title": "Increased in vitro tetraploidy: tissue specific within the heritable colorectal cancer syndromes with polyposis coli.", "content": "In vivo expression of human hereditary tumors are known to be tissue specific; in familial polyposis coli the genotype is expressed solely as colonic polyps that become malignant and in the Gardner syndrome as extracolonic connective tissue tumors and related neoplasms in addition to such colonic lesions. In vitro such tissue specificity was also seen in these 2 syndromes. Increased tetraploidy has been observed only in those cultures derived from tissues, which although appearing normal in the patient, were known to undergo malignant transformation in vivo based on clinical phenotypes and family histories: colonic mucosa in familial polyposis coli, skin and colonic mucosa in the Gardner syndrome. Cultures established from tissues known not to show neoplastic growth or from benign tumors (fibromas, sebaceous cysts and lipomas) did not show increased tetraploidy. Increased tetraploidy in cultures established from these 2 syndromes did not identify all cultured cells with either mutant genotype or those cells showing abnormal benign growths in vivo but rather only in those that are known to undergo malignant transformation in vivo in both syndromes. Such observations suggested that in these 2 syndromes there was a population of tetraploid cells, at least in culture, constantly present which may be relevant to the multi-step process of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Increased in vitro tetraploidy: tissue specific within the heritable colorectal cancer syndromes with polyposis coli. In vivo expression of human hereditary tumors are known to be tissue specific; in familial polyposis coli the genotype is expressed solely as colonic polyps that become malignant and in the Gardner syndrome as extracolonic connective tissue tumors and related neoplasms in addition to such colonic lesions. In vitro such tissue specificity was also seen in these 2 syndromes. Increased tetraploidy has been observed only in those cultures derived from tissues, which although appearing normal in the patient, were known to undergo malignant transformation in vivo based on clinical phenotypes and family histories: colonic mucosa in familial polyposis coli, skin and colonic mucosa in the Gardner syndrome. Cultures established from tissues known not to show neoplastic growth or from benign tumors (fibromas, sebaceous cysts and lipomas) did not show increased tetraploidy. Increased tetraploidy in cultures established from these 2 syndromes did not identify all cultured cells with either mutant genotype or those cells showing abnormal benign growths in vivo but rather only in those that are known to undergo malignant transformation in vivo in both syndromes. Such observations suggested that in these 2 syndromes there was a population of tetraploid cells, at least in culture, constantly present which may be relevant to the multi-step process of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 657097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7246", "title": "Gastric cancer in a coal mining region.", "content": "A significant excess incidence of gastric cancer was previously reported in the coal mining counties of Utah for 1965-1969. A repeat study for the period 1970-1975 showed the rates to be close to expectation and are in line with the slight excess mortality reported by Creagan et al. from United States coal mining counties. A cluster of 12 cases out of 43 reported for the 11-year period occurred in 1965. Cases during 1966-1975 appear to have occurred at random by year. The previous suggestion that the high incidence of gastric cancer in Carbon and Emery Counties could be related to frequent exposure to coal-carrying hydrocarbons appears to be unwarranted.", "contents": "Gastric cancer in a coal mining region. A significant excess incidence of gastric cancer was previously reported in the coal mining counties of Utah for 1965-1969. A repeat study for the period 1970-1975 showed the rates to be close to expectation and are in line with the slight excess mortality reported by Creagan et al. from United States coal mining counties. A cluster of 12 cases out of 43 reported for the 11-year period occurred in 1965. Cases during 1966-1975 appear to have occurred at random by year. The previous suggestion that the high incidence of gastric cancer in Carbon and Emery Counties could be related to frequent exposure to coal-carrying hydrocarbons appears to be unwarranted.", "PMID": 657098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7247", "title": "Cardiac candidiasis in cancer patients.", "content": "Histologically proven infection of the heart by Candida organisms occurred in 17 (10%) of 168 cancer patients with candidiasis studied at necropsy. All 17 patients were among the 85 patients with disseminated Candida infection; none of the 83 patients with localized candidiasis had involvement of the heart. Abscesses in the myocardium were present by histologic examination in all 17 patients and in 8 were evident on gross inspection as well. The mural endocardium was also affected in 5 patients from direct extension of a myocardial abscess. The valves were uninvolved. Pericardial infection was detected in 2 patients. The 17 patients with cardiac Candida infection had a higher frequency of positive premortem blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and of presence of Candida in the heart's blood than did the 68 patients with disseminated candidiasis but without involvement of the heart. Symptoms or signs of cardiac dysfunction resulting from the cardiac Candida infection were not readily detected in any patient. The clinical and pathologic features of cardiac candidiasis in cancer patients are distinct from those observed in Candida endocarditis.", "contents": "Cardiac candidiasis in cancer patients. Histologically proven infection of the heart by Candida organisms occurred in 17 (10%) of 168 cancer patients with candidiasis studied at necropsy. All 17 patients were among the 85 patients with disseminated Candida infection; none of the 83 patients with localized candidiasis had involvement of the heart. Abscesses in the myocardium were present by histologic examination in all 17 patients and in 8 were evident on gross inspection as well. The mural endocardium was also affected in 5 patients from direct extension of a myocardial abscess. The valves were uninvolved. Pericardial infection was detected in 2 patients. The 17 patients with cardiac Candida infection had a higher frequency of positive premortem blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and of presence of Candida in the heart's blood than did the 68 patients with disseminated candidiasis but without involvement of the heart. Symptoms or signs of cardiac dysfunction resulting from the cardiac Candida infection were not readily detected in any patient. The clinical and pathologic features of cardiac candidiasis in cancer patients are distinct from those observed in Candida endocarditis.", "PMID": 657099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7248", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: an analysis of 122 cases from Argentina.", "content": "One hundred twenty two children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied from January 1966 to December 1975. The first group (1966-1972) did not receive an uniform treatment. The second group (1973-1975) entered in a G.A.T.L.A. protocol consisting of: vincristine-prednisone plus surgery and/or radiotherapy as induction treatment, craniocervical radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate as CNS preventive treatment and anti-leukemia (6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and vincristine-prednisone pulses) or anti-lymphoma (COPP) treatment as maintenance, in a randomized trial. Comparison of survival of the two groups are as follows: series 1966-1972, 22% and 20% at 12 and 24 months of evolution, respectively, and series 1973-1975, 33% and 26% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. After 2 years of complete remission we have not seen any relapse. We conclude that 1) this disease is highly malignant and must be treated with more intensive chemotherapeutic treatment, and 2) there is no difference between antileukemia or anti-lymphoma maintenance treatment, as yet.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: an analysis of 122 cases from Argentina. One hundred twenty two children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied from January 1966 to December 1975. The first group (1966-1972) did not receive an uniform treatment. The second group (1973-1975) entered in a G.A.T.L.A. protocol consisting of: vincristine-prednisone plus surgery and/or radiotherapy as induction treatment, craniocervical radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate as CNS preventive treatment and anti-leukemia (6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and vincristine-prednisone pulses) or anti-lymphoma (COPP) treatment as maintenance, in a randomized trial. Comparison of survival of the two groups are as follows: series 1966-1972, 22% and 20% at 12 and 24 months of evolution, respectively, and series 1973-1975, 33% and 26% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. After 2 years of complete remission we have not seen any relapse. We conclude that 1) this disease is highly malignant and must be treated with more intensive chemotherapeutic treatment, and 2) there is no difference between antileukemia or anti-lymphoma maintenance treatment, as yet.", "PMID": 657100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7249", "title": "Contacts among patients with hematological malignancies.", "content": "A survey was carried out in 2 country areas of New South Wales with the aim of defining contacts among patients with lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma, and of determining whether these were more numerous than among matched controls from the same localities. Cases were identified from records of the N.S.W. Central Cancer Registry and of local doctors and hospitals. 184 cases were found, corresponding to the expected number, and 145 patients, as well as the same number of controls, were interviewed. Of the 290 patients and controls surveyed 111 (38.3%) had had one or more contacts with other patients or controls (37.9% of patients and 38.6% of controls). There were 24 case-case pairs involving contacts among 33 individual patients, 23 control-control pairs involving 36 individuals, and 38 case-control pairs involving 66 individuals. A statistical analysis using a weighting system showed that numbers, closeness and duration of contacts among patients and patients did not differ significantly from those expected. These results thus provide no evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the diseases were transmitted from patient to patient in the survey areas.", "contents": "Contacts among patients with hematological malignancies. A survey was carried out in 2 country areas of New South Wales with the aim of defining contacts among patients with lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma, and of determining whether these were more numerous than among matched controls from the same localities. Cases were identified from records of the N.S.W. Central Cancer Registry and of local doctors and hospitals. 184 cases were found, corresponding to the expected number, and 145 patients, as well as the same number of controls, were interviewed. Of the 290 patients and controls surveyed 111 (38.3%) had had one or more contacts with other patients or controls (37.9% of patients and 38.6% of controls). There were 24 case-case pairs involving contacts among 33 individual patients, 23 control-control pairs involving 36 individuals, and 38 case-control pairs involving 66 individuals. A statistical analysis using a weighting system showed that numbers, closeness and duration of contacts among patients and patients did not differ significantly from those expected. These results thus provide no evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the diseases were transmitted from patient to patient in the survey areas.", "PMID": 657101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7250", "title": "Diagnostic tests and Hodgkin's disease: a standardized approach to their evaluation.", "content": "We have analyzed a series of 124 young men with Hodgkin's Disease in an attempt to clarify the role of non-invasive tests in the staging evaluation. Data are presented in a way which permits comparison between series and application of the data to decision-making models. Analysis of the data shows our patients to have had primarily limited (stage I and II) disease. In our hands certain tests were quite accurate in predicting the absence of abdominal disease (lymphangiography, hepatic scintigraphy) as determined by laparotomy, but no study appeared to eliminate the need for laparotomy in this group. Data from several other large series are also presented in the same format. The data demonstrate a large variability between institutions in the predictive value of a positive lymphangiogram. Other studies, such as splenic scintigrams, appear to have more consistent predictive values. We encourage further use of this type of data presentation.", "contents": "Diagnostic tests and Hodgkin's disease: a standardized approach to their evaluation. We have analyzed a series of 124 young men with Hodgkin's Disease in an attempt to clarify the role of non-invasive tests in the staging evaluation. Data are presented in a way which permits comparison between series and application of the data to decision-making models. Analysis of the data shows our patients to have had primarily limited (stage I and II) disease. In our hands certain tests were quite accurate in predicting the absence of abdominal disease (lymphangiography, hepatic scintigraphy) as determined by laparotomy, but no study appeared to eliminate the need for laparotomy in this group. Data from several other large series are also presented in the same format. The data demonstrate a large variability between institutions in the predictive value of a positive lymphangiogram. Other studies, such as splenic scintigrams, appear to have more consistent predictive values. We encourage further use of this type of data presentation.", "PMID": 657102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7251", "title": "Cowden's disease: a cutaneous marker of breast cancer.", "content": "Cowden's diseases features facial trichilemmomas (a benign tumor of follicular epithelium), acral keratoses on the limbs, and oral mucosal papillomas and fibromas; it may also involve thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, uterus, and breasts. Among 32 known cases of Cowden's disease, 21 are women, in 10 of whom breast cancer has already developed (bilateral in 4). The 11 women in whom breast cancer has not yet developed have fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, virginal hypertrophy of the breast, and malformations of nipples and areolae. Their median age is only 36 years. Two have mothers with breast cancer and in one both mother and maternal grandmother had breast cancer. Dermatologic lesions, including pathognomonic multiple facial trichilemmomas, precede the development of malignancy and can identify women with ahigh risk of developing breast cancer.", "contents": "Cowden's disease: a cutaneous marker of breast cancer. Cowden's diseases features facial trichilemmomas (a benign tumor of follicular epithelium), acral keratoses on the limbs, and oral mucosal papillomas and fibromas; it may also involve thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, uterus, and breasts. Among 32 known cases of Cowden's disease, 21 are women, in 10 of whom breast cancer has already developed (bilateral in 4). The 11 women in whom breast cancer has not yet developed have fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, virginal hypertrophy of the breast, and malformations of nipples and areolae. Their median age is only 36 years. Two have mothers with breast cancer and in one both mother and maternal grandmother had breast cancer. Dermatologic lesions, including pathognomonic multiple facial trichilemmomas, precede the development of malignancy and can identify women with ahigh risk of developing breast cancer.", "PMID": 657103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7252", "title": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of malignant lesions in and around the pancreas.", "content": "A simple method of percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of malignant lesions in and around the pancreas following radiological localization is described. Biopsy was performed in 28 patients. Twenty-three were eventually considered to have malignant disease and biopsy was positive in 19 of these (83%), including 16 of 18 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas (89%). One patient developed an exacerbation of pancreatitis following the procedure. Surgery became unnecessary in 5 of the 18 patients with positive biopsies. From these results and from a review of the literature on percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy, we believe that this is a simple, relatively painless, reasonably safe and reliable method of obtaining a preoperative diagnosis and advocate the procedure as desirable in all patients in whom malignant disease is suspected and can be localized radiologically.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of malignant lesions in and around the pancreas. A simple method of percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of malignant lesions in and around the pancreas following radiological localization is described. Biopsy was performed in 28 patients. Twenty-three were eventually considered to have malignant disease and biopsy was positive in 19 of these (83%), including 16 of 18 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas (89%). One patient developed an exacerbation of pancreatitis following the procedure. Surgery became unnecessary in 5 of the 18 patients with positive biopsies. From these results and from a review of the literature on percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy, we believe that this is a simple, relatively painless, reasonably safe and reliable method of obtaining a preoperative diagnosis and advocate the procedure as desirable in all patients in whom malignant disease is suspected and can be localized radiologically.", "PMID": 657105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7253", "title": "Production of bone resorbing activity in poorly differentiated monocytic malignancy.", "content": "A patient with poorly differentiated monocytic malignancy had extensive lytic lesions of bone and hypercalcemia. The patient's bone margins showed little evidence of osteoclast activity. Serum parathormone concentrations were slightly increased relative to the degree of hypercalcemia, consistent with impaired renal function. Serum concentrations of the relevant prostaglandins were normal. Supernatant medium from cultured tumor cells caused prominent bone resorption in vitro. The studies on this patient provide evidence that malignant cells of the monocyte-macrophage line are capable of direct bone resorption.", "contents": "Production of bone resorbing activity in poorly differentiated monocytic malignancy. A patient with poorly differentiated monocytic malignancy had extensive lytic lesions of bone and hypercalcemia. The patient's bone margins showed little evidence of osteoclast activity. Serum parathormone concentrations were slightly increased relative to the degree of hypercalcemia, consistent with impaired renal function. Serum concentrations of the relevant prostaglandins were normal. Supernatant medium from cultured tumor cells caused prominent bone resorption in vitro. The studies on this patient provide evidence that malignant cells of the monocyte-macrophage line are capable of direct bone resorption.", "PMID": 657106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7254", "title": "Synchronous malignant glandular schwannomas in congenital neurofibromatosis.", "content": "An eight-year-old child with congenital neurofibromatosis developed rapidly growing synchronous malignant schwannomas in the neck and mediastinum. These tumors, displaying a biphasic pattern of spindle cell sarcoma admixed with mucinous epithelium, represent the eighth and ninth known examples of glandular schwannoma. The clinical and pathological features of this case are detailed and the histogenesis of the tumors discussed.", "contents": "Synchronous malignant glandular schwannomas in congenital neurofibromatosis. An eight-year-old child with congenital neurofibromatosis developed rapidly growing synchronous malignant schwannomas in the neck and mediastinum. These tumors, displaying a biphasic pattern of spindle cell sarcoma admixed with mucinous epithelium, represent the eighth and ninth known examples of glandular schwannoma. The clinical and pathological features of this case are detailed and the histogenesis of the tumors discussed.", "PMID": 657107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7255", "title": "Intralesional treatment of recurrent metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma: a randomized prospective study of intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus intralesional dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Eighteen patients with multiple recurrences of malignant melanoma without evident distant spread were randomly assigned to treatment with either intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or intralesional dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Both agents were able to destroy approximately 90% of the injected intradermal nodules. Intradermal disease was more easily obliterated than subcutaneous disease with intralesional treatment with either agent, and local control of satellitosis with elimination of all clinically evident tumor was achieved in the patients who had intradermal without subcutaneous satellitosis, regardless of whether the patient was receiving BCG or DNCB. The clinical courses of the treated patients were essentially the same. Although PHA reactivity was depressed, the patients in both groups were responsive to recall and melanoma skin test antigens, demonstrated leukocyte migration inhibition with melanoma antigen and were generally within normal limits when assayed for 29 degrees C E rosettes. Our study demonstrated a dramatic difference in toxicity between the two intralesional agents without a similar difference in therapeutic efficacy or immune testing.", "contents": "Intralesional treatment of recurrent metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma: a randomized prospective study of intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus intralesional dinitrochlorobenzene. Eighteen patients with multiple recurrences of malignant melanoma without evident distant spread were randomly assigned to treatment with either intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or intralesional dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Both agents were able to destroy approximately 90% of the injected intradermal nodules. Intradermal disease was more easily obliterated than subcutaneous disease with intralesional treatment with either agent, and local control of satellitosis with elimination of all clinically evident tumor was achieved in the patients who had intradermal without subcutaneous satellitosis, regardless of whether the patient was receiving BCG or DNCB. The clinical courses of the treated patients were essentially the same. Although PHA reactivity was depressed, the patients in both groups were responsive to recall and melanoma skin test antigens, demonstrated leukocyte migration inhibition with melanoma antigen and were generally within normal limits when assayed for 29 degrees C E rosettes. Our study demonstrated a dramatic difference in toxicity between the two intralesional agents without a similar difference in therapeutic efficacy or immune testing.", "PMID": 657108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7256", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in Jewish women: a distinct epidemiological entity.", "content": "During an 11-year period, 532 Jewish women with invasive cancer of the uterine cervix were diagnosed in Israel. Of these, 441 (82.9%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SUC) and 52 (9.8%) had adenocarcinoma (AUC). Different characteristics were noted for these two histological categories with regard to age, ethnic distribution, and chronological time trends. The ratio between AUC and SUC differed considerably between the various ethnic groups, ranging from about 1:6 in the Asian and European born to less than 1:14 in the North African. This indicates that the relatively higher incidence of AUC in Israeli Jewish women is limited to those ethnic groups that have a low risk for cervical cancer. The different patterns of SUC and AUC in the population support the contention of a varying etiology.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in Jewish women: a distinct epidemiological entity. During an 11-year period, 532 Jewish women with invasive cancer of the uterine cervix were diagnosed in Israel. Of these, 441 (82.9%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SUC) and 52 (9.8%) had adenocarcinoma (AUC). Different characteristics were noted for these two histological categories with regard to age, ethnic distribution, and chronological time trends. The ratio between AUC and SUC differed considerably between the various ethnic groups, ranging from about 1:6 in the Asian and European born to less than 1:14 in the North African. This indicates that the relatively higher incidence of AUC in Israeli Jewish women is limited to those ethnic groups that have a low risk for cervical cancer. The different patterns of SUC and AUC in the population support the contention of a varying etiology.", "PMID": 657109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7257", "title": "Familial intraocular malignant melanoma: a case report.", "content": "A family with histopathologically proven intraocular malignant melanoma involving two generations is reported. A member of third generation was likely involved by history. Intraocular malignant melanoma, its familial occurrence, its occurrence with multiple malignancies, and its relationship to multiple malignancies occurring in a family are discussed.", "contents": "Familial intraocular malignant melanoma: a case report. A family with histopathologically proven intraocular malignant melanoma involving two generations is reported. A member of third generation was likely involved by history. Intraocular malignant melanoma, its familial occurrence, its occurrence with multiple malignancies, and its relationship to multiple malignancies occurring in a family are discussed.", "PMID": 657110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7258", "title": "Metastasis via the blood stream: the method of intravasation of tumor cells in a transplantable melanoma of the hamster.", "content": "Tumor cells entered the vascular compartment of transplantable amelanotic melanoma of the hasmster 3 days after transplantation, closely following vascularization of the transplant. Examination of the tortuous giant capillaries at the edge of the transplant showed tumor cells breaching the thin endothelium of these vessels. Extravasation of red cells into the surrounding tumor tissue and attempted haemostasis by small platelet aggregates attached to the vessel walls were also found.", "contents": "Metastasis via the blood stream: the method of intravasation of tumor cells in a transplantable melanoma of the hamster. Tumor cells entered the vascular compartment of transplantable amelanotic melanoma of the hasmster 3 days after transplantation, closely following vascularization of the transplant. Examination of the tortuous giant capillaries at the edge of the transplant showed tumor cells breaching the thin endothelium of these vessels. Extravasation of red cells into the surrounding tumor tissue and attempted haemostasis by small platelet aggregates attached to the vessel walls were also found.", "PMID": 657121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7259", "title": "Establishment and characterization of two hamster macrophage cell lines.", "content": "Two hamster macrophage cell lines (HM-1 and HM-2) were established in vitro from lymphoid tumors produced in hamsters by direct implantation of normal human umbilical cord leukocytes. Despite long-term culture, both cell lines maintained the morphological, functional and surface characteristics of normal macrophages. It is considered that these cell lines were derived from host macrophages infiltrating the heterotransplants.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of two hamster macrophage cell lines. Two hamster macrophage cell lines (HM-1 and HM-2) were established in vitro from lymphoid tumors produced in hamsters by direct implantation of normal human umbilical cord leukocytes. Despite long-term culture, both cell lines maintained the morphological, functional and surface characteristics of normal macrophages. It is considered that these cell lines were derived from host macrophages infiltrating the heterotransplants.", "PMID": 657122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7260", "title": "Degradation and intracellular phosphorylation of showdomycin.", "content": "The anti-tumor agent showdomycin is degraded in the presence of 0.05 M NH4HCO3 (pH 8.0) to a compound which carries a negatively charged group. Together with previous data (Darnall et al., 1967) it is suggested that ammonia causes a basic hydrolysis of the maleimide moiety under formation of a maleic acid-like compound. During this modification the C-glycosidic bond is not split. Intracellularly, in mouse lymphoma cells (L5178y), showdomycin is phosphorylated to showdomycintriphosphate, via the mono- and diphosphate stage.", "contents": "Degradation and intracellular phosphorylation of showdomycin. The anti-tumor agent showdomycin is degraded in the presence of 0.05 M NH4HCO3 (pH 8.0) to a compound which carries a negatively charged group. Together with previous data (Darnall et al., 1967) it is suggested that ammonia causes a basic hydrolysis of the maleimide moiety under formation of a maleic acid-like compound. During this modification the C-glycosidic bond is not split. Intracellularly, in mouse lymphoma cells (L5178y), showdomycin is phosphorylated to showdomycintriphosphate, via the mono- and diphosphate stage.", "PMID": 657123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7261", "title": "Carcinogenicity of 8-nitroquinoline in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "8-Nitroquinoline was added to the semisynthetic diet of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats for 48 weeks. Squamous cell carcinomas of the upper digestive tract (tongue and esophagus), but especially of the forestomach, occurred among the higher concentration groups. Squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach occurred in 3 of 11 (27.3%) rats in the 2500 ppm group and 7 of 35 (20.0%) rats in the 1000 ppm group. Three cases of lung adenoma were also observed in the 2500 ppm group. Results clearly indicate that 8-nitroquinoline is carcinogenic in rats when administered orally in a semisynthetic diet.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of 8-nitroquinoline in Sprague-Dawley rats. 8-Nitroquinoline was added to the semisynthetic diet of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats for 48 weeks. Squamous cell carcinomas of the upper digestive tract (tongue and esophagus), but especially of the forestomach, occurred among the higher concentration groups. Squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach occurred in 3 of 11 (27.3%) rats in the 2500 ppm group and 7 of 35 (20.0%) rats in the 1000 ppm group. Three cases of lung adenoma were also observed in the 2500 ppm group. Results clearly indicate that 8-nitroquinoline is carcinogenic in rats when administered orally in a semisynthetic diet.", "PMID": 657124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7262", "title": "Enhancement of mutagenesis during cell replication of cultured liver epithelial cells.", "content": "The susceptibility to mutagenesis of proliferating and non-proliferating mammalian cells was studied in cultured rat liver epithelial cells. Cells brought to growth quiescence by a non-toxic means were stimulated to proliferate and both types of cultures were exposed to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Cultures enriched in proliferating cells were more susceptible to both the toxic and mutagenic action of the mutagen than were quiescent cultures with a low level of proliferation.", "contents": "Enhancement of mutagenesis during cell replication of cultured liver epithelial cells. The susceptibility to mutagenesis of proliferating and non-proliferating mammalian cells was studied in cultured rat liver epithelial cells. Cells brought to growth quiescence by a non-toxic means were stimulated to proliferate and both types of cultures were exposed to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Cultures enriched in proliferating cells were more susceptible to both the toxic and mutagenic action of the mutagen than were quiescent cultures with a low level of proliferation.", "PMID": 657125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7263", "title": "Size dependence of cell cycle parameters for lung metastases from B16 melanoma.", "content": "Data presented show that the cell cycle time of the lung metastases from a B16 melanoma tumor growing in the foot pad of C57 BL/6J mice increases as the size of the metastases increases. This increased cell phase durations of the small metastases being closer to those of the primary tumor. The growth fractions of the primary tumor and of the lung metastases of different sizes are analyzed.", "contents": "Size dependence of cell cycle parameters for lung metastases from B16 melanoma. Data presented show that the cell cycle time of the lung metastases from a B16 melanoma tumor growing in the foot pad of C57 BL/6J mice increases as the size of the metastases increases. This increased cell phase durations of the small metastases being closer to those of the primary tumor. The growth fractions of the primary tumor and of the lung metastases of different sizes are analyzed.", "PMID": 657126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7264", "title": "A new and advantageous model for colorectal cancer: its comparison with previous models for a common human disease.", "content": "Weekly subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg body wt. of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP), a pancreatic carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters, induced colorectal cancer in MRC rats in 67% of all males and 33% of all females that survived beyond 43 and 68 weeks, respectively. Tumors were concentrated in specific segments of the large bowel and not found in the small intestine. Although the distribution of cancer in the cecum, and ascending and descending colon was similar in both sexes, rectal cancer predominated significantly in males. These data and the tumor morphology indicate the present model more closely resembles the corresponding human disease than do models in previous relevant experimental studies.", "contents": "A new and advantageous model for colorectal cancer: its comparison with previous models for a common human disease. Weekly subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg body wt. of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP), a pancreatic carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters, induced colorectal cancer in MRC rats in 67% of all males and 33% of all females that survived beyond 43 and 68 weeks, respectively. Tumors were concentrated in specific segments of the large bowel and not found in the small intestine. Although the distribution of cancer in the cecum, and ascending and descending colon was similar in both sexes, rectal cancer predominated significantly in males. These data and the tumor morphology indicate the present model more closely resembles the corresponding human disease than do models in previous relevant experimental studies.", "PMID": 657127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7265", "title": "Methylnitrosophenylurea--a highly carcinogenic compound.", "content": "In vitro, 1-methyl-1-nitroso-3-phenylurea (MNPU) was easily formed from 1-methyl-3-phenylurea (MPU) and sodium nitrite in an acid environment. In rats MNPU showed a strong carcinogenic effect, inducing tumors of the forestomach. MNPU was formed endogenously after combined administration of MPU and nitrite to rats, as indicated by the induction of forestomach tumors. MPU itself was not carcinogenic. In the metabolism of the herbicide 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea (fenuron) MPU resulted as a demethylation product. The possible significance for preventive oncology and the role of MNPU as an environmental carcinogen are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Methylnitrosophenylurea--a highly carcinogenic compound. In vitro, 1-methyl-1-nitroso-3-phenylurea (MNPU) was easily formed from 1-methyl-3-phenylurea (MPU) and sodium nitrite in an acid environment. In rats MNPU showed a strong carcinogenic effect, inducing tumors of the forestomach. MNPU was formed endogenously after combined administration of MPU and nitrite to rats, as indicated by the induction of forestomach tumors. MPU itself was not carcinogenic. In the metabolism of the herbicide 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea (fenuron) MPU resulted as a demethylation product. The possible significance for preventive oncology and the role of MNPU as an environmental carcinogen are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 657128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7266", "title": "Interactions between polonium-210 alpha-radiation, benzo(a)pyrene, and 0.9% NaCl solution instillations in the induction of experimental lung cancer.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene and 210Po were administered both simultaneously and sequentially by intratracheal instillations to Syrian golden hamsters in experiments designed to identify any synergistic interactions between these carcinogens. Their effects were additive after simultaneous administration. A significant synergistic interaction between the two agents appeared to occur when benzo(a)pyrene exposure followed 4 months after 210Po exposure. Most of this effect could be ascribed, however, to a potentiating effect of subsequent 0.9% NaCl solution instillations on 210Po carcinogenesis. These results emphasize the fact that seemingly innocuous stimuli may significantly potentiate lung carcinogenesis. The implications of these findings in terms of the interactions between alpha-radiation and cigarette smoke in human populations are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions between polonium-210 alpha-radiation, benzo(a)pyrene, and 0.9% NaCl solution instillations in the induction of experimental lung cancer. Benzo(a)pyrene and 210Po were administered both simultaneously and sequentially by intratracheal instillations to Syrian golden hamsters in experiments designed to identify any synergistic interactions between these carcinogens. Their effects were additive after simultaneous administration. A significant synergistic interaction between the two agents appeared to occur when benzo(a)pyrene exposure followed 4 months after 210Po exposure. Most of this effect could be ascribed, however, to a potentiating effect of subsequent 0.9% NaCl solution instillations on 210Po carcinogenesis. These results emphasize the fact that seemingly innocuous stimuli may significantly potentiate lung carcinogenesis. The implications of these findings in terms of the interactions between alpha-radiation and cigarette smoke in human populations are discussed.", "PMID": 657130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7267", "title": "Immobilized carboxypeptidase G1 in methotrexate removal.", "content": "Carboxypeptidase G1, and enzyme capable of cleaving the glutamate moiety from a variety of folate analogs, has been immobilized on nylon tubes and hollow fibers for use in extracorporeal enzyme reactors for methotrexate (MTX) removal from blood. The stability and reactor parameters of the system have been investigated with the use of single tubes and a multitubular arrangement. The results are used to predict their MTX-removing capacity at flow rates and MTX concentrations of clinical interest. In vivo experiments with dogs demonstrate the potential applications of such extracorporeal shunts in \"rescue\" after administration of large doses of MTX. For dogs a carboxypeptidase G1 reactor with a clearance value of about 150 ml/min would be required in such application.", "contents": "Immobilized carboxypeptidase G1 in methotrexate removal. Carboxypeptidase G1, and enzyme capable of cleaving the glutamate moiety from a variety of folate analogs, has been immobilized on nylon tubes and hollow fibers for use in extracorporeal enzyme reactors for methotrexate (MTX) removal from blood. The stability and reactor parameters of the system have been investigated with the use of single tubes and a multitubular arrangement. The results are used to predict their MTX-removing capacity at flow rates and MTX concentrations of clinical interest. In vivo experiments with dogs demonstrate the potential applications of such extracorporeal shunts in \"rescue\" after administration of large doses of MTX. For dogs a carboxypeptidase G1 reactor with a clearance value of about 150 ml/min would be required in such application.", "PMID": 657131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7268", "title": "Uncharged nuclear receptors for estrogen in breast cancers.", "content": "This study was undertaken to define the incidence and concentration of uncharged nuclear estrogen receptors (RN) in human breast cancer. The concentrations of RN and cytoplasmic uncharged receptor were determined on sucrose gradients following a 4-hr incubation at 4 degrees with 1.6 nM 17 beta-[3H]estradiol in 139 tumor specimens from 137 patients. RN was extracted from washed nuclear pellets in buffer containing 0.4 M KCl. The receptor molecule extracted had a high affinity for 17 beta-[3H]estradiol (Kd = 0.9 to 7.6 nM) and was specific for estrogen. The possibility of artifact due cytoplasmic contamination of the nuclear fraction or high-ionic-strength-induced exchange of charged nuclear receptors was rendered unlikely by validation experiments performed with pooled tumor tissue. Significant amounts of cytoplasmic uncharged receptor (greater than 7 fmol/mg protein) were found in 63.3% of the tumors. Similar significant amounts of RN were found in 29.5% of the tumors. Significant amounts of RN in the presence of undetectable cytoplasmic uncharged receptor were found in 2.9% of the tumors. The percentage of tumors that contain significant amounts of RN is approximately the same percentage of estrogen receptor-positive tumors that do not respond to ablative therapy.", "contents": "Uncharged nuclear receptors for estrogen in breast cancers. This study was undertaken to define the incidence and concentration of uncharged nuclear estrogen receptors (RN) in human breast cancer. The concentrations of RN and cytoplasmic uncharged receptor were determined on sucrose gradients following a 4-hr incubation at 4 degrees with 1.6 nM 17 beta-[3H]estradiol in 139 tumor specimens from 137 patients. RN was extracted from washed nuclear pellets in buffer containing 0.4 M KCl. The receptor molecule extracted had a high affinity for 17 beta-[3H]estradiol (Kd = 0.9 to 7.6 nM) and was specific for estrogen. The possibility of artifact due cytoplasmic contamination of the nuclear fraction or high-ionic-strength-induced exchange of charged nuclear receptors was rendered unlikely by validation experiments performed with pooled tumor tissue. Significant amounts of cytoplasmic uncharged receptor (greater than 7 fmol/mg protein) were found in 63.3% of the tumors. Similar significant amounts of RN were found in 29.5% of the tumors. Significant amounts of RN in the presence of undetectable cytoplasmic uncharged receptor were found in 2.9% of the tumors. The percentage of tumors that contain significant amounts of RN is approximately the same percentage of estrogen receptor-positive tumors that do not respond to ablative therapy.", "PMID": 657133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7269", "title": "Light and electron microscope study of osmotically induced tumor necrosis.", "content": "Necrosis of 1.5-cm Walker 256 tumors was produced by injecting a strongly hypertonic solution of glucose in and around the growths and by delaying resorption of the solution with serotonin, given s.c. at a distance. The morphological changes occurring in 13 tumors were followed by light and electron microscopic analysis of samples taken 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 5 hr after treatment. The 0.25-hr samples showed mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae, and flocculent material within the inner compartment. Swelling of the mitochondria persisted in the 0.5-hr specimens (as it did in all subsequent samples), and it was accompanied by clumping and margination of chromatin. These changes were more pronounced at 1 hr, at which time the nuclear and plasma membranes were frequently ruptured. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex could no longer be recognized. The 3-hr material revealed ruptures of the outer mitochondrial membrane with myelin figures and discontinuous cell membranes. In the 5-hr samples, the nuclei exhibited a dark nucleoplasm and large clumps of chromatin. The perinuclear membrane was not always recognizable.", "contents": "Light and electron microscope study of osmotically induced tumor necrosis. Necrosis of 1.5-cm Walker 256 tumors was produced by injecting a strongly hypertonic solution of glucose in and around the growths and by delaying resorption of the solution with serotonin, given s.c. at a distance. The morphological changes occurring in 13 tumors were followed by light and electron microscopic analysis of samples taken 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 5 hr after treatment. The 0.25-hr samples showed mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae, and flocculent material within the inner compartment. Swelling of the mitochondria persisted in the 0.5-hr specimens (as it did in all subsequent samples), and it was accompanied by clumping and margination of chromatin. These changes were more pronounced at 1 hr, at which time the nuclear and plasma membranes were frequently ruptured. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex could no longer be recognized. The 3-hr material revealed ruptures of the outer mitochondrial membrane with myelin figures and discontinuous cell membranes. In the 5-hr samples, the nuclei exhibited a dark nucleoplasm and large clumps of chromatin. The perinuclear membrane was not always recognizable.", "PMID": 657134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7270", "title": "Histological conformity of implantation tumors produced by kidney cell lines derived from dimethylnitrosamine-treated rats, with dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal mesenchymal tumors.", "content": "The histology of five implantation tumors induced in rats by the deposition of cultured cell lines derived from dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-treated rats is described and compared with the morphology of the predominant kidney neoplasm induced in vivo by a single high dose of DMN. The cell lines leading to growth upon implantation were long-established, continuously growing cultures obtained either from a DMN-induced renal mesenchymal tumor or from rats treated shortly before with a carcinogenic dose of DMN. The latter cultures had expressed morphological transformation at subcultures 5 or 6. All of the implantation tumors were of mesenchymal type, comprising variously a range of cell forms including fibroblast-like spindle cells, smooth muscle fibers, and \"giant\" cells, which resembled common aspects of the parent mesenchymal tumors induced in the rat kidney by DMN. Deposition of cells intrarenally illustrated the survival of remnants of preexisting nephrons as epithelial profiles scattered through the proliferating malignant tissue, a feature most characteristic of the parent tumor. The results confirmed the malignant nature of the various cell lines tested, in keeping with their altered behavior in vitro, and they were consistent also with the premise that the in vivo-in vitro system is selecting cells in culture that represent the same target population from which the renal mesenchymal tumors are derived in vivo.", "contents": "Histological conformity of implantation tumors produced by kidney cell lines derived from dimethylnitrosamine-treated rats, with dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal mesenchymal tumors. The histology of five implantation tumors induced in rats by the deposition of cultured cell lines derived from dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-treated rats is described and compared with the morphology of the predominant kidney neoplasm induced in vivo by a single high dose of DMN. The cell lines leading to growth upon implantation were long-established, continuously growing cultures obtained either from a DMN-induced renal mesenchymal tumor or from rats treated shortly before with a carcinogenic dose of DMN. The latter cultures had expressed morphological transformation at subcultures 5 or 6. All of the implantation tumors were of mesenchymal type, comprising variously a range of cell forms including fibroblast-like spindle cells, smooth muscle fibers, and \"giant\" cells, which resembled common aspects of the parent mesenchymal tumors induced in the rat kidney by DMN. Deposition of cells intrarenally illustrated the survival of remnants of preexisting nephrons as epithelial profiles scattered through the proliferating malignant tissue, a feature most characteristic of the parent tumor. The results confirmed the malignant nature of the various cell lines tested, in keeping with their altered behavior in vitro, and they were consistent also with the premise that the in vivo-in vitro system is selecting cells in culture that represent the same target population from which the renal mesenchymal tumors are derived in vivo.", "PMID": 657135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7271", "title": "Isolation of a bone-resorptive factor from human cancer ascites fluid.", "content": "A protein fraction that induces the resorption of bone explants in organ culture was isolated from the ascitic fluid of patients with advanced cancer metastatic to the peritoneal cavity. Partial purification was achieved by means of gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated fraction, the components of which have an apparent molecular weight of 60,000, was found to be heterogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and to be composed primarily of proteins with relatively acidic electrophoretic properties. The specific bone-resorptive activity of this protein fraction was greatly increased over that of the unfractionated starting material, and the activity could be completely destroyed upon incubation with pronase and on heating. As determined by immunoassay and extraction procedures with various solvents, the bone-resorptive action of the isolated fraction was not attributable to the presence of parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E2 or vitamin D-like sterols. In parallel experiments the supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human peripheral leukocytes were subjected to identical chromatographic techniques, and a proten fraction with a molecular weight of 60,000, which resembled the resorptive fraction isolated from cancer ascites fluid and which contained significant bone-resorptive activity, was also partially purified.", "contents": "Isolation of a bone-resorptive factor from human cancer ascites fluid. A protein fraction that induces the resorption of bone explants in organ culture was isolated from the ascitic fluid of patients with advanced cancer metastatic to the peritoneal cavity. Partial purification was achieved by means of gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated fraction, the components of which have an apparent molecular weight of 60,000, was found to be heterogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and to be composed primarily of proteins with relatively acidic electrophoretic properties. The specific bone-resorptive activity of this protein fraction was greatly increased over that of the unfractionated starting material, and the activity could be completely destroyed upon incubation with pronase and on heating. As determined by immunoassay and extraction procedures with various solvents, the bone-resorptive action of the isolated fraction was not attributable to the presence of parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E2 or vitamin D-like sterols. In parallel experiments the supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human peripheral leukocytes were subjected to identical chromatographic techniques, and a proten fraction with a molecular weight of 60,000, which resembled the resorptive fraction isolated from cancer ascites fluid and which contained significant bone-resorptive activity, was also partially purified.", "PMID": 657136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7272", "title": "Soluble suppressor factor from the spleens of tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice when cultured for 3 to 5 days released a soluble factor into the media that suppressed the stimulation of lymph node and spleen cells by tumor antigen or mitogens. Spleens from mice bearing MC43 tumors for 14 days were capable of producing suppressor factor in vitro, while those from mice bearing the tumor for 10 days or less failed to do so. Lymph node cells from the same animals did not produce suppressor factor in vitro. The suppressor factor was produced by a nonadherent cell population, was heat stable, was lost on dialysis, and did not appear to be tumor antigen or thymidine.", "contents": "Soluble suppressor factor from the spleens of tumor-bearing mice. Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice when cultured for 3 to 5 days released a soluble factor into the media that suppressed the stimulation of lymph node and spleen cells by tumor antigen or mitogens. Spleens from mice bearing MC43 tumors for 14 days were capable of producing suppressor factor in vitro, while those from mice bearing the tumor for 10 days or less failed to do so. Lymph node cells from the same animals did not produce suppressor factor in vitro. The suppressor factor was produced by a nonadherent cell population, was heat stable, was lost on dialysis, and did not appear to be tumor antigen or thymidine.", "PMID": 657137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7273", "title": "Increased activity of rat liver messenger RNA and of albumin messenger RNA modulated by thioacetamide.", "content": "Administration of thioacetamide to rats was found to increase the activity of liver messenger RNA in the wheat germ protein synthesis assay. The synthesis of total protein was increased about 2.5-fold after 4 days of treatment. The treatment was associated with an increase in the relative quantity of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that albumin synthesis directed by the messenger RNA was increased disproportionately, reaching a level 5 to 6 times the control after 4 days of thioacetamide administration.", "contents": "Increased activity of rat liver messenger RNA and of albumin messenger RNA modulated by thioacetamide. Administration of thioacetamide to rats was found to increase the activity of liver messenger RNA in the wheat germ protein synthesis assay. The synthesis of total protein was increased about 2.5-fold after 4 days of treatment. The treatment was associated with an increase in the relative quantity of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that albumin synthesis directed by the messenger RNA was increased disproportionately, reaching a level 5 to 6 times the control after 4 days of thioacetamide administration.", "PMID": 657139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7274", "title": "Effect of cholecystoduodenostomy and choledochostomy in pancreatic carcinogenesis.", "content": "The pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)-amine was administered to Syrian golden hamsters after cholecystoduodenostomy and choledochostomy to investigate a possible bile reflux mechanism as a factor in pancreatic carcinogenesis. The induced lesions were similar in morphology, multiplicity, and distribution to those of animals in other studies without surgery. Hence the findings contraindicate the importance of biliary reflux in pancreatic tumor induction. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of cholecystoduodenostomy and choledochostomy in pancreatic carcinogenesis. The pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)-amine was administered to Syrian golden hamsters after cholecystoduodenostomy and choledochostomy to investigate a possible bile reflux mechanism as a factor in pancreatic carcinogenesis. The induced lesions were similar in morphology, multiplicity, and distribution to those of animals in other studies without surgery. Hence the findings contraindicate the importance of biliary reflux in pancreatic tumor induction. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 657140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7275", "title": "Enhanced response to chemoimmunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis with the use of tumor-associated antigens with a lipophilic agent.", "content": "Treating iodoacetamide (IAD)-modified lymphoma cells with the lipophilic agent dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) increased their immunogenicity as evidenced by the increased capacity of syngeneic, vaccinated hosts to reject subsequent implants of the same lymphoma. Under conditions of suboptimal immunization to facilitate comparison, there were 61% survivors among mice challenged with tumor implants after immunization with modified cells and DDA compared to 20% survivors among those immunized in the absence of DDA. The enhanced immune response was dependent on DDA dosage and was most striking when DDA was directly complexed to the IAD-treated cells. DDA was also effective with solubilized tumor antigen and with lymphoma cells not pretreated with IAD, but the latter had to be heat killed to assure that they were nontumorigenic. In therapy experiments BALB/c mice bearing P1798 were treated with methotrexate followed by immunotherapy with IAD-P1798 alone or complexed to DDA. With two and three cycles of therapy, methotrexate alone yielded 5 and 13% survivors, while adding immunotherapy with the DDA complex gave survival rates of 63 and 71%. In the absence of DDA, chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate and IAD-P1798 gave intermediate results. In the absence of antigen, DDA was ineffective in either immunoprophylaxis or therapy experiments.", "contents": "Enhanced response to chemoimmunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis with the use of tumor-associated antigens with a lipophilic agent. Treating iodoacetamide (IAD)-modified lymphoma cells with the lipophilic agent dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) increased their immunogenicity as evidenced by the increased capacity of syngeneic, vaccinated hosts to reject subsequent implants of the same lymphoma. Under conditions of suboptimal immunization to facilitate comparison, there were 61% survivors among mice challenged with tumor implants after immunization with modified cells and DDA compared to 20% survivors among those immunized in the absence of DDA. The enhanced immune response was dependent on DDA dosage and was most striking when DDA was directly complexed to the IAD-treated cells. DDA was also effective with solubilized tumor antigen and with lymphoma cells not pretreated with IAD, but the latter had to be heat killed to assure that they were nontumorigenic. In therapy experiments BALB/c mice bearing P1798 were treated with methotrexate followed by immunotherapy with IAD-P1798 alone or complexed to DDA. With two and three cycles of therapy, methotrexate alone yielded 5 and 13% survivors, while adding immunotherapy with the DDA complex gave survival rates of 63 and 71%. In the absence of DDA, chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate and IAD-P1798 gave intermediate results. In the absence of antigen, DDA was ineffective in either immunoprophylaxis or therapy experiments.", "PMID": 657141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7276", "title": "Effects of hydroxyurea on murine type C virus-specific DNA synthesis in newly infected cells.", "content": "Cell transformation and replication of the Rauscher pseudotype of Moloney murine sarcoma virus in mouse embryo fibroblasts were inhibited by hydroxyurea within a critical time period of 30 to 90 min postinfection. In cells infected by Rauscher leukemia virus, treatment with 1mM hydroxyurea during the critical time period resulted in the accumulation of minus-strand DNA (molecular weight, 3 x 10(6)) in association with the parental viral genoma RNA. This 5 to 6 x 10(6) dalton RNA:DNA hybrid was found in the cytoplasm. Positive-strand DNA of genomic or smaller size was not detected in the presence of hydroxyurea, but virus-specific DNA was found in the nucleus 30 min after removal of drug.", "contents": "Effects of hydroxyurea on murine type C virus-specific DNA synthesis in newly infected cells. Cell transformation and replication of the Rauscher pseudotype of Moloney murine sarcoma virus in mouse embryo fibroblasts were inhibited by hydroxyurea within a critical time period of 30 to 90 min postinfection. In cells infected by Rauscher leukemia virus, treatment with 1mM hydroxyurea during the critical time period resulted in the accumulation of minus-strand DNA (molecular weight, 3 x 10(6)) in association with the parental viral genoma RNA. This 5 to 6 x 10(6) dalton RNA:DNA hybrid was found in the cytoplasm. Positive-strand DNA of genomic or smaller size was not detected in the presence of hydroxyurea, but virus-specific DNA was found in the nucleus 30 min after removal of drug.", "PMID": 657143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7277", "title": "Suppression by Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton mammary DNA synthesis, plasma prolactin level, and spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in mice.", "content": "The effects of the cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra on mammary gland DNA synthesis, plasma prolactin levels, and spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in mice were studied. Female SHN mice received s.c. injections of 100 microgram N. rubra cell wall every 7 days between 2 and 12 months of age. The treatment resulted in the marked inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis; incidence was significantly lower in the experimental mice than in the controls except at 9 and 12 months of age. The age of onset of mammary tumors was significantly higher in the former than in the latter. In association with these findings, the treatment also reduced normal mammary gland DNA synthesis and prolactin levels in the circulation, both of which are primary factors for mammary tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Suppression by Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton mammary DNA synthesis, plasma prolactin level, and spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in mice. The effects of the cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra on mammary gland DNA synthesis, plasma prolactin levels, and spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in mice were studied. Female SHN mice received s.c. injections of 100 microgram N. rubra cell wall every 7 days between 2 and 12 months of age. The treatment resulted in the marked inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis; incidence was significantly lower in the experimental mice than in the controls except at 9 and 12 months of age. The age of onset of mammary tumors was significantly higher in the former than in the latter. In association with these findings, the treatment also reduced normal mammary gland DNA synthesis and prolactin levels in the circulation, both of which are primary factors for mammary tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 657146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7278", "title": "Studies of the growth, population kinetics, and host lethality of CD8F mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "First-generation transplants of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in CDSF mice have been included in the tumor panel used for the screening of potential anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the growth and kinetic characteristics to provide a better understanding of the basic biology of the tumor system. The spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas are highly variable in growth rate, and this characteristic is seen to a lesser extent in the transplanted tumors. The doubling time of the transplants is usually, but not always shorter than the doubling time of the donor tumor at a similar mass. The median length of the cell cycle obtained from pooled data from first-generation transplants of four donor tumors is 15.6 hours with a median S phase of 9.5 hours. The thymidine indices (TI) ranged from a mean of 0.28 at 100 mg to a mean of 0.20 when tumors ranged from 3 to 6 g. The mean TI of tumors of all sizes is 0.27. The cell cycle parameters and TIs appear to be characteristic of the tumor system and apparently do not vary with characteristics of the donor tumor. These studies also indicate that these kinetic parameters are not responsible for the variation in volume doubling time of the transplanted tumors.", "contents": "Studies of the growth, population kinetics, and host lethality of CD8F mammary adenocarcinoma. First-generation transplants of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in CDSF mice have been included in the tumor panel used for the screening of potential anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the growth and kinetic characteristics to provide a better understanding of the basic biology of the tumor system. The spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas are highly variable in growth rate, and this characteristic is seen to a lesser extent in the transplanted tumors. The doubling time of the transplants is usually, but not always shorter than the doubling time of the donor tumor at a similar mass. The median length of the cell cycle obtained from pooled data from first-generation transplants of four donor tumors is 15.6 hours with a median S phase of 9.5 hours. The thymidine indices (TI) ranged from a mean of 0.28 at 100 mg to a mean of 0.20 when tumors ranged from 3 to 6 g. The mean TI of tumors of all sizes is 0.27. The cell cycle parameters and TIs appear to be characteristic of the tumor system and apparently do not vary with characteristics of the donor tumor. These studies also indicate that these kinetic parameters are not responsible for the variation in volume doubling time of the transplanted tumors.", "PMID": 657148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7279", "title": "Analysis of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The use of high-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy in cancer chemotherapy has intensified the need to monitor the purity of this drug. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, which utilizes ion-pairing on a mu-Bondapak C18 column, has been developed for this purpose. This method provides an efficient and highly sensitive method for detecting impurities in commercially available MTX. As has been demonstrated previously, patients receiving high-dose MTX therapy metabolize some of this drug to 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-hydroxy-MTX), a derivative which is considerably less soluble than MTX itself. Consequently, 7-hydroxy-MTX may contribute to the renal toxicity commonly associated with high-dose therapy. An assay similar to the one described above is also applicable to this problem and can be used to assay MTX and 7-hydroxy-MTX directly in patients' urine.", "contents": "Analysis of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The use of high-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy in cancer chemotherapy has intensified the need to monitor the purity of this drug. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, which utilizes ion-pairing on a mu-Bondapak C18 column, has been developed for this purpose. This method provides an efficient and highly sensitive method for detecting impurities in commercially available MTX. As has been demonstrated previously, patients receiving high-dose MTX therapy metabolize some of this drug to 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-hydroxy-MTX), a derivative which is considerably less soluble than MTX itself. Consequently, 7-hydroxy-MTX may contribute to the renal toxicity commonly associated with high-dose therapy. An assay similar to the one described above is also applicable to this problem and can be used to assay MTX and 7-hydroxy-MTX directly in patients' urine.", "PMID": 657149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7280", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative toxicity of single and sequential sublethal doses of 5-fluorouracil in BDF mice.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative toxicity studies were conducted in BDF mice after ip injection of 33, 66, 134, and 200 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in daily doses for 1, 2, 3, or 4 consecutive days. Groups of five mice from each schedule and dose level provided blood and selected visceral organs for hematologic and histologic evaluation on posttreatment Days 1, 3, 6, 10, 14, and 21. Comparable groups of five mice were blood donors for biochemical evaluation of pooled plasma samples. The results indicated the onset, severity, and duration of injury to target organs and characterized the relationship of sublethal toxicity to drug dose and frequency of administration. Marrow suppression was reflected in peripheral erythropenia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia and also in medullary erythropenia and granulocytopenia. A transient elevation of plasma LDH, loss of body weight, and appearance of microscopic lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosae were additional indices of toxicity. The BDF mouse appears to provide a good qualitative and quantitative prediction of 5-FU toxicity, although the mouse apparently is quantitatively more sensitive than man.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative toxicity of single and sequential sublethal doses of 5-fluorouracil in BDF mice. Qualitative and quantitative toxicity studies were conducted in BDF mice after ip injection of 33, 66, 134, and 200 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in daily doses for 1, 2, 3, or 4 consecutive days. Groups of five mice from each schedule and dose level provided blood and selected visceral organs for hematologic and histologic evaluation on posttreatment Days 1, 3, 6, 10, 14, and 21. Comparable groups of five mice were blood donors for biochemical evaluation of pooled plasma samples. The results indicated the onset, severity, and duration of injury to target organs and characterized the relationship of sublethal toxicity to drug dose and frequency of administration. Marrow suppression was reflected in peripheral erythropenia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia and also in medullary erythropenia and granulocytopenia. A transient elevation of plasma LDH, loss of body weight, and appearance of microscopic lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosae were additional indices of toxicity. The BDF mouse appears to provide a good qualitative and quantitative prediction of 5-FU toxicity, although the mouse apparently is quantitatively more sensitive than man.", "PMID": 657150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7281", "title": "Acute renal failure after cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and gentamicin-cephalothin therapies.", "content": "Combined gentamicin-cephalothin therapy in four patients after treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CPDD) for advanced solid tumors was complicated by severe acute renal failure. The total dose of gentamicin varied from 240 to 945 mg and that of cephalothin varied from 28 to 48 g. Low-dose (0.5 mg/kg x 8) CPDD was given to one patient, high-dose (3 mg/kg) CPDD was given to two patients, and very high-dose (5 mg/kg) CPDD was given to one patient. The high and very high doses of CPDD were given with concomitant mannitol diuresis. CPDD therapy was complicated by mild transient azotemia in three patients and by severe acute renal failure in one. In the latter, the azotemia began to improve on Day 7 after CPDD treatment. Following gentamicin-cephalothin therapy, all patients developed severe acute renal failure which persisted until death. At autopsy, all patients had extensive renal tubular necrosis at various stages. These findings indicate that gentamicin-cephalothin therapy after treatment with CPDD can be severely nephrotoxic, and that this antibiotic combination should be given with great caution, if at all, to patients receiving CPDD treatment for malignancy.", "contents": "Acute renal failure after cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and gentamicin-cephalothin therapies. Combined gentamicin-cephalothin therapy in four patients after treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CPDD) for advanced solid tumors was complicated by severe acute renal failure. The total dose of gentamicin varied from 240 to 945 mg and that of cephalothin varied from 28 to 48 g. Low-dose (0.5 mg/kg x 8) CPDD was given to one patient, high-dose (3 mg/kg) CPDD was given to two patients, and very high-dose (5 mg/kg) CPDD was given to one patient. The high and very high doses of CPDD were given with concomitant mannitol diuresis. CPDD therapy was complicated by mild transient azotemia in three patients and by severe acute renal failure in one. In the latter, the azotemia began to improve on Day 7 after CPDD treatment. Following gentamicin-cephalothin therapy, all patients developed severe acute renal failure which persisted until death. At autopsy, all patients had extensive renal tubular necrosis at various stages. These findings indicate that gentamicin-cephalothin therapy after treatment with CPDD can be severely nephrotoxic, and that this antibiotic combination should be given with great caution, if at all, to patients receiving CPDD treatment for malignancy.", "PMID": 657154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7282", "title": "Intra-arterial radionuclide infusion: a new technique to assess chemotherapy perfusion patterns.", "content": "A mechanical infusion pump was used to introduce 99mTc-sulfur colloid at a rate of 1 ml/minute into the hepatic arteries of six patients. The radiotracer distribution patterns were compared to those obtained with \"bolus\" radionuclide angiography and those seen with standard contrast angiography. In all cases, the slow flow rate radionuclide studies evidenced dramatic differences from the patterns obtained with rapid flow rate injections. The results indicate that standard, rapid-injection contrast techniques may not produce the most reliable information regarding potential flow distribution. It is concluded that radiotracers introduced at flow rates approximating those attained with infusion pumps will offer the best estimates of both initial catheter placement and subsequent patterns of hepatic distribution of chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Intra-arterial radionuclide infusion: a new technique to assess chemotherapy perfusion patterns. A mechanical infusion pump was used to introduce 99mTc-sulfur colloid at a rate of 1 ml/minute into the hepatic arteries of six patients. The radiotracer distribution patterns were compared to those obtained with \"bolus\" radionuclide angiography and those seen with standard contrast angiography. In all cases, the slow flow rate radionuclide studies evidenced dramatic differences from the patterns obtained with rapid flow rate injections. The results indicate that standard, rapid-injection contrast techniques may not produce the most reliable information regarding potential flow distribution. It is concluded that radiotracers introduced at flow rates approximating those attained with infusion pumps will offer the best estimates of both initial catheter placement and subsequent patterns of hepatic distribution of chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 657155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7283", "title": "Antimetastatic action of some triazene derivatives against the Lewis lung carcinoma in mice.", "content": "Two dimethyltriazenoimidazoles, DTIC and BRL 51308, and a benzenoid dimethyltriazene, CB 10286, have been examined for their effects in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. A slight reduction of primary tumor growth was found after treatment with DTIC and BRL 51308, whereas CB 10286 caused no significant effect. On the contrary, all the tested compounds sharply reduced the number of lung metastases and also resulted in a high proportion of animals free of metastases at death. No significant cytotoxic effect of the triazenes was observed in small established pulmonary tumors, as determined by evaluating the effects of treatment on the fractional incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA of the lung colonies. These results are in contrast to those obtained with a purely cytotoxic agent, cyclophosphamide, and indicate that all three triazene derivatives tested have selective antimetastatic properties.", "contents": "Antimetastatic action of some triazene derivatives against the Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Two dimethyltriazenoimidazoles, DTIC and BRL 51308, and a benzenoid dimethyltriazene, CB 10286, have been examined for their effects in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. A slight reduction of primary tumor growth was found after treatment with DTIC and BRL 51308, whereas CB 10286 caused no significant effect. On the contrary, all the tested compounds sharply reduced the number of lung metastases and also resulted in a high proportion of animals free of metastases at death. No significant cytotoxic effect of the triazenes was observed in small established pulmonary tumors, as determined by evaluating the effects of treatment on the fractional incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA of the lung colonies. These results are in contrast to those obtained with a purely cytotoxic agent, cyclophosphamide, and indicate that all three triazene derivatives tested have selective antimetastatic properties.", "PMID": 657157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7284", "title": "Therapeutic implications of cell kinetic changes after cyclophosphamide treatment in \"spontaneous\" and \"transplantable\" mammary tumors.", "content": "The present studies were initiated to investigate the cell kinetics in spontaneous and transplantable mammary tumors after single doses of cyclophosphamide (Cp). The 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) labeling index (LI), the DNA synthesis times, and the primer-dependent DNA polymerase labeling index (PDPI) were determined by in vitro methods for spontaneous mammary tumors (SMT) in C3H/HeJ retired breeders and 13762 transplantable rat mammary tumors (RMT) in Fischer 344 rats from 6 hours to 14 days after Cp treatment. The perturbations in the cell kinetics, although quantitatively different in the two tumor models, were qualitatively similar in that transient changes in both PDPI and 3H-TdR LI were observed within the first 24 hours after treatment. These changes were followed by a variable period during which cell proliferation was suppressed. Increases in the PDPI and 3H-TdR LI, presumably reflecting proliferative recovery, were observed prior to the initiation of tumor regrowth. Increases in the 3H-TdR LI and PDPI within the first 24 hours after Cp in C3H/HeJ SMT indicated an interval of increased sensitivity to adriamycin. In the 13762 RMT, combination chemotherapy protocols designed to exploit changes in cell kinetics at early times (24 hours) and during the recovery phase of the response resulted in greater long-term tumor-free survival.", "contents": "Therapeutic implications of cell kinetic changes after cyclophosphamide treatment in \"spontaneous\" and \"transplantable\" mammary tumors. The present studies were initiated to investigate the cell kinetics in spontaneous and transplantable mammary tumors after single doses of cyclophosphamide (Cp). The 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) labeling index (LI), the DNA synthesis times, and the primer-dependent DNA polymerase labeling index (PDPI) were determined by in vitro methods for spontaneous mammary tumors (SMT) in C3H/HeJ retired breeders and 13762 transplantable rat mammary tumors (RMT) in Fischer 344 rats from 6 hours to 14 days after Cp treatment. The perturbations in the cell kinetics, although quantitatively different in the two tumor models, were qualitatively similar in that transient changes in both PDPI and 3H-TdR LI were observed within the first 24 hours after treatment. These changes were followed by a variable period during which cell proliferation was suppressed. Increases in the PDPI and 3H-TdR LI, presumably reflecting proliferative recovery, were observed prior to the initiation of tumor regrowth. Increases in the 3H-TdR LI and PDPI within the first 24 hours after Cp in C3H/HeJ SMT indicated an interval of increased sensitivity to adriamycin. In the 13762 RMT, combination chemotherapy protocols designed to exploit changes in cell kinetics at early times (24 hours) and during the recovery phase of the response resulted in greater long-term tumor-free survival.", "PMID": 657158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7285", "title": "Effect of a transplantable leukemia on hematopoietic stem cells in AKR mice.", "content": "The number of colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-S) and colony-forming units-culture in the femoral marrow of mice bearing an AKR transplantable leukemia remained relatively unchanged up to the death of the host despite the almost complete displacement of the normal differentiated hematopoietic cells by infiltrating leukemia cells. The proliferative state of the CFU-S was not changed significantly by the presence of the leukemia cells as determined by using 5-fluorouracil as a proliferative probe. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to possible control mechanisms governing the interaction of leukemia cells with normal marrow cells and their potential importance for cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Effect of a transplantable leukemia on hematopoietic stem cells in AKR mice. The number of colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-S) and colony-forming units-culture in the femoral marrow of mice bearing an AKR transplantable leukemia remained relatively unchanged up to the death of the host despite the almost complete displacement of the normal differentiated hematopoietic cells by infiltrating leukemia cells. The proliferative state of the CFU-S was not changed significantly by the presence of the leukemia cells as determined by using 5-fluorouracil as a proliferative probe. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to possible control mechanisms governing the interaction of leukemia cells with normal marrow cells and their potential importance for cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 657159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7286", "title": "Therapeutic value of mepitiostane in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "content": "A new, orally active antiestrogenic steroid, mepitiostane (20 mg/day), was given to 45 patients with advanced breast cancer. The regression rate was 31.1%, or 14 of 45 patients, and a duration of regression of greater than 6 months was obtained in seven patients. Virilizing effects such as hoarseness, hirsutism, and acne were observed relatively often, but there was no evidence of abnormality in the liver function tests or in the serum calcium level.", "contents": "Therapeutic value of mepitiostane in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. A new, orally active antiestrogenic steroid, mepitiostane (20 mg/day), was given to 45 patients with advanced breast cancer. The regression rate was 31.1%, or 14 of 45 patients, and a duration of regression of greater than 6 months was obtained in seven patients. Virilizing effects such as hoarseness, hirsutism, and acne were observed relatively often, but there was no evidence of abnormality in the liver function tests or in the serum calcium level.", "PMID": 657160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7287", "title": "Rate of DNA synthesis as an indication of drug toxicity and as a guide for scheduling cancer therapy.", "content": "The rates of incorporation of [C3H3]thymidine into the DNA of tissues of normal mice at various times after single doses of several drugs (adriamycin, vincristine, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil [5-FU], melphalan, CCNU, and chlorozotocin) that have some clinical activity against cancer have been determined and are considered to be indicative of the \"degree of normalcy\" of the respective tissues at those times. These experiments show that there are some differences and some similarities in the effects of the agents upon the various tissues of the mouse. Each of the agents caused early inhibition of incorporation of [C3H3]thymidine followed by stimulation of such incorporation by intestinal mucosa and marrow, but the timing and the extents of inhibition and stimulation differed for the various agents. Except for CCNU, the preceding description would also apply to the effects upon liver and lungs, but the stimulation was delayed in comparison to that of intestinal mucosa and marrow. Early inhibition with little subsequent stimulation occurred in the spleen, kidneys, and heart. For all tissues, recovery was slower and less extensive after CCNU than after the other agents. The data obtained with the single agents were used for setting up experiments in which a single dose of one agent was followed after selected intervals of time with a single dose of a second agent. The combination of adriamycin plus 5-FU was less toxic when the two agents were given simultaneously than when the 5-FU was given 24-96 hours after the adriamycin, while for the combination of adriamycin plus CCNU there was less toxicity if the CCNU was administered 24 hours after the adriamycin rather than simultaneously with it. When a combination of a single dose of methotrexate and a single dose of 5-FU was administered to mice, the lethality was greater when the two agents were administered 120 hours apart than when the two agents were given simultaneously or were separated by 24 or 48 hours; this was true regardless of which agent was administered first. These results are consistent with what might be predicted upon the basis of the data obtained for the single agents in this study and of what is known about the mechanisms of action of these agents and of the effects of the agents in relation to cell and tissue kinetics. These results indicate that patterns of thymidine fixation by tissues following single doses of agents might be useful in scheduling multiple-drug therapy to minimize host toxicity.", "contents": "Rate of DNA synthesis as an indication of drug toxicity and as a guide for scheduling cancer therapy. The rates of incorporation of [C3H3]thymidine into the DNA of tissues of normal mice at various times after single doses of several drugs (adriamycin, vincristine, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil [5-FU], melphalan, CCNU, and chlorozotocin) that have some clinical activity against cancer have been determined and are considered to be indicative of the \"degree of normalcy\" of the respective tissues at those times. These experiments show that there are some differences and some similarities in the effects of the agents upon the various tissues of the mouse. Each of the agents caused early inhibition of incorporation of [C3H3]thymidine followed by stimulation of such incorporation by intestinal mucosa and marrow, but the timing and the extents of inhibition and stimulation differed for the various agents. Except for CCNU, the preceding description would also apply to the effects upon liver and lungs, but the stimulation was delayed in comparison to that of intestinal mucosa and marrow. Early inhibition with little subsequent stimulation occurred in the spleen, kidneys, and heart. For all tissues, recovery was slower and less extensive after CCNU than after the other agents. The data obtained with the single agents were used for setting up experiments in which a single dose of one agent was followed after selected intervals of time with a single dose of a second agent. The combination of adriamycin plus 5-FU was less toxic when the two agents were given simultaneously than when the 5-FU was given 24-96 hours after the adriamycin, while for the combination of adriamycin plus CCNU there was less toxicity if the CCNU was administered 24 hours after the adriamycin rather than simultaneously with it. When a combination of a single dose of methotrexate and a single dose of 5-FU was administered to mice, the lethality was greater when the two agents were administered 120 hours apart than when the two agents were given simultaneously or were separated by 24 or 48 hours; this was true regardless of which agent was administered first. These results are consistent with what might be predicted upon the basis of the data obtained for the single agents in this study and of what is known about the mechanisms of action of these agents and of the effects of the agents in relation to cell and tissue kinetics. These results indicate that patterns of thymidine fixation by tissues following single doses of agents might be useful in scheduling multiple-drug therapy to minimize host toxicity.", "PMID": 657161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7288", "title": "Comparison of adriamycin-induced nucleolar segregation in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and liver cells.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either 2.5, 3.5, or 5.0 mg/kg of adriamycin by iv injection. After 1 or 3 hours of treatment, samples of liver, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle cells were examined by electron microscopy. The changes in ultrastructure observed in these tissues after the first hour included nucleolar segregation and altered distribution of the perinucleolar chromatin. However, no alterations in the ultrastructure of either the nucleus or cytoplasm were observed in tissues examined 3 hours after a 5-mg/kg dose of adriamycin. The doses at which nucleolar alterations occurred varied between tissues. In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, marked alterations in nucleolar ultrastructure were observed at doses of 3.5 and 5.0 mg/kg of adriamycin. Liver cell nucleoli, however, exhibited few structural aberrations at these doses. The similarities in response of skeletal and cardiac muscle suggest that ultrastructural analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies may be useful in evaluating adriamycin cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Comparison of adriamycin-induced nucleolar segregation in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and liver cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either 2.5, 3.5, or 5.0 mg/kg of adriamycin by iv injection. After 1 or 3 hours of treatment, samples of liver, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle cells were examined by electron microscopy. The changes in ultrastructure observed in these tissues after the first hour included nucleolar segregation and altered distribution of the perinucleolar chromatin. However, no alterations in the ultrastructure of either the nucleus or cytoplasm were observed in tissues examined 3 hours after a 5-mg/kg dose of adriamycin. The doses at which nucleolar alterations occurred varied between tissues. In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, marked alterations in nucleolar ultrastructure were observed at doses of 3.5 and 5.0 mg/kg of adriamycin. Liver cell nucleoli, however, exhibited few structural aberrations at these doses. The similarities in response of skeletal and cardiac muscle suggest that ultrastructural analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies may be useful in evaluating adriamycin cardiotoxicity.", "PMID": 657162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7289", "title": "Distribution and antitumor activity of adriamycin given in a high-dose and a repeated low-dose schedule to mice.", "content": "Experimental studies on the distribution of adriamycin (AM) under different treatment conditions and possible correlations between tissue and plasma levels and chemotherapeutic activity are discussed. C57BL/6J mice bearing im Lewis lung carcinoma and (C3H x O2O)F1 mice bearing mammary carcinoma were injected iv with AM at a single dose of 15 mg/kg or with the same total amount of drug administered in spaced doses of 3.75 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days. In the two experimental systems studied, the drug reached approximately the same value in the tumor and spleen with both types of treatment, but with the 3.75-mg/kg x 4 schedule much lower AM concentrations were observed in the heart than with the single high-dose treatment. The therapeutic activity of the two treatments also differed: the antitumor and antimetastatic effect was the same in the two tumor systems, but with the 3.75-mg/kg x 4 schedule, increased survival and somewhat lower toxicity were observed. Daunorubicin, tested in the mammary carcinoma system with the two schedules of treatment, behaves very similarly to AM in terms of both distribution and chemotherapeutic effect.", "contents": "Distribution and antitumor activity of adriamycin given in a high-dose and a repeated low-dose schedule to mice. Experimental studies on the distribution of adriamycin (AM) under different treatment conditions and possible correlations between tissue and plasma levels and chemotherapeutic activity are discussed. C57BL/6J mice bearing im Lewis lung carcinoma and (C3H x O2O)F1 mice bearing mammary carcinoma were injected iv with AM at a single dose of 15 mg/kg or with the same total amount of drug administered in spaced doses of 3.75 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days. In the two experimental systems studied, the drug reached approximately the same value in the tumor and spleen with both types of treatment, but with the 3.75-mg/kg x 4 schedule much lower AM concentrations were observed in the heart than with the single high-dose treatment. The therapeutic activity of the two treatments also differed: the antitumor and antimetastatic effect was the same in the two tumor systems, but with the 3.75-mg/kg x 4 schedule, increased survival and somewhat lower toxicity were observed. Daunorubicin, tested in the mammary carcinoma system with the two schedules of treatment, behaves very similarly to AM in terms of both distribution and chemotherapeutic effect.", "PMID": 657163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7290", "title": "Evaluation of VP-16-213 in malignant lymphoma and melanoma.", "content": "Phase II studies utilizing VP-16-213 in the treatment of 56 patients with malignant lymphoma and 29 patients with malignant melanoma were carried out by the Southwest Oncology Group. All patients had received extensive prior therapy. The initial dose of VP-16-213 administered was 45 mg/m2 by iv infusion over 30-60 minutes on Days 1-5 every 3 weeks but, because, of severe myelosuppression in the lymphoma group, the dose was subsequently reduced to 35 mg/m2. Only three partial regressions lasting 6, 2, and 1 months were noted in 17 patients with Hodgkin's disease. No favorable responses were noted in 35 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including 16 with the diffuse histiocytic type. No responses were noted in patients with melanoma. The major toxic effect was myelosuppression. VP-16-213 appears to lack significant effectiveness in these previously treated disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of VP-16-213 in malignant lymphoma and melanoma. Phase II studies utilizing VP-16-213 in the treatment of 56 patients with malignant lymphoma and 29 patients with malignant melanoma were carried out by the Southwest Oncology Group. All patients had received extensive prior therapy. The initial dose of VP-16-213 administered was 45 mg/m2 by iv infusion over 30-60 minutes on Days 1-5 every 3 weeks but, because, of severe myelosuppression in the lymphoma group, the dose was subsequently reduced to 35 mg/m2. Only three partial regressions lasting 6, 2, and 1 months were noted in 17 patients with Hodgkin's disease. No favorable responses were noted in 35 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including 16 with the diffuse histiocytic type. No responses were noted in patients with melanoma. The major toxic effect was myelosuppression. VP-16-213 appears to lack significant effectiveness in these previously treated disease.", "PMID": 657164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7291", "title": "Peptichemio in advanced neuroblastoma.", "content": "Peptichemio (PTC) is a mixture of six synthetic peptides of m-L-phenylalanine mustard. It acts with both alkylating and antimetabolic effects, interfering with the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. PTC was administered iv to 18 previously untreated children with advanced neuroblastoma at a dose of 1-1.5 mg/kg/day for one to three cycles of 5-6 consecutive days each. Eleven of 12 patients (92%) experienced both objective and subjective improvement; complete remission was achieved in two of them. In spite of the high remission rate, the median duration of remission has been short (4 months) and the overall survival (median, 6 months) did not seem to be influenced by the use of PTC. The primary toxic effects were, in order of importance, bone marrow depression, phlebosclerosis, nausea and vomiting, and alopecia. Chronic use of PTC seems limited by two major factors: profound long-lasting thrombocytopenia and severe phlebosclerosis.", "contents": "Peptichemio in advanced neuroblastoma. Peptichemio (PTC) is a mixture of six synthetic peptides of m-L-phenylalanine mustard. It acts with both alkylating and antimetabolic effects, interfering with the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. PTC was administered iv to 18 previously untreated children with advanced neuroblastoma at a dose of 1-1.5 mg/kg/day for one to three cycles of 5-6 consecutive days each. Eleven of 12 patients (92%) experienced both objective and subjective improvement; complete remission was achieved in two of them. In spite of the high remission rate, the median duration of remission has been short (4 months) and the overall survival (median, 6 months) did not seem to be influenced by the use of PTC. The primary toxic effects were, in order of importance, bone marrow depression, phlebosclerosis, nausea and vomiting, and alopecia. Chronic use of PTC seems limited by two major factors: profound long-lasting thrombocytopenia and severe phlebosclerosis.", "PMID": 657165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7292", "title": "Phase II study of triazinate and pyrazofurin in patients with advanced breast cancer previously exposed to cytotoxic chemotherapy.", "content": "The purpose of this phase II clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of triazinate and pyrazofurin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Although an occasional patient experienced stability of disease, neither agent, as employed in this study, was able to produce an objective antitumor effect in this group of patients with previous chemotherapeutic exposure. At the dosages used in this study, neither agent can be recommended for further treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "Phase II study of triazinate and pyrazofurin in patients with advanced breast cancer previously exposed to cytotoxic chemotherapy. The purpose of this phase II clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of triazinate and pyrazofurin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Although an occasional patient experienced stability of disease, neither agent, as employed in this study, was able to produce an objective antitumor effect in this group of patients with previous chemotherapeutic exposure. At the dosages used in this study, neither agent can be recommended for further treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "PMID": 657166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7293", "title": "Junctional escape rhythm in the sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "In 21 patients with and 31 without junctional escape beats, a comparison of the symptoms, revealed that there were no significant differences (p greater than 0.05) in the symptoms between these two groups manifesting a sick sinus syndrome. Thus, the occurrence of junctional escape beats did not provide the anticipated shortening of the asystolic pauses to prevent the occurrence of symptoms related to the period of electrical silence. In 7 patients with an escape junctional rhythm, the long pause was interrupted by the occurrence of a regular junctional rhythm. The pause was not preceded by a supraventricular tachycardia, ruling out physiologic overdrive suppression of the junctional pacemaker. The period of asystole preceding the junctional rhythm was not multiple of the R-R interval of the junctional rhythm. 4 additional patients demonstrated long periods of asystole, uninterrupted by junctional escape beats and at other times exhibited shorter pauses which were terminated by junctional escape beats. These findings can be explained by the presence of a 'junctional arrest' which is analogous to sinoatrial arrest. The phenomenon of 'junctional arrest' may be one tenable explanation to account for the lack of protection by junctional escape activity against the symptoms associated with the sick sinus syndrome.", "contents": "Junctional escape rhythm in the sick sinus syndrome. In 21 patients with and 31 without junctional escape beats, a comparison of the symptoms, revealed that there were no significant differences (p greater than 0.05) in the symptoms between these two groups manifesting a sick sinus syndrome. Thus, the occurrence of junctional escape beats did not provide the anticipated shortening of the asystolic pauses to prevent the occurrence of symptoms related to the period of electrical silence. In 7 patients with an escape junctional rhythm, the long pause was interrupted by the occurrence of a regular junctional rhythm. The pause was not preceded by a supraventricular tachycardia, ruling out physiologic overdrive suppression of the junctional pacemaker. The period of asystole preceding the junctional rhythm was not multiple of the R-R interval of the junctional rhythm. 4 additional patients demonstrated long periods of asystole, uninterrupted by junctional escape beats and at other times exhibited shorter pauses which were terminated by junctional escape beats. These findings can be explained by the presence of a 'junctional arrest' which is analogous to sinoatrial arrest. The phenomenon of 'junctional arrest' may be one tenable explanation to account for the lack of protection by junctional escape activity against the symptoms associated with the sick sinus syndrome.", "PMID": 657171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7294", "title": "Normalization of the QRS complex by concealed conduction in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "In a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, transient normalization of the QRS complex occurred as a result of retrograde concealed conduction into the accessory pathway from an A-V junctional escape beat. This patient also had a bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "contents": "Normalization of the QRS complex by concealed conduction in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, transient normalization of the QRS complex occurred as a result of retrograde concealed conduction into the accessory pathway from an A-V junctional escape beat. This patient also had a bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "PMID": 657172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7295", "title": "Sick sinus syndrome due to cardiac amyloidosis.", "content": "In a patient suffering from cardiac amyloidosis a case of sick sinus syndrome, manifested by markedly prolonged recovery time of the sinus node, was documented by an atrial pacing study. The first A-V junctional escape interval was markedly prolonged following the termination of the atrial pacing, pointing to a coexisting A-V nodal dysfunction. The patient required a permanent artificial pacemaker implantation.", "contents": "Sick sinus syndrome due to cardiac amyloidosis. In a patient suffering from cardiac amyloidosis a case of sick sinus syndrome, manifested by markedly prolonged recovery time of the sinus node, was documented by an atrial pacing study. The first A-V junctional escape interval was markedly prolonged following the termination of the atrial pacing, pointing to a coexisting A-V nodal dysfunction. The patient required a permanent artificial pacemaker implantation.", "PMID": 657173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7296", "title": "A comparison of hemodynamic and angiographic indices of left ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "We compared ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index and the relation of left ventricular stroke work index to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure during rest and exercise in 60 patients with coronary artery disease. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was usually normal at rest (48/60) and abnormal during exercise (46/60) and did not correlate with ejection fraction. Cardiac index was insensitive, usually remaining normal until ejection fraction was less than 0.40. Patients with a normal left ventricular stroke work index response to exercise had higher ejection fractions than those with an abnormal response (p is less than 0.05). However, 9 patients with normal ejection fractions had an abnormal exercise response. This may reflect loss of left ventricular reserve, abnormal compliance or clinically silent ischemia during exercise. Different indices of left ventricular performance may be widely disparate in coronary artery disease, and abnormalities are frequently apparent only during exercise.", "contents": "A comparison of hemodynamic and angiographic indices of left ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease. We compared ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index and the relation of left ventricular stroke work index to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure during rest and exercise in 60 patients with coronary artery disease. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was usually normal at rest (48/60) and abnormal during exercise (46/60) and did not correlate with ejection fraction. Cardiac index was insensitive, usually remaining normal until ejection fraction was less than 0.40. Patients with a normal left ventricular stroke work index response to exercise had higher ejection fractions than those with an abnormal response (p is less than 0.05). However, 9 patients with normal ejection fractions had an abnormal exercise response. This may reflect loss of left ventricular reserve, abnormal compliance or clinically silent ischemia during exercise. Different indices of left ventricular performance may be widely disparate in coronary artery disease, and abnormalities are frequently apparent only during exercise.", "PMID": 657174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7297", "title": "Transtelephone adjustment of antiarrhythmic therapy in ambulatory patients.", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 80 ambulatory patients receiving antiarrhythmic therapy were supervised with the help of a transtelephone monitoring system. The patients used a pocket-size modulator and reported several times daily to the receiving center integrated into the intensive cardiac care unit. The surveillance lasted for 5-28 days during which various drugs in varying dosages were administered to suppress or prevent dysrhythmias. In 94% of the patients, a satisfactory therapeutic achievement was obtained. The transtelephone system provides easy diagnosis, immediate pattern recognition, direct and frequent contact with the ambulatory patient and long periods of follow-up. During this time, the proper antiarrhythmic agent can successfully be defined, its effective dose can safely be determined and unnecessary hospitalization can thus be prevented.", "contents": "Transtelephone adjustment of antiarrhythmic therapy in ambulatory patients. The electrocardiograms of 80 ambulatory patients receiving antiarrhythmic therapy were supervised with the help of a transtelephone monitoring system. The patients used a pocket-size modulator and reported several times daily to the receiving center integrated into the intensive cardiac care unit. The surveillance lasted for 5-28 days during which various drugs in varying dosages were administered to suppress or prevent dysrhythmias. In 94% of the patients, a satisfactory therapeutic achievement was obtained. The transtelephone system provides easy diagnosis, immediate pattern recognition, direct and frequent contact with the ambulatory patient and long periods of follow-up. During this time, the proper antiarrhythmic agent can successfully be defined, its effective dose can safely be determined and unnecessary hospitalization can thus be prevented.", "PMID": 657175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7298", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on cultured heart cells after the induction of arrhythmias and fibrillation.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic observations were made of mouse embryonic heart cells in culture to clarify the interrelationship between morphological damage and cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation induced by changes of ion concentrations. They were studied with particular reference to the abnormalities in the heart cell and the intercellular connections. The cells exhibited arrhythmias with any alteration in ion concentration (MgSO4, CaCl2, KCl, NaCl) in the culture medium, and they developed fibrillation-like beating under certain conditions of lowered potassium, or sodium, and increased sodium with a reduction in calcium or potassium. The heart cells showing arrhythmias were revealed by scanning electron microscopy to have more or less fine morphological changes in their slender processes, and detached or raised cell edges. Fold-like undulations in the cell body and cell ledge were also numerous in cells exhibiting fibrillation-like beating. These cell body changes may, however, be characteristic of cells maintained in cultures with lowered potassium content, since only these cultures showed such changes. Changes of cell ledge were also demonstrable in cultures with altered MgSO4, CaCl2 content or increased KCl or NaCl content although the cells in these cultures did not develop fibrillation. It was noted that there was a tendency for the changes of cell body and cell edge to be conspicuous in cells exhibiting fibrillation. The results obtained indicated that fibrillation developed only in the presence of altered concentrations of certain ions, in association with subtle morphological changes in the cells and intercellular connections.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on cultured heart cells after the induction of arrhythmias and fibrillation. Scanning electron microscopic observations were made of mouse embryonic heart cells in culture to clarify the interrelationship between morphological damage and cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation induced by changes of ion concentrations. They were studied with particular reference to the abnormalities in the heart cell and the intercellular connections. The cells exhibited arrhythmias with any alteration in ion concentration (MgSO4, CaCl2, KCl, NaCl) in the culture medium, and they developed fibrillation-like beating under certain conditions of lowered potassium, or sodium, and increased sodium with a reduction in calcium or potassium. The heart cells showing arrhythmias were revealed by scanning electron microscopy to have more or less fine morphological changes in their slender processes, and detached or raised cell edges. Fold-like undulations in the cell body and cell ledge were also numerous in cells exhibiting fibrillation-like beating. These cell body changes may, however, be characteristic of cells maintained in cultures with lowered potassium content, since only these cultures showed such changes. Changes of cell ledge were also demonstrable in cultures with altered MgSO4, CaCl2 content or increased KCl or NaCl content although the cells in these cultures did not develop fibrillation. It was noted that there was a tendency for the changes of cell body and cell edge to be conspicuous in cells exhibiting fibrillation. The results obtained indicated that fibrillation developed only in the presence of altered concentrations of certain ions, in association with subtle morphological changes in the cells and intercellular connections.", "PMID": 657176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7299", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias associated with coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart: a model for assessment of antifibrillatory action of antiarrhythmic agents.", "content": "The isolated Langendorff-perfused rat heart, subjected to coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion consistently developed ventricular arrhythmias. The incidence of hearts with ventricular premature extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia, and fibrillatioon ventricular fibrillation could be abolished in the presence of an extracellular potassium concentration of 12 mmol-litre--1, whereas with 4.5 mmol-litre--1 all hearts developed all the ventricular arrhythmias including fibrillation. This predictable occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias was used to assess the antiarrhythmic effect of lignocaine with particular reference to its effect on the spontaneously occurring reperfusion ventricular fibrillation. Lignocaine decreased the incidence of all ventricular arrhythmias both during ischaemia and on reperfusion in a concentration-related fashion.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias associated with coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart: a model for assessment of antifibrillatory action of antiarrhythmic agents. The isolated Langendorff-perfused rat heart, subjected to coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion consistently developed ventricular arrhythmias. The incidence of hearts with ventricular premature extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia, and fibrillatioon ventricular fibrillation could be abolished in the presence of an extracellular potassium concentration of 12 mmol-litre--1, whereas with 4.5 mmol-litre--1 all hearts developed all the ventricular arrhythmias including fibrillation. This predictable occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias was used to assess the antiarrhythmic effect of lignocaine with particular reference to its effect on the spontaneously occurring reperfusion ventricular fibrillation. Lignocaine decreased the incidence of all ventricular arrhythmias both during ischaemia and on reperfusion in a concentration-related fashion.", "PMID": 657177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7300", "title": "Ventricular refractoriness during acute myocardial ischaemia and its relationship to ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "Studies were made in anaesthetised dog of the effects of repeated acute occlusions of a branch of the anterior descending coronary artery on ventricular refractory periods in adjacent ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardium. Differences occurred in refractoriness between normal and ischaemic areas in the ventricle. This was greatest 2.5 min after occlusion, and on release of occlusion, ventricular refractory periods reverted to normal within 5 min. Spontaneous ventricular fibrillation was directly and significantly related to the degree of dispersion of refractoriness in a given dog immediately preceding release and following release of occlusion. Infusion of isoprenaline caused significant shortening of refactory period and increased dispersion of refractoriness during ischaemia. Studies of dispersion of refractoriness should prove valuable in assessing the efficiency of metabolic or antiarrhythmic protection against ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Ventricular refractoriness during acute myocardial ischaemia and its relationship to ventricular fibrillation. Studies were made in anaesthetised dog of the effects of repeated acute occlusions of a branch of the anterior descending coronary artery on ventricular refractory periods in adjacent ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardium. Differences occurred in refractoriness between normal and ischaemic areas in the ventricle. This was greatest 2.5 min after occlusion, and on release of occlusion, ventricular refractory periods reverted to normal within 5 min. Spontaneous ventricular fibrillation was directly and significantly related to the degree of dispersion of refractoriness in a given dog immediately preceding release and following release of occlusion. Infusion of isoprenaline caused significant shortening of refactory period and increased dispersion of refractoriness during ischaemia. Studies of dispersion of refractoriness should prove valuable in assessing the efficiency of metabolic or antiarrhythmic protection against ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 657178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7301", "title": "Maturational changes in left and right ventricular electromechanical intervals in the newborn lamb.", "content": "Electromechanical intervals of right and left ventricles were examined in newborn lambs (9 hours to 42 days). The electromechanical interval of the left ventricle did not change with maturation, while that of the right ventricle became progressively longer, resulting in an increasing ventricular mechanical asynchrony. We postulate that the pattern of developing mechanical asynchrony described may occur secondary to postnatal changes in ventricular morphology.", "contents": "Maturational changes in left and right ventricular electromechanical intervals in the newborn lamb. Electromechanical intervals of right and left ventricles were examined in newborn lambs (9 hours to 42 days). The electromechanical interval of the left ventricle did not change with maturation, while that of the right ventricle became progressively longer, resulting in an increasing ventricular mechanical asynchrony. We postulate that the pattern of developing mechanical asynchrony described may occur secondary to postnatal changes in ventricular morphology.", "PMID": 657179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7302", "title": "The magnitude of the bradycardia induced by face immersion in patients convalescing from myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty patients who had suffered myocardial infarction within the previous 3 to 13 days performed face immersion with breath-holding. The maximum reduction in heart rate was 17 +/- 9 beats-min--1 (mean +/- SD). When compared with 24 patients without evidence ischaemic heart disease, they behaved more like younger patients (22 +/- 6) than patients in the same age range (7 +/- 6). A greater vagal response for age after infarction may reflect persistent hypersensitivity of a reflex designed to protect the myocardium during cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "The magnitude of the bradycardia induced by face immersion in patients convalescing from myocardial infarction. Twenty patients who had suffered myocardial infarction within the previous 3 to 13 days performed face immersion with breath-holding. The maximum reduction in heart rate was 17 +/- 9 beats-min--1 (mean +/- SD). When compared with 24 patients without evidence ischaemic heart disease, they behaved more like younger patients (22 +/- 6) than patients in the same age range (7 +/- 6). A greater vagal response for age after infarction may reflect persistent hypersensitivity of a reflex designed to protect the myocardium during cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 657180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7303", "title": "Relation of platelets to catecholamine induced myocardial injury.", "content": "To test the thesis that myocardial injury, induced by catecholamines, is ischaemic in origin due to platelet accumulation in the coronary microvasculature, sustained left intracoronary and systemic infusion of catecholamines in toxic dosage was given to dogs previously infused with autologous 51Cr-labelled platelets. Subsequent determination of tissue radioactivity and electrolytes, as well as electronmicrography, indicated that the induced myocardial injury was not related to microvascular occlusion by platelets.", "contents": "Relation of platelets to catecholamine induced myocardial injury. To test the thesis that myocardial injury, induced by catecholamines, is ischaemic in origin due to platelet accumulation in the coronary microvasculature, sustained left intracoronary and systemic infusion of catecholamines in toxic dosage was given to dogs previously infused with autologous 51Cr-labelled platelets. Subsequent determination of tissue radioactivity and electrolytes, as well as electronmicrography, indicated that the induced myocardial injury was not related to microvascular occlusion by platelets.", "PMID": 657181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7304", "title": "Transmural distribution of intrinsic and transmitted left ventricular diastolic intramyocardial pressure in dogs.", "content": "The left ventricular transmural distribution of steady diastolic blood flow was measured with microspheres at three constant coronary perfusion pressures and two constant diastolic transmural pressures. The pressure-flow ratio in each layer was near linear allowing calculation of an apparent downstream pressure at zero diastolic transmural pressure (or intrinsic myocardial pressure) of 2.0 to 2.4 kPa (15 to 18 mmHg). When the transmural pressure was 2.67 kPa (20 mmHg), the increment of pressure in the outer 4/5 of the ventricular wall was 0.80 kPa (6 mmHg) (interpreted as transmitted intramyocardial pressure). Thus, intrinsic intramyocardial pressure is large and is a major determinant of diastolic coronary blood flow, and transmitted intramyocardial pressure has its major effect in the subendocardium.", "contents": "Transmural distribution of intrinsic and transmitted left ventricular diastolic intramyocardial pressure in dogs. The left ventricular transmural distribution of steady diastolic blood flow was measured with microspheres at three constant coronary perfusion pressures and two constant diastolic transmural pressures. The pressure-flow ratio in each layer was near linear allowing calculation of an apparent downstream pressure at zero diastolic transmural pressure (or intrinsic myocardial pressure) of 2.0 to 2.4 kPa (15 to 18 mmHg). When the transmural pressure was 2.67 kPa (20 mmHg), the increment of pressure in the outer 4/5 of the ventricular wall was 0.80 kPa (6 mmHg) (interpreted as transmitted intramyocardial pressure). Thus, intrinsic intramyocardial pressure is large and is a major determinant of diastolic coronary blood flow, and transmitted intramyocardial pressure has its major effect in the subendocardium.", "PMID": 657183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7305", "title": "Failure to find a humoral factor which influences the compensatory response after resection of the rat small bowel.", "content": "Small bowel resection was performed in one parabiont of a parabiotic rat pair to determine whether there was a \"humoral\" or other circulating factor present which could influence the compensatory response seen in the remainder of the small bowel. Following intestinal resection in one parabiont, there was an increase in DNA synthesis in the intestine of that member provided at least 40% of the small intestine was removed. The compensatory response seen in a resected animal was not observed in its parabiotic partner, even though an attempt was made to make the potentially responding animal more sensitive to the influence of any circulating \"factors\" by resecting its intestine as well. The results obtained are in disagreement with the one closely related report in the literature; it is suggested that there is no good evidence for the existence of a resection-induced circulating factor with the capability of crossing a vascular anastomosis and controlling proliferation of small intestinal epithelium.", "contents": "Failure to find a humoral factor which influences the compensatory response after resection of the rat small bowel. Small bowel resection was performed in one parabiont of a parabiotic rat pair to determine whether there was a \"humoral\" or other circulating factor present which could influence the compensatory response seen in the remainder of the small bowel. Following intestinal resection in one parabiont, there was an increase in DNA synthesis in the intestine of that member provided at least 40% of the small intestine was removed. The compensatory response seen in a resected animal was not observed in its parabiotic partner, even though an attempt was made to make the potentially responding animal more sensitive to the influence of any circulating \"factors\" by resecting its intestine as well. The results obtained are in disagreement with the one closely related report in the literature; it is suggested that there is no good evidence for the existence of a resection-induced circulating factor with the capability of crossing a vascular anastomosis and controlling proliferation of small intestinal epithelium.", "PMID": 657230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7306", "title": "G2 sub-population in mouse liver induced into mitosis by lead acetate.", "content": "A single intracardiac dose of lead acetate (40 microgram lead/g body weight) induced a 25-fold increase in mitosis of mouse hepatocytes 5 hr after injection, as determined by autoradiography. The prompt appearance of a mitotic wave and the relatively large number of mitoses suggest that the mitotic cells were derived from a hepatocyte sub-population arrested in the G2 phase. The injection of lead also stimulated a small increase in labeled hepatocytes within 6 hr. Analysis of grain counts gave no evidence for unscheduled DNA synthesis. The incremental labeled cells may have originated from a small fraction of the G1 population that was ready to enter the S phase without the usual pre-synthetic delay.", "contents": "G2 sub-population in mouse liver induced into mitosis by lead acetate. A single intracardiac dose of lead acetate (40 microgram lead/g body weight) induced a 25-fold increase in mitosis of mouse hepatocytes 5 hr after injection, as determined by autoradiography. The prompt appearance of a mitotic wave and the relatively large number of mitoses suggest that the mitotic cells were derived from a hepatocyte sub-population arrested in the G2 phase. The injection of lead also stimulated a small increase in labeled hepatocytes within 6 hr. Analysis of grain counts gave no evidence for unscheduled DNA synthesis. The incremental labeled cells may have originated from a small fraction of the G1 population that was ready to enter the S phase without the usual pre-synthetic delay.", "PMID": 657231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7307", "title": "Growth fraction and cycle duration of hepatocytes in the three-week-old rat.", "content": "The proliferation of hepatocytes in the liver of 3-week-old rats has been investigated by autoradiographic methods. This investigation is a continuation of earlier work on the same topic (Schultze & Maurer, 1972; 1973). 21 days after birth, 102 rats received a single injection of 3H-TdR. The percentage of labelled mitoses was then determined 1 hr later and at various times throughout the interval up to 12 days after application of 3H-TdR. In agreement with earlier work, a first peak of labelled mitoses was found 7 hr after 3H-TdR injection. The area under the peak indicates an S phase duration of 8 hr. In addition a second very broad peak of labelled mitoses was found between 2 and 12 days after pulse labelling. The analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that the hepatocytes of the 3-week-old rat have a growth fraction close to 1 and a doubling time of 6-7 days. This is at variance with earlier results of Post, Huang & Hoffman (1963) and Grisham (1969) who had derived a value of 21.5 hr for the duration of the cell cycle and a value of only 0.1-0.2 for the growth fraction of the hepatocytes.", "contents": "Growth fraction and cycle duration of hepatocytes in the three-week-old rat. The proliferation of hepatocytes in the liver of 3-week-old rats has been investigated by autoradiographic methods. This investigation is a continuation of earlier work on the same topic (Schultze & Maurer, 1972; 1973). 21 days after birth, 102 rats received a single injection of 3H-TdR. The percentage of labelled mitoses was then determined 1 hr later and at various times throughout the interval up to 12 days after application of 3H-TdR. In agreement with earlier work, a first peak of labelled mitoses was found 7 hr after 3H-TdR injection. The area under the peak indicates an S phase duration of 8 hr. In addition a second very broad peak of labelled mitoses was found between 2 and 12 days after pulse labelling. The analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that the hepatocytes of the 3-week-old rat have a growth fraction close to 1 and a doubling time of 6-7 days. This is at variance with earlier results of Post, Huang & Hoffman (1963) and Grisham (1969) who had derived a value of 21.5 hr for the duration of the cell cycle and a value of only 0.1-0.2 for the growth fraction of the hepatocytes.", "PMID": 657232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7308", "title": "Defect of erythropoiesis in non-leukaemic AKR mice.", "content": "The kinetics of the CFU population and of erythropoiesis were investigated in the AKR strain mouse prior to the onset of thymic leukaemias: haemopoiesis was compared in syngeneic AKR, semi-allogenic C3H and (C3H X AKR) F1 mice injected with AKR stem cells. These experiments demonstrate that the reduction in The number of spleen colonies previously described by Perkins et al. (1971) in syngeneic hosts, as compared to semi-allogenic C3H hosts, is actually related to defective erythropoiesis resulting from a dysfunction of the AKR haemopoietic inductive microenvironment (HIM). Erythropoietin secretion is normal in AKR mice. The early haemopoietic events related to the stem cell: lodgement of the CFU ('f' factor) and doubling time, are not disturbed, but the onset of CFU proliferation is markedly delayed in the AKR strain. The main expression of the AKR HIM dysfunction is a significant reduction in the number of erythroid (E) colonies and an impaired output of red blood cells per E-colony in the syngeneic host as compared to the allogenic one. In addition, data indicate that a weakly histo-incompatible system, such as that in C3H and hybrid hosts, does not interfere with the stages of haemopoiesis except by lengthening the doubling time of the CFU. The results, on the whole, emphasize the prevalent influence of HIM.", "contents": "Defect of erythropoiesis in non-leukaemic AKR mice. The kinetics of the CFU population and of erythropoiesis were investigated in the AKR strain mouse prior to the onset of thymic leukaemias: haemopoiesis was compared in syngeneic AKR, semi-allogenic C3H and (C3H X AKR) F1 mice injected with AKR stem cells. These experiments demonstrate that the reduction in The number of spleen colonies previously described by Perkins et al. (1971) in syngeneic hosts, as compared to semi-allogenic C3H hosts, is actually related to defective erythropoiesis resulting from a dysfunction of the AKR haemopoietic inductive microenvironment (HIM). Erythropoietin secretion is normal in AKR mice. The early haemopoietic events related to the stem cell: lodgement of the CFU ('f' factor) and doubling time, are not disturbed, but the onset of CFU proliferation is markedly delayed in the AKR strain. The main expression of the AKR HIM dysfunction is a significant reduction in the number of erythroid (E) colonies and an impaired output of red blood cells per E-colony in the syngeneic host as compared to the allogenic one. In addition, data indicate that a weakly histo-incompatible system, such as that in C3H and hybrid hosts, does not interfere with the stages of haemopoiesis except by lengthening the doubling time of the CFU. The results, on the whole, emphasize the prevalent influence of HIM.", "PMID": 657233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7309", "title": "Cell proliferation in EMT6 tumors treated with single doses of x-rays or hydroxyurea. I. Experimental results.", "content": "EMT6 mouse mammary tumors were treated in vivo with 5 mg/mouse of hydroxyurea (HU) or 300 rads of X-rays. The proliferation of the tumor cells was followed for 28 hr after treatment. Changes in the 3H-TdR labeling index, the mitotic index, the specific activity of the 3H-TdR-labeled DNA, and the proportion of suspended, clonogenic cells in the S phase of the cell cycle were examined and compared. Evidence was found for reassortment of the surviving cells in treated tumors into partially synchronous cohorts. The partial synchrony in the proliferation of the surviving cells was not accurately predicted by the changes in the labeling index and the mitotic index. The changes in DNA specific activity proved unacceptable as an indicator of cell proliferation in solid EMT6 tumors treated with low doses of radiation or HU.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in EMT6 tumors treated with single doses of x-rays or hydroxyurea. I. Experimental results. EMT6 mouse mammary tumors were treated in vivo with 5 mg/mouse of hydroxyurea (HU) or 300 rads of X-rays. The proliferation of the tumor cells was followed for 28 hr after treatment. Changes in the 3H-TdR labeling index, the mitotic index, the specific activity of the 3H-TdR-labeled DNA, and the proportion of suspended, clonogenic cells in the S phase of the cell cycle were examined and compared. Evidence was found for reassortment of the surviving cells in treated tumors into partially synchronous cohorts. The partial synchrony in the proliferation of the surviving cells was not accurately predicted by the changes in the labeling index and the mitotic index. The changes in DNA specific activity proved unacceptable as an indicator of cell proliferation in solid EMT6 tumors treated with low doses of radiation or HU.", "PMID": 657234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7310", "title": "On the existence of 'arrested G2 cells' in mouse epidermis.", "content": "It has been postulated that mouse epidermis contains two populations of resting cells, one of which is blocked at the G1-S boundary and the other between G2 and mitosis. The 'arrested G2 cells' were estimated, by the labelled mitosis method, to comprise 5-10% of the epidermal population and presumed to function as a 'reserve pool' which could be activated by wounding. A comprehensive search has now been carried out for arrested G2 cells in mouse epidermis using the direct methods of single cell and flow through cytophotometry. No evidence was obtained which supports the existence of such a cell compartment. Suitable control experiments were carried out to ensure that G2 cells were not lost during the isolation of epidermal nuclei.", "contents": "On the existence of 'arrested G2 cells' in mouse epidermis. It has been postulated that mouse epidermis contains two populations of resting cells, one of which is blocked at the G1-S boundary and the other between G2 and mitosis. The 'arrested G2 cells' were estimated, by the labelled mitosis method, to comprise 5-10% of the epidermal population and presumed to function as a 'reserve pool' which could be activated by wounding. A comprehensive search has now been carried out for arrested G2 cells in mouse epidermis using the direct methods of single cell and flow through cytophotometry. No evidence was obtained which supports the existence of such a cell compartment. Suitable control experiments were carried out to ensure that G2 cells were not lost during the isolation of epidermal nuclei.", "PMID": 657235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7311", "title": "Cell kinetics in the erythroid compartment of guinea pig bone marrow: a model based on 3H-TdR studies.", "content": "A model of steady-state erythropoiesis in the guinea pig is described. The model incorporates an unidentified progenitor compartment, as well as compartments representing proerythroblasts, basophilic, polychromatic and orthochromatic cells. A computer representation of the model permits a simulation of the labeling curves obtained in pulse and intermittent labeling regimes. It was found that a reasonable fit to the data can be achieved when the parameters for the various compartments are essentially identical. The results of a preliminary sensitivity analysis, carried out by perturbing the duration of S phase from the best fit value, are reported. The fit achieved to the data supports the hypothesis underlying the model that each compartment corresponds to one generation and that the flux within and between compartments is sequential.", "contents": "Cell kinetics in the erythroid compartment of guinea pig bone marrow: a model based on 3H-TdR studies. A model of steady-state erythropoiesis in the guinea pig is described. The model incorporates an unidentified progenitor compartment, as well as compartments representing proerythroblasts, basophilic, polychromatic and orthochromatic cells. A computer representation of the model permits a simulation of the labeling curves obtained in pulse and intermittent labeling regimes. It was found that a reasonable fit to the data can be achieved when the parameters for the various compartments are essentially identical. The results of a preliminary sensitivity analysis, carried out by perturbing the duration of S phase from the best fit value, are reported. The fit achieved to the data supports the hypothesis underlying the model that each compartment corresponds to one generation and that the flux within and between compartments is sequential.", "PMID": 657236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7312", "title": "The development of a zonula occludens in peripheral myelin of the chick embryo. A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Sciatic nerves of chick embryos, 12 to 18 days incubation, were examined in freeze-fracture replicas with special emphasis placed on the development of tight junctional contacts in the myelin sheaths. In stages of beginning myelination short isolated particulate chains (focal tight junctions) appear in fracture faces of the adjacent membranes in the outer myelin lamellae, i.e., the outer mesaxon. In stages of progressing myelination these tight junctional elements elongate and become more numerous. They can also be found in the membranes of the inner mesaxons, the paranodal loops and the intramyelinic cytoplasmic inclusions. In fibers of advanced myelinogenesis a fusion of these isolated tight junctions--either end-to-end or at an angle--gives rise to continuous zonulae occludentes. This contact zone extends in the mesaxonal membranes along the direction of the fiber, whereas in paranodal myelin it acquires a helical course joining the membranes of the paranodal loops. It is proposed that this zonula occludens, which seals the cytoplasmic border of the Schwann cell, separates an intramyelinic from an extramyelinic, extracellular space already during the developmental stages of myelinogenesis.", "contents": "The development of a zonula occludens in peripheral myelin of the chick embryo. A freeze-fracture study. Sciatic nerves of chick embryos, 12 to 18 days incubation, were examined in freeze-fracture replicas with special emphasis placed on the development of tight junctional contacts in the myelin sheaths. In stages of beginning myelination short isolated particulate chains (focal tight junctions) appear in fracture faces of the adjacent membranes in the outer myelin lamellae, i.e., the outer mesaxon. In stages of progressing myelination these tight junctional elements elongate and become more numerous. They can also be found in the membranes of the inner mesaxons, the paranodal loops and the intramyelinic cytoplasmic inclusions. In fibers of advanced myelinogenesis a fusion of these isolated tight junctions--either end-to-end or at an angle--gives rise to continuous zonulae occludentes. This contact zone extends in the mesaxonal membranes along the direction of the fiber, whereas in paranodal myelin it acquires a helical course joining the membranes of the paranodal loops. It is proposed that this zonula occludens, which seals the cytoplasmic border of the Schwann cell, separates an intramyelinic from an extramyelinic, extracellular space already during the developmental stages of myelinogenesis.", "PMID": 657237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7313", "title": "Origin of the glial processes responsible for the spontaneous postnatal phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocyte processes are responsible for a spontaneously occurring phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons during the second postnatal week. In the present investigation, the astrocytes and the astrocyte processes in contact with the motoneurons were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the early postnatal period. It could be concluded that the cells responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons are immature astrocytes. These cells were present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to this period. The type of process responsible for the phagocytosis was present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to and after that period although the relative contribution of such processes to the glia-covered membrane area of the motoneurons was reduced in the older animals. On the basis of these results, the possible specificity of the immature astrocyte as the element responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons during normal development is discussed.", "contents": "Origin of the glial processes responsible for the spontaneous postnatal phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocyte processes are responsible for a spontaneously occurring phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons during the second postnatal week. In the present investigation, the astrocytes and the astrocyte processes in contact with the motoneurons were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the early postnatal period. It could be concluded that the cells responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons are immature astrocytes. These cells were present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to this period. The type of process responsible for the phagocytosis was present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to and after that period although the relative contribution of such processes to the glia-covered membrane area of the motoneurons was reduced in the older animals. On the basis of these results, the possible specificity of the immature astrocyte as the element responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons during normal development is discussed.", "PMID": 657238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7314", "title": "Effect of pimozide on the cytology of the eel pituitary. I. Prolactin-secreting cells.", "content": "Pimozide, a specific blocker of dopaminergic receptors, was injected for 4 to 9 days in freshwater (FW) eels or eels acclimated to sea water (SW), for 10 to 30 days. The daily dose was 100 or 200 microgram/100 g. In FW, pimozide induces a nuclear hypertrophy in the prolactin (PRL) cells of eels; these elongated cells increase in height. The amount of erythrosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm, initially reduced, increases. Plasma electrolyte values are not modified: only the plasma sodium level slightly rises with the higher dose. In SW, PRL cells appear less active. After 10 days, this hypoactivity is not yet fully evident; pimozide stimulates PRL cells without affecting electrolyte values. After 1 month in SW, PRL cells are stimulated with pimozide and a slight regranulation may occasionally occur. The response in SW is never as marked as it is in FW; a high dose is not more effective than a low one. The higher dose significantly raises Na+, Ca2+ and Cl- plasma levels. These data suggest that prolactin synthesis and release increase with pimozide. They corroborate the hypothesis of a hypothalamic inhibitory control on PRL secretion mediated through dopaminergic fibers in the eel, but other factors may also be involved in this regulation in addition to the effect of salinity.", "contents": "Effect of pimozide on the cytology of the eel pituitary. I. Prolactin-secreting cells. Pimozide, a specific blocker of dopaminergic receptors, was injected for 4 to 9 days in freshwater (FW) eels or eels acclimated to sea water (SW), for 10 to 30 days. The daily dose was 100 or 200 microgram/100 g. In FW, pimozide induces a nuclear hypertrophy in the prolactin (PRL) cells of eels; these elongated cells increase in height. The amount of erythrosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm, initially reduced, increases. Plasma electrolyte values are not modified: only the plasma sodium level slightly rises with the higher dose. In SW, PRL cells appear less active. After 10 days, this hypoactivity is not yet fully evident; pimozide stimulates PRL cells without affecting electrolyte values. After 1 month in SW, PRL cells are stimulated with pimozide and a slight regranulation may occasionally occur. The response in SW is never as marked as it is in FW; a high dose is not more effective than a low one. The higher dose significantly raises Na+, Ca2+ and Cl- plasma levels. These data suggest that prolactin synthesis and release increase with pimozide. They corroborate the hypothesis of a hypothalamic inhibitory control on PRL secretion mediated through dopaminergic fibers in the eel, but other factors may also be involved in this regulation in addition to the effect of salinity.", "PMID": 657239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7315", "title": "Effect of pimozide on the cytology of the eel pituitary. II. MSH-secreting cells.", "content": "Pimozide, a specific blocker of dopaminergic receptors, was injected for 4 or 9 days in freshwater (FW) eels or eels acclimated to sea water (SW) for 10 or 30 days. The daily dose was 100 or 200 microgram/100 g. Melanophore index values increase in FW and in 1 month-SW injected eels. All the treated fish react by a total or subtotal degranulation of the lead-hematoxylin positive cells in the pars intermedia. These cells were previously identified as alpha-MSH-secreting cells. The MSH cell nuclear area is significantly increased, nucleoli are larger and the endoplasmic reticulum more developed. The intensity of the response is similar in FW and SW eels, but it does not increase with the higher dose. The rapid release of pituitary alpha-MSH is also visualized by immunofluorescence and immunoenzymologic techniques. No effect on the second cell type of the pars intermedia (PAS-positive cell) is detected. The amount of neurosecretory material is often reduced in the neurohypophysis. These results suggest that the hypothalamic inhibitory control of MSH release and synthesis is mediated through dopaminergic fibers in the eel, but other factors cannot be ignored in this regulation.", "contents": "Effect of pimozide on the cytology of the eel pituitary. II. MSH-secreting cells. Pimozide, a specific blocker of dopaminergic receptors, was injected for 4 or 9 days in freshwater (FW) eels or eels acclimated to sea water (SW) for 10 or 30 days. The daily dose was 100 or 200 microgram/100 g. Melanophore index values increase in FW and in 1 month-SW injected eels. All the treated fish react by a total or subtotal degranulation of the lead-hematoxylin positive cells in the pars intermedia. These cells were previously identified as alpha-MSH-secreting cells. The MSH cell nuclear area is significantly increased, nucleoli are larger and the endoplasmic reticulum more developed. The intensity of the response is similar in FW and SW eels, but it does not increase with the higher dose. The rapid release of pituitary alpha-MSH is also visualized by immunofluorescence and immunoenzymologic techniques. No effect on the second cell type of the pars intermedia (PAS-positive cell) is detected. The amount of neurosecretory material is often reduced in the neurohypophysis. These results suggest that the hypothalamic inhibitory control of MSH release and synthesis is mediated through dopaminergic fibers in the eel, but other factors cannot be ignored in this regulation.", "PMID": 657240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7316", "title": "Distribution of fibres reacting with an alpha-endorphin antiserum in the neurohypophysis of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio.", "content": "A strong positive immunoreaction with an alpha-endorphin antiserum occurs in two distinct sites of the goldfish and carp neurohypophysis. Fluorescent nerve terminals are found in the laminar nerve processes located in the rostral pars distalis, but the immunocytological reaction is mainly localised on the nerve processes of the posterior neurohypophysis lying between the intermediate lobe cells. Almost all the digitations of the neurohypophysis are strongly fluorescent. The immunoreactive fibres probably originate from the hypothalamus, where perikarya displaying the same immunoreaction have been found in the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis and in some minor centres. The possibility that the immunoreactive substances revealed on the neurohypophyseal processes may originate in the intermediate lobe cells is also discussed. It has now to be established if this hypothalamo-hypophyseal system contains a substance with endorphic properties or only some immunologically related substance devoid of the corresponding physiological activities.", "contents": "Distribution of fibres reacting with an alpha-endorphin antiserum in the neurohypophysis of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio. A strong positive immunoreaction with an alpha-endorphin antiserum occurs in two distinct sites of the goldfish and carp neurohypophysis. Fluorescent nerve terminals are found in the laminar nerve processes located in the rostral pars distalis, but the immunocytological reaction is mainly localised on the nerve processes of the posterior neurohypophysis lying between the intermediate lobe cells. Almost all the digitations of the neurohypophysis are strongly fluorescent. The immunoreactive fibres probably originate from the hypothalamus, where perikarya displaying the same immunoreaction have been found in the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis and in some minor centres. The possibility that the immunoreactive substances revealed on the neurohypophyseal processes may originate in the intermediate lobe cells is also discussed. It has now to be established if this hypothalamo-hypophyseal system contains a substance with endorphic properties or only some immunologically related substance devoid of the corresponding physiological activities.", "PMID": 657242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7317", "title": "Catecholaminergic innervation of muscles in the hindgut of crustaceans. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The crustacean species Pacifastacus leniusculus and Gammarus pulex were investigated by electron microscopy in a search for possible neuromuscular junctions in the hindgut, which has a rich supply of catecholaminergic fibres. True neuromuscular synapses were found in both species between nerve terminals containing dense-core vesicles (80-110 nm in diam.) and muscle fibres. We suggest that the dense-core vesicle terminals contain a catecholamine, and this is supported by ultrahistochemical tests for monoamines. Two types of junctions are found: one in which the nerve terminal is embedded in the muscle cell (both species) and one in which protrusions from the muscle cell meet nerve terminals (Pacifastacus). Gammarus pulex, which has only circular muscles in the hindgut, has only catecholaminergic innervation, whereas Pacifastacus leniusculus has circular and longitudinal muscles both with at least two types of innervation.", "contents": "Catecholaminergic innervation of muscles in the hindgut of crustaceans. An ultrastructural study. The crustacean species Pacifastacus leniusculus and Gammarus pulex were investigated by electron microscopy in a search for possible neuromuscular junctions in the hindgut, which has a rich supply of catecholaminergic fibres. True neuromuscular synapses were found in both species between nerve terminals containing dense-core vesicles (80-110 nm in diam.) and muscle fibres. We suggest that the dense-core vesicle terminals contain a catecholamine, and this is supported by ultrahistochemical tests for monoamines. Two types of junctions are found: one in which the nerve terminal is embedded in the muscle cell (both species) and one in which protrusions from the muscle cell meet nerve terminals (Pacifastacus). Gammarus pulex, which has only circular muscles in the hindgut, has only catecholaminergic innervation, whereas Pacifastacus leniusculus has circular and longitudinal muscles both with at least two types of innervation.", "PMID": 657243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7318", "title": "Influence of maternal adrenalectomy on the ultrastructure of the adrenal gland in neonatal rats.", "content": "Maternal adrenalectomy at 7 or 14 days of gestation produced increased cell necrosis within zona reticularis cells on the day of birth and at 24 or 48 h after birth. Small remnants or large portions of adrenocortical cells were present within macrophages. In otherwise normal adrenocortical cells, lipid droplets were incorporated within some mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of single mitochondria was observed within adrenocortical cells. Undoubtedly ultrastructural changes represent stimulation of adrenocortical cells in neonatal rats in response to maternal adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Influence of maternal adrenalectomy on the ultrastructure of the adrenal gland in neonatal rats. Maternal adrenalectomy at 7 or 14 days of gestation produced increased cell necrosis within zona reticularis cells on the day of birth and at 24 or 48 h after birth. Small remnants or large portions of adrenocortical cells were present within macrophages. In otherwise normal adrenocortical cells, lipid droplets were incorporated within some mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of single mitochondria was observed within adrenocortical cells. Undoubtedly ultrastructural changes represent stimulation of adrenocortical cells in neonatal rats in response to maternal adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 657244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7319", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural studies on rat gastric zymogen cells under different physiological and experimental conditions.", "content": "Quantitative electron microscopical measurements performed on gastric zymogen cells were aimed at determinations of size and volume density of the zymogen granules, and size of cell and nuclear profiles. 17 groups of rats each comprising 6-8 animals were investigated: five of these groups were used to study the influence of fasting and feeding, three groups were killed at different intervals after a pilocarpine injection, and four other groups were investigated after an atropine injection. The remaining five groups of rats were operated on: vagotomy was performed on one group, vagotomy + pyloroplasty on another, pyloroplasty on the third group, and antrectomy on the last two groups. The operated rats were sacrificed 4 or 10 weeks after the operations. Pilocarpine was more effective than feeding in reducing the size and the amount of zymogen granules. After atropine the size and amount of zymogen granules tended to increase. Ten weeks after pyloroplasty, vagotomy + pyloroplasty, or antrectomy the mean size of the zymogen cells was reduced. Loss of trophic vagal impulses, duodenal regurgitation, and abnormal serum gastrin levels are factors which might be responsible for the zymogen cell hypotrophy in operated rats.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural studies on rat gastric zymogen cells under different physiological and experimental conditions. Quantitative electron microscopical measurements performed on gastric zymogen cells were aimed at determinations of size and volume density of the zymogen granules, and size of cell and nuclear profiles. 17 groups of rats each comprising 6-8 animals were investigated: five of these groups were used to study the influence of fasting and feeding, three groups were killed at different intervals after a pilocarpine injection, and four other groups were investigated after an atropine injection. The remaining five groups of rats were operated on: vagotomy was performed on one group, vagotomy + pyloroplasty on another, pyloroplasty on the third group, and antrectomy on the last two groups. The operated rats were sacrificed 4 or 10 weeks after the operations. Pilocarpine was more effective than feeding in reducing the size and the amount of zymogen granules. After atropine the size and amount of zymogen granules tended to increase. Ten weeks after pyloroplasty, vagotomy + pyloroplasty, or antrectomy the mean size of the zymogen cells was reduced. Loss of trophic vagal impulses, duodenal regurgitation, and abnormal serum gastrin levels are factors which might be responsible for the zymogen cell hypotrophy in operated rats.", "PMID": 657245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7320", "title": "The proliferation of adrenal medullary cells in newborn and adult mice. A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic study.", "content": "The proliferative activity of newborn and adult mouse adrenal medullary cells was determined with light and electron microscopic autoradiography. The H3 thymidine labelling index of 2 weeks old mice adrenal medullary cells was about 9.4% and declined to less than 1% in adult mice. In electron microscopic autoradiography labelled norepinephrine as well as epinephrine cells could be seen. Only in 1 and 2 weeks old mice some morphologically undifferentiated cells were visible. In formaldehyde induced fluorescence combined with light microscopic autoradiography the fluorescence intensities of labelled and unlabelled medullary cells were measured. On average the fluorescence intensity of labelled cells was lower than that of unlabelled cells. The differences could be explained by a higher number of autoradiographic silver grains laying on the cytoplasm of labelled cells. These results give evidence that fully differentiated adrenal medullary cells are capable of division.", "contents": "The proliferation of adrenal medullary cells in newborn and adult mice. A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic study. The proliferative activity of newborn and adult mouse adrenal medullary cells was determined with light and electron microscopic autoradiography. The H3 thymidine labelling index of 2 weeks old mice adrenal medullary cells was about 9.4% and declined to less than 1% in adult mice. In electron microscopic autoradiography labelled norepinephrine as well as epinephrine cells could be seen. Only in 1 and 2 weeks old mice some morphologically undifferentiated cells were visible. In formaldehyde induced fluorescence combined with light microscopic autoradiography the fluorescence intensities of labelled and unlabelled medullary cells were measured. On average the fluorescence intensity of labelled cells was lower than that of unlabelled cells. The differences could be explained by a higher number of autoradiographic silver grains laying on the cytoplasm of labelled cells. These results give evidence that fully differentiated adrenal medullary cells are capable of division.", "PMID": 657246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7321", "title": "The reticular formation of lampreys (Petromyzonidae)--a target area for exohypothalamic vasotocinergic fibres.", "content": "The octapeptide vasotocin, which is formed in the classical neurosecretory nuclei of lampreys (Petromyzonidae), is transported, bound to the carrier protein neurophysin, not only to the neurohypophysis but also to various other regions of the brain via exohypothalamic fibres. A target area of this exohypothalamic vasotocinergic system is, in the brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri Bloch), a relatively well circumscribed area in the isthmus region of the rhombencephalic tegmentum motoricum, which is called area lateralis tegmenti. In this area, which belongs to the reticular formation, the vasotocinergic fibres form synaptic contacts with nerve cell perikarya and processes. The vesicles contained in the fibres were identified, ultrahistochemically, as neurophysin vesicles. They correspond to the neurophysin vesicles observed in the neurohypophysis of the same species. The functional significance of the vasotocinergic supply to portions of the reticular formation in lampreys is open to discussion.", "contents": "The reticular formation of lampreys (Petromyzonidae)--a target area for exohypothalamic vasotocinergic fibres. The octapeptide vasotocin, which is formed in the classical neurosecretory nuclei of lampreys (Petromyzonidae), is transported, bound to the carrier protein neurophysin, not only to the neurohypophysis but also to various other regions of the brain via exohypothalamic fibres. A target area of this exohypothalamic vasotocinergic system is, in the brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri Bloch), a relatively well circumscribed area in the isthmus region of the rhombencephalic tegmentum motoricum, which is called area lateralis tegmenti. In this area, which belongs to the reticular formation, the vasotocinergic fibres form synaptic contacts with nerve cell perikarya and processes. The vesicles contained in the fibres were identified, ultrahistochemically, as neurophysin vesicles. They correspond to the neurophysin vesicles observed in the neurohypophysis of the same species. The functional significance of the vasotocinergic supply to portions of the reticular formation in lampreys is open to discussion.", "PMID": 657248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7322", "title": "The ultrastructure and function of follicle cells in Foucartia squamulata (Herbst) (Curculionidae).", "content": "The follicle cells of Foucartia squamulata are involved in the formation of both vitelline membrane and chorion. Precursors for these egg coverings are synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and condensed within dictyosomes. The vitelline membrane and the chorion appear on the oocyte surface simultaneously, which is an unusual phenomenon for insects. The follicular epithelium has not been found to contribute to vitellogenesis in the species under study.", "contents": "The ultrastructure and function of follicle cells in Foucartia squamulata (Herbst) (Curculionidae). The follicle cells of Foucartia squamulata are involved in the formation of both vitelline membrane and chorion. Precursors for these egg coverings are synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and condensed within dictyosomes. The vitelline membrane and the chorion appear on the oocyte surface simultaneously, which is an unusual phenomenon for insects. The follicular epithelium has not been found to contribute to vitellogenesis in the species under study.", "PMID": 657249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7323", "title": "Histogenesis of the pituitary in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in different ambient salinities with particular reference to the rostral pars distalis.", "content": "The pituitary gland is first evident in rainbow trout two weeks before hatching. Differentiation of prolactin and ACTH cells is not marked until 3-4 days after hatching when the follicular arrangement of the prolactin cells become apparent. There is no difference in the time of development of either prolactin or ACTH cells in larvae reared in different ambient salinities despite marked changes in tissue ion and water content. This suggests that prolactin and ACTH do not play the osmo- and iono-regulatory roles in larval rainbow trout that they are considered to play in adult salmonids.", "contents": "Histogenesis of the pituitary in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in different ambient salinities with particular reference to the rostral pars distalis. The pituitary gland is first evident in rainbow trout two weeks before hatching. Differentiation of prolactin and ACTH cells is not marked until 3-4 days after hatching when the follicular arrangement of the prolactin cells become apparent. There is no difference in the time of development of either prolactin or ACTH cells in larvae reared in different ambient salinities despite marked changes in tissue ion and water content. This suggests that prolactin and ACTH do not play the osmo- and iono-regulatory roles in larval rainbow trout that they are considered to play in adult salmonids.", "PMID": 657250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7324", "title": "A study of the fine structure of the pit organ of the common Japanese sea eel Conger myriaster.", "content": "The fine structure of the pit organ of the sea eel has been studied by means of electron microscopy. The sensory epithelium of the pit organ consists of sensory cells and supporting cells. The apical surface of the sensory cell is studded with sensory hairs consisting of a kinocilium and stereocilia. The sensory cells are divided into two groups. In one, the kinocilium points dorsally and in the other the kinocilium points ventrally. The total number of sensory cells in one pit organ is about 100, and the ratio of cells with opposite polarity is about 1:1. On the basis of these structural features, the pit organ is considered to be a mechano-receptor sensitive to the movement of liquid in a dorso-ventral direction. It may also serve as an ion receptor, sensitive to environmental ion concentration. Efferent nerve terminals make rare synaptic contacts on the afferent nerve fiber.", "contents": "A study of the fine structure of the pit organ of the common Japanese sea eel Conger myriaster. The fine structure of the pit organ of the sea eel has been studied by means of electron microscopy. The sensory epithelium of the pit organ consists of sensory cells and supporting cells. The apical surface of the sensory cell is studded with sensory hairs consisting of a kinocilium and stereocilia. The sensory cells are divided into two groups. In one, the kinocilium points dorsally and in the other the kinocilium points ventrally. The total number of sensory cells in one pit organ is about 100, and the ratio of cells with opposite polarity is about 1:1. On the basis of these structural features, the pit organ is considered to be a mechano-receptor sensitive to the movement of liquid in a dorso-ventral direction. It may also serve as an ion receptor, sensitive to environmental ion concentration. Efferent nerve terminals make rare synaptic contacts on the afferent nerve fiber.", "PMID": 657251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7325", "title": "Cell to cell relationships in the seminiferous epithelium in the mouse embryo.", "content": "Germ cells and Sertoli cells in embryonic mouse testes (day 14 to 20 of gestation) were examined by sectioning and freeze-fracture. Intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between the germ cells are observed in day 14 and older embryos. Membrane specializations with dense fuzzy material similar to the so-called \"desmosome-like structures\" are found between Sertoli cells and germ cells. A cell contact area with dense opposed membranes is also found between adjacent germ cells. Asymmetrical dense fuzzy lining of both Sertoli and germ cell membranes is noted. Pinocytotic pits or caveolae are frequently found in the Sertoli cell membrane. Between adjacent Sertoli cells, gap junctions of various sizes and focal meshworks of the occluding junctions are found. Most of the occluding junctional particles are located in the center of the grooves in the E face, and are similar to those in postnatal and adult Sertoli cell junctions. In addition, on both fractured faces there are ridges and grooves devoid of particles which are continuous with occluding junctions with particles, suggesting an initial stage in the formation of occluding junctions of the Sertoli cells. Particles gathered at the site of desmosome-like structures are present on the P face of the Sertoli cell.", "contents": "Cell to cell relationships in the seminiferous epithelium in the mouse embryo. Germ cells and Sertoli cells in embryonic mouse testes (day 14 to 20 of gestation) were examined by sectioning and freeze-fracture. Intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between the germ cells are observed in day 14 and older embryos. Membrane specializations with dense fuzzy material similar to the so-called \"desmosome-like structures\" are found between Sertoli cells and germ cells. A cell contact area with dense opposed membranes is also found between adjacent germ cells. Asymmetrical dense fuzzy lining of both Sertoli and germ cell membranes is noted. Pinocytotic pits or caveolae are frequently found in the Sertoli cell membrane. Between adjacent Sertoli cells, gap junctions of various sizes and focal meshworks of the occluding junctions are found. Most of the occluding junctional particles are located in the center of the grooves in the E face, and are similar to those in postnatal and adult Sertoli cell junctions. In addition, on both fractured faces there are ridges and grooves devoid of particles which are continuous with occluding junctions with particles, suggesting an initial stage in the formation of occluding junctions of the Sertoli cells. Particles gathered at the site of desmosome-like structures are present on the P face of the Sertoli cell.", "PMID": 657252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7326", "title": "Synaptic junctions in the sinus gland of the freshwater prawn Palaemon paucidens.", "content": "Two types of neurosecretory fibers, designated as Type 5 and Type 6 axons, in the sinus gland of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon, establish contact with other neurosecretory axons by means of synaptic junctions. This finding strongly supports the view that release of some neurohormones from the eyestalk may be regulated by neurosecretory neurons through synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Synaptic junctions in the sinus gland of the freshwater prawn Palaemon paucidens. Two types of neurosecretory fibers, designated as Type 5 and Type 6 axons, in the sinus gland of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon, establish contact with other neurosecretory axons by means of synaptic junctions. This finding strongly supports the view that release of some neurohormones from the eyestalk may be regulated by neurosecretory neurons through synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 657254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7327", "title": "The sites of encephalic photoreception in phosoperiodic induction of the growth of the testes in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii.", "content": "In bilaterally enucleated White-crowned Sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, testicular growth and development at rates similar to those of intact birds subjected to long days, can be induced by illumination of sites within and near the ventromedial hypothalamus from the tips of single, chronically implanted, light-conducting fibers. Essentially identical results are obtained with the same mode of encephalic illumination of birds with intact eyes held on short days that are otherwise nonstimulatory. Examination of the distribution of the sites of the fibers from which weak illumination induced testicular growth, increase in plasma level of luteinizing hormone or increase in plasma level of testosterone suggests that most of the photoreceptors must lie either within the ventromedial hypothalamus or in sites ventral thereto, such as the tuberal complex. For the time being, at least, we find it necessary to assume that some photosensitive elements of the system occur outside of the ventral hypothalamus.", "contents": "The sites of encephalic photoreception in phosoperiodic induction of the growth of the testes in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. In bilaterally enucleated White-crowned Sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, testicular growth and development at rates similar to those of intact birds subjected to long days, can be induced by illumination of sites within and near the ventromedial hypothalamus from the tips of single, chronically implanted, light-conducting fibers. Essentially identical results are obtained with the same mode of encephalic illumination of birds with intact eyes held on short days that are otherwise nonstimulatory. Examination of the distribution of the sites of the fibers from which weak illumination induced testicular growth, increase in plasma level of luteinizing hormone or increase in plasma level of testosterone suggests that most of the photoreceptors must lie either within the ventromedial hypothalamus or in sites ventral thereto, such as the tuberal complex. For the time being, at least, we find it necessary to assume that some photosensitive elements of the system occur outside of the ventral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 657255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7328", "title": "The rhombencephalic recess in the rat. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The rhombencephalic recess, an ependymal organ, has been studied for the first time by light- and electron microscopy. It is situated mediosagitally on the floor of the rhomboid fossa at the level of the colliculus facialis. The recess and the superimposed tissue are built up by tanycytes, their apices being connected by tight junctions. HRP, injected into the c.s.f., does not penetrate into the intercellular clefts of the recess area. The recess area reveals a certain autonomy regarding its supply with arteries and capillaries. A blood-brain barrier exists, but shows slight leakage in circumscribed areas as a result of intense transendothelial vesicular transport. The organization of the recess area is compared with that of other ependymal organs, especially circumventricular organs.", "contents": "The rhombencephalic recess in the rat. A light and electron microscopic study. The rhombencephalic recess, an ependymal organ, has been studied for the first time by light- and electron microscopy. It is situated mediosagitally on the floor of the rhomboid fossa at the level of the colliculus facialis. The recess and the superimposed tissue are built up by tanycytes, their apices being connected by tight junctions. HRP, injected into the c.s.f., does not penetrate into the intercellular clefts of the recess area. The recess area reveals a certain autonomy regarding its supply with arteries and capillaries. A blood-brain barrier exists, but shows slight leakage in circumscribed areas as a result of intense transendothelial vesicular transport. The organization of the recess area is compared with that of other ependymal organs, especially circumventricular organs.", "PMID": 657256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7329", "title": "Anastomosing tubular arrangement of dog exocrine pancreas.", "content": "Wax reconstructions of zymogen granule-containing cells in dog show the arrangement of the exocrine pancreas to be a branching, anastomosing system of tubules which vary in diameter and end blindly. This arrangement is not that of a true acinar gland.", "contents": "Anastomosing tubular arrangement of dog exocrine pancreas. Wax reconstructions of zymogen granule-containing cells in dog show the arrangement of the exocrine pancreas to be a branching, anastomosing system of tubules which vary in diameter and end blindly. This arrangement is not that of a true acinar gland.", "PMID": 657257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7330", "title": "Avian enteric nerve plexuses. A histochemical study.", "content": "The enteric nerve plexuses of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) were investigated in sections and stretch preparations by means of the cholinesterase and glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical techniques. Cholinesterase-positive and varicose and non-varicose fluorescent nerve fibers were distributed at all levels of the gut in myenteric, submucosal, muscle and mucosal plexuses, and in a perivascular plexus. The density of the innervation and the detailed distribution of the nerves varied in different parts of the intestinal tract. All nerve plexuses appeared to be best developed in the rectum. Whereas the circular muscle coat contained a substantial number of nerves at all levels of the gut, the longitudinal coat was well innervated only in the rectum. The major portion of the mucosal plexus appeared to be associated with the intestinal glands. The nerve cell bodies were restricted to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were mainly cholinesterase-positive. Fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. Pretreatment of stretch preparations with NADH: Nitro BT to stain ganglion cells showed that the majority of the cells were surrounded by a meshwork of fluorescent varicose fibres, although none of the fibres appeared to be associated with individual cells. The perivascular plexus was mainly associated with the arteries. The functional significance of the innervation is discussed.", "contents": "Avian enteric nerve plexuses. A histochemical study. The enteric nerve plexuses of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) were investigated in sections and stretch preparations by means of the cholinesterase and glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical techniques. Cholinesterase-positive and varicose and non-varicose fluorescent nerve fibers were distributed at all levels of the gut in myenteric, submucosal, muscle and mucosal plexuses, and in a perivascular plexus. The density of the innervation and the detailed distribution of the nerves varied in different parts of the intestinal tract. All nerve plexuses appeared to be best developed in the rectum. Whereas the circular muscle coat contained a substantial number of nerves at all levels of the gut, the longitudinal coat was well innervated only in the rectum. The major portion of the mucosal plexus appeared to be associated with the intestinal glands. The nerve cell bodies were restricted to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were mainly cholinesterase-positive. Fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. Pretreatment of stretch preparations with NADH: Nitro BT to stain ganglion cells showed that the majority of the cells were surrounded by a meshwork of fluorescent varicose fibres, although none of the fibres appeared to be associated with individual cells. The perivascular plexus was mainly associated with the arteries. The functional significance of the innervation is discussed.", "PMID": 657258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7331", "title": "Evolution of a human Y chromosome-specific repeated sequence.", "content": "The structure and evolution of a repetitive sequence on the human Y chromosome has been studied by restriction enzyme analysis of both total DNA and the isolated sequence. The sequence is shown to cross-hybridize to sequences in female DNA forming unstable duplexes. Mouse/human cell hybrids have been used to investigate the pattern of sequence homology on the X chromosome and some autosomes. We conclude that this sequence is related to human satellite III, but shows considerable differences in structure.", "contents": "Evolution of a human Y chromosome-specific repeated sequence. The structure and evolution of a repetitive sequence on the human Y chromosome has been studied by restriction enzyme analysis of both total DNA and the isolated sequence. The sequence is shown to cross-hybridize to sequences in female DNA forming unstable duplexes. Mouse/human cell hybrids have been used to investigate the pattern of sequence homology on the X chromosome and some autosomes. We conclude that this sequence is related to human satellite III, but shows considerable differences in structure.", "PMID": 657266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7332", "title": "Role of carbohydrates in protein secretion and turnover: effects of tunicamycin on the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Using tunicamycin, we have investigated the role of glycosylation in the biosynthesis, processing and turnover of CSP, the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). This antibiotic specifically inhibits glycosylation mediated by dolichol pyrophosphate and consequently inhibits the glycosylation of asparaginyl residues of glycoproteins. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of 3H-mannose into CSP by 92--98% and 14C-glucosamine by 84--96%, whereas total protein synthesis was decreased by only 15--45%. Tunicamycin treatment decreased total amounts of CSP by approximately 50--65%, with equal decreases in CSP occurring on the cell surface and in culture medium, whereas intracellular pools of CSP were not substantially affected. In contrast to CSP, three other membrane-associated proteins of apparent molecular weights 75,000, 95,000 and 150,000 daltons were found in increased amounts. Procollagen secretion was not inhibited by tunicamycin. Both procollagen and CSP secretion into culture medium were also not increased in AD6, a glycosylation-deficient, mutant mouse 3T3 cell line compared to wild-type cells. We examined the mechanism of the decrease in CSP after tunicamycin treatment. The rate of CSP biosynthesis as measured by pulse-labeling with 14C-leucine was not altered. Tunicamycin had only a slight effect on the initial times and rates of CSP appearance on the cell surface; some apparent intracellular redistribution of CSP was detected by immunofluorescence. The major effect of tunicamycin treatment was to accelerate the rate of degradation of CSP 2--3 fold. This increase is sufficient to account for the observed decreases after tunicamycin treatment. Our results suggest that carbohydrates may not be essential for CSP or procollagen synthesis, intracellular processing and secretion, but that carbohydrates may help stabilize CSP against proteolytic degradation.", "contents": "Role of carbohydrates in protein secretion and turnover: effects of tunicamycin on the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts. Using tunicamycin, we have investigated the role of glycosylation in the biosynthesis, processing and turnover of CSP, the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). This antibiotic specifically inhibits glycosylation mediated by dolichol pyrophosphate and consequently inhibits the glycosylation of asparaginyl residues of glycoproteins. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of 3H-mannose into CSP by 92--98% and 14C-glucosamine by 84--96%, whereas total protein synthesis was decreased by only 15--45%. Tunicamycin treatment decreased total amounts of CSP by approximately 50--65%, with equal decreases in CSP occurring on the cell surface and in culture medium, whereas intracellular pools of CSP were not substantially affected. In contrast to CSP, three other membrane-associated proteins of apparent molecular weights 75,000, 95,000 and 150,000 daltons were found in increased amounts. Procollagen secretion was not inhibited by tunicamycin. Both procollagen and CSP secretion into culture medium were also not increased in AD6, a glycosylation-deficient, mutant mouse 3T3 cell line compared to wild-type cells. We examined the mechanism of the decrease in CSP after tunicamycin treatment. The rate of CSP biosynthesis as measured by pulse-labeling with 14C-leucine was not altered. Tunicamycin had only a slight effect on the initial times and rates of CSP appearance on the cell surface; some apparent intracellular redistribution of CSP was detected by immunofluorescence. The major effect of tunicamycin treatment was to accelerate the rate of degradation of CSP 2--3 fold. This increase is sufficient to account for the observed decreases after tunicamycin treatment. Our results suggest that carbohydrates may not be essential for CSP or procollagen synthesis, intracellular processing and secretion, but that carbohydrates may help stabilize CSP against proteolytic degradation.", "PMID": 657267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7333", "title": "Coordinate regulation of contractile protein synthesis during myoblast differentiation.", "content": "The synthesis of contractile proteins has been studied during the differentiation of quail skeletal muscle myoblasts in culture. Myoblast differentiation was synchronized by transferring secondary cultures of rapidly dividing myoblasts into medium lacking cell division-promoting factors. Cultures at various stages of differentiation were then pulse-labeled with 35S-methionine, and cell extracts were resolved by electrophoresis on two-dimensional gels. Incorporation into specific proteins was quantitated by autoradiography and fluorography using a scanning densitometer. Contractile proteins synthesized by muscle cultures were identified by their co-electrophoresis on two-dimensional gels with contracile proteins purified from quail breast muscle. Our results show that the synthesis of myosin heavy chain, two myosin light chains, two subunits of troponin and two subunits of tropomyosin is first detected at the time of myoblast fusion and then rapidly increase at least 500 fold to maximum rates which remain constant in muscle fibers. Both the kinetics of activation and the molar rates of synthesis of these contractile proteins are virtually identical. Muscle-specific actin (alpha) synthesis also increases at the time of myoblast fusion, but this actin (alpha) is synthesized at 3 times the rate of other contractile proteins. The synthesis of 30 other muscle cell proteins was quantitated, and most of these are shown to follow different patterns of regulation. From these results, we conclude that the contractile proteins are regulated coordinately during myoblast differentiation.", "contents": "Coordinate regulation of contractile protein synthesis during myoblast differentiation. The synthesis of contractile proteins has been studied during the differentiation of quail skeletal muscle myoblasts in culture. Myoblast differentiation was synchronized by transferring secondary cultures of rapidly dividing myoblasts into medium lacking cell division-promoting factors. Cultures at various stages of differentiation were then pulse-labeled with 35S-methionine, and cell extracts were resolved by electrophoresis on two-dimensional gels. Incorporation into specific proteins was quantitated by autoradiography and fluorography using a scanning densitometer. Contractile proteins synthesized by muscle cultures were identified by their co-electrophoresis on two-dimensional gels with contracile proteins purified from quail breast muscle. Our results show that the synthesis of myosin heavy chain, two myosin light chains, two subunits of troponin and two subunits of tropomyosin is first detected at the time of myoblast fusion and then rapidly increase at least 500 fold to maximum rates which remain constant in muscle fibers. Both the kinetics of activation and the molar rates of synthesis of these contractile proteins are virtually identical. Muscle-specific actin (alpha) synthesis also increases at the time of myoblast fusion, but this actin (alpha) is synthesized at 3 times the rate of other contractile proteins. The synthesis of 30 other muscle cell proteins was quantitated, and most of these are shown to follow different patterns of regulation. From these results, we conclude that the contractile proteins are regulated coordinately during myoblast differentiation.", "PMID": 657269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7334", "title": "The relationship between transformation and somatic mutation in human and Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The frequencies of transformations of primary human and Chinese hamster fibroblasts have been compared with the spontaneous and induced frequencies of mutation for resistance to thioguanine and ouabain, and for ability to use fructose, using the carcinogens benzo (alpha) pyrene and urethane. Whereas the rates and frequencies of mutation were similar in the two cell systems, transformations to morphologically altered cells was observed only in hamster cells. The frequency of this latter transformation event in hamster cells was abour 10(3) greater than the frequencies of mutation in these cells. The morphologically altered cells formed in the above transformation process cannot grow in agar (aga-) and do not produce tumors when injected into animals. The frequency of transition of these latter cells to aga+ cells which produce tumors in animals is similar to the mutation-like events.", "contents": "The relationship between transformation and somatic mutation in human and Chinese hamster cells. The frequencies of transformations of primary human and Chinese hamster fibroblasts have been compared with the spontaneous and induced frequencies of mutation for resistance to thioguanine and ouabain, and for ability to use fructose, using the carcinogens benzo (alpha) pyrene and urethane. Whereas the rates and frequencies of mutation were similar in the two cell systems, transformations to morphologically altered cells was observed only in hamster cells. The frequency of this latter transformation event in hamster cells was abour 10(3) greater than the frequencies of mutation in these cells. The morphologically altered cells formed in the above transformation process cannot grow in agar (aga-) and do not produce tumors when injected into animals. The frequency of transition of these latter cells to aga+ cells which produce tumors in animals is similar to the mutation-like events.", "PMID": 657270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7335", "title": "Dexamethasone-resistant cystic fibrosis fibroblasts show cross-resistance to sex steroids.", "content": "Diploid skin fibroblasts derived from individuals with the autosomal recessive disease, cystic fibrosis (CF), were shown previously to be significantly  more resistant to the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid hormone, than were normal human fibroblasts. Here cystic fibrosis fibroblasts are also shown to be more resistant than normal human fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effects of the sex hormones, 17 beta-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone and progesterone. Since cells are believed to contain different receptors for each of the steroid hormones, it is not probable than the resistance of CF cells to these hormones results from a receptor deficiency. This was shown by the fact that CF cells were found to exhibit the same receptor activity as normal cells for 3-H-dexamethasone. Furthermore, neither normal human nor CF fibroblasts could be demonstrated to contain detectable receptor activity for 3H-17 beta-estradiol. In addition, the studies of fibroblast killing by hormones led to the further interesting observation that normal human diploid fibroblasts, regardless of the sex of the tissue donor, are sensitive to killing by each of the sex hormones. These findings suggest that the cytotoxic effects of the steroid hormones may be observed independently of the specific hormone receptors. The studies reported here thus suggest that the resistance of CF cells to the different steroid hormones is probably the result of a defect in a pathway in cellular steroid hormone metabolism other than that involving receptors.", "contents": "Dexamethasone-resistant cystic fibrosis fibroblasts show cross-resistance to sex steroids. Diploid skin fibroblasts derived from individuals with the autosomal recessive disease, cystic fibrosis (CF), were shown previously to be significantly  more resistant to the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid hormone, than were normal human fibroblasts. Here cystic fibrosis fibroblasts are also shown to be more resistant than normal human fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effects of the sex hormones, 17 beta-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone and progesterone. Since cells are believed to contain different receptors for each of the steroid hormones, it is not probable than the resistance of CF cells to these hormones results from a receptor deficiency. This was shown by the fact that CF cells were found to exhibit the same receptor activity as normal cells for 3-H-dexamethasone. Furthermore, neither normal human nor CF fibroblasts could be demonstrated to contain detectable receptor activity for 3H-17 beta-estradiol. In addition, the studies of fibroblast killing by hormones led to the further interesting observation that normal human diploid fibroblasts, regardless of the sex of the tissue donor, are sensitive to killing by each of the sex hormones. These findings suggest that the cytotoxic effects of the steroid hormones may be observed independently of the specific hormone receptors. The studies reported here thus suggest that the resistance of CF cells to the different steroid hormones is probably the result of a defect in a pathway in cellular steroid hormone metabolism other than that involving receptors.", "PMID": 657271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7336", "title": "Structure of chromatin containing extensively acetylated H3 and H4.", "content": "I have grown HeLa cells in 5 mM sodium n-butyrate leading to extensive in vivo histone acetylation, and have characterized the structure of chromatin containing the modified histones. Nuclear DNA in butyrate-treated cells is digested 5-10 fold more rapidly by DNAase I than the DNA of control cells. Staphylococcal nuclease degrades the two nuclear samples to acid-soluble material with identical rates; this nuclease, however, does excise nucleosomes with extensively acetylated histones from the nucleoprotein chain preferentially. The physical properties of unsheared chromatin and isolated core particles from control and butyrate-treated cells are closely similar, as are the rates of digestion of core particles from the two cell preparations by DNAase I. Determination of the relative susceptibilities of cleavage sites for DNAase I demonstrates that the site 60 bases from the ends of the DNA resistant in control cells, becomes susceptible to the nuclease in core particles containing acetylated histones. Similarly, the 5' terminal phosphate at the end of DNA in core prticles is removed by staphylococcal nuclease 2-3 fold faster in particles containing acetylated histones than in particles from control cells.", "contents": "Structure of chromatin containing extensively acetylated H3 and H4. I have grown HeLa cells in 5 mM sodium n-butyrate leading to extensive in vivo histone acetylation, and have characterized the structure of chromatin containing the modified histones. Nuclear DNA in butyrate-treated cells is digested 5-10 fold more rapidly by DNAase I than the DNA of control cells. Staphylococcal nuclease degrades the two nuclear samples to acid-soluble material with identical rates; this nuclease, however, does excise nucleosomes with extensively acetylated histones from the nucleoprotein chain preferentially. The physical properties of unsheared chromatin and isolated core particles from control and butyrate-treated cells are closely similar, as are the rates of digestion of core particles from the two cell preparations by DNAase I. Determination of the relative susceptibilities of cleavage sites for DNAase I demonstrates that the site 60 bases from the ends of the DNA resistant in control cells, becomes susceptible to the nuclease in core particles containing acetylated histones. Similarly, the 5' terminal phosphate at the end of DNA in core prticles is removed by staphylococcal nuclease 2-3 fold faster in particles containing acetylated histones than in particles from control cells.", "PMID": 657272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7337", "title": "Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of 32P-RNA from Q beta phage clones was sampled by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNAase T1-resistant oligonucleotides (T1 fingerprinting). About 15% of the clones derived from a multiply passaged Q beta population showed fingerprint patterns which deviated from that of the RNA from the total population. All deviations examined could be attributed to one and, less frequently, to two or more nucleotide transitions. Since the fingerprinting technique allows the analysis of only about 10% of the RNA sequence, we estimate that each viable phage genome in a multiply passaged population differs in one to two positions from the \"average\" sequence of the parental population. Several deviant clones were tested by growth competition against a \"wildtype\" population, after 10-20 generations, the resulting phage showed the \"wild-type\" T1 fingerprint pattern. We propose that a Q beta phage population is in a dynamic equilibrium, with viable mutants arising at a high rate (Batschelet, Domingo and Weissmann, 1976; Domingo, Flavell and Weissmann, 1976) on the one hand, and being strongly selected against on the other. The genome of Q beta phage cannot be described as a defined unique structure, but rather as a weighted average of a large number of different individual sequences.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population. The nucleotide sequence of 32P-RNA from Q beta phage clones was sampled by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNAase T1-resistant oligonucleotides (T1 fingerprinting). About 15% of the clones derived from a multiply passaged Q beta population showed fingerprint patterns which deviated from that of the RNA from the total population. All deviations examined could be attributed to one and, less frequently, to two or more nucleotide transitions. Since the fingerprinting technique allows the analysis of only about 10% of the RNA sequence, we estimate that each viable phage genome in a multiply passaged population differs in one to two positions from the \"average\" sequence of the parental population. Several deviant clones were tested by growth competition against a \"wildtype\" population, after 10-20 generations, the resulting phage showed the \"wild-type\" T1 fingerprint pattern. We propose that a Q beta phage population is in a dynamic equilibrium, with viable mutants arising at a high rate (Batschelet, Domingo and Weissmann, 1976; Domingo, Flavell and Weissmann, 1976) on the one hand, and being strongly selected against on the other. The genome of Q beta phage cannot be described as a defined unique structure, but rather as a weighted average of a large number of different individual sequences.", "PMID": 657273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7338", "title": "Structure of the genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus: a terminally redundant sequence.", "content": "The genome of the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) has been analyzed by digestion with ribonuclease T1 and separation of the digestion products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Thirty large oligonucleotides isolated from such a fingerprint have been characterized. One of these oligonucleotides (number 21) was found to be present in twice the molar yield of the rest. The 30 oligonucleotides were mapped on the genome by determining their yields in various size classes of 3' terminal fragments of Mo-MuLV RNA. The physical map obtained in this way suggested that oligonucletoide 21 was present very near the 3' end of the geome as well as in another location near or at the 5' end. The genome structure suggested by these results was confirmed by analyzing oligonucleotides in Mo-Mulv RNA complementary to strong stop DNA, which is shown to be a copy of the 5' terminal 134 nucleotides of the MoMuLV genome. Some of the oligonucleotides in the RNA protected from RNAase digestion by hybridization to this DNA, including oligonucleotide 21, were present near both the 3' and 5' ends. Comparison of these with the nucleotide sequence of strong stop DNA shows that there is a terminal redundancy of 49-60 nucleotides in the Mo-MuLV genome RNA.", "contents": "Structure of the genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus: a terminally redundant sequence. The genome of the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) has been analyzed by digestion with ribonuclease T1 and separation of the digestion products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Thirty large oligonucleotides isolated from such a fingerprint have been characterized. One of these oligonucleotides (number 21) was found to be present in twice the molar yield of the rest. The 30 oligonucleotides were mapped on the genome by determining their yields in various size classes of 3' terminal fragments of Mo-MuLV RNA. The physical map obtained in this way suggested that oligonucletoide 21 was present very near the 3' end of the geome as well as in another location near or at the 5' end. The genome structure suggested by these results was confirmed by analyzing oligonucleotides in Mo-Mulv RNA complementary to strong stop DNA, which is shown to be a copy of the 5' terminal 134 nucleotides of the MoMuLV genome. Some of the oligonucleotides in the RNA protected from RNAase digestion by hybridization to this DNA, including oligonucleotide 21, were present near both the 3' and 5' ends. Comparison of these with the nucleotide sequence of strong stop DNA shows that there is a terminal redundancy of 49-60 nucleotides in the Mo-MuLV genome RNA.", "PMID": 657274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7339", "title": "The mobilization of maternal histone messenger RNA after fertilization of the sea urchin egg.", "content": "The extent of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis in early cleavage stages of the sea urchin embryo (Parechinus angulosus) was determined. A histone mRNA specific cDNA was used in hybridization experiments to investigate the cytoplasmic localization of maternal histone mRNA in the unfertilized sea urchin egg and first cleavage stage embryo. In the unfertilized egg histone mRNA was localized exclusively in ribonucleoprotein particles with none in ribosomes or polyribosomes. This distribution changed after fertilization, in particular, coupled with the first cleavage telophase there was a significant transfer of histone mRNA from the ribonucleoprotein fraction to the polyribosomes. The results indicate mRNA specific translational control mechanisms.", "contents": "The mobilization of maternal histone messenger RNA after fertilization of the sea urchin egg. The extent of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis in early cleavage stages of the sea urchin embryo (Parechinus angulosus) was determined. A histone mRNA specific cDNA was used in hybridization experiments to investigate the cytoplasmic localization of maternal histone mRNA in the unfertilized sea urchin egg and first cleavage stage embryo. In the unfertilized egg histone mRNA was localized exclusively in ribonucleoprotein particles with none in ribosomes or polyribosomes. This distribution changed after fertilization, in particular, coupled with the first cleavage telophase there was a significant transfer of histone mRNA from the ribonucleoprotein fraction to the polyribosomes. The results indicate mRNA specific translational control mechanisms.", "PMID": 657275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7340", "title": "Developmental studies on an apparent cell-lethal mutant gene-ut-in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "The discovery of a new mutant gene in stocks of the Mexican axolotl derived from breeding stock of the Hubrecht Laboratory, the Netherlands, is described. The gene appears to be a simple recessive and displays complete penetrance. ut/ut larvae develop normally through hatching, but begin to lag in growth and display characteristics defects in gill and limb formation shortly thereafter. The results of parabiosis of normal and mutant embryos, as well as embryological transplants of mutant limb and branchial rudiments, support the conclusion that the gene ut is expressed as an 'autonomous-cell lethal'. Despite gross morphological defects in ut/ut larvae, comparisons between normal and mutant animals of the protein spectra of various tissues and organs revealed no substantial differences. A subtle change in the metabolism of ut/ut larvae apparently, therefore, leads to developmental arrest.", "contents": "Developmental studies on an apparent cell-lethal mutant gene-ut-in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. The discovery of a new mutant gene in stocks of the Mexican axolotl derived from breeding stock of the Hubrecht Laboratory, the Netherlands, is described. The gene appears to be a simple recessive and displays complete penetrance. ut/ut larvae develop normally through hatching, but begin to lag in growth and display characteristics defects in gill and limb formation shortly thereafter. The results of parabiosis of normal and mutant embryos, as well as embryological transplants of mutant limb and branchial rudiments, support the conclusion that the gene ut is expressed as an 'autonomous-cell lethal'. Despite gross morphological defects in ut/ut larvae, comparisons between normal and mutant animals of the protein spectra of various tissues and organs revealed no substantial differences. A subtle change in the metabolism of ut/ut larvae apparently, therefore, leads to developmental arrest.", "PMID": 657276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7341", "title": "Metabolically stable non-histone chromosomal proteins in growing maize roots.", "content": "DNA and non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) of meristematic cells of maize primary roots were double labelled in vivo with [3H]- or [14C] thymidine and [14C]- or [3H]-tryptophan respectively. The ratio of labelled tryptophan to labelled DNA was followed during the transition of the meristematic cells of the root tip into the distal zones of finally differentiated cells. It was found that only 20% of the newly synthesized NHCP in the proliferating cells were turned over, while the rest were preserved and found as metabolically stable proteins in the zone of final differentiation. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that some NHCP remain permanently associated with chromatin of non-dividing differentiated cells in order to maintain the genomic characteristics of a given cellular type.", "contents": "Metabolically stable non-histone chromosomal proteins in growing maize roots. DNA and non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) of meristematic cells of maize primary roots were double labelled in vivo with [3H]- or [14C] thymidine and [14C]- or [3H]-tryptophan respectively. The ratio of labelled tryptophan to labelled DNA was followed during the transition of the meristematic cells of the root tip into the distal zones of finally differentiated cells. It was found that only 20% of the newly synthesized NHCP in the proliferating cells were turned over, while the rest were preserved and found as metabolically stable proteins in the zone of final differentiation. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that some NHCP remain permanently associated with chromatin of non-dividing differentiated cells in order to maintain the genomic characteristics of a given cellular type.", "PMID": 657277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7342", "title": "Repair of DNA damaged by mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in human cells.", "content": "The repair of human DNA after damage by known and potential metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene has been examined utilizing the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis assay. Repair was characterized as either ultraviolet (\"long\") or ionizing radiation type (\"short\") repair utilizing normal cells and cells deficient in ultraviolet-type repair endonuclease from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We have found that only (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,-10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP diol epoxide 1) and its disastereomer, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha,-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP diol epoxide 2) elicit damage to DNA which is recognizable by the ultraviolet excision repair system in normal human cells. Benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-, 9,10-, 11,12-oxides do not elicit damage which is repairable by this repair system. The 1,2-diol-3,4-epoxides from naphthalene have no measurable activity in our assay. These results indicate that both the benzo(a)pyrene ring structure and the diol epoxide groups are important in causing the damage to DNA which is repairable by the ultraviolet excision repair system. These results parallel the reported high mutagenic activity of these compounds and support the concept that benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides may be the ultimate, metabolically activated forms of benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Repair of DNA damaged by mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in human cells. The repair of human DNA after damage by known and potential metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene has been examined utilizing the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis assay. Repair was characterized as either ultraviolet (\"long\") or ionizing radiation type (\"short\") repair utilizing normal cells and cells deficient in ultraviolet-type repair endonuclease from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We have found that only (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,-10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP diol epoxide 1) and its disastereomer, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha,-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP diol epoxide 2) elicit damage to DNA which is recognizable by the ultraviolet excision repair system in normal human cells. Benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-, 9,10-, 11,12-oxides do not elicit damage which is repairable by this repair system. The 1,2-diol-3,4-epoxides from naphthalene have no measurable activity in our assay. These results indicate that both the benzo(a)pyrene ring structure and the diol epoxide groups are important in causing the damage to DNA which is repairable by the ultraviolet excision repair system. These results parallel the reported high mutagenic activity of these compounds and support the concept that benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides may be the ultimate, metabolically activated forms of benzo(a)pyrene.", "PMID": 657391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7343", "title": "Postreplication repair of DNA in human fibroblasts after UV irradiation or treatment with metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "We have examined the ability of normal fibroblasts and of excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and XP variant fibroblasts to perform postreplication DNA repair after increasing doses of either ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or mutagenic benzo(a)pyrene derivatives. XP cells defective in the excision of both UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and guanine adducts induced by treatment with the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene were partially defective in their ability to synthesize high molecular weight DNA after the induction of both classes of DNA lesions. This defect was more marked in XP variant cells, despite their ability to remove by excision repair both pyrimidine dimers and the diol epoxide-induced lesions to the same degree as observed in normal cells. The benzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide had no effect in any of the 3 cell lines. The response of the excision and postreplication DNA repair mechanisms operating in human fibroblasts treated with benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides, therefore, appears to resemble closely that seen after the induction of pyrimidine dimers by UV irradiation.", "contents": "Postreplication repair of DNA in human fibroblasts after UV irradiation or treatment with metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene. We have examined the ability of normal fibroblasts and of excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and XP variant fibroblasts to perform postreplication DNA repair after increasing doses of either ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or mutagenic benzo(a)pyrene derivatives. XP cells defective in the excision of both UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and guanine adducts induced by treatment with the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene were partially defective in their ability to synthesize high molecular weight DNA after the induction of both classes of DNA lesions. This defect was more marked in XP variant cells, despite their ability to remove by excision repair both pyrimidine dimers and the diol epoxide-induced lesions to the same degree as observed in normal cells. The benzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide had no effect in any of the 3 cell lines. The response of the excision and postreplication DNA repair mechanisms operating in human fibroblasts treated with benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides, therefore, appears to resemble closely that seen after the induction of pyrimidine dimers by UV irradiation.", "PMID": 657392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7344", "title": "Formation of DNA-binding products from isolated benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Liver nuclei from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats in the presence of NADPH metabolized 3- and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to products that bound to DNA. Maximal binding was obtained with the dihydrodiol which was approximately 3-fold that with 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and 60-fold that with 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, as substrates. Both 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene were also extensively metabolized by the nuclear fraction but did not give rise to DNA-binding products. The available evidence suggests that the DNA binding species derived from 9-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene is 9-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide and from 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, as previously observed in different systems, 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-9,10-oxide.", "contents": "Formation of DNA-binding products from isolated benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in rat liver nuclei. Liver nuclei from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats in the presence of NADPH metabolized 3- and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to products that bound to DNA. Maximal binding was obtained with the dihydrodiol which was approximately 3-fold that with 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and 60-fold that with 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, as substrates. Both 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene were also extensively metabolized by the nuclear fraction but did not give rise to DNA-binding products. The available evidence suggests that the DNA binding species derived from 9-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene is 9-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide and from 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, as previously observed in different systems, 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-9,10-oxide.", "PMID": 657393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7345", "title": "Nitrofurazone-induced DNA damage to tissues of mice.", "content": "Cytotoxicity and DNA damage by nitrofurans has previously been correlated with metabolic reduction of these drugs in vitro. In the present study, nitrofurazone increased the rate of disappearance of stable [3H]thymidine labelled DNA from tissues of mice fed 0.1% nitrofurazone in the diet. Significant loss of labelled DNA occurred within 25 days after the start of the diet in all tissue observed, and loss was in relation to the rate of metabolic reduction of nitrofurazone. A similar correlation was found when another endpoint for DNA damage was used; nitrofurazone reduced by mouse tissue slices caused DNA single-strand breaks in cultured mouse L cells incubated in vitro with the tissues. Again, the ability of each tissue to produce toxic nitrofurazone metabolites determined the amount of DNA damage to the L cells.", "contents": "Nitrofurazone-induced DNA damage to tissues of mice. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage by nitrofurans has previously been correlated with metabolic reduction of these drugs in vitro. In the present study, nitrofurazone increased the rate of disappearance of stable [3H]thymidine labelled DNA from tissues of mice fed 0.1% nitrofurazone in the diet. Significant loss of labelled DNA occurred within 25 days after the start of the diet in all tissue observed, and loss was in relation to the rate of metabolic reduction of nitrofurazone. A similar correlation was found when another endpoint for DNA damage was used; nitrofurazone reduced by mouse tissue slices caused DNA single-strand breaks in cultured mouse L cells incubated in vitro with the tissues. Again, the ability of each tissue to produce toxic nitrofurazone metabolites determined the amount of DNA damage to the L cells.", "PMID": 657394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7346", "title": "Metabolism of N-nitrosomorpholine by the rat in vivo and by rat liver microsomes and its oxidation by the Fenton system.", "content": "N-Nitrosomorpholine is converted into N-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine by rat liver microsomes and by the Fenton oxidation system. The hydroxy derivative was also synthesised by the oxidation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine with permanganate and characterized as the methoxime and the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The Fenton system also afforded products believed to be N-nitroso-2-morpholone, and the 2-hydroperoxy- and 2-peroxy-derivatives of N-nitrosomorpholine. The only urinary metabolite definitely identified was N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The significance of metabolic 2-hydroxylation in relation to the carcinogenic action of N-nitrosomorpholine is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of N-nitrosomorpholine by the rat in vivo and by rat liver microsomes and its oxidation by the Fenton system. N-Nitrosomorpholine is converted into N-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine by rat liver microsomes and by the Fenton oxidation system. The hydroxy derivative was also synthesised by the oxidation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine with permanganate and characterized as the methoxime and the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The Fenton system also afforded products believed to be N-nitroso-2-morpholone, and the 2-hydroperoxy- and 2-peroxy-derivatives of N-nitrosomorpholine. The only urinary metabolite definitely identified was N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The significance of metabolic 2-hydroxylation in relation to the carcinogenic action of N-nitrosomorpholine is discussed.", "PMID": 657395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7347", "title": "The identification of 3-methylcholanthrene-9,10-dihydrodiol as an intermediate in the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to DNA in cells in culture.", "content": "Two metabolites of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), previously shown to be precursors of the DNA-bound form of 3MC observed in embryo cells in culture, were prepared from 3MC by microsomal metabolism and isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). From HPLC analysis of the metabolites of 3MC, from mass spectrometric analysis and from comparison with the fluorescence spectra of all 5 possible dihydrodiols of the alkylated benzanthracenes, it was deduced that one of the precursor metabolites was a 9,10-dihydrodiol of 3MC while the other was a 1 or 2-hydroxy derivative thereof.", "contents": "The identification of 3-methylcholanthrene-9,10-dihydrodiol as an intermediate in the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to DNA in cells in culture. Two metabolites of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), previously shown to be precursors of the DNA-bound form of 3MC observed in embryo cells in culture, were prepared from 3MC by microsomal metabolism and isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). From HPLC analysis of the metabolites of 3MC, from mass spectrometric analysis and from comparison with the fluorescence spectra of all 5 possible dihydrodiols of the alkylated benzanthracenes, it was deduced that one of the precursor metabolites was a 9,10-dihydrodiol of 3MC while the other was a 1 or 2-hydroxy derivative thereof.", "PMID": 657396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7348", "title": "Modification by metals, sulphydryl reagents and cyanide of the particle stimulated enhancement of oxygen consumption in bovine granulocytes.", "content": "A simple, rapid method for the isolation of neutrophil-enriched leucocyte suspensions from bovine blood is described. The capacity of these cells to produce a particle stimulated increase in oxygen consumption deteriorated during a period of storage of the cells whilst the viability of the cells remained unchanged. Potassium cyanide inhibited the basal oxygen consumption but enhanced the stimulated respiratory burst. Zinc ions also enhanced this respiratory burst but ferric and manganous ions did not. The lipid-soluble non-haem iron chelator, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2 thienyl)-1,3-butanedione, preferentially inhibited the particle stimulated type of oxygen consumption, as did the sulphydryl reagents, N-ethyl maleimide and diazine dicarboxylic acid bis-dimethyl amide. These data allow us to consider that zinc ions may play a role in the respiratory burst associated with phagocytosis and that iron-sulphur interactions may be important in oxygen consuming reactions.", "contents": "Modification by metals, sulphydryl reagents and cyanide of the particle stimulated enhancement of oxygen consumption in bovine granulocytes. A simple, rapid method for the isolation of neutrophil-enriched leucocyte suspensions from bovine blood is described. The capacity of these cells to produce a particle stimulated increase in oxygen consumption deteriorated during a period of storage of the cells whilst the viability of the cells remained unchanged. Potassium cyanide inhibited the basal oxygen consumption but enhanced the stimulated respiratory burst. Zinc ions also enhanced this respiratory burst but ferric and manganous ions did not. The lipid-soluble non-haem iron chelator, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2 thienyl)-1,3-butanedione, preferentially inhibited the particle stimulated type of oxygen consumption, as did the sulphydryl reagents, N-ethyl maleimide and diazine dicarboxylic acid bis-dimethyl amide. These data allow us to consider that zinc ions may play a role in the respiratory burst associated with phagocytosis and that iron-sulphur interactions may be important in oxygen consuming reactions.", "PMID": 657397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7349", "title": "[Castleman's benign lymphoma].", "content": "The Authors, when presenting a personal case of CBL, make a critical revision of the literature, summing up the evolution of knowledge of this morbid picture. They analyse and discuss the aetiological theories suggested by other Authors on the basis of clinical and anatomopathological criteria. Lastly they evidence the difficulty of diagnosis both for the clinical physician and for the anatomopathologist, since there are numerous pathological pictures which may simulate CBL in the symptoms when present, the x-ray aspects and even the anatomohistological examination.", "contents": "[Castleman's benign lymphoma]. The Authors, when presenting a personal case of CBL, make a critical revision of the literature, summing up the evolution of knowledge of this morbid picture. They analyse and discuss the aetiological theories suggested by other Authors on the basis of clinical and anatomopathological criteria. Lastly they evidence the difficulty of diagnosis both for the clinical physician and for the anatomopathologist, since there are numerous pathological pictures which may simulate CBL in the symptoms when present, the x-ray aspects and even the anatomohistological examination.", "PMID": 657415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7350", "title": "[The amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in the differential diagnosis of pancreatitis and gastroduodenal ulcer with hyperamylasemia].", "content": "The Authors followed 29 patients, hospitaled with a diagnosis of pancreatitis. They all presented the same sympotomatology and a considerable increase of the serum amylase ad urinary amylase. The examination of the ratio between the clearance of amylasis and creatinine permitted to make a differential diagnosis for 8 cases (4rd group) that were nothing but peptic ulcera. Such a diagnosis was confirmed by the radiological contrastographic examination or by the intraoperative report. So if the ratio between the clearance of amylase and creatinine is normal we must think about a pathological situation were the iperamylasemia has a pathogenetic cause different from pancreatitis.", "contents": "[The amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in the differential diagnosis of pancreatitis and gastroduodenal ulcer with hyperamylasemia]. The Authors followed 29 patients, hospitaled with a diagnosis of pancreatitis. They all presented the same sympotomatology and a considerable increase of the serum amylase ad urinary amylase. The examination of the ratio between the clearance of amylasis and creatinine permitted to make a differential diagnosis for 8 cases (4rd group) that were nothing but peptic ulcera. Such a diagnosis was confirmed by the radiological contrastographic examination or by the intraoperative report. So if the ratio between the clearance of amylase and creatinine is normal we must think about a pathological situation were the iperamylasemia has a pathogenetic cause different from pancreatitis.", "PMID": 657416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7351", "title": "[Our experience in the surgical treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The Authors present their surgical experience of more than a decade with regard to emergency therapy of perforated duodenal ulcers. The paper covers the case of 124 patients hospitalized urgently and variously subjected to the aspirative method according to Taylor, raphe, vagotomy and pyloroplasty according to Judd, or immediate gastric resection. With regard to the short, medium and long term results, they conclude in favour of immediate vagotomy, free from dangers and mortality, the fairly positive nature of immediate gastric resection, and the failure or at any rate low reliability of the other two methods used.", "contents": "[Our experience in the surgical treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer]. The Authors present their surgical experience of more than a decade with regard to emergency therapy of perforated duodenal ulcers. The paper covers the case of 124 patients hospitalized urgently and variously subjected to the aspirative method according to Taylor, raphe, vagotomy and pyloroplasty according to Judd, or immediate gastric resection. With regard to the short, medium and long term results, they conclude in favour of immediate vagotomy, free from dangers and mortality, the fairly positive nature of immediate gastric resection, and the failure or at any rate low reliability of the other two methods used.", "PMID": 657417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7352", "title": "Follow-up to 16 years of school children who had marked speech defects at 7 years.", "content": "In this paper we present the results of a follow-up study to age 16 years of 215 children in the National Child Development Study who were reported to show marked speech defects with normal hearing at 7 years. At 16 years information was available for 180 (85%) of the surviving 212 children. 30% of these children were in special schools and of the 70% in ordinary schools, 51% were reported still to have a residual speech problem. Additional health and social problems were frequent among the study group children and with very few exceptions they did badly at school. The findings at 16 years strongly reinforce our earlier conclusions that markedly defective speech at 7 years indicates the likelihood of continued backwardness in the development of acceptable verbal communication, social maturity and scholastic attainments.", "contents": "Follow-up to 16 years of school children who had marked speech defects at 7 years. In this paper we present the results of a follow-up study to age 16 years of 215 children in the National Child Development Study who were reported to show marked speech defects with normal hearing at 7 years. At 16 years information was available for 180 (85%) of the surviving 212 children. 30% of these children were in special schools and of the 70% in ordinary schools, 51% were reported still to have a residual speech problem. Additional health and social problems were frequent among the study group children and with very few exceptions they did badly at school. The findings at 16 years strongly reinforce our earlier conclusions that markedly defective speech at 7 years indicates the likelihood of continued backwardness in the development of acceptable verbal communication, social maturity and scholastic attainments.", "PMID": 657429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7353", "title": "The magnitude of the electromotive force of canine ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The isolated and perfused dog heart was placed in a cubic container filled with Tyrode's solution. Ventricular ectopic beats were produced by electrical stimulation of the left ventricular wall, and initial QRS vectors of these beats were determined with orthogonal leads from the surface of the container. At the same instants, the activated area on the epicardial surface was measured by means of a large number of contiguous bipolar leads from the epicardial surface. The QRS vector and the activated epicardial area were found to be nearly porportional. By use of these results and a calibration system with artificial dipoles, the double layer moment of the ventricular activation wave was calculated as 0.13 mA.cm per unit area. This value corresponds to 60% of the maximal possible strength of the tissue electromotive force. Lowering the conductivity of the surrounding solution increased the QRS voltage but not as much as the potential caused by a constant-current dipole within the solution. The relationship between the QRS voltage and the conductivity of the medium was analyzed by a simplified model of the system and was found to correspond approximately to that of a constant-current source within a spherical heart with a resistivity 2 to 3 times that of Tyrode's solution.", "contents": "The magnitude of the electromotive force of canine ventricular myocardium. The isolated and perfused dog heart was placed in a cubic container filled with Tyrode's solution. Ventricular ectopic beats were produced by electrical stimulation of the left ventricular wall, and initial QRS vectors of these beats were determined with orthogonal leads from the surface of the container. At the same instants, the activated area on the epicardial surface was measured by means of a large number of contiguous bipolar leads from the epicardial surface. The QRS vector and the activated epicardial area were found to be nearly porportional. By use of these results and a calibration system with artificial dipoles, the double layer moment of the ventricular activation wave was calculated as 0.13 mA.cm per unit area. This value corresponds to 60% of the maximal possible strength of the tissue electromotive force. Lowering the conductivity of the surrounding solution increased the QRS voltage but not as much as the potential caused by a constant-current dipole within the solution. The relationship between the QRS voltage and the conductivity of the medium was analyzed by a simplified model of the system and was found to correspond approximately to that of a constant-current source within a spherical heart with a resistivity 2 to 3 times that of Tyrode's solution.", "PMID": 657434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7354", "title": "Action research in day nurseries: evaluating programmes through staff perceptions and attitudes.", "content": "Day nurseries in deprived inner-city areas have to cope with a wide range of problems which are presented by the young children and their families. Many of the children can be delayed in some area of their development or have emotional problems which require sensitive handling. These challenges are in addition to the expected difficulties of helping young children to adjust to a new situation and the presence of unfamiliar adults and children. The staff of day nurseries tend to be young and the 2-year training has a great deal to cover on normal development. The consequence is that staff in their late teens and early twenties have to face the demands of children whose development is often far from 'normal' in terms of the average range. It was a concern about this situation in a very disadvantaged area of London and the fact that nurseries have traditionally been fairly isolated institutions that led to the planning of a 2-year exploratory project with the objective of introducing new ideas and approaches to nursery staff which would help them provide a better quality of care to socially disadvantaged under-5s.", "contents": "Action research in day nurseries: evaluating programmes through staff perceptions and attitudes. Day nurseries in deprived inner-city areas have to cope with a wide range of problems which are presented by the young children and their families. Many of the children can be delayed in some area of their development or have emotional problems which require sensitive handling. These challenges are in addition to the expected difficulties of helping young children to adjust to a new situation and the presence of unfamiliar adults and children. The staff of day nurseries tend to be young and the 2-year training has a great deal to cover on normal development. The consequence is that staff in their late teens and early twenties have to face the demands of children whose development is often far from 'normal' in terms of the average range. It was a concern about this situation in a very disadvantaged area of London and the fact that nurseries have traditionally been fairly isolated institutions that led to the planning of a 2-year exploratory project with the objective of introducing new ideas and approaches to nursery staff which would help them provide a better quality of care to socially disadvantaged under-5s.", "PMID": 657430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7355", "title": "Whole body vascular reactivity during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertension in the pig.", "content": "A change in vascular reactivity was characterized in the pig during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension. Pigs, 8-12 weeks of age, were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and instrumented with an electromagnetic flowprobe on the ascending aorta and with Tygon catheters in the aorta and thoracic vena cava. Approximately 2 weeks after surgery, Silastic strips impregnated with DOCA (100 mg/kg) were implanted subcutaneously. Within the first 3 days after implantation, mean arterial pressure (MAP) began to rise and reached levels approximately 40% greater than control during the 4th week. Graded intravenous infusions of norepinephrine or angiotensin II were given to unanesthetized pigs before, and at intervals during, the development of hypertension. Changes in total peripheral resistance were calculated from recordings of MAP and cardiac output. Comparison of pre-DOCA response curves with those obtained at intervals following DOCA implantation demonstrated a significant increase in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity (decrease in threshold infusion rates) to both drugs post-DOCA. There also was a shift to the left in the dose-response curves. These changes in systemic vascular reactivity occurred at the time the arterial pressure began to rise. The temporal relationship suggests that the increase in vascular reactivity may initiate the increase in mean arterial pressure.", "contents": "Whole body vascular reactivity during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertension in the pig. A change in vascular reactivity was characterized in the pig during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension. Pigs, 8-12 weeks of age, were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and instrumented with an electromagnetic flowprobe on the ascending aorta and with Tygon catheters in the aorta and thoracic vena cava. Approximately 2 weeks after surgery, Silastic strips impregnated with DOCA (100 mg/kg) were implanted subcutaneously. Within the first 3 days after implantation, mean arterial pressure (MAP) began to rise and reached levels approximately 40% greater than control during the 4th week. Graded intravenous infusions of norepinephrine or angiotensin II were given to unanesthetized pigs before, and at intervals during, the development of hypertension. Changes in total peripheral resistance were calculated from recordings of MAP and cardiac output. Comparison of pre-DOCA response curves with those obtained at intervals following DOCA implantation demonstrated a significant increase in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity (decrease in threshold infusion rates) to both drugs post-DOCA. There also was a shift to the left in the dose-response curves. These changes in systemic vascular reactivity occurred at the time the arterial pressure began to rise. The temporal relationship suggests that the increase in vascular reactivity may initiate the increase in mean arterial pressure.", "PMID": 657435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7356", "title": "Services for the mentally handicapped in Sweden.", "content": "This paper, based on a visit by the authors to Sweden, describes Swedish services for mentally handicapped people and discusses the viability of the Swedish model in contrast with services in Britain.", "contents": "Services for the mentally handicapped in Sweden. This paper, based on a visit by the authors to Sweden, describes Swedish services for mentally handicapped people and discusses the viability of the Swedish model in contrast with services in Britain.", "PMID": 657431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7357", "title": "Inhibition of protein degradation in mouse hearts by agents that cause lysosomal dysfunction.", "content": "Although the heart contains lysosomes, it has been uncertain whether these organelles and their proteolytic enzymes can play an important role in cardiac protein degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that fetal mouse hearts in organ culture sustain selective derangements in lysosomal structure and function during exposure to chloroquine or nonmetabolizable sugars. Accordingly, we tested the effects of these agents on cardiac proteolysis under controlled conditions in vitro using two techniques (measurement of loss of radioactivity from trichoroacetic acid-precipitable protein after prelabeling with tritiated phenylalanine and measurement of loss of cold phenylalanine after blockade of protein synthesis with cycloheximide). Chloroquine (0.1 mM) reduced the average rate of protein breakdown in hearts of matched littermates from 45%/24 hours to 32%/24 hours (P less than 0.01) and decreased the release of cold phenylalanine by 31 +/- 5% (0.108 vs 0.075 nmol/mg per hour, P less than 0.01). Exposure to 100 mM sucrose for 24-48 hours reduced the rate of breakdown from 44%/24 hours to 33%/24 hours (P less than 0.01) and decreased the release of cold phenylalanine by 35 +/- 9% (0.092 vs. 0.060 nmol/mg per hour, P less than 0.01). The results suggest that interference with lysosomal function in cultured fetal mouse hearts causes a significant reduction in the cardiac capacity to degrade proteins.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein degradation in mouse hearts by agents that cause lysosomal dysfunction. Although the heart contains lysosomes, it has been uncertain whether these organelles and their proteolytic enzymes can play an important role in cardiac protein degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that fetal mouse hearts in organ culture sustain selective derangements in lysosomal structure and function during exposure to chloroquine or nonmetabolizable sugars. Accordingly, we tested the effects of these agents on cardiac proteolysis under controlled conditions in vitro using two techniques (measurement of loss of radioactivity from trichoroacetic acid-precipitable protein after prelabeling with tritiated phenylalanine and measurement of loss of cold phenylalanine after blockade of protein synthesis with cycloheximide). Chloroquine (0.1 mM) reduced the average rate of protein breakdown in hearts of matched littermates from 45%/24 hours to 32%/24 hours (P less than 0.01) and decreased the release of cold phenylalanine by 31 +/- 5% (0.108 vs 0.075 nmol/mg per hour, P less than 0.01). Exposure to 100 mM sucrose for 24-48 hours reduced the rate of breakdown from 44%/24 hours to 33%/24 hours (P less than 0.01) and decreased the release of cold phenylalanine by 35 +/- 9% (0.092 vs. 0.060 nmol/mg per hour, P less than 0.01). The results suggest that interference with lysosomal function in cultured fetal mouse hearts causes a significant reduction in the cardiac capacity to degrade proteins.", "PMID": 657438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7358", "title": "Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. II. Effects of hypertension alone and in combination with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Hypertension is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis and often occurs in association with diabetes mellitus. Specific activities of hydrolases in homogenates of aortas from rats with renal-clip hypertension, normotension following a period of hypertension, and hypertension combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus were measured. Enzymes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase, and lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 6 or 12 weeks of hypertension, specific activities of all enzymes measured were significantly increased, levels ranging from 24% above normal for cathepsin C to 351% above normal for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. Six weeks of normotension following 6 weeks of hypertension resulted in restoration to normal of four of the six enzyme activities; the remaining two enzymes were significantly below normal levels. Combined hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed smooth muscle cell levels of four of the five hydrolases measured to be significantly lower than those present with hypertension alone. In every instance, histochemical studies of aortas showed acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activities which corresponded to the biochemical findings. These findings indicate profound and discrete effects of two clinical risk factors on vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes.", "contents": "Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. II. Effects of hypertension alone and in combination with diabetes mellitus. Hypertension is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis and often occurs in association with diabetes mellitus. Specific activities of hydrolases in homogenates of aortas from rats with renal-clip hypertension, normotension following a period of hypertension, and hypertension combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus were measured. Enzymes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase, and lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 6 or 12 weeks of hypertension, specific activities of all enzymes measured were significantly increased, levels ranging from 24% above normal for cathepsin C to 351% above normal for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. Six weeks of normotension following 6 weeks of hypertension resulted in restoration to normal of four of the six enzyme activities; the remaining two enzymes were significantly below normal levels. Combined hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed smooth muscle cell levels of four of the five hydrolases measured to be significantly lower than those present with hypertension alone. In every instance, histochemical studies of aortas showed acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activities which corresponded to the biochemical findings. These findings indicate profound and discrete effects of two clinical risk factors on vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes.", "PMID": 657443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7359", "title": "The pressor response to angiotensin II in patients with low renin essential hypertension.", "content": "The etiology of low renin essential hypertension (LREH) has not been established with certainty, but mineralocorticoid excess has been implicated frequently in its pathogenesis. The finding of several investigators of a normal exchangeable sodium space and extracellular fluid volume, however, does not support this hypothesis. To evaluate the possible role of sodium and water retention in LREH, the pressor response to infused angiotensin II (A II) was determined and compared to that of normal subjects and that of subjects with normal renin essential hypertension (NREH). This approach was based on the known suprasensitivity of vascular receptors to A II in situations in which sodium and water compartments are expanded as they are, for example, in proven hypermineralocorticoid states such as primary aldosteronism. In this study, we found that subjects with LREH demonstrated no increased pressor response to graded doses of A II; this suggests that LREH is not primarily mediated by sodium and water retention.", "contents": "The pressor response to angiotensin II in patients with low renin essential hypertension. The etiology of low renin essential hypertension (LREH) has not been established with certainty, but mineralocorticoid excess has been implicated frequently in its pathogenesis. The finding of several investigators of a normal exchangeable sodium space and extracellular fluid volume, however, does not support this hypothesis. To evaluate the possible role of sodium and water retention in LREH, the pressor response to infused angiotensin II (A II) was determined and compared to that of normal subjects and that of subjects with normal renin essential hypertension (NREH). This approach was based on the known suprasensitivity of vascular receptors to A II in situations in which sodium and water compartments are expanded as they are, for example, in proven hypermineralocorticoid states such as primary aldosteronism. In this study, we found that subjects with LREH demonstrated no increased pressor response to graded doses of A II; this suggests that LREH is not primarily mediated by sodium and water retention.", "PMID": 657448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7360", "title": "Clonal markers in the study of the origin and growth of human atherosclerotic lesions.", "content": "The X-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was used as a cellular marker to study the clonal characteristics of human atherosclerotic lesions from females heterozygous for G-6-PD isoenzymes. Portions of uninvolved aortic wall contained both isoenzyme types (A and B), and their isoenzyme patterns were used to establish criteria for polyclonal lesions. Portions of uterine leiomyomas contained predominantly one isoenzyme type (either all A or all B) and their isoenzyme patterns were used to establish criteria for monoclonal lesions. These techniques were used to address three questions concerning atherogenesis. First, evidence for the monoclonal origin of fibrous-capped plaques was provided by the findings that small plaques had G-6-PD isoenzyme distributions similar to those of leimyomas; that in large plaques with multiple portions assayed for G-6-PD, a large proportion (25 of 26, 96%) of plaques had monoclonal characteristics; and that multiple monoclonal portions were present in the same plaque. Second, the role of the fatty streak  as a precursor of fibrous plaques was supported by the demonstration that a proportion (11 of 66, 16.7%) of fatty streaks contained isoenzyme patterns intermediate between those of polyclonal uninvolved aortic wall and monoclonal leiomyomas. Increased cellularity of fatty streaks correlated with increased deviation of isoenzyme pattern toward monoclonality. Third, the assay of portions of both small and large plaques provided no evidence for clonal selection as plaques increase in size.", "contents": "Clonal markers in the study of the origin and growth of human atherosclerotic lesions. The X-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was used as a cellular marker to study the clonal characteristics of human atherosclerotic lesions from females heterozygous for G-6-PD isoenzymes. Portions of uninvolved aortic wall contained both isoenzyme types (A and B), and their isoenzyme patterns were used to establish criteria for polyclonal lesions. Portions of uterine leiomyomas contained predominantly one isoenzyme type (either all A or all B) and their isoenzyme patterns were used to establish criteria for monoclonal lesions. These techniques were used to address three questions concerning atherogenesis. First, evidence for the monoclonal origin of fibrous-capped plaques was provided by the findings that small plaques had G-6-PD isoenzyme distributions similar to those of leimyomas; that in large plaques with multiple portions assayed for G-6-PD, a large proportion (25 of 26, 96%) of plaques had monoclonal characteristics; and that multiple monoclonal portions were present in the same plaque. Second, the role of the fatty streak  as a precursor of fibrous plaques was supported by the demonstration that a proportion (11 of 66, 16.7%) of fatty streaks contained isoenzyme patterns intermediate between those of polyclonal uninvolved aortic wall and monoclonal leiomyomas. Increased cellularity of fatty streaks correlated with increased deviation of isoenzyme pattern toward monoclonality. Third, the assay of portions of both small and large plaques provided no evidence for clonal selection as plaques increase in size.", "PMID": 657452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7361", "title": "Suppression of calcific fibrous-fatty plaque formation in rabbits by agents not affecting elevated serum cholesterol levels. The effect of thiophene compounds.", "content": "We tested the suppressive effect of antihypercalcemic-hyperphosphatemic agents on atherogenesis. We studied five groups of rabbits for 8 weeks, one control group and four groups on a fibrogenic atherogenic diet. One group received the atherogenic diet alone, and the remaining three atherogenic groups were treated simultaneously with 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid (ThCA), 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid (5-CH3-ThCA), and 5-bromo-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (5-Br-ThCA). Rabbits receiving the atherogenic diet alone developed: (1) elevations of serum cholesterol, calcium, and phosphorus; (2) massive fibrous-fatty aortic plaques with excessive accumulation of aortic collagen, elastin, and lipids; (3) marked deposition of calcium and phosphorus in both aortic tissue and elastin; and (4) severe lipid infiltration of the liver. Treatment with all three drugs normalized the elevated serum calcium but not the cholesterol levels, and effectively inhibited all aspects of the atherosclerotic process as determined morphologically and biochemically. The order of effectiveness was: 5-CH3-ThCa greater than 5-Br-ThCA greater than ThCA. No bone resorption occurred in the treated groups. The normalizing effects of the thiophene compounds on serum phosphorus levels were not significant at the dosages used.", "contents": "Suppression of calcific fibrous-fatty plaque formation in rabbits by agents not affecting elevated serum cholesterol levels. The effect of thiophene compounds. We tested the suppressive effect of antihypercalcemic-hyperphosphatemic agents on atherogenesis. We studied five groups of rabbits for 8 weeks, one control group and four groups on a fibrogenic atherogenic diet. One group received the atherogenic diet alone, and the remaining three atherogenic groups were treated simultaneously with 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid (ThCA), 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid (5-CH3-ThCA), and 5-bromo-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (5-Br-ThCA). Rabbits receiving the atherogenic diet alone developed: (1) elevations of serum cholesterol, calcium, and phosphorus; (2) massive fibrous-fatty aortic plaques with excessive accumulation of aortic collagen, elastin, and lipids; (3) marked deposition of calcium and phosphorus in both aortic tissue and elastin; and (4) severe lipid infiltration of the liver. Treatment with all three drugs normalized the elevated serum calcium but not the cholesterol levels, and effectively inhibited all aspects of the atherosclerotic process as determined morphologically and biochemically. The order of effectiveness was: 5-CH3-ThCa greater than 5-Br-ThCA greater than ThCA. No bone resorption occurred in the treated groups. The normalizing effects of the thiophene compounds on serum phosphorus levels were not significant at the dosages used.", "PMID": 657453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7362", "title": "The relationship of excitability to conduction velocity in canine Purkinje tissue.", "content": "The relationship between interelectrode conduction time and \"take-off\" potential (TOP) was studied with microelectrode techniques in isolated canine false tendons. Conduction of regular or test beats initiated during phase 4 dopolarization or late phase 3 repolarization speeded as TOP decreased. Similarly, beats initiated during digitalis-induced oscillatory after potentials demonstrated more rapid conduction at lower TOP. Because of the frequency-coupled nature of the oscillations, conduction times became rate dependent. Phenytoin antagonized digitalis oscillations and reversed speeding of conduction attributable to the oscillations. No uniform relationship between speed of conduction and maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential could be demonstrated in the above experiments or when speed of conduction was varied by changes in concentration of K+ or Ca2+. However speed of conduction could be demonstrated to vary directly with changes in excitability as measured by intracellular current injection.", "contents": "The relationship of excitability to conduction velocity in canine Purkinje tissue. The relationship between interelectrode conduction time and \"take-off\" potential (TOP) was studied with microelectrode techniques in isolated canine false tendons. Conduction of regular or test beats initiated during phase 4 dopolarization or late phase 3 repolarization speeded as TOP decreased. Similarly, beats initiated during digitalis-induced oscillatory after potentials demonstrated more rapid conduction at lower TOP. Because of the frequency-coupled nature of the oscillations, conduction times became rate dependent. Phenytoin antagonized digitalis oscillations and reversed speeding of conduction attributable to the oscillations. No uniform relationship between speed of conduction and maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential could be demonstrated in the above experiments or when speed of conduction was varied by changes in concentration of K+ or Ca2+. However speed of conduction could be demonstrated to vary directly with changes in excitability as measured by intracellular current injection.", "PMID": 657454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7363", "title": "Evidence for a splanchnic sodium input monitor regulating renal sodium excretion in man. Lack of dependence upon aldosterone.", "content": "Eight normal male subjects were placed on a constant 10 mEq sodium, 60 mEq potassium diet for 5 days. At 8:00 a.m. on the 5th day, the subjects were given a standard dose of 100 mEq of sodium orally or intravenously. Subjects receiving oral sodium also received 200ml of 5% dextrose in water intravenously, and those receiving intravenous sodium also received placebo capsules orally. Water intake and posture were controlled. The subjects then returned to a free diet for 1 month and subsequently were restudied by using the opposite route of sodium administration. The subjects given the oral sodium load excreted greater quantities of sodium in their urine than those repleted intravenously. The differential natriuresis was significant as early as 2 hours after sodium loading. Plasma aldosterone concentration was similar irrespective of the route of sodium administration. Six patients with primary adrenocortical insufficiency  and documented hypoaldosteronism were studied with the same protocol after 5 days of 50 mEq sodium, 60 mEq potassium intake. They also had significantly greater natriuresis after oral than intravenous sodium administration. The data suggest the presence of a splanchnic input monitor for sodium which partially regulates renal sodium excretion and is not dependent upon a turn-off mechanism for aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Evidence for a splanchnic sodium input monitor regulating renal sodium excretion in man. Lack of dependence upon aldosterone. Eight normal male subjects were placed on a constant 10 mEq sodium, 60 mEq potassium diet for 5 days. At 8:00 a.m. on the 5th day, the subjects were given a standard dose of 100 mEq of sodium orally or intravenously. Subjects receiving oral sodium also received 200ml of 5% dextrose in water intravenously, and those receiving intravenous sodium also received placebo capsules orally. Water intake and posture were controlled. The subjects then returned to a free diet for 1 month and subsequently were restudied by using the opposite route of sodium administration. The subjects given the oral sodium load excreted greater quantities of sodium in their urine than those repleted intravenously. The differential natriuresis was significant as early as 2 hours after sodium loading. Plasma aldosterone concentration was similar irrespective of the route of sodium administration. Six patients with primary adrenocortical insufficiency  and documented hypoaldosteronism were studied with the same protocol after 5 days of 50 mEq sodium, 60 mEq potassium intake. They also had significantly greater natriuresis after oral than intravenous sodium administration. The data suggest the presence of a splanchnic input monitor for sodium which partially regulates renal sodium excretion and is not dependent upon a turn-off mechanism for aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 657455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7364", "title": "Effect of l-dopa on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "We examined the effect of L-Dopa, after peripheral L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibition, on sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive control rats. L-Dopa reduced SNA in both groups of animals. The SHRs were significantly more sensitive to the depressor effect of L-dopa than were the control animals, the threshold dose for reduction of SNA being 3 mg/kg in the SHR and 15 mg/kg in control rats. Similarly, the magnitude of inhibition of SNA was substantially greater in the SHR than in normotensive rats. The reduction in SNA in the SHR accompanied by a parallel fall in blood pressure. In contrast, blood pressure in control rats did not change significantly, even though SNA was diminished. Studies of the penetration of L-dopa into the cerebral parenchyma revealed that equivalent amounts of the amino acid entered the brains of the two groups of rats. These results suggest that the SHRs are more sensitive to the SNA-inhibiting effects of L-dopa than are normotensive rats. In addition, they confirm our previous suggestion that excessive SNA plays a causative role in the hypertension of the SHR.", "contents": "Effect of l-dopa on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. We examined the effect of L-Dopa, after peripheral L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibition, on sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive control rats. L-Dopa reduced SNA in both groups of animals. The SHRs were significantly more sensitive to the depressor effect of L-dopa than were the control animals, the threshold dose for reduction of SNA being 3 mg/kg in the SHR and 15 mg/kg in control rats. Similarly, the magnitude of inhibition of SNA was substantially greater in the SHR than in normotensive rats. The reduction in SNA in the SHR accompanied by a parallel fall in blood pressure. In contrast, blood pressure in control rats did not change significantly, even though SNA was diminished. Studies of the penetration of L-dopa into the cerebral parenchyma revealed that equivalent amounts of the amino acid entered the brains of the two groups of rats. These results suggest that the SHRs are more sensitive to the SNA-inhibiting effects of L-dopa than are normotensive rats. In addition, they confirm our previous suggestion that excessive SNA plays a causative role in the hypertension of the SHR.", "PMID": 657456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7365", "title": "The effects of acetylcholine on the electrical activity of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "We studied the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on small bundles of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to normal, or low-chloride (isethionate) Tyrode's solution in a rapid superfusion system. In superfusate containing 4 mM K+, the resting potential of Purkinje fibers may be either \"low,\" near -40 mV, or \"high,\" near -90 mV. ACh, at 10(-6) to 10 (-5) M, increased the membrane potential from both the low and high resting levels and, in low-Cl solution, often induced a maintained shift in potential from the low to the high level. The increase in membrane potential caused by ACh was greater at the low than at the high level. ACh, at 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, reduced action potential duration in both normal and low-Cl Tyrode's solution, the effect being more marked in the latter. These effects of ACh were reversibly abolished by atropine (5 X 10(-5) M), indicating that they were mediated via muscarinic ACh receptors, and they probably result from an increase in membrane K+ conductance since 10(-5) M ACh reversibly reduced, by 13% on the average, the amplitudes of the steady changes in membrane potential evoked by applying small current pulses (-5 to -25 nA, 200 msec). ACh (10(-5) M) also diminished the rate of, or stopped, spontaneous activity arising from either level of membrane potential. The cessation of spontaneous slow response activity, arising from the low level, sometimes was accompanied by a maintained shift of the membrane potential to the high resting level. It is concluded that the action of ACh on Purkinje fibers is qualitatively similar to its action on sinoatrial nodal and atrial cells.", "contents": "The effects of acetylcholine on the electrical activity of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. We studied the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on small bundles of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to normal, or low-chloride (isethionate) Tyrode's solution in a rapid superfusion system. In superfusate containing 4 mM K+, the resting potential of Purkinje fibers may be either \"low,\" near -40 mV, or \"high,\" near -90 mV. ACh, at 10(-6) to 10 (-5) M, increased the membrane potential from both the low and high resting levels and, in low-Cl solution, often induced a maintained shift in potential from the low to the high level. The increase in membrane potential caused by ACh was greater at the low than at the high level. ACh, at 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, reduced action potential duration in both normal and low-Cl Tyrode's solution, the effect being more marked in the latter. These effects of ACh were reversibly abolished by atropine (5 X 10(-5) M), indicating that they were mediated via muscarinic ACh receptors, and they probably result from an increase in membrane K+ conductance since 10(-5) M ACh reversibly reduced, by 13% on the average, the amplitudes of the steady changes in membrane potential evoked by applying small current pulses (-5 to -25 nA, 200 msec). ACh (10(-5) M) also diminished the rate of, or stopped, spontaneous activity arising from either level of membrane potential. The cessation of spontaneous slow response activity, arising from the low level, sometimes was accompanied by a maintained shift of the membrane potential to the high resting level. It is concluded that the action of ACh on Purkinje fibers is qualitatively similar to its action on sinoatrial nodal and atrial cells.", "PMID": 657457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7366", "title": "Renal function and renin secretion after administration of ouabain and ouabain plus furosemide in conscious sheep.", "content": "The effects of ouabain or ouabain and furosemide on renal function and renin secretion were studied in conscious isovolemic sheep. The sheep received a continuous renal arterial infusion of papaverine, 7 mg/min, throughout the experiment. Ouabain alone (7 X 10(-7) M in the renal plasma) produced significant decreases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) but not in renal perfusion pressure. Plasma [K+] rose after ouabain administration. Fractional (FENa) and absolute (UNaV) Na+ excretion were 2.9 +/- 1.0% (mean +/- SE) and 78 +/- 54 muEq/min, respectively, during the papaverine infusion and rose to 19 +/- 5.1% (P less than 0.05) and 528 +/- 116 muEq/min (P less than 0.01) after ouabain administration. Despite the large changes in Na+ reabsorption, renin secretion was not stimulated. During the control period, renin secretion was 281 +/- 131 ng/min and the average renin secretion after ouabain administration was 310 +/- 78 ng/min (not significant). A smaller dose of ouabain (2 X 10(-7) M) infused into the renal artery with 40 mg of furosemide, iv, did not decrease GFR but RPF was suppressed. FENa and UNaV averaged 4.4 +/- 1.6% and 121 +/- 44 muEq/min, respectively, while papaverine was infused into the renal artery and increased to 18 +/- 4.8% (P less than 0.05) and 636 +/- 209 muEq/min (P less than 0.05) after ouabain and furosemide were infused. Renin secretion was 118 +/- 62 ng/min during the control period and averaged 240 +/- 67 ng/min after ouabain plus furosemide. The difference was not statistically significant. Thus ouabain alone does not stimulate renin secretion in the conscious, isovolemic sheep despite a presumed increase in [NaCl] at the macula densa and inhibition of NaCl transport by the loop of Henle. Ouabain also blocks the normal stimulatory effects of furosemide on renin secretion.", "contents": "Renal function and renin secretion after administration of ouabain and ouabain plus furosemide in conscious sheep. The effects of ouabain or ouabain and furosemide on renal function and renin secretion were studied in conscious isovolemic sheep. The sheep received a continuous renal arterial infusion of papaverine, 7 mg/min, throughout the experiment. Ouabain alone (7 X 10(-7) M in the renal plasma) produced significant decreases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) but not in renal perfusion pressure. Plasma [K+] rose after ouabain administration. Fractional (FENa) and absolute (UNaV) Na+ excretion were 2.9 +/- 1.0% (mean +/- SE) and 78 +/- 54 muEq/min, respectively, during the papaverine infusion and rose to 19 +/- 5.1% (P less than 0.05) and 528 +/- 116 muEq/min (P less than 0.01) after ouabain administration. Despite the large changes in Na+ reabsorption, renin secretion was not stimulated. During the control period, renin secretion was 281 +/- 131 ng/min and the average renin secretion after ouabain administration was 310 +/- 78 ng/min (not significant). A smaller dose of ouabain (2 X 10(-7) M) infused into the renal artery with 40 mg of furosemide, iv, did not decrease GFR but RPF was suppressed. FENa and UNaV averaged 4.4 +/- 1.6% and 121 +/- 44 muEq/min, respectively, while papaverine was infused into the renal artery and increased to 18 +/- 4.8% (P less than 0.05) and 636 +/- 209 muEq/min (P less than 0.05) after ouabain and furosemide were infused. Renin secretion was 118 +/- 62 ng/min during the control period and averaged 240 +/- 67 ng/min after ouabain plus furosemide. The difference was not statistically significant. Thus ouabain alone does not stimulate renin secretion in the conscious, isovolemic sheep despite a presumed increase in [NaCl] at the macula densa and inhibition of NaCl transport by the loop of Henle. Ouabain also blocks the normal stimulatory effects of furosemide on renin secretion.", "PMID": 657458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7367", "title": "Sequential unipolar strength-interval curves and conduction times during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the dog.", "content": "Computerized techniques were employed to generate alternating anodal and cathodal or sequential anodal strength-interval curves during and following 15-minute coronary artery ligations in 14 anesthetized dogs. The right atrium was paced at 2.5 Hz, and unipolar ventricular strength-interval curves with simultaneous conduction times were recorded every 45-120 seconds during ischemia and reperfusion. Within 1--2 minutes of ligation, anodal midcurve and late diastolic thresholds fell sharply, and cathodal thresholds fell slightly or changed little. After 5 minutes of ischemia, anodal thresholds remained low, cathodal thresholds rose, and conduction times increased. At 10--15 minutes of ligation, if the ischemic zone was small, anodal thresholds were low, often approaching cathodal values, and conduction returned toward control values. When the ischemic zone was large, unipolar thresholds and conduction times increased late during the ligation period. Throughout the course of ischemia, the falling limb of the strength-interval curve shifted progressively to the left indicating shorter refractory periods. Following abrupt reperfusion, anodal phase 3 dips promptly reappeared; refractory periods returned toward control, and supernormal conduction was noted. By 3--5 minutes of reperfusion, the falling limb of the strength-interval curve had shifted to the right of control and conduction times increased. Thus, vulnerability to arrhythmias during early ischemia (i.e., 5 minutes) is characterized by low anodal midcurves and late diastolic thresholds, short refractory periods, and slow conduction. During the first minute of reperfusion, anodal excitability is increased during the early dip and conduction times are supernormal. Increases in anodal excitability correlate better with the peak incidence of early ligation and reperfusion arrhythmias than do changes in cathodal excitability.", "contents": "Sequential unipolar strength-interval curves and conduction times during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the dog. Computerized techniques were employed to generate alternating anodal and cathodal or sequential anodal strength-interval curves during and following 15-minute coronary artery ligations in 14 anesthetized dogs. The right atrium was paced at 2.5 Hz, and unipolar ventricular strength-interval curves with simultaneous conduction times were recorded every 45-120 seconds during ischemia and reperfusion. Within 1--2 minutes of ligation, anodal midcurve and late diastolic thresholds fell sharply, and cathodal thresholds fell slightly or changed little. After 5 minutes of ischemia, anodal thresholds remained low, cathodal thresholds rose, and conduction times increased. At 10--15 minutes of ligation, if the ischemic zone was small, anodal thresholds were low, often approaching cathodal values, and conduction returned toward control values. When the ischemic zone was large, unipolar thresholds and conduction times increased late during the ligation period. Throughout the course of ischemia, the falling limb of the strength-interval curve shifted progressively to the left indicating shorter refractory periods. Following abrupt reperfusion, anodal phase 3 dips promptly reappeared; refractory periods returned toward control, and supernormal conduction was noted. By 3--5 minutes of reperfusion, the falling limb of the strength-interval curve had shifted to the right of control and conduction times increased. Thus, vulnerability to arrhythmias during early ischemia (i.e., 5 minutes) is characterized by low anodal midcurves and late diastolic thresholds, short refractory periods, and slow conduction. During the first minute of reperfusion, anodal excitability is increased during the early dip and conduction times are supernormal. Increases in anodal excitability correlate better with the peak incidence of early ligation and reperfusion arrhythmias than do changes in cathodal excitability.", "PMID": 657459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7368", "title": "Morphological changes in isolated perfused dog lungs after acute hydrostatic edema.", "content": "Morphometric data from stable (nonedematous) isolated dog lungs, perfused with nearly cell-free perfusates, were compared to similar stereological evaluations of isolated dog lungs after induction of severe acute hydrostatic edema. In the edematous lungs, capillary surface and volume densities were substantially increased. Alveolar surface density was also increased. Thicknesses of the endothelial and type I epithelial cellular compartments of the air-blood barrier were unchanged. Thickness of the interstitial compartmemt of the air-blood barrier was substantially increased and this, in turn, caused an overall increase in mean thickness of the barrier. Volume densities of the nonparenchymal connective tissue spaces surrounding the extra-alveolar vessels and airways were also increased. In both the endothelial and type I epithelial cells cytoplasmic volume densities of pinocytotic vesicles were increased. In addition, the number of vesicles opening onto the luminal and albuminal cellular surfaces increased signficantly. Transendothelial vesicular passage may contribute to interstitial edema formation, and transepithelial vesicular transport may contribute to alveolar flooding in isolated perfused dog lungs.", "contents": "Morphological changes in isolated perfused dog lungs after acute hydrostatic edema. Morphometric data from stable (nonedematous) isolated dog lungs, perfused with nearly cell-free perfusates, were compared to similar stereological evaluations of isolated dog lungs after induction of severe acute hydrostatic edema. In the edematous lungs, capillary surface and volume densities were substantially increased. Alveolar surface density was also increased. Thicknesses of the endothelial and type I epithelial cellular compartments of the air-blood barrier were unchanged. Thickness of the interstitial compartmemt of the air-blood barrier was substantially increased and this, in turn, caused an overall increase in mean thickness of the barrier. Volume densities of the nonparenchymal connective tissue spaces surrounding the extra-alveolar vessels and airways were also increased. In both the endothelial and type I epithelial cells cytoplasmic volume densities of pinocytotic vesicles were increased. In addition, the number of vesicles opening onto the luminal and albuminal cellular surfaces increased signficantly. Transendothelial vesicular passage may contribute to interstitial edema formation, and transepithelial vesicular transport may contribute to alveolar flooding in isolated perfused dog lungs.", "PMID": 657460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7369", "title": "Initial myocardial adjustments to brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion in the conscious dog.", "content": "The changes in left ventricular (LV) dynamics induced by brief periods of ischemia (100 seconds) and subsequent reperfusion were analyzed in conscious dogs. Global LV ischemia, induced by partially occluding the left main coronary artery, reduced LV flow homogeneously and impaired LV function as reflected by decreases in LV stroke \"work\" (89 +/- 4% M +/- SE), systolic shortening (72 +/- 4%), velocity of shortening (56 +/- 6%), LV systolic pressure (34 +/- 5%), and dP/dt (59 +/- 6%). Regional LV ischemia, induced by occluding either the left circumflex or anterior descending coronary artery completely, reduced flow to the ischemic segment (82 +/- 3%) while decreasing segment work (96 +/- 5%), shortening (82 +/- 3%), and velocity of shortening (70 +/- 5%), with minimal depression of overall LV function. In both groups the extent of shortening was reduced more rapidly and greater (P less than 0.01) than shortening velocity. Moreover, with localized ischemia, segment work was reduced more (P less than 0.01) than shortening. With reperfusion, a transient overshoot in function above preischemic control levels was observed in both groups (global work increased by 60 +/- 12% and regional work by 28 +/- 4% above control). This overshoot was not dependent on adrenergic mechanisms, but was prevented by inhibiting reactive hyperemia. Thus myocardial ischemia induces a dissociation between extent and rate of myocardial shortening. A further dissociation between shortening and work is apparent with regional ischemia. After reperfusion there is a transient overshoot in function which appears to be dependent upon the associated reactive hyperemia.", "contents": "Initial myocardial adjustments to brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion in the conscious dog. The changes in left ventricular (LV) dynamics induced by brief periods of ischemia (100 seconds) and subsequent reperfusion were analyzed in conscious dogs. Global LV ischemia, induced by partially occluding the left main coronary artery, reduced LV flow homogeneously and impaired LV function as reflected by decreases in LV stroke \"work\" (89 +/- 4% M +/- SE), systolic shortening (72 +/- 4%), velocity of shortening (56 +/- 6%), LV systolic pressure (34 +/- 5%), and dP/dt (59 +/- 6%). Regional LV ischemia, induced by occluding either the left circumflex or anterior descending coronary artery completely, reduced flow to the ischemic segment (82 +/- 3%) while decreasing segment work (96 +/- 5%), shortening (82 +/- 3%), and velocity of shortening (70 +/- 5%), with minimal depression of overall LV function. In both groups the extent of shortening was reduced more rapidly and greater (P less than 0.01) than shortening velocity. Moreover, with localized ischemia, segment work was reduced more (P less than 0.01) than shortening. With reperfusion, a transient overshoot in function above preischemic control levels was observed in both groups (global work increased by 60 +/- 12% and regional work by 28 +/- 4% above control). This overshoot was not dependent on adrenergic mechanisms, but was prevented by inhibiting reactive hyperemia. Thus myocardial ischemia induces a dissociation between extent and rate of myocardial shortening. A further dissociation between shortening and work is apparent with regional ischemia. After reperfusion there is a transient overshoot in function which appears to be dependent upon the associated reactive hyperemia.", "PMID": 657461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7370", "title": "Diastolic coronary artery pressure-flow relations in the dog.", "content": "Conscious dogs were used to investigate the relations between aortic (Pa) pressure and coronary flow (F) during individual diastoles. When the dogs were in a semibasal state, coronary pressure-flow relations were described by a family of lines, and diastolic flow was a linear function of aortic pressure. For a given perfusion pressure, higher flows were associated with lines of progressively greater slope and lower zero flow pressure intercept (Pf=0). Zero flow pressure intercepts were estimated by extrapolation and found to vary between 20 and 50 mm Hg, depending on the magnitude of flow. The zero flow pressure may represent the height of a vascular waterfall caused by vasomotor tone with the resistance-controlling coronary flow being (P-Pf=0).F-1. Interventions that decrease vasomotor tone increase coronary flow by both decreasing vascular resistance and increasing the perfusion pressure gradient. The gradient increases because the effective coronary back pressure is the height of the vascular waterfall and the latter is reduced when vasomotor tone falls. Passive changes in vessel dimensions, arterial recruitment, and autoregulation appear to be of little importance during individual diastoles.", "contents": "Diastolic coronary artery pressure-flow relations in the dog. Conscious dogs were used to investigate the relations between aortic (Pa) pressure and coronary flow (F) during individual diastoles. When the dogs were in a semibasal state, coronary pressure-flow relations were described by a family of lines, and diastolic flow was a linear function of aortic pressure. For a given perfusion pressure, higher flows were associated with lines of progressively greater slope and lower zero flow pressure intercept (Pf=0). Zero flow pressure intercepts were estimated by extrapolation and found to vary between 20 and 50 mm Hg, depending on the magnitude of flow. The zero flow pressure may represent the height of a vascular waterfall caused by vasomotor tone with the resistance-controlling coronary flow being (P-Pf=0).F-1. Interventions that decrease vasomotor tone increase coronary flow by both decreasing vascular resistance and increasing the perfusion pressure gradient. The gradient increases because the effective coronary back pressure is the height of the vascular waterfall and the latter is reduced when vasomotor tone falls. Passive changes in vessel dimensions, arterial recruitment, and autoregulation appear to be of little importance during individual diastoles.", "PMID": 657462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7371", "title": "Comparison of product moment and rank correlation coefficients in the assessment of laboratory method-comparison data.", "content": "We have studied the effects of range and distribution of data on product moment and rank correlation coefficients when deviation from a linear relationship was due solely to experimentally produced random error. All correlation coefficients (Pearson r, Spearman rho, and Kendall tau) were markedly influenced by the range of the data, and, for the rank correlation coefficients, the effect of range varied for different data distributions. While correlation coefficients may be useful in assessing whether an association exists between two variables, they are not useful in assessing the degree of random error about the regression line when a strong linear association is presumed to exist between the two variables. Thus, neither product moment nor rank correlation coefficients are of value in analysis of laboraoty method-comparison data. The standard deviation of the residual error of regression should be calculated as a measure of the random error about the regression line.", "contents": "Comparison of product moment and rank correlation coefficients in the assessment of laboratory method-comparison data. We have studied the effects of range and distribution of data on product moment and rank correlation coefficients when deviation from a linear relationship was due solely to experimentally produced random error. All correlation coefficients (Pearson r, Spearman rho, and Kendall tau) were markedly influenced by the range of the data, and, for the rank correlation coefficients, the effect of range varied for different data distributions. While correlation coefficients may be useful in assessing whether an association exists between two variables, they are not useful in assessing the degree of random error about the regression line when a strong linear association is presumed to exist between the two variables. Thus, neither product moment nor rank correlation coefficients are of value in analysis of laboraoty method-comparison data. The standard deviation of the residual error of regression should be calculated as a measure of the random error about the regression line.", "PMID": 657471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7372", "title": "Interlaboratory comparisons of nickel analyses in urine by atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "Two interlaboratory surveys of urine nickel analyses were performed in which eight or nine urine samples were distributed to laboratories in seven nations for measurements of nickel concentrations by atomic absorption spectrometry. In both surveys, wide discrepancies were observed in the values for urine nickel concentrations that were obtained in different laboratories by various analytical methods. This finding documents a serious need for improvement in the proficiency of nickel analyses. Nonetheless, excellent interlaboratory concordance was found in the rankings of urine samples in order of increasing nickel concentrations. Analytical techniques that involved preliminary wet or dry ashing and extration steps before flameless atomic absorption spectrometry were generally superior to techniques for direct analysis of urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry in respect to (a) analytical sensitivity, (b) recovery of added nickel, (c) interlaboratory precision, and (d) interlaboratory concordance of ranking of urine samples in order of increasing nickel concentrations.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparisons of nickel analyses in urine by atomic absorption spectrometry. Two interlaboratory surveys of urine nickel analyses were performed in which eight or nine urine samples were distributed to laboratories in seven nations for measurements of nickel concentrations by atomic absorption spectrometry. In both surveys, wide discrepancies were observed in the values for urine nickel concentrations that were obtained in different laboratories by various analytical methods. This finding documents a serious need for improvement in the proficiency of nickel analyses. Nonetheless, excellent interlaboratory concordance was found in the rankings of urine samples in order of increasing nickel concentrations. Analytical techniques that involved preliminary wet or dry ashing and extration steps before flameless atomic absorption spectrometry were generally superior to techniques for direct analysis of urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry in respect to (a) analytical sensitivity, (b) recovery of added nickel, (c) interlaboratory precision, and (d) interlaboratory concordance of ranking of urine samples in order of increasing nickel concentrations.", "PMID": 657472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7373", "title": "A preliminary evaluation of tissue polypeptide antigen in serum or urine (or both) of patients with cancer or benign neoplasms.", "content": "We evaluated assays of Tissue Polypeptide Antigen in serum and urine, as an index to the presence of cancer. In the assay, serum, which is first absorbed with human albumin-labeled sheep erythrocytes, or untreated urine (diluted with an equal volume of TPA-free serum) is incubated with antibody specific to Tissue Polypeptide Antigen and then reacted with sheep erythrocytes labeled with Tissue Polypeptide Antigen. We found an increased concentration of Tissue Polypeptide Antigen in the serum of 378 of 513 (74%) and in the urine of 49 of 77 (64%) patients with cancer, as compared with 40/112 (36%) and 7/29 (24%), respectively, for individuals with benign neoplasms. Normal individuals were defined as those with less than 0.09 unit of the antigen per milliliter of specimen. Concentrations exceeding this were found in 2/67 (3%) sera and 6/56 (11%) urines from supposedly normal persons. Tissue Polypeptide Antigen was found in above-normal concentrations in patients with cancer, regardless of neoplasm type and extension, with a higher proportion of abnormal values in patients with distal metastases.", "contents": "A preliminary evaluation of tissue polypeptide antigen in serum or urine (or both) of patients with cancer or benign neoplasms. We evaluated assays of Tissue Polypeptide Antigen in serum and urine, as an index to the presence of cancer. In the assay, serum, which is first absorbed with human albumin-labeled sheep erythrocytes, or untreated urine (diluted with an equal volume of TPA-free serum) is incubated with antibody specific to Tissue Polypeptide Antigen and then reacted with sheep erythrocytes labeled with Tissue Polypeptide Antigen. We found an increased concentration of Tissue Polypeptide Antigen in the serum of 378 of 513 (74%) and in the urine of 49 of 77 (64%) patients with cancer, as compared with 40/112 (36%) and 7/29 (24%), respectively, for individuals with benign neoplasms. Normal individuals were defined as those with less than 0.09 unit of the antigen per milliliter of specimen. Concentrations exceeding this were found in 2/67 (3%) sera and 6/56 (11%) urines from supposedly normal persons. Tissue Polypeptide Antigen was found in above-normal concentrations in patients with cancer, regardless of neoplasm type and extension, with a higher proportion of abnormal values in patients with distal metastases.", "PMID": 657473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7374", "title": "Enzyme-coupled measurement of ethanol in whole blood and plasma with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We describe an automated enzymic method for ethanol determination with a centrifugal analyzer (the GEMSAEC) by measuring the rate of the reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase and coupled to aldehyde dehydrogenase. The detection limits, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method have been evaluated. It can be applied to whole blood or plasma, with or without previous deproteinization. Our results, compared with those by an automated alcohol dehydrogenase method in the presence of semicarbazide, show an improved linearity, sensitivity, and rapidity of determination.", "contents": "Enzyme-coupled measurement of ethanol in whole blood and plasma with a centrifugal analyzer. We describe an automated enzymic method for ethanol determination with a centrifugal analyzer (the GEMSAEC) by measuring the rate of the reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase and coupled to aldehyde dehydrogenase. The detection limits, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method have been evaluated. It can be applied to whole blood or plasma, with or without previous deproteinization. Our results, compared with those by an automated alcohol dehydrogenase method in the presence of semicarbazide, show an improved linearity, sensitivity, and rapidity of determination.", "PMID": 657474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7375", "title": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of free circulating platinum species in plasma derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "We describe a method of analysis for free circulating platinum species derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in blood plasma. Protein-bound and free platinum species were separated from each other by centrifugal ultrafiltration. Platinum in the ultrafiltrate was converted to a cationic complex by reaction with ethylenediamine, and the product was collected on paper impregnated with cation-exchange resin, where it could be stored indefinitely without loss. The platinum was eluted from the disk with 5 mol/liter hydrochloric acid, and an aliquot of this solution was then analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The overall analytical recovery of platinum was 80 +/- 2%. The minimum quantity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum detectable was 35 microgram/liter of plasma at the 99% confidence level. Detector response was linearly related to drug concentration in the range from 80 microgram to 290 mg of Pt per liter of plasma. Reaction variables were made optimal, so as to yield maximum sensitivity and reproducibility (+/- 2%) consistent with minimal sample transfers and manipulations.", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of free circulating platinum species in plasma derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). We describe a method of analysis for free circulating platinum species derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in blood plasma. Protein-bound and free platinum species were separated from each other by centrifugal ultrafiltration. Platinum in the ultrafiltrate was converted to a cationic complex by reaction with ethylenediamine, and the product was collected on paper impregnated with cation-exchange resin, where it could be stored indefinitely without loss. The platinum was eluted from the disk with 5 mol/liter hydrochloric acid, and an aliquot of this solution was then analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The overall analytical recovery of platinum was 80 +/- 2%. The minimum quantity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum detectable was 35 microgram/liter of plasma at the 99% confidence level. Detector response was linearly related to drug concentration in the range from 80 microgram to 290 mg of Pt per liter of plasma. Reaction variables were made optimal, so as to yield maximum sensitivity and reproducibility (+/- 2%) consistent with minimal sample transfers and manipulations.", "PMID": 657475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7376", "title": "Biochemical changes in a porcine model of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Pancreatitis was induced in 11 miniature pigs by infusing a bile salt-trypsin solution into the pancreatic duct. Seven animals served as sham-operated controls. Serum ionized calcium, total calcium, albumin, total protein, inorganic phosphorus, urea nitrogen, magnesium, insulin, glucagon, and hematocrit were determined every six to 12 h over a period of one week in both test and control animals. We observed significant decreases in ionized and total calcium, modest decreases in albumin, and significant increases in the inorganic phosphorus, urea nitrogen, and hematocrit in the pancreatitic pigs. The latter two findings were consistent with early acute hypovolemia. Glucagon and insulin appeared to play no role in the hypocalcemia. Glucagon concentrations increased to the same degree in both test and control animals, probably as a result of the stress of being handled and operated on. The highest concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and the lowest concentrations of both ionized and total calcium were seen 18 h after the induction of pancreatitis in the test animals. These findings suggest that parathyrin (parathormone) was not being secreted in adequate amounts, or that the target organs were unresponsive to parathyrin.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in a porcine model of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced in 11 miniature pigs by infusing a bile salt-trypsin solution into the pancreatic duct. Seven animals served as sham-operated controls. Serum ionized calcium, total calcium, albumin, total protein, inorganic phosphorus, urea nitrogen, magnesium, insulin, glucagon, and hematocrit were determined every six to 12 h over a period of one week in both test and control animals. We observed significant decreases in ionized and total calcium, modest decreases in albumin, and significant increases in the inorganic phosphorus, urea nitrogen, and hematocrit in the pancreatitic pigs. The latter two findings were consistent with early acute hypovolemia. Glucagon and insulin appeared to play no role in the hypocalcemia. Glucagon concentrations increased to the same degree in both test and control animals, probably as a result of the stress of being handled and operated on. The highest concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and the lowest concentrations of both ionized and total calcium were seen 18 h after the induction of pancreatitis in the test animals. These findings suggest that parathyrin (parathormone) was not being secreted in adequate amounts, or that the target organs were unresponsive to parathyrin.", "PMID": 657476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7377", "title": "Maleimide as an inhibitor in measurement of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is measured with a centrifugal analyzer by use of a commercial reagent kit and of the reaction glucose-6-phosphate + NADP+ leads to 6-phosphogluconolactone + NADPH. Rate of production of NADPH is measured and related to hemoglobin concentration. Maleimide is added to inhibit further production of NADPH in a secondary reaction by endogenous 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The method is compared with others that are designed to circumvent the secondary reaction by either (a) addition of excess phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to drive the secondary reaction to completion or (b) inhibition of endogenous phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The present method has the advantages that reaction rate more quickly becomes linear and reagent cost is less as compared with other methods. The within-run coefficient of variation was 3%. The various methods investigated showed good statistical correlation.", "contents": "Maleimide as an inhibitor in measurement of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is measured with a centrifugal analyzer by use of a commercial reagent kit and of the reaction glucose-6-phosphate + NADP+ leads to 6-phosphogluconolactone + NADPH. Rate of production of NADPH is measured and related to hemoglobin concentration. Maleimide is added to inhibit further production of NADPH in a secondary reaction by endogenous 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The method is compared with others that are designed to circumvent the secondary reaction by either (a) addition of excess phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to drive the secondary reaction to completion or (b) inhibition of endogenous phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The present method has the advantages that reaction rate more quickly becomes linear and reagent cost is less as compared with other methods. The within-run coefficient of variation was 3%. The various methods investigated showed good statistical correlation.", "PMID": 657477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7378", "title": "Analysis for carbamazepine in serum by electron-capture gas chromatography.", "content": "We describe an analytical method for determining carbamazepine in serum by electron-capture gas chromatography. A single-step extraction is followed by formation of the N-pentafluorobenzamide derivative with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. For quantitation either of two internal standards may be used: 10-methoxy carbamazepine or 7-chloro-5,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] [1,4]-oxazepine-5-carboxamide (Squibb Compound No. 10996). The procedure requires 0.5 ml of serum. Analytical recoveries are 96%. Coefficients of variation routinely are less than 2% for concentrations of carbamazepine that are within the therapeutic range.", "contents": "Analysis for carbamazepine in serum by electron-capture gas chromatography. We describe an analytical method for determining carbamazepine in serum by electron-capture gas chromatography. A single-step extraction is followed by formation of the N-pentafluorobenzamide derivative with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. For quantitation either of two internal standards may be used: 10-methoxy carbamazepine or 7-chloro-5,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] [1,4]-oxazepine-5-carboxamide (Squibb Compound No. 10996). The procedure requires 0.5 ml of serum. Analytical recoveries are 96%. Coefficients of variation routinely are less than 2% for concentrations of carbamazepine that are within the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 657479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7379", "title": "An interlaboratory study of measurement of aspartate aminotransferase activity with use of purified enzyme materials.", "content": "The Center for Disease Control (CDC), the New York State Department of Health (NYSDH), the College of American Pathologists, and 23 manufacturers of diagnostic products participated in an interlaboratory study of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) methodologies. Six different lyophilized materials were prepared and characterized and then distributed to 293 laboratories for aspartate aminotransferase measurements. The specimens included one human serum; four catalytic concentrations of the cytoplasmic isoenzyme, two purified from human erythrocytes, and two from porcine heart; and one matrix bovine serum albumin (30 g/liter) blank. The purified isoenzymes were prepared in the matrix. We present data on Michaelis parameters (Km and Vmax), Arrhenius plots, activation with pyridoxal 5-phosphate, vial-to-vial variability, and stability on reconstitution. The 281 responses showed that most of the laboratories used NADH-detection methods (91.1%), monitored at 340 nm (79.4%), and reported results in U/liter (89.4%). The percentage of laboratories reporting use of reaction temperatures of 30 and 37 degrees C was evenly divided, i.e., 42.7 and 42%, respectively. Analytical values reported by participating laboratories were categorized by reporting temperature, instrument, and method. Results were most consistent for a selected group of laboratories that supplemented optimized reaction solutions with pyridoxal 5-phosphate.", "contents": "An interlaboratory study of measurement of aspartate aminotransferase activity with use of purified enzyme materials. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), the New York State Department of Health (NYSDH), the College of American Pathologists, and 23 manufacturers of diagnostic products participated in an interlaboratory study of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) methodologies. Six different lyophilized materials were prepared and characterized and then distributed to 293 laboratories for aspartate aminotransferase measurements. The specimens included one human serum; four catalytic concentrations of the cytoplasmic isoenzyme, two purified from human erythrocytes, and two from porcine heart; and one matrix bovine serum albumin (30 g/liter) blank. The purified isoenzymes were prepared in the matrix. We present data on Michaelis parameters (Km and Vmax), Arrhenius plots, activation with pyridoxal 5-phosphate, vial-to-vial variability, and stability on reconstitution. The 281 responses showed that most of the laboratories used NADH-detection methods (91.1%), monitored at 340 nm (79.4%), and reported results in U/liter (89.4%). The percentage of laboratories reporting use of reaction temperatures of 30 and 37 degrees C was evenly divided, i.e., 42.7 and 42%, respectively. Analytical values reported by participating laboratories were categorized by reporting temperature, instrument, and method. Results were most consistent for a selected group of laboratories that supplemented optimized reaction solutions with pyridoxal 5-phosphate.", "PMID": 657480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7380", "title": "Some problems in development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 simultaneously in human serum.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique was examined that may allow simultaneous measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in a single sample of human serum. Concentrations of 4 microgram/liter or greater are accurately measured. However, the prepurification procedure allows partial separation of the two metabolites, and so tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 can be used as an internal standard for accurately monitoring the analytical recovery of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, but not that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2. The ability of most prepurification procedures to partly separate the 25-hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D2 and D3 mandates the need for individual internal standards to accurately monitor the recovery of each compound. Values obtained for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 or composite 25-hydroxyvitamin D when only tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is used as a means of monitoring recovery are probably in error.", "contents": "Some problems in development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 simultaneously in human serum. A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique was examined that may allow simultaneous measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in a single sample of human serum. Concentrations of 4 microgram/liter or greater are accurately measured. However, the prepurification procedure allows partial separation of the two metabolites, and so tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 can be used as an internal standard for accurately monitoring the analytical recovery of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, but not that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2. The ability of most prepurification procedures to partly separate the 25-hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D2 and D3 mandates the need for individual internal standards to accurately monitor the recovery of each compound. Values obtained for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 or composite 25-hydroxyvitamin D when only tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is used as a means of monitoring recovery are probably in error.", "PMID": 657481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7381", "title": "Increased renin concentration in plasma and amniotic fluid during storage.", "content": "Renin concentration was determined in plasma and amniotic fluid samples immediately after collection, after storage at -18 degrees C for up to 48 h, and after storage at 5 degrees C for as long as 48 h. Renin concentration increased, both in plasma (p less than 0.05) and amniotic fluid (P less than 0.02), after the storage at 5 degrees C, but no significant alteration occurred on storage at -18 degrees C. Partial activation of inactive renin could explain the observed increase in renin concentration at 5 degrees C.", "contents": "Increased renin concentration in plasma and amniotic fluid during storage. Renin concentration was determined in plasma and amniotic fluid samples immediately after collection, after storage at -18 degrees C for up to 48 h, and after storage at 5 degrees C for as long as 48 h. Renin concentration increased, both in plasma (p less than 0.05) and amniotic fluid (P less than 0.02), after the storage at 5 degrees C, but no significant alteration occurred on storage at -18 degrees C. Partial activation of inactive renin could explain the observed increase in renin concentration at 5 degrees C.", "PMID": 657482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7382", "title": "Hemoglobin electrophoresis at alkaline pH on agarose gels.", "content": "We describe a modified thin agarose-gel system for use in primary hemoglobin screening by electrophoresis. The system makes use of a Tris-EDTA-borate-buffered agarose gel (pH 8.8) and a sodium barbital electrophoresis buffer (pH 8.6). Separation is effected in 20 min at a constant potential of 250 V. Eight samples can be simultaneously separated and the patterns made visible in 47 min. There are fewer operative steps needed in running and staining. Normal and the more common abnormal hemoglobins are separated into easily visualized and differentiated bands, with the separation of HbA and F significantly improved over that attainable by present methods.", "contents": "Hemoglobin electrophoresis at alkaline pH on agarose gels. We describe a modified thin agarose-gel system for use in primary hemoglobin screening by electrophoresis. The system makes use of a Tris-EDTA-borate-buffered agarose gel (pH 8.8) and a sodium barbital electrophoresis buffer (pH 8.6). Separation is effected in 20 min at a constant potential of 250 V. Eight samples can be simultaneously separated and the patterns made visible in 47 min. There are fewer operative steps needed in running and staining. Normal and the more common abnormal hemoglobins are separated into easily visualized and differentiated bands, with the separation of HbA and F significantly improved over that attainable by present methods.", "PMID": 657483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7383", "title": "Factors affecting measurement of total alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum, especially wavelength accuracy.", "content": "Serum alkaline phosphatase estimations by the Selected Method [Clin. Chem. 21, 1988 (1975)] are very sensitive to small errors in the wavelength setting of the spectrophotometer. With a setting error as small as 3 nm, results can be too low by as much as 23%. The product of the reaction, 4-nitrophenol, can be prepared in very pure form and can be used to check both the wavelength and absorbance accuracy of a spectrophotometer. The molar absorptivity for 4-nitrophenol obtained in the instrument being used should be used in calculating alkaline phosphatase activities.", "contents": "Factors affecting measurement of total alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum, especially wavelength accuracy. Serum alkaline phosphatase estimations by the Selected Method [Clin. Chem. 21, 1988 (1975)] are very sensitive to small errors in the wavelength setting of the spectrophotometer. With a setting error as small as 3 nm, results can be too low by as much as 23%. The product of the reaction, 4-nitrophenol, can be prepared in very pure form and can be used to check both the wavelength and absorbance accuracy of a spectrophotometer. The molar absorptivity for 4-nitrophenol obtained in the instrument being used should be used in calculating alkaline phosphatase activities.", "PMID": 657484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7384", "title": "Inter-batch quality differences in purified human prolactin.", "content": "During the past four years, we secured six batches of purified human prolactin for iodination by the same lactoperoxidase technique. Two of these batches gave us more satisfactory results in terms of assay sensitivity and consistency than did the others, regardless of the antiserum used. Gel filtration of 125I-labeled hormone revealed that these two batches were composed of at least 55% \"small\" prolactin while the other four batches contained from 20 to 68% \"big\" prolactin. This qualitative difference was the most important contribution to assay discrepancies.", "contents": "Inter-batch quality differences in purified human prolactin. During the past four years, we secured six batches of purified human prolactin for iodination by the same lactoperoxidase technique. Two of these batches gave us more satisfactory results in terms of assay sensitivity and consistency than did the others, regardless of the antiserum used. Gel filtration of 125I-labeled hormone revealed that these two batches were composed of at least 55% \"small\" prolactin while the other four batches contained from 20 to 68% \"big\" prolactin. This qualitative difference was the most important contribution to assay discrepancies.", "PMID": 657485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7385", "title": "A totally automated system for enzyme immunoassay of theophylline in serum.", "content": "We describe a procedure for enzyme immunoassay of theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in which all phases of the assay are totally automated in a Kinetic Analyzer (KA-150). This system permits assay of 75 10-mul samples per hour, with results available at 30-s intervals after initial sample preparation and preincubation. We compared results for 138 clinical samples by an ultraviolet method (x) and the present method (y). The slope of the comparison curve was 0.902, the y-intercept 0.402, and the correlation coefficient 0.984. The coefficient of variation for samples run in duplicate on the same day was 4.9%; it was 8.1% for samples run on different days. Specificity, sensitivity, simplicity, speed, and small reagent requirement all make this an attractive alternative to chromatographic procedures.", "contents": "A totally automated system for enzyme immunoassay of theophylline in serum. We describe a procedure for enzyme immunoassay of theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in which all phases of the assay are totally automated in a Kinetic Analyzer (KA-150). This system permits assay of 75 10-mul samples per hour, with results available at 30-s intervals after initial sample preparation and preincubation. We compared results for 138 clinical samples by an ultraviolet method (x) and the present method (y). The slope of the comparison curve was 0.902, the y-intercept 0.402, and the correlation coefficient 0.984. The coefficient of variation for samples run in duplicate on the same day was 4.9%; it was 8.1% for samples run on different days. Specificity, sensitivity, simplicity, speed, and small reagent requirement all make this an attractive alternative to chromatographic procedures.", "PMID": 657486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7386", "title": "Bile acids measured in serum during fasting as a test for liver disease.", "content": "Total serum bile acids were estimated by an enzymic (3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) method in 173 fasting patients with different liver diseases, classified into 17 groups by morphological criteria. The results were not highly correlated with those for any of the other 24 tests included in the study, but moderate correlations were observed with bilirubin or alanine aminotransferase (positive) and with prealbumin (negative) in a few patient groups. The sensitivity of total bile acids in serum of fasting individuals as a liver-function test was rather high, comparable with that of serum enzymes. When discriminant analysis was used to identify optimal combinations of tests for the separation of different groups of liver diseases, we found that data on serum bile acids added some new information to that carried by the other 24 tests.", "contents": "Bile acids measured in serum during fasting as a test for liver disease. Total serum bile acids were estimated by an enzymic (3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) method in 173 fasting patients with different liver diseases, classified into 17 groups by morphological criteria. The results were not highly correlated with those for any of the other 24 tests included in the study, but moderate correlations were observed with bilirubin or alanine aminotransferase (positive) and with prealbumin (negative) in a few patient groups. The sensitivity of total bile acids in serum of fasting individuals as a liver-function test was rather high, comparable with that of serum enzymes. When discriminant analysis was used to identify optimal combinations of tests for the separation of different groups of liver diseases, we found that data on serum bile acids added some new information to that carried by the other 24 tests.", "PMID": 657487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7387", "title": "125I-radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in serum of pregnant women.", "content": "An 125I-radioimmunoassay is described which measures unconjugated estriol in the serum of pregnant women. Estriol is extracted into ethyl acetate/hexane, an aliquot is evaporated, and the residue is redissolved in phosphate buffer. The sample is incubated with tracer and antibody at 37 degrees C for 15 min and then at 4 degrees C for 1 h and 45 min. The antibody-bound fraction is then precipitated with polyethylene glycol and isolated by centrifugation. Because the antigen-antibody complex is stable in the presence of polyethylene glycol, the separation steps are not influenced by timing. Extraction recovery of 3H-labeled estriol added to a pool of sera from pregnant women averaged 96.7% (SD = 1.3, n = 10). Estriol-supplemented (5, 10, and 20 microgram/liter) serum from men, carried through the entire procedure, showed analytical recovery ranging from 94 to 106%. Structurally analogous steroids normally present in serum of pregnant women exhibit negligible cross reactivity. Day-to-day precision (CV) is 13.3% (3.1 microgram/liter), 6.4% (7.6 microgram/liter), and 5.6% (21.4 microgram/liter) for n = 21. The current reagent cost (about 17 cents per tube), and a total procedural time, including counting, of 5.5 h make this an acceptable assay for routine use.", "contents": "125I-radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in serum of pregnant women. An 125I-radioimmunoassay is described which measures unconjugated estriol in the serum of pregnant women. Estriol is extracted into ethyl acetate/hexane, an aliquot is evaporated, and the residue is redissolved in phosphate buffer. The sample is incubated with tracer and antibody at 37 degrees C for 15 min and then at 4 degrees C for 1 h and 45 min. The antibody-bound fraction is then precipitated with polyethylene glycol and isolated by centrifugation. Because the antigen-antibody complex is stable in the presence of polyethylene glycol, the separation steps are not influenced by timing. Extraction recovery of 3H-labeled estriol added to a pool of sera from pregnant women averaged 96.7% (SD = 1.3, n = 10). Estriol-supplemented (5, 10, and 20 microgram/liter) serum from men, carried through the entire procedure, showed analytical recovery ranging from 94 to 106%. Structurally analogous steroids normally present in serum of pregnant women exhibit negligible cross reactivity. Day-to-day precision (CV) is 13.3% (3.1 microgram/liter), 6.4% (7.6 microgram/liter), and 5.6% (21.4 microgram/liter) for n = 21. The current reagent cost (about 17 cents per tube), and a total procedural time, including counting, of 5.5 h make this an acceptable assay for routine use.", "PMID": 657488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7388", "title": "Rapid determination of light halogenated hydrocarbons in urine.", "content": "We describe a rapid method for determining light halogenated hydrocarbons (LHH) in urine by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The hydrocarbons are extracted from urine into pentane. A 2-microliter injection of the pentane extract provides a detection limit of less than 1 microgram/liter.", "contents": "Rapid determination of light halogenated hydrocarbons in urine. We describe a rapid method for determining light halogenated hydrocarbons (LHH) in urine by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The hydrocarbons are extracted from urine into pentane. A 2-microliter injection of the pentane extract provides a detection limit of less than 1 microgram/liter.", "PMID": 657489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7389", "title": "Use of a programmable desk-top calculator for the statistical quality control of radioimmunoassays.", "content": "We have developed an interactive statistical quality-control system for the small- to medium-sized radioimmunoassay laboratory, which can be used in a programmable desk-top calculator instead of the medium- or large-scale computer systems usually required. The design of this quality-control system is modeled after the suggestions of Rodbard and has three components. The first component evaluates the relationship between the measured response variable of the radioimmunoassay and the precision (or variance) of these measurements. This derived relationship is then used in the second component of the system as the basis for the weighting function used to calculate an interative, weighted, least squares regression of the logit-log transformation of the dose-response curve. The third component uses the quality-control parameters statistically calculated from the linearized dose-response curve to monitor whether the assay is \"in-control\". The calculator tabulates the means and confidence limits for the various parameters and can plot the statistical quality-control charts. The major benefit of this statistical quality-control system is that it allows the real-time computation and plotting of quality-control data with a programmable desk-top calculator.", "contents": "Use of a programmable desk-top calculator for the statistical quality control of radioimmunoassays. We have developed an interactive statistical quality-control system for the small- to medium-sized radioimmunoassay laboratory, which can be used in a programmable desk-top calculator instead of the medium- or large-scale computer systems usually required. The design of this quality-control system is modeled after the suggestions of Rodbard and has three components. The first component evaluates the relationship between the measured response variable of the radioimmunoassay and the precision (or variance) of these measurements. This derived relationship is then used in the second component of the system as the basis for the weighting function used to calculate an interative, weighted, least squares regression of the logit-log transformation of the dose-response curve. The third component uses the quality-control parameters statistically calculated from the linearized dose-response curve to monitor whether the assay is \"in-control\". The calculator tabulates the means and confidence limits for the various parameters and can plot the statistical quality-control charts. The major benefit of this statistical quality-control system is that it allows the real-time computation and plotting of quality-control data with a programmable desk-top calculator.", "PMID": 657490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7390", "title": "Hexosaminidase A in amniotic fluid of Tay-Sachs fetuses.", "content": "Hexosaminidase A is present in relatively low concentrations in cell-free amniotic fluids from pregnancies with Tay-Sachs fetuses. This isoenzyme was determined by an immunological procedure, radial immunodiffusion, by which hexosaminidase A can be directly and specifically detected, even in the presence of excess amounts of hexosaminidase B. No hexosaminidase A could be detected by the same procedure in Tay-Sachs fetal tissues, implying that this isoenzyme in the amniotic fluid originates from the mother.", "contents": "Hexosaminidase A in amniotic fluid of Tay-Sachs fetuses. Hexosaminidase A is present in relatively low concentrations in cell-free amniotic fluids from pregnancies with Tay-Sachs fetuses. This isoenzyme was determined by an immunological procedure, radial immunodiffusion, by which hexosaminidase A can be directly and specifically detected, even in the presence of excess amounts of hexosaminidase B. No hexosaminidase A could be detected by the same procedure in Tay-Sachs fetal tissues, implying that this isoenzyme in the amniotic fluid originates from the mother.", "PMID": 657491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7391", "title": "Analysis for glutathione in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for determination of glutathione in whole blood. Sample preparation involves hemolysis, protein precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration. The glutathione in the filtrate is then separated from other sulfhydryl-containing molecules by liquid chromatography with Zipax SCX cation-exchanger followed by detection with a mercury-based electrochemical detector. The liquid-chromatographic analysis time is approximately 5 min. Because of the chromatographic separation and the selectivity of the detector, the detection step is free from interferences from other components of blood. The method has been checked by comparison with the colorimetric assay based on reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The chromatographic results are consistently slightly lower, presumably because of the greater selectivity of this method.", "contents": "Analysis for glutathione in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for determination of glutathione in whole blood. Sample preparation involves hemolysis, protein precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration. The glutathione in the filtrate is then separated from other sulfhydryl-containing molecules by liquid chromatography with Zipax SCX cation-exchanger followed by detection with a mercury-based electrochemical detector. The liquid-chromatographic analysis time is approximately 5 min. Because of the chromatographic separation and the selectivity of the detector, the detection step is free from interferences from other components of blood. The method has been checked by comparison with the colorimetric assay based on reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The chromatographic results are consistently slightly lower, presumably because of the greater selectivity of this method.", "PMID": 657492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7392", "title": "Optimized method for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity with the CentrifiChem Analyzer, with automatic preincubation of serum.", "content": "We propose a routine method for the mechanized measurement of aspartate aminotransferase with the CentrifiChem Analyzer, which is based on the recommendations of both the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Biologie Clinique. A modification of the CentrifiChem pipettor permits simultaneous pipetting of two reagents, thus achieving automatic preincubation of the serum in the transfer disk. Owing to the fixed reagent volumes dispensed by the pipettor, preincubation conditions had to be modified, but the recommendations for the final reagent concentrations in the assay cuvet were observed. The totally automated method correlates very well with one involving manual pipetting to reproduce the detailed step-by-step recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Intra-assay precision ranged from 3.4 to 4.9% and interassay precision from 1.7 to 7.5%. We assayed 135 sera and obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.996 (a = 1.025, b = 0.08).", "contents": "Optimized method for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity with the CentrifiChem Analyzer, with automatic preincubation of serum. We propose a routine method for the mechanized measurement of aspartate aminotransferase with the CentrifiChem Analyzer, which is based on the recommendations of both the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Biologie Clinique. A modification of the CentrifiChem pipettor permits simultaneous pipetting of two reagents, thus achieving automatic preincubation of the serum in the transfer disk. Owing to the fixed reagent volumes dispensed by the pipettor, preincubation conditions had to be modified, but the recommendations for the final reagent concentrations in the assay cuvet were observed. The totally automated method correlates very well with one involving manual pipetting to reproduce the detailed step-by-step recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Intra-assay precision ranged from 3.4 to 4.9% and interassay precision from 1.7 to 7.5%. We assayed 135 sera and obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.996 (a = 1.025, b = 0.08).", "PMID": 657493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7393", "title": "Continuous-flow determination of bile acids in serum, and its clinical application.", "content": "We describe a highly sensitive and accurate automated continuous-flow method for determining bile acids in serum. The bile acids are first liberated from serum protein by dialysis at alkaline pH and then measured fluorometrically after the following enzymic reaction. Bile acids are converted to 3-oxo bile acids with 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50) with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The hydrogen in the generated NADH is transferred by diaphorase (EC 1.6.4.3) to resazurin to yield resorfin, the fluorophore. Only 100 microliter of serum is required and 40 determinations can be done per hour. The CV for 20 replicate determinations in serum with a mean bile acid concentration of 9.8 mumol/liter was 2.6%. The CV for day-to-day variation for another serum on 27 successive days was 3.0% (mean concentration, 10.0 mumol/liter). We applied this method to 826 sera from various diseases; 29% exceeded the upper limit of normal, 10 mumol/liter, and abnormally high values (greater than 20 mumol/liter) were almost exclusively limited to sera from hepatobiliary and enteric disorders.", "contents": "Continuous-flow determination of bile acids in serum, and its clinical application. We describe a highly sensitive and accurate automated continuous-flow method for determining bile acids in serum. The bile acids are first liberated from serum protein by dialysis at alkaline pH and then measured fluorometrically after the following enzymic reaction. Bile acids are converted to 3-oxo bile acids with 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50) with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The hydrogen in the generated NADH is transferred by diaphorase (EC 1.6.4.3) to resazurin to yield resorfin, the fluorophore. Only 100 microliter of serum is required and 40 determinations can be done per hour. The CV for 20 replicate determinations in serum with a mean bile acid concentration of 9.8 mumol/liter was 2.6%. The CV for day-to-day variation for another serum on 27 successive days was 3.0% (mean concentration, 10.0 mumol/liter). We applied this method to 826 sera from various diseases; 29% exceeded the upper limit of normal, 10 mumol/liter, and abnormally high values (greater than 20 mumol/liter) were almost exclusively limited to sera from hepatobiliary and enteric disorders.", "PMID": 657494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7394", "title": "Determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in plasma by scanning fluorometry after thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive method is described for determining 8-methoxypsoralen in plasma. Plasma samples are acidified with 6 mol/liter and heated in a boiling water bath to release the plasma-bound drug nondestructively. It then is extracted into a solvent mixture consisting of benzene/ethyl acetate (9/1 by vol). The solvent phase is separated, evaporated, and an aliquot of the dissolved residue is thin-layer chromatographed, with benzene/ethyl acetete (9/1) as developing solvent. The plate is dried and the spots, made visible under ultraviolet light (320-400 nm), are scanned. The smallest amount detectable is 20 ng; the overall analytical recovery from plasma is 84%. We used the method to determine the drug in the plasma of rabbits after intravenous and oral administration of 10 mg, and in one patient after an oral dose of 30 mg.", "contents": "Determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in plasma by scanning fluorometry after thin-layer chromatography. A rapid and sensitive method is described for determining 8-methoxypsoralen in plasma. Plasma samples are acidified with 6 mol/liter and heated in a boiling water bath to release the plasma-bound drug nondestructively. It then is extracted into a solvent mixture consisting of benzene/ethyl acetate (9/1 by vol). The solvent phase is separated, evaporated, and an aliquot of the dissolved residue is thin-layer chromatographed, with benzene/ethyl acetete (9/1) as developing solvent. The plate is dried and the spots, made visible under ultraviolet light (320-400 nm), are scanned. The smallest amount detectable is 20 ng; the overall analytical recovery from plasma is 84%. We used the method to determine the drug in the plasma of rabbits after intravenous and oral administration of 10 mg, and in one patient after an oral dose of 30 mg.", "PMID": 657495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7395", "title": "Improved methods for isolating cortisol metabolites from neonatal urine.", "content": "Urine was collected from newborns, children, and adults who had received a tracer dose of [3H] cortisol. The free and different types of conjugated cortisol metabolites were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. A modified Amberlite XAD-2 procedure was used, which enabled quantitative extraction of the extremely polar cortisol metabolites from urine from newborns. Large differences between the ion-exchange chromatographic patterns for neonates and adults were observed. Urine from neonates was shown to contain quantitatively important amounts of an as-yet-unidentified conjugate that was absent from urine from adults. The effects of three different hydrolytic methods on the neonatal steroid conjugates were studied and it was found that the unknown conjugate in urine from the newborn could be hydrolyzed by solvolysis only.", "contents": "Improved methods for isolating cortisol metabolites from neonatal urine. Urine was collected from newborns, children, and adults who had received a tracer dose of [3H] cortisol. The free and different types of conjugated cortisol metabolites were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. A modified Amberlite XAD-2 procedure was used, which enabled quantitative extraction of the extremely polar cortisol metabolites from urine from newborns. Large differences between the ion-exchange chromatographic patterns for neonates and adults were observed. Urine from neonates was shown to contain quantitatively important amounts of an as-yet-unidentified conjugate that was absent from urine from adults. The effects of three different hydrolytic methods on the neonatal steroid conjugates were studied and it was found that the unknown conjugate in urine from the newborn could be hydrolyzed by solvolysis only.", "PMID": 657496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7396", "title": "Excretion of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase in human urine as determined with a new fluorogenic substrate.", "content": "X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity was found in human urine by a sensitive fluorescence assay in which a new fluorogenic substrate, 7-glycylproline-4-methylcoumarinamide, is used. The Km value was 2.9 X 10(-4) mol/liter, and the optimum pH was 8.7 in glycine-NaOH buffer. The enzyme activity was stable at 4 degrees C for at least five days. On Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, normal human urine showed a main peak with an approximate relative molecular mass of 400 000. The procedure is simple, rapid, and accurate. The enzyme activity in urine of normal adults was: 4.30 +/- 0.13 (SE) (range, approximately 1.84-8.96) micronmol/min per gram of creatinine, and 2.16 +/- 0.09 (SE) (range, approximately 0.38-6.98) micronmol/min per liter of urine.", "contents": "Excretion of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase in human urine as determined with a new fluorogenic substrate. X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity was found in human urine by a sensitive fluorescence assay in which a new fluorogenic substrate, 7-glycylproline-4-methylcoumarinamide, is used. The Km value was 2.9 X 10(-4) mol/liter, and the optimum pH was 8.7 in glycine-NaOH buffer. The enzyme activity was stable at 4 degrees C for at least five days. On Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, normal human urine showed a main peak with an approximate relative molecular mass of 400 000. The procedure is simple, rapid, and accurate. The enzyme activity in urine of normal adults was: 4.30 +/- 0.13 (SE) (range, approximately 1.84-8.96) micronmol/min per gram of creatinine, and 2.16 +/- 0.09 (SE) (range, approximately 0.38-6.98) micronmol/min per liter of urine.", "PMID": 657497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7397", "title": "A useful method for predicting creatinine clearance in children.", "content": "A practical method for predicting creatinine clearance for pediatric patients from serum creatinine concentration and patient age is presented. Creatinine excretion rate (ER) can be predicted from the patient's age, in years, by the formula: ER = (0.035 X age) + 0.236. Using the predicted excretion rate and serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance can be predicted. There was good correlation (r = 0.90) between predicted and observed creatinine clearances in 101 subjects with various degrees of renal impairment. This method allows renal function to be rapidly estimated.", "contents": "A useful method for predicting creatinine clearance in children. A practical method for predicting creatinine clearance for pediatric patients from serum creatinine concentration and patient age is presented. Creatinine excretion rate (ER) can be predicted from the patient's age, in years, by the formula: ER = (0.035 X age) + 0.236. Using the predicted excretion rate and serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance can be predicted. There was good correlation (r = 0.90) between predicted and observed creatinine clearances in 101 subjects with various degrees of renal impairment. This method allows renal function to be rapidly estimated.", "PMID": 657498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7398", "title": "Analysis for lead in undiluted whole blood by tantalum ribbon atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "We describe a modified tantalum ribbon atomic absorption procedure for determining lead in undiluted whole blood. An instrumentation Laboratory (I.L.) Model 151 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with an I.L. Model 355 Flameless Sampler was used. The Flameless Sampler was slightly modified to include three-cycle operation instead of the normal two cycles. This modified single-beam system, equipped with background correction, allows 5-microliter specimens of whole blood to be quickly and accurately analyzed. No sample preparation other than vortex mixing is involved and method reliability has been demonstrated during an extended period of successful participation in proficiency testing studies conducted by the Center for Disease Control. This tantalum ribbon methodology has further been demonstrated to be effective both as a primary screening procedure and as a confirmatory procedure, when coupled with erythrocyte protoporphyrin determinations, in screening over 300 000 clients during a three-year period of use in the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) Program in Texas.", "contents": "Analysis for lead in undiluted whole blood by tantalum ribbon atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We describe a modified tantalum ribbon atomic absorption procedure for determining lead in undiluted whole blood. An instrumentation Laboratory (I.L.) Model 151 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with an I.L. Model 355 Flameless Sampler was used. The Flameless Sampler was slightly modified to include three-cycle operation instead of the normal two cycles. This modified single-beam system, equipped with background correction, allows 5-microliter specimens of whole blood to be quickly and accurately analyzed. No sample preparation other than vortex mixing is involved and method reliability has been demonstrated during an extended period of successful participation in proficiency testing studies conducted by the Center for Disease Control. This tantalum ribbon methodology has further been demonstrated to be effective both as a primary screening procedure and as a confirmatory procedure, when coupled with erythrocyte protoporphyrin determinations, in screening over 300 000 clients during a three-year period of use in the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) Program in Texas.", "PMID": 657500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7399", "title": "Evaluation of the co-immobilized hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method for glucose, as adapted to the Technicon SMAC.", "content": "We assessed the analytical performance of the co-immobilized hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) method for D-glucose analysis on the Technicon SMAC. The enzyme-containing coils were usable for one month, or 12 000 tests. Bilirubin, hemoglobin, lipemia, creatinine, uric acid, citric acid, and ascorbic acid did not interfere. Results with this method were compared to those by the National Glucose Reference Method. The upper limits of the total error estimate (a combination of random and systematic errors) were 76, 74, and 125 mg/liter at concentrations of 500, 1200, and 3000 mg/liter, respectively. The error estimates were less than allowable errors based on medical usefulness; thus the method was judged to perform acceptably with respect to the Reference Method. We also present performance data for the routine SMAC glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4)/Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) 3-methyl-2-benzothianolinone hydrazone-N,N-dimethylaniline method, the direct hexokinase method with the Du Pont aca, and the glucose oxidase oxygen-rate method with the Beckman Glucose Analyzer.", "contents": "Evaluation of the co-immobilized hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method for glucose, as adapted to the Technicon SMAC. We assessed the analytical performance of the co-immobilized hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) method for D-glucose analysis on the Technicon SMAC. The enzyme-containing coils were usable for one month, or 12 000 tests. Bilirubin, hemoglobin, lipemia, creatinine, uric acid, citric acid, and ascorbic acid did not interfere. Results with this method were compared to those by the National Glucose Reference Method. The upper limits of the total error estimate (a combination of random and systematic errors) were 76, 74, and 125 mg/liter at concentrations of 500, 1200, and 3000 mg/liter, respectively. The error estimates were less than allowable errors based on medical usefulness; thus the method was judged to perform acceptably with respect to the Reference Method. We also present performance data for the routine SMAC glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4)/Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) 3-methyl-2-benzothianolinone hydrazone-N,N-dimethylaniline method, the direct hexokinase method with the Du Pont aca, and the glucose oxidase oxygen-rate method with the Beckman Glucose Analyzer.", "PMID": 657501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7400", "title": "Improved continuous-flow (SMAC) determination of serum albumin.", "content": "The albumin values determined by the bromcresol green methods do not compare well with values by more specific methods for albumin determination. The discrepancies have been related to, among other things, acute-phase reactants and are especially pronounced in the lower albumin range. These disadvantages are also inherent in a routine continuous-flow method for albumin (SMAC). The bromcresol green method has been improved considerably by shortening the reaction time before the absorbance is measured, as is described here. The modified method yields values that better agree with those by more specific methods and an influence of acute-phase reactants is no longer observed.", "contents": "Improved continuous-flow (SMAC) determination of serum albumin. The albumin values determined by the bromcresol green methods do not compare well with values by more specific methods for albumin determination. The discrepancies have been related to, among other things, acute-phase reactants and are especially pronounced in the lower albumin range. These disadvantages are also inherent in a routine continuous-flow method for albumin (SMAC). The bromcresol green method has been improved considerably by shortening the reaction time before the absorbance is measured, as is described here. The modified method yields values that better agree with those by more specific methods and an influence of acute-phase reactants is no longer observed.", "PMID": 657502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7401", "title": "A micro-scale method for liquid scintillation counting, applicable to radioimmunoassay of steroids and substances of comparable relative molecular mass.", "content": "A major expense of radioimmunoassay involving tritiated tracers is that of liquid scintillation counting. We present a micro-scale method that markedly reduces the cost of liquid scintillation counting. The radioimmunoassay is done in 10 X 50 mm tubes. The antibody-bound tracer is precipitated with a second antibody, the precipitate is resuspended in 0.1 ml of water, and 0.3 ml of dioxane is added. One milliliter of a toluene-based scintillation cocktail is added, and the tube is capped and placed in an adapter for liquid scintilation counting. When this method was applied to a double-antibody testosterone radioimmunoassay, it performed comparably to assays counted by the usual method.", "contents": "A micro-scale method for liquid scintillation counting, applicable to radioimmunoassay of steroids and substances of comparable relative molecular mass. A major expense of radioimmunoassay involving tritiated tracers is that of liquid scintillation counting. We present a micro-scale method that markedly reduces the cost of liquid scintillation counting. The radioimmunoassay is done in 10 X 50 mm tubes. The antibody-bound tracer is precipitated with a second antibody, the precipitate is resuspended in 0.1 ml of water, and 0.3 ml of dioxane is added. One milliliter of a toluene-based scintillation cocktail is added, and the tube is capped and placed in an adapter for liquid scintilation counting. When this method was applied to a double-antibody testosterone radioimmunoassay, it performed comparably to assays counted by the usual method.", "PMID": 657503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7402", "title": "A solution to the problem of bilirubin interference with the kinetic Jaff\u00e9 method for serum creatinine.", "content": "We measured bilirubin interference with the kinetic Jaff\u00e9 method for serum creatinine. Both pooled sera with added bilirubin and icteric patients' sera were used and results with of which gave more nearly \"true\" values.", "contents": "A solution to the problem of bilirubin interference with the kinetic Jaff\u00e9 method for serum creatinine. We measured bilirubin interference with the kinetic Jaff\u00e9 method for serum creatinine. Both pooled sera with added bilirubin and icteric patients' sera were used and results with of which gave more nearly \"true\" values.", "PMID": 657504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7403", "title": "Analysis for nickel in plasma and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, with sample preparation by protein precipitation.", "content": "We describe and evaluate a method for determining nickel in plasma and urine by atomic absorption spectrometry. Proteins are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and sulfuric acid; ammonium pyrrolidinedithlocarbamate is used as the chelating agent for nickel, and methyl isobutyl ketone as extraction solvent. The results were compared with results obtained by the acid-digestion technique for removing proteins and other organic substances. Analyses for both plasma and urine were better by the present procedure. The mean and standard deviation for nickel in plasma from 15 healthy individuals was 2.13 +/- 0.58 microgram/liter by this method. For nickel in urine from 15 healthy men the mean and standard deviation was 4.45 +/- 1.9 microgram/liter. The coefficient of variation for plasma was 11.9%, and for urine 12.2% in 10 analyses of the same plasma and urine with the protein-precipitation procedure, as compared with 26.0 and 38.2%, respectively, by the acid-digestion technique.", "contents": "Analysis for nickel in plasma and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, with sample preparation by protein precipitation. We describe and evaluate a method for determining nickel in plasma and urine by atomic absorption spectrometry. Proteins are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and sulfuric acid; ammonium pyrrolidinedithlocarbamate is used as the chelating agent for nickel, and methyl isobutyl ketone as extraction solvent. The results were compared with results obtained by the acid-digestion technique for removing proteins and other organic substances. Analyses for both plasma and urine were better by the present procedure. The mean and standard deviation for nickel in plasma from 15 healthy individuals was 2.13 +/- 0.58 microgram/liter by this method. For nickel in urine from 15 healthy men the mean and standard deviation was 4.45 +/- 1.9 microgram/liter. The coefficient of variation for plasma was 11.9%, and for urine 12.2% in 10 analyses of the same plasma and urine with the protein-precipitation procedure, as compared with 26.0 and 38.2%, respectively, by the acid-digestion technique.", "PMID": 657505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7404", "title": "Effect of temperature on plasma renin samples.", "content": "Plasma renin activity was measured in parallel in Na2EDTA-contained plasma samples after storage at -20, 4, and 24 degrees C, and in the lyophilized state. In peripheral venous plasma from 22 hypertensive patients, the activity (range, 0.08-46.7 microgram/liter per hour) remained stable during three days of storage at 4 degrees C, but decreased to a variable extent when plasma was kept at 24 degrees C: in one day by 9.2%, two days by 25.6%, and three days by 74.0%. Values were the same for samples handled at room temperature and chilled to 4 degrees C within 3 h and parallel samples immediately cooled in an icebath and kept at 4 degrees C. Freezing (-20 degrees C) and thawing of plasma was associated with a 22% mean increase in activity (range, 0-83%). Lyophilization resulted in a smaller increase of plasma renin activity (mean 12%, range 0-46%). Blood for renin analysis need not be cooled immediately, but must be cooled to 4 degrees C within 2-3 h. It then is stabe for at least three days. Freezing or lyophilization appears to be associated with some cold activation of \"prorenin.\"", "contents": "Effect of temperature on plasma renin samples. Plasma renin activity was measured in parallel in Na2EDTA-contained plasma samples after storage at -20, 4, and 24 degrees C, and in the lyophilized state. In peripheral venous plasma from 22 hypertensive patients, the activity (range, 0.08-46.7 microgram/liter per hour) remained stable during three days of storage at 4 degrees C, but decreased to a variable extent when plasma was kept at 24 degrees C: in one day by 9.2%, two days by 25.6%, and three days by 74.0%. Values were the same for samples handled at room temperature and chilled to 4 degrees C within 3 h and parallel samples immediately cooled in an icebath and kept at 4 degrees C. Freezing (-20 degrees C) and thawing of plasma was associated with a 22% mean increase in activity (range, 0-83%). Lyophilization resulted in a smaller increase of plasma renin activity (mean 12%, range 0-46%). Blood for renin analysis need not be cooled immediately, but must be cooled to 4 degrees C within 2-3 h. It then is stabe for at least three days. Freezing or lyophilization appears to be associated with some cold activation of \"prorenin.\"", "PMID": 657506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7405", "title": "An aqueous primary standard for use with the Technicon SMA 6/60.", "content": "An aqueous primary standard containing sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, glucose, and creatinine was prepared for use with the Technicon SMA 6/60 continuous-flow analyzer. This standard, compared with a protein-base primary standard, showed no significant difference in slope, gamma-intercept, and linearity for these methods. Precision with use of the aqueous primary standard was acceptable, comparable to that for a commercial reference serum. The standard was stable for at least 30 days.", "contents": "An aqueous primary standard for use with the Technicon SMA 6/60. An aqueous primary standard containing sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, glucose, and creatinine was prepared for use with the Technicon SMA 6/60 continuous-flow analyzer. This standard, compared with a protein-base primary standard, showed no significant difference in slope, gamma-intercept, and linearity for these methods. Precision with use of the aqueous primary standard was acceptable, comparable to that for a commercial reference serum. The standard was stable for at least 30 days.", "PMID": 657507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7406", "title": "Plasma acetate levels during hemodialysis.", "content": "Before dialysis, acetate levels in hemodialyzed patients (0.27--1.1 mmol/1) were more dispersed than in normal subjects (0.20--0.65 mmol/l) and the mean value of plasma acetate was slightly higher (0.52 mmol/l versus 0.31 mmol/l). Though dialysis conditions were almost identical, the acetate kinetics during hemodialysis were very different: in most subjects, plasma acetate concentrations reached a \"plateau\" (mean value 5.6 mmol/l) whereas in others a continuous rise was observed, suggesting that with patients having chronic renal failure there were important individual or occasional differences in the ability to metabolize acetate. The acetate loads per minute (or mass transfers) were calculated from the blood compartment with plasma values (plasma flow and concentrations), rather than from the dialysate and using the combined calculations (plasma and whole blood values). The results ranged between 2.4 and 4.1 mmol/min. A very important and rapid fall in arterial acetate concentrations occurs in the first 20 min after the end of the dialysis and proves the rapid turnover of the acetate in man.", "contents": "Plasma acetate levels during hemodialysis. Before dialysis, acetate levels in hemodialyzed patients (0.27--1.1 mmol/1) were more dispersed than in normal subjects (0.20--0.65 mmol/l) and the mean value of plasma acetate was slightly higher (0.52 mmol/l versus 0.31 mmol/l). Though dialysis conditions were almost identical, the acetate kinetics during hemodialysis were very different: in most subjects, plasma acetate concentrations reached a \"plateau\" (mean value 5.6 mmol/l) whereas in others a continuous rise was observed, suggesting that with patients having chronic renal failure there were important individual or occasional differences in the ability to metabolize acetate. The acetate loads per minute (or mass transfers) were calculated from the blood compartment with plasma values (plasma flow and concentrations), rather than from the dialysate and using the combined calculations (plasma and whole blood values). The results ranged between 2.4 and 4.1 mmol/min. A very important and rapid fall in arterial acetate concentrations occurs in the first 20 min after the end of the dialysis and proves the rapid turnover of the acetate in man.", "PMID": 657519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7407", "title": "Investigations on the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) in rat liver homogenate.", "content": "Properties of an inactivating pathway of T4 to 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2') in rat liver homogenate are described. The intermediate product (of this reaction sequence) is reverse T3 (rT3) which is very labile and cannot be measured at pH 7.5. The apparent KM of the reaction rT3 to T2' is 2 X 10(-8) M. The activities catalyzing the reactions T4 to T3, T4 to T2' and rT3 to T2' are found in the 100 000 X g pellet. Propylthiouracil inhibits all three activities to a similar degree; alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine has no effect. T3 seems to be only a minor source of T2' production. The molar ratio of the two T4 deiodination pathways T4 to T3/T4 to T2' under these conditions is about 1.7; however, by changing the pH this ratio could be significantly altered.", "contents": "Investigations on the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) in rat liver homogenate. Properties of an inactivating pathway of T4 to 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2') in rat liver homogenate are described. The intermediate product (of this reaction sequence) is reverse T3 (rT3) which is very labile and cannot be measured at pH 7.5. The apparent KM of the reaction rT3 to T2' is 2 X 10(-8) M. The activities catalyzing the reactions T4 to T3, T4 to T2' and rT3 to T2' are found in the 100 000 X g pellet. Propylthiouracil inhibits all three activities to a similar degree; alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine has no effect. T3 seems to be only a minor source of T2' production. The molar ratio of the two T4 deiodination pathways T4 to T3/T4 to T2' under these conditions is about 1.7; however, by changing the pH this ratio could be significantly altered.", "PMID": 657520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7408", "title": "The fatty acid content and drug binding characteristics of commercial albumin preparations.", "content": "The fatty acid contents of thirteen commercial preparations of human albumin were found to be in the range 0.03 to 9 mol of fatty acid/mol albumin. Marked differences were found between the preparations in the binding of the fluorescent probes, 5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonamide (DNSA) and dansylsarcosine. The displacement of these probes by ibuprofen and phenylbutazone also showed marked differences between preparations. The differences between the commercial albumin samples correlated well with their fatty acid contents and were abolished by treatment with charcoal. They were similar to the changes observed when oleic acid was added to fatty acid free albumin. The source and fatty acid content of commercial albumin preparations should be considered when comparing studies of the binding of drugs to human albumin.", "contents": "The fatty acid content and drug binding characteristics of commercial albumin preparations. The fatty acid contents of thirteen commercial preparations of human albumin were found to be in the range 0.03 to 9 mol of fatty acid/mol albumin. Marked differences were found between the preparations in the binding of the fluorescent probes, 5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonamide (DNSA) and dansylsarcosine. The displacement of these probes by ibuprofen and phenylbutazone also showed marked differences between preparations. The differences between the commercial albumin samples correlated well with their fatty acid contents and were abolished by treatment with charcoal. They were similar to the changes observed when oleic acid was added to fatty acid free albumin. The source and fatty acid content of commercial albumin preparations should be considered when comparing studies of the binding of drugs to human albumin.", "PMID": 657521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7409", "title": "Lipids and proteins of erythrocyte membrane in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The lipid and protein composition of erythrocyte membranes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was studied. When compared with age and sex-matched controls, no significant change was observed in the content of cholesterol and phospholipid, phospholipid components and their fatty acid composition, though the lipid content and fatty acid distributions were different between adult and child controls. The protein distribution on SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis was identical for Duchenne patients and controls.", "contents": "Lipids and proteins of erythrocyte membrane in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The lipid and protein composition of erythrocyte membranes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was studied. When compared with age and sex-matched controls, no significant change was observed in the content of cholesterol and phospholipid, phospholipid components and their fatty acid composition, though the lipid content and fatty acid distributions were different between adult and child controls. The protein distribution on SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis was identical for Duchenne patients and controls.", "PMID": 657522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7410", "title": "Evaluation of volatile sulfur compounds in the expired alveolar gas in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Trace amounts of volatile sulfur compounds were determined in the expired alveolar gas by gas chromatography. Among these sulfur containing substances, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide were quantitatively analyzed in 116 subjects; 53 normal, 13 acute hepatitis, 11 chronic hepatitis, 20 hepatic cirrhosis, and 19 stomach ulcer and/or biopsy of gastric mucosa. Fasting level of dimethyl sulfide in cirrhotics was 4.05 +/- 1.06 ng/dl, significantly elevated by comparison with normal controls (1.54 +/- 0.09 ng/dl) (P less than 0.05). In contrast, methyl mercaptan did not show a statistically significant rise in this study. The implications of the significant increase in dimethyl sulfide concentration in liver cirrhosis are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of volatile sulfur compounds in the expired alveolar gas in patients with liver cirrhosis. Trace amounts of volatile sulfur compounds were determined in the expired alveolar gas by gas chromatography. Among these sulfur containing substances, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide were quantitatively analyzed in 116 subjects; 53 normal, 13 acute hepatitis, 11 chronic hepatitis, 20 hepatic cirrhosis, and 19 stomach ulcer and/or biopsy of gastric mucosa. Fasting level of dimethyl sulfide in cirrhotics was 4.05 +/- 1.06 ng/dl, significantly elevated by comparison with normal controls (1.54 +/- 0.09 ng/dl) (P less than 0.05). In contrast, methyl mercaptan did not show a statistically significant rise in this study. The implications of the significant increase in dimethyl sulfide concentration in liver cirrhosis are discussed.", "PMID": 657523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7411", "title": "A modified electroimmunoassay technique for uromucoid in urine.", "content": "An electroimmunoassay technique for the estimation of urine uromucoid has been studied in an effort to improve its performance. It was found that strict attention to specimen collection, preservation and storage was important. The conditions used for the production of immunologically active uromucoid subunits utilising sodium dodecyl sulphate were found to be critical, needing rigid standardisation if acceptable precision is to be achieved.", "contents": "A modified electroimmunoassay technique for uromucoid in urine. An electroimmunoassay technique for the estimation of urine uromucoid has been studied in an effort to improve its performance. It was found that strict attention to specimen collection, preservation and storage was important. The conditions used for the production of immunologically active uromucoid subunits utilising sodium dodecyl sulphate were found to be critical, needing rigid standardisation if acceptable precision is to be achieved.", "PMID": 657524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7412", "title": "Isolation and identification of a new potent inhibitor of creatine kinase from human serum.", "content": "Human serum contains a very potent inhibitor of creatine kinase in addition to urate which was characterized as an inhibitor of this enzyme by Warren (Warren, W.A. (1975) Clin. Biochem. 8, 247). This new inhibitor was isolated from human serum by dialysis, negative DEAE-cellulose adsorption and a series of gel filtration chromatographies. The inhibitor so isolated was an organic compound. Kinetic investigation showed noncompetitive inhibition versus creatine, as well as MgATP. Infrared spectroscopy revealed amino and carboxyl groups. The isolated material was ninhydrin-positive. Thin-layer chromatography of the dansyl derivative showed several fluorescent spots. Quantitative amino acid analysis revealed the presence of several amino acids. Of these only cystine and cysteine were inhibitory in the standard inhibitor assay, using rabbit MM creatine kinase. Testing with human MM creatine kinase only cystine was found inhibitory. Cystine has a specific inhibitor activity of 600 anti-Units per mg, using rabbit or human MM creatine kinase, respectively. Urate by comparison has a specific inhibitor activity of 45 anti-Units per mg using human MM creatine kinase.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a new potent inhibitor of creatine kinase from human serum. Human serum contains a very potent inhibitor of creatine kinase in addition to urate which was characterized as an inhibitor of this enzyme by Warren (Warren, W.A. (1975) Clin. Biochem. 8, 247). This new inhibitor was isolated from human serum by dialysis, negative DEAE-cellulose adsorption and a series of gel filtration chromatographies. The inhibitor so isolated was an organic compound. Kinetic investigation showed noncompetitive inhibition versus creatine, as well as MgATP. Infrared spectroscopy revealed amino and carboxyl groups. The isolated material was ninhydrin-positive. Thin-layer chromatography of the dansyl derivative showed several fluorescent spots. Quantitative amino acid analysis revealed the presence of several amino acids. Of these only cystine and cysteine were inhibitory in the standard inhibitor assay, using rabbit MM creatine kinase. Testing with human MM creatine kinase only cystine was found inhibitory. Cystine has a specific inhibitor activity of 600 anti-Units per mg, using rabbit or human MM creatine kinase, respectively. Urate by comparison has a specific inhibitor activity of 45 anti-Units per mg using human MM creatine kinase.", "PMID": 657526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7413", "title": "Serum IgG and IgD and levels in some infectious and noninfectious diseases.", "content": "Serum IgG and IgD levels were determined in the following groups: professional blood donors, healthy smokers and patients with acute hepatitis, with acute salmonellosis, with hepatic cirrhosis, with cancer (prostate, lung and gastrointestinal tract) and with benign diseases of the same organs as the cancer patients. IgG was significantly increased in the groups of patients with hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis and cancer. IgD values showed a wide dispersion in all the groups, which do not allow for comparisons among means. For that reason, linear regression analysis between IgG and IgD was done, the results being significant only in the two groups with infectious diseases (acute hepatitis and acute salmonellosis), which suggest that IgD could be involved in the immune response against their respective pathogenic agents.", "contents": "Serum IgG and IgD and levels in some infectious and noninfectious diseases. Serum IgG and IgD levels were determined in the following groups: professional blood donors, healthy smokers and patients with acute hepatitis, with acute salmonellosis, with hepatic cirrhosis, with cancer (prostate, lung and gastrointestinal tract) and with benign diseases of the same organs as the cancer patients. IgG was significantly increased in the groups of patients with hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis and cancer. IgD values showed a wide dispersion in all the groups, which do not allow for comparisons among means. For that reason, linear regression analysis between IgG and IgD was done, the results being significant only in the two groups with infectious diseases (acute hepatitis and acute salmonellosis), which suggest that IgD could be involved in the immune response against their respective pathogenic agents.", "PMID": 657527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7414", "title": "Human erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase: radiochemical microassay and biochemical properties.", "content": "A radiochemical micromethod for the determination of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity in human red blood cells (RBC) is described. Both 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine were substrates for the TPMT activity in the human RBC. Apparent Michaelis-Menten (KM) values for 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine were 3.2 X 10(-4) M and 2.0 X 10(-4) M, respectively. The apparent KM value for S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a co-substrate for the reaction, was 1.7 X 10(-6) M. The pH optimum for the reaction was approximately 7.5. Blood samples from 73 randomly selected adult subjects had a mean activity of 10.2 +/- 2.4 (mean +/- S.D.) units/ml packed red blood cells. The range of activities was from 4.6 to 14.2 units/ml. The results of experiments in which partially purified human kidney TPMT was added to RBC lysates and of experiments in which \"low\" and \"high\" activity lysates were mixed gave no indication that individual variations in RBC TPMT activity were due to endogenous inhibitors or activators of the enzyme.", "contents": "Human erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase: radiochemical microassay and biochemical properties. A radiochemical micromethod for the determination of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity in human red blood cells (RBC) is described. Both 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine were substrates for the TPMT activity in the human RBC. Apparent Michaelis-Menten (KM) values for 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine were 3.2 X 10(-4) M and 2.0 X 10(-4) M, respectively. The apparent KM value for S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a co-substrate for the reaction, was 1.7 X 10(-6) M. The pH optimum for the reaction was approximately 7.5. Blood samples from 73 randomly selected adult subjects had a mean activity of 10.2 +/- 2.4 (mean +/- S.D.) units/ml packed red blood cells. The range of activities was from 4.6 to 14.2 units/ml. The results of experiments in which partially purified human kidney TPMT was added to RBC lysates and of experiments in which \"low\" and \"high\" activity lysates were mixed gave no indication that individual variations in RBC TPMT activity were due to endogenous inhibitors or activators of the enzyme.", "PMID": 657528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7415", "title": "Initial activity and inactivation of alkaline phosphatase in different lots of buffer.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined in six lots of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and in six lots of diethanolamine (DEA) buffers without preincubation of the sample. There appeared to be differences between the lot numbers in both cases, resulting in a variation in initial activity. When serum samples are preincubated with buffer a loss of activity was observed in 4 out of the 6 AMP buffers. Four human isoenzymes showed varying inactivation during preincubation with AMP buffer. No loss of activity was observed when the preincubation was done with the six DEA buffers. These results indicate that the purity of the commercially-available buffers is quite unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Initial activity and inactivation of alkaline phosphatase in different lots of buffer. Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined in six lots of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and in six lots of diethanolamine (DEA) buffers without preincubation of the sample. There appeared to be differences between the lot numbers in both cases, resulting in a variation in initial activity. When serum samples are preincubated with buffer a loss of activity was observed in 4 out of the 6 AMP buffers. Four human isoenzymes showed varying inactivation during preincubation with AMP buffer. No loss of activity was observed when the preincubation was done with the six DEA buffers. These results indicate that the purity of the commercially-available buffers is quite unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 657529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7416", "title": "3-Methylcrotonylglycine excretion in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria.", "content": "1. 3-Methylcrotonylglycine was identified in urine from an infant with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria. 2. The concentration of 3-methylcrotonylglycine in urine was approximately one sixth of that of the other metabolite of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. 3. The presence of both metabolites in the infant's urine indicates an inhibition of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity in tissues of the infant.", "contents": "3-Methylcrotonylglycine excretion in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria. 1. 3-Methylcrotonylglycine was identified in urine from an infant with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria. 2. The concentration of 3-methylcrotonylglycine in urine was approximately one sixth of that of the other metabolite of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. 3. The presence of both metabolites in the infant's urine indicates an inhibition of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity in tissues of the infant.", "PMID": 657530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7417", "title": "[1-14C]Ethanol breath test in alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "The activity of ethanol metabolising enzymes was assessed in 51 patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease using tracer doses of [1-14C]ethanol and measuring 14CO2 excretion in the breath. Alcoholic patients with only fatty infiltration of the liver showed significantly increased activity compared with controls. Comparing alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and a serum albumin greater than 28 g/l, activity in those with a recent history of continued heavy drinking was significantly greater than in patients who had abstained from alcohol. In addition, both groups of alcoholic cirrhosis showed significantly more activity than patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The activities of patients with acute alcoholic or viral hepatitis were normal when their prothrombin times were less than 7 sec prolonged, but were reduced when prolongation exceeded 7 sec. These results demonstrate that in chronic alcoholic liver disease, even with cirrhosis, alcohol can still increase the activity of ethanol oxidising enzymes provided hepatic function remains adequate. However, this response is lost in acute liver damage and in chronic alcoholic disease with severe hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "[1-14C]Ethanol breath test in alcoholic liver disease. The activity of ethanol metabolising enzymes was assessed in 51 patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease using tracer doses of [1-14C]ethanol and measuring 14CO2 excretion in the breath. Alcoholic patients with only fatty infiltration of the liver showed significantly increased activity compared with controls. Comparing alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and a serum albumin greater than 28 g/l, activity in those with a recent history of continued heavy drinking was significantly greater than in patients who had abstained from alcohol. In addition, both groups of alcoholic cirrhosis showed significantly more activity than patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The activities of patients with acute alcoholic or viral hepatitis were normal when their prothrombin times were less than 7 sec prolonged, but were reduced when prolongation exceeded 7 sec. These results demonstrate that in chronic alcoholic liver disease, even with cirrhosis, alcohol can still increase the activity of ethanol oxidising enzymes provided hepatic function remains adequate. However, this response is lost in acute liver damage and in chronic alcoholic disease with severe hepatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 657531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7418", "title": "Dosage of hemoglobin A1c by isoelectrofocusing.", "content": "A new Hb A1c routine dosage method is proposed, using thin-layer isoelectrofocusing. The mean level in normal adults is 4.66% (sigma = 1.05). In diabetic (treated) patients, the distribution of Hb A1c levels is a non-Gaussian one, with extreme values of 3 to 13% and a maximum frequency peak at 5.5%.", "contents": "Dosage of hemoglobin A1c by isoelectrofocusing. A new Hb A1c routine dosage method is proposed, using thin-layer isoelectrofocusing. The mean level in normal adults is 4.66% (sigma = 1.05). In diabetic (treated) patients, the distribution of Hb A1c levels is a non-Gaussian one, with extreme values of 3 to 13% and a maximum frequency peak at 5.5%.", "PMID": 657532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7419", "title": "Regan variant alkaline phosphatase in gastrointestinal carcinoma.", "content": "A fast-moving alkaline phosphatase band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been found in 6 patients with carcinoma of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. This isoenzyme resembled the placental isoenzyme in its inhibition by L-phenylalanine, its resistance to L-homoarginine inhibition and its molecular weight. However, it differed from the placental and Regan isoenzymes in its sensitivity to L-leucine and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, its lower retardation by neuraminidase, its electrophoretic mobility and its decreased heat stability. The latter two properties also distinguished it from the Nagao isoenzyme. It was identified as the Regan Variant. The Regan Variant has hitherto been reported largely in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the presented paper we report its appearance in the sera of patients who have neoplasms in a variety of primary sites in the gastrointestinal tract. It is emphasized that, while the presence of the Regan Variant in serum may be taken as evidence of carcinoma, no conclusions can be drawn as to the site of the disease.", "contents": "Regan variant alkaline phosphatase in gastrointestinal carcinoma. A fast-moving alkaline phosphatase band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been found in 6 patients with carcinoma of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. This isoenzyme resembled the placental isoenzyme in its inhibition by L-phenylalanine, its resistance to L-homoarginine inhibition and its molecular weight. However, it differed from the placental and Regan isoenzymes in its sensitivity to L-leucine and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, its lower retardation by neuraminidase, its electrophoretic mobility and its decreased heat stability. The latter two properties also distinguished it from the Nagao isoenzyme. It was identified as the Regan Variant. The Regan Variant has hitherto been reported largely in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the presented paper we report its appearance in the sera of patients who have neoplasms in a variety of primary sites in the gastrointestinal tract. It is emphasized that, while the presence of the Regan Variant in serum may be taken as evidence of carcinoma, no conclusions can be drawn as to the site of the disease.", "PMID": 657533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7420", "title": "The influence of vitamin B-6 on cystathioninuria in premature infants.", "content": "The amount of cystathionine excreted in the urine of premature infants, ages 10 to 17 days, decreases after oral administration of 40 mg vitamin B-6 daily. Thus, it can be speculated that in vivo cystathionase of premature infants may be induced or activated by pyridoxine.", "contents": "The influence of vitamin B-6 on cystathioninuria in premature infants. The amount of cystathionine excreted in the urine of premature infants, ages 10 to 17 days, decreases after oral administration of 40 mg vitamin B-6 daily. Thus, it can be speculated that in vivo cystathionase of premature infants may be induced or activated by pyridoxine.", "PMID": 657534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7421", "title": "Standardization of a simple method for the estimation of haemoglobin A2.", "content": "An improved method for the estimation of haemoglobin A2, at the same time precise, simple and cheap, is proposed. Haemoglobin A is separated from haemoglobin A2 by electrophoresis on Cellogel in discontinuous buffer at alkaline pH. The strips of cellulose acetate containing the haemoglobin fractions are completely dissolved in 80% acetic acid. The percentage of haemoglobin A2 present in each sample is calculated from the values for the spectrophotometric absorbance at 396 nm. The average percentage of haemoglobin A2 (+/- standard deviation) determined by this method was 2.31 +/- 0.37 in 51 normal subjects, and 4.64 +/- 0.53 in 29 subjects with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "contents": "Standardization of a simple method for the estimation of haemoglobin A2. An improved method for the estimation of haemoglobin A2, at the same time precise, simple and cheap, is proposed. Haemoglobin A is separated from haemoglobin A2 by electrophoresis on Cellogel in discontinuous buffer at alkaline pH. The strips of cellulose acetate containing the haemoglobin fractions are completely dissolved in 80% acetic acid. The percentage of haemoglobin A2 present in each sample is calculated from the values for the spectrophotometric absorbance at 396 nm. The average percentage of haemoglobin A2 (+/- standard deviation) determined by this method was 2.31 +/- 0.37 in 51 normal subjects, and 4.64 +/- 0.53 in 29 subjects with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "PMID": 657535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7422", "title": "Comparison of angiotensin I and angiotensin II antibody trapping methods for determination of plasma renin concentration and activity.", "content": "Comparative determinations were made of the renin activity of human blood plasma by applying a radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, and also by parallel determinations of PRA I and PRA II. To protect the angiotensin generated in plasma, the antibody trapping method was used. The concentration of renin was also determined. It was found that, under the experimental conditions applied, when determining PRA II the renin was gradually inactivated in plasma; when determining PRA I it was protected by EDTA added to plasma. Thus PRA II is present to a lesser degree than PRA I. The experiemnts performed have confirmed the advantages of determining PRA I by the antibody trapping method.", "contents": "Comparison of angiotensin I and angiotensin II antibody trapping methods for determination of plasma renin concentration and activity. Comparative determinations were made of the renin activity of human blood plasma by applying a radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, and also by parallel determinations of PRA I and PRA II. To protect the angiotensin generated in plasma, the antibody trapping method was used. The concentration of renin was also determined. It was found that, under the experimental conditions applied, when determining PRA II the renin was gradually inactivated in plasma; when determining PRA I it was protected by EDTA added to plasma. Thus PRA II is present to a lesser degree than PRA I. The experiemnts performed have confirmed the advantages of determining PRA I by the antibody trapping method.", "PMID": 657536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7423", "title": "Determination of serum ionised calcium by ion-exchange electrode in normal subjects.", "content": "Serum ionised calcium concentration [Ca2+] was measured with a calcium selective electrode in 65 normal people. A mean value of 1.06 mmol/l (+/- 0.04 S.D.) with an actual range of 0.97 to 1.13 mmol/l was obtained. Serum samples refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 24 h were satisfactory for analysis. Storage of whole blood samples for 6 h at room temperature before separation caused a very small error (+0.04 mmol/l). Mean results and ranges were similar in males and females and there was no significant correlation with age. No significant change in serum [Ca2+] was found following a normal meal. Serum [Ca2+] and total serum calcium showed a very slight correlation (r = 0.35). The method is reproducible and sensitive.", "contents": "Determination of serum ionised calcium by ion-exchange electrode in normal subjects. Serum ionised calcium concentration [Ca2+] was measured with a calcium selective electrode in 65 normal people. A mean value of 1.06 mmol/l (+/- 0.04 S.D.) with an actual range of 0.97 to 1.13 mmol/l was obtained. Serum samples refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 24 h were satisfactory for analysis. Storage of whole blood samples for 6 h at room temperature before separation caused a very small error (+0.04 mmol/l). Mean results and ranges were similar in males and females and there was no significant correlation with age. No significant change in serum [Ca2+] was found following a normal meal. Serum [Ca2+] and total serum calcium showed a very slight correlation (r = 0.35). The method is reproducible and sensitive.", "PMID": 657537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7424", "title": "A simple colorimetric method for ascorbic acid determination in blood plasma.", "content": "The paper describes a simple method for determination of ascorbic acid using acid phosphotungstate. The reagent has been found to be specific and sensitive to ascorbic acid and can be used for ascorbic acid determination in plasma with good reproducibility.", "contents": "A simple colorimetric method for ascorbic acid determination in blood plasma. The paper describes a simple method for determination of ascorbic acid using acid phosphotungstate. The reagent has been found to be specific and sensitive to ascorbic acid and can be used for ascorbic acid determination in plasma with good reproducibility.", "PMID": 657538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7425", "title": "Hypersialyloligosacchariduria in mucolipidoses: a method for diagnosis.", "content": "A method is described for the detection of abnormal oligosaccharides in a small (5 ml) volume of urine, employing filtration on a Bio Gel P-6 column, determination of neutral sugar and bound sialic acid, and determination of creatinine content. With this method increased urinary excretion of sialic acid-rich oligosaccharides has been detected in nine patients with mucolipidoses (five cases of mucolipidosis II and four patients of mucolipidosis, with beta-galactosidase deficiency). The filtration patterns of oligosaccharides in mucolipidoses were clearly distinguishable from those in other inborn errors of metabolism. Total excreted oligosaccharides were increased 5--30-fold in these patients; mucolipidosis II, 640--1350 microgram neutral sugar/mg creatinine; control 54 +/- 20 microgram neutral sugar/mg creatinine. The oligosaccharides consisted of three sialic acid-rich fractions and were common in both types of mucolipidosis. Our data indicate that hypersialyoligosacchariduria is the main biochemical feature of both types of mucolipidosis.", "contents": "Hypersialyloligosacchariduria in mucolipidoses: a method for diagnosis. A method is described for the detection of abnormal oligosaccharides in a small (5 ml) volume of urine, employing filtration on a Bio Gel P-6 column, determination of neutral sugar and bound sialic acid, and determination of creatinine content. With this method increased urinary excretion of sialic acid-rich oligosaccharides has been detected in nine patients with mucolipidoses (five cases of mucolipidosis II and four patients of mucolipidosis, with beta-galactosidase deficiency). The filtration patterns of oligosaccharides in mucolipidoses were clearly distinguishable from those in other inborn errors of metabolism. Total excreted oligosaccharides were increased 5--30-fold in these patients; mucolipidosis II, 640--1350 microgram neutral sugar/mg creatinine; control 54 +/- 20 microgram neutral sugar/mg creatinine. The oligosaccharides consisted of three sialic acid-rich fractions and were common in both types of mucolipidosis. Our data indicate that hypersialyoligosacchariduria is the main biochemical feature of both types of mucolipidosis.", "PMID": 657539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7426", "title": "A simplified radioimmunoassay for melatonin and its application to biological fluids. Preliminary observations on the half-life of plasma melatonin in man.", "content": "A simplified and rapid radioimmunoassay (RIA) for melatonin is presented. Melatonin is extracted from seru, plasma or urine and RIA is performed by using [3H]melatonin as the tracer. The standard curve covers the range 0.2--4.3 nmol/l. By increasing the sample volume the range can be extended to 0.06 nmol/l. The intra-assay variability is 7% (relative standard deviation = rsd) and the inter-assay variability is 10% (rsd). The recovery of melatonin added to calf serum is 96%. The long term variability of the assay (43 assays on aliquots of one serum sample during 6 months) is 13.5% (rsd). The serum levels in man after one oral dose of 430 mumol melatonin have been measured. The peak value, 620 nmol/l, was noted after 0.5 h and the melatonin concentration was still above the normal range at 24 h (2.1 nmol/l).", "contents": "A simplified radioimmunoassay for melatonin and its application to biological fluids. Preliminary observations on the half-life of plasma melatonin in man. A simplified and rapid radioimmunoassay (RIA) for melatonin is presented. Melatonin is extracted from seru, plasma or urine and RIA is performed by using [3H]melatonin as the tracer. The standard curve covers the range 0.2--4.3 nmol/l. By increasing the sample volume the range can be extended to 0.06 nmol/l. The intra-assay variability is 7% (relative standard deviation = rsd) and the inter-assay variability is 10% (rsd). The recovery of melatonin added to calf serum is 96%. The long term variability of the assay (43 assays on aliquots of one serum sample during 6 months) is 13.5% (rsd). The serum levels in man after one oral dose of 430 mumol melatonin have been measured. The peak value, 620 nmol/l, was noted after 0.5 h and the melatonin concentration was still above the normal range at 24 h (2.1 nmol/l).", "PMID": 657540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7427", "title": "Methodical investigation of the production of antibodies towards 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine.", "content": "In this study the synthesis of various antigens from 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (3,4-DMPEA) is described. Antigen A was formed by coupling the acylated side chain of 3,4-DMPEA to the protein, while antigen B was synthesized by introducing an acylated amino group to the benzene ring and linking this reactive group to the protein. With antigen A an antiserum with a titer of 1 : 16000 could be raised, while with antigen B coupled to human albumin and bovine gamma-globulin the antiserum had a titer of 1 :1000 and 1 : 4000. Antibodies formed by immunization with antigen A exhibited a high specificity for substituents of the benzene ring, but were less specific for substituents of the side chain. Antibodies formed by treatment with the antigen B were specific for both kinds of substituents. So far, it has not been possible to harvest any specific antibodies towards the corresponding antigens of dopamine.", "contents": "Methodical investigation of the production of antibodies towards 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine. In this study the synthesis of various antigens from 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (3,4-DMPEA) is described. Antigen A was formed by coupling the acylated side chain of 3,4-DMPEA to the protein, while antigen B was synthesized by introducing an acylated amino group to the benzene ring and linking this reactive group to the protein. With antigen A an antiserum with a titer of 1 : 16000 could be raised, while with antigen B coupled to human albumin and bovine gamma-globulin the antiserum had a titer of 1 :1000 and 1 : 4000. Antibodies formed by immunization with antigen A exhibited a high specificity for substituents of the benzene ring, but were less specific for substituents of the side chain. Antibodies formed by treatment with the antigen B were specific for both kinds of substituents. So far, it has not been possible to harvest any specific antibodies towards the corresponding antigens of dopamine.", "PMID": 657541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7428", "title": "A simple and specific competitive protein binding assay for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human serum.", "content": "A sensitive and specific competitive protein binding assay for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was developed using rat kidney cytosol as the binding protein. It also included a chromatographic step on a Sephadex LH 20 column to separate the metabolite specifically. The average value for 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in serum in 19 male and female healthy subjects aged from 20 to 40 was found to be 8.24 +/- 0.34 ng/ml (1.98 +/- 0.08 . 10(-8) mol/l) mean +/- S.D. In hepatic insufficiencies the levels are higher (14.15 +/- 3.59 ng/ml) than in normal subjects. A comparison between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels was made.", "contents": "A simple and specific competitive protein binding assay for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human serum. A sensitive and specific competitive protein binding assay for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was developed using rat kidney cytosol as the binding protein. It also included a chromatographic step on a Sephadex LH 20 column to separate the metabolite specifically. The average value for 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in serum in 19 male and female healthy subjects aged from 20 to 40 was found to be 8.24 +/- 0.34 ng/ml (1.98 +/- 0.08 . 10(-8) mol/l) mean +/- S.D. In hepatic insufficiencies the levels are higher (14.15 +/- 3.59 ng/ml) than in normal subjects. A comparison between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels was made.", "PMID": 657542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7429", "title": "Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry determination of gallium in biological materials.", "content": "The application of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the quantitation of gallium in urine, serum and tissues is described. The method can be used to detect gallium concentrations as low as 100--200 ppb in fluids and tissues. Significant interference with the gallium atomization signal was caused by CaCl2; however, the interference could be completely prevented by using the chelating agent EDTA. This method makes feasible the quantitative determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of gallium administration as an anticancer drug in animals and humans.", "contents": "Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry determination of gallium in biological materials. The application of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the quantitation of gallium in urine, serum and tissues is described. The method can be used to detect gallium concentrations as low as 100--200 ppb in fluids and tissues. Significant interference with the gallium atomization signal was caused by CaCl2; however, the interference could be completely prevented by using the chelating agent EDTA. This method makes feasible the quantitative determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of gallium administration as an anticancer drug in animals and humans.", "PMID": 657543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7430", "title": "A two-stage enzymatic method for determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine/xanthine.", "content": "A method is described by which plasma or serum concentrations of uric acid and hypoxanthine/xanthine may be determined in a two-step sequential method. The principle of the method is that hydrogen peroxide, liberated by the action of uricase and xanthine oxidase on their substrates, is coupled to the production of a coloured product.", "contents": "A two-stage enzymatic method for determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine/xanthine. A method is described by which plasma or serum concentrations of uric acid and hypoxanthine/xanthine may be determined in a two-step sequential method. The principle of the method is that hydrogen peroxide, liberated by the action of uricase and xanthine oxidase on their substrates, is coupled to the production of a coloured product.", "PMID": 657544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7431", "title": "The estimation of D-isocitric acid in urine using isocitrate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The amount of D-isocitric acid in urine has been estimated using the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. The technique is rapid and easy to perform. Reproducibility of results was good and results from recovery experiments were excellent. The concentration range for early morning urine samples from normal adults was 0.08-0.65 mmol/l with a mean of 0.29 mmol/l.", "contents": "The estimation of D-isocitric acid in urine using isocitrate dehydrogenase. The amount of D-isocitric acid in urine has been estimated using the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. The technique is rapid and easy to perform. Reproducibility of results was good and results from recovery experiments were excellent. The concentration range for early morning urine samples from normal adults was 0.08-0.65 mmol/l with a mean of 0.29 mmol/l.", "PMID": 657545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7432", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of free urinary 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Specific antiserum was raised in white New Zealand rabbits using 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone-3-oxime-BSA complex as antigen. The urinary free 18-OH-DOC was estimated after dichloromethane extraction and separation in one paper chromatographic system (propylene glycol/toluene). The mean 18-OH-DOC excretion value (+/- S.D.) in normal subjects was 0.861 +/- 0.527 microgram/24 h (n=23). ACTH produced a 25-fold increase in the excretion of free 18-OH-DOC. Dexamethasone suppressed the values to the lower range of sensitivity. 32% of patients of essential hypertension showed a moderate increase in the free urinary 18-OH-DOC values. The mean value (+/- S.D.) in the low renin hypertension group was 2.50 +/- 1.49 microgram/24 h (n=19), in the normal renin patient group 1.84 +/- 1.22 microgram/24 h (n=38). The difference between controls and the hypertensive groups was statistically significant. Among the different hypertensive groups significant differences could not be calculated.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of free urinary 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) in patients with essential hypertension. Specific antiserum was raised in white New Zealand rabbits using 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone-3-oxime-BSA complex as antigen. The urinary free 18-OH-DOC was estimated after dichloromethane extraction and separation in one paper chromatographic system (propylene glycol/toluene). The mean 18-OH-DOC excretion value (+/- S.D.) in normal subjects was 0.861 +/- 0.527 microgram/24 h (n=23). ACTH produced a 25-fold increase in the excretion of free 18-OH-DOC. Dexamethasone suppressed the values to the lower range of sensitivity. 32% of patients of essential hypertension showed a moderate increase in the free urinary 18-OH-DOC values. The mean value (+/- S.D.) in the low renin hypertension group was 2.50 +/- 1.49 microgram/24 h (n=19), in the normal renin patient group 1.84 +/- 1.22 microgram/24 h (n=38). The difference between controls and the hypertensive groups was statistically significant. Among the different hypertensive groups significant differences could not be calculated.", "PMID": 657546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7433", "title": "Sensitive assay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum using M subunit inhibiting antibody and firefly luciferase.", "content": "A sensitive method for the assay of B subunit and total creatine kinase activity is described. The ATP formation in the creatine kinase reaction is continuously monitored by measuring the bioluminescence obtained with a purified firefly luciferase reagent. The B subunit activity is determined using an M subunit inhibiting antibody resulting in greater than 99.5% and approximately 50% inhibition of MM and MB isoenzymes, respectively. The bioluminescent method correlated well with a similar spectrophotometric method in the assay of B subunit as well as total creatine kinase activity (r greater than or equal to 0.98). However, the bioluminescent assay is considerably more sensitive, allowing the assay of B subunit activity in serum from healthy individuals. This is due to the inherent sensitivity of the bioluminescent assay of ATP, a reduced analytical interference from adenylate kinase and a reduced reagent blank. The within-series precision at 1 U/liter and greater than 52 U/liter corresponded to a C.V. of 14% and 3%, respectively. The method is as rapid and suitable for routine work as spectrophotometric methods. From a clinical point of view the new method is of particular interest in the early diagnosis of small acute myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "Sensitive assay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum using M subunit inhibiting antibody and firefly luciferase. A sensitive method for the assay of B subunit and total creatine kinase activity is described. The ATP formation in the creatine kinase reaction is continuously monitored by measuring the bioluminescence obtained with a purified firefly luciferase reagent. The B subunit activity is determined using an M subunit inhibiting antibody resulting in greater than 99.5% and approximately 50% inhibition of MM and MB isoenzymes, respectively. The bioluminescent method correlated well with a similar spectrophotometric method in the assay of B subunit as well as total creatine kinase activity (r greater than or equal to 0.98). However, the bioluminescent assay is considerably more sensitive, allowing the assay of B subunit activity in serum from healthy individuals. This is due to the inherent sensitivity of the bioluminescent assay of ATP, a reduced analytical interference from adenylate kinase and a reduced reagent blank. The within-series precision at 1 U/liter and greater than 52 U/liter corresponded to a C.V. of 14% and 3%, respectively. The method is as rapid and suitable for routine work as spectrophotometric methods. From a clinical point of view the new method is of particular interest in the early diagnosis of small acute myocardial infarctions.", "PMID": 657547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7434", "title": "Electrophoretic identification of the brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase following treatment with anti-BB antisera.", "content": "A procedure is described for accurately determining the presence of true creatine kinase isoenzyme BB by fluorescent staining following electrophoresis on either cellulose acetate or agarose. Treatment of sera with anti-BB inhibiting antibody prior to electrophoresis and subsequent enzymatic staining allows clear identification of creatine kinase BB in presence of interfering artifacts. The utilization of an immunological means of identifying BB following electrophoresis avoids the pitfall of associating an artifactual BB isoenzyme with a disease state. Using this technique, presence of creatine kinase BB in patients with carcinoma, cardiac disease and renal failure has been verified.", "contents": "Electrophoretic identification of the brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase following treatment with anti-BB antisera. A procedure is described for accurately determining the presence of true creatine kinase isoenzyme BB by fluorescent staining following electrophoresis on either cellulose acetate or agarose. Treatment of sera with anti-BB inhibiting antibody prior to electrophoresis and subsequent enzymatic staining allows clear identification of creatine kinase BB in presence of interfering artifacts. The utilization of an immunological means of identifying BB following electrophoresis avoids the pitfall of associating an artifactual BB isoenzyme with a disease state. Using this technique, presence of creatine kinase BB in patients with carcinoma, cardiac disease and renal failure has been verified.", "PMID": 657548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7435", "title": "[Biochemical study of the glycosaminoglycan peptides obtained from osteoarthrotic and normal femoral heads (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan peptides prepared by papain hydrolysis of different regions were obtained from osteoarthrotic and normal human femoral heads. Data obtained in these experiments show that in osteoarthrosis a decrease in keratan sulfate and an increase in chondroitin sulfate are observed. Since keratan sulfate appeared to play an important role in proteoglycan aggregation, we suggest that the keratan sulfate decrease is one of the factors involved in the cartilage disorder observed in patients suffering from osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "[Biochemical study of the glycosaminoglycan peptides obtained from osteoarthrotic and normal femoral heads (author's transl)]. Glycosaminoglycan peptides prepared by papain hydrolysis of different regions were obtained from osteoarthrotic and normal human femoral heads. Data obtained in these experiments show that in osteoarthrosis a decrease in keratan sulfate and an increase in chondroitin sulfate are observed. Since keratan sulfate appeared to play an important role in proteoglycan aggregation, we suggest that the keratan sulfate decrease is one of the factors involved in the cartilage disorder observed in patients suffering from osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 657549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7436", "title": "Radioaffinity assay, a new approach to binding assays applied to the measurement of serum albumin.", "content": "The affinity adsorbent Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose 4-B has been used to develop a binding assay for human serum albumin. The method is simple, accurate and precise. It agrees well with the 'rocket' immunoelectrophoretic method and is proposed as an alternative technique for the re-estimation of albumin levels in the low range (less than 30 g/l) where the bromocresol green dye-binding method overestimates. Bilirubin, several drugs, gammaglobulin, haemoglobin and heparin do not interfere with the estimations.", "contents": "Radioaffinity assay, a new approach to binding assays applied to the measurement of serum albumin. The affinity adsorbent Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose 4-B has been used to develop a binding assay for human serum albumin. The method is simple, accurate and precise. It agrees well with the 'rocket' immunoelectrophoretic method and is proposed as an alternative technique for the re-estimation of albumin levels in the low range (less than 30 g/l) where the bromocresol green dye-binding method overestimates. Bilirubin, several drugs, gammaglobulin, haemoglobin and heparin do not interfere with the estimations.", "PMID": 657550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7437", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of ibuprofen in human plasma.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of Ibuprofen in human plasma is described. The procedure is rapid with the free drug being analysed thus eliminating the need for any derivatisation steps. The method allows the drug concentrations to be analysed down to a level of 2 mg/l using 2 ml plasma.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of ibuprofen in human plasma. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of Ibuprofen in human plasma is described. The procedure is rapid with the free drug being analysed thus eliminating the need for any derivatisation steps. The method allows the drug concentrations to be analysed down to a level of 2 mg/l using 2 ml plasma.", "PMID": 657553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7438", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: cell culture classes in a Danish population.", "content": "The cystic fibrosis (CF) culture phenotype of dermal fibroblasts (metachromasia, metabolic cooperation) of a group of 131 Danish CF patients and their families were studied to determine the distribution of the two CF culture classes and their prognostic significance. Of these, 62.6% (82) were Class I, 31.3% (41) Class II and 61.1% (8) were proposed to be genetic compounds. The occurrence of Class II was twice that found in a group of patients from New York (13%) and Minnesota (18%). The prognosis for Class II CF patients was considered to be poorer as: (1) The initial diagnosis was made earlier in Class II than in Class I or the compounds (63% of Class II were diagnosed in the first year of life, as compared to 35% in Class I and 13% of the compounds). (2) Only 5% of the Class II patients survived over the age of 15 years, both being deceased at the end of the study in 1976, whereas 24% of Class I and 63% of the compounds were over 15 years at the end of the study. This research added further evidence for genetic heterogeneity within the clinical syndrome, cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: cell culture classes in a Danish population. The cystic fibrosis (CF) culture phenotype of dermal fibroblasts (metachromasia, metabolic cooperation) of a group of 131 Danish CF patients and their families were studied to determine the distribution of the two CF culture classes and their prognostic significance. Of these, 62.6% (82) were Class I, 31.3% (41) Class II and 61.1% (8) were proposed to be genetic compounds. The occurrence of Class II was twice that found in a group of patients from New York (13%) and Minnesota (18%). The prognosis for Class II CF patients was considered to be poorer as: (1) The initial diagnosis was made earlier in Class II than in Class I or the compounds (63% of Class II were diagnosed in the first year of life, as compared to 35% in Class I and 13% of the compounds). (2) Only 5% of the Class II patients survived over the age of 15 years, both being deceased at the end of the study in 1976, whereas 24% of Class I and 63% of the compounds were over 15 years at the end of the study. This research added further evidence for genetic heterogeneity within the clinical syndrome, cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 657572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7439", "title": "Familial aplasia or hypoplasia of the patella.", "content": "A father with bilateral absence of the patella and his son with pronounced hypoplasia of the patellae are described. A possible relationship between this syndrome and hereditary osteo-onycho-dysplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Familial aplasia or hypoplasia of the patella. A father with bilateral absence of the patella and his son with pronounced hypoplasia of the patellae are described. A possible relationship between this syndrome and hereditary osteo-onycho-dysplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 657574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7440", "title": "Caudal regression anomalad (sacral agenesis) in siblings.", "content": "Hypoplasia of the caudal end of the spine and associated anomalies were observed in two male siblings who also had congenital heart disease. The disorder has overlapping features with the VATER association and the caudal regression anomalad, and probably has a genetic basis, although the mode of inheritance is not clear.", "contents": "Caudal regression anomalad (sacral agenesis) in siblings. Hypoplasia of the caudal end of the spine and associated anomalies were observed in two male siblings who also had congenital heart disease. The disorder has overlapping features with the VATER association and the caudal regression anomalad, and probably has a genetic basis, although the mode of inheritance is not clear.", "PMID": 657575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7441", "title": "Dermatoglyphic and radiographic findings in a mother and daughter with pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "content": "The dermatoglyphic features of a mother and daughter with pseudohypoparathyroidism were compared with those of 19 other reported PHP cases and with findings typical of 45,X Turner syndrome. Our observations included large patterns with a predominance of whorls, unusual accidental patterns on the third fingers, elevated total and absolute finger ridge counts, extralimital digital triradii, intermediately placed axial triradii, and a single complete transverse palmar crease. With barium-coated hand radiographs, the positions of the palmar digital triradii were compared with those of the underlying metacarpal and carpal bones. Normally, the fourth digital triradii (c) are superficial to the epiphyseal region of the proximal phalanx, near the fourth M-P joint. In our cases, the c triradii were distal to the proximal phalanx, near the fourth M-P joint. In our cases, the c triradii were distal to the M-P joint, adjacent to the diaphysis of the proximal phalanx. These findings, related to post-natal differences in growth potential of osseous structures and overlying dermal ridge tissues in this disease, may also be relevant to other syndromes with abnormal development of the hand. The need for further delineation of PHP dermatoglyphics and comparison of findings with data from Turner syndrome and normals is stressed.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic and radiographic findings in a mother and daughter with pseudohypoparathyroidism. The dermatoglyphic features of a mother and daughter with pseudohypoparathyroidism were compared with those of 19 other reported PHP cases and with findings typical of 45,X Turner syndrome. Our observations included large patterns with a predominance of whorls, unusual accidental patterns on the third fingers, elevated total and absolute finger ridge counts, extralimital digital triradii, intermediately placed axial triradii, and a single complete transverse palmar crease. With barium-coated hand radiographs, the positions of the palmar digital triradii were compared with those of the underlying metacarpal and carpal bones. Normally, the fourth digital triradii (c) are superficial to the epiphyseal region of the proximal phalanx, near the fourth M-P joint. In our cases, the c triradii were distal to the proximal phalanx, near the fourth M-P joint. In our cases, the c triradii were distal to the M-P joint, adjacent to the diaphysis of the proximal phalanx. These findings, related to post-natal differences in growth potential of osseous structures and overlying dermal ridge tissues in this disease, may also be relevant to other syndromes with abnormal development of the hand. The need for further delineation of PHP dermatoglyphics and comparison of findings with data from Turner syndrome and normals is stressed.", "PMID": 657576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7442", "title": "Sialidase (alpha-n-acetyl neuraminidase) deficiency: the enzyme defect in an adult with macular cherry-red spots and myoclonus without dementia.", "content": "A 31-year-old male is described who has macular cherry-red spots, increased deep tendon reflexes and and myoclonus without dementia. An older brother died at age 33 of a disease with similar symptomatology. Homogenates of cultured fibroblasts from the patient exhibited 2.6, 8.1 and 12.4% of normal mean sialidase (neuraminidase, N-acetyl-neuraminosyl glycohydrolase, EC 3.21.18) activity, respectively, against 2-(3'-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid, N-acetyl-neuramin-lactose and fetuin. Activities of 14 other lysosomal enzymes were within the range of normal control fibroblasts. The sialidase activities in fibroblasts from the patient's parents and children were 30 to 67% of normal. It is concluded that this is the first proven case of a new autosomal recessive disorder resulting in cherry-red spots, myoclonus and a sialidase deficiency.", "contents": "Sialidase (alpha-n-acetyl neuraminidase) deficiency: the enzyme defect in an adult with macular cherry-red spots and myoclonus without dementia. A 31-year-old male is described who has macular cherry-red spots, increased deep tendon reflexes and and myoclonus without dementia. An older brother died at age 33 of a disease with similar symptomatology. Homogenates of cultured fibroblasts from the patient exhibited 2.6, 8.1 and 12.4% of normal mean sialidase (neuraminidase, N-acetyl-neuraminosyl glycohydrolase, EC 3.21.18) activity, respectively, against 2-(3'-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid, N-acetyl-neuramin-lactose and fetuin. Activities of 14 other lysosomal enzymes were within the range of normal control fibroblasts. The sialidase activities in fibroblasts from the patient's parents and children were 30 to 67% of normal. It is concluded that this is the first proven case of a new autosomal recessive disorder resulting in cherry-red spots, myoclonus and a sialidase deficiency.", "PMID": 657577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7443", "title": "Histocompatibility typing and the counseling of families with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "White individuals who are HLA B27-positive have an increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis or related diseases. HLA typing can be used in counseling relatives of persons with spondylitis, if the limitations of presently available data are recognized.", "contents": "Histocompatibility typing and the counseling of families with ankylosing spondylitis. White individuals who are HLA B27-positive have an increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis or related diseases. HLA typing can be used in counseling relatives of persons with spondylitis, if the limitations of presently available data are recognized.", "PMID": 657578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7444", "title": "Central nervous system abnormalities--contrasting patterns in early and late pregnancy.", "content": "A total of 509 specimens of spontaneous abortion were studied. Of 364 complete specimens, 15 (4.1%) had central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. The defects which were seen were anencephaly, spina bifida, iniencephaly, encephalocele and anencephaly combined with complete rachischisis. A high proportion (five out of 15) had the more unusual defects of iniencephaly and encephalocele. All except one had ceased development at less than 12 weeks of gestation. Sex chromatin studies showed that males outnumbered females amount CNS defective fetuses. When the month of conception was calculated for these abnormal pregnancies, summer and winter peaks were detected. Only one of the 15 patients had a family history of neural tube defect (NTD). Histological examination of all small fetuses aborted spontaneously revealed two additional facts. First, in fetuses with a localised external CNS defect, the internal abnormality was more extensive. Second, the CNS was also abnormal in some fetuses with no visible external defect. The proportion of abnormality is much higher than at birth and is also higher than in other surveys of spontaneous abortion. We suggest that screening for serum alphafetoprotein should be undertaken and amniocentesis considered in pregnancies subsequent to an abortion of this type.", "contents": "Central nervous system abnormalities--contrasting patterns in early and late pregnancy. A total of 509 specimens of spontaneous abortion were studied. Of 364 complete specimens, 15 (4.1%) had central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. The defects which were seen were anencephaly, spina bifida, iniencephaly, encephalocele and anencephaly combined with complete rachischisis. A high proportion (five out of 15) had the more unusual defects of iniencephaly and encephalocele. All except one had ceased development at less than 12 weeks of gestation. Sex chromatin studies showed that males outnumbered females amount CNS defective fetuses. When the month of conception was calculated for these abnormal pregnancies, summer and winter peaks were detected. Only one of the 15 patients had a family history of neural tube defect (NTD). Histological examination of all small fetuses aborted spontaneously revealed two additional facts. First, in fetuses with a localised external CNS defect, the internal abnormality was more extensive. Second, the CNS was also abnormal in some fetuses with no visible external defect. The proportion of abnormality is much higher than at birth and is also higher than in other surveys of spontaneous abortion. We suggest that screening for serum alphafetoprotein should be undertaken and amniocentesis considered in pregnancies subsequent to an abortion of this type.", "PMID": 657580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7445", "title": "Turner syndrome with rare karyotypes.", "content": "Five cases of Turner syndrome with rare karyotypes are presented. The spectrum of chromosomal findings ranges from a female karyotype with a deletion of the short arm of one X chromosome, to a normal male karyotype. The following karyotypes were found: one case with 46,XXp--; two cases with 45,X/46,X,r(X); one case with 45,X/47,XYY; and one case with 46,XY.", "contents": "Turner syndrome with rare karyotypes. Five cases of Turner syndrome with rare karyotypes are presented. The spectrum of chromosomal findings ranges from a female karyotype with a deletion of the short arm of one X chromosome, to a normal male karyotype. The following karyotypes were found: one case with 46,XXp--; two cases with 45,X/46,X,r(X); one case with 45,X/47,XYY; and one case with 46,XY.", "PMID": 657581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7446", "title": "Purification and characterization of altered cystic fibrosis liver alpha-L-fucosidase.", "content": "alpha-L-Fucosidase (E.C.3.2.4.51) from two cystic fibrosis livers has been purified and characterized. Purification was accomplished by an affinity chromatographic procedure previously used for normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase. Characterization of the two cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases indicated that they were very similar to normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase with regard to pH optima profiles, Michaelis constants (Km's), subunit structure and antigenicity. However, gas liquid chromatographic analysis revealed altered carbohydrate compositions for both the cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases. The three major sugars found in normal purified liver alpha-L-fucosidase (mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid) were reduced in the cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases, on average, to 51%, 44% and 32%, respectively, of their normal amounts.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of altered cystic fibrosis liver alpha-L-fucosidase. alpha-L-Fucosidase (E.C.3.2.4.51) from two cystic fibrosis livers has been purified and characterized. Purification was accomplished by an affinity chromatographic procedure previously used for normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase. Characterization of the two cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases indicated that they were very similar to normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase with regard to pH optima profiles, Michaelis constants (Km's), subunit structure and antigenicity. However, gas liquid chromatographic analysis revealed altered carbohydrate compositions for both the cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases. The three major sugars found in normal purified liver alpha-L-fucosidase (mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid) were reduced in the cystic fibrosis alpha-L-fucosidases, on average, to 51%, 44% and 32%, respectively, of their normal amounts.", "PMID": 657582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7447", "title": "Branchio-oto-renal dysplasia and branchio-oto dysplasia: two distinct autosomal dominant disorders.", "content": "Three families are presented, one with branchio-oto-renal dysplasia (BOR) and two with branchio-oto dysplasia (BO). The former syndrome is characterized by external ear malformations, cervical fistulae, mixed hearing loss and renal anomalies of varying severity. The latter syndrome differs in that there are no renal anomalies and that the sensorineural component of the hearing loss may be absent. The external ear malformations are quite variable in both syndromes. Evidence is presented which supports the idea that these two syndromes are not phenotypic variants of the same autosomal dominant mutation but distinct disease entities. The BOR syndrome appears to belong to a larger group of hereditary ear dysplasia-renal adysplasia syndromes that must be carefully ruled out in all patients with familial branchial arch malformations as well as in the parents and siblings of infants with \"Potter facies\" in the presence of auricular malformation and renal adysplasia.", "contents": "Branchio-oto-renal dysplasia and branchio-oto dysplasia: two distinct autosomal dominant disorders. Three families are presented, one with branchio-oto-renal dysplasia (BOR) and two with branchio-oto dysplasia (BO). The former syndrome is characterized by external ear malformations, cervical fistulae, mixed hearing loss and renal anomalies of varying severity. The latter syndrome differs in that there are no renal anomalies and that the sensorineural component of the hearing loss may be absent. The external ear malformations are quite variable in both syndromes. Evidence is presented which supports the idea that these two syndromes are not phenotypic variants of the same autosomal dominant mutation but distinct disease entities. The BOR syndrome appears to belong to a larger group of hereditary ear dysplasia-renal adysplasia syndromes that must be carefully ruled out in all patients with familial branchial arch malformations as well as in the parents and siblings of infants with \"Potter facies\" in the presence of auricular malformation and renal adysplasia.", "PMID": 657583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7448", "title": "Congenital hydrocephalus and cerebellar agenesis.", "content": "In a sibship of three brothers, two expired shortly after birth with congenital hydrocephalus, and necropsy of one revealed cerebellar agenesis and absence of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie. The non-specificity of the Dandy-Walker anomaly is discussed, and it is suggested that the present patients demonstrate another form of heritable hydrocephalus, possibly on an X-linked recessive basis.", "contents": "Congenital hydrocephalus and cerebellar agenesis. In a sibship of three brothers, two expired shortly after birth with congenital hydrocephalus, and necropsy of one revealed cerebellar agenesis and absence of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie. The non-specificity of the Dandy-Walker anomaly is discussed, and it is suggested that the present patients demonstrate another form of heritable hydrocephalus, possibly on an X-linked recessive basis.", "PMID": 657584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7449", "title": "Changes in lymphocyte accumulation and proliferation in the lymph nodes draining the pregnant uterus.", "content": "Changes in weight, lymphocyte accumulation and cellular proliferation have been measured in the lymph nodes draining the uterus during inter- and intra-strain pregnancies and compared with similar effects after other antigenic stimuli. From the data obtained it was concluded that \"paternal\" antigenic stimulation from the conceptus initiated an immune response in these nodes. The mechanisms of the subsequent suppression of this response are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in lymphocyte accumulation and proliferation in the lymph nodes draining the pregnant uterus. Changes in weight, lymphocyte accumulation and cellular proliferation have been measured in the lymph nodes draining the uterus during inter- and intra-strain pregnancies and compared with similar effects after other antigenic stimuli. From the data obtained it was concluded that \"paternal\" antigenic stimulation from the conceptus initiated an immune response in these nodes. The mechanisms of the subsequent suppression of this response are discussed.", "PMID": 657586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7450", "title": "The complement profile in relation to the \"reactor\" state: a study in the immediate post-partum period.", "content": "C56 (activated \"reactor\") could be generated by adding zymosan to only nineteen out of the fifty serum samples obtained from southern Chinese women 3 to 5 days after a normal spontaneous delivery. As a group, post-partum sera showed a 25% increase in total haemolytic complement, an almost two-fold increase in haemolytic C5, C4 and C8 plus C9 activity, a 50% increase in antigenic C3 and haemolytic C2, C1 and factor B activity, a less than 20% increase in haemolytic C6 and C7 activity, and a 20% decrease in factor D and C1 inhibitor activity. Consequently, their C5:C7 ratios were significantly elevated. This finding supports, in part, the theory that the \"reactor\" state or ability to generate C56 depends on a relative excess of C56 over C7. However, comparison of the complement profile between sera with and those without \"reactor\" activity did not reveal any difference, except a greater elevation of C5 in the latter. It appears possible that a grossly excessive level of C5 may, in fact, be unfavourable to the generation of C56.", "contents": "The complement profile in relation to the \"reactor\" state: a study in the immediate post-partum period. C56 (activated \"reactor\") could be generated by adding zymosan to only nineteen out of the fifty serum samples obtained from southern Chinese women 3 to 5 days after a normal spontaneous delivery. As a group, post-partum sera showed a 25% increase in total haemolytic complement, an almost two-fold increase in haemolytic C5, C4 and C8 plus C9 activity, a 50% increase in antigenic C3 and haemolytic C2, C1 and factor B activity, a less than 20% increase in haemolytic C6 and C7 activity, and a 20% decrease in factor D and C1 inhibitor activity. Consequently, their C5:C7 ratios were significantly elevated. This finding supports, in part, the theory that the \"reactor\" state or ability to generate C56 depends on a relative excess of C56 over C7. However, comparison of the complement profile between sera with and those without \"reactor\" activity did not reveal any difference, except a greater elevation of C5 in the latter. It appears possible that a grossly excessive level of C5 may, in fact, be unfavourable to the generation of C56.", "PMID": 657587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7451", "title": "Hepatocyte damage induced by lymphocytes from patients with chronic liver diseases, as detected by LDH release.", "content": "We have used a cytoplasmic enzyme system in the study of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of human peripheral blood leucocytes against isolated liver cells in patients with chronic liver diseases. Lymphocytes from primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active liver disease patients were shown to have an in vitro capacity to induce a cytolitic effect on isolated hepatocytes, as demonstrated by the enhanced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a cytoplasmic marker enzyme. No significant LDH release was seen with control lymphocytes of normal persons or with lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Our results corroborate, in a different assay system, by a simple, reproducible and different method, that lymphocyte-mediated liver cell damage \"in vitro\" occurs in both primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active liver disease.", "contents": "Hepatocyte damage induced by lymphocytes from patients with chronic liver diseases, as detected by LDH release. We have used a cytoplasmic enzyme system in the study of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of human peripheral blood leucocytes against isolated liver cells in patients with chronic liver diseases. Lymphocytes from primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active liver disease patients were shown to have an in vitro capacity to induce a cytolitic effect on isolated hepatocytes, as demonstrated by the enhanced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a cytoplasmic marker enzyme. No significant LDH release was seen with control lymphocytes of normal persons or with lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Our results corroborate, in a different assay system, by a simple, reproducible and different method, that lymphocyte-mediated liver cell damage \"in vitro\" occurs in both primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active liver disease.", "PMID": 657588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7452", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for reactivity with i antigen.", "content": "Sera from ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) before and after absorption with cord and adult erythrocytes at 4 degrees C. Seven of the sera showed a significant reduction in cytotoxicity after absorption with the cord erythrocytes, but minimal or no reduction following absorption with the adult red blood cells. Of the remaining three sera, the cytotoxicity was equally reduced by cord and adult red cells in one and was unaffected by absorption in two. Eluates were prepared from the two sera using cord and adult red blood cells. The cytotoxicity of the cord cell eluates was significantly greater than those of the adult red cell eluates. These data indicate that the LCA in most SLE sera have specificity for the i antigen, which is present on lymphocytes and cord erythrocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for reactivity with i antigen. Sera from ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) before and after absorption with cord and adult erythrocytes at 4 degrees C. Seven of the sera showed a significant reduction in cytotoxicity after absorption with the cord erythrocytes, but minimal or no reduction following absorption with the adult red blood cells. Of the remaining three sera, the cytotoxicity was equally reduced by cord and adult red cells in one and was unaffected by absorption in two. Eluates were prepared from the two sera using cord and adult red blood cells. The cytotoxicity of the cord cell eluates was significantly greater than those of the adult red cell eluates. These data indicate that the LCA in most SLE sera have specificity for the i antigen, which is present on lymphocytes and cord erythrocytes.", "PMID": 657589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7453", "title": "Production of the complement cleavage product, C3a, by activated macrophages and its tumorolytic effects.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages were activated in serum-free culture with lipopolysaccharide, dextran sulphate or C3b. They were found to liberate into the culture medium a cytolytic factor and a factor which was pharmacologically indistinguishable from C3a. The cytolytic activity was neutralized by antiserum against C3a. These results suggest that macrophages can be activated by C3b (or agents that generate C3b) to cleave C3, which they themselves produce. In this way the activated macrophages form C3a, which appears to be a major factor in macrophage-mediated cytolysis. These findings have implications in tumour immunity and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Production of the complement cleavage product, C3a, by activated macrophages and its tumorolytic effects. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were activated in serum-free culture with lipopolysaccharide, dextran sulphate or C3b. They were found to liberate into the culture medium a cytolytic factor and a factor which was pharmacologically indistinguishable from C3a. The cytolytic activity was neutralized by antiserum against C3a. These results suggest that macrophages can be activated by C3b (or agents that generate C3b) to cleave C3, which they themselves produce. In this way the activated macrophages form C3a, which appears to be a major factor in macrophage-mediated cytolysis. These findings have implications in tumour immunity and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 657590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7454", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN type I) and dense deposit disease (DDD) in children.", "content": "A review of the histologic findings in 27 patients originally classified as having some form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) revealed 13 with MPGN Type I and 14 with dense deposit disease (DDD). In all 14 cases where electron microscopy was performed, the histologic diagnosis was confirmed. In nine cases the diagnosis of DDD was easily made in histologic sections on the basis of ribbon-like, brightly PAS positive thickening of the GBM, without \"splitting\" and with relatively slight mesangial proliferation. However, in five cases the picture closely resembled MPGN Type I, with hypercellularity, \"splitting\" and only focal ribbon-like thickening of the GBM, which required oil immersion for recognition. There was no correlation between the serum C3 levels and the morphologic diagnosis: nine (4 MPGN Type I, 5DDD) had persistently low C3 levels, two (1 MPGN Tye I, 1DDD) were normocomplementemic, and in 16, the C3 levels varied. C3 levels increased with time in nearly all patients. The clinical course was similar in patients with MPGN Type I and DDD. Significant correlations between the rate of development of renal failure and sex, age of onset, nephrotic syndrome or therapy could not be made. The five year survival rate was 87%; 12 developed renal insufficiency by five years. Although morphologically distinct, these findings suggest that DDD is clinically indistinguishable from MPGN Type I.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN type I) and dense deposit disease (DDD) in children. A review of the histologic findings in 27 patients originally classified as having some form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) revealed 13 with MPGN Type I and 14 with dense deposit disease (DDD). In all 14 cases where electron microscopy was performed, the histologic diagnosis was confirmed. In nine cases the diagnosis of DDD was easily made in histologic sections on the basis of ribbon-like, brightly PAS positive thickening of the GBM, without \"splitting\" and with relatively slight mesangial proliferation. However, in five cases the picture closely resembled MPGN Type I, with hypercellularity, \"splitting\" and only focal ribbon-like thickening of the GBM, which required oil immersion for recognition. There was no correlation between the serum C3 levels and the morphologic diagnosis: nine (4 MPGN Type I, 5DDD) had persistently low C3 levels, two (1 MPGN Tye I, 1DDD) were normocomplementemic, and in 16, the C3 levels varied. C3 levels increased with time in nearly all patients. The clinical course was similar in patients with MPGN Type I and DDD. Significant correlations between the rate of development of renal failure and sex, age of onset, nephrotic syndrome or therapy could not be made. The five year survival rate was 87%; 12 developed renal insufficiency by five years. Although morphologically distinct, these findings suggest that DDD is clinically indistinguishable from MPGN Type I.", "PMID": 657595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7455", "title": "Studies on cell water and electrolytes in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Studies were carried out in 10 normal subjects and in 16 patients with moderately severe chronic renal failure (CRF) to determine the quantities of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and water in muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy and in white cells (WBC) from peripheral venous blood. Depletion of intracellular K with high levels of Na and normal water were found in patients with CRF. Therefore, the cellular electrolyte pattern was not substantially different from that reported by others in patients with advanced uremia although there was no increase in intracellular water (as can occur in end-stage CRF). These data suggest that in end-stage CRF accumulation of intracellular water could be relatively independent of intracellular electrolyte balance.", "contents": "Studies on cell water and electrolytes in chronic renal failure. Studies were carried out in 10 normal subjects and in 16 patients with moderately severe chronic renal failure (CRF) to determine the quantities of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and water in muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy and in white cells (WBC) from peripheral venous blood. Depletion of intracellular K with high levels of Na and normal water were found in patients with CRF. Therefore, the cellular electrolyte pattern was not substantially different from that reported by others in patients with advanced uremia although there was no increase in intracellular water (as can occur in end-stage CRF). These data suggest that in end-stage CRF accumulation of intracellular water could be relatively independent of intracellular electrolyte balance.", "PMID": 657596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7456", "title": "The effects of arteriovenous shunts on cardiac function in renal dialysis patients--an echocardiographic evaluation.", "content": "To estimate the flow rate in arteriovenous dialysis fistulae and its effect on cardiac function we investigated 7 dialysis patients (1 woman, 6 men, mean age 33 +/- 3 years) echocardiographically before and after 10 minutes occlusion of the arteriovenous shunt. Cardiac index was signigicantly raised (4.31 +/- 0.23 l/min/m2) and fell significantly into the normal range to 3.89 +/- 0.11 l/min/m2 after occlusion of the AV fistula. This reduction was mainly due to a fall in heart rate from 82 +/- 4 beats/min to 76 +/- 5 beats/min. The estimated AV fistula flow rate (0.71 +/- 0.17 l/m) has been similarly reported in invasive hemodynamic studies. Parameters of cardiac contractility were in the lower range of normal with an average of 1.16 +/- 0.10 circ/sec for the mean velocity of fiber shortening (Vcf) and 65 +/- 4% for the ejection fraction. These decreased minimally after fistula occlusion. The single echocardiographic measurements of Vcf and ejection fraction showed good correlation (r=0.97) and revealed evidence that only these patients with poor left ventricular function and septal hypertrophy showed improved cardiac performance after occlusion of the arteriovenous fistula. Thus echocardiography may offer the opportunity to select those patients who need small AV-fistulae for optimal renal and cardiac treatment.", "contents": "The effects of arteriovenous shunts on cardiac function in renal dialysis patients--an echocardiographic evaluation. To estimate the flow rate in arteriovenous dialysis fistulae and its effect on cardiac function we investigated 7 dialysis patients (1 woman, 6 men, mean age 33 +/- 3 years) echocardiographically before and after 10 minutes occlusion of the arteriovenous shunt. Cardiac index was signigicantly raised (4.31 +/- 0.23 l/min/m2) and fell significantly into the normal range to 3.89 +/- 0.11 l/min/m2 after occlusion of the AV fistula. This reduction was mainly due to a fall in heart rate from 82 +/- 4 beats/min to 76 +/- 5 beats/min. The estimated AV fistula flow rate (0.71 +/- 0.17 l/m) has been similarly reported in invasive hemodynamic studies. Parameters of cardiac contractility were in the lower range of normal with an average of 1.16 +/- 0.10 circ/sec for the mean velocity of fiber shortening (Vcf) and 65 +/- 4% for the ejection fraction. These decreased minimally after fistula occlusion. The single echocardiographic measurements of Vcf and ejection fraction showed good correlation (r=0.97) and revealed evidence that only these patients with poor left ventricular function and septal hypertrophy showed improved cardiac performance after occlusion of the arteriovenous fistula. Thus echocardiography may offer the opportunity to select those patients who need small AV-fistulae for optimal renal and cardiac treatment.", "PMID": 657597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7457", "title": "Neonatal anaemia secondary to blood loss.", "content": "The newborn has a limited capacity to tolerate acute haemorrhage. Prompt diagnosis and therapy are essential for survival. Blood loss can occur in the newborn due to occult haemorrhage, prior to birth or during delivery, obstetric accidents, maternal haemorrhage, or secondary to recurrent blood sampling. Special precautions must be taken when events known to cause fetal haemorrhage have occurred during pregnancy. These include a maternal history of transfusion reaction in the absence of a transfusion, third trimester bleeding with placenta praevia, placenta abruptio and vasa praevia, emergency caesarean sections, twin pregnancies and amniocentesis. The clinical manifestations of post-haemorrhagic anaemia at birth depend on the extent and duration of blood loss. When acute massive blood loss has occurred, the infant is extremely pale and requires immediate transfusions or volume expanders. Although the haemoglobin may be normal initially, it rapidly falls within six to eight hours after birth. Other causes of extreme pallor in the newborn include asphyxia and anaemia secondary to haemolysis. Infants who have developed acute post-haemorrhagic anaemia are hypovolaemic, are neither jaundiced nor cyanotic, and respond to therapy with volume expanders. The clinical picture with chronic blood loss is usually mild and responds to conservative therapy with iron alone. Internal haemorrhage should be suspected when a 24 to 72 hour newborn rapidly deteriorates and has evidence for hypovolaemic shock without signs of external blood loss. The blood withdrawn for laboratory evaluation in the high risk newborn must be carefully monitored so that it can be replaced before the newborn becomes compromised.", "contents": "Neonatal anaemia secondary to blood loss. The newborn has a limited capacity to tolerate acute haemorrhage. Prompt diagnosis and therapy are essential for survival. Blood loss can occur in the newborn due to occult haemorrhage, prior to birth or during delivery, obstetric accidents, maternal haemorrhage, or secondary to recurrent blood sampling. Special precautions must be taken when events known to cause fetal haemorrhage have occurred during pregnancy. These include a maternal history of transfusion reaction in the absence of a transfusion, third trimester bleeding with placenta praevia, placenta abruptio and vasa praevia, emergency caesarean sections, twin pregnancies and amniocentesis. The clinical manifestations of post-haemorrhagic anaemia at birth depend on the extent and duration of blood loss. When acute massive blood loss has occurred, the infant is extremely pale and requires immediate transfusions or volume expanders. Although the haemoglobin may be normal initially, it rapidly falls within six to eight hours after birth. Other causes of extreme pallor in the newborn include asphyxia and anaemia secondary to haemolysis. Infants who have developed acute post-haemorrhagic anaemia are hypovolaemic, are neither jaundiced nor cyanotic, and respond to therapy with volume expanders. The clinical picture with chronic blood loss is usually mild and responds to conservative therapy with iron alone. Internal haemorrhage should be suspected when a 24 to 72 hour newborn rapidly deteriorates and has evidence for hypovolaemic shock without signs of external blood loss. The blood withdrawn for laboratory evaluation in the high risk newborn must be carefully monitored so that it can be replaced before the newborn becomes compromised.", "PMID": 657600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7458", "title": "Methaemoglobinaemia in the newborn infant.", "content": "Methaemoglobinaemia is a rare condition in which the haemoglobin iron is in the oxidized or ferric state and cannot reversibly bind oxygen. If severe, this condition leads to hypoxaemia and death. Methaemoglobinaemia may be acquired by exposure to oxidant drugs or chemicals. Alternatively, it may be inherited due either to a haemoglobinopathy, which renders the haem iron more susceptible to oxidation, or to a defect in the erythrocyte's enzymatic capacity to return methaemoglobin to the reduced state. Newborn infants have an increased risk of methaemoglobinaemia due to a normal transient deficiency of methaemoglobin reductase in neonatal erythrocytes and the increased tendency of fetal haemoglobin to assume the met-configuration. The clinical approach to the neonate with methaemoglobinaemia is no different from the approach to older patients. The need for therapy is dictated by the severity of hypoxic symptoms. Since the diagnosis is made simply and the treatment is effective, a high index of clinical suspicion may be potentially life-saving.", "contents": "Methaemoglobinaemia in the newborn infant. Methaemoglobinaemia is a rare condition in which the haemoglobin iron is in the oxidized or ferric state and cannot reversibly bind oxygen. If severe, this condition leads to hypoxaemia and death. Methaemoglobinaemia may be acquired by exposure to oxidant drugs or chemicals. Alternatively, it may be inherited due either to a haemoglobinopathy, which renders the haem iron more susceptible to oxidation, or to a defect in the erythrocyte's enzymatic capacity to return methaemoglobin to the reduced state. Newborn infants have an increased risk of methaemoglobinaemia due to a normal transient deficiency of methaemoglobin reductase in neonatal erythrocytes and the increased tendency of fetal haemoglobin to assume the met-configuration. The clinical approach to the neonate with methaemoglobinaemia is no different from the approach to older patients. The need for therapy is dictated by the severity of hypoxic symptoms. Since the diagnosis is made simply and the treatment is effective, a high index of clinical suspicion may be potentially life-saving.", "PMID": 657603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7459", "title": "Social work and the stroke patient.", "content": "Social work treatment is a significant part of the stroke rehabilitation program. The social worker helps the patient, his family, and the rehabilitation team to work together to reach realistic goals, individually determined. The knowledge and skills of the social worker are directed toward helping the patient and family in the adjustment process and to facilitate the stroke patient's return to the community at the highest possible level of emotional, social and economic functioning.", "contents": "Social work and the stroke patient. Social work treatment is a significant part of the stroke rehabilitation program. The social worker helps the patient, his family, and the rehabilitation team to work together to reach realistic goals, individually determined. The knowledge and skills of the social worker are directed toward helping the patient and family in the adjustment process and to facilitate the stroke patient's return to the community at the highest possible level of emotional, social and economic functioning.", "PMID": 657605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7460", "title": "Orthopedic prognosis of brain-injured adults. Part I.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 121 patients who have sustained closed head injury, the levels of functional return are reviewed in terms of factors of prognostic value. These factors are age, coma duration and presence of decerebration. Decerebration, when it resolves early, can be compatible with a good functional outcome. The majority of patients who survive head injury make substantial neurologic recovery. Almost 50% of the patients have a good neurologic recovery. About two-thirds of the patients become ambulatory and capable of self-care activities.", "contents": "Orthopedic prognosis of brain-injured adults. Part I. In a retrospective study of 121 patients who have sustained closed head injury, the levels of functional return are reviewed in terms of factors of prognostic value. These factors are age, coma duration and presence of decerebration. Decerebration, when it resolves early, can be compatible with a good functional outcome. The majority of patients who survive head injury make substantial neurologic recovery. Almost 50% of the patients have a good neurologic recovery. About two-thirds of the patients become ambulatory and capable of self-care activities.", "PMID": 657606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7461", "title": "Orthopedic management of brain-injured adults. Part II.", "content": "Orthopedic management of the head trauma patient is divided into 3 phases--acute, recovery and stable. The treatment of bone injury is the main thrust in the acute phase. Guidelines were formulated from a retrospective review of 91 head trauma patients including spine and other fractures. The recovery phase consists of prevention and correction of joint deformities due to spasticity. Position, range of motion and splints are the basic methods employed. Indications and techniques for phenol injection to the posterior tibial and musculocutaneous nerves are reviewed. Heterotopic bone formation will be identified in this phase and treated early. In the final phase, one and one-half years postinjury, surgical treatment is employed to improve extremity function. Procedures proven of value in treatment of stroke patients are applicable. Heterotopic bone can also be definitively treated by excisional surgery supplemented by new medical agents.", "contents": "Orthopedic management of brain-injured adults. Part II. Orthopedic management of the head trauma patient is divided into 3 phases--acute, recovery and stable. The treatment of bone injury is the main thrust in the acute phase. Guidelines were formulated from a retrospective review of 91 head trauma patients including spine and other fractures. The recovery phase consists of prevention and correction of joint deformities due to spasticity. Position, range of motion and splints are the basic methods employed. Indications and techniques for phenol injection to the posterior tibial and musculocutaneous nerves are reviewed. Heterotopic bone formation will be identified in this phase and treated early. In the final phase, one and one-half years postinjury, surgical treatment is employed to improve extremity function. Procedures proven of value in treatment of stroke patients are applicable. Heterotopic bone can also be definitively treated by excisional surgery supplemented by new medical agents.", "PMID": 657607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7462", "title": "A patient-administered questionnaire for arthritis assessment.", "content": "A patient-administered arthritis record system has been in use for 4 years. Thirty patients with various chronic arthritic conditions were studied to compare patient responses on the questionnaire to those obtained at the physician interview. Comparisons were also made between the \"review of symptoms\" and the actual physical findings documented in the medical record. The self-administered inventory of functional activities is a reliable and useful way to document specific activity achieved by a patient. Further, the questionnaires also aid in the evaluation of any therapeutic intervention and give a patient-perceived measurement of the clinical outcome in terms of quality of life. As a patient self-administered record, it allows for a major saving of physician time while acquiring accurate, complicated, but important, repetitive, time-oriented information. This system includes the American Rheumatism Association's Uniform Data Base for Rheumatic Diseases. An important set of questions has been added which improves functional assessment that is necessary to evaluate the success of surgical therapy.", "contents": "A patient-administered questionnaire for arthritis assessment. A patient-administered arthritis record system has been in use for 4 years. Thirty patients with various chronic arthritic conditions were studied to compare patient responses on the questionnaire to those obtained at the physician interview. Comparisons were also made between the \"review of symptoms\" and the actual physical findings documented in the medical record. The self-administered inventory of functional activities is a reliable and useful way to document specific activity achieved by a patient. Further, the questionnaires also aid in the evaluation of any therapeutic intervention and give a patient-perceived measurement of the clinical outcome in terms of quality of life. As a patient self-administered record, it allows for a major saving of physician time while acquiring accurate, complicated, but important, repetitive, time-oriented information. This system includes the American Rheumatism Association's Uniform Data Base for Rheumatic Diseases. An important set of questions has been added which improves functional assessment that is necessary to evaluate the success of surgical therapy.", "PMID": 657608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7463", "title": "Surgical release of congenital torticollis in adults.", "content": "Longstanding untreated congenital torticollis in adults is uncommon and surgical release in such a case can be hazardous or fraught with many possible complications. A two-stage, open, bipolar surgical division of the contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle in a 33-year-old woman who developed pain and paresthesiae in the neck and arm was performed under general then local anesthesia. Surgery then controlled gradual stretching in a halo-vest achieved complete subsidence of pain, a near-full range of neck motion and correction of the tilt deformity, without complication. The facial asymmetry and the underlying fixed skeletal changes remained. Surgical release and gradual correction in a halo apparatus can eliminate the need for major spinal surgery in the correction of longstanding torticollis.", "contents": "Surgical release of congenital torticollis in adults. Longstanding untreated congenital torticollis in adults is uncommon and surgical release in such a case can be hazardous or fraught with many possible complications. A two-stage, open, bipolar surgical division of the contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle in a 33-year-old woman who developed pain and paresthesiae in the neck and arm was performed under general then local anesthesia. Surgery then controlled gradual stretching in a halo-vest achieved complete subsidence of pain, a near-full range of neck motion and correction of the tilt deformity, without complication. The facial asymmetry and the underlying fixed skeletal changes remained. Surgical release and gradual correction in a halo apparatus can eliminate the need for major spinal surgery in the correction of longstanding torticollis.", "PMID": 657610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7464", "title": "Therapy evaluation and management of patients with hemiplegia.", "content": "Appropriate treatment of the hemiplegic patient depends on a thorough evaluation of sensation and motion in the affected extremities. Realistic goals for self-care, mobility, home, and community skills may be then established. The basic role of therapy when dealing with a stroke patient includes preventing and correcting deformities, improving a patient's functional ability, and increasing strength, control, and upper extremity use when appropriate. Medical intervention may be necessary to augment the occupational and physical therapy programs in the areas of relief of pain and correction of deformities.", "contents": "Therapy evaluation and management of patients with hemiplegia. Appropriate treatment of the hemiplegic patient depends on a thorough evaluation of sensation and motion in the affected extremities. Realistic goals for self-care, mobility, home, and community skills may be then established. The basic role of therapy when dealing with a stroke patient includes preventing and correcting deformities, improving a patient's functional ability, and increasing strength, control, and upper extremity use when appropriate. Medical intervention may be necessary to augment the occupational and physical therapy programs in the areas of relief of pain and correction of deformities.", "PMID": 657611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7465", "title": "The cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Of 53 severely rheumatoid patients, 43% had cervical spine involvement, Six major categories were found: a) C1-C2 subluxation; b) serial subluxation; c) upward translocation of the odontoid; d) odontoid erosion; 3) apophyseal joint fusion; and f) miscellaneous findings of osteoporosis, endplate erosion, and disk space narrowing without osteophytosis. Although disease duration and activity appeared to correlate somewhat with the development of cervical spine disease, this was by no means universal. Rheumatoid cervical spine disease may be dangerous even in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms. It is therefore recommended that the cervical spine be evaluated in patients with severe rheumatoid disease before general anesthesia is scheduled irrespective of cervical spine complaints recorded in the chart.", "contents": "The cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis. Of 53 severely rheumatoid patients, 43% had cervical spine involvement, Six major categories were found: a) C1-C2 subluxation; b) serial subluxation; c) upward translocation of the odontoid; d) odontoid erosion; 3) apophyseal joint fusion; and f) miscellaneous findings of osteoporosis, endplate erosion, and disk space narrowing without osteophytosis. Although disease duration and activity appeared to correlate somewhat with the development of cervical spine disease, this was by no means universal. Rheumatoid cervical spine disease may be dangerous even in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms. It is therefore recommended that the cervical spine be evaluated in patients with severe rheumatoid disease before general anesthesia is scheduled irrespective of cervical spine complaints recorded in the chart.", "PMID": 657609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7466", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of scoliosis: a reassessment and introduction of the scoliosis Chariot.", "content": "Serial evaluation of scoliosis relies on measurement of curvature on radiographs. Progression or improvement is based solely on the assumption that the radiograph gives a true picture of the configuration of the spine in the AP projection, and that patient position remains constant with serial radiographs. Slight rotation of the patient allows the kyphosis or lordosis normally present in the spine to either increase or decrease the measured scoliosis curve, depending on the direction of rotation. Reliance on technician positioning of the patient introduces a random error of such a magnitude as to make serial evaluations invalid. The use of the Scoliosis Chariot as a positioning device guarantees reproducibility of patient position, thus eliminating the problem of random error.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of scoliosis: a reassessment and introduction of the scoliosis Chariot. Serial evaluation of scoliosis relies on measurement of curvature on radiographs. Progression or improvement is based solely on the assumption that the radiograph gives a true picture of the configuration of the spine in the AP projection, and that patient position remains constant with serial radiographs. Slight rotation of the patient allows the kyphosis or lordosis normally present in the spine to either increase or decrease the measured scoliosis curve, depending on the direction of rotation. Reliance on technician positioning of the patient introduces a random error of such a magnitude as to make serial evaluations invalid. The use of the Scoliosis Chariot as a positioning device guarantees reproducibility of patient position, thus eliminating the problem of random error.", "PMID": 657612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7467", "title": "The psychosocial sequelae of the Milwaukee brace in adolescent girls.", "content": "The psychosocial sequelae of treatment by Milwaukee brace were investigated in 38 girls. These girls were found to cope well after an initial critical period. Only minor disturbances of body image and sexual attitudes were observed. It seems that except for individual severe cases, no specific psychiatric intervention is needed in those patients, and a competent orthopedic surgeon could manage all the psychological aspects.", "contents": "The psychosocial sequelae of the Milwaukee brace in adolescent girls. The psychosocial sequelae of treatment by Milwaukee brace were investigated in 38 girls. These girls were found to cope well after an initial critical period. Only minor disturbances of body image and sexual attitudes were observed. It seems that except for individual severe cases, no specific psychiatric intervention is needed in those patients, and a competent orthopedic surgeon could manage all the psychological aspects.", "PMID": 657613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7468", "title": "Management and outcome of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis.", "content": "A rational program of diagnosis and therapy can be recommended on the basis of the results in a series of 34 cases of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. The diagnosis can be made on history, physical examination, sedimentation rate, bone scan and X-ray. Blood and urine cultures should be done and may be of value. Biopsy of the area confirms the diagnosis and establishes adequate and specific antibiotic therapy. Bed rest is needed to relieve the patient's initial discomfort and to prevent deformity. Immobilization is most important in those patients with greater than 50% vertebral destruction for the first 3 months in order to prevent deformity.", "contents": "Management and outcome of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. A rational program of diagnosis and therapy can be recommended on the basis of the results in a series of 34 cases of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. The diagnosis can be made on history, physical examination, sedimentation rate, bone scan and X-ray. Blood and urine cultures should be done and may be of value. Biopsy of the area confirms the diagnosis and establishes adequate and specific antibiotic therapy. Bed rest is needed to relieve the patient's initial discomfort and to prevent deformity. Immobilization is most important in those patients with greater than 50% vertebral destruction for the first 3 months in order to prevent deformity.", "PMID": 657614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7469", "title": "Posterior shoulder dislocation with ipsilateral humeral shaft fracture. A case report.", "content": "A 41-year-old man incurred the unusual combination of subacromial posterior dislocation of the shoulder and ipsilateral humeral shaft fracture. The importance of inspection of joints proximal to long bone fractures cannot be overemphasized. The transscapular view is easily adapted to the diagnosis of this injury. When recognized early, closed reduction is the preferred treatment; open reduction, as in the present case, is reserved for chronic dislocation.", "contents": "Posterior shoulder dislocation with ipsilateral humeral shaft fracture. A case report. A 41-year-old man incurred the unusual combination of subacromial posterior dislocation of the shoulder and ipsilateral humeral shaft fracture. The importance of inspection of joints proximal to long bone fractures cannot be overemphasized. The transscapular view is easily adapted to the diagnosis of this injury. When recognized early, closed reduction is the preferred treatment; open reduction, as in the present case, is reserved for chronic dislocation.", "PMID": 657615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7470", "title": "Air gap magnification techniques in upper extremity fractures.", "content": "Air gap magnification is useful in the diagnosis of upper extremity fractures specifically as it applies to nondisplaced fractures of the radial head, carpals and metacarpals. These injuries often prove difficult if not impossible to detect on routine roentgenographs. Gap magnification is technically simple to perform, requires no special equipment, and has been useful in evaluating subtle roentgenographic changes.", "contents": "Air gap magnification techniques in upper extremity fractures. Air gap magnification is useful in the diagnosis of upper extremity fractures specifically as it applies to nondisplaced fractures of the radial head, carpals and metacarpals. These injuries often prove difficult if not impossible to detect on routine roentgenographs. Gap magnification is technically simple to perform, requires no special equipment, and has been useful in evaluating subtle roentgenographic changes.", "PMID": 657616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7471", "title": "Congenital radio-humeral synostosis. A case report.", "content": "In a 7-month-old male infant with congenital radiohumeral synostosis and associated absent first metacarpal, floating thumb, and hypoplasia of the humerus, the synostosis was resected. Elbow motion was obtained and one year postoperatively there was no recurrence of the synostosis.", "contents": "Congenital radio-humeral synostosis. A case report. In a 7-month-old male infant with congenital radiohumeral synostosis and associated absent first metacarpal, floating thumb, and hypoplasia of the humerus, the synostosis was resected. Elbow motion was obtained and one year postoperatively there was no recurrence of the synostosis.", "PMID": 657619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7472", "title": "Two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction in the hand.", "content": "The results of two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction in the hand, evaluated in 25 fingers in 20 patients with an average followup of 5 months, were graded on the basis of total range of active flexion and combined extension loss. Two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction can significantly improve the functional status of fingers with extensive damage or scarring of the flexor mechanism. Function was generally improved despite the preoperative status of the digit, but a completely normal flexion range can be restored only in rare instances. Poor results were noted in 8 patients. The likelihood of success may be predictably less in patients with a prolonged interval between injury and reconstruction, joint contractures, synovitis following stage-one, multiple grafts, and advanced age.", "contents": "Two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction in the hand. The results of two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction in the hand, evaluated in 25 fingers in 20 patients with an average followup of 5 months, were graded on the basis of total range of active flexion and combined extension loss. Two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction can significantly improve the functional status of fingers with extensive damage or scarring of the flexor mechanism. Function was generally improved despite the preoperative status of the digit, but a completely normal flexion range can be restored only in rare instances. Poor results were noted in 8 patients. The likelihood of success may be predictably less in patients with a prolonged interval between injury and reconstruction, joint contractures, synovitis following stage-one, multiple grafts, and advanced age.", "PMID": 657620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7473", "title": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur treated with nail-plate devices: a retrospective study.", "content": "Fifty-four cases of nonpathologic subtrochanteric fractures of the femur were treated by fixation with nail-plate devices. Of the 48 final cases, 42 patients (88%) united successfully after a single operative procedure. Six patients (12.5%) developed a non-union and required further surgery, an experience similar to that of other authors. Ten per cent appears to be the expected non-union rate with nail-plate devices. At this time the Jewett nail and the compression screw should be regarded as part of the the orthopedist's armamentarium in the treatment of comminuted subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "contents": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur treated with nail-plate devices: a retrospective study. Fifty-four cases of nonpathologic subtrochanteric fractures of the femur were treated by fixation with nail-plate devices. Of the 48 final cases, 42 patients (88%) united successfully after a single operative procedure. Six patients (12.5%) developed a non-union and required further surgery, an experience similar to that of other authors. Ten per cent appears to be the expected non-union rate with nail-plate devices. At this time the Jewett nail and the compression screw should be regarded as part of the the orthopedist's armamentarium in the treatment of comminuted subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "PMID": 657621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7474", "title": "Superficial radial neuritis and De Quervain's disease. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with De Quervain's disease developed superficial radial neuritis, a complication which seems not to have been considered in the literature. All 3 patients were women. One responded to conservative therapy and the other 2 required tenolysis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendon sheaths to relieve symptoms.", "contents": "Superficial radial neuritis and De Quervain's disease. Report of three cases. Three patients with De Quervain's disease developed superficial radial neuritis, a complication which seems not to have been considered in the literature. All 3 patients were women. One responded to conservative therapy and the other 2 required tenolysis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendon sheaths to relieve symptoms.", "PMID": 657617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7475", "title": "Congenital anterior subluxation of the distal ulna. A case report.", "content": "A healthy 17-year-old girl with painful congenital subluxation of the distal ulna was successfully treated by surgical stabilization of the distal radioulnar joint. This procedure may avoid or delay the need for resection of the distal end of the ulna.", "contents": "Congenital anterior subluxation of the distal ulna. A case report. A healthy 17-year-old girl with painful congenital subluxation of the distal ulna was successfully treated by surgical stabilization of the distal radioulnar joint. This procedure may avoid or delay the need for resection of the distal end of the ulna.", "PMID": 657618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7476", "title": "Posterior tibial tendon transfer anteriorly through the interosseous membrane: a modification of the technique.", "content": "A modification of the transfer of the posterior tibial tendon anteriorly through the interosseous membrane for the correction of equinovarus deformity of the foot was carried out without complication on 44 extremities of 22 children age between 8 and 15.", "contents": "Posterior tibial tendon transfer anteriorly through the interosseous membrane: a modification of the technique. A modification of the transfer of the posterior tibial tendon anteriorly through the interosseous membrane for the correction of equinovarus deformity of the foot was carried out without complication on 44 extremities of 22 children age between 8 and 15.", "PMID": 657623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7477", "title": "Complete posterior dislocation of the talus. Case report and discussion.", "content": "Complete dislocation of the talus is an injury that is produced by a great magnitude of force, producing severe soft tissue injury, frequently vascular compromise, often with subsequent avascular necrosis. Complete posterior dislocation of the talus seems not to have been reported previously. The treatment in a 39-year-old man was designed on the basis of experience with antero-medial dislocation. Treatment ranges from attempted anatomical reduction to early arthrodesis of one or all of the articulations of the talus, with and without talectomy. No one method has shown to be superior to the others. Oen reduction is often unsuccessful, probably because of ankle malalignment. Avascular necrosis of the talus without collapse is not necessarily painful. In the present case talectomy and tibio-calcaneal fusion was performed one year after injury. The symptomatic results were good. Accurate anatomical reduction should be the aim of initial therapy. Definitive therapy can be designed to fit the requirements of the individual case.", "contents": "Complete posterior dislocation of the talus. Case report and discussion. Complete dislocation of the talus is an injury that is produced by a great magnitude of force, producing severe soft tissue injury, frequently vascular compromise, often with subsequent avascular necrosis. Complete posterior dislocation of the talus seems not to have been reported previously. The treatment in a 39-year-old man was designed on the basis of experience with antero-medial dislocation. Treatment ranges from attempted anatomical reduction to early arthrodesis of one or all of the articulations of the talus, with and without talectomy. No one method has shown to be superior to the others. Oen reduction is often unsuccessful, probably because of ankle malalignment. Avascular necrosis of the talus without collapse is not necessarily painful. In the present case talectomy and tibio-calcaneal fusion was performed one year after injury. The symptomatic results were good. Accurate anatomical reduction should be the aim of initial therapy. Definitive therapy can be designed to fit the requirements of the individual case.", "PMID": 657624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7478", "title": "Below-knee amputation using the sagittal technique: a comparison with the coronal amputation.", "content": "Fourteen patients had below-knee amputation performed by the coronal technique and 17 by the sagittal technique. By changing the incision to a sagittal plane, a substantial improvement is observed in wound morbidity and in earlier time of definitive prosthetic wear.", "contents": "Below-knee amputation using the sagittal technique: a comparison with the coronal amputation. Fourteen patients had below-knee amputation performed by the coronal technique and 17 by the sagittal technique. By changing the incision to a sagittal plane, a substantial improvement is observed in wound morbidity and in earlier time of definitive prosthetic wear.", "PMID": 657622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7479", "title": "Radical one-stage posteromedial release for the resistant clubfoot.", "content": "A large proportion of congenital talipes equinovarus is resistant to correction by nonoperative means. The authors reviewed 54 feet which required surgical intervention, and the operative management utilized was a radical one-stage posteromedial release. Application of plastic surgical techniques has obviated problems of skin healing. Comparable to results reported by others, a good-to-excellent functional and cosmetic result can be expected in 90% of the cases. Careful attention to a well-designed postoperative regimen will frequently obviate the need for additional surgery.", "contents": "Radical one-stage posteromedial release for the resistant clubfoot. A large proportion of congenital talipes equinovarus is resistant to correction by nonoperative means. The authors reviewed 54 feet which required surgical intervention, and the operative management utilized was a radical one-stage posteromedial release. Application of plastic surgical techniques has obviated problems of skin healing. Comparable to results reported by others, a good-to-excellent functional and cosmetic result can be expected in 90% of the cases. Careful attention to a well-designed postoperative regimen will frequently obviate the need for additional surgery.", "PMID": 657626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7480", "title": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons.", "content": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons is very rare and occurred in an 82-year-old man. This may be the fifth case to have been reported in the English literature. Only minor stress on extensor mechanisms preceded the ruptures. Interrupted mattress sutures restored muscle continuity and function. A \"pull-out\" wire system was not used for protection of healing muscles because adequate amount of tissue mass was available for approximation. Excellent results require intensive postoperative physical therapy. Old age of the patient should not be a deterrent to surgical treatment in carefully selected individuals.", "contents": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons. Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons is very rare and occurred in an 82-year-old man. This may be the fifth case to have been reported in the English literature. Only minor stress on extensor mechanisms preceded the ruptures. Interrupted mattress sutures restored muscle continuity and function. A \"pull-out\" wire system was not used for protection of healing muscles because adequate amount of tissue mass was available for approximation. Excellent results require intensive postoperative physical therapy. Old age of the patient should not be a deterrent to surgical treatment in carefully selected individuals.", "PMID": 657630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7481", "title": "Recurrent osteoblastoma: a review.", "content": "A review of 3 new osteoblastomas and 181 previously reported osteoblastomas revealed 18 recurrences (9.8% recurrence rate). Recurrence was more common in the spine and pelvis. Recurrences were reported as late as 9 years after excision of osteoblastomas and long-term follow-up is indicated in this lesion. Five recurrences were reported to undergo apparent sarcomatous change. Complete en bloc resection is the preferred treatment of osteoblastomas. No recurrence has ever been reported after complete resection, however, apparent incomplete excision has given cures in many cases. Radiotherapy does not appear to prevent recurrence. Its immediate postoperative use is not recommended and may possibly be associated with apparent late sarcomatous change in some cases. Since the efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of established recurrence still remains obscure, further surgical intervention is indicated.", "contents": "Recurrent osteoblastoma: a review. A review of 3 new osteoblastomas and 181 previously reported osteoblastomas revealed 18 recurrences (9.8% recurrence rate). Recurrence was more common in the spine and pelvis. Recurrences were reported as late as 9 years after excision of osteoblastomas and long-term follow-up is indicated in this lesion. Five recurrences were reported to undergo apparent sarcomatous change. Complete en bloc resection is the preferred treatment of osteoblastomas. No recurrence has ever been reported after complete resection, however, apparent incomplete excision has given cures in many cases. Radiotherapy does not appear to prevent recurrence. Its immediate postoperative use is not recommended and may possibly be associated with apparent late sarcomatous change in some cases. Since the efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of established recurrence still remains obscure, further surgical intervention is indicated.", "PMID": 657629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7482", "title": "Evaluation of the Kidner procedure in treatment of symptomatic accessory tarsal scaphoid.", "content": "The Kidner operation is a successful method of treatment for symptomatic feet with Type II and Type III accessory tarsal scaphoids that do not respond to conservative methods of treatment. The success of this operation is related more to the elimination of the bony prominence on the medial aspect of the foot and its mechanical irritation than to the correction of the pronated foot by means of posterior tibial tendon transfer. The age of occurrence of symptoms can be correlated with the level of physical activity and ossification or growth of this accessory bone. Symptoms in older patients develop after injury. The pronated foot or mechanically insufficient foot increases the stress on the bony prominence of the accessory tarsal scaphoid bone and precipitates in symptoms.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Kidner procedure in treatment of symptomatic accessory tarsal scaphoid. The Kidner operation is a successful method of treatment for symptomatic feet with Type II and Type III accessory tarsal scaphoids that do not respond to conservative methods of treatment. The success of this operation is related more to the elimination of the bony prominence on the medial aspect of the foot and its mechanical irritation than to the correction of the pronated foot by means of posterior tibial tendon transfer. The age of occurrence of symptoms can be correlated with the level of physical activity and ossification or growth of this accessory bone. Symptoms in older patients develop after injury. The pronated foot or mechanically insufficient foot increases the stress on the bony prominence of the accessory tarsal scaphoid bone and precipitates in symptoms.", "PMID": 657625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7483", "title": "Sarcoid tumor in skeletal muscle. A case report.", "content": "The 3 patterns of sarcoid involvement of skeletal muscle are microscopic infiltration, progressive myopathy and tumor formation. This is a case report and review of investigations of a 25-year-old man with the unusual tumorous form.", "contents": "Sarcoid tumor in skeletal muscle. A case report. The 3 patterns of sarcoid involvement of skeletal muscle are microscopic infiltration, progressive myopathy and tumor formation. This is a case report and review of investigations of a 25-year-old man with the unusual tumorous form.", "PMID": 657627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7484", "title": "Polyurethane foam in postoperative casts.", "content": "One-half inch thick polyurethane foam is recommended for use in postoperative casts to avoid complications seen with postoperative swelling. The polyurethane is placed over the operative area, over the dorsum of the foot, and the anterior surface of the leg. The use of polyurethane foam in the postoperative cast not only avoids the necessity of having to split the cast in many instances but the foam also constitutes a compression dressing. If splitting of the postoperative cast should become necessary, the foam protects the skin.", "contents": "Polyurethane foam in postoperative casts. One-half inch thick polyurethane foam is recommended for use in postoperative casts to avoid complications seen with postoperative swelling. The polyurethane is placed over the operative area, over the dorsum of the foot, and the anterior surface of the leg. The use of polyurethane foam in the postoperative cast not only avoids the necessity of having to split the cast in many instances but the foam also constitutes a compression dressing. If splitting of the postoperative cast should become necessary, the foam protects the skin.", "PMID": 657632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7485", "title": "Low cost surgical drill.", "content": "A low cost cordless electric drill originally designed for the home workshop has been adapted for use in the operating room and extensively employed for over a year. Permitting one-hand operation, unencumbered by power cords or air hoses, and positively free from shock hazard, this type of drill will perform the majority of drilling tasks needed by the orthopedic surgeon. The cost compares with many currently used \"disposable\" operating room items.", "contents": "Low cost surgical drill. A low cost cordless electric drill originally designed for the home workshop has been adapted for use in the operating room and extensively employed for over a year. Permitting one-hand operation, unencumbered by power cords or air hoses, and positively free from shock hazard, this type of drill will perform the majority of drilling tasks needed by the orthopedic surgeon. The cost compares with many currently used \"disposable\" operating room items.", "PMID": 657628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7486", "title": "Collapsed vertebrae: a review of 659 autopsies.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-three cases showing collapse of one or more vertebral bodies were found in a review of 659 autopsy specimens of the thoracolumbar spine. There are 4 types of vertebral body collapse; 2 of the 4 have clinical significance.", "contents": "Collapsed vertebrae: a review of 659 autopsies. One hundred and thirty-three cases showing collapse of one or more vertebral bodies were found in a review of 659 autopsy specimens of the thoracolumbar spine. There are 4 types of vertebral body collapse; 2 of the 4 have clinical significance.", "PMID": 657633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7487", "title": "Aorto-enteric fistula presenting as multicentric osteomyelitis.", "content": "A 60-year-old man treated with a prothesis for aorto-enteric fistulae developed multicentric osteomyelitis. Enteric flora were cultured from blood and bone but the diagnosis was delayed. Aorto-enteric fistulae can occur in a variety of circumstances but have become more common with the advent of reconstructive vascular surgery using prostheses. This entity frequently does not present in a dramatic way, but can be the cause of fatal bacteremia and septicemia.", "contents": "Aorto-enteric fistula presenting as multicentric osteomyelitis. A 60-year-old man treated with a prothesis for aorto-enteric fistulae developed multicentric osteomyelitis. Enteric flora were cultured from blood and bone but the diagnosis was delayed. Aorto-enteric fistulae can occur in a variety of circumstances but have become more common with the advent of reconstructive vascular surgery using prostheses. This entity frequently does not present in a dramatic way, but can be the cause of fatal bacteremia and septicemia.", "PMID": 657631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7488", "title": "The acute effects of periosteal stripping and medullary reaming on regional bone blood flow.", "content": "The immediate effects of surgical dissection on regional bone blood flow were studied using the hydrogen washout technique and the results were compared in mature and immature rabbits. Epiphyseal circulation in young animals was eliminated by stripping the epiphyseal periosteum, and even in mature rabbits epiphyseal blood flow was markedly reduced by periosteal stripping. This suggests that after skeletal maturity blood supply crossing from the metaphysis into the epiphysis is limited. The blood flow rate was not altered by wide reaming of the epiphyseal center in either young or old animals. The rates of bone blood flow in the metaphysis and diaphysis were not altered by separate periosteal stripping or medullary reaming in either age group. Combined reaming and stripping eliminated blood flow in the diaphyseal cortical bone, but in the metaphysis fairly rapid blood flow remained even after reaming and periosteal stripping were done. These findings suggest that arterial supply and venous drainage traverse both endosteal and periosteal surfaces, and either system is capable of sustaining adequate bone tissue circulation.", "contents": "The acute effects of periosteal stripping and medullary reaming on regional bone blood flow. The immediate effects of surgical dissection on regional bone blood flow were studied using the hydrogen washout technique and the results were compared in mature and immature rabbits. Epiphyseal circulation in young animals was eliminated by stripping the epiphyseal periosteum, and even in mature rabbits epiphyseal blood flow was markedly reduced by periosteal stripping. This suggests that after skeletal maturity blood supply crossing from the metaphysis into the epiphysis is limited. The blood flow rate was not altered by wide reaming of the epiphyseal center in either young or old animals. The rates of bone blood flow in the metaphysis and diaphysis were not altered by separate periosteal stripping or medullary reaming in either age group. Combined reaming and stripping eliminated blood flow in the diaphyseal cortical bone, but in the metaphysis fairly rapid blood flow remained even after reaming and periosteal stripping were done. These findings suggest that arterial supply and venous drainage traverse both endosteal and periosteal surfaces, and either system is capable of sustaining adequate bone tissue circulation.", "PMID": 657634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7489", "title": "Effect of repetitive impulsive loading on the knee joints of rabbits.", "content": "To simulate the forces from hopping, the right foot of adult rabbits was subjected to 1 1/2 the animal's body weight 40 times a minute for 20-40 minutes per day. During these brief periods of repetitive impulsive loading the legs were held in short-leg splints to eliminate the natural shock-absorbing mechanism associated with ankle dorsiflexion and calve muscle stretching. Under these conditions subchondral bone stiffening occurred and was associated with the earliest metabolic changes of cartilage damage. When bone stiffening returned to normal the effect on the cartilage did not completely disappear, although these effects diminished. The results suggested that subchondral bone stiffening accompanies the earliest metabolic changes in osteoarthrosic chondrocytes and suggests that trabecular microfracture may occur very early in this sequence of events.", "contents": "Effect of repetitive impulsive loading on the knee joints of rabbits. To simulate the forces from hopping, the right foot of adult rabbits was subjected to 1 1/2 the animal's body weight 40 times a minute for 20-40 minutes per day. During these brief periods of repetitive impulsive loading the legs were held in short-leg splints to eliminate the natural shock-absorbing mechanism associated with ankle dorsiflexion and calve muscle stretching. Under these conditions subchondral bone stiffening occurred and was associated with the earliest metabolic changes of cartilage damage. When bone stiffening returned to normal the effect on the cartilage did not completely disappear, although these effects diminished. The results suggested that subchondral bone stiffening accompanies the earliest metabolic changes in osteoarthrosic chondrocytes and suggests that trabecular microfracture may occur very early in this sequence of events.", "PMID": 657637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7490", "title": "Microstructural organization of human and bovine cruciate ligaments.", "content": "Human and bovine anterior cruciate ligaments studied with the SEM demonstrate fascicular bundle and connective tissue sheath components. In the human, collagen fibers of the connective tissue sheath, although approximately the same diameter as the fascicular fibers, have an orientation suggestive of a binding rather than a tensile function. While both elements have tensile properties, it is hypothesized that the contribution from the sheath component is minimal and, consequently, detailed studies of the tensile properties of ligaments will produce meaningful data when related to the appropriate cross-sectional areas. In direct contrast to the human counterpart, the SEM appearance of bovine cruciate ligaments is tendon-like, characterized by very dense subfasciculi surrounded by very thin connective tissue sheaths.", "contents": "Microstructural organization of human and bovine cruciate ligaments. Human and bovine anterior cruciate ligaments studied with the SEM demonstrate fascicular bundle and connective tissue sheath components. In the human, collagen fibers of the connective tissue sheath, although approximately the same diameter as the fascicular fibers, have an orientation suggestive of a binding rather than a tensile function. While both elements have tensile properties, it is hypothesized that the contribution from the sheath component is minimal and, consequently, detailed studies of the tensile properties of ligaments will produce meaningful data when related to the appropriate cross-sectional areas. In direct contrast to the human counterpart, the SEM appearance of bovine cruciate ligaments is tendon-like, characterized by very dense subfasciculi surrounded by very thin connective tissue sheaths.", "PMID": 657638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7491", "title": "Upper extremity surgery in stroke patients.", "content": "Surgical procedures are performed on the nonfunctional upper extremity following stroke to correct spastic flexion contractures that cause pain or prevent adequate hygiene. In the upper extremity surgical procedures are most commonly performed to improve extension at the wrist, fingers or thumb. If the deformity is primarily due to spasticity rather than fixed myostatic contracture, anesthetic block of the median and/or ulnar nerve preoperatively enables the surgeon to determine that extension will be improved after the appropriate flexor tendons are lengthened. Careful presurgical evaluation of motor sensory function enables the surgeon to predictably select those patients who will benefit from surgery.", "contents": "Upper extremity surgery in stroke patients. Surgical procedures are performed on the nonfunctional upper extremity following stroke to correct spastic flexion contractures that cause pain or prevent adequate hygiene. In the upper extremity surgical procedures are most commonly performed to improve extension at the wrist, fingers or thumb. If the deformity is primarily due to spasticity rather than fixed myostatic contracture, anesthetic block of the median and/or ulnar nerve preoperatively enables the surgeon to determine that extension will be improved after the appropriate flexor tendons are lengthened. Careful presurgical evaluation of motor sensory function enables the surgeon to predictably select those patients who will benefit from surgery.", "PMID": 657640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7492", "title": "Pathologic femoral shaft fractures comparing fixation techniques using cement.", "content": "To determine the most stable mode of internal fixation for the pathologic femoral shaft fracture with extensive cortical destruction, 2 fixation techniques incorporating methylmethacrylate were compared. Osteotomies through standardized cortical defects were created in intact embalmed femora to simulate a standard pathologic fracture. Fixation obtained with either intramedullary Schneider rods or 28-hold ASIF plates, both using bone cement, was compared in torsion and bending. In torsion, plate-fixed femora failed at a mean load of 71.2 newton-meters compared to 26.8 newton-meters for the Schneider rod counterparts. In bending, plate-fixed bones at a mean load of 8133.9 newtons compared to 1921.4 newtons for rod-fixed femora. Fixation with double plates and methylmethacrylate was clearly more stable and allowed for immediate pain-free ambulation.", "contents": "Pathologic femoral shaft fractures comparing fixation techniques using cement. To determine the most stable mode of internal fixation for the pathologic femoral shaft fracture with extensive cortical destruction, 2 fixation techniques incorporating methylmethacrylate were compared. Osteotomies through standardized cortical defects were created in intact embalmed femora to simulate a standard pathologic fracture. Fixation obtained with either intramedullary Schneider rods or 28-hold ASIF plates, both using bone cement, was compared in torsion and bending. In torsion, plate-fixed femora failed at a mean load of 71.2 newton-meters compared to 26.8 newton-meters for the Schneider rod counterparts. In bending, plate-fixed bones at a mean load of 8133.9 newtons compared to 1921.4 newtons for rod-fixed femora. Fixation with double plates and methylmethacrylate was clearly more stable and allowed for immediate pain-free ambulation.", "PMID": 657635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7493", "title": "Biological reaction to carbon fiber implants: the formation and structure of a carbon-induced \"neotendon\".", "content": "In 43 young rabbits, the tendo Achilles and flexor digitorum longus tendon were excised and replaced by filamentous carbon fiber. Tendo-Achilles in controls was repaired by silk or nylon sutures or left without replacement. Concurrent excision of the posterior tibial nerve was performed in one group of the carbon-replacing tendo-Achilles operations. When fully functioning, carbon-induced \"neotendon\" rapidly developed from young fibroblastic tissue outgrowths of the loose mesenchymal tissue of the perineurium and adventitia of the blood vessels in the adjacent neurovascular bundle. Silk or nylon replacement of the excised Achilles tendon did not lead to successful production of a new substitute. Carbon fibers were unsatisfactory for replacement implants for the flexor digitorum longus tendons.", "contents": "Biological reaction to carbon fiber implants: the formation and structure of a carbon-induced \"neotendon\". In 43 young rabbits, the tendo Achilles and flexor digitorum longus tendon were excised and replaced by filamentous carbon fiber. Tendo-Achilles in controls was repaired by silk or nylon sutures or left without replacement. Concurrent excision of the posterior tibial nerve was performed in one group of the carbon-replacing tendo-Achilles operations. When fully functioning, carbon-induced \"neotendon\" rapidly developed from young fibroblastic tissue outgrowths of the loose mesenchymal tissue of the perineurium and adventitia of the blood vessels in the adjacent neurovascular bundle. Silk or nylon replacement of the excised Achilles tendon did not lead to successful production of a new substitute. Carbon fibers were unsatisfactory for replacement implants for the flexor digitorum longus tendons.", "PMID": 657639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7494", "title": "Load-bearing in the knee joint.", "content": "The surfaces of the knee--anomalous to most animal joints through apparent gross incongruity--would appear more congruous if the menisci bore load. A simple system is used to show how the menisci can bear load. The strong tibial fixation and structure of the menisci, and the geometry of the femoral condyles indicate that the menisci bear load throughout flexion and extension. Confirmatory experimental results show that in partially degenerate human and healthy pigs' knees the menisci bear at least 45 and 75% respectively of the total joint load. The knee joint is similar in this respect to other synovial joints.", "contents": "Load-bearing in the knee joint. The surfaces of the knee--anomalous to most animal joints through apparent gross incongruity--would appear more congruous if the menisci bore load. A simple system is used to show how the menisci can bear load. The strong tibial fixation and structure of the menisci, and the geometry of the femoral condyles indicate that the menisci bear load throughout flexion and extension. Confirmatory experimental results show that in partially degenerate human and healthy pigs' knees the menisci bear at least 45 and 75% respectively of the total joint load. The knee joint is similar in this respect to other synovial joints.", "PMID": 657636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7495", "title": "The value of delayed (24-hour) bone scintigraphy.", "content": "Delayed 24-hour scintigraphy was performed in 23 patients. It was found to be useful in enhancing abnormal uptake, enabling better anatomic localization and verifying doubtful uptakes in the 4-hour study. The underlying causes of these observations are probably a better lesion-to-blood ratio and a slow uptake in certain lesions.", "contents": "The value of delayed (24-hour) bone scintigraphy. Delayed 24-hour scintigraphy was performed in 23 patients. It was found to be useful in enhancing abnormal uptake, enabling better anatomic localization and verifying doubtful uptakes in the 4-hour study. The underlying causes of these observations are probably a better lesion-to-blood ratio and a slow uptake in certain lesions.", "PMID": 657649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7496", "title": "67Ga scintigraphy in lymphomas with special reference to cardiac apical mass.", "content": "The cardiac apical mass of Hodgkin's disease, an infrequent presentation of lymphomas, can be selectively labeled with 67Ga-citrate. Three cases are presented illustrating the value of 67Ga scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of pericardial masses, as well as its role in the management and assessment of therapy.", "contents": "67Ga scintigraphy in lymphomas with special reference to cardiac apical mass. The cardiac apical mass of Hodgkin's disease, an infrequent presentation of lymphomas, can be selectively labeled with 67Ga-citrate. Three cases are presented illustrating the value of 67Ga scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of pericardial masses, as well as its role in the management and assessment of therapy.", "PMID": 657650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7497", "title": "Electromyographic analysis of equinovarus following stroke.", "content": "The pattern of muscle activity was determined in 40 hemiplegic stroke patients with equinus, equinovarus or varus deformities. Although the exact pattern of muscle activity varied with each patient, the following general conclusions are possible. Premature firing of the triceps surae due to release of primitive locomotor control mechanisms and a hyperactive stretch response during limb loading are important causes of equinus. Prolonged firing of the tibialis anterior during stance and inactivity of the peroneus brevis are the principal factors responsible for varus.", "contents": "Electromyographic analysis of equinovarus following stroke. The pattern of muscle activity was determined in 40 hemiplegic stroke patients with equinus, equinovarus or varus deformities. Although the exact pattern of muscle activity varied with each patient, the following general conclusions are possible. Premature firing of the triceps surae due to release of primitive locomotor control mechanisms and a hyperactive stretch response during limb loading are important causes of equinus. Prolonged firing of the tibialis anterior during stance and inactivity of the peroneus brevis are the principal factors responsible for varus.", "PMID": 657644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7498", "title": "Definitive diagnosis of choledochal cyst by 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate sequential scintiphotography.", "content": "Sequential supine scintiphotography of the abdomen was performed after intravenous administration of 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate (99mTc-PG) to verify the presence of choledochal cyst in an 18-month-old boy who presented with a mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The total body radioactivity effect, which is similar to the total body opacification during intravenous cholangiography or urography, was clearly demonstrated as a cold area corresponding to the cyst and assisted in the diagnosis. The specific finding was sequential filling of the gallbladder and cyst. In view of the relatively low radiation dose and good physical characteristics of 99mTc for imaging, 99mTc-PG sequential scintiphotography is useful for the definitive preoperative diagnosis of choledochal cyst in infants and children.", "contents": "Definitive diagnosis of choledochal cyst by 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate sequential scintiphotography. Sequential supine scintiphotography of the abdomen was performed after intravenous administration of 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate (99mTc-PG) to verify the presence of choledochal cyst in an 18-month-old boy who presented with a mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The total body radioactivity effect, which is similar to the total body opacification during intravenous cholangiography or urography, was clearly demonstrated as a cold area corresponding to the cyst and assisted in the diagnosis. The specific finding was sequential filling of the gallbladder and cyst. In view of the relatively low radiation dose and good physical characteristics of 99mTc for imaging, 99mTc-PG sequential scintiphotography is useful for the definitive preoperative diagnosis of choledochal cyst in infants and children.", "PMID": 657652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7499", "title": "Surgical correction of gait abnormalities following stroke.", "content": "Lower extremity abnormalities in stroke patients can be reliably improved by surgery. Surgical treatment is most frequently recommended for patients with: equinovarus; toe curling; excessive hip and knee flexion; limb scissoring. Unless the patient's disability is so severe he cannot walk, the operation is performed not before 6 and preferably not until 9 months after sroke.", "contents": "Surgical correction of gait abnormalities following stroke. Lower extremity abnormalities in stroke patients can be reliably improved by surgery. Surgical treatment is most frequently recommended for patients with: equinovarus; toe curling; excessive hip and knee flexion; limb scissoring. Unless the patient's disability is so severe he cannot walk, the operation is performed not before 6 and preferably not until 9 months after sroke.", "PMID": 657645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7500", "title": "Right subhepatic abscesses detected by technetium liver scans.", "content": "A focal defect at the inferior margin of the right lobe of the liver was found in two patients with subhepatic abscesses. This defect must be differentiated from the porta hepatis and the gallbladder fossa. When technetium liver scans are obtained in patients with usspect abdominal abscesses, the inferior margin of the right lobe of the liver should be carefully scrutinized so that right subhepatic abscesses will not be overlooked.", "contents": "Right subhepatic abscesses detected by technetium liver scans. A focal defect at the inferior margin of the right lobe of the liver was found in two patients with subhepatic abscesses. This defect must be differentiated from the porta hepatis and the gallbladder fossa. When technetium liver scans are obtained in patients with usspect abdominal abscesses, the inferior margin of the right lobe of the liver should be carefully scrutinized so that right subhepatic abscesses will not be overlooked.", "PMID": 657653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7501", "title": "New approaches to the nursing care of the stroke patient.", "content": "Prevention and maintenance constitute a large part of the nurse's role in caring for the stroke patient during the acute stage of his illness. The nurse must have knowledge of both the subjective and objective effects of a stroke to formulate an effective Nursing Care Plan. Consistency is vital in providing an environment in which a stroke patient can relearn fundamental activities. Confusion, and thus the diminished ability to learn, is often relieved by familiarity and predictability of surroundings, persons, and routines. Nursing's participation in positioning, range of motion exercises, bowel and bladder retraining and providing appropriate sensory input is essential. The nurse must assume the role of coordinator and evaluator of the patient's rehabilitation, using 24 hour-a-day observation coupled with educational background and experience, to determine obs-acles and assess the patient's ability to resume living in his previous environment.", "contents": "New approaches to the nursing care of the stroke patient. Prevention and maintenance constitute a large part of the nurse's role in caring for the stroke patient during the acute stage of his illness. The nurse must have knowledge of both the subjective and objective effects of a stroke to formulate an effective Nursing Care Plan. Consistency is vital in providing an environment in which a stroke patient can relearn fundamental activities. Confusion, and thus the diminished ability to learn, is often relieved by familiarity and predictability of surroundings, persons, and routines. Nursing's participation in positioning, range of motion exercises, bowel and bladder retraining and providing appropriate sensory input is essential. The nurse must assume the role of coordinator and evaluator of the patient's rehabilitation, using 24 hour-a-day observation coupled with educational background and experience, to determine obs-acles and assess the patient's ability to resume living in his previous environment.", "PMID": 657647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7502", "title": "Rehabilitation of the communicatively impaired stroke patient.", "content": "The stroke patient who has lost the ability to communicate has lost more than the ability to talk. To one degree or another, he has lost the ability to understand his environment, the ability to structure his thought process internally in a logical and meaningful order, and the ability to formulate language in a logical and meaningful order. The ability to structure one's thoughts and ideas internally, as well as the ability to communicate them to others, are intrinsic factors in an individual's ability to motivate himself to establish a goal and to pursue the acquisition of that goal. Therefore, the successful physical rehabilitation of the stroke patient with a communication disorder rests heavily upon an understanding and a resolution of his communication problem.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the communicatively impaired stroke patient. The stroke patient who has lost the ability to communicate has lost more than the ability to talk. To one degree or another, he has lost the ability to understand his environment, the ability to structure his thought process internally in a logical and meaningful order, and the ability to formulate language in a logical and meaningful order. The ability to structure one's thoughts and ideas internally, as well as the ability to communicate them to others, are intrinsic factors in an individual's ability to motivate himself to establish a goal and to pursue the acquisition of that goal. Therefore, the successful physical rehabilitation of the stroke patient with a communication disorder rests heavily upon an understanding and a resolution of his communication problem.", "PMID": 657648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7503", "title": "The jugular venous reflux.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the various patterns with which the jugular venous reflux may occur in cerebral dynamic studies. The importance of identifying this phenomenon is stressed.", "contents": "The jugular venous reflux. Attention is drawn to the various patterns with which the jugular venous reflux may occur in cerebral dynamic studies. The importance of identifying this phenomenon is stressed.", "PMID": 657654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7504", "title": "Benign chondroblastoma of talus demonstrated by skeletal scanning.", "content": "A patient with a benign condroblastoma of the talus bone is described. A review of the pathogenesis and more common sites of predilection of this unusual tumor is presented. This is the first case, to our knowlege, shown by labeled phosphate scanning.", "contents": "Benign chondroblastoma of talus demonstrated by skeletal scanning. A patient with a benign condroblastoma of the talus bone is described. A review of the pathogenesis and more common sites of predilection of this unusual tumor is presented. This is the first case, to our knowlege, shown by labeled phosphate scanning.", "PMID": 657655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7505", "title": "Radionuclide angiocardiography: use in the detection of myocardial rhabdomyoma.", "content": "A neonate with a large rhabdomyoma of the heart was evaluated with radionuclide angiocardiography. The images revealed a \"cold\" area on the inferior surface of the heart which displaced the left ventricle. The findings were correlated with radiographic angiocardiography and were verified at surgery and autopsy. The value of this noninvasive technique in the evaluation of a seriously ill neonate is stressed.", "contents": "Radionuclide angiocardiography: use in the detection of myocardial rhabdomyoma. A neonate with a large rhabdomyoma of the heart was evaluated with radionuclide angiocardiography. The images revealed a \"cold\" area on the inferior surface of the heart which displaced the left ventricle. The findings were correlated with radiographic angiocardiography and were verified at surgery and autopsy. The value of this noninvasive technique in the evaluation of a seriously ill neonate is stressed.", "PMID": 657661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7506", "title": "The use of indium-111-labeled leukocytes for abscess detection.", "content": "A case is reported in which a labeled white cell scan was helpful in the diagnosis of a periappendiceal abscess. The method of labeling is described and the usefulness of the technique discussed.", "contents": "The use of indium-111-labeled leukocytes for abscess detection. A case is reported in which a labeled white cell scan was helpful in the diagnosis of a periappendiceal abscess. The method of labeling is described and the usefulness of the technique discussed.", "PMID": 657662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7507", "title": "Abnormal renal uptake in indium-111-chloride scanning.", "content": "A patient with severe alcoholic liver disease, in whom there was almost complete suppression of function of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver as noted on a 99mTc-SC scan is discussed. Obstructive biliary disease was suggested on 131I-rose bengal imaging. The depressed RES function was confirmed on 111In-chloride scan, showing abnormal uptake in the kidneys which could be secondary to inflammatory infiltration in the renal parenchyma from urinary tract infection with gamma enterococci.", "contents": "Abnormal renal uptake in indium-111-chloride scanning. A patient with severe alcoholic liver disease, in whom there was almost complete suppression of function of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver as noted on a 99mTc-SC scan is discussed. Obstructive biliary disease was suggested on 131I-rose bengal imaging. The depressed RES function was confirmed on 111In-chloride scan, showing abnormal uptake in the kidneys which could be secondary to inflammatory infiltration in the renal parenchyma from urinary tract infection with gamma enterococci.", "PMID": 657663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7508", "title": "Hypertrophic Riedel's lobe of the liver.", "content": "Riedel's lobe, noted on 99mTc-sulfur colloid liver scintigraphy, was present in 86 (3.3%) of 2604 patients reviewed. Hypertrophied Riedel's lobe was found in 30 cases of which 25 (83%) were females and 5 (17%) were males. Liver scintigraphy will detect the presence of a hypertrophied Riedel's lobe and is recommended in all cases of right sided abdominal masses.", "contents": "Hypertrophic Riedel's lobe of the liver. Riedel's lobe, noted on 99mTc-sulfur colloid liver scintigraphy, was present in 86 (3.3%) of 2604 patients reviewed. Hypertrophied Riedel's lobe was found in 30 cases of which 25 (83%) were females and 5 (17%) were males. Liver scintigraphy will detect the presence of a hypertrophied Riedel's lobe and is recommended in all cases of right sided abdominal masses.", "PMID": 657671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7509", "title": "Doughnut phenomenon in bone scintigraphy.", "content": "A doughnut phenomenon was observed in bone scintigraphy in three cases of metastatic thyroid carcinoma to the skull. Additional dynamic and static studies were performed to evaluate the relative roles of vascularity, vessel permeability and new bone formation in producing this phenomenon. This was accomplished through the use of 99mTc-diphosphonate, 99mTc-labeled red blood cells and 99mTc-pertechnetate. The important factor was found to be a new  bone formation. Late uptake of diphosphonate was shown only in the periphery of the lesion, where formation of new bone takes place. This occurred even in the presence of increased vascularity and vessel permeability in the lesion as a whole.", "contents": "Doughnut phenomenon in bone scintigraphy. A doughnut phenomenon was observed in bone scintigraphy in three cases of metastatic thyroid carcinoma to the skull. Additional dynamic and static studies were performed to evaluate the relative roles of vascularity, vessel permeability and new bone formation in producing this phenomenon. This was accomplished through the use of 99mTc-diphosphonate, 99mTc-labeled red blood cells and 99mTc-pertechnetate. The important factor was found to be a new  bone formation. Late uptake of diphosphonate was shown only in the periphery of the lesion, where formation of new bone takes place. This occurred even in the presence of increased vascularity and vessel permeability in the lesion as a whole.", "PMID": 657672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7510", "title": "Bone scan in sickle cell crisis.", "content": "99mTc-diphosphonate bone scans of 13 patients in acute sickle crisis were analyzed. Twelve of the 13 patients had abnormal scans, with increased activity in joints and skull being a common finding. One patient with splenic calcification and two patients without splenic calcification had splenic uptake of diphosphonate. Most of the abnormal scans showed hot areas, with cold areas seen only in four cases. There was no correlation between the site of pain clinically and the abnormal areas on scanning. The pathophysiology of the abnormal uptake of radioactivity and the role of bone scanning on sickle cell disease are discussed.", "contents": "Bone scan in sickle cell crisis. 99mTc-diphosphonate bone scans of 13 patients in acute sickle crisis were analyzed. Twelve of the 13 patients had abnormal scans, with increased activity in joints and skull being a common finding. One patient with splenic calcification and two patients without splenic calcification had splenic uptake of diphosphonate. Most of the abnormal scans showed hot areas, with cold areas seen only in four cases. There was no correlation between the site of pain clinically and the abnormal areas on scanning. The pathophysiology of the abnormal uptake of radioactivity and the role of bone scanning on sickle cell disease are discussed.", "PMID": 657673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7511", "title": "Is the anterior bone scan necessary in the diagnosis of osseous metastases?", "content": "Bone imaging studies of 1650 patients with known or strongly suspected extraosseous malignancies were reviewed to determine whether a completely negative posterior view was sufficient to exclude metastatic disease. Of 708 negative posterior images, 27 (3.4%) were positive for metastasis on anterior views. All of the anterior lesions were in the sternium, sternoclavicular joints and first four ribs. When the posterior view is positive, further views may be unnecessary. Negative or equivocal posterior images necessitate anterior views of the thoracic cage.", "contents": "Is the anterior bone scan necessary in the diagnosis of osseous metastases? Bone imaging studies of 1650 patients with known or strongly suspected extraosseous malignancies were reviewed to determine whether a completely negative posterior view was sufficient to exclude metastatic disease. Of 708 negative posterior images, 27 (3.4%) were positive for metastasis on anterior views. All of the anterior lesions were in the sternium, sternoclavicular joints and first four ribs. When the posterior view is positive, further views may be unnecessary. Negative or equivocal posterior images necessitate anterior views of the thoracic cage.", "PMID": 657674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7512", "title": "Intracoronary myocardial perfusion imaging: patterns in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Myocardial imaging following the intracoronary injection of radiolabeled particles is used to identify transmural scars in patients being evaluated for coronary atherosclerosis. Selective imaging of the microcirculation derived from each major coronary vessel is accomplished using a dual radionuclide technique. This report illustrates the various normal and abnormal imaging patterns encountered in patients with coronary artery disease. The regional myocardial nomenclature proposed by the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Surgery is used. Correlation of the nuclear study with the contrast arteriogram and ventriculogram is essential for identifying both transmural scars and regions of collateral circulation. The procedure is safe and can be performed during routine coronary angiography.", "contents": "Intracoronary myocardial perfusion imaging: patterns in patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial imaging following the intracoronary injection of radiolabeled particles is used to identify transmural scars in patients being evaluated for coronary atherosclerosis. Selective imaging of the microcirculation derived from each major coronary vessel is accomplished using a dual radionuclide technique. This report illustrates the various normal and abnormal imaging patterns encountered in patients with coronary artery disease. The regional myocardial nomenclature proposed by the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Surgery is used. Correlation of the nuclear study with the contrast arteriogram and ventriculogram is essential for identifying both transmural scars and regions of collateral circulation. The procedure is safe and can be performed during routine coronary angiography.", "PMID": 657675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7513", "title": "The role of 67Ga in an unusual form of American Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "An uncommon primary site for an American Burkitt's lymphoma in the nasopharyngeal region was demonstrated by radiogallium imaging in a 14-year-old white boy. Fifth cranial nerve involvement and cerebrospinal fluid cytology for Burkitt's responded initially to four drug chemotherapy with objective reduction in the tumor radiogallium uptake. Clinical relapse and recurrence of the tumor radiogallium uptake in less than three weeks following the completion of therapy was observed. Local irradiation and chemotherapy successfully reduced the symptoms and eliminated the radiogallium tumor uptake. Radiogallium imaging is advocated as a principal method for staging and monitoring the course of Burkitt's lymphoma.", "contents": "The role of 67Ga in an unusual form of American Burkitt's lymphoma. An uncommon primary site for an American Burkitt's lymphoma in the nasopharyngeal region was demonstrated by radiogallium imaging in a 14-year-old white boy. Fifth cranial nerve involvement and cerebrospinal fluid cytology for Burkitt's responded initially to four drug chemotherapy with objective reduction in the tumor radiogallium uptake. Clinical relapse and recurrence of the tumor radiogallium uptake in less than three weeks following the completion of therapy was observed. Local irradiation and chemotherapy successfully reduced the symptoms and eliminated the radiogallium tumor uptake. Radiogallium imaging is advocated as a principal method for staging and monitoring the course of Burkitt's lymphoma.", "PMID": 657676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7514", "title": "Abnormal gallium scan in regional enteritis.", "content": "Regional enteritis in a 41-year-old woman was localized on a 67Ga-citrate scan, appearing as a well-circumscribed abnormality in the pelvis simulating an abscess or a malignant neoplasm. Gallium-67-citrate scintigraphy is useful in localizing granulomatous inflammations including regional enteritis, and its use may be beneficial in evaluating the extent and the state of disease process.", "contents": "Abnormal gallium scan in regional enteritis. Regional enteritis in a 41-year-old woman was localized on a 67Ga-citrate scan, appearing as a well-circumscribed abnormality in the pelvis simulating an abscess or a malignant neoplasm. Gallium-67-citrate scintigraphy is useful in localizing granulomatous inflammations including regional enteritis, and its use may be beneficial in evaluating the extent and the state of disease process.", "PMID": 657677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7515", "title": "\"Lunch syndrome,\" a bone-scanning artifact: case report.", "content": "After a photon-deficient area in the region of the stomach under the ribs on the left side was noted in some bone-scanning patients, a successful attempt was made to produce the artifact by having a cooperative patient eat a large lunch. The comparison of the scans before and after lunch showed the presence of a postprandial artifact in the area in question. It is important not to confuse this artifact with a space-occupying avascular mass in that part of the abdomen.", "contents": "\"Lunch syndrome,\" a bone-scanning artifact: case report. After a photon-deficient area in the region of the stomach under the ribs on the left side was noted in some bone-scanning patients, a successful attempt was made to produce the artifact by having a cooperative patient eat a large lunch. The comparison of the scans before and after lunch showed the presence of a postprandial artifact in the area in question. It is important not to confuse this artifact with a space-occupying avascular mass in that part of the abdomen.", "PMID": 657678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7516", "title": "Demonstration of superior vena caval obstruction and \"hot spot\" on liver scan in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "A case of total superior vena cava obstruction and \"hot spot\" in the liver demonstrated by a radiocolloid liver scan in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the anterior mediastinum, is presented. The study showed total obstruction of the superior vena cava and the presence of collateral circulation. The patient received radiation therapy, and a subsequent radiocolloid study showed relief of the obstruction and disappearance of the \"hot spot.\"", "contents": "Demonstration of superior vena caval obstruction and \"hot spot\" on liver scan in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A case of total superior vena cava obstruction and \"hot spot\" in the liver demonstrated by a radiocolloid liver scan in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the anterior mediastinum, is presented. The study showed total obstruction of the superior vena cava and the presence of collateral circulation. The patient received radiation therapy, and a subsequent radiocolloid study showed relief of the obstruction and disappearance of the \"hot spot.\"", "PMID": 657679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7517", "title": "The validity of 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate (P.G.) cholescintigraphy as a diagnostic test for cholecystitis.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the diagnostic value (validity) of technetium-99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate cholescintigraphy (99mTc-PGC) in patients with and without cholecystitis and to compare its validity to those of oral cholecystography (OC) and ultrasonography (US). 99mTc-PGC was applied to 50 patients with acute, subacute, and/or chronic cholecystitis with cystic duct obstruction proven histologically and operatively, and also to 27 non-diseased volunteers and 43 patients with right upper quadrant abdominal pain who subsequently were proven free of gallbladder disease. In addition, 38 patients had OC, and 31 had US performed. The results shows that the sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-PGC were 100%. Whereas for OC the sensitivity was 87%, specificity was 100%. For US the sensitivity was 70%, and specificity was 93%. The repeatability of 99mTc-PGC, OC, and US were 100%, 97% and 81% respectively. These data show that 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate cholescintigraphy is a valid diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with cholecystitis, and is also safe and simple.", "contents": "The validity of 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate (P.G.) cholescintigraphy as a diagnostic test for cholecystitis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the diagnostic value (validity) of technetium-99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate cholescintigraphy (99mTc-PGC) in patients with and without cholecystitis and to compare its validity to those of oral cholecystography (OC) and ultrasonography (US). 99mTc-PGC was applied to 50 patients with acute, subacute, and/or chronic cholecystitis with cystic duct obstruction proven histologically and operatively, and also to 27 non-diseased volunteers and 43 patients with right upper quadrant abdominal pain who subsequently were proven free of gallbladder disease. In addition, 38 patients had OC, and 31 had US performed. The results shows that the sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-PGC were 100%. Whereas for OC the sensitivity was 87%, specificity was 100%. For US the sensitivity was 70%, and specificity was 93%. The repeatability of 99mTc-PGC, OC, and US were 100%, 97% and 81% respectively. These data show that 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate cholescintigraphy is a valid diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with cholecystitis, and is also safe and simple.", "PMID": 657680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7518", "title": "Thyroid scintigram in familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Findings on thyroid scintigram were compared with results of thyroid palpation and size and location of C-cell disease in 68 thyroid lobes of 35 patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and high basal or stimulated plasma calcitonin values. Rectilinear scans showed cold nodules in 24 (35%) of 68 lobes. In three lobes, the cold nodules did not coincide with MTC (2 macrofollicular adenomas, 1 colloid goiter). Thus, the true positive rate for rectilinear scans was 31%. Palpation identified nodules in 20 lobes (29%), but the true positive rate was only 26%. Patients with MTC have high basal or stimulated calcitonin values long before the tumor is detectable by scan or even later by palpation. When the tumors were large enough to be seen on thyroid scans, the most frequently encountered single pattern was that of symmetrically located cold nodules in the middle of otherwise normal thyroid lobes. This pattern, if encountered in a thyroid scan, should raise the suspicion of MTC.", "contents": "Thyroid scintigram in familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Findings on thyroid scintigram were compared with results of thyroid palpation and size and location of C-cell disease in 68 thyroid lobes of 35 patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and high basal or stimulated plasma calcitonin values. Rectilinear scans showed cold nodules in 24 (35%) of 68 lobes. In three lobes, the cold nodules did not coincide with MTC (2 macrofollicular adenomas, 1 colloid goiter). Thus, the true positive rate for rectilinear scans was 31%. Palpation identified nodules in 20 lobes (29%), but the true positive rate was only 26%. Patients with MTC have high basal or stimulated calcitonin values long before the tumor is detectable by scan or even later by palpation. When the tumors were large enough to be seen on thyroid scans, the most frequently encountered single pattern was that of symmetrically located cold nodules in the middle of otherwise normal thyroid lobes. This pattern, if encountered in a thyroid scan, should raise the suspicion of MTC.", "PMID": 657681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7519", "title": "Ferrokinetics: methods and interpretation.", "content": "The measurement of erythroid activity is based on the study of plasma iron kinetics. The radioiron injected should be bound specifically to transferrin, and the measurement of plasma 59Fe activity should be corrected for variation in plasma iron concentration. In addition, 59Fe-transferrin activity should be measured free of 59Fe-haemoglobin contamination. Analysis of the plasma 59Fe clearance curve over 14 days can give measures of total, effective and ineffective erythropoiesis, together with the red cell lifespan. Simpler ferrokinetic studies cannot be reliably used to assess erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Ferrokinetics: methods and interpretation. The measurement of erythroid activity is based on the study of plasma iron kinetics. The radioiron injected should be bound specifically to transferrin, and the measurement of plasma 59Fe activity should be corrected for variation in plasma iron concentration. In addition, 59Fe-transferrin activity should be measured free of 59Fe-haemoglobin contamination. Analysis of the plasma 59Fe clearance curve over 14 days can give measures of total, effective and ineffective erythropoiesis, together with the red cell lifespan. Simpler ferrokinetic studies cannot be reliably used to assess erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 657685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7520", "title": "Children with psychogenic abdominal pain and their families. Management during hospitalization.", "content": "Children hospitalized with psychogenic abdominal pain and the children's families are discussed from the perspective of a child psychiatrist working within the pediatric hospital. Psychosocial and emotional difficulties for the child and parents are noted as families use somatic symptoms to deal with psychic distress. Principles for management are emphasized, utilizing a comprehensive team approach by physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. Through constructive use of hospitalization and informed follow-up, these children and their parents can be helped toward symptomatic improvement and a more meaningful understanding and resolution of their underlying emotional difficulties.", "contents": "Children with psychogenic abdominal pain and their families. Management during hospitalization. Children hospitalized with psychogenic abdominal pain and the children's families are discussed from the perspective of a child psychiatrist working within the pediatric hospital. Psychosocial and emotional difficulties for the child and parents are noted as families use somatic symptoms to deal with psychic distress. Principles for management are emphasized, utilizing a comprehensive team approach by physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. Through constructive use of hospitalization and informed follow-up, these children and their parents can be helped toward symptomatic improvement and a more meaningful understanding and resolution of their underlying emotional difficulties.", "PMID": 657693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7521", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of lithium: elimination half-time, renal clearance and apparent volume of distribution in schizophrenia.", "content": "The elimination half-time and renal clearance of lithium was measured in 12 schizophrenic patients. Minimum plasma lithium concentrations during alternate dosage intervals in 5 patients increased rapidly during the first 2 to 3 days of treatment and reached a steady state level after 5 to 6 days. After the establishment of the remaining 7 patients on lithium the decline in plasma lithium concentration when treatment was stopped was monoexponential. Elimination half-times ranged from 19.3 to 41.3 hours (mean +/- SD = 28.9 +/- 7.9h) and were significantly correlated with renal creatinine clearance (p less than 0.01). Renal lithium clearances ranged from 13.5 to 36.8 ml/min (mean +/- SD = 24.4 +/- 8.0 ml/min) and the apparent volumes of distribution ranged from 0.39 to 1.39 L/kg (mean +/- SD = 0.79 +/- 0.34 L/kg). There was no evidence that the elimination parameters of lithium in schizophrenic patients were significantly different from those in healthy individuals or manic-depressive patients.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of lithium: elimination half-time, renal clearance and apparent volume of distribution in schizophrenia. The elimination half-time and renal clearance of lithium was measured in 12 schizophrenic patients. Minimum plasma lithium concentrations during alternate dosage intervals in 5 patients increased rapidly during the first 2 to 3 days of treatment and reached a steady state level after 5 to 6 days. After the establishment of the remaining 7 patients on lithium the decline in plasma lithium concentration when treatment was stopped was monoexponential. Elimination half-times ranged from 19.3 to 41.3 hours (mean +/- SD = 28.9 +/- 7.9h) and were significantly correlated with renal creatinine clearance (p less than 0.01). Renal lithium clearances ranged from 13.5 to 36.8 ml/min (mean +/- SD = 24.4 +/- 8.0 ml/min) and the apparent volumes of distribution ranged from 0.39 to 1.39 L/kg (mean +/- SD = 0.79 +/- 0.34 L/kg). There was no evidence that the elimination parameters of lithium in schizophrenic patients were significantly different from those in healthy individuals or manic-depressive patients.", "PMID": 657687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7522", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of oral acetylcysteine: absorption, binding and metabolism in patients with respiratory disorders.", "content": "The fate of an oral 100 mg dose of 35S-acetylcysteine, a mucolytic agent, was studied in 10 patients with respiratory disorders, 5 of whom underwent pneumonectomy or lobectomy a few hours after administration of the drug. In the 5 nonoperated patients, plasma radioactivity concentrations were maximal after 2 to 3 hours and remained high after 24 hours; about 22% of radioactivity was excreted in urine after 24 hours. In the 5 operated patients, plasma radioactivity concentrations were comparable with those in the nonoperated patients. Lung tissue radioactivity concentrations after 5 hours were comparable with those in plasma, while the presence of small amounts of radioactivity in the bronchial secretions indicates that acetylcysteine passes into the mucus. Total radioactivity after 5 hours consisted of free, unchanged drug and metabolites (about 22% of total in plasma, 48% in lung tissue), unchanged drug bound to protein by means of labile disulphide bridges (about 14% in plasma, 47% in lung tissue), and drug firmly bound to protein (about 64% in plasma, 5% in lung tissue). Oral acetylcysteine is rapidly absorbed and slowly excreted and is available in the lung in an active form for at least 5 hours at high concentrations.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of oral acetylcysteine: absorption, binding and metabolism in patients with respiratory disorders. The fate of an oral 100 mg dose of 35S-acetylcysteine, a mucolytic agent, was studied in 10 patients with respiratory disorders, 5 of whom underwent pneumonectomy or lobectomy a few hours after administration of the drug. In the 5 nonoperated patients, plasma radioactivity concentrations were maximal after 2 to 3 hours and remained high after 24 hours; about 22% of radioactivity was excreted in urine after 24 hours. In the 5 operated patients, plasma radioactivity concentrations were comparable with those in the nonoperated patients. Lung tissue radioactivity concentrations after 5 hours were comparable with those in plasma, while the presence of small amounts of radioactivity in the bronchial secretions indicates that acetylcysteine passes into the mucus. Total radioactivity after 5 hours consisted of free, unchanged drug and metabolites (about 22% of total in plasma, 48% in lung tissue), unchanged drug bound to protein by means of labile disulphide bridges (about 14% in plasma, 47% in lung tissue), and drug firmly bound to protein (about 64% in plasma, 5% in lung tissue). Oral acetylcysteine is rapidly absorbed and slowly excreted and is available in the lung in an active form for at least 5 hours at high concentrations.", "PMID": 657688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7523", "title": "Congenital lobar emphysema.", "content": "Congenital lobar emphysema is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening cause of respiratory distress in the newborn. The clinical picture and radiologic findings are diagnostic. Lobectomy in the distressed neonate is curative. In infants with onset of symptoms between one and four months of age surgery may not be necessary. Etiology and pathology of congenital lobar emphysema are not clear at present and require further elucidation.", "contents": "Congenital lobar emphysema. Congenital lobar emphysema is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening cause of respiratory distress in the newborn. The clinical picture and radiologic findings are diagnostic. Lobectomy in the distressed neonate is curative. In infants with onset of symptoms between one and four months of age surgery may not be necessary. Etiology and pathology of congenital lobar emphysema are not clear at present and require further elucidation.", "PMID": 657700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7524", "title": "Intestinal atresia.", "content": "Forty-five patients with intestinal atresia, including 20 with duodenal, 21 with jejunoileal, and 3 with colonic obstruction, were encountered at the Yale-New Haven Hospital between 1970 and 1976. The  overall survival rate in the 43 operated cases was 93 per cent. The major reasons for the excellent operative survival with this malformation include: (1) the care received in a regional neonatal center; (2) the early recognition and appropriate case selection, denying operation unless mandated in babies with duodenal atresia and trisomy 21; (3) primary repair using modern surgical techniques which minimize anastomotic complications and the \"blind-loop\" and \"short gut syndrome\"; and (4) the use of uncomplicated long-term total parenteral nutrition in approximately one-half of operated cases.", "contents": "Intestinal atresia. Forty-five patients with intestinal atresia, including 20 with duodenal, 21 with jejunoileal, and 3 with colonic obstruction, were encountered at the Yale-New Haven Hospital between 1970 and 1976. The  overall survival rate in the 43 operated cases was 93 per cent. The major reasons for the excellent operative survival with this malformation include: (1) the care received in a regional neonatal center; (2) the early recognition and appropriate case selection, denying operation unless mandated in babies with duodenal atresia and trisomy 21; (3) primary repair using modern surgical techniques which minimize anastomotic complications and the \"blind-loop\" and \"short gut syndrome\"; and (4) the use of uncomplicated long-term total parenteral nutrition in approximately one-half of operated cases.", "PMID": 657706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7525", "title": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: hypoplastic lung and pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "The abnormal pulmonary vasculature of the infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia combined with a single expanded lung creates persistent pulmonary hypertension. Survival depends on the ability of the myocardium to withstand this increased work load until the second lung expands and pulmonary hypertension ceases.", "contents": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: hypoplastic lung and pulmonary vasoconstriction. The abnormal pulmonary vasculature of the infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia combined with a single expanded lung creates persistent pulmonary hypertension. Survival depends on the ability of the myocardium to withstand this increased work load until the second lung expands and pulmonary hypertension ceases.", "PMID": 657709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7526", "title": "Biliary excretion of vincristine.", "content": "A patient with pancreatic carcinoma and a choledochal T tube was given tritiated vincristine sulfate ([3H]-VCR) intravenously. Peak biliary excretion occurred in 2 to 4 hr and this sample contained 9.7% of the injected radioactivity. The first 24-hr bile sample contained 21.7% of the dose and 76.4% of the cumulative 72-hr biliary excretion. During a 3-day period of observation, 4.2%, 45.6%, and 49.6% of the excreted radiolabel was present in the feces, urine, and bile, respectively. Products of VCR metabolism and decomposition appeared in the bile rapidly; only 46.5% of the drug was present in the parent form in the 2-hr collection. Since significant amounts of these products were also identified in control specimens of bile, blood, plasma, and buffer alone after brief periods of incubation, the origin and nature of the species appearing in the bile remain unclear. Observing the fecal route to be the major source of elimination of radiolabel following intravenous injection of [3H]-VCR in our patients previously, we now conclude the biliary system to be the principal route of excretion of VCR and its products. Hepatic dysfunction might therefore alter elimination kinetics and increase the exposure to VCR and its products which might augment toxicity and require dose modification.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of vincristine. A patient with pancreatic carcinoma and a choledochal T tube was given tritiated vincristine sulfate ([3H]-VCR) intravenously. Peak biliary excretion occurred in 2 to 4 hr and this sample contained 9.7% of the injected radioactivity. The first 24-hr bile sample contained 21.7% of the dose and 76.4% of the cumulative 72-hr biliary excretion. During a 3-day period of observation, 4.2%, 45.6%, and 49.6% of the excreted radiolabel was present in the feces, urine, and bile, respectively. Products of VCR metabolism and decomposition appeared in the bile rapidly; only 46.5% of the drug was present in the parent form in the 2-hr collection. Since significant amounts of these products were also identified in control specimens of bile, blood, plasma, and buffer alone after brief periods of incubation, the origin and nature of the species appearing in the bile remain unclear. Observing the fecal route to be the major source of elimination of radiolabel following intravenous injection of [3H]-VCR in our patients previously, we now conclude the biliary system to be the principal route of excretion of VCR and its products. Hepatic dysfunction might therefore alter elimination kinetics and increase the exposure to VCR and its products which might augment toxicity and require dose modification.", "PMID": 657711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7527", "title": "Kinetics of mezlocillin and carbenicillin.", "content": "The kinetics of mezlocillin, a semisynthetic acylureido penicillin, more active than carbenicillin against many gram-negative bacteria, were compared with those of carbenicillin. Following an intravenous infusion of 4 gm in 5 min to 8 normal men there was an average serum level of 294 microgram/ml for mezlocillin and 365 microgram/ml for carbenicillin. The t1/2 for mezlocillin was 47 min and that for carbencillin was 70 min. The apparent volume of distribution was 13.4 L for mezlocillin and 14.4 L for carbenicillin. The mean urinary recovery of mezlocillin was 72% and that for carbenicillin was 92%. Constant infusion of 5 mg of mezlocillin over 2 hr gave steady-state levels of 234 microgram/ml. Half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and serum and renal clearance of mezlocillin after constant infusion were in the same range as those after rapid infusion.", "contents": "Kinetics of mezlocillin and carbenicillin. The kinetics of mezlocillin, a semisynthetic acylureido penicillin, more active than carbenicillin against many gram-negative bacteria, were compared with those of carbenicillin. Following an intravenous infusion of 4 gm in 5 min to 8 normal men there was an average serum level of 294 microgram/ml for mezlocillin and 365 microgram/ml for carbenicillin. The t1/2 for mezlocillin was 47 min and that for carbencillin was 70 min. The apparent volume of distribution was 13.4 L for mezlocillin and 14.4 L for carbenicillin. The mean urinary recovery of mezlocillin was 72% and that for carbenicillin was 92%. Constant infusion of 5 mg of mezlocillin over 2 hr gave steady-state levels of 234 microgram/ml. Half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and serum and renal clearance of mezlocillin after constant infusion were in the same range as those after rapid infusion.", "PMID": 657712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7528", "title": "Oral clonidine loading for rapid control of hypertension.", "content": "In order to determine the efficacy and safety of oral clonidine loading to control hypertension rapidly, 15 patients received 0.1 or 0.2 mg clonidine initially followed by hourly doses of 0.1 mg until the blood pressure was substantially reduced or until a total of 0.5 mg had been given. Twelve (80%) responded with a reduction in mean blood pressure of 33 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg in an average time of 2.25 hr. Side effects were minimal. Four of the 5 patients hospitalized solely for purposes of blood pressure control responded to clonidine loading and were discharged the next day. Clonidine loading proved to be safe and effective for rapid control of hypertension and may be preferred to intravenous antihypertensives for some indications.", "contents": "Oral clonidine loading for rapid control of hypertension. In order to determine the efficacy and safety of oral clonidine loading to control hypertension rapidly, 15 patients received 0.1 or 0.2 mg clonidine initially followed by hourly doses of 0.1 mg until the blood pressure was substantially reduced or until a total of 0.5 mg had been given. Twelve (80%) responded with a reduction in mean blood pressure of 33 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg in an average time of 2.25 hr. Side effects were minimal. Four of the 5 patients hospitalized solely for purposes of blood pressure control responded to clonidine loading and were discharged the next day. Clonidine loading proved to be safe and effective for rapid control of hypertension and may be preferred to intravenous antihypertensives for some indications.", "PMID": 657713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7529", "title": "Automated monitoring of drug-test interactions.", "content": "A computer-based file of the effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests was used in a university hospital to generate reports of all potential interactions between the drugs administered to a patient and the laboratory tests ordered on his body fluids. More than 13,000 patient days were monitored in four different nursing units. The physician users of the system indicated that automatic reporting of possible drug-test interactions had both educational and clinical value. A critical review of patient charts suggested that automatic reporting of drug-test interactions caused physicians to alter therapy in about 0.1% of instances in which a report was generated. The users themselves indicated that they altered treatment as a result of the reports in a substantially greater number of cases.", "contents": "Automated monitoring of drug-test interactions. A computer-based file of the effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests was used in a university hospital to generate reports of all potential interactions between the drugs administered to a patient and the laboratory tests ordered on his body fluids. More than 13,000 patient days were monitored in four different nursing units. The physician users of the system indicated that automatic reporting of possible drug-test interactions had both educational and clinical value. A critical review of patient charts suggested that automatic reporting of drug-test interactions caused physicians to alter therapy in about 0.1% of instances in which a report was generated. The users themselves indicated that they altered treatment as a result of the reports in a substantially greater number of cases.", "PMID": 657715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7530", "title": "Steady-state serum levels of quinidine and active metabolites in cardiac patients with varying degrees of renal function.", "content": "The concentrations of quinidine, (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine (3-OH), and 2'-oxoquinidinone (2'-OXO) in serum samples from 25 patients on long-term quinidine therapy were determined by a high-pressure liquid chromatography assay. Large individual variation in the levels of each of the compounds measured was observed. After correcting for differences in protein binding, the ratio of 3-OH/quinidine in serum water is 0.61 +/- 0.31 (SD) and the ratio of 2'-OXO/quinidine is 0.39 +/- 0.44. Seven of the 25 patients had serum water levels of one of these metabolites similar to or greater than that of quinidine. The quinidine levels, after normalizing for dose, are significantly higher in hemodialysis patients (about twice) than in nonazotemic patients; azotemic patients have mean values intermediate between them. Quinidine, 3-OH, and 2'-OXO are equally potent antiarrhythmic drugs (ED50 = 0.18, 0.17, and 0.21 mmoles/kg, respectively) when tested against chloroform- and hypoxia-induced ventricular fibrillation in mice. O-Desmethylquinidine, a new metabolite detected in urine of quinidine-treated patients, is less active. Quinidine and 2'-OXO are equally potent (ED50 = 0.010 mmoles/kg), while 3-OH seems less potent and more toxic when tested against BaCl2-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rabbits. Thus, these metabolites appear to contribute to the effects of quinidine and may make a significant contribution in some cases.", "contents": "Steady-state serum levels of quinidine and active metabolites in cardiac patients with varying degrees of renal function. The concentrations of quinidine, (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine (3-OH), and 2'-oxoquinidinone (2'-OXO) in serum samples from 25 patients on long-term quinidine therapy were determined by a high-pressure liquid chromatography assay. Large individual variation in the levels of each of the compounds measured was observed. After correcting for differences in protein binding, the ratio of 3-OH/quinidine in serum water is 0.61 +/- 0.31 (SD) and the ratio of 2'-OXO/quinidine is 0.39 +/- 0.44. Seven of the 25 patients had serum water levels of one of these metabolites similar to or greater than that of quinidine. The quinidine levels, after normalizing for dose, are significantly higher in hemodialysis patients (about twice) than in nonazotemic patients; azotemic patients have mean values intermediate between them. Quinidine, 3-OH, and 2'-OXO are equally potent antiarrhythmic drugs (ED50 = 0.18, 0.17, and 0.21 mmoles/kg, respectively) when tested against chloroform- and hypoxia-induced ventricular fibrillation in mice. O-Desmethylquinidine, a new metabolite detected in urine of quinidine-treated patients, is less active. Quinidine and 2'-OXO are equally potent (ED50 = 0.010 mmoles/kg), while 3-OH seems less potent and more toxic when tested against BaCl2-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rabbits. Thus, these metabolites appear to contribute to the effects of quinidine and may make a significant contribution in some cases.", "PMID": 657716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7531", "title": "Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance.", "content": "The elimination of caffeine from saliva was compared in groups of healthy smokers (n = 13) and nonsmokers (n = 13). Mean caffeine t1/2 in smokers (3.5 hr) was shorter than that in the nonsmokers (6.0 hr). The body clearance of caffeine in the smokers (155 +/- 16 ml . kg-1 . hr-1) was greater than that in the nonsmokers (94 +/- 18 ml . kg-1 . hr-1) (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was noted in the apparent volume of distribution in smokers (720 +/- 67 ml . kg-1) and nonsmokers (610 +/- 80 ml . kg-1). These differences probably reflect the induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in smokers. The increased clearance of caffeine by smokers may contribute to the higher consumption of coffee reported to occur in this group.", "contents": "Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance. The elimination of caffeine from saliva was compared in groups of healthy smokers (n = 13) and nonsmokers (n = 13). Mean caffeine t1/2 in smokers (3.5 hr) was shorter than that in the nonsmokers (6.0 hr). The body clearance of caffeine in the smokers (155 +/- 16 ml . kg-1 . hr-1) was greater than that in the nonsmokers (94 +/- 18 ml . kg-1 . hr-1) (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was noted in the apparent volume of distribution in smokers (720 +/- 67 ml . kg-1) and nonsmokers (610 +/- 80 ml . kg-1). These differences probably reflect the induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in smokers. The increased clearance of caffeine by smokers may contribute to the higher consumption of coffee reported to occur in this group.", "PMID": 657717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7532", "title": "Is phenytoin metabolism dose-dependent by enzyme saturation or by feedback inhibition?", "content": "The suggestion from animal experiments that phenytoin metabolism may be dose-dependent in man due to feedback inhibition by the major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, was examined in 3 normal subjects by measuring phenytoin clearance during an intravenous infusion of the metabolite and during a control infusion of solvent. Clearance was measured using both carbon-labeled and unlabeled phenytoin. The infusion of metabolite did not produce any consistent change of phenytoin clearance, suggesting that feedback inhibition does not occur in man.", "contents": "Is phenytoin metabolism dose-dependent by enzyme saturation or by feedback inhibition? The suggestion from animal experiments that phenytoin metabolism may be dose-dependent in man due to feedback inhibition by the major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, was examined in 3 normal subjects by measuring phenytoin clearance during an intravenous infusion of the metabolite and during a control infusion of solvent. Clearance was measured using both carbon-labeled and unlabeled phenytoin. The infusion of metabolite did not produce any consistent change of phenytoin clearance, suggesting that feedback inhibition does not occur in man.", "PMID": 657718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7533", "title": "Kinetics of intravenous and intramuscular morphine.", "content": "The disposition of parenteral morphine was assessed in two pharmacokinetic studies. In Study 1, 10 mg of morphine sulfate was administered by intravenous (IV) infusion, intramuscular (IM) injection, or both, to 8 healthy young adult male volunteers. Plasma morphine concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in multiple blood samples drawn after each dose. Mean (+/-SE) kinetic parameters following IV morphine were: volume of distribution (Vd), 3.2 (+/- 0.3) L/kg; elimination half-life (t1/2beta), 2.9 (+/- 0.5) hr; clearance, 14.7 (+/- 0.9) ml/min/kg; extraction ratio, 0.70 (+/- 0.04). After IM morphine, peak plasma levels ranged from 51 to 62 ng/ml and were reached within 20 min of injection. The absorption half-life averaged 7.7 (+/- 1.6) min. Systemic availability was 100% complete. In study 2, 4 elderly male patients (61 to 80 yr of age) received 45 to 80 mg of morphine sulfate IV prior to operative repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Morphine pharmacokinetics were determined as described above. Kinetic variables were Vd, 4.7 (+/- 0.2) L/kg; t1/2beta, 4.5 (+/- 0.3) hr; clearance, 12.4 (+/- 1.2) ml/min/kg; extraction ratio, 0.59 (+/- 0.05). Both studies demonstrate that morphine distribution is rapid and extensive and its t1/2beta relatively short. IM morphine is rapidly and completely absorbed.", "contents": "Kinetics of intravenous and intramuscular morphine. The disposition of parenteral morphine was assessed in two pharmacokinetic studies. In Study 1, 10 mg of morphine sulfate was administered by intravenous (IV) infusion, intramuscular (IM) injection, or both, to 8 healthy young adult male volunteers. Plasma morphine concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in multiple blood samples drawn after each dose. Mean (+/-SE) kinetic parameters following IV morphine were: volume of distribution (Vd), 3.2 (+/- 0.3) L/kg; elimination half-life (t1/2beta), 2.9 (+/- 0.5) hr; clearance, 14.7 (+/- 0.9) ml/min/kg; extraction ratio, 0.70 (+/- 0.04). After IM morphine, peak plasma levels ranged from 51 to 62 ng/ml and were reached within 20 min of injection. The absorption half-life averaged 7.7 (+/- 1.6) min. Systemic availability was 100% complete. In study 2, 4 elderly male patients (61 to 80 yr of age) received 45 to 80 mg of morphine sulfate IV prior to operative repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Morphine pharmacokinetics were determined as described above. Kinetic variables were Vd, 4.7 (+/- 0.2) L/kg; t1/2beta, 4.5 (+/- 0.3) hr; clearance, 12.4 (+/- 1.2) ml/min/kg; extraction ratio, 0.59 (+/- 0.05). Both studies demonstrate that morphine distribution is rapid and extensive and its t1/2beta relatively short. IM morphine is rapidly and completely absorbed.", "PMID": 657720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7534", "title": "Plasma codeine and morphine concentrations after therapeutic oral doses of codeine-containing analgesics.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine were determined by specific radioimmunoassays in healthy human subjects at various times following oral administration of analgesic preparations containing therapeutic doses of codeine phosphate. Following administration of codeine phosphate (60 mg) in combination with aspirin (650 mg) or acetaminophen (600 mg) to two separate groups, mean peak codeine plasma concentrations and beta-phase elimination half-lives were 159 ng/ml and 2.9 hr or 138 ng/ml and 2.4 hr, respectively. Mean maximum concentrations of metabolically produced morphine were 6.8 ng/ml (aspirin-codeine phosphate administration) and 7.4 ng/ml (acetaminophen-codeine phosphate). Following drug administration, the mean ratio of the areas under the respective plasma concentration-time curves for morphine and codeine was 0.095 for the aspirin-codeine phosphate study and 0.12 for the acetaminophen-codeine phosphate study. Thus, free morphine represented about 10% of the free codeine area in each case. These results support the hypothesis that metabolically produced morphine may influence or be responsible for the analgesic efficacy of codeine.", "contents": "Plasma codeine and morphine concentrations after therapeutic oral doses of codeine-containing analgesics. Plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine were determined by specific radioimmunoassays in healthy human subjects at various times following oral administration of analgesic preparations containing therapeutic doses of codeine phosphate. Following administration of codeine phosphate (60 mg) in combination with aspirin (650 mg) or acetaminophen (600 mg) to two separate groups, mean peak codeine plasma concentrations and beta-phase elimination half-lives were 159 ng/ml and 2.9 hr or 138 ng/ml and 2.4 hr, respectively. Mean maximum concentrations of metabolically produced morphine were 6.8 ng/ml (aspirin-codeine phosphate administration) and 7.4 ng/ml (acetaminophen-codeine phosphate). Following drug administration, the mean ratio of the areas under the respective plasma concentration-time curves for morphine and codeine was 0.095 for the aspirin-codeine phosphate study and 0.12 for the acetaminophen-codeine phosphate study. Thus, free morphine represented about 10% of the free codeine area in each case. These results support the hypothesis that metabolically produced morphine may influence or be responsible for the analgesic efficacy of codeine.", "PMID": 657721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7535", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on renal function in normal man.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of acute histamine H2-receptor blockade on renal function, renal function studies were performed in a control state and after cimetidine. Studies included acid excretion in response to acid loading, bicarbonate reabsorption during bicarbonate infusion, and urinary concentrating ability. Cimetidine produced no significant effect on any of these functions. During bicarbonate infusion, inulin clearance remained constant while creatinine clearance fell, possibly because of an effect on tubular creatinine secretion.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on renal function in normal man. To evaluate the effect of acute histamine H2-receptor blockade on renal function, renal function studies were performed in a control state and after cimetidine. Studies included acid excretion in response to acid loading, bicarbonate reabsorption during bicarbonate infusion, and urinary concentrating ability. Cimetidine produced no significant effect on any of these functions. During bicarbonate infusion, inulin clearance remained constant while creatinine clearance fell, possibly because of an effect on tubular creatinine secretion.", "PMID": 657722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7536", "title": "Long-term oral bronchodilator therapy of asthma with pirbuterol.", "content": "We studied the effects of an oral beta2 selective bronchodilator, pirbuterol, in 12 male asthmatic patients over periods ranging from 6 to 23 months (mean, 13.8). Each patient was evaluated initially by physical examination, urinalysis, blood analysis, and pulmonary function tests. Patients were examined at regular intervals thereafter. Patients remained off all bronchodilator therapy for 12 hr before each visit. Blood analysis, urinalysis, and pulmonary function tests were performed and the pulmonary function tests were repeated approximately 2 hr after an oral dose of pirbuterol. We found no significant changes in the baseline resistance or in the bronchodilator response to pirbuterol during the course of the study, but there was a significant decrease in the functional residual capacity (FRC). The reduction in FRC could be due to the prolonged reduction in airways resistance with continuous therapy. We found no increase in the bronchodilator response to pirbuterol during oral prednisone therapy. There were no significant changes in serum potassium. Side effects attributable to pirbuterol, nervousness and tremor, occurred in only 2 patients and were easily controlled.", "contents": "Long-term oral bronchodilator therapy of asthma with pirbuterol. We studied the effects of an oral beta2 selective bronchodilator, pirbuterol, in 12 male asthmatic patients over periods ranging from 6 to 23 months (mean, 13.8). Each patient was evaluated initially by physical examination, urinalysis, blood analysis, and pulmonary function tests. Patients were examined at regular intervals thereafter. Patients remained off all bronchodilator therapy for 12 hr before each visit. Blood analysis, urinalysis, and pulmonary function tests were performed and the pulmonary function tests were repeated approximately 2 hr after an oral dose of pirbuterol. We found no significant changes in the baseline resistance or in the bronchodilator response to pirbuterol during the course of the study, but there was a significant decrease in the functional residual capacity (FRC). The reduction in FRC could be due to the prolonged reduction in airways resistance with continuous therapy. We found no increase in the bronchodilator response to pirbuterol during oral prednisone therapy. There were no significant changes in serum potassium. Side effects attributable to pirbuterol, nervousness and tremor, occurred in only 2 patients and were easily controlled.", "PMID": 657723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7537", "title": "Pharmacokinetic considerations in exchange transfusion in neonates.", "content": "Neonates undergoing blood exchange often receive concomitant therapy. Questions may be raised whether dosage regimen alterations are necessary to replace drug lost as a result of the exchange procedure. Our study reports the changes in plasma concentration of kanamycin during an exchange transfusion and a pharmacokinetic analysis of the effect of the exchange on drug elimination. The relationships of the volumes of distribution, elimination rate constant, and time after dosing on the fraction of the dose eliminated in the blood exchange are developed on the basis of a one-compartment body model. Computer simulations using the equations developed were used to estimate the fraction of a dose that might be removed as a result of an exchange transfusion. As the disposition rate constant or the apparent volume of distribution increase, i.e., the clearance of the drug increases, the fraction of the dose removed by the exchange process decreases. Thus, significant amounts of drug removal may occur in an exchange transfusion for drugs with low clearance when the exchange is initiated early in the drug dosing interval. In our study, only 3% of the kanamycin dose was removed as a result of the exchange process, and dosing adjustment would not be required. This was in part due to initiation of the exchange late in the dosing interval, although the maximum calculated percentage of the dose which could have been removed under the exchange conditions employed was only 10%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic considerations in exchange transfusion in neonates. Neonates undergoing blood exchange often receive concomitant therapy. Questions may be raised whether dosage regimen alterations are necessary to replace drug lost as a result of the exchange procedure. Our study reports the changes in plasma concentration of kanamycin during an exchange transfusion and a pharmacokinetic analysis of the effect of the exchange on drug elimination. The relationships of the volumes of distribution, elimination rate constant, and time after dosing on the fraction of the dose eliminated in the blood exchange are developed on the basis of a one-compartment body model. Computer simulations using the equations developed were used to estimate the fraction of a dose that might be removed as a result of an exchange transfusion. As the disposition rate constant or the apparent volume of distribution increase, i.e., the clearance of the drug increases, the fraction of the dose removed by the exchange process decreases. Thus, significant amounts of drug removal may occur in an exchange transfusion for drugs with low clearance when the exchange is initiated early in the drug dosing interval. In our study, only 3% of the kanamycin dose was removed as a result of the exchange process, and dosing adjustment would not be required. This was in part due to initiation of the exchange late in the dosing interval, although the maximum calculated percentage of the dose which could have been removed under the exchange conditions employed was only 10%.", "PMID": 657724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7538", "title": "Effect of intravenous thiamine on pralidoxime kinetics.", "content": "Subjects were given pralidoxime chloride (5 mg/kg, intravenously) alone and again while they were receiving an infusion of thiamine hydrochloride. After the addition of thiamine: (1) overall, the urinary excretion of oxime was the same but the amount excreted in the first three hours was smaller; (2) the plasma half-life of oxime lengthened; (3) the plasma concentrations of oxime rose; and (4) the intercompartmental clearances and rate constant for elimination for oxime fell. These changes suggest that thiamine and oxime compete for a common renal secretory mechanism or that thiamine alters the membrane transport of oxime.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous thiamine on pralidoxime kinetics. Subjects were given pralidoxime chloride (5 mg/kg, intravenously) alone and again while they were receiving an infusion of thiamine hydrochloride. After the addition of thiamine: (1) overall, the urinary excretion of oxime was the same but the amount excreted in the first three hours was smaller; (2) the plasma half-life of oxime lengthened; (3) the plasma concentrations of oxime rose; and (4) the intercompartmental clearances and rate constant for elimination for oxime fell. These changes suggest that thiamine and oxime compete for a common renal secretory mechanism or that thiamine alters the membrane transport of oxime.", "PMID": 657725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7539", "title": "Purine biosynthesis de novo by lymphocytes in gout.", "content": "1. A method of measurement in vitro of purine biosynthesis de novo in human circulating blood lymphocytes is proposed. The rate of early reactions of purine biosynthesis de novo was determined by the incorporation of [14C]formate into N-formyl glycinamide ribonucleotide when the subsequent reactions of the metabolic pathway were completely inhibited by the antibiotic azaserine. 2. Synthesis of 14C-labelled N-formyl glycinamide ribonucleotide by lymphocytes was measured in healthy control subjects and patients with primary gout or hyperuricaemia secondary to renal failure, with or without allopurinol therapy. 3. The average synthesis was higher in gouty patients without therapy than in control subjects, but the values obtained overlap the normal range. In secondary hyperuricaemia the synthesis was at same value as in control subjects. 4. These results are in agreement with the inconstant acceleration of purine biosynthesis de novo in gouty patients as seen by others with measurement of [14C]glycine incorporation into urinary uric acid.", "contents": "Purine biosynthesis de novo by lymphocytes in gout. 1. A method of measurement in vitro of purine biosynthesis de novo in human circulating blood lymphocytes is proposed. The rate of early reactions of purine biosynthesis de novo was determined by the incorporation of [14C]formate into N-formyl glycinamide ribonucleotide when the subsequent reactions of the metabolic pathway were completely inhibited by the antibiotic azaserine. 2. Synthesis of 14C-labelled N-formyl glycinamide ribonucleotide by lymphocytes was measured in healthy control subjects and patients with primary gout or hyperuricaemia secondary to renal failure, with or without allopurinol therapy. 3. The average synthesis was higher in gouty patients without therapy than in control subjects, but the values obtained overlap the normal range. In secondary hyperuricaemia the synthesis was at same value as in control subjects. 4. These results are in agreement with the inconstant acceleration of purine biosynthesis de novo in gouty patients as seen by others with measurement of [14C]glycine incorporation into urinary uric acid.", "PMID": 657727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7540", "title": "Natriuretic effect of propranolol on dogs with chronic bile-duct ligation.", "content": "1. Chronic ligation of the bile duct in dogs is associated with salt retention and a blunted natriuretic response to extracellular volume expansion. The mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified. 2. We have examined the influence of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade on sodium excretion in dogs with bile-duct ligation during extracellular hypotonic volume expansion. 3. Urinary excretion of sodium and fractional excretion of sodium rose significantly after 5 days of oral DL-propranolol administration to dogs with bile-duct ligation. 4. The antinatriuresis after bile-duct ligation was not followed by a significant alteration in the mean peripheral plasma renin activity as compared with control values. 5. It is suggested that propranolol can partially reverse the antinatriuresis of chronic bile-duct ligation, and that this is mediated by an extrarenal effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Natriuretic effect of propranolol on dogs with chronic bile-duct ligation. 1. Chronic ligation of the bile duct in dogs is associated with salt retention and a blunted natriuretic response to extracellular volume expansion. The mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified. 2. We have examined the influence of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade on sodium excretion in dogs with bile-duct ligation during extracellular hypotonic volume expansion. 3. Urinary excretion of sodium and fractional excretion of sodium rose significantly after 5 days of oral DL-propranolol administration to dogs with bile-duct ligation. 4. The antinatriuresis after bile-duct ligation was not followed by a significant alteration in the mean peripheral plasma renin activity as compared with control values. 5. It is suggested that propranolol can partially reverse the antinatriuresis of chronic bile-duct ligation, and that this is mediated by an extrarenal effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 657728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7541", "title": "Central and peripheral fatigue in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of human quadriceps muscle.", "content": "1. The fatigue of force that occurs during the first 60 s of a maximum voluntary contraction of the human quadriceps has been examined by comparing the voluntary force with that obtained by brief tetanic stimulation at 50 Hz in nine healthy subjects. In three subjects the voluntary force declined in parallel with the tetanic force whereas in the remainder it fell more rapidly, suggesting that central fatigue was present. 2. For those subjects who showed little or no central fatigue, surface electromyograph (EMG) activity remained approximately constant while the force declined by about 60%. In the others, EMG activity and force declined in parallel but when an extra effort was made the subjects could briefly increase their force and this was accompanied by a proportionately greater increase in EMG activity (generally up to the original value). 3. It is concluded that in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of the quadriceps (a) central fatigue may account for an appreciable proportion of the force loss, (b) surface EMG recordings provide no evidence that neuromuscular junction failure is the limiting factor determining the loss of force in this muscle.", "contents": "Central and peripheral fatigue in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of human quadriceps muscle. 1. The fatigue of force that occurs during the first 60 s of a maximum voluntary contraction of the human quadriceps has been examined by comparing the voluntary force with that obtained by brief tetanic stimulation at 50 Hz in nine healthy subjects. In three subjects the voluntary force declined in parallel with the tetanic force whereas in the remainder it fell more rapidly, suggesting that central fatigue was present. 2. For those subjects who showed little or no central fatigue, surface electromyograph (EMG) activity remained approximately constant while the force declined by about 60%. In the others, EMG activity and force declined in parallel but when an extra effort was made the subjects could briefly increase their force and this was accompanied by a proportionately greater increase in EMG activity (generally up to the original value). 3. It is concluded that in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of the quadriceps (a) central fatigue may account for an appreciable proportion of the force loss, (b) surface EMG recordings provide no evidence that neuromuscular junction failure is the limiting factor determining the loss of force in this muscle.", "PMID": 657729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7542", "title": "Effects of airway anaesthesia on the ability to detect added inspiratory resistive loads.", "content": "1. The effects of airway anaesthesia on the ability to detect added inspiratory resistive loads were studied in normal subjects. A 4% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride was used for anaesthesia of the airways. 2. After anaesthesia of the mouth and upper airways to the level of the vocal cords there was a significant deterioration in the detection ability expressed in terms of the absolute added resistance (deltaR), with a concomitant increase in pulmonary resistance (Rint.). However, there was no significant change in the detection ability expressed in terms of the ratio of deltaR to the sum of Rint. and the minimal resistance of the apparatus (deltaR/Ro). 3. After combined anaesthesia of the upper and lower airways there was no significant change in pulmonary resistance or in the detection ability expressed either as deltaR or as deltaR/Ro. 4. We conclude that, in normal subjects, the main site of detection of added inspiratory resistive loads does not lie in the upper or lower airways. Our results and those of previous studies suggest that the diaphragm is the most likely site of detection of added resistive loads.", "contents": "Effects of airway anaesthesia on the ability to detect added inspiratory resistive loads. 1. The effects of airway anaesthesia on the ability to detect added inspiratory resistive loads were studied in normal subjects. A 4% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride was used for anaesthesia of the airways. 2. After anaesthesia of the mouth and upper airways to the level of the vocal cords there was a significant deterioration in the detection ability expressed in terms of the absolute added resistance (deltaR), with a concomitant increase in pulmonary resistance (Rint.). However, there was no significant change in the detection ability expressed in terms of the ratio of deltaR to the sum of Rint. and the minimal resistance of the apparatus (deltaR/Ro). 3. After combined anaesthesia of the upper and lower airways there was no significant change in pulmonary resistance or in the detection ability expressed either as deltaR or as deltaR/Ro. 4. We conclude that, in normal subjects, the main site of detection of added inspiratory resistive loads does not lie in the upper or lower airways. Our results and those of previous studies suggest that the diaphragm is the most likely site of detection of added resistive loads.", "PMID": 657731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7543", "title": "Effect of blood transfusion on the carbon monoxide transfer factor of the lung in man.", "content": "1. Ten studies were performed on nine patients with haematological disorders but with normal lungs, who required intermittent blood transfusions. The transfer factor for carbon monoxide and uptake of carbon monoxide per unit lung volume (KCO) were measured with the single breath technique before and at various intervals after transfusion. 2. The mean haemoglobin concentration increased from 7.7 to 11.1 g/dl. 3. The TLCO increased according to a formula based on the Roughton & Forster (1957) diffusion equations. TLCO (standardized) = TLCO (observed). (10.2 + Hb)/1.7 Hb, where haemoglobin (Hb) is expressed as g/dl. 4. The correlation between measured and predicted values was slightly better if changes in alveolar volume were taken into account, by using the KCO value.", "contents": "Effect of blood transfusion on the carbon monoxide transfer factor of the lung in man. 1. Ten studies were performed on nine patients with haematological disorders but with normal lungs, who required intermittent blood transfusions. The transfer factor for carbon monoxide and uptake of carbon monoxide per unit lung volume (KCO) were measured with the single breath technique before and at various intervals after transfusion. 2. The mean haemoglobin concentration increased from 7.7 to 11.1 g/dl. 3. The TLCO increased according to a formula based on the Roughton & Forster (1957) diffusion equations. TLCO (standardized) = TLCO (observed). (10.2 + Hb)/1.7 Hb, where haemoglobin (Hb) is expressed as g/dl. 4. The correlation between measured and predicted values was slightly better if changes in alveolar volume were taken into account, by using the KCO value.", "PMID": 657732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7544", "title": "Effect of administration of Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II during the development and maintenance of renal hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. Sar1-Ala8-Angiotensin II (an angiotensin antagonist) was infused in rats during the development and maintenance of renal hypertension produced by aortic ligation between renal arteries. 2. In the early phase (5 and 12 days after ligation), infusion of the antagonist markedly decreased blood pressure although it did not reach normal pressures. Later (day 40) only a modest decrease in blood pressure was noted. 3. Removal of the small left kidney always decreased the blood pressure to normal pressures. 4. It is concluded that the renin-angiotensin system is the major pressor component in the initiation of this hypertension. Later, other factors of renal origin assume a pressor function.", "contents": "Effect of administration of Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II during the development and maintenance of renal hypertension in the rat. 1. Sar1-Ala8-Angiotensin II (an angiotensin antagonist) was infused in rats during the development and maintenance of renal hypertension produced by aortic ligation between renal arteries. 2. In the early phase (5 and 12 days after ligation), infusion of the antagonist markedly decreased blood pressure although it did not reach normal pressures. Later (day 40) only a modest decrease in blood pressure was noted. 3. Removal of the small left kidney always decreased the blood pressure to normal pressures. 4. It is concluded that the renin-angiotensin system is the major pressor component in the initiation of this hypertension. Later, other factors of renal origin assume a pressor function.", "PMID": 657733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7545", "title": "Effect of arterial pressure and inheritance on the sodium excretory capacity of normal young men.", "content": "1. In normal young adult sons of normotensive parents the rate of renal sodium excretion is highly correlated with mean arterial pressure after a large intravenous isotonic fluid load. The correlation appeared to strengthen with time and was improved when the rate of sodium excretion was corrected for variations in the rate of glomerular filtration. 2. There was no such correlation in normal, age-matched sons of hypertensive parents. 3. In eight of the 20 normotensive sons of hypertensive parents studied, the rate of renal sodium excretion per unit of mean arterial pressure was significantly higher than in the sons of normotensive parents. 4. Because the sons of hypertensive parents are much more likely to become hypertensive than those of normotensive parents, we suggest that an abnormality of renal sodium handling precedes the development of demonstrable hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of arterial pressure and inheritance on the sodium excretory capacity of normal young men. 1. In normal young adult sons of normotensive parents the rate of renal sodium excretion is highly correlated with mean arterial pressure after a large intravenous isotonic fluid load. The correlation appeared to strengthen with time and was improved when the rate of sodium excretion was corrected for variations in the rate of glomerular filtration. 2. There was no such correlation in normal, age-matched sons of hypertensive parents. 3. In eight of the 20 normotensive sons of hypertensive parents studied, the rate of renal sodium excretion per unit of mean arterial pressure was significantly higher than in the sons of normotensive parents. 4. Because the sons of hypertensive parents are much more likely to become hypertensive than those of normotensive parents, we suggest that an abnormality of renal sodium handling precedes the development of demonstrable hypertension.", "PMID": 657734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7546", "title": "Induction of lysinuria in the rat by two para-substituted guanidinophenylalanines.", "content": "1. p-Guanidino- and p-guanidinomethyl-phenylalanine increase the renal excretion of lysine especially and, to some extent, cystine in the phenylalanine-loaded rat. The methyl derivative is the more effective. 2. The lysinuria is dose-dependent, reversible, pronounced when the intravenous infusion of analogue exceeds 10 mumol min-1 kg-1 and does not appear to be secondary to changes in urine flow or sodium excretion. 3. A mechanism for induced basic amino-aciduria conditions is suggested.", "contents": "Induction of lysinuria in the rat by two para-substituted guanidinophenylalanines. 1. p-Guanidino- and p-guanidinomethyl-phenylalanine increase the renal excretion of lysine especially and, to some extent, cystine in the phenylalanine-loaded rat. The methyl derivative is the more effective. 2. The lysinuria is dose-dependent, reversible, pronounced when the intravenous infusion of analogue exceeds 10 mumol min-1 kg-1 and does not appear to be secondary to changes in urine flow or sodium excretion. 3. A mechanism for induced basic amino-aciduria conditions is suggested.", "PMID": 657738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7547", "title": "The use of the human erythrocyte as a model for studying the action of diuretics on sodium and chloride transport.", "content": "1. The Na+ and Cl- transport systems of human erythrocytes have been compared for their sensitivities to diuretics known to act in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. In addition, chemical analogues of 'loop' compounds and also diuretics which act in other areas of the nephron have been examined. 2. The Na+ transport system lacks specificity with respect to inhibition by 'loop' diuretics and also a related chemical analogue studied at equivalent concentrations. 3. The Cl- transport system is inhibited, at low concentrations, by diuretics known to act in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. 4. Erythrocyte Cl- transport offers a useful model with which to study the biochemical action of diuretics.", "contents": "The use of the human erythrocyte as a model for studying the action of diuretics on sodium and chloride transport. 1. The Na+ and Cl- transport systems of human erythrocytes have been compared for their sensitivities to diuretics known to act in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. In addition, chemical analogues of 'loop' compounds and also diuretics which act in other areas of the nephron have been examined. 2. The Na+ transport system lacks specificity with respect to inhibition by 'loop' diuretics and also a related chemical analogue studied at equivalent concentrations. 3. The Cl- transport system is inhibited, at low concentrations, by diuretics known to act in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. 4. Erythrocyte Cl- transport offers a useful model with which to study the biochemical action of diuretics.", "PMID": 657739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7548", "title": "One year's experience in a regional poison control center: The Intermountain Regional Poison Control Center.", "content": "The Intermountain Regional Poison Control Center in Salt Lake City, Utah, has served as a regional poison center since 1971. Between 1972 and 1976 the call load has more than tripled, with the highest frequency of calls per population coming from counties most proximate to the center. Two-thirds of the cases involve children age five or less, with 18 or over being the next large group. Adolescents and school-age children comprised the smallest group of cases. Two predominant types of poisonings were encountered: accidental ingestions of toxic substances in children and intentional self-poisonings in adults, but the poison center handled almost every conceivable type of poisoning or toxic situation. A detailed analysis of the center's overall experience as well as these two major categories is presented.", "contents": "One year's experience in a regional poison control center: The Intermountain Regional Poison Control Center. The Intermountain Regional Poison Control Center in Salt Lake City, Utah, has served as a regional poison center since 1971. Between 1972 and 1976 the call load has more than tripled, with the highest frequency of calls per population coming from counties most proximate to the center. Two-thirds of the cases involve children age five or less, with 18 or over being the next large group. Adolescents and school-age children comprised the smallest group of cases. Two predominant types of poisonings were encountered: accidental ingestions of toxic substances in children and intentional self-poisonings in adults, but the poison center handled almost every conceivable type of poisoning or toxic situation. A detailed analysis of the center's overall experience as well as these two major categories is presented.", "PMID": 657749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7549", "title": "Regionalization of poison centers--a rational role model.", "content": "The Rocky Mountain Poison Center is a model system for regionalization. Minimal cost is achieved by concentrating expensive equipment and information materials in the main center. Access to information is rapid because each subregional center has a POISINDEX and thus the capacity to provide standardized initial therapy as soon as contact is made. Full integration of professional activities from training to education is accomplished within the framework of Emergency Medical Services. Public education is uniform throughout the region so that medical interaction is consistent and the public receives maximum reinforcement. Funding is found through many sources and includes a cost-sharing program in which 18 Colorado hospitals participate. Institutions with similar regionalized programs, integrated with Emergency Medical Services and drug consultation, will provide cost effective programs well-tailored to the unique characteristics of each region.", "contents": "Regionalization of poison centers--a rational role model. The Rocky Mountain Poison Center is a model system for regionalization. Minimal cost is achieved by concentrating expensive equipment and information materials in the main center. Access to information is rapid because each subregional center has a POISINDEX and thus the capacity to provide standardized initial therapy as soon as contact is made. Full integration of professional activities from training to education is accomplished within the framework of Emergency Medical Services. Public education is uniform throughout the region so that medical interaction is consistent and the public receives maximum reinforcement. Funding is found through many sources and includes a cost-sharing program in which 18 Colorado hospitals participate. Institutions with similar regionalized programs, integrated with Emergency Medical Services and drug consultation, will provide cost effective programs well-tailored to the unique characteristics of each region.", "PMID": 657754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7550", "title": "Hemlock water dropwort poisoning--a review.", "content": "Hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) is probably the most poisonous plant in the British Isles. The roots are the most toxic part of the plant and have been eaten in mistake for the roots of several other plant species with often fatal results. A recent nonfatal case of poisoning is reported and previous cases reviewed. Present evidence suggests that barbiturates, particularly short-acting agents are life saving and are the drugs of choice in the treatment of the convulsions.", "contents": "Hemlock water dropwort poisoning--a review. Hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) is probably the most poisonous plant in the British Isles. The roots are the most toxic part of the plant and have been eaten in mistake for the roots of several other plant species with often fatal results. A recent nonfatal case of poisoning is reported and previous cases reviewed. Present evidence suggests that barbiturates, particularly short-acting agents are life saving and are the drugs of choice in the treatment of the convulsions.", "PMID": 657757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7551", "title": "Five cases of intentional ingestion of 25 percent diazinon with treatment and recovery.", "content": "The use of atropine to block the effects of acetylcholine and pralidoxime chloride to restore cholinesterase in the blood, along with supportative therapy, intravenous fluids, and oxygen, prevented death in five cases of intentional ingestion of 25% diazinon. Treatment of such cases must be tailored to the condition of the patient, and all residual poison in the stomach must be removed as rapidly as possible with gastric lavage to prevent absorption of the poison.", "contents": "Five cases of intentional ingestion of 25 percent diazinon with treatment and recovery. The use of atropine to block the effects of acetylcholine and pralidoxime chloride to restore cholinesterase in the blood, along with supportative therapy, intravenous fluids, and oxygen, prevented death in five cases of intentional ingestion of 25% diazinon. Treatment of such cases must be tailored to the condition of the patient, and all residual poison in the stomach must be removed as rapidly as possible with gastric lavage to prevent absorption of the poison.", "PMID": 657758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7552", "title": "Detection and assay of organophosphate pesticides in human blood by gas chromatography.", "content": "Gas chromatography was used in blood samples for determining human exposure to organophosphate insecticides. The identification is difficult beyond 48 hr after exposure because of the high reactivity of these compounds.", "contents": "Detection and assay of organophosphate pesticides in human blood by gas chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in blood samples for determining human exposure to organophosphate insecticides. The identification is difficult beyond 48 hr after exposure because of the high reactivity of these compounds.", "PMID": 657759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7553", "title": "Recognition and management of drug abuse emergencies.", "content": "As with any medical emergency, the initial approach to the management of the drug abuse emergency is to attend to the potential threat to life. Establish and maintain an adequate airway, with respiratory support if necessary: secure a reliable intravenous route: administer appropriate drugs and antidotes; and perform the necessary diagnostic procedures to identify the cause of the problem. Always make an assessment of the psychological threat of self-destruction before discharging a patient who has taken an overdose. Be suspicious of drug overdose ina comatose or oddly-behaving patient. Consider the possibility of multiple drug abuse. Finally, always consider the possibility that causes other than drugs may be producing these symptoms.", "contents": "Recognition and management of drug abuse emergencies. As with any medical emergency, the initial approach to the management of the drug abuse emergency is to attend to the potential threat to life. Establish and maintain an adequate airway, with respiratory support if necessary: secure a reliable intravenous route: administer appropriate drugs and antidotes; and perform the necessary diagnostic procedures to identify the cause of the problem. Always make an assessment of the psychological threat of self-destruction before discharging a patient who has taken an overdose. Be suspicious of drug overdose ina comatose or oddly-behaving patient. Consider the possibility of multiple drug abuse. Finally, always consider the possibility that causes other than drugs may be producing these symptoms.", "PMID": 657774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7554", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis to radiotherapy dye.", "content": "Allergic contact dermatitis to resorcin in Castellani's paint used to mark radiotherapy ports is reported.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis to radiotherapy dye. Allergic contact dermatitis to resorcin in Castellani's paint used to mark radiotherapy ports is reported.", "PMID": 657782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7555", "title": "Contact dermatitis from an ostomy deodorant.", "content": "Two patients with contact dermatitis from an ostomy agent are described. Detailed patch testing revealed contact allergic dermatitis to one of the twelve groups of ingredients which largely comprised citronella oil. The problem of dermatitis is discussed in relation to the perfume ingredients of the ostomy agent.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis from an ostomy deodorant. Two patients with contact dermatitis from an ostomy agent are described. Detailed patch testing revealed contact allergic dermatitis to one of the twelve groups of ingredients which largely comprised citronella oil. The problem of dermatitis is discussed in relation to the perfume ingredients of the ostomy agent.", "PMID": 657783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7556", "title": "Solubility of cobalt in cement.", "content": "Unlike chromate, cobalt occurring as cobalt oxides in cement is not water-soluble in a detectable amount. Cobalt oxides are to some extent soluble in the presence of amino acids with which cobalt forms complexes. Such complexes can elicit patch test reactions. It is postulated that cobalt is more readily dissolved by forming complexes in eczematous skin than in normal skin. This may explain why cobalt sensitization in cement eczemas is secondary to chromate sensitivity.", "contents": "Solubility of cobalt in cement. Unlike chromate, cobalt occurring as cobalt oxides in cement is not water-soluble in a detectable amount. Cobalt oxides are to some extent soluble in the presence of amino acids with which cobalt forms complexes. Such complexes can elicit patch test reactions. It is postulated that cobalt is more readily dissolved by forming complexes in eczematous skin than in normal skin. This may explain why cobalt sensitization in cement eczemas is secondary to chromate sensitivity.", "PMID": 657784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7557", "title": "Photoepicutaneous testing. UV-induced protection against photoxic reactions in normal and vitiliginous skin: a clinical and histological study.", "content": "The effect of erythemic UV irradiation on the phototoxic reactions caused by topical methoxsalen + UVA exposure was studied on normal skin, normal-looking skin of vitiligo patients, and vitiliginous skin. Although only slight histological changes were detectable 9 days after irradiation with 5 MED of erythemic UV, this pre-irradiation did induce protection against photoxic reactions in all skin types. This protection was clinically equal in all skin types; the slight differences were not statistically significant. Histological evaluation, however, showed a most conspicuous protective effect on vitiliginous skin. In all skin types the influence of UV pre-irradiation was confined to epidermal protection; the dermal phototoxic changes were unaffected.", "contents": "Photoepicutaneous testing. UV-induced protection against photoxic reactions in normal and vitiliginous skin: a clinical and histological study. The effect of erythemic UV irradiation on the phototoxic reactions caused by topical methoxsalen + UVA exposure was studied on normal skin, normal-looking skin of vitiligo patients, and vitiliginous skin. Although only slight histological changes were detectable 9 days after irradiation with 5 MED of erythemic UV, this pre-irradiation did induce protection against photoxic reactions in all skin types. This protection was clinically equal in all skin types; the slight differences were not statistically significant. Histological evaluation, however, showed a most conspicuous protective effect on vitiliginous skin. In all skin types the influence of UV pre-irradiation was confined to epidermal protection; the dermal phototoxic changes were unaffected.", "PMID": 657785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7558", "title": "Cross allergy between paranitro compounds with special reference to DNCB and chloramphenicol.", "content": "Cross allergy between paranitro compounds including DNCB and chloramphenicol, was studied in 42 patients. A total of 27 had been primarily sensitized to DNCB, and 15 patients with eczema exhibited a delayed-type reaction to chloramphenicol, showing a positive patch test. All 15 patients with chloramphenicol allergy cross reacted with chloramphenicol succinate and chloramphenicol palmitate. Three of them cross reacted with paranitrobenzoic acid, and two of these also with paradinitrobenzene. None of the 15 patients cross reacted with DNCB in acetone or DNCB in petrolatum, and none reacted to picric acid, paranitrophenol or dinitroorthocresol. The 27 patients primarily sensitized to DNCB did not cross react with any of the paranitro compounds studied, in particular not with chloramphenicol or its salts. Thus, the study confirms the specificity of the DNCB sensitivity.", "contents": "Cross allergy between paranitro compounds with special reference to DNCB and chloramphenicol. Cross allergy between paranitro compounds including DNCB and chloramphenicol, was studied in 42 patients. A total of 27 had been primarily sensitized to DNCB, and 15 patients with eczema exhibited a delayed-type reaction to chloramphenicol, showing a positive patch test. All 15 patients with chloramphenicol allergy cross reacted with chloramphenicol succinate and chloramphenicol palmitate. Three of them cross reacted with paranitrobenzoic acid, and two of these also with paradinitrobenzene. None of the 15 patients cross reacted with DNCB in acetone or DNCB in petrolatum, and none reacted to picric acid, paranitrophenol or dinitroorthocresol. The 27 patients primarily sensitized to DNCB did not cross react with any of the paranitro compounds studied, in particular not with chloramphenicol or its salts. Thus, the study confirms the specificity of the DNCB sensitivity.", "PMID": 657786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7559", "title": "Reactions to peroral propylene glycol.", "content": "A peroral challenge test with 2--15 ml of propylene glycol (PG) was made in 38 patients with allergic-type epicutaneous test reactions to PG. Eight of 10 patients with a positive epicutaneous reaction to 2 % PG and seven of the other 28 patients with a positive epicutaneous reaction to 100-100 % PG developed an exanthem 3--16 h after ingestion of the drug. In all but one case the rash disappeared within 24--48 h without any medication. In one case the exanthem was treated with prednisone for 4 days, and the symptoms disappeared gradually in 6 days. None of the 20 control patients had skin symptoms. Nausea, vertigo and a curious sensation were recorded in four PG-sensitive patients and in three control patients. These symptoms were apparently due to the general pharmacodynamic effects of PG and they were regarded as non-allergic in nature. It was concluded that PG is a potential allergen and it must be added to the list of causes of drug exanthems.", "contents": "Reactions to peroral propylene glycol. A peroral challenge test with 2--15 ml of propylene glycol (PG) was made in 38 patients with allergic-type epicutaneous test reactions to PG. Eight of 10 patients with a positive epicutaneous reaction to 2 % PG and seven of the other 28 patients with a positive epicutaneous reaction to 100-100 % PG developed an exanthem 3--16 h after ingestion of the drug. In all but one case the rash disappeared within 24--48 h without any medication. In one case the exanthem was treated with prednisone for 4 days, and the symptoms disappeared gradually in 6 days. None of the 20 control patients had skin symptoms. Nausea, vertigo and a curious sensation were recorded in four PG-sensitive patients and in three control patients. These symptoms were apparently due to the general pharmacodynamic effects of PG and they were regarded as non-allergic in nature. It was concluded that PG is a potential allergen and it must be added to the list of causes of drug exanthems.", "PMID": 657787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7560", "title": "The AaDO2 and venous admixture at varying inspired oxygen concentrations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The alveolar to arterial oxygen pressure difference (AaDO2) and pulmonary venous admixture (Qs/Qt) were measured in 32 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during right heart catheterization at inspired oxygen concentrations (FIO2) of 21, 24, 28, 35, and 40%. Patients without chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 is less than 45 torr, group A) had Qs/Qt less than 25% while breathing room air; their AaDO2 rose at a rate of 3 torr for each percent increase in FIO2. In those with chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 greater than 44 torr., (group B), THE Qs/Qt was always greater than 24% during air breathing and the AaDO2 rose at a rate of 5 torr for each percentage increase in FIO2. These changes should be considered in the interpretation of the AaDO2 in patients with COPD in whom the FIO2 is changed during the course of therapy. The Qs/Qt fell curvilinearly with increasing FIO2 but the rates of fall were quantitatively different in groups A and B. A physiological explanation for the changes in Qs/Qt and ADO2 which result from changes in FIO2 is presented.", "contents": "The AaDO2 and venous admixture at varying inspired oxygen concentrations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The alveolar to arterial oxygen pressure difference (AaDO2) and pulmonary venous admixture (Qs/Qt) were measured in 32 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during right heart catheterization at inspired oxygen concentrations (FIO2) of 21, 24, 28, 35, and 40%. Patients without chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 is less than 45 torr, group A) had Qs/Qt less than 25% while breathing room air; their AaDO2 rose at a rate of 3 torr for each percent increase in FIO2. In those with chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 greater than 44 torr., (group B), THE Qs/Qt was always greater than 24% during air breathing and the AaDO2 rose at a rate of 5 torr for each percentage increase in FIO2. These changes should be considered in the interpretation of the AaDO2 in patients with COPD in whom the FIO2 is changed during the course of therapy. The Qs/Qt fell curvilinearly with increasing FIO2 but the rates of fall were quantitatively different in groups A and B. A physiological explanation for the changes in Qs/Qt and ADO2 which result from changes in FIO2 is presented.", "PMID": 657813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7561", "title": "Immediate and long-term outcome of infants less than 1000 grams.", "content": "In order to assess the immediate and long-term outcome of very low birth weight infants, a retrospective analysis of clinical and biochemical parameters of 100 consecutive newborns with birth weights less than 1000 g was carried out. Overall neonatal mortality for this group was 69%. For infants between 751 to 1000 g, the mortality rate was 52%. Of the 23 infants who were discharged, neurodevelopmental assessment was performed in 16. Twelve of the 16 were neurologically normal. The data indicate a favorable prognosis for infants with birth weight less than 1000 g.", "contents": "Immediate and long-term outcome of infants less than 1000 grams. In order to assess the immediate and long-term outcome of very low birth weight infants, a retrospective analysis of clinical and biochemical parameters of 100 consecutive newborns with birth weights less than 1000 g was carried out. Overall neonatal mortality for this group was 69%. For infants between 751 to 1000 g, the mortality rate was 52%. Of the 23 infants who were discharged, neurodevelopmental assessment was performed in 16. Twelve of the 16 were neurologically normal. The data indicate a favorable prognosis for infants with birth weight less than 1000 g.", "PMID": 657815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7562", "title": "Changes in cardiac rhythm in children treated with dopamine.", "content": "We reviewed the charts of 31 children receiving dopamine to document possible changes in cardiac rhythm associated with dopamine infusion. Six of these developed a dysrhythmia while on dopamine. All six were receiving dosages greater than 10 microgram/kg/min; in five of the six patients the infusion rate varied from 10-20 microgram/kg/min. Of the remaining 25 patients, 14 had preexisting dysrhythmias of nonventricular origin. Two of these 14 patients converted to sinus rhythm while on dopamine. Eleven patients who were in preexisting sinus rhythm had no rhythm changes on dopamine. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that dopamine should be used cautiously in children in the dosage range between 10-20 microgram/kg/min.", "contents": "Changes in cardiac rhythm in children treated with dopamine. We reviewed the charts of 31 children receiving dopamine to document possible changes in cardiac rhythm associated with dopamine infusion. Six of these developed a dysrhythmia while on dopamine. All six were receiving dosages greater than 10 microgram/kg/min; in five of the six patients the infusion rate varied from 10-20 microgram/kg/min. Of the remaining 25 patients, 14 had preexisting dysrhythmias of nonventricular origin. Two of these 14 patients converted to sinus rhythm while on dopamine. Eleven patients who were in preexisting sinus rhythm had no rhythm changes on dopamine. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that dopamine should be used cautiously in children in the dosage range between 10-20 microgram/kg/min.", "PMID": 657816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7563", "title": "Method for continuously measured oxygen consumption and cardiac output for use in critically ill patients.", "content": "A method for continous measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and cardiac output is described. This relatively inexpensive system was found to be practical for monitoring critically ill patients over the past 5 years. Clinical studies illustrating its usefulness are presented.", "contents": "Method for continuously measured oxygen consumption and cardiac output for use in critically ill patients. A method for continous measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and cardiac output is described. This relatively inexpensive system was found to be practical for monitoring critically ill patients over the past 5 years. Clinical studies illustrating its usefulness are presented.", "PMID": 657817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7564", "title": "Comparison of right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures.", "content": "The right atrial pressure (Pra) was compared to the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (Pcw) in 54 patients. In patients with heart disease, the correlation of Pra with Pcw was poor. However, in patients without clinical heart disease, Pra approximated Pcw, in both absolute number and change. This finding was independent of disease process or the presence of controlled mechanical ventilation.", "contents": "Comparison of right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. The right atrial pressure (Pra) was compared to the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (Pcw) in 54 patients. In patients with heart disease, the correlation of Pra with Pcw was poor. However, in patients without clinical heart disease, Pra approximated Pcw, in both absolute number and change. This finding was independent of disease process or the presence of controlled mechanical ventilation.", "PMID": 657820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7565", "title": "Sigma SR, a new method of measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Its value in studying the action and interactions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Sigma SR is a new method of measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and is characterized by an unvarying haematocrit, routinely corrected to 35%, and the sum of 4 sedimentation levels at 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes. Two studies were carried out in patients with inflammatory arthritic disorders; the first in 25 patients treated with 1800 mg ibuprofen daily for 7 days, and the second in 31 patients treated either with indomethacin alone (150 mg/day) or combined with aspirin (1500 mg/day) for 5 days. In addition to the assessment of clinical parameters, the ESR was measured using the classical Westergren and the sigma SR methods. The results showed that there were little or no changes from baseline values in the ESR using the Westergren method. With the sigma SR method, however, statistically significant changes were recorded after treatment and these correlated with the clinical findings which demonstrated the anti-inflammatory action of ibuprofen and the reduction in activity of indomethacin by aspirin.", "contents": "Sigma SR, a new method of measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Its value in studying the action and interactions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Sigma SR is a new method of measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and is characterized by an unvarying haematocrit, routinely corrected to 35%, and the sum of 4 sedimentation levels at 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes. Two studies were carried out in patients with inflammatory arthritic disorders; the first in 25 patients treated with 1800 mg ibuprofen daily for 7 days, and the second in 31 patients treated either with indomethacin alone (150 mg/day) or combined with aspirin (1500 mg/day) for 5 days. In addition to the assessment of clinical parameters, the ESR was measured using the classical Westergren and the sigma SR methods. The results showed that there were little or no changes from baseline values in the ESR using the Westergren method. With the sigma SR method, however, statistically significant changes were recorded after treatment and these correlated with the clinical findings which demonstrated the anti-inflammatory action of ibuprofen and the reduction in activity of indomethacin by aspirin.", "PMID": 657826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7566", "title": "A study on tissue concentrations of cephradine achieved in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The levels of cephradine were measured in serum, voluntary muscle and subcutaneous fat samples collected from 30 patients during surgical operations for peripheral vascular disease. Cephradine 2 g was administered in two equal doses by intramuscular and intravenous routes before each operation. The mean levels found in the serum and muscle were well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations required for most important Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, in contrast to the relatively low mean level found in subcutaneous fat.", "contents": "A study on tissue concentrations of cephradine achieved in patients with peripheral vascular disease. The levels of cephradine were measured in serum, voluntary muscle and subcutaneous fat samples collected from 30 patients during surgical operations for peripheral vascular disease. Cephradine 2 g was administered in two equal doses by intramuscular and intravenous routes before each operation. The mean levels found in the serum and muscle were well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations required for most important Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, in contrast to the relatively low mean level found in subcutaneous fat.", "PMID": 657827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7567", "title": "On the technique of external cardiac compression.", "content": "ECG, arterial flow and pressure were recorded during external cardiac compression (ECC) in a patient whose heart had ceased beating. The patient was a 68-year-old female who remained comatose for 2 weeks after an emergency laparotomy for perforated diverticulitis of the colon. She developed sepsis, renal failure, and cardiopulmonary failure. During ECC, the pressure on the sternum was maintained for about 0.5 sec (sustained pressure technique), flow and mean arterial pressure were improved by 32 and 20%, respectively, as compared with flow and pressure obtained with a quick and more jerky compression. During spontaneous heart activity with a low blood pressure, a superimposed ECC improved both flow and mean arterial pressure. Calcium chloride and adrenaline injected into the right atrium increased the tone and contractile power of the heart and greatly improved flow and pressure when the heart was subsequently compressed during asystole.", "contents": "On the technique of external cardiac compression. ECG, arterial flow and pressure were recorded during external cardiac compression (ECC) in a patient whose heart had ceased beating. The patient was a 68-year-old female who remained comatose for 2 weeks after an emergency laparotomy for perforated diverticulitis of the colon. She developed sepsis, renal failure, and cardiopulmonary failure. During ECC, the pressure on the sternum was maintained for about 0.5 sec (sustained pressure technique), flow and mean arterial pressure were improved by 32 and 20%, respectively, as compared with flow and pressure obtained with a quick and more jerky compression. During spontaneous heart activity with a low blood pressure, a superimposed ECC improved both flow and mean arterial pressure. Calcium chloride and adrenaline injected into the right atrium increased the tone and contractile power of the heart and greatly improved flow and pressure when the heart was subsequently compressed during asystole.", "PMID": 657821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7568", "title": "The effect of salicylate infusion on the alveolar epithelial membrane in the isolated perfused lung.", "content": "We observed two patients with aspirin (ASA) ingestion (blood levels of 87 and 56.5 mg/100 ml) who presented with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (adult respiratory distress syndrome. To determine if ASA had a direct effect on the alveolar epithelial membrane, we established an in vitro isolated lung model and perfused it with platelet free plasma. T1/2 (in minutes), the time for 50% equilibration between the plasma and the saline filled lung, was determined before and after 500 mg salicylate infusion for various molecular weight dextrans. T1/2 decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) as follows: 3000 MW dextran, 2273 +/- 932 to 961 +/- 375; 40,000 MW dextran, 4059 +/- 1550 to 733 +/- 275; 70,000 MW dextran, 11,730 +/- 2750 to 7700 +/- 2230. Histamine levels in plasma and lung liquid did not change significantly with ASA infusion. We conclude that ASA directly increases alveolar epithelial permeability to dextrans less than 70,000 MW.", "contents": "The effect of salicylate infusion on the alveolar epithelial membrane in the isolated perfused lung. We observed two patients with aspirin (ASA) ingestion (blood levels of 87 and 56.5 mg/100 ml) who presented with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (adult respiratory distress syndrome. To determine if ASA had a direct effect on the alveolar epithelial membrane, we established an in vitro isolated lung model and perfused it with platelet free plasma. T1/2 (in minutes), the time for 50% equilibration between the plasma and the saline filled lung, was determined before and after 500 mg salicylate infusion for various molecular weight dextrans. T1/2 decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) as follows: 3000 MW dextran, 2273 +/- 932 to 961 +/- 375; 40,000 MW dextran, 4059 +/- 1550 to 733 +/- 275; 70,000 MW dextran, 11,730 +/- 2750 to 7700 +/- 2230. Histamine levels in plasma and lung liquid did not change significantly with ASA infusion. We conclude that ASA directly increases alveolar epithelial permeability to dextrans less than 70,000 MW.", "PMID": 657822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7569", "title": "The contraceptive effects of a new low-dose combination type oral contraceptive.", "content": "A study was carried out in 9 women volunteers to investigate the centron of 0.75 mg lynestrenol plus 0.0375 mg ethinyl oestradiol given for 22 days per cycle over a period of 6 cycles. The results of assessments of a number of hormonal, vaginal and cervical parameters showed that this combination has a two-fold effect: a central effect on the pituitary and a peripheral effect on the ovaries and on endometrial development. The findings of an effect on cervical mucus, as with higher dose combinations, were not sufficiently consistent to warrant a claim for a cervical barrier. The preparation appeared to be well tolerated but there was a high incidence of irregular bleeding in the first treatment cycle. In most of the women, however, this had corrected itself by the second cycle.", "contents": "The contraceptive effects of a new low-dose combination type oral contraceptive. A study was carried out in 9 women volunteers to investigate the centron of 0.75 mg lynestrenol plus 0.0375 mg ethinyl oestradiol given for 22 days per cycle over a period of 6 cycles. The results of assessments of a number of hormonal, vaginal and cervical parameters showed that this combination has a two-fold effect: a central effect on the pituitary and a peripheral effect on the ovaries and on endometrial development. The findings of an effect on cervical mucus, as with higher dose combinations, were not sufficiently consistent to warrant a claim for a cervical barrier. The preparation appeared to be well tolerated but there was a high incidence of irregular bleeding in the first treatment cycle. In most of the women, however, this had corrected itself by the second cycle.", "PMID": 657828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7570", "title": "The use of salsalate for control of long-term musculo-skeletal pain: an open, non-comparative assessment.", "content": "An open study was carried out in general practice to assess the analgesic effectiveness, tolerance and side-effects of salsalate when given at a dosage of 3 g per day for 6 weeks. Sixty-six patients who were known long-term analgesic users were treated: they included 16 with active inflammatory disease of rheumatoid type, 20 with degenerative joint disease, and 27 with other musculo-skeletal conditions. Three patients were withdrawn during the study because of gastro-intestinal upset. Assessments, using rating scale scores, were made pre-trial and at 2-weekly intervals of joint pain, other musculo-skeletal pain, and duration of morning stiffness. The results showed that there was marked improvement in joint pain and morning stiffness, particularly in those patients with inflammatory joint disease. Improvement in musculo-skeletal discomfort was less evident. Side-effects were reported on 24 occasions, the most frequent being dyspepsia. Faecal occult blood tests showed that there were 7 patients with probable blood loss during treatment, 4 of them, however, had no other clinical signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal intolerance.", "contents": "The use of salsalate for control of long-term musculo-skeletal pain: an open, non-comparative assessment. An open study was carried out in general practice to assess the analgesic effectiveness, tolerance and side-effects of salsalate when given at a dosage of 3 g per day for 6 weeks. Sixty-six patients who were known long-term analgesic users were treated: they included 16 with active inflammatory disease of rheumatoid type, 20 with degenerative joint disease, and 27 with other musculo-skeletal conditions. Three patients were withdrawn during the study because of gastro-intestinal upset. Assessments, using rating scale scores, were made pre-trial and at 2-weekly intervals of joint pain, other musculo-skeletal pain, and duration of morning stiffness. The results showed that there was marked improvement in joint pain and morning stiffness, particularly in those patients with inflammatory joint disease. Improvement in musculo-skeletal discomfort was less evident. Side-effects were reported on 24 occasions, the most frequent being dyspepsia. Faecal occult blood tests showed that there were 7 patients with probable blood loss during treatment, 4 of them, however, had no other clinical signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal intolerance.", "PMID": 657829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7571", "title": "The effectiveness of temazepam as a hypnotic: an open, multi-centre assessment in 804 patients with sleep disorders.", "content": "An open, multi-centre study was carried out in 804 patients complaining of sleep disorders to assess the effectiveness and acceptance of temazepam as a hypnotic. Patients received between 10 mg and 30 mg (mean 16.4 mg) temazepam each night for a week. Subjective assessments using a self-administered questionnaire were made daily of the quality and quantity of sleep. The results showed that sleep induction was rapid and most patients enjoyed a relatively uninterrupted night's sleep, and awakened feeling refreshed. Patient acceptance was good and there was a low incidence of residual or other adverse effects of treatment.", "contents": "The effectiveness of temazepam as a hypnotic: an open, multi-centre assessment in 804 patients with sleep disorders. An open, multi-centre study was carried out in 804 patients complaining of sleep disorders to assess the effectiveness and acceptance of temazepam as a hypnotic. Patients received between 10 mg and 30 mg (mean 16.4 mg) temazepam each night for a week. Subjective assessments using a self-administered questionnaire were made daily of the quality and quantity of sleep. The results showed that sleep induction was rapid and most patients enjoyed a relatively uninterrupted night's sleep, and awakened feeling refreshed. Patient acceptance was good and there was a low incidence of residual or other adverse effects of treatment.", "PMID": 657830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7572", "title": "Dysmorphology: an approach to a child with structural defects.", "content": "An approach to children with structural defects has been presented. The ultimate goal of this approach is a specific overall diagnosis. In such cases appropriate genetic counseling for the parents, accurate prognostication relative to the child's future development and an appropriate plan to help the child reach his potential usually are possible. When an overall diagnosis is lacking, the most that can be expected is a better understanding of the nature and onset of the problem. That in itself can often be helpful to patients and to all others dealing with children having structural defects.", "contents": "Dysmorphology: an approach to a child with structural defects. An approach to children with structural defects has been presented. The ultimate goal of this approach is a specific overall diagnosis. In such cases appropriate genetic counseling for the parents, accurate prognostication relative to the child's future development and an appropriate plan to help the child reach his potential usually are possible. When an overall diagnosis is lacking, the most that can be expected is a better understanding of the nature and onset of the problem. That in itself can often be helpful to patients and to all others dealing with children having structural defects.", "PMID": 657831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7573", "title": "Sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology with protean manifestations. Its history is revealed in its many eponymic syndromes. The histologic features are nonspecific, as are most of the clinical manifestations. The diagnosis is made by exclusion. The immunologic abnormalities are fascinating, with features of both hyperactivity and depression. Therapy is nonspecific and generally symptomatic.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology with protean manifestations. Its history is revealed in its many eponymic syndromes. The histologic features are nonspecific, as are most of the clinical manifestations. The diagnosis is made by exclusion. The immunologic abnormalities are fascinating, with features of both hyperactivity and depression. Therapy is nonspecific and generally symptomatic.", "PMID": 657835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7574", "title": "Psoriasis and arthritis.", "content": "The relationship of psoriasis and arthritis is controversial. It has been reported that 7 percent of patients with psoriasis have arthritis. In approximately half of these cases, it is a sero-negative inflammatory polyarthritis, two-thirds of which clinically resemble rheumatoid arthritis. A distinctive peripheral arthropathy is displayed by 1 percent of psoriatics. One-fifth of this group, or less than 0.2 percent of psoriatics, suffer deforming arthritis multilans. The epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, serologic, and genetic evidence for and against psoriatic arthropathy as a unique entity are reviewed. The prognosis of psoriatic arthritis appears to be better than previously suggested. Therapeutic measures are also reviewed.", "contents": "Psoriasis and arthritis. The relationship of psoriasis and arthritis is controversial. It has been reported that 7 percent of patients with psoriasis have arthritis. In approximately half of these cases, it is a sero-negative inflammatory polyarthritis, two-thirds of which clinically resemble rheumatoid arthritis. A distinctive peripheral arthropathy is displayed by 1 percent of psoriatics. One-fifth of this group, or less than 0.2 percent of psoriatics, suffer deforming arthritis multilans. The epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, serologic, and genetic evidence for and against psoriatic arthropathy as a unique entity are reviewed. The prognosis of psoriatic arthritis appears to be better than previously suggested. Therapeutic measures are also reviewed.", "PMID": 657836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7575", "title": "Xanthomas and lipoproteins.", "content": "Xanthomas and lipoprotein abnormalities are important to all physicians. Many factors affect the synthesis and degradation of cholesterol and triglyceride, the lipids of major importance in these disorders. Lipids travel in serum bound to protein moieties, forming lipoproteins. Hyperlipoproteinemias may be either primary or secondary to other diseases. Primary hyperlipoproteinemias recently have been reclassified, based on genetic studies. The four types of xanthomas include tendinous, tuberous, eruptive, and planar. Since xanthomas are usually not diagnostic of a specific disease entity, history, physical, and laboratory data are required for appropriate classification and treatment.", "contents": "Xanthomas and lipoproteins. Xanthomas and lipoprotein abnormalities are important to all physicians. Many factors affect the synthesis and degradation of cholesterol and triglyceride, the lipids of major importance in these disorders. Lipids travel in serum bound to protein moieties, forming lipoproteins. Hyperlipoproteinemias may be either primary or secondary to other diseases. Primary hyperlipoproteinemias recently have been reclassified, based on genetic studies. The four types of xanthomas include tendinous, tuberous, eruptive, and planar. Since xanthomas are usually not diagnostic of a specific disease entity, history, physical, and laboratory data are required for appropriate classification and treatment.", "PMID": 657837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7576", "title": "Erythema nodosum. A review.", "content": "Erythema nodosum is not an uncommon dermatologic entity. Sarcoidosis and streptococcal infection have become the two most common causes, while tuberculosis was the predominant etiology prior to the use of isoniazid. Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are two important geographic considerations. Laboratory tests should include a PPD test, chest x-ray, throat culture for beta-streptococcus, and ASO titer determination as a minimum. Symptomatic treatment remains unsatisfactory in many cases, although recent success has been reported with oral potassium iodide.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum. A review. Erythema nodosum is not an uncommon dermatologic entity. Sarcoidosis and streptococcal infection have become the two most common causes, while tuberculosis was the predominant etiology prior to the use of isoniazid. Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are two important geographic considerations. Laboratory tests should include a PPD test, chest x-ray, throat culture for beta-streptococcus, and ASO titer determination as a minimum. Symptomatic treatment remains unsatisfactory in many cases, although recent success has been reported with oral potassium iodide.", "PMID": 657838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7577", "title": "Purpura fulminans.", "content": "Purpura fulminans is the cutaneous manifestation of acute activation of the clotting mechanism resulting in massive hemorrhage due to an intravascular consumption coagulopathy. Peripheral necrotizing purpura is a warning signal, and early recognition of the clinical situation and heparin therapy may be lifesaving. Clinical manifestations and histologic features of this condition, along with its pathogenesis, treatment, and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Purpura fulminans. Purpura fulminans is the cutaneous manifestation of acute activation of the clotting mechanism resulting in massive hemorrhage due to an intravascular consumption coagulopathy. Peripheral necrotizing purpura is a warning signal, and early recognition of the clinical situation and heparin therapy may be lifesaving. Clinical manifestations and histologic features of this condition, along with its pathogenesis, treatment, and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 657839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7578", "title": "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue with multi-systemic manifestations. Although the skin changes are striking, the eye and cardiovascular lesions can be most devastating to the patient. A review of the clinical and pathologic findings and recent therapeutic approaches is presented. Recent investigations on the pathogenesis and genetics of PXE are also discussed.", "contents": "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue with multi-systemic manifestations. Although the skin changes are striking, the eye and cardiovascular lesions can be most devastating to the patient. A review of the clinical and pathologic findings and recent therapeutic approaches is presented. Recent investigations on the pathogenesis and genetics of PXE are also discussed.", "PMID": 657840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7579", "title": "Differential diagnosis of sclerodermoid skin changes.", "content": "Sclerotic changes in the skin are most frequently caused by scleroderma. In those cases in which scleroderma is not implicated, careful historical, physical, histologic, and laboratory evaluation will allow an appropriate diagnosis to be made. In this way, appropriate therapy and prognostication can be given.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of sclerodermoid skin changes. Sclerotic changes in the skin are most frequently caused by scleroderma. In those cases in which scleroderma is not implicated, careful historical, physical, histologic, and laboratory evaluation will allow an appropriate diagnosis to be made. In this way, appropriate therapy and prognostication can be given.", "PMID": 657841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7580", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Numerous diseases affect the skin and gut simultaneously. The early recognition and treatment of both components is often essential to decrease morbidity and even prevent death precipitated by gastrointestinal crises. A number of the diseases affecting both the skin and gut are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent developments.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease. Numerous diseases affect the skin and gut simultaneously. The early recognition and treatment of both components is often essential to decrease morbidity and even prevent death precipitated by gastrointestinal crises. A number of the diseases affecting both the skin and gut are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent developments.", "PMID": 657842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7581", "title": "Pruritus as a manifestation of systemic disorders.", "content": "A significant internal disorder is present in only a limited number of patients with essential pruritus. The mechanisms for the production of pruritus in these disorders are poorly understood and frequently are unrelated to liberation of histamine. Proteolytic enzymes in lymphoproliferative disorders, bile acids in obstructive hepatobiliary disease, parathyroid hormone in chronic renal failure, and prostaglandins and kinins are but a few of the chemicals that may ultimately be responsible for the development of pruritus in these and other purely cutaneous disorders. Patients with essential pruritus should have a comprehensive physical and laboratory evaluation, but psychologic, environmental, and other factors must be considered when thorough clinical evaluation is unrewarding. Treatment should be directed towards elimination of the underlying alteration, control of the additional factors, and alleviation of the symptom.", "contents": "Pruritus as a manifestation of systemic disorders. A significant internal disorder is present in only a limited number of patients with essential pruritus. The mechanisms for the production of pruritus in these disorders are poorly understood and frequently are unrelated to liberation of histamine. Proteolytic enzymes in lymphoproliferative disorders, bile acids in obstructive hepatobiliary disease, parathyroid hormone in chronic renal failure, and prostaglandins and kinins are but a few of the chemicals that may ultimately be responsible for the development of pruritus in these and other purely cutaneous disorders. Patients with essential pruritus should have a comprehensive physical and laboratory evaluation, but psychologic, environmental, and other factors must be considered when thorough clinical evaluation is unrewarding. Treatment should be directed towards elimination of the underlying alteration, control of the additional factors, and alleviation of the symptom.", "PMID": 657843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7582", "title": "Differential frequency of human X and Y chromatin as related to cell density in vitro.", "content": "The relationship between cell density in vitro and the frequency of fluorescent X chromatin and/or Y chromatin-positive interphase nuclei was studied in cultured cells from three human male and female subjects. It was found that altough the frequency of fluorescent X chromatin-positive cells was proportional to cell density, the frequency of fluorescent Y chromatin-postitive cells was independent of cell density. Our results are compared with those of other investigators.", "contents": "Differential frequency of human X and Y chromatin as related to cell density in vitro. The relationship between cell density in vitro and the frequency of fluorescent X chromatin and/or Y chromatin-positive interphase nuclei was studied in cultured cells from three human male and female subjects. It was found that altough the frequency of fluorescent X chromatin-positive cells was proportional to cell density, the frequency of fluorescent Y chromatin-postitive cells was independent of cell density. Our results are compared with those of other investigators.", "PMID": 657845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7583", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension secondary to minor pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The response of pulmonary arterial pressure to minor degrees of pulmonary embolism was examined in 18 patients with embolic occlusion of less than 25% of the pulmonary vascular bed. Patients with pulmonary embolism were compared to normal controls matched for age and sex and to patients with a variety of acute pulmonary disorders without pulmonary embolism. Patients with pulmonary embolism and patients with other acute pulmonary diseases had significantly higher pulmonary arterial pressures and significantly lower values for arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) than did normal subjects. The degree of pulmonary hypertension correlated with the PaO2. Pulmonary hypertension occurring after minor degrees of pulmonary embolism may be a response to mild arterial hypoxemia.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension secondary to minor pulmonary embolism. The response of pulmonary arterial pressure to minor degrees of pulmonary embolism was examined in 18 patients with embolic occlusion of less than 25% of the pulmonary vascular bed. Patients with pulmonary embolism were compared to normal controls matched for age and sex and to patients with a variety of acute pulmonary disorders without pulmonary embolism. Patients with pulmonary embolism and patients with other acute pulmonary diseases had significantly higher pulmonary arterial pressures and significantly lower values for arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) than did normal subjects. The degree of pulmonary hypertension correlated with the PaO2. Pulmonary hypertension occurring after minor degrees of pulmonary embolism may be a response to mild arterial hypoxemia.", "PMID": 657852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7584", "title": "A prospective cooperative study of complications following flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "The frequency of complications following flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopic procedures was studied prospectively in 908 patients from 13 cooperating hospitals. Major complications (respiratory arrest, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and obstruction of airways) occurred in 1.7 per cent (15) of the procedures. There was one death, yielding a mortality of 0.1%. Minor complications, including vasovagal reactions, fever, cardiac arrhythmias, bleeding, obstruction of airways, nausea and vomiting, pneumothorax, psychotic reaction, and aphonia, occurred in 6.5% of the procedures. Pneumothorax occurred after 5% (four) of 85 transbronchial biopsies. Although serious complications occur more frequently than previously reported from retrospective studies, complications after fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures are still quite infrequent. The relative risks and benefits must always be carefully weighed in patients being considered for a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure.", "contents": "A prospective cooperative study of complications following flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The frequency of complications following flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopic procedures was studied prospectively in 908 patients from 13 cooperating hospitals. Major complications (respiratory arrest, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and obstruction of airways) occurred in 1.7 per cent (15) of the procedures. There was one death, yielding a mortality of 0.1%. Minor complications, including vasovagal reactions, fever, cardiac arrhythmias, bleeding, obstruction of airways, nausea and vomiting, pneumothorax, psychotic reaction, and aphonia, occurred in 6.5% of the procedures. Pneumothorax occurred after 5% (four) of 85 transbronchial biopsies. Although serious complications occur more frequently than previously reported from retrospective studies, complications after fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures are still quite infrequent. The relative risks and benefits must always be carefully weighed in patients being considered for a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure.", "PMID": 657853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7585", "title": "The value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the management of pulmonary collapse.", "content": "Nineteen fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures were performed on ten patients for the treatment of pulmonary collapse. All but two patients were being treated for severe, life-threatening nonpulmonary diseases. Thick, tenacious, and, at times, purulent mucous plugs were successfully aspirated from the bronchial passages. Complete to partial radiologic reexpansion of the collapsed pulmonary region was observed following all but one procedure. Significant improvement in blood gas levels was also noticed immediately after the procedure. Bronchoscopic examination in these seriously ill patients did not cause any complications. The therapeutic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures in patients developing pulmonary collapse due to thick secretions and mucous plugs was demonstrated.", "contents": "The value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the management of pulmonary collapse. Nineteen fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures were performed on ten patients for the treatment of pulmonary collapse. All but two patients were being treated for severe, life-threatening nonpulmonary diseases. Thick, tenacious, and, at times, purulent mucous plugs were successfully aspirated from the bronchial passages. Complete to partial radiologic reexpansion of the collapsed pulmonary region was observed following all but one procedure. Significant improvement in blood gas levels was also noticed immediately after the procedure. Bronchoscopic examination in these seriously ill patients did not cause any complications. The therapeutic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures in patients developing pulmonary collapse due to thick secretions and mucous plugs was demonstrated.", "PMID": 657854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7586", "title": "The effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on cardiac rhythm.", "content": "Cardiac rhythm was monitored in 70 patients prior to, during, and following fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures. Minor abnormalities in rhythm were frequent. Major cardiac arrhythmias occurred in 11% (8/70) of the patients during the bronchoscopic procedure. All arrhythmias were self-limited and had no hemodynamic consequence. Patients with evidence of coronary arterial disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or previously known premature ventricular contractions were at no higher risk for developing major arrhythmias. Hypoxemia (arterial oxygen pressure less than 60 mm Hg) at the end of the procedure correlated significantly with the development of new major arrhythmias.", "contents": "The effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on cardiac rhythm. Cardiac rhythm was monitored in 70 patients prior to, during, and following fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures. Minor abnormalities in rhythm were frequent. Major cardiac arrhythmias occurred in 11% (8/70) of the patients during the bronchoscopic procedure. All arrhythmias were self-limited and had no hemodynamic consequence. Patients with evidence of coronary arterial disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or previously known premature ventricular contractions were at no higher risk for developing major arrhythmias. Hypoxemia (arterial oxygen pressure less than 60 mm Hg) at the end of the procedure correlated significantly with the development of new major arrhythmias.", "PMID": 657855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7587", "title": "Miconazole for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Unfavorable experience.", "content": "Miconazole at dosages up to 30 mg/kg/day was given intravenously to seven patients with complicated courses of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Six had received treatment with amphotericin B previously and five of these patients could be evaluated for the efficacy of the treatment. In three patients the condition failed to respond to therapy, another patient required intratracheal administration of amphotericin B later, and the fifth patient had an equivocal response to treatment. Severe phlebitis, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, hyperlipidemia, and thrombocytosis were frequent side effects. These limited unfavorable results indicate that until controlled studies demonstrate its safety and efficacy, therapy with miconazole should be reserved for highly selected patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis who cannot receive amphotericin B.", "contents": "Miconazole for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Unfavorable experience. Miconazole at dosages up to 30 mg/kg/day was given intravenously to seven patients with complicated courses of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Six had received treatment with amphotericin B previously and five of these patients could be evaluated for the efficacy of the treatment. In three patients the condition failed to respond to therapy, another patient required intratracheal administration of amphotericin B later, and the fifth patient had an equivocal response to treatment. Severe phlebitis, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, hyperlipidemia, and thrombocytosis were frequent side effects. These limited unfavorable results indicate that until controlled studies demonstrate its safety and efficacy, therapy with miconazole should be reserved for highly selected patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis who cannot receive amphotericin B.", "PMID": 657856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7588", "title": "Mechanical stimulation of the heart: its therapeutic value in tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "This report presents the experience obtained with the use of mechanical stimulation of the heart by external (\"chest thump\") and internal (stimulation via catheter) means in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. The chest thump was used primarily for termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Endocardial stimulation of the right and left ventricles and right atrium via catheters was used for both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The experience reported includes 68 patients, 19 of whom were treated successfully with mechanical stimulation and 49 of whom required other types of treatment. Of the 32 patients with 33 episodes of atrial tachycardia, eight episodes (24%) were treated successfully (three episodes by right atiral stimulation and five by right ventricular stimulation). Of the four patients with five episodes of junctional tachycardia, three episodes (60%) were treated successfully (one episode by right atrial stimulation and two by right ventricular stimulation). Of the 32 patients with ventricular tachycardia who experienced 37 episodes, 15 episodes (41%) were treated successfully (three by right ventricular stimulation, two by left ventricular stimulation, and ten by chest thump). In two of these patients, the thump was applied to an area of paradoxical pulsation.", "contents": "Mechanical stimulation of the heart: its therapeutic value in tachyarrhythmias. This report presents the experience obtained with the use of mechanical stimulation of the heart by external (\"chest thump\") and internal (stimulation via catheter) means in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. The chest thump was used primarily for termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Endocardial stimulation of the right and left ventricles and right atrium via catheters was used for both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The experience reported includes 68 patients, 19 of whom were treated successfully with mechanical stimulation and 49 of whom required other types of treatment. Of the 32 patients with 33 episodes of atrial tachycardia, eight episodes (24%) were treated successfully (three episodes by right atiral stimulation and five by right ventricular stimulation). Of the four patients with five episodes of junctional tachycardia, three episodes (60%) were treated successfully (one episode by right atrial stimulation and two by right ventricular stimulation). Of the 32 patients with ventricular tachycardia who experienced 37 episodes, 15 episodes (41%) were treated successfully (three by right ventricular stimulation, two by left ventricular stimulation, and ten by chest thump). In two of these patients, the thump was applied to an area of paradoxical pulsation.", "PMID": 657857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7589", "title": "The association between atrial septal defect and prolapse of the tricuspid valve. An echocardiographic study.", "content": "The echocardiograms of 52 patients with atrial septal defects were reviewed. Six patients were noted to have prolapse of the tricuspid valve. Three of these subjects had associated prolapse of the mitral valve. The diagnosis of tricuspid valvular prolapse was confirmed by angiograms in one patient. Four patients had midsystolic tricuspid valvular prolapse, and holosystolic prolapse of the tricuspid valve was observed in two. In one patient a striking increase in the degree of tricuspid valvular prolapse was noted after closure of the atrial septal defect. A concomitant increase in the degree of tricuspid regurgitation was noted after surgery. Aggravation of tricuspid valvular prolapse should be considered as one of the causes of clinical and hemodynamic deterioration in the condition of a patient following repair of an atrial septal defect.", "contents": "The association between atrial septal defect and prolapse of the tricuspid valve. An echocardiographic study. The echocardiograms of 52 patients with atrial septal defects were reviewed. Six patients were noted to have prolapse of the tricuspid valve. Three of these subjects had associated prolapse of the mitral valve. The diagnosis of tricuspid valvular prolapse was confirmed by angiograms in one patient. Four patients had midsystolic tricuspid valvular prolapse, and holosystolic prolapse of the tricuspid valve was observed in two. In one patient a striking increase in the degree of tricuspid valvular prolapse was noted after closure of the atrial septal defect. A concomitant increase in the degree of tricuspid regurgitation was noted after surgery. Aggravation of tricuspid valvular prolapse should be considered as one of the causes of clinical and hemodynamic deterioration in the condition of a patient following repair of an atrial septal defect.", "PMID": 657858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7590", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with smoking moldy marihuana.", "content": "A 27-year-old man who habitually smoked marihuana developed clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings consistent with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Culture of the marihuana obtained from the patient's source yielded heavy mixed growths of Aspergillus. Treatment with corticosteroids was effective.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with smoking moldy marihuana. A 27-year-old man who habitually smoked marihuana developed clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings consistent with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Culture of the marihuana obtained from the patient's source yielded heavy mixed growths of Aspergillus. Treatment with corticosteroids was effective.", "PMID": 657864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7591", "title": "Cerebral dye embolus: a complication of selective bronchography following transbronchial biopsy.", "content": "Cerebral embolization of an aqueous solution of propyliodone (Dionosil) occurred during selective bronchographic studies following a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure with transbronchial biopsy in a patient undergoing investigation of a pulmonary lesion. The embolization resulted in a grand mal seizure and transient neurologic deficits. This potential complication has not been previously reported. We suggest that selective bronchographic studies be avoided when the transbronchial biopsy is associated with endobronchial bleeding.", "contents": "Cerebral dye embolus: a complication of selective bronchography following transbronchial biopsy. Cerebral embolization of an aqueous solution of propyliodone (Dionosil) occurred during selective bronchographic studies following a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure with transbronchial biopsy in a patient undergoing investigation of a pulmonary lesion. The embolization resulted in a grand mal seizure and transient neurologic deficits. This potential complication has not been previously reported. We suggest that selective bronchographic studies be avoided when the transbronchial biopsy is associated with endobronchial bleeding.", "PMID": 657865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7592", "title": "Propranolol-induced dysfunction of the sinus node in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "We report the findings in a patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (type A) who initially had recurrent fainting episodes. It appeared that they were caused by prolonged posttachycardiac depression of the sinus node, which was induced by treatment with propranolol. The possibility of covert dysfunction of the sinus node in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome should be considered before commencing therapy with beta-adrenergic blocking agents.", "contents": "Propranolol-induced dysfunction of the sinus node in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. We report the findings in a patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (type A) who initially had recurrent fainting episodes. It appeared that they were caused by prolonged posttachycardiac depression of the sinus node, which was induced by treatment with propranolol. The possibility of covert dysfunction of the sinus node in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome should be considered before commencing therapy with beta-adrenergic blocking agents.", "PMID": 657866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7593", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis and renal failure following status asthmaticus.", "content": "Acute renal failure developed in a 25-year-old man following status asthmaticus. He was found to have myoglobinuria. Vigorous contraction of the respiratory muscles and hypoxia were considered to be responsible for the development of myoglobinuria. Associated dehydration, in the presence of myoglobinuria, also contributed to the development of acute renal failure.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis and renal failure following status asthmaticus. Acute renal failure developed in a 25-year-old man following status asthmaticus. He was found to have myoglobinuria. Vigorous contraction of the respiratory muscles and hypoxia were considered to be responsible for the development of myoglobinuria. Associated dehydration, in the presence of myoglobinuria, also contributed to the development of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 657868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7594", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antibiotics: protein-binding considerations.", "content": "The therapeutic activity of antibiotics depends on several factors including absorption, elimination kinetics, distribution in the body, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), stability against enzymes, and plasma-protein binding. Some of these factors are interrelated, for example, the extent of protein binding of an antibiotic influences its elimination kinetics, distribution into tissues, MIC, and antibacterial activity. To evaluate the potential efficacy of an antibiotic, it is important to know the extent of its binding to plasma proteins especially since the protein-bound fraction of the antibiotic is devoid of antibacterial activity. Cephalosporins are a new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that bind to plasma proteins in different degrees. Reported values for protein binding range from 6% for cephradine to 92% for cefazolin. The effects of protein binding of some of the commonly used cephalosporins on antibacterial activity and several pharmacokinetic parameters are discussed in this communication.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antibiotics: protein-binding considerations. The therapeutic activity of antibiotics depends on several factors including absorption, elimination kinetics, distribution in the body, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), stability against enzymes, and plasma-protein binding. Some of these factors are interrelated, for example, the extent of protein binding of an antibiotic influences its elimination kinetics, distribution into tissues, MIC, and antibacterial activity. To evaluate the potential efficacy of an antibiotic, it is important to know the extent of its binding to plasma proteins especially since the protein-bound fraction of the antibiotic is devoid of antibacterial activity. Cephalosporins are a new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that bind to plasma proteins in different degrees. Reported values for protein binding range from 6% for cephradine to 92% for cefazolin. The effects of protein binding of some of the commonly used cephalosporins on antibacterial activity and several pharmacokinetic parameters are discussed in this communication.", "PMID": 657874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7595", "title": "Comparative in vitro activity of five nitrofurans.", "content": "Five nitrofurans- nitrofurantoin, nifuratel, nitrofurazone, furazolidone and and SQ 18,506--have been tested against 201 microbial strains. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, micrococci and Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to all five compounds; furazolidone and SQ 18,506 were the most active against these species. Klebsiella aerogenes was less sensitive, and Proteus spp., Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were resistant. Nifuratel was inhibitory for some Candida albicans strains, and SQ 18,506 was highly active against this species. Nifuratel was judged overall to have superior in vitro antimicrobial properties to nitrofurantoin.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activity of five nitrofurans. Five nitrofurans- nitrofurantoin, nifuratel, nitrofurazone, furazolidone and and SQ 18,506--have been tested against 201 microbial strains. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, micrococci and Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to all five compounds; furazolidone and SQ 18,506 were the most active against these species. Klebsiella aerogenes was less sensitive, and Proteus spp., Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were resistant. Nifuratel was inhibitory for some Candida albicans strains, and SQ 18,506 was highly active against this species. Nifuratel was judged overall to have superior in vitro antimicrobial properties to nitrofurantoin.", "PMID": 657876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7596", "title": "Amikacin therapy of serious gram-negative bacillary infections in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Amikacin was used to treat 7 serious gram-negative bacillary infections in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. 4 were caused by pathogens resistant to gentamicin. 5 infections were cured; 1 was improved and another failed to respond. Mean 1-hour peak serum levels of amikacin ranged from 25.8 to 44.3 microgram/ml. Mean serum levels of amikacin after 6 h of hemodialysis were 61.5% of predialysis levels. Amikacin is highly effective but doses must be reduced in patients requiring hemodialysis and serum levels monitored to avoid ototoxicity.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of serious gram-negative bacillary infections in chronic hemodialysis patients. Amikacin was used to treat 7 serious gram-negative bacillary infections in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. 4 were caused by pathogens resistant to gentamicin. 5 infections were cured; 1 was improved and another failed to respond. Mean 1-hour peak serum levels of amikacin ranged from 25.8 to 44.3 microgram/ml. Mean serum levels of amikacin after 6 h of hemodialysis were 61.5% of predialysis levels. Amikacin is highly effective but doses must be reduced in patients requiring hemodialysis and serum levels monitored to avoid ototoxicity.", "PMID": 657877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7597", "title": "Clinical experience with bacteraemia in patients with leukaemia and allied neoplastic diseases.", "content": "134 bacteraemic episodes in 112 patients with leukaemia and allied disorders over a 5-year period were reviewed. The patients were divided, with respect to neoplastic disease, into 3 prognostic groups according to estimated periods of survival of years (group 1), months (group II) or weeks (group III). High mortality was correlated to group III, gram-negative rod bacteraemia and septic shock. Low leucocyte levels and intensive antineoplastic treatment did not adversely influence the prognosis of the bacteraemic patients. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was correlated with a significantly lower mortality, and it is concluded that aggressive antibiotic therapy is indicated when bacteraemia is suspected from clinical judgement.", "contents": "Clinical experience with bacteraemia in patients with leukaemia and allied neoplastic diseases. 134 bacteraemic episodes in 112 patients with leukaemia and allied disorders over a 5-year period were reviewed. The patients were divided, with respect to neoplastic disease, into 3 prognostic groups according to estimated periods of survival of years (group 1), months (group II) or weeks (group III). High mortality was correlated to group III, gram-negative rod bacteraemia and septic shock. Low leucocyte levels and intensive antineoplastic treatment did not adversely influence the prognosis of the bacteraemic patients. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was correlated with a significantly lower mortality, and it is concluded that aggressive antibiotic therapy is indicated when bacteraemia is suspected from clinical judgement.", "PMID": 657878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7598", "title": "Combined therapy in leprosy. Background and findings.", "content": "This report is based on data obtained from 64 lepromatous cases. Despite many years of DDS monotherapy, the homogenates from biopsies of these patients revealed 10(4) or more bacteria. From the beginning of combination therapy with synergistic-acting substances (rifampicin + isoprodian (INH + PTH + DDS) the logarithms of the number of bacteria in the homogenates decreased, both during treatment period and during treatment-free observation period (Figs. 3--8). During the whole time biopsies were taken almost monthly. A considerable regression of the bacterial mass or even \"negativity\" could be observed within a relatively short time. Once started, the process of reduction of bacteria continued also after termination of therapy. To be able to evaluate a medication, therapy-free observation periods (for a minimum of 5 years) are indispensable.", "contents": "Combined therapy in leprosy. Background and findings. This report is based on data obtained from 64 lepromatous cases. Despite many years of DDS monotherapy, the homogenates from biopsies of these patients revealed 10(4) or more bacteria. From the beginning of combination therapy with synergistic-acting substances (rifampicin + isoprodian (INH + PTH + DDS) the logarithms of the number of bacteria in the homogenates decreased, both during treatment period and during treatment-free observation period (Figs. 3--8). During the whole time biopsies were taken almost monthly. A considerable regression of the bacterial mass or even \"negativity\" could be observed within a relatively short time. Once started, the process of reduction of bacteria continued also after termination of therapy. To be able to evaluate a medication, therapy-free observation periods (for a minimum of 5 years) are indispensable.", "PMID": 657879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7599", "title": "Why many placed children have learning difficulties.", "content": "A child's normal development from infantile to adult narcissism may be disrupted by placement. The reactions and defenses may cause serious problems in school learning.", "contents": "Why many placed children have learning difficulties. A child's normal development from infantile to adult narcissism may be disrupted by placement. The reactions and defenses may cause serious problems in school learning.", "PMID": 657880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7600", "title": "Parent/child foster placement: an alternate approach in child abuse and neglect.", "content": "Placement of a single parent and child in a foster home-thus avoiding separation in certain abuse and neglect cases-permits accurate evaluation of parenting skills and judgment, important in any decision to restore the family as a safe, independent unit.", "contents": "Parent/child foster placement: an alternate approach in child abuse and neglect. Placement of a single parent and child in a foster home-thus avoiding separation in certain abuse and neglect cases-permits accurate evaluation of parenting skills and judgment, important in any decision to restore the family as a safe, independent unit.", "PMID": 657881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7601", "title": "Lumbar spinal stenosis: a review article.", "content": "(1) In discussing the types of lumbar spinal stenosis, emphasis has been placed on the developmental form. (2) The importance of nerve entrapment in the lateral recess has been stressed. (3) An attempt has been made to demonstrate the relationship of developmental stenosis to other lesions affecting the lumbar spine. (4) Our knowledge of the development of the lumbar spine and its patho-anatomy in children is limited. (5) Attention to minor trauma and to preventive measures during childhood will do much to prevent stenosis in later years.", "contents": "Lumbar spinal stenosis: a review article. (1) In discussing the types of lumbar spinal stenosis, emphasis has been placed on the developmental form. (2) The importance of nerve entrapment in the lateral recess has been stressed. (3) An attempt has been made to demonstrate the relationship of developmental stenosis to other lesions affecting the lumbar spine. (4) Our knowledge of the development of the lumbar spine and its patho-anatomy in children is limited. (5) Attention to minor trauma and to preventive measures during childhood will do much to prevent stenosis in later years.", "PMID": 657882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7602", "title": "Experimental hydrocephalus: cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and ventricular distensibility during early stages.", "content": "Adult craniectomized cats, rendered hydrocephalic by intracisternal kaolin injection, were repeatedly studied as to parameters pertaining to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and ventricular size. Intraventricular pressure was up to 8-fold of normal (mean 17.1 cm H2O) initially after induction of hydrocephalus and then went gradually down after 1 month. Ventricular volumes attained their maximum volume of approximately 4.5 ml at the very earliest study. The absorptive reserve (excess of absorption over formation rate of CSF) increased with time, thereby theoretically enabling the 'arrest' of the hydrocephalic process. Ventricular distensibility also increased with time, thus even the low ventricular pressure maintains the larger ventricular volume.", "contents": "Experimental hydrocephalus: cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and ventricular distensibility during early stages. Adult craniectomized cats, rendered hydrocephalic by intracisternal kaolin injection, were repeatedly studied as to parameters pertaining to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and ventricular size. Intraventricular pressure was up to 8-fold of normal (mean 17.1 cm H2O) initially after induction of hydrocephalus and then went gradually down after 1 month. Ventricular volumes attained their maximum volume of approximately 4.5 ml at the very earliest study. The absorptive reserve (excess of absorption over formation rate of CSF) increased with time, thereby theoretically enabling the 'arrest' of the hydrocephalic process. Ventricular distensibility also increased with time, thus even the low ventricular pressure maintains the larger ventricular volume.", "PMID": 657883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7603", "title": "Surgical treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Since 1971, we have surgically treated spasticity in 109 cases of cerebral palsy with posterior rhizotomy. The best results have been obtained with functional posterior rhizotomy, an original modification of Foerster's technique, in which the selection of the roots/rootlets to be sectioned is based on functional exploration of the spinal circuits involved in the maintenance of spasticity, using intraoperative electrostimulation on dorsal roots. This method makes selective sections possible, thereby saving a larger number of normal proprioceptive afferents, with consequent reduction in negative side effects. No recurrencies have been observed in our 3-year follow-up. The main indication is Little's disease.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy. Since 1971, we have surgically treated spasticity in 109 cases of cerebral palsy with posterior rhizotomy. The best results have been obtained with functional posterior rhizotomy, an original modification of Foerster's technique, in which the selection of the roots/rootlets to be sectioned is based on functional exploration of the spinal circuits involved in the maintenance of spasticity, using intraoperative electrostimulation on dorsal roots. This method makes selective sections possible, thereby saving a larger number of normal proprioceptive afferents, with consequent reduction in negative side effects. No recurrencies have been observed in our 3-year follow-up. The main indication is Little's disease.", "PMID": 657884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7604", "title": "Extradural hemorrhage in the newborn as a result of birth trauma.", "content": "During the past 18 years, 134 autopsies of intracranial hemorrhages were performed in the Department of Pathology, and 2 cases of extradural hemorrhages were discovered (2.2%). 5 cases of extradural hemorrhage (2 of our own treated surgically and 3 untreated found at autopsy) are described in detail. 1 of the 2 cases treated surgically responded favorably to surgical treatment. The mechanism of hemorrhage into extradural spaces is investigated and reconsidered following review of the literature. The necessity for right reflux brachial angiography is emphasized for early diagnosis of extradural hemorrhage.", "contents": "Extradural hemorrhage in the newborn as a result of birth trauma. During the past 18 years, 134 autopsies of intracranial hemorrhages were performed in the Department of Pathology, and 2 cases of extradural hemorrhages were discovered (2.2%). 5 cases of extradural hemorrhage (2 of our own treated surgically and 3 untreated found at autopsy) are described in detail. 1 of the 2 cases treated surgically responded favorably to surgical treatment. The mechanism of hemorrhage into extradural spaces is investigated and reconsidered following review of the literature. The necessity for right reflux brachial angiography is emphasized for early diagnosis of extradural hemorrhage.", "PMID": 657885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7605", "title": "The relation of length of institutionalization to the intellectual functioning of the profoundly retarded.", "content": "The effect of institutionalization was measured in relation to performance on the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale by 103 profoundly retarded residents with a mean CA of 20.3 years, a mean MA of 18.1 months, a mean IQ of 12.7, and a mean number of years in the institution of 10.6. After partialing out CA and MA, years in the institution was negatively correlated with success in visually directed object manipulation (Cattell items below an MA of 9 months), social imitation (9-12 months), and purposeful, constructive activities (over 20 months). The findings were compared with previous studies on retarded and nonretarded infants and children.", "contents": "The relation of length of institutionalization to the intellectual functioning of the profoundly retarded. The effect of institutionalization was measured in relation to performance on the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale by 103 profoundly retarded residents with a mean CA of 20.3 years, a mean MA of 18.1 months, a mean IQ of 12.7, and a mean number of years in the institution of 10.6. After partialing out CA and MA, years in the institution was negatively correlated with success in visually directed object manipulation (Cattell items below an MA of 9 months), social imitation (9-12 months), and purposeful, constructive activities (over 20 months). The findings were compared with previous studies on retarded and nonretarded infants and children.", "PMID": 657886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7606", "title": "Developmental changes in human infant visual-evoked potentials to patterned stimuli recorded at different scalp locations.", "content": "Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) to patterned stimuli were recorded from 4 different scalp locations in 2 groups of infant subjects (ages 6 weeks and 10 weeks). Seven VEP components were identified that changed in amplitude as a function of changes in the amount of contour in the stimuli presented. Developmental shifts in these effects were interpreted to indicate a change in the physiological locus of control of infant visual preferences from a subcortical to a cortical locus over the age range examined.", "contents": "Developmental changes in human infant visual-evoked potentials to patterned stimuli recorded at different scalp locations. Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) to patterned stimuli were recorded from 4 different scalp locations in 2 groups of infant subjects (ages 6 weeks and 10 weeks). Seven VEP components were identified that changed in amplitude as a function of changes in the amount of contour in the stimuli presented. Developmental shifts in these effects were interpreted to indicate a change in the physiological locus of control of infant visual preferences from a subcortical to a cortical locus over the age range examined.", "PMID": 657887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7607", "title": "A first-year follow-up of high-risk infants: formulating a cumulative risk index.", "content": "Multiple developmental assessments were made at 4-month intervals over the first year of life for 2 groups of infants born at risk and 1 normal group. The groups included 46 preterm respiratory distress syndrome infants, 46 postterm postmaturity syndrome, and 59 term normal infants. The mothers were white, multiparous, middle-class, high school graduates averaging 25 years of age. Analyses of group differences revealed that the preterm respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) infants continued to exhibit delays in motor and mental development and the postmature infants in mental development. Discriminant function analyses suggesting that the most efficient predictors and accurate discriminators of continuing risk were as follows: the Parmelee obstetric and postnatal complications scores and the Brazelton interactive and motoric process scores at birth; the Denver rating, mother-infant interaction and Carey temperament ratings at 4 months; and the Bayley mental and motor scores at 8 months. On the basis of their weighted assessment scores, infants were assigned a cumulative risk index at each assessment period.", "contents": "A first-year follow-up of high-risk infants: formulating a cumulative risk index. Multiple developmental assessments were made at 4-month intervals over the first year of life for 2 groups of infants born at risk and 1 normal group. The groups included 46 preterm respiratory distress syndrome infants, 46 postterm postmaturity syndrome, and 59 term normal infants. The mothers were white, multiparous, middle-class, high school graduates averaging 25 years of age. Analyses of group differences revealed that the preterm respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) infants continued to exhibit delays in motor and mental development and the postmature infants in mental development. Discriminant function analyses suggesting that the most efficient predictors and accurate discriminators of continuing risk were as follows: the Parmelee obstetric and postnatal complications scores and the Brazelton interactive and motoric process scores at birth; the Denver rating, mother-infant interaction and Carey temperament ratings at 4 months; and the Bayley mental and motor scores at 8 months. On the basis of their weighted assessment scores, infants were assigned a cumulative risk index at each assessment period.", "PMID": 657888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7608", "title": "Visual acuity for single lines as a function of hue and age.", "content": "176 students in grades 2-12 were tested for visual acuity as a function of minimally resolvable red, yellow, green, and blue lines. A 3-way mixed analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the colors, with better acuity for longer wavelengths. Significant age effects as well as a sex X condition interaction were also found. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant quartic trend for age. It is argued that the differential acuity thresholds for hue and the curvilinear age trend may depend upon the coordination of the accommodation and refractive power of the eye, which are affected by differential growth rates of the lens and the axial length of the eye.", "contents": "Visual acuity for single lines as a function of hue and age. 176 students in grades 2-12 were tested for visual acuity as a function of minimally resolvable red, yellow, green, and blue lines. A 3-way mixed analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the colors, with better acuity for longer wavelengths. Significant age effects as well as a sex X condition interaction were also found. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant quartic trend for age. It is argued that the differential acuity thresholds for hue and the curvilinear age trend may depend upon the coordination of the accommodation and refractive power of the eye, which are affected by differential growth rates of the lens and the axial length of the eye.", "PMID": 657889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7609", "title": "Visual and verbal processes involved in the development of picture-recognition skills.", "content": "4-5-year-old, 6-7-year-old, and 8-9-year-old children were given picture-recognition tasks in which recognition stimuli were systematically varied with respect to familiarization stimuli. Subjects were required either to verbalize or remain silent during familiarization and to identify either central figure only or whole picture recognition. Results suggested that (a) young children base recognition primarily on central figure whereas older children are more likely to utilize the entire stimulus array, and (b) younger children are more likely than older children to use spoken labels as a basis for recognition when they verbalize during familiarization.", "contents": "Visual and verbal processes involved in the development of picture-recognition skills. 4-5-year-old, 6-7-year-old, and 8-9-year-old children were given picture-recognition tasks in which recognition stimuli were systematically varied with respect to familiarization stimuli. Subjects were required either to verbalize or remain silent during familiarization and to identify either central figure only or whole picture recognition. Results suggested that (a) young children base recognition primarily on central figure whereas older children are more likely to utilize the entire stimulus array, and (b) younger children are more likely than older children to use spoken labels as a basis for recognition when they verbalize during familiarization.", "PMID": 657890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7610", "title": "Developmental priority of identity conservation: acceleration of identity and equivalence in normal and moderately retarded children.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the chronological relationship between identity and equivalence conservation, normal preschool-aged children (experiment 1) were exposed to brief videotape demonstrations of a model conserving identity and equivalence, identity only, equivalence only, or neither. Subsequent performances indicate that identity was easier to accelerate than equivalence, and training in both identity and equivalence appeared to be most effective in accelerating conservation. Trainable mentally retarded (TMR) children were then exposed to either the identity-equivalence-conserving or control model (experiment 2). This population, which some have argued remains at a preoperational level of functioning, was more likely to conserve identity than equivalence. In addition, conservation in the training group increased following training, though these gains were not maintained over a 3-week retention interval.", "contents": "Developmental priority of identity conservation: acceleration of identity and equivalence in normal and moderately retarded children. In an attempt to clarify the chronological relationship between identity and equivalence conservation, normal preschool-aged children (experiment 1) were exposed to brief videotape demonstrations of a model conserving identity and equivalence, identity only, equivalence only, or neither. Subsequent performances indicate that identity was easier to accelerate than equivalence, and training in both identity and equivalence appeared to be most effective in accelerating conservation. Trainable mentally retarded (TMR) children were then exposed to either the identity-equivalence-conserving or control model (experiment 2). This population, which some have argued remains at a preoperational level of functioning, was more likely to conserve identity than equivalence. In addition, conservation in the training group increased following training, though these gains were not maintained over a 3-week retention interval.", "PMID": 657891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7611", "title": "Young adolescents' beliefs concerning menstruation.", "content": "In order to explore the early socialization of attitudes and expectations about menstruation, 54 young adolescent girls (both pre- and postmenarcheal) and boys responded to a questionnaire assessing evaluative attitudes toward menstruation, expected symptomatology, perceived effects on moods and activities, and sources of information for these beliefs. The results showed that even premenarcheal girls and young boys have a reasonably well-defined and mostly negative set of attitudes and expectations. Most believed that menstruation is accompanied by physical discomforts, increased emotionality, and a disruption of activities and social interactions. Although the responses of the 3 groups were remarkably similar, premenarcheal girls had a somewhat less negative evaluation of menstruation than both postmenarcheal girls and boys. Other analysis showed that symptom expectations for \"girls in general\" were more severe than for selves, though these 2 sets of responses were highly correlated. On the basis of these findings and the data concerning sources of information, the possible role of socialization processes in the menstrual experience is discussed.", "contents": "Young adolescents' beliefs concerning menstruation. In order to explore the early socialization of attitudes and expectations about menstruation, 54 young adolescent girls (both pre- and postmenarcheal) and boys responded to a questionnaire assessing evaluative attitudes toward menstruation, expected symptomatology, perceived effects on moods and activities, and sources of information for these beliefs. The results showed that even premenarcheal girls and young boys have a reasonably well-defined and mostly negative set of attitudes and expectations. Most believed that menstruation is accompanied by physical discomforts, increased emotionality, and a disruption of activities and social interactions. Although the responses of the 3 groups were remarkably similar, premenarcheal girls had a somewhat less negative evaluation of menstruation than both postmenarcheal girls and boys. Other analysis showed that symptom expectations for \"girls in general\" were more severe than for selves, though these 2 sets of responses were highly correlated. On the basis of these findings and the data concerning sources of information, the possible role of socialization processes in the menstrual experience is discussed.", "PMID": 657892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7612", "title": "Sex-related differences in response to practice on a visual-spatial test and generalization to a related test.", "content": "93 first graders (mean age 6.5 years) were given a pretest and posttest on half of the items from the Children's Embedded Figures Test. Half of the children were randomly assigned to a training condition and received a brief training procedure on visual-spatial disembedding prior to the administration of the posttest. Children in the control condition received no training. The performance of girls improved significantly more from pretest to posttest than the performance of boys. Boys and girls showed similar beneficial effects of training in addition to the benefit of direct practice. The tendency that was observed for boys to perform higher than girls on the pretest, p less than .10, was not evident on the posttest. Scores on the pretest predicted scores on a different measure of visual-spatial ability only for children in the control group. The results are interpreted in terms of current theories of sex differences in visual-spatial perception.", "contents": "Sex-related differences in response to practice on a visual-spatial test and generalization to a related test. 93 first graders (mean age 6.5 years) were given a pretest and posttest on half of the items from the Children's Embedded Figures Test. Half of the children were randomly assigned to a training condition and received a brief training procedure on visual-spatial disembedding prior to the administration of the posttest. Children in the control condition received no training. The performance of girls improved significantly more from pretest to posttest than the performance of boys. Boys and girls showed similar beneficial effects of training in addition to the benefit of direct practice. The tendency that was observed for boys to perform higher than girls on the pretest, p less than .10, was not evident on the posttest. Scores on the pretest predicted scores on a different measure of visual-spatial ability only for children in the control group. The results are interpreted in terms of current theories of sex differences in visual-spatial perception.", "PMID": 657893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7613", "title": "Attributional and behavioral changes following two behavior management interventions with hyperactive boys: a follow-up study.", "content": "In a 6-month follow-up study of 2 interventions with hyperactive boys, different patterns of improvement were observed for an intervention which focused on self-control and 1 which employed contingent social reinforcement. Of the 2 manipulations, self-control methods produced significantly stronger long-term benefits in terms of the child's increased perception of personal control over academic outcomes; social reinforcement, on the other hand, produced significantly stronger long-term benefits in terms of teacher ratings of hyperactivity or impulsivity (Conners Teacher Rating Scale). Both interventions produced stable changes in terms of decreased behavioral impulsivity as measured by qualitative error scores on the Porteus Mazes.", "contents": "Attributional and behavioral changes following two behavior management interventions with hyperactive boys: a follow-up study. In a 6-month follow-up study of 2 interventions with hyperactive boys, different patterns of improvement were observed for an intervention which focused on self-control and 1 which employed contingent social reinforcement. Of the 2 manipulations, self-control methods produced significantly stronger long-term benefits in terms of the child's increased perception of personal control over academic outcomes; social reinforcement, on the other hand, produced significantly stronger long-term benefits in terms of teacher ratings of hyperactivity or impulsivity (Conners Teacher Rating Scale). Both interventions produced stable changes in terms of decreased behavioral impulsivity as measured by qualitative error scores on the Porteus Mazes.", "PMID": 657894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7614", "title": "[Postoperative peritonitis. A contribution on diagnosis].", "content": "Symptoms and signs of 18 patients with postoperative bacterial peritonitis were compared with the findings in uncomplicated postoperative cases. Their diagnostic values were examined: 1. Elevated temperature, hyperventilation, and somnolence are relevant, being indicative of bacterial peritonitis and already occurring before the typical findings on abdominal examination. 2. In those patients with peritonitis, hemodynamics, and metabolism are characterized by hyperdynamic circulation, premature arterial hypotension with dry warm skin, and lactate accumulation. 3. Laboratory data often reveal thrombocytemia, leucocytosis with shift to the left, and a relative and absolute hypophosphatemia.", "contents": "[Postoperative peritonitis. A contribution on diagnosis]. Symptoms and signs of 18 patients with postoperative bacterial peritonitis were compared with the findings in uncomplicated postoperative cases. Their diagnostic values were examined: 1. Elevated temperature, hyperventilation, and somnolence are relevant, being indicative of bacterial peritonitis and already occurring before the typical findings on abdominal examination. 2. In those patients with peritonitis, hemodynamics, and metabolism are characterized by hyperdynamic circulation, premature arterial hypotension with dry warm skin, and lactate accumulation. 3. Laboratory data often reveal thrombocytemia, leucocytosis with shift to the left, and a relative and absolute hypophosphatemia.", "PMID": 657896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7615", "title": "[Duodenal cancer. A clinical-pathological study].", "content": "Seven primary carcinomas of the duodenum were observed from 1973 to 1976 at the University Hospital Hamburg; four in females and three in males with an age between 32 and 69 years of age. The interval between the first symptoms (epigastric pain, jaundice, pruritus, diarrhea, and loss of weight) and surgical therapy (duodeno-pancreatectomy) averaged four months. All carcinomas were resected radically from the macroscopic (intraoperative) aspect as well as from the histological findings. Local tumour recurrences which proved fatal occurred in five patients within nine to twenty-one months. One patient died of peritonitis and another of pancreatitis. The diagnostic mode has been changed since the introduction of endoscopy and retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (ERCP). The consistent inclusion of the duodenum in routine gastroscopy leads to the hope that more carcinomas of the duodenum can be detected early.", "contents": "[Duodenal cancer. A clinical-pathological study]. Seven primary carcinomas of the duodenum were observed from 1973 to 1976 at the University Hospital Hamburg; four in females and three in males with an age between 32 and 69 years of age. The interval between the first symptoms (epigastric pain, jaundice, pruritus, diarrhea, and loss of weight) and surgical therapy (duodeno-pancreatectomy) averaged four months. All carcinomas were resected radically from the macroscopic (intraoperative) aspect as well as from the histological findings. Local tumour recurrences which proved fatal occurred in five patients within nine to twenty-one months. One patient died of peritonitis and another of pancreatitis. The diagnostic mode has been changed since the introduction of endoscopy and retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (ERCP). The consistent inclusion of the duodenum in routine gastroscopy leads to the hope that more carcinomas of the duodenum can be detected early.", "PMID": 657897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7616", "title": "[Cranial complications in extension therapy of cervical fractures. Riechert's modification of extension therapy].", "content": "Cranial complications are reported in the treatment of cervical injury by Crutchfield skull caliper traction. The mechanical causes are discussed and a new skull caliper is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Cranial complications in extension therapy of cervical fractures. Riechert's modification of extension therapy]. Cranial complications are reported in the treatment of cervical injury by Crutchfield skull caliper traction. The mechanical causes are discussed and a new skull caliper is demonstrated.", "PMID": 657898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7617", "title": "[Surgical management of fractures of the proximal end of the radius].", "content": "The problems of dislocated proximal radial fractures are discussed by presentation of 47 cases treated operatively. After operation, 74,6% of these patients had good results with complete elbow function. Special attention is paid to indication and possibilities of operative treatment as well as to intra- and postoperative complications.", "contents": "[Surgical management of fractures of the proximal end of the radius]. The problems of dislocated proximal radial fractures are discussed by presentation of 47 cases treated operatively. After operation, 74,6% of these patients had good results with complete elbow function. Special attention is paid to indication and possibilities of operative treatment as well as to intra- and postoperative complications.", "PMID": 657899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7618", "title": "[Fractures of the distal end of the femur and their management using condyle plates].", "content": "Forty-one patients with fractures of the distal end of the femur are investigated and the importance of the angular plate designed by the AO group for stabilization of these fractures is discussed. For good results it is necessary to have the complete set of instruments and to consider biomechanical principles for stable osteosynthesis, so that early active exercises can be performed. The operation is not always simple but is indicated considering the poor functional and anatomical results after conservative treatment or inadequate fixation.", "contents": "[Fractures of the distal end of the femur and their management using condyle plates]. Forty-one patients with fractures of the distal end of the femur are investigated and the importance of the angular plate designed by the AO group for stabilization of these fractures is discussed. For good results it is necessary to have the complete set of instruments and to consider biomechanical principles for stable osteosynthesis, so that early active exercises can be performed. The operation is not always simple but is indicated considering the poor functional and anatomical results after conservative treatment or inadequate fixation.", "PMID": 657900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7619", "title": "[Computer-supported basic documentation at the accident-surgical clinic of the Hannover Medical School].", "content": "On the example of the computer-aided basic documentation at the Department of Traumatology Hannover, the necessity of constructive cooperation between the clinic staff and the medical data processors is shown. The system of basic documentation is primarily explained in its conception as far as the clinic is concerned. The fundamental principles, daily routine, and clinical application of this system are described, as are the tasks assigned to the clinical staff within the framework of medical data processing. The necessity of clinical staff quality controls by means of a computer short card is emphasized. The system has been in use for 3 years.", "contents": "[Computer-supported basic documentation at the accident-surgical clinic of the Hannover Medical School]. On the example of the computer-aided basic documentation at the Department of Traumatology Hannover, the necessity of constructive cooperation between the clinic staff and the medical data processors is shown. The system of basic documentation is primarily explained in its conception as far as the clinic is concerned. The fundamental principles, daily routine, and clinical application of this system are described, as are the tasks assigned to the clinical staff within the framework of medical data processing. The necessity of clinical staff quality controls by means of a computer short card is emphasized. The system has been in use for 3 years.", "PMID": 657901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7620", "title": "Large scale isolation of nuclei and nucleoli from vitellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "A new method is described which allows the purification of large quantities of nuclei (germinal vesicles) from Xenopus laevis vitellogenic oocytes of different developmental stages. From the isolated nuclei, purified nucleoli were obtained. The isolated germinal vesicles are transcriptionally active showing endogenous RNA polymerase activity as well as a high level of activity with an exogenously added template.", "contents": "Large scale isolation of nuclei and nucleoli from vitellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis. A new method is described which allows the purification of large quantities of nuclei (germinal vesicles) from Xenopus laevis vitellogenic oocytes of different developmental stages. From the isolated nuclei, purified nucleoli were obtained. The isolated germinal vesicles are transcriptionally active showing endogenous RNA polymerase activity as well as a high level of activity with an exogenously added template.", "PMID": 657930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7621", "title": "Multiple complexes in human spermatocytes.", "content": "Multiple complexes develop during metaphase I in normal human spermatocytes. Usually they form two separate bodies about 1 micron in diameter, composed of tripartite units and a denser matrix. The tripartite units are structurally identical to the components of the central space of synaptonemal complexes (SCs). Formation of the multiple complexes occurs by shedding of SC fragments from a few chromosomal regions at prometaphase I. The combined total length of central elements in each multiple complex is 1 to 3 micron. Multiple complexes remain as cytoplasmic, perinuclear bodies during telophase I and interphase of spermatocytes II, but they were not observed during or after the second meiotic division. Although multiple complexes are initially located in the spindle, they do not show microtubular attachments and seem to be passively moved towards the periphery.", "contents": "Multiple complexes in human spermatocytes. Multiple complexes develop during metaphase I in normal human spermatocytes. Usually they form two separate bodies about 1 micron in diameter, composed of tripartite units and a denser matrix. The tripartite units are structurally identical to the components of the central space of synaptonemal complexes (SCs). Formation of the multiple complexes occurs by shedding of SC fragments from a few chromosomal regions at prometaphase I. The combined total length of central elements in each multiple complex is 1 to 3 micron. Multiple complexes remain as cytoplasmic, perinuclear bodies during telophase I and interphase of spermatocytes II, but they were not observed during or after the second meiotic division. Although multiple complexes are initially located in the spindle, they do not show microtubular attachments and seem to be passively moved towards the periphery.", "PMID": 657931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7622", "title": "Changes in the rectal mucosa induced by hypertonic enemas.", "content": "The aspect of the rectal mucosa after administration of hypertonic enemas is occasionally confused with the macroscopic appearance of quiescent ulcerative colitis. Criteria for a diagnosis of enema reaction were derived from a retrospective series and tested prospectively on 11 healthy volunteers. Photographs and biopsies were obtained before and after administration of a sodium phosphate hypertonic enema. Three observers evaluated blindly the \"before\" and \"after\" macroscopic and microscopic pictures, graded the features, and made an overall diagnosis. In random studies, two observers mistakenly classified a macroscopic picture, but all correct histologic diagnoses of \"before\" and \"after\" biopsies. In decreasing order of discriminating power, the following features of an enema reaction were found to be useful: separation and mucous depletion of the glands (no observer variation), increase in mucosal fragility in 91 per cent of cases (82--100 per cent), edema of the lamina propria in 88 per cent (73--100 per cent), straightening of the basal membrane in 82 per cent (73--91 per cent) and an increase in extruded mucus in 70 per cent (18--100 per cent). In 39 per cent of cases (36--45 per cent), erythrocytes appeared focally in the lamina propria. The effects of hypertonic enemas can be recognized on biopsy.", "contents": "Changes in the rectal mucosa induced by hypertonic enemas. The aspect of the rectal mucosa after administration of hypertonic enemas is occasionally confused with the macroscopic appearance of quiescent ulcerative colitis. Criteria for a diagnosis of enema reaction were derived from a retrospective series and tested prospectively on 11 healthy volunteers. Photographs and biopsies were obtained before and after administration of a sodium phosphate hypertonic enema. Three observers evaluated blindly the \"before\" and \"after\" macroscopic and microscopic pictures, graded the features, and made an overall diagnosis. In random studies, two observers mistakenly classified a macroscopic picture, but all correct histologic diagnoses of \"before\" and \"after\" biopsies. In decreasing order of discriminating power, the following features of an enema reaction were found to be useful: separation and mucous depletion of the glands (no observer variation), increase in mucosal fragility in 91 per cent of cases (82--100 per cent), edema of the lamina propria in 88 per cent (73--100 per cent), straightening of the basal membrane in 82 per cent (73--91 per cent) and an increase in extruded mucus in 70 per cent (18--100 per cent). In 39 per cent of cases (36--45 per cent), erythrocytes appeared focally in the lamina propria. The effects of hypertonic enemas can be recognized on biopsy.", "PMID": 657932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7623", "title": "Well-differentiated adenoma at the anorectal junction.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of patients having adenomatous polyps at the anorectal junction are presented. Most polyps in this region were well-differentiated, and atypical polyps were infrequently seen. Well-differentiated adenomatous polyps in the anorectal junction were larger in average size than ordinary colorectal polyps having the same grade of epithelial pseudostratification. The reason  adenomatous polyps at the anorectal junction grow to large sizes with only a relatively rare occurrence of malignant degeneration is discussed in relation to their specific location. Some well-differentiated adenomas were considered to develop secondarily in the bases of hemorrhoids or in pre-existing fibrous polyp that were the end result of hemorrhoids.", "contents": "Well-differentiated adenoma at the anorectal junction. Twenty-six cases of patients having adenomatous polyps at the anorectal junction are presented. Most polyps in this region were well-differentiated, and atypical polyps were infrequently seen. Well-differentiated adenomatous polyps in the anorectal junction were larger in average size than ordinary colorectal polyps having the same grade of epithelial pseudostratification. The reason  adenomatous polyps at the anorectal junction grow to large sizes with only a relatively rare occurrence of malignant degeneration is discussed in relation to their specific location. Some well-differentiated adenomas were considered to develop secondarily in the bases of hemorrhoids or in pre-existing fibrous polyp that were the end result of hemorrhoids.", "PMID": 657935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7624", "title": "Osseous metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Of 765 patients with disseminated metastatic carcinoma of the colon and rectum treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the ten-year period 1960--1970, 53 (6.9 per cent) had skeletal metastases. Of these, 14 (1.8 per cent) had osseous metastases only. In one case the osseous lesion was the first symptom of a cancer of the sigmoid colon, and one patient had metastasis in the fibula from a primary rectal cancer. In our series the incidences of osseous metastases were 8.9 per cent from rectal carcinoma and 5.1 per cent from colonic carcinoma. The mean period from manifestation of skeletal metastasis to death was 13.2 months.", "contents": "Osseous metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Of 765 patients with disseminated metastatic carcinoma of the colon and rectum treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the ten-year period 1960--1970, 53 (6.9 per cent) had skeletal metastases. Of these, 14 (1.8 per cent) had osseous metastases only. In one case the osseous lesion was the first symptom of a cancer of the sigmoid colon, and one patient had metastasis in the fibula from a primary rectal cancer. In our series the incidences of osseous metastases were 8.9 per cent from rectal carcinoma and 5.1 per cent from colonic carcinoma. The mean period from manifestation of skeletal metastasis to death was 13.2 months.", "PMID": 657936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7625", "title": "Gardner's syndrome with duodenal adenomas, gastric adenomyoma and thyroid papillary--follicular adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A case of a woman with Gardner's syndrome, originally manifested by multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon, is presented. She underwent subtotal colectomy at 14 years of age. Over the next 15 years she had a composite odontoma, an impacted supernumerary tooth, two epidermal inclusion cysts, multicentric paillary-follicular adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, two tubulovillous adenomas of the duodenum in which argyrophilic cells were a prominent feature, and an adenomyoma of the gastric antrum. The presence of all of these lesions in one patient expands the spectrum of lesions seen with Gardner's syndrome and supports the concept of a generalized abnormality of growth regulation as the cause of the syndrome.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome with duodenal adenomas, gastric adenomyoma and thyroid papillary--follicular adenocarcinoma. A case of a woman with Gardner's syndrome, originally manifested by multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon, is presented. She underwent subtotal colectomy at 14 years of age. Over the next 15 years she had a composite odontoma, an impacted supernumerary tooth, two epidermal inclusion cysts, multicentric paillary-follicular adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, two tubulovillous adenomas of the duodenum in which argyrophilic cells were a prominent feature, and an adenomyoma of the gastric antrum. The presence of all of these lesions in one patient expands the spectrum of lesions seen with Gardner's syndrome and supports the concept of a generalized abnormality of growth regulation as the cause of the syndrome.", "PMID": 657934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7626", "title": "Coloenteric fistulas.", "content": "A ten-year experience with 12 cases of spontaneously occurring, preoperatively diagnosed coloenteric fistulas is described. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved most often by barium-enema examination. One-stage resection with primary anastomosis, to restore gastronintestinal continuity, is highly successful, and should be the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Coloenteric fistulas. A ten-year experience with 12 cases of spontaneously occurring, preoperatively diagnosed coloenteric fistulas is described. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved most often by barium-enema examination. One-stage resection with primary anastomosis, to restore gastronintestinal continuity, is highly successful, and should be the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 657939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7627", "title": "WDHA syndrome caused by pheochromocytoma: report of a case.", "content": "A case in which a pheochromocytoma secreted vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing WDHA syndrome, is reported. The patient, a 43-year-old woman, was seen because of intractable watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and weight loss. She was found to have a mass in the right adrenal area. Preoperatively, vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were elevated, and the diagnosis of WDHA syndrome was entertained. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland, measuring 15 x 15 cm, which was resected. Histologic examination revealed it to be a pheochromocytoma. Postoperatively, vasoactive intestinal peptide returned to normal. The patient had complete remission of symptoms, and has remained well since.", "contents": "WDHA syndrome caused by pheochromocytoma: report of a case. A case in which a pheochromocytoma secreted vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing WDHA syndrome, is reported. The patient, a 43-year-old woman, was seen because of intractable watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and weight loss. She was found to have a mass in the right adrenal area. Preoperatively, vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were elevated, and the diagnosis of WDHA syndrome was entertained. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland, measuring 15 x 15 cm, which was resected. Histologic examination revealed it to be a pheochromocytoma. Postoperatively, vasoactive intestinal peptide returned to normal. The patient had complete remission of symptoms, and has remained well since.", "PMID": 657943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7628", "title": "Hemangioma of the rectum: clinical appearance and treatment.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman who had severe rectal bleeding was found to have a perirectal hemangioma as a source of the bleeding. Four years prior to this admission, she had undergone, in another hospital, hemorrhoidectomy, which had required resuturing several times in order to stop rebleeding. The diagnosis of hemangioma was established after extensive roentgenographic examination. The patient was treated with low-dose irradiation, divided into five consecutive sessions, to the affected area. The bleeding stopped, and the patient has been free of disease since treatment two years ago. The lumen of the rectum is not narrowed, the mucosa appears normal, and the elasticity of the rectal wall has been preserved.", "contents": "Hemangioma of the rectum: clinical appearance and treatment. A 53-year-old woman who had severe rectal bleeding was found to have a perirectal hemangioma as a source of the bleeding. Four years prior to this admission, she had undergone, in another hospital, hemorrhoidectomy, which had required resuturing several times in order to stop rebleeding. The diagnosis of hemangioma was established after extensive roentgenographic examination. The patient was treated with low-dose irradiation, divided into five consecutive sessions, to the affected area. The bleeding stopped, and the patient has been free of disease since treatment two years ago. The lumen of the rectum is not narrowed, the mucosa appears normal, and the elasticity of the rectal wall has been preserved.", "PMID": 657942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7629", "title": "Sloughage of the anus and lower rectum following aortic graft replacement: report of a case.", "content": "The successful management of a near-complete sloughage of the anal outlet following aortic graft replacement is reported. Oxygenation in the immediate postoperative period along with appropriate antibiotics may be beneficial in preventing such sloughage. Embolic phenomena or bacterial growth, or both, may have been factors in causing the extensive sloughage.", "contents": "Sloughage of the anus and lower rectum following aortic graft replacement: report of a case. The successful management of a near-complete sloughage of the anal outlet following aortic graft replacement is reported. Oxygenation in the immediate postoperative period along with appropriate antibiotics may be beneficial in preventing such sloughage. Embolic phenomena or bacterial growth, or both, may have been factors in causing the extensive sloughage.", "PMID": 657944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7630", "title": "[Macrocytic anaemia with folic acid deficiency in hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different kinds of anaemia are seen in hypothyroidism: (1) normocytic, normochromic anaemia; (2) microcytic, hypochromic anaemia; (3) macrocytic normochromic anaemia. The latter is either a true pernicious anemia, which occurs fairly frequently in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or maturation disorder of erythropoiesis as a result of folic acid deficiency. In three patients with primary hypothyroidism and macrocytic anaemia there were decreased levels of serum folic acid. After short-term administration of folic acid and 1-year of thyroxine the blood picture became normal in two of the patients.", "contents": "[Macrocytic anaemia with folic acid deficiency in hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. Three different kinds of anaemia are seen in hypothyroidism: (1) normocytic, normochromic anaemia; (2) microcytic, hypochromic anaemia; (3) macrocytic normochromic anaemia. The latter is either a true pernicious anemia, which occurs fairly frequently in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or maturation disorder of erythropoiesis as a result of folic acid deficiency. In three patients with primary hypothyroidism and macrocytic anaemia there were decreased levels of serum folic acid. After short-term administration of folic acid and 1-year of thyroxine the blood picture became normal in two of the patients.", "PMID": 657977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7631", "title": "[Thrombectomy for acute renal-vein thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three personal cases are presented to indicate the growing need for thrombectomy as a method of treatment of renal-vein thrombosis. In addition to known causes of renal-vein thrombosis (e.g. iatrogenic, post-traumatic) there is the so-called spontaneous renal-vein thrombosis especially in newborns. The possibility of renal-vein thrombosis must be considered in the presence of sudden, circumscribed pain in the flanks, haematuria and albuminuria, large kidney shadow radiologically, loss of renal function.  Reported cases and the three personal ones suggest a trial of thrombectomy. It is not known how long the kidneys can tolerate venous occlusion. But the personal observations suggest that even occlusion lasting for serveral days may be reversible. In one patient with renal-vein thrombosis after unrecognised misplacement of a Mobin-Uddin filter into the right renal vein, surgical restoration of venous drainage after several weeks indicates that long-term observations are necessary to judge final results.", "contents": "[Thrombectomy for acute renal-vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. Three personal cases are presented to indicate the growing need for thrombectomy as a method of treatment of renal-vein thrombosis. In addition to known causes of renal-vein thrombosis (e.g. iatrogenic, post-traumatic) there is the so-called spontaneous renal-vein thrombosis especially in newborns. The possibility of renal-vein thrombosis must be considered in the presence of sudden, circumscribed pain in the flanks, haematuria and albuminuria, large kidney shadow radiologically, loss of renal function.  Reported cases and the three personal ones suggest a trial of thrombectomy. It is not known how long the kidneys can tolerate venous occlusion. But the personal observations suggest that even occlusion lasting for serveral days may be reversible. In one patient with renal-vein thrombosis after unrecognised misplacement of a Mobin-Uddin filter into the right renal vein, surgical restoration of venous drainage after several weeks indicates that long-term observations are necessary to judge final results.", "PMID": 657979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7632", "title": "[Reduction of dislocation of transvenous pacemaker electrodes taking intracardiac ECG potentials into account (author's transl)].", "content": "For the assessment of stable positions of the electrodes radiographic control, threshold measurements and methods provoking dislocation are used. There is an average dislocation rate of endocardial electrodes of 7-11%. As a further parameter for intra-operative assessment of a stable electrode position intracardiac R-potentials were measured with the stimulation electrode. While QRS complexes in the surface ECG remain unchanged, intracardiac electrocardiograms show an alternating height of the R-amplitude from one ventricular action to the next. From these differences (deltaR) a stable electrode position can be assumed as long as deltaR is small (our patient group 2.12mV+/-1.05MV). Large differences (6.9mV+/-1.7MV) indicate a non-optimal fixation of the electrode tip. The dislocation rate including the post-operative exit block could be reduced below 2% by consideration of the R-amplitude alterations.", "contents": "[Reduction of dislocation of transvenous pacemaker electrodes taking intracardiac ECG potentials into account (author's transl)]. For the assessment of stable positions of the electrodes radiographic control, threshold measurements and methods provoking dislocation are used. There is an average dislocation rate of endocardial electrodes of 7-11%. As a further parameter for intra-operative assessment of a stable electrode position intracardiac R-potentials were measured with the stimulation electrode. While QRS complexes in the surface ECG remain unchanged, intracardiac electrocardiograms show an alternating height of the R-amplitude from one ventricular action to the next. From these differences (deltaR) a stable electrode position can be assumed as long as deltaR is small (our patient group 2.12mV+/-1.05MV). Large differences (6.9mV+/-1.7MV) indicate a non-optimal fixation of the electrode tip. The dislocation rate including the post-operative exit block could be reduced below 2% by consideration of the R-amplitude alterations.", "PMID": 657980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7633", "title": "[CSF lactate and EEG changes in comatose patients with various medical conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "EEGs were recorded and initial CSF and blood lactate measurements (135) made in 104 patients who were in coma of differing severity from a variety of medical conditions. There were two patterns: in one, the CSF lactate alone was due to cerebral tissue hypoxia; and in the other factors, such as cerebral haemorrhage, meningitis or lactacidosis were predominantly present. In those with cerebral hypoxia there was a connection between the severity of the disease picture and the level of CSF lactate. In extreme cases with dissociated cerebral death, there was a mean CSF lactate concentration of 11.78 +/- 1.66 mmol/1. The prognosis of coma with concentrations above 9 mmol/l is, therefore, poor if not hopeless. To some extent one may draw prognostic conclusions from lower concentrations but this is not possible in individual cases. There was no definite correlation between the severity of EEG changes and the level of CSF lactate in coma, although there was some relationship to the degree of cerebral hypoxia. In case of meningitis, CSF lactate allowed differentiation between bacterial and viral cause, the average concentration in the former being four times normal.", "contents": "[CSF lactate and EEG changes in comatose patients with various medical conditions (author's transl)]. EEGs were recorded and initial CSF and blood lactate measurements (135) made in 104 patients who were in coma of differing severity from a variety of medical conditions. There were two patterns: in one, the CSF lactate alone was due to cerebral tissue hypoxia; and in the other factors, such as cerebral haemorrhage, meningitis or lactacidosis were predominantly present. In those with cerebral hypoxia there was a connection between the severity of the disease picture and the level of CSF lactate. In extreme cases with dissociated cerebral death, there was a mean CSF lactate concentration of 11.78 +/- 1.66 mmol/1. The prognosis of coma with concentrations above 9 mmol/l is, therefore, poor if not hopeless. To some extent one may draw prognostic conclusions from lower concentrations but this is not possible in individual cases. There was no definite correlation between the severity of EEG changes and the level of CSF lactate in coma, although there was some relationship to the degree of cerebral hypoxia. In case of meningitis, CSF lactate allowed differentiation between bacterial and viral cause, the average concentration in the former being four times normal.", "PMID": 657989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7634", "title": "Biliary ascariasis.", "content": "The presenting clinical features of a series of cases of biliary tract ascariasis are described, in particular the characteristic colicky pain which occurs. The term 'ascaritic biliary pain' is introduced for the symptom diagnostic of live Ascaris adult worms inside the biliary passages. Methods of diagnosis before, and in the course of, operation are discussed and seem adequate. The management of worms discovered in the bile ducts, and those in the proximal small bowel, is described.", "contents": "Biliary ascariasis. The presenting clinical features of a series of cases of biliary tract ascariasis are described, in particular the characteristic colicky pain which occurs. The term 'ascaritic biliary pain' is introduced for the symptom diagnostic of live Ascaris adult worms inside the biliary passages. Methods of diagnosis before, and in the course of, operation are discussed and seem adequate. The management of worms discovered in the bile ducts, and those in the proximal small bowel, is described.", "PMID": 657993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7635", "title": "Single dose therapy of giardiasis with tinidazole and metronidazole.", "content": "In random order, a single dose of either tinidazole or metronidazole, calculated as 50mg/kg body weight, was given to 100 children with symptomatic giardiasis. Follow-up was done for 16 days and consisted of 4 clinical, parasitological and biochemical assessments at intervals of 4 days. The actual mean dose of the drugs received by the patients was 55.5 mg/kg of tinidazole and 52.0mg/kg of metronidazole. Success, i.e. parasitic clearance and symptomatic relief, was achieved in 80% of patients given tinidazole as opposed to 36% of patients given metronidazole (p less than 0.01). Moreover, control of diarrhoea and negative stool conversion for G. lamblia occurred earlier with tinidazole than with metronidazole (p less than 0.01). The incidence of gastrointestinal side-effects was 12% for tinidazole and 4% for metronidazole. Neither drug caused any abnormality of the blood count, blood urea, urine analysis or liver function tests.", "contents": "Single dose therapy of giardiasis with tinidazole and metronidazole. In random order, a single dose of either tinidazole or metronidazole, calculated as 50mg/kg body weight, was given to 100 children with symptomatic giardiasis. Follow-up was done for 16 days and consisted of 4 clinical, parasitological and biochemical assessments at intervals of 4 days. The actual mean dose of the drugs received by the patients was 55.5 mg/kg of tinidazole and 52.0mg/kg of metronidazole. Success, i.e. parasitic clearance and symptomatic relief, was achieved in 80% of patients given tinidazole as opposed to 36% of patients given metronidazole (p less than 0.01). Moreover, control of diarrhoea and negative stool conversion for G. lamblia occurred earlier with tinidazole than with metronidazole (p less than 0.01). The incidence of gastrointestinal side-effects was 12% for tinidazole and 4% for metronidazole. Neither drug caused any abnormality of the blood count, blood urea, urine analysis or liver function tests.", "PMID": 657994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7636", "title": "Tinidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Report of a multicentre study.", "content": "An open multicentre trial was undertaken in 8 countries to assess the efficacy and tolerance of short course treatment regimens of tinidazole Trichomoniasis: of 859 patients with trichomonal vaginitis given a 2g single dose of tinidazole 717 (95.2%) were cured. Side-effects occurred in 82 patients (9.5%) and in 12 were regarded as severe. Giardiasis: of 74 children with symptomatic giardiasis given tinidazole in a single dose of approximately 50 mg/kg body weight, 65 (88%) were parasitologically and symptomatically cured. 2 (2.7%) complained of side-effects, none of which was severe. Intestinal amoebiasis: of 502 patients, comprising 458 adults and 44 children, with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis who received tinidazole as a single daily dose on 2 to 3 consecutive days, 477 (95%) were parasitologically cured with complete or marked improvement in symptoms. Side-effects occurred in 50 patients (10%) and in 11 were regarded as severe. Amoebic liver abscess: 82 patients were given tinidazole in single doses of 2g on 3 consecutive days. The response was rated as excellent in 60 and good in 17 (overall cure 93.9%). Side-effects occurred in 9 patients (10.9) and in 2 were regarded as severe. These findings confirm the efficacy and tolerance of short regimens of tinidazole given in single daily doses.", "contents": "Tinidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Report of a multicentre study. An open multicentre trial was undertaken in 8 countries to assess the efficacy and tolerance of short course treatment regimens of tinidazole Trichomoniasis: of 859 patients with trichomonal vaginitis given a 2g single dose of tinidazole 717 (95.2%) were cured. Side-effects occurred in 82 patients (9.5%) and in 12 were regarded as severe. Giardiasis: of 74 children with symptomatic giardiasis given tinidazole in a single dose of approximately 50 mg/kg body weight, 65 (88%) were parasitologically and symptomatically cured. 2 (2.7%) complained of side-effects, none of which was severe. Intestinal amoebiasis: of 502 patients, comprising 458 adults and 44 children, with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis who received tinidazole as a single daily dose on 2 to 3 consecutive days, 477 (95%) were parasitologically cured with complete or marked improvement in symptoms. Side-effects occurred in 50 patients (10%) and in 11 were regarded as severe. Amoebic liver abscess: 82 patients were given tinidazole in single doses of 2g on 3 consecutive days. The response was rated as excellent in 60 and good in 17 (overall cure 93.9%). Side-effects occurred in 9 patients (10.9) and in 2 were regarded as severe. These findings confirm the efficacy and tolerance of short regimens of tinidazole given in single daily doses.", "PMID": 657995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7637", "title": "Surgical drainage of amoebic abscess of the liver.", "content": "45 cases of amoebic abscess of the liver which were managed, over a period of 17 years, by surgical drainage are reviewed. The clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures performed, and morbidity and mortality are presented. From the results the following indications for surgical intervention are recommended: presence of an obvious liver abscess; persistence or aggravation of symptoms and signs during or following medical treatment, or persistence of symptoms with an inconclusive result from diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Surgical drainage of amoebic abscess of the liver. 45 cases of amoebic abscess of the liver which were managed, over a period of 17 years, by surgical drainage are reviewed. The clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures performed, and morbidity and mortality are presented. From the results the following indications for surgical intervention are recommended: presence of an obvious liver abscess; persistence or aggravation of symptoms and signs during or following medical treatment, or persistence of symptoms with an inconclusive result from diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 657996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7638", "title": "Anthelminthic effect of oxantel and oxantel-pyrantel in intestinal nematode infections.", "content": "704 patients with intestinal nematode infestation were treated with oxantel and oxantel-pyrantel in either liquid or tablet form, at doses from 10 to 25mg/kg. All were given the drug or drugs as a single dose. In 699 patients with trichuriasis cure rates between 64 and 93% were obtained and there were egg reduction rates of between 90 and 100%. The best results were obtained using oxantel, either alone or in combination with pyrantel, at 15 to 20mg/kg. Only 2 of 152 patients with ascariasis were not cured after a single dose of pyrantel (given as oxantel-pyrantel) of 10, 15 or 20mg/kg, and both these patients were from the group given the lowest dose. Only mild side-effects were noted. The combination, oxantel-pyrantel is a safe and effective treatment for multiple intestinal nematode infection.", "contents": "Anthelminthic effect of oxantel and oxantel-pyrantel in intestinal nematode infections. 704 patients with intestinal nematode infestation were treated with oxantel and oxantel-pyrantel in either liquid or tablet form, at doses from 10 to 25mg/kg. All were given the drug or drugs as a single dose. In 699 patients with trichuriasis cure rates between 64 and 93% were obtained and there were egg reduction rates of between 90 and 100%. The best results were obtained using oxantel, either alone or in combination with pyrantel, at 15 to 20mg/kg. Only 2 of 152 patients with ascariasis were not cured after a single dose of pyrantel (given as oxantel-pyrantel) of 10, 15 or 20mg/kg, and both these patients were from the group given the lowest dose. Only mild side-effects were noted. The combination, oxantel-pyrantel is a safe and effective treatment for multiple intestinal nematode infection.", "PMID": 657998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7639", "title": "A comparative study of the effect of oxantel-pyrantel suspension and mebendazole in mixed infections with Ascaris and Trichuris.", "content": "A comparative trial was carried out in 4 orphanges in Seoul, to compare the anthelminthic efficacy of oxantel-pyrantel suspension and mebendazole tablets against mixed infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. 40 patients were divided into 4 groups and received oxantel-pyrantel suspension at 15 or 20mg/kg once only or on 2 consecutive days. Another group of 20 patients was treated with 100mg of mebendazole twice a day for 3 days. Both drugs achieved a 100% cure rate for Ascaris infections. Against Trichuris infections, the average cure rate and egg reduction rate of oxantel-pyrantel treated groups was 87.5% and 92.3% respectively, and that for mebendazole was 65% and 89.1%. There were no side-effects. The results of the present study suggest that oxantel-pyrantel is more effective in the treatment of mixed infections of Ascaris and Trichuris, and was more acceptable to the patients, than mebendazole.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effect of oxantel-pyrantel suspension and mebendazole in mixed infections with Ascaris and Trichuris. A comparative trial was carried out in 4 orphanges in Seoul, to compare the anthelminthic efficacy of oxantel-pyrantel suspension and mebendazole tablets against mixed infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. 40 patients were divided into 4 groups and received oxantel-pyrantel suspension at 15 or 20mg/kg once only or on 2 consecutive days. Another group of 20 patients was treated with 100mg of mebendazole twice a day for 3 days. Both drugs achieved a 100% cure rate for Ascaris infections. Against Trichuris infections, the average cure rate and egg reduction rate of oxantel-pyrantel treated groups was 87.5% and 92.3% respectively, and that for mebendazole was 65% and 89.1%. There were no side-effects. The results of the present study suggest that oxantel-pyrantel is more effective in the treatment of mixed infections of Ascaris and Trichuris, and was more acceptable to the patients, than mebendazole.", "PMID": 657997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7640", "title": "[Fluorometric method of determining urinary estrogens].", "content": "The authors describe a method for determination of estrogens in urine of nonpregnant women and men. The method includes enzymic hydrolysis of urine, gel filtration of Sefadex G25, extraction with organic solvents and modifies Kober reaction with spectrofluorometric determination. The technique of the method is not complex, the usage of reagents is small and is suitable for everyday work.", "contents": "[Fluorometric method of determining urinary estrogens]. The authors describe a method for determination of estrogens in urine of nonpregnant women and men. The method includes enzymic hydrolysis of urine, gel filtration of Sefadex G25, extraction with organic solvents and modifies Kober reaction with spectrofluorometric determination. The technique of the method is not complex, the usage of reagents is small and is suitable for everyday work.", "PMID": 657999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7641", "title": "[Immunodepressive properties of diethyleneimine benzoquinone-containing polyvinylpyrrolidone complexes].", "content": "The authors examined the changes, which occurred in the weight of lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) and titre of serum hemagglutinines against sheep erythrocytes in mice BAIB/c under the influence of treatment with diethyleniminbenzochinon and some of its complexes with polyvinylpirolidon (PVP). The ratio of the substances composing the complexes (in mg per 1000 mg of complex) was as followed: DEiBx- PVP complex NoI-340:660; DEiBx-PVP complex No2-200:800; DEiBx-PVP-Uracyl complex No3-250:500:250. There was a sharp reduction of the weight of lymphoid organs in mice, treated with DEiBx, singly or in the form of complexes NoI and No2 in comparison with the control nontreated mice or treated with complex No3. This effect was more manifested after treatment with DEiBx during the same regimen (0.8 mg/kg of body weight daily for 5 days). The ability of the treated animals to react to immunization with sheep erythrocytes practicaly was not impaired during the treatment with complexes No2 and No3 or the damage was slight (complex NoI) in contrast to the treatment with DEiBx.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive properties of diethyleneimine benzoquinone-containing polyvinylpyrrolidone complexes]. The authors examined the changes, which occurred in the weight of lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) and titre of serum hemagglutinines against sheep erythrocytes in mice BAIB/c under the influence of treatment with diethyleniminbenzochinon and some of its complexes with polyvinylpirolidon (PVP). The ratio of the substances composing the complexes (in mg per 1000 mg of complex) was as followed: DEiBx- PVP complex NoI-340:660; DEiBx-PVP complex No2-200:800; DEiBx-PVP-Uracyl complex No3-250:500:250. There was a sharp reduction of the weight of lymphoid organs in mice, treated with DEiBx, singly or in the form of complexes NoI and No2 in comparison with the control nontreated mice or treated with complex No3. This effect was more manifested after treatment with DEiBx during the same regimen (0.8 mg/kg of body weight daily for 5 days). The ability of the treated animals to react to immunization with sheep erythrocytes practicaly was not impaired during the treatment with complexes No2 and No3 or the damage was slight (complex NoI) in contrast to the treatment with DEiBx.", "PMID": 658000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7642", "title": "[Antitumor activity of cytostatics on a newly transplanted tumor in mice, myosarcoma ISM].", "content": "The author examined the action of 14 known antitumor preparations on mice BAIB/c with newly transplanted tumour occurred after induction with tetrachlormethane. The tumour myosarcoma ISM showed high sensitivity to cyclophosphamide, administration of which caused complete inhibition of tumour growth and regression of tumours. A comparative high antitumour effect was found after usage of sarcolysine, brunemycine and mitomycine C (over 70% of inhibition). There was a moderately manifested inhibition of the tumour growth (around 50%) after administration of cytostatics degranol, purinetol, 5-fluorouracyl and ftorafur. The substances alexan, rubomycine and 1-(2-chlorethy)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea were without effect on myosarcom ISM. The obtained data showed that then tumour well differentiated substances in accordance with their action. It is a prorer model for thorough investigation of antitumour substances.", "contents": "[Antitumor activity of cytostatics on a newly transplanted tumor in mice, myosarcoma ISM]. The author examined the action of 14 known antitumor preparations on mice BAIB/c with newly transplanted tumour occurred after induction with tetrachlormethane. The tumour myosarcoma ISM showed high sensitivity to cyclophosphamide, administration of which caused complete inhibition of tumour growth and regression of tumours. A comparative high antitumour effect was found after usage of sarcolysine, brunemycine and mitomycine C (over 70% of inhibition). There was a moderately manifested inhibition of the tumour growth (around 50%) after administration of cytostatics degranol, purinetol, 5-fluorouracyl and ftorafur. The substances alexan, rubomycine and 1-(2-chlorethy)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea were without effect on myosarcom ISM. The obtained data showed that then tumour well differentiated substances in accordance with their action. It is a prorer model for thorough investigation of antitumour substances.", "PMID": 658001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7643", "title": "[Changes in adrenocortical activity in grown rats following thymectomy].", "content": "The authors measured arterial blood pressure by direct and indirect method in 80 adult rats and examined: content of ascorbic acid and cholesterol and the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase in adrenals after thymectomy. The indices were followed in dynamics on the 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90th day after thymectomy. The established changes, manifested by a reduced concentration of the ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the early period of the experiment and the increased phosphatase activity during the whole period were interpreted as a manifestation of elevated adrenal activity after thymectomy. Activation of the adrenal cortex preceded the hypertensive reaction.", "contents": "[Changes in adrenocortical activity in grown rats following thymectomy]. The authors measured arterial blood pressure by direct and indirect method in 80 adult rats and examined: content of ascorbic acid and cholesterol and the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase in adrenals after thymectomy. The indices were followed in dynamics on the 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90th day after thymectomy. The established changes, manifested by a reduced concentration of the ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the early period of the experiment and the increased phosphatase activity during the whole period were interpreted as a manifestation of elevated adrenal activity after thymectomy. Activation of the adrenal cortex preceded the hypertensive reaction.", "PMID": 658002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7644", "title": "[Effect of adepren on the rate of cerebral noradrenaline metabolism].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of the original Bulgarian antidepressant adepren on the metabolic rate of noradrenaline in the brain of rats. For this purpose they used an isotopic method for incorporation of C14 tyrosine. It was established that adepren lowered the metabolic rate of noradrenaline. The authors explained these changes by the elevated level of brain noradrenaline, found by them, which level inhibited the rate its synthesis by feed back mechanism.", "contents": "[Effect of adepren on the rate of cerebral noradrenaline metabolism]. The authors examined the influence of the original Bulgarian antidepressant adepren on the metabolic rate of noradrenaline in the brain of rats. For this purpose they used an isotopic method for incorporation of C14 tyrosine. It was established that adepren lowered the metabolic rate of noradrenaline. The authors explained these changes by the elevated level of brain noradrenaline, found by them, which level inhibited the rate its synthesis by feed back mechanism.", "PMID": 658003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7645", "title": "[Effect of adepren on the cerebral concentration of serotonin].", "content": "Adepren is original Bulgarian antidepressant. The authors find that adepren elevates the level of brain serotonine both after single and multiple treatment of white rats. The authors interpret the elevated level of serotonine as a result of MAO inhibiting effect of the preparation. They connect the effect of adeprene on the level of serotonine with favourable action on the behaviour of depressed patients.", "contents": "[Effect of adepren on the cerebral concentration of serotonin]. Adepren is original Bulgarian antidepressant. The authors find that adepren elevates the level of brain serotonine both after single and multiple treatment of white rats. The authors interpret the elevated level of serotonine as a result of MAO inhibiting effect of the preparation. They connect the effect of adeprene on the level of serotonine with favourable action on the behaviour of depressed patients.", "PMID": 658004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7646", "title": "[Incorporation of glycine(14C) into liver proteins during low energy laser pulse irradiation].", "content": "The authors examined the action of irradiation with ruby lazer at lambda=6,948 A and level of energy 0.13 j/sm2. Liver of rats was irradiated through the surrounding tissues in five successive impulses. The skin in the region of action was stained with methylene blue. Changes in the incorporation of the label in the free amino-acids, in total cholesterol of liver and ribosomal protein as well as the proteins in the supernatant over ribosomes were examined. Glycine (14C) was identified by chromatographic was and autoradiographycaly. The relative radioactivity was determined by a scintillation radiometer. The data, estimated statistically, on the studies showed that 48 hours after lazer irradiation the incorporation of glycine was elevated over 12%. There were no apparent changes macroscopicaly and in the usual histologic preparations during the same period of time. Electronmicroscopic investigation revealed a certain alteration of the membrane structures, vacuolization at sites, but preserved ribosomal structures, accumulation of glycogen. The established changes were described as a manifestation of nonthermic effects of the type \"striking wave\" with successive increased course of reparative processes.", "contents": "[Incorporation of glycine(14C) into liver proteins during low energy laser pulse irradiation]. The authors examined the action of irradiation with ruby lazer at lambda=6,948 A and level of energy 0.13 j/sm2. Liver of rats was irradiated through the surrounding tissues in five successive impulses. The skin in the region of action was stained with methylene blue. Changes in the incorporation of the label in the free amino-acids, in total cholesterol of liver and ribosomal protein as well as the proteins in the supernatant over ribosomes were examined. Glycine (14C) was identified by chromatographic was and autoradiographycaly. The relative radioactivity was determined by a scintillation radiometer. The data, estimated statistically, on the studies showed that 48 hours after lazer irradiation the incorporation of glycine was elevated over 12%. There were no apparent changes macroscopicaly and in the usual histologic preparations during the same period of time. Electronmicroscopic investigation revealed a certain alteration of the membrane structures, vacuolization at sites, but preserved ribosomal structures, accumulation of glycogen. The established changes were described as a manifestation of nonthermic effects of the type \"striking wave\" with successive increased course of reparative processes.", "PMID": 658005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7647", "title": "[Experimental study of the dynamics of alkaline phsophatase activity after a liver wound].", "content": "The investigation of alkaline phosphatase activity on 80 rabbits with an experimental model of liver wound showed the following results: 1. Alkaline phosphatase in blood serum was elevated considerably during the first postoperative days, but after the fifth day was close to the normal ranges. 2. Tissue alkaline phospatase sharply fell up to the third day. Its values began to raise after the 20th day and reached the normal level in the end of the experimental period (30th day). 3. Histochemical studies of liver wound showed a positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase in the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate during the first days. Increased phosphatase activity was demonstrated in fiber structures, epithelium of bile canals and capillary endothelium. The dynamics of alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum is a reflection of the delicate biochemical and histochemical changes in the liver wound. The follow-up of serum alkaline phosphatase together with the clinical course of healing could be an useful index for evaluation of diet and working capacity of the patient.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the dynamics of alkaline phsophatase activity after a liver wound]. The investigation of alkaline phosphatase activity on 80 rabbits with an experimental model of liver wound showed the following results: 1. Alkaline phosphatase in blood serum was elevated considerably during the first postoperative days, but after the fifth day was close to the normal ranges. 2. Tissue alkaline phospatase sharply fell up to the third day. Its values began to raise after the 20th day and reached the normal level in the end of the experimental period (30th day). 3. Histochemical studies of liver wound showed a positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase in the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate during the first days. Increased phosphatase activity was demonstrated in fiber structures, epithelium of bile canals and capillary endothelium. The dynamics of alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum is a reflection of the delicate biochemical and histochemical changes in the liver wound. The follow-up of serum alkaline phosphatase together with the clinical course of healing could be an useful index for evaluation of diet and working capacity of the patient.", "PMID": 658006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7648", "title": "[Effect of thymectomy on the functional activity of the thyroid gland in rats].", "content": "The authors examined the functional state of the thyroid gland of rats after thymectomy. The dynamics of incorporation of radioactivity I131 in the gland was examined on the 2,20 and 90th day after the operation. There was increased incorporation of the radioisotope in the thyroid giant at the early stages of the experimental period. A reduced incorporation and delayed excretion was observed in the distant periods. Changes in the activity of the thyroid gland were accepted as a manifestation of the existing functional link between the thymus and thyroid gland.", "contents": "[Effect of thymectomy on the functional activity of the thyroid gland in rats]. The authors examined the functional state of the thyroid gland of rats after thymectomy. The dynamics of incorporation of radioactivity I131 in the gland was examined on the 2,20 and 90th day after the operation. There was increased incorporation of the radioisotope in the thyroid giant at the early stages of the experimental period. A reduced incorporation and delayed excretion was observed in the distant periods. Changes in the activity of the thyroid gland were accepted as a manifestation of the existing functional link between the thymus and thyroid gland.", "PMID": 658007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7649", "title": "[Late morphologic changes in the myocardia of experimental animals following chronic wofatox poisoning].", "content": "The authors examined the morphologic changes in the myocardium of male white rats one and two months after chronic intoxication with the preparation BOFATOX, used in doses of 1/20 and 1/100 of LD50 for a period of two and four months. They observed circulatory and dystrophic changes during the first month, but after prolongation of repapatory period up to two months found definite pathologic changes, manifested by small cicatrixes, focal granuloma, vascular sclerosis and the presence of slightly manifested regenerative processes.", "contents": "[Late morphologic changes in the myocardia of experimental animals following chronic wofatox poisoning]. The authors examined the morphologic changes in the myocardium of male white rats one and two months after chronic intoxication with the preparation BOFATOX, used in doses of 1/20 and 1/100 of LD50 for a period of two and four months. They observed circulatory and dystrophic changes during the first month, but after prolongation of repapatory period up to two months found definite pathologic changes, manifested by small cicatrixes, focal granuloma, vascular sclerosis and the presence of slightly manifested regenerative processes.", "PMID": 658008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7650", "title": "[The effects of phenylbutazone on the decrease of lithium clearance].", "content": "During the treatment of a manic depressive patient, the authors reported some lithium toxicity signs, as lithium carbonate (3 X 300 mg p.d.) and phenylbutazone suppository (3 X 250 mg/p.d.) were associated, this last medication being prescribed for a phlebitis. Lithiemia increased from .70 to 1,44 mEq/l., the lithiemia clearance falling from 10 ml to 5 ml/mn/1.73 m2) and the lithium tubular reabsorption percentage increasing from 85 to 94% (standard rates: 77.4 +/- 1.3%). In a second time, a rat experimentation corroborated these findings: phenylbutazone treatment (100 mg/kg/p.o. for five days) resulted in a lithium tubular reabsorption increase. It seems that the association of lithium carbonate with phenylbutazone should be avoided. The authors point out the risk of prescribing lithium and pyrazolic by-products as phenylbutazone, which are potentially nephrotoxic.", "contents": "[The effects of phenylbutazone on the decrease of lithium clearance]. During the treatment of a manic depressive patient, the authors reported some lithium toxicity signs, as lithium carbonate (3 X 300 mg p.d.) and phenylbutazone suppository (3 X 250 mg/p.d.) were associated, this last medication being prescribed for a phlebitis. Lithiemia increased from .70 to 1,44 mEq/l., the lithiemia clearance falling from 10 ml to 5 ml/mn/1.73 m2) and the lithium tubular reabsorption percentage increasing from 85 to 94% (standard rates: 77.4 +/- 1.3%). In a second time, a rat experimentation corroborated these findings: phenylbutazone treatment (100 mg/kg/p.o. for five days) resulted in a lithium tubular reabsorption increase. It seems that the association of lithium carbonate with phenylbutazone should be avoided. The authors point out the risk of prescribing lithium and pyrazolic by-products as phenylbutazone, which are potentially nephrotoxic.", "PMID": 658011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7651", "title": "[Comparative study of the pharmacological and clinical effects of clorimipramine and metaprimine (19560 R.P.)].", "content": "Although its pharmacology is virtually identical with that of the tricyclic antidepressants, metapramine (19560 R.P.), i.e. methyl-5 methylamino-10 dihydro-10, 11 dibenzo (b,f) azepine, differs biochemically from the tricyclics in that it markedly enhances the turnover of norepinephrine without notably inhibiting the re-uptake of this amine. Differences in the therapeutic effects of metapramine and clorimipramine have been investigated in a double-blind clinical test. The possible relationship between these differences and the biochemistry of both compounds is discussed in terms of the monoaminergic hypotheses.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the pharmacological and clinical effects of clorimipramine and metaprimine (19560 R.P.)]. Although its pharmacology is virtually identical with that of the tricyclic antidepressants, metapramine (19560 R.P.), i.e. methyl-5 methylamino-10 dihydro-10, 11 dibenzo (b,f) azepine, differs biochemically from the tricyclics in that it markedly enhances the turnover of norepinephrine without notably inhibiting the re-uptake of this amine. Differences in the therapeutic effects of metapramine and clorimipramine have been investigated in a double-blind clinical test. The possible relationship between these differences and the biochemistry of both compounds is discussed in terms of the monoaminergic hypotheses.", "PMID": 658012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7652", "title": "[Depressive states: clinical symptoms and monoaminergic hypothesis].", "content": "Twenty somatic symptoms are listed, that are often met in depressive states but that are presently neglected by clinicians and by the various depression rating scales. Thanks to the data provided by animal pharmacology and clinical studies, an attempt to correlate the clinical studies with the biochemical results is proposed between those symptoms and eventual monoaminergic dysfunctions. This study leads to a clinical observation scale. In the future, the authors envisage a multifactorial analysis of the data obtained by the use of the scale. Symptomatic groupings could help establish a new classification for depressive states. They could also guide the choice of the medication according to the monoaminergic dysfunctions that are pointed out.", "contents": "[Depressive states: clinical symptoms and monoaminergic hypothesis]. Twenty somatic symptoms are listed, that are often met in depressive states but that are presently neglected by clinicians and by the various depression rating scales. Thanks to the data provided by animal pharmacology and clinical studies, an attempt to correlate the clinical studies with the biochemical results is proposed between those symptoms and eventual monoaminergic dysfunctions. This study leads to a clinical observation scale. In the future, the authors envisage a multifactorial analysis of the data obtained by the use of the scale. Symptomatic groupings could help establish a new classification for depressive states. They could also guide the choice of the medication according to the monoaminergic dysfunctions that are pointed out.", "PMID": 658013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7653", "title": "[Assertive training: techniques and clinical applications].", "content": "This paper successively examines the components of assertive behavior, its measurement instruments and the different techniques used to teach patients how to become more assertive. The therapeutic applications of assertive training are also summarized. The discussion emphasises the need for comparative studies with long term follow-ups and considers the problems of generalization outside the experimental setting. The use of anger is questioned because assertive training serves neither to eliminate nor exaggerate aggression but to control it. The authors conclude that a good assertive training technique should include simple and clearcut instuctions, behavior rehearsal and modeling.", "contents": "[Assertive training: techniques and clinical applications]. This paper successively examines the components of assertive behavior, its measurement instruments and the different techniques used to teach patients how to become more assertive. The therapeutic applications of assertive training are also summarized. The discussion emphasises the need for comparative studies with long term follow-ups and considers the problems of generalization outside the experimental setting. The use of anger is questioned because assertive training serves neither to eliminate nor exaggerate aggression but to control it. The authors conclude that a good assertive training technique should include simple and clearcut instuctions, behavior rehearsal and modeling.", "PMID": 658015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7654", "title": "ERCP, endoscopic papillotomy and gallstone removal by JFB2 Olympus and PFSB 1200 Machida.", "content": "ERCP is now used as routine technique and has provided a useful tool for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in diseases of the biliary tract. Until now this examination has been performed throughout the world including Italy, using preferably an Olympus JF and JF B2 sideviewing duodenoscope. In addition to 727 ERCP and 55 papillotomies performed using this instrument we have also employed a convertible endoscope Machida PFSB 1200; this fiberscope, with which front and side views are possible, can be used in the study of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, cannulation of the papilla of Vater and papillotomy. They results obtained and advantages offered by this instrument will be discussed. Since this endoscope is not usually employed, at least in Europe, for these purposes, we considered it of interest to report on the 251 ERCP and 9 papillotomies including stone removal performed in our department with the Machida PFSB 1200.", "contents": "ERCP, endoscopic papillotomy and gallstone removal by JFB2 Olympus and PFSB 1200 Machida. ERCP is now used as routine technique and has provided a useful tool for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in diseases of the biliary tract. Until now this examination has been performed throughout the world including Italy, using preferably an Olympus JF and JF B2 sideviewing duodenoscope. In addition to 727 ERCP and 55 papillotomies performed using this instrument we have also employed a convertible endoscope Machida PFSB 1200; this fiberscope, with which front and side views are possible, can be used in the study of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, cannulation of the papilla of Vater and papillotomy. They results obtained and advantages offered by this instrument will be discussed. Since this endoscope is not usually employed, at least in Europe, for these purposes, we considered it of interest to report on the 251 ERCP and 9 papillotomies including stone removal performed in our department with the Machida PFSB 1200.", "PMID": 658023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7655", "title": "Can Mirizzi syndrome be classified into acute and chronic form? An endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) study.", "content": "Three cases of Mirizzi syndrome (partial mechanical obstruction of the common hepatic duct owing to compression by a stone impacted in the cystic duct or gallbladder neck, or due to the inflammatory reaction resulting from compression) are reported. The roentgen features at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) are discussed. As there are two causes for obstruction, compression or chronic fibrosing reaction resulting from compression, two characteristic X-ray findings and two operating techniques, the authors contend that Mirizzi syndrome should be classified as acute or chronic.", "contents": "Can Mirizzi syndrome be classified into acute and chronic form? An endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) study. Three cases of Mirizzi syndrome (partial mechanical obstruction of the common hepatic duct owing to compression by a stone impacted in the cystic duct or gallbladder neck, or due to the inflammatory reaction resulting from compression) are reported. The roentgen features at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) are discussed. As there are two causes for obstruction, compression or chronic fibrosing reaction resulting from compression, two characteristic X-ray findings and two operating techniques, the authors contend that Mirizzi syndrome should be classified as acute or chronic.", "PMID": 658024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7656", "title": "Coloscopy: a necessary aid in the diagnosis of transient ischemic colitis.", "content": "After a short review on endoscopic diagnosis of transient ischemic colitis, the author calls attention to the ischemic pathology of the colon emphasizing the importance of coloscopy as a necessary aid in the diagnosis of these diseases.", "contents": "Coloscopy: a necessary aid in the diagnosis of transient ischemic colitis. After a short review on endoscopic diagnosis of transient ischemic colitis, the author calls attention to the ischemic pathology of the colon emphasizing the importance of coloscopy as a necessary aid in the diagnosis of these diseases.", "PMID": 658025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7657", "title": "A laser-endoscope with direct beam coupling.", "content": "An optical element for direct laser-beam coupling into the observation optic of a rigid endoscope was developed. Using this coupling element every suitable endoscope can be modified into a laser endoscope which can be used for laser surgery e.g. in ENT and urology. The requirements for the endoscope and the optical coupling element are discussed.", "contents": "A laser-endoscope with direct beam coupling. An optical element for direct laser-beam coupling into the observation optic of a rigid endoscope was developed. Using this coupling element every suitable endoscope can be modified into a laser endoscope which can be used for laser surgery e.g. in ENT and urology. The requirements for the endoscope and the optical coupling element are discussed.", "PMID": 658026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7658", "title": "Diagnostic problems with gastrointestinal metastases in breast cancer.", "content": "A case of a diffuse transmural infiltrating gastrointestinal metastasis of breast cancer in an eighty years old woman is reported. It is shown that endoscopy, along with biopsies can only provide a descriptive result.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems with gastrointestinal metastases in breast cancer. A case of a diffuse transmural infiltrating gastrointestinal metastasis of breast cancer in an eighty years old woman is reported. It is shown that endoscopy, along with biopsies can only provide a descriptive result.", "PMID": 658027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7659", "title": "Right pneumothorax following fiberoptic oesophageal dilatation.", "content": "A case of spontaneous right pneumothorax following dilatation of an oesophageal stricture using the Eder-Puestow technique is reported.", "contents": "Right pneumothorax following fiberoptic oesophageal dilatation. A case of spontaneous right pneumothorax following dilatation of an oesophageal stricture using the Eder-Puestow technique is reported.", "PMID": 658028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7660", "title": "Barium enema with subsequent perforation of the rectum following rectoscopic biopsy.", "content": "Two case reports are presented in which a barium enema was carried out immediately following rectal biopsy. In both cases, perforation occurred. On the basis of these cases, the various possibilities of perforation are listed. The question of the time factor when both diagnostic procedures are to be carried out is discussed.", "contents": "Barium enema with subsequent perforation of the rectum following rectoscopic biopsy. Two case reports are presented in which a barium enema was carried out immediately following rectal biopsy. In both cases, perforation occurred. On the basis of these cases, the various possibilities of perforation are listed. The question of the time factor when both diagnostic procedures are to be carried out is discussed.", "PMID": 658029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7661", "title": "Bacteriological efficiency of a standardized cleansing and disinfection technique for duodenoscopes.", "content": "Adequate cleansing and disinfection of the endoscopes is desirable to prevent bacteriaemia and septicemia following gastrointestinal endoscopy, especially endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and duodenoscopic sphincterotomy. A practical method, proved in our department over a period of 12 months, is described. As the result of this standardized cleansing and disinfection technique using the aldehyde derivative Gigasept (succine dialdehyde and 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran) in a 10% concentration as chemical disinfectant, sterile cultures from the biopsy channel were obtained in 75% of tested instruments. The remaining fiberscopes exhibited only a few bacteria left, resulting in a sufficient success of disinfection according to hygienic standards.", "contents": "Bacteriological efficiency of a standardized cleansing and disinfection technique for duodenoscopes. Adequate cleansing and disinfection of the endoscopes is desirable to prevent bacteriaemia and septicemia following gastrointestinal endoscopy, especially endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and duodenoscopic sphincterotomy. A practical method, proved in our department over a period of 12 months, is described. As the result of this standardized cleansing and disinfection technique using the aldehyde derivative Gigasept (succine dialdehyde and 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran) in a 10% concentration as chemical disinfectant, sterile cultures from the biopsy channel were obtained in 75% of tested instruments. The remaining fiberscopes exhibited only a few bacteria left, resulting in a sufficient success of disinfection according to hygienic standards.", "PMID": 658031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7662", "title": "Experiences and problems in the disinfection of fibre endoscopes.", "content": "The problem of the disinfection of fibre endoscopes is to achieve a good efficiency together with easy handling. There is not yet a disinfectant which shows a sufficient germicidal effect after a short time of contact with the fibre endoscope and which is harmless to the patient and medical staff. This paper deals with a two-stage disinfecting procedure in which the instrument undergoes a short intermediate disinfection using polyvidoneiodine (Betaisodona) between two investigations and a main disinfection at the end of a series of investigations using glutardialdehyde (Cidex). The measures lead to a sufficient reduction of the number of germs. The importance of the disinfection of all parts of the endoscopes, especially the channels and the accessories (water bottles etc.) is pointed out.", "contents": "Experiences and problems in the disinfection of fibre endoscopes. The problem of the disinfection of fibre endoscopes is to achieve a good efficiency together with easy handling. There is not yet a disinfectant which shows a sufficient germicidal effect after a short time of contact with the fibre endoscope and which is harmless to the patient and medical staff. This paper deals with a two-stage disinfecting procedure in which the instrument undergoes a short intermediate disinfection using polyvidoneiodine (Betaisodona) between two investigations and a main disinfection at the end of a series of investigations using glutardialdehyde (Cidex). The measures lead to a sufficient reduction of the number of germs. The importance of the disinfection of all parts of the endoscopes, especially the channels and the accessories (water bottles etc.) is pointed out.", "PMID": 658032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7663", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic panendoscopy. A 4-year study in a district general hospital.", "content": "Four years' experience of an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy service in a district general hospital is reviewed. The study comprises 500 prospective peroral endoscopic and radiographic investigations of 432 consecutive patients. The endoscopic diagnoses are compared with the results of conventional barium studies and the incidences of correct diagnoses with the two methods of investigation are estimated on the basis of the histological diagnoses on directed biopsy specimens. Endoscopy is more accurate than radiology in the examination of the stomach, especially in cases of radiologically distorted antrum and pyloric canal. We found fewer duodenal ulcers by means of combined panendoscopy than demonstrated by X-ray; the reason is discussed and the results of endoscopic biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of gastric cancer are reported.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic panendoscopy. A 4-year study in a district general hospital. Four years' experience of an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy service in a district general hospital is reviewed. The study comprises 500 prospective peroral endoscopic and radiographic investigations of 432 consecutive patients. The endoscopic diagnoses are compared with the results of conventional barium studies and the incidences of correct diagnoses with the two methods of investigation are estimated on the basis of the histological diagnoses on directed biopsy specimens. Endoscopy is more accurate than radiology in the examination of the stomach, especially in cases of radiologically distorted antrum and pyloric canal. We found fewer duodenal ulcers by means of combined panendoscopy than demonstrated by X-ray; the reason is discussed and the results of endoscopic biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of gastric cancer are reported.", "PMID": 658033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7664", "title": "Chronic nonspecific duodenitis (bulbitis).", "content": "\"Bulbitis\" was classified by fiberoptic endoscopy in: superficial, erosive and pseudopolypoid. Endoscopic diagnosis of \"bulbitis\" is reliable, as good agreement was obtained in 100 cases tabulated according to histological grading. Erosive \"bulbitis\" implies a severe histopathological compromise.", "contents": "Chronic nonspecific duodenitis (bulbitis). \"Bulbitis\" was classified by fiberoptic endoscopy in: superficial, erosive and pseudopolypoid. Endoscopic diagnosis of \"bulbitis\" is reliable, as good agreement was obtained in 100 cases tabulated according to histological grading. Erosive \"bulbitis\" implies a severe histopathological compromise.", "PMID": 658034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7665", "title": "Porcine follitropin. Isolation and characterization of the native hormone and its alpha and beta subunits.", "content": "The properties of porcine follitropin and its subunits which have not yet been characterized are presented. The porcine follitropin obtained has a biological potency of 81 times the National Institutes of Health Porcine Follitropin P-1 preparation. Its contamination by lutropin and thyrotropin amounted to 1 and 0.5 percent by weight respectively, as measured by radioimmunoassay. The alpha and beta subunits of porcine follitropin were obtained by incubation in an acidic urea solution followed by anion exchange chromatography. The amino acid composition of porcine follitropin alpha subunit was found to be identical to that of alpha chain of porcine lutropin and thyrotropin. These porcine alpha chains differ, nevertheless, markedly in their carbohydrate composition particularly with respect to their mannose and galactose contents. The amino-terminal residue of the follitropin alpha subunit is threonyl. The carboxy-terminal end of the alpha chain is of variable length. Cysteyl residue was detected at the aminoterminal end of the follitropin beta chain with glutamic acid at its carboxy-terminal end. Cross-contamination of the alpha and beta subunit preparations was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and amounted to 0.5 and 0.1 percent by weight respectively.", "contents": "Porcine follitropin. Isolation and characterization of the native hormone and its alpha and beta subunits. The properties of porcine follitropin and its subunits which have not yet been characterized are presented. The porcine follitropin obtained has a biological potency of 81 times the National Institutes of Health Porcine Follitropin P-1 preparation. Its contamination by lutropin and thyrotropin amounted to 1 and 0.5 percent by weight respectively, as measured by radioimmunoassay. The alpha and beta subunits of porcine follitropin were obtained by incubation in an acidic urea solution followed by anion exchange chromatography. The amino acid composition of porcine follitropin alpha subunit was found to be identical to that of alpha chain of porcine lutropin and thyrotropin. These porcine alpha chains differ, nevertheless, markedly in their carbohydrate composition particularly with respect to their mannose and galactose contents. The amino-terminal residue of the follitropin alpha subunit is threonyl. The carboxy-terminal end of the alpha chain is of variable length. Cysteyl residue was detected at the aminoterminal end of the follitropin beta chain with glutamic acid at its carboxy-terminal end. Cross-contamination of the alpha and beta subunit preparations was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and amounted to 0.5 and 0.1 percent by weight respectively.", "PMID": 658035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7666", "title": "Porcine follitropin. The amino-acid sequence of the beta subunit.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the porcine beta subunit has been established by studies of peptides isolated after tryptic, thermolytic and staphylococcal protease treatments of the reduced and carboxymethylated chain. The primary structure of the amino-terminal region of the molecule has been solved by automatic sequencing of the reduced and tritium-labeled carboxymethylated subunit. The amino acid sequence of porcine follitropin beta subunit differs from that of its human counterpart by several amino acid replacements, deletion or addition of one or several residues. The porcine chain appears shorter at both its amino and carboxy-terminal ends. The chemical evolution of follitropin is briefly considered and compared to these of thyrotropin and lutropin.", "contents": "Porcine follitropin. The amino-acid sequence of the beta subunit. The amino acid sequence of the porcine beta subunit has been established by studies of peptides isolated after tryptic, thermolytic and staphylococcal protease treatments of the reduced and carboxymethylated chain. The primary structure of the amino-terminal region of the molecule has been solved by automatic sequencing of the reduced and tritium-labeled carboxymethylated subunit. The amino acid sequence of porcine follitropin beta subunit differs from that of its human counterpart by several amino acid replacements, deletion or addition of one or several residues. The porcine chain appears shorter at both its amino and carboxy-terminal ends. The chemical evolution of follitropin is briefly considered and compared to these of thyrotropin and lutropin.", "PMID": 658036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7667", "title": "Purification and some properties of L-glutamate decarboxylase from human brain.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) from human brain has been purified 8000-fold with respect to the initial homogenate. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 140000 by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gradient gel slab. The presence of a single protein band (Mr 67000) on sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel and the existence of only one N-terminal amino acid suggest that the enzyme consists of two similar if not identical polypeptide chains. The Km of the enzyme at the optimum pH of 6.8 is about 1.3 x 10(-3) M for glutamate and 0.13 x 10(-6) M for pyridoxal phosphate. The analysis of the effects of various inhibitors of mouse brain glutamate decarboxylase on the human enzyme confirms the strong competitive inhibition caused by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (Ki = 2.7 x 10(-6) M) while the Ki values for allylglycine and chloride ion are 1.8 x 10(-2) M and 2.2 x 10(-2) M, respectively.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of L-glutamate decarboxylase from human brain. Glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) from human brain has been purified 8000-fold with respect to the initial homogenate. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 140000 by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gradient gel slab. The presence of a single protein band (Mr 67000) on sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel and the existence of only one N-terminal amino acid suggest that the enzyme consists of two similar if not identical polypeptide chains. The Km of the enzyme at the optimum pH of 6.8 is about 1.3 x 10(-3) M for glutamate and 0.13 x 10(-6) M for pyridoxal phosphate. The analysis of the effects of various inhibitors of mouse brain glutamate decarboxylase on the human enzyme confirms the strong competitive inhibition caused by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (Ki = 2.7 x 10(-6) M) while the Ki values for allylglycine and chloride ion are 1.8 x 10(-2) M and 2.2 x 10(-2) M, respectively.", "PMID": 658037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7668", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of kangaroo pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) ribonuclease was isolated from pancreatic tissue by affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence was determined by automatic sequencing of overlapping large fragments and by analysis of shorter peptides obtained by digestion with a number of proteolytic enzymes. The polypeptide chain consists of 122 amino acid residues. Compared to other ribonucleases, the N-terminal residue and residue 114 are deleted. In other pancreatic ribonucleases position 114 is occupied by a cis proline residue in an external loop at the surface of the molecule. Other remarkable substitutions are the presence of a tyrosine residue at position 123 instead of a serine which forms a hydrogen bond with the pyrimidine ring of a nucleotide substrate, and a number of hydrophobichydrophilic interchanges in the sequence 51-55, which forms part of an alpha-helix in bovine ribonuclease and exhibits few substitutions in the placental mammals. Kangaroo ribonuclease contains no carbohydrate, although the enzyme possesses a recognition site for carbohydrate attachment in the sequence Asn-Val-Thr (62-64). The enzyme differs at about 35-40% of the positions from all other mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases sequenced to date, which is in agreement with the early divergence between the marsupials and the placental mammals. From fragmentary data a tentative sequence of red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) pancreatic ribonuclease has been derived. Eight differences with the kangaroo sequence were found.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of kangaroo pancreatic ribonuclease. Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) ribonuclease was isolated from pancreatic tissue by affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence was determined by automatic sequencing of overlapping large fragments and by analysis of shorter peptides obtained by digestion with a number of proteolytic enzymes. The polypeptide chain consists of 122 amino acid residues. Compared to other ribonucleases, the N-terminal residue and residue 114 are deleted. In other pancreatic ribonucleases position 114 is occupied by a cis proline residue in an external loop at the surface of the molecule. Other remarkable substitutions are the presence of a tyrosine residue at position 123 instead of a serine which forms a hydrogen bond with the pyrimidine ring of a nucleotide substrate, and a number of hydrophobichydrophilic interchanges in the sequence 51-55, which forms part of an alpha-helix in bovine ribonuclease and exhibits few substitutions in the placental mammals. Kangaroo ribonuclease contains no carbohydrate, although the enzyme possesses a recognition site for carbohydrate attachment in the sequence Asn-Val-Thr (62-64). The enzyme differs at about 35-40% of the positions from all other mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases sequenced to date, which is in agreement with the early divergence between the marsupials and the placental mammals. From fragmentary data a tentative sequence of red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) pancreatic ribonuclease has been derived. Eight differences with the kangaroo sequence were found.", "PMID": 658039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7669", "title": "Electron-microscopic demonstration of terminal and internal initiation sites for cDNA synthesis on vitellogenin mRNA.", "content": "cDNA synthesized on purified vitellogenin mRNA from Xenopus liver was hybridized to the template in formamide/urea at 22 degrees C to avoid degradation of the RNA. The hybrids formed were visualized by spreading for electron microscopy. Contour length measurements proved that most of the RNA molecules in the hybrids were still intact showing the expected molecular weight of 2.3 x 10(6). The hybridized cDNA corresponded on the average to 12% of the RNA length. In about 80% of the molecules the cDNA was located at one end. Since cDNA synthesis was primed by oligo(dT), the terminal duplex region marks the 3' end of the vitellogenin mRNA molecule. Internal duplex regions were mainly located at a specific position starting about 2800 nucleotides from the 3' end. Since the cDNA hybridizing at the internal position could specifically be synthesized on a vitellogenin RNA fragment isolated on poly(U)-Sepharose as an oligo(A)-containing RNA, we conclude that cDNA synthesis is not only initiated by the poly(A) of the 3' end, but also by a specific internal sequence.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic demonstration of terminal and internal initiation sites for cDNA synthesis on vitellogenin mRNA. cDNA synthesized on purified vitellogenin mRNA from Xenopus liver was hybridized to the template in formamide/urea at 22 degrees C to avoid degradation of the RNA. The hybrids formed were visualized by spreading for electron microscopy. Contour length measurements proved that most of the RNA molecules in the hybrids were still intact showing the expected molecular weight of 2.3 x 10(6). The hybridized cDNA corresponded on the average to 12% of the RNA length. In about 80% of the molecules the cDNA was located at one end. Since cDNA synthesis was primed by oligo(dT), the terminal duplex region marks the 3' end of the vitellogenin mRNA molecule. Internal duplex regions were mainly located at a specific position starting about 2800 nucleotides from the 3' end. Since the cDNA hybridizing at the internal position could specifically be synthesized on a vitellogenin RNA fragment isolated on poly(U)-Sepharose as an oligo(A)-containing RNA, we conclude that cDNA synthesis is not only initiated by the poly(A) of the 3' end, but also by a specific internal sequence.", "PMID": 658040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7670", "title": "On the activity of RNA polymerase B in lysates from Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "Transcription by endogenous RNA polymerase B in lysates of Ehrlich ascites cells was investigated. The enzyme exhibits two salt optima at 0.025 M and at 0.3 M (NH4)2SO4 respectively. Preincubation of the cells with the nucleoside analogue 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole results in an inactivation of the polymerase molecules active under condition of low salt. This indicates two functional states of the enzyme in vivo. Initiations of RNA chains by polymerase B do not occur in vitro as judged by the incorporation of [beta-32P]GTP. Thus the two functional states seem to be both elongating polymerase molecules. Polymerase B does not occur in the lysates in a state ready to initiate on an exogenous template, in contrast to polymerase A and C which do occur in free form. Pretreatment with dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole in vivo does not result in an accumulation of free polymerase B.", "contents": "On the activity of RNA polymerase B in lysates from Ehrlich ascites cells. Transcription by endogenous RNA polymerase B in lysates of Ehrlich ascites cells was investigated. The enzyme exhibits two salt optima at 0.025 M and at 0.3 M (NH4)2SO4 respectively. Preincubation of the cells with the nucleoside analogue 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole results in an inactivation of the polymerase molecules active under condition of low salt. This indicates two functional states of the enzyme in vivo. Initiations of RNA chains by polymerase B do not occur in vitro as judged by the incorporation of [beta-32P]GTP. Thus the two functional states seem to be both elongating polymerase molecules. Polymerase B does not occur in the lysates in a state ready to initiate on an exogenous template, in contrast to polymerase A and C which do occur in free form. Pretreatment with dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole in vivo does not result in an accumulation of free polymerase B.", "PMID": 658042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7671", "title": "A 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the conformation and the molecular dynamics of the glycoprotein cow-colostrum trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The glycoprotein cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor was investigated by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 360 MHz and, on the basis of the NMR data, compared with the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) from bovine tissue. Detailed studies of the chemical shifts and the exchange kinetics of the labile protons indicated extensive homologies between the spatial structures of the polypeptide chains in the two compounds. This was further corroborated by comparison of the NMR spectral features and the dynamic properties of the aromatic amino acid residues in the two inhibitors. It thus appears that the covalently attached carbohydrate moiety in the colostrum inhibitor has only very limited effects on the spatial structure of the protein part of the molecule. On the other hand, as evidenced by the NMR line widths, the carbohydrate attachment causes a pronounced restriction of the overall mobility of the molecule, indicating a sizeable increase of the average radius of gyration as compared to the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Possible spatial arrangements of the globular polypeptide and the carbohydrate moieties in the colostrum inhibitor, which would be compatible with the experimental observations, are discussed.", "contents": "A 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the conformation and the molecular dynamics of the glycoprotein cow-colostrum trypsin inhibitor. The glycoprotein cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor was investigated by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 360 MHz and, on the basis of the NMR data, compared with the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) from bovine tissue. Detailed studies of the chemical shifts and the exchange kinetics of the labile protons indicated extensive homologies between the spatial structures of the polypeptide chains in the two compounds. This was further corroborated by comparison of the NMR spectral features and the dynamic properties of the aromatic amino acid residues in the two inhibitors. It thus appears that the covalently attached carbohydrate moiety in the colostrum inhibitor has only very limited effects on the spatial structure of the protein part of the molecule. On the other hand, as evidenced by the NMR line widths, the carbohydrate attachment causes a pronounced restriction of the overall mobility of the molecule, indicating a sizeable increase of the average radius of gyration as compared to the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Possible spatial arrangements of the globular polypeptide and the carbohydrate moieties in the colostrum inhibitor, which would be compatible with the experimental observations, are discussed.", "PMID": 658047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7672", "title": "DD-Carboxypeptidase activity of membrane fragments of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Enzymatic properties and sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "A DD-carboxypeptidase activity is present in membrane fragments of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Kinetic parameters of the enzymatic activity have been studied using UDP-N-glycolylmuramyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,2'-diaminopimelyl-D-[14C]alanyl-D-[14C]alanine as substrate. The DD-carboxypeptidase can be solubilized by Triton X-100 and Genapol X-100. It is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics although intact cells of M. smegmatis are insensitive to that kind of antibiotics. Inhibition by penicillin G is slowly reversible. By storage, at -20degrees C, kinetic parameters and sensitivity to penicillin G vary non-concomittantly, suggesting a penicillin binding site different from the substrate binding site.", "contents": "DD-Carboxypeptidase activity of membrane fragments of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Enzymatic properties and sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics. A DD-carboxypeptidase activity is present in membrane fragments of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Kinetic parameters of the enzymatic activity have been studied using UDP-N-glycolylmuramyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,2'-diaminopimelyl-D-[14C]alanyl-D-[14C]alanine as substrate. The DD-carboxypeptidase can be solubilized by Triton X-100 and Genapol X-100. It is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics although intact cells of M. smegmatis are insensitive to that kind of antibiotics. Inhibition by penicillin G is slowly reversible. By storage, at -20degrees C, kinetic parameters and sensitivity to penicillin G vary non-concomittantly, suggesting a penicillin binding site different from the substrate binding site.", "PMID": 658048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7673", "title": "L-2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid as a constituent of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides (lipid A).", "content": "L-2-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid was recognized as a characteristic, although minor, constituent of the lipid A component of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. The 2-hydroxy fatty acid was present in lipid A as an ester, probably bound to the hydroxyl group of some D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues. A survey of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides showed that L-2-hydroxytetradecanoid acid was also present in Klebsiella and Serratia strains. It was absent, however, from lipopolysaccharides of other genera of the family including Escherichia, Shigella, Proteus, Enterobacter and Yersinia. This restricted distribution of the 2-hydroxy acid may be of significance for taxonomic studies of bacterial genera.", "contents": "L-2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid as a constituent of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides (lipid A). L-2-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid was recognized as a characteristic, although minor, constituent of the lipid A component of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. The 2-hydroxy fatty acid was present in lipid A as an ester, probably bound to the hydroxyl group of some D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues. A survey of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides showed that L-2-hydroxytetradecanoid acid was also present in Klebsiella and Serratia strains. It was absent, however, from lipopolysaccharides of other genera of the family including Escherichia, Shigella, Proteus, Enterobacter and Yersinia. This restricted distribution of the 2-hydroxy acid may be of significance for taxonomic studies of bacterial genera.", "PMID": 658049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7674", "title": "The interaction of human hemoglobin with erythrosin. Comparison of hemoglobins with variously liganded heme groups.", "content": "The interactions of erythrosin with deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, cyanomethemoglobin and hemoglobin alpha and beta chains have been studied by using the equilibrium dialysis, the difference and circular dichroic (CD) spectra and stopped-flow method. The values of equilibrium and kinetic parameters, as well as CD characteristics, show that in addition to a number of weak binding sites hemoglobin contain four, relatively strong binding sites, one per chain. The properties of the strong binding sites depend on the ligand of the heme group and the charge of the heme group is not directly responsible for this fact. Consequently the properties of deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, differing from the mutually close properties of the other derivatives, confirm that the state of the heme group affects the conformation of hemoglobin molecules in solution. These results are in a good agreement with the classification established on the heme iron spin state.", "contents": "The interaction of human hemoglobin with erythrosin. Comparison of hemoglobins with variously liganded heme groups. The interactions of erythrosin with deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, cyanomethemoglobin and hemoglobin alpha and beta chains have been studied by using the equilibrium dialysis, the difference and circular dichroic (CD) spectra and stopped-flow method. The values of equilibrium and kinetic parameters, as well as CD characteristics, show that in addition to a number of weak binding sites hemoglobin contain four, relatively strong binding sites, one per chain. The properties of the strong binding sites depend on the ligand of the heme group and the charge of the heme group is not directly responsible for this fact. Consequently the properties of deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, differing from the mutually close properties of the other derivatives, confirm that the state of the heme group affects the conformation of hemoglobin molecules in solution. These results are in a good agreement with the classification established on the heme iron spin state.", "PMID": 658051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7675", "title": "The structure of carbohydrate chains of blood-group substance. Isolation and elucidation of the structure of higher oligosaccharides from blood-group substance H.", "content": "Twenty individual higher reduced oligosaccharides, having from seven to eleven monosaccharide units, were isolated after sodium borohydride degradation of blood-group substance H from pig stomach linings. Anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography appears to be a very convenient and effective method for this kind of higher oligosaccharide mixtures separation. The oligosaccharide structures were determined by means of periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, partial acid and enzymic hydrolysis. It has been found that all the oligosaccharides investigated can be divided into four series. The oligosaccharides belonging to each series have the common oligosaccharide fragment to which terminal L-fucose and/or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues are attached. Comparison of all the oligosaccharide structures, including tri, penta and hexasaccharides described earlier, shows that the lower oligosaccharides represent the structural element of the higher oligosaccharides.", "contents": "The structure of carbohydrate chains of blood-group substance. Isolation and elucidation of the structure of higher oligosaccharides from blood-group substance H. Twenty individual higher reduced oligosaccharides, having from seven to eleven monosaccharide units, were isolated after sodium borohydride degradation of blood-group substance H from pig stomach linings. Anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography appears to be a very convenient and effective method for this kind of higher oligosaccharide mixtures separation. The oligosaccharide structures were determined by means of periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, partial acid and enzymic hydrolysis. It has been found that all the oligosaccharides investigated can be divided into four series. The oligosaccharides belonging to each series have the common oligosaccharide fragment to which terminal L-fucose and/or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues are attached. Comparison of all the oligosaccharide structures, including tri, penta and hexasaccharides described earlier, shows that the lower oligosaccharides represent the structural element of the higher oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 658052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7676", "title": "Biosynthesis of thromboxane B2 and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid in human platelets. Evidence for a common enzymatic pathway.", "content": "Human platelet microsomes convert prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2 and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (12OH-17:3) in approximately equimolar amounts. The synthesizing activities of both products appear to go in parallel, both activities gradually decline upon storage and are equally destroyed by heat inactivation. Furthermore imidazole, a potent inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase activity, is an equally effective inhibitor of 12OH-17:3 formation in platelets. These results suggest that both thromboxane B2 and 120H-17:3 are derived from a common intermediate. We propose two alternative pathways for the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane A2 and 12OH-17:3 in human platelets. The first pathway depicts thromboxane A2 as the common intermediate for the formation of both thromboxane B2 and 12OH-17:3. In the second pathway, prostaglanding H2 is converted to an activated intermediate which is converted to either thromboxane A2 or 12OH-17:3.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of thromboxane B2 and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid in human platelets. Evidence for a common enzymatic pathway. Human platelet microsomes convert prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2 and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (12OH-17:3) in approximately equimolar amounts. The synthesizing activities of both products appear to go in parallel, both activities gradually decline upon storage and are equally destroyed by heat inactivation. Furthermore imidazole, a potent inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase activity, is an equally effective inhibitor of 12OH-17:3 formation in platelets. These results suggest that both thromboxane B2 and 120H-17:3 are derived from a common intermediate. We propose two alternative pathways for the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane A2 and 12OH-17:3 in human platelets. The first pathway depicts thromboxane A2 as the common intermediate for the formation of both thromboxane B2 and 12OH-17:3. In the second pathway, prostaglanding H2 is converted to an activated intermediate which is converted to either thromboxane A2 or 12OH-17:3.", "PMID": 658053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7677", "title": "Translational regulation of expression of the brome-mosaic-virus RNA genome in vitro.", "content": "Total brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA, comprising four mRNA molecules, was translated in the wheat germ system. It was shown that at a low ratio of total BMV RNA to cell-free extract all four BMV genes were expressed. At a high excess of total BMV RNA over the cell-free extract, the only BMV gene translated was the coat protein cistron (RNA 4). The effect was due to diminished initiation of synthesis of non-coat proteins in the presence of a high excess of template over 23 000 X g extract. This leads to exclusion from the translational machinery of all but coat protein genes. The effect is responsible for regulation of expression of BMV genes in vitro and can be of importance for enhancement of coat protein synthesis as expected in the late phase of virus development in vivo.", "contents": "Translational regulation of expression of the brome-mosaic-virus RNA genome in vitro. Total brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA, comprising four mRNA molecules, was translated in the wheat germ system. It was shown that at a low ratio of total BMV RNA to cell-free extract all four BMV genes were expressed. At a high excess of total BMV RNA over the cell-free extract, the only BMV gene translated was the coat protein cistron (RNA 4). The effect was due to diminished initiation of synthesis of non-coat proteins in the presence of a high excess of template over 23 000 X g extract. This leads to exclusion from the translational machinery of all but coat protein genes. The effect is responsible for regulation of expression of BMV genes in vitro and can be of importance for enhancement of coat protein synthesis as expected in the late phase of virus development in vivo.", "PMID": 658054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7678", "title": "The effect of fatty acids on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effect of fatty acids on the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation was studied in perfused livers from fed rats. The production of 14CO2 from infused [1-14C]pyruvate was employed as a monitor of the flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. A correction for other decarboxylation reactions was made using kinetic analyses. Fatty acid (octanoate or oleate) infusion caused a stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation at pyruvate concentrations in the perfusate below 1 mM (up to 3-fold at 0.05 mM pyruvate) but decreased the rate to one-third of control rates at pyruvate concentrations near 5 mM. These effects were half-maximal at fatty acid concentrations below 0.1 mM. Infusion of 3-hydroxybutyrate also caused a marked stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation at low pyruvate concentrations. The data suggest that the mechanism by which fatty acids stimulate the flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction in perfused liver at low (limiting) pyruvate concentrations involves an acceleration of pyruvate transport into the mitochondrial compartment due to an exchange with acetoacetate. Furthermore, it is proposed that a relationship exists between ketogenesis and the regulation of pyruvate oxidation at pyruvate concentrations approximating conditions in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of fatty acids on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in perfused rat liver. The effect of fatty acids on the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation was studied in perfused livers from fed rats. The production of 14CO2 from infused [1-14C]pyruvate was employed as a monitor of the flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. A correction for other decarboxylation reactions was made using kinetic analyses. Fatty acid (octanoate or oleate) infusion caused a stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation at pyruvate concentrations in the perfusate below 1 mM (up to 3-fold at 0.05 mM pyruvate) but decreased the rate to one-third of control rates at pyruvate concentrations near 5 mM. These effects were half-maximal at fatty acid concentrations below 0.1 mM. Infusion of 3-hydroxybutyrate also caused a marked stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation at low pyruvate concentrations. The data suggest that the mechanism by which fatty acids stimulate the flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction in perfused liver at low (limiting) pyruvate concentrations involves an acceleration of pyruvate transport into the mitochondrial compartment due to an exchange with acetoacetate. Furthermore, it is proposed that a relationship exists between ketogenesis and the regulation of pyruvate oxidation at pyruvate concentrations approximating conditions in vivo.", "PMID": 658055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7679", "title": "Incorporation and asymmetric orientation of glycophorin in reconstituted protein-containing vesicles.", "content": "Glycophorin can be incorporated in lipid vesicles without the use of detergents [MacDonald, R.J. and MacDonald, R.C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9206-9214]. In this paper it has been shown that the protein spans the lipid bilayer in these vesicles. In addition it has been shown that the protein is oriented in an asymmetric way with 75-80% of its sugar residues directed to the outside of the vesicles. Freeze-fracturing electron microscopy suggests that the protein is present in a slightly aggregated form. Sonication of these recombinants leads to the formation of small glycophorin-containing vesicles, in which almost all sugar residues are directed to the outside.", "contents": "Incorporation and asymmetric orientation of glycophorin in reconstituted protein-containing vesicles. Glycophorin can be incorporated in lipid vesicles without the use of detergents [MacDonald, R.J. and MacDonald, R.C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9206-9214]. In this paper it has been shown that the protein spans the lipid bilayer in these vesicles. In addition it has been shown that the protein is oriented in an asymmetric way with 75-80% of its sugar residues directed to the outside of the vesicles. Freeze-fracturing electron microscopy suggests that the protein is present in a slightly aggregated form. Sonication of these recombinants leads to the formation of small glycophorin-containing vesicles, in which almost all sugar residues are directed to the outside.", "PMID": 658056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7680", "title": "Absence status in the adult. New results including computerized transverse axial tomography.", "content": "7 adult cases with petit mal status are described; most of these patients had clinical recurrences of petit mal seizures after time intervals ranging from 15 to 50 years. Electroencephalography (EEG) and computerized transverse axial tomography (CT) findings are described and correlated. All CT studies showed frontal lobe abnormalities. When speaking of absence status in the adult, it is useful to distinguish between such an event within the course of primary generalized epilepsy and its reactivation after a very long seizure-free period at an older age. Such reactivations occur preferentially in women. CT supplies more structural information on the living brain and thus we could identify a dysplastic configuration of the skull and hemispheres in a 28-year-old patient and frontocortical and moderate subcortical lesions in the older age-group. The role of the frontal lobe in releasing spike-and-wave discharges of different degrees of generalization appears to be a new aspect worthy of further investigation.", "contents": "Absence status in the adult. New results including computerized transverse axial tomography. 7 adult cases with petit mal status are described; most of these patients had clinical recurrences of petit mal seizures after time intervals ranging from 15 to 50 years. Electroencephalography (EEG) and computerized transverse axial tomography (CT) findings are described and correlated. All CT studies showed frontal lobe abnormalities. When speaking of absence status in the adult, it is useful to distinguish between such an event within the course of primary generalized epilepsy and its reactivation after a very long seizure-free period at an older age. Such reactivations occur preferentially in women. CT supplies more structural information on the living brain and thus we could identify a dysplastic configuration of the skull and hemispheres in a 28-year-old patient and frontocortical and moderate subcortical lesions in the older age-group. The role of the frontal lobe in releasing spike-and-wave discharges of different degrees of generalization appears to be a new aspect worthy of further investigation.", "PMID": 658057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7681", "title": "Smell and taste acuity in epileptic syndromes.", "content": "Taste and smell acuity were determined in 50 normal subjects and 48 epileptic patients by means of Henkin's method. Smell detection thresholds are greatly reduced in epileptic patients, mainly those suffering from partial seizures with complex symptomatology. Epileptic patients show also a reduced threshold for sweet and bitter taste. Age, sex and antiepileptic drugs do not affect taste and smell acuity. The significance of these findings in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures is discussed.", "contents": "Smell and taste acuity in epileptic syndromes. Taste and smell acuity were determined in 50 normal subjects and 48 epileptic patients by means of Henkin's method. Smell detection thresholds are greatly reduced in epileptic patients, mainly those suffering from partial seizures with complex symptomatology. Epileptic patients show also a reduced threshold for sweet and bitter taste. Age, sex and antiepileptic drugs do not affect taste and smell acuity. The significance of these findings in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures is discussed.", "PMID": 658058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7682", "title": "Infantile spinal muscular atrophy. Unusual fiber typing and distribution in a muscle biopsy.", "content": "A right gastrocnemius muscle biopsy of a 13-month-old floppy male infant, which appeared at a more advanced age to suffer from an infantile spinal muscular atrophy, showed unusual histochemical changes: the chequer-board distribution was replaced by three groups of muscle fibers with a same mean narrow diameter of 12.5 micrometer. The smallest groups could easily be recognized as type I and type IIB fibers, while the largest group, involving more than 75% of the whole biopsy, revealed an intermediate hybrid fiber population, which would be classified as type I, if based on their phosphorylase and myofibrillar ATPase activities alone. The pathogenesis of this unusual finding is discussed.", "contents": "Infantile spinal muscular atrophy. Unusual fiber typing and distribution in a muscle biopsy. A right gastrocnemius muscle biopsy of a 13-month-old floppy male infant, which appeared at a more advanced age to suffer from an infantile spinal muscular atrophy, showed unusual histochemical changes: the chequer-board distribution was replaced by three groups of muscle fibers with a same mean narrow diameter of 12.5 micrometer. The smallest groups could easily be recognized as type I and type IIB fibers, while the largest group, involving more than 75% of the whole biopsy, revealed an intermediate hybrid fiber population, which would be classified as type I, if based on their phosphorylase and myofibrillar ATPase activities alone. The pathogenesis of this unusual finding is discussed.", "PMID": 658059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7683", "title": "Morel's laminar sclerosis.", "content": "A 49-year-old alcoholic woman was admitted for convulsions. She died after a 4-week clinical course characterized by a persistent coma with diffuse muscular hypertonia. Post-mortem examination of the brain demonstrated a spongy degeneration and gliosis of the cerebral cortex, limited to the 3rd and the 4th layers. No other pathological lesion of the central nervous system could be objectivated. This is the first reported case in which Morel's laminar sclerosis was the only manifestation of 'alcoholic encephalopathy'. Morel's syndrome should be considered as a pathological entity separate from the Marchiafava-Bignami disease.", "contents": "Morel's laminar sclerosis. A 49-year-old alcoholic woman was admitted for convulsions. She died after a 4-week clinical course characterized by a persistent coma with diffuse muscular hypertonia. Post-mortem examination of the brain demonstrated a spongy degeneration and gliosis of the cerebral cortex, limited to the 3rd and the 4th layers. No other pathological lesion of the central nervous system could be objectivated. This is the first reported case in which Morel's laminar sclerosis was the only manifestation of 'alcoholic encephalopathy'. Morel's syndrome should be considered as a pathological entity separate from the Marchiafava-Bignami disease.", "PMID": 658060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7684", "title": "The sausage-string phenomenon in acutely induced hypertension--arguments against the vasospasm theory in the pathogenesis of acute hypertensive encephalopathy.", "content": "Pial microcirculation was observed in cats during acutely induced blood pressure increase using the window technique. Measurements of arteriolar diameter changes in situations of preserved and altered cerebrovascular autoregulation were made, when diffuse vasoconstriction and sausage-like dilation, respectively, occurred. Comparison of percentage changes of narrow segments between sausage-like dilated arterioles and diffusely constricted (= autoregulating) vessels gave evidence that a failure of autoregulation in this situation is not associated with vasospasm but with dilation. Individual narrow segments did not constrict more--but on an average even rather less--than diffusely constricted vessels. Evans blue extravasation occurred only with dilation, never with vascular constriction. From these data it is concluded that extravasation due to acute blood pressure increase is not of ischemic nature, but a consequence of high filtration pressure due to arteriolar and venous congestion.", "contents": "The sausage-string phenomenon in acutely induced hypertension--arguments against the vasospasm theory in the pathogenesis of acute hypertensive encephalopathy. Pial microcirculation was observed in cats during acutely induced blood pressure increase using the window technique. Measurements of arteriolar diameter changes in situations of preserved and altered cerebrovascular autoregulation were made, when diffuse vasoconstriction and sausage-like dilation, respectively, occurred. Comparison of percentage changes of narrow segments between sausage-like dilated arterioles and diffusely constricted (= autoregulating) vessels gave evidence that a failure of autoregulation in this situation is not associated with vasospasm but with dilation. Individual narrow segments did not constrict more--but on an average even rather less--than diffusely constricted vessels. Evans blue extravasation occurred only with dilation, never with vascular constriction. From these data it is concluded that extravasation due to acute blood pressure increase is not of ischemic nature, but a consequence of high filtration pressure due to arteriolar and venous congestion.", "PMID": 658061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7685", "title": "5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid below partial and complete spinal subarachnoid block.", "content": "Concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were investigated by lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients with partial and total spinal subarachnoid block. HVA levels in CSF below a complete block were significantly lower and 5-HIAA levels were signigicantly higher than controls. Below a partial block, HVA levels were normal; 5-HIAA levels were higher than in patients with complete block. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid below partial and complete spinal subarachnoid block. Concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were investigated by lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients with partial and total spinal subarachnoid block. HVA levels in CSF below a complete block were significantly lower and 5-HIAA levels were signigicantly higher than controls. Below a partial block, HVA levels were normal; 5-HIAA levels were higher than in patients with complete block. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 658062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7686", "title": "Effect of cimetidine, histamine H2 receptor antagonist, in the prevention of experimental stress ulcer in the rat.", "content": "The protective effect of cimetidine on gastric mucosal lesions in the rat was investigated. Through prophylactic administration of 3x 25 7g/kh body weight for 24 just prior to the test period, the incidence rate of lesions, as well as upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage was highly significantly reduced.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine, histamine H2 receptor antagonist, in the prevention of experimental stress ulcer in the rat. The protective effect of cimetidine on gastric mucosal lesions in the rat was investigated. Through prophylactic administration of 3x 25 7g/kh body weight for 24 just prior to the test period, the incidence rate of lesions, as well as upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage was highly significantly reduced.", "PMID": 658063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7687", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of gastrin. An experimental study of the  fate of 123 I-gastrin in the rat as studied by external detection with a gamma camera.", "content": "In anesthetized rats, the activity distribution of intravenously administered synthetic human gastrin I, labelled with 123 I, was recorded externally by a gamma camera. In intact rats activity was found to accumulate in the kidneys and later in the stomach. After bilateral nephrectomy, the gastric apperance of activity was delayed. In both cases, the gastric activity is considered to emanate not from intact 123 I-gastrin but from free iodide, split off during gastrin degradation. The renal accumulation of gastrin in intact animals as well as the delayed gastric uptade of iodide in nephrectomized animals support the hypothesis that the kidneys are important organs for gastrin metabolism.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of gastrin. An experimental study of the  fate of 123 I-gastrin in the rat as studied by external detection with a gamma camera. In anesthetized rats, the activity distribution of intravenously administered synthetic human gastrin I, labelled with 123 I, was recorded externally by a gamma camera. In intact rats activity was found to accumulate in the kidneys and later in the stomach. After bilateral nephrectomy, the gastric apperance of activity was delayed. In both cases, the gastric activity is considered to emanate not from intact 123 I-gastrin but from free iodide, split off during gastrin degradation. The renal accumulation of gastrin in intact animals as well as the delayed gastric uptade of iodide in nephrectomized animals support the hypothesis that the kidneys are important organs for gastrin metabolism.", "PMID": 658064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7688", "title": "Comparative study of two models for experimental cirrhosis in the dog.", "content": "Two canine models of cirrhosis induced by administration of dimethyl-nitrosamine (DMNA) alone or in combination with hepatic vein ligation, were studied. The criteria used for development of cirrhosis were not only the appearance of portal hypertension, ascites, biochemical disorders or retention of BSP but also the formation of histological lesions such as sclerotic transformation of the liver lobules together with nodular regeneration. According to these criteria, the experimental protocol consisting in hepatic vein ligation and prolonged administration of DMNA was successful in inducing in animals liver cirrhosis similar to human conditions.", "contents": "Comparative study of two models for experimental cirrhosis in the dog. Two canine models of cirrhosis induced by administration of dimethyl-nitrosamine (DMNA) alone or in combination with hepatic vein ligation, were studied. The criteria used for development of cirrhosis were not only the appearance of portal hypertension, ascites, biochemical disorders or retention of BSP but also the formation of histological lesions such as sclerotic transformation of the liver lobules together with nodular regeneration. According to these criteria, the experimental protocol consisting in hepatic vein ligation and prolonged administration of DMNA was successful in inducing in animals liver cirrhosis similar to human conditions.", "PMID": 658065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7689", "title": "Gastric acid secretion after chronic administration of the anti-secretory agent salbutamol in the dog.", "content": "Salbutamol is known to be a potent inhibitor of pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion in both man and dog. This study describes the results, in both acute and chronic experiments in the dog, of salbutamol administration on gastric acid output and plasma gastrin concentration in response to a standard food stimulus. In the acute experiments, salbutamol in fusion reduced both gastric acid output and peak plasma gastrin concentration.  In contrast, during chronic oral administration, salbutanmol caused a significant increase in the acid secretory response to the food stimulus; 2 weeks after the drug was stopped acid output has returned to control values. Only small changes in plasma gastrin concentration were found in the chronic study and these changes could not explain the increase in acid output.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion after chronic administration of the anti-secretory agent salbutamol in the dog. Salbutamol is known to be a potent inhibitor of pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion in both man and dog. This study describes the results, in both acute and chronic experiments in the dog, of salbutamol administration on gastric acid output and plasma gastrin concentration in response to a standard food stimulus. In the acute experiments, salbutamol in fusion reduced both gastric acid output and peak plasma gastrin concentration.  In contrast, during chronic oral administration, salbutanmol caused a significant increase in the acid secretory response to the food stimulus; 2 weeks after the drug was stopped acid output has returned to control values. Only small changes in plasma gastrin concentration were found in the chronic study and these changes could not explain the increase in acid output.", "PMID": 658066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7690", "title": "Colonic anastomosis healing. The effect of topical povidone-iodine.", "content": "The effect of povidone-iodine (0.1% available iodine) irrigation on colonic anastomosis healing was investigated in 196 Sprague-Dawley rats. Each end of the divided colon was irrigated with 5 ml of povidone-iodine solution or with an equal volume of normal saline before anastomosis and again after the anastomosis had been completed. Healing was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14 days after operation: macroscopically, mechanically, histologically and angiigraphically. Povidone-iodine irrigation did not impair healing in any way.", "contents": "Colonic anastomosis healing. The effect of topical povidone-iodine. The effect of povidone-iodine (0.1% available iodine) irrigation on colonic anastomosis healing was investigated in 196 Sprague-Dawley rats. Each end of the divided colon was irrigated with 5 ml of povidone-iodine solution or with an equal volume of normal saline before anastomosis and again after the anastomosis had been completed. Healing was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14 days after operation: macroscopically, mechanically, histologically and angiigraphically. Povidone-iodine irrigation did not impair healing in any way.", "PMID": 658067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7691", "title": "Urinary lithiasis in children. A review of 155 cases.", "content": "155 children presenting with lithiasis have been studied. The study confirms other recent analyses: (1) Urinary lithiasis in the child is far more frequent than was previously thought. It is not always easy to diagnose because of the limited opacity of the calculi. (2) Its secondary nature is shown in 25% of the cases. (3) Its cause is still debated in spite of the evident part played by Proteus infection. (4) The prognosis is generally favourable.", "contents": "Urinary lithiasis in children. A review of 155 cases. 155 children presenting with lithiasis have been studied. The study confirms other recent analyses: (1) Urinary lithiasis in the child is far more frequent than was previously thought. It is not always easy to diagnose because of the limited opacity of the calculi. (2) Its secondary nature is shown in 25% of the cases. (3) Its cause is still debated in spite of the evident part played by Proteus infection. (4) The prognosis is generally favourable.", "PMID": 658068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7692", "title": "Progestogens in prostatic cancer.", "content": "A series of 20 patients with a histological diagnosis of prostatic cancer were treated with high doses of MAP (6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate). No response was noted in 9 patients with prostatic cancer in relapse. Objective and/or subjective response was noted in 6 of 11 patients who were untreated at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Progestogens in prostatic cancer. A series of 20 patients with a histological diagnosis of prostatic cancer were treated with high doses of MAP (6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate). No response was noted in 9 patients with prostatic cancer in relapse. Objective and/or subjective response was noted in 6 of 11 patients who were untreated at the time of diagnosis.", "PMID": 658069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7693", "title": "Operative treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in duplicated ureters.", "content": "Over a 10-year period 321 children underwent 490 antireflux operations. 21 duplicated vesicoureteric reflux was observed in 18 patients. The follow-up and the comparison with other authors results in 334 patients indicate that the submucosal inlay of the duplicated ureters is a particularly suitable operation. The Politano-Leadbetter and the Lich-Gr\u00e9goir techniques yield good results.", "contents": "Operative treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in duplicated ureters. Over a 10-year period 321 children underwent 490 antireflux operations. 21 duplicated vesicoureteric reflux was observed in 18 patients. The follow-up and the comparison with other authors results in 334 patients indicate that the submucosal inlay of the duplicated ureters is a particularly suitable operation. The Politano-Leadbetter and the Lich-Gr\u00e9goir techniques yield good results.", "PMID": 658070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7694", "title": "Transitional cell tumours of the urinary bladder. The histological grade (WHO) and the clinical stage (UICC).", "content": "Correlation of histological grade (WHO) with clinical stage (UICC) of transitional epithelial tumours of the bladder has been evaluated in 130 patients. A moderate statistically highly significant positive correlation was established (Pearson's r 0.37--0.75 and eta correlation ratio coefficient 0.49--0.81 in various subsets of the material). Transurethral biopsies gave on average 0.53 lower histological grade than open operative biopsies of the same tumours. The data show that the information contained in histological grade and clinical stage is parallel and support the idea that histological diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma is possible also in the absence of histological evidence of invasion.", "contents": "Transitional cell tumours of the urinary bladder. The histological grade (WHO) and the clinical stage (UICC). Correlation of histological grade (WHO) with clinical stage (UICC) of transitional epithelial tumours of the bladder has been evaluated in 130 patients. A moderate statistically highly significant positive correlation was established (Pearson's r 0.37--0.75 and eta correlation ratio coefficient 0.49--0.81 in various subsets of the material). Transurethral biopsies gave on average 0.53 lower histological grade than open operative biopsies of the same tumours. The data show that the information contained in histological grade and clinical stage is parallel and support the idea that histological diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma is possible also in the absence of histological evidence of invasion.", "PMID": 658071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7695", "title": "Posterior urethral valves in infants--a therapeutic approach.", "content": "Posterior urethral valves were treated in 9 children by rupture with a Foley catheter. The interest and advantages of this simple method are underlined especially in newborns where the infant resectoscope can be traumatic and difficult to use.", "contents": "Posterior urethral valves in infants--a therapeutic approach. Posterior urethral valves were treated in 9 children by rupture with a Foley catheter. The interest and advantages of this simple method are underlined especially in newborns where the infant resectoscope can be traumatic and difficult to use.", "PMID": 658072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7696", "title": "Transurethral bladder neck operation in neurogenic bladder.", "content": "86 adults with bladder outlet obstruction and neurogenic bladder underwent bladder neck resection or incision to establish effective vesical emptying or damping of detrusor reflex activity. Follow-up examinations revealed a good effect on flow, reflux and hydronephrosis, infection rate and symptoms such as frequency, dysuria, nocturia and urgency. Since 1974, bladder neck incision is preferred; resection remains for selected cases only.", "contents": "Transurethral bladder neck operation in neurogenic bladder. 86 adults with bladder outlet obstruction and neurogenic bladder underwent bladder neck resection or incision to establish effective vesical emptying or damping of detrusor reflex activity. Follow-up examinations revealed a good effect on flow, reflux and hydronephrosis, infection rate and symptoms such as frequency, dysuria, nocturia and urgency. Since 1974, bladder neck incision is preferred; resection remains for selected cases only.", "PMID": 658073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7697", "title": "Pacemaker localization in the renal pelvis of the unicalyceal kidney. In vitro study in the rabbit.", "content": "To determine the precise localization of the pacemaker in the renal pelvis of the unicalyceal rabbit kidney, the spontaneous activity of muscle strip preparations was investigated in vitro. (1) The highest frequency of spontaneous contractions was found in the most intrarenal part of the renal pelvis. (2) The frequency diminished from the most intrarenal parts to the pyeloureteral junction. (3) No spontaneous activity was observed in ureter preparations; even adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and oxytocin did not start any contraction. In the pyeloureteral system the cells with the highest spontaneous frequency will act as a pacemaker. Cells with a less frequent activity can only work as secondary or latent pacemakers.", "contents": "Pacemaker localization in the renal pelvis of the unicalyceal kidney. In vitro study in the rabbit. To determine the precise localization of the pacemaker in the renal pelvis of the unicalyceal rabbit kidney, the spontaneous activity of muscle strip preparations was investigated in vitro. (1) The highest frequency of spontaneous contractions was found in the most intrarenal part of the renal pelvis. (2) The frequency diminished from the most intrarenal parts to the pyeloureteral junction. (3) No spontaneous activity was observed in ureter preparations; even adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and oxytocin did not start any contraction. In the pyeloureteral system the cells with the highest spontaneous frequency will act as a pacemaker. Cells with a less frequent activity can only work as secondary or latent pacemakers.", "PMID": 658074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7698", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the intestinal wall after transileal cutaneous ureterostomy in men. A preliminary study. (With 1 color plate).", "content": "Pre- and postoperative specimens of ileal loops used in transileal ureteroplasty have been taken and ultrastructural modifications concerning the intestinal mucosa with special attention to the epithelial cells are described. The enterocytes undergo significant modifications because of the operation (i.e. collapse of striated border and entrancement of lysosomal inclusions). Contact with the urine brings about osmotic changes of the intestinal epithelium as well as irritation of the capillar endothelium. But most structural modifications observed histologically or by electron microscopy seem to be reversible. 6 months after the operation the histological structure of the ileum in contact with urine again becomes morphologically normal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the intestinal wall after transileal cutaneous ureterostomy in men. A preliminary study. (With 1 color plate). Pre- and postoperative specimens of ileal loops used in transileal ureteroplasty have been taken and ultrastructural modifications concerning the intestinal mucosa with special attention to the epithelial cells are described. The enterocytes undergo significant modifications because of the operation (i.e. collapse of striated border and entrancement of lysosomal inclusions). Contact with the urine brings about osmotic changes of the intestinal epithelium as well as irritation of the capillar endothelium. But most structural modifications observed histologically or by electron microscopy seem to be reversible. 6 months after the operation the histological structure of the ileum in contact with urine again becomes morphologically normal.", "PMID": 658075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7699", "title": "Quantitative element investigations in urine, serum, kidney and muscle tissue of calcium oxalate stone patients.", "content": "Concentration and excretion in 24-hour urine, as well as serum concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, P, uric acid and citrate were investigated in 209 calcium oxalate stone patients and 42 stone-free patients. Especially the concentration values of the urine components, except for uric acid and citrate, were found to be significantly lower for calcium oxalate stone patients. 21% of the stone patients showed hypercalciuria; hypercalciuria combined with hyperuricuria was found in only 7.1% of the cases and a solitary hyperuricuria in only 17%. As for kidney cortex, kidney papilla and muscle tissue in 10 calcium oxalate stone patients and 10 stone-free patients, the concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg as well as some trace elements were determined quantitatively by means of neutron activation analysis. Statistic analysis yielded a significantly lower sodium content of the kidney cortex within the stone-carrying group. Mean values of the calcium concentration in stone patients were lower for papilla and muscle tissue than in the control group. For magnesium no clear differences were found. The iron content in the papilla and muslce tissue of stone patients was significantly lower.", "contents": "Quantitative element investigations in urine, serum, kidney and muscle tissue of calcium oxalate stone patients. Concentration and excretion in 24-hour urine, as well as serum concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, P, uric acid and citrate were investigated in 209 calcium oxalate stone patients and 42 stone-free patients. Especially the concentration values of the urine components, except for uric acid and citrate, were found to be significantly lower for calcium oxalate stone patients. 21% of the stone patients showed hypercalciuria; hypercalciuria combined with hyperuricuria was found in only 7.1% of the cases and a solitary hyperuricuria in only 17%. As for kidney cortex, kidney papilla and muscle tissue in 10 calcium oxalate stone patients and 10 stone-free patients, the concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg as well as some trace elements were determined quantitatively by means of neutron activation analysis. Statistic analysis yielded a significantly lower sodium content of the kidney cortex within the stone-carrying group. Mean values of the calcium concentration in stone patients were lower for papilla and muscle tissue than in the control group. For magnesium no clear differences were found. The iron content in the papilla and muslce tissue of stone patients was significantly lower.", "PMID": 658076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7700", "title": "Percutaneous embolic occlusion of an acquired bleeding intrarenal aneurysm.", "content": "A diabetic patient presenting with an acquired bleeding aneurysm secondary to a nephrostomy for papillary necrosis was sucessfully treated by super-selective embolic occlusion of the artery supplying the aneurysm.", "contents": "Percutaneous embolic occlusion of an acquired bleeding intrarenal aneurysm. A diabetic patient presenting with an acquired bleeding aneurysm secondary to a nephrostomy for papillary necrosis was sucessfully treated by super-selective embolic occlusion of the artery supplying the aneurysm.", "PMID": 658077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7701", "title": "Spontaneous renal arteriovenous fistula and arterial hypertension--conservative treatment and healing.", "content": "A case is reported of idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula in a young adult suffering from arterial hypertension. It was treated by conservative surgery with endo-aneurysmorrhaphy and extrasinusal clamping of the artery supplying the fistula. The post-operative course was uneventful. Arterial pressure returned to normal after 30 months. Diagnosis, therapy and the relationship between hypertension and fistula are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous renal arteriovenous fistula and arterial hypertension--conservative treatment and healing. A case is reported of idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula in a young adult suffering from arterial hypertension. It was treated by conservative surgery with endo-aneurysmorrhaphy and extrasinusal clamping of the artery supplying the fistula. The post-operative course was uneventful. Arterial pressure returned to normal after 30 months. Diagnosis, therapy and the relationship between hypertension and fistula are discussed.", "PMID": 658078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7702", "title": "Destructive sterile vesicoureteral reflux observed over a 12-year period.", "content": "The evolution over a 12-year follow-up period from only slightly damaged kidneys to end-stage renal disease due to sterile ureteral reflux is reported.", "contents": "Destructive sterile vesicoureteral reflux observed over a 12-year period. The evolution over a 12-year follow-up period from only slightly damaged kidneys to end-stage renal disease due to sterile ureteral reflux is reported.", "PMID": 658079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7703", "title": "Vulvar fusion-unusual cause of urinary obstruction.", "content": "A case of urinary obstruction caused by vulvar fusion in an adult is reported. Anterograde micturition-urethrocystography revealed reflux of urine in the vagina and cavum uteri. Treatment consisted of sharp separation of the labia. Ointment dressing was applied to prevent reagglutination. After 1 year the patient has no urological complaints.", "contents": "Vulvar fusion-unusual cause of urinary obstruction. A case of urinary obstruction caused by vulvar fusion in an adult is reported. Anterograde micturition-urethrocystography revealed reflux of urine in the vagina and cavum uteri. Treatment consisted of sharp separation of the labia. Ointment dressing was applied to prevent reagglutination. After 1 year the patient has no urological complaints.", "PMID": 658080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7704", "title": "Total replacement of the ureter by a segment of the sigmoid colon in the treatment of giant hydronephrosis: calyco-sigmoido-cystostomy.", "content": "Two cases of giant hydronephrosis of a solitary kidney are reported. In both of them correctly performed pyelo-ureteroplasties had not assured satisfactory emptying of the pyelocalyceal system. Its dilatation and infection had not disappeared. In order to liquidate the nephrostomy, the ureters were replaced by a sigmoidal loop (calyco-sigmoido-cystostomy) with favorable results assessed 24 and 19 months after operation. The use of an isolated sigmoid segment for replacement of the ureter is discussed.", "contents": "Total replacement of the ureter by a segment of the sigmoid colon in the treatment of giant hydronephrosis: calyco-sigmoido-cystostomy. Two cases of giant hydronephrosis of a solitary kidney are reported. In both of them correctly performed pyelo-ureteroplasties had not assured satisfactory emptying of the pyelocalyceal system. Its dilatation and infection had not disappeared. In order to liquidate the nephrostomy, the ureters were replaced by a sigmoidal loop (calyco-sigmoido-cystostomy) with favorable results assessed 24 and 19 months after operation. The use of an isolated sigmoid segment for replacement of the ureter is discussed.", "PMID": 658081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7705", "title": "Steady state serum concentrations and renal clearance of digoxin in neonates, infants and children.", "content": "Steady state serum concentrations of digoxin were determined repeatedly in 34 infants with congenital heart disease. Simultaneous measurements of renal clearances of digoxin, creatinine and urea were obtained in 29 of the subjects. Serum digoxin concentrations were markedly higher in children under the age of 3 months than in those over this age, despite equal weight--adjusted 24 h doses. This finding was explained by a very rapid increase in renal digoxin clearance in the first 3 months--32 +/- 7 ml/min/1.73m2 at 1 week to 65.6 +/- 30 at 3 months. The subsequent increase in digoxin clearance was much slower, e. g. to 87.7 +/- 43 ml/min/1.73m2 at 12 months. Renal clearance of digoxin was equally well correlated with creatinine clearance (r = 0.87) as with urea clearance (r = 0.83), but it exceeded that of creatinine in all age groups. The findings indicate that both glomerular and tubular function is involved in the renal elimination of digoxin in young children, and that development of renal elimination of the drug parallels that of the maturation of renal function in the early months of life. The neonate and infant with congestive heart failure display impaired ability to eliminate digoxin. The impairment lessens rapidly with the development of renal function over the first 3 months of life. Diminished doses of digoxin should be advocated in this age group if therapeutic serum concentrations of the drug are to be maintained and toxicity avoided.", "contents": "Steady state serum concentrations and renal clearance of digoxin in neonates, infants and children. Steady state serum concentrations of digoxin were determined repeatedly in 34 infants with congenital heart disease. Simultaneous measurements of renal clearances of digoxin, creatinine and urea were obtained in 29 of the subjects. Serum digoxin concentrations were markedly higher in children under the age of 3 months than in those over this age, despite equal weight--adjusted 24 h doses. This finding was explained by a very rapid increase in renal digoxin clearance in the first 3 months--32 +/- 7 ml/min/1.73m2 at 1 week to 65.6 +/- 30 at 3 months. The subsequent increase in digoxin clearance was much slower, e. g. to 87.7 +/- 43 ml/min/1.73m2 at 12 months. Renal clearance of digoxin was equally well correlated with creatinine clearance (r = 0.87) as with urea clearance (r = 0.83), but it exceeded that of creatinine in all age groups. The findings indicate that both glomerular and tubular function is involved in the renal elimination of digoxin in young children, and that development of renal elimination of the drug parallels that of the maturation of renal function in the early months of life. The neonate and infant with congestive heart failure display impaired ability to eliminate digoxin. The impairment lessens rapidly with the development of renal function over the first 3 months of life. Diminished doses of digoxin should be advocated in this age group if therapeutic serum concentrations of the drug are to be maintained and toxicity avoided.", "PMID": 658106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7706", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumenthiazide in hypertensive patients.", "content": "After four weeks on placebo treatment, 8 hypertensive patients (WHO stage I) were treated for 2 weeks with bendroflumethiazide (bft) 2.5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily. Subsequently they received bft 5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily for a further fortnight. At the end of each period of treatment blood pressure was recorded and blood samples and urine were collected for analysis of bft by GLC. Before taking the daily dose of bft, no trace of the drug was found in plasma. Peak levels of bft were seen after 2.3 h and averaged 23 and 50 ng . ml-1 after 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively. After bft 2.5 mg the plasma level was too low for kinetic analysis. The plasma half-life after 5 mg averaged 4.1 h. The mean apparent volume of distribution was 1.18 1 . kg-1. Non-renal clearance averaged 200 ml . min-1. The renal clearance of bft was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) after 5 mg (48 ml . min-1) than after 2.5 mg bft (93 ml . min-1), although the creatinine clearance remained unchanged. No correlation was found between the plasma level of bft and its effect on blood pressure.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumenthiazide in hypertensive patients. After four weeks on placebo treatment, 8 hypertensive patients (WHO stage I) were treated for 2 weeks with bendroflumethiazide (bft) 2.5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily. Subsequently they received bft 5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily for a further fortnight. At the end of each period of treatment blood pressure was recorded and blood samples and urine were collected for analysis of bft by GLC. Before taking the daily dose of bft, no trace of the drug was found in plasma. Peak levels of bft were seen after 2.3 h and averaged 23 and 50 ng . ml-1 after 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively. After bft 2.5 mg the plasma level was too low for kinetic analysis. The plasma half-life after 5 mg averaged 4.1 h. The mean apparent volume of distribution was 1.18 1 . kg-1. Non-renal clearance averaged 200 ml . min-1. The renal clearance of bft was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) after 5 mg (48 ml . min-1) than after 2.5 mg bft (93 ml . min-1), although the creatinine clearance remained unchanged. No correlation was found between the plasma level of bft and its effect on blood pressure.", "PMID": 658107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7707", "title": "Gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide enhanced by concomitant intake of food.", "content": "Hydrochlorothiazide (hct) 75 mg was administered orally to eight healthy volunteers without (Study I) or together with a standaridized meal (Study II), and plasma and urine concentrations of hct were analyzed by GLC. The plasma levels of hct were higher initially when the tablets were taken on an empty stomach, but after 5 h they were higher in Study II. There was no difference between the two studies in the area under plasma concentration time curves. The urinary recovery of hct totalled 55.6 +/- 4.9 mg when the drug was given with food and 47.4 +/- 6.0 when it was taken on an empty stomach. The difference is significant (p less than 0.01). As the urinary recovery represents the uptake of hct, it appears that the gastrointestinal absorption of hct is enhanced when the drug is given with food.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide enhanced by concomitant intake of food. Hydrochlorothiazide (hct) 75 mg was administered orally to eight healthy volunteers without (Study I) or together with a standaridized meal (Study II), and plasma and urine concentrations of hct were analyzed by GLC. The plasma levels of hct were higher initially when the tablets were taken on an empty stomach, but after 5 h they were higher in Study II. There was no difference between the two studies in the area under plasma concentration time curves. The urinary recovery of hct totalled 55.6 +/- 4.9 mg when the drug was given with food and 47.4 +/- 6.0 when it was taken on an empty stomach. The difference is significant (p less than 0.01). As the urinary recovery represents the uptake of hct, it appears that the gastrointestinal absorption of hct is enhanced when the drug is given with food.", "PMID": 658108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7708", "title": "Placental transfer of chlorthalidone and its elimination in maternal milk.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been used to determine chlorthalidone in amniotic fluid, maternal and foetal blood at delivery, and in maternal milk and blood three days after delivery, following the administration of chlorthalidone to nine pregnant women suffering from toxaemia of pregnancy. Placental transfer of chlorthalidone and elimination in maternal milk have been shown and the implications of these factors are discussed. An explanation has been proposed for our observations that foetal blood levels of the drug are about 15% of those in maternal blood.", "contents": "Placental transfer of chlorthalidone and its elimination in maternal milk. A gas chromatographic method has been used to determine chlorthalidone in amniotic fluid, maternal and foetal blood at delivery, and in maternal milk and blood three days after delivery, following the administration of chlorthalidone to nine pregnant women suffering from toxaemia of pregnancy. Placental transfer of chlorthalidone and elimination in maternal milk have been shown and the implications of these factors are discussed. An explanation has been proposed for our observations that foetal blood levels of the drug are about 15% of those in maternal blood.", "PMID": 658109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7709", "title": "Effect of aminoglycosides on proximal tubular membranes of the human kidney.", "content": "The effect of the aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin sisomicin and tobramycin on the proximal tubule of the human kidney was investigated in 78 healthy subjects. Fifteen adults were each given gentamicin, sisomicin or tobramycin 3 mg/kg bodyweight, 10 subjects received netilmicin 3 mg/kg or amikacin 15 mg/kg additionally seven subjects amikacin 10 mg and six subjects netilmicin 6 mg on three consecutive days. The principal enzyme of the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule, alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), was determined enzymatically and immunologically in 24-hour urines. The effects of the various aminoglycosides on the membranes were different. Less of membrane AAP was greatest after amikacin and was least after tobramycin. There was no difference between gentamicin, netilmicin, and sisomicin, which had an effect intermediate between the other two compounds. The elimination of AAP occurred at intervals which might possibly have been caused by impairment of cell cycles.", "contents": "Effect of aminoglycosides on proximal tubular membranes of the human kidney. The effect of the aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin sisomicin and tobramycin on the proximal tubule of the human kidney was investigated in 78 healthy subjects. Fifteen adults were each given gentamicin, sisomicin or tobramycin 3 mg/kg bodyweight, 10 subjects received netilmicin 3 mg/kg or amikacin 15 mg/kg additionally seven subjects amikacin 10 mg and six subjects netilmicin 6 mg on three consecutive days. The principal enzyme of the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule, alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), was determined enzymatically and immunologically in 24-hour urines. The effects of the various aminoglycosides on the membranes were different. Less of membrane AAP was greatest after amikacin and was least after tobramycin. There was no difference between gentamicin, netilmicin, and sisomicin, which had an effect intermediate between the other two compounds. The elimination of AAP occurred at intervals which might possibly have been caused by impairment of cell cycles.", "PMID": 658110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7710", "title": "The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the anilide local anaesthetics in neonates. I. Lignocaine.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lignocaine in premature neonates was studied after subcutaneous administration. The collection of serial urine together with a limited number of blood samples from neonates enabled simultaneous computer fitting of data to a pharmacokinetic model. The disposition kinetics of lignocaine in four neonates were compared with similar data reported for adults. Neonates had prolonged t1/2 (neonate mean: 3.16 h; adult mean: 1.80 h), and an increased total volume of distribution (neonate mean: 2.75 l/kg; adult mean: 1.11 l/kg) compared with adults. Total plasma clearance (Cltp) normalised on body weight showed no significant difference between neonates (mean: 0.610 l/h/kg) and adults (mean: 0.550 l/h/kg). The urinary excretion of lignocaine and several of its metabolites was studied in 8 neonates and 11 adults. Neonates were shown to excrete much more unchanged lignocaine (mean: 19.67%) compared with adults (mean: 4.27%) and the proportion of the dose excreted as 4-hydroxyxylidine is considerably reduced in neonates (neonate mean: 8.89%; adult mean: 63.78%). The use of the two pharmacokinetic parameters, t1/2 and Cltp, as indices of drug elimination ability are discussed.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the anilide local anaesthetics in neonates. I. Lignocaine. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lignocaine in premature neonates was studied after subcutaneous administration. The collection of serial urine together with a limited number of blood samples from neonates enabled simultaneous computer fitting of data to a pharmacokinetic model. The disposition kinetics of lignocaine in four neonates were compared with similar data reported for adults. Neonates had prolonged t1/2 (neonate mean: 3.16 h; adult mean: 1.80 h), and an increased total volume of distribution (neonate mean: 2.75 l/kg; adult mean: 1.11 l/kg) compared with adults. Total plasma clearance (Cltp) normalised on body weight showed no significant difference between neonates (mean: 0.610 l/h/kg) and adults (mean: 0.550 l/h/kg). The urinary excretion of lignocaine and several of its metabolites was studied in 8 neonates and 11 adults. Neonates were shown to excrete much more unchanged lignocaine (mean: 19.67%) compared with adults (mean: 4.27%) and the proportion of the dose excreted as 4-hydroxyxylidine is considerably reduced in neonates (neonate mean: 8.89%; adult mean: 63.78%). The use of the two pharmacokinetic parameters, t1/2 and Cltp, as indices of drug elimination ability are discussed.", "PMID": 658111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7711", "title": "Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atenolol in man.", "content": "The non-stimulant cardioselective beta adrenocepter antagonist atenolol has been studied in volunteers in order to define its pharmacokinetic characteristics. Atenolol (100 and 200 mg orally) is rapidly absorbed, reductions in heart rate and systolic pressure being observed in 30 min. The effect persists for up to 8 h. Over 85% of an intravenous dose is excreted in urine within 24 h but only 50% of an oral dose. The bioavailability of approximately 50% is due to reduced absorption. Peak blood levels are observed at 2-4 h and the half life of atenolol given orally is 5-6 h. Atenolol reduces the cardiac response to standing and head-up tilt. It does not reduce circulating levels of renin but slightly impairs the renin response to tilt. Atenolol both orally and intravenously reduces supine diastolic pressure about four hours after administration, the effect persisting for up to 24 h.", "contents": "Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atenolol in man. The non-stimulant cardioselective beta adrenocepter antagonist atenolol has been studied in volunteers in order to define its pharmacokinetic characteristics. Atenolol (100 and 200 mg orally) is rapidly absorbed, reductions in heart rate and systolic pressure being observed in 30 min. The effect persists for up to 8 h. Over 85% of an intravenous dose is excreted in urine within 24 h but only 50% of an oral dose. The bioavailability of approximately 50% is due to reduced absorption. Peak blood levels are observed at 2-4 h and the half life of atenolol given orally is 5-6 h. Atenolol reduces the cardiac response to standing and head-up tilt. It does not reduce circulating levels of renin but slightly impairs the renin response to tilt. Atenolol both orally and intravenously reduces supine diastolic pressure about four hours after administration, the effect persisting for up to 24 h.", "PMID": 658112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7712", "title": "Effect of adrenergic beta receptor blockade on ethanol elimination and on ethanol-induced changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in man.", "content": "The effect of adrenergic beta receptor blockade on the elimination rate of ethanol was studied in seven healthy young men. The studies were performed before and after 14 days of propranolol 240 mg/day: the ethanol was given per-orally--0.8 mg/kg b.w. The blood concentration of ethanol, glucose, lactate and glycerol, and the plasma concentration of free fatty acids and triglycerides were followed in samples from the superior vena cava taken every 20 min for four hours. The splanchnic hepatic blood flow was estimated with a single i.v. injection of indocyanine green. The absorption rate, absorption fraction and elimination rate of ethanol were not changed by propranolol. The splanchnic hepatic blood flow was significantly reduced (mean 19 per cent) during beta receptor blockade. The ethanol-induced change in the concentration of glucose, lactate and free fatty acids was affected by propranolol, the time-concentration curves for glucose and lactate being significantly elevated and that for free fatty acids being significantly reduced. The time-concentration curves for glycerol and triglycerides did not differ in the two studies.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic beta receptor blockade on ethanol elimination and on ethanol-induced changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in man. The effect of adrenergic beta receptor blockade on the elimination rate of ethanol was studied in seven healthy young men. The studies were performed before and after 14 days of propranolol 240 mg/day: the ethanol was given per-orally--0.8 mg/kg b.w. The blood concentration of ethanol, glucose, lactate and glycerol, and the plasma concentration of free fatty acids and triglycerides were followed in samples from the superior vena cava taken every 20 min for four hours. The splanchnic hepatic blood flow was estimated with a single i.v. injection of indocyanine green. The absorption rate, absorption fraction and elimination rate of ethanol were not changed by propranolol. The splanchnic hepatic blood flow was significantly reduced (mean 19 per cent) during beta receptor blockade. The ethanol-induced change in the concentration of glucose, lactate and free fatty acids was affected by propranolol, the time-concentration curves for glucose and lactate being significantly elevated and that for free fatty acids being significantly reduced. The time-concentration curves for glycerol and triglycerides did not differ in the two studies.", "PMID": 658113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7713", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonidine.", "content": "A single oral dose of clonidine 300 microgram was administered to 8 healthy, normotensive subjects and the time course of its plasma concentrations was followed for 24 h. The plasma concentration of clonidine rose to a peak of 1.17 +/- 0.12 ng/ml at about 2 h: the absorption half-life was 0.6 +/- 0.2 h. Elimination followed first order kinetics with a half-life of 7.7 +/- 2.0 h. The correlation between the two most common side-effects of clonidine, sedation and dryness of the mouth, with the time course of its plasma concentrations was highly significant, p less than 0.01. All the subjects complained of severe sedation. During continuous administration of clonidine (75 microgram t.i.d.) for one week a steady state serum level of 0.30-0.35 ng/ml was achieved. One 75 microgram tablet of clonidine raised the serum level to about 0.69 +/- 0.13 ng/ml in two hours. After cessation of dosing, the serum level declined with a half-life of 7.5 +/- 1.5 h. The urinary excretion of unchanged clonidine was found to be about one third of the administered dose in 24 h during continuous administration and in the first 24 h after the single oral dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonidine. A single oral dose of clonidine 300 microgram was administered to 8 healthy, normotensive subjects and the time course of its plasma concentrations was followed for 24 h. The plasma concentration of clonidine rose to a peak of 1.17 +/- 0.12 ng/ml at about 2 h: the absorption half-life was 0.6 +/- 0.2 h. Elimination followed first order kinetics with a half-life of 7.7 +/- 2.0 h. The correlation between the two most common side-effects of clonidine, sedation and dryness of the mouth, with the time course of its plasma concentrations was highly significant, p less than 0.01. All the subjects complained of severe sedation. During continuous administration of clonidine (75 microgram t.i.d.) for one week a steady state serum level of 0.30-0.35 ng/ml was achieved. One 75 microgram tablet of clonidine raised the serum level to about 0.69 +/- 0.13 ng/ml in two hours. After cessation of dosing, the serum level declined with a half-life of 7.5 +/- 1.5 h. The urinary excretion of unchanged clonidine was found to be about one third of the administered dose in 24 h during continuous administration and in the first 24 h after the single oral dose.", "PMID": 658114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7714", "title": "Correlations between the genetic control of natural and oxazolone-induced antibody production.", "content": "Nonimmune sera of inbred and H-2 congenic mouse strains contain natural antibodies of the IgM type reacting with 4-(ethoxymethylene)-2-phenyloxazolin-5-one (oxazolone). The genetic regulation of the level of natural and induced antibodies to oxazolone was compared. High natural antibody-producing ability was inherited recessively, while high oxazolone-induced IgM antibody formation was dominant in F1 animals. Studies on nude mice demonstrated that T cells do not affect the natural antibody level, but were required for induced antibody production. Breeding studies and linkage analysis revealed multigenic control and a significant role of allotype-linked genes in both cases. Furthermore, the influence of H-2 linked genes on induced primary IgM antibody production was demonstrated.", "contents": "Correlations between the genetic control of natural and oxazolone-induced antibody production. Nonimmune sera of inbred and H-2 congenic mouse strains contain natural antibodies of the IgM type reacting with 4-(ethoxymethylene)-2-phenyloxazolin-5-one (oxazolone). The genetic regulation of the level of natural and induced antibodies to oxazolone was compared. High natural antibody-producing ability was inherited recessively, while high oxazolone-induced IgM antibody formation was dominant in F1 animals. Studies on nude mice demonstrated that T cells do not affect the natural antibody level, but were required for induced antibody production. Breeding studies and linkage analysis revealed multigenic control and a significant role of allotype-linked genes in both cases. Furthermore, the influence of H-2 linked genes on induced primary IgM antibody production was demonstrated.", "PMID": 658115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7715", "title": "Eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity in rat schistosomiasis. Involvement of IgG2a antibody and role of mast cells.", "content": "Using Schistoma mansoni schistosomula collected in vitro and sensitized with 42-day-infected rat serum, normal rat peritoneal cells enriched in eosinophils were proven to subsequently adhere to and kill the schistosomula within 24 to 48 h. The cell-dependent, heat-stable antibody in infected rat serum reached a peak between 30 and 42 days after infection. Inhibition experiments with aggregated immunoglobulins indicated the role of IgG2a antibody in the adherence of eosinophils to sensitized schistosomula. The immune absorption technique showed that IgG2a antibody was involved in the mechanism of cytotoxicity of effector to target cells, whereas the role of IgE antibody could be excluded. Ultrastructural studies revealed the constant presence of eosinophils and mast cells in contact with schistosomula. The use of purified cell populations showed that the cytotoxic effect of the original cell population was significantly decreased after depletion of mast cells and partially restored after addition of mast cells. These observations, together with those concerning the role of IgE immune complexes in macrophage cytotoxicity, suggest the possible participation of anaphylactic antibodies in immunity to schistosomes in the rat.", "contents": "Eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity in rat schistosomiasis. Involvement of IgG2a antibody and role of mast cells. Using Schistoma mansoni schistosomula collected in vitro and sensitized with 42-day-infected rat serum, normal rat peritoneal cells enriched in eosinophils were proven to subsequently adhere to and kill the schistosomula within 24 to 48 h. The cell-dependent, heat-stable antibody in infected rat serum reached a peak between 30 and 42 days after infection. Inhibition experiments with aggregated immunoglobulins indicated the role of IgG2a antibody in the adherence of eosinophils to sensitized schistosomula. The immune absorption technique showed that IgG2a antibody was involved in the mechanism of cytotoxicity of effector to target cells, whereas the role of IgE antibody could be excluded. Ultrastructural studies revealed the constant presence of eosinophils and mast cells in contact with schistosomula. The use of purified cell populations showed that the cytotoxic effect of the original cell population was significantly decreased after depletion of mast cells and partially restored after addition of mast cells. These observations, together with those concerning the role of IgE immune complexes in macrophage cytotoxicity, suggest the possible participation of anaphylactic antibodies in immunity to schistosomes in the rat.", "PMID": 658117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7716", "title": "Localization of antigenic activity and immunogenic capacity in different conformational domains of procollagen peptide.", "content": "The antibody response to the amino-terminal CNBr peptide of sheep procollagen which consists of a globular and a collagenous segment, was studied in inbred strains of mice. The determinants reacting with antibody could be localized in the globular domain and were lost by reduction of disulfide bridges. The ability to induce an antibody response required the collagen-like sequences and was independent of the triple-helical conformation of this segment. The data were interpreted as indicating a different conformation dependence of hapten and carrier determinants.", "contents": "Localization of antigenic activity and immunogenic capacity in different conformational domains of procollagen peptide. The antibody response to the amino-terminal CNBr peptide of sheep procollagen which consists of a globular and a collagenous segment, was studied in inbred strains of mice. The determinants reacting with antibody could be localized in the globular domain and were lost by reduction of disulfide bridges. The ability to induce an antibody response required the collagen-like sequences and was independent of the triple-helical conformation of this segment. The data were interpreted as indicating a different conformation dependence of hapten and carrier determinants.", "PMID": 658118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7717", "title": "Peturbation of lymphocyte response to concanavalin A by exogenous cholesterol and lecithin.", "content": "Incubation of lymphocytes with lecithin liposomes enriched with cholesterol, elevated the cholesterol level of the cells relative to phospholipids. Treatment of lymphocytes with pure lecithin liposomes resulted in the converse effect. Both these treatments resulted in suppression of the induction phase of the response to concanavalin A and were practically reversible. It is suggested that these changes induce modulations of the fluidity of the lymphocyte membrane which may also take place in vivo by serum lipoproteins. Based on this study, the possible effects of lipids on lymphocyte activation are discussed.", "contents": "Peturbation of lymphocyte response to concanavalin A by exogenous cholesterol and lecithin. Incubation of lymphocytes with lecithin liposomes enriched with cholesterol, elevated the cholesterol level of the cells relative to phospholipids. Treatment of lymphocytes with pure lecithin liposomes resulted in the converse effect. Both these treatments resulted in suppression of the induction phase of the response to concanavalin A and were practically reversible. It is suggested that these changes induce modulations of the fluidity of the lymphocyte membrane which may also take place in vivo by serum lipoproteins. Based on this study, the possible effects of lipids on lymphocyte activation are discussed.", "PMID": 658119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7718", "title": "A new technique for selective cannulation of the sino-atrial node artery.", "content": "The electrical activity of the sino-atrial node was studied after the selective cannulation of its artery in the intact open-chest dog. After tetrodotoxin infusion and despite cardiac arrest, a slow rhythmic activity was recorded from the sinus epicardial electrode.", "contents": "A new technique for selective cannulation of the sino-atrial node artery. The electrical activity of the sino-atrial node was studied after the selective cannulation of its artery in the intact open-chest dog. After tetrodotoxin infusion and despite cardiac arrest, a slow rhythmic activity was recorded from the sinus epicardial electrode.", "PMID": 658120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7719", "title": "Blockade of neuronal tryptamine receptors by metoclopramide.", "content": "Metoclopramide (0.13, 0.51, 2.0 and 8.1 X 10(-6) M) caused parallel, rightward, shifts in the dose response curves to 5-HT on the isolated rabbit heart. A significant straight line relationship was found between log (5-HT dr--1) and log [metoclopramide] (molar) with a slope of 1.08 +/- 0.13 and giving a pA2 value of 7.20. Metoclopramide did not significantly alter responses to noradrenaline and was 575 times less effective as an inhibitor of DMPP than of 5-HT. The results indicate that metoclopramide is a potent, surmountable and selective antagonist of tryptamine receptors on rabbit cardiac sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Blockade of neuronal tryptamine receptors by metoclopramide. Metoclopramide (0.13, 0.51, 2.0 and 8.1 X 10(-6) M) caused parallel, rightward, shifts in the dose response curves to 5-HT on the isolated rabbit heart. A significant straight line relationship was found between log (5-HT dr--1) and log [metoclopramide] (molar) with a slope of 1.08 +/- 0.13 and giving a pA2 value of 7.20. Metoclopramide did not significantly alter responses to noradrenaline and was 575 times less effective as an inhibitor of DMPP than of 5-HT. The results indicate that metoclopramide is a potent, surmountable and selective antagonist of tryptamine receptors on rabbit cardiac sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 658121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7720", "title": "Analgesia by enkephalins injected into the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of rat medulla oblongata.", "content": "Methionine-enkephalin (0.2--20 microgram/rat) and leucine-enkephalin (1--20 microgram/rat) produced a dose-related and naloxone-antagonizable analgesia in the tail-pinch test, when microinjected into the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) and nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NRPG) of the medulla oblongata of the rat. The median analgesic doses were 1.4 and 4.8 microgram/rat for methionine- leucine-enkephalin, respectively. The possibility that the endogenous enkephalins play a part as pain control substances or modulators in the NRGC and NRPG was discussed.", "contents": "Analgesia by enkephalins injected into the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of rat medulla oblongata. Methionine-enkephalin (0.2--20 microgram/rat) and leucine-enkephalin (1--20 microgram/rat) produced a dose-related and naloxone-antagonizable analgesia in the tail-pinch test, when microinjected into the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) and nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NRPG) of the medulla oblongata of the rat. The median analgesic doses were 1.4 and 4.8 microgram/rat for methionine- leucine-enkephalin, respectively. The possibility that the endogenous enkephalins play a part as pain control substances or modulators in the NRGC and NRPG was discussed.", "PMID": 658122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7721", "title": "Comparative pharmacology of the optical isomers of ketamine in mice.", "content": "Relative pharmacological potencies of the optical isomers of ketamine have been estimated in ICR mice. The (+)-isomer was 3X more potent than (-)-ketamine as an analgesic using the phenylquinone writhing test, only 1.5X more potent in terms of hypnotic activity and 1.8X more potent in causing locomotor stimulation. At equianalgesic doses (+)-ketamine caused less stimulation of locomotor activity than the (-)-isomer. These potency differences did not appear to be due to differences in biodisposition although stereoselective metabolism was demonstrated in vivo. Analgesia induced by ketamine was reversed by 10 mg/kg of naloxone.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacology of the optical isomers of ketamine in mice. Relative pharmacological potencies of the optical isomers of ketamine have been estimated in ICR mice. The (+)-isomer was 3X more potent than (-)-ketamine as an analgesic using the phenylquinone writhing test, only 1.5X more potent in terms of hypnotic activity and 1.8X more potent in causing locomotor stimulation. At equianalgesic doses (+)-ketamine caused less stimulation of locomotor activity than the (-)-isomer. These potency differences did not appear to be due to differences in biodisposition although stereoselective metabolism was demonstrated in vivo. Analgesia induced by ketamine was reversed by 10 mg/kg of naloxone.", "PMID": 658124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7722", "title": "Dual mechanism of the stimulant action of N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) on cardiac sympathetic nerves.", "content": "The indirect sympathomimetic effects of N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine) have been analysed on the rabbit heart perfused in vitro by the Langendorff technique. Comparisons have been made with the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which activates tryptamine receptors, and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), which stimulates nicotine receptors. Bufotenine, 5-HT and DMPP stimulated the rate and force of cardiac contraction but whereas all were powerful stimulants of cardiac rate, bufotenine and DMPP were much stronger stimulants of atrial and particularly ventricular tension than 5-HT. Responses to 5-HT were markedly reduced by perfusion of hearts with an excess of 5-HT, and those to DMPP, during perfusion with hexamethonium. A combination of 5-HT with hexamethonium was necessary to abolish the effects of bufotenine. The data suggest a dual mechanism of stimulant action of bufotenine on the cardiac sympathetic nerves of the rabbit heart involving activation of receptors sensitive to 5-HT and nicotine receptors.", "contents": "Dual mechanism of the stimulant action of N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) on cardiac sympathetic nerves. The indirect sympathomimetic effects of N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine) have been analysed on the rabbit heart perfused in vitro by the Langendorff technique. Comparisons have been made with the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which activates tryptamine receptors, and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), which stimulates nicotine receptors. Bufotenine, 5-HT and DMPP stimulated the rate and force of cardiac contraction but whereas all were powerful stimulants of cardiac rate, bufotenine and DMPP were much stronger stimulants of atrial and particularly ventricular tension than 5-HT. Responses to 5-HT were markedly reduced by perfusion of hearts with an excess of 5-HT, and those to DMPP, during perfusion with hexamethonium. A combination of 5-HT with hexamethonium was necessary to abolish the effects of bufotenine. The data suggest a dual mechanism of stimulant action of bufotenine on the cardiac sympathetic nerves of the rabbit heart involving activation of receptors sensitive to 5-HT and nicotine receptors.", "PMID": 658125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7723", "title": "Lack of effect of fever on antipyrine oxidation in the rat.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of 14C-antipyrine were studied in rats with fever induced by intracerebroventricular injections of prostaglandin E1. The rats were used as their own controls with at least 5 days between the control and the fever period. The effect of temperature on rates of antipyrine metabolism (oxidation followed by conjugation) and paracetamol metabolism (conjugation) was also tested in suspensions of isolated liver cells. Fever increased the biological half-life of antipyrine to 147% of control values (P less than 0.01) and the apparent volume of distribution to 113% of control values (P less than 0.05). In individual rats the increase in biological half-life was most counterbalanced by the increase in apparent volume of distribution, resulting in non-significant changes in the metabolic clearance of the drug. The half-life of antipyrine elimination in suspensions of isolated liver cells was not changed by increasing the temperature from 29 to 39 degrees C. The half-life of paracetamol elimination in suspensions of isolated liver cells decreased, however, when the temperature was increased from 29 to 39 degrees C. The results suggest that antipyrine oxidation was not influenced by temperature changes in the range of moderate fever and that temperature changes affected different types of metabolic reactions differently.", "contents": "Lack of effect of fever on antipyrine oxidation in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of 14C-antipyrine were studied in rats with fever induced by intracerebroventricular injections of prostaglandin E1. The rats were used as their own controls with at least 5 days between the control and the fever period. The effect of temperature on rates of antipyrine metabolism (oxidation followed by conjugation) and paracetamol metabolism (conjugation) was also tested in suspensions of isolated liver cells. Fever increased the biological half-life of antipyrine to 147% of control values (P less than 0.01) and the apparent volume of distribution to 113% of control values (P less than 0.05). In individual rats the increase in biological half-life was most counterbalanced by the increase in apparent volume of distribution, resulting in non-significant changes in the metabolic clearance of the drug. The half-life of antipyrine elimination in suspensions of isolated liver cells was not changed by increasing the temperature from 29 to 39 degrees C. The half-life of paracetamol elimination in suspensions of isolated liver cells decreased, however, when the temperature was increased from 29 to 39 degrees C. The results suggest that antipyrine oxidation was not influenced by temperature changes in the range of moderate fever and that temperature changes affected different types of metabolic reactions differently.", "PMID": 658126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7724", "title": "Pharmacological and biochemical properties of isomeric yohimbine alkaloids.", "content": "The stereochemical and pharmacological properties of yohimbine and some of its isomers are briefly reviewed. Several pharmacological and physical properties of a selection of the isomers have been determined with a view to elucidating which might be important in the elaboration of the known behavioral effects produced by them. Activity is not dependent upon lipid solubility or on the ease of access to the central nervous system. The isomers are weak inhibitors of rat-brain acetylcholinesterase and weak antagonists at muscarinic cholinergic receptors. In the rat brain in vitro they do not possess significant monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties nor do they inhibit the uptake of serotonin. They are relatively potent antagonists of 5HT on the rat isolated fundus preparation and their potency in this preparation may be related to their ability to produce behavioral and cardiovascular effects in man and dogs.", "contents": "Pharmacological and biochemical properties of isomeric yohimbine alkaloids. The stereochemical and pharmacological properties of yohimbine and some of its isomers are briefly reviewed. Several pharmacological and physical properties of a selection of the isomers have been determined with a view to elucidating which might be important in the elaboration of the known behavioral effects produced by them. Activity is not dependent upon lipid solubility or on the ease of access to the central nervous system. The isomers are weak inhibitors of rat-brain acetylcholinesterase and weak antagonists at muscarinic cholinergic receptors. In the rat brain in vitro they do not possess significant monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties nor do they inhibit the uptake of serotonin. They are relatively potent antagonists of 5HT on the rat isolated fundus preparation and their potency in this preparation may be related to their ability to produce behavioral and cardiovascular effects in man and dogs.", "PMID": 658127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7725", "title": "Effects of an aminosteroid, ORG 6001, on various membrane phenomena of non-myelinated nerve fibres of the rat.", "content": "The aminosteroid ORG 6001 (3 alpha-amino-5 alpha-androstan-2 beta-ol-17-one hydrochloride) was shown to be a compound with a rather strong local anaesthetic action. Compound action potentials evoked in non-myelinated nerve fibres of the desheathed rat vagus with the single sucrose gap method showed, in presence of this drug, a decrease in amplitude and increase in conduction time comparable with the effect of lidocaine. Since the total membrane resistance represented by the amplitude of the electrotonic potential was not affected by ORG 6001, it is likely that ORG 6001 reduces the transient increase in sodium conductance during the action potential, a mechanism also postulated for lidocaine. This is confirmed by the decrease of the post-tetanic hyperpolarization in the presence of both ORG 6001 and lidocaine. Since neither sodium pump activity nor the Na/K coupling ratio was affected by ORG 6001, the increase of the potassium-activated response was explained by an increased sodium permeability during rest. The local anaesthetic action of these drugs was even seen with a concentration (20--40 micron) sufficient to produce antiarrhythmic effects in vivo in man if the nerve was stimulated frequently (1--4 c.p.s.).", "contents": "Effects of an aminosteroid, ORG 6001, on various membrane phenomena of non-myelinated nerve fibres of the rat. The aminosteroid ORG 6001 (3 alpha-amino-5 alpha-androstan-2 beta-ol-17-one hydrochloride) was shown to be a compound with a rather strong local anaesthetic action. Compound action potentials evoked in non-myelinated nerve fibres of the desheathed rat vagus with the single sucrose gap method showed, in presence of this drug, a decrease in amplitude and increase in conduction time comparable with the effect of lidocaine. Since the total membrane resistance represented by the amplitude of the electrotonic potential was not affected by ORG 6001, it is likely that ORG 6001 reduces the transient increase in sodium conductance during the action potential, a mechanism also postulated for lidocaine. This is confirmed by the decrease of the post-tetanic hyperpolarization in the presence of both ORG 6001 and lidocaine. Since neither sodium pump activity nor the Na/K coupling ratio was affected by ORG 6001, the increase of the potassium-activated response was explained by an increased sodium permeability during rest. The local anaesthetic action of these drugs was even seen with a concentration (20--40 micron) sufficient to produce antiarrhythmic effects in vivo in man if the nerve was stimulated frequently (1--4 c.p.s.).", "PMID": 658128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7726", "title": "Inhibition by d,l-methadone of RNA and protein synthesis in neonatal mice: antagonism by naloxone or naltrexone.", "content": "Neonatal mice were injected once daily with d,l-methadone in a dosage of 2 mg/kg. The remaining half of the litter was injected with saline. After one week the incorporation of labeled uridine and labeled leucine was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in skeletal muscle. Longer treatment with methadone impaired RNA and protein synthesis in liver, heart, skeletal muscle and brain. The percentage reduction RNA was log-dose related. When methadone was discontinued for 1 week following 4 weeks of treatment, incorporation of precursors into RNA and protein was found to be normal. A specific opioid effect is suggested by the finding that naltrexone or in part, naloxone, given concomitantly with with the methadone prevents development of the biochemical lesion.", "contents": "Inhibition by d,l-methadone of RNA and protein synthesis in neonatal mice: antagonism by naloxone or naltrexone. Neonatal mice were injected once daily with d,l-methadone in a dosage of 2 mg/kg. The remaining half of the litter was injected with saline. After one week the incorporation of labeled uridine and labeled leucine was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in skeletal muscle. Longer treatment with methadone impaired RNA and protein synthesis in liver, heart, skeletal muscle and brain. The percentage reduction RNA was log-dose related. When methadone was discontinued for 1 week following 4 weeks of treatment, incorporation of precursors into RNA and protein was found to be normal. A specific opioid effect is suggested by the finding that naltrexone or in part, naloxone, given concomitantly with with the methadone prevents development of the biochemical lesion.", "PMID": 658129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7727", "title": "Genetical differences in sensitivity to tremorine and oxotremorine in mice.", "content": "Male mice from 14 strains were injected i.p. with tremorine (3.0 mg/kg) or oxotremorine (0.15 or 0.1 mg/kg). Large inter-strain differences in the degree and duration of the subsequent hypothermia were noted. 2 strains, BALB/c and Simpson, were particularly sensitive to the hypothermic effect of oxotremorine. The offspring from a cross between BALB/c and Simpson were less sensitive than the parental strains, suggesting genetic complementation. A set of 7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from strains C57BL and BALB/c were tested with oxotremorine. 5 RI lines resembled strain C57BL in their response and 2 RI lines resembled strain BALB/c. It was concluded that strains C57BL and BALB/c differ at a gene which has a major effect on the response to oxotremorine.", "contents": "Genetical differences in sensitivity to tremorine and oxotremorine in mice. Male mice from 14 strains were injected i.p. with tremorine (3.0 mg/kg) or oxotremorine (0.15 or 0.1 mg/kg). Large inter-strain differences in the degree and duration of the subsequent hypothermia were noted. 2 strains, BALB/c and Simpson, were particularly sensitive to the hypothermic effect of oxotremorine. The offspring from a cross between BALB/c and Simpson were less sensitive than the parental strains, suggesting genetic complementation. A set of 7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from strains C57BL and BALB/c were tested with oxotremorine. 5 RI lines resembled strain C57BL in their response and 2 RI lines resembled strain BALB/c. It was concluded that strains C57BL and BALB/c differ at a gene which has a major effect on the response to oxotremorine.", "PMID": 658130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7728", "title": "Direct evidence for ATP release from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (\"purinergic\") nerves in the guinea-pig taenia coli and bladder.", "content": "Demonstration of release of ATP from smooth muscle preparations during stimulation of purinergic nerves is complicated by the difficulty in showing whether it comes from nerve or muscle. ATP released during relaxation of the guinea-pig taenia coli and contraction of bladder strips in response to purinergic nerve stimulation was measured in the superfusate using the luciferin-luciferase ATP assay method. The amount of ATP increased 2-6 fold during isometric responses to purinergic nerve stimulation. This release was blocked by tetrodotoxin but not by adrenergic nerve destruction with 6-hydroxydopamine. No significant release of ATP was detected during comparable responses elicited by direct muscle stimulation. These results provide further support for the purinergic nerve hypothesis.", "contents": "Direct evidence for ATP release from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (\"purinergic\") nerves in the guinea-pig taenia coli and bladder. Demonstration of release of ATP from smooth muscle preparations during stimulation of purinergic nerves is complicated by the difficulty in showing whether it comes from nerve or muscle. ATP released during relaxation of the guinea-pig taenia coli and contraction of bladder strips in response to purinergic nerve stimulation was measured in the superfusate using the luciferin-luciferase ATP assay method. The amount of ATP increased 2-6 fold during isometric responses to purinergic nerve stimulation. This release was blocked by tetrodotoxin but not by adrenergic nerve destruction with 6-hydroxydopamine. No significant release of ATP was detected during comparable responses elicited by direct muscle stimulation. These results provide further support for the purinergic nerve hypothesis.", "PMID": 658131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7729", "title": "Pharmacologic characterization of isolated canine bronchial smooth muscle.", "content": "The response of isolated canine bronchial smooth muscle to several agonists was investigated. Carbachol, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine, in that order of potency, elicited a concentration-related contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. The maximal contractions produced by histamine and serotonin were somewhat less than those obtained with carbachol. Prostaglandin F2alpha and bradykinin failed to cause contraction. Bronchial smooth muscle strips in which a tone was induced with submaximal concentrations of carbachol underwent a concentration-related relaxation when exposed to prostaglandin E2,(+/-)-isoprenaline and (--)-norepinephrine, in that order of potency. Bradykinin, in three of four experiments, failed to relax the tissue.", "contents": "Pharmacologic characterization of isolated canine bronchial smooth muscle. The response of isolated canine bronchial smooth muscle to several agonists was investigated. Carbachol, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine, in that order of potency, elicited a concentration-related contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. The maximal contractions produced by histamine and serotonin were somewhat less than those obtained with carbachol. Prostaglandin F2alpha and bradykinin failed to cause contraction. Bronchial smooth muscle strips in which a tone was induced with submaximal concentrations of carbachol underwent a concentration-related relaxation when exposed to prostaglandin E2,(+/-)-isoprenaline and (--)-norepinephrine, in that order of potency. Bradykinin, in three of four experiments, failed to relax the tissue.", "PMID": 658132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7730", "title": "Effects of baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyrate on rat striatal and mesolimbic 5-HT metabolism.", "content": "The effects of D, L-baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) on endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rat striatum and the mesolimbic area were investigated and compared with their effects on dopamine (DA) concentrations in the same regions. Both baclofen (5-50 mg/kg i.p.) and GHBA (300--1500 mg/kg i.p.) led to dose-dependent increases in the striatal levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA by up to 200%. Maximal effects of both drugs occurred about 3 h after treatment. Normalization was reached 6 h after GHBA and 16 h after baclofen. The effect of GHBA in the mesolimbic area was qualitatively similar to, but weaker than, its effect in the striatum. Baclofen had little or no effect in the mesolimbic area, the cortex or the brain stem. The two drugs affected striatal 5-HT and DA metabolism similarly. Their effects on the latter are thought to be due to cessation of impulse flow. The effects on striatal 5-HT may be related to more complex phenomena.", "contents": "Effects of baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyrate on rat striatal and mesolimbic 5-HT metabolism. The effects of D, L-baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) on endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rat striatum and the mesolimbic area were investigated and compared with their effects on dopamine (DA) concentrations in the same regions. Both baclofen (5-50 mg/kg i.p.) and GHBA (300--1500 mg/kg i.p.) led to dose-dependent increases in the striatal levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA by up to 200%. Maximal effects of both drugs occurred about 3 h after treatment. Normalization was reached 6 h after GHBA and 16 h after baclofen. The effect of GHBA in the mesolimbic area was qualitatively similar to, but weaker than, its effect in the striatum. Baclofen had little or no effect in the mesolimbic area, the cortex or the brain stem. The two drugs affected striatal 5-HT and DA metabolism similarly. Their effects on the latter are thought to be due to cessation of impulse flow. The effects on striatal 5-HT may be related to more complex phenomena.", "PMID": 658133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7731", "title": "Drug-cue conditioning to external stimulus conditions.", "content": "Rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline in a 2-lever procedure, and to discriminate 10 mg/kg pentobarbital from saline in a maze procedure. Stimulus generalization experiments in rats trained in this double discrimination indicate that the internal cues produced by these training drugs can be conditioned to the external stimulus conditions associated with the different discrimination procedures.", "contents": "Drug-cue conditioning to external stimulus conditions. Rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline in a 2-lever procedure, and to discriminate 10 mg/kg pentobarbital from saline in a maze procedure. Stimulus generalization experiments in rats trained in this double discrimination indicate that the internal cues produced by these training drugs can be conditioned to the external stimulus conditions associated with the different discrimination procedures.", "PMID": 658134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7732", "title": "Excitation of autonomic nerves by 4-aminopyridine in the isolated, blood-perfused sino-atrial node preparation of the dog.", "content": "4-Aminopyridine injected into the sinus node artery produced a long-lasting decrease in sinus rate preceded by a transient increase. With a large dose, a long-lasting increase in sinus rate was superimposed on the long-lasting decrease phase. The long-lasting decrease and increase in sinus rate were abolished by 1-hyoscyamine and propranolol respectively, and both were reduced by tetrodotoxin. These results can be interpreted as being due to excitation of autonomic nerves by 4-aminopyridine.", "contents": "Excitation of autonomic nerves by 4-aminopyridine in the isolated, blood-perfused sino-atrial node preparation of the dog. 4-Aminopyridine injected into the sinus node artery produced a long-lasting decrease in sinus rate preceded by a transient increase. With a large dose, a long-lasting increase in sinus rate was superimposed on the long-lasting decrease phase. The long-lasting decrease and increase in sinus rate were abolished by 1-hyoscyamine and propranolol respectively, and both were reduced by tetrodotoxin. These results can be interpreted as being due to excitation of autonomic nerves by 4-aminopyridine.", "PMID": 658135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7733", "title": "The myorelaxant effect of theophylline on smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles and glomerular tuft.", "content": "Theophylline, infused i.v. into rats increased the diameter of the glomerular afferent arterioles by 35.78%; when added to a suspension of isolated glomeruli, it increased the diameter of the capillary tuft within the glomerulus by 25-30%. These variations in diameter can be explained by the myorelaxant effect of theophylline on the smooth contractile fibers present in the arteriolar cells and in certain glomerular cells, such as the mesangial cells. These observations explain, in part, the marked changes in glomerular hemodynamics caused by the injection of theophylline.", "contents": "The myorelaxant effect of theophylline on smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles and glomerular tuft. Theophylline, infused i.v. into rats increased the diameter of the glomerular afferent arterioles by 35.78%; when added to a suspension of isolated glomeruli, it increased the diameter of the capillary tuft within the glomerulus by 25-30%. These variations in diameter can be explained by the myorelaxant effect of theophylline on the smooth contractile fibers present in the arteriolar cells and in certain glomerular cells, such as the mesangial cells. These observations explain, in part, the marked changes in glomerular hemodynamics caused by the injection of theophylline.", "PMID": 658136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7734", "title": "Vascular and myocardial effects of mecinarone.", "content": "The effects of mecinarone on the contractions induced by noradrenaline, potassium and calcium were studied with the isolated aorta and central artery of the rabbit ear. In our experimental conditions mecinarone was found to act as a competitive antagonist of calcium. It preferentially inhibited the noradrenaline-evoked contraction induced in the rabbit ear artery and had a smaller effect on the extracellular calcium-induced contraction of depolarized arterial smooth muscle. In the isolated guinea pig heart, mecinarone produced a reversible decrease in the rate of rise of the ascendant phase of the action potential without significantly changing the resting potential. In hearts inactivated by depolarisation, mecinarone inhibited the contractions restored by isoproterenol without suppressing the calcium action potential. These results suggest that the mode of action of mecinarone is different from that of verapamil or nifedipine but is comparable to that of chlorpromazine, although mecinarone has no sedative effect.", "contents": "Vascular and myocardial effects of mecinarone. The effects of mecinarone on the contractions induced by noradrenaline, potassium and calcium were studied with the isolated aorta and central artery of the rabbit ear. In our experimental conditions mecinarone was found to act as a competitive antagonist of calcium. It preferentially inhibited the noradrenaline-evoked contraction induced in the rabbit ear artery and had a smaller effect on the extracellular calcium-induced contraction of depolarized arterial smooth muscle. In the isolated guinea pig heart, mecinarone produced a reversible decrease in the rate of rise of the ascendant phase of the action potential without significantly changing the resting potential. In hearts inactivated by depolarisation, mecinarone inhibited the contractions restored by isoproterenol without suppressing the calcium action potential. These results suggest that the mode of action of mecinarone is different from that of verapamil or nifedipine but is comparable to that of chlorpromazine, although mecinarone has no sedative effect.", "PMID": 658138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7735", "title": "Some biological properties of an \"irreversible\" antagonist of neurohypophyseal hormones, deamino-[Phe(4-BrCH2CONH)2]-oxytocin, and its isosteric analogue, deamino-[Phe(4-CH3CH2CONH)2]-oxytocin.", "content": "The 2-p-bromoacetylaminophenylalanine analogue of deamino-oxytoxin displayed some features of an irreversible inhibitor of oxytocin on rat uterus (long persistence of inhibitory effect, slow wash-out from the tissue). An isosteric analogue with a propionylamino group at the same position was, under similar experimental conditions, also an antagonist of oxytocin, but the features of an irreversible inhibitor were lacking. pA2 values of the two substances are between 6.5 and 6.9. The \"irreversibility\" of the former compound is concentration dependent and it is concluded that it cannot be entirely caused by a covalent binding of the inhibitor to the uterus receptor for oxytoxin. Like many other similar inhibitors, the substances display only an inefficient in vivo inhibition of the vasopressor effect of lysine vasopressin in rats.", "contents": "Some biological properties of an \"irreversible\" antagonist of neurohypophyseal hormones, deamino-[Phe(4-BrCH2CONH)2]-oxytocin, and its isosteric analogue, deamino-[Phe(4-CH3CH2CONH)2]-oxytocin. The 2-p-bromoacetylaminophenylalanine analogue of deamino-oxytoxin displayed some features of an irreversible inhibitor of oxytocin on rat uterus (long persistence of inhibitory effect, slow wash-out from the tissue). An isosteric analogue with a propionylamino group at the same position was, under similar experimental conditions, also an antagonist of oxytocin, but the features of an irreversible inhibitor were lacking. pA2 values of the two substances are between 6.5 and 6.9. The \"irreversibility\" of the former compound is concentration dependent and it is concluded that it cannot be entirely caused by a covalent binding of the inhibitor to the uterus receptor for oxytoxin. Like many other similar inhibitors, the substances display only an inefficient in vivo inhibition of the vasopressor effect of lysine vasopressin in rats.", "PMID": 658139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7736", "title": "Lack of blockade of central dopaminergic receptors by narcotics: comparison with chlorpromazine.", "content": "d-Amphetamine and saline were used as discriminative stimuli in rats. After 0.6 mg/kg d-amphetamine administration, food reinforcement was contingent upon pressin 1 lever in 2-lever operant chamber. Responding on the other lever was reinforced only after saline injection of equal volume. The animals learned to discriminate between d-amphetamine and saline to a criterion of 85% correct. Administration of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg morphine, and 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl produced saline-appropriate responses. Pretreatment with morphine and fentanyl had no significant effect on the d-amphetamine induced discriminative stimulus. In contrast, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg chlorpromazine antagonized d-amphetamine discrimination. These results indicate that despite their similar effect on brain dopamine turnover, morphine and fentanyl do not act on the same receptor site(s) as the neuroleptics, that is, they probably do not block brain dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Lack of blockade of central dopaminergic receptors by narcotics: comparison with chlorpromazine. d-Amphetamine and saline were used as discriminative stimuli in rats. After 0.6 mg/kg d-amphetamine administration, food reinforcement was contingent upon pressin 1 lever in 2-lever operant chamber. Responding on the other lever was reinforced only after saline injection of equal volume. The animals learned to discriminate between d-amphetamine and saline to a criterion of 85% correct. Administration of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg morphine, and 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl produced saline-appropriate responses. Pretreatment with morphine and fentanyl had no significant effect on the d-amphetamine induced discriminative stimulus. In contrast, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg chlorpromazine antagonized d-amphetamine discrimination. These results indicate that despite their similar effect on brain dopamine turnover, morphine and fentanyl do not act on the same receptor site(s) as the neuroleptics, that is, they probably do not block brain dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 658141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7737", "title": "Comparison of the electrophysiological effects of two neuroleptics, melperone and thioridazine, on isolated rat atria.", "content": "The effects of the two neuroleptics, melperone (a butyrophenone) and thioridazine (a phenothiazine), were compared on the electrical and mechanical activity of isolated rat atria. Both electrically stimulated and spontaneously beating atria were used. Melperone was found to prolong the effective refractory period while the threshold for electrical stimulation i.e. the excitability, was almost unaffected. Thioridazine caused a similar prolongation of the effective refractory period, but also decreased the excitability significantly. In contrast to melperone, thioridazine had a negative inotropic effect. The spontaneous pacemaker activity was depressed and the sinus node recovery time increased to a greater extent after melperone than after thioridazine. The results taken together with other recent data support the hypothesis that melperone may be a type III anti-arrhythmic according to the classification of Vaughan Williams, in contrast to thioridazine which has a quinidine-like action (type I). The results also indicate that melperone in addition to prolonging the effective refractory period, may act as an anti-arrhythmic agent by depressing automaticity.", "contents": "Comparison of the electrophysiological effects of two neuroleptics, melperone and thioridazine, on isolated rat atria. The effects of the two neuroleptics, melperone (a butyrophenone) and thioridazine (a phenothiazine), were compared on the electrical and mechanical activity of isolated rat atria. Both electrically stimulated and spontaneously beating atria were used. Melperone was found to prolong the effective refractory period while the threshold for electrical stimulation i.e. the excitability, was almost unaffected. Thioridazine caused a similar prolongation of the effective refractory period, but also decreased the excitability significantly. In contrast to melperone, thioridazine had a negative inotropic effect. The spontaneous pacemaker activity was depressed and the sinus node recovery time increased to a greater extent after melperone than after thioridazine. The results taken together with other recent data support the hypothesis that melperone may be a type III anti-arrhythmic according to the classification of Vaughan Williams, in contrast to thioridazine which has a quinidine-like action (type I). The results also indicate that melperone in addition to prolonging the effective refractory period, may act as an anti-arrhythmic agent by depressing automaticity.", "PMID": 658142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7738", "title": "3H-Apomorphine interactions with dopamine receptors in calf brain.", "content": "3H-apomorphine binds to membranes from areas of the corpus striatum and limbic system of calf brain saturable and with a drug specificity indicating that it labels dopamine receptors. In terms of drug specificity, log-logit displacement curve slopes and number of binding sites, 3H-apomorphine interacts with receptors in a manner more like 3H-dopamine than 3H-haloperidol. These properties of 3H-apomorphine binding are those of an apparently \"pure\" agonist in contrast to the partial agonist effects of apomorphine upon the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "3H-Apomorphine interactions with dopamine receptors in calf brain. 3H-apomorphine binds to membranes from areas of the corpus striatum and limbic system of calf brain saturable and with a drug specificity indicating that it labels dopamine receptors. In terms of drug specificity, log-logit displacement curve slopes and number of binding sites, 3H-apomorphine interacts with receptors in a manner more like 3H-dopamine than 3H-haloperidol. These properties of 3H-apomorphine binding are those of an apparently \"pure\" agonist in contrast to the partial agonist effects of apomorphine upon the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 658143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7739", "title": "Naloxone does not antagonize leukocytic pyrogen.", "content": "In a crossover experiment, cats were given third cerebral ventricular injections of 500 microgram naloxone hydrochloride or saline vehicle followed in 15 min by i.v. injections of saline solution or leukocytic pyrogen. The pyrogen produced comparable fevers after both saline and naloxone pretreatment. Intravenous administration of naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) likewise did not prevent febrile responses to leukocytic pyrogen. These results indicate that endogenous opioid peptides are not likely central mediators of pyrogen-induced fevers.", "contents": "Naloxone does not antagonize leukocytic pyrogen. In a crossover experiment, cats were given third cerebral ventricular injections of 500 microgram naloxone hydrochloride or saline vehicle followed in 15 min by i.v. injections of saline solution or leukocytic pyrogen. The pyrogen produced comparable fevers after both saline and naloxone pretreatment. Intravenous administration of naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) likewise did not prevent febrile responses to leukocytic pyrogen. These results indicate that endogenous opioid peptides are not likely central mediators of pyrogen-induced fevers.", "PMID": 658144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7740", "title": "Adenosine modulates depolarization-induced release of 3H-noradrenaline from slices of rat brain neocortex.", "content": "The effects of adenosine and some related purines on the K+-induced release of 3H-noradrenaline from rat cerebral cortex slices were determined in a superfusion system. Adenosine and ATP caused a dose-dependent inhibition of 3H-NA release with a maximal effect of 35% at 10(-4) M. Theophylline, 10(-4) M, antagonized the inhibitory effect of adenosine. The results support the hypothesis that at least some of the central stimulant effects of the methylxanthines could be related to blockade of a purinergic inhibitory tone on noradrenergic synaptic output.", "contents": "Adenosine modulates depolarization-induced release of 3H-noradrenaline from slices of rat brain neocortex. The effects of adenosine and some related purines on the K+-induced release of 3H-noradrenaline from rat cerebral cortex slices were determined in a superfusion system. Adenosine and ATP caused a dose-dependent inhibition of 3H-NA release with a maximal effect of 35% at 10(-4) M. Theophylline, 10(-4) M, antagonized the inhibitory effect of adenosine. The results support the hypothesis that at least some of the central stimulant effects of the methylxanthines could be related to blockade of a purinergic inhibitory tone on noradrenergic synaptic output.", "PMID": 658145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7741", "title": "Antagonism of morphine action on brain acetylcholine release by methylxanthines and calcium.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of morphine on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the rat cerebral cortex was antagonized by theophylline, caffeine and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Theophylline antagonism of morphine action was dose related and this agent failed to influence a comparable action of chlorpromazine on the release of ACh. Intraventricular injection of calcium also antagonized the anti-release effect of morphine. Neither methylxanthines nor calcium modified the spontaneous release of ACh in the absence of morphine. It is suggested that methylxanthine antagonism of morphine action is selective and that it could be related to the ability of methylxanthines to mobilize bound calcium.", "contents": "Antagonism of morphine action on brain acetylcholine release by methylxanthines and calcium. The inhibitory effect of morphine on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the rat cerebral cortex was antagonized by theophylline, caffeine and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Theophylline antagonism of morphine action was dose related and this agent failed to influence a comparable action of chlorpromazine on the release of ACh. Intraventricular injection of calcium also antagonized the anti-release effect of morphine. Neither methylxanthines nor calcium modified the spontaneous release of ACh in the absence of morphine. It is suggested that methylxanthine antagonism of morphine action is selective and that it could be related to the ability of methylxanthines to mobilize bound calcium.", "PMID": 658146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7742", "title": "In vitro profile of some opioid pentapeptide analogues.", "content": "The opiate agonist potency of thirteen synthetic enkephalin pentapeptides has been examined on the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens preparations in comparison with methionine and leucine enkephalins, beta-endorphin and normorphine. Their antagonism by naloxone (Ke) was also assessed on each preparation. Our findings are compatible with, and are discussed in the context of, the hypothesis that these preparations possess at least two populations of receptors.", "contents": "In vitro profile of some opioid pentapeptide analogues. The opiate agonist potency of thirteen synthetic enkephalin pentapeptides has been examined on the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens preparations in comparison with methionine and leucine enkephalins, beta-endorphin and normorphine. Their antagonism by naloxone (Ke) was also assessed on each preparation. Our findings are compatible with, and are discussed in the context of, the hypothesis that these preparations possess at least two populations of receptors.", "PMID": 658147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7743", "title": "Evidence for an endogenous factor interfering with 3H-diazepam binding to rat brain membranes.", "content": "An in vitro \"receptor\" binding assay has been used to search for an endogenous compound which possibly interacts with benzodiazepine receptors in brain. Such an endogenous 3H-diazepam binding inhibitory factor (DIF) has been found. This compound is unevenly distributed in brain and in various peripheral organs. The partially purified compound appears to have a low molecular weight (below 500) and is not inactivated by proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Evidence for an endogenous factor interfering with 3H-diazepam binding to rat brain membranes. An in vitro \"receptor\" binding assay has been used to search for an endogenous compound which possibly interacts with benzodiazepine receptors in brain. Such an endogenous 3H-diazepam binding inhibitory factor (DIF) has been found. This compound is unevenly distributed in brain and in various peripheral organs. The partially purified compound appears to have a low molecular weight (below 500) and is not inactivated by proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 658148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7744", "title": "Postsynaptic effects of 4-aminopyridine in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach.", "content": "The synaptic action of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was studied in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. The drug 4-AP did not modify the affinity of cholinergic receptors. At concentrations above 10(-4)M, 4-AP depolarized the postsynaptic membranes even after blockage of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors by antagonistic substances.", "contents": "Postsynaptic effects of 4-aminopyridine in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach. The synaptic action of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was studied in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. The drug 4-AP did not modify the affinity of cholinergic receptors. At concentrations above 10(-4)M, 4-AP depolarized the postsynaptic membranes even after blockage of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors by antagonistic substances.", "PMID": 658149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7745", "title": "Temperature response to morphine in paralyzed cats.", "content": "Cats, sedated and paralyzed, showed a significant increase in body temperature after intravenous injection of morphine while animals with additional spinal blockade (C3) from injection of 2% lidocaine solution, did not. The results suggest that motor activity is not necessary for morphine-induced hyperthermia in the cat, as had been suggested in the literature.", "contents": "Temperature response to morphine in paralyzed cats. Cats, sedated and paralyzed, showed a significant increase in body temperature after intravenous injection of morphine while animals with additional spinal blockade (C3) from injection of 2% lidocaine solution, did not. The results suggest that motor activity is not necessary for morphine-induced hyperthermia in the cat, as had been suggested in the literature.", "PMID": 658150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7746", "title": "Effect of intrauterine growth on erythropoiesis.", "content": "Erythropoietic activity, as reflected in the reticulocyte count and the incorporation of 59Fe into red cells, was studied in relation to intrauterine growth of rabbit fetuses during the last third of the period of gestation. Radioiron (10 microci) was administered by i.v. injection into the mothers and placental transfer to the fetuses. The fetuses were extracted after 48 hours. The amount of radioiron received by each individual fetus was determined by whole body counting. Radioactivity in red cells was determined and calculated as a percentage of the dose received. From day 21 to day 31 of gestation, the hemoglobin concentration increased by a factor of 1.5, from 8 to 12.2 g/100 ml, while the body mass increased by a factor of 7, from 6.6 to 47.5 g. During the same period the rate of growth declined from 45 to 20% in 24 hours. This was paralleled by a drop in 59Fe incorporation from 35 to 12% and in the reticulocyte count from 85 to 14.5%. It is concluded that the rate of erythropoiesis in fetal life is largely controlled by the rate of growth and the corresponding increase in hemoglobin mass.", "contents": "Effect of intrauterine growth on erythropoiesis. Erythropoietic activity, as reflected in the reticulocyte count and the incorporation of 59Fe into red cells, was studied in relation to intrauterine growth of rabbit fetuses during the last third of the period of gestation. Radioiron (10 microci) was administered by i.v. injection into the mothers and placental transfer to the fetuses. The fetuses were extracted after 48 hours. The amount of radioiron received by each individual fetus was determined by whole body counting. Radioactivity in red cells was determined and calculated as a percentage of the dose received. From day 21 to day 31 of gestation, the hemoglobin concentration increased by a factor of 1.5, from 8 to 12.2 g/100 ml, while the body mass increased by a factor of 7, from 6.6 to 47.5 g. During the same period the rate of growth declined from 45 to 20% in 24 hours. This was paralleled by a drop in 59Fe incorporation from 35 to 12% and in the reticulocyte count from 85 to 14.5%. It is concluded that the rate of erythropoiesis in fetal life is largely controlled by the rate of growth and the corresponding increase in hemoglobin mass.", "PMID": 658172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7747", "title": "Serum erythropoietin measurements using the fetal mouse liver cell culture: the importance of reduction of variation in the specific activity of radioiron--transferrin.", "content": "Because of varying iron--transferrin concentrations in different serum samples, and varying test serum portions within the culture, variations of the radioiron--transferrin/total iron--transferrin ratio are inevitable, when serum erythropoietin (Ep) concentrations are measured using the fetal mouse liver cell assay. It could be demonstrated that radioiron uptake is directly proportional to the specific activity of radioiron--transferrin, when the latter varies over the range which is inherent to the method. Variations of the ratio of radioiron--transferrin/total iron--transferrin were reduced by preincubating radioiron with human transferrin, and by minimizing the test serum portion of the culture. With this modified in vitro bioassay, serum Ep concentrations of 59 healthy subjects were measured. Mean serum Ep concentration was 136 +/- 66 (s.d.) mU/ml.", "contents": "Serum erythropoietin measurements using the fetal mouse liver cell culture: the importance of reduction of variation in the specific activity of radioiron--transferrin. Because of varying iron--transferrin concentrations in different serum samples, and varying test serum portions within the culture, variations of the radioiron--transferrin/total iron--transferrin ratio are inevitable, when serum erythropoietin (Ep) concentrations are measured using the fetal mouse liver cell assay. It could be demonstrated that radioiron uptake is directly proportional to the specific activity of radioiron--transferrin, when the latter varies over the range which is inherent to the method. Variations of the ratio of radioiron--transferrin/total iron--transferrin were reduced by preincubating radioiron with human transferrin, and by minimizing the test serum portion of the culture. With this modified in vitro bioassay, serum Ep concentrations of 59 healthy subjects were measured. Mean serum Ep concentration was 136 +/- 66 (s.d.) mU/ml.", "PMID": 658173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7748", "title": "Hemoglobinemia in rats exposed to high altitude.", "content": "A hemoglobinemia occurred in rats exposed to a simulated altitude of 18,000 ft. No biochemical deficits in the erythrocytes or plasma were apparent, and the erythrocytic survival time was normal. This hypoxia-induced hemoglobinemia was not due to intravascular hemolysis and it coexisted with polycythemia, representing a unique hematologic condition. As a result of the hemoglobinemia in altitude-exposed rats, plasma haptoglobin was depleted, a 5- and 10-fold increase in the activities of heme oxygenase were induced in the liver and kidney, respectively, and there was a hemoglobinuria. The possible mechanism for the genesis of this hypoxia-induced hemoglobinemia is discussed.", "contents": "Hemoglobinemia in rats exposed to high altitude. A hemoglobinemia occurred in rats exposed to a simulated altitude of 18,000 ft. No biochemical deficits in the erythrocytes or plasma were apparent, and the erythrocytic survival time was normal. This hypoxia-induced hemoglobinemia was not due to intravascular hemolysis and it coexisted with polycythemia, representing a unique hematologic condition. As a result of the hemoglobinemia in altitude-exposed rats, plasma haptoglobin was depleted, a 5- and 10-fold increase in the activities of heme oxygenase were induced in the liver and kidney, respectively, and there was a hemoglobinuria. The possible mechanism for the genesis of this hypoxia-induced hemoglobinemia is discussed.", "PMID": 658174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7749", "title": "Studies of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in anemic mutant mice: use of a modified hematofluorometer for the detection of heterozygotes for hemolytic disease.", "content": "Erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration was determined on a single drop of blood from normal and anemic mutant mice using a modified hematofluorometer. Mice showed age- and sex-dependent changes in protoporphyrin concentrations. Mice with hypoplastic anemias had a slight elevation and mice with iron deficiency anemia had a moderate increase in red cell protoporphyrin. Those with inherited hemolytic anemias had a marked elevation of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Mice heterozygous for hemolytic anemias had no overt hemolysis and reticulocytosis, yet their erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations were distinctly higher than their littermate controls. Previously these heterozygotes were differentiated only by laborious and expensive progeny testing. This paper is the first demonstration of a quick and practical way of detecting mice heterozygous for hemolytic anemias by erythrocyte protoporphyrin determination. The data of this study demonstrate not only the usefulness of the hematofluorometer for protoporphyrin determination in the diagnosis of mouse anemias, but also the significance of elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin as a very sensitive indicator of increased erythropoiesis, or of iron deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in anemic mutant mice: use of a modified hematofluorometer for the detection of heterozygotes for hemolytic disease. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration was determined on a single drop of blood from normal and anemic mutant mice using a modified hematofluorometer. Mice showed age- and sex-dependent changes in protoporphyrin concentrations. Mice with hypoplastic anemias had a slight elevation and mice with iron deficiency anemia had a moderate increase in red cell protoporphyrin. Those with inherited hemolytic anemias had a marked elevation of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Mice heterozygous for hemolytic anemias had no overt hemolysis and reticulocytosis, yet their erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations were distinctly higher than their littermate controls. Previously these heterozygotes were differentiated only by laborious and expensive progeny testing. This paper is the first demonstration of a quick and practical way of detecting mice heterozygous for hemolytic anemias by erythrocyte protoporphyrin determination. The data of this study demonstrate not only the usefulness of the hematofluorometer for protoporphyrin determination in the diagnosis of mouse anemias, but also the significance of elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin as a very sensitive indicator of increased erythropoiesis, or of iron deficiency.", "PMID": 658175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7750", "title": "The cellular blood picture of the Mongolian gerbil throughout the first year of life: a longitudinal study.", "content": "The Mongolian gerbil was subjected to a longitudinal study of its cellular blood picture throughout its first year of life. This laboratory rodent initiates its neonatal period with an erythrocytic macrocytosis, a subadult red cell count and panleukocytosis, followed by a transient leukopenia. The adult blood picture is attained by 8 weeks with an erythrocyte count of 8.5--9.0 X 10(6) rbc/mm3 and a leukocyte level of 10--12 X 10(3) cells/mm3. The erythrocytes are microcytic (approximately 53 mu3) and frequently demonstrate polychromasia as well as basophilic stippling. There is a sexual dimorphism favoring the male in the erythrocyte corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, hematocrit and hemoglobin values.", "contents": "The cellular blood picture of the Mongolian gerbil throughout the first year of life: a longitudinal study. The Mongolian gerbil was subjected to a longitudinal study of its cellular blood picture throughout its first year of life. This laboratory rodent initiates its neonatal period with an erythrocytic macrocytosis, a subadult red cell count and panleukocytosis, followed by a transient leukopenia. The adult blood picture is attained by 8 weeks with an erythrocyte count of 8.5--9.0 X 10(6) rbc/mm3 and a leukocyte level of 10--12 X 10(3) cells/mm3. The erythrocytes are microcytic (approximately 53 mu3) and frequently demonstrate polychromasia as well as basophilic stippling. There is a sexual dimorphism favoring the male in the erythrocyte corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, hematocrit and hemoglobin values.", "PMID": 658176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7751", "title": "Responses of group IV afferent units from skeletal muscle to stretch, contraction and chemical stimulation.", "content": "In an attempt to differentiate between nociceptive group IV muscle receptors and \"ergoceptive\" ones, the discharges of single group IV fibres from skeletal muscle in response to local pressure, sustained stretch, repetitive contraction and intra-arterial injections of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), potasssium, phosphate, and lactate were studied in anesthetized cats.", "contents": "Responses of group IV afferent units from skeletal muscle to stretch, contraction and chemical stimulation. In an attempt to differentiate between nociceptive group IV muscle receptors and \"ergoceptive\" ones, the discharges of single group IV fibres from skeletal muscle in response to local pressure, sustained stretch, repetitive contraction and intra-arterial injections of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), potasssium, phosphate, and lactate were studied in anesthetized cats.", "PMID": 658178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7752", "title": "The development of vision in cats after extended periods of dark-rearing.", "content": "The time course of development of visual acuity for square wave gratings was measured behaviourally in a number of cats that were reared in total darkness until they were either 4 (5 cats) or 6 (1 cat) months of age. Less extensive measurements were also made on animals reared in a similar manner until they were either 1 1/2 or 10 months old. Initially, all the animals appeared to be blind, but signs of vision became evident after periods of time in an illuminated environment that ranged from a few days, in the case of animals dark-reared for only 1 1/2 to 4 months, to 1 to 2 months for those animals that were deprived for 6 months or more. Thereafter, visual acuity as measured on a jumping stand progressively improved, reaching, in the case of animals deprived for 4 months, values that were comparable to those of normal animals (6.9 cycles/deg) after 4 months of exposure to light. The animal deprived for 6 months remained apparently blind for a month and eventually attained an acuity (5.7 cycles/deg) that was somewhat less than that of normal animals. The fact that such high acuities can be achieved after periods of binocular deprivation that extend throughout the classically defined \"critical period\" suggest that the effect of dark-rearing is somehow to impede the natural decline with age in the degree to which cortical neurones are susceptible to environmental modification.", "contents": "The development of vision in cats after extended periods of dark-rearing. The time course of development of visual acuity for square wave gratings was measured behaviourally in a number of cats that were reared in total darkness until they were either 4 (5 cats) or 6 (1 cat) months of age. Less extensive measurements were also made on animals reared in a similar manner until they were either 1 1/2 or 10 months old. Initially, all the animals appeared to be blind, but signs of vision became evident after periods of time in an illuminated environment that ranged from a few days, in the case of animals dark-reared for only 1 1/2 to 4 months, to 1 to 2 months for those animals that were deprived for 6 months or more. Thereafter, visual acuity as measured on a jumping stand progressively improved, reaching, in the case of animals deprived for 4 months, values that were comparable to those of normal animals (6.9 cycles/deg) after 4 months of exposure to light. The animal deprived for 6 months remained apparently blind for a month and eventually attained an acuity (5.7 cycles/deg) that was somewhat less than that of normal animals. The fact that such high acuities can be achieved after periods of binocular deprivation that extend throughout the classically defined \"critical period\" suggest that the effect of dark-rearing is somehow to impede the natural decline with age in the degree to which cortical neurones are susceptible to environmental modification.", "PMID": 658180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7753", "title": "Modification of the kitten's visual cortex by exposure to spatially periodic patterns.", "content": "Kittens were dark-reared except for exposure to three types of spatially periodic, vertically striped pattern: 1. single, widely spaced black bars; 2. wide areas of regular vertical grating separated by large blank patches; 3. a uniform, continuous grating with a spatial frequency of 0.5 c/deg. In each case there was a bias towards vertical in the distribution of preferred orientations of cells recorded in the visual cortex. The contrast sensitivity of individual neurones for gratings of different spatial frequencies was analysed quantitatively. In kittens exposed to a uniform grating of 0.5 c/deg, many cells were maximally sensitive close to 0.5 c/deg, as they are in normal cats. The occipital potential evoked by vertical gratings higher in frequency than 0.3 c/deg was consistently greater in amplitude than that for horizontal, and a vertical grating of 0.5 c/deg produced the maximum activity. These results are compared with those of Maffei and Fiorentini (1974); the differences between our results and theirs may be attributable to the degree of variability in spatial frequency and orientation during rearing, and to the duration of exposure.", "contents": "Modification of the kitten's visual cortex by exposure to spatially periodic patterns. Kittens were dark-reared except for exposure to three types of spatially periodic, vertically striped pattern: 1. single, widely spaced black bars; 2. wide areas of regular vertical grating separated by large blank patches; 3. a uniform, continuous grating with a spatial frequency of 0.5 c/deg. In each case there was a bias towards vertical in the distribution of preferred orientations of cells recorded in the visual cortex. The contrast sensitivity of individual neurones for gratings of different spatial frequencies was analysed quantitatively. In kittens exposed to a uniform grating of 0.5 c/deg, many cells were maximally sensitive close to 0.5 c/deg, as they are in normal cats. The occipital potential evoked by vertical gratings higher in frequency than 0.3 c/deg was consistently greater in amplitude than that for horizontal, and a vertical grating of 0.5 c/deg produced the maximum activity. These results are compared with those of Maffei and Fiorentini (1974); the differences between our results and theirs may be attributable to the degree of variability in spatial frequency and orientation during rearing, and to the duration of exposure.", "PMID": 658181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7754", "title": "Hippocampal place units in the freely moving rat: why they fire where they fire.", "content": "Place units in the dorsal hippocampus of the freely-moving rat signal the animal's position in an environment (place field). In the present experiments, thirty four place units were recorded in two different environments: one, a small platform where the rat had received neither training nor reward; the other, an elevated T-maze inside a set of black curtains where the rat had been trained on a place discrimination. The places within the curtained enclosure were specified by four cues (a light, a card, a fan, and a buzzer) in addition to the food. Other cues were eliminated by rotating the maze and the four controlled cues relative to the external world from trial-to-trial. Some units had place fields in both environments while others only had a place field in one. No relationship could be seen between the place fields of units with fields in both environments. All twelve units tested extensively in the controlled enclosure had place fields related to the controlled cues. Probe experiments in which only some of the controlled cues were available showed that some of these units were being excited by one or two cues while others were influenced in a more complex way. The fields of these latter units were maintained by any two of the 4 cues and were due to inhibitory influences which suppressed the unit firing over the rest of the maze.", "contents": "Hippocampal place units in the freely moving rat: why they fire where they fire. Place units in the dorsal hippocampus of the freely-moving rat signal the animal's position in an environment (place field). In the present experiments, thirty four place units were recorded in two different environments: one, a small platform where the rat had received neither training nor reward; the other, an elevated T-maze inside a set of black curtains where the rat had been trained on a place discrimination. The places within the curtained enclosure were specified by four cues (a light, a card, a fan, and a buzzer) in addition to the food. Other cues were eliminated by rotating the maze and the four controlled cues relative to the external world from trial-to-trial. Some units had place fields in both environments while others only had a place field in one. No relationship could be seen between the place fields of units with fields in both environments. All twelve units tested extensively in the controlled enclosure had place fields related to the controlled cues. Probe experiments in which only some of the controlled cues were available showed that some of these units were being excited by one or two cues while others were influenced in a more complex way. The fields of these latter units were maintained by any two of the 4 cues and were due to inhibitory influences which suppressed the unit firing over the rest of the maze.", "PMID": 658182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7755", "title": "Ascending and intrinsic projections of the superior olivary complex in the cat.", "content": "The ascending and intrinsic projections of the superior olivary complex (SO) in the cat were investigated by injection of 3H-leucine and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in SO and the inferior colliculus (IC), respectively. A topically arranged projection was demonstrated from the nucleus of the trapezoid body (NTB) to the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) wiht a lesser connection in the opposite direction. The medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) has a strictly ipsilateral projection, whilst LSO projects symmetrically through the lateral lemniscus (LL) of both sides, to end with topically arranged terminals in the ventrolateral part of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Terminal labelling found in the ventral and dorsal nuclei of LL (VNLL and DNLL) probably represents collaterals from bypassing fibres originating in MSO and LSO, respectively. These results were demonstrated by both techniques, whilst in addition the HRP method revealed an ipsilateral and contralateral projection to IC from VNLL and DNLL, respectively.", "contents": "Ascending and intrinsic projections of the superior olivary complex in the cat. The ascending and intrinsic projections of the superior olivary complex (SO) in the cat were investigated by injection of 3H-leucine and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in SO and the inferior colliculus (IC), respectively. A topically arranged projection was demonstrated from the nucleus of the trapezoid body (NTB) to the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) wiht a lesser connection in the opposite direction. The medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) has a strictly ipsilateral projection, whilst LSO projects symmetrically through the lateral lemniscus (LL) of both sides, to end with topically arranged terminals in the ventrolateral part of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Terminal labelling found in the ventral and dorsal nuclei of LL (VNLL and DNLL) probably represents collaterals from bypassing fibres originating in MSO and LSO, respectively. These results were demonstrated by both techniques, whilst in addition the HRP method revealed an ipsilateral and contralateral projection to IC from VNLL and DNLL, respectively.", "PMID": 658183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7756", "title": "The effects of gallamine on field and dorsal root potentials produced by antidromic stimulation of motor fibres in the frog spinal cord.", "content": "The effects of gallamine on the intraspinal field potentials and the dorsal root potentials produced by antidromic stimulation of motor fibres were studied in the isolated frog spinal cord preparation. After gallamine (10-(3) M), the duration of the negative field potential produced by antidromic activation of motoneurons (N1 response) was increased often without changing its amplitude. This resulted in an increased passive spread of the antidromic action potential towards the dorsal dendritic regions, where afferent fibres terminate. In the untreated spinal cord, stimulation of motor axons produced a late negative dorsal root potential (VR-DRP) which was depressed after gallamine administration. Abolition of the VR-DRP was frequently associated with the appearance of a short latency, conducted response, in the dorsal roots (EVR-DRP). The earliest component of the EVR-DRP had a latency ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 ms measured after the peak of the N1 response recorded at the motor nucleus. Such a brief latency of the EVR-DRP suggests that this response results from electrical interaction between motoneurons and afferent fibres. After gallamine, the primary afferent depolarization produced by orthodromic stimulation of sensory nerves facilitates the EVR-DRP without necessarily increasing the amplitude or duration of the N1 response. Also, gallamine appears to increase directly the excitability of the afferent fibre terminal arborizations. The nature of the electrical interaction between motoneuron dendrites and afferent fibre terminal arborizations is discussed in terms of two hypotheses: interaction by current flows and by electrical coupling.", "contents": "The effects of gallamine on field and dorsal root potentials produced by antidromic stimulation of motor fibres in the frog spinal cord. The effects of gallamine on the intraspinal field potentials and the dorsal root potentials produced by antidromic stimulation of motor fibres were studied in the isolated frog spinal cord preparation. After gallamine (10-(3) M), the duration of the negative field potential produced by antidromic activation of motoneurons (N1 response) was increased often without changing its amplitude. This resulted in an increased passive spread of the antidromic action potential towards the dorsal dendritic regions, where afferent fibres terminate. In the untreated spinal cord, stimulation of motor axons produced a late negative dorsal root potential (VR-DRP) which was depressed after gallamine administration. Abolition of the VR-DRP was frequently associated with the appearance of a short latency, conducted response, in the dorsal roots (EVR-DRP). The earliest component of the EVR-DRP had a latency ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 ms measured after the peak of the N1 response recorded at the motor nucleus. Such a brief latency of the EVR-DRP suggests that this response results from electrical interaction between motoneurons and afferent fibres. After gallamine, the primary afferent depolarization produced by orthodromic stimulation of sensory nerves facilitates the EVR-DRP without necessarily increasing the amplitude or duration of the N1 response. Also, gallamine appears to increase directly the excitability of the afferent fibre terminal arborizations. The nature of the electrical interaction between motoneuron dendrites and afferent fibre terminal arborizations is discussed in terms of two hypotheses: interaction by current flows and by electrical coupling.", "PMID": 658184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7757", "title": "Effect of metergoline on delayed response in cats and its relation to the metabolism of dopamine and serotonin in neostriatal and mesolimbic neurons.", "content": "In cats the effect of Metergoline (Liserdol, Farmitalia) was investigated on the performance of a delayed response task and was related to the associated changes in the concentrations of dopamine, nonadrenaline and serotonin in the brain. Metergoline (14 microgram/kg/day, i.m.) administered during the first 10 days of the training significantly decreased response latencies at delay periods of 0, 3, 9 and 27 sec without significantly affecting the number of errors. Biochemical assays showed that the improved performance correlated with the increased dopamine content of limbic structures and the decreased serotonin content in all brain structures. The concentrations of dopamine in the neostriatum remain unchanged. Response latencies and the number of errors in cats treated with Metergoline were significantly different from those in animals treated with L-DOPA (30 mg/kg/day) probably relfecting the specific biochemical disturbance induced by the two drugs. These results suggest an inhibitory influence of serotoninergic pathways on areas like the meso-limbic system retaining high concentrations of dopamine.", "contents": "Effect of metergoline on delayed response in cats and its relation to the metabolism of dopamine and serotonin in neostriatal and mesolimbic neurons. In cats the effect of Metergoline (Liserdol, Farmitalia) was investigated on the performance of a delayed response task and was related to the associated changes in the concentrations of dopamine, nonadrenaline and serotonin in the brain. Metergoline (14 microgram/kg/day, i.m.) administered during the first 10 days of the training significantly decreased response latencies at delay periods of 0, 3, 9 and 27 sec without significantly affecting the number of errors. Biochemical assays showed that the improved performance correlated with the increased dopamine content of limbic structures and the decreased serotonin content in all brain structures. The concentrations of dopamine in the neostriatum remain unchanged. Response latencies and the number of errors in cats treated with Metergoline were significantly different from those in animals treated with L-DOPA (30 mg/kg/day) probably relfecting the specific biochemical disturbance induced by the two drugs. These results suggest an inhibitory influence of serotoninergic pathways on areas like the meso-limbic system retaining high concentrations of dopamine.", "PMID": 658185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7758", "title": "Pontomedullary reticular projections into the region of the ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus in cat.", "content": "The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and immediately adjacent reticular formation were stimulated electrically just caudal to the trochlear nucleus in the cat. In the pontomedullary reticular formation within 1.5 mm of the midline, antidromically excited neurons were detected in (1) the contralateral abducens nucleus, (2) the contralateral reticular formation just caudal and caudoventral to the abducens nucleus, and (3) the ipsilateral nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis beneath and rostral to the abducens nucleus. The possible involvement of these neurons in eye or body movements is discussed.", "contents": "Pontomedullary reticular projections into the region of the ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus in cat. The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and immediately adjacent reticular formation were stimulated electrically just caudal to the trochlear nucleus in the cat. In the pontomedullary reticular formation within 1.5 mm of the midline, antidromically excited neurons were detected in (1) the contralateral abducens nucleus, (2) the contralateral reticular formation just caudal and caudoventral to the abducens nucleus, and (3) the ipsilateral nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis beneath and rostral to the abducens nucleus. The possible involvement of these neurons in eye or body movements is discussed.", "PMID": 658186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7759", "title": "Statistical dependence between neighboring retinal ganglion cells in goldfish.", "content": "Simultaneous recordings were made of the spontaneous discharge of neighboring retinal ganglion cells in goldfish. Crosscorrelation analysis indicates two types of correlation. Neighboring units with like receptive field organization tend to discharge together while units having complementary receptive field organization tend not to discharge together.", "contents": "Statistical dependence between neighboring retinal ganglion cells in goldfish. Simultaneous recordings were made of the spontaneous discharge of neighboring retinal ganglion cells in goldfish. Crosscorrelation analysis indicates two types of correlation. Neighboring units with like receptive field organization tend to discharge together while units having complementary receptive field organization tend not to discharge together.", "PMID": 658187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7760", "title": "Spinal mechanisms of the functional stretch reflex.", "content": "A sudden and rapid angular displacement of the limb evokes, in human and monkey subjects, a segmented pattern of electromyographic activity in muscles which are stretched. While the first segment is acknowledged to represent a tendon jerk, it has been proposed that the second segment, occurring with a shorter latency than a reaction time, is mediated by a transcortical loop. The present experiments were conducted in cats to determine the properties of muscle responses to torque perturbations analogous to those used in the monkey, and to determine if the integrity of supraspinal pathways is required for the individual response segments to occur. Torque perturbations which flexed the forearm evoked a segmented response in the electromyogram of the cat triceps muscle. This response typically consisted of three early segments with latencies of 10, 30 and 60 msec which were similar to the M1, M2, and M3 segments described in the monkey. The M3 and occasionally M2 components were depressed when the cat followed rather than resisted the perturbation. A torque pulse of 10 msec duration was sufficient to elicit a near maximal M1 response while torque pulses in excess of 20 msec were required to evoke the M2 response. To determine if any of these components required mediation by the cerebral cortex, experiments were conducted in decerebrate and spinal cats. Similar torque perturbations produced segmented electromyographic responses in the triceps muscles which were indistinguishable in their timing from those observed in intact cats. The torque required to produce the segmented responses was comparable as well. All three segments were dependent upon the activation of receptors in the homonymous muscle and did not require cutaneous input. These observations show that receptor properties and/or spinal mechanisms involved in the stretch reflex are sufficient to produce a segmented response similar to that observed in intact animals.", "contents": "Spinal mechanisms of the functional stretch reflex. A sudden and rapid angular displacement of the limb evokes, in human and monkey subjects, a segmented pattern of electromyographic activity in muscles which are stretched. While the first segment is acknowledged to represent a tendon jerk, it has been proposed that the second segment, occurring with a shorter latency than a reaction time, is mediated by a transcortical loop. The present experiments were conducted in cats to determine the properties of muscle responses to torque perturbations analogous to those used in the monkey, and to determine if the integrity of supraspinal pathways is required for the individual response segments to occur. Torque perturbations which flexed the forearm evoked a segmented response in the electromyogram of the cat triceps muscle. This response typically consisted of three early segments with latencies of 10, 30 and 60 msec which were similar to the M1, M2, and M3 segments described in the monkey. The M3 and occasionally M2 components were depressed when the cat followed rather than resisted the perturbation. A torque pulse of 10 msec duration was sufficient to elicit a near maximal M1 response while torque pulses in excess of 20 msec were required to evoke the M2 response. To determine if any of these components required mediation by the cerebral cortex, experiments were conducted in decerebrate and spinal cats. Similar torque perturbations produced segmented electromyographic responses in the triceps muscles which were indistinguishable in their timing from those observed in intact cats. The torque required to produce the segmented responses was comparable as well. All three segments were dependent upon the activation of receptors in the homonymous muscle and did not require cutaneous input. These observations show that receptor properties and/or spinal mechanisms involved in the stretch reflex are sufficient to produce a segmented response similar to that observed in intact animals.", "PMID": 658188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7761", "title": "Self-innervation of dendrites in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "content": "Golgi-Cox impregnantions of the  rat suprachiasmatic nucleus show small dendritic side branches which appear to contact their neurons of origin. Electronmicroscopically a dendrite has been found forming a Gray-type-II synapse with one of its own branches. The arrangement is discussed as a general phenomenon of a feedback connection for temporal limitation of local excitation.", "contents": "Self-innervation of dendrites in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Golgi-Cox impregnantions of the  rat suprachiasmatic nucleus show small dendritic side branches which appear to contact their neurons of origin. Electronmicroscopically a dendrite has been found forming a Gray-type-II synapse with one of its own branches. The arrangement is discussed as a general phenomenon of a feedback connection for temporal limitation of local excitation.", "PMID": 658189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7762", "title": "A new vestibular thalamic area: electrophysiological study of the thalamic reticular nucleus and of the ventral lateral geniculate complex of the cat.", "content": "Single unit recordings were carried out in the reticularis thalamic nucleus (RT) and the ventral lateral geniculate body (LGv) of chronically prepared alert cats under sinusoidal vestibular stimulation in the horizontal plane. Optokinetic stimulation was also used. Of the 57 recorded neurons, 12 present vestibular modulation in the dark, analogous to Duensing's and Schaefer's (1958) type I response in the vestibular nuclei. Responses of 26 cells are similar to response of type II vestibular neurons and 14 units have a type III response; the 5 remaining cells were activated by vestibular stimulation in the vertical sagittal plane. The majority of these cells does not present detectable direct visual responses, but 50% can be driven by optokinetic stimulation. 74% of types I, II and III neurons show saccadic resonses to vestibular nystagmic saccades in the dark. About 60% present similar saccadic modulations during optokinetic nystagmus and 55% keep this response for spontaneous saccades in the dark or in front of a striped background. The saccadic responses are constant for a given neuron in all cases of stimulation with latencies ranging from 30 msec prior to the beginning of the saccade to 120 msec after its onset. The histological localization of these units falls on one hand into the caudal part of the RT nucleus (type III neurons) above the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and on the other hand within the internal subdivision of the LGv and its rostral limit (all other types). The significance of this new, saccadic and vestibular focus in the feline thalamus is discussed in relation with the two previously known vestibular thalamic relays in terms of interrelations between the vestibular and the visual systems.", "contents": "A new vestibular thalamic area: electrophysiological study of the thalamic reticular nucleus and of the ventral lateral geniculate complex of the cat. Single unit recordings were carried out in the reticularis thalamic nucleus (RT) and the ventral lateral geniculate body (LGv) of chronically prepared alert cats under sinusoidal vestibular stimulation in the horizontal plane. Optokinetic stimulation was also used. Of the 57 recorded neurons, 12 present vestibular modulation in the dark, analogous to Duensing's and Schaefer's (1958) type I response in the vestibular nuclei. Responses of 26 cells are similar to response of type II vestibular neurons and 14 units have a type III response; the 5 remaining cells were activated by vestibular stimulation in the vertical sagittal plane. The majority of these cells does not present detectable direct visual responses, but 50% can be driven by optokinetic stimulation. 74% of types I, II and III neurons show saccadic resonses to vestibular nystagmic saccades in the dark. About 60% present similar saccadic modulations during optokinetic nystagmus and 55% keep this response for spontaneous saccades in the dark or in front of a striped background. The saccadic responses are constant for a given neuron in all cases of stimulation with latencies ranging from 30 msec prior to the beginning of the saccade to 120 msec after its onset. The histological localization of these units falls on one hand into the caudal part of the RT nucleus (type III neurons) above the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and on the other hand within the internal subdivision of the LGv and its rostral limit (all other types). The significance of this new, saccadic and vestibular focus in the feline thalamus is discussed in relation with the two previously known vestibular thalamic relays in terms of interrelations between the vestibular and the visual systems.", "PMID": 658190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7763", "title": "Studies on plasma fibrinogen level in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.", "content": "The plasma fibrinogen level of maternal blood has been estimated in 30 cases of pre-eclampsia, 60 cases of eclampsia and 35 cases of normal pregnancy of 3rd trimester. The plasma fibrinogen value increased by about 70% and 145% in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, respectively. In essential hypertension, the fibrinogen level remains more or less the same as in normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Studies on plasma fibrinogen level in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. The plasma fibrinogen level of maternal blood has been estimated in 30 cases of pre-eclampsia, 60 cases of eclampsia and 35 cases of normal pregnancy of 3rd trimester. The plasma fibrinogen value increased by about 70% and 145% in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, respectively. In essential hypertension, the fibrinogen level remains more or less the same as in normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 658223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7764", "title": "Multiple forms of human kidney mutarotase.", "content": "4 forms of mutarotase from human kidney were demonstrated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. A major form of them was purified to homogeneity.", "contents": "Multiple forms of human kidney mutarotase. 4 forms of mutarotase from human kidney were demonstrated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. A major form of them was purified to homogeneity.", "PMID": 658224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7765", "title": "Effect of sucrose on lipogenesis of rats chronically treated with ethanol.", "content": "The effect of chronic ethanol administration with and without sucrose on the lipogenic enzymes of liver and adipose tissue of rats was studied. Ethanol markedly influenced the adipose lipogenic enzymes at 28 days. Sucrose caused a 2-10fold increase in lipogenic enzymes of both adipose and liver.", "contents": "Effect of sucrose on lipogenesis of rats chronically treated with ethanol. The effect of chronic ethanol administration with and without sucrose on the lipogenic enzymes of liver and adipose tissue of rats was studied. Ethanol markedly influenced the adipose lipogenic enzymes at 28 days. Sucrose caused a 2-10fold increase in lipogenic enzymes of both adipose and liver.", "PMID": 658225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7766", "title": "Effect of cortisone or triiodothyronine administration to pregnant rats on lysosomal hydrolases in fetal forebrain and cerebellum.", "content": "Triiodothyronine injected daily to pregnant rats for the last week of gestation (50 microgram/100 g b.wt) increased the specific activities of 5 acid glycosidases in the fetal forebrain and cerebellum. Cortisone (50 mg/100 g b.wt) administered in the same period had no effect on cerebellum acid hydrolases, but decreased their activity in the forebrain.", "contents": "Effect of cortisone or triiodothyronine administration to pregnant rats on lysosomal hydrolases in fetal forebrain and cerebellum. Triiodothyronine injected daily to pregnant rats for the last week of gestation (50 microgram/100 g b.wt) increased the specific activities of 5 acid glycosidases in the fetal forebrain and cerebellum. Cortisone (50 mg/100 g b.wt) administered in the same period had no effect on cerebellum acid hydrolases, but decreased their activity in the forebrain.", "PMID": 658226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7767", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of trisialoganglioside by particulate fractions of rat liver.", "content": "Rat liver contains a particulate (membrane-bound) glycosyl transferase, concentrated in Golgi apparatus fractions, which catalyzes the synthesis of a trisialoganglioside from the ganglioside precursor disialohematoside (GD3). Sialic acid was not incorporated into exogenous GD1a from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid suggesting that GD1a is an endproduct of the monosialoganglioside pathway. Thus, the disialoganglioside pathway may be a primary source of trisialoganglioside and higher ganglioside homologs in adult rat liver.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of trisialoganglioside by particulate fractions of rat liver. Rat liver contains a particulate (membrane-bound) glycosyl transferase, concentrated in Golgi apparatus fractions, which catalyzes the synthesis of a trisialoganglioside from the ganglioside precursor disialohematoside (GD3). Sialic acid was not incorporated into exogenous GD1a from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid suggesting that GD1a is an endproduct of the monosialoganglioside pathway. Thus, the disialoganglioside pathway may be a primary source of trisialoganglioside and higher ganglioside homologs in adult rat liver.", "PMID": 658227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7768", "title": "Is attenuation of tRNA charging responsible for the inhibition of protein labelling accompanying depolarisation of the cerebral cortical cells?", "content": "Topical application of concentrated solutions of KCl resulted in reduction of charging of tRNA 7 min after s.c. injection of L-(U-14C) leucine. Neither radioactivity nor pool size of the total amino acids changed during this period.", "contents": "Is attenuation of tRNA charging responsible for the inhibition of protein labelling accompanying depolarisation of the cerebral cortical cells? Topical application of concentrated solutions of KCl resulted in reduction of charging of tRNA 7 min after s.c. injection of L-(U-14C) leucine. Neither radioactivity nor pool size of the total amino acids changed during this period.", "PMID": 658228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7769", "title": "Metal binding to myosin and to myosin DTNB-light chain.", "content": "The effects of various divalent cations, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ on the intrinsic fluorescence of heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoate) DTNB-light chain of rabbit striated muscle, are compared. At pH 6.4, th fluorescence change induced by the metal ions is present only in the isolated light chain and disappears in HMM, thus indicating an interaction between the heavy and light chains with respect to the binding of the metal ions. Whereas Mg2+ binds more strongly than Ca2+ to myosin, this order is reversed in the case of the DTNB-light chain.", "contents": "Metal binding to myosin and to myosin DTNB-light chain. The effects of various divalent cations, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ on the intrinsic fluorescence of heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoate) DTNB-light chain of rabbit striated muscle, are compared. At pH 6.4, th fluorescence change induced by the metal ions is present only in the isolated light chain and disappears in HMM, thus indicating an interaction between the heavy and light chains with respect to the binding of the metal ions. Whereas Mg2+ binds more strongly than Ca2+ to myosin, this order is reversed in the case of the DTNB-light chain.", "PMID": 658229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7770", "title": "Depression by ethionine of phosphorylating oxidation in hepatic mitochondria.", "content": "Induction of hepatic steatosis and suppression of hepatic ATP levels, protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis subsequent to administration of ethionine may be consequences of interference by this compound with mitochondrial phosphorylation of ADP. The mitochondrial dysfunction is not a direct action of ethionine on the organelle.", "contents": "Depression by ethionine of phosphorylating oxidation in hepatic mitochondria. Induction of hepatic steatosis and suppression of hepatic ATP levels, protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis subsequent to administration of ethionine may be consequences of interference by this compound with mitochondrial phosphorylation of ADP. The mitochondrial dysfunction is not a direct action of ethionine on the organelle.", "PMID": 658230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7771", "title": "Effect of relative humidity on the free-living stages of Strongyloides papillosus (Rhabdiasoidea: Nematoda).", "content": "The eggs and larvae are affected by the changes in the humidity level around them. The eggs do not develop below 87% relative humidity at 30 degrees C and 25 degrees C. At sub-developmental rel. hum. they remain viable for 30 h at 81%, but at 73% rel. hum. level they do not survive beyond 18 h. Survival of larvae in 100% rel. hum. is longer at 30 degrees C than at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C, and also they exhibit a poor resistance to desiccation.", "contents": "Effect of relative humidity on the free-living stages of Strongyloides papillosus (Rhabdiasoidea: Nematoda). The eggs and larvae are affected by the changes in the humidity level around them. The eggs do not develop below 87% relative humidity at 30 degrees C and 25 degrees C. At sub-developmental rel. hum. they remain viable for 30 h at 81%, but at 73% rel. hum. level they do not survive beyond 18 h. Survival of larvae in 100% rel. hum. is longer at 30 degrees C than at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C, and also they exhibit a poor resistance to desiccation.", "PMID": 658231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7772", "title": "Labeling of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide with technetium-99m pertechnetate.", "content": "Bacterial endotoxin treated with technetium-99m can be visualized in living animals by gamma camera imaging.", "contents": "Labeling of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide with technetium-99m pertechnetate. Bacterial endotoxin treated with technetium-99m can be visualized in living animals by gamma camera imaging.", "PMID": 658232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7773", "title": "Activity of the reticuloendothelial system following exposure to electric stress and thymectomy.", "content": "After electric stress stimulation, granulopectic activity is reduced in otherwise normal rats, whereas it appears to be increased in thymectomized animals. The differences between the 2 groups of animals seem to support the hypothesis that the effects of stress upon the overall phagocytic capacity may be mediated by the products of lymphocyte breakdown.", "contents": "Activity of the reticuloendothelial system following exposure to electric stress and thymectomy. After electric stress stimulation, granulopectic activity is reduced in otherwise normal rats, whereas it appears to be increased in thymectomized animals. The differences between the 2 groups of animals seem to support the hypothesis that the effects of stress upon the overall phagocytic capacity may be mediated by the products of lymphocyte breakdown.", "PMID": 658233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7774", "title": "Cocci and diphtheroids in blood cultures from patients in various pathological situations.", "content": "The evolution of cocci and diphtheroids taking origin from cell-wall-deficient forms seems not to be related to a particular state of illness, but to be the consequence of a generalized crypto-infection.", "contents": "Cocci and diphtheroids in blood cultures from patients in various pathological situations. The evolution of cocci and diphtheroids taking origin from cell-wall-deficient forms seems not to be related to a particular state of illness, but to be the consequence of a generalized crypto-infection.", "PMID": 658234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7775", "title": "Intracellular behaviour of Leishmania enriettii within murine macrophages.", "content": "Both promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania enriettii were readily ingested by mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM). Promastigotes after their entry within MPM were rapidly immobilized and their multiplication was never observed. Microscopic examination revealed that ingested promastigotes were degraded with MPM. Nonmotile amastigotes of L. enriettii taken up by MPM, on the other hand, multiplied intracellularly and eventually destroyed the infected cells.", "contents": "Intracellular behaviour of Leishmania enriettii within murine macrophages. Both promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania enriettii were readily ingested by mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM). Promastigotes after their entry within MPM were rapidly immobilized and their multiplication was never observed. Microscopic examination revealed that ingested promastigotes were degraded with MPM. Nonmotile amastigotes of L. enriettii taken up by MPM, on the other hand, multiplied intracellularly and eventually destroyed the infected cells.", "PMID": 658235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7776", "title": "Metabolic studies of Hg-203 on Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Sterile cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, WT+, were treated with Hg-203 at 25 degrees C to identify probably formed volatile mercury compounds. Experiments were performed with living and dead cells under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively, and the mercury concentration was measured in the system algae/nutrient medium. We found a timerelated decrease of mercury concentration in the cell suspension and the cell-free nutrient medium due to a reduction of Hg++ to Hg0, probably caused by extracellular enzymes; monomethyl or dimethyl mercury could not be detected.", "contents": "Metabolic studies of Hg-203 on Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Sterile cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, WT+, were treated with Hg-203 at 25 degrees C to identify probably formed volatile mercury compounds. Experiments were performed with living and dead cells under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively, and the mercury concentration was measured in the system algae/nutrient medium. We found a timerelated decrease of mercury concentration in the cell suspension and the cell-free nutrient medium due to a reduction of Hg++ to Hg0, probably caused by extracellular enzymes; monomethyl or dimethyl mercury could not be detected.", "PMID": 658236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7777", "title": "Do beta adrenergic agents directly stimulate gastrin secretion?", "content": "Isoproterenol if given during methacholine stimulation in dogs neither depresses gastric secretion nor elevates serum gastrin. Therefore, we conclude that beta adrenergics (isoproterenol) are unlikely to be direct liberators of gastrin, but raise serum gastrin indirectly only if they inhibit gastric secretion.", "contents": "Do beta adrenergic agents directly stimulate gastrin secretion? Isoproterenol if given during methacholine stimulation in dogs neither depresses gastric secretion nor elevates serum gastrin. Therefore, we conclude that beta adrenergics (isoproterenol) are unlikely to be direct liberators of gastrin, but raise serum gastrin indirectly only if they inhibit gastric secretion.", "PMID": 658237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7778", "title": "Profound hypothermia in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) induced by serotonergic potentiating and noradrenergic inhibiting drugs.", "content": "Profound hypothermia (6 degrees C) was induced in cold exposed golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) by a combination of drugs that potentiate brain serotonergic activity (fluoxetine and pargyline) and inhibit noradrenergic activity (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine). Individual drugs and combinations of 2 were ineffective.", "contents": "Profound hypothermia in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) induced by serotonergic potentiating and noradrenergic inhibiting drugs. Profound hypothermia (6 degrees C) was induced in cold exposed golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) by a combination of drugs that potentiate brain serotonergic activity (fluoxetine and pargyline) and inhibit noradrenergic activity (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine). Individual drugs and combinations of 2 were ineffective.", "PMID": 658238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7779", "title": "Demilune cells of the cat submandibular gland; an unlikely source of kallikrein.", "content": "The functional significance of kallikrein in the salivary gland remains unclear partially because of uncertainty over its precise cellular localization. Kallikrein was thought to originate in acinar cells, until recent evidence from cat and rat localized it primarily to the ducts. The possibility that salivary kallikrein may also be located in demilune cells was investigated in this study. - The total kallikrein content of cat submandibular glands was found to be substantially reduced by sampathetic nerve stimulation; whereas parasympathetic stimulation had no significant effect. These biochemical findings did not correlate with morphological studies that revealed almost complete depletion of the demilune cells secretory granules after stimulation of either division of the autonomic nerve supply. This lack of correlation makes it unlikely that kallikrein is present in the demilune cell secretory granules.", "contents": "Demilune cells of the cat submandibular gland; an unlikely source of kallikrein. The functional significance of kallikrein in the salivary gland remains unclear partially because of uncertainty over its precise cellular localization. Kallikrein was thought to originate in acinar cells, until recent evidence from cat and rat localized it primarily to the ducts. The possibility that salivary kallikrein may also be located in demilune cells was investigated in this study. - The total kallikrein content of cat submandibular glands was found to be substantially reduced by sampathetic nerve stimulation; whereas parasympathetic stimulation had no significant effect. These biochemical findings did not correlate with morphological studies that revealed almost complete depletion of the demilune cells secretory granules after stimulation of either division of the autonomic nerve supply. This lack of correlation makes it unlikely that kallikrein is present in the demilune cell secretory granules.", "PMID": 658239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7780", "title": "Change in taste preference related to aging of taste cells in rat.", "content": "Following the suppression of renewal of rat taste cells by vinblastine sulphate, the preference for sucrose decreased markedly while the aversion to quinine did not change. The results suggest that the sensitivity of taste cells to sucrose decreases with their aging, but the sensitivity to quinine increases.", "contents": "Change in taste preference related to aging of taste cells in rat. Following the suppression of renewal of rat taste cells by vinblastine sulphate, the preference for sucrose decreased markedly while the aversion to quinine did not change. The results suggest that the sensitivity of taste cells to sucrose decreases with their aging, but the sensitivity to quinine increases.", "PMID": 658240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7781", "title": "Frequency gradient in the autorhythmicity of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system.", "content": "The pacemaker properties of the various regions of isolated segments of the rabbit renal pelvis were examined. The results show that pacemaker frequency and waveform of contraction change significantly within the renal pelvis. The highest frequency was encountered at the fornix, while the ureteropelvic junction is lowest.", "contents": "Frequency gradient in the autorhythmicity of the pyeloureteral pacemaker system. The pacemaker properties of the various regions of isolated segments of the rabbit renal pelvis were examined. The results show that pacemaker frequency and waveform of contraction change significantly within the renal pelvis. The highest frequency was encountered at the fornix, while the ureteropelvic junction is lowest.", "PMID": 658241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7782", "title": "Asymmetry of turning behaviour of rats induced by amphetamine and apomorphine.", "content": "Turning behaviour of rats following injection of amphetamine is in the same direction as following apomorphine. Unilateral common carotid artery ligation does not affect this asymmetry. Thus the reason for the asymmetry in turning behaviour following injection of amphetamine is probably due to postsynaptic dopaminergic asymmetry within the corpus striatum.", "contents": "Asymmetry of turning behaviour of rats induced by amphetamine and apomorphine. Turning behaviour of rats following injection of amphetamine is in the same direction as following apomorphine. Unilateral common carotid artery ligation does not affect this asymmetry. Thus the reason for the asymmetry in turning behaviour following injection of amphetamine is probably due to postsynaptic dopaminergic asymmetry within the corpus striatum.", "PMID": 658242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7783", "title": "The effect of bradykinin on the electrical activity of rat jejunum.", "content": "Bradykinin increased the potential difference across both the jejunum and colon of the rat. This effect was significantly reduced by indomethacin, suggesting that it was mediated by prostaglandins. The possibility that bradykinin may contribute to the diarrhoea of the carcinoid syndrome by inducing a net secretory state in the intestine is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of bradykinin on the electrical activity of rat jejunum. Bradykinin increased the potential difference across both the jejunum and colon of the rat. This effect was significantly reduced by indomethacin, suggesting that it was mediated by prostaglandins. The possibility that bradykinin may contribute to the diarrhoea of the carcinoid syndrome by inducing a net secretory state in the intestine is discussed.", "PMID": 658243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7784", "title": "Electrogenic hyperpolarization in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres exposed to calcium ionophores.", "content": "The Ca ionophores markedly enhance the increase of intracellular Ca occurring during Na-free perfusion and the hyperpolarization observed upon Na readmission may be due to rapid restoration of intracellular Na and resultant stimulation of both electrogenic sodium and calcium efflux.", "contents": "Electrogenic hyperpolarization in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres exposed to calcium ionophores. The Ca ionophores markedly enhance the increase of intracellular Ca occurring during Na-free perfusion and the hyperpolarization observed upon Na readmission may be due to rapid restoration of intracellular Na and resultant stimulation of both electrogenic sodium and calcium efflux.", "PMID": 658244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7785", "title": "Localization of renal kallikrein in the dog.", "content": "Renal kallikrein was estimated in glomerular, tubular and medullary fractions of dog kidneys. It was found primarily in the cortex, the highest level of activity being detected in glomeruli-rich fraction. These results support previous observation that kallikrein may be associated with the juxta-glomerular complex.", "contents": "Localization of renal kallikrein in the dog. Renal kallikrein was estimated in glomerular, tubular and medullary fractions of dog kidneys. It was found primarily in the cortex, the highest level of activity being detected in glomeruli-rich fraction. These results support previous observation that kallikrein may be associated with the juxta-glomerular complex.", "PMID": 658245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7786", "title": "Influence of age on the renal renin response to a high salt intake in the rat.", "content": "Saline drinking combined with DOCA-treatment was found to decrease renal renin in weanlings at a higher rate than in adult rats, with a comparable saline consumption level. The decrease was not potentiated by uninephrectomy.", "contents": "Influence of age on the renal renin response to a high salt intake in the rat. Saline drinking combined with DOCA-treatment was found to decrease renal renin in weanlings at a higher rate than in adult rats, with a comparable saline consumption level. The decrease was not potentiated by uninephrectomy.", "PMID": 658246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7787", "title": "Effect of sex hormones on plasma cholesterol in castrated and noncastrated male rats.", "content": "The administration of estradiol to both castrated and noncastrated male rats was associated with significantly increased plasma cholesterol levels as compared to controls, the estradiol in the noncastrated rats overriding the tendency of testosterone to lower plasma cholesterol.", "contents": "Effect of sex hormones on plasma cholesterol in castrated and noncastrated male rats. The administration of estradiol to both castrated and noncastrated male rats was associated with significantly increased plasma cholesterol levels as compared to controls, the estradiol in the noncastrated rats overriding the tendency of testosterone to lower plasma cholesterol.", "PMID": 658247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7788", "title": "Gastrin stimulated H+ secretion in amphibian gastric mucosa: effect of tetrodotoxin.", "content": "The role of neural mechanisms in gastrin stimulated H+ secretion was studied using amphibian gastric fundic mucosa. Spontaneously secreting mucosae were converted to resting state (zero H+ secretory rate) using Burimamide. Following removal of burimamide, 3 X 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin did not block gastrin stimulation of H+ secretion indicating that neural mechanisms are not required.", "contents": "Gastrin stimulated H+ secretion in amphibian gastric mucosa: effect of tetrodotoxin. The role of neural mechanisms in gastrin stimulated H+ secretion was studied using amphibian gastric fundic mucosa. Spontaneously secreting mucosae were converted to resting state (zero H+ secretory rate) using Burimamide. Following removal of burimamide, 3 X 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin did not block gastrin stimulation of H+ secretion indicating that neural mechanisms are not required.", "PMID": 658248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7789", "title": "Influence of phenylbutazone on bile flow in the rat.", "content": "Phenylbutazone, a well-known enzyme inducer, at a dose of 80 mg . kg-1 once daily for 8 days increases liver weight and bile flow expressed per g of liver (p less than 0.01). The bile salt secretory rate is not increased.", "contents": "Influence of phenylbutazone on bile flow in the rat. Phenylbutazone, a well-known enzyme inducer, at a dose of 80 mg . kg-1 once daily for 8 days increases liver weight and bile flow expressed per g of liver (p less than 0.01). The bile salt secretory rate is not increased.", "PMID": 658249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7790", "title": "Interaction between delta-6-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-6-THC) and lithium at the blood brain barrier in rats.", "content": "Neither the acute nor the chronic i.p. administration of delta-6-tetrahydrocannabinol affected the passage of lithium from blood to brain in normal rats.", "contents": "Interaction between delta-6-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-6-THC) and lithium at the blood brain barrier in rats. Neither the acute nor the chronic i.p. administration of delta-6-tetrahydrocannabinol affected the passage of lithium from blood to brain in normal rats.", "PMID": 658250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7791", "title": "Inhibition of the efflux of organic ions from renal cortical slices.", "content": "Cyanine 863 inhibited the efflux of tetraethylammonium ion from slices of rat or rabbit renal cortex while the efflux of p-aminohippuric acid was unaffected. Dinitrophenol increased the efflux rate of both the cation and anion. Cyanine also decreased the dinitrophenol-enhanced efflux of tetraethylammonium (TEA).", "contents": "Inhibition of the efflux of organic ions from renal cortical slices. Cyanine 863 inhibited the efflux of tetraethylammonium ion from slices of rat or rabbit renal cortex while the efflux of p-aminohippuric acid was unaffected. Dinitrophenol increased the efflux rate of both the cation and anion. Cyanine also decreased the dinitrophenol-enhanced efflux of tetraethylammonium (TEA).", "PMID": 658251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7792", "title": "Are anticholinergic effects responsible for the heterogeneous quinidine-induced modifications of heart muscle refractoriness?", "content": "Vagal tone is responsible for the heterogeneous reactivity of atrial and ventricular contractile tissues to quinidine. Acetylcholine may make atrial cells more sensitive to the effects of quinidine.", "contents": "Are anticholinergic effects responsible for the heterogeneous quinidine-induced modifications of heart muscle refractoriness? Vagal tone is responsible for the heterogeneous reactivity of atrial and ventricular contractile tissues to quinidine. Acetylcholine may make atrial cells more sensitive to the effects of quinidine.", "PMID": 658252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7793", "title": "The inhibitory effects of a dermal extract upon granulation tissue.", "content": "Injection of a water-soluble dermal extract into adult rats resulted in depression of DNA synthesis in granulation tissue at 3 different sites of injury, but not in epithelium. This suggests that connective tissue proliferation may be controlled in part by a chalone-like mechanism.", "contents": "The inhibitory effects of a dermal extract upon granulation tissue. Injection of a water-soluble dermal extract into adult rats resulted in depression of DNA synthesis in granulation tissue at 3 different sites of injury, but not in epithelium. This suggests that connective tissue proliferation may be controlled in part by a chalone-like mechanism.", "PMID": 658254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7794", "title": "Inhibition of reserpine-induced PGO waves in the cat by ergot derivatives.", "content": "The number of reserpine-induced PGO waves in the cat is decreased by administration of ergot derivatives. The inhibition is dose-dependent and the various ergot derivatives show differing potencies. The action of the ergot derivatives may result from stimulation of central serotonin receptors. In addition, possible involvement of dopaminergic systems is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of reserpine-induced PGO waves in the cat by ergot derivatives. The number of reserpine-induced PGO waves in the cat is decreased by administration of ergot derivatives. The inhibition is dose-dependent and the various ergot derivatives show differing potencies. The action of the ergot derivatives may result from stimulation of central serotonin receptors. In addition, possible involvement of dopaminergic systems is discussed.", "PMID": 658255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7795", "title": "Cytostatic activity of organic compounds and their average quasi-valence number.", "content": "It is found that the average quasi-valence numbers of alkylating cytostatics lie in the region of potential carcinogens, while the average quasi-valence numbers of antimetabolites predominantly cover the region of noncarcinogens. Implications of this finding on the design of new drugs are discussed.", "contents": "Cytostatic activity of organic compounds and their average quasi-valence number. It is found that the average quasi-valence numbers of alkylating cytostatics lie in the region of potential carcinogens, while the average quasi-valence numbers of antimetabolites predominantly cover the region of noncarcinogens. Implications of this finding on the design of new drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 658256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7796", "title": "Effect of variations in temperature on antimuscarinic activity in guinea-pig atria.", "content": "The characteristics of the antimuscarinic activity of homatropine, gallamine and stercuronium in guinea-pig atria remained constant over the temperature range 22--37 degrees C in that a linear Arunlakshana-Schild plot was obtained with homatropine and nonlinear plots occurred with gallamine or stercuronium. A trend towards higher dose-ratios with reduction in temperature was only significant for gallamine.", "contents": "Effect of variations in temperature on antimuscarinic activity in guinea-pig atria. The characteristics of the antimuscarinic activity of homatropine, gallamine and stercuronium in guinea-pig atria remained constant over the temperature range 22--37 degrees C in that a linear Arunlakshana-Schild plot was obtained with homatropine and nonlinear plots occurred with gallamine or stercuronium. A trend towards higher dose-ratios with reduction in temperature was only significant for gallamine.", "PMID": 658257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7797", "title": "Gastric cancer in rats after chronic intraperitoneal application of sap of green parts of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.).", "content": "Chronic i.p. application of the sap of green potato plants (potato-tops) induced carcinomas of the stomach in 4 out of 12 treated rats.", "contents": "Gastric cancer in rats after chronic intraperitoneal application of sap of green parts of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Chronic i.p. application of the sap of green potato plants (potato-tops) induced carcinomas of the stomach in 4 out of 12 treated rats.", "PMID": 658258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7798", "title": "Are intermediate filaments of vertebrate smooth muscle cells and tonofilaments of epithelial cells identical cell structures?", "content": "In epithelial and smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder of the frog, a class of filaments exists which is partly disintegrated by glycerol treatment and very resistant to potassium solutions of high ionic strength.", "contents": "Are intermediate filaments of vertebrate smooth muscle cells and tonofilaments of epithelial cells identical cell structures? In epithelial and smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder of the frog, a class of filaments exists which is partly disintegrated by glycerol treatment and very resistant to potassium solutions of high ionic strength.", "PMID": 658259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7799", "title": "Involutive morphological modifications in the rat adrenal glomerular zone after a low-sodium diet.", "content": "We have studied glomerular zone involution in the rat's adrenal gland after a period of hyperfunction brought about by a low-sodium diet. The changes observed in this zone effect those organoids that are more directly involved in steroid genesis; mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and liposomes. The Golgi complexes appear very developed, often, showing, a positive acid phosphatase activity. Lysosomes suffered a considerable increase in their number, and carried out their digestive function on liposomes. All those changes discussed here are seen as an accomodation of this zone to the new normofunctional situation.", "contents": "Involutive morphological modifications in the rat adrenal glomerular zone after a low-sodium diet. We have studied glomerular zone involution in the rat's adrenal gland after a period of hyperfunction brought about by a low-sodium diet. The changes observed in this zone effect those organoids that are more directly involved in steroid genesis; mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and liposomes. The Golgi complexes appear very developed, often, showing, a positive acid phosphatase activity. Lysosomes suffered a considerable increase in their number, and carried out their digestive function on liposomes. All those changes discussed here are seen as an accomodation of this zone to the new normofunctional situation.", "PMID": 658260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7800", "title": "Types of nerve terminals in fetal and neonatal rabbit myocardium.", "content": "With the use of electron microscopy 4 types of axonal profiles were observed in the developing myocardium of rabbits: 1) adrenergic axons which contained mainly small dense-core vesicles and which presumably can store 5-hydroxy-dopamine; 2) cholinergic axons which contained small clear synaptic vesicles and which were acetylcholinesterase-positive; 3) axons which contained large vesicles filled with moderately electron-dense material and which resembled purinergic axons; and 4) profiles filled with mitochondria, vesicles of various sizes, lysosome-like bodies, and microtubules and which resembled sensory terminals.", "contents": "Types of nerve terminals in fetal and neonatal rabbit myocardium. With the use of electron microscopy 4 types of axonal profiles were observed in the developing myocardium of rabbits: 1) adrenergic axons which contained mainly small dense-core vesicles and which presumably can store 5-hydroxy-dopamine; 2) cholinergic axons which contained small clear synaptic vesicles and which were acetylcholinesterase-positive; 3) axons which contained large vesicles filled with moderately electron-dense material and which resembled purinergic axons; and 4) profiles filled with mitochondria, vesicles of various sizes, lysosome-like bodies, and microtubules and which resembled sensory terminals.", "PMID": 658261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7801", "title": "Presence of oncornavirus-like particles in the P388 murine leukemic cell line.", "content": "A culture of P388 murine lymphoblastoid cells has been shown to contain type C oncornavirus-like particles budding at the plasma membrane. Occasionally intracytoplasmic type A and immature type B particles were also observed by electron microscope techniques. The discovery of oncornavirus-like particles in the P388 cell line increases the utility of this neoplastic system for detecting potential antineoplastic agents.", "contents": "Presence of oncornavirus-like particles in the P388 murine leukemic cell line. A culture of P388 murine lymphoblastoid cells has been shown to contain type C oncornavirus-like particles budding at the plasma membrane. Occasionally intracytoplasmic type A and immature type B particles were also observed by electron microscope techniques. The discovery of oncornavirus-like particles in the P388 cell line increases the utility of this neoplastic system for detecting potential antineoplastic agents.", "PMID": 658262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7802", "title": "Fluorescence microscopical study of 5-hydroxytryptamine storage organelles in mepacrine-incubated blood platelets of beige mice (Chediak-Higashi syndrome).", "content": "The number and fluorescence intensity of fluorescent granules (5-HT storage organelles) of mepacrine-incubated blood platelets of beige mice (Chediak-Higashi syndrome) are decreased compared to those of control mice platelets. This indicates both quantitative and qualitative changes of the 5-HT organelles, namely a reduced number and a reduced storage capacity, respectively.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopical study of 5-hydroxytryptamine storage organelles in mepacrine-incubated blood platelets of beige mice (Chediak-Higashi syndrome). The number and fluorescence intensity of fluorescent granules (5-HT storage organelles) of mepacrine-incubated blood platelets of beige mice (Chediak-Higashi syndrome) are decreased compared to those of control mice platelets. This indicates both quantitative and qualitative changes of the 5-HT organelles, namely a reduced number and a reduced storage capacity, respectively.", "PMID": 658263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7803", "title": "Cortisol-induced migration of eosinophil leukocytes to lymphoid organs.", "content": "Cortisol induces a migration of eosinophil leukocytes from the blood to several lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus, but not to other tissues. This migration explains the cortisol-induced blood eosinopenia, which is much more pronounced in intact than in splenectomized animals.", "contents": "Cortisol-induced migration of eosinophil leukocytes to lymphoid organs. Cortisol induces a migration of eosinophil leukocytes from the blood to several lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus, but not to other tissues. This migration explains the cortisol-induced blood eosinopenia, which is much more pronounced in intact than in splenectomized animals.", "PMID": 658264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7804", "title": "HLA BW54 and B5 in Japanese diabetics with juvenile-onset and insulin-dependency (with special reference to the family history).", "content": "The frequency of HLA BW54 and B5 in Japanese patients with JOD is increased and decreased, respectively. In JOD patients without a family history of MOD, the frequency of BW54 is significantly increased, whereas in JOD patients with a positive family history the frequency was not increased in a statistically significant manner.", "contents": "HLA BW54 and B5 in Japanese diabetics with juvenile-onset and insulin-dependency (with special reference to the family history). The frequency of HLA BW54 and B5 in Japanese patients with JOD is increased and decreased, respectively. In JOD patients without a family history of MOD, the frequency of BW54 is significantly increased, whereas in JOD patients with a positive family history the frequency was not increased in a statistically significant manner.", "PMID": 658266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7805", "title": "Effects of oestrogen and progesterone on rat pineal N-acetyl transferase activity and melatonin production.", "content": "We have extended previous studies on pineal beta-receptors to include effects of oestradiol or PMSG treatment in the immature female rat. Neither manipulation has any effect on norepinephrine-induced N-acetyl transferase (NAT) activity in vitro. In the adult ovariectomised rat oestrogen/progesterone priming exerts a small sensitising effect to beta-stimulation with isoproterenol. Progesterone alone, in vitro, inhibits the release of melatonin from pineals of adult ovariectomised rats.", "contents": "Effects of oestrogen and progesterone on rat pineal N-acetyl transferase activity and melatonin production. We have extended previous studies on pineal beta-receptors to include effects of oestradiol or PMSG treatment in the immature female rat. Neither manipulation has any effect on norepinephrine-induced N-acetyl transferase (NAT) activity in vitro. In the adult ovariectomised rat oestrogen/progesterone priming exerts a small sensitising effect to beta-stimulation with isoproterenol. Progesterone alone, in vitro, inhibits the release of melatonin from pineals of adult ovariectomised rats.", "PMID": 658265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7806", "title": "An improved method for estimating the activity of a mouse with the photoswitch.", "content": "A new method for estimating the activity of a mouse by means of the photoswitch is contrived. This device can follow the activity with high fidelity and notable sensitivity, as compared with the conventional method.", "contents": "An improved method for estimating the activity of a mouse with the photoswitch. A new method for estimating the activity of a mouse by means of the photoswitch is contrived. This device can follow the activity with high fidelity and notable sensitivity, as compared with the conventional method.", "PMID": 658267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7807", "title": "Infusion at constant rate in vivo.", "content": "Infusion can be maintained at a constant rate over an extended period of time in vivo by the use of an implanted diffusion chamber. Plasma 59Fe was maintained at a constant level for 10 days when infused from a s.c. implant. Injected isotope was cleared exponentially with a half-clearance time of about 8 h.", "contents": "Infusion at constant rate in vivo. Infusion can be maintained at a constant rate over an extended period of time in vivo by the use of an implanted diffusion chamber. Plasma 59Fe was maintained at a constant level for 10 days when infused from a s.c. implant. Injected isotope was cleared exponentially with a half-clearance time of about 8 h.", "PMID": 658268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7808", "title": "A simple technique for the measurement of 3H- and 14C-radioactivity per microgram DNA in fixed tissue.", "content": "A simple, rapid and versatile technique for scintillation counting of double labelled fixed tissue is described. Furthermore, DNA determination can be performed on the same tissue digest.", "contents": "A simple technique for the measurement of 3H- and 14C-radioactivity per microgram DNA in fixed tissue. A simple, rapid and versatile technique for scintillation counting of double labelled fixed tissue is described. Furthermore, DNA determination can be performed on the same tissue digest.", "PMID": 658269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7809", "title": "Cocarcinogens of the diterpene ester type from Croton flavens L. and esophageal cancer in Cura\u00e7ao.", "content": "From the roots of Croton flavens L., 3 highly irritant and tumor promoting Croton factors F1--F3 and the corresponding 3 cryptic Croton factors F'1--F'3 were isolated and characterized as novel esters of 16-hydroxy- and 4-deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol, respectively. These findings suggest that tumor promoters of the phorbol ester type, ingested through the widespread and frequent use of Croton flavens according to local habits, may be causally related to the well recognized high rate of esophageal cancer on Cura\u00e7ao.", "contents": "Cocarcinogens of the diterpene ester type from Croton flavens L. and esophageal cancer in Cura\u00e7ao. From the roots of Croton flavens L., 3 highly irritant and tumor promoting Croton factors F1--F3 and the corresponding 3 cryptic Croton factors F'1--F'3 were isolated and characterized as novel esters of 16-hydroxy- and 4-deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol, respectively. These findings suggest that tumor promoters of the phorbol ester type, ingested through the widespread and frequent use of Croton flavens according to local habits, may be causally related to the well recognized high rate of esophageal cancer on Cura\u00e7ao.", "PMID": 658270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7810", "title": "On the solvent-extraction of acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Chloroform/methanol rechromatography on Sephadex LH-20 of fractions isolated from organic solvent extracts of E. electricus electric organs exhibited alterations in elution point compared to the original chromatography. Additionally, 3H decamethonium bromide did not coelute with any of the observed fractions. It is concluded that as presently described the organic solvent isolation procedure for the cholinergic receptor exhibits undesirable characteristics.", "contents": "On the solvent-extraction of acetylcholine receptor. Chloroform/methanol rechromatography on Sephadex LH-20 of fractions isolated from organic solvent extracts of E. electricus electric organs exhibited alterations in elution point compared to the original chromatography. Additionally, 3H decamethonium bromide did not coelute with any of the observed fractions. It is concluded that as presently described the organic solvent isolation procedure for the cholinergic receptor exhibits undesirable characteristics.", "PMID": 658271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7811", "title": "Induction of epidermal cell proliferation by a tumour promoter in vitamin B6-deficient mice.", "content": "Topical application of the tumour promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate to skin caused a marked enhancement of mitotic activity both in mice maintained on a complete diet or on a vitamin B6-deficient diet.", "contents": "Induction of epidermal cell proliferation by a tumour promoter in vitamin B6-deficient mice. Topical application of the tumour promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate to skin caused a marked enhancement of mitotic activity both in mice maintained on a complete diet or on a vitamin B6-deficient diet.", "PMID": 658272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7812", "title": "Activation and specificity of alkaline phosphatase of a mineralizing collagen-rich system.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase from tibia tendon of Meleagris gallopavo L. was highly purified. The enzyme activation by different ions was measured. Mg2+ showed a high activation with a broader spectrum of phosphomonoester hydrolization. The in vivo Mg2+ concentration was an optimum for in vitro activation.", "contents": "Activation and specificity of alkaline phosphatase of a mineralizing collagen-rich system. Alkaline phosphatase from tibia tendon of Meleagris gallopavo L. was highly purified. The enzyme activation by different ions was measured. Mg2+ showed a high activation with a broader spectrum of phosphomonoester hydrolization. The in vivo Mg2+ concentration was an optimum for in vitro activation.", "PMID": 658273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7813", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans in separated tubules of the guinea-pig and rat kidney medulla.", "content": "Isolated tubules of the renal medulla of guinea-pig and rat contained glycosaminoglycans. 20--25% of the uronic acids corresponded to hyaluronic acid. In the guinea-pig, chondroitin and dermatan-sulfates accounted for at least 50% of the uronic acids, whereas, in the rat, heparan sulfates comprised 65--70% of them.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans in separated tubules of the guinea-pig and rat kidney medulla. Isolated tubules of the renal medulla of guinea-pig and rat contained glycosaminoglycans. 20--25% of the uronic acids corresponded to hyaluronic acid. In the guinea-pig, chondroitin and dermatan-sulfates accounted for at least 50% of the uronic acids, whereas, in the rat, heparan sulfates comprised 65--70% of them.", "PMID": 658274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7814", "title": "The metabolism of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR): in vivo hydroxylation of 10,11-dihydrodibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepin-11-(1OH)-one and the NIH shift.", "content": "Studies of the in vivo metabolism of 10,11-dihydrodibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepin-11-(1OH)-one (2) specifically deuteriated at C7 implicate an arene oxide intermediate during the conversion to 7-hydroxy-2 (4) as evidenced by the observation of the NIH shift.", "contents": "The metabolism of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR): in vivo hydroxylation of 10,11-dihydrodibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepin-11-(1OH)-one and the NIH shift. Studies of the in vivo metabolism of 10,11-dihydrodibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepin-11-(1OH)-one (2) specifically deuteriated at C7 implicate an arene oxide intermediate during the conversion to 7-hydroxy-2 (4) as evidenced by the observation of the NIH shift.", "PMID": 658275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7815", "title": "Time-qualified reference intervals - chronodesms.", "content": "Methods are presented for qualifying clinical reference intervals, for individuals as well as peer groups, according to circadian and other rhythms, using chronobiologically-defined single samples or time series.", "contents": "Time-qualified reference intervals - chronodesms. Methods are presented for qualifying clinical reference intervals, for individuals as well as peer groups, according to circadian and other rhythms, using chronobiologically-defined single samples or time series.", "PMID": 658276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7816", "title": "Differential scanning calorimetry of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetry was employed for studying rat liver mitochondria and extracted mitochondrial lipids. Endothermic transition in the range 15--40 degrees C was detected for the whole mitochondria and between 10--20 degrees C for the extracted lipids.", "contents": "Differential scanning calorimetry of rat liver mitochondria. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed for studying rat liver mitochondria and extracted mitochondrial lipids. Endothermic transition in the range 15--40 degrees C was detected for the whole mitochondria and between 10--20 degrees C for the extracted lipids.", "PMID": 658277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7817", "title": "The site of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol stimulated protein synthesis in the rat kidney.", "content": "Autoradiographs of the kidneys of rachitic rats dosed in vivo with 250 pmoles 25-hydroxycholecaliferol (25-OHD3) and 3H-leucine showed increased grain counts in portions of proximal renal tubules. On incubation of kidney slices the synthesis of only 1 cytosol protein was found to be stimulated by the steroid. On disc gel electrophoresis it had the characteristics of renal calcium binding protein.", "contents": "The site of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol stimulated protein synthesis in the rat kidney. Autoradiographs of the kidneys of rachitic rats dosed in vivo with 250 pmoles 25-hydroxycholecaliferol (25-OHD3) and 3H-leucine showed increased grain counts in portions of proximal renal tubules. On incubation of kidney slices the synthesis of only 1 cytosol protein was found to be stimulated by the steroid. On disc gel electrophoresis it had the characteristics of renal calcium binding protein.", "PMID": 658278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7818", "title": "Agglutination of erythrocytes using lectin-labeled spacers.", "content": "The mechanism of agglutination of human erythrocytes by lectin, studied using lectin-labeled gold granules as spacers (5--64 nm in size), was found to depend upon the size of the spacer but not upon the number and the mobility of the receptors.", "contents": "Agglutination of erythrocytes using lectin-labeled spacers. The mechanism of agglutination of human erythrocytes by lectin, studied using lectin-labeled gold granules as spacers (5--64 nm in size), was found to depend upon the size of the spacer but not upon the number and the mobility of the receptors.", "PMID": 658279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7819", "title": "Effect of albendazole on the metacestodes of Taenia saginata in calves.", "content": "Albendazole, a benzimadazole-carbamate anthelmintic, has been shown to effectively cause destruction of the metacestodes of Taenia saginata in calves.", "contents": "Effect of albendazole on the metacestodes of Taenia saginata in calves. Albendazole, a benzimadazole-carbamate anthelmintic, has been shown to effectively cause destruction of the metacestodes of Taenia saginata in calves.", "PMID": 658280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7820", "title": "The level of action of 2,4-D on transcription.", "content": "In mature cells, 2,4-D retards transcription when it is applied before 3H-uridine incorporation. But transcription is accelerated when it is applied after feeding with 3H-uridine. It has been suggested that the action of 2,4-D on transcription is only at the level of initiation.", "contents": "The level of action of 2,4-D on transcription. In mature cells, 2,4-D retards transcription when it is applied before 3H-uridine incorporation. But transcription is accelerated when it is applied after feeding with 3H-uridine. It has been suggested that the action of 2,4-D on transcription is only at the level of initiation.", "PMID": 658281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7821", "title": "Damage by ozone to the mechanical integrity of the protoplast plasmalemma.", "content": "Ozone acts on the plasmalemma as to weaken its mechanical properties. This results in the bursting of protoplasts.", "contents": "Damage by ozone to the mechanical integrity of the protoplast plasmalemma. Ozone acts on the plasmalemma as to weaken its mechanical properties. This results in the bursting of protoplasts.", "PMID": 658282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7822", "title": "Anthelmintic activity of tioxidazole (Sch 21480) against gastrointestinal roundworms.", "content": "Methyl-6-propoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (tioxidazole) has broad spectrum activity against gastrointestinal nematodes.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activity of tioxidazole (Sch 21480) against gastrointestinal roundworms. Methyl-6-propoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (tioxidazole) has broad spectrum activity against gastrointestinal nematodes.", "PMID": 658283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7823", "title": "On the residual water content of dried but viable cells.", "content": "We have examined the residual water in dried cysts of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, by gas-bombardment techniques at reduced pressures and temperatures. This treatment reduced, but did not remove all the residual water, the lower limit being about 0.0069 gH2O/g dried weight. The significance of such small amounts of water to cell hydration is assessed. The treatment did not appreciably reduce the viability of this cyst population.", "contents": "On the residual water content of dried but viable cells. We have examined the residual water in dried cysts of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, by gas-bombardment techniques at reduced pressures and temperatures. This treatment reduced, but did not remove all the residual water, the lower limit being about 0.0069 gH2O/g dried weight. The significance of such small amounts of water to cell hydration is assessed. The treatment did not appreciably reduce the viability of this cyst population.", "PMID": 658284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7824", "title": "Relationship between regeneration of cell surface glycoproteins in trypsin-treated chick embryo fibroblasts and cell adhesion to the substratum.", "content": "The ability of cells to adhere to a substratum was altered by treatment with trypsin but was restored after a 1.5-h culture. A concomitant incorporation of [3H] leucine and [14C] glucosamine in the trypsin-sensitive cell surface glycoproteins was observed and almost reached a plateau within 1.50 h following the treatment with trypsin.", "contents": "Relationship between regeneration of cell surface glycoproteins in trypsin-treated chick embryo fibroblasts and cell adhesion to the substratum. The ability of cells to adhere to a substratum was altered by treatment with trypsin but was restored after a 1.5-h culture. A concomitant incorporation of [3H] leucine and [14C] glucosamine in the trypsin-sensitive cell surface glycoproteins was observed and almost reached a plateau within 1.50 h following the treatment with trypsin.", "PMID": 658285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7825", "title": "A radioenzymatic method to measure picogram amounts of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in small samples of brain tissue.", "content": "A radioenzymatic method for simultaneous determination of dopamine and DOPAC in small brain areas is described. By using this assay, 250 pg of dopamine and 150 pg of DOPAC can be estimated. The present method has been applied to compare the effect of different psychotropic drugs on the dopamine and DOPAC levels in the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and medial basal hypothalamus.", "contents": "A radioenzymatic method to measure picogram amounts of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in small samples of brain tissue. A radioenzymatic method for simultaneous determination of dopamine and DOPAC in small brain areas is described. By using this assay, 250 pg of dopamine and 150 pg of DOPAC can be estimated. The present method has been applied to compare the effect of different psychotropic drugs on the dopamine and DOPAC levels in the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and medial basal hypothalamus.", "PMID": 658286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7826", "title": "Sex difference in polyethylenglycol-induced thirst.", "content": "The polyethylenglycol-induced thirst in male and female castrated rats has been studied. The polyethylenglycol (PG) increases the water intake more in females than in males. Estradiol benzoate and testosterone P. diminishes the amount of water drunk after PG treatment in the females, but not in the males.", "contents": "Sex difference in polyethylenglycol-induced thirst. The polyethylenglycol-induced thirst in male and female castrated rats has been studied. The polyethylenglycol (PG) increases the water intake more in females than in males. Estradiol benzoate and testosterone P. diminishes the amount of water drunk after PG treatment in the females, but not in the males.", "PMID": 658287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7827", "title": "Bayliss myogenic response in the isolated ductus arteriosus of guinea-pig and rabbit fetuses.", "content": "Isolated ductus arteriosus responds by marked constriction to increases in perfusion pressure. If, however, these increases exceed 90 mm Hg-130 mm Hg, the vessel suddenly dilates and its responsiveness becomes depressed. The importance of these findings in postnatal closure of ductus arteriosus is discussed.", "contents": "Bayliss myogenic response in the isolated ductus arteriosus of guinea-pig and rabbit fetuses. Isolated ductus arteriosus responds by marked constriction to increases in perfusion pressure. If, however, these increases exceed 90 mm Hg-130 mm Hg, the vessel suddenly dilates and its responsiveness becomes depressed. The importance of these findings in postnatal closure of ductus arteriosus is discussed.", "PMID": 658288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7828", "title": "Distribution of radioactivity after administration of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine by three different routes to the mussel Mytilus edulis.", "content": "Intracardiac injection gives proportionately higher and earlier peak concentration in tissues that specifically accumulates it, i.m. injection gives slower but longer lasting accumulations, and topical application to a ganglia essentially localizes the drug in that structure.", "contents": "Distribution of radioactivity after administration of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine by three different routes to the mussel Mytilus edulis. Intracardiac injection gives proportionately higher and earlier peak concentration in tissues that specifically accumulates it, i.m. injection gives slower but longer lasting accumulations, and topical application to a ganglia essentially localizes the drug in that structure.", "PMID": 658289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7829", "title": "Changes in cholinesterase activity of muscle after crushing the sciatic nerve of rats.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of cholinesterase (ChE) was studied in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after strong or weak nerve crushing. The ChE activities of muscle were decreased to a greater extent by strong crushing than by weak crushing. In particular, the ChE activity of the fraction containing sarcoplasmic reticulum was most greatly decreased. These results suggest that the change in the ChE activity of the microsomal fraction most finely reflects the strength of nerve crushing.", "contents": "Changes in cholinesterase activity of muscle after crushing the sciatic nerve of rats. The subcellular distribution of cholinesterase (ChE) was studied in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after strong or weak nerve crushing. The ChE activities of muscle were decreased to a greater extent by strong crushing than by weak crushing. In particular, the ChE activity of the fraction containing sarcoplasmic reticulum was most greatly decreased. These results suggest that the change in the ChE activity of the microsomal fraction most finely reflects the strength of nerve crushing.", "PMID": 658290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7830", "title": "Effects of brain monoamine depletion on thermoregulation, active avoidance, and food and water intake in rats.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA or 5,6-DHT suppressed food intake, whereas their effect on active avoidance produced a suppression with the former and an enhancement with the latter. The increased water intake was specifically associated with 5,6-DHT treatment in rats.", "contents": "Effects of brain monoamine depletion on thermoregulation, active avoidance, and food and water intake in rats. Intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA or 5,6-DHT suppressed food intake, whereas their effect on active avoidance produced a suppression with the former and an enhancement with the latter. The increased water intake was specifically associated with 5,6-DHT treatment in rats.", "PMID": 658291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7831", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase decrease in the optic lobe after unilateral eye deprivation.", "content": "Unilateral eye enucleation in a teleost and a turtle results in progressive AChE decrease in the optic lobe controlateral to the extirpated eye. The final difference reaches 15% in teleost and more than 20% in turtle. No drastic differences in localization, but a rearrangement of histochemical pattern, due to the degeneration of retinal fibres, is noticed.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase decrease in the optic lobe after unilateral eye deprivation. Unilateral eye enucleation in a teleost and a turtle results in progressive AChE decrease in the optic lobe controlateral to the extirpated eye. The final difference reaches 15% in teleost and more than 20% in turtle. No drastic differences in localization, but a rearrangement of histochemical pattern, due to the degeneration of retinal fibres, is noticed.", "PMID": 658292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7832", "title": "Specific in vivo binding of d-LSD in rat brain.", "content": "A reproducible in vivo d-LSD binding method in rat brain is described, with high affinity (Kd of 5 pmoles/g wet wt), stereospecificity (d- vs. 1-LSD) and regional selectivity. It may be a useful adjunct to in vitro methods for measuring changes in turnover at the synaptic level related to the intact receptor.", "contents": "Specific in vivo binding of d-LSD in rat brain. A reproducible in vivo d-LSD binding method in rat brain is described, with high affinity (Kd of 5 pmoles/g wet wt), stereospecificity (d- vs. 1-LSD) and regional selectivity. It may be a useful adjunct to in vitro methods for measuring changes in turnover at the synaptic level related to the intact receptor.", "PMID": 658293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7833", "title": "Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin: evidence that toxin acts at the surface of susceptible cells.", "content": "Enzymically activated delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis covalently bound to Sephadex beads, has the same effect on insect cells in tissue culture as free toxin. The effect is prevented by antitoxin antibody and heat denaturation and is not due to a nonspecific protein effect, the beads, or toxin released from the beads. The toxin, therefore, probably acts at the cell surface.", "contents": "Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin: evidence that toxin acts at the surface of susceptible cells. Enzymically activated delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis covalently bound to Sephadex beads, has the same effect on insect cells in tissue culture as free toxin. The effect is prevented by antitoxin antibody and heat denaturation and is not due to a nonspecific protein effect, the beads, or toxin released from the beads. The toxin, therefore, probably acts at the cell surface.", "PMID": 658294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7834", "title": "Irreversible depigmentation of dark mouse hair by T-2 toxin (a metabolite of Fusarium sporotrichioides) and by calcium pantothenate.", "content": "T-2 toxin, a trichothecene metabolite of several Fusarium spp. causes depigmentation of dark mouse hair at the site of its application. Calcium pantothenate, though usually considered as antigreying factor, caused depigmentation at the site of its i.p. injections, at high concentration.", "contents": "Irreversible depigmentation of dark mouse hair by T-2 toxin (a metabolite of Fusarium sporotrichioides) and by calcium pantothenate. T-2 toxin, a trichothecene metabolite of several Fusarium spp. causes depigmentation of dark mouse hair at the site of its application. Calcium pantothenate, though usually considered as antigreying factor, caused depigmentation at the site of its i.p. injections, at high concentration.", "PMID": 658295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7835", "title": "Effect of food and light schedule on bile flow in the rat.", "content": "In the rat after food intake, whether during the dark or light period, bile flow increases. Food intake seems to be a major factor in the circadian rhythm of bile secretion.", "contents": "Effect of food and light schedule on bile flow in the rat. In the rat after food intake, whether during the dark or light period, bile flow increases. Food intake seems to be a major factor in the circadian rhythm of bile secretion.", "PMID": 658296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7836", "title": "The influence of a new antitumor agent on hemopoietic colony forming cells.", "content": "The cytostatic and immunsuppressive agent N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyde hydrazone (B1) in in-vitro experiments has a stimulating effect on colony-forming culture (CFUc) of bone marrow from C57BL mice. This unusual behaviour, which is in contrast to other cytostatics, could also be observed in vitro with CFUc obtained from mice treated with therapeutic doses of B1 for 2 weeks. This stimulation is not a particular effect of B1 alone but seems to depend on a synergistic effect of the combination of B1 and the colony-stimulating activity (CSA) present in the serum from endotoxin-treated mice (MP) in the testing system. The results suggest that the described effect of B1 is due to an interference at the cell membrane of CFUc or their precursor cells.", "contents": "The influence of a new antitumor agent on hemopoietic colony forming cells. The cytostatic and immunsuppressive agent N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyde hydrazone (B1) in in-vitro experiments has a stimulating effect on colony-forming culture (CFUc) of bone marrow from C57BL mice. This unusual behaviour, which is in contrast to other cytostatics, could also be observed in vitro with CFUc obtained from mice treated with therapeutic doses of B1 for 2 weeks. This stimulation is not a particular effect of B1 alone but seems to depend on a synergistic effect of the combination of B1 and the colony-stimulating activity (CSA) present in the serum from endotoxin-treated mice (MP) in the testing system. The results suggest that the described effect of B1 is due to an interference at the cell membrane of CFUc or their precursor cells.", "PMID": 658297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7837", "title": "Reconsideration of a test for dopaminergic stimulation: inability of apomorphine to induce mouse jumping.", "content": "Apomorphine was administered parenterally to mice in an unsuccessful attempt to induce amphetamine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-like elicited jumping. The efficacy of jumping behavior as an indicator of dopaminergic overstimulation is criticized in light of the results.", "contents": "Reconsideration of a test for dopaminergic stimulation: inability of apomorphine to induce mouse jumping. Apomorphine was administered parenterally to mice in an unsuccessful attempt to induce amphetamine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-like elicited jumping. The efficacy of jumping behavior as an indicator of dopaminergic overstimulation is criticized in light of the results.", "PMID": 658298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7838", "title": "Retrograde lymphatic spread of colonic carcinoma to the liver.", "content": "Retrograde lymphatic permeation of the liver by a malignant neoplasm is an unusual phenomenon and has apparently not been reported with colonic carcinoma. This paper presents such a case: the features of the lesion are similar to those described for other primary sites.", "contents": "Retrograde lymphatic spread of colonic carcinoma to the liver. Retrograde lymphatic permeation of the liver by a malignant neoplasm is an unusual phenomenon and has apparently not been reported with colonic carcinoma. This paper presents such a case: the features of the lesion are similar to those described for other primary sites.", "PMID": 658299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7839", "title": "Interaction of cocaine and bunaphtide on the 3H-norepinephrine uptake mechanism on isolated left atrium of guinea-pig.", "content": "Bunaphtide induces a blockade in the 3H-norepinephrine uptake and retention in the isolated guinea-pig left atrium. However, this blockade does not seem to be related with the cardiodepressant effect of the drug.", "contents": "Interaction of cocaine and bunaphtide on the 3H-norepinephrine uptake mechanism on isolated left atrium of guinea-pig. Bunaphtide induces a blockade in the 3H-norepinephrine uptake and retention in the isolated guinea-pig left atrium. However, this blockade does not seem to be related with the cardiodepressant effect of the drug.", "PMID": 658300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7840", "title": "Effects of anaesthesia and chronic catheterization on circulating levels of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha in dogs.", "content": "Chronic catheterization of aorta and inferior vena cava in dogs did not significantly affect circulating levels of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha). Pentobarbital (30 mg/kg i.v.) anaesthesia produced a significant decrease in PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Effects of anaesthesia and chronic catheterization on circulating levels of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha in dogs. Chronic catheterization of aorta and inferior vena cava in dogs did not significantly affect circulating levels of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha). Pentobarbital (30 mg/kg i.v.) anaesthesia produced a significant decrease in PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 658301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7841", "title": "Lipid accumulation in mouse hepatocytes after morphine exposure.", "content": "After morphine injection lipid accumulation in mouse hepatocytes begins within 2 h and continues for 24 h when most hepatocytes are filled with lipid droplets. In spite of morphine maintenance the liver recovers as the accumulated lipids are coupled with protein and subsequently transported and released into the perisinusoidal space of Disse.", "contents": "Lipid accumulation in mouse hepatocytes after morphine exposure. After morphine injection lipid accumulation in mouse hepatocytes begins within 2 h and continues for 24 h when most hepatocytes are filled with lipid droplets. In spite of morphine maintenance the liver recovers as the accumulated lipids are coupled with protein and subsequently transported and released into the perisinusoidal space of Disse.", "PMID": 658302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7842", "title": "Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation: iron catalyzed decomposition of fatty acid hydroperoxides as the basis of hydrocarbon evolution in vivo.", "content": "Ethane and pentane are evolved during peroxidation of tissue lipids in vivo and are believed to be derived from omega3 and omega6 fatty acids respectively. We present evidence supporting a scission mechanism as the means of forming these hydrocarbons during hydroperoxide decomposition. A fatty acid omega6 hydroperoxide (methyl 13-hydroperoxy-6,9,11-octatrienoate), when incubated with a ferrous ion, yielded pentane as the major hydrocarbon (98%). Reaction with ferrous ion results in an alkoxy capable of undergoing scission to an aldehydic fatty acid and a hydrocarbon.", "contents": "Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation: iron catalyzed decomposition of fatty acid hydroperoxides as the basis of hydrocarbon evolution in vivo. Ethane and pentane are evolved during peroxidation of tissue lipids in vivo and are believed to be derived from omega3 and omega6 fatty acids respectively. We present evidence supporting a scission mechanism as the means of forming these hydrocarbons during hydroperoxide decomposition. A fatty acid omega6 hydroperoxide (methyl 13-hydroperoxy-6,9,11-octatrienoate), when incubated with a ferrous ion, yielded pentane as the major hydrocarbon (98%). Reaction with ferrous ion results in an alkoxy capable of undergoing scission to an aldehydic fatty acid and a hydrocarbon.", "PMID": 658303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7843", "title": "Genetic basis of susceptibility for development of neoplasms following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or x-rays in the platyfish/swordtail system.", "content": "Specific genotypes of the xiphophorine fish develop neoplasms following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or X-rays. Several of these neoplasms can be related to the presence of specific chromosomes. The implication of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic basis of susceptibility for development of neoplasms following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or x-rays in the platyfish/swordtail system. Specific genotypes of the xiphophorine fish develop neoplasms following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or X-rays. Several of these neoplasms can be related to the presence of specific chromosomes. The implication of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 658304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7844", "title": "Effect of vagotomy upon the neurohistochemical and ultrastructural integrity of the integrity of the inbuilt intrinsic nervous apparatus of the choledocho-duodenal junction.", "content": "The neurons of the choledocho-duodenal junction of the cat were shown to be neurohistochemically and morphologically independent of their extrinsic vagal connections. The effect of vagotomies upon the intrinsic nerve nets was also quite negligible.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy upon the neurohistochemical and ultrastructural integrity of the integrity of the inbuilt intrinsic nervous apparatus of the choledocho-duodenal junction. The neurons of the choledocho-duodenal junction of the cat were shown to be neurohistochemically and morphologically independent of their extrinsic vagal connections. The effect of vagotomies upon the intrinsic nerve nets was also quite negligible.", "PMID": 658305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7845", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on skin tumorigenesis.", "content": "Concomitant administration of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2alpha (PGF2alpha) with a carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to mice for 2 months markedly enhanced the occurrence of squamous cell carcinomas. Only epidermal cell hyperplasia occurred in mice treated with MCA alone by that time. Radioactivity measurements and electron microscopic autoradiography revealed that prostaglandins stimulate DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in neoplastic cells. These findings indicate that PGE2 and PGF2alpha can act as cocarcinogens on skin tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on skin tumorigenesis. Concomitant administration of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2alpha (PGF2alpha) with a carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to mice for 2 months markedly enhanced the occurrence of squamous cell carcinomas. Only epidermal cell hyperplasia occurred in mice treated with MCA alone by that time. Radioactivity measurements and electron microscopic autoradiography revealed that prostaglandins stimulate DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in neoplastic cells. These findings indicate that PGE2 and PGF2alpha can act as cocarcinogens on skin tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 658306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7846", "title": "Vesicular inclusions in the nuclei of epithelial cells of Malpighian tubes of the hemipteran, Panstrongylus megistus.", "content": "Vesicular inclusions observed in Malpighian tubes of hemipterans have been associated with a virus-like infection rather than a lysosomal-type activity, which is the case of the identical cytoplasmic structures.", "contents": "Vesicular inclusions in the nuclei of epithelial cells of Malpighian tubes of the hemipteran, Panstrongylus megistus. Vesicular inclusions observed in Malpighian tubes of hemipterans have been associated with a virus-like infection rather than a lysosomal-type activity, which is the case of the identical cytoplasmic structures.", "PMID": 658307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7847", "title": "Long-term depression of two primary immune responses induced by a single dose of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC).", "content": "2 primary immune responses (anti-SRBC antibody response and allograft rejection) have been tested in mice at various time intervals after single doses of either DTIC or cyclophosphamide. The DTIC-induced immunodepression proved to be extremely long-lasting, being still detectable after 2 months.", "contents": "Long-term depression of two primary immune responses induced by a single dose of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC). 2 primary immune responses (anti-SRBC antibody response and allograft rejection) have been tested in mice at various time intervals after single doses of either DTIC or cyclophosphamide. The DTIC-induced immunodepression proved to be extremely long-lasting, being still detectable after 2 months.", "PMID": 658308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7848", "title": "Inhibition of glycolysis by L-sorbose in dog erythrocytes.", "content": "We have demonstrated previously that in vitro L-sorbose acts directly on dog erythrocytes to induce hemolysis. Here we report that L-sorbose depresses lactate formation in dog hemolysates from glucose, mannose and fructose but not from glucose-6-phosphate and galactose, suggesting that L-sorbose interacts with glycolysis at the level of the hexokinase.", "contents": "Inhibition of glycolysis by L-sorbose in dog erythrocytes. We have demonstrated previously that in vitro L-sorbose acts directly on dog erythrocytes to induce hemolysis. Here we report that L-sorbose depresses lactate formation in dog hemolysates from glucose, mannose and fructose but not from glucose-6-phosphate and galactose, suggesting that L-sorbose interacts with glycolysis at the level of the hexokinase.", "PMID": 658309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7849", "title": "A new antisickling agent: in vitro studies of its effect on S/S erythrocytes and on hemoglobin S.", "content": "2-(benzoylamino) pyridinium benzoate (BAPB) has exhibited an antisickling effect with homozygous S/S erythrocytes in vitro. This study suggests that BAPB prevents sickling by inhibiting the gelation of hemoglobin S.", "contents": "A new antisickling agent: in vitro studies of its effect on S/S erythrocytes and on hemoglobin S. 2-(benzoylamino) pyridinium benzoate (BAPB) has exhibited an antisickling effect with homozygous S/S erythrocytes in vitro. This study suggests that BAPB prevents sickling by inhibiting the gelation of hemoglobin S.", "PMID": 658310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7850", "title": "The acidic glycosaminoglycans in gasric mucosa of athyroid rats: The effects of L-tri-iododthyronine.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid is increased about 12%, whereas dermatan sulfate is decreased about 34%, in gastric mucosa of athyroid rats when compared with controls. Administration of 2 doses of L-tri-iodothyronine reversed the effects of thyroidectomy.", "contents": "The acidic glycosaminoglycans in gasric mucosa of athyroid rats: The effects of L-tri-iododthyronine. Hyaluronic acid is increased about 12%, whereas dermatan sulfate is decreased about 34%, in gastric mucosa of athyroid rats when compared with controls. Administration of 2 doses of L-tri-iodothyronine reversed the effects of thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 658311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7851", "title": "Plasma motilin levels in duodenal ulcer and effect of a truncal vagotomy and hypoglycaemia.", "content": "The identical response of plasma motilin levels, in duodenal ulcer patients and healthy controls, to a test meal and insulin induced hypoglycaemia, fail to demonstrate any significant abnormalities in motilin release. The close correlation between blood glucose and motilin suggest a possible role of this new hormone in carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Plasma motilin levels in duodenal ulcer and effect of a truncal vagotomy and hypoglycaemia. The identical response of plasma motilin levels, in duodenal ulcer patients and healthy controls, to a test meal and insulin induced hypoglycaemia, fail to demonstrate any significant abnormalities in motilin release. The close correlation between blood glucose and motilin suggest a possible role of this new hormone in carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 658312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7852", "title": "The effect of methallibure (I.C.I. 33,828) on the steriodogenesis in the ovary and testis of a fresh water teleost, Cyprinus carpio.", "content": "Methallibure treatment of mature Cyprinus carpio causes a marked reduction in the steroidogenesis, as indicated by the fall in 3beta-HSD activity in the gonads. Significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of methallibure (I.C.I. 33,828) on the steriodogenesis in the ovary and testis of a fresh water teleost, Cyprinus carpio. Methallibure treatment of mature Cyprinus carpio causes a marked reduction in the steroidogenesis, as indicated by the fall in 3beta-HSD activity in the gonads. Significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 658313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7853", "title": "The effects of microinjection of carbachol or hemicholinium into the amygdala on the levels of plasma and adrenal corticosterone in rats.", "content": "Microinjections of 0.4 microgram of carbachol into the amygdala caused a rise of corticosterone (CS) in the morning when the prestimulating level of CS was lower. But the same procedure with a larger dose had no effect in the afternoon, when the prestimulating level of CS was higher.", "contents": "The effects of microinjection of carbachol or hemicholinium into the amygdala on the levels of plasma and adrenal corticosterone in rats. Microinjections of 0.4 microgram of carbachol into the amygdala caused a rise of corticosterone (CS) in the morning when the prestimulating level of CS was lower. But the same procedure with a larger dose had no effect in the afternoon, when the prestimulating level of CS was higher.", "PMID": 658314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7854", "title": "A convenient thin layer chromatographic method for the detection of cyclochlorotine and simatoxin, toxins from Penicillium islandicum Sopp.", "content": "A rapid, convenient TLC method is described for detection of cyclochlorotine, a carcinogen produced by the commonly found storage mold Penicillium islandicum Sopp. This method has also led to the isolation of a new toxic metabolite, simatoxin.", "contents": "A convenient thin layer chromatographic method for the detection of cyclochlorotine and simatoxin, toxins from Penicillium islandicum Sopp. A rapid, convenient TLC method is described for detection of cyclochlorotine, a carcinogen produced by the commonly found storage mold Penicillium islandicum Sopp. This method has also led to the isolation of a new toxic metabolite, simatoxin.", "PMID": 658315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7855", "title": "Neuromuscular junction blocking agents: an initial screening bioassay.", "content": "A simple, rapid and sensitive in vivo bioassay for the initial screening of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) blocking agents has been accomplished. The i.v. retro-orbital plexus (IVROP) mode of injection was utilized, for the first time, in conjunction with the mouse inclined screen bioassay.", "contents": "Neuromuscular junction blocking agents: an initial screening bioassay. A simple, rapid and sensitive in vivo bioassay for the initial screening of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) blocking agents has been accomplished. The i.v. retro-orbital plexus (IVROP) mode of injection was utilized, for the first time, in conjunction with the mouse inclined screen bioassay.", "PMID": 658316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7856", "title": "Contraceptive patterns and premarital pregnancy among women aged 15--19 in 1976.", "content": "About 780,000 teenagers experience a premarital pregnancy each year. If they weren't using contraception, an additional 680,000 would become pregnant--a total of 1,460,000. However, if all who did not want a baby were practicing contraception consistently, we could reduce the number of pregnancies by at least 313,000. Only 467,000 would become pregnant, and half of these pregnancies would be wanted.", "contents": "Contraceptive patterns and premarital pregnancy among women aged 15--19 in 1976. About 780,000 teenagers experience a premarital pregnancy each year. If they weren't using contraception, an additional 680,000 would become pregnant--a total of 1,460,000. However, if all who did not want a baby were practicing contraception consistently, we could reduce the number of pregnancies by at least 313,000. Only 467,000 would become pregnant, and half of these pregnancies would be wanted.", "PMID": 658317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7857", "title": "The hundred million dollar misunderstanding.", "content": "An Alan Guttmacher Institute survey finds that a total of $215 million was spent on family planning clinic programs in 1976--$155 million from DHEW. DHEW estimates that it spent about $249 million. But the DHEW estimate includes funds for sterilizations, abortions, social work, information and private physician services.", "contents": "The hundred million dollar misunderstanding. An Alan Guttmacher Institute survey finds that a total of $215 million was spent on family planning clinic programs in 1976--$155 million from DHEW. DHEW estimates that it spent about $249 million. But the DHEW estimate includes funds for sterilizations, abortions, social work, information and private physician services.", "PMID": 658318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7858", "title": "Abortion: subjective attitudes and feelings.", "content": "The decision to terminate a pregnancy is neither casual nor easy. Most women see abortion as a difficult but necessary alternative to an unintended birth. Their ambivalence is no reason to counsel against the abortion. Most resolve their problems soon after the procedure. Lack of support by partners can be a major source of distress.", "contents": "Abortion: subjective attitudes and feelings. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is neither casual nor easy. Most women see abortion as a difficult but necessary alternative to an unintended birth. Their ambivalence is no reason to counsel against the abortion. Most resolve their problems soon after the procedure. Lack of support by partners can be a major source of distress.", "PMID": 658319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7859", "title": "The unmet need for birth control in five Asian countries.", "content": "The unmet need for family planning services is remarkably constant across all five countries because of the interaction of fertility intentions and fertility control: as more women use contraception, more of them want fewer children.", "contents": "The unmet need for birth control in five Asian countries. The unmet need for family planning services is remarkably constant across all five countries because of the interaction of fertility intentions and fertility control: as more women use contraception, more of them want fewer children.", "PMID": 658326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7860", "title": "Unwanted and mistimed births in the United States: 1968--1973.", "content": "Unwanted U.S. marital fertility was down to just nine percent by 1973. The largest proportion of unwanted births was reported by poor black women--23 percent--but this group registered the steepest decline in unwanted childbearing of all the poverty-status and racial groups studied.", "contents": "Unwanted and mistimed births in the United States: 1968--1973. Unwanted U.S. marital fertility was down to just nine percent by 1973. The largest proportion of unwanted births was reported by poor black women--23 percent--but this group registered the steepest decline in unwanted childbearing of all the poverty-status and racial groups studied.", "PMID": 658325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7861", "title": "[Cerebral cortical neuron tolerance to the repeated administration of diazepam].", "content": "The depressive action of intravenously injected diazepam on the spontaneous electric activity of the sensomotor cortex neurons was studied in acute tests on rabbits. After introduction of 1 mg/kg of the drug an acute tolerance of a repeat introduction of it in the same dose developing 40--60 min following the first injection was observed. Earlier after the first injection (up to 20--40 min) the tolerance was lacking. It is suggested that the tolerance of a repeat introduction of diazepam is due to a concurrent blocking of the nervous tissue receptors sensitive to diazepam by the products of its (diazepam) metabolism.", "contents": "[Cerebral cortical neuron tolerance to the repeated administration of diazepam]. The depressive action of intravenously injected diazepam on the spontaneous electric activity of the sensomotor cortex neurons was studied in acute tests on rabbits. After introduction of 1 mg/kg of the drug an acute tolerance of a repeat introduction of it in the same dose developing 40--60 min following the first injection was observed. Earlier after the first injection (up to 20--40 min) the tolerance was lacking. It is suggested that the tolerance of a repeat introduction of diazepam is due to a concurrent blocking of the nervous tissue receptors sensitive to diazepam by the products of its (diazepam) metabolism.", "PMID": 658355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7862", "title": "[Mechanism of action of lithium salts on the ethanol predilection by rats].", "content": "Lithium chloride with its intraperitoneal administration to rats in a dose of 35 mg/kg, twice a day for 14 days, is shown to suppress predelection for ethanol formed by a 2-month consumption of its 5% solution. This effect of the lithium salt correlates with normalization of the activity displayed by central biorhythms regulators--neurosecretory hypothalamus, nuclei, earlier disorganized by ethanol. A possible relation between the ability of the lithium salts to normalize the central regulation of the biorhythms and their high therapeutic effectiveness in dealing with affective disturbances with a periodic course is discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of lithium salts on the ethanol predilection by rats]. Lithium chloride with its intraperitoneal administration to rats in a dose of 35 mg/kg, twice a day for 14 days, is shown to suppress predelection for ethanol formed by a 2-month consumption of its 5% solution. This effect of the lithium salt correlates with normalization of the activity displayed by central biorhythms regulators--neurosecretory hypothalamus, nuclei, earlier disorganized by ethanol. A possible relation between the ability of the lithium salts to normalize the central regulation of the biorhythms and their high therapeutic effectiveness in dealing with affective disturbances with a periodic course is discussed.", "PMID": 658356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7863", "title": "[Effect of ether anesthesia on pentosephosphate cycle dehydrogenase activity in different parts of the brain].", "content": "Investigations carried out on 19 dogs demonstrated that under ether anesthesia and with the anesthetic concentration in the arterial blood of 126.4 +/- 15.4 mg% the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in the optic and auditory areas of the brain cortex as well as in the median thalamus experiences no significant changes.", "contents": "[Effect of ether anesthesia on pentosephosphate cycle dehydrogenase activity in different parts of the brain]. Investigations carried out on 19 dogs demonstrated that under ether anesthesia and with the anesthetic concentration in the arterial blood of 126.4 +/- 15.4 mg% the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in the optic and auditory areas of the brain cortex as well as in the median thalamus experiences no significant changes.", "PMID": 658357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7864", "title": "[Effect of iprazid on serotonin inactivation by lung tissue].", "content": "Tests on isolated perfused lungs of albino rats were conducted to study the effect of iprazide (5.10(4) M) on inactivation of serotonin (5-OT) by the pulmonary tissue. Iprazide does not noticeably inhibit the inactivation of 5-OT, but it greatly reduces the activity of pulmonary monoaminoxidase, the consequence of which is accumulation of appreciable amount of 5-OT in the lungs. The 5-OT protected against destruction amasses in the cytoplasm and is not bound with cellular organoids.", "contents": "[Effect of iprazid on serotonin inactivation by lung tissue]. Tests on isolated perfused lungs of albino rats were conducted to study the effect of iprazide (5.10(4) M) on inactivation of serotonin (5-OT) by the pulmonary tissue. Iprazide does not noticeably inhibit the inactivation of 5-OT, but it greatly reduces the activity of pulmonary monoaminoxidase, the consequence of which is accumulation of appreciable amount of 5-OT in the lungs. The 5-OT protected against destruction amasses in the cytoplasm and is not bound with cellular organoids.", "PMID": 658359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7865", "title": "[Membrane-ionic mechanism of the depressing action of adrenaline on giant neurons].", "content": "The depressing action of epinephrine on the giant neurons is due to a progressively increasing passive potassium conductivity of the membrane, hyperpolarization and derangement of its generating properties. The triggering factor in the mechanism of the developing epinephrine hyperpolarization is an epinephrine induced increment of passive potassium conduction of the neuronal membrane.", "contents": "[Membrane-ionic mechanism of the depressing action of adrenaline on giant neurons]. The depressing action of epinephrine on the giant neurons is due to a progressively increasing passive potassium conductivity of the membrane, hyperpolarization and derangement of its generating properties. The triggering factor in the mechanism of the developing epinephrine hyperpolarization is an epinephrine induced increment of passive potassium conduction of the neuronal membrane.", "PMID": 658358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7866", "title": "[Selective action on hypophyseal gonadotropic function of a new compound from the group of aromatic series sulfur derivatives].", "content": "Chronic experiments set up on rats showed the new original drug izm-931, a sulphoderivative of the aromatic series with a rigid molecular structure, to produce, depending upon its dose and reactivity of the hypothalamus-hypophysogonads, regulation system both stimulating and inhibiting gonadotropic effect. At the same time the drug produces neither peripheral nor estrogenic and antiestogenic action on the uterus and vaginal epithelium. The drug resembles but has a number of advantages over and differences with an earlier synthetized by the authors drug sigetin, whose pharmacological properties are close to the one under consideration. The synthesis and study of compounds of this kind are aimed at the search for new effective medicinal agents with an elective type of action on the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis which are of interest for the obstetric and gynecological practice. The present investigation is a new step towards solving this urgent problem of pharmacology in dealing with neuroendocrine regulation of the reproductive function.", "contents": "[Selective action on hypophyseal gonadotropic function of a new compound from the group of aromatic series sulfur derivatives]. Chronic experiments set up on rats showed the new original drug izm-931, a sulphoderivative of the aromatic series with a rigid molecular structure, to produce, depending upon its dose and reactivity of the hypothalamus-hypophysogonads, regulation system both stimulating and inhibiting gonadotropic effect. At the same time the drug produces neither peripheral nor estrogenic and antiestogenic action on the uterus and vaginal epithelium. The drug resembles but has a number of advantages over and differences with an earlier synthetized by the authors drug sigetin, whose pharmacological properties are close to the one under consideration. The synthesis and study of compounds of this kind are aimed at the search for new effective medicinal agents with an elective type of action on the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis which are of interest for the obstetric and gynecological practice. The present investigation is a new step towards solving this urgent problem of pharmacology in dealing with neuroendocrine regulation of the reproductive function.", "PMID": 658361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7867", "title": "[Thrombolytic action of a heparin-ocrase complex].", "content": "The thrombolytic action of the complex heparin-ocrase on the experimentally formed fresh thrombi obtained through intravenous introduction of thrombin into an isolated length of the jugular vein was compared against the effect produced on the thrombi by equivalent amounts of individual components of the complex, i.e. heparin and ocrase. Investigations revealed a lysis of experimental fresh thrombi after intravenous injections of the complex heparin-ocrase and this lysis supervened quicker than following the action of equivalent amounts of ocrase. Heparin used in a dose equivalent to its content in the complex did, as this has been presumed, exercise no thrombolytic action at all.", "contents": "[Thrombolytic action of a heparin-ocrase complex]. The thrombolytic action of the complex heparin-ocrase on the experimentally formed fresh thrombi obtained through intravenous introduction of thrombin into an isolated length of the jugular vein was compared against the effect produced on the thrombi by equivalent amounts of individual components of the complex, i.e. heparin and ocrase. Investigations revealed a lysis of experimental fresh thrombi after intravenous injections of the complex heparin-ocrase and this lysis supervened quicker than following the action of equivalent amounts of ocrase. Heparin used in a dose equivalent to its content in the complex did, as this has been presumed, exercise no thrombolytic action at all.", "PMID": 658360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7868", "title": "[Effect of theophylline and isoprenaline on N-acetylation activity in the rat liver].", "content": "The activity of N-acetyltransferase is shown to significantly rise after administration of theophylline and isoprenaline, but not of propranolol and N-acetylderivate of para-aminosalicylic acid to form during 30 minutes at a constant rate that increases following addition of cyclic AMP to the incubation medium. The capacity of the rat to acetylate paraaminosalicylic acid did not change under the effect of the mentioned agents.", "contents": "[Effect of theophylline and isoprenaline on N-acetylation activity in the rat liver]. The activity of N-acetyltransferase is shown to significantly rise after administration of theophylline and isoprenaline, but not of propranolol and N-acetylderivate of para-aminosalicylic acid to form during 30 minutes at a constant rate that increases following addition of cyclic AMP to the incubation medium. The capacity of the rat to acetylate paraaminosalicylic acid did not change under the effect of the mentioned agents.", "PMID": 658363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7869", "title": "[Protective action of vitamins and amino acids against the cytotoxic effect of phosphamide and Acrex].", "content": "Tests on a culture of embryonal fibroblast cells furnished preliminary data on a possible use of vitamins C, PP, folic acid and methionine in preventing the toxic effects of phosphamide and acrex. An appreciable lowering of the degeneration factor in cultivated cells produced by the cytotoxic action of phosphamide was noted in the presence of vitamin C, methionine, folic acid, choline hydrochloride and vitamin PP and of that exerted by acrex-by adding into the incubation medium of vitamins B1, B2, C, PP, folic acid or methionine. It is advisable that these substances be subjected to a continued investigation in animals with a view of elaborating practical recommendations for their utilization in preventing toxic effects of pesticides on the human organism.", "contents": "[Protective action of vitamins and amino acids against the cytotoxic effect of phosphamide and Acrex]. Tests on a culture of embryonal fibroblast cells furnished preliminary data on a possible use of vitamins C, PP, folic acid and methionine in preventing the toxic effects of phosphamide and acrex. An appreciable lowering of the degeneration factor in cultivated cells produced by the cytotoxic action of phosphamide was noted in the presence of vitamin C, methionine, folic acid, choline hydrochloride and vitamin PP and of that exerted by acrex-by adding into the incubation medium of vitamins B1, B2, C, PP, folic acid or methionine. It is advisable that these substances be subjected to a continued investigation in animals with a view of elaborating practical recommendations for their utilization in preventing toxic effects of pesticides on the human organism.", "PMID": 658362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7870", "title": "[Dioxidine in experimental pyocyanic pyelonephritis in rats].", "content": "A model of obturation hematogenous pyelonephritis was reproduced in rats by infecting them with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the model subject to study was chemotherapeutic activity of dioxidine (50--100 mg/kg per day) as compared to gentamycin (5 mg/kg per day). The drugs were administered intramuscularly for 7 days, starting 24 hours after inoculation of the animals. The action of both dioxidine and gentamycin on lethality, bacteriura, the mass of the kidneys and macroscopic changes in them was approximately the same, but dioxidine extered a greater influence on the seeding rate of the causative agent coming from the kidneys. Both drugs fail to bring about complete recovery of the animals.", "contents": "[Dioxidine in experimental pyocyanic pyelonephritis in rats]. A model of obturation hematogenous pyelonephritis was reproduced in rats by infecting them with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the model subject to study was chemotherapeutic activity of dioxidine (50--100 mg/kg per day) as compared to gentamycin (5 mg/kg per day). The drugs were administered intramuscularly for 7 days, starting 24 hours after inoculation of the animals. The action of both dioxidine and gentamycin on lethality, bacteriura, the mass of the kidneys and macroscopic changes in them was approximately the same, but dioxidine extered a greater influence on the seeding rate of the causative agent coming from the kidneys. Both drugs fail to bring about complete recovery of the animals.", "PMID": 658366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7871", "title": "[Experimental data on the toxic action of hydrazine sulfate on the body and on a tumor].", "content": "Toxic action of hydrozine sulfate in rats and mice along with its influence on the mitotic activity of Walker carcino-sarcoma cells were studied. Single injections of the agent in high doses resulted in destruction of the animals during the first 2 days with no \"delayed death\" observed. Multiple injections caused a considerable loss of body weight. When given in toxic doses the agent did not influence hemopoiesis, but did affect sensitivity, drastically increasing the toxic action of ethanol or barbiturates. Administration of hydrazine sulfate in therapeutic doses decreased markedly the mitotic activity and increased the appearance of atypical mitotic cells.", "contents": "[Experimental data on the toxic action of hydrazine sulfate on the body and on a tumor]. Toxic action of hydrozine sulfate in rats and mice along with its influence on the mitotic activity of Walker carcino-sarcoma cells were studied. Single injections of the agent in high doses resulted in destruction of the animals during the first 2 days with no \"delayed death\" observed. Multiple injections caused a considerable loss of body weight. When given in toxic doses the agent did not influence hemopoiesis, but did affect sensitivity, drastically increasing the toxic action of ethanol or barbiturates. Administration of hydrazine sulfate in therapeutic doses decreased markedly the mitotic activity and increased the appearance of atypical mitotic cells.", "PMID": 658367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7872", "title": "[Effect of phenobarbital on sulfanilamide acetylation].", "content": "By using the \"turned inside out bag\" technique and brough tests with homogenates it was found that sulfanilamide is susceptible to acetylation in a larger measure than sulfocarbamide and sulfacylum natrium. In tests with isolated lengths of the small intestine phenobarbital (in doses of 25 mg/kg for 5 days) weakened acetylation of sulfanilamide and sulfocarbamide and did not change acetylation of sulfacylum natrium. Acetylation of all these three sulfanilamides in homogenates of the liver, blood and the small intestine mucosa did not change under the effect of phenobarbital.", "contents": "[Effect of phenobarbital on sulfanilamide acetylation]. By using the \"turned inside out bag\" technique and brough tests with homogenates it was found that sulfanilamide is susceptible to acetylation in a larger measure than sulfocarbamide and sulfacylum natrium. In tests with isolated lengths of the small intestine phenobarbital (in doses of 25 mg/kg for 5 days) weakened acetylation of sulfanilamide and sulfocarbamide and did not change acetylation of sulfacylum natrium. Acetylation of all these three sulfanilamides in homogenates of the liver, blood and the small intestine mucosa did not change under the effect of phenobarbital.", "PMID": 658368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7873", "title": "[Diuretic activity of benzimidazole urea derivatives].", "content": "The chemical structure of benzimidazol urea derivatives and physico-chemical properties of these compounds conditioned by it play a significant role in the manifestation of the emictory effect. Among the study substances a number of compounds displaying a marked, but short-lived diuretic action have been educed. In the manifestation of emictory properties in benzimidazol urea derivatives of importance is the character of the side chain and its ramification and also an even number of carbon atoms in the acyl radical.", "contents": "[Diuretic activity of benzimidazole urea derivatives]. The chemical structure of benzimidazol urea derivatives and physico-chemical properties of these compounds conditioned by it play a significant role in the manifestation of the emictory effect. Among the study substances a number of compounds displaying a marked, but short-lived diuretic action have been educed. In the manifestation of emictory properties in benzimidazol urea derivatives of importance is the character of the side chain and its ramification and also an even number of carbon atoms in the acyl radical.", "PMID": 658365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7874", "title": "[Effect of aggregation inhibitors on thrombocyte enzymatic activity].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits proved that amidopyrin, sulphatizonicotinoilamine-guanidine, chlorpromazine, triphthazine, euphylline and tedamine inhibit aggregation of thrombocytes and unidirectionally have an effect on the carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in these cells, both in vitro and in vivo following their single and coursewise introduction. They also activate the lactate- and glyceraldehide-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and reduce the activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Effect of aggregation inhibitors on thrombocyte enzymatic activity]. Experiments on rabbits proved that amidopyrin, sulphatizonicotinoilamine-guanidine, chlorpromazine, triphthazine, euphylline and tedamine inhibit aggregation of thrombocytes and unidirectionally have an effect on the carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in these cells, both in vitro and in vivo following their single and coursewise introduction. They also activate the lactate- and glyceraldehide-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and reduce the activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 658372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7875", "title": "[Effect of morphine and fentanyl on evoked potentials in the brain under various conditions of dental pulp stimulation].", "content": "The effect of morphine and phentanyl on the potentials in the cortex of the large hemispheres, thalamus and midbrain developing with different modes of the dental pulp stimulation was studied in cats. Morphine (1--2.5 mg/kg) and phentanyl (0.05--0.1 mg/kg) above all bring down the potentials amplitude in associative and nonspecific structures with rhythmic stimulation and eliminate post-activation relief. With the morphine donse rising to 2.5--10 mg/kg and that of phentanyl--to 0.1--0.2 mg/kg the responses in mono-and bipolar, sub- and supramaximal and paired stimulation become weaker. With these types of stimulation the potentials amplitude decreases roughly in the same measure. The evoked responses in specific afferent pathways experience less marked changes than do potentials in the associative and nonspecific structures.", "contents": "[Effect of morphine and fentanyl on evoked potentials in the brain under various conditions of dental pulp stimulation]. The effect of morphine and phentanyl on the potentials in the cortex of the large hemispheres, thalamus and midbrain developing with different modes of the dental pulp stimulation was studied in cats. Morphine (1--2.5 mg/kg) and phentanyl (0.05--0.1 mg/kg) above all bring down the potentials amplitude in associative and nonspecific structures with rhythmic stimulation and eliminate post-activation relief. With the morphine donse rising to 2.5--10 mg/kg and that of phentanyl--to 0.1--0.2 mg/kg the responses in mono-and bipolar, sub- and supramaximal and paired stimulation become weaker. With these types of stimulation the potentials amplitude decreases roughly in the same measure. The evoked responses in specific afferent pathways experience less marked changes than do potentials in the associative and nonspecific structures.", "PMID": 658371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7876", "title": "[Experimental study of azathioprine in nephrotoxic nephritis in rats].", "content": "In tests conducted with 165 mongrel sexually mature and immature rats it is shown that azathioprine used in nephrotoxic nephritic improves the general condition, reduces the edema of subcutaneous cellular tissues, as well as the intensity of proteinuria and helps retaining its selective type, lessens the degree of hypo- and dpsproteinemia and, especially, of hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia; in the kidneys the pathomorphological changes characteristic of nephritis become less marked. Azathioprine does not influence the process of acido-and ammoniogeness in the tubuloar system of the nephron, nor does it modify diuresis. The effect of azathioprine is most spectacular in the acive phase of developing nephritis. In rattlings with nephritis theaction af azathioprine in regard to a number of factors (proteins, beta-lipoproteids, gamma-globulins of the blood) is somewhat stronger than in the sexually mature rats.", "contents": "[Experimental study of azathioprine in nephrotoxic nephritis in rats]. In tests conducted with 165 mongrel sexually mature and immature rats it is shown that azathioprine used in nephrotoxic nephritic improves the general condition, reduces the edema of subcutaneous cellular tissues, as well as the intensity of proteinuria and helps retaining its selective type, lessens the degree of hypo- and dpsproteinemia and, especially, of hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia; in the kidneys the pathomorphological changes characteristic of nephritis become less marked. Azathioprine does not influence the process of acido-and ammoniogeness in the tubuloar system of the nephron, nor does it modify diuresis. The effect of azathioprine is most spectacular in the acive phase of developing nephritis. In rattlings with nephritis theaction af azathioprine in regard to a number of factors (proteins, beta-lipoproteids, gamma-globulins of the blood) is somewhat stronger than in the sexually mature rats.", "PMID": 658369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7877", "title": "[Nature of the sensitizing influence of urea on the effects of catecholamines].", "content": "Tests conducted on aortic strips of rabbits, portal veins and musculus rectococcygeus in rats showed the urea to nonspecifically increase the effects of norepinephrine at the expense of a greater calcium permeability of membranes and, possibly, also at the expense of a higher sensitivity of the myosin adenosine-triphosphatase to the action of calcium ions without affecting the function of adrenoreceptors.", "contents": "[Nature of the sensitizing influence of urea on the effects of catecholamines]. Tests conducted on aortic strips of rabbits, portal veins and musculus rectococcygeus in rats showed the urea to nonspecifically increase the effects of norepinephrine at the expense of a greater calcium permeability of membranes and, possibly, also at the expense of a higher sensitivity of the myosin adenosine-triphosphatase to the action of calcium ions without affecting the function of adrenoreceptors.", "PMID": 658374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7878", "title": "[Effect of fentolamin on carbohydrate-phosphorus metabolic indices of the rat myocardium in the early periods of body growth].", "content": "The effect of alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1 mg/kg) on the ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphorus, glycogen in the heart muscle of rats of different age (7,30 and 3 1/2 month old) was investigated. It is shown that the nature of changes in the studied factors testifies to a greater sensitivity of the myocardium to the alpha-adrenergic block at early stages of the post-natal ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Effect of fentolamin on carbohydrate-phosphorus metabolic indices of the rat myocardium in the early periods of body growth]. The effect of alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1 mg/kg) on the ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphorus, glycogen in the heart muscle of rats of different age (7,30 and 3 1/2 month old) was investigated. It is shown that the nature of changes in the studied factors testifies to a greater sensitivity of the myocardium to the alpha-adrenergic block at early stages of the post-natal ontogenesis.", "PMID": 658376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7879", "title": "[Effect adrenaline and ephedrine against a background of aminazine on systemic, cerebral and extracerebral hemodynamics].", "content": "Experiments with anesthetized cats demonstrated chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) to pervert the vasopressor action of adrenaline (5 mkg/kg) and ephedrine (2 mg/kg) on the systemic arterial pressure, cerebral and extracerebral tonicity of the vessels. The authors believe that with chlorpromazine pretreatment the adrenomimetics produce a selective stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors, this accounting for the observed depressor effect.", "contents": "[Effect adrenaline and ephedrine against a background of aminazine on systemic, cerebral and extracerebral hemodynamics]. Experiments with anesthetized cats demonstrated chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) to pervert the vasopressor action of adrenaline (5 mkg/kg) and ephedrine (2 mg/kg) on the systemic arterial pressure, cerebral and extracerebral tonicity of the vessels. The authors believe that with chlorpromazine pretreatment the adrenomimetics produce a selective stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors, this accounting for the observed depressor effect.", "PMID": 658375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7880", "title": "[Effect of lithium chloride on the excitability of the subcortical structures of the rabbit brain].", "content": "Lithium chloride microinjections in doses of 100 mkg/mkl into the brain structures of rabbits produce a depressive effect on the subcortical formations. The drug brings down the excitability of the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, mesencephalic reticular formations, thalamus and hypothalamus, raising the excitability of the amygdalae.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium chloride on the excitability of the subcortical structures of the rabbit brain]. Lithium chloride microinjections in doses of 100 mkg/mkl into the brain structures of rabbits produce a depressive effect on the subcortical formations. The drug brings down the excitability of the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, mesencephalic reticular formations, thalamus and hypothalamus, raising the excitability of the amygdalae.", "PMID": 658370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7881", "title": "[Effect of cordarone on blood circulation under general anesthesia and in free behavior].", "content": "Experimental data on the effect of cordarone (10 mg/kg) upon blood circulation in animals under general anesthesia and in free behavior are presented. It was established that under general anesthesia cordarone induced in animals hypotension (16 +/- 2%), bradycardia (19 +/- 1.82%), heart contractility inhibition (29 +/- 6.10%). In animals under conditions of free behavior cordarone causes hypertension (9 +/- 3.1%), tachycardia (11 +/- 1.3%) and potentiates cardiac contractility. Practolole, a selective beta1-adrenoblocking agent, potentiates the effect of cordarone on the myocardium and also obliterates the difference between the effects of the drug in animals under general anesthesia and in free behavior. These data point to the drug exerting a direct inhibitory effect on the myocardium. It is suggested that the difference in the effects of cordarone in animals under general anesthesia and in conditions of free behavior is due to a lesser degree of activation produced by the drug in anesthetized animals.", "contents": "[Effect of cordarone on blood circulation under general anesthesia and in free behavior]. Experimental data on the effect of cordarone (10 mg/kg) upon blood circulation in animals under general anesthesia and in free behavior are presented. It was established that under general anesthesia cordarone induced in animals hypotension (16 +/- 2%), bradycardia (19 +/- 1.82%), heart contractility inhibition (29 +/- 6.10%). In animals under conditions of free behavior cordarone causes hypertension (9 +/- 3.1%), tachycardia (11 +/- 1.3%) and potentiates cardiac contractility. Practolole, a selective beta1-adrenoblocking agent, potentiates the effect of cordarone on the myocardium and also obliterates the difference between the effects of the drug in animals under general anesthesia and in free behavior. These data point to the drug exerting a direct inhibitory effect on the myocardium. It is suggested that the difference in the effects of cordarone in animals under general anesthesia and in conditions of free behavior is due to a lesser degree of activation produced by the drug in anesthetized animals.", "PMID": 658377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7882", "title": "[Mechanism of action of Novocain administered intravenously to animals].", "content": "Tests conducted with 48 dogs and 100 rabbits demonstrated that intravenous administration of novocain has a well-marked positive influence in extreme conditions, such as massive blood losses and traumatic shocks. It is shown that in the mechanism of the drug's action particularly important is its capability to increase the cardiac performance, to eliminate spasms of resistive vessels and to contract the blood-carrying vessels of the microcirculatory stream. The final effect, however, is in a great measure dependent upon the initial functional state of the organism (the period of hemorrhagic or traumatic shock) and an early introduction of the drug.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of Novocain administered intravenously to animals]. Tests conducted with 48 dogs and 100 rabbits demonstrated that intravenous administration of novocain has a well-marked positive influence in extreme conditions, such as massive blood losses and traumatic shocks. It is shown that in the mechanism of the drug's action particularly important is its capability to increase the cardiac performance, to eliminate spasms of resistive vessels and to contract the blood-carrying vessels of the microcirculatory stream. The final effect, however, is in a great measure dependent upon the initial functional state of the organism (the period of hemorrhagic or traumatic shock) and an early introduction of the drug.", "PMID": 658373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7883", "title": "[Action of barbituric acid derivatives on the physiocochemical properties of DNA].", "content": "The action of barbituric acid derivatives--phenobarbital, sodium ethaminal and sodium amytal--on the physico-chemical properties of mucleic acids was studied. It is shown that as compared to sodium ethaminal and sodium amytal phenobarbital exerts a more potent action on the secondary and tertiary structure of native DNA molecules.", "contents": "[Action of barbituric acid derivatives on the physiocochemical properties of DNA]. The action of barbituric acid derivatives--phenobarbital, sodium ethaminal and sodium amytal--on the physico-chemical properties of mucleic acids was studied. It is shown that as compared to sodium ethaminal and sodium amytal phenobarbital exerts a more potent action on the secondary and tertiary structure of native DNA molecules.", "PMID": 658378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7884", "title": "[Alkyl derivatives of imidazole dicarboxylic acid diamides as inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain].", "content": "The effect of alkyl derivatives of imidasol-dicarboxylic acids diamides was investigated in vitro on the liver mitochondria of rats with tese derivatives being added into a cuvette for measuring in millimolar concentrations their action on the function of mitochondria, viz- the electron transport in the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The study substances were found to inhibit the chain of the electrons transport to the mitochondria on the level of the NADN-dehydrogenase. The inhibitory activity rises in the series: norantipheine, antipheine, allylnorantipheine, propylnorantipheine, ethephil and ethimizol. Besides, ethephil is an inhibitor that blocks the transport of electrons between cytochromes \"b\" and \"c\".", "contents": "[Alkyl derivatives of imidazole dicarboxylic acid diamides as inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain]. The effect of alkyl derivatives of imidasol-dicarboxylic acids diamides was investigated in vitro on the liver mitochondria of rats with tese derivatives being added into a cuvette for measuring in millimolar concentrations their action on the function of mitochondria, viz- the electron transport in the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The study substances were found to inhibit the chain of the electrons transport to the mitochondria on the level of the NADN-dehydrogenase. The inhibitory activity rises in the series: norantipheine, antipheine, allylnorantipheine, propylnorantipheine, ethephil and ethimizol. Besides, ethephil is an inhibitor that blocks the transport of electrons between cytochromes \"b\" and \"c\".", "PMID": 658379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7885", "title": "[Effect of pharmacological agents on the membrane hydrolysis of saccharose].", "content": "Membranous hydrolysis of saccharose (membranous digestion) and synthesis of invertase in the intestinal epithelial cells of rats and mice following introduction of pharmacological agents were studied. Ethyl alcohol, luminal and atropine lowered both the invertased activity in the area of membranous digestion and the synthesis of the enzyime. Hexonium and pilocarpine also lowered the level of membranous hydrolysis, but not the formation of enzymes. Epinephrine and octadine, on the contrary, enhanced the intensity of both these processes. The disclosed pharmacological effects are considered in the light of features specific for the structural organization of enzymes in the area of membranous digestion.", "contents": "[Effect of pharmacological agents on the membrane hydrolysis of saccharose]. Membranous hydrolysis of saccharose (membranous digestion) and synthesis of invertase in the intestinal epithelial cells of rats and mice following introduction of pharmacological agents were studied. Ethyl alcohol, luminal and atropine lowered both the invertased activity in the area of membranous digestion and the synthesis of the enzyime. Hexonium and pilocarpine also lowered the level of membranous hydrolysis, but not the formation of enzymes. Epinephrine and octadine, on the contrary, enhanced the intensity of both these processes. The disclosed pharmacological effects are considered in the light of features specific for the structural organization of enzymes in the area of membranous digestion.", "PMID": 658382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7886", "title": "[Effect of thyrocalcitonin on mineral metabolism in experimental osteoporosis].", "content": "By the method of radioactive indication of ashed specimens of the femur, tibia, jaw bones and molars on a model of experimental osteoporosis in rats it is shown that the degree of mineralization of calcified tissues increases under the effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT). The hypermineralization of jaw bones and, especially, of molars was attended by a lower 45Ca inclusion in these tissues. The structure of the adrenal cortex, kidneys, pancreas and thyroid returned back to normal under the effect of TCT and with carbohydrate rich nutrition, this occurring against the background of a high 45Ca concentration in these organs.", "contents": "[Effect of thyrocalcitonin on mineral metabolism in experimental osteoporosis]. By the method of radioactive indication of ashed specimens of the femur, tibia, jaw bones and molars on a model of experimental osteoporosis in rats it is shown that the degree of mineralization of calcified tissues increases under the effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT). The hypermineralization of jaw bones and, especially, of molars was attended by a lower 45Ca inclusion in these tissues. The structure of the adrenal cortex, kidneys, pancreas and thyroid returned back to normal under the effect of TCT and with carbohydrate rich nutrition, this occurring against the background of a high 45Ca concentration in these organs.", "PMID": 658384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7887", "title": "[Effect of dihydroergotamine, reserpine and anapriline on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of norsulfazole in rats].", "content": "In in vivo experiments with rats anapriline (1 mg/kg) greatly reduced the level of gastrically introduced norsulfazol (200 mg/kg) in the blood, liver, kidneys, stomach, small and large intestine both in healthy rats as well as in those with experimental gastritis provoked by acetylsalicylic acid twice introduced into the stomach. Under the influence of anapriline the acetylization of norsulfazol in the liver would become 4.7 times less intensive. Dihydroergotamin (10 mg/kg) did not influence the absorption, distribution and acetylization of norsulfazol. Reserpine (10 mg/kg) brought down the amount of free norsulfazol in the gastro-intestinal tract and reduced the quantity of acetylized norsulfazol in the blood, stomach, small and large intestines. The acetylization changes in the kidneys were not significant. In the springtime the intensity of the norsulfazol acetylization increases by more than twice. The described results bear witness to the participation of beta-adrenoreceptors in the transport and metabolism of norsulfazol.", "contents": "[Effect of dihydroergotamine, reserpine and anapriline on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of norsulfazole in rats]. In in vivo experiments with rats anapriline (1 mg/kg) greatly reduced the level of gastrically introduced norsulfazol (200 mg/kg) in the blood, liver, kidneys, stomach, small and large intestine both in healthy rats as well as in those with experimental gastritis provoked by acetylsalicylic acid twice introduced into the stomach. Under the influence of anapriline the acetylization of norsulfazol in the liver would become 4.7 times less intensive. Dihydroergotamin (10 mg/kg) did not influence the absorption, distribution and acetylization of norsulfazol. Reserpine (10 mg/kg) brought down the amount of free norsulfazol in the gastro-intestinal tract and reduced the quantity of acetylized norsulfazol in the blood, stomach, small and large intestines. The acetylization changes in the kidneys were not significant. In the springtime the intensity of the norsulfazol acetylization increases by more than twice. The described results bear witness to the participation of beta-adrenoreceptors in the transport and metabolism of norsulfazol.", "PMID": 658380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7888", "title": "[Anabolic action of flavonoids].", "content": "Flavonoids robinin and hyperin lengthen the average survival time of albino mice subjected to bilateral nephrectomy when introduced to the animals intraperitoneally in different doses. The effect of the study substances is inferior to that of dianabol with EU20 of robinin amounting to 82 mg/kg, of hyperin--88 mg/kg and that of dianabol--4.2 mg/kg. The methioned agents and also flavonoid lespedine enlarge the body mass and that of the musculus levator ani in growing castrated rats, when introduced by the intra peritoneal route in a dose of 100 mg/kg. Flavonoid robinin produces the greatest anabolic effect in tests set up both on mice and rats. The data obtained allow the spectrum of the biological action of flavonoids to be extended to some of their positive influence on the catabolic-anabolic processes.", "contents": "[Anabolic action of flavonoids]. Flavonoids robinin and hyperin lengthen the average survival time of albino mice subjected to bilateral nephrectomy when introduced to the animals intraperitoneally in different doses. The effect of the study substances is inferior to that of dianabol with EU20 of robinin amounting to 82 mg/kg, of hyperin--88 mg/kg and that of dianabol--4.2 mg/kg. The methioned agents and also flavonoid lespedine enlarge the body mass and that of the musculus levator ani in growing castrated rats, when introduced by the intra peritoneal route in a dose of 100 mg/kg. Flavonoid robinin produces the greatest anabolic effect in tests set up both on mice and rats. The data obtained allow the spectrum of the biological action of flavonoids to be extended to some of their positive influence on the catabolic-anabolic processes.", "PMID": 658381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7889", "title": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of acetylcysteine in acute dichloroethane poisoning].", "content": "With its multiple administration acetylcysteine is shown to display a marked curative effect in acute poisoning of animals (rats, mice, rabbits) with ethylene dichloride. It increases the survival of animals and largely prevents disorders in hemopoiesis and in the blood coagulation system, minimizing toxic lesions of the liver and kidneys.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of acetylcysteine in acute dichloroethane poisoning]. With its multiple administration acetylcysteine is shown to display a marked curative effect in acute poisoning of animals (rats, mice, rabbits) with ethylene dichloride. It increases the survival of animals and largely prevents disorders in hemopoiesis and in the blood coagulation system, minimizing toxic lesions of the liver and kidneys.", "PMID": 658387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7890", "title": "[Effect of x-ray contrast substances on the metabolism of xenobiotics and steroid hormones by rat liver microsomes].", "content": "Uro- and cholecystographic contrast media are shown to be capable of changing the rate of oxidative hydroxylation of amidopyrine and steroid hormones. The degree and duration of the diminishing rate of the xenobiotics and steroids metabolism are determined by concentrations of the X-ray contrast media in hepatic cells and the rate of their clearance.", "contents": "[Effect of x-ray contrast substances on the metabolism of xenobiotics and steroid hormones by rat liver microsomes]. Uro- and cholecystographic contrast media are shown to be capable of changing the rate of oxidative hydroxylation of amidopyrine and steroid hormones. The degree and duration of the diminishing rate of the xenobiotics and steroids metabolism are determined by concentrations of the X-ray contrast media in hepatic cells and the rate of their clearance.", "PMID": 658383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7891", "title": "[Cysteine activity in the poisoning of animals by various aliphatic series halogenated hydrocarbons].", "content": "In poisoning animals with various aliphatic series haloid-hydrocarbons (LK99 and LD99) free cysteine was found to be a group antidote in rats poisoned with monohaloid-hydrocarbons. It was established that the therapeutic activity of cystein depends not on the nature of haloid and double bonds, but on the number of the haloid atoms in a molecule, the length, ramification and nature of the radical. A good durative action are shown by such cystein derivatives as acetyl-cysteine, glutathione and cystein salts. In poisoning with haloid-alkyls dithiol antidotes (unithiol, mecaptide, BAL) and other drugs proved ineffective.", "contents": "[Cysteine activity in the poisoning of animals by various aliphatic series halogenated hydrocarbons]. In poisoning animals with various aliphatic series haloid-hydrocarbons (LK99 and LD99) free cysteine was found to be a group antidote in rats poisoned with monohaloid-hydrocarbons. It was established that the therapeutic activity of cystein depends not on the nature of haloid and double bonds, but on the number of the haloid atoms in a molecule, the length, ramification and nature of the radical. A good durative action are shown by such cystein derivatives as acetyl-cysteine, glutathione and cystein salts. In poisoning with haloid-alkyls dithiol antidotes (unithiol, mecaptide, BAL) and other drugs proved ineffective.", "PMID": 658385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7892", "title": "[Toxicological properties of a cephedrine preparation].", "content": "The antidepressant drug cephedrine experimentally displays a little acute and chronic toxicity, does not influence the development of allergic reaction in guinea pigs, changes but little the ECG and does not possess teratogenic and embryotoxic properties. When used in a subtoxic dose it is capable of causing dystrophic changes in individual neurons in the cortex and subcortical formations of the central nervous system, to delay the growth of fetuses, especially when administered during the second half of gestation.", "contents": "[Toxicological properties of a cephedrine preparation]. The antidepressant drug cephedrine experimentally displays a little acute and chronic toxicity, does not influence the development of allergic reaction in guinea pigs, changes but little the ECG and does not possess teratogenic and embryotoxic properties. When used in a subtoxic dose it is capable of causing dystrophic changes in individual neurons in the cortex and subcortical formations of the central nervous system, to delay the growth of fetuses, especially when administered during the second half of gestation.", "PMID": 658386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7893", "title": "The intramural role of the NIH as a biomedical research institute.", "content": "An investigation of the NIH role as a biomedical research institute is reported, based on counts of articles, notes, and reviews in 1,000 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index from 1973 to 1975. Investigators at the NIH produce more biomedical research papers per year than any other group in the U.S., accounting for approximately 3.4% of all U.S. biomedical research papers. The NIH papers show a strong emphasis at research Level 3, clinical investigation, which is the most basic and scientific level of research focused directly on disease in man. On a clincial-to-basic science continuum the NIH emphasis on clinical laboratory research represents a position that is midway between the more clinical research being performed at medical schools and the more basic research being performed in graduate departments of universities. The papers of the NIH intramural scientists appear in highly influential journals. In the mid 1970's, the rate of NIH intramural publication is particularly high in the subfields of biomedicine that are most closely related to research on cancer.", "contents": "The intramural role of the NIH as a biomedical research institute. An investigation of the NIH role as a biomedical research institute is reported, based on counts of articles, notes, and reviews in 1,000 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index from 1973 to 1975. Investigators at the NIH produce more biomedical research papers per year than any other group in the U.S., accounting for approximately 3.4% of all U.S. biomedical research papers. The NIH papers show a strong emphasis at research Level 3, clinical investigation, which is the most basic and scientific level of research focused directly on disease in man. On a clincial-to-basic science continuum the NIH emphasis on clinical laboratory research represents a position that is midway between the more clinical research being performed at medical schools and the more basic research being performed in graduate departments of universities. The papers of the NIH intramural scientists appear in highly influential journals. In the mid 1970's, the rate of NIH intramural publication is particularly high in the subfields of biomedicine that are most closely related to research on cancer.", "PMID": 658451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7894", "title": "Slow repetitive activity from fast conductance changes in neurons.", "content": "Membrane properties of molluscan neural somata and crustacean axons have been studied by voltage clamp analysis. These neurons generate rhythmic discharge in response to constant current stimulation, and in certain of the molluscan neurons the discharge is spontaneous. Atransiently activated potassium conductance is prominent in both of these types of neurons. Computer simulations have been run in which this transient conductance system was incorporated into modified versions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Repetitive discharge is generated that is very similar to the response of the preparation from which the simulation parameters were derived. Rhythmic, spontaneous discharge is generated on slight modification of the conductance parameters.", "contents": "Slow repetitive activity from fast conductance changes in neurons. Membrane properties of molluscan neural somata and crustacean axons have been studied by voltage clamp analysis. These neurons generate rhythmic discharge in response to constant current stimulation, and in certain of the molluscan neurons the discharge is spontaneous. Atransiently activated potassium conductance is prominent in both of these types of neurons. Computer simulations have been run in which this transient conductance system was incorporated into modified versions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Repetitive discharge is generated that is very similar to the response of the preparation from which the simulation parameters were derived. Rhythmic, spontaneous discharge is generated on slight modification of the conductance parameters.", "PMID": 658453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7895", "title": "Possible mechanisms underlying bursting pacemaker discharges in invertebrate neurons.", "content": "Certain invertebrate neurons generate endogenous bursts of action potentials due to an underlying slow membrane potential oscillation. An early hypothesis for the oscillations proposed a high resting sodium conductance that led to the depolarizing phase, followed by activation of an electrogenic sodium pump coupled to chloride ions, leading to the hyperpolarizing phase. Recent findings contradict this hypothesis. Current thought implicates two conductances in the generation of the oscillations. The depolarizing phase is due to an increase in a sodium or a calcium conductance; the hyperpolarizing phase is due to a subsequent increase in a potassium conductance, which may be either voltage dependent or triggered by an influx of calcium ions. The observation of a negative slope conductance region in the membrane I-V characteristic supports this hypothesis. Bursting cells also usually exhibit anomalous rectification, i.e., a decrease in slope conductance with depolarization, in the I-V characteristic. This decrease may result from a decrease in an outward current or an increase in an inward current. The more important bursting membrane characteristics have been incorporated into an electronic analog. The analog confirms the appropriateness of the two-conductance hypothesis. It also suggests that potassium ion accumulation outside the cell membrane may enhance bursting activity.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms underlying bursting pacemaker discharges in invertebrate neurons. Certain invertebrate neurons generate endogenous bursts of action potentials due to an underlying slow membrane potential oscillation. An early hypothesis for the oscillations proposed a high resting sodium conductance that led to the depolarizing phase, followed by activation of an electrogenic sodium pump coupled to chloride ions, leading to the hyperpolarizing phase. Recent findings contradict this hypothesis. Current thought implicates two conductances in the generation of the oscillations. The depolarizing phase is due to an increase in a sodium or a calcium conductance; the hyperpolarizing phase is due to a subsequent increase in a potassium conductance, which may be either voltage dependent or triggered by an influx of calcium ions. The observation of a negative slope conductance region in the membrane I-V characteristic supports this hypothesis. Bursting cells also usually exhibit anomalous rectification, i.e., a decrease in slope conductance with depolarization, in the I-V characteristic. This decrease may result from a decrease in an outward current or an increase in an inward current. The more important bursting membrane characteristics have been incorporated into an electronic analog. The analog confirms the appropriateness of the two-conductance hypothesis. It also suggests that potassium ion accumulation outside the cell membrane may enhance bursting activity.", "PMID": 658454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7896", "title": "Comparative studies of firefly pacemakers.", "content": "Rhythmic flashing behavior of synchronous flashing fireflies from Malaysia and New Guinea was studied. The \"circa second\" firefly pacemaker has characteristics analogous to circadian rhythms, such as entrainment, phase shifting, limits of entrainment, fringe entrainment, and effects of the light:dark ratio on phase. The three species studied show different phase-response curves; a light pulse causes a large phase shift in one firefly species (Pteroptyx cribellata) but small phase shifts in others (Pteroptyx malaccae and Luciola pupilla). Comparative studies of the phase angle differences between the animal's flash and the flash of a controlled light source suggest at least two different mechanisms of attaining synchrony: 1) by cycle-to-cycle phase shifting of a stable oscillator; 2) by changing the underlying period (tau) of a variable oscillator.", "contents": "Comparative studies of firefly pacemakers. Rhythmic flashing behavior of synchronous flashing fireflies from Malaysia and New Guinea was studied. The \"circa second\" firefly pacemaker has characteristics analogous to circadian rhythms, such as entrainment, phase shifting, limits of entrainment, fringe entrainment, and effects of the light:dark ratio on phase. The three species studied show different phase-response curves; a light pulse causes a large phase shift in one firefly species (Pteroptyx cribellata) but small phase shifts in others (Pteroptyx malaccae and Luciola pupilla). Comparative studies of the phase angle differences between the animal's flash and the flash of a controlled light source suggest at least two different mechanisms of attaining synchrony: 1) by cycle-to-cycle phase shifting of a stable oscillator; 2) by changing the underlying period (tau) of a variable oscillator.", "PMID": 658456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7897", "title": "Nociceptive responses of neurons in the posterior group of nuclei and medial thalamus.", "content": "Anatomical studies have shown that fibers of the spinothalamic tract terminate in both the posterior group of nuclei (PO) and the nuclei of the medial thalamus. Only the PO receives fiber terminations from the spinocervicothalamic and dorsal column-medial lemniscal projections. This difference in connectively is reflected in the functional differences between the neurons in the PO and those in the medial thalamus. Although both PO and medial thalamus contain a large proportion of nociceptive neurons, only the PO contains neurons that have \"lemniscal\" response properties. Lesion studies have demonstrated the importance of the spinothalamic tract in mediating A and C fiber input to nociceptive neurons in the PO and medial thalamus. These studies showed that the nociceptive neurons in PO also receive A fiber input from the dorsal column-medial lemniscal projection and A and C fiber input from the spinocervicothalamic projection.", "contents": "Nociceptive responses of neurons in the posterior group of nuclei and medial thalamus. Anatomical studies have shown that fibers of the spinothalamic tract terminate in both the posterior group of nuclei (PO) and the nuclei of the medial thalamus. Only the PO receives fiber terminations from the spinocervicothalamic and dorsal column-medial lemniscal projections. This difference in connectively is reflected in the functional differences between the neurons in the PO and those in the medial thalamus. Although both PO and medial thalamus contain a large proportion of nociceptive neurons, only the PO contains neurons that have \"lemniscal\" response properties. Lesion studies have demonstrated the importance of the spinothalamic tract in mediating A and C fiber input to nociceptive neurons in the PO and medial thalamus. These studies showed that the nociceptive neurons in PO also receive A fiber input from the dorsal column-medial lemniscal projection and A and C fiber input from the spinocervicothalamic projection.", "PMID": 658463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7898", "title": "Integration of sensory input in laminae I, II and III of the cat's spinal cord.", "content": "There is a growing body of evidence supporting the concept of pain as a specific sense. There are afferent fibers from the skin that respond only to noxious stimuli, the nociceptors. Some nociceptor afferents have small myelinated axons (Adelta) while the rest have unmyelinated axons (C). Among the neurons in the superficial layers of the spinal cord (laminae I, II and III) in the cat is a population that responds exclusively to noxious cutaneous stimuli. This input arrives over the nociceptor afferents. Another population responds best to mild temperature changes, reflecting an input from the thermoreceptive afferents. Many units in these two populations of spinal neurons have been shown to project to the brainstem. Therefore, they comprise a relay to the brain for nociceptive and thermal information. Another population of superficial neurons in the spinal cord responds to gentle mechanical stimuli, particularly to slow movement. They reflect an input from the C mechanoreceptor. This population is characterized by spatal and modality convergence. They do not project to the brain and their functional role is still unknown.", "contents": "Integration of sensory input in laminae I, II and III of the cat's spinal cord. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the concept of pain as a specific sense. There are afferent fibers from the skin that respond only to noxious stimuli, the nociceptors. Some nociceptor afferents have small myelinated axons (Adelta) while the rest have unmyelinated axons (C). Among the neurons in the superficial layers of the spinal cord (laminae I, II and III) in the cat is a population that responds exclusively to noxious cutaneous stimuli. This input arrives over the nociceptor afferents. Another population responds best to mild temperature changes, reflecting an input from the thermoreceptive afferents. Many units in these two populations of spinal neurons have been shown to project to the brainstem. Therefore, they comprise a relay to the brain for nociceptive and thermal information. Another population of superficial neurons in the spinal cord responds to gentle mechanical stimuli, particularly to slow movement. They reflect an input from the C mechanoreceptor. This population is characterized by spatal and modality convergence. They do not project to the brain and their functional role is still unknown.", "PMID": 658464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7899", "title": "Development and organization of multimodal representation in cat superior colliculus.", "content": "The present paper examines developmental and organizational parallels between visual and nonvisual cells in the cat superior colliculus (SC). An attempt is made to relate these developmental and organizational features to the role the SC plays in orientation behavior. In young kittens visually guided behavior is virtually nonexistent and requires many weeks to develop. Similarly, kitten SC cells are unresponsive to visual stimuli until at least 7 days after birth, and it is only after many weeks that SC cells behave as do those of the adult. In contrast to the development of visual cells, however, some neurons responsive to somatic stimuli are present in the SC on the day of birth, and cells responsive to acoustic stimuli appear several days later. Thus, the sequence in which modality represenstation appears in the cat SC parallels the developmental chronology of the use of different sensory cues for orientation. These data indicate that the functional roles of the visual, somatic, and acoustic representations may be similar. The finding that the organization of the somatic representation in the SC is similar to, and in register with, the visual representation is consistent with this possibility. It is suggested that the SC can utilize cues from a variety of modalities in order to facilitate appropriate orientation behavior.", "contents": "Development and organization of multimodal representation in cat superior colliculus. The present paper examines developmental and organizational parallels between visual and nonvisual cells in the cat superior colliculus (SC). An attempt is made to relate these developmental and organizational features to the role the SC plays in orientation behavior. In young kittens visually guided behavior is virtually nonexistent and requires many weeks to develop. Similarly, kitten SC cells are unresponsive to visual stimuli until at least 7 days after birth, and it is only after many weeks that SC cells behave as do those of the adult. In contrast to the development of visual cells, however, some neurons responsive to somatic stimuli are present in the SC on the day of birth, and cells responsive to acoustic stimuli appear several days later. Thus, the sequence in which modality represenstation appears in the cat SC parallels the developmental chronology of the use of different sensory cues for orientation. These data indicate that the functional roles of the visual, somatic, and acoustic representations may be similar. The finding that the organization of the somatic representation in the SC is similar to, and in register with, the visual representation is consistent with this possibility. It is suggested that the SC can utilize cues from a variety of modalities in order to facilitate appropriate orientation behavior.", "PMID": 658465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7900", "title": "Anatomical asymmetry as the basis for cerebral dominance.", "content": "Despite repeated assertions by some critics of the impossibility of linking behaviour to study of the brain, there have been major, although not always continuous advances in this field over the past 100 years, some of them based on simple techniques. One example is the study of cerebral dominance, for which it was believed until quite recently that no anatomical basis had been specified. The paper summarizes the findings of striking anatomical asymmetry of the upper surface of the temporal lobe, in an area known to be involved in speech functions. Asymmetries observed in autopsy brains of adults and fetuses, both by gross and by cytoarchitectonic techniques, are reported. By use of radiological methods asymmetries have been shown in the brains and skills of living persons. Asymmetries also appear to be present in the endocasts of skulls of ancient humans, and in nonhuman primates. The distribution of asymmetries is different in left and right handers. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Anatomical asymmetry as the basis for cerebral dominance. Despite repeated assertions by some critics of the impossibility of linking behaviour to study of the brain, there have been major, although not always continuous advances in this field over the past 100 years, some of them based on simple techniques. One example is the study of cerebral dominance, for which it was believed until quite recently that no anatomical basis had been specified. The paper summarizes the findings of striking anatomical asymmetry of the upper surface of the temporal lobe, in an area known to be involved in speech functions. Asymmetries observed in autopsy brains of adults and fetuses, both by gross and by cytoarchitectonic techniques, are reported. By use of radiological methods asymmetries have been shown in the brains and skills of living persons. Asymmetries also appear to be present in the endocasts of skulls of ancient humans, and in nonhuman primates. The distribution of asymmetries is different in left and right handers. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 658466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7901", "title": "Current management of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome.", "content": "Management of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome has changed considerably in the last 5 years. Better understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of the central nervous system in general, and of the hypothalamic-pituitary region in particular, have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Greater awareness by physicians, improved neuroradiologic techniques, and the development of immunoassays for prolactin have markedly improved our diagnostic abilities. Many more patients are being diagnosed as having a pituitary tumor. The recent introduction of microneurosurgical techniques and the new medications (ergolines) are changing the treatment of this syndrome. Women in the childbearing age--who are affected most often--can expect successful treatment in the majority of cases with resumption of normal menstrual function and fertility. However, certain risks are still posed, particularly during pregnancy. In spite of improved diagnosis and treatment, the natural history of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors and the long-range effects are still not fully appreciated. More experience in time will be needed before the indications for and the efficacy of various treatment regimens are fully known.", "contents": "Current management of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Management of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome has changed considerably in the last 5 years. Better understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of the central nervous system in general, and of the hypothalamic-pituitary region in particular, have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Greater awareness by physicians, improved neuroradiologic techniques, and the development of immunoassays for prolactin have markedly improved our diagnostic abilities. Many more patients are being diagnosed as having a pituitary tumor. The recent introduction of microneurosurgical techniques and the new medications (ergolines) are changing the treatment of this syndrome. Women in the childbearing age--who are affected most often--can expect successful treatment in the majority of cases with resumption of normal menstrual function and fertility. However, certain risks are still posed, particularly during pregnancy. In spite of improved diagnosis and treatment, the natural history of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors and the long-range effects are still not fully appreciated. More experience in time will be needed before the indications for and the efficacy of various treatment regimens are fully known.", "PMID": 658471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7902", "title": "The purine nucleotide cycle in skeletal muscle.", "content": "The following evidence demonstrates that ammonia production in muscle occurs via the reactions of the purine nucleotide cycle: i) Extracts of cytosol which lack glutamine dehydrogenase produce ammonia under conditions that mimic muscle doing work. In such extracts a member of the purine nucleotide cycle (AMP, IMP, or adenylosuccinate) must be present in order that ammonia production can take place, ii) Perfused hindleg of rat or hindleg in situ produces ammonia during exercise, and there is a concomitant production of IMP and adenylosuccinate. Exercise causes a decrease in the contents of glutamate, aspartate, and glutamine and an increase in the content of alanine of perfused hindleg of rat. However, output of alanine does not change or is diminished during exercise. Glutamine output is diminished by exercise. Epinephrine increases the output and tissue content of ammonia and glutamine. It decreases the output and content of alanine, and it decreases the contents of aspartate and glutamate.", "contents": "The purine nucleotide cycle in skeletal muscle. The following evidence demonstrates that ammonia production in muscle occurs via the reactions of the purine nucleotide cycle: i) Extracts of cytosol which lack glutamine dehydrogenase produce ammonia under conditions that mimic muscle doing work. In such extracts a member of the purine nucleotide cycle (AMP, IMP, or adenylosuccinate) must be present in order that ammonia production can take place, ii) Perfused hindleg of rat or hindleg in situ produces ammonia during exercise, and there is a concomitant production of IMP and adenylosuccinate. Exercise causes a decrease in the contents of glutamate, aspartate, and glutamine and an increase in the content of alanine of perfused hindleg of rat. However, output of alanine does not change or is diminished during exercise. Glutamine output is diminished by exercise. Epinephrine increases the output and tissue content of ammonia and glutamine. It decreases the output and content of alanine, and it decreases the contents of aspartate and glutamate.", "PMID": 658470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7903", "title": "Microvascular transplantation of the human fallopian tube.", "content": "An unsuccessful human fallopian tube transplant is reported. A microsurgical technique is described which initially secured a viable transplant. However, the allograft subsequently died, probably as a result of rejection. Immunosuppression of the patient caused no complications or difficulties, the donor sharing one HL-A haplotype with the patient. The operative procedure, the risks of immunosuppression, and the ethical aspects of the case are discussed in order to present the problems associated with fallopian tube transplantation.", "contents": "Microvascular transplantation of the human fallopian tube. An unsuccessful human fallopian tube transplant is reported. A microsurgical technique is described which initially secured a viable transplant. However, the allograft subsequently died, probably as a result of rejection. Immunosuppression of the patient caused no complications or difficulties, the donor sharing one HL-A haplotype with the patient. The operative procedure, the risks of immunosuppression, and the ethical aspects of the case are discussed in order to present the problems associated with fallopian tube transplantation.", "PMID": 658472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7904", "title": "Pituitary adenomas associated with elevated blood follicle-stimulating hormone levels: a histologic, immunocytologic, and electron microscopic study of two cases.", "content": "The histologic, immunocytologic, and electron microscopic features of pituitary adenomas surgically removed from two men with elevated levels of blood follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are described. In both cases, the high blood FSH levels were reduced after surgery. By light microscopy, the tumors corresponded to chromophobic adenomas, and the immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive FSH (beta-subunit) in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. By electron microscopy, the adenoma cells differed considerably from nontumorous FSH cells. They were smaller and angular and contained numerous microtubules as well as spherical secretory granules measuring 100 to 250 nm in diameter and often lining up along the cell membranes. The present findings are consistent with the view that FSH-producing adenomas may originate in the human pituitary.", "contents": "Pituitary adenomas associated with elevated blood follicle-stimulating hormone levels: a histologic, immunocytologic, and electron microscopic study of two cases. The histologic, immunocytologic, and electron microscopic features of pituitary adenomas surgically removed from two men with elevated levels of blood follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are described. In both cases, the high blood FSH levels were reduced after surgery. By light microscopy, the tumors corresponded to chromophobic adenomas, and the immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive FSH (beta-subunit) in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. By electron microscopy, the adenoma cells differed considerably from nontumorous FSH cells. They were smaller and angular and contained numerous microtubules as well as spherical secretory granules measuring 100 to 250 nm in diameter and often lining up along the cell membranes. The present findings are consistent with the view that FSH-producing adenomas may originate in the human pituitary.", "PMID": 658473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7905", "title": "Spontaneous pregnancy in women with a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma.", "content": "The occurrence of spontaneous pregnancy in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and radiographic evidence of a pituitary tumor is unusual. We present here two patients who conceived spontaneously. One had an uneventful pregnancy. Following delivery, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery was performed, confirming the presence of a prolactin-producing adenoma. The second patient had an early pregnancy termination (at 12 weeks of gestation). These patients provide evidence that ovulation and pregnancy can occur in spite of elevated prolactin levels.", "contents": "Spontaneous pregnancy in women with a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma. The occurrence of spontaneous pregnancy in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and radiographic evidence of a pituitary tumor is unusual. We present here two patients who conceived spontaneously. One had an uneventful pregnancy. Following delivery, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery was performed, confirming the presence of a prolactin-producing adenoma. The second patient had an early pregnancy termination (at 12 weeks of gestation). These patients provide evidence that ovulation and pregnancy can occur in spite of elevated prolactin levels.", "PMID": 658474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7906", "title": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. IV. Induction of premature labor by pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and its prevention by using clomiphene or indomethacin.", "content": "The administration of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG), 30 IU on day 18 of pregnancy, resulted in premature labor in rats. However, this abortifacient efficacy of PMSG was not demonstrable when a simultaneous injection of progesterone, clomiphene, or indomethacin was scheduled, thus suggesting that the action of PMSG is medicated by the estrogen-stimulated release of prostaglandin. The termination of pseudopregnancy in bilaterally hysterectomized rats by PMSG and its reversal by indomethacin revealed that the inhibition of luteal function by PMSG does not require the presence of a uterus.", "contents": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. IV. Induction of premature labor by pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and its prevention by using clomiphene or indomethacin. The administration of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG), 30 IU on day 18 of pregnancy, resulted in premature labor in rats. However, this abortifacient efficacy of PMSG was not demonstrable when a simultaneous injection of progesterone, clomiphene, or indomethacin was scheduled, thus suggesting that the action of PMSG is medicated by the estrogen-stimulated release of prostaglandin. The termination of pseudopregnancy in bilaterally hysterectomized rats by PMSG and its reversal by indomethacin revealed that the inhibition of luteal function by PMSG does not require the presence of a uterus.", "PMID": 658475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7907", "title": "Liver tumors and oral contraceptives.", "content": "A possible causal relationship between oral contraceptives and liver cell adenomas has been postulated in the recent literature. In this presentation three additional cases are reported to support the existence of such an association. The possible etiologic causes for this newly described condition and specific diagnostic procedures for its accurate diagnosis are presented.", "contents": "Liver tumors and oral contraceptives. A possible causal relationship between oral contraceptives and liver cell adenomas has been postulated in the recent literature. In this presentation three additional cases are reported to support the existence of such an association. The possible etiologic causes for this newly described condition and specific diagnostic procedures for its accurate diagnosis are presented.", "PMID": 658476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7908", "title": "Conservative treatment of endometriosis externa: the effects of methyltestosterone therapy.", "content": "Twenty-four women with documented endometriosis externa were treated with methyltestosterone. Twenty-one of these patients desired fertility and three conceived (one after methyltestosterone therapy alone, two after conservative operation followed by methyltestosterone treatment). Ten patients later required surgical therapy for recurrence of pain, although all but one patient had initial relief of pain (3 to 6 months after therapy). These results of therapy are contrasted to those of similar studies in the literature in which methyltestosterone and other agents were used.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of endometriosis externa: the effects of methyltestosterone therapy. Twenty-four women with documented endometriosis externa were treated with methyltestosterone. Twenty-one of these patients desired fertility and three conceived (one after methyltestosterone therapy alone, two after conservative operation followed by methyltestosterone treatment). Ten patients later required surgical therapy for recurrence of pain, although all but one patient had initial relief of pain (3 to 6 months after therapy). These results of therapy are contrasted to those of similar studies in the literature in which methyltestosterone and other agents were used.", "PMID": 658477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7909", "title": "Testicular function in patients with familial Mediterranean fever on long-term colchicine treatment.", "content": "Sperm counts and hormonal studies were carried out in six patients with familial Mediterranean fever who were receiving long-term colchicine therapy. The duration of therapy ranged between 7 and 31 months. In all subjects, spermograms, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin levels were within normal limits.", "contents": "Testicular function in patients with familial Mediterranean fever on long-term colchicine treatment. Sperm counts and hormonal studies were carried out in six patients with familial Mediterranean fever who were receiving long-term colchicine therapy. The duration of therapy ranged between 7 and 31 months. In all subjects, spermograms, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin levels were within normal limits.", "PMID": 658478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7910", "title": "Intraoperative internal spermatic vein phlebography in the subfertile male with varicocele.", "content": "Intraoperative internal spermatic vein phlebography was performed in 20 subfertile patients with a varicocele; 10 patients with varicoceles and left-sided indirect inguinal hernias without fertility problems served as controls. Phlebography was carried out during surgery with the patient supine and in a 45 degree anti-Trendelenburg position to stimulate an \"erect\" posture. In all 25 patients with a varicocele, valvular insufficiency was demonstrated at the renal-spermatic vein junction. When visualized, the position of the left adrenal vein in all instances was medial to or opposite the renal-internal spermatic vein confluence. This observation, reinforced by simultaneous determinations of cortisol levels in the internal spermatic and antecubital veins, practically excluded the validity of the theory of adrenal hormonal suppression of testicular tissues. In 40% of subfertile patients with a varicocele, double internal spermatic veins and reflux to the distended external spermatic (cremasteric) venous plexus were demonstrated. In no instance were such phenomena observed in the control groups. The not-infrequent failure of operative correction of varicocele seems to relate directly to such overlooked pathology. Broad clinical application of operative phlebography, especially in recurrent, persistent, or clinically advanced cases, will detect such anomalies and should reduce significantly the operative failures in the surgical correction of varicocele.", "contents": "Intraoperative internal spermatic vein phlebography in the subfertile male with varicocele. Intraoperative internal spermatic vein phlebography was performed in 20 subfertile patients with a varicocele; 10 patients with varicoceles and left-sided indirect inguinal hernias without fertility problems served as controls. Phlebography was carried out during surgery with the patient supine and in a 45 degree anti-Trendelenburg position to stimulate an \"erect\" posture. In all 25 patients with a varicocele, valvular insufficiency was demonstrated at the renal-spermatic vein junction. When visualized, the position of the left adrenal vein in all instances was medial to or opposite the renal-internal spermatic vein confluence. This observation, reinforced by simultaneous determinations of cortisol levels in the internal spermatic and antecubital veins, practically excluded the validity of the theory of adrenal hormonal suppression of testicular tissues. In 40% of subfertile patients with a varicocele, double internal spermatic veins and reflux to the distended external spermatic (cremasteric) venous plexus were demonstrated. In no instance were such phenomena observed in the control groups. The not-infrequent failure of operative correction of varicocele seems to relate directly to such overlooked pathology. Broad clinical application of operative phlebography, especially in recurrent, persistent, or clinically advanced cases, will detect such anomalies and should reduce significantly the operative failures in the surgical correction of varicocele.", "PMID": 658479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7911", "title": "The bipolar needle for vasectomy. I. Experience with the first 1000 cases.", "content": "A battery-powered, bipolar electrocoagulator has been specifically developed for sealing the cut ends of the divided vas at vasectomy. With a minimum of electric power, the electrocoagulator destroys only the mucosa and one or two muscle cell layers of the vas, which leads to optimal fibrosis of the cut ends. This instrument has been used in more than 1000 vasectomies without a known failure and with a minimum of complications. An analysis of these cases is reported with emphasis upon the method's success in sealing the vas.", "contents": "The bipolar needle for vasectomy. I. Experience with the first 1000 cases. A battery-powered, bipolar electrocoagulator has been specifically developed for sealing the cut ends of the divided vas at vasectomy. With a minimum of electric power, the electrocoagulator destroys only the mucosa and one or two muscle cell layers of the vas, which leads to optimal fibrosis of the cut ends. This instrument has been used in more than 1000 vasectomies without a known failure and with a minimum of complications. An analysis of these cases is reported with emphasis upon the method's success in sealing the vas.", "PMID": 658480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7912", "title": "Hormone studies in a gynandroblastoma.", "content": "Plasma gonadotropin, testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol levels were determined before and after removal of a 37-pound gynandroblastoma from an 18-year-old virilized, mentally retarded female. Testosterone and androstenedione levels preoperatively were in the normal female range and fell dramatically after castration. Histologic examination showed active atypical granulosa and Sertoli elements. The hormonal data obtained do not account for the marked virilization observed.", "contents": "Hormone studies in a gynandroblastoma. Plasma gonadotropin, testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol levels were determined before and after removal of a 37-pound gynandroblastoma from an 18-year-old virilized, mentally retarded female. Testosterone and androstenedione levels preoperatively were in the normal female range and fell dramatically after castration. Histologic examination showed active atypical granulosa and Sertoli elements. The hormonal data obtained do not account for the marked virilization observed.", "PMID": 658481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7913", "title": "Investigation of the occurrence of a contraceptive tetrapeptide in hamster embryos.", "content": "The synthetic tetrapeptide H-Thr-Pro-Lys-OH, the extract of two-cell hamster embryos, and the oviductal contents devoid of embryos failed to show any in vivo antifertility activity. In addition, the tetrapeptide was not found in the biologic preparations of embryo extract and remaining oviductal contents. These findings are not in agreement with those of previous reports.", "contents": "Investigation of the occurrence of a contraceptive tetrapeptide in hamster embryos. The synthetic tetrapeptide H-Thr-Pro-Lys-OH, the extract of two-cell hamster embryos, and the oviductal contents devoid of embryos failed to show any in vivo antifertility activity. In addition, the tetrapeptide was not found in the biologic preparations of embryo extract and remaining oviductal contents. These findings are not in agreement with those of previous reports.", "PMID": 658482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7914", "title": "Sperm motility within the mammalian epididymis: species variation and correlation with free calcium levels in epididymal plasma.", "content": "The region within the epididymis where spontaneous sperm motility first appeared and the extent of later motility within that organ, as shown by microscopic observation of undiluted samples, varied with the species. In the rat, mouse, and hamster, little sperm motility was present. In other species, spontaneously motile sperm were obtained from the caput (rabbit) and corpus (bull and man) regions of the epididymis. Samples from the cauda region of the epididymis were found to contain many motile sperm in the rabbit, bull, and especially man, where most of the sperm were intensely motile. There was a correlation between the amount of free calcium surrounding the sperm within the cauda epididymidis of a given species and the level of sperm motility therein. An inverse relationship was also found between the free calcium concentration in the cauda epididymal plasma of a species and the later inducibility of motility in diluted sperm from that species by calcium ion.", "contents": "Sperm motility within the mammalian epididymis: species variation and correlation with free calcium levels in epididymal plasma. The region within the epididymis where spontaneous sperm motility first appeared and the extent of later motility within that organ, as shown by microscopic observation of undiluted samples, varied with the species. In the rat, mouse, and hamster, little sperm motility was present. In other species, spontaneously motile sperm were obtained from the caput (rabbit) and corpus (bull and man) regions of the epididymis. Samples from the cauda region of the epididymis were found to contain many motile sperm in the rabbit, bull, and especially man, where most of the sperm were intensely motile. There was a correlation between the amount of free calcium surrounding the sperm within the cauda epididymidis of a given species and the level of sperm motility therein. An inverse relationship was also found between the free calcium concentration in the cauda epididymal plasma of a species and the later inducibility of motility in diluted sperm from that species by calcium ion.", "PMID": 658483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7915", "title": "Potentially deleterious effect of cornstarch glove powder in tubal reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Even with the most painstaking techniques, cornstarch granules used as surgical glove powder are deposited in the abdominal cavity during laparotomy. In tubal reconstructive surgery, aimed at the elimination of fibrous adhesions, this deposition may have undesirable consequences. After a successful operation, starch particles introduced in the abdominal cavity may result in the formation of new adhesions. It is therefore desirable to develop an alternative, completely nonreactive, glove powder.", "contents": "Potentially deleterious effect of cornstarch glove powder in tubal reconstructive surgery. Even with the most painstaking techniques, cornstarch granules used as surgical glove powder are deposited in the abdominal cavity during laparotomy. In tubal reconstructive surgery, aimed at the elimination of fibrous adhesions, this deposition may have undesirable consequences. After a successful operation, starch particles introduced in the abdominal cavity may result in the formation of new adhesions. It is therefore desirable to develop an alternative, completely nonreactive, glove powder.", "PMID": 658484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7916", "title": "[Analysis of the interstructural relationships in the brain by the method of bioregulated micropolarization].", "content": "In chronic experiments on cats, automatic regulation of polarizing current, monitored with the EEG changes, aided to study elements of the cerebral selfregulating system. The method proved effective for influencing the functional state of the structures to be regulated which revealed itself in long-lasting shifts of theta-rhythm, in changes of excitability and readjustment of EPs. Three types of connections between the temporal cortex and a number of cerebral modulating structures: rigid (positive and negative) and flexible those, were revealed. The active inhibition was accelerated with the bioregulated micropolarization of temporal cortex and hypothalamus on extinction of alerting response.", "contents": "[Analysis of the interstructural relationships in the brain by the method of bioregulated micropolarization]. In chronic experiments on cats, automatic regulation of polarizing current, monitored with the EEG changes, aided to study elements of the cerebral selfregulating system. The method proved effective for influencing the functional state of the structures to be regulated which revealed itself in long-lasting shifts of theta-rhythm, in changes of excitability and readjustment of EPs. Three types of connections between the temporal cortex and a number of cerebral modulating structures: rigid (positive and negative) and flexible those, were revealed. The active inhibition was accelerated with the bioregulated micropolarization of temporal cortex and hypothalamus on extinction of alerting response.", "PMID": 658508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7917", "title": "[Functional organization of the reticulo- and vestibulospinal synaptic projections of the lumbar motor neurons in rats].", "content": "Synaptic events evoked by in lumbar motoneurons ally antidromic by stimulation of identified reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal neurons were studied in the rat. Monosynaptic actions produced by fast-conducting reticulo-spinal fibers were found in different hind-limb motoneurons innervating proximal and distal flexor and extensor muscles. Vestibulo-spinal projections contained relatively few fast-conducting fibers and produced mainly polysynaptic actions in hind-limb motoneurons. The convergence of reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal synaptic influences in different motoneurons was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Functional organization of the reticulo- and vestibulospinal synaptic projections of the lumbar motor neurons in rats]. Synaptic events evoked by in lumbar motoneurons ally antidromic by stimulation of identified reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal neurons were studied in the rat. Monosynaptic actions produced by fast-conducting reticulo-spinal fibers were found in different hind-limb motoneurons innervating proximal and distal flexor and extensor muscles. Vestibulo-spinal projections contained relatively few fast-conducting fibers and produced mainly polysynaptic actions in hind-limb motoneurons. The convergence of reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal synaptic influences in different motoneurons was demonstrated.", "PMID": 658510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7918", "title": "[Composition and excitability of afferent fibers of the pelvic nerve in cats].", "content": "The afferent fibers excitable by pelvic nerve stimulation were as follows: A (81 m/sec), A (59.6 m/sec), A (45.3 m/sec), A (17.9 m/sec), A (31.6 m/sec), B (11.3 m/sec). We failed to find C fibers. Analysis of the distribution of fibers showed that the majority of them entered the S2 dorsal root (DRS2). The fast-conducting fibers (Abeta1 and Abeta2) were found at DRL7--DRS2. The number of slow-conducting fibers increased in caudal direction. The most abundant in the pelvic nerve are Abeta3 fibers, and somewhat fewer in number are Abeta and Agamma fibers.", "contents": "[Composition and excitability of afferent fibers of the pelvic nerve in cats]. The afferent fibers excitable by pelvic nerve stimulation were as follows: A (81 m/sec), A (59.6 m/sec), A (45.3 m/sec), A (17.9 m/sec), A (31.6 m/sec), B (11.3 m/sec). We failed to find C fibers. Analysis of the distribution of fibers showed that the majority of them entered the S2 dorsal root (DRS2). The fast-conducting fibers (Abeta1 and Abeta2) were found at DRL7--DRS2. The number of slow-conducting fibers increased in caudal direction. The most abundant in the pelvic nerve are Abeta3 fibers, and somewhat fewer in number are Abeta and Agamma fibers.", "PMID": 658511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7919", "title": "[Neuro-hormonal mechanisms of hypothalamic influences on the tonus of cerebral vessels].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, stimulation of supraoptic nuclei (SON) and dorso-lateral hypothalamus (DLH) led to cerebral vasoconstriction if not prevented by alpha-adrenoblocking drugs. The SON stimulation entailed activation of both the synthesis and the transport of neurosecretory substances and increased the neurohormone release into the blood flow. Delayed (\"hormonal\") vasoconstrictory responses occurred in these experiments. Stimulation of the preoptic area evoked moderate cerebral vasodilatation, later decreased or blocked by atropine. Neurohormone (vasopressin) seems to participate in the vasoconstriction evoked by the SON stimulation.", "contents": "[Neuro-hormonal mechanisms of hypothalamic influences on the tonus of cerebral vessels]. In anesthetized cats, stimulation of supraoptic nuclei (SON) and dorso-lateral hypothalamus (DLH) led to cerebral vasoconstriction if not prevented by alpha-adrenoblocking drugs. The SON stimulation entailed activation of both the synthesis and the transport of neurosecretory substances and increased the neurohormone release into the blood flow. Delayed (\"hormonal\") vasoconstrictory responses occurred in these experiments. Stimulation of the preoptic area evoked moderate cerebral vasodilatation, later decreased or blocked by atropine. Neurohormone (vasopressin) seems to participate in the vasoconstriction evoked by the SON stimulation.", "PMID": 658515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7920", "title": "[Adaptation and disadaptation of the myocardium of rats trained to hypoxia].", "content": "Adaptation to oxygen deficit resulted from training of rats to hypoxia (8--9% O2) at the normal atmospheric pressure, during 3 weeks. Subsequent 2-week training decreased the resistance to hypoxia (disadaptation). Perfusion of the isolated hearts of adapted and disadapted animals at anoxic regimen together with the recording of the systolic pressure in the left ventricle, the rhythm, glucose uptake, lactate excretion, coronary blood flow, and the histochemical data on SDH, MDH, LDH, and hydroxibutyric DH, as well as the electron microscopy of the left ventricle mitochondria, indicate that the range of compensation reactions increases in adapted rats and decreases in disadapted ones.", "contents": "[Adaptation and disadaptation of the myocardium of rats trained to hypoxia]. Adaptation to oxygen deficit resulted from training of rats to hypoxia (8--9% O2) at the normal atmospheric pressure, during 3 weeks. Subsequent 2-week training decreased the resistance to hypoxia (disadaptation). Perfusion of the isolated hearts of adapted and disadapted animals at anoxic regimen together with the recording of the systolic pressure in the left ventricle, the rhythm, glucose uptake, lactate excretion, coronary blood flow, and the histochemical data on SDH, MDH, LDH, and hydroxibutyric DH, as well as the electron microscopy of the left ventricle mitochondria, indicate that the range of compensation reactions increases in adapted rats and decreases in disadapted ones.", "PMID": 658517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7921", "title": "[Hemodynamic reactions in cats exposed to physical loading].", "content": "Cats were trained to pull with a force equal to 50--200% of their body weight. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate increased during the exercise. Pressor response was due to the increase of peripheral vascular resistance, as the cardiac output was constant or even decreased. Blockade of vegetative nervous system led to a 2--3 fold decrease of the pressor response. The conditioned stimulus for \"work\" had no effects in intact cats, but evoked obvious pressor response in curarized cats. Mechanisms of the vegetative changes during static work are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic reactions in cats exposed to physical loading]. Cats were trained to pull with a force equal to 50--200% of their body weight. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate increased during the exercise. Pressor response was due to the increase of peripheral vascular resistance, as the cardiac output was constant or even decreased. Blockade of vegetative nervous system led to a 2--3 fold decrease of the pressor response. The conditioned stimulus for \"work\" had no effects in intact cats, but evoked obvious pressor response in curarized cats. Mechanisms of the vegetative changes during static work are discussed.", "PMID": 658518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7922", "title": "[Blood supply in the arterial and venous bed of submaxillary muscle of frogs].", "content": "The velocity and morphometric parameters of blood flow in arterial and venous bifurcations of the trunks with diameter less than 85 microns in the frog m. submaxillaris were somewhat different as the angles of the braches II, the length of the vessels, and the bifurcation coefficient were greater in arterial part than in the venous bed. Due to this, the velocity in the arterioles was higher than in veins. According to the Pouiseulus equation, the pressure difference between arterioles and veins was 8.5 torr. About 44% of this difference was due to arterial vessels, about 36%--to the capillaries, pre- and post-capillaries, and about 20%--to the veins.", "contents": "[Blood supply in the arterial and venous bed of submaxillary muscle of frogs]. The velocity and morphometric parameters of blood flow in arterial and venous bifurcations of the trunks with diameter less than 85 microns in the frog m. submaxillaris were somewhat different as the angles of the braches II, the length of the vessels, and the bifurcation coefficient were greater in arterial part than in the venous bed. Due to this, the velocity in the arterioles was higher than in veins. According to the Pouiseulus equation, the pressure difference between arterioles and veins was 8.5 torr. About 44% of this difference was due to arterial vessels, about 36%--to the capillaries, pre- and post-capillaries, and about 20%--to the veins.", "PMID": 658519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7923", "title": "[Functional stability of the cerebral circulatory system].", "content": "Functional stability of the cerebral circulation system seems to be based on the active mechanisms and on those stemming from specifics of the biophysical structure of the system under study. This latter parameter has some relevant criteria for its quantitative estimation. Analysis of common data on various effects upon cerebral vessels shows an essential difference between the functional stability and the idea of \"autoregulation of the cerebral circulation\". The data obtained suggest that the essential part of the mechanism for active responses of cerebral vessels which maintains the functional stability of this portion of the vascular system, consists of a neurogenic component involving central nervous structures localized, for instance, in the medulla oblongata.", "contents": "[Functional stability of the cerebral circulatory system]. Functional stability of the cerebral circulation system seems to be based on the active mechanisms and on those stemming from specifics of the biophysical structure of the system under study. This latter parameter has some relevant criteria for its quantitative estimation. Analysis of common data on various effects upon cerebral vessels shows an essential difference between the functional stability and the idea of \"autoregulation of the cerebral circulation\". The data obtained suggest that the essential part of the mechanism for active responses of cerebral vessels which maintains the functional stability of this portion of the vascular system, consists of a neurogenic component involving central nervous structures localized, for instance, in the medulla oblongata.", "PMID": 658532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7924", "title": "[Relationships between central and local mechanisms regulating hemodynamics].", "content": "The quantitative analysis of hemodynamic shifts during cardiovascular responses to stimulation of central neural structures, and recording of electric activity from the sympathetic fibers elucidate different links in the complex mechanism of the hemodynamic control. Monosynaptic connections of the sino-aortic zone with some structures of the bulbar level seem to contain relevant information on the blood pressure and the gas content. Differentiated modulated influences project from the cerebellum to the bulbar level, and complex interrelationships of local metabolic and central reflex mechanisms occur during acute hypoxic hypoxia.", "contents": "[Relationships between central and local mechanisms regulating hemodynamics]. The quantitative analysis of hemodynamic shifts during cardiovascular responses to stimulation of central neural structures, and recording of electric activity from the sympathetic fibers elucidate different links in the complex mechanism of the hemodynamic control. Monosynaptic connections of the sino-aortic zone with some structures of the bulbar level seem to contain relevant information on the blood pressure and the gas content. Differentiated modulated influences project from the cerebellum to the bulbar level, and complex interrelationships of local metabolic and central reflex mechanisms occur during acute hypoxic hypoxia.", "PMID": 658533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7925", "title": "[Relationship between central and peripheral mechanisms in regulating capacitance vessels].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats, responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the spleen and hindlimbs to local electric stimulation of the medulla oblongata, of the sympathetic nerves, and pressor reflexes during different pressure of the venous outflow, were studied. No structures were revealed which could selectively affect the capacitance vessels. The bulbar structures affected both the resistance and the capacitance vessels. The reflex responses aof the pre- and post-capillary portions of the vascular bed could be different, the transmural pressure being one of the factors for dilatory responses of the capacitance vessels. The different responses of the capacitance vessels could occur on account of both local and central mechanisms, their participation, however, being unequal.", "contents": "[Relationship between central and peripheral mechanisms in regulating capacitance vessels]. In acute experiments on cats, responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the spleen and hindlimbs to local electric stimulation of the medulla oblongata, of the sympathetic nerves, and pressor reflexes during different pressure of the venous outflow, were studied. No structures were revealed which could selectively affect the capacitance vessels. The bulbar structures affected both the resistance and the capacitance vessels. The reflex responses aof the pre- and post-capillary portions of the vascular bed could be different, the transmural pressure being one of the factors for dilatory responses of the capacitance vessels. The different responses of the capacitance vessels could occur on account of both local and central mechanisms, their participation, however, being unequal.", "PMID": 658534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7926", "title": "[Shifts in systemic hemodynamics, local blood flow and brain temperature during stimulation of its structures in a chronic experiment].", "content": "Electric stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation, of the anterior and posterior hypothalamus of unrestrained cats entailed local raise of cerebral temperature, increase in the local blood flow, and various changes of the central arterial and venous pressure. The stimulation parameters were lower than thresholds for motor responses. The threshold and suprathreshold stimulation of the stem structures led in 60% of cases to diminishing of the local cerebral blood flow together with the pressor shifts in arterial pressure and the raise of local cerebral temperature. The diminishing of the cerebral blood flow contrdictory to increasing demands of the brain tissue for energy supply, could be accounted for by the generalized excitation of the sympatho-adrenal system and indicated inadequacy of the electric brain stimulation when studying hemodynamic components of the emotional-behavioral responses.", "contents": "[Shifts in systemic hemodynamics, local blood flow and brain temperature during stimulation of its structures in a chronic experiment]. Electric stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation, of the anterior and posterior hypothalamus of unrestrained cats entailed local raise of cerebral temperature, increase in the local blood flow, and various changes of the central arterial and venous pressure. The stimulation parameters were lower than thresholds for motor responses. The threshold and suprathreshold stimulation of the stem structures led in 60% of cases to diminishing of the local cerebral blood flow together with the pressor shifts in arterial pressure and the raise of local cerebral temperature. The diminishing of the cerebral blood flow contrdictory to increasing demands of the brain tissue for energy supply, could be accounted for by the generalized excitation of the sympatho-adrenal system and indicated inadequacy of the electric brain stimulation when studying hemodynamic components of the emotional-behavioral responses.", "PMID": 658535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7927", "title": "[Hemodynamic features of the response to stimulation of the subcortical nuclei of the striopallidal system].", "content": "In cats, stimulation of caudate nuclei, putamen, and globus pallidus revealed a weak reactivity and excitability, low lability, inconstancy, and small alterations of the arterial pressure and heart rate as compared with the hypothalamic effects under similar conditions. These data and juxtaposition of hemodynamics and complex behavior singled out the striopallidar nuclei as a separate and relatively independent level of the centra regulation of circulation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic features of the response to stimulation of the subcortical nuclei of the striopallidal system]. In cats, stimulation of caudate nuclei, putamen, and globus pallidus revealed a weak reactivity and excitability, low lability, inconstancy, and small alterations of the arterial pressure and heart rate as compared with the hypothalamic effects under similar conditions. These data and juxtaposition of hemodynamics and complex behavior singled out the striopallidar nuclei as a separate and relatively independent level of the centra regulation of circulation.", "PMID": 658537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7928", "title": "[Functional state of the vasomotor center in the presence of afferent influences from reflexogenic zones].", "content": "Redundant afferentation from reflexogenic zones of the lung and skeletal muscles alters effects of electric stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation and posterior hypothalamic nucleus in the cat due to readjustment of the cortico--subcortical interrelationships and to an increase in the excitability of the brain structures. The data suggest that the functional activity of the vasomotor center depends on the character of afferentation from different reflexogenic zones.", "contents": "[Functional state of the vasomotor center in the presence of afferent influences from reflexogenic zones]. Redundant afferentation from reflexogenic zones of the lung and skeletal muscles alters effects of electric stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation and posterior hypothalamic nucleus in the cat due to readjustment of the cortico--subcortical interrelationships and to an increase in the excitability of the brain structures. The data suggest that the functional activity of the vasomotor center depends on the character of afferentation from different reflexogenic zones.", "PMID": 658536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7929", "title": "[Identification and study of sympathoactivating neurons of the medulla oblongata].", "content": "The neurons with descending axons which activate the lateral horn sympathetic preganglionic (vasomotor) neurons were searched in the lower brain stem of the cat. Localization of these sympathoactivatory neurons in the limit zone of medulla was outlined by means of scanning stimulation. The identification of single bulbar sympathoactivatory neurons was based on the recording of their antidromic discharges elicited by stimulation of descending sympathoactivatory pathways with conduction velocity about 4--8.9 m/s in the dorsolateral funiculi of the cervical spinal cord. The neurons studied have a very low frequency spontaneous discharges (0.1--1.0 imp/s) unrelated with cardiac and respiratory cycles. The alterations of spontaneous discharge frequency were in strict correlation with pressor phases of Maer waves and pressor reflex reactions. The inhibitory effects of the baroreceptor nerve stimulation on spontaneous and elicited discharges of these neurons were never seen. A possible role of the sympathoactivatory neurons identified as an output elements of the bulbar \"vasomotor\" centre is discussed.", "contents": "[Identification and study of sympathoactivating neurons of the medulla oblongata]. The neurons with descending axons which activate the lateral horn sympathetic preganglionic (vasomotor) neurons were searched in the lower brain stem of the cat. Localization of these sympathoactivatory neurons in the limit zone of medulla was outlined by means of scanning stimulation. The identification of single bulbar sympathoactivatory neurons was based on the recording of their antidromic discharges elicited by stimulation of descending sympathoactivatory pathways with conduction velocity about 4--8.9 m/s in the dorsolateral funiculi of the cervical spinal cord. The neurons studied have a very low frequency spontaneous discharges (0.1--1.0 imp/s) unrelated with cardiac and respiratory cycles. The alterations of spontaneous discharge frequency were in strict correlation with pressor phases of Maer waves and pressor reflex reactions. The inhibitory effects of the baroreceptor nerve stimulation on spontaneous and elicited discharges of these neurons were never seen. A possible role of the sympathoactivatory neurons identified as an output elements of the bulbar \"vasomotor\" centre is discussed.", "PMID": 658539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7930", "title": "[Further study of the descending sympathoactivating pathways of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord].", "content": "The localization and conduction velocities of descending pathways which activate the different groups of sympathetic preganglionic nerons were studied in the cat cervical spinal cord. Certain evidences have been obtained that the fibres located near the dorsal surface of the dorsolateral funiculi with conduction velocities about 24--29 m/sec. can activate the ventral horn preganglionic neurons monosynaptically. In contrast to previous ideas, the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lateral horns seem to be activated not by different but by a single group of descending fibers with the conduction velocity 4--8.9 m/sec and localization in more ventral portions of the dorsolateral funiculus. The transmission from these fibers to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lateral horns occurs in two ways: oligosynaptically (probably, disynaptically) and polysynaptically through a more complicated interneuronal chain. The sympathetic preganglionic neurons with unmyelinated axons, localized in the intermediate zone, for the first time were shown to be activated polysynaptically, probably via the same ways as the lateral horn neurons.", "contents": "[Further study of the descending sympathoactivating pathways of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord]. The localization and conduction velocities of descending pathways which activate the different groups of sympathetic preganglionic nerons were studied in the cat cervical spinal cord. Certain evidences have been obtained that the fibres located near the dorsal surface of the dorsolateral funiculi with conduction velocities about 24--29 m/sec. can activate the ventral horn preganglionic neurons monosynaptically. In contrast to previous ideas, the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lateral horns seem to be activated not by different but by a single group of descending fibers with the conduction velocity 4--8.9 m/sec and localization in more ventral portions of the dorsolateral funiculus. The transmission from these fibers to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lateral horns occurs in two ways: oligosynaptically (probably, disynaptically) and polysynaptically through a more complicated interneuronal chain. The sympathetic preganglionic neurons with unmyelinated axons, localized in the intermediate zone, for the first time were shown to be activated polysynaptically, probably via the same ways as the lateral horn neurons.", "PMID": 658541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7931", "title": "[Effect of neuroactive aminoacids on central mechanisms of vascular regulation].", "content": "In cats and rats, GABA and glycine depressed pressor vasomotor reactions and responses of sympathetic nerves to stimulation of the medial and vestibular nuclei of the bulbar reticular formation. These drugs depressed vasomotor responses to direct stimulation of the spinal lateral horns. GABA reduced the activated bulbo-spinal influences and inhibition of responses of the \"spinal\" vessels to stimulation of the solitary tract nucleus and paramedian reticular nuclei. GABA (100--200 mg/kg) depressed vasomotor responses to mechanoreceptor stimulation and increased the responses to chemoreceptor stimulation while glycine did not change them. GABA and glycine exerted no adrenolytic or myotropic effects. GABA did not affect identically the transmission in different sympathetic ganglions. Glycine did not alter the ganglionic transmission. The site and mode of the neuroactive aminoacids effect on the central mechanisms for vasomotor regulation are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroactive aminoacids on central mechanisms of vascular regulation]. In cats and rats, GABA and glycine depressed pressor vasomotor reactions and responses of sympathetic nerves to stimulation of the medial and vestibular nuclei of the bulbar reticular formation. These drugs depressed vasomotor responses to direct stimulation of the spinal lateral horns. GABA reduced the activated bulbo-spinal influences and inhibition of responses of the \"spinal\" vessels to stimulation of the solitary tract nucleus and paramedian reticular nuclei. GABA (100--200 mg/kg) depressed vasomotor responses to mechanoreceptor stimulation and increased the responses to chemoreceptor stimulation while glycine did not change them. GABA and glycine exerted no adrenolytic or myotropic effects. GABA did not affect identically the transmission in different sympathetic ganglions. Glycine did not alter the ganglionic transmission. The site and mode of the neuroactive aminoacids effect on the central mechanisms for vasomotor regulation are discussed.", "PMID": 658542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7932", "title": "[Effect of neuroactivating amino acids on the system activating sympathetic preganglionic neurons].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, the bioelectrical responses were recorded in T3 white ramus during stimulation of intercostal nerve of the T3 segment and of descending pathways (dorsolateral funiculus) of the C5 segment. The effects of GABA, glycine (and its synaptic antagonists picrotoxin and strychnine), and of glutamic acid on different components of the responses were not identical which suggested different sites of the activity effects of glutamic acid and of the inhibitory effects of GABA and glycine in the central pathways for activation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroactivating amino acids on the system activating sympathetic preganglionic neurons]. In anesthetized cats, the bioelectrical responses were recorded in T3 white ramus during stimulation of intercostal nerve of the T3 segment and of descending pathways (dorsolateral funiculus) of the C5 segment. The effects of GABA, glycine (and its synaptic antagonists picrotoxin and strychnine), and of glutamic acid on different components of the responses were not identical which suggested different sites of the activity effects of glutamic acid and of the inhibitory effects of GABA and glycine in the central pathways for activation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "PMID": 658543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7933", "title": "[Changes in coronary circulation following reflex excitation of the sympathetic nervous system].", "content": "The patterns and efferent mechanisms of coronary blood flow reactions in cats following sympathetic activation after hemorrhage and carotid occlusion, were studied. Like in other vascular regions, the sympathetic activation led to alpha-adrenergic coronary constriction which was particularly clear after blocking of neurogenic and metabolic vasodilatory factors (beta-blockers, atropine). The significance of myogenic constrictory component was elucidated as well.", "contents": "[Changes in coronary circulation following reflex excitation of the sympathetic nervous system]. The patterns and efferent mechanisms of coronary blood flow reactions in cats following sympathetic activation after hemorrhage and carotid occlusion, were studied. Like in other vascular regions, the sympathetic activation led to alpha-adrenergic coronary constriction which was particularly clear after blocking of neurogenic and metabolic vasodilatory factors (beta-blockers, atropine). The significance of myogenic constrictory component was elucidated as well.", "PMID": 658544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7934", "title": "In vitro immunization against tumour-associated antigen of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma.", "content": "Lymph node cells obtained from B10 mice were sensitized in vitro on monolayers of syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cells. The in vitro sensitized LNC displayed specific cytotoxic and inhibitory effects on sarcoma cells used for sensitization. The effects were detectable by visual counting and inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The inhibition observed after admixture of in vitro sensitized LNC was more effective than inhibition produced by LNC from mice immunized with the same syngeneic sarcoma in vivo. Solubilization of sarcoma cells with 3M KCl gave rise to antigenic preparation which was unable to sensitize syngeneic LNC under experimental conditions used.", "contents": "In vitro immunization against tumour-associated antigen of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Lymph node cells obtained from B10 mice were sensitized in vitro on monolayers of syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cells. The in vitro sensitized LNC displayed specific cytotoxic and inhibitory effects on sarcoma cells used for sensitization. The effects were detectable by visual counting and inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The inhibition observed after admixture of in vitro sensitized LNC was more effective than inhibition produced by LNC from mice immunized with the same syngeneic sarcoma in vivo. Solubilization of sarcoma cells with 3M KCl gave rise to antigenic preparation which was unable to sensitize syngeneic LNC under experimental conditions used.", "PMID": 658547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7935", "title": "Isozymic forms of some energy metabolism enzymes during oncovirus-induced cell transformation.", "content": "Kinetic studies of changes in isozymic forms of hexokinase, lactate and malate dehydrogenase and in total hexokinase activity during viral carcinogenesis were carried out. The test systems were rat embryo fibroblasts infected with an oncogenic variant of human adenovirus type 12 and an infectious adenovirus type 6, intact REF cultures in different stages of growth (log and stationary phase), and hamster sarcoma A12 and rat reticulosarcoma 321-RRS cell cultures. Molecular isozymic forms of the stated enzymes and total hexokinase activity in the nuclear fraction and cytoplasm of cells in culture were investigated. It was shown that infectious and oncogenic viruses evoked a rearrangement in the spectrum of the energy metabolism enzymes in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The changes appeared in the first days of the contact of REF culture with the virus, and were more pronounced after the oncogenic rather than the infectious virus. The analysis of changes in isozymic forms of the enzymes under study in virus A12-infected REF cultures and in hamster sarcoma A12 and reticulosarcoma 321-RRS cells growing in vitro revealed that they had some features in common. The most pronounced changes were found with hexokinases. The changes described can serve as objective signs of cell transformation.", "contents": "Isozymic forms of some energy metabolism enzymes during oncovirus-induced cell transformation. Kinetic studies of changes in isozymic forms of hexokinase, lactate and malate dehydrogenase and in total hexokinase activity during viral carcinogenesis were carried out. The test systems were rat embryo fibroblasts infected with an oncogenic variant of human adenovirus type 12 and an infectious adenovirus type 6, intact REF cultures in different stages of growth (log and stationary phase), and hamster sarcoma A12 and rat reticulosarcoma 321-RRS cell cultures. Molecular isozymic forms of the stated enzymes and total hexokinase activity in the nuclear fraction and cytoplasm of cells in culture were investigated. It was shown that infectious and oncogenic viruses evoked a rearrangement in the spectrum of the energy metabolism enzymes in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The changes appeared in the first days of the contact of REF culture with the virus, and were more pronounced after the oncogenic rather than the infectious virus. The analysis of changes in isozymic forms of the enzymes under study in virus A12-infected REF cultures and in hamster sarcoma A12 and reticulosarcoma 321-RRS cells growing in vitro revealed that they had some features in common. The most pronounced changes were found with hexokinases. The changes described can serve as objective signs of cell transformation.", "PMID": 658548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7936", "title": "Electrophoresis of cells at the interface liquid/liquid.", "content": "A new method for measuring the mobility of cells in an electric field is described. The movement of cell samples is carried out at the interface: isotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.37, mu = 2.214) with Ficoll--the same phosphate buffer without Ficoll. After the voltage is switched on, cells are moving in parallel along the interface. The movement is accomplished by sliding on the denser of these two layers in a flat cuvete. Several samples of cells may be applied and their relative displacement compared. The method was established for human erythrocytes and tannined human erythrocytes.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of cells at the interface liquid/liquid. A new method for measuring the mobility of cells in an electric field is described. The movement of cell samples is carried out at the interface: isotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.37, mu = 2.214) with Ficoll--the same phosphate buffer without Ficoll. After the voltage is switched on, cells are moving in parallel along the interface. The movement is accomplished by sliding on the denser of these two layers in a flat cuvete. Several samples of cells may be applied and their relative displacement compared. The method was established for human erythrocytes and tannined human erythrocytes.", "PMID": 658549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7937", "title": "The determinants of marital fertility in the United States, 1968-1970: inferences from a dynamic model.", "content": "Criticizing the static assumptions of previous socioeconomic and microeconomic models of marital fertility, particularly regarding the sequential and stochastic facets of family building, this paper advocates a dynamic perspective. Of particular concern is the assumption of equilibrium family size made by those who employ the static perspective. The equilibrium family size assumption implies that the parameters relating social and economic variables to fertility will be similar for all births, regardless of order. To test this assumption of constancy, a two-equation model of fertility and female employment is introduced. Contrary to the static perspective's implication of constant effects, substantial parity differences in the estimates of parameters for both equations are reported, as are several differences between blacks and whites. On the basis of this evidence, I conclude that the static decision-making framework should be replaced by a dynamic approach to marital fertility.", "contents": "The determinants of marital fertility in the United States, 1968-1970: inferences from a dynamic model. Criticizing the static assumptions of previous socioeconomic and microeconomic models of marital fertility, particularly regarding the sequential and stochastic facets of family building, this paper advocates a dynamic perspective. Of particular concern is the assumption of equilibrium family size made by those who employ the static perspective. The equilibrium family size assumption implies that the parameters relating social and economic variables to fertility will be similar for all births, regardless of order. To test this assumption of constancy, a two-equation model of fertility and female employment is introduced. Contrary to the static perspective's implication of constant effects, substantial parity differences in the estimates of parameters for both equations are reported, as are several differences between blacks and whites. On the basis of this evidence, I conclude that the static decision-making framework should be replaced by a dynamic approach to marital fertility.", "PMID": 658557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7938", "title": "The effects of demographic factors, family background, and early job achievement on age at marriage.", "content": "National data for ever-married men age 20 to 65 in March 1973 are utilized to estimate least squares and log-linear structural equation models of age at marriage. We demonstrate that most characteristics of family background (including both the family structure and its socioeconomic standing) are irrelevant in their effect on age at marriage. Intercohort trends are not explicable with reference to the changing socioeconomic, ethnic, or nativity compositions of the cohorts. Regional differences in age at marriage have persisted over the years in only slightly diminished form and cannot be explained by reference to the nativity, ethnic, or socioeconomic compositions of the regions. Early job status relates only weakly to age at marriage. Only those activities that are time-consuming or otherwise disruptive of the smooth operation of normal life-cycle processes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood (such as college attendance and service in the military) seriously affect the age at which a man marries.", "contents": "The effects of demographic factors, family background, and early job achievement on age at marriage. National data for ever-married men age 20 to 65 in March 1973 are utilized to estimate least squares and log-linear structural equation models of age at marriage. We demonstrate that most characteristics of family background (including both the family structure and its socioeconomic standing) are irrelevant in their effect on age at marriage. Intercohort trends are not explicable with reference to the changing socioeconomic, ethnic, or nativity compositions of the cohorts. Regional differences in age at marriage have persisted over the years in only slightly diminished form and cannot be explained by reference to the nativity, ethnic, or socioeconomic compositions of the regions. Early job status relates only weakly to age at marriage. Only those activities that are time-consuming or otherwise disruptive of the smooth operation of normal life-cycle processes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood (such as college attendance and service in the military) seriously affect the age at which a man marries.", "PMID": 658558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7939", "title": "The rise in divorce rates, 1960-1974: age-specific omponents.", "content": "This paper uses vital statistics data from 15 states in the Divorce Registration Area to decompose into age-specific components the rise in the aggregate divorce rate between 1960 and 1974. While women in their twenties comprise only about 20 percent of the married population, they appear to have contributed over 60 percent of the growth in the divorce rate during the decade of the sixties,", "contents": "The rise in divorce rates, 1960-1974: age-specific omponents. This paper uses vital statistics data from 15 states in the Divorce Registration Area to decompose into age-specific components the rise in the aggregate divorce rate between 1960 and 1974. While women in their twenties comprise only about 20 percent of the married population, they appear to have contributed over 60 percent of the growth in the divorce rate during the decade of the sixties,", "PMID": 658559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7940", "title": "Occupational status scores: changes introduced by the inclusion of women.", "content": "This paper examines the impact of women's labor force participation on occupational scores by comparing occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the 1970 male labor force with a set of occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the total 1970 labor force. Although the two sets of scores are highly correlated, important differences are found in the scores for specific occupations as well as for major occupational groups. Using the tradional list of 12 major occupational categories, we find that the positions of clerical workers and craftsmen are reversed when status scores are derived from data on all incumbents in the labor force rather than on male incubents alone. The paper suggests that, with the increased participation of women in the labor force and the concomitant change in the sex composition of the work force, the traditional approaches to the measurement of occupational status based solely on male incumbents may no longer be valid for examining the occupational hierarchy of contemporary American society.", "contents": "Occupational status scores: changes introduced by the inclusion of women. This paper examines the impact of women's labor force participation on occupational scores by comparing occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the 1970 male labor force with a set of occupational status scores based on the characteristics of the total 1970 labor force. Although the two sets of scores are highly correlated, important differences are found in the scores for specific occupations as well as for major occupational groups. Using the tradional list of 12 major occupational categories, we find that the positions of clerical workers and craftsmen are reversed when status scores are derived from data on all incumbents in the labor force rather than on male incubents alone. The paper suggests that, with the increased participation of women in the labor force and the concomitant change in the sex composition of the work force, the traditional approaches to the measurement of occupational status based solely on male incumbents may no longer be valid for examining the occupational hierarchy of contemporary American society.", "PMID": 658560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7941", "title": "The simultaneous examination of economic and social factors in destination selection: employing objective and subjective measures.", "content": "This research examines the role of social and economic factors in the past selection of destinations made by migrants living in Rhode Island. Results indicate that social ties play a more important role in the selection of destinations with low levels of opportunity than they do in the movement to high opportunity areas. An important aspect of the study was the simultaneous investigation of both objective and subjective measures of social and economic factors in the selection of low and high growth destinations. The analysis suggests that the simultaneous consideration of objective and subjective factors provides a more refined accounting of the potential influence of social and economic factors in the selection of destinations. The findings hold when age is introduced as a control.", "contents": "The simultaneous examination of economic and social factors in destination selection: employing objective and subjective measures. This research examines the role of social and economic factors in the past selection of destinations made by migrants living in Rhode Island. Results indicate that social ties play a more important role in the selection of destinations with low levels of opportunity than they do in the movement to high opportunity areas. An important aspect of the study was the simultaneous investigation of both objective and subjective measures of social and economic factors in the selection of low and high growth destinations. The analysis suggests that the simultaneous consideration of objective and subjective factors provides a more refined accounting of the potential influence of social and economic factors in the selection of destinations. The findings hold when age is introduced as a control.", "PMID": 658561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7942", "title": "The urban distribution of headquarters and branch plants in manufacturing: mechanisms of metropolitan dominance.", "content": "The proposition that ties between home offices and branch plants constitute a form of metropolitan dominance is evaluated by examining the dependence of these two forms of manufacturing organization on selected characteristics of the 110 largest SMSAs. The predictor variables in the analysis are measures of industry composition, population size, and regional location, factors which past research has shown to be indicators of rank in an urban hierarchy of dominance. The data generally support the hypothesis in revealing that headquarters locate in large, diversified urban areas, whereas branch plant employment is highest in small, economically specialized places. Both headquarters and branch plant activity proved to be associated with the percent of the SMSA labor force employed in manufacturing, however. The suggestion drawn from earlier studies, that specialization in metropolitan financial-commercial functions should be related to the headquarters' presence, receives only mixed and ambiguous support in this investigation.", "contents": "The urban distribution of headquarters and branch plants in manufacturing: mechanisms of metropolitan dominance. The proposition that ties between home offices and branch plants constitute a form of metropolitan dominance is evaluated by examining the dependence of these two forms of manufacturing organization on selected characteristics of the 110 largest SMSAs. The predictor variables in the analysis are measures of industry composition, population size, and regional location, factors which past research has shown to be indicators of rank in an urban hierarchy of dominance. The data generally support the hypothesis in revealing that headquarters locate in large, diversified urban areas, whereas branch plant employment is highest in small, economically specialized places. Both headquarters and branch plant activity proved to be associated with the percent of the SMSA labor force employed in manufacturing, however. The suggestion drawn from earlier studies, that specialization in metropolitan financial-commercial functions should be related to the headquarters' presence, receives only mixed and ambiguous support in this investigation.", "PMID": 658562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7943", "title": "Estimating demographic characteristics using the ratio-correlation method.", "content": "Studies of the relative accuracy of methods of estimating the population at the substate level have generally found that the greatest degree of accuracy is provided by the ratio-correlation, or regression, method. This paper reports on research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of this method in estimating the age and race composition of populations at the substate level. In addition to the basic multiple regression equation variants such as stratification and the averaging of estimates from simple regression equations are also tested. Surprisingly, for Virginia localities the most satisfactory results are generated by the nonstratified multiple regression equation.", "contents": "Estimating demographic characteristics using the ratio-correlation method. Studies of the relative accuracy of methods of estimating the population at the substate level have generally found that the greatest degree of accuracy is provided by the ratio-correlation, or regression, method. This paper reports on research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of this method in estimating the age and race composition of populations at the substate level. In addition to the basic multiple regression equation variants such as stratification and the averaging of estimates from simple regression equations are also tested. Surprisingly, for Virginia localities the most satisfactory results are generated by the nonstratified multiple regression equation.", "PMID": 658563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7944", "title": "An investigation of the age of an alleged centenarian.", "content": "At times, persons have been reported as living to extremely advanced ages such as 130, or even higher (McWhirter and McWhirter, 1977, p. 26; Medvedev, 1974; Merrill, 1976). However, controlled studies of closed groups like Civil War veterans (Myers and Shudde, 1955) have not shown any persons surviving beyond age 110, when age has been reasonably verified. It seems, therefore, highly plausible that reports of extremely advanced ages at death reflect exaggerations of age rather than reality. This note reports a case history which supports this view and illustrates how ages can be verified using available census data.", "contents": "An investigation of the age of an alleged centenarian. At times, persons have been reported as living to extremely advanced ages such as 130, or even higher (McWhirter and McWhirter, 1977, p. 26; Medvedev, 1974; Merrill, 1976). However, controlled studies of closed groups like Civil War veterans (Myers and Shudde, 1955) have not shown any persons surviving beyond age 110, when age has been reasonably verified. It seems, therefore, highly plausible that reports of extremely advanced ages at death reflect exaggerations of age rather than reality. This note reports a case history which supports this view and illustrates how ages can be verified using available census data.", "PMID": 658564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7945", "title": "Dapsone-induced distal axonal degeneration of the motor neurons.", "content": "Dapsone proved to be effective treatment in a patient who suffered from erthema elevatum diutinum. Serious neurological side effects, however, appeared. The basic mechanism appeared to be a distal axonal degeneration of the motor neurons. Sensory conduction studies  were normal in five consecutive EMG examinations. A diagnosis of anemia pernicosa was also made bu the blood values returned to normal after starting B12-vitamin therapy. Penicous anemia seemed not be an etiological factor in the polyneuropathy of our patient because we were not able toshow any damage to the sensory axons.", "contents": "Dapsone-induced distal axonal degeneration of the motor neurons. Dapsone proved to be effective treatment in a patient who suffered from erthema elevatum diutinum. Serious neurological side effects, however, appeared. The basic mechanism appeared to be a distal axonal degeneration of the motor neurons. Sensory conduction studies  were normal in five consecutive EMG examinations. A diagnosis of anemia pernicosa was also made bu the blood values returned to normal after starting B12-vitamin therapy. Penicous anemia seemed not be an etiological factor in the polyneuropathy of our patient because we were not able toshow any damage to the sensory axons.", "PMID": 658572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7946", "title": "Scintigraphic evaluation of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "10 patients with clinical and histopathological evidence of Kaposi's sarcoma were evaluated with 99Tcm-pertechnetate and 67Ga-citrate scintigraphs. Combined studies using these radionuclides are useful aids in investigating, detecting and following-up Kaposi's sarcoma and any associated lymphoma or other malignancies.", "contents": "Scintigraphic evaluation of Kaposi's sarcoma. 10 patients with clinical and histopathological evidence of Kaposi's sarcoma were evaluated with 99Tcm-pertechnetate and 67Ga-citrate scintigraphs. Combined studies using these radionuclides are useful aids in investigating, detecting and following-up Kaposi's sarcoma and any associated lymphoma or other malignancies.", "PMID": 658573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7947", "title": "Keratosis circumscripta. A distinct dermatological entity or a variant of psoriasis?", "content": "45 cases of a dermatosis believed to be the same as those originally described by Schrank in 1963 among Nigerian children of Yoruba ethnic origin and named keratosis circumscripta by him are reviewed. All evidences point towards the fact that the dermatosis observed by us as well as those originally described by Schrank are a variant of psoriasis possibly modified by environmental factors. It has therefore been suggested that this dermatosis should not be regarded as a new dermatological entity, and that the original names should be modified. To reflect the original work done by Schrank as as well as the true clinical picture of this dermatosis, the nomenclature psoriasis circumscripta with palmo plantar keratosis is suggested.", "contents": "Keratosis circumscripta. A distinct dermatological entity or a variant of psoriasis? 45 cases of a dermatosis believed to be the same as those originally described by Schrank in 1963 among Nigerian children of Yoruba ethnic origin and named keratosis circumscripta by him are reviewed. All evidences point towards the fact that the dermatosis observed by us as well as those originally described by Schrank are a variant of psoriasis possibly modified by environmental factors. It has therefore been suggested that this dermatosis should not be regarded as a new dermatological entity, and that the original names should be modified. To reflect the original work done by Schrank as as well as the true clinical picture of this dermatosis, the nomenclature psoriasis circumscripta with palmo plantar keratosis is suggested.", "PMID": 658574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7948", "title": "[Association of verruciform acrokeratosis with congenital poikiloderma as a dermatologic entity].", "content": "An 18-year-old young man, presents multiple areas of poikilodermia since 1 year of age, and papules like flat warts essentially on the back of his hands and feet, since 10 years of age. The examination of 16 of his closest relatives led us to discover 1 case of poikilodermia and acrokeratosis verruciformis, 1 case of poikilodermia and 3 cases of acrokeratosis veruciformis. Observations on the association of poikilodermia and acrokeratosis verruciformis have already been reported in the literature as well as comparable morphological fact, but without family lesions and without histological examinations. Thus, rare patients are presenting both congenital pikilodermia and acrokeratosis verruciformis. In the families of 3 of these patients, some members are similarly afficted, whereas others present independently either poikilodermia or acrokeratosis. In several reports in the literature and in our cases, the histological picture of verruciform papules was the same as Hopf's acrokeratosis verruciformis. These particularities led us to consider the association of Hof's and Thomson's diseases as an entity.", "contents": "[Association of verruciform acrokeratosis with congenital poikiloderma as a dermatologic entity]. An 18-year-old young man, presents multiple areas of poikilodermia since 1 year of age, and papules like flat warts essentially on the back of his hands and feet, since 10 years of age. The examination of 16 of his closest relatives led us to discover 1 case of poikilodermia and acrokeratosis verruciformis, 1 case of poikilodermia and 3 cases of acrokeratosis veruciformis. Observations on the association of poikilodermia and acrokeratosis verruciformis have already been reported in the literature as well as comparable morphological fact, but without family lesions and without histological examinations. Thus, rare patients are presenting both congenital pikilodermia and acrokeratosis verruciformis. In the families of 3 of these patients, some members are similarly afficted, whereas others present independently either poikilodermia or acrokeratosis. In several reports in the literature and in our cases, the histological picture of verruciform papules was the same as Hopf's acrokeratosis verruciformis. These particularities led us to consider the association of Hof's and Thomson's diseases as an entity.", "PMID": 658575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7949", "title": "Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis.", "content": "An attempt is made to give a sort of classification of the median nail dystrophies. 6 own cases are reported. As there are many morphological transitional forms, it is for the present recommended to call all those forms dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis.", "contents": "Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis. An attempt is made to give a sort of classification of the median nail dystrophies. 6 own cases are reported. As there are many morphological transitional forms, it is for the present recommended to call all those forms dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis.", "PMID": 658576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7950", "title": "Schizophrenia and albinism.", "content": "A female albino with squamous cell carcinoma and schizophrenia is reported. The association of schizophrenia and albinism is exceptionally rare; the observation that schizophrenia is characterised by hypermelanosis is questioned.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and albinism. A female albino with squamous cell carcinoma and schizophrenia is reported. The association of schizophrenia and albinism is exceptionally rare; the observation that schizophrenia is characterised by hypermelanosis is questioned.", "PMID": 658577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7951", "title": "Effect of pimozide and sulpiride on the release of LH and FSH by pituitary cells in culture.", "content": "A culture of dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells was used to test the ability of pimozide and sulpiride to affect the basal gonadotropin release and their effects on the response to Gn-RH. Sulpiride did not alter either the basal or the Gn-RH-induced release of LH, and the lowest dose (500 ng/ml) seemed to potentiate the Gn-RH-induced FSH release. On the other hand, both doses of pimozide (100 ng/ml and 10 microgram/ml) significantly inhibited the release of FSH and LH induced by Gn-RH but did not affect the basal release of the two gonadotropins. From these results it is evident that pimozide, at the doses used, is a powerful inhibitor of the pituitary response to Gn-RH in vitro. Sulpiride on the other hand had no effect on the pituitary response to Gn-RH in vitro, except on FSH release, using the lower dose.", "contents": "Effect of pimozide and sulpiride on the release of LH and FSH by pituitary cells in culture. A culture of dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells was used to test the ability of pimozide and sulpiride to affect the basal gonadotropin release and their effects on the response to Gn-RH. Sulpiride did not alter either the basal or the Gn-RH-induced release of LH, and the lowest dose (500 ng/ml) seemed to potentiate the Gn-RH-induced FSH release. On the other hand, both doses of pimozide (100 ng/ml and 10 microgram/ml) significantly inhibited the release of FSH and LH induced by Gn-RH but did not affect the basal release of the two gonadotropins. From these results it is evident that pimozide, at the doses used, is a powerful inhibitor of the pituitary response to Gn-RH in vitro. Sulpiride on the other hand had no effect on the pituitary response to Gn-RH in vitro, except on FSH release, using the lower dose.", "PMID": 658587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7952", "title": "Thyroid hormone effects on protein and RNA metabolism in the rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "Thyroidectomy reduced the incorporation of [3H]amino acids into total rat pituitary proteins as well as into electrophoretic fractions corresponding to growth hormone (GH) and prolactin. A single injection of thyroxine (200 microgram/kg) reversed the effects of thyroidectomy on the GH (12 h) and prolactin (36 h) fractions. Evidence for a general increase in the rate of pituitary protein synthesis following this treatment was less conclusive, but two injections of the hormone had a definite stimulatory effect. [3H]Uridine uptake by the pituitary and its incorporation into RNA were elevated for 2 weeks after thyroidectomy. Thyroxine failed to suppress these changes for at least 36 h after injection. Actinomycin C (400 microgram/kg) inhibited pituitary RNA synthesis and blocked the stimulatory effect of thyroxine on amino acid incorporation into the GH fraction. These results indicate that thyroid hormones: (1) promote pituitary protein synthesis, probably as a consequence of their effects on somatotrophs and lactotrophs; (2) exert a stimulatory effect on GH synthesis by affecting transcription.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone effects on protein and RNA metabolism in the rat anterior pituitary. Thyroidectomy reduced the incorporation of [3H]amino acids into total rat pituitary proteins as well as into electrophoretic fractions corresponding to growth hormone (GH) and prolactin. A single injection of thyroxine (200 microgram/kg) reversed the effects of thyroidectomy on the GH (12 h) and prolactin (36 h) fractions. Evidence for a general increase in the rate of pituitary protein synthesis following this treatment was less conclusive, but two injections of the hormone had a definite stimulatory effect. [3H]Uridine uptake by the pituitary and its incorporation into RNA were elevated for 2 weeks after thyroidectomy. Thyroxine failed to suppress these changes for at least 36 h after injection. Actinomycin C (400 microgram/kg) inhibited pituitary RNA synthesis and blocked the stimulatory effect of thyroxine on amino acid incorporation into the GH fraction. These results indicate that thyroid hormones: (1) promote pituitary protein synthesis, probably as a consequence of their effects on somatotrophs and lactotrophs; (2) exert a stimulatory effect on GH synthesis by affecting transcription.", "PMID": 658588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7953", "title": "Neonatal ultrasounds elicited by odor cues.", "content": "Ultrasounds were monitored from neonatal rats following placement on 1 of 5 types of bedding material. Odors associated with the home cage or an adult male inhibited neonatal ultrasonic signaling. Odors associated with a novel lactating female elicited initially high rates of signaling, the rate lowering across the age range of pups tested. Odors associated with a novel virgin female or with an absence of animal odors elicited increasing rates of signaling across the age range tested.", "contents": "Neonatal ultrasounds elicited by odor cues. Ultrasounds were monitored from neonatal rats following placement on 1 of 5 types of bedding material. Odors associated with the home cage or an adult male inhibited neonatal ultrasonic signaling. Odors associated with a novel lactating female elicited initially high rates of signaling, the rate lowering across the age range of pups tested. Odors associated with a novel virgin female or with an absence of animal odors elicited increasing rates of signaling across the age range tested.", "PMID": 658599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7954", "title": "Effects of differential early experience upon parental behavior in Mus musculus.", "content": "Infant mice, reared with both parents were subjected to 1 of 4 different early experience contingencies at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of age. Observation of parental behaviors following return of the pups to the nest revealed that mothers attended more to pups subjected to intermediate levels of stress, with the differences in maternal behavior persisting across the age span without change. Fathers exhibited marked changes in responsiveness to young across the ages observed, with their attention to young correlating directly with rate of ultrasonic calling by the young.", "contents": "Effects of differential early experience upon parental behavior in Mus musculus. Infant mice, reared with both parents were subjected to 1 of 4 different early experience contingencies at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of age. Observation of parental behaviors following return of the pups to the nest revealed that mothers attended more to pups subjected to intermediate levels of stress, with the differences in maternal behavior persisting across the age span without change. Fathers exhibited marked changes in responsiveness to young across the ages observed, with their attention to young correlating directly with rate of ultrasonic calling by the young.", "PMID": 658600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7955", "title": "Locomotor activity and social behavior of old rats after preweaning undernutrition.", "content": "Rat pups were undernourished from birth to 25 days of age by giving them a nipple-ligated mother and a normal lactating mother for alternate periods of 12 hr/day, thus providing adequate full-time maternal care. Male and female rats undernourished neonatally had greater locomotor activity than controls in old age (16-20 months)mfemales were more activive than males, irrespective of neonatal undernutrition. At the age of 24 months, social behavior was recorded at various times of the day for pairs of male rats (1 previously undernourished and 1 control). With one minor exception, undernourished animals did not differ significantly from controls in the incidence of the various behavioral items that were scored. Neonatal social factors may compensate for possible negative effects of neonatal undernutrition on later social behavior.", "contents": "Locomotor activity and social behavior of old rats after preweaning undernutrition. Rat pups were undernourished from birth to 25 days of age by giving them a nipple-ligated mother and a normal lactating mother for alternate periods of 12 hr/day, thus providing adequate full-time maternal care. Male and female rats undernourished neonatally had greater locomotor activity than controls in old age (16-20 months)mfemales were more activive than males, irrespective of neonatal undernutrition. At the age of 24 months, social behavior was recorded at various times of the day for pairs of male rats (1 previously undernourished and 1 control). With one minor exception, undernourished animals did not differ significantly from controls in the incidence of the various behavioral items that were scored. Neonatal social factors may compensate for possible negative effects of neonatal undernutrition on later social behavior.", "PMID": 658601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7956", "title": "Individual differences during the development of the domestic chick's attraction toward intermittent light.", "content": "Stable and persisting differences occur in the domestic chick's attraction toward normally preferred rates of intermittent white light in the vicinity of 4 flashes per second during the period around hatching when this preference develops. These differences are not linked to fluctuations in the test environment, high levels of indiscriminate responding toward flicker in those most attracted, the presence of an alternate rate preference in those least attracted, or to differences among chicks in arousal level or locomotor ability.", "contents": "Individual differences during the development of the domestic chick's attraction toward intermittent light. Stable and persisting differences occur in the domestic chick's attraction toward normally preferred rates of intermittent white light in the vicinity of 4 flashes per second during the period around hatching when this preference develops. These differences are not linked to fluctuations in the test environment, high levels of indiscriminate responding toward flicker in those most attracted, the presence of an alternate rate preference in those least attracted, or to differences among chicks in arousal level or locomotor ability.", "PMID": 658603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7957", "title": "Ontogeny of brain catecholamine turnover and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J mice.", "content": "We have investigated the relationship between catecholamine turnover and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AGS) in the developing DBA/2J mouse. Turnover of dopamine and norepinephrine was determined after administration of alphamethylparatyrosine at 3 weeks of age when nearly all mice (94%) exhibited AGS, at 6 weeks when only 30% were susceptible, and at 12 weeks when none developed seizures. Turnover of brain dopamine increased progressively from 236 ng/g/hr at 3 weeks to 389 ng/g/hr by 12 weeks of age. Norepinephrine turnover increased significantly between 3 and 6 weeks of age, then remained stable thereafter. Turnover times for each catecholamine did not change appreciably with maturation. Our results support the notion that susceptibility to AGS may be mediated in part by brain catecholaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Ontogeny of brain catecholamine turnover and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J mice. We have investigated the relationship between catecholamine turnover and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AGS) in the developing DBA/2J mouse. Turnover of dopamine and norepinephrine was determined after administration of alphamethylparatyrosine at 3 weeks of age when nearly all mice (94%) exhibited AGS, at 6 weeks when only 30% were susceptible, and at 12 weeks when none developed seizures. Turnover of brain dopamine increased progressively from 236 ng/g/hr at 3 weeks to 389 ng/g/hr by 12 weeks of age. Norepinephrine turnover increased significantly between 3 and 6 weeks of age, then remained stable thereafter. Turnover times for each catecholamine did not change appreciably with maturation. Our results support the notion that susceptibility to AGS may be mediated in part by brain catecholaminergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 658604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7958", "title": "Relative aversion thresholds for shock in infant mice.", "content": "Using a spatial-preference technique, we tested separate groups of mice, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days of age, for escape and avoidance of a range of shock intensities administered from AC contant current and fixed impedance shock sources. With intensities ranging from 0 to .2 mA and 0 to 70 V for the respective sources, near asymptotic escape and avoidance were obtained at .1 mA and at 50 V for ages tested. Although few differences in the relative aversiveness of particular shock intensities were noted across ages with each source, the fixed impedance source produced more consistent avoidance than did the constant source. The findings suggest that the motivational properties of shock remain relatively constant throughout the early development of the mouse and that the technique employed in this study should prove useful in assessing possible age-related alterations in sensitivity to shock as a result of physiological or pharmacological manipulations.", "contents": "Relative aversion thresholds for shock in infant mice. Using a spatial-preference technique, we tested separate groups of mice, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days of age, for escape and avoidance of a range of shock intensities administered from AC contant current and fixed impedance shock sources. With intensities ranging from 0 to .2 mA and 0 to 70 V for the respective sources, near asymptotic escape and avoidance were obtained at .1 mA and at 50 V for ages tested. Although few differences in the relative aversiveness of particular shock intensities were noted across ages with each source, the fixed impedance source produced more consistent avoidance than did the constant source. The findings suggest that the motivational properties of shock remain relatively constant throughout the early development of the mouse and that the technique employed in this study should prove useful in assessing possible age-related alterations in sensitivity to shock as a result of physiological or pharmacological manipulations.", "PMID": 658606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7959", "title": "Differential effects of handling on exploration in male and female rats.", "content": "In this study, sex differences in the exploratory behavior of handled and nonhandled animals were measured under conditions of both high and low stimulus variation. The apparatus used was a hole-board, which provided an exploratory response independent of ambulation. Significant effects of handling were found: nonhandled animals decreased head-dipping over days whereas handled animals maintained a high rate. Sex differences were also observed: patterns of head-dipping for males and females differed over days depending on whether objects was present (high stimulus variation) or absent (low stimulus variation) under the hole-board; females also head-dipped for  longer durations than males when objects were present; further, males and females showed completely opposite patterns of exploration depending on handling treatment and on level of stimulus variation. We conclude that handling differentially affects males and females, particularly as level of stimulus variability changes.", "contents": "Differential effects of handling on exploration in male and female rats. In this study, sex differences in the exploratory behavior of handled and nonhandled animals were measured under conditions of both high and low stimulus variation. The apparatus used was a hole-board, which provided an exploratory response independent of ambulation. Significant effects of handling were found: nonhandled animals decreased head-dipping over days whereas handled animals maintained a high rate. Sex differences were also observed: patterns of head-dipping for males and females differed over days depending on whether objects was present (high stimulus variation) or absent (low stimulus variation) under the hole-board; females also head-dipped for  longer durations than males when objects were present; further, males and females showed completely opposite patterns of exploration depending on handling treatment and on level of stimulus variation. We conclude that handling differentially affects males and females, particularly as level of stimulus variability changes.", "PMID": 658605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7960", "title": "The role of diet in mother-infant reciprocity in the spiny mouse.", "content": "One-day-old spiny mouse pups responded preferentially to bedding soiled by lactating conspecifics fed the same diet as their mothers. Following this test, pups were fostered onto different-diet females. When retested at 84-96 hr of age, no preferences were shown for bedding soiled by a female fed the biological mother's diet vs bedding of a female fed the different diet. When tested again at 120-132 hr of age, however, the pups preferred the bedding associated with their foster mothers' diet. In a 2nd experiment, recently parturient females retrieved 1-day-old pups born of same-diet females faster than pups born to novel-diet females. These results indicate that pup preferences for chemical cues produced by lactating conspecifics can be altered by sufficient exposure to a 2nd female maintained on a different diet and that neonatal chemical cues, like maternal chemical stimuli, are diet-dependent.", "contents": "The role of diet in mother-infant reciprocity in the spiny mouse. One-day-old spiny mouse pups responded preferentially to bedding soiled by lactating conspecifics fed the same diet as their mothers. Following this test, pups were fostered onto different-diet females. When retested at 84-96 hr of age, no preferences were shown for bedding soiled by a female fed the biological mother's diet vs bedding of a female fed the different diet. When tested again at 120-132 hr of age, however, the pups preferred the bedding associated with their foster mothers' diet. In a 2nd experiment, recently parturient females retrieved 1-day-old pups born of same-diet females faster than pups born to novel-diet females. These results indicate that pup preferences for chemical cues produced by lactating conspecifics can be altered by sufficient exposure to a 2nd female maintained on a different diet and that neonatal chemical cues, like maternal chemical stimuli, are diet-dependent.", "PMID": 658607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7961", "title": "The immunohistopathology of glomerular antigens. III. Increased mesangial actomyosin in experimental diabetes in the rat.", "content": "Antisera to rat smooth muscle actomyosin (AMY) and myosin localize in the rat glomercular mesangium. The width of mesangial staining for AMY is increased in rats diabetic for four months (p less than 0.01) and seven months (p less than 0.0005) compared with age-matched controls. Mesangial AMY staining of unilaterally nephrectomized control animals was moderately increased after seven months, whereas unilaterally nephrectomized diabetic rats had prominently increased AMY mesangial width at four months, when they were compared with intact diabetic animals (p less than 0.05). Thus, a distinctive alteration that is found in human diabetic nephropathy also occurs in experimental (streptozotocin) diabetes in the rat. Further, this alteration appears to be accelerated by the changes in nephron hemodynamics resulting from unilateral nephrectomy. While the function of mesangial AMY is unknown, it may be related to intrarenal regulation of glomerular ultrafiltration, which appears to be altered in diabetic nephropathy in man.", "contents": "The immunohistopathology of glomerular antigens. III. Increased mesangial actomyosin in experimental diabetes in the rat. Antisera to rat smooth muscle actomyosin (AMY) and myosin localize in the rat glomercular mesangium. The width of mesangial staining for AMY is increased in rats diabetic for four months (p less than 0.01) and seven months (p less than 0.0005) compared with age-matched controls. Mesangial AMY staining of unilaterally nephrectomized control animals was moderately increased after seven months, whereas unilaterally nephrectomized diabetic rats had prominently increased AMY mesangial width at four months, when they were compared with intact diabetic animals (p less than 0.05). Thus, a distinctive alteration that is found in human diabetic nephropathy also occurs in experimental (streptozotocin) diabetes in the rat. Further, this alteration appears to be accelerated by the changes in nephron hemodynamics resulting from unilateral nephrectomy. While the function of mesangial AMY is unknown, it may be related to intrarenal regulation of glomerular ultrafiltration, which appears to be altered in diabetic nephropathy in man.", "PMID": 658608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7962", "title": "The effect of hyperglucagonemia on blood glucose concentrations and on insulin requirements in insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effect of elevated glucagon concentrations on insulin requirements and on blood glucose concentrations was studied in five insulin-requiring diabetic subjects during feedback control of hyperglycemia with an automated glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (artificial endocrine pancreas) for six to eight hours. Two levels of hyperglucagonemia were induced by means of constant intravenous infusion. Raising plasma glucagon concentrations to levels reported in poorly controlled diabetics (450 to 665 pg. per milliliter) did not alter total insulin requirements or blood glucose concentrations. Higher glucagon concentrations (850 to 1,050 pg. per milliliter) caused a modest (26 per cent) increase in insulin requirements and only a slight increase in mean blood glucose concentrations. These studies demonstrate that the degree of hyperglucagonemia found most frequently in insulin-requiring diabetics does not increase insulin requirements or decrease insulin effectiveness in patients given insulin in amounts appropriate to maintain euglycemia.", "contents": "The effect of hyperglucagonemia on blood glucose concentrations and on insulin requirements in insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. The effect of elevated glucagon concentrations on insulin requirements and on blood glucose concentrations was studied in five insulin-requiring diabetic subjects during feedback control of hyperglycemia with an automated glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (artificial endocrine pancreas) for six to eight hours. Two levels of hyperglucagonemia were induced by means of constant intravenous infusion. Raising plasma glucagon concentrations to levels reported in poorly controlled diabetics (450 to 665 pg. per milliliter) did not alter total insulin requirements or blood glucose concentrations. Higher glucagon concentrations (850 to 1,050 pg. per milliliter) caused a modest (26 per cent) increase in insulin requirements and only a slight increase in mean blood glucose concentrations. These studies demonstrate that the degree of hyperglucagonemia found most frequently in insulin-requiring diabetics does not increase insulin requirements or decrease insulin effectiveness in patients given insulin in amounts appropriate to maintain euglycemia.", "PMID": 658610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7963", "title": "Impaired granulocyte adherence. A reversible defect in host defense in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.", "content": "When the ability of granulocytes from 10 poorly controlled diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycemia and no evidence of ketoacidosis (mean fasting glucose 293 +/- 20 mg. per 100 ml.; mean +/- S.E.M.) to adhere to a nylon fiber column was assessed, the number of adherent granulocytes from whole blood was only 53 +/- 6 per cent of the values observed in controls. After antidiabetic treatment for one to two weeks and lowering of fasting glucose levels (mean 198 +/- 29 mg. per 100 ml.), adherence improved significantly (p less than 0.01) in the diabetics; however, their values were still subnormal (diabetic 74 per cent +/- 8 of control; p less than 0.02). Adherence values before and after treatment correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001). These findings suggest that, in addition to previously reported abnormalities in migration and the ingestion and killing of bacteria, granulocyte adherence may also be impaired in poorly controlled diabetic patients. This functional abnormality correlates directly with the fasting glucose and is reversed by insulin treatment. A defect of this type may compromise the normal inflammatory response in some diabetics and impair their capacity to resist infection.", "contents": "Impaired granulocyte adherence. A reversible defect in host defense in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. When the ability of granulocytes from 10 poorly controlled diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycemia and no evidence of ketoacidosis (mean fasting glucose 293 +/- 20 mg. per 100 ml.; mean +/- S.E.M.) to adhere to a nylon fiber column was assessed, the number of adherent granulocytes from whole blood was only 53 +/- 6 per cent of the values observed in controls. After antidiabetic treatment for one to two weeks and lowering of fasting glucose levels (mean 198 +/- 29 mg. per 100 ml.), adherence improved significantly (p less than 0.01) in the diabetics; however, their values were still subnormal (diabetic 74 per cent +/- 8 of control; p less than 0.02). Adherence values before and after treatment correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001). These findings suggest that, in addition to previously reported abnormalities in migration and the ingestion and killing of bacteria, granulocyte adherence may also be impaired in poorly controlled diabetic patients. This functional abnormality correlates directly with the fasting glucose and is reversed by insulin treatment. A defect of this type may compromise the normal inflammatory response in some diabetics and impair their capacity to resist infection.", "PMID": 658613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7964", "title": "Interactions of obesity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in familial hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin response to glucose load, and liver function were examined in 81 relatives of 12 index cases with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic steatosis, as well as in 90 nonrelatives, including the spouses, as controls. Insulin hypersecretion (with or without glucose intolerance), endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, and abnormal liver function suggesting hepatic steatosis were shown to exist in the relatives mostly in combined fashion. Correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the combined disorder developed on the basis of obesity. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was significantly high in the relatives (14.8 per cent) as compared with the normal Japanese population (3.5 per cent). Although the vertical transmission of the combined disorder was noted in almost all pedigrees, the frequency distribution analysis of insulin response, glucose tolerance, and plasma triglyceride showed the histograms of these variables similarly skewed to the right as compared with those of the controls, with no apparent bimodality. In view of the hitherto suggested role of insulin in triglyceride metabolism, it is concluded that hyperinsulinemia coupled with obesity seems to be the basic trait of this form of familial hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis, though the mode of transmission remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Interactions of obesity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in familial hypertriglyceridemia. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin response to glucose load, and liver function were examined in 81 relatives of 12 index cases with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic steatosis, as well as in 90 nonrelatives, including the spouses, as controls. Insulin hypersecretion (with or without glucose intolerance), endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, and abnormal liver function suggesting hepatic steatosis were shown to exist in the relatives mostly in combined fashion. Correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the combined disorder developed on the basis of obesity. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was significantly high in the relatives (14.8 per cent) as compared with the normal Japanese population (3.5 per cent). Although the vertical transmission of the combined disorder was noted in almost all pedigrees, the frequency distribution analysis of insulin response, glucose tolerance, and plasma triglyceride showed the histograms of these variables similarly skewed to the right as compared with those of the controls, with no apparent bimodality. In view of the hitherto suggested role of insulin in triglyceride metabolism, it is concluded that hyperinsulinemia coupled with obesity seems to be the basic trait of this form of familial hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis, though the mode of transmission remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 658614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7965", "title": "Characteristics of human erythrocyte insulin receptors.", "content": "Highly specific insulin receptors have been identified on human erythrocytes. A modification of the monocyte insulin radioreceptor technique permitted distinct separation of human erythrocytes with their bound insulin from the free insulin. When incubated with 80 pg. per milliliter of 125I-insulin (pH 8.0, 3.5 hours, 15 degrees C.), erythrocytes from 17 normal volunteers specifically bound 10 per cent (+/- 1.450 S.D.) of the total 125I-insulin. Less than 15 per cent of the total 125I-insulin bound was nonspecific. Binding of 125I-insulin to human erythrocytes was dependent on pH and temperature. Less than 5 per cent of the insulin available to the plasma membrane was degraded. Both calcium and magnesium enhanced 125I-insulin binding by 100 per cent but had no synergistic effect when mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio. Scatchard analysis of the binding data resulted in a curvilinear plot with characteristics typical of negative cooperative interactions between receptor sites and with an unoccupied site affinity constant of 0.1 X 10(8) M-1. Human erythrocytes have 2,000 insulin binding sites per erythrocyte with 14 sites per square micrometer of surface area. The readily available human erythrocyte, thus, has both specific insulin binding sites and binding characteristics similar to other human cell types. These studies have provided the basis for further clinical investigation of polypeptide hormone receptors on human erythrocytes.", "contents": "Characteristics of human erythrocyte insulin receptors. Highly specific insulin receptors have been identified on human erythrocytes. A modification of the monocyte insulin radioreceptor technique permitted distinct separation of human erythrocytes with their bound insulin from the free insulin. When incubated with 80 pg. per milliliter of 125I-insulin (pH 8.0, 3.5 hours, 15 degrees C.), erythrocytes from 17 normal volunteers specifically bound 10 per cent (+/- 1.450 S.D.) of the total 125I-insulin. Less than 15 per cent of the total 125I-insulin bound was nonspecific. Binding of 125I-insulin to human erythrocytes was dependent on pH and temperature. Less than 5 per cent of the insulin available to the plasma membrane was degraded. Both calcium and magnesium enhanced 125I-insulin binding by 100 per cent but had no synergistic effect when mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio. Scatchard analysis of the binding data resulted in a curvilinear plot with characteristics typical of negative cooperative interactions between receptor sites and with an unoccupied site affinity constant of 0.1 X 10(8) M-1. Human erythrocytes have 2,000 insulin binding sites per erythrocyte with 14 sites per square micrometer of surface area. The readily available human erythrocyte, thus, has both specific insulin binding sites and binding characteristics similar to other human cell types. These studies have provided the basis for further clinical investigation of polypeptide hormone receptors on human erythrocytes.", "PMID": 658615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7966", "title": "Antiketogenic action of fructose in man.", "content": "The effect of fructose infusion (10 gm. every five minutes as a bolus followed by 0.5 gm. per kilogram X hours) on arterial concentrations and hepatic balances of ketones was studied in four juvenile diabetics 24 hours after the withdrawal of insulin. Arterial and hepatic venous concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, free fatty acids, fructose, and oxygen were measured. Hepatic blood flow was also determined. At constant rates of splanchnic fructose extraction, an 82 per cent diminution of the arterial hepatic venous concentration difference of the ketones was observed but the arteriovenous difference of free fatty acis rose moderately. Since hepatic blood flow was only slightly increased (17 per cent) there was no doubt that total hepatic ketone body formation was reduced. The magnitude of this antiketogenic action became apparent from the continuous fall of the arterial ketone concentrations. Since splanchnic oxygen uptake rose 40 per cent, it is suggested that the antiketogenic effect of fructose was due not only to enhanced re-esterification but also to accelerated oxidation of free fatty acids.", "contents": "Antiketogenic action of fructose in man. The effect of fructose infusion (10 gm. every five minutes as a bolus followed by 0.5 gm. per kilogram X hours) on arterial concentrations and hepatic balances of ketones was studied in four juvenile diabetics 24 hours after the withdrawal of insulin. Arterial and hepatic venous concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, free fatty acids, fructose, and oxygen were measured. Hepatic blood flow was also determined. At constant rates of splanchnic fructose extraction, an 82 per cent diminution of the arterial hepatic venous concentration difference of the ketones was observed but the arteriovenous difference of free fatty acis rose moderately. Since hepatic blood flow was only slightly increased (17 per cent) there was no doubt that total hepatic ketone body formation was reduced. The magnitude of this antiketogenic action became apparent from the continuous fall of the arterial ketone concentrations. Since splanchnic oxygen uptake rose 40 per cent, it is suggested that the antiketogenic effect of fructose was due not only to enhanced re-esterification but also to accelerated oxidation of free fatty acids.", "PMID": 658616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7967", "title": "Reproducibility and comparative analysis of repeated intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "We have developed a methodology for measuring the reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in normal subjects and in offspring of conjugal diabetic parents. Both groups of subjects revealed more striking correlations of several parameters of blood glucose and insulin secretion between two IVGTTs than between two OGTTs. Employing arbitrary criteria, we calculated a \"reproducibility index\" as a quantitative measure of blood glucose variability in each subject. No significant difference was found in the reproducibility of OGTT versus IVGTT, nor in normals versus the offspring. Only about 50 per cent of the tests in normals and in the offspring could be considered to be \"reproducible.\" The offspring revealed greater correlations of several parameters, particularly insulin secretion, between the two IVGTTs and between the two OGTTs as compared with the normal group. However, the blood glucose variations tended to be considerably greater in the offspring from one to the other test.", "contents": "Reproducibility and comparative analysis of repeated intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests. We have developed a methodology for measuring the reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in normal subjects and in offspring of conjugal diabetic parents. Both groups of subjects revealed more striking correlations of several parameters of blood glucose and insulin secretion between two IVGTTs than between two OGTTs. Employing arbitrary criteria, we calculated a \"reproducibility index\" as a quantitative measure of blood glucose variability in each subject. No significant difference was found in the reproducibility of OGTT versus IVGTT, nor in normals versus the offspring. Only about 50 per cent of the tests in normals and in the offspring could be considered to be \"reproducible.\" The offspring revealed greater correlations of several parameters, particularly insulin secretion, between the two IVGTTs and between the two OGTTs as compared with the normal group. However, the blood glucose variations tended to be considerably greater in the offspring from one to the other test.", "PMID": 658617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7968", "title": "Forearm hemodynamics and responses to exercise in middle-aged adult-onset diabetic patients.", "content": "Much of the difficulty in assessing the progress of diabetic angiopathy and effects of experimental modes of therapy arises from the lack of quick, simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive tests to perform on the circulatory system of human subjects. We report here on values obtained by the use of mercury-in-rubber strain gauge plethysmography on 15 middle-aged, adult-onset diabetics who had minimal clinical evidence of microangiopathy. Standard tests are described for assessing forearm vascular function at rest, during tonic exercise of the fingers, and after interrupted repetitive exercise of the fingers. When matched against a similar aged nondiabetic group, the diabetics had slightly higher forearm vascular resistance at each level of exercise, a marked reduction (approximately 50 per cent) in capillary filtration coefficient, which is believed to be related to vascular filtering surface area, and a slight reduction in venous capacitance at all levels of exercise. The method of mercury-in-rubber strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography provides the clinician with a sensitive and inexpensive tool with which to follow the evolution of angiopathy in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Forearm hemodynamics and responses to exercise in middle-aged adult-onset diabetic patients. Much of the difficulty in assessing the progress of diabetic angiopathy and effects of experimental modes of therapy arises from the lack of quick, simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive tests to perform on the circulatory system of human subjects. We report here on values obtained by the use of mercury-in-rubber strain gauge plethysmography on 15 middle-aged, adult-onset diabetics who had minimal clinical evidence of microangiopathy. Standard tests are described for assessing forearm vascular function at rest, during tonic exercise of the fingers, and after interrupted repetitive exercise of the fingers. When matched against a similar aged nondiabetic group, the diabetics had slightly higher forearm vascular resistance at each level of exercise, a marked reduction (approximately 50 per cent) in capillary filtration coefficient, which is believed to be related to vascular filtering surface area, and a slight reduction in venous capacitance at all levels of exercise. The method of mercury-in-rubber strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography provides the clinician with a sensitive and inexpensive tool with which to follow the evolution of angiopathy in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 658618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7969", "title": "Aldosterone responsiveness in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone (PA) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined in 44 diabetics, of whom nine were normotensive but not nephropathic (group 1), 10 were hypertensive but not nephropathic (group 2), and 25 were hypertensive and nephropathic (group 3); they were kept in balance on a diet composed of 10 to 20 mEq. of sodium (Na) and 100 mEq. of potassium (K). Supine PA in group 1 was 38 +/- 7 ng. per deciliter, whereas in normals it was 24 +/- 2 ng. per deciliter (P less than 0.05); beyond that, neither supine nor upright PA or PRA differed significantly from normal in groups 1 and 2. By contrast, in group 3, supine PA was 13 +/- 1 ng. per deciliter and PRA 2.0 +/- 0.2 ng./ml. and upright PA was 39 +/- 7 ng. per deciliter and PRA 3.8 +/- 0.5 ng./ml., all significantly lower than those in the other groups (P less than 0.01). Nine patients, one in group 1 and eight in group 3, had low supine and upright PA and PRA; four had hyperkalemia. An additional nine patients in group 3 had low upright PA, with normal or low PRA; two had hyperkalemia. Of the 18 patients with low upright PA, K correlated with glucose (R = 0.46, P less than 0.05). These results suggest (1) the renin-aldosterone system generally responds normally in diabetics without nephropathy but responds subnormally when nephropathy is present, (2) hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism is frequent in diabetics with nephropathy but may occur in the absence of clinical nephropathy, and (3) hyperkalemia in some diabetic patients may be secondary to hypoaldosteronemia and hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Aldosterone responsiveness in patients with diabetes mellitus. Plasma aldosterone (PA) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined in 44 diabetics, of whom nine were normotensive but not nephropathic (group 1), 10 were hypertensive but not nephropathic (group 2), and 25 were hypertensive and nephropathic (group 3); they were kept in balance on a diet composed of 10 to 20 mEq. of sodium (Na) and 100 mEq. of potassium (K). Supine PA in group 1 was 38 +/- 7 ng. per deciliter, whereas in normals it was 24 +/- 2 ng. per deciliter (P less than 0.05); beyond that, neither supine nor upright PA or PRA differed significantly from normal in groups 1 and 2. By contrast, in group 3, supine PA was 13 +/- 1 ng. per deciliter and PRA 2.0 +/- 0.2 ng./ml. and upright PA was 39 +/- 7 ng. per deciliter and PRA 3.8 +/- 0.5 ng./ml., all significantly lower than those in the other groups (P less than 0.01). Nine patients, one in group 1 and eight in group 3, had low supine and upright PA and PRA; four had hyperkalemia. An additional nine patients in group 3 had low upright PA, with normal or low PRA; two had hyperkalemia. Of the 18 patients with low upright PA, K correlated with glucose (R = 0.46, P less than 0.05). These results suggest (1) the renin-aldosterone system generally responds normally in diabetics without nephropathy but responds subnormally when nephropathy is present, (2) hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism is frequent in diabetics with nephropathy but may occur in the absence of clinical nephropathy, and (3) hyperkalemia in some diabetic patients may be secondary to hypoaldosteronemia and hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 658619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7970", "title": "The effects of Goldblatt hypertension on development of the glomerular lesions of diabetes mellitus in the rat.", "content": "Rats with classic Goldblatt (two-kidney) hypertension had diabetes induced by streptozotocin. After four months of diabetes, glomeruli of the unclipped kidney of hypertensive diabetic rats had markedly increased diabetic changes, including mesangial matrix thickening and mesangial immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) and complement (C3) localization, when compared with glomeruli of the contralateral-clipped kidneys. Further, glomeruli of the unclipped kidneys of hypertensive diabetic animals had more mesangial thickening and IgG and IgM staining than glomeruli of normotensive diabetic rats. Although glomeruli of clipped kidneys in hypertensive diabetic rats had less mesangial thickening than glomeruli of normotensive diabetic rats, this did not reach statistical significance. However, these glomeruli did have significantly less IgG, IgM, and C3 staining compared with glomeruli of normotensive diabetic animals. Mesangial thickness in glomeruli of clipped and unclipped nondiabetic hypertensive rats did not differ from that in normal animals. However, there was less mesangial IgG staining in clipped than in unclipped kidneys of nondiabetic hypertensive rats or in kidneys of normal animals. We have interpreted these results to imply that alterations in nephron hemodynamics combine with the diabetic state to influence the rate of development of diabetic glomerulopathy in rats.", "contents": "The effects of Goldblatt hypertension on development of the glomerular lesions of diabetes mellitus in the rat. Rats with classic Goldblatt (two-kidney) hypertension had diabetes induced by streptozotocin. After four months of diabetes, glomeruli of the unclipped kidney of hypertensive diabetic rats had markedly increased diabetic changes, including mesangial matrix thickening and mesangial immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) and complement (C3) localization, when compared with glomeruli of the contralateral-clipped kidneys. Further, glomeruli of the unclipped kidneys of hypertensive diabetic animals had more mesangial thickening and IgG and IgM staining than glomeruli of normotensive diabetic rats. Although glomeruli of clipped kidneys in hypertensive diabetic rats had less mesangial thickening than glomeruli of normotensive diabetic rats, this did not reach statistical significance. However, these glomeruli did have significantly less IgG, IgM, and C3 staining compared with glomeruli of normotensive diabetic animals. Mesangial thickness in glomeruli of clipped and unclipped nondiabetic hypertensive rats did not differ from that in normal animals. However, there was less mesangial IgG staining in clipped than in unclipped kidneys of nondiabetic hypertensive rats or in kidneys of normal animals. We have interpreted these results to imply that alterations in nephron hemodynamics combine with the diabetic state to influence the rate of development of diabetic glomerulopathy in rats.", "PMID": 658620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7971", "title": "Restoration of the acute insulin response by sodium salicylate. A glucose dose-related phenomenon.", "content": "Adult-onset diabetics have markedly diminished or absent acute insulin responses to glucose that can be partially restored by sodium salicylate infusion. To determine whether this restoration of the acute insulin response is glucose dose dependent and whether complete restoration can be achieved, adult-onset diabetics with a mean fasting plasma glucose value of 216 +/- 20 mg. per deciliter (x +/- S.E.) were stimulated with various doses of intravenous glucose. Restoration occurred in a glucose dose-dependent manner. Complete restoration could not be achieved with the maximal tolerable glucose dose (80 gm.). Second phase insulin secretion also improved in a glucose dose-dependent manner. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that defective insulin secretion in adult-onset, hyperglycemic diabetics is not due to absolute deficiency of insulin but may be a result of defective recognition of glucose signals by pancreatic B-cells--a defect that can be partially reversed by sodium salicylate.", "contents": "Restoration of the acute insulin response by sodium salicylate. A glucose dose-related phenomenon. Adult-onset diabetics have markedly diminished or absent acute insulin responses to glucose that can be partially restored by sodium salicylate infusion. To determine whether this restoration of the acute insulin response is glucose dose dependent and whether complete restoration can be achieved, adult-onset diabetics with a mean fasting plasma glucose value of 216 +/- 20 mg. per deciliter (x +/- S.E.) were stimulated with various doses of intravenous glucose. Restoration occurred in a glucose dose-dependent manner. Complete restoration could not be achieved with the maximal tolerable glucose dose (80 gm.). Second phase insulin secretion also improved in a glucose dose-dependent manner. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that defective insulin secretion in adult-onset, hyperglycemic diabetics is not due to absolute deficiency of insulin but may be a result of defective recognition of glucose signals by pancreatic B-cells--a defect that can be partially reversed by sodium salicylate.", "PMID": 658622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7972", "title": "Enhancement of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate by phenethylbiguanide and other organic cations with hypoglycemic activity.", "content": "At concentrations below 50 micronM, phenethylbiguanide enhanced the initial rate of enertized Ca2+ uptake into energized guinea pig liver mitochondria by as much as 45 per cent; Ca2+-stimulated O2 uptake increased in parallel. The biguanide concentration that enhanced Ca2+ uptake maximally was at least 15 times lower than that required for 50 per cent inhibition of respiration. Kinetic studies indicated that the enhanced rate of Ca2+ transport resulted from an increase in Vmax, while Km for Ca2+ was unaffected by the biguanide. Several other organic cations known to lower blood sugar in intact animals or to block the hepatic gluconeogenic response to glucagon also enhanced the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate; three of these compounds did not inhibit respiration even at high concentrations. One organic cation, triethyltin, which is a potent respiratory inhibitor that does not affect blood sugar, had no effect on Ca2+ uptake. We concluded that enhancement of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate is related to the mechanism of therapeutic blood sugar lowering by these drugs, probably by impairing the gluconeogenic response of the liver to glucagon.", "contents": "Enhancement of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate by phenethylbiguanide and other organic cations with hypoglycemic activity. At concentrations below 50 micronM, phenethylbiguanide enhanced the initial rate of enertized Ca2+ uptake into energized guinea pig liver mitochondria by as much as 45 per cent; Ca2+-stimulated O2 uptake increased in parallel. The biguanide concentration that enhanced Ca2+ uptake maximally was at least 15 times lower than that required for 50 per cent inhibition of respiration. Kinetic studies indicated that the enhanced rate of Ca2+ transport resulted from an increase in Vmax, while Km for Ca2+ was unaffected by the biguanide. Several other organic cations known to lower blood sugar in intact animals or to block the hepatic gluconeogenic response to glucagon also enhanced the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate; three of these compounds did not inhibit respiration even at high concentrations. One organic cation, triethyltin, which is a potent respiratory inhibitor that does not affect blood sugar, had no effect on Ca2+ uptake. We concluded that enhancement of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate is related to the mechanism of therapeutic blood sugar lowering by these drugs, probably by impairing the gluconeogenic response of the liver to glucagon.", "PMID": 658623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7973", "title": "The response of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin to glucose in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The response of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) and insulin to a 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an intravenous glucose infusion (IVGI), which copied the changes in plasma glucose concentrations during the OGTT, were measured in 10 patients with duodenal ulcer and in 10 healthy control subjects. The mean responses of GIP and insulin to OGTT were significantly increased in the ulcer patients. During IVGI the responses were normal. The degree of increased GIP response in the patients was positively correlated with the plasma glucose increase during the OGTT. It is postulated that the increased GIP secretion is related to a faster glucose absorption due to rapid gastric emptying in duodenal ulcer patients. No correlation was found between basal and peak gastric acid output and the GIP response in the patients. The data demonstrate that GIP secretion is not defective in duodenal ulcer patients.", "contents": "The response of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin to glucose in duodenal ulcer patients. The response of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) and insulin to a 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an intravenous glucose infusion (IVGI), which copied the changes in plasma glucose concentrations during the OGTT, were measured in 10 patients with duodenal ulcer and in 10 healthy control subjects. The mean responses of GIP and insulin to OGTT were significantly increased in the ulcer patients. During IVGI the responses were normal. The degree of increased GIP response in the patients was positively correlated with the plasma glucose increase during the OGTT. It is postulated that the increased GIP secretion is related to a faster glucose absorption due to rapid gastric emptying in duodenal ulcer patients. No correlation was found between basal and peak gastric acid output and the GIP response in the patients. The data demonstrate that GIP secretion is not defective in duodenal ulcer patients.", "PMID": 658630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7974", "title": "HLA phenotypes and diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The incidence of HLA antigens B8, BW15, DW3 and DW4 was found to be significantly increased in 99 patients with growth onset, insulin-dependent diabetes of more than 15 years duration. Different degrees of retinopathy were seen in 75% of the patients. No significant correlation between the presence of specific HLA alleles and the stage of retinopathy was found. We have discussed the possibility that all patients who develop diabetes have identical disease-predisposing genes, irrespective of their HLA alleles. If this was the case, the HLA phenotype would not determine the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "HLA phenotypes and diabetic retinopathy. The incidence of HLA antigens B8, BW15, DW3 and DW4 was found to be significantly increased in 99 patients with growth onset, insulin-dependent diabetes of more than 15 years duration. Different degrees of retinopathy were seen in 75% of the patients. No significant correlation between the presence of specific HLA alleles and the stage of retinopathy was found. We have discussed the possibility that all patients who develop diabetes have identical disease-predisposing genes, irrespective of their HLA alleles. If this was the case, the HLA phenotype would not determine the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 658631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7975", "title": "Insulin receptors on monocytes of young healthy persons correlated with glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.", "content": "We have studied in normal man the interrelationships between insulin binding to monocytes, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In 25 young healthy persons we found a significant positive correlation between insulin binding and glucose disappearance rate both after glucose (R = 0.68, p less than 0.001) and insulin (R = 0.49, p less than 0.02) given intravenously.", "contents": "Insulin receptors on monocytes of young healthy persons correlated with glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We have studied in normal man the interrelationships between insulin binding to monocytes, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In 25 young healthy persons we found a significant positive correlation between insulin binding and glucose disappearance rate both after glucose (R = 0.68, p less than 0.001) and insulin (R = 0.49, p less than 0.02) given intravenously.", "PMID": 658632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7976", "title": "Branched chain amino acid metabolism in the retina of diabetic rats.", "content": "Diabetes is known to produce increased levels of the branched chain amino acids in plasma, heart and muscle as well as increased oxidation of [14C]-leucine by nerves and muscles from rats. Plasma and retinas from streptozotocin diabetic rats had significant elevations in branched chain amino acid levels compared to control. Retinas from diabetic rats have been found to oxidize significantly more of the branched chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine than did control retinas when incubated in media containing 16.5 mmol/l glucose. Neither the extracellular space nor the tissue pool of leucine was significantly different in the two groups. The addition of 19 amino acids, at normal plasma concentrations, to the incubation media resulted in 80 percent suppression of leucine oxidation without significant change in incorporation of [14C] into protein. These results suggest that the major role for the branched chain amino acids in the rat retina is in protein synthesis which is not affected by short-term diabetes.", "contents": "Branched chain amino acid metabolism in the retina of diabetic rats. Diabetes is known to produce increased levels of the branched chain amino acids in plasma, heart and muscle as well as increased oxidation of [14C]-leucine by nerves and muscles from rats. Plasma and retinas from streptozotocin diabetic rats had significant elevations in branched chain amino acid levels compared to control. Retinas from diabetic rats have been found to oxidize significantly more of the branched chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine than did control retinas when incubated in media containing 16.5 mmol/l glucose. Neither the extracellular space nor the tissue pool of leucine was significantly different in the two groups. The addition of 19 amino acids, at normal plasma concentrations, to the incubation media resulted in 80 percent suppression of leucine oxidation without significant change in incorporation of [14C] into protein. These results suggest that the major role for the branched chain amino acids in the rat retina is in protein synthesis which is not affected by short-term diabetes.", "PMID": 658633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7977", "title": "Roles of insulin and glucose in the regulation of plasma FFA in the duck. I. In the absence of pancreatic glucagon.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine how free fatty acid (FFA) release by adipose tissue can occur in the absence of pancreatic glucagon, the most potent lipolytic hormone in the duck. Two possible explanations have successively been investigated. Replacement therapy experiments showed that glucose uptake was implicated in the phenomenon; indeed, when pre-operative insulin and glucose levels were restored after total pancreatectomy, plasma FFA progressively fell to a level significantly lower than the pre-operative value. The same effect was observed when the ducks were kept in a continuous state of hyperglycaemia, whereas \"normal\" levels of insulin or glucose alone were shown to be ineffective. On the other hand a compensatory mechanism for the lack of glucagon, by other lipolytic agents [with the intestine or the anterior pituitary as possible sources] has been excluded by associating the removal of these two organs with pancreatectomy. These experiments suggest that the lack of pancreatic glucagon induced by total pancreatectomy is essentially masked by a failure in glucose uptake due to the operation.", "contents": "Roles of insulin and glucose in the regulation of plasma FFA in the duck. I. In the absence of pancreatic glucagon. The present study was undertaken to determine how free fatty acid (FFA) release by adipose tissue can occur in the absence of pancreatic glucagon, the most potent lipolytic hormone in the duck. Two possible explanations have successively been investigated. Replacement therapy experiments showed that glucose uptake was implicated in the phenomenon; indeed, when pre-operative insulin and glucose levels were restored after total pancreatectomy, plasma FFA progressively fell to a level significantly lower than the pre-operative value. The same effect was observed when the ducks were kept in a continuous state of hyperglycaemia, whereas \"normal\" levels of insulin or glucose alone were shown to be ineffective. On the other hand a compensatory mechanism for the lack of glucagon, by other lipolytic agents [with the intestine or the anterior pituitary as possible sources] has been excluded by associating the removal of these two organs with pancreatectomy. These experiments suggest that the lack of pancreatic glucagon induced by total pancreatectomy is essentially masked by a failure in glucose uptake due to the operation.", "PMID": 658635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7978", "title": "A rapid micro-scale method for the measurement of Haemoglobin A1(a+b+c).", "content": "A rapid method is described for the measurement of total glycosylated haemoglobins (HbA1(a+b+c). The procedure utilizes 0.05 ml of blood and takes forty minutes to complete manually. Eighty blood samples can be analysed without automation by one person in a day. Each analysis uses less than 2 mg of potassium cyanide, resulting in a method that is both safe and rapid for routine hospital laboratories. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 4% and that for intra-assay measurements 3%, over the range 5-20%, HbA1(a+b+c). The method confirmed that the level of HbA1(a+b+c) is elevated in imperfectly controlled diabetics. Amongst patients with blood glucose levels of less than 10 mmol/l the mean level of HbA1(a+b+c) was found to be 8.5%; samples from 14 known diabetics gave a mean value of 10.9%, whereas 17 known non-diabetic samples gave a mean value of 8.3%. In the group of samples from 27 diabetic individuals with blood glucose levels above 10 mmol/l the mean level of HbA1(a+b+c) was found to be 13.5%.", "contents": "A rapid micro-scale method for the measurement of Haemoglobin A1(a+b+c). A rapid method is described for the measurement of total glycosylated haemoglobins (HbA1(a+b+c). The procedure utilizes 0.05 ml of blood and takes forty minutes to complete manually. Eighty blood samples can be analysed without automation by one person in a day. Each analysis uses less than 2 mg of potassium cyanide, resulting in a method that is both safe and rapid for routine hospital laboratories. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 4% and that for intra-assay measurements 3%, over the range 5-20%, HbA1(a+b+c). The method confirmed that the level of HbA1(a+b+c) is elevated in imperfectly controlled diabetics. Amongst patients with blood glucose levels of less than 10 mmol/l the mean level of HbA1(a+b+c) was found to be 8.5%; samples from 14 known diabetics gave a mean value of 10.9%, whereas 17 known non-diabetic samples gave a mean value of 8.3%. In the group of samples from 27 diabetic individuals with blood glucose levels above 10 mmol/l the mean level of HbA1(a+b+c) was found to be 13.5%.", "PMID": 658636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7979", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase differentiation during myogenesis in early chick embryonic cells caused by an inducer RNA.", "content": "In the stage 4 chick blastoderm, an area located 0.6 mm posterior to Hensen's node, the post-nodal piece (PNP), consists of an undifferentiated population of cells, since the explants when cultivated in vitro in a variety of media do not develop into any histologically identifiable structures. However, addition of a specific low molecular weight RNA isolated from the 16-day-old chick embryonic heart promotes the appearance of a distinct mode of morphological and biochemical changes that is similar to that of embryonic cardiogenic process. The RNA-induced changes in the PNP also include a marked increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. The increase in enzymatic activity can be measured biochemically, as well as visualized histochemically.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase differentiation during myogenesis in early chick embryonic cells caused by an inducer RNA. In the stage 4 chick blastoderm, an area located 0.6 mm posterior to Hensen's node, the post-nodal piece (PNP), consists of an undifferentiated population of cells, since the explants when cultivated in vitro in a variety of media do not develop into any histologically identifiable structures. However, addition of a specific low molecular weight RNA isolated from the 16-day-old chick embryonic heart promotes the appearance of a distinct mode of morphological and biochemical changes that is similar to that of embryonic cardiogenic process. The RNA-induced changes in the PNP also include a marked increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. The increase in enzymatic activity can be measured biochemically, as well as visualized histochemically.", "PMID": 658637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7980", "title": "A stage-restricted secretory system in the submandibular gland of the neonatal rat.", "content": "Ribonuclease and amylase have been shown to undergo a transient increase in activity in the submandibular gland of the perinatal rat [5]. We report here that brief stimulation with isoproterenol in vitro selectively releases these enzymes. In addition, analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the 4-day old submandibular gland contains three other major protein species that are not present in the sublingual gland and two of which are not evident in the adult submandibular gland. These are also selectively released by the drug. Examination of the glands by light and electron microscopy showed that concurrent with release of these protein products, extensive degranulation occurs in the immature acini (terminal tubules). Our experiments suggest that the 4-day glands show a marked incorporation of 3H-leucine into the submandibular-specific, secreted protein species. This indicates that these proteins will provide convenient molecualr markers of early submandibular differentiation.", "contents": "A stage-restricted secretory system in the submandibular gland of the neonatal rat. Ribonuclease and amylase have been shown to undergo a transient increase in activity in the submandibular gland of the perinatal rat [5]. We report here that brief stimulation with isoproterenol in vitro selectively releases these enzymes. In addition, analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the 4-day old submandibular gland contains three other major protein species that are not present in the sublingual gland and two of which are not evident in the adult submandibular gland. These are also selectively released by the drug. Examination of the glands by light and electron microscopy showed that concurrent with release of these protein products, extensive degranulation occurs in the immature acini (terminal tubules). Our experiments suggest that the 4-day glands show a marked incorporation of 3H-leucine into the submandibular-specific, secreted protein species. This indicates that these proteins will provide convenient molecualr markers of early submandibular differentiation.", "PMID": 658638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7981", "title": "Studies on Crocker sarcoma 180 under the effect of alkylating agents. IV. Morphological studies of sarcoma 180 during treatment with the antitumour drug cytoxan.", "content": "The effect of one massive dose of cytoxan (150 mg/kg), as an alkylating agent, on the morphology of sarcoma 180 cells was followed after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 120, and 168 h. After 1 h the cells of treated tumour showed clumping and a decrease in their size. In addition, statistical analysis manifested significant decrease in all phases of mitotic figures. All mitotic figures were completely stopped after 3 h from cytoxan treatment. After 6 and 12 h from cytoxan treatment the hyaline degenerations became more marked in the treated tumour tissue. Chromosomal bridge formation, nuclei aberrations and polynuclear cells were more prominent in 24, 48, and 96 h from cytoxan treatment. Increase in the nuclear size and hyaline degeneration were observed in treated section of 120 and 168 h.", "contents": "Studies on Crocker sarcoma 180 under the effect of alkylating agents. IV. Morphological studies of sarcoma 180 during treatment with the antitumour drug cytoxan. The effect of one massive dose of cytoxan (150 mg/kg), as an alkylating agent, on the morphology of sarcoma 180 cells was followed after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 120, and 168 h. After 1 h the cells of treated tumour showed clumping and a decrease in their size. In addition, statistical analysis manifested significant decrease in all phases of mitotic figures. All mitotic figures were completely stopped after 3 h from cytoxan treatment. After 6 and 12 h from cytoxan treatment the hyaline degenerations became more marked in the treated tumour tissue. Chromosomal bridge formation, nuclei aberrations and polynuclear cells were more prominent in 24, 48, and 96 h from cytoxan treatment. Increase in the nuclear size and hyaline degeneration were observed in treated section of 120 and 168 h.", "PMID": 658650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7982", "title": "[The organogenic development of the human peroneal muscle of the IVth digit from the peroneal muscle of the Vth digit and the short peroneal muscle from the viewpoint of evolutive myology].", "content": "The preliminary author's investigations revealed, that the mm. peronei digitorum group in Mammalia (including Man) underwent its own morphological evolution. The author failed to establish the facts that indicated the homology between the above mentioned muscles and m. extensor digitorum brevis. But, at present due to the lack of detailed determinations of organogenesis of mm. peronei digitorum and of m. peroneus brevis, it was not possible to prove the above mentioned indications. The observations on organogenesis of the respective muscles, carried out at present upon 13 human embryos with 12 to 32 mm crown-rump length and 5 fetuses with 35 to 65 mm crown-rump length, revealed that, mm. peronei digitorum primordium initiated its development as a muscle of two fingers (m. peroneus digiti IV. et m. peroneus digiti V), passed through its one-finger form (m. peroneus digiti V) and usually terminated with its complete reduction.", "contents": "[The organogenic development of the human peroneal muscle of the IVth digit from the peroneal muscle of the Vth digit and the short peroneal muscle from the viewpoint of evolutive myology]. The preliminary author's investigations revealed, that the mm. peronei digitorum group in Mammalia (including Man) underwent its own morphological evolution. The author failed to establish the facts that indicated the homology between the above mentioned muscles and m. extensor digitorum brevis. But, at present due to the lack of detailed determinations of organogenesis of mm. peronei digitorum and of m. peroneus brevis, it was not possible to prove the above mentioned indications. The observations on organogenesis of the respective muscles, carried out at present upon 13 human embryos with 12 to 32 mm crown-rump length and 5 fetuses with 35 to 65 mm crown-rump length, revealed that, mm. peronei digitorum primordium initiated its development as a muscle of two fingers (m. peroneus digiti IV. et m. peroneus digiti V), passed through its one-finger form (m. peroneus digiti V) and usually terminated with its complete reduction.", "PMID": 658651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7983", "title": "[Diploid radiation gynogenesis in carp. III. Analysis of gynogenetic progeny by biochemical markers].", "content": "Studies have been carried out on carp gynogenetic offspring by four autosome genes: Tf (transferrin), Est(s) (muscle esterases, slow), Est(f) (muscle esterases, fast), My (myogenes). Homozygosity and phenotypical homogeneity by all the loci studied are established for carps of the second generation of the induced gynogenesis. In the first generation obtained from heterozygous females, the correlation of homozygous offspring of two classes corresponding to the theoretically expected one (1:1). Heterozygous offspring makes (%): 5.0 (Tf), 9.1 (Est (s)), 28.4 (Est (f)). Three loci are mapped in relation to the centromere by heterozygote frequency. Genetic inactivation of the radiated sperm has been confirmed using biochemical markers. Due to the codominant nature of inheritance and high polymorphism, protein loci are considered to be convenuent genetic markers.", "contents": "[Diploid radiation gynogenesis in carp. III. Analysis of gynogenetic progeny by biochemical markers]. Studies have been carried out on carp gynogenetic offspring by four autosome genes: Tf (transferrin), Est(s) (muscle esterases, slow), Est(f) (muscle esterases, fast), My (myogenes). Homozygosity and phenotypical homogeneity by all the loci studied are established for carps of the second generation of the induced gynogenesis. In the first generation obtained from heterozygous females, the correlation of homozygous offspring of two classes corresponding to the theoretically expected one (1:1). Heterozygous offspring makes (%): 5.0 (Tf), 9.1 (Est (s)), 28.4 (Est (f)). Three loci are mapped in relation to the centromere by heterozygote frequency. Genetic inactivation of the radiated sperm has been confirmed using biochemical markers. Due to the codominant nature of inheritance and high polymorphism, protein loci are considered to be convenuent genetic markers.", "PMID": 658664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7984", "title": "[Genetic regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in mouse erythrocytes].", "content": "The pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes was investigated by means of electrophoresis in erythrocytes of CBA/Lac and DBA/2J mice homozygous for b and a alleles of the Ldr-1 locus. It is found that differences in the pattern of LDH isozymes, homozygous for the genes Ldr-1a and Ldr-1b, consist in increased activity of the isozyme LDH-4 in mice homozygous for the gene Ldr-1a (DBA/2J) within 12-14 days of postnatal development. Inhibition of the reaction between 125I-LDH-1 and the respective antibodies has demonstrated that increased LDH-4 activity during development is related to the higher content of B-subunits of LDH. It is suggested that the mechanism of the action of the gene Ldr-1 involves changes in the rate of the synthesis and degradation of B-subunit of LDH.", "contents": "[Genetic regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in mouse erythrocytes]. The pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes was investigated by means of electrophoresis in erythrocytes of CBA/Lac and DBA/2J mice homozygous for b and a alleles of the Ldr-1 locus. It is found that differences in the pattern of LDH isozymes, homozygous for the genes Ldr-1a and Ldr-1b, consist in increased activity of the isozyme LDH-4 in mice homozygous for the gene Ldr-1a (DBA/2J) within 12-14 days of postnatal development. Inhibition of the reaction between 125I-LDH-1 and the respective antibodies has demonstrated that increased LDH-4 activity during development is related to the higher content of B-subunits of LDH. It is suggested that the mechanism of the action of the gene Ldr-1 involves changes in the rate of the synthesis and degradation of B-subunit of LDH.", "PMID": 658665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7985", "title": "[Genetic effects of induced in populations by the radioactive nuclear fission products of 235U. II. Prognostication of the genetic effectiveness of irradiation at low dose rates].", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on Chlorella, beans, wheat and developing loach eggs to study the dose-response relationship (dose-function of dose rate) with 90Sr, 90Y and 147Pm as the sources of beta-radiation. The yield of point mutations in Chlorella under 147Pm and that of chromosome aberrations in cells of bean roof and apical meristem tissue as well as in meiosis of wheat and bean cells irradiated by 90Sr- 90Y is proved to show degree dependence at a dose less than 1. It means that the dose which doubles the number of induced mutations is not constant and depends on the dose rate. Reverse relationship is shown between dose intensity and genetic effect per dose unit. The decrease in the yield of genetic damages in the range of dose rates analysed is supposed to be due to repair activation induced by ionizing radiations. In view of these results, consideration is given to the role of the level of spontaneous mutagenesis in estimation of the resolution of test systems. An increase in the level of the spontaneous mutational process is shown to increase the size of population samples which are ment, when analysed, to reveal statistically significant differences between the effect observed and the level of spontaneous mutagenesis. The possibility of application of the experimental results to the prediction of effects of ionizing radiations on natural animal and plant populations is considered.", "contents": "[Genetic effects of induced in populations by the radioactive nuclear fission products of 235U. II. Prognostication of the genetic effectiveness of irradiation at low dose rates]. Experiments have been carried out on Chlorella, beans, wheat and developing loach eggs to study the dose-response relationship (dose-function of dose rate) with 90Sr, 90Y and 147Pm as the sources of beta-radiation. The yield of point mutations in Chlorella under 147Pm and that of chromosome aberrations in cells of bean roof and apical meristem tissue as well as in meiosis of wheat and bean cells irradiated by 90Sr- 90Y is proved to show degree dependence at a dose less than 1. It means that the dose which doubles the number of induced mutations is not constant and depends on the dose rate. Reverse relationship is shown between dose intensity and genetic effect per dose unit. The decrease in the yield of genetic damages in the range of dose rates analysed is supposed to be due to repair activation induced by ionizing radiations. In view of these results, consideration is given to the role of the level of spontaneous mutagenesis in estimation of the resolution of test systems. An increase in the level of the spontaneous mutational process is shown to increase the size of population samples which are ment, when analysed, to reveal statistically significant differences between the effect observed and the level of spontaneous mutagenesis. The possibility of application of the experimental results to the prediction of effects of ionizing radiations on natural animal and plant populations is considered.", "PMID": 658666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7986", "title": "A vector for recombinant DNA in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Staphylococcal plasmids pS194 and pSC194 which confer streptomycin and streptomycin-chloramphenicol resistance respectively have been used as vectors for construction of recombinant DNA, since they each carry one single recipient site for endonuclease EcoRI. Hybrid DNA does not express streptomycin resistance, a marker which is present in both vectors, presumably because the marker gene is cleaved by EcoRI. A chloramphenicol marker present in pSC194 was used for positive hybrid selection. Hybrid plasmids generated by joining pSC194 with one or more of the four EcoRI fragments of the large (18.1-10(6) daltons) staphylococcal plasmid pI258 were constructed and permitted us to develop a physical map for pI258.", "contents": "A vector for recombinant DNA in Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal plasmids pS194 and pSC194 which confer streptomycin and streptomycin-chloramphenicol resistance respectively have been used as vectors for construction of recombinant DNA, since they each carry one single recipient site for endonuclease EcoRI. Hybrid DNA does not express streptomycin resistance, a marker which is present in both vectors, presumably because the marker gene is cleaved by EcoRI. A chloramphenicol marker present in pSC194 was used for positive hybrid selection. Hybrid plasmids generated by joining pSC194 with one or more of the four EcoRI fragments of the large (18.1-10(6) daltons) staphylococcal plasmid pI258 were constructed and permitted us to develop a physical map for pI258.", "PMID": 658667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7987", "title": "Effect of carotid ligation on cerebral tissue oxygenation in aging rat.", "content": "In order to test the ability of aged animals to compensate a cerebrovascular insufficiency, common carotid ligation was performed on young (12 months) and aged (30 months) rats. By using gold microelectrodes, the pO2 distribution in the cerebral cortex was registered for 1 h following the occlusion of the carotid arteries. It could be shown that, while the young group was able to compensate the reduction in arterial blood supply, the cortical pO2 distribution in the group of aged rats shifted towards a hypoxic profile. These results provide further evidence of the limited adaptability to functional demands with increasing age.", "contents": "Effect of carotid ligation on cerebral tissue oxygenation in aging rat. In order to test the ability of aged animals to compensate a cerebrovascular insufficiency, common carotid ligation was performed on young (12 months) and aged (30 months) rats. By using gold microelectrodes, the pO2 distribution in the cerebral cortex was registered for 1 h following the occlusion of the carotid arteries. It could be shown that, while the young group was able to compensate the reduction in arterial blood supply, the cortical pO2 distribution in the group of aged rats shifted towards a hypoxic profile. These results provide further evidence of the limited adaptability to functional demands with increasing age.", "PMID": 658668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7988", "title": "Studies on the degradation of ageing chromatin DNA by nuclear and cytoplasmic factors and deoxyribonucleases.", "content": "There are 'factors' in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus which are capable of a limited digestion of the DNA in chromatin. These factors show a pH optimum closer to that of DNase I than DNase II and do not promote the activities of either of these purified enzymes. These factors show considerable tissue specificity, for example, liver extracts are less able to degrade kidney chromatin than the homologous chromatin (40% difference) and slight age specificity since 'age-matched' samples gave consistently higher (10%) extents of degradation. There is no evidence, however, with increasing age in mice, that the accessibility of DNA in chromatin to digestion by deoxyribonucleases is altered.", "contents": "Studies on the degradation of ageing chromatin DNA by nuclear and cytoplasmic factors and deoxyribonucleases. There are 'factors' in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus which are capable of a limited digestion of the DNA in chromatin. These factors show a pH optimum closer to that of DNase I than DNase II and do not promote the activities of either of these purified enzymes. These factors show considerable tissue specificity, for example, liver extracts are less able to degrade kidney chromatin than the homologous chromatin (40% difference) and slight age specificity since 'age-matched' samples gave consistently higher (10%) extents of degradation. There is no evidence, however, with increasing age in mice, that the accessibility of DNA in chromatin to digestion by deoxyribonucleases is altered.", "PMID": 658669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7989", "title": "Cross-linking of collagen depending on age.", "content": "The spectrum of aldimine cross-link bonds of skin collagen is dependent on the localization of the examined material. In correlation to this, there is no synchronous behaviour of cross-linkage in the aging process. The age-dependent decrease of HLNL and the increase of DHLNL in the collagen of tail tendon is only unsubstantially found in the skin of neck. It is supposed that environmental conditions or bodily activity in an area might effect the cross-link bonds of collagen.", "contents": "Cross-linking of collagen depending on age. The spectrum of aldimine cross-link bonds of skin collagen is dependent on the localization of the examined material. In correlation to this, there is no synchronous behaviour of cross-linkage in the aging process. The age-dependent decrease of HLNL and the increase of DHLNL in the collagen of tail tendon is only unsubstantially found in the skin of neck. It is supposed that environmental conditions or bodily activity in an area might effect the cross-link bonds of collagen.", "PMID": 658670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7990", "title": "Age-related changes in collagenous and noncollagenous proteins of skeletal muscle of a short-lived species of reptile.", "content": "The collagenous/noncollagenous protein ratio in the skeletal muscle of the male garden lizard increased with advancing age, suggesting increased tensile strength of aged muscle. The solubility of collagen and the soluble/insoluble collagen ratio showed a decline during ageing confirming the development of cross-linkages in the muscle collagen of ageing lizards. It is suggested that these changes are likely to disturb the efficiency of ageing muscle.", "contents": "Age-related changes in collagenous and noncollagenous proteins of skeletal muscle of a short-lived species of reptile. The collagenous/noncollagenous protein ratio in the skeletal muscle of the male garden lizard increased with advancing age, suggesting increased tensile strength of aged muscle. The solubility of collagen and the soluble/insoluble collagen ratio showed a decline during ageing confirming the development of cross-linkages in the muscle collagen of ageing lizards. It is suggested that these changes are likely to disturb the efficiency of ageing muscle.", "PMID": 658671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7991", "title": "Involvement of disulfide bonds in the condensed structure of facultative heterochromatin and implications on cellular differentiation and aging.", "content": "In the previous contribution to this debate, the age-associated disulfide bonding between chromatin proteins was suggested as the primary event leading to cellular aging. Evidence is now presented that S-S bond formation in chromatin may be a programmed event. The possible role of SH oxidating random events in the accumulation of S-S bonds in chromatin with age are also pointed out. Finally, the possible slowing down of the aging process with the sulfhydryl protecting-disulfide reducing agents is discussed together with some supporting experimental results.", "contents": "Involvement of disulfide bonds in the condensed structure of facultative heterochromatin and implications on cellular differentiation and aging. In the previous contribution to this debate, the age-associated disulfide bonding between chromatin proteins was suggested as the primary event leading to cellular aging. Evidence is now presented that S-S bond formation in chromatin may be a programmed event. The possible role of SH oxidating random events in the accumulation of S-S bonds in chromatin with age are also pointed out. Finally, the possible slowing down of the aging process with the sulfhydryl protecting-disulfide reducing agents is discussed together with some supporting experimental results.", "PMID": 658672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7992", "title": "Accelerated aging due to enzymatic racemization.", "content": "Thermodynamic racemization may be a cause of aging. Racemases might accelerate the aging process. If enzymatic racemization does accelerate aging, then the use of chemical or immunological inhibitors of racemases might retard aging.", "contents": "Accelerated aging due to enzymatic racemization. Thermodynamic racemization may be a cause of aging. Racemases might accelerate the aging process. If enzymatic racemization does accelerate aging, then the use of chemical or immunological inhibitors of racemases might retard aging.", "PMID": 658673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7993", "title": "Normal chromosome banding pattern in Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Lymphocyte chromosomes were studied in 10 female patients with Alzheimer's disease, including 5 cases with positive heredity for organic dementia. The chromosomes were analyzed by means of the Giesma banding technique. All patients had a normal karyotype with a completely normal banding pattern in all metaphases analyzed. It may be concluded that chromosomal changes demonstrable with methods available today are not involved in the causation of Alzheimer's disease, whether sporadic or with positive heredity for organic dementia starting in the presenile or senile periods.", "contents": "Normal chromosome banding pattern in Alzheimer's disease. Lymphocyte chromosomes were studied in 10 female patients with Alzheimer's disease, including 5 cases with positive heredity for organic dementia. The chromosomes were analyzed by means of the Giesma banding technique. All patients had a normal karyotype with a completely normal banding pattern in all metaphases analyzed. It may be concluded that chromosomal changes demonstrable with methods available today are not involved in the causation of Alzheimer's disease, whether sporadic or with positive heredity for organic dementia starting in the presenile or senile periods.", "PMID": 658674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7994", "title": "Drug metabolism in a case of progeria.", "content": "A case of premature ageing (progeria) in a 3-year-old Indian child is described. The conjugations of paracetamol with glucuronic acid and sulphate, of benzoic acid with glycine and of phenylacetic acid with glutamine have been investigated in this child, in view of suggestions that these reactions are impaired in old age. The results suggest that the glucuronic acid conjugation pathway may be quantitatively less important in the progeric child than in normal children and adults.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in a case of progeria. A case of premature ageing (progeria) in a 3-year-old Indian child is described. The conjugations of paracetamol with glucuronic acid and sulphate, of benzoic acid with glycine and of phenylacetic acid with glutamine have been investigated in this child, in view of suggestions that these reactions are impaired in old age. The results suggest that the glucuronic acid conjugation pathway may be quantitatively less important in the progeric child than in normal children and adults.", "PMID": 658675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7995", "title": "Ageing does not change blood granulocyte bactericidal capacity and levels of complement factors 3 and 4.", "content": "The bactericidal capacity of blood polymorphonuclear granulocytes and the plasma levels of complement factors 3 and 4 did not differ between 15 aged patients and 15 young control subjects, nor did these important antimicrobial functions predict morbidity and mortality in the next 6 months.", "contents": "Ageing does not change blood granulocyte bactericidal capacity and levels of complement factors 3 and 4. The bactericidal capacity of blood polymorphonuclear granulocytes and the plasma levels of complement factors 3 and 4 did not differ between 15 aged patients and 15 young control subjects, nor did these important antimicrobial functions predict morbidity and mortality in the next 6 months.", "PMID": 658676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7996", "title": "Mitochondrial enzyme activities in liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "The hypothesis that mictochondrial damage is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was investigated by enzymic analysis of mitochondrial fractions isolated from needle biopsy specimens from control patients, patients with fatty liver due to chronic alcoholism, and from patients with other forms of liver disease. Enzymes associated with the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes showed normal levels in ALD. Enzymes associated with the mitochondrial matrix, glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase showed significantly raised levels in ALD, but the levels in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease was normal. In addition, analysis of the mitochondria by sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed no differences between control tissue and liver from patients with alcoholic liver disease. These results do not indicate that there is significant mitochondrial damage in ALD. The raised mitochondrial matrix enzymes may represent an adaptive response to the ethanol load.", "contents": "Mitochondrial enzyme activities in liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic liver disease. The hypothesis that mictochondrial damage is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was investigated by enzymic analysis of mitochondrial fractions isolated from needle biopsy specimens from control patients, patients with fatty liver due to chronic alcoholism, and from patients with other forms of liver disease. Enzymes associated with the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes showed normal levels in ALD. Enzymes associated with the mitochondrial matrix, glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase showed significantly raised levels in ALD, but the levels in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease was normal. In addition, analysis of the mitochondria by sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed no differences between control tissue and liver from patients with alcoholic liver disease. These results do not indicate that there is significant mitochondrial damage in ALD. The raised mitochondrial matrix enzymes may represent an adaptive response to the ethanol load.", "PMID": 658761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7997", "title": "Familial and nonfamilial benign recurrent cholestiasis distinguished by plasma disappearance of indocyanine green but not cholylglycine.", "content": "To determine whether a defect in uptake of organic anions is present in patients with benign recurrent cholestasis, the plasma disappearance of simultaneously injected indocyanine green and cholyglycine-1-14C was measured in eight patients with asymptomatic benign recurrent cholestasis, four with the familial type, as well as 22 healthy control subjects. Evans blue was also simultaneously injected to permit correction for variation in blood volume and speed of mixing. Uptake of indocyanine green was decreased in all three patients with nonfamilial benign recurrent cholestatsis, but normal or increased in the four patients uith the familial form of the disorder. By contrast, cholyglycine-1-14C uptake was abnormal in one patient with each type of the disorder. Thus, patients with nonfamilial benign recurrent cholestasis have a defect in indocyanine green uptake, and patients with benign recurrent cholestasis are heterogeneous with respect to organic anion uptake.", "contents": "Familial and nonfamilial benign recurrent cholestiasis distinguished by plasma disappearance of indocyanine green but not cholylglycine. To determine whether a defect in uptake of organic anions is present in patients with benign recurrent cholestasis, the plasma disappearance of simultaneously injected indocyanine green and cholyglycine-1-14C was measured in eight patients with asymptomatic benign recurrent cholestasis, four with the familial type, as well as 22 healthy control subjects. Evans blue was also simultaneously injected to permit correction for variation in blood volume and speed of mixing. Uptake of indocyanine green was decreased in all three patients with nonfamilial benign recurrent cholestatsis, but normal or increased in the four patients uith the familial form of the disorder. By contrast, cholyglycine-1-14C uptake was abnormal in one patient with each type of the disorder. Thus, patients with nonfamilial benign recurrent cholestasis have a defect in indocyanine green uptake, and patients with benign recurrent cholestasis are heterogeneous with respect to organic anion uptake.", "PMID": 658762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7998", "title": "Comparison of the biological potency of a new synthetic preparation of secretin with that of natural porcine secretin in the dog.", "content": "The biological activity of the new synthetic secretin, Roche, on exocrine pancreatic secretion was determined in conscious dogs with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulae and compared with that of pure porcine secretin (GIH, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm). The two secretin preparations were found to be equipotent as to pancreatic volume and bicarbonate response on a molar basis. It was concluded that the new synthetic secretin is useful for clinical and research purposes.", "contents": "Comparison of the biological potency of a new synthetic preparation of secretin with that of natural porcine secretin in the dog. The biological activity of the new synthetic secretin, Roche, on exocrine pancreatic secretion was determined in conscious dogs with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulae and compared with that of pure porcine secretin (GIH, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm). The two secretin preparations were found to be equipotent as to pancreatic volume and bicarbonate response on a molar basis. It was concluded that the new synthetic secretin is useful for clinical and research purposes.", "PMID": 658763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_7999", "title": "Acute pancreatitis and serological evidence of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Paired acute and convalescent serum samples from 27 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were examined for evidence of infection with several viral agents. Evidence of infection with Coxsackie viruses group B was found in three patients, and of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in nine patients (33%). This latter finding confirms recent reports from Scandinavia linking pancreatitis and serological evidence of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The possibility that a true association exists between the two conditions is considered, together with alternative explanations, and further work is envisaged to elucidate these findings.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis and serological evidence of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Paired acute and convalescent serum samples from 27 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were examined for evidence of infection with several viral agents. Evidence of infection with Coxsackie viruses group B was found in three patients, and of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in nine patients (33%). This latter finding confirms recent reports from Scandinavia linking pancreatitis and serological evidence of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The possibility that a true association exists between the two conditions is considered, together with alternative explanations, and further work is envisaged to elucidate these findings.", "PMID": 658765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8000", "title": "Pancreatic enzymes in human duodenal juice--a comparison of responses in secretin pancreozymin and Lundh Borgstr\u00f6m tests.", "content": "We have compared the concentrations and total outputs of trypsin, amylase, and lipase secreted into the duodenum during secretin pancreozymin and Lundh Borgstr\u00f6m tests in order to assess the relative intensity of pancreatic stimulation provided by these means. The mean concentration of trypsin, and the mean 10 minute total output of trypsin, amylase, and lipase after the meal (though less than the peak post-prandial responses) were equal to the respective peak enzyme responses after intravenous injection of 2 Crick Harper Raper units per kg of secretin Boots; and after intravenous injection of 2 Crick Harper Raper units per kg of pancreozymin Boots.", "contents": "Pancreatic enzymes in human duodenal juice--a comparison of responses in secretin pancreozymin and Lundh Borgstr\u00f6m tests. We have compared the concentrations and total outputs of trypsin, amylase, and lipase secreted into the duodenum during secretin pancreozymin and Lundh Borgstr\u00f6m tests in order to assess the relative intensity of pancreatic stimulation provided by these means. The mean concentration of trypsin, and the mean 10 minute total output of trypsin, amylase, and lipase after the meal (though less than the peak post-prandial responses) were equal to the respective peak enzyme responses after intravenous injection of 2 Crick Harper Raper units per kg of secretin Boots; and after intravenous injection of 2 Crick Harper Raper units per kg of pancreozymin Boots.", "PMID": 658764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8001", "title": "Comparison of radio-opaque pellets and chromium sesquioxide as inert markers in studies requiring accurate faecal collections.", "content": "Radio-opaque pellets (ROP) similar to those currently used to measure gastrointestinal transit time have been compared with chromium sesquioxide to assess their suitability for use as inert markers in the gut. Five healthy subjects took both markers with every meal for two separate three week periods while taking metabolically controlled diets. Overall recovery of both markers was satisfactory; ROP 99.7 +/- 0.3% (SD) and chromium 97.8 +/- 1.6% (SD). A comparison of the amount for each marker recovered in 69 separate faecal collection periods of various lengths showed close agreement (R = 0.99) and the tail-off in marker excretion after cessation of ROP and chromium intake was similar, although slightly more prolonged for chromium. The amount of marker retained in the gut was 13.5% greater for chromium at the end of the three week study periods. Both markers proved satisfactory for correcting variations in faecal calcium output. The ROP, however, offer clear advantages over chromium in that they are considerably easier and quicker to measure, the method of measurement using x-rays does not alter the stools and faecal handling is minimised. The precision of ROP measurement is greater and, because of the variety of ROP available, they offer more flexibility for metabolic studies. In addition, stool by stool analysis is possible enabling simultaneous measurement of mean transit time to be made in experimental subjects.", "contents": "Comparison of radio-opaque pellets and chromium sesquioxide as inert markers in studies requiring accurate faecal collections. Radio-opaque pellets (ROP) similar to those currently used to measure gastrointestinal transit time have been compared with chromium sesquioxide to assess their suitability for use as inert markers in the gut. Five healthy subjects took both markers with every meal for two separate three week periods while taking metabolically controlled diets. Overall recovery of both markers was satisfactory; ROP 99.7 +/- 0.3% (SD) and chromium 97.8 +/- 1.6% (SD). A comparison of the amount for each marker recovered in 69 separate faecal collection periods of various lengths showed close agreement (R = 0.99) and the tail-off in marker excretion after cessation of ROP and chromium intake was similar, although slightly more prolonged for chromium. The amount of marker retained in the gut was 13.5% greater for chromium at the end of the three week study periods. Both markers proved satisfactory for correcting variations in faecal calcium output. The ROP, however, offer clear advantages over chromium in that they are considerably easier and quicker to measure, the method of measurement using x-rays does not alter the stools and faecal handling is minimised. The precision of ROP measurement is greater and, because of the variety of ROP available, they offer more flexibility for metabolic studies. In addition, stool by stool analysis is possible enabling simultaneous measurement of mean transit time to be made in experimental subjects.", "PMID": 658766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8002", "title": "Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on iileostomy function.", "content": "The effect on ileostomy function of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, or Isogel was tested in 20 subjects at home living a normal life, studied over two three-day periods on and off treatment. Codeine phosphate 60 mg three times daily was associated with a reduction in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, and potassium (p < 0.05). The proportion of faecal solids increased on codeine and the effluent appeared thicker but the output of faecal solids remained unchanged. Mean faecal fat increased on codeine. The transit rate from mouth to stoma was slower in four of the five subjects on codeine and a further two subjects withdrew from the trial with temporary intestinal obstruction while on the drug. Lomotil two tablets three times daily was associated with a small and statistically not quite significant fall in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy output of water. Sodium and potassium outputs in the effluent fell on Lomotil (p < 0.05) but the other parameters remained unchanged. Isogel 15 ml three times daily was associated with an increase in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, potassium, and faecal solids (p < 0.01). Although the effluent looked more viscid on Isogel, the proportion of faecal solids was unchanged. These results suggest that codeine phosphate has a beneficial effect on ileostomy function, reducing the loss of water and electrolytes, while Lomotil has a similar but less effective action in the dosage tested. By contrast, Isogel increases the ileostomy loss of water and electrolytes and will aggravate their depletion in patients with excessive fluid effluents. The increase in faecal fat associated with taking codeine phosphate suggests that it should be stopped before collecting specimens for faecal fat estimations.", "contents": "Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on iileostomy function. The effect on ileostomy function of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, or Isogel was tested in 20 subjects at home living a normal life, studied over two three-day periods on and off treatment. Codeine phosphate 60 mg three times daily was associated with a reduction in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, and potassium (p < 0.05). The proportion of faecal solids increased on codeine and the effluent appeared thicker but the output of faecal solids remained unchanged. Mean faecal fat increased on codeine. The transit rate from mouth to stoma was slower in four of the five subjects on codeine and a further two subjects withdrew from the trial with temporary intestinal obstruction while on the drug. Lomotil two tablets three times daily was associated with a small and statistically not quite significant fall in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy output of water. Sodium and potassium outputs in the effluent fell on Lomotil (p < 0.05) but the other parameters remained unchanged. Isogel 15 ml three times daily was associated with an increase in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, potassium, and faecal solids (p < 0.01). Although the effluent looked more viscid on Isogel, the proportion of faecal solids was unchanged. These results suggest that codeine phosphate has a beneficial effect on ileostomy function, reducing the loss of water and electrolytes, while Lomotil has a similar but less effective action in the dosage tested. By contrast, Isogel increases the ileostomy loss of water and electrolytes and will aggravate their depletion in patients with excessive fluid effluents. The increase in faecal fat associated with taking codeine phosphate suggests that it should be stopped before collecting specimens for faecal fat estimations.", "PMID": 658767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8003", "title": "Age-related changes in the colonic blood supply: their relevance to ischaemic colitis.", "content": "Ischaemic colitis due to non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia is a disease of the elderly which commonly involves the left side of the colon; selective splenic flexure involvement is said to be especially common. In an attempt to explain these features postmortem angiograms were performed on the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of 37 postmortem subjects. A distinct age-related tortuosity of the long colic arteries was noted which could account for the increasing incidence of ischaemic colitis with age. No anatomical basis for the higher incidence of left-sided involvement was found and, specifically, no critical point in the arterial circulation at the splenic flexure was demonstrated.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the colonic blood supply: their relevance to ischaemic colitis. Ischaemic colitis due to non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia is a disease of the elderly which commonly involves the left side of the colon; selective splenic flexure involvement is said to be especially common. In an attempt to explain these features postmortem angiograms were performed on the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of 37 postmortem subjects. A distinct age-related tortuosity of the long colic arteries was noted which could account for the increasing incidence of ischaemic colitis with age. No anatomical basis for the higher incidence of left-sided involvement was found and, specifically, no critical point in the arterial circulation at the splenic flexure was demonstrated.", "PMID": 658768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8004", "title": "Is there a myoelectrical abnormality in the irritable colon syndrome?", "content": "Although recent work has suggested that an abnormality of the 0.05 Hz (3 c/m) slow wave electrical activity exists in the distal colon of patients with the irritable colon syndrome, it is not established whether this is related to altered bowel habit alone, or whether it is specific to the irritable colon syndrome. We have therefore studied 10 patients referred with this disorder and compared their colonic myoelectrical pattern with 10 patients suffering from assorted disorders with similar symptoms--for example, chronic pancreatitis, diverticular disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. Transit time, stool weights, percentage motility, and slow wave electrical activity were measured in each patient. The two groups were well matched for age and patients with similar symptoms in the two groups had similar values for transit time and percentage motility. There was a statistically significant increase in the 3 c/m electrical activity in patients with the irritable colon syndrome unrelated to the degree of diarrhoea or constipation. It would appear, therefore, that the abnormally high incidence of 3 c/m electrical activity in the colon is specific to the irritable colon syndrome and not merely a feature of altered bowel habit.", "contents": "Is there a myoelectrical abnormality in the irritable colon syndrome? Although recent work has suggested that an abnormality of the 0.05 Hz (3 c/m) slow wave electrical activity exists in the distal colon of patients with the irritable colon syndrome, it is not established whether this is related to altered bowel habit alone, or whether it is specific to the irritable colon syndrome. We have therefore studied 10 patients referred with this disorder and compared their colonic myoelectrical pattern with 10 patients suffering from assorted disorders with similar symptoms--for example, chronic pancreatitis, diverticular disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. Transit time, stool weights, percentage motility, and slow wave electrical activity were measured in each patient. The two groups were well matched for age and patients with similar symptoms in the two groups had similar values for transit time and percentage motility. There was a statistically significant increase in the 3 c/m electrical activity in patients with the irritable colon syndrome unrelated to the degree of diarrhoea or constipation. It would appear, therefore, that the abnormally high incidence of 3 c/m electrical activity in the colon is specific to the irritable colon syndrome and not merely a feature of altered bowel habit.", "PMID": 658769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8005", "title": "Transmucosal potential difference; diagnostic value in gastro-oseophageal reflux.", "content": "Nineteen patients with symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disease were assessed by endoscopy. Transmucosal potential difference (PD) in the lower oesophagus was recorded and suction biopsy specimens were obtained from the site of measurement and examined by light microscopy after haematoxylin and eosin staining. In 10 patients with normal histology, mean PD was--14.4 mV (SEM +/- 0.4 mV), whereas in nine patients with histological changes of reflux mean was +9.4 mV (SEM +/- 3.0 mV). In this latter group, polarity of the PD was reversed in all but one case. Good correlation was found between these objective indices of lower oesophageal disease and the presence of symptoms such as dysphagia and heartburn. The visual appearance at endoscopy was less reliable. It is suggested that measurement of PD is a simple, rapid, and sensitive method of detecting the presence of oesophageal mucosal damage.", "contents": "Transmucosal potential difference; diagnostic value in gastro-oseophageal reflux. Nineteen patients with symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disease were assessed by endoscopy. Transmucosal potential difference (PD) in the lower oesophagus was recorded and suction biopsy specimens were obtained from the site of measurement and examined by light microscopy after haematoxylin and eosin staining. In 10 patients with normal histology, mean PD was--14.4 mV (SEM +/- 0.4 mV), whereas in nine patients with histological changes of reflux mean was +9.4 mV (SEM +/- 3.0 mV). In this latter group, polarity of the PD was reversed in all but one case. Good correlation was found between these objective indices of lower oesophageal disease and the presence of symptoms such as dysphagia and heartburn. The visual appearance at endoscopy was less reliable. It is suggested that measurement of PD is a simple, rapid, and sensitive method of detecting the presence of oesophageal mucosal damage.", "PMID": 658770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8006", "title": "Motilin release in the pig.", "content": "Motilin is found in the upper intestine of pig and man and in man is released by acid. A similar release by acid has now been found in the pig and is associated with markedly reduced immunostainable motilin in the upper small intestine. Clamping the arteries and veins to the stimulated segment immediately reversed the rise of plasma motilin, indicating the motilin release to be an entirely local phenomenon. The apparent half life of endogenous motilin was 3.9 minutes. No release of motilin was seen after a meal and the possible physiological role of motilin thus remains speculative.", "contents": "Motilin release in the pig. Motilin is found in the upper intestine of pig and man and in man is released by acid. A similar release by acid has now been found in the pig and is associated with markedly reduced immunostainable motilin in the upper small intestine. Clamping the arteries and veins to the stimulated segment immediately reversed the rise of plasma motilin, indicating the motilin release to be an entirely local phenomenon. The apparent half life of endogenous motilin was 3.9 minutes. No release of motilin was seen after a meal and the possible physiological role of motilin thus remains speculative.", "PMID": 658771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8007", "title": "Effect of ulcer healing on the prognosis of chronic gastric uler. Four-year follow-up.", "content": "Eighty three patients were followed-up for four years after an admission to hospital with a chronic gastric ulcer proven by radiology (index ulcer). The index ulcer healed completely in 50 patients, but was unhealed at the time of discharge in the other 33. Significantly fewer patients whose index ulcer was healed compared with those whose ulcer was unhealed at discharge had had a recurrence by one (p < 0.05), two, three and four years' (p < 0.01) follow-up. Moreover, the rate of recurrence was significantly greater for those patients with unhealed, compared with those with a healed index ulcer (p < 0.05) and by the end of the four-year period 61% of patients with unhealed, compared with 26% of those with healed index ulcers had had a recurrence. Patients over the age of 60 years with unhealed index ulcers had a significantly poorer prognosis than those of similar age whose index ulcer was healed at discharge (p < 0.025). The sex of the ulcer patient did not significantly influence ulcer recurrence. Large ulcers (> 57 mm(2)) were less often healed on initial discharge and were more frequently associated with recurrence at one (p < 0.05), two (p < 0.025), three and four years (p < 0.01) than smaller ulcers ([unk]57 mm(2)). Heavy intake of analgesics adversely influenced the course of patients whose ulcer was unhealed (p < 0.05), but did not alter the recurrence rate in those whose ulcer was healed. Ulcer recurrence was not influenced by smoking habits or by alcohol consumption.", "contents": "Effect of ulcer healing on the prognosis of chronic gastric uler. Four-year follow-up. Eighty three patients were followed-up for four years after an admission to hospital with a chronic gastric ulcer proven by radiology (index ulcer). The index ulcer healed completely in 50 patients, but was unhealed at the time of discharge in the other 33. Significantly fewer patients whose index ulcer was healed compared with those whose ulcer was unhealed at discharge had had a recurrence by one (p < 0.05), two, three and four years' (p < 0.01) follow-up. Moreover, the rate of recurrence was significantly greater for those patients with unhealed, compared with those with a healed index ulcer (p < 0.05) and by the end of the four-year period 61% of patients with unhealed, compared with 26% of those with healed index ulcers had had a recurrence. Patients over the age of 60 years with unhealed index ulcers had a significantly poorer prognosis than those of similar age whose index ulcer was healed at discharge (p < 0.025). The sex of the ulcer patient did not significantly influence ulcer recurrence. Large ulcers (> 57 mm(2)) were less often healed on initial discharge and were more frequently associated with recurrence at one (p < 0.05), two (p < 0.025), three and four years (p < 0.01) than smaller ulcers ([unk]57 mm(2)). Heavy intake of analgesics adversely influenced the course of patients whose ulcer was unhealed (p < 0.05), but did not alter the recurrence rate in those whose ulcer was healed. Ulcer recurrence was not influenced by smoking habits or by alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 658772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8008", "title": "The two histological types of gastric carcinoma in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Sixty-five specimens of gastric carcinoma from Northern Nigeria were classified using the criteria of Lauren (1965). Forty were intestinal, 16 diffuse, 2 mixed, and 7 unclassifiable. The intestinal type predominated in both men and women and in all age groups contrary to the expectation of a diffuse predominance because of the relatively young age groups of the population and the low risk for gastric carcinoma in this region.", "contents": "The two histological types of gastric carcinoma in Northern Nigeria. Sixty-five specimens of gastric carcinoma from Northern Nigeria were classified using the criteria of Lauren (1965). Forty were intestinal, 16 diffuse, 2 mixed, and 7 unclassifiable. The intestinal type predominated in both men and women and in all age groups contrary to the expectation of a diffuse predominance because of the relatively young age groups of the population and the low risk for gastric carcinoma in this region.", "PMID": 658773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8009", "title": "On use of chromogenic substrates for studies of coagulation inhibitors.", "content": "Methodological problems encountered using chromogenic substrates on thrombin and Xa are discussed: (1) influence of substrate on inhibitor; (2) influence of heparin; (3) optimal concentrations; (4) specificity; (5) denatured enzymes, and (6) natural versus chromogenic substrates.", "contents": "On use of chromogenic substrates for studies of coagulation inhibitors. Methodological problems encountered using chromogenic substrates on thrombin and Xa are discussed: (1) influence of substrate on inhibitor; (2) influence of heparin; (3) optimal concentrations; (4) specificity; (5) denatured enzymes, and (6) natural versus chromogenic substrates.", "PMID": 658774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8010", "title": "Fluorogenic substrates for sensitive and differential estimation of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.", "content": "Two fluorogenic peptide amides have been synthesized, i.e. BOC-L-valyl-glycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide (I) and L-valyl-glycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide (II). The kinetic parameters of plasmin, urokinase and human uterine tissue plasminogen activator on substrates I and II have been determined. Quite unexpectedly, the tissue activator appeared to require for its activity a blocked amino terminus on the substrate. This was further corroborated with other synthetic substrates. Plasmin and urokinase did not show this requirement.", "contents": "Fluorogenic substrates for sensitive and differential estimation of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Two fluorogenic peptide amides have been synthesized, i.e. BOC-L-valyl-glycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide (I) and L-valyl-glycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide (II). The kinetic parameters of plasmin, urokinase and human uterine tissue plasminogen activator on substrates I and II have been determined. Quite unexpectedly, the tissue activator appeared to require for its activity a blocked amino terminus on the substrate. This was further corroborated with other synthetic substrates. Plasmin and urokinase did not show this requirement.", "PMID": 658777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8011", "title": "Pharmacological content of hyperproteolytic states in blood by synthetic inhibitors of serine proteinases.", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes participate extensively in coagulation, fibrinolysis, kininogenesis, and complement activity. Synthetic low molecular weight inhibitors of these enzymes which belong to the group of serine proteinases allow pharmacological control of these processes. The development of such inhibitors and their therapeutic importance are reported, especially on the pattern of benzamidine derivatives.", "contents": "Pharmacological content of hyperproteolytic states in blood by synthetic inhibitors of serine proteinases. Proteolytic enzymes participate extensively in coagulation, fibrinolysis, kininogenesis, and complement activity. Synthetic low molecular weight inhibitors of these enzymes which belong to the group of serine proteinases allow pharmacological control of these processes. The development of such inhibitors and their therapeutic importance are reported, especially on the pattern of benzamidine derivatives.", "PMID": 658778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8012", "title": "Chromogenic substrates for horseshoe crab clotting enzyme. Its application for the assay of bacterial endotoxins.", "content": "An endotoxin-activated hemocyte lysate from the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus and Limulus) was found to hydrolyze Bz-Ile-Glu-(gamma-OR)-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (PNA), Bz-Val-Gly-Arg-PNA, Boc-Val-Leu-Gly-Arg-PNA, and Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-PNA, all of which have the COOH-terminal Gly-Arg sequence. This amidase activity was due to a clottting enzyme contained in the lysate. Furthermore, the amidase activity increased by increasing the concentration of bacterial endotoxin (E. coli, 0111-B4) added to the lysate. Therefore, the measurement of the endotoxin-induced amidase activity made it possible to determine the concentration of the endotoxin.", "contents": "Chromogenic substrates for horseshoe crab clotting enzyme. Its application for the assay of bacterial endotoxins. An endotoxin-activated hemocyte lysate from the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus and Limulus) was found to hydrolyze Bz-Ile-Glu-(gamma-OR)-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (PNA), Bz-Val-Gly-Arg-PNA, Boc-Val-Leu-Gly-Arg-PNA, and Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-PNA, all of which have the COOH-terminal Gly-Arg sequence. This amidase activity was due to a clottting enzyme contained in the lysate. Furthermore, the amidase activity increased by increasing the concentration of bacterial endotoxin (E. coli, 0111-B4) added to the lysate. Therefore, the measurement of the endotoxin-induced amidase activity made it possible to determine the concentration of the endotoxin.", "PMID": 658779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8013", "title": "Designing of peptide substrates. Different approaches exemplified by new chromogenic substrates for kallikreins and urokinase.", "content": "Chromogenic peptide substrates for serine proteases have been designed by using two approaches: (1) by using the natural substrate as a model and (2) by structure-activity correlations obtained through screening of a large number of tripeptides. Some recent examples, substrates for kallikreins and urokinase are given.", "contents": "Designing of peptide substrates. Different approaches exemplified by new chromogenic substrates for kallikreins and urokinase. Chromogenic peptide substrates for serine proteases have been designed by using two approaches: (1) by using the natural substrate as a model and (2) by structure-activity correlations obtained through screening of a large number of tripeptides. Some recent examples, substrates for kallikreins and urokinase are given.", "PMID": 658780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8014", "title": "Changes in plasma levels of prekallikrein, kallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen and kallikrein inhibitors during lethal endotoxin shock in dogs.", "content": "Plasma levels of prekallikrein, kallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen and kallikrein inhibitors were measured in samples from dogs infused with E. coli endotoxin. Markedly reduced levels of prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen were seen at circulatory collapse and free kallikrein was detected. Both 'fast-reacting' and 'time-dependent' inhibitors of plasma kallikrein were significantly reduced. Fractionation of pre-infusion and collapse samples by gel filtration together with immunological procedures indicated that both alpha2-macroglobin and alpha1-antitrypsin were the major kallikrein inhibitors in dog plasma, and that they were significantly reduced in the collapse samples.", "contents": "Changes in plasma levels of prekallikrein, kallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen and kallikrein inhibitors during lethal endotoxin shock in dogs. Plasma levels of prekallikrein, kallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen and kallikrein inhibitors were measured in samples from dogs infused with E. coli endotoxin. Markedly reduced levels of prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen were seen at circulatory collapse and free kallikrein was detected. Both 'fast-reacting' and 'time-dependent' inhibitors of plasma kallikrein were significantly reduced. Fractionation of pre-infusion and collapse samples by gel filtration together with immunological procedures indicated that both alpha2-macroglobin and alpha1-antitrypsin were the major kallikrein inhibitors in dog plasma, and that they were significantly reduced in the collapse samples.", "PMID": 658781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8015", "title": "New chromogenic peptide substrates for factor X.", "content": "The factor Xa-sensitive substrate BZ-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide has been made more sensitive by making ester and amide derivatives of the gamma-carboxyl group of the glutamyl residue. The morpholinyl and piperidyl amides react 2.5 times more rapidly with factor Xa.", "contents": "New chromogenic peptide substrates for factor X. The factor Xa-sensitive substrate BZ-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide has been made more sensitive by making ester and amide derivatives of the gamma-carboxyl group of the glutamyl residue. The morpholinyl and piperidyl amides react 2.5 times more rapidly with factor Xa.", "PMID": 658782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8016", "title": "Rat coagulation factors V, VIII, XI, and XII: vitamin K dependent.", "content": "When rats were given single or multiple doses of warfarin, the levels of prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X were depressed, as expected. However, modest reductions of factors V, VIII, XI, and XII, but not of fibrinogen, also occurred. The levels of all eight factors promptly returned to normal when vitamin K1 was given. Warfarin-resistant rats had no depression of any of the eight factors. When vitamin K deficiency was induced by internal or external biliary fistula, factors II-VII-IX-X decreased sharply and factors V-VIII-XI-XII decreased modestly. Again, all depression were promptly reversed by vitamin K1. Isolated livers from warfarinized rats did not generate the classic vitamin K-dependent factors during 5 h of perfusion but did generate small amounts of factors V, XI, and XII, although less than normal. The isolated rat liver apparently does not generate factor VIII.", "contents": "Rat coagulation factors V, VIII, XI, and XII: vitamin K dependent. When rats were given single or multiple doses of warfarin, the levels of prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X were depressed, as expected. However, modest reductions of factors V, VIII, XI, and XII, but not of fibrinogen, also occurred. The levels of all eight factors promptly returned to normal when vitamin K1 was given. Warfarin-resistant rats had no depression of any of the eight factors. When vitamin K deficiency was induced by internal or external biliary fistula, factors II-VII-IX-X decreased sharply and factors V-VIII-XI-XII decreased modestly. Again, all depression were promptly reversed by vitamin K1. Isolated livers from warfarinized rats did not generate the classic vitamin K-dependent factors during 5 h of perfusion but did generate small amounts of factors V, XI, and XII, although less than normal. The isolated rat liver apparently does not generate factor VIII.", "PMID": 658784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8017", "title": "Automated antithrombin III assay with a centrifugal analyser.", "content": "The factor Xa inactivating function of antithrombin III is measured automatically by an amidolytic method, adapted to a centrifugal analyser. Plasma is diluted in buffer with heparin. In stage I, diluted plasma is incubated with excess factor Xa. Heparin accelerates the saturation of antithrombin with factor Xa. In stage II, remaining factor Xa is determined with the chromogenic substrate Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA. The precision of the present assay compares favourably with that of the clotting assays and immunoassay. There is a close correlation (r = 0.82) between the results obtained with this assay and the immunoassay of antithrombin III.", "contents": "Automated antithrombin III assay with a centrifugal analyser. The factor Xa inactivating function of antithrombin III is measured automatically by an amidolytic method, adapted to a centrifugal analyser. Plasma is diluted in buffer with heparin. In stage I, diluted plasma is incubated with excess factor Xa. Heparin accelerates the saturation of antithrombin with factor Xa. In stage II, remaining factor Xa is determined with the chromogenic substrate Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA. The precision of the present assay compares favourably with that of the clotting assays and immunoassay. There is a close correlation (r = 0.82) between the results obtained with this assay and the immunoassay of antithrombin III.", "PMID": 658785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8018", "title": "The effect of trypsin and storage on aggregation and release of human gel-filtered platelets.", "content": "Trypsin was studied as an aggregating and release-inducing agent with gel-filtered platelets (GFP) and was compared with ADP, epinephrine and collagen. GFP aggregated irreversibly with final concentrations of 0.5-4 microgram/ml trypsin, 1.6-3.2 micrometer ADP, 2.5-5 micrometer epinephrine and 40 microlite 1/ml soluble collagen. Addition of human fibrinogen to the Tyrode-suspending buffer was required for ADP and epinephrine, but was not necessary for trypsin or collagen. Release of (14C)5HT was obtained with trypsin and collagen using the same concentrations as used in aggregation. GFP stored at room temperature for 48 h were still responsive to trypsin and collagen, whereas aggregability and (14C)5HT release induced by ADP and epinephrine were already impaired 5 h after collection of blood. CP-CPK, an ADP-removing reagent, blocked aggregation and release induced by low trypsin concentrations, suggesting that ADP plays an intermediate role in the mechanism by which trypsin activates platelets. Trypsin appears to be a valuable reagent for studying platelet physiology, particulary following storage.", "contents": "The effect of trypsin and storage on aggregation and release of human gel-filtered platelets. Trypsin was studied as an aggregating and release-inducing agent with gel-filtered platelets (GFP) and was compared with ADP, epinephrine and collagen. GFP aggregated irreversibly with final concentrations of 0.5-4 microgram/ml trypsin, 1.6-3.2 micrometer ADP, 2.5-5 micrometer epinephrine and 40 microlite 1/ml soluble collagen. Addition of human fibrinogen to the Tyrode-suspending buffer was required for ADP and epinephrine, but was not necessary for trypsin or collagen. Release of (14C)5HT was obtained with trypsin and collagen using the same concentrations as used in aggregation. GFP stored at room temperature for 48 h were still responsive to trypsin and collagen, whereas aggregability and (14C)5HT release induced by ADP and epinephrine were already impaired 5 h after collection of blood. CP-CPK, an ADP-removing reagent, blocked aggregation and release induced by low trypsin concentrations, suggesting that ADP plays an intermediate role in the mechanism by which trypsin activates platelets. Trypsin appears to be a valuable reagent for studying platelet physiology, particulary following storage.", "PMID": 658786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8019", "title": "Uptake by blood components and by subcellular platelet fractions of 1-14C-acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "1-14C-Acetylsalicylic acid was used to study the distribution and the kinetics of the acetyl group in blood components. Tests were carried out in 4 patients in vivo and on four blood samples in vitro. At various intervals after tagging, whole blood, plasma, platelets and platelet fractions were examined. In vitro, relative activity was found to be higher in platelets than in all other blood components. When platelet fractions were examined, the highest specific activity was found in membranes. In vivo, rapid disappearance of activity from circulation was observed. The decrease of activity was slower in platelets than in whole blood and in plasma. The highest specific acitivty was again found in platelet membranes. The half-life of the 14C tag was measured in all components. It was found to be longest in platelet membranes where it corresponded to the half-life of platelets in circulation. From the results obtained, the conclusion was drawn that irreversible acetylation of the platelet membrane must be considered to be one of the main causes of platelet dysfunction induced by acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "Uptake by blood components and by subcellular platelet fractions of 1-14C-acetylsalicylic acid. 1-14C-Acetylsalicylic acid was used to study the distribution and the kinetics of the acetyl group in blood components. Tests were carried out in 4 patients in vivo and on four blood samples in vitro. At various intervals after tagging, whole blood, plasma, platelets and platelet fractions were examined. In vitro, relative activity was found to be higher in platelets than in all other blood components. When platelet fractions were examined, the highest specific activity was found in membranes. In vivo, rapid disappearance of activity from circulation was observed. The decrease of activity was slower in platelets than in whole blood and in plasma. The highest specific acitivty was again found in platelet membranes. The half-life of the 14C tag was measured in all components. It was found to be longest in platelet membranes where it corresponded to the half-life of platelets in circulation. From the results obtained, the conclusion was drawn that irreversible acetylation of the platelet membrane must be considered to be one of the main causes of platelet dysfunction induced by acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 658787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8020", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on normal human platelets.", "content": "Platelets from normal human volunteers were investigated by ultrastructural morphometry. Preparation of blood samples was done in two different ways in order to evaluate the possible influence of the preparative method on the size and shape of platelets and their organelles. No significant differences could be dmonstrated for any of the measured parameters. Relative volumes of specific granules, mitochondria and the open canalicular system were calculated according to the method of Weibel. Surface and numerical densities of some compartments were determined. Direct measurements of the long and short axes of the platelets were conducted to ascertain further information about their size and shape. Absolute data are in good agreement with the few reports in the literature.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on normal human platelets. Platelets from normal human volunteers were investigated by ultrastructural morphometry. Preparation of blood samples was done in two different ways in order to evaluate the possible influence of the preparative method on the size and shape of platelets and their organelles. No significant differences could be dmonstrated for any of the measured parameters. Relative volumes of specific granules, mitochondria and the open canalicular system were calculated according to the method of Weibel. Surface and numerical densities of some compartments were determined. Direct measurements of the long and short axes of the platelets were conducted to ascertain further information about their size and shape. Absolute data are in good agreement with the few reports in the literature.", "PMID": 658788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8021", "title": "Institutions and alternatives for older people.", "content": "A major national priority for older people is the provision of systems of social and medical care that may be applied to individuals in an effort to extend residence in the community or avert institutionalization altogether. Data reviewed here suggest that goals must be modest in attemtping to deinstitutionalize or avert institutionalization.", "contents": "Institutions and alternatives for older people. A major national priority for older people is the provision of systems of social and medical care that may be applied to individuals in an effort to extend residence in the community or avert institutionalization altogether. Data reviewed here suggest that goals must be modest in attemtping to deinstitutionalize or avert institutionalization.", "PMID": 658818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8022", "title": "Stop the action: a program for parents of severely disturbed children.", "content": "Severely disordered children are frequently difficult to manage in an outpatient setting because of their disruptive actions. A brief period of hospitalization stops this action and allows professionals time to work with parents and correct dysfunctional family interactions.", "contents": "Stop the action: a program for parents of severely disturbed children. Severely disordered children are frequently difficult to manage in an outpatient setting because of their disruptive actions. A brief period of hospitalization stops this action and allows professionals time to work with parents and correct dysfunctional family interactions.", "PMID": 658819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8023", "title": "Linkages among organizations: considerations and consequences.", "content": "The continuing concern about integration and coordination of health care services can lead to intensive linkages that may have undesirable effects on the participating organizations. A case study of three neighborhood health centers in a large urban area demonstrates the potential stresses such linkages create for personnel. Research and administrative efforts toward mitigating such  problems are suggested.", "contents": "Linkages among organizations: considerations and consequences. The continuing concern about integration and coordination of health care services can lead to intensive linkages that may have undesirable effects on the participating organizations. A case study of three neighborhood health centers in a large urban area demonstrates the potential stresses such linkages create for personnel. Research and administrative efforts toward mitigating such  problems are suggested.", "PMID": 658820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8024", "title": "Social work with epileptic patients.", "content": "Although more than 4 million people in the United States have epilepsy, misconceptions about the disease are prevalent among the public. The author discusses some of the physical and psychosocial problems related to epilepsy and offers suggestions on how social workers can assist epileptic patients and their families.", "contents": "Social work with epileptic patients. Although more than 4 million people in the United States have epilepsy, misconceptions about the disease are prevalent among the public. The author discusses some of the physical and psychosocial problems related to epilepsy and offers suggestions on how social workers can assist epileptic patients and their families.", "PMID": 658821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8025", "title": "A training program for interprofessional health care teams.", "content": "Interprofessional approaches to practice have gained increased popularity. This paper describes a course in team training for professionals in health care. It is an overview of the course's content with a discussion of the problems and issues that arose as the course was designed and implemented. It concludes with a discussion of the outcomes and evaluations of the students' and faculty's experience.", "contents": "A training program for interprofessional health care teams. Interprofessional approaches to practice have gained increased popularity. This paper describes a course in team training for professionals in health care. It is an overview of the course's content with a discussion of the problems and issues that arose as the course was designed and implemented. It concludes with a discussion of the outcomes and evaluations of the students' and faculty's experience.", "PMID": 658826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8026", "title": "Evaluating a social work department in psychiatric hospital.", "content": "It has become increasingly important, as an administrative aid in assessing the functioning of hospital social work departments and improving their services, to determine and evaluate their activities. This article reports on a study conducted by the social work department in a Canadian university psychiatric hospital to determine the work load of social workers, aspects of the process of referring persons for social work services, and differences between hospitalized persons who do or do not receive social work services.", "contents": "Evaluating a social work department in psychiatric hospital. It has become increasingly important, as an administrative aid in assessing the functioning of hospital social work departments and improving their services, to determine and evaluate their activities. This article reports on a study conducted by the social work department in a Canadian university psychiatric hospital to determine the work load of social workers, aspects of the process of referring persons for social work services, and differences between hospitalized persons who do or do not receive social work services.", "PMID": 658828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8027", "title": "Psychiatric problems in emergency rooms.", "content": "This study compared the diagnosis and referral of mental health problems in the emergency rooms of four hospitals located in communities of varying size. Although deficiencies were found in the recognition of psychiatric problems in all the hospitals, the effectiveness of emergency room service was related to the size of the community.", "contents": "Psychiatric problems in emergency rooms. This study compared the diagnosis and referral of mental health problems in the emergency rooms of four hospitals located in communities of varying size. Although deficiencies were found in the recognition of psychiatric problems in all the hospitals, the effectiveness of emergency room service was related to the size of the community.", "PMID": 658829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8028", "title": "Cytological study of inhibitory effects of IAA on the root growth in the Pinus silvestris.", "content": "It has been found that IAA at the concentrations 0.1--10.0 ppm retards the pine root growth and decreases mitotic activity. All the applied concentrations of this hormone cause a decrease of the 3H-thymidine incorporation index and inhibit endomitotic polyploidization in suprameristematic segments. The mean time of the cell cycle prolongs and the heterogeneity of cellular populations increases in parallel with the increase of IAA concentration. The template activity of DNA decreases under the influence of the applied concentrations of IAA; this effect is being particularly strong in the meristematic root segment. IAA exerts also an inhibitory influence on protein synthesis, especially reducing the synthesis of histones.", "contents": "Cytological study of inhibitory effects of IAA on the root growth in the Pinus silvestris. It has been found that IAA at the concentrations 0.1--10.0 ppm retards the pine root growth and decreases mitotic activity. All the applied concentrations of this hormone cause a decrease of the 3H-thymidine incorporation index and inhibit endomitotic polyploidization in suprameristematic segments. The mean time of the cell cycle prolongs and the heterogeneity of cellular populations increases in parallel with the increase of IAA concentration. The template activity of DNA decreases under the influence of the applied concentrations of IAA; this effect is being particularly strong in the meristematic root segment. IAA exerts also an inhibitory influence on protein synthesis, especially reducing the synthesis of histones.", "PMID": 658830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8029", "title": "RNA synthesis and changes in template--DNA activity during the growth and differentiation of parenchyma cells of the primary cortex of roots of Zea mays and Tulipa kaufmanniana.", "content": "In this study, changes in DNA transcription activity are presented during parenchymal cell differentiation of the primary cortex of roots of a species with elevated DNA content in which endomitotic polyploidization does not occur (Tulipa kaufmanniana), as well as a species with low content levels in which an increase in endomitotic polyploidization occurs during differentiation (Zea mays). Changes in the degree of histone acetylation during the cellular differentiation of both species were also studied. An autoradiographic method was employed using the following indicators: for transcription activity--3H-uridine; for potential activity of template DNA--3H-actinomycin D (3H-AMD); for histone acetylation--the intensity of labelled nuclei after incubation with 3H-sodium acetate, as well as decrease in nuclei radioactivity after extraction of the histone fractions. It was found that during cellular growth and differentiation in both Zea mays and Tulipa daufmanniana (and therefore, irrespective of the presence or absence of endomitotic polyploidization) a progressive decrease of DNA transcription activity occurs. At the same time, the possibility that the acetylation of arginine--rich histones plays a definite, yet undecisive, role in the regulation of DNA transcription activity cannot be excluded.", "contents": "RNA synthesis and changes in template--DNA activity during the growth and differentiation of parenchyma cells of the primary cortex of roots of Zea mays and Tulipa kaufmanniana. In this study, changes in DNA transcription activity are presented during parenchymal cell differentiation of the primary cortex of roots of a species with elevated DNA content in which endomitotic polyploidization does not occur (Tulipa kaufmanniana), as well as a species with low content levels in which an increase in endomitotic polyploidization occurs during differentiation (Zea mays). Changes in the degree of histone acetylation during the cellular differentiation of both species were also studied. An autoradiographic method was employed using the following indicators: for transcription activity--3H-uridine; for potential activity of template DNA--3H-actinomycin D (3H-AMD); for histone acetylation--the intensity of labelled nuclei after incubation with 3H-sodium acetate, as well as decrease in nuclei radioactivity after extraction of the histone fractions. It was found that during cellular growth and differentiation in both Zea mays and Tulipa daufmanniana (and therefore, irrespective of the presence or absence of endomitotic polyploidization) a progressive decrease of DNA transcription activity occurs. At the same time, the possibility that the acetylation of arginine--rich histones plays a definite, yet undecisive, role in the regulation of DNA transcription activity cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 658831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8030", "title": "On the distribution of succinic dehydrogenase in the segmental ganglia of Poecilobdella granulosa.", "content": "Studies on the distribution of SDH in the segmental ganglia of leech have revealed the presence of light and dark cells. The enzyme has been seen mainly around the nucleus. The neuronal periphery, cytoplasm and axons of almost all the cells have also manifested positive activity. The neuropile depicts predominantly granular reaction. The metabolic significance and the possible role of SDH at various localisations have been discussed.", "contents": "On the distribution of succinic dehydrogenase in the segmental ganglia of Poecilobdella granulosa. Studies on the distribution of SDH in the segmental ganglia of leech have revealed the presence of light and dark cells. The enzyme has been seen mainly around the nucleus. The neuronal periphery, cytoplasm and axons of almost all the cells have also manifested positive activity. The neuropile depicts predominantly granular reaction. The metabolic significance and the possible role of SDH at various localisations have been discussed.", "PMID": 658832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8031", "title": "Membranolytic activity of detergents as studied with cell viability tests.", "content": "The membranolytic activity of 12 chosen detergents upon Ehrlich ascites tumour and Chinese hamster lung cells were studied with the fluorescein diacetate and the dye exclusion tests of cell viability. It was found that all these tests give reproducible and concordant results when non-ionic detergents are used but for ionic detergents only the fluorescein diacetate test can be applied. Membranolytic activity of the detergents appeared to be uncorrelated with their capacity of membrane solubilization. Digitonin and aescin, the horse-chestnut saponin, were found to be much more toxic than sodium dodecylsulphate or Triton X-100. When the detergents with aliphatic hydrophobic residues were compared, a cationic detergent cethylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was more toxic than non-ionic or anionic detergents. A hydrophobic part of the aescin molecule, that is its aglycone appeared responsible for the membranolytic activity of this saponin. When the lytic activity of the tested detergents for the two tested types of cells was compared it was found that the horse-chestnut saponin substances show different toxicity for various cells. It is suggested that in the future some of the detergents can be applied for detection and quantitative monitoring of species and tissue specific differences in plasma membrane properties of animal cells.", "contents": "Membranolytic activity of detergents as studied with cell viability tests. The membranolytic activity of 12 chosen detergents upon Ehrlich ascites tumour and Chinese hamster lung cells were studied with the fluorescein diacetate and the dye exclusion tests of cell viability. It was found that all these tests give reproducible and concordant results when non-ionic detergents are used but for ionic detergents only the fluorescein diacetate test can be applied. Membranolytic activity of the detergents appeared to be uncorrelated with their capacity of membrane solubilization. Digitonin and aescin, the horse-chestnut saponin, were found to be much more toxic than sodium dodecylsulphate or Triton X-100. When the detergents with aliphatic hydrophobic residues were compared, a cationic detergent cethylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was more toxic than non-ionic or anionic detergents. A hydrophobic part of the aescin molecule, that is its aglycone appeared responsible for the membranolytic activity of this saponin. When the lytic activity of the tested detergents for the two tested types of cells was compared it was found that the horse-chestnut saponin substances show different toxicity for various cells. It is suggested that in the future some of the detergents can be applied for detection and quantitative monitoring of species and tissue specific differences in plasma membrane properties of animal cells.", "PMID": 658833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8032", "title": "Degradation and inactivation of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin by rat liver lysosomes and some other proteinases.", "content": "Lysosomal fraction was isolated from rat liver by density gradient centrifugation after pervious loading of lysosomes in vivo with Triton WR-1339. Tritosome preparations were incubated at 37 degrees C and pH 5 for 24 hr with purified human ceruloplasmin or haptoglobin. After this period approximately 20% of total alpha amino nitrogen was released from ceruloplasmin and over 40% from haptoglobin. This was accompanied by loss of peroxidase activity of haptoglobin (in complex with haemoglobin), while enzymatic activity of ceruloplasmin remained unaltered. Removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase had no effect on digestion of ceruloplasmin by rat liver tritosomes. Both glycoproteins were resistant to horse leucocyte proteinases and pancreatic eleastase but were easily inactivated by trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Degradation and inactivation of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin by rat liver lysosomes and some other proteinases. Lysosomal fraction was isolated from rat liver by density gradient centrifugation after pervious loading of lysosomes in vivo with Triton WR-1339. Tritosome preparations were incubated at 37 degrees C and pH 5 for 24 hr with purified human ceruloplasmin or haptoglobin. After this period approximately 20% of total alpha amino nitrogen was released from ceruloplasmin and over 40% from haptoglobin. This was accompanied by loss of peroxidase activity of haptoglobin (in complex with haemoglobin), while enzymatic activity of ceruloplasmin remained unaltered. Removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase had no effect on digestion of ceruloplasmin by rat liver tritosomes. Both glycoproteins were resistant to horse leucocyte proteinases and pancreatic eleastase but were easily inactivated by trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 658834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8033", "title": "Interaction between cholinotropic and adrenotropic drugs on the histofluorescence of the central catecholamine structures in the rat.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were given phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine in the lateral ventricles in doses of 1 mg/kg. After 30 minutes they received in the same way atropine in doses of 1 mg/kg or carbachol in doses of 0.05 mg/kg. The control group was given physiological saline. The animals were decapitated 30 minutes after drug administration. The Falck and Hillarp histofluorescence method was applied. The areas of DA (nigrostriatal and meso-limbic) and NA systems were examined. It was found, that atropine increased the intensity of fluorescence in comparison with the control group, in all areas of DA structures. The action of carbachol was more differentiated. In the substantia nigra (A8 and A9) respectively in the globus pallidus and the nucleus arcuatus (A12) its effect was the same as that of atropine. In other areas it caused weakening of fluorescence or showed no effect. In the NA system atropine weakened the fluorescence considerably while carbachol increased it in five out of eleven areas. The interaction of cholinotropic and adrenotropic drugs is disscused.", "contents": "Interaction between cholinotropic and adrenotropic drugs on the histofluorescence of the central catecholamine structures in the rat. Male Wistar rats were given phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine in the lateral ventricles in doses of 1 mg/kg. After 30 minutes they received in the same way atropine in doses of 1 mg/kg or carbachol in doses of 0.05 mg/kg. The control group was given physiological saline. The animals were decapitated 30 minutes after drug administration. The Falck and Hillarp histofluorescence method was applied. The areas of DA (nigrostriatal and meso-limbic) and NA systems were examined. It was found, that atropine increased the intensity of fluorescence in comparison with the control group, in all areas of DA structures. The action of carbachol was more differentiated. In the substantia nigra (A8 and A9) respectively in the globus pallidus and the nucleus arcuatus (A12) its effect was the same as that of atropine. In other areas it caused weakening of fluorescence or showed no effect. In the NA system atropine weakened the fluorescence considerably while carbachol increased it in five out of eleven areas. The interaction of cholinotropic and adrenotropic drugs is disscused.", "PMID": 658835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8034", "title": "[Effect of estrone on rat uterine contraction induced by prostaglandin (author's transl)].", "content": "Influence of estrone on uterine contraction and increase of internal pressure of uterus induced by PG were studied in the rat. The sensitivity of the uterus to PG was increased after estrone injection, the maximum effect being observed 72 hours after the administration. Regarding uterine contraction and increase of internal pressure induced by PGE2 or PGF2alpha, the amplitude was enlarged but the frequency was decreased with estrone injection. Contraction and increase of internal pressure induced by PG were well correlated in the rat uterus treated with estrone. Progesterone inhibited the stimulatory action of estrone on uterine contraction induced by PG. These results suggest that estrone may play an important role in action of PG in rat uterus.", "contents": "[Effect of estrone on rat uterine contraction induced by prostaglandin (author's transl)]. Influence of estrone on uterine contraction and increase of internal pressure of uterus induced by PG were studied in the rat. The sensitivity of the uterus to PG was increased after estrone injection, the maximum effect being observed 72 hours after the administration. Regarding uterine contraction and increase of internal pressure induced by PGE2 or PGF2alpha, the amplitude was enlarged but the frequency was decreased with estrone injection. Contraction and increase of internal pressure induced by PG were well correlated in the rat uterus treated with estrone. Progesterone inhibited the stimulatory action of estrone on uterine contraction induced by PG. These results suggest that estrone may play an important role in action of PG in rat uterus.", "PMID": 658836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8035", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of loperamide, an anti-diarrheal agent. III. Interaction between loperamide and various agonists in the guinea pig intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "To clarify the mode of action of loperamide, the interaction with various agonists was investigated in guinea pig intestines. The following results were obtained. Prostaglandin E1 (0.1 microgram) or acetylcholine (1 approximately 3 microgram) injection into the mesenteric artery at 10 min intervals caused a constant rise of intraluminal pressure of the intestinal loop in situ. Loperamide (0.01 approximately 0.1 mg/kg i.v.) markedly suppressed the response induced by prostaglandin E1. Morphine (0.1 approximately 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) and atropine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) also suppressed the response. The intestinal response induced by acetylcholine was inhibited markedly by atropine and slightly by loperamide (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) but not by morphine. Contractions of the isolated ileum induced by coaxial stimulation, BaCl2, nicotine and serotonin were suppressed by loperamide (10(-9) approximately 2 X 10(-7) g/ml). Morphine, methadone and codeine showed the same effect as loperamide but the activity was weaker than that of loperamide. Contractions of isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine and bradykinin, and Ca-contraction in the depolarized taenia coli were inhibited by relatively high concentrations of loperamide (2 X 10(-7) g/ml or above). These results suggest that loperamide suppresses the function of cholinergic neurons in the intestines.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of loperamide, an anti-diarrheal agent. III. Interaction between loperamide and various agonists in the guinea pig intestine (author's transl)]. To clarify the mode of action of loperamide, the interaction with various agonists was investigated in guinea pig intestines. The following results were obtained. Prostaglandin E1 (0.1 microgram) or acetylcholine (1 approximately 3 microgram) injection into the mesenteric artery at 10 min intervals caused a constant rise of intraluminal pressure of the intestinal loop in situ. Loperamide (0.01 approximately 0.1 mg/kg i.v.) markedly suppressed the response induced by prostaglandin E1. Morphine (0.1 approximately 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) and atropine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) also suppressed the response. The intestinal response induced by acetylcholine was inhibited markedly by atropine and slightly by loperamide (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) but not by morphine. Contractions of the isolated ileum induced by coaxial stimulation, BaCl2, nicotine and serotonin were suppressed by loperamide (10(-9) approximately 2 X 10(-7) g/ml). Morphine, methadone and codeine showed the same effect as loperamide but the activity was weaker than that of loperamide. Contractions of isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine and bradykinin, and Ca-contraction in the depolarized taenia coli were inhibited by relatively high concentrations of loperamide (2 X 10(-7) g/ml or above). These results suggest that loperamide suppresses the function of cholinergic neurons in the intestines.", "PMID": 658837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8036", "title": "[Changes in the response to drugs of the rat stomach after a chronic vagotomy and a sympathectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of cholinergic agonists and serotonin were examined on the chronically denervated stomach fundus. We developed a new method of adrenergic denervation (sympathectomy), which was confirmed chemically, histochemically and functionally. Vagotomy was performed by the usual method. The sensitivity of the longitudinal muscle of the fundus to cholinergic agonists and serotonin was not modified by chronic sympathectomy or vagotomy when determined from the ED50 of the dose-response curve. The maximum contractile response of vagotomized fundus to each cholinergic agonist and to serotonin was significantly decreased, whereas only a slight decrease was observed in sympathectomized fundus. Ca2+-contracture in Ca2+-free isotonic K+ Ringer's solution was markedly decreased in chronically vagotomized or sympathectomized fundus. Efflux of 45Ca in Ca2+-free isotonic K+ Ringer's solution was significantly lowered by vagotomy but only slightly by sympathectomy. No significant change in ATP content was observed in the vagotomized or sympathectomized fundus.", "contents": "[Changes in the response to drugs of the rat stomach after a chronic vagotomy and a sympathectomy (author's transl)]. Effects of cholinergic agonists and serotonin were examined on the chronically denervated stomach fundus. We developed a new method of adrenergic denervation (sympathectomy), which was confirmed chemically, histochemically and functionally. Vagotomy was performed by the usual method. The sensitivity of the longitudinal muscle of the fundus to cholinergic agonists and serotonin was not modified by chronic sympathectomy or vagotomy when determined from the ED50 of the dose-response curve. The maximum contractile response of vagotomized fundus to each cholinergic agonist and to serotonin was significantly decreased, whereas only a slight decrease was observed in sympathectomized fundus. Ca2+-contracture in Ca2+-free isotonic K+ Ringer's solution was markedly decreased in chronically vagotomized or sympathectomized fundus. Efflux of 45Ca in Ca2+-free isotonic K+ Ringer's solution was significantly lowered by vagotomy but only slightly by sympathectomy. No significant change in ATP content was observed in the vagotomized or sympathectomized fundus.", "PMID": 658838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8037", "title": "[Pharmacological study on diuretic action of 2-methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-6-sulfamyl-7-chloro-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-4-quinazolinone (metolazone) (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal effects of metolazone (MET), a new diuretic agent, were compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in rats. MET in an oral dose of 0.01 approximately 0.5 mg/kg resulted in a dose-related increase in urine flow, sodium excretion and osmolal clearance in male rats. The natriuretic action of MET was not enhanced by administration of an increased dosage (1 approximately 5 mg/kg). Urinary excretion of potassium was significantly increased after MET, but was less than that of sodium. Therefore, the ratio of urinary concentration of sodium to potassium was markedly increased. Similar results were obtained when MET was intraperitoneally administered. In female rats, MET also proved to be an effective natriuretic. The diuretic effects of HCT were qualitatively similar to those of MET, but MET was 10--20 times as potent as HCT on a basis of minimal effective dose. In the renal clearance experiments, MET did not influence the renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. From these findings, it is concluded that MET exerts a diuretic effect by inhibiting the reabsorption of electrolytes in the renal tubules.", "contents": "[Pharmacological study on diuretic action of 2-methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-6-sulfamyl-7-chloro-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-4-quinazolinone (metolazone) (author's transl)]. Renal effects of metolazone (MET), a new diuretic agent, were compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in rats. MET in an oral dose of 0.01 approximately 0.5 mg/kg resulted in a dose-related increase in urine flow, sodium excretion and osmolal clearance in male rats. The natriuretic action of MET was not enhanced by administration of an increased dosage (1 approximately 5 mg/kg). Urinary excretion of potassium was significantly increased after MET, but was less than that of sodium. Therefore, the ratio of urinary concentration of sodium to potassium was markedly increased. Similar results were obtained when MET was intraperitoneally administered. In female rats, MET also proved to be an effective natriuretic. The diuretic effects of HCT were qualitatively similar to those of MET, but MET was 10--20 times as potent as HCT on a basis of minimal effective dose. In the renal clearance experiments, MET did not influence the renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. From these findings, it is concluded that MET exerts a diuretic effect by inhibiting the reabsorption of electrolytes in the renal tubules.", "PMID": 658839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8038", "title": "[Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1). Effect on intestine and bone in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was studied in rats. 1alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol was found to be more potent and rapidly active than vitamin D in stimulating intestinal calcium transport and calcium mobilization from bone both in normal and vitamin D deficient rats. 1alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol was also active in nephrectomized and/or thyroparathyroidectomized rats both in intestine and bone. Although it is well known that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the liver, there is the possibility that the former is active without further metabolism. In rats in which hepatitis was induced by CCl4, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was active both in the intestine and in the bone, while it was inactive in hepatectomized rats. These data clearly demonstrate that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is not active by itself and must be metabolized in the liver. This idea also shows the lag time in response of rats to 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol has more potent antirachitic activity than vitamin D and does not lose its activity with chronic oral administration. In view of these findings, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol appears to have a good potential for clinical application in cases of renal failure and metabolic bone diseases.", "contents": "[Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1). Effect on intestine and bone in rats (author's transl)]. Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was studied in rats. 1alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol was found to be more potent and rapidly active than vitamin D in stimulating intestinal calcium transport and calcium mobilization from bone both in normal and vitamin D deficient rats. 1alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol was also active in nephrectomized and/or thyroparathyroidectomized rats both in intestine and bone. Although it is well known that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the liver, there is the possibility that the former is active without further metabolism. In rats in which hepatitis was induced by CCl4, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was active both in the intestine and in the bone, while it was inactive in hepatectomized rats. These data clearly demonstrate that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is not active by itself and must be metabolized in the liver. This idea also shows the lag time in response of rats to 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol has more potent antirachitic activity than vitamin D and does not lose its activity with chronic oral administration. In view of these findings, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol appears to have a good potential for clinical application in cases of renal failure and metabolic bone diseases.", "PMID": 658840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8039", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of cholesterol on changes in membrane permeability and potential induced with lysolecithin in red blood cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Membrane stabilizing effects of cholesterol on the permeability of K+ and change in membrane potential induced with lysolecithin were investigated. Cholesterol inhibited K+ release from rabbit red blood cells treated with lysolecithin. 3.3 X 10(-6)M of cholesterol was the optimum concentration required to inhibit K+ release from rabbit red blood cells treated with lysolecithin (1.25 microgram/ml) at the level of 100 percent. Change in membrane potential was evident with lysolecithin by the method of fluorescent dye and, cholesterol inhibited the change which was dose dependent. These inhibitory effects of cholesterol on the K+ release and changes in membrane potential served as the membrane stabilizing action on red blood cell membrane. It is assumed that cholesterol acts as an inhibitor to increase membrane fluidity and permeability of malignant transformed cells such as tumor and lymphoid cells.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of cholesterol on changes in membrane permeability and potential induced with lysolecithin in red blood cells (author's transl)]. Membrane stabilizing effects of cholesterol on the permeability of K+ and change in membrane potential induced with lysolecithin were investigated. Cholesterol inhibited K+ release from rabbit red blood cells treated with lysolecithin. 3.3 X 10(-6)M of cholesterol was the optimum concentration required to inhibit K+ release from rabbit red blood cells treated with lysolecithin (1.25 microgram/ml) at the level of 100 percent. Change in membrane potential was evident with lysolecithin by the method of fluorescent dye and, cholesterol inhibited the change which was dose dependent. These inhibitory effects of cholesterol on the K+ release and changes in membrane potential served as the membrane stabilizing action on red blood cell membrane. It is assumed that cholesterol acts as an inhibitor to increase membrane fluidity and permeability of malignant transformed cells such as tumor and lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 658841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8040", "title": "Patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania.", "content": "The patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, are primarily influenced by the infants' ability to procure and process foods independently. Foods infants could find and process on their own were not shared by mothers as frequently as foods infants could not obtain independently. Temporal changes were observed in the patterns of interactions as infants matured. It is suggested that food sharing may be considered a behavioral strategy which facilitates the infant's transition from dependent suckling to independent foraging.", "contents": "Patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. The patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, are primarily influenced by the infants' ability to procure and process foods independently. Foods infants could find and process on their own were not shared by mothers as frequently as foods infants could not obtain independently. Temporal changes were observed in the patterns of interactions as infants matured. It is suggested that food sharing may be considered a behavioral strategy which facilitates the infant's transition from dependent suckling to independent foraging.", "PMID": 658842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8041", "title": "Skeletal differences between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "Skeletal dimensions of pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common (Pan troglodytes) chimpanzees were compared. Significant differences were found in the clavicles, scapulae, pelvises, and in the humerus/femur and femur head/length ratios. No significant differences were observed in long bone lengths or talar breadths. There is extensive overlap in body weights, so that the observed differences cannot be accounted for by body size alone. We conclude that pygmy and common chimpanzees are morphologically distinct. Implications for hominoid evolution are discussed.", "contents": "Skeletal differences between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Skeletal dimensions of pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common (Pan troglodytes) chimpanzees were compared. Significant differences were found in the clavicles, scapulae, pelvises, and in the humerus/femur and femur head/length ratios. No significant differences were observed in long bone lengths or talar breadths. There is extensive overlap in body weights, so that the observed differences cannot be accounted for by body size alone. We conclude that pygmy and common chimpanzees are morphologically distinct. Implications for hominoid evolution are discussed.", "PMID": 658843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8042", "title": "Pathological changes of peripheral nerve and muscle of patients with hemiatrophy.", "content": "Peripheral nerve and muscle of patients with hemiatrophy were biopsied and examined by means of light and electron microscope. The unmyelinated nerve fibers decreased in number and remaining fibers were atrophic with irregular shape and high electron density, while myelinated nerve fibers slightly decreased in number. The Schwann cells enveloping nerve fibers were also atrophic with high electron density. The muscles contained numerous glycogen granules in the myofilaments and between the myofilaments. The mitochondria in the muscles showed atrophy with high electron density. Some parts of severe atrophy showed honeycomb-like structure forming large vacuoles in the muscle fibers. From the findings mentioned above, it is speculated that primary change was nerve fibers, especially unmyelinated nerve fibers.", "contents": "Pathological changes of peripheral nerve and muscle of patients with hemiatrophy. Peripheral nerve and muscle of patients with hemiatrophy were biopsied and examined by means of light and electron microscope. The unmyelinated nerve fibers decreased in number and remaining fibers were atrophic with irregular shape and high electron density, while myelinated nerve fibers slightly decreased in number. The Schwann cells enveloping nerve fibers were also atrophic with high electron density. The muscles contained numerous glycogen granules in the myofilaments and between the myofilaments. The mitochondria in the muscles showed atrophy with high electron density. Some parts of severe atrophy showed honeycomb-like structure forming large vacuoles in the muscle fibers. From the findings mentioned above, it is speculated that primary change was nerve fibers, especially unmyelinated nerve fibers.", "PMID": 658844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8043", "title": "Neuropathology of secondary generalized epilepsy--(Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)--a case report.", "content": "Neuropathological considerations were performed on a case, who went into Lennox syndrome after an acute encephalopathy at the infantile period, and moreover who fell into an akinetic-mute state derived from brain damage by herniation caused by a head injury and subsequent status epilepticus. Neuropahtological background in the present case of Lennox syndrome is thought to be based on the widespread unilateral cerebral lesions and the basal ganglional, especially thalamic, degenerations derived secondarily from the diffuse cerebral damage. The patient revealed akinetic mutism with the disappearance of the epileptic seizures and the desynchronization of the EEG's, when the brain lesions formed at the adult period spread over the opposite hemispheric limbic system and the brain stem tectum.", "contents": "Neuropathology of secondary generalized epilepsy--(Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)--a case report. Neuropathological considerations were performed on a case, who went into Lennox syndrome after an acute encephalopathy at the infantile period, and moreover who fell into an akinetic-mute state derived from brain damage by herniation caused by a head injury and subsequent status epilepticus. Neuropahtological background in the present case of Lennox syndrome is thought to be based on the widespread unilateral cerebral lesions and the basal ganglional, especially thalamic, degenerations derived secondarily from the diffuse cerebral damage. The patient revealed akinetic mutism with the disappearance of the epileptic seizures and the desynchronization of the EEG's, when the brain lesions formed at the adult period spread over the opposite hemispheric limbic system and the brain stem tectum.", "PMID": 658845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8044", "title": "Chronic alcoholism: report of an autopsy case and comparison with pseudoulegyric type of hepatocerebral degeneration.", "content": "An autopsy case diagnosed as chronic alcoholism was reported. He clinically showed progressive neurological illness. His CNS lesions were composed of disseminated necrotic foci in the cerebral cortices with many Alzheimer type II astrocytes, pachymeningitis hemorrhagica interna, and lesions similar to pellagra and Wernicke encephalopathy. Some clinical and pathological analogous features between chronic alcoholism and pseudoulegyric type of hepatocerebral degeneration were discussed.", "contents": "Chronic alcoholism: report of an autopsy case and comparison with pseudoulegyric type of hepatocerebral degeneration. An autopsy case diagnosed as chronic alcoholism was reported. He clinically showed progressive neurological illness. His CNS lesions were composed of disseminated necrotic foci in the cerebral cortices with many Alzheimer type II astrocytes, pachymeningitis hemorrhagica interna, and lesions similar to pellagra and Wernicke encephalopathy. Some clinical and pathological analogous features between chronic alcoholism and pseudoulegyric type of hepatocerebral degeneration were discussed.", "PMID": 658846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8045", "title": "Effects of thyroid deficiency at birth on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and deoxythymidine kinase activity in the developing rat brain.", "content": "In thyroid deficiency at birth, the endogenous pool sizes of cellular dTTP did not change much in the cerebellum, cerebrum and brain stem at the whole ages studied, but the specific radioactivities of dTTP, at 2 hours after the subcutaneous injection of [3H]-thymidine, apparently increased only in the cerebellum on the 14th and 21st days as compared with the normal controls. The highest rate of DNA synthesis in vivo, expressed in terms of the specific radioactivity ratio of DNA to dTTP, was observed at the four-day-old normal rat cerebellum, and in the thyroid deficiency it appeared to shift between seven and 14 days of age. On the other hand, no apparent effects of thyroid deprivation on the rates of both the cerebrum and brain stem were found. The results suggest that a temporal alteration of DNA synthesis as well as thymidine metabolism occurred by thyroid deficiency was confined to the cerebellum in the early postnatal development of rats. Indeed, cerebellar thymidine kinase activity, related to DNA synthesis, also displayed a concomitant delay in thyroid deficiency to the characteristic age-dependence of DNA synthesis. No significant difference between normal and thyroidectomized rats was revealed in this respect on both the cerebrum and brain stem throughout the experimental periods.", "contents": "Effects of thyroid deficiency at birth on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and deoxythymidine kinase activity in the developing rat brain. In thyroid deficiency at birth, the endogenous pool sizes of cellular dTTP did not change much in the cerebellum, cerebrum and brain stem at the whole ages studied, but the specific radioactivities of dTTP, at 2 hours after the subcutaneous injection of [3H]-thymidine, apparently increased only in the cerebellum on the 14th and 21st days as compared with the normal controls. The highest rate of DNA synthesis in vivo, expressed in terms of the specific radioactivity ratio of DNA to dTTP, was observed at the four-day-old normal rat cerebellum, and in the thyroid deficiency it appeared to shift between seven and 14 days of age. On the other hand, no apparent effects of thyroid deprivation on the rates of both the cerebrum and brain stem were found. The results suggest that a temporal alteration of DNA synthesis as well as thymidine metabolism occurred by thyroid deficiency was confined to the cerebellum in the early postnatal development of rats. Indeed, cerebellar thymidine kinase activity, related to DNA synthesis, also displayed a concomitant delay in thyroid deficiency to the characteristic age-dependence of DNA synthesis. No significant difference between normal and thyroidectomized rats was revealed in this respect on both the cerebrum and brain stem throughout the experimental periods.", "PMID": 658847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8046", "title": "\"Syndrome malin\"-like symptoms probably due to interaction between neuroleptica and oral antidiabetic agents.", "content": "In two cases of chronic schizophrenia complicated by diabetes mellitus, the concomitant use of the neuroleptica and oral antidiabetics was attended by the appearance of symptoms simulative of syndrome malin, i.e. hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, blood pressure instability, disturbances of consciousness, muscle rigidity, tremor, dysphagia, salivation and urinary incontinence. In one of these cases, the patient, a 47-year-old man, died 10 days later. In the other case, a 62-year-old woman, almost all the symptoms subsided after 14 days, and oral dyskinesia persisted for only one additional month. In both cases, hypoglycemia due to oral antidiabetics was not seen. In Case 2, a combined regimen of oral antidiabetics and neuroleptica was later resumed. Again, a similar set of symptoms as seen initially were noted, along with an elevation of the serum CPK level. Parenterally administered biperiden proved to be highly effective in the control of the symptoms. The pathogenetic mechanism of these symptoms might possibly be explained as potentiation of the action of the neuroleptica by oral antidiabetics.", "contents": "\"Syndrome malin\"-like symptoms probably due to interaction between neuroleptica and oral antidiabetic agents. In two cases of chronic schizophrenia complicated by diabetes mellitus, the concomitant use of the neuroleptica and oral antidiabetics was attended by the appearance of symptoms simulative of syndrome malin, i.e. hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, blood pressure instability, disturbances of consciousness, muscle rigidity, tremor, dysphagia, salivation and urinary incontinence. In one of these cases, the patient, a 47-year-old man, died 10 days later. In the other case, a 62-year-old woman, almost all the symptoms subsided after 14 days, and oral dyskinesia persisted for only one additional month. In both cases, hypoglycemia due to oral antidiabetics was not seen. In Case 2, a combined regimen of oral antidiabetics and neuroleptica was later resumed. Again, a similar set of symptoms as seen initially were noted, along with an elevation of the serum CPK level. Parenterally administered biperiden proved to be highly effective in the control of the symptoms. The pathogenetic mechanism of these symptoms might possibly be explained as potentiation of the action of the neuroleptica by oral antidiabetics.", "PMID": 658848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8047", "title": "On early and mid-adolescent schizophrenia. Part 1: Phenomenological aspects.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-three early and mid-adolescent schizophrenic patients were investigated during the 18-year period from April 1958 to March 1976 and the results concerning phenomenological aspects were reported here along with some considerations. 1. Hereditary predispositions were found in 43 cases among 161 patients. Male patients seemed to be more predisposed than female patients. The incidence of schizophrenia was the highest among other mental disorders, while it was most frequently observed in mothers and siblings among other kinships. 2. Precipitative factors were recognized in 45 cases. Among them, primary social factors and physical conditions seemed to play a rather important role. These factors seemed more frequent in males than in females. 3. As to birth order, the incidence of adolescent schizophrenia seemed to be higher in the last half of sibships than in the first half but the difference was significant at a five-percent level when the sibship sizes were 5--9. From the comparison of our results with the national statistics of the birth order in general population, the incidence of adolescent schizophrenia seemed to be lowest in the sublings of the second birth. 4. We divided the onset into three types; acute, intermediate and insidious. We were impressed that the acute onset seemed gradually to increase in mid-adolescence and the insidious onset vice versa. In addition, the insidious onset was found chiefly in cases with hebephrenic pictures except hebe-paranoid. 5. Hebephrenic form and simple form were frequently observed but catatonic form was relatively few. Genuine paranoid form was not found in our materials. Hebephrenic and catatonic forms were more frequently seen in males, while hebe-paranoid form was more frequent in females. 6. Main symptoms at the onset were discussed. Delusional activities, still vague and fragmentary, were observed in about half of our materials, being mostly persecutory. It seemed that they were strongly influenced by the state of mood of patients. Hallucinations, mostly auditory of verbal nature, were observed in more than one-fourth of our patients. On the contrary, the cases with visual and bodily hallucinations were a few in number. Autistic tendency and refusal of scholastic activities were more frequently seen in early adolescence, while suicidal attempts or self-injuring tendency, manic or depressive tinge, \"gemachte Erlebnisse\", \"Eigengeruchsparanoia\" were rather prevalent or first observed in mid-adolescence. Various symptoms, in general, seemed to become gradually more prominent along with the progression of ages. 7. EEG findings and treatment were reported at the same time. But the course and the problem of defect will be discussed in another paper. 8. Finally, the summaries of sex differences and of the comparison between early and mid-adolescence were supplemented.", "contents": "On early and mid-adolescent schizophrenia. Part 1: Phenomenological aspects. One hundred and seventy-three early and mid-adolescent schizophrenic patients were investigated during the 18-year period from April 1958 to March 1976 and the results concerning phenomenological aspects were reported here along with some considerations. 1. Hereditary predispositions were found in 43 cases among 161 patients. Male patients seemed to be more predisposed than female patients. The incidence of schizophrenia was the highest among other mental disorders, while it was most frequently observed in mothers and siblings among other kinships. 2. Precipitative factors were recognized in 45 cases. Among them, primary social factors and physical conditions seemed to play a rather important role. These factors seemed more frequent in males than in females. 3. As to birth order, the incidence of adolescent schizophrenia seemed to be higher in the last half of sibships than in the first half but the difference was significant at a five-percent level when the sibship sizes were 5--9. From the comparison of our results with the national statistics of the birth order in general population, the incidence of adolescent schizophrenia seemed to be lowest in the sublings of the second birth. 4. We divided the onset into three types; acute, intermediate and insidious. We were impressed that the acute onset seemed gradually to increase in mid-adolescence and the insidious onset vice versa. In addition, the insidious onset was found chiefly in cases with hebephrenic pictures except hebe-paranoid. 5. Hebephrenic form and simple form were frequently observed but catatonic form was relatively few. Genuine paranoid form was not found in our materials. Hebephrenic and catatonic forms were more frequently seen in males, while hebe-paranoid form was more frequent in females. 6. Main symptoms at the onset were discussed. Delusional activities, still vague and fragmentary, were observed in about half of our materials, being mostly persecutory. It seemed that they were strongly influenced by the state of mood of patients. Hallucinations, mostly auditory of verbal nature, were observed in more than one-fourth of our patients. On the contrary, the cases with visual and bodily hallucinations were a few in number. Autistic tendency and refusal of scholastic activities were more frequently seen in early adolescence, while suicidal attempts or self-injuring tendency, manic or depressive tinge, \"gemachte Erlebnisse\", \"Eigengeruchsparanoia\" were rather prevalent or first observed in mid-adolescence. Various symptoms, in general, seemed to become gradually more prominent along with the progression of ages. 7. EEG findings and treatment were reported at the same time. But the course and the problem of defect will be discussed in another paper. 8. Finally, the summaries of sex differences and of the comparison between early and mid-adolescence were supplemented.", "PMID": 658849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8048", "title": "Changes of behavior, fear and thought in the treatment by response prevention--a case study of obsessive compulsive disorder.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy with compulsive hand washing and fear of contamination was treated by response prevention. Each series of the response prevention was experimentally divided into four periods: total response prevention, partial response prevention, free hand washing under noticed observation, and free from prevention and free from observation periods. After nine repeats of the series he became free of the symptoms. Temporal increase of fear and appearance of \"freezing\" phenomenon were observed in the total response prevention periods. Besides decrease in fear and hand washing, there was observed a change of his thought on symptoms with progress of the treatment. Based on these observations and results, the mechanism of treatment of response prevention was discussed.", "contents": "Changes of behavior, fear and thought in the treatment by response prevention--a case study of obsessive compulsive disorder. A 15-year-old boy with compulsive hand washing and fear of contamination was treated by response prevention. Each series of the response prevention was experimentally divided into four periods: total response prevention, partial response prevention, free hand washing under noticed observation, and free from prevention and free from observation periods. After nine repeats of the series he became free of the symptoms. Temporal increase of fear and appearance of \"freezing\" phenomenon were observed in the total response prevention periods. Besides decrease in fear and hand washing, there was observed a change of his thought on symptoms with progress of the treatment. Based on these observations and results, the mechanism of treatment of response prevention was discussed.", "PMID": 658852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8049", "title": "Changes in sleep pattern after sleep deprivation.", "content": "Total sleep deprivation (TSD) was performed for one night with 11 healthy male students and three-consecutive-recovery night-sleep was recorded. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the individual difference in SWS(min, %) on the baseline and recovery nights. The total sleep time increased on the first recovery night compared to the baseline, but it decreased significantly on the second and third recovery nights. Stage 1(%) decreased significantly on the first and second recovery nights. Stage SWS(min) showed a significant increase on the first recovery night, while SWS(%) increased significantly on the first and second recovery nights. As for Stage REM(%), there was no significant difference between the baseline and the recovery nights. There was a positive correlation between SWS(min) on the baseline and that on the recovery nights. SWS(%) also showed the same results as those obtained with SWS(min). Between SWS(min) in the baseline and the increase rate of SWS(min) on the first recovery night, there was a significant inverse correlation, while there was a tendency to inverse correlation on the second and third recovery nights. As to SWS(%), there was a significant inverse correlation between SWS(%) in the baseline and the increase rate of SWS(%) on the first and third recovery nights.", "contents": "Changes in sleep pattern after sleep deprivation. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) was performed for one night with 11 healthy male students and three-consecutive-recovery night-sleep was recorded. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the individual difference in SWS(min, %) on the baseline and recovery nights. The total sleep time increased on the first recovery night compared to the baseline, but it decreased significantly on the second and third recovery nights. Stage 1(%) decreased significantly on the first and second recovery nights. Stage SWS(min) showed a significant increase on the first recovery night, while SWS(%) increased significantly on the first and second recovery nights. As for Stage REM(%), there was no significant difference between the baseline and the recovery nights. There was a positive correlation between SWS(min) on the baseline and that on the recovery nights. SWS(%) also showed the same results as those obtained with SWS(min). Between SWS(min) in the baseline and the increase rate of SWS(min) on the first recovery night, there was a significant inverse correlation, while there was a tendency to inverse correlation on the second and third recovery nights. As to SWS(%), there was a significant inverse correlation between SWS(%) in the baseline and the increase rate of SWS(%) on the first and third recovery nights.", "PMID": 658853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8050", "title": "Indefinite storage of dried Gm and Km (Inv) antigens: (examination of bloodstains 33 years old).", "content": "We confirm the great stability of the A and B antigens in dried blood, and the markedly lesser stability of antigen H. We demonstrate that it is possible to determine the immunoglobulin groups Gm(1), Gm(10) and Km(1)--formerly Inv(1)--in bloodstains 29 to 33 years old.", "contents": "Indefinite storage of dried Gm and Km (Inv) antigens: (examination of bloodstains 33 years old). We confirm the great stability of the A and B antigens in dried blood, and the markedly lesser stability of antigen H. We demonstrate that it is possible to determine the immunoglobulin groups Gm(1), Gm(10) and Km(1)--formerly Inv(1)--in bloodstains 29 to 33 years old.", "PMID": 658855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8051", "title": "Influence of the temperature on the detection of fluorescent Y-bodies in blood stains.", "content": "An investigation on the significance of the temperature when examining the presence of Y-bodies in cells from blood stains was performed. Stains on cotton cloth were placed at 53 degrees C and 5 degrees C respectively, and the results were compared with those of an earlier report on stains stored at room temperature. There proved to be a much more rapid decline of the male count, and false negative results appeared earlier. This was most pronounced for the \"cold\" stains. No false positives were found. Twenty-five fresh blood smears from one male were examined in order to get an impression of the accidental variation. It was found that even in the case of a male with a rather low count (mean: 28%) the chance of accidentally getting a false negative result (less than 10%) was less than 2%.", "contents": "Influence of the temperature on the detection of fluorescent Y-bodies in blood stains. An investigation on the significance of the temperature when examining the presence of Y-bodies in cells from blood stains was performed. Stains on cotton cloth were placed at 53 degrees C and 5 degrees C respectively, and the results were compared with those of an earlier report on stains stored at room temperature. There proved to be a much more rapid decline of the male count, and false negative results appeared earlier. This was most pronounced for the \"cold\" stains. No false positives were found. Twenty-five fresh blood smears from one male were examined in order to get an impression of the accidental variation. It was found that even in the case of a male with a rather low count (mean: 28%) the chance of accidentally getting a false negative result (less than 10%) was less than 2%.", "PMID": 658857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8052", "title": "Matrix proteins of human hair as a tool for identification of individuals.", "content": "A rapid, simple, reproducible and relatively inexpensive electrophoretic technique for displaying the structural proteins of hair is described. Hairs from a large number of individuals were examined and a number of distinct differences are presented. The possibility of using these individual differences as a means of individual identification is discussed.", "contents": "Matrix proteins of human hair as a tool for identification of individuals. A rapid, simple, reproducible and relatively inexpensive electrophoretic technique for displaying the structural proteins of hair is described. Hairs from a large number of individuals were examined and a number of distinct differences are presented. The possibility of using these individual differences as a means of individual identification is discussed.", "PMID": 658856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8053", "title": "Further study on spectrophotometric determination of CO--Hb in post-mortem blood.", "content": "The method for spectrophotometric determination of CO--Hb in blood on the basis of difference in absorbancies of deoxy- and carboxy-hemoglobin reported previously [1] was further improved. The total blood hemoglobin content was determined by the azide-methemoglobin method instead of the well-known cyanmethemoglobin method. This method was found to be useful even if applied to old or putrefied blood samples.", "contents": "Further study on spectrophotometric determination of CO--Hb in post-mortem blood. The method for spectrophotometric determination of CO--Hb in blood on the basis of difference in absorbancies of deoxy- and carboxy-hemoglobin reported previously [1] was further improved. The total blood hemoglobin content was determined by the azide-methemoglobin method instead of the well-known cyanmethemoglobin method. This method was found to be useful even if applied to old or putrefied blood samples.", "PMID": 658858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8054", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the effects of thallium poisoning on the rat cerebellum.", "content": "Rats were given thallium acetate (5 mg elemental thallium/kg body weight) intra-peritoneally daily for 7 days. The brain was fixed by perfusion-fixation and small pieces of the cerebellum were processed for electron microscopy. Variegated mitochondrial profiles, increased incidence of electron--dense bodies and proliferation of Golgi zones were observed in the thallium--poisoned rat cerebellum. Multilamellar cytoplasmic bodies were discernible in the cerebellar cortex of the thallium-treated rats.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the effects of thallium poisoning on the rat cerebellum. Rats were given thallium acetate (5 mg elemental thallium/kg body weight) intra-peritoneally daily for 7 days. The brain was fixed by perfusion-fixation and small pieces of the cerebellum were processed for electron microscopy. Variegated mitochondrial profiles, increased incidence of electron--dense bodies and proliferation of Golgi zones were observed in the thallium--poisoned rat cerebellum. Multilamellar cytoplasmic bodies were discernible in the cerebellar cortex of the thallium-treated rats.", "PMID": 658860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8055", "title": "[The hepatic porphyrias].", "content": "Among the different types of hepatic porphyrias, acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and the group of chronic hepatic porphyrias (CHP) are most frequently seen in Europe. Both diseases are supposed to be inherited, but clinical manifestation mostly occurs following endogenous and especially exogenous stimulation. While recurrent attacks of abdominal and neuropsychiatric symptoms in AIP are frequently precipitated by therapeutic doses of commonly used drugs, the gradual development of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) from a clinically non-apparent type of CHP seems to be most commonly due to excessive and prolonged intake of alcohol. The characteristic and with regard to the laboratory findings important pathobiochemical features, the clinical symptoms, and the present therapeutic concepts of both disorders of hepatic porphyrin metabolism are discussed. The prognosis of hepatic porphyrias will be determined above all by early diagnosis of the metabolic disorder as well as by a profound medical information of the patient to avoid strictly all well-known exogenous factors which may initiate or exacerbate the disease.", "contents": "[The hepatic porphyrias]. Among the different types of hepatic porphyrias, acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and the group of chronic hepatic porphyrias (CHP) are most frequently seen in Europe. Both diseases are supposed to be inherited, but clinical manifestation mostly occurs following endogenous and especially exogenous stimulation. While recurrent attacks of abdominal and neuropsychiatric symptoms in AIP are frequently precipitated by therapeutic doses of commonly used drugs, the gradual development of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) from a clinically non-apparent type of CHP seems to be most commonly due to excessive and prolonged intake of alcohol. The characteristic and with regard to the laboratory findings important pathobiochemical features, the clinical symptoms, and the present therapeutic concepts of both disorders of hepatic porphyrin metabolism are discussed. The prognosis of hepatic porphyrias will be determined above all by early diagnosis of the metabolic disorder as well as by a profound medical information of the patient to avoid strictly all well-known exogenous factors which may initiate or exacerbate the disease.", "PMID": 658866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8056", "title": "Bromine in human tissue.", "content": "The normal levels of bromine in human tissue are given and their use in the interpretation of levels found when over-exposure is a possibility is described. Bromine is \"normally\" distributed in human tissue as are essential trace elements. This allows a bromine (microgram) to chlorine (mg) ratio to be established (3.2) above which bromine exposure must be considered. The bromine concentrations in sections of hair can be used to establish the time of administration even when small amounts are ingested, but owing to the long half-life (about 15 days) found in human tissue interpretation after multiple doses may be difficult.", "contents": "Bromine in human tissue. The normal levels of bromine in human tissue are given and their use in the interpretation of levels found when over-exposure is a possibility is described. Bromine is \"normally\" distributed in human tissue as are essential trace elements. This allows a bromine (microgram) to chlorine (mg) ratio to be established (3.2) above which bromine exposure must be considered. The bromine concentrations in sections of hair can be used to establish the time of administration even when small amounts are ingested, but owing to the long half-life (about 15 days) found in human tissue interpretation after multiple doses may be difficult.", "PMID": 658861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8057", "title": "[Effect of normal and leukemic leukocytes on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis].", "content": "Lysates of leukocytes of healthy persons and of patients with acute and chronic leukemias possess a weak tissue factor activity. This procoagulant activity is increased greatly when leukocytes are stimulated by endotoxin. The tissue factor is derived almost exclusively from the monocytes and not from lymphocytes and granulocytes. Monocytes are stimulated to the same extent by adherence to plastic surfaces. The fibrinolytic activity of lysates of mixed leukocytes is due to a nonspecific protease and a plasminogen activator. Only granulocytes can cause fibrinolyses. Endotoxin stimulation enhances the plasminogen activator but not the protease. Normal leukocytes and leukocytes of patients with chronic leukemias also exert an antithrombin activity.", "contents": "[Effect of normal and leukemic leukocytes on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis]. Lysates of leukocytes of healthy persons and of patients with acute and chronic leukemias possess a weak tissue factor activity. This procoagulant activity is increased greatly when leukocytes are stimulated by endotoxin. The tissue factor is derived almost exclusively from the monocytes and not from lymphocytes and granulocytes. Monocytes are stimulated to the same extent by adherence to plastic surfaces. The fibrinolytic activity of lysates of mixed leukocytes is due to a nonspecific protease and a plasminogen activator. Only granulocytes can cause fibrinolyses. Endotoxin stimulation enhances the plasminogen activator but not the protease. Normal leukocytes and leukocytes of patients with chronic leukemias also exert an antithrombin activity.", "PMID": 658868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8058", "title": "Phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM1) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) types in the human hairbulb.", "content": "Phosphoglucomutase1 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase types present in human red cells were also found in human hairbulbs. These phenotypes were detectable up to 2 weeks following extraction of the hair. The results are useful in medicolegal individualization of the human hair.", "contents": "Phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM1) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) types in the human hairbulb. Phosphoglucomutase1 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase types present in human red cells were also found in human hairbulbs. These phenotypes were detectable up to 2 weeks following extraction of the hair. The results are useful in medicolegal individualization of the human hair.", "PMID": 658859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8059", "title": "[Replacement of the choledochus with autologous vascularized gallbladder].", "content": "Multiple experiments to replace the extrahepatic bile duct by autologous or homologous and alloplasty failed until now. The possibility to employ autologous gall bladder as replacement for the common bile duct has been examined in animal experiments. With the supposition of primary vascularization and the adaptation of the luminal proportion of the transplant to the common bile duct, it could be demonstrated that a flapped, tubular gall bladder interposition kept its epithelium and, by this way, showed no shrinkage or stenosis. The functionaal performance of this method has been confirmed by clinical, laboratory, radiological, and bacteriological, as well as micro- and macropathological experiments.", "contents": "[Replacement of the choledochus with autologous vascularized gallbladder]. Multiple experiments to replace the extrahepatic bile duct by autologous or homologous and alloplasty failed until now. The possibility to employ autologous gall bladder as replacement for the common bile duct has been examined in animal experiments. With the supposition of primary vascularization and the adaptation of the luminal proportion of the transplant to the common bile duct, it could be demonstrated that a flapped, tubular gall bladder interposition kept its epithelium and, by this way, showed no shrinkage or stenosis. The functionaal performance of this method has been confirmed by clinical, laboratory, radiological, and bacteriological, as well as micro- and macropathological experiments.", "PMID": 658869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8060", "title": "[The anti-hypertensive effect of the diuretic etozolin. Results of a double-blind test].", "content": "In a double-blind study under strict, standardized hospital conditions, the antihypertensive effect of etozolin was evalulated in 100 patients with hypertension. 50 patients received the drug, 50 placebo. The study was carried out over 22 days (5 days without medication, 12 days therapy, 5 days follow-up). A significantly better reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the supine and upright positions was observed with etozolin as compared to the pre-period and the placebo group. There were only minor side-effects; in 4 patients, therapy had to be interrupted because of orthostatic complaints.", "contents": "[The anti-hypertensive effect of the diuretic etozolin. Results of a double-blind test]. In a double-blind study under strict, standardized hospital conditions, the antihypertensive effect of etozolin was evalulated in 100 patients with hypertension. 50 patients received the drug, 50 placebo. The study was carried out over 22 days (5 days without medication, 12 days therapy, 5 days follow-up). A significantly better reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the supine and upright positions was observed with etozolin as compared to the pre-period and the placebo group. There were only minor side-effects; in 4 patients, therapy had to be interrupted because of orthostatic complaints.", "PMID": 658870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8061", "title": "Scuba diving accidents in Sweden 1960--1976.", "content": "Thirty \"scuba\" diving accidents (29 of them fatal) which occurred in Sweden during 1960--76 are listed. Nine of these are described in some detail. The probable causes of these accidents are evaluated, and suggestions for prophylactic measures are made.", "contents": "Scuba diving accidents in Sweden 1960--1976. Thirty \"scuba\" diving accidents (29 of them fatal) which occurred in Sweden during 1960--76 are listed. Nine of these are described in some detail. The probable causes of these accidents are evaluated, and suggestions for prophylactic measures are made.", "PMID": 658864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8062", "title": "[Doppler sonography in venous diseases of the legs].", "content": "The Doppler ultrasound is a proper method to diagnose pathologic venous flow in the pelvic and and femoral regions. It is possible to differentiate deep vein thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency of the typical kind of disturbance. This method permits only functional but not morphological findings; it offers the chance of preselection to other invasive methods.", "contents": "[Doppler sonography in venous diseases of the legs]. The Doppler ultrasound is a proper method to diagnose pathologic venous flow in the pelvic and and femoral regions. It is possible to differentiate deep vein thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency of the typical kind of disturbance. This method permits only functional but not morphological findings; it offers the chance of preselection to other invasive methods.", "PMID": 658873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8063", "title": "[Effect of naproxen on the thrombocyte bleeding time and on the anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon].", "content": "With a dose of 250 mg b.i.d. naproxen causes a slight, apparently clinically not relevant alteration of the primary bleeding pattern. Against phenprocoumon, naproxen has a transient hypoprothrombinemic effect which is followed by a short phase of increased tolerance. A further influence on anticoagulant therapy is not shown.", "contents": "[Effect of naproxen on the thrombocyte bleeding time and on the anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon]. With a dose of 250 mg b.i.d. naproxen causes a slight, apparently clinically not relevant alteration of the primary bleeding pattern. Against phenprocoumon, naproxen has a transient hypoprothrombinemic effect which is followed by a short phase of increased tolerance. A further influence on anticoagulant therapy is not shown.", "PMID": 658877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8064", "title": "[Telethermography in the diagnosis of breast neoplasms. Report on the experience with 5198 studies].", "content": "Four-year experiences made in the course of 5198 examinations of the female breast with the help of telethermography are reported. Altogether 40 mamma carcinomas were found, 29 of them being cases in women over 50 years. Consequently, the participation of women older than 50 years in cancer screening must be considerably increased. Taking all diagnostic possibilities and their rates of failure into consideration, any sound method of early diagnosis of breast cancer, including telethermography, should be integrated into the available screening methods.", "contents": "[Telethermography in the diagnosis of breast neoplasms. Report on the experience with 5198 studies]. Four-year experiences made in the course of 5198 examinations of the female breast with the help of telethermography are reported. Altogether 40 mamma carcinomas were found, 29 of them being cases in women over 50 years. Consequently, the participation of women older than 50 years in cancer screening must be considerably increased. Taking all diagnostic possibilities and their rates of failure into consideration, any sound method of early diagnosis of breast cancer, including telethermography, should be integrated into the available screening methods.", "PMID": 658880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8065", "title": "[Sex education and education for family life in adolescents].", "content": "A program of education of college girls and boys between 14--18 years of age for sexual and family life is going on in the Hungarian secondary school. There are 20 lectures within 4 years. The goal and the subjects of the lectures specially designed for each semester are outlined by the author.", "contents": "[Sex education and education for family life in adolescents]. A program of education of college girls and boys between 14--18 years of age for sexual and family life is going on in the Hungarian secondary school. There are 20 lectures within 4 years. The goal and the subjects of the lectures specially designed for each semester are outlined by the author.", "PMID": 658881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8066", "title": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 4. Spontaneous opening and closing of the eyelids after death (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated the findings of 410 cadavers which were subjected to medicolegal autopsies in our laboratory as to whether their eyelids were open or closed at the time of autopsy and have come to the following conclusions. 1) It has been found that the eyelids of cadavers may open or close spontaneously as a cadaveric phenomenon. In about 27 per cent of cadavers dead from 6 to 12 hours the eyelids were open and thereafter they were closed gradually and all of them were closed from 36 hours to 4 days. After 4 days the eyelids of some cadavers were open again. The mechanism of this cadaveric phenomenon has been discussed. 2) Concerning the opening or closing of the eyelids, neither seasonal variation nor variation by age except newborn infants has been found. In death from exsanguination many were open and in death from drowning and carbon monoxide poisoning all were closed. 3) The findings whether the eyelids of cadavers are closed or open may be utilized as a criterion for estimating the postmortem interval; the cadavers with open eyelids are estimated to have been dead less than 36 hours or over 4 days.", "contents": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 4. Spontaneous opening and closing of the eyelids after death (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated the findings of 410 cadavers which were subjected to medicolegal autopsies in our laboratory as to whether their eyelids were open or closed at the time of autopsy and have come to the following conclusions. 1) It has been found that the eyelids of cadavers may open or close spontaneously as a cadaveric phenomenon. In about 27 per cent of cadavers dead from 6 to 12 hours the eyelids were open and thereafter they were closed gradually and all of them were closed from 36 hours to 4 days. After 4 days the eyelids of some cadavers were open again. The mechanism of this cadaveric phenomenon has been discussed. 2) Concerning the opening or closing of the eyelids, neither seasonal variation nor variation by age except newborn infants has been found. In death from exsanguination many were open and in death from drowning and carbon monoxide poisoning all were closed. 3) The findings whether the eyelids of cadavers are closed or open may be utilized as a criterion for estimating the postmortem interval; the cadavers with open eyelids are estimated to have been dead less than 36 hours or over 4 days.", "PMID": 658885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8067", "title": "[Role of hypothalamic somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Series of studies were performed to elucidate the role of hypothalamic somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) release in rats. Somatostatin was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. In the first series of experiments, the effects of hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy, the administration of hGH and thyroxine on the hypothalamic somatostatin content were examined. Among these treatments, only hypophysectomy resulted in a significant reduction in somatostatin content and none of the rest of treatments altered somatostatin content. These results suggest that somatostatin content in the hypothalamus did rarely change in response to various endocrine treatments when anatomical connections between hypothalamus and pituitary gland were intact. In the second series of experiments, the effects of dopamine, high (K+) and Ca++ on the release of somatostatin from isolated hypothalamic synaptosomes were studied. Dopamine and high (K+) in the media stimulated the release of somatostatin and the latter effect was completely abolished by the removal of Ca++ from the media. The results suggest that dopamine has a role in modulating the release of somatostatin. In the third series, the effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on plasma GH levels and responses to ether stress were examined. Somatostatin content in the hypothalamus was reduced to about 50% in both anterior (AC) and complete deafferented (CC) rats as compared to their respective controls. The mean plasma GH levels were elevated in AC rats and the levels in CC rats were significantly higher than the control. Plasma GH levels 15 min after ether stress reduced significantly in both AC and CC rats, similarly to their respective controls. These findings suggest that the major portion of hypothalamic somatostatin was provided by other regions of the brain, which did not play a role in mediating stress-induced plasma GH reductions, but appeared to be responsible for maintaining basal GH levels.", "contents": "[Role of hypothalamic somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the rat (author's transl)]. Series of studies were performed to elucidate the role of hypothalamic somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) release in rats. Somatostatin was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. In the first series of experiments, the effects of hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy, the administration of hGH and thyroxine on the hypothalamic somatostatin content were examined. Among these treatments, only hypophysectomy resulted in a significant reduction in somatostatin content and none of the rest of treatments altered somatostatin content. These results suggest that somatostatin content in the hypothalamus did rarely change in response to various endocrine treatments when anatomical connections between hypothalamus and pituitary gland were intact. In the second series of experiments, the effects of dopamine, high (K+) and Ca++ on the release of somatostatin from isolated hypothalamic synaptosomes were studied. Dopamine and high (K+) in the media stimulated the release of somatostatin and the latter effect was completely abolished by the removal of Ca++ from the media. The results suggest that dopamine has a role in modulating the release of somatostatin. In the third series, the effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on plasma GH levels and responses to ether stress were examined. Somatostatin content in the hypothalamus was reduced to about 50% in both anterior (AC) and complete deafferented (CC) rats as compared to their respective controls. The mean plasma GH levels were elevated in AC rats and the levels in CC rats were significantly higher than the control. Plasma GH levels 15 min after ether stress reduced significantly in both AC and CC rats, similarly to their respective controls. These findings suggest that the major portion of hypothalamic somatostatin was provided by other regions of the brain, which did not play a role in mediating stress-induced plasma GH reductions, but appeared to be responsible for maintaining basal GH levels.", "PMID": 658886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8068", "title": "[Nasal route flexible broncho-fiberscopy, as a tool of mass examination for hilar type lung cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Early detection of lung cancer is mandatory problem in the medical field. Although, chest x-p examination is a strong armament for detection of peripheral type of lung cancer, the method has rather weak point in detection of hilar type of bronchogenic carcinoma. Bronchoscopy is essential method for diagnosis of bronchial changes of this disease. It is, however, not popular method yet, because of its troublesome technique, such as insertion of tracheal tube, eventhough new instrument of flexible fiber bronchoscopy makes us very much easy way to use, compared with old-fashioned rigid bronchoscopy. For mass examination of high risk group of bronchogenic carcinoma (chromate workers), we are using nasal route flexible fiberbronchoscopy. Comparing of this method with previously used trans-oral route, both easiness of the technique on doctor's side, and comfort during the examination on the patients's side revealed favorable results for nasal method.", "contents": "[Nasal route flexible broncho-fiberscopy, as a tool of mass examination for hilar type lung cancer (author's transl)]. Early detection of lung cancer is mandatory problem in the medical field. Although, chest x-p examination is a strong armament for detection of peripheral type of lung cancer, the method has rather weak point in detection of hilar type of bronchogenic carcinoma. Bronchoscopy is essential method for diagnosis of bronchial changes of this disease. It is, however, not popular method yet, because of its troublesome technique, such as insertion of tracheal tube, eventhough new instrument of flexible fiber bronchoscopy makes us very much easy way to use, compared with old-fashioned rigid bronchoscopy. For mass examination of high risk group of bronchogenic carcinoma (chromate workers), we are using nasal route flexible fiberbronchoscopy. Comparing of this method with previously used trans-oral route, both easiness of the technique on doctor's side, and comfort during the examination on the patients's side revealed favorable results for nasal method.", "PMID": 658887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8069", "title": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 5. The turbidity of the cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have investigated the relationship between the postmortem interval and the turbidity of the cornea of 410 persons who had died at known times and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: 1) Differences due to the states of the eyelids of cadavers, either open or closed, gave rise to slight variations of the turbidity of the cornea only within 12 hours after death. Slight variations due to age and sex were seen only from 12 to 24 hours after death and only in the age group of 0 to 19 years. Seasonal variation was not seen on the cadavers which had remained indoors at the Hokkaido districts. 2) In death from exsanguination none became a state of the strong turbidity. In death from intracranial injuries and asphyxia the strong turbidity developed earlier than in the other types of death. 3) When the cornea is transparent, the time which has elapsed since death is less than 36 hours, with few exceptions, with eyelids either open or closed. On the cadavers with closed eyelids, the week turbidity of the cornea is seen between 6 hours and 3 days, the moderate turbidity between 12 hours and 2 weeks and the strong turbidity over 18 hours.", "contents": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 5. The turbidity of the cornea (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated the relationship between the postmortem interval and the turbidity of the cornea of 410 persons who had died at known times and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies in our laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: 1) Differences due to the states of the eyelids of cadavers, either open or closed, gave rise to slight variations of the turbidity of the cornea only within 12 hours after death. Slight variations due to age and sex were seen only from 12 to 24 hours after death and only in the age group of 0 to 19 years. Seasonal variation was not seen on the cadavers which had remained indoors at the Hokkaido districts. 2) In death from exsanguination none became a state of the strong turbidity. In death from intracranial injuries and asphyxia the strong turbidity developed earlier than in the other types of death. 3) When the cornea is transparent, the time which has elapsed since death is less than 36 hours, with few exceptions, with eyelids either open or closed. On the cadavers with closed eyelids, the week turbidity of the cornea is seen between 6 hours and 3 days, the moderate turbidity between 12 hours and 2 weeks and the strong turbidity over 18 hours.", "PMID": 658888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8070", "title": "The effect of medial preoptic area lesions on sexually stimulated hormone release in the male rat.", "content": "Male rats were subjected to bilateral electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area (mPOA). These lesions disrupted sexual behavior without affecting basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), or testosterone (T). During exposure to an estrous female, intact and sham-operated rats mated; these rats showed elevations in LH, PRL, and T levels. Lesioned rats, which did not mate, showed elevations in LH but not PRL or T levels. These results demonstrate that the mPOA is not required for sexually stimulated LH release. The failure of lesioned rats to release PRL and T may be secondary to their failure to mate. Alternatively, the mPOA may participate in sexually stimulated PRL release, while T release may depend on prior elevations in both LH and PRL levels. LH release may be related to arousal, and PRL release to consummation, providing a hormonal analogy for the dual mechanism theory of sexual behavior.", "contents": "The effect of medial preoptic area lesions on sexually stimulated hormone release in the male rat. Male rats were subjected to bilateral electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area (mPOA). These lesions disrupted sexual behavior without affecting basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), or testosterone (T). During exposure to an estrous female, intact and sham-operated rats mated; these rats showed elevations in LH, PRL, and T levels. Lesioned rats, which did not mate, showed elevations in LH but not PRL or T levels. These results demonstrate that the mPOA is not required for sexually stimulated LH release. The failure of lesioned rats to release PRL and T may be secondary to their failure to mate. Alternatively, the mPOA may participate in sexually stimulated PRL release, while T release may depend on prior elevations in both LH and PRL levels. LH release may be related to arousal, and PRL release to consummation, providing a hormonal analogy for the dual mechanism theory of sexual behavior.", "PMID": 658889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8071", "title": "Prenatal endogenous androgenic influences on masculine sexual behavior and genital morphology in male and female rats.", "content": "Female rats located near a male during uterine development showed increased frequencies of male-like behavior as adults and virilization of genital morphology. These changes in behavior and morphology were blocked by prenatal treatment with the anti-androgen, Flutamide.", "contents": "Prenatal endogenous androgenic influences on masculine sexual behavior and genital morphology in male and female rats. Female rats located near a male during uterine development showed increased frequencies of male-like behavior as adults and virilization of genital morphology. These changes in behavior and morphology were blocked by prenatal treatment with the anti-androgen, Flutamide.", "PMID": 658890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8072", "title": "Behavioral characteristics of freemartins administered estradiol, estrone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone.", "content": "Eighteen genetic females born co-twin with males and diagnosed as being sterile intersexes (freemartins) were studied from birth to 79 weeks of age. Testosterone (T) and estrone (EI) were administered in Silastic capsules of two groups from birth to 50 weeks of age and other animals were left untreated. At 50 weeks the two treated groups had larger implants installed and the untreated animals were assigned to a new estrone (EII) and estradiol (E2) treatment. Later a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group was formed in comparison with new E2 and testosterone propionate-enanthate (TP-TE) groups, plus untreated controls. Vulvar interest, Flehmen lip curl, mounting, and agonistic behavior were recorded daily for 30 min while animals were allowed social interaction. Agonistic behavior, interest in the genital area, and mounting were induced or stimulated by T, TP-TE, and E2, but not by DHT or estrone (EI or EII). Also, only animals in the T, TP-TE, and E2 groups induced to mount displayed the standing type of behavioral estrus. Flehmen lip curl was stimulated only by T or TP-TE. The evidence is interpreted to indicate that T, per se, evokes the lip curl, but it probably stimulates other responses at the neural level by conversion to E2. Also, the freemartin response, the response of castrates to steroid hormones, and current knowledge of circulating steroid hormones in male and female cattle could be interpreted to indicate that the neural tissue responsible for sexual behavior in both sexes of this species may respond similarly in several respects.", "contents": "Behavioral characteristics of freemartins administered estradiol, estrone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. Eighteen genetic females born co-twin with males and diagnosed as being sterile intersexes (freemartins) were studied from birth to 79 weeks of age. Testosterone (T) and estrone (EI) were administered in Silastic capsules of two groups from birth to 50 weeks of age and other animals were left untreated. At 50 weeks the two treated groups had larger implants installed and the untreated animals were assigned to a new estrone (EII) and estradiol (E2) treatment. Later a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group was formed in comparison with new E2 and testosterone propionate-enanthate (TP-TE) groups, plus untreated controls. Vulvar interest, Flehmen lip curl, mounting, and agonistic behavior were recorded daily for 30 min while animals were allowed social interaction. Agonistic behavior, interest in the genital area, and mounting were induced or stimulated by T, TP-TE, and E2, but not by DHT or estrone (EI or EII). Also, only animals in the T, TP-TE, and E2 groups induced to mount displayed the standing type of behavioral estrus. Flehmen lip curl was stimulated only by T or TP-TE. The evidence is interpreted to indicate that T, per se, evokes the lip curl, but it probably stimulates other responses at the neural level by conversion to E2. Also, the freemartin response, the response of castrates to steroid hormones, and current knowledge of circulating steroid hormones in male and female cattle could be interpreted to indicate that the neural tissue responsible for sexual behavior in both sexes of this species may respond similarly in several respects.", "PMID": 658891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8073", "title": "The effects of photoperiod on androgen-induced reproductive behavior in male ring doves, Streptopelia risoria.", "content": "The effect of photoperiod on reproductive behavior in male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) was studied in androgen-injected castrates maintained under long (16L:8D) or short (86:16D) photoperiods. Behavioral recordings were made over a 2-week period during which each male was paired with a female for 6.5 hr/day. There was some indication that males held on long days display higher levels of courtship activity during the initial period following pairing, but the evidence was not conclusive. Day length had no effect upon copulatory behavior. Long-day males exhibited consistently higher levels of nest building than short-day males, indicating that photoperiod affects building through some mechanism other than changes in endogenous androgen levels.", "contents": "The effects of photoperiod on androgen-induced reproductive behavior in male ring doves, Streptopelia risoria. The effect of photoperiod on reproductive behavior in male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) was studied in androgen-injected castrates maintained under long (16L:8D) or short (86:16D) photoperiods. Behavioral recordings were made over a 2-week period during which each male was paired with a female for 6.5 hr/day. There was some indication that males held on long days display higher levels of courtship activity during the initial period following pairing, but the evidence was not conclusive. Day length had no effect upon copulatory behavior. Long-day males exhibited consistently higher levels of nest building than short-day males, indicating that photoperiod affects building through some mechanism other than changes in endogenous androgen levels.", "PMID": 658892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8074", "title": "Nonhospital alternatives for acute psychiatric care in California.", "content": "In California multiple social forces and financial constraints are leading to the rapid development of local alternatives not only to state hospitals but to general hospital psychiatric units as well. Two dissimilar patterns of acute-care services are emerging: the use of skilled nursing facilities with additional staff to provide mental health services and the development of a wide range of primarily nonmedical facilities under the licensing category of \"residential care facility.\" The author summarizes characteristics of both kinds of programs and describes how they draw on all available sources of revenue before using state and county mental health funds. He also describes Santa Clara County's plan for local acute-care services in which a 54-bed residential building and a 15-bed psychiatric unit in a county hospital will replace two county-hospital psychiatric wards.", "contents": "Nonhospital alternatives for acute psychiatric care in California. In California multiple social forces and financial constraints are leading to the rapid development of local alternatives not only to state hospitals but to general hospital psychiatric units as well. Two dissimilar patterns of acute-care services are emerging: the use of skilled nursing facilities with additional staff to provide mental health services and the development of a wide range of primarily nonmedical facilities under the licensing category of \"residential care facility.\" The author summarizes characteristics of both kinds of programs and describes how they draw on all available sources of revenue before using state and county mental health funds. He also describes Santa Clara County's plan for local acute-care services in which a 54-bed residential building and a 15-bed psychiatric unit in a county hospital will replace two county-hospital psychiatric wards.", "PMID": 658895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8075", "title": "Competency evaluations in Connecticut.", "content": "New procedures for conducting competency evaluations were adopted in Connecticut in 1975 as a result of a change in the state law. The accused person is now evaluated in the setting in which he finds himself by virtue of his conflict with the criminal justice system, rather than automatically being remanded to the state hospital for evaluation. The criteria used are legal rather than medical-psychiatric, and the evaluations are conducted by a mental health team consisting of a psychiatric social worker, a psychiatrist, and a psychologist. The authors describe the procedures and discuss the benefits deriving from them, as well as some of the real and potential problems.", "contents": "Competency evaluations in Connecticut. New procedures for conducting competency evaluations were adopted in Connecticut in 1975 as a result of a change in the state law. The accused person is now evaluated in the setting in which he finds himself by virtue of his conflict with the criminal justice system, rather than automatically being remanded to the state hospital for evaluation. The criteria used are legal rather than medical-psychiatric, and the evaluations are conducted by a mental health team consisting of a psychiatric social worker, a psychiatrist, and a psychologist. The authors describe the procedures and discuss the benefits deriving from them, as well as some of the real and potential problems.", "PMID": 658897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8076", "title": "A review board for determining the dangerousness of mentally ill offenders.", "content": "Partly as the result of legislative changes made in 1975 and 1977, Texas has a workable system for dealing with mentally abnormal offenders and assessing the dangerousness of committed offenders. The author summarizes provisions of the law related to pretrial evaluation, competency to stand trial, dispositions after a ruling of incompetency, and the insanity defense. He describes the activities, during the first two years, of multidisciplinary review boards for manifest dangerousness; the boards met monthly to assess the dangerousness of patients committed to a state hospital's maximum-security unit after rulings of incompetency (without the probability of attaining competency in a foreseeable period) or of not guilty by reason of insanity. During the two years, the boards declared 171 of 364 patients to be not manifestly dangerous and thus ready for transfer or release, but they became more conservative in making judgments of not dangerous as time passed.", "contents": "A review board for determining the dangerousness of mentally ill offenders. Partly as the result of legislative changes made in 1975 and 1977, Texas has a workable system for dealing with mentally abnormal offenders and assessing the dangerousness of committed offenders. The author summarizes provisions of the law related to pretrial evaluation, competency to stand trial, dispositions after a ruling of incompetency, and the insanity defense. He describes the activities, during the first two years, of multidisciplinary review boards for manifest dangerousness; the boards met monthly to assess the dangerousness of patients committed to a state hospital's maximum-security unit after rulings of incompetency (without the probability of attaining competency in a foreseeable period) or of not guilty by reason of insanity. During the two years, the boards declared 171 of 364 patients to be not manifestly dangerous and thus ready for transfer or release, but they became more conservative in making judgments of not dangerous as time passed.", "PMID": 658898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8077", "title": "Public perceptions of the criminally insane.", "content": "The authors interviewed 413 residents of New York State in a study of public perceptions of the criminally insane. They found that the criminally insane are generally considered dangerous, harmful, and violent, and as a class they are feared and rejected by society far more than are than are the mentally ill. However, none of the individuals identified by study respondents as criminally insane were legally classified as such. The authors believe the public confusion about who is criminally insane arises from the media's emphasis on prior history of mental treatment of individuals committing violent and bizarre crimes, and from misunderstanding of the role of mental health professionals in criminal proceedings.", "contents": "Public perceptions of the criminally insane. The authors interviewed 413 residents of New York State in a study of public perceptions of the criminally insane. They found that the criminally insane are generally considered dangerous, harmful, and violent, and as a class they are feared and rejected by society far more than are than are the mentally ill. However, none of the individuals identified by study respondents as criminally insane were legally classified as such. The authors believe the public confusion about who is criminally insane arises from the media's emphasis on prior history of mental treatment of individuals committing violent and bizarre crimes, and from misunderstanding of the role of mental health professionals in criminal proceedings.", "PMID": 658899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8078", "title": "Managing the violent patient in a community mental health center.", "content": "Staff ofcommunity mental health centers are finding that they must deal with increasing numbers of imminently or potentially violent patients. Some of the author's suggestions for handling such patients include assigning two therapists, one man and one woman; holding the interviews in special offices that have two exits and are in view of staff but out of view of other patients; and notifying the center director and other staff that a potentially violent patient is in the center. The author also reviews some of the literature on correlates of violent behavior. The most obvious correlate is a previous history of repeated severely violent behavior.", "contents": "Managing the violent patient in a community mental health center. Staff ofcommunity mental health centers are finding that they must deal with increasing numbers of imminently or potentially violent patients. Some of the author's suggestions for handling such patients include assigning two therapists, one man and one woman; holding the interviews in special offices that have two exits and are in view of staff but out of view of other patients; and notifying the center director and other staff that a potentially violent patient is in the center. The author also reviews some of the literature on correlates of violent behavior. The most obvious correlate is a previous history of repeated severely violent behavior.", "PMID": 658900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8079", "title": "Equipment selection for inhouse laundry demands careful planning.", "content": "Laundry equipment has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years, and, as a result, equipment selection decisions have become extremely complex. Whether installing an in-house laundry or modernizing an existing one, equipment selection demands knowledgeable consideration of several key factors.", "contents": "Equipment selection for inhouse laundry demands careful planning. Laundry equipment has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years, and, as a result, equipment selection decisions have become extremely complex. Whether installing an in-house laundry or modernizing an existing one, equipment selection demands knowledgeable consideration of several key factors.", "PMID": 658903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8080", "title": "Hospitalwide inventory turnover gives hospitals positive results.", "content": "This article describes the problems involved in reaching a rational inventory investment and describes a hospitalwide inventory turnover program that can be used as an aid in reaching this decision. The article illustrates a hospitalwide inventory program at one hospital. The systematic program entails the collection of data, review of the data to develop a program for reducing inventories, and monitoring of the results.", "contents": "Hospitalwide inventory turnover gives hospitals positive results. This article describes the problems involved in reaching a rational inventory investment and describes a hospitalwide inventory turnover program that can be used as an aid in reaching this decision. The article illustrates a hospitalwide inventory program at one hospital. The systematic program entails the collection of data, review of the data to develop a program for reducing inventories, and monitoring of the results.", "PMID": 658904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8081", "title": "Improving the operations of the emergency department.", "content": "Review of the operations of 20 Washington, DC, area hospitals' emergency departments raised some important questions about the care of the emergency patient. This article answers some of those questions and outlines methods for improving the operations of the emergency department.", "contents": "Improving the operations of the emergency department. Review of the operations of 20 Washington, DC, area hospitals' emergency departments raised some important questions about the care of the emergency patient. This article answers some of those questions and outlines methods for improving the operations of the emergency department.", "PMID": 658905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8082", "title": "Informed, involved employees aid hospital's cost control program.", "content": "A community hospital's two-part program emphasizes employees' responsibilities and participation in cost control. First, department managers were made more aware of and knowledgeable about costs and techniques for control through use of an AHA educational program. Second, an employee committee studies cost problems and recommends solutions that have effected substantial savings.", "contents": "Informed, involved employees aid hospital's cost control program. A community hospital's two-part program emphasizes employees' responsibilities and participation in cost control. First, department managers were made more aware of and knowledgeable about costs and techniques for control through use of an AHA educational program. Second, an employee committee studies cost problems and recommends solutions that have effected substantial savings.", "PMID": 658916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8083", "title": "Cost improvement program generates major savings.", "content": "The rationale and components of a model for containing and reducing costs are described in this article. The project-oriented program, which uses cross-functional teams as well as individual participants, encourages employees to be aware of the need for cost effective performance.", "contents": "Cost improvement program generates major savings. The rationale and components of a model for containing and reducing costs are described in this article. The project-oriented program, which uses cross-functional teams as well as individual participants, encourages employees to be aware of the need for cost effective performance.", "PMID": 658917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8084", "title": "Pharmacists voice their concern over patient package inserts.", "content": "The annual meetings of the America Pharmaceutical Association and the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists are a time for discussion of issues that currently affect the profession. Two major issues discussed at this year's meetings were the distribution of patient package inserts and the increased numbers of pharmacists graduating from college each year. This report highlights discussion about these two issues and presents excerpts from the inaugural addresses of the incoming presidents.", "contents": "Pharmacists voice their concern over patient package inserts. The annual meetings of the America Pharmaceutical Association and the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists are a time for discussion of issues that currently affect the profession. Two major issues discussed at this year's meetings were the distribution of patient package inserts and the increased numbers of pharmacists graduating from college each year. This report highlights discussion about these two issues and presents excerpts from the inaugural addresses of the incoming presidents.", "PMID": 658918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8085", "title": "Calling Nurse Blaze: tailoring programs to fit human behavior.", "content": "Researchers conducted a study to analyze hospital fire safety procedures and training, with a particular emphasis on verbal alarm systems. Their findings are presented, along with recommendations for fire safety training and a suggestion from a verbal fire alarm message.", "contents": "Calling Nurse Blaze: tailoring programs to fit human behavior. Researchers conducted a study to analyze hospital fire safety procedures and training, with a particular emphasis on verbal alarm systems. Their findings are presented, along with recommendations for fire safety training and a suggestion from a verbal fire alarm message.", "PMID": 658919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8086", "title": "P.L. 93--641:a recipe for action.", "content": "Reduced to its plainest terms, health planning is a means to facilitate genuine coordination and cooperation among the many components of the American health care system. The health planning law should give local community providers and consumers a better opportunity to make health planning work, but its success will depend on the willingness of the community to effect change through local decision making.", "contents": "P.L. 93--641:a recipe for action. Reduced to its plainest terms, health planning is a means to facilitate genuine coordination and cooperation among the many components of the American health care system. The health planning law should give local community providers and consumers a better opportunity to make health planning work, but its success will depend on the willingness of the community to effect change through local decision making.", "PMID": 658928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8087", "title": "Program expedites reporting, resolving medical incidents.", "content": "Given the current seismic wave of malpractice and liability litigation, hospitals must implement programs to effectively manage loss caused by injury within their institutions. A risk management program at Halifax Hospital Medical Center effects prevention of medical incidents, identifies and investigates incidents, and administratively deals with incidents entailing risk of financial loss.", "contents": "Program expedites reporting, resolving medical incidents. Given the current seismic wave of malpractice and liability litigation, hospitals must implement programs to effectively manage loss caused by injury within their institutions. A risk management program at Halifax Hospital Medical Center effects prevention of medical incidents, identifies and investigates incidents, and administratively deals with incidents entailing risk of financial loss.", "PMID": 658931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8088", "title": "In-house television news: focus on employees boosts morale.", "content": "A medical center is using a monthly videotaped television news program to effectively inform its departments and personnel about one another, to provide them with special recognition, and to help nurture their esprit de corps. For these reasons, staff participation, especially by nonsupervisory personnel, both in producing and in appearing on the program is emphasized.", "contents": "In-house television news: focus on employees boosts morale. A medical center is using a monthly videotaped television news program to effectively inform its departments and personnel about one another, to provide them with special recognition, and to help nurture their esprit de corps. For these reasons, staff participation, especially by nonsupervisory personnel, both in producing and in appearing on the program is emphasized.", "PMID": 658932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8089", "title": "Diagnostic testing as a cost factor in teaching hospitals.", "content": "The interpretation of laboratory tests by resident physicians is an integral part of the process of medical education. Therefore, the resident's awareness of the validity, reliability, and usefulness of laboratory tests and their alternatives, coupled with an analytical dialog between the supervising attending physician and the resident can help limit the ordering of diagnostic tests to what is logically and scientifically appropriate. Such a dialog may partially address the issue of teaching cost-effectiveness within the graduate medical education curriculum.", "contents": "Diagnostic testing as a cost factor in teaching hospitals. The interpretation of laboratory tests by resident physicians is an integral part of the process of medical education. Therefore, the resident's awareness of the validity, reliability, and usefulness of laboratory tests and their alternatives, coupled with an analytical dialog between the supervising attending physician and the resident can help limit the ordering of diagnostic tests to what is logically and scientifically appropriate. Such a dialog may partially address the issue of teaching cost-effectiveness within the graduate medical education curriculum.", "PMID": 658933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8090", "title": "From \"Humanae Vitae\" to \"Human Sexuality\": new directions?", "content": "Ten years after Humanae Vitae, Human Sexuality, a study commissioned by the Catholic Theological Society of America, is being widely discussed. The four propositions that served as the study's theoretical base are examined in an attempt to \"better appreciate and evaluate the present significance of Humanae Vitae for Catholics in general and for Catholic health care professionals in particular.\"", "contents": "From \"Humanae Vitae\" to \"Human Sexuality\": new directions? Ten years after Humanae Vitae, Human Sexuality, a study commissioned by the Catholic Theological Society of America, is being widely discussed. The four propositions that served as the study's theoretical base are examined in an attempt to \"better appreciate and evaluate the present significance of Humanae Vitae for Catholics in general and for Catholic health care professionals in particular.\"", "PMID": 658938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8091", "title": "After \"Humanae Vitae\": a decade of \"lively debate.\".", "content": "In the decade since Humanae Vitae, dissenting Catholic moral theologians have objected to treating the biological structure of the marital act as normative. Pluralism both in ethical methodologies and in specific teachings is developing. This article discusses one example of this trend in Human Sexuality, a study commissioned by the Catholic Theological Society of America, which posits creative growth toward integration as the principle from which values and norms are to be derived.", "contents": "After \"Humanae Vitae\": a decade of \"lively debate.\". In the decade since Humanae Vitae, dissenting Catholic moral theologians have objected to treating the biological structure of the marital act as normative. Pluralism both in ethical methodologies and in specific teachings is developing. This article discusses one example of this trend in Human Sexuality, a study commissioned by the Catholic Theological Society of America, which posits creative growth toward integration as the principle from which values and norms are to be derived.", "PMID": 658939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8092", "title": "Long range planning in the church and in CHA.", "content": "The Fathers of the Second Vatican Council designed objectives for the contemporary Church in accord with the signs of the times and based on the Church's ultimate goal as defined by the Council. These Church objectives suggest a set of CHA objectives, or functions, couched here in the language of long range planning so that they might lend themselves to strategy making.", "contents": "Long range planning in the church and in CHA. The Fathers of the Second Vatican Council designed objectives for the contemporary Church in accord with the signs of the times and based on the Church's ultimate goal as defined by the Council. These Church objectives suggest a set of CHA objectives, or functions, couched here in the language of long range planning so that they might lend themselves to strategy making.", "PMID": 658940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8093", "title": "Echocardiography as an index of cardiac performance.", "content": "Ultrasound imaging of the heart provides a noninvasive technique for assessing cardiac performance and diagnosing a wide range of disorders. Recent improvements in two-dimensional, planar instrumentation promise to make echocardiography even more versatile, permitting more comprehensive views of left ventricular function, valve orifice areas, and the spatial relationships of the great vessels and ventricular chambers.", "contents": "Echocardiography as an index of cardiac performance. Ultrasound imaging of the heart provides a noninvasive technique for assessing cardiac performance and diagnosing a wide range of disorders. Recent improvements in two-dimensional, planar instrumentation promise to make echocardiography even more versatile, permitting more comprehensive views of left ventricular function, valve orifice areas, and the spatial relationships of the great vessels and ventricular chambers.", "PMID": 658944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8094", "title": "Asthma in adults: the ambulatory patient.", "content": "Heterogeneity is the hallmark of adult asthma, and patients thus need individualized therapeutic programs. But there are unifying underlying mechanisms, understanding of which makes it easier to design the clinical stategy appropriate to each case.", "contents": "Asthma in adults: the ambulatory patient. Heterogeneity is the hallmark of adult asthma, and patients thus need individualized therapeutic programs. But there are unifying underlying mechanisms, understanding of which makes it easier to design the clinical stategy appropriate to each case.", "PMID": 658945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8095", "title": "Aging: biologic or pathologic?", "content": "If disease is only case casually related to aging, the prevailing strategy of dealing with each disease category is appropriate; if they are linked causally, the current strategy may not only be inappropriate but prove futile. The extent to which optimal gerontologic care can delay the onset of biologic deterioration, together with the use of short-lived animal models for research, may eventually resolve this issue.", "contents": "Aging: biologic or pathologic? If disease is only case casually related to aging, the prevailing strategy of dealing with each disease category is appropriate; if they are linked causally, the current strategy may not only be inappropriate but prove futile. The extent to which optimal gerontologic care can delay the onset of biologic deterioration, together with the use of short-lived animal models for research, may eventually resolve this issue.", "PMID": 658946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8096", "title": "Lyme arthritis: a new clinical entity.", "content": "Named for the Connecticut town where the first identified cases occurred in 1972, this disorder has since been found elsewhere and may be caused by a virus transmitted by ticks. Attacks are often preceded by erythema chronicum migrans and are seldom prolonged, though they may recur. Symptomatic treatment only is advised, except in the rare instances of severe neurologic complications or myocardial conduction abnormality.", "contents": "Lyme arthritis: a new clinical entity. Named for the Connecticut town where the first identified cases occurred in 1972, this disorder has since been found elsewhere and may be caused by a virus transmitted by ticks. Attacks are often preceded by erythema chronicum migrans and are seldom prolonged, though they may recur. Symptomatic treatment only is advised, except in the rare instances of severe neurologic complications or myocardial conduction abnormality.", "PMID": 658948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8097", "title": "Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus in infancy.", "content": "Correction of hydrocephalus by means of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt incorporating a pericranial reservoir is demonstrated in a five-day-old infant. The reservoir affords access to the ventricle and shunt for pressure determinations and for administration of antibiotics should infection occur. The initial shunt is revised at about one year of age to permit intraventricular pressure to rise to adult levels and to provide for growth.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus in infancy. Correction of hydrocephalus by means of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt incorporating a pericranial reservoir is demonstrated in a five-day-old infant. The reservoir affords access to the ventricle and shunt for pressure determinations and for administration of antibiotics should infection occur. The initial shunt is revised at about one year of age to permit intraventricular pressure to rise to adult levels and to provide for growth.", "PMID": 658954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8098", "title": "Recruitment and the manpower crunch.", "content": "In summary, the signals are clear that current trends indicate a scarcity of pathologists not too many years hence. Recruiting efforts must be mounted now to bring to the attention of the appropriate medical students that pathology is a demanding, rewarding clinical discipline whose importance and satisfaction reach beyond basic science and the physical confines of the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Recruitment and the manpower crunch. In summary, the signals are clear that current trends indicate a scarcity of pathologists not too many years hence. Recruiting efforts must be mounted now to bring to the attention of the appropriate medical students that pathology is a demanding, rewarding clinical discipline whose importance and satisfaction reach beyond basic science and the physical confines of the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 658961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8099", "title": "Malignant mesothelioma with minimal asbestos exposure.", "content": "The association of malignant mesothelioma and asbestos fibers is well established. The minimal exposure that may produce the tumor is not known. The present report documents the minimal exposure by thorough examination of occupational history and personal hobbies, and counting of the number of asbestos fibers in the lungs. The evidence for the elemental composition of asbestos fibers by electron probe (EDAX) is also presented.", "contents": "Malignant mesothelioma with minimal asbestos exposure. The association of malignant mesothelioma and asbestos fibers is well established. The minimal exposure that may produce the tumor is not known. The present report documents the minimal exposure by thorough examination of occupational history and personal hobbies, and counting of the number of asbestos fibers in the lungs. The evidence for the elemental composition of asbestos fibers by electron probe (EDAX) is also presented.", "PMID": 658962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8100", "title": "The 13C/12C ratio in black pulmonary pigment: a mass spectrometric study.", "content": "Ratios of the two stable isotopes of carbon, 13C and 12C, were measured in black pulmonary pigment and in several endogenous tissues removed during 20 autopsies on Long Island, New York. The mass spectrometer used for carbon isotope ratio analyses has a precision of +/- 1 13C atom per million carbon atoms. The 13C/12C ratio was found to be distinctly lower in black pulmonary pigment than in endogenous tissues, the mean difference amounting to 65 13C atoms per million carbon atoms. The results demonstrate that the elemental carbon fraction of black pulmonary pigment is exogenous and constitutes roughly 30 per cent of the weight of the pigmented material. It was also observed that 13C/12C ratios in endogenous tissues from individual autopsy cases were not quite identical, tending to be slightly greater in corpus callosum than in liver or peripheral lung.", "contents": "The 13C/12C ratio in black pulmonary pigment: a mass spectrometric study. Ratios of the two stable isotopes of carbon, 13C and 12C, were measured in black pulmonary pigment and in several endogenous tissues removed during 20 autopsies on Long Island, New York. The mass spectrometer used for carbon isotope ratio analyses has a precision of +/- 1 13C atom per million carbon atoms. The 13C/12C ratio was found to be distinctly lower in black pulmonary pigment than in endogenous tissues, the mean difference amounting to 65 13C atoms per million carbon atoms. The results demonstrate that the elemental carbon fraction of black pulmonary pigment is exogenous and constitutes roughly 30 per cent of the weight of the pigmented material. It was also observed that 13C/12C ratios in endogenous tissues from individual autopsy cases were not quite identical, tending to be slightly greater in corpus callosum than in liver or peripheral lung.", "PMID": 658963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8101", "title": "An unusual fibro-osseous component in intracranial lesions.", "content": "An unusual fibro-osseous component has been identified in intracranial lesions. Ultrastructurally this component appears to represent stages of membranous bone formation, but of an atypical and incomplete sort. The fibroosseous component may be an aberrant type of bony metaplasia and is seen in several lesions all of which probably do not share the same etiology although in each case meningeal or choroid plexus stroma appears to be involved.", "contents": "An unusual fibro-osseous component in intracranial lesions. An unusual fibro-osseous component has been identified in intracranial lesions. Ultrastructurally this component appears to represent stages of membranous bone formation, but of an atypical and incomplete sort. The fibroosseous component may be an aberrant type of bony metaplasia and is seen in several lesions all of which probably do not share the same etiology although in each case meningeal or choroid plexus stroma appears to be involved.", "PMID": 658964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8102", "title": "Hibernoma: a possible model of brown fat histogenesis.", "content": "Hibernomas are composed of cells remarkably similar to those observed in brown adipose tissue. A surgically resected hibernoma was observed to contain cells at all stages of maturation from immature, relatively lipid free cells to multiloculated and finally uniloculated adipocytes. The ultrastructural features of adipocytes contained in the hibernoma were compared to previously reported features of differentiating preadipocytes and lipid depleted mature adipocytes derived from human white adipose tissue. This comparison confirmed the existence of distinct mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membrane component differences at all developmental stages and suggests that brown and white adipose tissue are two unique histologic types.", "contents": "Hibernoma: a possible model of brown fat histogenesis. Hibernomas are composed of cells remarkably similar to those observed in brown adipose tissue. A surgically resected hibernoma was observed to contain cells at all stages of maturation from immature, relatively lipid free cells to multiloculated and finally uniloculated adipocytes. The ultrastructural features of adipocytes contained in the hibernoma were compared to previously reported features of differentiating preadipocytes and lipid depleted mature adipocytes derived from human white adipose tissue. This comparison confirmed the existence of distinct mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membrane component differences at all developmental stages and suggests that brown and white adipose tissue are two unique histologic types.", "PMID": 658965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8103", "title": "Peliosis: a morphologic curiosity becomes an iatrogenic problem.", "content": "Peliosis is a morphologic entity describing a condition of blood filled spaces, most frequently occurring in the liver. In recent years it has evolved from an anatomic curiosity seen at autopsy to a potential clinical problem in view of its association with the administration of anabolic steroid hormones. The pathogenesis and predilection of peliosis for the liver remain unexplained. This article reports five patients with peliosis, four with splenic involvement, all but one of whom received an anabolic steroid preparation. One patient died as a result of rupture of the splenic peliotic spaces. The diagnosis in three cases was established on the basis of surgical material, i.e., liver biopsy or splenectomy. An increased awareness of peliosis in patients at risk, as well as an appreciation for the histopathologic changes in less advanced cases, may become an important issue for the surgical pathologist.", "contents": "Peliosis: a morphologic curiosity becomes an iatrogenic problem. Peliosis is a morphologic entity describing a condition of blood filled spaces, most frequently occurring in the liver. In recent years it has evolved from an anatomic curiosity seen at autopsy to a potential clinical problem in view of its association with the administration of anabolic steroid hormones. The pathogenesis and predilection of peliosis for the liver remain unexplained. This article reports five patients with peliosis, four with splenic involvement, all but one of whom received an anabolic steroid preparation. One patient died as a result of rupture of the splenic peliotic spaces. The diagnosis in three cases was established on the basis of surgical material, i.e., liver biopsy or splenectomy. An increased awareness of peliosis in patients at risk, as well as an appreciation for the histopathologic changes in less advanced cases, may become an important issue for the surgical pathologist.", "PMID": 658966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8104", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus: a case report.", "content": "The eighth reported case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus is described by light microscopic and ultrastructural examination. The reason of such a paucity of reports, the probable origin, and the natural history of this neoplasm are examined through our observations and reference to the literature.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus: a case report. The eighth reported case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus is described by light microscopic and ultrastructural examination. The reason of such a paucity of reports, the probable origin, and the natural history of this neoplasm are examined through our observations and reference to the literature.", "PMID": 658967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8105", "title": "Plasma cell granuloma of the stomach.", "content": "A case of plasma cell granuloma of the stomach is described, only one similar case having been previously recorded. Differentiation from a neoplastic plasmacytoma was achieved by demonstrating the polyclonal nature of the plasma cells using an immunoperoxidase technique.", "contents": "Plasma cell granuloma of the stomach. A case of plasma cell granuloma of the stomach is described, only one similar case having been previously recorded. Differentiation from a neoplastic plasmacytoma was achieved by demonstrating the polyclonal nature of the plasma cells using an immunoperoxidase technique.", "PMID": 658968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8106", "title": "Lithopedion: case report and ultrastructural study of the skeletal muscle.", "content": "A case of lithopedion (lythokelyphopedion) is reported in a 69 year old woman who had carried a nearly full term dead fetus for at least 20 years. The fine structure of the skeletal muscle was in an astonishingly good state of preservation with contractile elements and myosin molecules identifiable. The conditions and modifying factors that may play a role in the development of a lithopedion are discussed, and x-ray, histologic, and electron microscopic studies are described.", "contents": "Lithopedion: case report and ultrastructural study of the skeletal muscle. A case of lithopedion (lythokelyphopedion) is reported in a 69 year old woman who had carried a nearly full term dead fetus for at least 20 years. The fine structure of the skeletal muscle was in an astonishingly good state of preservation with contractile elements and myosin molecules identifiable. The conditions and modifying factors that may play a role in the development of a lithopedion are discussed, and x-ray, histologic, and electron microscopic studies are described.", "PMID": 658969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8107", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: report of a case without pulmonary lesions and with ischemic colitis, probably a sequel to granulomatosis.", "content": "This article describes a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis without active pulmonary involvement of stigmata of healed granulomatous lesions in the lungs. The patient had ischemic segmental colitis due to mesenteric arterial intimal fibrosis, which we interpreted as spontaneously regressed granulomatous involvement of the mesentery. The report deals with the lack of pulmonary involvement and regression of lesions in lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: report of a case without pulmonary lesions and with ischemic colitis, probably a sequel to granulomatosis. This article describes a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis without active pulmonary involvement of stigmata of healed granulomatous lesions in the lungs. The patient had ischemic segmental colitis due to mesenteric arterial intimal fibrosis, which we interpreted as spontaneously regressed granulomatous involvement of the mesentery. The report deals with the lack of pulmonary involvement and regression of lesions in lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "PMID": 658970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8108", "title": "The sero-anthropology of the Rhodesian Lemba.", "content": "122 Rhodesian Lemba were blood grouped to establish whether there was any serological evidence to support their claim to be immigrants into central and southern Africa; and whether their endogamous practices had resulted in blood group frequencies different from those of their present neighbours. Our results are typical of those found in central Africa, and show no similarity to the blood group frequencies of populations outside sub-Saharan Africa.", "contents": "The sero-anthropology of the Rhodesian Lemba. 122 Rhodesian Lemba were blood grouped to establish whether there was any serological evidence to support their claim to be immigrants into central and southern Africa; and whether their endogamous practices had resulted in blood group frequencies different from those of their present neighbours. Our results are typical of those found in central Africa, and show no similarity to the blood group frequencies of populations outside sub-Saharan Africa.", "PMID": 658971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8109", "title": "The detection of genetical influences on human family size.", "content": "The genetics of human family size is not readily susceptible to analysis. Some of the problems in its investigation are discussed, together with methods for overcoming them. In particular, the problem of obtaining a satisfactory model which will account for both the low heritability of family size and its over-dispersed distribution is examined in detail.", "contents": "The detection of genetical influences on human family size. The genetics of human family size is not readily susceptible to analysis. Some of the problems in its investigation are discussed, together with methods for overcoming them. In particular, the problem of obtaining a satisfactory model which will account for both the low heritability of family size and its over-dispersed distribution is examined in detail.", "PMID": 658972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8110", "title": "ABO blood groups and serum proteins in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease).", "content": "In Madhya Pradesh, India, 43 patients with thromboangiitis obliterans showed a decrease in total serum proteins and in the albumin fraction, an increase in a1-and a2-globulin fractions, and decrease in the albumin/globulin ratio. In the ABO blood groups, patients show a significant excess of group B individuals. It is possible that the disease may be more severe in individuals with the B blood group substance.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and serum proteins in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). In Madhya Pradesh, India, 43 patients with thromboangiitis obliterans showed a decrease in total serum proteins and in the albumin fraction, an increase in a1-and a2-globulin fractions, and decrease in the albumin/globulin ratio. In the ABO blood groups, patients show a significant excess of group B individuals. It is possible that the disease may be more severe in individuals with the B blood group substance.", "PMID": 658973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8111", "title": "C3 polymorphism in a Danish cystic fibrosis population and its possible association with antibody response.", "content": "The C3 types of human serum are reported for a material of 113 Danish cystic fibrosis patients, age 0-30 years. The frequency of the C3F gene was 0.2832 which was significantly higher (p less than 0.0005) than the frequency found in a control group of 224 healthy babies (C3F = 0.1585). It also differed significantly (p less than 0.01) from the C3F gene frequency of 0.1780 found in 177 blood donors, age 20-24 years. A significant association between any of the C3 phenotypes and the most serious infection in cystic fibrosis, chronic mucoid P. aeruginosa infection, or the antibody response against these bacteria was not found.", "contents": "C3 polymorphism in a Danish cystic fibrosis population and its possible association with antibody response. The C3 types of human serum are reported for a material of 113 Danish cystic fibrosis patients, age 0-30 years. The frequency of the C3F gene was 0.2832 which was significantly higher (p less than 0.0005) than the frequency found in a control group of 224 healthy babies (C3F = 0.1585). It also differed significantly (p less than 0.01) from the C3F gene frequency of 0.1780 found in 177 blood donors, age 20-24 years. A significant association between any of the C3 phenotypes and the most serious infection in cystic fibrosis, chronic mucoid P. aeruginosa infection, or the antibody response against these bacteria was not found.", "PMID": 658974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8112", "title": "Complex segregation analysis of tongue pigmentation. A search for residual family resemblance.", "content": "Complex segregation analysis of tongue pigmentation in 493 nuclear families fails to indicate significant evidence for incomplete recessivity, polygenic variation, or an effect of sibship environment, thus establishing simple Mendelian inheritance for the trait.", "contents": "Complex segregation analysis of tongue pigmentation. A search for residual family resemblance. Complex segregation analysis of tongue pigmentation in 493 nuclear families fails to indicate significant evidence for incomplete recessivity, polygenic variation, or an effect of sibship environment, thus establishing simple Mendelian inheritance for the trait.", "PMID": 658975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8113", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with 90yttrium. Follow up studies (author's transl)].", "content": "90Yttrium-silicate was injected into 131 knee-joints from patients with rheumatoid arthritis with stadium II-IV according to Steinbrocker. The observation period lasted until two years. After three months about 80% and after 24 months still more than 50% of the patients treated showed complete or partial remission. Side-effects as formerly observed with 198-goldpreparations did not occur. Therefore the treatment with 90Yttrium-silicate offers an alternative to surgical synovectomy.", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with 90yttrium. Follow up studies (author's transl)]. 90Yttrium-silicate was injected into 131 knee-joints from patients with rheumatoid arthritis with stadium II-IV according to Steinbrocker. The observation period lasted until two years. After three months about 80% and after 24 months still more than 50% of the patients treated showed complete or partial remission. Side-effects as formerly observed with 198-goldpreparations did not occur. Therefore the treatment with 90Yttrium-silicate offers an alternative to surgical synovectomy.", "PMID": 658976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8114", "title": "[Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for class specific immunoglobulins against tick-borne encephalitis virus (author's transl)].", "content": "By adsorbing purified Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus antigen onto beads of polystyrene, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for specific antibodies of the IgM- and IgG-class in untreated and nonfractionated human sera could be developed. The antibodies were measured by antihuman-gamma and antihuman-mu globulin labelled with 125 I. The RIA was about 20 times as sensitive as the hemagglutination-inhibition test. About 10% more cases of TBE could be diagnosed with the RIA than with the 2-mercaptoethanol test.", "contents": "[Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for class specific immunoglobulins against tick-borne encephalitis virus (author's transl)]. By adsorbing purified Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus antigen onto beads of polystyrene, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for specific antibodies of the IgM- and IgG-class in untreated and nonfractionated human sera could be developed. The antibodies were measured by antihuman-gamma and antihuman-mu globulin labelled with 125 I. The RIA was about 20 times as sensitive as the hemagglutination-inhibition test. About 10% more cases of TBE could be diagnosed with the RIA than with the 2-mercaptoethanol test.", "PMID": 658977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8115", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the X-irradiation induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma. II. Presence of cytotoxic lymphocytes in irradiated animals.", "content": "Cytotoxic peripheral blood lymphoid cells were demonstrated in both Holtzman and Lewis Brown-Norway rats which had received 2000R of local X-irradiation to the temporarily hypoxic, exteriorized, ileum and jejunum regardless of whether a small bowel adenocarcinoma subsequently developed. The cytotoxic response, which was detectable at two days, was quite evident by day 5 post-irradiation. No evidence of cross-reacting tumor antigens was obtained when similarly processed effector cells from Holtzman rats bearing a spontaneous mammary carcinoma were incubated with cell cultures derived from the small bowel adenocarcinoma. These findings indicate X-irradiation of the small bowel initiates lymphocyte sensitization that is manifested as in vitro cytotoxicity against cell cultures of the adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the X-irradiation induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma. II. Presence of cytotoxic lymphocytes in irradiated animals. Cytotoxic peripheral blood lymphoid cells were demonstrated in both Holtzman and Lewis Brown-Norway rats which had received 2000R of local X-irradiation to the temporarily hypoxic, exteriorized, ileum and jejunum regardless of whether a small bowel adenocarcinoma subsequently developed. The cytotoxic response, which was detectable at two days, was quite evident by day 5 post-irradiation. No evidence of cross-reacting tumor antigens was obtained when similarly processed effector cells from Holtzman rats bearing a spontaneous mammary carcinoma were incubated with cell cultures derived from the small bowel adenocarcinoma. These findings indicate X-irradiation of the small bowel initiates lymphocyte sensitization that is manifested as in vitro cytotoxicity against cell cultures of the adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 658978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8116", "title": "Levels of total haemolytic complement activity in paired dairy cow-newborn calf sera.", "content": "Total haemolytic complement (CH50) activities of sera obtained from newborn dairy calves and their corresponding dams were compared. The differences between the mean maternal and neonatal CH50 concentrations were significant (P less than or equal 0.001). The concentration of CH50 units/ml in sera from 16 calves was 52.0 +/- 21.4, whereas, for the cows it was 195.8 +/- 24.0. The ratio of cow: calf serum CH50 values averaged 4.24 with a range from 1.77 to 8.00. A positive rank correlation of 0.479 (P less than 0.05) was found between the CH50 titres in calves and their dams. Anticomplementary substances were not detected in calf sera. The possible relationships betweeen deficient CH50 levels in newborn calves and their susceptibility to infectious agents is discussed.", "contents": "Levels of total haemolytic complement activity in paired dairy cow-newborn calf sera. Total haemolytic complement (CH50) activities of sera obtained from newborn dairy calves and their corresponding dams were compared. The differences between the mean maternal and neonatal CH50 concentrations were significant (P less than or equal 0.001). The concentration of CH50 units/ml in sera from 16 calves was 52.0 +/- 21.4, whereas, for the cows it was 195.8 +/- 24.0. The ratio of cow: calf serum CH50 values averaged 4.24 with a range from 1.77 to 8.00. A positive rank correlation of 0.479 (P less than 0.05) was found between the CH50 titres in calves and their dams. Anticomplementary substances were not detected in calf sera. The possible relationships betweeen deficient CH50 levels in newborn calves and their susceptibility to infectious agents is discussed.", "PMID": 658979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8117", "title": "Cellular changes in the lymphoreticular tissues of C57L/J mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts.", "content": "The pathology of the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus of C57L/J mice, infected intraperitoneally with 20 and 100 cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis is described at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postinfection (p.i.). For the first 8 weeks, growth of the larval cyst mass (LCM) was slow and blastogenesis in T-dependent areas of both spleen and lymph nodes was moderate whereas in B-cell compartments it was intense. A rapid growth of the LCM between 8 and 12 weeks p.i., 15-20 times greater than for the first 8 weeks, was associated with depletion of lymphocytes in thymus dependent area (TDA) of both spleen and lymph nodes, gross expansion of the red pulp with extramedullary haemopoiesis, partial atrophy of spleen follicles, but not those of the lymph node, and involution of the thymus. At 12 weeks p.i. the TDA had mainly plasma cells and histiocytes among occasional lymphocytes and blast cells; germinal centre activity and plasmacytosis persisted in B-cell areas. Morphological aspects of these changes are discussed in relation to the invasiveness and proliferation of the LCM during the course of infection.", "contents": "Cellular changes in the lymphoreticular tissues of C57L/J mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts. The pathology of the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus of C57L/J mice, infected intraperitoneally with 20 and 100 cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis is described at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postinfection (p.i.). For the first 8 weeks, growth of the larval cyst mass (LCM) was slow and blastogenesis in T-dependent areas of both spleen and lymph nodes was moderate whereas in B-cell compartments it was intense. A rapid growth of the LCM between 8 and 12 weeks p.i., 15-20 times greater than for the first 8 weeks, was associated with depletion of lymphocytes in thymus dependent area (TDA) of both spleen and lymph nodes, gross expansion of the red pulp with extramedullary haemopoiesis, partial atrophy of spleen follicles, but not those of the lymph node, and involution of the thymus. At 12 weeks p.i. the TDA had mainly plasma cells and histiocytes among occasional lymphocytes and blast cells; germinal centre activity and plasmacytosis persisted in B-cell areas. Morphological aspects of these changes are discussed in relation to the invasiveness and proliferation of the LCM during the course of infection.", "PMID": 658980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8118", "title": "Simultaneous stimulation and suppression of two different indicators of the cell-mediated immune response by the immunoregulator dextran sulphate.", "content": "The effect of high mol. wt dextran sulphate (DS) on two different indicators of the cell-mediated immune response was studied simultaneously in the same animal. The two indicators of the cell-meidated immune response chosen for this study were the footpad swelling response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and skin allograft rejection. Mice receiving DS and SRBC showed a significant increase in the delayed-type footpad swelling response over the controls at 24 and 48 h after challenge, while in addition, the same mice showed a significant suppression of the delayed-type response to allograft antigens as indicated by a significant delay in rejection time of allografts. The results presented here show that DS is capable of simultaneously stimulating and suppressing two indicators of the cell-mediated immune response in the same animal.", "contents": "Simultaneous stimulation and suppression of two different indicators of the cell-mediated immune response by the immunoregulator dextran sulphate. The effect of high mol. wt dextran sulphate (DS) on two different indicators of the cell-mediated immune response was studied simultaneously in the same animal. The two indicators of the cell-meidated immune response chosen for this study were the footpad swelling response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and skin allograft rejection. Mice receiving DS and SRBC showed a significant increase in the delayed-type footpad swelling response over the controls at 24 and 48 h after challenge, while in addition, the same mice showed a significant suppression of the delayed-type response to allograft antigens as indicated by a significant delay in rejection time of allografts. The results presented here show that DS is capable of simultaneously stimulating and suppressing two indicators of the cell-mediated immune response in the same animal.", "PMID": 658982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8119", "title": "Metabolism of homologous and heterologous serum proteins in garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides).", "content": "The half life (T1/2) of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) and albumin from snakes and mammals were determined in both garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides) and mice (Mus musculus). Metabolism of serum proteins in snakes was similar to mammalian protein metabolism in that homologous serum albumin had shorter T1/2 (16 days) than IgG (38 days). Also, reptilian and mammalian serum proteins had a relatively longer T1/2 when injected into closely related species. Thus mammalian serum Ig (rabbit gamma globulin (RGG)) had a shorter T1/2 (6.3 days) in snake than did homologous snake IgG (38 days), whereas in mice, RGG had a longer T1/2 (3.8 days) than snake Ig (0.9 days). Differences between metabolism of homologous and heterologous albumins were apparent only in snakes in which the T1/2 of homologous albumin was approximately 8-fold greater than mammalian albumin. These results indicate that metabolism of both Ig and albumin in snakes is regulated by specific receptors whereas albumin receptors have been difficult to demonstrate in mammals. The results of this study suggest that one of the factors determining the metabolism of a protein is its foreignness to the host perhaps because of receptor cross reactions.", "contents": "Metabolism of homologous and heterologous serum proteins in garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides). The half life (T1/2) of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) and albumin from snakes and mammals were determined in both garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides) and mice (Mus musculus). Metabolism of serum proteins in snakes was similar to mammalian protein metabolism in that homologous serum albumin had shorter T1/2 (16 days) than IgG (38 days). Also, reptilian and mammalian serum proteins had a relatively longer T1/2 when injected into closely related species. Thus mammalian serum Ig (rabbit gamma globulin (RGG)) had a shorter T1/2 (6.3 days) in snake than did homologous snake IgG (38 days), whereas in mice, RGG had a longer T1/2 (3.8 days) than snake Ig (0.9 days). Differences between metabolism of homologous and heterologous albumins were apparent only in snakes in which the T1/2 of homologous albumin was approximately 8-fold greater than mammalian albumin. These results indicate that metabolism of both Ig and albumin in snakes is regulated by specific receptors whereas albumin receptors have been difficult to demonstrate in mammals. The results of this study suggest that one of the factors determining the metabolism of a protein is its foreignness to the host perhaps because of receptor cross reactions.", "PMID": 658983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8120", "title": "The role of IgA immunoglobulins in the passive transfer of protection to Taenia taeniaeformis in the mouse.", "content": "Normal mice were protected against infection with metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis when administered intestinal, colostral or serum immunoglobulins obtained from adult mice previously orally infected with the parasitie. The protective capacity of these preparations was found to be associated mainly with IgA of colostrum and intestinal secretions and IgG of serum. The removal of IgA and IgG from immune colostrum and serum, respectively, abolished the protective effect. Neonatal mice were protected against infection with T. taeniaeformis when fed purified colostral IgA and serum IgG from immune donors. The intraduodenal injection of intestinal IgA from immune donors into 4-week-old mice passively protected the recipients against infection with T. taeniaeformis, but intestinal IgG from immune donors had no protective effect when given in this manner. The protective capacity of IgA and IgG was largely eliminated by prior absorption with T. taeniaeformis antigen or hatched, activated oncospheres of T. taeniaeformis.", "contents": "The role of IgA immunoglobulins in the passive transfer of protection to Taenia taeniaeformis in the mouse. Normal mice were protected against infection with metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis when administered intestinal, colostral or serum immunoglobulins obtained from adult mice previously orally infected with the parasitie. The protective capacity of these preparations was found to be associated mainly with IgA of colostrum and intestinal secretions and IgG of serum. The removal of IgA and IgG from immune colostrum and serum, respectively, abolished the protective effect. Neonatal mice were protected against infection with T. taeniaeformis when fed purified colostral IgA and serum IgG from immune donors. The intraduodenal injection of intestinal IgA from immune donors into 4-week-old mice passively protected the recipients against infection with T. taeniaeformis, but intestinal IgG from immune donors had no protective effect when given in this manner. The protective capacity of IgA and IgG was largely eliminated by prior absorption with T. taeniaeformis antigen or hatched, activated oncospheres of T. taeniaeformis.", "PMID": 658984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8121", "title": "Histamine in nasal secretions.", "content": "The histamine content of secretions collected by small-volume nasal washes was assayed by a spectrophotofluorometric method. A wide range of histamine concentrations (less than 5-1,519 ng/ml) was found. The mean concentration in secretions from normal individuals (91 ng/ml) was not significantly different from that found in allergic individuals (51 ng/ml). Females had significantly lower concentrations than did males. Sequential sampling in normals and allergics showed a great deal of daily variation in histamine content. This technically simple method may prove useful in examining the epidemiology and pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis.", "contents": "Histamine in nasal secretions. The histamine content of secretions collected by small-volume nasal washes was assayed by a spectrophotofluorometric method. A wide range of histamine concentrations (less than 5-1,519 ng/ml) was found. The mean concentration in secretions from normal individuals (91 ng/ml) was not significantly different from that found in allergic individuals (51 ng/ml). Females had significantly lower concentrations than did males. Sequential sampling in normals and allergics showed a great deal of daily variation in histamine content. This technically simple method may prove useful in examining the epidemiology and pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis.", "PMID": 659012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8122", "title": "The effect of transfer factor on lymphocyte transformation. Comparison of augmentation by dialysates of leucocytes and lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs.", "content": "In this paper we describe experiments to determine whether dialysable extracts of non-lymphoid and lymphoid organs augment lymphocyte transformation in vitro in a manner similar to the augmenting activity of leucocyte dialysates. Human peripheral blood leucocytes were cultured with tuberculin PPD or leucoagglutinin, and dose-related effects of the dialysable extracts on lymphocyte transformation were studied by 125IUdR incorporation. Augmentation of lymphocyte transformation was obtained not only with leucocyte dialysates but also with dialysable extracts of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen, liver, kidney, brain). It is concluded that the agent or agents present in dialysable leucocyte transfer factor preparations, which augment lymphoid transformation in vitro, are widely distributed throughout mammalian tissues.", "contents": "The effect of transfer factor on lymphocyte transformation. Comparison of augmentation by dialysates of leucocytes and lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. In this paper we describe experiments to determine whether dialysable extracts of non-lymphoid and lymphoid organs augment lymphocyte transformation in vitro in a manner similar to the augmenting activity of leucocyte dialysates. Human peripheral blood leucocytes were cultured with tuberculin PPD or leucoagglutinin, and dose-related effects of the dialysable extracts on lymphocyte transformation were studied by 125IUdR incorporation. Augmentation of lymphocyte transformation was obtained not only with leucocyte dialysates but also with dialysable extracts of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen, liver, kidney, brain). It is concluded that the agent or agents present in dialysable leucocyte transfer factor preparations, which augment lymphoid transformation in vitro, are widely distributed throughout mammalian tissues.", "PMID": 659013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8123", "title": "The H, HI, I and i blood group antigens in butanol extracts of rabbit tissues.", "content": "Aqueous and butanol phase extracts of rabbit erythrocytes and the tissues gastric mucosa, liver, lung and kidney were examined by inhibition of agglutination for the presence of H, HI, I and i blood group substances. Of the four specificities, only I substance was recovered from erythrocytes and only in the aqueous phase extracts. Both aqueous and butanol extracts of gastric mucosae contained H substance, but HI and I were present only in the aqueous extracts of this tissue. Extracts of rabbit lungs only had H and I activity and only in the aqueous phase. No H, HI, I or i substance was detected in any of the extracts of liver and kidney. Reduced levels of H substance were found in aqueous extracts of gastric mucosae of 'A-like' rabbits. Three H specificities were demonstrated in the butanol phase extracts of gastric mucosae of rabbits. These specificities were similar to those previously shown in extracts of gastric mucosae and erythrocytes of humans.", "contents": "The H, HI, I and i blood group antigens in butanol extracts of rabbit tissues. Aqueous and butanol phase extracts of rabbit erythrocytes and the tissues gastric mucosa, liver, lung and kidney were examined by inhibition of agglutination for the presence of H, HI, I and i blood group substances. Of the four specificities, only I substance was recovered from erythrocytes and only in the aqueous phase extracts. Both aqueous and butanol extracts of gastric mucosae contained H substance, but HI and I were present only in the aqueous extracts of this tissue. Extracts of rabbit lungs only had H and I activity and only in the aqueous phase. No H, HI, I or i substance was detected in any of the extracts of liver and kidney. Reduced levels of H substance were found in aqueous extracts of gastric mucosae of 'A-like' rabbits. Three H specificities were demonstrated in the butanol phase extracts of gastric mucosae of rabbits. These specificities were similar to those previously shown in extracts of gastric mucosae and erythrocytes of humans.", "PMID": 659014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8124", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic studies employing a model allergen from codfish.", "content": "A standard reference pattern in crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of the parvalbumin fraction of a cod white muscle extract was established. Crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE), tandem CIE and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) were used to identify the major allergens, thereby establishing a basis for future work employing quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques in the study of codfish allergens. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis and rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis were used to demonstrate antigenic determinants on polypeptide fragments of the major allergen, Allergen M. The results show the usefulness of these techniques in studies of antigenic determinants on non-precipitating polypeptides. CRIE with 8 patients's sera showed radiostaining indicating IgE binding corresponding to at least 7 precipitates in the crude extract CIE preparations. The purified DS 22 fraction was shown to contain 2 CRIE-positive (IgE-binding) precipitates. When using Allergen M, these precipitates were also demonstrated, one of them in trace amounts only.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic studies employing a model allergen from codfish. A standard reference pattern in crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of the parvalbumin fraction of a cod white muscle extract was established. Crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE), tandem CIE and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) were used to identify the major allergens, thereby establishing a basis for future work employing quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques in the study of codfish allergens. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis and rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis were used to demonstrate antigenic determinants on polypeptide fragments of the major allergen, Allergen M. The results show the usefulness of these techniques in studies of antigenic determinants on non-precipitating polypeptides. CRIE with 8 patients's sera showed radiostaining indicating IgE binding corresponding to at least 7 precipitates in the crude extract CIE preparations. The purified DS 22 fraction was shown to contain 2 CRIE-positive (IgE-binding) precipitates. When using Allergen M, these precipitates were also demonstrated, one of them in trace amounts only.", "PMID": 659015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8125", "title": "Inhibition of human complement components by Loxosceles reclusa venom.", "content": "Venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, was capable of inactivation human C1-C7 in vitro. This inactivation occurred if venom was added to fresh adult human serum, human cord serum, or functionally pure specific human components. Optimal incubation conditions for the inactivation of each component were determined and were found generally to be in the range of 25 or 37 degrees C for 30-60 min. The alternative complement pathway did not appear to be involved, since C1, C4, and C2 were readily inactivated, and inactivation took place in sera depleted of factor B of the properdin system. Venom-induced inactivation appeared to require few, if any, serum cofactors, because, with the possible exception of C2, functionally pure components, as well as those in sera, were readily inactivated.", "contents": "Inhibition of human complement components by Loxosceles reclusa venom. Venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, was capable of inactivation human C1-C7 in vitro. This inactivation occurred if venom was added to fresh adult human serum, human cord serum, or functionally pure specific human components. Optimal incubation conditions for the inactivation of each component were determined and were found generally to be in the range of 25 or 37 degrees C for 30-60 min. The alternative complement pathway did not appear to be involved, since C1, C4, and C2 were readily inactivated, and inactivation took place in sera depleted of factor B of the properdin system. Venom-induced inactivation appeared to require few, if any, serum cofactors, because, with the possible exception of C2, functionally pure components, as well as those in sera, were readily inactivated.", "PMID": 659016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8126", "title": "Plasma prostaglandin concentrations in allergic bronchial asthma.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) E plasma levels, measured by radioimmunoassay using anti-PGB1 antibody, were higher in asthmatic patients than in normal subjects. PGF levels measured with anti-PGF2alpha antibody, were not significantly different between normals and asthmatics. Plasma PGE/F ratios were elevated in the asthmatic patients. The results fail to support the hypothesis of decreased PGE or increased PGF production as an etiological factor in asthma.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandin concentrations in allergic bronchial asthma. Prostaglandin (PG) E plasma levels, measured by radioimmunoassay using anti-PGB1 antibody, were higher in asthmatic patients than in normal subjects. PGF levels measured with anti-PGF2alpha antibody, were not significantly different between normals and asthmatics. Plasma PGE/F ratios were elevated in the asthmatic patients. The results fail to support the hypothesis of decreased PGE or increased PGF production as an etiological factor in asthma.", "PMID": 659017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8127", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan on antibody response in mice.", "content": "Immunosuppressive effect of an adjuvant, Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, on the primary IgM antibody response in mice was studied with application of the hemolytic plaque assay. Peptidoglycan suppressed the IgM response to thymus-dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen when given intravenously before immunization. The effect of peptidoglycan and erythrocytes was both time and dose dependent. For the suppression, both the delay in the antibody response and overall decreased response were responsible. Peptidoglycan did not influence background counts of antibody-forming cells. Priming with subthreshold dose of erythrocytes did not overcome the suppression, although higher responses compared to unprimed animals were observed. Peptidoglycan did not suppress antibody response to thymus-independent antigens-lipopolysaccharide or high dose of erythrocytes. It is suggested that peptidoglycan-induced immunosuppression is mediated by a presently unidentified population of helper cells-macrophages or T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan on antibody response in mice. Immunosuppressive effect of an adjuvant, Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, on the primary IgM antibody response in mice was studied with application of the hemolytic plaque assay. Peptidoglycan suppressed the IgM response to thymus-dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen when given intravenously before immunization. The effect of peptidoglycan and erythrocytes was both time and dose dependent. For the suppression, both the delay in the antibody response and overall decreased response were responsible. Peptidoglycan did not influence background counts of antibody-forming cells. Priming with subthreshold dose of erythrocytes did not overcome the suppression, although higher responses compared to unprimed animals were observed. Peptidoglycan did not suppress antibody response to thymus-independent antigens-lipopolysaccharide or high dose of erythrocytes. It is suggested that peptidoglycan-induced immunosuppression is mediated by a presently unidentified population of helper cells-macrophages or T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 659018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8128", "title": "Site of respiratory reaction in allergic rats challenged via the airways.", "content": "Rats systemically sensitized to DNP-ovalbumin show a characteristic respiratory response to antigen challenge delivered via the airway. The slowing of expiratory air flow which occurs on aerosol challenge still occurs when the antigen is injected via a tracheostomy but not when it is delivered solely to the upper airways. Disodium cromoglycate administered via the tracheostomy 1 min before intratracheal antigen challenge reduces the respiratory response.", "contents": "Site of respiratory reaction in allergic rats challenged via the airways. Rats systemically sensitized to DNP-ovalbumin show a characteristic respiratory response to antigen challenge delivered via the airway. The slowing of expiratory air flow which occurs on aerosol challenge still occurs when the antigen is injected via a tracheostomy but not when it is delivered solely to the upper airways. Disodium cromoglycate administered via the tracheostomy 1 min before intratracheal antigen challenge reduces the respiratory response.", "PMID": 659022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8129", "title": "Immunological partial identity and in vitro inhibitory effect of two major timothy pollen allergens to whole pollen extract of four grasses.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in various modifications has directly revealed the immunological partial identity between isolated major allergens of timothy pollen (antigens 19 and 25) and the corresponding pollen allergens of false oat, orchard and rye grass, using rabbit antibodies raised against all four grasses. The inhibitory effects of antigens 19 and 25 relative to those of whole pollen extracts have been determined by means of RAST, inhibiting serum pools from selected grass-pollen-allergic patients and using insolubilized whole pollen extracts from the four grasses as allergosorbents. The inhibitory effects of antigens 19 and 25 were determined to be 97, 91, 92 and 73% of those of whole extracts of timothy, false oat, orchard and rye grass, respectively.", "contents": "Immunological partial identity and in vitro inhibitory effect of two major timothy pollen allergens to whole pollen extract of four grasses. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in various modifications has directly revealed the immunological partial identity between isolated major allergens of timothy pollen (antigens 19 and 25) and the corresponding pollen allergens of false oat, orchard and rye grass, using rabbit antibodies raised against all four grasses. The inhibitory effects of antigens 19 and 25 relative to those of whole pollen extracts have been determined by means of RAST, inhibiting serum pools from selected grass-pollen-allergic patients and using insolubilized whole pollen extracts from the four grasses as allergosorbents. The inhibitory effects of antigens 19 and 25 were determined to be 97, 91, 92 and 73% of those of whole extracts of timothy, false oat, orchard and rye grass, respectively.", "PMID": 659023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8130", "title": "In vitro generation of cytotoxicity against autologous human tumour biopsy cells.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from 22 cancer patients were examined for cytotoxicity against autologous tumour cells in a short-term 51Cr release assay. Only three showed reactivity. In an attempt to increase cytotoxic potential in these and induce reactivity in non-reactive cases, the lymphocytes were cultured alone or with autologous tumour cells for 6 days. Upon subsequent testing against frozen, stored targets, nine samples reacted, including two of those with primary reactivity. In seven cases augmented cytotoxicity was evident in mixed cultures compared with lymphocytes cultured alone. Two of 10 cases showed cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line after culture and, in two of 13 tests in which allogeneic tumour biopsy targets were used, weak reactivity was bound. Cytotoxicity for autologous tumour biopsy cells was uniformly accompanied by positive blastogenesis in MLTI assays. In four cases blastogenesis occurred without the induction of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "In vitro generation of cytotoxicity against autologous human tumour biopsy cells. Blood lymphocytes from 22 cancer patients were examined for cytotoxicity against autologous tumour cells in a short-term 51Cr release assay. Only three showed reactivity. In an attempt to increase cytotoxic potential in these and induce reactivity in non-reactive cases, the lymphocytes were cultured alone or with autologous tumour cells for 6 days. Upon subsequent testing against frozen, stored targets, nine samples reacted, including two of those with primary reactivity. In seven cases augmented cytotoxicity was evident in mixed cultures compared with lymphocytes cultured alone. Two of 10 cases showed cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line after culture and, in two of 13 tests in which allogeneic tumour biopsy targets were used, weak reactivity was bound. Cytotoxicity for autologous tumour biopsy cells was uniformly accompanied by positive blastogenesis in MLTI assays. In four cases blastogenesis occurred without the induction of cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 659024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8131", "title": "Heterogeneity among human lymphocyte effector cells mediating spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "The spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) of lymphocytes from normal individuals was studied using the lymphocyte titration assay. Various techniques were used to study selectively several lymphocyte subpopulations. The activity of these subpopulations was tested in both the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and lymphocyte titration assays. Surface marker studies were performed on each lymphocyte subpopulation. The results from these studies indicate that effector cells mediating SLMC are a heterogeneous lymphocyte population composed of Fc-receptor-positive lymphocytes both with and without C3 receptors that consistently segregate with cells that do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Our data suggest that, in many respects, the effector cells in SLMC and ADCC are identical. However, the mechanism appears to be different.", "contents": "Heterogeneity among human lymphocyte effector cells mediating spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) of lymphocytes from normal individuals was studied using the lymphocyte titration assay. Various techniques were used to study selectively several lymphocyte subpopulations. The activity of these subpopulations was tested in both the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and lymphocyte titration assays. Surface marker studies were performed on each lymphocyte subpopulation. The results from these studies indicate that effector cells mediating SLMC are a heterogeneous lymphocyte population composed of Fc-receptor-positive lymphocytes both with and without C3 receptors that consistently segregate with cells that do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Our data suggest that, in many respects, the effector cells in SLMC and ADCC are identical. However, the mechanism appears to be different.", "PMID": 659025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8132", "title": "Failure to relate the anti-tumour action of cyclophosphamide with the immunogenicity of two murine fibrosarcomas.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) had a stronger anti-tumour effect upon two syngeneic mouse fibrosarcomas when given within a few days of tumour implantation than when given 7-20 days after. CY was more active against the fast-growing, relatively non-immunogenic CBA fibrosarcoma, FS13, inducing a higher proportion and permanent regressions, than the slower-growing, highly immunogenic C57BL fibrosarcoma, FS6, at all comparable stages of tumour growth. Whole-body irradiation, which suppressed concomitant immunity in FS6-tumour-bearing mice, had no effect on the anti-tumour action of CY. A study of the cellular composition of the tumour masses over a 4-day period immediately after CY injection showed that there was a decrease in total cell yields, involving mainly a decrease in neoplastic cells, although normal cells, Fc-receptor-positive and -negative, were also affected to a lesser degree. The overall findings indicated a lack of correlation between the anti-tumour effects of CY and tumour immunogenicity. Moreover, it was apparent that the anti-tumour action of CY was mediated by a direct effect of its metabolites on neoplastic cells rather than by host anti-tumour effector mechanisms.", "contents": "Failure to relate the anti-tumour action of cyclophosphamide with the immunogenicity of two murine fibrosarcomas. A single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) had a stronger anti-tumour effect upon two syngeneic mouse fibrosarcomas when given within a few days of tumour implantation than when given 7-20 days after. CY was more active against the fast-growing, relatively non-immunogenic CBA fibrosarcoma, FS13, inducing a higher proportion and permanent regressions, than the slower-growing, highly immunogenic C57BL fibrosarcoma, FS6, at all comparable stages of tumour growth. Whole-body irradiation, which suppressed concomitant immunity in FS6-tumour-bearing mice, had no effect on the anti-tumour action of CY. A study of the cellular composition of the tumour masses over a 4-day period immediately after CY injection showed that there was a decrease in total cell yields, involving mainly a decrease in neoplastic cells, although normal cells, Fc-receptor-positive and -negative, were also affected to a lesser degree. The overall findings indicated a lack of correlation between the anti-tumour effects of CY and tumour immunogenicity. Moreover, it was apparent that the anti-tumour action of CY was mediated by a direct effect of its metabolites on neoplastic cells rather than by host anti-tumour effector mechanisms.", "PMID": 659026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8133", "title": "Genetic control of sensitivity to Moloney-virus-induced leukemias in mice. I. Demonstration of multigenic control.", "content": "The appearance of hematopoietic malignancies and the level of viremia were studied in mice of different inbred strains and their F1 or F2 hybrids inoculated with the Moloney leukemia virus (MLV). The viremia was regularly measured in individual mice by radioimmunoassay of the major internal virion component p30. A complex genetic control was found. (1) The level of circulating virus was controlled by at least two genes. An H-2 linked gene, tentatively called Rmv-1, displayed a dominant sensitivity. Alleles for resistance existed in H2b and H-2r haplotypes and alleles for sensitivity in H-2a, H-2d and H-2f. Another gene with dominant resistance mapped outside the H-2 complex and probably interacted with Rmv-1. (2) A good correlation existed between viremia and the appearance of leukemias, the most viremic strains being also the most leukemic. (3) Nevertheless, additional genes which were not involved in the viremia control could be determinant in the induction of malignancies. One of them with a resistant allele in DBA/2 mice seemed to inhibit the appearance of leukemia despite a high level of viremia. Another gene controlled the spleen involvement resulting in generalized leukemias in sensitive lines contrasting with mainly thymus-localized tumors in resistant animals.", "contents": "Genetic control of sensitivity to Moloney-virus-induced leukemias in mice. I. Demonstration of multigenic control. The appearance of hematopoietic malignancies and the level of viremia were studied in mice of different inbred strains and their F1 or F2 hybrids inoculated with the Moloney leukemia virus (MLV). The viremia was regularly measured in individual mice by radioimmunoassay of the major internal virion component p30. A complex genetic control was found. (1) The level of circulating virus was controlled by at least two genes. An H-2 linked gene, tentatively called Rmv-1, displayed a dominant sensitivity. Alleles for resistance existed in H2b and H-2r haplotypes and alleles for sensitivity in H-2a, H-2d and H-2f. Another gene with dominant resistance mapped outside the H-2 complex and probably interacted with Rmv-1. (2) A good correlation existed between viremia and the appearance of leukemias, the most viremic strains being also the most leukemic. (3) Nevertheless, additional genes which were not involved in the viremia control could be determinant in the induction of malignancies. One of them with a resistant allele in DBA/2 mice seemed to inhibit the appearance of leukemia despite a high level of viremia. Another gene controlled the spleen involvement resulting in generalized leukemias in sensitive lines contrasting with mainly thymus-localized tumors in resistant animals.", "PMID": 659028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8134", "title": "Cutaneous manifestation of internal malignancies (I). Acanthosis nigricans.", "content": "Skin changes may be the first clue to a neoplastic process at a stage when it still is treatable (Such as the development of Acanthosis Nigrican (AN) in an otherwise healthy adult). Ninety percent of the neoplasm responsible for the development of AN originate in the abdomen. The tumor, even in a subclinical state, seems to possess unidentified properties that activate the dermatosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestation of internal malignancies (I). Acanthosis nigricans. Skin changes may be the first clue to a neoplastic process at a stage when it still is treatable (Such as the development of Acanthosis Nigrican (AN) in an otherwise healthy adult). Ninety percent of the neoplasm responsible for the development of AN originate in the abdomen. The tumor, even in a subclinical state, seems to possess unidentified properties that activate the dermatosis.", "PMID": 659033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8135", "title": "Hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma.", "content": "Three persons with hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma were studied to find any clue to explain the mechanism involved in producing the cutaneous lesions which are so striking clinically and also evident histologically. Investigational studies included a blood chemistry screen, chromosome analyses, and skin biopsies evaluated by routine stains as well as by electron microscopy and direct immunofluorescence. No mechanism for the production of the clinical and histological changes in the dominantly inherited disorder was found.", "contents": "Hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma. Three persons with hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma were studied to find any clue to explain the mechanism involved in producing the cutaneous lesions which are so striking clinically and also evident histologically. Investigational studies included a blood chemistry screen, chromosome analyses, and skin biopsies evaluated by routine stains as well as by electron microscopy and direct immunofluorescence. No mechanism for the production of the clinical and histological changes in the dominantly inherited disorder was found.", "PMID": 659034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8136", "title": "The pattern of diseases of the skin in the Nigerian guinea savanna.", "content": "Eight thousand and thirteen patients were seen in dermatological clinics at Kaduna and Zaria in the Northern guinea savanna of Nigeria. Fungal infections were found in 1,224 cases and scabies in 923 cases, of which 765 patients had secondary infections. Similar results were found in other surveys from Sub-Saharan Africa.", "contents": "The pattern of diseases of the skin in the Nigerian guinea savanna. Eight thousand and thirteen patients were seen in dermatological clinics at Kaduna and Zaria in the Northern guinea savanna of Nigeria. Fungal infections were found in 1,224 cases and scabies in 923 cases, of which 765 patients had secondary infections. Similar results were found in other surveys from Sub-Saharan Africa.", "PMID": 659035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8137", "title": "Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome (Goldenhar's syndrome).", "content": "Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome (Goldenhar's syndrome) was found in a 10-month-old boy who had epibulbar dermoids, colobomata, pre-auricular skin tags, and hypomandibulosis.", "contents": "Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome (Goldenhar's syndrome). Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome (Goldenhar's syndrome) was found in a 10-month-old boy who had epibulbar dermoids, colobomata, pre-auricular skin tags, and hypomandibulosis.", "PMID": 659036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8138", "title": "Six years' experience in treatment of chromomycosis with 5-fluorocytosine,.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with chromomycosis were treated with oral 5-fluorocytosine for periods ranging from 2 to 67 months. Sixteen were considered cured, after 3 consecutive monthly controls showing healing of the lesions and absence of fungi in mycologic and histopathologic examinations of biopsy specimens. Seven, in spite of initial clinical improvement, showed resistance to treatment. Associated treatment with amphotericin B, calciferol or thiabendazole failed to help patients resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. Resistance seems to occur especially in those with long-standing lesions or widespread involvement.", "contents": "Six years' experience in treatment of chromomycosis with 5-fluorocytosine,. Twenty-three patients with chromomycosis were treated with oral 5-fluorocytosine for periods ranging from 2 to 67 months. Sixteen were considered cured, after 3 consecutive monthly controls showing healing of the lesions and absence of fungi in mycologic and histopathologic examinations of biopsy specimens. Seven, in spite of initial clinical improvement, showed resistance to treatment. Associated treatment with amphotericin B, calciferol or thiabendazole failed to help patients resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. Resistance seems to occur especially in those with long-standing lesions or widespread involvement.", "PMID": 659043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8139", "title": "Glucose tolerance and blood pressure in two population samples: their relation to diabetes mellitus and hypertension.", "content": "The relationship between blood pressure and the blood sugar concentration measured two hours after a 50 g oral glucose load has been examined in two population surveys-the Whitehall and Bedford Surveys. In the Whitehall Survey, which was conducted in men above the age of 40, there was a positive, significant correlation between blood sugar and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) which was independent of common associations with age, body mass index (BMI) and heart rate. In the Bedford Survey, systolic blood pressures were significantly higher in newly detected diabetics and borderline diabetics, both men and women, than in normoglycaemic controls after adjustment of blood pressures for age and BMI. However, in the stratified random sample of the cooperating Bedford population, only amongst women was the blood sugar significantly and independently correlated with the systolic blood pressure. Evidence is presented and discussed that autonomic, neurohumoral factors may play some part in the pathogenesis of maturity onset diabetes.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance and blood pressure in two population samples: their relation to diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The relationship between blood pressure and the blood sugar concentration measured two hours after a 50 g oral glucose load has been examined in two population surveys-the Whitehall and Bedford Surveys. In the Whitehall Survey, which was conducted in men above the age of 40, there was a positive, significant correlation between blood sugar and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) which was independent of common associations with age, body mass index (BMI) and heart rate. In the Bedford Survey, systolic blood pressures were significantly higher in newly detected diabetics and borderline diabetics, both men and women, than in normoglycaemic controls after adjustment of blood pressures for age and BMI. However, in the stratified random sample of the cooperating Bedford population, only amongst women was the blood sugar significantly and independently correlated with the systolic blood pressure. Evidence is presented and discussed that autonomic, neurohumoral factors may play some part in the pathogenesis of maturity onset diabetes.", "PMID": 659046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8140", "title": "Geologic implications in the distribution of endemic goiter in Colombia, South America.", "content": "A survey of 37 communities supplied by stream water and receiving iodised salt for the last 10-20 years indicates that the presence of sedimentary rocks in the watersheds of streams more closely correlates with goiter prevalence than 12 other possible causative variables. These results support the hypothesis that sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter are the main source of water-borne goitrogens.", "contents": "Geologic implications in the distribution of endemic goiter in Colombia, South America. A survey of 37 communities supplied by stream water and receiving iodised salt for the last 10-20 years indicates that the presence of sedimentary rocks in the watersheds of streams more closely correlates with goiter prevalence than 12 other possible causative variables. These results support the hypothesis that sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter are the main source of water-borne goitrogens.", "PMID": 659047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8141", "title": "The effects of drought on human nutrition in an Ethiopian province.", "content": "In mid 1974 the authors conducted a survey of Harerghe Province, Ethiopia in order to verify reports of serious effects of drought six months earlier. Information was obtained on anthropometric nutritional status, mortality, livestock, and market prices from a random sample of 62 villages in four ecological zones - the highlands, the northern and southern rangelands and an intermediate zone of mixed economy. The rangelands and intermediate areas had experienced heavy human and livestock losses during the drought but this had not occurred in the highlands. Although a high prevalence of malnutrition was found in every area studied, the geographical and height distribution of malnutrition within population groups suggested that this could only be clearly attributed to the effects of unusual food shortage in one part of the southern rangelands.", "contents": "The effects of drought on human nutrition in an Ethiopian province. In mid 1974 the authors conducted a survey of Harerghe Province, Ethiopia in order to verify reports of serious effects of drought six months earlier. Information was obtained on anthropometric nutritional status, mortality, livestock, and market prices from a random sample of 62 villages in four ecological zones - the highlands, the northern and southern rangelands and an intermediate zone of mixed economy. The rangelands and intermediate areas had experienced heavy human and livestock losses during the drought but this had not occurred in the highlands. Although a high prevalence of malnutrition was found in every area studied, the geographical and height distribution of malnutrition within population groups suggested that this could only be clearly attributed to the effects of unusual food shortage in one part of the southern rangelands.", "PMID": 659048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8142", "title": "Seroepidemiology of rubella in Kuwait: an alternative vaccination policy.", "content": "1054 females of child-bearing age in Kuwait were screened for rubella antibodies. 56 or 5.4% were found seronegative. In view of this relatively low rate of susceptibility, a large-scale rubella vaccination campaign in Kuwait may not be necessary. An alternative vaccination policy is suggested.", "contents": "Seroepidemiology of rubella in Kuwait: an alternative vaccination policy. 1054 females of child-bearing age in Kuwait were screened for rubella antibodies. 56 or 5.4% were found seronegative. In view of this relatively low rate of susceptibility, a large-scale rubella vaccination campaign in Kuwait may not be necessary. An alternative vaccination policy is suggested.", "PMID": 659049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8143", "title": "Studies of the familial aggregation of chronic bronchitis and obstructive airways disease.", "content": "The familial aggregation of chronic bronchitis and obstructive airways disease was investigated in a propositus population of 430 persons aged 45-54 years and 1340 of their first (1 degree), second (2degrees) and third (3 degrees ) order relatives. All subjects were screened in their homes using a modified British MRC respiratory disease questionnaire and a portable spirometer. 1 degree relatives of propositi with either chronic bronchitis or obstructive airways disease demonstrated up to a two-fold excess prevalence of chronic bronchitis when compared to 1 degree relatives of non-affected propositi. This excess prevalence of chronic bronchitis was independent of sex, cigarette smoking patterns, respiratory illness history, residence in a common household, geographical distribution within the study community and the presence of alpha1-antitrypsin Pi variants. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in 1 degree relatives of diseased propositi was also greater than in 2 degrees relatives of diseased propositi, in whom the prevalence approximated that of the general population.", "contents": "Studies of the familial aggregation of chronic bronchitis and obstructive airways disease. The familial aggregation of chronic bronchitis and obstructive airways disease was investigated in a propositus population of 430 persons aged 45-54 years and 1340 of their first (1 degree), second (2degrees) and third (3 degrees ) order relatives. All subjects were screened in their homes using a modified British MRC respiratory disease questionnaire and a portable spirometer. 1 degree relatives of propositi with either chronic bronchitis or obstructive airways disease demonstrated up to a two-fold excess prevalence of chronic bronchitis when compared to 1 degree relatives of non-affected propositi. This excess prevalence of chronic bronchitis was independent of sex, cigarette smoking patterns, respiratory illness history, residence in a common household, geographical distribution within the study community and the presence of alpha1-antitrypsin Pi variants. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in 1 degree relatives of diseased propositi was also greater than in 2 degrees relatives of diseased propositi, in whom the prevalence approximated that of the general population.", "PMID": 659050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8144", "title": "Tonsillectomy and circumcision: comparisons of two cohorts.", "content": "Changes in the prevalence of tonsillectomy and circumcision in eleven year olds are described in two birth cohorts spaced 12 years apart. Both types of operation were less prevalent in the later (1958) cohort; tonsillectomy fell by a fifth and circumcision by more than half. These falls were confined to tonsillectomy before the age of six and circumcision under one year. Social class differences in tonsillectomy were found in both cohort studies but the strong social class gradient in circumcision reported in the 1946 cohort had vanished in the 1958. Regional and birth rank differences are found for both types of operation; these show substantial changes over time. These results are discussed in the context of changing professional opinions about the worth of these operations.", "contents": "Tonsillectomy and circumcision: comparisons of two cohorts. Changes in the prevalence of tonsillectomy and circumcision in eleven year olds are described in two birth cohorts spaced 12 years apart. Both types of operation were less prevalent in the later (1958) cohort; tonsillectomy fell by a fifth and circumcision by more than half. These falls were confined to tonsillectomy before the age of six and circumcision under one year. Social class differences in tonsillectomy were found in both cohort studies but the strong social class gradient in circumcision reported in the 1946 cohort had vanished in the 1958. Regional and birth rank differences are found for both types of operation; these show substantial changes over time. These results are discussed in the context of changing professional opinions about the worth of these operations.", "PMID": 659054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8145", "title": "Social class and psychiatric diagnosis: differential findings in a lower-class sample.", "content": "Social class and the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual II Diagnosis were examined for all patients contracting the Department of Psychiatry over a year at a large county hospital. This sample was primarily lower class -50 per cent Class V and 33 per cent in Class IV. All diagnoses showed average class between IV and V. Organic brain syndrome, both psychiatric and non-psychotic, and mental retardation had lower average social class than other diagnoses. A small sample of the diagnosis behaviour disorder of childhood and adolescence was also lower than other diagnoses. Class V patients with mental malfunction may present differently than patients from other social classes. The absence of differences on neurosis and functional psychosis may have been due to the predominance of lower class patients, diagnosticians more familiar with lower class patients, or the allowable choice of diagnoses.", "contents": "Social class and psychiatric diagnosis: differential findings in a lower-class sample. Social class and the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual II Diagnosis were examined for all patients contracting the Department of Psychiatry over a year at a large county hospital. This sample was primarily lower class -50 per cent Class V and 33 per cent in Class IV. All diagnoses showed average class between IV and V. Organic brain syndrome, both psychiatric and non-psychotic, and mental retardation had lower average social class than other diagnoses. A small sample of the diagnosis behaviour disorder of childhood and adolescence was also lower than other diagnoses. Class V patients with mental malfunction may present differently than patients from other social classes. The absence of differences on neurosis and functional psychosis may have been due to the predominance of lower class patients, diagnosticians more familiar with lower class patients, or the allowable choice of diagnoses.", "PMID": 659066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8146", "title": "Cultural bases of images of causation in psychological disorder: a Colombian survey.", "content": "This study examines the influence of participation in differing socio-cultural contexts on beliefs about the causes of psychological disorder. Data were obtained through interviews with 794 laymen and 333 health workers, all residing in a single Colombian city. Results indicate an emphasis on organic causes among lay respondents and nearly equal emphasis on organic and social causes among medical-paramedical personnel. Futher variations are evident, between as well as within the two samples, when background characteristics are considered. Differences in these images of causation are explained in terms of the socio-cultural organization of Colombian society as well as that of the medical occupational subculture.", "contents": "Cultural bases of images of causation in psychological disorder: a Colombian survey. This study examines the influence of participation in differing socio-cultural contexts on beliefs about the causes of psychological disorder. Data were obtained through interviews with 794 laymen and 333 health workers, all residing in a single Colombian city. Results indicate an emphasis on organic causes among lay respondents and nearly equal emphasis on organic and social causes among medical-paramedical personnel. Futher variations are evident, between as well as within the two samples, when background characteristics are considered. Differences in these images of causation are explained in terms of the socio-cultural organization of Colombian society as well as that of the medical occupational subculture.", "PMID": 659069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8147", "title": "Differential effect of the rd mutation on rods and cones in the mouse retina.", "content": "The retinas of rd/rd C57BL/6J-rd le mice have been examined by light and electron microscopy to determine whether rod cell degeneration precedes cone cell degeneration. In all regions of the eye, a rapid rod degeneration precedes a much slower cone degeneration. Only about 2% of the rods remain in the posterior region at postnatal day 17, and none by the day 36. By contrast, at least 75% of the cone nuclei remain at day 17. Although most of these slowly disappear, about 1.5% of the original population of cone nuclei in the posterior retina is still present at 18 months of age. A central to peripheral temporal gradient of degeneration exists, such that some rod nuclei persist in the far periphery up to day 47, but none is found at day 65. About 5% of the cone nuclei are still present in the far periphery at 18 months of age.", "contents": "Differential effect of the rd mutation on rods and cones in the mouse retina. The retinas of rd/rd C57BL/6J-rd le mice have been examined by light and electron microscopy to determine whether rod cell degeneration precedes cone cell degeneration. In all regions of the eye, a rapid rod degeneration precedes a much slower cone degeneration. Only about 2% of the rods remain in the posterior region at postnatal day 17, and none by the day 36. By contrast, at least 75% of the cone nuclei remain at day 17. Although most of these slowly disappear, about 1.5% of the original population of cone nuclei in the posterior retina is still present at 18 months of age. A central to peripheral temporal gradient of degeneration exists, such that some rod nuclei persist in the far periphery up to day 47, but none is found at day 65. About 5% of the cone nuclei are still present in the far periphery at 18 months of age.", "PMID": 659071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8148", "title": "Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cultures of normal human corneal endothelial and stromal cells.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of normal human corneal endothelial and stromal cells were incubated with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine for 4 hr. The labeled glycosaminoglycans resulted from this incubation were isolated from the cell layer and the growth medium and further characterized. Both endothelial and stromal cell cultures synthesized a variety of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, with chondroitin 6-sulfate as the major product. Chondroitin 4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate were present in smaller amounts. Keratan sulfate was produced only in minimal amounts. Both cell types also synthesized hyaluronic acid. The hyaluronic acid production in stromal cell strains derived from donors of different ages was similar. The demonstration that the endothelial cell strain derived from a 1-day-old baby contained more hyaluronic acid than cultures from older donors suggests a possible age-related phenomenon as seen in developing tissues.", "contents": "Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cultures of normal human corneal endothelial and stromal cells. Monolayer cultures of normal human corneal endothelial and stromal cells were incubated with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine for 4 hr. The labeled glycosaminoglycans resulted from this incubation were isolated from the cell layer and the growth medium and further characterized. Both endothelial and stromal cell cultures synthesized a variety of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, with chondroitin 6-sulfate as the major product. Chondroitin 4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate were present in smaller amounts. Keratan sulfate was produced only in minimal amounts. Both cell types also synthesized hyaluronic acid. The hyaluronic acid production in stromal cell strains derived from donors of different ages was similar. The demonstration that the endothelial cell strain derived from a 1-day-old baby contained more hyaluronic acid than cultures from older donors suggests a possible age-related phenomenon as seen in developing tissues.", "PMID": 659073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8149", "title": "Critical flicker-fusion frequency as an indicator of human receptive field-like properties.", "content": "A psychophysical function, believed to reflect receptive field-like properties, is described. It is based on the determination of the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) of a tiny test target, centered on a round background of fixed luminance, the size of which is varied as the test parameter. Under optimal conditions, the maximal obtained frequency difference is 10 Hz. This function is compared with the so-called sustained-like function, with which it has some common aspects. Additionally, a portion of the flicker-based function apparently derives from a non-sustained-like source.", "contents": "Critical flicker-fusion frequency as an indicator of human receptive field-like properties. A psychophysical function, believed to reflect receptive field-like properties, is described. It is based on the determination of the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) of a tiny test target, centered on a round background of fixed luminance, the size of which is varied as the test parameter. Under optimal conditions, the maximal obtained frequency difference is 10 Hz. This function is compared with the so-called sustained-like function, with which it has some common aspects. Additionally, a portion of the flicker-based function apparently derives from a non-sustained-like source.", "PMID": 659074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8150", "title": "End-point nystagmus.", "content": "Infrared oculography was performed during sustained lateral gaze in 12 normal subjects to investigate end-point nystagmus while fixating a target light. Five failed to develop nystagmus despite deviation up to 40 degrees from 4 to 5 min. Six subjects developed nystagmus immediately or shortly after reaching the deviated position. In one, the nystagmus (0.5 degrees to 1 degree and 1.0 Hz) began with only a 20 degree deviation. In another subject, \"fatigue\" nystagmus developed after 1 min at 30 degrees, and at 35 degrees nystagmus began within 2 sec. One subject developed only fatigue nystagmus, which began after more than 4 min of sustained deviation. In all instances the slow phase had primarily a linear, rather than exponential, waveform.", "contents": "End-point nystagmus. Infrared oculography was performed during sustained lateral gaze in 12 normal subjects to investigate end-point nystagmus while fixating a target light. Five failed to develop nystagmus despite deviation up to 40 degrees from 4 to 5 min. Six subjects developed nystagmus immediately or shortly after reaching the deviated position. In one, the nystagmus (0.5 degrees to 1 degree and 1.0 Hz) began with only a 20 degree deviation. In another subject, \"fatigue\" nystagmus developed after 1 min at 30 degrees, and at 35 degrees nystagmus began within 2 sec. One subject developed only fatigue nystagmus, which began after more than 4 min of sustained deviation. In all instances the slow phase had primarily a linear, rather than exponential, waveform.", "PMID": 659075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8151", "title": "Vertical disparity detection: is there an induced size effect?", "content": "Horizontal, vertical, and over-all size differences were introduced in the retinal images of the two eyes of normal subjects during brief presentations of simple foveal targets. Horizontal disparities, whether accompanied by vertical disparities or not, induced the appearance of a rotation of the target around a vertical axis out of the frontal plane, according to the expectation from geometry, but vertical disparities had no effect. Over-all size changes in one eye induced the effect of the horizontal component. Threshold experiments showed that even with practice and error feedback, vertical disparity detection has at most only one-tenth the sensitivity of horizontal disparity detection. Although at variance with findings on the induced size effect obtained under more complex observation conditions, these results confirm that the processing of horizontal disparity plays a special role in the integration of the signals coming from the two eyes.", "contents": "Vertical disparity detection: is there an induced size effect? Horizontal, vertical, and over-all size differences were introduced in the retinal images of the two eyes of normal subjects during brief presentations of simple foveal targets. Horizontal disparities, whether accompanied by vertical disparities or not, induced the appearance of a rotation of the target around a vertical axis out of the frontal plane, according to the expectation from geometry, but vertical disparities had no effect. Over-all size changes in one eye induced the effect of the horizontal component. Threshold experiments showed that even with practice and error feedback, vertical disparity detection has at most only one-tenth the sensitivity of horizontal disparity detection. Although at variance with findings on the induced size effect obtained under more complex observation conditions, these results confirm that the processing of horizontal disparity plays a special role in the integration of the signals coming from the two eyes.", "PMID": 659076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8152", "title": "Biophysical aspects of epithelial adhesion to stroma.", "content": "The affinity of various corneal boundary surfaces, such as mucus-coated epithelium, demucinized epithelium, denuded basement membrane, and keratectomized cornea, to water and hydrophobic liquids was determined by contact angle goniometry on enucleated rabbit eyes. The mucus-coated surface and the bare stromal surface without the basement membrane were found to be more hydrophilic than the surfaces of the epithelium and the basement membrane. If at least one of the surfaces forming a joint boundary is hydrophilic, then conditions become favorable for the accumulation of water at the interface, forming a weak boundary layer that is detrimental to adhesion, due to its low shear resistance. Thus, even in a normal eye, mucus does not adhere strongly to the epithelium; when the basement membrane is damaged or absent, the epithelium does not adhere well to the stroma. External dehydrating factors such as hyperosmotic conditions favor adhesion, whereas edematic conditions have an adhesive (adhesion-decreasing) effect. Experimental ophthalmic solutions containing macromolecules at hyperosmotic concentrations may demonstrate a therapeutic effect when applied to eyes with recurrent epithelial erosion or other epithelial trauma.", "contents": "Biophysical aspects of epithelial adhesion to stroma. The affinity of various corneal boundary surfaces, such as mucus-coated epithelium, demucinized epithelium, denuded basement membrane, and keratectomized cornea, to water and hydrophobic liquids was determined by contact angle goniometry on enucleated rabbit eyes. The mucus-coated surface and the bare stromal surface without the basement membrane were found to be more hydrophilic than the surfaces of the epithelium and the basement membrane. If at least one of the surfaces forming a joint boundary is hydrophilic, then conditions become favorable for the accumulation of water at the interface, forming a weak boundary layer that is detrimental to adhesion, due to its low shear resistance. Thus, even in a normal eye, mucus does not adhere strongly to the epithelium; when the basement membrane is damaged or absent, the epithelium does not adhere well to the stroma. External dehydrating factors such as hyperosmotic conditions favor adhesion, whereas edematic conditions have an adhesive (adhesion-decreasing) effect. Experimental ophthalmic solutions containing macromolecules at hyperosmotic concentrations may demonstrate a therapeutic effect when applied to eyes with recurrent epithelial erosion or other epithelial trauma.", "PMID": 659077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8153", "title": "Dexamethasone inhibition of experimental endothelial cell proliferation in retinal venules.", "content": "The observation that endothelial cell proliferation in retinal blood vessels is induced by ocular trauma in rats has been extended to mice. Indomethacin, 10 mg/kg/day, failed to block incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nuclei of venular endothelial cells in rat retinas observed 40 hr after puncturing the lens, but dexamethasone effectively suppressed tritiated thymidine incorporation, with 50% inhibition obtained with 0.2 mg/kg/day. The prostaglandin pathway does not appear essential to the activation of endothelial cell proliferation in this system.", "contents": "Dexamethasone inhibition of experimental endothelial cell proliferation in retinal venules. The observation that endothelial cell proliferation in retinal blood vessels is induced by ocular trauma in rats has been extended to mice. Indomethacin, 10 mg/kg/day, failed to block incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nuclei of venular endothelial cells in rat retinas observed 40 hr after puncturing the lens, but dexamethasone effectively suppressed tritiated thymidine incorporation, with 50% inhibition obtained with 0.2 mg/kg/day. The prostaglandin pathway does not appear essential to the activation of endothelial cell proliferation in this system.", "PMID": 659078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8154", "title": "Synthesis of gamma crystallin by a cloned cell line from Nakano mouse lens.", "content": "A cloned cell line was derived from a culture of Nakano mouse lens epithelial cells. The cloned cells grew vigorously and produced large numbers of lentoid bodies. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and non-SDS slab-gel electrophoresis of the soluble proteins from the cultured cell revealed protein bands identical in pattern to those of purified gamma crystallin. Antibody to mouse gamma crystallin reacted to the soluble protein fraction of the cultured cells, indicating the synthesis in culture of gamma crystallin by this cloned cell line.", "contents": "Synthesis of gamma crystallin by a cloned cell line from Nakano mouse lens. A cloned cell line was derived from a culture of Nakano mouse lens epithelial cells. The cloned cells grew vigorously and produced large numbers of lentoid bodies. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and non-SDS slab-gel electrophoresis of the soluble proteins from the cultured cell revealed protein bands identical in pattern to those of purified gamma crystallin. Antibody to mouse gamma crystallin reacted to the soluble protein fraction of the cultured cells, indicating the synthesis in culture of gamma crystallin by this cloned cell line.", "PMID": 659079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8155", "title": "Contrast evoked potentials in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia.", "content": "Steady-state visual evoked potentials were elicited by the appearance/disappearance of sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency for both eyes of amblyopic subjects. The amblyopic eyes showed reduced responses and a phase shift relative to the nonamblyopic eyes across a wide range of spatial frequencies. Both the nonamblyopic and amblyopic eyes showed a linear relationship between the evoked potential amplitude and the logarithm of the stimulus contrast; however, the slope of the line was flatter for the amblyopic eyes.", "contents": "Contrast evoked potentials in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Steady-state visual evoked potentials were elicited by the appearance/disappearance of sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency for both eyes of amblyopic subjects. The amblyopic eyes showed reduced responses and a phase shift relative to the nonamblyopic eyes across a wide range of spatial frequencies. Both the nonamblyopic and amblyopic eyes showed a linear relationship between the evoked potential amplitude and the logarithm of the stimulus contrast; however, the slope of the line was flatter for the amblyopic eyes.", "PMID": 659080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8156", "title": "Cup electrode for human ERG.", "content": "This report describes a cup electrode for measuring the human electroretinogram which improves the comfort of a subject while providing sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratios for most applications. The cup electrode is demonstrated by measuring the electroretinogram for small-amplitude flash stimuli.", "contents": "Cup electrode for human ERG. This report describes a cup electrode for measuring the human electroretinogram which improves the comfort of a subject while providing sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratios for most applications. The cup electrode is demonstrated by measuring the electroretinogram for small-amplitude flash stimuli.", "PMID": 659081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8157", "title": "Slow control of eye position in strabismic amblyopia.", "content": "Unsteady and eccentric monocular fixation were examined in subjects with strabismic amblyopia. Records of horizontal components of unsteady fixation by amblyopic eyes were characterized by abnormally large saccades and a nasalward bias for slow drifts. Typically, these fixational movements aligned the retinal image on an eccentric nasal retinal region. The presence of a slow control mechanism for eye position in amblyopia was examined by teaching subjects to voluntarily suppress fixation saccades. In the absence of saccades, amblyopic eyes continued to fixate eccentrically, using slow drifting movements. When attempting to fixate in the dark, fast drifts moved an amblyopic eye several degrees from its usual eccentric fixation posture, and large saccades were necessary to control eye position. Results demonstrate the operation of a slow control mechanism for eye position in amblyopia.", "contents": "Slow control of eye position in strabismic amblyopia. Unsteady and eccentric monocular fixation were examined in subjects with strabismic amblyopia. Records of horizontal components of unsteady fixation by amblyopic eyes were characterized by abnormally large saccades and a nasalward bias for slow drifts. Typically, these fixational movements aligned the retinal image on an eccentric nasal retinal region. The presence of a slow control mechanism for eye position in amblyopia was examined by teaching subjects to voluntarily suppress fixation saccades. In the absence of saccades, amblyopic eyes continued to fixate eccentrically, using slow drifting movements. When attempting to fixate in the dark, fast drifts moved an amblyopic eye several degrees from its usual eccentric fixation posture, and large saccades were necessary to control eye position. Results demonstrate the operation of a slow control mechanism for eye position in amblyopia.", "PMID": 659082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8158", "title": "Correlation of radiographic and histologic findings in arterial calcification.", "content": "Intimal calcific atherosclerosis may lead to diminished organ perfusion, whereas medial calcification (M\u00f6nckeberg type) is of no physiologic significance. Thirty-nine excised arteries were studied by correlating specimen radiographs with transverse histologic sections to determine whether intimal and medial calcification could be reliably distinguished by radiographic criteria. The calcification was correctly localized in 92% of the arteries studied. Intimal calcification was usually irregular and patchy, whereas medial calcification was regular and diffuse. In one case, extensive medial calcification obscured intimal disease. Plain radiographs may be a useful way to follow progression, regression and the effects of therapy on vaso-occlusive disease in certain high-risk patients.", "contents": "Correlation of radiographic and histologic findings in arterial calcification. Intimal calcific atherosclerosis may lead to diminished organ perfusion, whereas medial calcification (M\u00f6nckeberg type) is of no physiologic significance. Thirty-nine excised arteries were studied by correlating specimen radiographs with transverse histologic sections to determine whether intimal and medial calcification could be reliably distinguished by radiographic criteria. The calcification was correctly localized in 92% of the arteries studied. Intimal calcification was usually irregular and patchy, whereas medial calcification was regular and diffuse. In one case, extensive medial calcification obscured intimal disease. Plain radiographs may be a useful way to follow progression, regression and the effects of therapy on vaso-occlusive disease in certain high-risk patients.", "PMID": 659083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8159", "title": "Failure to prostaglandin A1 to modify renal diatrizoate uptake in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Acute renal failure (ARF) was induced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Forty-eight hours later prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) in a dose of 1, 5 or 25 microgram/kg bodyweight or phosphate buffer was infused intravenously over 15 min into these animals and controls. After 14 min, 125I-labeled diatrizoate was injected intravenously in a dose of 15 mg/kg bodyweight. Uptake and distribution of diatrizoate were measured one minute later in whole kidneys or kidney slices to provide indices of glomerular filtration. Diatrizoate concentrations were also measured in liver, plasma and washed red cells. Plasma volume was estimated with 125I-labeled albumin. PGA1 produced a dose-related increase in plasma diatrizoate concentration in ARF which was not accounted for by changes in uptake by the kidney, liver or red cells or by changes in plasma volume. It exceeded the relatively small increase in diatrizoate uptake which occurred in the kidney. Intrarenal distribution of diatrizoate did not change. These observations in the kidney suggest that intravenous PGA1 does not improve glomerular filtration in this model of established ARF.", "contents": "Failure to prostaglandin A1 to modify renal diatrizoate uptake in experimental acute renal failure. Acute renal failure (ARF) was induced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Forty-eight hours later prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) in a dose of 1, 5 or 25 microgram/kg bodyweight or phosphate buffer was infused intravenously over 15 min into these animals and controls. After 14 min, 125I-labeled diatrizoate was injected intravenously in a dose of 15 mg/kg bodyweight. Uptake and distribution of diatrizoate were measured one minute later in whole kidneys or kidney slices to provide indices of glomerular filtration. Diatrizoate concentrations were also measured in liver, plasma and washed red cells. Plasma volume was estimated with 125I-labeled albumin. PGA1 produced a dose-related increase in plasma diatrizoate concentration in ARF which was not accounted for by changes in uptake by the kidney, liver or red cells or by changes in plasma volume. It exceeded the relatively small increase in diatrizoate uptake which occurred in the kidney. Intrarenal distribution of diatrizoate did not change. These observations in the kidney suggest that intravenous PGA1 does not improve glomerular filtration in this model of established ARF.", "PMID": 659086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8160", "title": "Validation of regional myocardial flow measurements with scintillation camera detection of xenon-133.", "content": "Measurement of disappearance rates of diffusible isotopes with a scintillation camera has been used to estimate myocardial blood flow in man, although there has been no data to assess the accuracy of the technique. We compared regional flow measurements using scintillation camera detection of 133 Xe with essentially simultaneous measurements using gamma-emitter labeled microspheres and differential spectrometry of left ventricular tissue. In 16 dogs, flows through 20--50% of the left ventricle were obtained at rest and with intravenous isoproterenol; the coefficient of correlation of paired measurements with the two techniques was 0.74. In eight dogs, a coronary artery was ligated, and regions approximately 2.2 cm2 at nearby locations in normal, infarcted and marginal tissue studied; the coefficient of correlation was 0.73. In five dogs, flow in three to five precisely identical 1.1 cm2 regions were measured at rest and with isoproterenol by both methods; correlations within each dog ranging from 0.81 to 0.93 were obtained. Although flows with the scintillation camera technique tended to be lower than values with the microsphere technique, it is suggested that the linear correlations of paired values with the two techniques is evidence that scintillation camera detection of 133Xe can be used to quantitate changes in regional myocardial perfusion in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.", "contents": "Validation of regional myocardial flow measurements with scintillation camera detection of xenon-133. Measurement of disappearance rates of diffusible isotopes with a scintillation camera has been used to estimate myocardial blood flow in man, although there has been no data to assess the accuracy of the technique. We compared regional flow measurements using scintillation camera detection of 133 Xe with essentially simultaneous measurements using gamma-emitter labeled microspheres and differential spectrometry of left ventricular tissue. In 16 dogs, flows through 20--50% of the left ventricle were obtained at rest and with intravenous isoproterenol; the coefficient of correlation of paired measurements with the two techniques was 0.74. In eight dogs, a coronary artery was ligated, and regions approximately 2.2 cm2 at nearby locations in normal, infarcted and marginal tissue studied; the coefficient of correlation was 0.73. In five dogs, flow in three to five precisely identical 1.1 cm2 regions were measured at rest and with isoproterenol by both methods; correlations within each dog ranging from 0.81 to 0.93 were obtained. Although flows with the scintillation camera technique tended to be lower than values with the microsphere technique, it is suggested that the linear correlations of paired values with the two techniques is evidence that scintillation camera detection of 133Xe can be used to quantitate changes in regional myocardial perfusion in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.", "PMID": 659084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8161", "title": "Histologic effects of Amipaque (metrizamide) and various contrast media on mouse peritoneum.", "content": "The histologic effects of Amipaque and various commonly used contrast media on mouse peritoneum were studied by intraperitoneal injections of Amipaque 370 mg I/ml and 170 mg I/ml, Conray 300 mg I/ml, Conray Meglumine 282 mg I/ml, Urografin 60% and 76%, Gastrografin and barium sulfate. Amipaque and the other water-soluble media cause no deleterious effects, whereas barium sulfate evokes granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Amipaque is suitable for gastrointestinal studies when leakage into the peritoneal cavity is expected.", "contents": "Histologic effects of Amipaque (metrizamide) and various contrast media on mouse peritoneum. The histologic effects of Amipaque and various commonly used contrast media on mouse peritoneum were studied by intraperitoneal injections of Amipaque 370 mg I/ml and 170 mg I/ml, Conray 300 mg I/ml, Conray Meglumine 282 mg I/ml, Urografin 60% and 76%, Gastrografin and barium sulfate. Amipaque and the other water-soluble media cause no deleterious effects, whereas barium sulfate evokes granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Amipaque is suitable for gastrointestinal studies when leakage into the peritoneal cavity is expected.", "PMID": 659088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8162", "title": "Increased collateral arterial and venous endothelial cell turnover after renal artery stenosis in the dog.", "content": "Renal artery stenosis was induced in dogs and collateral arterial formation assessed by serial angiography and histology. Endothelial cell turnover was estimated by radioautography in five normal and five collateral-forming kidneys 18-39 days following stenosis with tritiated thymidine. Normal arterial endothelial labeling was 0.1% with a highly significant (p less than 0.0005), 55-fold increase in endothelial labeling in arterial collateral vessels. A smaller but statistically significant increase in the labeling index was also found in endothelial cells of the renal vein, from a normal of 0.065% to 0.4% (p less than 0.005). An excellent correlation was found between endothelial cell labeling in small arteries and the renal veins (r = 0.97; p less than 0.01). A marked increase in epithelial cell labeling of the ureters draining the stenotic kidneys was also evident (p less than 0.005). Thus, collateral vessel development is characterized by active DNA synthesis in cellular elements, and a humoral factor is implicated in the vascular response.", "contents": "Increased collateral arterial and venous endothelial cell turnover after renal artery stenosis in the dog. Renal artery stenosis was induced in dogs and collateral arterial formation assessed by serial angiography and histology. Endothelial cell turnover was estimated by radioautography in five normal and five collateral-forming kidneys 18-39 days following stenosis with tritiated thymidine. Normal arterial endothelial labeling was 0.1% with a highly significant (p less than 0.0005), 55-fold increase in endothelial labeling in arterial collateral vessels. A smaller but statistically significant increase in the labeling index was also found in endothelial cells of the renal vein, from a normal of 0.065% to 0.4% (p less than 0.005). An excellent correlation was found between endothelial cell labeling in small arteries and the renal veins (r = 0.97; p less than 0.01). A marked increase in epithelial cell labeling of the ureters draining the stenotic kidneys was also evident (p less than 0.005). Thus, collateral vessel development is characterized by active DNA synthesis in cellular elements, and a humoral factor is implicated in the vascular response.", "PMID": 659085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8163", "title": "Hemodynamic and morphologic evaluation of the spleen after splenic vein ligation in the dog.", "content": "The splenic vein was ligated in ten dogs in order to evaluate the time course of changes in splenic size and to relate them to splenic arterial flow, splenic pressure and development of venous collaterals. Following ligation of the splenic vein, splenic size and venous pressure immediately rose in all dogs. Arterial flow to the spleen simultaneously fell in roughly inverse proportion to the elevation of venous pressure. During the following weeks, the splenic parenchymal pressure decreased to basline levels in all but one dog, as collateral veins developed through the gastric venous network to the portal vein. Splenic size gradually decreased toward normal in eight of the ten dogs. At the time of sacrifice, 8-16 weeks after splenic vein ligation, pathologic examination demonstrated fibrosis from healed infarction. Recent hemorrhage, indicating persistence of the congestive process, we also present, although difficult to explain in view of normal splenic parenchymal pressure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and morphologic evaluation of the spleen after splenic vein ligation in the dog. The splenic vein was ligated in ten dogs in order to evaluate the time course of changes in splenic size and to relate them to splenic arterial flow, splenic pressure and development of venous collaterals. Following ligation of the splenic vein, splenic size and venous pressure immediately rose in all dogs. Arterial flow to the spleen simultaneously fell in roughly inverse proportion to the elevation of venous pressure. During the following weeks, the splenic parenchymal pressure decreased to basline levels in all but one dog, as collateral veins developed through the gastric venous network to the portal vein. Splenic size gradually decreased toward normal in eight of the ten dogs. At the time of sacrifice, 8-16 weeks after splenic vein ligation, pathologic examination demonstrated fibrosis from healed infarction. Recent hemorrhage, indicating persistence of the congestive process, we also present, although difficult to explain in view of normal splenic parenchymal pressure.", "PMID": 659087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8164", "title": "[Lipoatrophia semicircularis in the male. Coincidence of arterial variations and micro-traumas as a possible disease cause].", "content": "Semicircular lipoatrophy is a new entity with horizontal depressions involving half the circumference of thigh, on the antero-lateral aspect. After seven female patients we observed this condition for the first time in the male. Therefore semicircular lipoatrophy is not specific to the female. The cause could not be determined clinically, nor by biochemical, immunological or histological methods. In our opinion semicircular lipoatrophy represents an ischemic atrophy of the fatty tissue, manifested by repeated microtraumata (corners of wash-basins, dressing tables or desks). The perfusion on the antero-lateral aspect of the thighs is tenous, especially when the course of the lateral femoral circumflex artery varies from the normal. In this case semicircular anastomotic areas become ischemic and horizontal bands of lipoatrophy result.", "contents": "[Lipoatrophia semicircularis in the male. Coincidence of arterial variations and micro-traumas as a possible disease cause]. Semicircular lipoatrophy is a new entity with horizontal depressions involving half the circumference of thigh, on the antero-lateral aspect. After seven female patients we observed this condition for the first time in the male. Therefore semicircular lipoatrophy is not specific to the female. The cause could not be determined clinically, nor by biochemical, immunological or histological methods. In our opinion semicircular lipoatrophy represents an ischemic atrophy of the fatty tissue, manifested by repeated microtraumata (corners of wash-basins, dressing tables or desks). The perfusion on the antero-lateral aspect of the thighs is tenous, especially when the course of the lateral femoral circumflex artery varies from the normal. In this case semicircular anastomotic areas become ischemic and horizontal bands of lipoatrophy result.", "PMID": 659107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8165", "title": "[Secondary syphills appearing as reticulosis].", "content": "A case of secondary syphilis clinically appearing as malignant reticulosis was studied. The histology was characterized by many plasma cells and practically no mitoses. On the ultrastructural level many plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages were found, but no morphological signs of a malignant reticulosis such as S\u00e9zary or other atypical cells were apparent.", "contents": "[Secondary syphills appearing as reticulosis]. A case of secondary syphilis clinically appearing as malignant reticulosis was studied. The histology was characterized by many plasma cells and practically no mitoses. On the ultrastructural level many plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages were found, but no morphological signs of a malignant reticulosis such as S\u00e9zary or other atypical cells were apparent.", "PMID": 659108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8166", "title": "[Ichthyosis vulgaris, deafness, pili torti and tooth abnormalities].", "content": "A 18 year old female patient is reported, who has ichthyosis vulgaris, deafness, pili torti and anomalies of the teeth. The parents of the patient were deaf also but had little changes of the skin. The syndrom is not described before in the literature.", "contents": "[Ichthyosis vulgaris, deafness, pili torti and tooth abnormalities]. A 18 year old female patient is reported, who has ichthyosis vulgaris, deafness, pili torti and anomalies of the teeth. The parents of the patient were deaf also but had little changes of the skin. The syndrom is not described before in the literature.", "PMID": 659109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8167", "title": "[Brush treatment of dirt tattoos].", "content": "Dirt-tattoos can easily be removed under short term general anesthesia through viguerous scrubbing with a stiff brush and simultaneous washing with a 0,1% oxyzyanate solution. Seven patients were treated according to this method. Good cosmetic results can be obtained through this treatment even 20 days after the accident.", "contents": "[Brush treatment of dirt tattoos]. Dirt-tattoos can easily be removed under short term general anesthesia through viguerous scrubbing with a stiff brush and simultaneous washing with a 0,1% oxyzyanate solution. Seven patients were treated according to this method. Good cosmetic results can be obtained through this treatment even 20 days after the accident.", "PMID": 659110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8168", "title": "[Vitamin A acid for the topical management of epithelial neoplasms. Combination with 5-fluorouracil].", "content": "15 patients with superficial basaliomas or premalignant epithelial neoplastic disorders (actinic keratosis, leukoplakia, Bowen's disease) were treated locally over three weeks with retinoic acid (RA) alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In 11 cases the lesions disappeared clinically, however, only 5 patients proved to be cured by histological examination. 4 of them were treated with RA combined with 5-FU. There was a decrease of the 3H-index after the first week and an increase after the third week of treatment. These findings suggest, that RA inhibits the proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes and stimulates the proliferation of normal epidermal cells. Retinoic acid, therefore, has an inhibitory effect on epithelial neoplasias, particularly in combination with 5-FU. Since local therapy with RA and 5-FU is not sufficient for routine clinical purposes in all cases, their use should be restricted to selected patients.", "contents": "[Vitamin A acid for the topical management of epithelial neoplasms. Combination with 5-fluorouracil]. 15 patients with superficial basaliomas or premalignant epithelial neoplastic disorders (actinic keratosis, leukoplakia, Bowen's disease) were treated locally over three weeks with retinoic acid (RA) alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In 11 cases the lesions disappeared clinically, however, only 5 patients proved to be cured by histological examination. 4 of them were treated with RA combined with 5-FU. There was a decrease of the 3H-index after the first week and an increase after the third week of treatment. These findings suggest, that RA inhibits the proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes and stimulates the proliferation of normal epidermal cells. Retinoic acid, therefore, has an inhibitory effect on epithelial neoplasias, particularly in combination with 5-FU. Since local therapy with RA and 5-FU is not sufficient for routine clinical purposes in all cases, their use should be restricted to selected patients.", "PMID": 659114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8169", "title": "[Kallikrein in a double-blind study  in idiopathic oligozoospermia].", "content": "In a double blind study the effectivity of kallikrein (Padutin 100) was investigated in 90 men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. After oral application of kallikrein (600 Kallikrein units per day) over a period of seven weeks a statistically significant increase of the sperm number and sperm motility was observed compared to the placebo group. The conception rate was 38% in the kallikrein group and 16% in the placebo group.", "contents": "[Kallikrein in a double-blind study  in idiopathic oligozoospermia]. In a double blind study the effectivity of kallikrein (Padutin 100) was investigated in 90 men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. After oral application of kallikrein (600 Kallikrein units per day) over a period of seven weeks a statistically significant increase of the sperm number and sperm motility was observed compared to the placebo group. The conception rate was 38% in the kallikrein group and 16% in the placebo group.", "PMID": 659115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8170", "title": "[Enzyme cytochemical studies of malignant cutaneous lymphomas using simple smear preparations].", "content": "Cyto-morphological and enzyme-cytochemical investigations were carried out in five patients with lymphoreticular proliferations in the skin, using a simple smear technique. As purely morphological criteria allow only a limited differentiation of the infiltrate cells in the smears, enzyme-cytochemical methods were applied for further identification (detection of hydrolytic enzymes). With this new technique, the single cells are not damaged and keep their cell structure, so that the exact localisation of the enzyme activity is possible. Our investigations demonstrate the change of the cellular infiltration in the cutaneous smear during the clinical course of mycosis fungoides. In the premycotic stage, enzyme cytochemically positive monocytes and enzyme cytochemically negative lymphocytes with small nuclei are prevalent. In the infiltrative and tumor stages the cellular picture is dominated by polymorphonuclear lymphocytoid cells with medium sized nuclei, these cells contain ample amounts of esterases and acid phosphatase. In contrast to these findings, other lymphomas investigated by us are characterized by the lack of monocytes and an abundance of lymphocytes, which according to the stage of differentiation present a different pattern of the alpha-naphthylacetate-esterase and the acid phosphatase.", "contents": "[Enzyme cytochemical studies of malignant cutaneous lymphomas using simple smear preparations]. Cyto-morphological and enzyme-cytochemical investigations were carried out in five patients with lymphoreticular proliferations in the skin, using a simple smear technique. As purely morphological criteria allow only a limited differentiation of the infiltrate cells in the smears, enzyme-cytochemical methods were applied for further identification (detection of hydrolytic enzymes). With this new technique, the single cells are not damaged and keep their cell structure, so that the exact localisation of the enzyme activity is possible. Our investigations demonstrate the change of the cellular infiltration in the cutaneous smear during the clinical course of mycosis fungoides. In the premycotic stage, enzyme cytochemically positive monocytes and enzyme cytochemically negative lymphocytes with small nuclei are prevalent. In the infiltrative and tumor stages the cellular picture is dominated by polymorphonuclear lymphocytoid cells with medium sized nuclei, these cells contain ample amounts of esterases and acid phosphatase. In contrast to these findings, other lymphomas investigated by us are characterized by the lack of monocytes and an abundance of lymphocytes, which according to the stage of differentiation present a different pattern of the alpha-naphthylacetate-esterase and the acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 659116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8171", "title": "[Experience with the Thermalsole-phototherapy in psoriasis vulgaris].", "content": "Report on 250 patients suffering from psoriasis, who were treated by a new method. This consists of a bath in saturated sodium chloride water from a natural source followed by irradiation with ultraviolet light (maximal output at 350 to 400 nm and peak at 323 nm respectively). 84 percent of the patients showed clearing after 24+/-10 days of treatment.", "contents": "[Experience with the Thermalsole-phototherapy in psoriasis vulgaris]. Report on 250 patients suffering from psoriasis, who were treated by a new method. This consists of a bath in saturated sodium chloride water from a natural source followed by irradiation with ultraviolet light (maximal output at 350 to 400 nm and peak at 323 nm respectively). 84 percent of the patients showed clearing after 24+/-10 days of treatment.", "PMID": 659117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8172", "title": "[The tromantadine contact eczema].", "content": "Tromantadinhydrochlorid has been established as a local antiviral substance in the treatment of recurrent herpes. With longer duration of treatment contact allergy can be observed. In our own material we noticed this in 26 of 387 treated patients.", "contents": "[The tromantadine contact eczema]. Tromantadinhydrochlorid has been established as a local antiviral substance in the treatment of recurrent herpes. With longer duration of treatment contact allergy can be observed. In our own material we noticed this in 26 of 387 treated patients.", "PMID": 659118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8173", "title": "[Localized dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring of the Cottini type].", "content": "Dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring restricted to knees and ellbows is relatively unknown and is called Cottini type. We observed a 23 year old female patient, in whom the resolution of the lesions occured after topical steroids. The dermatitis flared possibly following treatment with an iodine-containing coughing sirup.", "contents": "[Localized dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring of the Cottini type]. Dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring restricted to knees and ellbows is relatively unknown and is called Cottini type. We observed a 23 year old female patient, in whom the resolution of the lesions occured after topical steroids. The dermatitis flared possibly following treatment with an iodine-containing coughing sirup.", "PMID": 659120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8174", "title": "[4 malignant colo-rectal and peritoneal tumors appearing after pelvic irradiation].", "content": "Research on possible effects of ionizing radiations:study of four patients having developed malignant tumor after radiotherapy for primary cancer of female reproductive system: adenoacanthoma and adenocarcinoma of uterine corpus, squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix, right ovary adenocarcinoma. Our observations comprise three epithelial tumors (muciparus adenocarcinoma of caecum and sigmoid colon, squamous cell carcinoma of rectum and anal canal) respectively 17, 10 and 9 years after radiotherapy, and one mesenchymatous tumor (peritoneal fibrosarcoma) 4 years after radiotherapy.", "contents": "[4 malignant colo-rectal and peritoneal tumors appearing after pelvic irradiation]. Research on possible effects of ionizing radiations:study of four patients having developed malignant tumor after radiotherapy for primary cancer of female reproductive system: adenoacanthoma and adenocarcinoma of uterine corpus, squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix, right ovary adenocarcinoma. Our observations comprise three epithelial tumors (muciparus adenocarcinoma of caecum and sigmoid colon, squamous cell carcinoma of rectum and anal canal) respectively 17, 10 and 9 years after radiotherapy, and one mesenchymatous tumor (peritoneal fibrosarcoma) 4 years after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 659223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8175", "title": "[Closed hemorrhoidectomy using Ferguson's technic].", "content": "The author describes the \"closed\" method of hemorrhoidectomy, as advised by J.A. Ferguson, about forty years ago. In retrospect, reviewing 237 cases operated with this method between 1963 and 1976, it appears that the closed hemorrhoidectomy induces less postoperative pain and is fraught with less postoperative complications. Hospitalization averages 5 days. The complete duration of treatment is 4 weeks with an average loss of work of 19.5 days. If our fellow-surgeons are really prepared to relinquish sectarism and to seek for \"modern\" techniques, they should consider closed hemorrhoidectomy as the treatment of choice for this untoward condition.", "contents": "[Closed hemorrhoidectomy using Ferguson's technic]. The author describes the \"closed\" method of hemorrhoidectomy, as advised by J.A. Ferguson, about forty years ago. In retrospect, reviewing 237 cases operated with this method between 1963 and 1976, it appears that the closed hemorrhoidectomy induces less postoperative pain and is fraught with less postoperative complications. Hospitalization averages 5 days. The complete duration of treatment is 4 weeks with an average loss of work of 19.5 days. If our fellow-surgeons are really prepared to relinquish sectarism and to seek for \"modern\" techniques, they should consider closed hemorrhoidectomy as the treatment of choice for this untoward condition.", "PMID": 659224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8176", "title": "[Sphincter function and continence after 2/3-division of the sphincter ani internus].", "content": "Pressure and motility in the anal canal in 24 patients with various benign anal disorders were measured before and 4-8 months after partial sphincterotomy. The clinical results were good in most cases. Postoperative manometric measurements showed a drop in pressure and an abolition of irregular slow waves. Partial sphincterotomy is a rational treatment because it corrects a pathological activity of the internal sphincter.", "contents": "[Sphincter function and continence after 2/3-division of the sphincter ani internus]. Pressure and motility in the anal canal in 24 patients with various benign anal disorders were measured before and 4-8 months after partial sphincterotomy. The clinical results were good in most cases. Postoperative manometric measurements showed a drop in pressure and an abolition of irregular slow waves. Partial sphincterotomy is a rational treatment because it corrects a pathological activity of the internal sphincter.", "PMID": 659225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8177", "title": "[Effect of calcitonin, somatostatin and cimetidine on stress ulcer in rats].", "content": "The prophylactic effect of calcitonin, somatostatin and cimetidine on stress ulcer formation in rats was investigated in two stress models: restraint + ketamin (4 h) and hypovolemia (4 h). The basis of the comparative study was a 70% inhibition of acid secretion for 4 h in pyloric ligated animals. This was achieved with 1000 microgram/kg somatostatin s.c., 10 microgram/kg calcitonin s.c., and 2 X 100 mumol/kg cimetidine s.c. In restraint stress and ketamin with calcitonin and cimetidine a significantly lower frequency of gastric lesions was found than with somatostatin. The most potent substance in hypovolemia was calcitonin, with a significant difference in the frequency of mucosal lesions to the groups with cimetidine and somatostatin.", "contents": "[Effect of calcitonin, somatostatin and cimetidine on stress ulcer in rats]. The prophylactic effect of calcitonin, somatostatin and cimetidine on stress ulcer formation in rats was investigated in two stress models: restraint + ketamin (4 h) and hypovolemia (4 h). The basis of the comparative study was a 70% inhibition of acid secretion for 4 h in pyloric ligated animals. This was achieved with 1000 microgram/kg somatostatin s.c., 10 microgram/kg calcitonin s.c., and 2 X 100 mumol/kg cimetidine s.c. In restraint stress and ketamin with calcitonin and cimetidine a significantly lower frequency of gastric lesions was found than with somatostatin. The most potent substance in hypovolemia was calcitonin, with a significant difference in the frequency of mucosal lesions to the groups with cimetidine and somatostatin.", "PMID": 659226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8178", "title": "[Acute ischemic gastric mucosal and duodenal lesions in dogs: \"stress ulcer\" after experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation].", "content": "Experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) without considerable effect on blood pressure is shown to produce within 80 min acute mucosal bleeding in stomach and duodenum. A documented high degree of tissue hypoxia caused by mucosal microthrombosis is necessary for the genesis of mucosal lesions. These results stress the necessity to look for DIC in patients with upper gastrointestinal \"stress ulcers\".", "contents": "[Acute ischemic gastric mucosal and duodenal lesions in dogs: \"stress ulcer\" after experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation]. Experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) without considerable effect on blood pressure is shown to produce within 80 min acute mucosal bleeding in stomach and duodenum. A documented high degree of tissue hypoxia caused by mucosal microthrombosis is necessary for the genesis of mucosal lesions. These results stress the necessity to look for DIC in patients with upper gastrointestinal \"stress ulcers\".", "PMID": 659227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8179", "title": "[Role of the bile in lesions of the intestinal mucosa above a mechanical occlusion].", "content": "In dogs, the principal lesion in the ileal mucosa above a mechanical obstruction is the induction of a secretory state in which there is a net loss of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The role of stagnated bile as a possible agent provoking this secretion was explored by ligating the common bile duct and diverting the bile by means of an anastomosis between the gall bladder and the ileum distal to the obstruction. Seven days after creation of an obstruction with bile derivation, the functional and morphological changes in the obstructed loop were almost identical to those occurring in animals with obstructions without bile diversion. The secretory response above the obstruction continued unabated. These results suggest that the secretion in the obstructed intestine is not influeced by the presence of bile.", "contents": "[Role of the bile in lesions of the intestinal mucosa above a mechanical occlusion]. In dogs, the principal lesion in the ileal mucosa above a mechanical obstruction is the induction of a secretory state in which there is a net loss of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The role of stagnated bile as a possible agent provoking this secretion was explored by ligating the common bile duct and diverting the bile by means of an anastomosis between the gall bladder and the ileum distal to the obstruction. Seven days after creation of an obstruction with bile derivation, the functional and morphological changes in the obstructed loop were almost identical to those occurring in animals with obstructions without bile diversion. The secretory response above the obstruction continued unabated. These results suggest that the secretion in the obstructed intestine is not influeced by the presence of bile.", "PMID": 659228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8180", "title": "[Arthroscopic knee diagnosis in the non-specialized surgical department].", "content": "From the review of 200 cases we conclude that arthroscopy is not only indispensable to the specialized knee surgeon, but also very useful to the general surgeon in a smaller hospital who has to deal with the routine knee problems. The method allows to establish the diagnoses in almost any situation and helps to avoid unnecessary delays and unnecessary operations. Arthroscopy needs general anaesthesia, but when the diagnosis calls for surgical treatment, the operation is performed immediately under the same anaesthesia. The knee examination by arthroscopy is neither time-consuming nor technically or financially demanding. Complications are extremely rare.", "contents": "[Arthroscopic knee diagnosis in the non-specialized surgical department]. From the review of 200 cases we conclude that arthroscopy is not only indispensable to the specialized knee surgeon, but also very useful to the general surgeon in a smaller hospital who has to deal with the routine knee problems. The method allows to establish the diagnoses in almost any situation and helps to avoid unnecessary delays and unnecessary operations. Arthroscopy needs general anaesthesia, but when the diagnosis calls for surgical treatment, the operation is performed immediately under the same anaesthesia. The knee examination by arthroscopy is neither time-consuming nor technically or financially demanding. Complications are extremely rare.", "PMID": 659229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8181", "title": "[Bending and torsion stability of healed metatarsus osteotomy after plate osteosynthesis].", "content": "72 transversal osteotomies on metatarsus of sheep were stabilized under contact or gap conditions with three different thicknesses of bone plates. After 16 weeks we measured bending or torsion break loading, moment of inertia of bone by transmission methode and calculated moments of bending and torsion strength. ultimate bending strength on osteotomied bone 100.4 +/- 14.4 N/mm2 under contact, and 77.4 +/- 11.4 N/mm2 under gap condition, torsion bending strength 26.1 +/- 4.9 N/mm2 under contact, and under gap condition 21.5 +/- 4.3 N/mm2. The best results were given by the 2.8 mm plate with the same moment of inertia like the small ASIF plate.", "contents": "[Bending and torsion stability of healed metatarsus osteotomy after plate osteosynthesis]. 72 transversal osteotomies on metatarsus of sheep were stabilized under contact or gap conditions with three different thicknesses of bone plates. After 16 weeks we measured bending or torsion break loading, moment of inertia of bone by transmission methode and calculated moments of bending and torsion strength. ultimate bending strength on osteotomied bone 100.4 +/- 14.4 N/mm2 under contact, and 77.4 +/- 11.4 N/mm2 under gap condition, torsion bending strength 26.1 +/- 4.9 N/mm2 under contact, and under gap condition 21.5 +/- 4.3 N/mm2. The best results were given by the 2.8 mm plate with the same moment of inertia like the small ASIF plate.", "PMID": 659230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8182", "title": "[Hospital infection and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a regional hospital. Value of sertyping].", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus isolated from purulent material has been systematically submitted to seroagglutination by Pillet's method as from 1972 to 1976. 495 serotyped strains from 333 patients are considered in the spread of infection. Epidemiological incidence and antibiotic resistance of each serotype is evaluated. As a result a new approach has been introduced in the operating theatre and in the wards. Hospital serotypes tend to disappear and new serotypes appear less virulent.", "contents": "[Hospital infection and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a regional hospital. Value of sertyping]. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from purulent material has been systematically submitted to seroagglutination by Pillet's method as from 1972 to 1976. 495 serotyped strains from 333 patients are considered in the spread of infection. Epidemiological incidence and antibiotic resistance of each serotype is evaluated. As a result a new approach has been introduced in the operating theatre and in the wards. Hospital serotypes tend to disappear and new serotypes appear less virulent.", "PMID": 659231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8183", "title": "[A new surgical lavage].", "content": "The application in purulent peritonitis of a novel surgical lavaging agent with unique properties is reported. Taurolin is a non-toxic formaldehyde-transmitter with a Thiadiazine structure exhibiting a twofold action in gram-negative sepsis owing to its bactericidal potency and its ability to denature endotoxins in vivo. The present study reports the surgical treatment of 62 patients with appendicitis and peritonitis of varying genesis, using 0.5% Taurolin as lavaging and 2% Taurolin as instillation agents. After 5 days 22 out of 25 patients with purulent peritonitis were void of intraperitoneal bacteria. To date no significant adverse drug reactions were observed.", "contents": "[A new surgical lavage]. The application in purulent peritonitis of a novel surgical lavaging agent with unique properties is reported. Taurolin is a non-toxic formaldehyde-transmitter with a Thiadiazine structure exhibiting a twofold action in gram-negative sepsis owing to its bactericidal potency and its ability to denature endotoxins in vivo. The present study reports the surgical treatment of 62 patients with appendicitis and peritonitis of varying genesis, using 0.5% Taurolin as lavaging and 2% Taurolin as instillation agents. After 5 days 22 out of 25 patients with purulent peritonitis were void of intraperitoneal bacteria. To date no significant adverse drug reactions were observed.", "PMID": 659232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8184", "title": "[Pathophysiology of burns].", "content": "Ultrastructural and metabolic alterations of the liver were studied in mice and rats after standardized \"in vivo\" burn injuries or i.p. injections of a specific cutaneous burn toxin. The main findings of the ultrastructural investigations were delayed and specific intramitochondrial vacuolizations appearing not before the 5th-7th day after burning or toxin-injections. -By applying the Schimassek model of the isolated and perfused liver for investigating liver metabolism we found a drastically reduced ATP/ADP-quotient on the 5th day after burns or toxin-injection as compared to the normal controls. The total content of adenonucleotides, however, remained unchanged. The urea and glucose release into the perfusate was also significantly decreased in both groups of animals and the glucose synthesis was not adequately stimulated by an additional lactate load. The results show a direct effect on the burn toxin on the hepatic metabolism as well as the hepatic cell structure suggesting a marked alteration of the oxydative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of burns]. Ultrastructural and metabolic alterations of the liver were studied in mice and rats after standardized \"in vivo\" burn injuries or i.p. injections of a specific cutaneous burn toxin. The main findings of the ultrastructural investigations were delayed and specific intramitochondrial vacuolizations appearing not before the 5th-7th day after burning or toxin-injections. -By applying the Schimassek model of the isolated and perfused liver for investigating liver metabolism we found a drastically reduced ATP/ADP-quotient on the 5th day after burns or toxin-injection as compared to the normal controls. The total content of adenonucleotides, however, remained unchanged. The urea and glucose release into the perfusate was also significantly decreased in both groups of animals and the glucose synthesis was not adequately stimulated by an additional lactate load. The results show a direct effect on the burn toxin on the hepatic metabolism as well as the hepatic cell structure suggesting a marked alteration of the oxydative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 659233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8185", "title": "[Late results of different methods of surgical treatment of experimental retropatellar cartilage defects].", "content": "The result of the experimental studies encouraged us to treat our patients with chondro-malacia patellae not only by superficially rasping the damaged cartilage, but also by drilling several holes down to the subchondral layer. This allows a type of tissue repair by connective tissue. In addition we prefer a section of the retinacula and an anteposition of the patella ligament.", "contents": "[Late results of different methods of surgical treatment of experimental retropatellar cartilage defects]. The result of the experimental studies encouraged us to treat our patients with chondro-malacia patellae not only by superficially rasping the damaged cartilage, but also by drilling several holes down to the subchondral layer. This allows a type of tissue repair by connective tissue. In addition we prefer a section of the retinacula and an anteposition of the patella ligament.", "PMID": 659234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8186", "title": "[Leg length differences and rotation defects after femoral shaft fractures in childhood. Therapeutic influence and spontaneous correction].", "content": "A follow-up study of 149 pediatric fractures of the femoral shaft (146 patients had a radiographic control) demonstrated a significant influence of multiple reductions and residual axial deviations on the incidence and extent of posttraumatic overgrowth. The presented group of patients did not show a positive correlation between therapeutic shortening at the time of the initial reduction and reduced incidence of long term overgrowth. Neither extent nor incidence of overgrowth could be prevented by this method. We therefore recommend to reduce fractures of the femoral shaft without forshortening, because it stimulates repair mechanisms at the growth plate and enhances overgrowth. In contradiction to the current concept of therapeutic recommendations it could be shown that posttraumatic rotational deformities will correct themselves in the course of physiologic detorsion of the femoral neck. In 67% of the studied group of patients initial errors of rotation corrected themselves by this mechanism. According to our results the therapeutic concept of pediatric femoral shaft fractures is revised and a new concept of initial and long term treatment is proposed.", "contents": "[Leg length differences and rotation defects after femoral shaft fractures in childhood. Therapeutic influence and spontaneous correction]. A follow-up study of 149 pediatric fractures of the femoral shaft (146 patients had a radiographic control) demonstrated a significant influence of multiple reductions and residual axial deviations on the incidence and extent of posttraumatic overgrowth. The presented group of patients did not show a positive correlation between therapeutic shortening at the time of the initial reduction and reduced incidence of long term overgrowth. Neither extent nor incidence of overgrowth could be prevented by this method. We therefore recommend to reduce fractures of the femoral shaft without forshortening, because it stimulates repair mechanisms at the growth plate and enhances overgrowth. In contradiction to the current concept of therapeutic recommendations it could be shown that posttraumatic rotational deformities will correct themselves in the course of physiologic detorsion of the femoral neck. In 67% of the studied group of patients initial errors of rotation corrected themselves by this mechanism. According to our results the therapeutic concept of pediatric femoral shaft fractures is revised and a new concept of initial and long term treatment is proposed.", "PMID": 659236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8187", "title": "[Animal experimental study with different suture materials in colonic anastomosis in rats].", "content": "On colon anastomoses of the rat four different suture materials were tested under standardized conditions. The tensile strength was determined by means of a microtraction apparatus. As a result it became evident that there are significant differences in the behaviour of the various suture guts.", "contents": "[Animal experimental study with different suture materials in colonic anastomosis in rats]. On colon anastomoses of the rat four different suture materials were tested under standardized conditions. The tensile strength was determined by means of a microtraction apparatus. As a result it became evident that there are significant differences in the behaviour of the various suture guts.", "PMID": 659237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8188", "title": "[Replacement of Bauhin's valve with an end-to-end telescope anastomosis between the ileum and transverse colon. Experimental study in dogs].", "content": "A method of a telescope anastomosis for prevention of reflux was developed experimentally in dogs. After the resection of 40 cm of ileum and colon ascendens the ileal part was intussuscepted into the colon and fixed by seromuscular stiches. The vessels were left untouched. The intussuscepted part measured 3-4 cm. No ileus was observed in the 24 weeks. Glass balls of 1.2 cm diameter could pass through. Barium enema as well as air insufflation of different pressures showed no reflux. The serosa was covered pretty soon by a granular tissue and later on by normal mucosa.", "contents": "[Replacement of Bauhin's valve with an end-to-end telescope anastomosis between the ileum and transverse colon. Experimental study in dogs]. A method of a telescope anastomosis for prevention of reflux was developed experimentally in dogs. After the resection of 40 cm of ileum and colon ascendens the ileal part was intussuscepted into the colon and fixed by seromuscular stiches. The vessels were left untouched. The intussuscepted part measured 3-4 cm. No ileus was observed in the 24 weeks. Glass balls of 1.2 cm diameter could pass through. Barium enema as well as air insufflation of different pressures showed no reflux. The serosa was covered pretty soon by a granular tissue and later on by normal mucosa.", "PMID": 659238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8189", "title": "[Postoperative gastritis caused by reflux. Apropos of 16 cases].", "content": "We observed 16 patients suffering from postoperative gastritis: 8 after a truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, 6 after a Billroth II type gastrectomy, 1 after a truncal vagotomy with a Billroth I type antrectomy, 1 after correction of a hiatal hernia with pyloroplasty. Symptoms appeared from 1 month to 16 years after surgery. They consisted in epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss. The diagnosis is established essentially on the clinical picture and the endoscopy, which shows the presence of bile in the stomach and hyperemia of the mucosa. Microscopic lesions are constant, but there is no histologic specificity. 12 of 16 patients were operated on (Roux-enY loop). The reflux was suppressed in each case. Results of the operation were excellent or good in 10 patients, fair in one and unsatisfactory in one.", "contents": "[Postoperative gastritis caused by reflux. Apropos of 16 cases]. We observed 16 patients suffering from postoperative gastritis: 8 after a truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, 6 after a Billroth II type gastrectomy, 1 after a truncal vagotomy with a Billroth I type antrectomy, 1 after correction of a hiatal hernia with pyloroplasty. Symptoms appeared from 1 month to 16 years after surgery. They consisted in epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss. The diagnosis is established essentially on the clinical picture and the endoscopy, which shows the presence of bile in the stomach and hyperemia of the mucosa. Microscopic lesions are constant, but there is no histologic specificity. 12 of 16 patients were operated on (Roux-enY loop). The reflux was suppressed in each case. Results of the operation were excellent or good in 10 patients, fair in one and unsatisfactory in one.", "PMID": 659239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8190", "title": "[Stomach perforation and other complications after splenectomy].", "content": "The complications of 151 cases of splenectomy are analyzed, the methods of their prevention discussed. As a special complication two cases of gastric fistula following splenectomy are reported. As prevention we recommend several broad Lembert sutures to invert the entire danger zone.", "contents": "[Stomach perforation and other complications after splenectomy]. The complications of 151 cases of splenectomy are analyzed, the methods of their prevention discussed. As a special complication two cases of gastric fistula following splenectomy are reported. As prevention we recommend several broad Lembert sutures to invert the entire danger zone.", "PMID": 659240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8191", "title": "[Dissolution of choledochus stones with heparin-saline solution].", "content": "In a series of 336 cholecystectomies a revision of the bile ducts was necessary in 60 cases (18%). One to three residual concrements were evident in 6 patients from control cholangiograms made 8-10 days postoperatively (1.8%). Three of these patients were successfully reoperated. The remaining three were treated by irrigation with a herparin solution: the stones of two patients disappeared in 13 and 20 days, respectively. The third patient had to be reoperated due to septic fever on the 13th day, whereby soft, decayed material could be extracted. All patients had a complication-free recovery. Check-ups made six to twelve months later revealed painfree patients and normal cholangiographic values.", "contents": "[Dissolution of choledochus stones with heparin-saline solution]. In a series of 336 cholecystectomies a revision of the bile ducts was necessary in 60 cases (18%). One to three residual concrements were evident in 6 patients from control cholangiograms made 8-10 days postoperatively (1.8%). Three of these patients were successfully reoperated. The remaining three were treated by irrigation with a herparin solution: the stones of two patients disappeared in 13 and 20 days, respectively. The third patient had to be reoperated due to septic fever on the 13th day, whereby soft, decayed material could be extracted. All patients had a complication-free recovery. Check-ups made six to twelve months later revealed painfree patients and normal cholangiographic values.", "PMID": 659241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8192", "title": "[Lengthwise growth of the lower extremities after shaft fractures in children].", "content": "Clinical and orthoradiographic follow-up of 50 tibial and 36 femoral fractures in children at an average of 4 1/2 years post trauma has revealed the follwing trends: Increased growth is irrelevant with regard to tibial fractures. Most of the conservatively treated femoral fractures were shortened at the time of follow-up, most of the operatively treated were longer than the uninjured side. This may be explained by lack of primary shortening after anatomical reduction. The increased growth of the fractured femur was more pronounced after conservative than operative treatment, probably because of the more marked primary shortening. Increased growth of the femur is almost 50% less in children older than 12 years whether they are treated operatively or conservatively. Therefore anatomical reduction if necessary by an operation has to be achieved in children older than 12 years. Finally an account is given on the shortening effect of a dislocation ad axim and the radiological projection of this dislocation in two plains.", "contents": "[Lengthwise growth of the lower extremities after shaft fractures in children]. Clinical and orthoradiographic follow-up of 50 tibial and 36 femoral fractures in children at an average of 4 1/2 years post trauma has revealed the follwing trends: Increased growth is irrelevant with regard to tibial fractures. Most of the conservatively treated femoral fractures were shortened at the time of follow-up, most of the operatively treated were longer than the uninjured side. This may be explained by lack of primary shortening after anatomical reduction. The increased growth of the fractured femur was more pronounced after conservative than operative treatment, probably because of the more marked primary shortening. Increased growth of the femur is almost 50% less in children older than 12 years whether they are treated operatively or conservatively. Therefore anatomical reduction if necessary by an operation has to be achieved in children older than 12 years. Finally an account is given on the shortening effect of a dislocation ad axim and the radiological projection of this dislocation in two plains.", "PMID": 659242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8193", "title": "[Results of closed medullary nailing of leg fractures (27 controlled cases)].", "content": "One of the possible methods for osteosynthesis of leg fractures is K\u00fcntscher's closed medullary nailing. The problems resulting from this type of injury, the surgical method, and the results obtained will here by presented on the basis of 27 checked cases. In 25 of those cases the fracture healed within the normal time span. In one case the consolidation was delayed, and one case gave rise to pseudarthrosis.", "contents": "[Results of closed medullary nailing of leg fractures (27 controlled cases)]. One of the possible methods for osteosynthesis of leg fractures is K\u00fcntscher's closed medullary nailing. The problems resulting from this type of injury, the surgical method, and the results obtained will here by presented on the basis of 27 checked cases. In 25 of those cases the fracture healed within the normal time span. In one case the consolidation was delayed, and one case gave rise to pseudarthrosis.", "PMID": 659243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8194", "title": "[Experiences with plate fixation in 131 femoral shaft fractures].", "content": "A consecutive series of 131 comminuted fractures of the femur in 123 patients has been reviewed. All fractures were stabilized by means of rigid ASIF-plate fixation (mostly DCP). About 60% of the patients were polyfractured or polytraumatized (including brain, chest and abdominal injuries). In 85% of the cases the fracture was stabilized within 24 h after the accident and usually the patients remained on a ventilator with PEEP for 1 to 2 days postoperatively. Of the 4 postoperative deaths only two patients died of a pulmonary complication. All patients could be reexamined 1-3 years postoperatively. Although a number of them had suffered from complications (osteitis, fatigue fractures of the plate, delayed union) and had to be reoperated,92% of the cases displayed an excellent or good functionl result. The factors to reduce the complication rate(i.e. primary cancellous bonegraft) are being discussed.", "contents": "[Experiences with plate fixation in 131 femoral shaft fractures]. A consecutive series of 131 comminuted fractures of the femur in 123 patients has been reviewed. All fractures were stabilized by means of rigid ASIF-plate fixation (mostly DCP). About 60% of the patients were polyfractured or polytraumatized (including brain, chest and abdominal injuries). In 85% of the cases the fracture was stabilized within 24 h after the accident and usually the patients remained on a ventilator with PEEP for 1 to 2 days postoperatively. Of the 4 postoperative deaths only two patients died of a pulmonary complication. All patients could be reexamined 1-3 years postoperatively. Although a number of them had suffered from complications (osteitis, fatigue fractures of the plate, delayed union) and had to be reoperated,92% of the cases displayed an excellent or good functionl result. The factors to reduce the complication rate(i.e. primary cancellous bonegraft) are being discussed.", "PMID": 659244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8195", "title": "[Surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneus fractures].", "content": "The instable fractures of os calcis are usually treated by conservative methods with early functional mobilization. In a few cases we think that in the Tongue Type and especially in the Joint Depression Type of Essex-Lopresti a surgical treatment may be useful to reestablish the congruence and the geometry of the joint surface.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneus fractures]. The instable fractures of os calcis are usually treated by conservative methods with early functional mobilization. In a few cases we think that in the Tongue Type and especially in the Joint Depression Type of Essex-Lopresti a surgical treatment may be useful to reestablish the congruence and the geometry of the joint surface.", "PMID": 659245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8196", "title": "[Stress fracture of the calcaneus].", "content": "The localization of a stress fracture of the os calcis seems to be unknown in Switzerland. A typical case is reported. A review of the literature shows a remarkable change of frequency in the localization of stress fractures from the matatarsals to the os calcis caused by modern methods of military training.", "contents": "[Stress fracture of the calcaneus]. The localization of a stress fracture of the os calcis seems to be unknown in Switzerland. A typical case is reported. A review of the literature shows a remarkable change of frequency in the localization of stress fractures from the matatarsals to the os calcis caused by modern methods of military training.", "PMID": 659246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8197", "title": "[Treatment of unstable pelvic girdle fractures with Wagner external fixation].", "content": "Two cases of unstable pelvic ring fractures were stabilized by external fixation with a Wagner apparatus. This enabled a pain-free mobilization treatment to be started immediately afterwards, and, already 6 weeks later, a painless mobilization with a walking frame was achieved.", "contents": "[Treatment of unstable pelvic girdle fractures with Wagner external fixation]. Two cases of unstable pelvic ring fractures were stabilized by external fixation with a Wagner apparatus. This enabled a pain-free mobilization treatment to be started immediately afterwards, and, already 6 weeks later, a painless mobilization with a walking frame was achieved.", "PMID": 659247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8198", "title": "[Experiences with primary osteosynthesis in radial head fractures].", "content": "Displaced fractures of the radial head are indications for early surgery. The resection is unsatisfactorily leading often to an instable elbow in valgus deformity and to painful troubles in the distal radio ulnar joint. Prosthesis implantation has its own problems. Reconstructive surgery is obviously the best solution. 21 internal fixations in 20 patients were performed using small screws (and 2 plates) between 1968 and 1976. The functional and radiological results are excellent in 15 out of 19 controlled patients. 3 patients have a moderate reduction of the mobility, 1 patient a non-union. -We were impressed by 4 operative observations: The fractures and the displacements use to be unexpectedly important. There is usually a periostal bridge between the head fragments and the neck. That is why complete devitalization of the articular fragments  is rare. In about half of our cases we found an important avulsion of the humeral articular cartilage. In 8 of 10 cases these avulsions were interposed in the fragments of the radius. Their removal is necessary for the reduction. -These observations should influence the indication for reconstructive surgery in fractures of the radial head.", "contents": "[Experiences with primary osteosynthesis in radial head fractures]. Displaced fractures of the radial head are indications for early surgery. The resection is unsatisfactorily leading often to an instable elbow in valgus deformity and to painful troubles in the distal radio ulnar joint. Prosthesis implantation has its own problems. Reconstructive surgery is obviously the best solution. 21 internal fixations in 20 patients were performed using small screws (and 2 plates) between 1968 and 1976. The functional and radiological results are excellent in 15 out of 19 controlled patients. 3 patients have a moderate reduction of the mobility, 1 patient a non-union. -We were impressed by 4 operative observations: The fractures and the displacements use to be unexpectedly important. There is usually a periostal bridge between the head fragments and the neck. That is why complete devitalization of the articular fragments  is rare. In about half of our cases we found an important avulsion of the humeral articular cartilage. In 8 of 10 cases these avulsions were interposed in the fragments of the radius. Their removal is necessary for the reduction. -These observations should influence the indication for reconstructive surgery in fractures of the radial head.", "PMID": 659248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8199", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of acute knee joint injuries after winter sport accidents].", "content": "From 1974 to 1976 140 patients with knee joint injuries required immediate surgical treatment. 119 of these patients have been reexamined 1 to 3 years after operation, 83 by the authors. Clinical findings, indication for operation, operative procedures and the criteria for analysis of the late results are discussed. Good and satisfactory results were found in 96% of the cases. The results after reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament are excellent, 39 of 41 operatively treated patients showing a good result. After combined reconstruction of collateral and cruciate ligaments in 2/3 of the cases good results were obtained. Complications occurred in two cases requiring further surgery. The importance of intensive physiotherapeutical training until full rehabilitation of the injured joint was stressed.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of acute knee joint injuries after winter sport accidents]. From 1974 to 1976 140 patients with knee joint injuries required immediate surgical treatment. 119 of these patients have been reexamined 1 to 3 years after operation, 83 by the authors. Clinical findings, indication for operation, operative procedures and the criteria for analysis of the late results are discussed. Good and satisfactory results were found in 96% of the cases. The results after reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament are excellent, 39 of 41 operatively treated patients showing a good result. After combined reconstruction of collateral and cruciate ligaments in 2/3 of the cases good results were obtained. Complications occurred in two cases requiring further surgery. The importance of intensive physiotherapeutical training until full rehabilitation of the injured joint was stressed.", "PMID": 659249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8200", "title": "[Indications and tactics in recurrent hiatal hernia].", "content": "The collective term \"recurrent hiatus hernia\" groups the pseudo-recurrent lesions after inappropriate surgery together with true recurrencies. An early recurrency can often be attributed to surgical technique, a late recurrency is usually biological in nature. The manifold pathophysiology of these cases is dominated by an intercurrent relux, dysphagia or paraoesophageal stomach volvulus. A decision to operate must, because of the important technical risks inherent, be made only after fully exhausting the conservative alternatives. The reoperation requires surgeon specially qualified for the task, with experience in thoraco-abdominal procedures. Approaches and alternative operating techniques are discussed with reference to personal experience from 56 cases.", "contents": "[Indications and tactics in recurrent hiatal hernia]. The collective term \"recurrent hiatus hernia\" groups the pseudo-recurrent lesions after inappropriate surgery together with true recurrencies. An early recurrency can often be attributed to surgical technique, a late recurrency is usually biological in nature. The manifold pathophysiology of these cases is dominated by an intercurrent relux, dysphagia or paraoesophageal stomach volvulus. A decision to operate must, because of the important technical risks inherent, be made only after fully exhausting the conservative alternatives. The reoperation requires surgeon specially qualified for the task, with experience in thoraco-abdominal procedures. Approaches and alternative operating techniques are discussed with reference to personal experience from 56 cases.", "PMID": 659250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8201", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative manometeric findings in the esophagus in proximal selective vagotomy].", "content": "15 patients with duodenal ulcer underwent clinical and manometric studies to assess distal esophageal function before and after proximal selective vagotomy. Position, pressure and function of distal esophageal high pressure zone were not altered by the operation. No rationale has been found for the trend to combine proximal selective vagtomy with antireflux procedures.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative manometeric findings in the esophagus in proximal selective vagotomy]. 15 patients with duodenal ulcer underwent clinical and manometric studies to assess distal esophageal function before and after proximal selective vagotomy. Position, pressure and function of distal esophageal high pressure zone were not altered by the operation. No rationale has been found for the trend to combine proximal selective vagtomy with antireflux procedures.", "PMID": 659251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8202", "title": "[Clinical and nutritional status after jejuno-ileal shunt operation for exogenous morbid obesity].", "content": "Eight patients were operated upon for morbid obesity using strict criteria for operation. The average age was 35 years and average Broca's index 1.76. One patient underwent the Scott operation and seven the Buchwald-Varco procedure. There were neither postoperative deaths nor wound or bowel complications. The weight loss was 9.6% at the end of the 3rd postoperative week, and 24.6% at the end of the 4th postoperative month. Glycaemia and lipidaemia showed an important decrease upto the 3rd week postoperatively after which period this decrease became less marked. Electrolytes did not show any variation. Hepatic function tests indicated a slight increase at the 3rd postoperative week but normal levels at the later control. The frequency of diarrhoea varied between 8 and 10 liquid stools daily in the immediate postoperative period and 2-6 at the 4th month, without any pharmacological control. However, small intestinal shunts seem to create some favourable metabolic changes. Patient selection is important to the outcome of the operation. Long-term follow-up is mandatory since patients may develop medical complications.", "contents": "[Clinical and nutritional status after jejuno-ileal shunt operation for exogenous morbid obesity]. Eight patients were operated upon for morbid obesity using strict criteria for operation. The average age was 35 years and average Broca's index 1.76. One patient underwent the Scott operation and seven the Buchwald-Varco procedure. There were neither postoperative deaths nor wound or bowel complications. The weight loss was 9.6% at the end of the 3rd postoperative week, and 24.6% at the end of the 4th postoperative month. Glycaemia and lipidaemia showed an important decrease upto the 3rd week postoperatively after which period this decrease became less marked. Electrolytes did not show any variation. Hepatic function tests indicated a slight increase at the 3rd postoperative week but normal levels at the later control. The frequency of diarrhoea varied between 8 and 10 liquid stools daily in the immediate postoperative period and 2-6 at the 4th month, without any pharmacological control. However, small intestinal shunts seem to create some favourable metabolic changes. Patient selection is important to the outcome of the operation. Long-term follow-up is mandatory since patients may develop medical complications.", "PMID": 659252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8203", "title": "[Results of a fast colic preparation].", "content": "Experience with whole-gut irrigation as a method of bowel preparation in 100 patients undergoing surgery is described. The use of this technique, the physiological records and the results are very satisfactory. Bowel movements start on the 3.2 postoperative day; stools are passed on the 5.7 day. Despite the absence of antibiotic prophylaxy, there were only 3.7% anastomotic leakage and 3.4% wound septic complications.", "contents": "[Results of a fast colic preparation]. Experience with whole-gut irrigation as a method of bowel preparation in 100 patients undergoing surgery is described. The use of this technique, the physiological records and the results are very satisfactory. Bowel movements start on the 3.2 postoperative day; stools are passed on the 5.7 day. Despite the absence of antibiotic prophylaxy, there were only 3.7% anastomotic leakage and 3.4% wound septic complications.", "PMID": 659253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8204", "title": "[Spontaneous colon perforation in patients with chronic kidney failure].", "content": "Although spontaneous colonic perforation is a rare event, if has recently been observed with increasing frequency in patients with renal failure. Several of the drugs given to such patients may induce dehydration of faeces; the combination of very hard faecal masses and an abnormal fragility of the uraemic intestinal mucosa will then lead to the formation of a decubital ulcer. Prophylaxis or at least early diagnosis are imperative because after completed perforation the prognosis is very poor. The operative method of choice is the incontinuous resection of the entire segment of the colon affected by faecal impaction.", "contents": "[Spontaneous colon perforation in patients with chronic kidney failure]. Although spontaneous colonic perforation is a rare event, if has recently been observed with increasing frequency in patients with renal failure. Several of the drugs given to such patients may induce dehydration of faeces; the combination of very hard faecal masses and an abnormal fragility of the uraemic intestinal mucosa will then lead to the formation of a decubital ulcer. Prophylaxis or at least early diagnosis are imperative because after completed perforation the prognosis is very poor. The operative method of choice is the incontinuous resection of the entire segment of the colon affected by faecal impaction.", "PMID": 659254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8205", "title": "[Methods of local excision of rectal neoplasms].", "content": "Recent experience in the behaviour of rectal carcinomas allows local tumour excision under certain conditions to be carried out as a \"total excision-biopsy in healthy tissue\". The indication for operation depends on criteria referring to the tumour as well as to the patient. The operation technique is that of transanal excision. Brief survey of personal results.", "contents": "[Methods of local excision of rectal neoplasms]. Recent experience in the behaviour of rectal carcinomas allows local tumour excision under certain conditions to be carried out as a \"total excision-biopsy in healthy tissue\". The indication for operation depends on criteria referring to the tumour as well as to the patient. The operation technique is that of transanal excision. Brief survey of personal results.", "PMID": 659255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8206", "title": "The incidence of cystic fibrosis in Caucasian populations.", "content": "Estimates of the newborn frequency of cystic fibrosis in different Caucasian groups range from 4 times more to 40 times less common than the generally accepted figure of 1:2000. Current meconium screening trials which may be effective in populations with the incidence equal to or greater than 1:2000, may be useful for populations with an incidence as low as 1:7000 only after maximum improvement of the methods. Once the true incidence or the variable incidence is proven for Caucasian populations, screening trails in Negro, Oriental and Indian populations will be required.", "contents": "The incidence of cystic fibrosis in Caucasian populations. Estimates of the newborn frequency of cystic fibrosis in different Caucasian groups range from 4 times more to 40 times less common than the generally accepted figure of 1:2000. Current meconium screening trials which may be effective in populations with the incidence equal to or greater than 1:2000, may be useful for populations with an incidence as low as 1:7000 only after maximum improvement of the methods. Once the true incidence or the variable incidence is proven for Caucasian populations, screening trails in Negro, Oriental and Indian populations will be required.", "PMID": 659256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8207", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with various arterial lesions.", "content": "The authors present a four-month-old boy with acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome who had hemiparesis of the left side of face and body, electrocardiographic findings suggesting myocardial infarction, angiographic evidence of obstruction of the right middle cerebral artery, and aneurysms of the coronary arteries and the brachial arteries. The authors suggest that the disease of this boy is a syndrome of systemic vasculitis.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with various arterial lesions. The authors present a four-month-old boy with acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome who had hemiparesis of the left side of face and body, electrocardiographic findings suggesting myocardial infarction, angiographic evidence of obstruction of the right middle cerebral artery, and aneurysms of the coronary arteries and the brachial arteries. The authors suggest that the disease of this boy is a syndrome of systemic vasculitis.", "PMID": 659257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8208", "title": "Bartter's syndrome presenting with features resembling renal tubular acidosis. Improvement of renal tubular defects by indomethacin.", "content": "A 2-year-old girl presenting with features of both Bartter's syndrome and renal tubular acidosis was investigated. Hypokalemia, increased plasma renin activity in the absence of hypertension, insensitivity to the pressor effects of angiotensin and a histological picture of juxtaglomerular hyperplasia were characteristic of Bartter's syndrome, but an unusual finding was the presence of metabolic acidosis instead of alkalosis. Functional studies revealed a proximal tubular defect in sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption and a distal defect in sodium reabsorption, urinary acidification and concentrating mechanism. Indomethacin administration was followed by an excellent clinical response and improvement of most functional abnormalities. The defect in distal sodium reabsorption was, however, not corrected by prostaglandin inhibition, and could represent the primary event leading to potassium wasting and secondary hypersecretion of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome presenting with features resembling renal tubular acidosis. Improvement of renal tubular defects by indomethacin. A 2-year-old girl presenting with features of both Bartter's syndrome and renal tubular acidosis was investigated. Hypokalemia, increased plasma renin activity in the absence of hypertension, insensitivity to the pressor effects of angiotensin and a histological picture of juxtaglomerular hyperplasia were characteristic of Bartter's syndrome, but an unusual finding was the presence of metabolic acidosis instead of alkalosis. Functional studies revealed a proximal tubular defect in sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption and a distal defect in sodium reabsorption, urinary acidification and concentrating mechanism. Indomethacin administration was followed by an excellent clinical response and improvement of most functional abnormalities. The defect in distal sodium reabsorption was, however, not corrected by prostaglandin inhibition, and could represent the primary event leading to potassium wasting and secondary hypersecretion of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 659258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8209", "title": "Congenital pseudohypoaldosteronism: case report and review. Effect of indomethacin during sodium chloride depletion.", "content": "A newborn boy (birth weight 2550 g) presented from the first days of life with poor drinking, moderate vomiting and persistent weight loss. On hospital admission at age 4 weeks, there were severe dehydration, dystrophy and electrolyte disturbances (Na 107, Cl 80, K 5,4 mval/l). The usual causes of salt wasting were excluded, but plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide were markedly increased. DOCA had no salt-retaining effect, but a sodium chloride supplement of 3 g per day improved the clinical condition dramatically and normalized the electrolyte values. With this treatment, plasma renin activity and aldosterone were normal or almost normal beyond the age of 6.5 months, but urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide remained slightly increased. Considerable augmentation of the plasma renin activity and of urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide, but no clear salt loss were induced by spironolactone. With salt restriction, there was evidence for marked salt loss. Its progress could be inhibited by administration of indomethacin. Since indomethacin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins with saluretic activity, it is probable that the prostaglandins participate in the pathogenesis of the salt wasting in pseudohypoaldosteronism.", "contents": "Congenital pseudohypoaldosteronism: case report and review. Effect of indomethacin during sodium chloride depletion. A newborn boy (birth weight 2550 g) presented from the first days of life with poor drinking, moderate vomiting and persistent weight loss. On hospital admission at age 4 weeks, there were severe dehydration, dystrophy and electrolyte disturbances (Na 107, Cl 80, K 5,4 mval/l). The usual causes of salt wasting were excluded, but plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide were markedly increased. DOCA had no salt-retaining effect, but a sodium chloride supplement of 3 g per day improved the clinical condition dramatically and normalized the electrolyte values. With this treatment, plasma renin activity and aldosterone were normal or almost normal beyond the age of 6.5 months, but urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide remained slightly increased. Considerable augmentation of the plasma renin activity and of urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide, but no clear salt loss were induced by spironolactone. With salt restriction, there was evidence for marked salt loss. Its progress could be inhibited by administration of indomethacin. Since indomethacin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins with saluretic activity, it is probable that the prostaglandins participate in the pathogenesis of the salt wasting in pseudohypoaldosteronism.", "PMID": 659259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8210", "title": "Response to vincristine and Procarbazine of recurrent medulloblastomas. Report of 2 cases.", "content": "2 cases of recurrent medulloblastomas are described who both responded to vincristine alone and in combination with procarbazine. The combination of vincristine and procarbazine is discussed and recommended for chemotherapy of medulloblastomas. The effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy after the primary treatment should be investigated.", "contents": "Response to vincristine and Procarbazine of recurrent medulloblastomas. Report of 2 cases. 2 cases of recurrent medulloblastomas are described who both responded to vincristine alone and in combination with procarbazine. The combination of vincristine and procarbazine is discussed and recommended for chemotherapy of medulloblastomas. The effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy after the primary treatment should be investigated.", "PMID": 659260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8211", "title": "Why not saline nose drops?", "content": "Most respiratory tract infections are of viral origin. The nose is obstructed and bypassed. Dry air is inspired and this paralyses the ciliary mechanism. Body temperature falls and dehydration threatens the infant as water is lost by evaporation. Humidification by saline nose drops prepared and applied by the people themselves, offer a simple, cheap and harmless means of humidification. Teaching and educating the patients and parents to help themselves is much more efficient than prescribing more or less hazardous, expensive and inaccessible drugs. The author has employed this method in mass medicine treatment in poor countries as well as in individual curative medicine of rich countries with striking success. Controlled studies will be needed to prove scientifically that quantitative reduction in pharmaceutical zeal does not imply qualitative loss in medical care.", "contents": "Why not saline nose drops? Most respiratory tract infections are of viral origin. The nose is obstructed and bypassed. Dry air is inspired and this paralyses the ciliary mechanism. Body temperature falls and dehydration threatens the infant as water is lost by evaporation. Humidification by saline nose drops prepared and applied by the people themselves, offer a simple, cheap and harmless means of humidification. Teaching and educating the patients and parents to help themselves is much more efficient than prescribing more or less hazardous, expensive and inaccessible drugs. The author has employed this method in mass medicine treatment in poor countries as well as in individual curative medicine of rich countries with striking success. Controlled studies will be needed to prove scientifically that quantitative reduction in pharmaceutical zeal does not imply qualitative loss in medical care.", "PMID": 659261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8212", "title": "25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels in maternal, cord and infant serum in relation to maternal vitamin D intake.", "content": "The plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), total calcium, phosphorus and proteins were measured in 40 healthy mothers and their infants at the time of delivery during the months of December and January. Calcium, phosphorus and proteins were again measured in the plasma of the infants on the fourth day of life. Vitamin D intake of the mothers during their last 3 months of pregnancy were estimated by interviews. The mean (+/-SE) plasma levels of 25-OHD was 9.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml in the mothers and 5.05 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in cords. There was a significant correlation between mother and cord plasma levels (r = 0.75, p less than or equal to 0.001). The concentration gradient of 25-OHD plasma levels between mother and cord is higher at high 25-OHD maternal concentrations. This suggests that the placenta plays a regulating role in the 25-OHD transfer between mother and foetus. The 4-day-old infants from mothers having a suboptimal vitamin D intake (less than 150 IU/day) have a lower mean serum plasma level than infants born from mothers with a vitamin D intake of more than 500 IU/day.", "contents": "25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels in maternal, cord and infant serum in relation to maternal vitamin D intake. The plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), total calcium, phosphorus and proteins were measured in 40 healthy mothers and their infants at the time of delivery during the months of December and January. Calcium, phosphorus and proteins were again measured in the plasma of the infants on the fourth day of life. Vitamin D intake of the mothers during their last 3 months of pregnancy were estimated by interviews. The mean (+/-SE) plasma levels of 25-OHD was 9.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml in the mothers and 5.05 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in cords. There was a significant correlation between mother and cord plasma levels (r = 0.75, p less than or equal to 0.001). The concentration gradient of 25-OHD plasma levels between mother and cord is higher at high 25-OHD maternal concentrations. This suggests that the placenta plays a regulating role in the 25-OHD transfer between mother and foetus. The 4-day-old infants from mothers having a suboptimal vitamin D intake (less than 150 IU/day) have a lower mean serum plasma level than infants born from mothers with a vitamin D intake of more than 500 IU/day.", "PMID": 659262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8213", "title": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of human muscle biopsies.", "content": "The elemental composition of human muscle fibres have been determined by electron probe microanalysis. In order to distinguish between different types of fibres, two approaches were used. In one approach individual fibres were isolated, portions of them used for a typing by histochemical methods and the main part used for X-ray microanalysis. In the other approach the muscle biopsy was serial-sectioned, some sections used for a histochemical typing and the others (16 micrometer thick cryosections) used for X-ray microanalysis in th eelectron microscopy. The comparison of the ratios between P, S and K in Study No. 1 and 2 indicates different concentrations of sulphur in the subsarcolemmal zone and in the interior of the fibre. Both routes give information on all elements (except the ten lightest ones) contained in the fibres or in sections of them, provided the concentration is high enough. In order to obtain quantitative data, expressed as mmol/kgw, the spectra of the specimens were compared to those of standards of known composition and the data subjected to a so called ZAF-correction (corrections for the atomic number effect, absorption of X-rays in the specimen and secondary fluorescence). Quantitative data concerning phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and potassium were obtained in Study No. 2. A significantly higher sulphur concentration was found in type IIA muscle fibres as compared to those of type I.", "contents": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of human muscle biopsies. The elemental composition of human muscle fibres have been determined by electron probe microanalysis. In order to distinguish between different types of fibres, two approaches were used. In one approach individual fibres were isolated, portions of them used for a typing by histochemical methods and the main part used for X-ray microanalysis. In the other approach the muscle biopsy was serial-sectioned, some sections used for a histochemical typing and the others (16 micrometer thick cryosections) used for X-ray microanalysis in th eelectron microscopy. The comparison of the ratios between P, S and K in Study No. 1 and 2 indicates different concentrations of sulphur in the subsarcolemmal zone and in the interior of the fibre. Both routes give information on all elements (except the ten lightest ones) contained in the fibres or in sections of them, provided the concentration is high enough. In order to obtain quantitative data, expressed as mmol/kgw, the spectra of the specimens were compared to those of standards of known composition and the data subjected to a so called ZAF-correction (corrections for the atomic number effect, absorption of X-rays in the specimen and secondary fluorescence). Quantitative data concerning phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and potassium were obtained in Study No. 2. A significantly higher sulphur concentration was found in type IIA muscle fibres as compared to those of type I.", "PMID": 659263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8214", "title": "Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase in cultured SIRC cells by cigarette smoke.", "content": "SIRC cell monolayer cultures were exposed to whole smoke from a mid tar and nicotine level research cigarette (ASFC, 72 puffs), or from a high tar and nicotine level reference cigarette (Kentucky 2RI, 48 puffs) over a period of 65 days. The activity and distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cells were investigated, and the electrophoretic characteristics of its isozymes studied. Cell morphology was examined by light microscopy and by transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. LDH activity was reduced by exposure to smoke from both cigarette types, the greater inhibitory effect being produced by that of the Kentucky cigarette. In addition, cells exposed to this high tar and nicotine smoke displayed intramitochondrial granules which were larger and more numerous than those found in cells exposed to the mid tar and nicotine smoke, or in the control cells. It is speculated that cation accumulation in the mitochondria may be involved in the observed inhibition of LDH activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase in cultured SIRC cells by cigarette smoke. SIRC cell monolayer cultures were exposed to whole smoke from a mid tar and nicotine level research cigarette (ASFC, 72 puffs), or from a high tar and nicotine level reference cigarette (Kentucky 2RI, 48 puffs) over a period of 65 days. The activity and distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cells were investigated, and the electrophoretic characteristics of its isozymes studied. Cell morphology was examined by light microscopy and by transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. LDH activity was reduced by exposure to smoke from both cigarette types, the greater inhibitory effect being produced by that of the Kentucky cigarette. In addition, cells exposed to this high tar and nicotine smoke displayed intramitochondrial granules which were larger and more numerous than those found in cells exposed to the mid tar and nicotine smoke, or in the control cells. It is speculated that cation accumulation in the mitochondria may be involved in the observed inhibition of LDH activity.", "PMID": 659264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8215", "title": "[The sperm of Equisetum arvense L. I. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of nuclear constituents of the ripe sperm].", "content": "Several ultrastructural cytochemical methods are used to determine the constituents of the ripe nucleus of Equisetum arvense L. They show that: DNA, associated with an arginine-rich histone, is localized in central region of the nucleus; nucleoplasm is reduced to a thin peripheral coat and contains a probably lysine rich histone; RNA is not detectable; non histone proteins form lenticular amounts disposed against the nuclear membrane.", "contents": "[The sperm of Equisetum arvense L. I. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of nuclear constituents of the ripe sperm]. Several ultrastructural cytochemical methods are used to determine the constituents of the ripe nucleus of Equisetum arvense L. They show that: DNA, associated with an arginine-rich histone, is localized in central region of the nucleus; nucleoplasm is reduced to a thin peripheral coat and contains a probably lysine rich histone; RNA is not detectable; non histone proteins form lenticular amounts disposed against the nuclear membrane.", "PMID": 659266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8216", "title": "Visualization of proteinaceous granules in the clear synaptic vesicles.", "content": "A method for demonstration of electron-dense particles within clear synaptic vesicles from various areas of the CNS as well as from neuromuscular junctions of rat is described. Electron-dense granules of 70-250 A were visible in the center of the synaptic vesicles, or in some cases excentrically situated and bound to the vesicular membrane. Digestion with proteolytic enzymes lead to a negative reaction, whereas treatment with hyaluronidase and neuraminidase, as well as the lipid extraction had no effect. Based on the obtained data, it may be assumed that this method manifests the proteinaceous structures.", "contents": "Visualization of proteinaceous granules in the clear synaptic vesicles. A method for demonstration of electron-dense particles within clear synaptic vesicles from various areas of the CNS as well as from neuromuscular junctions of rat is described. Electron-dense granules of 70-250 A were visible in the center of the synaptic vesicles, or in some cases excentrically situated and bound to the vesicular membrane. Digestion with proteolytic enzymes lead to a negative reaction, whereas treatment with hyaluronidase and neuraminidase, as well as the lipid extraction had no effect. Based on the obtained data, it may be assumed that this method manifests the proteinaceous structures.", "PMID": 659267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8217", "title": "Heavy metals in the spinal cord of normal rats and of animals treated with chelating agents: a quantitative (zinc, copper, and lead) and histochemical study.", "content": "The amounts of zinc, copper, and lead in the rat spinal cord were determined by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Zinc was present in a concentration about 100 p.p.m. (dry weight), copper in a concentration about 5 p.p.m., and lead in slightly more than 1 p.p.m. Analysis of various levels along the cranio-caudal axis of the rat spinal cord revealed differences in the heavy metal content. The Timm sulfide silver staining method has demonstrated that metals in the spinal cord have a distinct regional distribution. To obtain a differentiation between the stainable metals, the effects of six chelating agents (DEDTC, dithizone, oxine, EDTA, dipyridyl, and phenantroline) on the Timm pattern were tested. EDTA left the pattern unchanged, while the other compounds showed individual differences in their influence on the Timm pattern, suggesting that the heavy metal pattern of the spinal cord consists of multiple compartments. The effect of intravital multiple low dose treatment with three of the chelating agents on the histochemical pattern and the metal content of the spinal cord was also investigated. It was found that a decrease in the metal content was not followed by reduction of stainability and vice versa.", "contents": "Heavy metals in the spinal cord of normal rats and of animals treated with chelating agents: a quantitative (zinc, copper, and lead) and histochemical study. The amounts of zinc, copper, and lead in the rat spinal cord were determined by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Zinc was present in a concentration about 100 p.p.m. (dry weight), copper in a concentration about 5 p.p.m., and lead in slightly more than 1 p.p.m. Analysis of various levels along the cranio-caudal axis of the rat spinal cord revealed differences in the heavy metal content. The Timm sulfide silver staining method has demonstrated that metals in the spinal cord have a distinct regional distribution. To obtain a differentiation between the stainable metals, the effects of six chelating agents (DEDTC, dithizone, oxine, EDTA, dipyridyl, and phenantroline) on the Timm pattern were tested. EDTA left the pattern unchanged, while the other compounds showed individual differences in their influence on the Timm pattern, suggesting that the heavy metal pattern of the spinal cord consists of multiple compartments. The effect of intravital multiple low dose treatment with three of the chelating agents on the histochemical pattern and the metal content of the spinal cord was also investigated. It was found that a decrease in the metal content was not followed by reduction of stainability and vice versa.", "PMID": 659268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8218", "title": "Glycogen-lead relationship in the earthworm Dendrobaena rubida from a heavy metal site.", "content": "Control individuals contained no lead in the chloragocytes but high alpha-glycogen rosette reserves. Starvation of contaminated earthworms for 4d caused a lead loss and the chlorgocytes possessed fewer debris vesicles than those of unstarved worms, suggesting that the debris vesicles may be the route for at least some of the lead loss. No glycogen deposits were observed in the chloragocytes of starved or unstarved earthworms from contaminated soil. Maintenance of contaminated earthworms in potting compost caused lead losses similar to those sustained by starvation, but the chloragocyte cytoplasm possessed beta-glycogen reserves. Specimens maintained in lead-spiked potting compost showed lead levels similar to those of earthworms taken directly from contaminated soil. No beta-glycogen accumulations were observed under this enriched regime. Although the possible interference of lead in carbohydrate metabolism is discussed, the results do not wholly support metabolic inhibition by lead. It is hypothesised that lead sequestration is energy-demanding and that in the absence of an energy-rich diet glycogen stores fail to accumulate. In the presence of an organic-rich medium, elevated lead levels preclude glycogen formation, because of the high sequestration-demand, but at lower lead levels beta-glycogen deposits occur if a high organic diet is available.", "contents": "Glycogen-lead relationship in the earthworm Dendrobaena rubida from a heavy metal site. Control individuals contained no lead in the chloragocytes but high alpha-glycogen rosette reserves. Starvation of contaminated earthworms for 4d caused a lead loss and the chlorgocytes possessed fewer debris vesicles than those of unstarved worms, suggesting that the debris vesicles may be the route for at least some of the lead loss. No glycogen deposits were observed in the chloragocytes of starved or unstarved earthworms from contaminated soil. Maintenance of contaminated earthworms in potting compost caused lead losses similar to those sustained by starvation, but the chloragocyte cytoplasm possessed beta-glycogen reserves. Specimens maintained in lead-spiked potting compost showed lead levels similar to those of earthworms taken directly from contaminated soil. No beta-glycogen accumulations were observed under this enriched regime. Although the possible interference of lead in carbohydrate metabolism is discussed, the results do not wholly support metabolic inhibition by lead. It is hypothesised that lead sequestration is energy-demanding and that in the absence of an energy-rich diet glycogen stores fail to accumulate. In the presence of an organic-rich medium, elevated lead levels preclude glycogen formation, because of the high sequestration-demand, but at lower lead levels beta-glycogen deposits occur if a high organic diet is available.", "PMID": 659270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8219", "title": "[Early and late functional hearing results from a modified technique for tympanoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is a comparative study of the early and late functional results of tympanoplastic operations, as modified by Khan. Following such surgery, we examined 494 patients who had been operated on between 1970--1972 in the ENT Clinic of the Free University of Berlin (Klinikum Westend). Preliminary and final hearing results were recorded with the aid of sound audiograms, which were critically assessed by two different types of evaluations. These included the results of pure-tone changes and speech reception thresholds as achieved by the tympanoplastic operations. On the basis of socially useful hearing improvements, the functional results of cases operated in our clinic are above average. The hearing gain shown from post-operative controls to the final studies is especially satisfactory, since this also includes an improvement in bone conduction.", "contents": "[Early and late functional hearing results from a modified technique for tympanoplasty (author's transl)]. This paper is a comparative study of the early and late functional results of tympanoplastic operations, as modified by Khan. Following such surgery, we examined 494 patients who had been operated on between 1970--1972 in the ENT Clinic of the Free University of Berlin (Klinikum Westend). Preliminary and final hearing results were recorded with the aid of sound audiograms, which were critically assessed by two different types of evaluations. These included the results of pure-tone changes and speech reception thresholds as achieved by the tympanoplastic operations. On the basis of socially useful hearing improvements, the functional results of cases operated in our clinic are above average. The hearing gain shown from post-operative controls to the final studies is especially satisfactory, since this also includes an improvement in bone conduction.", "PMID": 659271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8220", "title": "[The anatomy of the laryngeal ventricle and its importance in carcinoma of the vocal cords (author's transl)].", "content": "An anatomical study was made of the sinus of Morgagni (laryngeal ventricle) in 10 normal larynges and 15 larynges with vocal cord carcinoma. The most striking difference in those patients with malignancy was the relatively greater goblet cell population found. It is assumed that these anatomical changes reflect a disturbed function of the laryngeal ventricle. The epithelial metaplasia and the high goblet cell count probably indicate an increased risk of vocal cord carcinoma.", "contents": "[The anatomy of the laryngeal ventricle and its importance in carcinoma of the vocal cords (author's transl)]. An anatomical study was made of the sinus of Morgagni (laryngeal ventricle) in 10 normal larynges and 15 larynges with vocal cord carcinoma. The most striking difference in those patients with malignancy was the relatively greater goblet cell population found. It is assumed that these anatomical changes reflect a disturbed function of the laryngeal ventricle. The epithelial metaplasia and the high goblet cell count probably indicate an increased risk of vocal cord carcinoma.", "PMID": 659272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8221", "title": "[Metastases to the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of metastases to the larynx are reported and 43 similarly reported in the literature are reviewed. Most were metastases from hypernephromas or melanomas, producing supraglottic soft tissue tumours. Metastases from bronchial and mammary carcinomas in most cases are \"bone metastases\" within the laryngeal skeleton. Metastases in the larynx from all other malignancies are extremely rare. The clinical picture is variable and can cause considerable diagnostic difficulty especially in laryngeal skeletal metastases. Solitary metastases can be successfully treated by surgery and irradiation.", "contents": "[Metastases to the larynx (author's transl)]. Four cases of metastases to the larynx are reported and 43 similarly reported in the literature are reviewed. Most were metastases from hypernephromas or melanomas, producing supraglottic soft tissue tumours. Metastases from bronchial and mammary carcinomas in most cases are \"bone metastases\" within the laryngeal skeleton. Metastases in the larynx from all other malignancies are extremely rare. The clinical picture is variable and can cause considerable diagnostic difficulty especially in laryngeal skeletal metastases. Solitary metastases can be successfully treated by surgery and irradiation.", "PMID": 659273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8222", "title": "[Endoscopic needle biopsy in larynx and pharynx. A simple method for the histological diagnosis of tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The needle-biopsy taken in the pharynx and larynx is a simple and reliable procedure for the histological diagnosis of submucosal tumours. It can be performed either in local anaesthesia using the zoom-endoscope by v. Stuckrad or during microlaryngoscopy under general anesthesia. This method however does neither replace the single biopsy of exophytic tumours nor the microlaryngoscopic excision of suspicious, precancerous lesions.", "contents": "[Endoscopic needle biopsy in larynx and pharynx. A simple method for the histological diagnosis of tumours (author's transl)]. The needle-biopsy taken in the pharynx and larynx is a simple and reliable procedure for the histological diagnosis of submucosal tumours. It can be performed either in local anaesthesia using the zoom-endoscope by v. Stuckrad or during microlaryngoscopy under general anesthesia. This method however does neither replace the single biopsy of exophytic tumours nor the microlaryngoscopic excision of suspicious, precancerous lesions.", "PMID": 659274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8223", "title": "[Temporary blindness after transnasal ethmoidectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A unilateral blindness after transnasal ethmoidectomy was diagnosed postoperatively while the patient was still in theatre. Exploration via an external approach was performed immediately, a haematoma was drained and the posteroir ethmoid artery was cauterized. This led to a recovery of vision. The temporary blindness was probably due to increased intraorbital pressure by the retrobulbar haematoma which led to stretching of and pressure on the optic nerve.", "contents": "[Temporary blindness after transnasal ethmoidectomy (author's transl)]. A unilateral blindness after transnasal ethmoidectomy was diagnosed postoperatively while the patient was still in theatre. Exploration via an external approach was performed immediately, a haematoma was drained and the posteroir ethmoid artery was cauterized. This led to a recovery of vision. The temporary blindness was probably due to increased intraorbital pressure by the retrobulbar haematoma which led to stretching of and pressure on the optic nerve.", "PMID": 659275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8224", "title": "[Audiograms from coalminers of the Anna mine (author's transl)].", "content": "1240 coalminers were examined otoscopically and by audiogram. For all age groups and for the collective mean value and standard deviation, thresholds for hearing (dB) were calculated. The audiograms obtained showed sloping changes which involved low and high frequencies and indicated that the understanding of conventional speech was impaired. The investigation also shows that a rising number of claims for damages for hearing loss in miners will occur in the near future. However, coalminers should be motivated to use personal hearing protection through standard conservation measures.", "contents": "[Audiograms from coalminers of the Anna mine (author's transl)]. 1240 coalminers were examined otoscopically and by audiogram. For all age groups and for the collective mean value and standard deviation, thresholds for hearing (dB) were calculated. The audiograms obtained showed sloping changes which involved low and high frequencies and indicated that the understanding of conventional speech was impaired. The investigation also shows that a rising number of claims for damages for hearing loss in miners will occur in the near future. However, coalminers should be motivated to use personal hearing protection through standard conservation measures.", "PMID": 659276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8225", "title": "[Conservative treatment for acute otitis media (author's transl)].", "content": "The local treatment of acute otitis media consists of an early paracentesis or in the care of the external auditory canal when suppuration occurs. Causal treatment requires a restoration of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the nasopharynx to normal function. For general treatment, chemo- or antibiotic therapy is most prominent. Such is not always necessary, but if it is required, it must be given in high doeses until all cardinal symptoms have disappeared. An insufficient treatment leads to a pathomorphosis which can be observed as mucoid or secretory otitis media in 4--8 year old children.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment for acute otitis media (author's transl)]. The local treatment of acute otitis media consists of an early paracentesis or in the care of the external auditory canal when suppuration occurs. Causal treatment requires a restoration of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the nasopharynx to normal function. For general treatment, chemo- or antibiotic therapy is most prominent. Such is not always necessary, but if it is required, it must be given in high doeses until all cardinal symptoms have disappeared. An insufficient treatment leads to a pathomorphosis which can be observed as mucoid or secretory otitis media in 4--8 year old children.", "PMID": 659277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8226", "title": "[A contribution to the closing of perforations of the nasal septum (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of closure of septal perforations is described. A wide pedicled flap of mucoperichondrium based by the inferior margin of the perforation is raised and having been rotated and drawn through closes the perforation on the one side. The defect is further patched by a composite retro-auricular graft, the cartilage of which is shaped to fit the perforation. During the past 2 years, 7 large perforations have been closed in this hospital by this method. Apart from one posterior defect, which at operation could not be covered the other perforations were closed.", "contents": "[A contribution to the closing of perforations of the nasal septum (author's transl)]. A method of closure of septal perforations is described. A wide pedicled flap of mucoperichondrium based by the inferior margin of the perforation is raised and having been rotated and drawn through closes the perforation on the one side. The defect is further patched by a composite retro-auricular graft, the cartilage of which is shaped to fit the perforation. During the past 2 years, 7 large perforations have been closed in this hospital by this method. Apart from one posterior defect, which at operation could not be covered the other perforations were closed.", "PMID": 659278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8227", "title": "The intelligibility of whitened and peak clipped speech.", "content": "Consonant-nucleus-consonant monosyllabic words were filltered such that each spectral component had equal energy (i.e., \"whitened\") and peak clipped in one of four ways: minimal, 20, 30, and 40 dB of clipping. In addition, unmodified consonant-nucleus-consonant words were used as stimuli. These different types of sppech were presented to 20 persons with normal hearing at various sensation levels. The results indicate that whitening and peak clipping do not substantially degrade speech intelligibility. In fact, under some conditions whitening and peak clipping may slightly enhance intelligibility.", "contents": "The intelligibility of whitened and peak clipped speech. Consonant-nucleus-consonant monosyllabic words were filltered such that each spectral component had equal energy (i.e., \"whitened\") and peak clipped in one of four ways: minimal, 20, 30, and 40 dB of clipping. In addition, unmodified consonant-nucleus-consonant words were used as stimuli. These different types of sppech were presented to 20 persons with normal hearing at various sensation levels. The results indicate that whitening and peak clipping do not substantially degrade speech intelligibility. In fact, under some conditions whitening and peak clipping may slightly enhance intelligibility.", "PMID": 659288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8228", "title": "Dynamic auditory localization by normal and learning disability children.", "content": "Twenty children from regular classrooms and 20 children from self-contained, learning disability classrooms tracked four different acoustic stimuli through three fixed paths in space. An apparatus specifically designed to provide objective data on accuracy of tracking was used. The results showed that learning disability children as a group were inferior in their abilities to follow a moving speech signal and a moving white noise. The position of the target with respect to the listeners' midlines affected accuracy of tracking, but this was not a function of the hand used to control the pointer.", "contents": "Dynamic auditory localization by normal and learning disability children. Twenty children from regular classrooms and 20 children from self-contained, learning disability classrooms tracked four different acoustic stimuli through three fixed paths in space. An apparatus specifically designed to provide objective data on accuracy of tracking was used. The results showed that learning disability children as a group were inferior in their abilities to follow a moving speech signal and a moving white noise. The position of the target with respect to the listeners' midlines affected accuracy of tracking, but this was not a function of the hand used to control the pointer.", "PMID": 659289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8229", "title": "Quality judgments of hearing aid-processed speech and music by normal and otopathologic listeners.", "content": "Ten normal listeners and ten listeners with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were given a paired-comparison task designed to elicit relative quality preferences among hearing aids when male speech, female speech, and music were processed by five different instruments. Results revealed notably high intrasubject test-retest reliability within the two groups of listeners for the male speech condition and in normal listeners for the female speech condition. Preferences assigned for any one of the three stimuli were found to be statistically correlated with those assigned for each of the other two stimuli. Furthermore, preferences of the otopathologic listeners were statistically equivalent those yielded by the normal listeners. Within the separate groups of listeners, rankings derived from the preferences of individual subjects were highly related to those of the other subjects within the respective group, suggesting the lack of a hearing aid-listener interaction. The relationship between preferences and \"goodness\" of selected electroacoustic characteristics, examined descriptively, was found to be equivocal. Overall results suggest that, while paired-comparison quality judgments may serve as an adequately reliable and adequately differentiating index of behavioral performance with hearing aids, incorporation of such a task within the traditional philosophy of hearing aid evaluation appears unjustifiable.", "contents": "Quality judgments of hearing aid-processed speech and music by normal and otopathologic listeners. Ten normal listeners and ten listeners with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were given a paired-comparison task designed to elicit relative quality preferences among hearing aids when male speech, female speech, and music were processed by five different instruments. Results revealed notably high intrasubject test-retest reliability within the two groups of listeners for the male speech condition and in normal listeners for the female speech condition. Preferences assigned for any one of the three stimuli were found to be statistically correlated with those assigned for each of the other two stimuli. Furthermore, preferences of the otopathologic listeners were statistically equivalent those yielded by the normal listeners. Within the separate groups of listeners, rankings derived from the preferences of individual subjects were highly related to those of the other subjects within the respective group, suggesting the lack of a hearing aid-listener interaction. The relationship between preferences and \"goodness\" of selected electroacoustic characteristics, examined descriptively, was found to be equivocal. Overall results suggest that, while paired-comparison quality judgments may serve as an adequately reliable and adequately differentiating index of behavioral performance with hearing aids, incorporation of such a task within the traditional philosophy of hearing aid evaluation appears unjustifiable.", "PMID": 659290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8230", "title": "Perception of rapid spectral change in speech by listeners with mild and moderate sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "An experimental method is described for assessing the effect of sensorineural hearing impairment on the perception of particular speech cues. Stimuli consisted of synthetic consonant-vowel syllables, varying along a continuum in the duration of initial formant transitions, such that the shorter stimuli sounded like [bepsilon], and the longer ones sounded like [Wepsilon]. Subjects with mild and moderate hearing losses were asked to identify the stimuli, and their performance was compared to that of normal-hearing listeners. Observed differences suggest that categorizing these sounds as stops versus glides is especially difficult for some impaired listeners. This difficulty is shown to be specific to the \"rapid spectral change\" cue, independent of frequency content or intensity level. The importance of this finding with respect to categorical perception and the implications for further tests of impairment for speech are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Perception of rapid spectral change in speech by listeners with mild and moderate sensorineural hearing loss. An experimental method is described for assessing the effect of sensorineural hearing impairment on the perception of particular speech cues. Stimuli consisted of synthetic consonant-vowel syllables, varying along a continuum in the duration of initial formant transitions, such that the shorter stimuli sounded like [bepsilon], and the longer ones sounded like [Wepsilon]. Subjects with mild and moderate hearing losses were asked to identify the stimuli, and their performance was compared to that of normal-hearing listeners. Observed differences suggest that categorizing these sounds as stops versus glides is especially difficult for some impaired listeners. This difficulty is shown to be specific to the \"rapid spectral change\" cue, independent of frequency content or intensity level. The importance of this finding with respect to categorical perception and the implications for further tests of impairment for speech are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 659292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8231", "title": "A comparison of results--acoustic susceptance and otolaryngology.", "content": "A screening study of hearing and middle-ear function was conducted on 2125 preschool children. Results are reported here for 504 of the subjects with static acoustic susceptance. Of these children, 380 had otolaryngological examinations. Static acoustic susceptance reliably provides an estimate of the stiffness component of the middle ear, but it does not predict middle ear abnormalities consistently. Three-year-old female subjects seem to show low values of static acoustic susceptance associated more with developmental factors than with middle ear disease.", "contents": "A comparison of results--acoustic susceptance and otolaryngology. A screening study of hearing and middle-ear function was conducted on 2125 preschool children. Results are reported here for 504 of the subjects with static acoustic susceptance. Of these children, 380 had otolaryngological examinations. Static acoustic susceptance reliably provides an estimate of the stiffness component of the middle ear, but it does not predict middle ear abnormalities consistently. Three-year-old female subjects seem to show low values of static acoustic susceptance associated more with developmental factors than with middle ear disease.", "PMID": 659291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8232", "title": "Natal patterns among registered dogs in the United States.", "content": "Breed, geographic, and seasonal distributions of canine births registered with the American Kennel Club for the years 1971 to 1973, accompanied by litter size and sex ratio data, were studied. A few breeds accounted for a large portion of the births. The breed distribution of births changed as popularity of various canine types waxed and waned. The geographic distribution of births generally paralleled the pattern of human population and was relatively stable. A distinct, repetitive seasonal distribution of births was evident. Human intervention probably molded much of this pattern, but genetic factors and environmental conditions also were involved. Litter size and sex ratio varied primarily with breed rather than with region or season and hence appeared genetically based.", "contents": "Natal patterns among registered dogs in the United States. Breed, geographic, and seasonal distributions of canine births registered with the American Kennel Club for the years 1971 to 1973, accompanied by litter size and sex ratio data, were studied. A few breeds accounted for a large portion of the births. The breed distribution of births changed as popularity of various canine types waxed and waned. The geographic distribution of births generally paralleled the pattern of human population and was relatively stable. A distinct, repetitive seasonal distribution of births was evident. Human intervention probably molded much of this pattern, but genetic factors and environmental conditions also were involved. Litter size and sex ratio varied primarily with breed rather than with region or season and hence appeared genetically based.", "PMID": 659298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8233", "title": "Comparison of pure-tone, warble-tone and narrow-band noise thresholds of young normal-hearing children.", "content": "Pure-tone, warble-tone, and narrow-band noise thresholds were compared in terms of sensitivity and clinical test-retest reliability. Eighty normal-hearing young children, equally divided in four discrete age levels (3 1/2, 4 1/2, 5 1/2, and 6 1/2 years) were examined. Thresholds were ranked from most to least sensitive as follows: warble-tone, pure-tone, and narrow-band noise. Test-retest reliability was equivalent for all three stimuli. Clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of pure-tone, warble-tone and narrow-band noise thresholds of young normal-hearing children. Pure-tone, warble-tone, and narrow-band noise thresholds were compared in terms of sensitivity and clinical test-retest reliability. Eighty normal-hearing young children, equally divided in four discrete age levels (3 1/2, 4 1/2, 5 1/2, and 6 1/2 years) were examined. Thresholds were ranked from most to least sensitive as follows: warble-tone, pure-tone, and narrow-band noise. Test-retest reliability was equivalent for all three stimuli. Clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 659293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8234", "title": "Repair of carpometacarpal instability after radiocarpal arthrodesis in a dog.", "content": "A 4-year-old male German Shepherd Dog sustained subluxation of the right radiocarpal joint. A coaptation splint did not adequately stabilize the carpus, and arthrodesis of the radiocarpal joint was undertaken, utilizing a wedge graft and bone plate. Despite successful fusion of the joint, lameness persisted in the affected limb. The lameness was attributed to subsequent carpometacarpal subluxation, which was presumed to result from the added stress of weight bearing on the carpometacarpal joint following the arthrodesis. Arthrodesis of the right intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints, utilizing cortical bone grafts and a bone plate, restored normal gait.", "contents": "Repair of carpometacarpal instability after radiocarpal arthrodesis in a dog. A 4-year-old male German Shepherd Dog sustained subluxation of the right radiocarpal joint. A coaptation splint did not adequately stabilize the carpus, and arthrodesis of the radiocarpal joint was undertaken, utilizing a wedge graft and bone plate. Despite successful fusion of the joint, lameness persisted in the affected limb. The lameness was attributed to subsequent carpometacarpal subluxation, which was presumed to result from the added stress of weight bearing on the carpometacarpal joint following the arthrodesis. Arthrodesis of the right intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints, utilizing cortical bone grafts and a bone plate, restored normal gait.", "PMID": 659299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8235", "title": "The influence of audiometric configuration on pure-tone, warble-tone and narrow-band noise thresholds of adults with sensorineural hearing losses.", "content": "Thresholds measurements for pure tones, warble tones, and narrow-band noise were compared for adult sensorineural hearing-impaired subjects with gradual and sharp audiometric configurations. Results demonstrated that audiometric configuration does not significantly affect the relationship between pure tones and warble tones but does affect the relationship between pure tones and narrow-band noise. Differences were most apparent at the higher frequencies. Clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of audiometric configuration on pure-tone, warble-tone and narrow-band noise thresholds of adults with sensorineural hearing losses. Thresholds measurements for pure tones, warble tones, and narrow-band noise were compared for adult sensorineural hearing-impaired subjects with gradual and sharp audiometric configurations. Results demonstrated that audiometric configuration does not significantly affect the relationship between pure tones and warble tones but does affect the relationship between pure tones and narrow-band noise. Differences were most apparent at the higher frequencies. Clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 659294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8236", "title": "Seizure-induced rhabdomyolysis accompanied by acute renal failure in a dog.", "content": "Secondary complications from extreme and prolonged convulsive seizures occurred in a young dog. Physical exertion resulted in necrosis of a substantial amount of skeletal muscle. The release of large quantities of myoglobin into the circulation caused severe impairment of renal function. Anoxia, apparently associated with the inability to breathe during seizures, resulted in brain damage. It was concluded that, although primary therapy must be directed toward alleviation of intense seizure activity, subsequent screening for renal disease and corollary supportive therapy would be appropriate.", "contents": "Seizure-induced rhabdomyolysis accompanied by acute renal failure in a dog. Secondary complications from extreme and prolonged convulsive seizures occurred in a young dog. Physical exertion resulted in necrosis of a substantial amount of skeletal muscle. The release of large quantities of myoglobin into the circulation caused severe impairment of renal function. Anoxia, apparently associated with the inability to breathe during seizures, resulted in brain damage. It was concluded that, although primary therapy must be directed toward alleviation of intense seizure activity, subsequent screening for renal disease and corollary supportive therapy would be appropriate.", "PMID": 659300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8237", "title": "Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in six dogs.", "content": "An acute progressive CNS disease characterized by fever, nystagmus, head tilt, facial paralysis, circling, and cervical pain was studied in 6 mature dogs. The term \"granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis\" was proposed for the disease complex, which was characterized pathologically by disseminated granulomatous lesions having a predilection for brainstem structures.", "contents": "Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in six dogs. An acute progressive CNS disease characterized by fever, nystagmus, head tilt, facial paralysis, circling, and cervical pain was studied in 6 mature dogs. The term \"granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis\" was proposed for the disease complex, which was characterized pathologically by disseminated granulomatous lesions having a predilection for brainstem structures.", "PMID": 659301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8238", "title": "Intestinal pseudoobstruction in a dog.", "content": "A 6-year-old male Yorkshire Terrier had clinical signs including intermittent vomiting and diarrhea associated with abdominal distention. Contrast radiography disclosed dilatation and decreased motility of the small intestine, with dilution of barium. Hemograms, blood chemical profiles, and results of fecal examinations and urinalyses were normal. Obstruction was not found at exploratory laparotomy, but a dilated segment of mid-jejunum was biopsied. There was hypoplasia of the tunica muscularis of the jejunum, without fibrosis, inflammation, or myenteric plexus involvement. The diagnosis was idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Post-operative care consisted solely of feeding bland foods. Three months after surgery there was progressive deterioration and emaciation due to chronic intestinal malabsorption.", "contents": "Intestinal pseudoobstruction in a dog. A 6-year-old male Yorkshire Terrier had clinical signs including intermittent vomiting and diarrhea associated with abdominal distention. Contrast radiography disclosed dilatation and decreased motility of the small intestine, with dilution of barium. Hemograms, blood chemical profiles, and results of fecal examinations and urinalyses were normal. Obstruction was not found at exploratory laparotomy, but a dilated segment of mid-jejunum was biopsied. There was hypoplasia of the tunica muscularis of the jejunum, without fibrosis, inflammation, or myenteric plexus involvement. The diagnosis was idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Post-operative care consisted solely of feeding bland foods. Three months after surgery there was progressive deterioration and emaciation due to chronic intestinal malabsorption.", "PMID": 659302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8239", "title": "Bilharziasis in a Nanday conure.", "content": "Natural infection with a schistosome in a pet Nanday conure caused weight loss, blood-flecked diarrhea, and death. Hemorrhagicoulcerative colitis and cloacitis were found at necropsy. The schistosome was not identified but was believed to be Gigantobilharzia sp.", "contents": "Bilharziasis in a Nanday conure. Natural infection with a schistosome in a pet Nanday conure caused weight loss, blood-flecked diarrhea, and death. Hemorrhagicoulcerative colitis and cloacitis were found at necropsy. The schistosome was not identified but was believed to be Gigantobilharzia sp.", "PMID": 659304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8240", "title": "Aflatoxicosis in swine.", "content": "In an episode of aflatoxicosis in feeder pigs, mortality was about 20%. Histopathologic findings characteristic of experimentally induced aflatoxicosis and the finding of aflatoxin B1 in the serum of pigs and in the cornbased feed confirmed the diagnosis. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were found in the corn used to prepare the feed. Combine harvesting of the corn, which cracked a large percentage of the kernels, coupled with prolonged drying time of the corn probably contributed to the aflatoxin production. Although the corn was fed to adult swine without observable effect, 47 of the 250 feeder pigs developed typical signs of aflatoxicosis. Unseasonably cold weather apparently was a factor in initiating the onset of clinical signs and probably increased the severity of the disease.", "contents": "Aflatoxicosis in swine. In an episode of aflatoxicosis in feeder pigs, mortality was about 20%. Histopathologic findings characteristic of experimentally induced aflatoxicosis and the finding of aflatoxin B1 in the serum of pigs and in the cornbased feed confirmed the diagnosis. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were found in the corn used to prepare the feed. Combine harvesting of the corn, which cracked a large percentage of the kernels, coupled with prolonged drying time of the corn probably contributed to the aflatoxin production. Although the corn was fed to adult swine without observable effect, 47 of the 250 feeder pigs developed typical signs of aflatoxicosis. Unseasonably cold weather apparently was a factor in initiating the onset of clinical signs and probably increased the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 659308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8241", "title": "Monitoring of plasma and milk progesterone for evaluation of postpartum estrous cycles and early pregnancy in mares.", "content": "Plasma and milk progesterone concentrations in 13 mares were determined 3 times a week for 5 months, beginning at parturition. The estrous cycle was divided into 2 phases. Estrus was considered to occur when the plasma progesterone concentration was less than 1 ng/ml, with diestrus occurring when plasma progesterone content was greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml. Based on this classification, the period of estrus averaged 8.9 days, diestrus averaged 13.9 days, and the estrous cycle averaged 22.8 days. During estrus, the progesterone concentration in plasma averaged 0.4 ng/ml and in milk averaged 2.2 ng/ml. During diestrus corresponding values were 6.8 and 6.9 ng/ml. In the early pregnant mare, the average progesterone concentration was 5.4 ng/ml for plasma and 4.7 ng/ml for milk. The progesterone pattern was similar in milk and in blood plasma, and the correlation between 362 paired values was 0.7 (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that the estrous cycle of the mare can be mapped accurately by measuring plasma or milk progesterone content at 2- to 3-day intervals. A breeding program based on monitoring blood progesterone was outlined.", "contents": "Monitoring of plasma and milk progesterone for evaluation of postpartum estrous cycles and early pregnancy in mares. Plasma and milk progesterone concentrations in 13 mares were determined 3 times a week for 5 months, beginning at parturition. The estrous cycle was divided into 2 phases. Estrus was considered to occur when the plasma progesterone concentration was less than 1 ng/ml, with diestrus occurring when plasma progesterone content was greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml. Based on this classification, the period of estrus averaged 8.9 days, diestrus averaged 13.9 days, and the estrous cycle averaged 22.8 days. During estrus, the progesterone concentration in plasma averaged 0.4 ng/ml and in milk averaged 2.2 ng/ml. During diestrus corresponding values were 6.8 and 6.9 ng/ml. In the early pregnant mare, the average progesterone concentration was 5.4 ng/ml for plasma and 4.7 ng/ml for milk. The progesterone pattern was similar in milk and in blood plasma, and the correlation between 362 paired values was 0.7 (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that the estrous cycle of the mare can be mapped accurately by measuring plasma or milk progesterone content at 2- to 3-day intervals. A breeding program based on monitoring blood progesterone was outlined.", "PMID": 659309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8242", "title": "Embryo transfer for cows with reproductive problems.", "content": "Surgical embryo recovery and transfer methods were applied to 25 cows and heifers with chronic reproductive problems. In 16 of the 25 animals, abnormalities could not be detected by palpation per rectum and, at laparotomy, the probable cause of low fertility was found to be oviductal obstructions or periovarian adhesions in 6 of them. Four pregnancies were obtained from 3 of these 6 animals. A definitive diagnosis was not obtained through laparotomy in the other 10 animals in this group; however, an abnormal uterine environment associated with senescence may have been responsible for low fertility in the older cows. Eighteen calves were obtained by embryo transfer from 8 of these 10 donor animals. The remaining 9 heifers and cows had lesions detectable by palpation per rectum. Chronic, purulent metritis was found in 2 cows, one of which produced 7 calves by embryo transfer. The other 7 had periovarian adhesions, and 8 calves were obtained from 2 of them. The adhesions in 6 of these 7 cows were attributable to cesarean section. Laparotomy was valuable for defining the extent of the adhesions and establishing a reliable prognosis in some cases.", "contents": "Embryo transfer for cows with reproductive problems. Surgical embryo recovery and transfer methods were applied to 25 cows and heifers with chronic reproductive problems. In 16 of the 25 animals, abnormalities could not be detected by palpation per rectum and, at laparotomy, the probable cause of low fertility was found to be oviductal obstructions or periovarian adhesions in 6 of them. Four pregnancies were obtained from 3 of these 6 animals. A definitive diagnosis was not obtained through laparotomy in the other 10 animals in this group; however, an abnormal uterine environment associated with senescence may have been responsible for low fertility in the older cows. Eighteen calves were obtained by embryo transfer from 8 of these 10 donor animals. The remaining 9 heifers and cows had lesions detectable by palpation per rectum. Chronic, purulent metritis was found in 2 cows, one of which produced 7 calves by embryo transfer. The other 7 had periovarian adhesions, and 8 calves were obtained from 2 of them. The adhesions in 6 of these 7 cows were attributable to cesarean section. Laparotomy was valuable for defining the extent of the adhesions and establishing a reliable prognosis in some cases.", "PMID": 659310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8243", "title": "Uterine tube abnormalities in cattle.", "content": "A total of 250 reproductive tracts from nonpregnant cows were obtained from a slaughterhouse. Uterine tubes were tested for patency by infusing methylene blue solution, and gross lesions were recorded. Of the 500 uterine tubes, 24 were occluded (unilateral in 20 tracts and bilateral in 2 tracts), and 26 had gross lesions (unilateral in 16 tracts and bilateral in 5 tracts). Approximately one-half of the occluded tubes were not associated with gross lesions. Approximately one half of the tubes with gross lesions were patent.", "contents": "Uterine tube abnormalities in cattle. A total of 250 reproductive tracts from nonpregnant cows were obtained from a slaughterhouse. Uterine tubes were tested for patency by infusing methylene blue solution, and gross lesions were recorded. Of the 500 uterine tubes, 24 were occluded (unilateral in 20 tracts and bilateral in 2 tracts), and 26 had gross lesions (unilateral in 16 tracts and bilateral in 5 tracts). Approximately one-half of the occluded tubes were not associated with gross lesions. Approximately one half of the tubes with gross lesions were patent.", "PMID": 659311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8244", "title": "Anaplasmosis: a regional serologic survey and oral antibiotic therapy in infected herds.", "content": "A test and treatment program was conducted in northern Idaho and southeastern Washington to detect bovine reactors to Anaplasma marginale and to achieve anaplasmosis-free status in the herds tested. Of 3,920 cattle tested, 214 (5.5%) were reactors; 110 of the reactors (from 7 herds) were tested after being treated orally for 45 days with chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline at a calculated daily dosage of 11 mg/kg of body weight, and all were seronegative. Two reactors refused to eat the medicated feed and were seropositive at retest. In untreated herds, the prevalence of reactors remained constant. It was concluded that a test and treatment program would have to be continued for several years to achieve an anaplasmosis-free status in cattle herds of the area.", "contents": "Anaplasmosis: a regional serologic survey and oral antibiotic therapy in infected herds. A test and treatment program was conducted in northern Idaho and southeastern Washington to detect bovine reactors to Anaplasma marginale and to achieve anaplasmosis-free status in the herds tested. Of 3,920 cattle tested, 214 (5.5%) were reactors; 110 of the reactors (from 7 herds) were tested after being treated orally for 45 days with chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline at a calculated daily dosage of 11 mg/kg of body weight, and all were seronegative. Two reactors refused to eat the medicated feed and were seropositive at retest. In untreated herds, the prevalence of reactors remained constant. It was concluded that a test and treatment program would have to be continued for several years to achieve an anaplasmosis-free status in cattle herds of the area.", "PMID": 659312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8245", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of endocarditis in a bull.", "content": "A 2-year-old Charolais bull was examined because of lameness that developed after infection of a tail laceration. A systolic murmur was auscultated during the routine physical examination. A diagnosis of endocarditis and polyarthritis secondary to septicemia from the tail lesion was made. The diagnosis was supported by echocardiography and blood cultures, which yielded Corynebacterium pyogenes. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of endocarditis in a bull. A 2-year-old Charolais bull was examined because of lameness that developed after infection of a tail laceration. A systolic murmur was auscultated during the routine physical examination. A diagnosis of endocarditis and polyarthritis secondary to septicemia from the tail lesion was made. The diagnosis was supported by echocardiography and blood cultures, which yielded Corynebacterium pyogenes. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy.", "PMID": 659313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8246", "title": "Rabies vaccine virus infection in three dogs.", "content": "Ascending paralysis developed in 3 dogs, 12 to 14 days following inoculation with a modified live virus, chicken embryo origin, low egg passage, Flury strain rabies vaccine. The paralysis began in the inoculated limb but rapidly involved both hindlimbs. Partial paresis of the forelimbs was seen several days following the hindlimb paralysis in all 3 dogs, and in 1 of these dogs the infection ascended rapidly to the brain as well. Two of the dogs recovered within 1 and 2 months, respectively, but the 3rd dog died within 5 days of the onset of paralytic signs. The fatal case was complicated by naturally acquired coincidental distemper. Serologic studies in 2 dogs and virus isolation from the 3rd dog indicated that rabies virus was the cause of the paralysis in 2 of the dogs and contributed to the disease syndrome in the 3rd dog. Virus could not be isolated from the saliva of CSF of the 2 surviving dogs. The virus isolated in the fatal case appeared to have some of the characteristics of the vaccine virus, as determined by its behavior in mice, cell culture, and embryonating chicken eggs and by its failure to produce Negri bodies in the brain of the infected dog.", "contents": "Rabies vaccine virus infection in three dogs. Ascending paralysis developed in 3 dogs, 12 to 14 days following inoculation with a modified live virus, chicken embryo origin, low egg passage, Flury strain rabies vaccine. The paralysis began in the inoculated limb but rapidly involved both hindlimbs. Partial paresis of the forelimbs was seen several days following the hindlimb paralysis in all 3 dogs, and in 1 of these dogs the infection ascended rapidly to the brain as well. Two of the dogs recovered within 1 and 2 months, respectively, but the 3rd dog died within 5 days of the onset of paralytic signs. The fatal case was complicated by naturally acquired coincidental distemper. Serologic studies in 2 dogs and virus isolation from the 3rd dog indicated that rabies virus was the cause of the paralysis in 2 of the dogs and contributed to the disease syndrome in the 3rd dog. Virus could not be isolated from the saliva of CSF of the 2 surviving dogs. The virus isolated in the fatal case appeared to have some of the characteristics of the vaccine virus, as determined by its behavior in mice, cell culture, and embryonating chicken eggs and by its failure to produce Negri bodies in the brain of the infected dog.", "PMID": 659318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8247", "title": "Remission of orbital sarcoma in a dog, using doxorubicin therapy.", "content": "A 7-year-old female mixed-breed dog with an undifferentiated sarcoma of the orbit was treated for 7 months with doxorubicin hydrochloride. Though remission was achieved, the dog died of acute heart failure.", "contents": "Remission of orbital sarcoma in a dog, using doxorubicin therapy. A 7-year-old female mixed-breed dog with an undifferentiated sarcoma of the orbit was treated for 7 months with doxorubicin hydrochloride. Though remission was achieved, the dog died of acute heart failure.", "PMID": 659321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8248", "title": "Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. I. Producing organism and fermentation.", "content": "A streptomycete strain, P3409, which produced new basic macrolide antibiotics, deltamycins A1, A2 and A3 and carbomycin A (deltamycin A4) was considered to be a new subspecies for which the name Streptomyces halstedii subsp. deltae was proposed. Deltamycins A1, A2, A3 and A4 which were active against Gram-positive bacteria were produced in organic complex media.", "contents": "Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. I. Producing organism and fermentation. A streptomycete strain, P3409, which produced new basic macrolide antibiotics, deltamycins A1, A2 and A3 and carbomycin A (deltamycin A4) was considered to be a new subspecies for which the name Streptomyces halstedii subsp. deltae was proposed. Deltamycins A1, A2, A3 and A4 which were active against Gram-positive bacteria were produced in organic complex media.", "PMID": 659323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8249", "title": "Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. II. Isolation and physicochemical properties.", "content": "The new macrolide antibiotics were isolated by silica gel chromatography. They showed a UV absorption maximum at 240 nm. Deltamycins A1, A2 and A3 were demonstrated to be new macrolide antibiotics on the basis of their physicochemical properties whereas deltamycin A4 was identified as carbomycin A.", "contents": "Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. II. Isolation and physicochemical properties. The new macrolide antibiotics were isolated by silica gel chromatography. They showed a UV absorption maximum at 240 nm. Deltamycins A1, A2 and A3 were demonstrated to be new macrolide antibiotics on the basis of their physicochemical properties whereas deltamycin A4 was identified as carbomycin A.", "PMID": 659324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8250", "title": "Teichomycins, new antibiotics from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus Nov. Sp. I. Description of the producer strain, fermentation studies and biological properties.", "content": "A soil isolate of Actinoplanes that produces the chemically unrelated new antibiotics teichomycins A1 and A2 has been proposed as a new species named Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. (ATCC 31121). Studies of medium and fermentation conditions indicated that the highest antibiotic titers, ca 900 u/ml, are obtained in a medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose, 1% cotton seed meal, 1% malt extract, and 0.4% yeast extract. Both teichomycin A1 and teichomycin A2 are highly active against gram-positive bacteria. Teichomycin A1 shows some activity against gram-negative bacteria. Both antibiotics cured mice experimentally infected with sensitive bacteria and showed low acute toxicity. Of the two antibiotics teichomycin A2 is the more active.", "contents": "Teichomycins, new antibiotics from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus Nov. Sp. I. Description of the producer strain, fermentation studies and biological properties. A soil isolate of Actinoplanes that produces the chemically unrelated new antibiotics teichomycins A1 and A2 has been proposed as a new species named Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. (ATCC 31121). Studies of medium and fermentation conditions indicated that the highest antibiotic titers, ca 900 u/ml, are obtained in a medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose, 1% cotton seed meal, 1% malt extract, and 0.4% yeast extract. Both teichomycin A1 and teichomycin A2 are highly active against gram-positive bacteria. Teichomycin A1 shows some activity against gram-negative bacteria. Both antibiotics cured mice experimentally infected with sensitive bacteria and showed low acute toxicity. Of the two antibiotics teichomycin A2 is the more active.", "PMID": 659325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8251", "title": "The complete assignment of the 13C NMR spectra of lasalocid and the sodium salt-complex of the antibiotic.", "content": "All thirty-four signals observed in the 13C nmr of both the free acid form (Ia) and sodium salt (Ib) of the polyether antibiotic lasalocid have been assigned. This was achieved using model compounds such as 3-methylsalicylic acid, the retroaldol ketones from both lasalocid and lysocellin and a gamma-lactone from a third polyether, salinomycin. The last assignments to be made were accomplished using biosynthetically enriched samples of the antibiotic.", "contents": "The complete assignment of the 13C NMR spectra of lasalocid and the sodium salt-complex of the antibiotic. All thirty-four signals observed in the 13C nmr of both the free acid form (Ia) and sodium salt (Ib) of the polyether antibiotic lasalocid have been assigned. This was achieved using model compounds such as 3-methylsalicylic acid, the retroaldol ketones from both lasalocid and lysocellin and a gamma-lactone from a third polyether, salinomycin. The last assignments to be made were accomplished using biosynthetically enriched samples of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 659326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8252", "title": "Solution conformation of septamycin and its sodium salt.", "content": "The interpretation of the 300 MHz 1H-nmr spectra of septamycin (1) and its sodium salt (1+) allow one to extract most of the parameters revealing their resemblant conformations in solution. The backbone forms a pseudocyclic structure closed by head-to-tail hydrogen bonding between the carboxylate fragment and the OH-14. In 1+, the sodium ion is trapped in a central hole by coordinating around it six to seven oxygen atoms (including COO-). The external lipophilic zone of the molecule keeps the sodium ion away from the surroundings. The dangling sugar-like fragment does not participate in the metal binding. It was not possible to detect any water molecule participating in the cyclization of septamycin-free acid, nor in septamycin-Na+, as was found in an X-ray study for the p-bromophenacyl ester.", "contents": "Solution conformation of septamycin and its sodium salt. The interpretation of the 300 MHz 1H-nmr spectra of septamycin (1) and its sodium salt (1+) allow one to extract most of the parameters revealing their resemblant conformations in solution. The backbone forms a pseudocyclic structure closed by head-to-tail hydrogen bonding between the carboxylate fragment and the OH-14. In 1+, the sodium ion is trapped in a central hole by coordinating around it six to seven oxygen atoms (including COO-). The external lipophilic zone of the molecule keeps the sodium ion away from the surroundings. The dangling sugar-like fragment does not participate in the metal binding. It was not possible to detect any water molecule participating in the cyclization of septamycin-free acid, nor in septamycin-Na+, as was found in an X-ray study for the p-bromophenacyl ester.", "PMID": 659327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8253", "title": "HPLC as a rapid means of monitoring erythromycin and tetracycline fermentation processes.", "content": "Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as a rapid means of monitoring the erythromycin and the tetracycline fermentation processes. The sample preparation process for tetracycline in the fermentation broth includes simple dilution and filtration through a Millipore filter prior to injection into the HPLC column. Fermentation growth samples showed no interference, and excellent separation for selective determination of tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, anhydrotetracycline, chlortetracycline, and 4-epianhydrotetracycline was obtained. The relative standard deviation for the HPLC analysis for tetracycline is about one percent and the correlation coefficient between the HPLC and the spectrophotometric assay methods is better than 0.994. The sample preparation procedure for erythromycin determination in fermentation broth requires solvent cleanup and extraction processes. The chromatographic analysis takes approximately 25 minutes, and the HPLC method is capable of separating and quantifying erythromycins A, B, C, and various epimers and degradation compounds. The correlation coefficient between the HPLC and the microbiological assay method is 0.970.", "contents": "HPLC as a rapid means of monitoring erythromycin and tetracycline fermentation processes. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as a rapid means of monitoring the erythromycin and the tetracycline fermentation processes. The sample preparation process for tetracycline in the fermentation broth includes simple dilution and filtration through a Millipore filter prior to injection into the HPLC column. Fermentation growth samples showed no interference, and excellent separation for selective determination of tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, anhydrotetracycline, chlortetracycline, and 4-epianhydrotetracycline was obtained. The relative standard deviation for the HPLC analysis for tetracycline is about one percent and the correlation coefficient between the HPLC and the spectrophotometric assay methods is better than 0.994. The sample preparation procedure for erythromycin determination in fermentation broth requires solvent cleanup and extraction processes. The chromatographic analysis takes approximately 25 minutes, and the HPLC method is capable of separating and quantifying erythromycins A, B, C, and various epimers and degradation compounds. The correlation coefficient between the HPLC and the microbiological assay method is 0.970.", "PMID": 659328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8254", "title": "Biological glycosidation of macrolide aglycones. II. Isolation and characterization of desosaminyl-platenolide I.", "content": "Biological glycosidation of platenolide I (I), a biosynthetic intermediate of 16-membered macrolide antibiotic platenomycin aglycones, with desosamine by Streptomycetes producing 14-membered macrolide antibiotics was attempted. Streptomyces narbonensis producing narbomycin gave a new product designated as 5-O-desosaminyl-platenolide I (III), and Streptomyces venezuelae producing narbomycin and picromycin gave III together with a second new product, 5-O-desosaminyl-14-hydroxyplatenolide I (IV). A nonantibiotic-producing blocked mutant of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus, a producer of platenomycins, converted III to an antibiotically active compound identified as 3-O-propionyl-5-O-desosaminyl-9-dihydro-18-oxo-platenolide I (V).", "contents": "Biological glycosidation of macrolide aglycones. II. Isolation and characterization of desosaminyl-platenolide I. Biological glycosidation of platenolide I (I), a biosynthetic intermediate of 16-membered macrolide antibiotic platenomycin aglycones, with desosamine by Streptomycetes producing 14-membered macrolide antibiotics was attempted. Streptomyces narbonensis producing narbomycin gave a new product designated as 5-O-desosaminyl-platenolide I (III), and Streptomyces venezuelae producing narbomycin and picromycin gave III together with a second new product, 5-O-desosaminyl-14-hydroxyplatenolide I (IV). A nonantibiotic-producing blocked mutant of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus, a producer of platenomycins, converted III to an antibiotically active compound identified as 3-O-propionyl-5-O-desosaminyl-9-dihydro-18-oxo-platenolide I (V).", "PMID": 659329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8255", "title": "Biomodification of albocycline by Streptomyces venezuelae.", "content": "The macrolide antibiotic albocycline, when added to the fermentations of Streptomyces venezuelae UC-2560 (WC-3627) underwent a gradual loss of antimicrobial activity. The inactive product of this biotransformation was isolated from the fermentations and was shown to be 2,3-dihydroalbocycline.", "contents": "Biomodification of albocycline by Streptomyces venezuelae. The macrolide antibiotic albocycline, when added to the fermentations of Streptomyces venezuelae UC-2560 (WC-3627) underwent a gradual loss of antimicrobial activity. The inactive product of this biotransformation was isolated from the fermentations and was shown to be 2,3-dihydroalbocycline.", "PMID": 659330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8256", "title": "On the mode of action of pseudomonic acid: inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The effect of the antibiotic, pseudomonic acid, on the major metabolic processes in Staphylococcus aureus was studied. The primary effect of low concentrations of the antibiotic, leading to bacteriostasis, is inhibition of protein synthesis. Pseudomonic acid also severely inhibits RNA synthesis which can be prevented by chloramphenicol treatment. DNA and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis are inhibited to a lesser extent and interference with these processes is considered to be a secondary effect. Oxidative phosphorylation as measured by ATP levels was not inhibited.", "contents": "On the mode of action of pseudomonic acid: inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of the antibiotic, pseudomonic acid, on the major metabolic processes in Staphylococcus aureus was studied. The primary effect of low concentrations of the antibiotic, leading to bacteriostasis, is inhibition of protein synthesis. Pseudomonic acid also severely inhibits RNA synthesis which can be prevented by chloramphenicol treatment. DNA and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis are inhibited to a lesser extent and interference with these processes is considered to be a secondary effect. Oxidative phosphorylation as measured by ATP levels was not inhibited.", "PMID": 659331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8257", "title": "Purification and characterization of an aminoglycoside inactivating enzyme from Staphylococcus epidermidis FK109 that nucleotidylates the 4'- and 4''-hydroxyl groups of the aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "The resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Staphylococcus epidermidis FK109, is mediated by an enzyme that catalyzes transfer of the nucleotide monophosphate moiety from the nucleotide triphosphates, either to the 4'-hydroxyl group, that is in the equatorial plane of the aminoglycoside molecule. The enzyme, modifying the two sites, appears as a single and homogeneous entity in affinity chromatography, in chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, in isoelectric focusing and in gel-filtration. It requires divalent cations, notably Mg++, and dithiothreitol for optimal adenylylation. It has a molecular weight of 46,770 and an isoelectric point of 5.0. The ability of the enzyme ANT (4', 4'') to modify the two hydroxyl groups of aminoglycoside molecules, enables it to have a spectrum of substrates that surpasses, in range, the substrate spectrum of all the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes which have been characterized hitherto.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an aminoglycoside inactivating enzyme from Staphylococcus epidermidis FK109 that nucleotidylates the 4'- and 4''-hydroxyl groups of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. The resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Staphylococcus epidermidis FK109, is mediated by an enzyme that catalyzes transfer of the nucleotide monophosphate moiety from the nucleotide triphosphates, either to the 4'-hydroxyl group, that is in the equatorial plane of the aminoglycoside molecule. The enzyme, modifying the two sites, appears as a single and homogeneous entity in affinity chromatography, in chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, in isoelectric focusing and in gel-filtration. It requires divalent cations, notably Mg++, and dithiothreitol for optimal adenylylation. It has a molecular weight of 46,770 and an isoelectric point of 5.0. The ability of the enzyme ANT (4', 4'') to modify the two hydroxyl groups of aminoglycoside molecules, enables it to have a spectrum of substrates that surpasses, in range, the substrate spectrum of all the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes which have been characterized hitherto.", "PMID": 659332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8258", "title": "\"Asthma Alley\": a space clustering study of asthma in Brooklyn, New York City.", "content": "A certain section of the borough of Brooklyn has sometimes been referred to as \"Asthma Alley,\" expressing a feeling that this area in Brooklyn shows a markedly higher rate of asthma than adjacent areas. This study describes an epidemiologic method developed to determine whether the popular perception of spatial clustering of cases reflects reality. The spatial distribution of respiratory visits to the emergency room is taken as a reference against which clustering of asthma visits is compared, on the assumption that it is a good measure of the proportion of people in that area that make use of the emergency room facilities. From approximately 9,000 visits for asthma during the study period we were able to show that: (1) the differences in distribution of asthma cases among the health areas of Brooklyn are statistically significant; and (2) the health areas that show an excess of asthma visits lie along a belt east of the two hospitals and coincide with the popular impression of the location of \"Asthma Alley.\"", "contents": "\"Asthma Alley\": a space clustering study of asthma in Brooklyn, New York City. A certain section of the borough of Brooklyn has sometimes been referred to as \"Asthma Alley,\" expressing a feeling that this area in Brooklyn shows a markedly higher rate of asthma than adjacent areas. This study describes an epidemiologic method developed to determine whether the popular perception of spatial clustering of cases reflects reality. The spatial distribution of respiratory visits to the emergency room is taken as a reference against which clustering of asthma visits is compared, on the assumption that it is a good measure of the proportion of people in that area that make use of the emergency room facilities. From approximately 9,000 visits for asthma during the study period we were able to show that: (1) the differences in distribution of asthma cases among the health areas of Brooklyn are statistically significant; and (2) the health areas that show an excess of asthma visits lie along a belt east of the two hospitals and coincide with the popular impression of the location of \"Asthma Alley.\"", "PMID": 659357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8259", "title": "Evidence linking penicillinase formation and secretion to lipid metabolism in Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "The formation of penicillinase by cultures of Bacillus licheniformis was preferentially suppressed by cerulenin, an antibiotic known to specifically inhibit fatty acid synthesis in microorganisms. The effect was studied at cerulenin concentrations that had almost no effect on the rate of cell growth and overall protein synthesis, but that reduced the rate of [14C]acetate incorporation (by 50 to 70%), indicating partial inhibition of lipid synthesis. The levels of both the released enzyme (exopenicillinase) and its cell-bound precursor were reduced to the same extent (70% to 80%). Enzyme formation was gradually resumed after the removal of cerulenin or the addition of a mixture of fatty acids prepared from lipids extracted from B. licheniformis. Reversal was less effective as the time interval between treatment with cerulenin and addition of fatty acids increased. We conclude that de novo synthesis of fatty acids is required for the formation of both the membrane-bound and extracellular penicillinase. Suppression of the membrane-bound enzyme is a likely consequence of the altered membrane (decreased lipid-to-lipid ratio and increased density) seen in cerulenin-treated preparations. The corresponding suppression of exopenicillinase is consistent with the view that it is derived from the membrane-bound form. A mechanism linking the general class of exportable proteins to specific aspects of lipid synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence linking penicillinase formation and secretion to lipid metabolism in Bacillus licheniformis. The formation of penicillinase by cultures of Bacillus licheniformis was preferentially suppressed by cerulenin, an antibiotic known to specifically inhibit fatty acid synthesis in microorganisms. The effect was studied at cerulenin concentrations that had almost no effect on the rate of cell growth and overall protein synthesis, but that reduced the rate of [14C]acetate incorporation (by 50 to 70%), indicating partial inhibition of lipid synthesis. The levels of both the released enzyme (exopenicillinase) and its cell-bound precursor were reduced to the same extent (70% to 80%). Enzyme formation was gradually resumed after the removal of cerulenin or the addition of a mixture of fatty acids prepared from lipids extracted from B. licheniformis. Reversal was less effective as the time interval between treatment with cerulenin and addition of fatty acids increased. We conclude that de novo synthesis of fatty acids is required for the formation of both the membrane-bound and extracellular penicillinase. Suppression of the membrane-bound enzyme is a likely consequence of the altered membrane (decreased lipid-to-lipid ratio and increased density) seen in cerulenin-treated preparations. The corresponding suppression of exopenicillinase is consistent with the view that it is derived from the membrane-bound form. A mechanism linking the general class of exportable proteins to specific aspects of lipid synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 659359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8260", "title": "Regulation of bacterial cell walls: correlation between autolytic activity and cell wall turnover in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Cell wall turnover was examined in parent and mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Peptidoglycan and teichoic acid were observed to undergo turnover in the wild-type strain during exponential growth; however, the rate of turnover did not decrease when the growth rate slowed, as the culture entered stationary phase. Isolated native cell walls and crude soluble autolytic enzyme were prepared from cells harvested during exponential and postexponential phases of growth. Native cell walls from both phases of growth autolyzed in buffer at identical rates; similarily, crude soluble enzyme from both preparations degraded radioactive cell walls at the same rate. Therefore, the activity of the autolysin in both exponential and postexponential cells was similar. The autolysis of whole cells of a mutant tar-1 was enhanced by 1.0 M NaCl. When 1.0 M NaCl was present under growing conditions, the rate of cell wall turnover was greatly increased. The presence of chloramphenicol, which inhibits whole-cell autolysis, also inhibited turnover. Analysis of the cell wall material recovered from spent medium revealed products consistent with the known mode of action of the endogenous autolysin. It is concluded that cell wall turnover in S. aureus is independent of the stage of culture growth but is dependent instead on the activity of the autolysin.", "contents": "Regulation of bacterial cell walls: correlation between autolytic activity and cell wall turnover in Staphylococcus aureus. Cell wall turnover was examined in parent and mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Peptidoglycan and teichoic acid were observed to undergo turnover in the wild-type strain during exponential growth; however, the rate of turnover did not decrease when the growth rate slowed, as the culture entered stationary phase. Isolated native cell walls and crude soluble autolytic enzyme were prepared from cells harvested during exponential and postexponential phases of growth. Native cell walls from both phases of growth autolyzed in buffer at identical rates; similarily, crude soluble enzyme from both preparations degraded radioactive cell walls at the same rate. Therefore, the activity of the autolysin in both exponential and postexponential cells was similar. The autolysis of whole cells of a mutant tar-1 was enhanced by 1.0 M NaCl. When 1.0 M NaCl was present under growing conditions, the rate of cell wall turnover was greatly increased. The presence of chloramphenicol, which inhibits whole-cell autolysis, also inhibited turnover. Analysis of the cell wall material recovered from spent medium revealed products consistent with the known mode of action of the endogenous autolysin. It is concluded that cell wall turnover in S. aureus is independent of the stage of culture growth but is dependent instead on the activity of the autolysin.", "PMID": 659360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8261", "title": "Tetrahydrofolate enzyme levels in Acetobacterium woodii and their implication in the synthesis of acetate from CO2.", "content": "Acetate synthesis from CO2 by Acetobacterium woodii may occur as in homoacetate-fermenting clostridia, as indicated by high levels of enzymes of the tetrahydrofolate pathway and by pyruvate-dependent formation of acetate from methyl-B12 and methyltetrahydrofolate.", "contents": "Tetrahydrofolate enzyme levels in Acetobacterium woodii and their implication in the synthesis of acetate from CO2. Acetate synthesis from CO2 by Acetobacterium woodii may occur as in homoacetate-fermenting clostridia, as indicated by high levels of enzymes of the tetrahydrofolate pathway and by pyruvate-dependent formation of acetate from methyl-B12 and methyltetrahydrofolate.", "PMID": 659361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8262", "title": "Chemoresponses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been found to respond to chemicals in two ways: chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Several amino acids, fatty acids, and inorganic salts can stimulate these responses.", "contents": "Chemoresponses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been found to respond to chemicals in two ways: chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Several amino acids, fatty acids, and inorganic salts can stimulate these responses.", "PMID": 659362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8263", "title": "Some properties of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores.", "content": "Dry spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes exhibited no endogenous metabolism when tested by the sensitive radiorespirometric technique. Wetting the spores resulted in a sharp increase in endogenous respiration followed by a gradual decrease to a constant level, whereby 0.02% of the spore carbon was respired to CO(2) per h. The rate of endogenous metabolism increased slowly as unactivated and heat-activated spores germinated in a defined germination medium, reaching rapid rates only after germination was completed. Components of the defined germination medium, adenosine, l-alanine, and l-glutamic acid, were oxidized to CO(2) at appreciable rates only after germination was complete. The QO(2) (microliters of O(2) uptake per hour per milligram [dry weight] of spores) values for endogenously respiring spores were 3.9 for unactivated and 7.8 for activated spores. Various sugars, amino acids, and organic acids were oxidized only slowly or not at all by unactivated and activated spores. The dry spores contained 5.2 x 10(-2) mumol of ATP per g (dry weight). The ATP content of spores increased approximately 4-fold after suspension in buffer and approximately 11-fold after heat activation. During germination, the ATP level increased to a level of 1 mumol of ATP per g (dry weight) and remained constant. Germination was accompanied by excretion from the spores of approximately 8 and 12% of the total spore carbon from unactivated and activated spores, respectively. A potent germination inhibitor was released from the germinated spores. The germination inhibitor had no effect on heat-activated spores or spores which had begun germination for as short a time as 5 min.", "contents": "Some properties of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores. Dry spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes exhibited no endogenous metabolism when tested by the sensitive radiorespirometric technique. Wetting the spores resulted in a sharp increase in endogenous respiration followed by a gradual decrease to a constant level, whereby 0.02% of the spore carbon was respired to CO(2) per h. The rate of endogenous metabolism increased slowly as unactivated and heat-activated spores germinated in a defined germination medium, reaching rapid rates only after germination was completed. Components of the defined germination medium, adenosine, l-alanine, and l-glutamic acid, were oxidized to CO(2) at appreciable rates only after germination was complete. The QO(2) (microliters of O(2) uptake per hour per milligram [dry weight] of spores) values for endogenously respiring spores were 3.9 for unactivated and 7.8 for activated spores. Various sugars, amino acids, and organic acids were oxidized only slowly or not at all by unactivated and activated spores. The dry spores contained 5.2 x 10(-2) mumol of ATP per g (dry weight). The ATP content of spores increased approximately 4-fold after suspension in buffer and approximately 11-fold after heat activation. During germination, the ATP level increased to a level of 1 mumol of ATP per g (dry weight) and remained constant. Germination was accompanied by excretion from the spores of approximately 8 and 12% of the total spore carbon from unactivated and activated spores, respectively. A potent germination inhibitor was released from the germinated spores. The germination inhibitor had no effect on heat-activated spores or spores which had begun germination for as short a time as 5 min.", "PMID": 659363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8264", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of the filamentous, segmented microorganism attached to the murine small bowel.", "content": "A freeze-fracture study has provided new information about the filamentous, segmented microorganism known to live in the murine small bowel. The intracellular bodies produced by this microbe appear to arise by a modified sporogenesis so that they are enclosed in an envelopment membrane at least prior to release by the filament mother cell. At least some of the intracellular bodies divide while still within the mother cell, suggesting a reproductive role for these structures. The host epithelial membrane remains intact at the site of attachment, but does appear to have a reduced concentration of intramembrane particles. Changes in the host cytoplasm adjacent to the attachment site are documented and interpreted to be a sol-gel transformation which may stabilize the attachment socket.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of the filamentous, segmented microorganism attached to the murine small bowel. A freeze-fracture study has provided new information about the filamentous, segmented microorganism known to live in the murine small bowel. The intracellular bodies produced by this microbe appear to arise by a modified sporogenesis so that they are enclosed in an envelopment membrane at least prior to release by the filament mother cell. At least some of the intracellular bodies divide while still within the mother cell, suggesting a reproductive role for these structures. The host epithelial membrane remains intact at the site of attachment, but does appear to have a reduced concentration of intramembrane particles. Changes in the host cytoplasm adjacent to the attachment site are documented and interpreted to be a sol-gel transformation which may stabilize the attachment socket.", "PMID": 659364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8265", "title": "Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from methanol-grown Paracoccus denitrificans.", "content": "Paracoccus denitrificans grows on methanol as the sole source of energy and carbon, which it assimilates aerobically via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. This gram-negative bacterium grew rapidly on 50 mM methanol (generation time, 7 h, 30 degrees C) in excellent yield (3 g of wet-packed cells per liter of culture). Electron microscopic studies indicated that the late-log-phase cells were coccoid, having a thick envelope surrounding a layer of more diffuse electron-dense material and a relatively electron-transparent core. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the 15,000 X g supernatant of fresh cells had specific activities (micromoles of CO2 fixed per minute per milligram of protein) of 0.026, 0.049, 0.085, 0.128, and 0.034 during the lag, early, mild-, and late log, and late stationary phases, respectively. The enzyme was purified 40-fold by pelleting at 159,000 X g, salting out, sedimentation into a 0.2 to 0.8 M linear sucrose gradient, and elution from a diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex column. The enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels polymerized from several acrylamide concentrations and sedimentation behavior. The molecular weight of the native enzyme, as measured by gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, averaged 525,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociated the enzyme into two types of subunits with molecular weights of 55,000 and 13,600. The S20,w of the enzyme was 14.0 Km values for ribulose bisphosphate and CO2 were 0.166 and 0.051 mM, respectively, and the enzyme was inhibited to the extent of 94% by 1 mM 6-phosphogluconate.", "contents": "Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from methanol-grown Paracoccus denitrificans. Paracoccus denitrificans grows on methanol as the sole source of energy and carbon, which it assimilates aerobically via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. This gram-negative bacterium grew rapidly on 50 mM methanol (generation time, 7 h, 30 degrees C) in excellent yield (3 g of wet-packed cells per liter of culture). Electron microscopic studies indicated that the late-log-phase cells were coccoid, having a thick envelope surrounding a layer of more diffuse electron-dense material and a relatively electron-transparent core. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the 15,000 X g supernatant of fresh cells had specific activities (micromoles of CO2 fixed per minute per milligram of protein) of 0.026, 0.049, 0.085, 0.128, and 0.034 during the lag, early, mild-, and late log, and late stationary phases, respectively. The enzyme was purified 40-fold by pelleting at 159,000 X g, salting out, sedimentation into a 0.2 to 0.8 M linear sucrose gradient, and elution from a diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex column. The enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels polymerized from several acrylamide concentrations and sedimentation behavior. The molecular weight of the native enzyme, as measured by gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, averaged 525,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociated the enzyme into two types of subunits with molecular weights of 55,000 and 13,600. The S20,w of the enzyme was 14.0 Km values for ribulose bisphosphate and CO2 were 0.166 and 0.051 mM, respectively, and the enzyme was inhibited to the extent of 94% by 1 mM 6-phosphogluconate.", "PMID": 659365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8266", "title": "Association of long surface appendages with adherence-related functions of the gram-positive species Actinomyces naeslundii.", "content": "Electron microscopy of new isolates of gram-positive Actinomyces naeslundii demonstrated long, fragile appendages. Removal of the appendages impaired attachment to epithelial cells and reaggregation, thus implicating them in attachment-related functions.", "contents": "Association of long surface appendages with adherence-related functions of the gram-positive species Actinomyces naeslundii. Electron microscopy of new isolates of gram-positive Actinomyces naeslundii demonstrated long, fragile appendages. Removal of the appendages impaired attachment to epithelial cells and reaggregation, thus implicating them in attachment-related functions.", "PMID": 659366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8267", "title": "Transfer from Rhizobium japonicum to Azotobacter vinelandii of genes required for nodulation.", "content": "A mutant strain of Azotobacter vinelandii that is unable to fix N2 (Nif-) was transformed to Nif+ with DNA from Rhizobium japonicum. Of 50 Nif+ transformants tested, 3 contained the O antigen-related polysaccharide that is present on the cell surface of a nodulating R. japonicum strain, but is absent from a non-nodulating mutant strain.", "contents": "Transfer from Rhizobium japonicum to Azotobacter vinelandii of genes required for nodulation. A mutant strain of Azotobacter vinelandii that is unable to fix N2 (Nif-) was transformed to Nif+ with DNA from Rhizobium japonicum. Of 50 Nif+ transformants tested, 3 contained the O antigen-related polysaccharide that is present on the cell surface of a nodulating R. japonicum strain, but is absent from a non-nodulating mutant strain.", "PMID": 659367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8268", "title": "Relationship between the heat resistance of spores and the optimum and maximum growth temperatures of Bacillus species.", "content": "Heat resistance of spores of Bacillus strains was compared with the temperature adaptation of each strain as measured by the optimum and maximum growth temperatures and the heat resistance of vegetative cells. Maximum growth temperatures ranged from 31 to 76 degrees C and were little affected by the nature of the growth medium. The temperature giving maximum growth rate was closely correlated to the maximum temperature for growth, and about 6 degrees C lower. Vetetative-cell heat resistance, determined on exponential-phase cells, was also correlated with maximum growth temperature. The temperature at which spores were inactivated with a decimal reduction time of 10 min was in the range of 75 to 121 degrees C. This temperature was 46 +/- 7 degrees C higher than the maximum growth temperature and correlated with it and the other cell parameters. Spore heat resistance can be considered to have two components, the temperature adaptation characteristic of the species and the stabilization conferred by the spore state.", "contents": "Relationship between the heat resistance of spores and the optimum and maximum growth temperatures of Bacillus species. Heat resistance of spores of Bacillus strains was compared with the temperature adaptation of each strain as measured by the optimum and maximum growth temperatures and the heat resistance of vegetative cells. Maximum growth temperatures ranged from 31 to 76 degrees C and were little affected by the nature of the growth medium. The temperature giving maximum growth rate was closely correlated to the maximum temperature for growth, and about 6 degrees C lower. Vetetative-cell heat resistance, determined on exponential-phase cells, was also correlated with maximum growth temperature. The temperature at which spores were inactivated with a decimal reduction time of 10 min was in the range of 75 to 121 degrees C. This temperature was 46 +/- 7 degrees C higher than the maximum growth temperature and correlated with it and the other cell parameters. Spore heat resistance can be considered to have two components, the temperature adaptation characteristic of the species and the stabilization conferred by the spore state.", "PMID": 659368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8269", "title": "Regulation of the degradative pathway enzymes coded for by the TOL plasmid (pWWO) from Pseudomonas putida mt-2.", "content": "Pseudomonas putida mt-2 carries a plasmid (TOL, pWWO) which codes for a single set of enzymes responsible for the catabolism of toluene and m- and p-xylene to central metabolites by way of benzoate and m- and p-toluate, respectively, and subsequently by a meta cleavage pathway. Characterization of strains with mutations in structural genes of this pathway demonstrates that the inducers of the enzymes responsible for further degradation of m-toluate include m-xylene, m-methylbenzyl alcohol, and m-toluate, whereas the inducers of the enzymes responsible for oxidation of m-xylene to m-toluate include m-xylene and m-methylbenzyl alcohol but not m-toluate. A regulatory mutant is described in which m-xylene and m-methylbenzyl alcohol no longer induce any of the pathway enzymes, but m-toluate is still able to induce the enzymes responsible for its own degradation. Among revertants of this mutant are some strains in which all the enzymes are expressed constitutively and are not further induced by m-xylene. A model is proposed for the regulation of the pathway in which the enzymes are in two regulatory blocks, which are under the control of two regulator gene products. The model is essentially the same as proposed earlier for the regulation of the isofunctional pathway on the TOL20 plasmid from P. putida MT20.", "contents": "Regulation of the degradative pathway enzymes coded for by the TOL plasmid (pWWO) from Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Pseudomonas putida mt-2 carries a plasmid (TOL, pWWO) which codes for a single set of enzymes responsible for the catabolism of toluene and m- and p-xylene to central metabolites by way of benzoate and m- and p-toluate, respectively, and subsequently by a meta cleavage pathway. Characterization of strains with mutations in structural genes of this pathway demonstrates that the inducers of the enzymes responsible for further degradation of m-toluate include m-xylene, m-methylbenzyl alcohol, and m-toluate, whereas the inducers of the enzymes responsible for oxidation of m-xylene to m-toluate include m-xylene and m-methylbenzyl alcohol but not m-toluate. A regulatory mutant is described in which m-xylene and m-methylbenzyl alcohol no longer induce any of the pathway enzymes, but m-toluate is still able to induce the enzymes responsible for its own degradation. Among revertants of this mutant are some strains in which all the enzymes are expressed constitutively and are not further induced by m-xylene. A model is proposed for the regulation of the pathway in which the enzymes are in two regulatory blocks, which are under the control of two regulator gene products. The model is essentially the same as proposed earlier for the regulation of the isofunctional pathway on the TOL20 plasmid from P. putida MT20.", "PMID": 659369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8270", "title": "Complementary functioning of the component proteins of nitrogenase from several bacteria.", "content": "The nitrogenase proteins from eight organisms have been highly purified, and a survey of their cross-reactions shows that the nitrogenase proteins from a wide variety of organisms can interact with one another. An active cross-reaction is the complementary functioning of the MoFe protein and the Fe protein from different organisms. Of 64 possible combinations of component proteins, 8 yielded homologous nitrogenases (components from the same organism); 45 of the 56 possible heterologous crosses generated active hybrid nitrogenases; 4 heterologous crosses yielded no measurable nitrogenase activity but did form inactive tight-binding complexes; 6 crosses did not give measurable activity; and 1 cross was not made. All these crosses were assayed for acetylene reduction, and some also were assayed for ammonia formation, hydrogen evolution, and ATP hydrolysis activity. The activity generated by combining two complementary heterologous nitrogenase components depended on pH, component ratio, and protein concentration, the same factors that determine the activity of homologous nitrogenases. However, several crosses showed an unusual dependency on component ratio and protein concentration, and some cross-reactions showed interesting ATP hydrolysis activity.", "contents": "Complementary functioning of the component proteins of nitrogenase from several bacteria. The nitrogenase proteins from eight organisms have been highly purified, and a survey of their cross-reactions shows that the nitrogenase proteins from a wide variety of organisms can interact with one another. An active cross-reaction is the complementary functioning of the MoFe protein and the Fe protein from different organisms. Of 64 possible combinations of component proteins, 8 yielded homologous nitrogenases (components from the same organism); 45 of the 56 possible heterologous crosses generated active hybrid nitrogenases; 4 heterologous crosses yielded no measurable nitrogenase activity but did form inactive tight-binding complexes; 6 crosses did not give measurable activity; and 1 cross was not made. All these crosses were assayed for acetylene reduction, and some also were assayed for ammonia formation, hydrogen evolution, and ATP hydrolysis activity. The activity generated by combining two complementary heterologous nitrogenase components depended on pH, component ratio, and protein concentration, the same factors that determine the activity of homologous nitrogenases. However, several crosses showed an unusual dependency on component ratio and protein concentration, and some cross-reactions showed interesting ATP hydrolysis activity.", "PMID": 659370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8271", "title": "Clinical assessment of affect in schizophrenia.", "content": "The disorder of affect has been a traditional, but subjective, diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia. This paper offers a more precise definition. A brief review of Bleuler's concepts is included as background. The face as an important indicator of schizophrenic affect is discussed. The concept of affect disorder is then reconsidered in terms of four parameters: range, mobility, appropriateness, communicability.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of affect in schizophrenia. The disorder of affect has been a traditional, but subjective, diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia. This paper offers a more precise definition. A brief review of Bleuler's concepts is included as background. The face as an important indicator of schizophrenic affect is discussed. The concept of affect disorder is then reconsidered in terms of four parameters: range, mobility, appropriateness, communicability.", "PMID": 659372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8272", "title": "Schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis and trytophan metabolism.", "content": "Rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia have been described in early surveys as mutually exclusive disorders. Such claims are seen as especially interesting in view of: (1) indications that both illnesses often follow prodromes of severe psychological stress, (2) theories regarding hypermethylation of indoleamines producing endogenous psychotogens in schizophrenia, and (3) studies of rheumatoid arthritis reporting excessive binding of L-tryptophan to plasma protein, abnormalities of urinary tryptophan metabolites, decreased serotonin binding capacity of thrombocytes, and decreased MAO activity in joint fluid. Further comparative studies of tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis might enhance knowledge of pathogenesis in either or both diseases.", "contents": "Schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis and trytophan metabolism. Rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia have been described in early surveys as mutually exclusive disorders. Such claims are seen as especially interesting in view of: (1) indications that both illnesses often follow prodromes of severe psychological stress, (2) theories regarding hypermethylation of indoleamines producing endogenous psychotogens in schizophrenia, and (3) studies of rheumatoid arthritis reporting excessive binding of L-tryptophan to plasma protein, abnormalities of urinary tryptophan metabolites, decreased serotonin binding capacity of thrombocytes, and decreased MAO activity in joint fluid. Further comparative studies of tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis might enhance knowledge of pathogenesis in either or both diseases.", "PMID": 659373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8273", "title": "Private psychiatric practice: image and reality.", "content": "This study reports data collected from an individual private psychiatric practice. Despite the paucity of information concerning private practice, a popular image has evolved. An analysis of a sample of 400 patients' records confirmed certain aspects of this image, but suggested that other aspects of the image are misleading. A short-term model of private practice may be more effective than other competing models.", "contents": "Private psychiatric practice: image and reality. This study reports data collected from an individual private psychiatric practice. Despite the paucity of information concerning private practice, a popular image has evolved. An analysis of a sample of 400 patients' records confirmed certain aspects of this image, but suggested that other aspects of the image are misleading. A short-term model of private practice may be more effective than other competing models.", "PMID": 659374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8274", "title": "The psychiatrist and health insurance claims review.", "content": "Expanded health insurance benefits for the treatment of mental illness have obliged psychiatrists to devote more time to justifying psychiatric treatment to claims reviewers. The author, drawing from experience in utilization review and peer review, summarizes factors contributing to the denial of payment for psychiatric services by health insurers, and gives practical advice on protecting against claims denials and on the process of appealing denials. Psychiatrists should make greater use of peer review committees to justify legitimate treatment services in the face of claims denials. Greater coverage for psychiatric treatment under national health insurance will increase the psychiatrist's responsibility for public accountability. This accountability will require better communication between psychiatrists and claims reviewers.", "contents": "The psychiatrist and health insurance claims review. Expanded health insurance benefits for the treatment of mental illness have obliged psychiatrists to devote more time to justifying psychiatric treatment to claims reviewers. The author, drawing from experience in utilization review and peer review, summarizes factors contributing to the denial of payment for psychiatric services by health insurers, and gives practical advice on protecting against claims denials and on the process of appealing denials. Psychiatrists should make greater use of peer review committees to justify legitimate treatment services in the face of claims denials. Greater coverage for psychiatric treatment under national health insurance will increase the psychiatrist's responsibility for public accountability. This accountability will require better communication between psychiatrists and claims reviewers.", "PMID": 659375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8275", "title": "Sleep deprivation and electroencephalographic abnormalities.", "content": "Thirty-three patients suspected of having a seizure disorder had routine electroencephalograms (EEG's) followed by post-sleep deprivation (P-SD) EEG's. The P-SD EEG's revealed abnormalities in 33% of those patients with a normal routine EEG. All of those patients with P-SD activation had histories highly suggestive of a seizure disorder. Most patients with normal P-SD EEG's were not highly suspect for seizures, however, several patients with probable seizures were also normal P-SD. Most patients with abnormal routine EEG's continue to show comparable abnormalities P-SD, with enhancement of abnormality in some cases and diminished abnormality in few cases.", "contents": "Sleep deprivation and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Thirty-three patients suspected of having a seizure disorder had routine electroencephalograms (EEG's) followed by post-sleep deprivation (P-SD) EEG's. The P-SD EEG's revealed abnormalities in 33% of those patients with a normal routine EEG. All of those patients with P-SD activation had histories highly suggestive of a seizure disorder. Most patients with normal P-SD EEG's were not highly suspect for seizures, however, several patients with probable seizures were also normal P-SD. Most patients with abnormal routine EEG's continue to show comparable abnormalities P-SD, with enhancement of abnormality in some cases and diminished abnormality in few cases.", "PMID": 659376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8276", "title": "Munchausen's disorder: a case of a factitious neurological emergency.", "content": "Few signs are more ominous than the dilated pupil which is unreactive to light. The deliberate use of this fact and the simulation of other neurologic signs to enhance the aura of a serious illness will often expose a patient to hazardous procedures. A patient with Munchausen's Disorder who made unsuccessful attempts to simulate a neurological emergency is presented. A thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of neurologic disease will enable the physician to detect the possibility of malingering when confronted with this problem. A strong cholinergic solution will produce pupillary constriction in normals and neurologic disorders but often will not alter the pupil in cases of pharmacologic pupillary paralysis.", "contents": "Munchausen's disorder: a case of a factitious neurological emergency. Few signs are more ominous than the dilated pupil which is unreactive to light. The deliberate use of this fact and the simulation of other neurologic signs to enhance the aura of a serious illness will often expose a patient to hazardous procedures. A patient with Munchausen's Disorder who made unsuccessful attempts to simulate a neurological emergency is presented. A thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of neurologic disease will enable the physician to detect the possibility of malingering when confronted with this problem. A strong cholinergic solution will produce pupillary constriction in normals and neurologic disorders but often will not alter the pupil in cases of pharmacologic pupillary paralysis.", "PMID": 659377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8277", "title": "Cerebral vasculitis in a drug abuser.", "content": "A drug abuse patient with acute intracerebral hemorrhage is presented. Brain tissue obtained at surgery corroborated angiographic evidence of cerebral vasculitis. The possible relationship between drug usage and the occurrence of intracerebral bleeding and/or cerebral vasculitis in such patients is discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral vasculitis in a drug abuser. A drug abuse patient with acute intracerebral hemorrhage is presented. Brain tissue obtained at surgery corroborated angiographic evidence of cerebral vasculitis. The possible relationship between drug usage and the occurrence of intracerebral bleeding and/or cerebral vasculitis in such patients is discussed.", "PMID": 659378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8278", "title": "Pseudoperiodic bilateral EEG paroxysms in a case of phencyclidine intoxication.", "content": "A 23-year old white man presented an acute PCP intoxication. His EEG showed a monomorphic nonreactive generalized theta rhythm which is the typical activity of PCP overdose. This background was interrupted by periodic bilaterally synchronous high voltage slow paroxysms similar to those described in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This unusual finding supports the hypothesis that PCP may act by reversible deafferentation of cortical neurons.", "contents": "Pseudoperiodic bilateral EEG paroxysms in a case of phencyclidine intoxication. A 23-year old white man presented an acute PCP intoxication. His EEG showed a monomorphic nonreactive generalized theta rhythm which is the typical activity of PCP overdose. This background was interrupted by periodic bilaterally synchronous high voltage slow paroxysms similar to those described in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This unusual finding supports the hypothesis that PCP may act by reversible deafferentation of cortical neurons.", "PMID": 659379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8279", "title": "Inhibition of globin synthesis by rabbit reticulocyte rRNAs.", "content": "The effect of concentration of rabbit reticulocyte rRNAs on the translation of rabbit globin mRNAs was studied by using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Globin synthesis was studied using L-[U-14C]leucine. Both the 18S and 28S rRNA inhibited globin synthesis. The 18S rRNA inhibited the synthesis of alpha-globin chain more than that of beta chain, but the 28S rRNA inhibited the synthesis of alpha- and beta-chains almost equally. Nascent chains prelabelled with [14C]Leu or f[35S]Met were released at various concentrations of rRNAs. Release of the nascent chains was not inhibited at various concentrations of rRNAs. The ratios [14C]alpha/[14C]beta and [35S]alpha/[35S]beta in the released chains were almost constant at various concentrations of rRNAs. It therefore appears that the inhibition of globin synthesis by these rRNAs was at the step of initiation.", "contents": "Inhibition of globin synthesis by rabbit reticulocyte rRNAs. The effect of concentration of rabbit reticulocyte rRNAs on the translation of rabbit globin mRNAs was studied by using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Globin synthesis was studied using L-[U-14C]leucine. Both the 18S and 28S rRNA inhibited globin synthesis. The 18S rRNA inhibited the synthesis of alpha-globin chain more than that of beta chain, but the 28S rRNA inhibited the synthesis of alpha- and beta-chains almost equally. Nascent chains prelabelled with [14C]Leu or f[35S]Met were released at various concentrations of rRNAs. Release of the nascent chains was not inhibited at various concentrations of rRNAs. The ratios [14C]alpha/[14C]beta and [35S]alpha/[35S]beta in the released chains were almost constant at various concentrations of rRNAs. It therefore appears that the inhibition of globin synthesis by these rRNAs was at the step of initiation.", "PMID": 659380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8280", "title": "Characterization and in vitro polymerization of Tetrahymena tubulin.", "content": "Tetrahymena tubulin was purified from the cell extract using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion-exchanger and ammonium sulfate precipitation. About 2.2% of the total protein in the 20,000 X g supernatant was recovered as DEAE-Sephadex-purified tubulin fraction. Applying the temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization method to this fraction in the presence of Tetrahymena outer fibers as a seed, almost pure tubulin was obtained. Tetrahymena tubulin dimer showed different behavior on SDS-polyacrylamide gels from porcine brain tubulin, and showed very low affinity for colchicine, amounting to about one-twentieth of the binding to porcine brain tubulin. The tubulin fraction failed to polymerize into microtubules by itself. Addition of a small amount of the ciliary outer fiber fragment induced polymerization as demonstrated by viscometric measurements, but the reconstituted microtubules were very unstable in the absence of glycerol. Microtubule-depolymerizing agents such as Ca2+ ions, low temperature, or colchicine all inhibited in vitro polymerization. Although Tetrahymena tubulin purified by the polymerization-depolymerization method could copolymerize with porcine brain microtubules, the DEAE-Sephadex-purified tubulin fraction suppressed the initial rate of porcine brain microtubule assembly in vitro. There seemed to be no differences between cytoplasmic tubulin and outer fiber tubulin in colchicine binding activity or SDS-gel electrophoretic behavior, or between the fine structure of both reconstituted microtubules observed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Characterization and in vitro polymerization of Tetrahymena tubulin. Tetrahymena tubulin was purified from the cell extract using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion-exchanger and ammonium sulfate precipitation. About 2.2% of the total protein in the 20,000 X g supernatant was recovered as DEAE-Sephadex-purified tubulin fraction. Applying the temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization method to this fraction in the presence of Tetrahymena outer fibers as a seed, almost pure tubulin was obtained. Tetrahymena tubulin dimer showed different behavior on SDS-polyacrylamide gels from porcine brain tubulin, and showed very low affinity for colchicine, amounting to about one-twentieth of the binding to porcine brain tubulin. The tubulin fraction failed to polymerize into microtubules by itself. Addition of a small amount of the ciliary outer fiber fragment induced polymerization as demonstrated by viscometric measurements, but the reconstituted microtubules were very unstable in the absence of glycerol. Microtubule-depolymerizing agents such as Ca2+ ions, low temperature, or colchicine all inhibited in vitro polymerization. Although Tetrahymena tubulin purified by the polymerization-depolymerization method could copolymerize with porcine brain microtubules, the DEAE-Sephadex-purified tubulin fraction suppressed the initial rate of porcine brain microtubule assembly in vitro. There seemed to be no differences between cytoplasmic tubulin and outer fiber tubulin in colchicine binding activity or SDS-gel electrophoretic behavior, or between the fine structure of both reconstituted microtubules observed by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 659381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8281", "title": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. X. Heat of formation of the intermediate in the bioluminescent reaction studied by stopped-flow calorimetry.", "content": "The heat production in the reaction of luciferase-FMNH2 complex with O2 in the absence of aldehyde was measured by stopped-flow calorimetry. deltaH of the reaction, luciferase-FMNH2+ O2 leads to intermediate X1, is -1.3 X 10(2) kJ.mol-1 and the calculated deltaS for the reaction is -180 J.mol-1.K-1 at 20 degrees C. The heat production in the bioluminescent reaction was also measured in the presence of a saturating concentration of aldehyde, and it was estimated that 43 and 79% of the C10 and C13 aldehydes, respectively, bound with the intermediate X1 are converted to carboxylic acid yielding energy for photon emission.", "contents": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. X. Heat of formation of the intermediate in the bioluminescent reaction studied by stopped-flow calorimetry. The heat production in the reaction of luciferase-FMNH2 complex with O2 in the absence of aldehyde was measured by stopped-flow calorimetry. deltaH of the reaction, luciferase-FMNH2+ O2 leads to intermediate X1, is -1.3 X 10(2) kJ.mol-1 and the calculated deltaS for the reaction is -180 J.mol-1.K-1 at 20 degrees C. The heat production in the bioluminescent reaction was also measured in the presence of a saturating concentration of aldehyde, and it was estimated that 43 and 79% of the C10 and C13 aldehydes, respectively, bound with the intermediate X1 are converted to carboxylic acid yielding energy for photon emission.", "PMID": 659382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8282", "title": "Amino acid sequence around the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site in potato phosphorylase.", "content": "The amino acid sequence around the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site in potato phosphorylase was determined in order to compare it with those in phosphorylases from other sources having different regulatory properties. The potato enzyme was reduced by NaBH4 in the presence of urea, carboxymethylated, and digested with chymotrypsin and trypsin. Pyridoxyl peptides were isolated by the differential procedure using paper electrophoresis or DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. In Edman degradation of these peptides, pyridoxyllysine was identified as the phenylthiohydantoin derivative of pyridoxyllysine using a combination of thin-layer chromatography and the Pauli reaction. The sequence around pyridoxyllysine, comprising 57 amino acid residues, was determined except for a region with 6 amino acid residues. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site in potato phosphorylase showed a high homology with those of the rabbit muscle and yeast enzymes. This finding suggests that the cofactor should be directly related to the essential process of phosphorylase action.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence around the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site in potato phosphorylase. The amino acid sequence around the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site in potato phosphorylase was determined in order to compare it with those in phosphorylases from other sources having different regulatory properties. The potato enzyme was reduced by NaBH4 in the presence of urea, carboxymethylated, and digested with chymotrypsin and trypsin. Pyridoxyl peptides were isolated by the differential procedure using paper electrophoresis or DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. In Edman degradation of these peptides, pyridoxyllysine was identified as the phenylthiohydantoin derivative of pyridoxyllysine using a combination of thin-layer chromatography and the Pauli reaction. The sequence around pyridoxyllysine, comprising 57 amino acid residues, was determined except for a region with 6 amino acid residues. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site in potato phosphorylase showed a high homology with those of the rabbit muscle and yeast enzymes. This finding suggests that the cofactor should be directly related to the essential process of phosphorylase action.", "PMID": 659383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8283", "title": "Difference in form of sialic acid in red blood cell glycolipids of different breeds of dogs.", "content": "Hematoside from dog erythrocyte membrane was previously considered to contain a mixture of N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl- neuraminic acids. However, the hematoside preparation used in the previous study was obtained from pooled blood of several dogs, and individual variation in hematoside was not examined. In this work, hematosides of erythrocytes from 31 mongrel dogs and 108 dogs of 23 breeds were examined individually by thin-layer chromatography, and the component sialic acids were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Individual dogs had either NAN-hematoside or NGN-hematoside: dogs with N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid also had a trace of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, but dogs with N-acetyl-neuraminic acid had no detectable N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid. A few mongrel dogs, some Kai dogs, Kishu dogs, Japanese spaniels and most Shiba dogs had NGN-hematoside, whereas all European dogs had NAN-hematoside and no NGN-hematoside. From pedigrees of some families, inheritance of NGN-hematoside was found to be autosomal dominant. NGN-hematoside is possibly one of dog blood group substances. The sialic acid of delipidized ghost protein of dogs with NGN-hematoside was N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, and that of dogs with NAN-hematoside was N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The sialic acid of plasma protein was mainly N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in all dogs.", "contents": "Difference in form of sialic acid in red blood cell glycolipids of different breeds of dogs. Hematoside from dog erythrocyte membrane was previously considered to contain a mixture of N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl- neuraminic acids. However, the hematoside preparation used in the previous study was obtained from pooled blood of several dogs, and individual variation in hematoside was not examined. In this work, hematosides of erythrocytes from 31 mongrel dogs and 108 dogs of 23 breeds were examined individually by thin-layer chromatography, and the component sialic acids were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Individual dogs had either NAN-hematoside or NGN-hematoside: dogs with N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid also had a trace of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, but dogs with N-acetyl-neuraminic acid had no detectable N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid. A few mongrel dogs, some Kai dogs, Kishu dogs, Japanese spaniels and most Shiba dogs had NGN-hematoside, whereas all European dogs had NAN-hematoside and no NGN-hematoside. From pedigrees of some families, inheritance of NGN-hematoside was found to be autosomal dominant. NGN-hematoside is possibly one of dog blood group substances. The sialic acid of delipidized ghost protein of dogs with NGN-hematoside was N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, and that of dogs with NAN-hematoside was N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The sialic acid of plasma protein was mainly N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in all dogs.", "PMID": 659384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8284", "title": "Deoxyribonucleoproteins of herring sperm nuclei. I. Chemical composition.", "content": "The chemical composition of deoxyribonucleoproteins from herring sperm nuclei was analyzed and the results are summarized as follows: 1. Chemical analysis of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids revealed that arginine/P molar ratio in herring sperm nuclei is unity but the ratio of arginine residues in protamine to phosphorus in the total DNA is 0.86. 2. The deoxyribonucleoproteins were isolated and their composition showed that about 14% of the total DNA in herring sperm nuclei is free from protamine and is bound with nonprotamine proteins in the weight ratio of nonprotamine proteins to DNA of 0.25-0.30. The remaining 86% of the total DNA is combined mainly with protamine and a small amount of nonprotamine proteins; the weight ratios of protamine and nonprotamine proteins to DNA are 0.75 and 0.08, respectively. In the latter complex, the molar ratio of arginine residues in protamine to phosphorus in DNA is unity.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleoproteins of herring sperm nuclei. I. Chemical composition. The chemical composition of deoxyribonucleoproteins from herring sperm nuclei was analyzed and the results are summarized as follows: 1. Chemical analysis of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids revealed that arginine/P molar ratio in herring sperm nuclei is unity but the ratio of arginine residues in protamine to phosphorus in the total DNA is 0.86. 2. The deoxyribonucleoproteins were isolated and their composition showed that about 14% of the total DNA in herring sperm nuclei is free from protamine and is bound with nonprotamine proteins in the weight ratio of nonprotamine proteins to DNA of 0.25-0.30. The remaining 86% of the total DNA is combined mainly with protamine and a small amount of nonprotamine proteins; the weight ratios of protamine and nonprotamine proteins to DNA are 0.75 and 0.08, respectively. In the latter complex, the molar ratio of arginine residues in protamine to phosphorus in DNA is unity.", "PMID": 659385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8285", "title": "Glycopeptides isolated from ovine submaxillary mucin.", "content": "Desialized ovine submaxillary major mucin was digested extensively with pronase. The digestion product was gel-filtered through Sephadex G-25 then fractionated by ion-exchange column chromatography on Hitachi custom resin No. 2614. Of the resulting fractions, the fractions containing relatively simple glycopeptides were purified by rechromatography on the same ion-exchange column, followed by preparative high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The isolated glycopeptides, A12d, A14a, A17c, and B12, were shown to be homogeneous by high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9, 3.7, and 6.5 and by paper chromatography. The results of chemical analysis, alkali treatment, determination of the amino acid sequence and digestion with alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase of these glycopeptides indicated their structures to be as follows: glycopeptide A12d, O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-Ser-Glx-Pro-Gly; glycopeptide A14a, O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-Ser; glycopeptide A17c, O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-Ser-Gly-Gly-(O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-)Thr-Glx; glycopeptide B12, Gly-(O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-)-Ser-Ala.", "contents": "Glycopeptides isolated from ovine submaxillary mucin. Desialized ovine submaxillary major mucin was digested extensively with pronase. The digestion product was gel-filtered through Sephadex G-25 then fractionated by ion-exchange column chromatography on Hitachi custom resin No. 2614. Of the resulting fractions, the fractions containing relatively simple glycopeptides were purified by rechromatography on the same ion-exchange column, followed by preparative high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The isolated glycopeptides, A12d, A14a, A17c, and B12, were shown to be homogeneous by high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9, 3.7, and 6.5 and by paper chromatography. The results of chemical analysis, alkali treatment, determination of the amino acid sequence and digestion with alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase of these glycopeptides indicated their structures to be as follows: glycopeptide A12d, O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-Ser-Glx-Pro-Gly; glycopeptide A14a, O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-Ser; glycopeptide A17c, O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-Ser-Gly-Gly-(O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-)Thr-Glx; glycopeptide B12, Gly-(O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-)-Ser-Ala.", "PMID": 659387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8286", "title": "Purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from Thermus thermophilus HB8.", "content": "Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase was isolated from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. About 150 mg of the enzyme was obtained from 500 g of wet cells. The enzyme was easily crystallized in octahedra from ammonium sulfate solution. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 8.2 X 10(4) and 8.4 X 10(4) by sedimentation equilibrium and gel-filtration, respectively. The enzyme contains 2 atoms of manganese per mole and consists of four subunits of identical molecular weight, about 2.1 X 10(4). The amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to that of the superoxide dismutase of Thermus aquaticus. Proline was detected as the N-terminal amino acid. The isoelectric point was determined to be pH 6.0 by the electrofocusing method. The enzyme has maxima at 283 nm and 480 nm in the absorption spectrum. The CD spectrum suggests that the enzyme has a high alpha-helical content.", "contents": "Purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from Thermus thermophilus HB8. Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase was isolated from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. About 150 mg of the enzyme was obtained from 500 g of wet cells. The enzyme was easily crystallized in octahedra from ammonium sulfate solution. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 8.2 X 10(4) and 8.4 X 10(4) by sedimentation equilibrium and gel-filtration, respectively. The enzyme contains 2 atoms of manganese per mole and consists of four subunits of identical molecular weight, about 2.1 X 10(4). The amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to that of the superoxide dismutase of Thermus aquaticus. Proline was detected as the N-terminal amino acid. The isoelectric point was determined to be pH 6.0 by the electrofocusing method. The enzyme has maxima at 283 nm and 480 nm in the absorption spectrum. The CD spectrum suggests that the enzyme has a high alpha-helical content.", "PMID": 659388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8287", "title": "Structural studies on glycolipid of shellfish. II. Occurrence of 3-O-methylgalactosamine in oyster glycolipid.", "content": "3-O-Methyl hexosamine was found for the first time and characterized as one of the sugar components of oyster glycolipid. The alditol acetate of this sugar was identified as 3-O-methyl-N-acetylgalactosaminitol acetate by comparing its retention time on gas chromatography and mass spectrum with those of the authentic sample synthesized in this laboratory. The new sugar, 3-O-methylgalactosamine, occupied the non-reducing terminal position of the carbohydrate moiety of the lipid and was linked to the penultimate hexose by a (1 leads to 3) bond.", "contents": "Structural studies on glycolipid of shellfish. II. Occurrence of 3-O-methylgalactosamine in oyster glycolipid. 3-O-Methyl hexosamine was found for the first time and characterized as one of the sugar components of oyster glycolipid. The alditol acetate of this sugar was identified as 3-O-methyl-N-acetylgalactosaminitol acetate by comparing its retention time on gas chromatography and mass spectrum with those of the authentic sample synthesized in this laboratory. The new sugar, 3-O-methylgalactosamine, occupied the non-reducing terminal position of the carbohydrate moiety of the lipid and was linked to the penultimate hexose by a (1 leads to 3) bond.", "PMID": 659390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8288", "title": "Preparation and properties of antisera to glycolipid of guinea pig erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Antibodies against a glycolipid of guinea pig erythrocyte membranes were prepared in rabbits by immunization with guinea pig erythrocyte stroma or the purified glycolipid, gangliotriaosylceramide. The antibodies agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. The specificity of antibodies could be revealed by several immunochemical methods, including inhibition of hemagglutination, immunodiffusion, agglutination of liposomes, and complement fixation. The antibodies were specific for gangliotriaosylceramide.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of antisera to glycolipid of guinea pig erythrocyte membrane. Antibodies against a glycolipid of guinea pig erythrocyte membranes were prepared in rabbits by immunization with guinea pig erythrocyte stroma or the purified glycolipid, gangliotriaosylceramide. The antibodies agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. The specificity of antibodies could be revealed by several immunochemical methods, including inhibition of hemagglutination, immunodiffusion, agglutination of liposomes, and complement fixation. The antibodies were specific for gangliotriaosylceramide.", "PMID": 659391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8289", "title": "Changes in chromatin template activity for in vitro transcription during the development of the rat mammary gland.", "content": "The template activities of chromatin isolated from virgin, pregnant, lactating, and regressed rat mammary glands were compared by using exogenously added bacterial and mammalian RNA polymerases. Template activity increased during the stage of pregnancy, then decreased during the stage from early lactation to regression. It showed the highest level at early lactation when intracellular levels of rRNA and mRNA are known to be at their maximums. These results suggest that transcriptional activity in the mammary gland is regulated, at least in part, by a modulation of chromatin template activity.", "contents": "Changes in chromatin template activity for in vitro transcription during the development of the rat mammary gland. The template activities of chromatin isolated from virgin, pregnant, lactating, and regressed rat mammary glands were compared by using exogenously added bacterial and mammalian RNA polymerases. Template activity increased during the stage of pregnancy, then decreased during the stage from early lactation to regression. It showed the highest level at early lactation when intracellular levels of rRNA and mRNA are known to be at their maximums. These results suggest that transcriptional activity in the mammary gland is regulated, at least in part, by a modulation of chromatin template activity.", "PMID": 659392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8290", "title": "Isolation of a novel sphingoglycolipid containing glucuronic acid and 2-hydroxy fatty acid from Flavobacterium devorans ATCC 10829.", "content": "A new acidic sphingoglycolipid has been isolated from a Gram-negative, glucose-non-fermentative (obligatory aerobic) bacterium, Flavobacterium devorans ATCC 10829, by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel after mild alkaline hydrolysis of the cellular lipids. Chemical degradation studies, thin-layer chromatographic behavior, IR and mass-spectrometric analysis of the original and reduced glycolipid with LiA1H4 revealed that the lipid contained glucuronic acid, long-chain bases, and fatty acids in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1. The major long-chain bases were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as dihydrosphingosine (d-18 :0) and longer homologues, while the N-acyl group was exclusively 2-hydroxy myristic acid. The most probable structure of this glycolipid appeared to be a ceramide glucuronic acid (N-acyl dihydrosphingosine 1-glucuronic acid).", "contents": "Isolation of a novel sphingoglycolipid containing glucuronic acid and 2-hydroxy fatty acid from Flavobacterium devorans ATCC 10829. A new acidic sphingoglycolipid has been isolated from a Gram-negative, glucose-non-fermentative (obligatory aerobic) bacterium, Flavobacterium devorans ATCC 10829, by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel after mild alkaline hydrolysis of the cellular lipids. Chemical degradation studies, thin-layer chromatographic behavior, IR and mass-spectrometric analysis of the original and reduced glycolipid with LiA1H4 revealed that the lipid contained glucuronic acid, long-chain bases, and fatty acids in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1. The major long-chain bases were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as dihydrosphingosine (d-18 :0) and longer homologues, while the N-acyl group was exclusively 2-hydroxy myristic acid. The most probable structure of this glycolipid appeared to be a ceramide glucuronic acid (N-acyl dihydrosphingosine 1-glucuronic acid).", "PMID": 659393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8291", "title": "Structure of linkage region between chondroitin polysulfates and peptides.", "content": "Three different types of chondroitin polysulfate-peptide, chondroitin sulfate D-peptide, chondroitin sulfate E-peptide, and chondroitin sulfate K-peptide, all contained xylose, galactose, and serine in a molar ratio of about 1 : 2 : 1. After treatment with alkali in the presence of NaBH4 and PdCl2, they produced alanine and xylitol in amounts equivalent to the decrease in the amount of serine. Consequently, it was proved that these chondroitin polysulfates are all linked to peptides by O-glycosidic bonds between xylose and serine, as in chondroitin sulfates A and C. It is suggested that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage regions have the same structure in all the chondroitin sulfates, regardless of differences in the structure of the polysaccharide chains, such as the position of sulfate groups and the degree of sulfation.", "contents": "Structure of linkage region between chondroitin polysulfates and peptides. Three different types of chondroitin polysulfate-peptide, chondroitin sulfate D-peptide, chondroitin sulfate E-peptide, and chondroitin sulfate K-peptide, all contained xylose, galactose, and serine in a molar ratio of about 1 : 2 : 1. After treatment with alkali in the presence of NaBH4 and PdCl2, they produced alanine and xylitol in amounts equivalent to the decrease in the amount of serine. Consequently, it was proved that these chondroitin polysulfates are all linked to peptides by O-glycosidic bonds between xylose and serine, as in chondroitin sulfates A and C. It is suggested that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage regions have the same structure in all the chondroitin sulfates, regardless of differences in the structure of the polysaccharide chains, such as the position of sulfate groups and the degree of sulfation.", "PMID": 659394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8292", "title": "Kinetics of conformational change of troponin-C induced by binding or removal of calcium ion.", "content": "The kinetics of conformational change of troponin-C (TN-C) induced by binding or removal of calcium ion were studied in the presence or absence of magnesium ion by measuring the fluorescence of tyrosyl residues by stopped-flow spectrofluorometry. The result was analyzed in terms of first-order kinetics. Two phases were observed both in pCa-up and in pCa-down experiments. The dependence of the rate constants on pCa was explained by a simple mechanism as follows; (see article). The dissociation constants of calcium bound to TN-C, K and K', calculated from the experimentally determined rate constants were K = 3.16 X 10(-7) M, K' = 1.58 X 10(-6) M in the absence of magnesium ion, and K = K' = 1 X 10(-6) M in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2.", "contents": "Kinetics of conformational change of troponin-C induced by binding or removal of calcium ion. The kinetics of conformational change of troponin-C (TN-C) induced by binding or removal of calcium ion were studied in the presence or absence of magnesium ion by measuring the fluorescence of tyrosyl residues by stopped-flow spectrofluorometry. The result was analyzed in terms of first-order kinetics. Two phases were observed both in pCa-up and in pCa-down experiments. The dependence of the rate constants on pCa was explained by a simple mechanism as follows; (see article). The dissociation constants of calcium bound to TN-C, K and K', calculated from the experimentally determined rate constants were K = 3.16 X 10(-7) M, K' = 1.58 X 10(-6) M in the absence of magnesium ion, and K = K' = 1 X 10(-6) M in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2.", "PMID": 659395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8293", "title": "Analysis of RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The molecular size and poly-A content of RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were measured. KCl was found to be essential for synthesis of high molecular weight RNA: when 0.4 M KCl was added to the reaction mixture, the average molecular size of the RNA formed was 14S; without KCl the average molecular size was 5S. A significant amount of poly-A sequences was found in RNA synthesized in the presence of alpha-amanitin, suggesting that RNA polymerase I and/or III may synthesized some RNA containing poly-A in isolated nuclei.", "contents": "Analysis of RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The molecular size and poly-A content of RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were measured. KCl was found to be essential for synthesis of high molecular weight RNA: when 0.4 M KCl was added to the reaction mixture, the average molecular size of the RNA formed was 14S; without KCl the average molecular size was 5S. A significant amount of poly-A sequences was found in RNA synthesized in the presence of alpha-amanitin, suggesting that RNA polymerase I and/or III may synthesized some RNA containing poly-A in isolated nuclei.", "PMID": 659396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8294", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural evaluation of isolated rat liver systems perfused with a hemoglobin-free medium.", "content": "The viability of hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver was examined with respect to several liver functions and to the intactness of subcellular structures under electron microscopic observation. Provided that rat livers were perfused with the oxygenated buffer solution at a flow rate between 3 and 3.5 ml/min per g of liver, all the biochemical parameters measured in the perfused liver system, i.e. the rates of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate production, the rate of oxygen consumption and the tissue contents of adenine nucleotides, were similar to those observed with perfusion systems containing erythrocytes or albumin. The perfused liver showed a sensitive response to norepinephrine, involving a reduction of pyridine nucleotides and enhancements of glucose production and oxygen consumption. On electron microscopic examination, changes in hepatic-structure indicative of hypoxic injury particularly vacuolar degeneration and mitochondrial swelling, were not detected in the liver after 70 min of perfusion; the fact that the fine structure of the hepatocyte was preserved in all parts of the organ confirmed that the supply of oxygen to the perfused liver was sufficient under the conditions employed. From viewpoint of the generally accepted criteria for the viability of perfused liver, therefore, the results confirmed that the perfusion of liver with a hemoglobin- and albumin-free medium is a convenient and reliable tool for biochemical investigation of the reactions occurring in whole liver.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural evaluation of isolated rat liver systems perfused with a hemoglobin-free medium. The viability of hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver was examined with respect to several liver functions and to the intactness of subcellular structures under electron microscopic observation. Provided that rat livers were perfused with the oxygenated buffer solution at a flow rate between 3 and 3.5 ml/min per g of liver, all the biochemical parameters measured in the perfused liver system, i.e. the rates of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate production, the rate of oxygen consumption and the tissue contents of adenine nucleotides, were similar to those observed with perfusion systems containing erythrocytes or albumin. The perfused liver showed a sensitive response to norepinephrine, involving a reduction of pyridine nucleotides and enhancements of glucose production and oxygen consumption. On electron microscopic examination, changes in hepatic-structure indicative of hypoxic injury particularly vacuolar degeneration and mitochondrial swelling, were not detected in the liver after 70 min of perfusion; the fact that the fine structure of the hepatocyte was preserved in all parts of the organ confirmed that the supply of oxygen to the perfused liver was sufficient under the conditions employed. From viewpoint of the generally accepted criteria for the viability of perfused liver, therefore, the results confirmed that the perfusion of liver with a hemoglobin- and albumin-free medium is a convenient and reliable tool for biochemical investigation of the reactions occurring in whole liver.", "PMID": 659397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8295", "title": "Amino acid sequences of two ferredoxins from pokeweed, Phytolacca americana.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of two ferredoxins isolated from pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, were determined. Tryptic peptides of maleyl-carboxymethyl-ferredoxin I and carboxymethyl-ferredoxin II were prepared and analyzed. The large peptides were further digested with staphylococcal protease and chymotrypsin. Ferredoxins I and II were composed of 96 and 98 amino acid residues, respectively. Though ferredoxin I lacks tryptophan and methionine, ferredoxin II contains both of them. In a comparison of the amino acid sequences with those of other higher plant ferredoxins, ferredoxin I is one residue shorter than others at the carboxyl-terminus and ferredoxin II one longer than others at the amino-terminus. Ferredoxins I and II differ in 23 sites from each other and in 27 to 37 sites from other higher plant ferredoxins. This suggests that duplication of the ferredoxin gene occurred after the divergence of pokeweed from other higher plants. A phylogenetic tree including all other ferredoxins was constructed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of two ferredoxins from pokeweed, Phytolacca americana. The amino acid sequences of two ferredoxins isolated from pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, were determined. Tryptic peptides of maleyl-carboxymethyl-ferredoxin I and carboxymethyl-ferredoxin II were prepared and analyzed. The large peptides were further digested with staphylococcal protease and chymotrypsin. Ferredoxins I and II were composed of 96 and 98 amino acid residues, respectively. Though ferredoxin I lacks tryptophan and methionine, ferredoxin II contains both of them. In a comparison of the amino acid sequences with those of other higher plant ferredoxins, ferredoxin I is one residue shorter than others at the carboxyl-terminus and ferredoxin II one longer than others at the amino-terminus. Ferredoxins I and II differ in 23 sites from each other and in 27 to 37 sites from other higher plant ferredoxins. This suggests that duplication of the ferredoxin gene occurred after the divergence of pokeweed from other higher plants. A phylogenetic tree including all other ferredoxins was constructed.", "PMID": 659398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8296", "title": "Amino acid sequence of a ferredoxin from Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum strain Tassajara, a photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium.", "content": "We have determined the amino acid sequence of a ferredoxin from a photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum strain Tassajara. It contains 61 amino acid residues with 9 cysteines, and 8 of the 9 were located at positions corresponding to those in clostridial-type ferredoxins. Other structural features were closer to those of ferredoxins from another photosynthetic bacterium, C. limicola, than to those of non-photosynthetic bacteria. Compared with ferredoxin from Chromatium, a photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, all photosynthetic bacterial ferredoxins have a common region in the carboxyl-terminal half with several extra residues and a unique cysteine residue. We compared all the photosynthetic bacterial ferredoxins that have been sequenced and concluded that C. thiosulfatophilum ferredoxin is most closely related to C. limicola ferredoxin I.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of a ferredoxin from Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum strain Tassajara, a photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium. We have determined the amino acid sequence of a ferredoxin from a photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum strain Tassajara. It contains 61 amino acid residues with 9 cysteines, and 8 of the 9 were located at positions corresponding to those in clostridial-type ferredoxins. Other structural features were closer to those of ferredoxins from another photosynthetic bacterium, C. limicola, than to those of non-photosynthetic bacteria. Compared with ferredoxin from Chromatium, a photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, all photosynthetic bacterial ferredoxins have a common region in the carboxyl-terminal half with several extra residues and a unique cysteine residue. We compared all the photosynthetic bacterial ferredoxins that have been sequenced and concluded that C. thiosulfatophilum ferredoxin is most closely related to C. limicola ferredoxin I.", "PMID": 659399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8297", "title": "Interaction of porcine alpha2-macroglobulin with chemically modified proteinases.", "content": "The interactions of porcine alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) with native proteinases, their zymogens and the chemically-modified enzymes were compared. The alpha2M did not bind to chymotrypsinogen, or to most of the chemically modified derivatives of alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsinogen, DIP- and PMS-trypsins, but it could interact with anhydrotrypsin, PMS-subtilisin, and O-acetylated neutral subtilopeptidase. Anhydrotrypsin appeared to bind very tightly to alpha2M, as does native trypsin, whereas the binding of PMS-subtilisin to alpha2M was weaker than that of the native enzyme, judging from exchange experiments with labeled enzyme and from competitive enzyme assay. There are, however, some differences in the mode of interaction with alpha2M between native and anhydrotrypsins. (1) The shape and the magnitude of ultraviolet difference spectra caused by the interaction with alpha2M were significantly different. (2) The interaction of alpha2M with active proteinase led to the formation of new amino-terminal amino acids, while that with anhydrotrypsin did not. (3) In vivo experiments showed that radioactivity of 3H-labeled trypsin-alpha2M complex was rapidly cleared from the plasma of rats, whereas the anhydrotrypsin-alpah2M complex was cleared very slowly. These results suggest that the proteolytic activity of the enzyme is not obligatory for the first phase of alpha2M-proteinase interaction (formation of Michaelis-type complex), but only the proteolytically modified complex is cleared rapidly from the blood circulation system.", "contents": "Interaction of porcine alpha2-macroglobulin with chemically modified proteinases. The interactions of porcine alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) with native proteinases, their zymogens and the chemically-modified enzymes were compared. The alpha2M did not bind to chymotrypsinogen, or to most of the chemically modified derivatives of alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsinogen, DIP- and PMS-trypsins, but it could interact with anhydrotrypsin, PMS-subtilisin, and O-acetylated neutral subtilopeptidase. Anhydrotrypsin appeared to bind very tightly to alpha2M, as does native trypsin, whereas the binding of PMS-subtilisin to alpha2M was weaker than that of the native enzyme, judging from exchange experiments with labeled enzyme and from competitive enzyme assay. There are, however, some differences in the mode of interaction with alpha2M between native and anhydrotrypsins. (1) The shape and the magnitude of ultraviolet difference spectra caused by the interaction with alpha2M were significantly different. (2) The interaction of alpha2M with active proteinase led to the formation of new amino-terminal amino acids, while that with anhydrotrypsin did not. (3) In vivo experiments showed that radioactivity of 3H-labeled trypsin-alpha2M complex was rapidly cleared from the plasma of rats, whereas the anhydrotrypsin-alpah2M complex was cleared very slowly. These results suggest that the proteolytic activity of the enzyme is not obligatory for the first phase of alpha2M-proteinase interaction (formation of Michaelis-type complex), but only the proteolytically modified complex is cleared rapidly from the blood circulation system.", "PMID": 659400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8298", "title": "Susceptibilities of various myofibrillar proteins to muscle serine protease.", "content": "The ability of serine protease of skeletal muscle to degrade native myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin, alpha-actinin, and M-protein from rabbit skeletal muscle was studied. The amino acids or peptides liberated from these proteins by the protease were determined fluorometrically using o-phthalaldehyde. The order of their susceptibilities at a molar ratio of the serine protease to substrate of 1:100 was: myosin greater than tropnin greater than tropomyosin greater than actin. Alpha-Actinin and M-protein were not degraded. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the myosin heavy chain was degraded into two fragments, having molecular weights of 100,000 and 88,000, whereas the light chains were scarcely degraded. The serine protease degraded troponin-T rapidly and troponin-I slowly, but did not degrade troponin-C. Tropomyosin was degraded rapidly into two components with molecular weights of 21,500 and 19,000. Actin was degraded slowly, but no liberated fragment could be detected.", "contents": "Susceptibilities of various myofibrillar proteins to muscle serine protease. The ability of serine protease of skeletal muscle to degrade native myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin, alpha-actinin, and M-protein from rabbit skeletal muscle was studied. The amino acids or peptides liberated from these proteins by the protease were determined fluorometrically using o-phthalaldehyde. The order of their susceptibilities at a molar ratio of the serine protease to substrate of 1:100 was: myosin greater than tropnin greater than tropomyosin greater than actin. Alpha-Actinin and M-protein were not degraded. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the myosin heavy chain was degraded into two fragments, having molecular weights of 100,000 and 88,000, whereas the light chains were scarcely degraded. The serine protease degraded troponin-T rapidly and troponin-I slowly, but did not degrade troponin-C. Tropomyosin was degraded rapidly into two components with molecular weights of 21,500 and 19,000. Actin was degraded slowly, but no liberated fragment could be detected.", "PMID": 659401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8299", "title": "Enhancement of fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing activity in rat liver peroxisomes by di-(i-ethylhexyl)phthalate.", "content": "The effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) administration on cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidizing activity in liver was studied. Two weeks of DEHP treatment increased the activity by one order of magnitude in male Wistar rats. A similar effect was also observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and mice, but not in guinea pigs. When the liver was fractionated by differential centrifugation, the activity was concentrated in the light mitochondrial fraction. On the subfractionation of this fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the activity was distributed in a pattern similar to that of urate oxidase, but not resembling that of glutamate dehydrogenase. These data suggest that a fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing enzyme system which is located in peroxisomes is induced by the administration of DEHP.", "contents": "Enhancement of fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing activity in rat liver peroxisomes by di-(i-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) administration on cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidizing activity in liver was studied. Two weeks of DEHP treatment increased the activity by one order of magnitude in male Wistar rats. A similar effect was also observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and mice, but not in guinea pigs. When the liver was fractionated by differential centrifugation, the activity was concentrated in the light mitochondrial fraction. On the subfractionation of this fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the activity was distributed in a pattern similar to that of urate oxidase, but not resembling that of glutamate dehydrogenase. These data suggest that a fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing enzyme system which is located in peroxisomes is induced by the administration of DEHP.", "PMID": 659402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8300", "title": "Stimulation of Chromobacterium lipase activity and prevention of its adsorption to palmitoyl cellulose by hydrophobic binding of fatty acids.", "content": "Fatty acids prevented adsorption of purified Chromobacterium lipase [triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3] onto palmitoyl cellulose (Pal-C) and also increased the activity of the purified lipase. These effects increased with increase in the concentration and chainlength (up to 16 carbon atoms) of the fatty acids, and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and erucic acid, were most effective. When the lipase was adsorbed (immobilized) on Pal-C, its activity was elevated to 20 times that of the free lipase in detergent-free reaction mixture (olive oil-buffer system). Thus lipase was adsorbed to Pal-C through a hydrophobic site distinct from its catalytic site and the binding of fatty acids to the hydrophobic site seems to result in stimulation of the lipase activity.", "contents": "Stimulation of Chromobacterium lipase activity and prevention of its adsorption to palmitoyl cellulose by hydrophobic binding of fatty acids. Fatty acids prevented adsorption of purified Chromobacterium lipase [triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3] onto palmitoyl cellulose (Pal-C) and also increased the activity of the purified lipase. These effects increased with increase in the concentration and chainlength (up to 16 carbon atoms) of the fatty acids, and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and erucic acid, were most effective. When the lipase was adsorbed (immobilized) on Pal-C, its activity was elevated to 20 times that of the free lipase in detergent-free reaction mixture (olive oil-buffer system). Thus lipase was adsorbed to Pal-C through a hydrophobic site distinct from its catalytic site and the binding of fatty acids to the hydrophobic site seems to result in stimulation of the lipase activity.", "PMID": 659403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8301", "title": "Tropomyosin fragments obtained by tryptic digestion.", "content": "Rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin, separated by hydroxyapatite chromatography, was treated with trypsin (1/100 wt/wt) at 0 degrees C for 24 h. Trypsin-resistant fragments of tropomyosin were separated into the precipitate and supernatant fractions at pH 4.3 in 1 M KCl, and these were subjected to QAE-Sephadex A50 column chromatography for further purification. SDS-gel electrophoresis showed 16,000 and 14,000 dalton bands for the supernatant (s-fragment) and an 11,500 dalton band for the precipitate (p-fragment). We obtained a 13,500 dalton chain (13,500 dalton fragment) in addition to the s- and p-fragments upon treatment with more dilute trypsin (1/500 wt/wt) for 48 h at 0 degrees C. Both the p- and 13,500 dalton fragment had the same C-terminal portion as intact alpha-tropomyosin, and could form an intra-chain disulfide bond on oxidation. Therefore, these two fragments were deduced to be polypeptides from some points on the N-terminal side of Cys 190 to the intact C-terminal. The s-fragment, on the other hand, did not contain any cysteine, Phe, or His residues according to amino acid analysis, suggesting that the fragment is derived from the N-terminal side from Cys 190. Tentative assignment of the fragments was carried out by amino acid analysis, and C- and N-terminal determination. The p-, s-, and 13,500 dalton fragments appear to be in coiled-coil form in solution, having alpha-helical contents of 77,71, and 64%, respectively, and are able to interact with intact tropomyosin to reduce the viscosity of tropomyosin solution. The s-, p-, and 13,500 dalton fragments have little binding capacity individually to troponin, but the mixture, i.e., the s- and p-fragments, the 13,500 dalton fragment and the N-chain, which was obtained by cleavage at Cys 190, showed clear binding with troponin independent of Ca2+ in solution as detected by gel electrophoresis. The p-fragment showed some binding to troponin, since cross-linkage to troponin was possible by treatment with dimethyl suberimidate. From the result, it can be inferred that the troponin binding regions in tropomyosin are located on both sides of Cys 190, where trypsin attacks more easily than at other parts of the molecule, leaving two trypsin-resistant fragments.", "contents": "Tropomyosin fragments obtained by tryptic digestion. Rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin, separated by hydroxyapatite chromatography, was treated with trypsin (1/100 wt/wt) at 0 degrees C for 24 h. Trypsin-resistant fragments of tropomyosin were separated into the precipitate and supernatant fractions at pH 4.3 in 1 M KCl, and these were subjected to QAE-Sephadex A50 column chromatography for further purification. SDS-gel electrophoresis showed 16,000 and 14,000 dalton bands for the supernatant (s-fragment) and an 11,500 dalton band for the precipitate (p-fragment). We obtained a 13,500 dalton chain (13,500 dalton fragment) in addition to the s- and p-fragments upon treatment with more dilute trypsin (1/500 wt/wt) for 48 h at 0 degrees C. Both the p- and 13,500 dalton fragment had the same C-terminal portion as intact alpha-tropomyosin, and could form an intra-chain disulfide bond on oxidation. Therefore, these two fragments were deduced to be polypeptides from some points on the N-terminal side of Cys 190 to the intact C-terminal. The s-fragment, on the other hand, did not contain any cysteine, Phe, or His residues according to amino acid analysis, suggesting that the fragment is derived from the N-terminal side from Cys 190. Tentative assignment of the fragments was carried out by amino acid analysis, and C- and N-terminal determination. The p-, s-, and 13,500 dalton fragments appear to be in coiled-coil form in solution, having alpha-helical contents of 77,71, and 64%, respectively, and are able to interact with intact tropomyosin to reduce the viscosity of tropomyosin solution. The s-, p-, and 13,500 dalton fragments have little binding capacity individually to troponin, but the mixture, i.e., the s- and p-fragments, the 13,500 dalton fragment and the N-chain, which was obtained by cleavage at Cys 190, showed clear binding with troponin independent of Ca2+ in solution as detected by gel electrophoresis. The p-fragment showed some binding to troponin, since cross-linkage to troponin was possible by treatment with dimethyl suberimidate. From the result, it can be inferred that the troponin binding regions in tropomyosin are located on both sides of Cys 190, where trypsin attacks more easily than at other parts of the molecule, leaving two trypsin-resistant fragments.", "PMID": 659405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8302", "title": "Sinefungin, a potent inhibitor of virion mRNA(guanine-7-)-methyltransferase, mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase, and viral multiplication.", "content": "Sinefungin (A9145) and a related metabolite, A9145C, were found to be potent inhibitors of Newcastle disease virion and vaccinia virion mRNA(guanine-7-)-methyltransferase and vaccinia virion mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase. Both Sinefungin and A9145C were competitive inhibitors of these S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent enzymes having inhibition constants substantially less than S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. These compounds also inhibited plaque formation by vaccinia virus in mouse L-cells.", "contents": "Sinefungin, a potent inhibitor of virion mRNA(guanine-7-)-methyltransferase, mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase, and viral multiplication. Sinefungin (A9145) and a related metabolite, A9145C, were found to be potent inhibitors of Newcastle disease virion and vaccinia virion mRNA(guanine-7-)-methyltransferase and vaccinia virion mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase. Both Sinefungin and A9145C were competitive inhibitors of these S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent enzymes having inhibition constants substantially less than S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. These compounds also inhibited plaque formation by vaccinia virus in mouse L-cells.", "PMID": 659406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8303", "title": "Ligandin. Bilirubin binding and glutathione-S-transferase activity are independent processes.", "content": "Physical methods and chemical modifications were used to discriminate between the bilirubin-binding capacity and glutathione-S-transferase activity of ligandin which was purified from rat liver. Binding of bilirubin occurs at a primary high affinity site (KA = 5 X 10(7) M-1) and at a secondary, lesser affinity site (KA = 3 X 10(5) M-1). Circular dichroism and fluorescence-quenching methods were used to distinguish between these sites. Cross-linked as well as reduced and alkylated ligandin lost high affinity bilirubin-binding capacity, but retained glutathione-S-transferase activity, bilirubin binding at a secondary site, and immunological reactivity. Succinylation of ligandin abolished catalytic activity and bilirubin binding at high and low affinity sites, but not immunological reactivity. Catalytic activity was unaffected by concentrations of bilirubin which saturated the primary binding site. These results suggest that the high affinity site at which bilirubin is bound to ligandin is independent from the site at which catalytically reactive substrates bind. The latter substrates probably interact at the secondary bilirubin binding site where bilirubin competitively inhibits glutathione-S-transferase activity.", "contents": "Ligandin. Bilirubin binding and glutathione-S-transferase activity are independent processes. Physical methods and chemical modifications were used to discriminate between the bilirubin-binding capacity and glutathione-S-transferase activity of ligandin which was purified from rat liver. Binding of bilirubin occurs at a primary high affinity site (KA = 5 X 10(7) M-1) and at a secondary, lesser affinity site (KA = 3 X 10(5) M-1). Circular dichroism and fluorescence-quenching methods were used to distinguish between these sites. Cross-linked as well as reduced and alkylated ligandin lost high affinity bilirubin-binding capacity, but retained glutathione-S-transferase activity, bilirubin binding at a secondary site, and immunological reactivity. Succinylation of ligandin abolished catalytic activity and bilirubin binding at high and low affinity sites, but not immunological reactivity. Catalytic activity was unaffected by concentrations of bilirubin which saturated the primary binding site. These results suggest that the high affinity site at which bilirubin is bound to ligandin is independent from the site at which catalytically reactive substrates bind. The latter substrates probably interact at the secondary bilirubin binding site where bilirubin competitively inhibits glutathione-S-transferase activity.", "PMID": 659407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8304", "title": "Structural relationships of low molecular weight viral RNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase III in nuclei from adenovirus 2-infected cells.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that endogenous class III RNA polymerase(s) in nuclei from adenovirus 2-infected cells synthesize virus-coded RNA species which are approximately 200 (V200), 156 (V156), and 140 (V140) nucleotides in length (Weinmann, R., Brendler, T. G., Raskas, H.J., and Roeder, R. G. (1976) Cell 7, 557-566). The V156 nuclear RNA is identical in sequence to the major virus-associated RNA (VA RNA1 or 5.5 S RNA) synthesized in intact cells (Ohe, K., and Weissman, S. M. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6991-7009). The V140 RNA contains several components, one of which appears identical to a minor virus-associated RNA (VA RNAII) which is synthesized in infected cells (Mathews), M. B. (1975) Cell 6, 223-229). Thus transcription of the VA RNAI and VA RNAII genes in vitro accurately reflects the in vivo transcription of these genes. The V200 RNA contains all the nucleotide sequences found in V156 RNA plus an additional 38 to 40 nucleotides on the 3' terminus. Transcription of the gene encoding this RNA species terminates within a stretch of 6 deoxythymidylic acid residues which are located 38 nucleotides beyond the predicted termination site for VA RNAI and which are preceded by a GC-rich sequence of nucleotides. These data suggest either that the V200 RNA is a precursor to the VA RNAI or that the RNA polymerase III occasionally reads-through the presumptive VA RNAI gene termination signal and stops at a potentially stronger downstream termination site.", "contents": "Structural relationships of low molecular weight viral RNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase III in nuclei from adenovirus 2-infected cells. Previous studies have shown that endogenous class III RNA polymerase(s) in nuclei from adenovirus 2-infected cells synthesize virus-coded RNA species which are approximately 200 (V200), 156 (V156), and 140 (V140) nucleotides in length (Weinmann, R., Brendler, T. G., Raskas, H.J., and Roeder, R. G. (1976) Cell 7, 557-566). The V156 nuclear RNA is identical in sequence to the major virus-associated RNA (VA RNA1 or 5.5 S RNA) synthesized in intact cells (Ohe, K., and Weissman, S. M. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6991-7009). The V140 RNA contains several components, one of which appears identical to a minor virus-associated RNA (VA RNAII) which is synthesized in infected cells (Mathews), M. B. (1975) Cell 6, 223-229). Thus transcription of the VA RNAI and VA RNAII genes in vitro accurately reflects the in vivo transcription of these genes. The V200 RNA contains all the nucleotide sequences found in V156 RNA plus an additional 38 to 40 nucleotides on the 3' terminus. Transcription of the gene encoding this RNA species terminates within a stretch of 6 deoxythymidylic acid residues which are located 38 nucleotides beyond the predicted termination site for VA RNAI and which are preceded by a GC-rich sequence of nucleotides. These data suggest either that the V200 RNA is a precursor to the VA RNAI or that the RNA polymerase III occasionally reads-through the presumptive VA RNAI gene termination signal and stops at a potentially stronger downstream termination site.", "PMID": 659408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8305", "title": "Formation of 5-[17beta-2H]androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol from 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]pregnen-20-one by the microsomal fraction of boar testis.", "content": "After incubation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]-pregnen-20-one with the microsomal fraction of boar testis, the metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following metabolites were identified: 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-[21,21,21-3H]pregnen-20-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol, and 5-[17beta-2H]androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol. The presence of a 2H atom at the 17beta position of 5-androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol was confirmed by oxidizing the steroid with 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni to obtain 17alpha-hydroxy-4-[2H]androsten-3-one and then by oxidizing the latter steroid with chromic acid to obtain nonlabeled 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Among these metabolites, the first three can be interpreted to be synthesized by a well documented pathway, including 17alpha-hydroxylation followed by side chain cleavage as follows: 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]pregnen-20-one leads to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-2-[21,21,212H]-pregnen-20-one leads to 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one leads to 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol. On the other hand, 5-androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol, which contained a 2H atom at the 17beta position, is not likely to be synthesized via above mentioned pathway in which nonlabeled 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one is formed as the first C19-steroid. It seems that an alternate side chain cleavage mechanism leading from pregnenolone to 17alpha-hydroxy-C19-steroid exists in boar testis.", "contents": "Formation of 5-[17beta-2H]androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol from 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]pregnen-20-one by the microsomal fraction of boar testis. After incubation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]-pregnen-20-one with the microsomal fraction of boar testis, the metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following metabolites were identified: 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-[21,21,21-3H]pregnen-20-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol, and 5-[17beta-2H]androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol. The presence of a 2H atom at the 17beta position of 5-androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol was confirmed by oxidizing the steroid with 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni to obtain 17alpha-hydroxy-4-[2H]androsten-3-one and then by oxidizing the latter steroid with chromic acid to obtain nonlabeled 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Among these metabolites, the first three can be interpreted to be synthesized by a well documented pathway, including 17alpha-hydroxylation followed by side chain cleavage as follows: 3beta-hydroxy-5-[17,21,21,21-2H]pregnen-20-one leads to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-2-[21,21,212H]-pregnen-20-one leads to 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one leads to 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol. On the other hand, 5-androstene-3beta,17alpha-diol, which contained a 2H atom at the 17beta position, is not likely to be synthesized via above mentioned pathway in which nonlabeled 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one is formed as the first C19-steroid. It seems that an alternate side chain cleavage mechanism leading from pregnenolone to 17alpha-hydroxy-C19-steroid exists in boar testis.", "PMID": 659416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8306", "title": "Control of fatty acid metabolism in ischemic and hypoxic hearts.", "content": "The effects of whole heart ischemia on fatty acid metabolism were studied in the isolated, perfused rat heart. A reduction in coronary flow and oxygen consumption resulted in lower rates of palmitate uptake and oxidation to CO2. This decrease in metabolic rate was associated with increased tissue levels of long chain acyl coenzyme A and long chain acylcarnitine. Cellular levels of acetyl-CoA, acetylcarnitine, free CoA, and free carnitine decreased. These changes in CoA and its acyl derivatives indicate that beta oxidation became the limiting step in fatty acid metabolism. The rate of beta oxidation was probably limited by high levels of NADH and FADH2 secondary to a reduced supply of oxygen. Tissue levels of neutral lipids showed a slight increase durning ischemia, but incorporation of [U-14C]palmitate into lipid was not altered significantly. Although both substrates for lipid synthesis were present in higher concentrations during ischemia, compartmentalization of long chain acyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix and alpha-glycerol phosphate in the cytosol may have accounted for the relatively low rate of lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Control of fatty acid metabolism in ischemic and hypoxic hearts. The effects of whole heart ischemia on fatty acid metabolism were studied in the isolated, perfused rat heart. A reduction in coronary flow and oxygen consumption resulted in lower rates of palmitate uptake and oxidation to CO2. This decrease in metabolic rate was associated with increased tissue levels of long chain acyl coenzyme A and long chain acylcarnitine. Cellular levels of acetyl-CoA, acetylcarnitine, free CoA, and free carnitine decreased. These changes in CoA and its acyl derivatives indicate that beta oxidation became the limiting step in fatty acid metabolism. The rate of beta oxidation was probably limited by high levels of NADH and FADH2 secondary to a reduced supply of oxygen. Tissue levels of neutral lipids showed a slight increase durning ischemia, but incorporation of [U-14C]palmitate into lipid was not altered significantly. Although both substrates for lipid synthesis were present in higher concentrations during ischemia, compartmentalization of long chain acyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix and alpha-glycerol phosphate in the cytosol may have accounted for the relatively low rate of lipid synthesis.", "PMID": 659417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8307", "title": "Kinetics of CO binding to and dissociation from microsomal cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital in rat liver.", "content": "The kinetics of CO binding to hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated Sprague-Dawley rats, measured by stopped flow spectrophotometry, can be resolved into three components with second order velocity constants of 2.23 +/- 0.35 X 10(5) M-1 S-1, 1.59 +/- 0.18 X 10(6) M-1 S-1, and 8.7 +/- 1.7 X 10(6) M-1 S-1. The three CO-binding species were present in ratios of 1:1.25:1.39 as judged by the relative amplitude of the change in absorbance at 450 nm associated with each of the kinetic components. Similar results were obtained in a range of [CO] from 10 to 700 micron when CO recombination was followed subsequent to flash photolysis of the CO-associated microsomes. In contrast, the dissociation rate of CO from its cytochrome P-450 complex measured by the NO replacement method was biphasic. Approximately 40% of the bound CO dissociated at a rate of 0.40 +/- 0.071 s-1, whereas the remaining 60% dissociated at a rate of 0.049 +/- 0.008 s-1 at 20 degrees C.", "contents": "Kinetics of CO binding to and dissociation from microsomal cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital in rat liver. The kinetics of CO binding to hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated Sprague-Dawley rats, measured by stopped flow spectrophotometry, can be resolved into three components with second order velocity constants of 2.23 +/- 0.35 X 10(5) M-1 S-1, 1.59 +/- 0.18 X 10(6) M-1 S-1, and 8.7 +/- 1.7 X 10(6) M-1 S-1. The three CO-binding species were present in ratios of 1:1.25:1.39 as judged by the relative amplitude of the change in absorbance at 450 nm associated with each of the kinetic components. Similar results were obtained in a range of [CO] from 10 to 700 micron when CO recombination was followed subsequent to flash photolysis of the CO-associated microsomes. In contrast, the dissociation rate of CO from its cytochrome P-450 complex measured by the NO replacement method was biphasic. Approximately 40% of the bound CO dissociated at a rate of 0.40 +/- 0.071 s-1, whereas the remaining 60% dissociated at a rate of 0.049 +/- 0.008 s-1 at 20 degrees C.", "PMID": 659421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8308", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of bilirubin binding to human serum albumin.", "content": "The kinetics of bilirubin binding to human serum albumin at pH 7.40, 4 degrees C, was studied by monitoring changes in bilirubin absorbance. The time course of the absorbance change at 380 nm was complex: at least three kinetic events were detected including the bimolecular association (k1 = 3.8 +/- 2.0 X 10(7) M-1 S-1) and two relaxation steps (52 = 40.2 +/- 9.4 s-1 and k3 = 3.8 +/- 0.5 s-1). The presence of the two slow relaxations was confirmed under pseudo-first order conditions with excess albumin. Curve-fitting procedures allowed the assignment of absorption coefficients to the intermediate species. When the bilirubin-albumin binding kinetics was observed at 420 nm, only the two relaxations were seen; apparently the second order association step was isosbestic at this wavelength. The rate of albumin-bound bilirubin dissociation was measured by mixing the pre-equilibrated human albumin-bilirubin complex with bovine albumin. The rate constant for bilirubin dissociation measured at 485 nm was k-3 = 0.01 s-1 at 4 degrees C. A minimum value of the equilibrium constant for bilirubin binding to human albumin determined from the ratio k1/k-3 is therefore approximately 4 X 10(9) M-1.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of bilirubin binding to human serum albumin. The kinetics of bilirubin binding to human serum albumin at pH 7.40, 4 degrees C, was studied by monitoring changes in bilirubin absorbance. The time course of the absorbance change at 380 nm was complex: at least three kinetic events were detected including the bimolecular association (k1 = 3.8 +/- 2.0 X 10(7) M-1 S-1) and two relaxation steps (52 = 40.2 +/- 9.4 s-1 and k3 = 3.8 +/- 0.5 s-1). The presence of the two slow relaxations was confirmed under pseudo-first order conditions with excess albumin. Curve-fitting procedures allowed the assignment of absorption coefficients to the intermediate species. When the bilirubin-albumin binding kinetics was observed at 420 nm, only the two relaxations were seen; apparently the second order association step was isosbestic at this wavelength. The rate of albumin-bound bilirubin dissociation was measured by mixing the pre-equilibrated human albumin-bilirubin complex with bovine albumin. The rate constant for bilirubin dissociation measured at 485 nm was k-3 = 0.01 s-1 at 4 degrees C. A minimum value of the equilibrium constant for bilirubin binding to human albumin determined from the ratio k1/k-3 is therefore approximately 4 X 10(9) M-1.", "PMID": 659422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8309", "title": "Fractionation and characterization of chromosomal proteins by the hydroxyapatite dissociation method.", "content": "A method was developed which enables the characterization and fractionation of chromosomal proteins according to their chromatin binding properties. The method is based on the ability of hydroxyapatite to bind native chromatin in solutions which do not dissocciate chromosomal proteins from the DNA. The proteins are then selectively dissociated from the immobilized chromatin by treatment with NaCl, urea, or guanidine HCl. The hydroxyapatite dissociation method represents a rapid one-step fractionation procedure which results in the quantitative recovery of chromosomal proteins devoid of nucleic acids and is suitable for large preparations. The hydroxyapatite dissociation method provides a versatile procedure for the study and preparation of chromosomal proteins. The patterns of dissociation of both histones and nonhistone chromosomal proteins by NaCl and urea from chicken oviduct chromatin were characterized by this method. In addition, this technique enabled the purification of the major histone species in a single operation. Partial purification of specific nonhistone proteins, including the estrogen receptor, was also achieved. We suggest that this method will be a useful tool in elucidation of the chemical and biological properties of the proteins from chromatin.", "contents": "Fractionation and characterization of chromosomal proteins by the hydroxyapatite dissociation method. A method was developed which enables the characterization and fractionation of chromosomal proteins according to their chromatin binding properties. The method is based on the ability of hydroxyapatite to bind native chromatin in solutions which do not dissocciate chromosomal proteins from the DNA. The proteins are then selectively dissociated from the immobilized chromatin by treatment with NaCl, urea, or guanidine HCl. The hydroxyapatite dissociation method represents a rapid one-step fractionation procedure which results in the quantitative recovery of chromosomal proteins devoid of nucleic acids and is suitable for large preparations. The hydroxyapatite dissociation method provides a versatile procedure for the study and preparation of chromosomal proteins. The patterns of dissociation of both histones and nonhistone chromosomal proteins by NaCl and urea from chicken oviduct chromatin were characterized by this method. In addition, this technique enabled the purification of the major histone species in a single operation. Partial purification of specific nonhistone proteins, including the estrogen receptor, was also achieved. We suggest that this method will be a useful tool in elucidation of the chemical and biological properties of the proteins from chromatin.", "PMID": 659424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8310", "title": "On ferritin heterogeneity. Further evidence for heteropolymers.", "content": "Tissue ferritins from the horse, rat, and human consist of multiple isoferritins some of which are common to more than one tissue in the same individual. Subunit analyses indicate that the ferritins from all three species are similarly composed of only two types of subunit with an approximate Mr of 21,000 and 19,000, designated H and L. The relative amounts of these subunits vary progressively throughout the isoferritin spectrum. Amino acid analyses and tryptic peptide maps indicate that the H and L subunits have extensive sequence homologies and that both are species-specific. Both subunits have been identified as the primary products of apoferritin synthesis in a wheat germ lysate programmed by rat liver mRNA. These results substantiate our proposal (Adelman, T. G., Arosio, P., and Drysdale, J. W. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 1056-1062) that tissue ferritins are not unique homopolymers but families of hybrid molecules consisting of different proportions of two subunit types.", "contents": "On ferritin heterogeneity. Further evidence for heteropolymers. Tissue ferritins from the horse, rat, and human consist of multiple isoferritins some of which are common to more than one tissue in the same individual. Subunit analyses indicate that the ferritins from all three species are similarly composed of only two types of subunit with an approximate Mr of 21,000 and 19,000, designated H and L. The relative amounts of these subunits vary progressively throughout the isoferritin spectrum. Amino acid analyses and tryptic peptide maps indicate that the H and L subunits have extensive sequence homologies and that both are species-specific. Both subunits have been identified as the primary products of apoferritin synthesis in a wheat germ lysate programmed by rat liver mRNA. These results substantiate our proposal (Adelman, T. G., Arosio, P., and Drysdale, J. W. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 1056-1062) that tissue ferritins are not unique homopolymers but families of hybrid molecules consisting of different proportions of two subunit types.", "PMID": 659425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8311", "title": "Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Evidence for tetrameric structure.", "content": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) has been purified 23,000-fold from normal human erythrocytes. The purification includes affinity chromatography on a GMP column. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme obtained from this purification is 24,000. The finding of four protein species after cross-linkage of the highly purified enzyme with dimethylsuberimidate, dimethyladipimidate, and glutaraldehyde suggests that the enzyme may exist in the native state as a tetramer.", "contents": "Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Evidence for tetrameric structure. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) has been purified 23,000-fold from normal human erythrocytes. The purification includes affinity chromatography on a GMP column. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme obtained from this purification is 24,000. The finding of four protein species after cross-linkage of the highly purified enzyme with dimethylsuberimidate, dimethyladipimidate, and glutaraldehyde suggests that the enzyme may exist in the native state as a tetramer.", "PMID": 659426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8312", "title": "Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Crystallization of the purified enzyme and its properties.", "content": "Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1) from calf liver was purified to homogeneity by crystallization. The purified enzyme exhibited one single component in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. But by Ampholine gel electrophoresis, two isoelectric focusing variants were observed, with pI values at 5.8 and 6.0. when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, one major subunit with a molecular weight of 60,000 was found; five other minor subunit variants were also observed, with molecular weights ranging between 50,000 and 57,000. These minor subunit variants comprised approximately 15% of the total protein applied. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 237,500 by gradient gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme is probably composed of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of not more than 60,000. Amino acid analyses of the purified enzyme revealed the presence of 1.2 residues of glucosamine/mol of enzyme, in addition to all of the common amino acids. The presence of enzyme-bound NAD was confirmed, probably 1 NAD molecule bound/enzyme subunit. In addition to adenosine, 3-deazaadenosine was found to be an effective substrate as well in the direction of synthesis.", "contents": "Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Crystallization of the purified enzyme and its properties. Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1) from calf liver was purified to homogeneity by crystallization. The purified enzyme exhibited one single component in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. But by Ampholine gel electrophoresis, two isoelectric focusing variants were observed, with pI values at 5.8 and 6.0. when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, one major subunit with a molecular weight of 60,000 was found; five other minor subunit variants were also observed, with molecular weights ranging between 50,000 and 57,000. These minor subunit variants comprised approximately 15% of the total protein applied. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 237,500 by gradient gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme is probably composed of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of not more than 60,000. Amino acid analyses of the purified enzyme revealed the presence of 1.2 residues of glucosamine/mol of enzyme, in addition to all of the common amino acids. The presence of enzyme-bound NAD was confirmed, probably 1 NAD molecule bound/enzyme subunit. In addition to adenosine, 3-deazaadenosine was found to be an effective substrate as well in the direction of synthesis.", "PMID": 659427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8313", "title": "Purification of mRNA guanylyltransferase from vaccinia virions.", "content": "GTP:RNA guanylyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the guanylylation of the 5' termini of viral mRNAs, has been isolated and purified approximately 10,000-fold from cores of vaccinia virus. S-adenosyl-methionine:mRNA (guanine-7)-methyltransferase copurified with guanylyltransferase activity through chromatography on DNA agarose, phosphocellulose, and centrifugation in glycerol gradients, suggesting that the two activities are closely associated. The molecular weight of native guanylyltransferase- and 7-methyltransferase-associated activities was approximately 120,000 as determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Guanylytransferase purified by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels at pH 4.5 lacked 7-methyltransferase activity. Analysis by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of electrophoretically purified native guanylyltransferase showed the presence of one major band of polypeptide which had a molecular weight of approximately 59,000.", "contents": "Purification of mRNA guanylyltransferase from vaccinia virions. GTP:RNA guanylyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the guanylylation of the 5' termini of viral mRNAs, has been isolated and purified approximately 10,000-fold from cores of vaccinia virus. S-adenosyl-methionine:mRNA (guanine-7)-methyltransferase copurified with guanylyltransferase activity through chromatography on DNA agarose, phosphocellulose, and centrifugation in glycerol gradients, suggesting that the two activities are closely associated. The molecular weight of native guanylyltransferase- and 7-methyltransferase-associated activities was approximately 120,000 as determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Guanylytransferase purified by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels at pH 4.5 lacked 7-methyltransferase activity. Analysis by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of electrophoretically purified native guanylyltransferase showed the presence of one major band of polypeptide which had a molecular weight of approximately 59,000.", "PMID": 659428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8314", "title": "Asparaginyl glycopeptides with a low mannose content are hydrolyzed by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H.", "content": "Substrates susceptible to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H were reduced in size through alpha-mannosidase treatment and periodate oxidation to yield the following compounds: (Man)4(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manalpha 1 leads to 6Manalpha 1 leads to 6(Manalpha 1 leads to 3)Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNACAsn]; (Man)3(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manalpha 1 leads to 3Man-alpha 1 leads to 6Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcAsn]; (Man)2(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manalpha 1 leads to 6Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4BlcNAcAsm]. Comparison of the relative rates of hydrolysis of these compounds with (Man)5(GlcNAc)2-Asn, the most active substrate to date for the endoglycosidase, revealed (Man)4(GlcNAc)2Asn to be hydrolyzed faster than (Man)5(GlcNAc)2Asn and (Man)3-(GlcNAc)2Asn to be equal to or slightly better than (Man)5(GlcNAc)2Asn as a substrate. (Man)2(GlcNAc)2-Asn was completely hydrolyzed but at a rate that was about 10(4) slower than (Man)5(GlcNAc)2Asn, which is comparable to that for (Man)3(GlcNAc)2Asn(aa)x [Manalpha 1 leads to 6(Manalpha 1 leads to 3)Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcAsn(aa)x], obtained from immunoglobulin M. (Man)1(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcAsn] was hydrolyzed at a 100-fold slower rate than the latter glycopeptide. The effective range of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H has thus been extended to compounds containing as few as 2 mannosyl residues.", "contents": "Asparaginyl glycopeptides with a low mannose content are hydrolyzed by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Substrates susceptible to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H were reduced in size through alpha-mannosidase treatment and periodate oxidation to yield the following compounds: (Man)4(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manalpha 1 leads to 6Manalpha 1 leads to 6(Manalpha 1 leads to 3)Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNACAsn]; (Man)3(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manalpha 1 leads to 3Man-alpha 1 leads to 6Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcAsn]; (Man)2(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manalpha 1 leads to 6Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4BlcNAcAsm]. Comparison of the relative rates of hydrolysis of these compounds with (Man)5(GlcNAc)2-Asn, the most active substrate to date for the endoglycosidase, revealed (Man)4(GlcNAc)2Asn to be hydrolyzed faster than (Man)5(GlcNAc)2Asn and (Man)3-(GlcNAc)2Asn to be equal to or slightly better than (Man)5(GlcNAc)2Asn as a substrate. (Man)2(GlcNAc)2-Asn was completely hydrolyzed but at a rate that was about 10(4) slower than (Man)5(GlcNAc)2Asn, which is comparable to that for (Man)3(GlcNAc)2Asn(aa)x [Manalpha 1 leads to 6(Manalpha 1 leads to 3)Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcAsn(aa)x], obtained from immunoglobulin M. (Man)1(GlcNAc)2Asn, [Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcAsn] was hydrolyzed at a 100-fold slower rate than the latter glycopeptide. The effective range of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H has thus been extended to compounds containing as few as 2 mannosyl residues.", "PMID": 659430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8315", "title": "Modification of rat liver RNA polymerase I after in vivo stimulation by hydrocortisone or methylisobutylxanthine.", "content": "Following in vivo administration of hydrocortisone or methylisobutylxanthine to rats, higher levels (1.5- to 2.3-fold) of RNA polymerase I activity are present in liver nuclei and nucleoli of the treated animals as compared to control animals. The elevated specific activity is retained after purification of the enzyme under conditions where the enzyme is dependent on exogenous template for activity. The elevated polymerase activity in nuclei, nucleoli, and soluble enzyme can be destroyed by mild trypsin treatment which results in a rapid decay of the specific activity to the control level. Under these conditions, the control polymerase I activity is stable. The results indicate that in vivo stimulation by hydrocortisone or methylisobutylxanthine results in a conversion of the enzyme to a form that is catalytically more active but has an increased sensitivity to proteolysis.", "contents": "Modification of rat liver RNA polymerase I after in vivo stimulation by hydrocortisone or methylisobutylxanthine. Following in vivo administration of hydrocortisone or methylisobutylxanthine to rats, higher levels (1.5- to 2.3-fold) of RNA polymerase I activity are present in liver nuclei and nucleoli of the treated animals as compared to control animals. The elevated specific activity is retained after purification of the enzyme under conditions where the enzyme is dependent on exogenous template for activity. The elevated polymerase activity in nuclei, nucleoli, and soluble enzyme can be destroyed by mild trypsin treatment which results in a rapid decay of the specific activity to the control level. Under these conditions, the control polymerase I activity is stable. The results indicate that in vivo stimulation by hydrocortisone or methylisobutylxanthine results in a conversion of the enzyme to a form that is catalytically more active but has an increased sensitivity to proteolysis.", "PMID": 659431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8316", "title": "Rapid accumulation of vitellogenin messenger RNA during secondary estrogen stimulation of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Accurate quantitation of low concentrations of vitellogenin mRNA by hybridization to vitellogenin cDNA allows analysis of the accumulation of new vitellogenin mRNA sequences throughout secondary estrogen stimulation. Administration of a secondary injection of estradiol-17 beta to male Xenopus laevis which have been withdrawn from estrogen for 60 days results in synthesis of complete vitellogenin mRNA molecules in as little as 1 h after restimulation. Vitellogenin mRNA accumulates at a rate of 13 molecules/cell/min--at least four times the rate observed in primary estrogen stimulation and peaks at a level twice that observed in primary stimulation. Administration of estrogen to male Xenopus laevis evokes stable long lived changes in the pattern of vitellogenin gene expression and constitutes a type of cellular \"memory effect.\"", "contents": "Rapid accumulation of vitellogenin messenger RNA during secondary estrogen stimulation of Xenopus laevis. Accurate quantitation of low concentrations of vitellogenin mRNA by hybridization to vitellogenin cDNA allows analysis of the accumulation of new vitellogenin mRNA sequences throughout secondary estrogen stimulation. Administration of a secondary injection of estradiol-17 beta to male Xenopus laevis which have been withdrawn from estrogen for 60 days results in synthesis of complete vitellogenin mRNA molecules in as little as 1 h after restimulation. Vitellogenin mRNA accumulates at a rate of 13 molecules/cell/min--at least four times the rate observed in primary estrogen stimulation and peaks at a level twice that observed in primary stimulation. Administration of estrogen to male Xenopus laevis evokes stable long lived changes in the pattern of vitellogenin gene expression and constitutes a type of cellular \"memory effect.\"", "PMID": 659432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8317", "title": "A pyruvate-containing peptide of proline reductase in Clostridium sticklandii.", "content": "Proline reductase in Clostridium sticklandii is composed of 10 apparently identical subunits. Each subunit contains a pyruvate residue that became labeled when the cell culture was supplemented with [14C]serine. No NH2-terminal amino acid was detected either by dansylation, by Edman degradation, or by aminopeptidase M digestion. The results suggest that the NH2 terminus may be blocked by pyruvate. A pyruvate-containing peptide, also blocked at the NH2 terminus, was isolated from the NH2-terminal portion of proline reductase. From amino acid analysis the peptide was found to be rich in basic amino acids and to have a molecular weight of 4621. Its COOH-terminal amino acid was found to be serine and since the peptide was released from proline reductase by very mild alkali hydrolysis, it is suspected that an ester bond is involved.", "contents": "A pyruvate-containing peptide of proline reductase in Clostridium sticklandii. Proline reductase in Clostridium sticklandii is composed of 10 apparently identical subunits. Each subunit contains a pyruvate residue that became labeled when the cell culture was supplemented with [14C]serine. No NH2-terminal amino acid was detected either by dansylation, by Edman degradation, or by aminopeptidase M digestion. The results suggest that the NH2 terminus may be blocked by pyruvate. A pyruvate-containing peptide, also blocked at the NH2 terminus, was isolated from the NH2-terminal portion of proline reductase. From amino acid analysis the peptide was found to be rich in basic amino acids and to have a molecular weight of 4621. Its COOH-terminal amino acid was found to be serine and since the peptide was released from proline reductase by very mild alkali hydrolysis, it is suspected that an ester bond is involved.", "PMID": 659433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8318", "title": "Separation and characterization of two activities from HeLa cell nuclei that degrade double-stranded RNA.", "content": "Two enzymatic activities that degrade double-stranded RNA have been partially purified from HeLa cell nuclei using reoviral [3H]RNA as the substrate. The two active fractions, separated by chromatography on phosphocellulose, are designated PC I and PC II. Both fractions degrade a variety of double-stranded RNAs with an absolute requirement for a divalent cation. However, they are distinct by at least five criteria. 1)PC I degrades a variety of single- and double-stranded RNAs, single- and double-stranded DNAs, and DNA.RNA hybrids, in addition to double-stranded reoviral RNA. In contrast, PC II has maximal activity with reoviral RNA, some activity with rRNA, and much less activity with the other substrates. 2) Analyses of reaction products by sucrose gradient centrifugation and chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose indicate that, PC I cleaves reoviral RNA endonucleolytically to a final mixture of mono- and oligonucleotides, whereas the only acid- or alcohol-soluble products of PC II are 5'-XMPs produced exonucleolytically. 3) PC I activity  is stimulated 2-fold more by MnCl2 than by MgCl2, whereas PC II activity is stimulated 3-fold more by MgCl2 than by MnCl2. 4) PC I activity is inhibited by NaCl concentrations as low as 10 mM, whereas PC II requires 50 to 80 mM NaCl for optimal activity. 5)Estimated by their sedimentation rates in glycerol gradients, PC I and PC II have apparent molecular weights of 55,000 and 20,000, respectively.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of two activities from HeLa cell nuclei that degrade double-stranded RNA. Two enzymatic activities that degrade double-stranded RNA have been partially purified from HeLa cell nuclei using reoviral [3H]RNA as the substrate. The two active fractions, separated by chromatography on phosphocellulose, are designated PC I and PC II. Both fractions degrade a variety of double-stranded RNAs with an absolute requirement for a divalent cation. However, they are distinct by at least five criteria. 1)PC I degrades a variety of single- and double-stranded RNAs, single- and double-stranded DNAs, and DNA.RNA hybrids, in addition to double-stranded reoviral RNA. In contrast, PC II has maximal activity with reoviral RNA, some activity with rRNA, and much less activity with the other substrates. 2) Analyses of reaction products by sucrose gradient centrifugation and chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose indicate that, PC I cleaves reoviral RNA endonucleolytically to a final mixture of mono- and oligonucleotides, whereas the only acid- or alcohol-soluble products of PC II are 5'-XMPs produced exonucleolytically. 3) PC I activity  is stimulated 2-fold more by MnCl2 than by MgCl2, whereas PC II activity is stimulated 3-fold more by MgCl2 than by MnCl2. 4) PC I activity is inhibited by NaCl concentrations as low as 10 mM, whereas PC II requires 50 to 80 mM NaCl for optimal activity. 5)Estimated by their sedimentation rates in glycerol gradients, PC I and PC II have apparent molecular weights of 55,000 and 20,000, respectively.", "PMID": 659434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8319", "title": "The effect of colchicine and dibucaine on the morphogenesis of Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "The effect of colchicine, Nocodazole, and dibucaine on the assembly of Semliki Forest virus was investigated. Colchicine, Nocodazole, and dibucaine reduced the production of extracellular virus by 75 to 90%. Lumicolchicine had no effect on virus growth. Other control experiments showed no effect by these drugs on the incorporation of [3H]leucine into material precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. Colchicine (100 micron) disrupted the microtubles of the baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21), whereas dibucaine did not alter microtubule polymerization. The stage of virus assembly inhibited by colchicine and dibucaine was studied by experiments with [3H]-leucine or [35S]methionine. At various times after addition of one of these drugs, the incorporation of the labeled precursors into viral proteins associated with fractions enriched for endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane from the cell was evaluated. The results clearly show that the envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of the virus move to the plasma membrane of the cell where they accumulate. The studies strongly suggest that the cytoskeletal system is involved in the final stages of morphogenesis of Semliki Forest virus from the plasma membrane.", "contents": "The effect of colchicine and dibucaine on the morphogenesis of Semliki Forest virus. The effect of colchicine, Nocodazole, and dibucaine on the assembly of Semliki Forest virus was investigated. Colchicine, Nocodazole, and dibucaine reduced the production of extracellular virus by 75 to 90%. Lumicolchicine had no effect on virus growth. Other control experiments showed no effect by these drugs on the incorporation of [3H]leucine into material precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. Colchicine (100 micron) disrupted the microtubles of the baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21), whereas dibucaine did not alter microtubule polymerization. The stage of virus assembly inhibited by colchicine and dibucaine was studied by experiments with [3H]-leucine or [35S]methionine. At various times after addition of one of these drugs, the incorporation of the labeled precursors into viral proteins associated with fractions enriched for endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane from the cell was evaluated. The results clearly show that the envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of the virus move to the plasma membrane of the cell where they accumulate. The studies strongly suggest that the cytoskeletal system is involved in the final stages of morphogenesis of Semliki Forest virus from the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 659435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8320", "title": "Kinetic studies on the activation of human factor X. The role of metal ions on the reaction catalyzed by the venom coagulant protein of Viper russelli.", "content": "The effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ on the initial rate of activation of human Factor X by the venom coagulant protein of Vipera russelli has been investigated. Neither Mg2+ nor Mn2+ alone support the reaction. Ca2+ is an essential activator and exhibits cooperative kinetics. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ enhance the reaction cooperatively when Ca2+ is present at suboptimal concentrations. Similarly, Ca2+ quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of human Factor X in a cooperative manner. While neither Mg2+ nor Mn2+ by themselves affect the fluorescence of human Factor X, they decrease the cooperativity of the Ca2+ binding to the protein as judged by Hill plots of the Ca2+ -induced fluoresence quenching. EPR measurements indicate that there are three high affinity Mn2+ binding sites on human Factor X which can also bind Ca2+. Positive cooperativity was not observed for Mn2+ binding. These data indicate that Ca2+ can cause a conformational change of the Factor X molecule which allows the activation reaction to proceed. We propose that Mn2+ does not support the activation of human Factor X because it cannot induce a necessary conformational change in the absence of Ca2+.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the activation of human factor X. The role of metal ions on the reaction catalyzed by the venom coagulant protein of Viper russelli. The effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ on the initial rate of activation of human Factor X by the venom coagulant protein of Vipera russelli has been investigated. Neither Mg2+ nor Mn2+ alone support the reaction. Ca2+ is an essential activator and exhibits cooperative kinetics. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ enhance the reaction cooperatively when Ca2+ is present at suboptimal concentrations. Similarly, Ca2+ quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of human Factor X in a cooperative manner. While neither Mg2+ nor Mn2+ by themselves affect the fluorescence of human Factor X, they decrease the cooperativity of the Ca2+ binding to the protein as judged by Hill plots of the Ca2+ -induced fluoresence quenching. EPR measurements indicate that there are three high affinity Mn2+ binding sites on human Factor X which can also bind Ca2+. Positive cooperativity was not observed for Mn2+ binding. These data indicate that Ca2+ can cause a conformational change of the Factor X molecule which allows the activation reaction to proceed. We propose that Mn2+ does not support the activation of human Factor X because it cannot induce a necessary conformational change in the absence of Ca2+.", "PMID": 659436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8321", "title": "Formation of 20-hydroxyprostaglandins by lungs of pregnant rabbits.", "content": "Homogenates or particulate fractions (1,000 to 100,000 X g) from lungs of pregnant rabbits were incubated with prostaglandins or prostaglandin metabolites and the products were purified by chromatography and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the presence of NADPH, particulate fractions from pregnant rabbit lungs converted prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha as well as 13,14-dihydro-15-oxoprostaglandin E2 and 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxoprostaglandin F2alpha to their 20-hydroxy derivatives. In the cases of the 3 primary prostaglandins, the corresponding omega-carboxylic acids were also isolated. The omega-hydroxylation reaction occurred in the presence of the microsomal fraction. The mitochondrial fraction was much less active whereas the cytosol fraction converted prostaglandins to their 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo derivatives. When prostaglandin F2alpha was incubated with homogenates of lungs from pregnant rabbits, omega-oxidation was combined with oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl group and reduction of the 13, 14-double bond to give 13, 14-dihydro-20-hydroxy-15-oxoprostaglandin F2alpha as well as the corresponding derivative with an omega-carboxylic acid group. Lungs from nonpregnant rabbits were much less active than lungs from pregnant rabbits in the omega-oxidation of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Formation of 20-hydroxyprostaglandins by lungs of pregnant rabbits. Homogenates or particulate fractions (1,000 to 100,000 X g) from lungs of pregnant rabbits were incubated with prostaglandins or prostaglandin metabolites and the products were purified by chromatography and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the presence of NADPH, particulate fractions from pregnant rabbit lungs converted prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha as well as 13,14-dihydro-15-oxoprostaglandin E2 and 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxoprostaglandin F2alpha to their 20-hydroxy derivatives. In the cases of the 3 primary prostaglandins, the corresponding omega-carboxylic acids were also isolated. The omega-hydroxylation reaction occurred in the presence of the microsomal fraction. The mitochondrial fraction was much less active whereas the cytosol fraction converted prostaglandins to their 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo derivatives. When prostaglandin F2alpha was incubated with homogenates of lungs from pregnant rabbits, omega-oxidation was combined with oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl group and reduction of the 13, 14-double bond to give 13, 14-dihydro-20-hydroxy-15-oxoprostaglandin F2alpha as well as the corresponding derivative with an omega-carboxylic acid group. Lungs from nonpregnant rabbits were much less active than lungs from pregnant rabbits in the omega-oxidation of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 659437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8322", "title": "Human adenosine deaminase binding protein. Assay, purification, and properties.", "content": "In many human tissues adenosine deaminase exists as a complex composed of two proteins; one protein has adenosine deaminase activity while the other represents a binding protein with no other known binding activity. A rapid, quantitative assay for human adenosine deaminase binding protein has been developed utilizing 125I-labeled calf adenosine deaminase. In addition this binding protein has been purified 1,690-fold from human kidney using adenosine deaminase affinity chromatography and appears to be homogenous by sedimentation equilibrium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This highly purified binding protein exists as a dimer of native molecular weight 190,000, complexes with calf adenosine deaminase in a ratio of 1:2, respectively, and contains carbohydrate which reacts specifically with phytohemagglutinin and ricin lectins. A second form of this adenosine deaminase binding protein may exist, resulting from degradation of its carbohydrate moiety.", "contents": "Human adenosine deaminase binding protein. Assay, purification, and properties. In many human tissues adenosine deaminase exists as a complex composed of two proteins; one protein has adenosine deaminase activity while the other represents a binding protein with no other known binding activity. A rapid, quantitative assay for human adenosine deaminase binding protein has been developed utilizing 125I-labeled calf adenosine deaminase. In addition this binding protein has been purified 1,690-fold from human kidney using adenosine deaminase affinity chromatography and appears to be homogenous by sedimentation equilibrium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This highly purified binding protein exists as a dimer of native molecular weight 190,000, complexes with calf adenosine deaminase in a ratio of 1:2, respectively, and contains carbohydrate which reacts specifically with phytohemagglutinin and ricin lectins. A second form of this adenosine deaminase binding protein may exist, resulting from degradation of its carbohydrate moiety.", "PMID": 659438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8323", "title": "Anthranilate synthetase component II from Pseudomonas putida. Covalent structure and identification of the cysteine residue involved in catalysis.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of carboxamidomethylated anthranilate synthetase component II (AS II) from Pseudomonas putida has been determined by analysis of cyanogen bromide fragments, tryptic peptides from the citraconylated protein, and by analysis of subdigests of these peptides. AS II is a single polypeptide chain of 197 residues having a calculated molecular weight of 21,684. Previous studies (Goto, Y., Keim, P. S., Zalkin, H., and Heinrikson, R. L. (1976) J. Biol. Chem, 251, 941-949) identified a cysteine residue required for the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The protein has 3 cysteine residues at positions 54, 79, and 140. Cysteine-79 was alkylated selectively by iodoacetamide and by the glutamine affinity analogue L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid. Based on this evidence cysteine-79 is the active site residue involved in formation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate. Comparison of the P. putida AS II sequence with that of the NH2-terminal 60 residues of the enzyme from Escherichia coli shows 38% sequence identity.", "contents": "Anthranilate synthetase component II from Pseudomonas putida. Covalent structure and identification of the cysteine residue involved in catalysis. The complete amino acid sequence of carboxamidomethylated anthranilate synthetase component II (AS II) from Pseudomonas putida has been determined by analysis of cyanogen bromide fragments, tryptic peptides from the citraconylated protein, and by analysis of subdigests of these peptides. AS II is a single polypeptide chain of 197 residues having a calculated molecular weight of 21,684. Previous studies (Goto, Y., Keim, P. S., Zalkin, H., and Heinrikson, R. L. (1976) J. Biol. Chem, 251, 941-949) identified a cysteine residue required for the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The protein has 3 cysteine residues at positions 54, 79, and 140. Cysteine-79 was alkylated selectively by iodoacetamide and by the glutamine affinity analogue L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid. Based on this evidence cysteine-79 is the active site residue involved in formation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate. Comparison of the P. putida AS II sequence with that of the NH2-terminal 60 residues of the enzyme from Escherichia coli shows 38% sequence identity.", "PMID": 659439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8324", "title": "Stoichiometry and role of GTP hydrolysis in bovine neurotubule assembly.", "content": "A method is given for preparing tubulin with 1 mol of exchangeably bound [gamma-32P]GTP/mol of 6 S dimer. Bovine tubulin is shown to hydrolyze 1 mol of GTP/mol of 6 S dimer added to assembling microtubules at 37 degrees. Hydrolysis and assembly occur at the same rate and to the same extent. When microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are removed, both hydrolysis and assembly fail to occur. Readdition of the MAPs restores both activities. Tubulin with exchangeable GDP will co-assemble with GTP.tubulin even at equimolar levels. Exchangeability is demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments with GDP or GTP. GDP is also a potent inhibitor of assembly under these conditions, and the rate of assembly is reduced by 50% at 10 micron GDP. One mole of inorganic phosphate is released to the solvent per mole of exchangeable GTP hydrolyzed. An assembly mechanism is proposed in which exchangeable GTP is hydrolyzed without intermediate transphosphorylation of nonexchangeable GDP.", "contents": "Stoichiometry and role of GTP hydrolysis in bovine neurotubule assembly. A method is given for preparing tubulin with 1 mol of exchangeably bound [gamma-32P]GTP/mol of 6 S dimer. Bovine tubulin is shown to hydrolyze 1 mol of GTP/mol of 6 S dimer added to assembling microtubules at 37 degrees. Hydrolysis and assembly occur at the same rate and to the same extent. When microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are removed, both hydrolysis and assembly fail to occur. Readdition of the MAPs restores both activities. Tubulin with exchangeable GDP will co-assemble with GTP.tubulin even at equimolar levels. Exchangeability is demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments with GDP or GTP. GDP is also a potent inhibitor of assembly under these conditions, and the rate of assembly is reduced by 50% at 10 micron GDP. One mole of inorganic phosphate is released to the solvent per mole of exchangeable GTP hydrolyzed. An assembly mechanism is proposed in which exchangeable GTP is hydrolyzed without intermediate transphosphorylation of nonexchangeable GDP.", "PMID": 659441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8325", "title": "Chemical synthesis of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 24, 25-tetrol and its metabolism in the perfused rabbit liver.", "content": "5beta-[G-3H]Cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 24xi, 25-tetrol (IV) was synthesized via dehydration and peroxidation of 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol. Following perfusion of the labeled compound in the isolated rabbit liver, the bile alcohol and bile acid metabolites secreted into the bile were identified by a combination of thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The following bile alcohols were tentatively identified: 5beta-cholest-23-ene-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol, 5beta-cholest-25-ene-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24xi-tetrol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24xi, 25-pentol. The amount of administered tetrol recovered unchanged ranged from 1 to 88%. Cholic acid was the major product, but limited amounts of chemodeoxycholic acid were also formed. The 24-hydroxyl group in the steroid side chain did not prevent 12alpha-hydroxylation.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 24, 25-tetrol and its metabolism in the perfused rabbit liver. 5beta-[G-3H]Cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 24xi, 25-tetrol (IV) was synthesized via dehydration and peroxidation of 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol. Following perfusion of the labeled compound in the isolated rabbit liver, the bile alcohol and bile acid metabolites secreted into the bile were identified by a combination of thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The following bile alcohols were tentatively identified: 5beta-cholest-23-ene-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol, 5beta-cholest-25-ene-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24xi-tetrol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24xi, 25-pentol. The amount of administered tetrol recovered unchanged ranged from 1 to 88%. Cholic acid was the major product, but limited amounts of chemodeoxycholic acid were also formed. The 24-hydroxyl group in the steroid side chain did not prevent 12alpha-hydroxylation.", "PMID": 659442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8326", "title": "Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes. Effect of insulin and indomethacin on the levels of insulin receptors.", "content": "Differentiating (3T3-L1) and nondifferentiating (3T3-C2) fibroblastic cell lines possess two classes of insulin receptors, high affinity (KD = 1.0 to 3.7 X 10(-9) M) and low affinity (KD = 2.0 to 3.6 X 10(-8) M). Confluent cultures of 3T3-L1 cells induced to differentiate by insulin (1.74 x 10(-6) M) or indomethacin (1.25 x 10(-4) M) exhibit a 3-fold increase in the number of high affinity and low affinity receptors per cell or a 1.5- to 1.8-fold increase in the number of receptors per micron2 of surface area. In contrast, nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 cells treated with insulin or indomethacin lose almost completely the high affinity insulin receptors while retaining the same levels of low affinity receptors. The loss of high affinity receptors of the 3T3-C2 cells is accompanied by the disappearance of the stimulatory effect of insulin on the production of CO2 from glucose and on the uptake of aminoisobutyrate. The levels of high affinity insulin receptors appear to be regulated by different mechanisms in the differentiating (3T3-L1) and nondifferentiating (3T3-C2) cell lines. The mode of this regulation may have a bearing on the ability of a particular cell line to differentiate.", "contents": "Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes. Effect of insulin and indomethacin on the levels of insulin receptors. Differentiating (3T3-L1) and nondifferentiating (3T3-C2) fibroblastic cell lines possess two classes of insulin receptors, high affinity (KD = 1.0 to 3.7 X 10(-9) M) and low affinity (KD = 2.0 to 3.6 X 10(-8) M). Confluent cultures of 3T3-L1 cells induced to differentiate by insulin (1.74 x 10(-6) M) or indomethacin (1.25 x 10(-4) M) exhibit a 3-fold increase in the number of high affinity and low affinity receptors per cell or a 1.5- to 1.8-fold increase in the number of receptors per micron2 of surface area. In contrast, nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 cells treated with insulin or indomethacin lose almost completely the high affinity insulin receptors while retaining the same levels of low affinity receptors. The loss of high affinity receptors of the 3T3-C2 cells is accompanied by the disappearance of the stimulatory effect of insulin on the production of CO2 from glucose and on the uptake of aminoisobutyrate. The levels of high affinity insulin receptors appear to be regulated by different mechanisms in the differentiating (3T3-L1) and nondifferentiating (3T3-C2) cell lines. The mode of this regulation may have a bearing on the ability of a particular cell line to differentiate.", "PMID": 659443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8327", "title": "Reconstitution of the erythrocyte anion channel.", "content": "Band 3, the membrane protein which mediates erythrocyte anion exchange, was purified on a concanavalin A column. Triglycerides, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine were found to copurify. The column product gave at least two and probably three bands by isoelectric focusing. Antibodies prepared against the purified Band 3 appeared to react only with the cytoplasmic face of Band 3. Vesicles prepared with Band 3 had an accelerated uptake of SO4(2-) which could be inhibited by 2-(j'-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzene thiazo-3', 7-disulfonic acid, a potent inhibitor of anion transport in the intact system. The possible source of this difference is discussed. Band 3 was spin labeled, probably at one specific site. The spectra showed that the spin label was highly immobilized, but no dipole-dipole interactions between spin labels on adjacent Band 3 subunits were apparent.", "contents": "Reconstitution of the erythrocyte anion channel. Band 3, the membrane protein which mediates erythrocyte anion exchange, was purified on a concanavalin A column. Triglycerides, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine were found to copurify. The column product gave at least two and probably three bands by isoelectric focusing. Antibodies prepared against the purified Band 3 appeared to react only with the cytoplasmic face of Band 3. Vesicles prepared with Band 3 had an accelerated uptake of SO4(2-) which could be inhibited by 2-(j'-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzene thiazo-3', 7-disulfonic acid, a potent inhibitor of anion transport in the intact system. The possible source of this difference is discussed. Band 3 was spin labeled, probably at one specific site. The spectra showed that the spin label was highly immobilized, but no dipole-dipole interactions between spin labels on adjacent Band 3 subunits were apparent.", "PMID": 659447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8328", "title": "Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by tumor-promoting phorbol-12, 13-diesters in canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Cycloheximide inhibits the stimulated prostaglandin synthesis, deacylation of lipids, and morphological changes.", "content": "Tumor-promoting 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, but not the non-tumor-promoting 4alpha-phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, stimulated deacylation of cellular lipids, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and morphological changes in cultured MDCK cells. The increased prostaglandin biosynthesis and morphological changes required at least 24 h for expression. Cycloheximide inhibited the stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis, the changes in morphology, and the increased lipid deacylation, but hydrocortisone (1.0 microgram/ml) did not. Indomethacin (0.5 microgram/ml) completely inhibited the stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis and also inhibited some deacylation of cellular lipids. Indomethacin, however, did not effect the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-stimulated changes in morphology.", "contents": "Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by tumor-promoting phorbol-12, 13-diesters in canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Cycloheximide inhibits the stimulated prostaglandin synthesis, deacylation of lipids, and morphological changes. Tumor-promoting 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, but not the non-tumor-promoting 4alpha-phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, stimulated deacylation of cellular lipids, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and morphological changes in cultured MDCK cells. The increased prostaglandin biosynthesis and morphological changes required at least 24 h for expression. Cycloheximide inhibited the stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis, the changes in morphology, and the increased lipid deacylation, but hydrocortisone (1.0 microgram/ml) did not. Indomethacin (0.5 microgram/ml) completely inhibited the stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis and also inhibited some deacylation of cellular lipids. Indomethacin, however, did not effect the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-stimulated changes in morphology.", "PMID": 659448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8329", "title": "Acute haemodilutional autotransfusion in the surgical management of scoliosis.", "content": "Homologous blood transfusions are not without risks, especially in young women and girls. In patients undergoing certain elective surgical procedures autologous blood transfusion is a good alternative. Normovolaemic haemodilution in association with autotransfusion offers the additional advantages of reduced loss of red cell mass during the operation and an increase in tissue blood flow. In this study twenty-seven adolescent patients undergoing Harrington instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis had haemodilutional autotransfusions during their operations, none requiring homologous blood. Eighteen were given an average of 750 millilitres of homologous blood in the postoperative period which compared favourably with controls who required 1280 millilitres.", "contents": "Acute haemodilutional autotransfusion in the surgical management of scoliosis. Homologous blood transfusions are not without risks, especially in young women and girls. In patients undergoing certain elective surgical procedures autologous blood transfusion is a good alternative. Normovolaemic haemodilution in association with autotransfusion offers the additional advantages of reduced loss of red cell mass during the operation and an increase in tissue blood flow. In this study twenty-seven adolescent patients undergoing Harrington instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis had haemodilutional autotransfusions during their operations, none requiring homologous blood. Eighteen were given an average of 750 millilitres of homologous blood in the postoperative period which compared favourably with controls who required 1280 millilitres.", "PMID": 659459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8330", "title": "The characteristics of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis and results of its treatment.", "content": "Fifty-nine children with juvenile idiopathic scoliosis have been reviewed. In six of eighteen who had no treatment the curvatures did not increase over eighteen months or more, while in twelve they increased at a median annual rate of six degrees. The pattern and magnitude of the curvature and the age at diagnosis could not be used accurately to predict progression. In forty-two patients progression occurred and Milwaukee brace treatment was begun, thirty being managed with periods of part-time wear. The median correction was 13 per cent. Serial measurements of the rib-vertebra angle difference (RVAD) were useful to predict a tendency to progress. Part-time wear of the brace was successful in cases where the RVAD values fell towards zero or became negative with treatment. Sixteen patients required surgical treatment; all had high positive RVAD values. However, with the plan of brace treatment outlined, part-time wear controlled many of the curvatures.", "contents": "The characteristics of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis and results of its treatment. Fifty-nine children with juvenile idiopathic scoliosis have been reviewed. In six of eighteen who had no treatment the curvatures did not increase over eighteen months or more, while in twelve they increased at a median annual rate of six degrees. The pattern and magnitude of the curvature and the age at diagnosis could not be used accurately to predict progression. In forty-two patients progression occurred and Milwaukee brace treatment was begun, thirty being managed with periods of part-time wear. The median correction was 13 per cent. Serial measurements of the rib-vertebra angle difference (RVAD) were useful to predict a tendency to progress. Part-time wear of the brace was successful in cases where the RVAD values fell towards zero or became negative with treatment. Sixteen patients required surgical treatment; all had high positive RVAD values. However, with the plan of brace treatment outlined, part-time wear controlled many of the curvatures.", "PMID": 659460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8331", "title": "The assessment of prognosis in Perthes' disease.", "content": "Seventy children who had suffered from Perthes' disease were reviewed clinically and radiologically three to eight years from the onset of the condition in order to determine retrospectively the most satisfactory method of assessing the prognosis and the correlation between the clinical and radiological result. In younger children the femoral head was more likely to be spherical at the conclusion of the pathological process but not necessarily of normal proportions nor normally covered by the acetabulum. The prognosis was significantly poorer for girls than for boys. Clinical factors were not an aid to prognosis in the individual cases, but overall there was a close correlation between the clinical and the radiological end-results. The most reliable radiological factors indicating the prognosis were the extent of uncovering of the femoral head, the Catterall grouping, the presence of calcification lateral to the outer limit of the acetabulum and lateral displacement of the femoral head, as measured by comparing the head to tear-drop distances on each side.", "contents": "The assessment of prognosis in Perthes' disease. Seventy children who had suffered from Perthes' disease were reviewed clinically and radiologically three to eight years from the onset of the condition in order to determine retrospectively the most satisfactory method of assessing the prognosis and the correlation between the clinical and radiological result. In younger children the femoral head was more likely to be spherical at the conclusion of the pathological process but not necessarily of normal proportions nor normally covered by the acetabulum. The prognosis was significantly poorer for girls than for boys. Clinical factors were not an aid to prognosis in the individual cases, but overall there was a close correlation between the clinical and the radiological end-results. The most reliable radiological factors indicating the prognosis were the extent of uncovering of the femoral head, the Catterall grouping, the presence of calcification lateral to the outer limit of the acetabulum and lateral displacement of the femoral head, as measured by comparing the head to tear-drop distances on each side.", "PMID": 659461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8332", "title": "Tennis elbow--a radial tunnel syndrome?", "content": "The hypothesis that the chronic tennis-elbow syndrome is caused by an entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve (Roles and Maudsley 1972) was put to the test prospectively in ten patients. Detailed orthopaedic, neurological and neurophysiological examinations did not reveal any involvement of the radial nerve. It is concluded that this syndrome cannot be explained by an entrapment neuropathy.", "contents": "Tennis elbow--a radial tunnel syndrome? The hypothesis that the chronic tennis-elbow syndrome is caused by an entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve (Roles and Maudsley 1972) was put to the test prospectively in ten patients. Detailed orthopaedic, neurological and neurophysiological examinations did not reveal any involvement of the radial nerve. It is concluded that this syndrome cannot be explained by an entrapment neuropathy.", "PMID": 659463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8333", "title": "Osteochondral fractures of the lateral femoral condyle: a result of indirect violence to the knee.", "content": "Twenty patients with an average age of eighteen and a half years sustained osteochondral fractures of the lateral femoral condyle as the result of a sudden twist and valgus strain to the straight or almost straight knee. All the patients felt sudden pain at the moment of injury, all had a haemarthrosis, and yet the fracture escaped early diagnosis in one-third of the cases. Internal fixation of the fragment with early mobilisation is recommended if the diagnosis is made within two weeks of injury, and excision of the fragment if it is only later identified.", "contents": "Osteochondral fractures of the lateral femoral condyle: a result of indirect violence to the knee. Twenty patients with an average age of eighteen and a half years sustained osteochondral fractures of the lateral femoral condyle as the result of a sudden twist and valgus strain to the straight or almost straight knee. All the patients felt sudden pain at the moment of injury, all had a haemarthrosis, and yet the fracture escaped early diagnosis in one-third of the cases. Internal fixation of the fragment with early mobilisation is recommended if the diagnosis is made within two weeks of injury, and excision of the fragment if it is only later identified.", "PMID": 659464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8334", "title": "Is chondromalacia patellae a separate clinical entity?", "content": "The articular cartilage of the patella was studied in 100 knees at necropsy. In twenty-one of these knees the cartilage changes were related to the trabecular architecture of the underlying bone. It would appear that the initiation and location of cartilage damage and its rate and degree of progression are related to the relative stiffness of the underlying cancellous bone. On the basis of our observations we suggest that the diagnosis \"chondromalacia of the patella\" should be reserved for patients with asymptomatic or transiently symptomatic fibrillation of the articular cartilage of the central medial patellar facet. Those patients with persistent patellofemoral pain should be considered to have some other syndrome.", "contents": "Is chondromalacia patellae a separate clinical entity? The articular cartilage of the patella was studied in 100 knees at necropsy. In twenty-one of these knees the cartilage changes were related to the trabecular architecture of the underlying bone. It would appear that the initiation and location of cartilage damage and its rate and degree of progression are related to the relative stiffness of the underlying cancellous bone. On the basis of our observations we suggest that the diagnosis \"chondromalacia of the patella\" should be reserved for patients with asymptomatic or transiently symptomatic fibrillation of the articular cartilage of the central medial patellar facet. Those patients with persistent patellofemoral pain should be considered to have some other syndrome.", "PMID": 659466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8335", "title": "Where ankle fusion stands today.", "content": "A retrospective study involving thirty-six patients with thirty-seven ankle fusions was undertaken to assess the rate of fusion, the subjective and objective results, the residual subtalar and midtarsal movement, and the functional disability. Fusion occurred in thirty-one ankles (84 per cent). Twenty-four patients were reviewed, on average 7.5 years after fusion, and eighteen had good or excellent results; only four had been unable to return to their previous employment. The conclusion is that fusion is still a good treatment for the painful post-traumatic arthritis ankle, the resulting functional disability being minimal.", "contents": "Where ankle fusion stands today. A retrospective study involving thirty-six patients with thirty-seven ankle fusions was undertaken to assess the rate of fusion, the subjective and objective results, the residual subtalar and midtarsal movement, and the functional disability. Fusion occurred in thirty-one ankles (84 per cent). Twenty-four patients were reviewed, on average 7.5 years after fusion, and eighteen had good or excellent results; only four had been unable to return to their previous employment. The conclusion is that fusion is still a good treatment for the painful post-traumatic arthritis ankle, the resulting functional disability being minimal.", "PMID": 659467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8336", "title": "The surface ultrastructure of ganglia.", "content": "The surface ultrastructure of ganglia has been studied using the scanning electron microscope. This study showed that the ganglion wall consists of multidirectional strata of collagen fibres and has no cellular lining. The wall has a sponge-like appearance and does not appear degenerate or necrotic. Comparison with synovial membrane and adventitious bursa confirmed that these are distinct structures which have a cellular lining. Ganglia probably arise from the multifunctional mesenchymal cells which are found within their walls. The ganglion fluid may also originate from these cells.", "contents": "The surface ultrastructure of ganglia. The surface ultrastructure of ganglia has been studied using the scanning electron microscope. This study showed that the ganglion wall consists of multidirectional strata of collagen fibres and has no cellular lining. The wall has a sponge-like appearance and does not appear degenerate or necrotic. Comparison with synovial membrane and adventitious bursa confirmed that these are distinct structures which have a cellular lining. Ganglia probably arise from the multifunctional mesenchymal cells which are found within their walls. The ganglion fluid may also originate from these cells.", "PMID": 659471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8337", "title": "Experimental production of forward dislocation in the human cervical spine.", "content": "Entire human cadaveric cervical spines with the basiocciput were subjected to load in a compression apparatus to simulate the clinical situation of forward dislocation. The movements were recorded by lateral cineradiography. Vertical load was measured by a potentiometric transmitter synchronised with each frame of the cineradiograph. The lower part of the spine was flexed and fixed, and the upper extended and free to move forward. Vertical compression then produced bilateral dislocation of the facets without fracture. If lateral tilt or axial rotation occurred as well, a unilateral dislocation was produced. The maximum vertical load was only 145 kilograms, and coincided with the rupture of the posterior ligament and capsule and the stripping of the anterior longitudinal ligament, but this occurred before dislocation. The low vertical load indicates a peculiar vulnerabiity of the cervical spine in this position and correlates well with the minor trauma often seen in association with forward dislocation.", "contents": "Experimental production of forward dislocation in the human cervical spine. Entire human cadaveric cervical spines with the basiocciput were subjected to load in a compression apparatus to simulate the clinical situation of forward dislocation. The movements were recorded by lateral cineradiography. Vertical load was measured by a potentiometric transmitter synchronised with each frame of the cineradiograph. The lower part of the spine was flexed and fixed, and the upper extended and free to move forward. Vertical compression then produced bilateral dislocation of the facets without fracture. If lateral tilt or axial rotation occurred as well, a unilateral dislocation was produced. The maximum vertical load was only 145 kilograms, and coincided with the rupture of the posterior ligament and capsule and the stripping of the anterior longitudinal ligament, but this occurred before dislocation. The low vertical load indicates a peculiar vulnerabiity of the cervical spine in this position and correlates well with the minor trauma often seen in association with forward dislocation.", "PMID": 659473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8338", "title": "The distribution of surface strain in the cadaveric lumbar spine.", "content": "The fourth lumbar vertebrae and L4-5 discs from six cadaveric lumbar spines were subjected to detailed strain gauge analysis under conditions of controlled loading. With central compression loads, maximal compressive strain was found to occur near the bases of the pedicles and on both superficial and deep surfaces of the pars interarticularis, which emphasises the importance of the posterior elements of lumbar vertebrae in transmitting load. Radial bulge and tangential strain of the disc wall were maximal at the posterolateral surface, in agreement with the fact that disc degeneration and prolapse commonly occur there. Under posterior offset loads simulating extension, both compressive and tensile strains were found to be increased on both surfaces of the pars interarticularis, which suggests that hyperextension may lead to stress fractures and spondylolisthesis. Posterior offset loads also increased the radial bulge of the posterior disc wall and tangential strain at the anterior surface of the disc. Anterior offset loads simulating flexion increased the radial bulge of the anterior disc wall and tangential strain at the posterior surface of the disc. These findings are compatible with movement of the nucleus pulposus within the disc during flexion and extension. This hypothesis was supported by post-mortem discography.", "contents": "The distribution of surface strain in the cadaveric lumbar spine. The fourth lumbar vertebrae and L4-5 discs from six cadaveric lumbar spines were subjected to detailed strain gauge analysis under conditions of controlled loading. With central compression loads, maximal compressive strain was found to occur near the bases of the pedicles and on both superficial and deep surfaces of the pars interarticularis, which emphasises the importance of the posterior elements of lumbar vertebrae in transmitting load. Radial bulge and tangential strain of the disc wall were maximal at the posterolateral surface, in agreement with the fact that disc degeneration and prolapse commonly occur there. Under posterior offset loads simulating extension, both compressive and tensile strains were found to be increased on both surfaces of the pars interarticularis, which suggests that hyperextension may lead to stress fractures and spondylolisthesis. Posterior offset loads also increased the radial bulge of the posterior disc wall and tangential strain at the anterior surface of the disc. Anterior offset loads simulating flexion increased the radial bulge of the anterior disc wall and tangential strain at the posterior surface of the disc. These findings are compatible with movement of the nucleus pulposus within the disc during flexion and extension. This hypothesis was supported by post-mortem discography.", "PMID": 659474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8339", "title": "Mechanical tests on the tibial components of non-hinged knee prostheses.", "content": "Cadaveric knees replaced with the Geomedic, ICLH, Marmor and Total Condylar prostheses were tested in axial compression, in rotation and in hyperextension in order to observe the strength of fixation of the tibial components. In axial compression the strengths at failure varied widely, both with any one prosthesis and between prostheses. This is attributed largely to the strength of the cancellous bone of the tibia, which was measured in each case and also varied widely. Three natural knees failed at loads of 7300, 7600 and 8300 newtons respectively, whereas the strengths of replaced knees ranged from 3000 to 15750 newtons. At least one example of each design failed at less than 7300 newtons, suggesting little or no reserve of strength. The strength of fixation was greater when the tibial prosthesis was large enough to rest on the whole cross-section of the tibia. In rotation the three prostheses embodying rollers in troughs were stiffer than the Marmor which had a nearly flat tibial-bearing surface. The presence or absence of the cruciate ligaments had a negligible effect on torsional stiffness. In hyperextension, knees replaced with the ICLH, Marmor and Total Condylar prostheses failed by rupture of the posterior capsule at moments of about 60 newton-metres, compared with about 100 for natural knees. With the Marmor prosthesis the anterior cruciate ligament was avulsed at about 20 newton-metres compared with about 75 in natural knees, suggesting that in this respect the retention of the cruciate ligaments contributes little. None of the four knees tested after inserting a Geomedic prosthesis showed strengths as high as those replaced with the other three designs.", "contents": "Mechanical tests on the tibial components of non-hinged knee prostheses. Cadaveric knees replaced with the Geomedic, ICLH, Marmor and Total Condylar prostheses were tested in axial compression, in rotation and in hyperextension in order to observe the strength of fixation of the tibial components. In axial compression the strengths at failure varied widely, both with any one prosthesis and between prostheses. This is attributed largely to the strength of the cancellous bone of the tibia, which was measured in each case and also varied widely. Three natural knees failed at loads of 7300, 7600 and 8300 newtons respectively, whereas the strengths of replaced knees ranged from 3000 to 15750 newtons. At least one example of each design failed at less than 7300 newtons, suggesting little or no reserve of strength. The strength of fixation was greater when the tibial prosthesis was large enough to rest on the whole cross-section of the tibia. In rotation the three prostheses embodying rollers in troughs were stiffer than the Marmor which had a nearly flat tibial-bearing surface. The presence or absence of the cruciate ligaments had a negligible effect on torsional stiffness. In hyperextension, knees replaced with the ICLH, Marmor and Total Condylar prostheses failed by rupture of the posterior capsule at moments of about 60 newton-metres, compared with about 100 for natural knees. With the Marmor prosthesis the anterior cruciate ligament was avulsed at about 20 newton-metres compared with about 75 in natural knees, suggesting that in this respect the retention of the cruciate ligaments contributes little. None of the four knees tested after inserting a Geomedic prosthesis showed strengths as high as those replaced with the other three designs.", "PMID": 659476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8340", "title": "The microsurgical revascularisation of resected segments of tibia in the dog.", "content": "A segment of tibia 4.5 centimetres long was removed from one hind limb of fifteen dogs. It was then replaced and the main vasculature was restored by a microsurgical technique. In eight controls the segment was replaced without such restoration. In two-thirds of the former cases the microvascular reconstruction was successful; the rate of infection was found to be reduced, bone union was guaranteed and the rate of union accelerated. Success or failure of the reconstruction was clearly demonstrated in five cases by early bone scanning using technetium-labelled polyphosphate.", "contents": "The microsurgical revascularisation of resected segments of tibia in the dog. A segment of tibia 4.5 centimetres long was removed from one hind limb of fifteen dogs. It was then replaced and the main vasculature was restored by a microsurgical technique. In eight controls the segment was replaced without such restoration. In two-thirds of the former cases the microvascular reconstruction was successful; the rate of infection was found to be reduced, bone union was guaranteed and the rate of union accelerated. Success or failure of the reconstruction was clearly demonstrated in five cases by early bone scanning using technetium-labelled polyphosphate.", "PMID": 659477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8341", "title": "The release of gentamicin from polymethylmethacrylate beads. An experimental and pharmacokinetic study.", "content": "Gentamicin incorporated in beads of polymethylmethacrylate has been shown capable of being released over a period of several months in concentrations sufficiently high to control most pathogens. The therapeutic efficacy of such beads has been demonstrated in a model of osteomyelitis of the femur in the dog. Good tolerance has been shown, both in the animal model and in tissue cultures. In forty-one patients with infection of either bone or soft tissue, mainly of the lower limb, the findings were similar. The concentrations in serum and urine were low, which excludes side-effects. The insertion of gentamicin-PMMA beads may prove to be a valuable new form of local antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "The release of gentamicin from polymethylmethacrylate beads. An experimental and pharmacokinetic study. Gentamicin incorporated in beads of polymethylmethacrylate has been shown capable of being released over a period of several months in concentrations sufficiently high to control most pathogens. The therapeutic efficacy of such beads has been demonstrated in a model of osteomyelitis of the femur in the dog. Good tolerance has been shown, both in the animal model and in tissue cultures. In forty-one patients with infection of either bone or soft tissue, mainly of the lower limb, the findings were similar. The concentrations in serum and urine were low, which excludes side-effects. The insertion of gentamicin-PMMA beads may prove to be a valuable new form of local antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 659478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8342", "title": "Intra-abdominal sepsis--ultrasound evaluation.", "content": "The advent of grey-scale ultrasound has made this facility an irreplaceable tool for diagnostic imaging techniques. Although well established in obstetric management, its application to abdominal \"body\" scanning is not yet fully realized and accepted. These case presentations demonstrate the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis, localization and clinical management of patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. It is emphasized that ultrasound should be used early in the work-up of such problems and is rapidly becoming the investigation of choice. The diagnostic information provided facilitates management, reduces the need for complex investigations and occasionally makes surgery unnecessary.", "contents": "Intra-abdominal sepsis--ultrasound evaluation. The advent of grey-scale ultrasound has made this facility an irreplaceable tool for diagnostic imaging techniques. Although well established in obstetric management, its application to abdominal \"body\" scanning is not yet fully realized and accepted. These case presentations demonstrate the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis, localization and clinical management of patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. It is emphasized that ultrasound should be used early in the work-up of such problems and is rapidly becoming the investigation of choice. The diagnostic information provided facilitates management, reduces the need for complex investigations and occasionally makes surgery unnecessary.", "PMID": 659479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8343", "title": "Mature placenta simulating fetus papyraceus on ultrasonic examination.", "content": "A case of a heavily calcified, mature placenta simulating the appearance of a fetus papyraceus is presented. Calcification surrounding the more sonolucent cotyledons simulated the body and limbs of a dead fetus. Awareness of the morphologic alterations which occur as the placenta matures should prevent confusion of normal placental changes with a pathologic entity.", "contents": "Mature placenta simulating fetus papyraceus on ultrasonic examination. A case of a heavily calcified, mature placenta simulating the appearance of a fetus papyraceus is presented. Calcification surrounding the more sonolucent cotyledons simulated the body and limbs of a dead fetus. Awareness of the morphologic alterations which occur as the placenta matures should prevent confusion of normal placental changes with a pathologic entity.", "PMID": 659480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8344", "title": "Renal pseudotumor due to gas-filled hepatic flexure.", "content": "Renal pseudotumors--both intrinsic and extrinsic--are numerous. On a recent urogram, performed with abdominal pressure and tomography, a mass lesion was simulated by the gas-filled colon. The problem was resolved with a combination of ultrasonography, nephrotomography, and barium enema examinations.", "contents": "Renal pseudotumor due to gas-filled hepatic flexure. Renal pseudotumors--both intrinsic and extrinsic--are numerous. On a recent urogram, performed with abdominal pressure and tomography, a mass lesion was simulated by the gas-filled colon. The problem was resolved with a combination of ultrasonography, nephrotomography, and barium enema examinations.", "PMID": 659481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8345", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid ascites.", "content": "One new and one previously reported case of cerebrospinal fluid ascites following ventricular-peritoneal shungting are presented. Ultrasonic investigation is now most helpful.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid ascites. One new and one previously reported case of cerebrospinal fluid ascites following ventricular-peritoneal shungting are presented. Ultrasonic investigation is now most helpful.", "PMID": 659482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8346", "title": "The angiography of intrarenal leiomyoma.", "content": "A patient with a leiomyoma of the kidney was studied by ultrasound, intravenous pyelography and angiography. Only three renal leiomyomas have been investigated by angiography. The angiographic features of our patient's tumor differed from these others, being much more vascular with multiple tortuous vessels and an inhomogeneous capillary phase.", "contents": "The angiography of intrarenal leiomyoma. A patient with a leiomyoma of the kidney was studied by ultrasound, intravenous pyelography and angiography. Only three renal leiomyomas have been investigated by angiography. The angiographic features of our patient's tumor differed from these others, being much more vascular with multiple tortuous vessels and an inhomogeneous capillary phase.", "PMID": 659483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8347", "title": "Interstitial gastric and duodenal emphysema.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman developed combined interstitial gastric and duodenal emphysema associated with acute dilatation of the stomach and duodenum following an asthmatic attack. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Interstitial gastric and duodenal emphysema. A 31-year-old woman developed combined interstitial gastric and duodenal emphysema associated with acute dilatation of the stomach and duodenum following an asthmatic attack. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 659484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8348", "title": "A needle-catheter kit in knee arthrography.", "content": "Use of a sheathed Teflon needle in knee arthrography facilitates removal of synovial effusion and eliminates trauma due to a rigid needle.", "contents": "A needle-catheter kit in knee arthrography. Use of a sheathed Teflon needle in knee arthrography facilitates removal of synovial effusion and eliminates trauma due to a rigid needle.", "PMID": 659485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8349", "title": "Narcotic smuggling: the double condom sign.", "content": "The \"double condom sign,\" on a plain film of the abdomen, can be used to identify smugglers who are concealing non-opaque narcotics within the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Narcotic smuggling: the double condom sign. The \"double condom sign,\" on a plain film of the abdomen, can be used to identify smugglers who are concealing non-opaque narcotics within the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 659486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8350", "title": "133Xe uptake by fatty livers.", "content": "Of 19 studies on 15 patients with morbid obesity and fatty infiltration of the liver, 16 had increased uptake and retention of 133Xe in the liver following 5-minute rebreathing of 133Xe and oxygen. This observation shows a high correlation with the histologically proven presence of fat in the hepatocytes, and offers a simple, accurate and precise indication of the excess fat in the liver.", "contents": "133Xe uptake by fatty livers. Of 19 studies on 15 patients with morbid obesity and fatty infiltration of the liver, 16 had increased uptake and retention of 133Xe in the liver following 5-minute rebreathing of 133Xe and oxygen. This observation shows a high correlation with the histologically proven presence of fat in the hepatocytes, and offers a simple, accurate and precise indication of the excess fat in the liver.", "PMID": 659487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8351", "title": "Reversible renal failure secondary to severe compensated aortic regurgitation.", "content": "Severe renal failure associated with proteinuria occurred in a 21-year patient, who had massive rheumatic aortic regurgitation. There was no sign of congestive heart failure or extra-cellular dehydration. Subacute bacterial endocarditis was ruled out by appropriate laboratory investigations. Prosthetic aortic valve replacement resulted in normalization of the renal function and marked reduction of proteinuria. Renal histology showed severe sclerotic endarteritis involving predominantly the large arteries, and membrano-proliferative-like glomerulopathy without immune deposits. The role of the massive aortic regurgitation in the production of renal failure and histologic alterations is suggested.", "contents": "Reversible renal failure secondary to severe compensated aortic regurgitation. Severe renal failure associated with proteinuria occurred in a 21-year patient, who had massive rheumatic aortic regurgitation. There was no sign of congestive heart failure or extra-cellular dehydration. Subacute bacterial endocarditis was ruled out by appropriate laboratory investigations. Prosthetic aortic valve replacement resulted in normalization of the renal function and marked reduction of proteinuria. Renal histology showed severe sclerotic endarteritis involving predominantly the large arteries, and membrano-proliferative-like glomerulopathy without immune deposits. The role of the massive aortic regurgitation in the production of renal failure and histologic alterations is suggested.", "PMID": 659489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8352", "title": "Venous thrombectomies and partial interruption of the vena cava in 125 cases of thrombophlebitis.", "content": "In 125 cases surgically treated for thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs, thrombectomy was done in 96, while caval clipping alone was done in 31. Beginning in 1965, technical improvements and systematic control of the 3 major cross points of the lower limb venous system resulted in gradually improved results as regards patency rate and clinical status. When the return flow was increased by arteriovenous fistula, the patency rate and the clinical results were significantly improved. Comparison of a first group of 23 patients submitted to venous thrombectomy alone with 102 patients protected by filters or serrated clips shows a drastic decrease in lethal pulmonary embolism postoperatively. Mortality  in the unprotected group was 8.7% while in the protected series it fell to .98%: the latter death was in fact due to forced selection of an  operation of second choice. In the protected series, 69 preoperative pulmonary embolisms were recorded in  55 patients. Only  one minor postoperative embolism occurred, this originating from an axillary phlebitis. We find  caval clipping to be formally indicated whether or not a venous disobstruction procedure is feasible.", "contents": "Venous thrombectomies and partial interruption of the vena cava in 125 cases of thrombophlebitis. In 125 cases surgically treated for thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs, thrombectomy was done in 96, while caval clipping alone was done in 31. Beginning in 1965, technical improvements and systematic control of the 3 major cross points of the lower limb venous system resulted in gradually improved results as regards patency rate and clinical status. When the return flow was increased by arteriovenous fistula, the patency rate and the clinical results were significantly improved. Comparison of a first group of 23 patients submitted to venous thrombectomy alone with 102 patients protected by filters or serrated clips shows a drastic decrease in lethal pulmonary embolism postoperatively. Mortality  in the unprotected group was 8.7% while in the protected series it fell to .98%: the latter death was in fact due to forced selection of an  operation of second choice. In the protected series, 69 preoperative pulmonary embolisms were recorded in  55 patients. Only  one minor postoperative embolism occurred, this originating from an axillary phlebitis. We find  caval clipping to be formally indicated whether or not a venous disobstruction procedure is feasible.", "PMID": 659490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8353", "title": "Effect of increased oxygen on peripheral circulation in acute, temporary limb hypoxia.", "content": "This study was intended to investigate the effect of high arterial oxygen tension on the peripheral circulation between normal and hypoxic area by using twelve dogs. For this purpose, acute temporary ischemia was produced at the right hindlimb by an occlusion of the right external iliac artery for 1 and 2 hours, and the left hind-limb was let alone as a control. The peripheral vascular resistance and the arterio-venous difference in oxygen tension between the right and the left hind-limb were measured continuously during 1 hour from immediately after reopening of the blood flow of the right external iliac artery. They were compared between at the condition of breathing room air at 1 ATA and pure oxygen at 2 ATA. The high arterial oxygen tension causes vasoconstriction. When there exists hypoxia in the peripheral tissue, however, it does not act on as a vasoconstrictive factor until the oxygen deficit is improved.", "contents": "Effect of increased oxygen on peripheral circulation in acute, temporary limb hypoxia. This study was intended to investigate the effect of high arterial oxygen tension on the peripheral circulation between normal and hypoxic area by using twelve dogs. For this purpose, acute temporary ischemia was produced at the right hindlimb by an occlusion of the right external iliac artery for 1 and 2 hours, and the left hind-limb was let alone as a control. The peripheral vascular resistance and the arterio-venous difference in oxygen tension between the right and the left hind-limb were measured continuously during 1 hour from immediately after reopening of the blood flow of the right external iliac artery. They were compared between at the condition of breathing room air at 1 ATA and pure oxygen at 2 ATA. The high arterial oxygen tension causes vasoconstriction. When there exists hypoxia in the peripheral tissue, however, it does not act on as a vasoconstrictive factor until the oxygen deficit is improved.", "PMID": 659492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8354", "title": "Left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery correction and total myocardial blood flow measurements.", "content": "In a boy aged 12 years correction of an anomalous coronary artery system was performed by suture of the left coronary artery origin at the pulmonary artery trunk and a vein by-pass to the proximal LAD. Peroperative blood flow gives values for myocardial perfusion before and after by-pass with relation to patency of the vein graft. Before correction pure coronary blood flow was 540 ml/min, shunt flow 540 ml/min; in total 1,080 ml/min through the right coronary artery. After correction the vein by-pass conducted 310 ml/min and the right coronary artery 180 ml/min. At follow-up 2 months later coronary angiography showed a normal right coronary artery without collateral connections to the left coronary artery system which was well perfused from the by-pass. Left heart hypertrophy was reduced from 568 ml/m2. A weak systolic murmur at the apex could be a slight unimportant mitral insufficiency.", "contents": "Left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery correction and total myocardial blood flow measurements. In a boy aged 12 years correction of an anomalous coronary artery system was performed by suture of the left coronary artery origin at the pulmonary artery trunk and a vein by-pass to the proximal LAD. Peroperative blood flow gives values for myocardial perfusion before and after by-pass with relation to patency of the vein graft. Before correction pure coronary blood flow was 540 ml/min, shunt flow 540 ml/min; in total 1,080 ml/min through the right coronary artery. After correction the vein by-pass conducted 310 ml/min and the right coronary artery 180 ml/min. At follow-up 2 months later coronary angiography showed a normal right coronary artery without collateral connections to the left coronary artery system which was well perfused from the by-pass. Left heart hypertrophy was reduced from 568 ml/m2. A weak systolic murmur at the apex could be a slight unimportant mitral insufficiency.", "PMID": 659493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8355", "title": "Apparent rupture of the ventricular septum after myocardial infarction in an infant with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Clinical and angiocardiographic simulation of rupture of the interventricular septum, in an infant with an endocardial cushion defect and documented myocardial infarction is reported. Close straddling of a proven congenital muscular apical ventricular septal defect by trabeculae carne is believed to have led to the angiocardiographic simulation of a post-infarction apical ventricular septal defect. In the surgical approach to post-infarction ventricular septal defects, the implication of such a simulation could be important.", "contents": "Apparent rupture of the ventricular septum after myocardial infarction in an infant with congenital heart disease. Clinical and angiocardiographic simulation of rupture of the interventricular septum, in an infant with an endocardial cushion defect and documented myocardial infarction is reported. Close straddling of a proven congenital muscular apical ventricular septal defect by trabeculae carne is believed to have led to the angiocardiographic simulation of a post-infarction apical ventricular septal defect. In the surgical approach to post-infarction ventricular septal defects, the implication of such a simulation could be important.", "PMID": 659496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8356", "title": "A proposed technique for treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.", "content": "The Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome includes a variety of anomalies, all characterized by a hypoplastic or absent left ventricle. A technique is described for producing a normal course of circulation in these cases. Its ultimate success will depend on the patients having a low pulmonary vascular resistence.", "contents": "A proposed technique for treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome includes a variety of anomalies, all characterized by a hypoplastic or absent left ventricle. A technique is described for producing a normal course of circulation in these cases. Its ultimate success will depend on the patients having a low pulmonary vascular resistence.", "PMID": 659498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8357", "title": "Superiority of aortic over femoral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, with specific attention to lower extremity neuropathy.", "content": "The advantage of aortic cannulation over femoral cannulation in cardiopulmonary bypass has been well established in our experience. Over a four year period, we compared the incidence of complications of these two modalities in a large group of patients. Specific emphasis is placed on the lack of lower extremity neurological deficit and retrograde dissection in patients who underwent aortic cannulation.", "contents": "Superiority of aortic over femoral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, with specific attention to lower extremity neuropathy. The advantage of aortic cannulation over femoral cannulation in cardiopulmonary bypass has been well established in our experience. Over a four year period, we compared the incidence of complications of these two modalities in a large group of patients. Specific emphasis is placed on the lack of lower extremity neurological deficit and retrograde dissection in patients who underwent aortic cannulation.", "PMID": 659501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8358", "title": "Open mitral commissurotomies. Analysis of 100 cases.", "content": "Routine use of open mitral commissurotomy in all cases of rheumatic mistral stenosis is the recommended treatment of choice in recent years. Effective division of the subvalvular apparatus (chordae tendineae and papillary muscles) can be accomplished easily during open commissurotomy and therefore recurrences after the open approach is less than the recurrences after closed commissurotomy. These subvalvular elements can not be freed easily during closed mitral commissurotomy. Low mortality rates after open approach suggests that this operation can be performed safely in cases of MS. Open approach has several advantages versus closed commissurotomy. We believe that closed commissurotomy should be replaced by open commissurotomy in all cases of MS.", "contents": "Open mitral commissurotomies. Analysis of 100 cases. Routine use of open mitral commissurotomy in all cases of rheumatic mistral stenosis is the recommended treatment of choice in recent years. Effective division of the subvalvular apparatus (chordae tendineae and papillary muscles) can be accomplished easily during open commissurotomy and therefore recurrences after the open approach is less than the recurrences after closed commissurotomy. These subvalvular elements can not be freed easily during closed mitral commissurotomy. Low mortality rates after open approach suggests that this operation can be performed safely in cases of MS. Open approach has several advantages versus closed commissurotomy. We believe that closed commissurotomy should be replaced by open commissurotomy in all cases of MS.", "PMID": 659500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8359", "title": "Sinoatrial disorders, the \"sick sinus\" syndrome. Experience with implanted cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "The long term results of permanent pacemaker implantation in patients with disorders of the sinoatrial node and atrial conduction pathways were studied. In a consecutive series of 300 patients treated by pacemaker implantation, 68 ((22.3%) had sinoatrial disorders. Mean age of the group was 54 years (33-82 years); 37 were male, 31 female. Diagnosis was confirmed by serial electrocardiography with overdrive suppression of sinoatrial node function as indicated. Twenty-two patients presented with sinus bradycardia alone (Type I disorder) and 46 with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (Type II disorder) were completely controlled. of the 46 Type II patients, in 30 (65.2%) tachyarrhythmias were controlled by pacing alone and in 14 (30.4%) by pacing and antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Congestive cardiac failure was relieved in 80% and anginal pain in 70% of patients with rate control alone. Systemic embolisation did not recur after pacemaker implantation. The average duration of pacemaker therapy was 52 months (12-96 months). In this series, long term ventricular demand pacing proved beneficial in both types of sinoatrial disorders.", "contents": "Sinoatrial disorders, the \"sick sinus\" syndrome. Experience with implanted cardiac pacemakers. The long term results of permanent pacemaker implantation in patients with disorders of the sinoatrial node and atrial conduction pathways were studied. In a consecutive series of 300 patients treated by pacemaker implantation, 68 ((22.3%) had sinoatrial disorders. Mean age of the group was 54 years (33-82 years); 37 were male, 31 female. Diagnosis was confirmed by serial electrocardiography with overdrive suppression of sinoatrial node function as indicated. Twenty-two patients presented with sinus bradycardia alone (Type I disorder) and 46 with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (Type II disorder) were completely controlled. of the 46 Type II patients, in 30 (65.2%) tachyarrhythmias were controlled by pacing alone and in 14 (30.4%) by pacing and antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Congestive cardiac failure was relieved in 80% and anginal pain in 70% of patients with rate control alone. Systemic embolisation did not recur after pacemaker implantation. The average duration of pacemaker therapy was 52 months (12-96 months). In this series, long term ventricular demand pacing proved beneficial in both types of sinoatrial disorders.", "PMID": 659499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8360", "title": "High molecular weight MAPs are part of the mitotic spindle.", "content": "We have found that the microtubule-associated proteins of high molecular weight are located in the mitotic spindle. Indirect immunofluorescence studies reveal that the pattern of distribution of these proteins is similar to that described for tubulin and corresponds to the known phases of mitosis.", "contents": "High molecular weight MAPs are part of the mitotic spindle. We have found that the microtubule-associated proteins of high molecular weight are located in the mitotic spindle. Indirect immunofluorescence studies reveal that the pattern of distribution of these proteins is similar to that described for tubulin and corresponds to the known phases of mitosis.", "PMID": 659507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8361", "title": "Protective effect of betamethasone on the subendocardial ischemia after the cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The experimental and clinical studies on the protective effect of Betamethasone upon the myocardium particularly on the prevention of the subendocardial ischemia after the cardiopulmonary bypass was investigated on the ultrastructural alterations of the epicardium and the endocardium obtained by the transmural left ventricular myocardial biopsy. Pretreatment of Betamethasone, 5 mg/Kg, with single intravenous injection a half to one hour before cardiopulmonary bypass was effective to preserve the myocardial ultrastructure after the anoxic arrest and in the recovery period after restoring the coronary circulation. The intramyocardial gradient of the ultrastructure was diminished by Betamethasone hardly demonstrating the no-reflow phenomenon. Hemodynamic and metabolic changes did not show the significant effectiveness of Betamethasone. It was suspected that Betamethasone stabilized the cell membrane and lysosome and suppressed the interstitial edema in the myocardium during and after anoxic arrest.", "contents": "Protective effect of betamethasone on the subendocardial ischemia after the cardiopulmonary bypass. The experimental and clinical studies on the protective effect of Betamethasone upon the myocardium particularly on the prevention of the subendocardial ischemia after the cardiopulmonary bypass was investigated on the ultrastructural alterations of the epicardium and the endocardium obtained by the transmural left ventricular myocardial biopsy. Pretreatment of Betamethasone, 5 mg/Kg, with single intravenous injection a half to one hour before cardiopulmonary bypass was effective to preserve the myocardial ultrastructure after the anoxic arrest and in the recovery period after restoring the coronary circulation. The intramyocardial gradient of the ultrastructure was diminished by Betamethasone hardly demonstrating the no-reflow phenomenon. Hemodynamic and metabolic changes did not show the significant effectiveness of Betamethasone. It was suspected that Betamethasone stabilized the cell membrane and lysosome and suppressed the interstitial edema in the myocardium during and after anoxic arrest.", "PMID": 659503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8362", "title": "Selective binding, uptake, and retrograde transport of tetanus toxin by nerve terminals in the rat iris. An electron microscope study using colloidal gold as a tracer.", "content": "A series of specific macromolecules (tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, nerve growth factor [NGF], and several lectins) have been shown to be transported retrogradely with high selectivity from terminals to cell bodies in various types of neurons. Under identical experimental conditions (low protein concentrations injected), most other macromolecules, e.g. horseradish peroxidase (HRP), albumin, ferritin, are not transported in detectable amounts. In the present EM study, we demonstrate selective binding of tetanus toxin to the surface membrane of nerve terminals, followed by uptake and subsequent retorgrade axonal transport. Tetanus toxin or albumin was adsorbed to colloidal gold particles (diam 200 A). The complex was shown to be stable and well suited as an EM tracer. 1-4 h after injection into the anterior eye chamber of adult rats, tetanus toxin-gold particles were found to be selectively associated with membranes of nerve terminals and preterminal axons. Inside terminals and axons, the tracer was localized mainly in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)-like membrane compartments. In contrast, association of albumin-gold complexes with nervous structures was never observed, in spite of extensive uptake into fibroblasts. Electron microscope and biochemical experiments showed selective retrograde transport of tetanus toxin-gold complexes to the superior cervical ganglion. Specific binding to membrane components at nerve terminals and subsequent internalization and retrograde transport may represent an important pathway for macromolecules carrying information from target organs to the perikarya of their innervating neurons.", "contents": "Selective binding, uptake, and retrograde transport of tetanus toxin by nerve terminals in the rat iris. An electron microscope study using colloidal gold as a tracer. A series of specific macromolecules (tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, nerve growth factor [NGF], and several lectins) have been shown to be transported retrogradely with high selectivity from terminals to cell bodies in various types of neurons. Under identical experimental conditions (low protein concentrations injected), most other macromolecules, e.g. horseradish peroxidase (HRP), albumin, ferritin, are not transported in detectable amounts. In the present EM study, we demonstrate selective binding of tetanus toxin to the surface membrane of nerve terminals, followed by uptake and subsequent retorgrade axonal transport. Tetanus toxin or albumin was adsorbed to colloidal gold particles (diam 200 A). The complex was shown to be stable and well suited as an EM tracer. 1-4 h after injection into the anterior eye chamber of adult rats, tetanus toxin-gold particles were found to be selectively associated with membranes of nerve terminals and preterminal axons. Inside terminals and axons, the tracer was localized mainly in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)-like membrane compartments. In contrast, association of albumin-gold complexes with nervous structures was never observed, in spite of extensive uptake into fibroblasts. Electron microscope and biochemical experiments showed selective retrograde transport of tetanus toxin-gold complexes to the superior cervical ganglion. Specific binding to membrane components at nerve terminals and subsequent internalization and retrograde transport may represent an important pathway for macromolecules carrying information from target organs to the perikarya of their innervating neurons.", "PMID": 659508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8363", "title": "Cell wall structure and deposition in Glaucocystis.", "content": "Events leading to cell wall formation in the ellipsoidal unicellular alga Glaucocystis are described. The wall is deposited in three phases: (a) a thin nonfibrillar layer, (b) cellulosic microfibrils arranged in helically crossed polylamellate fashion, and (c) matrix substances. At poles of cells, microfibrils do not terminate but pass around three equilaterally arranged points, resulting in microfibril continuity between the twelve helically wound wall layers. These findings were demonstrated in walls of both mother cells and freeze-fractured growing cells, and models of the wall structure are presented. Cellular extension results in spreading apart, and in rupture, of microfibrils. On freeze-fractured plasma membranes, there were 35 nm X 550 nm structures associated with the ends of microfibrils. These are interpreted as representing microfibril-synthesizing centers (terminal complexes) in transit upon the membrane. These terminal complexes are localized in a zone, or zones. The plasma membrane is subtended by flattened sacs, termed shields, which become cross-linked to the plasma membrane after completion of wall deposition. During wall deposition, microtubules lie beneath the shields, and polarized filaments lie between shields and plasma membrane. The significance of these findings in relation to understanding the process of cellulose deposition is discussed, and comparisons are made with the alga Oocystis.", "contents": "Cell wall structure and deposition in Glaucocystis. Events leading to cell wall formation in the ellipsoidal unicellular alga Glaucocystis are described. The wall is deposited in three phases: (a) a thin nonfibrillar layer, (b) cellulosic microfibrils arranged in helically crossed polylamellate fashion, and (c) matrix substances. At poles of cells, microfibrils do not terminate but pass around three equilaterally arranged points, resulting in microfibril continuity between the twelve helically wound wall layers. These findings were demonstrated in walls of both mother cells and freeze-fractured growing cells, and models of the wall structure are presented. Cellular extension results in spreading apart, and in rupture, of microfibrils. On freeze-fractured plasma membranes, there were 35 nm X 550 nm structures associated with the ends of microfibrils. These are interpreted as representing microfibril-synthesizing centers (terminal complexes) in transit upon the membrane. These terminal complexes are localized in a zone, or zones. The plasma membrane is subtended by flattened sacs, termed shields, which become cross-linked to the plasma membrane after completion of wall deposition. During wall deposition, microtubules lie beneath the shields, and polarized filaments lie between shields and plasma membrane. The significance of these findings in relation to understanding the process of cellulose deposition is discussed, and comparisons are made with the alga Oocystis.", "PMID": 659509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8364", "title": "Surface structure of the human cardiac valve. A comparative study of normal and diseased valves.", "content": "This article reports the surface structure of the endothelial cells covering the cardiac valves and their changes in chronic inactive rheumatic valvulitis and bacterial endocarditis. The endocardial surface of the normal cardiac valve was covered by a layer of endothelial cells, each of which was recognized because of the presence of centrally located nuclear bulge and marginal folds at the cell boundaries. In the cardiac valves affected by chronic rheumatic valvulitis, the endothelial layer denuded extensively, even in the regions where only slight thickening was noticed in the intravalvular tissues. As compared to the inflow side of the valve, denudation of the endothelial layer was more conspicuous on the outflow side. There was no morphological difference between the two hemodynamically different conditions, i.e. stenosis and regurgitation. In the cardiac valves affected by bacterial endocarditis, in contrast, the destruction of the endothelial layer was preferentially observed along the closing margins of the valve, and in the region of calcification and vegetation. These findings are compatible to the interpretation that differences in morphological changes of the endothelial layer in these two acquired valvular diseases may reflect the differences of their pathogeneses. The present study thus suggest an importance of endothelial cell in elucidating the pathogenesis of acquired valvular diseases.", "contents": "Surface structure of the human cardiac valve. A comparative study of normal and diseased valves. This article reports the surface structure of the endothelial cells covering the cardiac valves and their changes in chronic inactive rheumatic valvulitis and bacterial endocarditis. The endocardial surface of the normal cardiac valve was covered by a layer of endothelial cells, each of which was recognized because of the presence of centrally located nuclear bulge and marginal folds at the cell boundaries. In the cardiac valves affected by chronic rheumatic valvulitis, the endothelial layer denuded extensively, even in the regions where only slight thickening was noticed in the intravalvular tissues. As compared to the inflow side of the valve, denudation of the endothelial layer was more conspicuous on the outflow side. There was no morphological difference between the two hemodynamically different conditions, i.e. stenosis and regurgitation. In the cardiac valves affected by bacterial endocarditis, in contrast, the destruction of the endothelial layer was preferentially observed along the closing margins of the valve, and in the region of calcification and vegetation. These findings are compatible to the interpretation that differences in morphological changes of the endothelial layer in these two acquired valvular diseases may reflect the differences of their pathogeneses. The present study thus suggest an importance of endothelial cell in elucidating the pathogenesis of acquired valvular diseases.", "PMID": 659502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8365", "title": "Anatomy of germinal centers in mouse spleen, with special reference to \"follicular dendritic cells\".", "content": "Lymphocyte proliferation in germinal centers (GC's) is thought to be triggered by antigen retained extracellularly on the surface of special \"dendritic\" cells. The anatomy and function of these cells have not been studied directly or in detail. We therefore examined mouse spleen GC's developing in response to sheep erythrocyte stimulation. We found that distincitve \"follicular dendritic cells\" (FDC's) were present in both the GC and adjacent mantle region of secondary follicles. The large, irregularly shaped nucleus, containing little heterochromatin, allowed for the light microscope (LM) identification of FDC's. By EM, the cell was stellate in shape sending out long, thin sheets of cytoplasm which could fold and coil into complex arrays. The processes were coated extracellularly by an amorphous electron-dense material of varying thickness, as well as particulates including variable numbers of virions. The FDC cytoplasm lacked organelles of active secretory and endocytic cells, such as well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and lysosomes. These anatomical features readily distinguished FDC's from other cell types, even those that were extended in shape. To pursue these descriptive findings, we injected three electron-dense tracers i.v. and sacrificed the mice 1 h-10 days thereafter. Colloidal carbon, colloidal thorium dioxide (cThO2), and soluble horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were actively sequestered into the vacuolar system of macrophages but were interiorized only in trace amounts by FDC's. Therefore, FDC's are not macrophages by cytologic and functional criteria. FDC's did display a unique property. Both colloidal carbon and thorium dioxide, which are nonimmunogens, could be visualized extracellularly on the cell surface for several days. The meaning of this is unclear, but the association of colloid with FDC's appeared to slow the movement of particulates through the extracellular space into the GC proper. FDC's were not readily identified in splenic white pulp lacking GC's. They must develop de novo then, possibly from novel dendritic cells that we have identified in vitro (Steinman, R. M., and Z. A. Cohn. 1973. J. Exp. Med. 137:1142-1162).", "contents": "Anatomy of germinal centers in mouse spleen, with special reference to \"follicular dendritic cells\". Lymphocyte proliferation in germinal centers (GC's) is thought to be triggered by antigen retained extracellularly on the surface of special \"dendritic\" cells. The anatomy and function of these cells have not been studied directly or in detail. We therefore examined mouse spleen GC's developing in response to sheep erythrocyte stimulation. We found that distincitve \"follicular dendritic cells\" (FDC's) were present in both the GC and adjacent mantle region of secondary follicles. The large, irregularly shaped nucleus, containing little heterochromatin, allowed for the light microscope (LM) identification of FDC's. By EM, the cell was stellate in shape sending out long, thin sheets of cytoplasm which could fold and coil into complex arrays. The processes were coated extracellularly by an amorphous electron-dense material of varying thickness, as well as particulates including variable numbers of virions. The FDC cytoplasm lacked organelles of active secretory and endocytic cells, such as well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and lysosomes. These anatomical features readily distinguished FDC's from other cell types, even those that were extended in shape. To pursue these descriptive findings, we injected three electron-dense tracers i.v. and sacrificed the mice 1 h-10 days thereafter. Colloidal carbon, colloidal thorium dioxide (cThO2), and soluble horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were actively sequestered into the vacuolar system of macrophages but were interiorized only in trace amounts by FDC's. Therefore, FDC's are not macrophages by cytologic and functional criteria. FDC's did display a unique property. Both colloidal carbon and thorium dioxide, which are nonimmunogens, could be visualized extracellularly on the cell surface for several days. The meaning of this is unclear, but the association of colloid with FDC's appeared to slow the movement of particulates through the extracellular space into the GC proper. FDC's were not readily identified in splenic white pulp lacking GC's. They must develop de novo then, possibly from novel dendritic cells that we have identified in vitro (Steinman, R. M., and Z. A. Cohn. 1973. J. Exp. Med. 137:1142-1162).", "PMID": 659510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8366", "title": "Dysphagia lusoria: current surgical approach.", "content": "The presence of an anomalous right subclavian artery in a patient was a cause of dysphagia and ill-defined upper back pain. Her problem was ideally managed by the median sternotomy approach. With this exposure, the artery is divided and its origin from the aortic arch oversewn. Relocating the artery into the right upper mediastinum and anastomosis with or without a segmental graft to the aortic arch restores extremity circulation and eliminates the dysphagia.", "contents": "Dysphagia lusoria: current surgical approach. The presence of an anomalous right subclavian artery in a patient was a cause of dysphagia and ill-defined upper back pain. Her problem was ideally managed by the median sternotomy approach. With this exposure, the artery is divided and its origin from the aortic arch oversewn. Relocating the artery into the right upper mediastinum and anastomosis with or without a segmental graft to the aortic arch restores extremity circulation and eliminates the dysphagia.", "PMID": 659504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8367", "title": "Ileofemoral venous thrombectomy.", "content": "Twentyeight patients with ileofemoral venous thrombosis were treated surgically. Five of the patients had moderate degree of venous congestion, 18 patients had phlegmasia alba dolens and five patients had phlegmasia coerulea dolens. The mean age was 54 years, range 15-80 years, and 15 were men and 13 were women. In all cases the thrombosis was verified by phlebography. Thrombectomy was performed with a Fogarty venous thrombectomy catheter. Peroperative phlebography was used in most cases to guarantee complete extraction of thrombotic material. No operative pulmonary embolism or mortality was encountered. Postoperative continuous heparin infusion in the thrombectomized segment was used for the first week followed by dicumarol treatment. The patients were followed from 6 months to 4 years postoperatively. In two patients thrombectomy was not possible to perform. One of these patients developed a pronounced postthrombotic syndrome, the other developed venous congestion of more moderate degree. Excellent long-term time results were obtained in 82% of the patients and satisfactory in 14%. Thrombectomy is an efficient treatment of ileofemoral venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Ileofemoral venous thrombectomy. Twentyeight patients with ileofemoral venous thrombosis were treated surgically. Five of the patients had moderate degree of venous congestion, 18 patients had phlegmasia alba dolens and five patients had phlegmasia coerulea dolens. The mean age was 54 years, range 15-80 years, and 15 were men and 13 were women. In all cases the thrombosis was verified by phlebography. Thrombectomy was performed with a Fogarty venous thrombectomy catheter. Peroperative phlebography was used in most cases to guarantee complete extraction of thrombotic material. No operative pulmonary embolism or mortality was encountered. Postoperative continuous heparin infusion in the thrombectomized segment was used for the first week followed by dicumarol treatment. The patients were followed from 6 months to 4 years postoperatively. In two patients thrombectomy was not possible to perform. One of these patients developed a pronounced postthrombotic syndrome, the other developed venous congestion of more moderate degree. Excellent long-term time results were obtained in 82% of the patients and satisfactory in 14%. Thrombectomy is an efficient treatment of ileofemoral venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 659506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8368", "title": "Novel glycopolypeptide synthesis induced by gametic cell fusion in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Within the first hour of zygote maturation, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells stop synthesizing certain polypeptides that characterize the vegetative and gametic stages of the life cycle and initiate the synthesis of novel, zygote-specific polypeptides. At least six of these polypeptides are secreted into the medium, and fine-structural studies indicate that they represent components of the cell wall that is synthesized and secreted early in zygote development. We conclude that a new program of protein synthesis, and possibly also gene transcription, is initiated shortly after gametic cells fuse, a program that appears highly suited to cell-differentiation studies.", "contents": "Novel glycopolypeptide synthesis induced by gametic cell fusion in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Within the first hour of zygote maturation, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells stop synthesizing certain polypeptides that characterize the vegetative and gametic stages of the life cycle and initiate the synthesis of novel, zygote-specific polypeptides. At least six of these polypeptides are secreted into the medium, and fine-structural studies indicate that they represent components of the cell wall that is synthesized and secreted early in zygote development. We conclude that a new program of protein synthesis, and possibly also gene transcription, is initiated shortly after gametic cells fuse, a program that appears highly suited to cell-differentiation studies.", "PMID": 659511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8369", "title": "Angiomatous arteriovenous fistula between aorta, great cardiac vein and pulmonary artery. An incidental finding during mitral valvotomy.", "content": "The incidental finding of arteriovenous fistula after a thoracotomy performed for mitral commissurotomy is reported. The communication describes the post-operative diagnosis of an anomaly, as far as we know previously unreported, in which a fistula was found between the aorta, great cardiac vein and pulmonary artery in an angiomatous malformation situated over the base of the pulmonary artery. The main coronary arteries were of normal distribution.", "contents": "Angiomatous arteriovenous fistula between aorta, great cardiac vein and pulmonary artery. An incidental finding during mitral valvotomy. The incidental finding of arteriovenous fistula after a thoracotomy performed for mitral commissurotomy is reported. The communication describes the post-operative diagnosis of an anomaly, as far as we know previously unreported, in which a fistula was found between the aorta, great cardiac vein and pulmonary artery in an angiomatous malformation situated over the base of the pulmonary artery. The main coronary arteries were of normal distribution.", "PMID": 659505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8370", "title": "Structure of interphase nuclei in relation to the cell cycle. Chromatin organization in mouse L cells temperature-sensitive for DNA replication.", "content": "Mutant lines of mouse L cells, TS A1S9, and TS C1, show temperature-sensitive (TS) DNA synthesis and cell division when shifted from 34 degrees to 38.5 degrees C. With TS A1S9 the decline in DNA synthesis begins after 6-8 h at 38.5 degrees C and is most marked at about 24 h. Most cells in S, G2, or M at temperature upshift complete one mitosis and accumulate in the subsequent interphase at G1 or early S as a result of expression of a primary defect, failure of elongation of newly made small DNA fragments. Heat inactivation of TS C1 cells is more rapid; they fail to complete the interphase in progress at temperature upshift and accumulate at late S or G2. Inhibition of both cell types is reversible on return to 34 degrees C. Cell and nuclear growth continues during inhibition of replication. Expression of both TS mutations leads to a marked change in gross organization of chromatin as revealed by electron microscopy. Nuclei of wild-type cells at 34 degrees and 38.5 degrees C and mutant cells at 34 degrees C show a range of aggregation of condensed chromatin from small dispersed bodies to large discrete clumps, with the majority in an intermediate state. In TS cells at 38.5 degrees C, condensed chromatin bodies in the central nuclear region become disaggregated into small clumps dispersed through the nucleus. Morphometric estimation of volume of condensed chromatin indicates that this process is not due to complete decondensation of chromatin fibrils, but rather involves dispersal of large condensed chromatin bodies into finer aggregates and loosening of fibrils within the aggregates. The dispersed condition is reversed in nuclei which resume DNA synthesis when TS cells are downshifted from 38.5 degrees to 34 degrees C. The morphological observations are consistent with the hypothesis that condensed chromatin normally undergoes an ordered cycle of transient, localized disaggregation and reaggregation associated with replication. In temperature-inactivated mutants, normal progressive disaggregation presumably occurs, but subsequent lack of chromatin replication prevents reaggregation.", "contents": "Structure of interphase nuclei in relation to the cell cycle. Chromatin organization in mouse L cells temperature-sensitive for DNA replication. Mutant lines of mouse L cells, TS A1S9, and TS C1, show temperature-sensitive (TS) DNA synthesis and cell division when shifted from 34 degrees to 38.5 degrees C. With TS A1S9 the decline in DNA synthesis begins after 6-8 h at 38.5 degrees C and is most marked at about 24 h. Most cells in S, G2, or M at temperature upshift complete one mitosis and accumulate in the subsequent interphase at G1 or early S as a result of expression of a primary defect, failure of elongation of newly made small DNA fragments. Heat inactivation of TS C1 cells is more rapid; they fail to complete the interphase in progress at temperature upshift and accumulate at late S or G2. Inhibition of both cell types is reversible on return to 34 degrees C. Cell and nuclear growth continues during inhibition of replication. Expression of both TS mutations leads to a marked change in gross organization of chromatin as revealed by electron microscopy. Nuclei of wild-type cells at 34 degrees and 38.5 degrees C and mutant cells at 34 degrees C show a range of aggregation of condensed chromatin from small dispersed bodies to large discrete clumps, with the majority in an intermediate state. In TS cells at 38.5 degrees C, condensed chromatin bodies in the central nuclear region become disaggregated into small clumps dispersed through the nucleus. Morphometric estimation of volume of condensed chromatin indicates that this process is not due to complete decondensation of chromatin fibrils, but rather involves dispersal of large condensed chromatin bodies into finer aggregates and loosening of fibrils within the aggregates. The dispersed condition is reversed in nuclei which resume DNA synthesis when TS cells are downshifted from 38.5 degrees to 34 degrees C. The morphological observations are consistent with the hypothesis that condensed chromatin normally undergoes an ordered cycle of transient, localized disaggregation and reaggregation associated with replication. In temperature-inactivated mutants, normal progressive disaggregation presumably occurs, but subsequent lack of chromatin replication prevents reaggregation.", "PMID": 659512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8371", "title": "Unusual thick and thin filament packing in a crustacean muscle.", "content": "The proximal accessory flexor (PAF) of the myochordotonal organ (MCO) in the meropodite of crayfish walking legs contains two populations of muscle fibers which are distinguishable by their diameters. The large accessory (LA) fibers are 40-80 micrometer in diam and are similar in ultrastructure to other slow crustacean fibers. The small accessory (SA) fibers are 1-12 micrometer in diam and have a unique myofilament distribution at normal body lengths. There is extensive double overlap of thin filaments at these lengths, and some of them form bundles that may extend the length of the sarcomere. In the middle of the sarcomeres, thick and thin filaments are totally segregated from each other. When the fibers are stretched to lengths beyond double overlap length, the myofilament patterns are conventional. The segregated pattern is reestablished when stretched fibers are allowed to shorten passively. The length-tension relationship of the SA fibers is described by a linear ascending branch, a plateau, and a linear descending branch. The ascending branch encompasses normal body lengths from slack length (Ls) with maximum double overlap to the length at which double overlap ceases (1.8 X Ls). The descending phase is comparable to that of other skeletal muscles. That is, tension decreases in proportion with the reduction in thick-thin filament interdigitation (2 X Ls to 3 X Ls).", "contents": "Unusual thick and thin filament packing in a crustacean muscle. The proximal accessory flexor (PAF) of the myochordotonal organ (MCO) in the meropodite of crayfish walking legs contains two populations of muscle fibers which are distinguishable by their diameters. The large accessory (LA) fibers are 40-80 micrometer in diam and are similar in ultrastructure to other slow crustacean fibers. The small accessory (SA) fibers are 1-12 micrometer in diam and have a unique myofilament distribution at normal body lengths. There is extensive double overlap of thin filaments at these lengths, and some of them form bundles that may extend the length of the sarcomere. In the middle of the sarcomeres, thick and thin filaments are totally segregated from each other. When the fibers are stretched to lengths beyond double overlap length, the myofilament patterns are conventional. The segregated pattern is reestablished when stretched fibers are allowed to shorten passively. The length-tension relationship of the SA fibers is described by a linear ascending branch, a plateau, and a linear descending branch. The ascending branch encompasses normal body lengths from slack length (Ls) with maximum double overlap to the length at which double overlap ceases (1.8 X Ls). The descending phase is comparable to that of other skeletal muscles. That is, tension decreases in proportion with the reduction in thick-thin filament interdigitation (2 X Ls to 3 X Ls).", "PMID": 659513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8372", "title": "DNA polymerase activity in muscle cultures.", "content": "Nuclei within myotubes do not synthesize DNA for replication. Accordingly, cultures of myotubes display low levels of DNA polymerase activity. The coincidental decline in DNA polymerase activity and increased formation of multinucleated myotubes during culture does not prove that the loss of capacity to synthesize DNA is a consequence of fusion. Tne experiments described demonstrate that myogenic cells prevented from fusing have low levels of DNA polymerase activity. This is consistent with the notion that, in myogenic cultures, there is a population of mononucleated cells, the myoblasts, which have withdrawn from the mitotic cycle before fusion.", "contents": "DNA polymerase activity in muscle cultures. Nuclei within myotubes do not synthesize DNA for replication. Accordingly, cultures of myotubes display low levels of DNA polymerase activity. The coincidental decline in DNA polymerase activity and increased formation of multinucleated myotubes during culture does not prove that the loss of capacity to synthesize DNA is a consequence of fusion. Tne experiments described demonstrate that myogenic cells prevented from fusing have low levels of DNA polymerase activity. This is consistent with the notion that, in myogenic cultures, there is a population of mononucleated cells, the myoblasts, which have withdrawn from the mitotic cycle before fusion.", "PMID": 659514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8373", "title": "Role of fatty acids in growth-promoting effect of serum albumin on hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "Dialyzed serum albumin had considerable growth-promoting effect on cultivated hamster cells. This effect was virtually lost on removal of the fatty acids, and it was completely restored by recombination of the fatty acid-free albumin with the isolated and purified fatty acids. The role of albumin itself appeared to be largely that of a carrier of fatty acids, protecting the cells against toxic effects of fatty acids in free solution. This conclusion was based on two observations: Fatty acids in the absence of albumin were growth-inhibitory except in extremely dilute solutions, and beta-lactoglobulin, a protein possessing, like albumin, the ability to bind and release fatty acids, could replace albumin in the presence of fatty acids with similar growth-promoting effect. Examination of individual molecular types of fatty acids showed that all unsaturated acids tested were growth-promoting, whereas the saturated acids were growth-inhibiting, with the exception of stearic acid in low concentrations. Although the possibility of a mitotic triggering effect was not excluded, the fatty acids presumably stimulated growth by providing substrate for cellular metabolism, since there was a direct relationship between the degree of growth stimulation and the duration of exposure of cells to the fatty acids.", "contents": "Role of fatty acids in growth-promoting effect of serum albumin on hamster cells in vitro. Dialyzed serum albumin had considerable growth-promoting effect on cultivated hamster cells. This effect was virtually lost on removal of the fatty acids, and it was completely restored by recombination of the fatty acid-free albumin with the isolated and purified fatty acids. The role of albumin itself appeared to be largely that of a carrier of fatty acids, protecting the cells against toxic effects of fatty acids in free solution. This conclusion was based on two observations: Fatty acids in the absence of albumin were growth-inhibitory except in extremely dilute solutions, and beta-lactoglobulin, a protein possessing, like albumin, the ability to bind and release fatty acids, could replace albumin in the presence of fatty acids with similar growth-promoting effect. Examination of individual molecular types of fatty acids showed that all unsaturated acids tested were growth-promoting, whereas the saturated acids were growth-inhibiting, with the exception of stearic acid in low concentrations. Although the possibility of a mitotic triggering effect was not excluded, the fatty acids presumably stimulated growth by providing substrate for cellular metabolism, since there was a direct relationship between the degree of growth stimulation and the duration of exposure of cells to the fatty acids.", "PMID": 659515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8374", "title": "Satellite DNA in differentiating chick tissues.", "content": "Embryonic chick DNA from different tissues was examined for differences which might indicate specific DNA amplification in somatic cells. The problem was approached by determining the DNA compositional heterogeneity and searching for possible variation in different tissues of the 12-day chick. Neural retina, muscle, and whole decapitated (general) chick DNA were analyzed in CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradients. While overloaded CsCl gradients showed a main band (rho = 1.701 g/cm3) and a heavy shoulder (rho = 1.716 g/cm3), overloaded Cs2SO4 gradients displayed a main band (rho = 1.426 g/cm3) and a discrete heavy satellite (rho = 1.447 g/cm3). This satellite, comprising approximately 1% of the whole cell DNA, appeared to be of nuclear origin and not related to mitochondrial DNA, which was found to have a density of 1.426 g/cm3 in Cs2SO4. No differences were found in the densities of the main band or the satellite DNA in the DNA samples isolated from the different tissues. However, the method of DNA isolation was found to be of crucial importance when comparing satellite DNA's among different tissues.", "contents": "Satellite DNA in differentiating chick tissues. Embryonic chick DNA from different tissues was examined for differences which might indicate specific DNA amplification in somatic cells. The problem was approached by determining the DNA compositional heterogeneity and searching for possible variation in different tissues of the 12-day chick. Neural retina, muscle, and whole decapitated (general) chick DNA were analyzed in CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradients. While overloaded CsCl gradients showed a main band (rho = 1.701 g/cm3) and a heavy shoulder (rho = 1.716 g/cm3), overloaded Cs2SO4 gradients displayed a main band (rho = 1.426 g/cm3) and a discrete heavy satellite (rho = 1.447 g/cm3). This satellite, comprising approximately 1% of the whole cell DNA, appeared to be of nuclear origin and not related to mitochondrial DNA, which was found to have a density of 1.426 g/cm3 in Cs2SO4. No differences were found in the densities of the main band or the satellite DNA in the DNA samples isolated from the different tissues. However, the method of DNA isolation was found to be of crucial importance when comparing satellite DNA's among different tissues.", "PMID": 659516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8375", "title": "Characterization of a guanine-sensitive mutant defective in adenylo-succinate synthetase activity.", "content": "A contingent auxotrophic mutant of CHO-Kl cell is described. This mutant grows in minimal medium. Its growth is inhibited by the exogenous addition of guanine at levels which do not affect the wild type parent. Adenine reverses the guanine effect. This mutant does not complement ade-H (defective in adenylosuccinate synthetase) and has been denoted as ade-HG because of its guanine sensitivity. Some partial revertants of ade-H are found to be also sensitive to guanine, suggesting a close relationship between the ade-H locus and the guanine sensitivity. Studies of 14C-hypoxanthine incorporation into nucleotides indicated that ade-HG has some adenylosuccinate synthetase activity whether it is pre-exposed to guanine or not. Early de novo purine synthesis in ade-HG, however, is greatly inhibited when pre-exposed to guanine. This inhibition of purine synthesis by guanine is reversible and its recovery is facilitated by adenine.", "contents": "Characterization of a guanine-sensitive mutant defective in adenylo-succinate synthetase activity. A contingent auxotrophic mutant of CHO-Kl cell is described. This mutant grows in minimal medium. Its growth is inhibited by the exogenous addition of guanine at levels which do not affect the wild type parent. Adenine reverses the guanine effect. This mutant does not complement ade-H (defective in adenylosuccinate synthetase) and has been denoted as ade-HG because of its guanine sensitivity. Some partial revertants of ade-H are found to be also sensitive to guanine, suggesting a close relationship between the ade-H locus and the guanine sensitivity. Studies of 14C-hypoxanthine incorporation into nucleotides indicated that ade-HG has some adenylosuccinate synthetase activity whether it is pre-exposed to guanine or not. Early de novo purine synthesis in ade-HG, however, is greatly inhibited when pre-exposed to guanine. This inhibition of purine synthesis by guanine is reversible and its recovery is facilitated by adenine.", "PMID": 659517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8376", "title": "Constancy of the shift-up point in two temperature-sensitive mammalian cell lines that arrest in G1.", "content": "Two cell cycle-specific temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of mammalian cell lines, AF8 and K12, are known to arrest in G1 when shifted to the non-permissive temperature. We have determined the entry into S of both AF8 and K12 cells in five different growth conditions, namely: (1) quiescent sparse cultures stimulated to proliferative by serum; (2) quiescent dense cultures stimulated by serum; (3) quiescent sparse cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating; (4) quiescent, dense cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating; and (5) mitotic cells collected by mitotic detachment. In addition, for each cell line and for each different growth condition, we have determined the shift-up time, i.e., the time at which a shift-up to the nonpermissive temperature no longer prevents the entry of cells into S. In no case did K12 or AF8 enter S at the nonpermissive temperature. At the permissive temperature, the average time of entry into S varied in different growth conditions, and so did the shift-up time. However, in both cell lines, the distance of the average shift-up time from the average time of entry into S was remarkably constant, regardless of the growth conditions. i.e., 1.8 hours in K12 and 8.6 hours in AF8.", "contents": "Constancy of the shift-up point in two temperature-sensitive mammalian cell lines that arrest in G1. Two cell cycle-specific temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of mammalian cell lines, AF8 and K12, are known to arrest in G1 when shifted to the non-permissive temperature. We have determined the entry into S of both AF8 and K12 cells in five different growth conditions, namely: (1) quiescent sparse cultures stimulated to proliferative by serum; (2) quiescent dense cultures stimulated by serum; (3) quiescent sparse cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating; (4) quiescent, dense cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating; and (5) mitotic cells collected by mitotic detachment. In addition, for each cell line and for each different growth condition, we have determined the shift-up time, i.e., the time at which a shift-up to the nonpermissive temperature no longer prevents the entry of cells into S. In no case did K12 or AF8 enter S at the nonpermissive temperature. At the permissive temperature, the average time of entry into S varied in different growth conditions, and so did the shift-up time. However, in both cell lines, the distance of the average shift-up time from the average time of entry into S was remarkably constant, regardless of the growth conditions. i.e., 1.8 hours in K12 and 8.6 hours in AF8.", "PMID": 659518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8377", "title": "Neoplasms produced from C3H/10T 1/2 cells attached to plastic plates; saturation density, anchorage dependence and serum requirement of in vitro lines correlated with growth aggressiveness in vivo.", "content": "The C3H/10T 1/2 embryo cell line, which is nontumorigenic when inoculated subcutaneously in saline suspension, produces tumors when implanted subcutaneously attached to 1 X 5 X 10 mm plastic plates. Under these in vivo conditions there is direct selection for \"spontaneous\" transformants that have undergone the specific cellular alterations required for neoplastic behavior. This is in contrast to the conventional situation where transformants are obtained in vitro and are only secondarily tested in vivo for neoplastic behavior. Early passages of cell lines from four different C3H/10T 1/2 tumors explanted back in culture were quantitatively examined for tumorigenicity and for alteration in the properties of density inhibition, anchorage dependence, serum requirement, and plasminogen activator production. A fairly consistent quantitative relationship was found between the degree of growth aggressiveness in vivo and the degree of expression of these phenotypic markers of the transformed state in vitro during early passages of the cell lines after tumor explantation.", "contents": "Neoplasms produced from C3H/10T 1/2 cells attached to plastic plates; saturation density, anchorage dependence and serum requirement of in vitro lines correlated with growth aggressiveness in vivo. The C3H/10T 1/2 embryo cell line, which is nontumorigenic when inoculated subcutaneously in saline suspension, produces tumors when implanted subcutaneously attached to 1 X 5 X 10 mm plastic plates. Under these in vivo conditions there is direct selection for \"spontaneous\" transformants that have undergone the specific cellular alterations required for neoplastic behavior. This is in contrast to the conventional situation where transformants are obtained in vitro and are only secondarily tested in vivo for neoplastic behavior. Early passages of cell lines from four different C3H/10T 1/2 tumors explanted back in culture were quantitatively examined for tumorigenicity and for alteration in the properties of density inhibition, anchorage dependence, serum requirement, and plasminogen activator production. A fairly consistent quantitative relationship was found between the degree of growth aggressiveness in vivo and the degree of expression of these phenotypic markers of the transformed state in vitro during early passages of the cell lines after tumor explantation.", "PMID": 659520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8378", "title": "Regulation of megakaryocytes in W/Wv mice.", "content": "W/Wv mice were injected with antiplatelet serum to produce thrombocytopenia or with platelet transfusions to induce thrombocytosis. The responses of their platelets and megakaryocytes were followed to determine if proliferative abnormalities of the megakaryocytic system would be detected. W/Wv mice responded normally to the stimulation from thrombocytopenia with rebound thrombocytosis, macromegakaryocytosis, and macrothrombocytosis. The megakaryocytes of these mice became smaller than normal in response to post-thrombocytopenic rebound thrombocytosis but not to transfusion-induced thrombocytosis. Thus, endogenous thrombocytosis appeared to be a more potent suppressor of megakaryocyte growth than exogenous. These results failed to reveal an effective abnormality of the thrombocytopoietic regulatory system of W/Wv mice in spite of their intrinsically reduced numbers of megakaryocytes and the well known defect of stem cell proliferation. Thrombocytopoietic regulation appeared, therefore, to occur mainly at the committed, rather then pluripotential, stem cell level, and normal responses of the platelet system were observed in spite of severe abnormalities at the pluripotential stem cell level.", "contents": "Regulation of megakaryocytes in W/Wv mice. W/Wv mice were injected with antiplatelet serum to produce thrombocytopenia or with platelet transfusions to induce thrombocytosis. The responses of their platelets and megakaryocytes were followed to determine if proliferative abnormalities of the megakaryocytic system would be detected. W/Wv mice responded normally to the stimulation from thrombocytopenia with rebound thrombocytosis, macromegakaryocytosis, and macrothrombocytosis. The megakaryocytes of these mice became smaller than normal in response to post-thrombocytopenic rebound thrombocytosis but not to transfusion-induced thrombocytosis. Thus, endogenous thrombocytosis appeared to be a more potent suppressor of megakaryocyte growth than exogenous. These results failed to reveal an effective abnormality of the thrombocytopoietic regulatory system of W/Wv mice in spite of their intrinsically reduced numbers of megakaryocytes and the well known defect of stem cell proliferation. Thrombocytopoietic regulation appeared, therefore, to occur mainly at the committed, rather then pluripotential, stem cell level, and normal responses of the platelet system were observed in spite of severe abnormalities at the pluripotential stem cell level.", "PMID": 659521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8379", "title": "Erythroid stem cells in Friend-virus infected mice.", "content": "The erythropoietic stem cell compartment was studied in Friend-virus (polycythemic strain, FV-P) infected DBA/2 and NMRI mice with the CFUE and BFUE technique. Early after infection there was a depression in CFUE number in bone marrow and spleen, followed by an increase of the CFUE concentration, earlier and more pronounced in the spleen than in the marrow. Three days after FV-P infection an erythropoietin (Ep) independent CFUE population started to grow and replaced the normal Ep-dependent population within 8 to 12 days. The shift to Ep independency was not gradual. CFUE colonies of FV-P infected bone marrow cells were two to three times larger than control colonies after three days in vitro incubation. BFUE colonies increased in number during the first days of infection, but were totally lost after more than ten days. After velocity sedimentation of bone marrow cells of FV-P infected animals, however, the BFUE containing fractions showed normal BFUE colony growth and normal Ep sensitivity. In unfractionated bone marrow cell cultures BFUE colony growth could be observed later than ten days post infection when the cultures were refed with medium. It was therefore concluded that the loss of BFUE colony growth after FV-P infection was an in vitro artefact due to inadequate culture conditions.", "contents": "Erythroid stem cells in Friend-virus infected mice. The erythropoietic stem cell compartment was studied in Friend-virus (polycythemic strain, FV-P) infected DBA/2 and NMRI mice with the CFUE and BFUE technique. Early after infection there was a depression in CFUE number in bone marrow and spleen, followed by an increase of the CFUE concentration, earlier and more pronounced in the spleen than in the marrow. Three days after FV-P infection an erythropoietin (Ep) independent CFUE population started to grow and replaced the normal Ep-dependent population within 8 to 12 days. The shift to Ep independency was not gradual. CFUE colonies of FV-P infected bone marrow cells were two to three times larger than control colonies after three days in vitro incubation. BFUE colonies increased in number during the first days of infection, but were totally lost after more than ten days. After velocity sedimentation of bone marrow cells of FV-P infected animals, however, the BFUE containing fractions showed normal BFUE colony growth and normal Ep sensitivity. In unfractionated bone marrow cell cultures BFUE colony growth could be observed later than ten days post infection when the cultures were refed with medium. It was therefore concluded that the loss of BFUE colony growth after FV-P infection was an in vitro artefact due to inadequate culture conditions.", "PMID": 659522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8380", "title": "Monosaccharides and monosaccharide derivatives in human seminal plasma.", "content": "Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with an on-line data system was used to identify monosaccharides and monosaccharide derivatives in human seminal plasma. The carbohydrates were converted into the methoxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives before separation in open tubular glass capillary columns coated with SE-30. Twenty-one different compounds were detected in the seminal fluid, of which twelve have not been recognized before. Seventeen of the monosaccharides have previously been identified in urine. Similar patterns of sugars were found both in fertile and infertile individuals, including one with azoospermia. The compounds identified are, with the possible exception of D-ribose, present as free monosaccharides at the time of ejaculation, and they do not seem to be preformed by spermatozoa.", "contents": "Monosaccharides and monosaccharide derivatives in human seminal plasma. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with an on-line data system was used to identify monosaccharides and monosaccharide derivatives in human seminal plasma. The carbohydrates were converted into the methoxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives before separation in open tubular glass capillary columns coated with SE-30. Twenty-one different compounds were detected in the seminal fluid, of which twelve have not been recognized before. Seventeen of the monosaccharides have previously been identified in urine. Similar patterns of sugars were found both in fertile and infertile individuals, including one with azoospermia. The compounds identified are, with the possible exception of D-ribose, present as free monosaccharides at the time of ejaculation, and they do not seem to be preformed by spermatozoa.", "PMID": 659523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8381", "title": "Quantitative analysis of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxo-dibenz[b,e] oxepin-2-acetic acid (isoxepac) in plasma and urine by gas--liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative analysis of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxo-dibenz[b,e]-oxepin-2-acetic acid (isoxepac) in plasma and urine. Isoxepac and internal standard was analysed by gas-liquid chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The method is accurate and precise over the range 0.1--30 microgram/ml. The method has been applied to the analysis of plasma and urine from both healthy volunteers and patients receiving therapeutic oral doses of isoxepac.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxo-dibenz[b,e] oxepin-2-acetic acid (isoxepac) in plasma and urine by gas--liquid chromatography. A method is described for the quantitative analysis of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxo-dibenz[b,e]-oxepin-2-acetic acid (isoxepac) in plasma and urine. Isoxepac and internal standard was analysed by gas-liquid chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The method is accurate and precise over the range 0.1--30 microgram/ml. The method has been applied to the analysis of plasma and urine from both healthy volunteers and patients receiving therapeutic oral doses of isoxepac.", "PMID": 659525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8382", "title": "New electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mexiletine plasma levels in man.", "content": "A method for the determination of mexiletine in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection is described. Plasma samples are extracted at pH 12 with dichloromethane after addition of the internal standard, the 2,4-methyl analogue of mexiletine. A derivative is obtained using heptafluorobutyric anhydride; according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry it is a monoheptafluorobutyryl compound. The minimum detectable amount of mexiletine is 5 pg. Accurate determinations of human plasma levels were performed after oral or intravenous treatment.", "contents": "New electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mexiletine plasma levels in man. A method for the determination of mexiletine in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection is described. Plasma samples are extracted at pH 12 with dichloromethane after addition of the internal standard, the 2,4-methyl analogue of mexiletine. A derivative is obtained using heptafluorobutyric anhydride; according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry it is a monoheptafluorobutyryl compound. The minimum detectable amount of mexiletine is 5 pg. Accurate determinations of human plasma levels were performed after oral or intravenous treatment.", "PMID": 659526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8383", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of 2,4'-isobutylphenylpropionic acid (ibuprofen) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Dialysis fluid, a convenient medium for studies on drug metabolism.", "content": "2,4'-Isobutylphenylpropionic acid (ibuprofen) has previously been demonstrated to yield four urinary metabolites, formed by omega 1-, omega 2- and omega 3-hydroxylation and by a further oxidation of the primary alcohol of the omega 1-hydroxylated metabolite to a carboxyl group. By synthesis and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry the suggested structure of the omega 3-hydroxylated metabolite was verified in the present study. Moreover, a new metabolite, 2,4'-carboxyphenylpropionic acid, was demonstrated to be present in substantial amounts in dialysis fluid from a nephrectomized patient. In such patients ingested drugs cannot be excreted in the urine, but are metabolized to end products. Thus, dialysis fluid may be a convenient medium for studies on drug metabolism.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of 2,4'-isobutylphenylpropionic acid (ibuprofen) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Dialysis fluid, a convenient medium for studies on drug metabolism. 2,4'-Isobutylphenylpropionic acid (ibuprofen) has previously been demonstrated to yield four urinary metabolites, formed by omega 1-, omega 2- and omega 3-hydroxylation and by a further oxidation of the primary alcohol of the omega 1-hydroxylated metabolite to a carboxyl group. By synthesis and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry the suggested structure of the omega 3-hydroxylated metabolite was verified in the present study. Moreover, a new metabolite, 2,4'-carboxyphenylpropionic acid, was demonstrated to be present in substantial amounts in dialysis fluid from a nephrectomized patient. In such patients ingested drugs cannot be excreted in the urine, but are metabolized to end products. Thus, dialysis fluid may be a convenient medium for studies on drug metabolism.", "PMID": 659527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8384", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in plasma.", "content": "A simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is reported for the simultaneous quantitative determination of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in plasma. Following an extraction the samples are chromatographed on a reversed-phase column and the components in the column effluent are detected by fluorescence monitoring. Using 1-ml plasma samples propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol concentrations at least as low as 1 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively, can be quantitated. The reproducibility of the method is satisfactory and no interference from endogenous plasma components or other drugs has been observed. A single plasma sample can be analyzed in approximately 20 min.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in plasma. A simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is reported for the simultaneous quantitative determination of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in plasma. Following an extraction the samples are chromatographed on a reversed-phase column and the components in the column effluent are detected by fluorescence monitoring. Using 1-ml plasma samples propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol concentrations at least as low as 1 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively, can be quantitated. The reproducibility of the method is satisfactory and no interference from endogenous plasma components or other drugs has been observed. A single plasma sample can be analyzed in approximately 20 min.", "PMID": 659528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8385", "title": "The estimation of quinidine in human plasma by ion pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, accurate method for determination of quinidine in plasma has been developed using ion-pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. The method, which is capable of distinguishing between quinidine and dihydroquinidine, involves acidification of plasma with perchloric acid, extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone and chromatography of the carbonate-washed extract on a silica gel column with a mobile phase of methylene chloride-hexane-methanol--perchloric acid (60:35:5.5:0.1) followed by fluorometric detection. The procedure is sensitive to below 50 ng/ml (coefficient of variation 6.6%) and compares favourably with a standard spectrofluorometric method when tested with plasma from volunteer subjects.", "contents": "The estimation of quinidine in human plasma by ion pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid, sensitive, accurate method for determination of quinidine in plasma has been developed using ion-pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. The method, which is capable of distinguishing between quinidine and dihydroquinidine, involves acidification of plasma with perchloric acid, extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone and chromatography of the carbonate-washed extract on a silica gel column with a mobile phase of methylene chloride-hexane-methanol--perchloric acid (60:35:5.5:0.1) followed by fluorometric detection. The procedure is sensitive to below 50 ng/ml (coefficient of variation 6.6%) and compares favourably with a standard spectrofluorometric method when tested with plasma from volunteer subjects.", "PMID": 659529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8386", "title": "Determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in human plasma by quantitative thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of amitriptyline (AT) and nortriptyline (NT) in human plasma is described. Both substances are extracted from biological material by means of a single extraction. The extract is evaporated until dry and the residue quantitatively applied to a silica gel thin-layer plate. AT and NT are separated from interfering plasma components by chromatography. The spots are visualized by nitration, reduction and coupling with N-(1-naphtyl)ethylenediamine on the plate. The intensity of the azo-dyes formed can be measured densitometrically. Using 1 ml of plasma, the sensitivity limit was 0.5 ng/ml for both substances. About 10--15 plasma samples can be analysed per day. The method is applicable to pharmacokinetic studies after a single oral dose of 25 mg AT as hydrochloride in man.", "contents": "Determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in human plasma by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. A thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of amitriptyline (AT) and nortriptyline (NT) in human plasma is described. Both substances are extracted from biological material by means of a single extraction. The extract is evaporated until dry and the residue quantitatively applied to a silica gel thin-layer plate. AT and NT are separated from interfering plasma components by chromatography. The spots are visualized by nitration, reduction and coupling with N-(1-naphtyl)ethylenediamine on the plate. The intensity of the azo-dyes formed can be measured densitometrically. Using 1 ml of plasma, the sensitivity limit was 0.5 ng/ml for both substances. About 10--15 plasma samples can be analysed per day. The method is applicable to pharmacokinetic studies after a single oral dose of 25 mg AT as hydrochloride in man.", "PMID": 659530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8387", "title": "Development of an electrochemical detector for high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of brain catecholamines.", "content": "An electrochemical detector that utilizes the reduction-oxidation phenomena of electrochemically active substances has been developed for high-performance liquid chromatography. The construction and application of the detector to brain catecholamines, particularly for norepinephrine and dopamine analysis, are described. The differences between this detector and those reported previously are discussed.", "contents": "Development of an electrochemical detector for high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of brain catecholamines. An electrochemical detector that utilizes the reduction-oxidation phenomena of electrochemically active substances has been developed for high-performance liquid chromatography. The construction and application of the detector to brain catecholamines, particularly for norepinephrine and dopamine analysis, are described. The differences between this detector and those reported previously are discussed.", "PMID": 659542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8388", "title": "Determination of retinoic acid (13-cis- and all-trans-) and aromatic retinoic acid analogs possessing anti-tumor activity, in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of 13-cis- and all-trans-retinoic acid in blood or urine with an overall recovery of 90 +/- 5.0% and a limit of detection of 10-20 ng/ml of sample. The method provides for rapid and simple quantitation of the compounds using 1 ml of blood. The assay was applied in the determination of blood levels of 13-cis-retinoic acid in the dog following intravenous and oral administration of 9.5 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg doses, and in man following a single 100-mg oral dose and following divided daily doses totalling 2 mg per kg of body weight. The assay is also applicable with minor modifications to the determination of a series of aromatic retinoic acid analogs of clinical interest as anti-tumor agents.", "contents": "Determination of retinoic acid (13-cis- and all-trans-) and aromatic retinoic acid analogs possessing anti-tumor activity, in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of 13-cis- and all-trans-retinoic acid in blood or urine with an overall recovery of 90 +/- 5.0% and a limit of detection of 10-20 ng/ml of sample. The method provides for rapid and simple quantitation of the compounds using 1 ml of blood. The assay was applied in the determination of blood levels of 13-cis-retinoic acid in the dog following intravenous and oral administration of 9.5 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg doses, and in man following a single 100-mg oral dose and following divided daily doses totalling 2 mg per kg of body weight. The assay is also applicable with minor modifications to the determination of a series of aromatic retinoic acid analogs of clinical interest as anti-tumor agents.", "PMID": 659543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8389", "title": "Studies on steroids. CXXVIII. Separation and determination of bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the simultaneous determination of major bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography without prior hydrolysis. A mixture of bile acids is divided into the free, glyco- and tauro-conjugate groups by thin-layer chromatography. Separation of each group into cholate, ursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and lithocholate is attained in two stages on a muBondapak C18 column; first, 0.3% ammonium carbonate-acetonitrile (9:4) is used as a mobile phase for the separation of the last three compounds. Subsequently cholate and ursodeoxycholate are resolved by chromatography in 0.3% ammonium carbonate-acetonitrile (11:4).", "contents": "Studies on steroids. CXXVIII. Separation and determination of bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method is described for the simultaneous determination of major bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography without prior hydrolysis. A mixture of bile acids is divided into the free, glyco- and tauro-conjugate groups by thin-layer chromatography. Separation of each group into cholate, ursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and lithocholate is attained in two stages on a muBondapak C18 column; first, 0.3% ammonium carbonate-acetonitrile (9:4) is used as a mobile phase for the separation of the last three compounds. Subsequently cholate and ursodeoxycholate are resolved by chromatography in 0.3% ammonium carbonate-acetonitrile (11:4).", "PMID": 659544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8390", "title": "Oxidation of 3beta-hydroxyandrostenes by the 3beta-hydroxy-steroid oxidase (cholesterol oxidase) from Brevibacterium sterolicum prior to their analysis by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "The 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase from Brevibacterium sterolicum has been applied to the oxidation of a number of 3beta-hydroxyandrostenes, including polar steroids containing up to three other hydroxylic groups. The substrates, products, and derivatives thereof have been examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Retention index increments for these conversions, and for parallel transformations of other steroids, show considerable regularities, and together with mass spectrometric data afford characteristic structural information.", "contents": "Oxidation of 3beta-hydroxyandrostenes by the 3beta-hydroxy-steroid oxidase (cholesterol oxidase) from Brevibacterium sterolicum prior to their analysis by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase from Brevibacterium sterolicum has been applied to the oxidation of a number of 3beta-hydroxyandrostenes, including polar steroids containing up to three other hydroxylic groups. The substrates, products, and derivatives thereof have been examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Retention index increments for these conversions, and for parallel transformations of other steroids, show considerable regularities, and together with mass spectrometric data afford characteristic structural information.", "PMID": 659545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8391", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the routine estimation of disopyramide in plasma or serum.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive and specific gas-liquid chromatographic method is presented for the routine monitoring of plasma concentrations of the anti-arrhythmic compound, disopyramide. The procedure involves extraction of the drug from alkaline plasma into ether, purification of the extract and gas chromatographic analysis using OV-101 liquid phase and flame ionization detection. The results demonstrate the accuracy and reproducibility of the method. Contrary to a previous report, it has been shown that delay in separating plasma from erythrocytes does not affect the disopyramide level in plasma.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the routine estimation of disopyramide in plasma or serum. A rapid, sensitive and specific gas-liquid chromatographic method is presented for the routine monitoring of plasma concentrations of the anti-arrhythmic compound, disopyramide. The procedure involves extraction of the drug from alkaline plasma into ether, purification of the extract and gas chromatographic analysis using OV-101 liquid phase and flame ionization detection. The results demonstrate the accuracy and reproducibility of the method. Contrary to a previous report, it has been shown that delay in separating plasma from erythrocytes does not affect the disopyramide level in plasma.", "PMID": 659546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8392", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of carbofuran and two non-conjugated metabolites in crops as fluorescent dansyl derivatives.", "content": "Carbofuran, and non-conjugated 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran were extracted from carrots, corn and potatoes with acetone and partitioned into hexane-methylene chloride. The organic extract was evaporated to a small volume for clean-up on a 2% deactivated Florisil column. All three carbamates were eluted with 15% acetone in hexane. The pesticide residues were hydrolysed to their corresponding phenols with 0.1 M sodium carbonate followed by derivatization with dansyl chloride in acetone. The derivatives were extracted and analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (excitation, 360 nm; emission, greater than 400 nm). Absolute recoveries for all three compounds were between 50 and 65% for spiked samples by the extraction method used. Detection limits approached 0.01 ppm in the foods studied.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of carbofuran and two non-conjugated metabolites in crops as fluorescent dansyl derivatives. Carbofuran, and non-conjugated 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran were extracted from carrots, corn and potatoes with acetone and partitioned into hexane-methylene chloride. The organic extract was evaporated to a small volume for clean-up on a 2% deactivated Florisil column. All three carbamates were eluted with 15% acetone in hexane. The pesticide residues were hydrolysed to their corresponding phenols with 0.1 M sodium carbonate followed by derivatization with dansyl chloride in acetone. The derivatives were extracted and analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (excitation, 360 nm; emission, greater than 400 nm). Absolute recoveries for all three compounds were between 50 and 65% for spiked samples by the extraction method used. Detection limits approached 0.01 ppm in the foods studied.", "PMID": 659547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8393", "title": "Column chromatographic separation of deoxynucleotide monomethyl esters and related products of the reaction of n-methyl-n-nitrosourea with deoxynucleoside monophosphates.", "content": "Dowex 1 (HCOO-) column chromatographic procedures are described for the resolution of deoxynucleoside monophosphate monomethyl esters and other related products of the reaction of the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea with deoxynucleoside monophosphates. These procedures provide convenient methods for the isolation and estimation of the products of these reactions.", "contents": "Column chromatographic separation of deoxynucleotide monomethyl esters and related products of the reaction of n-methyl-n-nitrosourea with deoxynucleoside monophosphates. Dowex 1 (HCOO-) column chromatographic procedures are described for the resolution of deoxynucleoside monophosphate monomethyl esters and other related products of the reaction of the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea with deoxynucleoside monophosphates. These procedures provide convenient methods for the isolation and estimation of the products of these reactions.", "PMID": 659551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8394", "title": "Globin chain separation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Simple screening method for elongated hemoglobin chains.", "content": "A simple method for the separation of hemoglobin chains from hemolysate or globin, by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is described. The alpha, beta, and gamma chains can be clearly separated from each other. The alpha chain has the highest mobility, the beta chain has a slower mobility than the gamma chain, while the delta chain has about the same mobility as the beta chain. Hemoglobins with elongated chains can easily be detected by this method. Tak-beta, elongated by 11 residues, moves much more slowly than betaA but is much faster than alpha Constant Spring which is elongated by 31 residues. Screening of several individuals with slow-moving hemoglobins using this method led to the finding of a case with Hb Tak-beta thalassemia and other carriers of Hb Tak.", "contents": "Globin chain separation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Simple screening method for elongated hemoglobin chains. A simple method for the separation of hemoglobin chains from hemolysate or globin, by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is described. The alpha, beta, and gamma chains can be clearly separated from each other. The alpha chain has the highest mobility, the beta chain has a slower mobility than the gamma chain, while the delta chain has about the same mobility as the beta chain. Hemoglobins with elongated chains can easily be detected by this method. Tak-beta, elongated by 11 residues, moves much more slowly than betaA but is much faster than alpha Constant Spring which is elongated by 31 residues. Screening of several individuals with slow-moving hemoglobins using this method led to the finding of a case with Hb Tak-beta thalassemia and other carriers of Hb Tak.", "PMID": 659552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8395", "title": "Direct gas chromatographic analysis of cyclic N-nitrosamines.", "content": "A rapid gas chromatographic technique has been developed for quantitative estimation of cyclic N-nitrosamines. Cumbersome clean-up procedures are unnecessary and quantitative estimation can be done by injecting hexane extract without further pretreatment. The detection limit for the procedures is ca. 0.5 ng.", "contents": "Direct gas chromatographic analysis of cyclic N-nitrosamines. A rapid gas chromatographic technique has been developed for quantitative estimation of cyclic N-nitrosamines. Cumbersome clean-up procedures are unnecessary and quantitative estimation can be done by injecting hexane extract without further pretreatment. The detection limit for the procedures is ca. 0.5 ng.", "PMID": 659553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8396", "title": "Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of indomethacin in biological fluids.", "content": "A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method for the analysis of indomethacin has been developed. After extraction of the drug from blood or urine with ethylene dichrloride a derivative is formed with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. 5-Fluoro-indomethacin is used as an internal standard. The overall recovery of indomethacin is 85.1 +/- 2.3% and the method can detect 10 ng indomethacin in a 1 ml plasma or urine sample. No interference in the method is seen with some commonly used drugs. The method has been used to measure plasma indomethacin concentrations in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, being treated with 25 mg indomethacin three times daily. The plasma concentration ranged from 168-596 ng/ml.", "contents": "Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of indomethacin in biological fluids. A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method for the analysis of indomethacin has been developed. After extraction of the drug from blood or urine with ethylene dichrloride a derivative is formed with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. 5-Fluoro-indomethacin is used as an internal standard. The overall recovery of indomethacin is 85.1 +/- 2.3% and the method can detect 10 ng indomethacin in a 1 ml plasma or urine sample. No interference in the method is seen with some commonly used drugs. The method has been used to measure plasma indomethacin concentrations in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, being treated with 25 mg indomethacin three times daily. The plasma concentration ranged from 168-596 ng/ml.", "PMID": 659554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8397", "title": "Determination of indomethacin in serum by an extractive alkylation technique and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for determining indomethacin in serum has been developed, involving extractive alkylation, in which indomethacin is converted into its ethyl ester, and subsequent gas chromatographic determination of the ester. The method is specific and permits the determination of amounts down to 50 ng/ml in serum. The indomethacin concentration in serum was followed for 24 h after oral and rectal application and the results are compared with those reported in the literature.", "contents": "Determination of indomethacin in serum by an extractive alkylation technique and gas-liquid chromatography. A method for determining indomethacin in serum has been developed, involving extractive alkylation, in which indomethacin is converted into its ethyl ester, and subsequent gas chromatographic determination of the ester. The method is specific and permits the determination of amounts down to 50 ng/ml in serum. The indomethacin concentration in serum was followed for 24 h after oral and rectal application and the results are compared with those reported in the literature.", "PMID": 659555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8398", "title": "Rapid and sensitive method for determination of haloperidol in human samples using nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection.", "content": "A sensitive gas-chromatographic method for quantitative analysis of haloperidol in human plasma is described. The use of nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection reduces the time required for analysis. Azaperone is used as the internal reference standard. The method is suitable for the determination of haloperidol plasma levels in patients treated with doses ranging from 1.2 to 200 mg/day. No interference from drugs needed in the associated antipsychotic therapy has been found. The simplicity, specificity and sensitivity of the method make it suitable for routine analysis of haloperidol plasma levels in psychotic patients undergoing chronic treatment.", "contents": "Rapid and sensitive method for determination of haloperidol in human samples using nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection. A sensitive gas-chromatographic method for quantitative analysis of haloperidol in human plasma is described. The use of nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection reduces the time required for analysis. Azaperone is used as the internal reference standard. The method is suitable for the determination of haloperidol plasma levels in patients treated with doses ranging from 1.2 to 200 mg/day. No interference from drugs needed in the associated antipsychotic therapy has been found. The simplicity, specificity and sensitivity of the method make it suitable for routine analysis of haloperidol plasma levels in psychotic patients undergoing chronic treatment.", "PMID": 659556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8399", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in plasma from leukemic patients.", "content": "A method is given for the determination of daunorubicin and its main metabolite, daunorubicinol, in plasma from leukemic patients after administration of daunorubicin as the free drug or as a complex with DNA. Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol are extracted from 2 ml of plasma (pH 8.1) using a mixture of chloroform and 1-heptanol (9:1). After re-extraction into phosphoric acid (0.1 M), the separation is performed as reversed phase liquid chromatography on a LiChrosorb RP-2 (5 micrometer) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water, acidified with phosphoric acid. The precision, by quantitation with a photometric detector, was better than 2% within the range 20 ng/ml to 200 ng/ml. Some determinations of plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol are presented.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in plasma from leukemic patients. A method is given for the determination of daunorubicin and its main metabolite, daunorubicinol, in plasma from leukemic patients after administration of daunorubicin as the free drug or as a complex with DNA. Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol are extracted from 2 ml of plasma (pH 8.1) using a mixture of chloroform and 1-heptanol (9:1). After re-extraction into phosphoric acid (0.1 M), the separation is performed as reversed phase liquid chromatography on a LiChrosorb RP-2 (5 micrometer) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water, acidified with phosphoric acid. The precision, by quantitation with a photometric detector, was better than 2% within the range 20 ng/ml to 200 ng/ml. Some determinations of plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol are presented.", "PMID": 659557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8400", "title": "Clean-up procedure for the extraction of soil samples in the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "This paper describes the method which was developed in relation to analytical work connected with microbial and physico-chemical degradation experiments on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Soil samples are best extracted with methanol plus methylene chloride. Microbial preparations are extracted with light petroleum after boiling with methanolic potassium hydroxide. The clean-up consists of a sulphuric acid treatment and chromatography on a multilayer column (Celite + H2SO4/silica gel) followed by alumina column chromatography. The clean-up procedure proved to be suitable for soil samples and microbial preparations even when large quantities of organic matter (hydrocarbons, oils, surfactants) were present.", "contents": "Clean-up procedure for the extraction of soil samples in the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. This paper describes the method which was developed in relation to analytical work connected with microbial and physico-chemical degradation experiments on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Soil samples are best extracted with methanol plus methylene chloride. Microbial preparations are extracted with light petroleum after boiling with methanolic potassium hydroxide. The clean-up consists of a sulphuric acid treatment and chromatography on a multilayer column (Celite + H2SO4/silica gel) followed by alumina column chromatography. The clean-up procedure proved to be suitable for soil samples and microbial preparations even when large quantities of organic matter (hydrocarbons, oils, surfactants) were present.", "PMID": 659558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8401", "title": "Application of ion-exchange and lipophilic-gel chromatography to the purification and group fractionation of steroidal spirolactones, isolated from biological fluids.", "content": "Chromatography of steroidal spirolactones on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 under selected pH conditions allowed efficient separation of these compounds from other steroids and many of the endogenous components of human urine. The spirolactones were recovered in high yield, mostly over 90%. Lipophilic-gel chromatography provided a useful method for group fractionation of mixtures of these spirolactones with high recoveries (generally over 90%), unaffected by the presence of endogenous material from normal human urine.", "contents": "Application of ion-exchange and lipophilic-gel chromatography to the purification and group fractionation of steroidal spirolactones, isolated from biological fluids. Chromatography of steroidal spirolactones on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 under selected pH conditions allowed efficient separation of these compounds from other steroids and many of the endogenous components of human urine. The spirolactones were recovered in high yield, mostly over 90%. Lipophilic-gel chromatography provided a useful method for group fractionation of mixtures of these spirolactones with high recoveries (generally over 90%), unaffected by the presence of endogenous material from normal human urine.", "PMID": 659562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8402", "title": "Simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of disopyramide in blood-plasma or serum and in urine.", "content": "A simple method has been developed for the measurement of disopyramide in blood-plasma or serum at the concentrations attained during therapy. A relatively small (200 microliter) sample volume is made basic and extracted with 50 microliter of chloroform containing an internal standard, and the extract is analysed directly by gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The instrument calibration is linear and passes through the origin of the graph. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are used in the extraction procedure, which takes less than 3 min to complete, and urine specimens may be analysed by an analogous technique. No interference from either endogenous sample constituents or other drugs has been observed, although a simple back-extraction procedure is described which eliminates potential interference from a small number of basic and neutral drugs.", "contents": "Simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of disopyramide in blood-plasma or serum and in urine. A simple method has been developed for the measurement of disopyramide in blood-plasma or serum at the concentrations attained during therapy. A relatively small (200 microliter) sample volume is made basic and extracted with 50 microliter of chloroform containing an internal standard, and the extract is analysed directly by gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The instrument calibration is linear and passes through the origin of the graph. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are used in the extraction procedure, which takes less than 3 min to complete, and urine specimens may be analysed by an analogous technique. No interference from either endogenous sample constituents or other drugs has been observed, although a simple back-extraction procedure is described which eliminates potential interference from a small number of basic and neutral drugs.", "PMID": 659563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8403", "title": "Analysis of chlormethiazole, ethchlorvynol and trichloroethanol in biological fluids by gas-liquid chromatography as an aid to the diagnosis of acute poisoning.", "content": "A simple method has been developed whereby chlormethiazole, ethchlorvynol and trichloroethanol can be simultaneously detected and measured in biological fluids. The procedure is based upon the rapid extraction of a small (50-microliter) sample volume with an equal volume of chloroform containing an internal standard, followed by the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of this extract. Specimens of blood plasma or serum, urine and gastric contents can be used, and no interference from either endogenous or exogenous sources has been observed. The method is suitable for the measurement of the plasma concentrations of these compounds attained after overdosage.", "contents": "Analysis of chlormethiazole, ethchlorvynol and trichloroethanol in biological fluids by gas-liquid chromatography as an aid to the diagnosis of acute poisoning. A simple method has been developed whereby chlormethiazole, ethchlorvynol and trichloroethanol can be simultaneously detected and measured in biological fluids. The procedure is based upon the rapid extraction of a small (50-microliter) sample volume with an equal volume of chloroform containing an internal standard, followed by the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of this extract. Specimens of blood plasma or serum, urine and gastric contents can be used, and no interference from either endogenous or exogenous sources has been observed. The method is suitable for the measurement of the plasma concentrations of these compounds attained after overdosage.", "PMID": 659564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8404", "title": "Rubella virus hemagglutination with human and animal erythrocytes: effect of age and trypsinization.", "content": "Sensitivity to rubella virus hemagglutination differs considerably with newborn as opposed to adult erythrocytes (RBC) in several animal species. In humans, cord RBC are 16 times more sensitive to hemagglutination, whereas hemagglutination titers with newborn RBC are 6 to 16 times higher in chickens, mice, and rabbits. This higher sensitivity is, however, short-lived, and adult RBC values are observed 7 days after birth in mice. Trypsinization has no effect on newborn RBC, but increases sensitivity of adult RBC to that of neonatal RBC and tends to diminish differences among individuals. On the other hand, trypsinization does not further enhance the very high sensitivity of pigeon, duck, and goose RBC or the low sensitivity of both newborn and adult guinea pig RBC. Human cord RBC proved suitable for use in hemagglutination-inhibition tests, since they gave titers comparable to those obtained with other types of RBC and offered some advantages: by comparison with animal RBC, they did not require adsorption to remove nonspecific agglutinins; by comparison with adult human RBC, they did not need trypsinization.", "contents": "Rubella virus hemagglutination with human and animal erythrocytes: effect of age and trypsinization. Sensitivity to rubella virus hemagglutination differs considerably with newborn as opposed to adult erythrocytes (RBC) in several animal species. In humans, cord RBC are 16 times more sensitive to hemagglutination, whereas hemagglutination titers with newborn RBC are 6 to 16 times higher in chickens, mice, and rabbits. This higher sensitivity is, however, short-lived, and adult RBC values are observed 7 days after birth in mice. Trypsinization has no effect on newborn RBC, but increases sensitivity of adult RBC to that of neonatal RBC and tends to diminish differences among individuals. On the other hand, trypsinization does not further enhance the very high sensitivity of pigeon, duck, and goose RBC or the low sensitivity of both newborn and adult guinea pig RBC. Human cord RBC proved suitable for use in hemagglutination-inhibition tests, since they gave titers comparable to those obtained with other types of RBC and offered some advantages: by comparison with animal RBC, they did not require adsorption to remove nonspecific agglutinins; by comparison with adult human RBC, they did not need trypsinization.", "PMID": 659573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8405", "title": "New medium for selection and presumptive identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group.", "content": "A medium, Bacteroides fragilis bile-esculin (BBE) agar, was designed for the selection and, presumptive identification of the B. fragilis group. BBE agar contains bile, esculin, ferric ammonium citrate, hemin, and gentamicin in a Trypticase soy agar base. Growth in the presence of 20% bile and esculin hydrolysis, detected by blackening of the medium, provide presumptive evidence for the identification of the B. fragilis group. In addition to stimulating the growth of many strains of the B. fragilis group, hemin provides the option of testing isolates for catalase production. Gentamicin and bile prevent the growth of most organisms other than the esculin-positive bacteroides that can tolerate bile. Of 160 clinical isolates of the B. fragilis group tested on BBE agar, 159 grew well on the medium and 157 blackened it. Other anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, and enterococci either failed to grow on BBE agar or did not produce the characteristic morphology and blackening associated with isolates of the B. fragilis group. In a clinical laboratory trial, 687 specimens from patients were inoculated onto BBE agar plates. The B. fragilis group was recovered from 81 (11.8%) of these specimens in 24 to 48 h. Use of BBE agar in the clinical laboratory enables earlier recovery and identification of this important pathogen.", "contents": "New medium for selection and presumptive identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group. A medium, Bacteroides fragilis bile-esculin (BBE) agar, was designed for the selection and, presumptive identification of the B. fragilis group. BBE agar contains bile, esculin, ferric ammonium citrate, hemin, and gentamicin in a Trypticase soy agar base. Growth in the presence of 20% bile and esculin hydrolysis, detected by blackening of the medium, provide presumptive evidence for the identification of the B. fragilis group. In addition to stimulating the growth of many strains of the B. fragilis group, hemin provides the option of testing isolates for catalase production. Gentamicin and bile prevent the growth of most organisms other than the esculin-positive bacteroides that can tolerate bile. Of 160 clinical isolates of the B. fragilis group tested on BBE agar, 159 grew well on the medium and 157 blackened it. Other anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, and enterococci either failed to grow on BBE agar or did not produce the characteristic morphology and blackening associated with isolates of the B. fragilis group. In a clinical laboratory trial, 687 specimens from patients were inoculated onto BBE agar plates. The B. fragilis group was recovered from 81 (11.8%) of these specimens in 24 to 48 h. Use of BBE agar in the clinical laboratory enables earlier recovery and identification of this important pathogen.", "PMID": 659574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8406", "title": "Evaluation of the card test for diagnosis of human brucellosis.", "content": "The relative efficacy of the card test in the diagnosis of human brucellosis was evaluated by comparison with four other tests: the standard tube agglutination test, centrifugation agglutination test, 2-mercaptoethanol degradation technique, and 2-mercaptoethanol centrifugation agglutination test. A total of 1,701 serum specimens from persons with various degrees of potential exposure to brucella organisms or cross-reactive antigens were used in this study. In comparison with standard tube agglutination results, the card test had a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 84.1%. The card-test antigen was nonreactive with serum specimens from tularemia patients and cholera vaccinees. Our data indicated that this test measures both immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M agglutinins. The value of the card test in the presumptive serological diagnosis of clinical brucellosis in humans appears to be low; however, the card test may be of value in serological surveys to delineate high-risk populations.", "contents": "Evaluation of the card test for diagnosis of human brucellosis. The relative efficacy of the card test in the diagnosis of human brucellosis was evaluated by comparison with four other tests: the standard tube agglutination test, centrifugation agglutination test, 2-mercaptoethanol degradation technique, and 2-mercaptoethanol centrifugation agglutination test. A total of 1,701 serum specimens from persons with various degrees of potential exposure to brucella organisms or cross-reactive antigens were used in this study. In comparison with standard tube agglutination results, the card test had a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 84.1%. The card-test antigen was nonreactive with serum specimens from tularemia patients and cholera vaccinees. Our data indicated that this test measures both immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M agglutinins. The value of the card test in the presumptive serological diagnosis of clinical brucellosis in humans appears to be low; however, the card test may be of value in serological surveys to delineate high-risk populations.", "PMID": 659575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8407", "title": "Polycythemia vera. The in vitro response of normal and abnormal stem cell lines to erythropoietin.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from two glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) heterozygotes with polycythemia vera were cultured to determine whether progenitors which wre not of the polycythemia vera clone were present, and, if present, which cell lines contributed to the increase in erythroid colonies observed in response to added erythropoietin (ESF). To accomplish this, the G-6-PD isoenzyme activity of individual erythroid colonies was determined. All of the erythroid colonies analyzed in cultures without added ESF, contained the G-6-PD isoenzyme type characteristic of the abnormal clone. With higher ESF concentrations in the culture, however, there was an increase in the colonies that were not of the polycythemia vera clone. Analysis of the ratio of the various types of colonies indicated that normal and polycythemia vera cells are capable of responding to ESF in vitro. In selected patients, this technique permits analysis of the ratios of normal to abnormal cells during the course of the disease, in response to therapy and during late complications, such as myelofibrosis or leukemic transformation.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera. The in vitro response of normal and abnormal stem cell lines to erythropoietin. Bone marrow cells from two glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) heterozygotes with polycythemia vera were cultured to determine whether progenitors which wre not of the polycythemia vera clone were present, and, if present, which cell lines contributed to the increase in erythroid colonies observed in response to added erythropoietin (ESF). To accomplish this, the G-6-PD isoenzyme activity of individual erythroid colonies was determined. All of the erythroid colonies analyzed in cultures without added ESF, contained the G-6-PD isoenzyme type characteristic of the abnormal clone. With higher ESF concentrations in the culture, however, there was an increase in the colonies that were not of the polycythemia vera clone. Analysis of the ratio of the various types of colonies indicated that normal and polycythemia vera cells are capable of responding to ESF in vitro. In selected patients, this technique permits analysis of the ratios of normal to abnormal cells during the course of the disease, in response to therapy and during late complications, such as myelofibrosis or leukemic transformation.", "PMID": 659576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8408", "title": "Effects of coronary artery reperfusion on myocardial infarct size calculated from creatine kinase.", "content": "The effects of coronary artery reperfusion at 1 and 3 h after occlusion on infarct size (IS) in the conscious dog were compared with a second group of dogs that were not reperfused (24 h occlusion). Infarct size was calculated from creatine kinase (CK) appearing in blood samples (IS(s)) and myocardial CK depletion (IS(m)), and determined from gross and histological inspection of the pathological tissue (IS(p)). Under both conditions, IS(m) correlated well with IS(p). In dogs with 24-h coronary occlusions, IS(s) correlated well with IS(m) (IS(s) = 14.26 + 1.18 x IS(m), r = 0.92). In reperfused dogs, the relationship remained linear but was altered (IS(s) = 15.33 + 2.07 x IS(m), r = 0.89). The slope was significantly greater, P <0.05, than that observed for dogs that were not reperfused, suggesting that more CK appeared in serum per gram of infarct. Similarly, significantly different relationships were observed in the reperfused and nonreperfused dogs, when IS(s) was compared with IS(p). Moreover, the configuration of the serial blood CK curve was changed significantly by reperfusion. In dogs with a 24-h occlusion, CK rose gradually to a peak at 11.4+/-0.5 h. In dogs reperfused at 3 h, CK rose sharply at 3 h and reached a peak at 6.8+/-0.5 h, significantly earlier (P <0.01) than occurred in dogs reperfused at 1 h, i.e., when the peak occurred at 4.2+/-0.4 h. The rapid appearance of CK in blood after reperfusion at 1 and 3 h suggested a washout phenomena. Thus, reperfusion alters the shape of the serial blood CK curve and results in a different linear relationship between calculated and measured infarct size, resulting in greater recovery of CK in blood per unit of infarcted myocardium.", "contents": "Effects of coronary artery reperfusion on myocardial infarct size calculated from creatine kinase. The effects of coronary artery reperfusion at 1 and 3 h after occlusion on infarct size (IS) in the conscious dog were compared with a second group of dogs that were not reperfused (24 h occlusion). Infarct size was calculated from creatine kinase (CK) appearing in blood samples (IS(s)) and myocardial CK depletion (IS(m)), and determined from gross and histological inspection of the pathological tissue (IS(p)). Under both conditions, IS(m) correlated well with IS(p). In dogs with 24-h coronary occlusions, IS(s) correlated well with IS(m) (IS(s) = 14.26 + 1.18 x IS(m), r = 0.92). In reperfused dogs, the relationship remained linear but was altered (IS(s) = 15.33 + 2.07 x IS(m), r = 0.89). The slope was significantly greater, P <0.05, than that observed for dogs that were not reperfused, suggesting that more CK appeared in serum per gram of infarct. Similarly, significantly different relationships were observed in the reperfused and nonreperfused dogs, when IS(s) was compared with IS(p). Moreover, the configuration of the serial blood CK curve was changed significantly by reperfusion. In dogs with a 24-h occlusion, CK rose gradually to a peak at 11.4+/-0.5 h. In dogs reperfused at 3 h, CK rose sharply at 3 h and reached a peak at 6.8+/-0.5 h, significantly earlier (P <0.01) than occurred in dogs reperfused at 1 h, i.e., when the peak occurred at 4.2+/-0.4 h. The rapid appearance of CK in blood after reperfusion at 1 and 3 h suggested a washout phenomena. Thus, reperfusion alters the shape of the serial blood CK curve and results in a different linear relationship between calculated and measured infarct size, resulting in greater recovery of CK in blood per unit of infarcted myocardium.", "PMID": 659577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8409", "title": "125I-insulin binding to cultured human lymphocytes. Initial localization and fate of hormone determined by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Morphologic and biochemical studies indicate that the initial action of insulin is binding to a cell surface receptor. Whether further translocation of the hormone, or a product of the hormone, occurs is unclear and has not been investigated by direct means. To determine the fate of 125I-insulin bound to its receptor, we have examined the distribution of radioactivity by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. Cultured lymphocytes of the IM-9 cell line were incubated with 0.1 nM 125I-insulin at 15 degrees and 37 degreesC for incubation periods extending from 2 to 90 min. At 15 degreesC, grains localize to the plasma membane and there is no translocation as a function of time. At 37 degreesC, grains predominantly localize to the plasma membrane but there is a small shift in distribution to a distance of 300-700 nm from the plasma membrane. This small additional band component of irradiation extends to approximately to10--15% of the cell radius. When a morphometric analysis is applied to grains extending 300 nm and beyond from the plasma membrane, we find no preferential localization to any intracellular organelle. We interpret these data to indicate that in the cultured lymphocyte, labeled insulin initially localizes to the plasma membrane but as fuanction of time and increasing temperature there is a small but definite translocation of the hormone or a product of the hormone to a hihgly limited aea of the cell periphery.", "contents": "125I-insulin binding to cultured human lymphocytes. Initial localization and fate of hormone determined by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. Morphologic and biochemical studies indicate that the initial action of insulin is binding to a cell surface receptor. Whether further translocation of the hormone, or a product of the hormone, occurs is unclear and has not been investigated by direct means. To determine the fate of 125I-insulin bound to its receptor, we have examined the distribution of radioactivity by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. Cultured lymphocytes of the IM-9 cell line were incubated with 0.1 nM 125I-insulin at 15 degrees and 37 degreesC for incubation periods extending from 2 to 90 min. At 15 degreesC, grains localize to the plasma membane and there is no translocation as a function of time. At 37 degreesC, grains predominantly localize to the plasma membrane but there is a small shift in distribution to a distance of 300-700 nm from the plasma membrane. This small additional band component of irradiation extends to approximately to10--15% of the cell radius. When a morphometric analysis is applied to grains extending 300 nm and beyond from the plasma membrane, we find no preferential localization to any intracellular organelle. We interpret these data to indicate that in the cultured lymphocyte, labeled insulin initially localizes to the plasma membrane but as fuanction of time and increasing temperature there is a small but definite translocation of the hormone or a product of the hormone to a hihgly limited aea of the cell periphery.", "PMID": 659578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8410", "title": "Abnormal erythrocyte membrane protein pattern in severe megaloblastic anemia.", "content": "The erythrocyte membrane protein pattern of patients with megaloblastic anemia was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. In severe megaloblastic anemia, secondary either to folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency, the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern was grossly abnormal, lacking bands 1, 2 (spectrin), and 3 and having several diffuse, faster migrating bands. After adequate vitamin replacement therapy, the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern returned to normal. In mild megaloblastic anemia, secondary either to folic acid of vitamin B12 deficiency, and in severe iron deficiency anemia, the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern was normal. Erythrocyte membrane protein pattern of normal membranes did not change after mixing with abnormal membranes before polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Protease activity extracted from membranes of megalocytes was not different from normal. These findings indicate that the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern is abnormal in severe megaloblastic anemia and that this abnormality is not secondary to increased activity of the endogenous erythrocyte membrane proteinase.", "contents": "Abnormal erythrocyte membrane protein pattern in severe megaloblastic anemia. The erythrocyte membrane protein pattern of patients with megaloblastic anemia was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. In severe megaloblastic anemia, secondary either to folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency, the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern was grossly abnormal, lacking bands 1, 2 (spectrin), and 3 and having several diffuse, faster migrating bands. After adequate vitamin replacement therapy, the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern returned to normal. In mild megaloblastic anemia, secondary either to folic acid of vitamin B12 deficiency, and in severe iron deficiency anemia, the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern was normal. Erythrocyte membrane protein pattern of normal membranes did not change after mixing with abnormal membranes before polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Protease activity extracted from membranes of megalocytes was not different from normal. These findings indicate that the erythrocyte membrane protein pattern is abnormal in severe megaloblastic anemia and that this abnormality is not secondary to increased activity of the endogenous erythrocyte membrane proteinase.", "PMID": 659579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8411", "title": "Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in conscious sodium-depleted dogs. Effects on systemic and coronary hemodynamics.", "content": "The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of the systemic and coronary circulations during sodium depletion was studied in conscious normotensive dogs by i.v. administration of teprotide (0.5 mg/kg), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and saralasin (0.05-5 mug/kg per min), an angiotensin-receptor antagonist. Sodium depletion was produced by administering a low sodium diet and furosemide for 5 days. Administration of both teprotide and saralasin lowered systemic arterial blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance. Simultaneously, cardiac output increased, but left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, dP/dt, and dP/dt/P did not change significantly. Furthermore, both agents reduced diastolic coronary vascular resistance and increased coronary blood flow, but did not affect myocardial oxygen consumption, left ventricular work, or myocardial efficiency. These systemic and coronary vasodilator effects of teprotide and saralasin, however, were not observed in normal dogs on a regular sodium diet; in this group, the only effect noted was a slight increase in arterial pressure during saralasin infusion. Arterial plasma concentration of norepinephrine did not differ between normal and sodiumdepleted dogs, nor did it change significantly after teprotide administration. These results suggest that, during salt depletion, angiotensin II exerts an active vasoconstrictor action on the systemic and coronary vessels, but has no significant effects on myocardial contractility or energetics. It also appears likely that the increase in cardiac output observed in sodiumdepleted dogs after angiotensin inhibition was caused, at least in part, by the decrease in systemic arterial pressure.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in conscious sodium-depleted dogs. Effects on systemic and coronary hemodynamics. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of the systemic and coronary circulations during sodium depletion was studied in conscious normotensive dogs by i.v. administration of teprotide (0.5 mg/kg), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and saralasin (0.05-5 mug/kg per min), an angiotensin-receptor antagonist. Sodium depletion was produced by administering a low sodium diet and furosemide for 5 days. Administration of both teprotide and saralasin lowered systemic arterial blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance. Simultaneously, cardiac output increased, but left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, dP/dt, and dP/dt/P did not change significantly. Furthermore, both agents reduced diastolic coronary vascular resistance and increased coronary blood flow, but did not affect myocardial oxygen consumption, left ventricular work, or myocardial efficiency. These systemic and coronary vasodilator effects of teprotide and saralasin, however, were not observed in normal dogs on a regular sodium diet; in this group, the only effect noted was a slight increase in arterial pressure during saralasin infusion. Arterial plasma concentration of norepinephrine did not differ between normal and sodiumdepleted dogs, nor did it change significantly after teprotide administration. These results suggest that, during salt depletion, angiotensin II exerts an active vasoconstrictor action on the systemic and coronary vessels, but has no significant effects on myocardial contractility or energetics. It also appears likely that the increase in cardiac output observed in sodiumdepleted dogs after angiotensin inhibition was caused, at least in part, by the decrease in systemic arterial pressure.", "PMID": 659580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8412", "title": "A micropuncture study of renal phosphate transport in rats with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were carried out in rats to determine changes in tubular transport of phosphate which occur in chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Rats underwent subtotal nephrectomy (NX) and were fed a low calcium, high phosphorus diet for 3--4 wk. Other groups consisted of normal control animals, normal rats infused with sodium phosphate to raise filtered load of phosphate, subtotal NX rats parathyroidectomized (PTX) on the day of experiment, and normal PTX rats infused with sodium phosphate. It was found that filtered phosphate/nephron is markedly increased in subtotal NX rats due to high single nephron filtration rates, proximal tubular fluid plasma phosphate ratios are less than 1.0, and fractional reabsorption of phosphate is decreased in the proximal tubule. More phosphate was present in the final urine than in surface distal convoluted tubules. Acute PTX in subtotal NX rats resulted in a striking increase in proximal phosphate reabsorption, and urinary phosphate became approximately equal to that remaining in surface distal tubules. Phosphate loading in normal rats reduced fractional reabsorption in the proximal tubule, but urinary phosphate was not greater than that at the end of surface distal tubules. Acute PTX in normal phosphate-loaded animals had no significant effect on proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption. These observations suggest that phosphate homeostasis in chronic renal failure is acheived by inhibition of proximal phosphate reabsorption, counteracting a greatly enhanced intrinsic capacity for reabsorption. In addition, the large amount of urinary phosphate is consistent either with secretion by the collecting ducts or with a disproportionately high contribution by deep nephrons. The changes in phosphate transport are mediated by parathyroid hormone and are completely abolished by acute removal of the hormone.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of renal phosphate transport in rats with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Micropuncture studies were carried out in rats to determine changes in tubular transport of phosphate which occur in chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Rats underwent subtotal nephrectomy (NX) and were fed a low calcium, high phosphorus diet for 3--4 wk. Other groups consisted of normal control animals, normal rats infused with sodium phosphate to raise filtered load of phosphate, subtotal NX rats parathyroidectomized (PTX) on the day of experiment, and normal PTX rats infused with sodium phosphate. It was found that filtered phosphate/nephron is markedly increased in subtotal NX rats due to high single nephron filtration rates, proximal tubular fluid plasma phosphate ratios are less than 1.0, and fractional reabsorption of phosphate is decreased in the proximal tubule. More phosphate was present in the final urine than in surface distal convoluted tubules. Acute PTX in subtotal NX rats resulted in a striking increase in proximal phosphate reabsorption, and urinary phosphate became approximately equal to that remaining in surface distal tubules. Phosphate loading in normal rats reduced fractional reabsorption in the proximal tubule, but urinary phosphate was not greater than that at the end of surface distal tubules. Acute PTX in normal phosphate-loaded animals had no significant effect on proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption. These observations suggest that phosphate homeostasis in chronic renal failure is acheived by inhibition of proximal phosphate reabsorption, counteracting a greatly enhanced intrinsic capacity for reabsorption. In addition, the large amount of urinary phosphate is consistent either with secretion by the collecting ducts or with a disproportionately high contribution by deep nephrons. The changes in phosphate transport are mediated by parathyroid hormone and are completely abolished by acute removal of the hormone.", "PMID": 659581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8413", "title": "The acute effects of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody upon glomerular filtration in the rat. The influence of dose and complement depletion.", "content": "Recent studies from this laboratory have revealed that single nephron filtration rate (sngfr) decreases significantly within 1 h of the administration of large doses of complement-fixing antiglomerular basement membrane antibody (AGBM Ab) in plasma-expanded Munich-Wistar rats. This reduction in sngfr was due to decreases in nephron plasma flow (rf) and the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA) utilizing direct evaluation of all pertinent pressures, flows, and permeabilities. With identical micropuncture techniques, we have determined (a) the respective influences of rpf and LpA upon sngfr by examining the effects of differing doses of AGBM Ab, and (b) the specific effect of complement fixation upon the reduction in sngfr. In normal rats, low dose (1.4 microgram/g body wt) AGBM Ab decreased sngfr from 57.9 +/- 3.4 to 50.8+/- 3.9 nl/min per g kidney wt (kw) (P less than 0.001), and this was due to a 10% reduction in rpf and a decrease in LpA FROM 0.069 +/- 0.014 in control to 0.041 +/- 0.007 nl/s per g kw per mm Hg (P less than 0.02). At the high dose (2.3 microgram/g body wt), sngfr fell dramatically from 58.4 +/- 4.0 to 7.6 +/- 3.8 nl/min per g kw (P less than 0.001), and this effect upon filtration was the result of an 86% reduction in rpf and a decrease in LpA from 0.092 +/- 0.020 to 0.007 +/- 0.004 nl/s per g kw mm Hg (P less than 0.001). Therefore, at lower doses sngfr fell primarily as a result of a 40% reduction in LpA and a 10% decrease in rpf; however, at the high dose massive reductions in both rps and LpA led to the large decrease in sngfr. In complement-depleted rats, receiving identical doses, low-dose AGBM Ab no longer reduced the sngfr, but a reduction in LpA persisted (other factors compensating to maintain sngfr). At the high dose, complement depletion ameliorated the reduction in sngfr (55.1 +/- 2.4 to 37.2 +/- 3.4 nl/min per g kw mm Hg) by nearly eliminating the vasoconstriction but only partially diminished the reduction in LpA (0.097 +/- 0.020 to 0.032 +/- 0.004 nl/s per g kw mm Hg, P less than 0.05). Complement depletion prevented the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (present in larger numbers after the high dose of AGBM Ab) into the capillary and eliminated vasoconstriction. Complement depletion resulted in a lesser effect of high-dose AGBM Ab upon LpA than in normal rats, and this is likely due to lesser polymorphonuclear leukocyte effects upon capillary surface area. The persistent reduction in LpA observed in complement-depleted rats correlated with separation of the endothelial cell from the glomerular basement membrane after AGBM Ab, AGBM Ab diminished glomerular ultrafiltration by decreasing LpA and altering the endothelial surface of the glomerular membrane, and this effect is not totally dependent upon the fixation of complement.", "contents": "The acute effects of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody upon glomerular filtration in the rat. The influence of dose and complement depletion. Recent studies from this laboratory have revealed that single nephron filtration rate (sngfr) decreases significantly within 1 h of the administration of large doses of complement-fixing antiglomerular basement membrane antibody (AGBM Ab) in plasma-expanded Munich-Wistar rats. This reduction in sngfr was due to decreases in nephron plasma flow (rf) and the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA) utilizing direct evaluation of all pertinent pressures, flows, and permeabilities. With identical micropuncture techniques, we have determined (a) the respective influences of rpf and LpA upon sngfr by examining the effects of differing doses of AGBM Ab, and (b) the specific effect of complement fixation upon the reduction in sngfr. In normal rats, low dose (1.4 microgram/g body wt) AGBM Ab decreased sngfr from 57.9 +/- 3.4 to 50.8+/- 3.9 nl/min per g kidney wt (kw) (P less than 0.001), and this was due to a 10% reduction in rpf and a decrease in LpA FROM 0.069 +/- 0.014 in control to 0.041 +/- 0.007 nl/s per g kw per mm Hg (P less than 0.02). At the high dose (2.3 microgram/g body wt), sngfr fell dramatically from 58.4 +/- 4.0 to 7.6 +/- 3.8 nl/min per g kw (P less than 0.001), and this effect upon filtration was the result of an 86% reduction in rpf and a decrease in LpA from 0.092 +/- 0.020 to 0.007 +/- 0.004 nl/s per g kw mm Hg (P less than 0.001). Therefore, at lower doses sngfr fell primarily as a result of a 40% reduction in LpA and a 10% decrease in rpf; however, at the high dose massive reductions in both rps and LpA led to the large decrease in sngfr. In complement-depleted rats, receiving identical doses, low-dose AGBM Ab no longer reduced the sngfr, but a reduction in LpA persisted (other factors compensating to maintain sngfr). At the high dose, complement depletion ameliorated the reduction in sngfr (55.1 +/- 2.4 to 37.2 +/- 3.4 nl/min per g kw mm Hg) by nearly eliminating the vasoconstriction but only partially diminished the reduction in LpA (0.097 +/- 0.020 to 0.032 +/- 0.004 nl/s per g kw mm Hg, P less than 0.05). Complement depletion prevented the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (present in larger numbers after the high dose of AGBM Ab) into the capillary and eliminated vasoconstriction. Complement depletion resulted in a lesser effect of high-dose AGBM Ab upon LpA than in normal rats, and this is likely due to lesser polymorphonuclear leukocyte effects upon capillary surface area. The persistent reduction in LpA observed in complement-depleted rats correlated with separation of the endothelial cell from the glomerular basement membrane after AGBM Ab, AGBM Ab diminished glomerular ultrafiltration by decreasing LpA and altering the endothelial surface of the glomerular membrane, and this effect is not totally dependent upon the fixation of complement.", "PMID": 659582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8414", "title": "Characterization of a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine in the fetal mouse heart in vitro.", "content": "Cardiac taurine levels are elevated in hypertension and congestive heart failure. A possible mechanism for this increase in taurine is an alteration of its uptake. We sought to identify and characterize a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine in the mammalian myocardium utilizing the fetal mouse heart in organ culture. Hearts from fetuses of 16-19 days gestational age used in these studies had an endogenous taurine content of 14.1+/-0.5 nmol/mg tissue. The uptake of [(3)H]taurine was linear for up to 8 h. Taurine was accumulated against a concentration gradient as demonstrated by a net increase in taurine concentration when hearts were incubated in 0.5 mM taurine. [(3)H]Taurine uptake was saturable, K(m) = 0.44 mM, temperature dependent, and required sodium. The close structural analogues, hypotaurine and beta-alanine, reduced [(3)H]taurine uptake by 87% when present in 100-fold excess. The alpha-amino acids alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, glycine, leucine, and threonine did not inhibit uptake. Other taurine analogues tested were guanidinotaurine, guanidinopropionic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, 2-aminoethane phosphonic acid, aminomethane sulfonic acid, 3-aminopropane sulfonic acid, N-acetyltaurine, and isethionic acid. We conclude that a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine exists in the fetal mouse heart based on the demonstration of (a) temperature dependence, (b) saturability, and (c) structural selectivity of the uptake process. Transport was demonstrated to be mediated by a beta-amino acid uptake system. In addition, taurine uptake was observed to be sodium dependent, energy dependent, and capable of accumulating taurine against a concentration gradient.", "contents": "Characterization of a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine in the fetal mouse heart in vitro. Cardiac taurine levels are elevated in hypertension and congestive heart failure. A possible mechanism for this increase in taurine is an alteration of its uptake. We sought to identify and characterize a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine in the mammalian myocardium utilizing the fetal mouse heart in organ culture. Hearts from fetuses of 16-19 days gestational age used in these studies had an endogenous taurine content of 14.1+/-0.5 nmol/mg tissue. The uptake of [(3)H]taurine was linear for up to 8 h. Taurine was accumulated against a concentration gradient as demonstrated by a net increase in taurine concentration when hearts were incubated in 0.5 mM taurine. [(3)H]Taurine uptake was saturable, K(m) = 0.44 mM, temperature dependent, and required sodium. The close structural analogues, hypotaurine and beta-alanine, reduced [(3)H]taurine uptake by 87% when present in 100-fold excess. The alpha-amino acids alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, glycine, leucine, and threonine did not inhibit uptake. Other taurine analogues tested were guanidinotaurine, guanidinopropionic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, 2-aminoethane phosphonic acid, aminomethane sulfonic acid, 3-aminopropane sulfonic acid, N-acetyltaurine, and isethionic acid. We conclude that a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine exists in the fetal mouse heart based on the demonstration of (a) temperature dependence, (b) saturability, and (c) structural selectivity of the uptake process. Transport was demonstrated to be mediated by a beta-amino acid uptake system. In addition, taurine uptake was observed to be sodium dependent, energy dependent, and capable of accumulating taurine against a concentration gradient.", "PMID": 659583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8415", "title": "Influence of diets high and low in animal fat on bowel habit, gastrointestinal transit time, fecal microflora, bile acid, and fat excretion.", "content": "Epidemiological observations and animal experiments suggest that large bowel cancer is related to serveral factors. Among them, high dietary intakes of animal fat, the presence in the colon of relatively high levels of bile acids, specific patterns of intestinal microflora, slow transit through the gut, and low stool weights. Under metabolic conditions we have observed the effect on these variables of dietes containing 62 or 152 g/day of fat mainly of animal origin in six healthy young men over 4-wk periods. No change attributable to the diet was observed in the subjects' bowel habit, fecal weight, mean transit time through the gut, or in the excretion of dry matter. Total fecal bile acid excretion was significantly higher on the high fat diet (320 +/- 120 mg/day) than on the low fat diet (139.7) +/- 63 mg/day) t test = 7.78 P less than 0.001 as also was the total fecal fatty acid excretion, 3.1+/-0.71 and 1.14+/-0.35 g/day, respectively t test = 11.4 P less than 0.001). The fecal microflora including the nuclear dehydrogenating clostridia were unaltered by the dietary changes as was fecal beta-glucuronidase activity. Dietary changes which increase animal fat intake clearly influence fecal bile acid excretion in a way that would favor the development of large bowel cancer if current theories prove to be true. Dietary fat however has no effect on overall colonic function so other components of the diet must be responsible for the observed associations of bowel cancer with slow transit and reduced fecal bulk.", "contents": "Influence of diets high and low in animal fat on bowel habit, gastrointestinal transit time, fecal microflora, bile acid, and fat excretion. Epidemiological observations and animal experiments suggest that large bowel cancer is related to serveral factors. Among them, high dietary intakes of animal fat, the presence in the colon of relatively high levels of bile acids, specific patterns of intestinal microflora, slow transit through the gut, and low stool weights. Under metabolic conditions we have observed the effect on these variables of dietes containing 62 or 152 g/day of fat mainly of animal origin in six healthy young men over 4-wk periods. No change attributable to the diet was observed in the subjects' bowel habit, fecal weight, mean transit time through the gut, or in the excretion of dry matter. Total fecal bile acid excretion was significantly higher on the high fat diet (320 +/- 120 mg/day) than on the low fat diet (139.7) +/- 63 mg/day) t test = 7.78 P less than 0.001 as also was the total fecal fatty acid excretion, 3.1+/-0.71 and 1.14+/-0.35 g/day, respectively t test = 11.4 P less than 0.001). The fecal microflora including the nuclear dehydrogenating clostridia were unaltered by the dietary changes as was fecal beta-glucuronidase activity. Dietary changes which increase animal fat intake clearly influence fecal bile acid excretion in a way that would favor the development of large bowel cancer if current theories prove to be true. Dietary fat however has no effect on overall colonic function so other components of the diet must be responsible for the observed associations of bowel cancer with slow transit and reduced fecal bulk.", "PMID": 659584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8416", "title": "Loss of central nervous system component of dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors.", "content": "The administration of l-dopa suppresses prolactin (PRL) secretion in normal subjects and in patients with hyperprolactinemia, although it is not known whether this effect, which requires the conversion of dopa to dopamine, is mediated peripherally or through the central nervous system. To distinguish between these effects, 10 normal subjects (6 male, 4 female) and 8 patients with hyperprolactinemia associated with pituitary tumors were given l-dopa, 0.5 g alone, or 0.1 g after a 24-h pretreatment with carbidopa, 50 mg every 6 h, which produces peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibition. Similar degrees of PRL suppression were observed in normal subjects (basal plasma PRL 13+/-2 ng/ml) after l-dopa alone (48+/-4%) and after l-dopa plus carbidopa (58+/-6%). In patients with pituitary tumors and elevated plasma PRL (73+/-14 ng/ml), l-dopa alone led to PRL suppression comparable with that in normal subjects (47+/-6%). However, l-dopa plus carbidopa resulted in only minimal suppression of plasma PRL (19+/-4%) which was significantly less than after l-dopa alone (P < 0.001). Urinary homovanillic acid excretion, which reflected peripheral dopa decarboxylation was similar in controls and tumor patients after l-dopa both alone and after carbidopa pretreatment. Comparable suppression of PRL levels in response to a dopamine infusion (4 mug/kg per min for 3 h) was observed in controls and tumor patients. The results indicate that although peripheral conversion of exogenous dopa to dopamine can suppress PRL secretion, in normals, the central nervous system conversion of dopa to dopamine in the presence of peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibition is sufficient to account for its PRL-suppressive effects. In contrast, patients with tumors, while retaining peripheral dopaminergic inhibitory effects on PRL secretion, exhibit a marked reduction of central dopaminergic inhibition of PRL secretion.", "contents": "Loss of central nervous system component of dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. The administration of l-dopa suppresses prolactin (PRL) secretion in normal subjects and in patients with hyperprolactinemia, although it is not known whether this effect, which requires the conversion of dopa to dopamine, is mediated peripherally or through the central nervous system. To distinguish between these effects, 10 normal subjects (6 male, 4 female) and 8 patients with hyperprolactinemia associated with pituitary tumors were given l-dopa, 0.5 g alone, or 0.1 g after a 24-h pretreatment with carbidopa, 50 mg every 6 h, which produces peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibition. Similar degrees of PRL suppression were observed in normal subjects (basal plasma PRL 13+/-2 ng/ml) after l-dopa alone (48+/-4%) and after l-dopa plus carbidopa (58+/-6%). In patients with pituitary tumors and elevated plasma PRL (73+/-14 ng/ml), l-dopa alone led to PRL suppression comparable with that in normal subjects (47+/-6%). However, l-dopa plus carbidopa resulted in only minimal suppression of plasma PRL (19+/-4%) which was significantly less than after l-dopa alone (P < 0.001). Urinary homovanillic acid excretion, which reflected peripheral dopa decarboxylation was similar in controls and tumor patients after l-dopa both alone and after carbidopa pretreatment. Comparable suppression of PRL levels in response to a dopamine infusion (4 mug/kg per min for 3 h) was observed in controls and tumor patients. The results indicate that although peripheral conversion of exogenous dopa to dopamine can suppress PRL secretion, in normals, the central nervous system conversion of dopa to dopamine in the presence of peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibition is sufficient to account for its PRL-suppressive effects. In contrast, patients with tumors, while retaining peripheral dopaminergic inhibitory effects on PRL secretion, exhibit a marked reduction of central dopaminergic inhibition of PRL secretion.", "PMID": 659585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8417", "title": "The physical chemistry of cholesterol solubility in bile. Relationship to gallstone formation and dissolution in man.", "content": "We determined the maximum solubilities of cholesterol in aqueous conjugated bile salt-egg lecithin-cholesterol systems as a function of several physical-chemical variables including those of physiological importance employing phase equilibria techniques. Equilibration rates are influenced by time and the method of sample preparation in that metastable supersaturation is readily induced at high bile salt: lecithin ratios, and equilibrium saturation by dissolution is achieved sluggisly at low bile salt:lecithin ratios. Equilibrium values for cholesterol saturation vary with the bile salt species, bile salt: lecithin ratio, temperature, ionic strength, and, in particular, with the total concentration of biliary lipids. Within physiological bile salt:lecithin ratios at 37 degreesC the influence of bile salt type and ionic strength is small, whereas the effects of bile salt:lecithin ratio and the total lipid concentration are major factors. We plotted on triangular coordinates a family of cholesterol solubility curves for each total lipid concentration (0.30--30 g/dl) and computed fifth-degree polynomial equations for each curve. With both the curves and the polynomial equations the \"per cent cholesterol saturation\" of fasting gallbladder and hepatic biles from patients with and without gallstones was calculated and both methods gave similar values. These results deomonstrate that by employing cholesterol saturation values appropriate to the total lipid concentration (range 0.2--24.9 g/dl) of individual biles, all cholesterol stone patients have supersaturated gallbladder biles, (mean, 132% [normal weight individuals], and 199% [morbidly obese individuals]). With controls and pigment stone patients the mean values were 95 and 98%, respectively, and in both approximately 50% of biles were supersaturated. Fasting hepatic biles were significantly more supersaturated than gallbladder biles (means 228--273%). Cholesterol monohydrate crystals were found in the majority of gallbladder (83%) and hepatic (58%) biles of cholesterol gallstone patients but were not observed in pigment stone patients or controls. We conclude that of the several factors in addition to the bile salt:lecithin ratios which can influence the cholesterol saturation of bile the total lipid concentration is the predominant determinant physiologically. Our results demonstrate that (a) metastable supersaturation is frequent in both normal and abnormal biles, (b) cholesterol gallstone patients have supersaturated gallbladder and hepatic biles without exception, and (c) the predominant driving force for cholesterol precipitation appears to be the absolute degree of cholesterol supersaturation.", "contents": "The physical chemistry of cholesterol solubility in bile. Relationship to gallstone formation and dissolution in man. We determined the maximum solubilities of cholesterol in aqueous conjugated bile salt-egg lecithin-cholesterol systems as a function of several physical-chemical variables including those of physiological importance employing phase equilibria techniques. Equilibration rates are influenced by time and the method of sample preparation in that metastable supersaturation is readily induced at high bile salt: lecithin ratios, and equilibrium saturation by dissolution is achieved sluggisly at low bile salt:lecithin ratios. Equilibrium values for cholesterol saturation vary with the bile salt species, bile salt: lecithin ratio, temperature, ionic strength, and, in particular, with the total concentration of biliary lipids. Within physiological bile salt:lecithin ratios at 37 degreesC the influence of bile salt type and ionic strength is small, whereas the effects of bile salt:lecithin ratio and the total lipid concentration are major factors. We plotted on triangular coordinates a family of cholesterol solubility curves for each total lipid concentration (0.30--30 g/dl) and computed fifth-degree polynomial equations for each curve. With both the curves and the polynomial equations the \"per cent cholesterol saturation\" of fasting gallbladder and hepatic biles from patients with and without gallstones was calculated and both methods gave similar values. These results deomonstrate that by employing cholesterol saturation values appropriate to the total lipid concentration (range 0.2--24.9 g/dl) of individual biles, all cholesterol stone patients have supersaturated gallbladder biles, (mean, 132% [normal weight individuals], and 199% [morbidly obese individuals]). With controls and pigment stone patients the mean values were 95 and 98%, respectively, and in both approximately 50% of biles were supersaturated. Fasting hepatic biles were significantly more supersaturated than gallbladder biles (means 228--273%). Cholesterol monohydrate crystals were found in the majority of gallbladder (83%) and hepatic (58%) biles of cholesterol gallstone patients but were not observed in pigment stone patients or controls. We conclude that of the several factors in addition to the bile salt:lecithin ratios which can influence the cholesterol saturation of bile the total lipid concentration is the predominant determinant physiologically. Our results demonstrate that (a) metastable supersaturation is frequent in both normal and abnormal biles, (b) cholesterol gallstone patients have supersaturated gallbladder and hepatic biles without exception, and (c) the predominant driving force for cholesterol precipitation appears to be the absolute degree of cholesterol supersaturation.", "PMID": 659586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8418", "title": "Sustained effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial performance during regional ischemia. Role of free fatty acid and osmolality.", "content": "To evaluate the influence of glucose infusate administered with insulin and potassium on left ventricular function during 4 h of ischemia, as well as mechanism of action, four groups of intact anesthetized dogs were studied. Acute regional ischemia was induced with a balloon tip catheter in the left anterior descending artery and infusates were begun after 20 min of ischemia. A threefold increase of plasma glucose concentration was associated with improved left ventricular function during ischemia, compared to animals receiving isovolumic saline. There was a significant decline of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with elevation of stroke volume and ejection fraction to control levels, as determined by indicator dilution. In a separate subgroup studied by cineangiography, shortening of the ischemic anterior wall, after an initial decline, was increased in response to glucose but there was no evidence of extension of injury. Ischemic tissue exhibited a smaller gain of water as well as Na+ per gram dry weight as compared to ischemic controls. On precordial electrocardiogram mapping there was a significant decrease in the sigmaST (sum of ST elevation) as well as NST (number of ST segment elevations), but the reduction of R wave amplitude was not different from controls. To further evaluate long-term effects, eight controls and six treated animals underwent myocardial ischemia and were sacrificed after 4 mo. Calculated area and weight of scar, as well as degree of wall thinning, were similar in both groups. The glucose-treated animals had a significant decrease of plasma FFA in contrast to controls which manifested a significant rise. To examine the postulate that the decrease in FFA was important to therapeutic action, a third group was infused with Intralipid (Cutter Laboratories, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.) and heparin, simultaneously with the glucose infusate, to effect an elevation of plasma FFA during ischemia. Changes in myocardial function and electrolyte composition, as well as precordial electrocardiogram mapping, were similar to that of animals receiving glucose alone. Because serum osmolality was increased approximately 40 mosmol during the glucose infusion, the potential role of hyperosmolality was assessed by infusion of 20% mannitol during acute ischemia in a fourth group. After a transient small increase, there was a moderate decline in function by 4 h, suggesting that the response to glucose is not dependent upon extracellular osmolality. Thus, it is concluded that during the initial hours after the onset of myocardial ischemia the glucose infusate improves ventricular performance without evidence of arrhythmia induction or intensification of ischemic injury. Evolution of irreversible necrosis appears to be delayed rather than prevented under the circumstances of this study.", "contents": "Sustained effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial performance during regional ischemia. Role of free fatty acid and osmolality. To evaluate the influence of glucose infusate administered with insulin and potassium on left ventricular function during 4 h of ischemia, as well as mechanism of action, four groups of intact anesthetized dogs were studied. Acute regional ischemia was induced with a balloon tip catheter in the left anterior descending artery and infusates were begun after 20 min of ischemia. A threefold increase of plasma glucose concentration was associated with improved left ventricular function during ischemia, compared to animals receiving isovolumic saline. There was a significant decline of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with elevation of stroke volume and ejection fraction to control levels, as determined by indicator dilution. In a separate subgroup studied by cineangiography, shortening of the ischemic anterior wall, after an initial decline, was increased in response to glucose but there was no evidence of extension of injury. Ischemic tissue exhibited a smaller gain of water as well as Na+ per gram dry weight as compared to ischemic controls. On precordial electrocardiogram mapping there was a significant decrease in the sigmaST (sum of ST elevation) as well as NST (number of ST segment elevations), but the reduction of R wave amplitude was not different from controls. To further evaluate long-term effects, eight controls and six treated animals underwent myocardial ischemia and were sacrificed after 4 mo. Calculated area and weight of scar, as well as degree of wall thinning, were similar in both groups. The glucose-treated animals had a significant decrease of plasma FFA in contrast to controls which manifested a significant rise. To examine the postulate that the decrease in FFA was important to therapeutic action, a third group was infused with Intralipid (Cutter Laboratories, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.) and heparin, simultaneously with the glucose infusate, to effect an elevation of plasma FFA during ischemia. Changes in myocardial function and electrolyte composition, as well as precordial electrocardiogram mapping, were similar to that of animals receiving glucose alone. Because serum osmolality was increased approximately 40 mosmol during the glucose infusion, the potential role of hyperosmolality was assessed by infusion of 20% mannitol during acute ischemia in a fourth group. After a transient small increase, there was a moderate decline in function by 4 h, suggesting that the response to glucose is not dependent upon extracellular osmolality. Thus, it is concluded that during the initial hours after the onset of myocardial ischemia the glucose infusate improves ventricular performance without evidence of arrhythmia induction or intensification of ischemic injury. Evolution of irreversible necrosis appears to be delayed rather than prevented under the circumstances of this study.", "PMID": 659587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8419", "title": "Abnormal plasminogen. A hereditary molecular abnormality found in a patient with recurrent thrombosis.", "content": "A patient who suffered a recurring thrombosis over the last 15 yr has been investigated. The only abnormality found in this patient was a significantly depressed level of plasminogen activity in plasma. In spite of the depressed plasminogen activity, the patient was found to have a normal level of plasminogen antigen concentration. It was calculated that the activity per milligram of plasminogen of the patient was approximately one-half the values of normal subjects. The same discrepancy between biological activity and antigen concentration was found in the other members of the kindred. A niece was found to have practically no plasminogen activity but possessed a normal concentration of plasminogen antigen. Both her parents were found to have approximately half the normal plasminogen activity and normal antigen levels. These studies suggested that the molecular abnormality was inherited as an autosomal characteristic, and the family members who had half the normal levels of activity with normal plasminogen antigen were heterozygotes whereas the one with practically no plasminogen activity was homozygote. Subsequent studies showed that the pattern of gel electrofocusing of purified plasminogen of the heterozygotes consisted of 10 normal bands and 10 additional abnormal bands, each of which had a slightly higher isoelectric point than each corresponding normal component. This indicates that plasminogen of the heterozygote is a mixture of normal and abnormal molecules in an approximately equal amount, which was substantiated by active site titration of purified plasminogen preparations obtained from the propositus and a normal individual. The gel electrofocusing pattern of the homozygote consisted of abnormal bands only. The defect is a hereditary abnormality of plasminogen.", "contents": "Abnormal plasminogen. A hereditary molecular abnormality found in a patient with recurrent thrombosis. A patient who suffered a recurring thrombosis over the last 15 yr has been investigated. The only abnormality found in this patient was a significantly depressed level of plasminogen activity in plasma. In spite of the depressed plasminogen activity, the patient was found to have a normal level of plasminogen antigen concentration. It was calculated that the activity per milligram of plasminogen of the patient was approximately one-half the values of normal subjects. The same discrepancy between biological activity and antigen concentration was found in the other members of the kindred. A niece was found to have practically no plasminogen activity but possessed a normal concentration of plasminogen antigen. Both her parents were found to have approximately half the normal plasminogen activity and normal antigen levels. These studies suggested that the molecular abnormality was inherited as an autosomal characteristic, and the family members who had half the normal levels of activity with normal plasminogen antigen were heterozygotes whereas the one with practically no plasminogen activity was homozygote. Subsequent studies showed that the pattern of gel electrofocusing of purified plasminogen of the heterozygotes consisted of 10 normal bands and 10 additional abnormal bands, each of which had a slightly higher isoelectric point than each corresponding normal component. This indicates that plasminogen of the heterozygote is a mixture of normal and abnormal molecules in an approximately equal amount, which was substantiated by active site titration of purified plasminogen preparations obtained from the propositus and a normal individual. The gel electrofocusing pattern of the homozygote consisted of abnormal bands only. The defect is a hereditary abnormality of plasminogen.", "PMID": 659588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8420", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on myocardial relaxation in isometric cat papillary muscle.", "content": "Myocardial relaxation is an important energy-dependent process. Hypoxia, unlike ischemia, has not been shown to impair myocardial relaxation. This difference may be because (a) the traditional index to assess isometric muscle relaxation (half time to relaxation or RT((1/2))) reflects both changes in developed tension as well as relaxation and (b) the relaxation process is highly sensitive to temperature and previous papillary muscle studies have been conducted under hypothermic conditions. The present study examines the effect of hypoxia on the relaxation process of 31 isometrically contracting kitten papillary muscles at hypothermic (29 degrees C) and euthermic (38 degrees C) conditions using RT((1/2)), the peak rate of tension fall (-dT/dt) and -dT/dt normalized for tension ([peak -dT/dt]/T and max [-dT/dt per T]). Hypoxia at 29 degrees C resulted in a fall in RT((1/2)) from 278+/-11 (SEM) to 230+/-17 ms (P < 0.01) and no change in (peak -dT/dt)/T and max (-dT/dt per T). However, at 38 degrees C, hypoxia impaired relaxation as reflected in a prolongation of RT((1/2)) from 101+/-6 to 126+/-8 ms (P < 0.01) in spite of a substantial fall in peak tension. Moreover, (peak -dT/dt)/T decreased from -15.4+/-0.7 to -11.0+/-0.8/s (P < 0.01) and max (-dT/dt per T) decreased from -25.1+/-1.8 to -13.8+/-0.9/s (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that hypoxia impairs the relaxation process of cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on myocardial relaxation in isometric cat papillary muscle. Myocardial relaxation is an important energy-dependent process. Hypoxia, unlike ischemia, has not been shown to impair myocardial relaxation. This difference may be because (a) the traditional index to assess isometric muscle relaxation (half time to relaxation or RT((1/2))) reflects both changes in developed tension as well as relaxation and (b) the relaxation process is highly sensitive to temperature and previous papillary muscle studies have been conducted under hypothermic conditions. The present study examines the effect of hypoxia on the relaxation process of 31 isometrically contracting kitten papillary muscles at hypothermic (29 degrees C) and euthermic (38 degrees C) conditions using RT((1/2)), the peak rate of tension fall (-dT/dt) and -dT/dt normalized for tension ([peak -dT/dt]/T and max [-dT/dt per T]). Hypoxia at 29 degrees C resulted in a fall in RT((1/2)) from 278+/-11 (SEM) to 230+/-17 ms (P < 0.01) and no change in (peak -dT/dt)/T and max (-dT/dt per T). However, at 38 degrees C, hypoxia impaired relaxation as reflected in a prolongation of RT((1/2)) from 101+/-6 to 126+/-8 ms (P < 0.01) in spite of a substantial fall in peak tension. Moreover, (peak -dT/dt)/T decreased from -15.4+/-0.7 to -11.0+/-0.8/s (P < 0.01) and max (-dT/dt per T) decreased from -25.1+/-1.8 to -13.8+/-0.9/s (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that hypoxia impairs the relaxation process of cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 659589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8421", "title": "The mechanism of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate transport by human erythrocytes.", "content": "The mechanism involved in 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake by human cells is poorly understood. To more clearly elucidate this physiologically important process, transport of the vitamin was studied in human erythrocytes. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake was found to increase with reticulocytosis, but measurable incorporation occurred in erythrocyte suspensions depleted of reticulocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, indicating uptake by mature erythrocytes. Incubation of erythrocytes with increasing concentrations of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate resulted in increasing uptake but decreasing percentage incorporation, consistent with saturation of a carrier system. Both influx and efflux phases of uptake were temperature dependent, with almost no transport at 4 degrees C. Uptake of [(14)C]5-methytetrahydrofolate was effectively inhibited by unlabeled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, and methotrexate, but not by pteroylglutamic acid. Prior incubation with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate increased uptake of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and extracellular 5-formyltetrahydrofolate enhanced efflux of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Nearly total depletion of ATP increased uptake of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate, but efflux was unchanged. Column chromatography of membrane-free hemolysate after incubation with [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate showed 95% of radioactivity corresponded to marker radioisotope, and no other peak was noted. Thus peripheral erythrocytes incorporate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by a saturable, temperature-dependent, substrate-specific process which is influenced by counter-transport. This mechanism is qualitatively similar to the carrier-mediated transport of folate compounds previously described in other cell types. Therefore, human erythrocytes should be useful for detailed characterization of this membrane carrier system.", "contents": "The mechanism of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate transport by human erythrocytes. The mechanism involved in 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake by human cells is poorly understood. To more clearly elucidate this physiologically important process, transport of the vitamin was studied in human erythrocytes. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake was found to increase with reticulocytosis, but measurable incorporation occurred in erythrocyte suspensions depleted of reticulocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, indicating uptake by mature erythrocytes. Incubation of erythrocytes with increasing concentrations of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate resulted in increasing uptake but decreasing percentage incorporation, consistent with saturation of a carrier system. Both influx and efflux phases of uptake were temperature dependent, with almost no transport at 4 degrees C. Uptake of [(14)C]5-methytetrahydrofolate was effectively inhibited by unlabeled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, and methotrexate, but not by pteroylglutamic acid. Prior incubation with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate increased uptake of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and extracellular 5-formyltetrahydrofolate enhanced efflux of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Nearly total depletion of ATP increased uptake of [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate, but efflux was unchanged. Column chromatography of membrane-free hemolysate after incubation with [(14)C]5-methyltetrahydrofolate showed 95% of radioactivity corresponded to marker radioisotope, and no other peak was noted. Thus peripheral erythrocytes incorporate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by a saturable, temperature-dependent, substrate-specific process which is influenced by counter-transport. This mechanism is qualitatively similar to the carrier-mediated transport of folate compounds previously described in other cell types. Therefore, human erythrocytes should be useful for detailed characterization of this membrane carrier system.", "PMID": 659590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8422", "title": "3,3'-Diiodothyronine production, a major pathway of peripheral iodothyronine metabolism in man.", "content": "3,3'-Diiodothyronine (3,3'-T(2)) has been detected in human serum and in thyroglobulin. However, no quantitative assessment of its clearance rate (CR), production rate (PR), or of the importance of extrathyroidal sources of 3,3'-T(2) relative to direct thyroidal secretion is yet available. This study examines these parameters in seven euthyroid subjects, and in eight athyreotic subjects (H) eumetabolic due to thyroxine therapy (HT(4)) (n = 5) or triiodothyronine replacement (HT(3)) (n = 3). A highly specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,3'-T(2) in whole serum was developed. Serum 3,3'-T(2) concentrations were (mean +/- SD) 6.0+/-1.0 ng/100 ml in 13 normal subjects, 9.0+/-4.6 ng/100 ml in 25 hyperthyroid patients, and 2.7+/-1.1 ng/100 ml in 17 hypothyroid patients. The values in each of the latter two groups were significantly different from normal. 3,3'-T(2) was detected regularly in normal concentrations in 11 hypothyroid patients eumetabolic by treatment with synthetic T(4), in 10 eumetabolic patients suffering from nonthyroidal systemic illness, and in 2 subjects with elevated serum T(4)-binding globulin. The 3,3'-T(2) CR was assessed from data acquired from the (125)I-3,3'-T(2) constant infusion technique. The 3,3'-T(2) PR was calculated from CR and serum concentration of 3,3'-T(2) determined by radio-immunoassay. In the HT(4) subjects the 3,3'-T(2) CR averaged 840+/-377 liters/day and 3,3'-T(2) PR 33.9+/-12.5 mug/day. These results were not significantly different from those in the control group: 3,3'-T(2) CR 628+/-218 liters/day and 3,3'-T(2) PR 39.8+/-19.8 mug/day (all corrected to 70 kg body wt). In addition to 3,3'-T(2) PR, T(3), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT(3)) PR were determined in three of the HT(4) subjects. In each case studied, the 3,3'-T(2) PR was close to the combined triiodothyronine (T(3) + rT(3)) PR. The mean molar ratio of T(2) PR/(T(3) + rT(3)) PR was 1.08+/-0.10. The results obtained in the HT(4) subjects indicate that the production of 3,3'-T(2) is a major route of T(4) metabolism. The combined studies of 3,3'-T(2), T(3) and rT(3) PR in the HT(4) subjects indicate that both T(3) and rT(3) are major precursors of 3,3'-T(2). In the HT(3) subjects, the conversion of T(3) to 3,3'-T(2), determined as the molar ratio of 3,3'-T(2) PR to T(3) PR, ranged from 0.36 to 0.92, providing further evidence that T(3) is a precursor of 3,3'-T(2). From the close agreement between the mean values for 3,3'-T(2) PR in the euthyroid and HT(4) group it is concluded that most, if not all of the 3,3'-T(2) produced in normal humans is derived by extrathyroidal conversion from T(3) and rT(3).", "contents": "3,3'-Diiodothyronine production, a major pathway of peripheral iodothyronine metabolism in man. 3,3'-Diiodothyronine (3,3'-T(2)) has been detected in human serum and in thyroglobulin. However, no quantitative assessment of its clearance rate (CR), production rate (PR), or of the importance of extrathyroidal sources of 3,3'-T(2) relative to direct thyroidal secretion is yet available. This study examines these parameters in seven euthyroid subjects, and in eight athyreotic subjects (H) eumetabolic due to thyroxine therapy (HT(4)) (n = 5) or triiodothyronine replacement (HT(3)) (n = 3). A highly specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,3'-T(2) in whole serum was developed. Serum 3,3'-T(2) concentrations were (mean +/- SD) 6.0+/-1.0 ng/100 ml in 13 normal subjects, 9.0+/-4.6 ng/100 ml in 25 hyperthyroid patients, and 2.7+/-1.1 ng/100 ml in 17 hypothyroid patients. The values in each of the latter two groups were significantly different from normal. 3,3'-T(2) was detected regularly in normal concentrations in 11 hypothyroid patients eumetabolic by treatment with synthetic T(4), in 10 eumetabolic patients suffering from nonthyroidal systemic illness, and in 2 subjects with elevated serum T(4)-binding globulin. The 3,3'-T(2) CR was assessed from data acquired from the (125)I-3,3'-T(2) constant infusion technique. The 3,3'-T(2) PR was calculated from CR and serum concentration of 3,3'-T(2) determined by radio-immunoassay. In the HT(4) subjects the 3,3'-T(2) CR averaged 840+/-377 liters/day and 3,3'-T(2) PR 33.9+/-12.5 mug/day. These results were not significantly different from those in the control group: 3,3'-T(2) CR 628+/-218 liters/day and 3,3'-T(2) PR 39.8+/-19.8 mug/day (all corrected to 70 kg body wt). In addition to 3,3'-T(2) PR, T(3), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT(3)) PR were determined in three of the HT(4) subjects. In each case studied, the 3,3'-T(2) PR was close to the combined triiodothyronine (T(3) + rT(3)) PR. The mean molar ratio of T(2) PR/(T(3) + rT(3)) PR was 1.08+/-0.10. The results obtained in the HT(4) subjects indicate that the production of 3,3'-T(2) is a major route of T(4) metabolism. The combined studies of 3,3'-T(2), T(3) and rT(3) PR in the HT(4) subjects indicate that both T(3) and rT(3) are major precursors of 3,3'-T(2). In the HT(3) subjects, the conversion of T(3) to 3,3'-T(2), determined as the molar ratio of 3,3'-T(2) PR to T(3) PR, ranged from 0.36 to 0.92, providing further evidence that T(3) is a precursor of 3,3'-T(2). From the close agreement between the mean values for 3,3'-T(2) PR in the euthyroid and HT(4) group it is concluded that most, if not all of the 3,3'-T(2) produced in normal humans is derived by extrathyroidal conversion from T(3) and rT(3).", "PMID": 659591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8423", "title": "Urinary excretion of elastin peptides containing desmosin after intratracheal injection of elastase in hamsters.", "content": "The intratracheal injection of pancreatic elastase results in an acute loss of elastin from the lungs of hamsters and the development of emphysema. We used measurements of the unique covalent cross linking amino acids of elastin, desmosine and isodesmosine, to quantitate elastin. Direct measurements on the lungs estimated an average loss of elastin of 57% after elastase injection. Elastin breakdown products were also quantitated in the urine and feces after injection. An average of 8.8 nmol of desmosines was recovered from the urine of each hamster. This amount represented the desmosines from 61% of the elastin lost from the lungs. Desmosine and isodesmosine existed in the urine in peptide fractions that ranged from 9 to 27,000 daltons with an average of 13,000. Only trace quantities of desmosines could be detected in feces. Desmosines injected intraperitoneally were completely recovered in the urine, and radioactive tracer studies failed to reveal in vivo catabolism of injected desmosines. These results suggest that measurement of urinary desmosines holds promise for the study of elastin turnover.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of elastin peptides containing desmosin after intratracheal injection of elastase in hamsters. The intratracheal injection of pancreatic elastase results in an acute loss of elastin from the lungs of hamsters and the development of emphysema. We used measurements of the unique covalent cross linking amino acids of elastin, desmosine and isodesmosine, to quantitate elastin. Direct measurements on the lungs estimated an average loss of elastin of 57% after elastase injection. Elastin breakdown products were also quantitated in the urine and feces after injection. An average of 8.8 nmol of desmosines was recovered from the urine of each hamster. This amount represented the desmosines from 61% of the elastin lost from the lungs. Desmosine and isodesmosine existed in the urine in peptide fractions that ranged from 9 to 27,000 daltons with an average of 13,000. Only trace quantities of desmosines could be detected in feces. Desmosines injected intraperitoneally were completely recovered in the urine, and radioactive tracer studies failed to reveal in vivo catabolism of injected desmosines. These results suggest that measurement of urinary desmosines holds promise for the study of elastin turnover.", "PMID": 659592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8424", "title": "Pulmonary vascular effects of fat emulsion infusion in unanesthetized sheep. Prevention by indomethacin.", "content": "Pulmonary diffusing capacity and arterial blood Po(2) decrease in humans when 10% fat emulsion is infused. To study its effects on the pulmonary circulation and lung fluid balance, we infused 0.25 g/kg x h of a 10% fat emulsion (Intralipid, Cutter Laboratories, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.) into an awake sheep lung lymph preparation. The emulsion caused a sustained increase in pulmonary artery pressure to approximately twice base line with little change in left atrial pressure. Pa(O2) decreased an average 13 torr and lung lymph flow increased two- to threefold. Lymph/plasma total protein concentration fell as lymph flow increased; the magnitude of the lymph/plasma protein decrease was similar to that reported previously when lung vascular pressures were mechanically elevated. Heparin infusion (loading dose = 4,000 U, maintenance dose = 2,000 U/h) cleared the serum of triglycerides but did not alter the response to fat emulsion. Indomethacin infusion (loading dose = 5 mg/kg, maintenance dose = 3 mg/kg x h) blocked the rise in pulmonary artery pressure, the increase in lung lymph flow, and the fall in Pa(O2). Neither extravascular lung water nor [(14)C]urea lung vascular permeability surface area products were altered by fat emulsion infusion. We conclude that fat emulsion infusion in sheep increases lung microvascular filtration by increasing vascular pressures, but has no effect on vascular permeability. Since the effects are blocked by indomethacin, they may be prostaglandin mediated.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular effects of fat emulsion infusion in unanesthetized sheep. Prevention by indomethacin. Pulmonary diffusing capacity and arterial blood Po(2) decrease in humans when 10% fat emulsion is infused. To study its effects on the pulmonary circulation and lung fluid balance, we infused 0.25 g/kg x h of a 10% fat emulsion (Intralipid, Cutter Laboratories, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.) into an awake sheep lung lymph preparation. The emulsion caused a sustained increase in pulmonary artery pressure to approximately twice base line with little change in left atrial pressure. Pa(O2) decreased an average 13 torr and lung lymph flow increased two- to threefold. Lymph/plasma total protein concentration fell as lymph flow increased; the magnitude of the lymph/plasma protein decrease was similar to that reported previously when lung vascular pressures were mechanically elevated. Heparin infusion (loading dose = 4,000 U, maintenance dose = 2,000 U/h) cleared the serum of triglycerides but did not alter the response to fat emulsion. Indomethacin infusion (loading dose = 5 mg/kg, maintenance dose = 3 mg/kg x h) blocked the rise in pulmonary artery pressure, the increase in lung lymph flow, and the fall in Pa(O2). Neither extravascular lung water nor [(14)C]urea lung vascular permeability surface area products were altered by fat emulsion infusion. We conclude that fat emulsion infusion in sheep increases lung microvascular filtration by increasing vascular pressures, but has no effect on vascular permeability. Since the effects are blocked by indomethacin, they may be prostaglandin mediated.", "PMID": 659593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8425", "title": "Relationship between para-aminohippurate secretion and cellular morphology in rabbit proximal tubules.", "content": "Previous studies in the mammalian proximal tubule have suggested that para-aminohippurate (PAH) secretion is approximately threefold greater in the straight segment, or pars recta, than in the convoluted segment, or pars convoluta. However, the possibility that the site of maximal PAH secretion might be related better to particular tubule segments as identified by cell type had not been explored. In addition, the presence or absence of differences in PAH secretion between morphologically identical regions of superficial (SF) vs. juxtamedullary (JM) proximal tubules has not been examined. These issues were studied using a combination of histologic methods and measurement of [(3)H]PAH secretion in isolated perfused tubules. Measurements of microdissected SF and JM proximal tubules from young and adult rabbits revealed that SF proximal tubules were slightly but significantly longer than JM tubules ([young rabbits: SF, 8.69+/-SE 0.14 mm vs. JM, 7.97+/-SE 0.13 mm; P < 0.01] [adult rabbits: SF, 10.61+/-SE 0.28 mm; JM, 9.17+/-SE 0.19 mm; P < 0.001]). Light and electron microscopy revealed three sequential segments (S(1), S(2), and S(3)) along the length of SF and JM proximal tubules as defined by cell type. PAH secretion was measured in each of these three segments by the isolated perfused tubule technique. Net PAH secretion in fmol/mm per min in SF proximal tubules was: S(1), 281+/-SE 21; S(2), 1,508+/-SE 104; S(3), 318+/-SE 46. Corresponding values in JM proximal tubules were 353+/-SE 31, 1,391+/-SE 72, and 188+/-SE 23. Net PAH secretion did not differ between comparable segments of SF and JM proximal tubules. It is concluded that differences in PAH secretion along the proximal tubule correlate best with cell type rather than the arbitrary division of the proximal tubule into pars convoluta and pars recta according to its external configuration. Evidence of functional heterogeneity between comparable segments of SF and JM proximal tubules was not observed.", "contents": "Relationship between para-aminohippurate secretion and cellular morphology in rabbit proximal tubules. Previous studies in the mammalian proximal tubule have suggested that para-aminohippurate (PAH) secretion is approximately threefold greater in the straight segment, or pars recta, than in the convoluted segment, or pars convoluta. However, the possibility that the site of maximal PAH secretion might be related better to particular tubule segments as identified by cell type had not been explored. In addition, the presence or absence of differences in PAH secretion between morphologically identical regions of superficial (SF) vs. juxtamedullary (JM) proximal tubules has not been examined. These issues were studied using a combination of histologic methods and measurement of [(3)H]PAH secretion in isolated perfused tubules. Measurements of microdissected SF and JM proximal tubules from young and adult rabbits revealed that SF proximal tubules were slightly but significantly longer than JM tubules ([young rabbits: SF, 8.69+/-SE 0.14 mm vs. JM, 7.97+/-SE 0.13 mm; P < 0.01] [adult rabbits: SF, 10.61+/-SE 0.28 mm; JM, 9.17+/-SE 0.19 mm; P < 0.001]). Light and electron microscopy revealed three sequential segments (S(1), S(2), and S(3)) along the length of SF and JM proximal tubules as defined by cell type. PAH secretion was measured in each of these three segments by the isolated perfused tubule technique. Net PAH secretion in fmol/mm per min in SF proximal tubules was: S(1), 281+/-SE 21; S(2), 1,508+/-SE 104; S(3), 318+/-SE 46. Corresponding values in JM proximal tubules were 353+/-SE 31, 1,391+/-SE 72, and 188+/-SE 23. Net PAH secretion did not differ between comparable segments of SF and JM proximal tubules. It is concluded that differences in PAH secretion along the proximal tubule correlate best with cell type rather than the arbitrary division of the proximal tubule into pars convoluta and pars recta according to its external configuration. Evidence of functional heterogeneity between comparable segments of SF and JM proximal tubules was not observed.", "PMID": 659594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8426", "title": "Human leukocytic pyrogen induces release of specific granule contents from human neutrophils.", "content": "The ability of highly purified human leukocytic pyrogen (LP) to induce neutrophil lysosomal protein release is described. Human peripheral blood neutrophils isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque and dextran sedimentation were exposed to purified human LP. The specific granule-associated proteins, lysozyme and lactoferrin were selectively released, whereas primary granule (beta-glucuronidase) and cytoplasmic (lactic dehydrogenase) enzyme markers were not. Optimum release was observed after 45 min in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++. Cytochalasin B (5 microgram/ml) had no effect on LP-induced lysosomal enzyme release. Since the pyrogenicity of LP is dependent on prostaglandin synthesis, the effect of two potent inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on lysozyme release was studied. Both indomethacin and naproxen failed to inhibit specific granule protein release. These observations suggest that the concommitance of fever, elevated serum or urine lysozyme and hypoferremia may, in part, be explained by the interaction of LP and peripheral blood neutrophils.", "contents": "Human leukocytic pyrogen induces release of specific granule contents from human neutrophils. The ability of highly purified human leukocytic pyrogen (LP) to induce neutrophil lysosomal protein release is described. Human peripheral blood neutrophils isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque and dextran sedimentation were exposed to purified human LP. The specific granule-associated proteins, lysozyme and lactoferrin were selectively released, whereas primary granule (beta-glucuronidase) and cytoplasmic (lactic dehydrogenase) enzyme markers were not. Optimum release was observed after 45 min in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++. Cytochalasin B (5 microgram/ml) had no effect on LP-induced lysosomal enzyme release. Since the pyrogenicity of LP is dependent on prostaglandin synthesis, the effect of two potent inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on lysozyme release was studied. Both indomethacin and naproxen failed to inhibit specific granule protein release. These observations suggest that the concommitance of fever, elevated serum or urine lysozyme and hypoferremia may, in part, be explained by the interaction of LP and peripheral blood neutrophils.", "PMID": 659595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8427", "title": "Intestinal secretion induced by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. A comparison with cholera toxin in the canine jejunum in vivo.", "content": "The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on intestinal water and electrolyte transport and transmucosal potential difference was investigated in the dog jejunum in vivo and compared to secretion induced by cholera toxin. Isolated jejunal loops were perfused with a plasma-like electrolyte solution. VIP (0.08 mug/kg per min) was administered directly into the superior mesenteric artery by continuous infusion over 1 h. From a dye dilution method, it was estimated that a mean plasma VIP concentration of 12,460 pg/ml reached the loops. VIP caused secretion of water and electrolytes; for example, chloride: control, 8 mueq/cm per h absorption; VIP, 92 mueq/cm per h secretion. A marked increase in transmucosal potential difference (control, -1.0 mV; VIP, -5.9 mV, lumen negative) occurred within 1 min after starting VIP infusion. Analysis of unidirectional fluxes showed increased plasma-to-lumen flux of sodium and chloride and decreased lumen-to-plasma flux of sodium. Chloride and bicarbonate were actively secreted against an electrochemical gradient. Although sodium secretion occurred down an electrochemical gradient, flux ratio analysis suggested a component of active sodium secretion. VIP caused a slight increase in protein output into the loops; light microscopy revealed capillary dilatation and closed intercellular spaces. The effect of VIP was readily reversible. Except for the delayed onset of secretion, the effect of cholera toxin was qualitatively similar to VIP; however, capillary dilatation and increased protein output were not noted with cholera toxin.", "contents": "Intestinal secretion induced by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. A comparison with cholera toxin in the canine jejunum in vivo. The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on intestinal water and electrolyte transport and transmucosal potential difference was investigated in the dog jejunum in vivo and compared to secretion induced by cholera toxin. Isolated jejunal loops were perfused with a plasma-like electrolyte solution. VIP (0.08 mug/kg per min) was administered directly into the superior mesenteric artery by continuous infusion over 1 h. From a dye dilution method, it was estimated that a mean plasma VIP concentration of 12,460 pg/ml reached the loops. VIP caused secretion of water and electrolytes; for example, chloride: control, 8 mueq/cm per h absorption; VIP, 92 mueq/cm per h secretion. A marked increase in transmucosal potential difference (control, -1.0 mV; VIP, -5.9 mV, lumen negative) occurred within 1 min after starting VIP infusion. Analysis of unidirectional fluxes showed increased plasma-to-lumen flux of sodium and chloride and decreased lumen-to-plasma flux of sodium. Chloride and bicarbonate were actively secreted against an electrochemical gradient. Although sodium secretion occurred down an electrochemical gradient, flux ratio analysis suggested a component of active sodium secretion. VIP caused a slight increase in protein output into the loops; light microscopy revealed capillary dilatation and closed intercellular spaces. The effect of VIP was readily reversible. Except for the delayed onset of secretion, the effect of cholera toxin was qualitatively similar to VIP; however, capillary dilatation and increased protein output were not noted with cholera toxin.", "PMID": 659596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8428", "title": "The role of glucagon deficiency in the Houssay phenomenon of dogs.", "content": "Plasma glucose, immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), and insulin were measured in hypophysectomized dogs receiving cortisol and thyroid replacement therapy. 4 wk after hypophysectomy mean fasting plasma glucose levels had declined from 90+/-2 mg/100 ml to 64+/-2; fasting and arginine-stimulated insulin and IRG levels were, respectively, approximately 50% lower and unchanged. 12 wk or more after hypophysectomy, despite lower plasma glucose levels, fasting and arginine-stimulated IRG levels were significantly below control dogs. Hypophysectomized and shamhypophysectomized dogs were subjected to total pancreatectomy. Postoperatively, in the sham-hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs fasting glucose levels ranged from 300-500 mg/100 ml on 8-10 U/day of insulin; IRG levels averaged 215+/-29 pg/ml. The hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs required 0-4 U/day and fasting glucose levels under 100 mg/100 ml were not uncommon, even without insulin; fasting IRG levels averaged 63+/-4 pg/ml (P < 0.001). During arginine infusion in sham-hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs, IRG levels rose from 215+/-60 pg/ml to a peak of 404+/-112 pg/ml; in hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs, the base line IRG averaged 44+/-8 and the peak 110+/-25 pg/ml (P < 0.05). IRG levels in the venous effluent of the gastric fundus, the major source of nonpancreatic glucagon, reached a peak of 4,898+/-959 pg/ml in the sham-hypophysectomized, depancreatized group during arginine infusion and only 219+/-128 pg/ml in the hypophysectomized, depancreatized group. In three hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs, a replacement infusion with glucagon for 10 h promptly increased hyperglycemia by 80-180 mg/100 ml and worsened glycosuria, evidence of a hepatic response to glucagon replacement. It is concluded that hypophysectomy somehow decreased both the hypersecretion of gastric IRG and the severe hyperglycemia that otherwise follows pancreatectomy. The hypophysectomized, depancreatized animal, therefore, has combined insulin and glucagon deficiency, and the latter may contribute to reduced severity of its hyperglycemia.", "contents": "The role of glucagon deficiency in the Houssay phenomenon of dogs. Plasma glucose, immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), and insulin were measured in hypophysectomized dogs receiving cortisol and thyroid replacement therapy. 4 wk after hypophysectomy mean fasting plasma glucose levels had declined from 90+/-2 mg/100 ml to 64+/-2; fasting and arginine-stimulated insulin and IRG levels were, respectively, approximately 50% lower and unchanged. 12 wk or more after hypophysectomy, despite lower plasma glucose levels, fasting and arginine-stimulated IRG levels were significantly below control dogs. Hypophysectomized and shamhypophysectomized dogs were subjected to total pancreatectomy. Postoperatively, in the sham-hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs fasting glucose levels ranged from 300-500 mg/100 ml on 8-10 U/day of insulin; IRG levels averaged 215+/-29 pg/ml. The hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs required 0-4 U/day and fasting glucose levels under 100 mg/100 ml were not uncommon, even without insulin; fasting IRG levels averaged 63+/-4 pg/ml (P < 0.001). During arginine infusion in sham-hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs, IRG levels rose from 215+/-60 pg/ml to a peak of 404+/-112 pg/ml; in hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs, the base line IRG averaged 44+/-8 and the peak 110+/-25 pg/ml (P < 0.05). IRG levels in the venous effluent of the gastric fundus, the major source of nonpancreatic glucagon, reached a peak of 4,898+/-959 pg/ml in the sham-hypophysectomized, depancreatized group during arginine infusion and only 219+/-128 pg/ml in the hypophysectomized, depancreatized group. In three hypophysectomized, depancreatized dogs, a replacement infusion with glucagon for 10 h promptly increased hyperglycemia by 80-180 mg/100 ml and worsened glycosuria, evidence of a hepatic response to glucagon replacement. It is concluded that hypophysectomy somehow decreased both the hypersecretion of gastric IRG and the severe hyperglycemia that otherwise follows pancreatectomy. The hypophysectomized, depancreatized animal, therefore, has combined insulin and glucagon deficiency, and the latter may contribute to reduced severity of its hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 659597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8429", "title": "Demonstration of the insulin receptor in vivo in rabbits and its possible role as a reservoir for the plasma hormone.", "content": "Based on studies of the interaction of insulin with its receptors in vitro, we calculated that a receptor compartment should be measurable directly in vivo. For this purpose, rabbits were injected intravenously with a labeled insulin that has low affinity for receptors in combination with a radioiodinated insulin that has high affinity for receptors. Plasma concentrations of labeled insulins were measured at selected intervals after injection. Apparent volumes of distribution were calculated by extrapolation of plasma distribution were calculated by extrapolation of plasma disappearance curves; high affinity insulins consistently distributed into spaces that were two-three times greater than those of the low affinity insulins. Injections of unlabeled pork insulin before tracer insulins decreased the distribution space of the high affinity insulin in a dose-dependent manner while having little or no effect on the distribution space of the low affinity labeled insulin. When unlabeled insulin was injected after the tracer insulins, there was an immediate rise in the plasma concentration of the high affinity insulin with only a slight change in the plasma concentration of the low affinity insulin. These results demonstrate that high affinity insulins distribute into a body compartment which has many properties of the insulin receptor previously studied in vitro. This receptor compartment: (a) recognizes insulins based on their biological potencies; (b) is saturated by elevated concentrations of insulin; and (c) insulin bound to receptors is in equilibrium with free hormone in plasma. Further, the bound to free ratios for hormone, calculated from these data, suggest that in vivo greater than 50% of the extrapancreatic insulin is bound to receptors during normal physiological states.", "contents": "Demonstration of the insulin receptor in vivo in rabbits and its possible role as a reservoir for the plasma hormone. Based on studies of the interaction of insulin with its receptors in vitro, we calculated that a receptor compartment should be measurable directly in vivo. For this purpose, rabbits were injected intravenously with a labeled insulin that has low affinity for receptors in combination with a radioiodinated insulin that has high affinity for receptors. Plasma concentrations of labeled insulins were measured at selected intervals after injection. Apparent volumes of distribution were calculated by extrapolation of plasma distribution were calculated by extrapolation of plasma disappearance curves; high affinity insulins consistently distributed into spaces that were two-three times greater than those of the low affinity insulins. Injections of unlabeled pork insulin before tracer insulins decreased the distribution space of the high affinity insulin in a dose-dependent manner while having little or no effect on the distribution space of the low affinity labeled insulin. When unlabeled insulin was injected after the tracer insulins, there was an immediate rise in the plasma concentration of the high affinity insulin with only a slight change in the plasma concentration of the low affinity insulin. These results demonstrate that high affinity insulins distribute into a body compartment which has many properties of the insulin receptor previously studied in vitro. This receptor compartment: (a) recognizes insulins based on their biological potencies; (b) is saturated by elevated concentrations of insulin; and (c) insulin bound to receptors is in equilibrium with free hormone in plasma. Further, the bound to free ratios for hormone, calculated from these data, suggest that in vivo greater than 50% of the extrapancreatic insulin is bound to receptors during normal physiological states.", "PMID": 659598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8430", "title": "Inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the dog.", "content": "We studied the effects of vitamin D metabolites on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Test materials were injected into the cranial thyroid artery of the dog, and immunoreactive PTH was measured frequently in serum samples from the inferior thyroid vein and the femoral vein. This model for the study of secretion had previously been validated with the use of known modulators on PTH secretion. In control experiments, injection of 100% ethanol, the vehicle in which cholecalciferol (D(3)) metabolites were suspended, resulted in no change in PTH secretion. Likewise, native vitamin D(3), in doses ranging from 250 to 1,250 ng had no effect on PTH secretion. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-(OH)D(3), in doses of 125-240 ng, caused complete suppression of PTH secretion. When 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3), was injected in doses of 50-250 ng, suppression of PTH secretion was again complete; in doses of 5 ng, injection of this metabolite resulted in significant but incomplete suppression of secretion. In doses of 50-250 ng, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) strongly stimulated PTH secretion, but in a dose of 5 ng this metabolite had no effects. Injection of equal doses of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) resulted in significant suppression of PTH secretion. Hypocalcemia-induced stimulation of PTH secretion was suppressed by 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) while hypercalcemia-induced suppression of PTH secretion was stimulated by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In all experiments showing suppression of PTH secretion, peripheral PTH decreased. Arguments are presented for considering the suppressive effects of D(3) metabolites as physiologic modulators. However, this stimulating effect of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) occurred only in pharmacologic doses and hence probably has no physiologic relevance.", "contents": "Inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the dog. We studied the effects of vitamin D metabolites on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Test materials were injected into the cranial thyroid artery of the dog, and immunoreactive PTH was measured frequently in serum samples from the inferior thyroid vein and the femoral vein. This model for the study of secretion had previously been validated with the use of known modulators on PTH secretion. In control experiments, injection of 100% ethanol, the vehicle in which cholecalciferol (D(3)) metabolites were suspended, resulted in no change in PTH secretion. Likewise, native vitamin D(3), in doses ranging from 250 to 1,250 ng had no effect on PTH secretion. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-(OH)D(3), in doses of 125-240 ng, caused complete suppression of PTH secretion. When 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3), was injected in doses of 50-250 ng, suppression of PTH secretion was again complete; in doses of 5 ng, injection of this metabolite resulted in significant but incomplete suppression of secretion. In doses of 50-250 ng, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) strongly stimulated PTH secretion, but in a dose of 5 ng this metabolite had no effects. Injection of equal doses of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) resulted in significant suppression of PTH secretion. Hypocalcemia-induced stimulation of PTH secretion was suppressed by 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) while hypercalcemia-induced suppression of PTH secretion was stimulated by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In all experiments showing suppression of PTH secretion, peripheral PTH decreased. Arguments are presented for considering the suppressive effects of D(3) metabolites as physiologic modulators. However, this stimulating effect of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) occurred only in pharmacologic doses and hence probably has no physiologic relevance.", "PMID": 659599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8431", "title": "Lymphocytes binding C-reactive protein during acute rheumatic fever.", "content": "Lymphocytes binding C-reactive protein (CRP) were studied in 31 patients with acute rheumatic fever and 30 controls who were children. Marked elevations in both proportions and absolute numbers of CRP-binding lymphocytes were recorded in rheumatic fever (P less than 0.001). No clear correlation was noted between plasma CRP as quantitated by radioimmunoassay and proportions or numbers of CRP-binding cells. Double-labeling experiments indicated that 60-80% of CRP-binding lymphocytes also showed Fc receptors reacting with fluorescein-conjugated IgG aggregates. Passage of lymphocytes over Ig--anti-IgG columns, removed cells bearing surface Ig but not CRP-binding lymphocytes. Studies of T-cell subpopulations indicated no overlap between Tmicron- and CRP-binding cells; however about half of Tgamma-cells showed concurrent CRP binding. \"Active\" T-cell rosetting cells did not bind CRP. A 12-15-h incubation of lymphocytes at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2-air showed persistence of CRP binding in substantial proportions of cells particularly in acute rheumatic fever. CRP-binding lymphocytes may represent a marker for immunologically committed cells in acute rheumatic fever.", "contents": "Lymphocytes binding C-reactive protein during acute rheumatic fever. Lymphocytes binding C-reactive protein (CRP) were studied in 31 patients with acute rheumatic fever and 30 controls who were children. Marked elevations in both proportions and absolute numbers of CRP-binding lymphocytes were recorded in rheumatic fever (P less than 0.001). No clear correlation was noted between plasma CRP as quantitated by radioimmunoassay and proportions or numbers of CRP-binding cells. Double-labeling experiments indicated that 60-80% of CRP-binding lymphocytes also showed Fc receptors reacting with fluorescein-conjugated IgG aggregates. Passage of lymphocytes over Ig--anti-IgG columns, removed cells bearing surface Ig but not CRP-binding lymphocytes. Studies of T-cell subpopulations indicated no overlap between Tmicron- and CRP-binding cells; however about half of Tgamma-cells showed concurrent CRP binding. \"Active\" T-cell rosetting cells did not bind CRP. A 12-15-h incubation of lymphocytes at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2-air showed persistence of CRP binding in substantial proportions of cells particularly in acute rheumatic fever. CRP-binding lymphocytes may represent a marker for immunologically committed cells in acute rheumatic fever.", "PMID": 659600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8432", "title": "Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. Interaction of bacterial dextran, platelets, and fibrin.", "content": "The role of dextran in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis was investigated by studying the adherence of dextran producing oral streptococci to the constituents of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) in vitro and in vivo. The adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to fibrin and platelets was determined in an in vitro assay system simulating nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Adherence was increased when the organisms were grown in sucrose-supplemented media (adherence ratio X 10(4), 177 +/- 6 in 5% sucrose vs. 140 +/- 7 in 0.5% sucrose, P less than 0.001), and decreased by incubating the organisms in dextranase (adherence ratio X 10(4), 117 +/- 16, P less than 0.001), an effect which was nullified by heat inactivating this enzyme (adherence ratio X 10(4), 192 +/- 7, P less than 0.001). The amount of dextran produced in broth by three different oral streptococci correlated directly with the adherence observed to fibrin and a fibrin-platelet matrix in vitro (P less than 0.001). These organisms adhered more readily to a fibrin-platelet matrix than to fibrin alone (adherence ratio X 10(4), 455 +/- 30 vs. 177 +/- 6, respectively, P less than 0.001). The role of dextran formation was also examined in vivo in rabbits with preexisting NBTE. After injection of 10(7) S. sanguis, 12 of 17 animals developed endocarditis. In contrast, when the organisms were pretreated with dextranase (an enzyme that removes dextran from the bacterial cell surface), the same inoculum resulted in endocarditis in only 5 of 19 animals (P less than 0.05). In addition, a fresh strain of S. sanguis that produced high levels of dextran (1,220 +/- 50 microgram/ml) and adhered avidly to fibrin (adherence ratio X 10(4), 220 +/- 11) produced endocarditis in 12 of 18 rabbits after injection of 10(7) organisms. Another isolate of the same strain that had been passed repeatedly in the laboratory produced less dextran (400 +/- 30 microgram/ml), adhered poorly to fibrin (adherence ratio X 10(4), 140 +/- 7), and produced endocarditis in only 3 of 14 rabbits under identical conditions (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that dextran production is important in the adherence of oral streptococci to the constituents of NBTE and may play a role in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis by oral streptococci.", "contents": "Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. Interaction of bacterial dextran, platelets, and fibrin. The role of dextran in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis was investigated by studying the adherence of dextran producing oral streptococci to the constituents of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) in vitro and in vivo. The adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to fibrin and platelets was determined in an in vitro assay system simulating nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Adherence was increased when the organisms were grown in sucrose-supplemented media (adherence ratio X 10(4), 177 +/- 6 in 5% sucrose vs. 140 +/- 7 in 0.5% sucrose, P less than 0.001), and decreased by incubating the organisms in dextranase (adherence ratio X 10(4), 117 +/- 16, P less than 0.001), an effect which was nullified by heat inactivating this enzyme (adherence ratio X 10(4), 192 +/- 7, P less than 0.001). The amount of dextran produced in broth by three different oral streptococci correlated directly with the adherence observed to fibrin and a fibrin-platelet matrix in vitro (P less than 0.001). These organisms adhered more readily to a fibrin-platelet matrix than to fibrin alone (adherence ratio X 10(4), 455 +/- 30 vs. 177 +/- 6, respectively, P less than 0.001). The role of dextran formation was also examined in vivo in rabbits with preexisting NBTE. After injection of 10(7) S. sanguis, 12 of 17 animals developed endocarditis. In contrast, when the organisms were pretreated with dextranase (an enzyme that removes dextran from the bacterial cell surface), the same inoculum resulted in endocarditis in only 5 of 19 animals (P less than 0.05). In addition, a fresh strain of S. sanguis that produced high levels of dextran (1,220 +/- 50 microgram/ml) and adhered avidly to fibrin (adherence ratio X 10(4), 220 +/- 11) produced endocarditis in 12 of 18 rabbits after injection of 10(7) organisms. Another isolate of the same strain that had been passed repeatedly in the laboratory produced less dextran (400 +/- 30 microgram/ml), adhered poorly to fibrin (adherence ratio X 10(4), 140 +/- 7), and produced endocarditis in only 3 of 14 rabbits under identical conditions (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that dextran production is important in the adherence of oral streptococci to the constituents of NBTE and may play a role in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis by oral streptococci.", "PMID": 659601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8433", "title": "Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in rat blood. Characterization, regional differences, and responses to oral and intravenous glucose.", "content": "Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in rat serum using an antiserum specific for somatostatin and cross-reacting maximally with the biologically important area on the peptide. The RIA has a sensitivity of 35 pg/ml. SLI dilutes in parallel with synthetic somatostatin standard in the RIA and shows characteristics similar to synthetic somatostatin on Sephadex G-25 (f) gel chromatography eluting largely as a single peak with 1 M acetic acid. Significant regional differences in serum SLI are present. A positive gradient was found in paired samples from aorta (mean+/-SEM, 0.304+/-0.024 ng/ml) and portal vein (0.495+/-0.047 ng/ml) consistent with the known presence of somatostatin in gut and pancreas, and a negative gradient was noted between paired samples from portal vein (0.523+/-0.076 ng/ml) and hepatic vein (0.290+/-0.048 ng/ml) indicating hepatic clearance. No significant differences were demonstrated between aorta and confluence of cerebral venous sinuses or between aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC). After intragastric glucose, a significant and marked elevation of portal SLI was observed, maximal at 5 min (0.416+/-0.137 vs. 1.55+/-0.30 ng/ml at 5 min). A significant biphasic elevation of portal SLI also occurred after intravenous glucose. After both routes of glucose administration, the patterns of portal SLI followed closely those of portal glucose and insulin. By contrast, IVC SLI failed to reflect these changes.Thus, SLI in the rat shows chromatographic similarity with synthetic somatostatin. Regional differences in serum levels are marked; the highest concentrations being found in the portal venous effluent of pancreas and gut. Furthermore, glucose causes elevation of portal SLI in a pattern similar to portal insulin and glucose and without concomitant elevation in IVC. This differential elevation of SLI after glucose is consistent with a hormonal action within the portal system as a direct effect of somatostatin on the liver has previously been demonstrated. In addition, the liver is important in the clearance of portal SLI, possibly to prevent extraportal effects in response to gut and pancreatic stimulation. Finally, it is clear that regional sampling of serum for SLI measurement may be critical in the investigation of the putative physiological roles for somatostatin.", "contents": "Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in rat blood. Characterization, regional differences, and responses to oral and intravenous glucose. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in rat serum using an antiserum specific for somatostatin and cross-reacting maximally with the biologically important area on the peptide. The RIA has a sensitivity of 35 pg/ml. SLI dilutes in parallel with synthetic somatostatin standard in the RIA and shows characteristics similar to synthetic somatostatin on Sephadex G-25 (f) gel chromatography eluting largely as a single peak with 1 M acetic acid. Significant regional differences in serum SLI are present. A positive gradient was found in paired samples from aorta (mean+/-SEM, 0.304+/-0.024 ng/ml) and portal vein (0.495+/-0.047 ng/ml) consistent with the known presence of somatostatin in gut and pancreas, and a negative gradient was noted between paired samples from portal vein (0.523+/-0.076 ng/ml) and hepatic vein (0.290+/-0.048 ng/ml) indicating hepatic clearance. No significant differences were demonstrated between aorta and confluence of cerebral venous sinuses or between aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC). After intragastric glucose, a significant and marked elevation of portal SLI was observed, maximal at 5 min (0.416+/-0.137 vs. 1.55+/-0.30 ng/ml at 5 min). A significant biphasic elevation of portal SLI also occurred after intravenous glucose. After both routes of glucose administration, the patterns of portal SLI followed closely those of portal glucose and insulin. By contrast, IVC SLI failed to reflect these changes.Thus, SLI in the rat shows chromatographic similarity with synthetic somatostatin. Regional differences in serum levels are marked; the highest concentrations being found in the portal venous effluent of pancreas and gut. Furthermore, glucose causes elevation of portal SLI in a pattern similar to portal insulin and glucose and without concomitant elevation in IVC. This differential elevation of SLI after glucose is consistent with a hormonal action within the portal system as a direct effect of somatostatin on the liver has previously been demonstrated. In addition, the liver is important in the clearance of portal SLI, possibly to prevent extraportal effects in response to gut and pancreatic stimulation. Finally, it is clear that regional sampling of serum for SLI measurement may be critical in the investigation of the putative physiological roles for somatostatin.", "PMID": 659602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8434", "title": "Biochemical heterogeneity in glutathione synthetase deficiency.", "content": "Two different clinical syndromes are associated with glutathione synthetase deficiency, one presenting with hemolytic anemia and 5-oxoprolinuria, the other with isolated hemolysis. We have differentiated these disorders on an enzymatic basis. In 5-oxoprolinuria, all cell types examined have grossly deficient enzyme activity and glutathione content. In contrast, in the nonoxoprolinuric variant, erythrocytes have decreased enzyme activity and glutathione content, whereas nucleated cells maintain substantial levels of both. The enzyme in this disorder is unstable in vitro and has shortened survival in intact erythrocytes. Nucleated cells appear able to maintain sufficient enzyme activity and concentrations of glutathione to suppress overproduction of 5-oxoproline.", "contents": "Biochemical heterogeneity in glutathione synthetase deficiency. Two different clinical syndromes are associated with glutathione synthetase deficiency, one presenting with hemolytic anemia and 5-oxoprolinuria, the other with isolated hemolysis. We have differentiated these disorders on an enzymatic basis. In 5-oxoprolinuria, all cell types examined have grossly deficient enzyme activity and glutathione content. In contrast, in the nonoxoprolinuric variant, erythrocytes have decreased enzyme activity and glutathione content, whereas nucleated cells maintain substantial levels of both. The enzyme in this disorder is unstable in vitro and has shortened survival in intact erythrocytes. Nucleated cells appear able to maintain sufficient enzyme activity and concentrations of glutathione to suppress overproduction of 5-oxoproline.", "PMID": 659603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8435", "title": "Bicarbonate secretion by rabbit cortical collecting tubules in vitro.", "content": "We previously reported that rabbit renal cortical collecting tubules can secrete bicarbonate in vitro (i.e., there can be net transport from bath to lumen, causing the concentration in the lumen to increase). Net bicarbonate secretion was observed most often when rabbits had been pretreated with NaHCO(3) and were excreting alkaline urine before being killed for experiments. The purpose of the present studies was to elucidate the mechanism involved by testing the effects of ion substitutions and drugs on collecting tubules that were secreting bicarbonate. Acetazolamide inhibited net bicarbonate secretion, suggesting that the process is dependent upon carbonic anhydrase. Net bicarbonate secretion also decreased when sodium in the perfusate and bath was replaced by choline, but not when chloride was replaced by nitrate or methylsulfate. Ouabain had no significant effect. Amiloride caused net bicarbonate secretion to increase. The rate of net secretion did not correlate with transepithelial voltage. The results are compared to those in turtle urinary bladders that also secrete bicarbonate. There are no direct contradictions between the results in the two tissues, i.e., in turtle bladders acetazolamide also inhibited bicarbonate secretion and ouabain had no effect. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that net secretion of bicarbonate by collecting tubules involves specific exchange for chloride, as has been proposed for turtle bladders, because replacement of chloride by other anions did not inhibit bicarbonate secretion by collecting tubules. It was previously shown that the collecting tubules in vitro also may absorb bicarbonate, especially when the rabbits have been treated with NH(4)Cl and are excreting acid urine before being killed. The effects of drugs on net bicarbonate secretion found in the present studies are compared to their previously reported effects on net bicarbonate absorption and the possibility is discussed that bicarbonate absorption and secretion are independent processes, as was previously proposed for turtle bladders.", "contents": "Bicarbonate secretion by rabbit cortical collecting tubules in vitro. We previously reported that rabbit renal cortical collecting tubules can secrete bicarbonate in vitro (i.e., there can be net transport from bath to lumen, causing the concentration in the lumen to increase). Net bicarbonate secretion was observed most often when rabbits had been pretreated with NaHCO(3) and were excreting alkaline urine before being killed for experiments. The purpose of the present studies was to elucidate the mechanism involved by testing the effects of ion substitutions and drugs on collecting tubules that were secreting bicarbonate. Acetazolamide inhibited net bicarbonate secretion, suggesting that the process is dependent upon carbonic anhydrase. Net bicarbonate secretion also decreased when sodium in the perfusate and bath was replaced by choline, but not when chloride was replaced by nitrate or methylsulfate. Ouabain had no significant effect. Amiloride caused net bicarbonate secretion to increase. The rate of net secretion did not correlate with transepithelial voltage. The results are compared to those in turtle urinary bladders that also secrete bicarbonate. There are no direct contradictions between the results in the two tissues, i.e., in turtle bladders acetazolamide also inhibited bicarbonate secretion and ouabain had no effect. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that net secretion of bicarbonate by collecting tubules involves specific exchange for chloride, as has been proposed for turtle bladders, because replacement of chloride by other anions did not inhibit bicarbonate secretion by collecting tubules. It was previously shown that the collecting tubules in vitro also may absorb bicarbonate, especially when the rabbits have been treated with NH(4)Cl and are excreting acid urine before being killed. The effects of drugs on net bicarbonate secretion found in the present studies are compared to their previously reported effects on net bicarbonate absorption and the possibility is discussed that bicarbonate absorption and secretion are independent processes, as was previously proposed for turtle bladders.", "PMID": 659604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8436", "title": "The critical role of iron in host-bacterial interactions.", "content": "The ability of potential pathogens to acquire iron in a host is an important determinant of both their virulence and the nature of the infection produced. Virulent gram-negative bacteria are capable of acquiring sufficient iron from the host because their virulence (for chick embryos) is unaffected by exogenous iron. Avirulent mutants which are apparently limited in their ability to acquire iron could be isolated from the virulent strains. The lethality of these mutants was significantly enhanced by exogenous iron. Reduction of the relatively high serum iron saturation of chick embryos (to levels more closely approximating those in man) by pretreatment with iron-binding proteins or endotoxin inhibits the lethality of some virulent bacteria. Those bacteria whose virulence was reduced include the Shigella, Vibrio cholerae and strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, all of which are nondisseminating pathogens in the normal human host. Pathogens which produce septicemic and disseminating infections such as Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Escherichia coli possessing K-1 antigen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium and disseminating strains of N. gonorrhoeae were, in general, unaffected by reduced serum iron saturation. These disseminating bacteria appeared to produce greater quantities of compounds (siderophores) which stimulated microbial growth in low-iron media than did the nondisseminating pathogens. Thus, the gram-negative bacteria tested can be divided into four major classes according to their responses to modifications in iron levels in the chick embryo model and these results correlate with the nature of the infections which they typically produce in man.", "contents": "The critical role of iron in host-bacterial interactions. The ability of potential pathogens to acquire iron in a host is an important determinant of both their virulence and the nature of the infection produced. Virulent gram-negative bacteria are capable of acquiring sufficient iron from the host because their virulence (for chick embryos) is unaffected by exogenous iron. Avirulent mutants which are apparently limited in their ability to acquire iron could be isolated from the virulent strains. The lethality of these mutants was significantly enhanced by exogenous iron. Reduction of the relatively high serum iron saturation of chick embryos (to levels more closely approximating those in man) by pretreatment with iron-binding proteins or endotoxin inhibits the lethality of some virulent bacteria. Those bacteria whose virulence was reduced include the Shigella, Vibrio cholerae and strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, all of which are nondisseminating pathogens in the normal human host. Pathogens which produce septicemic and disseminating infections such as Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Escherichia coli possessing K-1 antigen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium and disseminating strains of N. gonorrhoeae were, in general, unaffected by reduced serum iron saturation. These disseminating bacteria appeared to produce greater quantities of compounds (siderophores) which stimulated microbial growth in low-iron media than did the nondisseminating pathogens. Thus, the gram-negative bacteria tested can be divided into four major classes according to their responses to modifications in iron levels in the chick embryo model and these results correlate with the nature of the infections which they typically produce in man.", "PMID": 659605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8437", "title": "Comparative responses of tracheal spirals and parenchymal strips to histamine and carbachol in vitro.", "content": "The responses of isolated guinea pig tracheal spirals and parenchymal strips to histamine and carbachol were compared. The parenchymal strip, a 1.5 x 1.5 x 20-mm strip cut from the periphery of the lung, constricted at a lower dose and had a larger maximal response to histamine than to carbachol. In contrast, the response of the tracheal spiral to equimolar doses of histamine or carbachol was the same. The responsiveness of both muscle strips to histamine was decreased by treatment with the H1 receptor antagonist mepyramine (0.1 micrometer), and the response to carbachol was blocked by treatment with atropine (0.1 micrometer). Indomethacin (3 micrometer), cimetidine (1 micrometer), propranolol (10 micrometer), and N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) (4 micrometer) did not alter the differential response of the two strips to histamine and carbachol. The differential response of parenchymal strips with many, few, or no conducting airways and blood vessels was identical, suggesting that the contractile element is alveolar duct smooth muscle or alveolar contractile elements. This differential pharmacologic response in vitro is consistent with the in vivo observation that histamine causes more peripheral airway constriction than does acetylcholine.", "contents": "Comparative responses of tracheal spirals and parenchymal strips to histamine and carbachol in vitro. The responses of isolated guinea pig tracheal spirals and parenchymal strips to histamine and carbachol were compared. The parenchymal strip, a 1.5 x 1.5 x 20-mm strip cut from the periphery of the lung, constricted at a lower dose and had a larger maximal response to histamine than to carbachol. In contrast, the response of the tracheal spiral to equimolar doses of histamine or carbachol was the same. The responsiveness of both muscle strips to histamine was decreased by treatment with the H1 receptor antagonist mepyramine (0.1 micrometer), and the response to carbachol was blocked by treatment with atropine (0.1 micrometer). Indomethacin (3 micrometer), cimetidine (1 micrometer), propranolol (10 micrometer), and N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) (4 micrometer) did not alter the differential response of the two strips to histamine and carbachol. The differential response of parenchymal strips with many, few, or no conducting airways and blood vessels was identical, suggesting that the contractile element is alveolar duct smooth muscle or alveolar contractile elements. This differential pharmacologic response in vitro is consistent with the in vivo observation that histamine causes more peripheral airway constriction than does acetylcholine.", "PMID": 659606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8438", "title": "Neurodiagnostic abnormalities in patients with acute renal failure.", "content": "Neurological abnormalities are a major cause of morbidity in patients with renal failure. The pathophysiology of these neurological changes is unclear, and the effects on them of dialysis and return of renal function have not been well studied. Studies were done in 31 patients who had acute renal failure (ARF), all of whom were either treated with dialysis within 5 days or did not survive. Studies on these patients included the electroencephalogram (EEG), motor nerve conduction velocity, and plasma Ca(++) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Studies were done at the time ARF was diagnosed, after stabilization on dialysis, during the diuretic phase of ARF, and 3 mo after recovery from ARF. In 16 patients with acute or chronic renal failure who did not survive and in nine patients without renal disease who died, measurements were made in brain of content of Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), Ca(++), Mg(++), and water. In patients with ARF for less than 48 h, despite the fact that there were only modest increases in plasma urea and creatinine, there were striking abnormalities in the EEG. The percent EEG power < 5 Hz+/-SE was 41+/-8% (normal = 2+/-1%), whereas the percent of frequencies > 9 Hz was only 22+/-6% (normal = 62+/-3%). These changes were unaffected by dialysis, but became normal with return of renal function and remained normal at 3 mo follow-up. The motor nerve conduction velocity was unaffected by either ARF or dialysis. In patients with ARF, the brain Ca(++) was 46.5+/-3.2 meq/kg dry wt, almost twice the normal value of 26.9+/-1.0 meq/kg dry wt (P < 0.001). The plasma PTH level was 3.2+/-0.6 ng/ml (normal < 1.5 ng/ml, P < 0.01). The increased brain Ca(++) was not related to an increased plasma (Ca(++)) (PO(4) (---)) product (r(2) = 0.14, P > 0.05). There was a small but significant decrement in brain Na(+) (P < 0.05), but brain water, K(+), and Mg(++) were unaffected by ARF.Thus, in patients with ARF for less than 48 h, the EEG is grossly abnormal and there are elevated levels of PTH in plasma. The PTH appears to have a direct effect on the brain, resulting in an increased brain Ca(++) content. The EEG abnormalities are unaffected by dialysis, but they become normal with return of renal function and remain normal after 3 mo follow-up. Thus, PTH may be a major uremic toxin, demonstrating evidence for central nervous system toxicity when there are only minimal abnormalities of other biochemical markers of ARF.", "contents": "Neurodiagnostic abnormalities in patients with acute renal failure. Neurological abnormalities are a major cause of morbidity in patients with renal failure. The pathophysiology of these neurological changes is unclear, and the effects on them of dialysis and return of renal function have not been well studied. Studies were done in 31 patients who had acute renal failure (ARF), all of whom were either treated with dialysis within 5 days or did not survive. Studies on these patients included the electroencephalogram (EEG), motor nerve conduction velocity, and plasma Ca(++) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Studies were done at the time ARF was diagnosed, after stabilization on dialysis, during the diuretic phase of ARF, and 3 mo after recovery from ARF. In 16 patients with acute or chronic renal failure who did not survive and in nine patients without renal disease who died, measurements were made in brain of content of Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), Ca(++), Mg(++), and water. In patients with ARF for less than 48 h, despite the fact that there were only modest increases in plasma urea and creatinine, there were striking abnormalities in the EEG. The percent EEG power < 5 Hz+/-SE was 41+/-8% (normal = 2+/-1%), whereas the percent of frequencies > 9 Hz was only 22+/-6% (normal = 62+/-3%). These changes were unaffected by dialysis, but became normal with return of renal function and remained normal at 3 mo follow-up. The motor nerve conduction velocity was unaffected by either ARF or dialysis. In patients with ARF, the brain Ca(++) was 46.5+/-3.2 meq/kg dry wt, almost twice the normal value of 26.9+/-1.0 meq/kg dry wt (P < 0.001). The plasma PTH level was 3.2+/-0.6 ng/ml (normal < 1.5 ng/ml, P < 0.01). The increased brain Ca(++) was not related to an increased plasma (Ca(++)) (PO(4) (---)) product (r(2) = 0.14, P > 0.05). There was a small but significant decrement in brain Na(+) (P < 0.05), but brain water, K(+), and Mg(++) were unaffected by ARF.Thus, in patients with ARF for less than 48 h, the EEG is grossly abnormal and there are elevated levels of PTH in plasma. The PTH appears to have a direct effect on the brain, resulting in an increased brain Ca(++) content. The EEG abnormalities are unaffected by dialysis, but they become normal with return of renal function and remain normal after 3 mo follow-up. Thus, PTH may be a major uremic toxin, demonstrating evidence for central nervous system toxicity when there are only minimal abnormalities of other biochemical markers of ARF.", "PMID": 659607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8439", "title": "Increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in low-renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine if the dissociation of aldosterone and plasma renin activity in low-renin essential hypertension is due to altered adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II. The responsiveness of the adrenal glands to angiotensin II was determined by infusing graded doses of angiotensin II into normal subjects and into patients with essential hypertension and measuring changes in levels of plasma aldosterone in response to the infusion. To minimize the influence of endogenous angiotensin II and ACTH, supplemental sodium and dexamethasone were given before the infusions. Levels of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were determined in normal subjects and in the same patients after the combined stimuli of furosemide and upright posture, a maneuver used to increase the level of endogenous angiotensin II. To determine if the changes in levels of plasma aldosterone during infusion of angiotensin II were due to alteration of the metabolic clearance of aldosterone, the metabolic clearance of aldosterone was measured before and during the infusion of angiotensin II. After sodium loading, dexamethasone treatment, and supine posture, levels of plasma aldosterone of normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension were suppressed equally. In response to the infusion of angiotensin II, the levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with low-renin essential hypertension were significantly higher than those of normal subjects or of patients with normal-renin essential hypertension. After furosemide and upright posture, levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with low-renin essential hypertension were significantly higher than those of patients with normal-renin essential hypertension, despite a blunted response in plasma renin activity of the patients with low-renin essential hypertension. Decreases in metabolic clearance of aldosterone during infusion of angiotensin II were similar in patients with normal-renin essential hypertension and in patients with low-renin essential hypertension and accounted for only a small fraction of the marked increase in levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with low-renin essential hypertension. It is concluded that patients with low-renin essential hypertension have increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II. This increased sensitivity may explain the dissociation of aldosterone and plasma renin activity in low-renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in low-renin essential hypertension. Studies were undertaken to determine if the dissociation of aldosterone and plasma renin activity in low-renin essential hypertension is due to altered adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II. The responsiveness of the adrenal glands to angiotensin II was determined by infusing graded doses of angiotensin II into normal subjects and into patients with essential hypertension and measuring changes in levels of plasma aldosterone in response to the infusion. To minimize the influence of endogenous angiotensin II and ACTH, supplemental sodium and dexamethasone were given before the infusions. Levels of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were determined in normal subjects and in the same patients after the combined stimuli of furosemide and upright posture, a maneuver used to increase the level of endogenous angiotensin II. To determine if the changes in levels of plasma aldosterone during infusion of angiotensin II were due to alteration of the metabolic clearance of aldosterone, the metabolic clearance of aldosterone was measured before and during the infusion of angiotensin II. After sodium loading, dexamethasone treatment, and supine posture, levels of plasma aldosterone of normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension were suppressed equally. In response to the infusion of angiotensin II, the levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with low-renin essential hypertension were significantly higher than those of normal subjects or of patients with normal-renin essential hypertension. After furosemide and upright posture, levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with low-renin essential hypertension were significantly higher than those of patients with normal-renin essential hypertension, despite a blunted response in plasma renin activity of the patients with low-renin essential hypertension. Decreases in metabolic clearance of aldosterone during infusion of angiotensin II were similar in patients with normal-renin essential hypertension and in patients with low-renin essential hypertension and accounted for only a small fraction of the marked increase in levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with low-renin essential hypertension. It is concluded that patients with low-renin essential hypertension have increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II. This increased sensitivity may explain the dissociation of aldosterone and plasma renin activity in low-renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 659608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8440", "title": "Failure of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the canine asthma model. Effect of prostaglandin inhibitors.", "content": "Measurements of respiratory mechanics, arterial blood gases, and pulmonary vascular resistance were made before and 15 min after inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum extract in dogs with natural sensitivity to this antigen. 25 of 47 dogs were treated before inhalation challenge with a prostaglandin inhibitor (90 mg/kg of aspirin or 2 mg/kg of indomethacin by intravenous infusion). In response to the challenge, bronchospasm developed in approximately half (responders) of each group reflected by decreases in mean specific respiratory system conductance and arterial oxygen tension. While the dogs were breathing room air, pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged after antigen challenge in the responders not given aspirin or indomethacin, but increased significantly and was associated with a lesser degree of arterial hypoxemia in the responders pretreated with either of the prostaglandin inhibitors. Prevention of arterial hypoxemia by oxygen breathing blocked an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in four pretreated responders. No changes in respiratory mechanics, pulmonary hemodynamics, or arterial blood gases were noted in the 21 dogs who did not develop bronchospasm regardless of whether or not they were pretreated. 12 additional dogs in whom arterial hypoxemia was produced by 10% oxygen breathing, showed an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance that was not potentiated by pretreatment with aspirin in 6. We conclude that in acute experimental canine asthma, vasodilator prostaglandins appear to blunt the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response, thereby further compromising gas exchange but preventing the development of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Failure of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the canine asthma model. Effect of prostaglandin inhibitors. Measurements of respiratory mechanics, arterial blood gases, and pulmonary vascular resistance were made before and 15 min after inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum extract in dogs with natural sensitivity to this antigen. 25 of 47 dogs were treated before inhalation challenge with a prostaglandin inhibitor (90 mg/kg of aspirin or 2 mg/kg of indomethacin by intravenous infusion). In response to the challenge, bronchospasm developed in approximately half (responders) of each group reflected by decreases in mean specific respiratory system conductance and arterial oxygen tension. While the dogs were breathing room air, pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged after antigen challenge in the responders not given aspirin or indomethacin, but increased significantly and was associated with a lesser degree of arterial hypoxemia in the responders pretreated with either of the prostaglandin inhibitors. Prevention of arterial hypoxemia by oxygen breathing blocked an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in four pretreated responders. No changes in respiratory mechanics, pulmonary hemodynamics, or arterial blood gases were noted in the 21 dogs who did not develop bronchospasm regardless of whether or not they were pretreated. 12 additional dogs in whom arterial hypoxemia was produced by 10% oxygen breathing, showed an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance that was not potentiated by pretreatment with aspirin in 6. We conclude that in acute experimental canine asthma, vasodilator prostaglandins appear to blunt the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response, thereby further compromising gas exchange but preventing the development of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 659609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8441", "title": "Effect of starvation on the turnover and metabolic response to leucine.", "content": "l-Leucine was administered as a primed continuous 3-4-h infusion in nonobese and obese subjects in the postabsorptive state and for 12 h in obese subjects after a 3-day and 4-wk fast. In nonobese and obese subjects studied in the post-absorptive state, the leucine infusion resulted in a 150-200% rise in plasma leucine above preinfusion levels, a small decrease in plasma glucose, and unchanged levels of plasma insulin and glucagon and blood ketones. Plasma isoleucine (60-70%) and valine (35-40%) declined to a greater extent than other amino acids (P < 0.001). After 3 days and 4 wk of fasting, equimolar infusions of leucine resulted in two- to threefold greater increments in plasma leucine as compared to post-absorptive subjects, a 30-40% decline in other plasma amino acids, and a 25-30% decrease in negative nitrogen balance. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine was however, unchanged. Plasma glucose which declined in 3-day fasted subjects after leucine administration, surprisingly rose by 20 mg/100 ml after 4 wk of fasting. The rise in blood glucose occurred in the absence of changes in plasma glucagon and insulin and in the face of a 15% decline in endogenous glucose production (as measured by infusion of [3-(3)H]glucose). On the other hand, fractional glucose utilization fell by 30% (P < 0.001), thereby accounting for hyperglycemia. The estimated metabolic clearance rate of leucine fell by 48% after 3 days of fasting whereas the plasma delivery rate of leucine was unchanged, thereby accounting for a 40% rise in plasma leucine during early starvation. After a 4-wk fast, the estimated metabolic clearance rate of leucine declined further to 59% below base line. Plasma leucine nevertheless fell to postabsorptive levels as the plasma delivery rate of leucine decreased 65% below postabsorptive values. (a) Infusion of exogenous leucine in prolonged fasting results in a decline in plasma levels of other amino acids, improvement in nitrogen balance and unchanged excretion of 3-methylhistidine, thus suggesting stimulation of muscle protein synthesis, (b) leucine infusion also reduces glucose production and to an even greater extent, glucose consumption, thereby raising blood glucose concentration; and (c) the rise in plasma leucine in early starvation results primarily from a decrease in leucine clearance which drops progressively during starvation.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on the turnover and metabolic response to leucine. l-Leucine was administered as a primed continuous 3-4-h infusion in nonobese and obese subjects in the postabsorptive state and for 12 h in obese subjects after a 3-day and 4-wk fast. In nonobese and obese subjects studied in the post-absorptive state, the leucine infusion resulted in a 150-200% rise in plasma leucine above preinfusion levels, a small decrease in plasma glucose, and unchanged levels of plasma insulin and glucagon and blood ketones. Plasma isoleucine (60-70%) and valine (35-40%) declined to a greater extent than other amino acids (P < 0.001). After 3 days and 4 wk of fasting, equimolar infusions of leucine resulted in two- to threefold greater increments in plasma leucine as compared to post-absorptive subjects, a 30-40% decline in other plasma amino acids, and a 25-30% decrease in negative nitrogen balance. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine was however, unchanged. Plasma glucose which declined in 3-day fasted subjects after leucine administration, surprisingly rose by 20 mg/100 ml after 4 wk of fasting. The rise in blood glucose occurred in the absence of changes in plasma glucagon and insulin and in the face of a 15% decline in endogenous glucose production (as measured by infusion of [3-(3)H]glucose). On the other hand, fractional glucose utilization fell by 30% (P < 0.001), thereby accounting for hyperglycemia. The estimated metabolic clearance rate of leucine fell by 48% after 3 days of fasting whereas the plasma delivery rate of leucine was unchanged, thereby accounting for a 40% rise in plasma leucine during early starvation. After a 4-wk fast, the estimated metabolic clearance rate of leucine declined further to 59% below base line. Plasma leucine nevertheless fell to postabsorptive levels as the plasma delivery rate of leucine decreased 65% below postabsorptive values. (a) Infusion of exogenous leucine in prolonged fasting results in a decline in plasma levels of other amino acids, improvement in nitrogen balance and unchanged excretion of 3-methylhistidine, thus suggesting stimulation of muscle protein synthesis, (b) leucine infusion also reduces glucose production and to an even greater extent, glucose consumption, thereby raising blood glucose concentration; and (c) the rise in plasma leucine in early starvation results primarily from a decrease in leucine clearance which drops progressively during starvation.", "PMID": 659610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8442", "title": "3-Hydroxyproline content of normal urine.", "content": "Values for total 3-hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxyproline were obtained from 24-h urine specimens of 18 healthy human subjects of both sexes, whose ages ranged from the first to the sixth decade in age. Urinary 3-hydroxyproline levels, not earlier described to our knowledge, were determined by an isotope-dilution method requiring considerable purification and utilizing the amino acid analyzer for final measurement. 3-Hydroxyproline averaged 3% of the corresponding 4-hydroxyproline in individual urine samples. Like 4-hydroxyproline, 3-hydroxyproline excretion is increased in the second decade, and there is generally good correlation between the two values in individual urines. A hydroxyprolinemic subject excreting greatly elevated 4-hydroxyproline levels did not excrete excessive 3-hydroxyproline, consistent with independent catabolic pathways for the two compounds. 3-Hydroxyproline appears to be selectively excreted relative to 4-hydroxyproline when compared with the probable total body content of each amino acid. Possible explanations are: a more rapid turnover of basement membrane collagen than interstitial collagen or, alternatively, relatively greater resistance to the proteolytic cleavage of peptides containing 3-hydroxyproline.", "contents": "3-Hydroxyproline content of normal urine. Values for total 3-hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxyproline were obtained from 24-h urine specimens of 18 healthy human subjects of both sexes, whose ages ranged from the first to the sixth decade in age. Urinary 3-hydroxyproline levels, not earlier described to our knowledge, were determined by an isotope-dilution method requiring considerable purification and utilizing the amino acid analyzer for final measurement. 3-Hydroxyproline averaged 3% of the corresponding 4-hydroxyproline in individual urine samples. Like 4-hydroxyproline, 3-hydroxyproline excretion is increased in the second decade, and there is generally good correlation between the two values in individual urines. A hydroxyprolinemic subject excreting greatly elevated 4-hydroxyproline levels did not excrete excessive 3-hydroxyproline, consistent with independent catabolic pathways for the two compounds. 3-Hydroxyproline appears to be selectively excreted relative to 4-hydroxyproline when compared with the probable total body content of each amino acid. Possible explanations are: a more rapid turnover of basement membrane collagen than interstitial collagen or, alternatively, relatively greater resistance to the proteolytic cleavage of peptides containing 3-hydroxyproline.", "PMID": 659611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8443", "title": "Functional profile of the isolated uremic nephron. Role of compensatory hypertrophy in the control of fluid reabsorption by the proximal straight tubule.", "content": "An in vitro approach to the study of single nephron function in uremia has been employed in evaluating the control of fluid reabsorption by the renal superficial proximal straight tubule (PST). Isolated segments of PSTs from the remnant kidneys of uremic rabbits (stage III) were perfused in vitro and their rate of fluid reabsorption compared with normal PSTs and with PSTs derived from the remnant kidneys of nonuremic rabbits (stage II). All segments were exposed to a peritubular bathing medium of both normal and uremic rabbit serum thereby permitting a differentiation to be made between adaptations in function which are intrinsic to the tubular epithelium and those which are dependent upon a uremic milieu.Compared with normal and stage II PSTs, there was significant hypertrophy of the stage III tubules as evidenced by an increase in length and internal diameter, and a twofold increase in the dry weight per unit length. Fluid reabsorption per unit length of tubule was 70% greater in stage III than in normal and stage II PSTs, and was closely correlated with the increase in dry weight. Substitutions between normal and uremic rabbit serum in the peritubular bathing medium did not affect fluid reabsorption significantly in any of the three groups of PSTs. Perfusion of the tubules with an ultrafiltrate of normal vs. uremic serum likewise failed to influence the rate of net fluid reabsorption. It has previously been observed that net fluid secretion may occur in nonperfused or stop-flow perfused normal rabbit PSTs exposed to human uremic serum. Additional studies were thus performed on normal and stage III PSTs to evaluate whether net secretion occurs in the presence of rabbit uremic serum. No evidence for net secretion was found. These studies demonstrate that fluid reabsorption is greatly increased in the superficial PST of the uremic remnant kidney and that this functional adaptation is closely correlated with compensatory hypertrophy of the segment. Humoral factors in the peritubular environment do not appear to be important mediators of the enhanced fluid reabsorption.", "contents": "Functional profile of the isolated uremic nephron. Role of compensatory hypertrophy in the control of fluid reabsorption by the proximal straight tubule. An in vitro approach to the study of single nephron function in uremia has been employed in evaluating the control of fluid reabsorption by the renal superficial proximal straight tubule (PST). Isolated segments of PSTs from the remnant kidneys of uremic rabbits (stage III) were perfused in vitro and their rate of fluid reabsorption compared with normal PSTs and with PSTs derived from the remnant kidneys of nonuremic rabbits (stage II). All segments were exposed to a peritubular bathing medium of both normal and uremic rabbit serum thereby permitting a differentiation to be made between adaptations in function which are intrinsic to the tubular epithelium and those which are dependent upon a uremic milieu.Compared with normal and stage II PSTs, there was significant hypertrophy of the stage III tubules as evidenced by an increase in length and internal diameter, and a twofold increase in the dry weight per unit length. Fluid reabsorption per unit length of tubule was 70% greater in stage III than in normal and stage II PSTs, and was closely correlated with the increase in dry weight. Substitutions between normal and uremic rabbit serum in the peritubular bathing medium did not affect fluid reabsorption significantly in any of the three groups of PSTs. Perfusion of the tubules with an ultrafiltrate of normal vs. uremic serum likewise failed to influence the rate of net fluid reabsorption. It has previously been observed that net fluid secretion may occur in nonperfused or stop-flow perfused normal rabbit PSTs exposed to human uremic serum. Additional studies were thus performed on normal and stage III PSTs to evaluate whether net secretion occurs in the presence of rabbit uremic serum. No evidence for net secretion was found. These studies demonstrate that fluid reabsorption is greatly increased in the superficial PST of the uremic remnant kidney and that this functional adaptation is closely correlated with compensatory hypertrophy of the segment. Humoral factors in the peritubular environment do not appear to be important mediators of the enhanced fluid reabsorption.", "PMID": 659612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8444", "title": "Activation of human factor IX (Christmas factor).", "content": "Human Factor IX (Christmas factor) is a single-chain plasma glycoprotein (mol wt 57,000) that participates in the middle phase of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. It is present in plasma as a zymogen and is converted to a serine protease, Factor IXabeta, by Factor XIa (activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent) in the presence of calcium ions. In the activation reaction, two internal peptide bonds are hydrolyzed in Factor IX. These cleavages occur at a specific arginyl-alanine peptide bond and a specific arginyl-valine peptide bond. This results in the release of an activation peptide (mol wt approximately equal to 11,000) from the internal region of the precursor molecule and the generation of Factor IXabeta (mol wt approximately equal to 46,000). Factor IXabeta is composed of a light chain (mol wt approximately equal to 18,000) and a heavy chain (mol wt approximately equal to 28,000), and these chains are held together by a disulfide bond(s). The light chain originates from the amino terminal portion of the precursor molecule and has an amino terminal sequence of Tyr-Asn-Ser-Gly-Lys. The heavy chain originates from the carboxyl terminal region of the precursor molecule and contains an amino terminal sequence of Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Glu. The heavy chain of Factor IXabeta also contains the active site sequence of Phe-Cys-Ala-Gly-Phe-His-Glu-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Cys-Gln-Gly-Asp-SER-Gly-Gly-Pro. The active site serine residue is shown in capital letters. Factor IX is also converted to Factor IXaalpha by a protease from Russell's viper venom. This activation reaction, however, occurs in a single step and involves only the cleavage of the internal arginyl-valine peptide bond. Human Factor IXabeta was inhibited by human antithrombin III by the formation of a one-to-one complex of enzyme and inhibitor. In this reaction, the inhibitor was tightly bound to the heavy chain of the enzyme. These data indicate that the mechanism of activation of human Factor IX and its inhibition by antithrombin III is essentially identical to that previously shown for bovine Factor IX.", "contents": "Activation of human factor IX (Christmas factor). Human Factor IX (Christmas factor) is a single-chain plasma glycoprotein (mol wt 57,000) that participates in the middle phase of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. It is present in plasma as a zymogen and is converted to a serine protease, Factor IXabeta, by Factor XIa (activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent) in the presence of calcium ions. In the activation reaction, two internal peptide bonds are hydrolyzed in Factor IX. These cleavages occur at a specific arginyl-alanine peptide bond and a specific arginyl-valine peptide bond. This results in the release of an activation peptide (mol wt approximately equal to 11,000) from the internal region of the precursor molecule and the generation of Factor IXabeta (mol wt approximately equal to 46,000). Factor IXabeta is composed of a light chain (mol wt approximately equal to 18,000) and a heavy chain (mol wt approximately equal to 28,000), and these chains are held together by a disulfide bond(s). The light chain originates from the amino terminal portion of the precursor molecule and has an amino terminal sequence of Tyr-Asn-Ser-Gly-Lys. The heavy chain originates from the carboxyl terminal region of the precursor molecule and contains an amino terminal sequence of Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Glu. The heavy chain of Factor IXabeta also contains the active site sequence of Phe-Cys-Ala-Gly-Phe-His-Glu-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Cys-Gln-Gly-Asp-SER-Gly-Gly-Pro. The active site serine residue is shown in capital letters. Factor IX is also converted to Factor IXaalpha by a protease from Russell's viper venom. This activation reaction, however, occurs in a single step and involves only the cleavage of the internal arginyl-valine peptide bond. Human Factor IXabeta was inhibited by human antithrombin III by the formation of a one-to-one complex of enzyme and inhibitor. In this reaction, the inhibitor was tightly bound to the heavy chain of the enzyme. These data indicate that the mechanism of activation of human Factor IX and its inhibition by antithrombin III is essentially identical to that previously shown for bovine Factor IX.", "PMID": 659613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8445", "title": "Choline pathways during normal and stimulated renal growth in rats.", "content": "Cellular membrane synthesis occurs during normal and stimulated renal growth. Choline in the kidney is utilized as a precursor for membrane synthesis via the choline kinase reaction. We investigated choline phosphorylation during normal and stimulated renal growth. Rapidly growing neonatal rat kidneys contained relatively high levels of choline kinase activity (61 pmol phosphorylcholine/min per mg protein). Choline kinase activity and phosphorylcholine production then fell gradually over the 1st mo of life; by 1 mo phosphorylcholine production was 34 pmol phosphorylcholine/min per mg protein. Choline kinase activity increased by 27% (P less than 0.001) in 28-day-old rats when renal growth was stimulated by contralateral nephrectomy; the increase occurred within 2 h after surgery. Thus, changes in the activity of this important enzyme in the initiation of membrane synthesis is associated both with normal renal development and with adaptation to nephron loss. The findings further suggest that the cell membrane may be involved in the initiation of compensatory renal growth.", "contents": "Choline pathways during normal and stimulated renal growth in rats. Cellular membrane synthesis occurs during normal and stimulated renal growth. Choline in the kidney is utilized as a precursor for membrane synthesis via the choline kinase reaction. We investigated choline phosphorylation during normal and stimulated renal growth. Rapidly growing neonatal rat kidneys contained relatively high levels of choline kinase activity (61 pmol phosphorylcholine/min per mg protein). Choline kinase activity and phosphorylcholine production then fell gradually over the 1st mo of life; by 1 mo phosphorylcholine production was 34 pmol phosphorylcholine/min per mg protein. Choline kinase activity increased by 27% (P less than 0.001) in 28-day-old rats when renal growth was stimulated by contralateral nephrectomy; the increase occurred within 2 h after surgery. Thus, changes in the activity of this important enzyme in the initiation of membrane synthesis is associated both with normal renal development and with adaptation to nephron loss. The findings further suggest that the cell membrane may be involved in the initiation of compensatory renal growth.", "PMID": 659614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8446", "title": "Differentiation of macrophages from normal human bone marrow in liquid culture. Electron microscopy and cytochemistry.", "content": "To study the various stages of human mononuclear phagocyte maturation, we cultivated bone marrow in an in vitro diffusion chamber with the cells growing in suspension and upon a dialysis membrane. At 2, 7, and 14 days, the cultured cells were examined by electron microscopy and cytochemical techniques for peroxidase and for more limited analysis of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. Peroxidase was being synthesized in promonocytes of 2- and 7-day cultures, as evidenced by reaction product in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and storage granules. Peroxidase synthesis had ceased in monocytes and the enzyme appeared only in some granules. By 7 days, large macrophages predominated, containing numerous peroxidase-positive storage granules, and heterophagy of dying cells was evident. By 14 days, the most prevalent cell type was the large peroxidase-negative macrophage. Thus, peroxidase is present in high concentrations in immature cells but absent at later stages, presumably a result of degranulation of peroxidase-positive storage granules. Clusters of peroxidase-negative macrophages with indistinct borders (epithelioid cells), as well as obvious multinucleated giant cells, were noted. Frequently, the interdigitating plasma membranes of neighboring macrophages showed a modification resembling a septate junction--to our knowledge, representing the first documentation of this specialized cell contact between normal macrophages. We suggest that such junctions may serve as zones of adhesion between epithelioid cells.", "contents": "Differentiation of macrophages from normal human bone marrow in liquid culture. Electron microscopy and cytochemistry. To study the various stages of human mononuclear phagocyte maturation, we cultivated bone marrow in an in vitro diffusion chamber with the cells growing in suspension and upon a dialysis membrane. At 2, 7, and 14 days, the cultured cells were examined by electron microscopy and cytochemical techniques for peroxidase and for more limited analysis of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. Peroxidase was being synthesized in promonocytes of 2- and 7-day cultures, as evidenced by reaction product in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and storage granules. Peroxidase synthesis had ceased in monocytes and the enzyme appeared only in some granules. By 7 days, large macrophages predominated, containing numerous peroxidase-positive storage granules, and heterophagy of dying cells was evident. By 14 days, the most prevalent cell type was the large peroxidase-negative macrophage. Thus, peroxidase is present in high concentrations in immature cells but absent at later stages, presumably a result of degranulation of peroxidase-positive storage granules. Clusters of peroxidase-negative macrophages with indistinct borders (epithelioid cells), as well as obvious multinucleated giant cells, were noted. Frequently, the interdigitating plasma membranes of neighboring macrophages showed a modification resembling a septate junction--to our knowledge, representing the first documentation of this specialized cell contact between normal macrophages. We suggest that such junctions may serve as zones of adhesion between epithelioid cells.", "PMID": 659615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8447", "title": "Isolation of circulating immune complexes using Raji cells. Separation of antigens from immune complexes and production of antiserum.", "content": "Raji cells were used for the isolation of complement-fixing antigen-antibody complexes from serum. Immune complexes bound to these cells were radiolabeled at the cell surface with lactoperoxidase. The complexes were then eluted from the cells with isotonic citrate buffer pH 3.2 or recovered by immunoprecipitation of cell lysates. The antigen and antibody moieties of the complexes were isolated by dissociating sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A variety of preformed immune complexes were successfully isolated from serum with this approach. In addition, these techniques were used to isolate and identify the antigens in immune complexes in the serum of rabbits with chronic serum sickness and rats with Moloney virus-induced sarcomas. Methods were also developed for the production of antisera against the antigenic moiety of immune complexes isolated from serum. Repeated challenge of rabbits with whole Raji cells with bound complexes or eluates from such cells resulted in antibody production against the antigens of the immune complexes, although reactivity against cellular and serum components was also elicited. Monospecific antisera against the antigens in immune complexes were produced by immunizing rabbits with the alum-precipitated antigen isolated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These techniques may be useful in isolating antigens in immune complex-associated diseases of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Isolation of circulating immune complexes using Raji cells. Separation of antigens from immune complexes and production of antiserum. Raji cells were used for the isolation of complement-fixing antigen-antibody complexes from serum. Immune complexes bound to these cells were radiolabeled at the cell surface with lactoperoxidase. The complexes were then eluted from the cells with isotonic citrate buffer pH 3.2 or recovered by immunoprecipitation of cell lysates. The antigen and antibody moieties of the complexes were isolated by dissociating sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A variety of preformed immune complexes were successfully isolated from serum with this approach. In addition, these techniques were used to isolate and identify the antigens in immune complexes in the serum of rabbits with chronic serum sickness and rats with Moloney virus-induced sarcomas. Methods were also developed for the production of antisera against the antigenic moiety of immune complexes isolated from serum. Repeated challenge of rabbits with whole Raji cells with bound complexes or eluates from such cells resulted in antibody production against the antigens of the immune complexes, although reactivity against cellular and serum components was also elicited. Monospecific antisera against the antigens in immune complexes were produced by immunizing rabbits with the alum-precipitated antigen isolated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These techniques may be useful in isolating antigens in immune complex-associated diseases of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 659616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8448", "title": "Control of the myocardial contractile state by carotid chemo- and baroreceptor and pulmonary inflation reflexes in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effects of carotid chemoreceptor stimulation with intracarotid injections of either nicotine, 0.2 mug/kg, or cyanide, 2 mug/kg, were compared with the effects of bilateral carotid occlusion on left ventricular (LV) pressure, dP/dt, and diameter in conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic diameter gauges and miniature pressure gauges. With heart rate maintained constant, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation increased mean arterial pressure by 27+/-3%, LV and diastolic diameter by 4+/-0.9% and LV dP/dt by 21+/-2%. With ventilation controlled during succinylcholine infusion, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation increased mean arterial pressure by 43+/-2% and dP/dt by 37+/-5%, values significantly greater, P < 0.01, than were observed in dogs with spontaneous ventilation. Similarly, in dogs with spontaneous ventilation after vagotomy, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation also increased dP/dt by a greater amount, i.e., by 48+/-9%. The increases in LV end diastolic diameter were not affected significantly by either cholinergic blockade with atropine or beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Although cholinergic blockade did not affect the inotropic or pressor responses significantly, beta adrenergic blockade attenuated the pressor response and essentially abolished the inotropic response. Bilateral carotid occlusion increased mean arterial pressure and LV end diastolic diameter by similar amounts to those observed with chemoreceptor stimulation, but increased dP/dt significantly less, P < 0.02, i.e., by 13+/-2%. As was observed with chemoreceptor stimulation, inotropic responses were not affected significantly by cholinergic blockade, but were essentially abolished by beta adrenergic blockade. Thus, in the conscious dog with heart rate constant, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation induces a clear positive inotropic effect, which is greater in the absence of the attenuating influences of pulmonary inflation reflexes, and for an equal elevation in arterial pressure appears to exert a greater increase in myocardial contractility than does carotid baro-receptor unloading.", "contents": "Control of the myocardial contractile state by carotid chemo- and baroreceptor and pulmonary inflation reflexes in conscious dogs. The effects of carotid chemoreceptor stimulation with intracarotid injections of either nicotine, 0.2 mug/kg, or cyanide, 2 mug/kg, were compared with the effects of bilateral carotid occlusion on left ventricular (LV) pressure, dP/dt, and diameter in conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic diameter gauges and miniature pressure gauges. With heart rate maintained constant, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation increased mean arterial pressure by 27+/-3%, LV and diastolic diameter by 4+/-0.9% and LV dP/dt by 21+/-2%. With ventilation controlled during succinylcholine infusion, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation increased mean arterial pressure by 43+/-2% and dP/dt by 37+/-5%, values significantly greater, P < 0.01, than were observed in dogs with spontaneous ventilation. Similarly, in dogs with spontaneous ventilation after vagotomy, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation also increased dP/dt by a greater amount, i.e., by 48+/-9%. The increases in LV end diastolic diameter were not affected significantly by either cholinergic blockade with atropine or beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Although cholinergic blockade did not affect the inotropic or pressor responses significantly, beta adrenergic blockade attenuated the pressor response and essentially abolished the inotropic response. Bilateral carotid occlusion increased mean arterial pressure and LV end diastolic diameter by similar amounts to those observed with chemoreceptor stimulation, but increased dP/dt significantly less, P < 0.02, i.e., by 13+/-2%. As was observed with chemoreceptor stimulation, inotropic responses were not affected significantly by cholinergic blockade, but were essentially abolished by beta adrenergic blockade. Thus, in the conscious dog with heart rate constant, carotid chemoreceptor stimulation induces a clear positive inotropic effect, which is greater in the absence of the attenuating influences of pulmonary inflation reflexes, and for an equal elevation in arterial pressure appears to exert a greater increase in myocardial contractility than does carotid baro-receptor unloading.", "PMID": 659617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8449", "title": "Correction of cobalamin malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency with a cobalamin analogue that binds with high affinity to R protein but not to intrinsic factor. In vivo evidence that a failure to partially degrade R protein is responsible for cobalamin malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "In vitro studies indicate that [(57)Co]cobalamin (Cbl) is preferentially bound to salivary R protein as opposed to intrinsic factor (IF) and that [(57)Co]Cbl bound to R protein is not transferred to IF at either pH 2 or pH 8. Incubation of R protein-[(57)Co]Cbl with pancreatic proteases causes a partial degradation of the R protein moiety and a rapid transfer of [(57)Co]Cbl to IF. We have postulated that the etiology of Cbl malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency is an inability to partially degrade R protein because of a lack of pancreatic proteases. We have tested this hypothesis by determining the ability of a nonradioactive Cbl analogue, bound with high affinity by R protein but not by IF, to correct the malabsorption of [(57)Co]Cbl in patients with pancreatic insufficiency.R protein bound the Cbl analogue known as cobinamide with affinities that were the same and only 14-fold lower than those for Cbl at pH 8 and pH 2, respectively. Cobinamide was bound by IF with affinities that were 600,000- and 10,000-fold lower than those for Cbl at pH 8 and 2, respectively. The addition of 125 pmol of nonradioactive cobinamide to 0.5 pmol of [(57)Co]Cbl before being added to 1 pmol of R protein and 1 pmol of IF, markedly inhibited the ability of R protein to compete with IF for binding the [(57)Co]Cbl. Similar results were obtained with freshly aspirated gastric juice. This change was essentially indistinguishable from that observed previously when R protein or R protein-[(57)Co]Cbl was incubated in vitro with trypsin. The oral administration of 100 nmol of nonradioactive cobinamide in Schilling tests was equivalent to trypsin in its ability to completely correct the malabsorption of 0.4 nmol of [(57)Co]Cbl in three patients with pancreatic insufficiency. The fact that both trypsin and nonradioactive cobinamide inhibit the ability of R protein to compete with IF for [(57)Co]Cbl binding in vitro, and correct the mal-absorption of [(57)Co]Cbl in patients with pancreatic insufficiency in vivo, supports our hypothesis that the primary defect in Cbl absorption in this disease is an inability to partially degrade R protein because of a lack of pancreatic proteases.", "contents": "Correction of cobalamin malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency with a cobalamin analogue that binds with high affinity to R protein but not to intrinsic factor. In vivo evidence that a failure to partially degrade R protein is responsible for cobalamin malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency. In vitro studies indicate that [(57)Co]cobalamin (Cbl) is preferentially bound to salivary R protein as opposed to intrinsic factor (IF) and that [(57)Co]Cbl bound to R protein is not transferred to IF at either pH 2 or pH 8. Incubation of R protein-[(57)Co]Cbl with pancreatic proteases causes a partial degradation of the R protein moiety and a rapid transfer of [(57)Co]Cbl to IF. We have postulated that the etiology of Cbl malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency is an inability to partially degrade R protein because of a lack of pancreatic proteases. We have tested this hypothesis by determining the ability of a nonradioactive Cbl analogue, bound with high affinity by R protein but not by IF, to correct the malabsorption of [(57)Co]Cbl in patients with pancreatic insufficiency.R protein bound the Cbl analogue known as cobinamide with affinities that were the same and only 14-fold lower than those for Cbl at pH 8 and pH 2, respectively. Cobinamide was bound by IF with affinities that were 600,000- and 10,000-fold lower than those for Cbl at pH 8 and 2, respectively. The addition of 125 pmol of nonradioactive cobinamide to 0.5 pmol of [(57)Co]Cbl before being added to 1 pmol of R protein and 1 pmol of IF, markedly inhibited the ability of R protein to compete with IF for binding the [(57)Co]Cbl. Similar results were obtained with freshly aspirated gastric juice. This change was essentially indistinguishable from that observed previously when R protein or R protein-[(57)Co]Cbl was incubated in vitro with trypsin. The oral administration of 100 nmol of nonradioactive cobinamide in Schilling tests was equivalent to trypsin in its ability to completely correct the malabsorption of 0.4 nmol of [(57)Co]Cbl in three patients with pancreatic insufficiency. The fact that both trypsin and nonradioactive cobinamide inhibit the ability of R protein to compete with IF for [(57)Co]Cbl binding in vitro, and correct the mal-absorption of [(57)Co]Cbl in patients with pancreatic insufficiency in vivo, supports our hypothesis that the primary defect in Cbl absorption in this disease is an inability to partially degrade R protein because of a lack of pancreatic proteases.", "PMID": 659618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8450", "title": "Plasmid-mediated resistance to antibiotic synergism in enterococci.", "content": "Mating experiments have shown that high-level resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than 2,000 microgram/ml) to streptomycin and kanamycin, and resistance to penicillin-streptomycin and penicillin-kanamycin synergism are transferable by conjugation from resistant clinical isolates of enterococci to a sensitive recipient strain. Cesium chloride-ethidium bromide ultracentrifugation revealed a satellite (plasmid) band in resistant clinical isolates and the transconjugant strains but not in the sensitive recipient. Examination of these satellite bands by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy demonstrated a common plasmid with a weight of 45 megadaltons. Novobiocin treatment of a resistant clinical isolate produced simultaneous loss of high-level resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin, and of resistance to penicillin-aminoglycoside synergism. These results suggest that (a) high-level resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin among some clinical isolates of enterococci is associated with a 45 megadalton plasmid, and (b) the same plasmid is also responsible for the resistance to penicillin-aminoglycoside synergism observed in these strains.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated resistance to antibiotic synergism in enterococci. Mating experiments have shown that high-level resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than 2,000 microgram/ml) to streptomycin and kanamycin, and resistance to penicillin-streptomycin and penicillin-kanamycin synergism are transferable by conjugation from resistant clinical isolates of enterococci to a sensitive recipient strain. Cesium chloride-ethidium bromide ultracentrifugation revealed a satellite (plasmid) band in resistant clinical isolates and the transconjugant strains but not in the sensitive recipient. Examination of these satellite bands by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy demonstrated a common plasmid with a weight of 45 megadaltons. Novobiocin treatment of a resistant clinical isolate produced simultaneous loss of high-level resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin, and of resistance to penicillin-aminoglycoside synergism. These results suggest that (a) high-level resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin among some clinical isolates of enterococci is associated with a 45 megadalton plasmid, and (b) the same plasmid is also responsible for the resistance to penicillin-aminoglycoside synergism observed in these strains.", "PMID": 659619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8451", "title": "Spironolactone. An aldosterone agonist in the stimulation of H+ secretion by turtle urinary bladder.", "content": "In the isolated turtle bladder, spironolactone inhibits sodium transport in the presence of aldosterone or endogenous mineralocorticoid hormone. In contrast to this antagonism for the stimulation of sodium transport by aldosterone, the stimulation of hydrogen ion secretion by aldosterone is not inhibited by spironolactone. In hormone-depleted bladders, spironolactone stimulates hydrogen ion secretion. The extent of stimulation is similar to that of aldosterone. Spironolactone functions as an agonist for aldosterone for the stimulation of urinary acidification.", "contents": "Spironolactone. An aldosterone agonist in the stimulation of H+ secretion by turtle urinary bladder. In the isolated turtle bladder, spironolactone inhibits sodium transport in the presence of aldosterone or endogenous mineralocorticoid hormone. In contrast to this antagonism for the stimulation of sodium transport by aldosterone, the stimulation of hydrogen ion secretion by aldosterone is not inhibited by spironolactone. In hormone-depleted bladders, spironolactone stimulates hydrogen ion secretion. The extent of stimulation is similar to that of aldosterone. Spironolactone functions as an agonist for aldosterone for the stimulation of urinary acidification.", "PMID": 659620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8452", "title": "Methoscopolamine inhibition of sleep-related growth hormone secretion. Evidence for a cholinergic secretory mechanism.", "content": "We have examined the effects of cholinergic blockade with 0.5 mg methscopolamine bromide, intramuscularly, on sleep-related and insulin-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion. 17 normal young men were studied; 8 had sleep studies, and 12 (including 3 who also had sleep studies) had insulin tolerance tests (ITT) with 0.1 U/kg of regular insulin. After an adjustment night in the sleep laboratory, saline control night and methscopolamine night studies were done in random sequence; study procedures included electroencephalographic, electromyographic, and electrooculographic recordings, and blood sampling every 20 min for hormone radioimmunoassays. Prolactin levels were also measured during sleep. For methscopolamine night studies, the mean overall control GH level of 2.89+/-0.44 ng/ml and the mean peak control GH level of 11.09+/-3.11 ng/ml were dramatically reduced to 0.75+/-0.01 and 1.04+/-0.25 ng/ml, respectively (P<0.0001 and <0.001). Despite virtual absence of GH secretion during the night in every study subject, no measured sleep characteristic was affected by methscopolamine, including total slow-wave sleep (12.1+/-2.6% control vs. 10.3+/-2.5% drug, P>0.2). Sleep prolactin levels were not changed by methscopolamine. In contrast to the abolition of sleep-related GH secretion, administration of methscopolamine had only a marginal effect on the GH response to insulin hypoglycemia. None of nine time points differed significantly, as was also the case with peak levels, mean increments, and areas under the curves (P>0.2). Analysis of variance did, however, indicate that the lower GH concentrations achieved during ITT after methscopolamine (average 31.7% below control) were significantly different than control concentrations. We conclude that the burst of GH secretion which normally occurs after sleep onset is primed by a cholinergic mechanism which does not influence slow-wave sleep. Cholinergic mechanisms do not appear to play an important role in sleep-related prolactin secretion. The contrast between the complete suppression of sleep-related GH release and the relatively small inhibitory effect on ITT-induced GH secretion suggests that the neurotransmitter mechanisms, and presumably the pathways, which subserve sleep-related GH secretion in man may be different from those which mediate the GH response to pharmacologic stimuli such as insulin.", "contents": "Methoscopolamine inhibition of sleep-related growth hormone secretion. Evidence for a cholinergic secretory mechanism. We have examined the effects of cholinergic blockade with 0.5 mg methscopolamine bromide, intramuscularly, on sleep-related and insulin-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion. 17 normal young men were studied; 8 had sleep studies, and 12 (including 3 who also had sleep studies) had insulin tolerance tests (ITT) with 0.1 U/kg of regular insulin. After an adjustment night in the sleep laboratory, saline control night and methscopolamine night studies were done in random sequence; study procedures included electroencephalographic, electromyographic, and electrooculographic recordings, and blood sampling every 20 min for hormone radioimmunoassays. Prolactin levels were also measured during sleep. For methscopolamine night studies, the mean overall control GH level of 2.89+/-0.44 ng/ml and the mean peak control GH level of 11.09+/-3.11 ng/ml were dramatically reduced to 0.75+/-0.01 and 1.04+/-0.25 ng/ml, respectively (P<0.0001 and <0.001). Despite virtual absence of GH secretion during the night in every study subject, no measured sleep characteristic was affected by methscopolamine, including total slow-wave sleep (12.1+/-2.6% control vs. 10.3+/-2.5% drug, P>0.2). Sleep prolactin levels were not changed by methscopolamine. In contrast to the abolition of sleep-related GH secretion, administration of methscopolamine had only a marginal effect on the GH response to insulin hypoglycemia. None of nine time points differed significantly, as was also the case with peak levels, mean increments, and areas under the curves (P>0.2). Analysis of variance did, however, indicate that the lower GH concentrations achieved during ITT after methscopolamine (average 31.7% below control) were significantly different than control concentrations. We conclude that the burst of GH secretion which normally occurs after sleep onset is primed by a cholinergic mechanism which does not influence slow-wave sleep. Cholinergic mechanisms do not appear to play an important role in sleep-related prolactin secretion. The contrast between the complete suppression of sleep-related GH release and the relatively small inhibitory effect on ITT-induced GH secretion suggests that the neurotransmitter mechanisms, and presumably the pathways, which subserve sleep-related GH secretion in man may be different from those which mediate the GH response to pharmacologic stimuli such as insulin.", "PMID": 659621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8453", "title": "Lithium inhibition of bone mineralization and osteoid formation.", "content": "Lithium chloride administration to growing rats, which resulted in circulating lithium levels of 1.4 meq/liter, was attended by significant suppression of bone mineralization and organic matrix synthesis as assessed by tetracycline labeling and histological quantitation of osteoid, respectively. These effects of lithium were not associated with changes in animal behavior, nor were there any significant differences in blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, pH, or parathyroid hormone. The data suggest that lithium inhibition of bone mineralization is secondary to suppression of osteoid formation.", "contents": "Lithium inhibition of bone mineralization and osteoid formation. Lithium chloride administration to growing rats, which resulted in circulating lithium levels of 1.4 meq/liter, was attended by significant suppression of bone mineralization and organic matrix synthesis as assessed by tetracycline labeling and histological quantitation of osteoid, respectively. These effects of lithium were not associated with changes in animal behavior, nor were there any significant differences in blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, pH, or parathyroid hormone. The data suggest that lithium inhibition of bone mineralization is secondary to suppression of osteoid formation.", "PMID": 659622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8454", "title": "Synthesis of DNA and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from 9 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 12 normal control donors. The cells were assayed for synthesis of DNA and poly-(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (poly[ADPR]) immediately after isolation and on successive days following their treatment with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Two different techniques were used to measure DNA synthesis. In the standard technique, DNA synthesis was measured by incubating intact cells with [(3)H]deoxythymidine. In the new technique, the lymphocytes were first rendered permeable to nucleotides, then DNA synthesis was measured by incubating them with [(3)H]deoxythymidine triphosphate in the presence of deoxyATP, deoxyGTP, deoxyCTP, ATP, and Mg(++). Both assays showed the anticipated rise in DNA synthesis after PHA stimulation of normal cells. PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with CLL demonstrated low levels of DNA synthesis in both assay systems. The initial levels of poly(ADPR) synthesis were greater in CLL lymphocytes than in normal cells. Studies with a T-cell-depleted population of normal cells showed the same activity for poly(ADPR) synthesis that was demonstrated by the original population of normal cells. PHA stimulation produced an increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis in both the normal and CLL cells. The increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis in normal cells was coincident with the increase in DNA synthesis. The increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis in the CLL cells was dissociated from the delayed and diminished increase in DNA synthesis. Thus, CLL cells have higher than normal initial levels of poly(ADPR) synthesis. Poly(ADPR) synthesis is dissociated from DNA synthesis in CLL cells whereas it varies directly with DNA synthesis in normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis of DNA and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from 9 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 12 normal control donors. The cells were assayed for synthesis of DNA and poly-(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (poly[ADPR]) immediately after isolation and on successive days following their treatment with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Two different techniques were used to measure DNA synthesis. In the standard technique, DNA synthesis was measured by incubating intact cells with [(3)H]deoxythymidine. In the new technique, the lymphocytes were first rendered permeable to nucleotides, then DNA synthesis was measured by incubating them with [(3)H]deoxythymidine triphosphate in the presence of deoxyATP, deoxyGTP, deoxyCTP, ATP, and Mg(++). Both assays showed the anticipated rise in DNA synthesis after PHA stimulation of normal cells. PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with CLL demonstrated low levels of DNA synthesis in both assay systems. The initial levels of poly(ADPR) synthesis were greater in CLL lymphocytes than in normal cells. Studies with a T-cell-depleted population of normal cells showed the same activity for poly(ADPR) synthesis that was demonstrated by the original population of normal cells. PHA stimulation produced an increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis in both the normal and CLL cells. The increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis in normal cells was coincident with the increase in DNA synthesis. The increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis in the CLL cells was dissociated from the delayed and diminished increase in DNA synthesis. Thus, CLL cells have higher than normal initial levels of poly(ADPR) synthesis. Poly(ADPR) synthesis is dissociated from DNA synthesis in CLL cells whereas it varies directly with DNA synthesis in normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 659624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8455", "title": "Extrapancreatic glucagon and glucagonlike immunoreactivity in depancreatized dogs. A quantitative assessment of secretion rates and anatomical delineation of sources.", "content": "The anatomical sites and the rates of extrapancreatic secretion of glucagon and of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were assessed in dogs 2 h after pancreatectomy by catheterization of the gastrosplenic and mesenteric veins. Glucagon release from the gastrosplenic area approximated one-fourth that of a normal pancreas and rose from 0.25 to 1.0 ng/kg per min during arginine stimulation. Intestinal glucagon secretion was small and did not respond to arginine, suggesting that the stomach is the only important extrapancreatic source of glucagon. Glucagon concentrations attained by gastrosplenic secretion were in close proportion to those obtained during the administration of exogenous glucagon, indicating similar clearance rates of extrapancreatic and pancreatic glucagon, approximating 10 ml/kg per min.GLI secretion (0.3 ng eq/kg per min) was limited to the intestinal area and was transiently stimulated by arginine and exogenous glucagon. Base-line GLI clearance approximated 1 ml/kg per min. No insulin secretion could be detected. Gastrointestinal glucose uptake rose from 0.56 to 2.2 mg/kg per min after glucagon administration suggesting that as much as 10% of total glucose production can be taken up by the gastrointestinal tract. In two dogs both the stomach and pancreas were removed. Intestinal glucagon release remained small and did not increase during arginine administration. By contrast, GLI release was stimulated by both arginine and exogenous glucagon.", "contents": "Extrapancreatic glucagon and glucagonlike immunoreactivity in depancreatized dogs. A quantitative assessment of secretion rates and anatomical delineation of sources. The anatomical sites and the rates of extrapancreatic secretion of glucagon and of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were assessed in dogs 2 h after pancreatectomy by catheterization of the gastrosplenic and mesenteric veins. Glucagon release from the gastrosplenic area approximated one-fourth that of a normal pancreas and rose from 0.25 to 1.0 ng/kg per min during arginine stimulation. Intestinal glucagon secretion was small and did not respond to arginine, suggesting that the stomach is the only important extrapancreatic source of glucagon. Glucagon concentrations attained by gastrosplenic secretion were in close proportion to those obtained during the administration of exogenous glucagon, indicating similar clearance rates of extrapancreatic and pancreatic glucagon, approximating 10 ml/kg per min.GLI secretion (0.3 ng eq/kg per min) was limited to the intestinal area and was transiently stimulated by arginine and exogenous glucagon. Base-line GLI clearance approximated 1 ml/kg per min. No insulin secretion could be detected. Gastrointestinal glucose uptake rose from 0.56 to 2.2 mg/kg per min after glucagon administration suggesting that as much as 10% of total glucose production can be taken up by the gastrointestinal tract. In two dogs both the stomach and pancreas were removed. Intestinal glucagon release remained small and did not increase during arginine administration. By contrast, GLI release was stimulated by both arginine and exogenous glucagon.", "PMID": 659625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8456", "title": "Regulation of blood flow to the aortic media in dogs.", "content": "Morphologic observations suggest that the inner layers of the thoracic aorta in man and dog are avascular and the outer layers have vasa vasorum. It appears that vasa vasorum are essential in the thoracic aorta because their interruption produces medial necrosis. These experiments provide the first measurements of blood flow through aortic vasa vasorum and examine physiologic regulation of that flow. During control conditions the outer two-thirds of the media of the thoracic aorta received 10 ml/min per 100 g blood flow through vasa vasorum. Flow to the inner third of the aorta was 1 ml/min per 100 g. Flow to both the inner and outer media of the abdominal aorta was less than 1 ml/min per 100 g. Adenosine increased blood flow to vasa vasorum in the outer media of the thoracic aorta from 7 to 18 ml/min per 100 g, but did not increase flow to the inner layers of the aorta. Hemorrhagic hypotension decreased flow in the outer media of the thoracic aorta from 14 to 2 ml/min per 100 g. Acute hypertension failed to increase blood flow through vasa vasorum, as conductance decreased significantly. These studies indicate that vasa vasorum provide a considerable amount of blood flow to the outer layers of the thoracic aorta. The vessels are responsive to physiologic stimuli because they dilate during infusion of adenosine and constrict during both hemorrhagic hypotension and acute hypertension. We speculate that the failure of blood flow to the aortic wall to increase during acute hypertension might, if it were sustained, contribute to aortic medial necrosis.", "contents": "Regulation of blood flow to the aortic media in dogs. Morphologic observations suggest that the inner layers of the thoracic aorta in man and dog are avascular and the outer layers have vasa vasorum. It appears that vasa vasorum are essential in the thoracic aorta because their interruption produces medial necrosis. These experiments provide the first measurements of blood flow through aortic vasa vasorum and examine physiologic regulation of that flow. During control conditions the outer two-thirds of the media of the thoracic aorta received 10 ml/min per 100 g blood flow through vasa vasorum. Flow to the inner third of the aorta was 1 ml/min per 100 g. Flow to both the inner and outer media of the abdominal aorta was less than 1 ml/min per 100 g. Adenosine increased blood flow to vasa vasorum in the outer media of the thoracic aorta from 7 to 18 ml/min per 100 g, but did not increase flow to the inner layers of the aorta. Hemorrhagic hypotension decreased flow in the outer media of the thoracic aorta from 14 to 2 ml/min per 100 g. Acute hypertension failed to increase blood flow through vasa vasorum, as conductance decreased significantly. These studies indicate that vasa vasorum provide a considerable amount of blood flow to the outer layers of the thoracic aorta. The vessels are responsive to physiologic stimuli because they dilate during infusion of adenosine and constrict during both hemorrhagic hypotension and acute hypertension. We speculate that the failure of blood flow to the aortic wall to increase during acute hypertension might, if it were sustained, contribute to aortic medial necrosis.", "PMID": 659626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8457", "title": "Indomethacin is a placental vasodilator in the dog. The effect of prostaglandin inhibition.", "content": "The effect of 8 mg/kg of indomethacin on uterine blood flow, prostaglandin production, and intraamniotic fluid pressure was examined in late pregnant dogs. Uterine blood flow was measured with 15 mum radiolabeled microspheres. Because we found that a significant percentage of the microspheres shunted through the placental circulation into the lungs, we calculated placental blood flow by adding the shunted microspheres through the placenta to the nonshunted microspheres in the placenta. Total uterine blood flow significantly increased from 271+/-69 ml/min during control period to 371+/-72 ml/min (P < 0.01) 30 min after indomethacin. This increase was attributable to the change in blood flow to the placental circulation (222+/-58 to 325+/-63 ml/min; P < 0.01). Associated with these hemodynamic changes we found an almost complete suppression of uterine prostaglandin E(2) production (1,654+/-305 to 51+/-25 pg/ml; P < 0.01) as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, we found that indomethacin treatment resulted in uterine relaxation as measured by intraamniotic fluid pressure changes (11.2+/-1.3 mm Hg to 8.5+/-1.2 mm Hg; P < 0.001). We conclude that indomethacin causes an increase in placental blood flow without any change in flow to the rest of the uterus, and that this dose of the drug inhibits greater than 95% of uterine prostaglandin production. In addition, indomethacin is responsible for uterine relaxation. The increase in placental blood flow after indomethacin is probably a result of uterine relaxation, which is secondary to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.", "contents": "Indomethacin is a placental vasodilator in the dog. The effect of prostaglandin inhibition. The effect of 8 mg/kg of indomethacin on uterine blood flow, prostaglandin production, and intraamniotic fluid pressure was examined in late pregnant dogs. Uterine blood flow was measured with 15 mum radiolabeled microspheres. Because we found that a significant percentage of the microspheres shunted through the placental circulation into the lungs, we calculated placental blood flow by adding the shunted microspheres through the placenta to the nonshunted microspheres in the placenta. Total uterine blood flow significantly increased from 271+/-69 ml/min during control period to 371+/-72 ml/min (P < 0.01) 30 min after indomethacin. This increase was attributable to the change in blood flow to the placental circulation (222+/-58 to 325+/-63 ml/min; P < 0.01). Associated with these hemodynamic changes we found an almost complete suppression of uterine prostaglandin E(2) production (1,654+/-305 to 51+/-25 pg/ml; P < 0.01) as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, we found that indomethacin treatment resulted in uterine relaxation as measured by intraamniotic fluid pressure changes (11.2+/-1.3 mm Hg to 8.5+/-1.2 mm Hg; P < 0.001). We conclude that indomethacin causes an increase in placental blood flow without any change in flow to the rest of the uterus, and that this dose of the drug inhibits greater than 95% of uterine prostaglandin production. In addition, indomethacin is responsible for uterine relaxation. The increase in placental blood flow after indomethacin is probably a result of uterine relaxation, which is secondary to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.", "PMID": 659627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8458", "title": "Metabolism of cholesterol-rich chylomicroms. Mechanism of binding and uptake of cholesteryl esters by the vascular bed of the perfused rat heart.", "content": "The rate of uptake of cholesteryl ester from chylomicrons has been determined with the isolated perfused rat heart and both intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. Uptake was found to be proportional to the cholesteryl ester content of the particles. Transfer of cholesteryl ester to other lipoprotein classes of the plasma was negligible under these conditions, and loss of cholesteryl ester from the medium was associated with quantitative recovery in the vascular bed. The uptake mechanism was nonsaturable and independent of the lipoprotein lipase binding site. Compared with receptor-dependent uptake of low density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester by heart endothelium, the chylomicron pathway appears to provide a major proportion of cholesteryl ester cleared from the plasma. Uptake was initially heparin dependent, and cleared lipid was released by 10 microgram/ml of heparin; however, lipid taken up rapidly became heparin resistant and was then hydrolyzed slowly with production of unesterified fatty acid. These results are discussed in the context of the possible role of cholesterol-rich chylomicron remnant lipoproteins in atherogenesis.", "contents": "Metabolism of cholesterol-rich chylomicroms. Mechanism of binding and uptake of cholesteryl esters by the vascular bed of the perfused rat heart. The rate of uptake of cholesteryl ester from chylomicrons has been determined with the isolated perfused rat heart and both intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. Uptake was found to be proportional to the cholesteryl ester content of the particles. Transfer of cholesteryl ester to other lipoprotein classes of the plasma was negligible under these conditions, and loss of cholesteryl ester from the medium was associated with quantitative recovery in the vascular bed. The uptake mechanism was nonsaturable and independent of the lipoprotein lipase binding site. Compared with receptor-dependent uptake of low density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester by heart endothelium, the chylomicron pathway appears to provide a major proportion of cholesteryl ester cleared from the plasma. Uptake was initially heparin dependent, and cleared lipid was released by 10 microgram/ml of heparin; however, lipid taken up rapidly became heparin resistant and was then hydrolyzed slowly with production of unesterified fatty acid. These results are discussed in the context of the possible role of cholesterol-rich chylomicron remnant lipoproteins in atherogenesis.", "PMID": 659628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8459", "title": "Oral glucose augmentation of insulin secretion. Interactions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide with ambient glucose and insulin levels.", "content": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or GIP, has been postulated as the major enteric hormonal mediator of insulin release. The release of immuno-reactive GIP (IR-GIP) after oral glucose and its role in insulin release was studied in normal men by the glucose clamp technique. In 24 subjects studied with the hyperglycemic clamp, blood glucose was maintained at 125 mg/dl above basal for 2 h via a primed-continuous IV glucose infusion coupled to a servo-controlled negative feedback system. 40 g glucose per m(2) surface area was ingested at 60 min, and the blood glucose was maintained at the steady-state hyperglycemic level. Plasma IR-GIP and insulin (IRI) levels were measured throughout the 2-h period. IR-GIP levels changed little when IV glucose alone was given; the mean basal value was 305+/-34 (SEM) pg/ml. After oral glucose, IR-GIP levels began to rise within 10 min and reached a peak within 40 min of 752+/-105 pg/ml. Plasma IRI responded initially to the square wave of hyperglycemia in the typical biphasic pattern. After oral glucose, plasma IRI levels rose strikingly above the elevated levels produced by hyperglycemia alone, reaching a peak of 170+/-15 muU/ml within 45 min. The time course of the rise in IR-GIP and IRI was nearly identical. To assess whether the maintenance of euglycemia would affect this process, the euglycemic clamp was employed in 11 subjects to maintain basal blood glucose levels during a similar 2-h study. A primed-continuous insulin infusion, with a constant rate of 120 mU/m(2) per min was given together with a servo-controlled glucose infusion. This resulted in hyper-insulinemia of approximately 300 muU/ml. Glucose was ingested by six subjects at 60 min. Plasma IR-GIP responded to oral glucose similarly to the effect seen in the hyperglycemic studies. No increase in endogenous insulin release was seen despite the increase in IR-GIP when euglycemia was maintained. However, in five of seven subjects given insulin whose blood glucose concentration rose by 20 mg/dl or more after oral glucose, there was an increase in plasma insulin concentration associated with the elevation in IR-GIP. Thus, the effect of glucose-released IR-GIP on insulin secretion is dependent upon the presence of some degree of hyper-glycemia and is not inhibited in the presence of marked hyperinsulinemia.", "contents": "Oral glucose augmentation of insulin secretion. Interactions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide with ambient glucose and insulin levels. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or GIP, has been postulated as the major enteric hormonal mediator of insulin release. The release of immuno-reactive GIP (IR-GIP) after oral glucose and its role in insulin release was studied in normal men by the glucose clamp technique. In 24 subjects studied with the hyperglycemic clamp, blood glucose was maintained at 125 mg/dl above basal for 2 h via a primed-continuous IV glucose infusion coupled to a servo-controlled negative feedback system. 40 g glucose per m(2) surface area was ingested at 60 min, and the blood glucose was maintained at the steady-state hyperglycemic level. Plasma IR-GIP and insulin (IRI) levels were measured throughout the 2-h period. IR-GIP levels changed little when IV glucose alone was given; the mean basal value was 305+/-34 (SEM) pg/ml. After oral glucose, IR-GIP levels began to rise within 10 min and reached a peak within 40 min of 752+/-105 pg/ml. Plasma IRI responded initially to the square wave of hyperglycemia in the typical biphasic pattern. After oral glucose, plasma IRI levels rose strikingly above the elevated levels produced by hyperglycemia alone, reaching a peak of 170+/-15 muU/ml within 45 min. The time course of the rise in IR-GIP and IRI was nearly identical. To assess whether the maintenance of euglycemia would affect this process, the euglycemic clamp was employed in 11 subjects to maintain basal blood glucose levels during a similar 2-h study. A primed-continuous insulin infusion, with a constant rate of 120 mU/m(2) per min was given together with a servo-controlled glucose infusion. This resulted in hyper-insulinemia of approximately 300 muU/ml. Glucose was ingested by six subjects at 60 min. Plasma IR-GIP responded to oral glucose similarly to the effect seen in the hyperglycemic studies. No increase in endogenous insulin release was seen despite the increase in IR-GIP when euglycemia was maintained. However, in five of seven subjects given insulin whose blood glucose concentration rose by 20 mg/dl or more after oral glucose, there was an increase in plasma insulin concentration associated with the elevation in IR-GIP. Thus, the effect of glucose-released IR-GIP on insulin secretion is dependent upon the presence of some degree of hyper-glycemia and is not inhibited in the presence of marked hyperinsulinemia.", "PMID": 659629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8460", "title": "Factors influencing the handling of insulin by the isolated rat kidney.", "content": "The renal handling of immunoreactive insulin was studied in the isolated perfused normothermic rat kidney to determine (a) the relative contributions of glomerular clearance and peritubular clearance to the renal clearance of insulin under different conditions, (b) what metabolic factors influence the ability of tubular cells to remove insulin from the glomerular filtrate and the peritubular circulation, and (c) whether the same factors influence the luminal and contraluminal uptake of insulin.In control kidneys the organ clearance of insulin (OCi) was 974+/-63 mul/min (SEM), of which a maximum of 46% could theoretically be accounted for by filtration. OCi was not altered by fasting, lack of exogenous fuel (glucose), or the addition of cyanide. The glomerular filtration rate did not correlate with the OCi, but there was a significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.828) between the peritubular clearance and glomerular filtration rate. Both N-ethylmaleimide and cold (10 degrees C) reduced the rate of insulin removal. Fractional excretion of filtered insulin (9.7+/-1.7% in controls) was not significantly altered by fasting or perfusing without glucose. In contrast, KCN increased fractional excretion of insulin to 41.9+/-3.7% whereas cold increased fractional excretion to 69.0+/-3.3%. This study indicates that renal tubular cells remove insulin from the tubular lumen and the peritubular compartment. Furthermore, the data suggest that insulin removal by tubular cells is a temperature-sensitive process consisting of two different systems. The system associated with the luminal aspect of the cell appears to be dependent on oxidative metabolism, whereas the system associated with the contraluminal aspects of the cell appears to be independent thereof. Under several circumstances when the glomerular clearance of insulin falls thereby reducing the amount of insulin absorbed by the luminal aspect of the cell, contraluminal uptake increases, and a constant rate of insulin removal is maintained by the kidney.", "contents": "Factors influencing the handling of insulin by the isolated rat kidney. The renal handling of immunoreactive insulin was studied in the isolated perfused normothermic rat kidney to determine (a) the relative contributions of glomerular clearance and peritubular clearance to the renal clearance of insulin under different conditions, (b) what metabolic factors influence the ability of tubular cells to remove insulin from the glomerular filtrate and the peritubular circulation, and (c) whether the same factors influence the luminal and contraluminal uptake of insulin.In control kidneys the organ clearance of insulin (OCi) was 974+/-63 mul/min (SEM), of which a maximum of 46% could theoretically be accounted for by filtration. OCi was not altered by fasting, lack of exogenous fuel (glucose), or the addition of cyanide. The glomerular filtration rate did not correlate with the OCi, but there was a significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.828) between the peritubular clearance and glomerular filtration rate. Both N-ethylmaleimide and cold (10 degrees C) reduced the rate of insulin removal. Fractional excretion of filtered insulin (9.7+/-1.7% in controls) was not significantly altered by fasting or perfusing without glucose. In contrast, KCN increased fractional excretion of insulin to 41.9+/-3.7% whereas cold increased fractional excretion to 69.0+/-3.3%. This study indicates that renal tubular cells remove insulin from the tubular lumen and the peritubular compartment. Furthermore, the data suggest that insulin removal by tubular cells is a temperature-sensitive process consisting of two different systems. The system associated with the luminal aspect of the cell appears to be dependent on oxidative metabolism, whereas the system associated with the contraluminal aspects of the cell appears to be independent thereof. Under several circumstances when the glomerular clearance of insulin falls thereby reducing the amount of insulin absorbed by the luminal aspect of the cell, contraluminal uptake increases, and a constant rate of insulin removal is maintained by the kidney.", "PMID": 659630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8461", "title": "IgE receptors on human basophils. Relationship to serum IgE concentration.", "content": "As reported previously, and confirmed here in 26 donors, the serum IgE level (2.6-5,500 ng/ml) correlates well (rs = 0.95, P less than 0.001) with the in vivo number of IgE molecules/basophil (6,000-600,000). The total number of IgE receptors/basophil was monitored by incubating them with an IgE-rich serum (15 microgram/ml), quantitatively stripping IgE from the cells at pH 3.7, and measuring eluted IgE by a direct radioimmunosorbent test. Saturation of receptors for each donor was achieved with 15 nM IgE (3 microgram/ml). The proportion of receptors occupied in vivo correlated with the serum IgE (rs = 0.84, P less than 0.001) whereas the average association constant of the receptors was independent of serum IgE and ranged from 7.1 X 10(8)/M to 2.8 X 10(10)/M, averaging 7.7 X 10(9)/M. Unexpectedly, the total number of IgE receptors/basophil was closely related to the serum IgE level. (rs = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Thus, either there is genetic association between serum IgE and the number of basophil IgE receptors, or, more likely, the receptor number is modulated by the serum IgE concentration.", "contents": "IgE receptors on human basophils. Relationship to serum IgE concentration. As reported previously, and confirmed here in 26 donors, the serum IgE level (2.6-5,500 ng/ml) correlates well (rs = 0.95, P less than 0.001) with the in vivo number of IgE molecules/basophil (6,000-600,000). The total number of IgE receptors/basophil was monitored by incubating them with an IgE-rich serum (15 microgram/ml), quantitatively stripping IgE from the cells at pH 3.7, and measuring eluted IgE by a direct radioimmunosorbent test. Saturation of receptors for each donor was achieved with 15 nM IgE (3 microgram/ml). The proportion of receptors occupied in vivo correlated with the serum IgE (rs = 0.84, P less than 0.001) whereas the average association constant of the receptors was independent of serum IgE and ranged from 7.1 X 10(8)/M to 2.8 X 10(10)/M, averaging 7.7 X 10(9)/M. Unexpectedly, the total number of IgE receptors/basophil was closely related to the serum IgE level. (rs = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Thus, either there is genetic association between serum IgE and the number of basophil IgE receptors, or, more likely, the receptor number is modulated by the serum IgE concentration.", "PMID": 659631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8462", "title": "Neutralization of glucagon by antiserum as a tool in glucagon physiology. Lack of depression of basal blood glucose after antiserum treatment in rats.", "content": "The method of producing experimental glucagon deficiency by administration of glucagon antiserum was evaluated in rats. A pool of antisera was prepared, the affinity of which exceeded that of the glucagon receptors of liver cell membranes, whereas the binding capacity of the volume used amounted to more than one-third of the total glucagon content in the rat pancreas. That rapid, extensive, and lasting neutralization of glucagon had taken place after antiserum treatment was indicated by the following findings: When examined more than 1 h after the injection and after 60 min of exercise-stimulated glucagon production, all rats had excess free antibodies in plasma. The concentration of free glucagon was lowered to one-third of the concentration in control rats; at 37 degrees C plasma samples could bind 25% of additional 300 pmol/liter of glucagon in 10 s, and 69% in 120 s; the glycemic response to exogenous glucagon was abolished. Antiserum treatment, however, had no effect on blood glucose in rats fasted for 3 and 10 h, in chemically sympathectomized and adrenomedullectomized rats, and in 48-h-fasted, acutely adrenalectomized rats. The antiserum was found to contain 460 nmol/liter of antibody-bound glucagon, originating in the rabbit in which the antiserum was raised. However, antibody preparations from which the bound glucagon had been effectively removed were equally ineffective in lowering the basal blood glucose in rats, although in three-fourths of the rats the concentration of free glucagon was lowered beyond detection limit. The data indicate that the absolute concentration of glucagon in plasma is of minor importance for the maintenance of basal blood glucose in the rat.", "contents": "Neutralization of glucagon by antiserum as a tool in glucagon physiology. Lack of depression of basal blood glucose after antiserum treatment in rats. The method of producing experimental glucagon deficiency by administration of glucagon antiserum was evaluated in rats. A pool of antisera was prepared, the affinity of which exceeded that of the glucagon receptors of liver cell membranes, whereas the binding capacity of the volume used amounted to more than one-third of the total glucagon content in the rat pancreas. That rapid, extensive, and lasting neutralization of glucagon had taken place after antiserum treatment was indicated by the following findings: When examined more than 1 h after the injection and after 60 min of exercise-stimulated glucagon production, all rats had excess free antibodies in plasma. The concentration of free glucagon was lowered to one-third of the concentration in control rats; at 37 degrees C plasma samples could bind 25% of additional 300 pmol/liter of glucagon in 10 s, and 69% in 120 s; the glycemic response to exogenous glucagon was abolished. Antiserum treatment, however, had no effect on blood glucose in rats fasted for 3 and 10 h, in chemically sympathectomized and adrenomedullectomized rats, and in 48-h-fasted, acutely adrenalectomized rats. The antiserum was found to contain 460 nmol/liter of antibody-bound glucagon, originating in the rabbit in which the antiserum was raised. However, antibody preparations from which the bound glucagon had been effectively removed were equally ineffective in lowering the basal blood glucose in rats, although in three-fourths of the rats the concentration of free glucagon was lowered beyond detection limit. The data indicate that the absolute concentration of glucagon in plasma is of minor importance for the maintenance of basal blood glucose in the rat.", "PMID": 659632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8463", "title": "Kinetics of human connecting peptide in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of synthetic human connecting peptide (C-peptide) was measured with a single-dose injection technique in six normal and seven diabetic subjects and with a constant infusion technique in one normal subject. The MCR of C-peptide did not differ in normal subjects (4.4 ml/min per kg; range, 3.7-4.9) and in diabetic subjects (4.7 ml/min per kg; range, 3.7-5.8). Employment of both techniques in one subject gave similar MCR. The average half-life of C-peptide in plasma calculated from the last 1-h period of the single-dose injection studies was longer in the insulin-dependent diabetics (42.5 min; range, 39.4-48.5) than in the normal subjects (33.5 min; range, 24.9-45.3). These results indicate that the beta-cell secretory capacity of normal and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects can be compared by measuring the C-peptide concentration in peripheral venous plasma. The difference in the half-life of C-peptide in plasma between diabetics and normals suggests an altered kinetics of the disappearance of the peptide, while the overall metabolism, as expressed by the MCR, is similar.", "contents": "Kinetics of human connecting peptide in normal and diabetic subjects. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of synthetic human connecting peptide (C-peptide) was measured with a single-dose injection technique in six normal and seven diabetic subjects and with a constant infusion technique in one normal subject. The MCR of C-peptide did not differ in normal subjects (4.4 ml/min per kg; range, 3.7-4.9) and in diabetic subjects (4.7 ml/min per kg; range, 3.7-5.8). Employment of both techniques in one subject gave similar MCR. The average half-life of C-peptide in plasma calculated from the last 1-h period of the single-dose injection studies was longer in the insulin-dependent diabetics (42.5 min; range, 39.4-48.5) than in the normal subjects (33.5 min; range, 24.9-45.3). These results indicate that the beta-cell secretory capacity of normal and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects can be compared by measuring the C-peptide concentration in peripheral venous plasma. The difference in the half-life of C-peptide in plasma between diabetics and normals suggests an altered kinetics of the disappearance of the peptide, while the overall metabolism, as expressed by the MCR, is similar.", "PMID": 659633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8464", "title": "Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in chronic renal failure. The potential role of accelerated glucose production, increased gluconeogenesis, and impaired glucose disposal.", "content": "To delineate the potential role of disordered glucose and glucose-precursor kinetics in the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism of chronic renal failure, alanine and glucose production and utilization and gluconeogenesis from alanine were studied in patients with chronic compensated renal insufficiency and in normal volunteers. With simultaneous primed injection-continuous infusions of radiolabeled alanine and glucose, rates of metabolite turnover and precursor-product interrelationships were calculated from the plateau portion of the appropriate specific activity curves. All subjects were studied in the postabsorption state. In 13 patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine = 10.7+/-1.2 mg/100 ml; mean+/-SEM), glucose turnover was found to be 1,035+/-99.3 mumol/min. This rate was increased 56% (P = 0.003) over that observed in control subjects (664+/-33.5 mumol/min). Alanine turnover was 474+/-96.0 mumol/min in azotemic patients. This rate was 191% greater (P = 0.007) than the rate determined in control subjects (163+/-19.4 mumol/min). Gluconeogenesis from alanine and the percent of glucose production contributed by gluconeogenesis from alanine were increased in patients with chronic renal failure (192% and 169%, respectively) as compared to controls (P < 0.05 for each). Alanine utilization for gluconeogenesis was increased from 40.2+/-3.86 mumol/min in control subjects to 143+/-39.0 mumol/min in azotemic patients (P < 0.05). The percent of alanine utilization accounted for by gluconeogenesis was not altered in chronic renal insufficiency. In nondiabetic azotemic subjects, mean fasting glucose and immunoreactive insulin levels were increased 24.3% (P = 0.005) and 130% (P = 0.046), respectively.These results in patients with chronic renal failure demonstrate (a) increased glucose production and utilization, (b) increased gluconeogenesis from alanine, (c) increased alanine production and utilization, and (d) a relative impairment to glucose disposal. We conclude that chronic azotemia is characterized by increased rates of glucose and glucose precursor flux and by a relative impairment to glucose disposal. These findings may suggest an underlying hepatic and peripheral insensitivity to the metabolic action of insulin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in chronic renal failure. The potential role of accelerated glucose production, increased gluconeogenesis, and impaired glucose disposal. To delineate the potential role of disordered glucose and glucose-precursor kinetics in the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism of chronic renal failure, alanine and glucose production and utilization and gluconeogenesis from alanine were studied in patients with chronic compensated renal insufficiency and in normal volunteers. With simultaneous primed injection-continuous infusions of radiolabeled alanine and glucose, rates of metabolite turnover and precursor-product interrelationships were calculated from the plateau portion of the appropriate specific activity curves. All subjects were studied in the postabsorption state. In 13 patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine = 10.7+/-1.2 mg/100 ml; mean+/-SEM), glucose turnover was found to be 1,035+/-99.3 mumol/min. This rate was increased 56% (P = 0.003) over that observed in control subjects (664+/-33.5 mumol/min). Alanine turnover was 474+/-96.0 mumol/min in azotemic patients. This rate was 191% greater (P = 0.007) than the rate determined in control subjects (163+/-19.4 mumol/min). Gluconeogenesis from alanine and the percent of glucose production contributed by gluconeogenesis from alanine were increased in patients with chronic renal failure (192% and 169%, respectively) as compared to controls (P < 0.05 for each). Alanine utilization for gluconeogenesis was increased from 40.2+/-3.86 mumol/min in control subjects to 143+/-39.0 mumol/min in azotemic patients (P < 0.05). The percent of alanine utilization accounted for by gluconeogenesis was not altered in chronic renal insufficiency. In nondiabetic azotemic subjects, mean fasting glucose and immunoreactive insulin levels were increased 24.3% (P = 0.005) and 130% (P = 0.046), respectively.These results in patients with chronic renal failure demonstrate (a) increased glucose production and utilization, (b) increased gluconeogenesis from alanine, (c) increased alanine production and utilization, and (d) a relative impairment to glucose disposal. We conclude that chronic azotemia is characterized by increased rates of glucose and glucose precursor flux and by a relative impairment to glucose disposal. These findings may suggest an underlying hepatic and peripheral insensitivity to the metabolic action of insulin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 659634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8465", "title": "A specific inhibitor of complement (C5)-derived chemotactic activity in serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In the course of examining polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we have found a previously undescribed serum inhibitor of complement (C5)-derived chemotactic activity. Serum from a 25-yr-old Black female with untreated SLE, when activated with zymosan, failed completely to attract either her own or normal PMN. Incubation of normal PMN with the patient's serum did not affect their subsequent random motility or chemotactic response toward normal zymosan-treated serum (ZTS). The patient's serum, however, did inhibit the chemotactic activity of normal ZTS and of column-purified C5-derived peptide(s), but had no effect on the chemotactic activity of either the synthetic peptide, N-formylmethionyl leucyl-phenylalanine or a filtrate prepared from a culture of Escherichia coli (bacterial chemotactic factor). The inhibitory activity in the patient's serum resisted heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min and could be separated from C5-derived chemotactic activity in the patient's ZTS (or normal ZTS that had been incubated with the patient's serum) by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. Despite its effect on C5-derived chemotactic activity, the patient's serum did not influence two other C5-derived biologic activities: PMN lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity and PMN-aggregating activity. Chromatography of the patient's serum (65% ammonium sulfate pellet) on Sephadex G-200 yielded three distinct peaks of inhibitory activity. Two were heat labile and exhibited other properties of the previously described chemotactic factor inactivators of normal human serum. The third and most active peak, however, resisted heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, eluted with an apparent mol wt of 50,000-60,000, and acted specifically on C5-derived chemotactic activity. This uniquely specific, heat-stable inhibitor of C5-derived chemotactic activity has been found thus far in serum from 4 of 11 patients with active SLE and may account, in part, for altered host defenses against infections caused by pyogenic microorganisms.", "contents": "A specific inhibitor of complement (C5)-derived chemotactic activity in serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In the course of examining polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we have found a previously undescribed serum inhibitor of complement (C5)-derived chemotactic activity. Serum from a 25-yr-old Black female with untreated SLE, when activated with zymosan, failed completely to attract either her own or normal PMN. Incubation of normal PMN with the patient's serum did not affect their subsequent random motility or chemotactic response toward normal zymosan-treated serum (ZTS). The patient's serum, however, did inhibit the chemotactic activity of normal ZTS and of column-purified C5-derived peptide(s), but had no effect on the chemotactic activity of either the synthetic peptide, N-formylmethionyl leucyl-phenylalanine or a filtrate prepared from a culture of Escherichia coli (bacterial chemotactic factor). The inhibitory activity in the patient's serum resisted heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min and could be separated from C5-derived chemotactic activity in the patient's ZTS (or normal ZTS that had been incubated with the patient's serum) by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. Despite its effect on C5-derived chemotactic activity, the patient's serum did not influence two other C5-derived biologic activities: PMN lysosomal enzyme-releasing activity and PMN-aggregating activity. Chromatography of the patient's serum (65% ammonium sulfate pellet) on Sephadex G-200 yielded three distinct peaks of inhibitory activity. Two were heat labile and exhibited other properties of the previously described chemotactic factor inactivators of normal human serum. The third and most active peak, however, resisted heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, eluted with an apparent mol wt of 50,000-60,000, and acted specifically on C5-derived chemotactic activity. This uniquely specific, heat-stable inhibitor of C5-derived chemotactic activity has been found thus far in serum from 4 of 11 patients with active SLE and may account, in part, for altered host defenses against infections caused by pyogenic microorganisms.", "PMID": 659635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8466", "title": "Study of chloride transport across the rabbit cortical collecting tubule.", "content": "Recent micropuncture studies have suggested that the collecting tubule may be involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume. The present studies were designed to evaluate chloride transport across the in vitro-perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubule inasmuch as chloride ion would ultimately affect extracellular fluid volume. The tubules were perfused and bathed with artificial solutions simulating ultrafiltrate. Four groups of studies were conducted. In groups one and two, tubules from rabbits not receiving desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) were compared to tubules from rabbits which had received DOCA (5 mg/day) for 1 wk. In groups three and four, tubules were obtained only from rabbits not receiving DOCA. In group one, sequential bidirectional chloride fluxes were measured. The ratio of chloride efflux to influx was 0.99+/-0.04 in tubules obtained from rabbits not receiving DOCA whereas it was 1.28+/-0.09 in tubules obtained from rabbits receiving DOCA, suggesting stimulation of net chloride flux under these conditions. In group 2, chemical chloride concentration and osmolality of the collected fluid were measured. Neither the chemical chloride concentration nor the osmolality of the collected fluid decreased significantly below their respective perfusion fluid values in tubules from non-DOCA-treated rabbits but there was a significant decrease in the chemical chloride concentration (10-42 meq/liter) and osmolality (10-42 mosmol/kg H(2)O of the collected fluid in tubules from DOCA-treated rabbits. In group three, unidirectional chloride permeabilities from lumen-to-bath were determined during the passage of current down the perfusion pipette. The alterations of the average lumen potential, -35+/-4 and +28+/-2 mV, did not influence unidirectional chloride movement suggesting that the cortical collecting tubule is quite impermeable to chloride. In group four, unidirectional chloride permeability from lumen-to-bath was measured before and after substitution of NaCH(3)SO(4) for sodium chloride in the bath. Replacement of chloride by CH(3)SO(4) reversibly decreased the apparent chloride permeability from 2.41+/-0.50 to 0.69+/-0.08 (x10(-5) cm/s) demonstrating that (36)Cl permeability is dependent on the chemical concentration of chloride.THE CURRENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATE THAT: (a) the cortical collecting tubule is able to reabsorb salt under the modulation of circulating mineralocorticoids and, thus, may participate in overall volume homeostasis; (b) the chloride permeability and the major portion of isotopic chloride flux across the cortical collecting tubule is via exchange diffusion; and (c) under certain circumstances the cortical collecting tubule may act as a diluting segment.", "contents": "Study of chloride transport across the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. Recent micropuncture studies have suggested that the collecting tubule may be involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume. The present studies were designed to evaluate chloride transport across the in vitro-perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubule inasmuch as chloride ion would ultimately affect extracellular fluid volume. The tubules were perfused and bathed with artificial solutions simulating ultrafiltrate. Four groups of studies were conducted. In groups one and two, tubules from rabbits not receiving desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) were compared to tubules from rabbits which had received DOCA (5 mg/day) for 1 wk. In groups three and four, tubules were obtained only from rabbits not receiving DOCA. In group one, sequential bidirectional chloride fluxes were measured. The ratio of chloride efflux to influx was 0.99+/-0.04 in tubules obtained from rabbits not receiving DOCA whereas it was 1.28+/-0.09 in tubules obtained from rabbits receiving DOCA, suggesting stimulation of net chloride flux under these conditions. In group 2, chemical chloride concentration and osmolality of the collected fluid were measured. Neither the chemical chloride concentration nor the osmolality of the collected fluid decreased significantly below their respective perfusion fluid values in tubules from non-DOCA-treated rabbits but there was a significant decrease in the chemical chloride concentration (10-42 meq/liter) and osmolality (10-42 mosmol/kg H(2)O of the collected fluid in tubules from DOCA-treated rabbits. In group three, unidirectional chloride permeabilities from lumen-to-bath were determined during the passage of current down the perfusion pipette. The alterations of the average lumen potential, -35+/-4 and +28+/-2 mV, did not influence unidirectional chloride movement suggesting that the cortical collecting tubule is quite impermeable to chloride. In group four, unidirectional chloride permeability from lumen-to-bath was measured before and after substitution of NaCH(3)SO(4) for sodium chloride in the bath. Replacement of chloride by CH(3)SO(4) reversibly decreased the apparent chloride permeability from 2.41+/-0.50 to 0.69+/-0.08 (x10(-5) cm/s) demonstrating that (36)Cl permeability is dependent on the chemical concentration of chloride.THE CURRENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATE THAT: (a) the cortical collecting tubule is able to reabsorb salt under the modulation of circulating mineralocorticoids and, thus, may participate in overall volume homeostasis; (b) the chloride permeability and the major portion of isotopic chloride flux across the cortical collecting tubule is via exchange diffusion; and (c) under certain circumstances the cortical collecting tubule may act as a diluting segment.", "PMID": 659636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8467", "title": "The activation of plasminogen by Hageman factor (Factor XII) and Hageman factor fragments.", "content": "Activation of plasminogen through surface-mediated reactions is well recognized. In the presence of kaolin, purified Hageman factor (Factor XII) changed plasminogen to plasmin, as assayed upon a synthetic amide substrate and by fibrinolysis. Kinetic studies suggested an enzymatic action of Hageman factor upon its substrate, plasminogen. Hageman factor fragments, at a protein concentration equivalent to whole Hageman factor, activated plasminogen to a lesser extent. These protein preparations were not contaminated with other agents implicated in surface-mediated fibrinolysis. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate treatment of plasminogen did not inhibit its activation by Hageman factor. These studies indicate that Hageman factor has a hitherto unsuspected function, the direct activation of plasminogen.", "contents": "The activation of plasminogen by Hageman factor (Factor XII) and Hageman factor fragments. Activation of plasminogen through surface-mediated reactions is well recognized. In the presence of kaolin, purified Hageman factor (Factor XII) changed plasminogen to plasmin, as assayed upon a synthetic amide substrate and by fibrinolysis. Kinetic studies suggested an enzymatic action of Hageman factor upon its substrate, plasminogen. Hageman factor fragments, at a protein concentration equivalent to whole Hageman factor, activated plasminogen to a lesser extent. These protein preparations were not contaminated with other agents implicated in surface-mediated fibrinolysis. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate treatment of plasminogen did not inhibit its activation by Hageman factor. These studies indicate that Hageman factor has a hitherto unsuspected function, the direct activation of plasminogen.", "PMID": 659637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8468", "title": "Glucagon metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The renal handling of the biologically active glucagon component (the 3,500-mol wt fraction of immunoreactive glucagon [IRG]) and the contribution of the kidney to its overall peripheral metabolism were studied in normal and uremic rats. The metabolic clearance rate of glucagon was 31.8 +/- 1.2 ml/min per kg in normal animals and was diminished by approximately one-third in each of three groups of rats with compromized renal function: 22.3+/-1.6 ml/min per kg in partially (70%) nephrectomized; 22.9+/-3.3 ml/min per kg in bilaterally ureteral ligated; and 23.2+/-1.2 ml/min per kg in bilaterally nephrectomized animals. In normal rats the kidney contributed 30% to the overall metabolic clearance of the hormone and the renal extraction of endogenous and exogenous glucagon was similar, averaging 22.9+/-1.6% and was independent of plasma IRG levels over a wide range of arterial concentrations. The remnant kidney of partially (70%) nephrectomized animals continued to extract substantial amounts (16.6+/-4.2%) of the hormone, but accounted for only 8% of the total peripheral catabolism of IRG. In the two groups of animals with filtering kidneys, renal glucagon uptake was linearly related to its filtered load and could be accounted for by glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. However, the kidneys of animals with both ureters ligated (renal extraction of inulin = 3.2+/-1.8%) and hence virtual absence of glomerular filtration, continued to extract 11.5+/-1.9% of the renal arterial glucagon, contributing by 9% to its overall metabolic clearance, indicating that IRG uptake occurs also from the post glomerular capillaries.", "contents": "Glucagon metabolism in the rat. The renal handling of the biologically active glucagon component (the 3,500-mol wt fraction of immunoreactive glucagon [IRG]) and the contribution of the kidney to its overall peripheral metabolism were studied in normal and uremic rats. The metabolic clearance rate of glucagon was 31.8 +/- 1.2 ml/min per kg in normal animals and was diminished by approximately one-third in each of three groups of rats with compromized renal function: 22.3+/-1.6 ml/min per kg in partially (70%) nephrectomized; 22.9+/-3.3 ml/min per kg in bilaterally ureteral ligated; and 23.2+/-1.2 ml/min per kg in bilaterally nephrectomized animals. In normal rats the kidney contributed 30% to the overall metabolic clearance of the hormone and the renal extraction of endogenous and exogenous glucagon was similar, averaging 22.9+/-1.6% and was independent of plasma IRG levels over a wide range of arterial concentrations. The remnant kidney of partially (70%) nephrectomized animals continued to extract substantial amounts (16.6+/-4.2%) of the hormone, but accounted for only 8% of the total peripheral catabolism of IRG. In the two groups of animals with filtering kidneys, renal glucagon uptake was linearly related to its filtered load and could be accounted for by glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. However, the kidneys of animals with both ureters ligated (renal extraction of inulin = 3.2+/-1.8%) and hence virtual absence of glomerular filtration, continued to extract 11.5+/-1.9% of the renal arterial glucagon, contributing by 9% to its overall metabolic clearance, indicating that IRG uptake occurs also from the post glomerular capillaries.", "PMID": 659638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8469", "title": "Application of the solid phase C1q and Raji cell radioimmune assays for the detection of circulating immune complexes in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The C1q solid phase and Raji cell radioimmune assays were used to determine the frequency of detectable circulating immune complexes in patients with glomerulonephritis. In this study, 46% of 56 patients with glomerulonephritis had evidence of circulating immune complexes. More important, circulating immune complexes were associated with some, but not other, types of glomerulonephritis. Thus, immune complexes were detected in lupus glomerulonephritis (9/9 patients), rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (5/6 patients), and acute nephritis (5/6 patients), but not in IgA-IgG glomerulonephritis (0/7 patients), or membranous glomerulonephritis (0/8 patients). The Raji cell radioimmune assay and the C1q solid phase radioimmune assay showed concordance of 79% in the detection of circulating immune complexes. Serial determinations, in general, showed either persistence of a negative or positive result of conversion of positive to negative.", "contents": "Application of the solid phase C1q and Raji cell radioimmune assays for the detection of circulating immune complexes in glomerulonephritis. The C1q solid phase and Raji cell radioimmune assays were used to determine the frequency of detectable circulating immune complexes in patients with glomerulonephritis. In this study, 46% of 56 patients with glomerulonephritis had evidence of circulating immune complexes. More important, circulating immune complexes were associated with some, but not other, types of glomerulonephritis. Thus, immune complexes were detected in lupus glomerulonephritis (9/9 patients), rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (5/6 patients), and acute nephritis (5/6 patients), but not in IgA-IgG glomerulonephritis (0/7 patients), or membranous glomerulonephritis (0/8 patients). The Raji cell radioimmune assay and the C1q solid phase radioimmune assay showed concordance of 79% in the detection of circulating immune complexes. Serial determinations, in general, showed either persistence of a negative or positive result of conversion of positive to negative.", "PMID": 659639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8470", "title": "Long-term regulation of adipocyte glucose transport capacity by circulating insulin in rats.", "content": "We have tested the idea that the circulating plasma insulin level plays an important role in the long-term regulation, or maintenance, of the cellular glucose transport system, distinct from insulin's ability to acutely accelerate glucose transport. To study this hypothesis, groups of rats were made either hyperinsulinemic or hypoinsulinemic by daily insulin injections, or streptozotocin treatment, respectively. Different levels of hypoinsulinemia were produced by using different doses of streptozotocin (40 and 55 mg/kg). The mean (+/-SE) 9 a.m. plasma insulin level for each experimental group was: hyperinsulinemic animals, 65+/-5 muU/ml; controls, 32+/-3 muU/ml; low dose streptozotocin group, 18+/-3 muU/ml; and high dose streptozotocin group 5+/-2 muU/ml. Isolated adipocytes were prepared from each animal and glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rates of uptake of the nonmetabolyzable hexose 2-deoxy glucose. The V(max) and K(m) values for adipocyte glucose transport were calculated from the 2-deoxy glucose uptake data. The results demonstrated that in cells from control animals the V(max) of in vitro adipocyte glucose transport was 7.1+/-0.7 nmol/min per 10(6) cells in the basal state and 22.9+/-0.9 nmol/min per 10(6) cells in the presence of a maximally effective insulin concentration (25 ng/ml) in the buffer. In cells from the experimentally hyperinsulinemic animals these V(max) values were increased to 11.7+/-0.8 and 44.2+/-1.1 nmol/min per 10(6) cells. Using adipocytes from both groups of streptozotocin-treated (high dose, 55 mg/kg; low dose, 40 mg/kg) insulin-deficient diabetic animals, V(max) values were found to be progressively decreased. Thus, in the low dose group, basal-and insulin-stimulated V(max) values were 1.6+/-0.5 and 5.7+/-0.7 nmol/min per 10(6) cells, as compared to values of 0.9+/-0.2 and 1.7+/-0.6 in the high dose group. Thus, when considered as group data a positive relationship was found between circulating plasma insulin levels and adipocyte glucose transport V(max), with increased V(max) values in hyperinsulinemic rats and decreased V(max) values in hypoinsulinemic rats. Furthermore, when the individual data were analyzed, highly significant correlation coefficients were found between the height of the plasma insulin level and both the basal (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) and insulin-stimulated (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) V(max) values. The apparent K(m) for 2-deoxy glucose uptake was the same under all conditions. In conclusion, assuming that the V(max) of transport is some function of the number of glucose transport carriers per cell, then these results support the hypothesis that in addition to acute acceleration of glucose transport, insulin is also an important long-term regulator of the number of available adipocyte glucose transport carriers.", "contents": "Long-term regulation of adipocyte glucose transport capacity by circulating insulin in rats. We have tested the idea that the circulating plasma insulin level plays an important role in the long-term regulation, or maintenance, of the cellular glucose transport system, distinct from insulin's ability to acutely accelerate glucose transport. To study this hypothesis, groups of rats were made either hyperinsulinemic or hypoinsulinemic by daily insulin injections, or streptozotocin treatment, respectively. Different levels of hypoinsulinemia were produced by using different doses of streptozotocin (40 and 55 mg/kg). The mean (+/-SE) 9 a.m. plasma insulin level for each experimental group was: hyperinsulinemic animals, 65+/-5 muU/ml; controls, 32+/-3 muU/ml; low dose streptozotocin group, 18+/-3 muU/ml; and high dose streptozotocin group 5+/-2 muU/ml. Isolated adipocytes were prepared from each animal and glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rates of uptake of the nonmetabolyzable hexose 2-deoxy glucose. The V(max) and K(m) values for adipocyte glucose transport were calculated from the 2-deoxy glucose uptake data. The results demonstrated that in cells from control animals the V(max) of in vitro adipocyte glucose transport was 7.1+/-0.7 nmol/min per 10(6) cells in the basal state and 22.9+/-0.9 nmol/min per 10(6) cells in the presence of a maximally effective insulin concentration (25 ng/ml) in the buffer. In cells from the experimentally hyperinsulinemic animals these V(max) values were increased to 11.7+/-0.8 and 44.2+/-1.1 nmol/min per 10(6) cells. Using adipocytes from both groups of streptozotocin-treated (high dose, 55 mg/kg; low dose, 40 mg/kg) insulin-deficient diabetic animals, V(max) values were found to be progressively decreased. Thus, in the low dose group, basal-and insulin-stimulated V(max) values were 1.6+/-0.5 and 5.7+/-0.7 nmol/min per 10(6) cells, as compared to values of 0.9+/-0.2 and 1.7+/-0.6 in the high dose group. Thus, when considered as group data a positive relationship was found between circulating plasma insulin levels and adipocyte glucose transport V(max), with increased V(max) values in hyperinsulinemic rats and decreased V(max) values in hypoinsulinemic rats. Furthermore, when the individual data were analyzed, highly significant correlation coefficients were found between the height of the plasma insulin level and both the basal (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) and insulin-stimulated (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) V(max) values. The apparent K(m) for 2-deoxy glucose uptake was the same under all conditions. In conclusion, assuming that the V(max) of transport is some function of the number of glucose transport carriers per cell, then these results support the hypothesis that in addition to acute acceleration of glucose transport, insulin is also an important long-term regulator of the number of available adipocyte glucose transport carriers.", "PMID": 659640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8471", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of the rectal wall in Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "Viscoelastic properties of the rectal wall were compared with Hirschsprung's disease. The elasticity of the rectal wall after accomodation to distension was found to be significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in patients, and the time taken by the rectum to accomodate was also found to be longer (P less than 0.001). The increased elasticity correlated well with severity of the illness, but none of the parameters correlated with length of aganglionic segment. Measuring elastic properties of the rectal wall may help to assess the severity of illness in patients with Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of the rectal wall in Hirschsprung's disease. Viscoelastic properties of the rectal wall were compared with Hirschsprung's disease. The elasticity of the rectal wall after accomodation to distension was found to be significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in patients, and the time taken by the rectum to accomodate was also found to be longer (P less than 0.001). The increased elasticity correlated well with severity of the illness, but none of the parameters correlated with length of aganglionic segment. Measuring elastic properties of the rectal wall may help to assess the severity of illness in patients with Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 659641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8472", "title": "Effect of parathyroid hormone and uremia on peripheral nerve calcium and motor nerve conduction velocity.", "content": "Peripheral neuropathy is not an uncommon complication of chronic uremia. Because parathyroid hormone, by raising brain calcium, is partly responsible for central nervous system aberrations in uremia, we studied the relative role of uremia, per se, and(or) parathyroid hormone on peripheral nerve calcium and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). Studies were made in six groups of six dogs each, as follows: (a) normal dogs, (b) thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTX) animals, (c) dogs with 3 days of uremia produced by bilateral nephrectomy, (d) T-PTX before the induction of acute renal failure, (e) normal dogs receiving 100 U/day of parathyroid extract (PTE) for 3 days, and (f) normal animals receiving 3 days of PTE followed by 5 days without PTE. Calcium content in peripheral nerve (expressed as milligram per kilogram of dry weight) was 252+/-5 (SE) in normal animals and 262+/-4 in T-PTX dogs. It was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in dogs with acute renal failure and intact parathyroid glands (410+/-12) and in normal animals receiving PTE (362+/-7). T-PTX, before acute renal failure, prevented the rise in peripheral nerve calcium (262+/-4) and PTE withdrawal was followed by the return of peripheral nerve calcium to normal (261+/-3). The increments in peripheral nerve calcium were associated with slowing of MNCV. It decreased significantly from 70+/-4 to 43+/-1 m/s after 3 days of acute uremia in dogs with intact parathyroid glands and T-PTX before acute renal failure prevented the fall in MNCV. Administration of PTE to normal animals reduced MNCV from 63+/-3 to 35+/-3 m/s and the withdrawal of PTE restored MNCV to normal (73+/-2 m/s). The results show that (a) excess parathyroid hormone increases peripheral nerve calcium and slows MNCV, (b) T-PTX, previously performed, prevents these changes in acute uremia, and (c) the withdrawal of PTE administration is followed by a reversal of the abnormalities.", "contents": "Effect of parathyroid hormone and uremia on peripheral nerve calcium and motor nerve conduction velocity. Peripheral neuropathy is not an uncommon complication of chronic uremia. Because parathyroid hormone, by raising brain calcium, is partly responsible for central nervous system aberrations in uremia, we studied the relative role of uremia, per se, and(or) parathyroid hormone on peripheral nerve calcium and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). Studies were made in six groups of six dogs each, as follows: (a) normal dogs, (b) thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTX) animals, (c) dogs with 3 days of uremia produced by bilateral nephrectomy, (d) T-PTX before the induction of acute renal failure, (e) normal dogs receiving 100 U/day of parathyroid extract (PTE) for 3 days, and (f) normal animals receiving 3 days of PTE followed by 5 days without PTE. Calcium content in peripheral nerve (expressed as milligram per kilogram of dry weight) was 252+/-5 (SE) in normal animals and 262+/-4 in T-PTX dogs. It was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in dogs with acute renal failure and intact parathyroid glands (410+/-12) and in normal animals receiving PTE (362+/-7). T-PTX, before acute renal failure, prevented the rise in peripheral nerve calcium (262+/-4) and PTE withdrawal was followed by the return of peripheral nerve calcium to normal (261+/-3). The increments in peripheral nerve calcium were associated with slowing of MNCV. It decreased significantly from 70+/-4 to 43+/-1 m/s after 3 days of acute uremia in dogs with intact parathyroid glands and T-PTX before acute renal failure prevented the fall in MNCV. Administration of PTE to normal animals reduced MNCV from 63+/-3 to 35+/-3 m/s and the withdrawal of PTE restored MNCV to normal (73+/-2 m/s). The results show that (a) excess parathyroid hormone increases peripheral nerve calcium and slows MNCV, (b) T-PTX, previously performed, prevents these changes in acute uremia, and (c) the withdrawal of PTE administration is followed by a reversal of the abnormalities.", "PMID": 659642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8473", "title": "The nature of the immunoreactive lipotropins in human plasma and tissue extracts.", "content": "This study was designed to establish definitively the nature of immunoreactive lipotropin (IR-LPH) in human plasma and tissue extracts. Using gel filtration, gel filtration under denaturing conditions, cationic exchange chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and radioimmunoassay, we have studied normal and tumorous human pituitaries, ectopic ACTH- and LPH-secreting tumors, plasma from normal subjects before and after dexamethasone administration, and plasma from patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and pituitary and nonpituitary ACTH- and LPH-secreting tumors. Except in the plasma and tumors of occasional patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome, the smallest IR-LPH appears to be lambda-lipotropin (lambdaLPH), which is often the predominant and occasionally the only IR-LPH present. The other major peptide appears to be betaLPH, a 91-amino acid molecule that contains lambdaLPH as its 1-58 sequence. Larger immunoreactive materials were observed in some specimens, but the \"big\" LPH in one plasma was shown to be lambdaLPH bound to IgG.The weak melanocyte-stimulating activity of LPH suggests that ACTH may be the principal pigmentary hormone in man. The fact that lambdaLPH, rather than betaLPH, is the predominant form in plasma suggests that the enkephalin-endorphin opiate peptides, which are contained in the \"missing\" 59-91 sequence from the betaLPH precursor of lambdaLPH, may be secreted in parallel with ACTH under both physiological and pathological conditions in man.", "contents": "The nature of the immunoreactive lipotropins in human plasma and tissue extracts. This study was designed to establish definitively the nature of immunoreactive lipotropin (IR-LPH) in human plasma and tissue extracts. Using gel filtration, gel filtration under denaturing conditions, cationic exchange chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and radioimmunoassay, we have studied normal and tumorous human pituitaries, ectopic ACTH- and LPH-secreting tumors, plasma from normal subjects before and after dexamethasone administration, and plasma from patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and pituitary and nonpituitary ACTH- and LPH-secreting tumors. Except in the plasma and tumors of occasional patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome, the smallest IR-LPH appears to be lambda-lipotropin (lambdaLPH), which is often the predominant and occasionally the only IR-LPH present. The other major peptide appears to be betaLPH, a 91-amino acid molecule that contains lambdaLPH as its 1-58 sequence. Larger immunoreactive materials were observed in some specimens, but the \"big\" LPH in one plasma was shown to be lambdaLPH bound to IgG.The weak melanocyte-stimulating activity of LPH suggests that ACTH may be the principal pigmentary hormone in man. The fact that lambdaLPH, rather than betaLPH, is the predominant form in plasma suggests that the enkephalin-endorphin opiate peptides, which are contained in the \"missing\" 59-91 sequence from the betaLPH precursor of lambdaLPH, may be secreted in parallel with ACTH under both physiological and pathological conditions in man.", "PMID": 659643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8474", "title": "The perceptual use of semantic rules by normal-hearing and hard-of-hearing children.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of varying degrees of linguistic constraint upon the performance of hard-of-hearing subjects in a repetition task. Experimental stimuli consisted of three sets of sentence strings: grammatical, semantically anomalous, and ungrammatical, respectively. While the control group performed essentially equally across all three conditions, the hard-of-hearing group performed best to the grammatical stimuli and worst to the ungrammatical stimuli. It was hypothesized that the hard-of-hearing subjects employed a primitive sentence dictionary, while the normal-hearing subjects had developed a more sophisticated word dictionary.", "contents": "The perceptual use of semantic rules by normal-hearing and hard-of-hearing children. This study investigated the effects of varying degrees of linguistic constraint upon the performance of hard-of-hearing subjects in a repetition task. Experimental stimuli consisted of three sets of sentence strings: grammatical, semantically anomalous, and ungrammatical, respectively. While the control group performed essentially equally across all three conditions, the hard-of-hearing group performed best to the grammatical stimuli and worst to the ungrammatical stimuli. It was hypothesized that the hard-of-hearing subjects employed a primitive sentence dictionary, while the normal-hearing subjects had developed a more sophisticated word dictionary.", "PMID": 659644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8475", "title": "Speech development in hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Many hearing-impaired children are unable to speak intelligibly. Research indicates, however, that patterns of errors typically found in the speech of such children could be largely avoided by systematic teaching. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss a model for the progressive development of speech skills to the levels of automaticity required for fluent spoken language.", "contents": "Speech development in hearing-impaired children. Many hearing-impaired children are unable to speak intelligibly. Research indicates, however, that patterns of errors typically found in the speech of such children could be largely avoided by systematic teaching. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss a model for the progressive development of speech skills to the levels of automaticity required for fluent spoken language.", "PMID": 659645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8476", "title": "Amplification for hearing-impaired children: basic considerations.", "content": "The importance of the selection of proper amplification for the hearing impaired child is discussed including goals of amplification, specific methods of choosing amplification, and test procedures including speech audiometry. Evaluation controversies discussed include: monaural versus binaural amplification; body worn versus post auricular hearing aids; maximum output; and special hearing aid modifications.", "contents": "Amplification for hearing-impaired children: basic considerations. The importance of the selection of proper amplification for the hearing impaired child is discussed including goals of amplification, specific methods of choosing amplification, and test procedures including speech audiometry. Evaluation controversies discussed include: monaural versus binaural amplification; body worn versus post auricular hearing aids; maximum output; and special hearing aid modifications.", "PMID": 659646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8477", "title": "Relationship of word knowledge to word frequency in young adult deaf students.", "content": "This report describes research that has been undertaken to determine the relationship between word knowledge and word frequency (occurrence in print) in a deaf population. A matching test was designed and administered to 162 deaf students entering the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in the summer of 1976. The results of the study indicate that there exists a relationship between word frequency and word knowledge in a deaf population. The reliability and validity of the technique was tested and seems to provide adequate support for this approach to assessing the vocabulary level of deaf students.", "contents": "Relationship of word knowledge to word frequency in young adult deaf students. This report describes research that has been undertaken to determine the relationship between word knowledge and word frequency (occurrence in print) in a deaf population. A matching test was designed and administered to 162 deaf students entering the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in the summer of 1976. The results of the study indicate that there exists a relationship between word frequency and word knowledge in a deaf population. The reliability and validity of the technique was tested and seems to provide adequate support for this approach to assessing the vocabulary level of deaf students.", "PMID": 659647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8478", "title": "That deaf child and you: a forensic approach to the problems of hearing and speech.", "content": "Gesture, particularly manual gesture, is an important element in early childhood language formation. Its attempted elimination from the early communicative experience of hearing impaired children raises serious ethical, and possibly legal, questions. Though deaf children are deprived of information by the suppression of Sign Language so that their pretended education becomes a nullity, their cognitive power remains intact and undiminished. Official and academic refusals to recognize gesture and abhorrence, explicit or implied, of non-vocal language systems are culture-specific in their operation. They have no effect on normal children but are highly destructive of hearing-impaired children in direct proportion to the degree of impairment. Thus, sign-deprivation in profound hearing loss is completely destructive. The responsibility, including legal liability, of professionals stands in the same proportion. The most important developmental period for Sign Language is infancy. It is doubly important therefore that, in addition to educators and indeed prior to them, all health professionals who work with hearing impairment of any type be proficient in the principles and practice of nonvocal communication. Sign Language is the hearing aid of the deaf.", "contents": "That deaf child and you: a forensic approach to the problems of hearing and speech. Gesture, particularly manual gesture, is an important element in early childhood language formation. Its attempted elimination from the early communicative experience of hearing impaired children raises serious ethical, and possibly legal, questions. Though deaf children are deprived of information by the suppression of Sign Language so that their pretended education becomes a nullity, their cognitive power remains intact and undiminished. Official and academic refusals to recognize gesture and abhorrence, explicit or implied, of non-vocal language systems are culture-specific in their operation. They have no effect on normal children but are highly destructive of hearing-impaired children in direct proportion to the degree of impairment. Thus, sign-deprivation in profound hearing loss is completely destructive. The responsibility, including legal liability, of professionals stands in the same proportion. The most important developmental period for Sign Language is infancy. It is doubly important therefore that, in addition to educators and indeed prior to them, all health professionals who work with hearing impairment of any type be proficient in the principles and practice of nonvocal communication. Sign Language is the hearing aid of the deaf.", "PMID": 659648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8479", "title": "Toward a psychology of deafness?", "content": "A large scale study comparing Yugoslavian and American adolescents with normal hearing and with early profound deafness suggests that a relative tendency to impulsivity is a notable characteristic of the deaf group. Despite the conclusiveness of the study overall, there was little intercorrelation among individual subjects on the several test measures employed. A stereotype should be avoided therefore, and the tests viewed as perhaps tapping different personality aspects or avenues of development for what clinically becomes a final common pathway. Comparable and comparative studies of deaf children of deaf parents and of children whose hearing parents have learned manual language early may define how much the tendency is based on qualities of parental discomfort with a deaf child, on the unavailability of language, or on the absence of sound alone.", "contents": "Toward a psychology of deafness? A large scale study comparing Yugoslavian and American adolescents with normal hearing and with early profound deafness suggests that a relative tendency to impulsivity is a notable characteristic of the deaf group. Despite the conclusiveness of the study overall, there was little intercorrelation among individual subjects on the several test measures employed. A stereotype should be avoided therefore, and the tests viewed as perhaps tapping different personality aspects or avenues of development for what clinically becomes a final common pathway. Comparable and comparative studies of deaf children of deaf parents and of children whose hearing parents have learned manual language early may define how much the tendency is based on qualities of parental discomfort with a deaf child, on the unavailability of language, or on the absence of sound alone.", "PMID": 659649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8480", "title": "Sign codes and sign language: two orders of communication.", "content": "Deaf children, like all children, are born with a capacity for language; i.e. the symbolization and expression of cognitive functioning. Until the age at which hearing children are talking, deaf children communicate well with others, using their sight, touch, and other actions--the common gestures in the culture of their caretakers. The chief problem in communication arises when hearers reject the deaf child's gestural symbolization of his developing language knowledge. The problem is aggravated by insistence that the child use speech as do those who hear. Linguistic, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems may then follow, because of the attitude and actions of the hearing. All these problems can be resolved by early recognizing that the deaf person has a language and by honestly trying to learn and use it. This language is not a set of signs standing for spoken words but a complete language with its own rules for making sense in signed sentences.", "contents": "Sign codes and sign language: two orders of communication. Deaf children, like all children, are born with a capacity for language; i.e. the symbolization and expression of cognitive functioning. Until the age at which hearing children are talking, deaf children communicate well with others, using their sight, touch, and other actions--the common gestures in the culture of their caretakers. The chief problem in communication arises when hearers reject the deaf child's gestural symbolization of his developing language knowledge. The problem is aggravated by insistence that the child use speech as do those who hear. Linguistic, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems may then follow, because of the attitude and actions of the hearing. All these problems can be resolved by early recognizing that the deaf person has a language and by honestly trying to learn and use it. This language is not a set of signs standing for spoken words but a complete language with its own rules for making sense in signed sentences.", "PMID": 659651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8481", "title": "Deaf children can learn to hear.", "content": "For more than thirty years the author has been using the \"unisensory\" approach to work with hearing-impaired children, having learned the principles from her teacher, Emil Froeschels. The approach is based on the theory that even minimal amounts of residual hearing in a hearing-impaired infant, if stimulated in a unisensory fashion, could lead to the development of spontaneous speech and oral communication. Children taught by this method learn to process language through their amplified hearing. They acquire language that is adequate for them to be mainstreamed with their hearing peers from the beginning. The article describes seven requisites to an effective unisensory approach.", "contents": "Deaf children can learn to hear. For more than thirty years the author has been using the \"unisensory\" approach to work with hearing-impaired children, having learned the principles from her teacher, Emil Froeschels. The approach is based on the theory that even minimal amounts of residual hearing in a hearing-impaired infant, if stimulated in a unisensory fashion, could lead to the development of spontaneous speech and oral communication. Children taught by this method learn to process language through their amplified hearing. They acquire language that is adequate for them to be mainstreamed with their hearing peers from the beginning. The article describes seven requisites to an effective unisensory approach.", "PMID": 659652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8482", "title": "A note on simultaneous and interleaved masking.", "content": "Speech and noise were switched periodically from ear to ear at a rate high enough to create a binaurally fused image. Two masking conditions were investigated. In one the speech and noise were switched in unison from ear to ear such that both speech and noise were presented simultaneoully to the same ear. In the other case, the speech and noise were interleaved such that there was no simultaneous overlap of the speech and noise at any one ear. The difference in masking levels between these two conditions was found to be on the order of 20 dB. The technique offers some interesting possibilities for investigating the relative effects of central and peripheral masking in both normal and hearing-impaired listeners.", "contents": "A note on simultaneous and interleaved masking. Speech and noise were switched periodically from ear to ear at a rate high enough to create a binaurally fused image. Two masking conditions were investigated. In one the speech and noise were switched in unison from ear to ear such that both speech and noise were presented simultaneoully to the same ear. In the other case, the speech and noise were interleaved such that there was no simultaneous overlap of the speech and noise at any one ear. The difference in masking levels between these two conditions was found to be on the order of 20 dB. The technique offers some interesting possibilities for investigating the relative effects of central and peripheral masking in both normal and hearing-impaired listeners.", "PMID": 659653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8483", "title": "Speech and language assessment scales of deaf children.", "content": "Six year old deaf children with an average PTA of 105.7 dB were evaluated for speech and language skills using rating scales. Five rating scales were designed to assess language production, sign ability, overall communication skills, speech reception and speech intelligibility. Each scale incorporated five categories ranging from inability to complete ability to demonstrate a given skill. For several ratings, classroom teachers, given instruction, were asked to make judgments which were later correlated with examiner's scores, Mean ratings indicate that comprehension skills superceded performance skills. A hierarchy of ability among communication skills can be seen.", "contents": "Speech and language assessment scales of deaf children. Six year old deaf children with an average PTA of 105.7 dB were evaluated for speech and language skills using rating scales. Five rating scales were designed to assess language production, sign ability, overall communication skills, speech reception and speech intelligibility. Each scale incorporated five categories ranging from inability to complete ability to demonstrate a given skill. For several ratings, classroom teachers, given instruction, were asked to make judgments which were later correlated with examiner's scores, Mean ratings indicate that comprehension skills superceded performance skills. A hierarchy of ability among communication skills can be seen.", "PMID": 659654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8484", "title": "Reading attainment in hearing-impaired children: a comparison of higher and lower achievers.", "content": "The  purpose of the present research is to study hearing-impaired children with higher and lower reading attainment in order to suggest why some of these choldren achieve greater competency than others. Sixteen children, ages 8 to 17, from two oral schools for the hearing-impaired in Britain, were given two tests of reading comprehension. These revealed (1) marked differences in the reading levels of the children, and (2) a relationship between the test scores and what school the children attended. Differences were also found when the children's oral language use and reading comprehension levels were compared. Oral language use was shown to be an important skill related to attainment in reading. Differences in the nature of early language experiences of children in the two schools were said to be partly responsible for the disparity in the children's oral language ability and the differences in their later ability to read. Some insights are offered to explain how one school has fostered the development of good reading skills where other schools have failed to do so.", "contents": "Reading attainment in hearing-impaired children: a comparison of higher and lower achievers. The  purpose of the present research is to study hearing-impaired children with higher and lower reading attainment in order to suggest why some of these choldren achieve greater competency than others. Sixteen children, ages 8 to 17, from two oral schools for the hearing-impaired in Britain, were given two tests of reading comprehension. These revealed (1) marked differences in the reading levels of the children, and (2) a relationship between the test scores and what school the children attended. Differences were also found when the children's oral language use and reading comprehension levels were compared. Oral language use was shown to be an important skill related to attainment in reading. Differences in the nature of early language experiences of children in the two schools were said to be partly responsible for the disparity in the children's oral language ability and the differences in their later ability to read. Some insights are offered to explain how one school has fostered the development of good reading skills where other schools have failed to do so.", "PMID": 659655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8485", "title": "Pitch deviancy and intelligibility of deaf speech.", "content": "The relationship between pitch deviancy and other aspects of speech production that affect intelligibiliyy of deaf speech was investigated. The speech skills assessed included the following: ratings of pitch deviancy, ratings of overall intelligibility, production of the prosodic features--stress, intonation, and pause, and production of phonemes. Children who could not sustain phonation had speech that was consistently judged unintelligible. This group of children also had pure tone averages greater than 90 dB. For the remaining children, the relationship among pitch deviancy, intelligibility, and hearing level was variable. The highest intercorrelations were among prosodic feature production, phoneme production, and intelligibility.", "contents": "Pitch deviancy and intelligibility of deaf speech. The relationship between pitch deviancy and other aspects of speech production that affect intelligibiliyy of deaf speech was investigated. The speech skills assessed included the following: ratings of pitch deviancy, ratings of overall intelligibility, production of the prosodic features--stress, intonation, and pause, and production of phonemes. Children who could not sustain phonation had speech that was consistently judged unintelligible. This group of children also had pure tone averages greater than 90 dB. For the remaining children, the relationship among pitch deviancy, intelligibility, and hearing level was variable. The highest intercorrelations were among prosodic feature production, phoneme production, and intelligibility.", "PMID": 659656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8486", "title": "The effect of selected prosodic errors on the intelligibility of deaf speech.", "content": "A trained speech pathologist listened to recordings of 40 deaf children, each reading 15 sentences and recorded instances of four types of prosodic errors: adventitious sounds, excessive phoneme duration, pitch breaks, and pauses. The scores were correlated with previously obtained intelligibility scores. It was found that adventitious sounds, except those obviously operating as transitional sounds to ease the movement from one place of articulation to another, had the greatest negative effect on intelligibility, followed by very long duration and pitch breaks. Medium and long pauses, long duration, prologned closure (i.e., long duration plosives), and adventitious transitional sounds had a lesser negative effect. Short pauses had a small positive effect on intelligibility. The method used to identify the errors was one that can hopefully be evolved into an evaluative instrument for practical use in schools for the deaf.", "contents": "The effect of selected prosodic errors on the intelligibility of deaf speech. A trained speech pathologist listened to recordings of 40 deaf children, each reading 15 sentences and recorded instances of four types of prosodic errors: adventitious sounds, excessive phoneme duration, pitch breaks, and pauses. The scores were correlated with previously obtained intelligibility scores. It was found that adventitious sounds, except those obviously operating as transitional sounds to ease the movement from one place of articulation to another, had the greatest negative effect on intelligibility, followed by very long duration and pitch breaks. Medium and long pauses, long duration, prologned closure (i.e., long duration plosives), and adventitious transitional sounds had a lesser negative effect. Short pauses had a small positive effect on intelligibility. The method used to identify the errors was one that can hopefully be evolved into an evaluative instrument for practical use in schools for the deaf.", "PMID": 659657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8487", "title": "The evaluation of a model speech training program for deaf children.", "content": "Systematic speech training procedures were employed with a group of 20 hearing-impaired children ranging in age from 7 to 10 years. Using a primarily auditory-oral approach, the speech training program employed a hierarchical sequence in order to teach the suprasegmental patterns of English to the children. The children's performance on the speech training hierarchy was monitored on a daily basis using a checklist system. Based on their rate of progress in the development of speech skills, the children were divided into three groups post hoc: rapid, slow but steady, inordinately slow. Although the system worked well, on the average, approximately one-third of the children encountered serious difficulites at one or more levels of the hierarchy. Examination of the children's background information and audiological data revealed that those children who encountered difficulty had an extremely limited amount of residual hearing and/or problems other than a hearing handicap.", "contents": "The evaluation of a model speech training program for deaf children. Systematic speech training procedures were employed with a group of 20 hearing-impaired children ranging in age from 7 to 10 years. Using a primarily auditory-oral approach, the speech training program employed a hierarchical sequence in order to teach the suprasegmental patterns of English to the children. The children's performance on the speech training hierarchy was monitored on a daily basis using a checklist system. Based on their rate of progress in the development of speech skills, the children were divided into three groups post hoc: rapid, slow but steady, inordinately slow. Although the system worked well, on the average, approximately one-third of the children encountered serious difficulites at one or more levels of the hierarchy. Examination of the children's background information and audiological data revealed that those children who encountered difficulty had an extremely limited amount of residual hearing and/or problems other than a hearing handicap.", "PMID": 659658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8488", "title": "The relatedness of phonological processes of a hearing-impaired child.", "content": "This is a study, in the generative framework, of the phonology of a 6-year-old, hard-of-hearing child. The study has two main results: (1) the phonological substitutions and delections of this hearing imparied child are basically the same in kind as those found in the speech of younger normals and (2) the phonological processes of the child's system fit into groups of processes, each group operationalizing some phonetic preference of the child. Implications for a general theory of phonologica acquistion are discussed.", "contents": "The relatedness of phonological processes of a hearing-impaired child. This is a study, in the generative framework, of the phonology of a 6-year-old, hard-of-hearing child. The study has two main results: (1) the phonological substitutions and delections of this hearing imparied child are basically the same in kind as those found in the speech of younger normals and (2) the phonological processes of the child's system fit into groups of processes, each group operationalizing some phonetic preference of the child. Implications for a general theory of phonologica acquistion are discussed.", "PMID": 659659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8489", "title": "[Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. I. Comparisons of input from the dorsal column nuclei, the lateral cervical nucleus, the spino-olivary pathways, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum].", "content": "The present experiments compare the projections from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), the spino-olivary pathways (SO), the motor cortex (Ms1) and the cerebellum (CB) to the inferior olive of the cat. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that projections from the contralateral DCN and LCN and the ipsilateral SO overlap extensively with each other in the dorsal accessory division of the inferior olive and the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Projections from the contralateral motor cortex partially overlap these somato-sensory projections but they also extend into the principal division and into the rostral half of the medial accessory olive where other authors have found input from other \"motor\" sources such as the red n., the globus pallidus and the caudate n. The contralateral cerebellum projects heavily to most of the inferior olive except for a few regions in the caudal portions of the two accessory nuclei. These results show that there is a partial segregation between somatosensory and motor inputs within the inferior olive and that the cerebellar feedback fibers appear to avoid at least parts of those regions where the somatosensory input is heavy. Some of this segregation, particularly within the medial accessory olive and the principal n., correlates with differences in both the olivo-cerebellar connectivity and the cytoarchitecture of these regions. Although the somatosensory and motor inputs are partially segregated, there are also several regions where these inputs overlap. These regions are: (1) an area in the medial half of the rostral portions of the dorsal accessory olive, and (2) a small oval zone in the middle of the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. This overlap provides an anatomical basis for electrophysiological evidence which demonstrates the existence of cells in some of these regions that respond to activation of both the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord (e.g., Crill and Kennedy, '67).", "contents": "[Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. I. Comparisons of input from the dorsal column nuclei, the lateral cervical nucleus, the spino-olivary pathways, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum]. The present experiments compare the projections from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), the spino-olivary pathways (SO), the motor cortex (Ms1) and the cerebellum (CB) to the inferior olive of the cat. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that projections from the contralateral DCN and LCN and the ipsilateral SO overlap extensively with each other in the dorsal accessory division of the inferior olive and the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Projections from the contralateral motor cortex partially overlap these somato-sensory projections but they also extend into the principal division and into the rostral half of the medial accessory olive where other authors have found input from other \"motor\" sources such as the red n., the globus pallidus and the caudate n. The contralateral cerebellum projects heavily to most of the inferior olive except for a few regions in the caudal portions of the two accessory nuclei. These results show that there is a partial segregation between somatosensory and motor inputs within the inferior olive and that the cerebellar feedback fibers appear to avoid at least parts of those regions where the somatosensory input is heavy. Some of this segregation, particularly within the medial accessory olive and the principal n., correlates with differences in both the olivo-cerebellar connectivity and the cytoarchitecture of these regions. Although the somatosensory and motor inputs are partially segregated, there are also several regions where these inputs overlap. These regions are: (1) an area in the medial half of the rostral portions of the dorsal accessory olive, and (2) a small oval zone in the middle of the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. This overlap provides an anatomical basis for electrophysiological evidence which demonstrates the existence of cells in some of these regions that respond to activation of both the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord (e.g., Crill and Kennedy, '67).", "PMID": 659660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8490", "title": "Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. II. Comparisons of input from the gracile, cuneate and the spinal trigeminal nuclei.", "content": "The present experiments compared the projections to the inferior olive of the cat from the gracile, cuneate and spinal trigeminal nuclei. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that all three somatic sensory nuclei project to portions of all three major divisions of the contralateral inferior olive. The spinal trigeminal n. may also project less densely to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. Projections to the dorsal accessory nucleus (DAO) and the medially-adjacent ventral lamella of the principal nucleus are roughly somatotopically organized. Although there is considerable overlap between the projection zones, the gracile n. projects predominantly to lateral DAO, the cuneate n. projects predominantly to medial DAO, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis projects predominantly to the most medial portions of DAO and the ventral lamella of principal olive. Projections to the medial accessory olive, on the other hand, are not as highly organized. Instead, they overlap extensively within a small egg-shaped area in the middle of the caudal half of the nucleus. Whereas all portions of the gracile and cuneate nuclei project to the inferior olive, only the pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus appears to do so. These results were compared with the three available olivocerebellar maps as well as with the available behavioral and electrophysiological evidence on cerebellar somatotopic organization. This comparison indicated that the inputs to the cerebellum from the three second-order somatosensory nuclei via the inferior olive appear to be generally consistent with cerebellar somatotopic organization. This consistency is apparent not only with respect to the longitudinally-organized, vermal and paravermal differences in the anterior lobe, but also with respect to the transversely-organized specific somatotopy of the intermediate zone of the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule.", "contents": "Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. II. Comparisons of input from the gracile, cuneate and the spinal trigeminal nuclei. The present experiments compared the projections to the inferior olive of the cat from the gracile, cuneate and spinal trigeminal nuclei. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that all three somatic sensory nuclei project to portions of all three major divisions of the contralateral inferior olive. The spinal trigeminal n. may also project less densely to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. Projections to the dorsal accessory nucleus (DAO) and the medially-adjacent ventral lamella of the principal nucleus are roughly somatotopically organized. Although there is considerable overlap between the projection zones, the gracile n. projects predominantly to lateral DAO, the cuneate n. projects predominantly to medial DAO, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis projects predominantly to the most medial portions of DAO and the ventral lamella of principal olive. Projections to the medial accessory olive, on the other hand, are not as highly organized. Instead, they overlap extensively within a small egg-shaped area in the middle of the caudal half of the nucleus. Whereas all portions of the gracile and cuneate nuclei project to the inferior olive, only the pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus appears to do so. These results were compared with the three available olivocerebellar maps as well as with the available behavioral and electrophysiological evidence on cerebellar somatotopic organization. This comparison indicated that the inputs to the cerebellum from the three second-order somatosensory nuclei via the inferior olive appear to be generally consistent with cerebellar somatotopic organization. This consistency is apparent not only with respect to the longitudinally-organized, vermal and paravermal differences in the anterior lobe, but also with respect to the transversely-organized specific somatotopy of the intermediate zone of the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule.", "PMID": 659661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8491", "title": "The effects of dark rearing on the development of the visual cortex of the rat.", "content": "The effects of dark rearing on the development of the visual cortex has been studied in Wistar rats, as have the effects of subsequent light exposure on recovery. Five groups of animals were used: (1) light exposed until 30-40 days post partum (dpp) (2) dark reared until 30-40 ddp (3) dark reared until 80-120 dpp (4) dark reared to 21 dpp, then light exposed until 40 dpp (5) light exposed to 21 dpp and then dark reared until 40 dpp. Golgi-Cox impregnations of layer IV stellate cell dendritic fields were analysed and total neuronal and glial counts were also done within layer IV of the primary visual cortex. Normal visual stellate cell dendritic fields were radially organised, with the highest dendritic density being recorded below the soma. In short term visually deprived animals and in the exposed only for 21 dpp and then reared in light until 40 dpp the radial distribution of dendrites was maintained but the peak density shifted to above the soma. In all other experimental groups this abnormal polarisation was still present but not as marked. Measurement of branching indices suggested that these field changes resulted from increased branching and growth in the superficial domain and not from the reorientation of dendrites. Differential glial counts revealed a significantly higher number of microglia in dark reared animals than in controls. Neuronal numbers were not affected.", "contents": "The effects of dark rearing on the development of the visual cortex of the rat. The effects of dark rearing on the development of the visual cortex has been studied in Wistar rats, as have the effects of subsequent light exposure on recovery. Five groups of animals were used: (1) light exposed until 30-40 days post partum (dpp) (2) dark reared until 30-40 ddp (3) dark reared until 80-120 dpp (4) dark reared to 21 dpp, then light exposed until 40 dpp (5) light exposed to 21 dpp and then dark reared until 40 dpp. Golgi-Cox impregnations of layer IV stellate cell dendritic fields were analysed and total neuronal and glial counts were also done within layer IV of the primary visual cortex. Normal visual stellate cell dendritic fields were radially organised, with the highest dendritic density being recorded below the soma. In short term visually deprived animals and in the exposed only for 21 dpp and then reared in light until 40 dpp the radial distribution of dendrites was maintained but the peak density shifted to above the soma. In all other experimental groups this abnormal polarisation was still present but not as marked. Measurement of branching indices suggested that these field changes resulted from increased branching and growth in the superficial domain and not from the reorientation of dendrites. Differential glial counts revealed a significantly higher number of microglia in dark reared animals than in controls. Neuronal numbers were not affected.", "PMID": 659662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8492", "title": "In situ injection of kainic acid: a new method for selectively lesioning neural cell bodies while sparing axons of passage.", "content": "The morphologic sequelae following stereotaxic injection into the rat striatum of kainic acid, a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate, were examined by means of bright field, histofluorescence and electron microscopic techniques. The neuropathologic response to kainate injection occurs in two distinct phases. First, the intrinsic neurons of the striatum undergo a rapid degeneration during the first 48 hours after injection; this is characterized by the sequential loss of cytoplasmic Nissl-substance (chromatolysis), shrinkage of the perikarya, clumping of the nuclear chromatin and finally disruption of the nuclear membrane. Between one and three weeks after injection, a marked proliferation of astrocytes in the gray matter formerly populated by neurons characterizes the second phase. The region of several neuronal loss in the kainate injected striatum is approximately spherical in shape, and its extent is non-linearly related to the amount of kainate injected. The neuropil of the injected striatum is markedly disrupted due to the death of intrinsic neurons and loss of their processes. Yet, histofluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the dopaminergic axons projecting from the substantia nigra do not degenerate in the kainate injected striatum; electron microscope studies indicate that corticofugal fibers traversing the striatum are also unaffected by kainate. Many presynaptic boutons, presumably of extrinsic origin, are intact up to ten days after injection; osmophilic vestiges of postsynaptic elements remain adherent to these boutons. Numerous phagocytic astrocytes are observed throughout the lesioned area. These morphologic studies provide (direct) evidence that in situ injection of kainic acid in brain causes a selective degeneration of neurons with cell bodies in the area of the injection but spares axons that arise from perikarya outside the region but pass through or terminate in the injected area. Thus, in situ injection of kainic acid is a new technique for making selective brain lesions that will be useful for examining neuronal connectivity.", "contents": "In situ injection of kainic acid: a new method for selectively lesioning neural cell bodies while sparing axons of passage. The morphologic sequelae following stereotaxic injection into the rat striatum of kainic acid, a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate, were examined by means of bright field, histofluorescence and electron microscopic techniques. The neuropathologic response to kainate injection occurs in two distinct phases. First, the intrinsic neurons of the striatum undergo a rapid degeneration during the first 48 hours after injection; this is characterized by the sequential loss of cytoplasmic Nissl-substance (chromatolysis), shrinkage of the perikarya, clumping of the nuclear chromatin and finally disruption of the nuclear membrane. Between one and three weeks after injection, a marked proliferation of astrocytes in the gray matter formerly populated by neurons characterizes the second phase. The region of several neuronal loss in the kainate injected striatum is approximately spherical in shape, and its extent is non-linearly related to the amount of kainate injected. The neuropil of the injected striatum is markedly disrupted due to the death of intrinsic neurons and loss of their processes. Yet, histofluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the dopaminergic axons projecting from the substantia nigra do not degenerate in the kainate injected striatum; electron microscope studies indicate that corticofugal fibers traversing the striatum are also unaffected by kainate. Many presynaptic boutons, presumably of extrinsic origin, are intact up to ten days after injection; osmophilic vestiges of postsynaptic elements remain adherent to these boutons. Numerous phagocytic astrocytes are observed throughout the lesioned area. These morphologic studies provide (direct) evidence that in situ injection of kainic acid in brain causes a selective degeneration of neurons with cell bodies in the area of the injection but spares axons that arise from perikarya outside the region but pass through or terminate in the injected area. Thus, in situ injection of kainic acid is a new technique for making selective brain lesions that will be useful for examining neuronal connectivity.", "PMID": 659663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8493", "title": "Visual discrimination following partial telencephalic ablations in nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum).", "content": "An instrumental conditioning task was used to examine the role of the nurse shark telencephalon in black-white (BW) and horizontal-vertical stripes (HV) discrimination performance. In the first experiment, subjects initially received either bilateral anterior telencephalic control lesions or bilateral posterior telencephalic lesions aimed at destroying the central telencephalic nuclei (CN), which are known to receive direct input from the thalamic visual area. Postoperatively, the sharks were trained first on BW and then on HV. Those with anterior lesions learned both tasks as rapidly as unoperated subjects. Those with posterior lesions exhibited visual discrimination deficits related to the amount of damage to the CN and its connecting pathways. Severe damage resulted in an inability to learn either task but caused no impairments in motivation or general learning ability. In the second experiment, the sharks were first trained on BW and HV and then operated. Suction ablations were used to remove various portions of the CN. Sharks with 10% or less damage to the CN retained the preoperatively acquired discriminations almost perfectly. Those with 11-50% damage had to be retrained on both tasks. Almost total removal of the CN produced behavioral indications of blindness along with an inability to perform above the chance level on BW despite excellent retention of both discriminations over a 28-day period before surgery. It appears, however, that such sharks can still detect light. These results implicate the central telencephalic nuclei in the control of visually guided behavior in sharks.", "contents": "Visual discrimination following partial telencephalic ablations in nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum). An instrumental conditioning task was used to examine the role of the nurse shark telencephalon in black-white (BW) and horizontal-vertical stripes (HV) discrimination performance. In the first experiment, subjects initially received either bilateral anterior telencephalic control lesions or bilateral posterior telencephalic lesions aimed at destroying the central telencephalic nuclei (CN), which are known to receive direct input from the thalamic visual area. Postoperatively, the sharks were trained first on BW and then on HV. Those with anterior lesions learned both tasks as rapidly as unoperated subjects. Those with posterior lesions exhibited visual discrimination deficits related to the amount of damage to the CN and its connecting pathways. Severe damage resulted in an inability to learn either task but caused no impairments in motivation or general learning ability. In the second experiment, the sharks were first trained on BW and HV and then operated. Suction ablations were used to remove various portions of the CN. Sharks with 10% or less damage to the CN retained the preoperatively acquired discriminations almost perfectly. Those with 11-50% damage had to be retrained on both tasks. Almost total removal of the CN produced behavioral indications of blindness along with an inability to perform above the chance level on BW despite excellent retention of both discriminations over a 28-day period before surgery. It appears, however, that such sharks can still detect light. These results implicate the central telencephalic nuclei in the control of visually guided behavior in sharks.", "PMID": 659664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8494", "title": "The DNA content of Purkinje cells in mammals.", "content": "Nerve cells have generally been assumed to have a diploid DNA content, typical of non-dividing somatic cells. However several reports have suggested that certain nerve cells types, notably Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, are polyploid. Other studies have contradicted these findings, stating Purkinje cells to be diploid. In this paper we reinvestigate the DNA status of Purkinje cells, in a variety of mammalian species. Cell DNA content is measured on tissue smears by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. Results show that for all species examined by us, Purkinje cells have, without exception, a DNA content comparable to that of somatic cells. A critical appraisal of the techniques used in those studies claiming a tetraploid DNA content for Purkinje cells leads us to believe our findings to be correct.", "contents": "The DNA content of Purkinje cells in mammals. Nerve cells have generally been assumed to have a diploid DNA content, typical of non-dividing somatic cells. However several reports have suggested that certain nerve cells types, notably Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, are polyploid. Other studies have contradicted these findings, stating Purkinje cells to be diploid. In this paper we reinvestigate the DNA status of Purkinje cells, in a variety of mammalian species. Cell DNA content is measured on tissue smears by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. Results show that for all species examined by us, Purkinje cells have, without exception, a DNA content comparable to that of somatic cells. A critical appraisal of the techniques used in those studies claiming a tetraploid DNA content for Purkinje cells leads us to believe our findings to be correct.", "PMID": 659665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8495", "title": "The role of ependyma in regeneration of the spinal cord in the urodele amphibian tail.", "content": "The new spinal cord formed during tail regeneration in the newt first develops as a caudal extension of the ependymal tube. Neuroblasts and neuroglia subsequently differentiate from cells of the ependymal tube in a proximal-caudal sweep. Descending axons from the cord rostral to the lesion and from newly differentiating neurons travel in channels which are present prior to the ingrowth of axons. The present study confirms previous observations from our laboratory and presents details of the ultrastructural relations of axons and ependymal processes within the cord. The ependymal cell surface facing channels typically forms numerous digitor sheet-like protuberances which extend into the channel lumen. As axons enter the channels in increasing numbers these protuberances partially subdivide the axons into smaller groupings, even occasionally segregating individual axons. At levels where fibers have not yet entered or have most recently entered the ependymal channesl two specializations appear on the ependymal plasmalemma facing the channels and their axons: coated membranes and hemidesmosome-like structures. At more mature levels, where many fibers have already entered the channels, axons in contact with ependymal processes sometimes show synapse-lide vesicle accumulations with associated membrane densities. Coated membranes and hemidesmosome-like structures are lacking at these levels. Our observations suggest that ependymal processes, in addition to providing substrate and direction for regenerating spinal cord axons, may also furnish or exchange more specific information at the morphologically identifiable specializations described above.", "contents": "The role of ependyma in regeneration of the spinal cord in the urodele amphibian tail. The new spinal cord formed during tail regeneration in the newt first develops as a caudal extension of the ependymal tube. Neuroblasts and neuroglia subsequently differentiate from cells of the ependymal tube in a proximal-caudal sweep. Descending axons from the cord rostral to the lesion and from newly differentiating neurons travel in channels which are present prior to the ingrowth of axons. The present study confirms previous observations from our laboratory and presents details of the ultrastructural relations of axons and ependymal processes within the cord. The ependymal cell surface facing channels typically forms numerous digitor sheet-like protuberances which extend into the channel lumen. As axons enter the channels in increasing numbers these protuberances partially subdivide the axons into smaller groupings, even occasionally segregating individual axons. At levels where fibers have not yet entered or have most recently entered the ependymal channesl two specializations appear on the ependymal plasmalemma facing the channels and their axons: coated membranes and hemidesmosome-like structures. At more mature levels, where many fibers have already entered the channels, axons in contact with ependymal processes sometimes show synapse-lide vesicle accumulations with associated membrane densities. Coated membranes and hemidesmosome-like structures are lacking at these levels. Our observations suggest that ependymal processes, in addition to providing substrate and direction for regenerating spinal cord axons, may also furnish or exchange more specific information at the morphologically identifiable specializations described above.", "PMID": 659666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8496", "title": "Golgi studies of the neurons in layer II of the dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis).", "content": "The translucent band which lies just beneath the spinal V tract at the lower end of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (nucleus caudalis) can be divided into three layers. These three layers are distinguished by textural differences in their neuropil and by the morphology and laminar distribution of the axons and dendrites of their neurons. Layer II contains four different kinds of interneurons. Stalked cells are named after their short, stalk-like branches. Their cell bodies are found in greatest numbers in the outer half of layer II. Their coneshaped dendritic arbors extend medially across layers II and III and sometimes extend into layer IV. Their axons form extensive, canopy-like arborizations in layer I. Stalked cells are considered to be excitatory interneurons receiving input on their dendritic spines from primary axonal endings in the layers II and III glomeruli and transferring it to the dendrites of the layer I projection neurons. Layer II contains three kinds of Golgi type II inteneurons, i.e, neurons whose axons branch repeatedly within the confimes of their dendritic arbors. Islet cells similar to those found in layer III (Gobel), '75a), are found in small clusters in layer II. Their dendrites and axons are largely confined in layer II. The dendrites of the arboreal cell burst, in tree-like fashion, into highly focal dendritic arbors confined largely in layer II while the extensive rostral and caudal dendritic arbors of the II-III border cell lie largely in layers II and III with a few branches extending into layer I. The axons of both of these interneurons arborize in layers II and III with a few collaterals extending into layer I. Islet cells, arboreal cells and II-III border cells are considered to be inhibitory interneurons. They are strategically situated to interrupt transmission between primary axonal endings in layers II and III and the layer I projection neurons by altering the output of the stalked cells.", "contents": "Golgi studies of the neurons in layer II of the dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis). The translucent band which lies just beneath the spinal V tract at the lower end of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (nucleus caudalis) can be divided into three layers. These three layers are distinguished by textural differences in their neuropil and by the morphology and laminar distribution of the axons and dendrites of their neurons. Layer II contains four different kinds of interneurons. Stalked cells are named after their short, stalk-like branches. Their cell bodies are found in greatest numbers in the outer half of layer II. Their coneshaped dendritic arbors extend medially across layers II and III and sometimes extend into layer IV. Their axons form extensive, canopy-like arborizations in layer I. Stalked cells are considered to be excitatory interneurons receiving input on their dendritic spines from primary axonal endings in the layers II and III glomeruli and transferring it to the dendrites of the layer I projection neurons. Layer II contains three kinds of Golgi type II inteneurons, i.e, neurons whose axons branch repeatedly within the confimes of their dendritic arbors. Islet cells similar to those found in layer III (Gobel), '75a), are found in small clusters in layer II. Their dendrites and axons are largely confined in layer II. The dendrites of the arboreal cell burst, in tree-like fashion, into highly focal dendritic arbors confined largely in layer II while the extensive rostral and caudal dendritic arbors of the II-III border cell lie largely in layers II and III with a few branches extending into layer I. The axons of both of these interneurons arborize in layers II and III with a few collaterals extending into layer I. Islet cells, arboreal cells and II-III border cells are considered to be inhibitory interneurons. They are strategically situated to interrupt transmission between primary axonal endings in layers II and III and the layer I projection neurons by altering the output of the stalked cells.", "PMID": 659668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8497", "title": "Organization and development of the brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: primary afferent projections.", "content": "The pattern of primary auditory projections to the brain stem of young chickens was investigated using terminal degeneration methods and orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or tritiated amino acid. Of particular interest was the question of whether nucleus laminaris (NL) receives primary afferents. A study of silver-stained degeneration pattersn in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and NL at three intervals following unilateral interruption of the cochlear nerve revealed that by 48 hours after the lesion, degenerating terminals were found only in the ipsilateral nucleus angularis (NA), NM and lagenar projection areas but not in NL. Five- and eight-day survival times, however, also revealed degeneration bilaterally in NL. The appearance of terminal degeneration in NL at the longer survival times is attributed to the previously-reported severe and rapid transneuronal degeneration of neurons in NM following deafferentation and not to the presence of cochlear nerve terminals in NL. Injection of HRP or tritiated proline into the basilar papilla produced patterns of labeling similar to that seen in the 2-day degeneration material; HRP reaction product or autoradiographic label were seen only in the ipsilateral NA and NM and in the ipsilateral projection areas of the macula lagena but not in either NL. The patterns of primary auditory projections revealed by the three methods were quite similar to each other and to that previously reported for the pigeon and confirm the conslucion that the laminar nucleus of chickens does not receive primary afferents.", "contents": "Organization and development of the brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: primary afferent projections. The pattern of primary auditory projections to the brain stem of young chickens was investigated using terminal degeneration methods and orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or tritiated amino acid. Of particular interest was the question of whether nucleus laminaris (NL) receives primary afferents. A study of silver-stained degeneration pattersn in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and NL at three intervals following unilateral interruption of the cochlear nerve revealed that by 48 hours after the lesion, degenerating terminals were found only in the ipsilateral nucleus angularis (NA), NM and lagenar projection areas but not in NL. Five- and eight-day survival times, however, also revealed degeneration bilaterally in NL. The appearance of terminal degeneration in NL at the longer survival times is attributed to the previously-reported severe and rapid transneuronal degeneration of neurons in NM following deafferentation and not to the presence of cochlear nerve terminals in NL. Injection of HRP or tritiated proline into the basilar papilla produced patterns of labeling similar to that seen in the 2-day degeneration material; HRP reaction product or autoradiographic label were seen only in the ipsilateral NA and NM and in the ipsilateral projection areas of the macula lagena but not in either NL. The patterns of primary auditory projections revealed by the three methods were quite similar to each other and to that previously reported for the pigeon and confirm the conslucion that the laminar nucleus of chickens does not receive primary afferents.", "PMID": 659669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8498", "title": "Properties of the enteric nervous system: limitation of access of intravascular macromolecules to the myenteric plexus and muscularis externa.", "content": "The possible presence of a blood-myenteric plexus barrier similar to the blood-nerve and blood-brain barriers was investigated. The myenteric plexus was found to be an enclosed tubular structure incompletely surrounded by a sheath of supporting cell processes. Capillaries do not enter the plexus. The capillaries which supply the myenteric layer differ in structure from capillaries of other layers of the gut and are non-fenestrated. Tracers, Evans blue labeled albumin or horseradish peroxidase, readily leak out of fenestrated capillaries, but do not readily escape from myenteric capillaries. These capillaries have impermeable junctions that prevent the passage of tracer between endothelial cells. A slow leakage of macromolecules is probably accounted for by transport through endothelial cells within plasmalemmal vesicles. A backup system of phagocytic cells removes this material and prevents the tracers  leaking from the vasculature from reaching detectable concentrations in the extracellular space. Neither tracer was ever found in the myenteric plexus. Therefore, there is a blood-myenteric plexus barrier to macromolecules that resembles the blood-thymic barrier and may be functionally analogous to the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Properties of the enteric nervous system: limitation of access of intravascular macromolecules to the myenteric plexus and muscularis externa. The possible presence of a blood-myenteric plexus barrier similar to the blood-nerve and blood-brain barriers was investigated. The myenteric plexus was found to be an enclosed tubular structure incompletely surrounded by a sheath of supporting cell processes. Capillaries do not enter the plexus. The capillaries which supply the myenteric layer differ in structure from capillaries of other layers of the gut and are non-fenestrated. Tracers, Evans blue labeled albumin or horseradish peroxidase, readily leak out of fenestrated capillaries, but do not readily escape from myenteric capillaries. These capillaries have impermeable junctions that prevent the passage of tracer between endothelial cells. A slow leakage of macromolecules is probably accounted for by transport through endothelial cells within plasmalemmal vesicles. A backup system of phagocytic cells removes this material and prevents the tracers  leaking from the vasculature from reaching detectable concentrations in the extracellular space. Neither tracer was ever found in the myenteric plexus. Therefore, there is a blood-myenteric plexus barrier to macromolecules that resembles the blood-thymic barrier and may be functionally analogous to the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 659670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8499", "title": "Light microscopic analysis of the kitten retina: postnatal development in the area centralis.", "content": "A method was devised for morphological localization of the area centralis, and the timecourse of its formation as a structural entity was established. Postnatal differentiation of the retina proceeds as follows: the irregularly laminated ganglion cell layer of the newborn becomes unilaminar everywhere but in the presumptive area centralis, a difference which is first discernible at five to six days of age; the outer nuclear layer is always of the same thickness in the area centralis, while in the periphery the layer thins with time; the outer nuclear layer is always thinner in the area centralis than in the periphery; inner nuclear layer thickness is invariant early in postnatal life, but in the adult it is thicker in the area centralis than in the near temporal periphery; plexiform layers form by two weeks of age and rach adult thickness thereafter. Retinal ganglion cells were measured and the percent distributions of three ganglion cell size classes (6-10 micron; 11-20 micron; 21-35 micron) were determined for the area centralis and near temporal periphery; Mean ganglion cell size is constant in center and periphery through five weeks age, is adultlike in the periphery soon thereafter and in the center sometime after eight weeks of age. The percent distribution of ganglion cells by size class in center and periphery is not adultlike even at eight weeks of age. The implications of these observations and others are discussed relative to postnatal growth of the eye and placement of the area centralis in the retinal field and optic axis. The involvement of retinal cell proliferation, cell growth, ganglion cell dendrite formation and cell shape changes in the expansion of the retina are also discussed.", "contents": "Light microscopic analysis of the kitten retina: postnatal development in the area centralis. A method was devised for morphological localization of the area centralis, and the timecourse of its formation as a structural entity was established. Postnatal differentiation of the retina proceeds as follows: the irregularly laminated ganglion cell layer of the newborn becomes unilaminar everywhere but in the presumptive area centralis, a difference which is first discernible at five to six days of age; the outer nuclear layer is always of the same thickness in the area centralis, while in the periphery the layer thins with time; the outer nuclear layer is always thinner in the area centralis than in the periphery; inner nuclear layer thickness is invariant early in postnatal life, but in the adult it is thicker in the area centralis than in the near temporal periphery; plexiform layers form by two weeks of age and rach adult thickness thereafter. Retinal ganglion cells were measured and the percent distributions of three ganglion cell size classes (6-10 micron; 11-20 micron; 21-35 micron) were determined for the area centralis and near temporal periphery; Mean ganglion cell size is constant in center and periphery through five weeks age, is adultlike in the periphery soon thereafter and in the center sometime after eight weeks of age. The percent distribution of ganglion cells by size class in center and periphery is not adultlike even at eight weeks of age. The implications of these observations and others are discussed relative to postnatal growth of the eye and placement of the area centralis in the retinal field and optic axis. The involvement of retinal cell proliferation, cell growth, ganglion cell dendrite formation and cell shape changes in the expansion of the retina are also discussed.", "PMID": 659671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8500", "title": "Sequence of neuron origin in experimentally distorted brains of chick embryos.", "content": "The effects of proliferative disorders on the time and sequence of neuron origin in the optic tectum were studied in chick embryos in which \"overgrowth\" had been experimentally induced, Sixteen normal and fourteen abnormal embryos ranging in age from four through ten days of incubation were each given a single dose of thymidine[3H]. Comparisons were then made between 16-day normal and abnormal chick embryos with respect to the distribution tectum midway between its rostral and caudal boundaries. In the normal and abnormal tecta layers I-IV were generated on days 3-6. Differences occurred in the generation of the remaining layers. In the normal embryos layers V-VII arose on days 5-8 and layers VIII-XV on days 4-7; in the abnormal embryos layers V-VII originated on days 6-8 and layers VIII-XV on days 5-8. In addition to the delay in onset of neuron origin, the abnormal tectum also showed distorted lamination, particularly in layers VIII-XV which constitute the superficial regions of the stratum griseum and fibrosum superficiale. Despite the defect in time and sequence of neuron origin, the rostroventrolateral to caudodorsomedial gradient of maturity characteristic of the normal tecta was not disturbed in the abnormal tecta.", "contents": "Sequence of neuron origin in experimentally distorted brains of chick embryos. The effects of proliferative disorders on the time and sequence of neuron origin in the optic tectum were studied in chick embryos in which \"overgrowth\" had been experimentally induced, Sixteen normal and fourteen abnormal embryos ranging in age from four through ten days of incubation were each given a single dose of thymidine[3H]. Comparisons were then made between 16-day normal and abnormal chick embryos with respect to the distribution tectum midway between its rostral and caudal boundaries. In the normal and abnormal tecta layers I-IV were generated on days 3-6. Differences occurred in the generation of the remaining layers. In the normal embryos layers V-VII arose on days 5-8 and layers VIII-XV on days 4-7; in the abnormal embryos layers V-VII originated on days 6-8 and layers VIII-XV on days 5-8. In addition to the delay in onset of neuron origin, the abnormal tectum also showed distorted lamination, particularly in layers VIII-XV which constitute the superficial regions of the stratum griseum and fibrosum superficiale. Despite the defect in time and sequence of neuron origin, the rostroventrolateral to caudodorsomedial gradient of maturity characteristic of the normal tecta was not disturbed in the abnormal tecta.", "PMID": 659672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8501", "title": "Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. II. Amygdala, suprarhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex.", "content": "The catecholamine (CA) innervation of the posterior basal forebrain, the amygdala, suprarhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex, was studied in the rat using biochemical assay and fluorescence histochemistry. The assay studies demonstrate a moderate norepinephrine (NE) content in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex with a lower value for the suprarhinal cortex. Following destruction of the locus coeruleus, the decrease in NE content of these basal forebrain structures indicates that their principal NE innervation is from locus coeruleus. An additional small NE input arises from the medullary NE neuron groups. Ablation of dopamine (DA) cell groups (substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, SN-VTA) indicates that the DA input to the amygdala arises from the lateral VTA and medial half of the SN. Fluorescence histochemical studies using the glyoxylic acid-Vibratome technique demonstrate the presence of four distinct types of CA neuron terminal plexus in the posterior basal forebrain. These include two different DA fiber types arising in SN-VTA, small NE fibers with small varicosities arising in locus coeruleus and NE fibers with larger varicosities arising in other brainstem NE cell groups. The large NE fibers appear to enter the amygdala via the ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdaloid bundle to innervate the central and basolateral nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area. The locus coeruleus NE fibers appear to enter the posterior basal forebrain via both the stria terminalis and ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdaloid bundle system to form a moderately dense innervation of the central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala and a less dense innervation of the other areas. The DA neuron axons are concentrated in the central and basal nuclei and intercalated cell groups. Other areas receive a more diffuse DA input, with the exception of the moderately dense innervation of the suprarhinal cortex and DA \"islands\" in the ventral-anterrior entorhinal cortex, The DA input to the posterior basal forebrain is complex and heterogeneous and the axonal morphology differs greatly among the terminal fields within the amygdala and adjacent cortical areas.", "contents": "Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. II. Amygdala, suprarhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex. The catecholamine (CA) innervation of the posterior basal forebrain, the amygdala, suprarhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex, was studied in the rat using biochemical assay and fluorescence histochemistry. The assay studies demonstrate a moderate norepinephrine (NE) content in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex with a lower value for the suprarhinal cortex. Following destruction of the locus coeruleus, the decrease in NE content of these basal forebrain structures indicates that their principal NE innervation is from locus coeruleus. An additional small NE input arises from the medullary NE neuron groups. Ablation of dopamine (DA) cell groups (substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, SN-VTA) indicates that the DA input to the amygdala arises from the lateral VTA and medial half of the SN. Fluorescence histochemical studies using the glyoxylic acid-Vibratome technique demonstrate the presence of four distinct types of CA neuron terminal plexus in the posterior basal forebrain. These include two different DA fiber types arising in SN-VTA, small NE fibers with small varicosities arising in locus coeruleus and NE fibers with larger varicosities arising in other brainstem NE cell groups. The large NE fibers appear to enter the amygdala via the ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdaloid bundle to innervate the central and basolateral nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area. The locus coeruleus NE fibers appear to enter the posterior basal forebrain via both the stria terminalis and ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdaloid bundle system to form a moderately dense innervation of the central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala and a less dense innervation of the other areas. The DA neuron axons are concentrated in the central and basal nuclei and intercalated cell groups. Other areas receive a more diffuse DA input, with the exception of the moderately dense innervation of the suprarhinal cortex and DA \"islands\" in the ventral-anterrior entorhinal cortex, The DA input to the posterior basal forebrain is complex and heterogeneous and the axonal morphology differs greatly among the terminal fields within the amygdala and adjacent cortical areas.", "PMID": 659673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8502", "title": "Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum.", "content": "In this study the location of dopamine (DA) neuron perikarya in the rostral mesencephalon of the rat was determined using the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical technique. Subsequently the topography of the projection of these mesencephalic neurons on the basal forebrain and striatum was analyzed using the anterograde transport-autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde transport-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The results of these anatomical studies were correlated with the biochemical and histochemical studies presented in previous reports (Moore, '78; Fallon and Moore, '78; Fallon et al., '78) to provide the following conclusions. The topography of the DA neuron projection of the basal forebrain and neostriatum is organized in three planes, dorsal-ventral, medial-lateral and anterior-posterior. DA cells are found almost exclusively in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Ventral cells of the SN and VTA project to the dorsal structures of the basal forebrain such as the septum, nucleus accumbens and neostriatum. The latter includes some DA cells located ventrally in the pars reticulata of the SN. Dorsal cells project to ventral structures. The medial-lateral topography is organized such that the medial sectors of the SN-VTA area project to the medial parts of nuclei in the basal forebrain and neostriatum whereas lateral sectors of the SN-VTA area project to the lateral parts of nuclei in the basal forebrain and neostriatum. An anterior-posterior topography also is evident such that anterior parts of the SN-VTA project anteriorly whereas the posterior SN-VTA projects more posteriorly in these areas. These observations are consistent with the view that the DA neurons of the SN-VTA complex form a single nuclear group with a highly topographically organized projection innervating not only deep nuclei of the telencephalon but allocortical structures as well.", "contents": "Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum. In this study the location of dopamine (DA) neuron perikarya in the rostral mesencephalon of the rat was determined using the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical technique. Subsequently the topography of the projection of these mesencephalic neurons on the basal forebrain and striatum was analyzed using the anterograde transport-autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde transport-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The results of these anatomical studies were correlated with the biochemical and histochemical studies presented in previous reports (Moore, '78; Fallon and Moore, '78; Fallon et al., '78) to provide the following conclusions. The topography of the DA neuron projection of the basal forebrain and neostriatum is organized in three planes, dorsal-ventral, medial-lateral and anterior-posterior. DA cells are found almost exclusively in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Ventral cells of the SN and VTA project to the dorsal structures of the basal forebrain such as the septum, nucleus accumbens and neostriatum. The latter includes some DA cells located ventrally in the pars reticulata of the SN. Dorsal cells project to ventral structures. The medial-lateral topography is organized such that the medial sectors of the SN-VTA area project to the medial parts of nuclei in the basal forebrain and neostriatum whereas lateral sectors of the SN-VTA area project to the lateral parts of nuclei in the basal forebrain and neostriatum. An anterior-posterior topography also is evident such that anterior parts of the SN-VTA project anteriorly whereas the posterior SN-VTA projects more posteriorly in these areas. These observations are consistent with the view that the DA neurons of the SN-VTA complex form a single nuclear group with a highly topographically organized projection innervating not only deep nuclei of the telencephalon but allocortical structures as well.", "PMID": 659674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8503", "title": "Terminal proliferation and synaptogenesis following partial deafferentation: the reinnervation of the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus following removal of its commissural afferents.", "content": "The inner one-third of the dendritic region of the dentate gyrus granule cells in adult rats receives projections primarily from the commissural fibers of the contralateral hippocampus and the associational fibers of the ipsilateral hippocampus. At two to four days following the complete removal of the contralateral hippocampus, approximately 25% of the terminals in the inner molecular layer are observed degenerating. This provides an excellent model system to investigate possible terminal proliferation induced by deafferentation since (1) the experimental lesion is easily reproducible, (2) no retrograde reactions occur in the granule cells as a direct result of the lesion, (3) no shrinkage is detected in this region following commissural deafferentation, (4) the same dendritic region can be relocated precisely in each animal, and (5) the synaptic counts are highly consistent between animals. Results from this study and from previous investigations demonstrate that the commissural projection is contained within a 0-80 mu zone directly above the granule cell layer; Complete photomontages of this zone were taken, but only the 40-80 mu zone was quantified for neuronal and glial changes in three normal, five 2- to 4-day, and five 50- to 75-day postlesion animals. The average synaptic count dropped to 64% of control values by 2 to 4 days, returned to 97% by 50- to 75 days postlesion, The number of terminals showing multiple synaptic contacts increased slightly in the long-term animals. Measurements of average terminal area showed no change between the short- and long-term survival groups. These results indicate that this dendritic region is reinnervated following partial deafferentation and that the reinnervation is due primarily to the formation of new terminals rather than the expansion of pre-existing terminals.", "contents": "Terminal proliferation and synaptogenesis following partial deafferentation: the reinnervation of the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus following removal of its commissural afferents. The inner one-third of the dendritic region of the dentate gyrus granule cells in adult rats receives projections primarily from the commissural fibers of the contralateral hippocampus and the associational fibers of the ipsilateral hippocampus. At two to four days following the complete removal of the contralateral hippocampus, approximately 25% of the terminals in the inner molecular layer are observed degenerating. This provides an excellent model system to investigate possible terminal proliferation induced by deafferentation since (1) the experimental lesion is easily reproducible, (2) no retrograde reactions occur in the granule cells as a direct result of the lesion, (3) no shrinkage is detected in this region following commissural deafferentation, (4) the same dendritic region can be relocated precisely in each animal, and (5) the synaptic counts are highly consistent between animals. Results from this study and from previous investigations demonstrate that the commissural projection is contained within a 0-80 mu zone directly above the granule cell layer; Complete photomontages of this zone were taken, but only the 40-80 mu zone was quantified for neuronal and glial changes in three normal, five 2- to 4-day, and five 50- to 75-day postlesion animals. The average synaptic count dropped to 64% of control values by 2 to 4 days, returned to 97% by 50- to 75 days postlesion, The number of terminals showing multiple synaptic contacts increased slightly in the long-term animals. Measurements of average terminal area showed no change between the short- and long-term survival groups. These results indicate that this dendritic region is reinnervated following partial deafferentation and that the reinnervation is due primarily to the formation of new terminals rather than the expansion of pre-existing terminals.", "PMID": 659675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8504", "title": "Functional properties of the corticotectal projection in the golden hamster.", "content": "Approximately 31% of the cells recorded in the hamster's superior colliculus could be activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral primary visual cortex. While cortically activated cells were encountered in all laminae of the colliculus where visual cells were isolated, the highest probability of driving visual cells was observed in the deeper laminae, that is, those ventral to the stratum opticum. Response latency, jitter (latency variability), latency shifts as a function of shock intensity, thresholds, and spike numbers did not vary as a function of depth in the colliculus. There was a clear correspondence between the visual fields of the best cortical stimulus points and the receptive fields of cortically activated cells recorded in the superficial laminae of the colliculus. However, there was considerably less retinotopic fidelity for the cortical areas from which cells isolated in the deeper laminae could be driven. This suggests a greater degree of convergence from relatively widespread cortical regions upon visual cells of the deeper laminae. The visal organization) of the cortically activated cells did not differ appreciably from the overall sample of visual cells recorded in the colliculus. Only 3 of the 159 cells tested were driven by stimulation of the contralateral visual cortex and two of these were responsive only at very long latencies.", "contents": "Functional properties of the corticotectal projection in the golden hamster. Approximately 31% of the cells recorded in the hamster's superior colliculus could be activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral primary visual cortex. While cortically activated cells were encountered in all laminae of the colliculus where visual cells were isolated, the highest probability of driving visual cells was observed in the deeper laminae, that is, those ventral to the stratum opticum. Response latency, jitter (latency variability), latency shifts as a function of shock intensity, thresholds, and spike numbers did not vary as a function of depth in the colliculus. There was a clear correspondence between the visual fields of the best cortical stimulus points and the receptive fields of cortically activated cells recorded in the superficial laminae of the colliculus. However, there was considerably less retinotopic fidelity for the cortical areas from which cells isolated in the deeper laminae could be driven. This suggests a greater degree of convergence from relatively widespread cortical regions upon visual cells of the deeper laminae. The visal organization) of the cortically activated cells did not differ appreciably from the overall sample of visual cells recorded in the colliculus. Only 3 of the 159 cells tested were driven by stimulation of the contralateral visual cortex and two of these were responsive only at very long latencies.", "PMID": 659676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8505", "title": "Ionic milieu of bovine and ovine rumen as affected by diet.", "content": "Postprandial changes in osmolality, mineral, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were examined in three cattle fed six widely differing diets. Mineral concentrations varied with diet and postprandial time. However, net changes in postprandial mineral concentrations did not contribute significantly to changes in osmotic pressure. There was an effect of diet and time after feeding on concentrations of volatile fatty acids. Postprandial changes in osmotic pressure were primarily due to changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids. Magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate were fed to sheep to increase the osmotic pressure in rumen fluid. The salt supplement decreased acetate, propionate, heat, and methane production. However, rumen water flux was unaffected by the salt supplementation. Diets which produce hypertonic rumen fluid due to high mineral and/or concentrations of volatile fatty acids may reduce fermentation in rumen.", "contents": "Ionic milieu of bovine and ovine rumen as affected by diet. Postprandial changes in osmolality, mineral, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were examined in three cattle fed six widely differing diets. Mineral concentrations varied with diet and postprandial time. However, net changes in postprandial mineral concentrations did not contribute significantly to changes in osmotic pressure. There was an effect of diet and time after feeding on concentrations of volatile fatty acids. Postprandial changes in osmotic pressure were primarily due to changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids. Magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate were fed to sheep to increase the osmotic pressure in rumen fluid. The salt supplement decreased acetate, propionate, heat, and methane production. However, rumen water flux was unaffected by the salt supplementation. Diets which produce hypertonic rumen fluid due to high mineral and/or concentrations of volatile fatty acids may reduce fermentation in rumen.", "PMID": 659685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8506", "title": "Mastitis infection from abrupt loss of milking vacuum.", "content": "During a single reversal trial of two 2-wk experimental periods, teats of all glands of 12 Holstein cows were subjected to a milking routine conducive to large vacuum fluctuations and flooded teat cups. High pathogen contamination was produced by continuous infusion into the long milk tube of 10(10) colony-forming units of Streptococcus agalactiae per min. At each milking, teat cups of control glands (two per cow) were clamped at the short milk tube and removed after milk ceased flowing. As inflations were opening, we subjected teats of the remaining (treated) pair of glands to abrupt vacuum drop by venting the long milk tube at its connection to the bucket of the milking machine. Excluding glands infected at starts of periods, 10 (22%) of 45 treated glands versus 2 (5%) of 43 control glands became infected with Streptococcus agalactiae (criterion: Wisconsin mastitis test rise plus positive culture at two consecutive milkings). We concluded that the rapid airflow toward teats which resulted from sudden vacuum loss characterizes vacuum abnormalities associated with increased risk of mastitis infection.", "contents": "Mastitis infection from abrupt loss of milking vacuum. During a single reversal trial of two 2-wk experimental periods, teats of all glands of 12 Holstein cows were subjected to a milking routine conducive to large vacuum fluctuations and flooded teat cups. High pathogen contamination was produced by continuous infusion into the long milk tube of 10(10) colony-forming units of Streptococcus agalactiae per min. At each milking, teat cups of control glands (two per cow) were clamped at the short milk tube and removed after milk ceased flowing. As inflations were opening, we subjected teats of the remaining (treated) pair of glands to abrupt vacuum drop by venting the long milk tube at its connection to the bucket of the milking machine. Excluding glands infected at starts of periods, 10 (22%) of 45 treated glands versus 2 (5%) of 43 control glands became infected with Streptococcus agalactiae (criterion: Wisconsin mastitis test rise plus positive culture at two consecutive milkings). We concluded that the rapid airflow toward teats which resulted from sudden vacuum loss characterizes vacuum abnormalities associated with increased risk of mastitis infection.", "PMID": 659687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8507", "title": "Limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis by bovine mammary cells in culture.", "content": "Experiments are presented to determine the effect of labeled precursor amino acid on synthesis of beta-lactoglobulin and beta-casein and to identify the most limiting amino acids in Eagle's minimal essential medium for synthesis of milk protein. Protein synthesis was measured by incorporation of carbon-14 labeled amino acids into milk protein from bovine mammary cell culture. Mammary tissue from 13 Holsteins (12.7 kg milk/day) was dispersed and cultured for 18 h. In Experiment 1, three replications (cows) with three amino acid mixtures, utilizing labeled lysine or leucine as the marker amino acid, showed that labeled lysine overestimated the effect of medium lysine, and labeled leucine overstimated the effect of leucine on beta-lactoglobulin and beta-casein synthesis. Subsequently Experiment 2 utilized 10 replications (cows) to determine the effect of a three-fold increase of each of 13 amino acids in Eagle's medium. Increased threonine or methionine improved beta-lactoglobulin synthesis and cystine increased beta-casein. Second and third best response in beta-casein were from addition of methionine and threonine. Combined analysis from 10 cows and two protein responses by multivariate procedures identified, in order of decreasing magnitude, cystine, threonine, and methionine as limiting amino acids in the dispersed cell culture.", "contents": "Limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis by bovine mammary cells in culture. Experiments are presented to determine the effect of labeled precursor amino acid on synthesis of beta-lactoglobulin and beta-casein and to identify the most limiting amino acids in Eagle's minimal essential medium for synthesis of milk protein. Protein synthesis was measured by incorporation of carbon-14 labeled amino acids into milk protein from bovine mammary cell culture. Mammary tissue from 13 Holsteins (12.7 kg milk/day) was dispersed and cultured for 18 h. In Experiment 1, three replications (cows) with three amino acid mixtures, utilizing labeled lysine or leucine as the marker amino acid, showed that labeled lysine overestimated the effect of medium lysine, and labeled leucine overstimated the effect of leucine on beta-lactoglobulin and beta-casein synthesis. Subsequently Experiment 2 utilized 10 replications (cows) to determine the effect of a three-fold increase of each of 13 amino acids in Eagle's medium. Increased threonine or methionine improved beta-lactoglobulin synthesis and cystine increased beta-casein. Second and third best response in beta-casein were from addition of methionine and threonine. Combined analysis from 10 cows and two protein responses by multivariate procedures identified, in order of decreasing magnitude, cystine, threonine, and methionine as limiting amino acids in the dispersed cell culture.", "PMID": 659688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8508", "title": "Selective absorption of immunoglobulin IgM in the newborn calf.", "content": "The efficiency of absorption of colostral immunoglobulin classes was determined by the ratio of the quantity of immunoglobulins in the calf serum after absorption was complete to the quantity in the colostrum fed the calves. The experiment with 58 pooled colostrums assayed for absorbability of immunoglobulins had three to eight calves per assay. Colostrums with similar concentrations of immunoglobulins varied from 10 to 46% in absorption of IgG and 5 to 50% in IgA. The percent of immunoglobulin IgM absorbed increased as the amount ingested decreased. The absorption efficiencies of immunoglobulins IgA and IgG did not change as intake varied. Correlations of colostral immunoglobulins ingested with percent absorption in summaries of two experiments were -.76 and -.90 for IgM, 0 and -.33 for IgG, and -.05 and -.02 for IgA. The selective transport of IgM is important for its role as the primary immunoglobulin giving the calf immune protection during the first few days of life. The variation in absorption of IgM in different colostrums of similar immunoglobulin content was not different from that among calves receiving the same colostrum.", "contents": "Selective absorption of immunoglobulin IgM in the newborn calf. The efficiency of absorption of colostral immunoglobulin classes was determined by the ratio of the quantity of immunoglobulins in the calf serum after absorption was complete to the quantity in the colostrum fed the calves. The experiment with 58 pooled colostrums assayed for absorbability of immunoglobulins had three to eight calves per assay. Colostrums with similar concentrations of immunoglobulins varied from 10 to 46% in absorption of IgG and 5 to 50% in IgA. The percent of immunoglobulin IgM absorbed increased as the amount ingested decreased. The absorption efficiencies of immunoglobulins IgA and IgG did not change as intake varied. Correlations of colostral immunoglobulins ingested with percent absorption in summaries of two experiments were -.76 and -.90 for IgM, 0 and -.33 for IgG, and -.05 and -.02 for IgA. The selective transport of IgM is important for its role as the primary immunoglobulin giving the calf immune protection during the first few days of life. The variation in absorption of IgM in different colostrums of similar immunoglobulin content was not different from that among calves receiving the same colostrum.", "PMID": 659689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8509", "title": "Development of the conceptus in the bovine.", "content": "Growth of fetuses, fetal membranes, and fetal fluids was characterized by least squares analysis for 254 conceptuses ranging from 25 to 278 days of gestation. Prior to 100 days of gestation, increases in allantoic fluid volume and chorio-allantoic membrane weight preceded those of fetal weight, amnio-allantoic membrane weight, and amniotic fluid volume. The relative rate of growth of components suggests a prerequisite of chorio-allantoic membrane expansion for subsequent fetal growth. Male fetuses were heavier than female fetuses as early as 100 days of gestation. Rate of growth of all fetuses was maximal at 230 days of gestation with a peak rate of greater than 200 g/day. Growth rate then declined to less than 100 g/day by term.", "contents": "Development of the conceptus in the bovine. Growth of fetuses, fetal membranes, and fetal fluids was characterized by least squares analysis for 254 conceptuses ranging from 25 to 278 days of gestation. Prior to 100 days of gestation, increases in allantoic fluid volume and chorio-allantoic membrane weight preceded those of fetal weight, amnio-allantoic membrane weight, and amniotic fluid volume. The relative rate of growth of components suggests a prerequisite of chorio-allantoic membrane expansion for subsequent fetal growth. Male fetuses were heavier than female fetuses as early as 100 days of gestation. Rate of growth of all fetuses was maximal at 230 days of gestation with a peak rate of greater than 200 g/day. Growth rate then declined to less than 100 g/day by term.", "PMID": 659690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8510", "title": "Cutaneous pseudolymphoma.", "content": "The diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoreticular infiltrative lesions is difficult. There are many diagnoses possible, and oftentimes it is difficult to distinguish between a malignant lymphoma cutis and any of the many benign lymphomas. This article deals with a patient who was diagnosed as having metastatic small-cell carcinoma. Because of the inconsistency between the pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and the benign clinical findings and course, a wide ablative excision of the lesion was done and the surgical specimen was studied thoroughly by numerous pathologists. Even then the diagnosis could not be clearly established. The differential diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomatoses is discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous pseudolymphoma. The diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoreticular infiltrative lesions is difficult. There are many diagnoses possible, and oftentimes it is difficult to distinguish between a malignant lymphoma cutis and any of the many benign lymphomas. This article deals with a patient who was diagnosed as having metastatic small-cell carcinoma. Because of the inconsistency between the pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and the benign clinical findings and course, a wide ablative excision of the lesion was done and the surgical specimen was studied thoroughly by numerous pathologists. Even then the diagnosis could not be clearly established. The differential diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomatoses is discussed.", "PMID": 659698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8511", "title": "Thermal injury on the foot and ankle of a paraplegic: report of a case from exposure to sunshine.", "content": "The case of a paraplegic patient who sustained a fullthickness thermal injury to his left foot from exposure to sunshine is described. Electromagnetic energy from the sun can cause enough damage to full thickness of the skin when the heat is intense enough or not dissipated sufficiently. The lesson of it is that paralyzed and anesthetic individuals should be cautious about sunbathing.", "contents": "Thermal injury on the foot and ankle of a paraplegic: report of a case from exposure to sunshine. The case of a paraplegic patient who sustained a fullthickness thermal injury to his left foot from exposure to sunshine is described. Electromagnetic energy from the sun can cause enough damage to full thickness of the skin when the heat is intense enough or not dissipated sufficiently. The lesson of it is that paralyzed and anesthetic individuals should be cautious about sunbathing.", "PMID": 659699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8512", "title": "Oral squamous-cell carcinoma within a white-sponge nevus.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman had thick plaques of leukoplakia on the tongue bilaterally. The condition was initially diagnosed by biopsy as a white-sponge nevus. A second biopsy of a suspicious area on the right side showed squamous-cell carcinoma two years later. It is speculated that prednisone therapy for steroid-dependent intrinsic asthma may have caused a loss of \"immunologic surveillance,\" which permitted development of malignancy in a previously benign condition.", "contents": "Oral squamous-cell carcinoma within a white-sponge nevus. A 59-year-old woman had thick plaques of leukoplakia on the tongue bilaterally. The condition was initially diagnosed by biopsy as a white-sponge nevus. A second biopsy of a suspicious area on the right side showed squamous-cell carcinoma two years later. It is speculated that prednisone therapy for steroid-dependent intrinsic asthma may have caused a loss of \"immunologic surveillance,\" which permitted development of malignancy in a previously benign condition.", "PMID": 659700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8513", "title": "Hypopigmentation at the site of application of a tourniquet.", "content": "Hypopigmentation at a site of application of a tourniquet has not to our knowledge been reported in the literature. We are reporting such a case. We have conjectured that this hypopigmentation may be due to temporary anoxia suffered by melanocytes.", "contents": "Hypopigmentation at the site of application of a tourniquet. Hypopigmentation at a site of application of a tourniquet has not to our knowledge been reported in the literature. We are reporting such a case. We have conjectured that this hypopigmentation may be due to temporary anoxia suffered by melanocytes.", "PMID": 659701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8514", "title": "Minimum dose requirements of steroid-dependent asthmatic patients for aerosol beclomethasone and oral prednisone.", "content": "In 34 steroid-dependent asthma patients who improved markedly during 2 mo of treatment when progressively larger doses of beclomethasone aerosol were added to their oral prednisone regimen, we subsequently reduced both steroids to ascertain the minimum dose of each needed to prevent recurrence of significant asthmatic disability. After 80 wk of follow-up, 15 patients had successfully terminated oral prednisone; 19 were better controlled with a combination of aerosol plus oral steroid than with either drug alone; all patients previously unable to convert to alternate-day prednisone did so successfully during the combined therapy. The minimum effective maintenance dosage varied greatly among these patients-the median values being 2.5 mg prednisone and 1,200 microgram beclomethasone per day. The latter ranged from 200 to 1,8000 microgram. Only 4 patients were satisfactorily controlled without prednisone on 400 microgram beclomethasone per day or less. Seven needed extra intranasal beclomethasone to help control the nasal polyps which worsened after prednisone withdrawal. Suppression of plasma cortisol levels, apparently attributable to the beclomethasone, persisted in most patients, but on the average this was no worse than before commencing this treatment and valuable clinical improvement accrued. There were no other important complications of the regimen. In most of these patients with severe chronic asthma, optimum control of the disease required combined aerosol-oral therapy and maintenance doses of beclomethasone higher than those usually recommended. In some patients, effective control of chronic asthma by beclomethasone treatment may require acceptance of some persisting suppression of adrenal function as a considered risk.", "contents": "Minimum dose requirements of steroid-dependent asthmatic patients for aerosol beclomethasone and oral prednisone. In 34 steroid-dependent asthma patients who improved markedly during 2 mo of treatment when progressively larger doses of beclomethasone aerosol were added to their oral prednisone regimen, we subsequently reduced both steroids to ascertain the minimum dose of each needed to prevent recurrence of significant asthmatic disability. After 80 wk of follow-up, 15 patients had successfully terminated oral prednisone; 19 were better controlled with a combination of aerosol plus oral steroid than with either drug alone; all patients previously unable to convert to alternate-day prednisone did so successfully during the combined therapy. The minimum effective maintenance dosage varied greatly among these patients-the median values being 2.5 mg prednisone and 1,200 microgram beclomethasone per day. The latter ranged from 200 to 1,8000 microgram. Only 4 patients were satisfactorily controlled without prednisone on 400 microgram beclomethasone per day or less. Seven needed extra intranasal beclomethasone to help control the nasal polyps which worsened after prednisone withdrawal. Suppression of plasma cortisol levels, apparently attributable to the beclomethasone, persisted in most patients, but on the average this was no worse than before commencing this treatment and valuable clinical improvement accrued. There were no other important complications of the regimen. In most of these patients with severe chronic asthma, optimum control of the disease required combined aerosol-oral therapy and maintenance doses of beclomethasone higher than those usually recommended. In some patients, effective control of chronic asthma by beclomethasone treatment may require acceptance of some persisting suppression of adrenal function as a considered risk.", "PMID": 659727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8515", "title": "Comparisons of alum-precipitated and unprecipitated aqueous ragweed pollen extracts in the treatment of hay fever.", "content": "In 1969 and 1970, groups of patients with ragweed hay fever never before treated were started on preseasonal course of immunization with an alum precipitate of aqueous ragweed extract. A comparison between these two groups of patients and a similar group of patients treated with unprecipitated aqueous extract in 1968 shows that treatment with alum precipitate was safely initiated with fever injections even though a higher dose was administered. The larger cumulative dose appeared to give better IgG antibody responses and greater relief of symptoms. A repeat preseasonal course the next year again required fewer injections of the alum-precipitated extract than a repeat course of aqueous extract.", "contents": "Comparisons of alum-precipitated and unprecipitated aqueous ragweed pollen extracts in the treatment of hay fever. In 1969 and 1970, groups of patients with ragweed hay fever never before treated were started on preseasonal course of immunization with an alum precipitate of aqueous ragweed extract. A comparison between these two groups of patients and a similar group of patients treated with unprecipitated aqueous extract in 1968 shows that treatment with alum precipitate was safely initiated with fever injections even though a higher dose was administered. The larger cumulative dose appeared to give better IgG antibody responses and greater relief of symptoms. A repeat preseasonal course the next year again required fewer injections of the alum-precipitated extract than a repeat course of aqueous extract.", "PMID": 659729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8516", "title": "Antibody deposition in the pleura: a finding in drug-induced lupus.", "content": "Pleural tissues from a group of 36 consecutive patients comprised of 15 malignancies, 3 tuberculous, 2 rheumatoid arthritis, 3 procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) syndromes, 1 infectious mononucleosis, and 12 nonspecific pleural effusions undergoing needle biopsy were studied by immunofluorescent techniques for antibody deposition. Specific nuclear fluorescence was detected only in procainamide-induced SLE and was characterized by in vivo staining with either IgG, IgM, and in one case, also C3. C1q could not be detected. Two other patients who had antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in their peripheral blood did not have detectable in vivo antinuclear staining in their pleural tissue. The presence of in vivo fixation of ANA in the pleura may be of etiologic and diagnostic significance in procainamide-induced SLE syndrome.", "contents": "Antibody deposition in the pleura: a finding in drug-induced lupus. Pleural tissues from a group of 36 consecutive patients comprised of 15 malignancies, 3 tuberculous, 2 rheumatoid arthritis, 3 procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) syndromes, 1 infectious mononucleosis, and 12 nonspecific pleural effusions undergoing needle biopsy were studied by immunofluorescent techniques for antibody deposition. Specific nuclear fluorescence was detected only in procainamide-induced SLE and was characterized by in vivo staining with either IgG, IgM, and in one case, also C3. C1q could not be detected. Two other patients who had antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in their peripheral blood did not have detectable in vivo antinuclear staining in their pleural tissue. The presence of in vivo fixation of ANA in the pleura may be of etiologic and diagnostic significance in procainamide-induced SLE syndrome.", "PMID": 659731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8517", "title": "Effect of central air conditioning and meteorologic factors on indoor spore counts.", "content": "We have studied the effect of residential central air conditioning on indoor spore counts. The air of 6 pairs of homes (air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned) was sampled volumetrically 4 times daily for 3 consecutive days at 2-hr intervals in the kitchens, bedrooms, and basements with an Anderson sampler. Nearly simultaneous samples were taken outdoors at the same intervals. The total spore count was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the kitchens and bedrooms of air-conditined as compared to non-air-conditioned homes. Logarithmic conversion of the total spore count showed significant reduction in all indoor locations of air-conditioned homes. Multiple regression analysis revealed the lower relative humidity of air-conditioned homes to be associated with the lower spore counts. There was no difference in the percent concentration of the major genera within both types of homes. Since reducing the influx of outdoor spores decreases the total spore count without altering the relative concentration of the genera whereas filtration preferentially removes the larger spores, we conclude that the major mechanism in reducing spore counts in air-conditioned homes is the closed windows, although the lower relative humidity and perhaps filtration are also associated with lower spore counts.", "contents": "Effect of central air conditioning and meteorologic factors on indoor spore counts. We have studied the effect of residential central air conditioning on indoor spore counts. The air of 6 pairs of homes (air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned) was sampled volumetrically 4 times daily for 3 consecutive days at 2-hr intervals in the kitchens, bedrooms, and basements with an Anderson sampler. Nearly simultaneous samples were taken outdoors at the same intervals. The total spore count was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the kitchens and bedrooms of air-conditined as compared to non-air-conditioned homes. Logarithmic conversion of the total spore count showed significant reduction in all indoor locations of air-conditioned homes. Multiple regression analysis revealed the lower relative humidity of air-conditioned homes to be associated with the lower spore counts. There was no difference in the percent concentration of the major genera within both types of homes. Since reducing the influx of outdoor spores decreases the total spore count without altering the relative concentration of the genera whereas filtration preferentially removes the larger spores, we conclude that the major mechanism in reducing spore counts in air-conditioned homes is the closed windows, although the lower relative humidity and perhaps filtration are also associated with lower spore counts.", "PMID": 659736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8518", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition.", "content": "The effect of chronic phenobarbital administration on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in 6 healthy, nonsmoking adults. Subject compliance was verified by the determination of plasma phenobarbital levels. Following four weeks of phenobarbital administration, all six subjects showed a resultant increase in serum clearance varying from 11% to 60% with a mean increase of 34% (from 3.01 to 4.04 L/hr/1.73 M2). Theophylline appears to be metabolized more rapidly during chronic phenobarbital administration. This effect, therefore, must be taken into account when administering barbiturates to asthmatic patients for whom theophylline therapy is prescribed.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition. The effect of chronic phenobarbital administration on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in 6 healthy, nonsmoking adults. Subject compliance was verified by the determination of plasma phenobarbital levels. Following four weeks of phenobarbital administration, all six subjects showed a resultant increase in serum clearance varying from 11% to 60% with a mean increase of 34% (from 3.01 to 4.04 L/hr/1.73 M2). Theophylline appears to be metabolized more rapidly during chronic phenobarbital administration. This effect, therefore, must be taken into account when administering barbiturates to asthmatic patients for whom theophylline therapy is prescribed.", "PMID": 659737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8519", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced eosinopenia in splenectomized rats.", "content": "PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha over a dose range of 1 to 50 microgram/kg decreased the number of circulating eosinophils in splenectomized rats. Pretreatment with a beta-blocking agent, propranolol, did not alter this effect, but adrenalectomy eliminated it. Anterior hypothalamic destruction also abolished eosinopenia induced by PGE1 and PGF2alpha but not that induced by PGE2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced eosinopenia in splenectomized rats. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha over a dose range of 1 to 50 microgram/kg decreased the number of circulating eosinophils in splenectomized rats. Pretreatment with a beta-blocking agent, propranolol, did not alter this effect, but adrenalectomy eliminated it. Anterior hypothalamic destruction also abolished eosinopenia induced by PGE1 and PGF2alpha but not that induced by PGE2.", "PMID": 659738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8520", "title": "Some considerations in the measurement of change.", "content": "When conducting a study to assess the \"gains in ability\" or the \"shifts in attitudes\" of a group of subjects, the researcher must be aware of the presence of measurement error and regression toward the mean and must attempt to minimize and allow for these phenomena. Also of concern are whether the study can be generalized to a larger population and what statistical techniques are appropriate for the conditions of the study and the type of data collected. Educational and psychologic measurement is subject to particular types of error and must be analyzed and interpreted accordingly. The authors discuss and make recommendations regarding these most important considerations.", "contents": "Some considerations in the measurement of change. When conducting a study to assess the \"gains in ability\" or the \"shifts in attitudes\" of a group of subjects, the researcher must be aware of the presence of measurement error and regression toward the mean and must attempt to minimize and allow for these phenomena. Also of concern are whether the study can be generalized to a larger population and what statistical techniques are appropriate for the conditions of the study and the type of data collected. Educational and psychologic measurement is subject to particular types of error and must be analyzed and interpreted accordingly. The authors discuss and make recommendations regarding these most important considerations.", "PMID": 659756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8521", "title": "Assessing achievement for minimum academic competency. I. Instrument development.", "content": "Test instruments for evaluating The American Dietetic Association's Minimum Academic Competencies were developed and tested for four major instructional areas--food, nutrition, nutrition in disease, and management--relevant to professional sciences for general dietetics. The study consisted of four steps: Development of objectives or test criteria; determination of mastery performance standards; test instrument development; and test administration and evaluation. This paper describes procedures used in developing and testing two forms of a criterion-referenced test instrument, which was then administered to determine academic competency of students in dietetics. Salient findings of the test results and evaluation are reported.", "contents": "Assessing achievement for minimum academic competency. I. Instrument development. Test instruments for evaluating The American Dietetic Association's Minimum Academic Competencies were developed and tested for four major instructional areas--food, nutrition, nutrition in disease, and management--relevant to professional sciences for general dietetics. The study consisted of four steps: Development of objectives or test criteria; determination of mastery performance standards; test instrument development; and test administration and evaluation. This paper describes procedures used in developing and testing two forms of a criterion-referenced test instrument, which was then administered to determine academic competency of students in dietetics. Salient findings of the test results and evaluation are reported.", "PMID": 659757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8522", "title": "Assessing achievement for minimal academic competency. II. Validity and reliability.", "content": "Research was undertaken to develop, administer, and evaluate two forms of a criterion-referenced test instrument for measuring the competency status of students graduating from undergraduate programs in general dietetics. Involved in the evaluation of the final forms were 186 students graduating from fourteen college or university programs. Results are reported on the content validity, concurrent validity, reliability, and summary and individual test-item statistics. It is concluded that the test forms need further refinement and development and that the use of criterion-referenced evaluation tools to measure academic competency of students graduating in dietetics is needed.", "contents": "Assessing achievement for minimal academic competency. II. Validity and reliability. Research was undertaken to develop, administer, and evaluate two forms of a criterion-referenced test instrument for measuring the competency status of students graduating from undergraduate programs in general dietetics. Involved in the evaluation of the final forms were 186 students graduating from fourteen college or university programs. Results are reported on the content validity, concurrent validity, reliability, and summary and individual test-item statistics. It is concluded that the test forms need further refinement and development and that the use of criterion-referenced evaluation tools to measure academic competency of students graduating in dietetics is needed.", "PMID": 659758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8523", "title": "Assessment of nutrition education of dental students.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the source and quality of the nutrition education received and to determine the nutritional knowledge gained by dental students. The assessment of the dental education program revealed a limited nutrition component uidely scattered among a number of departments and offered diversely in each of the four years. Faculty interviews and a review of course outlines indicated that some material was presented on foods; disorders; diets; nutrition, biochemistry, and physiology; and anatomical terms. A \"self-instructional unit\" contained seven tapes on aspects of nutrition. National Dental Board Examinations contained nutrition-related questions which would be helpful in developing a nutrition program, including the development of a dental-related nutritional knowledge test. Such a test, developed within the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, was administered to the dental students on an honor-code basis early in the fall semester. Tests were completed by 178 students. The mean per cent score, 58.7 +/- 10.2, was below the mean for undergraduate students who had completed a basic course in nutrition with a grade of \"C\". Evidence is presented indicating that the general nutritional knowledge of the dental students increased only during the first year of their program. A gain in nutritional knowledge was noted in the categories of: Nutrition, biochemistry, and physiology; disorders, diets, and organisms.", "contents": "Assessment of nutrition education of dental students. This study was undertaken to determine the source and quality of the nutrition education received and to determine the nutritional knowledge gained by dental students. The assessment of the dental education program revealed a limited nutrition component uidely scattered among a number of departments and offered diversely in each of the four years. Faculty interviews and a review of course outlines indicated that some material was presented on foods; disorders; diets; nutrition, biochemistry, and physiology; and anatomical terms. A \"self-instructional unit\" contained seven tapes on aspects of nutrition. National Dental Board Examinations contained nutrition-related questions which would be helpful in developing a nutrition program, including the development of a dental-related nutritional knowledge test. Such a test, developed within the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, was administered to the dental students on an honor-code basis early in the fall semester. Tests were completed by 178 students. The mean per cent score, 58.7 +/- 10.2, was below the mean for undergraduate students who had completed a basic course in nutrition with a grade of \"C\". Evidence is presented indicating that the general nutritional knowledge of the dental students increased only during the first year of their program. A gain in nutritional knowledge was noted in the categories of: Nutrition, biochemistry, and physiology; disorders, diets, and organisms.", "PMID": 659759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8524", "title": "Sterol content of foods of plant origin.", "content": "Available data on phytosterols from the world's literature have been compiled and summarized. There still exists a paucity of data on the quantities of plant sterols in many foods. More extensive data are available on the relative sterol composition. Our compilation shows that plant oils are excellent sources of phytosterols. Nuts and seeds contain moderate levels, and fruits and vegetables generally contain the lowest concentrations of plant sterols. Analyses of the minor sterols, namely, the delta5- and delta7-phytosterols, have become available only recently.", "contents": "Sterol content of foods of plant origin. Available data on phytosterols from the world's literature have been compiled and summarized. There still exists a paucity of data on the quantities of plant sterols in many foods. More extensive data are available on the relative sterol composition. Our compilation shows that plant oils are excellent sources of phytosterols. Nuts and seeds contain moderate levels, and fruits and vegetables generally contain the lowest concentrations of plant sterols. Analyses of the minor sterols, namely, the delta5- and delta7-phytosterols, have become available only recently.", "PMID": 659760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8525", "title": "Validity of the 24-hr. dietary recall and seven-day record for group comparisons.", "content": "The internal validity of a 24-hr. dietary recall and a seven-day dietary record was investigated among a group of non-institutionalized elderly subjects who were participating in a congregate meals program. Internal validity was assessed by comparing reported intake with unobtrusively obtained data on actual intake. Validity results suggest that the recall is prone to over-reporting low intakes and under-reporting high intakes. This pattern has been referred to as the \"flat-slope syndrome.\" Records collected during the first few dyas were less prone to this syndrome; however, validity declined by the fifth, sixth, and seventh record days. Also, as the record progressed to the seventh day, the demographic nature of the sample became biased due to drop-outs and decreased usability of the records.", "contents": "Validity of the 24-hr. dietary recall and seven-day record for group comparisons. The internal validity of a 24-hr. dietary recall and a seven-day dietary record was investigated among a group of non-institutionalized elderly subjects who were participating in a congregate meals program. Internal validity was assessed by comparing reported intake with unobtrusively obtained data on actual intake. Validity results suggest that the recall is prone to over-reporting low intakes and under-reporting high intakes. This pattern has been referred to as the \"flat-slope syndrome.\" Records collected during the first few dyas were less prone to this syndrome; however, validity declined by the fifth, sixth, and seventh record days. Also, as the record progressed to the seventh day, the demographic nature of the sample became biased due to drop-outs and decreased usability of the records.", "PMID": 659761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8526", "title": "New dimensions: the dietitian in private practice.", "content": "Private practice is coming to the fore in the profession of dietetics. It can serve as a much needed arm of the health care delivery system in the area of nutrition. Institutions need to re-evaluate and expand their opportunities to sue private practioners, thus releasing more employee time for short-term remedial counseling and education. Referral processes need to be designed and implemented to open new opportunities for consumers to choose and obtain continuing services. Private practice must be included in funding methods, such as third-party payment. Educationl institutions must design programs to prepare persons for private practice. The profession must solve the problem of obtaining community recognition of properly qualified professional authority. The profession must also support the concept of a lifetime career in direct private practice and plan career tracks to keep the most able practioners available to consumers.", "contents": "New dimensions: the dietitian in private practice. Private practice is coming to the fore in the profession of dietetics. It can serve as a much needed arm of the health care delivery system in the area of nutrition. Institutions need to re-evaluate and expand their opportunities to sue private practioners, thus releasing more employee time for short-term remedial counseling and education. Referral processes need to be designed and implemented to open new opportunities for consumers to choose and obtain continuing services. Private practice must be included in funding methods, such as third-party payment. Educationl institutions must design programs to prepare persons for private practice. The profession must solve the problem of obtaining community recognition of properly qualified professional authority. The profession must also support the concept of a lifetime career in direct private practice and plan career tracks to keep the most able practioners available to consumers.", "PMID": 659763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8527", "title": "Serum uric acid and the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension.", "content": "To study whether the renin-angiotensin system is related to hyperuricemia in hypertension, the serum concentration of uric acid was determined in 96 patients with various types of hypertension and various degrees of plasma renin activity (PRA). In malignant hypertension, both PRA and the serum uric acid level were higher than in essential hypertension; but in primary aldosteronism or desoxycorticosterone-excess hypertension, they were lower than in the essential type. In renovascular hypertension, PRA was higher than in essential hypertension, but the serum uric acid levels were similar. There were no differences in PRA and serum uric acid concentration between Cushing's syndrome and essential hypertension. The serum uric acid level in high-renin essential hypertension was higher than in either the normal-renin or the low-renin type. There was a significant correlation between serum uric acid concentration and PRA in the basal state, and between the change in PRA and the change in serum uric acid induced by administration of furosemide. Apparently the close correlation between the renin-angiotensin system and the concentration of serum uric acid is related to changes in extracellular fluid volume, although an intrarenal effect of angiotensin II cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Serum uric acid and the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. To study whether the renin-angiotensin system is related to hyperuricemia in hypertension, the serum concentration of uric acid was determined in 96 patients with various types of hypertension and various degrees of plasma renin activity (PRA). In malignant hypertension, both PRA and the serum uric acid level were higher than in essential hypertension; but in primary aldosteronism or desoxycorticosterone-excess hypertension, they were lower than in the essential type. In renovascular hypertension, PRA was higher than in essential hypertension, but the serum uric acid levels were similar. There were no differences in PRA and serum uric acid concentration between Cushing's syndrome and essential hypertension. The serum uric acid level in high-renin essential hypertension was higher than in either the normal-renin or the low-renin type. There was a significant correlation between serum uric acid concentration and PRA in the basal state, and between the change in PRA and the change in serum uric acid induced by administration of furosemide. Apparently the close correlation between the renin-angiotensin system and the concentration of serum uric acid is related to changes in extracellular fluid volume, although an intrarenal effect of angiotensin II cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 659766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8528", "title": "Relationship of age and biomedical risk factors to progression of coronary artery disease.", "content": "The relationship between age, biomedical risk factors and the progression of occlusive disease of the coronary arteries was studied in 176 patients (age range, 27-66 years) who had undergone at least two cine angiograms. The biomedical risk factors of interest were serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history of coronary disease, electrocardiographic abnormalities, obesity, and age. The findings did not reveal any significant differences in mean lipid levels between patients showing progression of disease and those who did not. However, the distribution of serum cholesterol values indicated more hypercholesterolemic patients among the disease-progression group, and more patients with ideal cholesterol levels among the no-progression group. The other biomedical variables did not appear to be related to the progression of coronary disease. Among the older patients, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus were related to disease progression. Among the younger patients, smoking was related to progression.", "contents": "Relationship of age and biomedical risk factors to progression of coronary artery disease. The relationship between age, biomedical risk factors and the progression of occlusive disease of the coronary arteries was studied in 176 patients (age range, 27-66 years) who had undergone at least two cine angiograms. The biomedical risk factors of interest were serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history of coronary disease, electrocardiographic abnormalities, obesity, and age. The findings did not reveal any significant differences in mean lipid levels between patients showing progression of disease and those who did not. However, the distribution of serum cholesterol values indicated more hypercholesterolemic patients among the disease-progression group, and more patients with ideal cholesterol levels among the no-progression group. The other biomedical variables did not appear to be related to the progression of coronary disease. Among the older patients, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus were related to disease progression. Among the younger patients, smoking was related to progression.", "PMID": 659767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8529", "title": "Geriatric rigidity and its psychotherapeutic implications.", "content": "The elderly tend to be more rigid than younger adults in their attitudes and personalities, and such rigidity is correlated with poor adjustment. However, the rigidity is not the cause of the poor adjustment; rather, it is an attempted solution. One of the patterns of rigidity is an outgrowth of the lifestyle of pessimism, suspicion, self-reliance, self-discipline, determination, and endurance. Two case studies are presented illustrating how rigidity can channel thoughts and prevent the brooding which works itself into depression or anxiety, while simultaneously reinforcing self-help behavior. Geriatric psychotherapy should be problem-centered and should not launch a frontal assault on rigidity or attempt to reconstruct the patient's personality. Behavioral modification, authority, and motivation slogans can be used in conjunction with the rigidity to improve the patient's coping ability.", "contents": "Geriatric rigidity and its psychotherapeutic implications. The elderly tend to be more rigid than younger adults in their attitudes and personalities, and such rigidity is correlated with poor adjustment. However, the rigidity is not the cause of the poor adjustment; rather, it is an attempted solution. One of the patterns of rigidity is an outgrowth of the lifestyle of pessimism, suspicion, self-reliance, self-discipline, determination, and endurance. Two case studies are presented illustrating how rigidity can channel thoughts and prevent the brooding which works itself into depression or anxiety, while simultaneously reinforcing self-help behavior. Geriatric psychotherapy should be problem-centered and should not launch a frontal assault on rigidity or attempt to reconstruct the patient's personality. Behavioral modification, authority, and motivation slogans can be used in conjunction with the rigidity to improve the patient's coping ability.", "PMID": 659769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8530", "title": "The evening meal and atherosclerosis.", "content": "A trial by any means that can possibly prevent or retard the development of arteriosclerosis is to be recommended. Arteriosclerosis is the chief cause of strokes and heart attacks. The heavy evening meal now in vogue is characteristically rich in animal fats. Normal digestion is at its peak at about the seventh hour, usually during sleep, when the body economy is at its lowest ebb. A large amount of digested material with a high content of lipids is dumped into the slow-moving circulation. As this material, full of saturated fats, moves slowly through the arteries, the situation is ideal for clot formation, possibly resulting in a stroke, a heart attack, or sudden death. Such a catastrophe can occur in almost anyone, but is more apt to strike the high-powered executive or the apparently healthy man past 45 who has a voracious appetite. It seems logical to postulate that a light, rather than a heavy evening meal would result in less arteriosclerosis with complications such as heart attacks and strokes.", "contents": "The evening meal and atherosclerosis. A trial by any means that can possibly prevent or retard the development of arteriosclerosis is to be recommended. Arteriosclerosis is the chief cause of strokes and heart attacks. The heavy evening meal now in vogue is characteristically rich in animal fats. Normal digestion is at its peak at about the seventh hour, usually during sleep, when the body economy is at its lowest ebb. A large amount of digested material with a high content of lipids is dumped into the slow-moving circulation. As this material, full of saturated fats, moves slowly through the arteries, the situation is ideal for clot formation, possibly resulting in a stroke, a heart attack, or sudden death. Such a catastrophe can occur in almost anyone, but is more apt to strike the high-powered executive or the apparently healthy man past 45 who has a voracious appetite. It seems logical to postulate that a light, rather than a heavy evening meal would result in less arteriosclerosis with complications such as heart attacks and strokes.", "PMID": 659770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8531", "title": "Cardiovascular changes in/of old age.", "content": "Although the causes of aging are still unknown, the effects of decrements in anatomic structure and physiologic function have led to wrong concepts and resulting discriminatory policies against old people. Cardiovascular changes are common among the aged but are not necessarily symptomatic; they may be the result of past illnesses or signs of diminished cardiac reserve. In many cases, a cardiac abnormality detected by our modern diagnostic hardware dose not in itself constitute the necessity for treatment. Illustrative cases are cited. A rise in blood pressure with advanced age often is a sign of adaptation to the increased rigidity of the arterial system. Certain heart murmurs mimicking mitral insufficiency may indicate slight papillary muscle dysfunction or a clinically insignificant degree of mitral valve prolapse. On the other hand, the changing clinical status in old age may involve a diminution of symptoms. Therefore, in geriatric medicine, the physician should be on the alert for aberrant manifestations, e.g., painless myocardial infarction or atypical pulmonary embolism. Psychologic evaluation is important. There is no cardiac disorder which is typical for the older age group, but also there is none from which older people are exempt.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes in/of old age. Although the causes of aging are still unknown, the effects of decrements in anatomic structure and physiologic function have led to wrong concepts and resulting discriminatory policies against old people. Cardiovascular changes are common among the aged but are not necessarily symptomatic; they may be the result of past illnesses or signs of diminished cardiac reserve. In many cases, a cardiac abnormality detected by our modern diagnostic hardware dose not in itself constitute the necessity for treatment. Illustrative cases are cited. A rise in blood pressure with advanced age often is a sign of adaptation to the increased rigidity of the arterial system. Certain heart murmurs mimicking mitral insufficiency may indicate slight papillary muscle dysfunction or a clinically insignificant degree of mitral valve prolapse. On the other hand, the changing clinical status in old age may involve a diminution of symptoms. Therefore, in geriatric medicine, the physician should be on the alert for aberrant manifestations, e.g., painless myocardial infarction or atypical pulmonary embolism. Psychologic evaluation is important. There is no cardiac disorder which is typical for the older age group, but also there is none from which older people are exempt.", "PMID": 659771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8532", "title": "Sinus bradycardia in the aged.", "content": "In the aged, sinus bradycardia represents the sinus-node-dysfunction component of diffuse conduction system disease associated with coronary and cerebral arteriosclerosis. Findings are presented on 15 patients whose ages ranged from 69 to 93 years at the time of admission to a home for the aged. They remained under observation (with electrocardiographic data) for from less than 1 year up to 18 years. The findings illustrate the evolution of conduction system abnormalities, including sinus node dysfunction, occurring either as an initial or an interval event. These abnormalities represent positive indications for pacemaker insertion in the aged.", "contents": "Sinus bradycardia in the aged. In the aged, sinus bradycardia represents the sinus-node-dysfunction component of diffuse conduction system disease associated with coronary and cerebral arteriosclerosis. Findings are presented on 15 patients whose ages ranged from 69 to 93 years at the time of admission to a home for the aged. They remained under observation (with electrocardiographic data) for from less than 1 year up to 18 years. The findings illustrate the evolution of conduction system abnormalities, including sinus node dysfunction, occurring either as an initial or an interval event. These abnormalities represent positive indications for pacemaker insertion in the aged.", "PMID": 659772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8533", "title": "Hyaluronuria in a case of progeria. (Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome).", "content": "A classic case of progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome) in a 9-year-old Japanese boy is presented. The characteristic clinical features in this patient were similar to those reported in the literature. The total amount of acid glycosaminoglycans excreted in the urine was within the normal range, but there was an increase in hyaluronic acid excretion. The hyaluronuria was a novel finding in progeria, providing a common linkage with the hyaluronuria found in Werner's syndrome.", "contents": "Hyaluronuria in a case of progeria. (Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome). A classic case of progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome) in a 9-year-old Japanese boy is presented. The characteristic clinical features in this patient were similar to those reported in the literature. The total amount of acid glycosaminoglycans excreted in the urine was within the normal range, but there was an increase in hyaluronic acid excretion. The hyaluronuria was a novel finding in progeria, providing a common linkage with the hyaluronuria found in Werner's syndrome.", "PMID": 659773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8534", "title": "Depression in the elderly. II. Possible drug etiologies; differential diagnostic criteria.", "content": "Drugs for the treatment of various medical or psychiatric disorders may sometimes cause or exacerbate depression in the elderly. Drug interactions due to polypharmacy (a common method of prescribing for aged patients) may also play a role the genesis of depression. The roles of specific drugs and of drug interactions are reviewed. Criteria for the diagnosis of depression in the elderly, as well as differential diagnostic guidelines, are presented and constructive suggestions offered.", "contents": "Depression in the elderly. II. Possible drug etiologies; differential diagnostic criteria. Drugs for the treatment of various medical or psychiatric disorders may sometimes cause or exacerbate depression in the elderly. Drug interactions due to polypharmacy (a common method of prescribing for aged patients) may also play a role the genesis of depression. The roles of specific drugs and of drug interactions are reviewed. Criteria for the diagnosis of depression in the elderly, as well as differential diagnostic guidelines, are presented and constructive suggestions offered.", "PMID": 659774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8535", "title": "Nutritional hypovitaminosis-D and the genesis of osteomalacia in the elderly.", "content": "A review is presented of the genesis of osteomalacia due to dietary lack of vitamin D in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Subjects at high risk are identified and the diagnostic difficulties discussed. The importance of dietary vitamin D and exposure to sunlight in relation to vitamin status is stressed. The role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism is now much more clearly defined; the final active form of the vitamin is 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, which acts like a hormone after the vitamin molecule has undergone two chemical modifications in the liver and kidney. A correlation between lack of vitamin D and femoral neck fractures has been established. Six illustrative cases of osteomalacia in the elderly due to dietary lack of vitamin D are reported.", "contents": "Nutritional hypovitaminosis-D and the genesis of osteomalacia in the elderly. A review is presented of the genesis of osteomalacia due to dietary lack of vitamin D in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Subjects at high risk are identified and the diagnostic difficulties discussed. The importance of dietary vitamin D and exposure to sunlight in relation to vitamin status is stressed. The role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism is now much more clearly defined; the final active form of the vitamin is 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, which acts like a hormone after the vitamin molecule has undergone two chemical modifications in the liver and kidney. A correlation between lack of vitamin D and femoral neck fractures has been established. Six illustrative cases of osteomalacia in the elderly due to dietary lack of vitamin D are reported.", "PMID": 659775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8536", "title": "Our elderly. Who are they?", "content": "Why are today's elderly remarkable? They are the small minority who represent the survivors of Americans and immigrants born during the period 1870-1913. The mortality experience during that period shows the dramatic changes that have occurred. The future populations of the elderly are developing with an ever-increasing number of people kept alive by the mass use of vaccines, the application of new medical, surgical and psychologic diagnoses and therapies, effective antibiotics, rapid communication, proper nutrition, safe water, a high level of health insurance coverage, and available education at all levels for those who want to participate.", "contents": "Our elderly. Who are they? Why are today's elderly remarkable? They are the small minority who represent the survivors of Americans and immigrants born during the period 1870-1913. The mortality experience during that period shows the dramatic changes that have occurred. The future populations of the elderly are developing with an ever-increasing number of people kept alive by the mass use of vaccines, the application of new medical, surgical and psychologic diagnoses and therapies, effective antibiotics, rapid communication, proper nutrition, safe water, a high level of health insurance coverage, and available education at all levels for those who want to participate.", "PMID": 659776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8537", "title": "Young adult, geriatric and aphasic group responses to simple analogies.", "content": "The efficiency of interactive language processing was compared in three groups: 25 young adults, 25 geriatric subjects, and 25 adult aphasic subjects. The task involved simple analogy completion. Data analysis included six categories of responses which represetned levels of convergence toward the expected relationships. Results of chi-square comparisons between groups were all significant, and indicated substantial reductions in interactive processing for geriatric subjects. The findings suggest that a general aging factor may contribute to the poor prognosis in elderly aphasic patients.", "contents": "Young adult, geriatric and aphasic group responses to simple analogies. The efficiency of interactive language processing was compared in three groups: 25 young adults, 25 geriatric subjects, and 25 adult aphasic subjects. The task involved simple analogy completion. Data analysis included six categories of responses which represetned levels of convergence toward the expected relationships. Results of chi-square comparisons between groups were all significant, and indicated substantial reductions in interactive processing for geriatric subjects. The findings suggest that a general aging factor may contribute to the poor prognosis in elderly aphasic patients.", "PMID": 659777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8538", "title": "Pharmacy services in a Federal extended care facility, as provided by a pharmacy student.", "content": "The objective of this study was to identify the role of the pharmacy student in providing health care to a Federal Nursing Home Care Unit. Under the supervision of a graduate pharmacy resident, the student was responsible for monitoring compliance in drug therapy, providing consultation services, and developing several research projects. A detailed study of allergy documentation in 78 patients showed that 25.6 percent of their records indicated drug allergies, but upon further investigation only 5.1 percent could be confirmed. Fourteen (41 percent) of the 34 reported allergy-producing substances had been administered again after the initial allergic incident, without ensuing difficulties. Evaluation of the self-medication program indicated that 71.4 percent of 14 study patients could not easily open their child-proof medicine container. A change to \"tight\" containers enhanced the patients' ability to open them. However, no significant conclusions could be drawn regarding improvement in the patients' compliance with prescription directions. Pharmacy students can be a valuable resource in improving documentation, testing drug prescription compliance, and participating in the general care of patients in long-term facilities.", "contents": "Pharmacy services in a Federal extended care facility, as provided by a pharmacy student. The objective of this study was to identify the role of the pharmacy student in providing health care to a Federal Nursing Home Care Unit. Under the supervision of a graduate pharmacy resident, the student was responsible for monitoring compliance in drug therapy, providing consultation services, and developing several research projects. A detailed study of allergy documentation in 78 patients showed that 25.6 percent of their records indicated drug allergies, but upon further investigation only 5.1 percent could be confirmed. Fourteen (41 percent) of the 34 reported allergy-producing substances had been administered again after the initial allergic incident, without ensuing difficulties. Evaluation of the self-medication program indicated that 71.4 percent of 14 study patients could not easily open their child-proof medicine container. A change to \"tight\" containers enhanced the patients' ability to open them. However, no significant conclusions could be drawn regarding improvement in the patients' compliance with prescription directions. Pharmacy students can be a valuable resource in improving documentation, testing drug prescription compliance, and participating in the general care of patients in long-term facilities.", "PMID": 659778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8539", "title": "Bamboo phobia in an eighteen-month-old boy.", "content": "We have presented a developmental history and an account of the treatment of an eighteen-month-old boy who had a bamboo phobia. Conceptual problems concerning drive organization, the expression of drive derivatives, and object relations have been explored. The correlation of these with Mahler's separation-individuation theory has been considered. Analysis of the bamboo phobia revealed two castration themes. One related to projections onto the father, and another onto the mother and sister. Our case illustration highlights the important role of object-relations development in determining the level of psychosexual organization. It also demonstrates the difficulty in correlating level of psychosexual development with capacity for symptom formation. The importance of sexual and aggressive impulses in separation-individuation is emphasized. The bamboo phobia is seen as a symptom formed to deal with psychosexual conflicts that played a part in the rapprochement crisis. Tth role of fantasies and internal representations of objects, as well as the parents' actual behavior, is stressed--again, in relation to the influence of the drives.", "contents": "Bamboo phobia in an eighteen-month-old boy. We have presented a developmental history and an account of the treatment of an eighteen-month-old boy who had a bamboo phobia. Conceptual problems concerning drive organization, the expression of drive derivatives, and object relations have been explored. The correlation of these with Mahler's separation-individuation theory has been considered. Analysis of the bamboo phobia revealed two castration themes. One related to projections onto the father, and another onto the mother and sister. Our case illustration highlights the important role of object-relations development in determining the level of psychosexual organization. It also demonstrates the difficulty in correlating level of psychosexual development with capacity for symptom formation. The importance of sexual and aggressive impulses in separation-individuation is emphasized. The bamboo phobia is seen as a symptom formed to deal with psychosexual conflicts that played a part in the rapprochement crisis. Tth role of fantasies and internal representations of objects, as well as the parents' actual behavior, is stressed--again, in relation to the influence of the drives.", "PMID": 659790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8540", "title": "The role of audition in early psychic development, with special reference to the use of the pull-toy in the separation-individuation phase.", "content": "The role of audition as an important perceptual modality in early psychic development has been neglected. Some reasons for this neglect are suggested. In the development of psychoanalytic technique, the analyst has changed from a \"tactile presence\" to a \"visual presence,\" then finally, with the analyst positioning himself behind the couch, to an \"auditory presence.\" Several clinical examples from analytic patients as well as child development in normal and deaf children provide instances of each type of perceptual \"presence.\" It is suggested that, in evaluating analyzability, analysis requires a specific ego ability, namely, tolerance for the analyst as an \"auditory presence.\" It is emphasized that some patients, for reasons of development, constitution, and/or significant stress (separation), cannot work with the analyst as an \"auditory presence,\" but regress to the analyst as a \"visual\" or \"tactile\" presence. The importance of audition in early mother/stranger differentiations, and in the peek-a-boo game, is a developmental precursor to the use of audition as a contact modality in the separation and individuation phase. Audition permits active locomotion and separation from tactile and visual contact modalities between toddler and mother, while at the same time maintaining contact via their respective \"auditory presence\" for each other. The utilization of the pull-toy in mastering the conflicts of the separation-individuation phase is demonstrated. The pull-toy is heir to the teddy bear and ancestor to the tricycle. Greater attentiveness to the auditory perceptual modality may help us understand developmental phenomenon, better evaluate the potential analysand, and clarify clinical problems of audition occurring in dreams and those areas of psychopathology having to do with auditory phenomena. The more refined tripartite conept of \"presence\" as it relates to the predominant perceptual modality--tactile, visual, auditory--is felt to be a useful conceptualization for both developmental and clinical understanding.", "contents": "The role of audition in early psychic development, with special reference to the use of the pull-toy in the separation-individuation phase. The role of audition as an important perceptual modality in early psychic development has been neglected. Some reasons for this neglect are suggested. In the development of psychoanalytic technique, the analyst has changed from a \"tactile presence\" to a \"visual presence,\" then finally, with the analyst positioning himself behind the couch, to an \"auditory presence.\" Several clinical examples from analytic patients as well as child development in normal and deaf children provide instances of each type of perceptual \"presence.\" It is suggested that, in evaluating analyzability, analysis requires a specific ego ability, namely, tolerance for the analyst as an \"auditory presence.\" It is emphasized that some patients, for reasons of development, constitution, and/or significant stress (separation), cannot work with the analyst as an \"auditory presence,\" but regress to the analyst as a \"visual\" or \"tactile\" presence. The importance of audition in early mother/stranger differentiations, and in the peek-a-boo game, is a developmental precursor to the use of audition as a contact modality in the separation and individuation phase. Audition permits active locomotion and separation from tactile and visual contact modalities between toddler and mother, while at the same time maintaining contact via their respective \"auditory presence\" for each other. The utilization of the pull-toy in mastering the conflicts of the separation-individuation phase is demonstrated. The pull-toy is heir to the teddy bear and ancestor to the tricycle. Greater attentiveness to the auditory perceptual modality may help us understand developmental phenomenon, better evaluate the potential analysand, and clarify clinical problems of audition occurring in dreams and those areas of psychopathology having to do with auditory phenomena. The more refined tripartite conept of \"presence\" as it relates to the predominant perceptual modality--tactile, visual, auditory--is felt to be a useful conceptualization for both developmental and clinical understanding.", "PMID": 659791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8541", "title": "The testing of reality from the standpoint of the body self.", "content": "Traditionally, the body self has been regarded as involved in reality testing principally in the determination of the distinction between the source of a stimulus being internal or external. The body has been closely related to instinctual drives, to urgency, and thus to conflicts that are crucial to normal and pathological development. However, the concept of the body self comprising all the psychic experiencing of body sensation, body functioning, and body image is broader than the body's connection to inner-outer reality testing and id pressures. The findings from childhood observations and from clinical research indicate that at each stage of the child's life, from earliest infancy on, the maturation and development of the body self becomes integrated with the whole group of psychic regulatory activities that contribute to the individual's sense of reality. The development of the body self at each period involves criteria by which some aspect of reality is tested. The subject of this paper has been the developmental pattern of experiences that contribute to the individual's sense of his body in particular and to the sense of reality of the self in general.", "contents": "The testing of reality from the standpoint of the body self. Traditionally, the body self has been regarded as involved in reality testing principally in the determination of the distinction between the source of a stimulus being internal or external. The body has been closely related to instinctual drives, to urgency, and thus to conflicts that are crucial to normal and pathological development. However, the concept of the body self comprising all the psychic experiencing of body sensation, body functioning, and body image is broader than the body's connection to inner-outer reality testing and id pressures. The findings from childhood observations and from clinical research indicate that at each stage of the child's life, from earliest infancy on, the maturation and development of the body self becomes integrated with the whole group of psychic regulatory activities that contribute to the individual's sense of reality. The development of the body self at each period involves criteria by which some aspect of reality is tested. The subject of this paper has been the developmental pattern of experiences that contribute to the individual's sense of his body in particular and to the sense of reality of the self in general.", "PMID": 659792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8542", "title": "The teaching and learning of psychoanalytic developmental psychology.", "content": "I have described three areas in psychoanalytic education where I believe greater attention to existing methods is necessary so as to facilitate the learning of certain principles of development. Explanations might be enhanced by including constructivist with reductionist elements; metapsychology might be clarified in a way that would make the \"developmental\" more available to analytic scaffolding; and finally, the technical precepts that help focus on the emergence of regressive trends should be broadened to permit enhanced awareness of the progressive trends as well.", "contents": "The teaching and learning of psychoanalytic developmental psychology. I have described three areas in psychoanalytic education where I believe greater attention to existing methods is necessary so as to facilitate the learning of certain principles of development. Explanations might be enhanced by including constructivist with reductionist elements; metapsychology might be clarified in a way that would make the \"developmental\" more available to analytic scaffolding; and finally, the technical precepts that help focus on the emergence of regressive trends should be broadened to permit enhanced awareness of the progressive trends as well.", "PMID": 659793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8543", "title": "Candidates' evaluation of psychoanalytic supervision.", "content": "The origins, methods, results, and discussions of a project undertaken by the advanced candidates at the Denver Institute for Psychoanalysis have been described. This project was designed to examine the supervisory process and to compile a consensual critique of individual supervisors from the candidate's point of view. We have included vignettes of supervisory experiences. It became our purpose to: (1) Develop a set of criteria by which the strengths and weaknesses of supervisors can be evaluated, (2) Involve the candidate in assessing his own learning needs, (3) Promote the objective assignment of supervisors, an assignment determined by the patient's problems, the candidate's learning needs, and the supervisor's varying capacities and abilities to effectively understand these problems and deal with these needs, (4) Expand the supervisory process to include what we felt were often unconscious or hiterto unacceptable issues, such as the function and use of countertransference, and the detection and open discussion of transference dilemmas between analyst and both patient and supervisor, (5) Stimulate dialogue at all levels of psychoanalytic education on the patient-analyst-supervisor relational system.", "contents": "Candidates' evaluation of psychoanalytic supervision. The origins, methods, results, and discussions of a project undertaken by the advanced candidates at the Denver Institute for Psychoanalysis have been described. This project was designed to examine the supervisory process and to compile a consensual critique of individual supervisors from the candidate's point of view. We have included vignettes of supervisory experiences. It became our purpose to: (1) Develop a set of criteria by which the strengths and weaknesses of supervisors can be evaluated, (2) Involve the candidate in assessing his own learning needs, (3) Promote the objective assignment of supervisors, an assignment determined by the patient's problems, the candidate's learning needs, and the supervisor's varying capacities and abilities to effectively understand these problems and deal with these needs, (4) Expand the supervisory process to include what we felt were often unconscious or hiterto unacceptable issues, such as the function and use of countertransference, and the detection and open discussion of transference dilemmas between analyst and both patient and supervisor, (5) Stimulate dialogue at all levels of psychoanalytic education on the patient-analyst-supervisor relational system.", "PMID": 659794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8544", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the optic nerve trunk in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "We study the arterial vascularization of the trunk of the optic nerve partialarly in its anterior part in human. We injected in the carotids, a mass of colored an radio opaque substance, in the whole cadaver that allows simultaneously a visual study and a radiologic control of the results. This one is completely insufficient to allow a study of details; so we used the diaphanisation as described by Spalteholz; we were able to confirm Hayreh's results: the ophthalmic artery has a variable pathway according to individus but overcrosses the most frequently the optic nerve. The posterior ciliary arteries have also an origin pathway very variable; the posterior external ciliary is the most commonly present. The central retinal artery takes its origin the ophthalmic artery no more than half of the cases, and elsewhere from a common trunk with the ciliary arteries, or even from branches of those last arteries. It always penetrates the nerve in its inferior face and is responsable of its vascularization in periphery by the man of its pial branches and in depth by its intra neural branches.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the optic nerve trunk in humans (author's transl)]. We study the arterial vascularization of the trunk of the optic nerve partialarly in its anterior part in human. We injected in the carotids, a mass of colored an radio opaque substance, in the whole cadaver that allows simultaneously a visual study and a radiologic control of the results. This one is completely insufficient to allow a study of details; so we used the diaphanisation as described by Spalteholz; we were able to confirm Hayreh's results: the ophthalmic artery has a variable pathway according to individus but overcrosses the most frequently the optic nerve. The posterior ciliary arteries have also an origin pathway very variable; the posterior external ciliary is the most commonly present. The central retinal artery takes its origin the ophthalmic artery no more than half of the cases, and elsewhere from a common trunk with the ciliary arteries, or even from branches of those last arteries. It always penetrates the nerve in its inferior face and is responsable of its vascularization in periphery by the man of its pial branches and in depth by its intra neural branches.", "PMID": 659795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8545", "title": "[The child's vision and its measurement. Comparative results of different tests of visual acuity in children as a function of age].", "content": "The authors describe a new test for determining the visual acuity in pre-school children. It is a picture-test which is composed by pictures of animals of varying sizes, the child being asked to name them in turn. The six pictures (duck, rabbit, cock, elephant, fish, and butterfly) with an homogeneous density, can be utilized according to several manners-appariement or verbal expression--and several distances: 2,50 m or 5 m. That test gave good results on children aged from three years upwards, however the performances could be increased by prectising exercises.", "contents": "[The child's vision and its measurement. Comparative results of different tests of visual acuity in children as a function of age]. The authors describe a new test for determining the visual acuity in pre-school children. It is a picture-test which is composed by pictures of animals of varying sizes, the child being asked to name them in turn. The six pictures (duck, rabbit, cock, elephant, fish, and butterfly) with an homogeneous density, can be utilized according to several manners-appariement or verbal expression--and several distances: 2,50 m or 5 m. That test gave good results on children aged from three years upwards, however the performances could be increased by prectising exercises.", "PMID": 659796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8546", "title": "[Morphological remarks concerning the venous circulation of the uveal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The author has undertaken a study of the means of drainage of blood from the chorio-capillary system. The veinules arise in three essential ways: \"comb teeth\", \"palm\" and \"vortex\". Study of the prevortical veins showed, in addition, the presence of numerous fine anastomotic vessels which unite the veins which run to the vortical veins.", "contents": "[Morphological remarks concerning the venous circulation of the uveal tract (author's transl)]. The author has undertaken a study of the means of drainage of blood from the chorio-capillary system. The veinules arise in three essential ways: \"comb teeth\", \"palm\" and \"vortex\". Study of the prevortical veins showed, in addition, the presence of numerous fine anastomotic vessels which unite the veins which run to the vortical veins.", "PMID": 659801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8547", "title": "[Prevention of ocular toxicity of ethambutol: study of zincaemia and chromatic analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to define the means of prevention of the ocular toxicity of ethambutol (EMB), 72 patients under treatment with EMB-INH-Rifampicin combination were subjected to systematic analysis of plasma, blood and urinary zinc levels together with a full ophthalmic examination. Comparison of the results from 12 patients sustaining ocular damage at the time of treatment with the results of 60 others: 1) demonstrates the existence of a correlation between plasma zinc levels before treatment and the probability of ocular damage from EMB (high risk for zinc is less than 0.70 mg/l - almost no risk for zinc greater than 1 mg/l); 2) confirms that dyschromatopsia is one of the first signs of ocular damage through EMB and thus constitutes an alarm signal; 3) suggests that the ocular toxicity of EMB might appear in the retina before the optic nerve.", "contents": "[Prevention of ocular toxicity of ethambutol: study of zincaemia and chromatic analysis (author's transl)]. In order to define the means of prevention of the ocular toxicity of ethambutol (EMB), 72 patients under treatment with EMB-INH-Rifampicin combination were subjected to systematic analysis of plasma, blood and urinary zinc levels together with a full ophthalmic examination. Comparison of the results from 12 patients sustaining ocular damage at the time of treatment with the results of 60 others: 1) demonstrates the existence of a correlation between plasma zinc levels before treatment and the probability of ocular damage from EMB (high risk for zinc is less than 0.70 mg/l - almost no risk for zinc greater than 1 mg/l); 2) confirms that dyschromatopsia is one of the first signs of ocular damage through EMB and thus constitutes an alarm signal; 3) suggests that the ocular toxicity of EMB might appear in the retina before the optic nerve.", "PMID": 659802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8548", "title": "[The diagnosis of isolated choroidal hemangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report clinical and laboratory data setting the diagnosis of isolated choroidal hemangioma. Main elements appear to be biomicroscopy and angiography after fluorescein and cardiogreen injection. The clinical history of two non typical cases is reported and discussed.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of isolated choroidal hemangioma (author's transl)]. The authors report clinical and laboratory data setting the diagnosis of isolated choroidal hemangioma. Main elements appear to be biomicroscopy and angiography after fluorescein and cardiogreen injection. The clinical history of two non typical cases is reported and discussed.", "PMID": 659803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8549", "title": "[Atenolol: its effects on pressure in open-angle glaucoma].", "content": "1. Instillation of 2 drops of 4% solution of atenolol decreases the ocular pressure in open angle glaucoma. 2. In 12 glaucomatous patients treated as in-patients, 4 daily instillations of 4% solution lower the average tension of the group below 20-22 mm Hg day and night. 3. The tensionnal effects of 4 or 6 daily instillations on out-patients seems to be less effective. 4. The hypotensive effects of atenolol, on some of the patients at least, decreases during the second month of uninterrupted treatment. However, the response to a single dose remains constant even after a long term treatment. 5. Treatment with atenolol is remarkably well tolerated. It does not provoke either local or general side effect. 6. Although the combination of atenolol and myotics or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors produces an additive pressure lowering effect this results in a loss of the advantages of atenolol with regard to absence of undesirable pharmacological effects.", "contents": "[Atenolol: its effects on pressure in open-angle glaucoma]. 1. Instillation of 2 drops of 4% solution of atenolol decreases the ocular pressure in open angle glaucoma. 2. In 12 glaucomatous patients treated as in-patients, 4 daily instillations of 4% solution lower the average tension of the group below 20-22 mm Hg day and night. 3. The tensionnal effects of 4 or 6 daily instillations on out-patients seems to be less effective. 4. The hypotensive effects of atenolol, on some of the patients at least, decreases during the second month of uninterrupted treatment. However, the response to a single dose remains constant even after a long term treatment. 5. Treatment with atenolol is remarkably well tolerated. It does not provoke either local or general side effect. 6. Although the combination of atenolol and myotics or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors produces an additive pressure lowering effect this results in a loss of the advantages of atenolol with regard to absence of undesirable pharmacological effects.", "PMID": 659804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8550", "title": "[Antiglaucomatous therapy with reduced concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "By reducing the concentration of hypotensive drops and increasing the number of instillations, a therapeutic effect similar to that of the concentrated drop can be obtained, with a reduction of side-effects. The results of experiments with pilocarpine, adrenaline-guanethidine combination and propranolol are described.", "contents": "[Antiglaucomatous therapy with reduced concentrations (author's transl)]. By reducing the concentration of hypotensive drops and increasing the number of instillations, a therapeutic effect similar to that of the concentrated drop can be obtained, with a reduction of side-effects. The results of experiments with pilocarpine, adrenaline-guanethidine combination and propranolol are described.", "PMID": 659805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8551", "title": "[Mucous graft in acute spastic ectropion (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute spactic ectropion often occurs with concomitant inflammatory and degenerative conditions of the conjunctiva. This is the cause of failures in the classic ectropion's surgery. Authors suggest to replace the altered conjunctiva with transplant of oral mucous membrane.", "contents": "[Mucous graft in acute spastic ectropion (author's transl)]. Acute spactic ectropion often occurs with concomitant inflammatory and degenerative conditions of the conjunctiva. This is the cause of failures in the classic ectropion's surgery. Authors suggest to replace the altered conjunctiva with transplant of oral mucous membrane.", "PMID": 659806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8552", "title": "[The new surgery of functional esotropias (author's transl)].", "content": "In two previous papers published in this journal, mechanic phenomena induced by the surgical procedures and the surgical management of fundamental troubles in esotropias were analyzed fully into details. In this third part, the authors explain the various pratical conclusions which result from their study. They underline that more than 60-70% convergent squints in children have a apastic component, and to overcome it classical procedures alone (resections and recessions) are fully unfitted. Equally, the Fadenoperation cannot by itself make away with motor disorders. Generally, the various technics must be associated to get cure. But to draw up an adequate surgical plan it is necessary to take into account the anaesthetic sign and the muscular traction test. The Authors have settled a pratical surgical scale allowing to know immediatly according to clinical and electro-oculographic findings, and the results to those tests, the particular operating actions which are convenient to do in each case and also their amount.", "contents": "[The new surgery of functional esotropias (author's transl)]. In two previous papers published in this journal, mechanic phenomena induced by the surgical procedures and the surgical management of fundamental troubles in esotropias were analyzed fully into details. In this third part, the authors explain the various pratical conclusions which result from their study. They underline that more than 60-70% convergent squints in children have a apastic component, and to overcome it classical procedures alone (resections and recessions) are fully unfitted. Equally, the Fadenoperation cannot by itself make away with motor disorders. Generally, the various technics must be associated to get cure. But to draw up an adequate surgical plan it is necessary to take into account the anaesthetic sign and the muscular traction test. The Authors have settled a pratical surgical scale allowing to know immediatly according to clinical and electro-oculographic findings, and the results to those tests, the particular operating actions which are convenient to do in each case and also their amount.", "PMID": 659808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8553", "title": "[Corrective methods of the aphaque eye (author's transl)].", "content": "While in most cases, the operation for cataract gives full satisfaction to the patient, it is nevertheless a fact that in some cases--perhaps only a few but certainly not to be neglected--the long term effects of such an operation are not well tolerated. The cause is not faculty performance of the operation, but most often unsuitable operational timing or technics or else defective or illchosen visual aids. These, therefore are the problems dealt with in this paper by the authors who made thorough study of the aphaque eye and its corrective methods.", "contents": "[Corrective methods of the aphaque eye (author's transl)]. While in most cases, the operation for cataract gives full satisfaction to the patient, it is nevertheless a fact that in some cases--perhaps only a few but certainly not to be neglected--the long term effects of such an operation are not well tolerated. The cause is not faculty performance of the operation, but most often unsuitable operational timing or technics or else defective or illchosen visual aids. These, therefore are the problems dealt with in this paper by the authors who made thorough study of the aphaque eye and its corrective methods.", "PMID": 659809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8554", "title": "[Discussion of terminology concerning disorders of the optic nerve and disc (author's transl)].", "content": "Progress over the past few years in knowledge concerning disorders of the optic nerve and disc leads to changes in their classification. A new terminology is proposed. It uses a minimum of terms, their very general sense being understandable by any nonophthalmologist physician. It is based upon clinical symptoms and signs, thus being immediately applicable in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Discussion of terminology concerning disorders of the optic nerve and disc (author's transl)]. Progress over the past few years in knowledge concerning disorders of the optic nerve and disc leads to changes in their classification. A new terminology is proposed. It uses a minimum of terms, their very general sense being understandable by any nonophthalmologist physician. It is based upon clinical symptoms and signs, thus being immediately applicable in clinical practice.", "PMID": 659810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8555", "title": "Limited exposure of rats to H(2)SO(4) with and without O3.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) alone and with ozone (O(3)) on rats. To accomplish this, rats were exposed for 8 hours daily to an atmosphere containing either nebulized H(2)SO(4), H(2)SO(4) plus 0.9 ppm O(3), or 0.9 ppm O(3). The atmosphere in the exposure chambers was maintained at a fairly constant temperature and humidity. Nebulized H(2)SO(4) was delivered uniformly to provide a particle size of about 0.3 micron mass median diameter (MMD) and a mass concentration of 2 mg/m(3). In preliminary experiments, animals exposed to 2 mg/m(3) of H(2)SO(4) daily for 82 days showed very slight morphologic injury to the respiratory tract. In contrast, biological effects were readily demonstrable in rats exposed to H(2)SO(4) plus O(3) or to O(3) alone, possibly with some enhancement of effect in animals exposed to the mixture. The effects observed were characteristic of the response to O(3) alone.", "contents": "Limited exposure of rats to H(2)SO(4) with and without O3. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) alone and with ozone (O(3)) on rats. To accomplish this, rats were exposed for 8 hours daily to an atmosphere containing either nebulized H(2)SO(4), H(2)SO(4) plus 0.9 ppm O(3), or 0.9 ppm O(3). The atmosphere in the exposure chambers was maintained at a fairly constant temperature and humidity. Nebulized H(2)SO(4) was delivered uniformly to provide a particle size of about 0.3 micron mass median diameter (MMD) and a mass concentration of 2 mg/m(3). In preliminary experiments, animals exposed to 2 mg/m(3) of H(2)SO(4) daily for 82 days showed very slight morphologic injury to the respiratory tract. In contrast, biological effects were readily demonstrable in rats exposed to H(2)SO(4) plus O(3) or to O(3) alone, possibly with some enhancement of effect in animals exposed to the mixture. The effects observed were characteristic of the response to O(3) alone.", "PMID": 659813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8556", "title": "Exchange transfusion treatment of methylmercury-poisoned children.", "content": "Three children, ages 6 months, 13 months and 10 years were treated by exchange transfusions following exposure to methylmercury in the Iraq outbreak in 1971-72. Two had severe signs of poisoning and the other was clinically normal but had a high blood mercury concentration. Exchange transfusion resulted in clearance of mercury not only from blood but also from other tissues. The average amount of mercury removed in a two hour exchange was estimated as 6% of the body burden as compared to 1% of the body burden removed by normal excretion processes in 24 hours. No dramatic improvement in the clinical condition of the two poisoned patients occurred. Some improvement in motor power and function was observed during follow-up visits to their houses.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion treatment of methylmercury-poisoned children. Three children, ages 6 months, 13 months and 10 years were treated by exchange transfusions following exposure to methylmercury in the Iraq outbreak in 1971-72. Two had severe signs of poisoning and the other was clinically normal but had a high blood mercury concentration. Exchange transfusion resulted in clearance of mercury not only from blood but also from other tissues. The average amount of mercury removed in a two hour exchange was estimated as 6% of the body burden as compared to 1% of the body burden removed by normal excretion processes in 24 hours. No dramatic improvement in the clinical condition of the two poisoned patients occurred. Some improvement in motor power and function was observed during follow-up visits to their houses.", "PMID": 659814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8557", "title": "Red cell damage induced by peroxidized microsomes: the relationship between hemolytic activity and peroxide content.", "content": "Rat red blood cells will hemolyze if they are present in vitro in mixtures of rat liver microsomes in which lipid peroxidation has been initiated by NADPH. Recent work from this laboratory indicated that a toxic factor not having radical properties could be generated from the lipids of the peroxidizing microsomes. This toxic factor produced prelytic damage in rat red blood cells. In this communication we show that if Ca(++)-aggregated microsomes are first peroxidized and then sedimented by centrifugation, the resuspended peroxidized microsomes are capable of hemolyzing red cells in the absence of any further microsomal lipid peroxidation. This result shows conclusively that the microsomal lipid peroxidation step can be separated from the attack on red cells leading to frank hemolysis. Furthermore, lipids extracted from the peroxidized microsomes with chloroform-methanol account quantitatively for the degree of hemolysis produced. The active hemolytic material could not be detected in resuspended microsomal centrifugates obtained during the first 10 minutes of NADPH-stimulated microsomal lipid peroxidation. It appeared rapidly after 10 minutes. It was maximal at 20 minutes, and fell to a low level of activity by 60 minutes. Peak hemolytic activity correlated with peak generation of lipid soluble peroxides. High, but less than maximal levels of peroxides appearing at 10 minutes did not cause hemolysis, and high, but less than maximal levels remaining at 60 minutes were only weakly hemolytic. The extracted lipoidal material with hemolytic potency is more reactive than hydrogen peroxide in a peroxide assay.", "contents": "Red cell damage induced by peroxidized microsomes: the relationship between hemolytic activity and peroxide content. Rat red blood cells will hemolyze if they are present in vitro in mixtures of rat liver microsomes in which lipid peroxidation has been initiated by NADPH. Recent work from this laboratory indicated that a toxic factor not having radical properties could be generated from the lipids of the peroxidizing microsomes. This toxic factor produced prelytic damage in rat red blood cells. In this communication we show that if Ca(++)-aggregated microsomes are first peroxidized and then sedimented by centrifugation, the resuspended peroxidized microsomes are capable of hemolyzing red cells in the absence of any further microsomal lipid peroxidation. This result shows conclusively that the microsomal lipid peroxidation step can be separated from the attack on red cells leading to frank hemolysis. Furthermore, lipids extracted from the peroxidized microsomes with chloroform-methanol account quantitatively for the degree of hemolysis produced. The active hemolytic material could not be detected in resuspended microsomal centrifugates obtained during the first 10 minutes of NADPH-stimulated microsomal lipid peroxidation. It appeared rapidly after 10 minutes. It was maximal at 20 minutes, and fell to a low level of activity by 60 minutes. Peak hemolytic activity correlated with peak generation of lipid soluble peroxides. High, but less than maximal levels of peroxides appearing at 10 minutes did not cause hemolysis, and high, but less than maximal levels remaining at 60 minutes were only weakly hemolytic. The extracted lipoidal material with hemolytic potency is more reactive than hydrogen peroxide in a peroxide assay.", "PMID": 659815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8558", "title": "The determination of moments for extension of the wrist generated by muscles of the forearm.", "content": "In deciding on suitable tendon transfers to replace denervated muscle-tendon units, important considerations are the strength and effectiveness of possible substitutes. A method is presented by which the strength of the wrist extensor muscles and their moment arms can be determined. The method can be applied to other muscles at other joints. It involves the use of a force transducer which measures the combined forces of the three wrist extensors in an isometric contraction. This moment for wrist extension, measured in the living intact arm, is the same as the sum of the moments of the three wrist extensor muscles. The contribution of each muscle to the total moment is calculated from ratios that have been developed from a quantitative study of moment arms and muscle masses in sixteen cadaver limbs. It is suggested that the ratio of one moment arm to another is fairly constant from subject to subject, and that muscle masses also have sufficiently similar ratios to each other to serve as the basis for practical estimations by the surgeon. Thus the surgeon needs only one or two direct measurements of moments externally and only one or two skeletal measurements on any living subject to be able to estimate the effectiveness of a number of muscles on the basis of cadaver studies such as this, and to project the behavior of a muscle after it has been transferred to a position where it will have new moment arms.", "contents": "The determination of moments for extension of the wrist generated by muscles of the forearm. In deciding on suitable tendon transfers to replace denervated muscle-tendon units, important considerations are the strength and effectiveness of possible substitutes. A method is presented by which the strength of the wrist extensor muscles and their moment arms can be determined. The method can be applied to other muscles at other joints. It involves the use of a force transducer which measures the combined forces of the three wrist extensors in an isometric contraction. This moment for wrist extension, measured in the living intact arm, is the same as the sum of the moments of the three wrist extensor muscles. The contribution of each muscle to the total moment is calculated from ratios that have been developed from a quantitative study of moment arms and muscle masses in sixteen cadaver limbs. It is suggested that the ratio of one moment arm to another is fairly constant from subject to subject, and that muscle masses also have sufficiently similar ratios to each other to serve as the basis for practical estimations by the surgeon. Thus the surgeon needs only one or two direct measurements of moments externally and only one or two skeletal measurements on any living subject to be able to estimate the effectiveness of a number of muscles on the basis of cadaver studies such as this, and to project the behavior of a muscle after it has been transferred to a position where it will have new moment arms.", "PMID": 659816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8559", "title": "Von Frey's method of measuring pressure sensibility in the hand: an engineering analysis of the Weinstein-Semmes pressure aesthesiometer.", "content": "The development of microsurgical techniques has generated a resurgence of interest in estimating local pressure sensibility as a measure of sensory improvement. Because our experience with Weinstein's modification of Von Frey's probes yielded variable and poorly understood results, we measured two sets of probes and examined them in the light of the engineering principles on which their behavior is based. The mechanical behavior of the nylon monofilaments can be described as buckling with one end built in and the other end pinned. The probes are relatively uniform and consistent. However, no loss in sensitivity would accompany division of the set into two or three equivalent sets. Variations in the buckling stress as high as a factor of eight are difficult to avoid. Gross errors arise from careless application, variations in the elastic modulus due to changes in temperature and humidity, and variations in the attachment of fibers to handles and differences in the ends of the filaments. Interpreting results for this instrument requires an understanding of the factors which can influence those results. The rpobes are simple to use but easy to misinterpret.", "contents": "Von Frey's method of measuring pressure sensibility in the hand: an engineering analysis of the Weinstein-Semmes pressure aesthesiometer. The development of microsurgical techniques has generated a resurgence of interest in estimating local pressure sensibility as a measure of sensory improvement. Because our experience with Weinstein's modification of Von Frey's probes yielded variable and poorly understood results, we measured two sets of probes and examined them in the light of the engineering principles on which their behavior is based. The mechanical behavior of the nylon monofilaments can be described as buckling with one end built in and the other end pinned. The probes are relatively uniform and consistent. However, no loss in sensitivity would accompany division of the set into two or three equivalent sets. Variations in the buckling stress as high as a factor of eight are difficult to avoid. Gross errors arise from careless application, variations in the elastic modulus due to changes in temperature and humidity, and variations in the attachment of fibers to handles and differences in the ends of the filaments. Interpreting results for this instrument requires an understanding of the factors which can influence those results. The rpobes are simple to use but easy to misinterpret.", "PMID": 659817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8560", "title": "Scaphotrapezial trapezoidal arthrosis.", "content": "Scaphotrapezial trapezoidal degenerative arthritis as an isolated entity or as a preponderant part of a pantrapezial degenerative process was seen in 49 hands of 34 patients. Pain and weakness were the primary complaints. Point tenderness was present in all but two hands. Significant loss of grasp and pinch strength was noted in 18 hands, and loss of wrist motion occurred in 16 hands. Roentgenographic findings included narrowing of the scaphotrapezial trapezoidal joint space, subarticular cortical sclerosis, and cyst formation. A dorsiflexed position of the scaphoid, with a scapholunate angle of less than 45 degrees, was noted in 38 of the 45 hands. Late collapse of the intercarpal joint with dorsiflexion instability of the lunate also was noted. Twenty-nine hands were treated conservatively by protective splints, corticosteroid injections, and avoidance of exacerbating activities. Surgical treatments consisted of fibrous arthroplasty (four), silicone interposition arthroplasty (six), trapezial replacement arthroplasty (three), arthrodesis (five), joint debridement (one), and trapezial excision (one). Late results were more encouraging than were early results and were moderately satisfactory for each method. Improvement in grasp and pinch strength was most predictable for arthrodesis, although wrist motion was diminished.", "contents": "Scaphotrapezial trapezoidal arthrosis. Scaphotrapezial trapezoidal degenerative arthritis as an isolated entity or as a preponderant part of a pantrapezial degenerative process was seen in 49 hands of 34 patients. Pain and weakness were the primary complaints. Point tenderness was present in all but two hands. Significant loss of grasp and pinch strength was noted in 18 hands, and loss of wrist motion occurred in 16 hands. Roentgenographic findings included narrowing of the scaphotrapezial trapezoidal joint space, subarticular cortical sclerosis, and cyst formation. A dorsiflexed position of the scaphoid, with a scapholunate angle of less than 45 degrees, was noted in 38 of the 45 hands. Late collapse of the intercarpal joint with dorsiflexion instability of the lunate also was noted. Twenty-nine hands were treated conservatively by protective splints, corticosteroid injections, and avoidance of exacerbating activities. Surgical treatments consisted of fibrous arthroplasty (four), silicone interposition arthroplasty (six), trapezial replacement arthroplasty (three), arthrodesis (five), joint debridement (one), and trapezial excision (one). Late results were more encouraging than were early results and were moderately satisfactory for each method. Improvement in grasp and pinch strength was most predictable for arthrodesis, although wrist motion was diminished.", "PMID": 659818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8561", "title": "Treatment of trapeziometacarpal arthritis: results of resection arthroplasty.", "content": "Ninety-one thumbs with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis were studied and classified by the severity of trapeziometacarpal arthritis, as seen on the roentgenogram. Thirty-five patients with mild changes had satisfactory relief of pain after treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs and a C-splint. Operation, consisting of resection of the trapezium and shortening by 1.5 cm of the abductor pollicis longus tendon was performed on 16 thumbs. In six patients a rolled palmaris longus tendon was inserted between the metacarpal base and the scaphoid. All patients had relief of pain, improvement of pinch and grip strength, and an increased range of thumb pronation after operation. There was no difference in the results of those patients treated with or without tendon interposition. Trapezial resection was found to be an effective means of treating patients with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis who failed to improve with conservative care.", "contents": "Treatment of trapeziometacarpal arthritis: results of resection arthroplasty. Ninety-one thumbs with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis were studied and classified by the severity of trapeziometacarpal arthritis, as seen on the roentgenogram. Thirty-five patients with mild changes had satisfactory relief of pain after treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs and a C-splint. Operation, consisting of resection of the trapezium and shortening by 1.5 cm of the abductor pollicis longus tendon was performed on 16 thumbs. In six patients a rolled palmaris longus tendon was inserted between the metacarpal base and the scaphoid. All patients had relief of pain, improvement of pinch and grip strength, and an increased range of thumb pronation after operation. There was no difference in the results of those patients treated with or without tendon interposition. Trapezial resection was found to be an effective means of treating patients with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis who failed to improve with conservative care.", "PMID": 659819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8562", "title": "Hybridization between different strains of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 from Cameroun and Za\u00efre.", "content": "The offspring from hybridization experiments between Schistosoma intercalatum, Cameroun (intermediate host Bulinus forskalii) and S. intercalatum, Za\u00efre (intermediate host B. globosus) was investigated. Reciprocal crosses between the two forms were performed. F1- and F2-miracidia developed in both parental intermediate hosts. The minimum prepatent period was 24 days at 26 degrees C, an average of the prepatent periods for the two parental strains. The total cercariae production per 100 exposed snails decreased sharply from 121 000 for the parental strain from Cameroun in B. forskalii to 21 000 and 5000 from the F1- and F2-generations, respectively. The figures for S. intercalatum, Za\u00efre in B. globosus were 270 000, 134 000 and 3000, respectively. F1- and F2-generations were from the cross between males from Cameroun and females from Za\u00efre. The viablility of the four cross-breeding experiments carried out (two with each combinations of the parental strains) were low. It was only possible to obtain F2-cercariae. No miracidia were hatched from eggs produced by the F2-gerneation.", "contents": "Hybridization between different strains of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 from Cameroun and Za\u00efre. The offspring from hybridization experiments between Schistosoma intercalatum, Cameroun (intermediate host Bulinus forskalii) and S. intercalatum, Za\u00efre (intermediate host B. globosus) was investigated. Reciprocal crosses between the two forms were performed. F1- and F2-miracidia developed in both parental intermediate hosts. The minimum prepatent period was 24 days at 26 degrees C, an average of the prepatent periods for the two parental strains. The total cercariae production per 100 exposed snails decreased sharply from 121 000 for the parental strain from Cameroun in B. forskalii to 21 000 and 5000 from the F1- and F2-generations, respectively. The figures for S. intercalatum, Za\u00efre in B. globosus were 270 000, 134 000 and 3000, respectively. F1- and F2-generations were from the cross between males from Cameroun and females from Za\u00efre. The viablility of the four cross-breeding experiments carried out (two with each combinations of the parental strains) were low. It was only possible to obtain F2-cercariae. No miracidia were hatched from eggs produced by the F2-gerneation.", "PMID": 659822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8563", "title": "Egg-laying and hatching rhythms in the monogenean Diplozoon homoion gracile from the southern barbel (Barbus meridionalis).", "content": "Diplozoon homoion gracile from the southern barbel (Barbus meridionalis) displays an egg-laying and an egg hatching rhythm, the latter being more clearly defined. Egg laying continues both day and night but significantly more eggs are laid at night. The oncomiracidia hatch at dusk. If parasite eggs are eaten by the host they pass through the gut undamaged and hatch normally.", "contents": "Egg-laying and hatching rhythms in the monogenean Diplozoon homoion gracile from the southern barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Diplozoon homoion gracile from the southern barbel (Barbus meridionalis) displays an egg-laying and an egg hatching rhythm, the latter being more clearly defined. Egg laying continues both day and night but significantly more eggs are laid at night. The oncomiracidia hatch at dusk. If parasite eggs are eaten by the host they pass through the gut undamaged and hatch normally.", "PMID": 659823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8564", "title": "Allometric growth in three species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize.", "content": "Allometric growth of body proportions and organs is determined for three speciies of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize: Apocreadium mexicanum Manter, 1937 (Apocreadiidae), Pseudocreadium lamelliforme (Linton. 1907) Manter, 1946 (Lepocreadiidae), Paracryptogonimus americanus Manter, 1940 (Cryptogonimidae). These are compared with three other species in which allometric growth has been studied. In all species only the hindbody shows positive growth, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are consistently negative. The body width, posttesticular body, testes, and ovary are positive in some species and negative in others. In some instances the body proportion or organ is growing at the same rate as the body length.", "contents": "Allometric growth in three species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize. Allometric growth of body proportions and organs is determined for three speciies of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize: Apocreadium mexicanum Manter, 1937 (Apocreadiidae), Pseudocreadium lamelliforme (Linton. 1907) Manter, 1946 (Lepocreadiidae), Paracryptogonimus americanus Manter, 1940 (Cryptogonimidae). These are compared with three other species in which allometric growth has been studied. In all species only the hindbody shows positive growth, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are consistently negative. The body width, posttesticular body, testes, and ovary are positive in some species and negative in others. In some instances the body proportion or organ is growing at the same rate as the body length.", "PMID": 659824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8565", "title": "New schistorophine nematodes (Acuraiidae) from New Zealand shore birds.", "content": "Viktorocara torea and Sciadiocara tarapunga n. spp. are described from specimens from the gizzards of Haematopus ostralegus finschi and Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus respectively. All hosts were collected in the South Island, New Zealand. V. torea is characterised by the possession of doubly bifid apices to the long spicule and absence of a subterminal spicular spur; presence of six preanal papillae, the first and second widely spaced: the muscular region of the oesophagus constituting about one quarter of the total length of the oesophagus. S. tarapunga is similar to S. umbellifera, but differs in having the muscular region of the oesophagus shorter than the glandular region, a more slender body in both sexes, much smaller spicules (78--91 micrometer and 275--359 micrometer) with the right spicule not more than one-third as long as the left one. The long spicule bears a pair of similar, rounded, laterally placed spatulate apices. It is suggested that Sciadiocara umbellifera of previous authors may encompass more than one species.", "contents": "New schistorophine nematodes (Acuraiidae) from New Zealand shore birds. Viktorocara torea and Sciadiocara tarapunga n. spp. are described from specimens from the gizzards of Haematopus ostralegus finschi and Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus respectively. All hosts were collected in the South Island, New Zealand. V. torea is characterised by the possession of doubly bifid apices to the long spicule and absence of a subterminal spicular spur; presence of six preanal papillae, the first and second widely spaced: the muscular region of the oesophagus constituting about one quarter of the total length of the oesophagus. S. tarapunga is similar to S. umbellifera, but differs in having the muscular region of the oesophagus shorter than the glandular region, a more slender body in both sexes, much smaller spicules (78--91 micrometer and 275--359 micrometer) with the right spicule not more than one-third as long as the left one. The long spicule bears a pair of similar, rounded, laterally placed spatulate apices. It is suggested that Sciadiocara umbellifera of previous authors may encompass more than one species.", "PMID": 659825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8566", "title": "Life history of Allocreadium fasciatusi Kakaji, 1969 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) from the freshwater fish Aplocheilus melastigma McClelland.", "content": "The life history of Allocreadium fasicatusi which occurs in the intestine of a freshwater fish Aplocheilus melastigma has been worked out in detail. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate host. The mircadidium hatching out from the eggs attacks the snail and passes throught two generations of rediae. Cercariae are of ophthalmoxiphidiocercous type with very long tail and are identical to Cercariae Indicae XLIX Sewell, 1922. The cercariae penetrate and develop into metaceracriae in the haemecoel of the copepods Mesocyclops leuckarti, Microcyclops varicans and Marcocyclops distructus. Upon ingestion by the definitive host, the metacercariae excst and develop into adults. All the stages in the life cycle are described and the life cycle is compared with other allocreadiid life cycles. The original description of A. fasciatusi is revised and Psilostomum chilkai Chatterji, 1956 from Lates calcalifer is synonymized with it.", "contents": "Life history of Allocreadium fasciatusi Kakaji, 1969 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) from the freshwater fish Aplocheilus melastigma McClelland. The life history of Allocreadium fasicatusi which occurs in the intestine of a freshwater fish Aplocheilus melastigma has been worked out in detail. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate host. The mircadidium hatching out from the eggs attacks the snail and passes throught two generations of rediae. Cercariae are of ophthalmoxiphidiocercous type with very long tail and are identical to Cercariae Indicae XLIX Sewell, 1922. The cercariae penetrate and develop into metaceracriae in the haemecoel of the copepods Mesocyclops leuckarti, Microcyclops varicans and Marcocyclops distructus. Upon ingestion by the definitive host, the metacercariae excst and develop into adults. All the stages in the life cycle are described and the life cycle is compared with other allocreadiid life cycles. The original description of A. fasciatusi is revised and Psilostomum chilkai Chatterji, 1956 from Lates calcalifer is synonymized with it.", "PMID": 659826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8567", "title": "Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural distribution of antibodies to troponin-C and troponin-I in normal and dystrophic chicken skeletal muscle.", "content": "The pectoral muscles from normal and dystrophic chickens were reacted with rabbit antisera to troponin-C and to troponin-I, and the distribution of antibodies was determined by fluorescence microscopy of antibody-stained myofibrils and immuno-electron microscopy of separated I band segments. Chickens of dystrophic strain 308 and control New Hampshire hens were used in this work. Myofibrils which were prepared from both normal and dystrophic muscles and reacted with anti-troponin-I were fluorescent in the I band and A band regions. The Z lines and H zones were unstained. Myofibrils prepared from normal pectoral muscle and treated with anti-troponin-C yielded a pattern of fluorescence similar to that for anti-troponin-I treated myofibrils. However, those myofibrils isolated from dystrophic muscle and reacted with anti-tropinin-C had a weak fluorescence over their entire lengths, and discrete A- and I-band staining was not visible. These results were confirmed by ultrastructural studies of separated I segments reacted with the antisera. It is concluded that in the dystrophic muscle either the antigenic sites of troponin-C are changed which results in a loss of antibody-combining ability or these sites are masked in some way which prevents the reaction with the antibody.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural distribution of antibodies to troponin-C and troponin-I in normal and dystrophic chicken skeletal muscle. The pectoral muscles from normal and dystrophic chickens were reacted with rabbit antisera to troponin-C and to troponin-I, and the distribution of antibodies was determined by fluorescence microscopy of antibody-stained myofibrils and immuno-electron microscopy of separated I band segments. Chickens of dystrophic strain 308 and control New Hampshire hens were used in this work. Myofibrils which were prepared from both normal and dystrophic muscles and reacted with anti-troponin-I were fluorescent in the I band and A band regions. The Z lines and H zones were unstained. Myofibrils prepared from normal pectoral muscle and treated with anti-troponin-C yielded a pattern of fluorescence similar to that for anti-troponin-I treated myofibrils. However, those myofibrils isolated from dystrophic muscle and reacted with anti-tropinin-C had a weak fluorescence over their entire lengths, and discrete A- and I-band staining was not visible. These results were confirmed by ultrastructural studies of separated I segments reacted with the antisera. It is concluded that in the dystrophic muscle either the antigenic sites of troponin-C are changed which results in a loss of antibody-combining ability or these sites are masked in some way which prevents the reaction with the antibody.", "PMID": 659833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8568", "title": "The cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase: fact or artifact?", "content": "In a study of the location of adenylate cyclase activity in rat pancreas with the method of Reik et al. (Science 168:382, 1970), as modified by Howell and Whitfield (J Histochem Cytochem 20:873, 1972) it was found that (a) unspecific staining occurs in rat pancreatic tissue fragments incubated in the Reik-Howell medium in the absence of substrate; (b) addition of adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as substrate, either alone or together with stimulants of rat pancreas adenylate cyclase (secretin. NaF), does not result in increased precipitation; (c) cytochemical incubation of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells and of rat liver and kidney fragments does not lead to substrate-specific precipitation. In subsequent chemical studies we have found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) formation from [alpha32P]AMP-PNP in the presence of rat pancreatic particulate matter is very low in the Reik-Howell medium without lead ions, but is stimulated by addition of lead nitrate (4 mM). Whereas heat-treatment of the particulate matter abolishes all cyclic AMP formation in the absence of lead ions, it actually increases cyclic AMP production in the presence of 4 mM lead nitrate. This indicates that the cyclic AMP formation in the complet Reik-Howell medium occurs by a nonenzymatic mechanism. In addition, this medium shows a tendency to become turbid, particularly when calcium ions are added to the medium, suggesting a possible explanation for the apparently specific cytochemical detection observed by other authors. A revised cytochemical medium, with barium replacing lead and with a pH of 8.9 (optimal for adenylate cyclase with AMP-PNP substrate), leaves rat pancreatic adenylate cyclase activity intact and hormone sensitive, while it is still able to precipitate imidodiphosphate. However, cytochemical incubation of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells in this revised medium in the presence of AMP-PNP and secretin does not yield an electron-dense precipitate, showing that the enzyme activity is to low to produce sufficient imidodiphosphate. These findings throw further doubt on the validity of the cytochemical detection of adenylate cyclase, reported by other investigators, notwithstanding the alleged positive results.", "contents": "The cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase: fact or artifact? In a study of the location of adenylate cyclase activity in rat pancreas with the method of Reik et al. (Science 168:382, 1970), as modified by Howell and Whitfield (J Histochem Cytochem 20:873, 1972) it was found that (a) unspecific staining occurs in rat pancreatic tissue fragments incubated in the Reik-Howell medium in the absence of substrate; (b) addition of adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as substrate, either alone or together with stimulants of rat pancreas adenylate cyclase (secretin. NaF), does not result in increased precipitation; (c) cytochemical incubation of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells and of rat liver and kidney fragments does not lead to substrate-specific precipitation. In subsequent chemical studies we have found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) formation from [alpha32P]AMP-PNP in the presence of rat pancreatic particulate matter is very low in the Reik-Howell medium without lead ions, but is stimulated by addition of lead nitrate (4 mM). Whereas heat-treatment of the particulate matter abolishes all cyclic AMP formation in the absence of lead ions, it actually increases cyclic AMP production in the presence of 4 mM lead nitrate. This indicates that the cyclic AMP formation in the complet Reik-Howell medium occurs by a nonenzymatic mechanism. In addition, this medium shows a tendency to become turbid, particularly when calcium ions are added to the medium, suggesting a possible explanation for the apparently specific cytochemical detection observed by other authors. A revised cytochemical medium, with barium replacing lead and with a pH of 8.9 (optimal for adenylate cyclase with AMP-PNP substrate), leaves rat pancreatic adenylate cyclase activity intact and hormone sensitive, while it is still able to precipitate imidodiphosphate. However, cytochemical incubation of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells in this revised medium in the presence of AMP-PNP and secretin does not yield an electron-dense precipitate, showing that the enzyme activity is to low to produce sufficient imidodiphosphate. These findings throw further doubt on the validity of the cytochemical detection of adenylate cyclase, reported by other investigators, notwithstanding the alleged positive results.", "PMID": 659835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8569", "title": "A detection method for lactic dehydrogenase activity in the inner ear.", "content": "A method for the detection of lactic dehydrogenase enzymatic activity in outer hair cells of the rabbit is described. The membranous labyrinth with temporal bone was prefixed in glutaraldehyde. After being placed into the incubation medium, it was postfixed in osmium tetroxide. Specimens of the organ of Corti were removed. Then the specimens were embedded in water-soluble glycol and cut with a cryostat for light microscopy, and also they were embedded in Epon and cut for light and electron microscopy. Sectioning of the membranous labyrinth was very easily made when the specimens were embedded in both the water-soluble glycol and the Epon. The structures of the frozen sections as well as the Epon-embedded ones were well preserved. In the frozen sections the preservation and localization of reaction products were thoroughly kept, but monoformazan of the Epon-embedded sections was soluble.", "contents": "A detection method for lactic dehydrogenase activity in the inner ear. A method for the detection of lactic dehydrogenase enzymatic activity in outer hair cells of the rabbit is described. The membranous labyrinth with temporal bone was prefixed in glutaraldehyde. After being placed into the incubation medium, it was postfixed in osmium tetroxide. Specimens of the organ of Corti were removed. Then the specimens were embedded in water-soluble glycol and cut with a cryostat for light microscopy, and also they were embedded in Epon and cut for light and electron microscopy. Sectioning of the membranous labyrinth was very easily made when the specimens were embedded in both the water-soluble glycol and the Epon. The structures of the frozen sections as well as the Epon-embedded ones were well preserved. In the frozen sections the preservation and localization of reaction products were thoroughly kept, but monoformazan of the Epon-embedded sections was soluble.", "PMID": 659836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8570", "title": "Gene activation of alcohol dehydrogenase in danio hybrids.", "content": "The regulation of alleles encoding the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was investigated in F1Brachydanio hybrids (zebra danio female x spotted danio male) by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both parental species showed a single, cathodal band of species-specific ADH. During development at 26 degrees C, hybrid fry showed a preferential activation of the maternally derived Adh allele. It is suggested that the low activity of the paternally derived allele may result from an incompatibility between maternal regulatory factors and the paternal regulative element controlling gene expression.", "contents": "Gene activation of alcohol dehydrogenase in danio hybrids. The regulation of alleles encoding the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was investigated in F1Brachydanio hybrids (zebra danio female x spotted danio male) by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both parental species showed a single, cathodal band of species-specific ADH. During development at 26 degrees C, hybrid fry showed a preferential activation of the maternally derived Adh allele. It is suggested that the low activity of the paternally derived allele may result from an incompatibility between maternal regulatory factors and the paternal regulative element controlling gene expression.", "PMID": 659831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8571", "title": "A new dynamic model system for the study of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in cytochemistry. I. Description of the model with special attention to phosphate capture in acid phosphatase cytochemistry.", "content": "A model system is described for the investigation of the dynamics of precipitation processes in a matrix. In this system a solution containing the molecular species to be precipitated and the precipitating medium are pumped along opposite sides of a polyacrylamide film. The solutions flowing continuously along the film, interact and can form a precipitate inside the film. The applicability of the model was tested on the capture reaction for phosphate ions by the Gomori type medium for acid phosphatase. Precipitation of lead phosphate in the film occurred only at a phosphate concentration above a certain value. The dependence of this minimal phosphate concentration on various parameters was studied and the results were compared with values found in earlier model studies and calculations concerning phosphate concentrations that can be built up in lysosomes during the Gomori reaction. The system seems promising for obtaining fundamental data about other cytochemical enzyme trapping reactions as well as for the matrix facotrs involved in bone calcification and shell formation.", "contents": "A new dynamic model system for the study of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in cytochemistry. I. Description of the model with special attention to phosphate capture in acid phosphatase cytochemistry. A model system is described for the investigation of the dynamics of precipitation processes in a matrix. In this system a solution containing the molecular species to be precipitated and the precipitating medium are pumped along opposite sides of a polyacrylamide film. The solutions flowing continuously along the film, interact and can form a precipitate inside the film. The applicability of the model was tested on the capture reaction for phosphate ions by the Gomori type medium for acid phosphatase. Precipitation of lead phosphate in the film occurred only at a phosphate concentration above a certain value. The dependence of this minimal phosphate concentration on various parameters was studied and the results were compared with values found in earlier model studies and calculations concerning phosphate concentrations that can be built up in lysosomes during the Gomori reaction. The system seems promising for obtaining fundamental data about other cytochemical enzyme trapping reactions as well as for the matrix facotrs involved in bone calcification and shell formation.", "PMID": 659837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8572", "title": "Characterization of rat bone marrow lymphoid cells. I. A study of the distribution parameters of sedimentation velocity, volume and electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "Various cell populations in rat bone marrow were characterized by means of a two dimensional separation using velocity sedimentation and free flow electrophoresis and by electrical sizing of the separated cells. Up to 4.5 mm/hr five different populations with discrete distributions in volume (coefficient of variation  10% to 13%) and sedimentation velocity (coefficient of variation 6% to 10%) were observed. Three of the small sized populations represented lymphocytes and small normoblasts and two of the larger sized populations represented myeloid cells. Almost all of these cells were in the G0/G1 cycle phase. In the faster sedimenting fractions which contained immature myeloid, erythroid and undefined blast cells and two S phase populations, discrete volume distributions were not evaluated. The cell populations with homogeneous volume (particularly the small lymphocytes) showed high density variations which condiserably impair the separation resolution. The cells sedimenting slower than 3.5 mm/hr were further separated by means of free flow electrophoresis into three peaks differing in electrophoretic mobility (EPM). The peaks of low and high EPM contained two populations and the peak of medium EPM contained three populations all characterized by normal volume distributions of uniform coefficient of variation between 11% and 14%. The small cells in the peaks of high and medium EPM were normolblasts and the other cells were lymphocytes. The biological significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of rat bone marrow lymphoid cells. I. A study of the distribution parameters of sedimentation velocity, volume and electrophoretic mobility. Various cell populations in rat bone marrow were characterized by means of a two dimensional separation using velocity sedimentation and free flow electrophoresis and by electrical sizing of the separated cells. Up to 4.5 mm/hr five different populations with discrete distributions in volume (coefficient of variation  10% to 13%) and sedimentation velocity (coefficient of variation 6% to 10%) were observed. Three of the small sized populations represented lymphocytes and small normoblasts and two of the larger sized populations represented myeloid cells. Almost all of these cells were in the G0/G1 cycle phase. In the faster sedimenting fractions which contained immature myeloid, erythroid and undefined blast cells and two S phase populations, discrete volume distributions were not evaluated. The cell populations with homogeneous volume (particularly the small lymphocytes) showed high density variations which condiserably impair the separation resolution. The cells sedimenting slower than 3.5 mm/hr were further separated by means of free flow electrophoresis into three peaks differing in electrophoretic mobility (EPM). The peaks of low and high EPM contained two populations and the peak of medium EPM contained three populations all characterized by normal volume distributions of uniform coefficient of variation between 11% and 14%. The small cells in the peaks of high and medium EPM were normolblasts and the other cells were lymphocytes. The biological significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 659838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8573", "title": "Characterization of the estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase by microelectrophoresis.", "content": "Estrogen-dependent peroxidase from rat uterine fluid has been investigated by microelectrophoretic techniques. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been determined in the range of 100,000 by using polyacrylamide gradient gels in the absence and presence of nonionic and anionic detergent. The isoelectric points are located between pH 4.5 and 5.9. Employing the two-dimensional combination of isoelectric focusing and gel gradient electrophoresis, the enzyme was separated into two subunits, one having a molecular weight of 70,000, the other less than 20,000. The large subunit has slight enzymatic activiy, while the smaller subunit may be responsible for the charge difference in the holoenzyme pattern. The glycoprotein pattern of the uterine fluid peroxidase is further defined by its separation by affinity chromatography using a concanavalin A-Sepharose column and by its susceptibility to neuraminidase treatment.", "contents": "Characterization of the estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase by microelectrophoresis. Estrogen-dependent peroxidase from rat uterine fluid has been investigated by microelectrophoretic techniques. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been determined in the range of 100,000 by using polyacrylamide gradient gels in the absence and presence of nonionic and anionic detergent. The isoelectric points are located between pH 4.5 and 5.9. Employing the two-dimensional combination of isoelectric focusing and gel gradient electrophoresis, the enzyme was separated into two subunits, one having a molecular weight of 70,000, the other less than 20,000. The large subunit has slight enzymatic activiy, while the smaller subunit may be responsible for the charge difference in the holoenzyme pattern. The glycoprotein pattern of the uterine fluid peroxidase is further defined by its separation by affinity chromatography using a concanavalin A-Sepharose column and by its susceptibility to neuraminidase treatment.", "PMID": 659839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8574", "title": "Retarded development of noenatal rat lung by maternal malnutrition.", "content": "Inadequate dietary intake during late pregnancy may have significant effects on the developing fetal lung which undergoes rapid cellular multiplication and differentiation shortly before birth. The morphology, glycogen distribution and acid phosphatase activity in normal and starved neonatal rats have been studied sequentially, by using histochemical and cytochemical methods. It has been shown that the normal pattern of lung growth and enzymatic development is retarded in neonates of malnourished mothers. A slowed rate of cellular division and differentiation in the critical prenatal period resulted in a more immature air-blood barrier at birth, with glycogen retention by some epithelial cells. Delayed Type 2 cell maturation with diminished acid phosphatase activity suggests a decrease in surfactant production in the malnourished newborn. In addition, fewer alveolar macrophages with reduced acid phosphatase activity were observed in the perinatal period of starved rats; this finding might have implications for the handling of inhaled bacteria shortly after birth. These results indicate that nutritional status of the mother has a marked effect on fetal lung growth and development by inhibiting cellular proliferation, differentiation and enzyme development by epithelial and macrophagic cells.", "contents": "Retarded development of noenatal rat lung by maternal malnutrition. Inadequate dietary intake during late pregnancy may have significant effects on the developing fetal lung which undergoes rapid cellular multiplication and differentiation shortly before birth. The morphology, glycogen distribution and acid phosphatase activity in normal and starved neonatal rats have been studied sequentially, by using histochemical and cytochemical methods. It has been shown that the normal pattern of lung growth and enzymatic development is retarded in neonates of malnourished mothers. A slowed rate of cellular division and differentiation in the critical prenatal period resulted in a more immature air-blood barrier at birth, with glycogen retention by some epithelial cells. Delayed Type 2 cell maturation with diminished acid phosphatase activity suggests a decrease in surfactant production in the malnourished newborn. In addition, fewer alveolar macrophages with reduced acid phosphatase activity were observed in the perinatal period of starved rats; this finding might have implications for the handling of inhaled bacteria shortly after birth. These results indicate that nutritional status of the mother has a marked effect on fetal lung growth and development by inhibiting cellular proliferation, differentiation and enzyme development by epithelial and macrophagic cells.", "PMID": 659840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8575", "title": "Peroxidase-positive endothelial cells in sinusoids of the mouse liver.", "content": "The cytochemical localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in sinus lining cells of mouse liver has been investigated. Kupffer cells, as identified by their exclusive ability to phagocytize large (0.8 micron) latex particles, exhibited strong peroxidase activity in nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, weak to moderate peroxidase activity was found in 57% of all endothelial cells. The enzyme in endothelial cells was also localized in nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum, with a negative reaction in the Golgi apparatus. These observations indicate that peroxidase staining, as a marker for identification of Kupffer cells in mouse liver, is only of limited value and should be used in conjunction with other methods (e.g., latex phagocytosis).", "contents": "Peroxidase-positive endothelial cells in sinusoids of the mouse liver. The cytochemical localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in sinus lining cells of mouse liver has been investigated. Kupffer cells, as identified by their exclusive ability to phagocytize large (0.8 micron) latex particles, exhibited strong peroxidase activity in nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, weak to moderate peroxidase activity was found in 57% of all endothelial cells. The enzyme in endothelial cells was also localized in nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum, with a negative reaction in the Golgi apparatus. These observations indicate that peroxidase staining, as a marker for identification of Kupffer cells in mouse liver, is only of limited value and should be used in conjunction with other methods (e.g., latex phagocytosis).", "PMID": 659841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8576", "title": "A study of perceptions of rights and needs in interpersonal conflicts in homosexual relationships.", "content": "A pilot study was conducted to examine the issues of rights and needs in the interpersonal conflicts of couples of the same biological sexual orientation. The sample consisted of 91 men and 34 women who described conflict incidents that occurred in their relationships. The right most frequently perceived as an issue was participation in decision making. The need most frequently perceived as an issue was power. Issues were perceived more frequently as psychological needs rather than democratic rights. Almost no conflicts were resolved through negotiation.", "contents": "A study of perceptions of rights and needs in interpersonal conflicts in homosexual relationships. A pilot study was conducted to examine the issues of rights and needs in the interpersonal conflicts of couples of the same biological sexual orientation. The sample consisted of 91 men and 34 women who described conflict incidents that occurred in their relationships. The right most frequently perceived as an issue was participation in decision making. The need most frequently perceived as an issue was power. Issues were perceived more frequently as psychological needs rather than democratic rights. Almost no conflicts were resolved through negotiation.", "PMID": 659842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8577", "title": "Satisfaction in male homosexual couples.", "content": "Little information exists regarding factors in the satisfaction and stability of male homosexual relationships. On the basis of interviews with 14 male couples an open-ended questionnaire was developed concerning gay couples' relationships. This questionnaire and a modified version of the Marital Relationship Inventory, called here the Couples Relationship Inventory (CRI), were administered to 28 couples who described themselves as in a primary, relatively long-term relationship. Couples' descriptions of the successfulness of their relationships in conventional, heterosexual-oriented terms on the CRI were similar to their descriptions on the more homosexual-oriented, open-ended questionnaire. The study is seen as providing a point of departure for future research on gay relationships and the behavior transactions that may differentiate satisfying from unsatisfying relationships.", "contents": "Satisfaction in male homosexual couples. Little information exists regarding factors in the satisfaction and stability of male homosexual relationships. On the basis of interviews with 14 male couples an open-ended questionnaire was developed concerning gay couples' relationships. This questionnaire and a modified version of the Marital Relationship Inventory, called here the Couples Relationship Inventory (CRI), were administered to 28 couples who described themselves as in a primary, relatively long-term relationship. Couples' descriptions of the successfulness of their relationships in conventional, heterosexual-oriented terms on the CRI were similar to their descriptions on the more homosexual-oriented, open-ended questionnaire. The study is seen as providing a point of departure for future research on gay relationships and the behavior transactions that may differentiate satisfying from unsatisfying relationships.", "PMID": 659843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8578", "title": "The identification of the social sex-role stereotypes.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to identify the social sex-role stereotypes that exist in the nation. The hypothesis for this study was that the stereotypes for femininity and masculinity are dimorphous. To determine the extent of dimorphism, four social sex-role stereotypes were examined: masculine men, feminine women, feminine men, and masculine women. Three hundred female and male respondents from all regions of the nation, who varied in age, ethnicity, education, sexual orientation, and social sex-role, completed a questionnaire by listing the characteristics people expected a masculine man, a feminine woman, a feminine man, and a masculine woman to have. The results supported the hypothesis that the stereotypes for femininity and masculinity are dimorphous.", "contents": "The identification of the social sex-role stereotypes. The purpose of this study was to identify the social sex-role stereotypes that exist in the nation. The hypothesis for this study was that the stereotypes for femininity and masculinity are dimorphous. To determine the extent of dimorphism, four social sex-role stereotypes were examined: masculine men, feminine women, feminine men, and masculine women. Three hundred female and male respondents from all regions of the nation, who varied in age, ethnicity, education, sexual orientation, and social sex-role, completed a questionnaire by listing the characteristics people expected a masculine man, a feminine woman, a feminine man, and a masculine woman to have. The results supported the hypothesis that the stereotypes for femininity and masculinity are dimorphous.", "PMID": 659844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8579", "title": "Methodology for studying discrimination based on sexual orientation and social sex-role stereotypes.", "content": "This article presents the methodology used in collecting data for the study of the relationship of sexual orientation and social sex-role to the protection of civil liberties. The methodology is designed to determine how departures in sexual orientation and social sex-role are the basis for the abridgment of civil liberties. Departure in sexual orientation is defined as physical sexual activity involving individuals of the same sex. Departure in social sex-role stereotypes is defined as departing from or conforming to the feminine stereotype for men, the feminine stereotype for women, the masculine sterotype for men, and the masculine stereotype for women.", "contents": "Methodology for studying discrimination based on sexual orientation and social sex-role stereotypes. This article presents the methodology used in collecting data for the study of the relationship of sexual orientation and social sex-role to the protection of civil liberties. The methodology is designed to determine how departures in sexual orientation and social sex-role are the basis for the abridgment of civil liberties. Departure in sexual orientation is defined as physical sexual activity involving individuals of the same sex. Departure in social sex-role stereotypes is defined as departing from or conforming to the feminine stereotype for men, the feminine stereotype for women, the masculine sterotype for men, and the masculine stereotype for women.", "PMID": 659845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8580", "title": "The relationship of assumption and knowledge of the homosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties.", "content": "This article is concerned with the relationship of assumption or knowledge of departure from the heterosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology for obtaining data on sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation are provided. The results indicated that: (a) the most frequently violated civil liberties were equality and procedural due process; (b) there was more assumption than knowledge of sexual orientation; (c) patterns of violations of civil liberties were similar whether sexual orientation was known or assumed; and (d) there was much more use of avoidance than any other mode of resolution, both when the sexual orientation was known and when it was assumed.", "contents": "The relationship of assumption and knowledge of the homosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties. This article is concerned with the relationship of assumption or knowledge of departure from the heterosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology for obtaining data on sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation are provided. The results indicated that: (a) the most frequently violated civil liberties were equality and procedural due process; (b) there was more assumption than knowledge of sexual orientation; (c) patterns of violations of civil liberties were similar whether sexual orientation was known or assumed; and (d) there was much more use of avoidance than any other mode of resolution, both when the sexual orientation was known and when it was assumed.", "PMID": 659846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8581", "title": "The relationship of departures in social sex-role to the abridgment of civil liberties.", "content": "This article examines the relationship of departures from the feminine stereotype for women and the masculine stereotype for men to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology is described for determining conformity to and departures from social sex-role stereotypes. Results show that: (a) there was more conformity than departure from social sex-role stereotypes; (b) there were proportionately more violations of the right of equality for those who departed; (c) sexual orientation was more often known for those who departed; (d) biological sex was not related to the violations of particular civil liberties for those who departed; and (e) for modes of conflict resolution, there was proportionately more use of avoidance by those who departed.", "contents": "The relationship of departures in social sex-role to the abridgment of civil liberties. This article examines the relationship of departures from the feminine stereotype for women and the masculine stereotype for men to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology is described for determining conformity to and departures from social sex-role stereotypes. Results show that: (a) there was more conformity than departure from social sex-role stereotypes; (b) there were proportionately more violations of the right of equality for those who departed; (c) sexual orientation was more often known for those who departed; (d) biological sex was not related to the violations of particular civil liberties for those who departed; and (e) for modes of conflict resolution, there was proportionately more use of avoidance by those who departed.", "PMID": 659847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8582", "title": "Attitudes toward homosexuality and femininity in men.", "content": "College students were asked to express their liking for a male stimulus person who was described as either heterosexual or homosexual and as masculine or feminine. Subjects disliked the homosexual man more than the heterosexual man, regardless of his gender attributes. Subjects did not, however, consistently dislike the feminine man more than the masculine man. The feminine heterosexual man was liked less than the masculine heterosexual man, but the feminine homosexual man was liked more than the masculine homosexual man. These results cast doubt on earlier notions that homosexual people are disliked because of their presumed inappropriate gender attributes. Instead, it appears that homosexual men are disliked even more if they violate the feminine stereotype. Reasons for this effect are proposed.", "contents": "Attitudes toward homosexuality and femininity in men. College students were asked to express their liking for a male stimulus person who was described as either heterosexual or homosexual and as masculine or feminine. Subjects disliked the homosexual man more than the heterosexual man, regardless of his gender attributes. Subjects did not, however, consistently dislike the feminine man more than the masculine man. The feminine heterosexual man was liked less than the masculine heterosexual man, but the feminine homosexual man was liked more than the masculine homosexual man. These results cast doubt on earlier notions that homosexual people are disliked because of their presumed inappropriate gender attributes. Instead, it appears that homosexual men are disliked even more if they violate the feminine stereotype. Reasons for this effect are proposed.", "PMID": 659848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8583", "title": "Lesbianism in female and coed correctional institutions.", "content": "Questionnaire responses from 13- to 17-year-old girls in four all-female and three coed institutions were used to determine rates and causes of institutional homosexuality. Rates were as high in coed as in single-sexed institutions. The overall rates of homosexuality for all seven institutions were 14% for \"going with or being married\" to another girl, 10% for passionately kissing, 10% for writing love letters, and 7% for having sex, beyond hugging and kissing, with another girl. The data suggest that previous homosexuality, often experienced in other correctional programs, explains much of the variance in institutional homosexuality.", "contents": "Lesbianism in female and coed correctional institutions. Questionnaire responses from 13- to 17-year-old girls in four all-female and three coed institutions were used to determine rates and causes of institutional homosexuality. Rates were as high in coed as in single-sexed institutions. The overall rates of homosexuality for all seven institutions were 14% for \"going with or being married\" to another girl, 10% for passionately kissing, 10% for writing love letters, and 7% for having sex, beyond hugging and kissing, with another girl. The data suggest that previous homosexuality, often experienced in other correctional programs, explains much of the variance in institutional homosexuality.", "PMID": 659849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8584", "title": "Nonreproduction, homosexuality, transsexualism, and intelligence: I. A systematic literature search.", "content": "The relationship between various forms of nonreproduction (especially homosexuality) and intelligence (as measured by IQ and other tests) is investigated by a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies without regard to the direction of their findings. Most studies found the more homosexual subject groups' scores to be higher than those of the more heterosexual controls, and all exceptions to this trend are concentrated in one subgroup: prisoners. Moreover, the more representative the sample studied, and the less subject to challenge the methodology used, the clearer and more statistically significant was the superiority in intelligence of the more homosexual over the more heterosexual group.", "contents": "Nonreproduction, homosexuality, transsexualism, and intelligence: I. A systematic literature search. The relationship between various forms of nonreproduction (especially homosexuality) and intelligence (as measured by IQ and other tests) is investigated by a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies without regard to the direction of their findings. Most studies found the more homosexual subject groups' scores to be higher than those of the more heterosexual controls, and all exceptions to this trend are concentrated in one subgroup: prisoners. Moreover, the more representative the sample studied, and the less subject to challenge the methodology used, the clearer and more statistically significant was the superiority in intelligence of the more homosexual over the more heterosexual group.", "PMID": 659850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8585", "title": "Psychotropic agents in the management of chronic pain.", "content": "In recent years some psychotropic drugs have become useful aids in the management of chronic pain. In this paper these agents will be reviewed with respect to their mode of action, their indications and dosages. Problems in the assessment of their analgesic effects will be discussed.", "contents": "Psychotropic agents in the management of chronic pain. In recent years some psychotropic drugs have become useful aids in the management of chronic pain. In this paper these agents will be reviewed with respect to their mode of action, their indications and dosages. Problems in the assessment of their analgesic effects will be discussed.", "PMID": 659851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8586", "title": "Pain as abnormal illness behaviour.", "content": "In this article, the concept of abnormal illness behaviour is described, and chronic pain syndromes which represent variants of such behaviour are reviewed. Research using the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire has helped to elucidate aspects of chronic pain states, especially where a discrepancy exists between the patient's illness behaviour and the objectively assessed somatic pathology. Some comments are offered concerning the management of patients showing abnormal illness behaviour.", "contents": "Pain as abnormal illness behaviour. In this article, the concept of abnormal illness behaviour is described, and chronic pain syndromes which represent variants of such behaviour are reviewed. Research using the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire has helped to elucidate aspects of chronic pain states, especially where a discrepancy exists between the patient's illness behaviour and the objectively assessed somatic pathology. Some comments are offered concerning the management of patients showing abnormal illness behaviour.", "PMID": 659852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8587", "title": "Hospital stress and patient reports of pain and physical status.", "content": "The Hospital Stress Rating Scale was used to measure stress due to the experience of hospitalization for 535 medical and surgical patients in a community hospital. Patients were also asked to rate the pain they experienced on a pain thermometer, and a recovery inventory was used to score patient self-reports of their physical status, both during hospitalization and subsequent to discharge. With statistical control for patient characteristics correlated with self-reports of pain and physical status, associations between hospital stress and these variables were observed. Patients scoring high in hospital stress tended to report more pain, lower physical status during hospitalization, and less improvement after discharge than patients scoring low in hospital stress.", "contents": "Hospital stress and patient reports of pain and physical status. The Hospital Stress Rating Scale was used to measure stress due to the experience of hospitalization for 535 medical and surgical patients in a community hospital. Patients were also asked to rate the pain they experienced on a pain thermometer, and a recovery inventory was used to score patient self-reports of their physical status, both during hospitalization and subsequent to discharge. With statistical control for patient characteristics correlated with self-reports of pain and physical status, associations between hospital stress and these variables were observed. Patients scoring high in hospital stress tended to report more pain, lower physical status during hospitalization, and less improvement after discharge than patients scoring low in hospital stress.", "PMID": 659853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8588", "title": "Diagnosis of the patient with chronic pain.", "content": "The problems of classification of pain syndromes are briefly reviewed. A completely satisfactory taxonomy of pain has to be exhaustive and its categories must be mutually exclusive. This is not feasible in medicine in general and even less so in regard to pain which requires classification using several axes. Practical groupings of syndromes can be made which are helpful clinically. A list of these is provided, and principles which apply to the clinical investigation of patients with pain are stated.", "contents": "Diagnosis of the patient with chronic pain. The problems of classification of pain syndromes are briefly reviewed. A completely satisfactory taxonomy of pain has to be exhaustive and its categories must be mutually exclusive. This is not feasible in medicine in general and even less so in regard to pain which requires classification using several axes. Practical groupings of syndromes can be made which are helpful clinically. A list of these is provided, and principles which apply to the clinical investigation of patients with pain are stated.", "PMID": 659854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8589", "title": "Stress responses in male and female engineering students.", "content": "Male and female engineering students were studies under stress induced by a congnitive-conflict task and in a control condition spent in inactivity. The results showed that (a) in the control condition the sexes did not differ in adrenaline, noradrenaline or cortisol excretion, whereas heart rate was significantly higher in the females; (b) adrenaline excretion and heart rate increased significantly in both sexes during stress; (c) the rise in adrenaline excretion was more pronounced in the males, whereas the rise in heart rate was significantly greater in the females; (d) cortisol excretion increased significantly during stress in the male group only; and (e) self-estimates of effort and performance were consistently higher and increased more over time in the males than in the females, bu these sex differences on the subjective level were not reflected in actual performance. The interaction of biological and social factors in the development of sex differences in stress reactions is discussed.", "contents": "Stress responses in male and female engineering students. Male and female engineering students were studies under stress induced by a congnitive-conflict task and in a control condition spent in inactivity. The results showed that (a) in the control condition the sexes did not differ in adrenaline, noradrenaline or cortisol excretion, whereas heart rate was significantly higher in the females; (b) adrenaline excretion and heart rate increased significantly in both sexes during stress; (c) the rise in adrenaline excretion was more pronounced in the males, whereas the rise in heart rate was significantly greater in the females; (d) cortisol excretion increased significantly during stress in the male group only; and (e) self-estimates of effort and performance were consistently higher and increased more over time in the males than in the females, bu these sex differences on the subjective level were not reflected in actual performance. The interaction of biological and social factors in the development of sex differences in stress reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 659855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8590", "title": "A therapeutic milieu for chronic pain patients.", "content": "Traditional means of treating chronic pain have been unsuccessful in a discouraging number of cases. Pain centers have appeared within the last few years, offering a more comprehensive view of the whole pain problem. Pain centers address pain as a multifaceted event with social, economic, physiological, and psychological representations. In addition, the pain center constructs an atmosphere that provides every opportunity for reduction of pain, while minimizing those factors that tend to encourage its expression. Such a venture calls for a multidisciplinary approach; it further demands a rather sophisticated grasp of numerous factors which do not necessarily lend themselves to discussion with a single vocabulary. This paper will attempt to describe a number of conceptual models of chronic pain and to demonstrate how each of these models is addressed therapeutically in a multidisciplinary pain center millieu.", "contents": "A therapeutic milieu for chronic pain patients. Traditional means of treating chronic pain have been unsuccessful in a discouraging number of cases. Pain centers have appeared within the last few years, offering a more comprehensive view of the whole pain problem. Pain centers address pain as a multifaceted event with social, economic, physiological, and psychological representations. In addition, the pain center constructs an atmosphere that provides every opportunity for reduction of pain, while minimizing those factors that tend to encourage its expression. Such a venture calls for a multidisciplinary approach; it further demands a rather sophisticated grasp of numerous factors which do not necessarily lend themselves to discussion with a single vocabulary. This paper will attempt to describe a number of conceptual models of chronic pain and to demonstrate how each of these models is addressed therapeutically in a multidisciplinary pain center millieu.", "PMID": 659856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8591", "title": "The binding of murine immunoglobulins to staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "The binding of murine IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 protein molecules to Staphylococcal A protein is presented. Differential elution by sodium thiocyanate gradients is described. Proteins of the IgG2 class (either a or b subclass) require between 1.5 and 2.0 M for complete elution, whereas, IgG1 proteins are fully eluted with only 0.5 M NaSCN. These differential elution patterns can be utilized to distinguish between, or prepare proteins of different Ig classes. It is proposed that this quantitative rather than qualitative distinction between Ig subclass binding to Staph A, indicates the existence of multiple binding sites per molecule, with different markers of such sites being present on the heavy chain of the different Ig classes.", "contents": "The binding of murine immunoglobulins to staphylococcal protein A. The binding of murine IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 protein molecules to Staphylococcal A protein is presented. Differential elution by sodium thiocyanate gradients is described. Proteins of the IgG2 class (either a or b subclass) require between 1.5 and 2.0 M for complete elution, whereas, IgG1 proteins are fully eluted with only 0.5 M NaSCN. These differential elution patterns can be utilized to distinguish between, or prepare proteins of different Ig classes. It is proposed that this quantitative rather than qualitative distinction between Ig subclass binding to Staph A, indicates the existence of multiple binding sites per molecule, with different markers of such sites being present on the heavy chain of the different Ig classes.", "PMID": 659858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8592", "title": "Normal mouse serum immunosuppressive activity: action on adherent cells.", "content": "The immunosuppressive activity of normal mouse serum (NMS) was evaluated by enumeration of primary in vitro plaque-forming cell response produced by normal spleen cell suspensions in response to sheep erythrocytes. The site of action of the inhibitor(s) was shown to be at the level of adherent cells since incubation of this cell type with NMS could reproducibly inhibit responses, whereas, in appropriate experiments, incubation of nonadherent cells with NMS had no effect. Furthermore, addition to normal spleen cells of excess spleen-adherent cells, normal peritoneal adherent cells, or of 2-mercaptoethanol could abrogate the inhibitory ability of NMS. Addition of excess nonadherent cells under the same conditions had no influence on inhibition. NMS was also shown to decrease the number of cell clusters, hemolytic clusters, and the number of nucleated cells recovered upon culture termination. It is suggested that NMS, acting on the adherent cell may hinder cell-to-cell contact and interactions.", "contents": "Normal mouse serum immunosuppressive activity: action on adherent cells. The immunosuppressive activity of normal mouse serum (NMS) was evaluated by enumeration of primary in vitro plaque-forming cell response produced by normal spleen cell suspensions in response to sheep erythrocytes. The site of action of the inhibitor(s) was shown to be at the level of adherent cells since incubation of this cell type with NMS could reproducibly inhibit responses, whereas, in appropriate experiments, incubation of nonadherent cells with NMS had no effect. Furthermore, addition to normal spleen cells of excess spleen-adherent cells, normal peritoneal adherent cells, or of 2-mercaptoethanol could abrogate the inhibitory ability of NMS. Addition of excess nonadherent cells under the same conditions had no influence on inhibition. NMS was also shown to decrease the number of cell clusters, hemolytic clusters, and the number of nucleated cells recovered upon culture termination. It is suggested that NMS, acting on the adherent cell may hinder cell-to-cell contact and interactions.", "PMID": 659860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8593", "title": "Suppression of mitogen-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells by macrophages from chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus.", "content": "Spleen cells from chickens 7 days after inoculation with Marek's disease virus (MDV) responded poorly to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Addition of these cells to syngeneic normal spleen cells caused of marked suppression of the PHA response of the normal cells. The MDV spleen cells also inhibited the DNA synthesis of MSB-1 lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. The suppressive activity is attributed to the presence in MDV spleen cells of a population of suppressor cells with characteristics typical of macrophages. The suppressor cell activity was not removable by treatment with anti-T or anti-B serum with C, but it was reversible by treatment with carrageenan or carbonyl iron/magnet, by passage through glass wool column, and by adherence to plastic Petri dishes. The adherent MDV spleen cells also showed strong suppressor cell activity against syngeneic normal spleen cells.", "contents": "Suppression of mitogen-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells by macrophages from chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus. Spleen cells from chickens 7 days after inoculation with Marek's disease virus (MDV) responded poorly to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Addition of these cells to syngeneic normal spleen cells caused of marked suppression of the PHA response of the normal cells. The MDV spleen cells also inhibited the DNA synthesis of MSB-1 lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. The suppressive activity is attributed to the presence in MDV spleen cells of a population of suppressor cells with characteristics typical of macrophages. The suppressor cell activity was not removable by treatment with anti-T or anti-B serum with C, but it was reversible by treatment with carrageenan or carbonyl iron/magnet, by passage through glass wool column, and by adherence to plastic Petri dishes. The adherent MDV spleen cells also showed strong suppressor cell activity against syngeneic normal spleen cells.", "PMID": 659861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8594", "title": "Tumor cell cytostasis by macrophages and antibody in vitro. II. Isolation and characterization of suppressed cells.", "content": "Tumor cells in a cytostatic state caused by macrophages and antibody were isolated. Such suppressed cells excluded vital dye, incorporated uridine and leucine, and metabolized glucose. They did not, however incorporate thymidine, nor did they resume cell division in culture. During prolonged culture, these cells eventually died. In this system, cytostasis was an all-or-nothing phenomenon at the level of the individual cell. Once in the cytostatic state tumor cells did not resume proliferation.", "contents": "Tumor cell cytostasis by macrophages and antibody in vitro. II. Isolation and characterization of suppressed cells. Tumor cells in a cytostatic state caused by macrophages and antibody were isolated. Such suppressed cells excluded vital dye, incorporated uridine and leucine, and metabolized glucose. They did not, however incorporate thymidine, nor did they resume cell division in culture. During prolonged culture, these cells eventually died. In this system, cytostasis was an all-or-nothing phenomenon at the level of the individual cell. Once in the cytostatic state tumor cells did not resume proliferation.", "PMID": 659862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8595", "title": "Trypan blue inhibits complement-mediated phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Trypan blue completely inhibited attachment of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to Sepharose beads coated with C3 ant to sheep erythrocytes coated with IgM plus C3, but it did not inhibit attachment to erythrocytes coated with IgG. These results suggested that trypan blue inhibited C-mediated attachment to PMN membranes. Corroborative studies were performed with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that requires C but not antibody, for opsonization and that activates the alternative pathway. Trypan blue was not toxic to PMN or bacteria, did nto interfere with immunoglobulin or C interactions, and did not affect attachment of opsonins to bacteria. However, the dye impaired PMN killing of S. aureus in normal nonimmune serum by inhibiting bacterial attachment to and ingestion by PMN. Further evidence that the inhibition was at the C3 receptor level came from the observations that, 1) once staphylococci were attached to PMN at either 37 degrees C or 0 degrees C, addition of trypan blue did not inhibit killing; and 2) trypan blue inhibited killing of bacteria opsonized with serum sufficient in C but previously absorbed at 0 degrees C with the same strain of organism to deplete specific antibody. Further studies with this agent may elucidate the roles of opsonic receptors on human phagocytes.", "contents": "Trypan blue inhibits complement-mediated phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Trypan blue completely inhibited attachment of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to Sepharose beads coated with C3 ant to sheep erythrocytes coated with IgM plus C3, but it did not inhibit attachment to erythrocytes coated with IgG. These results suggested that trypan blue inhibited C-mediated attachment to PMN membranes. Corroborative studies were performed with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that requires C but not antibody, for opsonization and that activates the alternative pathway. Trypan blue was not toxic to PMN or bacteria, did nto interfere with immunoglobulin or C interactions, and did not affect attachment of opsonins to bacteria. However, the dye impaired PMN killing of S. aureus in normal nonimmune serum by inhibiting bacterial attachment to and ingestion by PMN. Further evidence that the inhibition was at the C3 receptor level came from the observations that, 1) once staphylococci were attached to PMN at either 37 degrees C or 0 degrees C, addition of trypan blue did not inhibit killing; and 2) trypan blue inhibited killing of bacteria opsonized with serum sufficient in C but previously absorbed at 0 degrees C with the same strain of organism to deplete specific antibody. Further studies with this agent may elucidate the roles of opsonic receptors on human phagocytes.", "PMID": 659863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8596", "title": "Specific suppression of anti-hapten reaginic antibody titers with hapten-coated liposomes.", "content": "Reaginic antibodies to DNP and ovalbumin (OA) were induced in B6D2F1 mice by a single i.p. injection of 1 microgram of DNP3-OA suspended with 1 mg of A1(OH)3 in 0.5 ml of saline. The anti-DNP reaginic antibody titers were markedly depressed by treatment of mice with DNP-coated liposomes. This treatment, however, did not affect the level of antibody formation to OA.", "contents": "Specific suppression of anti-hapten reaginic antibody titers with hapten-coated liposomes. Reaginic antibodies to DNP and ovalbumin (OA) were induced in B6D2F1 mice by a single i.p. injection of 1 microgram of DNP3-OA suspended with 1 mg of A1(OH)3 in 0.5 ml of saline. The anti-DNP reaginic antibody titers were markedly depressed by treatment of mice with DNP-coated liposomes. This treatment, however, did not affect the level of antibody formation to OA.", "PMID": 659865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8597", "title": "Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of viral diseases of mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum. V. Protective role in mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection of susceptible and resistant strains of mice.", "content": "Potent sheep anti-mouse interferon globulin has been used to determine the role of virus-induced interferon in mouse hepatitis virus type 3-infected susceptible (C57BL/6), semiresistant (C3H/He), and resistant (A/J) strains of mice. Injection of anti-interferon globulin accelerated the onset of death in C57BL/6 mice, induced almost 100% mortality in C3H/He mice that usually do not die of acute disease, and caused death in 4- and 6-week-old A/J mice, but not in older mice. We conclude that interferon is an important host defense factor in the initial response of different strains of mice to MHV-3 infection. Other factors, however, such as the capacity of macrophages to restrict viral multiplication probably underlie the genetically determined susceptibility or resistance of mice to MHV-3 infection.", "contents": "Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of viral diseases of mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum. V. Protective role in mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection of susceptible and resistant strains of mice. Potent sheep anti-mouse interferon globulin has been used to determine the role of virus-induced interferon in mouse hepatitis virus type 3-infected susceptible (C57BL/6), semiresistant (C3H/He), and resistant (A/J) strains of mice. Injection of anti-interferon globulin accelerated the onset of death in C57BL/6 mice, induced almost 100% mortality in C3H/He mice that usually do not die of acute disease, and caused death in 4- and 6-week-old A/J mice, but not in older mice. We conclude that interferon is an important host defense factor in the initial response of different strains of mice to MHV-3 infection. Other factors, however, such as the capacity of macrophages to restrict viral multiplication probably underlie the genetically determined susceptibility or resistance of mice to MHV-3 infection.", "PMID": 659866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8598", "title": "Alteration of the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids in mouse lymphoid cells.", "content": "A simple method is described for introducing exogenous fatty acids into the membrane phospholipids of the murine leukemia cell EL-4, and into the membrane phospholipids of resting mouse lymphocytes. The method involves culturing of the cells with free or methylated fatty acids at concentrations up to 50 microgram/ml. The presence of serum in the culture medium does not interfere with fatty acid uptake, but does increase the growth rate and viability of the cells. Membrane lipid composition returns to normal after the cells are grown in medium without exogenous fatty acid. Fractionation of the cell membranes confirmed that exogenous fatty acids were incorporated into the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Alteration of the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids in mouse lymphoid cells. A simple method is described for introducing exogenous fatty acids into the membrane phospholipids of the murine leukemia cell EL-4, and into the membrane phospholipids of resting mouse lymphocytes. The method involves culturing of the cells with free or methylated fatty acids at concentrations up to 50 microgram/ml. The presence of serum in the culture medium does not interfere with fatty acid uptake, but does increase the growth rate and viability of the cells. Membrane lipid composition returns to normal after the cells are grown in medium without exogenous fatty acid. Fractionation of the cell membranes confirmed that exogenous fatty acids were incorporated into the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 659868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8599", "title": "The requirement for the Fc portion of antibody in antigen-antibody complex-mediated suppression.", "content": "The role of the Fc portion of antibody in immune complex-induced suppression was studied in vivo and in vitro. BSA pheasant anti-BSA complexes, formed in antigen excess (Ag1Ab1), were found to suppress both responses to BSA and SRBC. When complexes were formed with F(ab')2 fragments of pheasant anti-BSA, no suppression was observed, indicating that the Fc piece was indeed essential for the induction of Ag-Ab complex-mediated suppression.", "contents": "The requirement for the Fc portion of antibody in antigen-antibody complex-mediated suppression. The role of the Fc portion of antibody in immune complex-induced suppression was studied in vivo and in vitro. BSA pheasant anti-BSA complexes, formed in antigen excess (Ag1Ab1), were found to suppress both responses to BSA and SRBC. When complexes were formed with F(ab')2 fragments of pheasant anti-BSA, no suppression was observed, indicating that the Fc piece was indeed essential for the induction of Ag-Ab complex-mediated suppression.", "PMID": 659870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8600", "title": "Studies on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis. III. Distinction between the insertion of C9 and the formation of a transmembrane channel.", "content": "The intermediate product EAC1-8 released cytoplasmic components as a result of at least two sequential reactions after its interaction with C9. Binding of C9 to EAC1-8 occurred in a few minutes even at 0 degrees C. Trypsinization of EAC1-9 prepared and held at low temperature resulted in nullification of the potential hemolysis of these cells. A brief incubation at 30 or 37 degrees resulted in the formation of an intermediate whose hemolytic potential could not be nullified by trypsin. The failure of trypsin to nullify hemolysis was attributed to the insertion of C9 into the cell membrane. Studies on the effec of EDTA or low temperature suggested that the reported temperature-dependent step in E* formation described by Frank et al. was the insertion of C9. The results of the studies with 86Rb-labeled EAC1-8 indicated that a transmembrane channel was not formed until after the C9 had been inserted and a further reaction or reactions had occurred.", "contents": "Studies on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis. III. Distinction between the insertion of C9 and the formation of a transmembrane channel. The intermediate product EAC1-8 released cytoplasmic components as a result of at least two sequential reactions after its interaction with C9. Binding of C9 to EAC1-8 occurred in a few minutes even at 0 degrees C. Trypsinization of EAC1-9 prepared and held at low temperature resulted in nullification of the potential hemolysis of these cells. A brief incubation at 30 or 37 degrees resulted in the formation of an intermediate whose hemolytic potential could not be nullified by trypsin. The failure of trypsin to nullify hemolysis was attributed to the insertion of C9 into the cell membrane. Studies on the effec of EDTA or low temperature suggested that the reported temperature-dependent step in E* formation described by Frank et al. was the insertion of C9. The results of the studies with 86Rb-labeled EAC1-8 indicated that a transmembrane channel was not formed until after the C9 had been inserted and a further reaction or reactions had occurred.", "PMID": 659873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8601", "title": "Immunologic factors influencing the intra-tumor localization of ADCC effector cells.", "content": "The role of cellular and humoral immunity in the localization of blood-borne, bone marrow-derived ADCC effector cells into the T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma was investigated. Administration of ALG before tumor inoculation caused total immunosuppression and resulted in minimal in situ inflammation. ALG treatment started at the time of tumor inoculation suppressed the delayed hypersensitivity response below a detectable level but permitted a significant antibody response. Under these circumstances, the localization of ADCC effector cells into the tumors appeared normal. Similarly, administration of ALG at later stages of tumor growth, where ALG acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, did not interfere with the normal infiltration of ADCC effector cells in situ, although the delayed hypersensitivity response was totally suppressed. When melphalan treatment was used to produce tumor-bearing mice with an intact delayed hypersensitivity response but devoid of a significant antibody response, the drug-treated animals were found to have high levels of ADCC effector cells in situ. These results demonstrate that although the in situ inflammatory reaction appears to be immunologically inflammatory reaction appears to be immunologically dependent, neither the delayed hypersensitivity nor the antibody response is solely responsible for the localization of ADCC effector cells in the T1699 mammary tumor.", "contents": "Immunologic factors influencing the intra-tumor localization of ADCC effector cells. The role of cellular and humoral immunity in the localization of blood-borne, bone marrow-derived ADCC effector cells into the T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma was investigated. Administration of ALG before tumor inoculation caused total immunosuppression and resulted in minimal in situ inflammation. ALG treatment started at the time of tumor inoculation suppressed the delayed hypersensitivity response below a detectable level but permitted a significant antibody response. Under these circumstances, the localization of ADCC effector cells into the tumors appeared normal. Similarly, administration of ALG at later stages of tumor growth, where ALG acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, did not interfere with the normal infiltration of ADCC effector cells in situ, although the delayed hypersensitivity response was totally suppressed. When melphalan treatment was used to produce tumor-bearing mice with an intact delayed hypersensitivity response but devoid of a significant antibody response, the drug-treated animals were found to have high levels of ADCC effector cells in situ. These results demonstrate that although the in situ inflammatory reaction appears to be immunologically inflammatory reaction appears to be immunologically dependent, neither the delayed hypersensitivity nor the antibody response is solely responsible for the localization of ADCC effector cells in the T1699 mammary tumor.", "PMID": 659877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8602", "title": "In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. I. Development and evaluation of a method for the separation of lymphoid cells from mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "A method of separating lymphoid cells from solid mouse mammary tumors was developed and evaluated. In this method the tumors are digested with 0.01% collagenase, 0.01% DNAase, and 0.025% trypsin in Dulbecco's PBS into suspensions of cells with a viability of 90%. The suspensions are fractionated on a continuous gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. In model experiments this gradient was found to separate, cleanly, admixed cells of an established mammary tumor cell line and dissociated thymus glands. Recovery rates were 50% for the tumor cells and 80% for the thymocytes. The preparation of the cell suspensions and the gradient separation procedure are not harmful to the cells as indicated by trypan blue exclusion and the ability to grow in cell culture.", "contents": "In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. I. Development and evaluation of a method for the separation of lymphoid cells from mouse mammary tumors. A method of separating lymphoid cells from solid mouse mammary tumors was developed and evaluated. In this method the tumors are digested with 0.01% collagenase, 0.01% DNAase, and 0.025% trypsin in Dulbecco's PBS into suspensions of cells with a viability of 90%. The suspensions are fractionated on a continuous gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. In model experiments this gradient was found to separate, cleanly, admixed cells of an established mammary tumor cell line and dissociated thymus glands. Recovery rates were 50% for the tumor cells and 80% for the thymocytes. The preparation of the cell suspensions and the gradient separation procedure are not harmful to the cells as indicated by trypan blue exclusion and the ability to grow in cell culture.", "PMID": 659881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8603", "title": "In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. II. The characterization of lymphoid cells separated from mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "Lymphoid cells were isolated from mouse mammary tumors by isokinetic gradient centrifugation. theta-bearing and ALS-sensitive cells were always the largest subpopulations found in these tumors. In fractions 4 to 6 from the isokinetic gradient, theta-positive cells ranged from 8 to 46% in autochthonous tumors and 14 to 47% in passaged tumors, and ALS-positive cells ranged from 34 to 46% in autochthonous tumors and 14 to 100% in passaged tumors. SIg-positive cells were only found in occasional tumors and, where present, averaged 2% of the separated population. Fc receptor-bearing cells averaged 15% and phagocytic cells averaged 8% of the cells found in fractions 4 to 6 of the gradient. Occasional ALS-positive and one-third of the Fc receptor-bearing and phagocytic cells also separated in fractions 7 to 10 of the isokinetic gradient. Although the individual tumors were very variable in the proportions of the various lymphoid subpopulations that they contained, this variability was a stable characteristic for at least one passage generation.", "contents": "In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. II. The characterization of lymphoid cells separated from mouse mammary tumors. Lymphoid cells were isolated from mouse mammary tumors by isokinetic gradient centrifugation. theta-bearing and ALS-sensitive cells were always the largest subpopulations found in these tumors. In fractions 4 to 6 from the isokinetic gradient, theta-positive cells ranged from 8 to 46% in autochthonous tumors and 14 to 47% in passaged tumors, and ALS-positive cells ranged from 34 to 46% in autochthonous tumors and 14 to 100% in passaged tumors. SIg-positive cells were only found in occasional tumors and, where present, averaged 2% of the separated population. Fc receptor-bearing cells averaged 15% and phagocytic cells averaged 8% of the cells found in fractions 4 to 6 of the gradient. Occasional ALS-positive and one-third of the Fc receptor-bearing and phagocytic cells also separated in fractions 7 to 10 of the isokinetic gradient. Although the individual tumors were very variable in the proportions of the various lymphoid subpopulations that they contained, this variability was a stable characteristic for at least one passage generation.", "PMID": 659882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8604", "title": "In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. III. In vitro stimulation of tumor cell survival by lymphoid cells separated from mammary tumors.", "content": "Lymphoid cells were isolated by isokinetic gradient centrifugation from mouse mammary tumors and evaluated for their ability to affect tumor cell survival with the microcytotoxicity assay. In all experiments stimulation of the growth or survival of tumor cells was seen. This stimulation was not seen with separated lymphoid cells treated with anti-lymphocyte serum and complement. The lymphoid cells separated from tumors were more stimulatory than were lymph node cells; even toxic to the tumor cells, the separated tumor-associated lymphoid cells were markedly stimulatory. The gradient procedure had no effect on the activity of sensitized lymph node cells, but it did separate cytotoxicity and stimulation into different fractions.", "contents": "In situ lymphoid cells of mouse mammary tumors. III. In vitro stimulation of tumor cell survival by lymphoid cells separated from mammary tumors. Lymphoid cells were isolated by isokinetic gradient centrifugation from mouse mammary tumors and evaluated for their ability to affect tumor cell survival with the microcytotoxicity assay. In all experiments stimulation of the growth or survival of tumor cells was seen. This stimulation was not seen with separated lymphoid cells treated with anti-lymphocyte serum and complement. The lymphoid cells separated from tumors were more stimulatory than were lymph node cells; even toxic to the tumor cells, the separated tumor-associated lymphoid cells were markedly stimulatory. The gradient procedure had no effect on the activity of sensitized lymph node cells, but it did separate cytotoxicity and stimulation into different fractions.", "PMID": 659883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8605", "title": "Macrophage-mediated in vitro sensitization of lymphocytes. II. The detection of neo-antigens on transformed lymphocytes and passages of normal fibroblasts.", "content": "Unprimed lymphocytes were sensitized in vitro by incubating them with syngeneic macrophages that had been fed with viral or cellular antigens. The sensitized lymphocytes were tested for their cytotoxic activity against virus-infected and noninfected fibroblasts. The antigenic preparations used for priming the macrophages were either tumor cell-free extracts or supernatants from virus productive cells. Cell-free extracts from the productive RadLV-induced lymphoma cells or the nonproductive radiation-induced lymphoma cells were immunogenic when presented to lymphocytes by macrophages. In contrast, cell-free extracts from normal thymocytes were much less immunogenic, suggesting that the presence of viral associated antigens (VAA) can selectively be detected on lymphoma cells by this assay. Fibroblastic cell lines but not primary fibroblasts were also susceptible to the cytotoxic lymphocytes induced by RadLV-fed macrophages. Primary fibroblasts became susceptible to the sensitized lymphocytes either after infection with the corresponding virus, or if not infected, after several passages in vitro, suggesting that neo-antigens cross-reacting with viral antigens appear during sub-culturing of fibroblasts in vitro. This system makes it possible to detect VAA either as immunogens when presented to lymphocytes by macrophages, or as targets for cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Macrophage-mediated in vitro sensitization of lymphocytes. II. The detection of neo-antigens on transformed lymphocytes and passages of normal fibroblasts. Unprimed lymphocytes were sensitized in vitro by incubating them with syngeneic macrophages that had been fed with viral or cellular antigens. The sensitized lymphocytes were tested for their cytotoxic activity against virus-infected and noninfected fibroblasts. The antigenic preparations used for priming the macrophages were either tumor cell-free extracts or supernatants from virus productive cells. Cell-free extracts from the productive RadLV-induced lymphoma cells or the nonproductive radiation-induced lymphoma cells were immunogenic when presented to lymphocytes by macrophages. In contrast, cell-free extracts from normal thymocytes were much less immunogenic, suggesting that the presence of viral associated antigens (VAA) can selectively be detected on lymphoma cells by this assay. Fibroblastic cell lines but not primary fibroblasts were also susceptible to the cytotoxic lymphocytes induced by RadLV-fed macrophages. Primary fibroblasts became susceptible to the sensitized lymphocytes either after infection with the corresponding virus, or if not infected, after several passages in vitro, suggesting that neo-antigens cross-reacting with viral antigens appear during sub-culturing of fibroblasts in vitro. This system makes it possible to detect VAA either as immunogens when presented to lymphocytes by macrophages, or as targets for cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 659886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8606", "title": "Structure and function of immunoglobulin domains. VII. Studies on the structural requirements of human immunoglobulin G for granulocyte binding.", "content": "The ability of various fragments of human myeloma IgG1 to inhibit rosette formation between human anti-D-coated human red blood cells and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been investigated. Although IgG and Fc showed a dose-dependent inhibition of rosettes and Fc showed a dose-dependent inhibition of rosettes at equimolar concentrations, neither of the fragments corresponding to the Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 homology regions obtained by acid-tryptic cleavage of Fc was able to inhibit rosette formation. The pepsin fragment of Fc, pFc', which represents the complete Cgamma3 domain, was also unable to prevent rosette formation. Reduction and alkylation of IgG or Fc markedly diminished cytophilic activity as measured by this system. These data indicate that the site in human IgG1 bound by granulocytes is dependent on the full quaternary structure of Fc, a requirement in marked contrast to that noted for binding by macrophages and monocytes.", "contents": "Structure and function of immunoglobulin domains. VII. Studies on the structural requirements of human immunoglobulin G for granulocyte binding. The ability of various fragments of human myeloma IgG1 to inhibit rosette formation between human anti-D-coated human red blood cells and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been investigated. Although IgG and Fc showed a dose-dependent inhibition of rosettes and Fc showed a dose-dependent inhibition of rosettes at equimolar concentrations, neither of the fragments corresponding to the Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 homology regions obtained by acid-tryptic cleavage of Fc was able to inhibit rosette formation. The pepsin fragment of Fc, pFc', which represents the complete Cgamma3 domain, was also unable to prevent rosette formation. Reduction and alkylation of IgG or Fc markedly diminished cytophilic activity as measured by this system. These data indicate that the site in human IgG1 bound by granulocytes is dependent on the full quaternary structure of Fc, a requirement in marked contrast to that noted for binding by macrophages and monocytes.", "PMID": 659887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8607", "title": "Cellular immunity to solubilized tumor antigens of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma with a migration inhibition assay.", "content": "BALB/c mice immunized with Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) crude solubilized (CS) extracts of a syngenetic methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c sarcoma (Meth A) were challenged with viable Meth A cells to determine the ability of the solubilized preparations to induce transplantation rejection. Animals resisting such challenge were then used in agarose microdroplet macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) and tumor cell neutralization (Winn) assays to evaluate the antigenic specificity of these CS extracts. Spleen cells from those animals that rejected Meth A after immunization with the NP-40-solubilized preparations effectively neutralized the tumor-producing capacity of Meth A tumor cells as determined in Winn assays. MMI assays were quite sensitive and detected migration inhibition of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from immunized mice with extract concentrations as low as picogram quantities. Specificity studies demonstrated that Meth A expressed no antigenic cross-reactivity with similarly prepared extracts of an unrelated SV40-induced sarcoma (mKSA), nor with a mineral oil-induced plasmacytoma (ADJ-PC5) of BALB/c mice. Inhibition of PE cell migration was mediated by culture supernatants (presumably migration inhibition factor [MIF]) generated from a mixture of immune spleen cells and mitomycin C (MMC)-treated Meth A cells as assayed in an indirect MMI test.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to solubilized tumor antigens of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma with a migration inhibition assay. BALB/c mice immunized with Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) crude solubilized (CS) extracts of a syngenetic methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c sarcoma (Meth A) were challenged with viable Meth A cells to determine the ability of the solubilized preparations to induce transplantation rejection. Animals resisting such challenge were then used in agarose microdroplet macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) and tumor cell neutralization (Winn) assays to evaluate the antigenic specificity of these CS extracts. Spleen cells from those animals that rejected Meth A after immunization with the NP-40-solubilized preparations effectively neutralized the tumor-producing capacity of Meth A tumor cells as determined in Winn assays. MMI assays were quite sensitive and detected migration inhibition of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from immunized mice with extract concentrations as low as picogram quantities. Specificity studies demonstrated that Meth A expressed no antigenic cross-reactivity with similarly prepared extracts of an unrelated SV40-induced sarcoma (mKSA), nor with a mineral oil-induced plasmacytoma (ADJ-PC5) of BALB/c mice. Inhibition of PE cell migration was mediated by culture supernatants (presumably migration inhibition factor [MIF]) generated from a mixture of immune spleen cells and mitomycin C (MMC)-treated Meth A cells as assayed in an indirect MMI test.", "PMID": 659888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8608", "title": "Use of [75Se]selenomethionine in immunoglobulin biosynthetic studies.", "content": "The gamma-emitting amino acid analog, [75Se]selenomethionine, has been used as a biosynthetic label for immunoglobulins secreted by plasmacytomas in tissue culture. The secreted products are structurally intact with respect to their antibody combining sites and their class and allotype antigenic specificities. A component of [75Se]selenomethionine preparations was found to bind to fetal calf serum proteins, in a manner releasable by mercaptoethanol, but not by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and urea. Methods for circumventing the problems caused by this binding are described.", "contents": "Use of [75Se]selenomethionine in immunoglobulin biosynthetic studies. The gamma-emitting amino acid analog, [75Se]selenomethionine, has been used as a biosynthetic label for immunoglobulins secreted by plasmacytomas in tissue culture. The secreted products are structurally intact with respect to their antibody combining sites and their class and allotype antigenic specificities. A component of [75Se]selenomethionine preparations was found to bind to fetal calf serum proteins, in a manner releasable by mercaptoethanol, but not by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and urea. Methods for circumventing the problems caused by this binding are described.", "PMID": 659894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8609", "title": "A simple and convenient method for producing anti-activated lymphocyte alloantisera which does not require prior absorption.", "content": "A BALB/c B cell lymphoma, 2PK-3, was found to be activation lymphocyte alloantigen (Ala-1)-positive by virtue of its ability to absorb out the cytotoxic anti-Ala-1.1-like antibody activity of an antiserum against activated BALB/c (Ala-1.1) lymphocytes. Injection of 2PK-3 cells from the spleens or ascites of lymphomatous BALB/c mice into H-2d compatible DBA/2 mice led to the rapid development of an antiserum with properties identical to anti-Ala-1.1 alloantisera. Thus, it did not significantly kill normal spleen cells from any one of 7 different strains tested, but killed over 85% of Con A- or LPS-stimulated spleen cells of 4 Ala-1.1 positive strains; activated lymphocytes of Ala-1.2 were not affected. Furthermore, these properties were seen with unabsorbed antisera. The results indicate that the Ala-1 phenotype may, in some cases, be retained on neoplastic lymphocytes and that such cells, being rapidly and easily obtained in vivo in large quantities, can serve as a convenient source of immunogen for the development of anti-Ala-1 alloantisera in certain donor-recipient combinations.", "contents": "A simple and convenient method for producing anti-activated lymphocyte alloantisera which does not require prior absorption. A BALB/c B cell lymphoma, 2PK-3, was found to be activation lymphocyte alloantigen (Ala-1)-positive by virtue of its ability to absorb out the cytotoxic anti-Ala-1.1-like antibody activity of an antiserum against activated BALB/c (Ala-1.1) lymphocytes. Injection of 2PK-3 cells from the spleens or ascites of lymphomatous BALB/c mice into H-2d compatible DBA/2 mice led to the rapid development of an antiserum with properties identical to anti-Ala-1.1 alloantisera. Thus, it did not significantly kill normal spleen cells from any one of 7 different strains tested, but killed over 85% of Con A- or LPS-stimulated spleen cells of 4 Ala-1.1 positive strains; activated lymphocytes of Ala-1.2 were not affected. Furthermore, these properties were seen with unabsorbed antisera. The results indicate that the Ala-1 phenotype may, in some cases, be retained on neoplastic lymphocytes and that such cells, being rapidly and easily obtained in vivo in large quantities, can serve as a convenient source of immunogen for the development of anti-Ala-1 alloantisera in certain donor-recipient combinations.", "PMID": 659895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8610", "title": "Studies on the microcytotoxicity test. II. The uptake of amino acids ([3H]leucine or [75Se]methionine) but not nucleosides ([3H]thymidine or [125I]IUdR) or 51CrO24-provides a direct and quantitative measure of target cell survival in the presence of lymphoid cells.", "content": "We have studied the suitability of various commonly used radioactive materials for the direct post-labeling of adherent rat target cells in long-term cytotoxicity tests. The use of nucleosides at high concentration avoids the necessity of adding fluorodeoxyuridine to enhance nucleoside uptake by target cells, and reduces the degree of non-specific inhibition of nucleoside uptake caused by products released from effector lymphoid cells. However, when [125I]iododeoxyuridine was used for labelling, such inhibition was not completely avoided even at very high nucleoside concentration, necessitating the washing of target cells prior to labelling. Similarly, without prewashing, the uptake of 51CrO24-ions frequently failed to correlate well with the numbers of surviving target cells as assessed by cell counting. On the other hand, radiolabelled amino acids, when present at semi-saturating concentrations, were taken up quantitatively by target cells under all conditions tested. Furthermore, in comparison to [125I]iododeoxyuridine, radioactive amino acids showed little if any toxicity to target cells. The use of the gamma-emitting amino acid analogue, [75Se]selenomethionine, is particularly recommended.", "contents": "Studies on the microcytotoxicity test. II. The uptake of amino acids ([3H]leucine or [75Se]methionine) but not nucleosides ([3H]thymidine or [125I]IUdR) or 51CrO24-provides a direct and quantitative measure of target cell survival in the presence of lymphoid cells. We have studied the suitability of various commonly used radioactive materials for the direct post-labeling of adherent rat target cells in long-term cytotoxicity tests. The use of nucleosides at high concentration avoids the necessity of adding fluorodeoxyuridine to enhance nucleoside uptake by target cells, and reduces the degree of non-specific inhibition of nucleoside uptake caused by products released from effector lymphoid cells. However, when [125I]iododeoxyuridine was used for labelling, such inhibition was not completely avoided even at very high nucleoside concentration, necessitating the washing of target cells prior to labelling. Similarly, without prewashing, the uptake of 51CrO24-ions frequently failed to correlate well with the numbers of surviving target cells as assessed by cell counting. On the other hand, radiolabelled amino acids, when present at semi-saturating concentrations, were taken up quantitatively by target cells under all conditions tested. Furthermore, in comparison to [125I]iododeoxyuridine, radioactive amino acids showed little if any toxicity to target cells. The use of the gamma-emitting amino acid analogue, [75Se]selenomethionine, is particularly recommended.", "PMID": 659896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8611", "title": "Rabbit IgM: its isolation in high yield by a convenient procedure using serum from trypanosome-infected animals.", "content": "Rabbit sera contain little IgM. This is a major obstacle for its isolation. However, levels of IgM up to 10 mg/ml are found in rabbits infected with living trypanosomes. A simple procedure, involving gel filtration, standing in the cold, and agarose block electrophoresis is described which allows the isolation of IgM from these sera in 60% yield, with a purity of better than 90%.", "contents": "Rabbit IgM: its isolation in high yield by a convenient procedure using serum from trypanosome-infected animals. Rabbit sera contain little IgM. This is a major obstacle for its isolation. However, levels of IgM up to 10 mg/ml are found in rabbits infected with living trypanosomes. A simple procedure, involving gel filtration, standing in the cold, and agarose block electrophoresis is described which allows the isolation of IgM from these sera in 60% yield, with a purity of better than 90%.", "PMID": 659897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8612", "title": "Separation of cells by affinity chromatography on SpA-sepharose 6MB.", "content": "A cell separation technique was designed which was based on the reaction of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) with the Fc regions of IgG antibodies. SpA covalently linked to Sepharose 6MB is able to fix antibody-bearing cells, while non-fixed cells are removed by washing. The fixed cells can be released by dog IgG or by mechanical treatment. As an example of the use of the technique, Ig-bearing cells were isolated from mouse spleen cells treated with rabbit IgG anti-mouse Ig antibody; the purity of the Ig-bearing lymphocytes so isolated was better than 90%. The viability and the ability of the cells to shed the antibodies from their surface were not significantly impaired by the fractionation method. The technique can be generally applied to cell separation providing IgG antibodies against specific surface markers are available.", "contents": "Separation of cells by affinity chromatography on SpA-sepharose 6MB. A cell separation technique was designed which was based on the reaction of protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) with the Fc regions of IgG antibodies. SpA covalently linked to Sepharose 6MB is able to fix antibody-bearing cells, while non-fixed cells are removed by washing. The fixed cells can be released by dog IgG or by mechanical treatment. As an example of the use of the technique, Ig-bearing cells were isolated from mouse spleen cells treated with rabbit IgG anti-mouse Ig antibody; the purity of the Ig-bearing lymphocytes so isolated was better than 90%. The viability and the ability of the cells to shed the antibodies from their surface were not significantly impaired by the fractionation method. The technique can be generally applied to cell separation providing IgG antibodies against specific surface markers are available.", "PMID": 659898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8613", "title": "Comparison of three methods used for the measurement of the avidity of antibody to DNA.", "content": "Three methods for determining the avidity of antibodies to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) have been compared. None of the 3 methods was totally satisfactory but for theoretical and practical reasons the measurement of avidity by determination of dissociation rate is considered the most appropriate.", "contents": "Comparison of three methods used for the measurement of the avidity of antibody to DNA. Three methods for determining the avidity of antibodies to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) have been compared. None of the 3 methods was totally satisfactory but for theoretical and practical reasons the measurement of avidity by determination of dissociation rate is considered the most appropriate.", "PMID": 659899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8614", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of lymphocyte mediated sheep red blood cell hemolysis in vitro.", "content": "An assay has been developed in which the degree of in vitro spleen cell-mediated sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemolysis is quantitated spectrophotometrically (QHS). Immune mouse spleen cells, SRBC and guinea pig complement were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant solutions read at 413 nm. The greatest degree of cell-mediated SRBC hemolysis was observed in day +5 harvested spleens following a day 0, 5% SRBC i.p. injection. In the assay system, it was found that a stimulator SRBC dose of 0.2% resulted in maximal stimulation with little non-specific hemolysis. This assay is presented as an alternative to the well established plaque forming and rosette assays.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of lymphocyte mediated sheep red blood cell hemolysis in vitro. An assay has been developed in which the degree of in vitro spleen cell-mediated sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemolysis is quantitated spectrophotometrically (QHS). Immune mouse spleen cells, SRBC and guinea pig complement were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant solutions read at 413 nm. The greatest degree of cell-mediated SRBC hemolysis was observed in day +5 harvested spleens following a day 0, 5% SRBC i.p. injection. In the assay system, it was found that a stimulator SRBC dose of 0.2% resulted in maximal stimulation with little non-specific hemolysis. This assay is presented as an alternative to the well established plaque forming and rosette assays.", "PMID": 659900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8615", "title": "Chemiluminescence-linked immunoassay.", "content": "Covalent complexes of a chemiluminescent compound (a luminol derivative), protein and a steroidal hapten have been used as a labelled antigen in a way analogous to the radioactive label in radioimmunoassay. The antibody-bound complex emits light when treated with hydrogen peroxide and copper acetate at high pH. The chemiluminescent complex bound to antibody can be displaced by free steroid to produce a standard curve in a way analogous to radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Chemiluminescence-linked immunoassay. Covalent complexes of a chemiluminescent compound (a luminol derivative), protein and a steroidal hapten have been used as a labelled antigen in a way analogous to the radioactive label in radioimmunoassay. The antibody-bound complex emits light when treated with hydrogen peroxide and copper acetate at high pH. The chemiluminescent complex bound to antibody can be displaced by free steroid to produce a standard curve in a way analogous to radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 659901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8616", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of murine leukemia virus p30 using Staphylococcus aureus as immunoadsorbent.", "content": "A competition radioimmunoassay for murine leukemia virus p30 has been developed. Serial dilutions of the unknown in wells of microtiter plates are incubated with 125I-labeled p30 and goat antiserum specific for p30. Bound p30 is then removed by an immunoadsorbent specific for goat immunoglobulin, prepared from S. aureus. An internal standard of 51Cr is used to correct for volumetric errors, the amount of the labeled p30 precipitated being calculated from the 125I/51 Cr ratio of the supernatant. The assay is rapid, being completed within 2 h, precise, having a coefficient of variation less than 1%, and sensitive, being capable of detecting p30 concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in a volume of 0.02 ml. It has been used to measure p30 levels in a series of MCA-induced fibrosarcomas of BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of murine leukemia virus p30 using Staphylococcus aureus as immunoadsorbent. A competition radioimmunoassay for murine leukemia virus p30 has been developed. Serial dilutions of the unknown in wells of microtiter plates are incubated with 125I-labeled p30 and goat antiserum specific for p30. Bound p30 is then removed by an immunoadsorbent specific for goat immunoglobulin, prepared from S. aureus. An internal standard of 51Cr is used to correct for volumetric errors, the amount of the labeled p30 precipitated being calculated from the 125I/51 Cr ratio of the supernatant. The assay is rapid, being completed within 2 h, precise, having a coefficient of variation less than 1%, and sensitive, being capable of detecting p30 concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in a volume of 0.02 ml. It has been used to measure p30 levels in a series of MCA-induced fibrosarcomas of BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 659902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8617", "title": "Classical and alloimmune anaphylactic degranulation of isolated single mast cells.", "content": "Viable mast cells, directly isolated by micromanipulation from a mouse peritoneal cell suspension, were deposited on the bottom of microtiter-plate wells and submitted to histamine release. Conventional antigen-induced anaphylactic degranulation as well as direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation were strongly inhibited when these mast cells were settled on normal tissue culture plastic surfaces. Nevertheless, normal degranulation could be recovered by pretreatment of the experimental surface with a multipositive charged molecule (poly-L-lysine). Under these conditions, we demonstrate that the degranulation of one isolated mast cell is possible and consequently, as regards the direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation, confirm the \"self-triggering mechanism\" in which the recognition of histocompatibility antigens on the membrane of the mast cell itself is the trigger to the secretory response. The technique of monocellular degranulation described in this paper provides a new tool which leads us to think that the problem of detection of anaphylactic antibody-secreting cells can be solved.", "contents": "Classical and alloimmune anaphylactic degranulation of isolated single mast cells. Viable mast cells, directly isolated by micromanipulation from a mouse peritoneal cell suspension, were deposited on the bottom of microtiter-plate wells and submitted to histamine release. Conventional antigen-induced anaphylactic degranulation as well as direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation were strongly inhibited when these mast cells were settled on normal tissue culture plastic surfaces. Nevertheless, normal degranulation could be recovered by pretreatment of the experimental surface with a multipositive charged molecule (poly-L-lysine). Under these conditions, we demonstrate that the degranulation of one isolated mast cell is possible and consequently, as regards the direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation, confirm the \"self-triggering mechanism\" in which the recognition of histocompatibility antigens on the membrane of the mast cell itself is the trigger to the secretory response. The technique of monocellular degranulation described in this paper provides a new tool which leads us to think that the problem of detection of anaphylactic antibody-secreting cells can be solved.", "PMID": 659904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8618", "title": "Studies on the membrane glycoprotein defect of En(a-) erythrocytes. III. N-terminal amino acids of sialoglycoproteins from normal and En(a-) red cells.", "content": "Sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods and quantitative analyses of the N-terminal amino acids were applied to the sialoglycoprotein mixture and glycoprotein fractions from normal erythrocyte membranes, as well as preparations from red cells of individuals belonging to the English and Finnish En(a-) families. The data confirm the observation by alternative methods that SS cells exhibit a higher Ss glycoprotein content than ss erythrocytes. The results of end-group analyses suggest that the N-terminal amino acids serine and leucine represent the structures differentiating the MN and the 'M' and 'N' antigens on the MN and Ss glycoproteins respectively. Data from peptide sequence analyses confirm that the glycine/glutamic acid polymorphism at the fifth position of the MN glycoprotein's peptide chain is closely or absolutely linked with the serine/leucine polymorphism at its N-terminal position. As normal (EnaEna) red cells exhibiting 'M' antigenic properties have not been detected, the hypothesis is proposed that the Ss glycoprotein of English En(a-) erythrocytes possesses an MN-Ss hybrid polypeptide chain analogous to those of the delta-beta Lepore haemoglobins.", "contents": "Studies on the membrane glycoprotein defect of En(a-) erythrocytes. III. N-terminal amino acids of sialoglycoproteins from normal and En(a-) red cells. Sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods and quantitative analyses of the N-terminal amino acids were applied to the sialoglycoprotein mixture and glycoprotein fractions from normal erythrocyte membranes, as well as preparations from red cells of individuals belonging to the English and Finnish En(a-) families. The data confirm the observation by alternative methods that SS cells exhibit a higher Ss glycoprotein content than ss erythrocytes. The results of end-group analyses suggest that the N-terminal amino acids serine and leucine represent the structures differentiating the MN and the 'M' and 'N' antigens on the MN and Ss glycoproteins respectively. Data from peptide sequence analyses confirm that the glycine/glutamic acid polymorphism at the fifth position of the MN glycoprotein's peptide chain is closely or absolutely linked with the serine/leucine polymorphism at its N-terminal position. As normal (EnaEna) red cells exhibiting 'M' antigenic properties have not been detected, the hypothesis is proposed that the Ss glycoprotein of English En(a-) erythrocytes possesses an MN-Ss hybrid polypeptide chain analogous to those of the delta-beta Lepore haemoglobins.", "PMID": 659910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8619", "title": "Lack of specificity of the limulus lysate test in the diagnosis of pyogenic arthritis.", "content": "The diagnosis of pyogenic arthritis may be difficult to confirm since culture results are sometimes negative. This study attempted to evaluate the utility of the limulus lysate assay for the early detection of pyogenic arthritis due to gram-negative organisms. Seven-one specimens of synovial fluid from 46 patients were evaluated for reactivity in the limulus test, pyrogenic responses in rabbits, total white blood cell count, total neutrophil count, total red blood cell count, and protein and glucose concentrations. All patients with culture-proven septic arthritis or presumptive septic arthritis had joint fluid specimens that yielded a positive result in the limulus assay (12 patients). However, 52.9% of patients (18 of 34) who had a nonseptic cause for their joint effusion also had a joint fluid specimen that was positive in the limulus test. A positive limulus test result showed a significant correlation with an elevated total white blood cell count (P less than 0.0005), an elevated absolute neutrophil count (P less than 0.0005), and a decreased concentration of glucose (P less than 0.005) in synovial fluid, and the production of fever in rabbits after injection of synovial fluid (P less than 0.05). Thus, this study suggests that a positive result in the limulus test on joint fluid is nonspecific for a septic process, but a negative result would be evidence against it.", "contents": "Lack of specificity of the limulus lysate test in the diagnosis of pyogenic arthritis. The diagnosis of pyogenic arthritis may be difficult to confirm since culture results are sometimes negative. This study attempted to evaluate the utility of the limulus lysate assay for the early detection of pyogenic arthritis due to gram-negative organisms. Seven-one specimens of synovial fluid from 46 patients were evaluated for reactivity in the limulus test, pyrogenic responses in rabbits, total white blood cell count, total neutrophil count, total red blood cell count, and protein and glucose concentrations. All patients with culture-proven septic arthritis or presumptive septic arthritis had joint fluid specimens that yielded a positive result in the limulus assay (12 patients). However, 52.9% of patients (18 of 34) who had a nonseptic cause for their joint effusion also had a joint fluid specimen that was positive in the limulus test. A positive limulus test result showed a significant correlation with an elevated total white blood cell count (P less than 0.0005), an elevated absolute neutrophil count (P less than 0.0005), and a decreased concentration of glucose (P less than 0.005) in synovial fluid, and the production of fever in rabbits after injection of synovial fluid (P less than 0.05). Thus, this study suggests that a positive result in the limulus test on joint fluid is nonspecific for a septic process, but a negative result would be evidence against it.", "PMID": 659912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8620", "title": "Serologic typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 4.", "content": "Three hundred sixty-five isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase-negative) obtained over a 12-month period from 10 selected wards at New York University Medical Center-Goldwater Memorial Hospital, Roosevelt Island, N.Y., were typed serologically by slide agglutination. The isolates were first biotyped by the Baird-Parker scheme and then subtyped as proteinase-positive or proteinase-negative so that the selection of strains for immunologic study was based on biochemical and enzymatic factors rather than on random choice. The biotyping scheme of Baird-Parker and the differentiation between proteolytic and nonproteolytic strains were of limited in initial categorization of isolates of S. epidermidis. Antisera to proteinase-positive and proteinase-negative S. epidermidis biotypes 1 and 4 were absorbed with different permutations of homologous and heterologous thermostable (TS) and thermolabile (TL) antigens, and four distinct TL and two distinct TS antigenic groups, representing five different serotype patterns (i.e., A1-2, B1-2, C-D1, C-D1-2, and E1), were detected. The TL antigens also appeared to be more widespread and were shared more frequently by strains of S. epidermidis than were TS antigens, but the use of both TS and TL antigens provided a better serologic system than use of either TS or TL antigens alone.", "contents": "Serologic typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 4. Three hundred sixty-five isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase-negative) obtained over a 12-month period from 10 selected wards at New York University Medical Center-Goldwater Memorial Hospital, Roosevelt Island, N.Y., were typed serologically by slide agglutination. The isolates were first biotyped by the Baird-Parker scheme and then subtyped as proteinase-positive or proteinase-negative so that the selection of strains for immunologic study was based on biochemical and enzymatic factors rather than on random choice. The biotyping scheme of Baird-Parker and the differentiation between proteolytic and nonproteolytic strains were of limited in initial categorization of isolates of S. epidermidis. Antisera to proteinase-positive and proteinase-negative S. epidermidis biotypes 1 and 4 were absorbed with different permutations of homologous and heterologous thermostable (TS) and thermolabile (TL) antigens, and four distinct TL and two distinct TS antigenic groups, representing five different serotype patterns (i.e., A1-2, B1-2, C-D1, C-D1-2, and E1), were detected. The TL antigens also appeared to be more widespread and were shared more frequently by strains of S. epidermidis than were TS antigens, but the use of both TS and TL antigens provided a better serologic system than use of either TS or TL antigens alone.", "PMID": 659913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8621", "title": "Conditions for bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-induced resistance to infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice.", "content": "Intravenous administration of a lyphilized preparation of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG-Tice) into mice significantly protected these animals from infection with Schistosoma mansoni. The protective effect depended on the dose of BCG and required the administration of at least 2 X 10(7) viable organisms. The route of administration of BCG was also crucial, as only intravenous inoculation produced significant protection. The BCG-induced resistance was found to last for eight weeks. Significant inflammation of the lungs was observed in mice receiving either viable or heat-killed BCG; however, protection followed only the administration of viable bacilli. Expression of BCG-induced protection was dependent on the presence of significant numbers of viable organisms and may have been associated with pulmonary inflammation at the time of passage of the schistosomula through the lungs.", "contents": "Conditions for bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-induced resistance to infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice. Intravenous administration of a lyphilized preparation of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG-Tice) into mice significantly protected these animals from infection with Schistosoma mansoni. The protective effect depended on the dose of BCG and required the administration of at least 2 X 10(7) viable organisms. The route of administration of BCG was also crucial, as only intravenous inoculation produced significant protection. The BCG-induced resistance was found to last for eight weeks. Significant inflammation of the lungs was observed in mice receiving either viable or heat-killed BCG; however, protection followed only the administration of viable bacilli. Expression of BCG-induced protection was dependent on the presence of significant numbers of viable organisms and may have been associated with pulmonary inflammation at the time of passage of the schistosomula through the lungs.", "PMID": 659914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8622", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of tobramycin in children.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients (two to 18 years of age) with malignancies and normal renal function. Patients receiving either 240 or 300 mg/m2 per 24 hr (8 or 10 mg/kg per 24 hr) divided into doses given every 4 hr had peak serum concentrations (mean +/- standard error) of 3.10 +/- 0.23 microgram/ml and 4.23 +/- 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively, at the end of a 1-hr infusion. Serum concentrations at 4 hr were 0.82 +/- 0.15 and 1.05 +/- 0.15 microgram/ml, respectively. The half-life of the drug was 96.6 min and was inversely correlated with age of the patients. The total clearance rate of tobramycin was 164 +/- 15 mg/min per 1.73 m2 and was directly correlated with age. The mean volume of distribution was 0.42 +/- 0.038 liter/kg and was inversely correlated with age. No accumulation of tobramycin was noted, and no side effects occurred. If therapeutic serum concentrations of tobramycin are to be achieved and maintained in children, the currently recommended dose and frequency of administration should be changed to 300 mg/m2 per 24 hr given in divided doses every 4 hr.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of tobramycin in children. The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients (two to 18 years of age) with malignancies and normal renal function. Patients receiving either 240 or 300 mg/m2 per 24 hr (8 or 10 mg/kg per 24 hr) divided into doses given every 4 hr had peak serum concentrations (mean +/- standard error) of 3.10 +/- 0.23 microgram/ml and 4.23 +/- 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively, at the end of a 1-hr infusion. Serum concentrations at 4 hr were 0.82 +/- 0.15 and 1.05 +/- 0.15 microgram/ml, respectively. The half-life of the drug was 96.6 min and was inversely correlated with age of the patients. The total clearance rate of tobramycin was 164 +/- 15 mg/min per 1.73 m2 and was directly correlated with age. The mean volume of distribution was 0.42 +/- 0.038 liter/kg and was inversely correlated with age. No accumulation of tobramycin was noted, and no side effects occurred. If therapeutic serum concentrations of tobramycin are to be achieved and maintained in children, the currently recommended dose and frequency of administration should be changed to 300 mg/m2 per 24 hr given in divided doses every 4 hr.", "PMID": 659916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8623", "title": "Influence of transplacentally acquired antibody on neonatal susceptibility to canine distemper virus in gnotobiotic dogs.", "content": "In utero acquistion of protective levels of neutralizing antibody to canine distemper virus (CDV) was observed in four litters of colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic and specific-pathogen-free puppies. Pregnant bitches with high antibody titers passively transferred antibody to these pups transplacentally in average titers of 1:7 to 1:16 per litter. Maternally derived antibody protected neonatal pups from otherwise fatal infection with virulent CDV. Protection was associated with a transient lymphopenia and viremia and temporary suppression of lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin-P.", "contents": "Influence of transplacentally acquired antibody on neonatal susceptibility to canine distemper virus in gnotobiotic dogs. In utero acquistion of protective levels of neutralizing antibody to canine distemper virus (CDV) was observed in four litters of colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic and specific-pathogen-free puppies. Pregnant bitches with high antibody titers passively transferred antibody to these pups transplacentally in average titers of 1:7 to 1:16 per litter. Maternally derived antibody protected neonatal pups from otherwise fatal infection with virulent CDV. Protection was associated with a transient lymphopenia and viremia and temporary suppression of lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin-P.", "PMID": 659917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8624", "title": "Treatment of cutaneous Herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection with 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light in guinea pigs.", "content": "Treatment of cutaneous Herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection in albino guinea pigs with 8-methoxypsoralen plus long-wave ultraviolet light was evaluated by clinical assessment and quantitative viral cultures. There was a statistically significant difference between the treated animals and the controls in relation to vesicular development, rate of healing, and viral titers. The treatment was effective after the appearance of lesions, when viral multiplication has already begun.", "contents": "Treatment of cutaneous Herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection with 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light in guinea pigs. Treatment of cutaneous Herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection in albino guinea pigs with 8-methoxypsoralen plus long-wave ultraviolet light was evaluated by clinical assessment and quantitative viral cultures. There was a statistically significant difference between the treated animals and the controls in relation to vesicular development, rate of healing, and viral titers. The treatment was effective after the appearance of lesions, when viral multiplication has already begun.", "PMID": 659920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8625", "title": "Effect ob broad-spectrum antibiotics on in vitro synthesis of DNA in the rabbit colon.", "content": "Rabbit colonic mucosa was cultured in vitro in the presence of broad-spectrum antibiotics. DNA synthesis, as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, was inhibited by clindamycin (32%) and tetracycline (28%). Penicillin G, ampicillin, and metronidazole had no effect. When bile acids were added to the incubation at a concentration of 10 mM, the more lipophilic drug, lincomycin, inhibited DNA synthesis by 38% (cholic acid) and by 23% (chenic acid). Bile acids alone did not alter thymidine incorporation. Inhibition by clindamycin demonstrated a gradual dose-response curve, with inhibition first noted at about 20 microgram of antibiotic/ml and maximal inhibition at 1,000 microgram/ml. The more biologically active metabolite of clindamycin, N-demethylclindamycin, inhibited DNA synthesis at concentrations of as low as 10 microgram/ml. The inhibition was reversible, and the drugs did not affect thymidine uptake, thymidine pool concentrations, or protein or mucopolysaccharide synthesis at concentrations of up to 300 microgram/ml. These data demonstrate a direct but reversible toxic action on mammalian colonic mucosa by certain antibiotics implicated in the production of pseudomembranous colitis and are consistent with the hypothesis that such a toxic action may be one factor in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis.", "contents": "Effect ob broad-spectrum antibiotics on in vitro synthesis of DNA in the rabbit colon. Rabbit colonic mucosa was cultured in vitro in the presence of broad-spectrum antibiotics. DNA synthesis, as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, was inhibited by clindamycin (32%) and tetracycline (28%). Penicillin G, ampicillin, and metronidazole had no effect. When bile acids were added to the incubation at a concentration of 10 mM, the more lipophilic drug, lincomycin, inhibited DNA synthesis by 38% (cholic acid) and by 23% (chenic acid). Bile acids alone did not alter thymidine incorporation. Inhibition by clindamycin demonstrated a gradual dose-response curve, with inhibition first noted at about 20 microgram of antibiotic/ml and maximal inhibition at 1,000 microgram/ml. The more biologically active metabolite of clindamycin, N-demethylclindamycin, inhibited DNA synthesis at concentrations of as low as 10 microgram/ml. The inhibition was reversible, and the drugs did not affect thymidine uptake, thymidine pool concentrations, or protein or mucopolysaccharide synthesis at concentrations of up to 300 microgram/ml. These data demonstrate a direct but reversible toxic action on mammalian colonic mucosa by certain antibiotics implicated in the production of pseudomembranous colitis and are consistent with the hypothesis that such a toxic action may be one factor in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis.", "PMID": 659921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8626", "title": "Immunization with a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine: two-year results.", "content": "Antibody responses following primary vaccination with 1.0 ml of intramuscularly (im) or 0.1 ml of intradermally (id) administered human diploid cell rabies virus vaccine were observered for two years. Three primary doses of vaccine were given to 77 volunteers on days 0, 28, and 56. An antibody response was detected in all vacinees after a single dose; at one month, the response in the group that received vaccine id was identical to that in the group that was given vaccine im, although only 1/10th of the dose of vaccine was used. After the second and third doses, the antibody responses were higher with the primary im regimen; this difference was significant at two, three, and 12 months when the geometric mean titers of antibody were twofold higher for im than for id vaccination. The antibody responses to a booster dose of vaccine administered to randomly grouped volunteers by the subcutaneous or id route at six, 12, or 24 months were similar irrespective of the method of primary immunization but were greater with increasing intervals between primary and booster doses.", "contents": "Immunization with a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine: two-year results. Antibody responses following primary vaccination with 1.0 ml of intramuscularly (im) or 0.1 ml of intradermally (id) administered human diploid cell rabies virus vaccine were observered for two years. Three primary doses of vaccine were given to 77 volunteers on days 0, 28, and 56. An antibody response was detected in all vacinees after a single dose; at one month, the response in the group that received vaccine id was identical to that in the group that was given vaccine im, although only 1/10th of the dose of vaccine was used. After the second and third doses, the antibody responses were higher with the primary im regimen; this difference was significant at two, three, and 12 months when the geometric mean titers of antibody were twofold higher for im than for id vaccination. The antibody responses to a booster dose of vaccine administered to randomly grouped volunteers by the subcutaneous or id route at six, 12, or 24 months were similar irrespective of the method of primary immunization but were greater with increasing intervals between primary and booster doses.", "PMID": 659922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8627", "title": "Synergistic nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and cortisone acetate in mice.", "content": "Striking mortality in mice receiving amphotericin B and cortisone acetate concomitantly prompted studies to characterize the toxic interaction of these two drugs further. Adult female CD-1 mice received daily injections of cortisone acetate (0--50 mg/kg subcutaneously) and/or amphotericin B (0--12.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in a checkerboard combination dosage pattern for 30 days. Dosages of amphotericin B and cortisone acetate that produced little or no mortality individually produced significant (P less than 0.005) mortality in combination. Light and electron microscopic studies of sections of brain, heart, lung, adrenal gland, liver, and kidney revealed only renal lesions. These appeared within six days, were dose-related in severity, and were not produced by either drug alone. The lesions consisted of focal swelling of proximal, distal, and collecting tubular cells which progressed to necrosis and intraluminal cast formation. These findings may be relevant to the development of nephrotoxicity in patients treated simultaneously with amphotericin B and corticosteroids.", "contents": "Synergistic nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and cortisone acetate in mice. Striking mortality in mice receiving amphotericin B and cortisone acetate concomitantly prompted studies to characterize the toxic interaction of these two drugs further. Adult female CD-1 mice received daily injections of cortisone acetate (0--50 mg/kg subcutaneously) and/or amphotericin B (0--12.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in a checkerboard combination dosage pattern for 30 days. Dosages of amphotericin B and cortisone acetate that produced little or no mortality individually produced significant (P less than 0.005) mortality in combination. Light and electron microscopic studies of sections of brain, heart, lung, adrenal gland, liver, and kidney revealed only renal lesions. These appeared within six days, were dose-related in severity, and were not produced by either drug alone. The lesions consisted of focal swelling of proximal, distal, and collecting tubular cells which progressed to necrosis and intraluminal cast formation. These findings may be relevant to the development of nephrotoxicity in patients treated simultaneously with amphotericin B and corticosteroids.", "PMID": 659923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8628", "title": "Development of in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in humans.", "content": "Groups of infants and children with infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested at the onset of illness and one, two, and five months later for the presence of RSV-specific cell-mediated immunity, as determined by in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) activity, and for complement-fixing (CF) antibody. An LTF response specific for RSV was observed in 65 % of patients, and the response was largely associated with E-rosette-forming thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. A significant cell-mediated immune response was observed in 78% of patients six months of age or younger, whereas only 46% of patients older than six months exhibited such responses. The difference between the mean stimulation index of the maximal LTF response in the two age groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, a fourfold or greater rise in titers of CF antibody was observed in only 22% of patients six months of age or younger, whereas significant rises in antibody activity were observed in 50% of subjects older than six months. In view of the fact that RSV infection is most severe in the young infant, these observations raise the possibility that cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions may be related to the pathogenesis of RSV infection of infants.", "contents": "Development of in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in humans. Groups of infants and children with infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested at the onset of illness and one, two, and five months later for the presence of RSV-specific cell-mediated immunity, as determined by in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) activity, and for complement-fixing (CF) antibody. An LTF response specific for RSV was observed in 65 % of patients, and the response was largely associated with E-rosette-forming thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. A significant cell-mediated immune response was observed in 78% of patients six months of age or younger, whereas only 46% of patients older than six months exhibited such responses. The difference between the mean stimulation index of the maximal LTF response in the two age groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, a fourfold or greater rise in titers of CF antibody was observed in only 22% of patients six months of age or younger, whereas significant rises in antibody activity were observed in 50% of subjects older than six months. In view of the fact that RSV infection is most severe in the young infant, these observations raise the possibility that cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions may be related to the pathogenesis of RSV infection of infants.", "PMID": 659924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8629", "title": "Increased urinary riboflavin excretion resulting from boric acid ingestion.", "content": "The urinary excretion of riboflavin (vitamin B2) was determined in 14 patients, both children and adults, after the ingestion of boric acid. These patients reported to the New York City Poison Control Center during a 2 1/2 year period. Riboflavin was determined by a modification of a previously described method which is based upon competitive protein binding. Boric acid ingestion was associated with greatly increased urinary riboflavin excretion in approximately two thirds of the patients. Most of the riboflavin appeared to be excreted within the first 24 hr after ingestion of boric acid. These data provide evidence of a previously unrecognized hazard of boric acid ingestion in patients.", "contents": "Increased urinary riboflavin excretion resulting from boric acid ingestion. The urinary excretion of riboflavin (vitamin B2) was determined in 14 patients, both children and adults, after the ingestion of boric acid. These patients reported to the New York City Poison Control Center during a 2 1/2 year period. Riboflavin was determined by a modification of a previously described method which is based upon competitive protein binding. Boric acid ingestion was associated with greatly increased urinary riboflavin excretion in approximately two thirds of the patients. Most of the riboflavin appeared to be excreted within the first 24 hr after ingestion of boric acid. These data provide evidence of a previously unrecognized hazard of boric acid ingestion in patients.", "PMID": 659962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8630", "title": "Effect of inflammation on erythroid precursors (BFU-E and CFU-E) in bone marrow and spleen of mice.", "content": "Inflammation, induced in mice by a single intramuscular injection of turpentine, caused a long lasting reduction in the number of morphologically unrecognizable CFU-E in the bone marrow. This resulted in marked decreases in marrow erythroblasts and their iron incorporation into heme. The effect is attributed to blood-borne mediators of inflammation which either caused an emigration of progenitors of CFU-E from the marrow or inhibited their proliferation, possibly as the result of increases in marrow myelopoiesis. CFU-S as well as erythroid and myeloid precursors were markedly increased in the spleen during the inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Effect of inflammation on erythroid precursors (BFU-E and CFU-E) in bone marrow and spleen of mice. Inflammation, induced in mice by a single intramuscular injection of turpentine, caused a long lasting reduction in the number of morphologically unrecognizable CFU-E in the bone marrow. This resulted in marked decreases in marrow erythroblasts and their iron incorporation into heme. The effect is attributed to blood-borne mediators of inflammation which either caused an emigration of progenitors of CFU-E from the marrow or inhibited their proliferation, possibly as the result of increases in marrow myelopoiesis. CFU-S as well as erythroid and myeloid precursors were markedly increased in the spleen during the inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 659963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8631", "title": "The action of halofenate on platelet shape change and prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "HAL, a congener of clofibrate, has previously been shown to inhibit epinephrine- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release. We further investigated the site of action of HAL by examining platelet shape change, MDA production as a measure of prostaglandin synthesis, and platelet aggregation and MDA production induced by SA. At the usual maximal therapeutic concentration of HAL (0.96 mM), this drug did not affect the velocity of platelet shape change as measured by a spectrophotometric method. However, at a higher concentration (3.12 mM), HAL significantly inhibited shape change (p less than 0.01). When epinephrine was used to initiate aggregation of PRP, HAL (0.96 mM) was found to inhibit MDA production over a wide range of epinephrine concentrations (p less than 0.01). This was not due to a direct inhibition of prostaglandin formation, since HAL had no effect on SA-induced platelet aggregation or MDA production. Aspirin (4 mM), on the other hand, produced a marked inhibition of MDA production and of platelet aggregation after stimulation with SA. We conclude that HAL works to inhibit some step in the platelet reaction prior to the appearance of free arachidonic acid.", "contents": "The action of halofenate on platelet shape change and prostaglandin synthesis. HAL, a congener of clofibrate, has previously been shown to inhibit epinephrine- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release. We further investigated the site of action of HAL by examining platelet shape change, MDA production as a measure of prostaglandin synthesis, and platelet aggregation and MDA production induced by SA. At the usual maximal therapeutic concentration of HAL (0.96 mM), this drug did not affect the velocity of platelet shape change as measured by a spectrophotometric method. However, at a higher concentration (3.12 mM), HAL significantly inhibited shape change (p less than 0.01). When epinephrine was used to initiate aggregation of PRP, HAL (0.96 mM) was found to inhibit MDA production over a wide range of epinephrine concentrations (p less than 0.01). This was not due to a direct inhibition of prostaglandin formation, since HAL had no effect on SA-induced platelet aggregation or MDA production. Aspirin (4 mM), on the other hand, produced a marked inhibition of MDA production and of platelet aggregation after stimulation with SA. We conclude that HAL works to inhibit some step in the platelet reaction prior to the appearance of free arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 659964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8632", "title": "Factors influencing the release of procoagulant-tissue factor activity from leukocytes.", "content": "Leukocytes stimulated with endotoxin generate a procoagulant (tissue factor) activity. Part of this procoagulant activity is released rapidly into the surrounding milieu, with maximum release occurring within 30 min incubation. Optimal release of procoagulant activity requires the presence of Ca ions in a concentration of 2.5 mM, a pH of 7-8, and a temperature of 37 degrees C. The released procoagulant activity is TFa as determined by the two-stage assay and the ability of an antibody to tissue factor to neutralize the procoagulant activity. The release of TFa is not parallel to LDH release. Release of TFa is inhibited by vinblastine and cytochalasin B.", "contents": "Factors influencing the release of procoagulant-tissue factor activity from leukocytes. Leukocytes stimulated with endotoxin generate a procoagulant (tissue factor) activity. Part of this procoagulant activity is released rapidly into the surrounding milieu, with maximum release occurring within 30 min incubation. Optimal release of procoagulant activity requires the presence of Ca ions in a concentration of 2.5 mM, a pH of 7-8, and a temperature of 37 degrees C. The released procoagulant activity is TFa as determined by the two-stage assay and the ability of an antibody to tissue factor to neutralize the procoagulant activity. The release of TFa is not parallel to LDH release. Release of TFa is inhibited by vinblastine and cytochalasin B.", "PMID": 659965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8633", "title": "Human plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) clotting activity and antigen in health and disease.", "content": "Human plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) clotting activity and antigen levels have been examined in various clinical conditions. Prekallikrein antigen was measured by a newly developed, specific, and sensitive radioimmunoassay. The assay had no demonstrable cross-reactivity with human urinary kallikrein nor, in the species tested, animal plasma prekallikrein. This assay was able to measure plasma kallikrein after its biological functions had been inactivated by plasma inhibitors. Normal human pooled plasma contained approximately 50 microgram/ml prekallikrein. Quantitative measurement of plasma prekallikrein was possible for concentrations as low as 0.3% of that of normal pooled plasma. A good correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.71) existed between titers of plasma prekallikrein measured by Fletcher factor clotting assays and radioimmunoassays among 40 normal subjects. Both prekallikrein clotting activity and antigen were significantly reduced in plasmas of patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis or DIC. Prekallikrein activity and antigen were mildly decreased in plasmas or serums of patients with chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome but were normal in those of patients under treatment with warfarin or suffering from SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, or HANE. Human cord serum contained a lower titer of prekallikrein antigen than adult serum. Strenuous physical exercise did not significantly change plasma prekallikrein levels.", "contents": "Human plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) clotting activity and antigen in health and disease. Human plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) clotting activity and antigen levels have been examined in various clinical conditions. Prekallikrein antigen was measured by a newly developed, specific, and sensitive radioimmunoassay. The assay had no demonstrable cross-reactivity with human urinary kallikrein nor, in the species tested, animal plasma prekallikrein. This assay was able to measure plasma kallikrein after its biological functions had been inactivated by plasma inhibitors. Normal human pooled plasma contained approximately 50 microgram/ml prekallikrein. Quantitative measurement of plasma prekallikrein was possible for concentrations as low as 0.3% of that of normal pooled plasma. A good correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.71) existed between titers of plasma prekallikrein measured by Fletcher factor clotting assays and radioimmunoassays among 40 normal subjects. Both prekallikrein clotting activity and antigen were significantly reduced in plasmas of patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis or DIC. Prekallikrein activity and antigen were mildly decreased in plasmas or serums of patients with chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome but were normal in those of patients under treatment with warfarin or suffering from SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, or HANE. Human cord serum contained a lower titer of prekallikrein antigen than adult serum. Strenuous physical exercise did not significantly change plasma prekallikrein levels.", "PMID": 659966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8634", "title": "Osmotic treatment of cochleopathies other than Meni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "The effect of osmotic treatment on cases with fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss other than Meni\u00e8re's disease is described in this paper. Complete normalization of the hearing threshold has been obtained in eight patients suffering from cochlear hydrops (one case), sensorineural concussion deafness (five cases), temporary noise threshold shift (one case), sudden deafness (two cases). Relief of tinnitus has been observed in a case of post-stapedectomy deafness. The audiometric pattern of end organ disease in a case of cohlear otosclerosis showed a change into a classical otosclerosis audiograph after glycerol administration. The action of osmotic drugs on the inner ear is though to be twofold, i.e. reabsorbing hydrops and normalizing rheological alterations. Therefore, an osmotic treatment is indicated for menieric and non-menieric hydrops and for microcirculatory impairment of the labyrinth. On the basis of these statements the glycerol test for the diagnosis of Meni\u00e8re's disease is called into doubt as not being absolutely specific.", "contents": "Osmotic treatment of cochleopathies other than Meni\u00e8re's disease. The effect of osmotic treatment on cases with fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss other than Meni\u00e8re's disease is described in this paper. Complete normalization of the hearing threshold has been obtained in eight patients suffering from cochlear hydrops (one case), sensorineural concussion deafness (five cases), temporary noise threshold shift (one case), sudden deafness (two cases). Relief of tinnitus has been observed in a case of post-stapedectomy deafness. The audiometric pattern of end organ disease in a case of cohlear otosclerosis showed a change into a classical otosclerosis audiograph after glycerol administration. The action of osmotic drugs on the inner ear is though to be twofold, i.e. reabsorbing hydrops and normalizing rheological alterations. Therefore, an osmotic treatment is indicated for menieric and non-menieric hydrops and for microcirculatory impairment of the labyrinth. On the basis of these statements the glycerol test for the diagnosis of Meni\u00e8re's disease is called into doubt as not being absolutely specific.", "PMID": 659972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8635", "title": "Simple nasal polyps and allergic manifestations.", "content": "A series of 74 consecutive patients with simple nasal polyps were interviewed with regards to features of allergy. Skin testing with a variety of antigenic extracts and estimations of peripheral blood immunoglobulins including total serum IgE were also carried out. The simple tests performed in this study have not been able to delineate a specific subgroup of atopic patients with nasal polyps. Positive skin testing with house dust mite extract may form the basis of a clinical evaluation of hyposensitization.", "contents": "Simple nasal polyps and allergic manifestations. A series of 74 consecutive patients with simple nasal polyps were interviewed with regards to features of allergy. Skin testing with a variety of antigenic extracts and estimations of peripheral blood immunoglobulins including total serum IgE were also carried out. The simple tests performed in this study have not been able to delineate a specific subgroup of atopic patients with nasal polyps. Positive skin testing with house dust mite extract may form the basis of a clinical evaluation of hyposensitization.", "PMID": 659973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8636", "title": "Diagnosis of acute corrosive lesions of the oesophagus.", "content": "Early diagnosis of acute corrosive lesions of the oesophagus enables adequate treatment to be given to the patient and prevents unnecessary treatment of uninjured individuals. In an analysis of 64 patients of varying ages subjected to oesophagoscopy during a 10-year period for suspected corrosive lesions of the oesophagus caused by alkali, acids and other corrosive substances, it was found that neither clinical signs, laboratory investigations nor X-ray examination gives sufficient information about whether the patient has a corrosive lesion of the oesophagus or not. Oesophagoscopy establishes the diagnosis. Patients suspected of having corrosive lesions of the oesphagus should therefore be subjected to oesophagoscopy as soon as their condition permits.", "contents": "Diagnosis of acute corrosive lesions of the oesophagus. Early diagnosis of acute corrosive lesions of the oesophagus enables adequate treatment to be given to the patient and prevents unnecessary treatment of uninjured individuals. In an analysis of 64 patients of varying ages subjected to oesophagoscopy during a 10-year period for suspected corrosive lesions of the oesophagus caused by alkali, acids and other corrosive substances, it was found that neither clinical signs, laboratory investigations nor X-ray examination gives sufficient information about whether the patient has a corrosive lesion of the oesophagus or not. Oesophagoscopy establishes the diagnosis. Patients suspected of having corrosive lesions of the oesphagus should therefore be subjected to oesophagoscopy as soon as their condition permits.", "PMID": 659974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8637", "title": "Primary malignant haemangiopericytoma of the larynx (a case report with autopsy).", "content": "This is a report of an exceptional case of haemangiopericytoma of the larynx, which occurred in a 50-year-old male patient. Histological examination of biopsy fragments allowed us to make the correct diagnosis, later confirmed at autopsy. From a comprehensive review of the world literature on haemangiopericytomas, it appears that cases of indisputable well-documented laryngeal occurrence of the neoplasm amount to two only, including the present case. The morphological pattern, histogenesis, biological behaviour and therapy of the tumour, as well as differential diagnosis from other lesions, are discussed.", "contents": "Primary malignant haemangiopericytoma of the larynx (a case report with autopsy). This is a report of an exceptional case of haemangiopericytoma of the larynx, which occurred in a 50-year-old male patient. Histological examination of biopsy fragments allowed us to make the correct diagnosis, later confirmed at autopsy. From a comprehensive review of the world literature on haemangiopericytomas, it appears that cases of indisputable well-documented laryngeal occurrence of the neoplasm amount to two only, including the present case. The morphological pattern, histogenesis, biological behaviour and therapy of the tumour, as well as differential diagnosis from other lesions, are discussed.", "PMID": 659975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8638", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "We report one case of chondrosarcoma of the larynx, which is considered to be rather uncommon. Clinical signs and symptoms have been noted, as well as some suggestions on the aetiology, incidence and site of cartliaginous tumours of the larynx.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the larynx. We report one case of chondrosarcoma of the larynx, which is considered to be rather uncommon. Clinical signs and symptoms have been noted, as well as some suggestions on the aetiology, incidence and site of cartliaginous tumours of the larynx.", "PMID": 659976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8639", "title": "Interfacial oxidation of alpha-tocopherol and the surface properties of its oxidation products.", "content": "dl-alpha-Tocopherol spread on an acidic subphase as a gaseous monolayer was oxidized slowly to a derivative that was identified by thin-layer chromatography as alpha-tocopherylquinone. The derivative generated the same II-A isotherm as alpha-tocopherylquinone. When the subphase contained gold chloride, alpha-tocopherol was oxidized rapidly and quantitatively to alpha-tocopherylquinone. dl-alpha-Tocopherol spread on a basic subphase as a gaseous monolayer was oxidized slowly to a mixture that contained alpha-tocopherol, a quinone, and a nonpolar derivative. The mixture generated a II-A isotherm with an inflection point below the equilibrium spreading pressure of either alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopherylquinone. When potassium ferricyanide was added to the alkaline subphase, alpha-tocopherol was oxidized rapidly to a mixture that contained both the nonpolar derivative (major product) and the quinone (minor product). The nonpolar derivative was isolated by thin-layer chromatography and identified as the spirodienone ether by ultraviolet, infrared, and chemical ionization mass spectra. The spirodienone ether had a low equilibrium spreading pressure that explained the inflection point in the II-A isotherm generated by alpha-tocopherol on an alkaline subphase. Surface area data showed that dl-alpha-tocopherol formed immiscible films with stearyl alcohol and miscible films with oleyl alcohol. II-A isotherms showed that alpha-tocopherol in both immiscible and miscible mixtures was oxidized rapidly on an alkaline potassium ferricyanide subphase to the spirodienone ether. Collapse pressure data showed that the spirodienone ether formed an immiscible film with stearyl alcohol and a miscible film with oleyl alcohol. Interfacial oxidation experiments showed that alpha-tocopherol is oxidized either to tocopherylquinone (acidic subphase) or to the spirodienone ether (alkaline subphase). The natural occurrence of both tocopherylquinone and the spirodienone ether suggests that several types of oxidant stress are found in biological systems. One type of oxidant stress may involve the peroxy radical generating tocopherylquinone; a second type may involve hydroxyl radical-hydroxide ion generating the spirodienone ether.", "contents": "Interfacial oxidation of alpha-tocopherol and the surface properties of its oxidation products. dl-alpha-Tocopherol spread on an acidic subphase as a gaseous monolayer was oxidized slowly to a derivative that was identified by thin-layer chromatography as alpha-tocopherylquinone. The derivative generated the same II-A isotherm as alpha-tocopherylquinone. When the subphase contained gold chloride, alpha-tocopherol was oxidized rapidly and quantitatively to alpha-tocopherylquinone. dl-alpha-Tocopherol spread on a basic subphase as a gaseous monolayer was oxidized slowly to a mixture that contained alpha-tocopherol, a quinone, and a nonpolar derivative. The mixture generated a II-A isotherm with an inflection point below the equilibrium spreading pressure of either alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopherylquinone. When potassium ferricyanide was added to the alkaline subphase, alpha-tocopherol was oxidized rapidly to a mixture that contained both the nonpolar derivative (major product) and the quinone (minor product). The nonpolar derivative was isolated by thin-layer chromatography and identified as the spirodienone ether by ultraviolet, infrared, and chemical ionization mass spectra. The spirodienone ether had a low equilibrium spreading pressure that explained the inflection point in the II-A isotherm generated by alpha-tocopherol on an alkaline subphase. Surface area data showed that dl-alpha-tocopherol formed immiscible films with stearyl alcohol and miscible films with oleyl alcohol. II-A isotherms showed that alpha-tocopherol in both immiscible and miscible mixtures was oxidized rapidly on an alkaline potassium ferricyanide subphase to the spirodienone ether. Collapse pressure data showed that the spirodienone ether formed an immiscible film with stearyl alcohol and a miscible film with oleyl alcohol. Interfacial oxidation experiments showed that alpha-tocopherol is oxidized either to tocopherylquinone (acidic subphase) or to the spirodienone ether (alkaline subphase). The natural occurrence of both tocopherylquinone and the spirodienone ether suggests that several types of oxidant stress are found in biological systems. One type of oxidant stress may involve the peroxy radical generating tocopherylquinone; a second type may involve hydroxyl radical-hydroxide ion generating the spirodienone ether.", "PMID": 659982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8640", "title": "Studies on serum lipids, insulin, and glucagon and on muscle triglyceride in rats adapted to high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets.", "content": "A comparisonwas made of lipid circulation, storage, and mobilization in rats adapted to lard or glucose diets. In the morning, lard-fed rats had higher blood triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. In the evening TG was higher, but FFA was significantly lower in the lard vs. the glucose group. Fasting did not produce the characteristic increase in blood FFA in the lard-fed rats but was associated with a severe drop in their serum TG. Circulating glucose and insulin were not affected, while glucagon levels were increased by lard feeding. Nicotinic acid decreased fasting FFA levels to a greater extent in the glucose-fed rats. It was concluded that lard feeding depresses mobilization of fat from adipose tissue; on the other hand, it was found to increase storage and utilization of muscle TG. Fat feeding increased diaphragm TG concentrations threefold, as well as the number and size of intracellular fat droplets at the light and electron microscopic levels. Fasting decreased diaphragm TG in both groups, but the amount lost was greater in the fat-fed rats. Also, in vitro basal isoproterenol-stimulated (1 microgram/ml) FFA release by the incubated diaphragm was higher in the lard-fed group.", "contents": "Studies on serum lipids, insulin, and glucagon and on muscle triglyceride in rats adapted to high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. A comparisonwas made of lipid circulation, storage, and mobilization in rats adapted to lard or glucose diets. In the morning, lard-fed rats had higher blood triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. In the evening TG was higher, but FFA was significantly lower in the lard vs. the glucose group. Fasting did not produce the characteristic increase in blood FFA in the lard-fed rats but was associated with a severe drop in their serum TG. Circulating glucose and insulin were not affected, while glucagon levels were increased by lard feeding. Nicotinic acid decreased fasting FFA levels to a greater extent in the glucose-fed rats. It was concluded that lard feeding depresses mobilization of fat from adipose tissue; on the other hand, it was found to increase storage and utilization of muscle TG. Fat feeding increased diaphragm TG concentrations threefold, as well as the number and size of intracellular fat droplets at the light and electron microscopic levels. Fasting decreased diaphragm TG in both groups, but the amount lost was greater in the fat-fed rats. Also, in vitro basal isoproterenol-stimulated (1 microgram/ml) FFA release by the incubated diaphragm was higher in the lard-fed group.", "PMID": 659983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8641", "title": "Lipid synthesis in isolated intestinal cells.", "content": "Since the small intestine contributes significantly to serum cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein levels, acute regulation of lipid synthesis was investigated in isolated rat intestinal cells incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 5 mM glucose and [14c]acetate or 3H2O. Incorporation of [14c]acetate into cellular lipids was 6- to 8-fold greater in crypt than in villus cells. In both cell types the distribution of 14C among the various lipid classes was as follows: 52.5% in triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides; 22.3% in cholesterol; 8.3% in cholesteryl esters; 1.9% in fatty acids; and 15.0% in phospholidpids. In contrast, the medium lipids contained significantly higher amounts of tri-, di- and monoglycerides (61.1%) and lower amounts of cholesteryl esters (2.3%) and phospholipids (11.9%). After saponification, 2/3 of the recovered 3H2O was in fatty acids and 1/3 in cholesterol. Ethanol (10 mM) tripled 3H2O incorporation into cellular lipids but had no effect on [14c]acetate incorporation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine (10 micron), glucagon (10 micron), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1MM), dexamethasone (1 mM and 1 micron), and cholera toxin (1 microgram/ml) did not affect [14c]acetate incorporation. We concluded that ehtanol stimulates intestinal lipid synthesis; however, in sharp contrast to their inhibition of lipid synthesis in hepatocytes and adipocytes, catecholamines, glucagon, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP do not inhibit lipid synthesis in intestinal cells.", "contents": "Lipid synthesis in isolated intestinal cells. Since the small intestine contributes significantly to serum cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein levels, acute regulation of lipid synthesis was investigated in isolated rat intestinal cells incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 5 mM glucose and [14c]acetate or 3H2O. Incorporation of [14c]acetate into cellular lipids was 6- to 8-fold greater in crypt than in villus cells. In both cell types the distribution of 14C among the various lipid classes was as follows: 52.5% in triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides; 22.3% in cholesterol; 8.3% in cholesteryl esters; 1.9% in fatty acids; and 15.0% in phospholidpids. In contrast, the medium lipids contained significantly higher amounts of tri-, di- and monoglycerides (61.1%) and lower amounts of cholesteryl esters (2.3%) and phospholipids (11.9%). After saponification, 2/3 of the recovered 3H2O was in fatty acids and 1/3 in cholesterol. Ethanol (10 mM) tripled 3H2O incorporation into cellular lipids but had no effect on [14c]acetate incorporation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine (10 micron), glucagon (10 micron), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1MM), dexamethasone (1 mM and 1 micron), and cholera toxin (1 microgram/ml) did not affect [14c]acetate incorporation. We concluded that ehtanol stimulates intestinal lipid synthesis; however, in sharp contrast to their inhibition of lipid synthesis in hepatocytes and adipocytes, catecholamines, glucagon, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP do not inhibit lipid synthesis in intestinal cells.", "PMID": 659984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8642", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of ursodeoxycholic acid in serum.", "content": "A sensitivie and specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of serum ursodeoxycholic acid has been developed. Ursodeoxycholic acid bound to bovine serum albumin was used as an antigen, and antiserum to this antigen was raised in the rabbit. [11, 12-3h2]Ursodeoxycholic acid was used as the radioactive tracer, and the radioimmunoassay was carried out by the method of Simmonds et al. (1973. Gastroenterology. 65: 705-711). The percentage of bound radioactivity decreased linearly with a logarithmic increase in unlabeled ursodeoxycholic acid from 10 to 200 pmol. The antiserum showed extremely high specificity for ursodeoxycholic acid (free and conjugated), and the values determined by radioimmunoassay indicated a close correlation with those found by gas-liquid chromatography. In normal Japanese subjects, a small amount of ursodeoxycholic acid in serum was detected, and the level was detected, and the level was 0.15 +/- 0.11 nmol/ml. This convenient radioimmunoassay will provide useful information about the metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid in man.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of ursodeoxycholic acid in serum. A sensitivie and specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of serum ursodeoxycholic acid has been developed. Ursodeoxycholic acid bound to bovine serum albumin was used as an antigen, and antiserum to this antigen was raised in the rabbit. [11, 12-3h2]Ursodeoxycholic acid was used as the radioactive tracer, and the radioimmunoassay was carried out by the method of Simmonds et al. (1973. Gastroenterology. 65: 705-711). The percentage of bound radioactivity decreased linearly with a logarithmic increase in unlabeled ursodeoxycholic acid from 10 to 200 pmol. The antiserum showed extremely high specificity for ursodeoxycholic acid (free and conjugated), and the values determined by radioimmunoassay indicated a close correlation with those found by gas-liquid chromatography. In normal Japanese subjects, a small amount of ursodeoxycholic acid in serum was detected, and the level was detected, and the level was 0.15 +/- 0.11 nmol/ml. This convenient radioimmunoassay will provide useful information about the metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid in man.", "PMID": 659985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8643", "title": "Cholesterol absorption and steroid excretion in cholesterol-fed guinea pigs.", "content": "Cholesterol absorption was studied in groups of guinea pigs fed diets containing 0, 0.1%, or 1% cholesterol. A similar proportion of tracer cholesterol was absorbed regardless of the cholesterol content of the diet. Furthermore, the proportion of tracer cholesterol absorbed by individual animals did not change when the cholesterol-free diet was changed to one containing 1% cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption was also measured in hyporesponding guinea pigs. These guinea pigs had been fed 1% cholesterol-containing diets for nearly a year with minimal pathological effects. These hyporesponders had a decreased intestinal transit time, which enabled them to decrease the fractional absorption of cholesterol below the levels seen in the controls, and to absorb less cholesterol/kg body weight than the hyperresponders. Excretion of total and of neutral steroids was measured in guinea pigs fed 0 or 1% cholesterol-containing diets. The 1% cholesterol-fed guinea pigs increased the excretion of steroids 3-fold over control levels. However, they absorbed more dietary cholesterol than they excreted in any form. It seems, therefore, that a major cause of the cholesterol pool expansion in the guinea pig is its inability to limit absorption of dietary cholesterol in conjunction with its inability to sufficiently increase excretion of steroids.", "contents": "Cholesterol absorption and steroid excretion in cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. Cholesterol absorption was studied in groups of guinea pigs fed diets containing 0, 0.1%, or 1% cholesterol. A similar proportion of tracer cholesterol was absorbed regardless of the cholesterol content of the diet. Furthermore, the proportion of tracer cholesterol absorbed by individual animals did not change when the cholesterol-free diet was changed to one containing 1% cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption was also measured in hyporesponding guinea pigs. These guinea pigs had been fed 1% cholesterol-containing diets for nearly a year with minimal pathological effects. These hyporesponders had a decreased intestinal transit time, which enabled them to decrease the fractional absorption of cholesterol below the levels seen in the controls, and to absorb less cholesterol/kg body weight than the hyperresponders. Excretion of total and of neutral steroids was measured in guinea pigs fed 0 or 1% cholesterol-containing diets. The 1% cholesterol-fed guinea pigs increased the excretion of steroids 3-fold over control levels. However, they absorbed more dietary cholesterol than they excreted in any form. It seems, therefore, that a major cause of the cholesterol pool expansion in the guinea pig is its inability to limit absorption of dietary cholesterol in conjunction with its inability to sufficiently increase excretion of steroids.", "PMID": 659986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8644", "title": "Rapid increase in hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity and in vivo cholesterol synthesis after Triton WR 1339 injection.", "content": "Triton WR 1339, injected intravenously into rats, caused a 12% decrease in hepatic cholesterol within 30 minutes and a 34% decrease after 2 hours. An early and progressive increase in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides was also confirmed. Although hepatic HMG Coa reductase activity was unchanged after 30 minutes, it had increased seven-fold after 105 minutes. In vivo cholesterol synthesis measured by determining incorporation of intraperitoneally-injected 3H2O into cholesterol also showed an early increase, suggesting that the enzyme was rate controlling for cholesterogenesis under conditions of rapid stimulation. These findings strongly suggest that Triton WR 1339 stimulates hepatic cholesterogenesis by depleting hepatic cholesterol and trapping it in the blood compartment. The rapidity with which the drug acts supports the hypothesis that hepatocellular flux of cholesterol or its derivatized product could mediate the diurnal and hormonally induced fluctuations of cholesterogenesis.", "contents": "Rapid increase in hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity and in vivo cholesterol synthesis after Triton WR 1339 injection. Triton WR 1339, injected intravenously into rats, caused a 12% decrease in hepatic cholesterol within 30 minutes and a 34% decrease after 2 hours. An early and progressive increase in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides was also confirmed. Although hepatic HMG Coa reductase activity was unchanged after 30 minutes, it had increased seven-fold after 105 minutes. In vivo cholesterol synthesis measured by determining incorporation of intraperitoneally-injected 3H2O into cholesterol also showed an early increase, suggesting that the enzyme was rate controlling for cholesterogenesis under conditions of rapid stimulation. These findings strongly suggest that Triton WR 1339 stimulates hepatic cholesterogenesis by depleting hepatic cholesterol and trapping it in the blood compartment. The rapidity with which the drug acts supports the hypothesis that hepatocellular flux of cholesterol or its derivatized product could mediate the diurnal and hormonally induced fluctuations of cholesterogenesis.", "PMID": 659987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8645", "title": "Turnover of phospholipid linoleic and arachidonic acids in human platelets from plasma lecithins.", "content": "Incubation of platelet-rich plasma with high density lipoproteins labeled either with 1-acyl-2[1-14c]-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1-acyl-2-[1-14c]linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine showed the existence of a pool of phosphatidylcholine in platelets, which rapidly exchanges with the phosphatidylcholine in plasma. The labeled linoleic and arachidonic acids from the respective labeled phosphatidylcholines were found in the other glycerophospholipids. These transacylation processes were much more active with the arachidonoyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine than with linoleoyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine. Arachidonic acid was mainly found in the phosphatidylinositol.", "contents": "Turnover of phospholipid linoleic and arachidonic acids in human platelets from plasma lecithins. Incubation of platelet-rich plasma with high density lipoproteins labeled either with 1-acyl-2[1-14c]-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1-acyl-2-[1-14c]linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine showed the existence of a pool of phosphatidylcholine in platelets, which rapidly exchanges with the phosphatidylcholine in plasma. The labeled linoleic and arachidonic acids from the respective labeled phosphatidylcholines were found in the other glycerophospholipids. These transacylation processes were much more active with the arachidonoyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine than with linoleoyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine. Arachidonic acid was mainly found in the phosphatidylinositol.", "PMID": 659988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8646", "title": "Determination of conjugated bile acids in human bile and duodenal fluid by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A simple mehtod using reverse-phase liquid chromatography is presented for resolution and quantitation of the major conjugated bile acids of man, including the glycine and taurine conjugates of the dihydroxy bile acids, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acid. Using modern, high-performance chromatographic equipment, analysis time is less than 30 minutes. The quantitative range of the method, with detection by refractive index, is 0.05 to 0.1 mumol of bile acid and the limit of detection for an injection sample is 0.01 mumol. This provides a sensitivity sufficient for analysis of dilute duodenal and gallbladder bile with minimal sample preparation.", "contents": "Determination of conjugated bile acids in human bile and duodenal fluid by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A simple mehtod using reverse-phase liquid chromatography is presented for resolution and quantitation of the major conjugated bile acids of man, including the glycine and taurine conjugates of the dihydroxy bile acids, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acid. Using modern, high-performance chromatographic equipment, analysis time is less than 30 minutes. The quantitative range of the method, with detection by refractive index, is 0.05 to 0.1 mumol of bile acid and the limit of detection for an injection sample is 0.01 mumol. This provides a sensitivity sufficient for analysis of dilute duodenal and gallbladder bile with minimal sample preparation.", "PMID": 659989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8647", "title": "A multi-locus continuous-time selection model.", "content": "A continuous time selection model is formulated for a diploid monoecious population with multiple alleles at each of an arbitrary number of loci, incorporating differential fertility and mortality as well as arbitrary mating and age structure. The model is simplified in the case of age-independence and for the case of a stable age distribution. The age-independent model is examined in detail for the special case of multiple alleles at each of two loci. This model is analyzed under the assumptions of random mating and additive fertilities, with close attention given to the behavior of the system with respect to Hardy-Weinberg proportions and linkage equilibrium.", "contents": "A multi-locus continuous-time selection model. A continuous time selection model is formulated for a diploid monoecious population with multiple alleles at each of an arbitrary number of loci, incorporating differential fertility and mortality as well as arbitrary mating and age structure. The model is simplified in the case of age-independence and for the case of a stable age distribution. The age-independent model is examined in detail for the special case of multiple alleles at each of two loci. This model is analyzed under the assumptions of random mating and additive fertilities, with close attention given to the behavior of the system with respect to Hardy-Weinberg proportions and linkage equilibrium.", "PMID": 659990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8648", "title": "Prediction of the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node.", "content": "Based on the new description of AV-nodal conductivity from our laboratory, we developed an equation which describes AV-nodal conduction time in the dog heart at all coupling intervals. This allows us to predict the functional refractory period (FRP) of the AV-node based on the AV-nodal conduction times of only five extra stimuli having relatively long coupling intervals. The equation predicted the FRP within acceptable limits when compared to values obtained by the classical technique in which the full range of extrasystolic intervals must be tested. Changes in FRP after the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs (lidocaine and quinidine) or due to changes in heart rate were predicted accurately. The ease and accuracy of the present method could allow determination of FRP in a short time.", "contents": "Prediction of the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node. Based on the new description of AV-nodal conductivity from our laboratory, we developed an equation which describes AV-nodal conduction time in the dog heart at all coupling intervals. This allows us to predict the functional refractory period (FRP) of the AV-node based on the AV-nodal conduction times of only five extra stimuli having relatively long coupling intervals. The equation predicted the FRP within acceptable limits when compared to values obtained by the classical technique in which the full range of extrasystolic intervals must be tested. Changes in FRP after the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs (lidocaine and quinidine) or due to changes in heart rate were predicted accurately. The ease and accuracy of the present method could allow determination of FRP in a short time.", "PMID": 660015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8649", "title": "Ventricular extrastimulation in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Evidence for ventricular reentry.", "content": "Fourteen patients with mitral valve prolapse and essentially normal coronary arteries were evaluated for ventricular arrhythmias, utilizing programmed ventricular extrastimulation. Three were symptomatic with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Application of appropriately timed ventricular extrasystoles initiated the tachyarrhythmias in these three patients. The remaining eleven mitral prolapse patients were apparently free of tachycardias. Repetitive ectopic beats were not induced by extrastimulation in these eleven patients. The initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias by extrastimulation suggests a reentrant mechanism for the ventricular ectopy of mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Ventricular extrastimulation in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Evidence for ventricular reentry. Fourteen patients with mitral valve prolapse and essentially normal coronary arteries were evaluated for ventricular arrhythmias, utilizing programmed ventricular extrastimulation. Three were symptomatic with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Application of appropriately timed ventricular extrasystoles initiated the tachyarrhythmias in these three patients. The remaining eleven mitral prolapse patients were apparently free of tachycardias. Repetitive ectopic beats were not induced by extrastimulation in these eleven patients. The initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias by extrastimulation suggests a reentrant mechanism for the ventricular ectopy of mitral valve prolapse.", "PMID": 660016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8650", "title": "Effects of the volume conductor on the apparent orientation of a known cardiac dipole.", "content": "The surface electrocardiogram (EKG) is dependent on two major factors: the cardiac generator and the volume conductor. This investigation assessed the effects of the volume conductor in man on the apparent orientation of a simulated cardiac dipole. The apparent orientation of the dipole was calculated from measured surface potentials from about 60 locations on the body of five patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. The real orientation of the dipole (an implanted pacemaker) was determined radiographically. The effects of both inhomogeneity and boundary characteristics of the volume conductor on the apparent orientation of the dipole were assessed using a new inverse algorithm. The difference between the orientation of the real and the calculated dipoles averaged 30 degrees (range 15 degrees--40 degrees) when the torso was assumed to be an infinite-homogeneous volume conductor. When the configuration of the torso was accounted for, however, the difference between the orientation of the real and calculated dipoles was reduced to 9 degrees (range 5 degrees--13 degrees). Thus, by taking into account the geometry of the torso and neglecting the inhomogeneities in the volume conductor, it is possible to calculate the orientation of a dipole in the cardiac region with an accuracy of about 9 degrees. It is reasonable to assume that the orientation of real activation wave fronts from localized areas of the heart could be calculated with a similar degree of accuracy.", "contents": "Effects of the volume conductor on the apparent orientation of a known cardiac dipole. The surface electrocardiogram (EKG) is dependent on two major factors: the cardiac generator and the volume conductor. This investigation assessed the effects of the volume conductor in man on the apparent orientation of a simulated cardiac dipole. The apparent orientation of the dipole was calculated from measured surface potentials from about 60 locations on the body of five patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. The real orientation of the dipole (an implanted pacemaker) was determined radiographically. The effects of both inhomogeneity and boundary characteristics of the volume conductor on the apparent orientation of the dipole were assessed using a new inverse algorithm. The difference between the orientation of the real and the calculated dipoles averaged 30 degrees (range 15 degrees--40 degrees) when the torso was assumed to be an infinite-homogeneous volume conductor. When the configuration of the torso was accounted for, however, the difference between the orientation of the real and calculated dipoles was reduced to 9 degrees (range 5 degrees--13 degrees). Thus, by taking into account the geometry of the torso and neglecting the inhomogeneities in the volume conductor, it is possible to calculate the orientation of a dipole in the cardiac region with an accuracy of about 9 degrees. It is reasonable to assume that the orientation of real activation wave fronts from localized areas of the heart could be calculated with a similar degree of accuracy.", "PMID": 660017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8651", "title": "Effects of electrode area on electrocardiographic voltages.", "content": "Effects of two different sizes of chest electrodes--100 and 750 mm2 area--on x and z Frank leads were determined using electrocardiographic data from 25 subjects. In most cases, differences in Rx and Rz were below 50 uV, but in nine cases (36%) differences exceeded this value for either Rx or Rz or both. In six cases, differences exceeded 100 uV. For an additional 20 subjects, standard precordial leads were recorded using the same two electrode sizes. QRS amplitudes were significantly affected for V4 but not for V1 or V6. Variability caused by electrode size is greater than that caused by beat-to-beat variation and is comparable to that found in day-to-day variation. Interchangeability of data among ECG recording laboratories can be significantly improved by standardizing electrode size for precordial electrodes.", "contents": "Effects of electrode area on electrocardiographic voltages. Effects of two different sizes of chest electrodes--100 and 750 mm2 area--on x and z Frank leads were determined using electrocardiographic data from 25 subjects. In most cases, differences in Rx and Rz were below 50 uV, but in nine cases (36%) differences exceeded this value for either Rx or Rz or both. In six cases, differences exceeded 100 uV. For an additional 20 subjects, standard precordial leads were recorded using the same two electrode sizes. QRS amplitudes were significantly affected for V4 but not for V1 or V6. Variability caused by electrode size is greater than that caused by beat-to-beat variation and is comparable to that found in day-to-day variation. Interchangeability of data among ECG recording laboratories can be significantly improved by standardizing electrode size for precordial electrodes.", "PMID": 660018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8652", "title": "The surface electrocardiogram in complete intra-his heart block.", "content": "In some cases, the surface ECG may be useful in predicting that the level of heart block is intra-His rather than supra-His. In five patients with third degree heart block the level of block was documented to be within the His bundle. In all five, the surface ECG showed an escape rhythm with QRS complexes of less than 0.10s. duration. The initial QRS forces were abnormal in that \"septal\" q waves were not present in leads 1 and V6. Two of the five patients had occasional conducted beats with normal \"septal\" q waves. Thus, heart block associated with an escape rhythm of narrow QRS morphology but abnormal septal depolarization may indicate that the level of the block is intra-His rather than supra-His.", "contents": "The surface electrocardiogram in complete intra-his heart block. In some cases, the surface ECG may be useful in predicting that the level of heart block is intra-His rather than supra-His. In five patients with third degree heart block the level of block was documented to be within the His bundle. In all five, the surface ECG showed an escape rhythm with QRS complexes of less than 0.10s. duration. The initial QRS forces were abnormal in that \"septal\" q waves were not present in leads 1 and V6. Two of the five patients had occasional conducted beats with normal \"septal\" q waves. Thus, heart block associated with an escape rhythm of narrow QRS morphology but abnormal septal depolarization may indicate that the level of the block is intra-His rather than supra-His.", "PMID": 660019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8653", "title": "Studies of acute myocardial infarction with intermittent bundle branch and hemiblock.", "content": "Two cases of transient hemiblock occurring during the course of acute myocardial infarction are reported. The transient manifestation permits the accurate evaluation of the diagnostic features of the hemiblocks as modified by acute infarction. One case reflects the development of left bundle branch block due to bilateral post-divisional block which inter alia permits the study of left bundle branch block in the presence of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Studies of acute myocardial infarction with intermittent bundle branch and hemiblock. Two cases of transient hemiblock occurring during the course of acute myocardial infarction are reported. The transient manifestation permits the accurate evaluation of the diagnostic features of the hemiblocks as modified by acute infarction. One case reflects the development of left bundle branch block due to bilateral post-divisional block which inter alia permits the study of left bundle branch block in the presence of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 660020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8654", "title": "Theoretical analysis of T-wave polarity based on a model of cardiac electrical activity.", "content": "The effect of the gradient of transmembrane action potential duration through the ventricular wall on T-wave polarity and QRS-T angle was investigated using a mathematical model of the electrical activity of the heart which incorporates the characteristic electrophysiological properties of the left ventricular wall. Two models, a rectangular solid model and a concave model, were constructed to simulate a part of the left ventricular wall. The ventricular gradient was defined as a linear decrease (beta msec/cm) of the action potential duration from the endocardium to epicardium. The theoretically-obtained relationship between the QRS-T angle and the ventricular gradient revealed that the transmural gradient (beta) was 10--40 msec/cm when the QRS-T angle was within the normal range. The positive T wave was obtained at the observation point which would correspond to the precordial lead when the transmural gradient was more than 30 msec/cm. The amplitude of the simulated T-wave increased with the ventricular gradient. Thus, our mathematical models can provide the quantitative relationship between the transmural ventricular gradient and T-wave polarity and are compatible with further simulation study for various pathological conditions.", "contents": "Theoretical analysis of T-wave polarity based on a model of cardiac electrical activity. The effect of the gradient of transmembrane action potential duration through the ventricular wall on T-wave polarity and QRS-T angle was investigated using a mathematical model of the electrical activity of the heart which incorporates the characteristic electrophysiological properties of the left ventricular wall. Two models, a rectangular solid model and a concave model, were constructed to simulate a part of the left ventricular wall. The ventricular gradient was defined as a linear decrease (beta msec/cm) of the action potential duration from the endocardium to epicardium. The theoretically-obtained relationship between the QRS-T angle and the ventricular gradient revealed that the transmural gradient (beta) was 10--40 msec/cm when the QRS-T angle was within the normal range. The positive T wave was obtained at the observation point which would correspond to the precordial lead when the transmural gradient was more than 30 msec/cm. The amplitude of the simulated T-wave increased with the ventricular gradient. Thus, our mathematical models can provide the quantitative relationship between the transmural ventricular gradient and T-wave polarity and are compatible with further simulation study for various pathological conditions.", "PMID": 660021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8655", "title": "Two-to-one A-V block with four-to-three A-V nodal wenckebach, a form of spontaneous multilevel block.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies in one patient with spontaneous 2:1 atrioventricular block and variable PR intervals revealed two sites of conduction block. Typical 4:3 A-V nodal Wenckebach was present in addition to Mobitz type II infra-His block. The HV of conducted complexes was 120 msec and the shortest recorded AH interval was 250 msec. When 2:1 A-V block with fixed PR interval was present, only 2:1 Mobitz type II infra His-block was present. The mechanism of this example of spontaneous multilevel A-V block is discussed and compared to other previously reported cases.", "contents": "Two-to-one A-V block with four-to-three A-V nodal wenckebach, a form of spontaneous multilevel block. Electrophysiologic studies in one patient with spontaneous 2:1 atrioventricular block and variable PR intervals revealed two sites of conduction block. Typical 4:3 A-V nodal Wenckebach was present in addition to Mobitz type II infra-His block. The HV of conducted complexes was 120 msec and the shortest recorded AH interval was 250 msec. When 2:1 A-V block with fixed PR interval was present, only 2:1 Mobitz type II infra His-block was present. The mechanism of this example of spontaneous multilevel A-V block is discussed and compared to other previously reported cases.", "PMID": 660022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8656", "title": "A case of sick sinus syndrome in primary systemic amyloidosis.", "content": "A case of sick sinus syndrome due to primary systemic amyloidosis which involved mainly the heart and lungs is presented. The electrocardiogram showed various changes; low voltage, bradyarrhythmia with junctional escape beats, paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia that terminates abruptly with subsequent long asystole, junctional rhythm from different origins and complete right bundle branch block which appeared at shorter and longer diastolic intervals. Histological examination showed an extensive amyloid infiltration in the upper parts of the conduction system, with major damage in the sinus node and also elsewhere in the heart. The patient died despite pacemaker implantation.", "contents": "A case of sick sinus syndrome in primary systemic amyloidosis. A case of sick sinus syndrome due to primary systemic amyloidosis which involved mainly the heart and lungs is presented. The electrocardiogram showed various changes; low voltage, bradyarrhythmia with junctional escape beats, paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia that terminates abruptly with subsequent long asystole, junctional rhythm from different origins and complete right bundle branch block which appeared at shorter and longer diastolic intervals. Histological examination showed an extensive amyloid infiltration in the upper parts of the conduction system, with major damage in the sinus node and also elsewhere in the heart. The patient died despite pacemaker implantation.", "PMID": 660023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8657", "title": "Multiform accelerated idioventricular rhythm in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The presence of accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) in its multiform variant in two patients with acute myocardial infarction is described. No difference was noted in the clinical evolution of this arrhythmia and the more commonly observed unifocal AIVR.", "contents": "Multiform accelerated idioventricular rhythm in acute myocardial infarction. The presence of accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) in its multiform variant in two patients with acute myocardial infarction is described. No difference was noted in the clinical evolution of this arrhythmia and the more commonly observed unifocal AIVR.", "PMID": 660024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8658", "title": "A note on the application of Morse theory to the study of the potential extrema of body surface potential maps.", "content": "The entire body may be approximated with a closed surface having the homotopy type of a sphere. The Morse inequalities then yield certain relationships between the local potential extrema and the saddle points appearing on body surface potential maps (BSPMs). In particular, a list of possible extremal configurations is presented.", "contents": "A note on the application of Morse theory to the study of the potential extrema of body surface potential maps. The entire body may be approximated with a closed surface having the homotopy type of a sphere. The Morse inequalities then yield certain relationships between the local potential extrema and the saddle points appearing on body surface potential maps (BSPMs). In particular, a list of possible extremal configurations is presented.", "PMID": 660025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8659", "title": "Demand pacemaker slowing: a simple bedside technique.", "content": "We present a simple noninvasive bedside technique to slow gradually any R-wave inhibited ventricular demand pacemaker up to one-half its original rate for indefinite periods of time. Gradual pacemaker slowing allows accurate diagnostic observations and therapeutic interventions in pacemaker-induced arrhythmias and may possibly be used in the management of unstable angina in patients with ventricular demand pacemakers.", "contents": "Demand pacemaker slowing: a simple bedside technique. We present a simple noninvasive bedside technique to slow gradually any R-wave inhibited ventricular demand pacemaker up to one-half its original rate for indefinite periods of time. Gradual pacemaker slowing allows accurate diagnostic observations and therapeutic interventions in pacemaker-induced arrhythmias and may possibly be used in the management of unstable angina in patients with ventricular demand pacemakers.", "PMID": 660026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8660", "title": "Response of antidiuretic hormone to acute exposure to mild and severe hypoxia in man.", "content": "Eight men, 19-35 years of age, breathed 20.9% (normal oxygen), 13.9% (mild hypoxia) or 11.1% (severe hypoxia) oxygen in nitrogen gas mixtures during three 20 min periods, which were separated by 1 h recovery periods. The order in which the gas mixtures were breathed was random. The partial pressure of oxygen decreased from a mean of 93.5 during exposure to normal oxygen to 53.9 and 36.7 mmHg during mild and severe hypoxia respectively. There were corresponding decreases in haemoglobin saturation. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was lower and the pH higher during severe hypoxia than during exposure to normal oxygen. There were no changes in the plasma osmolality or in the concentrations of sodium or potassium in the plasma. There was a tendency for both the renin activity and the concentration of aldosterone in the plasma to decrease progressively as the percentage of oxygen breathed decreased. Unlike severe hypoxia, mild hypoxia suppressed the concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the plasma of all subjects by about 59%; during severe hypoxia the reduction was not significant, being only about 33%. These data are consistent with the suggestion that the effect of hypoxia on the release of ADH is dependent on the level of hypoxia.", "contents": "Response of antidiuretic hormone to acute exposure to mild and severe hypoxia in man. Eight men, 19-35 years of age, breathed 20.9% (normal oxygen), 13.9% (mild hypoxia) or 11.1% (severe hypoxia) oxygen in nitrogen gas mixtures during three 20 min periods, which were separated by 1 h recovery periods. The order in which the gas mixtures were breathed was random. The partial pressure of oxygen decreased from a mean of 93.5 during exposure to normal oxygen to 53.9 and 36.7 mmHg during mild and severe hypoxia respectively. There were corresponding decreases in haemoglobin saturation. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was lower and the pH higher during severe hypoxia than during exposure to normal oxygen. There were no changes in the plasma osmolality or in the concentrations of sodium or potassium in the plasma. There was a tendency for both the renin activity and the concentration of aldosterone in the plasma to decrease progressively as the percentage of oxygen breathed decreased. Unlike severe hypoxia, mild hypoxia suppressed the concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the plasma of all subjects by about 59%; during severe hypoxia the reduction was not significant, being only about 33%. These data are consistent with the suggestion that the effect of hypoxia on the release of ADH is dependent on the level of hypoxia.", "PMID": 660035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8661", "title": "Steroidogenesis in preovulatory follicles of patients given human menopausal and chorionic gonadotrophins as judged by the radioimmunoassay of steroids in follicular fluid.", "content": "The administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulated the development of various numbers of follicles in patients treated for infertility. Graafian follicles from these patients were aspirated 32-33 h after the injection of HCG and the levels of steroids in the follicular fluid and matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. The follicles could not be grouped into two distinct clusters as found in patients given HCG during the menstrual cycle but a broad classification of follicles into four groups was indicated from the dendrogram. Two of the groups were similar to the ovulatory and non-ovulatory groups found previously, whereas the other two groups of follicles were more intermediate in nature. The use of a discriminant analysis showed that these two groups had clearly been stimulated by the HMG and HCG, although they were not yet fully ovulatory. Our data indicate that the number of developing follicles is considerably increased by treatment with HMG and HCG but there is asynchrony in follicular development because the pattern of steroid synthesis differs in many follicles. The effects of this asynchronous development on oocyte maturation and disorders of the luteal phase are discussed.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in preovulatory follicles of patients given human menopausal and chorionic gonadotrophins as judged by the radioimmunoassay of steroids in follicular fluid. The administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulated the development of various numbers of follicles in patients treated for infertility. Graafian follicles from these patients were aspirated 32-33 h after the injection of HCG and the levels of steroids in the follicular fluid and matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. The follicles could not be grouped into two distinct clusters as found in patients given HCG during the menstrual cycle but a broad classification of follicles into four groups was indicated from the dendrogram. Two of the groups were similar to the ovulatory and non-ovulatory groups found previously, whereas the other two groups of follicles were more intermediate in nature. The use of a discriminant analysis showed that these two groups had clearly been stimulated by the HMG and HCG, although they were not yet fully ovulatory. Our data indicate that the number of developing follicles is considerably increased by treatment with HMG and HCG but there is asynchrony in follicular development because the pattern of steroid synthesis differs in many follicles. The effects of this asynchronous development on oocyte maturation and disorders of the luteal phase are discussed.", "PMID": 660037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8662", "title": "Steroidogenesis by cultured granulosa cells aspirated from human follicles using pregnenolone and androgens as precursors.", "content": "Human granulosa cells from Graafian follicles aspirated 3-4 h before the expected time of ovulation were incubated with various steroid substrates, including pregnenolone, androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). Steroid production after 3 and 10 h of incubation was determined by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were the major products of granulosa cells in control short-term cultures with endogenous substrates. The addition of pregnenolone increased the synthesis of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone compared with the controls, although the response varied considerably between paired short-term cultures. Little or no oestradiol-17beta was produced from endogenous precursors or short-term cultures to which pregnenolone had been added; one follicle, however, produced similar amounts of oestradiol-17beta in the control cultures and after incubation with pregnenolone. When granulosa cells were cultured with various amounts of androstenedione, DHA or testosterone, large amounts of oestradiol-17beta were produced, especially in short-term cultures in which larger amounts of substrate were added. Progesterone production continued and progesterone was synthesized more rapidly or in greater amounts in some short-term test cultures than in the controls. The results indicate that human granulosa cells are one source of oestradiol-17beta during the preovulatory phase. The data support the two-cell theory for oestradiol synthesis, for granulosa cells do not appear to undertake steroid conversion via the 5-unsaturated pathway, but aromatize androgens known to be produced by thecal cells. It is also suggested that either androgens or oestradiol-17beta stimulate progesterone production by granulosa cells, at least in vitro.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis by cultured granulosa cells aspirated from human follicles using pregnenolone and androgens as precursors. Human granulosa cells from Graafian follicles aspirated 3-4 h before the expected time of ovulation were incubated with various steroid substrates, including pregnenolone, androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). Steroid production after 3 and 10 h of incubation was determined by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were the major products of granulosa cells in control short-term cultures with endogenous substrates. The addition of pregnenolone increased the synthesis of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone compared with the controls, although the response varied considerably between paired short-term cultures. Little or no oestradiol-17beta was produced from endogenous precursors or short-term cultures to which pregnenolone had been added; one follicle, however, produced similar amounts of oestradiol-17beta in the control cultures and after incubation with pregnenolone. When granulosa cells were cultured with various amounts of androstenedione, DHA or testosterone, large amounts of oestradiol-17beta were produced, especially in short-term cultures in which larger amounts of substrate were added. Progesterone production continued and progesterone was synthesized more rapidly or in greater amounts in some short-term test cultures than in the controls. The results indicate that human granulosa cells are one source of oestradiol-17beta during the preovulatory phase. The data support the two-cell theory for oestradiol synthesis, for granulosa cells do not appear to undertake steroid conversion via the 5-unsaturated pathway, but aromatize androgens known to be produced by thecal cells. It is also suggested that either androgens or oestradiol-17beta stimulate progesterone production by granulosa cells, at least in vitro.", "PMID": 660038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8663", "title": "Development and characterization of a homologous radioimmunoassay for bovine follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for bovine FSH has been developed using a rabbit antiserum against highly purified bovine FSH (160 X NIH-FSH-S1) and a 125I-labelled tracer of the same preparation. The sensitivity was 0.25 ng/ml for purified bovine FSH or 25 ng/ml with reference to a crude bovine FSH (NIH-FSH-B1) standard. Purified bovine LH and TSH showed cross-reactivities of less than 1%, while their subunits and other purified protein hormones showed no significant inhibition at concentrations up to 100 ng/ml. Ovine FSH cross-reacted significantly but in a non-parallel manner; human and rat FSH cross-reacted only slightly. The concentrations of FSH (means +/- S.E.M.) in the sera of cows (n = 12), cows at oestrus (4), bulls (7) and steers (9) were measured as 25.4 +/- 4.7, 58.4 +/- 12.6, 45.7 +/- 9.5 and 120.2 +/- 36.0 ng/ml respectively. The FSH content of bovine pituitary glands varied greatly between individuals, from 2 to 25 microgram/mg tissue. The inhibition curves of pituitary and serum FSH were parallel to that of the bovine FSH standard.", "contents": "Development and characterization of a homologous radioimmunoassay for bovine follicle-stimulating hormone. A radioimmunoassay for bovine FSH has been developed using a rabbit antiserum against highly purified bovine FSH (160 X NIH-FSH-S1) and a 125I-labelled tracer of the same preparation. The sensitivity was 0.25 ng/ml for purified bovine FSH or 25 ng/ml with reference to a crude bovine FSH (NIH-FSH-B1) standard. Purified bovine LH and TSH showed cross-reactivities of less than 1%, while their subunits and other purified protein hormones showed no significant inhibition at concentrations up to 100 ng/ml. Ovine FSH cross-reacted significantly but in a non-parallel manner; human and rat FSH cross-reacted only slightly. The concentrations of FSH (means +/- S.E.M.) in the sera of cows (n = 12), cows at oestrus (4), bulls (7) and steers (9) were measured as 25.4 +/- 4.7, 58.4 +/- 12.6, 45.7 +/- 9.5 and 120.2 +/- 36.0 ng/ml respectively. The FSH content of bovine pituitary glands varied greatly between individuals, from 2 to 25 microgram/mg tissue. The inhibition curves of pituitary and serum FSH were parallel to that of the bovine FSH standard.", "PMID": 660039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8664", "title": "Effect of low calcium and low phosphorus diets on the intestinal absorption of phosphate in intact and parathyroidectomized pigs.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of phosphate has been studied in conscious pigs, each prepared with a Thiry-Vella loop of jejunum. The feeding of diets low in either calcium or phosphorus caused a significant increase in the efficiency of absorption of phosphate from the solution used to perfuse the jejunal loop in both intact and parathyroidectomized (PTX) pigs. An intravenous infusion of parathyroid hormone (0.22 u. kg-1 h-1) into a PTX pig also enhanced the absorption of phosphate. The increase in the absorption of phosphate when the low phosphorus diet was fed was not caused by an increase in the concentration gradient of phosphate ions between the jejunal lumen and blood. It is concluded that the intestinal absorption of phosphate shows similar changes to those of calcium when diets low in calcium or phosphorus are fed and that parathyroid hormone, although capable of stimulating the absorption of phosphate, is not essential for this adaptation. These effects are probably brought about by changes in the renal production and mucosal uptake of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3.", "contents": "Effect of low calcium and low phosphorus diets on the intestinal absorption of phosphate in intact and parathyroidectomized pigs. The intestinal absorption of phosphate has been studied in conscious pigs, each prepared with a Thiry-Vella loop of jejunum. The feeding of diets low in either calcium or phosphorus caused a significant increase in the efficiency of absorption of phosphate from the solution used to perfuse the jejunal loop in both intact and parathyroidectomized (PTX) pigs. An intravenous infusion of parathyroid hormone (0.22 u. kg-1 h-1) into a PTX pig also enhanced the absorption of phosphate. The increase in the absorption of phosphate when the low phosphorus diet was fed was not caused by an increase in the concentration gradient of phosphate ions between the jejunal lumen and blood. It is concluded that the intestinal absorption of phosphate shows similar changes to those of calcium when diets low in calcium or phosphorus are fed and that parathyroid hormone, although capable of stimulating the absorption of phosphate, is not essential for this adaptation. These effects are probably brought about by changes in the renal production and mucosal uptake of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3.", "PMID": 660044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8665", "title": "Photoperiodic regulation of copulatory behaviour in the male hamster.", "content": "The influence of daylength on copulatory behaviour was assessed by comparing male hamsters exposed to long or short photoperiods (14 or 2 h light/24 h). Copulation declined in animals transferred from long to short days; 13 out of 14 hamsters ceased to ejaculate within 9 weeks and many no longer intromitted in tests with sexually receptive female hamsters. The decline in copulation in hamsters experiencing short days was associated with atrophy of the gonads and flank glands. Behavioural changes in these animals were far more gradual than those observed in hamsters after surgical castration. There was significantly more mating behaviour in tests during the subjective night of the hamsters than during their subjective day. Exogenous testosterone was more effective in restoring copulation in castrated hamsters exposed to long days than in castrated animals experiencing short days. This suggests that in short days the substrate for copulatory behaviour is relatively refractory to androgens. Photoperiodically mediated changes in behaviour, physiology and morphology may each contribute directly to the reproductive quiescence presumed to occur in the field during the short days of autumn and winter.", "contents": "Photoperiodic regulation of copulatory behaviour in the male hamster. The influence of daylength on copulatory behaviour was assessed by comparing male hamsters exposed to long or short photoperiods (14 or 2 h light/24 h). Copulation declined in animals transferred from long to short days; 13 out of 14 hamsters ceased to ejaculate within 9 weeks and many no longer intromitted in tests with sexually receptive female hamsters. The decline in copulation in hamsters experiencing short days was associated with atrophy of the gonads and flank glands. Behavioural changes in these animals were far more gradual than those observed in hamsters after surgical castration. There was significantly more mating behaviour in tests during the subjective night of the hamsters than during their subjective day. Exogenous testosterone was more effective in restoring copulation in castrated hamsters exposed to long days than in castrated animals experiencing short days. This suggests that in short days the substrate for copulatory behaviour is relatively refractory to androgens. Photoperiodically mediated changes in behaviour, physiology and morphology may each contribute directly to the reproductive quiescence presumed to occur in the field during the short days of autumn and winter.", "PMID": 660047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8666", "title": "Macroscopic identification and steroidogenic function of atretic follicles in sheep.", "content": "The degree of translucency, vascularization of the follicle wall and the integrity of the membrana granulosa, as seen under a stereoscopic microscope, were used to distinguish between non-atretic and atretic isolated follicles. Subsequent histological evaluation showed that both non-atretic and severely atretic follicles could be correctly identified with over 95% accuracy. The concentrations of steroids were measured in both follicular tissue and fluid. The total steroid content of large (3.1-6.0 mm diameter) non-atretic follicles in vivo (115 pmol/follicle) exceeded that of large atretic follicles (54 pmol) and also that of small (2.0-3.0 mm diameter) non-atretic and atretic follicles (6 pmol). Oestrogen accounted for 80%, testosterone 13% and progesterone 7% of the total steroid content in large non-atretic follicles, whereas testosterone accounted for 75% of the steroid content in the other three categories of follicles. A similar pattern is observed when the concentrations of steroids are expressed on the basis of follicular weight. Total oestrogen secretion, as measured by the output of steroid into the culture medium in 24 h, was 937 pmol for large non-atretic, 31 pmol for large atretic, 65 pmol for small non-atretic and 4 pmol for small atretic follicles. In terms of steroid production (pmol/mg tissue), the four follicular categories were equally efficient. However, the type of steroid produced depended on the category of follicle and corresponded to its steroid content.", "contents": "Macroscopic identification and steroidogenic function of atretic follicles in sheep. The degree of translucency, vascularization of the follicle wall and the integrity of the membrana granulosa, as seen under a stereoscopic microscope, were used to distinguish between non-atretic and atretic isolated follicles. Subsequent histological evaluation showed that both non-atretic and severely atretic follicles could be correctly identified with over 95% accuracy. The concentrations of steroids were measured in both follicular tissue and fluid. The total steroid content of large (3.1-6.0 mm diameter) non-atretic follicles in vivo (115 pmol/follicle) exceeded that of large atretic follicles (54 pmol) and also that of small (2.0-3.0 mm diameter) non-atretic and atretic follicles (6 pmol). Oestrogen accounted for 80%, testosterone 13% and progesterone 7% of the total steroid content in large non-atretic follicles, whereas testosterone accounted for 75% of the steroid content in the other three categories of follicles. A similar pattern is observed when the concentrations of steroids are expressed on the basis of follicular weight. Total oestrogen secretion, as measured by the output of steroid into the culture medium in 24 h, was 937 pmol for large non-atretic, 31 pmol for large atretic, 65 pmol for small non-atretic and 4 pmol for small atretic follicles. In terms of steroid production (pmol/mg tissue), the four follicular categories were equally efficient. However, the type of steroid produced depended on the category of follicle and corresponded to its steroid content.", "PMID": 660074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8667", "title": "Effects of oestrogen and/or pituitary grafts on nucleic acid synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating mice.", "content": "The mammary gland synthesizes little DNA during lactation in mice. The effects of daily injections of oestradiol benzoate (OB) between days 9 and 11 of lactation, and/or grafting with three isologous anterior pituitary glands on day 1, on the growth of the litter and the development and function of mammary glands were studied on day 12 of lactation in C3H/He mice. The level of prolactin in the plasma of mice with pituitary grafts was raised, but mammary gland function was not affected. The synthesis and content of mammary gland RNA was depressed after injection of 0.5 microgram OB/day; at a dose of 10 microgram/day, OB also depressed litter growth and mammary DNA content, but increased the synthesis of DNA and the level of prolactin in the plasma. Pituitary grafting enhanced the effect of 10 microgram OB/day on DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that one of the causes of the low level of DNA synthesis in the mammary gland during lactation in mice is a low level of oestrogen in the circulation.", "contents": "Effects of oestrogen and/or pituitary grafts on nucleic acid synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating mice. The mammary gland synthesizes little DNA during lactation in mice. The effects of daily injections of oestradiol benzoate (OB) between days 9 and 11 of lactation, and/or grafting with three isologous anterior pituitary glands on day 1, on the growth of the litter and the development and function of mammary glands were studied on day 12 of lactation in C3H/He mice. The level of prolactin in the plasma of mice with pituitary grafts was raised, but mammary gland function was not affected. The synthesis and content of mammary gland RNA was depressed after injection of 0.5 microgram OB/day; at a dose of 10 microgram/day, OB also depressed litter growth and mammary DNA content, but increased the synthesis of DNA and the level of prolactin in the plasma. Pituitary grafting enhanced the effect of 10 microgram OB/day on DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that one of the causes of the low level of DNA synthesis in the mammary gland during lactation in mice is a low level of oestrogen in the circulation.", "PMID": 660075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8668", "title": "Labelling of the thyroid cell surface with 125I.", "content": "The surface membrane proteins of cultured porcine thyroid cells have been labelled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method. Evidence that the labelling was restricted to the cell surface was supported by the high viability of the cells in suspension, the high proportion of labelled material in the particulate fraction after homogenization and electron-microscopic autoradiographic studies. The labelled proteins were analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate and this indicated the presence of ten major labelled protein bands with approximate molecular weights of 175 000, 155 000, 135 000, 88 000, 80 000, 52 300, 39 000, 30 000, 21 000 and 14 300. Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns obtained with cultured human and porcine thyroid cells suggested that there were species differences in the proportions of lower-molecular-weight proteins.", "contents": "Labelling of the thyroid cell surface with 125I. The surface membrane proteins of cultured porcine thyroid cells have been labelled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method. Evidence that the labelling was restricted to the cell surface was supported by the high viability of the cells in suspension, the high proportion of labelled material in the particulate fraction after homogenization and electron-microscopic autoradiographic studies. The labelled proteins were analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate and this indicated the presence of ten major labelled protein bands with approximate molecular weights of 175 000, 155 000, 135 000, 88 000, 80 000, 52 300, 39 000, 30 000, 21 000 and 14 300. Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns obtained with cultured human and porcine thyroid cells suggested that there were species differences in the proportions of lower-molecular-weight proteins.", "PMID": 660077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8669", "title": "Concentrations of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 in the endometrium throughout the human menstrual cycle, after the administration of clomiphene or an oestrogen-progestogen pill and in early pregnancy.", "content": "The concentrations of prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF) and E2 (PGE) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in endometrial tissue obtained from 45 normal women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. During the proliferative stages, the concentration of PGF in the endometrium was correlated with the concentration of oestradiol in the plasma. The concentration of PGF during the mid-secretory stage (mean, 2.047, range, 0.549-4.344 microgram/g fresh endometrial tissue) was significantly higher than the concentrations during the late proliferative and late secretory stages. The endometrial concentration of PGE did not show a cyclic variation. The concentrations of PGF and PGE in samples of endometrium collected after the administration of clomiphene were significantly lower than the concentrations observed in endometrial tissue obtained from normally menstruating women in the mid-proliferative period. The administration of an oestrogen-progestogen pill resulted in higher endometrial concentrations of PGE than were measured in the mid-secretory phase. The concentrations of PGF and PGE in decidual tissue (conceptual age 3-10 weeks) were lower than those measured at any stage of the normal menstrual cycle. During the human menstrual cycle, high levels of oestradiol and progesterone are related to high endometrial levels of PGF but not PGE. The presence of a conceptus apparently blocks the effect of high concentrations of ovarian steroids on the synthesis or catabolism of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Concentrations of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 in the endometrium throughout the human menstrual cycle, after the administration of clomiphene or an oestrogen-progestogen pill and in early pregnancy. The concentrations of prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF) and E2 (PGE) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in endometrial tissue obtained from 45 normal women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. During the proliferative stages, the concentration of PGF in the endometrium was correlated with the concentration of oestradiol in the plasma. The concentration of PGF during the mid-secretory stage (mean, 2.047, range, 0.549-4.344 microgram/g fresh endometrial tissue) was significantly higher than the concentrations during the late proliferative and late secretory stages. The endometrial concentration of PGE did not show a cyclic variation. The concentrations of PGF and PGE in samples of endometrium collected after the administration of clomiphene were significantly lower than the concentrations observed in endometrial tissue obtained from normally menstruating women in the mid-proliferative period. The administration of an oestrogen-progestogen pill resulted in higher endometrial concentrations of PGE than were measured in the mid-secretory phase. The concentrations of PGF and PGE in decidual tissue (conceptual age 3-10 weeks) were lower than those measured at any stage of the normal menstrual cycle. During the human menstrual cycle, high levels of oestradiol and progesterone are related to high endometrial levels of PGF but not PGE. The presence of a conceptus apparently blocks the effect of high concentrations of ovarian steroids on the synthesis or catabolism of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 660078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8670", "title": "Effects of subcutaneous implants of progesterone on the induction and duration of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats, pre-implanted with elastomer capsules containing oestradiol, became sexually receptive after exposure to progesterone (implanted in elastomer capsules) for 4-6 h. Implantation of progesterone capsules facilitated receptivity in oestradiol-implanted rats independently of both previous exposure to progesterone implants and the presence of progesterone at the time of implantation. The duration of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats implanted with oestradiol and progesterone capsules was dependent upon the length of both the oestradiol and progesterone capsules, but the decline in sexual behaviour of receptive rats was independent of the continued presence of either oestradiol or progesterone. Repeated implantation of progesterone capsules at 6 hourly intervals prevented the decline of sexual receptivity.", "contents": "Effects of subcutaneous implants of progesterone on the induction and duration of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized rats, pre-implanted with elastomer capsules containing oestradiol, became sexually receptive after exposure to progesterone (implanted in elastomer capsules) for 4-6 h. Implantation of progesterone capsules facilitated receptivity in oestradiol-implanted rats independently of both previous exposure to progesterone implants and the presence of progesterone at the time of implantation. The duration of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats implanted with oestradiol and progesterone capsules was dependent upon the length of both the oestradiol and progesterone capsules, but the decline in sexual behaviour of receptive rats was independent of the continued presence of either oestradiol or progesterone. Repeated implantation of progesterone capsules at 6 hourly intervals prevented the decline of sexual receptivity.", "PMID": 660079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8671", "title": "A daily rhythm in the behavioural sensitivity of the female rat to oestradiol.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats were implanted with oestradiol-filled elastomer capsules which were removed at various times after implantation. Sexual receptivity was tested after implantation of a progesterone-filled elastomer capsule 42 h after the onset of treatment with oestradiol. Exposure to oestradiol for about 32 h was required for induction of receptivity. Intact rats with regular 4 day oestrous cycles, and exposed to oestradiol-filled elastomer capsules for 6 h, showed sexual receptivity 24 h after the onset of oestradiol treatment. The behavioural effects of oestradiol in both ovariectomized and intact rats depended on when during the light-darkness (LD) cycle stimulation with oestradiol occurred; maximum effects were seen only if the oestradiol capsules were implanted at 16.00 h (4 h after lights off in the 12 h L : 12 h D cycle). The behavioural effect of progesterone implants, however, did not depend on the phase of the LD cycle. The LD-dependent rhythm in oestradiol sensitivity was eliminated by lesions in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "A daily rhythm in the behavioural sensitivity of the female rat to oestradiol. Ovariectomized rats were implanted with oestradiol-filled elastomer capsules which were removed at various times after implantation. Sexual receptivity was tested after implantation of a progesterone-filled elastomer capsule 42 h after the onset of treatment with oestradiol. Exposure to oestradiol for about 32 h was required for induction of receptivity. Intact rats with regular 4 day oestrous cycles, and exposed to oestradiol-filled elastomer capsules for 6 h, showed sexual receptivity 24 h after the onset of oestradiol treatment. The behavioural effects of oestradiol in both ovariectomized and intact rats depended on when during the light-darkness (LD) cycle stimulation with oestradiol occurred; maximum effects were seen only if the oestradiol capsules were implanted at 16.00 h (4 h after lights off in the 12 h L : 12 h D cycle). The behavioural effect of progesterone implants, however, did not depend on the phase of the LD cycle. The LD-dependent rhythm in oestradiol sensitivity was eliminated by lesions in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 660080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8672", "title": "Construction of equal-hue discriminability scales for the pigeon.", "content": "Equal-hue discriminability steps for the pigeon are shown as tabular entries that can be summed or interpolated to produce sequences of equal discriminability steps of various step size. Equal-hue discriminability sequences can be constructed where the number of stimuli and spectral range are specified, or where an interval in one spectral region is to be equated to an interval in another spectral region.", "contents": "Construction of equal-hue discriminability scales for the pigeon. Equal-hue discriminability steps for the pigeon are shown as tabular entries that can be summed or interpolated to produce sequences of equal discriminability steps of various step size. Equal-hue discriminability sequences can be constructed where the number of stimuli and spectral range are specified, or where an interval in one spectral region is to be equated to an interval in another spectral region.", "PMID": 660087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8673", "title": "Effects of alcohol on the storage and retrieval processes of heavy social drinkers.", "content": "Two experiments investigated the effects of intoxication, expectation of intoxication, and state dependency on learning and relearning in male heavy social drinkers. In both studies, subjects participated in two daily sessions. On Day 1, intoxicated and sober subjects were presented with word lists for immediate free recall, followed by total free recall of all words. On Day 2, with or without a change in drug state, subjects were given a second total recall test, the same lists for immediate recall, and a third total recall test. In Experiment 1, 10 subjects served in each of four groups formed by crossing expectation with reception of alcohol on Day 1; all subjects were sober on Day 2. In Experiment 2, 12 subjects served in each of four groups formed by crossing drug state on Day 1 with drug state on Day 2 (sober-sober, sober-intoxicated, intoxicated-intoxicated, intoxicated-sober), and all expected alcohol. In both studies, intoxication produced a performance deficit, but retention loss on Day 2 was the same for change- and constant-state subjects. Expectation had no effect on performance. Results are discussed in terms of an alcohol-induced storage deficiency rather than a retrieval deficit.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on the storage and retrieval processes of heavy social drinkers. Two experiments investigated the effects of intoxication, expectation of intoxication, and state dependency on learning and relearning in male heavy social drinkers. In both studies, subjects participated in two daily sessions. On Day 1, intoxicated and sober subjects were presented with word lists for immediate free recall, followed by total free recall of all words. On Day 2, with or without a change in drug state, subjects were given a second total recall test, the same lists for immediate recall, and a third total recall test. In Experiment 1, 10 subjects served in each of four groups formed by crossing expectation with reception of alcohol on Day 1; all subjects were sober on Day 2. In Experiment 2, 12 subjects served in each of four groups formed by crossing drug state on Day 1 with drug state on Day 2 (sober-sober, sober-intoxicated, intoxicated-intoxicated, intoxicated-sober), and all expected alcohol. In both studies, intoxication produced a performance deficit, but retention loss on Day 2 was the same for change- and constant-state subjects. Expectation had no effect on performance. Results are discussed in terms of an alcohol-induced storage deficiency rather than a retrieval deficit.", "PMID": 660094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8674", "title": "Letter identification as a function of type of perceptual limitation and type of attribute.", "content": "It is argued that the distribution of errors in letter identification depends on two factors: (a) whether the set of letters is defined by features that exist or do not exist or by dimensions that exist at some positive value, and (b) whether errors are produced by process limitation in which the letter patterns are distorted or by state limitation in which there is inadequate energy. A specific hypothesis tested was that error distributions reflect the attribute structure under both types of limitation if dimensions define the letter set, but only under a process limitation if features define the letter set. Under a state limitation, feature set errors are primarily produced by a loss of features, so that a letter with more features is called a letter with fewer features more often than conversely. An experiment completely validated the hypothesis under test. In addition, the relative discriminabilities of two dimensions defining a dimension set of letters was reversed from state to process limitation. Thus the attribute structure derived from error distributions is not invariant across types of perceptual limitation, nor are distances between letter pairs always symmetric.", "contents": "Letter identification as a function of type of perceptual limitation and type of attribute. It is argued that the distribution of errors in letter identification depends on two factors: (a) whether the set of letters is defined by features that exist or do not exist or by dimensions that exist at some positive value, and (b) whether errors are produced by process limitation in which the letter patterns are distorted or by state limitation in which there is inadequate energy. A specific hypothesis tested was that error distributions reflect the attribute structure under both types of limitation if dimensions define the letter set, but only under a process limitation if features define the letter set. Under a state limitation, feature set errors are primarily produced by a loss of features, so that a letter with more features is called a letter with fewer features more often than conversely. An experiment completely validated the hypothesis under test. In addition, the relative discriminabilities of two dimensions defining a dimension set of letters was reversed from state to process limitation. Thus the attribute structure derived from error distributions is not invariant across types of perceptual limitation, nor are distances between letter pairs always symmetric.", "PMID": 660095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8675", "title": "Perception and masking of wholes and parts.", "content": "These exerpiments show that the effects of masking on reports of target lines depend on the context in which the target lines appear. Subjects viewed brief presentations of target lines either alone or in drawings of three-dimensional objects, and each target display was preceded and followed by one of several different mask stimuli. There were two main findings: (a) A mask containing a haphazard array of lines interfered more with single lines than it did with lines in objects. (b) A mask containing drawings of the object displays interfered more with lines in objects than did either of two control masks containing relatively flat, less coherent patterns. In a control condition, the object mask interfered slightly less with reports of single lines than either of the control masks did. The discussion considers how the effects obtained here bear on models of the processing of wholistic stimuli and their component parts.", "contents": "Perception and masking of wholes and parts. These exerpiments show that the effects of masking on reports of target lines depend on the context in which the target lines appear. Subjects viewed brief presentations of target lines either alone or in drawings of three-dimensional objects, and each target display was preceded and followed by one of several different mask stimuli. There were two main findings: (a) A mask containing a haphazard array of lines interfered more with single lines than it did with lines in objects. (b) A mask containing drawings of the object displays interfered more with lines in objects than did either of two control masks containing relatively flat, less coherent patterns. In a control condition, the object mask interfered slightly less with reports of single lines than either of the control masks did. The discussion considers how the effects obtained here bear on models of the processing of wholistic stimuli and their component parts.", "PMID": 660096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8676", "title": "Geometric and semantic similarity in visual masking.", "content": "Semantic and geometric or physical similarity were manipulated separately in a backward-masking situation. When the target was a word to be read aloud, formal similarity between the letters of target and mask facilitated target recognition, as did associative similarity. Masking a target word by its own anagram also facilitated whole word report. In contrast, formal similarity was inhibitory rather than facilitatory of report when the target was spelled letter-by-letter, rather than read whole. This was true even for the same target words whose whole report was facilitated by formal similarity. A model to account for this reversal in the broader context of the neural substrate of reading is advanced. It is proposed that letter and word processing are fundamentally different in that letters are recognized by hierarchical feature analysis while words are stored and recognized wholistically by diffuse and redundant networks. Implications of the results for the study of reading are discussed.", "contents": "Geometric and semantic similarity in visual masking. Semantic and geometric or physical similarity were manipulated separately in a backward-masking situation. When the target was a word to be read aloud, formal similarity between the letters of target and mask facilitated target recognition, as did associative similarity. Masking a target word by its own anagram also facilitated whole word report. In contrast, formal similarity was inhibitory rather than facilitatory of report when the target was spelled letter-by-letter, rather than read whole. This was true even for the same target words whose whole report was facilitated by formal similarity. A model to account for this reversal in the broader context of the neural substrate of reading is advanced. It is proposed that letter and word processing are fundamentally different in that letters are recognized by hierarchical feature analysis while words are stored and recognized wholistically by diffuse and redundant networks. Implications of the results for the study of reading are discussed.", "PMID": 660097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8677", "title": "Age differences in peripheral perceptual processing: a monoptic backward masking investigation.", "content": "Peripheral processes in vision were investigated in two experiments involving monoptic backward masking with random noise. For young and old subjects, peripheral processing time (represented by stimulus onset asynchrony of target and mask) was characterized as a power function of target energy. Although processing time for both age groups showed a similar rate of decline with increasing target energy, old subjects processed targets more slowly at all energy levels. Results were independent of education, sex, and criterion differences between young and old. Target duration was related to critical interstimulus interval, such that stimulus onset asynchrony between target and mask was approximately constant for a given target energy within each age group. Evidence suggests that peripheral processing begins with target onset and that processing time is best characterized by a power function relating stimulus onset asynchrony of target and mask to target energy.", "contents": "Age differences in peripheral perceptual processing: a monoptic backward masking investigation. Peripheral processes in vision were investigated in two experiments involving monoptic backward masking with random noise. For young and old subjects, peripheral processing time (represented by stimulus onset asynchrony of target and mask) was characterized as a power function of target energy. Although processing time for both age groups showed a similar rate of decline with increasing target energy, old subjects processed targets more slowly at all energy levels. Results were independent of education, sex, and criterion differences between young and old. Target duration was related to critical interstimulus interval, such that stimulus onset asynchrony between target and mask was approximately constant for a given target energy within each age group. Evidence suggests that peripheral processing begins with target onset and that processing time is best characterized by a power function relating stimulus onset asynchrony of target and mask to target energy.", "PMID": 660098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8678", "title": "Studies of visual synthesis: integration of fragments into forms.", "content": "On each of a series of trials, subjects indicated whether two sequential visual forms were the same or different. The first form was presented on some trials as a whole within a square frame and on others in fragments--with its perimeter distributed over two or three frames. The subject was instructed to visualize the first form as a whole in any case, and study time (ST) for the form was recorded. The same/different reaction time (RT) for the second, test, form (always presented in one frame) was also recorded. Experiment 1 revealed that variables affecting ST had little effect on RT and indicated that subjects can process fragments of forms in parallel. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the representation encoded from fragments differed from one generated from long-term memory. Whereas the first experiments used wholes as test stimuli, in Experiments 3 and 4 on some trials, fragments were used. In Experiment 3, RT was facilitated when a test fragment coincided with an intact fragment of the first stimulus. This indicated that first stimuli were not encoded as complete wholes. In Experiment 4, irregular forms were used as stimuli, and the RT data departed from predictions of the parallel model. Taken as a whole, the results place constraints on the codes produced by constructive processes acting to synthesize fragments into wholes.", "contents": "Studies of visual synthesis: integration of fragments into forms. On each of a series of trials, subjects indicated whether two sequential visual forms were the same or different. The first form was presented on some trials as a whole within a square frame and on others in fragments--with its perimeter distributed over two or three frames. The subject was instructed to visualize the first form as a whole in any case, and study time (ST) for the form was recorded. The same/different reaction time (RT) for the second, test, form (always presented in one frame) was also recorded. Experiment 1 revealed that variables affecting ST had little effect on RT and indicated that subjects can process fragments of forms in parallel. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the representation encoded from fragments differed from one generated from long-term memory. Whereas the first experiments used wholes as test stimuli, in Experiments 3 and 4 on some trials, fragments were used. In Experiment 3, RT was facilitated when a test fragment coincided with an intact fragment of the first stimulus. This indicated that first stimuli were not encoded as complete wholes. In Experiment 4, irregular forms were used as stimuli, and the RT data departed from predictions of the parallel model. Taken as a whole, the results place constraints on the codes produced by constructive processes acting to synthesize fragments into wholes.", "PMID": 660099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8679", "title": "Picture processing during recognition.", "content": "This study investigated the processing of information during picture recognition. The subjects studied a single target picture and then were given a series of same-different recognition trials during which eye fixations were monitored. Distractors for the test trials were systematic transformations of the target picture. The results indicated that during recognition, information is encoded from a wide area and utilized both to direct additional eye fixations and to reach response decisions. The data also suggested that some of the processes involved in picture recognition are active simultaneously.", "contents": "Picture processing during recognition. This study investigated the processing of information during picture recognition. The subjects studied a single target picture and then were given a series of same-different recognition trials during which eye fixations were monitored. Distractors for the test trials were systematic transformations of the target picture. The results indicated that during recognition, information is encoded from a wide area and utilized both to direct additional eye fixations and to reach response decisions. The data also suggested that some of the processes involved in picture recognition are active simultaneously.", "PMID": 660101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8680", "title": "On the plasticity of visual-proprioceptive bias effects.", "content": "Recent research has suggested that attentional factors play a role in determining the direction of intermodality adaptation. The present work explored the role of such factors in the visual/proprioceptive dominance, or bias, paradigm. In a preliminary experiment, an instructional approach was used and proved totally ineffective in shifting dominance. In Experiments 1 and 2, an active pointing approach was used, in which the subject was caused to concentrate on one modality or the other by having him localize a large number of unconflicted targets in that modality. This approach was successful in changing the normal dominance relation. Such an altered dominance relation may indeed be a necessary part of the shifting of normal adaptation patterns.", "contents": "On the plasticity of visual-proprioceptive bias effects. Recent research has suggested that attentional factors play a role in determining the direction of intermodality adaptation. The present work explored the role of such factors in the visual/proprioceptive dominance, or bias, paradigm. In a preliminary experiment, an instructional approach was used and proved totally ineffective in shifting dominance. In Experiments 1 and 2, an active pointing approach was used, in which the subject was caused to concentrate on one modality or the other by having him localize a large number of unconflicted targets in that modality. This approach was successful in changing the normal dominance relation. Such an altered dominance relation may indeed be a necessary part of the shifting of normal adaptation patterns.", "PMID": 660103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8681", "title": "Application of signal detection theory to error detection in ballistic motor skills.", "content": "Signal detection procedures were used to measure subjects' ability to detect errors in performance as they tried to hit a target in a ballistic motor task, since current methods were found to have several important shortcomings. Two tasks were used; one involved moving a slide 24.1 cm in 150 msec (temporal target), and the other involved rolling a ball at a visible target (spatial target). Subjects in both tasks were poor at detecting errors. Variability in the perceptual processes, measured by signal detection proceudres, was found to be about twice as much as that in the motor processes, measured by calculating variable error. This finding was inconsistent with a strictly closed-loop model of motor skills. Signal detection theory was also able to fill a gap in present theories of motor learning by explaining why some of the subjects in this experiment were able to detect errors better in the absence of knowledge of results.", "contents": "Application of signal detection theory to error detection in ballistic motor skills. Signal detection procedures were used to measure subjects' ability to detect errors in performance as they tried to hit a target in a ballistic motor task, since current methods were found to have several important shortcomings. Two tasks were used; one involved moving a slide 24.1 cm in 150 msec (temporal target), and the other involved rolling a ball at a visible target (spatial target). Subjects in both tasks were poor at detecting errors. Variability in the perceptual processes, measured by signal detection proceudres, was found to be about twice as much as that in the motor processes, measured by calculating variable error. This finding was inconsistent with a strictly closed-loop model of motor skills. Signal detection theory was also able to fill a gap in present theories of motor learning by explaining why some of the subjects in this experiment were able to detect errors better in the absence of knowledge of results.", "PMID": 660104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8682", "title": "Group therapy in family medicine: part 1.", "content": "Group psychotherapy may often be the treatment of choice for patients whose somatic symptoms are a reflection of interpersonal difficulties which are not of sufficient magnitude to warrant referral to a mental health professional. This type of treatment can be offered in the context of family practice, with benefit to both patient and physician. The physician may function as co-therapist with a more experienced group leader; it is essential, also, that competent supervision be available. Such a group was established in a family practice center; it met for 20 weekly sessions. Patient improvement ranged from minimal to considerable; in addition, the frequency of visits to the Center for essentially non-medical reasons decreased considerably, with the greatest decrease in such visits occurring 6 to 15 months after termination of group treatment. This is the first part in a four-part series dealing with group therapy in family medicine.", "contents": "Group therapy in family medicine: part 1. Group psychotherapy may often be the treatment of choice for patients whose somatic symptoms are a reflection of interpersonal difficulties which are not of sufficient magnitude to warrant referral to a mental health professional. This type of treatment can be offered in the context of family practice, with benefit to both patient and physician. The physician may function as co-therapist with a more experienced group leader; it is essential, also, that competent supervision be available. Such a group was established in a family practice center; it met for 20 weekly sessions. Patient improvement ranged from minimal to considerable; in addition, the frequency of visits to the Center for essentially non-medical reasons decreased considerably, with the greatest decrease in such visits occurring 6 to 15 months after termination of group treatment. This is the first part in a four-part series dealing with group therapy in family medicine.", "PMID": 660105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8683", "title": "Termination and transfer of patients in family practice.", "content": "Once established, each physician-patient relationship faces termination. In this paper attention is given to various effects of that separation on both patient and family physician. Examples are given to show the importance of the management of termination in the ongoing care and health of the individual patient as well as for the emotional well-being of the family physician. This paper places its major focus upon the characteristics and coping behaviors of the patient and the physician. Suggestions are given to help reduce the transfer reaction and stress so that adjustment is more therapeutic.", "contents": "Termination and transfer of patients in family practice. Once established, each physician-patient relationship faces termination. In this paper attention is given to various effects of that separation on both patient and family physician. Examples are given to show the importance of the management of termination in the ongoing care and health of the individual patient as well as for the emotional well-being of the family physician. This paper places its major focus upon the characteristics and coping behaviors of the patient and the physician. Suggestions are given to help reduce the transfer reaction and stress so that adjustment is more therapeutic.", "PMID": 660106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8684", "title": "Immunization status of patients in a residency-based family practice.", "content": "Immunization studies in the United States have revealed that about 35 percent of children are not adequately immunized. This family practice residency desired to evaluate its immunization patterns, particularly since it was involved in the education of physicians. All of the charts of those patients from birth to 14 years of age were reviewed from July 1, 1974, when the residency accepted its first residents until April 1, 1977, when this evaluation was completed. The results revealed two patterns. First, the older the patient the less likely that his/her immunizations were up to date. Secondly, the older the patient the more likely that there were no immunization records. The evaluation resulted in the initiation of many improvements in patient and staff education which, it is hoped, will enable the desired goal of having the immunization up-to-date percentages raised to 95 percent within two years.", "contents": "Immunization status of patients in a residency-based family practice. Immunization studies in the United States have revealed that about 35 percent of children are not adequately immunized. This family practice residency desired to evaluate its immunization patterns, particularly since it was involved in the education of physicians. All of the charts of those patients from birth to 14 years of age were reviewed from July 1, 1974, when the residency accepted its first residents until April 1, 1977, when this evaluation was completed. The results revealed two patterns. First, the older the patient the less likely that his/her immunizations were up to date. Secondly, the older the patient the more likely that there were no immunization records. The evaluation resulted in the initiation of many improvements in patient and staff education which, it is hoped, will enable the desired goal of having the immunization up-to-date percentages raised to 95 percent within two years.", "PMID": 660107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8685", "title": "Instructor plays patient: an alternative to the case presentation method.", "content": "This article describes a teaching technique which provides an alternative to the usual case presentation for teaching small groups. In this method the instructor plays a patient, an intern, and a laboratory technician, while a group of students play the role of physicians. Students have the opportunity to deal with a combination of medical and psychosocial problems, demonstrate their ability to interact with patients, and discover that in the total clinical process a correct diagnosis is only one step toward solving the patient's problem. This technique allows the instructor to teach material not found in standard texts, assess students' problem solving efforts, and observe student interaction. Other advantages of this method are that it involves a group of students in \"live\" interaction with a patient and various members of the healthcare team. The instructor can also observe the thought processes of students during their interaction around a case paralleling what one typically faces in a clinical setting.", "contents": "Instructor plays patient: an alternative to the case presentation method. This article describes a teaching technique which provides an alternative to the usual case presentation for teaching small groups. In this method the instructor plays a patient, an intern, and a laboratory technician, while a group of students play the role of physicians. Students have the opportunity to deal with a combination of medical and psychosocial problems, demonstrate their ability to interact with patients, and discover that in the total clinical process a correct diagnosis is only one step toward solving the patient's problem. This technique allows the instructor to teach material not found in standard texts, assess students' problem solving efforts, and observe student interaction. Other advantages of this method are that it involves a group of students in \"live\" interaction with a patient and various members of the healthcare team. The instructor can also observe the thought processes of students during their interaction around a case paralleling what one typically faces in a clinical setting.", "PMID": 660108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8686", "title": "Cooperation between an academic subspecialty department and a community-based family medicine department: a developmental model.", "content": "While new, community-based family practice residency programs desperately need support from sister departments in academic centers, a variety of problems frequently prevents such cooperation. At the University of Wisconsin, Madison, the Department of Human Oncology, which is University Hospital-based, has worked to develop an appropriate educational program in oncology, together with and for the Department of Family Medicine and Practice, which is community-based. This paper, relating how and why these two departments have cooperated in this project, is presented to assist other departments in similar situations.", "contents": "Cooperation between an academic subspecialty department and a community-based family medicine department: a developmental model. While new, community-based family practice residency programs desperately need support from sister departments in academic centers, a variety of problems frequently prevents such cooperation. At the University of Wisconsin, Madison, the Department of Human Oncology, which is University Hospital-based, has worked to develop an appropriate educational program in oncology, together with and for the Department of Family Medicine and Practice, which is community-based. This paper, relating how and why these two departments have cooperated in this project, is presented to assist other departments in similar situations.", "PMID": 660109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8687", "title": "A new advanced studies program for faculty development in primary care.", "content": "To meet the growing demand for more innovative teaching in primary care medicine and simultaneously to improve the overall quality of family practice, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital, with the cooperation of the McGill School of Nursing, have inaugurated a faculty development center offering a program for advanced studies in primary care medicine and nursing. This program is offered to physicians and nurses who are already members of, or plan to join, a university faculty to teach primary care medicine. The program is diverse and interdisciplinary. Advanced courses are offered in teaching methods, investigative principles, biomedical communication, and management. In addition, each student Fellow participates in academic activities in fields of education, clinical practice, research, and community health care. All Fellows and faculty of the center rotate periodically to several satellite community-based teaching practice units in urban and rural areas of Quebec and to a region of northern New Brunswick. This activity enriches the medical manpower of the various regions, and the urgan physicians acquire an increased awareness of the particular problems and challenges of practicing medicine where full hospital and laboratory services are not always available.", "contents": "A new advanced studies program for faculty development in primary care. To meet the growing demand for more innovative teaching in primary care medicine and simultaneously to improve the overall quality of family practice, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital, with the cooperation of the McGill School of Nursing, have inaugurated a faculty development center offering a program for advanced studies in primary care medicine and nursing. This program is offered to physicians and nurses who are already members of, or plan to join, a university faculty to teach primary care medicine. The program is diverse and interdisciplinary. Advanced courses are offered in teaching methods, investigative principles, biomedical communication, and management. In addition, each student Fellow participates in academic activities in fields of education, clinical practice, research, and community health care. All Fellows and faculty of the center rotate periodically to several satellite community-based teaching practice units in urban and rural areas of Quebec and to a region of northern New Brunswick. This activity enriches the medical manpower of the various regions, and the urgan physicians acquire an increased awareness of the particular problems and challenges of practicing medicine where full hospital and laboratory services are not always available.", "PMID": 660110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8688", "title": "Physicians' responses to patients: a study of factors involved in the office interview.", "content": "The emotional responses of a physician are an important determinant for the outcome of each patient encounter. This study examines how physician, patient, and problem characteristics influence the emotions of the physician. In a family medical center, 559 office visits were recorded by 13 residents and 3 staff physicians on an encounter sheet. The emotions studied were anxiety, frustration, interest, and comfort in dealing with problem and note of feelings at the end of the encounter. The physicians reported more anxiety and frustration, less interest and comfort, and a less satisfactory note at the end of the interview when they were junior residents, when they were dealing with psychosocial problems, or when seeing lower social-class patients. Age and sex of patients and time of day of interview were not important in determining the physicians' responses. In a situation involving junior residents dealing with psychosocial problems, awareness of the anxiety and frustration present should enable the teacher of family medicine to become more effective.", "contents": "Physicians' responses to patients: a study of factors involved in the office interview. The emotional responses of a physician are an important determinant for the outcome of each patient encounter. This study examines how physician, patient, and problem characteristics influence the emotions of the physician. In a family medical center, 559 office visits were recorded by 13 residents and 3 staff physicians on an encounter sheet. The emotions studied were anxiety, frustration, interest, and comfort in dealing with problem and note of feelings at the end of the encounter. The physicians reported more anxiety and frustration, less interest and comfort, and a less satisfactory note at the end of the interview when they were junior residents, when they were dealing with psychosocial problems, or when seeing lower social-class patients. Age and sex of patients and time of day of interview were not important in determining the physicians' responses. In a situation involving junior residents dealing with psychosocial problems, awareness of the anxiety and frustration present should enable the teacher of family medicine to become more effective.", "PMID": 660111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8689", "title": "Physician preference for criteria mapping in medical care evaluation.", "content": "This study was designed to determine which of three quality assessment methods most validly identifies deficient care. Process criteria were developed to assess outpatient care for urinary tract infection using each of three methods: a limited \"list\" of seven criteria, an extensive \"list\" of 40 criteria, and a criteria map (CM) which uses branching logic to identify applicable criteria according to the specific needs of each case. Defining deficiency as compliance with less than 60 percent of criteria, the extensive list found all 66 cases deficient; the limited list, 27 (41.0 percent); and the CM system, 15 (22.7 percent). After excluding the extensive list because of its nondiscrimination, 23 discrepancies in rating remained between the limited list and the CM. Ten physicians unaware of the results reviewed all 23 cases. In 12 of these 23 cases, at least seven of the ten physicians preferred the rating of one method over another; the CM assessment was preferred in 11 of the 12 cases (P less than .01). Criteria maps, providing a patient-specific approach, offer a more valid assessment of medical care than either the extensive or limited list.", "contents": "Physician preference for criteria mapping in medical care evaluation. This study was designed to determine which of three quality assessment methods most validly identifies deficient care. Process criteria were developed to assess outpatient care for urinary tract infection using each of three methods: a limited \"list\" of seven criteria, an extensive \"list\" of 40 criteria, and a criteria map (CM) which uses branching logic to identify applicable criteria according to the specific needs of each case. Defining deficiency as compliance with less than 60 percent of criteria, the extensive list found all 66 cases deficient; the limited list, 27 (41.0 percent); and the CM system, 15 (22.7 percent). After excluding the extensive list because of its nondiscrimination, 23 discrepancies in rating remained between the limited list and the CM. Ten physicians unaware of the results reviewed all 23 cases. In 12 of these 23 cases, at least seven of the ten physicians preferred the rating of one method over another; the CM assessment was preferred in 11 of the 12 cases (P less than .01). Criteria maps, providing a patient-specific approach, offer a more valid assessment of medical care than either the extensive or limited list.", "PMID": 660112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8690", "title": "Medical evaluation for outpatient dental procedures.", "content": "Family physicians are often consulted to evaluate medically a patient for various dental procedures. The majority of the referrals are for diseases of the cardiovascular system. General guidelines have been established at the University of Maryland Family Health Center for the evaluation of these patients. These guidelines pertain to the use of local anesthetics and prophylaxis for endocarditis, as well as to the evaluation of patients with cardiac disease, hypertension, pulmonary disease, endocrine disease, neurological disease, hepatic disease, pregnancy, and anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Medical evaluation for outpatient dental procedures. Family physicians are often consulted to evaluate medically a patient for various dental procedures. The majority of the referrals are for diseases of the cardiovascular system. General guidelines have been established at the University of Maryland Family Health Center for the evaluation of these patients. These guidelines pertain to the use of local anesthetics and prophylaxis for endocarditis, as well as to the evaluation of patients with cardiac disease, hypertension, pulmonary disease, endocrine disease, neurological disease, hepatic disease, pregnancy, and anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 660117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8691", "title": "The psychological effects of sudden infant death syndrome on surviving family members.", "content": "It has been estimated that 7,000 to 10,000 deaths each year may be attributed to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Although some clinicians have published their personal observations regarding the psychological effects of SIDS on surviving family members, a literature search failed to reveal more thorough studies of the aftermath of SIDS. This study reports the responses to a 13-page questionnaire of 32 parents who had experienced SIDS. Several major findings were observed: (1) SIDS is the most severe crisis these parents had ever experienced, taking their families an average of 8.3 months to regain the level of family organization they had held prior to the death, and taking individual parents an average of 15.9 months to regain the level of personal happiness they had held prior to the death; (2) a majority of parents suffered personal guilt, and numerous other psychological and/or physiological difficulties; (3) relationships with other family members were affected in various ways in the vast majority of cases; and (4) 60 percent of parents who had experienced SIDS in this particular population could not be found for participation in the study; all of these parents had, within 2 1/2 years of the death, moved from their home towns. Implications for crisis prevention and intervention are outlined.", "contents": "The psychological effects of sudden infant death syndrome on surviving family members. It has been estimated that 7,000 to 10,000 deaths each year may be attributed to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Although some clinicians have published their personal observations regarding the psychological effects of SIDS on surviving family members, a literature search failed to reveal more thorough studies of the aftermath of SIDS. This study reports the responses to a 13-page questionnaire of 32 parents who had experienced SIDS. Several major findings were observed: (1) SIDS is the most severe crisis these parents had ever experienced, taking their families an average of 8.3 months to regain the level of family organization they had held prior to the death, and taking individual parents an average of 15.9 months to regain the level of personal happiness they had held prior to the death; (2) a majority of parents suffered personal guilt, and numerous other psychological and/or physiological difficulties; (3) relationships with other family members were affected in various ways in the vast majority of cases; and (4) 60 percent of parents who had experienced SIDS in this particular population could not be found for participation in the study; all of these parents had, within 2 1/2 years of the death, moved from their home towns. Implications for crisis prevention and intervention are outlined.", "PMID": 660118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8692", "title": "Major side effects of antipsychotic drugs.", "content": "Since the introduction of phenothiazines into clinical practice in 1952, over 250 million people have received these drugs for the treatment of psychotic states. In addition to the phenothiazines, five other classes of neuroleptic medications are now in use: butyrophenones, thioxanthenes, dihydroindolones, diphenylbutylpiperidines, and dibenzoxazepines. Besides their use in the treatment of psychosis, these drugs have been used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, nausea, alcoholic withdrawal, and pain, and are often administered in combination with other medications. Through the use of these drugs, many psychotic patients have been able to move back into the community, and the family physician is coming into contact with more patients on maintenance dosages of neuroleptics. He/she may wish to prescribe these drugs or may, in the treatment of a medical problem, need to prescribe other medication to an individual already receiving neuroleptics. It is important, therefore, for the family physician to be aware of the side effects of these drugs and of complications which can arise when neuroleptics are given in combination with other families of drugs.", "contents": "Major side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Since the introduction of phenothiazines into clinical practice in 1952, over 250 million people have received these drugs for the treatment of psychotic states. In addition to the phenothiazines, five other classes of neuroleptic medications are now in use: butyrophenones, thioxanthenes, dihydroindolones, diphenylbutylpiperidines, and dibenzoxazepines. Besides their use in the treatment of psychosis, these drugs have been used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, nausea, alcoholic withdrawal, and pain, and are often administered in combination with other medications. Through the use of these drugs, many psychotic patients have been able to move back into the community, and the family physician is coming into contact with more patients on maintenance dosages of neuroleptics. He/she may wish to prescribe these drugs or may, in the treatment of a medical problem, need to prescribe other medication to an individual already receiving neuroleptics. It is important, therefore, for the family physician to be aware of the side effects of these drugs and of complications which can arise when neuroleptics are given in combination with other families of drugs.", "PMID": 660119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8693", "title": "Syndromes of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and their possible surgical treatment.", "content": "Occlusive disease of the vertebrobasilar system may cause a variety of syndromes depending on the artery or arteries involved and the available collateral circulation. Based on the clinical picture and the angiographic findings, some of the patients may benefit from a gross reconstructive surgical procedure in the vertebral or carotid arteries. When these arteries are not correctable by gross surgical techniques, an occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellular artery microanastomosis may also prove beneficial. An early clinical diagnosis of the brain-stem and occipital lobes ischemia and angiographic studies of the cerebral arteries are of prime importance and the key to the surgical management of these patient.", "contents": "Syndromes of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and their possible surgical treatment. Occlusive disease of the vertebrobasilar system may cause a variety of syndromes depending on the artery or arteries involved and the available collateral circulation. Based on the clinical picture and the angiographic findings, some of the patients may benefit from a gross reconstructive surgical procedure in the vertebral or carotid arteries. When these arteries are not correctable by gross surgical techniques, an occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellular artery microanastomosis may also prove beneficial. An early clinical diagnosis of the brain-stem and occipital lobes ischemia and angiographic studies of the cerebral arteries are of prime importance and the key to the surgical management of these patient.", "PMID": 660122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8694", "title": "Major helminthic diseases of North America: a review.", "content": "Disease producing worms are worldwide in distribution. The worms of significance in North America are the nematodes and the cestodes. Diagnosis is rarely made on clinical grounds alone because the clinical presentation of infection varies widely. Examination of stool for ova is usually the definitive diagnostic step. Follow-up stool examination several weeks after treatment is mandatory. The clinical findings pertaining to each type of worm and the recommended treatment are delineated.", "contents": "Major helminthic diseases of North America: a review. Disease producing worms are worldwide in distribution. The worms of significance in North America are the nematodes and the cestodes. Diagnosis is rarely made on clinical grounds alone because the clinical presentation of infection varies widely. Examination of stool for ova is usually the definitive diagnostic step. Follow-up stool examination several weeks after treatment is mandatory. The clinical findings pertaining to each type of worm and the recommended treatment are delineated.", "PMID": 660123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8695", "title": "Suicide assessment: a clinical model.", "content": "One of the most critical and ill-defined areas of the physican's practice is the evaluation of suicidal intent, particularly of the patient who has made no previous such attempts. Making the problem more complex is the attitude of the physician toward the self-destroyer, as determined by his/her upbringing and training. This article first confronts the issue of how the attitude of the physician can and does affect the potentially suicidal patient. Secondly, a conceptual model for a suicide evaluation is presented. This model has been designed for flexibility and practicality in order to help ensure that a complete evaluation can be done within the requirements and necessities of the practicing physician.", "contents": "Suicide assessment: a clinical model. One of the most critical and ill-defined areas of the physican's practice is the evaluation of suicidal intent, particularly of the patient who has made no previous such attempts. Making the problem more complex is the attitude of the physician toward the self-destroyer, as determined by his/her upbringing and training. This article first confronts the issue of how the attitude of the physician can and does affect the potentially suicidal patient. Secondly, a conceptual model for a suicide evaluation is presented. This model has been designed for flexibility and practicality in order to help ensure that a complete evaluation can be done within the requirements and necessities of the practicing physician.", "PMID": 660125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8696", "title": "Group therapy in family medicine. Part 2: establishing the group.", "content": "This paper is the second in a four-part series and describes some of the prerequisites necessary for the establishment of a therapy group in family medicine. In setting up a group, it is necessary to have group leadsers, a supervisor, patients, a suitable room, and time set aside for the purpose. Referral sources and criteria for referral are presented, as well as a description of patient characteristics. Factors leading to referral are discussed, and contraindications for referral considered.", "contents": "Group therapy in family medicine. Part 2: establishing the group. This paper is the second in a four-part series and describes some of the prerequisites necessary for the establishment of a therapy group in family medicine. In setting up a group, it is necessary to have group leadsers, a supervisor, patients, a suitable room, and time set aside for the purpose. Referral sources and criteria for referral are presented, as well as a description of patient characteristics. Factors leading to referral are discussed, and contraindications for referral considered.", "PMID": 660127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8697", "title": "Instructional objectives for a teaching program in cancer for primary care physicians.", "content": "Precise instructional objectives are critical to the success of educational programs in medicine. Adequate attention to the development of instructional objectives prompts careful consideration of course methods, helps define means of evaluation, and results in realistic long-term goals. Current curricula often focus on the teaching of facts and the diagnosis and treatment of advanced and uncommon diseases; behavioral science skills are rarely taught and, in general, content is unrelated to the kinds of problems physicians see in practice. This paper presents instructional objectives in cancer which attempt to answer these criticisms. The objectives, covering cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains, emphasize the areas of prevention and early diagnosis.", "contents": "Instructional objectives for a teaching program in cancer for primary care physicians. Precise instructional objectives are critical to the success of educational programs in medicine. Adequate attention to the development of instructional objectives prompts careful consideration of course methods, helps define means of evaluation, and results in realistic long-term goals. Current curricula often focus on the teaching of facts and the diagnosis and treatment of advanced and uncommon diseases; behavioral science skills are rarely taught and, in general, content is unrelated to the kinds of problems physicians see in practice. This paper presents instructional objectives in cancer which attempt to answer these criticisms. The objectives, covering cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains, emphasize the areas of prevention and early diagnosis.", "PMID": 660128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8698", "title": "Internal review--a fruitful family practice evaluation tool.", "content": "In 1975 the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, initiated a system of internal review of its undergraduate and postgraduate programs. During the next six months each of the major teaching resources for the family practice component of the programs was visited by an inspection team. A detailed report with recommendations was prepared and received wide distribution. After this initial review, the internal medicine and pediatric components of the curriculum were evaluated. Again reports and recommendations were made. At the present time the surgical and psychiatric components of the program are being evaluated. This ongoing internal review has had several benefits including specific changes in programs, better organization, and a better understanding of the department and its goals. Some of the difficulties are the time and organization necessary for a valid and appropriate review.", "contents": "Internal review--a fruitful family practice evaluation tool. In 1975 the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, initiated a system of internal review of its undergraduate and postgraduate programs. During the next six months each of the major teaching resources for the family practice component of the programs was visited by an inspection team. A detailed report with recommendations was prepared and received wide distribution. After this initial review, the internal medicine and pediatric components of the curriculum were evaluated. Again reports and recommendations were made. At the present time the surgical and psychiatric components of the program are being evaluated. This ongoing internal review has had several benefits including specific changes in programs, better organization, and a better understanding of the department and its goals. Some of the difficulties are the time and organization necessary for a valid and appropriate review.", "PMID": 660129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8699", "title": "Optimal hierarchy as a means of increasing the flexibility of a morbidity classification system.", "content": "Established systems of problem or morbidity classification do not always meet special needs for higher levels of specificity in coding. Optional hierarchy is a mechanism that may be employed to achieve the desired specificity for local use while permitting recombination into parent rubrics for external comparisons. Optional hierarchy may be employed to develop subdivision rubrics when justified by the high incidence of specific problems, whether due to geographic or social circumstances or because of the special nature of individual practice(s). It may also be used to meet the sometimes esoteric needs of the researcher, the unique needs of the teacher, or the preferential needs of other individual recorders. While the development of subdivision rubrics is simple, care is required to avoid pitfalls in reversion to the parent rubric. Failure to ensure the accuracy of this reversion can destroy a fundamental purpose of morbidity classification--the intercenter comparison of data. Although this paper discusses the application of optional hierarchy to the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC), it is equally useful in other systems of classification.", "contents": "Optimal hierarchy as a means of increasing the flexibility of a morbidity classification system. Established systems of problem or morbidity classification do not always meet special needs for higher levels of specificity in coding. Optional hierarchy is a mechanism that may be employed to achieve the desired specificity for local use while permitting recombination into parent rubrics for external comparisons. Optional hierarchy may be employed to develop subdivision rubrics when justified by the high incidence of specific problems, whether due to geographic or social circumstances or because of the special nature of individual practice(s). It may also be used to meet the sometimes esoteric needs of the researcher, the unique needs of the teacher, or the preferential needs of other individual recorders. While the development of subdivision rubrics is simple, care is required to avoid pitfalls in reversion to the parent rubric. Failure to ensure the accuracy of this reversion can destroy a fundamental purpose of morbidity classification--the intercenter comparison of data. Although this paper discusses the application of optional hierarchy to the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC), it is equally useful in other systems of classification.", "PMID": 660130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8700", "title": "The dying child and the family.", "content": "The physician involved in the care of a child with a fatal disease has an obligation not only to give the best possible medical care to the child but also to provide emotional support and guidance for the family and the patient. Many emotional problems can be resolved or prevented by discussions with the parents and by encouraging them to express their anxieties and questions. The death of a child is the ultimate tragedy, and everything should be done to prevent further problems which add to the anguish the parents must endure. Support of the parents begins when the diagnosis is first presented, must be continued throughout the child's course, and should often extend beyond the death of the child. Understanding the child's reactions to death is important and helps the physician respond appropriately to the child's questions. Some older children wish to discuss their disease with the physician and in such cases their questions should be answered honestly, while at the same time offering hope.", "contents": "The dying child and the family. The physician involved in the care of a child with a fatal disease has an obligation not only to give the best possible medical care to the child but also to provide emotional support and guidance for the family and the patient. Many emotional problems can be resolved or prevented by discussions with the parents and by encouraging them to express their anxieties and questions. The death of a child is the ultimate tragedy, and everything should be done to prevent further problems which add to the anguish the parents must endure. Support of the parents begins when the diagnosis is first presented, must be continued throughout the child's course, and should often extend beyond the death of the child. Understanding the child's reactions to death is important and helps the physician respond appropriately to the child's questions. Some older children wish to discuss their disease with the physician and in such cases their questions should be answered honestly, while at the same time offering hope.", "PMID": 660131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8701", "title": "Regenerative ability of double-half and half upper arms in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "The upper arms of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) were surgically manipulated to create double-half dorsal, double-half ventral, double-half anterior, and double-half posterior upper arms, and longitudinal half-dorsal, half-ventral, half-anterior, and half-posterior upper arms. Amputation through the double-half upper arms usually failed to elicit normal distal regeneration, despite the fact that an apparently normal regeneration blastema was initially formed. Instead, regeneration in these cases was limited to the formation of a variable number of small cartilage elements. On the basis of these results it is concluded that a complete limb circumference is required for distal transformation in newts, in addition to the well-established requirements for a wound epidermis, adequate innervation and dedifferentiation leading to blastema formation. A model for the sequential generation of new parts of the limb pattern during distal transformation from a complete circumference is presented. This model can also account for the occurrence of normal early stages of regeneration in double-half upper arms. Half upper arms which were amputated immediately were shown to develop single, complete regenerates. If amputation of half upper arms was delayed three or more weeks to permit complete wound healing, a supernumerary limb from the lateral wound surface sometimes developed in addition to a complete, single limb from the distal amputation surface.", "contents": "Regenerative ability of double-half and half upper arms in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. The upper arms of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) were surgically manipulated to create double-half dorsal, double-half ventral, double-half anterior, and double-half posterior upper arms, and longitudinal half-dorsal, half-ventral, half-anterior, and half-posterior upper arms. Amputation through the double-half upper arms usually failed to elicit normal distal regeneration, despite the fact that an apparently normal regeneration blastema was initially formed. Instead, regeneration in these cases was limited to the formation of a variable number of small cartilage elements. On the basis of these results it is concluded that a complete limb circumference is required for distal transformation in newts, in addition to the well-established requirements for a wound epidermis, adequate innervation and dedifferentiation leading to blastema formation. A model for the sequential generation of new parts of the limb pattern during distal transformation from a complete circumference is presented. This model can also account for the occurrence of normal early stages of regeneration in double-half upper arms. Half upper arms which were amputated immediately were shown to develop single, complete regenerates. If amputation of half upper arms was delayed three or more weeks to permit complete wound healing, a supernumerary limb from the lateral wound surface sometimes developed in addition to a complete, single limb from the distal amputation surface.", "PMID": 660137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8702", "title": "The failure of double-half forelimbs to undergo distal transformation following amputation in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "Although capable of initiating early regenerative responses, axolotl forelimb stumps which are composed of double-half limb tissues fail to undergo the events that normally lead to the replacement of missing parts. In the present study, the posterior halves of right forelimbs were exchanged with the anterior halves of left forelimbs, or the dorsal halves of right forelimbs were exchanged with the ventral halves of left forelimbs. Forelimbs were amputated through the graft region 30 days after grafting. Limb stumps bearing double-dorsal, double-ventral or double-posterior tissues either produced hypomorphic regenerates or failed to form any externally visible outgrowth. When the limb stump bore double-anterior tissues, no externally visible structures were formed. Normal and multiple regenerates were never formed by double-half limbs. These results are discussed in terms of the polar coordinate model and suggest that the regeneration blastema requires a complete circumference of positional values in order to complete distal transformation.", "contents": "The failure of double-half forelimbs to undergo distal transformation following amputation in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. Although capable of initiating early regenerative responses, axolotl forelimb stumps which are composed of double-half limb tissues fail to undergo the events that normally lead to the replacement of missing parts. In the present study, the posterior halves of right forelimbs were exchanged with the anterior halves of left forelimbs, or the dorsal halves of right forelimbs were exchanged with the ventral halves of left forelimbs. Forelimbs were amputated through the graft region 30 days after grafting. Limb stumps bearing double-dorsal, double-ventral or double-posterior tissues either produced hypomorphic regenerates or failed to form any externally visible outgrowth. When the limb stump bore double-anterior tissues, no externally visible structures were formed. Normal and multiple regenerates were never formed by double-half limbs. These results are discussed in terms of the polar coordinate model and suggest that the regeneration blastema requires a complete circumference of positional values in order to complete distal transformation.", "PMID": 660138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8703", "title": "Timing of sperm transport, sperm penetration and cleavage in the rat.", "content": "Times of sperm entry into the oviduct from the uterus, into the ampulla from the isthmus; of sperm penetration into oocytes, and of cleavage, were determined using three mating regions. Time intervals and their errors of estimation were calculated. Spermatozoa were first found in the isthmus of the oviduct no earlier than 15 minutes after coitus, but required four hours to ascend the oviduct to the ampulla. The rate of sperm arrival was equal to the rate of sperm penetration, i.e., about 3 sperms/hour. Time of cleavage in vivo was 20.6 hours after sperm penetration in ad libitum mated animals. In culture, oocytes cleaved at exactly the same time as in vivo. Delaying sperm arrival to the site of fertilization (by delaying mating) shortened the time interval between median time of sperm penetration and median time of cleavage. It was concluded that the time of cleavage of the oocyte reflects primarily the time of sperm penetration, but is also influenced by the postovulatory age of the oocyte.", "contents": "Timing of sperm transport, sperm penetration and cleavage in the rat. Times of sperm entry into the oviduct from the uterus, into the ampulla from the isthmus; of sperm penetration into oocytes, and of cleavage, were determined using three mating regions. Time intervals and their errors of estimation were calculated. Spermatozoa were first found in the isthmus of the oviduct no earlier than 15 minutes after coitus, but required four hours to ascend the oviduct to the ampulla. The rate of sperm arrival was equal to the rate of sperm penetration, i.e., about 3 sperms/hour. Time of cleavage in vivo was 20.6 hours after sperm penetration in ad libitum mated animals. In culture, oocytes cleaved at exactly the same time as in vivo. Delaying sperm arrival to the site of fertilization (by delaying mating) shortened the time interval between median time of sperm penetration and median time of cleavage. It was concluded that the time of cleavage of the oocyte reflects primarily the time of sperm penetration, but is also influenced by the postovulatory age of the oocyte.", "PMID": 660139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8704", "title": "Mammalian pyruvate kinase hybrid isozymes: tissue distribution and physiological significance.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the pyruvate kinase isozymic patterns of a wide variety of tissues from rats and mice, particularly regarding hybrid isozymes. For these studies, we employed longer electrophoresis times than used in most earlier studies in order to improve the resolution of closely spaced bands. The tissue distributions of types K, L, and M pyruvate kinases were found to be approximately the same as those reported earlier for rats and other mammals. In addition, K-M hybrids could be detected in most tissues examined in relative quantities which differed from one tissue to another in the same organism, in corresponding tissues from different species, and within a single tissue during development. Hybrid isozymes containing type L subunits occur in only a few tissues of either the fetus or the adult of either animal. In earlier studies utilizing L-M hybrid isozymes produced in vitro, we showed that the kinetic properties of a given subunit are profoundly affected by the nature of its neighbors within the tetramer (Dyson and Cardenas, ['73] J. Biol. Chem., 248: 8482-8488). Based on these altered kinetic properties, we suggest that there is little need for anorganism to suppress completely the gene activity for one subunit type of pyruvate kinase during the synthesis of larger quantities of a second subunit type.", "contents": "Mammalian pyruvate kinase hybrid isozymes: tissue distribution and physiological significance. The purpose of this study was to examine the pyruvate kinase isozymic patterns of a wide variety of tissues from rats and mice, particularly regarding hybrid isozymes. For these studies, we employed longer electrophoresis times than used in most earlier studies in order to improve the resolution of closely spaced bands. The tissue distributions of types K, L, and M pyruvate kinases were found to be approximately the same as those reported earlier for rats and other mammals. In addition, K-M hybrids could be detected in most tissues examined in relative quantities which differed from one tissue to another in the same organism, in corresponding tissues from different species, and within a single tissue during development. Hybrid isozymes containing type L subunits occur in only a few tissues of either the fetus or the adult of either animal. In earlier studies utilizing L-M hybrid isozymes produced in vitro, we showed that the kinetic properties of a given subunit are profoundly affected by the nature of its neighbors within the tetramer (Dyson and Cardenas, ['73] J. Biol. Chem., 248: 8482-8488). Based on these altered kinetic properties, we suggest that there is little need for anorganism to suppress completely the gene activity for one subunit type of pyruvate kinase during the synthesis of larger quantities of a second subunit type.", "PMID": 660140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8705", "title": "A large-scale laboratory maintenance system for gravid purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).", "content": "A large-scale laboratory facility for the maintenance of several thousand gravid sea urchins (S. purpuratus) is described. Gametes of this species provide an important research resource for studies of animal development. Methods are described for culturing adult S. purpuratus for periods up to two years or more with almost no mortality after the first three to four weeks following collection. Adult females can be maintained in a fertile state in the culture system for four to six months. When spawned, gravid females living in the culture facility will routinely regenerate normal sized populations of fertile oocytes at 1 to 2-month intervals. Such females can be used repeatedly as a source of mature gametes for laboratory research. The reproductive performance of these females can be predicted approximately by the number of late vitellogenic oocytes present in their ovaries. After several months the pool of these oocytes is exhausted and no further mature oocytes can be found for a long period. We show, however, that such females are able to carry out a complete annual cycle of oogenesis if held for a long enough period of time in the culture system.", "contents": "A large-scale laboratory maintenance system for gravid purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). A large-scale laboratory facility for the maintenance of several thousand gravid sea urchins (S. purpuratus) is described. Gametes of this species provide an important research resource for studies of animal development. Methods are described for culturing adult S. purpuratus for periods up to two years or more with almost no mortality after the first three to four weeks following collection. Adult females can be maintained in a fertile state in the culture system for four to six months. When spawned, gravid females living in the culture facility will routinely regenerate normal sized populations of fertile oocytes at 1 to 2-month intervals. Such females can be used repeatedly as a source of mature gametes for laboratory research. The reproductive performance of these females can be predicted approximately by the number of late vitellogenic oocytes present in their ovaries. After several months the pool of these oocytes is exhausted and no further mature oocytes can be found for a long period. We show, however, that such females are able to carry out a complete annual cycle of oogenesis if held for a long enough period of time in the culture system.", "PMID": 660141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8706", "title": "In vitro analysis of pre- and early postimplantation development of lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos.", "content": "Preimplantation embryos from matings between yellow heterozygous (Ay/a) mice were recovered at 56 hours post coitum, cultured for five days, and compared with the development of embryos from three control matings (Ay/a female X a/a male, a/a female X Ay/a male, a/a female X a/a male). Most embryos were at the 8-cell stage at recovery; however fewer embryos from the experimental cross had developed to the 8-cell stage than embryos of control matings, indicating a developmental lag of experimental embryos (P less than 0.01). The yellow (Ay/a) uterus did not contribute (P = 0.05) to delayed development. Experimental and control embryos were equally capable of successful development in culture to the morula stage with no distinct morphological characteristics identifying the class of Ay/Ay mutants. However, significant differences were observed in the development from morulae to blastocysts; 9.4% (10/106) of the morulae in experimental crosses failed to undergo blastocyst formation as compared with 2.5% (10/398) of morulae in pooled control crosses (P = 0.010-0.025). In the experimental cross 25.0% (24/96) of embryos that developed successfully to the blastocyst stage failed to hatch from the zona pellucida; these are presumed to include the class of lethal yellow homozygotes. Abnormalities seen in cultured embryos consisted primarily of blastomere disintegration, blastomere arrest and exclusion, and embryo fragmentation.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of pre- and early postimplantation development of lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos. Preimplantation embryos from matings between yellow heterozygous (Ay/a) mice were recovered at 56 hours post coitum, cultured for five days, and compared with the development of embryos from three control matings (Ay/a female X a/a male, a/a female X Ay/a male, a/a female X a/a male). Most embryos were at the 8-cell stage at recovery; however fewer embryos from the experimental cross had developed to the 8-cell stage than embryos of control matings, indicating a developmental lag of experimental embryos (P less than 0.01). The yellow (Ay/a) uterus did not contribute (P = 0.05) to delayed development. Experimental and control embryos were equally capable of successful development in culture to the morula stage with no distinct morphological characteristics identifying the class of Ay/Ay mutants. However, significant differences were observed in the development from morulae to blastocysts; 9.4% (10/106) of the morulae in experimental crosses failed to undergo blastocyst formation as compared with 2.5% (10/398) of morulae in pooled control crosses (P = 0.010-0.025). In the experimental cross 25.0% (24/96) of embryos that developed successfully to the blastocyst stage failed to hatch from the zona pellucida; these are presumed to include the class of lethal yellow homozygotes. Abnormalities seen in cultured embryos consisted primarily of blastomere disintegration, blastomere arrest and exclusion, and embryo fragmentation.", "PMID": 660142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8707", "title": "Studies on oocyte maturation of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. V. On the structure of steroids that induce maturation in vitro.", "content": "The response of oocytes within isolated follicles (800-950 micron in diameter) to various steroids was examined with the teleost fish, Oryzias latipes. Continuous exposure of oocytes, which were removed from ovarian investments 17 hours before predicted germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), to C19- or C21-steroids brought about maturation in vitro but never triggered ovulation. The steroids effective in inducing maturation have in common a C=0 (or alpha-OH) group at 3C and a beta-OH group at 17C in the C19-steroids, and a C=O (or beta-OH) group at 3C and a C=O (or alpha-OH) group at 20C in the C21-steroids, in addition to an delta4- or delta5-unsaturated for 5alpha-saturated configuration. The orientation of the hydrogen at 5C seems to be critical in determining the ability of a particular steroid to stimulate oocyte maturation. Maturation of oocytes in the ovaries of hypophysectomized females was induced by administering progesterone, but the mature oocytes did not subsequently undergo ovulation. Thus the steroid hormone is capable of inducing oocyte maturation but apparently does not participate directly in the ovulation of Oryzias latipes oocytes.", "contents": "Studies on oocyte maturation of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. V. On the structure of steroids that induce maturation in vitro. The response of oocytes within isolated follicles (800-950 micron in diameter) to various steroids was examined with the teleost fish, Oryzias latipes. Continuous exposure of oocytes, which were removed from ovarian investments 17 hours before predicted germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), to C19- or C21-steroids brought about maturation in vitro but never triggered ovulation. The steroids effective in inducing maturation have in common a C=0 (or alpha-OH) group at 3C and a beta-OH group at 17C in the C19-steroids, and a C=O (or beta-OH) group at 3C and a C=O (or alpha-OH) group at 20C in the C21-steroids, in addition to an delta4- or delta5-unsaturated for 5alpha-saturated configuration. The orientation of the hydrogen at 5C seems to be critical in determining the ability of a particular steroid to stimulate oocyte maturation. Maturation of oocytes in the ovaries of hypophysectomized females was induced by administering progesterone, but the mature oocytes did not subsequently undergo ovulation. Thus the steroid hormone is capable of inducing oocyte maturation but apparently does not participate directly in the ovulation of Oryzias latipes oocytes.", "PMID": 660143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8708", "title": "Induced formation of asters and cleavage furrows in oocytes of Xenopus laevis during in vitro maturation.", "content": "We have previously reported that injection of purified basal bodies or sperm into unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis induced the formation of asters and irregular cleavage furrows. Fully grown oocytes were found to be unable to form asters or cleavage furrows. In this paper we show that the oocyte acquires the ability to form asters upon basal body injection at the time of germinal vesicle breakdown during in vitro maturation. Our evidence indicates that aster formation requires progesterone-stimulated changes in the oocyte and mixing of cytoplasm and germinal vesicle plasm. The ability of the oocyte to form cleavage furrows arises six to eight hours after germinal vesicle breakdown. We infer that some maturational change in the cell cortex occurs to enable the egg surface to furrow. Experiments on the relationship of aster formation to furrow initiation indicates that asters stimulate furrow formation. However, some furrowing could be induced without aster formation in mature oocytes and unfertilized eggs by an activation stimulus, showing that asters are not essential for cleavage initiation. The significance of these observations are discussed in the light of our current understanding of meiotic maturation, cell cleavage and aster growth.", "contents": "Induced formation of asters and cleavage furrows in oocytes of Xenopus laevis during in vitro maturation. We have previously reported that injection of purified basal bodies or sperm into unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis induced the formation of asters and irregular cleavage furrows. Fully grown oocytes were found to be unable to form asters or cleavage furrows. In this paper we show that the oocyte acquires the ability to form asters upon basal body injection at the time of germinal vesicle breakdown during in vitro maturation. Our evidence indicates that aster formation requires progesterone-stimulated changes in the oocyte and mixing of cytoplasm and germinal vesicle plasm. The ability of the oocyte to form cleavage furrows arises six to eight hours after germinal vesicle breakdown. We infer that some maturational change in the cell cortex occurs to enable the egg surface to furrow. Experiments on the relationship of aster formation to furrow initiation indicates that asters stimulate furrow formation. However, some furrowing could be induced without aster formation in mature oocytes and unfertilized eggs by an activation stimulus, showing that asters are not essential for cleavage initiation. The significance of these observations are discussed in the light of our current understanding of meiotic maturation, cell cleavage and aster growth.", "PMID": 660144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8709", "title": "Selective incorporation of selenium-75 into a polypeptide of the rat sperm tail (1).", "content": "Selenium is necessary for normal sperm tail development in the rat. The biochemical locus of this requirement was investigated by intratesticular administration of (75Se)SeO3-2. Sperm were labeled primarily in tail keratin, a disulfide-stabilized fraction obtained by extracting isolated tails with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). By incubation in 1% SDS-0.2 mM dithiothreitol, followed by sonication and centrifugation, the 75Se was separated from a residue rich in S and Zn, composed of dense fibers and connecting pieces. The extracted 75Se-labeled material was non-dialyzable, sensitive to pronase, retained most of its bound isotope following carboxymethylation, and displayed only one radioactive component, of 17,000 daltons, during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is suggested that the labeled moiety is a selenopolypeptide whose function is critical for normal assembly of the sperm tail.", "contents": "Selective incorporation of selenium-75 into a polypeptide of the rat sperm tail (1). Selenium is necessary for normal sperm tail development in the rat. The biochemical locus of this requirement was investigated by intratesticular administration of (75Se)SeO3-2. Sperm were labeled primarily in tail keratin, a disulfide-stabilized fraction obtained by extracting isolated tails with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). By incubation in 1% SDS-0.2 mM dithiothreitol, followed by sonication and centrifugation, the 75Se was separated from a residue rich in S and Zn, composed of dense fibers and connecting pieces. The extracted 75Se-labeled material was non-dialyzable, sensitive to pronase, retained most of its bound isotope following carboxymethylation, and displayed only one radioactive component, of 17,000 daltons, during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is suggested that the labeled moiety is a selenopolypeptide whose function is critical for normal assembly of the sperm tail.", "PMID": 660145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8710", "title": "Visual pigment and photoreceptor sensitivity in the isolated skate retina.", "content": "Photoreceptor potentials were recorded extracellularly from the aspartate-treated, isolated retina of the skate (Raja oscellata and R. erinacea), and the effects of externally applied retinal were studied both electrophysiologically and spectrophotometrically. In the absence of applied retinal, strong light adaptation leads to an irreversible depletion of rhodopsin and a sustained elevation of receptor threshold. For example, after the bleaching of 60% of the rhodopsin initially present in dark-adapted receptors, the threshold of the receptor response stabilizes at a level about 3 log units above the dark-adapted value. The application of 11-cis retinal to strongly light-adapted photoreceptors induces both a rapid, substantial lowering of receptor threshold and a shift of the entire intensity-response curve toward greater sensitivity. Exogenous 11-cis retinal also promotes the formation of rhodopsin in bleached photoreceptors with a time-course similar to that of the sensitization measured electrophysiologically. All-trans and 13-cis retinal, when applied to strongly light-adapted receptors, fail to promote either an increase in receptor sensitivity or the formation of significant amounts of light-sensitive pigment within the receptors. However, 9-cis retinal isin. These findings provide strong evidence that the regeneration of visual pigment in the photoreceptors directly regulates the process of photochemical dark adaptation.", "contents": "Visual pigment and photoreceptor sensitivity in the isolated skate retina. Photoreceptor potentials were recorded extracellularly from the aspartate-treated, isolated retina of the skate (Raja oscellata and R. erinacea), and the effects of externally applied retinal were studied both electrophysiologically and spectrophotometrically. In the absence of applied retinal, strong light adaptation leads to an irreversible depletion of rhodopsin and a sustained elevation of receptor threshold. For example, after the bleaching of 60% of the rhodopsin initially present in dark-adapted receptors, the threshold of the receptor response stabilizes at a level about 3 log units above the dark-adapted value. The application of 11-cis retinal to strongly light-adapted photoreceptors induces both a rapid, substantial lowering of receptor threshold and a shift of the entire intensity-response curve toward greater sensitivity. Exogenous 11-cis retinal also promotes the formation of rhodopsin in bleached photoreceptors with a time-course similar to that of the sensitization measured electrophysiologically. All-trans and 13-cis retinal, when applied to strongly light-adapted receptors, fail to promote either an increase in receptor sensitivity or the formation of significant amounts of light-sensitive pigment within the receptors. However, 9-cis retinal isin. These findings provide strong evidence that the regeneration of visual pigment in the photoreceptors directly regulates the process of photochemical dark adaptation.", "PMID": 660156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8711", "title": "The influence of external cations and membrane potential on Ca-activated Na efflux in Myxicola giant axons.", "content": "In microinjected Myxicola giant axons with elevated [Na]i, Na efflux was sensitive to Cao under some conditions. In Li seawater, sensitivity to Cao was high whereas in Na seawater, sensitivity to Cao was observed only upon elevation of [Ca]o above the normal value. In choline seawater, the sensitivity of Na efflux to Cao was less than that observed in Li seawater whereas Mg seawater failed to support any detectable Cao-sensitive Na efflux. Addition of Na to Li seawater was inhibitory to Cao-sensitive Na efflux, the extent of inhibition increasing with rising values of [Na]o. The presence of 20 mM K in Li seawater resulted in about a threefold increase in the Cao-activated Na efflux. Experiments in which the membrane potential, Vm, was varied or held constant when [K]o was changed showed that the augmentation of Ca-activated Na efflux by Ko was not due to changes in Vm but resulted from a direct action of K on activation by Ca. The same experimental conditions that favored a large component of Cao-activated Na efflux also caused a large increase in Ca influx. Measurements of Ca influx in the presence of 20 mM K and comparison with values of Ca-activated Na efflux suggest that the Na:Ca coupling ratio may be altered by increasing external [K]o. Overall, the results suggest that the Cao-activated Na efflux in Myxicola giant axons requires the presence of an external monovalent cation and that the order of effectiveness at a total monovalent cation concentration of 430 mM is K + Li greater than Li greater than Choline greater than Na.", "contents": "The influence of external cations and membrane potential on Ca-activated Na efflux in Myxicola giant axons. In microinjected Myxicola giant axons with elevated [Na]i, Na efflux was sensitive to Cao under some conditions. In Li seawater, sensitivity to Cao was high whereas in Na seawater, sensitivity to Cao was observed only upon elevation of [Ca]o above the normal value. In choline seawater, the sensitivity of Na efflux to Cao was less than that observed in Li seawater whereas Mg seawater failed to support any detectable Cao-sensitive Na efflux. Addition of Na to Li seawater was inhibitory to Cao-sensitive Na efflux, the extent of inhibition increasing with rising values of [Na]o. The presence of 20 mM K in Li seawater resulted in about a threefold increase in the Cao-activated Na efflux. Experiments in which the membrane potential, Vm, was varied or held constant when [K]o was changed showed that the augmentation of Ca-activated Na efflux by Ko was not due to changes in Vm but resulted from a direct action of K on activation by Ca. The same experimental conditions that favored a large component of Cao-activated Na efflux also caused a large increase in Ca influx. Measurements of Ca influx in the presence of 20 mM K and comparison with values of Ca-activated Na efflux suggest that the Na:Ca coupling ratio may be altered by increasing external [K]o. Overall, the results suggest that the Cao-activated Na efflux in Myxicola giant axons requires the presence of an external monovalent cation and that the order of effectiveness at a total monovalent cation concentration of 430 mM is K + Li greater than Li greater than Choline greater than Na.", "PMID": 660157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8712", "title": "Contractile activation phenomena in voltage-clamped barnacle muscle fiber.", "content": "Tension development in voltage-clamped barnacle muscle fibers occurs with depolarizing pulses so small as not to activate the potassium and calcium conductance systems. Peak tension and the tension time integral appear to be graded by both amplitude and duration of the depolarizing pulses. Subthreshold depolarizing conditioning pulses shorter than 500 ms potentiate the response to a given test pulse. This effect diminishes and reverts when the duration of the conditioning pulse is increasingly prolonged. The relationship between fiber membrane potential and tension developed in response to depolarizing pulses is described by an S-shaped curve. The tension saturates at a membrane potential of about +10 mV (inside positive). For a given pulse duration the saturation value remains constant even when the fiber interior reaches a value of +230 mV, which is well above what may be estimated to be the equilibrium potential of calcium ions (Eca = +120). In the presence of 5 mM external procaine, the shape of the tension-potential curve changes; the maximum value tension besides being diminished is not sustained by falls when the potential approaches the estimated value for Eca. These results suggest that under physiological conditions the contractile activator is probably released from an internal store, and that the calcium entering the fiber as inward current does not play a direct major role in contractile activation.", "contents": "Contractile activation phenomena in voltage-clamped barnacle muscle fiber. Tension development in voltage-clamped barnacle muscle fibers occurs with depolarizing pulses so small as not to activate the potassium and calcium conductance systems. Peak tension and the tension time integral appear to be graded by both amplitude and duration of the depolarizing pulses. Subthreshold depolarizing conditioning pulses shorter than 500 ms potentiate the response to a given test pulse. This effect diminishes and reverts when the duration of the conditioning pulse is increasingly prolonged. The relationship between fiber membrane potential and tension developed in response to depolarizing pulses is described by an S-shaped curve. The tension saturates at a membrane potential of about +10 mV (inside positive). For a given pulse duration the saturation value remains constant even when the fiber interior reaches a value of +230 mV, which is well above what may be estimated to be the equilibrium potential of calcium ions (Eca = +120). In the presence of 5 mM external procaine, the shape of the tension-potential curve changes; the maximum value tension besides being diminished is not sustained by falls when the potential approaches the estimated value for Eca. These results suggest that under physiological conditions the contractile activator is probably released from an internal store, and that the calcium entering the fiber as inward current does not play a direct major role in contractile activation.", "PMID": 660158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8713", "title": "Properties of internally perfused, voltage-clamped, isolated nerve cell bodies.", "content": "The membrane properties of isolated neurons from Helix aspersa were examined by using a new suction pipette method. The method combines internal perfusion with voltage clamp of nerve cell bodies separated from their axons. Pretreatment with enzymes such as trypsin that alter membrane function is not required. A platinized platinum wire which ruptures the soma membrane allows low resistance access directly to the cell's interior improving the time resolution under voltage clamp by two orders of magnitude. The shunt resistance of the suction pipette was 10-50 times the neuronal membrane resistance, and the series resistance of the system, which was largely due to the tip diameter, was about 10(5) omega. However, the peak clamp currents were only about 20 nA for a 60-mV voltage step so that measurements of membrane voltage were accurate to within at least 3%. Spatial control of voltage was achieved only after somal separation, and nerve cell bodies isolated in this way do not generate all-or-none action potentials. Measurements of membrane potential, membrane resistance, and membrane time constant are equivalent to those obtained using intracellular micropipettes, the customary method. With the axon attached, comparable all-or-none action potentials were also measured by either method. Complete exchange of Cs+ for K+ was accomplished by internal perfusion and allowed K+ currents to be blocked. Na+ currents could then be blocked by TTX or suppressed by Tris-substituted snail Ringer solution. Ca2+ currents could be blocked using Ni2+ and other divalent cations as well as organic Ca2+ blockers. The most favorable intracellular anion was aspartate-, and the sequence of favorability was inverted from that found in squid axon.", "contents": "Properties of internally perfused, voltage-clamped, isolated nerve cell bodies. The membrane properties of isolated neurons from Helix aspersa were examined by using a new suction pipette method. The method combines internal perfusion with voltage clamp of nerve cell bodies separated from their axons. Pretreatment with enzymes such as trypsin that alter membrane function is not required. A platinized platinum wire which ruptures the soma membrane allows low resistance access directly to the cell's interior improving the time resolution under voltage clamp by two orders of magnitude. The shunt resistance of the suction pipette was 10-50 times the neuronal membrane resistance, and the series resistance of the system, which was largely due to the tip diameter, was about 10(5) omega. However, the peak clamp currents were only about 20 nA for a 60-mV voltage step so that measurements of membrane voltage were accurate to within at least 3%. Spatial control of voltage was achieved only after somal separation, and nerve cell bodies isolated in this way do not generate all-or-none action potentials. Measurements of membrane potential, membrane resistance, and membrane time constant are equivalent to those obtained using intracellular micropipettes, the customary method. With the axon attached, comparable all-or-none action potentials were also measured by either method. Complete exchange of Cs+ for K+ was accomplished by internal perfusion and allowed K+ currents to be blocked. Na+ currents could then be blocked by TTX or suppressed by Tris-substituted snail Ringer solution. Ca2+ currents could be blocked using Ni2+ and other divalent cations as well as organic Ca2+ blockers. The most favorable intracellular anion was aspartate-, and the sequence of favorability was inverted from that found in squid axon.", "PMID": 660159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8714", "title": "The calcium current of Helix neuron.", "content": "Calcium current, Ica, was studied in isolated nerve cell bodies of Helix aspersa after suppression of Na+ and K+ currents. The suction pipette method described in the preceding paper was used. Ica rises to a peak value and then subsides exponentially and has a null potential of 150 mV or more and a relationship with [Ca2+]o that is hyperbolic over a small range of [Ca2+]o's. When [Ca2+]i is increased, Ica is reduced disproportionately, but the effect is not hyperbolic. Ica is blocked by extracellular Ni2+, La3+, Cd2+, and Co2+ and is greater when Ba2+ and Sr2+ carry the current. Saturation and blockage are described by a Langmuir adsorption relationship similar to that found in Balanus. Thus, the calcium conductance probably contains a site which binds the ions referred to. The site also appears to be voltage-dependent. Activation and inactivation of Ica are described by first order kinetics, and there is evidence that the processes are coupled. For example, inactivation is delayed slightly in its onset and tau inactivation depends upon the method of study. However, the currents are described equally well by either a noncoupled Hodgkin-Huxley mh scheme or a coupled reaction. Facilitation of Ica by prepulses was not observed. For times up to 50 ms, currents even at small depolarizations were accounted for by suitable adjustment of the activation and inactivation rate constants.", "contents": "The calcium current of Helix neuron. Calcium current, Ica, was studied in isolated nerve cell bodies of Helix aspersa after suppression of Na+ and K+ currents. The suction pipette method described in the preceding paper was used. Ica rises to a peak value and then subsides exponentially and has a null potential of 150 mV or more and a relationship with [Ca2+]o that is hyperbolic over a small range of [Ca2+]o's. When [Ca2+]i is increased, Ica is reduced disproportionately, but the effect is not hyperbolic. Ica is blocked by extracellular Ni2+, La3+, Cd2+, and Co2+ and is greater when Ba2+ and Sr2+ carry the current. Saturation and blockage are described by a Langmuir adsorption relationship similar to that found in Balanus. Thus, the calcium conductance probably contains a site which binds the ions referred to. The site also appears to be voltage-dependent. Activation and inactivation of Ica are described by first order kinetics, and there is evidence that the processes are coupled. For example, inactivation is delayed slightly in its onset and tau inactivation depends upon the method of study. However, the currents are described equally well by either a noncoupled Hodgkin-Huxley mh scheme or a coupled reaction. Facilitation of Ica by prepulses was not observed. For times up to 50 ms, currents even at small depolarizations were accounted for by suitable adjustment of the activation and inactivation rate constants.", "PMID": 660160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8715", "title": "Studies on the mechanisms of vaccinia virus cytopathic effects. II. Early cell rounding is associated with virus polypeptide synthesis.", "content": "Vaccinia virus-induced morphological lesions were studied in LLC-MK2, HeLa and L cells. In LLC-MK2 cells, cell rounding occurs within 30 to 60 min after infection with 300, 900 or 2700 particles/cell and the time of appearance of these changes is dependent on the multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.). When cycloheximide (300 microgram/ml) is added to cultures at the time of infection, early cell rounding is prevented regardless of the m.o.i. However, cell rounding does occur when cycloheximide is removed, and its time of appearance and extent depends upon the time of removal of the compound and the m.o.i. Upon removal of cycloheximide at I or 2 h after infection early cell rounding occurs, and virus polypeptide synthesis is evident in cells infected at all three multiplicities. However, when the drug is removed at 4 hr after infection, cell rounding and virus polypeptide synthesis occur only in cultures infected at 300 particles/cell. Early morphological changes are also prevented in HeLa and L cells infected at 300 particles/cell in the presence of cycloheximide. These changes occur only if the compound is removed up to 2 h after infection in HeLa cells and up to 40 min after infection in L cells. Early morphological lesions are not seen if the compound is removed at later times. The occurrence of early morphological changes in HeLa and L cells is also correlated with the synthesis of virus polypeptides. All cell types, when infected at 2700 particles/cell in the presence of cycloheximide, or inhibitors of RNA synthesis, display cell fusion. Thus, whereas early morphological changes require virus protein synthesis to become manifest, cell fusion occurs in the absence of virus RNA or protein synthesis and may be mediated by a component of the virion.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanisms of vaccinia virus cytopathic effects. II. Early cell rounding is associated with virus polypeptide synthesis. Vaccinia virus-induced morphological lesions were studied in LLC-MK2, HeLa and L cells. In LLC-MK2 cells, cell rounding occurs within 30 to 60 min after infection with 300, 900 or 2700 particles/cell and the time of appearance of these changes is dependent on the multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.). When cycloheximide (300 microgram/ml) is added to cultures at the time of infection, early cell rounding is prevented regardless of the m.o.i. However, cell rounding does occur when cycloheximide is removed, and its time of appearance and extent depends upon the time of removal of the compound and the m.o.i. Upon removal of cycloheximide at I or 2 h after infection early cell rounding occurs, and virus polypeptide synthesis is evident in cells infected at all three multiplicities. However, when the drug is removed at 4 hr after infection, cell rounding and virus polypeptide synthesis occur only in cultures infected at 300 particles/cell. Early morphological changes are also prevented in HeLa and L cells infected at 300 particles/cell in the presence of cycloheximide. These changes occur only if the compound is removed up to 2 h after infection in HeLa cells and up to 40 min after infection in L cells. Early morphological lesions are not seen if the compound is removed at later times. The occurrence of early morphological changes in HeLa and L cells is also correlated with the synthesis of virus polypeptides. All cell types, when infected at 2700 particles/cell in the presence of cycloheximide, or inhibitors of RNA synthesis, display cell fusion. Thus, whereas early morphological changes require virus protein synthesis to become manifest, cell fusion occurs in the absence of virus RNA or protein synthesis and may be mediated by a component of the virion.", "PMID": 660161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8716", "title": "DNA and histone synthesis in reovirus-infected cells.", "content": "Reovirus infection inhibits the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cellular DNA. We have now investigated several aspects of this inhibition in L-929 cells early (8 h) after infection at high multiplicity (200 to 250 p.f.u./cell). Using equilibrium sedimentation analysis of DNA sequentially labelled with density and radioactive analogues of thymidine, we find a 52% reduction in the amount of DNA synthesized with no change in rate of replication fork movement in infected cells. Gel electrophoresis of histones labelled with 3H-lysine shows that infection inhibits their synthesis by 76% several hours before overall cellular protein synthesis is inhibited. There is also a reduction of nearly 50% in the size of the thymidine triphosphate pool, as measured by enzymic assay. The proportion of exogenous nucleotide in the pool is the same as in uninfected cells since there is no change in the buoyant density of DNA labelled during a short pulse with 3H-bromodeoxyuridine. The uptake of thymidine is reduced, but its phosphorylation to thymidine triphosphate is normal. The findings provide direct evidence that DNA synthesis is inhibited early in infection. This inhibition is accompanied by other derangements of thymidine and chromatin metabolism suggesting that there is an early and specific attack by reovirus on nuclear function in infected cells.", "contents": "DNA and histone synthesis in reovirus-infected cells. Reovirus infection inhibits the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cellular DNA. We have now investigated several aspects of this inhibition in L-929 cells early (8 h) after infection at high multiplicity (200 to 250 p.f.u./cell). Using equilibrium sedimentation analysis of DNA sequentially labelled with density and radioactive analogues of thymidine, we find a 52% reduction in the amount of DNA synthesized with no change in rate of replication fork movement in infected cells. Gel electrophoresis of histones labelled with 3H-lysine shows that infection inhibits their synthesis by 76% several hours before overall cellular protein synthesis is inhibited. There is also a reduction of nearly 50% in the size of the thymidine triphosphate pool, as measured by enzymic assay. The proportion of exogenous nucleotide in the pool is the same as in uninfected cells since there is no change in the buoyant density of DNA labelled during a short pulse with 3H-bromodeoxyuridine. The uptake of thymidine is reduced, but its phosphorylation to thymidine triphosphate is normal. The findings provide direct evidence that DNA synthesis is inhibited early in infection. This inhibition is accompanied by other derangements of thymidine and chromatin metabolism suggesting that there is an early and specific attack by reovirus on nuclear function in infected cells.", "PMID": 660162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8717", "title": "Cleavage defect in the non-structural polyprotein of Semliki Forest virus has two separate effects on virus RNA synthesis.", "content": "When Semliki Forest virus ts-4 mutant infected cultures are grown at the permissive temperature (28 degrees C) and shifted to the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C), two different defects in RNA synthesis are manifested: (i) the synthesis of 26S RNA is stopped within 60 min (Saraste et al. 1977) and (ii) the increase in RNA synthesizing activity ceases, in contrast to cultures maintained at 28 degrees C, indicating that no new active RNA polymerase is formed at 39 degrees C. Accumulation of a non-structural precursor protein with an apparent mol. wt. of about 220 000 (ns220) was demonstrated in ts-4 infected cultures shifted to 39 degrees C. NS220 was labelled during short pulses given immediately after release of protein synthesis from hypertonic initiation block, suggesting that genes coding for ns220 are located near the initiation site at the 5'-end of the 42S RNA. The viral specificity of ns220 was shown by its disappearance after a shift to 28 degrees C and by labelling in the presence of sucrose, when no host cell protein synthesis is detectable. The two functional defects can be explained if the polypeptides responsible for the RNA polymerizing activity and that responsible for the synthesis of 26S RNA are components of the same non-structural polyprotein. A mutation in the latter polypeptide which prevents cleavage of the polyprotein would thereby prevent the further formation of active RNA polymerase. If cleavage of the polyprotein has taken place at the permissive temperature, the RNA polymerase would remain active also at 39 degrees C, whereas the polypeptide responsible for 26S RNA synthesis would become inactive due to the mutation.", "contents": "Cleavage defect in the non-structural polyprotein of Semliki Forest virus has two separate effects on virus RNA synthesis. When Semliki Forest virus ts-4 mutant infected cultures are grown at the permissive temperature (28 degrees C) and shifted to the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C), two different defects in RNA synthesis are manifested: (i) the synthesis of 26S RNA is stopped within 60 min (Saraste et al. 1977) and (ii) the increase in RNA synthesizing activity ceases, in contrast to cultures maintained at 28 degrees C, indicating that no new active RNA polymerase is formed at 39 degrees C. Accumulation of a non-structural precursor protein with an apparent mol. wt. of about 220 000 (ns220) was demonstrated in ts-4 infected cultures shifted to 39 degrees C. NS220 was labelled during short pulses given immediately after release of protein synthesis from hypertonic initiation block, suggesting that genes coding for ns220 are located near the initiation site at the 5'-end of the 42S RNA. The viral specificity of ns220 was shown by its disappearance after a shift to 28 degrees C and by labelling in the presence of sucrose, when no host cell protein synthesis is detectable. The two functional defects can be explained if the polypeptides responsible for the RNA polymerizing activity and that responsible for the synthesis of 26S RNA are components of the same non-structural polyprotein. A mutation in the latter polypeptide which prevents cleavage of the polyprotein would thereby prevent the further formation of active RNA polymerase. If cleavage of the polyprotein has taken place at the permissive temperature, the RNA polymerase would remain active also at 39 degrees C, whereas the polypeptide responsible for 26S RNA synthesis would become inactive due to the mutation.", "PMID": 660163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8718", "title": "The sizes of RNA subunits isolated from high and low leukaemogenic Friend virus.", "content": "The sizes of non-covalently linked RNA subunits isolated from highly leukaemogenic Friend virus derived from the plasma (PV, plasma virus) of leukaemic mice were compared to the RNA subunits isolated from low leukaemogenic Friend virus grown in tissue culture (TCV, tissue culture virus). Histograms derived from electron microscope measurements showed that about one-half of the plasma virus RNA was 1.4 to 2.5 micron in length, corresponding to a mol. wt. range from 1.8 X 10(6) to 3.2 X 10(6) and the other half less than 1.4 micron. In contrast, approx. 50% of the TCV RNA was only 0.7 to 1.6 micron in length (mol. wt. 0.9 X 10(6) to 2.0 X 10(6)) and the remainder less than 0.7 micron in length regardless of whether the virus RNA was isolated from 3, 9, 36 or 72 h cultures. The histograms suggest size classes for both TCV and PV derived RNA subunits. Data obtained from sucrose gradient sedimentation of heat-denatured FLV RNA agreed with the electron microscope length measurements. The smaller sizes of the TCV RNA subunits are hypothetically related to the limited biological activity of Friend leukaemia virus produced from leukaemic cells in culture. Comparable results were obtained using two different RNA extraction procedures. Contamination of TCV nucleic acid preparations by cellular DNA was observed even when the virions were harvested from short term cultures and purified by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Consequently, preparations of intact virus were treated with DNase prior to sucrose gradient purification of the virions.", "contents": "The sizes of RNA subunits isolated from high and low leukaemogenic Friend virus. The sizes of non-covalently linked RNA subunits isolated from highly leukaemogenic Friend virus derived from the plasma (PV, plasma virus) of leukaemic mice were compared to the RNA subunits isolated from low leukaemogenic Friend virus grown in tissue culture (TCV, tissue culture virus). Histograms derived from electron microscope measurements showed that about one-half of the plasma virus RNA was 1.4 to 2.5 micron in length, corresponding to a mol. wt. range from 1.8 X 10(6) to 3.2 X 10(6) and the other half less than 1.4 micron. In contrast, approx. 50% of the TCV RNA was only 0.7 to 1.6 micron in length (mol. wt. 0.9 X 10(6) to 2.0 X 10(6)) and the remainder less than 0.7 micron in length regardless of whether the virus RNA was isolated from 3, 9, 36 or 72 h cultures. The histograms suggest size classes for both TCV and PV derived RNA subunits. Data obtained from sucrose gradient sedimentation of heat-denatured FLV RNA agreed with the electron microscope length measurements. The smaller sizes of the TCV RNA subunits are hypothetically related to the limited biological activity of Friend leukaemia virus produced from leukaemic cells in culture. Comparable results were obtained using two different RNA extraction procedures. Contamination of TCV nucleic acid preparations by cellular DNA was observed even when the virions were harvested from short term cultures and purified by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Consequently, preparations of intact virus were treated with DNase prior to sucrose gradient purification of the virions.", "PMID": 660164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8719", "title": "The genome of human coronavirus strain 229E.", "content": "The genomic RNA of human coronavirus strain 229E (HCV 229E) migrated on polyacrylamide gels as a single peak with a mol. wt. of 5.8 X 10(6). Denaturation of the genome with formaldehyde did not alter its electrophoretic mobility, which suggests that the HCV 229E genome is a single-stranded molecule. At least 30% of the genomic RNA was shown to contain covalently attached polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]sequences by binding the RNA to an oligo(dT)-cellulose column. These poly(A) tracts were shown to be about 70 nucleotides in length by measuring the resistance to digestion of HCV 229E RNA with pancreatic and T1 RNases. Finally, the genomic RNA was shown to terminate at or near the 3'-terminus on the basis of its susceptibility to polynucleotide phosphorylase.", "contents": "The genome of human coronavirus strain 229E. The genomic RNA of human coronavirus strain 229E (HCV 229E) migrated on polyacrylamide gels as a single peak with a mol. wt. of 5.8 X 10(6). Denaturation of the genome with formaldehyde did not alter its electrophoretic mobility, which suggests that the HCV 229E genome is a single-stranded molecule. At least 30% of the genomic RNA was shown to contain covalently attached polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]sequences by binding the RNA to an oligo(dT)-cellulose column. These poly(A) tracts were shown to be about 70 nucleotides in length by measuring the resistance to digestion of HCV 229E RNA with pancreatic and T1 RNases. Finally, the genomic RNA was shown to terminate at or near the 3'-terminus on the basis of its susceptibility to polynucleotide phosphorylase.", "PMID": 660165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8720", "title": "A classification of feline calicivirus isolates based on plaque morphology.", "content": "Isolates of feline calicivirus (FCV) can be divided into four groups according to plaque size under an agar overlay. All isolates classified as minute plaque, along with certain other isolates, are sensitive to inhibitors present in agar.", "contents": "A classification of feline calicivirus isolates based on plaque morphology. Isolates of feline calicivirus (FCV) can be divided into four groups according to plaque size under an agar overlay. All isolates classified as minute plaque, along with certain other isolates, are sensitive to inhibitors present in agar.", "PMID": 660166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8721", "title": "Trait ambiguity and impression formation sufficiency tests of the meaning change model.", "content": "Two experiments tested the meaning change model's prediction for the effect of trait ambiguity on impression formation. Participants were all college students, 43 males and 29 females in Experiment 1 and 20 males and 28 females in Experiment 2. Standard impression formation tasks were used. The results revealed greater context effects for high as compared to low ambiguous traits and greater influence on description ratings for low as compared to high ambigous traits, supporting the meaning change model. When ratings of descriptions and of individual traits were clearly separated, context effects were observed only for low ambiguous traits. The implications of this finding for meaning change and information integration models of impression formation are discussed", "contents": "Trait ambiguity and impression formation sufficiency tests of the meaning change model. Two experiments tested the meaning change model's prediction for the effect of trait ambiguity on impression formation. Participants were all college students, 43 males and 29 females in Experiment 1 and 20 males and 28 females in Experiment 2. Standard impression formation tasks were used. The results revealed greater context effects for high as compared to low ambiguous traits and greater influence on description ratings for low as compared to high ambigous traits, supporting the meaning change model. When ratings of descriptions and of individual traits were clearly separated, context effects were observed only for low ambiguous traits. The implications of this finding for meaning change and information integration models of impression formation are discussed", "PMID": 660167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8722", "title": "Autokinetic movement of an induced afterimage.", "content": "Thirty-two female Ss participated in an experiment in which autokinetic movement (AKM) direction change frequency of an induced afterimage was assessed as a function of stimulus afterimage color (yellow or blue-green) and the presence or absence of eye strain. Afterimage color was found not to affect AKM frequency reports. However, eye strain significantly (p less than .002) affected such reports, with the fewest AKM direction changes reported when strain was present. These results were explained in terms of an error signal and noise analysis of AKM.", "contents": "Autokinetic movement of an induced afterimage. Thirty-two female Ss participated in an experiment in which autokinetic movement (AKM) direction change frequency of an induced afterimage was assessed as a function of stimulus afterimage color (yellow or blue-green) and the presence or absence of eye strain. Afterimage color was found not to affect AKM frequency reports. However, eye strain significantly (p less than .002) affected such reports, with the fewest AKM direction changes reported when strain was present. These results were explained in terms of an error signal and noise analysis of AKM.", "PMID": 660168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8723", "title": "Negative and positive incentive contrast effects with saccharine versus sucrose.", "content": "Forty male white rats received 19 sessions of bar press training with sucrose (16% or 4%) as reward followed by a shift from 4% to 16% and from 16% to 4%. Three dependent measures indicated positive and negative contrast effects. In Experiment II, 70 male white rats received 14 sessions of bar press training with (1.2%, 1%, .10%, or .01%) saccharine, and water followed by a shift from 1.2% to .10%, 1.2% to .01%, 1 to .1%, and .10% to .01%. Three of the four measures indicated negative contrast effects. In Experiment III, 40 male white rats experienced 16 sessions of bar press training with 1%, .10%, .05%, or .01% of saccharine followed by an increase from .1%, to 1%, .05% to 1%, and .01% to 1%. Three of the measures indicated positive contrast effects. Confounding inherent in the use of solid food or sucrose did not appear to account for negative and positive incentive contrast effects.", "contents": "Negative and positive incentive contrast effects with saccharine versus sucrose. Forty male white rats received 19 sessions of bar press training with sucrose (16% or 4%) as reward followed by a shift from 4% to 16% and from 16% to 4%. Three dependent measures indicated positive and negative contrast effects. In Experiment II, 70 male white rats received 14 sessions of bar press training with (1.2%, 1%, .10%, or .01%) saccharine, and water followed by a shift from 1.2% to .10%, 1.2% to .01%, 1 to .1%, and .10% to .01%. Three of the four measures indicated negative contrast effects. In Experiment III, 40 male white rats experienced 16 sessions of bar press training with 1%, .10%, .05%, or .01% of saccharine followed by an increase from .1%, to 1%, .05% to 1%, and .01% to 1%. Three of the measures indicated positive contrast effects. Confounding inherent in the use of solid food or sucrose did not appear to account for negative and positive incentive contrast effects.", "PMID": 660169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8724", "title": "Spontaneous recovery in rabbit eyelid conditioning.", "content": "Spontaneous recovery of the classically conditioned rabbit eyelid response increased in a negatively accelerated function with an increase of postextinction rest from .17 to 24 hr. The data were obtained from six groups of male New Zealand rabbits which received an extinction session separated by rest intervals of varying duration from a spontaneous recovery test.", "contents": "Spontaneous recovery in rabbit eyelid conditioning. Spontaneous recovery of the classically conditioned rabbit eyelid response increased in a negatively accelerated function with an increase of postextinction rest from .17 to 24 hr. The data were obtained from six groups of male New Zealand rabbits which received an extinction session separated by rest intervals of varying duration from a spontaneous recovery test.", "PMID": 660170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8725", "title": "Intensity of motion sickness symptoms as a function of apparent autonomic balance.", "content": "Twenty volunteer male college students were exposed to motion picture films which reliably elicit symptoms of motion sickness. Those Ss with relatively higher apparent sympathetic nervous system dominance showed significantly smaller autonomic reactions to the film. It was concluded that increased sympathetic tone tended to the film. It was concluded that increased sympathetic tone tended to reduce autonomic reactions to motion sickness stimuli. It was suggested that the sympathetic nervous system symptoms that usually occur in motion sickness are actually defensive reactions rather than symptoms of nausea.", "contents": "Intensity of motion sickness symptoms as a function of apparent autonomic balance. Twenty volunteer male college students were exposed to motion picture films which reliably elicit symptoms of motion sickness. Those Ss with relatively higher apparent sympathetic nervous system dominance showed significantly smaller autonomic reactions to the film. It was concluded that increased sympathetic tone tended to the film. It was concluded that increased sympathetic tone tended to reduce autonomic reactions to motion sickness stimuli. It was suggested that the sympathetic nervous system symptoms that usually occur in motion sickness are actually defensive reactions rather than symptoms of nausea.", "PMID": 660171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8726", "title": "Using neuropsychological and personality tests to assess the likelihood of patient employment.", "content": "This study assessed the ability deficits and personality disturbances associated with three levels of employment in patients referred for neuropsychological testing. Highly significant group differences were found, with the unemployed group consistently showing greatest pathology on the tests, the full time employed group performing relatively normally, and the part time employed group earning intermediate scores. A discriminant function which used both neuropsychological and personality measures was found to discriminate unemployed from full time employed patients satisfactorily. Classification rates achieved by the function for validation and cross-validation samples support its clinical utility in identifying new patients who are at high risk for unemployment. It appears that psychological tests commonly used in neurological and psychiatric diagnosis can also help predict some aspects of patients' abilities to function in everyday life.", "contents": "Using neuropsychological and personality tests to assess the likelihood of patient employment. This study assessed the ability deficits and personality disturbances associated with three levels of employment in patients referred for neuropsychological testing. Highly significant group differences were found, with the unemployed group consistently showing greatest pathology on the tests, the full time employed group performing relatively normally, and the part time employed group earning intermediate scores. A discriminant function which used both neuropsychological and personality measures was found to discriminate unemployed from full time employed patients satisfactorily. Classification rates achieved by the function for validation and cross-validation samples support its clinical utility in identifying new patients who are at high risk for unemployment. It appears that psychological tests commonly used in neurological and psychiatric diagnosis can also help predict some aspects of patients' abilities to function in everyday life.", "PMID": 660174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8727", "title": "The relationships of some information-processing factors to severely disturbed behavior.", "content": "Thirty-five psychiatric inpatients with heterogeneous diagnoses were given four tasks: Mueller-Lyer Illusion, Wisconsin Card Sorting Text, Object Sorting, and Rokeach dogmatism questionnaire. Tasks were chosen to represent a broad sampling of paradigms, spanning levels of information processing, involving perceptual, conceptual and attitudinal processes. Subjects' behavior was assessed by the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS). Each IMPS scale was analyzed in turn as a function of perceptual/cognitive variables, in multiple regression analysis. To provide basis for comparison, traditional clinical measures were included as independent variables (MMPI scales) and dependent variables (intelligence, chronicity, and premorbid adjustment). Results showed that different patterns of disordered behavior were predicted by different perceptual/cognitive variables. MMPI scores were predicted primarily by traditional measures. Interrelationships of all variables suggested three subject groups: chronic, process-type schizophrenics with perceptual abnormalities, paranoid patients with conceptual abnormalities, and affectively disordered patients with predominantly attitudinal abnormalities.", "contents": "The relationships of some information-processing factors to severely disturbed behavior. Thirty-five psychiatric inpatients with heterogeneous diagnoses were given four tasks: Mueller-Lyer Illusion, Wisconsin Card Sorting Text, Object Sorting, and Rokeach dogmatism questionnaire. Tasks were chosen to represent a broad sampling of paradigms, spanning levels of information processing, involving perceptual, conceptual and attitudinal processes. Subjects' behavior was assessed by the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS). Each IMPS scale was analyzed in turn as a function of perceptual/cognitive variables, in multiple regression analysis. To provide basis for comparison, traditional clinical measures were included as independent variables (MMPI scales) and dependent variables (intelligence, chronicity, and premorbid adjustment). Results showed that different patterns of disordered behavior were predicted by different perceptual/cognitive variables. MMPI scores were predicted primarily by traditional measures. Interrelationships of all variables suggested three subject groups: chronic, process-type schizophrenics with perceptual abnormalities, paranoid patients with conceptual abnormalities, and affectively disordered patients with predominantly attitudinal abnormalities.", "PMID": 660175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8728", "title": "Self-destructive behavior on an inpatient ward.", "content": "Suicidal and self-destructive behavior on a psychiatric inpatient service are said to be related to the degree of staff demoralization and dissension. Staff factors that may permit or encourage self-destructive acts include poor communications, staff disagreements, scapegoating of patients, poor staff judgment, staff self-preoccupation, and reversal of staff-patient roles. However, it is also possible that a major contributory factor is not individual patient or staff psychopathology, but rather the destruction of the underlying traditions and values of the ward which occurs at times of major change. The thesis is presented that the ritualization of ward values, when operative, provides a coherent world-view which renders the therapeutic activities, and life itself, meaningful, and that such ritualization can provide a framework of stability in times of critical staff turnover. Without such tradition and ritualization, however, therapeutic activities become hollow and meaningless, and fail to provide self-destructive patients a reason to view their life more positively.", "contents": "Self-destructive behavior on an inpatient ward. Suicidal and self-destructive behavior on a psychiatric inpatient service are said to be related to the degree of staff demoralization and dissension. Staff factors that may permit or encourage self-destructive acts include poor communications, staff disagreements, scapegoating of patients, poor staff judgment, staff self-preoccupation, and reversal of staff-patient roles. However, it is also possible that a major contributory factor is not individual patient or staff psychopathology, but rather the destruction of the underlying traditions and values of the ward which occurs at times of major change. The thesis is presented that the ritualization of ward values, when operative, provides a coherent world-view which renders the therapeutic activities, and life itself, meaningful, and that such ritualization can provide a framework of stability in times of critical staff turnover. Without such tradition and ritualization, however, therapeutic activities become hollow and meaningless, and fail to provide self-destructive patients a reason to view their life more positively.", "PMID": 660176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8729", "title": "Soft neurological correlates of compulsive eaters.", "content": "Thirty patients with the syndrome of episodic compulsive eating (binge eaters) were given a neurophysiological evaluation which included a complete electroencephalogram (EEG) and a structured interview. The interview was designed to elicit 10 \"neurological soft signs\" (rage attacks, frequent headaches, dizziness, stomach aches, nausea, parethesias, history of convulsions, perceptual disturbances, other compulsions, and a family history of epilepsy). Afterwards, 23 patients received an adequate trial with phenytoin. The sum of the 10 neurological soft signs and the EEG (as an 11th sign) was significantly correlated with improvement. No single sign or other combination of signs was significantly a predictor of improvement. These results lend support to the thesis that in some episodic compulsive eaters, a neurophysiological substrate may be involved.", "contents": "Soft neurological correlates of compulsive eaters. Thirty patients with the syndrome of episodic compulsive eating (binge eaters) were given a neurophysiological evaluation which included a complete electroencephalogram (EEG) and a structured interview. The interview was designed to elicit 10 \"neurological soft signs\" (rage attacks, frequent headaches, dizziness, stomach aches, nausea, parethesias, history of convulsions, perceptual disturbances, other compulsions, and a family history of epilepsy). Afterwards, 23 patients received an adequate trial with phenytoin. The sum of the 10 neurological soft signs and the EEG (as an 11th sign) was significantly correlated with improvement. No single sign or other combination of signs was significantly a predictor of improvement. These results lend support to the thesis that in some episodic compulsive eaters, a neurophysiological substrate may be involved.", "PMID": 660177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8730", "title": "Telephone transmission of all-night polysomnographic data from subjects' homes.", "content": "All-night sleep recordings, essential for obtaining measurements of sleep and for diagnosing various sleep disorders, have been restricted primarily to laboratory settings. Described here is a system to complete all-night-sleep recordings in subjects' homes. Eight electroencephalogram channels can be fed into a portable transmitter (which contains a preamplifier and frequency modulator), and transmitted over telephone lines to a receiving polygraph at a remote laboratory. No polygraph is required at the transmission site. Evidence of good signal quality is presented. The clinical and research implications of this methodology are discussed.", "contents": "Telephone transmission of all-night polysomnographic data from subjects' homes. All-night sleep recordings, essential for obtaining measurements of sleep and for diagnosing various sleep disorders, have been restricted primarily to laboratory settings. Described here is a system to complete all-night-sleep recordings in subjects' homes. Eight electroencephalogram channels can be fed into a portable transmitter (which contains a preamplifier and frequency modulator), and transmitted over telephone lines to a receiving polygraph at a remote laboratory. No polygraph is required at the transmission site. Evidence of good signal quality is presented. The clinical and research implications of this methodology are discussed.", "PMID": 660178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8731", "title": "Perphenazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome.", "content": "A small number of cases have been presented in the world literature in which treatment with phenothiazines resulted in clinical and laboratory manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The clinical picture of such patients tends to be \"symptom poor\". A 26-year-old patient is presented who had a 7-year history of treatment for a schizophrenic illness and developed clinical as well as laboratory evidence for SLE. The differential diagnosis included: a) phenothiazine-induced SLE; b) SLE presenting with psychosis as a symptom; and c) SLE and sychosis occurring independently. The patient had a complete medical and neuropsychiatric work-up and was followed for 12 months. This challenging diagnostic problem is discussed. Phenothiazine-induced SLE was the most likely diagnosis. Although the possibility of two diseases occurring independently in the same person did not explain the clinical and laboratory data, it is difficult to rule out this possibility completely. SLE presenting with psychosis as a symptom could be ruled out by the work-up and history.", "contents": "Perphenazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. A small number of cases have been presented in the world literature in which treatment with phenothiazines resulted in clinical and laboratory manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The clinical picture of such patients tends to be \"symptom poor\". A 26-year-old patient is presented who had a 7-year history of treatment for a schizophrenic illness and developed clinical as well as laboratory evidence for SLE. The differential diagnosis included: a) phenothiazine-induced SLE; b) SLE presenting with psychosis as a symptom; and c) SLE and sychosis occurring independently. The patient had a complete medical and neuropsychiatric work-up and was followed for 12 months. This challenging diagnostic problem is discussed. Phenothiazine-induced SLE was the most likely diagnosis. Although the possibility of two diseases occurring independently in the same person did not explain the clinical and laboratory data, it is difficult to rule out this possibility completely. SLE presenting with psychosis as a symptom could be ruled out by the work-up and history.", "PMID": 660179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8732", "title": "Reversible mental symptoms in temporal arteritis.", "content": "Mental symptoms are common in temporal arteritis. Reported here is a case in which a deficit in nonverbal memory documented with psychological testing resolved after a course of steroids. Besides the global confusional states commonly seen in temporal arteritis, focal intellectual impairment may be seen. It seems possible that some patients presenting with dementia as well as focal mental signs may have temporal arteritis. The diagnosis can easily be made by performing an erythrocyte sedimentation rate and temporal artery biopsy.", "contents": "Reversible mental symptoms in temporal arteritis. Mental symptoms are common in temporal arteritis. Reported here is a case in which a deficit in nonverbal memory documented with psychological testing resolved after a course of steroids. Besides the global confusional states commonly seen in temporal arteritis, focal intellectual impairment may be seen. It seems possible that some patients presenting with dementia as well as focal mental signs may have temporal arteritis. The diagnosis can easily be made by performing an erythrocyte sedimentation rate and temporal artery biopsy.", "PMID": 660180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8733", "title": "Conduction through demyelinated plaques in multiple sclerosis: computer simulations of facilitation by short internodes.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory observations both suggest that it may be possible for action potentials to traverse, in a continuous manner and without interruption, demyelinated zones along some axons. This continuous mode of conduction requires the presence of sufficient numbers of sodium channels in the demyelinated region. One of the factors which will tend to prevent such conduction is the impedance mismatch at sites of focal demyelination, which may result in a reduction in current density sufficient to cause conduction failure. As  part of an effort to examine the conditions which would promote conduction into, and beyond, the demyelinated region, we examined, using computer simulations, the effects of reduction in length of the proximal internodes closest to the demyelinated region. Our results indicate that reduction in length of the two internodes closest to the demyelinated region. to approximately one-third of normal length or less, will facilitate conduction beyond the plaque. The results suggest that reductions in internode length, which have been histologically observed along some demyelinated fibres, may have functional significance in terms of facilitating conduction past focally demyelinated zones.", "contents": "Conduction through demyelinated plaques in multiple sclerosis: computer simulations of facilitation by short internodes. Clinical and laboratory observations both suggest that it may be possible for action potentials to traverse, in a continuous manner and without interruption, demyelinated zones along some axons. This continuous mode of conduction requires the presence of sufficient numbers of sodium channels in the demyelinated region. One of the factors which will tend to prevent such conduction is the impedance mismatch at sites of focal demyelination, which may result in a reduction in current density sufficient to cause conduction failure. As  part of an effort to examine the conditions which would promote conduction into, and beyond, the demyelinated region, we examined, using computer simulations, the effects of reduction in length of the proximal internodes closest to the demyelinated region. Our results indicate that reduction in length of the two internodes closest to the demyelinated region. to approximately one-third of normal length or less, will facilitate conduction beyond the plaque. The results suggest that reductions in internode length, which have been histologically observed along some demyelinated fibres, may have functional significance in terms of facilitating conduction past focally demyelinated zones.", "PMID": 660202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8734", "title": "Analysis of heart rate variations in patients with multiple sclerosis. A simple measure of autonomic nervous disturbances using an ordinary ECG.", "content": "A simple method requiring only an ordinary ECG apparatus and a ruler has shown a hitherto unknown abnormality of the autonomic nervous sysyem in patients with multiple sclerosis. The main findings were that both long-term and short-term variations in heart rate were reduced in patients wirh multiple sclerosis. The reduction was comparable with that observed in other patients with autonomic abnormalities-for example, long-term diabetics-but in addition patients with multiple sclerosis presented unexpected large shifts in pulse rate levels, lasting from a few to 10 or 20 beats.", "contents": "Analysis of heart rate variations in patients with multiple sclerosis. A simple measure of autonomic nervous disturbances using an ordinary ECG. A simple method requiring only an ordinary ECG apparatus and a ruler has shown a hitherto unknown abnormality of the autonomic nervous sysyem in patients with multiple sclerosis. The main findings were that both long-term and short-term variations in heart rate were reduced in patients wirh multiple sclerosis. The reduction was comparable with that observed in other patients with autonomic abnormalities-for example, long-term diabetics-but in addition patients with multiple sclerosis presented unexpected large shifts in pulse rate levels, lasting from a few to 10 or 20 beats.", "PMID": 660203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8735", "title": "Comparative simultaneous measurement of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and blood serotonin levels in delirium tremens and clozapine-induced delirious reaction.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and total blood serotonin levels were measured simultaneously in 11 female patients with delirium tremens and nine schizophrenic women with clozapine-induced acute delirium. Both groups had significantly raised levels of 5HIAA in CSF and significantly reduced blood 5HT levels as compared with normal control subjects, symptom-free alcoholics, or clozapine-treated schizophrenics. The two delirious groups were not distinguishable from each other in respect of their CSF 5HIAA or blood 5HT values. After clinical recovery both values returned to normal levels.", "contents": "Comparative simultaneous measurement of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and blood serotonin levels in delirium tremens and clozapine-induced delirious reaction. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and total blood serotonin levels were measured simultaneously in 11 female patients with delirium tremens and nine schizophrenic women with clozapine-induced acute delirium. Both groups had significantly raised levels of 5HIAA in CSF and significantly reduced blood 5HT levels as compared with normal control subjects, symptom-free alcoholics, or clozapine-treated schizophrenics. The two delirious groups were not distinguishable from each other in respect of their CSF 5HIAA or blood 5HT values. After clinical recovery both values returned to normal levels.", "PMID": 660204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8736", "title": "Long-term effects of partial limb amputation in man.", "content": "Ten patients with amputation of part of one arm have been studied electrophysiologically. In each patient the ulnar nerve was stimulated electrically in the amputation stump and at a corresponding level in the intact limb. Control observations were also made on 15 normal subject. In the partially-amputated (PA) limbs the amplitudes of the centripetal ulnar nerve compound action potentials, after maximal stimulation of fast-conducting fibres, were markedly reduced in comparison with the results in control limbs. A small decrease in the mean impulse conduction velocity was observed in the population of PA limbs. In comparison with control observations, stimulation of the ulnar nerve in a PA limb evoked responses in the contralateral somatosensory cortex which were significantly diminished. Simulation of PA limbs caused reflex excitation and inhibition of triceps motoneurones similar to that observed in control subjects. In the intact limbs of the amputees, however, inhibition was reduced, possibly as a consequence of overuse. It is concluded that the receipt of an input from the periphery is essential for the functional integrity of most motor and sensory nerve axons, and probably for fibres in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway.", "contents": "Long-term effects of partial limb amputation in man. Ten patients with amputation of part of one arm have been studied electrophysiologically. In each patient the ulnar nerve was stimulated electrically in the amputation stump and at a corresponding level in the intact limb. Control observations were also made on 15 normal subject. In the partially-amputated (PA) limbs the amplitudes of the centripetal ulnar nerve compound action potentials, after maximal stimulation of fast-conducting fibres, were markedly reduced in comparison with the results in control limbs. A small decrease in the mean impulse conduction velocity was observed in the population of PA limbs. In comparison with control observations, stimulation of the ulnar nerve in a PA limb evoked responses in the contralateral somatosensory cortex which were significantly diminished. Simulation of PA limbs caused reflex excitation and inhibition of triceps motoneurones similar to that observed in control subjects. In the intact limbs of the amputees, however, inhibition was reduced, possibly as a consequence of overuse. It is concluded that the receipt of an input from the periphery is essential for the functional integrity of most motor and sensory nerve axons, and probably for fibres in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway.", "PMID": 660205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8737", "title": "Surgical relief of progressive upper limb paralysis in Arnold-Chiari malformation.", "content": "Two cases of delayed progressive paralysis of the upper limbs in an adult and a teenage patient, without neurological deficits in other regions of the body, are presented. In both cases, the pathology appeared to be a traction lesion of the middle cervical and lower cervical nerve roots, due to abnormal angulation of the nerve roots, which first ran up and then downward in the neural foramina and canal. Re-routing of the nerve roots by removing part of the floor of the neural canal, or by a facetectomy, appeared to offer extensive improvement or full recovery.", "contents": "Surgical relief of progressive upper limb paralysis in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Two cases of delayed progressive paralysis of the upper limbs in an adult and a teenage patient, without neurological deficits in other regions of the body, are presented. In both cases, the pathology appeared to be a traction lesion of the middle cervical and lower cervical nerve roots, due to abnormal angulation of the nerve roots, which first ran up and then downward in the neural foramina and canal. Re-routing of the nerve roots by removing part of the floor of the neural canal, or by a facetectomy, appeared to offer extensive improvement or full recovery.", "PMID": 660206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8738", "title": "Median and ulnar nerve conduction determinations in the Erb's point--axilla segment in normal subjects.", "content": "Twenty-one median and 22 ulnar nerves were tested in 12 patients for motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and motor nerve conduction time (MNCT) in the segments from Erb's point (N) to axilla (A) bilaterally. It was found that on this segment for both nerves, MNCV values equal to or smaller than 51 m/s or conduction times equal to or longer than 4 ms are to be considered abnormal. For comparative studies and for checking the normality of the tested nerves in their entire length, the more distally located segments in the same nerve were also tested. For diagnostic purposes, the differences between right and left MNCV or MNCT values determined in the same person on N-A segments of homologous nerves were analysed. Motor nerve conduction velocity or MNCT determinations on the N-A nerve segment are expected to replace MNCV determinations on the longer N-AE (AE=100 mm above elbow) nerve segment, which is now in use, for diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome.", "contents": "Median and ulnar nerve conduction determinations in the Erb's point--axilla segment in normal subjects. Twenty-one median and 22 ulnar nerves were tested in 12 patients for motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and motor nerve conduction time (MNCT) in the segments from Erb's point (N) to axilla (A) bilaterally. It was found that on this segment for both nerves, MNCV values equal to or smaller than 51 m/s or conduction times equal to or longer than 4 ms are to be considered abnormal. For comparative studies and for checking the normality of the tested nerves in their entire length, the more distally located segments in the same nerve were also tested. For diagnostic purposes, the differences between right and left MNCV or MNCT values determined in the same person on N-A segments of homologous nerves were analysed. Motor nerve conduction velocity or MNCT determinations on the N-A nerve segment are expected to replace MNCV determinations on the longer N-AE (AE=100 mm above elbow) nerve segment, which is now in use, for diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome.", "PMID": 660207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8739", "title": "Delayed visual evoked potentials with bilateral disease of the posterior visual pathway.", "content": "A man of 51 years presented with sudden onset of a confusional state and marked visual deterioration. The computerised transaxial tomogram showed a mass in the corpus callosum which had spread to involve both cerebral hemispheres. The visual evoked potential to pattern stimulus was delayed by about 20 ms. Necropsy confirmed the presence of an astrocytoma of the corpus callosum involving the optic radiation and occipital cortex on both sides. The anterior visual pathway was normal.", "contents": "Delayed visual evoked potentials with bilateral disease of the posterior visual pathway. A man of 51 years presented with sudden onset of a confusional state and marked visual deterioration. The computerised transaxial tomogram showed a mass in the corpus callosum which had spread to involve both cerebral hemispheres. The visual evoked potential to pattern stimulus was delayed by about 20 ms. Necropsy confirmed the presence of an astrocytoma of the corpus callosum involving the optic radiation and occipital cortex on both sides. The anterior visual pathway was normal.", "PMID": 660208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8740", "title": "Long-term recovery of visual reaction time after closed head injury.", "content": "A follow-up study covering two years after a closed head injury was carried out on a group of 57 young males. Their reaction time was tested on both a simple and a four choice visual reaction task. The group was divided into three subgroups according to length of unconsciousness after the injury. Reaction time discriminated between subgroups, and a highly significant improvement during follow-up was shown. Choice reaction time discriminated better and continued to do so throughout the whole period of follow-up. Some relations of reaction time with clinical variables and outcome are discussed. The choice reaction in particular seems to have some value for monitoring recovery and predicting final outcome.", "contents": "Long-term recovery of visual reaction time after closed head injury. A follow-up study covering two years after a closed head injury was carried out on a group of 57 young males. Their reaction time was tested on both a simple and a four choice visual reaction task. The group was divided into three subgroups according to length of unconsciousness after the injury. Reaction time discriminated between subgroups, and a highly significant improvement during follow-up was shown. Choice reaction time discriminated better and continued to do so throughout the whole period of follow-up. Some relations of reaction time with clinical variables and outcome are discussed. The choice reaction in particular seems to have some value for monitoring recovery and predicting final outcome.", "PMID": 660209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8741", "title": "Stiff-man syndrome associated with nocturnal myoclonus and epilepsy.", "content": "A case of stiff-man syndrome associated with primary generalised epilepsy is reported. In addition, nocturnal polygraphic recording revealed a nocturnal myoclonus. Detailed examination of the central nervous system did not show specific changes. There is no direct proof as to a spinal or supraspinal origin of the stiff-man syndrome. The absence of specific anatomical lesions may indicate a functional rather than a structural disturbance in its physiopathogenesis.", "contents": "Stiff-man syndrome associated with nocturnal myoclonus and epilepsy. A case of stiff-man syndrome associated with primary generalised epilepsy is reported. In addition, nocturnal polygraphic recording revealed a nocturnal myoclonus. Detailed examination of the central nervous system did not show specific changes. There is no direct proof as to a spinal or supraspinal origin of the stiff-man syndrome. The absence of specific anatomical lesions may indicate a functional rather than a structural disturbance in its physiopathogenesis.", "PMID": 660210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8742", "title": "Phenytoin dosage in ambulant epileptic patients.", "content": "Ambulant patients with recently diagnosed generalised or psychomotor seizure disorders or both were randomly assigned to two dosage regimens of phenytoin. Drug compliance was evaluated with subsequent blood phenytoin levels four to eight weeks after initial enrollment into the study. Although the two groups had similar mg-kg daily dosages of phenytoin, the mean blood levels were statistically different between the two groups, favoring the simplified dosage regimen. Once or twice a day dosage regimens of phenytoin had a beneficial effect on drug compliance when compared to more frequent regimens as measured by phenytoin blood levels.", "contents": "Phenytoin dosage in ambulant epileptic patients. Ambulant patients with recently diagnosed generalised or psychomotor seizure disorders or both were randomly assigned to two dosage regimens of phenytoin. Drug compliance was evaluated with subsequent blood phenytoin levels four to eight weeks after initial enrollment into the study. Although the two groups had similar mg-kg daily dosages of phenytoin, the mean blood levels were statistically different between the two groups, favoring the simplified dosage regimen. Once or twice a day dosage regimens of phenytoin had a beneficial effect on drug compliance when compared to more frequent regimens as measured by phenytoin blood levels.", "PMID": 660211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8743", "title": "Neurological involvement in the epidermal naevus syndrome.", "content": "The case of a left handed girl aged 18 years suffering from the \"epidermal maevus syndrome\" is described. She presented with dysphasia, transient left hemiparesis, and sensory symptoms due to an occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. Arterial occlusion, abnormal retinal vessels, and Raynaud's phenomenon have not been previously documented. The neurological complications of this syndrome are discussed. It is suggested that the arterial occlusion may have been caused by a dysplastic artery.", "contents": "Neurological involvement in the epidermal naevus syndrome. The case of a left handed girl aged 18 years suffering from the \"epidermal maevus syndrome\" is described. She presented with dysphasia, transient left hemiparesis, and sensory symptoms due to an occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. Arterial occlusion, abnormal retinal vessels, and Raynaud's phenomenon have not been previously documented. The neurological complications of this syndrome are discussed. It is suggested that the arterial occlusion may have been caused by a dysplastic artery.", "PMID": 660212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8744", "title": "Hemispheric asymmetries of affective processing as determined by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.", "content": "Patients with left hemisphere disease have been noted to be depressed while those with right hemisphere disease appear indifferent. While patients with left hemisphere disease frequently have a greater cognitive deficit, patients with right hemisphere disease have difficulty in expressing affectively intoned speech. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) can demonstrate underlying affective experience and is not dependent on affectively intoned speech. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a difference in affective moods, as assessed by the MMPI, was related to laterality of lesion in patients matched for severity of cognitive and motor dysfunction. Seven of the 16 subjects with left hemisphere dysfunction and none of the eight subjects with right hemisphere dysfunction showed an elevation on the depression scale. This observation not only confirms previous clinical observations but also demonstrates that these asymmetries cannot be ascribed completely to hemisphere-related differences in cognitive deficits or expressive abilities.", "contents": "Hemispheric asymmetries of affective processing as determined by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Patients with left hemisphere disease have been noted to be depressed while those with right hemisphere disease appear indifferent. While patients with left hemisphere disease frequently have a greater cognitive deficit, patients with right hemisphere disease have difficulty in expressing affectively intoned speech. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) can demonstrate underlying affective experience and is not dependent on affectively intoned speech. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a difference in affective moods, as assessed by the MMPI, was related to laterality of lesion in patients matched for severity of cognitive and motor dysfunction. Seven of the 16 subjects with left hemisphere dysfunction and none of the eight subjects with right hemisphere dysfunction showed an elevation on the depression scale. This observation not only confirms previous clinical observations but also demonstrates that these asymmetries cannot be ascribed completely to hemisphere-related differences in cognitive deficits or expressive abilities.", "PMID": 660213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8745", "title": "Cervical cord compression by solitary osteochondroma of the atlas.", "content": "A 28 year old woman presented a syndrome of slow spinal compression evolving over four and a half years at the level C1--C2 vertebrae due to a solitary osteochondroma of the posterior arch of the atlas which was excised by laminectomy. Radiographys of the skeleton did not show the presence of other osteogenic tumours. This is the fifth case of solitary osteochondroma to be published. Elsewhere, in six cases out of 14, the vertebral lesion formed part of generalised exostoses.", "contents": "Cervical cord compression by solitary osteochondroma of the atlas. A 28 year old woman presented a syndrome of slow spinal compression evolving over four and a half years at the level C1--C2 vertebrae due to a solitary osteochondroma of the posterior arch of the atlas which was excised by laminectomy. Radiographys of the skeleton did not show the presence of other osteogenic tumours. This is the fifth case of solitary osteochondroma to be published. Elsewhere, in six cases out of 14, the vertebral lesion formed part of generalised exostoses.", "PMID": 660214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8746", "title": "Deformation of isolated neurofilaments and the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary pathology.", "content": "Experimental structural alterations were studied in neurofilaments isolated from rat peripheral nerve. Structural alterations were induced in vitro by prolonged incubations of neurofilament-rich fractions in 0.1 M KCl prior to fixation and examination of neurofilaments by negative staining techniques. Neurofilaments appeared to retain their structural integrity during the first week of incubation. Subsequently, a progressive reduction in the numbers of intact neurofilaments coincided with the increasing appearance of neurofilamentous breakdown products. During the period of neurofilament breakdown, an increasing number of altered neurofilaments were observed. These abnormal neurofilaments were characterized primarily by axial enlargements with diameters frequently occurring in the 150-200 A range but measuring up to 250 A. Enlarged neurofilaments also showed a greater irregularity of their lateral margins and less ridigity in their linear course. A striking feature of enlarged neurofilaments was their tendency to display twisting deformations along their longitudinal axes. Twists occurred most frequently along neurofilaments of greatest diameter. The largest abnormal neurofilaments reveal multiple periodic twists, sometimes occurring at 800-1000 A intervals. These enlarged and twisted neurofilaments resembled the abnormal filaments described in neurofibrillary tangles and plaques. The demonstration of neurofilament plasticity as well as the resemblance of neurofilaments deformed in vitro to the abnormal filamentous structures of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques has led to the suggestion that the latter structures may be derived from alterations of normally-formed neurofilaments. Furthermore, it is proposed that the enlarged and twisted filaments of neurofibrillary pathology may arise from alterations in the turnover of neurofilaments or, more specifically, from deficiencies in the degradative processes by which these organelles are broken down.", "contents": "Deformation of isolated neurofilaments and the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary pathology. Experimental structural alterations were studied in neurofilaments isolated from rat peripheral nerve. Structural alterations were induced in vitro by prolonged incubations of neurofilament-rich fractions in 0.1 M KCl prior to fixation and examination of neurofilaments by negative staining techniques. Neurofilaments appeared to retain their structural integrity during the first week of incubation. Subsequently, a progressive reduction in the numbers of intact neurofilaments coincided with the increasing appearance of neurofilamentous breakdown products. During the period of neurofilament breakdown, an increasing number of altered neurofilaments were observed. These abnormal neurofilaments were characterized primarily by axial enlargements with diameters frequently occurring in the 150-200 A range but measuring up to 250 A. Enlarged neurofilaments also showed a greater irregularity of their lateral margins and less ridigity in their linear course. A striking feature of enlarged neurofilaments was their tendency to display twisting deformations along their longitudinal axes. Twists occurred most frequently along neurofilaments of greatest diameter. The largest abnormal neurofilaments reveal multiple periodic twists, sometimes occurring at 800-1000 A intervals. These enlarged and twisted neurofilaments resembled the abnormal filaments described in neurofibrillary tangles and plaques. The demonstration of neurofilament plasticity as well as the resemblance of neurofilaments deformed in vitro to the abnormal filamentous structures of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques has led to the suggestion that the latter structures may be derived from alterations of normally-formed neurofilaments. Furthermore, it is proposed that the enlarged and twisted filaments of neurofibrillary pathology may arise from alterations in the turnover of neurofilaments or, more specifically, from deficiencies in the degradative processes by which these organelles are broken down.", "PMID": 660215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8747", "title": "Treatment of mouse muscular dystrophy with the protease inhibitor pepstatin.", "content": "Dystrophic mice were treated for 5 weeks beginning at 3 weeks of age with 20 ugm per day of pepstatin, a potent inhibitor of cathepsin D. Mortality was less and weight gain greater in pepstatin treated mice than in controls. Muscle bulk was greater and hind lamb contractures were reduced in treated mice. Mean muscle fiber mass was significantly increased by pepstatin treatment. Inhibition of muscle protease may be the mechanism by which pepstatin slows the tempo of progression of mouse muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Treatment of mouse muscular dystrophy with the protease inhibitor pepstatin. Dystrophic mice were treated for 5 weeks beginning at 3 weeks of age with 20 ugm per day of pepstatin, a potent inhibitor of cathepsin D. Mortality was less and weight gain greater in pepstatin treated mice than in controls. Muscle bulk was greater and hind lamb contractures were reduced in treated mice. Mean muscle fiber mass was significantly increased by pepstatin treatment. Inhibition of muscle protease may be the mechanism by which pepstatin slows the tempo of progression of mouse muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 660216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8748", "title": "Gliofibroma. A peculiar neoplasia of collagen forming glia-like cells.", "content": "A tumor of highly unusual composition was found in the lower medulla oblongata of a 3 year, 9 months old girl. Light microscopy of the lesion showed an intimate intermingling of astroglial processes with collagen fibers, both projecting congruent to the pattern of preexisting fiber tracts. Electronmicroscopy disclosed a mosaic formed by the intimate apposition of collagen bundles, of glial processes filled with glial fibrils, and of scattered myelinated fibers, all abutting upon each other, often without intervening basement membranes. This well differentiated mass within the medulla adjoined a dedifferentiated endophytic extension of the tumor into the fourth ventricle which had seeded into the cerebellar cortex and the cauda equina. The dedifferentiated portion of the neoplasm also displayed intimate apposition of collagenous and glial elements. The tumor was tentatively identified as a gliofibroma or a desmo-plastic glioma.", "contents": "Gliofibroma. A peculiar neoplasia of collagen forming glia-like cells. A tumor of highly unusual composition was found in the lower medulla oblongata of a 3 year, 9 months old girl. Light microscopy of the lesion showed an intimate intermingling of astroglial processes with collagen fibers, both projecting congruent to the pattern of preexisting fiber tracts. Electronmicroscopy disclosed a mosaic formed by the intimate apposition of collagen bundles, of glial processes filled with glial fibrils, and of scattered myelinated fibers, all abutting upon each other, often without intervening basement membranes. This well differentiated mass within the medulla adjoined a dedifferentiated endophytic extension of the tumor into the fourth ventricle which had seeded into the cerebellar cortex and the cauda equina. The dedifferentiated portion of the neoplasm also displayed intimate apposition of collagenous and glial elements. The tumor was tentatively identified as a gliofibroma or a desmo-plastic glioma.", "PMID": 660217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8749", "title": "Laminar scars in cerebral white matter: a perinatal injury due to edema.", "content": "Branched plate-like demyelinated lesions were present in the gyral and central white matter of two individuals, 3 and 54 years of age. The degenerated areas contained very few axons and were densely gliotic, and in the older case, contained connective tissue fibers and were continuous with a large parenchymal cyst. The lesions were covered on both sides by normally myelinated white matter, often representing only the subcortical arcuate white matter, occasionally being considerably broader. In some of the latter zones, there was a central area of less severe degeneration which, however, spared the arcuate zone which remained normal. It is suggested that these lesions represent the effects of edema induced by birth injury, under circumstances which permitted the continued formation and maturation of white matter after the edema had subsided. The edema is thought due for the most part to diffuse hypoxia and acidosis, but other mechanisms, such as infection, venous stasis and trauma, may have contributed to the pathogenesis of the edema, and to the lesions directly.", "contents": "Laminar scars in cerebral white matter: a perinatal injury due to edema. Branched plate-like demyelinated lesions were present in the gyral and central white matter of two individuals, 3 and 54 years of age. The degenerated areas contained very few axons and were densely gliotic, and in the older case, contained connective tissue fibers and were continuous with a large parenchymal cyst. The lesions were covered on both sides by normally myelinated white matter, often representing only the subcortical arcuate white matter, occasionally being considerably broader. In some of the latter zones, there was a central area of less severe degeneration which, however, spared the arcuate zone which remained normal. It is suggested that these lesions represent the effects of edema induced by birth injury, under circumstances which permitted the continued formation and maturation of white matter after the edema had subsided. The edema is thought due for the most part to diffuse hypoxia and acidosis, but other mechanisms, such as infection, venous stasis and trauma, may have contributed to the pathogenesis of the edema, and to the lesions directly.", "PMID": 660218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8750", "title": "The role of edema in diffuse sclerosis and other leukoencephalopathies.", "content": "The pathologic changes associated with broad zones of demyelination of the cerebral white matter, the diffuse sclerosis group, are analyzed with respect to the contribution of cerebral edema to their pathogenesis. The characteristics of cerebral edema in general are reviewed, and the interpretation offered that only one type of cerebral edema, that characterized by an extracellular accumulation of fluid, occurs in man. In the diffuse sclerosis group, edema is most readily recognized by the tendency for the arcuate zone of the white matter to be spared when the deeper white matter is severely degenerated. Edema is demonstrated in metachromatic leukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, disorders of amino acid metabolism, trauma, hypertensive disease, radiation effect, diffuse hypoxia with acidosis, and other conditions, i.e., both in disorders of myelin metabolism and in conditions in which normal myelin is injured by extrinsic influences. These groups cannot be consistently distinguished morphologically, in part because the injury by edema often obscures any primary morphologic change which may have been present. A familial tendency does not necessarily denote a metabolic abnormality specifically related to the chemistry of a myelin constituent, since the lesions might result from edema induced by some other type of familial process. Such familial processes might be metabolic, but are not specifically related to myelin formation or catabolism, as might be true of diseases like phenylketonuria or maple syrup urine disease. Edema may also occur in instances in which a familial disease induces diffuse hypoxia and acidosis, as exemplified by two instances of severe white matter degeneration in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy; one of these is an additional instance of apparent \"crib death\" by this cause.", "contents": "The role of edema in diffuse sclerosis and other leukoencephalopathies. The pathologic changes associated with broad zones of demyelination of the cerebral white matter, the diffuse sclerosis group, are analyzed with respect to the contribution of cerebral edema to their pathogenesis. The characteristics of cerebral edema in general are reviewed, and the interpretation offered that only one type of cerebral edema, that characterized by an extracellular accumulation of fluid, occurs in man. In the diffuse sclerosis group, edema is most readily recognized by the tendency for the arcuate zone of the white matter to be spared when the deeper white matter is severely degenerated. Edema is demonstrated in metachromatic leukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, disorders of amino acid metabolism, trauma, hypertensive disease, radiation effect, diffuse hypoxia with acidosis, and other conditions, i.e., both in disorders of myelin metabolism and in conditions in which normal myelin is injured by extrinsic influences. These groups cannot be consistently distinguished morphologically, in part because the injury by edema often obscures any primary morphologic change which may have been present. A familial tendency does not necessarily denote a metabolic abnormality specifically related to the chemistry of a myelin constituent, since the lesions might result from edema induced by some other type of familial process. Such familial processes might be metabolic, but are not specifically related to myelin formation or catabolism, as might be true of diseases like phenylketonuria or maple syrup urine disease. Edema may also occur in instances in which a familial disease induces diffuse hypoxia and acidosis, as exemplified by two instances of severe white matter degeneration in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy; one of these is an additional instance of apparent \"crib death\" by this cause.", "PMID": 660219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8751", "title": "Peripheral nervous system pathology in relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "A recurrent type of primary demyelination was found in the anterior roots and dorsal root ganglia of strain 13 guinea-pigs with relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Single nerve fibre studies revealed a predominant nodal--paranodal distribution of the destruction of myelin in these nerves. Damage of the Schwann cell--axolemmal junction was found in the majority of the abnormal nodes of Ranvier. This was accompanied by the formation of supernumerary adaxonal Schwann cell processes which further altered the normal myelinating cell--axon relationship. It is concluded that variations in antigenic composition may play a role in the selective involvement of the anterior roots. The pathogenesis of the observed nodal changes is discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral nervous system pathology in relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A recurrent type of primary demyelination was found in the anterior roots and dorsal root ganglia of strain 13 guinea-pigs with relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Single nerve fibre studies revealed a predominant nodal--paranodal distribution of the destruction of myelin in these nerves. Damage of the Schwann cell--axolemmal junction was found in the majority of the abnormal nodes of Ranvier. This was accompanied by the formation of supernumerary adaxonal Schwann cell processes which further altered the normal myelinating cell--axon relationship. It is concluded that variations in antigenic composition may play a role in the selective involvement of the anterior roots. The pathogenesis of the observed nodal changes is discussed.", "PMID": 660220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8752", "title": "Synaptogenesis in the basilar papilla of the chick.", "content": "Synaptogenesis was studied in the basilar papilla of chicken embryos from days 7--21 of incubation. On the 9th day of incubation differentiating hair cells first appeared and a few growing nerve tips made contact with them, although no membrane specializations were apparent at this stage. Synaptic bodies associated with presynaptic membrane specializations were first observed on the 10th day. They lay opposite either supporting cells or afferent nerve processes; in the latter site slight membrane thickenings were occasionally found. During subsequent stages synaptic bodies and the surrounding vesicles increased in number. Synaptic bodies associated with presynaptic membrane specializations, but devoid of contact with afferent nerve endings, were often observed on the 14th day, whereas almost all the synaptic bodies associated with presynaptic specializations were in contact with afferent nerve processes by the 21st day. The efferent synapses were first recognized on the 14th day. These results suggest that in the hair cells of chicken basilar papilla the synaptic bodies and presynaptic membrane specializations appear first and after the synaptic sites are determined by the position of the synaptic bodies, the growing nerve tips seek out and establish synaptic contact at the pre-existing synaptic sites.", "contents": "Synaptogenesis in the basilar papilla of the chick. Synaptogenesis was studied in the basilar papilla of chicken embryos from days 7--21 of incubation. On the 9th day of incubation differentiating hair cells first appeared and a few growing nerve tips made contact with them, although no membrane specializations were apparent at this stage. Synaptic bodies associated with presynaptic membrane specializations were first observed on the 10th day. They lay opposite either supporting cells or afferent nerve processes; in the latter site slight membrane thickenings were occasionally found. During subsequent stages synaptic bodies and the surrounding vesicles increased in number. Synaptic bodies associated with presynaptic membrane specializations, but devoid of contact with afferent nerve endings, were often observed on the 14th day, whereas almost all the synaptic bodies associated with presynaptic specializations were in contact with afferent nerve processes by the 21st day. The efferent synapses were first recognized on the 14th day. These results suggest that in the hair cells of chicken basilar papilla the synaptic bodies and presynaptic membrane specializations appear first and after the synaptic sites are determined by the position of the synaptic bodies, the growing nerve tips seek out and establish synaptic contact at the pre-existing synaptic sites.", "PMID": 660221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8753", "title": "Presence of radial glia in foetal mouse cerebellum.", "content": "The ventricular layer (VL) of foetal mouse cerebellum at days 13--15 of gestation was studied by light and electron microscopy. In Golgi-stained material, round or ovoid cells are located in the VL. These cells have ascending processes, which extend to the pial surface. Ultrastructurally, the ascending processes are electron-lucent, contain microfilaments, some smooth endoplasmic reticulum and scant free ribosomes. They appear to be immature glial processes, oriented radially away from the ventricle. The perikarya of these glial cells lie either in the ventricular or subventricular zones. Juxtaposed along the length of these radially oriented glial processes are unidentified cells, some of which are attached to the immature glial fibres by puncta adhaerentia. These cells are elongated or ovoid with a thin rim of cytoplasm containing few organelles. These unidentified cells may represent neuroblasts (Purkinje cells, Golgi cells, cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei) or glioblasts, (precursors of astrocytes and/or oligodendrocytes) at very early stages of development.", "contents": "Presence of radial glia in foetal mouse cerebellum. The ventricular layer (VL) of foetal mouse cerebellum at days 13--15 of gestation was studied by light and electron microscopy. In Golgi-stained material, round or ovoid cells are located in the VL. These cells have ascending processes, which extend to the pial surface. Ultrastructurally, the ascending processes are electron-lucent, contain microfilaments, some smooth endoplasmic reticulum and scant free ribosomes. They appear to be immature glial processes, oriented radially away from the ventricle. The perikarya of these glial cells lie either in the ventricular or subventricular zones. Juxtaposed along the length of these radially oriented glial processes are unidentified cells, some of which are attached to the immature glial fibres by puncta adhaerentia. These cells are elongated or ovoid with a thin rim of cytoplasm containing few organelles. These unidentified cells may represent neuroblasts (Purkinje cells, Golgi cells, cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei) or glioblasts, (precursors of astrocytes and/or oligodendrocytes) at very early stages of development.", "PMID": 660222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8754", "title": "AMg2+ -dependent class of thick filaments and correlated nuclear chromatin condensation in catfish photoreceptors.", "content": "Photoreceptor cells of excised catfish retinae show morphological differences when incubated in Ringer's solutions of varying ionic composition. Two striking changes were observed in photoreceptor cells incubated in a high Mg2+ (25 mM) Ringer's: (1) Thick filaments appeared in the cytoplasm of receptor terminals and myoids; (2) A pronounced condensation of nuclear chromatin occurred in certain nuclei in the outer nuclear layer. The filaments occurred in lattices or bundles. The bundles had a diameter of approximately 0.05--0.2 micrometer and had either tapered or frayed ends. They were observed with somewhat higher incidence in tissue incubated in a 25 mM Mg2+ Ringer's with EGTA added to chelate Ca2+. A common basis for the cytoplasmic and nuclear changes may lie in a redistribution of fibrous protiens brought about by the increased Mg2+ concentration.", "contents": "AMg2+ -dependent class of thick filaments and correlated nuclear chromatin condensation in catfish photoreceptors. Photoreceptor cells of excised catfish retinae show morphological differences when incubated in Ringer's solutions of varying ionic composition. Two striking changes were observed in photoreceptor cells incubated in a high Mg2+ (25 mM) Ringer's: (1) Thick filaments appeared in the cytoplasm of receptor terminals and myoids; (2) A pronounced condensation of nuclear chromatin occurred in certain nuclei in the outer nuclear layer. The filaments occurred in lattices or bundles. The bundles had a diameter of approximately 0.05--0.2 micrometer and had either tapered or frayed ends. They were observed with somewhat higher incidence in tissue incubated in a 25 mM Mg2+ Ringer's with EGTA added to chelate Ca2+. A common basis for the cytoplasmic and nuclear changes may lie in a redistribution of fibrous protiens brought about by the increased Mg2+ concentration.", "PMID": 660223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8755", "title": "A comparison of similar ionic responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine.", "content": "1. Fast Na+-, Cl-, and K+-Conductance increase responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) show times to peak similar to the comparable ionic responses to acetylcholine (ACh). 2. On some identified neurons, both putative transmitters elicit responses due to the same conductance change. For example, in cell R2 both substances cause an increase in Cl- conductance. Receptors for GABA and ACh on R2 do not cross desensitize and therefore are distinct. The ACh but not the GABA response is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin and strychnine. 3. In R2 both responses reverse at -58 mV, and the Cl- ionophore (for both responses) appears to be partially permeant to propionate and isethionate, but impermeant to acetate, sulfate, and methylsulfate. 4. The Cl- responses but not the Na+ responses to both ACh and GABA are blocked by both picrotoxin and bicuculline, the classical GABA antagonists. 5. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the ionophores associated with receptors to different neurotransmitters but mediating the same ionic conductance change have many common properties and may, in fact, be identical. Bicuculline and picrotoxin may be specific blockers of the Cl- ionophore, not the GABA receptor.", "contents": "A comparison of similar ionic responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine. 1. Fast Na+-, Cl-, and K+-Conductance increase responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) show times to peak similar to the comparable ionic responses to acetylcholine (ACh). 2. On some identified neurons, both putative transmitters elicit responses due to the same conductance change. For example, in cell R2 both substances cause an increase in Cl- conductance. Receptors for GABA and ACh on R2 do not cross desensitize and therefore are distinct. The ACh but not the GABA response is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin and strychnine. 3. In R2 both responses reverse at -58 mV, and the Cl- ionophore (for both responses) appears to be partially permeant to propionate and isethionate, but impermeant to acetate, sulfate, and methylsulfate. 4. The Cl- responses but not the Na+ responses to both ACh and GABA are blocked by both picrotoxin and bicuculline, the classical GABA antagonists. 5. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the ionophores associated with receptors to different neurotransmitters but mediating the same ionic conductance change have many common properties and may, in fact, be identical. Bicuculline and picrotoxin may be specific blockers of the Cl- ionophore, not the GABA receptor.", "PMID": 660225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8756", "title": "Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor.", "content": "1. Tremor force was recorded during stationary isometric contractions of intrinsic hand muscles of normal subjects. Subjects maintained a steady force level between their thumb and forefinger for 30 s. The force level varied from weak (0.2 kg) to strong contractions (7 kg). These experimental conditions were the same as those in two preceding studies, where single motor-unit activity (14) and the correlation between the discharges of two simultaneously recorded motor units and physiological tremor (11) have been investigated. 2. Two alterations of the power spectra were observed at successively stronger contractions: increase of tremor amplitude and changes in the shape of the power spectrum. At all force levels, the power spectra of tremor force show the well-known decay of tremor amplitude from the lower to the higher frequencies with a local peak at 6--10 Hz. This peak does not show a significant change with respect to frequency when the force level is varied. It is shifted toward lower frequencies in a pathological condition (Parkinsonism) where the recruitment firing rates of the motor units are significantly lower than in the normal. 3. Higher frequencies (greater than 20 Hz) are barely present in the power spectrum during the very weak contractions. They become significant as the contractions become stronger. 4. The steep decay of the power spectrum toward higher frequencies has a similar slope (--43 dB/decade) as the reduction in amplitude of the unfused part of the muscle contractions with increasing stimulus rates (--38 dB/decade). The cutoff of the power spectrum above 25 Hz parallels the achievement of total fusion of muscle twitches above this rate. 5. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the power spectrum over the range of 6--25 Hz is mainly caused by the unfused parts of the twitch contractions of motor units firing between recruitment (6--8/s) and total fusion of the twitches (25--30/s). The decline of the power spectrum toward higher frequencies can be explained by mechanical damping, which results from increasing fusion of the twitch contractions. The low-frequency part of the power spectrum is assumed to be the result of the slow force deviations produced by changes in the net output of the motoneuron pool. 6. These assumptions were supported by additional animal experiments where the number and rate of force-producing elements could be controlled. Bundles of ventral root filaments innervating cat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were stimulated synchronously and asynchronously at a number of different rates. The force output of the strain gauge was recorded, filtered, and analyzed in the same way as the human force records. 7. Stimualtion of one nerve bundle at one fixed frequency led to a sharp peak in the power spectrum at that frequency plus peaks of decreasing height representing the harmonics of the stimulation frequency. The height of the peaks decreased at --37 dB/decade. 8...", "contents": "Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor. 1. Tremor force was recorded during stationary isometric contractions of intrinsic hand muscles of normal subjects. Subjects maintained a steady force level between their thumb and forefinger for 30 s. The force level varied from weak (0.2 kg) to strong contractions (7 kg). These experimental conditions were the same as those in two preceding studies, where single motor-unit activity (14) and the correlation between the discharges of two simultaneously recorded motor units and physiological tremor (11) have been investigated. 2. Two alterations of the power spectra were observed at successively stronger contractions: increase of tremor amplitude and changes in the shape of the power spectrum. At all force levels, the power spectra of tremor force show the well-known decay of tremor amplitude from the lower to the higher frequencies with a local peak at 6--10 Hz. This peak does not show a significant change with respect to frequency when the force level is varied. It is shifted toward lower frequencies in a pathological condition (Parkinsonism) where the recruitment firing rates of the motor units are significantly lower than in the normal. 3. Higher frequencies (greater than 20 Hz) are barely present in the power spectrum during the very weak contractions. They become significant as the contractions become stronger. 4. The steep decay of the power spectrum toward higher frequencies has a similar slope (--43 dB/decade) as the reduction in amplitude of the unfused part of the muscle contractions with increasing stimulus rates (--38 dB/decade). The cutoff of the power spectrum above 25 Hz parallels the achievement of total fusion of muscle twitches above this rate. 5. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the power spectrum over the range of 6--25 Hz is mainly caused by the unfused parts of the twitch contractions of motor units firing between recruitment (6--8/s) and total fusion of the twitches (25--30/s). The decline of the power spectrum toward higher frequencies can be explained by mechanical damping, which results from increasing fusion of the twitch contractions. The low-frequency part of the power spectrum is assumed to be the result of the slow force deviations produced by changes in the net output of the motoneuron pool. 6. These assumptions were supported by additional animal experiments where the number and rate of force-producing elements could be controlled. Bundles of ventral root filaments innervating cat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were stimulated synchronously and asynchronously at a number of different rates. The force output of the strain gauge was recorded, filtered, and analyzed in the same way as the human force records. 7. Stimualtion of one nerve bundle at one fixed frequency led to a sharp peak in the power spectrum at that frequency plus peaks of decreasing height representing the harmonics of the stimulation frequency. The height of the peaks decreased at --37 dB/decade. 8...", "PMID": 660226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8757", "title": "Electrotonic properties of neurons: steady-state compartmental model.", "content": "1. If a neuron is represented by a network of resistively coupled isopotential regions, the passive flow of current in its dendritic structure and soma is described by a matrix differential equation. The matrix elements are defined in terms of membrane resistances and capacitances and of coupling resistances between adjoining regions. 2. A uniform cylidrical dendrite can be represented by a chain of identical regions. In this case, a closed-form mathematical expression is derived for the voltage attenuation factor of the dendrite at steady state in terms of the ratio of membrane resistance to coupling resistance. A numerical method is given to determine the coupling resistances, which in turn yield a specified attenuation factor. Related expressions are given for a dendrite coupled to a soma. Formulas are also derived for the input resistance in these configurations. 3. For more complicated neuronal structures, matrix manipulations are described which yield values for input resistances in all regions, attenuation factors between all pairs of regions, and values of applied voltages necessary to attain specified steady-state potentials. 4. Dynamic solutions to the differential equation provide voltage transients (PSPs). Comparison of the shape paramenters of these transients with those of experimental or cable-theoretical PSPs establishes the number of regions necessary to achieve a given degree of approximation to the transients predicted by cable theory.", "contents": "Electrotonic properties of neurons: steady-state compartmental model. 1. If a neuron is represented by a network of resistively coupled isopotential regions, the passive flow of current in its dendritic structure and soma is described by a matrix differential equation. The matrix elements are defined in terms of membrane resistances and capacitances and of coupling resistances between adjoining regions. 2. A uniform cylidrical dendrite can be represented by a chain of identical regions. In this case, a closed-form mathematical expression is derived for the voltage attenuation factor of the dendrite at steady state in terms of the ratio of membrane resistance to coupling resistance. A numerical method is given to determine the coupling resistances, which in turn yield a specified attenuation factor. Related expressions are given for a dendrite coupled to a soma. Formulas are also derived for the input resistance in these configurations. 3. For more complicated neuronal structures, matrix manipulations are described which yield values for input resistances in all regions, attenuation factors between all pairs of regions, and values of applied voltages necessary to attain specified steady-state potentials. 4. Dynamic solutions to the differential equation provide voltage transients (PSPs). Comparison of the shape paramenters of these transients with those of experimental or cable-theoretical PSPs establishes the number of regions necessary to achieve a given degree of approximation to the transients predicted by cable theory.", "PMID": 660228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8758", "title": "A single-unit analysis of inferior colliculus in unanesthetized bats: response patterns and spike-count functions generated by constant-frequency and frequency-modulated sounds.", "content": "1. Single-unit activity evoked by constant-frequency (CF) and frequency-modulated (FM) sounds was recorded from the inferior colliculus of unanesthetized Mexican free-tailed bats. The FM bursts were designed to mimic the natural orientation cries emitted by this species. 2. The feature of greatest concern in this study is the response patterns evoked by acoustic signals. Four major types of response patterns are recognized: a) the phasic on patterns where up to 4 spikes were evoked with a total firing duration occurring within a period of about 5 ms, b) the on-off patterns characterized by a phasic on-response followed by a silent interval with a brief burst of impulses occurring to the off-set of the signal, c) the phasic burst patterns where the unit typically fired 3-7 spikes over a 5-10 ms (or longer) duration with the same response pattern being evoked by a wide range of signal durations, d) the tonic or sustained patterns characterized by a sustained firing whose duration faithfully followed the signal duration. 3. Constant frequency and FM signals were not equally effective for eliciting the various response patterns. While all of the major response categories and most of the subtypes were evoked with CF stimulation, FM signals, which mimicked the natural echolocation cries, evoked predominantly phasic on-responses and a much smaller number of phasic bursters. Tonic and on-off patterns were never observed with FM signals. 4. Many units exhibited a particular response pattern with CF signals which differed from the pattern evoked by FM signals. This finding demonstrated that utilizing  CF signals to investigate encoding features relevant for echolocation is an inappropriate approach and can result in misleading conclusions. 5. In many electrode penetrations most units, and in some cases all units, had the same response pattern. This was observed for phasic constant-latency responders (pELRs), phasic erratic-latency responders (pELRs), phasic burst, and tonic units, and provides evidence that units having a particular response pattern are organized in vertical arrays within the volliculus. 6. Several of the response patterns were strongly correlated with a particular spike-count function. The pCLRs almost always had a steeply rising monotonic function, phasic bursters were always nonmonotonic but never upper threshold, while the tonic units typically had monotonic functions. The pELRs were heterogeneous with regard to spike counts having monotonic, nonmonotonic, and upper-threshold functions. Upper-threshold functions were observed only in pELRs.", "contents": "A single-unit analysis of inferior colliculus in unanesthetized bats: response patterns and spike-count functions generated by constant-frequency and frequency-modulated sounds. 1. Single-unit activity evoked by constant-frequency (CF) and frequency-modulated (FM) sounds was recorded from the inferior colliculus of unanesthetized Mexican free-tailed bats. The FM bursts were designed to mimic the natural orientation cries emitted by this species. 2. The feature of greatest concern in this study is the response patterns evoked by acoustic signals. Four major types of response patterns are recognized: a) the phasic on patterns where up to 4 spikes were evoked with a total firing duration occurring within a period of about 5 ms, b) the on-off patterns characterized by a phasic on-response followed by a silent interval with a brief burst of impulses occurring to the off-set of the signal, c) the phasic burst patterns where the unit typically fired 3-7 spikes over a 5-10 ms (or longer) duration with the same response pattern being evoked by a wide range of signal durations, d) the tonic or sustained patterns characterized by a sustained firing whose duration faithfully followed the signal duration. 3. Constant frequency and FM signals were not equally effective for eliciting the various response patterns. While all of the major response categories and most of the subtypes were evoked with CF stimulation, FM signals, which mimicked the natural echolocation cries, evoked predominantly phasic on-responses and a much smaller number of phasic bursters. Tonic and on-off patterns were never observed with FM signals. 4. Many units exhibited a particular response pattern with CF signals which differed from the pattern evoked by FM signals. This finding demonstrated that utilizing  CF signals to investigate encoding features relevant for echolocation is an inappropriate approach and can result in misleading conclusions. 5. In many electrode penetrations most units, and in some cases all units, had the same response pattern. This was observed for phasic constant-latency responders (pELRs), phasic erratic-latency responders (pELRs), phasic burst, and tonic units, and provides evidence that units having a particular response pattern are organized in vertical arrays within the volliculus. 6. Several of the response patterns were strongly correlated with a particular spike-count function. The pCLRs almost always had a steeply rising monotonic function, phasic bursters were always nonmonotonic but never upper threshold, while the tonic units typically had monotonic functions. The pELRs were heterogeneous with regard to spike counts having monotonic, nonmonotonic, and upper-threshold functions. Upper-threshold functions were observed only in pELRs.", "PMID": 660229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8759", "title": "Response properties of vibrissa units in rat SI somatosensory neocortex.", "content": "1. Glass microelectrodes were used to record extracellular responses from 308 SI cortical neurons to deflections of the contralateral vibrissae in 21 unanesthetized, paralyzed rats. Controlled deflections of individual hairs were produced by means of an electromechanical stimulator. Fast green dye marks were made to aid histological reconstructions of electrode tracks. 2. TS) were observed throughout layers II--VI; \"fast\" cortical spikes (FS) were less frequently encountered and largely restricted to layer IV. Although both types of potentials had similar negative-positive waveforms. FSs were distinguished from RSs by their comparatively rapid time course, about half that of RSs. RS units (RSU) discharged spontaneously at rates of less than 1--15/s, whereas FS units (FSU) displayed rates of 15--50/s. The amplitudes of FSs, which were generally smaller than those of RSs, often decreased during high-frequency discharges. 3. With sinusoidal oscillations of a vibrissa FSUs responded more reliably and over a broader range of frequencies (3 to at least 40 Hz) than did RSUs , particularly in layer IV. In addition, FSUs typically responded to whisker deflections over a range of 360 degrees, whereas many RSUs in layer IV displayed sharp spatial-tuning charcteristics, responding over a restricted range of less than 90 degrees. 4. Of all units, 58% responded preferentially to stimulus transients (vibrissal movements), 32% displayed sustained responses to stimulus stead-states (fixed vibrissal displacement). For the remaining 10% of units the appropriate stimulus could not be specified; these units were particularly common in layer V. 5. Computation of quantitative stimulus-response relations showed that many units increased their rate of discharge with increasing stimulus intensities. 6. Most units were directionally selective, responding preferentially to deflections of a whisker in one or more of four quadrants. 7. In radial penetrations through the cortex there was a columnar patern so that units were activated at least by the same (i.e., the \"principal\") whisker. In a number of cases these could be directly correlated with the barrels. Of all units, 55% responded to deflections of single vibrissa only, the remaining 45% to 2--12 adjacently situated vibrissae. For most multiple-whiser units the responses elicited by deflection of any one hair activating the neuron was qualitatively similar to those elicited by deflection of any other hair activating it. The principal whisker of the penetration was typically associated with the most vigorous responses. 8. In layer IV, 85% of neurons responded to deflections of one hair only, the remaining 15% to two or more hairs. In layers II and III 39% of units were activated by more than one vibrissa; in layers V and VI multiple-whisker units predominated (64%). Whisker configurations in the deep layers were larger than those in other layers. 9...", "contents": "Response properties of vibrissa units in rat SI somatosensory neocortex. 1. Glass microelectrodes were used to record extracellular responses from 308 SI cortical neurons to deflections of the contralateral vibrissae in 21 unanesthetized, paralyzed rats. Controlled deflections of individual hairs were produced by means of an electromechanical stimulator. Fast green dye marks were made to aid histological reconstructions of electrode tracks. 2. TS) were observed throughout layers II--VI; \"fast\" cortical spikes (FS) were less frequently encountered and largely restricted to layer IV. Although both types of potentials had similar negative-positive waveforms. FSs were distinguished from RSs by their comparatively rapid time course, about half that of RSs. RS units (RSU) discharged spontaneously at rates of less than 1--15/s, whereas FS units (FSU) displayed rates of 15--50/s. The amplitudes of FSs, which were generally smaller than those of RSs, often decreased during high-frequency discharges. 3. With sinusoidal oscillations of a vibrissa FSUs responded more reliably and over a broader range of frequencies (3 to at least 40 Hz) than did RSUs , particularly in layer IV. In addition, FSUs typically responded to whisker deflections over a range of 360 degrees, whereas many RSUs in layer IV displayed sharp spatial-tuning charcteristics, responding over a restricted range of less than 90 degrees. 4. Of all units, 58% responded preferentially to stimulus transients (vibrissal movements), 32% displayed sustained responses to stimulus stead-states (fixed vibrissal displacement). For the remaining 10% of units the appropriate stimulus could not be specified; these units were particularly common in layer V. 5. Computation of quantitative stimulus-response relations showed that many units increased their rate of discharge with increasing stimulus intensities. 6. Most units were directionally selective, responding preferentially to deflections of a whisker in one or more of four quadrants. 7. In radial penetrations through the cortex there was a columnar patern so that units were activated at least by the same (i.e., the \"principal\") whisker. In a number of cases these could be directly correlated with the barrels. Of all units, 55% responded to deflections of single vibrissa only, the remaining 45% to 2--12 adjacently situated vibrissae. For most multiple-whiser units the responses elicited by deflection of any one hair activating the neuron was qualitatively similar to those elicited by deflection of any other hair activating it. The principal whisker of the penetration was typically associated with the most vigorous responses. 8. In layer IV, 85% of neurons responded to deflections of one hair only, the remaining 15% to two or more hairs. In layers II and III 39% of units were activated by more than one vibrissa; in layers V and VI multiple-whisker units predominated (64%). Whisker configurations in the deep layers were larger than those in other layers. 9...", "PMID": 660231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8760", "title": "Discharge properties of pontine reticulospinal neurons during sleep-waking cycle.", "content": "1. Reticulospinal neurons were identified by antidromic invasion from spinal cord electrodes chronically implanted at C4 in cats. 2. Most of the neuronal population studied lay within the medial portion of the giant cell field from the anterior pontine and to the anterior medullary reticular formation (FTG). A few cells were found in the tegmental reticular nucleus (TRC) which has not previously been known to project to the spinal cord. 3. Extracellular action potentials from the neuronal somata of the identified neurons were recorded continuously throughout naturally occurring sleep-waking cycles. 4. The identified reticulospinal neurons shared three properties, suggesting a generator function in desynchronized sleep (D) (with previously recorded but unidentified FTG neurons): selectivity (or concentration of discharge in D); tonic latency (or firing rate increases beginning several minutes prior to D); and phasic latency (or firing rate increases occurring prior to eye movements within D). 5. The location, discharge properties, and spinal projections of FTG neurons are, thus, all consistent with the hypothesis that they may directly mediate some of the descending excitatory and inhibitory influences on spinal reflex pathways in desynchronized sleep.", "contents": "Discharge properties of pontine reticulospinal neurons during sleep-waking cycle. 1. Reticulospinal neurons were identified by antidromic invasion from spinal cord electrodes chronically implanted at C4 in cats. 2. Most of the neuronal population studied lay within the medial portion of the giant cell field from the anterior pontine and to the anterior medullary reticular formation (FTG). A few cells were found in the tegmental reticular nucleus (TRC) which has not previously been known to project to the spinal cord. 3. Extracellular action potentials from the neuronal somata of the identified neurons were recorded continuously throughout naturally occurring sleep-waking cycles. 4. The identified reticulospinal neurons shared three properties, suggesting a generator function in desynchronized sleep (D) (with previously recorded but unidentified FTG neurons): selectivity (or concentration of discharge in D); tonic latency (or firing rate increases beginning several minutes prior to D); and phasic latency (or firing rate increases occurring prior to eye movements within D). 5. The location, discharge properties, and spinal projections of FTG neurons are, thus, all consistent with the hypothesis that they may directly mediate some of the descending excitatory and inhibitory influences on spinal reflex pathways in desynchronized sleep.", "PMID": 660232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8761", "title": "The histopathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. The effect of systemic blood pressure.", "content": "The early sequential histopathological alterations following a concussive paraplegic injury to the posterior thoracic spinal cord in cats were studied. The lack of significant progression of hemorrhages over a 4-hour period after injury indicates that most hemorrhages probably occur within the first hour. The marked enhancement or retardation of hemorrhages in the post-injury period, when the blood pressure was increased or decreased, respectively, demonstrates the loss of autoregulation of spinal cord vasculature at the trauma site after a concussive paraplegic injury. Progressive edema formation was evident over a 4-hour period following injury, and it could be enhanced or retarded by elevation or reduction of the systemic blood pressure.", "contents": "The histopathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. The effect of systemic blood pressure. The early sequential histopathological alterations following a concussive paraplegic injury to the posterior thoracic spinal cord in cats were studied. The lack of significant progression of hemorrhages over a 4-hour period after injury indicates that most hemorrhages probably occur within the first hour. The marked enhancement or retardation of hemorrhages in the post-injury period, when the blood pressure was increased or decreased, respectively, demonstrates the loss of autoregulation of spinal cord vasculature at the trauma site after a concussive paraplegic injury. Progressive edema formation was evident over a 4-hour period following injury, and it could be enhanced or retarded by elevation or reduction of the systemic blood pressure.", "PMID": 660233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8762", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage and papilledema due to a cervical neurilemmoma. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of a cervical neurilemmoma is presented. A 67-year-old man developed papilledema on two occasions in association with the symptoms and signs of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). He proved to have an otherwise asymptomatic cervical neurilemmoma. It is suggested that both acute and subclinical bleeding from such tumors may sometimes underlie the development of raised intracranial pressure occasionally encountered. The clinical clue to the spinal origin of the SAH was an acute onset with root pain. This case is discussed with reference to similar cases in the literature.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage and papilledema due to a cervical neurilemmoma. Case report. An unusual case of a cervical neurilemmoma is presented. A 67-year-old man developed papilledema on two occasions in association with the symptoms and signs of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). He proved to have an otherwise asymptomatic cervical neurilemmoma. It is suggested that both acute and subclinical bleeding from such tumors may sometimes underlie the development of raised intracranial pressure occasionally encountered. The clinical clue to the spinal origin of the SAH was an acute onset with root pain. This case is discussed with reference to similar cases in the literature.", "PMID": 660234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8763", "title": "Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients are reported who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas following closed head injuries. Two patients showed hematomas within 24 hours after a normal computerized tomogram. All three were treated surgically, and two had good results.", "contents": "Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas. Report of three cases. Three patients are reported who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas following closed head injuries. Two patients showed hematomas within 24 hours after a normal computerized tomogram. All three were treated surgically, and two had good results.", "PMID": 660235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8764", "title": "Moyamoya syndrome as a complication of radiation therapy. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported with occlusion and stenosis of the internal carotid arteries in association with basal telangiectasia. Fifteen years after postoperative irradiation for an optic glioma, radiological signs typical of the moyamoya syndrome were observed. Radiation therapy is discussed as the cause of the vascular damage in this case.", "contents": "Moyamoya syndrome as a complication of radiation therapy. Case report. A case is reported with occlusion and stenosis of the internal carotid arteries in association with basal telangiectasia. Fifteen years after postoperative irradiation for an optic glioma, radiological signs typical of the moyamoya syndrome were observed. Radiation therapy is discussed as the cause of the vascular damage in this case.", "PMID": 660236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8765", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of a ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst by computerized tomography. Case report.", "content": "A case of ruptured intracranaial dermoid cyst in the right middle fossa is reported. A definitive diagnosis of the lesion and the fact that it had ruptured was made possible by specific computerized tomographic findings. The findings were confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of a ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst by computerized tomography. Case report. A case of ruptured intracranaial dermoid cyst in the right middle fossa is reported. A definitive diagnosis of the lesion and the fact that it had ruptured was made possible by specific computerized tomographic findings. The findings were confirmed at surgery.", "PMID": 660237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8766", "title": "Pulsatile cerebral echo in diagnosis of brain death.", "content": "Conclusive diagnosis of brain death can be made by the demonstration of prolonged cessation of cerebral blood flow. This report describes a simple method to determine the presence or absence of the blood flow in the brain by recording the pulsatile midline echo on one channel of the electroencephalogram (EEG) or on any four-channel monitoring system in the intensive care unit. A firm transducer holder has been developed to eliminate artifacts caused by transducer motion, The pulsations of the midline echo are assumed to be the result of displacement of the midline structures by the arterial injection of each cardiac systole. Thus, the absence of these midline pulsatile echoes correlates with the absence of cerebral blood flow and, if the absence persists over 30 minutes in the presence of normal blood pressure, then the result is brain death. Twenty-eight cases of clinical brain death with electrocerebral silence of EEG and 18 obtained patients with various types of cerebral pathology were examined by the echo-pulsation technique. Twenty-six of the 28 cases showed no pulsation of the midline echo. The validity of the technique was documented in four cases by four-vessel cerebral angiogram.", "contents": "Pulsatile cerebral echo in diagnosis of brain death. Conclusive diagnosis of brain death can be made by the demonstration of prolonged cessation of cerebral blood flow. This report describes a simple method to determine the presence or absence of the blood flow in the brain by recording the pulsatile midline echo on one channel of the electroencephalogram (EEG) or on any four-channel monitoring system in the intensive care unit. A firm transducer holder has been developed to eliminate artifacts caused by transducer motion, The pulsations of the midline echo are assumed to be the result of displacement of the midline structures by the arterial injection of each cardiac systole. Thus, the absence of these midline pulsatile echoes correlates with the absence of cerebral blood flow and, if the absence persists over 30 minutes in the presence of normal blood pressure, then the result is brain death. Twenty-eight cases of clinical brain death with electrocerebral silence of EEG and 18 obtained patients with various types of cerebral pathology were examined by the echo-pulsation technique. Twenty-six of the 28 cases showed no pulsation of the midline echo. The validity of the technique was documented in four cases by four-vessel cerebral angiogram.", "PMID": 660242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8767", "title": "Occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass surgery.", "content": "The results, complications, and technical aspects of occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass surgery are reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: those considered to be a high risk for posterior circulation infarct but not disabled by the symptoms or deficits (eight patients), and those moderately or severely disabled at the time of admission (eight patients). Postoperative angiography revealed that 15 of the 16 grafts were patent. In 10 of the 15 patent grafts, the bypass graft served as a sole or major blood supply of the vertebral basilar system; in five patients, flow was limited to the distribution of the PICA. Eight patients achieved full employment or normal activity, six were improved but did not return to full employment, and two patients were unchanged. Ataxia was the major residual deficit in these patients.", "contents": "Occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass surgery. The results, complications, and technical aspects of occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass surgery are reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: those considered to be a high risk for posterior circulation infarct but not disabled by the symptoms or deficits (eight patients), and those moderately or severely disabled at the time of admission (eight patients). Postoperative angiography revealed that 15 of the 16 grafts were patent. In 10 of the 15 patent grafts, the bypass graft served as a sole or major blood supply of the vertebral basilar system; in five patients, flow was limited to the distribution of the PICA. Eight patients achieved full employment or normal activity, six were improved but did not return to full employment, and two patients were unchanged. Ataxia was the major residual deficit in these patients.", "PMID": 660243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8768", "title": "Interrelationship of aneurysm clips and vascular tissue.", "content": "Various straight-jawed aneurysm clips were tested for occluding capabilities on a vascular tissue model. Occluding pressures varied markedly among the clip styles and were altered by changes in the lumen and tissue composition of the model. Mechanical characteristics are highly variable between clip styles, but fall within a narrow range for clips of a similar style. The complex interplay of the unique aspects of clip design and force generated by the spring in conjunction with tissue characteristics and precise clip placement upon the tissue are major variables in the apparent ability of a particular clip to occlude the neck of an aneurysm.", "contents": "Interrelationship of aneurysm clips and vascular tissue. Various straight-jawed aneurysm clips were tested for occluding capabilities on a vascular tissue model. Occluding pressures varied markedly among the clip styles and were altered by changes in the lumen and tissue composition of the model. Mechanical characteristics are highly variable between clip styles, but fall within a narrow range for clips of a similar style. The complex interplay of the unique aspects of clip design and force generated by the spring in conjunction with tissue characteristics and precise clip placement upon the tissue are major variables in the apparent ability of a particular clip to occlude the neck of an aneurysm.", "PMID": 660244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8769", "title": "Surgery of the superior sagittal sinus in parasagittal meningiomas.", "content": "The management of 21 parasagittal meningiomas is described; three were located in the anterior third of the sinus, 14 in the middle third, and four in the posterior third. Of these, four meningiomas were attached only to the lateral wall, two invaded the external layer of only one sinus wall, two involved the lateral recess of the sinus, and seven invaded one or two sinus walls. The remaining six tumors invaded the three walls of the sinus, which was completely blocked. There was bilateral meningiomas in four cases. Complete excision of the meningioma with preservation of the venous flow in the sinus and its collateral veins was attempted in each case. In the first eight cases it was possible to preserve the patency of the sinus without graft. In six of the next seven cases the removal of the two invaded walls permitted preservation of the third healthy wall and entailed the repair of the two involved walls by a partial graft, either dural graft (three cases) or venous graft (three cases). In one of the last six cases, a total vein graft was performed after complete excision of the invaded sinus. Two cortical veins were sutured to a collateral branch of the autogenous vein graft. The surgical technique of the partial and the total vein graft is described and clinical results and angiographic controls are discussed.", "contents": "Surgery of the superior sagittal sinus in parasagittal meningiomas. The management of 21 parasagittal meningiomas is described; three were located in the anterior third of the sinus, 14 in the middle third, and four in the posterior third. Of these, four meningiomas were attached only to the lateral wall, two invaded the external layer of only one sinus wall, two involved the lateral recess of the sinus, and seven invaded one or two sinus walls. The remaining six tumors invaded the three walls of the sinus, which was completely blocked. There was bilateral meningiomas in four cases. Complete excision of the meningioma with preservation of the venous flow in the sinus and its collateral veins was attempted in each case. In the first eight cases it was possible to preserve the patency of the sinus without graft. In six of the next seven cases the removal of the two invaded walls permitted preservation of the third healthy wall and entailed the repair of the two involved walls by a partial graft, either dural graft (three cases) or venous graft (three cases). In one of the last six cases, a total vein graft was performed after complete excision of the invaded sinus. Two cortical veins were sutured to a collateral branch of the autogenous vein graft. The surgical technique of the partial and the total vein graft is described and clinical results and angiographic controls are discussed.", "PMID": 660245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8770", "title": "The microscopic effects of ventricular dilatation without increase in head size.", "content": "Eleven brains were studied from patients in whom there was some degree of ventricular dilatation due to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Six further cases from the files of the Department of Neurosurgery were reviewed. Very few microscopic changes were seen in the gray or white matter even in the presence of marked ventricular dilatation. These findings, although surprising in view of the gross apparent reduction in white matter, are in accordance with the known beneficial results of shunting procedures for relief of ventricular dilatation due solely to obstruction. This study provides a pathological anatomical background for the good prognosis in patients with ventricular dilatation without other neurological disease.", "contents": "The microscopic effects of ventricular dilatation without increase in head size. Eleven brains were studied from patients in whom there was some degree of ventricular dilatation due to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Six further cases from the files of the Department of Neurosurgery were reviewed. Very few microscopic changes were seen in the gray or white matter even in the presence of marked ventricular dilatation. These findings, although surprising in view of the gross apparent reduction in white matter, are in accordance with the known beneficial results of shunting procedures for relief of ventricular dilatation due solely to obstruction. This study provides a pathological anatomical background for the good prognosis in patients with ventricular dilatation without other neurological disease.", "PMID": 660246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8771", "title": "Treatment of experimental cerebral infarction in rats with levodopa or with glycerol.", "content": "Administration of large amounts of levodopa did not improve survival rates of rats after acute cerebral infarction induced by injection of carbon microspheres. However, when 10% glycerol was used, the number of rats that survived after cerebral infarction was significantly greater than in the control or in the levodopa-treated rats. Combination of levodopa and glycerol therapy also significantly improved the survival rate of beneficial effect. Pathological findings (gross or microscopic) indicate striking changes in brain tissue after embolization. Development of brain edema of the infarcted left hemisphere corresponded to the type of treatment and to the length of animal survival. Brain-tissue histology indicates that glycerol-treated animals developed less severe edema and had less tissue disruption than control animals. The results suggest that treatment of edema should be one of the primary steps in therapy after acute cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental cerebral infarction in rats with levodopa or with glycerol. Administration of large amounts of levodopa did not improve survival rates of rats after acute cerebral infarction induced by injection of carbon microspheres. However, when 10% glycerol was used, the number of rats that survived after cerebral infarction was significantly greater than in the control or in the levodopa-treated rats. Combination of levodopa and glycerol therapy also significantly improved the survival rate of beneficial effect. Pathological findings (gross or microscopic) indicate striking changes in brain tissue after embolization. Development of brain edema of the infarcted left hemisphere corresponded to the type of treatment and to the length of animal survival. Brain-tissue histology indicates that glycerol-treated animals developed less severe edema and had less tissue disruption than control animals. The results suggest that treatment of edema should be one of the primary steps in therapy after acute cerebral infarction.", "PMID": 660247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8772", "title": "Evaluation of the central canal of the spinal cord in experimentally induced hydrocephalus.", "content": "The central canal of the spinal cord has been proposed as a significant compensatory alternative pathway of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in hydrocephalus. Ten dogs were made hydrocephalic by a relatively atraumatic experimental model that simulates the human circumstance of chronic communicating hydrocephalus. The central canal was studied by histopathology and compared with 10 normal control dogs. In both groups the central canal of the spinal cord was normal in size, configuration, and histological appearance. In this experimental model dilatation of the canal and increased movement of CSF does not appear to be a compensatory alternative pathway.", "contents": "Evaluation of the central canal of the spinal cord in experimentally induced hydrocephalus. The central canal of the spinal cord has been proposed as a significant compensatory alternative pathway of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in hydrocephalus. Ten dogs were made hydrocephalic by a relatively atraumatic experimental model that simulates the human circumstance of chronic communicating hydrocephalus. The central canal was studied by histopathology and compared with 10 normal control dogs. In both groups the central canal of the spinal cord was normal in size, configuration, and histological appearance. In this experimental model dilatation of the canal and increased movement of CSF does not appear to be a compensatory alternative pathway.", "PMID": 660248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8773", "title": "Elasticity of the spinal cord, pia, and denticulate ligament in the dog.", "content": "The longitudinal elasticities of the dog spinal cord, pia, and denticulate ligaments were obtained by measuring the load-elongation curves. Both pia and denticulate ligaments were moderately elastic, but the spinal cord substance showed an upward curve, which indicated a predominantly viscous character. In situ, the spinal cord and pia were moderately strained. A 40-mm segment of the cord with dorsal and ventral roots severed and denticulate ligaments removed became 1 mm shorter when the cord and pia were transected at both ends. It was estimated that the cord and pia in situ were stressed by a force of 2 to 3 gm, the denticulate ligaments with 3 to 5 gm, and the dura with 50 to 70 gm. The elastic moduli of the spinal cord substance were 1.68 X 10(5) dynes/sq cm for loading between 5 and 10 gm and 1.19 X 10(5) dynes/sq cm between 30 and 35 gm.", "contents": "Elasticity of the spinal cord, pia, and denticulate ligament in the dog. The longitudinal elasticities of the dog spinal cord, pia, and denticulate ligaments were obtained by measuring the load-elongation curves. Both pia and denticulate ligaments were moderately elastic, but the spinal cord substance showed an upward curve, which indicated a predominantly viscous character. In situ, the spinal cord and pia were moderately strained. A 40-mm segment of the cord with dorsal and ventral roots severed and denticulate ligaments removed became 1 mm shorter when the cord and pia were transected at both ends. It was estimated that the cord and pia in situ were stressed by a force of 2 to 3 gm, the denticulate ligaments with 3 to 5 gm, and the dura with 50 to 70 gm. The elastic moduli of the spinal cord substance were 1.68 X 10(5) dynes/sq cm for loading between 5 and 10 gm and 1.19 X 10(5) dynes/sq cm between 30 and 35 gm.", "PMID": 660249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8774", "title": "Origin of somatosensory evoked responses recorded from the cervical skin surface.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked response from the cervical skin surface over the spine (the cervical SER) was recorded, and compared with the cord dorsum potential (CDP) simultaneously recorded from the posterior epidural space at the same segment. The cervical SER evoked by segmental nerve stimulation consisted of an initially positive spike (P1), the peak latency being the same as that of the P1 of the CDP, followed by a smaller negative wave with two peaks. The latency of the second peak of the negative wave (N1) coincided with that of the N1 of the CDP. Subsequent to this negative wave, a slow positive wave (P2) with peak latency similar to that of the P2 of the CDP, could be noticed in some subjects. The cervical SER could not be evoked even by strong stimulation of the cauda equina. Thus, the cervical SER might reflect a segmental phenomenon rather than the conducted potential along the cord, and originate from the spinal root and cord in the same way as the segmentally evoked CDP.", "contents": "Origin of somatosensory evoked responses recorded from the cervical skin surface. Somatosensory evoked response from the cervical skin surface over the spine (the cervical SER) was recorded, and compared with the cord dorsum potential (CDP) simultaneously recorded from the posterior epidural space at the same segment. The cervical SER evoked by segmental nerve stimulation consisted of an initially positive spike (P1), the peak latency being the same as that of the P1 of the CDP, followed by a smaller negative wave with two peaks. The latency of the second peak of the negative wave (N1) coincided with that of the N1 of the CDP. Subsequent to this negative wave, a slow positive wave (P2) with peak latency similar to that of the P2 of the CDP, could be noticed in some subjects. The cervical SER could not be evoked even by strong stimulation of the cauda equina. Thus, the cervical SER might reflect a segmental phenomenon rather than the conducted potential along the cord, and originate from the spinal root and cord in the same way as the segmentally evoked CDP.", "PMID": 660250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8775", "title": "Evaluation of experimental spinal cord injury by measuring spontaneous spinal cord potentials.", "content": "The relationship between the spontaneous spinal electrogram and the degree of spinal cord injury was studied in anesthetic-free, surgically decerebrate cats that received experimental blunt trauma by the graded weight-drop method. It was found that the characteristic spontaneous slow negative potential of the spinal electrogram showed a frequency dependency that correlated positively with the intensity of the injury (impulse expressed in gm-sec). Graphs of the frequency of occurrence of the slow negative potentials as a function of time following initial injury indicated that both the slope and shape of the curve were dependent on the severity of the injury measured in gm-sec at the time of the injury and confirmed histologically. These results indicate that the spontaneous spinal electrogram may serve as a sensitive indicator of the degree of spinal cord injury and may be useful in the assessment of various treatment modalities.", "contents": "Evaluation of experimental spinal cord injury by measuring spontaneous spinal cord potentials. The relationship between the spontaneous spinal electrogram and the degree of spinal cord injury was studied in anesthetic-free, surgically decerebrate cats that received experimental blunt trauma by the graded weight-drop method. It was found that the characteristic spontaneous slow negative potential of the spinal electrogram showed a frequency dependency that correlated positively with the intensity of the injury (impulse expressed in gm-sec). Graphs of the frequency of occurrence of the slow negative potentials as a function of time following initial injury indicated that both the slope and shape of the curve were dependent on the severity of the injury measured in gm-sec at the time of the injury and confirmed histologically. These results indicate that the spontaneous spinal electrogram may serve as a sensitive indicator of the degree of spinal cord injury and may be useful in the assessment of various treatment modalities.", "PMID": 660251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8776", "title": "Traumatic intracranial internal carotid aneurysm due to gunshot wound. Case report.", "content": "This patient developed an intracranial carotid artery aneurysm after a bullet wound. A review of the related literature, and the pathogenesis of traumatic false and true aneurysms are presented.", "contents": "Traumatic intracranial internal carotid aneurysm due to gunshot wound. Case report. This patient developed an intracranial carotid artery aneurysm after a bullet wound. A review of the related literature, and the pathogenesis of traumatic false and true aneurysms are presented.", "PMID": 660253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8777", "title": "Chronic extradural hematoma presenting 33 years after penetrating cranial trauma. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported of a 53-year-old normotensive man who presented, 33 years after a penetrating cranial war injury, with dysphasia of 10 month's duration, which proved to be due to a chronic extradural hematoma. The pathogenesis and symptomatology are discussed, and it is proposed that the lesion had been present since the original injury.", "contents": "Chronic extradural hematoma presenting 33 years after penetrating cranial trauma. Case report. A case is reported of a 53-year-old normotensive man who presented, 33 years after a penetrating cranial war injury, with dysphasia of 10 month's duration, which proved to be due to a chronic extradural hematoma. The pathogenesis and symptomatology are discussed, and it is proposed that the lesion had been present since the original injury.", "PMID": 660254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8778", "title": "Malignant transformation in benign cerebellar astrocytoma. Case report.", "content": "The authors give follow-up information on Case 59 of Cushing's 1931 series of cerebellar astrocytomas. The patient died with a malignant cerebellar astrocytoma 48 years after partial removal of a previously benign astrocytoma at the same site. Including the present one, there have been only five reported cases in which this has occurred. Ordinarily, juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas are of extremely genign character, and it is well established that even with incomplete resections patients have survived for years without progression of the tumor. Not all of the cases so reported can be wholly accepted as respresenting malignant transformation of the tumor, but may instead be instances of recurrence of an inherently benign glioma since the presence of features such as endothelial hyperplasia or nuclear atypicality in a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma does not warrant is being classified as malignant. Features truly suggestive of malignancy are hypercellularity, frequent mitoses, necrosis, and, in some instances, a diffusely infiltrative growth pattern; all of these features were found in the present case.", "contents": "Malignant transformation in benign cerebellar astrocytoma. Case report. The authors give follow-up information on Case 59 of Cushing's 1931 series of cerebellar astrocytomas. The patient died with a malignant cerebellar astrocytoma 48 years after partial removal of a previously benign astrocytoma at the same site. Including the present one, there have been only five reported cases in which this has occurred. Ordinarily, juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas are of extremely genign character, and it is well established that even with incomplete resections patients have survived for years without progression of the tumor. Not all of the cases so reported can be wholly accepted as respresenting malignant transformation of the tumor, but may instead be instances of recurrence of an inherently benign glioma since the presence of features such as endothelial hyperplasia or nuclear atypicality in a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma does not warrant is being classified as malignant. Features truly suggestive of malignancy are hypercellularity, frequent mitoses, necrosis, and, in some instances, a diffusely infiltrative growth pattern; all of these features were found in the present case.", "PMID": 660255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8779", "title": "Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula simulating tears. Case report.", "content": "A young child developed delayed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and CSF leak from the eye presenting as tears. The \"tears\" were CSF which had tracked from the cribriform plate through the ethmoidal air sinuses to the medial aspect of the left orbit. There was marked chemosis and it was considered likely that the tears had leaked through damaged conjunctiva.", "contents": "Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula simulating tears. Case report. A young child developed delayed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and CSF leak from the eye presenting as tears. The \"tears\" were CSF which had tracked from the cribriform plate through the ethmoidal air sinuses to the medial aspect of the left orbit. There was marked chemosis and it was considered likely that the tears had leaked through damaged conjunctiva.", "PMID": 660257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8780", "title": "Inversion of the cerebral mantle as a complication of ventricular shunting. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of inversion of part of the cerebral mantle into the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle following ventriculoperitoneal shunting for noncommunicating hydrocephalus. The abnormally positioned cerebral mantle continued to grow and caused no detectable neurological dysfunction.", "contents": "Inversion of the cerebral mantle as a complication of ventricular shunting. Case report. The authors report a case of inversion of part of the cerebral mantle into the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle following ventriculoperitoneal shunting for noncommunicating hydrocephalus. The abnormally positioned cerebral mantle continued to grow and caused no detectable neurological dysfunction.", "PMID": 660259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8781", "title": "Unilateral septal technique for transsphenoidal microsurgical approach to the sella turcica. Technical note.", "content": "A modification of the transseptal, transsphenoidal appraoch to the sella turcica is described; it consists of a unilateral separation of the nasal mucosa from the nasal septum. Experience with the technique in 215 cases has indicated that it is a useful, practical appraoch. The advantages are that the septum is spared, reoperation is made easier, and the procedure is quicker than the bilateral septal procedure. Asymptomatic nasal septal perforations (less than 3 mm) were seen in eight of 215 cases, and represented the only complication related to the operation.", "contents": "Unilateral septal technique for transsphenoidal microsurgical approach to the sella turcica. Technical note. A modification of the transseptal, transsphenoidal appraoch to the sella turcica is described; it consists of a unilateral separation of the nasal mucosa from the nasal septum. Experience with the technique in 215 cases has indicated that it is a useful, practical appraoch. The advantages are that the septum is spared, reoperation is made easier, and the procedure is quicker than the bilateral septal procedure. Asymptomatic nasal septal perforations (less than 3 mm) were seen in eight of 215 cases, and represented the only complication related to the operation.", "PMID": 660260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8782", "title": "A safe technique for the precise localization of carotid-cavernous fistula during balloon obliteration. Technical note.", "content": "The authors report a technique to precisely localize a fistulous opening in the carotid artery. The patient is heparinized and a Prolo catheter is introduced into the internal carotid artery and inflated distal to the approximate site of the fistula. Heparinization allows the balloon to be inflated long enough to obtain and analyze high-quality angiography film without fear of thromboembolism generated by the temporary balloon occlusion. Contrast material injected through the Prolo catheter proximal to the balloon reveals a small segment of cavernous carotid artery between the inflated balloon distally and the fistula proximally. The venous structures are now only faintly opacified and cannot obscure the morbid anatomy of the exact fistulous tear in the carotid artery. If the balloon is placed exactly opposite to the site of the fistula, a standing, stagnant column of dye forms a cast of the cavernous, petrous, and cervical carotid artery. Once the fistula is localized with this method, it may be obliterated by any therapeutic means preferred. If the Prolo catheter is used for intraluminal occlusion, then a transfemoral contralateral carotid angiogram is done before the heparin is reversed to confirm that the balloon has not been placed proxial to the fistula.", "contents": "A safe technique for the precise localization of carotid-cavernous fistula during balloon obliteration. Technical note. The authors report a technique to precisely localize a fistulous opening in the carotid artery. The patient is heparinized and a Prolo catheter is introduced into the internal carotid artery and inflated distal to the approximate site of the fistula. Heparinization allows the balloon to be inflated long enough to obtain and analyze high-quality angiography film without fear of thromboembolism generated by the temporary balloon occlusion. Contrast material injected through the Prolo catheter proximal to the balloon reveals a small segment of cavernous carotid artery between the inflated balloon distally and the fistula proximally. The venous structures are now only faintly opacified and cannot obscure the morbid anatomy of the exact fistulous tear in the carotid artery. If the balloon is placed exactly opposite to the site of the fistula, a standing, stagnant column of dye forms a cast of the cavernous, petrous, and cervical carotid artery. Once the fistula is localized with this method, it may be obliterated by any therapeutic means preferred. If the Prolo catheter is used for intraluminal occlusion, then a transfemoral contralateral carotid angiogram is done before the heparin is reversed to confirm that the balloon has not been placed proxial to the fistula.", "PMID": 660261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8783", "title": "Occlusive arteriopathy and brain tumor.", "content": "Four cases with the association of occlusive arteriopathy and brain tumor are presented. A clinical analysis of these cases and cases reported in the literature revealed that occlusive arteriopathy at the base of the brain was often associated with a slowly growing basal tumor in children. Possible causes of occlusive arteriopathy in these cases were compression of the circle of Willis by a slowly growing basal tumor, secondary artial occlusive changes by radiation therapy for a basal tumor, or vasculopathy associated with neurocutaneous syndrome. Symptoms of sudden onset or episodic nature suggest the presence of occlusive arteriopathy rather than the mass effect of a tumor. Cerebral angiography is mandatory whenever computerized tomography (CT), performed to rule out recurrence of a basal tumor, shows an ischemic lesion with low-density areas without any evidence of mass effect of the tumor. Cerebral angiography is also necessary when a basal tumor is suspected in children, particularly in cases associated with neurocutaneous syndrome and a basal tumor. Care should be taken not to scarify the abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain at the time of operation, because it is considered to be functioning as collateral circulation. The potential hazards of radiotherapy to radiation-induced occlusive changes of the circle of Willis must be considered in treating a benign basal brain tumor in children. Even in adults, repeated large doses of irradiation could cause occlusive arteriopathy.", "contents": "Occlusive arteriopathy and brain tumor. Four cases with the association of occlusive arteriopathy and brain tumor are presented. A clinical analysis of these cases and cases reported in the literature revealed that occlusive arteriopathy at the base of the brain was often associated with a slowly growing basal tumor in children. Possible causes of occlusive arteriopathy in these cases were compression of the circle of Willis by a slowly growing basal tumor, secondary artial occlusive changes by radiation therapy for a basal tumor, or vasculopathy associated with neurocutaneous syndrome. Symptoms of sudden onset or episodic nature suggest the presence of occlusive arteriopathy rather than the mass effect of a tumor. Cerebral angiography is mandatory whenever computerized tomography (CT), performed to rule out recurrence of a basal tumor, shows an ischemic lesion with low-density areas without any evidence of mass effect of the tumor. Cerebral angiography is also necessary when a basal tumor is suspected in children, particularly in cases associated with neurocutaneous syndrome and a basal tumor. Care should be taken not to scarify the abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain at the time of operation, because it is considered to be functioning as collateral circulation. The potential hazards of radiotherapy to radiation-induced occlusive changes of the circle of Willis must be considered in treating a benign basal brain tumor in children. Even in adults, repeated large doses of irradiation could cause occlusive arteriopathy.", "PMID": 660265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8784", "title": "Functional treatment of acromegaly by transsphenoidal microsurgery.", "content": "The authors have analyzed the results from 41 acromegalic patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery. In 31 patients, postoperative growth hormone (GH) levels fell and remained below 10 ng/ml. This represents an endocrinological \"cure\" of 78%. In the remaining 10 cases, postoperative GH values have not stabilized below 10 ng/ml, although seven show some clinical improvement. The results were particularly good in those cases of localized adenomas, which allowed a selective removal while maintaining pituitary function within normal limits in 65.5% of cases. The postoperative GH level in this group fell and remained below 10 ng/ml in more than 90% of cases. Four patients required reoperation to normalize the GH levels which had not been sufficiently modified after the first operation; only one of them remained with plasma GH levels above normal limits. There were no deaths in this series. Rhinorrhea occurred as a postsurgical complication in four cases. In three this disappeared with bed rest and lumbar drainage; in the other, surgical repair was necessary. The occurrence of surgical complications has decreased as our experience has increased, and the need for reoperation has been unusual after the first year of our study.", "contents": "Functional treatment of acromegaly by transsphenoidal microsurgery. The authors have analyzed the results from 41 acromegalic patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery. In 31 patients, postoperative growth hormone (GH) levels fell and remained below 10 ng/ml. This represents an endocrinological \"cure\" of 78%. In the remaining 10 cases, postoperative GH values have not stabilized below 10 ng/ml, although seven show some clinical improvement. The results were particularly good in those cases of localized adenomas, which allowed a selective removal while maintaining pituitary function within normal limits in 65.5% of cases. The postoperative GH level in this group fell and remained below 10 ng/ml in more than 90% of cases. Four patients required reoperation to normalize the GH levels which had not been sufficiently modified after the first operation; only one of them remained with plasma GH levels above normal limits. There were no deaths in this series. Rhinorrhea occurred as a postsurgical complication in four cases. In three this disappeared with bed rest and lumbar drainage; in the other, surgical repair was necessary. The occurrence of surgical complications has decreased as our experience has increased, and the need for reoperation has been unusual after the first year of our study.", "PMID": 660266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8785", "title": "Suprasellar germinoma.", "content": "The clinical features of 18 cases of suprasellar germinoma were reviewed, and the following points stressed: 1) The incidence of intracranial germinoma and teratoma seems to be much higher in Japan than elsewhere. 2) Germinomas in the pineal region, the third ventricle, and the lateral ventricle were observed to be predominant in males. In suprasellar germinoma, however, males were not affected predominantly and the male:female ratio was 1:1. 3) Suprasellar germinomas caused three symptoms: diabetes insipidus, visual disturbances, and pituitary dysfunctions. 4) Pituitary functions were disturbed to various degrees. Some cases showed hypopituitarism but some showed an elevation of plasma concentrations of cortisol or luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. 5) Some abnormalities showing a suprasellar mass were usually found on neuroradiological examination. 6) Suprasellar germinomas were very sensitive to radiotherapy and some of them rapidly disappeared on follow-up computerized tomography scanning after irradiation with as little as 1200 rads.", "contents": "Suprasellar germinoma. The clinical features of 18 cases of suprasellar germinoma were reviewed, and the following points stressed: 1) The incidence of intracranial germinoma and teratoma seems to be much higher in Japan than elsewhere. 2) Germinomas in the pineal region, the third ventricle, and the lateral ventricle were observed to be predominant in males. In suprasellar germinoma, however, males were not affected predominantly and the male:female ratio was 1:1. 3) Suprasellar germinomas caused three symptoms: diabetes insipidus, visual disturbances, and pituitary dysfunctions. 4) Pituitary functions were disturbed to various degrees. Some cases showed hypopituitarism but some showed an elevation of plasma concentrations of cortisol or luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. 5) Some abnormalities showing a suprasellar mass were usually found on neuroradiological examination. 6) Suprasellar germinomas were very sensitive to radiotherapy and some of them rapidly disappeared on follow-up computerized tomography scanning after irradiation with as little as 1200 rads.", "PMID": 660267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8786", "title": "Carotid-cavernous fistula. Demonstration of asymptomatic vascular \"steal\".", "content": "Abnormal distribution of cerebral vascular flow was studied in a patient who had a traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Serial studies were performed using a method for determining relative cerebral vascular flow:99mtechnetium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) was injected intravenously and flow data were processed by a digital computer. Serial studies documented the occurrence of a vascular \"steal\" during temporary carotid occlusion; postoperative studies showed disappearance of the steal and obliteration of thiling arterial structures and capillary filling in the brain, and in demonstrating alteration in the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous fistula. Demonstration of asymptomatic vascular \"steal\". Abnormal distribution of cerebral vascular flow was studied in a patient who had a traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Serial studies were performed using a method for determining relative cerebral vascular flow:99mtechnetium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) was injected intravenously and flow data were processed by a digital computer. Serial studies documented the occurrence of a vascular \"steal\" during temporary carotid occlusion; postoperative studies showed disappearance of the steal and obliteration of thiling arterial structures and capillary filling in the brain, and in demonstrating alteration in the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 660268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8787", "title": "Interhemispheric steal. An experimental study.", "content": "In 21 cats the pressure in the occluded middle cerebral artery (MCA) was recorded by way of a catheter, introduced in the most proximal portion of this artery by way of the transorbital approach. The effect of temporary occlusion of the ipsilateral and contralateral common carotid artery on the pressure in the occluded MCA was studied. The results seem to prove the existence of the so-called \"interhemispheric steal\" syndrome.", "contents": "Interhemispheric steal. An experimental study. In 21 cats the pressure in the occluded middle cerebral artery (MCA) was recorded by way of a catheter, introduced in the most proximal portion of this artery by way of the transorbital approach. The effect of temporary occlusion of the ipsilateral and contralateral common carotid artery on the pressure in the occluded MCA was studied. The results seem to prove the existence of the so-called \"interhemispheric steal\" syndrome.", "PMID": 660269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8788", "title": "Localization of vertex lesions seen on CT scan.", "content": "A simple method is presented for localizing the anatomical site of vertex lesions seen on a computerized tomography (CT) brain scan, using the patient's plain lateral skull film.", "contents": "Localization of vertex lesions seen on CT scan. A simple method is presented for localizing the anatomical site of vertex lesions seen on a computerized tomography (CT) brain scan, using the patient's plain lateral skull film.", "PMID": 660270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8789", "title": "Angiotomography of intacranial aneurysms. Analysis by a new method of angioautotomography.", "content": "The authors have developed a new method of angioautotomography by the use of a special head-swing apparatus. They have studied 70 intracranial aneurysms by this method and have found that it was more useful in clearly detecting the stalk of aneurysms than conventional angiography. The authors conclude that the method is also superior to conventional magnification angiography. Magnification angiotomography performed by this method offers more precise details.", "contents": "Angiotomography of intacranial aneurysms. Analysis by a new method of angioautotomography. The authors have developed a new method of angioautotomography by the use of a special head-swing apparatus. They have studied 70 intracranial aneurysms by this method and have found that it was more useful in clearly detecting the stalk of aneurysms than conventional angiography. The authors conclude that the method is also superior to conventional magnification angiography. Magnification angiotomography performed by this method offers more precise details.", "PMID": 660271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8790", "title": "Quantitative assessment of ventilation-perfusion mismatch by radioxenon imaging of the lung.", "content": "By the use of xenon-133 and a scintillation camera with digital data storage and processing system, a topographic relationship between ventilation distribution (V) and perfusion distribution (Q) was examined quantitatively in two groups of normal nonsmokers and one of older smokers, all healthy. In addition, subjects with a variety of cardiopulmonary disease were tested. The fractional regional ventilation (VR) and regional perfusion (QR) were plotted against the V/Q ratio on a logarithmic abscissa for the normal subjects; both were distributed log-normally with a narrow standard deviation, and were dissociated slightly from each other. However, with smoking and with increasing age, the s.d. and the dissociation became wider, suggesting an impairment of gas exchange as estimated by alveolar-atrial gas-pressure differences (A-aD), which were calculated by putting these topographic relationships into a gas-exchange program in a computer. In various cardiopulmonary diseases a good correlation was found between the estimated A-aDO2 thus obtained and the actual A-aDO2 derived from analysis of the blood gases.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of ventilation-perfusion mismatch by radioxenon imaging of the lung. By the use of xenon-133 and a scintillation camera with digital data storage and processing system, a topographic relationship between ventilation distribution (V) and perfusion distribution (Q) was examined quantitatively in two groups of normal nonsmokers and one of older smokers, all healthy. In addition, subjects with a variety of cardiopulmonary disease were tested. The fractional regional ventilation (VR) and regional perfusion (QR) were plotted against the V/Q ratio on a logarithmic abscissa for the normal subjects; both were distributed log-normally with a narrow standard deviation, and were dissociated slightly from each other. However, with smoking and with increasing age, the s.d. and the dissociation became wider, suggesting an impairment of gas exchange as estimated by alveolar-atrial gas-pressure differences (A-aD), which were calculated by putting these topographic relationships into a gas-exchange program in a computer. In various cardiopulmonary diseases a good correlation was found between the estimated A-aDO2 thus obtained and the actual A-aDO2 derived from analysis of the blood gases.", "PMID": 660273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8791", "title": "Ultrasonography of the testis--correlation with radiotracer perfusion.", "content": "Ultrasonic study of testicular disease and paratesticular masses was carried out in 20 cases. In eight of these, comparison was made with pertechnetate perfusion studies performed concurrently. Testicular torsion was well revealed by both techniques. Acute orchitis, in the early stages, was shown more clearly by radiotracer, unless there was associated epididymal swelling or hydrocele. Chronic complications of inflammation, particularly abscess formation, were seen best by ultrasonography. Paratesticular masses could be studied only by ultrasound. These included both solid and cystic masses due to chronic epididymitis.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of the testis--correlation with radiotracer perfusion. Ultrasonic study of testicular disease and paratesticular masses was carried out in 20 cases. In eight of these, comparison was made with pertechnetate perfusion studies performed concurrently. Testicular torsion was well revealed by both techniques. Acute orchitis, in the early stages, was shown more clearly by radiotracer, unless there was associated epididymal swelling or hydrocele. Chronic complications of inflammation, particularly abscess formation, were seen best by ultrasonography. Paratesticular masses could be studied only by ultrasound. These included both solid and cystic masses due to chronic epididymitis.", "PMID": 660274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8792", "title": "Indium-111-labeled autologous platelets for location of vascular thrombi in humans.", "content": "Twenty-two patients suspected of having either venous or arterial thrombi were studied with In-111-labeled autologous platelets. Whole-body scans were performed 3, 24, and 48 hr following i.v. injection. Twelve patients studied with saline-washed platelets had unsatisfactory 15-min recovery and biologic half-time. When the labeling was carried out in plasma, these values compared favorably with normal values reported for Cr-51-labeled autologous platelets. Of ten patients studied using platelets labeled in plasma, three had normal scans, six had abnormal scans, and one had an equivocal scan. All six abnormal scans were confirmed with corresponding positive findings in either the venogram, arteriogram, or lung scan. J Nucl Med 19: 626-634, 1978.", "contents": "Indium-111-labeled autologous platelets for location of vascular thrombi in humans. Twenty-two patients suspected of having either venous or arterial thrombi were studied with In-111-labeled autologous platelets. Whole-body scans were performed 3, 24, and 48 hr following i.v. injection. Twelve patients studied with saline-washed platelets had unsatisfactory 15-min recovery and biologic half-time. When the labeling was carried out in plasma, these values compared favorably with normal values reported for Cr-51-labeled autologous platelets. Of ten patients studied using platelets labeled in plasma, three had normal scans, six had abnormal scans, and one had an equivocal scan. All six abnormal scans were confirmed with corresponding positive findings in either the venogram, arteriogram, or lung scan. J Nucl Med 19: 626-634, 1978.", "PMID": 660275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8793", "title": "ECAT: a new computerized tomographic imaging system for positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "The ECAT was designed and developed as a positron imaging system capable of providing high contrast, high resolution, quantitative images in two-dimensional (2-D) and tomographic formats. The flexibility in its variety of imaging problems. High (HR), medium (MR), and low (LR) tomographic resolutions are 0.95 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.1, and 1.7 +/- 0.1 cm FWHM; high, medium, and low resolutions in 2-D images are 0.85 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.1, depending on resolution mode employed. ECT system efficiency is 30,100, 15,900, and 9,200 c/sec/muCi/cc with a 20-cm diameter phantom at LR, MR, and HR. Because of the geometric, detector, electronic and shielding design of the system, count-rate capability and linearity are high, with minimum detection of scattered radiation and random coincidence. Measured error agrees well with theoretical statistical predictions down to a level of 1.4% standard deviation. The redundant sampling scheme of this system significantly reduces errors caused by motion and detector instability. Scan times are variable from 10 sec to several min/slice and multiple levels are automatically performed by computer control of patient bed. A variety of human studies illustrate image quality, resolution, and efficiency of both ECT and 2-D imaging mode. Examples of the noninvasive study method have been made possible through development of ECT.", "contents": "ECAT: a new computerized tomographic imaging system for positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. The ECAT was designed and developed as a positron imaging system capable of providing high contrast, high resolution, quantitative images in two-dimensional (2-D) and tomographic formats. The flexibility in its variety of imaging problems. High (HR), medium (MR), and low (LR) tomographic resolutions are 0.95 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.1, and 1.7 +/- 0.1 cm FWHM; high, medium, and low resolutions in 2-D images are 0.85 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.1, depending on resolution mode employed. ECT system efficiency is 30,100, 15,900, and 9,200 c/sec/muCi/cc with a 20-cm diameter phantom at LR, MR, and HR. Because of the geometric, detector, electronic and shielding design of the system, count-rate capability and linearity are high, with minimum detection of scattered radiation and random coincidence. Measured error agrees well with theoretical statistical predictions down to a level of 1.4% standard deviation. The redundant sampling scheme of this system significantly reduces errors caused by motion and detector instability. Scan times are variable from 10 sec to several min/slice and multiple levels are automatically performed by computer control of patient bed. A variety of human studies illustrate image quality, resolution, and efficiency of both ECT and 2-D imaging mode. Examples of the noninvasive study method have been made possible through development of ECT.", "PMID": 660276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8794", "title": "A new method of multiplanar emission tomography using a seven pinhole collimator and an Anger scintillation camera.", "content": "A new method of multiplanar emission tomography is described; it uses a wide-field Anger scintillation camera (37.5 cm crystal diameter) and a seven-pinhole collimator. The pinholes (5.5 mm) acquire data simultaneously from the emissing source and project the data onto seven independent regions of the camera crystal. Multiple planes are reconstructed from the initial seven-view data acquisition through the use of a computerized addition-multiplication algorithm and variation of the superposition relationships among the projected views. These planes are then altered iteratively by a least-error criterion following ray-sum comparison with the original views. Planar resolution (full-width-half-maximum) is 1.0 cm and depth resolution is 1.5 cm. In 42 patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary-artery disease, studies of myocardial Tl-201 perfusion, under exercise, have shown improved detection sensitivity in comparison with scintigraphy using parallel-hole collimation.", "contents": "A new method of multiplanar emission tomography using a seven pinhole collimator and an Anger scintillation camera. A new method of multiplanar emission tomography is described; it uses a wide-field Anger scintillation camera (37.5 cm crystal diameter) and a seven-pinhole collimator. The pinholes (5.5 mm) acquire data simultaneously from the emissing source and project the data onto seven independent regions of the camera crystal. Multiple planes are reconstructed from the initial seven-view data acquisition through the use of a computerized addition-multiplication algorithm and variation of the superposition relationships among the projected views. These planes are then altered iteratively by a least-error criterion following ray-sum comparison with the original views. Planar resolution (full-width-half-maximum) is 1.0 cm and depth resolution is 1.5 cm. In 42 patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary-artery disease, studies of myocardial Tl-201 perfusion, under exercise, have shown improved detection sensitivity in comparison with scintigraphy using parallel-hole collimation.", "PMID": 660277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8795", "title": "Clinical evaluation of Tc-99m-diethyl-IDA in hepatobiliary disorders.", "content": "N,alpha(2,6-diethylacetanilide)-iminodiacetic acid is a new Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceutical primarily excreted through the biliary tract. Its high concentration in the bile allows the imaging of the biliary tree and the gallbladder. Scintigraphic studies were performed in 20 normal subjects and 42 patients suffering from various hepatobiliary disturbances. In normal subjects, the early liver uptake was followed by the accumulation of the tracer in the intrahepatic bile ducts and the gallbladder before its discharge into the duodenum. In cases of hepatocellar damage, the hepatic accumulation of the tracer was clearly depressed. Any acute or subacute disorder of the gallbladder was clearly demonstrated by Tc-99m-diethyl-IDA. In cases of asymptomatic cholelithiasis, we observed delayed visualization of the gallbladder associated with its decreased accumulation of the tracer. The intrahepatic bile ducts were distended in cases of incomplete obstruction of the hepatobiliary ducts, whereas they were never visualized when there was severe hepatocellular damage or complete obstruction of the biliary tree.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of Tc-99m-diethyl-IDA in hepatobiliary disorders. N,alpha(2,6-diethylacetanilide)-iminodiacetic acid is a new Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceutical primarily excreted through the biliary tract. Its high concentration in the bile allows the imaging of the biliary tree and the gallbladder. Scintigraphic studies were performed in 20 normal subjects and 42 patients suffering from various hepatobiliary disturbances. In normal subjects, the early liver uptake was followed by the accumulation of the tracer in the intrahepatic bile ducts and the gallbladder before its discharge into the duodenum. In cases of hepatocellar damage, the hepatic accumulation of the tracer was clearly depressed. Any acute or subacute disorder of the gallbladder was clearly demonstrated by Tc-99m-diethyl-IDA. In cases of asymptomatic cholelithiasis, we observed delayed visualization of the gallbladder associated with its decreased accumulation of the tracer. The intrahepatic bile ducts were distended in cases of incomplete obstruction of the hepatobiliary ducts, whereas they were never visualized when there was severe hepatocellular damage or complete obstruction of the biliary tree.", "PMID": 660280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8796", "title": "Kinetics of the human thyroid trap: a compartmental model.", "content": "Thyroidal pertechnetate was measured continuously in normal subjects for 40 min after i.v. injection, using a multicrystal camera. Digital counts (1-min increments) were read directly from the magnetic tape and summed for the thyroid area and for adjacent neck background. The net thyroidal data were used as the basis for development of a compartmental model of the thyroidal trap, using the SAAM program. Input to the trap in the model is plasma pertechnetate radioactivity, measured frequently during the study and fitted to a multiexponential equation. Best fit of the thyroid data was achieved with a model in which the trap is described by two compartments, a fast (\"follicular cell\") compartment and a slower (\"colloid\") compartment. Iodide blockade, administered either during the study or 1 hr before its initiation, rapidly blocked the trap at the point of input from plasma into the follicular cells. Iodide did not affect the other parameters of the model.", "contents": "Kinetics of the human thyroid trap: a compartmental model. Thyroidal pertechnetate was measured continuously in normal subjects for 40 min after i.v. injection, using a multicrystal camera. Digital counts (1-min increments) were read directly from the magnetic tape and summed for the thyroid area and for adjacent neck background. The net thyroidal data were used as the basis for development of a compartmental model of the thyroidal trap, using the SAAM program. Input to the trap in the model is plasma pertechnetate radioactivity, measured frequently during the study and fitted to a multiexponential equation. Best fit of the thyroid data was achieved with a model in which the trap is described by two compartments, a fast (\"follicular cell\") compartment and a slower (\"colloid\") compartment. Iodide blockade, administered either during the study or 1 hr before its initiation, rapidly blocked the trap at the point of input from plasma into the follicular cells. Iodide did not affect the other parameters of the model.", "PMID": 660281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8797", "title": "Clinical comparison of cardiac blood pool visualization with technetium-99m red blood cells labeled in vivo and with technetium-99m human serum albumin.", "content": "Technetium-99m red blood cells (Tc-RBC) labeled by an in vivo technique were compared with two preparations of Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA) for cardiac blood-pool imaging. Relative distribution of the tracers was analyzed on end-diastolic frames of gated blood-pool studies and on whole-body (head to mid-thigh) anterior pinhole images. The Tc-RBC demonstrated greater relative percentage localization in the cardiac blood pool, higher target-to-background ratios in the left ventricle, and less liver concentration. For cardiac blood-pool imaging, Tc-RBC labeled by the in vivo approach appears to be superior to the two Tc-HSA preparations studied.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of cardiac blood pool visualization with technetium-99m red blood cells labeled in vivo and with technetium-99m human serum albumin. Technetium-99m red blood cells (Tc-RBC) labeled by an in vivo technique were compared with two preparations of Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA) for cardiac blood-pool imaging. Relative distribution of the tracers was analyzed on end-diastolic frames of gated blood-pool studies and on whole-body (head to mid-thigh) anterior pinhole images. The Tc-RBC demonstrated greater relative percentage localization in the cardiac blood pool, higher target-to-background ratios in the left ventricle, and less liver concentration. For cardiac blood-pool imaging, Tc-RBC labeled by the in vivo approach appears to be superior to the two Tc-HSA preparations studied.", "PMID": 660282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8798", "title": "Tc-99m human serum albumin: a suitable agent for plasma volume measurements in man.", "content": "In 16 patients we have carried out simultaneous plasma-volume measurements with human serum albumins tagged with Tc-99m (Tc-99m HSA) and I-131 (I-131 HSA). The correlation coefficient was 0.987. Tc-99m HSA, prepared from kits that predictably yield high labeling efficiency (and thereby negligible amounts of TCO4-), is clearly a superior agent for repeat plasma volume determinations, because of its shorter half-life and the reduced radiation dose to the subject.", "contents": "Tc-99m human serum albumin: a suitable agent for plasma volume measurements in man. In 16 patients we have carried out simultaneous plasma-volume measurements with human serum albumins tagged with Tc-99m (Tc-99m HSA) and I-131 (I-131 HSA). The correlation coefficient was 0.987. Tc-99m HSA, prepared from kits that predictably yield high labeling efficiency (and thereby negligible amounts of TCO4-), is clearly a superior agent for repeat plasma volume determinations, because of its shorter half-life and the reduced radiation dose to the subject.", "PMID": 660283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8799", "title": "Technetium-labeled heparin: preliminary report of a new radiopharmaceutical with potential for imaging damaged coronary arteries and myocardium.", "content": "Heparin has been labeled with [99mTc] pertechnetate and its ability to image damaged coronary vessels and myocardium during and following myocardial ischemia has been studied in experimental animals. The data obtained indicate that Tc-99m heparin localizes in damaged myocardium and coronary vessels in canine models of temporary myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and in damaged myocardium during fixed coronary occlusion. Scintigraphic detection of damaged myocardium was possible in both models, but the highest levels of Tc-99m heparin in damaged myocardial tissue were found in those dogs with temporary coronary occlusion and reflow. The data suggest that Tc-99m heparin may be of value as a positive imaging agent when coronary arteries or myocardium are injured and either reperfusion is allowed and/or significant blood flow persists in the damaged area.", "contents": "Technetium-labeled heparin: preliminary report of a new radiopharmaceutical with potential for imaging damaged coronary arteries and myocardium. Heparin has been labeled with [99mTc] pertechnetate and its ability to image damaged coronary vessels and myocardium during and following myocardial ischemia has been studied in experimental animals. The data obtained indicate that Tc-99m heparin localizes in damaged myocardium and coronary vessels in canine models of temporary myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and in damaged myocardium during fixed coronary occlusion. Scintigraphic detection of damaged myocardium was possible in both models, but the highest levels of Tc-99m heparin in damaged myocardial tissue were found in those dogs with temporary coronary occlusion and reflow. The data suggest that Tc-99m heparin may be of value as a positive imaging agent when coronary arteries or myocardium are injured and either reperfusion is allowed and/or significant blood flow persists in the damaged area.", "PMID": 660285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8800", "title": "Chemical and biological characterization of different Tc complexes of cysteine and cysteine derivatives.", "content": "The labeling of cysteine and its derivatives (penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine ethyl ester) with 99Tc (99mTc) was studied as a model for the radiopharmaceutical preparation of Tc-99m mercaptide complexes. After the use of TcO4-, TcOCl52-, and TcBr62- as labeling agents for the Tc oxidation states VII, V, and IV, respectively, complexes of Tc(V) and Tc(IV) were prepared and characterized. The biologic behavior of these complexes was studied in rats. The substitutions in cysteine are responsible for substantial changes of net charge and lipophilicity in the Tc complexes, and the consequences on the excretion patterns in Wistar rats are discussed.", "contents": "Chemical and biological characterization of different Tc complexes of cysteine and cysteine derivatives. The labeling of cysteine and its derivatives (penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine ethyl ester) with 99Tc (99mTc) was studied as a model for the radiopharmaceutical preparation of Tc-99m mercaptide complexes. After the use of TcO4-, TcOCl52-, and TcBr62- as labeling agents for the Tc oxidation states VII, V, and IV, respectively, complexes of Tc(V) and Tc(IV) were prepared and characterized. The biologic behavior of these complexes was studied in rats. The substitutions in cysteine are responsible for substantial changes of net charge and lipophilicity in the Tc complexes, and the consequences on the excretion patterns in Wistar rats are discussed.", "PMID": 660286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8801", "title": "A new approach to the smoothing of dynamic nuclear medicine data: concise communication.", "content": "A weighted three-dimensional digital filter that smooths data in both space and time has been developed for use with dynamic nuclear medicine studies. This smoothing algorithm allows a large improvement in signal-to-noise ratio without unacceptable degradation of spatial and temporal resolution. The initial results of using this smoothing algorithm suggests that it is superior to a standard nine-point smoothing function used on dynamic data. This is particularly encouraging since the parameters of the digital filter have not been optimized. The quality of the processed digital images is at least equivalent to that of analog images, and the digital images may be of more diagnostic value. The new algorithm also appears useful in preparing dynamic dynamic data for other manipulations such as the creation of parametric images or the extraction of quantitative measurements.", "contents": "A new approach to the smoothing of dynamic nuclear medicine data: concise communication. A weighted three-dimensional digital filter that smooths data in both space and time has been developed for use with dynamic nuclear medicine studies. This smoothing algorithm allows a large improvement in signal-to-noise ratio without unacceptable degradation of spatial and temporal resolution. The initial results of using this smoothing algorithm suggests that it is superior to a standard nine-point smoothing function used on dynamic data. This is particularly encouraging since the parameters of the digital filter have not been optimized. The quality of the processed digital images is at least equivalent to that of analog images, and the digital images may be of more diagnostic value. The new algorithm also appears useful in preparing dynamic dynamic data for other manipulations such as the creation of parametric images or the extraction of quantitative measurements.", "PMID": 660288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8802", "title": "Bone scan in dental diseases.", "content": "Bone images of the jaws and related dental structures were obtained in 25 patients undergoing skeletal surveys. The upper and lower jaws were divided into eight quadrants to facilitate comparisons between scintigraphic image findings and the results of dental examination. Fourteen of these 25 patients had at least one jaw quadrant with a positive image. The areas of positive uptake correlated well with dental examination findings, which included healing extraction sites and common dental diseases, such as pulpal and periodontal infections and irritations from ill-fitting dentures. The potential usefulness of bone imaging as an adjunct in dental diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Bone scan in dental diseases. Bone images of the jaws and related dental structures were obtained in 25 patients undergoing skeletal surveys. The upper and lower jaws were divided into eight quadrants to facilitate comparisons between scintigraphic image findings and the results of dental examination. Fourteen of these 25 patients had at least one jaw quadrant with a positive image. The areas of positive uptake correlated well with dental examination findings, which included healing extraction sites and common dental diseases, such as pulpal and periodontal infections and irritations from ill-fitting dentures. The potential usefulness of bone imaging as an adjunct in dental diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 660289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8803", "title": "Iodine heterocycles: [125I] and [131I] ortho-iodosophenylphosphoric acid.", "content": "Since organic molecules tagged with radioiodine are often subject to dehalogenation, techniques are needed for \"protecting\" the iodine. A suggested approach was the incorporation of iodine directly into a heterocyclic compound as one of the ring's heteroatoms. Such a compound, orthoiodosophenylphosphoric acid, was synthesized with I-125 and I-131. Upon i.v. administration to dogs and rabbits, most of the radiolabel was excreted in the urine. There was no evidence of the appearance of free iodide. The renal elimination of orthoiodosophenylphosphoric acid was contrasted with the biliary excretion of another iodine heterocycle, diphenyleneiodonium. Iodine heterocycles, with appropriate substituents, may represent a useful class of compounds for biologic studies.", "contents": "Iodine heterocycles: [125I] and [131I] ortho-iodosophenylphosphoric acid. Since organic molecules tagged with radioiodine are often subject to dehalogenation, techniques are needed for \"protecting\" the iodine. A suggested approach was the incorporation of iodine directly into a heterocyclic compound as one of the ring's heteroatoms. Such a compound, orthoiodosophenylphosphoric acid, was synthesized with I-125 and I-131. Upon i.v. administration to dogs and rabbits, most of the radiolabel was excreted in the urine. There was no evidence of the appearance of free iodide. The renal elimination of orthoiodosophenylphosphoric acid was contrasted with the biliary excretion of another iodine heterocycle, diphenyleneiodonium. Iodine heterocycles, with appropriate substituents, may represent a useful class of compounds for biologic studies.", "PMID": 660290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8804", "title": "Cassette videotape recording of computer images.", "content": "Direct videotape recording of images from computer display terminals is often not possible because of the nonstandard outputs of these systems. A video-sync mixer is described that permits black-and-white recording on standard 3/4-in. videotape cassettes.", "contents": "Cassette videotape recording of computer images. Direct videotape recording of images from computer display terminals is often not possible because of the nonstandard outputs of these systems. A video-sync mixer is described that permits black-and-white recording on standard 3/4-in. videotape cassettes.", "PMID": 660291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8805", "title": "Semi-automated T3 uptake test that uses magnetic albumin microparticles.", "content": "We describe a T3 uptake test that uses magnetic albumin microparticles to separate free from bound [125I] T3. The test uses 0.1 ml serum in a total assay volume of 1.1 ml, and is performed in barbital buffer of pH 7.6, ionic strength 0.2. The accuracy of the test is not affected by the following ranges: volume, 1-3 ml; incubation time, 15-120 min; and incubation temperature, 4-35 degrees C. We describe a magnetic separator device that allows simultaneous handling of 100 assay tubes with minimum manipulation. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variance were 2.87% and 5.20%, respectively.", "contents": "Semi-automated T3 uptake test that uses magnetic albumin microparticles. We describe a T3 uptake test that uses magnetic albumin microparticles to separate free from bound [125I] T3. The test uses 0.1 ml serum in a total assay volume of 1.1 ml, and is performed in barbital buffer of pH 7.6, ionic strength 0.2. The accuracy of the test is not affected by the following ranges: volume, 1-3 ml; incubation time, 15-120 min; and incubation temperature, 4-35 degrees C. We describe a magnetic separator device that allows simultaneous handling of 100 assay tubes with minimum manipulation. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variance were 2.87% and 5.20%, respectively.", "PMID": 660292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8806", "title": "Factors affecting methionine toxicity and its alleviation in the chick.", "content": "Young male crossbred chicks were fed crystalline amino acid diets containing excess L-methionine or DL-homocysteine to evaluate factors causing methionine toxicity. Chicks were fed diets containing graded levels of excess methionine from 0% to 2.0%. Rate of gain was reduced at all levels of excess methionine, but the magnitude of depression was greater between 1% and 2% than between 0% and 1% excess methionine. Methionine accumulated in plasma of birds fed excess methionine, but plasma levels of homocysteine, cystathionine and cystine remained essentially unchanged. Spleen iron levels increased linearly and blood hemoglobin decreased linearly when chicks were fed diets containing greater than 1% excess methionine, a level equivalent to about 3 times the chicks' requirement. Chicks fed 1.36% homocysteine had reduced gain and gain:feed values, but spleen iron and hemoglobin levels were unchanged. 3-Methylthiopropionate, a possible metabolite in a proposed alternate pathway, caused a precipitous increase in spleen iron levels. Various methyl sources (betaine, choline, methyl acetate) when fed in excess failed to increase spleen iron levels. Methyl mercaptan and methyl mercaptoacetate likewise did not result in an increase in spleen iron deposition. Both the hemosiderosis condition and the reduced food utilization caused by excess methionine were reversed by supplemental glycine plus threonine.", "contents": "Factors affecting methionine toxicity and its alleviation in the chick. Young male crossbred chicks were fed crystalline amino acid diets containing excess L-methionine or DL-homocysteine to evaluate factors causing methionine toxicity. Chicks were fed diets containing graded levels of excess methionine from 0% to 2.0%. Rate of gain was reduced at all levels of excess methionine, but the magnitude of depression was greater between 1% and 2% than between 0% and 1% excess methionine. Methionine accumulated in plasma of birds fed excess methionine, but plasma levels of homocysteine, cystathionine and cystine remained essentially unchanged. Spleen iron levels increased linearly and blood hemoglobin decreased linearly when chicks were fed diets containing greater than 1% excess methionine, a level equivalent to about 3 times the chicks' requirement. Chicks fed 1.36% homocysteine had reduced gain and gain:feed values, but spleen iron and hemoglobin levels were unchanged. 3-Methylthiopropionate, a possible metabolite in a proposed alternate pathway, caused a precipitous increase in spleen iron levels. Various methyl sources (betaine, choline, methyl acetate) when fed in excess failed to increase spleen iron levels. Methyl mercaptan and methyl mercaptoacetate likewise did not result in an increase in spleen iron deposition. Both the hemosiderosis condition and the reduced food utilization caused by excess methionine were reversed by supplemental glycine plus threonine.", "PMID": 660299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8807", "title": "Circadian rhythms of urea formation and argininosuccinate synthetase activity in rat liver.", "content": "The circadian rhythms of the urea concentrations in urine, serum, and liver and their generation mechanism were investigated. When rats were allowed to eat freely, the urea concentration and the total urea content of the urine were higher during the night than during the day-time. Consistent with these findings, the urea concentrations in the liver and serum had circadian rhythms with the highest values at 0200 hours and the lowest values at 1400 hours. The amplitude of the rhythm increased with increase in the dietary protein (casein) content. Of the five urea cycle enzymes in the liver, only argininosuccinate synthetase showed fluctuation in activity, and this had the same pattern as the circadian rhythms of urea concentrations. These findings suggest that the circadian rhythm of argininosuccinate synthetase in the liver might be directly responsible for the rhythms of change in urea concentrations in the liver, blood and urine. The circadian increase in enzyme activity was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not by actinomycin D.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of urea formation and argininosuccinate synthetase activity in rat liver. The circadian rhythms of the urea concentrations in urine, serum, and liver and their generation mechanism were investigated. When rats were allowed to eat freely, the urea concentration and the total urea content of the urine were higher during the night than during the day-time. Consistent with these findings, the urea concentrations in the liver and serum had circadian rhythms with the highest values at 0200 hours and the lowest values at 1400 hours. The amplitude of the rhythm increased with increase in the dietary protein (casein) content. Of the five urea cycle enzymes in the liver, only argininosuccinate synthetase showed fluctuation in activity, and this had the same pattern as the circadian rhythms of urea concentrations. These findings suggest that the circadian rhythm of argininosuccinate synthetase in the liver might be directly responsible for the rhythms of change in urea concentrations in the liver, blood and urine. The circadian increase in enzyme activity was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not by actinomycin D.", "PMID": 660300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8808", "title": "Effect of dietary amino acids on jejunal sucrase and leucineaminopeptidase activities in rats.", "content": "The effect of dietary amino acids on jejunal sucrase (EC 3.2.1.26) and leucineaminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1, LAPase) activities in rats was studied. Rats were force-fed a 10% complete amino acid diet or valine-free diet. The sucrase and LAPase activities in rats force-fed the valine-free diet for 2 days were significantly lower than those in rats force-fed the complete amino acid diet, although the specific activities of these enzymes in the isolated brush border fragment were 10 times higher than those in the mucosa, and most of the activities of these enzymes in the mucosa were localized in the isolated brush border fragment. Results of experiments undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary amino acids during the initial period after the dietary alteration on the sucrase and LAPase activities showed that decreases in the activities of these enzymes in rats force-fed the valine-free diet appeared by 26 hours after the first feed administration; whereas, incorporation of dietary 14C-amino acids administered in the first feed administration into the mucosal protein was significantly lower in rats receiving the valine-free diet than in rats receiving the complete amino acid diet by 7 hours following the first feed administration. These results suggest that decreases in availability of dietary amino acids in the valine-free diet for protein formation in the small intestinal mucosa during the initial period caused the decreases in the sucrase and LAPase activities localized in the brush border membrane.", "contents": "Effect of dietary amino acids on jejunal sucrase and leucineaminopeptidase activities in rats. The effect of dietary amino acids on jejunal sucrase (EC 3.2.1.26) and leucineaminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1, LAPase) activities in rats was studied. Rats were force-fed a 10% complete amino acid diet or valine-free diet. The sucrase and LAPase activities in rats force-fed the valine-free diet for 2 days were significantly lower than those in rats force-fed the complete amino acid diet, although the specific activities of these enzymes in the isolated brush border fragment were 10 times higher than those in the mucosa, and most of the activities of these enzymes in the mucosa were localized in the isolated brush border fragment. Results of experiments undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary amino acids during the initial period after the dietary alteration on the sucrase and LAPase activities showed that decreases in the activities of these enzymes in rats force-fed the valine-free diet appeared by 26 hours after the first feed administration; whereas, incorporation of dietary 14C-amino acids administered in the first feed administration into the mucosal protein was significantly lower in rats receiving the valine-free diet than in rats receiving the complete amino acid diet by 7 hours following the first feed administration. These results suggest that decreases in availability of dietary amino acids in the valine-free diet for protein formation in the small intestinal mucosa during the initial period caused the decreases in the sucrase and LAPase activities localized in the brush border membrane.", "PMID": 660302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8809", "title": "The toxic level of sodium selenite in the diet of laying chickens.", "content": "Female chickens were fed graded levels of sodium selenite to determine at what level a selenium toxicity occurred. In the first experiment a basal diet was supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 ppm of selenium. These levels had no effect on egg production, egg weight or fertility of the eggs. Hatchability of fertile eggs was significantly decreased by 5 ppm of dietary selenium. In the second experiment a basal diet was supplemented with 0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 ppm of selenium. Egg weight and hatchability were significantly decreased by 7 and 9 ppm, and egg production was decreased by 9 ppm of selenium in the diet. When selenite was added to the diet, there was a lag of 2 to 3 weeks before the selenium content of the egg reflected the content of the diet. As long as the selenium content of the diet remained the same, egg selenium remained the same. When selenium was no longer supplemented, egg selenium content decreased. Two weeks after cessation of selenite supplementation, egg selenium was markedly reduced. Four weeks after cessation of selenite supplementation, egg selenium levels approached those of birds fed a basal diet continuously.", "contents": "The toxic level of sodium selenite in the diet of laying chickens. Female chickens were fed graded levels of sodium selenite to determine at what level a selenium toxicity occurred. In the first experiment a basal diet was supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 ppm of selenium. These levels had no effect on egg production, egg weight or fertility of the eggs. Hatchability of fertile eggs was significantly decreased by 5 ppm of dietary selenium. In the second experiment a basal diet was supplemented with 0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 ppm of selenium. Egg weight and hatchability were significantly decreased by 7 and 9 ppm, and egg production was decreased by 9 ppm of selenium in the diet. When selenite was added to the diet, there was a lag of 2 to 3 weeks before the selenium content of the egg reflected the content of the diet. As long as the selenium content of the diet remained the same, egg selenium remained the same. When selenium was no longer supplemented, egg selenium content decreased. Two weeks after cessation of selenite supplementation, egg selenium was markedly reduced. Four weeks after cessation of selenite supplementation, egg selenium levels approached those of birds fed a basal diet continuously.", "PMID": 660303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8810", "title": "Influence of a liquid diet and meal pattern on body weight and body fat in rats.", "content": "Rats weighing 110 to 150 g or 250 g initially were utilized in five experiments to determine the effect of the form of the diet (dry versus liquid) and the pattern of feeding (meal-feeding, force-feeding, nibbling, or ad libitum) on body weight gain and on body fat. A high-carbohydrate, 20% casein or 20% lactalbumin diet was fed for 4 to 8 weeks. Consumption of a diet mixed with an equal weight of water increased weight gain in one of three experiments. Body fat content of the rats was not influenced by addition of water to the diet. Neither force-feeding nor meal-feeding influenced body fat gain provided the respective control rats were pair-fed during the initial adaptation period. Likewise, when rats were pair force-fed to ad libitum fed rats without an initial adaptation meal frequency did not influence body fat gain. When meal-fed rats were switched to ad libitum intake their food intake increased to equal that of rats which had been continuously fed ad libitum; however, the rats which had been switched gained more body fat than did rats continuously fed ad libitum. These results suggest that meal frequency may have a minimal influence on body fat accumulation, but that a shift to a higher level of food intake may cause an increased food efficiency and greater rate of fat deposition than in rats continuously fed the higher level of intake.", "contents": "Influence of a liquid diet and meal pattern on body weight and body fat in rats. Rats weighing 110 to 150 g or 250 g initially were utilized in five experiments to determine the effect of the form of the diet (dry versus liquid) and the pattern of feeding (meal-feeding, force-feeding, nibbling, or ad libitum) on body weight gain and on body fat. A high-carbohydrate, 20% casein or 20% lactalbumin diet was fed for 4 to 8 weeks. Consumption of a diet mixed with an equal weight of water increased weight gain in one of three experiments. Body fat content of the rats was not influenced by addition of water to the diet. Neither force-feeding nor meal-feeding influenced body fat gain provided the respective control rats were pair-fed during the initial adaptation period. Likewise, when rats were pair force-fed to ad libitum fed rats without an initial adaptation meal frequency did not influence body fat gain. When meal-fed rats were switched to ad libitum intake their food intake increased to equal that of rats which had been continuously fed ad libitum; however, the rats which had been switched gained more body fat than did rats continuously fed ad libitum. These results suggest that meal frequency may have a minimal influence on body fat accumulation, but that a shift to a higher level of food intake may cause an increased food efficiency and greater rate of fat deposition than in rats continuously fed the higher level of intake.", "PMID": 660304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8811", "title": "Pathology of the vitamin C deficiency syndrome in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).", "content": "Channel catfish fingerlings fed purified diets devoid of vitamin C showed reduced growth rate, deformed spinal columns, external and internal hemorrhages, erosion of fins, dark skin color and reduced bone collagen content after 8 to 12 weeks, whereas fish fed a diet containing 30 mg/kg of vitamin C had none of these anomalies after 22 weeks. A dietary level of 30 mg of vitamin C per kg was insufficient to prevent distortion of gill filament cartilage, although 60 mg of vitamin C per kg was sufficient. Vertebral collagen percentages of 25 or below and liver ascorbic acid levels of 30 microgram/g or below appeared to be indicative of vitamin C deficiency in channel catfish fingerlings. Epidermis and dermis were almost completely healed and extensive collagen fiber formation had commenced in the somatic muscle, in experimentally inflicted wounds after 10 days in fish fed the vitamin C-free diet. Skin and muscle at the wound site were almost regenerated to normal after 10 days in fish fed 60 mg of vitamin C per kg of diet.", "contents": "Pathology of the vitamin C deficiency syndrome in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Channel catfish fingerlings fed purified diets devoid of vitamin C showed reduced growth rate, deformed spinal columns, external and internal hemorrhages, erosion of fins, dark skin color and reduced bone collagen content after 8 to 12 weeks, whereas fish fed a diet containing 30 mg/kg of vitamin C had none of these anomalies after 22 weeks. A dietary level of 30 mg of vitamin C per kg was insufficient to prevent distortion of gill filament cartilage, although 60 mg of vitamin C per kg was sufficient. Vertebral collagen percentages of 25 or below and liver ascorbic acid levels of 30 microgram/g or below appeared to be indicative of vitamin C deficiency in channel catfish fingerlings. Epidermis and dermis were almost completely healed and extensive collagen fiber formation had commenced in the somatic muscle, in experimentally inflicted wounds after 10 days in fish fed the vitamin C-free diet. Skin and muscle at the wound site were almost regenerated to normal after 10 days in fish fed 60 mg of vitamin C per kg of diet.", "PMID": 660305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8812", "title": "Body collagen nitrogen in protein-deficient adult rats.", "content": "Four groups of 10 young adult male rats of the Wistar strain were fed on a protein-free diet ad libitium for periods of 7, 28, 56, and 84 days. Control groups were fed a purified 20% casein diet. Food intake and body weights of rats were measured. Hemoglobin and plasma protein levels, weight, total nitrogen, and collagen nitrogen of skin, carcass, muscle, and liver were determined. Protein-deficient rats lost body weight and had low plasma protein concentrations, but hemoglobin levels remained normal until day 56 of deficiency. The liver lost weight and nitrogen more rapidly than the other organs; the severity of nitrogen depletion in the organs increased with time fed the protein-deficient diet. When protein deficiency was severe, collagen nitrogen concentration increased in organs and carcass. This was not due to an actual increase of collagen nitrogen content; comparisons among malnourished groups showed that the total amount of collagen nitrogen in carcass, liver, and muscle was maintained and that the amount in skin diminished as periods of protein deprivation increased. In control rats, results indicated that the amount of collagen nitrogen in skin, muscle, and carcass increased during growth. These results indicate that protein restriction in adult rats affects collagen metabolism, with skin collagen being more markedly affected than that of other tissues.", "contents": "Body collagen nitrogen in protein-deficient adult rats. Four groups of 10 young adult male rats of the Wistar strain were fed on a protein-free diet ad libitium for periods of 7, 28, 56, and 84 days. Control groups were fed a purified 20% casein diet. Food intake and body weights of rats were measured. Hemoglobin and plasma protein levels, weight, total nitrogen, and collagen nitrogen of skin, carcass, muscle, and liver were determined. Protein-deficient rats lost body weight and had low plasma protein concentrations, but hemoglobin levels remained normal until day 56 of deficiency. The liver lost weight and nitrogen more rapidly than the other organs; the severity of nitrogen depletion in the organs increased with time fed the protein-deficient diet. When protein deficiency was severe, collagen nitrogen concentration increased in organs and carcass. This was not due to an actual increase of collagen nitrogen content; comparisons among malnourished groups showed that the total amount of collagen nitrogen in carcass, liver, and muscle was maintained and that the amount in skin diminished as periods of protein deprivation increased. In control rats, results indicated that the amount of collagen nitrogen in skin, muscle, and carcass increased during growth. These results indicate that protein restriction in adult rats affects collagen metabolism, with skin collagen being more markedly affected than that of other tissues.", "PMID": 660306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8813", "title": "Oxalic acid metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Feeding experiments indicated that approximately 15% of dietary oxalate is adsorbed in the rat intestine and that dietary oxalate accounts for about one third of the oxalic acid normally excreted in rat urine. Oxalate excretion increased by about 40% when a low calcium diet was fed, decreased by 65% when a low protein diet was fed and increased by 100% when a high protein diet was fed. Fasting for 24 hours resulted in a fall in calcium excretion but phosphate and creatinine excretion increased. Oxalate excretion also tended to increase. Between 60% and 70% of activity was recovered in the urine, faeces and body tissues after 14C-oxalic acid had been administered intraperitoneally. Recoveries of 14C-labeled compounds as urinary 14C-oxalic acid decreased in the following order: glyoxylic acid greater than ascorbic acid greater than citric acid greater than glycollic acid greater than tryptophan greater than hydroxyproline greater than glycine. It is suggested that conversion of citrate to oxalate in the rat may occur via the \"glyoxylate cycle.\" It is concluded that a higher proportion of dietary oxalate is absorbed in the rat intestine compared with man, and that dietary oxalate accounts for a higher proportion of urinary oxalate in the rat than in man. Intestinal secretion and bacterial degradation of oxalate also appear to be proportionately greater in the rat than in man.", "contents": "Oxalic acid metabolism in the rat. Feeding experiments indicated that approximately 15% of dietary oxalate is adsorbed in the rat intestine and that dietary oxalate accounts for about one third of the oxalic acid normally excreted in rat urine. Oxalate excretion increased by about 40% when a low calcium diet was fed, decreased by 65% when a low protein diet was fed and increased by 100% when a high protein diet was fed. Fasting for 24 hours resulted in a fall in calcium excretion but phosphate and creatinine excretion increased. Oxalate excretion also tended to increase. Between 60% and 70% of activity was recovered in the urine, faeces and body tissues after 14C-oxalic acid had been administered intraperitoneally. Recoveries of 14C-labeled compounds as urinary 14C-oxalic acid decreased in the following order: glyoxylic acid greater than ascorbic acid greater than citric acid greater than glycollic acid greater than tryptophan greater than hydroxyproline greater than glycine. It is suggested that conversion of citrate to oxalate in the rat may occur via the \"glyoxylate cycle.\" It is concluded that a higher proportion of dietary oxalate is absorbed in the rat intestine compared with man, and that dietary oxalate accounts for a higher proportion of urinary oxalate in the rat than in man. Intestinal secretion and bacterial degradation of oxalate also appear to be proportionately greater in the rat than in man.", "PMID": 660307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8814", "title": "Dietary fat and cholesterol metabolism in adult rats undergoing rapid tissue repletion.", "content": "An experimental model in which adult rats underwent rapid rates of tissue repletion after dietary restriction served to explore the influence of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism. Adult rats severely restricted in protein and energy were refed either 8 or 24 hours per day for 10 days. Refeeding diets contained approximately 0% or 20% fat by weight as safflower oil or beef tallow and 4% or 17% protein on an energy basis. Concentration or source of dietary fat did not significantly influence either serum or hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Inclusion of dietary fat increased incorporation of 3H-acetate into digitonin precipitable sterols although type of fat did not influence this parameter. Specific activities of serum and hepatic cholesterol were identical for rats fed with diets containing safflower oil and beef tallow, but an elevation in acidic 14C-steroid excretion per g diet consumed occurred with safflower oil as compared with beef tallow. The data suggest that, in the absence of exogenous cholesterol, high levels of polyunsaturated fat may influence cholesterol metabolism primarily by increasing synthesis and excretion of bile acids.", "contents": "Dietary fat and cholesterol metabolism in adult rats undergoing rapid tissue repletion. An experimental model in which adult rats underwent rapid rates of tissue repletion after dietary restriction served to explore the influence of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism. Adult rats severely restricted in protein and energy were refed either 8 or 24 hours per day for 10 days. Refeeding diets contained approximately 0% or 20% fat by weight as safflower oil or beef tallow and 4% or 17% protein on an energy basis. Concentration or source of dietary fat did not significantly influence either serum or hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Inclusion of dietary fat increased incorporation of 3H-acetate into digitonin precipitable sterols although type of fat did not influence this parameter. Specific activities of serum and hepatic cholesterol were identical for rats fed with diets containing safflower oil and beef tallow, but an elevation in acidic 14C-steroid excretion per g diet consumed occurred with safflower oil as compared with beef tallow. The data suggest that, in the absence of exogenous cholesterol, high levels of polyunsaturated fat may influence cholesterol metabolism primarily by increasing synthesis and excretion of bile acids.", "PMID": 660309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8815", "title": "The branched-chain amino acid antagonism in chicks.", "content": "The effects of dietary supplements of branched-chain amino acids on growth, food consumption and metabolism in chicks were investigated. When an adequate diet contained 1.20, 1.60, 2.25, 3.75, or 5.00% leucine, increasing leucine content caused reduced food consumption and weight gains, coupled with impaired efficiency of food utilization. When the diet deficient in branched-chain amino acids contained 0.98, 1.46, 2.25, 3.75, or 5.00% leucine, increasing leucine resulted in increased food consumption and reduced efficiency of food utilization when levels of leucine up to 3.75% were fed. Excess leucine depressed plasma concentrations of isoleucine and valine. Excesses of isoleucine or valine caused smaller depressions of concentrations of the other two branched-chain amino acids. All these effects were seen during the first 8 days of experiment, after which they diminished or disappeared. Muscle branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT) (L-leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.6) activity was increased in chicks fed excess leucine but not in those fed excess isoleucine or valine. Hepatic alpha-ketoisocaproic dehydrogenase (KADH) (2-oxoisocaproate:lipoate oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.4.3) activity and muscle polyribosomal aggregation were unaffected by diet. When chicks were fed diets containing either 0.98 or 2.25% leucine, production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]isoleucine and [1-14C]valine was increased in chicks fed the higher level of leucine. The increase was small in both cases, representing approximately 2% of consumed isoleucine and valine. Increased production of 14CO2 was observed within 12 hours of feeding excess leucine; however, BCAT increased only after 2 to 4 days. No differences were seen in excreted 14C or in the relative distribution of 14C along the small intestine. We conclude that the chick is able to adapt in part to excesses of dietary leucine and that the branched-chain amino acid antagonism may involve increased catabolism of the limiting branched-chain amino acids.", "contents": "The branched-chain amino acid antagonism in chicks. The effects of dietary supplements of branched-chain amino acids on growth, food consumption and metabolism in chicks were investigated. When an adequate diet contained 1.20, 1.60, 2.25, 3.75, or 5.00% leucine, increasing leucine content caused reduced food consumption and weight gains, coupled with impaired efficiency of food utilization. When the diet deficient in branched-chain amino acids contained 0.98, 1.46, 2.25, 3.75, or 5.00% leucine, increasing leucine resulted in increased food consumption and reduced efficiency of food utilization when levels of leucine up to 3.75% were fed. Excess leucine depressed plasma concentrations of isoleucine and valine. Excesses of isoleucine or valine caused smaller depressions of concentrations of the other two branched-chain amino acids. All these effects were seen during the first 8 days of experiment, after which they diminished or disappeared. Muscle branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT) (L-leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.6) activity was increased in chicks fed excess leucine but not in those fed excess isoleucine or valine. Hepatic alpha-ketoisocaproic dehydrogenase (KADH) (2-oxoisocaproate:lipoate oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.4.3) activity and muscle polyribosomal aggregation were unaffected by diet. When chicks were fed diets containing either 0.98 or 2.25% leucine, production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]isoleucine and [1-14C]valine was increased in chicks fed the higher level of leucine. The increase was small in both cases, representing approximately 2% of consumed isoleucine and valine. Increased production of 14CO2 was observed within 12 hours of feeding excess leucine; however, BCAT increased only after 2 to 4 days. No differences were seen in excreted 14C or in the relative distribution of 14C along the small intestine. We conclude that the chick is able to adapt in part to excesses of dietary leucine and that the branched-chain amino acid antagonism may involve increased catabolism of the limiting branched-chain amino acids.", "PMID": 660310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8816", "title": "The neurotoxicity of valine deficiency in rats.", "content": "When valine, an essential amino acid, was withdrawn from the diet of weanling rats, the animals rapidly developed a unique pattern of neurological symptoms characterized by head retraction, staggering and aimless circling. At necropsy degenerative changes were most prominent in the neurons of the red nuclei, brain stem structures which modulate motor function. To explore the pathogenesis of the neurotoxicity associated with valine deficiency, we fed rats purified diets deficient in valine alone or in valine plus other branched chain and neutral amino acids, and we examined brain tissues by light microscopy. Motor disfunction and red nuclei damage occurred only in rats fed diets lacking valine alone and not in rats fed diets lacking all three branched chain amino acids. These results suggest that the neurotoxicity of valine deficiency results from amino acid imbalance rather than from lack of dietary valine per se.", "contents": "The neurotoxicity of valine deficiency in rats. When valine, an essential amino acid, was withdrawn from the diet of weanling rats, the animals rapidly developed a unique pattern of neurological symptoms characterized by head retraction, staggering and aimless circling. At necropsy degenerative changes were most prominent in the neurons of the red nuclei, brain stem structures which modulate motor function. To explore the pathogenesis of the neurotoxicity associated with valine deficiency, we fed rats purified diets deficient in valine alone or in valine plus other branched chain and neutral amino acids, and we examined brain tissues by light microscopy. Motor disfunction and red nuclei damage occurred only in rats fed diets lacking valine alone and not in rats fed diets lacking all three branched chain amino acids. These results suggest that the neurotoxicity of valine deficiency results from amino acid imbalance rather than from lack of dietary valine per se.", "PMID": 660312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8817", "title": "Vitamin B-6 activity for rats of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine bound to dietary protein.", "content": "The biological activity of protein bound epsilon-pyridoxyllysine residues in a phosphopyridoxyl-bovine serum albumin (PP-BSA) preparation was evaluated. Previous studies have demonstrated that pyridoxal phosphate may bind to food proteins as epsilon-pyridoxyllysine complexes during processing and storage. The present research, employing PP-BSA as a model, was initiated to determine the nutritional consequences of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine formation in foods. The concentration of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine residues in the PP-BSA was determined spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. Rat bioassay of the PP-BSA revealed that epsilon-pyridoxyllysine exhibited 60% activity relative to the molar potency of pyridoxine. These results suggest the partial release of bound vitamin B-6 possibly by in vivo enzymatic hydrolysis of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine. The presence of PP-BSA in a test diet containing 0.25 microgram added pyridoxine per g of diet inhibited the utilization of approximately half of the free pyridoxine by the rats. It is postulated that the observed inhibition resulted from an antivitamin B-6 effect of intact epsilon-pyridoxyllysine. This effect requires further investigation.", "contents": "Vitamin B-6 activity for rats of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine bound to dietary protein. The biological activity of protein bound epsilon-pyridoxyllysine residues in a phosphopyridoxyl-bovine serum albumin (PP-BSA) preparation was evaluated. Previous studies have demonstrated that pyridoxal phosphate may bind to food proteins as epsilon-pyridoxyllysine complexes during processing and storage. The present research, employing PP-BSA as a model, was initiated to determine the nutritional consequences of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine formation in foods. The concentration of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine residues in the PP-BSA was determined spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. Rat bioassay of the PP-BSA revealed that epsilon-pyridoxyllysine exhibited 60% activity relative to the molar potency of pyridoxine. These results suggest the partial release of bound vitamin B-6 possibly by in vivo enzymatic hydrolysis of epsilon-pyridoxyllysine. The presence of PP-BSA in a test diet containing 0.25 microgram added pyridoxine per g of diet inhibited the utilization of approximately half of the free pyridoxine by the rats. It is postulated that the observed inhibition resulted from an antivitamin B-6 effect of intact epsilon-pyridoxyllysine. This effect requires further investigation.", "PMID": 660311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8818", "title": "Effects of penicillamine on distribution of B6 vitamens in rat urine.", "content": "The antivitamin B6 effect of DL- and D-penicillamine has been studied in rats. A considerable elevation in the urinary excretion of vitamin B6 activity (pyridoxal and its thiazolidine derivative) has been shown as a parameter of B6 antagonism. Both DL- and D-pencillamine have been shown to have an antivitamin B6 effect in rats, although that induced by the DL-form is considerably greater, as would be expected from previous studies. We suggest that B6 supplementation should be included in any long term penicillamine therapy, regardless of the isomer that is employed.", "contents": "Effects of penicillamine on distribution of B6 vitamens in rat urine. The antivitamin B6 effect of DL- and D-penicillamine has been studied in rats. A considerable elevation in the urinary excretion of vitamin B6 activity (pyridoxal and its thiazolidine derivative) has been shown as a parameter of B6 antagonism. Both DL- and D-pencillamine have been shown to have an antivitamin B6 effect in rats, although that induced by the DL-form is considerably greater, as would be expected from previous studies. We suggest that B6 supplementation should be included in any long term penicillamine therapy, regardless of the isomer that is employed.", "PMID": 660314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8819", "title": "Role of lipids in stabilizing red cells in rats.", "content": "The causes of osmotic fragility of red cells were studied in rats. Osmotic fragility of red cells in vivo changed after removal of the spleen or induction of experimental splenomegaly by repeated intraperitoneal injections of methyl cellulose (MC): in splenectomized rats, the red cells showed reduced osmotic fragility and an increase in diameter as well as in contents of phospholipids and cholesterol. Conversely in rats with splenomegaly, the cells showed increased osmotic fragility and a decrease in diameter and in lipid contents. Results confirmed that increase in the phospholipid content resulted in decreased fragility and that increase in the cholesterol content brought about decreased spherocytosis. The activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in the plasma varied inversely with the cholesterol content of the red cells. The above results show that the fragility of red cells is influenced by their lipid content and shape, and that LCAT activity in the plasma influences the membrane content of cholesterol and spherocytosis.", "contents": "Role of lipids in stabilizing red cells in rats. The causes of osmotic fragility of red cells were studied in rats. Osmotic fragility of red cells in vivo changed after removal of the spleen or induction of experimental splenomegaly by repeated intraperitoneal injections of methyl cellulose (MC): in splenectomized rats, the red cells showed reduced osmotic fragility and an increase in diameter as well as in contents of phospholipids and cholesterol. Conversely in rats with splenomegaly, the cells showed increased osmotic fragility and a decrease in diameter and in lipid contents. Results confirmed that increase in the phospholipid content resulted in decreased fragility and that increase in the cholesterol content brought about decreased spherocytosis. The activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in the plasma varied inversely with the cholesterol content of the red cells. The above results show that the fragility of red cells is influenced by their lipid content and shape, and that LCAT activity in the plasma influences the membrane content of cholesterol and spherocytosis.", "PMID": 660315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8820", "title": "Effects of exogenous retinol and retinoic acid on the biosynthesis of 14C-mannose labelled glycolipids and glycoproteins in rat liver.", "content": "Studies were conducted to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of retinol and retinoic acid on the synthesis of mannolipids and mannopeptides in rat liver. The incorporation of 14C-mannose into glycolipids and glycoproteins showed a decrease in vitamin A-depleted rats as compared with vitamin A-fed rats. By means of DEAE-cellulose, silicic acid and thin-layer chromatography, the mannose-containing lipids were separated into mannosyl retinyl phosphate (MRP, Rf 0.2) and dolichyl mannosyl phosphate (DMP, Rf 0.4), respectively. A rapid increase in the synthesis of labelled MRP was observed, exhibiting a peak between 25 and 60 min after intraperitoneal administration of retinol to vitamin A-depleted rats. Similarly, administration of retinoic acid brought about elevation of 14C-mannolipid (Rf 0.2) synthesis with a peak at 60 min after injection. On the other hand, the incorporation of 14C-mannose into DMP (Rf 0.4) remained unchanged by such treatment. In vitro addition of retinyl phosphate, but not retinoyl phosphate, markedly stimulated the synthesis of 14C-mannolipid (Rf 0.2), using crude membrane of rat liver and GDP-14C-mannose as the donor. These findings strongly suggest that not only retinol but also retinoic acid plays an important biological role in mannosyl transfer reaction in rat liver. However, the molecular participation of a metabolite of retinoic acid in the formation of a mannolipid and the structure of such a metabolite remain to be established.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous retinol and retinoic acid on the biosynthesis of 14C-mannose labelled glycolipids and glycoproteins in rat liver. Studies were conducted to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of retinol and retinoic acid on the synthesis of mannolipids and mannopeptides in rat liver. The incorporation of 14C-mannose into glycolipids and glycoproteins showed a decrease in vitamin A-depleted rats as compared with vitamin A-fed rats. By means of DEAE-cellulose, silicic acid and thin-layer chromatography, the mannose-containing lipids were separated into mannosyl retinyl phosphate (MRP, Rf 0.2) and dolichyl mannosyl phosphate (DMP, Rf 0.4), respectively. A rapid increase in the synthesis of labelled MRP was observed, exhibiting a peak between 25 and 60 min after intraperitoneal administration of retinol to vitamin A-depleted rats. Similarly, administration of retinoic acid brought about elevation of 14C-mannolipid (Rf 0.2) synthesis with a peak at 60 min after injection. On the other hand, the incorporation of 14C-mannose into DMP (Rf 0.4) remained unchanged by such treatment. In vitro addition of retinyl phosphate, but not retinoyl phosphate, markedly stimulated the synthesis of 14C-mannolipid (Rf 0.2), using crude membrane of rat liver and GDP-14C-mannose as the donor. These findings strongly suggest that not only retinol but also retinoic acid plays an important biological role in mannosyl transfer reaction in rat liver. However, the molecular participation of a metabolite of retinoic acid in the formation of a mannolipid and the structure of such a metabolite remain to be established.", "PMID": 660316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8821", "title": "Light propagation in twisted anisotropic media: application to photoreceptors.", "content": "The propagation of light through a slowly twisting anisotropic medium is described by a coupled-mode theory; expressions are derived for the electric field for the case of a birefringent dichroic medium with a constant rate of twist. The method provides a simple and intuitive means for determing the effect of twisting on the linear birefringence and dichroic absorption of the medium, particularly when the light is initially linearly polarized. The theory is well suited to the analysis of light absorption in twisting insect photoreceptors, such as found in bees and ants. We provide full expressions and useful approximations for polarization sensitivity and the initial direction of polarization to give maximum absorption for several types of photoreceptors.", "contents": "Light propagation in twisted anisotropic media: application to photoreceptors. The propagation of light through a slowly twisting anisotropic medium is described by a coupled-mode theory; expressions are derived for the electric field for the case of a birefringent dichroic medium with a constant rate of twist. The method provides a simple and intuitive means for determing the effect of twisting on the linear birefringence and dichroic absorption of the medium, particularly when the light is initially linearly polarized. The theory is well suited to the analysis of light absorption in twisting insect photoreceptors, such as found in bees and ants. We provide full expressions and useful approximations for polarization sensitivity and the initial direction of polarization to give maximum absorption for several types of photoreceptors.", "PMID": 660317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8822", "title": "Effect of chromatic uncertainty on detectability of a visual stimulus.", "content": "The detectability of a brief color shift towards red or towards green of a foveally viewed yellow target is less by 25% if the observer is uncertain as to the direction of the color shift. This result matches a prediction of the theory of signal detectability: When signal parameters become uncertain, detectability declines.", "contents": "Effect of chromatic uncertainty on detectability of a visual stimulus. The detectability of a brief color shift towards red or towards green of a foveally viewed yellow target is less by 25% if the observer is uncertain as to the direction of the color shift. This result matches a prediction of the theory of signal detectability: When signal parameters become uncertain, detectability declines.", "PMID": 660318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8823", "title": "1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus in childhood.", "content": "The effectiveness of therapy with carbamazepine and clofibrate (oral therapy), intramuscular pitressin-in-oil, and intranasal 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin has been compared in 15 children with partial or complete central diabetes insipidus. Mean daily urine volume without therapy was 5.4 l and dropped to 1.1 and 1.6 l/day while receiving pitressin and DDAVP, respectively. Oral agents decreased the daily urine volume to 2.2 l in patients with partial DI, with good symptomatic control except for some nocturia. These agents had no effect in patients with complete DI and did not alter pitressin requirements. Duration of pitressin action was 24 to 36 hours with a significant incidence of hyponatremia. The duration of DDAVP effect was 8 to 20 hours, varying in individual patients. Children with partial DI required smaller doses of DDAVP and the duration of action was longer than in those with complete DI. Control of serum electrolytes was excellent using two doses per day and nocturia was eliminated. All patients who had received pitressin had growth hormone antibodies, but continued to grow normally unless there was pre-existing growth hormone deficiency. These antibodies gradually disappeared after approximately one year of therapy with oral agents or DDAVP. DDAVP did not alter growth hormone, cortisol, or prolactin levels during sleep. DDAVP is the antidiuretic therapy of choice in children with either complete or partial DI; to date, no side effects have been demonstrated.", "contents": "1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus in childhood. The effectiveness of therapy with carbamazepine and clofibrate (oral therapy), intramuscular pitressin-in-oil, and intranasal 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin has been compared in 15 children with partial or complete central diabetes insipidus. Mean daily urine volume without therapy was 5.4 l and dropped to 1.1 and 1.6 l/day while receiving pitressin and DDAVP, respectively. Oral agents decreased the daily urine volume to 2.2 l in patients with partial DI, with good symptomatic control except for some nocturia. These agents had no effect in patients with complete DI and did not alter pitressin requirements. Duration of pitressin action was 24 to 36 hours with a significant incidence of hyponatremia. The duration of DDAVP effect was 8 to 20 hours, varying in individual patients. Children with partial DI required smaller doses of DDAVP and the duration of action was longer than in those with complete DI. Control of serum electrolytes was excellent using two doses per day and nocturia was eliminated. All patients who had received pitressin had growth hormone antibodies, but continued to grow normally unless there was pre-existing growth hormone deficiency. These antibodies gradually disappeared after approximately one year of therapy with oral agents or DDAVP. DDAVP did not alter growth hormone, cortisol, or prolactin levels during sleep. DDAVP is the antidiuretic therapy of choice in children with either complete or partial DI; to date, no side effects have been demonstrated.", "PMID": 660339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8824", "title": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia during theophylline therapy in a premature infant.", "content": "An episode of supraventricular tachycardia occurred in an infant born at 31 weeks' gestation after three days of therapy with theophylline 3.5 mg/kg every six hours. The infant had a plasma theophylline half-life of 24.7 hours and a low plasma theophylline clearance of 12.7 ml/kg/hour. The plasma theophylline concentration at the time of the arrhythmia was about 42 mg/l. The extent of drug accumulation with these kinetic characteristics is emphasized. Serious adverse effects due to theophylline may occur with few signs of symptoms of impending toxicity. Plasma theophylline concentration measurements are valuable in avoiding such toxicity.", "contents": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia during theophylline therapy in a premature infant. An episode of supraventricular tachycardia occurred in an infant born at 31 weeks' gestation after three days of therapy with theophylline 3.5 mg/kg every six hours. The infant had a plasma theophylline half-life of 24.7 hours and a low plasma theophylline clearance of 12.7 ml/kg/hour. The plasma theophylline concentration at the time of the arrhythmia was about 42 mg/l. The extent of drug accumulation with these kinetic characteristics is emphasized. Serious adverse effects due to theophylline may occur with few signs of symptoms of impending toxicity. Plasma theophylline concentration measurements are valuable in avoiding such toxicity.", "PMID": 660340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8825", "title": "Hyperthermia as a possible teratogenic agent.", "content": "Hyperthermia has been shown to be a teratogenic agent in a number of animal species. We have attempted to determine if maternal hyperthermia during early gestation might also be responsible for problems in human development. Eight retrospectively ascertained cases, in which high fever had occurred at four to six weeks' gestation, revealed a similar clinical phenotype in the infants despite the fact that the maternal fever was caused by different infections. The most consistent manifestations were severe mental deficiency, seizures, hypotonia, microphthalmia, midface hypoplasia, and mild impairment of distal limb development. In five patients exposed to hyperthermia at seven to 16 weeks' gestation, predominant features were hypotonia, neurogenic arthrogryposis, and central nervous system dysgenesis. The cause of fever differed in each of these cases; in one, a patient with neurogenic arthrogryposis, the hyperthermia had been induced in a sauna bath. No apparent serious problem in morphogenesis was found following hyperthermia during the latter half of gestation. These findings are similar to those resulting from induced hyperthermia in animals. Further research on the effects of hyperthermia in the developing human being seems warranted.", "contents": "Hyperthermia as a possible teratogenic agent. Hyperthermia has been shown to be a teratogenic agent in a number of animal species. We have attempted to determine if maternal hyperthermia during early gestation might also be responsible for problems in human development. Eight retrospectively ascertained cases, in which high fever had occurred at four to six weeks' gestation, revealed a similar clinical phenotype in the infants despite the fact that the maternal fever was caused by different infections. The most consistent manifestations were severe mental deficiency, seizures, hypotonia, microphthalmia, midface hypoplasia, and mild impairment of distal limb development. In five patients exposed to hyperthermia at seven to 16 weeks' gestation, predominant features were hypotonia, neurogenic arthrogryposis, and central nervous system dysgenesis. The cause of fever differed in each of these cases; in one, a patient with neurogenic arthrogryposis, the hyperthermia had been induced in a sauna bath. No apparent serious problem in morphogenesis was found following hyperthermia during the latter half of gestation. These findings are similar to those resulting from induced hyperthermia in animals. Further research on the effects of hyperthermia in the developing human being seems warranted.", "PMID": 660352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8826", "title": "Demographic factors in the epidemiology of hemophilus influenzae meningitis in young children.", "content": "To determine the effect of various demographic factors on the incidence of Hemophilus influenzae, type b meningitis, Rhode Island residents with H. influenzae in 1970-1974 were identified by review of data from the State Department of Health, a private health care research organization, death certificates, and hospital bacteriology laboratories. Of the 108 cases of H. influenzae, 99 (92%) occurred in children under five years of age. The disease incidence among black children under five (103.6/100,000/annum) was significantly (P less than 0.0005) higher than that among white children (23.9/100,000/annum). By eliminating the 29 of 185 census tracts in which the total population was greater than 5% black, disease incidence was studied in a virtually monoracial population. In these white census tracts, in which the population was 99.2% white, the occurrence of H. influenzae was not related to family income, education, number of household members, population density, or rate of hospitalization. These findings confirm the increased incidence of H. influenzae in blacks and indicate that socioeconomic factors do not affect the incidence of the disease in white children.", "contents": "Demographic factors in the epidemiology of hemophilus influenzae meningitis in young children. To determine the effect of various demographic factors on the incidence of Hemophilus influenzae, type b meningitis, Rhode Island residents with H. influenzae in 1970-1974 were identified by review of data from the State Department of Health, a private health care research organization, death certificates, and hospital bacteriology laboratories. Of the 108 cases of H. influenzae, 99 (92%) occurred in children under five years of age. The disease incidence among black children under five (103.6/100,000/annum) was significantly (P less than 0.0005) higher than that among white children (23.9/100,000/annum). By eliminating the 29 of 185 census tracts in which the total population was greater than 5% black, disease incidence was studied in a virtually monoracial population. In these white census tracts, in which the population was 99.2% white, the occurrence of H. influenzae was not related to family income, education, number of household members, population density, or rate of hospitalization. These findings confirm the increased incidence of H. influenzae in blacks and indicate that socioeconomic factors do not affect the incidence of the disease in white children.", "PMID": 660353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8827", "title": "Brain biopsies for neurodegenerative disease in children.", "content": "Brain biopsies for neurodegenerative disease performed at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, over a 12-year period (1964 to 1976) were reviewed. Of 64 biopsies, major histologic abnormalities with diagnostic or prognostic significance comprised 39% of the total cases, minor abnormalities represented 13%, and 48% appeared normal. The procedure failed to provide prognostic assistance in 41%. With the advent for newer diagnostic techniques (enzyme assays and muscle, skin, peripheral nerve, rectal, and appendix biopsies) for neurodegenerative disease in childhood, a much lower yield is noted (15 to 20%). Only two progressive degenerative childhood conditions remain in which cerebral tissue is necessary for diagnosis--Alexander disease and Canavan spongy degeneration.", "contents": "Brain biopsies for neurodegenerative disease in children. Brain biopsies for neurodegenerative disease performed at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, over a 12-year period (1964 to 1976) were reviewed. Of 64 biopsies, major histologic abnormalities with diagnostic or prognostic significance comprised 39% of the total cases, minor abnormalities represented 13%, and 48% appeared normal. The procedure failed to provide prognostic assistance in 41%. With the advent for newer diagnostic techniques (enzyme assays and muscle, skin, peripheral nerve, rectal, and appendix biopsies) for neurodegenerative disease in childhood, a much lower yield is noted (15 to 20%). Only two progressive degenerative childhood conditions remain in which cerebral tissue is necessary for diagnosis--Alexander disease and Canavan spongy degeneration.", "PMID": 660354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8828", "title": "Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children: prevalence and metabolic characteristics.", "content": "A group of 273 children with minor complaints was screened for idiopathic hypercalciuria by measurement of the urine Ca/Cr. Borderline or definitely high levels were noted in 17 of these children, 11 of whom were boys. More intensive metabolic studies were completed on four of these children and on three children who were noted to have symptomatic renal stones associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria. These studies suggest that IH, well recognized in adults, may have its origins in childhood and that appropriate management, if initiated in childhood, may have significant long-term benefits.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children: prevalence and metabolic characteristics. A group of 273 children with minor complaints was screened for idiopathic hypercalciuria by measurement of the urine Ca/Cr. Borderline or definitely high levels were noted in 17 of these children, 11 of whom were boys. More intensive metabolic studies were completed on four of these children and on three children who were noted to have symptomatic renal stones associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria. These studies suggest that IH, well recognized in adults, may have its origins in childhood and that appropriate management, if initiated in childhood, may have significant long-term benefits.", "PMID": 660355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8829", "title": "Uric acid excretion in normal children.", "content": "Standard values were established for urinary excretion and clearance of uric acid in 95 normal, nonhospitalized children. We found that urinary uric acid excretion and serum uric values increase throughout childhood; that in early childhood, fractional excretion and clearance of uric acid are higher than adult norms; and that despite an increasing filtered load of uric acid, there is a progressive decrease in fractional excretion and clearance of uric acid with advancing age. Some tubular maturational change, either decreasing secretion or increasing reabsorption, must account for the progressive decline in fractional excretion and clearance of uric acid.", "contents": "Uric acid excretion in normal children. Standard values were established for urinary excretion and clearance of uric acid in 95 normal, nonhospitalized children. We found that urinary uric acid excretion and serum uric values increase throughout childhood; that in early childhood, fractional excretion and clearance of uric acid are higher than adult norms; and that despite an increasing filtered load of uric acid, there is a progressive decrease in fractional excretion and clearance of uric acid with advancing age. Some tubular maturational change, either decreasing secretion or increasing reabsorption, must account for the progressive decline in fractional excretion and clearance of uric acid.", "PMID": 660356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8830", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin interstitial nephritis. Roles of cellular and humoral immunologic injury.", "content": "A child with diphenylhydantoin hypersensitivity developed an associated interstitial nephritis. Circulating autoantibody of the IgG class which reacted with normal human tubular basement membrane was linearly deposited along host renal TBM. Cell-mediated immunity to the DPH antigen was also present. In addition, deposits of DPH were demonstrated along the renal TBM. It is suggested that initial alteration of host renal TBM by DPH deposition with secondary immune injury directed at the DPH-TBM antigen may have altered the TBM or uncovered new antigenic sites, rendering it susceptible to further injury on an autoimmune basis.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin interstitial nephritis. Roles of cellular and humoral immunologic injury. A child with diphenylhydantoin hypersensitivity developed an associated interstitial nephritis. Circulating autoantibody of the IgG class which reacted with normal human tubular basement membrane was linearly deposited along host renal TBM. Cell-mediated immunity to the DPH antigen was also present. In addition, deposits of DPH were demonstrated along the renal TBM. It is suggested that initial alteration of host renal TBM by DPH deposition with secondary immune injury directed at the DPH-TBM antigen may have altered the TBM or uncovered new antigenic sites, rendering it susceptible to further injury on an autoimmune basis.", "PMID": 660357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8831", "title": "Anemia in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis may have an anemia attributable to the chronic disease, to iron deficiency, or to a combination of the two. The contribution of iron deficiency is often difficult to determine by routine laboratory studies. We studied 51 patients with pauciarticular and polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with red blood cell counts, indices, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. Fifteen of the 18 who were anemic were restudied after a 3 to 6-month period of iron therapy. Thirteen of the 15 responded by these criteria: a rise in hemoglobin of 1.0 gm/dl or more and an increase in mean corpuscular volume of 3 fl or more; in 11 of these 13, hemoglobin values returned to the normal range for age. These findings indicate that iron deficiency can be a major component of the anemia that is commonly found in patients with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Anemia in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis may have an anemia attributable to the chronic disease, to iron deficiency, or to a combination of the two. The contribution of iron deficiency is often difficult to determine by routine laboratory studies. We studied 51 patients with pauciarticular and polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with red blood cell counts, indices, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. Fifteen of the 18 who were anemic were restudied after a 3 to 6-month period of iron therapy. Thirteen of the 15 responded by these criteria: a rise in hemoglobin of 1.0 gm/dl or more and an increase in mean corpuscular volume of 3 fl or more; in 11 of these 13, hemoglobin values returned to the normal range for age. These findings indicate that iron deficiency can be a major component of the anemia that is commonly found in patients with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 660358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8832", "title": "Sphygmomanometry in the pediatric patient.", "content": "The indirect measurement of blood pressure in the pediatric population is often difficult or impossible to perform and when values are obtained, they are often unreliable or inaccurate. An accurate measurement of arterial systolic pressure in the upper extremity is obtainable with a properly designed and sized occluding cuff and an ultrasonic device to detect the first Korotoff sound. For the detection of the first Korotkoff sound ultrasonic Doppler devices are superior to the stethoscope. When wider occluding cuffs than usual are applied to the upper extremity, the error of measurement is minimized. A method for accurately measuring end diastolic pressure has yet to be described despite assertions to the contrary.", "contents": "Sphygmomanometry in the pediatric patient. The indirect measurement of blood pressure in the pediatric population is often difficult or impossible to perform and when values are obtained, they are often unreliable or inaccurate. An accurate measurement of arterial systolic pressure in the upper extremity is obtainable with a properly designed and sized occluding cuff and an ultrasonic device to detect the first Korotoff sound. For the detection of the first Korotkoff sound ultrasonic Doppler devices are superior to the stethoscope. When wider occluding cuffs than usual are applied to the upper extremity, the error of measurement is minimized. A method for accurately measuring end diastolic pressure has yet to be described despite assertions to the contrary.", "PMID": 660359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8833", "title": "Pulmonary physiotherapy in neonates: physiologic changes and respiratory management.", "content": "To investigate physiologic alterations in respiratory function associated with chest physiotherapy, arterial blood gases, respiratory patterns, lung mechanics, and functional residual capacity were measured in 13 neonates (weights 1.25 to 3.20 kg) during the control period, after vibration of the chest and suctioning, after hyperventilation, and two hours after suctioning. Compared to control values, mean PO2decreased significantly after suctioning to 43 mm Hg and increased significantly after hyperventilation to 78 mm Hg. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory resistance and a trend toward decrease in expiratory resistance after suctioning, with return to control levels after hyperventilation. Respiratory rate increased significantly after suctioning. Functional residual capacity, dynamic lung compliance, and tidal volume, as well as PCO2 and base excess, were not changed appreciably throughout the protocol. Because of potentially severe hypoxemia, this study suggests that suctioning and hyperventilation are not warranted on a routine basis in infants recovering from respiratory diseases.", "contents": "Pulmonary physiotherapy in neonates: physiologic changes and respiratory management. To investigate physiologic alterations in respiratory function associated with chest physiotherapy, arterial blood gases, respiratory patterns, lung mechanics, and functional residual capacity were measured in 13 neonates (weights 1.25 to 3.20 kg) during the control period, after vibration of the chest and suctioning, after hyperventilation, and two hours after suctioning. Compared to control values, mean PO2decreased significantly after suctioning to 43 mm Hg and increased significantly after hyperventilation to 78 mm Hg. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory resistance and a trend toward decrease in expiratory resistance after suctioning, with return to control levels after hyperventilation. Respiratory rate increased significantly after suctioning. Functional residual capacity, dynamic lung compliance, and tidal volume, as well as PCO2 and base excess, were not changed appreciably throughout the protocol. Because of potentially severe hypoxemia, this study suggests that suctioning and hyperventilation are not warranted on a routine basis in infants recovering from respiratory diseases.", "PMID": 660372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8834", "title": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: possible relationship to pulmonary edema.", "content": "The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is controversial. Oxygen toxicity, mechanical trauma to the lung secondary to respirator therapy, and congestive heart failure with a left to right shunt through a patent ductus arteriosus have all been implicated. Our data suggest that in addition to these three conditions, all of which are edemagenic, infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia have a significantly greater mean fluid intake in the first five days of life when compared with infants with respiratory distress syndrome or patent ductus arteriosus alone. We suggest that the addition of a fluid load may potentiate the effects of other factors and increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants with respiratory distress syndrome who require respiratory support.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: possible relationship to pulmonary edema. The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is controversial. Oxygen toxicity, mechanical trauma to the lung secondary to respirator therapy, and congestive heart failure with a left to right shunt through a patent ductus arteriosus have all been implicated. Our data suggest that in addition to these three conditions, all of which are edemagenic, infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia have a significantly greater mean fluid intake in the first five days of life when compared with infants with respiratory distress syndrome or patent ductus arteriosus alone. We suggest that the addition of a fluid load may potentiate the effects of other factors and increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants with respiratory distress syndrome who require respiratory support.", "PMID": 660373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8835", "title": "Acute renal failure in newborn infants.", "content": "The clinical course and follow-up of 14 neonates who developed acute renal failure are reported. Renal failure in these patients was secondary to major perinatal disorders, e.g., hyaline membrane disease, pneumonia, hemorrhage, or sepsis. Thirteen patients had hypoxia and nine were in shock when renal failure developed. Five patients died during the acute stage of renal failure. Of nine survivors, five patients sustained residual renal damage.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in newborn infants. The clinical course and follow-up of 14 neonates who developed acute renal failure are reported. Renal failure in these patients was secondary to major perinatal disorders, e.g., hyaline membrane disease, pneumonia, hemorrhage, or sepsis. Thirteen patients had hypoxia and nine were in shock when renal failure developed. Five patients died during the acute stage of renal failure. Of nine survivors, five patients sustained residual renal damage.", "PMID": 660374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8836", "title": "Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block--a painless procedure.", "content": "Circumcision is the only surgical procedure, excluding cord-clamping and cutting, which is routinely performed on normal, healthy newborn infants, usually during the first two or three days of life. Apparently no analgesic technique has been described nor suggested in association with neonatal circumcision. This is the first description of a technique of penile dorsal nerve block in neonatal circumcision. In 52 instances using 0.5 ml of 1% lidocaine (Xylocaine) and a 1.2 cm number 27 gauge needle PDNB was successfully and safely introduced with consistent elimination of pain, rendering NC a painless surgical procedure.", "contents": "Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block--a painless procedure. Circumcision is the only surgical procedure, excluding cord-clamping and cutting, which is routinely performed on normal, healthy newborn infants, usually during the first two or three days of life. Apparently no analgesic technique has been described nor suggested in association with neonatal circumcision. This is the first description of a technique of penile dorsal nerve block in neonatal circumcision. In 52 instances using 0.5 ml of 1% lidocaine (Xylocaine) and a 1.2 cm number 27 gauge needle PDNB was successfully and safely introduced with consistent elimination of pain, rendering NC a painless surgical procedure.", "PMID": 660375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8837", "title": "Trematodes of marine fishes from South Australia. I. Paraneocreadium australiense gen. et sp. n. (Lepocreadiidae).", "content": "Paraneocreadium australiense gen. et sp. n. (Lepocreadiidae) is described from Psilocranium nigricans (Richardson) from the Aldinga Reef of South Australia. Paraneocreadium is most similar to Neocreadium Howell 1966 from Geniagnus in New Zealand and Neolepocreadium Thomas 1960 from Trachinotus in Ghana. It differs from both genera in being ovoid rather than elongate, in having a coiled rather than saccate internal seminal vesicle, and having no viteline follicles between the gonads. It differs further from Neocreadium in lacking lymphatic vessels and in the position of the genital pore.", "contents": "Trematodes of marine fishes from South Australia. I. Paraneocreadium australiense gen. et sp. n. (Lepocreadiidae). Paraneocreadium australiense gen. et sp. n. (Lepocreadiidae) is described from Psilocranium nigricans (Richardson) from the Aldinga Reef of South Australia. Paraneocreadium is most similar to Neocreadium Howell 1966 from Geniagnus in New Zealand and Neolepocreadium Thomas 1960 from Trachinotus in Ghana. It differs from both genera in being ovoid rather than elongate, in having a coiled rather than saccate internal seminal vesicle, and having no viteline follicles between the gonads. It differs further from Neocreadium in lacking lymphatic vessels and in the position of the genital pore.", "PMID": 660376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8838", "title": "Comparison of the effects of the growth factor produced by Spirometra mansonoides and growth hormone in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats: lipid composition.", "content": "The effects of bovine growth hormone and the growth factor produced by plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, on body growth and lipid composition in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats were compared. The diabetic-hypophysectomized control rats gradually lost weight throughout the experiment but both growth hormone and plerocercoids stimulated marked weight gains. Growth hormone treatment resulted in a loss of depot fat from the epididymal fat pads and caused a reduction of liver and serum cholesterol concentrations but had no effect on triglyceride concentrations of either liver or serum. However, plerocercoid infection resulted in increased weights of the epididymal fat pads and increased liver and serum triglyceride concentrations. Serum cholesterol was slightly increased but liver cholesterol was decreased in the plerocercoid-infected rats. Therefore, in the absence of pituitary hormones and insulin, these growth factors had similar effects on body growth but distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of the growth factor produced by Spirometra mansonoides and growth hormone in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats: lipid composition. The effects of bovine growth hormone and the growth factor produced by plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, on body growth and lipid composition in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats were compared. The diabetic-hypophysectomized control rats gradually lost weight throughout the experiment but both growth hormone and plerocercoids stimulated marked weight gains. Growth hormone treatment resulted in a loss of depot fat from the epididymal fat pads and caused a reduction of liver and serum cholesterol concentrations but had no effect on triglyceride concentrations of either liver or serum. However, plerocercoid infection resulted in increased weights of the epididymal fat pads and increased liver and serum triglyceride concentrations. Serum cholesterol was slightly increased but liver cholesterol was decreased in the plerocercoid-infected rats. Therefore, in the absence of pituitary hormones and insulin, these growth factors had similar effects on body growth but distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 660377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8839", "title": "Comparison of the effects of the growth factor produced by Spirometra mansonoides and growth hormone in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats: lymphoid tissue.", "content": "Growth and development of the thymus is dependent on secretions from the anterior pituitary, presumably growth hormone. Diabetes mellitus is known to reduce immunological competence. These studies compare the effects of bovine growth hormone (bGH) and the growth factor produced by plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, on metabolism of lymphoid tissue, thymus and spleen, in hypophysectomized rats made diabetic with a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Whereas the control diabetic-hypophysectomized rats gradually lost weight throughout the experimental period, both bGH and plerocercoid infection caused significant weight gains during the experimental period. The diabetic-hypophysectomized rats treated with bGH had significantly heavier thymuses and spleens than controls. Plerocercoid infection also caused significant increases in thymus weights. Both bGH and plerocercoids stimulated the metabolic activity of thymocytes isolated from treated rats and tested for their ability to incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA in vitro. Thus, these growth factors have similar effects on the lymphoid tissue of diabetic-hypophysectomized rats which are apparently independent of normal insulin levels. Whether this anabolic effect is direct or mediated by somatomedin remains to be determined.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of the growth factor produced by Spirometra mansonoides and growth hormone in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats: lymphoid tissue. Growth and development of the thymus is dependent on secretions from the anterior pituitary, presumably growth hormone. Diabetes mellitus is known to reduce immunological competence. These studies compare the effects of bovine growth hormone (bGH) and the growth factor produced by plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, on metabolism of lymphoid tissue, thymus and spleen, in hypophysectomized rats made diabetic with a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Whereas the control diabetic-hypophysectomized rats gradually lost weight throughout the experimental period, both bGH and plerocercoid infection caused significant weight gains during the experimental period. The diabetic-hypophysectomized rats treated with bGH had significantly heavier thymuses and spleens than controls. Plerocercoid infection also caused significant increases in thymus weights. Both bGH and plerocercoids stimulated the metabolic activity of thymocytes isolated from treated rats and tested for their ability to incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA in vitro. Thus, these growth factors have similar effects on the lymphoid tissue of diabetic-hypophysectomized rats which are apparently independent of normal insulin levels. Whether this anabolic effect is direct or mediated by somatomedin remains to be determined.", "PMID": 660378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8840", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of Cysticercus fasciolaris (=Taenia taeniaeformis) after treatment of mice with mebendazole.", "content": "The time-related topographical changes in mature cysticerci of Taenia taeniaformis induced after medication of infected mice with 250 ppm of mebendazole are described. The changes included the gradual disappearance of microtriches and progressive degeneration of the tegment resulting in an irregular surface with grooves, holes, and craterlike structures. Host cells adhered to the altered areas and the number of these cells increased when more severe changes became apparent. Finally the necrotized cysticerci, which lost their tegument completely, were almost entirely covered with adhesive host cells. A difference in the time sequence of the reported changes occurred between the scolex, the pseudoproglottids, and the bladder. This difference in susceptibility towards the drug between the three parts of the parasite in relation to the morphology of their microtrichous covering is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of Cysticercus fasciolaris (=Taenia taeniaeformis) after treatment of mice with mebendazole. The time-related topographical changes in mature cysticerci of Taenia taeniaformis induced after medication of infected mice with 250 ppm of mebendazole are described. The changes included the gradual disappearance of microtriches and progressive degeneration of the tegment resulting in an irregular surface with grooves, holes, and craterlike structures. Host cells adhered to the altered areas and the number of these cells increased when more severe changes became apparent. Finally the necrotized cysticerci, which lost their tegument completely, were almost entirely covered with adhesive host cells. A difference in the time sequence of the reported changes occurred between the scolex, the pseudoproglottids, and the bladder. This difference in susceptibility towards the drug between the three parts of the parasite in relation to the morphology of their microtrichous covering is discussed.", "PMID": 660379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8841", "title": "Estimation of the coupling coefficient for glucose and sodium transport in Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "Bidirectional fluxes of 3H-glucose and 22Na+ in Hymenolepis diminuta were examined. Pulse-chase techniques involving 2-min incubations with 3H-glucose or 22Na+ followed by 15-sec post-incubations with unlabeled glucose and Na+, were used to estimate efflux rates of the labels after cell penetration. Effect of Na+ concentration (10 and 50 mM) on the efflux rates was determined. Efflux of 3H-glucose in the 15-sec postincubations was unaffected by Na+ concentration and appeared to occur by diffusion. 22Na+ efflux, on the other hand, was markedly greater in 50 mM Na+ than in 10 mM Na+ and appeared to occur by countertransport. This finding suggested that a coupling coefficient (22Na+ influx/3H-glucose influx) might be underestimated at a 22Na+ concentration of 50 mM because of the 22Na+ exchange phenomenon. The loss of 22Na+ due to exchange was minimized by decreasing the incubation time from 2 min to 15 sec; 22Na+ efflux in 15 sec relative to influxes of both 10 and 50 mM 22Na+ were negligible. Using 15-sec incubations we obtained coupling coefficients of 2.09, 2.24, and 1.89 in Na+ concentrations of 5, 25, and 50 mM, respectively, suggesting that the coupling process is not dependent on the Na+ concentration in the ambient medium.", "contents": "Estimation of the coupling coefficient for glucose and sodium transport in Hymenolepis diminuta. Bidirectional fluxes of 3H-glucose and 22Na+ in Hymenolepis diminuta were examined. Pulse-chase techniques involving 2-min incubations with 3H-glucose or 22Na+ followed by 15-sec post-incubations with unlabeled glucose and Na+, were used to estimate efflux rates of the labels after cell penetration. Effect of Na+ concentration (10 and 50 mM) on the efflux rates was determined. Efflux of 3H-glucose in the 15-sec postincubations was unaffected by Na+ concentration and appeared to occur by diffusion. 22Na+ efflux, on the other hand, was markedly greater in 50 mM Na+ than in 10 mM Na+ and appeared to occur by countertransport. This finding suggested that a coupling coefficient (22Na+ influx/3H-glucose influx) might be underestimated at a 22Na+ concentration of 50 mM because of the 22Na+ exchange phenomenon. The loss of 22Na+ due to exchange was minimized by decreasing the incubation time from 2 min to 15 sec; 22Na+ efflux in 15 sec relative to influxes of both 10 and 50 mM 22Na+ were negligible. Using 15-sec incubations we obtained coupling coefficients of 2.09, 2.24, and 1.89 in Na+ concentrations of 5, 25, and 50 mM, respectively, suggesting that the coupling process is not dependent on the Na+ concentration in the ambient medium.", "PMID": 660380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8842", "title": "Survival of Trichinella spiralis larvae in sewage sludge anaerobic digesters.", "content": "The survival of some bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and helminths through the sewage digestion process has been a question of considerable concern among researchers throughout the world. Among the most resistant organisms are some of the pathogenic roundworms and tapeworms. Encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis are sometimes present in animal tissues discarded as waste from slaughterhouses, restaurants or other sources. In experimental anaerobic sewage digesters, encysted larvae of T. spiralis, in rat muscle, were able to survive a maximum of 96 hr in a \"batch\" digester. In a digester \"fed\" daily with small numbers of encysted larvae, \"draw-off\" remained infective for white rats throughout a 16-day experimental period. Potentially infective material could be present when there is continuous \"draw-off\" from the anaerobic digesters.", "contents": "Survival of Trichinella spiralis larvae in sewage sludge anaerobic digesters. The survival of some bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and helminths through the sewage digestion process has been a question of considerable concern among researchers throughout the world. Among the most resistant organisms are some of the pathogenic roundworms and tapeworms. Encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis are sometimes present in animal tissues discarded as waste from slaughterhouses, restaurants or other sources. In experimental anaerobic sewage digesters, encysted larvae of T. spiralis, in rat muscle, were able to survive a maximum of 96 hr in a \"batch\" digester. In a digester \"fed\" daily with small numbers of encysted larvae, \"draw-off\" remained infective for white rats throughout a 16-day experimental period. Potentially infective material could be present when there is continuous \"draw-off\" from the anaerobic digesters.", "PMID": 660381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8843", "title": "Trypanosoma brucei-cultivation in vitro of infective forms derived from the midgut of Glossina morsitans.", "content": "Infective forms of Trypanosoma brucei derived from the midgut of Glossina morsitans, have been propagated in vitro for 61 days on a bovine embryonic spleen (BESP) feeder layer using RPMI 1640 medium. It was reproducibly shown that only parasites cultured from the midgut of tsetse flies 12-14 hr after feeding on infected animals could be established in vitro. Cultures thus established were infective to rats and tsetse flies. Only midgut vector types of the parasites were identified by light and electron microscopic techniques.", "contents": "Trypanosoma brucei-cultivation in vitro of infective forms derived from the midgut of Glossina morsitans. Infective forms of Trypanosoma brucei derived from the midgut of Glossina morsitans, have been propagated in vitro for 61 days on a bovine embryonic spleen (BESP) feeder layer using RPMI 1640 medium. It was reproducibly shown that only parasites cultured from the midgut of tsetse flies 12-14 hr after feeding on infected animals could be established in vitro. Cultures thus established were infective to rats and tsetse flies. Only midgut vector types of the parasites were identified by light and electron microscopic techniques.", "PMID": 660382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8844", "title": "Development of Nuttallia danii (Protozoa: Babesidae) within tick salivary glands cultured in vitro.", "content": "Development of the protozoan parasite Nuttallia danii was observed in salivary glands which were extirpated from Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum nymphs, fed as larvae on infected gerbils and held in organ culture. At 34 C the parasite continued developing in the cultured glands at a rate similar to that observed under normal conditions. Development also occurred in culture at 25 degrees C, but at a somewhat slower rate.", "contents": "Development of Nuttallia danii (Protozoa: Babesidae) within tick salivary glands cultured in vitro. Development of the protozoan parasite Nuttallia danii was observed in salivary glands which were extirpated from Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum nymphs, fed as larvae on infected gerbils and held in organ culture. At 34 C the parasite continued developing in the cultured glands at a rate similar to that observed under normal conditions. Development also occurred in culture at 25 degrees C, but at a somewhat slower rate.", "PMID": 660383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8845", "title": "Ultrastructure of the foveal glands of the ticks, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and D. variabilis (Say).", "content": "The foveal glands of Dermacentor variabilis appear to consist of 2 cell types. The outer cells (Type I) are active, with large areas of abundant finely granular material, apparently precursors of the mature secretory granules. The inner cells (Type II) are apparently storage cells. They are highly vacuolated and contain coarsely granular material as well as presumably mature secretory granules. The foveal glands of D. andersoni contain only Type II cells with extensive accumulations of presumably mature secretory granules.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the foveal glands of the ticks, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and D. variabilis (Say). The foveal glands of Dermacentor variabilis appear to consist of 2 cell types. The outer cells (Type I) are active, with large areas of abundant finely granular material, apparently precursors of the mature secretory granules. The inner cells (Type II) are apparently storage cells. They are highly vacuolated and contain coarsely granular material as well as presumably mature secretory granules. The foveal glands of D. andersoni contain only Type II cells with extensive accumulations of presumably mature secretory granules.", "PMID": 660384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8846", "title": "Discriminating violent individuals by means of various psychological tests.", "content": "Attempted to clarify the 43/4-8(8-4) controversy and further research the relationship between assaultiveness and other non-MMPI measures. Sixty-one male adolescent prisoners divided into four groups according to Race and Level of Assaultiveness served as subjects for this study. Each prisoner was administered the MMPI, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Scale and the Rotter I-E scale. The results suggest that the 4-3 code type is not an accurate predictor of violence; that elevations of F4897&6 describe the offender population (with) 8-4 describing the violent profile type); and that the Buss-Durkee Hostility scale may be valuable in assessing the violent personality.", "contents": "Discriminating violent individuals by means of various psychological tests. Attempted to clarify the 43/4-8(8-4) controversy and further research the relationship between assaultiveness and other non-MMPI measures. Sixty-one male adolescent prisoners divided into four groups according to Race and Level of Assaultiveness served as subjects for this study. Each prisoner was administered the MMPI, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Scale and the Rotter I-E scale. The results suggest that the 4-3 code type is not an accurate predictor of violence; that elevations of F4897&6 describe the offender population (with) 8-4 describing the violent profile type); and that the Buss-Durkee Hostility scale may be valuable in assessing the violent personality.", "PMID": 660395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8847", "title": "A measure of autonomy.", "content": "This article reports the development of a measure of indicidual differences in autonomous rule compliance. The autonomy scale (a short, easily administered CPI based test) was developed within the framework of a multidimensional, role-theoretical model of moral development. Five samples were used in the construction of the scale. Two of the samples (total n = 111) were used to derive the autonomy scale. The items for the scale were derived through the sequential use of two common item selection stategies: criterion keying and factor analysis. An initial set of 55 CPI items were derived using an \"ideal\" autonomy Q-sort profile as a selection criterion, and an Alpha factor solution was used to reduce this initial pool to a final set of 25 items. Several analyses were conducted using three additional samples (total n = 245) to estimate the reliability of the scale and determine its validity. The results of these analyses provide initial evidence for the content, criterion-realted, and construct validity of the scale and indicate that the measure has an adequate reliability.", "contents": "A measure of autonomy. This article reports the development of a measure of indicidual differences in autonomous rule compliance. The autonomy scale (a short, easily administered CPI based test) was developed within the framework of a multidimensional, role-theoretical model of moral development. Five samples were used in the construction of the scale. Two of the samples (total n = 111) were used to derive the autonomy scale. The items for the scale were derived through the sequential use of two common item selection stategies: criterion keying and factor analysis. An initial set of 55 CPI items were derived using an \"ideal\" autonomy Q-sort profile as a selection criterion, and an Alpha factor solution was used to reduce this initial pool to a final set of 25 items. Several analyses were conducted using three additional samples (total n = 245) to estimate the reliability of the scale and determine its validity. The results of these analyses provide initial evidence for the content, criterion-realted, and construct validity of the scale and indicate that the measure has an adequate reliability.", "PMID": 660396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8848", "title": "Adjective correlates for women on the CPI scales: a replication.", "content": "In a replication of a ten-year-old study by Gough, peer-rated adjectives from the Adjective Check List were correlated with scores on the 18 standard scales of the California Psychological Inventroy (CPI) for 95 college sorority members. For each scale, the ten most positively and negatively correlated adjectives were selected for comparison with Gough's results. The absolute magnitude of the correlations, the qualitative content of the adjectives, and the degree of correspondence with Gough's findings were used to assess the extent to which each CPI scale achieved its stated objective.", "contents": "Adjective correlates for women on the CPI scales: a replication. In a replication of a ten-year-old study by Gough, peer-rated adjectives from the Adjective Check List were correlated with scores on the 18 standard scales of the California Psychological Inventroy (CPI) for 95 college sorority members. For each scale, the ten most positively and negatively correlated adjectives were selected for comparison with Gough's results. The absolute magnitude of the correlations, the qualitative content of the adjectives, and the degree of correspondence with Gough's findings were used to assess the extent to which each CPI scale achieved its stated objective.", "PMID": 660397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8849", "title": "Locus of control and effects of failure on perfomance and perceived competence.", "content": "Reactions to related performance feedback of 117 internal and external eighth-grade children were investigated under conditions which made denial of personal responsibility for outcomes difficult. Both internals and externals were equally pleased by success feedback and displeased by failure and their competence judgement was influenced by the feedback received. However, internals exhibited more effective coping with failure than did externals. They improved their performance following failure feedback relatively more than after success and no external feedback conditions, and their percieved competance did not decrease in comparison with externals.", "contents": "Locus of control and effects of failure on perfomance and perceived competence. Reactions to related performance feedback of 117 internal and external eighth-grade children were investigated under conditions which made denial of personal responsibility for outcomes difficult. Both internals and externals were equally pleased by success feedback and displeased by failure and their competence judgement was influenced by the feedback received. However, internals exhibited more effective coping with failure than did externals. They improved their performance following failure feedback relatively more than after success and no external feedback conditions, and their percieved competance did not decrease in comparison with externals.", "PMID": 660398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8850", "title": "Dysmenorrhea and personality.", "content": "The experiment examined whether reliable personality differences exist between (a) women who suffer from spasmodic and congestive dysmenorrhea and (b) women who experience dysmenorrhea and women who do not. A sample of 12 congestive dysmenorrhea sufferers, 12 spasmodic dysmenorrhea suffers, and 24 nonsufferers obtained from a larger sample of university women, completed the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and Personality Research Form. Results indicated that congestive sufferers differed from spasmodic sufferers only in their level of impulsivity. However, dysmenorrhea sufferers differed significantly from nonsufferers in that dysmenorrhea sufferers were more similar to a neurotic sample, were depressed, anxious and introverted, and less independent, playful, satisfied with themselves, positive about their physical and social selves than nonsufferers. In spite of these differences, standard scores from the personality measures suggested that dysmenorrhea sufferers were not maladjusted.", "contents": "Dysmenorrhea and personality. The experiment examined whether reliable personality differences exist between (a) women who suffer from spasmodic and congestive dysmenorrhea and (b) women who experience dysmenorrhea and women who do not. A sample of 12 congestive dysmenorrhea sufferers, 12 spasmodic dysmenorrhea suffers, and 24 nonsufferers obtained from a larger sample of university women, completed the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and Personality Research Form. Results indicated that congestive sufferers differed from spasmodic sufferers only in their level of impulsivity. However, dysmenorrhea sufferers differed significantly from nonsufferers in that dysmenorrhea sufferers were more similar to a neurotic sample, were depressed, anxious and introverted, and less independent, playful, satisfied with themselves, positive about their physical and social selves than nonsufferers. In spite of these differences, standard scores from the personality measures suggested that dysmenorrhea sufferers were not maladjusted.", "PMID": 660399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8851", "title": "The measurement of assertiveness and aggressiveness.", "content": "The Bakker Assertiveness-Aggressiveness Inventory is a 36-item self-report inventory designed to measure two separate aspects of what has previously been subsumed under the rubric \"assertiveness\", namely, (a) defensive, responsive behaviors which protect territory and privileges, and (b) initiating behaviors which augment the person's territory or status. Assertiveness scores increases significantly above aggressiveness scores in a class which focused on the defensive, responsive aspects of behavior. Aggressiveness was found to correlate with occupation level and amount of schooling sought, while assertiveness did not correlate with either of these. Normative, reliability and validity data are presented.", "contents": "The measurement of assertiveness and aggressiveness. The Bakker Assertiveness-Aggressiveness Inventory is a 36-item self-report inventory designed to measure two separate aspects of what has previously been subsumed under the rubric \"assertiveness\", namely, (a) defensive, responsive behaviors which protect territory and privileges, and (b) initiating behaviors which augment the person's territory or status. Assertiveness scores increases significantly above aggressiveness scores in a class which focused on the defensive, responsive aspects of behavior. Aggressiveness was found to correlate with occupation level and amount of schooling sought, while assertiveness did not correlate with either of these. Normative, reliability and validity data are presented.", "PMID": 660400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8852", "title": "Correlates of self-consciousness.", "content": "Examined the relationship between the three subscales of the Self-Consciousness Scale and a variety of other personality dimensions, including measures of reflectivity, self-regulation, and social desirability. Data from six geographically diverse samples (total N = 1395) were presented. In general, both the construct validity and discriminant validity of the subscales were supported. First, private self-consciousness significantly correlated with the Guilford-Zimmerman Thoughtfulness Scale and the Paivio Imagery Scale. Second, all of the self-consciousness subscales were shown to be relatively independent of the social desirability response set. Third, less than 6% of the variance in each self-consciousness subscale was shared with scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale. Finally, the minimal relationships between the self-consciousness subscales and measures of emotionality and test anxiety reported by Carver and Glass (1976) were in general replicated. The low magnitude of the correlations obtained was interpreted as supporting the distinctive contribution of the Self-Consciousness Scale to personality assessment.", "contents": "Correlates of self-consciousness. Examined the relationship between the three subscales of the Self-Consciousness Scale and a variety of other personality dimensions, including measures of reflectivity, self-regulation, and social desirability. Data from six geographically diverse samples (total N = 1395) were presented. In general, both the construct validity and discriminant validity of the subscales were supported. First, private self-consciousness significantly correlated with the Guilford-Zimmerman Thoughtfulness Scale and the Paivio Imagery Scale. Second, all of the self-consciousness subscales were shown to be relatively independent of the social desirability response set. Third, less than 6% of the variance in each self-consciousness subscale was shared with scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale. Finally, the minimal relationships between the self-consciousness subscales and measures of emotionality and test anxiety reported by Carver and Glass (1976) were in general replicated. The low magnitude of the correlations obtained was interpreted as supporting the distinctive contribution of the Self-Consciousness Scale to personality assessment.", "PMID": 660401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8853", "title": "Developing a measure of loneliness.", "content": "Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a \"loneliness clinic.\"", "contents": "Developing a measure of loneliness. Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a \"loneliness clinic.\"", "PMID": 660402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8854", "title": "The utility of two Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale short forms with prisoners.", "content": "Previous research has suggested that the Pauker (1963) and Satz and Mogul (1962) short forms of the WAIS have been efficacious in estimating the standard form. While there is a growing need in correctional settings for quicker evaluation procedures, the lack of WAIS short form research with prisoners prohibits their use with such populations. Hence, this study employed 126 young adult male inmates to test the comparability of the above cited short forms and the standard WAIS across a variety of evaluative criteria. The results generally suggested the superiority of the Pauker (1963) form in estimating the standard WAIS. However, because the current study employed only black and white young male offenders it is suggested that the current findings not be generalized to other age groups, races, or women inmates until these findings are cross-validated on such samples.", "contents": "The utility of two Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale short forms with prisoners. Previous research has suggested that the Pauker (1963) and Satz and Mogul (1962) short forms of the WAIS have been efficacious in estimating the standard form. While there is a growing need in correctional settings for quicker evaluation procedures, the lack of WAIS short form research with prisoners prohibits their use with such populations. Hence, this study employed 126 young adult male inmates to test the comparability of the above cited short forms and the standard WAIS across a variety of evaluative criteria. The results generally suggested the superiority of the Pauker (1963) form in estimating the standard WAIS. However, because the current study employed only black and white young male offenders it is suggested that the current findings not be generalized to other age groups, races, or women inmates until these findings are cross-validated on such samples.", "PMID": 660403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8855", "title": "Personality assessment and insurance reimbursement.", "content": "A contract between APA and OCHAMPUS has committed APA to developing a national peer review capability for the review of out-patient psychological services. This paper describes the review criteria which apply to personality assessment and psychological testing.", "contents": "Personality assessment and insurance reimbursement. A contract between APA and OCHAMPUS has committed APA to developing a national peer review capability for the review of out-patient psychological services. This paper describes the review criteria which apply to personality assessment and psychological testing.", "PMID": 660404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8856", "title": "Structure-activity studies of barbiturates using pattern recognition techniques.", "content": "The relationship between molecular structure and duration of depressant effect for barbiturates was investigated. A data set of 160 5,5'-disubstituted barbiturates with various acyclic substituents was coded using 47 numerical descriptors including fragments, substructures, environmental descriptors, and molecular connectivity indexes. All descriptors were derived directly from the connection tables of the barbiturates. Using an interactive error-correction feedback algorithm, linear discriminant functions were developed that could dichotomize the data set with respect to several thresholds separating longer from shorter acting compounds. Feature selection was used to focus on the relatively few structural descriptors sufficient to support linear separability. For three specific thresholds, nine, 11, and nine descriptors were sufficient. The importance of these descriptors and the utility of the technique are discussed. Predictive abilities of approximately 94% were obtained for known barbiturates of the same general molecular types.", "contents": "Structure-activity studies of barbiturates using pattern recognition techniques. The relationship between molecular structure and duration of depressant effect for barbiturates was investigated. A data set of 160 5,5'-disubstituted barbiturates with various acyclic substituents was coded using 47 numerical descriptors including fragments, substructures, environmental descriptors, and molecular connectivity indexes. All descriptors were derived directly from the connection tables of the barbiturates. Using an interactive error-correction feedback algorithm, linear discriminant functions were developed that could dichotomize the data set with respect to several thresholds separating longer from shorter acting compounds. Feature selection was used to focus on the relatively few structural descriptors sufficient to support linear separability. For three specific thresholds, nine, 11, and nine descriptors were sufficient. The importance of these descriptors and the utility of the technique are discussed. Predictive abilities of approximately 94% were obtained for known barbiturates of the same general molecular types.", "PMID": 660446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8857", "title": "Spectrofluorometric determination of alkoxy-substituted benzylimidazolidinones in biological fluids.", "content": "Sensitive and specific spectrofluorometric assays were developed for the determination of d, 1-4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone and d,1-4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone in blood and urine. Each compound is selectively extracted from buffered blood or urine and oxidized with alkaline permanganate to its respective fluorescent benzoic acid derivative, which is quantitated in acetic acid in ethanol (1:99). The method was applied to the determination of blood levels and urinary excretion in the dog following the administration of single intravenous and oral doses of each compound.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometric determination of alkoxy-substituted benzylimidazolidinones in biological fluids. Sensitive and specific spectrofluorometric assays were developed for the determination of d, 1-4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone and d,1-4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone in blood and urine. Each compound is selectively extracted from buffered blood or urine and oxidized with alkaline permanganate to its respective fluorescent benzoic acid derivative, which is quantitated in acetic acid in ethanol (1:99). The method was applied to the determination of blood levels and urinary excretion in the dog following the administration of single intravenous and oral doses of each compound.", "PMID": 660447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8858", "title": "Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes XX: Ion cluster technique for detection of urinary metabolites of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine by mass chromatography.", "content": "An ion cluster technique and mass chromatography were used for the structural elucidation of several unidentified urinary metabolites of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine (I) in mice and guinea pigs. The urinary metabolites in guinea pigs and mice receiving a single 100 mg/kg dose of an equimolar mixture of 1-butyryl-4-[aromatic-d(5)]-cinnamylpiperazine (I-d(5)) hydrochloride and I hydrochloride (I:I-d(5)) were purified and subjected to trimethylsilyl derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, followed by GLC-mass spectrometry-computer analysis. Appropriate fragment and molecular ions of unidentified metabolites were selected based on the major mass fragment ions appearing in the mass spectra of the previously identified metabolites of I to provide the mass chromatograms. The presence of ion clusters as doublet peaks in the mass chromatograms indicated that the corresponding total ion peaks originated from the administered I:I-d(5). The mass spectra of selected scans from the total ion chromatogram were plotted, and the structures of unidentified metabolites were readily determined by the presence of ion clusters separated by 3-5 mass units and by the shift of the fragment ions. By using this technique, six previously unidentified metabolites were identified in the urine of guinea pigs and two were identified in the urine of mice.", "contents": "Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes XX: Ion cluster technique for detection of urinary metabolites of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine by mass chromatography. An ion cluster technique and mass chromatography were used for the structural elucidation of several unidentified urinary metabolites of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine (I) in mice and guinea pigs. The urinary metabolites in guinea pigs and mice receiving a single 100 mg/kg dose of an equimolar mixture of 1-butyryl-4-[aromatic-d(5)]-cinnamylpiperazine (I-d(5)) hydrochloride and I hydrochloride (I:I-d(5)) were purified and subjected to trimethylsilyl derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, followed by GLC-mass spectrometry-computer analysis. Appropriate fragment and molecular ions of unidentified metabolites were selected based on the major mass fragment ions appearing in the mass spectra of the previously identified metabolites of I to provide the mass chromatograms. The presence of ion clusters as doublet peaks in the mass chromatograms indicated that the corresponding total ion peaks originated from the administered I:I-d(5). The mass spectra of selected scans from the total ion chromatogram were plotted, and the structures of unidentified metabolites were readily determined by the presence of ion clusters separated by 3-5 mass units and by the shift of the fragment ions. By using this technique, six previously unidentified metabolites were identified in the urine of guinea pigs and two were identified in the urine of mice.", "PMID": 660448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8859", "title": "Effect of salicylamide and acetaminophen on dextromethorphan hydrobromide metabolism: possible pharmacological implications.", "content": "The effect of salicylamide and acetaminophen on the metabolic fate of dextrorphan, the primary metabolite of dextromethorphan, was studied in vivo in the rat. Plasma dextrorphan levels were measured at 5-min intervals up to 20 min and at longer intervals up to 2 hr after dextromethorphan hydrobromide was administered orally either alone or in combination with salicylamide and acetaminophen. The combination gave rise to higher plasma dextrorphan levels than did dextromethorphan hydrobromide alone at most sampling times. Conjugation of dextrorphan was inhibited almost quantitatively by salicylamide and acetaminophen at the 5-min sampling time. Salicylamide alone increased the plasma dextrorphan levels when it was coadministered with dextromethorphan, but the differences were not statistically significant. The antitussive activity of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in the unanesthetized dog was faster in onset, greater in intensity, and longer in duration when it was coadministered with salicylamide and acetaminophen. It is suggested that salicylamide and acetaminophen may inhibit the metabolic inactivation of dextrorphan, thereby improving the coughinhibiting potential of dextromethorphan hydrobromide.", "contents": "Effect of salicylamide and acetaminophen on dextromethorphan hydrobromide metabolism: possible pharmacological implications. The effect of salicylamide and acetaminophen on the metabolic fate of dextrorphan, the primary metabolite of dextromethorphan, was studied in vivo in the rat. Plasma dextrorphan levels were measured at 5-min intervals up to 20 min and at longer intervals up to 2 hr after dextromethorphan hydrobromide was administered orally either alone or in combination with salicylamide and acetaminophen. The combination gave rise to higher plasma dextrorphan levels than did dextromethorphan hydrobromide alone at most sampling times. Conjugation of dextrorphan was inhibited almost quantitatively by salicylamide and acetaminophen at the 5-min sampling time. Salicylamide alone increased the plasma dextrorphan levels when it was coadministered with dextromethorphan, but the differences were not statistically significant. The antitussive activity of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in the unanesthetized dog was faster in onset, greater in intensity, and longer in duration when it was coadministered with salicylamide and acetaminophen. It is suggested that salicylamide and acetaminophen may inhibit the metabolic inactivation of dextrorphan, thereby improving the coughinhibiting potential of dextromethorphan hydrobromide.", "PMID": 660449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8860", "title": "Bioavailability of erythromycin stearate: influence of food and fluid volume.", "content": "The influence of various test meals and coadministered water volumes on erythromycin stearate bioavailability from orally dosed film-coated tablets was studied in healthy human subjects. Serum erythromycin levels were uniformly reduced by all test meals, with the reduction in mean peak serum levels varying from 47 to 60%. Serum erythromycin levels also were reduced significantly in fasted individuals when the accompanying water volume was reduced from 250 to 20 ml. The apparent drug absorption rate constant was not influenced by treatments. This result is probably due to rapid degradation of solubilized, unabsorbed drug in the GI tract. Higher and more uniform serum erythromycin levels are obtained when erythromycin stearate tablets are given on an empty stomach together with an adequate water volume.", "contents": "Bioavailability of erythromycin stearate: influence of food and fluid volume. The influence of various test meals and coadministered water volumes on erythromycin stearate bioavailability from orally dosed film-coated tablets was studied in healthy human subjects. Serum erythromycin levels were uniformly reduced by all test meals, with the reduction in mean peak serum levels varying from 47 to 60%. Serum erythromycin levels also were reduced significantly in fasted individuals when the accompanying water volume was reduced from 250 to 20 ml. The apparent drug absorption rate constant was not influenced by treatments. This result is probably due to rapid degradation of solubilized, unabsorbed drug in the GI tract. Higher and more uniform serum erythromycin levels are obtained when erythromycin stearate tablets are given on an empty stomach together with an adequate water volume.", "PMID": 660450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8861", "title": "Quantitative crystallinity determinations for beta-lactam antibiotics by solution calorimetry: correlations with stability.", "content": "The solution calorimetry method is based on the observation that amorphous forms are normally significantly higher in energy than are crystalline forms. The utility and validity of the calorimetric method were investigated for cephalothin sodium, cefazolin sodium, cefamandole nafate, and cefamandole sodium. Amorphous, partially crystalline, and crystalline forms were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (powder), by solution calorimetry, and, for cephalothin sodium, by the thermal decomposition rate at 50 degrees. Qualitatively, there was a good correlation between calorimetric crystallinity and the (less precise) crystallinity derived from X-ray data. The energy and structure of the amorphous state depend on the history of the sample; even samples of the same crystalline polymorph, containing no amorphous phase, may differ in energy. Thus, the absolute value of the crystallinity (X-ray or calorimetric) depends on the choice of amorphous and crystalline standards. The heat of solution is a precise (+/- 1%) and unambiguous measure of the relative crystallinity; and provided amorphous and crystalline standards are appropriately chosen, the calorimetric crystallinity correlates well with chemical stability.", "contents": "Quantitative crystallinity determinations for beta-lactam antibiotics by solution calorimetry: correlations with stability. The solution calorimetry method is based on the observation that amorphous forms are normally significantly higher in energy than are crystalline forms. The utility and validity of the calorimetric method were investigated for cephalothin sodium, cefazolin sodium, cefamandole nafate, and cefamandole sodium. Amorphous, partially crystalline, and crystalline forms were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (powder), by solution calorimetry, and, for cephalothin sodium, by the thermal decomposition rate at 50 degrees. Qualitatively, there was a good correlation between calorimetric crystallinity and the (less precise) crystallinity derived from X-ray data. The energy and structure of the amorphous state depend on the history of the sample; even samples of the same crystalline polymorph, containing no amorphous phase, may differ in energy. Thus, the absolute value of the crystallinity (X-ray or calorimetric) depends on the choice of amorphous and crystalline standards. The heat of solution is a precise (+/- 1%) and unambiguous measure of the relative crystallinity; and provided amorphous and crystalline standards are appropriately chosen, the calorimetric crystallinity correlates well with chemical stability.", "PMID": 660451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8862", "title": "Interaction of doxorubicin with phospholipid monolayers.", "content": "The energies of interaction of doxorubicin hydrochloride and sodium 1,2,4-trihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-3-anthracenesulfonate with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers spread at the air-water interface were estimated from the increase in surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the subphase-injected compound. Their orders of magnitude were consistent with those of the energies of interaction of doxorubicin and acridines with double-stranded DNA, which suggests that the same type of van der Waals forces are operative.", "contents": "Interaction of doxorubicin with phospholipid monolayers. The energies of interaction of doxorubicin hydrochloride and sodium 1,2,4-trihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-3-anthracenesulfonate with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers spread at the air-water interface were estimated from the increase in surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the subphase-injected compound. Their orders of magnitude were consistent with those of the energies of interaction of doxorubicin and acridines with double-stranded DNA, which suggests that the same type of van der Waals forces are operative.", "PMID": 660452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8863", "title": "C-NMR spectroscopy of tropane alkaloids.", "content": "The natural abundance 13C-NMR spectra of tropine, atropine, scopolamine, cocaine, atropine methonitrate, and dl-tropic acid were determined at 22.63 MHz. With the aid of proton decoupling techiniques and by comparison with analogous simpler compounds, it was possible to make self-consistent and unambiquous assignments of all carbon resonances for these alkaloids. Some important chemical shift trends were observed and should be useful in the identification of similar systems.", "contents": "C-NMR spectroscopy of tropane alkaloids. The natural abundance 13C-NMR spectra of tropine, atropine, scopolamine, cocaine, atropine methonitrate, and dl-tropic acid were determined at 22.63 MHz. With the aid of proton decoupling techiniques and by comparison with analogous simpler compounds, it was possible to make self-consistent and unambiquous assignments of all carbon resonances for these alkaloids. Some important chemical shift trends were observed and should be useful in the identification of similar systems.", "PMID": 660453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8864", "title": "Colorimetric determination of catecholamines by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride.", "content": "A convenient spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of epinephrine, levarterenol, isoproterenol, and methyldopa by reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and subsequent measurement of the formazan at 485 nm. With absolute alcohol as the solvent, maximum color absorption was attained in 30 min at 25 degrees in the presence of 0.1 N KOH. Evidence is provided to account for the reduction of the tetrazolium salt at the expense of the epinephrine catechol moiety. In addition to the considerably high values of the molar absorptivities of the chromogen formed, ideal adherence of the color absorption to the Beer-Lambert law permitted a sensitive microdetermination of these catecholamines in both pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. The tetrazolium interaction was selective. No interference was encountered from common catecholamine antioxidants, adjuvants, or noncatechol degradation products.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of catecholamines by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. A convenient spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of epinephrine, levarterenol, isoproterenol, and methyldopa by reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and subsequent measurement of the formazan at 485 nm. With absolute alcohol as the solvent, maximum color absorption was attained in 30 min at 25 degrees in the presence of 0.1 N KOH. Evidence is provided to account for the reduction of the tetrazolium salt at the expense of the epinephrine catechol moiety. In addition to the considerably high values of the molar absorptivities of the chromogen formed, ideal adherence of the color absorption to the Beer-Lambert law permitted a sensitive microdetermination of these catecholamines in both pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. The tetrazolium interaction was selective. No interference was encountered from common catecholamine antioxidants, adjuvants, or noncatechol degradation products.", "PMID": 660454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8865", "title": "Extraction of daunorubicin and doxorubicin and their hydroxyl metabolites: self-association in aqueous solution.", "content": "The extraction of daunorubicin and doxorubicin and their hydroxyl metabolites daunorubicinol and doxorubicinol was studied using chloroform-1-pentanol (9:1) as the organic phase. Because of differences in acid dissociation constants, the pH for optimum extraction varied from 8.0 to 8.6 for the different compounds. Self-association in the aqueous phase significantly influenced the distribution ratio. Constants for the formation of dimers and tetramers in aqueous solutions were about 10(4.5) and 10(12), respectively.", "contents": "Extraction of daunorubicin and doxorubicin and their hydroxyl metabolites: self-association in aqueous solution. The extraction of daunorubicin and doxorubicin and their hydroxyl metabolites daunorubicinol and doxorubicinol was studied using chloroform-1-pentanol (9:1) as the organic phase. Because of differences in acid dissociation constants, the pH for optimum extraction varied from 8.0 to 8.6 for the different compounds. Self-association in the aqueous phase significantly influenced the distribution ratio. Constants for the formation of dimers and tetramers in aqueous solutions were about 10(4.5) and 10(12), respectively.", "PMID": 660455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8866", "title": "Relationship between steroid permeability across excised rabbit cornea and octanol-water partition coefficients.", "content": "Permeability rates were determined across excised rabbit corneas for 11 steroids. Permeability coefficients for each steroid were calculated, and their logarithms were plotted against their respective log octanol-water partition coefficients. A parabolic relationship resulted, with an optimum log permeability and coefficient observed at a log Po of 2.9. From these experimental results, an improvement in ophthalmic bioavailability of dexamethasone acetate as compared to dexamethasone is predicted and correlates with literature results.", "contents": "Relationship between steroid permeability across excised rabbit cornea and octanol-water partition coefficients. Permeability rates were determined across excised rabbit corneas for 11 steroids. Permeability coefficients for each steroid were calculated, and their logarithms were plotted against their respective log octanol-water partition coefficients. A parabolic relationship resulted, with an optimum log permeability and coefficient observed at a log Po of 2.9. From these experimental results, an improvement in ophthalmic bioavailability of dexamethasone acetate as compared to dexamethasone is predicted and correlates with literature results.", "PMID": 660456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8867", "title": "Effect of formulation factors on penetration of hydrocortisone through mouse skin.", "content": "The effect of formulation factors on the steady-state flux of hydrocortisone through mouse skin was evaluated. The flux of hydrocortisone from solutions containing propylene glycol as a cosolvent varied inversely with the propylene glycol concentration. Solutions containing 2-propanol gave flux values higher than those obtained from propylene glycol solutions and independent of the 2-propanol concentration. Addition of polysorbate 80 to 2-propanol-water solutions produced an increase in flux at low surfactant concentrations that reached an apparent limiting value at higher concentrations. The penetration flux was the same from solutions and gels. The role of vehicle-skin interactions in penetration is emphasized.", "contents": "Effect of formulation factors on penetration of hydrocortisone through mouse skin. The effect of formulation factors on the steady-state flux of hydrocortisone through mouse skin was evaluated. The flux of hydrocortisone from solutions containing propylene glycol as a cosolvent varied inversely with the propylene glycol concentration. Solutions containing 2-propanol gave flux values higher than those obtained from propylene glycol solutions and independent of the 2-propanol concentration. Addition of polysorbate 80 to 2-propanol-water solutions produced an increase in flux at low surfactant concentrations that reached an apparent limiting value at higher concentrations. The penetration flux was the same from solutions and gels. The role of vehicle-skin interactions in penetration is emphasized.", "PMID": 660457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8868", "title": "Rapid blue tetrazolium procedure for analysis of corticosteroids in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "A rapid quantitative analysis of nine selected corticosteroids and corticosteroid esters at room temperature is described. The procedure is similar to the official blue tetrazolium reaction for corticosteroids, except that methylene chloride instead of alcohol USP is used as a solvent and the reagents are dissolved in or diluted with nonaqueous solvents. These two modifications reduce the medium polarity, which increases the reaction rate. The reactions are complete in 7-18 min, and the formazans are stable for at least 90 min. The results from 15 different pharmaceutical formulations, 12 containing hydrocortisone and three containing prednisolone acetate, show that the proposed method gives results that compare favorably with those obtained by the official blue tetrazolium, isoniazid, and phenylhydrazine procedures.", "contents": "Rapid blue tetrazolium procedure for analysis of corticosteroids in pharmaceutical preparations. A rapid quantitative analysis of nine selected corticosteroids and corticosteroid esters at room temperature is described. The procedure is similar to the official blue tetrazolium reaction for corticosteroids, except that methylene chloride instead of alcohol USP is used as a solvent and the reagents are dissolved in or diluted with nonaqueous solvents. These two modifications reduce the medium polarity, which increases the reaction rate. The reactions are complete in 7-18 min, and the formazans are stable for at least 90 min. The results from 15 different pharmaceutical formulations, 12 containing hydrocortisone and three containing prednisolone acetate, show that the proposed method gives results that compare favorably with those obtained by the official blue tetrazolium, isoniazid, and phenylhydrazine procedures.", "PMID": 660458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8869", "title": "Preferential localization of radiolabeled liposomes in liver.", "content": "Liposome formulations were studied to achieve an efficient entrapment procedure for the production of liposomes of 99mTc-pentetic acid. The entrapment efficiency was studied by separation of the product using column chromatography. The particle-size range of the prepared liposomes was evaluated using electron microscopy. Entrapment techniques and separation procedures led to a liposome preparation with particles in the colloidal size range (0.001-0.5 micron). Dramatic differences in the organ distribution of the liposome preparation in mice were produced when different particle-size ranges were injected. Liposomes eluted in the first fraction after the void volume led to a maximum uptake by the liver and spleen 10 min after intravenous injection. Liposomes from pooled fractions provided less than half of the activity in the liver, as did the narrow size range liposome preparation.", "contents": "Preferential localization of radiolabeled liposomes in liver. Liposome formulations were studied to achieve an efficient entrapment procedure for the production of liposomes of 99mTc-pentetic acid. The entrapment efficiency was studied by separation of the product using column chromatography. The particle-size range of the prepared liposomes was evaluated using electron microscopy. Entrapment techniques and separation procedures led to a liposome preparation with particles in the colloidal size range (0.001-0.5 micron). Dramatic differences in the organ distribution of the liposome preparation in mice were produced when different particle-size ranges were injected. Liposomes eluted in the first fraction after the void volume led to a maximum uptake by the liver and spleen 10 min after intravenous injection. Liposomes from pooled fractions provided less than half of the activity in the liver, as did the narrow size range liposome preparation.", "PMID": 660459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8870", "title": "Cobaltous choride-induced hypothermia in mice I: effect of pretreatment with anticholinergic drugs.", "content": "The hypothermic response following intraperitoneal doses (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg) of cobaltous chloride was investigated in Swiss albino mice. The magnitude and duration of rectal temperature depression were dose related. In each case, maximal hypothermia was evident within 30 min after injection. Body temperature depression was noted 30 min after oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intracerebral administration of cobaltous chloride. Cobalt was most active when administered intracerebrally, suggesting a central component to the thermolytic response. Rectal temperature depression following cobaltous chloride was dependent on the ambient temperature. The time course of the effect of cobaltous chloride on rectal and cutaneous tail temperature was noted. Cutaneous tail temperature depression occurred throughout the rectal temperature response, suggesting that cobalt may decrease heat production. Pretreatment with atropine sulfate, hexamethonium bromide, or nicotine failed to modify the temperature response to cobalt. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride pretreatment resulted in a partial antagonism of cobalt-induced hypothermia, presumably through a mechanism other than cholinergic blockade.", "contents": "Cobaltous choride-induced hypothermia in mice I: effect of pretreatment with anticholinergic drugs. The hypothermic response following intraperitoneal doses (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg) of cobaltous chloride was investigated in Swiss albino mice. The magnitude and duration of rectal temperature depression were dose related. In each case, maximal hypothermia was evident within 30 min after injection. Body temperature depression was noted 30 min after oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intracerebral administration of cobaltous chloride. Cobalt was most active when administered intracerebrally, suggesting a central component to the thermolytic response. Rectal temperature depression following cobaltous chloride was dependent on the ambient temperature. The time course of the effect of cobaltous chloride on rectal and cutaneous tail temperature was noted. Cutaneous tail temperature depression occurred throughout the rectal temperature response, suggesting that cobalt may decrease heat production. Pretreatment with atropine sulfate, hexamethonium bromide, or nicotine failed to modify the temperature response to cobalt. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride pretreatment resulted in a partial antagonism of cobalt-induced hypothermia, presumably through a mechanism other than cholinergic blockade.", "PMID": 660460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8871", "title": "Quantitative GLC determination of cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin.", "content": "A GLC method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma was developed. The method involves the use of a capillary column for efficient separation of the four compounds and the internal standards, amitriptyline and nortriptyline. A high sensitivity is obtained with a nitrogen detector, enabling quantitation of the compounds in plasma of humans treated chronically with doxepin. Confirmation of the identity of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in biological samples was carried out by selected ion monitoring.", "contents": "Quantitative GLC determination of cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. A GLC method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma was developed. The method involves the use of a capillary column for efficient separation of the four compounds and the internal standards, amitriptyline and nortriptyline. A high sensitivity is obtained with a nitrogen detector, enabling quantitation of the compounds in plasma of humans treated chronically with doxepin. Confirmation of the identity of the cis- and trans-isomers of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in biological samples was carried out by selected ion monitoring.", "PMID": 660461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8872", "title": "Simple, rapid, and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of plasma griseofulvin levels.", "content": "A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay is described for the quantitative determination of griseofulvin in plasma. An aliquot (25--10 microliter) of plasma was deproteinized by a simple procedure involving the addition of 2.5 volumes of acetonitrile, vortex mixing for a few seconds, and centrifugation for 1 min. The clear supernate, 50 microliter, was injected into the high-pressure liquid chromatograph. A reversed-phase column was used with a mobile phase of distilled water-acetonitrile (1:1) at a flow rate of 2 ml/min and was operated at ambient temperature. A fluorescent detector with an excitation wavelength of 260 nm was employed to monitor the column effluent. Griseofulvin had a retention time of 3.8 min. This procedure yields reproducible results with high sensitivity; plasma concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml can be measured. Several commonly used drugs do not interfere. Analysis of plasma samples collected from a rabbit injected with griseofulvin indicated that the procedure is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and clinical monitoring of plasma concentrations in patients. Assay turnaround time is less than 6 min. For clinical monitoring of plasma griseofulvin concentrations, a sample volume as small as 10 microliter can be used.", "contents": "Simple, rapid, and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of plasma griseofulvin levels. A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay is described for the quantitative determination of griseofulvin in plasma. An aliquot (25--10 microliter) of plasma was deproteinized by a simple procedure involving the addition of 2.5 volumes of acetonitrile, vortex mixing for a few seconds, and centrifugation for 1 min. The clear supernate, 50 microliter, was injected into the high-pressure liquid chromatograph. A reversed-phase column was used with a mobile phase of distilled water-acetonitrile (1:1) at a flow rate of 2 ml/min and was operated at ambient temperature. A fluorescent detector with an excitation wavelength of 260 nm was employed to monitor the column effluent. Griseofulvin had a retention time of 3.8 min. This procedure yields reproducible results with high sensitivity; plasma concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml can be measured. Several commonly used drugs do not interfere. Analysis of plasma samples collected from a rabbit injected with griseofulvin indicated that the procedure is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and clinical monitoring of plasma concentrations in patients. Assay turnaround time is less than 6 min. For clinical monitoring of plasma griseofulvin concentrations, a sample volume as small as 10 microliter can be used.", "PMID": 660462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8873", "title": "Stability of furosemide in aqueous systems.", "content": "A stability-indicating assay for furosemide based on high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed. The method is sensitive, accurate, and precise. The standard deviation based on six injections of the standard solution was +/- 1.37%. This method was used to study furosemide stability in various aqueous solutions and dosage forms. Stability tests were conducted at room temperature as well as at higher temperatures (45, 65, and 85 degrees) at various pH values and with different vehicles. Some decomposition products were identified.", "contents": "Stability of furosemide in aqueous systems. A stability-indicating assay for furosemide based on high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed. The method is sensitive, accurate, and precise. The standard deviation based on six injections of the standard solution was +/- 1.37%. This method was used to study furosemide stability in various aqueous solutions and dosage forms. Stability tests were conducted at room temperature as well as at higher temperatures (45, 65, and 85 degrees) at various pH values and with different vehicles. Some decomposition products were identified.", "PMID": 660463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8874", "title": "Quantitation of cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, by GLC-mass spectrometry using stable isotope labeled analogs as internal standards.", "content": "A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometric assay was developed for the determination of cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human urine. The assay utilizes selective ion focusing to monitor in a GLC effluent the molecular ions of cocaine and benzoylecgonine generated by electron-impact ionization. Cocaine-d(3) and benzoylecgonine-d(3) were the internal standards. The assay can measure 2 ng of cocaine/ml and 5 ng of benzoylecgonine/ml with about 5% precision. The curves relating the amounts of cocaine and benzoylecgonine added versus the amounts found over a large range of cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were straight lines with nearly zero intercepts and slopes of 0.98 +/- 0.01 and 0.97 +/- 0.01, respectively. The method was used for the analysis of urinary cocaine and benzoylecgonine in cocaine addicts. Assay specificity was confirmed by complete identity of the mass spectra of cocaine and benzoylecgonine with those of authentic materials.", "contents": "Quantitation of cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, by GLC-mass spectrometry using stable isotope labeled analogs as internal standards. A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometric assay was developed for the determination of cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human urine. The assay utilizes selective ion focusing to monitor in a GLC effluent the molecular ions of cocaine and benzoylecgonine generated by electron-impact ionization. Cocaine-d(3) and benzoylecgonine-d(3) were the internal standards. The assay can measure 2 ng of cocaine/ml and 5 ng of benzoylecgonine/ml with about 5% precision. The curves relating the amounts of cocaine and benzoylecgonine added versus the amounts found over a large range of cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were straight lines with nearly zero intercepts and slopes of 0.98 +/- 0.01 and 0.97 +/- 0.01, respectively. The method was used for the analysis of urinary cocaine and benzoylecgonine in cocaine addicts. Assay specificity was confirmed by complete identity of the mass spectra of cocaine and benzoylecgonine with those of authentic materials.", "PMID": 660464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8875", "title": "Thiamine whole blood pharmackinetics in rats using both a specific S-thiamine liquid scintillation assay and the thiochrome fluorescence assay.", "content": "The study of factors altering the CNS and GI absorption of thiamine in rats required the development of a specific assay for thiamine from 100-microliter samples of blood and plasma and small quantities of tissue. The specific thiochrome fluorescence assay for thiamine was modified to handle microsamples and to use S-thiamine. This sensitive and specific radioassay using S-thiamine gave pharmacokinetic parameters for 4-mg/kg iv doses of thiamine in rats equivalent to those using the less sensitive thiochrome fluorescence assay. The new assay, because of its lower limit of detection, allowed the study of the time profile of thiamine after a 1-mg/kg iv dose in rats. Such a time profile could not have been followed using the standard thiochrome fluorescence assay.", "contents": "Thiamine whole blood pharmackinetics in rats using both a specific S-thiamine liquid scintillation assay and the thiochrome fluorescence assay. The study of factors altering the CNS and GI absorption of thiamine in rats required the development of a specific assay for thiamine from 100-microliter samples of blood and plasma and small quantities of tissue. The specific thiochrome fluorescence assay for thiamine was modified to handle microsamples and to use S-thiamine. This sensitive and specific radioassay using S-thiamine gave pharmacokinetic parameters for 4-mg/kg iv doses of thiamine in rats equivalent to those using the less sensitive thiochrome fluorescence assay. The new assay, because of its lower limit of detection, allowed the study of the time profile of thiamine after a 1-mg/kg iv dose in rats. Such a time profile could not have been followed using the standard thiochrome fluorescence assay.", "PMID": 660465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8876", "title": "Simultaneous multicomponent drug determinations with a vidicon spectrometer.", "content": "A vidicon spectrometer, useful for absorption spectrophotometry over the 210-800-nm spectral region and capable of scanning a portion of this region at repetition rates of 250 scans/sec, was applied for the simultaneous determination of multicomponent drug formulations without a separation. Results are reported for two drug preparations containing two and four active components. The average of ratios of determined to expected values for the six active components contained in both formulations was 99.2% based on the specified tablet contents. Relative standard errors for the analyses were less than 3%. Other potential applications of the vidicon spectrometer are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Simultaneous multicomponent drug determinations with a vidicon spectrometer. A vidicon spectrometer, useful for absorption spectrophotometry over the 210-800-nm spectral region and capable of scanning a portion of this region at repetition rates of 250 scans/sec, was applied for the simultaneous determination of multicomponent drug formulations without a separation. Results are reported for two drug preparations containing two and four active components. The average of ratios of determined to expected values for the six active components contained in both formulations was 99.2% based on the specified tablet contents. Relative standard errors for the analyses were less than 3%. Other potential applications of the vidicon spectrometer are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 660466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8877", "title": "Fluorometric TLC determination of free and conjugated propranolol, naphthoxylactic acid, and p-hydroxypropranolol in human plasma and urine.", "content": "Sensitive, specific, and reproducible TLC methods are described for the determination of propranolol and its major metabolites in humans, conjugated propranolol, free and conjugated naphthoxylactic acid, and free and conjugated p-hydroxypropranolol. The drug or metabolites are extracted from plasma or urine with ether and applied to TLC plates of silica gel or microcrystalline cellulose. After development, the plates are scanned in a spectrodensitometer equipped to measure fluorescence in the UV and blue regions of the light spectrum. Quantitation is achieved by comparing the areas under the peaks obtained from the unknowns to those obtained from standards applied to the same plate. Limits of quantitation in plasma are: free propranolol, 2 ng/ml; free p-hydroxypropranolol, 10 ng/ml; conjugated propranolol, 15 ng/ml; total (free and conjugated) naphthoxylactic acid, 25 ng/ml; and conjugated p-hydroxypropranolol, 50 ng/ml. These methods were used to obtain plasma level data in a volunteer after one single dose of propranolol and in patients under propranolol therapy. The Rf values of some known metabolites of propranolol obtained in various TLC developing systems are also presented.", "contents": "Fluorometric TLC determination of free and conjugated propranolol, naphthoxylactic acid, and p-hydroxypropranolol in human plasma and urine. Sensitive, specific, and reproducible TLC methods are described for the determination of propranolol and its major metabolites in humans, conjugated propranolol, free and conjugated naphthoxylactic acid, and free and conjugated p-hydroxypropranolol. The drug or metabolites are extracted from plasma or urine with ether and applied to TLC plates of silica gel or microcrystalline cellulose. After development, the plates are scanned in a spectrodensitometer equipped to measure fluorescence in the UV and blue regions of the light spectrum. Quantitation is achieved by comparing the areas under the peaks obtained from the unknowns to those obtained from standards applied to the same plate. Limits of quantitation in plasma are: free propranolol, 2 ng/ml; free p-hydroxypropranolol, 10 ng/ml; conjugated propranolol, 15 ng/ml; total (free and conjugated) naphthoxylactic acid, 25 ng/ml; and conjugated p-hydroxypropranolol, 50 ng/ml. These methods were used to obtain plasma level data in a volunteer after one single dose of propranolol and in patients under propranolol therapy. The Rf values of some known metabolites of propranolol obtained in various TLC developing systems are also presented.", "PMID": 660467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8878", "title": "Determination of indoprofen in physiological fluids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the quantitative analysis of indoprofen in plasma and urine. Minimal sample preparation is required for the analysis of unconjugated urinary or plasma drug levels. The method provided quantitative results for indoprofen levels of 0.5-50 microgram/ml of plasma and 0.5-200 microgram/ml of urine and had a lower detection limit of 1 ng. Total urinary indoprofen levels required enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated drug prior to analysis. Results are presented for the plasma and urinary excretion levels of indoprofen for a patient receiving a single oral dose.", "contents": "Determination of indoprofen in physiological fluids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A rapid, sensitive, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the quantitative analysis of indoprofen in plasma and urine. Minimal sample preparation is required for the analysis of unconjugated urinary or plasma drug levels. The method provided quantitative results for indoprofen levels of 0.5-50 microgram/ml of plasma and 0.5-200 microgram/ml of urine and had a lower detection limit of 1 ng. Total urinary indoprofen levels required enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated drug prior to analysis. Results are presented for the plasma and urinary excretion levels of indoprofen for a patient receiving a single oral dose.", "PMID": 660468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8879", "title": "Determination of phytonadione in elemental diets by TLC-spectrophotodensitometry.", "content": "The quantitative analysis of phytonadione in several elemental diet formulations at levels ranging from 90 to 150 ppb is described. After extraction with petroleum either, the sample is cleaned up by silica gel column chromatography and separated on a TLC plate; phytonadione is determined by reflectance densitometry. Recovery data show that the method is accurate (X = 97%) and has a precision (RSD) of +/- 6%.", "contents": "Determination of phytonadione in elemental diets by TLC-spectrophotodensitometry. The quantitative analysis of phytonadione in several elemental diet formulations at levels ranging from 90 to 150 ppb is described. After extraction with petroleum either, the sample is cleaned up by silica gel column chromatography and separated on a TLC plate; phytonadione is determined by reflectance densitometry. Recovery data show that the method is accurate (X = 97%) and has a precision (RSD) of +/- 6%.", "PMID": 660469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8880", "title": "Difference spectrophotometric determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in presence of its esters.", "content": "A difference spectrophotometric analytical method was developed for the selective determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of its alkyl esters without prior separation. Based on the spectral shift to a shorter wavelength accompanyint carboxyl dissociation, the procedure measures as little as 2% of this acid in mixtures with the alkyl ester preservatives and has an accuracy of 2% mean relative error over the 0.16-12.0 microgram of p-hydroxybenzoic acid/ml range.", "contents": "Difference spectrophotometric determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in presence of its esters. A difference spectrophotometric analytical method was developed for the selective determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of its alkyl esters without prior separation. Based on the spectral shift to a shorter wavelength accompanyint carboxyl dissociation, the procedure measures as little as 2% of this acid in mixtures with the alkyl ester preservatives and has an accuracy of 2% mean relative error over the 0.16-12.0 microgram of p-hydroxybenzoic acid/ml range.", "PMID": 660470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8881", "title": "Simultaneous determination of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of procainamide and its metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. Basic plasma (2.0 ml), containing pheniramine maleate as an internal standard, is partitioned with methylene dichloride. The organic extract is concentrated to between 0.3 and 0.5 ml, and 100-microliter aliquots are chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column using 0.1% acetic acid-20% 0.1 M ammonium acetate in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. With a fixed-wavelength (254-nm) UV detector, both compounds can be quantitated in the 0.1-8.0-microgram/ml of plasma range.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive, specific, high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of procainamide and its metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. Basic plasma (2.0 ml), containing pheniramine maleate as an internal standard, is partitioned with methylene dichloride. The organic extract is concentrated to between 0.3 and 0.5 ml, and 100-microliter aliquots are chromatographed on a microparticulate silica gel column using 0.1% acetic acid-20% 0.1 M ammonium acetate in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. With a fixed-wavelength (254-nm) UV detector, both compounds can be quantitated in the 0.1-8.0-microgram/ml of plasma range.", "PMID": 660471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8882", "title": "Noninvasive polarographic measurement of drug dissolution.", "content": "Polarographic analysis was applied successfully to dissolution studies and content uniformity assessment of both capsules and tablets, using a dropping mercury electrode with the modified Levy beaker method. The described noninvasive technique places the polarographic sensor probe directly into the dissolution flask and thus simplifies dissolution measurement by eliminating transfer lines and pumps typically required with the invasive (sampling) mode of analysis. A continuous sampling flowcell with polarographic detection was also evaluated for invasive measurements. Continuous dissolution profiles and content uniformity were determined for chlordiazepoxide, trimethoprim, ornidazole, and isoniazid, using the invasive and noninvasive sampling modes. Results obtained for these drugs showed excellent precision with both sampling techniques. In addition, excellent correlation to UV spectrophotometric data was obtained.", "contents": "Noninvasive polarographic measurement of drug dissolution. Polarographic analysis was applied successfully to dissolution studies and content uniformity assessment of both capsules and tablets, using a dropping mercury electrode with the modified Levy beaker method. The described noninvasive technique places the polarographic sensor probe directly into the dissolution flask and thus simplifies dissolution measurement by eliminating transfer lines and pumps typically required with the invasive (sampling) mode of analysis. A continuous sampling flowcell with polarographic detection was also evaluated for invasive measurements. Continuous dissolution profiles and content uniformity were determined for chlordiazepoxide, trimethoprim, ornidazole, and isoniazid, using the invasive and noninvasive sampling modes. Results obtained for these drugs showed excellent precision with both sampling techniques. In addition, excellent correlation to UV spectrophotometric data was obtained.", "PMID": 660472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8883", "title": "Functional group contribution of bile salt molecules to partitioning of a quaternary ammonium N,N-dimethyl derivative of propranolol.", "content": "A quaternary ammonium N,N-dimethyl derivative of propranolol was extracted from pH 7.4 phosphate buffer into 1-octanol as ion-pairs with 12 different bile salts. The binding number, n, and the extraction constant, Ke, were determined. To obtain group contribution values of the bile salt molecule from the ion-pair extraction data, multiple linear regression analysis by the Free-Wilson technique was applied. The results showed that the fundamental premise of the functional group's contribution to the ion-pair extraction is valid. The functional groups of counterions contribute to the partitioning of the ammonium compound independently and additively in this system.", "contents": "Functional group contribution of bile salt molecules to partitioning of a quaternary ammonium N,N-dimethyl derivative of propranolol. A quaternary ammonium N,N-dimethyl derivative of propranolol was extracted from pH 7.4 phosphate buffer into 1-octanol as ion-pairs with 12 different bile salts. The binding number, n, and the extraction constant, Ke, were determined. To obtain group contribution values of the bile salt molecule from the ion-pair extraction data, multiple linear regression analysis by the Free-Wilson technique was applied. The results showed that the fundamental premise of the functional group's contribution to the ion-pair extraction is valid. The functional groups of counterions contribute to the partitioning of the ammonium compound independently and additively in this system.", "PMID": 660473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8884", "title": "Hydrolysis and subsequent cyclization of etazolate hydrochloride and related compounds in aqueous solutions: application of PMR and mass spectrometry in accelerated stability studies.", "content": "The hydrolysis of etazolate hydrochloride, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and related compounds was studied by PMR and mass spectrometry. The compounds underwent reversible acid-catalyzed hydrolysis in aqueous solutions at 60 degrees, followed by cyclization to a major and a minor product formed by independent pathways. Under the experimental conditions, the minor product was stable. The formation rate of the major product, 6-ethyl-1,6-dihydrodipyrazolo [3,4-b:3',4'-d] pyridin-3(2H)-one, was considerably greater than that of the minor component, 3-ethoxy-6-ethyl-1,6-dihydrodipyrazolo [3,4-b:3',4'-d] pyridine. For the 6-methyl analog of etazolate, the rate of methyl deuteration was considerably slower than the rate of cyclization.", "contents": "Hydrolysis and subsequent cyclization of etazolate hydrochloride and related compounds in aqueous solutions: application of PMR and mass spectrometry in accelerated stability studies. The hydrolysis of etazolate hydrochloride, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and related compounds was studied by PMR and mass spectrometry. The compounds underwent reversible acid-catalyzed hydrolysis in aqueous solutions at 60 degrees, followed by cyclization to a major and a minor product formed by independent pathways. Under the experimental conditions, the minor product was stable. The formation rate of the major product, 6-ethyl-1,6-dihydrodipyrazolo [3,4-b:3',4'-d] pyridin-3(2H)-one, was considerably greater than that of the minor component, 3-ethoxy-6-ethyl-1,6-dihydrodipyrazolo [3,4-b:3',4'-d] pyridine. For the 6-methyl analog of etazolate, the rate of methyl deuteration was considerably slower than the rate of cyclization.", "PMID": 660474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8885", "title": "Solubilization of napthalene by sodium cholate and pattern of self-association of sodium cholate in 0.15 M sodium chloride.", "content": "Naphthalene solubility was determined in aqueous 0.15 M NaCl containing sodium cholate in the 0-0.05 M concentration range at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees. Sodium cholate tends to self-associate in aqueous solutions. Most often, the association pattern has been described in terms of a monomer-micellar model in which it is assumed that no association occurs below the critical micelle concentration. By comparison of the experimental solubilization curve with curves calculated on the basis of the monomer-micellar model, it was shown that this model is inappropriate for the self-association pattern of sodium cholate. The solubility data were consistent with a model that assumes that sodium cholate associates to form dimers, trimers, and higher aggregates with an average aggregation number of 7.63. Model calculations suggest that naphthalene is solubilized by dimers and higher aggregates. Solubilization of naphthalene by trimers appears to be negligible.", "contents": "Solubilization of napthalene by sodium cholate and pattern of self-association of sodium cholate in 0.15 M sodium chloride. Naphthalene solubility was determined in aqueous 0.15 M NaCl containing sodium cholate in the 0-0.05 M concentration range at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees. Sodium cholate tends to self-associate in aqueous solutions. Most often, the association pattern has been described in terms of a monomer-micellar model in which it is assumed that no association occurs below the critical micelle concentration. By comparison of the experimental solubilization curve with curves calculated on the basis of the monomer-micellar model, it was shown that this model is inappropriate for the self-association pattern of sodium cholate. The solubility data were consistent with a model that assumes that sodium cholate associates to form dimers, trimers, and higher aggregates with an average aggregation number of 7.63. Model calculations suggest that naphthalene is solubilized by dimers and higher aggregates. Solubilization of naphthalene by trimers appears to be negligible.", "PMID": 660475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8886", "title": "Secondary disulfonamides and secondary tetrasulfondiamides as proposed new biological alkylating agents.", "content": "Secondary disulfonamides and secondary tetrasulfondiamides were prepared for antineoplastic activity testing. For the disulfonamides, one alkyl series (n-butyl), three aralkyl series (benzyl, phenethyl, and phenpropyl), and one diaralkyl series (diphenpropyl) were prepared. Two series of tetrasulfondiamides were made from diamines, one in which the central methylene chain was varied from four to six and another using the tetrasubstituted sulfonyl derivative of xylylenediamine. Thirteen final compounds were synthesized. Ten of these compounds and four intermediates have not been reported previously. Preliminary screening results for the final compounds are given.", "contents": "Secondary disulfonamides and secondary tetrasulfondiamides as proposed new biological alkylating agents. Secondary disulfonamides and secondary tetrasulfondiamides were prepared for antineoplastic activity testing. For the disulfonamides, one alkyl series (n-butyl), three aralkyl series (benzyl, phenethyl, and phenpropyl), and one diaralkyl series (diphenpropyl) were prepared. Two series of tetrasulfondiamides were made from diamines, one in which the central methylene chain was varied from four to six and another using the tetrasubstituted sulfonyl derivative of xylylenediamine. Thirteen final compounds were synthesized. Ten of these compounds and four intermediates have not been reported previously. Preliminary screening results for the final compounds are given.", "PMID": 660476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8887", "title": "Synthesis of antifungal 2-substituted phthalimidines.", "content": "An improved synthesis of phthalimidine is reported. Two N-substituted phthalimidines were synthesized by alkylation of the parent compound, and they showed complete inhibition of Microsporum and Trichophyton species at 10-100 microgram/ml in an agar dilution test. Both compounds were inactive against Candida albicans at 100 microgram/ml or Aspergillus niger at 250 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Synthesis of antifungal 2-substituted phthalimidines. An improved synthesis of phthalimidine is reported. Two N-substituted phthalimidines were synthesized by alkylation of the parent compound, and they showed complete inhibition of Microsporum and Trichophyton species at 10-100 microgram/ml in an agar dilution test. Both compounds were inactive against Candida albicans at 100 microgram/ml or Aspergillus niger at 250 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 660477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8888", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXV: Examination of possible pharmacokinetic interaction between (R)-(+)- and (S)-(--)-warfarin in humans.", "content": "The elimination kinetics and anticoagulant effect produced by single 1.5-mg/kg doses of (R)-(+(-, (S)-(--)-, and racemic warfarin were determined in 10 healthy men. The results obtained in experiments with the individual enantiomers were used to predict the elimination kinetics and anticoagulant effect of racemic warfarin, assuming that there is no interaction between the two enantiomers. These predictions were compared to experimental results, and no significant differences were observed. This finding suggests that there are no pronounced pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions between single large doses of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(--)-warfarin in humans.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXV: Examination of possible pharmacokinetic interaction between (R)-(+)- and (S)-(--)-warfarin in humans. The elimination kinetics and anticoagulant effect produced by single 1.5-mg/kg doses of (R)-(+(-, (S)-(--)-, and racemic warfarin were determined in 10 healthy men. The results obtained in experiments with the individual enantiomers were used to predict the elimination kinetics and anticoagulant effect of racemic warfarin, assuming that there is no interaction between the two enantiomers. These predictions were compared to experimental results, and no significant differences were observed. This finding suggests that there are no pronounced pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions between single large doses of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(--)-warfarin in humans.", "PMID": 660478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8889", "title": "Rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in plasma.", "content": "A rapid and simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetonitrile, and the supernate was chromatographed on a cation-exchange column. The assay can be carried out on as little as 20 microliter of plasma and requires only about 7 min for each sample. No interference was found in plasma samples from cardiac patients receiving procainamide. This method is simple, fast, and useful for routine therapeutic monitoring and for pharmacokinetic studies procainamide and its metabolite.", "contents": "Rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in plasma. A rapid and simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetonitrile, and the supernate was chromatographed on a cation-exchange column. The assay can be carried out on as little as 20 microliter of plasma and requires only about 7 min for each sample. No interference was found in plasma samples from cardiac patients receiving procainamide. This method is simple, fast, and useful for routine therapeutic monitoring and for pharmacokinetic studies procainamide and its metabolite.", "PMID": 660479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8890", "title": "Constant blood withdrawal method for area under plasma concentration-time curve.", "content": "The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was measured after an intravenous injection of sodium salicylate and after intragastric administration of aspirin, using either an intermittent sampling and the trapezoid rule (AUC-trapezoid) or the recently introduced constant blood withdrawal method (AUC-integrated concentration). Six dogs were used in each study. The AUC-integrated concentration was significantly higher than the AUC-trapezoid. The difference between the two methods was more significant after the intravenous infusion than after the intragastric administration. The higher AUC-integrated concentration was attributed to the inclusion of the initial plasma levels, which is an inherent advantage of the constant blood withdrawal method.", "contents": "Constant blood withdrawal method for area under plasma concentration-time curve. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was measured after an intravenous injection of sodium salicylate and after intragastric administration of aspirin, using either an intermittent sampling and the trapezoid rule (AUC-trapezoid) or the recently introduced constant blood withdrawal method (AUC-integrated concentration). Six dogs were used in each study. The AUC-integrated concentration was significantly higher than the AUC-trapezoid. The difference between the two methods was more significant after the intravenous infusion than after the intragastric administration. The higher AUC-integrated concentration was attributed to the inclusion of the initial plasma levels, which is an inherent advantage of the constant blood withdrawal method.", "PMID": 660480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8891", "title": "Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XIII: Stability of dosage form prepared by impregnating synthetic (--)-delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol on placebo Cannabis plant material.", "content": "Synthetic (--)-delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol impregnated on placebo Cannabis decomposed only 6.3% after being stored for 1 year at --18 degrees. Storage at 5 degrees and room temperature under various conditions led to severe decomposition. The amount of cannabinol observed when (--)-delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol decomposed indicates that cannabinol is not the only decomposition product.", "contents": "Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XIII: Stability of dosage form prepared by impregnating synthetic (--)-delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol on placebo Cannabis plant material. Synthetic (--)-delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol impregnated on placebo Cannabis decomposed only 6.3% after being stored for 1 year at --18 degrees. Storage at 5 degrees and room temperature under various conditions led to severe decomposition. The amount of cannabinol observed when (--)-delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol decomposed indicates that cannabinol is not the only decomposition product.", "PMID": 660481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8892", "title": "Metabolism and excretion of normorphine in dogs.", "content": "Normorphine metabolism was studied in dogs given 20 mg of normorphine hydrochloride/kg sc. Free and (onjugated normorphine excreted in the urine over 144 hr represented 32 and 32%, respectively, of the administered dose. Eighty percent of the urinary excretion of the drug occurred within 9 hr. One percent of the administered dose was excreted as free normorphine in the feces. The urine was chromatographed on a column. Evaporation of the washing and methanolic effluent yielded a residue, which was purified by crystallization from aqueous methanol. Results of UV and IR studies, elemental analysis, and determination of normorphine and glucuronic acid content established the identity of this metabolite as normorphine 3-glucuronide. Dihydronormorphine and dehydronormorphine were detected with GLC-mass spectrometry as minor metabolites.", "contents": "Metabolism and excretion of normorphine in dogs. Normorphine metabolism was studied in dogs given 20 mg of normorphine hydrochloride/kg sc. Free and (onjugated normorphine excreted in the urine over 144 hr represented 32 and 32%, respectively, of the administered dose. Eighty percent of the urinary excretion of the drug occurred within 9 hr. One percent of the administered dose was excreted as free normorphine in the feces. The urine was chromatographed on a column. Evaporation of the washing and methanolic effluent yielded a residue, which was purified by crystallization from aqueous methanol. Results of UV and IR studies, elemental analysis, and determination of normorphine and glucuronic acid content established the identity of this metabolite as normorphine 3-glucuronide. Dihydronormorphine and dehydronormorphine were detected with GLC-mass spectrometry as minor metabolites.", "PMID": 660482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8893", "title": "Local anesthetic activity and acute toxicity of N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- and 2-naphthylamines.", "content": "Seven N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- and three 2-naphthylamines were prepared and tested for local anesthetic activity in the rabbit corneal reflex test and the mouse sciatic nerve block test. At 0.1 and 1%, three 1-alkylamino compounds had durations of action comparable to that of tetracaine in the rabbit corneal reflex test and were considerably more potent than lidocaine. The other four 1-alkylamino derivatives were inactive or at best minimally active. The durations of action of 1% concentrations of the three 2-alkylamino compounds were equivalent to that of 1% lidocaine in the corneal reflex test. In the mouse sciatic nerve block test, the three active 1-alkylamino compounds were considerably longer acting than either tetracaine or lidocaine. Three 1-alkylamino and the three 2-alkylamino compounds showed toxicity equal to or greater than lidocaine, while two 1-alkylamino and two 2-alkylamino compounds showed toxicity equal to or greater than tetracaine by the intraperitoneal route in mice. N-Heptyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1-naphthylamine methanesulfonate was the most promising local anesthetic in these series.", "contents": "Local anesthetic activity and acute toxicity of N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- and 2-naphthylamines. Seven N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- and three 2-naphthylamines were prepared and tested for local anesthetic activity in the rabbit corneal reflex test and the mouse sciatic nerve block test. At 0.1 and 1%, three 1-alkylamino compounds had durations of action comparable to that of tetracaine in the rabbit corneal reflex test and were considerably more potent than lidocaine. The other four 1-alkylamino derivatives were inactive or at best minimally active. The durations of action of 1% concentrations of the three 2-alkylamino compounds were equivalent to that of 1% lidocaine in the corneal reflex test. In the mouse sciatic nerve block test, the three active 1-alkylamino compounds were considerably longer acting than either tetracaine or lidocaine. Three 1-alkylamino and the three 2-alkylamino compounds showed toxicity equal to or greater than lidocaine, while two 1-alkylamino and two 2-alkylamino compounds showed toxicity equal to or greater than tetracaine by the intraperitoneal route in mice. N-Heptyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1-naphthylamine methanesulfonate was the most promising local anesthetic in these series.", "PMID": 660483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8894", "title": "Simplified GLC assay for lidocaine in plasma.", "content": "A simple, rapid GLC method for the determination of lidocaine in plasma is described. After addition of mepivacaine as an internal standard, the plasma sample is deproteinated and centrifuged. The supernate is alkalinized, and the lidocaine and internal standard are extracted into a microvolume of carbon disulfide. By using GLC with a flame-ionization detector, linear concentration-response curves were obtained in the 1-6 microgram/ml range. The method can easily determine plasma concentrations at the 250-ng/ml level when a 1-ml plasma sample is analyzed.", "contents": "Simplified GLC assay for lidocaine in plasma. A simple, rapid GLC method for the determination of lidocaine in plasma is described. After addition of mepivacaine as an internal standard, the plasma sample is deproteinated and centrifuged. The supernate is alkalinized, and the lidocaine and internal standard are extracted into a microvolume of carbon disulfide. By using GLC with a flame-ionization detector, linear concentration-response curves were obtained in the 1-6 microgram/ml range. The method can easily determine plasma concentrations at the 250-ng/ml level when a 1-ml plasma sample is analyzed.", "PMID": 660486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8895", "title": "Stability-indicating methods for quantitative determination of spironolactone using high-pressure liquid chromatography and blue tetrazolium reaction.", "content": "Stability-indicating methods for the quantitative determination of spironolactone were developed. The methods are based on high-pressure liquid chromatography and a reaction with blue tetrazolium. Both methods are accurate, precise, and sensitive and gave excellent results with commercial tablets, including those containing hydrochlorothiazide in addition to spironolactone, The blue tetrazolium method cannot be used in the presence of high concentrations of either polyethylene glycols or water. Spironolactone decomposition in water or polyethylene glycol appears to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The decomposition constant at 65 degrees was 0.0253/day in water versus 0.115/day in polyethylene glycol ointment base USP.", "contents": "Stability-indicating methods for quantitative determination of spironolactone using high-pressure liquid chromatography and blue tetrazolium reaction. Stability-indicating methods for the quantitative determination of spironolactone were developed. The methods are based on high-pressure liquid chromatography and a reaction with blue tetrazolium. Both methods are accurate, precise, and sensitive and gave excellent results with commercial tablets, including those containing hydrochlorothiazide in addition to spironolactone, The blue tetrazolium method cannot be used in the presence of high concentrations of either polyethylene glycols or water. Spironolactone decomposition in water or polyethylene glycol appears to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The decomposition constant at 65 degrees was 0.0253/day in water versus 0.115/day in polyethylene glycol ointment base USP.", "PMID": 660487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8896", "title": "Modified technique using perfused isolated guinea pig lung to determine effect of an aerosol constituent on pulmonary dynamics.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol 400, a commonly used plasticizer in many cosmetic aerosol hair sprays, was tested to determine its effect on perfusion pressure, perfusion vascular flow rate, and tidal volume in the perfused isolated guinea pig lung. Negative pressure was maintained within the chamber housing the intact lungs, and initial perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature was accomplished via the right side of the heart in situ after guinea pigs were sacrificed by decapitation. Polyethylene glycol 400 was injected into the pulmonary arterial system in doses of 0.01-30 microgram/ml after pretreatment with isoproterenol (1 microgram/ml). Isoproterenol was then readministered, followed by nebulized doses of the cosmetic chemical into the trachea at 0.3, 3, and 30% concentrations. Nebulized polyethylene glycol 400 was also administered in 50, 70, and 90% concentrations. Polyethylene glycol 400 significantly increased perfusion pressure and flow rate after injection into the pulmonary arterial system of the isolated lung. In addition, nebulized administration in concentrations of 0.3-30% significantly increased the perfusion flow rate; following the 50-90% nebulized doses, a significant increase in both perfusion pressure and flow rate was observed. Tidal volume decreased, regardless of the route of administration, as increasing doses of the cosmetic constituent were delivered to the isolated lung.", "contents": "Modified technique using perfused isolated guinea pig lung to determine effect of an aerosol constituent on pulmonary dynamics. Polyethylene glycol 400, a commonly used plasticizer in many cosmetic aerosol hair sprays, was tested to determine its effect on perfusion pressure, perfusion vascular flow rate, and tidal volume in the perfused isolated guinea pig lung. Negative pressure was maintained within the chamber housing the intact lungs, and initial perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature was accomplished via the right side of the heart in situ after guinea pigs were sacrificed by decapitation. Polyethylene glycol 400 was injected into the pulmonary arterial system in doses of 0.01-30 microgram/ml after pretreatment with isoproterenol (1 microgram/ml). Isoproterenol was then readministered, followed by nebulized doses of the cosmetic chemical into the trachea at 0.3, 3, and 30% concentrations. Nebulized polyethylene glycol 400 was also administered in 50, 70, and 90% concentrations. Polyethylene glycol 400 significantly increased perfusion pressure and flow rate after injection into the pulmonary arterial system of the isolated lung. In addition, nebulized administration in concentrations of 0.3-30% significantly increased the perfusion flow rate; following the 50-90% nebulized doses, a significant increase in both perfusion pressure and flow rate was observed. Tidal volume decreased, regardless of the route of administration, as increasing doses of the cosmetic constituent were delivered to the isolated lung.", "PMID": 660489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8897", "title": "Study of drug-protein binding by affinity chromatography: interaction of bovine serum albumin and salicylic acid.", "content": "The affinity chromatographic technique was used to study the interaction of bovine serum albumin and salicylic acid at 3.3 +/- 1.1 degrees. Beaded agarose gel, on which the albumin was immobilized by covalent linkage, was packed in a column as an affinity adsorbent. Frontal analysis was performed on this column to evaluate the binding parameters for the interaction. The effect of albumin immobilization on drug binding was investigated by comparing the binding parameters of two affinity adsorbents, directly coupled albumin and albumin coupled through a spacer arm. The latter mode of attachment gave binding characteristics comparable to those of the soluble albumin. The method is simple and precise. The affinity adsorbent can be used repeatedly for many months for various drugs, including those that do not diffuse through dialysis membranes.", "contents": "Study of drug-protein binding by affinity chromatography: interaction of bovine serum albumin and salicylic acid. The affinity chromatographic technique was used to study the interaction of bovine serum albumin and salicylic acid at 3.3 +/- 1.1 degrees. Beaded agarose gel, on which the albumin was immobilized by covalent linkage, was packed in a column as an affinity adsorbent. Frontal analysis was performed on this column to evaluate the binding parameters for the interaction. The effect of albumin immobilization on drug binding was investigated by comparing the binding parameters of two affinity adsorbents, directly coupled albumin and albumin coupled through a spacer arm. The latter mode of attachment gave binding characteristics comparable to those of the soluble albumin. The method is simple and precise. The affinity adsorbent can be used repeatedly for many months for various drugs, including those that do not diffuse through dialysis membranes.", "PMID": 660490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8898", "title": "Tissue culture cytotoxicity assay for cyclophosphamide metabolites in rat body fluids.", "content": "An in vitro cytotoxicity assay for cyclophosphamide metabolites in rat body fluids is described. Of the two tissue culture tumor cell lines employed, the Walker-256 rat carcinosarcoma was more sensitive to metabolite levels than the L-1210 mouse lymphocytic leukemia. The Walker-256 system detected cyclophosphamide metabolite levels two orders of magnitude lower than the commonly used 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine analytical procedure.", "contents": "Tissue culture cytotoxicity assay for cyclophosphamide metabolites in rat body fluids. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay for cyclophosphamide metabolites in rat body fluids is described. Of the two tissue culture tumor cell lines employed, the Walker-256 rat carcinosarcoma was more sensitive to metabolite levels than the L-1210 mouse lymphocytic leukemia. The Walker-256 system detected cyclophosphamide metabolite levels two orders of magnitude lower than the commonly used 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine analytical procedure.", "PMID": 660491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8899", "title": "Evidence for a trimodal pattern of acetylation of isoniazid in uremic subjects.", "content": "Isoniazid metabolic clearance values were calculated retrospectively and plotted on a frequency distribution histogram. A trimodal distribution pattern was observed. According to a two-allele codominant model, the mean clearance values of the slow and rapid acetylators closely predicted the mean clearance value for the intermediate acetylators. The potential clinical implications of identifying intermediate and rapid acetylators of isoniazid and its use in renal failure are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for a trimodal pattern of acetylation of isoniazid in uremic subjects. Isoniazid metabolic clearance values were calculated retrospectively and plotted on a frequency distribution histogram. A trimodal distribution pattern was observed. According to a two-allele codominant model, the mean clearance values of the slow and rapid acetylators closely predicted the mean clearance value for the intermediate acetylators. The potential clinical implications of identifying intermediate and rapid acetylators of isoniazid and its use in renal failure are discussed.", "PMID": 660492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8900", "title": "Synthesis and hypotensive activity of a series of 2-substituted 5,6-dimethoxyindazoles.", "content": "The synthesis and hypotensive activity in the dog of a series of 2-substituted 5,6-dimethoxyindazoles are reported. Structure-activity relationships for this class of compounds are discussed. Indazoles containing the diethylaminoethyl, 3-pyridyl, and hydroxyethyl functions in the 2-position were the most effective in lowering blood pressure for the longest times (greater than 270 min).", "contents": "Synthesis and hypotensive activity of a series of 2-substituted 5,6-dimethoxyindazoles. The synthesis and hypotensive activity in the dog of a series of 2-substituted 5,6-dimethoxyindazoles are reported. Structure-activity relationships for this class of compounds are discussed. Indazoles containing the diethylaminoethyl, 3-pyridyl, and hydroxyethyl functions in the 2-position were the most effective in lowering blood pressure for the longest times (greater than 270 min).", "PMID": 660493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8901", "title": "New 5-hydroxy-2-indolecarbohydrazides as platelet aggregation inhibitors in ethylene glycol.", "content": "The effect of ethylene glycol on blood platelet aggregation was examined using a previously described method. This method also was used to investigate several derivatives of 2-indolecarbohydrazide in vitro. All compounds inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, epinephrine, or adenosine diphosphate at concentrations below 5 x 10(-4) M.", "contents": "New 5-hydroxy-2-indolecarbohydrazides as platelet aggregation inhibitors in ethylene glycol. The effect of ethylene glycol on blood platelet aggregation was examined using a previously described method. This method also was used to investigate several derivatives of 2-indolecarbohydrazide in vitro. All compounds inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, epinephrine, or adenosine diphosphate at concentrations below 5 x 10(-4) M.", "PMID": 660494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8902", "title": "Assay of mercaptopurine in plasma using paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, quantitative, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for mercaptopurine in plasma is described. The analysis, in which mercaptopurine and the internal standard, 6-methylthio-2-hydroxypurine, are chromatographed as ion-pairs with heptane-sulfonic acid, employs a simple and rapid sample preparation based on deproteination using 60% trichloroacetic acid. Quantitation of plasma samples to 0.2 microgram of mercaptopurine/ml is reported. The retention times of the major metabolites do not interfere.", "contents": "Assay of mercaptopurine in plasma using paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive, quantitative, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for mercaptopurine in plasma is described. The analysis, in which mercaptopurine and the internal standard, 6-methylthio-2-hydroxypurine, are chromatographed as ion-pairs with heptane-sulfonic acid, employs a simple and rapid sample preparation based on deproteination using 60% trichloroacetic acid. Quantitation of plasma samples to 0.2 microgram of mercaptopurine/ml is reported. The retention times of the major metabolites do not interfere.", "PMID": 660495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8903", "title": "Erythromycin VI: kinetics of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of erythromycin oxime and erythromycylamine.", "content": "Kinetic data were obtained, by qualitative and quantitative analysis, of the hydrolytic degradation of erythromycin oxime and erythromycylamine separated by TLC. The pseudo-first-order rate constants were determined at three temperatures (17,26, and 36 degrees), and the temperature dependency of the reaction was studied. The activation energy for the hydrolysis and methanolysis of the compounds was calculated. The factors contributing to the differences in the reaction rate are discussed.", "contents": "Erythromycin VI: kinetics of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of erythromycin oxime and erythromycylamine. Kinetic data were obtained, by qualitative and quantitative analysis, of the hydrolytic degradation of erythromycin oxime and erythromycylamine separated by TLC. The pseudo-first-order rate constants were determined at three temperatures (17,26, and 36 degrees), and the temperature dependency of the reaction was studied. The activation energy for the hydrolysis and methanolysis of the compounds was calculated. The factors contributing to the differences in the reaction rate are discussed.", "PMID": 660496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8904", "title": "Rapid determination of atenolol in human plasma and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of atenolol in plasma and urine was developed. This method employs the high sensitivity of fluorescence detection together with selective extraction and reversed-phase chromatography to measure concentrations as low as 20 ng of drug/ml of plasma with a coefficient of variation of 3.91%. The assay is specific enough to be valid in the presence of plasma and urine substances. The detection limit (i.e., three times baseline noise) is 3 ng/ml.", "contents": "Rapid determination of atenolol in human plasma and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A rapid, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of atenolol in plasma and urine was developed. This method employs the high sensitivity of fluorescence detection together with selective extraction and reversed-phase chromatography to measure concentrations as low as 20 ng of drug/ml of plasma with a coefficient of variation of 3.91%. The assay is specific enough to be valid in the presence of plasma and urine substances. The detection limit (i.e., three times baseline noise) is 3 ng/ml.", "PMID": 660497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8905", "title": "Benzoyl peroxide assay using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A highly specific assay for benzoyl peroxide was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. A concentration curve was recorded from 0.1 to 3.0 microgram with a correlation coefficient of 0.9969. The standard deviation for 10 individual analyses of a benzoyl peroxide preparation was +/- 0.547 (1.80% RSD).", "contents": "Benzoyl peroxide assay using high-pressure liquid chromatography. A highly specific assay for benzoyl peroxide was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. A concentration curve was recorded from 0.1 to 3.0 microgram with a correlation coefficient of 0.9969. The standard deviation for 10 individual analyses of a benzoyl peroxide preparation was +/- 0.547 (1.80% RSD).", "PMID": 660498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8906", "title": "Rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol in plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for chloramphenicol in plasma. Plasma samples were deproteinized with 2.5 volumes of acetonitrile, and the supernates were chromatographed on a reversed-phase column, using acidified ethanol-water as the mobile phase and UV spectrophotometry for detection. The sensitivity for accurate quantitation of chloramphenicol was about 2.5 microgram/ml in plasma, and concentrations as low as 0.5 microgram/ml could be detected. Only about 8 min is needed for each sample. This method is specific, rapid, and sufficiently sensitive and may be useful for clinical monitoring.", "contents": "Rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol in plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for chloramphenicol in plasma. Plasma samples were deproteinized with 2.5 volumes of acetonitrile, and the supernates were chromatographed on a reversed-phase column, using acidified ethanol-water as the mobile phase and UV spectrophotometry for detection. The sensitivity for accurate quantitation of chloramphenicol was about 2.5 microgram/ml in plasma, and concentrations as low as 0.5 microgram/ml could be detected. Only about 8 min is needed for each sample. This method is specific, rapid, and sufficiently sensitive and may be useful for clinical monitoring.", "PMID": 660499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8907", "title": "Perfluorooctyl bromide concentration in plasma and tissues of beagle dogs.", "content": "Plasma levels were determined frequently after single doses of perfluorooctyl bromide were administered to beagle dogs at doses of either 30.8 g/kg po or 3.9 g/kg intratracheally. The apparent first-order half-life during the terminal elimination phase was about 1 day after oral medication and about 7 days after intratracheal administration. Analysis of tissues revealed the highest concentrations of the compound in abdominal fat of dogs autopsied 4 weeks later.", "contents": "Perfluorooctyl bromide concentration in plasma and tissues of beagle dogs. Plasma levels were determined frequently after single doses of perfluorooctyl bromide were administered to beagle dogs at doses of either 30.8 g/kg po or 3.9 g/kg intratracheally. The apparent first-order half-life during the terminal elimination phase was about 1 day after oral medication and about 7 days after intratracheal administration. Analysis of tissues revealed the highest concentrations of the compound in abdominal fat of dogs autopsied 4 weeks later.", "PMID": 660500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8908", "title": "Intestinal absorption of griseofulvin from a triolein digestion mixture in rats.", "content": "The intestinal absorption rate of dissolved griseofulvin was determined from: (a) an aqueous phase, (b) an aqueous phase containing a micellar phase composed of taurodeoxycholate, monoolein, and oleic acid, and (c) an aqueous phase containing the micellar phase and emulsified triolein. The triolein digestion mixtures were recirculated through 20-cm segments of in situ rat jejunum. Lipid concentrations were maintained constant by infusing the lipids into the digestion mixture at the same rate as they disappeared. Griseofulvin distribution among the aqueous, micellar, and oil phases was determined by solubility and equilibrium dialysis experiments. Analysis with a linear kinetic model indicated that griseofulvin absorption from the micellar and oil phases was negligible compared to its absorption from the aqueous phase.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of griseofulvin from a triolein digestion mixture in rats. The intestinal absorption rate of dissolved griseofulvin was determined from: (a) an aqueous phase, (b) an aqueous phase containing a micellar phase composed of taurodeoxycholate, monoolein, and oleic acid, and (c) an aqueous phase containing the micellar phase and emulsified triolein. The triolein digestion mixtures were recirculated through 20-cm segments of in situ rat jejunum. Lipid concentrations were maintained constant by infusing the lipids into the digestion mixture at the same rate as they disappeared. Griseofulvin distribution among the aqueous, micellar, and oil phases was determined by solubility and equilibrium dialysis experiments. Analysis with a linear kinetic model indicated that griseofulvin absorption from the micellar and oil phases was negligible compared to its absorption from the aqueous phase.", "PMID": 660503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8909", "title": "Ball milling as a measure of crushing stength of granules.", "content": "When granules are milled in a ball mill, the size decrease follows a modification of Kick's law. The Briggsian decay constant, here denoted as the attritional crushing strength, shows correlation with the Harwood-Pilpel crushing strength. Both crushing strengths show a correlation with the amount of granulating agent (povidone) added to the granulation, i.e., the more povidone added, the harder the granule.", "contents": "Ball milling as a measure of crushing stength of granules. When granules are milled in a ball mill, the size decrease follows a modification of Kick's law. The Briggsian decay constant, here denoted as the attritional crushing strength, shows correlation with the Harwood-Pilpel crushing strength. Both crushing strengths show a correlation with the amount of granulating agent (povidone) added to the granulation, i.e., the more povidone added, the harder the granule.", "PMID": 660504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8910", "title": "General treatment of competitive binding of small molecules to macromolecules as applied to dynamic dialysis: theoretical analysis.", "content": "A mathematical analysis of the dynamic dialysis process is presented, demonstrating how the process can be applied generally to study competitive and noncompetitive binding between small molecules and macromolecules. A law of mass action model for competitive binding with independent sites and classes with equivalent sites (CIE) is considered as a specific case without loss of generality. The escape profiles of two compounds are calculated to illustrate the effect of an increasing degree of binding competition. Noisy data are generated using the CIE model to test the presented method of estimating competitive binding parameters. The parameters estimated by the nonlinear regression technique came close to the true values, considering the degree of noise added to the exact dialysis data. A transformation approach is presented, enabling initial estimates of the binding parameters in the CIE model to be determined by multiple linear regression, thereby eliminating the main problem in the nonlinear estimation. The presented method of analysis is extended to strongly bound compounds, which also bind significantly to the dialysis membrane.", "contents": "General treatment of competitive binding of small molecules to macromolecules as applied to dynamic dialysis: theoretical analysis. A mathematical analysis of the dynamic dialysis process is presented, demonstrating how the process can be applied generally to study competitive and noncompetitive binding between small molecules and macromolecules. A law of mass action model for competitive binding with independent sites and classes with equivalent sites (CIE) is considered as a specific case without loss of generality. The escape profiles of two compounds are calculated to illustrate the effect of an increasing degree of binding competition. Noisy data are generated using the CIE model to test the presented method of estimating competitive binding parameters. The parameters estimated by the nonlinear regression technique came close to the true values, considering the degree of noise added to the exact dialysis data. A transformation approach is presented, enabling initial estimates of the binding parameters in the CIE model to be determined by multiple linear regression, thereby eliminating the main problem in the nonlinear estimation. The presented method of analysis is extended to strongly bound compounds, which also bind significantly to the dialysis membrane.", "PMID": 660505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8911", "title": "Analysis of steroid phosphates by high-pressure liquid chromatography: betamethasone sodium phosphate.", "content": "A sensitive, automatable high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the determination of steroid phosphates. Quantitation is described for betamethasone sodium phosphate in dosage forms in the presence of polar excipients. The separation of a multicomponent mixture of steroid phsophates also is reported.", "contents": "Analysis of steroid phosphates by high-pressure liquid chromatography: betamethasone sodium phosphate. A sensitive, automatable high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the determination of steroid phosphates. Quantitation is described for betamethasone sodium phosphate in dosage forms in the presence of polar excipients. The separation of a multicomponent mixture of steroid phsophates also is reported.", "PMID": 660506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8912", "title": "Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two solid dosage forms.", "content": "Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two commercial tablet formulations (I and II) relative to an acute dose of elixir was evaluated in healthy volunteers. Both tablet formulations contained ephedrine. In addition, Tablet I contained hydroxyzine hydrochloride, and Tablet II contained phenobarbital. The mean area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) calculated either from time 0 leads to infinity for a single dose or over one dosing interval after repetitive doses was the highest after chronic administration of the elixir. The AUC after chronic elixir, in fact, was statistically different from the values after acute elixir (p less than 0.05) and Tablet II (p less than 0.05). There was, however, a large variation in the elimination half-life among the four theophylline treatments. The mean t 1/2 was the longest after chronic elixir followed by Tablet I, Tablet II, and acute elixir. The AUC values for the four treatments, when corrected for differences in t 1/2, were no longer significantly different, indicating that the extent of theophylline absorption was essentially the same from all three tested products. The time to peak and the peak serum concentration also did not differ among treatments. The prolongation in t 1/2 following chronic treatment with the elixir and its subsequent shortening during tablet administration suggest an initial inhibition followed by induction of theophylline metabolism. The changes may be due to the prolonged treatment with theophylline itself or the other drug ingredients in the dosage form.", "contents": "Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two solid dosage forms. Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two commercial tablet formulations (I and II) relative to an acute dose of elixir was evaluated in healthy volunteers. Both tablet formulations contained ephedrine. In addition, Tablet I contained hydroxyzine hydrochloride, and Tablet II contained phenobarbital. The mean area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) calculated either from time 0 leads to infinity for a single dose or over one dosing interval after repetitive doses was the highest after chronic administration of the elixir. The AUC after chronic elixir, in fact, was statistically different from the values after acute elixir (p less than 0.05) and Tablet II (p less than 0.05). There was, however, a large variation in the elimination half-life among the four theophylline treatments. The mean t 1/2 was the longest after chronic elixir followed by Tablet I, Tablet II, and acute elixir. The AUC values for the four treatments, when corrected for differences in t 1/2, were no longer significantly different, indicating that the extent of theophylline absorption was essentially the same from all three tested products. The time to peak and the peak serum concentration also did not differ among treatments. The prolongation in t 1/2 following chronic treatment with the elixir and its subsequent shortening during tablet administration suggest an initial inhibition followed by induction of theophylline metabolism. The changes may be due to the prolonged treatment with theophylline itself or the other drug ingredients in the dosage form.", "PMID": 660507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8913", "title": "Cloprednol bioavailability in humans.", "content": "The bioavailability of cloprednol, a new systemic corticosteroid, was examined in a 12-subject crossover study in which two capsules, a tablet, and a solution were tested. Plasma was analyzed for cloprednol by a GLC-mass spectrometric method. The biological half-life, peak plasma concentration, peak time, plasma concentration at all sampling times, and plasma areas were evaluated for differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) in comparisons of pairs among the four formulations. An analysis of variance revealed that cloprednol was absorbed to the same extent from all formulations and rapidly cleared from the plasma with a half-life of 1.86 +/- 0.36 (SD) hr. All plasma profile parameters from the solid dose formulations were the same, demonstrating bioequivalence in both rate and extent of absorption. Significant differences were observed between the solution and solid dose formulations with respect to peak time, 15-min plasma concentration, and 0-30 min area, indicative of faster absorption from the solution; however, total plasma areas were the same for all four formulations. Comparison of plasma cloprednol levels in this study to those of a prior intravenous-oral dose study suggests that cloprednol was completely bioavailable from all formulations.", "contents": "Cloprednol bioavailability in humans. The bioavailability of cloprednol, a new systemic corticosteroid, was examined in a 12-subject crossover study in which two capsules, a tablet, and a solution were tested. Plasma was analyzed for cloprednol by a GLC-mass spectrometric method. The biological half-life, peak plasma concentration, peak time, plasma concentration at all sampling times, and plasma areas were evaluated for differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) in comparisons of pairs among the four formulations. An analysis of variance revealed that cloprednol was absorbed to the same extent from all formulations and rapidly cleared from the plasma with a half-life of 1.86 +/- 0.36 (SD) hr. All plasma profile parameters from the solid dose formulations were the same, demonstrating bioequivalence in both rate and extent of absorption. Significant differences were observed between the solution and solid dose formulations with respect to peak time, 15-min plasma concentration, and 0-30 min area, indicative of faster absorption from the solution; however, total plasma areas were the same for all four formulations. Comparison of plasma cloprednol levels in this study to those of a prior intravenous-oral dose study suggests that cloprednol was completely bioavailable from all formulations.", "PMID": 660508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8914", "title": "Quantitative determination of prednisone and prednisolone in human plasma using GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of prednisolone and prednisone in human plasma utilizing GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry is described. Corticosteroids are extracted from plasma into ether, and the extract is purified either by passing through a magnesium silicate column or by solvent partitioning. Interference from endogenous hydrocortisone is removed by selective derivatization with Girard Reagent T. Following derivatization, prednisolone can be quantitatively separated from the water-soluble hydrocortisone derivative by simple solvent partitioning. The extracted prednisone and prednisolone are converted to their corresponding methoxyimino trimethylsilyl derivatives, and subjected to GLC-mass spectrometry. Prednisone and prednisolone plasma profiles following a 15-mg oral dose of prednisone in a human volunteer are presented. The method can measure prednisone and prednisolone in plasma at the nanogram per milliliter level.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of prednisone and prednisolone in human plasma using GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. A method for the quantitative determination of prednisolone and prednisone in human plasma utilizing GLC and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry is described. Corticosteroids are extracted from plasma into ether, and the extract is purified either by passing through a magnesium silicate column or by solvent partitioning. Interference from endogenous hydrocortisone is removed by selective derivatization with Girard Reagent T. Following derivatization, prednisolone can be quantitatively separated from the water-soluble hydrocortisone derivative by simple solvent partitioning. The extracted prednisone and prednisolone are converted to their corresponding methoxyimino trimethylsilyl derivatives, and subjected to GLC-mass spectrometry. Prednisone and prednisolone plasma profiles following a 15-mg oral dose of prednisone in a human volunteer are presented. The method can measure prednisone and prednisolone in plasma at the nanogram per milliliter level.", "PMID": 660509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8915", "title": "Kinetic and mechanistic studies of blue tetrazolium reaction with phenylhydrazines.", "content": "The reaction kinetics of blue tetrazolium with selected arylhydrazines were investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reaction rate constants were obtained at various temperatures, and the enthalpy (8.4-11.2 kcal/mole) and entropy (-38--45 eu) of activations were calculated. A Hammett plot yielded a straight line with a slope of 0.52. The reaction was inhibited by atmospheric oxygen and iodine. A free radical mechanism is presented.", "contents": "Kinetic and mechanistic studies of blue tetrazolium reaction with phenylhydrazines. The reaction kinetics of blue tetrazolium with selected arylhydrazines were investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reaction rate constants were obtained at various temperatures, and the enthalpy (8.4-11.2 kcal/mole) and entropy (-38--45 eu) of activations were calculated. A Hammett plot yielded a straight line with a slope of 0.52. The reaction was inhibited by atmospheric oxygen and iodine. A free radical mechanism is presented.", "PMID": 660510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8916", "title": "Effect of hydrophilization of hydrophobic drugs on release rate from capsules.", "content": "The release of poorly soluble hydrophobic drugs from capsules can be improved significantly by the creation of a hydrophilic surface by intensive mixing of the hydrophobic drug with a small amount of a solution of a hydrophilic excipient. This technique was introduced previously for the production of microgranules. The data presented indicate that the hydrophilic material is mechanically distributed over the hydrophobic surface. The creation of hydrophilic capillaries in a capsule or tablet allowed the rapid penetration of the dissolution fluid, resulting in a dispersion of well-wetted particles, so that the maximum surface area of the powder was exposed to the dissolution medium. Moreover, hydrophilization of hydrophobic drugs has the important benefit that the release rate from capsules is independent of the surface tension of the dissolution medium.", "contents": "Effect of hydrophilization of hydrophobic drugs on release rate from capsules. The release of poorly soluble hydrophobic drugs from capsules can be improved significantly by the creation of a hydrophilic surface by intensive mixing of the hydrophobic drug with a small amount of a solution of a hydrophilic excipient. This technique was introduced previously for the production of microgranules. The data presented indicate that the hydrophilic material is mechanically distributed over the hydrophobic surface. The creation of hydrophilic capillaries in a capsule or tablet allowed the rapid penetration of the dissolution fluid, resulting in a dispersion of well-wetted particles, so that the maximum surface area of the powder was exposed to the dissolution medium. Moreover, hydrophilization of hydrophobic drugs has the important benefit that the release rate from capsules is independent of the surface tension of the dissolution medium.", "PMID": 660511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8917", "title": "Kinetics of aggregation of human platelets.", "content": "A study of the aggregation kinetics of human platelets using an electronic counting device is reported. The experimental data were analyzed quantitatively by a physical model, which assumed that the initial disappearance rate of single platelets versus time fitted a second-order type of aggregation with respect to platelet number. The mechanism of aggregation was surface barrier controlled. Thus, the aggregation rate constants in different adenosine diphosphate concentrations (1.5-9.0 microgram) were 10-100 times greater than  the rate constant (6.6325 x 10(-12) cm3/sec) for a diffusion-controlled mechanism, were smaller in the surface-barrier-controlled process and ranged from 0.00741 to 0.0467. The extent of aggregation was indicated by the calculation of a sticking probability constant as determined by the barrier. Adenosine diphosphate induced a rapid aggregating effect. Prostaglandin E1 produced the most drastic deaggregating effect as compared to dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) and dinoprost (prostaglandin F2alpha). Aspirin completely blocked the aggregating effect of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Kinetics of aggregation of human platelets. A study of the aggregation kinetics of human platelets using an electronic counting device is reported. The experimental data were analyzed quantitatively by a physical model, which assumed that the initial disappearance rate of single platelets versus time fitted a second-order type of aggregation with respect to platelet number. The mechanism of aggregation was surface barrier controlled. Thus, the aggregation rate constants in different adenosine diphosphate concentrations (1.5-9.0 microgram) were 10-100 times greater than  the rate constant (6.6325 x 10(-12) cm3/sec) for a diffusion-controlled mechanism, were smaller in the surface-barrier-controlled process and ranged from 0.00741 to 0.0467. The extent of aggregation was indicated by the calculation of a sticking probability constant as determined by the barrier. Adenosine diphosphate induced a rapid aggregating effect. Prostaglandin E1 produced the most drastic deaggregating effect as compared to dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) and dinoprost (prostaglandin F2alpha). Aspirin completely blocked the aggregating effect of arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 660512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8918", "title": "Synthesis of spirofluorenes of biological interest.", "content": "1'-Substituted spiro[fluorene-9,3'-pyrrolidine-2',5'-diones], 1',1''' - (1,4-piperazinediyldimethylene) bis[spiro[fluorene-9,3'-pyrrolidine-2',5'-dione]], and 1'-arylspiro[fluorene-9,3'-pyrrolidines] were synthesized from spiro[fluorene-9,3'-tetrahydrofuran-2',5'-dione]. The rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay showed that one compound possessed slight antiallergic activity. Synthesis of 3-substituted 1-aryl-4-oxospiro[azetidine-2,9'-fluorenes] and 1,1''-p-phenylenebis[4-oxospiro[azetidine-2,9'-fluorenes]] was achieved via the reaction of appropriate N-fluorenylideneanilines with tert-butylcyanoketene and cyclopentamethyleneketene, respectively.", "contents": "Synthesis of spirofluorenes of biological interest. 1'-Substituted spiro[fluorene-9,3'-pyrrolidine-2',5'-diones], 1',1''' - (1,4-piperazinediyldimethylene) bis[spiro[fluorene-9,3'-pyrrolidine-2',5'-dione]], and 1'-arylspiro[fluorene-9,3'-pyrrolidines] were synthesized from spiro[fluorene-9,3'-tetrahydrofuran-2',5'-dione]. The rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay showed that one compound possessed slight antiallergic activity. Synthesis of 3-substituted 1-aryl-4-oxospiro[azetidine-2,9'-fluorenes] and 1,1''-p-phenylenebis[4-oxospiro[azetidine-2,9'-fluorenes]] was achieved via the reaction of appropriate N-fluorenylideneanilines with tert-butylcyanoketene and cyclopentamethyleneketene, respectively.", "PMID": 660513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8919", "title": "Effect of diazepam on cognition via pupillometry.", "content": "Continuous pupillary readings in response to a random-digit cognition task were obtained for 20 male subjects. Ten subjects were given 10 mg of diazepam, and 10 subjects were given placebos. Additional pupillary curves were recorded for both groups at 1 and 2 hr and compared to the initial curve. Subjects were required to repeat the exact sequence of verbalized randomized digits as a measure of performance. The results indicated that the diazepam treatment group differed significantly from the placebo group in terms of a depressed pupillary response. Furthermore, the performance recall measure was significantly reduced in the diazepam group. The relationships were clarified by an analysis of covariance and variance.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on cognition via pupillometry. Continuous pupillary readings in response to a random-digit cognition task were obtained for 20 male subjects. Ten subjects were given 10 mg of diazepam, and 10 subjects were given placebos. Additional pupillary curves were recorded for both groups at 1 and 2 hr and compared to the initial curve. Subjects were required to repeat the exact sequence of verbalized randomized digits as a measure of performance. The results indicated that the diazepam treatment group differed significantly from the placebo group in terms of a depressed pupillary response. Furthermore, the performance recall measure was significantly reduced in the diazepam group. The relationships were clarified by an analysis of covariance and variance.", "PMID": 660514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8920", "title": "Impurities in drugs II: meperidine and its formulations.", "content": "Three lots of meperidine hydrochloride, seven lots of meperidine tablets, and 41 lots of meperidine injectables were examined for impurities by TLC. Impurities found were ethyl 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate, methyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate, ethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate, and three unidentified compounds. Not all impurities were found in every lot of drug investigated, and none of the impurities exceeded a concentration of 1% of the meperidine present.", "contents": "Impurities in drugs II: meperidine and its formulations. Three lots of meperidine hydrochloride, seven lots of meperidine tablets, and 41 lots of meperidine injectables were examined for impurities by TLC. Impurities found were ethyl 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate, methyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate, ethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylate, and three unidentified compounds. Not all impurities were found in every lot of drug investigated, and none of the impurities exceeded a concentration of 1% of the meperidine present.", "PMID": 660515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8921", "title": "Pyridinium- and quinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions: antiradiation and anticancer activities.", "content": "Pyridinium-, quinolinium-, and one pyrimidinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions were prepared by condensation of the N-methyl heterocyclic anhydro bases with carbon disulfide. Reaction of the 2-methylpyridine methiodide anhydro base with carbon disulfide resulted in replacement of the 2-methyl group to give the 1-methylpyridinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion. The 1,6-dimethylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion showed appreciable anticancer activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, but the other zwitterions tested showed no activity. No antiradiation activity was found for 1-methyl-pyridinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion.", "contents": "Pyridinium- and quinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions: antiradiation and anticancer activities. Pyridinium-, quinolinium-, and one pyrimidinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions were prepared by condensation of the N-methyl heterocyclic anhydro bases with carbon disulfide. Reaction of the 2-methylpyridine methiodide anhydro base with carbon disulfide resulted in replacement of the 2-methyl group to give the 1-methylpyridinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion. The 1,6-dimethylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion showed appreciable anticancer activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, but the other zwitterions tested showed no activity. No antiradiation activity was found for 1-methyl-pyridinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion.", "PMID": 660516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8922", "title": "Effect of local anesthetics on electrically excitable bilayer lipid membranes.", "content": "The effect of three local anesthetics on the action potential of electrically excitable bilayer lipid membranes was studied. The synthetic action potential of bilayers was abolished at drug concentrations roughly identical to those abolishing the action potential in nerves. The threshold depolarizing constant current pulse triggering the synthetic action potential was increased by slightly lower concentrations of these local anesthetics. It is suggested that the anionic channels, which are responsible for the rising phase of the action potential in bilayers, are affected preferentially by these drugs.", "contents": "Effect of local anesthetics on electrically excitable bilayer lipid membranes. The effect of three local anesthetics on the action potential of electrically excitable bilayer lipid membranes was studied. The synthetic action potential of bilayers was abolished at drug concentrations roughly identical to those abolishing the action potential in nerves. The threshold depolarizing constant current pulse triggering the synthetic action potential was increased by slightly lower concentrations of these local anesthetics. It is suggested that the anionic channels, which are responsible for the rising phase of the action potential in bilayers, are affected preferentially by these drugs.", "PMID": 660517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8923", "title": "Binding of butylated hydroxyanisole to human albumin using a novel dynamic method.", "content": "To study the interaction of butylated hydroxyanisole with various body tissues, a fully automated dynamic method was developed for the determination of plasma protein binding constants at 37 degrees, using membrane filtration equipment designed for dissolution rate studies. Appropriate equations were derived for the calculation of the free drug concentration from comparative diffusion rates across sealed dialysis sacs. A monoexponential equation described the diffusion in the absence of proteins, and a biexponential equation was fitted to diffusion from the drug-protein complex. The Scatchard and double-reciprocal plots were developed for butylated hydroxyanisole. A high degree of reproducibility was obtained for the calculation of protein binding constants (K = 2.4 - 2.9 X 10(4) and n = 1.4 - 1.32). The magnitude of these binding-constants suggests that any change in protein binding can have a significant effect on the distribution of butylated hydroxyanisole throughout the body, such as may be brought about by the common variations in the amount ingested.", "contents": "Binding of butylated hydroxyanisole to human albumin using a novel dynamic method. To study the interaction of butylated hydroxyanisole with various body tissues, a fully automated dynamic method was developed for the determination of plasma protein binding constants at 37 degrees, using membrane filtration equipment designed for dissolution rate studies. Appropriate equations were derived for the calculation of the free drug concentration from comparative diffusion rates across sealed dialysis sacs. A monoexponential equation described the diffusion in the absence of proteins, and a biexponential equation was fitted to diffusion from the drug-protein complex. The Scatchard and double-reciprocal plots were developed for butylated hydroxyanisole. A high degree of reproducibility was obtained for the calculation of protein binding constants (K = 2.4 - 2.9 X 10(4) and n = 1.4 - 1.32). The magnitude of these binding-constants suggests that any change in protein binding can have a significant effect on the distribution of butylated hydroxyanisole throughout the body, such as may be brought about by the common variations in the amount ingested.", "PMID": 660518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8924", "title": "Molecular interaction between E-prostaglandins and selected polymers and its potential utilization in oral dosage form design.", "content": "Coacervate formation was observed between some E-prostaglandins and povidone in acetonitrile. This molecular interaction was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, IR spectrophotometry, and light microscopy. The structural requirements for coacervate formation between E-prostaglandins and povidone were investigated. Possible utilization of this molecular interaction in the development of E-prostaglandin formulations was explored. The dissolution rate of some insoluble E-prostaglandin esters increased when they were coprecipitated with povidone and polyethylene glycol. For example, the p-hydroxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone ester of 16,16-dimethyldinoprostone dissolved about 200 times faster as a povidone coprecipitate than did the control mixture. Enhancement of the dissolution rate was observed for the povidone coprecipitates of dinoprostone and its p-acetylphenyl and beta-naphthyl exters but not for the p-phenylphenyl ester. Fast dissolving dispersions of the E-prostaglandin esters also could be prepared with the water-insoluble cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone. This type of dispersion was nonglassy and easily dispersible in water. Thus, it might have certain advantages over the classical soluble povidone coprecipitates in terms of ease of handling. The degree of enhancement in dissolution of dispersions of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and E-prostaglandin esters is apparently dependent on the structure of the esters. The potential dissolution enhancement may be related to the strength of the interaction between the macromolecule and the esters, as indicated by the qualitative relationship between the extent of adsorption of the prostaglandins to cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and the dissolution rate enhancement.", "contents": "Molecular interaction between E-prostaglandins and selected polymers and its potential utilization in oral dosage form design. Coacervate formation was observed between some E-prostaglandins and povidone in acetonitrile. This molecular interaction was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, IR spectrophotometry, and light microscopy. The structural requirements for coacervate formation between E-prostaglandins and povidone were investigated. Possible utilization of this molecular interaction in the development of E-prostaglandin formulations was explored. The dissolution rate of some insoluble E-prostaglandin esters increased when they were coprecipitated with povidone and polyethylene glycol. For example, the p-hydroxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone ester of 16,16-dimethyldinoprostone dissolved about 200 times faster as a povidone coprecipitate than did the control mixture. Enhancement of the dissolution rate was observed for the povidone coprecipitates of dinoprostone and its p-acetylphenyl and beta-naphthyl exters but not for the p-phenylphenyl ester. Fast dissolving dispersions of the E-prostaglandin esters also could be prepared with the water-insoluble cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone. This type of dispersion was nonglassy and easily dispersible in water. Thus, it might have certain advantages over the classical soluble povidone coprecipitates in terms of ease of handling. The degree of enhancement in dissolution of dispersions of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and E-prostaglandin esters is apparently dependent on the structure of the esters. The potential dissolution enhancement may be related to the strength of the interaction between the macromolecule and the esters, as indicated by the qualitative relationship between the extent of adsorption of the prostaglandins to cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and the dissolution rate enhancement.", "PMID": 660519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8925", "title": "Formation of a cyclic derivative of ethacrynic acid with diazomethane.", "content": "Samples of ethacrynic acid were treated with methanol-hydrochloric acid or with diazomethane. GLC and mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the methanol-hydrochloric acid reaction gave the expected methyl ester, whereas diazomethane treatment gave a compound containing an additional 14 mass units. Accurate mass measurement and PMR and IR spectra showed that this product was a cyclic derivative of the methyl ester of ethacrynic acid, methyl 4-(2,3-dihydro-4-ethyl-5-furyl)-2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetate. Either derivatization method can be used for development of an assay for ethacrynic acid.", "contents": "Formation of a cyclic derivative of ethacrynic acid with diazomethane. Samples of ethacrynic acid were treated with methanol-hydrochloric acid or with diazomethane. GLC and mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the methanol-hydrochloric acid reaction gave the expected methyl ester, whereas diazomethane treatment gave a compound containing an additional 14 mass units. Accurate mass measurement and PMR and IR spectra showed that this product was a cyclic derivative of the methyl ester of ethacrynic acid, methyl 4-(2,3-dihydro-4-ethyl-5-furyl)-2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetate. Either derivatization method can be used for development of an assay for ethacrynic acid.", "PMID": 660520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8926", "title": "Dissolution rates of hydrocortisone and prednisone utilizing sugar solid dispersion systems in tablet form.", "content": "The utilization of ternary sugar solid dispersion systems and the incorporation of these systems into tablet dosage forms were investigated. The dispersion systems were prepared by the fusion method using 50% sucrose-50% mannitol and 50% sorbitol-50% mannitol. Other systems investigated utilized sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol 6000 for comparison. The drug component was hydrocortisone or prednisone. The results from a modified NF XIII dissolution rate determination revealed that the mannitol system had the fastest dissolution rate, followed by sorbitol-mannitol, sucrose-mannitol, sorbitol, and finally, polyethylene gylcol 6000. The corticosteroids were stable and did not decompose during preparation of the dispersion systems or direct compression of the tablets. A short-term stability study revealed that the tablets retained their fast dissolution rates and that the tablet characteristic tests, i.e., tablet hardness, remained unchanged. The use of sugar combinations overcame some difficulties previously reported with single sugar systems.", "contents": "Dissolution rates of hydrocortisone and prednisone utilizing sugar solid dispersion systems in tablet form. The utilization of ternary sugar solid dispersion systems and the incorporation of these systems into tablet dosage forms were investigated. The dispersion systems were prepared by the fusion method using 50% sucrose-50% mannitol and 50% sorbitol-50% mannitol. Other systems investigated utilized sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol 6000 for comparison. The drug component was hydrocortisone or prednisone. The results from a modified NF XIII dissolution rate determination revealed that the mannitol system had the fastest dissolution rate, followed by sorbitol-mannitol, sucrose-mannitol, sorbitol, and finally, polyethylene gylcol 6000. The corticosteroids were stable and did not decompose during preparation of the dispersion systems or direct compression of the tablets. A short-term stability study revealed that the tablets retained their fast dissolution rates and that the tablet characteristic tests, i.e., tablet hardness, remained unchanged. The use of sugar combinations overcame some difficulties previously reported with single sugar systems.", "PMID": 660521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8927", "title": "USP dissolution III: semilogarithmic dissolution patterns of tablets in rotating-basket assemblies.", "content": "The dissolution of a rapidly soluble, finely subdivided substance in a directly compressed tablet and in a wet granulated tablet was treated experimentally and compared with previous theoretical models. The dissolution curves were sigmoid with a semilogarithmic tail when concentration was plotted versus time. As predicted, the slope of the semilogarithmic plots were related to the disintegration decay constant for tablet erosion in the basket.", "contents": "USP dissolution III: semilogarithmic dissolution patterns of tablets in rotating-basket assemblies. The dissolution of a rapidly soluble, finely subdivided substance in a directly compressed tablet and in a wet granulated tablet was treated experimentally and compared with previous theoretical models. The dissolution curves were sigmoid with a semilogarithmic tail when concentration was plotted versus time. As predicted, the slope of the semilogarithmic plots were related to the disintegration decay constant for tablet erosion in the basket.", "PMID": 660522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8928", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for suprofen, a potent new analgesic, in plasma.", "content": "A simple, rapid, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of therapeutic levels of suprofen, a potent new analgesic, in human plasma is described. After a simple extraction, the compound is analyzed by HPLC using a reversed-phase column and a UV detector. Quantitation is accomplished using an external standard; peak areas are determined by computer. An average recovery of 80.0 +/- 8.5% SD of the drug was obtained over the 0.2-20.0-microgram/ml range. Maximum sensitivity is approximately 0.1 microgram/ml. No interference is encountered from any known metabolite of suprofen.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for suprofen, a potent new analgesic, in plasma. A simple, rapid, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of therapeutic levels of suprofen, a potent new analgesic, in human plasma is described. After a simple extraction, the compound is analyzed by HPLC using a reversed-phase column and a UV detector. Quantitation is accomplished using an external standard; peak areas are determined by computer. An average recovery of 80.0 +/- 8.5% SD of the drug was obtained over the 0.2-20.0-microgram/ml range. Maximum sensitivity is approximately 0.1 microgram/ml. No interference is encountered from any known metabolite of suprofen.", "PMID": 660523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8929", "title": "Anticonvulsant and antiproteolytic properties of 2,5-disubstituted oxadiazoles and their inhibition of respiration in rat brain homogenates.", "content": "Eight 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-arylamino1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized, characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR spectra, and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. The protection afforded by oxadiazoles (100 mg/kg ip) against pentylenetetrazol (90 mg/kg sc)-induced convulsions ranged from 50 to 80%. All oxadiazoles inhibited the respiratory activity of rat brain homogenates during oxidation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and succinate. The presence of added nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to the reaction mixture during oxidation of pyruvate decreased the degree of inhibition. All oxadiazoles possessed antiproteolytic activity that was reflected by their ability to decrease trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. Such an inhibition was concentration dependent and ranged from 10.2 to 47.5 and from 15.7 to 71.8% by 0.5 and 1 mM oxadiazoles, respectively. All oxadiazoles competitively inhibited in vitro succinate dehydrogenase activity of rat brain homogenates.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant and antiproteolytic properties of 2,5-disubstituted oxadiazoles and their inhibition of respiration in rat brain homogenates. Eight 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-arylamino1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized, characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR spectra, and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. The protection afforded by oxadiazoles (100 mg/kg ip) against pentylenetetrazol (90 mg/kg sc)-induced convulsions ranged from 50 to 80%. All oxadiazoles inhibited the respiratory activity of rat brain homogenates during oxidation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and succinate. The presence of added nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to the reaction mixture during oxidation of pyruvate decreased the degree of inhibition. All oxadiazoles possessed antiproteolytic activity that was reflected by their ability to decrease trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. Such an inhibition was concentration dependent and ranged from 10.2 to 47.5 and from 15.7 to 71.8% by 0.5 and 1 mM oxadiazoles, respectively. All oxadiazoles competitively inhibited in vitro succinate dehydrogenase activity of rat brain homogenates.", "PMID": 660524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8930", "title": "New biphenyl derivatives i: 1-(4-biphenylyl)-2-phenylethylamines as potential antispasmodic and cardiovascular agents.", "content": "A series of 1-(4-biphenylyl)-2-phenylethylamine derivatives was synthesized as potential antispasmodic and cardiovascular agents related to papaverine. Preliminary pharmacological tests, on isolated guinea pig ileum and anesthetized cat blood pressure, showed that the new compounds possess nonspecific inhibitory action on smooth muscles.", "contents": "New biphenyl derivatives i: 1-(4-biphenylyl)-2-phenylethylamines as potential antispasmodic and cardiovascular agents. A series of 1-(4-biphenylyl)-2-phenylethylamine derivatives was synthesized as potential antispasmodic and cardiovascular agents related to papaverine. Preliminary pharmacological tests, on isolated guinea pig ileum and anesthetized cat blood pressure, showed that the new compounds possess nonspecific inhibitory action on smooth muscles.", "PMID": 660525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8931", "title": "Light-scattering studies on bile acid salts II: pattern of self-association of sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, and sodium glycodeoxycholate in aqueous electrolyte solutions.", "content": "The pattern of self-association of the bile salts sodium deoxycholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, and sodium taurodeoxycholate was investigated in aqueous electrolyte solutions by the light-scattering technique. The turbidity of the bile salt solutions was obtained over the concentration range of 0-20 mg/ml at 25 degrees. These data were analyzed according to a monomer-micellar equilibrium model and a stepwise association model. Comparison of the light-scattering data with these models suggests that the monomer-micellar model may be inappropriate. Analysis of the data according to the stepwise association model suggests that the dihydroxy bile salts associate to form dimers, trimers, and tetramers in addition to a larger aggregate which varies in size depending on the degree of conjugation of the bile salt.", "contents": "Light-scattering studies on bile acid salts II: pattern of self-association of sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, and sodium glycodeoxycholate in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The pattern of self-association of the bile salts sodium deoxycholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, and sodium taurodeoxycholate was investigated in aqueous electrolyte solutions by the light-scattering technique. The turbidity of the bile salt solutions was obtained over the concentration range of 0-20 mg/ml at 25 degrees. These data were analyzed according to a monomer-micellar equilibrium model and a stepwise association model. Comparison of the light-scattering data with these models suggests that the monomer-micellar model may be inappropriate. Analysis of the data according to the stepwise association model suggests that the dihydroxy bile salts associate to form dimers, trimers, and tetramers in addition to a larger aggregate which varies in size depending on the degree of conjugation of the bile salt.", "PMID": 660526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8932", "title": "Tolerance and cross-tolerance to cocaine and d-amphetamine.", "content": "The effects of cocaine (4.0-32 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.5-4.0 mg/kg) on milk intake of rats were determined before and during periods of repeated daily administration of each drug. Experimental sessions consisted of 15 minutes access to 50 ml of a sweetened condensed milk solution. After the determination of the disruptive effects of single injections of cocaine or d-amphetamine on milk intake, rats were injected daily with either 16 mg/kg of cocaine 15 minutes before the session, 16 mg/kg of cocaine immediately after the session, 2.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine 15 minutes before the session or saline before the session. During the period of repeated administration when milk intake had stabilized in each group, dose-effect functions for cocaine and d-amphetamine on milk intake were redetermined. On selected days, test doses of either drug were substituted for the usual daily injection. Test doses were separated by at least 3 days of stable intake after injection of the appropriate drug or saline. During the period of repeated administration, milk intake returned toward control levels for animals receiving daily cocaine or daily d-amphetamine before the session. Further, when the dose-effect functions for cocaine and d-amphetamine on milk intake were redetermined, a shift to the right (i.e., toward larger doses) was observed in all groups that had received drug presession during the repeated administration. This indicates that the animals became tolerant to cocaine and d-amphetamine as well as cross-tolerant to both drugs. The development of tolerance to cocaine was contingent upon the relationship of the time of injection to milk availability. Animals that had received postsession injections of cocaine during repeated administration were more sensitive to the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on milk intake.", "contents": "Tolerance and cross-tolerance to cocaine and d-amphetamine. The effects of cocaine (4.0-32 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.5-4.0 mg/kg) on milk intake of rats were determined before and during periods of repeated daily administration of each drug. Experimental sessions consisted of 15 minutes access to 50 ml of a sweetened condensed milk solution. After the determination of the disruptive effects of single injections of cocaine or d-amphetamine on milk intake, rats were injected daily with either 16 mg/kg of cocaine 15 minutes before the session, 16 mg/kg of cocaine immediately after the session, 2.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine 15 minutes before the session or saline before the session. During the period of repeated administration when milk intake had stabilized in each group, dose-effect functions for cocaine and d-amphetamine on milk intake were redetermined. On selected days, test doses of either drug were substituted for the usual daily injection. Test doses were separated by at least 3 days of stable intake after injection of the appropriate drug or saline. During the period of repeated administration, milk intake returned toward control levels for animals receiving daily cocaine or daily d-amphetamine before the session. Further, when the dose-effect functions for cocaine and d-amphetamine on milk intake were redetermined, a shift to the right (i.e., toward larger doses) was observed in all groups that had received drug presession during the repeated administration. This indicates that the animals became tolerant to cocaine and d-amphetamine as well as cross-tolerant to both drugs. The development of tolerance to cocaine was contingent upon the relationship of the time of injection to milk availability. Animals that had received postsession injections of cocaine during repeated administration were more sensitive to the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on milk intake.", "PMID": 660527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8933", "title": "Disposition of morphine in chronically infused rats: relationship to antinociception and tolerance.", "content": "Levels of morphine in brain and other biological materials were measured fluorometrically, and relationships were drawn to tail-flick activity and to tolerance development in rats treated chronically with the narcotic by i.p. infusion. Brain morphine concentration and tail-flick latency both increased with increasing dosage over the first 3 days of the 6-day infusion regimen. There was evidence of cellular tolerance within 24 to 48 hours after the beginning of infusion, with marked tolerance by day 6. Between days 3 and 6 a dispositional tolerance, evidenced by a dramatic fall in brain morphine concentration, also became apparent. After discontinuation of the infusion, the brain morphine dropped to extremely low levels by 24 hours, but significant tolerance to antinociceptive effects remained for 72 hours. Estimation of morphine in plasma, urine, peritoneal tissues and feces suggested several possible explanations for the dispositional tolerance observed. These include increased conjugation of morphine, increased fecal elimination and increased localization in muscle or peritoneal tissues with chronic infusion at relatively high doses. The present work thus examines the pharmacokinetics of morphine in the rat in a chronic treatment model that is currently being used in a number of laboratories for the rapid induction of drug tolerance and dependence.", "contents": "Disposition of morphine in chronically infused rats: relationship to antinociception and tolerance. Levels of morphine in brain and other biological materials were measured fluorometrically, and relationships were drawn to tail-flick activity and to tolerance development in rats treated chronically with the narcotic by i.p. infusion. Brain morphine concentration and tail-flick latency both increased with increasing dosage over the first 3 days of the 6-day infusion regimen. There was evidence of cellular tolerance within 24 to 48 hours after the beginning of infusion, with marked tolerance by day 6. Between days 3 and 6 a dispositional tolerance, evidenced by a dramatic fall in brain morphine concentration, also became apparent. After discontinuation of the infusion, the brain morphine dropped to extremely low levels by 24 hours, but significant tolerance to antinociceptive effects remained for 72 hours. Estimation of morphine in plasma, urine, peritoneal tissues and feces suggested several possible explanations for the dispositional tolerance observed. These include increased conjugation of morphine, increased fecal elimination and increased localization in muscle or peritoneal tissues with chronic infusion at relatively high doses. The present work thus examines the pharmacokinetics of morphine in the rat in a chronic treatment model that is currently being used in a number of laboratories for the rapid induction of drug tolerance and dependence.", "PMID": 660529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8934", "title": "The development of new iron-chelating drugs. II.", "content": "For  the past several years, we have searched for an orally effective iron-chelating drug and report here on several compounds which warrant further investigations based on their ability to promote iron excretion in the hypertransfused rat. Administrered orally, 2,3-dihydroxybenzyolglycine induced both urinary and fecal iron excretion, suggesting that a conjugate of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid may be more efficacious than the parent compound. Tropolone, although rather toxic, stimulated fecal excretion of iron when given p.o. at low doses. Evaluation of less toxic derivatives of tropolone appears to be justifiable. L-Histidine may also be of use in chelatin therapy. Fecal iron excretion is significantly increased in response to oral doses of this essential amino acid. Lastly, cholylhydroxamic acid proved to be the most efficacious oral agent examined thus far. A marked increase in fecal iron excretion results from its administration.", "contents": "The development of new iron-chelating drugs. II. For  the past several years, we have searched for an orally effective iron-chelating drug and report here on several compounds which warrant further investigations based on their ability to promote iron excretion in the hypertransfused rat. Administrered orally, 2,3-dihydroxybenzyolglycine induced both urinary and fecal iron excretion, suggesting that a conjugate of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid may be more efficacious than the parent compound. Tropolone, although rather toxic, stimulated fecal excretion of iron when given p.o. at low doses. Evaluation of less toxic derivatives of tropolone appears to be justifiable. L-Histidine may also be of use in chelatin therapy. Fecal iron excretion is significantly increased in response to oral doses of this essential amino acid. Lastly, cholylhydroxamic acid proved to be the most efficacious oral agent examined thus far. A marked increase in fecal iron excretion results from its administration.", "PMID": 660531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8935", "title": "An improved assay of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity: induction of hepatic enzyme activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice by phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "An improved in vitro fluorometric assay of the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin which is at least 10 times more sensitive than existing methods is described. Nearly quantitative recovery of the product which is essentially free of fluorescent impurities is obtained by a simple two-step extraction procedure. In C57BL/6J mice O-deethylating activity was induced 3-fold by 3-methylcholanthrene and 7-fold by phenobarbital. Administration of phenobarbital resulted in a 10-fold stimulation of enzyme activity in DBA/2J mice. Kinetic analysis indicated that at least two and possibly more components are involved in the metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin. Differential stimulation of the maximal activities associated with these components was observed after the administration of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The ED50 values for the induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities in C57BL/6J mice were almost identical and approximately 10-fold less than in DBA/2J mice similarly treated.", "contents": "An improved assay of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity: induction of hepatic enzyme activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice by phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. An improved in vitro fluorometric assay of the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin which is at least 10 times more sensitive than existing methods is described. Nearly quantitative recovery of the product which is essentially free of fluorescent impurities is obtained by a simple two-step extraction procedure. In C57BL/6J mice O-deethylating activity was induced 3-fold by 3-methylcholanthrene and 7-fold by phenobarbital. Administration of phenobarbital resulted in a 10-fold stimulation of enzyme activity in DBA/2J mice. Kinetic analysis indicated that at least two and possibly more components are involved in the metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin. Differential stimulation of the maximal activities associated with these components was observed after the administration of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The ED50 values for the induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities in C57BL/6J mice were almost identical and approximately 10-fold less than in DBA/2J mice similarly treated.", "PMID": 660532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8936", "title": "The design of pharmacological experiments using unbiased models of agonist-antagonist interaction.", "content": "The methods which exist to represent agonist-antagonist interactions, and to distinguish between them are sufficient and effective. Their effective use depends on a set of criteria which are not always fulfilled in actual experiments. In some situations it is difficult or impossible to meet these criteria. An alternative representation is proposed, using straightforward geometry, which evades this problem. It also allows experimental data points to be selected without bias and makes it possible to apply orthodox criteria to more restricted sets of data than is otherwise the case. To do this, it is necessary to reverse the ordinary procedure in antagonist assays, by adding successive concentrations of antagonist to a preparation so that a constant response is evoked by squared multiples of the original agonist dose. This can only be done with rapidly reversible antagonists, but the method has been shown to be effective for such drugs.", "contents": "The design of pharmacological experiments using unbiased models of agonist-antagonist interaction. The methods which exist to represent agonist-antagonist interactions, and to distinguish between them are sufficient and effective. Their effective use depends on a set of criteria which are not always fulfilled in actual experiments. In some situations it is difficult or impossible to meet these criteria. An alternative representation is proposed, using straightforward geometry, which evades this problem. It also allows experimental data points to be selected without bias and makes it possible to apply orthodox criteria to more restricted sets of data than is otherwise the case. To do this, it is necessary to reverse the ordinary procedure in antagonist assays, by adding successive concentrations of antagonist to a preparation so that a constant response is evoked by squared multiples of the original agonist dose. This can only be done with rapidly reversible antagonists, but the method has been shown to be effective for such drugs.", "PMID": 660533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8937", "title": "Modulation by prostaglandins of the release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline in guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and indomethacin on the release of acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA) and prostaglandin-like substances from the isolated guinea-pig ileum and its longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation were investigated. The output of ACh and PGs was determined by a bioassay and the output of NA by an isotope technique. The output of ACh, both resting and stimulated, was decreased by indomethacin (1 micron) especially after a longer exposure. The output of ACh was increased by PGE2 (6 nM) but not by PGF2alpha. This increase was inversely related to the initial level of ACh output; thus, it was marked only in the preparations with low initial output of ACh. Prostaglandin-like substances released from the ileum were mainly of the E type and their output only partially correlated with contractions and with the output of ACh. The stimulated outflow of NA at a frequency of 5 Hz was increased by indomethacin (50 micron) and decreased by PGE2 (30 nM). PGF2alpha had no effect. These results suggest that PGE2 might act physiologically as a modulator of cholinergic transmission whereas its effect on adrenergic transmission could be of a pharmacological nature.", "contents": "Modulation by prostaglandins of the release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline in guinea-pig isolated ileum. The effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and indomethacin on the release of acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA) and prostaglandin-like substances from the isolated guinea-pig ileum and its longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation were investigated. The output of ACh and PGs was determined by a bioassay and the output of NA by an isotope technique. The output of ACh, both resting and stimulated, was decreased by indomethacin (1 micron) especially after a longer exposure. The output of ACh was increased by PGE2 (6 nM) but not by PGF2alpha. This increase was inversely related to the initial level of ACh output; thus, it was marked only in the preparations with low initial output of ACh. Prostaglandin-like substances released from the ileum were mainly of the E type and their output only partially correlated with contractions and with the output of ACh. The stimulated outflow of NA at a frequency of 5 Hz was increased by indomethacin (50 micron) and decreased by PGE2 (30 nM). PGF2alpha had no effect. These results suggest that PGE2 might act physiologically as a modulator of cholinergic transmission whereas its effect on adrenergic transmission could be of a pharmacological nature.", "PMID": 660534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8938", "title": "Interactions between digoxin and brief vagal bursts influencing atrioventricular conduction.", "content": "The interaction between intravenous injections of digoxin (20 microgram/kg every 15 minutes) and brief electrical bursts of vagal stimulation was determined in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Vagal effect curves were generated to characterize the effect of brief vagal stimulus bursts on atrioventricular conduction. These curves were fit with an analytic expression from which the following parameters were derived as the experimental observations: 1) the maximal change in atrioventricular conduction (deltaPRmax), 2) the time after the stimulus at which atrioventricular conduction was maximally inhibited (Tmax) and 3) the width of the vagal effect curve at one-half the maximal amplitude (TD). Digoxin administration significantly (P less than .05) increased deltaPRmax, Tmax and TD by 21.6 +/- 4.3, 50.0 +/- 16.1 and 125.5 +/- 42.4 msec, respectively, before the disruption of sinus rhythm. Diluent or saline administration did not alter deltaPRmax, Tmax or TD. In addition, digoxin produced dose-dependent increases in deltaPRmax. These results suggest that digoxin vagal interactions not only affect the PR interval but also the time to the maximum delay in atrioventricular conduction and the length of time for depressed conduction after brief bursts of vagal activity.", "contents": "Interactions between digoxin and brief vagal bursts influencing atrioventricular conduction. The interaction between intravenous injections of digoxin (20 microgram/kg every 15 minutes) and brief electrical bursts of vagal stimulation was determined in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Vagal effect curves were generated to characterize the effect of brief vagal stimulus bursts on atrioventricular conduction. These curves were fit with an analytic expression from which the following parameters were derived as the experimental observations: 1) the maximal change in atrioventricular conduction (deltaPRmax), 2) the time after the stimulus at which atrioventricular conduction was maximally inhibited (Tmax) and 3) the width of the vagal effect curve at one-half the maximal amplitude (TD). Digoxin administration significantly (P less than .05) increased deltaPRmax, Tmax and TD by 21.6 +/- 4.3, 50.0 +/- 16.1 and 125.5 +/- 42.4 msec, respectively, before the disruption of sinus rhythm. Diluent or saline administration did not alter deltaPRmax, Tmax or TD. In addition, digoxin produced dose-dependent increases in deltaPRmax. These results suggest that digoxin vagal interactions not only affect the PR interval but also the time to the maximum delay in atrioventricular conduction and the length of time for depressed conduction after brief bursts of vagal activity.", "PMID": 660535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8939", "title": "Mass spectrometric measurement of catecholamine turnover in rat hypothalamus after long-term L-dopa infusion.", "content": "To test the effect of L-dopa on norepinephrine turnover in rat hypothalamus, we gave steady-state, long-term (19-hour) infusions of L-dopa to conscious, restrained rats. After 19 hours, infusions were switched to identical doses of 2,5,6-trideutero-L-dopa (D3-L-dopa) and production of D3-dopamine and D3-norepinephrine was followed at intervals thereafter. Animals were sacrificed and their hypothalami were dissected and divided into left and right halves. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we measured isotopic enrichment with one side of the hypothalamus and, after the addition of deuterated internal standards, determined total concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine in the other half of the same hypothalamus. Maximal steady-state enrichment by a given dose of D3-L-dopa was determined by 19-hour infusions of D3-L-dopa alone. Results show that total dopamine production is proportional to dopa dose. Norepinephrine synthesis, on the other hand, proceeds at a constant rate that is independent of dopa dose or dopamine concentration and which is similar to the endogenous rate reported by others using tracer techniques.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric measurement of catecholamine turnover in rat hypothalamus after long-term L-dopa infusion. To test the effect of L-dopa on norepinephrine turnover in rat hypothalamus, we gave steady-state, long-term (19-hour) infusions of L-dopa to conscious, restrained rats. After 19 hours, infusions were switched to identical doses of 2,5,6-trideutero-L-dopa (D3-L-dopa) and production of D3-dopamine and D3-norepinephrine was followed at intervals thereafter. Animals were sacrificed and their hypothalami were dissected and divided into left and right halves. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we measured isotopic enrichment with one side of the hypothalamus and, after the addition of deuterated internal standards, determined total concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine in the other half of the same hypothalamus. Maximal steady-state enrichment by a given dose of D3-L-dopa was determined by 19-hour infusions of D3-L-dopa alone. Results show that total dopamine production is proportional to dopa dose. Norepinephrine synthesis, on the other hand, proceeds at a constant rate that is independent of dopa dose or dopamine concentration and which is similar to the endogenous rate reported by others using tracer techniques.", "PMID": 660538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8940", "title": "The effects of exercise and adrenaline infusion upon the blood levels of propranolol and antipyrine in the horse.", "content": "There are now several examples showing that experimentally induced changes in hepatic blood flow can have a marked effect upon the elimination of certain high clearance drugs. Changes in hepatic blood flow produced by exercise might therefore be expected to influence the clearance of these drugs. There was an increase of up to 100%, compound to control values, in the plasma levels of propranolol in horses given either d- or dl-propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg b.wt., and then subjected to sustained exercise for 30 minutes. There was, however, no similar increase with exercise in the plasma levels of antipyrine in horses given antipyrine, 50 mg/kg b.wt. Intravenous infusions of adrenaline, 1 microgram/kg b.wt./min for 10 minutes also produced an increase of about 70% in the plasma levels of d-propranolol.", "contents": "The effects of exercise and adrenaline infusion upon the blood levels of propranolol and antipyrine in the horse. There are now several examples showing that experimentally induced changes in hepatic blood flow can have a marked effect upon the elimination of certain high clearance drugs. Changes in hepatic blood flow produced by exercise might therefore be expected to influence the clearance of these drugs. There was an increase of up to 100%, compound to control values, in the plasma levels of propranolol in horses given either d- or dl-propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg b.wt., and then subjected to sustained exercise for 30 minutes. There was, however, no similar increase with exercise in the plasma levels of antipyrine in horses given antipyrine, 50 mg/kg b.wt. Intravenous infusions of adrenaline, 1 microgram/kg b.wt./min for 10 minutes also produced an increase of about 70% in the plasma levels of d-propranolol.", "PMID": 660540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8941", "title": "Chemical induction of p-aminohippuric acid transport in renal cortical slices from adult and immature rabbits.", "content": "Fourteen-day-old and adult rabbits received procaine penicillin G (PEN), 450,000 U/kg s.c., every 12 hours for a total of four doses or phenobarbital-Na (PHB), 40 mg/kg i.p., once daily for 3 days, or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), to 20 mg/kg i.p., once daily for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final treatment the animals were killed and the kidneys were removed for analysis of enzymatic activities and p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport capability. PEN, PHB and 3MC had no effect on PAH transport in slices from adult rabbits but significantly increased PAH transport in slices from 14-day-old rabbits. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was enhanced in both adult and 2-week rabbit kidneys by 3MC while biphenyl-4-hydroxylase activity was enhanced in 2-week and adult rabbit kidneys by PHB. Epoxide hydratase was unaffected by all three treatments. 3MC increased gluthione-S-aryltransferase (ligandin) activity in 2-week but not adult kidneys. Induction of PAH transport in 14-day-old rabbits does not appear to be related to stimulation of microsomal enzymes or glutathione-S-aryltransferase activity in the kidney. Although they are not considered to be substrates for renal organic anion transport, PHB and 3MC resemble PEN in their ability to induce PAH transport in renal cortex of immature but not adult rabbits.", "contents": "Chemical induction of p-aminohippuric acid transport in renal cortical slices from adult and immature rabbits. Fourteen-day-old and adult rabbits received procaine penicillin G (PEN), 450,000 U/kg s.c., every 12 hours for a total of four doses or phenobarbital-Na (PHB), 40 mg/kg i.p., once daily for 3 days, or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), to 20 mg/kg i.p., once daily for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final treatment the animals were killed and the kidneys were removed for analysis of enzymatic activities and p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport capability. PEN, PHB and 3MC had no effect on PAH transport in slices from adult rabbits but significantly increased PAH transport in slices from 14-day-old rabbits. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was enhanced in both adult and 2-week rabbit kidneys by 3MC while biphenyl-4-hydroxylase activity was enhanced in 2-week and adult rabbit kidneys by PHB. Epoxide hydratase was unaffected by all three treatments. 3MC increased gluthione-S-aryltransferase (ligandin) activity in 2-week but not adult kidneys. Induction of PAH transport in 14-day-old rabbits does not appear to be related to stimulation of microsomal enzymes or glutathione-S-aryltransferase activity in the kidney. Although they are not considered to be substrates for renal organic anion transport, PHB and 3MC resemble PEN in their ability to induce PAH transport in renal cortex of immature but not adult rabbits.", "PMID": 660541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8942", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of the antihypertensive drug debrisoquin: a contribution to the pharmacology of chronic treatment. I. One-week administration to dogs.", "content": "Debrisoquin (5 mg/kg/day) was administered to mongrel dogs on 7 consecutive days either i.v. or p.o. Sixteen hours after the last dose, the animals were anesthetized with chloralose-urethane and subjected to several hemodynamic and biochemical measurements which serve for a comparison with the results of the chronic treatment in a subsequent paper. Aortic blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate (after vagotomy) and pressor responses to bilateral carotid occlusion were decreased by debrisoquin; cardiac contractility and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure remained unaffected. The fall in vascular resistance of the perfused hind legs which occurred after cutting the lumbar sympathetic chain was smaller after debrisoquin than in controls. Increases in perfusion pressure elicited in the hind legs by electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the sectioned lumbar sympathetic chain or by i.a. injection of tyramine were inhibited by treatment with debrisoquin. The vascular responses to i.a. injections of norepinephrine, angiotensin and acetylcholine remained unchanged. Isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparations obtained from dogs pretreated with debrisoquin showed reduced pressor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation. Dose-response curves for the pressor effect of norepinephrine were not altered by debrisoquin. Debrisoquin administered i.v. or p.o. depleted to a similar extent the stores of norepinephrine in the heart, spleen, mesenteric and femoral arteries.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of the antihypertensive drug debrisoquin: a contribution to the pharmacology of chronic treatment. I. One-week administration to dogs. Debrisoquin (5 mg/kg/day) was administered to mongrel dogs on 7 consecutive days either i.v. or p.o. Sixteen hours after the last dose, the animals were anesthetized with chloralose-urethane and subjected to several hemodynamic and biochemical measurements which serve for a comparison with the results of the chronic treatment in a subsequent paper. Aortic blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate (after vagotomy) and pressor responses to bilateral carotid occlusion were decreased by debrisoquin; cardiac contractility and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure remained unaffected. The fall in vascular resistance of the perfused hind legs which occurred after cutting the lumbar sympathetic chain was smaller after debrisoquin than in controls. Increases in perfusion pressure elicited in the hind legs by electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the sectioned lumbar sympathetic chain or by i.a. injection of tyramine were inhibited by treatment with debrisoquin. The vascular responses to i.a. injections of norepinephrine, angiotensin and acetylcholine remained unchanged. Isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparations obtained from dogs pretreated with debrisoquin showed reduced pressor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation. Dose-response curves for the pressor effect of norepinephrine were not altered by debrisoquin. Debrisoquin administered i.v. or p.o. depleted to a similar extent the stores of norepinephrine in the heart, spleen, mesenteric and femoral arteries.", "PMID": 660542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8943", "title": "Antagonism of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to prostaglandin F2alpha by N-dimethylamino substitution of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Efforts to develop an in vivo prostaglandin (PG) antagonist have met with limited success. In this study, N-dimethylamino analogs of PGF2alpha which have proven to be effective in vitro prostaglandin antagonists, were tested for antagonism to the PGF2alpha and arachidonic acid (AA) responses in the canine lung lobe preparation. PGF2alpha (1 microgram/kg) and AA (100 microgram/kg) increased lobar arterial pressure by 54 and 83%, respectively. Infusion of analogs did not change lobar arterial pressure. N-dimethylamine PGF2alpha (0.8-3.2 microgram/ml) antagonized the PGF2alpha response by 66 to 79%. N-dimethylamide PGF2alpha (1.6-8.0 microgram/ml) produced a dose-dependent antagonism (24-75%) with an IC50 value of 3.8 microgram/ml. Neither analog significantly attenuated the pulmonary response to AA. Thus, these N-dimethylamino analogs of PGF2alpha exhibit a potency which is superior to previous in vivo prostaglandin antagonists. In addition, they have effectively differentiated the pulmonary vascular responses of AA and PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Antagonism of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to prostaglandin F2alpha by N-dimethylamino substitution of prostaglandin F2alpha. Efforts to develop an in vivo prostaglandin (PG) antagonist have met with limited success. In this study, N-dimethylamino analogs of PGF2alpha which have proven to be effective in vitro prostaglandin antagonists, were tested for antagonism to the PGF2alpha and arachidonic acid (AA) responses in the canine lung lobe preparation. PGF2alpha (1 microgram/kg) and AA (100 microgram/kg) increased lobar arterial pressure by 54 and 83%, respectively. Infusion of analogs did not change lobar arterial pressure. N-dimethylamine PGF2alpha (0.8-3.2 microgram/ml) antagonized the PGF2alpha response by 66 to 79%. N-dimethylamide PGF2alpha (1.6-8.0 microgram/ml) produced a dose-dependent antagonism (24-75%) with an IC50 value of 3.8 microgram/ml. Neither analog significantly attenuated the pulmonary response to AA. Thus, these N-dimethylamino analogs of PGF2alpha exhibit a potency which is superior to previous in vivo prostaglandin antagonists. In addition, they have effectively differentiated the pulmonary vascular responses of AA and PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 660543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8944", "title": "Uptake, metabolism and efflux of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) by rat lung tissue.", "content": "The uptake, metabolism and efflux of the longacting narcotic analgesic l-alpha-[2-3H]acetylmethadol ([3H]LAAM) were studied using rat lung tissue slices. Uptake of [3H]LAAM by lung slices incubated in 1 micrometer [3H]LAAM in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer was rapid for the first 10 minutes, slow thereafter and reached equilibrium after 30 minutes. Less than 10% of the accumulated radioactivity was found to be in the form of the metabolites noracetylmethadol and methadol. LAAM accumulates in lung tissue primarily by passive diffusion and nonspecific binding. Uptake was against a concentration gradient and could be reduced significantly by iodoacetate or by boiling the tissue and slightly reduced by removing oxygen or Na+ from the medium. However, the uptake process was nonsaturable, was not affected by the removal of Ca++ or glucose from from the medium, lacked stereospecificity and was reversible. Efflux of accumulated [3H]LAAM from lung tissue was a first-order process with an apparent t1/2 of 46 minutes. Many drugs which may possibly be used by patients receiving LAAM, such as methadone, fentanyl, propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, imipramine, promazine and chlorpromazine, were found to have a significant inhibitory effect on [3H]LAAM uptake and could displace accumulated [3H]LAAM from lung tissue.", "contents": "Uptake, metabolism and efflux of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) by rat lung tissue. The uptake, metabolism and efflux of the longacting narcotic analgesic l-alpha-[2-3H]acetylmethadol ([3H]LAAM) were studied using rat lung tissue slices. Uptake of [3H]LAAM by lung slices incubated in 1 micrometer [3H]LAAM in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer was rapid for the first 10 minutes, slow thereafter and reached equilibrium after 30 minutes. Less than 10% of the accumulated radioactivity was found to be in the form of the metabolites noracetylmethadol and methadol. LAAM accumulates in lung tissue primarily by passive diffusion and nonspecific binding. Uptake was against a concentration gradient and could be reduced significantly by iodoacetate or by boiling the tissue and slightly reduced by removing oxygen or Na+ from the medium. However, the uptake process was nonsaturable, was not affected by the removal of Ca++ or glucose from from the medium, lacked stereospecificity and was reversible. Efflux of accumulated [3H]LAAM from lung tissue was a first-order process with an apparent t1/2 of 46 minutes. Many drugs which may possibly be used by patients receiving LAAM, such as methadone, fentanyl, propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, imipramine, promazine and chlorpromazine, were found to have a significant inhibitory effect on [3H]LAAM uptake and could displace accumulated [3H]LAAM from lung tissue.", "PMID": 660544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8945", "title": "Distribution of clozapine in the rat: localization in lung.", "content": "To determine the distribution of the antipsychotic agent, clozapin (CLZ), a fluorometric procedure for its estimation was devised, and the drug was measured in various tissues of rats after i.p. injection (20 mg/kg). In a 24-hour urine collection, less than 1% injected drug was found. After 1 hour, CLZ concentrations were greatest in lung, spleen, liver and brain (16-64 microgram/g). After 6 hours, CLZ levels in lung remained at 52 microgram/g, whereas concentrations in all other tissues declined to less than 7 microgram/g. When rat lung slices were incubated (O2, 37 degrees C) in CLZ solution (20 microgram/ml), the drug was taken up by the tissue against a concentration gradient, attaining a maximum tissue/medium ratio of 97 after 4 hours. When the concentration of CLZ was raised from 2 to 200 microgram/ml the 1-hour tissue/medium ratio declined from 89 to 21. Chlordiazepoxide, amphetamine and morphine depressed the 1-hour tissue/medium ratio of CLZ by 34 to 50%. CLZ uptake was also decreased 19% by anaerobic conditions and 25% by the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. The results suggest that the lung is a site of (active) transport and accumulation for CLZ and perhaps certain other basic drugs.", "contents": "Distribution of clozapine in the rat: localization in lung. To determine the distribution of the antipsychotic agent, clozapin (CLZ), a fluorometric procedure for its estimation was devised, and the drug was measured in various tissues of rats after i.p. injection (20 mg/kg). In a 24-hour urine collection, less than 1% injected drug was found. After 1 hour, CLZ concentrations were greatest in lung, spleen, liver and brain (16-64 microgram/g). After 6 hours, CLZ levels in lung remained at 52 microgram/g, whereas concentrations in all other tissues declined to less than 7 microgram/g. When rat lung slices were incubated (O2, 37 degrees C) in CLZ solution (20 microgram/ml), the drug was taken up by the tissue against a concentration gradient, attaining a maximum tissue/medium ratio of 97 after 4 hours. When the concentration of CLZ was raised from 2 to 200 microgram/ml the 1-hour tissue/medium ratio declined from 89 to 21. Chlordiazepoxide, amphetamine and morphine depressed the 1-hour tissue/medium ratio of CLZ by 34 to 50%. CLZ uptake was also decreased 19% by anaerobic conditions and 25% by the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. The results suggest that the lung is a site of (active) transport and accumulation for CLZ and perhaps certain other basic drugs.", "PMID": 660545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8946", "title": "Hepatic uptake of propranolol.", "content": "Isolated rat livers were perfused with propranolol and other drugs in a simplified recirculation system without plasma proteins or erythrocytes. The propranolol levels in the reservoir declined biphasically. The first phase was rapid and almost flow-limited despite use of high perfusion flow rates. This rapid uptake generated liver/perfusate ratios greater than 25 and was not significantly diminished by lowering the temperature or removing oxygen from the system. It appeared to reflect one or more physical binding processes. Autoradiography showed high concentrations of propranolol in the periportal zones of the liver lobule. The second, slower phase of uptake was associated with metabolism of propranolol to other compounds and was temperature, oxygen and concentration dependent. A number of drugs inhibited the slow phase but had little effect on the rapid uptake phase. Several of these drugs were able to displace small amounts of propranolol from the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake of propranolol. Isolated rat livers were perfused with propranolol and other drugs in a simplified recirculation system without plasma proteins or erythrocytes. The propranolol levels in the reservoir declined biphasically. The first phase was rapid and almost flow-limited despite use of high perfusion flow rates. This rapid uptake generated liver/perfusate ratios greater than 25 and was not significantly diminished by lowering the temperature or removing oxygen from the system. It appeared to reflect one or more physical binding processes. Autoradiography showed high concentrations of propranolol in the periportal zones of the liver lobule. The second, slower phase of uptake was associated with metabolism of propranolol to other compounds and was temperature, oxygen and concentration dependent. A number of drugs inhibited the slow phase but had little effect on the rapid uptake phase. Several of these drugs were able to displace small amounts of propranolol from the liver.", "PMID": 660547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8947", "title": "Characterization of SC2644-induced choleresis in the dog. Evidence for canalicular bicarbonate secretion.", "content": "The biliary clearances of [14C]erythritol (Cery) and [3H]mannitol (Cmann) were measured simultaneously in dogs, first during choleresis induced by varying doses of sodium taurocholate and then by SC2644. Cery increased equally with the increases in bile flow induced by both compounds. Mannitol entry into bile, however, was partially restricted; deltaCmann/deltabile flow averaged 0.66 and 0.68 for taurocholate- and SC2644-induced flows, respectively. These findings suggest a common canalicular site of origin of the increased bile flow. Electrolyte composition was quite different in the increments, however. The bicarbonate concentration in the SC2644-induced increment of bile (65.8 microEq/ml) was three times higher than that associated with bile stimulated by taurocholate. SC2644- and taurocholate-induced biles were virtually isosmotic. These results in concert with other observations suggest a canalicular mechanism for bicarbonate entry into the biliary tree. Stimulation by SC2644 of ductal chloride bicarbonate exchange cannot be excluded, however.", "contents": "Characterization of SC2644-induced choleresis in the dog. Evidence for canalicular bicarbonate secretion. The biliary clearances of [14C]erythritol (Cery) and [3H]mannitol (Cmann) were measured simultaneously in dogs, first during choleresis induced by varying doses of sodium taurocholate and then by SC2644. Cery increased equally with the increases in bile flow induced by both compounds. Mannitol entry into bile, however, was partially restricted; deltaCmann/deltabile flow averaged 0.66 and 0.68 for taurocholate- and SC2644-induced flows, respectively. These findings suggest a common canalicular site of origin of the increased bile flow. Electrolyte composition was quite different in the increments, however. The bicarbonate concentration in the SC2644-induced increment of bile (65.8 microEq/ml) was three times higher than that associated with bile stimulated by taurocholate. SC2644- and taurocholate-induced biles were virtually isosmotic. These results in concert with other observations suggest a canalicular mechanism for bicarbonate entry into the biliary tree. Stimulation by SC2644 of ductal chloride bicarbonate exchange cannot be excluded, however.", "PMID": 660549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8948", "title": "Effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on respiration of isolated kidney tubules: the role of ion transport and the source of metabolic energy.", "content": "In order to investigate the mechanism of action of ethacrynic acid and furosemide, experiments were designed to determine whether these drugs directly inhibit active transport or energy metabolism. The effects of these diuretics on the respiration of tubule suspensions isolated from renal cortex (of rats and rabbits) and outer medulla (of rabbits) were measured. The respiration of tubules prepared from renal outer medulla was stimulated by the presence of chloride in the incubation medium, whereas the respiration of cortical tubules was unaffected by chloride. Both ethacrynic acid and furosemide produced the greatest inhibition of respiration on tubules from outer medulla suspended in chloride-containing media; this result suggests that the diuretics directly inhibit chloride transport. The source of metabolic energy for ion transport was varied by using substrates which donate electrons to the respiratory chain at different phosphorylation sites. Both ethacrynic acid and furosemide inhibit respiration supported by beta-hydroxybutyrate, but there was little or no inhibition of respiration with succinate or tetramethylphenylenediamine ascorbate. Similarly, ouabain inhibited respiration with beta-hydroxybutyrate, but not with the other substrates. Therefore, both diuretics inhibited respiration in a fashion similar to ouabain. It is concluded from both types of experiments that ethacrynic acid and furosemide may directly inhibit active chloride transport.", "contents": "Effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on respiration of isolated kidney tubules: the role of ion transport and the source of metabolic energy. In order to investigate the mechanism of action of ethacrynic acid and furosemide, experiments were designed to determine whether these drugs directly inhibit active transport or energy metabolism. The effects of these diuretics on the respiration of tubule suspensions isolated from renal cortex (of rats and rabbits) and outer medulla (of rabbits) were measured. The respiration of tubules prepared from renal outer medulla was stimulated by the presence of chloride in the incubation medium, whereas the respiration of cortical tubules was unaffected by chloride. Both ethacrynic acid and furosemide produced the greatest inhibition of respiration on tubules from outer medulla suspended in chloride-containing media; this result suggests that the diuretics directly inhibit chloride transport. The source of metabolic energy for ion transport was varied by using substrates which donate electrons to the respiratory chain at different phosphorylation sites. Both ethacrynic acid and furosemide inhibit respiration supported by beta-hydroxybutyrate, but there was little or no inhibition of respiration with succinate or tetramethylphenylenediamine ascorbate. Similarly, ouabain inhibited respiration with beta-hydroxybutyrate, but not with the other substrates. Therefore, both diuretics inhibited respiration in a fashion similar to ouabain. It is concluded from both types of experiments that ethacrynic acid and furosemide may directly inhibit active chloride transport.", "PMID": 660550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8949", "title": "Modulation of acetylcholine metabolism in the hippocampal cholinergic pathway by intraseptally injected substance P.", "content": "Intraventricular injection of substance P induced a dose-dependent decrease of acetylcholine (ACh) turnover rate (TRACh) in the hippocampus of rats. The highest dose used (20 nmol) decreased the hippocampal TRACh to 40% of the control value. No changes in the ACh or choline content were detected in the various brain areas 40 minutes after injection, but after 70 minutes an increase in ACh content in diencephalon was significant. Local injection of substance P into the medial nuclei of the septum decreased significantly the hippocampal TRACh. Neither intraventricular injection nor injection into the periaqueductal grey of high doses of substance P (30 nmol) induced analgesia, whereas beta-endorphin (1 nmol) and morphine (15 nmol) were effective. No specific change in the electroencephalograph pattern recorded from either cortex or hippocampus could be detected within the first 2 hours after intraventricular injection of substance P.", "contents": "Modulation of acetylcholine metabolism in the hippocampal cholinergic pathway by intraseptally injected substance P. Intraventricular injection of substance P induced a dose-dependent decrease of acetylcholine (ACh) turnover rate (TRACh) in the hippocampus of rats. The highest dose used (20 nmol) decreased the hippocampal TRACh to 40% of the control value. No changes in the ACh or choline content were detected in the various brain areas 40 minutes after injection, but after 70 minutes an increase in ACh content in diencephalon was significant. Local injection of substance P into the medial nuclei of the septum decreased significantly the hippocampal TRACh. Neither intraventricular injection nor injection into the periaqueductal grey of high doses of substance P (30 nmol) induced analgesia, whereas beta-endorphin (1 nmol) and morphine (15 nmol) were effective. No specific change in the electroencephalograph pattern recorded from either cortex or hippocampus could be detected within the first 2 hours after intraventricular injection of substance P.", "PMID": 660551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8950", "title": "Covalent binding of metabolites of acetaminophen to kidney protein and depletion of renal glutathione.", "content": "Experiments in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were carried out to determine the extent to which biochemical changes described previously for acute acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity might be applicable to the kidney. After intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen, tissue glutathione and covalent binding of tritiated metabolites of acetaminophen to tissue protein were measured for liver, kidney cortex and kidney papilla. Glutathione was reduced more in mice than in rats, and more in liver than in kidney, without appearance of oxidized glutathione in either tissue. Covalent binding was likewise greater in mice than in rats and greater in liver than in kidney. The determination of covalent binding was extremely sensitive to the trace radiochemical impurities of the labeled drug. With prior administration of 3-methyl-cholanthrene, the induced changes were far greater in liver than in kidney, suggesting that the formation of a reactive metabolite from acetaminophen occurred in each organ by slightly different mechanisms. At doses less than those associated with demonstrable acute toxicity, the duration of covalent binding to protein was longer for renal papilla than for renal cortex or for liver. The results may be applicable to the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Covalent binding of metabolites of acetaminophen to kidney protein and depletion of renal glutathione. Experiments in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were carried out to determine the extent to which biochemical changes described previously for acute acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity might be applicable to the kidney. After intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen, tissue glutathione and covalent binding of tritiated metabolites of acetaminophen to tissue protein were measured for liver, kidney cortex and kidney papilla. Glutathione was reduced more in mice than in rats, and more in liver than in kidney, without appearance of oxidized glutathione in either tissue. Covalent binding was likewise greater in mice than in rats and greater in liver than in kidney. The determination of covalent binding was extremely sensitive to the trace radiochemical impurities of the labeled drug. With prior administration of 3-methyl-cholanthrene, the induced changes were far greater in liver than in kidney, suggesting that the formation of a reactive metabolite from acetaminophen occurred in each organ by slightly different mechanisms. At doses less than those associated with demonstrable acute toxicity, the duration of covalent binding to protein was longer for renal papilla than for renal cortex or for liver. The results may be applicable to the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 660552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8951", "title": "gamma-Glutamyl dopa: a kidney-specific dopamine precursor.", "content": "gamma-Glutamyl derivatives of amino acids and peptides are selectively accumulated in the kidney and introduced into the metabolism of kidney cells. gamma-Glutamyl L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (gamma-glutamyl dopa) was synthesized both chemically and enzymatically. Injection of this derivative into mice led to a selective generation of dopamine in the kidney as a consequence of the sequential action of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, two enzymes which are highly concentrated in the kidney. The concentration of dopamine in the kidney after gamma-glutamyl dopa was almost 5 times higher than that after an equivalent dose of L-dopa. Infusion of 10 nmol/g/30 min of gamma-glutamyl dopa to rats produced a 60% increase in renal plasma flow. By contrast the same dose of L-dopa had no effect on renal plasma flow. Only a small pressor effect was observed after the infusion dose of gamma-glutamyl dopa was increased 20-fold indicating that the systemic effects of this pro-drug slight. The results suggest that the pro-drug gamma-glutamyl dopa can be used as a specific renal vasodilator.", "contents": "gamma-Glutamyl dopa: a kidney-specific dopamine precursor. gamma-Glutamyl derivatives of amino acids and peptides are selectively accumulated in the kidney and introduced into the metabolism of kidney cells. gamma-Glutamyl L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (gamma-glutamyl dopa) was synthesized both chemically and enzymatically. Injection of this derivative into mice led to a selective generation of dopamine in the kidney as a consequence of the sequential action of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, two enzymes which are highly concentrated in the kidney. The concentration of dopamine in the kidney after gamma-glutamyl dopa was almost 5 times higher than that after an equivalent dose of L-dopa. Infusion of 10 nmol/g/30 min of gamma-glutamyl dopa to rats produced a 60% increase in renal plasma flow. By contrast the same dose of L-dopa had no effect on renal plasma flow. Only a small pressor effect was observed after the infusion dose of gamma-glutamyl dopa was increased 20-fold indicating that the systemic effects of this pro-drug slight. The results suggest that the pro-drug gamma-glutamyl dopa can be used as a specific renal vasodilator.", "PMID": 660553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8952", "title": "Drug interactions: inhibition of acetaminophen glucuronidation by drugs.", "content": "Glucuronidation of [3H]acetaminophen (APAP) was studied in rat liver preparations. Both Triton X-100 and UDP-N acetylglucosamine (UDPAG) activated 3- to 4-fold the glucuronidation of APAP by liver homogenates or microsomes. Prednisolone inhibited microsomal glucuronidation of APAP, yielding apparent noncompetitive kinetics in native and in UDPAG-activated microsomes. Studies with UDPAG-activated microsomal preparations show that many drugs can inhibit glucuronidation of APAP markedly; among the most poten inhibitors are: morphine, dicumarol, hydroxyzine, phenolphthalein, chloramphenicol and tetracycline.", "contents": "Drug interactions: inhibition of acetaminophen glucuronidation by drugs. Glucuronidation of [3H]acetaminophen (APAP) was studied in rat liver preparations. Both Triton X-100 and UDP-N acetylglucosamine (UDPAG) activated 3- to 4-fold the glucuronidation of APAP by liver homogenates or microsomes. Prednisolone inhibited microsomal glucuronidation of APAP, yielding apparent noncompetitive kinetics in native and in UDPAG-activated microsomes. Studies with UDPAG-activated microsomal preparations show that many drugs can inhibit glucuronidation of APAP markedly; among the most poten inhibitors are: morphine, dicumarol, hydroxyzine, phenolphthalein, chloramphenicol and tetracycline.", "PMID": 660554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8953", "title": "The relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action as applied to in vivo pA2: application to the analgesic effect of morphine.", "content": "When the pA2 of an antagonist is determined in vivo, administered doses are used rather than the peak or steady-state tissue concentrations. The present report examines the error which can arise in this method and also presents a method for determining the pA2 from data obtained at times after peak. We applied this time-dependent analysis to time-dose-response data obtained with morphine-naloxone in the rat, using tail compression as the nociceptive stimulus. Good agreement between pA2 values was found: 8.0 with peak effect data, and 8.1 with the time-dependent method. Further, this analysis yielded 20 minutes as the half-life of naloxone. It is concluded that the time-dependent method provides a check on the pA2 in vivo and confirms the utility of this constant in classifying receptors. The appendix contains methodology for application to other agonist-antagonist combinations classified according to their kinetics.", "contents": "The relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action as applied to in vivo pA2: application to the analgesic effect of morphine. When the pA2 of an antagonist is determined in vivo, administered doses are used rather than the peak or steady-state tissue concentrations. The present report examines the error which can arise in this method and also presents a method for determining the pA2 from data obtained at times after peak. We applied this time-dependent analysis to time-dose-response data obtained with morphine-naloxone in the rat, using tail compression as the nociceptive stimulus. Good agreement between pA2 values was found: 8.0 with peak effect data, and 8.1 with the time-dependent method. Further, this analysis yielded 20 minutes as the half-life of naloxone. It is concluded that the time-dependent method provides a check on the pA2 in vivo and confirms the utility of this constant in classifying receptors. The appendix contains methodology for application to other agonist-antagonist combinations classified according to their kinetics.", "PMID": 660555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8954", "title": "Regional and subcellular distribution and some factors in the regulation of reduced pterins in rat brain.", "content": "We have studied the regional and subcellular distribution, functional role, and pharmacology of quinoid dihydropterin reductase (QDPR) and endogenous reduced pterins (PH4) subserving tyrosin hydroxylase (TOH) and tryptophan hydroxylase in the rat brain. There is a significant correlation between the regional distribution of PH4 and TOH but not between PH4 and tryptophan hydroxylase or between either TOH or tryptophan hydroxylase and QDPR. This suggests that a major portion of PH4 is associated with the biosynthetic activity of brain catecholaminergic systems. The regional and subcellular distribution of QDPR was inconsistent with a regulatory function for QDPR in monoamine synthesis. In vitro measures of PH4, TOH, and synaptosomal dopamine (DA) and serotonin synthesis in the striate cortex of untreated animals and animals subjected to neurotoxin or electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe or substantia nigra exhibit significant covariation of PH4 with synaptosomal DA but not serotonin synthesis and a significant partial correlation of PH4 with DA synthesis. The subcellular distribution of PH4 in the striatum demonstrates an association of PH4 with the biosynthetic function of dopaminergic nerve terminals. Reserpine and d-amphetamine in vivo elicited an increase and decrease, respectively, in striatal PH4 paralleling induced changes in synaptosomal DA synthesis. Other drugs altering central catecholaminergic function did not alter striatal PH4 levels significantly. The data suggest that 1) a major portion of total PH4 (as much as 90% in the striatum) is related to the function of catecholaminergic rather than serotonergic systems, 2) PH4 levels is a determinant of the velocity of DA synthesis and 3) PH4 levels are altered by some psychoactive drugs in association with changes in synaptosomal catecholamine biosynthetic rates.", "contents": "Regional and subcellular distribution and some factors in the regulation of reduced pterins in rat brain. We have studied the regional and subcellular distribution, functional role, and pharmacology of quinoid dihydropterin reductase (QDPR) and endogenous reduced pterins (PH4) subserving tyrosin hydroxylase (TOH) and tryptophan hydroxylase in the rat brain. There is a significant correlation between the regional distribution of PH4 and TOH but not between PH4 and tryptophan hydroxylase or between either TOH or tryptophan hydroxylase and QDPR. This suggests that a major portion of PH4 is associated with the biosynthetic activity of brain catecholaminergic systems. The regional and subcellular distribution of QDPR was inconsistent with a regulatory function for QDPR in monoamine synthesis. In vitro measures of PH4, TOH, and synaptosomal dopamine (DA) and serotonin synthesis in the striate cortex of untreated animals and animals subjected to neurotoxin or electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe or substantia nigra exhibit significant covariation of PH4 with synaptosomal DA but not serotonin synthesis and a significant partial correlation of PH4 with DA synthesis. The subcellular distribution of PH4 in the striatum demonstrates an association of PH4 with the biosynthetic function of dopaminergic nerve terminals. Reserpine and d-amphetamine in vivo elicited an increase and decrease, respectively, in striatal PH4 paralleling induced changes in synaptosomal DA synthesis. Other drugs altering central catecholaminergic function did not alter striatal PH4 levels significantly. The data suggest that 1) a major portion of total PH4 (as much as 90% in the striatum) is related to the function of catecholaminergic rather than serotonergic systems, 2) PH4 levels is a determinant of the velocity of DA synthesis and 3) PH4 levels are altered by some psychoactive drugs in association with changes in synaptosomal catecholamine biosynthetic rates.", "PMID": 660556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8955", "title": "Inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by 4-hydroxypyrazole: ethanol-pyrazole effects on serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase in vivo.", "content": "Chronic pyrazole treatment caused a 40% decrease in rat serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. Ethanol given simultaneously with pyrazole prevented the inhibition. 4-Hydroxypyrazole, the major metabolite of pyrazole, competitively inhibited both rat serum DBH and partially purified bovine adrenal DBH in vitro. In vivo, 4-hydroxypyrazole caused large decreases in rat serum (53-84%) and adrenal (97%) DBH activity but had no effect on brain enzyme. The decrease in rat serum DBH after chronic pyrazole treatment and the pyrazole-induced changes in physiological parameters, such as body weight and temperature, may be due to the formation of 4-hydroxypyrazole.", "contents": "Inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by 4-hydroxypyrazole: ethanol-pyrazole effects on serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase in vivo. Chronic pyrazole treatment caused a 40% decrease in rat serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. Ethanol given simultaneously with pyrazole prevented the inhibition. 4-Hydroxypyrazole, the major metabolite of pyrazole, competitively inhibited both rat serum DBH and partially purified bovine adrenal DBH in vitro. In vivo, 4-hydroxypyrazole caused large decreases in rat serum (53-84%) and adrenal (97%) DBH activity but had no effect on brain enzyme. The decrease in rat serum DBH after chronic pyrazole treatment and the pyrazole-induced changes in physiological parameters, such as body weight and temperature, may be due to the formation of 4-hydroxypyrazole.", "PMID": 660559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8956", "title": "Interactions of pyrazole and ethanol on norepinephrine metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "Single large doses of pyrazole (100-200 mg/kg) given either i.p. or orally caused a decrease in brain norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate, but no change in dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. The effects were enhanced by daily administration for 3 to 4 days. Concomitant administration of ethanol prevented the effects. With smaller doses (50 mg/kg/day) given orally for several days, there was little or no change for 3 days, but after 6 days there was an increase in both parameters. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was also increased. The daily administration of ethanol alone (6.0 g/kg/day) for 6 days caused increased norepinephrine, but 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylene glycol sulfate was diminished and dopamine beta-hydroxylase was unaffected. When the two drugs were given simultaneously, steady-state levels of norepinephrine were unaltered, but the sulfate metabolite was increased as was dopamine beta-hydroxylase. The results suggest that pyrazole and/or ethanol, administered daily for 6 days, leads to adaptive responses in catecholamine metabolism. Pyrazole (or a metabolite) has marked effects of its own, some or all of which are independent of its effects on alcohol dehydrogenase. When the two drugs are administered together, it is difficult to know whether the observed changes are independent or overlapping effects.", "contents": "Interactions of pyrazole and ethanol on norepinephrine metabolism in rat brain. Single large doses of pyrazole (100-200 mg/kg) given either i.p. or orally caused a decrease in brain norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate, but no change in dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. The effects were enhanced by daily administration for 3 to 4 days. Concomitant administration of ethanol prevented the effects. With smaller doses (50 mg/kg/day) given orally for several days, there was little or no change for 3 days, but after 6 days there was an increase in both parameters. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was also increased. The daily administration of ethanol alone (6.0 g/kg/day) for 6 days caused increased norepinephrine, but 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylene glycol sulfate was diminished and dopamine beta-hydroxylase was unaffected. When the two drugs were given simultaneously, steady-state levels of norepinephrine were unaltered, but the sulfate metabolite was increased as was dopamine beta-hydroxylase. The results suggest that pyrazole and/or ethanol, administered daily for 6 days, leads to adaptive responses in catecholamine metabolism. Pyrazole (or a metabolite) has marked effects of its own, some or all of which are independent of its effects on alcohol dehydrogenase. When the two drugs are administered together, it is difficult to know whether the observed changes are independent or overlapping effects.", "PMID": 660560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8957", "title": "Myxosporidan infections in some fishes of Iowa.", "content": "A survey of 617 specimens of fishes representing 8 families in Iowa revealed coelozoic infections by Chloromyxum catostomi, Chloromyxum triijugum, and Myxidium macrocapsulare and histozoic infections by Henneguya exilis and Myxobolus spp. The trophozoite of M. macrocapsulare is described. Descriptive notes supplementary to previous literature are provided for 3 coelozoic species.", "contents": "Myxosporidan infections in some fishes of Iowa. A survey of 617 specimens of fishes representing 8 families in Iowa revealed coelozoic infections by Chloromyxum catostomi, Chloromyxum triijugum, and Myxidium macrocapsulare and histozoic infections by Henneguya exilis and Myxobolus spp. The trophozoite of M. macrocapsulare is described. Descriptive notes supplementary to previous literature are provided for 3 coelozoic species.", "PMID": 660563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8958", "title": "Transmission of salmonid whirling disease by birds fed trout infected with Myxosoma cerebralis.", "content": "Mallard ducks, Anas platyrhynchos and a black crested night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax were fed trout infected with Myxosoma cerebralis (HOFER) in 2 separate experiments. Feces from the birds were deposited in troughs containing M. cerebralis-free mud as well as in 1 trough without mud. Spore suspensions were also added directly to mud in 1 trough and to another without mud. Susceptible rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, developed whirling disease in all troughs containing mud contaminated with M. cerebralis but remained free of infection when exposed to M. cerebralis in troughs without mud. This demonstrates the possibility of bird transmission of the organism causing whirling disease to previously non-contaminated waters.", "contents": "Transmission of salmonid whirling disease by birds fed trout infected with Myxosoma cerebralis. Mallard ducks, Anas platyrhynchos and a black crested night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax were fed trout infected with Myxosoma cerebralis (HOFER) in 2 separate experiments. Feces from the birds were deposited in troughs containing M. cerebralis-free mud as well as in 1 trough without mud. Spore suspensions were also added directly to mud in 1 trough and to another without mud. Susceptible rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, developed whirling disease in all troughs containing mud contaminated with M. cerebralis but remained free of infection when exposed to M. cerebralis in troughs without mud. This demonstrates the possibility of bird transmission of the organism causing whirling disease to previously non-contaminated waters.", "PMID": 660564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8959", "title": "Method for the simultaneous establishment of many axenic cultures of Paramecium.", "content": "A method is described for the simultaneous treatment of 42 (or more) stocks of Paramecium, and their adaptation to growth in axenic culture. Samples of dense cultures of these ciliates growing with Enterobacter aerogenes are rendered bacteria-free by migration through 2 sets of tubes containing Adaptation Medium (Peters' salts solution, stigmaterol, vitamins, and autoclaved E. aerogenes). The 2nd set of tubes contains Adaptation Medium plus antibiotics. Bacteria-free samples containing approximately 100 animals are then transferred to test tubes containing Adaptation Medium without antibiotics. This medium also serves as a growth medium. It supports indefinite growth of all Paramecium stocks tested. After adaptation to this medium, the ciliattes can be grown in the axenic medium developed by Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk. On a single trial at least half of the stocks can be expected to produce axenic cultures within 5 to 10 days by these procedures. The method has been applied successfully to several of the species of the Paramecium aurelia complex, to all syngens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum, to several stocks of Paramecium jenningsi, and to 1 stock of Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium calkinsi. A modification of the method also works for Didinium nasutum.", "contents": "Method for the simultaneous establishment of many axenic cultures of Paramecium. A method is described for the simultaneous treatment of 42 (or more) stocks of Paramecium, and their adaptation to growth in axenic culture. Samples of dense cultures of these ciliates growing with Enterobacter aerogenes are rendered bacteria-free by migration through 2 sets of tubes containing Adaptation Medium (Peters' salts solution, stigmaterol, vitamins, and autoclaved E. aerogenes). The 2nd set of tubes contains Adaptation Medium plus antibiotics. Bacteria-free samples containing approximately 100 animals are then transferred to test tubes containing Adaptation Medium without antibiotics. This medium also serves as a growth medium. It supports indefinite growth of all Paramecium stocks tested. After adaptation to this medium, the ciliattes can be grown in the axenic medium developed by Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk. On a single trial at least half of the stocks can be expected to produce axenic cultures within 5 to 10 days by these procedures. The method has been applied successfully to several of the species of the Paramecium aurelia complex, to all syngens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum, to several stocks of Paramecium jenningsi, and to 1 stock of Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium calkinsi. A modification of the method also works for Didinium nasutum.", "PMID": 660565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8960", "title": "The ribonucleic acids of Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Crithidia fasciculata ribosomes were found to be 80S and to dissociate into 58 and 41S subunits; on 5 to 50% sucrose gradients, rRNA was separated into 25, 18, and 5S components. The molecular sizes of the heavier rRNA species, estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 1.24 and 0.84 M (X 10(6) daltons). The 25S RNA has a tendency to interact with the 18S RNA to give a complex that is difficult to separate by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The 25S RNA is also unstable and dissociates into 0.73 and 0.57 M components. The 18S RNA has molecular size (0.84 M) higher than the 0.7 M reported for most eukaryotes, but similar to that of Euglena and Amoeba. Ribosomal RNA hybridized 0.29% of the nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial RNA, extracted by a rapid procedure was resolved into 16 and 5S components in sucrose gradients.", "contents": "The ribonucleic acids of Crithidia fasciculata. Crithidia fasciculata ribosomes were found to be 80S and to dissociate into 58 and 41S subunits; on 5 to 50% sucrose gradients, rRNA was separated into 25, 18, and 5S components. The molecular sizes of the heavier rRNA species, estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 1.24 and 0.84 M (X 10(6) daltons). The 25S RNA has a tendency to interact with the 18S RNA to give a complex that is difficult to separate by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The 25S RNA is also unstable and dissociates into 0.73 and 0.57 M components. The 18S RNA has molecular size (0.84 M) higher than the 0.7 M reported for most eukaryotes, but similar to that of Euglena and Amoeba. Ribosomal RNA hybridized 0.29% of the nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial RNA, extracted by a rapid procedure was resolved into 16 and 5S components in sucrose gradients.", "PMID": 660566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8961", "title": "Effects of methylglyoxal bis(ganylhydrazone) on trypanosomatid flagellates: inhibition of growth and nucleoside incorporation in Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Methyglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) at 0.5 mM had little effect in vitro on Blastocrithidia culicis, Crithidia oncopelti, and Leishmania spp., but completely inhibited growth of Trypanosoma brucei. Inhibition became irreversible after a 3-h exposure of T. brucei culture procyclics. Treated organisms remained motile, but failed to divide. Polyamines, spermidine, and spermine, did not reverse the anti-trypanosome action of MGBG (preloading of cells or concurrent administration). Two intraperitoneal injections of the drug at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight at a 1-day interval greatly reduced the parasitemia of T. brucei and T. congolense in rats. Trypanosome infections, however, relapsed and killed the animals in 6 days after treatment. It was evident from the results of tracer experiments with T brucei that MGBF significantly lowered incorporation of [3H]thymidine by culture pocyclics and of [3H]uridine by bloodstream forms; in both stages [3H]leucine incorporation was only slightly inhibited. It is suggested that MGBG interferes with nucleoside incorporation by Trypanosoma and that its mode of action is different in bloodstream and culture procyclics.", "contents": "Effects of methylglyoxal bis(ganylhydrazone) on trypanosomatid flagellates: inhibition of growth and nucleoside incorporation in Trypanosoma brucei. Methyglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) at 0.5 mM had little effect in vitro on Blastocrithidia culicis, Crithidia oncopelti, and Leishmania spp., but completely inhibited growth of Trypanosoma brucei. Inhibition became irreversible after a 3-h exposure of T. brucei culture procyclics. Treated organisms remained motile, but failed to divide. Polyamines, spermidine, and spermine, did not reverse the anti-trypanosome action of MGBG (preloading of cells or concurrent administration). Two intraperitoneal injections of the drug at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight at a 1-day interval greatly reduced the parasitemia of T. brucei and T. congolense in rats. Trypanosome infections, however, relapsed and killed the animals in 6 days after treatment. It was evident from the results of tracer experiments with T brucei that MGBF significantly lowered incorporation of [3H]thymidine by culture pocyclics and of [3H]uridine by bloodstream forms; in both stages [3H]leucine incorporation was only slightly inhibited. It is suggested that MGBG interferes with nucleoside incorporation by Trypanosoma and that its mode of action is different in bloodstream and culture procyclics.", "PMID": 660567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8962", "title": "Coccidian parasites of intertidal fishes from Wales: systematics, development, and cytochemistry.", "content": "Examination of littoral fish Blennius pholis and Cottus bubalis caught at Aberystwyth and Porth Cwyfan, Wales, U.K. revealed 2 species of coccidia. Eimeria dingleyi sp. n. Oocysts spherical (16.1-19.2) to subspherical (13.9-14.2 X 18.8-20.0) micron, with thin walls; sporulation outside the host to produce ellipsoid sporocysts; endogenous phases in epithelial cells throughout intestine; 26 of 58 B. pholis infected. Eimeria variabilis (Th\u00e9ohan) Reichenow. Oocysts spherical (11.9-14.6) to subspherical (9.2-10.9 X 13.9-14.3) micron, sporulation in lining of pyloric ceca and rectum; previously unrecorded schizonts and gametocytes present; 21 of 25 C. bubalis infected. Electron microscopy revealed that the oocyst wall of E. variabilis consists of a thin membrane whereas the sporocyst wall is thick and 3-layered. Typical oocyst wall-forming bodies were absent from the macrogamete. Cytochemical tests on the endogenous stages of E. dingleyi and E. variabilis indicated that in general they resembled other coccidia in their chemical constitution.", "contents": "Coccidian parasites of intertidal fishes from Wales: systematics, development, and cytochemistry. Examination of littoral fish Blennius pholis and Cottus bubalis caught at Aberystwyth and Porth Cwyfan, Wales, U.K. revealed 2 species of coccidia. Eimeria dingleyi sp. n. Oocysts spherical (16.1-19.2) to subspherical (13.9-14.2 X 18.8-20.0) micron, with thin walls; sporulation outside the host to produce ellipsoid sporocysts; endogenous phases in epithelial cells throughout intestine; 26 of 58 B. pholis infected. Eimeria variabilis (Th\u00e9ohan) Reichenow. Oocysts spherical (11.9-14.6) to subspherical (9.2-10.9 X 13.9-14.3) micron, sporulation in lining of pyloric ceca and rectum; previously unrecorded schizonts and gametocytes present; 21 of 25 C. bubalis infected. Electron microscopy revealed that the oocyst wall of E. variabilis consists of a thin membrane whereas the sporocyst wall is thick and 3-layered. Typical oocyst wall-forming bodies were absent from the macrogamete. Cytochemical tests on the endogenous stages of E. dingleyi and E. variabilis indicated that in general they resembled other coccidia in their chemical constitution.", "PMID": 660568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8963", "title": "Plasmodium durae Herman from the introduced common peafowl in northern Nigeria.", "content": "Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) durae Herman was originally described from Kenya, the type host being the common turkey, Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus. There are no field records of this association outside of Africa, where the parasite, herein reported from another introduced and domesticated bird (the common peafowl, Pavo cristatus Linnaeus), was recently listed from 2 native Phasianidae of the genus Francolinus. The justification for the present identification is submitted against background data concerning malaria parasites from turkeys and other Galliformes in Africa and elsewhere, and restraint is urged in describing yet more \"new species\" of avian Plasmodium belonging to morphologically close taxa within Novyella and Giovannolaia. A near relative of P. durae, Plasmodium dissanaikei de Jong, is transferred from the former subgenus to the latter one.", "contents": "Plasmodium durae Herman from the introduced common peafowl in northern Nigeria. Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) durae Herman was originally described from Kenya, the type host being the common turkey, Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus. There are no field records of this association outside of Africa, where the parasite, herein reported from another introduced and domesticated bird (the common peafowl, Pavo cristatus Linnaeus), was recently listed from 2 native Phasianidae of the genus Francolinus. The justification for the present identification is submitted against background data concerning malaria parasites from turkeys and other Galliformes in Africa and elsewhere, and restraint is urged in describing yet more \"new species\" of avian Plasmodium belonging to morphologically close taxa within Novyella and Giovannolaia. A near relative of P. durae, Plasmodium dissanaikei de Jong, is transferred from the former subgenus to the latter one.", "PMID": 660569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8964", "title": "Promitosis and rod occurrence in the limax ameba Vahlkampfia lobospinosa.", "content": "Nuclear division and trophozoite structure and function were investigated in Vahlkampfia lobospinosa. During karyokinesis the nucleolus remained present and divided to form polar masses. Chromatids separated and were directed to the polar masses by spindle fibers within an intact nuclear membrane. No interzonal body was formed. Trophozoites consistently contained and extruded a rod-like structure 10-15 X 1-2 micron. Although it was found in other areas of the cell within the cytoplasm, this rod most frequently protruded from the uroid.", "contents": "Promitosis and rod occurrence in the limax ameba Vahlkampfia lobospinosa. Nuclear division and trophozoite structure and function were investigated in Vahlkampfia lobospinosa. During karyokinesis the nucleolus remained present and divided to form polar masses. Chromatids separated and were directed to the polar masses by spindle fibers within an intact nuclear membrane. No interzonal body was formed. Trophozoites consistently contained and extruded a rod-like structure 10-15 X 1-2 micron. Although it was found in other areas of the cell within the cytoplasm, this rod most frequently protruded from the uroid.", "PMID": 660570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8965", "title": "Comparative study of ultrastructure of interlamellar and intralamellar types of Henneguya exilis Kudo from channel catfish.", "content": "The inter- and intralamellar types of Henneguya exilis Kudo (Myxosporida) infections from channel catfish are similar in spore structure and sporogenesis, but differ in the structure of their plasmodium wall and surface coat and in their relationship with the host cells. The 2 clinical types differ also in the sites of development and growth patterns of plasmodia within a gill filament. Interlamellar plasmodia are limited by 2 outer unit membranes which give rise to both single-and double-membraned pincytic canals. Intralamellar plasmodia are limited by a single outer unit membrane which gives rise to single-membraned pinocytic canals. Interlamellar plasmodia are covered by a fine granular coat of highly variable thicknesses; in some regions there is direct contact between the parasite and cells of the host. There is some evidence that host cell cytoplasm as well as interstitial material are taken in by interlamellar plasmodia. In contrast, intralamellar plasmodia are covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness, which prevents direct contact between the parasite and cells of the host; probably only interstitial material is taken by these plasmodia.", "contents": "Comparative study of ultrastructure of interlamellar and intralamellar types of Henneguya exilis Kudo from channel catfish. The inter- and intralamellar types of Henneguya exilis Kudo (Myxosporida) infections from channel catfish are similar in spore structure and sporogenesis, but differ in the structure of their plasmodium wall and surface coat and in their relationship with the host cells. The 2 clinical types differ also in the sites of development and growth patterns of plasmodia within a gill filament. Interlamellar plasmodia are limited by 2 outer unit membranes which give rise to both single-and double-membraned pincytic canals. Intralamellar plasmodia are limited by a single outer unit membrane which gives rise to single-membraned pinocytic canals. Interlamellar plasmodia are covered by a fine granular coat of highly variable thicknesses; in some regions there is direct contact between the parasite and cells of the host. There is some evidence that host cell cytoplasm as well as interstitial material are taken in by interlamellar plasmodia. In contrast, intralamellar plasmodia are covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness, which prevents direct contact between the parasite and cells of the host; probably only interstitial material is taken by these plasmodia.", "PMID": 660571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8966", "title": "Development of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer from sporozoites and merozoites in turkey kidney cell cultures.", "content": "Sporozoites and 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation merozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis were inoculated into primary cultures of turkey kidney cells. In vitro-excysted sporozoites developed into mature macrogamonts in 8 days; in vivo-excysted sporozoites developed into 2nd- or 3rd-generation schizonts within 5 to 7 days. First-generation merozoites obtained from infected turkeys produced mature 2nd-generation schizonts within 24 h. Second-generation merozoites from turkeys produced mature macrogamonts and oocysts within 72 h, whereas 3rd-generation merozoites produced these stages within 48 h. The oocysts that developed from 3rd-generation merozoites sporulated at 25 C and were infective for turkeys. The timing of the early stages and the intervals between schizogonic generations in cultures were comparable with those in turkeys. Morphologic parameters, however, indicated that some differences existed between in vitro and in vivo development. Second- and 3rd-generation schizonts and gamonts that developed after inoculation of cultures with merozoites were similar to stages in turkeys. Oocysts, however, were significantly smaller (P less than 0.05) in cultures. All stages that developed after inoculation of cultures with sporozoites were smaller (P less than 0.05) than their in vivo counter parts.", "contents": "Development of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer from sporozoites and merozoites in turkey kidney cell cultures. Sporozoites and 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation merozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis were inoculated into primary cultures of turkey kidney cells. In vitro-excysted sporozoites developed into mature macrogamonts in 8 days; in vivo-excysted sporozoites developed into 2nd- or 3rd-generation schizonts within 5 to 7 days. First-generation merozoites obtained from infected turkeys produced mature 2nd-generation schizonts within 24 h. Second-generation merozoites from turkeys produced mature macrogamonts and oocysts within 72 h, whereas 3rd-generation merozoites produced these stages within 48 h. The oocysts that developed from 3rd-generation merozoites sporulated at 25 C and were infective for turkeys. The timing of the early stages and the intervals between schizogonic generations in cultures were comparable with those in turkeys. Morphologic parameters, however, indicated that some differences existed between in vitro and in vivo development. Second- and 3rd-generation schizonts and gamonts that developed after inoculation of cultures with merozoites were similar to stages in turkeys. Oocysts, however, were significantly smaller (P less than 0.05) in cultures. All stages that developed after inoculation of cultures with sporozoites were smaller (P less than 0.05) than their in vivo counter parts.", "PMID": 660572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8967", "title": "[Trickling mucography under high pressure and with moderate contrast. First phase of gastroduodenal examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a simple and reliable technique of successive mucography of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach. The examination is begun in a seated position, in dorsal horizontal and trickling provides perfect conditions of study, selective and with no opaque superimposition, of the posterior surface of the stomach, the site of 90% of organic lesions. Study of the anterior surface is also simplified. Practically no patient cooperation is required and the technique may be used in the elderly and those with physical incapacity. The aim is to obtain a morphologically and physiologically pure picture of the mucosa and the gastric folds. Very small lesions may be visualised without resort to other techniques and the study of cases of gastritis is greatly simplified.", "contents": "[Trickling mucography under high pressure and with moderate contrast. First phase of gastroduodenal examinations (author's transl)]. The authors describe a simple and reliable technique of successive mucography of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach. The examination is begun in a seated position, in dorsal horizontal and trickling provides perfect conditions of study, selective and with no opaque superimposition, of the posterior surface of the stomach, the site of 90% of organic lesions. Study of the anterior surface is also simplified. Practically no patient cooperation is required and the technique may be used in the elderly and those with physical incapacity. The aim is to obtain a morphologically and physiologically pure picture of the mucosa and the gastric folds. Very small lesions may be visualised without resort to other techniques and the study of cases of gastritis is greatly simplified.", "PMID": 660573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8968", "title": "[Extension of infiltrating cancer of the stomach into the transverse colon (author's transl)].", "content": "The extension of infiltrating stomach cancer through the gastrocolic ligament into the transverse colon appears to be relatively common. The radiological appearance is characteristic, with more or less widespread, but shallow, extrinsic prints with irregular contours typical of malignant tumours. Its gastric origin is strongly suggested by its position of the superior border of the transverse colon. The authors report 6 observations in which the value of this very characteristic radiological abnormality of the colon to diagnose primary stomach cancer was confirmed. Radiological appearances are not very specific in primary stomach cancer and interpretation is often difficult; endoscopy or even biopsies are often inconclusive.", "contents": "[Extension of infiltrating cancer of the stomach into the transverse colon (author's transl)]. The extension of infiltrating stomach cancer through the gastrocolic ligament into the transverse colon appears to be relatively common. The radiological appearance is characteristic, with more or less widespread, but shallow, extrinsic prints with irregular contours typical of malignant tumours. Its gastric origin is strongly suggested by its position of the superior border of the transverse colon. The authors report 6 observations in which the value of this very characteristic radiological abnormality of the colon to diagnose primary stomach cancer was confirmed. Radiological appearances are not very specific in primary stomach cancer and interpretation is often difficult; endoscopy or even biopsies are often inconclusive.", "PMID": 660574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8969", "title": "[The radiological phenomenon of lumbar vacuum-disc (author's transl)].", "content": "Profile films of the lumbar region show the vacuum-disc phenomenon fairly frequently especially at the L5-S1 level and when there is disc degeneration. Two varieties can be distinguished : one with a well-defined enlarged medial image, and a more limited type which is often anterior, at the fibrous ring level and in contact with the vertebral plates. The latter is seen less frequently, but needs to be considered, as it precedes the changes seen in the nucleus pulposus in the intersomatic alteration. It has been shown that this image is of gaseous origin. It is caused by the liberation of gas into a newly-formed intersomatic cavity situated either in the nucleus pulposus or fibrous ring levels. The vacuum-disc phenomenon is of great diagnostic value as it is usually found in relation to degenerated discs and permits orientation of diagnosis towards classical arthrosis or Pott's pseudo-arthrosis when atypical radiological images are seen.", "contents": "[The radiological phenomenon of lumbar vacuum-disc (author's transl)]. Profile films of the lumbar region show the vacuum-disc phenomenon fairly frequently especially at the L5-S1 level and when there is disc degeneration. Two varieties can be distinguished : one with a well-defined enlarged medial image, and a more limited type which is often anterior, at the fibrous ring level and in contact with the vertebral plates. The latter is seen less frequently, but needs to be considered, as it precedes the changes seen in the nucleus pulposus in the intersomatic alteration. It has been shown that this image is of gaseous origin. It is caused by the liberation of gas into a newly-formed intersomatic cavity situated either in the nucleus pulposus or fibrous ring levels. The vacuum-disc phenomenon is of great diagnostic value as it is usually found in relation to degenerated discs and permits orientation of diagnosis towards classical arthrosis or Pott's pseudo-arthrosis when atypical radiological images are seen.", "PMID": 660575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8970", "title": "[Early diagnosis of staphylococcic infection in epidural space : radiologic contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "Infection of the \u00e9pidural space was demonstrated on clinic (cauda equina compression) and radiology. Three investigations are considered and compared : Dimer X radiculography, lumbar phlebography, duroliopaque myelography. The transfemoral arcending lumbar catheterization of the epidural veins precise the compression by staphylococcic external pachymeningitis. No liquid is introduced in cerebro spinal fluid : there is not risk of infectious arachnoiditis. Myelography with positive contrast (duroliopaque: ethyl monoiodostearate) is much attractive but it is a procedure not easy to perform,  even badly tolerated by the patient. For these reasons the lumbar phlebography, easily performed, can be realised in first intention.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of staphylococcic infection in epidural space : radiologic contribution (author's transl)]. Infection of the \u00e9pidural space was demonstrated on clinic (cauda equina compression) and radiology. Three investigations are considered and compared : Dimer X radiculography, lumbar phlebography, duroliopaque myelography. The transfemoral arcending lumbar catheterization of the epidural veins precise the compression by staphylococcic external pachymeningitis. No liquid is introduced in cerebro spinal fluid : there is not risk of infectious arachnoiditis. Myelography with positive contrast (duroliopaque: ethyl monoiodostearate) is much attractive but it is a procedure not easy to perform,  even badly tolerated by the patient. For these reasons the lumbar phlebography, easily performed, can be realised in first intention.", "PMID": 660578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8971", "title": "Analgesics and narcotic antagonists in the benzomorphan and 8-oxamorphinan series. 5.", "content": "3-Methoxy-8-oxamorphinans 9 have been prepared from the corresponding 5-allyl-9alpha-hydroxy-2'-methoxy-2-methyl-6,7-benzomorphans 7. The former compounds were transformed to the 3-hydroxy-8-oxamorphinans 6, a class of potent analgesics and analgesic-antagonists. In ring C of the morphinan nucleus substitution of 8-CH2 with oxygen enhanced both analgesic and antagonist activities, while replacement of hydrogen with a methyl group at C-14 in these compounds enhanced antagonist activity and decreased analgesic activity. Tetrahydrofuranobenzomorphans 3 and 3-hydroxy-8-oxaisomorphinans 4 displayed lower levels of activity. Structural requirements for antagonist activity are discussed.", "contents": "Analgesics and narcotic antagonists in the benzomorphan and 8-oxamorphinan series. 5. 3-Methoxy-8-oxamorphinans 9 have been prepared from the corresponding 5-allyl-9alpha-hydroxy-2'-methoxy-2-methyl-6,7-benzomorphans 7. The former compounds were transformed to the 3-hydroxy-8-oxamorphinans 6, a class of potent analgesics and analgesic-antagonists. In ring C of the morphinan nucleus substitution of 8-CH2 with oxygen enhanced both analgesic and antagonist activities, while replacement of hydrogen with a methyl group at C-14 in these compounds enhanced antagonist activity and decreased analgesic activity. Tetrahydrofuranobenzomorphans 3 and 3-hydroxy-8-oxaisomorphinans 4 displayed lower levels of activity. Structural requirements for antagonist activity are discussed.", "PMID": 660584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8972", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 6-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nocotinic acid and related derivatives.", "content": "5-Substituted 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridine-2-ones (6-oxonicotinic acid nucleosides) were prepared by direct glycosylation of 5-ntrio-, 5-carbomethoxy-, 5-carboxamido-, 5-amino, 5-carbobenzyloxyamino-, and 5-acetamido-2-trimethylsilyloxy or corresponding 2-methoxypyridine derivatives by the Hilbert-Johnson method. The glycosylation products were deblocked by conventional procedures and substituents at the 5 position were modified to give the 5-carboxamide, carboxyhydrazide, and carboxylic acid. Only 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridin-2-one-5-carboxylic acid [1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-6-oxonicotinic acid (12), showed significant activity in treating adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 6-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nocotinic acid and related derivatives. 5-Substituted 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridine-2-ones (6-oxonicotinic acid nucleosides) were prepared by direct glycosylation of 5-ntrio-, 5-carbomethoxy-, 5-carboxamido-, 5-amino, 5-carbobenzyloxyamino-, and 5-acetamido-2-trimethylsilyloxy or corresponding 2-methoxypyridine derivatives by the Hilbert-Johnson method. The glycosylation products were deblocked by conventional procedures and substituents at the 5 position were modified to give the 5-carboxamide, carboxyhydrazide, and carboxylic acid. Only 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridin-2-one-5-carboxylic acid [1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-6-oxonicotinic acid (12), showed significant activity in treating adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.", "PMID": 660585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8973", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 27. Quantitative structure--antileukemic (L1210) activity relationships for the omega-[4-(9-acridinylamino)phenyl]alkanoic acids.", "content": "Simple carboxylic acid derivatives of 9-anilinoacridine (e.g., 1,R=-COOH) provide high experimental antileukemic (L1210) activity. The homologous 1'-(CH2)nCOOH congeners also prove active, and there is a parabolic interrelationship between maximum increase in life span in L1210 tests and Rm values used as a measure of agent lipophilic--hydrophilic balance. The corresponding carboxamides [1'-(CH2)nCONH2] provide a similar parabolic relationship, which has an optimum Rm value displaced from that of the acids. Earlier examined 1'-NHSO2(CH2)nCH3 variants, the 3-NHCOCH3 congeners of these, and the carboxamide [1'-(CH2)nCONH2] and sulfonamide [1'-(CH2)nSO2NH2] homologues can be treated as one group and a correlation equation derived that is identical with that for the carboxamide variants alone. The optimum Rm value for this group is displaced from that of the acids by the equivalent of 1.8 log P units on the octanol--water scale. In this drug series a carboxylic acid residue acts as an acceptable hydrophilic unit, providing a log P contribution intermediate between that of the un-ionized acid and the totally ionized carboxylate anion. Quantitative effects of acridine ring substituents on L1210 activity differ in analogues containing either carboxylic acid or alkanesulfonanilde side chains, supporting the view that different site-binding orientations may be involved with these two drug classes.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 27. Quantitative structure--antileukemic (L1210) activity relationships for the omega-[4-(9-acridinylamino)phenyl]alkanoic acids. Simple carboxylic acid derivatives of 9-anilinoacridine (e.g., 1,R=-COOH) provide high experimental antileukemic (L1210) activity. The homologous 1'-(CH2)nCOOH congeners also prove active, and there is a parabolic interrelationship between maximum increase in life span in L1210 tests and Rm values used as a measure of agent lipophilic--hydrophilic balance. The corresponding carboxamides [1'-(CH2)nCONH2] provide a similar parabolic relationship, which has an optimum Rm value displaced from that of the acids. Earlier examined 1'-NHSO2(CH2)nCH3 variants, the 3-NHCOCH3 congeners of these, and the carboxamide [1'-(CH2)nCONH2] and sulfonamide [1'-(CH2)nSO2NH2] homologues can be treated as one group and a correlation equation derived that is identical with that for the carboxamide variants alone. The optimum Rm value for this group is displaced from that of the acids by the equivalent of 1.8 log P units on the octanol--water scale. In this drug series a carboxylic acid residue acts as an acceptable hydrophilic unit, providing a log P contribution intermediate between that of the un-ionized acid and the totally ionized carboxylate anion. Quantitative effects of acridine ring substituents on L1210 activity differ in analogues containing either carboxylic acid or alkanesulfonanilde side chains, supporting the view that different site-binding orientations may be involved with these two drug classes.", "PMID": 660586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8974", "title": "(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.", "content": "The introduction of an aryl group at the 2 position of the uricosuric diuretics, (1-oxo-2-alkyl-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids, provided compounds with markedly increased potency over their monosubstituted precursors. These compounds were synthesized either by arylation of the corresponding 2-alkyl-5-methoxy-1-indanones with diaryliodonium salts or by alkylation of the 2-aryl-5-methoxy-1-indanones which were cleaved to the corresponding phenols and then converted to the desired oxyacetic acids. Systematic structural variation of the 2-arylindanyloxyacetic acids provided aryl-substituted compounds with varying degrees of uricosuric and diuretic activity.", "contents": "(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 2. (2-Alkyl-2-aryl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids. The introduction of an aryl group at the 2 position of the uricosuric diuretics, (1-oxo-2-alkyl-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids, provided compounds with markedly increased potency over their monosubstituted precursors. These compounds were synthesized either by arylation of the corresponding 2-alkyl-5-methoxy-1-indanones with diaryliodonium salts or by alkylation of the 2-aryl-5-methoxy-1-indanones which were cleaved to the corresponding phenols and then converted to the desired oxyacetic acids. Systematic structural variation of the 2-arylindanyloxyacetic acids provided aryl-substituted compounds with varying degrees of uricosuric and diuretic activity.", "PMID": 660587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8975", "title": "15,15-Ketals of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogues. Synthesis and biological activities.", "content": "The synthesis is described of new 15,15-ethylene ketals of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogues. Especially the crystalline trisamine salt of the 15,15-ethylene ketal of 15-dehydro-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2alpha is a very active inducer of luteolysis in laboratory animals and cattle.", "contents": "15,15-Ketals of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogues. Synthesis and biological activities. The synthesis is described of new 15,15-ethylene ketals of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogues. Especially the crystalline trisamine salt of the 15,15-ethylene ketal of 15-dehydro-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2alpha is a very active inducer of luteolysis in laboratory animals and cattle.", "PMID": 660588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8976", "title": "Inactivation of trypsin-like proteases by sulfonylation. Variation of positively charged group and inhibitor length.", "content": "Attempts to achieve selective inactivation of serine proteases of closely related specificity (trypsin-like) by aryl sulfonylation have been extended. Nitrophenyl esters of benzenesulfonic acid and phenylmethanesulfonic acid containing various positively charged groups have been synthesized and examined as inactivators of trypsin, thrombin, plasmin, plasma kallikrein, and urokinase. Examples of selective inactivation by isothiouronium derivatives were found and attributed to differences among these enzymes in geometry and flexibility of the primary specificity sites.", "contents": "Inactivation of trypsin-like proteases by sulfonylation. Variation of positively charged group and inhibitor length. Attempts to achieve selective inactivation of serine proteases of closely related specificity (trypsin-like) by aryl sulfonylation have been extended. Nitrophenyl esters of benzenesulfonic acid and phenylmethanesulfonic acid containing various positively charged groups have been synthesized and examined as inactivators of trypsin, thrombin, plasmin, plasma kallikrein, and urokinase. Examples of selective inactivation by isothiouronium derivatives were found and attributed to differences among these enzymes in geometry and flexibility of the primary specificity sites.", "PMID": 660589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8977", "title": "3-Aryl- and 3-hydroxy-3-aryloctahydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazines. Synthesis, stereochemistry, and central nervous system pharmacological actions.", "content": "A series of substituted 3-aryl- and hydroxy-3-aryloctahydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazines has been synthesized for purposes of investigating potentially useful CNS pharmacological actions of this novel heterocyclic system. The preferred conformation of the bicyclic system of the parent compounds, 1 and 2, has been shown to be trans with equatorial orientation of the 3-phenyl substituent in each compound. The various substituted aryl analogues of this series are depressants of motor activity in mice, and certain analogues exhibit significant anticonvulsant and appetite suppressant activity in test animals.", "contents": "3-Aryl- and 3-hydroxy-3-aryloctahydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazines. Synthesis, stereochemistry, and central nervous system pharmacological actions. A series of substituted 3-aryl- and hydroxy-3-aryloctahydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazines has been synthesized for purposes of investigating potentially useful CNS pharmacological actions of this novel heterocyclic system. The preferred conformation of the bicyclic system of the parent compounds, 1 and 2, has been shown to be trans with equatorial orientation of the 3-phenyl substituent in each compound. The various substituted aryl analogues of this series are depressants of motor activity in mice, and certain analogues exhibit significant anticonvulsant and appetite suppressant activity in test animals.", "PMID": 660590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8978", "title": "A Fujita--Ban structure--activity analysis of 44 steroids.", "content": "A Fujita--Ban structure--activity analysis has been performed on 44 steroids with a common pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione structure. The measured biological activity was glycogen deposition in the liver, expressed relative to the activity of cortisol. Substituents are at positions 2, 6, 9alpha, 11beta, 16alpha, 17, and 21. Substituents of positions 2, 6, and 17 accounted for 60% of the total variance. The substituents with significance at the p less than 0.01 level were 6alpha-hydrogen, 6alpha-methyl, 2alpha-hydrogen, 9alpha-fluorine, and 9alpha-hydrogen.", "contents": "A Fujita--Ban structure--activity analysis of 44 steroids. A Fujita--Ban structure--activity analysis has been performed on 44 steroids with a common pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione structure. The measured biological activity was glycogen deposition in the liver, expressed relative to the activity of cortisol. Substituents are at positions 2, 6, 9alpha, 11beta, 16alpha, 17, and 21. Substituents of positions 2, 6, and 17 accounted for 60% of the total variance. The substituents with significance at the p less than 0.01 level were 6alpha-hydrogen, 6alpha-methyl, 2alpha-hydrogen, 9alpha-fluorine, and 9alpha-hydrogen.", "PMID": 660591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8979", "title": "Molecular structure of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure  of  1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU, NSC-95441), an effective antitumor agent, has been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. MeCCNU crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c, with  cell dimensions  a =  12.387, b  =  10.810, and  c  =  10 .198  A , beta  =  102.62  degrees , and  Z  =  four  molecules  per  unit  cell. The structure was solved by direct phasing procedures and refinement by anisotropic least squares converged at a discrepancy index R = 0.065. The cyclohexyl ring is in the chair conformation with the plane of the nitrosourea moiety twisted approximately 90 degrees from the cyclohexyl ring. The carbon-nitrogen bonds of the urea group are significantly asymmetric.", "contents": "Molecular structure of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea. The three-dimensional structure  of  1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU, NSC-95441), an effective antitumor agent, has been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. MeCCNU crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c, with  cell dimensions  a =  12.387, b  =  10.810, and  c  =  10 .198  A , beta  =  102.62  degrees , and  Z  =  four  molecules  per  unit  cell. The structure was solved by direct phasing procedures and refinement by anisotropic least squares converged at a discrepancy index R = 0.065. The cyclohexyl ring is in the chair conformation with the plane of the nitrosourea moiety twisted approximately 90 degrees from the cyclohexyl ring. The carbon-nitrogen bonds of the urea group are significantly asymmetric.", "PMID": 660592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8980", "title": "Benzomorphans. Structure of a position isomer.", "content": "May's benzomorphan synthesis leads not only to the alpha or cis isomer and the beta or trans isomer but also to a position isomer hereinafter called the gamma isomer. The structure and synthesis of this isomer are described. Biological activities of the alpha and gamma isomers are compared.", "contents": "Benzomorphans. Structure of a position isomer. May's benzomorphan synthesis leads not only to the alpha or cis isomer and the beta or trans isomer but also to a position isomer hereinafter called the gamma isomer. The structure and synthesis of this isomer are described. Biological activities of the alpha and gamma isomers are compared.", "PMID": 660593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8981", "title": "Synthesis and analgesic activity of some long-acting piperidinospiro derivatives of methadone.", "content": "A congener of methadone, in which the metabolically labile C-6 dimethylamino moiety was replaced with a piperidinospiro derivative, was reduced and acetylated. This conversion produced a marked increase in the duration of analgesia, a trend similar to that found for methadone.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgesic activity of some long-acting piperidinospiro derivatives of methadone. A congener of methadone, in which the metabolically labile C-6 dimethylamino moiety was replaced with a piperidinospiro derivative, was reduced and acetylated. This conversion produced a marked increase in the duration of analgesia, a trend similar to that found for methadone.", "PMID": 660594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8982", "title": "Antiallergic 9-oxo-11-hydroxy-5H,9H-[2]benzopyrano[4,3-g][1]benzopyrans.", "content": "The synthesis and properties of the title compounds 1 are described. Several of these compounds, in addition to being potent inhibitors of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction of rats against egg albumin challenge, significantly block the effects of several mediators of anaphylaxis in isolated smooth muscle preparations. An improved procedure for the isolation and partial purification of SRS-A from chopped guinea pig lung tissue is also described.", "contents": "Antiallergic 9-oxo-11-hydroxy-5H,9H-[2]benzopyrano[4,3-g][1]benzopyrans. The synthesis and properties of the title compounds 1 are described. Several of these compounds, in addition to being potent inhibitors of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction of rats against egg albumin challenge, significantly block the effects of several mediators of anaphylaxis in isolated smooth muscle preparations. An improved procedure for the isolation and partial purification of SRS-A from chopped guinea pig lung tissue is also described.", "PMID": 660595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8983", "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of isomeric 6- and 7-acetyl-3-methyl-2- quinoxalinecarbozamide 1,4-dioxides.", "content": "The synthesis, separation, and structure determination of 6- and 7-acetyl--3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide 1,4-dioxides are reported together with a comparison of their antibacterial activity. The structural assignment of these 6- and7-acetyl isomers was based on NMR analysis of related mono-N-oxide derivatives, which were obtained by treatment of the quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides with acetic anhydride--acetic acid or trimethyl phosphite. The compounds were screened for in vitro and in vivo activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Although the isomers were found to possess similar activity, the 7-acetyl isomer was more active therapeutically in mice than the 6-acetyl isomer when administered parenterally.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of isomeric 6- and 7-acetyl-3-methyl-2- quinoxalinecarbozamide 1,4-dioxides. The synthesis, separation, and structure determination of 6- and 7-acetyl--3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide 1,4-dioxides are reported together with a comparison of their antibacterial activity. The structural assignment of these 6- and7-acetyl isomers was based on NMR analysis of related mono-N-oxide derivatives, which were obtained by treatment of the quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides with acetic anhydride--acetic acid or trimethyl phosphite. The compounds were screened for in vitro and in vivo activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Although the isomers were found to possess similar activity, the 7-acetyl isomer was more active therapeutically in mice than the 6-acetyl isomer when administered parenterally.", "PMID": 660596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8984", "title": "Quinolone antimicrobial agents. 1. Versatile new synthesis of 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids.", "content": "A flexible reaction sequence has been developed which starts with readily available anthranilic acids or isatoic anhydrides and leads regiospecifically to 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids after reaction with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. The sequence is superior to earlier published methods by allowing electron-releasing and -withdrawing groups in any position on the aro;atic ring, by allowing convenient substitution at C2, and better overall yield. A number of new and known antimicrobial agents were prepared and tested in vitro, demonstrating, inter alia, that substitution of the H at C2 abolished antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Quinolone antimicrobial agents. 1. Versatile new synthesis of 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids. A flexible reaction sequence has been developed which starts with readily available anthranilic acids or isatoic anhydrides and leads regiospecifically to 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids after reaction with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. The sequence is superior to earlier published methods by allowing electron-releasing and -withdrawing groups in any position on the aro;atic ring, by allowing convenient substitution at C2, and better overall yield. A number of new and known antimicrobial agents were prepared and tested in vitro, demonstrating, inter alia, that substitution of the H at C2 abolished antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 660597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8985", "title": "Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of some substituted 2-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts.", "content": "A series of substituted 2-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts (1a-q) was prepared by known methods and tested for hypoglycemic activity in 48-h fasted rats. Two compounds, 2-phenylthiazolo- and 8-methyl-2-phenythiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium perchlorate (1a and 1q), showed consistent hypoglycemic activity in this screen, demonstrating that a high degree of structural specificity was required for hypoglycemic activity. At higher doses the hypoglycemic activity of 1a and 1q was associated with elevated levels of hepatic triglycerides.", "contents": "Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of some substituted 2-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts. A series of substituted 2-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts (1a-q) was prepared by known methods and tested for hypoglycemic activity in 48-h fasted rats. Two compounds, 2-phenylthiazolo- and 8-methyl-2-phenythiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium perchlorate (1a and 1q), showed consistent hypoglycemic activity in this screen, demonstrating that a high degree of structural specificity was required for hypoglycemic activity. At higher doses the hypoglycemic activity of 1a and 1q was associated with elevated levels of hepatic triglycerides.", "PMID": 660598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8986", "title": "Improvement of teaching skills in a clinical setting.", "content": "The article describes the efforts of the faculty members in the Department of Community Medicine at the Rockford School of Medicine to improve their clinical teaching skills in the Primary Care Experience (formerly the Basic Ambulatory Experience). Faculty members opted for an instructional development program under the direction of an educational consultant as a result of their problems with clinical teaching in a new medical school. Each faculty member's teaching was videotaped and analyzed by the consultant, who met with the instructor to discuss the videotape, From this initial discussion problem areas were defined to be discussed at large group meetings. Faculty members will be videotaped in the present academic year to ascertain improvement in their clinical teaching.", "contents": "Improvement of teaching skills in a clinical setting. The article describes the efforts of the faculty members in the Department of Community Medicine at the Rockford School of Medicine to improve their clinical teaching skills in the Primary Care Experience (formerly the Basic Ambulatory Experience). Faculty members opted for an instructional development program under the direction of an educational consultant as a result of their problems with clinical teaching in a new medical school. Each faculty member's teaching was videotaped and analyzed by the consultant, who met with the instructor to discuss the videotape, From this initial discussion problem areas were defined to be discussed at large group meetings. Faculty members will be videotaped in the present academic year to ascertain improvement in their clinical teaching.", "PMID": 660599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8987", "title": "Educational costs to hospitalized patients.", "content": "One of the less obvious costs of educational programs is the increased volume of work-ups and treatment for hospitalized patients that are ordered by residents. In a hospital which has both private teaching and private nonteaching floors, a comparison of these costs shows that service charges on teaching floors are 60 percent higher than on nonteaching floors. The sicker the patients are, the greater is the disparity.", "contents": "Educational costs to hospitalized patients. One of the less obvious costs of educational programs is the increased volume of work-ups and treatment for hospitalized patients that are ordered by residents. In a hospital which has both private teaching and private nonteaching floors, a comparison of these costs shows that service charges on teaching floors are 60 percent higher than on nonteaching floors. The sicker the patients are, the greater is the disparity.", "PMID": 660600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8988", "title": "Planning student work-study time in an objectives-based medical curriculum.", "content": "By developing, validating, and using a formula for predicting students' time commitment to their studies, those responsible for developing curricula can make their planning more precise. Overloads and underloads can be identified a priori, competition between concurrent courses can be reduced, and changes in course content and structure can be based on empirical data. The formula should be useful at all undergraduate levels and with a variety of educational formats.", "contents": "Planning student work-study time in an objectives-based medical curriculum. By developing, validating, and using a formula for predicting students' time commitment to their studies, those responsible for developing curricula can make their planning more precise. Overloads and underloads can be identified a priori, competition between concurrent courses can be reduced, and changes in course content and structure can be based on empirical data. The formula should be useful at all undergraduate levels and with a variety of educational formats.", "PMID": 660601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8989", "title": "A student's perspective on community medicine and the health crisis.", "content": "Community medicine is more difficult to teach and to learn than the traditional medical sciences. Teachers of community health have an interest in the rigors and theory of epidemiology and biostatistics, while most students plan a career in patient care. Abstractions and statistical data need not be presented unless it can be shown that these are the \"physical findings\" of a community and that they have value in the discovery of the etiology of disease, the prediction of risks, and the delivery of health care. Community medicine curricula must include experiential learning, with real patients and problems, in order to prove that health is affected by culture, politics, the environment, and individual behavior. If a student-physician's concern for community health is to be enduring, it must match in sophistication his skill in clinical medicine.", "contents": "A student's perspective on community medicine and the health crisis. Community medicine is more difficult to teach and to learn than the traditional medical sciences. Teachers of community health have an interest in the rigors and theory of epidemiology and biostatistics, while most students plan a career in patient care. Abstractions and statistical data need not be presented unless it can be shown that these are the \"physical findings\" of a community and that they have value in the discovery of the etiology of disease, the prediction of risks, and the delivery of health care. Community medicine curricula must include experiential learning, with real patients and problems, in order to prove that health is affected by culture, politics, the environment, and individual behavior. If a student-physician's concern for community health is to be enduring, it must match in sophistication his skill in clinical medicine.", "PMID": 660602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8990", "title": "Introducing first-year medical students to early diagnostic hypotheses.", "content": "The early formation of hypotheses is recognized as an important part of a clinical diagnosis (clinical problem-solving). This paper describes a method of instruction in gynecology for first-year medical students which encouraged the formulation of early diagnostic hypotheses. In paper and pencil case simulations designed for independent learning, students were provided with a set of clinical clues that helped them make broad general diagnostic hypotheses rather than the narrow hypotheses typical of beginning students. A description of the method of evaluating the student's ability to form diagnostic hypotheses, the results of evaluations, and the students' perceptions of the course are included in this report.", "contents": "Introducing first-year medical students to early diagnostic hypotheses. The early formation of hypotheses is recognized as an important part of a clinical diagnosis (clinical problem-solving). This paper describes a method of instruction in gynecology for first-year medical students which encouraged the formulation of early diagnostic hypotheses. In paper and pencil case simulations designed for independent learning, students were provided with a set of clinical clues that helped them make broad general diagnostic hypotheses rather than the narrow hypotheses typical of beginning students. A description of the method of evaluating the student's ability to form diagnostic hypotheses, the results of evaluations, and the students' perceptions of the course are included in this report.", "PMID": 660603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8991", "title": "The core course in medical microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine.", "content": "During the past five years at Baylor College of Medicine student performance in microbiology, as measured by scores on the examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners, has improved from less (mean of 78 percent) than the national average of 80+ percent to considerably greater than the national average (mean of 85 percent). Only about one-half the time usually given to microbiology is allotted to the course at Baylor (107 hours). Principal features of the course are annually revised lecture handouts, medically oriented laboratory sessions with a manual written especially for the course, and clinical demonstrations of infectious disease. The pattern of performance in the microbiology course did not occur in two other basic science courses at Baylor. The improvement in performance appeared to be related to the course format, increased teaching proficiency, and the allocation of hours to the various subdisciplines.", "contents": "The core course in medical microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine. During the past five years at Baylor College of Medicine student performance in microbiology, as measured by scores on the examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners, has improved from less (mean of 78 percent) than the national average of 80+ percent to considerably greater than the national average (mean of 85 percent). Only about one-half the time usually given to microbiology is allotted to the course at Baylor (107 hours). Principal features of the course are annually revised lecture handouts, medically oriented laboratory sessions with a manual written especially for the course, and clinical demonstrations of infectious disease. The pattern of performance in the microbiology course did not occur in two other basic science courses at Baylor. The improvement in performance appeared to be related to the course format, increased teaching proficiency, and the allocation of hours to the various subdisciplines.", "PMID": 660604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8992", "title": "Structural factors as determinants of career patterns in medicine.", "content": "This study was concerned with the role of structural factors in influencing medical career outcomes. These factors were viewed as an interrelated network of institutions, linked in particular patterns, leading to alternative career outcomes. A conceptual model was developed to represent the expected, predominant routes to different career outcomes. Analysis of data gleaned from the Association of American Medical College's Longitudinal Study revealed neither the expected patterns nor distinctive, alternative patterns. Thus, the notion that medical education is a rigidly structured system, consisting of a few, relatively fixed patterns leading to different career outcomes, was not supported. However, further analysis indicated evidence of stratification among structural factors in the medical education system which serves to influence access to career pathways.", "contents": "Structural factors as determinants of career patterns in medicine. This study was concerned with the role of structural factors in influencing medical career outcomes. These factors were viewed as an interrelated network of institutions, linked in particular patterns, leading to alternative career outcomes. A conceptual model was developed to represent the expected, predominant routes to different career outcomes. Analysis of data gleaned from the Association of American Medical College's Longitudinal Study revealed neither the expected patterns nor distinctive, alternative patterns. Thus, the notion that medical education is a rigidly structured system, consisting of a few, relatively fixed patterns leading to different career outcomes, was not supported. However, further analysis indicated evidence of stratification among structural factors in the medical education system which serves to influence access to career pathways.", "PMID": 660615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8993", "title": "A systems intervention for improving medical-school-hospital interrelationships.", "content": "The large number of affiliations between medical schools and hospitals resulting from recently increased size of schools has typically been accompanied by both school-hospital and hospital-hospital interrelationship problems involving faculty and administrative personnel in all departments and at all levels. In this paper the authors describe a new technique, \"systems intervention,\" designed specifically to deal with problems of needed change in complex organizational settings, and they illustrate its use by reporting a case study of the relationships between Tufts University School of Medicine and its associated hospitals. The process combines system analysis and behavioral science techniques to promote understanding and overcome barriers to change. Changes attributed to the systems intervention at Tufts are outlined.", "contents": "A systems intervention for improving medical-school-hospital interrelationships. The large number of affiliations between medical schools and hospitals resulting from recently increased size of schools has typically been accompanied by both school-hospital and hospital-hospital interrelationship problems involving faculty and administrative personnel in all departments and at all levels. In this paper the authors describe a new technique, \"systems intervention,\" designed specifically to deal with problems of needed change in complex organizational settings, and they illustrate its use by reporting a case study of the relationships between Tufts University School of Medicine and its associated hospitals. The process combines system analysis and behavioral science techniques to promote understanding and overcome barriers to change. Changes attributed to the systems intervention at Tufts are outlined.", "PMID": 660616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8994", "title": "The SIU medical curriculum: systemwide objectives-based instruction.", "content": "The Southern Illinois University School of Medicine has completed a five-year experience applying an objectives-based approach to an entire curriculum in a medical school setting. Approximately 250 students have worked and studied within the system, and three classes have been graduated. This paper describes the instructional system and the procedures for monitoring, maintaining, and improving it and provides available outcome data.", "contents": "The SIU medical curriculum: systemwide objectives-based instruction. The Southern Illinois University School of Medicine has completed a five-year experience applying an objectives-based approach to an entire curriculum in a medical school setting. Approximately 250 students have worked and studied within the system, and three classes have been graduated. This paper describes the instructional system and the procedures for monitoring, maintaining, and improving it and provides available outcome data.", "PMID": 660617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8995", "title": "Comparing medical audits: correlation, scaling, and sensitivity.", "content": "A modified Payne process and the JCAH intermediate outcome medical audits were applied to 6,980 cases in eight diagnostic categories within 22 hospitals, representing 1,321 attending physicians. Overall correlations between the two audits differed substantially from diagnosis to diagnosis, allowing for generally inconsistent and conflicting results when applied to a specific research question. Methods are illustrated for comparing the relative scaling (harshness) and sensitivity (discriminating power) of these two audit methods. The effects of the specificity of items, total number of items, outcome versus process indicators, and weights of items on the measurement characteristics of the audit methods are also discussed.", "contents": "Comparing medical audits: correlation, scaling, and sensitivity. A modified Payne process and the JCAH intermediate outcome medical audits were applied to 6,980 cases in eight diagnostic categories within 22 hospitals, representing 1,321 attending physicians. Overall correlations between the two audits differed substantially from diagnosis to diagnosis, allowing for generally inconsistent and conflicting results when applied to a specific research question. Methods are illustrated for comparing the relative scaling (harshness) and sensitivity (discriminating power) of these two audit methods. The effects of the specificity of items, total number of items, outcome versus process indicators, and weights of items on the measurement characteristics of the audit methods are also discussed.", "PMID": 660618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8996", "title": "Using a competency-based program to assess interviewing skills of pediatric house staff.", "content": "A program has been initiated to assess objectively the interviewing skills of pediatric house staff. Each entering house staff member interviews and is evaluated by a nonphysician mother who presents the medical history of her child. Remedial instruction is provided for all who do not perform in accordance with established minimum criteria. As a result of this competency-based program, all house staff members are now known to have attained at least a minimum level of competence in interviewing technique.", "contents": "Using a competency-based program to assess interviewing skills of pediatric house staff. A program has been initiated to assess objectively the interviewing skills of pediatric house staff. Each entering house staff member interviews and is evaluated by a nonphysician mother who presents the medical history of her child. Remedial instruction is provided for all who do not perform in accordance with established minimum criteria. As a result of this competency-based program, all house staff members are now known to have attained at least a minimum level of competence in interviewing technique.", "PMID": 660619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8997", "title": "A model for teaching early child development.", "content": "A model of teaching psychological aspects of infant growth and development to medical students in a pediatric clinical rotation is described. Small groups of 8 to 10 medical students observe an infant developmental-assessment-parent-interview conducted by a child development specialist. Emphasis is placed upon demonstrating infant temperament, age-appropriate competencies, and the dynamic interplay between parent and child. Evaluation of this training program suggests its effectiveness as a method of instruction and its usefulness as an approach to the evaluation of the young child.", "contents": "A model for teaching early child development. A model of teaching psychological aspects of infant growth and development to medical students in a pediatric clinical rotation is described. Small groups of 8 to 10 medical students observe an infant developmental-assessment-parent-interview conducted by a child development specialist. Emphasis is placed upon demonstrating infant temperament, age-appropriate competencies, and the dynamic interplay between parent and child. Evaluation of this training program suggests its effectiveness as a method of instruction and its usefulness as an approach to the evaluation of the young child.", "PMID": 660620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8998", "title": "A study of carbon dioxide-dependent strains of Streptococcus milleri.", "content": "Forty-four strains of non-haemolytic streptococci, from a variety of sites, that required CO2 for aerobic growth were identified as Streptococcus milleri. Of these strains, 40 (90%) possessed the Lancefield group-F antigen, the remainder being non-groupable with antisera to the group antigens A, C, F and G.", "contents": "A study of carbon dioxide-dependent strains of Streptococcus milleri. Forty-four strains of non-haemolytic streptococci, from a variety of sites, that required CO2 for aerobic growth were identified as Streptococcus milleri. Of these strains, 40 (90%) possessed the Lancefield group-F antigen, the remainder being non-groupable with antisera to the group antigens A, C, F and G.", "PMID": 660637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_8999", "title": "Effects of cephalexin, erythromycin and clindamycin on the aerobic Gram-negative faecal flora in man.", "content": "The effects of 5-day courses of orally administered cephalexin, clindamycin and erythromycin on the Gram-negative, aerobic faecal flora of healthy adults were examined. The concentration of cephalexin reached in the intestine was high enough to cause the emergence of resistant Gram-negative bacteria; organisms belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas increased to easily detectable levels. The faecal concentration of erythromycin was high and caused a severe reduction of the coliform flora. Clindamycin administration resulted in a considerable increase in the coliform count; the increase in the proportion of klebsiellae was especially marked.", "contents": "Effects of cephalexin, erythromycin and clindamycin on the aerobic Gram-negative faecal flora in man. The effects of 5-day courses of orally administered cephalexin, clindamycin and erythromycin on the Gram-negative, aerobic faecal flora of healthy adults were examined. The concentration of cephalexin reached in the intestine was high enough to cause the emergence of resistant Gram-negative bacteria; organisms belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas increased to easily detectable levels. The faecal concentration of erythromycin was high and caused a severe reduction of the coliform flora. Clindamycin administration resulted in a considerable increase in the coliform count; the increase in the proportion of klebsiellae was especially marked.", "PMID": 660638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9000", "title": "Faecal flora of South Indian infants and young children in health and with acute gastroenteritis.", "content": "The faecal flora of 29 healthy infants and young children was compared with that of 49 children of similar age and socio-ecomonic status with acute gastroenteritis. In the healthy children the most common organisms in the faeces were bifidobacteria, veillonellae, enterobacteria and enterodocci with anaerobes outnumbering aerobes. Most members of the noraml faecal flora were present in the diarrhoeal stools, but anaerobes were signigicantly reduced in number and enterobacteria were significantly increased, thereby altering the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes. The alterations in the flora were not related to the nature of the aetiological agent or to the severity of the diarrhoea. The changes appeared to be a direct result of the altered colonic environment produced by the diarrhoeal state. In 13 of the 28 patients from whom bacterial pathogens were isolated, the pathogens were the predominant faecal organsims.", "contents": "Faecal flora of South Indian infants and young children in health and with acute gastroenteritis. The faecal flora of 29 healthy infants and young children was compared with that of 49 children of similar age and socio-ecomonic status with acute gastroenteritis. In the healthy children the most common organisms in the faeces were bifidobacteria, veillonellae, enterobacteria and enterodocci with anaerobes outnumbering aerobes. Most members of the noraml faecal flora were present in the diarrhoeal stools, but anaerobes were signigicantly reduced in number and enterobacteria were significantly increased, thereby altering the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes. The alterations in the flora were not related to the nature of the aetiological agent or to the severity of the diarrhoea. The changes appeared to be a direct result of the altered colonic environment produced by the diarrhoeal state. In 13 of the 28 patients from whom bacterial pathogens were isolated, the pathogens were the predominant faecal organsims.", "PMID": 660639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9001", "title": "Gas-lipuid chromatographic analysis of metabolic products in the identification of bacteroidaceae of clinical interest.", "content": "The acid end-products of 185 isolates from the family Bacteroidaceae were separated and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography on broth cultures. Different media were evaluated and definitive studies were performed in a fully supplemented complex medium. The limitations of this approach to the identification of a wide range of strains from various clinical sources were determined and the results were compared with those of a series of morphological, biochemical, tolerance and antibiotic-resistance tests. All test strains were identified to generic level by simple microscopic and colonial observations and GLC analysis; additional tests were required to allow species or subspecies identification of most strains. Population differences were detected between some species or subspecies isolated from different clinical sites by quantitative analyses of fatty acids, but individual strains could not always be separated because of overlapping ranges of distribution of acids that were common products of more than one species or subspecies. Small differences in minor products between different species or subspecies were variable and are not considered adequate for discrimination at these taxonomic levels without support from other observations. The potential application of the GLC technique to the rapid and accurate identification of these organisms in hospital laboratories is considered.", "contents": "Gas-lipuid chromatographic analysis of metabolic products in the identification of bacteroidaceae of clinical interest. The acid end-products of 185 isolates from the family Bacteroidaceae were separated and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography on broth cultures. Different media were evaluated and definitive studies were performed in a fully supplemented complex medium. The limitations of this approach to the identification of a wide range of strains from various clinical sources were determined and the results were compared with those of a series of morphological, biochemical, tolerance and antibiotic-resistance tests. All test strains were identified to generic level by simple microscopic and colonial observations and GLC analysis; additional tests were required to allow species or subspecies identification of most strains. Population differences were detected between some species or subspecies isolated from different clinical sites by quantitative analyses of fatty acids, but individual strains could not always be separated because of overlapping ranges of distribution of acids that were common products of more than one species or subspecies. Small differences in minor products between different species or subspecies were variable and are not considered adequate for discrimination at these taxonomic levels without support from other observations. The potential application of the GLC technique to the rapid and accurate identification of these organisms in hospital laboratories is considered.", "PMID": 660640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9002", "title": "Membranous dysmenorrhea in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). A report of four cases.", "content": "A macroscopic and histologic description of membranous dysmenorrhea in chimpanzees is given. The similarity of these cases to those in women make the chimpanzee an interesting model for studies on the presently unknown etiology of membranous dysmenorrhea.", "contents": "Membranous dysmenorrhea in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). A report of four cases. A macroscopic and histologic description of membranous dysmenorrhea in chimpanzees is given. The similarity of these cases to those in women make the chimpanzee an interesting model for studies on the presently unknown etiology of membranous dysmenorrhea.", "PMID": 660641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9003", "title": "Reproduction of the greater bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis) under laboratory conditions.", "content": "A breeding colony of Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis was maintained under laboratory conditions for four years, August 1971 to July 1975. The estrous cycle and the gestation period averaged 39 and 132 days in length, respectively. Twinning occurred in 14.5% of the pregnancies. No postpartum estrus was observed, although 1.2 conceptions per female per year were recorded. Breeding occurred throughout the year. Puberty occurred between ten and 18 months of age, the first conception occurred between 15 and 18 months of age, and reproductive capability decreased rapidly between ten and 12 years of age.", "contents": "Reproduction of the greater bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis) under laboratory conditions. A breeding colony of Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis was maintained under laboratory conditions for four years, August 1971 to July 1975. The estrous cycle and the gestation period averaged 39 and 132 days in length, respectively. Twinning occurred in 14.5% of the pregnancies. No postpartum estrus was observed, although 1.2 conceptions per female per year were recorded. Breeding occurred throughout the year. Puberty occurred between ten and 18 months of age, the first conception occurred between 15 and 18 months of age, and reproductive capability decreased rapidly between ten and 12 years of age.", "PMID": 660642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9004", "title": "Transport of organic anions through the erythrocyte membrane as K+-valinomycin complexes.", "content": "K+, Rb+, or Cs+ complexes of valinomycin form ion pair complexes with picric acid and trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS). The formation of a picrate-K+-valinomycin complex is supported by spectral evidence. These complexes have zero net charge and readily permeate the intact erythrocyte membrane. The K+-valinomycin complex has been used to convert the nonpenetrating TNBS into a penetrating covalent probe, making it as useful vectorial probe to measure accessible amino groups of proteins and phospholipids on both sites of the erythrocyte membrane. The enhanced transport of TNBS into the cell by valinomycin is dependent on external K+ in the medium. The entry of TNBS into the cell is manifested by an increased labeling of hemoglobin and membrane phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Stilbeneisothiocyanatedisulfonate (SITS) and anilinonaphthalenesulfonate (ANS) inhibit both the basal and K+-valinomycin stimulated labeling of PE and hemoglobin by TNBS. The data suggest two independent effects of ANS and SITS, one mediated by an inhibition of the anion transport protein and another by the incorporation of these hydrobic anions into the cell membrane with an increase in negative charge on the membrane which leads to an inhibition of TNBS permeation into the cell by electrostatic repulsion.", "contents": "Transport of organic anions through the erythrocyte membrane as K+-valinomycin complexes. K+, Rb+, or Cs+ complexes of valinomycin form ion pair complexes with picric acid and trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS). The formation of a picrate-K+-valinomycin complex is supported by spectral evidence. These complexes have zero net charge and readily permeate the intact erythrocyte membrane. The K+-valinomycin complex has been used to convert the nonpenetrating TNBS into a penetrating covalent probe, making it as useful vectorial probe to measure accessible amino groups of proteins and phospholipids on both sites of the erythrocyte membrane. The enhanced transport of TNBS into the cell by valinomycin is dependent on external K+ in the medium. The entry of TNBS into the cell is manifested by an increased labeling of hemoglobin and membrane phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Stilbeneisothiocyanatedisulfonate (SITS) and anilinonaphthalenesulfonate (ANS) inhibit both the basal and K+-valinomycin stimulated labeling of PE and hemoglobin by TNBS. The data suggest two independent effects of ANS and SITS, one mediated by an inhibition of the anion transport protein and another by the incorporation of these hydrobic anions into the cell membrane with an increase in negative charge on the membrane which leads to an inhibition of TNBS permeation into the cell by electrostatic repulsion.", "PMID": 660643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9005", "title": "Ion transport by rabbit colon: II. Unidirectional sodium influx and the effects of amphotericin B and amiloride.", "content": "The unidirectional influx of Na from the mucosal solution into the epithelium of in vitro descending rabbit colon (JName) determined under short-circuit conditions, is comprised of two components: one represents entry of Na into transporting epithelial cells and is abolished by amiloride which also abolishes Na absorption (JNanet). The other represents diffusional Na entry into paracellular pathways traversing the epithelium. In all instances, exposure of the mucosal surface to amphotericin B increased tissue conductance and JName and elicited K secretion. Tissues showing a spontaneous Isc of approximately 4 microneq/cm2hr did not respond to amphotericin B with increased Isc and JNanet. However, in tissues characterized by a lower Isc under control conditions, amphotericin B increased Isc and JNanet to approximately 4 microneq/cm2 hr. These findings suggest that amphotericin increases JNanet and elicits K secretion by disrupting the normal perm-selectivity of the mucosal membrane. Under these conditions the extrusion of Na from cell-to-serosal solution becomes the rate limiting step in transepithelial Na transport. Finally, a close correlation between JName and JNanet was was observed when the rate of Na absorption varied either spontaneously or experimentally with amiloride, suggesting that the backflux of Na from cell-to-mucosal solution is undetectably small.", "contents": "Ion transport by rabbit colon: II. Unidirectional sodium influx and the effects of amphotericin B and amiloride. The unidirectional influx of Na from the mucosal solution into the epithelium of in vitro descending rabbit colon (JName) determined under short-circuit conditions, is comprised of two components: one represents entry of Na into transporting epithelial cells and is abolished by amiloride which also abolishes Na absorption (JNanet). The other represents diffusional Na entry into paracellular pathways traversing the epithelium. In all instances, exposure of the mucosal surface to amphotericin B increased tissue conductance and JName and elicited K secretion. Tissues showing a spontaneous Isc of approximately 4 microneq/cm2hr did not respond to amphotericin B with increased Isc and JNanet. However, in tissues characterized by a lower Isc under control conditions, amphotericin B increased Isc and JNanet to approximately 4 microneq/cm2 hr. These findings suggest that amphotericin increases JNanet and elicits K secretion by disrupting the normal perm-selectivity of the mucosal membrane. Under these conditions the extrusion of Na from cell-to-serosal solution becomes the rate limiting step in transepithelial Na transport. Finally, a close correlation between JName and JNanet was was observed when the rate of Na absorption varied either spontaneously or experimentally with amiloride, suggesting that the backflux of Na from cell-to-mucosal solution is undetectably small.", "PMID": 660645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9006", "title": "Similarity in effects of Na+ gradients and membrane potentials on D-glucose transport by, and phlorizin binding to, vesicles derived from brush borders of rattit intestinal mucosal cells.", "content": "Both the presence of sodium and of an electrical potential difference across the membrane have been found to be necessary in order to achieve optimal D-glucose-protectable phlorizin binding to brush border membranes from rabbit small intestine. The effect of delta approximately muNa on phlorizin binding shows a close similarity to that on D-glucose transport, confirming that phlorizin is indeed bound to the D-glucose transporting protein. Possible modulations of binding by a transmembrane potential are discussed on the basis of some models.", "contents": "Similarity in effects of Na+ gradients and membrane potentials on D-glucose transport by, and phlorizin binding to, vesicles derived from brush borders of rattit intestinal mucosal cells. Both the presence of sodium and of an electrical potential difference across the membrane have been found to be necessary in order to achieve optimal D-glucose-protectable phlorizin binding to brush border membranes from rabbit small intestine. The effect of delta approximately muNa on phlorizin binding shows a close similarity to that on D-glucose transport, confirming that phlorizin is indeed bound to the D-glucose transporting protein. Possible modulations of binding by a transmembrane potential are discussed on the basis of some models.", "PMID": 660646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9007", "title": "Are extreme halophiles actually \"bacteria\"?", "content": "Comparative cataloging of the 16SrRNA of Halobacterium halobium indicates that the organism did not arise, as a halophilic adaptation, from some typical bacterium. Rather, H. halobium is a member of the Archaebacteria, an ancient group of organisms that are no more related to typical bacteria than they are to eucaryotes.", "contents": "Are extreme halophiles actually \"bacteria\"? Comparative cataloging of the 16SrRNA of Halobacterium halobium indicates that the organism did not arise, as a halophilic adaptation, from some typical bacterium. Rather, H. halobium is a member of the Archaebacteria, an ancient group of organisms that are no more related to typical bacteria than they are to eucaryotes.", "PMID": 660662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9008", "title": "Goodman et al.'s method for augmenting the number of nucleotide substitutions.", "content": "Statistical properties of Goodman et al.'s (1974) method of compensating for undetected nucleotide substitutions in evolution are investigated by using computer simulation. It is found that the method tends to overcompensate when the stochastic error of the number of nucleotide substitutions is large. Furthermore, the estimate of the number of nucleotide substitutions obtained by this method has a large variance. However, in order to see whether this method gives overcompensation when applied together with the maximum parsimony method, a much larger scale of simulation seems to be necessary.", "contents": "Goodman et al.'s method for augmenting the number of nucleotide substitutions. Statistical properties of Goodman et al.'s (1974) method of compensating for undetected nucleotide substitutions in evolution are investigated by using computer simulation. It is found that the method tends to overcompensate when the stochastic error of the number of nucleotide substitutions is large. Furthermore, the estimate of the number of nucleotide substitutions obtained by this method has a large variance. However, in order to see whether this method gives overcompensation when applied together with the maximum parsimony method, a much larger scale of simulation seems to be necessary.", "PMID": 660663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9009", "title": "On investigating the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm by computer simulation. Counterconclusions to those of Tateno and Nei.", "content": "Goodman et al.'s (1974) populous path algorithm for estimating hidden mutational change in protein evolution is designed to be used as an adjunct to the maximum parsimony method. When the algorithm is so used, the augmented maximum parsimony distances, far from being overestimates, are underestimates of the actual number of nucleotide substitutions which occur in Tateno and Nei's (1978) computer simulation by the Poisson process model, even when the simulation is carried out at two and a half times the sequence density. Although underestimates, our evidence shows that they are nevertheless more accurate than estimates obtained by a Poisson correction. In the maximum parsimony reconstruction, there is a bias towards overrepresenting the number of shared nucleotide identities between adjacent ancestral and descendant nodal sequences with the bias being stronger in those portions of the evolutionary tree sparser in sequence data. Because of this particular property of maximum parsimony reconstructed sequences, the conclusions of Tateno and Nei concerning the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm are invalid. We conclude that estimates of protein evolutionary rates by the maximum parsimony--populous path approach will become more accurate rather than less as larger numbers of closely related species are included in the analysis.", "contents": "On investigating the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm by computer simulation. Counterconclusions to those of Tateno and Nei. Goodman et al.'s (1974) populous path algorithm for estimating hidden mutational change in protein evolution is designed to be used as an adjunct to the maximum parsimony method. When the algorithm is so used, the augmented maximum parsimony distances, far from being overestimates, are underestimates of the actual number of nucleotide substitutions which occur in Tateno and Nei's (1978) computer simulation by the Poisson process model, even when the simulation is carried out at two and a half times the sequence density. Although underestimates, our evidence shows that they are nevertheless more accurate than estimates obtained by a Poisson correction. In the maximum parsimony reconstruction, there is a bias towards overrepresenting the number of shared nucleotide identities between adjacent ancestral and descendant nodal sequences with the bias being stronger in those portions of the evolutionary tree sparser in sequence data. Because of this particular property of maximum parsimony reconstructed sequences, the conclusions of Tateno and Nei concerning the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm are invalid. We conclude that estimates of protein evolutionary rates by the maximum parsimony--populous path approach will become more accurate rather than less as larger numbers of closely related species are included in the analysis.", "PMID": 660664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9010", "title": "Missile emboli.", "content": "Missile emboli remain unusual and challenging problems. Failure to recognize and adequately manage these uncommon lesions can result in loss of limb and/or life. No one individual or medical center has an extensive experience with missile emboli. An analysis of approximately 7,500 Vietnam casualties with known vascular trauma revealed an incidence of about 0.3%: 22 patients with missile emboli. The majority were associated with fragments from explosive devices and involved the arterial system. The missile emboli were removed in all but three patients. Only one patient had a vascular complication. There was no mortality or amputation in this series.", "contents": "Missile emboli. Missile emboli remain unusual and challenging problems. Failure to recognize and adequately manage these uncommon lesions can result in loss of limb and/or life. No one individual or medical center has an extensive experience with missile emboli. An analysis of approximately 7,500 Vietnam casualties with known vascular trauma revealed an incidence of about 0.3%: 22 patients with missile emboli. The majority were associated with fragments from explosive devices and involved the arterial system. The missile emboli were removed in all but three patients. Only one patient had a vascular complication. There was no mortality or amputation in this series.", "PMID": 660667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9011", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity and neutrophil chemotaxis: effect of trauma.", "content": "To investigate alterations in host defense produced by trauma, skin testing with five standard recall antigens was done on admission and weekly on 53 patients with blunt trauma and seven with penetrating missile injuries, who then were classified as normal (N), 2 or more positive responses; relatively anergic (RA), one positive response; or anergic (A), no response. Neutrophil chemotaxis was tested 145 times in 32 patients. Degree of injury was assessed by assigning one point to pelvic fracture, long-bone fracture, head, chest, or abdominal injury, to a maximum of five. The A and RA patients had greater trauma, 3 vs. 1.6 for N, and a significantly increased rate of sepsis (p less than 0.005) and mortality (p less than 0.05). Incidence of anergy depended upon age and extent of trauma. Neutrophil chemotaxis in A and RA patients was significantly (p less than 0.001) worse at 96.7 +/- 2.4 mu and 99.8 +/- 1.7 mu compared to N, 113.2 +/- 1.7 mu, and controls 121 +/- 4 mu. With recovery, chemotaxis returned to normal. It is concluded that failure of delayed hypersensitivity responses follows trauma, is related to the severity of injury and age of patient, and is associated with an abnormality of neutrophil chemotaxis and increased rate of sepsis.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity and neutrophil chemotaxis: effect of trauma. To investigate alterations in host defense produced by trauma, skin testing with five standard recall antigens was done on admission and weekly on 53 patients with blunt trauma and seven with penetrating missile injuries, who then were classified as normal (N), 2 or more positive responses; relatively anergic (RA), one positive response; or anergic (A), no response. Neutrophil chemotaxis was tested 145 times in 32 patients. Degree of injury was assessed by assigning one point to pelvic fracture, long-bone fracture, head, chest, or abdominal injury, to a maximum of five. The A and RA patients had greater trauma, 3 vs. 1.6 for N, and a significantly increased rate of sepsis (p less than 0.005) and mortality (p less than 0.05). Incidence of anergy depended upon age and extent of trauma. Neutrophil chemotaxis in A and RA patients was significantly (p less than 0.001) worse at 96.7 +/- 2.4 mu and 99.8 +/- 1.7 mu compared to N, 113.2 +/- 1.7 mu, and controls 121 +/- 4 mu. With recovery, chemotaxis returned to normal. It is concluded that failure of delayed hypersensitivity responses follows trauma, is related to the severity of injury and age of patient, and is associated with an abnormality of neutrophil chemotaxis and increased rate of sepsis.", "PMID": 660668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9012", "title": "Hyperglucagonemia and hepatic ketogenesis in burned swine.", "content": "A porcine burn model demonstrates hypoglycemia in spite of hyperglucagonemia. The ketone response to free fatty acids is defined for the normal and burned pig. Ketogenesis is augmented beyond that expected from free fatty acids during the postburn period. These metabolic changes may be related to the hyperglucagonemia and/or the relative hypoinsulinemia observed in the burned pig.", "contents": "Hyperglucagonemia and hepatic ketogenesis in burned swine. A porcine burn model demonstrates hypoglycemia in spite of hyperglucagonemia. The ketone response to free fatty acids is defined for the normal and burned pig. Ketogenesis is augmented beyond that expected from free fatty acids during the postburn period. These metabolic changes may be related to the hyperglucagonemia and/or the relative hypoinsulinemia observed in the burned pig.", "PMID": 660669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9013", "title": "Behavioral contracting in a burn care facility: a strategy for patient participation.", "content": "Behavioral contracting is a valuable tool for resolving persistent behavioral problems interfering with the treatment and recovery of severely burned patients. Coercive bidding of the patients for more control occurs in an environment where they experience extreme forms of loss of control and associated enforced regression. The ensuing conflicts between patient and staff often lead to breakdown in mutual cooperation, with deleterious effects on patient-staff morale. Staff experience highly ambivalent feelings toward a problem patient and may wish to withdraw from him, feeling threatened in their image of themselves as competent professionals. Beyond reducing disruptive conflicts on the ward, behavioral contracting aims to mobilize patient and staff around common and explicit goals, and to maximize patient cooperation and productive control in the recovery process. Contracts are valuable because: 1) they facilitate productive communication about issues which underlie patient-staff conflict; 2) they facilitate solutions to problem interactions between patients and staff; 3) they afford both patients and staff a sense or self-control. We provide a rationale for behavioral contracting and discuss the indications for initiating contracts with hospitalized burn patients, and describe methods for developing, implementing, and managing behavioral contracts in order to improve communication and effectiveness in patient-staff interactions.", "contents": "Behavioral contracting in a burn care facility: a strategy for patient participation. Behavioral contracting is a valuable tool for resolving persistent behavioral problems interfering with the treatment and recovery of severely burned patients. Coercive bidding of the patients for more control occurs in an environment where they experience extreme forms of loss of control and associated enforced regression. The ensuing conflicts between patient and staff often lead to breakdown in mutual cooperation, with deleterious effects on patient-staff morale. Staff experience highly ambivalent feelings toward a problem patient and may wish to withdraw from him, feeling threatened in their image of themselves as competent professionals. Beyond reducing disruptive conflicts on the ward, behavioral contracting aims to mobilize patient and staff around common and explicit goals, and to maximize patient cooperation and productive control in the recovery process. Contracts are valuable because: 1) they facilitate productive communication about issues which underlie patient-staff conflict; 2) they facilitate solutions to problem interactions between patients and staff; 3) they afford both patients and staff a sense or self-control. We provide a rationale for behavioral contracting and discuss the indications for initiating contracts with hospitalized burn patients, and describe methods for developing, implementing, and managing behavioral contracts in order to improve communication and effectiveness in patient-staff interactions.", "PMID": 660670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9014", "title": "Left ventricular pump failure associated with diffuse coagulation in experimental intraoperative autotransfusion.", "content": "Autotransfusion of blood from the peritoneal cavity of pigs under a regimen of acid citrate dextrose solution 1:10 v/v for reservoir anticoagulation or systemic heparinization with 300 Iu/kg did not affect cardiac performance. Rapid deterioration of left ventricular pump performance was observed when low dose systemic heparin 100 Iu/kg was used. Evidence suggests that this is related to diffuse coagulation.", "contents": "Left ventricular pump failure associated with diffuse coagulation in experimental intraoperative autotransfusion. Autotransfusion of blood from the peritoneal cavity of pigs under a regimen of acid citrate dextrose solution 1:10 v/v for reservoir anticoagulation or systemic heparinization with 300 Iu/kg did not affect cardiac performance. Rapid deterioration of left ventricular pump performance was observed when low dose systemic heparin 100 Iu/kg was used. Evidence suggests that this is related to diffuse coagulation.", "PMID": 660672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9015", "title": "Ketamine anesthesia for tangenital excision of burn eschar: a burn unit procedure.", "content": "The burn eschar is the major source of infection in the severely burned patient, and it hampers healing and prevents skin grafting. Tangenital excision has been shown to be safe for rapid removal of the eschar. For the last 14 months we have used this method beginning about 7 days postinjury. Our burn unit is composed of a four-bed, horizontal, laminar airflow isolation system, and transfer out of the sterile environment to the operating room would expose the patient to airborne contamination. Intramuscular ketamine anesthesia was used to allow major debridement to be carried out in the unit itself. Forty-five patients aged 18 months to 71 years have undergone 150 excisions in the burn unit under anesthesia with no complications. The burns ranged from 20 to 75% of body surface (mean, 40%). Because ketamine is a cardiorespiratory stimulant, ventilation and vital signs were well maintained. Psychological side effects of ketamine were minimal, particularly in the younger age group.", "contents": "Ketamine anesthesia for tangenital excision of burn eschar: a burn unit procedure. The burn eschar is the major source of infection in the severely burned patient, and it hampers healing and prevents skin grafting. Tangenital excision has been shown to be safe for rapid removal of the eschar. For the last 14 months we have used this method beginning about 7 days postinjury. Our burn unit is composed of a four-bed, horizontal, laminar airflow isolation system, and transfer out of the sterile environment to the operating room would expose the patient to airborne contamination. Intramuscular ketamine anesthesia was used to allow major debridement to be carried out in the unit itself. Forty-five patients aged 18 months to 71 years have undergone 150 excisions in the burn unit under anesthesia with no complications. The burns ranged from 20 to 75% of body surface (mean, 40%). Because ketamine is a cardiorespiratory stimulant, ventilation and vital signs were well maintained. Psychological side effects of ketamine were minimal, particularly in the younger age group.", "PMID": 660673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9016", "title": "A simple radiologic aid in the diagnosis of small avulsion fractures of the knee.", "content": "The diagnosis of knee injuries roentgenographically can present difficulties. Two illustrative cases demonstrate that simple medial and lateral oblique projections with standard radiographic techniques can contribute to increased detection of small avulsion fractures which can be missed on the standard radiographic projections.", "contents": "A simple radiologic aid in the diagnosis of small avulsion fractures of the knee. The diagnosis of knee injuries roentgenographically can present difficulties. Two illustrative cases demonstrate that simple medial and lateral oblique projections with standard radiographic techniques can contribute to increased detection of small avulsion fractures which can be missed on the standard radiographic projections.", "PMID": 660674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9017", "title": "Fracture of the distal radius with ulnar nerve palsy.", "content": "A patient with immediate palsy of the ulnar nerve secondary to a distal fracture of the radius and possibly a dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint (Galeazzi's fracture) is described. Surgery demonstrated a serious contusion of the nerve, scarring around the nerve, and thrombosis of the ulnar artery. Symptoms rapidly disappeared after neurolysis.", "contents": "Fracture of the distal radius with ulnar nerve palsy. A patient with immediate palsy of the ulnar nerve secondary to a distal fracture of the radius and possibly a dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint (Galeazzi's fracture) is described. Surgery demonstrated a serious contusion of the nerve, scarring around the nerve, and thrombosis of the ulnar artery. Symptoms rapidly disappeared after neurolysis.", "PMID": 660675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9018", "title": "Toxic agents resulting from the oxidative metabolism of steroid hormones and drugs.", "content": "The oxidative metabolism of some exogenous compounds, and possibly some endogenous compounds as well, can lead to the formation of reactive metabolites. These intermediates react as electrophiles, and they lead in some instances to cell death or cell transformation. Three routes (other routes are also known) of toxicity are discussed. These are the epoxide/dihydrodiol pathway, the catechol/o-quinone pathway, and the alkylation pathway. The possible formation of electrophiles from diethylstilbestrol, from natural estrogens, and from ethynylestradiol is discussed in terms of protein binding. Protein binding is presumptive evidence of electrophile formation, but it does not necessarily indicate that the parent compound is highly cytotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Mutagenic and carcinogenic activity is presumed to require reaction of an electrophile with nuclear material. There is evidence for protein binding for these estrogens (diethylstilbestrol, natural estrogens, ethnylestradiol) as a consequence of oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Toxic agents resulting from the oxidative metabolism of steroid hormones and drugs. The oxidative metabolism of some exogenous compounds, and possibly some endogenous compounds as well, can lead to the formation of reactive metabolites. These intermediates react as electrophiles, and they lead in some instances to cell death or cell transformation. Three routes (other routes are also known) of toxicity are discussed. These are the epoxide/dihydrodiol pathway, the catechol/o-quinone pathway, and the alkylation pathway. The possible formation of electrophiles from diethylstilbestrol, from natural estrogens, and from ethynylestradiol is discussed in terms of protein binding. Protein binding is presumptive evidence of electrophile formation, but it does not necessarily indicate that the parent compound is highly cytotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Mutagenic and carcinogenic activity is presumed to require reaction of an electrophile with nuclear material. There is evidence for protein binding for these estrogens (diethylstilbestrol, natural estrogens, ethnylestradiol) as a consequence of oxidative metabolism.", "PMID": 660665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9019", "title": "Bilateral diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma--a rare injury.", "content": "A young male patient with bilateral rupture of the diaphragm due to blunt trauma is presented. A separate tear occurred in each hemidiaphragm but recognition and repair of the right side was delayed. After healing of other injuries successful operation was performed 55 days postinjury by a transthoracic approach.", "contents": "Bilateral diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma--a rare injury. A young male patient with bilateral rupture of the diaphragm due to blunt trauma is presented. A separate tear occurred in each hemidiaphragm but recognition and repair of the right side was delayed. After healing of other injuries successful operation was performed 55 days postinjury by a transthoracic approach.", "PMID": 660676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9020", "title": "Replacement of serum in cell culture by hormones: a study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression.", "content": "The hypothesis that the growth of mammalian cells is regulated by hormones is now supported by considerable evidence. Two rat pituitary cell lines, GH3 and GC, a mouse melanoma, M2R (B16), and a human cervical carcinoma cell, HeLa S-3, have been grown indefinitely in serum-free (SF) hormone-supplemented medium. No visible changes of growth characteristics were observed in the cells grown continuously in the SF condition. However, changes in the activity of a plasma membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, and in the relative intensity of surface proteins that are labeled by the [125I] lactoperoxidase technique were found in HeLa cells grown in the SF condition. To study the role of hormones required in the regulation of cell growth, HeLa cells were grown in the absence of one of the required hormones. The following results were obtained. Epidermal growth factor is probably involved in the regulation of the synthesis of macromolecules such as RNA and of the protein content per cell. Transferrin, the accessory factor in the SF condition, supplies iron for cells. The two basic peptides in this SF system, fibroblast growth factor and insulin, are probably involved in the balance of nutrients and energy inside the cell. The replacement of F12 medium with a better-balanced medium, MCDB 105, can mimic the requirements for these two peptides. The steroid hydrocortisone (HC) is probably involved in alteration of the cell surface. This is indicated by the effects of HC on cell morphology, rate of detachment from the dish, and the pattern of [125I] lactoperoxidase labeling of surface proteins. In addition, it is necessary to change the medium more frequently to maintain the culture in the medium without HC. This observation suggests that HC may be involved in the control of homeostatic properties of the cell surface. The production of rat prolactin by GH3 cells was also studied. GH3 cells in the SF condition produce 1.6 microgram prolactin per 10(5) cells in 24 h, while 2.4 microgram is produced in the presence of serum. Prolactin production in the SF condition is enhanced by the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is the major growth factor for these cells. Without it cell growth is severely limited, while prolactin production is elevated. This result suggests that the GH3 cell line in the SF condition may be an ideal system for the study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression.", "contents": "Replacement of serum in cell culture by hormones: a study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression. The hypothesis that the growth of mammalian cells is regulated by hormones is now supported by considerable evidence. Two rat pituitary cell lines, GH3 and GC, a mouse melanoma, M2R (B16), and a human cervical carcinoma cell, HeLa S-3, have been grown indefinitely in serum-free (SF) hormone-supplemented medium. No visible changes of growth characteristics were observed in the cells grown continuously in the SF condition. However, changes in the activity of a plasma membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, and in the relative intensity of surface proteins that are labeled by the [125I] lactoperoxidase technique were found in HeLa cells grown in the SF condition. To study the role of hormones required in the regulation of cell growth, HeLa cells were grown in the absence of one of the required hormones. The following results were obtained. Epidermal growth factor is probably involved in the regulation of the synthesis of macromolecules such as RNA and of the protein content per cell. Transferrin, the accessory factor in the SF condition, supplies iron for cells. The two basic peptides in this SF system, fibroblast growth factor and insulin, are probably involved in the balance of nutrients and energy inside the cell. The replacement of F12 medium with a better-balanced medium, MCDB 105, can mimic the requirements for these two peptides. The steroid hydrocortisone (HC) is probably involved in alteration of the cell surface. This is indicated by the effects of HC on cell morphology, rate of detachment from the dish, and the pattern of [125I] lactoperoxidase labeling of surface proteins. In addition, it is necessary to change the medium more frequently to maintain the culture in the medium without HC. This observation suggests that HC may be involved in the control of homeostatic properties of the cell surface. The production of rat prolactin by GH3 cells was also studied. GH3 cells in the SF condition produce 1.6 microgram prolactin per 10(5) cells in 24 h, while 2.4 microgram is produced in the presence of serum. Prolactin production in the SF condition is enhanced by the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is the major growth factor for these cells. Without it cell growth is severely limited, while prolactin production is elevated. This result suggests that the GH3 cell line in the SF condition may be an ideal system for the study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression.", "PMID": 660666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9021", "title": "Traumatic false aneurysm of the hand in hemophilia.", "content": "An unusual case of traumatic false aneurysm following a puncture wound in the hand of a hemophiliac, despite Factor VIII replacement, demonstrates the necessity for careful evaluation of such patients when there is profuse and continued bleeding. Following surgical repair of the false aneurysm and the ulnar proper digital nerve of the thumb 17 days postinjury the patient had an uncomplicated recovery. Partial arterial laceration, the underlying pathology of this lesion, may be demonstrated by arteriography or surgical exploration.", "contents": "Traumatic false aneurysm of the hand in hemophilia. An unusual case of traumatic false aneurysm following a puncture wound in the hand of a hemophiliac, despite Factor VIII replacement, demonstrates the necessity for careful evaluation of such patients when there is profuse and continued bleeding. Following surgical repair of the false aneurysm and the ulnar proper digital nerve of the thumb 17 days postinjury the patient had an uncomplicated recovery. Partial arterial laceration, the underlying pathology of this lesion, may be demonstrated by arteriography or surgical exploration.", "PMID": 660677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9022", "title": "Post-traumatic meralgia paresthetica--an unusual presentation.", "content": "A case of meralgia paresthetica with severe skin reaction following trauma to the anterolateral aspect of the thigh is presented. Relief of the patients' symptoms was achieved by neurolysis of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.", "contents": "Post-traumatic meralgia paresthetica--an unusual presentation. A case of meralgia paresthetica with severe skin reaction following trauma to the anterolateral aspect of the thigh is presented. Relief of the patients' symptoms was achieved by neurolysis of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.", "PMID": 660678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9023", "title": "Traumatic dislocation of the radial head in a 5-year-old boy: case report.", "content": "A case report of anterior traumatic dislocation of the radial head in a 5-year-old boy without evident injury of the ulna is presented. Reduction and immobilization in flexion and supination in a plaster cast for 2 weeks were carried out. After 2 years the final result is satisfactory and there is no difference between the injured and normal forearms.", "contents": "Traumatic dislocation of the radial head in a 5-year-old boy: case report. A case report of anterior traumatic dislocation of the radial head in a 5-year-old boy without evident injury of the ulna is presented. Reduction and immobilization in flexion and supination in a plaster cast for 2 weeks were carried out. After 2 years the final result is satisfactory and there is no difference between the injured and normal forearms.", "PMID": 660679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9024", "title": "The pathophysiology of the anterior tibial compartment syndrome: an experimental investigation.", "content": "In an experimental study in dogs of the anterior tibial compartment syndrome, three measurements were taken before, during, and following raising pressure in the compartment: blood flow, muscle function, and peroneal nerve conduction. If fasciotomy was performed within 4 hours, peroneal nerve conduction velocity always returned to normal regardless of amount of pressure or length of time pressure was applied; if performed after 12 hours peroneal nerve conduction velocity did not return to normal at any pressure or time condition, suggesting that irreversible damage to the nerve had occurred. Blood flow, as measured by rate of clearance of Xe133, always returned to normal within 2 hours of fasciotomy regardless of the time postinjury or amount of pressure applied. Muscle function (CPK and LDH) did not always return to baseline with fasciotomy and in some instances the absolute values were higher after fasciotomy. Further clinical studies using these measurements are recommended.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of the anterior tibial compartment syndrome: an experimental investigation. In an experimental study in dogs of the anterior tibial compartment syndrome, three measurements were taken before, during, and following raising pressure in the compartment: blood flow, muscle function, and peroneal nerve conduction. If fasciotomy was performed within 4 hours, peroneal nerve conduction velocity always returned to normal regardless of amount of pressure or length of time pressure was applied; if performed after 12 hours peroneal nerve conduction velocity did not return to normal at any pressure or time condition, suggesting that irreversible damage to the nerve had occurred. Blood flow, as measured by rate of clearance of Xe133, always returned to normal within 2 hours of fasciotomy regardless of the time postinjury or amount of pressure applied. Muscle function (CPK and LDH) did not always return to baseline with fasciotomy and in some instances the absolute values were higher after fasciotomy. Further clinical studies using these measurements are recommended.", "PMID": 660681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9025", "title": "Prehospital advanced emergency care: a potential pitfall.", "content": "Effective prehospital treatment of the severely injured and acutely ill by an Advanced Emergency Care system may change symptoms and signs by the time patients arrive at the hospital. To provide optimal care, physicians must appreciate the capabilities and limitations of the EMT-paramedic. The EMT-paramedic must report verbally and via written record the course of prehospital events. Cardiac rhythms must be documented for review. It should be the responsibility of the medical directors of such Advanced Emergency Care systems to provide supervision, refresher training, critiques, and evaluation, to establish medical responsibility and credibility.", "contents": "Prehospital advanced emergency care: a potential pitfall. Effective prehospital treatment of the severely injured and acutely ill by an Advanced Emergency Care system may change symptoms and signs by the time patients arrive at the hospital. To provide optimal care, physicians must appreciate the capabilities and limitations of the EMT-paramedic. The EMT-paramedic must report verbally and via written record the course of prehospital events. Cardiac rhythms must be documented for review. It should be the responsibility of the medical directors of such Advanced Emergency Care systems to provide supervision, refresher training, critiques, and evaluation, to establish medical responsibility and credibility.", "PMID": 660682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9026", "title": "Computerized drug dosing in renal failure: a real problem and a practical solution.", "content": "In the presence of impaired renal function a number of pharmacologic agents require dose adjustments to avoid toxicity. Physician dose variations of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, 237 orders for 30 drugs for 107 patients, were compared to doses recommended by a computer program which considers renal function in calculating its dose. Disagreement in dose regimens was evaluated by comparison of physician-dose to computer-dose for three classes of drugs: wide range, narrow range, and 80% renally excreted. With true renal impairment (serum creatinine greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/100 ml and creatinine clearance less than 80 ml/m) significant overdosing occurred for narrow range and 80% renally-excreted agents, 83 and 77% respectively. There is a great potential hazard observed to be avoided. It is recommended that dose adjustments for nephrotoxic or renally-excreted agents be implemented using creatinine clearance (estimated or measured) with, at the very least, manufacturer's recommendations.", "contents": "Computerized drug dosing in renal failure: a real problem and a practical solution. In the presence of impaired renal function a number of pharmacologic agents require dose adjustments to avoid toxicity. Physician dose variations of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, 237 orders for 30 drugs for 107 patients, were compared to doses recommended by a computer program which considers renal function in calculating its dose. Disagreement in dose regimens was evaluated by comparison of physician-dose to computer-dose for three classes of drugs: wide range, narrow range, and 80% renally excreted. With true renal impairment (serum creatinine greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/100 ml and creatinine clearance less than 80 ml/m) significant overdosing occurred for narrow range and 80% renally-excreted agents, 83 and 77% respectively. There is a great potential hazard observed to be avoided. It is recommended that dose adjustments for nephrotoxic or renally-excreted agents be implemented using creatinine clearance (estimated or measured) with, at the very least, manufacturer's recommendations.", "PMID": 660683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9027", "title": "Resistant Enterobacter cloacae in a burn center: the ineffectiveness of silver sulfadiazine.", "content": "Enterobacter cloacae sepsis was found in 15 burn center patients in 1976, of whom 13 died. Nine of the deaths occurred in the first 60 days. The Burn Center isolates were resistant to silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) in agar cup-plate tests and confirmed by tube dilution tests. Hospital, non-burn isolates of E. cloacae were sensitive to AgSD. All E. cloacae isolates were sensitive to mafenide acetate (MA) in the agar cup-plate tests, but this was not confirmed by the tube dilution tests. The agar cup-plate susceptibility test is a simple, rapid and effective technique for determining resistant and sensitive isolates of E. cloacae. Patients who were changed from AgSD to MA because of resistant E. cloacae infection did not have improved survival. An animal study showed that AgSD was ineffective against this strain of E. cloacae and that MA was more effective than AgSD when applied 24 hr postburn but neither were effective at 48 hr postburn. MA was bacteriostatic but not bactericidal with this E. cloacae strain.", "contents": "Resistant Enterobacter cloacae in a burn center: the ineffectiveness of silver sulfadiazine. Enterobacter cloacae sepsis was found in 15 burn center patients in 1976, of whom 13 died. Nine of the deaths occurred in the first 60 days. The Burn Center isolates were resistant to silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) in agar cup-plate tests and confirmed by tube dilution tests. Hospital, non-burn isolates of E. cloacae were sensitive to AgSD. All E. cloacae isolates were sensitive to mafenide acetate (MA) in the agar cup-plate tests, but this was not confirmed by the tube dilution tests. The agar cup-plate susceptibility test is a simple, rapid and effective technique for determining resistant and sensitive isolates of E. cloacae. Patients who were changed from AgSD to MA because of resistant E. cloacae infection did not have improved survival. An animal study showed that AgSD was ineffective against this strain of E. cloacae and that MA was more effective than AgSD when applied 24 hr postburn but neither were effective at 48 hr postburn. MA was bacteriostatic but not bactericidal with this E. cloacae strain.", "PMID": 660684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9028", "title": "Arterial trauma involving the lower limb.", "content": "Experience with 105 lower limb arterial injuries in 103 patients in a general hospital is described. The pathology is discussed: it is noted that spasm per se could not be incriminated as a cause of ischemia. Management of the injuries and associated fractures is outlined. A plea is made for use of external fixation in compound injuries. An aggressive approach to the degloved limb, open three-compartment fasiotomy for severe vascular injury with signs of ischemia, and delayed primary closure for wounds with septic complications are recommended. Associated soft-tissue injury requires arterial reconstruction even in the presence of muscle rigor and anesthesia.", "contents": "Arterial trauma involving the lower limb. Experience with 105 lower limb arterial injuries in 103 patients in a general hospital is described. The pathology is discussed: it is noted that spasm per se could not be incriminated as a cause of ischemia. Management of the injuries and associated fractures is outlined. A plea is made for use of external fixation in compound injuries. An aggressive approach to the degloved limb, open three-compartment fasiotomy for severe vascular injury with signs of ischemia, and delayed primary closure for wounds with septic complications are recommended. Associated soft-tissue injury requires arterial reconstruction even in the presence of muscle rigor and anesthesia.", "PMID": 660685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9029", "title": "Missed, maluniting, and malunited fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children.", "content": "Five cases of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children are described to illustrate the importance of recognition and proper management of this injury. The cases represent different degrees of severity of this injury. Failure of recognition of this fracture leads to serious late complications. Management of missed and maluniting fractures is discussed. It is our practice to internally fix these injuries.", "contents": "Missed, maluniting, and malunited fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children. Five cases of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children are described to illustrate the importance of recognition and proper management of this injury. The cases represent different degrees of severity of this injury. Failure of recognition of this fracture leads to serious late complications. Management of missed and maluniting fractures is discussed. It is our practice to internally fix these injuries.", "PMID": 660686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9030", "title": "Effects of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on osteoporotic changes induced by calcium deficiency in bone fractures in adult rats.", "content": "Adult male rats maintained on a low calcium intake during 6 weeks prefracture developed osteoporotic changes of the tibia fracture during a healing period of another 6 weeks. Treatment based on combined use of daily peroral doses of 1alpha- hydroxycholecalciferol and an optimal calcium intake reversed the osteoporotic changes in the fractured tibia after only 2 weeks, and the act of reversion became still more pronounced after 4-6 weeks. 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol treatment is recorded, when supported by an optimal calcium intake, to positively influence the levels of serum calcium, dry weight, and total ash content as specific weight and cortical thickness of the fractured tibia, following experimental fractures.", "contents": "Effects of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on osteoporotic changes induced by calcium deficiency in bone fractures in adult rats. Adult male rats maintained on a low calcium intake during 6 weeks prefracture developed osteoporotic changes of the tibia fracture during a healing period of another 6 weeks. Treatment based on combined use of daily peroral doses of 1alpha- hydroxycholecalciferol and an optimal calcium intake reversed the osteoporotic changes in the fractured tibia after only 2 weeks, and the act of reversion became still more pronounced after 4-6 weeks. 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol treatment is recorded, when supported by an optimal calcium intake, to positively influence the levels of serum calcium, dry weight, and total ash content as specific weight and cortical thickness of the fractured tibia, following experimental fractures.", "PMID": 660687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9031", "title": "Autotransfusion of contaminated intraperitoneal blood: an experimental study.", "content": "Contamination of blood by bowel contents has been generally assumed as an absolute contraindication to autotransfusion. Since abdominal trauma is frequently accompanied by bowel injury and massive blood loss, a potential major use for autotransfusion has thus been precluded. To test this presumption, autologous blood grossly contaminated with feces was incubated in the peritoneal cavity and then autotransfused in dogs. The animals were hemorrhaged 20, 30, or 40% of their estimated blood volume, producing mild to severe hypovolemic shock. Reinfusion of contaminated blood had little effect on survival with 20 or 30% hemorrhage, but contamination markedly decreased survival with 40% hemorrhage:90% survived without contamination while only 30% survived with contamination. The use of antibiotics in a similar group of dogs subjected to 40% hemorrhage essentially eliminated the risk of autotransfusion: 90% of these dogs survived autotransfusion of contaminated blood.", "contents": "Autotransfusion of contaminated intraperitoneal blood: an experimental study. Contamination of blood by bowel contents has been generally assumed as an absolute contraindication to autotransfusion. Since abdominal trauma is frequently accompanied by bowel injury and massive blood loss, a potential major use for autotransfusion has thus been precluded. To test this presumption, autologous blood grossly contaminated with feces was incubated in the peritoneal cavity and then autotransfused in dogs. The animals were hemorrhaged 20, 30, or 40% of their estimated blood volume, producing mild to severe hypovolemic shock. Reinfusion of contaminated blood had little effect on survival with 20 or 30% hemorrhage, but contamination markedly decreased survival with 40% hemorrhage:90% survived without contamination while only 30% survived with contamination. The use of antibiotics in a similar group of dogs subjected to 40% hemorrhage essentially eliminated the risk of autotransfusion: 90% of these dogs survived autotransfusion of contaminated blood.", "PMID": 660688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9032", "title": "Fatal peritonitis after massive blood transfusion: case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which successful repair of a superior vena cava gunshot wound was followed by death due to peritonitis. A mild case of endometritis progressed to generalized peritonitis after the patient's immune defenses were compromised by massive transfusion of banked blood. Clinicopathologic correlation is provided.", "contents": "Fatal peritonitis after massive blood transfusion: case report. A case is presented in which successful repair of a superior vena cava gunshot wound was followed by death due to peritonitis. A mild case of endometritis progressed to generalized peritonitis after the patient's immune defenses were compromised by massive transfusion of banked blood. Clinicopathologic correlation is provided.", "PMID": 660689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9033", "title": "Brachial artery disruption following closed elbow dislocation.", "content": "Although elbow dislocation occurs frequently, associated brachial artery injury is rare. Adequate treatment of this injury includes prompt arteriography, reduction of the dislocation, vascular repair, and transarticular fixation of the reduction. A case report and review of the literature are presented.", "contents": "Brachial artery disruption following closed elbow dislocation. Although elbow dislocation occurs frequently, associated brachial artery injury is rare. Adequate treatment of this injury includes prompt arteriography, reduction of the dislocation, vascular repair, and transarticular fixation of the reduction. A case report and review of the literature are presented.", "PMID": 660690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9034", "title": "Retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle producing thoracic outlet syndrome.", "content": "Following traumatic retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle, the patient presented with thoracic outlet syndrome 6 months postinjury with swelling and cyanosis of the right upper extremity, and cramps of the right arm and forearm after heavy manual work. When open reduction of the dislocated clavicle failed, the medial half of the clavicle was resected. Four years postoperation, the patient is doing well, and is asymptomatic. A review of the literature, anatomy, mode of injury, mechanism of injury, pathology, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle producing thoracic outlet syndrome. Following traumatic retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle, the patient presented with thoracic outlet syndrome 6 months postinjury with swelling and cyanosis of the right upper extremity, and cramps of the right arm and forearm after heavy manual work. When open reduction of the dislocated clavicle failed, the medial half of the clavicle was resected. Four years postoperation, the patient is doing well, and is asymptomatic. A review of the literature, anatomy, mode of injury, mechanism of injury, pathology, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 660691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9035", "title": "Disruption of a normal aortic valve as a result of blunt chest trauma.", "content": "Many cardiac lesions may result from nonpenetrating chest trauma. Myocardial contusions and lacerations are most common. Isolated valvular lesions are rare. The most common of these, in surviving patients, is aortic valve disruption (12). The course and management of a patient with a torn aortic valve as a result of nonpenetrating trauma are presented. Surgical replacement (porcine) of the valve and stabilization of the fractured sternum were followed by full recovery at 7 months postinjury.", "contents": "Disruption of a normal aortic valve as a result of blunt chest trauma. Many cardiac lesions may result from nonpenetrating chest trauma. Myocardial contusions and lacerations are most common. Isolated valvular lesions are rare. The most common of these, in surviving patients, is aortic valve disruption (12). The course and management of a patient with a torn aortic valve as a result of nonpenetrating trauma are presented. Surgical replacement (porcine) of the valve and stabilization of the fractured sternum were followed by full recovery at 7 months postinjury.", "PMID": 660692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9036", "title": "Oxygen consumption from fresh versus 21-day-old ACD whole blood.", "content": "The oxygen delivery capacity of fresh whole blood was compared with that of 21-day-old blood in an isolated, perfused canine hindlimb preparation. At the outset, 21-day-old blood was found to have depressed levels of 2,3 DPG and higher p50's relative to those of freshly procured blood, implying an increased oxygen affinity of the former product. Despite this, oxygen consumption from 21-day-old blood was not demonstrated to be significantly different than that from fresh blood. It is concluded that significant improvement in oxygen delivery capacity alone should not be construed as justification for the choice of fresh over older blood clinical replacement therapy.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption from fresh versus 21-day-old ACD whole blood. The oxygen delivery capacity of fresh whole blood was compared with that of 21-day-old blood in an isolated, perfused canine hindlimb preparation. At the outset, 21-day-old blood was found to have depressed levels of 2,3 DPG and higher p50's relative to those of freshly procured blood, implying an increased oxygen affinity of the former product. Despite this, oxygen consumption from 21-day-old blood was not demonstrated to be significantly different than that from fresh blood. It is concluded that significant improvement in oxygen delivery capacity alone should not be construed as justification for the choice of fresh over older blood clinical replacement therapy.", "PMID": 660693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9037", "title": "Intravenous pyelography in abdominal trauma.", "content": "The present report is a retrospective review of 23 patients admitted to the University of Kentucky Medical Center during 1975 and 1976, selected because they had sustained renal trauma as ascertained by hematuria, intravenous pyelography (IVP), or operative intervention. The value of IVP was determined by the patients' eventual hospital course. Of five patients with penetrating injuries, all had hematuria and an intravenous pyelogram on admission. One of these patients did not require an operation. Among the 18 patients with blunt abdominal trauma, six of the 14 patients who had hematuria and an IVP on admission were spared operation. Four patients did not have hematuria, but all four had a renal lesion. Two of these patients required an operation: one for inspection of a traumatic left nephrectomy; the other for bilateral renal artery occlusion, successfully repaired after 16 hours. Whenever feasible all patients sustaining abdominal trauma should have an IVP regardless of whether or not hematuria is present.", "contents": "Intravenous pyelography in abdominal trauma. The present report is a retrospective review of 23 patients admitted to the University of Kentucky Medical Center during 1975 and 1976, selected because they had sustained renal trauma as ascertained by hematuria, intravenous pyelography (IVP), or operative intervention. The value of IVP was determined by the patients' eventual hospital course. Of five patients with penetrating injuries, all had hematuria and an intravenous pyelogram on admission. One of these patients did not require an operation. Among the 18 patients with blunt abdominal trauma, six of the 14 patients who had hematuria and an IVP on admission were spared operation. Four patients did not have hematuria, but all four had a renal lesion. Two of these patients required an operation: one for inspection of a traumatic left nephrectomy; the other for bilateral renal artery occlusion, successfully repaired after 16 hours. Whenever feasible all patients sustaining abdominal trauma should have an IVP regardless of whether or not hematuria is present.", "PMID": 660694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9038", "title": "Surgical restraint in the management of hepatic injury: a review of Charity Hospital Experience.", "content": "We have reviewed 546 cases of hepatic trauma treated from 1964 through 1976: 76 patients with blunt injury, 308 with gunshot wounds, and 162 with stab wounds. Hypovolemic shock was present in 22%. The overall mortality was 10%. Stab wounds had a negligible mortality of 0.6%, whereas 12% of patients with gunshots and 28% of patients with blunt trauma died. Management followed the general principles of control of hemorrhage and conservative debridement with avoidance of major procedures. Eighty-four per cent of patients required only drainage or suture and drainage. Only 8% had extensive debridement. An additional 5% (31 patients) underwent hepatic lobectomy. Hepatic artery ligation, as an isolated procedure, was not employed. Common bile duct cannulation was employed only six times. Mortality among patients treated by suture or drainage was 5.4%. When resection was required, a 52% mortality resulted. We conclude that the principles of conservative surgical treatment can give a satisfactory survival rate in most hepatic trauma.", "contents": "Surgical restraint in the management of hepatic injury: a review of Charity Hospital Experience. We have reviewed 546 cases of hepatic trauma treated from 1964 through 1976: 76 patients with blunt injury, 308 with gunshot wounds, and 162 with stab wounds. Hypovolemic shock was present in 22%. The overall mortality was 10%. Stab wounds had a negligible mortality of 0.6%, whereas 12% of patients with gunshots and 28% of patients with blunt trauma died. Management followed the general principles of control of hemorrhage and conservative debridement with avoidance of major procedures. Eighty-four per cent of patients required only drainage or suture and drainage. Only 8% had extensive debridement. An additional 5% (31 patients) underwent hepatic lobectomy. Hepatic artery ligation, as an isolated procedure, was not employed. Common bile duct cannulation was employed only six times. Mortality among patients treated by suture or drainage was 5.4%. When resection was required, a 52% mortality resulted. We conclude that the principles of conservative surgical treatment can give a satisfactory survival rate in most hepatic trauma.", "PMID": 660695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9039", "title": "Factors associated with deaths of burned patients in a community hospital.", "content": "In a study of 310 burned patients, 27 of whom died, treated during a recent 3-year period, we have found that the following factors contributed to mortality: severity of the burn injury, advanced age of patients, race of the patients, cause of the burns, pre-existing medical problems, inadequate or inappropriate early resuscitative measures, and possible errors or oversights in the management of a few patients. Whether the patients were treated by general or plastic surgeons and whether the patients were \"staff\" or \"private\" appeared to have no significant bearing on survival or mortality. Death rates for the sexes were approximately equal. Deaths of patients who survived the immediate postburn period resulted mainly from pulmonary failure, renal failure, sepsis, and cardiac failure or from various combinations of these factors.", "contents": "Factors associated with deaths of burned patients in a community hospital. In a study of 310 burned patients, 27 of whom died, treated during a recent 3-year period, we have found that the following factors contributed to mortality: severity of the burn injury, advanced age of patients, race of the patients, cause of the burns, pre-existing medical problems, inadequate or inappropriate early resuscitative measures, and possible errors or oversights in the management of a few patients. Whether the patients were treated by general or plastic surgeons and whether the patients were \"staff\" or \"private\" appeared to have no significant bearing on survival or mortality. Death rates for the sexes were approximately equal. Deaths of patients who survived the immediate postburn period resulted mainly from pulmonary failure, renal failure, sepsis, and cardiac failure or from various combinations of these factors.", "PMID": 660696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9040", "title": "Portal venous system injuries.", "content": "Traumatic injuries of the portal venous circulation occur infrequently but often pose management problems. During the past 13 years, 94 patients have been treated at the Ben Taub General Hospital for traumatic injury to the portal venous system, including 37 portal, 45 superior mesenteric, seven splenic, and nine inferior mesenteric venous injuries. Injury resulted from penetrating wounds in all but 17 patients. Associated vascular injuries were present in 80 patients. Twenty-six patients died from failure to control hemorrhage. Six deaths resulted from postoperative complications. Operative approach necessitated lateral venorrhaphy in 66 patients, ligation in 23, end-to-end anastomosis in one, saphenous vein mesocaval shunt in two, end-to-side portacaval shunt in one, and clamping and packing in five. In spite of numerous associated vascular and visceral injuries, portal venous injuries can be successfully managed utilizing generally available vascular reconstructive techniques.", "contents": "Portal venous system injuries. Traumatic injuries of the portal venous circulation occur infrequently but often pose management problems. During the past 13 years, 94 patients have been treated at the Ben Taub General Hospital for traumatic injury to the portal venous system, including 37 portal, 45 superior mesenteric, seven splenic, and nine inferior mesenteric venous injuries. Injury resulted from penetrating wounds in all but 17 patients. Associated vascular injuries were present in 80 patients. Twenty-six patients died from failure to control hemorrhage. Six deaths resulted from postoperative complications. Operative approach necessitated lateral venorrhaphy in 66 patients, ligation in 23, end-to-end anastomosis in one, saphenous vein mesocaval shunt in two, end-to-side portacaval shunt in one, and clamping and packing in five. In spite of numerous associated vascular and visceral injuries, portal venous injuries can be successfully managed utilizing generally available vascular reconstructive techniques.", "PMID": 660697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9041", "title": "The use of microscopy as a guide to primary excision of high-tension electrical burns.", "content": "High-tension electrical burns sustained by 44 patients were of two types: one is caused by the intense heat of contact with an electric arc, and in the other flow of current against resistance of the deep tissues between arc wounds of entrance and exit produces deep thermal destruction. Microscopic studies in nine patients support the conclusions that such high-tension burns are thermal injuries, that the tissue destruction is not uniform, and that the slow evolution of unexcised wound reflects the admixture of areas of varying tissue viability which may become infected. An aggressive surgical approach designed to minimize tissue loss, avoid infection, and close wounds as early as possible was guided by intraoperative and later microscopic determinations of tissue viability. Despite a high amputation rate in our patients, it was avoided in the upper extremity in three patients, and maximal length of extremities was preserved in seven others. The use of microscopic analysis is recommended to determine the viability of tissues in thermal burns.", "contents": "The use of microscopy as a guide to primary excision of high-tension electrical burns. High-tension electrical burns sustained by 44 patients were of two types: one is caused by the intense heat of contact with an electric arc, and in the other flow of current against resistance of the deep tissues between arc wounds of entrance and exit produces deep thermal destruction. Microscopic studies in nine patients support the conclusions that such high-tension burns are thermal injuries, that the tissue destruction is not uniform, and that the slow evolution of unexcised wound reflects the admixture of areas of varying tissue viability which may become infected. An aggressive surgical approach designed to minimize tissue loss, avoid infection, and close wounds as early as possible was guided by intraoperative and later microscopic determinations of tissue viability. Despite a high amputation rate in our patients, it was avoided in the upper extremity in three patients, and maximal length of extremities was preserved in seven others. The use of microscopic analysis is recommended to determine the viability of tissues in thermal burns.", "PMID": 660698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9042", "title": "Disseminated intravascular multiple systems activation (DIMSA) following thermal injury.", "content": "Seventy-seven major thermal injury victims were studied with a number of hematologic and immunologic tests initially and sequentially during the first postburn month. The patients were grouped by initial prognostic index as well as by ultimate survival. Pairs were grouped by initial prognostic index as well as by ultimate survival. Pairs of test data from subjects studied at successive time intervals were compared with prognostic index and ultimate survival. Statistically significant changes in coagulation, fibrinolytic, complement, and kinin tests all occurred within these groups. These findings strongly suggest that intravascular contamination occurs following thermal injury in proportion to the extent of the burn, because of the occurrence and persistence of statistically significant multiple system changes. Regrouping all of the blood data according to ultimate death or survival reinforced the concept of intravascular contamination and provided the basis by which one can compute laboratory prognostic indices. The combination of plasminogen, C'3 complement, C'H50, one-minute kinin, and TEG index discriminated between death and survival with 91% accuracy by the end of the first postburn week. These data offer the potential for select blood measurements in refining current prognostic indicators. This may provide an objective data base for the analysis of new treatment programs in thermal injury victims.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular multiple systems activation (DIMSA) following thermal injury. Seventy-seven major thermal injury victims were studied with a number of hematologic and immunologic tests initially and sequentially during the first postburn month. The patients were grouped by initial prognostic index as well as by ultimate survival. Pairs were grouped by initial prognostic index as well as by ultimate survival. Pairs of test data from subjects studied at successive time intervals were compared with prognostic index and ultimate survival. Statistically significant changes in coagulation, fibrinolytic, complement, and kinin tests all occurred within these groups. These findings strongly suggest that intravascular contamination occurs following thermal injury in proportion to the extent of the burn, because of the occurrence and persistence of statistically significant multiple system changes. Regrouping all of the blood data according to ultimate death or survival reinforced the concept of intravascular contamination and provided the basis by which one can compute laboratory prognostic indices. The combination of plasminogen, C'3 complement, C'H50, one-minute kinin, and TEG index discriminated between death and survival with 91% accuracy by the end of the first postburn week. These data offer the potential for select blood measurements in refining current prognostic indicators. This may provide an objective data base for the analysis of new treatment programs in thermal injury victims.", "PMID": 660699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9043", "title": "The effects of cortisone on liver blood flow in experimental hemorrhagic shock: using a new simplified radioisotope clearance method to measure liver blood flow.", "content": "Liver blood flow was measured in the dog under control and hemorrhagic shock conditions by the 133Xe clearance method. 133Xe was administered first into the portal vein and its clearance from the liver recorded, and then directly into the liver tissue and another clearance curve was obtained. The resuts were compared. We have also investigated the effects of corticosteroids, given in pharmacologic doses, on liver blood flow in hemorrhagic shock. We have shown that the difference between the results of tissue injection and those of portal injection of 133Xe was not significant (p greater than 1.10). Hemodynamic studies indicated that the liver blood flow is decreased, the liver venous resistance and portal venous pressures are increased in dogs in hemorrhagic shock, and that hydrocortisone, with the blood pressure and the bleedout volume held constant in the experimental model, lowers the liver venous resistance and raises the liver blood flow significantly (p less than 0.05) at various stages of hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "The effects of cortisone on liver blood flow in experimental hemorrhagic shock: using a new simplified radioisotope clearance method to measure liver blood flow. Liver blood flow was measured in the dog under control and hemorrhagic shock conditions by the 133Xe clearance method. 133Xe was administered first into the portal vein and its clearance from the liver recorded, and then directly into the liver tissue and another clearance curve was obtained. The resuts were compared. We have also investigated the effects of corticosteroids, given in pharmacologic doses, on liver blood flow in hemorrhagic shock. We have shown that the difference between the results of tissue injection and those of portal injection of 133Xe was not significant (p greater than 1.10). Hemodynamic studies indicated that the liver blood flow is decreased, the liver venous resistance and portal venous pressures are increased in dogs in hemorrhagic shock, and that hydrocortisone, with the blood pressure and the bleedout volume held constant in the experimental model, lowers the liver venous resistance and raises the liver blood flow significantly (p less than 0.05) at various stages of hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 660700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9044", "title": "Myocardial conducting system dysfunctions from thoracic impact.", "content": "An analysis of electrocardiograms (ECG lead II) obtained following blunt thoracic impacts conducted on 12 anesthetized pigs indicated that all animals developed some degree of trauma to the heart conducting system: sino-atrial nodal disturbances, atrio-ventricular junctional dysfunction, intraventricular conduction defects (e.g., bundle branch blocks), or ventricular fibrillation. The induced ventricular fibrillation proceeded rapidly to the demise of four animals in this study. A comparison of the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation with measured biomechanical response parameters indicated a significant correlation of ventricular dysfunction with high levels of sternal acceleration (930 g) and impact velocity (10.7 m/s). The initiation of ventricular fibrillation did not correlate with typical biomechanical thoracic injury \"indicators\" (i.i., level of normalized thoracic deflection, cumulative AIS, peak spinal acceleration, or applied force). An injury severity classification (MCD) was subsequently developed for the evaluation of myocardial conducting system dysfunctions.", "contents": "Myocardial conducting system dysfunctions from thoracic impact. An analysis of electrocardiograms (ECG lead II) obtained following blunt thoracic impacts conducted on 12 anesthetized pigs indicated that all animals developed some degree of trauma to the heart conducting system: sino-atrial nodal disturbances, atrio-ventricular junctional dysfunction, intraventricular conduction defects (e.g., bundle branch blocks), or ventricular fibrillation. The induced ventricular fibrillation proceeded rapidly to the demise of four animals in this study. A comparison of the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation with measured biomechanical response parameters indicated a significant correlation of ventricular dysfunction with high levels of sternal acceleration (930 g) and impact velocity (10.7 m/s). The initiation of ventricular fibrillation did not correlate with typical biomechanical thoracic injury \"indicators\" (i.i., level of normalized thoracic deflection, cumulative AIS, peak spinal acceleration, or applied force). An injury severity classification (MCD) was subsequently developed for the evaluation of myocardial conducting system dysfunctions.", "PMID": 660701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9045", "title": "Evaluation of technetium scanning for myocardial contusion.", "content": "Myocardial contusion is a serious problem not easily diagnosed. Laboratory and clinical studies carried out on myocardial infarction suggested that Technetium scanning might clarify this diagnostic dilemma. Radionuclide imaging with Technetium was carried out in 29 patients suspected of having myocardial contusion. Of 13 patients in whom contusion was confirmed electrocardiographically, scan was positive in only two. Use of the technique in diagnosis of myocardial contusion is not recommended.", "contents": "Evaluation of technetium scanning for myocardial contusion. Myocardial contusion is a serious problem not easily diagnosed. Laboratory and clinical studies carried out on myocardial infarction suggested that Technetium scanning might clarify this diagnostic dilemma. Radionuclide imaging with Technetium was carried out in 29 patients suspected of having myocardial contusion. Of 13 patients in whom contusion was confirmed electrocardiographically, scan was positive in only two. Use of the technique in diagnosis of myocardial contusion is not recommended.", "PMID": 660702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9046", "title": "The \"swallowed bullet\" syndrome.", "content": "A unique case is reported in which a bullet, after entering the maxillary antrum, penetrated the hard palate, was deflected into the esophagus where it struck the cervical spine, and then passed uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "The \"swallowed bullet\" syndrome. A unique case is reported in which a bullet, after entering the maxillary antrum, penetrated the hard palate, was deflected into the esophagus where it struck the cervical spine, and then passed uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 660703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9047", "title": "Post-traumatic radio-ulnar synostosis.", "content": "Five years after an untreated ulnar fracture, a young man seen with no active or passive forearm rotation was found to have a radio-ulnar synostosis, which was surgically excised with interposition of a silicone membrane and soft tissue to decrease any tendency for new formation of the synostosis.", "contents": "Post-traumatic radio-ulnar synostosis. Five years after an untreated ulnar fracture, a young man seen with no active or passive forearm rotation was found to have a radio-ulnar synostosis, which was surgically excised with interposition of a silicone membrane and soft tissue to decrease any tendency for new formation of the synostosis.", "PMID": 660704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9048", "title": "Avulsion injury to the renal pedicle: successful autotransplantation after \"bench surgery\".", "content": "Avulsion injury to the renal pedicle from blunt trauma is a common injury in children. We report a patient who survived this injury with successful reimplantation of the kidney after bench surgery to trim the vessels and the ureter. The function of this kidney is somewhat impaired and shows posttraumatic scarring 19 months post-surgery. This appears to be the first report of such a patient in the literature.", "contents": "Avulsion injury to the renal pedicle: successful autotransplantation after \"bench surgery\". Avulsion injury to the renal pedicle from blunt trauma is a common injury in children. We report a patient who survived this injury with successful reimplantation of the kidney after bench surgery to trim the vessels and the ureter. The function of this kidney is somewhat impaired and shows posttraumatic scarring 19 months post-surgery. This appears to be the first report of such a patient in the literature.", "PMID": 660705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9049", "title": "Superior mesenteric artery injury following blunt abdominal trauma: case report with successful primary repair.", "content": "A case of blunt abdominal trauma causing injury to the superior mesenteric artery with successful management is presented. The role of aortography in diagnosis is discussed. The patient, with multiple chest injuries sustained in an automobile accident, has recovered following surgical repair of a laceration of the SMA, treatment for respiratory distress, and spontaneous cessation of rectal diverticular bleeding.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric artery injury following blunt abdominal trauma: case report with successful primary repair. A case of blunt abdominal trauma causing injury to the superior mesenteric artery with successful management is presented. The role of aortography in diagnosis is discussed. The patient, with multiple chest injuries sustained in an automobile accident, has recovered following surgical repair of a laceration of the SMA, treatment for respiratory distress, and spontaneous cessation of rectal diverticular bleeding.", "PMID": 660706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9050", "title": "Some clinical characteristics of children with paralytic poliomyelitis referred for physiotherapy.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-two case records of poliomyelitis children were studied to examine the clinical characteristics of the patients. They were the random first 152 cases referred and hence constituted a representative study. The results showed that there was a preponderance of males in the data. The highest incidence was among children in the 13-24 month age group. Eighty-eight per cent of the children suffered from paralysis of the lower limb while 11.3 per cent suffered from involvement of the upper limb. Twenty-nine per cent of the patients demonstrated flexion/abduction deformity of the hip while 52.6 per cent showed foot drop resulting from tibialis anterior paralysis. Of the children studied 3.9 per cent came from the upper social class while 96.1 per cent came from the lower social class.", "contents": "Some clinical characteristics of children with paralytic poliomyelitis referred for physiotherapy. One hundred and fifty-two case records of poliomyelitis children were studied to examine the clinical characteristics of the patients. They were the random first 152 cases referred and hence constituted a representative study. The results showed that there was a preponderance of males in the data. The highest incidence was among children in the 13-24 month age group. Eighty-eight per cent of the children suffered from paralysis of the lower limb while 11.3 per cent suffered from involvement of the upper limb. Twenty-nine per cent of the patients demonstrated flexion/abduction deformity of the hip while 52.6 per cent showed foot drop resulting from tibialis anterior paralysis. Of the children studied 3.9 per cent came from the upper social class while 96.1 per cent came from the lower social class.", "PMID": 660707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9051", "title": "African histoplasmosis of the jejunum. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of histoplasmosis of the jejunum is presented. This is apparently the first reported case of African histoplasmosis primarily affecting the jejunum. Grossly, there was stricture formation together with tubercles scattered over the surface of the bowel and adjoining mesentery. Also the mesenteric lymphnodes were enlarged. It is therefore difficult to distinguish jejunal histoplasmosis from tuberculosis, carcinoma and lymphoma of the jejunum and diagnosis can only be based on the demonstration of the characteristic yeast cells from the specimen.", "contents": "African histoplasmosis of the jejunum. Report of a case. A case of histoplasmosis of the jejunum is presented. This is apparently the first reported case of African histoplasmosis primarily affecting the jejunum. Grossly, there was stricture formation together with tubercles scattered over the surface of the bowel and adjoining mesentery. Also the mesenteric lymphnodes were enlarged. It is therefore difficult to distinguish jejunal histoplasmosis from tuberculosis, carcinoma and lymphoma of the jejunum and diagnosis can only be based on the demonstration of the characteristic yeast cells from the specimen.", "PMID": 660708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9052", "title": "Observation on haematological patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigerians.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of pulmonary tuberculosis seen in the last two years in the chest clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan were studied for their haematological patterns at diagnosis and three months after. One group was put on anti-tuberculosis drugs only while the other group was put on anti-tuberculosis drugs and oral iron. The haematological results after 3 months show a significant rise in packed cell volume (PCV) less than 0.01 in the group given oral suppliments. Megaloblastic bone marrow changes occurred in 20 per cent of the patients after 3 months. Seventy-five per cent of the patients had myeloid hyperplasia of the bone marrow at diagnosis and only one of the patients had hypoplastic marrow. It is suggested that oral iron and folate be added to anti-tuberculosis therapy in these patients as part of their management.", "contents": "Observation on haematological patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigerians. Twenty-one cases of pulmonary tuberculosis seen in the last two years in the chest clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan were studied for their haematological patterns at diagnosis and three months after. One group was put on anti-tuberculosis drugs only while the other group was put on anti-tuberculosis drugs and oral iron. The haematological results after 3 months show a significant rise in packed cell volume (PCV) less than 0.01 in the group given oral suppliments. Megaloblastic bone marrow changes occurred in 20 per cent of the patients after 3 months. Seventy-five per cent of the patients had myeloid hyperplasia of the bone marrow at diagnosis and only one of the patients had hypoplastic marrow. It is suggested that oral iron and folate be added to anti-tuberculosis therapy in these patients as part of their management.", "PMID": 660709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9053", "title": "Study of otitis media and malaria among pyrexic attender of an under-fives clinic.", "content": "All 138 children attending two under-five clinics with a rectal temperature of 100 degrees F or over had their ears examined and a blood film taken for malaria parasites. Twenty-eight per cent were found to have otitis media and 37 per cent to have malaria. No symptom was found to be sufficiently discriminating for a diagnosis to be made on history alone in either condition.", "contents": "Study of otitis media and malaria among pyrexic attender of an under-fives clinic. All 138 children attending two under-five clinics with a rectal temperature of 100 degrees F or over had their ears examined and a blood film taken for malaria parasites. Twenty-eight per cent were found to have otitis media and 37 per cent to have malaria. No symptom was found to be sufficiently discriminating for a diagnosis to be made on history alone in either condition.", "PMID": 660711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9054", "title": "Reversible portal hypertension in amoebic liver abscess: a case report.", "content": "A fifty eight year old male patient, with an amoebic liver abscess showed reversal of portal hypertension demonstrated by radiological and endoscopic evidence of oesophageal varices, on successful treatment of abscess. This appears to be the first report of reversible oesophageal varices in amoebic liver abscess. The relevant features have been discussed with reference to available literature on the subject.", "contents": "Reversible portal hypertension in amoebic liver abscess: a case report. A fifty eight year old male patient, with an amoebic liver abscess showed reversal of portal hypertension demonstrated by radiological and endoscopic evidence of oesophageal varices, on successful treatment of abscess. This appears to be the first report of reversible oesophageal varices in amoebic liver abscess. The relevant features have been discussed with reference to available literature on the subject.", "PMID": 660713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9055", "title": "Unusual presentation of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis--a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem.", "content": "A fatal case of meningo-encephalitis due to Amoeba naegleria is discussed. It was a problem for diagnosis because of its unusual presentation. The patient, a young pregnant female presented with pyrexia, severe headache, and photophobia. Anti-biotic therapy was started after a provisional diagnosis of acute pyogenic meningitis had been made. There was no response to antibiotic therapy. Facial nerve palsy and abnormal activity in the left centro-temporal region in the EEG was observed and suspicion of an intra-cranial space occupying lesion was entertained. Carotid angiography and ventriculography, however, showed no abnormality. Repeat cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed motile amoebae. The patient, however, died shortly afterwards. This case is documented for its atypical clinical presentation and therapeutic problems.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis--a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem. A fatal case of meningo-encephalitis due to Amoeba naegleria is discussed. It was a problem for diagnosis because of its unusual presentation. The patient, a young pregnant female presented with pyrexia, severe headache, and photophobia. Anti-biotic therapy was started after a provisional diagnosis of acute pyogenic meningitis had been made. There was no response to antibiotic therapy. Facial nerve palsy and abnormal activity in the left centro-temporal region in the EEG was observed and suspicion of an intra-cranial space occupying lesion was entertained. Carotid angiography and ventriculography, however, showed no abnormality. Repeat cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed motile amoebae. The patient, however, died shortly afterwards. This case is documented for its atypical clinical presentation and therapeutic problems.", "PMID": 660712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9056", "title": "Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Pakistani patients suffering from maturity onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a group of 500 ambulant Pakistani patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, electrocardiographic evidence of coronary heart disease was present in 45 (9%). The frequency was higher in the males (12.1%) as compared to females (7.2%). The male diabetics with coronary heart disease had significantly high mean serum cholesterol values as compared to those without it. A positive family history of ischaemic heart disease, and the presence of small vessel disease as well as hypertension were more frequently associated with coronary heart disease. The overall frequency of hypertension was 21.2 per cent in this group of diabetics.", "contents": "Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Pakistani patients suffering from maturity onset diabetes mellitus. In a group of 500 ambulant Pakistani patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, electrocardiographic evidence of coronary heart disease was present in 45 (9%). The frequency was higher in the males (12.1%) as compared to females (7.2%). The male diabetics with coronary heart disease had significantly high mean serum cholesterol values as compared to those without it. A positive family history of ischaemic heart disease, and the presence of small vessel disease as well as hypertension were more frequently associated with coronary heart disease. The overall frequency of hypertension was 21.2 per cent in this group of diabetics.", "PMID": 660715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9057", "title": "UV-induced mutation in bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Two late gene am mutants of bacteriophage T4 that can be induced to revert by UV were crossed to a temperature-sensitive ligase mutant. In the double mutants, UV-induced reversion was eliminated at a semirestrictive temperature. When the single am mutants were irradiated and then allowed a single passage in a permissive host, the UV-induced reversion frequency was increased by 15- to 25-fold. This increased mutagenesis was also abolished by the presence of the ligase allele. When the UV-irradiated single am mutants multiply infected a permissive host, allowing multiplicity reactivation to occur, the induced reversion frequency was reduced similarly to the reduction in lethality. The mutagenesis that remained was again abolished by the presence of the ligase allele. It is concluded that UV induces mutations in phage T4 through the action of a pathway that includes polynucleotide ligase. The increase in mutation frequency after growth in a permissive host implies that mutagenesis can occur at more than one stage of the infection rather than only in an early stage before expression of the mutant genome. The process of multiplicity reactivation appears to be error-free since it overcomes lethal lesions without inducing new mutations.", "contents": "UV-induced mutation in bacteriophage T4. Two late gene am mutants of bacteriophage T4 that can be induced to revert by UV were crossed to a temperature-sensitive ligase mutant. In the double mutants, UV-induced reversion was eliminated at a semirestrictive temperature. When the single am mutants were irradiated and then allowed a single passage in a permissive host, the UV-induced reversion frequency was increased by 15- to 25-fold. This increased mutagenesis was also abolished by the presence of the ligase allele. When the UV-irradiated single am mutants multiply infected a permissive host, allowing multiplicity reactivation to occur, the induced reversion frequency was reduced similarly to the reduction in lethality. The mutagenesis that remained was again abolished by the presence of the ligase allele. It is concluded that UV induces mutations in phage T4 through the action of a pathway that includes polynucleotide ligase. The increase in mutation frequency after growth in a permissive host implies that mutagenesis can occur at more than one stage of the infection rather than only in an early stage before expression of the mutant genome. The process of multiplicity reactivation appears to be error-free since it overcomes lethal lesions without inducing new mutations.", "PMID": 660716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9058", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus type 2 blocked in virion assembly: accumulation of light intermediate particles.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 2, ts112, was isolated and characterized, ts112 was blocked in a late function required for virus maturation. At restrictive temperature, it accumulated light precursor particles that were able to mature into infectious virions upon temperature shift-down. Use of a mild extraction procedure and a reversible fixation by a cleavable diimido ester permitted the isolation and analysis of these labile intermediates in the adenovirus assembly. These accumulated particles had a sedimentation coefficient of about 600S and a buoyant density of 1.315 g/cm3 in CsCl. They contained a DNA fragment of 7--11S and two nonvirion proteins having molecular weights of 50,000 (50K) and 39.000 (39K), respectively. They resembled in composition and morphology the light intermediate particles found in wild-type adenovirus 2, which were identified as precursors of heavy intermediates, preceding the young virions. The ts112 lesion was apparently located at the exit of either the 50K and/or 39K proteins and at the entry of viral DNA.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus type 2 blocked in virion assembly: accumulation of light intermediate particles. A temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 2, ts112, was isolated and characterized, ts112 was blocked in a late function required for virus maturation. At restrictive temperature, it accumulated light precursor particles that were able to mature into infectious virions upon temperature shift-down. Use of a mild extraction procedure and a reversible fixation by a cleavable diimido ester permitted the isolation and analysis of these labile intermediates in the adenovirus assembly. These accumulated particles had a sedimentation coefficient of about 600S and a buoyant density of 1.315 g/cm3 in CsCl. They contained a DNA fragment of 7--11S and two nonvirion proteins having molecular weights of 50,000 (50K) and 39.000 (39K), respectively. They resembled in composition and morphology the light intermediate particles found in wild-type adenovirus 2, which were identified as precursors of heavy intermediates, preceding the young virions. The ts112 lesion was apparently located at the exit of either the 50K and/or 39K proteins and at the entry of viral DNA.", "PMID": 660717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9059", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 assembly analyzed by reversible cross-linking of labile intermediates.", "content": "Dimethyl-4,4'-dithiobisbutyrimidate dihydrochloride was used as a cleavable cross-linking reagent to maintain the structure of labile intermediates in adenovirus type 2 assembly. Analysis on sucrose gradients of nuclear adenovirus particles revealed two size classes, with sedimentation rates of 750 and 600S. After reversible fixation with diimido ester, the different classes were further separated on CsCl gradients and characterized with regard to their buoyant density, DNA content, and polypeptide composition. The 750S particles banded at 1.345 g/cm3 in CsCl, contained a DNA with a sedimentation coefficient of 34S in alkaline sucrose gradients, and had a polypeptide composition similar to that of young virions. The 600S population consisted of two types of particles with buoyant densities of 1.315 and 1.37 g/cm3. The 1.315-g/cm3 particles contained a DNA fragment of 7--11S and lacked the core proteins V and VII. In their place were found precursors P VI and P VIII and two nonvirion proteins with molecular weights of 50,000 (50K) and 39,000 (39K). 34S DNA was present in the 1.37-g/cm3 particles, which also lacked core proteins V and VII, as well as the 50K and 39K. Pulse-chase labeling kinetics suggested that the 1.315-g/cm3 particles were anterior to the 1.37-g/cm3 particles, themselves preceding the 1.345-g/cm3 young virions, and that the release of both 50K and 39K, possible scaffolding proteins, was required for entry of viral DNA.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 assembly analyzed by reversible cross-linking of labile intermediates. Dimethyl-4,4'-dithiobisbutyrimidate dihydrochloride was used as a cleavable cross-linking reagent to maintain the structure of labile intermediates in adenovirus type 2 assembly. Analysis on sucrose gradients of nuclear adenovirus particles revealed two size classes, with sedimentation rates of 750 and 600S. After reversible fixation with diimido ester, the different classes were further separated on CsCl gradients and characterized with regard to their buoyant density, DNA content, and polypeptide composition. The 750S particles banded at 1.345 g/cm3 in CsCl, contained a DNA with a sedimentation coefficient of 34S in alkaline sucrose gradients, and had a polypeptide composition similar to that of young virions. The 600S population consisted of two types of particles with buoyant densities of 1.315 and 1.37 g/cm3. The 1.315-g/cm3 particles contained a DNA fragment of 7--11S and lacked the core proteins V and VII. In their place were found precursors P VI and P VIII and two nonvirion proteins with molecular weights of 50,000 (50K) and 39,000 (39K). 34S DNA was present in the 1.37-g/cm3 particles, which also lacked core proteins V and VII, as well as the 50K and 39K. Pulse-chase labeling kinetics suggested that the 1.315-g/cm3 particles were anterior to the 1.37-g/cm3 particles, themselves preceding the 1.345-g/cm3 young virions, and that the release of both 50K and 39K, possible scaffolding proteins, was required for entry of viral DNA.", "PMID": 660718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9060", "title": "Head maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2. IV. In vitro transformation of T4 head-related particles produced by mutants in gene 17 to capsid-like structures.", "content": "T4 mutants in gene 17 accumulate particles which contain the main head protein in the cleaved form (gp23*) arranged in an unexpanded lattice (empty small particles), together with other expanded capsids (empty large particles). The isolated empty small particles can be transformed in vitro, by lowering the ionic strength, to capsid-like structures. This structural transformaton is not coupled to chemical modification of the structural proteins of the empty small particles. In contrast to unexpanded particles that are easily dissociated, the transformed structures are as resistant to dissociation as other T-even head-related particles with expanded lattice. Furthermore, the transformed particles are able to bind in vitro hoc and soc proteins, rendering capsids indistinguishable from the normal T4 capsids both morphologically and by their stability against denaturing agents. Our results indicate that the in vitro transformation of the empty small particles might mimic important and characteristic aspects of the in vivo maturation of T4 heads, thus suggesting a possible role of the \"cleaved but unexpanded\" particle in the maturation pathway of the T4 shell.", "contents": "Head maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2. IV. In vitro transformation of T4 head-related particles produced by mutants in gene 17 to capsid-like structures. T4 mutants in gene 17 accumulate particles which contain the main head protein in the cleaved form (gp23*) arranged in an unexpanded lattice (empty small particles), together with other expanded capsids (empty large particles). The isolated empty small particles can be transformed in vitro, by lowering the ionic strength, to capsid-like structures. This structural transformaton is not coupled to chemical modification of the structural proteins of the empty small particles. In contrast to unexpanded particles that are easily dissociated, the transformed structures are as resistant to dissociation as other T-even head-related particles with expanded lattice. Furthermore, the transformed particles are able to bind in vitro hoc and soc proteins, rendering capsids indistinguishable from the normal T4 capsids both morphologically and by their stability against denaturing agents. Our results indicate that the in vitro transformation of the empty small particles might mimic important and characteristic aspects of the in vivo maturation of T4 heads, thus suggesting a possible role of the \"cleaved but unexpanded\" particle in the maturation pathway of the T4 shell.", "PMID": 660719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9061", "title": "Purification of the influenza hemagglutinin glycoprotein and characterization of its carbohydrate components.", "content": "Hemagglutinin from influenza A/PR8 virus was purified after treatment of the virus with sodium deoxycholate followed by extraction with tri-n-butyl phosphate. This fully disrupted the virus while preserving hemagglutinating activity. The hemagglutinin was obtained in the form of small aggregates that could be separated from other viral components. Purified hemagglutinin was hydrolyzed to determine carbohydrate composition and digested with Pronase to analyze oligosaccharide structures. Sugars present in the hemagglutinin were galactose, mannose, fucose, and glucosamine in molar rates of about 6:11:2:5, and these comprised 16% of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein. Oligosaccharides obtained from virus included a major component of a molecular weight of 2,800, composed of glucosamine, galactose, mannose, and fucose, and a minor heterogenous component of a molecular weight of 1,500 to 2,000, containing predominantly mannose. The 2,800-molecular-weight oligosaccharide was a constituent of the hemagglutinin, and treatment of this large oligosaccharide with specific exo-glycosidases demonstrated the presence of terminal galactose and fucose and allowed the deduction of a general structure for this component.", "contents": "Purification of the influenza hemagglutinin glycoprotein and characterization of its carbohydrate components. Hemagglutinin from influenza A/PR8 virus was purified after treatment of the virus with sodium deoxycholate followed by extraction with tri-n-butyl phosphate. This fully disrupted the virus while preserving hemagglutinating activity. The hemagglutinin was obtained in the form of small aggregates that could be separated from other viral components. Purified hemagglutinin was hydrolyzed to determine carbohydrate composition and digested with Pronase to analyze oligosaccharide structures. Sugars present in the hemagglutinin were galactose, mannose, fucose, and glucosamine in molar rates of about 6:11:2:5, and these comprised 16% of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein. Oligosaccharides obtained from virus included a major component of a molecular weight of 2,800, composed of glucosamine, galactose, mannose, and fucose, and a minor heterogenous component of a molecular weight of 1,500 to 2,000, containing predominantly mannose. The 2,800-molecular-weight oligosaccharide was a constituent of the hemagglutinin, and treatment of this large oligosaccharide with specific exo-glycosidases demonstrated the presence of terminal galactose and fucose and allowed the deduction of a general structure for this component.", "PMID": 660720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9062", "title": "Size analysis and relationship of murine leukemia virus-specific mRNA's: evidence for transposition of sequences during synthesis and processing of subgenomic mRNA.", "content": "Virus-specific mRNA from purified polyribosomes of mouse cells infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gels, followed by hybridization of gel slices with M-MuLV-specific complementary DNA (cDNA). The size resolution of the gels was better than that of sucrose gradients used in previous analyses, and two virus-specific mRNA's of 38S and 24S were detected. The 24S virus-specific mRNA is predominantly derived from the 3' half of the M-MuLV genome, since cDNAgag(pol) (complementary to the 5' half of the M-MuLV genome) could not efficiently anneal with this mRNA. However, sequences complementary to cDNA synthesized from the extreme 5' end of M-MuLV 38S RNA (cDNA 5') are present in the 24S virus-specific mRNA, since cDNA 5' (130 nucleotides) efficiently annealed with this mRNA. The annealing of cDNA 5' was not due to repetition of 5' terminal nucleotide sequences at the 3' end of M-MuLV 38S RNA, since smaller cDNA 5' molecules (60 to 70 nucleotides), which likely lack the terminal repetition, also efficiently annealed with the 24S mRNA. The sequences in 24S virus-specific mRNA recognized by cDNA 5' are not present in 3' fragments of virion RNA that are the same length. Therefore, it appears that RNA sequences from the extreme 5' end of the M-MuLV genome may be transposed to sequences from the 3' half of the M-MuLV 38S RNA during synthesis and processing of the 24S virus-specific mRNA. These results may indicate a phenomenon similar to the RNA splicing processes that occur during synthesis of adenovirus and papovavirus mRNA's.", "contents": "Size analysis and relationship of murine leukemia virus-specific mRNA's: evidence for transposition of sequences during synthesis and processing of subgenomic mRNA. Virus-specific mRNA from purified polyribosomes of mouse cells infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gels, followed by hybridization of gel slices with M-MuLV-specific complementary DNA (cDNA). The size resolution of the gels was better than that of sucrose gradients used in previous analyses, and two virus-specific mRNA's of 38S and 24S were detected. The 24S virus-specific mRNA is predominantly derived from the 3' half of the M-MuLV genome, since cDNAgag(pol) (complementary to the 5' half of the M-MuLV genome) could not efficiently anneal with this mRNA. However, sequences complementary to cDNA synthesized from the extreme 5' end of M-MuLV 38S RNA (cDNA 5') are present in the 24S virus-specific mRNA, since cDNA 5' (130 nucleotides) efficiently annealed with this mRNA. The annealing of cDNA 5' was not due to repetition of 5' terminal nucleotide sequences at the 3' end of M-MuLV 38S RNA, since smaller cDNA 5' molecules (60 to 70 nucleotides), which likely lack the terminal repetition, also efficiently annealed with the 24S mRNA. The sequences in 24S virus-specific mRNA recognized by cDNA 5' are not present in 3' fragments of virion RNA that are the same length. Therefore, it appears that RNA sequences from the extreme 5' end of the M-MuLV genome may be transposed to sequences from the 3' half of the M-MuLV 38S RNA during synthesis and processing of the 24S virus-specific mRNA. These results may indicate a phenomenon similar to the RNA splicing processes that occur during synthesis of adenovirus and papovavirus mRNA's.", "PMID": 660721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9063", "title": "Virion RNA species of the arenaviruses Pichinde, Tacaribe, and Tamiami.", "content": "The principal RNA species isolated from labeled preparations of the arenavirus Pichinde usually include a large viral RNA species L (apparent molecular weight = 3.2 X 10(6)), and a smaller viral RNA species S (apparent molecular weight = 1.6 X 10(6)). In addition, either little or considerable quantities of 28S rRNA as well as 18S rRNA can also be obtained in virus extracts, depending on the virus stock and growth conditions used to generate virus preparations. Similar RNA species have been identified in RNA extracted from Tacaribe and Tamiami arenavirus preparations. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses have confirmed the host ribosomal origin of the 28S and 18S species. Such analyses have also indicated that the Pichinde viral L and S RNA species each contain unique nucleotide sequences. Viral RNA preparations isolated by conventional phenol-sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction often have much of their L and S RNA species in the form of aggregates as visualized by either electron microscopy or oligonucleotide fingerprinting of material recovered from the top of gels (run by using undenatured RNA preparations). Circular and linear RNA forms have also been seen in electron micrographs of undenatured RNA preparations, although denatured viral RNA preparations have yielded mostly linear RNA species with few RNA aggregates or circular forms.", "contents": "Virion RNA species of the arenaviruses Pichinde, Tacaribe, and Tamiami. The principal RNA species isolated from labeled preparations of the arenavirus Pichinde usually include a large viral RNA species L (apparent molecular weight = 3.2 X 10(6)), and a smaller viral RNA species S (apparent molecular weight = 1.6 X 10(6)). In addition, either little or considerable quantities of 28S rRNA as well as 18S rRNA can also be obtained in virus extracts, depending on the virus stock and growth conditions used to generate virus preparations. Similar RNA species have been identified in RNA extracted from Tacaribe and Tamiami arenavirus preparations. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses have confirmed the host ribosomal origin of the 28S and 18S species. Such analyses have also indicated that the Pichinde viral L and S RNA species each contain unique nucleotide sequences. Viral RNA preparations isolated by conventional phenol-sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction often have much of their L and S RNA species in the form of aggregates as visualized by either electron microscopy or oligonucleotide fingerprinting of material recovered from the top of gels (run by using undenatured RNA preparations). Circular and linear RNA forms have also been seen in electron micrographs of undenatured RNA preparations, although denatured viral RNA preparations have yielded mostly linear RNA species with few RNA aggregates or circular forms.", "PMID": 660722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9064", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a critical analysis of 26 cases and of the literature.", "content": "Manifestations of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in 26 patients closely mimicked those of neoplastic and other inflammatory renal parenchymal diseases. Middle-aged or older women were affected most often. Most patients presented with anemia, chronic febrile illness, a painful tender flank mass and recurrent urosepsis. Some features of nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction were present in 13 patients. Bacterial cultures of renal tissue were almost always positive but the spectrum differed considerably from that of the bladder urine. Urographically, a renal mass lesion was encountered in 62% of the patients, nephrolithiasis in 38% and a functionless kidney in 27%. Angiographically, none of the 4 mass lesions studied was distinguished from hypernephroma. Indeed, a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in only 1 instance. There were 3 stages of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis recognized. Treatment consisted of nephrectomy for diffuse or advanced stage disease or both (21 patients), excision of the diseased renal segment for localized and low stage disease (2 patients) and renal biopsy (3 patients). Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis did not recur but in some patients bacteriuria continued or hypertension developed.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a critical analysis of 26 cases and of the literature. Manifestations of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in 26 patients closely mimicked those of neoplastic and other inflammatory renal parenchymal diseases. Middle-aged or older women were affected most often. Most patients presented with anemia, chronic febrile illness, a painful tender flank mass and recurrent urosepsis. Some features of nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction were present in 13 patients. Bacterial cultures of renal tissue were almost always positive but the spectrum differed considerably from that of the bladder urine. Urographically, a renal mass lesion was encountered in 62% of the patients, nephrolithiasis in 38% and a functionless kidney in 27%. Angiographically, none of the 4 mass lesions studied was distinguished from hypernephroma. Indeed, a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in only 1 instance. There were 3 stages of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis recognized. Treatment consisted of nephrectomy for diffuse or advanced stage disease or both (21 patients), excision of the diseased renal segment for localized and low stage disease (2 patients) and renal biopsy (3 patients). Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis did not recur but in some patients bacteriuria continued or hypertension developed.", "PMID": 660725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9065", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney 25-year experience.", "content": "Seventy patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney operated upon at Barnes Hospital during the last 25 years are reviewed. The relationship of the pathologic stage, grade, findings on excretory urography and survival is studied. The stage and survival rates were predicted fairly accurately on the basis of the excretory urogram alone. Survival of patients was determined occasionally by the status of the associated bladder tumors more than by the renal cancer. Because of tumor multiplicity we recommend total nephroureterectomy as the treatment of choice. The role of radiation therapy is considered.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney 25-year experience. Seventy patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney operated upon at Barnes Hospital during the last 25 years are reviewed. The relationship of the pathologic stage, grade, findings on excretory urography and survival is studied. The stage and survival rates were predicted fairly accurately on the basis of the excretory urogram alone. Survival of patients was determined occasionally by the status of the associated bladder tumors more than by the renal cancer. Because of tumor multiplicity we recommend total nephroureterectomy as the treatment of choice. The role of radiation therapy is considered.", "PMID": 660726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9066", "title": "A preliminary study of chemotherapeutic treatment for bladder tumors.", "content": "Our objective was to develop new methods of chemotherapeutic treatment for bladder tumors. Once or twice a week under cystoscopy 10 to 20 mg, doxorubicin hydrochloride were administered directly into the tumors. This procedure was repeated until the size of the tumors was reduced or had disappeared completely under cystoscopic study. A new type of flexible needle was fabricated for this purpose. In 9 patients studied the total success rate was 78%. No significant side effects were seen in any of the patients.", "contents": "A preliminary study of chemotherapeutic treatment for bladder tumors. Our objective was to develop new methods of chemotherapeutic treatment for bladder tumors. Once or twice a week under cystoscopy 10 to 20 mg, doxorubicin hydrochloride were administered directly into the tumors. This procedure was repeated until the size of the tumors was reduced or had disappeared completely under cystoscopic study. A new type of flexible needle was fabricated for this purpose. In 9 patients studied the total success rate was 78%. No significant side effects were seen in any of the patients.", "PMID": 660727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9067", "title": "Perineal-abdominal cystourethrectomy with pelvic node dissection: a new 2-stage procedure for selected cases.", "content": "An ileal conduit diversion followed 7 to 14 days later by cystourethrectomy with pelvic node dissection was done on 20 patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Two types of patients were selected for this operation: 1) those with an advanced stage of carcinoma involving the bladder neck, prostatic urethra or prostate, primarily cases suspected of having focal metastatic disease in the urethra, and 2) patients who had had a previous pelvic operation with resultant dense adhesions and scarring. The cystourethrectomy with pelvic node dissection is begun perineally. After the specimen, consisting of the urethra, part of the urogenital diaphragm, seminal vesicles, prostate and bladder is dissected, mobilized and, finally, pushed into the pelvis the perineum is closed and the operation is completed abdominanlly through a Pfannenstiel incision.", "contents": "Perineal-abdominal cystourethrectomy with pelvic node dissection: a new 2-stage procedure for selected cases. An ileal conduit diversion followed 7 to 14 days later by cystourethrectomy with pelvic node dissection was done on 20 patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Two types of patients were selected for this operation: 1) those with an advanced stage of carcinoma involving the bladder neck, prostatic urethra or prostate, primarily cases suspected of having focal metastatic disease in the urethra, and 2) patients who had had a previous pelvic operation with resultant dense adhesions and scarring. The cystourethrectomy with pelvic node dissection is begun perineally. After the specimen, consisting of the urethra, part of the urogenital diaphragm, seminal vesicles, prostate and bladder is dissected, mobilized and, finally, pushed into the pelvis the perineum is closed and the operation is completed abdominanlly through a Pfannenstiel incision.", "PMID": 660728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9068", "title": "Selection of an operation in the management of 155 cases of urethral strictures in male subjects.", "content": "A method is described for the selection of an appropriate operation in the repair of 155 male urethral strictures. A brief outline of the important aspects of the operation is presented. The patients have been followed 2 to 4 years postoperatively.", "contents": "Selection of an operation in the management of 155 cases of urethral strictures in male subjects. A method is described for the selection of an appropriate operation in the repair of 155 male urethral strictures. A brief outline of the important aspects of the operation is presented. The patients have been followed 2 to 4 years postoperatively.", "PMID": 660729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9069", "title": "The management of priapism in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "After assessing the data currently available on the multiple modalities used to manage priapism secondary to sickle cell disease we adopted a specific therapeutic regimen for the treatment of this problem. Early non-surgical measures, including hydration, alkalization and analgesics, rapid red cell infusion to double the hematocrit and late shunting procedures in conjunction with exchange transfusion, offer the soundest approach on pathophysiological grounds. There is currently no evidence to support early surgical intervention as the best approach to conserve potency in this problem.", "contents": "The management of priapism in sickle cell anemia. After assessing the data currently available on the multiple modalities used to manage priapism secondary to sickle cell disease we adopted a specific therapeutic regimen for the treatment of this problem. Early non-surgical measures, including hydration, alkalization and analgesics, rapid red cell infusion to double the hematocrit and late shunting procedures in conjunction with exchange transfusion, offer the soundest approach on pathophysiological grounds. There is currently no evidence to support early surgical intervention as the best approach to conserve potency in this problem.", "PMID": 660730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9070", "title": "Differences in pathological characteristics and prognosis of clinical A2 prostatic cancer from A1 and B disease.", "content": "A retrospective study was done of 53 cases of clinical stages A1 to B2 prostatic carcinomas staged by pelvic lymphadenectomy. The study compared the histologic differentiation, degree of lymphocytic infiltration, incidence of lymph node metastases and type of cellular response of clinical stage A2 to stages A1 and B disease. The available data pertaining to the incidence and survival of patients with stage A2 prostatic carcinoma were analyzed. Our study indicates that 1 of every 3 unsuspected carcinomas is of clinical stage A2. The stage A2 tumors are diffused, with a higher degree of undifferentiation and a higher incidence of lymph node metastases than tumors classified clinically as stages A1 and B1. Also the survival of patients with clinical stage A2 tumors is lower than the survival of patients with clinical stage B1 disease. Clinical stage A2 tumors are more advanced biologically than clinical stage B1 tumors.", "contents": "Differences in pathological characteristics and prognosis of clinical A2 prostatic cancer from A1 and B disease. A retrospective study was done of 53 cases of clinical stages A1 to B2 prostatic carcinomas staged by pelvic lymphadenectomy. The study compared the histologic differentiation, degree of lymphocytic infiltration, incidence of lymph node metastases and type of cellular response of clinical stage A2 to stages A1 and B disease. The available data pertaining to the incidence and survival of patients with stage A2 prostatic carcinoma were analyzed. Our study indicates that 1 of every 3 unsuspected carcinomas is of clinical stage A2. The stage A2 tumors are diffused, with a higher degree of undifferentiation and a higher incidence of lymph node metastases than tumors classified clinically as stages A1 and B1. Also the survival of patients with clinical stage A2 tumors is lower than the survival of patients with clinical stage B1 disease. Clinical stage A2 tumors are more advanced biologically than clinical stage B1 tumors.", "PMID": 660732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9071", "title": "Sandwich therapy in testis tumor: current experience.", "content": "Sandwich therapy, a regimen of lymphadenectomy combined with preoperative and postoperative cobalt teletherapy, yielded a survival rate of 84% in 13 patients with stages A and B non-seminomatous testis tumor. This statistic is consistent with the previously reported survival rate of 83% achieved among 35 patients treated with this regimen from 1958 to 1970 at our institution. Bone marrow depression, retroperitoneal fibrosis and possible induction of a second malignancy were important side effects of radiation therapy. The superior survival rates with fewer severe side effects of treatment obtained by other investigators using either lymphadenectomy alone or lymphadenectomy combined with chemotherapy have prompted us to discontinue sandwich therapy as standard treatment for non-seminomatous testis tumors at our institution.", "contents": "Sandwich therapy in testis tumor: current experience. Sandwich therapy, a regimen of lymphadenectomy combined with preoperative and postoperative cobalt teletherapy, yielded a survival rate of 84% in 13 patients with stages A and B non-seminomatous testis tumor. This statistic is consistent with the previously reported survival rate of 83% achieved among 35 patients treated with this regimen from 1958 to 1970 at our institution. Bone marrow depression, retroperitoneal fibrosis and possible induction of a second malignancy were important side effects of radiation therapy. The superior survival rates with fewer severe side effects of treatment obtained by other investigators using either lymphadenectomy alone or lymphadenectomy combined with chemotherapy have prompted us to discontinue sandwich therapy as standard treatment for non-seminomatous testis tumors at our institution.", "PMID": 660731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9072", "title": "The phenotypic expression of selective disorders of male sexual differentiation.", "content": "Normal male sexual differentiation is the result of a series of individual steps that occur in an orderly fashion: testicular differentiation, m\u00fcllerian regression, wolffian duct development, differentiation of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia, phallic growth and descent of the testes. Herein we present the pathophysiological mechanism by which selective disorders disrupt these normal events and produce specific phenotypes.", "contents": "The phenotypic expression of selective disorders of male sexual differentiation. Normal male sexual differentiation is the result of a series of individual steps that occur in an orderly fashion: testicular differentiation, m\u00fcllerian regression, wolffian duct development, differentiation of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia, phallic growth and descent of the testes. Herein we present the pathophysiological mechanism by which selective disorders disrupt these normal events and produce specific phenotypes.", "PMID": 660733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9073", "title": "Diethylaminoethanol-cellulose in the treatment of absorptive hyperoxaluria.", "content": "There were 22 patients in whom oxalate stones formed and who had absorptive hyperoxaluria treated with diethylaminoethanol-cellulose. In more than 2 years this form of treatment did not seem to have any serious side effects. It achieved a decrease of urinary oxalate values in all patients in whom oxalate hyperabsorption had been found. Diethylaminoethanol-cellulose is an anionic exchanger capable of retaining oxalate in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Diethylaminoethanol-cellulose in the treatment of absorptive hyperoxaluria. There were 22 patients in whom oxalate stones formed and who had absorptive hyperoxaluria treated with diethylaminoethanol-cellulose. In more than 2 years this form of treatment did not seem to have any serious side effects. It achieved a decrease of urinary oxalate values in all patients in whom oxalate hyperabsorption had been found. Diethylaminoethanol-cellulose is an anionic exchanger capable of retaining oxalate in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 660734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9074", "title": "The influence of retrograde contrast medium on urinary cytodiagnosis: a preliminary report.", "content": "It has been recommended that before retrograde brushing of upper urinary tract lesions to diagnose malignancy the contrast medium should be washed away with saline because of possible cellular distortion. There were 21 paired specimens from 19 patients submitted for urinary cytodiagnosis. One specimen was a contrast medium wash, similar in pH and osmolality to urine, and the other a saline wash. Cellular detail was adequate for cytodiagnosis in 20 of the 21 contrast medium specimens. Of 7 specimens from patients with malignancy 3 were diagnosed correctly as malignant, 1 was classified as suspicious and 3 were falsely negative in the contrast wash group. Of the 3 falsely negative diagnoses 2 were changed to malignant when the paired saline wash specimens were examined. Urologists should not discard the contrast medium specimen prior to retrograde brushing but should send it along with a saline wash specimen for cytodiagnosis because the discarded contrast material and irrigant may have diagnostic cells.", "contents": "The influence of retrograde contrast medium on urinary cytodiagnosis: a preliminary report. It has been recommended that before retrograde brushing of upper urinary tract lesions to diagnose malignancy the contrast medium should be washed away with saline because of possible cellular distortion. There were 21 paired specimens from 19 patients submitted for urinary cytodiagnosis. One specimen was a contrast medium wash, similar in pH and osmolality to urine, and the other a saline wash. Cellular detail was adequate for cytodiagnosis in 20 of the 21 contrast medium specimens. Of 7 specimens from patients with malignancy 3 were diagnosed correctly as malignant, 1 was classified as suspicious and 3 were falsely negative in the contrast wash group. Of the 3 falsely negative diagnoses 2 were changed to malignant when the paired saline wash specimens were examined. Urologists should not discard the contrast medium specimen prior to retrograde brushing but should send it along with a saline wash specimen for cytodiagnosis because the discarded contrast material and irrigant may have diagnostic cells.", "PMID": 660735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9075", "title": "Detrusor hyperreflexia: the effect of posture and pelvic floor activity.", "content": "Detrusor hyperreflexia is described in patients with neurological disorders, bladder outflow obstruction, persistent enuresis and in female incontinent patients with obvious neurological or urological disease. Postural changes were present in 60% of the patients and in 45% of the patients examined reflex relaxation of the pelvic floor occurred with the uninhibited detrusor contractions.", "contents": "Detrusor hyperreflexia: the effect of posture and pelvic floor activity. Detrusor hyperreflexia is described in patients with neurological disorders, bladder outflow obstruction, persistent enuresis and in female incontinent patients with obvious neurological or urological disease. Postural changes were present in 60% of the patients and in 45% of the patients examined reflex relaxation of the pelvic floor occurred with the uninhibited detrusor contractions.", "PMID": 660736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9076", "title": "Use of the iced cystogram to differentiate bladder neck and external sphincter obstruction.", "content": "An iced cystogram was done on 31 patients with neurogenic bladder and voiding dysfunction. We observed 5 distinguishable patterns upon which therapeutic measures to improve balance could be based. We found the iced cystogram to be a simple, inexpensive yet reliable technique to assess detrusor sphincter imbalance. With the information obtained from this study the therapeutic options were delineated more clearly and the results of the treatment were made more predictable.", "contents": "Use of the iced cystogram to differentiate bladder neck and external sphincter obstruction. An iced cystogram was done on 31 patients with neurogenic bladder and voiding dysfunction. We observed 5 distinguishable patterns upon which therapeutic measures to improve balance could be based. We found the iced cystogram to be a simple, inexpensive yet reliable technique to assess detrusor sphincter imbalance. With the information obtained from this study the therapeutic options were delineated more clearly and the results of the treatment were made more predictable.", "PMID": 660737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9077", "title": "Hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic obstruction in children: a review of 14 years of experience.", "content": "The clinical presentation and surgical management of 88 children and infants with hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic obstruction are reported. The importance of recognizing associated anomalies of the genitourinary tract is stressed and the advantages of an anterior transperitoneal surgical approach are discussed. The operative technique and drainage procedure varied according to the nature and severity of the abnormality but the dismembered pyeloplasty with extrarenal drainage is favored.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic obstruction in children: a review of 14 years of experience. The clinical presentation and surgical management of 88 children and infants with hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic obstruction are reported. The importance of recognizing associated anomalies of the genitourinary tract is stressed and the advantages of an anterior transperitoneal surgical approach are discussed. The operative technique and drainage procedure varied according to the nature and severity of the abnormality but the dismembered pyeloplasty with extrarenal drainage is favored.", "PMID": 660738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9078", "title": "The clinical significant of cystitis cystica in girls: results of a prospective study.", "content": "Twenty-two girls with recurrent urinary tract infection and endoscopically proved cystitis cystica were studied prospectively to determine control of infection with long-term, continuous nitrofurantoin or sulfisoxazole (6 to 12 months), effect on the bladder changes and rate of recurrence of infection after discontinuation of medication. Infection was controlled equally with both drugs but, despite adequate control, 24% had evidence of cystic changes upon completion of the treatment period. An additional 44% became reinfected during the 1-year followup with no drugs. Only one-third of those presenting with urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence had improvement of these symptoms with control of infection alone. It appears that childhood cystitis cystica is the response of the bladder to long-term, inadequately treated bacterial lower urinary tract infection. Many months to years of continuous medication are required for healing. Toilet retraining, in addition to anticholinergics, also may be necessary to achieve urinary control.", "contents": "The clinical significant of cystitis cystica in girls: results of a prospective study. Twenty-two girls with recurrent urinary tract infection and endoscopically proved cystitis cystica were studied prospectively to determine control of infection with long-term, continuous nitrofurantoin or sulfisoxazole (6 to 12 months), effect on the bladder changes and rate of recurrence of infection after discontinuation of medication. Infection was controlled equally with both drugs but, despite adequate control, 24% had evidence of cystic changes upon completion of the treatment period. An additional 44% became reinfected during the 1-year followup with no drugs. Only one-third of those presenting with urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence had improvement of these symptoms with control of infection alone. It appears that childhood cystitis cystica is the response of the bladder to long-term, inadequately treated bacterial lower urinary tract infection. Many months to years of continuous medication are required for healing. Toilet retraining, in addition to anticholinergics, also may be necessary to achieve urinary control.", "PMID": 660739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9079", "title": "Long-term followup after exstrophy closure: late improvement and good quality of life.", "content": "Now that we have observed the growth and development of 17 of our anatomically reconstructed exstrophy patients through 20 or more years of followup, we are convinced that reconstruction should be the preferred primary treatment. Most of these patients are healthy, attractive, well educated adults and have achieved emotional maturity and stability, despite their many problems. Anatomical reconstruction also has considerable advantages over other current treatments for exstrophy that were not apparent initially.", "contents": "Long-term followup after exstrophy closure: late improvement and good quality of life. Now that we have observed the growth and development of 17 of our anatomically reconstructed exstrophy patients through 20 or more years of followup, we are convinced that reconstruction should be the preferred primary treatment. Most of these patients are healthy, attractive, well educated adults and have achieved emotional maturity and stability, despite their many problems. Anatomical reconstruction also has considerable advantages over other current treatments for exstrophy that were not apparent initially.", "PMID": 660740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9080", "title": "Response of micropenis to topical testosterone and gonadotropin.", "content": "Five patients were treated with gonadotropin and topical testosterone for micropenis associated with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. All patients received 1,000 units of gonadotropin weekly for 3 weeks, with a 6-week interval followed by 10% topical testosterone cream twice daily for 3 weeks. Serum testosterone levels were measured and remained equivalent for both modes of therapy. Average penile growth response with gonadotropin was 14.3% increase in length and 5.0% increase of girth. Topical testosterone produced an average increase of 60% in penile length and 52.9% in girth. The greatest growth response occurred in prepubertal male subjects with a minimal response in postpubertal male subjects. This study suggests that 10% topical testosterone cream twice daily will produce effective penile growth. The response appears to be greater in younger children, which is consistent with previously published studies of age-related 5 reductase activity.", "contents": "Response of micropenis to topical testosterone and gonadotropin. Five patients were treated with gonadotropin and topical testosterone for micropenis associated with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. All patients received 1,000 units of gonadotropin weekly for 3 weeks, with a 6-week interval followed by 10% topical testosterone cream twice daily for 3 weeks. Serum testosterone levels were measured and remained equivalent for both modes of therapy. Average penile growth response with gonadotropin was 14.3% increase in length and 5.0% increase of girth. Topical testosterone produced an average increase of 60% in penile length and 52.9% in girth. The greatest growth response occurred in prepubertal male subjects with a minimal response in postpubertal male subjects. This study suggests that 10% topical testosterone cream twice daily will produce effective penile growth. The response appears to be greater in younger children, which is consistent with previously published studies of age-related 5 reductase activity.", "PMID": 660741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9081", "title": "Glomerulocystic kidney: proposed etiology and pathogenesis.", "content": "Glomerulocystic kidney, an unusual lesion seen only in infancy or early childhood, involves cystic dilatation of Bowman's space without evidence of urinary obstruction. This disease may result from intrarenal medullary obstruction in the third trimester of pregnancy because 1) it is similar to the cystic kidney lesion produced by urethral obstruction, 2) patients with glomerulocystic kidney have no evidence of extrarenal urinary tract obstruction and 3) most patients with glomerulocystic kidney have evidence of inflammation and fibrosis in the renal medulla. A prenatal drug history of prolonged maternal ingestion of phenacetin in an infant with glomerulocystic kidney prompted us to submit a possible etiologic source for the hypothesis of intrarenal obstruction.", "contents": "Glomerulocystic kidney: proposed etiology and pathogenesis. Glomerulocystic kidney, an unusual lesion seen only in infancy or early childhood, involves cystic dilatation of Bowman's space without evidence of urinary obstruction. This disease may result from intrarenal medullary obstruction in the third trimester of pregnancy because 1) it is similar to the cystic kidney lesion produced by urethral obstruction, 2) patients with glomerulocystic kidney have no evidence of extrarenal urinary tract obstruction and 3) most patients with glomerulocystic kidney have evidence of inflammation and fibrosis in the renal medulla. A prenatal drug history of prolonged maternal ingestion of phenacetin in an infant with glomerulocystic kidney prompted us to submit a possible etiologic source for the hypothesis of intrarenal obstruction.", "PMID": 660743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9082", "title": "Obstructive renal cysts.", "content": "Renal cysts usually are asymptomatic, produce no harm to the kidney and require no treatment once diagnosed. However, an occasional expanding cyst causes progressive obstruction to caliceal or pelvic outflow. Herein is reported observations on 4 patients in whom cysts produced significant obstruction to the pelvic or major caliceal outflow. In 3 cases treatment was by decompression, with resolution of the obstruction. Two requirements must be met for a cyst to obstruct: 1) it must lie at or near the hilus and 2) it must have turgor sufficient to overcome the pressure of the intrapelvic urine. In contrast to most renal cysts those producing significant obstruction require operation.", "contents": "Obstructive renal cysts. Renal cysts usually are asymptomatic, produce no harm to the kidney and require no treatment once diagnosed. However, an occasional expanding cyst causes progressive obstruction to caliceal or pelvic outflow. Herein is reported observations on 4 patients in whom cysts produced significant obstruction to the pelvic or major caliceal outflow. In 3 cases treatment was by decompression, with resolution of the obstruction. Two requirements must be met for a cyst to obstruct: 1) it must lie at or near the hilus and 2) it must have turgor sufficient to overcome the pressure of the intrapelvic urine. In contrast to most renal cysts those producing significant obstruction require operation.", "PMID": 660744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9083", "title": "Symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma: report of 8 cases, 2 with spontaneous rupture.", "content": "Of the 97 patients with symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma not associated with tuberous sclerosis reported in the literature 13 have presented with a clinical picture of shock because of spontaneous rupture and massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Eight new patients with symptomatic renal angiomyolipomas are described, 2 of whom presented with an acute abdomen. Renal angiomyolipomas are essentially benign tumors. Several angiographic and pyelographic characteristics have been described but none appears to be unequivocally diagnostic. Because of the inability to make a precise preoperative diagnosis and the possibility of massive hemorrhage, nephrectomy is indicated in patients with such unilateral solid tumors in the absence of the tuberous sclerosis complex.", "contents": "Symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma: report of 8 cases, 2 with spontaneous rupture. Of the 97 patients with symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma not associated with tuberous sclerosis reported in the literature 13 have presented with a clinical picture of shock because of spontaneous rupture and massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Eight new patients with symptomatic renal angiomyolipomas are described, 2 of whom presented with an acute abdomen. Renal angiomyolipomas are essentially benign tumors. Several angiographic and pyelographic characteristics have been described but none appears to be unequivocally diagnostic. Because of the inability to make a precise preoperative diagnosis and the possibility of massive hemorrhage, nephrectomy is indicated in patients with such unilateral solid tumors in the absence of the tuberous sclerosis complex.", "PMID": 660745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9084", "title": "Prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "A patient with known transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and hypercalcemia was evaluated for urinary prostaglandin levels when no bone metastases or elevated parathormone levels could be demonstrated. Urinary levels of prostaglandin E metabolite were assessed in relation to serum and urinary calcium levels during treatment. The serum calcium levels decreased from the 13.0 mg. per cent range whenever the rpimary tumor was manipulated (transurethral resection) or when other treatments directed at the tumor were used (radiation therapy and chemotherapy). Serum and urinary calcium levels, and urinary prostaglandin E metabolite decreased when 3 gm. aspirin were given daily. These data suggest that the somewhat unusual hypercalcemia in our patient was caused by a prostaglandin-secreting transitional cell carcinoma. Prostaglandin-secreting tumors are reviewed herein.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. A patient with known transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and hypercalcemia was evaluated for urinary prostaglandin levels when no bone metastases or elevated parathormone levels could be demonstrated. Urinary levels of prostaglandin E metabolite were assessed in relation to serum and urinary calcium levels during treatment. The serum calcium levels decreased from the 13.0 mg. per cent range whenever the rpimary tumor was manipulated (transurethral resection) or when other treatments directed at the tumor were used (radiation therapy and chemotherapy). Serum and urinary calcium levels, and urinary prostaglandin E metabolite decreased when 3 gm. aspirin were given daily. These data suggest that the somewhat unusual hypercalcemia in our patient was caused by a prostaglandin-secreting transitional cell carcinoma. Prostaglandin-secreting tumors are reviewed herein.", "PMID": 660746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9085", "title": "A new surgical approach to traumatic rectourethral fistulas.", "content": "To solve the dual problem of recurring stenosis of the posterior urethra and difficult closure of the fistulous tract in traumatic rectourethral fistulas the Johanson urethroplasty has been used in 4 cases of lower fistulas and the direct urethra-bladder neck anastomosis has been used in 4 cases of upper fistulas. The good results obtained seem to confirm the value of these methods. Direct urethra-bladder neck anastomosis also has been used successfully to treat posterior urethral strictures.", "contents": "A new surgical approach to traumatic rectourethral fistulas. To solve the dual problem of recurring stenosis of the posterior urethra and difficult closure of the fistulous tract in traumatic rectourethral fistulas the Johanson urethroplasty has been used in 4 cases of lower fistulas and the direct urethra-bladder neck anastomosis has been used in 4 cases of upper fistulas. The good results obtained seem to confirm the value of these methods. Direct urethra-bladder neck anastomosis also has been used successfully to treat posterior urethral strictures.", "PMID": 660747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9086", "title": "Posterior urethral valves managed by cutaneous ureterostomy with subsequent ureteral reconstruction.", "content": "Six boys, 2 weeks to 5 years old, underwent cutaneous ureterostomy for massively dilated upper urinary tracts secondary to obstruction by posterior urethral valves. Cutaneous ureterostomies had been performed elsewhere in 2 patients. Two patients underwent transurethral fulguration of the valves initially with no improvement. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and serum electrolyte values continued to increase and, therefore, cutaneous ureterostomies were performed with dramatic improvement. Two patients presented with sepsis, one of whom had a positive blood culture. Both children had severe pyonephrosis and after the conditions improved with medical treatment cutaneous ureterostomies were done. The total number of surgical procedures required for all patients was 59, including renal biopsies, nephrostomies and cystoscopies. No kidneys, except for the severely dysplastic ones, were lost and all patients resumed normal growth rates and have had no urinary tract infections. All laboratory values are within normal limits.", "contents": "Posterior urethral valves managed by cutaneous ureterostomy with subsequent ureteral reconstruction. Six boys, 2 weeks to 5 years old, underwent cutaneous ureterostomy for massively dilated upper urinary tracts secondary to obstruction by posterior urethral valves. Cutaneous ureterostomies had been performed elsewhere in 2 patients. Two patients underwent transurethral fulguration of the valves initially with no improvement. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and serum electrolyte values continued to increase and, therefore, cutaneous ureterostomies were performed with dramatic improvement. Two patients presented with sepsis, one of whom had a positive blood culture. Both children had severe pyonephrosis and after the conditions improved with medical treatment cutaneous ureterostomies were done. The total number of surgical procedures required for all patients was 59, including renal biopsies, nephrostomies and cystoscopies. No kidneys, except for the severely dysplastic ones, were lost and all patients resumed normal growth rates and have had no urinary tract infections. All laboratory values are within normal limits.", "PMID": 660748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9087", "title": "Pull-through intraurethral bladder flap.", "content": "A new surgical technique for post-prostatectomy incontinence is described. A simple surgical procedure was developed using a tube from a bladder flap and was applied successfully to 4 patients. Of the 4 patients 3 with total incontinence as a result of different surgical procedures on the prostate were cured and 1 was improved.", "contents": "Pull-through intraurethral bladder flap. A new surgical technique for post-prostatectomy incontinence is described. A simple surgical procedure was developed using a tube from a bladder flap and was applied successfully to 4 patients. Of the 4 patients 3 with total incontinence as a result of different surgical procedures on the prostate were cured and 1 was improved.", "PMID": 660749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9088", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma: natural history and results of treatment.", "content": "We reviewed 166 cases of renal cell carcinoma. The presenting symptoms varied from vague backache to hypovolemic shock. The most common symptoms were pain, hematuria, a palpable mass and hypertension. Most cases involved were clear cell carcinoma (83 per cent) and survival was no better than in cases of granular cell carcinoma. The tumors metastasized to almost every organ of the body. Bilateral simultaneous primary renal cell carcinoma is described in 1 patient, who has survived for more than 5 years. The over-all 5-year survival rates of simple and radical nephrectomy were 32 and 66.6 per cent, respectively. Radiation therapy does not improve survival irrespective of stage. The 5-year survival rate with renal vein involvement was 32 per cent. Nephrectomy in patients with distant metastasis did not alter survival. Among the patients with metastasis 74 per cent were dead before 1 year and 96 per cent before 3 years.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma: natural history and results of treatment. We reviewed 166 cases of renal cell carcinoma. The presenting symptoms varied from vague backache to hypovolemic shock. The most common symptoms were pain, hematuria, a palpable mass and hypertension. Most cases involved were clear cell carcinoma (83 per cent) and survival was no better than in cases of granular cell carcinoma. The tumors metastasized to almost every organ of the body. Bilateral simultaneous primary renal cell carcinoma is described in 1 patient, who has survived for more than 5 years. The over-all 5-year survival rates of simple and radical nephrectomy were 32 and 66.6 per cent, respectively. Radiation therapy does not improve survival irrespective of stage. The 5-year survival rate with renal vein involvement was 32 per cent. Nephrectomy in patients with distant metastasis did not alter survival. Among the patients with metastasis 74 per cent were dead before 1 year and 96 per cent before 3 years.", "PMID": 660755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9089", "title": "Coagulation factors in renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Coagulation factors, including plasma fibrinogen, serum fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, platelet counts and prothrombin times, were studied in patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Plasma fibrinogen levels were elevated and correlated with tumor stage, disease activity and therapy. Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation product levels also were elevated, although such elevations did not correlate with other parameters. Platelet count and prothrombin times were normal. Fibrinogen may be a valuable marker of disease activity in patients with renal carcinoma. In addition, since significant intratumoral fibrin deposits have been demonstrated anticoagulants or fibrinolytic agents may enhance cytotoxic therapy and should be considered in adjunctive chemotherapeutic protocols.", "contents": "Coagulation factors in renal adenocarcinoma. Coagulation factors, including plasma fibrinogen, serum fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, platelet counts and prothrombin times, were studied in patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Plasma fibrinogen levels were elevated and correlated with tumor stage, disease activity and therapy. Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation product levels also were elevated, although such elevations did not correlate with other parameters. Platelet count and prothrombin times were normal. Fibrinogen may be a valuable marker of disease activity in patients with renal carcinoma. In addition, since significant intratumoral fibrin deposits have been demonstrated anticoagulants or fibrinolytic agents may enhance cytotoxic therapy and should be considered in adjunctive chemotherapeutic protocols.", "PMID": 660756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9090", "title": "New technique of antireflux ureteroileal anastomosis and its clinical experiences.", "content": "Free ileoureteral reflux in patients with an ileal conduit has been indicated as the etiology of late renal complications. A new technique for ureteroileal anastomosis was devised in an attempt to prevent reflux without causing obstruction. This anastomosis has been done on 20 ureters from 11 patients with pelvic malignancies. Satisfactory results have been obtained in patients with normal as well as dilated ureters, with no serious operative complications, no episodes of pyelonephritis and no renal deterioration. The ureteroileal junction created with this technique has been demonstrated radiographically and histologically.", "contents": "New technique of antireflux ureteroileal anastomosis and its clinical experiences. Free ileoureteral reflux in patients with an ileal conduit has been indicated as the etiology of late renal complications. A new technique for ureteroileal anastomosis was devised in an attempt to prevent reflux without causing obstruction. This anastomosis has been done on 20 ureters from 11 patients with pelvic malignancies. Satisfactory results have been obtained in patients with normal as well as dilated ureters, with no serious operative complications, no episodes of pyelonephritis and no renal deterioration. The ureteroileal junction created with this technique has been demonstrated radiographically and histologically.", "PMID": 660757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9091", "title": "Urologic aspects of vesicoenteric fistulas.", "content": "The classic symptoms of pneumaturia and fecaluria were not present in many of 100 patients (male to female ratio of 2.4) with vesicoenteric fistulas who presented with fever, abdominal mass or cystitis. There was a urinary tract infection in 95 per cent of the patients studied but only 29 per cent had a mixed infection. Roentgenographic studies suggested a fistula in 18 to 35 per cent of those studied but cystoscopy was singularly the most successful diagnostic technique (79 per cent). Inflammatory bowel disease in 63 per cent and colorectal adenocarcinoma in 16 per cent were the most common etiologic factors. Bladder carcinoma was the cause in only 5 per cent. Treatment consisted of single or multistage surgical repair of fecal diversion in 95 operable patients, with gratifying results, and of expectant management in the 5 inoperable patients.", "contents": "Urologic aspects of vesicoenteric fistulas. The classic symptoms of pneumaturia and fecaluria were not present in many of 100 patients (male to female ratio of 2.4) with vesicoenteric fistulas who presented with fever, abdominal mass or cystitis. There was a urinary tract infection in 95 per cent of the patients studied but only 29 per cent had a mixed infection. Roentgenographic studies suggested a fistula in 18 to 35 per cent of those studied but cystoscopy was singularly the most successful diagnostic technique (79 per cent). Inflammatory bowel disease in 63 per cent and colorectal adenocarcinoma in 16 per cent were the most common etiologic factors. Bladder carcinoma was the cause in only 5 per cent. Treatment consisted of single or multistage surgical repair of fecal diversion in 95 operable patients, with gratifying results, and of expectant management in the 5 inoperable patients.", "PMID": 660758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9092", "title": "Cellular immunity in bladder cancer patients.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition test was used to evaluate the cellular immune status of 16 patients with a histological diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The reactivity of the leukocytes was measured against extracts of transitional cell carcinoma as well as renal cell carcinoma. The leukocytes of age and sex-matched control subjects, as well as patients with urinary tract infection, also were studied. The leukocytes of patients with transitional cell carcinoma were more reactive to extracts of transitional cell carcinoma. These results suggest that a response to tumor-associated antigens is present in transitional cell carcinoma patients.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in bladder cancer patients. The leukocyte adherence inhibition test was used to evaluate the cellular immune status of 16 patients with a histological diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The reactivity of the leukocytes was measured against extracts of transitional cell carcinoma as well as renal cell carcinoma. The leukocytes of age and sex-matched control subjects, as well as patients with urinary tract infection, also were studied. The leukocytes of patients with transitional cell carcinoma were more reactive to extracts of transitional cell carcinoma. These results suggest that a response to tumor-associated antigens is present in transitional cell carcinoma patients.", "PMID": 660759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9093", "title": "Microphallus: clinical and endocrinological characteristics.", "content": "The clinical and endocrinological features of 15 male subjects with small but normally formed external genitalia are reviewed. Nine of these patients had a simple microphallus alone, while the other 6 patients exhibited associated central nervous system defects. The endocrine data obtained from both groups were the same and were consistent with defective hypothalamic function. Parenteral testosterone seems to be the present treatment of choice but we believe it should be started early in life to take advantage of the greater hyperplastic response of the young.", "contents": "Microphallus: clinical and endocrinological characteristics. The clinical and endocrinological features of 15 male subjects with small but normally formed external genitalia are reviewed. Nine of these patients had a simple microphallus alone, while the other 6 patients exhibited associated central nervous system defects. The endocrine data obtained from both groups were the same and were consistent with defective hypothalamic function. Parenteral testosterone seems to be the present treatment of choice but we believe it should be started early in life to take advantage of the greater hyperplastic response of the young.", "PMID": 660760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9094", "title": "Why retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular tumors?", "content": "Most patients with seminoma can be managed successfully with irradiation after a high inguinal orchiectomy. Since anaplastic seminoma has a high predilection for dissemination adjuvant chemotherapy with an alkylating agent, such as L-phenylalanine mustard, is advised. There is much more controversy regarding the management of patients with non-seminomatous tumors. Because lymphangiography has an accuracy of about 90 per cent the justification of a retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for staging purposes is no longer valid. Irradiation of the retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph nodes in a good survival rate for patients with clinical stages I and II diseases. It is anticipated that with limited resection in selected stage IIB patients and with the judicious use of elective or adjuvant chemotherapy the results in these patients may be improved further. The morbidity associated with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is no longer justified since equally effective alternative approaches with lower morbidity rate are available.", "contents": "Why retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular tumors? Most patients with seminoma can be managed successfully with irradiation after a high inguinal orchiectomy. Since anaplastic seminoma has a high predilection for dissemination adjuvant chemotherapy with an alkylating agent, such as L-phenylalanine mustard, is advised. There is much more controversy regarding the management of patients with non-seminomatous tumors. Because lymphangiography has an accuracy of about 90 per cent the justification of a retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for staging purposes is no longer valid. Irradiation of the retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph nodes in a good survival rate for patients with clinical stages I and II diseases. It is anticipated that with limited resection in selected stage IIB patients and with the judicious use of elective or adjuvant chemotherapy the results in these patients may be improved further. The morbidity associated with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is no longer justified since equally effective alternative approaches with lower morbidity rate are available.", "PMID": 660761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9095", "title": "Biochemical markers of cultured human prostatic epithelium.", "content": "Medium from primary cultures of human prostatic cells was examined for polyamines and carcinoembryonic antigen. Spermine was elevated in medium from 5 of 17 epithelial cell cultures but was not found to be a specific marker for cultured human prostatic epithelial cells. Carcinoembryonic antigen was elevated in all 27 prostate epithelial-cell culture fluids tested, 24 of which had more than 20 ng. carcinoembryonic antigen per milliliter. Medium from other cultured human cells (prostate fibroblasts, genitourinary tumor and non-tumor cells), as well as control medium, contained less than 1 ng. carcinoembryonic antigen per milliliter. Carcinoembryonic antigen, as measured in this study, is a way to demonstrate the presence of human prostatic epithelial cells in culture.", "contents": "Biochemical markers of cultured human prostatic epithelium. Medium from primary cultures of human prostatic cells was examined for polyamines and carcinoembryonic antigen. Spermine was elevated in medium from 5 of 17 epithelial cell cultures but was not found to be a specific marker for cultured human prostatic epithelial cells. Carcinoembryonic antigen was elevated in all 27 prostate epithelial-cell culture fluids tested, 24 of which had more than 20 ng. carcinoembryonic antigen per milliliter. Medium from other cultured human cells (prostate fibroblasts, genitourinary tumor and non-tumor cells), as well as control medium, contained less than 1 ng. carcinoembryonic antigen per milliliter. Carcinoembryonic antigen, as measured in this study, is a way to demonstrate the presence of human prostatic epithelial cells in culture.", "PMID": 660762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9096", "title": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase in staging of prostatic cancer: how reliable is it?", "content": "To evaluate the reliability of bone marrow acid phosphatase in the staging of prostatic carcinoma we analyzed 50 bone marrow samples collected at random from the hematology service at this hospital. The samples were assayed for acid phosphatase content by a colorimetric method using sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate as a substrate and by 2 immunochemical assays developed at our laboratory (counter immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay). We found a high percentage (61 per cent) of falsely positive results in patients with various hematological diseases without evidence of prostatic carcinoma by the colorimetric evaluation. All of these patients except 1 had negative immunochemical assay. Until a specific assay for prostatic acid phosphatase is developed for clinical use we caution the use of a single elevation of bone marrow acid phosphatase as a parameter of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase in staging of prostatic cancer: how reliable is it? To evaluate the reliability of bone marrow acid phosphatase in the staging of prostatic carcinoma we analyzed 50 bone marrow samples collected at random from the hematology service at this hospital. The samples were assayed for acid phosphatase content by a colorimetric method using sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate as a substrate and by 2 immunochemical assays developed at our laboratory (counter immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay). We found a high percentage (61 per cent) of falsely positive results in patients with various hematological diseases without evidence of prostatic carcinoma by the colorimetric evaluation. All of these patients except 1 had negative immunochemical assay. Until a specific assay for prostatic acid phosphatase is developed for clinical use we caution the use of a single elevation of bone marrow acid phosphatase as a parameter of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 660763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9097", "title": "The importance of the urine flow rate in semi-quantitative assessment of the standard renogram.", "content": "Renograms were recorded at different rate of urine flow in 30 healthy Nigerian children to establish semi-quantitative criteria to assess the standard renogram. The results indicate that knowledge of the urine flow rate during renography is necessary for meaningful interpretation of the study. They further showed that for semi-quantitative assessment of the renogram the time to peak and time to peak half values are easily identified indexes that can be measured accurately with negligible observer variation. Regression equations for the relationship between urine flow rate on the one hand, and time to peak and time to peak half values on the other have been obtained and used to compute nomograms, which should be useful for future work in this area.", "contents": "The importance of the urine flow rate in semi-quantitative assessment of the standard renogram. Renograms were recorded at different rate of urine flow in 30 healthy Nigerian children to establish semi-quantitative criteria to assess the standard renogram. The results indicate that knowledge of the urine flow rate during renography is necessary for meaningful interpretation of the study. They further showed that for semi-quantitative assessment of the renogram the time to peak and time to peak half values are easily identified indexes that can be measured accurately with negligible observer variation. Regression equations for the relationship between urine flow rate on the one hand, and time to peak and time to peak half values on the other have been obtained and used to compute nomograms, which should be useful for future work in this area.", "PMID": 660764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9098", "title": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in the pediatric patient.", "content": "Of 27 children who underwent surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension 16 (59 per cent) were cured, 5 (19 per cent) were improved and 6 (22 per cent) were failures. Improved results were obtained in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. Several reconstructive vascular procedures were used, and their relative efficacy and indications are discussed. Renovascular hypertension in children is a curable disease and revascularization with preservation of renal parenchyma should be the aim of surgical therapy in most cases.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in the pediatric patient. Of 27 children who underwent surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension 16 (59 per cent) were cured, 5 (19 per cent) were improved and 6 (22 per cent) were failures. Improved results were obtained in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. Several reconstructive vascular procedures were used, and their relative efficacy and indications are discussed. Renovascular hypertension in children is a curable disease and revascularization with preservation of renal parenchyma should be the aim of surgical therapy in most cases.", "PMID": 660766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9099", "title": "Ectopic ureteroceles in children.", "content": "An ectopic ureterocele may be defined as a cystic dilatation of the distal submucosal or intravesical portion of a ureter that is associated with the ectopic moiety of a completely duplicated system or, in the absence of duplication, associated with a ureter draining into an ectopic position. Using this definition, we reviewed our experience with 22 children treated during a 7-year period. More than 50 per cent were less than 3 years old at the time of presentation. The female preponderance was 3 to 1. Urinary infection was the most frequent mode of presentation. The diagnosis is made most easily when there is a high index of suspicion. Although treatment must be tailored to the situation, in general total heminephroureterectomy and excision of the ureterocele are the preferred choice. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients so treated has a satisfactory result.", "contents": "Ectopic ureteroceles in children. An ectopic ureterocele may be defined as a cystic dilatation of the distal submucosal or intravesical portion of a ureter that is associated with the ectopic moiety of a completely duplicated system or, in the absence of duplication, associated with a ureter draining into an ectopic position. Using this definition, we reviewed our experience with 22 children treated during a 7-year period. More than 50 per cent were less than 3 years old at the time of presentation. The female preponderance was 3 to 1. Urinary infection was the most frequent mode of presentation. The diagnosis is made most easily when there is a high index of suspicion. Although treatment must be tailored to the situation, in general total heminephroureterectomy and excision of the ureterocele are the preferred choice. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients so treated has a satisfactory result.", "PMID": 660767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9100", "title": "The non-obstructive ectopic ureterocele.", "content": "We have seen 5 children with a non-obstructive ectopic ureterocele associated with an undilated upper pole collecting system. Thus the telltale signs of renal duplication found with obstruction of the upper pole were absent. Cystoscopy confirmed the diagnosis when retrograde injection of the ureterocele outlined a narrow ureter and small dysplastic kidney. Because reflux usually was present in the ipsilateral lower pole ureter (86 per cent) surgical treatment consisted of excision of the ureterocele and common sheath ureteral reimplantation. Removal of the small non-functioning upper renal segment was not necessary in most instances. The embryology of this anomaly is discussed.", "contents": "The non-obstructive ectopic ureterocele. We have seen 5 children with a non-obstructive ectopic ureterocele associated with an undilated upper pole collecting system. Thus the telltale signs of renal duplication found with obstruction of the upper pole were absent. Cystoscopy confirmed the diagnosis when retrograde injection of the ureterocele outlined a narrow ureter and small dysplastic kidney. Because reflux usually was present in the ipsilateral lower pole ureter (86 per cent) surgical treatment consisted of excision of the ureterocele and common sheath ureteral reimplantation. Removal of the small non-functioning upper renal segment was not necessary in most instances. The embryology of this anomaly is discussed.", "PMID": 660768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9101", "title": "Management of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "The retrospective analysis of 210 patients between 1 month and 17 years old with 314 primary vesicoureteral units with reflux was reviewed. Our results show that there was a direct correlation between the grade of reflux and the per cent of abnormal ureteral orifices. Medical management of low grade reflux produced successful results in 60 per cent of the cases. Operation was highly successful in grade I, II, and III reflux as opposed to grade IV. The distal tunnel (Glenn-Anderson) and Politano-Leadbetter procedures were equally effective in curing reflux. Postoperative urinary infection occurred equally in all grades and usually was confined to the bladder.", "contents": "Management of vesicoureteral reflux. The retrospective analysis of 210 patients between 1 month and 17 years old with 314 primary vesicoureteral units with reflux was reviewed. Our results show that there was a direct correlation between the grade of reflux and the per cent of abnormal ureteral orifices. Medical management of low grade reflux produced successful results in 60 per cent of the cases. Operation was highly successful in grade I, II, and III reflux as opposed to grade IV. The distal tunnel (Glenn-Anderson) and Politano-Leadbetter procedures were equally effective in curing reflux. Postoperative urinary infection occurred equally in all grades and usually was confined to the bladder.", "PMID": 660769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9102", "title": "Is there bacteremia after suprapubic aspiration in children with urinary tract infections?", "content": "It has been shown that bacteremia may occur after bladder puncture in animals. Whether this also happens in man is not known. Thirty-three patients who were suspected to have urinary tract infection were examined for bacteremia after suprapubic bladder puncture. Of these children 19 had infection. There was no positive blood culture in any of these cases after suprapubic bladder puncture.", "contents": "Is there bacteremia after suprapubic aspiration in children with urinary tract infections? It has been shown that bacteremia may occur after bladder puncture in animals. Whether this also happens in man is not known. Thirty-three patients who were suspected to have urinary tract infection were examined for bacteremia after suprapubic bladder puncture. Of these children 19 had infection. There was no positive blood culture in any of these cases after suprapubic bladder puncture.", "PMID": 660771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9103", "title": "Influenza virus immunization. Antibody response and adverse effects in children with renal disease.", "content": "Before and four weeks after immunization with a single 0.5-ml dose of influenza virus vaccine, sera from 36 children with renal diseases were tested for serum hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody (HAI) titers to A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and A/Port Chalmers/73. Before immunization, 1:40 HI antibodies to A/New Jersey were noted in one child only, to A/Victoria in ten children (27%), and to A/Port Chalmers in 25/34 children (68%). Serum HAI titers increased fourfold or more (P less than .01) in 31/36 children (86%) after immunization. Neither the type of the renal disease nor therapy with prednisone had any effect on the rise of serum HAI titers (P less than .05). Of the seven children with preimmunization proteinuria, four had a transient rise in protein levels following immunization. None required an increased prednisone dose for exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome. Children with chronic renal problems should be protected against influenza.", "contents": "Influenza virus immunization. Antibody response and adverse effects in children with renal disease. Before and four weeks after immunization with a single 0.5-ml dose of influenza virus vaccine, sera from 36 children with renal diseases were tested for serum hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody (HAI) titers to A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and A/Port Chalmers/73. Before immunization, 1:40 HI antibodies to A/New Jersey were noted in one child only, to A/Victoria in ten children (27%), and to A/Port Chalmers in 25/34 children (68%). Serum HAI titers increased fourfold or more (P less than .01) in 31/36 children (86%) after immunization. Neither the type of the renal disease nor therapy with prednisone had any effect on the rise of serum HAI titers (P less than .05). Of the seven children with preimmunization proteinuria, four had a transient rise in protein levels following immunization. None required an increased prednisone dose for exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome. Children with chronic renal problems should be protected against influenza.", "PMID": 660787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9104", "title": "Influenza immunization in patients with chronic renal disease.", "content": "Patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (23) and patients with moderate to severe renal impairment and without hemodialysis (14) were immunized with inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 whole virus vaccine. Fourfold or greater increases in hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody (HAI) titers occurred in 94% of controls, 93% of nondialyzed patients with chronic renal disease, and 87% of patients with continual hemodialysis. Postimmunization geometric mean titers in both groups of patients were equivalent to those of controls. The proportion of patients responding to vaccine was independent of levels of creatinine clearance, and the presence of preimmunization HAI titers also had no effect on frequency of seroconversion. Though some element of immunologic suppression is associated with chronic renal disease, it is not reflected in the humoral antibody response to influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine.", "contents": "Influenza immunization in patients with chronic renal disease. Patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (23) and patients with moderate to severe renal impairment and without hemodialysis (14) were immunized with inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 whole virus vaccine. Fourfold or greater increases in hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody (HAI) titers occurred in 94% of controls, 93% of nondialyzed patients with chronic renal disease, and 87% of patients with continual hemodialysis. Postimmunization geometric mean titers in both groups of patients were equivalent to those of controls. The proportion of patients responding to vaccine was independent of levels of creatinine clearance, and the presence of preimmunization HAI titers also had no effect on frequency of seroconversion. Though some element of immunologic suppression is associated with chronic renal disease, it is not reflected in the humoral antibody response to influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine.", "PMID": 660788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9105", "title": "Myocardial reinfarction after anesthesia and surgery.", "content": "During the years 1974 and 1975 at our institution, 587 patients who had suffered previous myocardial infarctions underwent anesthesia and surgery. Thirty-six (6.1%) had a reinfarction and 25 (69%) died. Patients operated on within three months of the previous infarction had a 27% reinfarction rate. This decreased to 11% if the infarct had occurred three to six months previously and stabilized at 4% to 5% if the interval was more than six months. Risk factors associated with significantly increased reinfarction rates included preoperative hypertension, intraoperative hypotensive episodes, and noncardiac thoracic or upper abdominal operations of more than three hours' duration. Time under anesthesia was strikingly correlated with reinfarction rates in the entire group. Postoperative intensive care unit admission did not significantly affect the reinfarction rate, nor did diabetes, angina, patient age or sex, or site of the previous myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Myocardial reinfarction after anesthesia and surgery. During the years 1974 and 1975 at our institution, 587 patients who had suffered previous myocardial infarctions underwent anesthesia and surgery. Thirty-six (6.1%) had a reinfarction and 25 (69%) died. Patients operated on within three months of the previous infarction had a 27% reinfarction rate. This decreased to 11% if the infarct had occurred three to six months previously and stabilized at 4% to 5% if the interval was more than six months. Risk factors associated with significantly increased reinfarction rates included preoperative hypertension, intraoperative hypotensive episodes, and noncardiac thoracic or upper abdominal operations of more than three hours' duration. Time under anesthesia was strikingly correlated with reinfarction rates in the entire group. Postoperative intensive care unit admission did not significantly affect the reinfarction rate, nor did diabetes, angina, patient age or sex, or site of the previous myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 660789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9106", "title": "Incidence of hemorrhagic complications in patients with cancer.", "content": "The incidence and type of hemorrhage were studied in 718 patients with solid tumors. All patients were receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapeutic agents. Seventy-five patients (10.4%) experienced one or more episodes of hemorrhage. Bleeding was due to tumor invasion in 25 patients (33.3%), was due to disseminated intravascular coagulation in seven patients (9.3%), and was unrelated to malignant neoplasms or drug treatment in six patients (8%). Thirty-seven patients (49.3%) had hemorrhages associated with drug-induced thrombocytopenia. There was a quantitative relationship between the incidence of hemorrhage and the platelet count for both the thrombocytopenic group and the total group of patients with hemorrhages from all causes. The incidence of hemorrhage was low until the platelet count decreased below 10,000/cu mm.", "contents": "Incidence of hemorrhagic complications in patients with cancer. The incidence and type of hemorrhage were studied in 718 patients with solid tumors. All patients were receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapeutic agents. Seventy-five patients (10.4%) experienced one or more episodes of hemorrhage. Bleeding was due to tumor invasion in 25 patients (33.3%), was due to disseminated intravascular coagulation in seven patients (9.3%), and was unrelated to malignant neoplasms or drug treatment in six patients (8%). Thirty-seven patients (49.3%) had hemorrhages associated with drug-induced thrombocytopenia. There was a quantitative relationship between the incidence of hemorrhage and the platelet count for both the thrombocytopenic group and the total group of patients with hemorrhages from all causes. The incidence of hemorrhage was low until the platelet count decreased below 10,000/cu mm.", "PMID": 660790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9107", "title": "Racket sports. An ocular hazard.", "content": "Eighty-two injuries secondary to the racket sports were studied during a 15-month period. Ordinary glasses provided considerable protection in the play of tennis and badminton, but not in the play of squash and racquet ball. Plastic safety lenses (USA Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye ,nd Face Protection, approved Sept 18, 1968 by the USA Standards Institute [ANSI Z87.1-1968]) mounted in a sturdy frame (industrial or athletic) or an eye protector are necessary for squash and racquet ball. Contact lenses provide no ocular protection. Males suffered more serious injuries than females, but injuries were not related to the age or experience of the players. Eye protection is recommended for the racket sports.", "contents": "Racket sports. An ocular hazard. Eighty-two injuries secondary to the racket sports were studied during a 15-month period. Ordinary glasses provided considerable protection in the play of tennis and badminton, but not in the play of squash and racquet ball. Plastic safety lenses (USA Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye ,nd Face Protection, approved Sept 18, 1968 by the USA Standards Institute [ANSI Z87.1-1968]) mounted in a sturdy frame (industrial or athletic) or an eye protector are necessary for squash and racquet ball. Contact lenses provide no ocular protection. Males suffered more serious injuries than females, but injuries were not related to the age or experience of the players. Eye protection is recommended for the racket sports.", "PMID": 660791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9108", "title": "Extreme but asymptomatic carboxyhemoglobinemia and chronic lung disease.", "content": "Carboxyhemoglobinemia is a well-known consequence of carbon monoxide exposure from smoking. However, only moderately elevated levels have been reported. We report the case of an asymptomatic man with severe chronic obstructive lung disease and carboxyhemoglobin levels repeatedly in excess of 30% (maximum, 38.0%) due to smoking. The mechanism by which such high levels were attained was primrily a combination of arterial hypoxia and a high carbon monoxide yield from tobacco. For a given level of carbon monoxide exposure, the hypoxic person will attain a higher carboxyhemoglobin level than will a person without hypoxia.", "contents": "Extreme but asymptomatic carboxyhemoglobinemia and chronic lung disease. Carboxyhemoglobinemia is a well-known consequence of carbon monoxide exposure from smoking. However, only moderately elevated levels have been reported. We report the case of an asymptomatic man with severe chronic obstructive lung disease and carboxyhemoglobin levels repeatedly in excess of 30% (maximum, 38.0%) due to smoking. The mechanism by which such high levels were attained was primrily a combination of arterial hypoxia and a high carbon monoxide yield from tobacco. For a given level of carbon monoxide exposure, the hypoxic person will attain a higher carboxyhemoglobin level than will a person without hypoxia.", "PMID": 660792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9109", "title": "How and when to use the digitalis serum levels.", "content": "The indications for measuring serum digoxin levels are suspicion of digitalis intoxication and the need to know the status of digitalization. Pitfalls of interpretation include time of serum sample relative to time of last digitalis dose, age of patient, atrial arrhythmia, electrolyte disturbances, disease state of the patient, recent radioisotopes \"on board,\" abnormal absorption or metabolism, and laboratory error. The serum digoxin level is a useful clinical tool but only when employed with good judgment. Not every patient receiving digitalis requires the measurement of a blood level.", "contents": "How and when to use the digitalis serum levels. The indications for measuring serum digoxin levels are suspicion of digitalis intoxication and the need to know the status of digitalization. Pitfalls of interpretation include time of serum sample relative to time of last digitalis dose, age of patient, atrial arrhythmia, electrolyte disturbances, disease state of the patient, recent radioisotopes \"on board,\" abnormal absorption or metabolism, and laboratory error. The serum digoxin level is a useful clinical tool but only when employed with good judgment. Not every patient receiving digitalis requires the measurement of a blood level.", "PMID": 660795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9110", "title": "Skeletal manifestations of polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "In a review of 39 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular arthropathy was noted in 15% and 10% of the patients, respectively. Diffuse clavicular swelling preceded the onset of PMR in one patient. Carpal tunnel syndrome was seen in four patients (10%).", "contents": "Skeletal manifestations of polymyalgia rheumatica. In a review of 39 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular arthropathy was noted in 15% and 10% of the patients, respectively. Diffuse clavicular swelling preceded the onset of PMR in one patient. Carpal tunnel syndrome was seen in four patients (10%).", "PMID": 660807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9111", "title": "Noninvasive verification of fetal respiratory movements in normal pregnancy.", "content": "A newly developed high-speed ultrasound imaging system enabled accurate observations to be made of fetal respiratory movements in utero. Visual monitoring of data acquisition eliminated artifactual recording.", "contents": "Noninvasive verification of fetal respiratory movements in normal pregnancy. A newly developed high-speed ultrasound imaging system enabled accurate observations to be made of fetal respiratory movements in utero. Visual monitoring of data acquisition eliminated artifactual recording.", "PMID": 660808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9112", "title": "Liquid protein diets and torsade de pointes.", "content": "Three women, aged 27, 33, and 35 years, experienced recurrent syncope five months after losing 36 to 41 kg using liquid protein diets. No abnormalities were noted during physical examination except in one who was hypothyroid. Serum potassium levels varied between 2.9 and 3.9 mEq/liter. The ECGs demonstrated prominent U waves, QUc prolongation, and ST and T wave abnormalities, with left axis deviation in two patients. Syncopal episodes were due to ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, which were not responsive to conventional antiarrhythmic agents used in two patients. Patients using liquid protein diets may thus experience reversible QUc prolongation giving rise to serious arrhythmias that are probably best treated with drugs that shorten the QTc interval. Caution should be exercised in the use of liquid protein diets for weight reduction in obesity.", "contents": "Liquid protein diets and torsade de pointes. Three women, aged 27, 33, and 35 years, experienced recurrent syncope five months after losing 36 to 41 kg using liquid protein diets. No abnormalities were noted during physical examination except in one who was hypothyroid. Serum potassium levels varied between 2.9 and 3.9 mEq/liter. The ECGs demonstrated prominent U waves, QUc prolongation, and ST and T wave abnormalities, with left axis deviation in two patients. Syncopal episodes were due to ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, which were not responsive to conventional antiarrhythmic agents used in two patients. Patients using liquid protein diets may thus experience reversible QUc prolongation giving rise to serious arrhythmias that are probably best treated with drugs that shorten the QTc interval. Caution should be exercised in the use of liquid protein diets for weight reduction in obesity.", "PMID": 660827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9113", "title": "Cardiac complications of protein-sparing modified fasting.", "content": "Cardiovascular abnormalities developed in a patient during a protein-sparing modified fasting diet. Syncope was the complaint at the time of examination. Hypotension, persistent QTc interval prolongation, and a low QRS voltage were observed before the development of refractory ventricular tachycardia. At autopsy, antemortem thrombi were attached to the left ventricular endocardium and a fenestrated aortic valvule. Strick protein-sparing modified fasting is not without risk of sudden death even with close medical supervision.", "contents": "Cardiac complications of protein-sparing modified fasting. Cardiovascular abnormalities developed in a patient during a protein-sparing modified fasting diet. Syncope was the complaint at the time of examination. Hypotension, persistent QTc interval prolongation, and a low QRS voltage were observed before the development of refractory ventricular tachycardia. At autopsy, antemortem thrombi were attached to the left ventricular endocardium and a fenestrated aortic valvule. Strick protein-sparing modified fasting is not without risk of sudden death even with close medical supervision.", "PMID": 660828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9114", "title": "Deoxycorticosterone and 17-ketosteroids. Elevated levels in adult hypertensive patients.", "content": "Plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone levels were manyfold elevated in three adult patients with hypertension and elevated urinary excretion levels of 17-ketosteroids but without Cushing's syndrome. Dexamethasone therapy resulted in suppression of these steroids and in improvement of blood pressure in two of the patients. A partial adrenal 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency appears to best explain these findings.", "contents": "Deoxycorticosterone and 17-ketosteroids. Elevated levels in adult hypertensive patients. Plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone levels were manyfold elevated in three adult patients with hypertension and elevated urinary excretion levels of 17-ketosteroids but without Cushing's syndrome. Dexamethasone therapy resulted in suppression of these steroids and in improvement of blood pressure in two of the patients. A partial adrenal 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency appears to best explain these findings.", "PMID": 660829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9115", "title": "Hepatitis in undertakers.", "content": "Six of 106 undertakers (5.6%) gave a past history of hepatitis during their professional careers; this was no different from the frequency in a control group of 3,162 accountants (5.1%) who had no direct contact with blood. None of the undertakers or 210 blood donors matched for age, sex, and ethnic background had serum positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Five undertakers (4.7%) had blood that was positive for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, compared with six of 210 (2.9%) in the control group; this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than .25). Thus, undertakers appear to be in a low-risk occupation with reference to acquisition of hepatitis B. Although the numbers are too small for statistical analysis, there appeared to be an increased exposure to hepatitis B in undertakers who take no preventive precautions. We recommend that the minimal precautions for undertakers be the wearing of gloves.", "contents": "Hepatitis in undertakers. Six of 106 undertakers (5.6%) gave a past history of hepatitis during their professional careers; this was no different from the frequency in a control group of 3,162 accountants (5.1%) who had no direct contact with blood. None of the undertakers or 210 blood donors matched for age, sex, and ethnic background had serum positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Five undertakers (4.7%) had blood that was positive for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, compared with six of 210 (2.9%) in the control group; this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than .25). Thus, undertakers appear to be in a low-risk occupation with reference to acquisition of hepatitis B. Although the numbers are too small for statistical analysis, there appeared to be an increased exposure to hepatitis B in undertakers who take no preventive precautions. We recommend that the minimal precautions for undertakers be the wearing of gloves.", "PMID": 660831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9116", "title": "High fiber diet in hyperlipemia. Comparison with cholestyramine treatment in type IIA hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Fourteen patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia were treated with a high fiber intake (powdered cellulose or soy hulls or both) for six months. Eight of the patients were treated with 16 g of cholestyramine resin daily without the high fiber intake for an additional six months. The cholesterol intake was comparable in both treatment programs. The mean serum cholesterol levels decreased during both, but the decrease occurred and was more pronounced in all patients treated with cholestyramine. Responsiveness to the high fiber diet was not related to an increased responsiveness to cholestyramine treatment. In most patients the serum triglyceride levels increased, and the fasting plasma glucose level did not change substantially during either treatment program. Both regimens were free of adverse side effects.", "contents": "High fiber diet in hyperlipemia. Comparison with cholestyramine treatment in type IIA hyperlipoproteinemia. Fourteen patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia were treated with a high fiber intake (powdered cellulose or soy hulls or both) for six months. Eight of the patients were treated with 16 g of cholestyramine resin daily without the high fiber intake for an additional six months. The cholesterol intake was comparable in both treatment programs. The mean serum cholesterol levels decreased during both, but the decrease occurred and was more pronounced in all patients treated with cholestyramine. Responsiveness to the high fiber diet was not related to an increased responsiveness to cholestyramine treatment. In most patients the serum triglyceride levels increased, and the fasting plasma glucose level did not change substantially during either treatment program. Both regimens were free of adverse side effects.", "PMID": 660847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9117", "title": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Loss of platelet defect after splenectomy.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis had pancytopenia and hypersplenism. Before splenectomy, she had an abnormal bleeding time and a severe defect of secondary-wave platelet aggregation. After splenectomy, the platelet count returned to normal, and the aggregation defect was no longer present. This response suggests that the spleen may contribute to the platelet dysfunction.", "contents": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Loss of platelet defect after splenectomy. A 59-year-old woman with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis had pancytopenia and hypersplenism. Before splenectomy, she had an abnormal bleeding time and a severe defect of secondary-wave platelet aggregation. After splenectomy, the platelet count returned to normal, and the aggregation defect was no longer present. This response suggests that the spleen may contribute to the platelet dysfunction.", "PMID": 660848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9118", "title": "Wife abuse. The diagnosis and its implications.", "content": "Wife abuse is receiving widespread attention in the lay press, but its discussion in the medical literature has been rare. Identifying a victim of wife abuse is complicated, since these women will seldom volunteer that information. There are no economic, educational, or class predictors of wife abuse. Suspicion of abuse should be aroused if there is (1) a substantial delay between time of injury and presentation of treatment, (2) evidence of repeated injuries to the face and neck, or (3) a previous history of abuse. Social agencies for the care and counseling of these victims exist and should be used.", "contents": "Wife abuse. The diagnosis and its implications. Wife abuse is receiving widespread attention in the lay press, but its discussion in the medical literature has been rare. Identifying a victim of wife abuse is complicated, since these women will seldom volunteer that information. There are no economic, educational, or class predictors of wife abuse. Suspicion of abuse should be aroused if there is (1) a substantial delay between time of injury and presentation of treatment, (2) evidence of repeated injuries to the face and neck, or (3) a previous history of abuse. Social agencies for the care and counseling of these victims exist and should be used.", "PMID": 660849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9119", "title": "Saccharin, cyclamate, and human bladder cancer. No evidence of an association.", "content": "An epidemiologic study designed to elucidate the possible roles of the artificial sweeteners saccharin and cyclamate in human urinary bladder cancer was recently completed. The previous intake of each of these substances among 519 patients with histopathologically confirmed bladder cancer and an equal number of matching controls in metropolitan Baltimore did not differ significantly in frequency, quantity, or duration. These normal findings persisted after simultaneous adjustment for the effects of smoking, occupation, age, diabetes mellitus, and a number of other potentially  confounding factors. They are substantiated by the failure of the relative risk of bladder cancer to increase with increasing exposure to artificial sweeteners. It is concluded that neither saccharin nor cyclamate is likely to be carcinogenic in man, at least at the moderate dietary ingestion levels reported by the patient sample.", "contents": "Saccharin, cyclamate, and human bladder cancer. No evidence of an association. An epidemiologic study designed to elucidate the possible roles of the artificial sweeteners saccharin and cyclamate in human urinary bladder cancer was recently completed. The previous intake of each of these substances among 519 patients with histopathologically confirmed bladder cancer and an equal number of matching controls in metropolitan Baltimore did not differ significantly in frequency, quantity, or duration. These normal findings persisted after simultaneous adjustment for the effects of smoking, occupation, age, diabetes mellitus, and a number of other potentially  confounding factors. They are substantiated by the failure of the relative risk of bladder cancer to increase with increasing exposure to artificial sweeteners. It is concluded that neither saccharin nor cyclamate is likely to be carcinogenic in man, at least at the moderate dietary ingestion levels reported by the patient sample.", "PMID": 660869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9120", "title": "Civilian ground and air transport of adults with acute respiratory failure.", "content": "The intermountain Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (IRICU), established in 1973 at the LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, provides specialized care for adults and older children with severe respiratory failure in the intermountain West. Because of the large area serviced by the IRICU, a transportation system for the critically ill was developed. Our report describes the transport system, including team organization, techniques, and experiences. Of 44 attempted transports during the last three years, 43 (98%) were safely accomplished without obvious ill effect to the patient. Patients with severe respiratory failure, if their conditions are adequately stabilized, can be safely transported hundreds of kilometers by ground and air by a well-equipped and well-trained team of physicians and nurses.", "contents": "Civilian ground and air transport of adults with acute respiratory failure. The intermountain Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (IRICU), established in 1973 at the LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, provides specialized care for adults and older children with severe respiratory failure in the intermountain West. Because of the large area serviced by the IRICU, a transportation system for the critically ill was developed. Our report describes the transport system, including team organization, techniques, and experiences. Of 44 attempted transports during the last three years, 43 (98%) were safely accomplished without obvious ill effect to the patient. Patients with severe respiratory failure, if their conditions are adequately stabilized, can be safely transported hundreds of kilometers by ground and air by a well-equipped and well-trained team of physicians and nurses.", "PMID": 660870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9121", "title": "The QT interval and serum ionized calcium.", "content": "The correlation between serum ionized calcium (Ca++) levels and three ECG QT intervals (Q-OTC, Q-ATC, and Q-ETC) was assessed in 20 adult patients. The relationship between each QT interval and Ca++ level, based on 209 Ca++ determinations through a range of 1.0 to 4.0 mEq/liter, is best described by a hyperbolic function. Although Q-OTC and Q-ATC predict Ca++ levels more accurately than Q-ETC, all QT intervals are clinically unreliable as guides to the presence of hypercalcemia. Similarly, the usefulness of the QT intervals in the diagnosis of hypocalcemia is limited by the wide distribution of normal values.", "contents": "The QT interval and serum ionized calcium. The correlation between serum ionized calcium (Ca++) levels and three ECG QT intervals (Q-OTC, Q-ATC, and Q-ETC) was assessed in 20 adult patients. The relationship between each QT interval and Ca++ level, based on 209 Ca++ determinations through a range of 1.0 to 4.0 mEq/liter, is best described by a hyperbolic function. Although Q-OTC and Q-ATC predict Ca++ levels more accurately than Q-ETC, all QT intervals are clinically unreliable as guides to the presence of hypercalcemia. Similarly, the usefulness of the QT intervals in the diagnosis of hypocalcemia is limited by the wide distribution of normal values.", "PMID": 660871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9122", "title": "A family practice residency network. Affiliated programs in the Pacific Northwest.", "content": "The Department of Family Medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine has developed a regional network of affiliated family practice residency programs in the Pacific Northwest. Collaborative efforts among the seven participating programs are directed to common needs such as curriculum development, sharing of educational resources, program evaluation, problem-solving of operational programs, and coordination of resident rotations. This family practice residency network is a logical and necessary extension of the program that has been developed in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho for teaching medical students. Regional undergraduate and graduate teaching programs in family practice represent an important role for the university relating to its surrounding region through the collaborative efforts of the medical school and participating hospitals and physicians in the community.", "contents": "A family practice residency network. Affiliated programs in the Pacific Northwest. The Department of Family Medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine has developed a regional network of affiliated family practice residency programs in the Pacific Northwest. Collaborative efforts among the seven participating programs are directed to common needs such as curriculum development, sharing of educational resources, program evaluation, problem-solving of operational programs, and coordination of resident rotations. This family practice residency network is a logical and necessary extension of the program that has been developed in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho for teaching medical students. Regional undergraduate and graduate teaching programs in family practice represent an important role for the university relating to its surrounding region through the collaborative efforts of the medical school and participating hospitals and physicians in the community.", "PMID": 660872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9123", "title": "Left ventricular fistula as a cause of intractable angina pectoris. Successful surgical repair.", "content": "Two patients had intractable angina pectoris due to left-coronary-artery to left-ventricle fistulas. Surgical repair resulted in complete relief of symptoms. Postoperative cardiac catheterization showed obliteration of the fistulas, with preservation of ventricular function. Operative therapy is indicated in this disorder.", "contents": "Left ventricular fistula as a cause of intractable angina pectoris. Successful surgical repair. Two patients had intractable angina pectoris due to left-coronary-artery to left-ventricle fistulas. Surgical repair resulted in complete relief of symptoms. Postoperative cardiac catheterization showed obliteration of the fistulas, with preservation of ventricular function. Operative therapy is indicated in this disorder.", "PMID": 660873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9124", "title": "Inflammatory oncotaxis.", "content": "Tumor recurrence after a prolonged disease-free interval suggests that neoplastic cells may remain dormant within the host. Activation and growth of these metastatic focuses may occur secondary to inflammation at sites distant from the primary tumor. The concept of inflammatory oncotaxis is presented as a mechanism of cancer cell attraction and facilitation of transcapillary migration into tissue spaces. Physicians should focus astutely on internal and external sites of inflammation as possible focuses for tumor recurrence in the follow-up of the cancer patient.", "contents": "Inflammatory oncotaxis. Tumor recurrence after a prolonged disease-free interval suggests that neoplastic cells may remain dormant within the host. Activation and growth of these metastatic focuses may occur secondary to inflammation at sites distant from the primary tumor. The concept of inflammatory oncotaxis is presented as a mechanism of cancer cell attraction and facilitation of transcapillary migration into tissue spaces. Physicians should focus astutely on internal and external sites of inflammation as possible focuses for tumor recurrence in the follow-up of the cancer patient.", "PMID": 660874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9125", "title": "Early insults to the injured brain.", "content": "Of 100 consecutive patients with severe head injury who arrived at a major trauma center, half of whom came direct from the accident site and half from another hospital, potentially serious systemic insults to the brain were present in 44 cases. Arterial hypotension (13 cases), anemia (12 cases), and hypercarbia (4 cases) were almost exclusively associated with multiple injuries, which were present in 57 patients and were caused usually by vehicular accidents. Hypoxia was seen in 30 patients, including several with brain injury alone. These systemic insults to the already injured brain were associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity. We believe that direct transfer to a trauma center that has full-time neurosurgical facilities for victims of automobile accidents and patients who have been rendered unconscious by a fall or blow on the head will increase survival. Care for the patient with head injuries should start at the roadside.", "contents": "Early insults to the injured brain. Of 100 consecutive patients with severe head injury who arrived at a major trauma center, half of whom came direct from the accident site and half from another hospital, potentially serious systemic insults to the brain were present in 44 cases. Arterial hypotension (13 cases), anemia (12 cases), and hypercarbia (4 cases) were almost exclusively associated with multiple injuries, which were present in 57 patients and were caused usually by vehicular accidents. Hypoxia was seen in 30 patients, including several with brain injury alone. These systemic insults to the already injured brain were associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity. We believe that direct transfer to a trauma center that has full-time neurosurgical facilities for victims of automobile accidents and patients who have been rendered unconscious by a fall or blow on the head will increase survival. Care for the patient with head injuries should start at the roadside.", "PMID": 660888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9126", "title": "Marital changes after intestinal bypass surgery.", "content": "A retrospective interview study was undertaken of 14 spousal pairs in which one member had undergone the intestinal bypass procedure for massive obesity. Much unanticipated marital discord occurred. Sexual problems were particularly troublesome and affected both members in the spousal pairs. The results point to the role of massive obesity as a selective and stabilizing factor in the marriages of this subset of overweight persons.", "contents": "Marital changes after intestinal bypass surgery. A retrospective interview study was undertaken of 14 spousal pairs in which one member had undergone the intestinal bypass procedure for massive obesity. Much unanticipated marital discord occurred. Sexual problems were particularly troublesome and affected both members in the spousal pairs. The results point to the role of massive obesity as a selective and stabilizing factor in the marriages of this subset of overweight persons.", "PMID": 660889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9127", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis.", "content": "Shulman's syndrome includes fasciitis of rapid onset, sclerodermoid skin changes, absence of Raynaud's phenomenon, absence of visceral manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, transient eosinophilia, and a dramatic response to systemic corticosteroid therapy. Although this syndrome may be a variant of scleroderma, its dramatic responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy is a particularly distinguishing feature.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. Shulman's syndrome includes fasciitis of rapid onset, sclerodermoid skin changes, absence of Raynaud's phenomenon, absence of visceral manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, transient eosinophilia, and a dramatic response to systemic corticosteroid therapy. Although this syndrome may be a variant of scleroderma, its dramatic responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy is a particularly distinguishing feature.", "PMID": 660890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9128", "title": "Spontaneous return of normocalcemia. Association with long-term hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "A 58-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with the superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. The patient had a 13-year history of hypocalcemia resulting from surgically induced hypoparathyroidism, which he controlled with calcium lactate. Nine months before admission, he discontinued his daily therapy and still remained in a normocalcemic state. After he had the SVC syndrome, a small-cell tumor of the lung was found. His serum calcium level decreased after radiation of the tumor mass, suggesting that the tumor may have been secreting a substance producing the normocalcemia. A substance was extracted from the tumor that reacted immunologically like parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Spontaneous return of normocalcemia. Association with long-term hypoparathyroidism. A 58-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with the superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. The patient had a 13-year history of hypocalcemia resulting from surgically induced hypoparathyroidism, which he controlled with calcium lactate. Nine months before admission, he discontinued his daily therapy and still remained in a normocalcemic state. After he had the SVC syndrome, a small-cell tumor of the lung was found. His serum calcium level decreased after radiation of the tumor mass, suggesting that the tumor may have been secreting a substance producing the normocalcemia. A substance was extracted from the tumor that reacted immunologically like parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 660897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9129", "title": "Sellar enlargement with hyperprolactinemia and a Rathke's pouch cyst.", "content": "A woman with secondary amenorrhea was found to have hyperprolactinemia without clinical galactorrhea. Radiological findings of an enlarged sella turcica with displacement of the pituitary stalk were considered consistent with a prolactin macroadenoma. Treatment with bromocriptine corrected the amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia, and the patient inadvertently became pregnant. However, no complications to the mother or fetus occurred during pregnancy or postpartum. On transsphenoidal surgery three months postpartum, the unexpected presence of a large Rathke's pouch cyst with a microadenomatous or nodular hyperplasia type of prolactin-secreting tumor was observed to account for the preoperative clinical and radiological findings.", "contents": "Sellar enlargement with hyperprolactinemia and a Rathke's pouch cyst. A woman with secondary amenorrhea was found to have hyperprolactinemia without clinical galactorrhea. Radiological findings of an enlarged sella turcica with displacement of the pituitary stalk were considered consistent with a prolactin macroadenoma. Treatment with bromocriptine corrected the amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia, and the patient inadvertently became pregnant. However, no complications to the mother or fetus occurred during pregnancy or postpartum. On transsphenoidal surgery three months postpartum, the unexpected presence of a large Rathke's pouch cyst with a microadenomatous or nodular hyperplasia type of prolactin-secreting tumor was observed to account for the preoperative clinical and radiological findings.", "PMID": 660898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9130", "title": "[Clinical and bacteriological studies on infections due to Acinetobacter calco aceticus (author's transl)].", "content": "The present studies concern with clinical backgrounds of the patients from whom Ac. calcoaceticus was isolated at the Juntendo University Hospital from Oct. 1976 until May 1977, and in-vitro observations on the susceptibility to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents of the organisms isolated from various clinical specimens from Sept. 1976 to May 1977. One hundred and eight strains of Ac. calcoaceticus were isolated from various clinical specimens of 78 patients. Approximately 70% of them was isolated from respiratory tract, and 6 approximately 8% from urinary tract, wound or bile. Ninety six of 108 strains were isolated in combination with other organisms. In retrospective view of 35 patients, all of them had one or more underlying diseases or predisposing factors, e.g., chronic disease, malignancy, infection due to other organism, surgery. Antibiotics had been administrated to 26 patients before onset of their infection with Ac. calcoaceticus. According to in-vitro susceptibility testing, the most active antimicrobial agents were minocyline and doxycycline. Gentamicin, tetracycline, kanamycin, amikacin, dibekacin, colistin, erythromycin, naladixic acid were given in this order. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin, sulbenicillin, cephaloridine, cefazokin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, clindamycin, pipemidic acid and piperamic acid.", "contents": "[Clinical and bacteriological studies on infections due to Acinetobacter calco aceticus (author's transl)]. The present studies concern with clinical backgrounds of the patients from whom Ac. calcoaceticus was isolated at the Juntendo University Hospital from Oct. 1976 until May 1977, and in-vitro observations on the susceptibility to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents of the organisms isolated from various clinical specimens from Sept. 1976 to May 1977. One hundred and eight strains of Ac. calcoaceticus were isolated from various clinical specimens of 78 patients. Approximately 70% of them was isolated from respiratory tract, and 6 approximately 8% from urinary tract, wound or bile. Ninety six of 108 strains were isolated in combination with other organisms. In retrospective view of 35 patients, all of them had one or more underlying diseases or predisposing factors, e.g., chronic disease, malignancy, infection due to other organism, surgery. Antibiotics had been administrated to 26 patients before onset of their infection with Ac. calcoaceticus. According to in-vitro susceptibility testing, the most active antimicrobial agents were minocyline and doxycycline. Gentamicin, tetracycline, kanamycin, amikacin, dibekacin, colistin, erythromycin, naladixic acid were given in this order. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin, sulbenicillin, cephaloridine, cefazokin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, clindamycin, pipemidic acid and piperamic acid.", "PMID": 660925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9131", "title": "[Isolation of enterococci from clinical materials and their susceptibility to antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-one strains of enterococci were isolated from 2,337 clinical materials including urine, blood, pus and other during 6 months of spring and summer in 1977. Urine was the most frequent source of the organism among them. As for species, S. liquefaciens was isolated most frequently (45.5%), being followed by S. zymogenes (26.5%) and S. faecalis (21.5%) in order. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested with 10 antibiotics. In general, the majority of the strains were resistant to several antibiotics, but almost all the strains were susceptible to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin. The susceptibility of S. liquefaciens, S. zymogenes and S. faecalis to 10 antibiotics was similar with each other in pattern, while that of S. faecium and S. durans was considerably lower.", "contents": "[Isolation of enterococci from clinical materials and their susceptibility to antibiotics (author's transl)]. Three hundred and fifty-one strains of enterococci were isolated from 2,337 clinical materials including urine, blood, pus and other during 6 months of spring and summer in 1977. Urine was the most frequent source of the organism among them. As for species, S. liquefaciens was isolated most frequently (45.5%), being followed by S. zymogenes (26.5%) and S. faecalis (21.5%) in order. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested with 10 antibiotics. In general, the majority of the strains were resistant to several antibiotics, but almost all the strains were susceptible to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin. The susceptibility of S. liquefaciens, S. zymogenes and S. faecalis to 10 antibiotics was similar with each other in pattern, while that of S. faecium and S. durans was considerably lower.", "PMID": 660927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9132", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of intravenous administration of ampicillin-oxacillin (Broadcillin 'Banyu') in bacterial infections in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Broadcillin 'Banyu', which contains an equal amount of ampicillin and oxacillin was given intravenously to children with acute bacterial infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Patients were 55 children with the following bacterial infections; respiratory tract infections (8 cases), pneumonia (34), sepsis (1), meningitis (1), cutaneous and subcutaneous suppurative inflammation (5), osteomyelitis (1), urinary tract infection (2), enteritis (1), and chemoprophylaxis (2). They ranged in age from newborns to 8 year old, but most of them were infants. In the majority of the patients, broadcillin 'Banyu' was administered 50 approximately 150 mg/day in three to four equally divided doses by one shot-injection or by a continuous drip infusion for a period of 2 approximately 10 days. The overall efficacy rate was 88.7% in 53 cases after two cases of chemoprophylaxis were excluded, i.e., excellent in 28, good in 19 and failure in 6: excellent in 4 and good in 4 in 8 cases of respiratory tract infections; excellent in 20, good in 11 and failure in 3 in 34 cases of pneumonia (an efficacy rate 91.2%); failure in sepsis and meningitis: excellent in 2 and good in 3 in 5 cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous suppurative inflammation; excellent in osteomyelitis; excellent in 1 and good in 1 of 2 cases of urinary tract infection; failure in enteritis. 2. Adverse reactions were noted on 10 occasions in 9 cases (16.4%), including 1 case of skin eruption, 1 case of eosinophilia, 5 cases of slight elevation of GOT, 1 case of slight elevation of GPT and 2 cases of slight elevation of BUN. 3. Based on the above results, it was concluded that clinical effect of broadcillin 'Banyu' by an intravenous administration is comparable to its intramuscular route and that safety of intravenous usage seems to be verified as long as the above described dosage is followed.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of intravenous administration of ampicillin-oxacillin (Broadcillin 'Banyu') in bacterial infections in children (author's transl)]. Broadcillin 'Banyu', which contains an equal amount of ampicillin and oxacillin was given intravenously to children with acute bacterial infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Patients were 55 children with the following bacterial infections; respiratory tract infections (8 cases), pneumonia (34), sepsis (1), meningitis (1), cutaneous and subcutaneous suppurative inflammation (5), osteomyelitis (1), urinary tract infection (2), enteritis (1), and chemoprophylaxis (2). They ranged in age from newborns to 8 year old, but most of them were infants. In the majority of the patients, broadcillin 'Banyu' was administered 50 approximately 150 mg/day in three to four equally divided doses by one shot-injection or by a continuous drip infusion for a period of 2 approximately 10 days. The overall efficacy rate was 88.7% in 53 cases after two cases of chemoprophylaxis were excluded, i.e., excellent in 28, good in 19 and failure in 6: excellent in 4 and good in 4 in 8 cases of respiratory tract infections; excellent in 20, good in 11 and failure in 3 in 34 cases of pneumonia (an efficacy rate 91.2%); failure in sepsis and meningitis: excellent in 2 and good in 3 in 5 cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous suppurative inflammation; excellent in osteomyelitis; excellent in 1 and good in 1 of 2 cases of urinary tract infection; failure in enteritis. 2. Adverse reactions were noted on 10 occasions in 9 cases (16.4%), including 1 case of skin eruption, 1 case of eosinophilia, 5 cases of slight elevation of GOT, 1 case of slight elevation of GPT and 2 cases of slight elevation of BUN. 3. Based on the above results, it was concluded that clinical effect of broadcillin 'Banyu' by an intravenous administration is comparable to its intramuscular route and that safety of intravenous usage seems to be verified as long as the above described dosage is followed.", "PMID": 660930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9133", "title": "[Experience in use of amoxicillin tablets for treatment of cases mostly of acute tympanitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Amoxicillin tablets (50 mg (potency)/tablet) were administered to 14 cases of acute tympanitis and one case of acute tonsillitis, and the following results were obtained. (1) Of 15 cases in total, 3 cases were remarkably improved, 11 improved, and one not improved; that is, the effective rate was 93%. (2) Acute simple tympanitis: 6 cases, effective rate 100%. Acute suppurative tympanitis: 8 cases, effective rate 88%. Acute tonsillitis: 1 case, improved. (3) There was one case of diarrhea which appeared to be a side effect of this drug.", "contents": "[Experience in use of amoxicillin tablets for treatment of cases mostly of acute tympanitis (author's transl)]. Amoxicillin tablets (50 mg (potency)/tablet) were administered to 14 cases of acute tympanitis and one case of acute tonsillitis, and the following results were obtained. (1) Of 15 cases in total, 3 cases were remarkably improved, 11 improved, and one not improved; that is, the effective rate was 93%. (2) Acute simple tympanitis: 6 cases, effective rate 100%. Acute suppurative tympanitis: 8 cases, effective rate 88%. Acute tonsillitis: 1 case, improved. (3) There was one case of diarrhea which appeared to be a side effect of this drug.", "PMID": 660934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9134", "title": "Studies on the enhancement of interferon production in human diploid (FS-4) cells by ultraviolet.", "content": "Interferon production stimulated with Polyinosinate-Polycytidylate [Poly (I). Poly (C)] in cultures of human FS-4 cells was enhanced ('superinduced') by the irradiation of cells with UV at the time of induction. UV showed no additional enhancing action on interferon production in cultures already superinduced by the sequential treatment with cycloheximide and actinomycin D; UV doses above 1,000 erg/mm2 inhibited interferon synthesis. In UV-irradiated cells interferon production remained sensitive to inhibition by high concentrations of actinomycin D for at least 3 hr after exposure to Poly (I). Poly (C). Irradiation of induced cells at 4, 5 or 6 hr after stimulation with Poly (I). Poly (C) prevented the rapid decline (shutoff) of interferon synthesis seen in control cultures. All these results support the conclusion that the action of UV protects the interferon mRNA from inactivation. This effect, and the fact that interferon mRNA synthesis can occur after the irradiation of cells with superinducing doses of UV, form the basis of the enhancement of interferon production by UV.", "contents": "Studies on the enhancement of interferon production in human diploid (FS-4) cells by ultraviolet. Interferon production stimulated with Polyinosinate-Polycytidylate [Poly (I). Poly (C)] in cultures of human FS-4 cells was enhanced ('superinduced') by the irradiation of cells with UV at the time of induction. UV showed no additional enhancing action on interferon production in cultures already superinduced by the sequential treatment with cycloheximide and actinomycin D; UV doses above 1,000 erg/mm2 inhibited interferon synthesis. In UV-irradiated cells interferon production remained sensitive to inhibition by high concentrations of actinomycin D for at least 3 hr after exposure to Poly (I). Poly (C). Irradiation of induced cells at 4, 5 or 6 hr after stimulation with Poly (I). Poly (C) prevented the rapid decline (shutoff) of interferon synthesis seen in control cultures. All these results support the conclusion that the action of UV protects the interferon mRNA from inactivation. This effect, and the fact that interferon mRNA synthesis can occur after the irradiation of cells with superinducing doses of UV, form the basis of the enhancement of interferon production by UV.", "PMID": 661008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9135", "title": "Comparative studies on effects of incomplete oil adjuvants with different physical properties.", "content": "The author investigated the effects of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) with different physical properties on precipitin formation and skin hyperreactivity in rabbits and mice following intramuscular injection of ovalbumin (OA) with the adjuvant. Histopathological changes in the injection site and in some visceral organs were also examined. The observation periods after the injection for mice and rabbits were 20 and 28 weeks, respectively. In contrast to the most reports, FIA of both imperfectly emulsified-water-in-oil (W/O II) and oil-in-water (O/W) types were sometimes equivalent or superior to perfectly emulsified water-in-oil (W/O 1) type FIA in the enhancing effects in precipitin formation both in rabbits and mice. The skin displayed the immediate type hypersensitivity reaction to OA throughout the observation period irrespective of the type of adjuvant. The O/W type often caused significantly stronger skin hyperreactivity than the other types. Histopathological findings in the injection site indicated that the abscess formation in rabbits was severer than that in mice, and that the O/W type induced the severest abscess. No relation was found between free fatty/acid contents of adjuvant emulsion and abscess formation in either animal species. Granuloma formation in mice was always severer than that in rabbits. The O/W type caused extremely weak granuloma in mice, and none in rabbits. Histopathological changes in main visceral organs, being dependent on the emulsion type, were also discussed.", "contents": "Comparative studies on effects of incomplete oil adjuvants with different physical properties. The author investigated the effects of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) with different physical properties on precipitin formation and skin hyperreactivity in rabbits and mice following intramuscular injection of ovalbumin (OA) with the adjuvant. Histopathological changes in the injection site and in some visceral organs were also examined. The observation periods after the injection for mice and rabbits were 20 and 28 weeks, respectively. In contrast to the most reports, FIA of both imperfectly emulsified-water-in-oil (W/O II) and oil-in-water (O/W) types were sometimes equivalent or superior to perfectly emulsified water-in-oil (W/O 1) type FIA in the enhancing effects in precipitin formation both in rabbits and mice. The skin displayed the immediate type hypersensitivity reaction to OA throughout the observation period irrespective of the type of adjuvant. The O/W type often caused significantly stronger skin hyperreactivity than the other types. Histopathological findings in the injection site indicated that the abscess formation in rabbits was severer than that in mice, and that the O/W type induced the severest abscess. No relation was found between free fatty/acid contents of adjuvant emulsion and abscess formation in either animal species. Granuloma formation in mice was always severer than that in rabbits. The O/W type caused extremely weak granuloma in mice, and none in rabbits. Histopathological changes in main visceral organs, being dependent on the emulsion type, were also discussed.", "PMID": 661009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9136", "title": "Optimal conditions for plaque assay of echoviruses in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells.", "content": "The present paper gives optimal conditions for plaque assays tn human embryonic lung fibroblast cells with 45 echoviruses including 11 fresh isolates, covering 31 serotypes. All the viruses tested except echovirus type 23 produced plaques at a high titer in the same cells by the methods described in this communication. Plaque formations by a number of strains were markedly enhanced in size or number or both by the addition of polycation.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for plaque assay of echoviruses in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells. The present paper gives optimal conditions for plaque assays tn human embryonic lung fibroblast cells with 45 echoviruses including 11 fresh isolates, covering 31 serotypes. All the viruses tested except echovirus type 23 produced plaques at a high titer in the same cells by the methods described in this communication. Plaque formations by a number of strains were markedly enhanced in size or number or both by the addition of polycation.", "PMID": 661010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9137", "title": "The role of membrane electrical activities and extracellular calcium in high-K-induced contracture of guinea pig ureter.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical activities in high-K-induced contracture of guinea pig ureter and taenia coli were studied using the sucrose-gap method. Ureter immersed in high-K solution showed a contracture consisting of three components as well as twitch contractions evoked by a few spikes which were observed during the depolarizing phase. Reapplication of high-K solution after a short washing procedure with normal solution induced a contracture composed of only the first and the third components. No action potential was observed during the course of membrane depolarization by this procedure. High-K-induced contracture was highly sensitive to extracellular Ca: no tension development of the ureter despite the membrane depolarization was observed in Ca-free high-K solution. The addition of Ca to Ca-free high-K solution caused a contracture similar to that by high-K solution in the presence of Ca. Verapamil (10(-5) M) blocked all three components, leaving only slightly depressed twitch contractions initiated by action potentials. The possibility that all of these components of high-K-induced contracture were initiated by influxed Ca from extracellular space was also strengthened.", "contents": "The role of membrane electrical activities and extracellular calcium in high-K-induced contracture of guinea pig ureter. Electrical and mechanical activities in high-K-induced contracture of guinea pig ureter and taenia coli were studied using the sucrose-gap method. Ureter immersed in high-K solution showed a contracture consisting of three components as well as twitch contractions evoked by a few spikes which were observed during the depolarizing phase. Reapplication of high-K solution after a short washing procedure with normal solution induced a contracture composed of only the first and the third components. No action potential was observed during the course of membrane depolarization by this procedure. High-K-induced contracture was highly sensitive to extracellular Ca: no tension development of the ureter despite the membrane depolarization was observed in Ca-free high-K solution. The addition of Ca to Ca-free high-K solution caused a contracture similar to that by high-K solution in the presence of Ca. Verapamil (10(-5) M) blocked all three components, leaving only slightly depressed twitch contractions initiated by action potentials. The possibility that all of these components of high-K-induced contracture were initiated by influxed Ca from extracellular space was also strengthened.", "PMID": 661011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9138", "title": "Effects of heart rate and isoproterenol on the functional refractory period of the AV node.", "content": "The effects of heart rate and l-isoproterenol on the functional refractory period (FRP) of the atrioventricular (AV) node were analyzed in anesthetized dog. A rectangular hyperbola was adopted to express the relationship between the AV conduction time of the premature beats and the atrial coupling intervals. FRP was shown to be expressed as FRP = E + 2 square root of C - C/(T - E). Thus, it is a function of the effective refractory period (E), basic cycle length (T), and C, a constant. A decrease in the basic cycle length caused a decrease in the effective refractory period as well as FRP; the minimum conduction time remained unchanged. As expected from the above equation, relationship of FRP to the basic cycle length was curvilinear. The above equation also indicates that changes in FRP produced by a change in the basic cycle length were to be ascribed to the change in the AV conduction time of the basic beats. Therefore, FRP under this condition cannot be equated with the refractory period in its true sense. In the paced hearts, l-isoproterenol hydrochloride caused a decrease in the effective refractory period, FRP, C and the minimum conduction time, and the changes in FRP were shown to be correlated with the changes in the effective refractory period, indicating that the change in FRP attained in a given fixed cycle length may be due to a change in the effective refractory period.", "contents": "Effects of heart rate and isoproterenol on the functional refractory period of the AV node. The effects of heart rate and l-isoproterenol on the functional refractory period (FRP) of the atrioventricular (AV) node were analyzed in anesthetized dog. A rectangular hyperbola was adopted to express the relationship between the AV conduction time of the premature beats and the atrial coupling intervals. FRP was shown to be expressed as FRP = E + 2 square root of C - C/(T - E). Thus, it is a function of the effective refractory period (E), basic cycle length (T), and C, a constant. A decrease in the basic cycle length caused a decrease in the effective refractory period as well as FRP; the minimum conduction time remained unchanged. As expected from the above equation, relationship of FRP to the basic cycle length was curvilinear. The above equation also indicates that changes in FRP produced by a change in the basic cycle length were to be ascribed to the change in the AV conduction time of the basic beats. Therefore, FRP under this condition cannot be equated with the refractory period in its true sense. In the paced hearts, l-isoproterenol hydrochloride caused a decrease in the effective refractory period, FRP, C and the minimum conduction time, and the changes in FRP were shown to be correlated with the changes in the effective refractory period, indicating that the change in FRP attained in a given fixed cycle length may be due to a change in the effective refractory period.", "PMID": 661012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9139", "title": "The rate of action of calcium on the electrical and mechanical responses of the crayfish muscle fibers.", "content": "The effects of sudden changes in external Ca concentration on the time courses of the changes in size of the action potential and of the associated contraction in a single crayfish muscle fiber were investigated. Procaine-HCl was added to the bathing solution to make the muscle fiber excitable. The concentration of the divalent cations (Ca and Mg) was high enough to keep the threshold potential constant. In Ca-free solution, neither action potential nor contraction was observed. When the external Ca concentration was suddenly increased from 0 to 14 mM, the full sized action potentials were generated within several seconds, but the tensions recovered slowly in an exponential time course with the time constants of 15-40 sec depending on the muscle fiber radius. The tension recovery was further delayed by addition of Dextran to the bathing solution, and it was also slowed at temperatures as low as 4-5 degrees C. When the Ca concentration was changed from 14 mM to 0 mM, the decreased in action potential was slow rather than instantaneous. The delay in tension recovery was attributed to the diffusion time of Ca ions into the TTS, and it was suggested that the Ca entry through the TTS membranes was the first step in the excitation-contraction coupling of the crayfish muscle fibers. The diffusion coefficient of Ca ions inside the TTS was calculated from the recovery time of tension development. It was one order smaller than that in free solution.", "contents": "The rate of action of calcium on the electrical and mechanical responses of the crayfish muscle fibers. The effects of sudden changes in external Ca concentration on the time courses of the changes in size of the action potential and of the associated contraction in a single crayfish muscle fiber were investigated. Procaine-HCl was added to the bathing solution to make the muscle fiber excitable. The concentration of the divalent cations (Ca and Mg) was high enough to keep the threshold potential constant. In Ca-free solution, neither action potential nor contraction was observed. When the external Ca concentration was suddenly increased from 0 to 14 mM, the full sized action potentials were generated within several seconds, but the tensions recovered slowly in an exponential time course with the time constants of 15-40 sec depending on the muscle fiber radius. The tension recovery was further delayed by addition of Dextran to the bathing solution, and it was also slowed at temperatures as low as 4-5 degrees C. When the Ca concentration was changed from 14 mM to 0 mM, the decreased in action potential was slow rather than instantaneous. The delay in tension recovery was attributed to the diffusion time of Ca ions into the TTS, and it was suggested that the Ca entry through the TTS membranes was the first step in the excitation-contraction coupling of the crayfish muscle fibers. The diffusion coefficient of Ca ions inside the TTS was calculated from the recovery time of tension development. It was one order smaller than that in free solution.", "PMID": 661013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9140", "title": "Further studies of periodic miniature response in squid giant axons.", "content": "Electric responses of extremely small amplitudes (1-30 muV peak-to-peak) repeating with more-or-less definite periodicity could be induced by a variety of chemical stimulants applied to squid giant axons either extracellularly or intracellularly. The chemical stimulants studied include allethrin, aminopyridines, N-bromosuccinimide, dimethylamino-pyridine, glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, parachloromercuribenzoate, rose bengal, scorpion venoms and veratridine. With several mild stimulants, it was possible to evoke periodic miniature responses unaccompanied by a fall in the resting membrane potential. The frequency of miniature responses could be lowered by intracellular injection of TEA (tetraethylammonium). These miniature responses could readily be suppressed by external application of TTX (tetrodotoxin). The miniature responses evoked by 4-aminopyrine were characterized by a large variation in the frequency of responses. Cross-linking of the membrane proteins with a dilute solution of glutaraldehyde produced miniature responses repeating at progressively falling frequencies. Analyses of the processes of production of miniature responses with these and other stimulants have clarified several aspects of the physicochemical properties of the excitable sites of the axon membrane.", "contents": "Further studies of periodic miniature response in squid giant axons. Electric responses of extremely small amplitudes (1-30 muV peak-to-peak) repeating with more-or-less definite periodicity could be induced by a variety of chemical stimulants applied to squid giant axons either extracellularly or intracellularly. The chemical stimulants studied include allethrin, aminopyridines, N-bromosuccinimide, dimethylamino-pyridine, glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, parachloromercuribenzoate, rose bengal, scorpion venoms and veratridine. With several mild stimulants, it was possible to evoke periodic miniature responses unaccompanied by a fall in the resting membrane potential. The frequency of miniature responses could be lowered by intracellular injection of TEA (tetraethylammonium). These miniature responses could readily be suppressed by external application of TTX (tetrodotoxin). The miniature responses evoked by 4-aminopyrine were characterized by a large variation in the frequency of responses. Cross-linking of the membrane proteins with a dilute solution of glutaraldehyde produced miniature responses repeating at progressively falling frequencies. Analyses of the processes of production of miniature responses with these and other stimulants have clarified several aspects of the physicochemical properties of the excitable sites of the axon membrane.", "PMID": 661014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9141", "title": "Modification of the American Burn Association injury severity grading system.", "content": "This study evaluated the regional burn health care system of the Commonwealth of Virginia using the criteria for optimal care of the burn patient designated by the American Burn Association. The data base for this evaluation was hospital records of seven hospitals in Virginia. The major shortcoming of the designated criteria was the grading system for the severity of burn injury. Using the criteria designated by the American Burn Association, a large number of minor burn injuries were judged erroneously to be major burn injuries. A modification of the American Burn Association's injury severity grading system is proposed which more precisely identifies the minor burn injury.", "contents": "Modification of the American Burn Association injury severity grading system. This study evaluated the regional burn health care system of the Commonwealth of Virginia using the criteria for optimal care of the burn patient designated by the American Burn Association. The data base for this evaluation was hospital records of seven hospitals in Virginia. The major shortcoming of the designated criteria was the grading system for the severity of burn injury. Using the criteria designated by the American Burn Association, a large number of minor burn injuries were judged erroneously to be major burn injuries. A modification of the American Burn Association's injury severity grading system is proposed which more precisely identifies the minor burn injury.", "PMID": 661045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9142", "title": "External ear injuries.", "content": "The unique shape of the external ear depends on the underlying cartilaginous framework. Injuries of the external ear are common. In dealing with lacerations, subperichondrial hematomas, perichondritis, burns and frostbite, particular care should be taken to maintain the cartilaginous framework and to prevent infection. In this way cosmetic deformities of the external ear can be prevented.", "contents": "External ear injuries. The unique shape of the external ear depends on the underlying cartilaginous framework. Injuries of the external ear are common. In dealing with lacerations, subperichondrial hematomas, perichondritis, burns and frostbite, particular care should be taken to maintain the cartilaginous framework and to prevent infection. In this way cosmetic deformities of the external ear can be prevented.", "PMID": 661046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9143", "title": "Autocategorization: a new technique for statistical comparisons of medical diagnoses.", "content": "Autocategorization is a new technique appropriate for studies involving relative frequencies of illness diagnoses using the International Classification of Diseases. It is ideally suited for emergency department illness patterns. The technique uses the standard chi-square statistical test, but is novel in objectively determining the aggregation of diseases into categories for analysis. The numbers of observed occurrences of the various diseases are used. without applying any a priori judgements, to decide whether a disease should be analyzed alone, or aggregated with others. This technique, because it is based on the ICDA code, will permit comparisons between various studies while retaining the statistical validity of the individual studies.", "contents": "Autocategorization: a new technique for statistical comparisons of medical diagnoses. Autocategorization is a new technique appropriate for studies involving relative frequencies of illness diagnoses using the International Classification of Diseases. It is ideally suited for emergency department illness patterns. The technique uses the standard chi-square statistical test, but is novel in objectively determining the aggregation of diseases into categories for analysis. The numbers of observed occurrences of the various diseases are used. without applying any a priori judgements, to decide whether a disease should be analyzed alone, or aggregated with others. This technique, because it is based on the ICDA code, will permit comparisons between various studies while retaining the statistical validity of the individual studies.", "PMID": 661047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9144", "title": "High-pressure injection injury with river water.", "content": "A case of high pressure injection and laceration of the calf with river water is reported, the first such case appearing in the literature. As with high pressure injection of grease, paint, paint thinner, mineral spirits, diesel oil, gasoline, and turpentine, this injury is a surgical emergency. All patients must be admitted for surgical debridement, irrigation, parenteral antibiotics, and observation. River water, contaminated by sewage and industrial wastes, has great irritative and infective potential.", "contents": "High-pressure injection injury with river water. A case of high pressure injection and laceration of the calf with river water is reported, the first such case appearing in the literature. As with high pressure injection of grease, paint, paint thinner, mineral spirits, diesel oil, gasoline, and turpentine, this injury is a surgical emergency. All patients must be admitted for surgical debridement, irrigation, parenteral antibiotics, and observation. River water, contaminated by sewage and industrial wastes, has great irritative and infective potential.", "PMID": 661048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9145", "title": "Fatal drug-induced heat stroke.", "content": "In the case reported, fatal hyperpyrexia resulted from massive doses of chlorpromazine combined with benztropine mesylate given to a paranoid schizophrenic admitted for increased psychotic symptoms. Phenothiazines disturb the thermoregulatory mechanism and also exert anticholinergic effects peripherally, including sweating. The goal of treatment of drug-induced hyperpyrexia is to reduce oxygen demand and core temperature. Ice water soaked towels, fanning, thermal blanket, or immersion in an ice bath can be used. Oxygenation will help combat further tissue anoxia. Severe acidosis may be present and must be corrected with sodium bicarbonate after arterial pH determination. Vasoconstrictors should be avoided if shock is present.", "contents": "Fatal drug-induced heat stroke. In the case reported, fatal hyperpyrexia resulted from massive doses of chlorpromazine combined with benztropine mesylate given to a paranoid schizophrenic admitted for increased psychotic symptoms. Phenothiazines disturb the thermoregulatory mechanism and also exert anticholinergic effects peripherally, including sweating. The goal of treatment of drug-induced hyperpyrexia is to reduce oxygen demand and core temperature. Ice water soaked towels, fanning, thermal blanket, or immersion in an ice bath can be used. Oxygenation will help combat further tissue anoxia. Severe acidosis may be present and must be corrected with sodium bicarbonate after arterial pH determination. Vasoconstrictors should be avoided if shock is present.", "PMID": 661049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9146", "title": "Epicardial nodules: a possible sign of coronary endarteritis with hypoplastic right heart syndrome.", "content": "Hypoplastic heart syndromes in infancy have been associated with an unusual obliterative coronary endarteritis. Only one case was revealed amont the 16 autopsies performed over the past ten years at The Johns Hopkins Hospital on infants with the hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Grossly visible epicardial nodules at the time of autopsy prompted further investigation in this case and should be considered markers of this unusual entity.", "contents": "Epicardial nodules: a possible sign of coronary endarteritis with hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Hypoplastic heart syndromes in infancy have been associated with an unusual obliterative coronary endarteritis. Only one case was revealed amont the 16 autopsies performed over the past ten years at The Johns Hopkins Hospital on infants with the hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Grossly visible epicardial nodules at the time of autopsy prompted further investigation in this case and should be considered markers of this unusual entity.", "PMID": 661054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9147", "title": "[The relatinship between prognosis and \"Kiel\" classification of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A study of 201 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course of 201 patients with malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas was analysed according to the Kiel classification. The five-year survival rate of 133 patients with lymphomas of low grade malignancy was 63% in comparison to 23% out of 68 patients with lymphomas of high grade malignancy. Radio- and chemotherapy were used in a different way. Patients with centrocytic-centroblastic lymphomas had the best porgnosis, which was not influenced by the stage of the disease. The poorest prognosis was observered in patients with lymphoblastic lymphomas. These results support the importance of a classification of malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas which is not only based on morphological criteria.", "contents": "[The relatinship between prognosis and \"Kiel\" classification of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A study of 201 patients (author's transl)]. The clinical course of 201 patients with malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas was analysed according to the Kiel classification. The five-year survival rate of 133 patients with lymphomas of low grade malignancy was 63% in comparison to 23% out of 68 patients with lymphomas of high grade malignancy. Radio- and chemotherapy were used in a different way. Patients with centrocytic-centroblastic lymphomas had the best porgnosis, which was not influenced by the stage of the disease. The poorest prognosis was observered in patients with lymphoblastic lymphomas. These results support the importance of a classification of malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas which is not only based on morphological criteria.", "PMID": 661148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9148", "title": "[Rational use of bone marrow biopsy. longitudinal hemisection of samples, for simultaneous adaption of various histological preparations without loss of material (author's transl)].", "content": "Unfortunately, the combination of the superior histologic embedding technique for semi-thin sectioning of undecalcified bone in methacrylate with special methods in enzyme or immune histochemistry did not prove to be very successful up to now. These shortcomings are attributed to the influence of the embedding medium itself. They can be overcome by processing one part of a biopsy specimen after embedding in methacrylate, the other one after freezing. Optimal and comparable results have been obtained by a simple instrument for longitudinal hemi-sectioning of a cylindrical biopsy specimen of cancellous bone of adequate size, and by developing a suitable technique for the cutting of frozen sections of undecalcified bone. These methods are presented. Examples are given of the benefits of the simultaneous evaluation of one and the same biopsy-specimen with light-microscopic, ultramicroscopic, enzyme- and immun-histochemic technique.", "contents": "[Rational use of bone marrow biopsy. longitudinal hemisection of samples, for simultaneous adaption of various histological preparations without loss of material (author's transl)]. Unfortunately, the combination of the superior histologic embedding technique for semi-thin sectioning of undecalcified bone in methacrylate with special methods in enzyme or immune histochemistry did not prove to be very successful up to now. These shortcomings are attributed to the influence of the embedding medium itself. They can be overcome by processing one part of a biopsy specimen after embedding in methacrylate, the other one after freezing. Optimal and comparable results have been obtained by a simple instrument for longitudinal hemi-sectioning of a cylindrical biopsy specimen of cancellous bone of adequate size, and by developing a suitable technique for the cutting of frozen sections of undecalcified bone. These methods are presented. Examples are given of the benefits of the simultaneous evaluation of one and the same biopsy-specimen with light-microscopic, ultramicroscopic, enzyme- and immun-histochemic technique.", "PMID": 661149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9149", "title": "[Isoenzymes of creatine kinase: distribution in the skeletal muscle and in sera of patients with muscular diseases or damages (author's transl)].", "content": "In skeletal muscle isoenzymes of CK were determined by immunprecipitation and chromatography. The activity of CK-MB was between 17 and 47 U/g muscle, corresponding to a quota between 2,1 and 4,2% of the total activity. In sera of patients with muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, hypothyroidism, after arterial embolism, epilepsy, hyperventilation, operations and polytrauma with and without injury to the thorax isoenzymes were measure by immune precipitation- and immune inhibition-test. The percentage of CK-MB in all sera was less than 6% of the total CK-activity (range: 0 to 6%). Only patients in the first day after neurosurgical operations showed a quota till to 6.5% CK-MB. In serum of patients after polytrauma without injury to the thorax the percentage of CK-MB ranged from 0-5.7% while after polytrauma with injury to the thorax and a reasonable suspicion of a damage to the myocardium this quota was between 5.1 and 23.6% of the total activity. CK-BB activity was not detectable in any cases. Therefore a disease or damage of the skeletal muscle is more probable, if the percentage of CK-MB in less than 6%, because in sera of patients with myocardial infarction in the first 48 h after beginning of the symptoms this quota of CK-MB in the most cases in more than 6%.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes of creatine kinase: distribution in the skeletal muscle and in sera of patients with muscular diseases or damages (author's transl)]. In skeletal muscle isoenzymes of CK were determined by immunprecipitation and chromatography. The activity of CK-MB was between 17 and 47 U/g muscle, corresponding to a quota between 2,1 and 4,2% of the total activity. In sera of patients with muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, hypothyroidism, after arterial embolism, epilepsy, hyperventilation, operations and polytrauma with and without injury to the thorax isoenzymes were measure by immune precipitation- and immune inhibition-test. The percentage of CK-MB in all sera was less than 6% of the total CK-activity (range: 0 to 6%). Only patients in the first day after neurosurgical operations showed a quota till to 6.5% CK-MB. In serum of patients after polytrauma without injury to the thorax the percentage of CK-MB ranged from 0-5.7% while after polytrauma with injury to the thorax and a reasonable suspicion of a damage to the myocardium this quota was between 5.1 and 23.6% of the total activity. CK-BB activity was not detectable in any cases. Therefore a disease or damage of the skeletal muscle is more probable, if the percentage of CK-MB in less than 6%, because in sera of patients with myocardial infarction in the first 48 h after beginning of the symptoms this quota of CK-MB in the most cases in more than 6%.", "PMID": 661151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9150", "title": "[Antibody coated bacteria in the urine: a specific test for pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three groups of subjects have been studied: the first group with sterile urine, the second with significant bacteriuria without antibody-coated bacteria and the third with significant bacteriuria with antibody-coated. IgG, IgA, IgM and transferrin were determined by immunological methods (partigen plates). The antibody coating was determined by immunofluorescence. Subcultures were prepared from the urine samples containing bacteria. The bacteria obtained from the subcultures were then incubated with the original urine which had been sterilised by passing through a filter. These were then treated with AH-IgG containing fluorescein. Serum was taken from several patients and incubated with the bacteria from the subcultures. These were also treated with AH-IgG fluorescein. In no case could specific antibodies against the infecting organisms be found, although IgG in the urine were elevated and specific antibodies were present in the serum. This leads to the conclusion that specific antibodies are formed by direct tissue contact of the bacteria and that coating is not established in the urine itself.", "contents": "[Antibody coated bacteria in the urine: a specific test for pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. Three groups of subjects have been studied: the first group with sterile urine, the second with significant bacteriuria without antibody-coated bacteria and the third with significant bacteriuria with antibody-coated. IgG, IgA, IgM and transferrin were determined by immunological methods (partigen plates). The antibody coating was determined by immunofluorescence. Subcultures were prepared from the urine samples containing bacteria. The bacteria obtained from the subcultures were then incubated with the original urine which had been sterilised by passing through a filter. These were then treated with AH-IgG containing fluorescein. Serum was taken from several patients and incubated with the bacteria from the subcultures. These were also treated with AH-IgG fluorescein. In no case could specific antibodies against the infecting organisms be found, although IgG in the urine were elevated and specific antibodies were present in the serum. This leads to the conclusion that specific antibodies are formed by direct tissue contact of the bacteria and that coating is not established in the urine itself.", "PMID": 661152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9151", "title": "[Change in the total potassium content, hemoglobin volume and bromine space in Soiuz-14 crewmembers].", "content": "The specific factors of the 15-day space flight caused the predominance of catabolic over anabolic processes. This was equally true of tissue proteins and hemoglobin. Red blood cell and hemoglobin losses developed in parallel. They were more pronounced in the flight engineer than in the commander. No significant signs of body dehydration were noted.", "contents": "[Change in the total potassium content, hemoglobin volume and bromine space in Soiuz-14 crewmembers]. The specific factors of the 15-day space flight caused the predominance of catabolic over anabolic processes. This was equally true of tissue proteins and hemoglobin. Red blood cell and hemoglobin losses developed in parallel. They were more pronounced in the flight engineer than in the commander. No significant signs of body dehydration were noted.", "PMID": 661202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9152", "title": "[Dynamics of the blood circulatory indices in the crew of the Saliut space station in a functional test under physical load].", "content": "On the 4th, 9th, 16th and 21st days of the \"Salyut\" mission the crewmembers performed exercises with a load of about 1100 kgm. The results were compared with those obtained on the Earth. Immediately after the tests the crewmembers showed an increased heart rate and greater changes in the diastolic and pulse pressure, cardiac output and left ventricular ejection time. The above parameters returned to the normal at a slower rate. A comparison of the values recorded on different flight days did not demonstrate a distinct correlation between the changes and time of the weightlessness exposure.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the blood circulatory indices in the crew of the Saliut space station in a functional test under physical load]. On the 4th, 9th, 16th and 21st days of the \"Salyut\" mission the crewmembers performed exercises with a load of about 1100 kgm. The results were compared with those obtained on the Earth. Immediately after the tests the crewmembers showed an increased heart rate and greater changes in the diastolic and pulse pressure, cardiac output and left ventricular ejection time. The above parameters returned to the normal at a slower rate. A comparison of the values recorded on different flight days did not demonstrate a distinct correlation between the changes and time of the weightlessness exposure.", "PMID": 661203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9153", "title": "[Principles for making up pharmaceutical kits to supply cosmonauts with drug packs].", "content": "Pharmacological, pharmaceutical, clinical, physiological and other aspects of drug supply of cosmonauts are discussed. The procedure of choosing a drug to be included into the medical kit is illustrated by way of a new tranquilizer--a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The data are presented to describe the contents of the medical kit and their use in the flight of Soyuz-19/Salyut-4.", "contents": "[Principles for making up pharmaceutical kits to supply cosmonauts with drug packs]. Pharmacological, pharmaceutical, clinical, physiological and other aspects of drug supply of cosmonauts are discussed. The procedure of choosing a drug to be included into the medical kit is illustrated by way of a new tranquilizer--a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The data are presented to describe the contents of the medical kit and their use in the flight of Soyuz-19/Salyut-4.", "PMID": 661205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9154", "title": "[Substantiation of a set of preventive measures applicable to the flight missions of the Saliut orbital station].", "content": "The paper describes the effect of exercises, LBNP, controlled water and salt consumption, and drugs used as countermeasures against cardiovascular deconditioning during prolonged (2--7 weeks) head-down bed rest. Each of the above countermeasures applied separately had a limited effect. The use of a combination of exercises, LBNP and water-salt supplements at the final stage of the bed rest experiment made it possible to prevent entirely deterioration of work capacity and decrease of orthostatic tolerance of the test subject. The paper presents the scheme and regimens of the above countermeasures employed to meet the requirements of the flights of the orbital station \"Salyut\".", "contents": "[Substantiation of a set of preventive measures applicable to the flight missions of the Saliut orbital station]. The paper describes the effect of exercises, LBNP, controlled water and salt consumption, and drugs used as countermeasures against cardiovascular deconditioning during prolonged (2--7 weeks) head-down bed rest. Each of the above countermeasures applied separately had a limited effect. The use of a combination of exercises, LBNP and water-salt supplements at the final stage of the bed rest experiment made it possible to prevent entirely deterioration of work capacity and decrease of orthostatic tolerance of the test subject. The paper presents the scheme and regimens of the above countermeasures employed to meet the requirements of the flights of the orbital station \"Salyut\".", "PMID": 661204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9155", "title": "[Psychology of the formation of special action skills in nonstandard flight situations].", "content": "The reliability of pilot actions depends essentially on the development of the specific skill to know how to process incomplete information and to recognize indistinct situations under stress conditions. The skill includes as its components operational thinking and anticipation. The paper presents characteristics of this skill, discusses conditions and methods of its development, and gives the results of training experiments.", "contents": "[Psychology of the formation of special action skills in nonstandard flight situations]. The reliability of pilot actions depends essentially on the development of the specific skill to know how to process incomplete information and to recognize indistinct situations under stress conditions. The skill includes as its components operational thinking and anticipation. The paper presents characteristics of this skill, discusses conditions and methods of its development, and gives the results of training experiments.", "PMID": 661206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9156", "title": "[Combined action of vibration and ionizing radiation on the body].", "content": "The effect of vibration on the development and outcome of radiation injury was studied and the efficacy of pharmacochemical and local protection was measured. The biological effect of the combined exposure was estimated by radiobiological and hematological methods. The animals were exposed to vibration with a frequency of 70, 700, 1500 Hz (during single and repeated exposures) and irradiation with X-rays, gamma-rays and protons at different doses. Vibration may exert a significant effect on the development and outcome of radiation injury of animals. The effect was that this factor was capable either of increasing or decreasing responses of the animal body to ionizing radiation. The direction and level of changes depended on the pattern and force of stimulation, time and sequence of action of factors, etc. The lymph tissue showed high sensitivity to vibration. The findings indicate that vibration may both enhance and diminish the efficacy of antiradiation pharmacochemical drugs.", "contents": "[Combined action of vibration and ionizing radiation on the body]. The effect of vibration on the development and outcome of radiation injury was studied and the efficacy of pharmacochemical and local protection was measured. The biological effect of the combined exposure was estimated by radiobiological and hematological methods. The animals were exposed to vibration with a frequency of 70, 700, 1500 Hz (during single and repeated exposures) and irradiation with X-rays, gamma-rays and protons at different doses. Vibration may exert a significant effect on the development and outcome of radiation injury of animals. The effect was that this factor was capable either of increasing or decreasing responses of the animal body to ionizing radiation. The direction and level of changes depended on the pattern and force of stimulation, time and sequence of action of factors, etc. The lymph tissue showed high sensitivity to vibration. The findings indicate that vibration may both enhance and diminish the efficacy of antiradiation pharmacochemical drugs.", "PMID": 661209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9157", "title": "[Kidney function study of healthy persons by the 131I-hippuran renography method under prolonged hypokinesia].", "content": "The paper describes renography studies (using I131-hippurane) of the renal function of 28 test subjects who participated in 30- and 120-day bed rest experiments. Typical changes in the vascular, secretory and evacuatory segments of renograms were noted. The delay in the isotope absorption and excretion from the blood and kidneys was mostly expressed by the end of bed rest. A relationship between renographic changes and renal blood flow as well as between renal excretion of water and sodium at different experimental stages was established. The above changes in the renal function were functional and associated with changes in the systems controlling the fluidelectrolyte metabolism.", "contents": "[Kidney function study of healthy persons by the 131I-hippuran renography method under prolonged hypokinesia]. The paper describes renography studies (using I131-hippurane) of the renal function of 28 test subjects who participated in 30- and 120-day bed rest experiments. Typical changes in the vascular, secretory and evacuatory segments of renograms were noted. The delay in the isotope absorption and excretion from the blood and kidneys was mostly expressed by the end of bed rest. A relationship between renographic changes and renal blood flow as well as between renal excretion of water and sodium at different experimental stages was established. The above changes in the renal function were functional and associated with changes in the systems controlling the fluidelectrolyte metabolism.", "PMID": 661207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9158", "title": "[Autogenic training in psychophysiological preparation for parachute jumps].", "content": "The efficiency of specific psychophysiological preparation--autogenic training--to parachute jumps was measured in two groups of cadets (test subjects and controls). Hetero- and autogenic training was carried out according to a scheme specially developed for this type of activity. The study of questionnaires and physiological data demonstrated that the specific psychophysiological preparation by means of autogenic training for a certain type of activity helped to develop active self-control over one's own state and emotions, alleviated tension, arrested adverse neurotic manifestations (sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety), contributed to the feeling of confidence in the successful completion of the jump and promoted positive tuning towards subsequent jumps.", "contents": "[Autogenic training in psychophysiological preparation for parachute jumps]. The efficiency of specific psychophysiological preparation--autogenic training--to parachute jumps was measured in two groups of cadets (test subjects and controls). Hetero- and autogenic training was carried out according to a scheme specially developed for this type of activity. The study of questionnaires and physiological data demonstrated that the specific psychophysiological preparation by means of autogenic training for a certain type of activity helped to develop active self-control over one's own state and emotions, alleviated tension, arrested adverse neurotic manifestations (sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety), contributed to the feeling of confidence in the successful completion of the jump and promoted positive tuning towards subsequent jumps.", "PMID": 661211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9159", "title": "[Importance of the step test for the evaluation of the functional state of the cardiovascular system].", "content": "Cardiovascular reactions of 100 healthy cadets (1st group) and 45 persons with clinical signs of autonomic-vascular dystonia of the cardiac type (2nd group) to submaximal exercises (Harvard step-test of 1800--21000 kgm/min for 5 min with a total workload of 9000--10500 kgm) were investigated. The cardiovascular function was estimated with respect to electrocardiography, polycardiography, carotid artery sphygmography and left ventricular cardiography. After the step-test the 2nd group test subjects showed distinct changes--hypoxia, arrhythmias, disorders in the phase structure of the systole and diastole--which pointed to a decrease of reserve capabilities and resistance of the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "[Importance of the step test for the evaluation of the functional state of the cardiovascular system]. Cardiovascular reactions of 100 healthy cadets (1st group) and 45 persons with clinical signs of autonomic-vascular dystonia of the cardiac type (2nd group) to submaximal exercises (Harvard step-test of 1800--21000 kgm/min for 5 min with a total workload of 9000--10500 kgm) were investigated. The cardiovascular function was estimated with respect to electrocardiography, polycardiography, carotid artery sphygmography and left ventricular cardiography. After the step-test the 2nd group test subjects showed distinct changes--hypoxia, arrhythmias, disorders in the phase structure of the systole and diastole--which pointed to a decrease of reserve capabilities and resistance of the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 661212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9160", "title": "[Effectiveness of using oxygen at different periods of increased atmospheric pressure action (experimental studies)].", "content": "The allowable value of nitrogen supersaturation was determined in 4 dogs during 219 experiments in a hyperbaric atmosphere (2 and 3 ata) which simulated diving. In the course of a 1-and 4-hour exposure of dogs to increased pressures of oxygen and an inert gas the allowable value may either decrease or increase. In order to increase the value, it is most effective and reliable to allow a 20-minute prebreathing of oxygen at 2--3 ata.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of using oxygen at different periods of increased atmospheric pressure action (experimental studies)]. The allowable value of nitrogen supersaturation was determined in 4 dogs during 219 experiments in a hyperbaric atmosphere (2 and 3 ata) which simulated diving. In the course of a 1-and 4-hour exposure of dogs to increased pressures of oxygen and an inert gas the allowable value may either decrease or increase. In order to increase the value, it is most effective and reliable to allow a 20-minute prebreathing of oxygen at 2--3 ata.", "PMID": 661208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9161", "title": "[Glucocorticoids and the blood anticoagulation system under the effect of SHF-range electromagnetic waves].", "content": "With an increase in the strength of the ultrahigh frequency field the sensitivity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system increases and activity of the anticoagulatory blood system decreases. Functional changes in these systems repeatedly exposed to ultrahigh frequency effects can be considered as adaptive reactions with a delayed resistance at a flux density of 50--80 Mwt/cm2.", "contents": "[Glucocorticoids and the blood anticoagulation system under the effect of SHF-range electromagnetic waves]. With an increase in the strength of the ultrahigh frequency field the sensitivity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system increases and activity of the anticoagulatory blood system decreases. Functional changes in these systems repeatedly exposed to ultrahigh frequency effects can be considered as adaptive reactions with a delayed resistance at a flux density of 50--80 Mwt/cm2.", "PMID": 661210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9162", "title": "The effects of l-norepinephrine on myocardial zonal lesions in dogs in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Intravenous l-norepinephrine was given to dogs in hemorrhagic shock to determine the effect on myocardial zonal lesions which are characteristically seen in hypovolemic shock. Zonal lesions produced by hemorrhagic shock in drug-treated and nondrug-treated groups were quantitatively compared both at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. A significantly greater percentage of myocardium was found to be involved with zonal lesions in animals treated with l-norepinephrine following shock as compared to that found in nondrug-treated animals. The effect was greater for the right ventricle than for the left ventricle. The average size of zonal lesions was slightly smaller in the drug-treated group, indicating that there must have been a greater total number of zonal lesions produced in the treated group. Zonal lesions were not present in \"sham shock\" animals nor in animals given l-norepinephrine alone. The results indicate that the treatment of hemorrhagic shock with l-norepinephrine can be anatomically deleterious to the heart.", "contents": "The effects of l-norepinephrine on myocardial zonal lesions in dogs in hemorrhagic shock. Intravenous l-norepinephrine was given to dogs in hemorrhagic shock to determine the effect on myocardial zonal lesions which are characteristically seen in hypovolemic shock. Zonal lesions produced by hemorrhagic shock in drug-treated and nondrug-treated groups were quantitatively compared both at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. A significantly greater percentage of myocardium was found to be involved with zonal lesions in animals treated with l-norepinephrine following shock as compared to that found in nondrug-treated animals. The effect was greater for the right ventricle than for the left ventricle. The average size of zonal lesions was slightly smaller in the drug-treated group, indicating that there must have been a greater total number of zonal lesions produced in the treated group. Zonal lesions were not present in \"sham shock\" animals nor in animals given l-norepinephrine alone. The results indicate that the treatment of hemorrhagic shock with l-norepinephrine can be anatomically deleterious to the heart.", "PMID": 661219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9163", "title": "Compensatory hyperplasia with increasing loss of renal mass.", "content": "When a rat with two kidneys is cross-circulated with an anephric rat, compensatory renal hypertrophy occurs as indicated by an increased ratio of RNA to DNA within 6 hours and an increased ratio of kidney weight to body weight within 12 hours. Removal of three kidneys between the rats further increases residual renal mass and RNA/DNA after 24 and 48 hours of cross-circulation as compared with results of removing two kidneys. Trinephrectomy triples the mitotic index and doubles the proliferative index. Increasing the magnitude of renal loss causes appreciable hyperplasia as well as increasing the magnitude of compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Compensatory hyperplasia with increasing loss of renal mass. When a rat with two kidneys is cross-circulated with an anephric rat, compensatory renal hypertrophy occurs as indicated by an increased ratio of RNA to DNA within 6 hours and an increased ratio of kidney weight to body weight within 12 hours. Removal of three kidneys between the rats further increases residual renal mass and RNA/DNA after 24 and 48 hours of cross-circulation as compared with results of removing two kidneys. Trinephrectomy triples the mitotic index and doubles the proliferative index. Increasing the magnitude of renal loss causes appreciable hyperplasia as well as increasing the magnitude of compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "PMID": 661223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9164", "title": "Explant culture of human peripheral lung. I. Metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene.", "content": "Human lung explants have been maintained in vitro for a period of 25 days. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the broncholar epithelial cells, type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, and stromal fibroblasts incorporated 3H-thymidine during the culture. After 7 to 10 days, type 2 cells were the predominant alveolar epithelial cell type. Lamellar inclusion bodies were released from the type 2 cells and accumulated in the alveolar spaces. The metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) in human lung explants cultured for up to 7 days was investigated. Human lung explants had measurable aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and could metabolize BP into forms that were bound to cellular DNA and protein. Peripheral lung had significantly lower aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity than cultured bronchus but both tissues had similar binding levels of BP to DNA. Radioautographic studies indicated that all cell types in the peripheral lung can metabolize BP. The major ethylacetate extractable metabolites of BP formed by peripheral lung were tetrols and trans-7,8-diol. The primary water-soluble metabolite released with arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase was 3-hydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene.", "contents": "Explant culture of human peripheral lung. I. Metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene. Human lung explants have been maintained in vitro for a period of 25 days. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the broncholar epithelial cells, type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, and stromal fibroblasts incorporated 3H-thymidine during the culture. After 7 to 10 days, type 2 cells were the predominant alveolar epithelial cell type. Lamellar inclusion bodies were released from the type 2 cells and accumulated in the alveolar spaces. The metabolism of benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) in human lung explants cultured for up to 7 days was investigated. Human lung explants had measurable aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and could metabolize BP into forms that were bound to cellular DNA and protein. Peripheral lung had significantly lower aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity than cultured bronchus but both tissues had similar binding levels of BP to DNA. Radioautographic studies indicated that all cell types in the peripheral lung can metabolize BP. The major ethylacetate extractable metabolites of BP formed by peripheral lung were tetrols and trans-7,8-diol. The primary water-soluble metabolite released with arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase was 3-hydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene.", "PMID": 661225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9165", "title": "Combining auditory and visual stimuli in the adaptive testing of speech discrimination.", "content": "This investigation determined the feasibility of using both auditory and visual stimuli in the adaptive testing of speech discrimination. Thirty-six adults with normal hearing and vision were subjects. Using the adaptive methodology known as the Doublet technique, speech-discrimination testing using monosyllabic word lists from the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) (Tillman and Carhart, 1966) was performed at the target levels of 29.3 and 70.7% for both auditory-only and auditory-visual conditions. The results indicated that a specific discrimination score could be obtained under more adverse listening conditions with the addition of visual cues. The contribution of visual cues was constant for the two target scores. The adaptive technique at the 29.3 and 70.7% targets was reliable for both the auditory-only and auditory-visual conditions. Constant level testing showed good agreement with the adaptive technique for the auditory-visual condition. In conclusion, the use of standard error calculations is useful in determining measurement errors and the effects of an aural rehabilitation program.", "contents": "Combining auditory and visual stimuli in the adaptive testing of speech discrimination. This investigation determined the feasibility of using both auditory and visual stimuli in the adaptive testing of speech discrimination. Thirty-six adults with normal hearing and vision were subjects. Using the adaptive methodology known as the Doublet technique, speech-discrimination testing using monosyllabic word lists from the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) (Tillman and Carhart, 1966) was performed at the target levels of 29.3 and 70.7% for both auditory-only and auditory-visual conditions. The results indicated that a specific discrimination score could be obtained under more adverse listening conditions with the addition of visual cues. The contribution of visual cues was constant for the two target scores. The adaptive technique at the 29.3 and 70.7% targets was reliable for both the auditory-only and auditory-visual conditions. Constant level testing showed good agreement with the adaptive technique for the auditory-visual condition. In conclusion, the use of standard error calculations is useful in determining measurement errors and the effects of an aural rehabilitation program.", "PMID": 661249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9166", "title": "Clinician-child discourse: some preliminary questions.", "content": "Various pragmatic procedures were used to analyze clinician-child discourse in a language remediation setting. Communicative acts, responses to prior requests, and discourse topics were described in the interaction between clinician and child. Three major trends were derived from the data. First, consistent patterns were found among clinicians and children for the relative frequency of communicative acts as well as the general and specific types of communicative acts. Second, patterns were not found for the responses to prior requests for either clinicians or children. Last, consistent patterns were found across data on groups of clinicians and children for the introduction, continuation, and reintroduction of discourse topics. Preliminary questions are raised regarding the variables associated with clinician-child discourse to begin to understand the nature of this interaction.", "contents": "Clinician-child discourse: some preliminary questions. Various pragmatic procedures were used to analyze clinician-child discourse in a language remediation setting. Communicative acts, responses to prior requests, and discourse topics were described in the interaction between clinician and child. Three major trends were derived from the data. First, consistent patterns were found among clinicians and children for the relative frequency of communicative acts as well as the general and specific types of communicative acts. Second, patterns were not found for the responses to prior requests for either clinicians or children. Last, consistent patterns were found across data on groups of clinicians and children for the introduction, continuation, and reintroduction of discourse topics. Preliminary questions are raised regarding the variables associated with clinician-child discourse to begin to understand the nature of this interaction.", "PMID": 661250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9167", "title": "Effect of lisping on audience evaluation of male speakers.", "content": "The social consequences of adult listeners' first impression of lisping were evaluated in two studies. Five adult speakers were rated by adult listeners with regard to speaking ability, intelligence, education, masculinity, and friendship. Results from both studies indicate that listeners rate adult speakers who demonstrate frontal lisping lower than nonlispers in all five categories investigated. Efforts to correct frontal lisping are justifiable on the basis of the poor impression lisping speakers make on the listener.", "contents": "Effect of lisping on audience evaluation of male speakers. The social consequences of adult listeners' first impression of lisping were evaluated in two studies. Five adult speakers were rated by adult listeners with regard to speaking ability, intelligence, education, masculinity, and friendship. Results from both studies indicate that listeners rate adult speakers who demonstrate frontal lisping lower than nonlispers in all five categories investigated. Efforts to correct frontal lisping are justifiable on the basis of the poor impression lisping speakers make on the listener.", "PMID": 661251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9168", "title": "Evaluation of a clinical method for measuring comfortable loudness for speech.", "content": "The reliability of a clinical method for measuring most comfortable loudness for speech was evaluated on 100 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. The method uses spondaic words as the test stimuli. The test-retest reliability was determined for an ascending and descending approach mode for all 100 subjects as well as for subgroups categorized on the basis of severity of hearing loss and pure-tone configuration. Results indicated that reliability was not affected by approach mode, hearing loss severity, or pure-tone configuration. Test-retest differences were not significant and test-retest correlations were high (r = 0.73 to 0.93) across all subgroup categories. Clinical reliability was demonstrated by the high percentages (85 to 92%) of subjects who had test-retest differences no greater +/-5 dB. The procedure is rapid, uses no special equipment, is easily performed, and is reliable. Thus, it is recommended as the preferred clinical procedure.", "contents": "Evaluation of a clinical method for measuring comfortable loudness for speech. The reliability of a clinical method for measuring most comfortable loudness for speech was evaluated on 100 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. The method uses spondaic words as the test stimuli. The test-retest reliability was determined for an ascending and descending approach mode for all 100 subjects as well as for subgroups categorized on the basis of severity of hearing loss and pure-tone configuration. Results indicated that reliability was not affected by approach mode, hearing loss severity, or pure-tone configuration. Test-retest differences were not significant and test-retest correlations were high (r = 0.73 to 0.93) across all subgroup categories. Clinical reliability was demonstrated by the high percentages (85 to 92%) of subjects who had test-retest differences no greater +/-5 dB. The procedure is rapid, uses no special equipment, is easily performed, and is reliable. Thus, it is recommended as the preferred clinical procedure.", "PMID": 661252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9169", "title": "Aerodynamic studies of cleft-palate speech.", "content": "The aerodynamic oral-nasal factors related to the speech of two groups of cleft-palate children were evaluated. One group presented hypernasality and the other group presented normal nasal resonance. The aerodynamic parameters evaluated were oral pressure, nasal flow, and flow-pressure ratio (nasal flow/oral pressure). Oral temperature readings were also obtained. These parameters were evaluated under three conditions (1) blowing, (2) vocalizing the vowel /i/, and (3) reading eight sentences representing two different rhythm patterns, two types of consonant loadings, and two conditions of syllable stress. The findings revealed significant differences between the hypernasal and normal resonance groups in flow-pressure ratio, oral pressure, and nasal flow while subjects were reading sentences. However, only a small proportion of the variability in these aerodynamic measurements could be accounted for based on the classification of hypernasality or normal nasal resonance. Oral-nasal aerodynamic studies done during speaking activity are more useful clinically than blowing activity or saying vowel sounds. No aerodynamic differences were noted between the two groups for the different rhythm and stress patterns and phonemic loadings within the sentences used.", "contents": "Aerodynamic studies of cleft-palate speech. The aerodynamic oral-nasal factors related to the speech of two groups of cleft-palate children were evaluated. One group presented hypernasality and the other group presented normal nasal resonance. The aerodynamic parameters evaluated were oral pressure, nasal flow, and flow-pressure ratio (nasal flow/oral pressure). Oral temperature readings were also obtained. These parameters were evaluated under three conditions (1) blowing, (2) vocalizing the vowel /i/, and (3) reading eight sentences representing two different rhythm patterns, two types of consonant loadings, and two conditions of syllable stress. The findings revealed significant differences between the hypernasal and normal resonance groups in flow-pressure ratio, oral pressure, and nasal flow while subjects were reading sentences. However, only a small proportion of the variability in these aerodynamic measurements could be accounted for based on the classification of hypernasality or normal nasal resonance. Oral-nasal aerodynamic studies done during speaking activity are more useful clinically than blowing activity or saying vowel sounds. No aerodynamic differences were noted between the two groups for the different rhythm and stress patterns and phonemic loadings within the sentences used.", "PMID": 661253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9170", "title": "Signal monitor for audiometry.", "content": "Conventional volume unit (VU) and auditory monitors of signals generated by or fed through an audiometer do not allow monitoring of the signal after the attenuator or output selector. An amplifier-compressor circuit has been designed and constructed which allows auditory monitoring of the electrical signal at the transducer. The circuit and its use are described.", "contents": "Signal monitor for audiometry. Conventional volume unit (VU) and auditory monitors of signals generated by or fed through an audiometer do not allow monitoring of the signal after the attenuator or output selector. An amplifier-compressor circuit has been designed and constructed which allows auditory monitoring of the electrical signal at the transducer. The circuit and its use are described.", "PMID": 661254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9171", "title": "Velopharyngeal relationships of /i/ and /s/ as seen cephalometrically for persons with suspected incompetence.", "content": "Measurements of velopharyngeal gaps were obtained for 110 subjects with suspected velopharyngeal incompetence. Cephalometric x rays during a high vowel, /i/, and a sustained voiceless sibilant, /s/, were compared. Velopharyngeal gaps for the two phonemes differed in group means and for most individual subjects, with greater gaps being found for /i/ than for /s/. Persons with smaller gaps generally were found to have /i/ gaps in the absence of /s/ gaps, and greater /i-s/ discrepancy. Relationships between velum and pharyngeal wall perceived cephalometrically during /i/ and /s/ were not found to be equivalent. Generally, the /i/ radiograph agreed better with presumed velopharyngeal incompetence.", "contents": "Velopharyngeal relationships of /i/ and /s/ as seen cephalometrically for persons with suspected incompetence. Measurements of velopharyngeal gaps were obtained for 110 subjects with suspected velopharyngeal incompetence. Cephalometric x rays during a high vowel, /i/, and a sustained voiceless sibilant, /s/, were compared. Velopharyngeal gaps for the two phonemes differed in group means and for most individual subjects, with greater gaps being found for /i/ than for /s/. Persons with smaller gaps generally were found to have /i/ gaps in the absence of /s/ gaps, and greater /i-s/ discrepancy. Relationships between velum and pharyngeal wall perceived cephalometrically during /i/ and /s/ were not found to be equivalent. Generally, the /i/ radiograph agreed better with presumed velopharyngeal incompetence.", "PMID": 661255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9172", "title": "Effects of instructional set on the comfortable loudness range.", "content": "Ten normal-hearing young adult subjects measured their Comfortable Loudness Ranges (CLRs) using two instructional sets. The first instructional set (range tracking) was similar to the Bekesy Comfortable Loudness tracking method described by Jerger and Jerger (1974). The second instructional set (limit tracking) required the subjects to perform separate trackings of each limit (upper and lower) of their CLRs. Results demonstrated a 34.4 dB difference between CLRs for the two instructional sets. The range tracking method yielded the narrowest CLR. Both instructional sets yielded similar upper limits of the CLR. The results of the present investigation demonstrate the importance of instructions employed in research and clinical measurements of the CLR.", "contents": "Effects of instructional set on the comfortable loudness range. Ten normal-hearing young adult subjects measured their Comfortable Loudness Ranges (CLRs) using two instructional sets. The first instructional set (range tracking) was similar to the Bekesy Comfortable Loudness tracking method described by Jerger and Jerger (1974). The second instructional set (limit tracking) required the subjects to perform separate trackings of each limit (upper and lower) of their CLRs. Results demonstrated a 34.4 dB difference between CLRs for the two instructional sets. The range tracking method yielded the narrowest CLR. Both instructional sets yielded similar upper limits of the CLR. The results of the present investigation demonstrate the importance of instructions employed in research and clinical measurements of the CLR.", "PMID": 661256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9173", "title": "Absolute thresholds for frequency-modulated signals: effects of rate, pattern, and percentage of modulation.", "content": "Absolute monaural thresholds for continuous unmodulated and frequency-modulated signals were determined for five normal-hearing subjects using the method of adjustment. Three carrier signals (250, 1000, and 4000 HZ) were modulated at rates of 2 and 20 times per sec using frequency deviations of +/- 5, 10, and 20%, and both ramp and sinusoidal modulation. Thresholds measured at the slower modulation rate were 5 to 10 dB lower than those measured for unmodulated signals at the two higher test frequencies. Suggestions are presented as to how the clinician may minimize the possible discrepancy between modulated and unmodulated signals using currently available warble-tone equipment.", "contents": "Absolute thresholds for frequency-modulated signals: effects of rate, pattern, and percentage of modulation. Absolute monaural thresholds for continuous unmodulated and frequency-modulated signals were determined for five normal-hearing subjects using the method of adjustment. Three carrier signals (250, 1000, and 4000 HZ) were modulated at rates of 2 and 20 times per sec using frequency deviations of +/- 5, 10, and 20%, and both ramp and sinusoidal modulation. Thresholds measured at the slower modulation rate were 5 to 10 dB lower than those measured for unmodulated signals at the two higher test frequencies. Suggestions are presented as to how the clinician may minimize the possible discrepancy between modulated and unmodulated signals using currently available warble-tone equipment.", "PMID": 661257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9174", "title": "Learning visual correlates of fricative production by normal-hearing subjects: a preliminary evaluation of the video articulator.", "content": "This investigation provides a preliminary evaluation of the use of the video articulator, a phonemic recognition device for the hearing impaired. The subjects were five young adults with normal hearing and vision (corrected) who were matched with respect to age, sex, dialect, education, and phonological sophistication. Each subject received 150 min of programmed training to learn the video configurations of the eight English fricatives both in isolation and consonant-vowel contexts. Following the training period, the subjects were given a test to determine adequacy of learning and retention of the video configurations for the training stimuli, in the absence of auditory cues. The subjects' responses were analyzed using a common covariance measure. The results demonstrated generally low transmission values for consonants in isolation. Moreover, identification of consonants in context was less accurate. The subjects, as a group, had greater difficulty in recognizing the productions of other subjects when compared with recognition of their own utterances. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Learning visual correlates of fricative production by normal-hearing subjects: a preliminary evaluation of the video articulator. This investigation provides a preliminary evaluation of the use of the video articulator, a phonemic recognition device for the hearing impaired. The subjects were five young adults with normal hearing and vision (corrected) who were matched with respect to age, sex, dialect, education, and phonological sophistication. Each subject received 150 min of programmed training to learn the video configurations of the eight English fricatives both in isolation and consonant-vowel contexts. Following the training period, the subjects were given a test to determine adequacy of learning and retention of the video configurations for the training stimuli, in the absence of auditory cues. The subjects' responses were analyzed using a common covariance measure. The results demonstrated generally low transmission values for consonants in isolation. Moreover, identification of consonants in context was less accurate. The subjects, as a group, had greater difficulty in recognizing the productions of other subjects when compared with recognition of their own utterances. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 661258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9175", "title": "I don't understand what you mean by comprehension.", "content": "Current clinical approaches to the assessment of language comprehension in children are characterized by the measurement of \"receptive\" knowledge of lexical items and syntactic structure. A more comprehensive approach would go beyond measuring the child's ability to comprehend the literal meaning of sentences to include two other aspects of obtaining information from spoken utterances: presupposition and inference and illocutionary acts. A selected review of clinical instruments measuring language comprehension that are in current use is presented, revealing that these tests of vocabulary, basic concepts, and comprehension of syntactic structure are limited to the literal-meaning aspect of spoken messages. Tests of intelligence and reading skills for children and tests for adult aphasia include more complex comprehension items that require linguistic integration and inference. There are no tests that measure the listener's ability to determine the speaker's illocutionary intent. An integrated approach to the measurement of language comprehension is not available in the form of clinical tests.", "contents": "I don't understand what you mean by comprehension. Current clinical approaches to the assessment of language comprehension in children are characterized by the measurement of \"receptive\" knowledge of lexical items and syntactic structure. A more comprehensive approach would go beyond measuring the child's ability to comprehend the literal meaning of sentences to include two other aspects of obtaining information from spoken utterances: presupposition and inference and illocutionary acts. A selected review of clinical instruments measuring language comprehension that are in current use is presented, revealing that these tests of vocabulary, basic concepts, and comprehension of syntactic structure are limited to the literal-meaning aspect of spoken messages. Tests of intelligence and reading skills for children and tests for adult aphasia include more complex comprehension items that require linguistic integration and inference. There are no tests that measure the listener's ability to determine the speaker's illocutionary intent. An integrated approach to the measurement of language comprehension is not available in the form of clinical tests.", "PMID": 661259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9176", "title": "Physical and physiological constraints on the use of bone-conduction speech audiometry.", "content": "Several authors have recommended the use of bone-conduction speech audiometry, and the literature supports the clinical value of this procedure. It has been claimed that bone-conduction output for speech can be increased to 110-dB HL with the Radioear B-70-A vibrator through supplementary amplification, but this claim is unsubstantiated by objective measurements. Available technical data indicate that the maximum output level attainable with this virbator without incurring serious distortion is 65- to 70-dB HL at midfrequencies and substantially less at lower frequencies. Both behavioral and electromechanical data are presented which show, not only that 70-dB HL is the absolute maximum hearing level for speech attainable through the B-70-A vibrator without serious deterioration of speech-discrimination scores in normal listeners, but also that this appears to be very close to the maximum vibratory level that human observers can comfortably tolerate.", "contents": "Physical and physiological constraints on the use of bone-conduction speech audiometry. Several authors have recommended the use of bone-conduction speech audiometry, and the literature supports the clinical value of this procedure. It has been claimed that bone-conduction output for speech can be increased to 110-dB HL with the Radioear B-70-A vibrator through supplementary amplification, but this claim is unsubstantiated by objective measurements. Available technical data indicate that the maximum output level attainable with this virbator without incurring serious distortion is 65- to 70-dB HL at midfrequencies and substantially less at lower frequencies. Both behavioral and electromechanical data are presented which show, not only that 70-dB HL is the absolute maximum hearing level for speech attainable through the B-70-A vibrator without serious deterioration of speech-discrimination scores in normal listeners, but also that this appears to be very close to the maximum vibratory level that human observers can comfortably tolerate.", "PMID": 661260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9177", "title": "A follow-up study of children with articulation and language disorders.", "content": "Thirty-six subjects, 18 language-impaired and 18 articulation-impaired children, were followed up with respect to communication skills and educational performance 13 to 20 years after their initial contact with the Speech and Hearing Clinic. According to their parents, nine language-impaired subjects continued to exhibit communication problems as adults, compared to only one of the articulation-impaired subjects. Standardized educational testing conducted while the subjects were in elementary and secondary schools indicated that the language-impaired group consistently achieved at a lower level than the articulation-impaired group, particularly in reading. Differences between the groups were also exhibited in the types of postsecondary education attempted by the subjects. Clinical, educational, and research implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "A follow-up study of children with articulation and language disorders. Thirty-six subjects, 18 language-impaired and 18 articulation-impaired children, were followed up with respect to communication skills and educational performance 13 to 20 years after their initial contact with the Speech and Hearing Clinic. According to their parents, nine language-impaired subjects continued to exhibit communication problems as adults, compared to only one of the articulation-impaired subjects. Standardized educational testing conducted while the subjects were in elementary and secondary schools indicated that the language-impaired group consistently achieved at a lower level than the articulation-impaired group, particularly in reading. Differences between the groups were also exhibited in the types of postsecondary education attempted by the subjects. Clinical, educational, and research implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 661261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9178", "title": "Assessment of parent-administered listening training for preschool children with articulation deficits.", "content": "Two studies concerning preschool misarticulating children are reported. The first study was concerned with direct effects of two varieties of parent-administered listening training. The second study focused on the influence of that same training on children's responses to sound-production training. Subjects were assigned to one of three conditions: listening, reading-talking, and control. Children in the first group were provided training by their parents that was intended to focus the child's attention on consonants in syllables or words and to teach discrimination between correctly and incorrectly articulated consonants. Parents of children in the second group read to and talked with them about the material. Neither treatment group surpassed the control group in gains made on any auditory processing or articulatory measure employed, and some parents found the listening training frustrating. In the second study, a subset of the children in each of the three groups was given sound-production training. The data obtained did not show any effect from earlier listening experiences on sound-production performance.", "contents": "Assessment of parent-administered listening training for preschool children with articulation deficits. Two studies concerning preschool misarticulating children are reported. The first study was concerned with direct effects of two varieties of parent-administered listening training. The second study focused on the influence of that same training on children's responses to sound-production training. Subjects were assigned to one of three conditions: listening, reading-talking, and control. Children in the first group were provided training by their parents that was intended to focus the child's attention on consonants in syllables or words and to teach discrimination between correctly and incorrectly articulated consonants. Parents of children in the second group read to and talked with them about the material. Neither treatment group surpassed the control group in gains made on any auditory processing or articulatory measure employed, and some parents found the listening training frustrating. In the second study, a subset of the children in each of the three groups was given sound-production training. The data obtained did not show any effect from earlier listening experiences on sound-production performance.", "PMID": 661262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9179", "title": "Measurement of speech thresholds of Spanish-speaking children by non-Spanish speaking clinicians.", "content": "This study investigated the feasibility of a prerecorded speech threshold procedure that was used in a picture-pointing format, and was administered to Spanish-speaking children by non-Spanish-speaking clinicians. The derived Spanish word list was compared for equivalency to English spondees on a group of bilingual adults. The test, administered to 16 children ages three to six years, resulted in good agreement between SRT and pure-tone average. The test was found to be feasible, rapid, and reliable.", "contents": "Measurement of speech thresholds of Spanish-speaking children by non-Spanish speaking clinicians. This study investigated the feasibility of a prerecorded speech threshold procedure that was used in a picture-pointing format, and was administered to Spanish-speaking children by non-Spanish-speaking clinicians. The derived Spanish word list was compared for equivalency to English spondees on a group of bilingual adults. The test, administered to 16 children ages three to six years, resulted in good agreement between SRT and pure-tone average. The test was found to be feasible, rapid, and reliable.", "PMID": 661263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9180", "title": "Development and testing of an intraoral electrolarynx for laryngectomy patients.", "content": "A wireless intraoral electrolarynx for laryngectomy patients has been developed. The instrument consists of an earphone receiver and a pickup coil housed in the patient's denture. A separate transmitter with hand switch, worn under the patient's clothing, activates the receiver. Intelligibility testing revealed that this device was comparable to the Verbalizer Electrolarynx, a transoral instrument similar to the Cooper-Rand Electrolarynx. If the long-term endurance study now in progress proves that the device can meet the communicative needs of the laryngectomee, and if the favorable results obtained in this study can be duplicated with subsequent instruments, this electrolarynx may be a viable alternative to others now available.", "contents": "Development and testing of an intraoral electrolarynx for laryngectomy patients. A wireless intraoral electrolarynx for laryngectomy patients has been developed. The instrument consists of an earphone receiver and a pickup coil housed in the patient's denture. A separate transmitter with hand switch, worn under the patient's clothing, activates the receiver. Intelligibility testing revealed that this device was comparable to the Verbalizer Electrolarynx, a transoral instrument similar to the Cooper-Rand Electrolarynx. If the long-term endurance study now in progress proves that the device can meet the communicative needs of the laryngectomee, and if the favorable results obtained in this study can be duplicated with subsequent instruments, this electrolarynx may be a viable alternative to others now available.", "PMID": 661264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9181", "title": "Surgical treatment of lung cancer in patients over the age of 70 years.", "content": "Eighty patients of 70 years of age with lung cancer have been treated since 1964. Forty-eight received no therapy or chemotherapy and/or irradiation. Mean survival was 3.5 to 10 months, and only three (6%) survived for 2 years. Twenty-two of 32 patients selected for thoracotomy underwent resection for cure (70%). The operative mortality rate was 18% for resection, and 64% of the patients survived for at least 2 years. The incidence of exploratory thoracotomy decreased in the last 5 years of the study with the introduction of more rigorous preoperative evaluation. The poor survival rate without resection and the favorable survival rate following recovery from resection support the continued use of surgical resection for lung cancer in elderly patients, despite an increased operative risk.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of lung cancer in patients over the age of 70 years. Eighty patients of 70 years of age with lung cancer have been treated since 1964. Forty-eight received no therapy or chemotherapy and/or irradiation. Mean survival was 3.5 to 10 months, and only three (6%) survived for 2 years. Twenty-two of 32 patients selected for thoracotomy underwent resection for cure (70%). The operative mortality rate was 18% for resection, and 64% of the patients survived for at least 2 years. The incidence of exploratory thoracotomy decreased in the last 5 years of the study with the introduction of more rigorous preoperative evaluation. The poor survival rate without resection and the favorable survival rate following recovery from resection support the continued use of surgical resection for lung cancer in elderly patients, despite an increased operative risk.", "PMID": 661348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9182", "title": "Corrected transposition. Another approach for repair of associated intracardiac malformations.", "content": "A variety of surgical approaches have been used for repair of cardiac lesions associated with corrected transposition of the great vessels. These techniques have met with variable success and generally high surgical mortality rates. In an effort to simplify the surgical approach to repair of ventricular septal defect and replacement of left atrioventricular valve in a 4-year-old youngster, we chose to correct the defects through a left posterolateral thoracotomy and through the left atrium utilizing profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Ease of intracardiac assessment and repair and postoperative results to date have been most gratifying.", "contents": "Corrected transposition. Another approach for repair of associated intracardiac malformations. A variety of surgical approaches have been used for repair of cardiac lesions associated with corrected transposition of the great vessels. These techniques have met with variable success and generally high surgical mortality rates. In an effort to simplify the surgical approach to repair of ventricular septal defect and replacement of left atrioventricular valve in a 4-year-old youngster, we chose to correct the defects through a left posterolateral thoracotomy and through the left atrium utilizing profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Ease of intracardiac assessment and repair and postoperative results to date have been most gratifying.", "PMID": 661350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9183", "title": "Primary pleural melanoma. A first reported case and literature reivew.", "content": "Although metastatic pulmonary and pleural melanoma has previously been noted, primary pleural melanoma has not been reported. In addition, an extracutaneous response to Adriamycin chemotherapy for melanoma is documented. The patient demonstrated a continued objective response and remained in remission for 10 months. His death was not related to the tumor, and at autopsy there was no gross or microscopic evidence of other organ involvement or origin. Previously reported unusual primary sites associated with this tumor are reviewed, and the established criteria for determination of a primary site in the lung are reiterated. Possibilities of prior unrecognized presence of a primary site are discussed. After having reviewed pertinent literature regarding this intriguing case, we believe that all necessary criteria for proof of a first report have been met.", "contents": "Primary pleural melanoma. A first reported case and literature reivew. Although metastatic pulmonary and pleural melanoma has previously been noted, primary pleural melanoma has not been reported. In addition, an extracutaneous response to Adriamycin chemotherapy for melanoma is documented. The patient demonstrated a continued objective response and remained in remission for 10 months. His death was not related to the tumor, and at autopsy there was no gross or microscopic evidence of other organ involvement or origin. Previously reported unusual primary sites associated with this tumor are reviewed, and the established criteria for determination of a primary site in the lung are reiterated. Possibilities of prior unrecognized presence of a primary site are discussed. After having reviewed pertinent literature regarding this intriguing case, we believe that all necessary criteria for proof of a first report have been met.", "PMID": 661351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9184", "title": "Massive impalement wound of the chest. A case report.", "content": "A 29-year-old man sustained an impalement wound of the right side of the chest with a 6 foot long, 4 by 4 inch wooden post during a high-speed automobile accident. The post entered the right side of the chest anteriorly and exited posteriorly. The great vessels of the chest were spared, but the right lung was lacerated and contused. Removal of the post, treatment of pulmonary parenchymal damage, and reconstruction of the two large chest wall defects presented problems in management. Rapid transport of the patient to the hospital, effective emergency treatment, surgical repair of the chest injury, and appropriate supportive measures contributed to his survival.", "contents": "Massive impalement wound of the chest. A case report. A 29-year-old man sustained an impalement wound of the right side of the chest with a 6 foot long, 4 by 4 inch wooden post during a high-speed automobile accident. The post entered the right side of the chest anteriorly and exited posteriorly. The great vessels of the chest were spared, but the right lung was lacerated and contused. Removal of the post, treatment of pulmonary parenchymal damage, and reconstruction of the two large chest wall defects presented problems in management. Rapid transport of the patient to the hospital, effective emergency treatment, surgical repair of the chest injury, and appropriate supportive measures contributed to his survival.", "PMID": 661352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9185", "title": "Pulmonary gas exchange during venoarterial bypass with a membrane lung for acute respiratory failure.", "content": "In patients with fulminating pulmonary edema not responsive to conventional therapy, venoarterial membrane lung bypass can provide assistance if decreased systemic blood pressure prevents use of high-level positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation. In 10 patients with acute respiratory failure, partial venoarterial bypass provided a rapid and marked improvement of systemic oxygenation. Measurement of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and intrapulmonary shunting (QS/QP) during bypass via prolonged left heart catheterization showed that left ventricular PaO2 was increased through a rapid and profound reduction of QS/QP. During the first days of bypass, derecruitment of pulmonary vessels is probably the mechanism of improved pulmonary oxygenation. When low pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) are sustained, resorption of pulmonary edema is favored. Despite the beneficial effects of bypass, death occurred in every case due to diffuse interstitial fibrosis and/or parenchymal damage. The absence of healing, due to prolonged circulatory exclusion, may be detrimental despite immediate improvement. Because of this possibility, venovenous or mixed perfusion should be more extensively explored.", "contents": "Pulmonary gas exchange during venoarterial bypass with a membrane lung for acute respiratory failure. In patients with fulminating pulmonary edema not responsive to conventional therapy, venoarterial membrane lung bypass can provide assistance if decreased systemic blood pressure prevents use of high-level positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation. In 10 patients with acute respiratory failure, partial venoarterial bypass provided a rapid and marked improvement of systemic oxygenation. Measurement of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and intrapulmonary shunting (QS/QP) during bypass via prolonged left heart catheterization showed that left ventricular PaO2 was increased through a rapid and profound reduction of QS/QP. During the first days of bypass, derecruitment of pulmonary vessels is probably the mechanism of improved pulmonary oxygenation. When low pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) are sustained, resorption of pulmonary edema is favored. Despite the beneficial effects of bypass, death occurred in every case due to diffuse interstitial fibrosis and/or parenchymal damage. The absence of healing, due to prolonged circulatory exclusion, may be detrimental despite immediate improvement. Because of this possibility, venovenous or mixed perfusion should be more extensively explored.", "PMID": 661354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9186", "title": "Surgical treatment of tachyarrhythmias in patients with both an Ebstein anomaly and a Kent bundle.", "content": "The report relates experience with six patients with Kent bundles, five of whom had the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, operated upon for tachyarrhythmias caused by the presence of the pathway. It was successfully divided in four patients, its antegrade conduction capacity interrupted in one, and a failure occurred in the sixth patient. In the three patients who had a Kent bundle with a short effective refractory period for antegrade conduction, the life-endangering potential of the Kent pathway was corrected. To emphasize the complexities of the tachyarrhythmias in Ebstein's anomaly, two patients have mild but controllable postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) due to a Mahaim pathway. The surgical problems encountered in these patients are reviewed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of tachyarrhythmias in patients with both an Ebstein anomaly and a Kent bundle. The report relates experience with six patients with Kent bundles, five of whom had the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, operated upon for tachyarrhythmias caused by the presence of the pathway. It was successfully divided in four patients, its antegrade conduction capacity interrupted in one, and a failure occurred in the sixth patient. In the three patients who had a Kent bundle with a short effective refractory period for antegrade conduction, the life-endangering potential of the Kent pathway was corrected. To emphasize the complexities of the tachyarrhythmias in Ebstein's anomaly, two patients have mild but controllable postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) due to a Mahaim pathway. The surgical problems encountered in these patients are reviewed.", "PMID": 661355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9187", "title": "Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. The importance of magnesium in cardioplegic infusates.", "content": "The increasing use of coronary infusates for the protection of the human heart drug ischemic cardiac arrest has placed great emphasis on the need for a rational and safe formulation of any infusion solution. Using a rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardiac arrest, we have found magnesium to be a highly effective component of protective infusates which can be additive to hypothermia and other protective agents. However, the concentration of magnesium bears a complex relationship to the degree of protection, a fact which stresses the need for the establishment of the correct concentration for optimal protection.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. The importance of magnesium in cardioplegic infusates. The increasing use of coronary infusates for the protection of the human heart drug ischemic cardiac arrest has placed great emphasis on the need for a rational and safe formulation of any infusion solution. Using a rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardiac arrest, we have found magnesium to be a highly effective component of protective infusates which can be additive to hypothermia and other protective agents. However, the concentration of magnesium bears a complex relationship to the degree of protection, a fact which stresses the need for the establishment of the correct concentration for optimal protection.", "PMID": 661356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9188", "title": "Effects of procaine-induced cardioplegia on myocardial ischemia, myocardial edema, and postarrest ventricular function. A comparison with potassium-induced cardioplegia and hypothermia.", "content": "The extent of myocardial protection afforded by a procaine cardioplegic solution during cardiac ischemia has been evaluated and compared with the protection seen using a potassium cardioplegic solution. An isolated cat heart model was employed, and ventricular function parameters, intramyocardial gas tensions, and postischemic myocardial edema were measured and compared following 60 minutes of induced ischemia at 37 degrees C. and 27 degrees C. There was no significant improvement in recovery of postarrest ventricular function when procaine cardioplegia was used during normothermic ischemia. When used at 27 degrees C., however, both cardioplegic solutions were associated with significantly better recovery of postarrest ventricular function, although there was less myocardial edema formation in the potassium-treated hearts. Results of this study indicate that procaine-induced cardioplegia provides myocardial protection during anoxic cardiac arrest which is additive to that afforded by hypothermia alone. In addition, procaine cardioplegia results in postarrest functional recovery which is similar to that seen with potassium cardioplegia.", "contents": "Effects of procaine-induced cardioplegia on myocardial ischemia, myocardial edema, and postarrest ventricular function. A comparison with potassium-induced cardioplegia and hypothermia. The extent of myocardial protection afforded by a procaine cardioplegic solution during cardiac ischemia has been evaluated and compared with the protection seen using a potassium cardioplegic solution. An isolated cat heart model was employed, and ventricular function parameters, intramyocardial gas tensions, and postischemic myocardial edema were measured and compared following 60 minutes of induced ischemia at 37 degrees C. and 27 degrees C. There was no significant improvement in recovery of postarrest ventricular function when procaine cardioplegia was used during normothermic ischemia. When used at 27 degrees C., however, both cardioplegic solutions were associated with significantly better recovery of postarrest ventricular function, although there was less myocardial edema formation in the potassium-treated hearts. Results of this study indicate that procaine-induced cardioplegia provides myocardial protection during anoxic cardiac arrest which is additive to that afforded by hypothermia alone. In addition, procaine cardioplegia results in postarrest functional recovery which is similar to that seen with potassium cardioplegia.", "PMID": 661357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9189", "title": "Permanent cardiac pacemakers implanted in the pleural space.", "content": "Intrapleural implantation is recommended for children, active adolescents and adults, psychiatric patients, and infection-prone patients because of the protection afforded by the pleural space. The implantation technique is briefly described. Complications include diaphragmatic muscle stimulation (with a unipolar unit) and continuous migration of the pulse generator. The advantages of this implantation site include the following (1) reduced risk of lead fracture, (2) protection from physical trauma, (3) reduced risk of infection and erosion. (4) improved cosmetic appearance, and (5) minimized child/generator size disproportion. In one groups of patients undergoing both standard and intrapleural implantation, the number of pacing months per surgical procedure was increased from 5.1 months (standard implant) to 26.2 months (intrapleural implant). Intrapleural implantation may be considered the generator position of choice for the small percentage of patients who require special pacing system protection.", "contents": "Permanent cardiac pacemakers implanted in the pleural space. Intrapleural implantation is recommended for children, active adolescents and adults, psychiatric patients, and infection-prone patients because of the protection afforded by the pleural space. The implantation technique is briefly described. Complications include diaphragmatic muscle stimulation (with a unipolar unit) and continuous migration of the pulse generator. The advantages of this implantation site include the following (1) reduced risk of lead fracture, (2) protection from physical trauma, (3) reduced risk of infection and erosion. (4) improved cosmetic appearance, and (5) minimized child/generator size disproportion. In one groups of patients undergoing both standard and intrapleural implantation, the number of pacing months per surgical procedure was increased from 5.1 months (standard implant) to 26.2 months (intrapleural implant). Intrapleural implantation may be considered the generator position of choice for the small percentage of patients who require special pacing system protection.", "PMID": 661358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9190", "title": "Ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis. Long-term results in 137 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "Long-term  follow-up of 137 patients who had an ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1966 and 1975 is presented. One hundred four patients survived the first hospitalization. Of the 81 patients currently alive, 30 have had a succesful corrective. operation. Nine patients died at the time of correction. Fifty patients have adequate  pallation. Of the 56 deaths, only nine were shunt related. Late complications in the 104 first admission survivors included congestive heart failure (23%), pulmonary artery hypertension (7%), pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (1%), and shunt failure (9%). Special catheterization techniques to evaluate the shunt and its effect on the pulmonary arteries prior to surgical correction are described. The ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis can provide effective palliation without interfering with subsequent corrective operations.", "contents": "Ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis. Long-term results in 137 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Long-term  follow-up of 137 patients who had an ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1966 and 1975 is presented. One hundred four patients survived the first hospitalization. Of the 81 patients currently alive, 30 have had a succesful corrective. operation. Nine patients died at the time of correction. Fifty patients have adequate  pallation. Of the 56 deaths, only nine were shunt related. Late complications in the 104 first admission survivors included congestive heart failure (23%), pulmonary artery hypertension (7%), pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (1%), and shunt failure (9%). Special catheterization techniques to evaluate the shunt and its effect on the pulmonary arteries prior to surgical correction are described. The ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis can provide effective palliation without interfering with subsequent corrective operations.", "PMID": 661359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9191", "title": "The cause of kinking of the right pulmonary artery in the Waterston anastomosis. A growth phenomenon.", "content": "The case is presented of an infant, referred at the age of 8 hours, who underwent a Waterston anastomosis for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and a hypoplastic right ventricle. Angiographic studies performed 3 days and 12 months after the Waterston anastomosis clearly demonstrated that kinking was not present soon after the operation but developed later. Kinking of the right pulmonary artery is a widely recognized complication of the Waterston anastomosis. Data from other workers show that severe kinking occurs more frequently in infants operated during the first year of life than in those treated after 1 year of age. These data and the case herein presented support the hypothesis that the kinking occurring after the Waterston anastomosis develops because of growth and realignment of the great arteries. Because of this and other problems encountered after the Waterston anastomosis, it is recommended that either primary correction or, in case of an uncorrectable cardiac defect, a Blalock-Taussig shunt should be performed.", "contents": "The cause of kinking of the right pulmonary artery in the Waterston anastomosis. A growth phenomenon. The case is presented of an infant, referred at the age of 8 hours, who underwent a Waterston anastomosis for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and a hypoplastic right ventricle. Angiographic studies performed 3 days and 12 months after the Waterston anastomosis clearly demonstrated that kinking was not present soon after the operation but developed later. Kinking of the right pulmonary artery is a widely recognized complication of the Waterston anastomosis. Data from other workers show that severe kinking occurs more frequently in infants operated during the first year of life than in those treated after 1 year of age. These data and the case herein presented support the hypothesis that the kinking occurring after the Waterston anastomosis develops because of growth and realignment of the great arteries. Because of this and other problems encountered after the Waterston anastomosis, it is recommended that either primary correction or, in case of an uncorrectable cardiac defect, a Blalock-Taussig shunt should be performed.", "PMID": 661360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9192", "title": "Vulnerability of coronary arteries in surgery for transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "A detailed anatomic study of 82 hearts from patients operated upon for complete or congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries revealed 12 instances of intraoperative injury to a major coronary artery. Because the coronary arterial anatomy is so variable in transposition of the great arteries, there is a significant risk of injury to them during operation. This is especially so if epicardial adhesions and scarring from previous operations obscure the surface anatomy of the heart. The most common site of injury was adjacent to incisions in the anterior surface of the right-sided ventricle, particularly in congenitally corrected transposition. Without a meticulous examination, these complications of cardiac surgery may be easily overlooked even when the hearts are examined at autopsy.", "contents": "Vulnerability of coronary arteries in surgery for transposition of the great arteries. A detailed anatomic study of 82 hearts from patients operated upon for complete or congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries revealed 12 instances of intraoperative injury to a major coronary artery. Because the coronary arterial anatomy is so variable in transposition of the great arteries, there is a significant risk of injury to them during operation. This is especially so if epicardial adhesions and scarring from previous operations obscure the surface anatomy of the heart. The most common site of injury was adjacent to incisions in the anterior surface of the right-sided ventricle, particularly in congenitally corrected transposition. Without a meticulous examination, these complications of cardiac surgery may be easily overlooked even when the hearts are examined at autopsy.", "PMID": 661361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9193", "title": "Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. Possible deleterious effects of glucose and mannitol in coronary infusates.", "content": "Cardioplegic protective infusates are designed to induce rapid diastolic arrest and also to reduce or delay the onset of ischemic damage. As this study shows, the use of such infusates can greatly improve postischemic recovery of cardiac function. A number of investigators include glucose, insulin, or mannitol in their infusates in an attempt to increase the amount of protection afforded to the ischemic myocardium. Using an isolated, working rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardiac arrest, we have shown that under certain conditions these additives can be deterimental to tissue protection. The deleterious effects of glucose and mannitol are dose dependent and can be modified by the inclusion of insulin in the infusate. The damaging effects of glucose appear to be both osmotic and metabolic in origin and those of mannitol, purely osmotic. The effects of insulin are complex and may affect a number of cellular processes.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. Possible deleterious effects of glucose and mannitol in coronary infusates. Cardioplegic protective infusates are designed to induce rapid diastolic arrest and also to reduce or delay the onset of ischemic damage. As this study shows, the use of such infusates can greatly improve postischemic recovery of cardiac function. A number of investigators include glucose, insulin, or mannitol in their infusates in an attempt to increase the amount of protection afforded to the ischemic myocardium. Using an isolated, working rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardiac arrest, we have shown that under certain conditions these additives can be deterimental to tissue protection. The deleterious effects of glucose and mannitol are dose dependent and can be modified by the inclusion of insulin in the infusate. The damaging effects of glucose appear to be both osmotic and metabolic in origin and those of mannitol, purely osmotic. The effects of insulin are complex and may affect a number of cellular processes.", "PMID": 661362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9194", "title": "Protection of the ischemic myocardium. Ultrastructural, enzymatic, and functional assessment of the efficacy of various cardioplegic infusates.", "content": "The increasing use of cardioplegic protective infusates for reducing ischemic tissue injury requires that all infusates be carefully assessed for any protective or damaging properties. This study describes ultrastructural, enzymatic, and functional assessments of the efficacy of three infusates (Bretschneider, Kirsch, and St. Thomas' Hospital) in a rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardiac arrest. The study reveals a close concordance of results as assessed by the three totally different indices of tissue damage. The results also indicate that, in the rat heart model, the St. Thomas' Hospital solution is an effective protective agent under all conditions studied but the Bretschneider solution is effective only under hypothermic conditions and the Kirsch solution is ineffective under all conditions studied and may exacerbate tissue injury. The studies further suggest that the potentially damaging effects of calcium-free myocardial infusates may be due to their induction of a \"calcium paradox.\"", "contents": "Protection of the ischemic myocardium. Ultrastructural, enzymatic, and functional assessment of the efficacy of various cardioplegic infusates. The increasing use of cardioplegic protective infusates for reducing ischemic tissue injury requires that all infusates be carefully assessed for any protective or damaging properties. This study describes ultrastructural, enzymatic, and functional assessments of the efficacy of three infusates (Bretschneider, Kirsch, and St. Thomas' Hospital) in a rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardiac arrest. The study reveals a close concordance of results as assessed by the three totally different indices of tissue damage. The results also indicate that, in the rat heart model, the St. Thomas' Hospital solution is an effective protective agent under all conditions studied but the Bretschneider solution is effective only under hypothermic conditions and the Kirsch solution is ineffective under all conditions studied and may exacerbate tissue injury. The studies further suggest that the potentially damaging effects of calcium-free myocardial infusates may be due to their induction of a \"calcium paradox.\"", "PMID": 661363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9195", "title": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Comparison of procedures used in the diagnosis of lung cancer.", "content": "We have compared the relative value of various techniques used in association with fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of lung cancer. We analyzed the results in 114 patients who underwent diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy and in whom a definite histologic diagnosis of lung cancer was made. A comparison of the diagnostic yield from cytologic examination of prebronchoscopy and postbronchoscopy sputum and of fiberoptic bronchial biopsy, brushing, and washing was made. Over-all, bronchial washings gave the highest diagnostic yield (75.4%) and forceps biopsy the next higher (65.8%). The combination of bronchial washings and forceps biopsy gave the highest diagnostic yield (95.8%). In six patients, postbronchoscopy sputum was the only source of positive diagnostis; in 20 patients only one procedure was positive. Our results suggest that although fiberoptic bronchoscopy washings and forceps biopsy have the highest diagnostic yield, brushings and postbronchoscopic sputum examination are also important diagnostic maneuvers and should be routinely performed.", "contents": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Comparison of procedures used in the diagnosis of lung cancer. We have compared the relative value of various techniques used in association with fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of lung cancer. We analyzed the results in 114 patients who underwent diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy and in whom a definite histologic diagnosis of lung cancer was made. A comparison of the diagnostic yield from cytologic examination of prebronchoscopy and postbronchoscopy sputum and of fiberoptic bronchial biopsy, brushing, and washing was made. Over-all, bronchial washings gave the highest diagnostic yield (75.4%) and forceps biopsy the next higher (65.8%). The combination of bronchial washings and forceps biopsy gave the highest diagnostic yield (95.8%). In six patients, postbronchoscopy sputum was the only source of positive diagnostis; in 20 patients only one procedure was positive. Our results suggest that although fiberoptic bronchoscopy washings and forceps biopsy have the highest diagnostic yield, brushings and postbronchoscopic sputum examination are also important diagnostic maneuvers and should be routinely performed.", "PMID": 661364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9196", "title": "Left ventricular-coronary sinus fistula following repeated mitral valve replacements.", "content": "After mitral valve replacement, symptomatic deterioration and new murmurs characterstistic of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation are usually the result of periprosthetic leaks or prosthetic dysfunction with or without endocarditis. In the case which we are reporting, an iatrogenic fistula between the left ventricle and coronary sinus was responsible for the murmur and symptoms. This type of shunt has not been previously reported. Thorough debridement of the anulus is necessary during mitral valve replacement; additionally, previously implanted prostheses are occasionally embedded in the endocardial wall and must be excised. Hematoma in the atrioventricular groove and perforations of the posterior left ventricular wall are widely recognized complications of mitral valve replacement. Similar mechanisms of injury can cause other problems such as left ventricular-right atrial communications and the unique anatomic shunt described in this report.", "contents": "Left ventricular-coronary sinus fistula following repeated mitral valve replacements. After mitral valve replacement, symptomatic deterioration and new murmurs characterstistic of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation are usually the result of periprosthetic leaks or prosthetic dysfunction with or without endocarditis. In the case which we are reporting, an iatrogenic fistula between the left ventricle and coronary sinus was responsible for the murmur and symptoms. This type of shunt has not been previously reported. Thorough debridement of the anulus is necessary during mitral valve replacement; additionally, previously implanted prostheses are occasionally embedded in the endocardial wall and must be excised. Hematoma in the atrioventricular groove and perforations of the posterior left ventricular wall are widely recognized complications of mitral valve replacement. Similar mechanisms of injury can cause other problems such as left ventricular-right atrial communications and the unique anatomic shunt described in this report.", "PMID": 661365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9197", "title": "Comparative analysis of isolated aortic valve replacement with fascia lata and homograft valves.", "content": "Thirty-eight consecutive patients who underwent isolated replacement of the aortic valve with fascia lata in 1970 were compared with a similar series of patients undergoing homograft replacement of the aortic valve. These series were well matched in number, age sex of patients, symptomatology, valvular disease, electrocardiographic and roentegenographic changes, and preoperative cardiac catheterization data. The mean follow-up time was 73 months in the fascia lata series and 69.1 months in the homograft series, and all the post-operative survivors were reviewed. The early and long-term results were similar of the two series, and there was no statistical difference in the operative and late mortality, the incidence of early and late diastolic murmurs, valve failure necessitating valve replacement, infective endocarditis, thromboembolism, over-all survival, and survival with an intact valve. It is concluded that the long-term results of valve replacement using these two tissues, in the aortic position, are similar and there is little to choose between the two types of valves. If fascia lata, as we believe, is no longer acceptable as a satisafactory valve substitute, then homograft valves are not acceptable either.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of isolated aortic valve replacement with fascia lata and homograft valves. Thirty-eight consecutive patients who underwent isolated replacement of the aortic valve with fascia lata in 1970 were compared with a similar series of patients undergoing homograft replacement of the aortic valve. These series were well matched in number, age sex of patients, symptomatology, valvular disease, electrocardiographic and roentegenographic changes, and preoperative cardiac catheterization data. The mean follow-up time was 73 months in the fascia lata series and 69.1 months in the homograft series, and all the post-operative survivors were reviewed. The early and long-term results were similar of the two series, and there was no statistical difference in the operative and late mortality, the incidence of early and late diastolic murmurs, valve failure necessitating valve replacement, infective endocarditis, thromboembolism, over-all survival, and survival with an intact valve. It is concluded that the long-term results of valve replacement using these two tissues, in the aortic position, are similar and there is little to choose between the two types of valves. If fascia lata, as we believe, is no longer acceptable as a satisafactory valve substitute, then homograft valves are not acceptable either.", "PMID": 661366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9198", "title": "Repeat open intracardiac operation. Analysis of fifty operations.", "content": "Between December, 1972, and February, 1976, 50 open-heart operations were performed on 44 patients who had previously had open cardiotomies. Reasons for reoperation were failure of biological tissue valves (15 cases), failure of mechanical valves (12 cases), paraprosthetic reguritation (nine cases), recurrent or incompletely corrected congenital malformations (eight cases), prosthetic endocarditis (two cases), misdiagnoses (two cases), and miscellaneous causes (two cases). Operations performed included 20 aortic valve replacements, 10 mitral valve replacements, seven double valve replacements, five repairs of paraprosthetic leaks, one tricuspid valve replacement, and seven procedures for congenital defects. There were two deaths within 30 days of operation (operative mortality rate of 4 percent) and six deaths between 7 weeks and 3 years after operation. Postoperative complications were slightly more frequent than in patients undergoing similar operations for the first time. The late functional result was good in the majority (73%) of survivors.", "contents": "Repeat open intracardiac operation. Analysis of fifty operations. Between December, 1972, and February, 1976, 50 open-heart operations were performed on 44 patients who had previously had open cardiotomies. Reasons for reoperation were failure of biological tissue valves (15 cases), failure of mechanical valves (12 cases), paraprosthetic reguritation (nine cases), recurrent or incompletely corrected congenital malformations (eight cases), prosthetic endocarditis (two cases), misdiagnoses (two cases), and miscellaneous causes (two cases). Operations performed included 20 aortic valve replacements, 10 mitral valve replacements, seven double valve replacements, five repairs of paraprosthetic leaks, one tricuspid valve replacement, and seven procedures for congenital defects. There were two deaths within 30 days of operation (operative mortality rate of 4 percent) and six deaths between 7 weeks and 3 years after operation. Postoperative complications were slightly more frequent than in patients undergoing similar operations for the first time. The late functional result was good in the majority (73%) of survivors.", "PMID": 661367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9199", "title": "Subclavian artery approach for insertion of intra-aortic balloon.", "content": "Subperiosteal clavicular resection for access to the subclavian artery is described. In those patients requiring intra-aortic balloon placement in the nonsurgical setting, such an approach provides a reasonably benign alternative when aortoiliac atherosclerosis prevents the usual retrograde femoral placement. Little morbidity or functional compromise is associated with clavicular wedge resections, and the anatomic availability of a large artery without the need for major surgical maneuvers in these gravely ill patients is a distinct advantage.", "contents": "Subclavian artery approach for insertion of intra-aortic balloon. Subperiosteal clavicular resection for access to the subclavian artery is described. In those patients requiring intra-aortic balloon placement in the nonsurgical setting, such an approach provides a reasonably benign alternative when aortoiliac atherosclerosis prevents the usual retrograde femoral placement. Little morbidity or functional compromise is associated with clavicular wedge resections, and the anatomic availability of a large artery without the need for major surgical maneuvers in these gravely ill patients is a distinct advantage.", "PMID": 661368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9200", "title": "Continuous epicardial echocardiographic assessment of postoperative left ventricular function.", "content": "An ultrasound transducer which is sutured to the heart at operation and removal percutaneously has been developed and tested in 20 animals. The potential of this device to monitor cardiac function was measured by simultaneously recording 67 left ventricular angiograms and echograms over a wide range of hemodynamic function. In addition, the reproducibility of the data obtained from the transducer and the safety of application and withdrawal were examined. We found highly significant (p less than 0.005) linear correlation between echocardiographic and angiographic measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction. This transducer may provide the means to assess left ventricular size and ejection fraction continuously after cardiac operations in man.", "contents": "Continuous epicardial echocardiographic assessment of postoperative left ventricular function. An ultrasound transducer which is sutured to the heart at operation and removal percutaneously has been developed and tested in 20 animals. The potential of this device to monitor cardiac function was measured by simultaneously recording 67 left ventricular angiograms and echograms over a wide range of hemodynamic function. In addition, the reproducibility of the data obtained from the transducer and the safety of application and withdrawal were examined. We found highly significant (p less than 0.005) linear correlation between echocardiographic and angiographic measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction. This transducer may provide the means to assess left ventricular size and ejection fraction continuously after cardiac operations in man.", "PMID": 661369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9201", "title": "Alterations in regional contractility following cardiopulmonary bypass with intraoperative ischemia.", "content": "Coronary occlusion during cardiopulmonary bypass has been used in place of aortic occlusion to perform coronary artery anastomoses, but this procedure on distal myocardial function has not been evaluated. Regional myocardial function was examined with the use of ultrasonic crystals in 20 dogs subjected to this technique to compare normothermic and hypothermic (30 degrees C) bypass in both beating and fibrillating hearts. We found a significant decline in the velocity of contraction of the distal segment in fibrillating compared to bearing hearts (p less than 0.01). Hypothermia prevented this decline in the beating, but not the fibrillating, hearts. With respect to contractile function in the distal myocardial segment, local occlusion techniques cause an injury similar to that reported for aortic cross-clamping.", "contents": "Alterations in regional contractility following cardiopulmonary bypass with intraoperative ischemia. Coronary occlusion during cardiopulmonary bypass has been used in place of aortic occlusion to perform coronary artery anastomoses, but this procedure on distal myocardial function has not been evaluated. Regional myocardial function was examined with the use of ultrasonic crystals in 20 dogs subjected to this technique to compare normothermic and hypothermic (30 degrees C) bypass in both beating and fibrillating hearts. We found a significant decline in the velocity of contraction of the distal segment in fibrillating compared to bearing hearts (p less than 0.01). Hypothermia prevented this decline in the beating, but not the fibrillating, hearts. With respect to contractile function in the distal myocardial segment, local occlusion techniques cause an injury similar to that reported for aortic cross-clamping.", "PMID": 661370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9202", "title": "Anatomic, clinical, and therapeutic features of acute cardiac rupture. Successful surgical management fourteen hours after myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 62-year-old man sustained an acute myocardial infarction complicated on the thirteen hour by left ventricular rupture and acute periocardial tamponade. Echocardiography confirmed the suspicion of intrapericardial fluid, and immediate pericardiocentesis improved the hemodynamic state for a period sufficient to permit preparation for operation. Resection of ruptured and necrotic anteroapical left ventricular myocardium with primary reconstruction was successfully accomplished with the aid of temporary extracorporeal circulation. The patient has remained well for 1 year after the operation. Anatomic, clinical, and therapeutic features of acute cardiac rupture are discussed.", "contents": "Anatomic, clinical, and therapeutic features of acute cardiac rupture. Successful surgical management fourteen hours after myocardial infarction. A 62-year-old man sustained an acute myocardial infarction complicated on the thirteen hour by left ventricular rupture and acute periocardial tamponade. Echocardiography confirmed the suspicion of intrapericardial fluid, and immediate pericardiocentesis improved the hemodynamic state for a period sufficient to permit preparation for operation. Resection of ruptured and necrotic anteroapical left ventricular myocardium with primary reconstruction was successfully accomplished with the aid of temporary extracorporeal circulation. The patient has remained well for 1 year after the operation. Anatomic, clinical, and therapeutic features of acute cardiac rupture are discussed.", "PMID": 661371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9203", "title": "Wounds traversing two or more cardiac chambers. Case presentation of two survivors and review of the literature.", "content": "A review of the literature on patients who have survived wounds traversing two or more cardiac chambers is presented and two further cases are documented. The inital management of the patient should be directed toward control of hemorrhage or treatment of cardica tamponade or both. Cardiopulmonary bypass is helpful in repair of many intracardiac defects but is not absolutely essential for survival. Surface myocardial wounds should be sutured during the initial procedure to allow for immediate survival. A subsequent procedure may be indicated to correct intracardiac defects. Repair of injuries to the mitral and aortic valves should be directed at an attempt to reconstruct the damaged valve. If this is impossible, a prosthetic valve should be inserted. Injuries to the tricuspid and pulmonic valves probably warrant a conservative approach. Septal defects can be treated easily with Dacron patches or primary suture closure. Postoperative complications include all of those commonly seen with thoracic procedures, but infection is less prominent than one would anticipate, even when prostheses have been implanted. With early, aggressive management it is anticipated that more survivors of these serious wounds will be recorded.", "contents": "Wounds traversing two or more cardiac chambers. Case presentation of two survivors and review of the literature. A review of the literature on patients who have survived wounds traversing two or more cardiac chambers is presented and two further cases are documented. The inital management of the patient should be directed toward control of hemorrhage or treatment of cardica tamponade or both. Cardiopulmonary bypass is helpful in repair of many intracardiac defects but is not absolutely essential for survival. Surface myocardial wounds should be sutured during the initial procedure to allow for immediate survival. A subsequent procedure may be indicated to correct intracardiac defects. Repair of injuries to the mitral and aortic valves should be directed at an attempt to reconstruct the damaged valve. If this is impossible, a prosthetic valve should be inserted. Injuries to the tricuspid and pulmonic valves probably warrant a conservative approach. Septal defects can be treated easily with Dacron patches or primary suture closure. Postoperative complications include all of those commonly seen with thoracic procedures, but infection is less prominent than one would anticipate, even when prostheses have been implanted. With early, aggressive management it is anticipated that more survivors of these serious wounds will be recorded.", "PMID": 661372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9204", "title": "Technique for insertion of apicoaortic conduit.", "content": "A technique for insertion of an apicoaortic prosthesis is described. It provides a hemostatic aortic and ventricular anastomosis and can be performed with a minimum of bypass time and without interruption of coronary circulation. The technique requires no special instruments.", "contents": "Technique for insertion of apicoaortic conduit. A technique for insertion of an apicoaortic prosthesis is described. It provides a hemostatic aortic and ventricular anastomosis and can be performed with a minimum of bypass time and without interruption of coronary circulation. The technique requires no special instruments.", "PMID": 661373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9205", "title": "Monitoring of electroencephalogram during open-heart surgery. A prospective analysis of 118 cases.", "content": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) was prospectively analyzed in 118 consecutive open-heart procedures. In 96 patients (81%) the records were normal whereas in 22 patients (19%) the EEG showed slow wave activity and decreased electrical voltage. In 16 of these patients the EEG abnormality was transient or only of mild degree. In 10 of this group of patients the abnormality occurred with the institution of total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and returned to normal within 2 minutes. In four other patients the abnormalities were mild, persisted to the end of the CPB, and then returned to normal; in two patients the EEG abnormalities developed in the last half of CPB and then returned to normal. In the remaining six patients the EEG was grossly abnormal. In one of these patients the abnormality was secondary to a previous stroke. In five patients, however, the EEG alerted the surgeon to an otherwise unsuspected poor cerebral blood flow. A serious neurologic insult was probably prevented by identifying and correcting the mechanical cause.", "contents": "Monitoring of electroencephalogram during open-heart surgery. A prospective analysis of 118 cases. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was prospectively analyzed in 118 consecutive open-heart procedures. In 96 patients (81%) the records were normal whereas in 22 patients (19%) the EEG showed slow wave activity and decreased electrical voltage. In 16 of these patients the EEG abnormality was transient or only of mild degree. In 10 of this group of patients the abnormality occurred with the institution of total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and returned to normal within 2 minutes. In four other patients the abnormalities were mild, persisted to the end of the CPB, and then returned to normal; in two patients the EEG abnormalities developed in the last half of CPB and then returned to normal. In the remaining six patients the EEG was grossly abnormal. In one of these patients the abnormality was secondary to a previous stroke. In five patients, however, the EEG alerted the surgeon to an otherwise unsuspected poor cerebral blood flow. A serious neurologic insult was probably prevented by identifying and correcting the mechanical cause.", "PMID": 661374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9206", "title": "Recently developed elastomers for facial prostheses.", "content": "Ever since ancient times, man has been searching for the proper artificial substitute for living tissue. This has been a most frustrating and challenging task for the scientific community involved. Prosthetic restoration is the only alternative to reconstructive surgery for the facially deformed. This paper reviews the progress that has been made in recent years in developing a suitable material for the prosthetic restoration of facial defects. There is encouraging evidence that the development of an ideal material for facial prostheses is an attainable goal.", "contents": "Recently developed elastomers for facial prostheses. Ever since ancient times, man has been searching for the proper artificial substitute for living tissue. This has been a most frustrating and challenging task for the scientific community involved. Prosthetic restoration is the only alternative to reconstructive surgery for the facially deformed. This paper reviews the progress that has been made in recent years in developing a suitable material for the prosthetic restoration of facial defects. There is encouraging evidence that the development of an ideal material for facial prostheses is an attainable goal.", "PMID": 661380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9207", "title": "Incidence, trend, and outcome of bronchogenic carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935--1974.", "content": "The 40-year incidence trends of bronchogenic carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, are presented and analyzed. The incidence in men has risen rapidly with each decade. During the last decade this increase was due to an increase of the rate among men over 65, rates in men under 65 appearing to have plateaued. The incidence in women increased for the first time in the decade 1965 to 1974. During the period 1935 through 1974, rates for all cell types increased in men, with that for squamous cell carcinoma increasing most. In women the recent overall increase was due mainly to an increase of adenocarcinoma, which has been the predominant cell type in women throughout. Among all cases together the 5-year survivorship was 11%, which comprised 24% for squamous cell carcinoma, 11% for large cell carcinoma, 12% for adenocarcinoma, and 0 for small cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Incidence, trend, and outcome of bronchogenic carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935--1974. The 40-year incidence trends of bronchogenic carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, are presented and analyzed. The incidence in men has risen rapidly with each decade. During the last decade this increase was due to an increase of the rate among men over 65, rates in men under 65 appearing to have plateaued. The incidence in women increased for the first time in the decade 1965 to 1974. During the period 1935 through 1974, rates for all cell types increased in men, with that for squamous cell carcinoma increasing most. In women the recent overall increase was due mainly to an increase of adenocarcinoma, which has been the predominant cell type in women throughout. Among all cases together the 5-year survivorship was 11%, which comprised 24% for squamous cell carcinoma, 11% for large cell carcinoma, 12% for adenocarcinoma, and 0 for small cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 661381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9208", "title": "Intraventricular hemorrhages in full-term and premature infants.", "content": "Intraventricular hemorrhages were the most common neuropathologic findings in both full-term and premature infants in a retrospective study of neonatal deaths. In general, the intraventricular hemorrhages of full-term infants were less frequent, originated from veins of the choroid plexus, were small, and rarely caused death. Intraventricular hemorrhages of premature infants usually originated in the germinal matrix and were large enough to be fatal. Intraventricular hemorrhages were most frequently found when death occurred between 24 and 72 hours of age.", "contents": "Intraventricular hemorrhages in full-term and premature infants. Intraventricular hemorrhages were the most common neuropathologic findings in both full-term and premature infants in a retrospective study of neonatal deaths. In general, the intraventricular hemorrhages of full-term infants were less frequent, originated from veins of the choroid plexus, were small, and rarely caused death. Intraventricular hemorrhages of premature infants usually originated in the germinal matrix and were large enough to be fatal. Intraventricular hemorrhages were most frequently found when death occurred between 24 and 72 hours of age.", "PMID": 661382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9209", "title": "Roentgenographic simulation of colonic cancer by benign masses in Crohn's colitis.", "content": "Crohn's colitis has recently been shown to predispose the patient to cancer of the colon. Unfortunately, many of the manifestations of colonic malignancy, such as polypoid intraluminal masses and strictures, can be simulated roentgenographically by Crohn's colitis. We present five patients in whom this diagnostic difficulty arose. As established by total or subtotal colectomy, none proved to have malignancy; instead, pronounced transmural inflammation and, in two cases, multiple large pseudopolyps were found to account for the roentgenographically indeterminate lesions. These findings exemplify the difficulty in roentgenographic diagnosis of colonic mass lesions in patients with Chrohn's colitis.", "contents": "Roentgenographic simulation of colonic cancer by benign masses in Crohn's colitis. Crohn's colitis has recently been shown to predispose the patient to cancer of the colon. Unfortunately, many of the manifestations of colonic malignancy, such as polypoid intraluminal masses and strictures, can be simulated roentgenographically by Crohn's colitis. We present five patients in whom this diagnostic difficulty arose. As established by total or subtotal colectomy, none proved to have malignancy; instead, pronounced transmural inflammation and, in two cases, multiple large pseudopolyps were found to account for the roentgenographically indeterminate lesions. These findings exemplify the difficulty in roentgenographic diagnosis of colonic mass lesions in patients with Chrohn's colitis.", "PMID": 661383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9210", "title": "Series on clinical testing. 1. The diagnostic usefulness of specific IgE antibody measurements.", "content": "In vitro measurements of specific IgE antibodies are useful in the evaluation of patients with diseases characterized by clinical signs of immediate hypersensitivity. In general, measurable levels of specific IgE antibodies indicate immediate hypersensitivity to the allergen tested regardless of the clinical expression of allergy. With the exception of low-level specific IgE antibodies to milk and egg antigens in children and to other foods in unselected adults, false-positive results are rare. However, despite the high probability that positive test results represent allergic disease, some patients with clinically apparent respiratory allergy have borderline or negative test results to certain allergens, and uncommon hypersensitivities such as those elicited by drug and insect-venom allergens may be missed if antibody testing is not performed at the appropriate time following antigen exposure. For these reasons, in vitro IgE antibody measurements are not recommended as screening tests for respiratory allergic diseases or drug or insect-venom hypersensitivities. Useful information is obtained by in vitro testing in these diagnostic situations only when tests are performed on carefully chosen patients.", "contents": "Series on clinical testing. 1. The diagnostic usefulness of specific IgE antibody measurements. In vitro measurements of specific IgE antibodies are useful in the evaluation of patients with diseases characterized by clinical signs of immediate hypersensitivity. In general, measurable levels of specific IgE antibodies indicate immediate hypersensitivity to the allergen tested regardless of the clinical expression of allergy. With the exception of low-level specific IgE antibodies to milk and egg antigens in children and to other foods in unselected adults, false-positive results are rare. However, despite the high probability that positive test results represent allergic disease, some patients with clinically apparent respiratory allergy have borderline or negative test results to certain allergens, and uncommon hypersensitivities such as those elicited by drug and insect-venom allergens may be missed if antibody testing is not performed at the appropriate time following antigen exposure. For these reasons, in vitro IgE antibody measurements are not recommended as screening tests for respiratory allergic diseases or drug or insect-venom hypersensitivities. Useful information is obtained by in vitro testing in these diagnostic situations only when tests are performed on carefully chosen patients.", "PMID": 661384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9211", "title": "Medical, psychologic, and legal aspects of child custody disputes.", "content": "An increasing number of children seen in pediatric practice are children of divorce. The child is often involved in the conflict between his parents in regard to custody and visitation. The physician will want to be familiar with the historical background of child custody decisions and the present guidelines the courts are using in determining custody and visitation, together with the newer and controversial proposals concerning the elusive concept of \"best interests of the child.\" It is important that the pediatrician recognize the usual phenomenology of the young child's response to family disruption, lest he ascribe it to some fault on the part of the current caretaker. Some children respond to disruption in the family with symptoms that warrant intervention directed toward helping the child. All cases warrant intervention designed to enhance the parenting ability of the custodial parent and to enlist the cooperation of the noncustodial parent to minimize adverse influences on the child's developmental agenda. The physician should be well prepared if he participates in court procedures regarding custody and visitation controversy.", "contents": "Medical, psychologic, and legal aspects of child custody disputes. An increasing number of children seen in pediatric practice are children of divorce. The child is often involved in the conflict between his parents in regard to custody and visitation. The physician will want to be familiar with the historical background of child custody decisions and the present guidelines the courts are using in determining custody and visitation, together with the newer and controversial proposals concerning the elusive concept of \"best interests of the child.\" It is important that the pediatrician recognize the usual phenomenology of the young child's response to family disruption, lest he ascribe it to some fault on the part of the current caretaker. Some children respond to disruption in the family with symptoms that warrant intervention directed toward helping the child. All cases warrant intervention designed to enhance the parenting ability of the custodial parent and to enlist the cooperation of the noncustodial parent to minimize adverse influences on the child's developmental agenda. The physician should be well prepared if he participates in court procedures regarding custody and visitation controversy.", "PMID": 661385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9212", "title": "Unusual echocardiographic findings in a patient with left atrial myxoma.", "content": "A 53-year-old patient is presented who had left atrial myxoma with unusual echocardiographic findings. The patient had been regarded for 10 years as having mitral stenosis. This error in diagnosis was due in part to misinterpretation of his echocardiograms. This report is presented to emphasize not only the unusual echocardiographic findings but also the subtle findings on the phonocardiogram and apexcardiogram which should have led to the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Unusual echocardiographic findings in a patient with left atrial myxoma. A 53-year-old patient is presented who had left atrial myxoma with unusual echocardiographic findings. The patient had been regarded for 10 years as having mitral stenosis. This error in diagnosis was due in part to misinterpretation of his echocardiograms. This report is presented to emphasize not only the unusual echocardiographic findings but also the subtle findings on the phonocardiogram and apexcardiogram which should have led to the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 661386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9213", "title": "Associative memory and pattern recognition.", "content": "This tutorial review presents a model of neural associative memory along with a set of computer demonstrations showing the relevance of this memory mechanism in visual information processing. The model is based upon the hypothesis that adaptive changes in neural networks are intermediated by changes in synaptic efficacies. The signal patterns are stored by gradual changes of the network and they may be recalled later using a part of the original signal pattern as a key. The ability of this type of memory mechanism to process sensory information is emphasized.", "contents": "Associative memory and pattern recognition. This tutorial review presents a model of neural associative memory along with a set of computer demonstrations showing the relevance of this memory mechanism in visual information processing. The model is based upon the hypothesis that adaptive changes in neural networks are intermediated by changes in synaptic efficacies. The signal patterns are stored by gradual changes of the network and they may be recalled later using a part of the original signal pattern as a key. The ability of this type of memory mechanism to process sensory information is emphasized.", "PMID": 661400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9214", "title": "Excitation and adaptation in the vertebrate rod photoreceptor.", "content": "The excitatory processes and the reactions of the rhodopsin photoproducts in vertebrate rods are summarized, and an adaptation model of the rod is outlined. The transmitter factor Q describes the ability of the discs to release a transmitter carrying the signal from the site of light adaptation to the plasma membrane of the receptor. If Q decreases appropriately when the background light intensity increases, the response range of the rod is preserved and the rod obeys Weber's law. This kind of receptor adaptation is experimentally observed in several species. A photoisomerization in a disc apparently affects the release of a transmitter also in neighbouring discs. The background light also affects the neuronal network of the retina, preserving the response range of the ganglion cell. After an exposure bleaching an appreciable fraction of rhodopsin the sensitivity of the rod returns in two phases: a fast intermediate adaptation and a slow opsin adaptation. After a rather small bleach the photoresponse is fairly well preserved (mainly Q-adaptation), but large bleaches cause a strong reduction in the response range. Different experimental methods utilized when correlating rhodopsin photoproducts and intermediate adaptation are discussed.", "contents": "Excitation and adaptation in the vertebrate rod photoreceptor. The excitatory processes and the reactions of the rhodopsin photoproducts in vertebrate rods are summarized, and an adaptation model of the rod is outlined. The transmitter factor Q describes the ability of the discs to release a transmitter carrying the signal from the site of light adaptation to the plasma membrane of the receptor. If Q decreases appropriately when the background light intensity increases, the response range of the rod is preserved and the rod obeys Weber's law. This kind of receptor adaptation is experimentally observed in several species. A photoisomerization in a disc apparently affects the release of a transmitter also in neighbouring discs. The background light also affects the neuronal network of the retina, preserving the response range of the ganglion cell. After an exposure bleaching an appreciable fraction of rhodopsin the sensitivity of the rod returns in two phases: a fast intermediate adaptation and a slow opsin adaptation. After a rather small bleach the photoresponse is fairly well preserved (mainly Q-adaptation), but large bleaches cause a strong reduction in the response range. Different experimental methods utilized when correlating rhodopsin photoproducts and intermediate adaptation are discussed.", "PMID": 661401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9215", "title": "Processing of visual information in the insect retina.", "content": "The fly is presented as an example for visual information processing. It is shown that \"simple\" compound eyes of insects possess functions which are comparable with those of the complex lens eyes in higher vertebrates. The problems of coding of contrast, colour and polarized light are discussed. Temporal resolution of the visual system is characterized in terms of a transfer function and this reveals differences to vertebrates, but only in respect to the higher fusion frequency. Spatial coding of light informations is not very well understood but there is evidence for lateral inhibitory interactions, especially in the lamina. Thus we can conclude that the retina presents all premises at least for a simple shape and motion analysis in the fly's tiny brain.", "contents": "Processing of visual information in the insect retina. The fly is presented as an example for visual information processing. It is shown that \"simple\" compound eyes of insects possess functions which are comparable with those of the complex lens eyes in higher vertebrates. The problems of coding of contrast, colour and polarized light are discussed. Temporal resolution of the visual system is characterized in terms of a transfer function and this reveals differences to vertebrates, but only in respect to the higher fusion frequency. Spatial coding of light informations is not very well understood but there is evidence for lateral inhibitory interactions, especially in the lamina. Thus we can conclude that the retina presents all premises at least for a simple shape and motion analysis in the fly's tiny brain.", "PMID": 661402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9216", "title": "Retinal mechanisms of visual adaptation and afterimages.", "content": "Recent results obtained from recordings of isolated photoreceptor activity and from correlations of this activity with time-dependent changes in the responses of other retinal cells in several vertebrates have made a thorough revision of former theories of visual adaptation necessary. The present paper reviews the current state of research and relates the new discoveries with psychophysical findings in an attempt to explain human light and dark adaptation from the novel starting point. The former conceptions of adaptation have to be replaced with a three-level process consisting of photochemical receptor neural and network adaptation. Several adaptive mechanisms can be discerned at each level. Depending on adaptation conditions, any level of the three can play a dominating role and can also produce afterimages that display the behaviour of the mechanisms working at each level. The total achievement of visual adaptation is an optimized end product of the actions of all the various mechanisms.", "contents": "Retinal mechanisms of visual adaptation and afterimages. Recent results obtained from recordings of isolated photoreceptor activity and from correlations of this activity with time-dependent changes in the responses of other retinal cells in several vertebrates have made a thorough revision of former theories of visual adaptation necessary. The present paper reviews the current state of research and relates the new discoveries with psychophysical findings in an attempt to explain human light and dark adaptation from the novel starting point. The former conceptions of adaptation have to be replaced with a three-level process consisting of photochemical receptor neural and network adaptation. Several adaptive mechanisms can be discerned at each level. Depending on adaptation conditions, any level of the three can play a dominating role and can also produce afterimages that display the behaviour of the mechanisms working at each level. The total achievement of visual adaptation is an optimized end product of the actions of all the various mechanisms.", "PMID": 661403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9217", "title": "Receptive field density of retinal ganglion cells and cortical magnification factor in man.", "content": "A mathematical relationship is derived between the density or retinal ganglion cell receptive fields and cortical magnification factor. The derivation is based on an assumed constant density of visual fibres entering the striate cortex and on a continuous retinotopic mapping of the visual field thereto. After considering the effect of cortical ocular-dominance columns the human cortical magnification factor along the principal meridians of the visual field is calculated from the empirical estimates of receptive field density of ganglion cells in human retina. The computed estimates of cortical magnification factor agree with experimental data obtained from studies of cortically induced phosphenes, visual migraine hallucinations, and contrast sensitivity functions.", "contents": "Receptive field density of retinal ganglion cells and cortical magnification factor in man. A mathematical relationship is derived between the density or retinal ganglion cell receptive fields and cortical magnification factor. The derivation is based on an assumed constant density of visual fibres entering the striate cortex and on a continuous retinotopic mapping of the visual field thereto. After considering the effect of cortical ocular-dominance columns the human cortical magnification factor along the principal meridians of the visual field is calculated from the empirical estimates of receptive field density of ganglion cells in human retina. The computed estimates of cortical magnification factor agree with experimental data obtained from studies of cortically induced phosphenes, visual migraine hallucinations, and contrast sensitivity functions.", "PMID": 661404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9218", "title": "Tension headache.", "content": "Headache is an extremely common symptom, and many headaches undoubtedly have a relationship to stressful situations. The clear definition, however, of a \"tension headache\" complex and its differentiation from migraine in some patients is difficult. The problems are in the identification of a specific headache pattern induced by stress or \"tension\" and the relationship of the symptom to involuntary contraction of neck and scalp muscles. Treatment consists of analgesics and occasionally mild tranquilizers. Psychotherapy consists of reassurance and often other supportive measures, including modification of life styles. Various feedback techniques have been reported of value, but their superiority to suggestion and hypnosis is still problematic.", "contents": "Tension headache. Headache is an extremely common symptom, and many headaches undoubtedly have a relationship to stressful situations. The clear definition, however, of a \"tension headache\" complex and its differentiation from migraine in some patients is difficult. The problems are in the identification of a specific headache pattern induced by stress or \"tension\" and the relationship of the symptom to involuntary contraction of neck and scalp muscles. Treatment consists of analgesics and occasionally mild tranquilizers. Psychotherapy consists of reassurance and often other supportive measures, including modification of life styles. Various feedback techniques have been reported of value, but their superiority to suggestion and hypnosis is still problematic.", "PMID": 661420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9219", "title": "Radiological techniques in the examination of patients with headaches.", "content": "It can be said that in the majority of headache patients who have a long typical history, a negative neurologic examination, and a noncontributory general physical examination, radiologic studies will probably not give further pertinent information. Nevertheless, in a sufficient number of these patients, the noninvasive and essentially atraumatic procedures of plain skull radiography, computed tomography, and (as indicated) echoencephalography and radionuclide brain scanning will provide a considerable amount of information pertinent to the clinical problem. Hospitalization for angiography and, on occasion, pneumoencephalography or other special procedures, will then become indicated for those patients in whom an abnormality is found in these screening procedures.", "contents": "Radiological techniques in the examination of patients with headaches. It can be said that in the majority of headache patients who have a long typical history, a negative neurologic examination, and a noncontributory general physical examination, radiologic studies will probably not give further pertinent information. Nevertheless, in a sufficient number of these patients, the noninvasive and essentially atraumatic procedures of plain skull radiography, computed tomography, and (as indicated) echoencephalography and radionuclide brain scanning will provide a considerable amount of information pertinent to the clinical problem. Hospitalization for angiography and, on occasion, pneumoencephalography or other special procedures, will then become indicated for those patients in whom an abnormality is found in these screening procedures.", "PMID": 661425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9220", "title": "[Surgical rehabilitation of speech after total laryngectomy: the Staffieri techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical speech rehabilitation after total laryngectomy by the three procedures of Prof. Staffieri is based on the principle of establishing a short fistula lined by pharyngeal mucosa between trachea and hypopharynx. It permits voluntary air pressure control for voice production while preventing aspiration during deglutition. In a single-stage procedure the \"neoglottis phonatoria\" is established on the occasion of the laryngectomy at the top of the trachea. In cases of prevoius laryngectomy a shunt is established between the trachea dorsal wall and the oesophagus, either cranially (direct internal shunt) or more caudally (retrograde internal shunt). The three methods are described, and the one-way function of the different fistulas are demonstrated. The percentage of successful voice restorations that remain free from swallowing difficulties in 700 patients, subjected to these techniques in Europe and Overseas is between 60 and 90%. The main advantage of this operation, which is easy to perform and without risk for the patient, is the wide oncologic spectrum of indications.", "contents": "[Surgical rehabilitation of speech after total laryngectomy: the Staffieri techniques (author's transl)]. Surgical speech rehabilitation after total laryngectomy by the three procedures of Prof. Staffieri is based on the principle of establishing a short fistula lined by pharyngeal mucosa between trachea and hypopharynx. It permits voluntary air pressure control for voice production while preventing aspiration during deglutition. In a single-stage procedure the \"neoglottis phonatoria\" is established on the occasion of the laryngectomy at the top of the trachea. In cases of prevoius laryngectomy a shunt is established between the trachea dorsal wall and the oesophagus, either cranially (direct internal shunt) or more caudally (retrograde internal shunt). The three methods are described, and the one-way function of the different fistulas are demonstrated. The percentage of successful voice restorations that remain free from swallowing difficulties in 700 patients, subjected to these techniques in Europe and Overseas is between 60 and 90%. The main advantage of this operation, which is easy to perform and without risk for the patient, is the wide oncologic spectrum of indications.", "PMID": 661460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9221", "title": "[Valve-neoglottis after laryngectomy by cartilage implantation into the trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "After  laryngectomy the opening of the upper trachea is closed up to 3/4--4/5 by implantation of a cartilage plate (if possible from the epiglottis). The anterior part is left open. During exspiration the oesophago-pharyngeal flap is pressed upwards, whereas the position of the cartilage plate does not change much. The air can be expired by a 90 degrees turned 6--8 mm fistula (Staffieri) in the flap opposite of the cartilage plate (valve opened). As well as by its own weight as by flow of saliva, eating, drinking and vomiting the fistula is pressed on the cartilage plate (valve closed). By aid of this valve mechanism the patient can drink 1 week postoperatively without suffering from flow of saliva into the trachea. The patient's ability to speak developes well 10--14 days postoperatively.", "contents": "[Valve-neoglottis after laryngectomy by cartilage implantation into the trachea (author's transl)]. After  laryngectomy the opening of the upper trachea is closed up to 3/4--4/5 by implantation of a cartilage plate (if possible from the epiglottis). The anterior part is left open. During exspiration the oesophago-pharyngeal flap is pressed upwards, whereas the position of the cartilage plate does not change much. The air can be expired by a 90 degrees turned 6--8 mm fistula (Staffieri) in the flap opposite of the cartilage plate (valve opened). As well as by its own weight as by flow of saliva, eating, drinking and vomiting the fistula is pressed on the cartilage plate (valve closed). By aid of this valve mechanism the patient can drink 1 week postoperatively without suffering from flow of saliva into the trachea. The patient's ability to speak developes well 10--14 days postoperatively.", "PMID": 661461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9222", "title": "[On the recurrence risk with partial larynx resections (author's transl)].", "content": "28 cases of recurrences after 127 vertical and horizontal partial larynx resections (22 per cent) were analysed. Unfavourable preconditions for partial resections are the affliction of the ary cartilage and arrest of vocal chord movility. The hemiresections according to Hautant have the heighest recidivation percentage (40 per cent) judging from the observations available. Radical operations after failured partial resections are uncertain as to their prognoses.", "contents": "[On the recurrence risk with partial larynx resections (author's transl)]. 28 cases of recurrences after 127 vertical and horizontal partial larynx resections (22 per cent) were analysed. Unfavourable preconditions for partial resections are the affliction of the ary cartilage and arrest of vocal chord movility. The hemiresections according to Hautant have the heighest recidivation percentage (40 per cent) judging from the observations available. Radical operations after failured partial resections are uncertain as to their prognoses.", "PMID": 661462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9223", "title": "[Analysis of 1700 compensated cases of noise induced hearing loss in the metal industry (author's transl)].", "content": "The files of an occupational insurance association (Berufsgenossenschaft), in that case the S\u00fcddeutsche Eisen- und Stahl-Berufsgenossenschaft with 1.4 million insurants, gave the chance to analyse statistically the development of the noise induced hearing loss during about 10 years. As a result of this documentation inter alia it was possible to allocate the compensated cases to the different branches, to investigate the influence of the noise exposition on the hearing loss as well as other audiological data of interest which enable e.g. to compare the different test methods or to estimate on the basis of the pure tone audiogram the probability that a noise induced hearing loss will be compensated.", "contents": "[Analysis of 1700 compensated cases of noise induced hearing loss in the metal industry (author's transl)]. The files of an occupational insurance association (Berufsgenossenschaft), in that case the S\u00fcddeutsche Eisen- und Stahl-Berufsgenossenschaft with 1.4 million insurants, gave the chance to analyse statistically the development of the noise induced hearing loss during about 10 years. As a result of this documentation inter alia it was possible to allocate the compensated cases to the different branches, to investigate the influence of the noise exposition on the hearing loss as well as other audiological data of interest which enable e.g. to compare the different test methods or to estimate on the basis of the pure tone audiogram the probability that a noise induced hearing loss will be compensated.", "PMID": 661463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9224", "title": "[Hair cell noise damage after improved hypoxia tolerance (author's transl)].", "content": "Guinea pigs were gradually adapted to a simulated altitude of 10,000 m. The round window microphone potential (RMP) frequency response was measured 24 hours after pure tone exposition (2.7 kHz, 130 dB, 1 hr). The electrophysiologically demonstrable sound induced damage of the organ of Corti of the adapted guinea pigs was significantly smaller than those of the nonadapted (normal) group. Altitude adapted animals: m = 18, Hb: 18.5 +/- 1.8 g%, Hc: 57.3 +/- 4.4+ RMP mean loss: 1.7 +/- 0.8 dB. n = 18, Hb: 12.7 +/- 1.8 g%, Hc: 40.5 +/- 1.6%. RMP mean loss: 5.8 +/- 2.4 dB. All differences significant p less than 0.001. The evident possibility to reduce noise induced hair cell damage by means of previous adaptation to high altitude might be explained by the greater hypoxia tolerance and perhaps additional better oxygen supply to the receptor cells.", "contents": "[Hair cell noise damage after improved hypoxia tolerance (author's transl)]. Guinea pigs were gradually adapted to a simulated altitude of 10,000 m. The round window microphone potential (RMP) frequency response was measured 24 hours after pure tone exposition (2.7 kHz, 130 dB, 1 hr). The electrophysiologically demonstrable sound induced damage of the organ of Corti of the adapted guinea pigs was significantly smaller than those of the nonadapted (normal) group. Altitude adapted animals: m = 18, Hb: 18.5 +/- 1.8 g%, Hc: 57.3 +/- 4.4+ RMP mean loss: 1.7 +/- 0.8 dB. n = 18, Hb: 12.7 +/- 1.8 g%, Hc: 40.5 +/- 1.6%. RMP mean loss: 5.8 +/- 2.4 dB. All differences significant p less than 0.001. The evident possibility to reduce noise induced hair cell damage by means of previous adaptation to high altitude might be explained by the greater hypoxia tolerance and perhaps additional better oxygen supply to the receptor cells.", "PMID": 661464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9225", "title": "[Vestibulometry by infrared emission (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper describes a method for caloric stimulation of the labyrinths by means of infrared emission. The introduction of a probe the tip of which carries an efficient gallium arsenide diode effects short wave infrared radiation and induces a caloric nystagmus toward the same side. This method can be employed also in cases of tympanic membrane perforations without any adverse effects. Its significance can be considered equal to that of the traditional methods.", "contents": "[Vestibulometry by infrared emission (author's transl)]. The paper describes a method for caloric stimulation of the labyrinths by means of infrared emission. The introduction of a probe the tip of which carries an efficient gallium arsenide diode effects short wave infrared radiation and induces a caloric nystagmus toward the same side. This method can be employed also in cases of tympanic membrane perforations without any adverse effects. Its significance can be considered equal to that of the traditional methods.", "PMID": 661465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9226", "title": "[Fibrous dysplasia of the facial bones (author's transl)].", "content": "On the occasion of three cases of fibrous dysplasia (two of frontal sinus and the ethmoids and one of the upper jaw) the problem of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws is analysed. The clinical picture is characterized by a slow and gradual emergence of facial assymetric or exophathalmos. Histologically there is a variety of form. The treatment is largely a remodeling osteotomy. The writers effectively applied on all three cases a radial removal of the lesion.", "contents": "[Fibrous dysplasia of the facial bones (author's transl)]. On the occasion of three cases of fibrous dysplasia (two of frontal sinus and the ethmoids and one of the upper jaw) the problem of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws is analysed. The clinical picture is characterized by a slow and gradual emergence of facial assymetric or exophathalmos. Histologically there is a variety of form. The treatment is largely a remodeling osteotomy. The writers effectively applied on all three cases a radial removal of the lesion.", "PMID": 661466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9227", "title": "[The subclavian-steal-syndrome on the view of the ENT-expert (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report. Six months after a fracture of the left clavicle beginning of bilateral deafness and tinnitus as the only symptom of an angiographically proved subclavian steal syndrome (SSS). In spite of the well functioning Teflonprothesis the ear symptoms persisted. Remarkable points of the cases were 1. the rare traumatic origin of a SSS, 2. the monosymptoms of the acoustic organ, 3. the necessity of judgement of the ear symptoms by six ENT-specialists with regard of the result of a traumatic origin. Four affirmed the traumatic cause.", "contents": "[The subclavian-steal-syndrome on the view of the ENT-expert (author's transl)]. Case report. Six months after a fracture of the left clavicle beginning of bilateral deafness and tinnitus as the only symptom of an angiographically proved subclavian steal syndrome (SSS). In spite of the well functioning Teflonprothesis the ear symptoms persisted. Remarkable points of the cases were 1. the rare traumatic origin of a SSS, 2. the monosymptoms of the acoustic organ, 3. the necessity of judgement of the ear symptoms by six ENT-specialists with regard of the result of a traumatic origin. Four affirmed the traumatic cause.", "PMID": 661467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9228", "title": "[A rupture of the dorsal pharyngeal wall following a blunt neck trauma: 4th case in the world literature? (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of a 22-year-old woman who suffered from an external non-penetrating injury to the ventral side of the neck resulting in a rupture of the dorsal pharyngeal wall. She was successfully treated with conservative therapy, i.e. intravenous fluids and conservative therapy, i.e. intravenous fluids and antibiotics. It is concluded that not all cases of pharyngeal rupture due to a blunt external trauma of the neck need surgical treatment.", "contents": "[A rupture of the dorsal pharyngeal wall following a blunt neck trauma: 4th case in the world literature? (author's transl)]. A report is given of a 22-year-old woman who suffered from an external non-penetrating injury to the ventral side of the neck resulting in a rupture of the dorsal pharyngeal wall. She was successfully treated with conservative therapy, i.e. intravenous fluids and conservative therapy, i.e. intravenous fluids and antibiotics. It is concluded that not all cases of pharyngeal rupture due to a blunt external trauma of the neck need surgical treatment.", "PMID": 661469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9229", "title": "[A case of late pneumatocephalon and late meningitis after a conservatively treated fronto-basal fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "An unusal case of fronto-basal fractures in reported and the question of the management of such fractures is discussed.", "contents": "[A case of late pneumatocephalon and late meningitis after a conservatively treated fronto-basal fracture (author's transl)]. An unusal case of fronto-basal fractures in reported and the question of the management of such fractures is discussed.", "PMID": 661470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9230", "title": "Initial cholesterol uptake by everted sacs of rat small intestine: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects.", "content": "The kinetics of initial cholesterol uptake by everted rat proximal and distal small intestinal sacs were evaluated in vitro. The mucosal incubation solution consisted of 0.05 mM cholesterol solubilized in 4.8 mM sodium taurocholate micellar solution at pH 7.4 Experiments were performed at temperatures from 26 to 38 C. The rate of cholesterol uptake followed a linear relationship when plotted against time indicating an apparent zero-order kinetics mechanism for initial uptake. An Arrhenius plot of the results of uptake versus temperature remained linear over the entire range of temperatures studied. The large free energy of activation (20 kcal/mole) suggests that an energy barrier for cholesterol uptake exists at the enterocyte luminal cell membrane and may be an important limiting step in cholesterol uptake. It is proposed that a transient association between cholesterol and a component of the enterocyte luminal cell membrane is formed during initial uptake of cholesterol. The transient association may be an activated complex formed with proteins present at or within the luminal enterocyte cell membrane.", "contents": "Initial cholesterol uptake by everted sacs of rat small intestine: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. The kinetics of initial cholesterol uptake by everted rat proximal and distal small intestinal sacs were evaluated in vitro. The mucosal incubation solution consisted of 0.05 mM cholesterol solubilized in 4.8 mM sodium taurocholate micellar solution at pH 7.4 Experiments were performed at temperatures from 26 to 38 C. The rate of cholesterol uptake followed a linear relationship when plotted against time indicating an apparent zero-order kinetics mechanism for initial uptake. An Arrhenius plot of the results of uptake versus temperature remained linear over the entire range of temperatures studied. The large free energy of activation (20 kcal/mole) suggests that an energy barrier for cholesterol uptake exists at the enterocyte luminal cell membrane and may be an important limiting step in cholesterol uptake. It is proposed that a transient association between cholesterol and a component of the enterocyte luminal cell membrane is formed during initial uptake of cholesterol. The transient association may be an activated complex formed with proteins present at or within the luminal enterocyte cell membrane.", "PMID": 661508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9231", "title": "Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: III. Glycerol permeability of dihydrosphingomyelin-cholesterol membranes.", "content": "The permeability of an N-oleoyldihydrosphingomyelin bilayer against glycerol was similar to that of a bilayer of phosphatidylcholine with identical effective hydrophobic chain length. Cholesterol at 1:1 molar ratio reduced the permeability, and also reduced the energy of activation of glycerol penetration, an effect not found for diesterphosphatidylcholine with cholesterol. The higher level of the ground state of the entropy of activation for permeability can be interpreted in terms of a hydrogen belt model which postulates lipid-lipid hydrogen bonding in membranes and explains the effect found as a disturbance of the hydrogen belt structure. Dihydrosphingomyelin can be considered to function as an \"extender\" in the hydrogen belt network.", "contents": "Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: III. Glycerol permeability of dihydrosphingomyelin-cholesterol membranes. The permeability of an N-oleoyldihydrosphingomyelin bilayer against glycerol was similar to that of a bilayer of phosphatidylcholine with identical effective hydrophobic chain length. Cholesterol at 1:1 molar ratio reduced the permeability, and also reduced the energy of activation of glycerol penetration, an effect not found for diesterphosphatidylcholine with cholesterol. The higher level of the ground state of the entropy of activation for permeability can be interpreted in terms of a hydrogen belt model which postulates lipid-lipid hydrogen bonding in membranes and explains the effect found as a disturbance of the hydrogen belt structure. Dihydrosphingomyelin can be considered to function as an \"extender\" in the hydrogen belt network.", "PMID": 661510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9232", "title": "Cyclopropene fatty acids of selected seed oils from bombacaceae, malvaceae, and sterculiaceae.", "content": "Fatty acid compositions of seed oils from three species of Bombacaceae, eleven from Malvaceae, and six from Sterculiaceae were determined. Each of the seed oils contains varying amounts of both malvalic and sterculic acids accompanied by one or both of the corresponding cyclopropane fatty acids. In addition, the seed oil of Pachira aquatic Aubl. (Bombacaceae) contains 12.8% alpha-hydroxysterculic acid.", "contents": "Cyclopropene fatty acids of selected seed oils from bombacaceae, malvaceae, and sterculiaceae. Fatty acid compositions of seed oils from three species of Bombacaceae, eleven from Malvaceae, and six from Sterculiaceae were determined. Each of the seed oils contains varying amounts of both malvalic and sterculic acids accompanied by one or both of the corresponding cyclopropane fatty acids. In addition, the seed oil of Pachira aquatic Aubl. (Bombacaceae) contains 12.8% alpha-hydroxysterculic acid.", "PMID": 661511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9233", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of docosenoic acid in rapeseed oils.", "content": "A highly sensitive and accurate reference method for determination of docosenoic acid (mainly erucic acid, 22:1n-9) in different rapeseed oils is described. A fixed amount of [1-14C] erucic acid methyl ester (about 1 microgram) is added to a fixed amount of oil. After treatment with sodium methoxide/methanol reagent and extraction with hexane, the amount of unlabeled erucic acid is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 320 and m/e 322 obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with an MID (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the M-32 peak in the mass spectrum of unlabeled and [1-14C] labeled erucic acid methyl ester. The relative standard deviation of the method is about 1.8%. The method was compared with a gas chromatographic method for determination of erucic acid.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of docosenoic acid in rapeseed oils. A highly sensitive and accurate reference method for determination of docosenoic acid (mainly erucic acid, 22:1n-9) in different rapeseed oils is described. A fixed amount of [1-14C] erucic acid methyl ester (about 1 microgram) is added to a fixed amount of oil. After treatment with sodium methoxide/methanol reagent and extraction with hexane, the amount of unlabeled erucic acid is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 320 and m/e 322 obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with an MID (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the M-32 peak in the mass spectrum of unlabeled and [1-14C] labeled erucic acid methyl ester. The relative standard deviation of the method is about 1.8%. The method was compared with a gas chromatographic method for determination of erucic acid.", "PMID": 661512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9234", "title": "Occurrence of dolichol in human tissues.", "content": "The concentration of dolichol has been determined in various human tissues obtained at autopsy. The highest levels ( 3000 microgram/g wet weight) were found in testes. Liver and several other endocrine tissues contained about 1000 microgram/g. Lower levels were present in other tissues examines. Only a small proportion of the total dolichol in human tissues was esterified to fatty acids.", "contents": "Occurrence of dolichol in human tissues. The concentration of dolichol has been determined in various human tissues obtained at autopsy. The highest levels ( 3000 microgram/g wet weight) were found in testes. Liver and several other endocrine tissues contained about 1000 microgram/g. Lower levels were present in other tissues examines. Only a small proportion of the total dolichol in human tissues was esterified to fatty acids.", "PMID": 661513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9235", "title": "Effects of storage conditions on rat brain ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, cerebrosides, and cholesterol.", "content": "The effects of storage on rat brain lipid composition were studied in terms of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, cerebrosides, and cholesterol. Rat brains were stored at several combinations of temperature and time. Storage conditions were: 2 hr at room temperature, 12 hr of refrigeration, and a sequence of both of these conditions. Two-dimensional thin layer chromatography followed by colorimetric analyses of eluted lipids were used to determine molar ratios of phosphatidylethanolamine, ethanolamine plasmalogen, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and cerebrosides. Cholesterol was also determined. These studies revealed small but significant increases in lysophosphatidylethanolamine in all three cases. A slight increase was also noted in the apparent molar proportion of cholesterol.", "contents": "Effects of storage conditions on rat brain ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, cerebrosides, and cholesterol. The effects of storage on rat brain lipid composition were studied in terms of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, cerebrosides, and cholesterol. Rat brains were stored at several combinations of temperature and time. Storage conditions were: 2 hr at room temperature, 12 hr of refrigeration, and a sequence of both of these conditions. Two-dimensional thin layer chromatography followed by colorimetric analyses of eluted lipids were used to determine molar ratios of phosphatidylethanolamine, ethanolamine plasmalogen, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and cerebrosides. Cholesterol was also determined. These studies revealed small but significant increases in lysophosphatidylethanolamine in all three cases. A slight increase was also noted in the apparent molar proportion of cholesterol.", "PMID": 661514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9236", "title": "Steric requirements for the stimulation of glycosyltransferase activity by lysophosphatidylcholine.", "content": "1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine and 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphocholine have been found to be equipotent in the stimulation of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases in microsomes of rat intestinal villus cells. This indicates that the stimulatory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine is not stereospecific, but that it may be related to a specific detergent property dependent upon the peculiar balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components in the molecule.", "contents": "Steric requirements for the stimulation of glycosyltransferase activity by lysophosphatidylcholine. 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine and 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphocholine have been found to be equipotent in the stimulation of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases in microsomes of rat intestinal villus cells. This indicates that the stimulatory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine is not stereospecific, but that it may be related to a specific detergent property dependent upon the peculiar balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components in the molecule.", "PMID": 661515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9237", "title": "Changes in fatty acid composition of cardiac mitochondrial phospholipids in rats fed rapeseed oil.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed rapeseed oil containing high or low levels or erucic acid for 20 weeks, and changes in the fatty acid composition of cardiac mitochondrial phospholipids were studied. Treatment with rapeseed oil containing 46.2% erucic acid showed incorporation of 22:1 (5.6%) into isolated cardiolipin from heart mitochondria. After high or low (3.7%) erucic rapeseed oil feeding, linolenic acid was slightly incorporated into cardiolipin. Moreover, both of these rapeseed oils induced a significant increase of linoleate-arachidonate ratio in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. This ratio was also significantly increased in fatty acids esterified to the beta-position of these phospholipids. On the basis of such results, we have to consider the role of linolenic acid which is present at a high level in the different rapeseed oils used, as a possible inhibitor of heart microsomal enzymes involved in linoleate arachidonate conversion. Such alterations might account for mitochondrial fragility and myocardial lesions obtained in long term rapeseed oil feeding experiments.", "contents": "Changes in fatty acid composition of cardiac mitochondrial phospholipids in rats fed rapeseed oil. Male Wistar rats were fed rapeseed oil containing high or low levels or erucic acid for 20 weeks, and changes in the fatty acid composition of cardiac mitochondrial phospholipids were studied. Treatment with rapeseed oil containing 46.2% erucic acid showed incorporation of 22:1 (5.6%) into isolated cardiolipin from heart mitochondria. After high or low (3.7%) erucic rapeseed oil feeding, linolenic acid was slightly incorporated into cardiolipin. Moreover, both of these rapeseed oils induced a significant increase of linoleate-arachidonate ratio in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. This ratio was also significantly increased in fatty acids esterified to the beta-position of these phospholipids. On the basis of such results, we have to consider the role of linolenic acid which is present at a high level in the different rapeseed oils used, as a possible inhibitor of heart microsomal enzymes involved in linoleate arachidonate conversion. Such alterations might account for mitochondrial fragility and myocardial lesions obtained in long term rapeseed oil feeding experiments.", "PMID": 661516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9238", "title": "Lipid peroxidation: a mechanism involved in acute ethanol toxicity as demonstrated by in vivo pentane production in the rat.", "content": "The effect of a single dose of ethanol on lipid peroxidation in three groups of rats fed different amounts of vitamin E was determined by the measurement of pentane in the breath. All rats had increased pentane production above basal levels by 15 min following oral administration of 6 g ethanol/kg body wt. The increase in total pentane production during a 13-hr test period after intragastric administration of ethanol was greater in the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient diet than in the rats fed vitamin E-supplemented diets (alpha = 2P = 0.02). The results support the hypothesis that acute ethanol toxicity involves lipid peroxidation and further demonstrate the usefulness in toxicological studies of monitoring pentane as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation: a mechanism involved in acute ethanol toxicity as demonstrated by in vivo pentane production in the rat. The effect of a single dose of ethanol on lipid peroxidation in three groups of rats fed different amounts of vitamin E was determined by the measurement of pentane in the breath. All rats had increased pentane production above basal levels by 15 min following oral administration of 6 g ethanol/kg body wt. The increase in total pentane production during a 13-hr test period after intragastric administration of ethanol was greater in the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient diet than in the rats fed vitamin E-supplemented diets (alpha = 2P = 0.02). The results support the hypothesis that acute ethanol toxicity involves lipid peroxidation and further demonstrate the usefulness in toxicological studies of monitoring pentane as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo.", "PMID": 661517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9239", "title": "Prostaglandin metabolism by human testis.", "content": "Human testis preparations appear to carry out both the synthesis and turnover of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and prostaglandin metabolites were extracted from whole tissue. Testis microsomes converted both endogenous and exogenous substrate to prostaglandins. Microsomal prostaglandin biosynthesis was inhibited by indomethacin. Prostaglandin E2-9-ketoreductase was present in both the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of human testis. Prostaglandin metabolism by human testis has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Prostaglandin metabolism by human testis. Human testis preparations appear to carry out both the synthesis and turnover of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and prostaglandin metabolites were extracted from whole tissue. Testis microsomes converted both endogenous and exogenous substrate to prostaglandins. Microsomal prostaglandin biosynthesis was inhibited by indomethacin. Prostaglandin E2-9-ketoreductase was present in both the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of human testis. Prostaglandin metabolism by human testis has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 661518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9240", "title": "Membranous nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to gold therapy.", "content": "Of 90 patients with membranous nephropathy proved by biopsy, 8 (8.9%) had pre-existing rheumatoid arthirtis. Four of these eight patients received systemic treatment with gold. Two others received only token amounts of gold. In two patients who received gold, the renal lesions did not occur until months after discontinuance of gold therapy. We found that clinically significant renal lesions (lesions associated with proteinuria) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were more likely to be membranous nephropathy than occult amyloidosis or adult lipoid nephrosis. The membranous lesion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be difficult to identify by light microscopy, and, although special strains can be helpful, the pathology is frequently sufficiently subtle to require immunofluorescence and electron microscopy for definitive diagnosis. We postulate that chrysotherapy may not be the cause of membranous nephropathy in patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis in whom gold has been used. Whether it merely exacerbates a lesion already present in these patients, or whether it plays little or no role in the development of membranous nephropathy is an unsettled question. Our data lead to think that RA can induce MN and that gold is not the primary inciting agent.", "contents": "Membranous nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to gold therapy. Of 90 patients with membranous nephropathy proved by biopsy, 8 (8.9%) had pre-existing rheumatoid arthirtis. Four of these eight patients received systemic treatment with gold. Two others received only token amounts of gold. In two patients who received gold, the renal lesions did not occur until months after discontinuance of gold therapy. We found that clinically significant renal lesions (lesions associated with proteinuria) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were more likely to be membranous nephropathy than occult amyloidosis or adult lipoid nephrosis. The membranous lesion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be difficult to identify by light microscopy, and, although special strains can be helpful, the pathology is frequently sufficiently subtle to require immunofluorescence and electron microscopy for definitive diagnosis. We postulate that chrysotherapy may not be the cause of membranous nephropathy in patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis in whom gold has been used. Whether it merely exacerbates a lesion already present in these patients, or whether it plays little or no role in the development of membranous nephropathy is an unsettled question. Our data lead to think that RA can induce MN and that gold is not the primary inciting agent.", "PMID": 661557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9241", "title": "Cardiac risk factors and complications in non-cardiac surgery.", "content": "In an attempt to assess cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgery, 1001 patients over 40 years of age who underwent major operative procedures were examined preoperatively, observed through surgery, studied with at least one postoperative electrocardiogram, and followed until hospital discharge or death. Documented postoperative myocardial infarction occurred in only 18 patients; though most of these patients had some pre-existing heart disease, there were few preoperative factors which were statistically correlated with postoperative infarction. Postoperative pulmonary edema was strongly correlated with preoperative heart failure, but 21 of the 36 patients who developed pulmonary edema did not have any prior history of heart failure. Nearly all of these 21 patients were elderly, had abnormal preoperative electrocardiograms, and had intraabdominal or intrathoracic surgery. In the absence of an acute infarction, bifascicular conduction defects, with or without PR interval prolongation, never progressed to complete heart block. Spinal anesthesia protected against postoperative heart failure but not against other cardiac complication. By multivariate regression analysis, postoperative cardiac death was significantly correlated with (a) myocardial infarction in the previous 6 months; (b) third heart sound or jugular venous distention immediately preoperatively; (c) more than five premature ventricular contractions per minute documented at any time preoperatively; (d) rhythm other than sinus, or premature atrial contractions on preoperative electrocardiogram; (e) age over 70 years; (f) significant valvular aortic stenosis; (g) emergency operation; (h) a 33% or greater fall in systolic blood pressure for more than 10 minutes intraoperatively. Notably unimportant factors included smoking, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease, angina, and distant myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Cardiac risk factors and complications in non-cardiac surgery. In an attempt to assess cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgery, 1001 patients over 40 years of age who underwent major operative procedures were examined preoperatively, observed through surgery, studied with at least one postoperative electrocardiogram, and followed until hospital discharge or death. Documented postoperative myocardial infarction occurred in only 18 patients; though most of these patients had some pre-existing heart disease, there were few preoperative factors which were statistically correlated with postoperative infarction. Postoperative pulmonary edema was strongly correlated with preoperative heart failure, but 21 of the 36 patients who developed pulmonary edema did not have any prior history of heart failure. Nearly all of these 21 patients were elderly, had abnormal preoperative electrocardiograms, and had intraabdominal or intrathoracic surgery. In the absence of an acute infarction, bifascicular conduction defects, with or without PR interval prolongation, never progressed to complete heart block. Spinal anesthesia protected against postoperative heart failure but not against other cardiac complication. By multivariate regression analysis, postoperative cardiac death was significantly correlated with (a) myocardial infarction in the previous 6 months; (b) third heart sound or jugular venous distention immediately preoperatively; (c) more than five premature ventricular contractions per minute documented at any time preoperatively; (d) rhythm other than sinus, or premature atrial contractions on preoperative electrocardiogram; (e) age over 70 years; (f) significant valvular aortic stenosis; (g) emergency operation; (h) a 33% or greater fall in systolic blood pressure for more than 10 minutes intraoperatively. Notably unimportant factors included smoking, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease, angina, and distant myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 661558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9242", "title": "Relationship between the plasma glucose level and glucose uptake in the conscious dog.", "content": "In the absence of a change in the pancreatic hormonal milieu, elevations in the normal fasting plasma glucose level have little effect on glucose clearance. In view of these data, and the previously established responsiveness of M to hormones, glucose clearance can be considered to represent a useful index of hormone action on glucose uptake in vivo. Care should be taken, however, when interpreting clearance data obtained under hypoglycemic conditions, since there is a possibility that clearance may spontaneously increase at very low plasma glucose levels.", "contents": "Relationship between the plasma glucose level and glucose uptake in the conscious dog. In the absence of a change in the pancreatic hormonal milieu, elevations in the normal fasting plasma glucose level have little effect on glucose clearance. In view of these data, and the previously established responsiveness of M to hormones, glucose clearance can be considered to represent a useful index of hormone action on glucose uptake in vivo. Care should be taken, however, when interpreting clearance data obtained under hypoglycemic conditions, since there is a possibility that clearance may spontaneously increase at very low plasma glucose levels.", "PMID": 661564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9243", "title": "Biphasic effect of somatostatin on oral glucose tolerance in maturity-onset diabetes.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance was examined in five maturity-onset diabetics during the infusion of somatostatin or saline. Somatostatin inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release and reduced plasma glucagon by 50%--65%. The rise in plasma glucose after glucose ingestion was initially (at 30--120 min) reduced by somatostatin. However, beyond 3 hr, plasma glucose levels were 50--200 mg/100 ml higher, with somatostatin reaching concentrations at 6 hr that were twofold higher than those observed with saline ( p less than 0.005). The degree of late glucose intolerance was inversely related to postglucose plasma insulin concentrations (p less than 0.01). These findings demonstrate a biphasic effect of somatostatin on oral glucose tolerance in maturity-onset diabetes. The exaggerated later hyperglycemia is related to suppression of insulin secretion. The initial blunting of postprandial hyperglycemia may reflect decreased carbohydrate absorption and/or hypoglucagonemia-mediated enhancement of glucose disposal.", "contents": "Biphasic effect of somatostatin on oral glucose tolerance in maturity-onset diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance was examined in five maturity-onset diabetics during the infusion of somatostatin or saline. Somatostatin inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release and reduced plasma glucagon by 50%--65%. The rise in plasma glucose after glucose ingestion was initially (at 30--120 min) reduced by somatostatin. However, beyond 3 hr, plasma glucose levels were 50--200 mg/100 ml higher, with somatostatin reaching concentrations at 6 hr that were twofold higher than those observed with saline ( p less than 0.005). The degree of late glucose intolerance was inversely related to postglucose plasma insulin concentrations (p less than 0.01). These findings demonstrate a biphasic effect of somatostatin on oral glucose tolerance in maturity-onset diabetes. The exaggerated later hyperglycemia is related to suppression of insulin secretion. The initial blunting of postprandial hyperglycemia may reflect decreased carbohydrate absorption and/or hypoglucagonemia-mediated enhancement of glucose disposal.", "PMID": 661568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9244", "title": "The characterization of antibacterial antibodies in bovine immune sera to Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Humoral antibody responses to the encapsulated Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus were examined in cows immunized with the killed vaccine via different systemic routes. The sequential appearance of the antibody within different immunoglobulin classes in the sera during the  course of immunization was followed by passive hemagglutination (PHA) and precipitation (PC) reactions and the mouse passive protection test. Repeated intravenous injections with the killed vaccine suspended in buffered saline stimulated production of IgM antibody exclusively during the whole period of immunization. On the contrary, following intramuscular administration with the vaccine incorporated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, the antibodies appeared predominantly in IgG fractions of the sera. Specific antibody to the homologous strain used for vaccination was prepared from bovine immune sera by an absorption and elution process. The mouse passive protective activity of the antibody preparation was removed by absorption with the capsular polysaccharide antigen as well as by the whole cell adsorbent of the Smith diffuse strain, but not by the Smith compact and Cowan I strains of S. aureus. IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 proteins were isolated from the purified antibody and were compared, on a weight basis, with respect to their biological activities. Slightly higher activity of the IgG over the IgM antibody was demonstrated both in the mouse passive protection test and PC reaction, whereas in the PHA reaction, IgM antibody was shown to possess a significantly higher activity than IgG antibody. These studies suggest that IgG as well as IgM antibody might play an important role in protection against infection with encapsulated strains of S. aureus in cows.", "contents": "The characterization of antibacterial antibodies in bovine immune sera to Staphylococcus aureus. Humoral antibody responses to the encapsulated Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus were examined in cows immunized with the killed vaccine via different systemic routes. The sequential appearance of the antibody within different immunoglobulin classes in the sera during the  course of immunization was followed by passive hemagglutination (PHA) and precipitation (PC) reactions and the mouse passive protection test. Repeated intravenous injections with the killed vaccine suspended in buffered saline stimulated production of IgM antibody exclusively during the whole period of immunization. On the contrary, following intramuscular administration with the vaccine incorporated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, the antibodies appeared predominantly in IgG fractions of the sera. Specific antibody to the homologous strain used for vaccination was prepared from bovine immune sera by an absorption and elution process. The mouse passive protective activity of the antibody preparation was removed by absorption with the capsular polysaccharide antigen as well as by the whole cell adsorbent of the Smith diffuse strain, but not by the Smith compact and Cowan I strains of S. aureus. IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 proteins were isolated from the purified antibody and were compared, on a weight basis, with respect to their biological activities. Slightly higher activity of the IgG over the IgM antibody was demonstrated both in the mouse passive protection test and PC reaction, whereas in the PHA reaction, IgM antibody was shown to possess a significantly higher activity than IgG antibody. These studies suggest that IgG as well as IgM antibody might play an important role in protection against infection with encapsulated strains of S. aureus in cows.", "PMID": 661625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9245", "title": "In vitro cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages activated with Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "Incorporation of 3H-TdR into EL4 leukemic cells in vitro was inhibited by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) harvested from syngeneic C57BL/6J mice given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1x10(7) viable Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 (Smeg) 4 days before. This phenomenon was also observed in the following five systems of PEC from animals and syngeneic tumor cells: C57BL/6J mice and B16 melanoma; DBA/2 mice and P815 mastocytoma; SWM/Ms mice and K5 fibrosarcoma; BALB/c, nu/nu mice and KKN-1 fibrosarcoma; and strain 2 guinea pigs and line-10 hepatoma. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the PEC activated by viable Smeg was much higher than those activated by dead-Smeg, viable BCG or proteose peptone. The activity of the adherent fraction of the PEC was stronger than that of the nonadherent one, and not influenced by either anti-theta or anti-mouse lymphocyte rabbit sera. The PEC induced with Smeg 4 days before contained a large population of mononuclear cells (88.9%) and a significant level of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) (3.2%), and showed a much higher cytotoxicity than the PEC induced with Smeg 3 hr before, which contained a much larger population of PMN (71.9%), suggesting that PMN were not the effector cells in this system. In vitro and in vivo treatment with macrophage-inhibitors such as carrageenan, trypan blue and cytochalacin B, reduced the activity of the PEC. All of these facts suggested macrophages as the effector. Viable macrophages were required for the growth inhibition of EL4 in vitro: gamma-ray irradiated or freeze-thawed macrophages were ineffective. Kinetic studies revealed that inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation into EL4 cells started within 3 hr of incubation together with the activated macrophages at an effector to target (E/T) ratio of 5, and the incorporation decreased gradually with the lapse of incubation time. On the other hand, 51Cr release from labelled EL4 was undetected when the E/T ratio was 5 but detected at on E/T of 10 or more. Even at the higher E/T ratio, at least 10 hr were needed until the release of 51Cr, suggesting that the activated macrophages produced growth inhibition of tumor cells followed by cell destruction.", "contents": "In vitro cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages activated with Mycobacterium smegmatis. Incorporation of 3H-TdR into EL4 leukemic cells in vitro was inhibited by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) harvested from syngeneic C57BL/6J mice given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1x10(7) viable Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 (Smeg) 4 days before. This phenomenon was also observed in the following five systems of PEC from animals and syngeneic tumor cells: C57BL/6J mice and B16 melanoma; DBA/2 mice and P815 mastocytoma; SWM/Ms mice and K5 fibrosarcoma; BALB/c, nu/nu mice and KKN-1 fibrosarcoma; and strain 2 guinea pigs and line-10 hepatoma. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the PEC activated by viable Smeg was much higher than those activated by dead-Smeg, viable BCG or proteose peptone. The activity of the adherent fraction of the PEC was stronger than that of the nonadherent one, and not influenced by either anti-theta or anti-mouse lymphocyte rabbit sera. The PEC induced with Smeg 4 days before contained a large population of mononuclear cells (88.9%) and a significant level of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) (3.2%), and showed a much higher cytotoxicity than the PEC induced with Smeg 3 hr before, which contained a much larger population of PMN (71.9%), suggesting that PMN were not the effector cells in this system. In vitro and in vivo treatment with macrophage-inhibitors such as carrageenan, trypan blue and cytochalacin B, reduced the activity of the PEC. All of these facts suggested macrophages as the effector. Viable macrophages were required for the growth inhibition of EL4 in vitro: gamma-ray irradiated or freeze-thawed macrophages were ineffective. Kinetic studies revealed that inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation into EL4 cells started within 3 hr of incubation together with the activated macrophages at an effector to target (E/T) ratio of 5, and the incorporation decreased gradually with the lapse of incubation time. On the other hand, 51Cr release from labelled EL4 was undetected when the E/T ratio was 5 but detected at on E/T of 10 or more. Even at the higher E/T ratio, at least 10 hr were needed until the release of 51Cr, suggesting that the activated macrophages produced growth inhibition of tumor cells followed by cell destruction.", "PMID": 661626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9246", "title": "[Biochemical pathways of carbon monoxide assimilation in the carboxydobacterium, Pseudomonas gazotropha].", "content": "The incorporation of 14CO into acid-stable assimilation products by Pseudomonas gazotrophia Z-1156 is characterized by a slow rate at the beginning, contrary to the rectilinear kinetics for incorporation of the bicarbonate 14C in the presence of 12CO. The assimilation of 14C-bicarbonate decelerates in the absence of CO. The relative content of 14C is the highest in phosphorylated compounds upon the shortest possible incubation of the cells of P. gazotropha Z-1156 (5 min) in the presence of 14CO and O2, and decreases in the process of incubation. The bulk of radioactivity is found in aspartate and glutamate. The composition of products formed upon the assimilation of 14CO and NaH14CO3 (in the presence of 12CO) during 15 min is similar. The key enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle have been found in the cell extracts of P. gazotropha A-1156. The specific activity of carboxylating enzymes of the Calvin cycle in the cell extracts increases in the course of proportional growth and sharply decreases when the growth of the culture decelerates. The activity of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.39) is always by one-two orders lower than that of ribulose phosphate isomerase (EC. 5.3.1.6) and phosphoribulokinase (EC.2.7.1.19), but is similar to the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.31). The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC. 4.1.1.32) has not been detected in the cells extracts of P. gazotropha Z-1156.", "contents": "[Biochemical pathways of carbon monoxide assimilation in the carboxydobacterium, Pseudomonas gazotropha]. The incorporation of 14CO into acid-stable assimilation products by Pseudomonas gazotrophia Z-1156 is characterized by a slow rate at the beginning, contrary to the rectilinear kinetics for incorporation of the bicarbonate 14C in the presence of 12CO. The assimilation of 14C-bicarbonate decelerates in the absence of CO. The relative content of 14C is the highest in phosphorylated compounds upon the shortest possible incubation of the cells of P. gazotropha Z-1156 (5 min) in the presence of 14CO and O2, and decreases in the process of incubation. The bulk of radioactivity is found in aspartate and glutamate. The composition of products formed upon the assimilation of 14CO and NaH14CO3 (in the presence of 12CO) during 15 min is similar. The key enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle have been found in the cell extracts of P. gazotropha A-1156. The specific activity of carboxylating enzymes of the Calvin cycle in the cell extracts increases in the course of proportional growth and sharply decreases when the growth of the culture decelerates. The activity of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.39) is always by one-two orders lower than that of ribulose phosphate isomerase (EC. 5.3.1.6) and phosphoribulokinase (EC.2.7.1.19), but is similar to the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.31). The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC. 4.1.1.32) has not been detected in the cells extracts of P. gazotropha Z-1156.", "PMID": 661629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9247", "title": "[Effect of organic acids on the biosynthesis of carotenes by an Actinomyces chrysomallus strain].", "content": "Synthesis of carotenes by Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides was stimulated by citric, acetic, oxalacetic, fumaric, succinic, malic, alpha-ketoglutaric, tartaric, pyruvic, and propionic acids. Acetic acid acts as a precursor of carotene synthesis and also has another stimulating mechanism of action on carotenogenesis of the actinomycete. Acetic, furmaric, malic, succinic, and alpha-ketoglutaric acids stimulate cyclization of lycopene yielding beta-carotene.", "contents": "[Effect of organic acids on the biosynthesis of carotenes by an Actinomyces chrysomallus strain]. Synthesis of carotenes by Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides was stimulated by citric, acetic, oxalacetic, fumaric, succinic, malic, alpha-ketoglutaric, tartaric, pyruvic, and propionic acids. Acetic acid acts as a precursor of carotene synthesis and also has another stimulating mechanism of action on carotenogenesis of the actinomycete. Acetic, furmaric, malic, succinic, and alpha-ketoglutaric acids stimulate cyclization of lycopene yielding beta-carotene.", "PMID": 661630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9248", "title": "[Hydrogenase activity of Chlorella vulgaris cells].", "content": "Cell suspensions of Chlorella vulgaris were found to possess the hydrogenase activity as was confirmed by their ability to absorb H2 in the presence of benzyl viologen, azocarmine and other hydrogen acceptors as well as to produce H2 from reduced methyl viologen. Incubation of the cells in the dark under anaerobic conditions in the atmosphere of H2, N2 or Ar stimulated the activity of hydrogenase and induced its de novo synthesis. Treatment of the cells adapted to anaerobiosis with dry ice or liquid nitrogen considerably increased their hydrogenase activity. The enzyme of the adapted cells was more resistant to the inactivation by O2 and temperature.", "contents": "[Hydrogenase activity of Chlorella vulgaris cells]. Cell suspensions of Chlorella vulgaris were found to possess the hydrogenase activity as was confirmed by their ability to absorb H2 in the presence of benzyl viologen, azocarmine and other hydrogen acceptors as well as to produce H2 from reduced methyl viologen. Incubation of the cells in the dark under anaerobic conditions in the atmosphere of H2, N2 or Ar stimulated the activity of hydrogenase and induced its de novo synthesis. Treatment of the cells adapted to anaerobiosis with dry ice or liquid nitrogen considerably increased their hydrogenase activity. The enzyme of the adapted cells was more resistant to the inactivation by O2 and temperature.", "PMID": 661631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9249", "title": "[Lipolytic activity of osmotolerant yeasts].", "content": "The ability to hydrolyse olive oil, cod-liver oil, caviar oil, and yeast oil was studied in osmotolerant yeasts Candida mogii 2, Debaryomyces hansenii 8, and Rhodotorula rubra 9, isolated from salted caviar. The lipolytic activity was manifested at 5, 15 and 26 degrees C and pH 4.0--9.2, even in the presence of high concentrations (0.5--3 M) of such chlorides as KCl, NaCl and CaCl2. The lipolytic activity of S variant of D. hansenii 8 was higher than the activity of its R variant.", "contents": "[Lipolytic activity of osmotolerant yeasts]. The ability to hydrolyse olive oil, cod-liver oil, caviar oil, and yeast oil was studied in osmotolerant yeasts Candida mogii 2, Debaryomyces hansenii 8, and Rhodotorula rubra 9, isolated from salted caviar. The lipolytic activity was manifested at 5, 15 and 26 degrees C and pH 4.0--9.2, even in the presence of high concentrations (0.5--3 M) of such chlorides as KCl, NaCl and CaCl2. The lipolytic activity of S variant of D. hansenii 8 was higher than the activity of its R variant.", "PMID": 661632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9250", "title": "[Specific gravity of the dried biomass of pure bacterial cultures].", "content": "The weight of wet and dry biomass taken from colonies after growth on MPA was determined in pure bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas denitrificans and Brevibacterium imperiale, and the number and dimensions of bacterial cells in dry preparations of the same colonies were measured by means of membrane filters. The average specific weight of dry biomass was found to be 1.68 and 1.62. In calculating the weight of bacterial biomass in pure cultures and natural cenoses, its volume should be assayed taking into account the number and dimensions of the cells in dry preparations on membrane filters and multiplying by a coefficient 1.6.", "contents": "[Specific gravity of the dried biomass of pure bacterial cultures]. The weight of wet and dry biomass taken from colonies after growth on MPA was determined in pure bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas denitrificans and Brevibacterium imperiale, and the number and dimensions of bacterial cells in dry preparations of the same colonies were measured by means of membrane filters. The average specific weight of dry biomass was found to be 1.68 and 1.62. In calculating the weight of bacterial biomass in pure cultures and natural cenoses, its volume should be assayed taking into account the number and dimensions of the cells in dry preparations on membrane filters and multiplying by a coefficient 1.6.", "PMID": 661634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9251", "title": "[Nucleotide makeup of the DNA of thermophilic bacteria of the genus Thermus].", "content": "The nucleotide composition of DNA was determined in extreme thermophilic and obligate thermophilic nonsporeforming bacteria belonging to a new genus Thermus. The GC content (in mol%) in the DNA of exteme thermophilic bacteria varied from 65.3 to 70.8 per cent depending on the strain. The amount of GC (in mol% in the DNA of obligate thermophilic and extreme thermophilic bacteria of the Thermus genus was higher than that in the DNA of sporeforming obligate thermophilic Bac. coagulans. Bac. circulans and Bac. stearothermophilus.", "contents": "[Nucleotide makeup of the DNA of thermophilic bacteria of the genus Thermus]. The nucleotide composition of DNA was determined in extreme thermophilic and obligate thermophilic nonsporeforming bacteria belonging to a new genus Thermus. The GC content (in mol%) in the DNA of exteme thermophilic bacteria varied from 65.3 to 70.8 per cent depending on the strain. The amount of GC (in mol% in the DNA of obligate thermophilic and extreme thermophilic bacteria of the Thermus genus was higher than that in the DNA of sporeforming obligate thermophilic Bac. coagulans. Bac. circulans and Bac. stearothermophilus.", "PMID": 661633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9252", "title": "[Naphthalene oxidation by a Pseudomonas putida strain carrying a mutant plasmid].", "content": "Naphthalene oxidation by a parent and a mutant strain of Pseudomonas putida was studied. The parent strain contained a plasmid NPL-1 which controlled oxidation of naphthalene to salicylic acid and was capable of oxidizing salicylate. The mutant strain did not oxidize salicylate because of a mutation in salicylate hydroxylase; it contained also a mutant plasmid NPL-41 which determined constitutive synthesis of naphthalene oxygenase. Salicylic acid which accumulated as a product of naphthalene catabolism in the cultural broth of the wild strain was found to undergo further oxidation by the population of growing cells. The content of salicylic acid in the cultural broth of the mutant strain reached maximum and then remained constant. An anion-exchange resin was tested in order to prevent the inhibition of naphthalene oxygenase by salicylate and to increase the yield of salicylic acid. The transmissible character of the mutant plasmid NPL-41 makes it possible, with the aid of conjugation, to construct Pseudomonas strains which would oxidize naphthalene to salicylic acid without further degradation of this compound.", "contents": "[Naphthalene oxidation by a Pseudomonas putida strain carrying a mutant plasmid]. Naphthalene oxidation by a parent and a mutant strain of Pseudomonas putida was studied. The parent strain contained a plasmid NPL-1 which controlled oxidation of naphthalene to salicylic acid and was capable of oxidizing salicylate. The mutant strain did not oxidize salicylate because of a mutation in salicylate hydroxylase; it contained also a mutant plasmid NPL-41 which determined constitutive synthesis of naphthalene oxygenase. Salicylic acid which accumulated as a product of naphthalene catabolism in the cultural broth of the wild strain was found to undergo further oxidation by the population of growing cells. The content of salicylic acid in the cultural broth of the mutant strain reached maximum and then remained constant. An anion-exchange resin was tested in order to prevent the inhibition of naphthalene oxygenase by salicylate and to increase the yield of salicylic acid. The transmissible character of the mutant plasmid NPL-41 makes it possible, with the aid of conjugation, to construct Pseudomonas strains which would oxidize naphthalene to salicylic acid without further degradation of this compound.", "PMID": 661635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9253", "title": "[Virulent and temperate phages of Bacillus licheniformis, the producer of bacitracin antibiotic].", "content": "Virulent and temperate bacterial phages were isolated from the cultural broth of Bacillus licheniformis obtained under the industrial conditions when synthesis of the antibiotic bacitracin was interfered with. The following properties of the phages were studied: the fine structure, the morphology of negative colonies, the spectrum of lytic action, the rate of adsorption, the individual growth cycle, as well as the lysogenic state of certain strains of Bac. licheniformis. Some phages were serologically related and morphologically identical whereas others differed sharply in their morphology and antigenic properties.", "contents": "[Virulent and temperate phages of Bacillus licheniformis, the producer of bacitracin antibiotic]. Virulent and temperate bacterial phages were isolated from the cultural broth of Bacillus licheniformis obtained under the industrial conditions when synthesis of the antibiotic bacitracin was interfered with. The following properties of the phages were studied: the fine structure, the morphology of negative colonies, the spectrum of lytic action, the rate of adsorption, the individual growth cycle, as well as the lysogenic state of certain strains of Bac. licheniformis. Some phages were serologically related and morphologically identical whereas others differed sharply in their morphology and antigenic properties.", "PMID": 661640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9254", "title": "[Actinomyces thermovulgaris endospores].", "content": "It has been established for the first time that autolysis observed when Actinomyces thermovulgaris T-54 is cultivated on liquid media of various composition is caused by the formation of submerged spores. These, in contrast to exospores of the majority of the actinomycetes, are endospores according to their structure and the following criteria: thermostability, the presence of dipicolinic acid, the structure of ultrathin cross-sections studied by electron microscopy, the resistance to novobiocin.", "contents": "[Actinomyces thermovulgaris endospores]. It has been established for the first time that autolysis observed when Actinomyces thermovulgaris T-54 is cultivated on liquid media of various composition is caused by the formation of submerged spores. These, in contrast to exospores of the majority of the actinomycetes, are endospores according to their structure and the following criteria: thermostability, the presence of dipicolinic acid, the structure of ultrathin cross-sections studied by electron microscopy, the resistance to novobiocin.", "PMID": 661639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9255", "title": "[Variability in the amylolytic thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus diastaticus, induced by ultraviolet rays].", "content": "The UV-induced variability of the amylolytic thermophilic Bacillus diastaticus 13 was studied. The biosynthesis of amylase was found to very under the action of UV from 2.2 to 158.7% A \"plus\" variant referred to as the mutant UV 1 was produced at a dose of UV equal to 41.8-10(2) erg/mm2. Its further selection without using a mutagen made it possible to select a variant UV 1-25 which surpassed the parent strain by 43.3% in amylase biosynthesis. UV-irradiation produced also two mutants with a low activity in amylase biosynthesis. The requirement of growth factors was studied with several mutants.", "contents": "[Variability in the amylolytic thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus diastaticus, induced by ultraviolet rays]. The UV-induced variability of the amylolytic thermophilic Bacillus diastaticus 13 was studied. The biosynthesis of amylase was found to very under the action of UV from 2.2 to 158.7% A \"plus\" variant referred to as the mutant UV 1 was produced at a dose of UV equal to 41.8-10(2) erg/mm2. Its further selection without using a mutagen made it possible to select a variant UV 1-25 which surpassed the parent strain by 43.3% in amylase biosynthesis. UV-irradiation produced also two mutants with a low activity in amylase biosynthesis. The requirement of growth factors was studied with several mutants.", "PMID": 661637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9256", "title": "[Biological activity of the soils of the rice irrigation systems in the southern Ukraine].", "content": "The biological activity of soils was studied in the irrigation systems of the Southern Ukraina. Aerobic microorganisms were found to be widely distributed in all these soils. The cell number of Azotobacter and the activity of nitrogen fixation differed among various irrigation systems. Active nitrogen-fixing microbial associations were isolated from the soils; some of them were capable of fixation of 19.4 mg N per 1 g of assimilated glucose. The microbiological processes of certain irragation systems were characterized by reductive processes such as the intensive growth of sulphate reducing bacteria and the high activity of denitrification. The activities of protease, catalase and dehydrogenase differed among various soils, and were the lowest at a level of ground waters being 0.8 m. Flooding is one of ecological factors affecting the biological activity of the soils of irrigation systems.", "contents": "[Biological activity of the soils of the rice irrigation systems in the southern Ukraine]. The biological activity of soils was studied in the irrigation systems of the Southern Ukraina. Aerobic microorganisms were found to be widely distributed in all these soils. The cell number of Azotobacter and the activity of nitrogen fixation differed among various irrigation systems. Active nitrogen-fixing microbial associations were isolated from the soils; some of them were capable of fixation of 19.4 mg N per 1 g of assimilated glucose. The microbiological processes of certain irragation systems were characterized by reductive processes such as the intensive growth of sulphate reducing bacteria and the high activity of denitrification. The activities of protease, catalase and dehydrogenase differed among various soils, and were the lowest at a level of ground waters being 0.8 m. Flooding is one of ecological factors affecting the biological activity of the soils of irrigation systems.", "PMID": 661642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9257", "title": "[Microorganisms that break down alkyl sulfates].", "content": "The following bacteria assimilating alkyl sulphates as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from various substrates: Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Citrobacter, Enterobacter. The bacteria decomposed sodium dodecyl sulphate at a high rate, and some of them, industrial preparations of alkyl sulphates. The ability to assimilate alkyl sulphates was tested in 257 collection cultures belonging to different taxonomic groups. Alkyl sulphates were found to be decomposed by heterotrophous gram-negative rod-like bacteria belonging to different families and genera. The frequency of bacteria destroying alkyl sulphates at a high rate was found most often in the Pseudomonas genus.", "contents": "[Microorganisms that break down alkyl sulfates]. The following bacteria assimilating alkyl sulphates as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from various substrates: Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Citrobacter, Enterobacter. The bacteria decomposed sodium dodecyl sulphate at a high rate, and some of them, industrial preparations of alkyl sulphates. The ability to assimilate alkyl sulphates was tested in 257 collection cultures belonging to different taxonomic groups. Alkyl sulphates were found to be decomposed by heterotrophous gram-negative rod-like bacteria belonging to different families and genera. The frequency of bacteria destroying alkyl sulphates at a high rate was found most often in the Pseudomonas genus.", "PMID": 661643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9258", "title": "[Thiobacillus ferrooxidans pili].", "content": "The surface structures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were studied. When growing on a medium containing elemental sulphur, the cells possess peritrichously located filaments (piles) whose diameter varies from 4.5 to 7.0 nm and length, from 0.7 to 3.0 mcm. The cells of T. ferrooxidans do not have piles on a medium with ferrous iron. The physiological role of these structures for thiobacilli is discussed.", "contents": "[Thiobacillus ferrooxidans pili]. The surface structures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were studied. When growing on a medium containing elemental sulphur, the cells possess peritrichously located filaments (piles) whose diameter varies from 4.5 to 7.0 nm and length, from 0.7 to 3.0 mcm. The cells of T. ferrooxidans do not have piles on a medium with ferrous iron. The physiological role of these structures for thiobacilli is discussed.", "PMID": 661638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9259", "title": "[Overall bacterial count in the surface layer of the silt and in the bottom water of Lake Krasnoye].", "content": "The total number of bacterial cells containing iron and lacking it was determined daily within relatively short period of time (1--3 weeks) in the course of three years. The total bacterial number and the character of its changes in the surface ooze layer and in the water near the bottom depended on the environmental conditions. The content of oxygen was taken as an index of environmental changes.", "contents": "[Overall bacterial count in the surface layer of the silt and in the bottom water of Lake Krasnoye]. The total number of bacterial cells containing iron and lacking it was determined daily within relatively short period of time (1--3 weeks) in the course of three years. The total bacterial number and the character of its changes in the surface ooze layer and in the water near the bottom depended on the environmental conditions. The content of oxygen was taken as an index of environmental changes.", "PMID": 661641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9260", "title": "[Devices facilitating the preparation of biological specimens for electron microscopy].", "content": "The construction of a matrix is described which facilitates the process of placing biological objects into polymer media in order to prepare ultrathin sections without the employment of gelatin, starch and polyethylene capsules that can be used only once. The construction of a reactor for cytochemical assays is presented. The apparatus can be used to locate enzymes within the cell, and to identify microorganisms. A modification of the dialysis technique for microbiological objects is proposed which accelerates and simplifies the process.", "contents": "[Devices facilitating the preparation of biological specimens for electron microscopy]. The construction of a matrix is described which facilitates the process of placing biological objects into polymer media in order to prepare ultrathin sections without the employment of gelatin, starch and polyethylene capsules that can be used only once. The construction of a reactor for cytochemical assays is presented. The apparatus can be used to locate enzymes within the cell, and to identify microorganisms. A modification of the dialysis technique for microbiological objects is proposed which accelerates and simplifies the process.", "PMID": 661646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9261", "title": "[Development of nodule bacteria in soil].", "content": "The rate of growth of a population of nodule bacteria in soil and the time it takes for the cell generation depend on the content and accessibility of necessary nutrient substances. The periods of adaptation, active growth, and stabilization of the population number in the course of growth of a population are typical of soddy-podzolic continuous-cultivated soil. The duration of each period is determined by a sum of ecological factors.", "contents": "[Development of nodule bacteria in soil]. The rate of growth of a population of nodule bacteria in soil and the time it takes for the cell generation depend on the content and accessibility of necessary nutrient substances. The periods of adaptation, active growth, and stabilization of the population number in the course of growth of a population are typical of soddy-podzolic continuous-cultivated soil. The duration of each period is determined by a sum of ecological factors.", "PMID": 661644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9262", "title": "[Use of a mass spectrometric method for studying the oxygen demand of suspensions of resting Bacillus anthracoides spores].", "content": "Oxygen assimilation by the spore suspensions of Bacillus anthracoides under sterile conditions was continuously registered by means of a modified mass-spectrometry technique using an original reaction vessel. The sensitivity of the technique is 2.10(-2) mcl O2 per 1 mg of dry biomass per hour. The technique made it possible to determine the level of endogenous respiration activity in the spore suspensions of Bacillus anthracoides.", "contents": "[Use of a mass spectrometric method for studying the oxygen demand of suspensions of resting Bacillus anthracoides spores]. Oxygen assimilation by the spore suspensions of Bacillus anthracoides under sterile conditions was continuously registered by means of a modified mass-spectrometry technique using an original reaction vessel. The sensitivity of the technique is 2.10(-2) mcl O2 per 1 mg of dry biomass per hour. The technique made it possible to determine the level of endogenous respiration activity in the spore suspensions of Bacillus anthracoides.", "PMID": 661645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9263", "title": "A novel adaptation of the information game for the development of a new drug.", "content": "Medical advisers in the pharmaceutical industry have an important function and place in the development and evaluation of new drugs. Although mainly involved in the human and clinical investigations, it is essential that they have the background knowledge and experience to evaluate the results of pre-clinical studies and to apply these safely and effectively to the clinical situation. It is rare nowadays for a medical adviser to obtain direct experience in all areas of drug research due to its complexity. Simulation exercises are a means of obtaining this experience without suffering the results of a wrong decision. An adaptation of the Information Game proved to be a useful and acceptable means of illustrating the decisions that need to be made in a drug development programme and at the same time provided experience in coping with the various problems that might arise in such a programme. The training objectives of the game should be clearly defined at the outset in order to concentrate on the parts of the game that really matter and cover the maximum number of teaching opportunities.", "contents": "A novel adaptation of the information game for the development of a new drug. Medical advisers in the pharmaceutical industry have an important function and place in the development and evaluation of new drugs. Although mainly involved in the human and clinical investigations, it is essential that they have the background knowledge and experience to evaluate the results of pre-clinical studies and to apply these safely and effectively to the clinical situation. It is rare nowadays for a medical adviser to obtain direct experience in all areas of drug research due to its complexity. Simulation exercises are a means of obtaining this experience without suffering the results of a wrong decision. An adaptation of the Information Game proved to be a useful and acceptable means of illustrating the decisions that need to be made in a drug development programme and at the same time provided experience in coping with the various problems that might arise in such a programme. The training objectives of the game should be clearly defined at the outset in order to concentrate on the parts of the game that really matter and cover the maximum number of teaching opportunities.", "PMID": 661656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9264", "title": "[Problems of protecting complex inventions in the field of microbiology].", "content": "Some problems are discussed which are connected with the protection of inventions in the field of microbiology when the invention is complex. The rights of the author are determined when a method and a product are to be protected at the same time. The additional juridical protection of a microbial strain is not necessary. The complex protection of a microbial strain and the method of its utilization is recommended in certain cases since it might prevent conflicts which arise upon the parallel juridical protection of a strain and the method of its utilization.", "contents": "[Problems of protecting complex inventions in the field of microbiology]. Some problems are discussed which are connected with the protection of inventions in the field of microbiology when the invention is complex. The rights of the author are determined when a method and a product are to be protected at the same time. The additional juridical protection of a microbial strain is not necessary. The complex protection of a microbial strain and the method of its utilization is recommended in certain cases since it might prevent conflicts which arise upon the parallel juridical protection of a strain and the method of its utilization.", "PMID": 661647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9265", "title": "Toward a clinical orientation in the basic medical biochemistry curriculum.", "content": "A re-evaluation of biochemistry in medical school curricula is presented, with reference to designing more effective courses. Responses to a survey conducted among 103 medical students enrolled in two general biochemistry courses indicated that basic biochemistry would be considered more relevant to the medical curriculum if clinical applications were emphasized over basic principles. A majority of students (91%) expressed interest in applying biochemical principles to pathological conditions. They recommended that the biochemistry curriculum should include lectures on the significance of biochemistry in medical practice and its role in the life processes, laboratory comparisons of normal and pathological specimens, and course titles that reflect a more clinical orientation.", "contents": "Toward a clinical orientation in the basic medical biochemistry curriculum. A re-evaluation of biochemistry in medical school curricula is presented, with reference to designing more effective courses. Responses to a survey conducted among 103 medical students enrolled in two general biochemistry courses indicated that basic biochemistry would be considered more relevant to the medical curriculum if clinical applications were emphasized over basic principles. A majority of students (91%) expressed interest in applying biochemical principles to pathological conditions. They recommended that the biochemistry curriculum should include lectures on the significance of biochemistry in medical practice and its role in the life processes, laboratory comparisons of normal and pathological specimens, and course titles that reflect a more clinical orientation.", "PMID": 661658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9266", "title": "[Removal of the RNA from Pseudomonas thermophila cells].", "content": "The RNA content in the cells of Pseudomonas thermophila K-2 grown at 50 degrees comprise 13% of dry weight during exponential growth and 5% of dry biomass in the stationary phase. 60% RNA is degraded after 10 min exposure to heat shock at 70 degrees and subsequent incubation at 50 degrees for 2 hours.", "contents": "[Removal of the RNA from Pseudomonas thermophila cells]. The RNA content in the cells of Pseudomonas thermophila K-2 grown at 50 degrees comprise 13% of dry weight during exponential growth and 5% of dry biomass in the stationary phase. 60% RNA is degraded after 10 min exposure to heat shock at 70 degrees and subsequent incubation at 50 degrees for 2 hours.", "PMID": 661648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9267", "title": "Multidisciplinary training in family planning.", "content": "A review of 3 years' experience with multidisciplinary training in Family Planning involving representatives from nursing, medical, social work and education professions is presented. The multidisciplinary principle has been shown to be of value in this field, particularly in respect of improved communication.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary training in family planning. A review of 3 years' experience with multidisciplinary training in Family Planning involving representatives from nursing, medical, social work and education professions is presented. The multidisciplinary principle has been shown to be of value in this field, particularly in respect of improved communication.", "PMID": 661661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9268", "title": "The relationship between student ratings of course effectiveness and student achievement.", "content": "For many years student ratings have been used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of various courses and the teaching abilities of the instructors involved. Investigators have either supported or attacked the validity of this assessment procedure on the basis of the direction and degree of the relationship found between student rating of a course and student achievement in that course. This validation study supplemented correlation analysis with analysis of variance to compare groups at various achievement levels and to control for the possible confounding effects of overall group analysis. Medical students responded to a Likert attitude scale about aspects of an anatomy course. The mean attitude scores for a high and a low course achievement group were significantly different at the 0.005 level; the high achievement group had a more positive course attitude.", "contents": "The relationship between student ratings of course effectiveness and student achievement. For many years student ratings have been used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of various courses and the teaching abilities of the instructors involved. Investigators have either supported or attacked the validity of this assessment procedure on the basis of the direction and degree of the relationship found between student rating of a course and student achievement in that course. This validation study supplemented correlation analysis with analysis of variance to compare groups at various achievement levels and to control for the possible confounding effects of overall group analysis. Medical students responded to a Likert attitude scale about aspects of an anatomy course. The mean attitude scores for a high and a low course achievement group were significantly different at the 0.005 level; the high achievement group had a more positive course attitude.", "PMID": 661660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9269", "title": "Training health workers for primary care in a developing health service.", "content": "To provide primary health care in a thinly populated mountainous country with few doctors presents great difficulties. The Royal Government of Bhutan decided to base their primary medical care service on appropriately trained medical auxilliaries. The training programme is described, and the problems of assessing the field activities discussed.", "contents": "Training health workers for primary care in a developing health service. To provide primary health care in a thinly populated mountainous country with few doctors presents great difficulties. The Royal Government of Bhutan decided to base their primary medical care service on appropriately trained medical auxilliaries. The training programme is described, and the problems of assessing the field activities discussed.", "PMID": 661662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9270", "title": "Guidelines for competency-based instruction in psychiatry.", "content": "This paper presents guidelines for teachers who wish to design competency-based instructional activities in psychiatry. Developed over a 3 year period, these guidelines outline the methods used by teachers to construct competency-based seminars and clinical rotations. The guidelines describe the process of stating knowledge objectives, performance objectives and experiential objectives for psychiatric trainees to attain prior to completion of training in a given area. Selection of appropriate teaching strategies as well as criteria and conditions for assessment of the residents' abilities are also reviewed. Comments regarding the authors' experience using these guidelines with teachers are offered.", "contents": "Guidelines for competency-based instruction in psychiatry. This paper presents guidelines for teachers who wish to design competency-based instructional activities in psychiatry. Developed over a 3 year period, these guidelines outline the methods used by teachers to construct competency-based seminars and clinical rotations. The guidelines describe the process of stating knowledge objectives, performance objectives and experiential objectives for psychiatric trainees to attain prior to completion of training in a given area. Selection of appropriate teaching strategies as well as criteria and conditions for assessment of the residents' abilities are also reviewed. Comments regarding the authors' experience using these guidelines with teachers are offered.", "PMID": 661663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9271", "title": "Collusion of information on computerized patient management examinations.", "content": "In a computer presented examination the ratio of examinees to computer terminals is generally large. This implies that a computer presented test might span an entire day or several days with different groups of examinees taking the examination at different times. In such a situation, examinees who take the examination later on have the opportunity to gather information from their colleagues who took the examination earlier. This report investigates whether information exchanged between groups of examinees taking a computer presented patient management problem test improves the performance of late takers versus early takers. Results indicate that there is no exchange of information between groups of candidates.", "contents": "Collusion of information on computerized patient management examinations. In a computer presented examination the ratio of examinees to computer terminals is generally large. This implies that a computer presented test might span an entire day or several days with different groups of examinees taking the examination at different times. In such a situation, examinees who take the examination later on have the opportunity to gather information from their colleagues who took the examination earlier. This report investigates whether information exchanged between groups of examinees taking a computer presented patient management problem test improves the performance of late takers versus early takers. Results indicate that there is no exchange of information between groups of candidates.", "PMID": 661664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9272", "title": "Higher medical and surgical degrees in the University of Sydney.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-six higher medical and surgical degrees were awarded by the University of Sydney between 1883 and 1977. A questionnaire was sent to 209 graduated known to be alive to gather data regarding their prior and subsequent careers. As many of the graduates were in their fourth decade before commencing the research studies for the M.D. thesis, there would appear to be reasons for recommending the Ph.D. degree, with its three years of supervised course work, to prospective higher degree candidates. 286 B.Sc. (Med.) degrees were awarded midway through the medical course between 1949 and 1974. This earlier introduction to research probably does more to encourage and academic or research career than the M.D. degree which currently appears to be a prerequisite to a University appointment. Some concern is raised by the comment of 27% of M.D. graduates who claimed no personal scientific benefit from their studies.", "contents": "Higher medical and surgical degrees in the University of Sydney. Three hundred and twenty-six higher medical and surgical degrees were awarded by the University of Sydney between 1883 and 1977. A questionnaire was sent to 209 graduated known to be alive to gather data regarding their prior and subsequent careers. As many of the graduates were in their fourth decade before commencing the research studies for the M.D. thesis, there would appear to be reasons for recommending the Ph.D. degree, with its three years of supervised course work, to prospective higher degree candidates. 286 B.Sc. (Med.) degrees were awarded midway through the medical course between 1949 and 1974. This earlier introduction to research probably does more to encourage and academic or research career than the M.D. degree which currently appears to be a prerequisite to a University appointment. Some concern is raised by the comment of 27% of M.D. graduates who claimed no personal scientific benefit from their studies.", "PMID": 661665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9273", "title": "Casualty room presentations and schoolboy rugby union.", "content": "For eight years a casualty station has been operating during competition Rugby Union matches at a large Sydney School. During this time, both diagnosis and treatment have been recorded for every presentation. The casualty station was attended by 556 boys over this period, and approximately 50% of these presentations were for trivial injuries. Forty-three severe injuries occurred, of which most were fractures. The rate of presentation, and the pattern of injury, changed as a greater number of both minor and major injuries than did visitors. There was one injury in boys less than 12 years old, and the greatest incidence of injury was in boys aged from 16 to 18 years. It is concluded that there is a place for casualty services at schoolboy competition games, and that the supervised Rugby Union played in this and comparative school competitions is a reasonably safe game for boys less than 16 years old, to whom issues of schoolboy participation are most applicable.", "contents": "Casualty room presentations and schoolboy rugby union. For eight years a casualty station has been operating during competition Rugby Union matches at a large Sydney School. During this time, both diagnosis and treatment have been recorded for every presentation. The casualty station was attended by 556 boys over this period, and approximately 50% of these presentations were for trivial injuries. Forty-three severe injuries occurred, of which most were fractures. The rate of presentation, and the pattern of injury, changed as a greater number of both minor and major injuries than did visitors. There was one injury in boys less than 12 years old, and the greatest incidence of injury was in boys aged from 16 to 18 years. It is concluded that there is a place for casualty services at schoolboy competition games, and that the supervised Rugby Union played in this and comparative school competitions is a reasonably safe game for boys less than 16 years old, to whom issues of schoolboy participation are most applicable.", "PMID": 661668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9274", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms--a survey of the results of surgical treatment at the Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, 1972-1976.", "content": "In this paper, 124 intracranial aneurysms in 114 patients operated on during a five-year period, are reviewed, and the mortality is analysed in respect to factors of age, sex, duration of preoperative interval, site, and type of operation. A comparison with an earlier comprehensive ten-year cooperative study is attempted.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms--a survey of the results of surgical treatment at the Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, 1972-1976. In this paper, 124 intracranial aneurysms in 114 patients operated on during a five-year period, are reviewed, and the mortality is analysed in respect to factors of age, sex, duration of preoperative interval, site, and type of operation. A comparison with an earlier comprehensive ten-year cooperative study is attempted.", "PMID": 661669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9275", "title": "Systemic vibriosis due to non-cholera vibrio.", "content": "A case of extraintestinal vibriosis with septicaemia due to a non-cholera vibrio, from which the patient had recovered, is presented. Diagnostically useful clinical and laboratory data are described together with an outline of the combined medical and surgical treatment regimen which is employed. The association with excessive alcohol consumption and liver diseases is noted.", "contents": "Systemic vibriosis due to non-cholera vibrio. A case of extraintestinal vibriosis with septicaemia due to a non-cholera vibrio, from which the patient had recovered, is presented. Diagnostically useful clinical and laboratory data are described together with an outline of the combined medical and surgical treatment regimen which is employed. The association with excessive alcohol consumption and liver diseases is noted.", "PMID": 661684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9276", "title": "Australia's potentially most venomous snake: Parademansia microlepidotus.", "content": "Studies on the venom of the small-scaled or fierce snake, Parademansia microlepidotus, suggested that its combination of high toxicity and relatively large venom yield make it the most venomous snake in Australia. The species is distinct from the taipan, but its venom is neutralized by taipan antivenom but not other monospecific antivenoms.", "contents": "Australia's potentially most venomous snake: Parademansia microlepidotus. Studies on the venom of the small-scaled or fierce snake, Parademansia microlepidotus, suggested that its combination of high toxicity and relatively large venom yield make it the most venomous snake in Australia. The species is distinct from the taipan, but its venom is neutralized by taipan antivenom but not other monospecific antivenoms.", "PMID": 661685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9277", "title": "Bisolvon and Actifed in the conservative management of glue ear.", "content": "Glue ear is a common condition in childhood. In this report treatment by Bisolvon and Actifed is described. In 60 patients, a success rate of 90% was recorded.", "contents": "Bisolvon and Actifed in the conservative management of glue ear. Glue ear is a common condition in childhood. In this report treatment by Bisolvon and Actifed is described. In 60 patients, a success rate of 90% was recorded.", "PMID": 661686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9278", "title": "An Australian exclusion diet.", "content": "Exclusion diets may have a practical place in determining the precipitating dietary factors in certain clinical conditions. We present an exclusion diet which is based on the exclusion of food commonly known to cause food allergies, and the exclusion of food which contains salicylates, benzoates, tartrazine, yeast, and penicillin. This provided a basis for challenge with these additives and natural chemicals. Preliminary information in urticaria suggests a use for this diet in some allergic conditions.", "contents": "An Australian exclusion diet. Exclusion diets may have a practical place in determining the precipitating dietary factors in certain clinical conditions. We present an exclusion diet which is based on the exclusion of food commonly known to cause food allergies, and the exclusion of food which contains salicylates, benzoates, tartrazine, yeast, and penicillin. This provided a basis for challenge with these additives and natural chemicals. Preliminary information in urticaria suggests a use for this diet in some allergic conditions.", "PMID": 661687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9279", "title": "Psychiatric antecedents of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Forty consecutive survivors after myocardial infarction (MI) were compared by means of a semistructured interview with a matched sample of 40 controls in respect of various psychosocial factors. The MI group reported a much higher prior occurrence of symptoms of anxiety and depression. The complaints included being tired, irritable, restless, upset and anxious, plus insomnia and anhedonia. Preceding stressful life events were about 2 1/2 times as common with the MI group. However, long-term persanality traits which were not recent additions due to psychiatric change before MI did not strongly discriminate between the two groups, and recognized variables such as cigarette smoking had a lesser association with MI. Similar results were obtained when information about each patient and each control was supplied by a close informant.", "contents": "Psychiatric antecedents of myocardial infarction. Forty consecutive survivors after myocardial infarction (MI) were compared by means of a semistructured interview with a matched sample of 40 controls in respect of various psychosocial factors. The MI group reported a much higher prior occurrence of symptoms of anxiety and depression. The complaints included being tired, irritable, restless, upset and anxious, plus insomnia and anhedonia. Preceding stressful life events were about 2 1/2 times as common with the MI group. However, long-term persanality traits which were not recent additions due to psychiatric change before MI did not strongly discriminate between the two groups, and recognized variables such as cigarette smoking had a lesser association with MI. Similar results were obtained when information about each patient and each control was supplied by a close informant.", "PMID": 661688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9280", "title": "Coronavirus-like particles in Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals in Western Australia.", "content": "Pleomorphic virus-like particles which resemble coronaviruses in morphology were found in faecal specimens from Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Western Australia. They were equally prevalent in those with or without symptoms of diarrhoea. A much greater proportion of Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children were found to be excreting the particles. The proportion of children who excreted the virus-like particles increased with age. Coronavirus-like particles, indistinguishable from those found in humans, were found in a number of Aboriginals' dogs.", "contents": "Coronavirus-like particles in Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals in Western Australia. Pleomorphic virus-like particles which resemble coronaviruses in morphology were found in faecal specimens from Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Western Australia. They were equally prevalent in those with or without symptoms of diarrhoea. A much greater proportion of Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children were found to be excreting the particles. The proportion of children who excreted the virus-like particles increased with age. Coronavirus-like particles, indistinguishable from those found in humans, were found in a number of Aboriginals' dogs.", "PMID": 661689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9281", "title": "The Aboriginal population of Victoria.", "content": "The basis of epidemiological studies and of health services planning is accurate enumeration of the population at risk. With regard to the Aboriginal population of Victoria there was reason to believe that official census statistics were inaccurate. Interviews were carried out with representatives of Aboriginal organizations, State and federal government departments concerned with Aboriginal affairs and other interested individuals. The best estimate of the Aboriginal population of Victoria arrived at by this method was almost double the census figure. Underestimation was most marked in rural areas.", "contents": "The Aboriginal population of Victoria. The basis of epidemiological studies and of health services planning is accurate enumeration of the population at risk. With regard to the Aboriginal population of Victoria there was reason to believe that official census statistics were inaccurate. Interviews were carried out with representatives of Aboriginal organizations, State and federal government departments concerned with Aboriginal affairs and other interested individuals. The best estimate of the Aboriginal population of Victoria arrived at by this method was almost double the census figure. Underestimation was most marked in rural areas.", "PMID": 661695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9282", "title": "Cardiological effects of nomifensine, a new antidepressant.", "content": "A cardiovascular study of a new antidepressant, nomifensine, revealed no significant cardiac effects in eight ambulant patients who received up to 200 mg of nomifensine per day for three weeks. In an electro-physiological study of cardiac conduction, nomifensine had significantly less effect on cardiac activity than amitriptyline and doxepin. Results of the clinical and the experimental studies suggest that nomifensine may be of value in treating the depressed patient with heart disease.", "contents": "Cardiological effects of nomifensine, a new antidepressant. A cardiovascular study of a new antidepressant, nomifensine, revealed no significant cardiac effects in eight ambulant patients who received up to 200 mg of nomifensine per day for three weeks. In an electro-physiological study of cardiac conduction, nomifensine had significantly less effect on cardiac activity than amitriptyline and doxepin. Results of the clinical and the experimental studies suggest that nomifensine may be of value in treating the depressed patient with heart disease.", "PMID": 661706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9283", "title": "Preventing unplanned pregnancies.", "content": "A two-year study was undertaken in 1975--1976 to plan, implement and evaluate innovatory family planning educational and service delivery pilot projects, among those at-risk in Sydney. The study was done in three stages, described in the three parts of this paper. Part 1 describes the process of analyzing the major factors and outcomes in unplanned pregnancy and determining some characteristics of women experiencing unplanned pregnancies, from abortion and adoption records. The characteristics analyzed are: are, marital status, occupation, socio-economic status, and ethnic group. Part II describes the process of determing acceptable communication channels and services they would use. Twenty-five women were interviewed in each of eight at-risk categories. Recommendations are made about suitable educational methods, and family planning services. Part 3 describes the implementation and evaluation of pilot projects. Four major projects are described: (i) in a two lower socio-economic housing area(s), (ii) among Greek men, (iii) among South Americans, and (iv) in two factories. Recommendations are made about future educational programmes and services.", "contents": "Preventing unplanned pregnancies. A two-year study was undertaken in 1975--1976 to plan, implement and evaluate innovatory family planning educational and service delivery pilot projects, among those at-risk in Sydney. The study was done in three stages, described in the three parts of this paper. Part 1 describes the process of analyzing the major factors and outcomes in unplanned pregnancy and determining some characteristics of women experiencing unplanned pregnancies, from abortion and adoption records. The characteristics analyzed are: are, marital status, occupation, socio-economic status, and ethnic group. Part II describes the process of determing acceptable communication channels and services they would use. Twenty-five women were interviewed in each of eight at-risk categories. Recommendations are made about suitable educational methods, and family planning services. Part 3 describes the implementation and evaluation of pilot projects. Four major projects are described: (i) in a two lower socio-economic housing area(s), (ii) among Greek men, (iii) among South Americans, and (iv) in two factories. Recommendations are made about future educational programmes and services.", "PMID": 661707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9284", "title": "Holter monitoring in cardiological practice.", "content": "Thirty-one patients who presented with the symptoms of palpitations and/or syncope were personally studied by the Holter monitor electrocardiogram method. The method is briefly described. Interesting results were obtained, which are illustrated by five case histories. Of these 31 cases which were studied, five gave entirely negative results. In five cases, there were benign and not very frequent atrial or ventricular ectopic beats. In 21 cases there were significant findings, the most common being frequent and/or dangerous R on T or multifocal ventricular ectopic beats. Additionally, paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block, sinoatrial arrest or significant ischaemic changes, which were not detected in the routine electrocardiograms, were recorded.", "contents": "Holter monitoring in cardiological practice. Thirty-one patients who presented with the symptoms of palpitations and/or syncope were personally studied by the Holter monitor electrocardiogram method. The method is briefly described. Interesting results were obtained, which are illustrated by five case histories. Of these 31 cases which were studied, five gave entirely negative results. In five cases, there were benign and not very frequent atrial or ventricular ectopic beats. In 21 cases there were significant findings, the most common being frequent and/or dangerous R on T or multifocal ventricular ectopic beats. Additionally, paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block, sinoatrial arrest or significant ischaemic changes, which were not detected in the routine electrocardiograms, were recorded.", "PMID": 661708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9285", "title": "Non-specific (non-gonococcal) urethritis.", "content": "A report is made of a small study of ureaplasmas and chlamydias in 32 cases of non-specific urethritis. Erythromycin was used as a therapeutic agent and found to be reasonably effective.", "contents": "Non-specific (non-gonococcal) urethritis. A report is made of a small study of ureaplasmas and chlamydias in 32 cases of non-specific urethritis. Erythromycin was used as a therapeutic agent and found to be reasonably effective.", "PMID": 661709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9286", "title": "Consulting rates of general practitioners by demographic groups in a defined community.", "content": "The demographic characteristics were recorded of 4798 patients aged from 15 to 69 years who consulted, for any reason, the general practitioners of 97% of the practices in the Perth Statistical Division on one day in 1971. A consulting rate in terms of the population at risk was calculated for patients of different sex, age, marital status, country of birth, and social class. Certain characteristics of the general practitioners were also related to the demographic characteristics of their patients.", "contents": "Consulting rates of general practitioners by demographic groups in a defined community. The demographic characteristics were recorded of 4798 patients aged from 15 to 69 years who consulted, for any reason, the general practitioners of 97% of the practices in the Perth Statistical Division on one day in 1971. A consulting rate in terms of the population at risk was calculated for patients of different sex, age, marital status, country of birth, and social class. Certain characteristics of the general practitioners were also related to the demographic characteristics of their patients.", "PMID": 661710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9287", "title": "Issues with dying patients.", "content": "Doctors have the privilege of looking after patients from the moment of birth to the moment of death. Yet, the holistic approach to patients is interfered with by the doctor's role as a warrior against death, where death's everpresent claim on our lives, and its final victory, are ignored. This paper attempts to explore why doctors are in their current position, the mechanisms for ignoring death which are shared by doctors and patients, the nature of the fear of death, and practical implications for the treatment of dying patients. More and more patients die now in medical settings. It is incumbent on doctors to understand the dying process, if much unnecessary suffering is to be prevented.", "contents": "Issues with dying patients. Doctors have the privilege of looking after patients from the moment of birth to the moment of death. Yet, the holistic approach to patients is interfered with by the doctor's role as a warrior against death, where death's everpresent claim on our lives, and its final victory, are ignored. This paper attempts to explore why doctors are in their current position, the mechanisms for ignoring death which are shared by doctors and patients, the nature of the fear of death, and practical implications for the treatment of dying patients. More and more patients die now in medical settings. It is incumbent on doctors to understand the dying process, if much unnecessary suffering is to be prevented.", "PMID": 661717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9288", "title": "Erythema infectiosum (\"slapped cheeks\" syndrome): a little-known entity.", "content": "Erythema infectiosum is an uncommon, benign, self-limited disease with a distinctive clinical picture, occurring mainly in children. An inquiry showed that most doctors who deal with children are not familiar with it, and the disease is therefore seldom diagnosed. As recognition has connotations which may sometimes be important, the disease is briefly reviewed, and three cases are reported.", "contents": "Erythema infectiosum (\"slapped cheeks\" syndrome): a little-known entity. Erythema infectiosum is an uncommon, benign, self-limited disease with a distinctive clinical picture, occurring mainly in children. An inquiry showed that most doctors who deal with children are not familiar with it, and the disease is therefore seldom diagnosed. As recognition has connotations which may sometimes be important, the disease is briefly reviewed, and three cases are reported.", "PMID": 661722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9289", "title": "The New South Wales medical registration work force survey 1976.", "content": "A medical workforce survey was conducted in conjunction with the 1976 registration of doctors in New South Wales. Its prime aim was to provide information on the number of doctors required to be trained by the medical schools. The main findings of the survey are presented; in particular, current and predicted values of the doctor/population ratio are given. The status of this parameter is discussed.", "contents": "The New South Wales medical registration work force survey 1976. A medical workforce survey was conducted in conjunction with the 1976 registration of doctors in New South Wales. Its prime aim was to provide information on the number of doctors required to be trained by the medical schools. The main findings of the survey are presented; in particular, current and predicted values of the doctor/population ratio are given. The status of this parameter is discussed.", "PMID": 661723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9290", "title": "Clay eating by Aboriginals of the Northern Territory.", "content": "Eleven Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory, in whom radiological examination of the abdomen demonstrated opaque masses of clay in the colon are described. This was due to the eating of white clay which is found only in streams, springs and billabongs of the coastal areas of the Territory. The habit does not appear to be a perversion of appetite, nor is it related to anaemia or pregnancy. The clay is eaten mainly for medicinal purposes or to allay hunger. The results are not always beneficial, since clay caused complications (including obstruction and perforation of the colon) in five of our 11 patients.", "contents": "Clay eating by Aboriginals of the Northern Territory. Eleven Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory, in whom radiological examination of the abdomen demonstrated opaque masses of clay in the colon are described. This was due to the eating of white clay which is found only in streams, springs and billabongs of the coastal areas of the Territory. The habit does not appear to be a perversion of appetite, nor is it related to anaemia or pregnancy. The clay is eaten mainly for medicinal purposes or to allay hunger. The results are not always beneficial, since clay caused complications (including obstruction and perforation of the colon) in five of our 11 patients.", "PMID": 661724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9291", "title": "Blood pressure and valvular and congenital heart disease in Torres Strait Islanders.", "content": "Blood pressure levels were recorded in 1922 Torres Strait Islanders. Comparison with blood pressure levels of an Australian urban community which were recorded in the Busselton survey of 1972 shows that Islanders who are 20 years of age and over hav significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both males and females. Systolic and diastolic pressure levels also increase in both males and females with age, as in the Busselton patients. Surprisingly, the \"urbanized\" Islanders have lower blood pressure levels than those who live in village communities in the outer islands. The reasons for this are to be investigated. Comparison with New Guinea Melanesians shows that the Islanders consistently have significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both males and females in adult age groups. In addition the frequency of congenital and rheumatic valvular heart disease in a group of Torres Strait Islanders is reported. There is no evidence that the incidence of these lesions in the Island population is different from that reported in communities of European descent.", "contents": "Blood pressure and valvular and congenital heart disease in Torres Strait Islanders. Blood pressure levels were recorded in 1922 Torres Strait Islanders. Comparison with blood pressure levels of an Australian urban community which were recorded in the Busselton survey of 1972 shows that Islanders who are 20 years of age and over hav significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both males and females. Systolic and diastolic pressure levels also increase in both males and females with age, as in the Busselton patients. Surprisingly, the \"urbanized\" Islanders have lower blood pressure levels than those who live in village communities in the outer islands. The reasons for this are to be investigated. Comparison with New Guinea Melanesians shows that the Islanders consistently have significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both males and females in adult age groups. In addition the frequency of congenital and rheumatic valvular heart disease in a group of Torres Strait Islanders is reported. There is no evidence that the incidence of these lesions in the Island population is different from that reported in communities of European descent.", "PMID": 661725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9292", "title": "The development of serum immunoglobulins G, A and M in Australian Aboriginal infants.", "content": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, IgA and IgM) were studied in a population of Aboriginal infants from birth to 2 1/2 years of age. Serum levels of all three immunoglobulins were found to be consistently higher than in studies of white children. This is attributed to increased exposure of Aboriginal infants to infectious agents from early in life.", "contents": "The development of serum immunoglobulins G, A and M in Australian Aboriginal infants. Serum levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, IgA and IgM) were studied in a population of Aboriginal infants from birth to 2 1/2 years of age. Serum levels of all three immunoglobulins were found to be consistently higher than in studies of white children. This is attributed to increased exposure of Aboriginal infants to infectious agents from early in life.", "PMID": 661726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9293", "title": "A modified Rutter children's behaviour questionnaire. Its reliability and validity in screening for behaviour disturbances in part-Aboriginal children.", "content": "The Rutter Children's Behaviour Questionnaire was completed by the teachers of 108 Aboriginal pupils at two rural schools in the far west of New South Wales. The questionnaire ratings were compared with a contemporaneous psychiatric study of behaviour disturbance for each child. Some modification of the questionnaire was required because of cultural factors. The modified questionnaire was found to be of acceptable reliability and validity in screening for emotional disturbance in Aboriginal children. It is suggested that it would be a useful case finding instrument for teachers of part-Aboriginal children.", "contents": "A modified Rutter children's behaviour questionnaire. Its reliability and validity in screening for behaviour disturbances in part-Aboriginal children. The Rutter Children's Behaviour Questionnaire was completed by the teachers of 108 Aboriginal pupils at two rural schools in the far west of New South Wales. The questionnaire ratings were compared with a contemporaneous psychiatric study of behaviour disturbance for each child. Some modification of the questionnaire was required because of cultural factors. The modified questionnaire was found to be of acceptable reliability and validity in screening for emotional disturbance in Aboriginal children. It is suggested that it would be a useful case finding instrument for teachers of part-Aboriginal children.", "PMID": 661727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9294", "title": "[The effect of benzbromarone on fasting-hyperuricemia as a model (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of daily therapeutic doses of 100 mg benzbromarone (Normurat) and 2.0 g probenecid on the purine metabolism of 40 test subjects was investigated. Fasting-hyperuricemia was used as the model and particular attention paid to the mechanisms of renal elimination. Urate concentration remains under the solubility threshold when benzbromarone is administered, in contrast to medication with probenecid. The significantly greater hypouricemic effect of benzbromarone correlates with a significant rise in the excretion and clearance of uric acid in comparison to probenecid, accompanied by a stronger depression of tubular reabsorption. Serum levels, clearances and reabsorption rates demonstrate the prolonged effect of the benzofurane derivative Normurat even during strict fasting. Supplementary allantoin and urea determinations gave no indication of increased enterobacterial uricolysis. Normurat was well tolerated, side effects were not noted.", "contents": "[The effect of benzbromarone on fasting-hyperuricemia as a model (author's transl)]. The effect of daily therapeutic doses of 100 mg benzbromarone (Normurat) and 2.0 g probenecid on the purine metabolism of 40 test subjects was investigated. Fasting-hyperuricemia was used as the model and particular attention paid to the mechanisms of renal elimination. Urate concentration remains under the solubility threshold when benzbromarone is administered, in contrast to medication with probenecid. The significantly greater hypouricemic effect of benzbromarone correlates with a significant rise in the excretion and clearance of uric acid in comparison to probenecid, accompanied by a stronger depression of tubular reabsorption. Serum levels, clearances and reabsorption rates demonstrate the prolonged effect of the benzofurane derivative Normurat even during strict fasting. Supplementary allantoin and urea determinations gave no indication of increased enterobacterial uricolysis. Normurat was well tolerated, side effects were not noted.", "PMID": 661730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9295", "title": "[Drug treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Experience with a combination of dextrothyroxine and betapyridylcarbinol (author's transel)].", "content": "22 patients of our lipid ambulance with hypercholesterolemia received 6 mg highly purified dextrothyroxine (group 1, n = 10) or 900 mg beta-pyridylcarbinol (group 2, n = 12) for 12 weeks and both groups for another 8 weeks a combination of 4 mg dextrothyroxine and 600 mg beta-pyridylcarbinol daily. Most of the patients with an age from 8 to 57 years showed a family history of hypercholesterolemia, some of them suffered from coronary insufficiency. 20 patients completed the therapeutic progrand of 20 weeks. Total cholesterol decreases in both groups during monotherapy significantly, and still more during the combination, singificant in group 1. LDL cholesterol showed greater decrease during mono- and combination therqpy. The frequency of side effects was higher in the monotherqpy periods: increase of preexisting angina pectoris in one case during dextrothyroxine, severe flush in two cases during beta-pyridylcarbinol, gastrointestinal disturbances three times in both groups together. During the combined treatment minimal gastrointestinal symptoms were reported from one patient. The lower incidence and severity of side effects in spite of similar or better effects recommend the combination of dextrothyroxin and beta-pyridylcarbinol for longterm therapy of moderate hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "[Drug treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Experience with a combination of dextrothyroxine and betapyridylcarbinol (author's transel)]. 22 patients of our lipid ambulance with hypercholesterolemia received 6 mg highly purified dextrothyroxine (group 1, n = 10) or 900 mg beta-pyridylcarbinol (group 2, n = 12) for 12 weeks and both groups for another 8 weeks a combination of 4 mg dextrothyroxine and 600 mg beta-pyridylcarbinol daily. Most of the patients with an age from 8 to 57 years showed a family history of hypercholesterolemia, some of them suffered from coronary insufficiency. 20 patients completed the therapeutic progrand of 20 weeks. Total cholesterol decreases in both groups during monotherapy significantly, and still more during the combination, singificant in group 1. LDL cholesterol showed greater decrease during mono- and combination therqpy. The frequency of side effects was higher in the monotherqpy periods: increase of preexisting angina pectoris in one case during dextrothyroxine, severe flush in two cases during beta-pyridylcarbinol, gastrointestinal disturbances three times in both groups together. During the combined treatment minimal gastrointestinal symptoms were reported from one patient. The lower incidence and severity of side effects in spite of similar or better effects recommend the combination of dextrothyroxin and beta-pyridylcarbinol for longterm therapy of moderate hypercholesterolemia.", "PMID": 661731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9296", "title": "[Clinical pharmacology of Bacampicillin in comparison to Ampicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Equimolecular doses of Ampicillin and Bacampicillin were administrated orally, of Ampicillin also by i.v. injection to 10 healthy adult volunteers (cross over study). By comparison of areas under serum level curves after i.v. and oral administration absorption rate of Bacampicillin which is hydrolysed rapidly to Ampicillin in the body was determined as 95%. Peaks of serum levels after 0.8 g. Bacampicillin administered orally were higher (15,9 microgram/ml) and earlier (after 60 min) than after 0.556 g. Ampicillin administered orally (3.5 microgram/ml after 150 min). Concentrations of Ampicillin in skin blister fluid 1 h after i.v. injection of Ampicillin were 20 times higher than after  oral administration of Ampicillin and 3-4 times higher than after oral administration of Bacampicillin; after 3 and 4 hours skin blister levels after i.v. injection were only a half of skin blister levels after oral administration of Bacampicillin. Determination of antibiotic concentrations in saliva and tears showed similar relations. Since higher peaks in serum resulted in higher concentrations in the extravascular space Bacampicillin which is absorbed compeltely and more rapidly should be prefered for oral administration.", "contents": "[Clinical pharmacology of Bacampicillin in comparison to Ampicillin (author's transl)]. Equimolecular doses of Ampicillin and Bacampicillin were administrated orally, of Ampicillin also by i.v. injection to 10 healthy adult volunteers (cross over study). By comparison of areas under serum level curves after i.v. and oral administration absorption rate of Bacampicillin which is hydrolysed rapidly to Ampicillin in the body was determined as 95%. Peaks of serum levels after 0.8 g. Bacampicillin administered orally were higher (15,9 microgram/ml) and earlier (after 60 min) than after 0.556 g. Ampicillin administered orally (3.5 microgram/ml after 150 min). Concentrations of Ampicillin in skin blister fluid 1 h after i.v. injection of Ampicillin were 20 times higher than after  oral administration of Ampicillin and 3-4 times higher than after oral administration of Bacampicillin; after 3 and 4 hours skin blister levels after i.v. injection were only a half of skin blister levels after oral administration of Bacampicillin. Determination of antibiotic concentrations in saliva and tears showed similar relations. Since higher peaks in serum resulted in higher concentrations in the extravascular space Bacampicillin which is absorbed compeltely and more rapidly should be prefered for oral administration.", "PMID": 661733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9297", "title": "[The antimicrobial activity of amikacin in comparison with three other aminoglycoside-antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about the in-vitro-sensitivity tests of 1756 Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas strains to amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin. It was established, that amikacin is more effective than gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin in case of infections with Klebsiella, Proteus species, Psuedomonas strains and Enterobacter. The four aminoglycosides are well active against E. coli. Hospital acquired infections with Serratia are a domain of amikacin. Tobramycin is more effective than gentamicin and sisomicin against Pseudomonas infections. Amikacin is the drug of choice against gentamicin-resistent strains, which are also not infrequently resistant to other aminoglycosides. Resistance to gentamicin-tobramycin and gentamicin-tobramycin-sisomicin, is most frequent among Klebsiella strains. The cross-resistance rate is considerably higher among Enterobacteriaceae strains than among Pseudomonas species. The lowest rate of resistance (2.1%) and the high antimicrobial activity are the considerable advantages of amikacin.", "contents": "[The antimicrobial activity of amikacin in comparison with three other aminoglycoside-antibiotics (author's transl)]. We report about the in-vitro-sensitivity tests of 1756 Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas strains to amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin. It was established, that amikacin is more effective than gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin in case of infections with Klebsiella, Proteus species, Psuedomonas strains and Enterobacter. The four aminoglycosides are well active against E. coli. Hospital acquired infections with Serratia are a domain of amikacin. Tobramycin is more effective than gentamicin and sisomicin against Pseudomonas infections. Amikacin is the drug of choice against gentamicin-resistent strains, which are also not infrequently resistant to other aminoglycosides. Resistance to gentamicin-tobramycin and gentamicin-tobramycin-sisomicin, is most frequent among Klebsiella strains. The cross-resistance rate is considerably higher among Enterobacteriaceae strains than among Pseudomonas species. The lowest rate of resistance (2.1%) and the high antimicrobial activity are the considerable advantages of amikacin.", "PMID": 661734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9298", "title": "[Glucose tolerance and neurogenic muscular atrophies (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose tolerance is reduced in patients suffering from neurogenic muscular atrophies. In a group of 20 patients with myatrophic lateral sclerosis the extent of atrophy correlated significantly with the decrease in glucose tolerance. Creatinine excretion was used as a measure of functioning muscle mass. Insulin secretion was not reduced, on the contrary, it was strongly pronounced in these cases. The observations are not explained by a decrease in distribution volume of glucose. By testing glucose tolerance, functions of sceletal muscles are examined at the same time. In evaluating the results, the functioning muscle mass has to be taken into account.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance and neurogenic muscular atrophies (author's transl)]. Glucose tolerance is reduced in patients suffering from neurogenic muscular atrophies. In a group of 20 patients with myatrophic lateral sclerosis the extent of atrophy correlated significantly with the decrease in glucose tolerance. Creatinine excretion was used as a measure of functioning muscle mass. Insulin secretion was not reduced, on the contrary, it was strongly pronounced in these cases. The observations are not explained by a decrease in distribution volume of glucose. By testing glucose tolerance, functions of sceletal muscles are examined at the same time. In evaluating the results, the functioning muscle mass has to be taken into account.", "PMID": 661736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9299", "title": "Determination of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae by an indirect staphylococcal radioimmunoassy.", "content": "An indirect staphylococcal radioimmunoassay (SRIA) has been developed for determination of M. pneumoniae antibodies. This test allows the detection of antibodies in various immunoglobulin (Ig) classes similar to the previously described radioimmunoprecipitation test (RIP). SRIA has two advantages over RIP: first, it uses 100-fold less anti-Ig reagents than RIP; second, bound can be separated from unbound antigen more easily by the relatively heavy staphylococci. SRIA antibodies, belonging to the IgA class of Ig, could be detected in nasal secretions of volunteers infected intranasally with ts H43 of M. pneumoniae. In sera of patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia antibodies to the IgG or the IgM class of Igs could be determined separately. This is especially important for an early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae disease.", "contents": "Determination of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae by an indirect staphylococcal radioimmunoassy. An indirect staphylococcal radioimmunoassay (SRIA) has been developed for determination of M. pneumoniae antibodies. This test allows the detection of antibodies in various immunoglobulin (Ig) classes similar to the previously described radioimmunoprecipitation test (RIP). SRIA has two advantages over RIP: first, it uses 100-fold less anti-Ig reagents than RIP; second, bound can be separated from unbound antigen more easily by the relatively heavy staphylococci. SRIA antibodies, belonging to the IgA class of Ig, could be detected in nasal secretions of volunteers infected intranasally with ts H43 of M. pneumoniae. In sera of patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia antibodies to the IgG or the IgM class of Igs could be determined separately. This is especially important for an early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae disease.", "PMID": 661748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9300", "title": "Chemotherapeutic response in metastatic medulloblastoma: report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Metastatic medulloblastoma is a rare clinical phenomenon. Review of the literature and the authors' experience reveals that when it occurs, palliation may be achieved with a variety of single and combination chemotherapy programs. Two objective responses with vincristine-actinomycin-D-cyclophosphamide (VAC) and one each with adriamycin and methyl-CCNU are described.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic response in metastatic medulloblastoma: report of two cases and a review of the literature. Metastatic medulloblastoma is a rare clinical phenomenon. Review of the literature and the authors' experience reveals that when it occurs, palliation may be achieved with a variety of single and combination chemotherapy programs. Two objective responses with vincristine-actinomycin-D-cyclophosphamide (VAC) and one each with adriamycin and methyl-CCNU are described.", "PMID": 661749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9301", "title": "Clinical trial of nafoxidine in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Forty-nine postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, Nafoxidine. The drug was generally well tolerated with dermatitis being the major toxic effect. A partial response in 12 of 40 patients, or 30%, was achieved with a median duration of response of greater than five months.", "contents": "Clinical trial of nafoxidine in advanced breast cancer. Forty-nine postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, Nafoxidine. The drug was generally well tolerated with dermatitis being the major toxic effect. A partial response in 12 of 40 patients, or 30%, was achieved with a median duration of response of greater than five months.", "PMID": 661750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9302", "title": "Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in cancer patients: comparison of characteristics of patients with and without concomitant disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Thirty-one cases with malignant neoplasm and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) were studied. A threefold increase in the incidence of NBTE over the five-year period ending in 1976 was noticed. Seventy-one percent of patients with NBTE had concomitant disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Adenocarcinomas of the lung or ovary were the most common tumors (48%), followed by hematologic malignancies (25%). Five patients had acute leukemia, two of whom had received bone marrow transplantation. Sudden changes in the status of cardiovascular and central nervous systems were the most common manifestations of NBTE and its complications. The possible predisposing factors included disseminated malignant neoplasms and infection with gram-negative bacilli. Identification of high-risk patients and early administration of preventive measures including anticoagulation might decrease the morbidity and mortality related to NBTE.", "contents": "Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in cancer patients: comparison of characteristics of patients with and without concomitant disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thirty-one cases with malignant neoplasm and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) were studied. A threefold increase in the incidence of NBTE over the five-year period ending in 1976 was noticed. Seventy-one percent of patients with NBTE had concomitant disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Adenocarcinomas of the lung or ovary were the most common tumors (48%), followed by hematologic malignancies (25%). Five patients had acute leukemia, two of whom had received bone marrow transplantation. Sudden changes in the status of cardiovascular and central nervous systems were the most common manifestations of NBTE and its complications. The possible predisposing factors included disseminated malignant neoplasms and infection with gram-negative bacilli. Identification of high-risk patients and early administration of preventive measures including anticoagulation might decrease the morbidity and mortality related to NBTE.", "PMID": 661751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9303", "title": "Relapse of Hodgkin disease after extended-field radiotherapy.", "content": "Thirteen relapses occurred among 51 consecutive surgically staged patients with I, IIA, and IIIA Hodgkin disease who achieved complete remission following extended-field radiotherapy. The median disease-free interval was 14 months, but three disseminated relapses occurred at 36, 36, and 39 months. In 6 of the 13 cases, relapses occurred within treated fields. Relapse frequency was greater with advancing stage, but was not related to histology. In 9 of 12 evaluable cases the patients achieved complete remission with MOPP combination chemotherapy. All responders continue in complete remission a median time of 23 months after completing MOPP. This report emphasizes the need for sustained, close follow-up after radical radiotherapy and the excellent response rate of relapsed patients to MOPP combination chemotherapy.", "contents": "Relapse of Hodgkin disease after extended-field radiotherapy. Thirteen relapses occurred among 51 consecutive surgically staged patients with I, IIA, and IIIA Hodgkin disease who achieved complete remission following extended-field radiotherapy. The median disease-free interval was 14 months, but three disseminated relapses occurred at 36, 36, and 39 months. In 6 of the 13 cases, relapses occurred within treated fields. Relapse frequency was greater with advancing stage, but was not related to histology. In 9 of 12 evaluable cases the patients achieved complete remission with MOPP combination chemotherapy. All responders continue in complete remission a median time of 23 months after completing MOPP. This report emphasizes the need for sustained, close follow-up after radical radiotherapy and the excellent response rate of relapsed patients to MOPP combination chemotherapy.", "PMID": 661752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9304", "title": "Childhood embryonal carcinoma of testis, report of two unusual cases, and the implication on clinical management.", "content": "Primary testicular neoplasms are not common childhood tumors, comprising about 1% of all childhood malignancies [1]. Embryonal carcinoma is the most common childhood testicular neoplasm. It has been described in a variety of histologic variants as embryonal carcinoma of infancy, orchioblastoma, yolk sac tumor, endodermal sinus tumor, Teilum tumor, and adenocarcinoma with clear cells. Because of the rarity of the tumor, there is no general concensus concerning the management. Recently we encountered two children with embryonal carcinoma of testis who had rather unusual clinical courses. We believe that a report of these cases may contribute to further design of the most suitable therapeutic regimen.", "contents": "Childhood embryonal carcinoma of testis, report of two unusual cases, and the implication on clinical management. Primary testicular neoplasms are not common childhood tumors, comprising about 1% of all childhood malignancies [1]. Embryonal carcinoma is the most common childhood testicular neoplasm. It has been described in a variety of histologic variants as embryonal carcinoma of infancy, orchioblastoma, yolk sac tumor, endodermal sinus tumor, Teilum tumor, and adenocarcinoma with clear cells. Because of the rarity of the tumor, there is no general concensus concerning the management. Recently we encountered two children with embryonal carcinoma of testis who had rather unusual clinical courses. We believe that a report of these cases may contribute to further design of the most suitable therapeutic regimen.", "PMID": 661753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9305", "title": "Estimation of correlation of lactate dehydrogenase subunits mole quota based on differences in substrate inhibition.", "content": "A kinetic method of estimating the mole quota ratios of the human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) H and M subunits based on differences in substrate inhibition of LDH isoenzymes by lactate is porposed. Stability of kinetic constants for a prolonged period of time is demonstrated. The dependence of the activity ratios on the contribution of the mole quota of the M-subunit of LDH is studied under conditions of low and high substrate concentrations. The experimental and theoretical values show the following correlation: r = 0.998; p less than 0.001. A comparison of the method proposed with the electrophoretic method of LDH subunit estimation is made, the values obtained being in good agreement. No effect of the components of human diploid cell homogenate and only an insignificant effect of the blood serum components on the kinetic constants of LDH isoenzymes are shown. The applicability of the method to the estimation of the quantitative content of both LDH subunits in natural samples is demonstrated. The informational value of the method is compared to that of other standard methods of LDH isoenzyme estimation.", "contents": "Estimation of correlation of lactate dehydrogenase subunits mole quota based on differences in substrate inhibition. A kinetic method of estimating the mole quota ratios of the human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) H and M subunits based on differences in substrate inhibition of LDH isoenzymes by lactate is porposed. Stability of kinetic constants for a prolonged period of time is demonstrated. The dependence of the activity ratios on the contribution of the mole quota of the M-subunit of LDH is studied under conditions of low and high substrate concentrations. The experimental and theoretical values show the following correlation: r = 0.998; p less than 0.001. A comparison of the method proposed with the electrophoretic method of LDH subunit estimation is made, the values obtained being in good agreement. No effect of the components of human diploid cell homogenate and only an insignificant effect of the blood serum components on the kinetic constants of LDH isoenzymes are shown. The applicability of the method to the estimation of the quantitative content of both LDH subunits in natural samples is demonstrated. The informational value of the method is compared to that of other standard methods of LDH isoenzyme estimation.", "PMID": 661816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9306", "title": "[Relationship between the molecular structure of aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol and the compactness of double-stranded DNA molecules].", "content": "The dependence of viscosity of the water solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the molecular weight has been studied. It has been shown that there is a \"transitional\" region in PEG properties which accounts for the formation of fluctuation polymer network of the PEG molecules. It has been shown that the \"transitional\" region in properties of PEG which appears at a certain concentration of PEG (CtrPEG) is characteristic of the PEG preparations with molecular weights exceeding 600 and dependence of the value of CtrPEG on the molecular weight of PEG was obtained. Compactization of double-stranded DNA molecules in PEG-containing water-salt solutions has been studied and the dependence of the value of CcrPEG, . i.e. the concentration of PEG at which the compact particles of DNA appear in the solution, on the molecular weight of PEG was obtained. The correlation between these two dependences reflecting quite different physico-chemical processes shows that the double-stranded DNA molecules are constrained within the polymer network of the PEG molecules. The influence of ionic strength and ionic composition of the solution on the formation of a compact form was investigated. The transition of the DNA molecules from a linear to a compact state may occur only at a definite value of ionic strength of the solution. This transition may occur at the change of K+ for Na+ cations (at a constant value of CPEG). The extent of compactization of the DNA molecules in PEG-containing water-salt solutions is monitored by the molecular structure and by the ionic strength of the solvent. It is supposed that the peculiarities  of compactization of the DNA molecules in PEG-containing water-salt solutions reflect some characteristics of conformational transitions of the DNA molecules which occur in vivo.", "contents": "[Relationship between the molecular structure of aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol and the compactness of double-stranded DNA molecules]. The dependence of viscosity of the water solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the molecular weight has been studied. It has been shown that there is a \"transitional\" region in PEG properties which accounts for the formation of fluctuation polymer network of the PEG molecules. It has been shown that the \"transitional\" region in properties of PEG which appears at a certain concentration of PEG (CtrPEG) is characteristic of the PEG preparations with molecular weights exceeding 600 and dependence of the value of CtrPEG on the molecular weight of PEG was obtained. Compactization of double-stranded DNA molecules in PEG-containing water-salt solutions has been studied and the dependence of the value of CcrPEG, . i.e. the concentration of PEG at which the compact particles of DNA appear in the solution, on the molecular weight of PEG was obtained. The correlation between these two dependences reflecting quite different physico-chemical processes shows that the double-stranded DNA molecules are constrained within the polymer network of the PEG molecules. The influence of ionic strength and ionic composition of the solution on the formation of a compact form was investigated. The transition of the DNA molecules from a linear to a compact state may occur only at a definite value of ionic strength of the solution. This transition may occur at the change of K+ for Na+ cations (at a constant value of CPEG). The extent of compactization of the DNA molecules in PEG-containing water-salt solutions is monitored by the molecular structure and by the ionic strength of the solvent. It is supposed that the peculiarities  of compactization of the DNA molecules in PEG-containing water-salt solutions reflect some characteristics of conformational transitions of the DNA molecules which occur in vivo.", "PMID": 661817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9307", "title": "[Changes in the methylated sequences and molecular population of wheat DNA during germination].", "content": "The fractions of unique (Cot less than 405), moderately (Cot=0.13--405) and highly reiterated (Cot less than 0--0.13) sequences were isolated from DNA of wheat seeds and 3 day old seedlings, and GC content, amount of 5-methylcytosine and its distribution among various pyrimidine isostichs in the fractions isolated were studied. Different in Cot value DNA fractions from seeds or from seedlings are similar in GC content and in all other characteristics studied. Seed DNA differs from DNA of seedlings in the content of pyrimidine isostichs from the respective fractions of reiterated sequences. Pronounced differences in the amount of pyridmidine clusters with various base composition in the corresponding fractions of DNA from seeds and seedlings were found. These differences in the frequencies of respective pyrimidine clusters from DNA of seeds and seedlings may be considered as being a result of changes in the molecular population of wheat DNA on germination. The seed and seedling DNA differ significantly in the 5-methylcytosine content in the respective pyrimidine isostichs isolated from unique sequences. In the seedling DNA some other nucleotide sequences are to be methylated as compared to DNA of dormat seeds. Thus, on germination some changes occur in DNA methylation as well as in the genome organization.", "contents": "[Changes in the methylated sequences and molecular population of wheat DNA during germination]. The fractions of unique (Cot less than 405), moderately (Cot=0.13--405) and highly reiterated (Cot less than 0--0.13) sequences were isolated from DNA of wheat seeds and 3 day old seedlings, and GC content, amount of 5-methylcytosine and its distribution among various pyrimidine isostichs in the fractions isolated were studied. Different in Cot value DNA fractions from seeds or from seedlings are similar in GC content and in all other characteristics studied. Seed DNA differs from DNA of seedlings in the content of pyrimidine isostichs from the respective fractions of reiterated sequences. Pronounced differences in the amount of pyridmidine clusters with various base composition in the corresponding fractions of DNA from seeds and seedlings were found. These differences in the frequencies of respective pyrimidine clusters from DNA of seeds and seedlings may be considered as being a result of changes in the molecular population of wheat DNA on germination. The seed and seedling DNA differ significantly in the 5-methylcytosine content in the respective pyrimidine isostichs isolated from unique sequences. In the seedling DNA some other nucleotide sequences are to be methylated as compared to DNA of dormat seeds. Thus, on germination some changes occur in DNA methylation as well as in the genome organization.", "PMID": 661818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9308", "title": "[Complex of single-stranded phage DNA and protein--a product of bacteriophage fl gene 3. Distribution of gene 3 protein in the DNA molecule].", "content": "Upon a 50% isopropanol treatment of phage fl in a 1 M NaCl solution protein A (gene 3 product)--DNA complex is precipitated while protein B (gene 8 product) was still solubilized. After such a treatment the DNA--protein complex containing 10--40% of protein A and less than 0.0025% of protein B was obtained. Evidence was obtained that there was no non-specific rearrangement of protein A during the isolation procedure. The complex was treated with endonuclease R.HAC III, followed by electrophoresis of the  resulted fragments and estimation of the [14C] protein A (labeled with [14C]histidine) throughout the gel. The maximal radioactivity coincided with the DNA bands, being proportional to the DNA content in the respective bands. The data obtained indicate that protein A is iniformly arranged along the DNA molecule.", "contents": "[Complex of single-stranded phage DNA and protein--a product of bacteriophage fl gene 3. Distribution of gene 3 protein in the DNA molecule]. Upon a 50% isopropanol treatment of phage fl in a 1 M NaCl solution protein A (gene 3 product)--DNA complex is precipitated while protein B (gene 8 product) was still solubilized. After such a treatment the DNA--protein complex containing 10--40% of protein A and less than 0.0025% of protein B was obtained. Evidence was obtained that there was no non-specific rearrangement of protein A during the isolation procedure. The complex was treated with endonuclease R.HAC III, followed by electrophoresis of the  resulted fragments and estimation of the [14C] protein A (labeled with [14C]histidine) throughout the gel. The maximal radioactivity coincided with the DNA bands, being proportional to the DNA content in the respective bands. The data obtained indicate that protein A is iniformly arranged along the DNA molecule.", "PMID": 661819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9309", "title": "[Poly(A)-containing RNA from germinating wheat embryos].", "content": "Rapidly labelled mRNAs were isolated from informosomes and polyribosomes of imbibed wheat embryos. The distribution of poly(A) sequences in these fractions were studied by poly(U) Sepharose chromatography. It was shown that informosomes contain 11% polyadenylated mRNA while polyribosomes--38%. This fact suggests the important role of poly(A) sequences for translation of mRNA.", "contents": "[Poly(A)-containing RNA from germinating wheat embryos]. Rapidly labelled mRNAs were isolated from informosomes and polyribosomes of imbibed wheat embryos. The distribution of poly(A) sequences in these fractions were studied by poly(U) Sepharose chromatography. It was shown that informosomes contain 11% polyadenylated mRNA while polyribosomes--38%. This fact suggests the important role of poly(A) sequences for translation of mRNA.", "PMID": 661821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9310", "title": "[Calculating light scattering when determining \"true absorption magnitudes\" of virus particles].", "content": "Results of the study by V. I. Permogorov et al. (Molecular Biology, 1977, 11, 134--138) on the absence of a deficit of hypochromism in intraphage DNA are discussed. It is deduced that the conclusion of V. I. Permogorov and coworkers is erroneous since it is based on: 1) incorrect interpretation of the results of determination of lightscattering contribution to the absorption of intact phages; 2) not taking into account the lightscattering contribution in the case of disrupted phages; 3) underestimation of the value of hyperchromism of melting of phage DNAs.", "contents": "[Calculating light scattering when determining \"true absorption magnitudes\" of virus particles]. Results of the study by V. I. Permogorov et al. (Molecular Biology, 1977, 11, 134--138) on the absence of a deficit of hypochromism in intraphage DNA are discussed. It is deduced that the conclusion of V. I. Permogorov and coworkers is erroneous since it is based on: 1) incorrect interpretation of the results of determination of lightscattering contribution to the absorption of intact phages; 2) not taking into account the lightscattering contribution in the case of disrupted phages; 3) underestimation of the value of hyperchromism of melting of phage DNAs.", "PMID": 661820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9311", "title": "[Effect of the state of the lipid phase of the membrane on the effectiveness of photochemical modification of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase].", "content": "Modification of the lipid phase structure of the erythrocyte membrane by phospholipases A2, C and D as well as the partial depletion of cholesterol was shown to be accompanied by the change of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) UV-sensitivity. The ability of UV-light to change the catalytic properties (Km) of the membrane-bound AChE not observed for free AChE (constant value of Km) and known as the phenomenon of photochemical allotopy, is retained in the cholesterol depleted membranes and disappears after an enzymatic treatment of the membranes by phospholipases. The possible non-photochemical influence of the membrane lipid phase in response to UV-damage of membrane-bound AChE is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of the state of the lipid phase of the membrane on the effectiveness of photochemical modification of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase]. Modification of the lipid phase structure of the erythrocyte membrane by phospholipases A2, C and D as well as the partial depletion of cholesterol was shown to be accompanied by the change of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) UV-sensitivity. The ability of UV-light to change the catalytic properties (Km) of the membrane-bound AChE not observed for free AChE (constant value of Km) and known as the phenomenon of photochemical allotopy, is retained in the cholesterol depleted membranes and disappears after an enzymatic treatment of the membranes by phospholipases. The possible non-photochemical influence of the membrane lipid phase in response to UV-damage of membrane-bound AChE is discussed.", "PMID": 661822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9312", "title": "[Renal duplication in childhood. Incidence and clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal duplication is the most common malformation within the urinary tract system and as such a particular challenge to the pediatrician with regard to diagnosis and therapy. It is discovered either by chance or in relation to chronically recurring urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infection is the main clinical symptom in 2/3 of all the patients with renal duplication. Incidence, age-and sex-distribution, predilection of side or bilateral occurrence, configuration of the ureter and the statistically significant combination with vesico-uretral reflux show systematic regularities and are discussed in connection with the literature. Ureterocele, concrements, obstructions or hydronephrosis often are consequences of renal duplication or, as with hydronephrosis, correlated malformations like aplasia, hypoplasia, malrotation, horseshoe kidney or duplication of the urethra. There is a causative relation between renal duplication and tumors or tuberculosis. Other correlated malformations are particularly heart malformations or myelomeningocele. It depends on the severity of the disease whether therapy will be symptomatic or operative. Between 1968 and 1974 we saw 114 children with renal duplication.", "contents": "[Renal duplication in childhood. Incidence and clinical significance (author's transl)]. Renal duplication is the most common malformation within the urinary tract system and as such a particular challenge to the pediatrician with regard to diagnosis and therapy. It is discovered either by chance or in relation to chronically recurring urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infection is the main clinical symptom in 2/3 of all the patients with renal duplication. Incidence, age-and sex-distribution, predilection of side or bilateral occurrence, configuration of the ureter and the statistically significant combination with vesico-uretral reflux show systematic regularities and are discussed in connection with the literature. Ureterocele, concrements, obstructions or hydronephrosis often are consequences of renal duplication or, as with hydronephrosis, correlated malformations like aplasia, hypoplasia, malrotation, horseshoe kidney or duplication of the urethra. There is a causative relation between renal duplication and tumors or tuberculosis. Other correlated malformations are particularly heart malformations or myelomeningocele. It depends on the severity of the disease whether therapy will be symptomatic or operative. Between 1968 and 1974 we saw 114 children with renal duplication.", "PMID": 661829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9313", "title": "[Embryological aspects of anomalies of the aortic arch (author's transl)].", "content": "Various anomalies of the aortic arch have been examined angiographically and discussed in their embryological context. Theoretical concepts are based on Rathke's scheme of the aortic arch system. The importance of developmental aspects for the interpretation of anomalies of the aortic arch in angiography is emphasized.", "contents": "[Embryological aspects of anomalies of the aortic arch (author's transl)]. Various anomalies of the aortic arch have been examined angiographically and discussed in their embryological context. Theoretical concepts are based on Rathke's scheme of the aortic arch system. The importance of developmental aspects for the interpretation of anomalies of the aortic arch in angiography is emphasized.", "PMID": 661830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9314", "title": "[Effect of temperature on chymotrypsinogen A hydration in a dynamic system].", "content": "The temperature dependence of chymotrypsinogen A was studied by a dynamic method. A gradual exclusion of low adsorbing centers out of the whole number of hydratation centers was observed during the raise of temperature. Differential isosteric heats of hydration were measured at different degrees of hydration. It was shown that at low hydration the heat absorption is connected with the conformational change of the protein molecule.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on chymotrypsinogen A hydration in a dynamic system]. The temperature dependence of chymotrypsinogen A was studied by a dynamic method. A gradual exclusion of low adsorbing centers out of the whole number of hydratation centers was observed during the raise of temperature. Differential isosteric heats of hydration were measured at different degrees of hydration. It was shown that at low hydration the heat absorption is connected with the conformational change of the protein molecule.", "PMID": 661824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9315", "title": "[The significance of factor VII-deficiency in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolonged thromboplastin time but normal partial thromboplastin time in coagulation analysis lead to the diagnosis of factor VII-deficiency. The different forms of congenital and acquired factor VII-deficiency and the appropriate therapies are discussed, especially with regard to the recently available factor VII preparation.", "contents": "[The significance of factor VII-deficiency in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. Prolonged thromboplastin time but normal partial thromboplastin time in coagulation analysis lead to the diagnosis of factor VII-deficiency. The different forms of congenital and acquired factor VII-deficiency and the appropriate therapies are discussed, especially with regard to the recently available factor VII preparation.", "PMID": 661831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9316", "title": "[Early diagnosis of Wilson's disease in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Most of the time Wilson's disease becomes clinically evident in childhood by atypical abdominal symptoms. Therefore early diagnosis is very difficult. In four out of eight patients with Wilson's disease, diagnosed relatively early in the Children's Hospital of Heidelberg University, we could demonstrate that each case of liver disease, which cannot be classified, may be suspicious of Wilson's disease. Even normal levels of ceruloplasmin in serum and copper in urine are not inconsistent with Wilson's disease. There is no screening method in infancy. Fatty liver in school children is very suspicious of Wilson's disease.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of Wilson's disease in childhood (author's transl)]. Most of the time Wilson's disease becomes clinically evident in childhood by atypical abdominal symptoms. Therefore early diagnosis is very difficult. In four out of eight patients with Wilson's disease, diagnosed relatively early in the Children's Hospital of Heidelberg University, we could demonstrate that each case of liver disease, which cannot be classified, may be suspicious of Wilson's disease. Even normal levels of ceruloplasmin in serum and copper in urine are not inconsistent with Wilson's disease. There is no screening method in infancy. Fatty liver in school children is very suspicious of Wilson's disease.", "PMID": 661832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9317", "title": "[Oriented complexes of nucleic acids with low-molecular weight ligands. I. Anisotropy of the absorbance of DNA complexes with distamycin A and its analogs].", "content": "The anisotropy of absorbance (near 320 and 258 nm) of the DNA complexes with distamycin A and two analogues have been studied. Measurements were made along the direction of the flow oreintation of the complexes. The comparison of two orientation effects: deltaA320=(Astop--Aflow)320 and deltaA258=(Astop--Aflow)258, gave the opportunity to estimate the inclination angle of distamycin chromophores with respect to the DNA axis: for all three analogues the angle was lying between 40 and 45 degrees. These results strongly support the model of the complex where the antibiotic is inserted into the narrow grove of the DNA helix.", "contents": "[Oriented complexes of nucleic acids with low-molecular weight ligands. I. Anisotropy of the absorbance of DNA complexes with distamycin A and its analogs]. The anisotropy of absorbance (near 320 and 258 nm) of the DNA complexes with distamycin A and two analogues have been studied. Measurements were made along the direction of the flow oreintation of the complexes. The comparison of two orientation effects: deltaA320=(Astop--Aflow)320 and deltaA258=(Astop--Aflow)258, gave the opportunity to estimate the inclination angle of distamycin chromophores with respect to the DNA axis: for all three analogues the angle was lying between 40 and 45 degrees. These results strongly support the model of the complex where the antibiotic is inserted into the narrow grove of the DNA helix.", "PMID": 661823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9318", "title": "[Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism. Preliminary results from different methods (author's transl)].", "content": "In a regional study 2062 newborns were screened for congenital hypothyroidism by determination of TSH in plasma or dried blood spots on the fifth day of life. Three newborns with congenital hypothyroidism were detected. All of them showed high TSH-levels between 462 and 2192 micromicron/ml. One newborn with a congenital goiter had a TSH-level of 143 micromicron/ml. Additionally, in a follow-up study of 50 newborns with jaundice TSH, T4, T3 and reverse T3 during the first 120 h of life were measured. Efficiency of the different methods concerning their applicability to mass screening is discussed.", "contents": "[Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism. Preliminary results from different methods (author's transl)]. In a regional study 2062 newborns were screened for congenital hypothyroidism by determination of TSH in plasma or dried blood spots on the fifth day of life. Three newborns with congenital hypothyroidism were detected. All of them showed high TSH-levels between 462 and 2192 micromicron/ml. One newborn with a congenital goiter had a TSH-level of 143 micromicron/ml. Additionally, in a follow-up study of 50 newborns with jaundice TSH, T4, T3 and reverse T3 during the first 120 h of life were measured. Efficiency of the different methods concerning their applicability to mass screening is discussed.", "PMID": 661833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9319", "title": "[Genetic change in the waxy trait of barley under the influence of wild type DNA. Analysis of the composition of starch and the electrophoretic spectrum of caryopsis hordein from altered plants and the retention of these changes to the fourth generation].", "content": "Injection of DNA isolated from the wild type of barley into grains of recipient mutant plants (waxy mutants) at the milk stage of maturity leads to a change in starch synthesis; type of spikes and hordein composition. In the first generation of injected plants the wild type starch synthesis was observed in some separate plants (these observations were made at a haploid level in pollen cells). In the second generation of transformed plants along with the change in starch and hordein synthesis a modification of the type of spikes was also revealed. Recipient plants had six-rowded (hexastichous) spikes, and donor plants--two rowded (distichous) spikes. Disc-electrophoresis of hordeins of the wild type barley (Yuzhny var.), hordeins of the waxy mutant (defected in synthesis of normal starch) and barley plants transformed under the action of wild type exogenous DNA reveals differences in the protein spectrum between donor, recipient and transformants. In the second generation in many of the transformed plants starch synthesis reverted to the recipient mutant type. Simultaneously a reversion of hordein composition to the initial mutant type was observed, and the distichous pikes became hexastichous. Analysis of the components of starch revealed that donor plant that have amilose and amilopectin in starch, and the recipient plants that lack amilose, can be distinguished by the spectra of light absorption of starch. For characterizing these differences the plot of absoprtions at 490 versus that at 590 nm was used. The tangens of angles of these curves for the waxy mutant were equal to 1.05 +/- 0.07 and 1.81 +/- 0.04 for the wild type barley. All transformants have a 1.78 ratio and for revertants this value was 1.02.", "contents": "[Genetic change in the waxy trait of barley under the influence of wild type DNA. Analysis of the composition of starch and the electrophoretic spectrum of caryopsis hordein from altered plants and the retention of these changes to the fourth generation]. Injection of DNA isolated from the wild type of barley into grains of recipient mutant plants (waxy mutants) at the milk stage of maturity leads to a change in starch synthesis; type of spikes and hordein composition. In the first generation of injected plants the wild type starch synthesis was observed in some separate plants (these observations were made at a haploid level in pollen cells). In the second generation of transformed plants along with the change in starch and hordein synthesis a modification of the type of spikes was also revealed. Recipient plants had six-rowded (hexastichous) spikes, and donor plants--two rowded (distichous) spikes. Disc-electrophoresis of hordeins of the wild type barley (Yuzhny var.), hordeins of the waxy mutant (defected in synthesis of normal starch) and barley plants transformed under the action of wild type exogenous DNA reveals differences in the protein spectrum between donor, recipient and transformants. In the second generation in many of the transformed plants starch synthesis reverted to the recipient mutant type. Simultaneously a reversion of hordein composition to the initial mutant type was observed, and the distichous pikes became hexastichous. Analysis of the components of starch revealed that donor plant that have amilose and amilopectin in starch, and the recipient plants that lack amilose, can be distinguished by the spectra of light absorption of starch. For characterizing these differences the plot of absoprtions at 490 versus that at 590 nm was used. The tangens of angles of these curves for the waxy mutant were equal to 1.05 +/- 0.07 and 1.81 +/- 0.04 for the wild type barley. All transformants have a 1.78 ratio and for revertants this value was 1.02.", "PMID": 661826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9320", "title": "[Reaction between synthetic fragment of histone F2al and the protamines iridine and salmine with DNA].", "content": "The interaction of basic oligopeptides--F2aI histone, iridine and salmine protamines synthetic fragments with DNA has been studied by the methods of thermal denaturation, circular dichroism and equilibrium dialysis. All the peptides investigated are albe to stabilize the DNA helix and change its conformation. This ability grows with the increase of a number of basic residues in the peptide molecule and decreases when there is a serin residue on the end. The binding of the peptide with DNA obtains a cooperative character if 4--6 arginine clusters are present in the molecule. The comparison of the binding coefficient with the thermal denaturation data allowed to propose an important role of nonelectrostatic forces on the binding of the peptides to DNA.", "contents": "[Reaction between synthetic fragment of histone F2al and the protamines iridine and salmine with DNA]. The interaction of basic oligopeptides--F2aI histone, iridine and salmine protamines synthetic fragments with DNA has been studied by the methods of thermal denaturation, circular dichroism and equilibrium dialysis. All the peptides investigated are albe to stabilize the DNA helix and change its conformation. This ability grows with the increase of a number of basic residues in the peptide molecule and decreases when there is a serin residue on the end. The binding of the peptide with DNA obtains a cooperative character if 4--6 arginine clusters are present in the molecule. The comparison of the binding coefficient with the thermal denaturation data allowed to propose an important role of nonelectrostatic forces on the binding of the peptides to DNA.", "PMID": 661828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9321", "title": "[Palindromic, repeating and unique sequences in the macronuclear DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL infusoria].", "content": "Reassociation kinetics of macronuclear (Ma) DNA of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL has been studied. The genome size calculated by the kinetic complexity of DNA constitutes of 2.0.10(8) base pairs, which corresponds to the molecular weight of 1.2.10(11) dalton. About 90% of the Ma DNA fragments of 200-300 base pairs in length reassociate at a rate corresponding to the unique sequences and 3--5% of the nucleotide sequences at a ten times exceeding rate. About 3--5% of the genome consists of sequences reassociating at Cot practically equal to zero. Most of the zero time reassociating DNA seems to be represented by inverted nucleotide sequences. This conclusion was drawn from the study of the at zero time reassociating DNA isolated preparatively by hydroxyapatite chromatography. This fraction shows an approximately 75% resistance to S1-nuclease treatment which is independent from the original DNA concentration. Heat denaturation and reassociation are mutually reversible yielding hyper- and hypochromic effects. The majority of the inverted sequences are likely to be unique, about 20% is repeated scores of time in the Tetrahymena genome. This assumption has been made on the strength of reassociation of the zero time [125I]DNA fraction (after breaks in single-strand hair pin loop with the aid of S1-nuclease) with non-fractionated Ma DNA. According to the equilibrium distribution in a CsCl density gradient the mean nucleotide content of inverted [14C]DNA sequences does not differ from that of non-fractionated DNA. Consequently the largest part of the isolated fraction of inverted nucleotide sequences of the Tetrahymena genome are not fragments of ribosomal genes. The evidence of reassociation kinetics of Ma DNA fragments of various lengths allows to suggest that inverted sequences from large blocks (no less than 6000 base pairs) and scores of times repeated sequences may alternate with the regions of unique sequences.", "contents": "[Palindromic, repeating and unique sequences in the macronuclear DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL infusoria]. Reassociation kinetics of macronuclear (Ma) DNA of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL has been studied. The genome size calculated by the kinetic complexity of DNA constitutes of 2.0.10(8) base pairs, which corresponds to the molecular weight of 1.2.10(11) dalton. About 90% of the Ma DNA fragments of 200-300 base pairs in length reassociate at a rate corresponding to the unique sequences and 3--5% of the nucleotide sequences at a ten times exceeding rate. About 3--5% of the genome consists of sequences reassociating at Cot practically equal to zero. Most of the zero time reassociating DNA seems to be represented by inverted nucleotide sequences. This conclusion was drawn from the study of the at zero time reassociating DNA isolated preparatively by hydroxyapatite chromatography. This fraction shows an approximately 75% resistance to S1-nuclease treatment which is independent from the original DNA concentration. Heat denaturation and reassociation are mutually reversible yielding hyper- and hypochromic effects. The majority of the inverted sequences are likely to be unique, about 20% is repeated scores of time in the Tetrahymena genome. This assumption has been made on the strength of reassociation of the zero time [125I]DNA fraction (after breaks in single-strand hair pin loop with the aid of S1-nuclease) with non-fractionated Ma DNA. According to the equilibrium distribution in a CsCl density gradient the mean nucleotide content of inverted [14C]DNA sequences does not differ from that of non-fractionated DNA. Consequently the largest part of the isolated fraction of inverted nucleotide sequences of the Tetrahymena genome are not fragments of ribosomal genes. The evidence of reassociation kinetics of Ma DNA fragments of various lengths allows to suggest that inverted sequences from large blocks (no less than 6000 base pairs) and scores of times repeated sequences may alternate with the regions of unique sequences.", "PMID": 661827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9322", "title": "[A new bile contrast in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Biligram was used for 42 cholegraphies in children aged 2 months to 15 years. A 35% concentration of Biligram was given as intravenous injection in 14 children, a 17% or 3,4% concentration as an intravenous infusion in 16 or 12 patients, respectively. The quality of x-ray films with both Biligram 35% and 17% was equally good whereas Biligram 3,4% gave a weak contrast only. The best time for taking films was 30 and 60 min after injection of Biligram. Allergic reactions or an effect on liver enzymes were not observed.", "contents": "[A new bile contrast in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Biligram was used for 42 cholegraphies in children aged 2 months to 15 years. A 35% concentration of Biligram was given as intravenous injection in 14 children, a 17% or 3,4% concentration as an intravenous infusion in 16 or 12 patients, respectively. The quality of x-ray films with both Biligram 35% and 17% was equally good whereas Biligram 3,4% gave a weak contrast only. The best time for taking films was 30 and 60 min after injection of Biligram. Allergic reactions or an effect on liver enzymes were not observed.", "PMID": 661834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9323", "title": "[Conformational stability of ribonuclease A complexes with specific inhibitors].", "content": "Isotermic unfolding of ribonuclease A, phosphopyridoxyl-8Lys41-RNAase A and complexes of the enzyme with cytidine, 2'-CMP, 3'-CMP, 3'-AMP and with the phosphoric ester of 1-(omega-oxypropyl)-cytosine in presence of urea has been studied. The stabilization of the protein structure resulting from the complex formation was shown to be determined by the ligand nucleobase binding. The comparison of the results obtained with those known from the literature suggests, that binding and catalytic zones of the enzyme active site form an integrated network system which is substained by multipoint contacts between the constituents. The change in the state of any part within the enzyme active state affects the energetics of the whole protein globule.", "contents": "[Conformational stability of ribonuclease A complexes with specific inhibitors]. Isotermic unfolding of ribonuclease A, phosphopyridoxyl-8Lys41-RNAase A and complexes of the enzyme with cytidine, 2'-CMP, 3'-CMP, 3'-AMP and with the phosphoric ester of 1-(omega-oxypropyl)-cytosine in presence of urea has been studied. The stabilization of the protein structure resulting from the complex formation was shown to be determined by the ligand nucleobase binding. The comparison of the results obtained with those known from the literature suggests, that binding and catalytic zones of the enzyme active site form an integrated network system which is substained by multipoint contacts between the constituents. The change in the state of any part within the enzyme active state affects the energetics of the whole protein globule.", "PMID": 661825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9324", "title": "[A new test-strip for the detection of hematuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of a new test strip for hematuria (Sangur-Test) is suggested for ambulatory and clinical practice. It seems to be reliable and sensitive enough to detect minor degrees of pathological amounts of red blood cells in urine (above 5/microliter). No false negative result was recorded in the present series. The concomitant use of Sangur-Test and Hemastix in 28 children with different degrees of hematuria has shown a higher sensitivity in detecting erythrocyturia with the former.", "contents": "[A new test-strip for the detection of hematuria (author's transl)]. The use of a new test strip for hematuria (Sangur-Test) is suggested for ambulatory and clinical practice. It seems to be reliable and sensitive enough to detect minor degrees of pathological amounts of red blood cells in urine (above 5/microliter). No false negative result was recorded in the present series. The concomitant use of Sangur-Test and Hemastix in 28 children with different degrees of hematuria has shown a higher sensitivity in detecting erythrocyturia with the former.", "PMID": 661835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9325", "title": "[Aseptic meningitis following fourth ventricle surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative aseptic meningitis may occur as a complication of brain neurosurgery, especially after opening of the fourth ventricle. The picture of bacterial meningitis may be simulated. Main symptoms are persistent spiking fever, meningism and pleocytosis of CSF. The usually long lasting course can be dramatically shortened by early steroid therapy.", "contents": "[Aseptic meningitis following fourth ventricle surgery (author's transl)]. Postoperative aseptic meningitis may occur as a complication of brain neurosurgery, especially after opening of the fourth ventricle. The picture of bacterial meningitis may be simulated. Main symptoms are persistent spiking fever, meningism and pleocytosis of CSF. The usually long lasting course can be dramatically shortened by early steroid therapy.", "PMID": 661836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9326", "title": "[Familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis. Clinical course, L-dopa-effect (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course of two boys with familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis was traced. As far as the medical history could be retrieved, their family has been affected by this disease for three generations. Except for this disorder, the patients' development and psychophysical state are unremarkable. Both boys responded well but at times incompletely to anticonvulsants. Therefore L-Dopa was introduced to the therapeutic regime of the younger, more severely affected boy. L-Dopa caused an appreciable decline of the frequency of the paroxysms.", "contents": "[Familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis. Clinical course, L-dopa-effect (author's transl)]. The clinical course of two boys with familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis was traced. As far as the medical history could be retrieved, their family has been affected by this disease for three generations. Except for this disorder, the patients' development and psychophysical state are unremarkable. Both boys responded well but at times incompletely to anticonvulsants. Therefore L-Dopa was introduced to the therapeutic regime of the younger, more severely affected boy. L-Dopa caused an appreciable decline of the frequency of the paroxysms.", "PMID": 661837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9327", "title": "Colchicine-like effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on mammalian cells in vitro.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, showed colchicine-like effects in vitro on cells of the cell lines such as Chinese hamster fibroblast of thymus origin (CHT), rat liver (DL), rat erythroblastic leukemia (EDEN-1/TC) and HeLa-S3. Metaphase arrest was induced 3 h after treatment with 15 microgram/ml of DES and polyploid or polynucleated cells were prominently observed more than 24 h after treatment. The arrest, however, was reversible when the agent was removed from the medium. Tetraploid karotypes induced by DES in CHT cells consisted of all double sets of diploid chromosome constitution except one chromosome marker. By clonal selection, several hypotetraploid sublines were successfully isolated from a CHT cell population after the treatment with 15 microgram/ml of DES for 48 h. Some comparative studies of cytological effects of DES with those induced by colcemid indicated that the DES effect was also a mitotic inhibition similar to colchicine.", "contents": "Colchicine-like effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on mammalian cells in vitro. Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, showed colchicine-like effects in vitro on cells of the cell lines such as Chinese hamster fibroblast of thymus origin (CHT), rat liver (DL), rat erythroblastic leukemia (EDEN-1/TC) and HeLa-S3. Metaphase arrest was induced 3 h after treatment with 15 microgram/ml of DES and polyploid or polynucleated cells were prominently observed more than 24 h after treatment. The arrest, however, was reversible when the agent was removed from the medium. Tetraploid karotypes induced by DES in CHT cells consisted of all double sets of diploid chromosome constitution except one chromosome marker. By clonal selection, several hypotetraploid sublines were successfully isolated from a CHT cell population after the treatment with 15 microgram/ml of DES for 48 h. Some comparative studies of cytological effects of DES with those induced by colcemid indicated that the DES effect was also a mitotic inhibition similar to colchicine.", "PMID": 661838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9328", "title": "Chromosome-damaging effect of betel leaf.", "content": "The chewing of betel leaf with other ingredients is a widespread addiction in India. The chromosome damaging effect was studied in human leukocyte cultures. There was an increase in the frequency of chromatid aberrations when the leaf extract was added to cultures.", "contents": "Chromosome-damaging effect of betel leaf. The chewing of betel leaf with other ingredients is a widespread addiction in India. The chromosome damaging effect was studied in human leukocyte cultures. There was an increase in the frequency of chromatid aberrations when the leaf extract was added to cultures.", "PMID": 661839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9329", "title": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of congeners of two classes of nitroso compounds in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "The induction of mutation by certain nitrosamidines and nitrosamides has been quantitated utilizing the hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Dose--response relationships for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity are presented for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG). Based on the concentration of each agent required to kill 90% of the cells, the following order of cytotoxicity was observed: MNNG greater than ENNG greater than MNU greater than ENU greater than BNU. This is the same order of potency as observed for mutation induction per unit concentration of mutagen.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of congeners of two classes of nitroso compounds in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The induction of mutation by certain nitrosamidines and nitrosamides has been quantitated utilizing the hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Dose--response relationships for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity are presented for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG). Based on the concentration of each agent required to kill 90% of the cells, the following order of cytotoxicity was observed: MNNG greater than ENNG greater than MNU greater than ENU greater than BNU. This is the same order of potency as observed for mutation induction per unit concentration of mutagen.", "PMID": 661840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9330", "title": "Genetic effects of crocidolite asbestos in Chinese hamster lung cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster lung cells cultured in the presence of crocidolite asbestos displayed inhibition of cell growth. Cell death was directly associated with the phagocytosis of larger fibres as observed with the aid of trypan blue. Water soluble components of crocidolite did not appear to inhibit cell growth. Chromosomal aberrations were induced by the asbestos. The aberrations were confined mainly to structural aberrations--breaks and fragments. Electron-microscopic preparation indicated that asbestos was readily contained in phagosomes. Phagocytosed asbestos appeared to be a weak mutagen in its ability to induce gene mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus.", "contents": "Genetic effects of crocidolite asbestos in Chinese hamster lung cells. Chinese hamster lung cells cultured in the presence of crocidolite asbestos displayed inhibition of cell growth. Cell death was directly associated with the phagocytosis of larger fibres as observed with the aid of trypan blue. Water soluble components of crocidolite did not appear to inhibit cell growth. Chromosomal aberrations were induced by the asbestos. The aberrations were confined mainly to structural aberrations--breaks and fragments. Electron-microscopic preparation indicated that asbestos was readily contained in phagosomes. Phagocytosed asbestos appeared to be a weak mutagen in its ability to induce gene mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus.", "PMID": 661841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9331", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges induced by cyclophosphamide in V79 cells cultured in diffusion chambers in mice.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells V79 were cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) and implanted into mice. An exponential growth was observed from the 2nd to 4th day after implantation. The maximum growth was reached on the 6th day. After that, cell growth and viable cell counts decreased. Three days after implantation of DC with V79 cells, the hosts received 6 hourly injections of 0.2 ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) solution at concentrations of 0.125 to 1.0 x 10(-2) M. DC were removed for chromosome and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) analyses 24 h after the first BUdR injection. The frequency of metaphases with differentially stained chromatids, with aberrations, and the number of SCE per cell increased with BUdR dose. The frequency of metaphases with differentially stained chromatids was also positively correlated with the duration of BUdR exposure or the number of hourly injections of BUdR-solution. The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) in V79 cells in DC in mice were studied. Injections of CY at 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 microgram per gram of body weight to the hosts caused an increase in the number of SCE per cell in a linear manner. The results from this study indicate that V79 cells cultured in DC in mice may provide a potential test system for mutagenicity.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges induced by cyclophosphamide in V79 cells cultured in diffusion chambers in mice. Chinese hamster cells V79 were cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) and implanted into mice. An exponential growth was observed from the 2nd to 4th day after implantation. The maximum growth was reached on the 6th day. After that, cell growth and viable cell counts decreased. Three days after implantation of DC with V79 cells, the hosts received 6 hourly injections of 0.2 ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) solution at concentrations of 0.125 to 1.0 x 10(-2) M. DC were removed for chromosome and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) analyses 24 h after the first BUdR injection. The frequency of metaphases with differentially stained chromatids, with aberrations, and the number of SCE per cell increased with BUdR dose. The frequency of metaphases with differentially stained chromatids was also positively correlated with the duration of BUdR exposure or the number of hourly injections of BUdR-solution. The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) in V79 cells in DC in mice were studied. Injections of CY at 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 microgram per gram of body weight to the hosts caused an increase in the number of SCE per cell in a linear manner. The results from this study indicate that V79 cells cultured in DC in mice may provide a potential test system for mutagenicity.", "PMID": 661842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9332", "title": "Detection of antibodies directed against a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein in patients with acute and chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of antibody to a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Antibody was detected in 29 of 30 patients with chronic active hepatitis (all of 15 HBsAg-negative and 14 of 15 HBsAg-positive cases), and in 10 of 17 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis but at significantly lower titer. The titer of antibody to the lipoprotein showed a significant correlation with activity of disease as judged histologically and biochemically. Transiently elevated levels were found in 20 of 21 patients with acute viral hepatitis, but there was no correlation with the degree of liver damage. Antibody to liver-specific membrane protein may be part of the final common pathway of liver-cell damage in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative chronic activite hepatitis, whereas other immune mechanisms determine the liver-cell injury in acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies directed against a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein in patients with acute and chronic active hepatitis. A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of antibody to a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Antibody was detected in 29 of 30 patients with chronic active hepatitis (all of 15 HBsAg-negative and 14 of 15 HBsAg-positive cases), and in 10 of 17 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis but at significantly lower titer. The titer of antibody to the lipoprotein showed a significant correlation with activity of disease as judged histologically and biochemically. Transiently elevated levels were found in 20 of 21 patients with acute viral hepatitis, but there was no correlation with the degree of liver damage. Antibody to liver-specific membrane protein may be part of the final common pathway of liver-cell damage in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative chronic activite hepatitis, whereas other immune mechanisms determine the liver-cell injury in acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 661844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9333", "title": "Gynecomastia and gonadal dysfunction in adolescent boys treated with combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We studied 19 Ugandan boys with Hodgkin's disease who had been treated with mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone and who survived at least two years to assess testicular germ-cell depletion in pubescent boys on combination chemotherapy, as had previously been demonstrated in sexually mature men. Nine of 13 pubertal boys (ages 11 to 16) had moderate to severe gynecomastia and germinal aplasia, a 10-fold increase in mean (+/- S.D.) serum follicle-stimulating hormone (34.8 +/- 20.5 mlU per milliliter), a threefold increase in mean luteinizing hormone (17.8 +/- 9.8 mlU per milliliter) and reduced serum testosterone levels. Gynecomastia was not associated with an increase in either serum estradiol or prolactin concentrations. By contrast, six prepubertal boys (three to 10 years of age), similarly treated, showed no change in serum gonadotropins, and gynecomastia did not develop. The data confirm germ-cell depletion after combination chemotherapy and indicate further that Leydig-cell dysfunction, manifested by gynecomastia, may be a consequence of treatment in adolescent boys.", "contents": "Gynecomastia and gonadal dysfunction in adolescent boys treated with combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. We studied 19 Ugandan boys with Hodgkin's disease who had been treated with mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone and who survived at least two years to assess testicular germ-cell depletion in pubescent boys on combination chemotherapy, as had previously been demonstrated in sexually mature men. Nine of 13 pubertal boys (ages 11 to 16) had moderate to severe gynecomastia and germinal aplasia, a 10-fold increase in mean (+/- S.D.) serum follicle-stimulating hormone (34.8 +/- 20.5 mlU per milliliter), a threefold increase in mean luteinizing hormone (17.8 +/- 9.8 mlU per milliliter) and reduced serum testosterone levels. Gynecomastia was not associated with an increase in either serum estradiol or prolactin concentrations. By contrast, six prepubertal boys (three to 10 years of age), similarly treated, showed no change in serum gonadotropins, and gynecomastia did not develop. The data confirm germ-cell depletion after combination chemotherapy and indicate further that Leydig-cell dysfunction, manifested by gynecomastia, may be a consequence of treatment in adolescent boys.", "PMID": 661845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9334", "title": "Effect of passive smoking on angina pectoris.", "content": "The effect of passive smoking on exercis-induced angina in a well ventilated and in an unventilated room was evaluated in 10 patients with angina. Patients exposed to 15 cigarettes smoked within two hours in a well ventilated room or an unventilated room increased their resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and venous carboxyhemoglobin and decreased their heart rate and systolic blood pressure at angina. Patients exposed to passive smoking in an unventilated room had a larger increase in resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and venous carboxyhemoglobin  and a greater reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure at angina. The duration of exercise until angina was decreased 22 per cent after passive smoking in a well ventilated room (P less than 0.001), and decreased 38 per cent after passive smoking in an unventilated room (P less than 0.001). Passive smoking aggravates angina pectoris.", "contents": "Effect of passive smoking on angina pectoris. The effect of passive smoking on exercis-induced angina in a well ventilated and in an unventilated room was evaluated in 10 patients with angina. Patients exposed to 15 cigarettes smoked within two hours in a well ventilated room or an unventilated room increased their resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and venous carboxyhemoglobin and decreased their heart rate and systolic blood pressure at angina. Patients exposed to passive smoking in an unventilated room had a larger increase in resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and venous carboxyhemoglobin  and a greater reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure at angina. The duration of exercise until angina was decreased 22 per cent after passive smoking in a well ventilated room (P less than 0.001), and decreased 38 per cent after passive smoking in an unventilated room (P less than 0.001). Passive smoking aggravates angina pectoris.", "PMID": 661846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9335", "title": "Selection of medical students for graduate training: pass/fail versus grades.", "content": "We analyzed the performance of two cohorts of surgical residents: one from \"pass/fail\" and the other from \"graded\" medical schools. A performance index indicates that the group from graded schools performed significantly better (P less than 0.001). No resident from a pass/fail institution ranked above the 87th percentile, and this group accounted for 82 per cent of those ranking below the 15th percentile. A residency training program that seeks excellence among its trainees would do well to select preferentially students who apply from medical schools providing a specific class standing as part of the total evaluation of the student. It is suggested that the pass/fail controversy is symbolic of the erosion of standards that inevitably occurs when the university becomes involved in transient sociopolitical turmoil.", "contents": "Selection of medical students for graduate training: pass/fail versus grades. We analyzed the performance of two cohorts of surgical residents: one from \"pass/fail\" and the other from \"graded\" medical schools. A performance index indicates that the group from graded schools performed significantly better (P less than 0.001). No resident from a pass/fail institution ranked above the 87th percentile, and this group accounted for 82 per cent of those ranking below the 15th percentile. A residency training program that seeks excellence among its trainees would do well to select preferentially students who apply from medical schools providing a specific class standing as part of the total evaluation of the student. It is suggested that the pass/fail controversy is symbolic of the erosion of standards that inevitably occurs when the university becomes involved in transient sociopolitical turmoil.", "PMID": 661847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9336", "title": "Frozen autologous platelet transfusion for patients with leukemia.", "content": "Platelets were removed from 25 patients with leukemia during remission and were frozen for subsequent transfusion. With 5 per cent dimethyl sulfoxide as a cryoprotective agent, we froze 3 to 5 units of pooled platelet concentrate by simply placing the platelets in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen freezer. Ninety-one transfusions of platelets stored for 13 to 400 days were administered. The mean freeze-thaw loss was 13 percent, and the corrected one-hour increment in platelet count was 13,700 per microliter, corresponding to a recovery of 53 per cent of the predicted value. In many patients most or all of the transfusion requirements were met with frozen platelets. Our results indicate that frozen platelets can circulate and function hemostatically. Autologous frozen platelets are of particular value in the management of alloimmunized patients and have become an integral part of our transfusion support program.", "contents": "Frozen autologous platelet transfusion for patients with leukemia. Platelets were removed from 25 patients with leukemia during remission and were frozen for subsequent transfusion. With 5 per cent dimethyl sulfoxide as a cryoprotective agent, we froze 3 to 5 units of pooled platelet concentrate by simply placing the platelets in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen freezer. Ninety-one transfusions of platelets stored for 13 to 400 days were administered. The mean freeze-thaw loss was 13 percent, and the corrected one-hour increment in platelet count was 13,700 per microliter, corresponding to a recovery of 53 per cent of the predicted value. In many patients most or all of the transfusion requirements were met with frozen platelets. Our results indicate that frozen platelets can circulate and function hemostatically. Autologous frozen platelets are of particular value in the management of alloimmunized patients and have become an integral part of our transfusion support program.", "PMID": 661855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9337", "title": "Relation of education to sudden death after myocardial infarction.", "content": "We studied the influence of social and personal characteristics on prognosis among 1739 male survivors of myocardial infarction who had been monitored for one hour at a standard examination and subsequently followed for mortality. Over a three-year period men with little education (eight years of schooling or less) who had complex ventricular premature beats in the monitoring hour had over three times the risk of sudden coronary death found among better educated men with the same arrhythmia (cumulative mortality of 33 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively). No such differential appeared in the absence of complex ventricular premature beats. Neither risk factors for incidence of coronary heart disease nor clinical characteristics affecting prognosis accounted for the differences observed. There was no relation between education level and risk of recurrent infarction.", "contents": "Relation of education to sudden death after myocardial infarction. We studied the influence of social and personal characteristics on prognosis among 1739 male survivors of myocardial infarction who had been monitored for one hour at a standard examination and subsequently followed for mortality. Over a three-year period men with little education (eight years of schooling or less) who had complex ventricular premature beats in the monitoring hour had over three times the risk of sudden coronary death found among better educated men with the same arrhythmia (cumulative mortality of 33 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively). No such differential appeared in the absence of complex ventricular premature beats. Neither risk factors for incidence of coronary heart disease nor clinical characteristics affecting prognosis accounted for the differences observed. There was no relation between education level and risk of recurrent infarction.", "PMID": 661862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9338", "title": "Hypotension associated with prekallikrein activator (Hageman-factor fragments) in plasma protein fraction.", "content": "Thirteen lots of plasma protein fraction made by one manufacturer were implicated in 23 recent reports of hypotension in surgical patients. Four of these patients required resuscitation after rapid administration of the product in the postoperative period. All implicated lots had prekallikrein-activator activity but low levels of bradykinin and kallikrein. The prekallikrein activator was identified as Hageman-factor fragments by molecular weight (35,000 as estimated by gel chromatography), isoelectric point (4.2 to 4.4), and inhibition by antibody to Hageman factor. These data suggest that Hageman-factor fragments are potent hypotensive agents, presumably because they trigger the generation of bradykinin in recipients. Prekallikrein-activator activity, usually at levels lower than those in the initial 13 implicated lots, was frequently detected in plasma protein fraction made by other manufactures. Several of these lots were associated with additional reports of hypotension. Prekallikrein-activator activity rarely occurred in albumin.", "contents": "Hypotension associated with prekallikrein activator (Hageman-factor fragments) in plasma protein fraction. Thirteen lots of plasma protein fraction made by one manufacturer were implicated in 23 recent reports of hypotension in surgical patients. Four of these patients required resuscitation after rapid administration of the product in the postoperative period. All implicated lots had prekallikrein-activator activity but low levels of bradykinin and kallikrein. The prekallikrein activator was identified as Hageman-factor fragments by molecular weight (35,000 as estimated by gel chromatography), isoelectric point (4.2 to 4.4), and inhibition by antibody to Hageman factor. These data suggest that Hageman-factor fragments are potent hypotensive agents, presumably because they trigger the generation of bradykinin in recipients. Prekallikrein-activator activity, usually at levels lower than those in the initial 13 implicated lots, was frequently detected in plasma protein fraction made by other manufactures. Several of these lots were associated with additional reports of hypotension. Prekallikrein-activator activity rarely occurred in albumin.", "PMID": 661863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9339", "title": "Frequency of sexual dysfunction in \"normal\" couples.", "content": "In analyzing the responses of 100 predominantly white, well educated and happily married couples to a self-report questionnaire, this study examined the frequency of sexual problems experienced and the relations of those problems to sexual satisfaction. Although over 80 per cent of the couples reported that their marital and sexual relations were happy and satisfying, 40 per cent of the men reported erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction, and 63 per cent of the women reported arousal or orgasmic dysfunction. In addition, 50 per cent of the men and 77 per cent of the women reported difficulty that was not dysfunctional in nature (e.g., lack of interest or inability to relax). The number of \"difficulties\" reported was more strongly and consistently related to overall sexual dissatisfaction than the number of \"dysfunctions.\"", "contents": "Frequency of sexual dysfunction in \"normal\" couples. In analyzing the responses of 100 predominantly white, well educated and happily married couples to a self-report questionnaire, this study examined the frequency of sexual problems experienced and the relations of those problems to sexual satisfaction. Although over 80 per cent of the couples reported that their marital and sexual relations were happy and satisfying, 40 per cent of the men reported erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction, and 63 per cent of the women reported arousal or orgasmic dysfunction. In addition, 50 per cent of the men and 77 per cent of the women reported difficulty that was not dysfunctional in nature (e.g., lack of interest or inability to relax). The number of \"difficulties\" reported was more strongly and consistently related to overall sexual dissatisfaction than the number of \"dysfunctions.\"", "PMID": 661870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9340", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. Surgical management and natural history of disease.", "content": "We analyzed the management of 310 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, 280 of whom survived to operation, according to preoperative neurologic function, location and size of the aneurysm and timing of operation. Severe initial bleeding, rebleeding (usually within two weeks) and delayed ischemia were major preoperative problems; 10 per cent died, and 13 per cent deteriorated before operation. Operative mortality was 5 per cent, ranging from 1.6 per cent of patients with normal preoperative neurologic function to 35 per cent of severely disabled patients. Intraoperative complications (5 per cent of cases) related chiefly to the size and location of the aneurysm, but postoperative delayed ischemia (minor and reversible in 10 per cent and severe in 5 per cent) related to timing of operation and occurred primarily in patients afflicted within the previous 10 days. The results of surgical treatment, including preoperative deaths, were better than the natural history of the illness, the difference being apparent after one month's observation.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. Surgical management and natural history of disease. We analyzed the management of 310 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, 280 of whom survived to operation, according to preoperative neurologic function, location and size of the aneurysm and timing of operation. Severe initial bleeding, rebleeding (usually within two weeks) and delayed ischemia were major preoperative problems; 10 per cent died, and 13 per cent deteriorated before operation. Operative mortality was 5 per cent, ranging from 1.6 per cent of patients with normal preoperative neurologic function to 35 per cent of severely disabled patients. Intraoperative complications (5 per cent of cases) related chiefly to the size and location of the aneurysm, but postoperative delayed ischemia (minor and reversible in 10 per cent and severe in 5 per cent) related to timing of operation and occurred primarily in patients afflicted within the previous 10 days. The results of surgical treatment, including preoperative deaths, were better than the natural history of the illness, the difference being apparent after one month's observation.", "PMID": 661871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9341", "title": "Urinary kallikrein activity in the hypertension of renal parenchymal disease.", "content": "To learn more about the regulation of blood pressure in renal parenchymal disease, 57 subjects (18 normal controls, 25 patients with essential hypertension and 14 with renal parenchymal disease and hypertension) were evaluated for peripheral renin activity, 24-hour urinary kallikrein activity and whole-blood volume. Blood volumes were significantly lower in patients with essential hypertension (P less than 0.001) and those with renal disease and hypertension (P less than 0.001) than in normotensive subjects. Renin activities (measured after the subjects were standing) were also lower in patients with essential hypertension and hypertension due to renal disease (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). Kallikrein activity was similar in subjects with renal disease and those with hypertension (P less than 0.05) but markedly diminished in both groups as compared with normotensive subjects (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively) when glomerular filtration rates were taken into account. The kallikrein-kinin system may be involved in the hypertension associated with renal parenchymal disease.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein activity in the hypertension of renal parenchymal disease. To learn more about the regulation of blood pressure in renal parenchymal disease, 57 subjects (18 normal controls, 25 patients with essential hypertension and 14 with renal parenchymal disease and hypertension) were evaluated for peripheral renin activity, 24-hour urinary kallikrein activity and whole-blood volume. Blood volumes were significantly lower in patients with essential hypertension (P less than 0.001) and those with renal disease and hypertension (P less than 0.001) than in normotensive subjects. Renin activities (measured after the subjects were standing) were also lower in patients with essential hypertension and hypertension due to renal disease (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). Kallikrein activity was similar in subjects with renal disease and those with hypertension (P less than 0.05) but markedly diminished in both groups as compared with normotensive subjects (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively) when glomerular filtration rates were taken into account. The kallikrein-kinin system may be involved in the hypertension associated with renal parenchymal disease.", "PMID": 661889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9342", "title": "Application of endonuclease mapping to the analysis and prenatal diagnosis of thalassemias caused by globin-gene deletion.", "content": "We applied a recently developed and more direct technic to diagnose thalassemia syndromes associated with deletion of particular globin structural genes and to assess a fetus at risk for one of those conditions, deltabeta-thalassemia. The method allows assessment of the globin genes present in total cellular DNA and is applicable to amniotic-fluid cell DNA. Cellular DNA fragments produced by cleavage using two specific restriction endonucleases are separated on the basis of size by agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the distribution of specific sequences among the DNA fragments determined by molecular hybridization. We observed the total deletion of alpha-globin genes in homozygous alpha-thalassemia (hydrops fetalis with hemoglobin Bart's) and the deletion of particular beta and beta-like sequences in cases homozygous for hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and deltabeta-thalassemia. Analysis of amniotic-fluid cell DNA from a fetus at risk for deltabeta-thalassemia demonstrated the feasibility of these improved methods for antenatal diagnosis. The molecular studies confirmed the diagnosis predicted by analysis of fetal blood and established at birth.", "contents": "Application of endonuclease mapping to the analysis and prenatal diagnosis of thalassemias caused by globin-gene deletion. We applied a recently developed and more direct technic to diagnose thalassemia syndromes associated with deletion of particular globin structural genes and to assess a fetus at risk for one of those conditions, deltabeta-thalassemia. The method allows assessment of the globin genes present in total cellular DNA and is applicable to amniotic-fluid cell DNA. Cellular DNA fragments produced by cleavage using two specific restriction endonucleases are separated on the basis of size by agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the distribution of specific sequences among the DNA fragments determined by molecular hybridization. We observed the total deletion of alpha-globin genes in homozygous alpha-thalassemia (hydrops fetalis with hemoglobin Bart's) and the deletion of particular beta and beta-like sequences in cases homozygous for hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and deltabeta-thalassemia. Analysis of amniotic-fluid cell DNA from a fetus at risk for deltabeta-thalassemia demonstrated the feasibility of these improved methods for antenatal diagnosis. The molecular studies confirmed the diagnosis predicted by analysis of fetal blood and established at birth.", "PMID": 661890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9343", "title": "A prospective study of sudden death in \"high-risk\" bundle-branch block.", "content": "We prospectively followed 257 patients with bifascicular and trifascicular conduction-system disease and intact atrioventricular conduction who had undergone His-bundle studies. Forty-seven per cent had associated coronary-artery disease, and 23 per cent primary conduction-system disease. His-ventricular interval was moderately prolonged in 43 per cent and markedly prolonged in 12 per cent. During an average follow-up period of 25 months 50 patients died. However, death was sudden in only 27, and 17 of the sudden deaths were not due to bradyarrhythias. Actuarial analysis showed an overall mortality rate (mean +/- S.E.) of 19 +/- 2.6 per cent at two years, mortality from sudden death being 10 +/- 2.6 per cent. Permanent heart block occurred in 12. No clinical symptoms (including syncope), electrocardiographic findings, electrophysiologic data or their combination identified patients at high risk of sudden death. Sudden death due to bradyarrhythmia is uncommon in patients with bundle-branch block and intact atrioventricular conduction. Therefore, routine prophylactic use of permanent pacemakers in all such patients is inappropriate. Pacemaker implantation should be reserved for those with documented symptomatic bradyarrhythmias.", "contents": "A prospective study of sudden death in \"high-risk\" bundle-branch block. We prospectively followed 257 patients with bifascicular and trifascicular conduction-system disease and intact atrioventricular conduction who had undergone His-bundle studies. Forty-seven per cent had associated coronary-artery disease, and 23 per cent primary conduction-system disease. His-ventricular interval was moderately prolonged in 43 per cent and markedly prolonged in 12 per cent. During an average follow-up period of 25 months 50 patients died. However, death was sudden in only 27, and 17 of the sudden deaths were not due to bradyarrhythias. Actuarial analysis showed an overall mortality rate (mean +/- S.E.) of 19 +/- 2.6 per cent at two years, mortality from sudden death being 10 +/- 2.6 per cent. Permanent heart block occurred in 12. No clinical symptoms (including syncope), electrocardiographic findings, electrophysiologic data or their combination identified patients at high risk of sudden death. Sudden death due to bradyarrhythmia is uncommon in patients with bundle-branch block and intact atrioventricular conduction. Therefore, routine prophylactic use of permanent pacemakers in all such patients is inappropriate. Pacemaker implantation should be reserved for those with documented symptomatic bradyarrhythmias.", "PMID": 661905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9344", "title": "Career choice and performance on state licensing examinations of \"Fifth Pathway\" students.", "content": "Between 1975 and 1977, 340 American citizens trained in foreign medical schools (mostly Mexican) completed a year of supervised clinical training (Fifth Pathway) in New York State before beginning residency training. Analysis of 335 such students revealed a greater tendency to remain in the State for residency training as compared to graduates of New York State medical schools (P less than 0.01). A primary-care specialty was chosen by these students significantly less often than be American graduates (P less than 0.001). Their pass rate on state licensing examinations, although higher than that of other foreign-trained medical graduates, was significantly lower than that of American-trained students (P less than 0.001). Fifth Pathway programs can provide a source of United States-citizen house officers for hospitals currently staffed mainly by alien physicians. Such programs offer foreign-trained United States physicians an opportunity to improve their clinical skills before starting residencies, but evidently do not fully overcome their educational deficits.", "contents": "Career choice and performance on state licensing examinations of \"Fifth Pathway\" students. Between 1975 and 1977, 340 American citizens trained in foreign medical schools (mostly Mexican) completed a year of supervised clinical training (Fifth Pathway) in New York State before beginning residency training. Analysis of 335 such students revealed a greater tendency to remain in the State for residency training as compared to graduates of New York State medical schools (P less than 0.01). A primary-care specialty was chosen by these students significantly less often than be American graduates (P less than 0.001). Their pass rate on state licensing examinations, although higher than that of other foreign-trained medical graduates, was significantly lower than that of American-trained students (P less than 0.001). Fifth Pathway programs can provide a source of United States-citizen house officers for hospitals currently staffed mainly by alien physicians. Such programs offer foreign-trained United States physicians an opportunity to improve their clinical skills before starting residencies, but evidently do not fully overcome their educational deficits.", "PMID": 661906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9345", "title": "Breast self-examination practices and breast-cancer stage.", "content": "To determine the relation between breast self-examination performance and the clinical and pathological stage of breast cancer at first diagnosis, we studied 335 patients with breast cancer. Approximately one fourth of the patients reported that they had been practicing monthly breast self-examination, and half that they had never practiced breast self-examination. More frequent performance of breast self-examination was associated with more favorable clinical stage and fewer axillary-lymph-node metastases on histologic examination. On pathological examination, the age-adjusted maximum tumor diameter of patients practicing monthly breast self-examination was 1.97 +/- 0.22 cm (mean +/- S.E.M.) as compared to 2.47 +/- 0.20 for those performing self-examination less often than monthly and 3.59 +/- 0.15 for patients never performing breast self-examination. These data associating more favorable clinical and pathological stages of breast cancer with more frequent breast self-examination need to be extended by determination of the survival rates of the various self-examination groups.", "contents": "Breast self-examination practices and breast-cancer stage. To determine the relation between breast self-examination performance and the clinical and pathological stage of breast cancer at first diagnosis, we studied 335 patients with breast cancer. Approximately one fourth of the patients reported that they had been practicing monthly breast self-examination, and half that they had never practiced breast self-examination. More frequent performance of breast self-examination was associated with more favorable clinical stage and fewer axillary-lymph-node metastases on histologic examination. On pathological examination, the age-adjusted maximum tumor diameter of patients practicing monthly breast self-examination was 1.97 +/- 0.22 cm (mean +/- S.E.M.) as compared to 2.47 +/- 0.20 for those performing self-examination less often than monthly and 3.59 +/- 0.15 for patients never performing breast self-examination. These data associating more favorable clinical and pathological stages of breast cancer with more frequent breast self-examination need to be extended by determination of the survival rates of the various self-examination groups.", "PMID": 661924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9346", "title": "Estimated effect of breast self-examination and routine physician examinations on breast-cancer mortality.", "content": "We examined the effects of breast self-examination and breast examination by physicians on the stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Clinical and pathological-staging information was compared to interview data on method of initial detection of 293 women. Tumors were detected in clinical Stage I 53.8% of the time when the detection method was routine physician examination, 37.7% when it was self-examination and only 27.0% when detection was accidental. Sixty-nine per cent of women practicing self-examination at the time of diagnosis discovered their tumor by this method. Differences were less apparent when pathological stage was considered. Tumors found during routine examination of the breast averaged 6.1 mm smaller in diameter than those discovered accidentally. We estimate that breast-cancer mortality might be reduced by 18.8% to 24.4% through self-examination or routine physician examination, respectively.", "contents": "Estimated effect of breast self-examination and routine physician examinations on breast-cancer mortality. We examined the effects of breast self-examination and breast examination by physicians on the stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Clinical and pathological-staging information was compared to interview data on method of initial detection of 293 women. Tumors were detected in clinical Stage I 53.8% of the time when the detection method was routine physician examination, 37.7% when it was self-examination and only 27.0% when detection was accidental. Sixty-nine per cent of women practicing self-examination at the time of diagnosis discovered their tumor by this method. Differences were less apparent when pathological stage was considered. Tumors found during routine examination of the breast averaged 6.1 mm smaller in diameter than those discovered accidentally. We estimate that breast-cancer mortality might be reduced by 18.8% to 24.4% through self-examination or routine physician examination, respectively.", "PMID": 661925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9347", "title": "Decreased activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "To investigate the role of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the pathogenesis of the sporadic form of porphyria cutanea tarda, we measured this enzyme in liver, erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, and also measured coproporphyrinogen oxidase and the total iron concentration in liver. The mean uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was lower in liver from seven male patients (9.0 pmol of coproporphyrin per minute per milligram of protein) than in 12 controls, including seven with alcoholic liver disease (22.3 pmol per minute per milligram; P less than 0.05). Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activities were the same in each group. Liver iron concentrations were lower during remission, but uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activities were not related to clinical activity for uroporphyrin excretion. Erythrocyte and fibroblast enzyme activities were the same as in normal subjects. A hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase defect is a prerequisite for the development of porphyria cutanea tarda, but other factors, which probably do not alter uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, determine the clinical onset. In sporadic porphyria cutaneous tarda, the enzyme defect appears to be restricted to the liver.", "contents": "Decreased activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda. To investigate the role of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the pathogenesis of the sporadic form of porphyria cutanea tarda, we measured this enzyme in liver, erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, and also measured coproporphyrinogen oxidase and the total iron concentration in liver. The mean uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was lower in liver from seven male patients (9.0 pmol of coproporphyrin per minute per milligram of protein) than in 12 controls, including seven with alcoholic liver disease (22.3 pmol per minute per milligram; P less than 0.05). Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activities were the same in each group. Liver iron concentrations were lower during remission, but uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activities were not related to clinical activity for uroporphyrin excretion. Erythrocyte and fibroblast enzyme activities were the same as in normal subjects. A hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase defect is a prerequisite for the development of porphyria cutanea tarda, but other factors, which probably do not alter uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, determine the clinical onset. In sporadic porphyria cutaneous tarda, the enzyme defect appears to be restricted to the liver.", "PMID": 661926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9348", "title": "Scintigraphic detection of pulmonary emboli by serial positron imaging of inhaled 15O-labeled carbon dioxide.", "content": "Inhaled radioactive carbon dioxide is retained in pulmonary blood distal to embolic obstruction and appears as an area of increased radioactivity that delineates the site and magnitude of the affected zone. The scintigraphic detection of pulmonary emboli by serial imaging of inhaled carbon dioxide labeled with cyclotron-produced 15O2 was evaluated in 27 patients undergoing conventional pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imaging and pulmonary arteriography. Fifteen patients proved to have pulmonary emboli on arteriography. Sensitivity (87%) and specificity (92%) rates for inhalation imaging were superior to those of conventional ventilation/perfusion imaging (P less than 0.05). Clearance of 15O2 activity was markedly delayed over embolized pulmonary segments (mean half time of 47.0 +/- 11.1 seconds [S.E.M.]) in comparison to normal segments (mean of 3.6 +/- 0.08 seconds; P less than 0.001). Pulmonary imaging by this method provides an approach to the detection of pulmonary emboli that is relatively sensitive and specific and permits analysis of persisting perfusion in embolized pulmonary segments. A major practical limitation, however, is the necessity of a nearby cyclotron.", "contents": "Scintigraphic detection of pulmonary emboli by serial positron imaging of inhaled 15O-labeled carbon dioxide. Inhaled radioactive carbon dioxide is retained in pulmonary blood distal to embolic obstruction and appears as an area of increased radioactivity that delineates the site and magnitude of the affected zone. The scintigraphic detection of pulmonary emboli by serial imaging of inhaled carbon dioxide labeled with cyclotron-produced 15O2 was evaluated in 27 patients undergoing conventional pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imaging and pulmonary arteriography. Fifteen patients proved to have pulmonary emboli on arteriography. Sensitivity (87%) and specificity (92%) rates for inhalation imaging were superior to those of conventional ventilation/perfusion imaging (P less than 0.05). Clearance of 15O2 activity was markedly delayed over embolized pulmonary segments (mean half time of 47.0 +/- 11.1 seconds [S.E.M.]) in comparison to normal segments (mean of 3.6 +/- 0.08 seconds; P less than 0.001). Pulmonary imaging by this method provides an approach to the detection of pulmonary emboli that is relatively sensitive and specific and permits analysis of persisting perfusion in embolized pulmonary segments. A major practical limitation, however, is the necessity of a nearby cyclotron.", "PMID": 661927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9349", "title": "Role of cell shape in growth control.", "content": "Tissue culture plastic adhesivity was precisely varied by applying different concentrations of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The extent of cell spreading was thus accurately controlled so that cells cultured on these substrata could be held at any one of a graded series of quantitated cell shapes. Cell shape was found to be tightly coupled to DNA synthesis and growth in nontransformed cells. These findings suggest a mechanism that is important in growth control of mammalian cells, and provide a more fundamental interpretation of such phenomena as density dependent inhibition of cell growth and anchorage dependence.", "contents": "Role of cell shape in growth control. Tissue culture plastic adhesivity was precisely varied by applying different concentrations of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The extent of cell spreading was thus accurately controlled so that cells cultured on these substrata could be held at any one of a graded series of quantitated cell shapes. Cell shape was found to be tightly coupled to DNA synthesis and growth in nontransformed cells. These findings suggest a mechanism that is important in growth control of mammalian cells, and provide a more fundamental interpretation of such phenomena as density dependent inhibition of cell growth and anchorage dependence.", "PMID": 661946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9350", "title": "Isolation by molecular cloning of a fragment in the split ovalbumin gene.", "content": "An EcoRI fragment of chicken DNA (fragment 'a') containing a sequence complementary to the 3' half of ovalbumin mRNA has been isolated by molecular cloning. Analysis of the cloned fragment proves conclusively that the chicken ovalbumin gene is split. Fragment 'a' contains no extensive sequence repeated elsewhere in the genome and represents the only type of organisation of this part of the split ovalbumin gene in chicken genome.", "contents": "Isolation by molecular cloning of a fragment in the split ovalbumin gene. An EcoRI fragment of chicken DNA (fragment 'a') containing a sequence complementary to the 3' half of ovalbumin mRNA has been isolated by molecular cloning. Analysis of the cloned fragment proves conclusively that the chicken ovalbumin gene is split. Fragment 'a' contains no extensive sequence repeated elsewhere in the genome and represents the only type of organisation of this part of the split ovalbumin gene in chicken genome.", "PMID": 661947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9351", "title": "The alpha-helix dipole and the properties of proteins.", "content": "Phosphate moieties bind frequently at N-termini of helices in proteins. It is shown that this corresponds with an optimal interaction of the helix dipole and the charged phosphate. This favourable arrangement may have been discovered several times during evolution. In some enzymes, the helix dipole might be used in catalysis.", "contents": "The alpha-helix dipole and the properties of proteins. Phosphate moieties bind frequently at N-termini of helices in proteins. It is shown that this corresponds with an optimal interaction of the helix dipole and the charged phosphate. This favourable arrangement may have been discovered several times during evolution. In some enzymes, the helix dipole might be used in catalysis.", "PMID": 661956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9352", "title": "Binding of additional histones to chromatin core particles.", "content": "Isolated nucleosome core particles from chick erythrocytes and calf thymus have been used in experiments to show that chromatin subunits can absorb more than an additional equivalent of the histones making up the nucleosome octamer with no significant alteration in external shape and structure.", "contents": "Binding of additional histones to chromatin core particles. Isolated nucleosome core particles from chick erythrocytes and calf thymus have been used in experiments to show that chromatin subunits can absorb more than an additional equivalent of the histones making up the nucleosome octamer with no significant alteration in external shape and structure.", "PMID": 661957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9353", "title": "Mapping of the residues responsible for the negative cooperativity of the receptor-binding region of insulin.", "content": "Insulin binding to its receptor leads to negatively cooperative interactions among the receptor sites. Studies with 29 insulin analogues (animal insulins and proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor and chemically modified insulins) which vary 1,000-fold in their affinity for the receptor and in their biological potency, suggest that a discrete invariable region on the surface of the insulin monomer is responsible for including the negative cooperativity. This domain comprises some of the eight carboxy-terminal residues of the B-chain and the A21 asparagine. Burying of this 'cooperative site' in the dimerisation of insulin leads to a loss of negative cooperativity. A revised mapping of the insulin molecule is proposed, featuring distinct bioactive and cooperative sites.", "contents": "Mapping of the residues responsible for the negative cooperativity of the receptor-binding region of insulin. Insulin binding to its receptor leads to negatively cooperative interactions among the receptor sites. Studies with 29 insulin analogues (animal insulins and proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor and chemically modified insulins) which vary 1,000-fold in their affinity for the receptor and in their biological potency, suggest that a discrete invariable region on the surface of the insulin monomer is responsible for including the negative cooperativity. This domain comprises some of the eight carboxy-terminal residues of the B-chain and the A21 asparagine. Burying of this 'cooperative site' in the dimerisation of insulin leads to a loss of negative cooperativity. A revised mapping of the insulin molecule is proposed, featuring distinct bioactive and cooperative sites.", "PMID": 661960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9354", "title": "Characteristics of successful natural enemies in models of biological control of insect pests.", "content": "Biological control of insect pests is characterised by a persistent, strong reduction in the pest population following the introduction of a natural enemy. Analysis of mathematical models suggests that differential exploitation of patches of the pest in a spatially heterogeneous environment provides the most likely mechanism to account for known successes.", "contents": "Characteristics of successful natural enemies in models of biological control of insect pests. Biological control of insect pests is characterised by a persistent, strong reduction in the pest population following the introduction of a natural enemy. Analysis of mathematical models suggests that differential exploitation of patches of the pest in a spatially heterogeneous environment provides the most likely mechanism to account for known successes.", "PMID": 661961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9355", "title": "Principles of the eradication or control of tsetse flies.", "content": "The success of attempts to control African trypanosomiasis afflicting both men and animals through the destruction of the tsetse vector depends on a realistic assessment of human and ecological factors in infested regions. The complete eradication of tsetse is at present possible only in limited areas, and elsewhere the advantages of periodic control campaigns have to be weighed carefully against their cost.", "contents": "Principles of the eradication or control of tsetse flies. The success of attempts to control African trypanosomiasis afflicting both men and animals through the destruction of the tsetse vector depends on a realistic assessment of human and ecological factors in infested regions. The complete eradication of tsetse is at present possible only in limited areas, and elsewhere the advantages of periodic control campaigns have to be weighed carefully against their cost.", "PMID": 661968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9356", "title": "Antigenic variation in trypanosomes.", "content": "In its mammalian host, Trypanosoma brucei is able to change the antigenic character of its glycoprotein surface coat and so evade the host's immune response. This phenotypic change seems to occur spontaneously in 1 in 10,000 individuals but is not due to genetic mutation: host antibody is not necessary for its induction but plays a selective part in bringing about the gross changes in parasite numbers and antigenic character observed in the bloodstream by destroying the main component of what is actually a heterogeneous population. The infecting trypanosome population injected into the mammalian host by the tsetse fly vector may also be heterogeneous. Such heterogeneity complicates plans to vaccinate cattle and people against the African trypanosomes based on the premise that the metacyclic trypanosomes of a clone bear the same surface antigen.", "contents": "Antigenic variation in trypanosomes. In its mammalian host, Trypanosoma brucei is able to change the antigenic character of its glycoprotein surface coat and so evade the host's immune response. This phenotypic change seems to occur spontaneously in 1 in 10,000 individuals but is not due to genetic mutation: host antibody is not necessary for its induction but plays a selective part in bringing about the gross changes in parasite numbers and antigenic character observed in the bloodstream by destroying the main component of what is actually a heterogeneous population. The infecting trypanosome population injected into the mammalian host by the tsetse fly vector may also be heterogeneous. Such heterogeneity complicates plans to vaccinate cattle and people against the African trypanosomes based on the premise that the metacyclic trypanosomes of a clone bear the same surface antigen.", "PMID": 661969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9357", "title": "Immunity to intestinal parasites.", "content": "Intestinal parasites are common in man and animals and can cause severe disease. Knowledge of immunity to such infections is limited and comes largely from studies using laboratory host-parasite systems. Understanding how immunity can operate, and why it often does not, is not only of intrinsic interest but necessary for the development of immunological methods of control.", "contents": "Immunity to intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasites are common in man and animals and can cause severe disease. Knowledge of immunity to such infections is limited and comes largely from studies using laboratory host-parasite systems. Understanding how immunity can operate, and why it often does not, is not only of intrinsic interest but necessary for the development of immunological methods of control.", "PMID": 661970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9358", "title": "Specific and nonspecific immunisation against parasitic infections.", "content": "Parasitic diseases present major problems to man and his domesticated animals but do not respond easily to conventional vaccination procedures. Vaccines including attenuated stains, killed parasites, homogenates and soluble extracts all produce varying degrees of protection but controlled infections and immunisation with heterologous species or nonspecific antigens also induce protective immunity.", "contents": "Specific and nonspecific immunisation against parasitic infections. Parasitic diseases present major problems to man and his domesticated animals but do not respond easily to conventional vaccination procedures. Vaccines including attenuated stains, killed parasites, homogenates and soluble extracts all produce varying degrees of protection but controlled infections and immunisation with heterologous species or nonspecific antigens also induce protective immunity.", "PMID": 661971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9359", "title": "Sequence of chicken ovalbumin mRNA.", "content": "The complete sequence of chicken ovalbumin mRNA is presented; it is 1,859 residues long, excluding its terminal 'cap' and poly(A). The region coding for ovalbumin lies close to the 'cap' but is separated from the poly(A) by an extensive 3' noncoding region of 637 nucleotides which may have no function that is precisely dependent on its sequence.", "contents": "Sequence of chicken ovalbumin mRNA. The complete sequence of chicken ovalbumin mRNA is presented; it is 1,859 residues long, excluding its terminal 'cap' and poly(A). The region coding for ovalbumin lies close to the 'cap' but is separated from the poly(A) by an extensive 3' noncoding region of 637 nucleotides which may have no function that is precisely dependent on its sequence.", "PMID": 661981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9360", "title": "Extended X-ray absorption fine structure determination of iron nitrogen distances in haemoglobin.", "content": "EXAFS spectra have been obtained of oxy and deoxy complexes of haemoglobin and of the 'picket fence' porphyrin, using synchrotron radiation as a source of X rays. The fluorescence data were Fourier filtered to obtain distances to the first shell and corrections applied to remove contributions from the axial ligands. In this way, the iron to porphinato nitrogen distances were determined to be 1.98 +/- 0.01 A for both oxygenated complexes and 2.055 +/- 0.01 A for both deoxy forms.", "contents": "Extended X-ray absorption fine structure determination of iron nitrogen distances in haemoglobin. EXAFS spectra have been obtained of oxy and deoxy complexes of haemoglobin and of the 'picket fence' porphyrin, using synchrotron radiation as a source of X rays. The fluorescence data were Fourier filtered to obtain distances to the first shell and corrections applied to remove contributions from the axial ligands. In this way, the iron to porphinato nitrogen distances were determined to be 1.98 +/- 0.01 A for both oxygenated complexes and 2.055 +/- 0.01 A for both deoxy forms.", "PMID": 661991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9361", "title": "Potential for variability through multiple gene products of bacteriophage phiX174.", "content": "The small single-stranded DNA phages phiX174 and S13 produce multiple products of certain phage genes, as observed by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels. Two A protein products, two A products and four G products are observed. The multiple gene products may arise from multiple sites for initiation or termination of translation, or by protein modification. Some of the variant products may provide a substitute for heterozygosity without a concomitant increase in the size of the genome.", "contents": "Potential for variability through multiple gene products of bacteriophage phiX174. The small single-stranded DNA phages phiX174 and S13 produce multiple products of certain phage genes, as observed by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels. Two A protein products, two A products and four G products are observed. The multiple gene products may arise from multiple sites for initiation or termination of translation, or by protein modification. Some of the variant products may provide a substitute for heterozygosity without a concomitant increase in the size of the genome.", "PMID": 661992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9362", "title": "Quantum jumps of conductance during formation of membrane channels at cell-cell junction.", "content": "The cell-to-cell conductance of a nascent cell junction increases by stable quantal steps. The steps evidently reflect the opening of stable cell-to-cell channels, all alike and growing progressively in number.", "contents": "Quantum jumps of conductance during formation of membrane channels at cell-cell junction. The cell-to-cell conductance of a nascent cell junction increases by stable quantal steps. The steps evidently reflect the opening of stable cell-to-cell channels, all alike and growing progressively in number.", "PMID": 662008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9363", "title": "[Medicine-man practice. Ritual therapy and drugs used by the Digo in Tanzania].", "content": "The strong activity of the patient is significant in traditional Digo ritual therapy. In contrast to Sharmanism, he, and not the healer, plays the main role. The Digo healer applies hypnosis, somatiic exercises, stimulating music, and drugs in his three-day ritual performed mainly for psychosomatic and chronic illness.", "contents": "[Medicine-man practice. Ritual therapy and drugs used by the Digo in Tanzania]. The strong activity of the patient is significant in traditional Digo ritual therapy. In contrast to Sharmanism, he, and not the healer, plays the main role. The Digo healer applies hypnosis, somatiic exercises, stimulating music, and drugs in his three-day ritual performed mainly for psychosomatic and chronic illness.", "PMID": 662016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9364", "title": "Field-focusing nuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (fomar).", "content": "A technique, field-focusing NMR (FONAR), is described for doing NMR scans in large samples. The method utilizes a shaped D.C. magnetic field that confines the NMR-signal-producing region of the sample to a small volume called the resonance aperture. The aperture contains the required values of the Ho field to fully bracket the band of the r.f. pulse. The magnet system and r.f. pick-up coil that achieved the first human NMR can is discussed.", "contents": "Field-focusing nuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (fomar). A technique, field-focusing NMR (FONAR), is described for doing NMR scans in large samples. The method utilizes a shaped D.C. magnetic field that confines the NMR-signal-producing region of the sample to a small volume called the resonance aperture. The aperture contains the required values of the Ho field to fully bracket the band of the r.f. pulse. The magnet system and r.f. pick-up coil that achieved the first human NMR can is discussed.", "PMID": 662021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9365", "title": "[Lectins, sugar-binding plant proteins].", "content": "Lectins are proteins which can bind to the surfaces of animal and human cells. They are widespread in the plant and animal kingdom. Though many lectins have been isolated and characterized, and though some are extensively used as cell surface \"tools\", their biological role is only subject to hypotheses.", "contents": "[Lectins, sugar-binding plant proteins]. Lectins are proteins which can bind to the surfaces of animal and human cells. They are widespread in the plant and animal kingdom. Though many lectins have been isolated and characterized, and though some are extensively used as cell surface \"tools\", their biological role is only subject to hypotheses.", "PMID": 662020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9366", "title": "Acetylcholine content of and release from isolated pelviureteral tract.", "content": "Measurements were taken for the acetylcholine content of animal and human pelviureteral muscle and for the release of acetylcholine at rest and during field stimulation of the isolated renal pelvis and ureter. Release was frequency-dependent, with the maximum output obtained at 10 Hz. The release of acetylcholine from reserpine-pretreated and piperoxan-treated tissues remained unchanged, but tetrodotoxin (1.10(-6) g/ml) and noradrenaline (2.10(-6) g/ml) significantly reduced the output.", "contents": "Acetylcholine content of and release from isolated pelviureteral tract. Measurements were taken for the acetylcholine content of animal and human pelviureteral muscle and for the release of acetylcholine at rest and during field stimulation of the isolated renal pelvis and ureter. Release was frequency-dependent, with the maximum output obtained at 10 Hz. The release of acetylcholine from reserpine-pretreated and piperoxan-treated tissues remained unchanged, but tetrodotoxin (1.10(-6) g/ml) and noradrenaline (2.10(-6) g/ml) significantly reduced the output.", "PMID": 662026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9367", "title": "The interaction of rifamycin SV with hepatic transport of taurocholic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effect of rifamycin SV on hepatic transport of taurocholic acid was investigated using isolated perfused rat liver technique. In all experiments, the perfused liver was maintained at taurocholic acid steady state by infusing constant amount of taurocholic acid. Infusion of rifamycin SV at various rates decreased biliary secretion of bile acids in a dose-dependent manner. Replacement of rifamycin SV by perfusion medium reversed this effect. To determine the site of action of rifamycin SV, kinetic experiments with 14C-taurocholic acid were undertaken. Rifamycin SV elevated the half-life of the medium disappearance of 14C-taurocholic acid. Furthermore, the antibiotic delayed the biliary appearance of 14C-taurocholic acid. The analysis of the results gave indications that the antibiotic interferred with hepatic uptake as well as biliary secretion of taurocholic acid.", "contents": "The interaction of rifamycin SV with hepatic transport of taurocholic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver. The effect of rifamycin SV on hepatic transport of taurocholic acid was investigated using isolated perfused rat liver technique. In all experiments, the perfused liver was maintained at taurocholic acid steady state by infusing constant amount of taurocholic acid. Infusion of rifamycin SV at various rates decreased biliary secretion of bile acids in a dose-dependent manner. Replacement of rifamycin SV by perfusion medium reversed this effect. To determine the site of action of rifamycin SV, kinetic experiments with 14C-taurocholic acid were undertaken. Rifamycin SV elevated the half-life of the medium disappearance of 14C-taurocholic acid. Furthermore, the antibiotic delayed the biliary appearance of 14C-taurocholic acid. The analysis of the results gave indications that the antibiotic interferred with hepatic uptake as well as biliary secretion of taurocholic acid.", "PMID": 662028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9368", "title": "Paradoxical decrease of brain 5-HT turnover by metergoline, a central 5-HT receptor blocker.", "content": "Since metergoline (1-methyl-8-beta-carbobenzyloxy-aminomethyl-10-alpha-ergoline) is a potent 5-HT antagonist in peripheral organs, its possible blocking effects on 5-HT receptors in the rat brain were investigated. In vitro, metergoline inhibited both the specific high affinity binding of 3-H-5-HT onto synaptosomal membranes (IC 50 = 18 nM) and the stimulating effect of 10 micron 5-HT on the adenylate cyclase activity in colliculi homogenates from newborn rats (IC 50 = 12 micron. In vivo, the administration of metergoline (10 mg/kg i.p., 60 min before death) resulted in a significant decrease in the 3-H-5-HT binding capacity of synaptosomal membranes from the forebrain of adult rats. Taken together, these data clearly indicated that metergoline is a potent blocker of some serotoninergic receptors in the rat brain. Surprisingly, the changes in 5-HT turnover occurring in the brainstem and in the forebrain 1 h after metergoline (2-10 mg/kg) treatment were similar to those normally induced by a central 5-HT agonist: both the rate of 5-HT utilisation and that of 5-HT synthesis were significantly decreased. These changes were in contrast to the acceleration of 5-HT turnover induced by the administration of another potent central 5-HT antagonist, methiothepin. These results are discussed in relation to the possible existence of several types of serotoninergic receptors in the rat brain. It is possible that the positive feedback regulation of 5-HT turnover is triggered by the blockade of serotoninergic receptors sensitive to methiothepin, but not to metergoline.", "contents": "Paradoxical decrease of brain 5-HT turnover by metergoline, a central 5-HT receptor blocker. Since metergoline (1-methyl-8-beta-carbobenzyloxy-aminomethyl-10-alpha-ergoline) is a potent 5-HT antagonist in peripheral organs, its possible blocking effects on 5-HT receptors in the rat brain were investigated. In vitro, metergoline inhibited both the specific high affinity binding of 3-H-5-HT onto synaptosomal membranes (IC 50 = 18 nM) and the stimulating effect of 10 micron 5-HT on the adenylate cyclase activity in colliculi homogenates from newborn rats (IC 50 = 12 micron. In vivo, the administration of metergoline (10 mg/kg i.p., 60 min before death) resulted in a significant decrease in the 3-H-5-HT binding capacity of synaptosomal membranes from the forebrain of adult rats. Taken together, these data clearly indicated that metergoline is a potent blocker of some serotoninergic receptors in the rat brain. Surprisingly, the changes in 5-HT turnover occurring in the brainstem and in the forebrain 1 h after metergoline (2-10 mg/kg) treatment were similar to those normally induced by a central 5-HT agonist: both the rate of 5-HT utilisation and that of 5-HT synthesis were significantly decreased. These changes were in contrast to the acceleration of 5-HT turnover induced by the administration of another potent central 5-HT antagonist, methiothepin. These results are discussed in relation to the possible existence of several types of serotoninergic receptors in the rat brain. It is possible that the positive feedback regulation of 5-HT turnover is triggered by the blockade of serotoninergic receptors sensitive to methiothepin, but not to metergoline.", "PMID": 662027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9369", "title": "Interaction of fusidates with bile acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The interaction of fisidic acid and two of its conjugates with carrier-mediated uptake of bile acids was investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes. All three fusidates inhibited the uptake of both cholate and taurocholate competitively suggesting a direct interaction of fusidates with bile acid carrier. The inhibition constants for all three fusidates for the inhibition of cholate uptake were significantly different from the respective inhibition constants for the inhibition of taurocholate uptake. This would indicate that both cholate and taurocholate are transported by more than one carrier into hepatocytes. The results may also indicate that taurine conjugated bile acids may be transported preferentially by one transport system while unconjugated bile acids may be preferentially transported by another transport system.", "contents": "Interaction of fusidates with bile acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. The interaction of fisidic acid and two of its conjugates with carrier-mediated uptake of bile acids was investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes. All three fusidates inhibited the uptake of both cholate and taurocholate competitively suggesting a direct interaction of fusidates with bile acid carrier. The inhibition constants for all three fusidates for the inhibition of cholate uptake were significantly different from the respective inhibition constants for the inhibition of taurocholate uptake. This would indicate that both cholate and taurocholate are transported by more than one carrier into hepatocytes. The results may also indicate that taurine conjugated bile acids may be transported preferentially by one transport system while unconjugated bile acids may be preferentially transported by another transport system.", "PMID": 662029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9370", "title": "Metabolic fate of 3H-noradrenaline released from the mouse hypothalamus.", "content": "In slices of mouse hypothalamus labelled in vitro with 3H-noradrenaline (3-H-NA), the deaminated metabolite 3H-3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3H-DOPEG), represented 40.2 +/- 2.6% of the total outflow of radioactivity and was the main fraction in the spontaneous efflux. Inhibition of neuronal monoamine oxidase by exposure to 60 micron bretylium, reduced the outflow of 3H-DOPEG to 9.7 +/0 0.3%. At the same time, the proportion of 3H-normetanephrine (3H-NMN) was significantly increased. On the other hand, an increased outflow of 3H-DOPEG and a lower proportion of 3H-NMN was obtained in the presence of 2.9 micron of the reserpine like agent Ro 4-1284. It is suggested that in the mouse hypothalamus, the deaminated metabolite, DOPEG, is formed inside the nerve terminals, while the O-methylated metabolite, NMN, might result from the activity of extraneuronal catechol O-methyltransferase.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of 3H-noradrenaline released from the mouse hypothalamus. In slices of mouse hypothalamus labelled in vitro with 3H-noradrenaline (3-H-NA), the deaminated metabolite 3H-3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3H-DOPEG), represented 40.2 +/- 2.6% of the total outflow of radioactivity and was the main fraction in the spontaneous efflux. Inhibition of neuronal monoamine oxidase by exposure to 60 micron bretylium, reduced the outflow of 3H-DOPEG to 9.7 +/0 0.3%. At the same time, the proportion of 3H-normetanephrine (3H-NMN) was significantly increased. On the other hand, an increased outflow of 3H-DOPEG and a lower proportion of 3H-NMN was obtained in the presence of 2.9 micron of the reserpine like agent Ro 4-1284. It is suggested that in the mouse hypothalamus, the deaminated metabolite, DOPEG, is formed inside the nerve terminals, while the O-methylated metabolite, NMN, might result from the activity of extraneuronal catechol O-methyltransferase.", "PMID": 662030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9371", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome and focal glomerular sclerosis in aging man.", "content": "Focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) with the nephrotic syndrome is a disecades. Less than 2% of reported patients are older than 60 years of age, and to our knowledge no patients over 70 years of age have been described. The present report documents with renal biopsies the occurrence of FGS and the nephrotic syndrome in 4 patients with an average age of 70 years, 3 being septuagenarians. We suggest that FGS in these patients may represent a disease of senescence, and that FGS in younger patients may result from accelerated glomerulotubular senescence.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome and focal glomerular sclerosis in aging man. Focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) with the nephrotic syndrome is a disecades. Less than 2% of reported patients are older than 60 years of age, and to our knowledge no patients over 70 years of age have been described. The present report documents with renal biopsies the occurrence of FGS and the nephrotic syndrome in 4 patients with an average age of 70 years, 3 being septuagenarians. We suggest that FGS in these patients may represent a disease of senescence, and that FGS in younger patients may result from accelerated glomerulotubular senescence.", "PMID": 662049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9372", "title": "The morphologic basis of proteinuria in experimental chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis. A light and electron microscopic study using horseradish peroxidase and ferritin as tracers.", "content": "The morphologic basis of proteinuria in experimental chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis in rabbits was studied by light and electron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase (effective radius 30 A; mol. wt. 40,000) and ferritin (effective radius 60 A; mol. wt. 480,000) as protein tracers. It was found that more ferritin, but paradoxically, less horseradish peroxidase gained access to the urinary space. Observations made by electron microscopy appeared to indicate a decreased permeability of most part of the damaged glomerular capillary wall to both tracers. These results favor the interpretation that proteinuria in chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis is the result of focal rather than diffuse increase in permeability of the glomerular capillary wall. Lesions of segments of the nephron other than the glomerular capillary wall, may contribute to the leakage of proteins to the urinary space.", "contents": "The morphologic basis of proteinuria in experimental chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis. A light and electron microscopic study using horseradish peroxidase and ferritin as tracers. The morphologic basis of proteinuria in experimental chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis in rabbits was studied by light and electron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase (effective radius 30 A; mol. wt. 40,000) and ferritin (effective radius 60 A; mol. wt. 480,000) as protein tracers. It was found that more ferritin, but paradoxically, less horseradish peroxidase gained access to the urinary space. Observations made by electron microscopy appeared to indicate a decreased permeability of most part of the damaged glomerular capillary wall to both tracers. These results favor the interpretation that proteinuria in chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis is the result of focal rather than diffuse increase in permeability of the glomerular capillary wall. Lesions of segments of the nephron other than the glomerular capillary wall, may contribute to the leakage of proteins to the urinary space.", "PMID": 662050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9373", "title": "Relations between the cortico-papillary osmotic gradient and saline diuresis in normal and acutely hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "The renal osmotic cortico-papillary gradient and those of sodium, potassium and urea have been determined in normal and hypophysectomized hydropaenic rats and in normal and hypophysectomized saline-loaded rats, hypophysectomy having been performed 2 h prior to the kidney excisions (acute hypophysectomy). Saline loading was found to depress the renal cortico-papillary gradients in both the normal and hypophysectomized rats, the decrease being more pronounced in the latter. Since the hypophysectomized rats excreted significantly less sodium than normals it is inferred that the depressed cortico-papillary osmotic gradient need not invariably be the decisive factor promoting renal sodium excretion as has generally been accepted.", "contents": "Relations between the cortico-papillary osmotic gradient and saline diuresis in normal and acutely hypophysectomized rats. The renal osmotic cortico-papillary gradient and those of sodium, potassium and urea have been determined in normal and hypophysectomized hydropaenic rats and in normal and hypophysectomized saline-loaded rats, hypophysectomy having been performed 2 h prior to the kidney excisions (acute hypophysectomy). Saline loading was found to depress the renal cortico-papillary gradients in both the normal and hypophysectomized rats, the decrease being more pronounced in the latter. Since the hypophysectomized rats excreted significantly less sodium than normals it is inferred that the depressed cortico-papillary osmotic gradient need not invariably be the decisive factor promoting renal sodium excretion as has generally been accepted.", "PMID": 662051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9374", "title": "Reduced hexokinase activity in renal medullary tissue from rabbits with inferior vena caval constriction.", "content": "Caval constriction in rabbits results in reduced blood flow to outer cortical tissue but blood flow to juxtamedullary cortex and outer medullary tissue is increased. The present study indicates that this shift in tissue perfusion is accompanied by a reduction in hexokinase activity.", "contents": "Reduced hexokinase activity in renal medullary tissue from rabbits with inferior vena caval constriction. Caval constriction in rabbits results in reduced blood flow to outer cortical tissue but blood flow to juxtamedullary cortex and outer medullary tissue is increased. The present study indicates that this shift in tissue perfusion is accompanied by a reduction in hexokinase activity.", "PMID": 662052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9375", "title": "Hemoperfusion with uncoated amberlite XE-336 resin in normal and uremic dogs.", "content": "Amberlite XE-336 is a pyrolized polystyrene resin with an adsorptive spectrum similar to activated charcoal. 5 normal (group I) and 5 uremic (group II) dogs had 6 h of hemoperfusion with a 400-gram column of Amberlite XE-336 resin with a blood flow rate of 300 ml/min. In group II during 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h of hemoperfusion the mean column clearances of creatinine were 273 +/- 10, 224 +/- 7, 177 +/- 8, 125 +/- 30, and 64 +/- 17 ml/min and the serum creatinine concentration decreased from 10.4 +/- 1.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.9 mg/dl. In one of the uremic dogs the column clearance of middle molecules measured at 0, 0,5, 1, 3, and 6 h of hemoperfusion was 273,258,101,109, and 23 ml/min. The side reactions in group I and II hemoperfusion studies included transient hypotension, hypocalcemia, leukopenia and a reduction in platelet count.", "contents": "Hemoperfusion with uncoated amberlite XE-336 resin in normal and uremic dogs. Amberlite XE-336 is a pyrolized polystyrene resin with an adsorptive spectrum similar to activated charcoal. 5 normal (group I) and 5 uremic (group II) dogs had 6 h of hemoperfusion with a 400-gram column of Amberlite XE-336 resin with a blood flow rate of 300 ml/min. In group II during 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h of hemoperfusion the mean column clearances of creatinine were 273 +/- 10, 224 +/- 7, 177 +/- 8, 125 +/- 30, and 64 +/- 17 ml/min and the serum creatinine concentration decreased from 10.4 +/- 1.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.9 mg/dl. In one of the uremic dogs the column clearance of middle molecules measured at 0, 0,5, 1, 3, and 6 h of hemoperfusion was 273,258,101,109, and 23 ml/min. The side reactions in group I and II hemoperfusion studies included transient hypotension, hypocalcemia, leukopenia and a reduction in platelet count.", "PMID": 662054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9376", "title": "Nelson's tumour--two case reports.", "content": "Two cases of tumours of the pituitary gland, occuring in patients after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome, were admitted to the Clinic and operated on during the period 1974 to 1976. The clinical and laboratory data are compared to those of similar, published cases. The aetiology is discussed in the light of recent neuroendocrine investigations.", "contents": "Nelson's tumour--two case reports. Two cases of tumours of the pituitary gland, occuring in patients after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome, were admitted to the Clinic and operated on during the period 1974 to 1976. The clinical and laboratory data are compared to those of similar, published cases. The aetiology is discussed in the light of recent neuroendocrine investigations.", "PMID": 662056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9377", "title": "Acute central and intermediate cervical cord injury.", "content": "Six cases with cervical cord contusion are described. All were over 50 years old, had an hyperextension injury of their cervical spine, suffered from tetraparesis predominant in the upper limbs and showed no X-ray evidence of injury to the cervical spine. Marked cervical spondylosis was present in five cases, one also had a narrow spinal canal. Cases No. 3 and 4 had an atypical recovery pattern. Shoulder and elbow movements improved last or not at all, while in the classic cases the hand muscles recovered last. Upper motor neuron damage was thought to be the cause, a result of intermediate instead of central cord traumatic necrosis or ischaemia. Pathological findings in case No. 5 emphasizes the possible diagnostic importance of taking lateral X-rays of the cervical spine in hyperextension. It also shows why laminectomy and/or myelotomy cannot help. Case No. 6 shows the noxious effect of shock and the effectiveness of steroid therapy.", "contents": "Acute central and intermediate cervical cord injury. Six cases with cervical cord contusion are described. All were over 50 years old, had an hyperextension injury of their cervical spine, suffered from tetraparesis predominant in the upper limbs and showed no X-ray evidence of injury to the cervical spine. Marked cervical spondylosis was present in five cases, one also had a narrow spinal canal. Cases No. 3 and 4 had an atypical recovery pattern. Shoulder and elbow movements improved last or not at all, while in the classic cases the hand muscles recovered last. Upper motor neuron damage was thought to be the cause, a result of intermediate instead of central cord traumatic necrosis or ischaemia. Pathological findings in case No. 5 emphasizes the possible diagnostic importance of taking lateral X-rays of the cervical spine in hyperextension. It also shows why laminectomy and/or myelotomy cannot help. Case No. 6 shows the noxious effect of shock and the effectiveness of steroid therapy.", "PMID": 662057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9378", "title": "[The measurement of intracranial pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of measuring pressure extradurally was tested in 19 patients and compared in 14 patients with the intraventricular pressure which was also measured. When functioning satisfactorily the values for the extradural pressure were generally around 3-5 mm Hg lower than those which were recorded within the ventricles. The reason for this appeared to be the inadequate length of the adaptor screw which was used to fix the pressure recorder in the skull, so that a small part of the actual intracranial pressure was absorbed by the dura.", "contents": "[The measurement of intracranial pressure (author's transl)]. A new method of measuring pressure extradurally was tested in 19 patients and compared in 14 patients with the intraventricular pressure which was also measured. When functioning satisfactorily the values for the extradural pressure were generally around 3-5 mm Hg lower than those which were recorded within the ventricles. The reason for this appeared to be the inadequate length of the adaptor screw which was used to fix the pressure recorder in the skull, so that a small part of the actual intracranial pressure was absorbed by the dura.", "PMID": 662058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9379", "title": "[Microsurgery of sphenoidal ridge meningiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 22 sphenoidal ridge meningiomas operated on in the last two years, the topographical relationship of these tumours to the brain and the base of the skull is described. The microsurgical technique which is used is described and its advantages discussed.", "contents": "[Microsurgery of sphenoidal ridge meningiomas (author's transl)]. On the basis of 22 sphenoidal ridge meningiomas operated on in the last two years, the topographical relationship of these tumours to the brain and the base of the skull is described. The microsurgical technique which is used is described and its advantages discussed.", "PMID": 662059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9380", "title": "[Fronto-cranial remodeling for craniostenosis with mobilisation of the supra-orbital barr (author's transl)].", "content": "33 cases of fronto-cranial remodeling by osteotomies are reported by the authors. Since 1973, 19 oxycephalies have been operated according to an original technique based on two principles:--rocking and advancement of the supra-orbital barr, with an easy lateral retention by a Z-bony cut.--transposition of free bone flaps to rebuild a forehead of the appropriate curvature. The good results obtained have encouraged the authors to operate on young children or even babies in order to solve simultaneously the functionnal and the aesthetic problems. Three plagiocephalies, two trigonocephalies have thus been treated, as well as 5 facio-craniostenosis for whom a 2 cm forehead advancement has been done, the following results being very encouraging.", "contents": "[Fronto-cranial remodeling for craniostenosis with mobilisation of the supra-orbital barr (author's transl)]. 33 cases of fronto-cranial remodeling by osteotomies are reported by the authors. Since 1973, 19 oxycephalies have been operated according to an original technique based on two principles:--rocking and advancement of the supra-orbital barr, with an easy lateral retention by a Z-bony cut.--transposition of free bone flaps to rebuild a forehead of the appropriate curvature. The good results obtained have encouraged the authors to operate on young children or even babies in order to solve simultaneously the functionnal and the aesthetic problems. Three plagiocephalies, two trigonocephalies have thus been treated, as well as 5 facio-craniostenosis for whom a 2 cm forehead advancement has been done, the following results being very encouraging.", "PMID": 662061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9381", "title": "[Mesodiencephalic level of severe head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "From the study of 65 severe traumatic comas, the authors describe the syndrome of mesodiencephalic dysfunction, because of its frequency and its particular clinical signs. This peculiar level of loss of consciousness is characterized by a coma without mimic and without awakening after painful stimulation, by a stereotyped motor pattern in extension, by a perseverance of the photomotor reflex, while fronto-orbicular and vertical oculo-vestibular reflexes are lacking. This level of deterioration appears to be a critical point in the natural history of comatose patients. If this level is not surpassed, the probability of early death due to evolutive neurological lesion is low (18%). One half of these patients have a good prognosis, more than 75% have an excellent recovery. This high probability of recovery is decreased by a half when the level of mesencephalic dysfunction is reached.", "contents": "[Mesodiencephalic level of severe head injuries (author's transl)]. From the study of 65 severe traumatic comas, the authors describe the syndrome of mesodiencephalic dysfunction, because of its frequency and its particular clinical signs. This peculiar level of loss of consciousness is characterized by a coma without mimic and without awakening after painful stimulation, by a stereotyped motor pattern in extension, by a perseverance of the photomotor reflex, while fronto-orbicular and vertical oculo-vestibular reflexes are lacking. This level of deterioration appears to be a critical point in the natural history of comatose patients. If this level is not surpassed, the probability of early death due to evolutive neurological lesion is low (18%). One half of these patients have a good prognosis, more than 75% have an excellent recovery. This high probability of recovery is decreased by a half when the level of mesencephalic dysfunction is reached.", "PMID": 662062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9382", "title": "[Pathogenesis of persistent subdural effusions in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Current theories on the pathogenesis of persistent subdural effusions in infants are not supported by our clinical and operative data. In our more recent cases, a daily electrophoretic analysis of the fluid obtained by external subdural drainage has been performed and allowed to disclose the presence or progressive appearance of cerebro-spinal fluid. The relative concentrations, observed for some proteins present in the fluid collected in this way, cannot be explained by simple filtration, but enforces us to postulate the existence of a free communication between the subarachnoid and the subdural spaces. These first results support our initial hypothesis assuming that persistent effusions are supplied and even replaced by cerebro-spinal fluid, due to the occurrence of a communicating hydrocephalus ruptured in the subdural space. There is thus no sound physiopathological basis for treating these cases with membranectomy and we suggest instead that the treatment of choice should be a fluid derivation.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of persistent subdural effusions in infants (author's transl)]. Current theories on the pathogenesis of persistent subdural effusions in infants are not supported by our clinical and operative data. In our more recent cases, a daily electrophoretic analysis of the fluid obtained by external subdural drainage has been performed and allowed to disclose the presence or progressive appearance of cerebro-spinal fluid. The relative concentrations, observed for some proteins present in the fluid collected in this way, cannot be explained by simple filtration, but enforces us to postulate the existence of a free communication between the subarachnoid and the subdural spaces. These first results support our initial hypothesis assuming that persistent effusions are supplied and even replaced by cerebro-spinal fluid, due to the occurrence of a communicating hydrocephalus ruptured in the subdural space. There is thus no sound physiopathological basis for treating these cases with membranectomy and we suggest instead that the treatment of choice should be a fluid derivation.", "PMID": 662064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9383", "title": "Extra-dural hematoma of the posterior fossa (author's transl).", "content": "10 cases of posterior fossa extra-dural hematoma are reported and 100 other published cases reviewed. It appears that the sole clinical evaluation frequently leads to wrong or delayed diagnosis. In only one out of five cases the cerebellar signs and the palsy of one or several cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI, XII) are prominent. In contrast, all other cases do not present specific signs. Furthermore, the presence of a concomitant supratentorial traumatic lesion may contribute to prevent the finding of evidences for cerebellar extra-dural hematoma. The possibility for such hematoma must always been kept in mind when an occipital fracture is shown by radiography. Venous phases in carotid arteriography permit to ascertain the extradural hematoma if there is a displacement of the torcular Herophili or of the transverse sinus. Data from carotid arteriography may be normal and the lesion may be ascertained by vertebral arteriography which will demonstrate: anterior displacement of the basilar artery against the clivus--anterior displacement of posterior inferior cerebellar and posterior meningeal arteries--crescentic displacement of brain substance from the inner table--displacement of the venous sinuses.", "contents": "Extra-dural hematoma of the posterior fossa (author's transl). 10 cases of posterior fossa extra-dural hematoma are reported and 100 other published cases reviewed. It appears that the sole clinical evaluation frequently leads to wrong or delayed diagnosis. In only one out of five cases the cerebellar signs and the palsy of one or several cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI, XII) are prominent. In contrast, all other cases do not present specific signs. Furthermore, the presence of a concomitant supratentorial traumatic lesion may contribute to prevent the finding of evidences for cerebellar extra-dural hematoma. The possibility for such hematoma must always been kept in mind when an occipital fracture is shown by radiography. Venous phases in carotid arteriography permit to ascertain the extradural hematoma if there is a displacement of the torcular Herophili or of the transverse sinus. Data from carotid arteriography may be normal and the lesion may be ascertained by vertebral arteriography which will demonstrate: anterior displacement of the basilar artery against the clivus--anterior displacement of posterior inferior cerebellar and posterior meningeal arteries--crescentic displacement of brain substance from the inner table--displacement of the venous sinuses.", "PMID": 662065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9384", "title": "[Surgical posterior approach in spondylolisthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience about 60 patients who suffered of a spondylolisthesis and who were treated by a surgical procedure. A posterior approach has been used for all the patients. After a brief review of the clinical and radiological features of the disease, the authors emphazise the advantages of the posterior approach; only this technique allows a correct access both to the bone and the nerve roots lesions. Two types of operations are proposed:--the ablation of the posterior arch of the concerned vertebra (Gill's operation).--a posterior arthrodesis by mean of an homograft, using one of the following technique: an Albee grafting a Bosworth grafting an ilio-transversary grafting. The results are considered from a clinical, and an anatomo-radiological point of view.", "contents": "[Surgical posterior approach in spondylolisthesis (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience about 60 patients who suffered of a spondylolisthesis and who were treated by a surgical procedure. A posterior approach has been used for all the patients. After a brief review of the clinical and radiological features of the disease, the authors emphazise the advantages of the posterior approach; only this technique allows a correct access both to the bone and the nerve roots lesions. Two types of operations are proposed:--the ablation of the posterior arch of the concerned vertebra (Gill's operation).--a posterior arthrodesis by mean of an homograft, using one of the following technique: an Albee grafting a Bosworth grafting an ilio-transversary grafting. The results are considered from a clinical, and an anatomo-radiological point of view.", "PMID": 662066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9385", "title": "[Intra medulla oblongata and cervical ependymoma (surgery, apnea for two months and improvement) (author's transl)].", "content": "A 17 years old female was first seen in a neurology department in December 75. She was running a low grade fever; her general status was not good. At the physical examination she presented:--an amyotrophy of both arms, mainly proximal,--a thermo analgesic dissociation which was complete from C1 to C5 and incomplete from C5 to D4, and--a spastic quadriparesis (with a posterior spinal syndrome). The first physical disabilities appeared 15 months before. The myelography revealed an enlarged spinal cord in the upper part of the cervical region and the contrast media could not go through the foramen magnum. At surgery, a solid mass, localized on the right side, inside the medulla oblongata and the spinal cordal, with a cyst at each extremity, reaching C4 in the lower part and the recessus lateralis in the upper part. During surgery the patient was breathing spontaneously. After the removal of the mass, she presented an apnea. The quadriplegia following surgery was very short. She recovered rapidly a normal motor activity in both legs and in the right arm. Respiratory paralysis remained complete for 2 months. The right diaphragm recovered completely in 4 months, the left one only in part. 4 months after surgery, she went back home. One year later for security reason she still has a tracheotomy. The distal paralysis of the left superior arm is still present.", "contents": "[Intra medulla oblongata and cervical ependymoma (surgery, apnea for two months and improvement) (author's transl)]. A 17 years old female was first seen in a neurology department in December 75. She was running a low grade fever; her general status was not good. At the physical examination she presented:--an amyotrophy of both arms, mainly proximal,--a thermo analgesic dissociation which was complete from C1 to C5 and incomplete from C5 to D4, and--a spastic quadriparesis (with a posterior spinal syndrome). The first physical disabilities appeared 15 months before. The myelography revealed an enlarged spinal cord in the upper part of the cervical region and the contrast media could not go through the foramen magnum. At surgery, a solid mass, localized on the right side, inside the medulla oblongata and the spinal cordal, with a cyst at each extremity, reaching C4 in the lower part and the recessus lateralis in the upper part. During surgery the patient was breathing spontaneously. After the removal of the mass, she presented an apnea. The quadriplegia following surgery was very short. She recovered rapidly a normal motor activity in both legs and in the right arm. Respiratory paralysis remained complete for 2 months. The right diaphragm recovered completely in 4 months, the left one only in part. 4 months after surgery, she went back home. One year later for security reason she still has a tracheotomy. The distal paralysis of the left superior arm is still present.", "PMID": 662067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9386", "title": "[Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 2: EEG change in experimental thalamus infarction in the dog--it's value and application (author's transl)].", "content": "Athough it has been generally believed that it is extremely difficult to prepare an experimental model of cerebral infarction in the dog with the use of temporary vascular occlusion, the procedure recently developed by one of the authors fascilitates the production of a localized infarction in the thalamus with a noticeably high rate of success. To obtain more reliability of this method, techniques of electroencephalography induced from depth electrode to the thalamus were applied in this experiment. Following a temporary vascular occlusion, a significant diminution of fast wave component of about 10 Hz occurred with attenuation of voltage in the ipsilateral thalamic depth electrode. In cases of 2 hour vascular occlusion done by this method, an obvious infarction in the thalamus was confirmed histologically 7 days later. The authors emphasised that when the experimental model of thalamic infarction in the dog are combined with EEG, not only can cerebral infarction be producted with more certainly but also the EEG changes can be followed. This analysis is important since it provides information on the chronological changes in the ischemic region or infarction lesion.", "contents": "[Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 2: EEG change in experimental thalamus infarction in the dog--it's value and application (author's transl)]. Athough it has been generally believed that it is extremely difficult to prepare an experimental model of cerebral infarction in the dog with the use of temporary vascular occlusion, the procedure recently developed by one of the authors fascilitates the production of a localized infarction in the thalamus with a noticeably high rate of success. To obtain more reliability of this method, techniques of electroencephalography induced from depth electrode to the thalamus were applied in this experiment. Following a temporary vascular occlusion, a significant diminution of fast wave component of about 10 Hz occurred with attenuation of voltage in the ipsilateral thalamic depth electrode. In cases of 2 hour vascular occlusion done by this method, an obvious infarction in the thalamus was confirmed histologically 7 days later. The authors emphasised that when the experimental model of thalamic infarction in the dog are combined with EEG, not only can cerebral infarction be producted with more certainly but also the EEG changes can be followed. This analysis is important since it provides information on the chronological changes in the ischemic region or infarction lesion.", "PMID": 662072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9387", "title": "[Tethered cord syndrome--our three cases and the review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of tethered cord syndrome are presented with reference of reported literatures. This syndrome is usually associated with spina bifida occulta and cutaneous manifestation such as subcutaneous tumor, skin dimple, hairy patch, and neavus. Presented symptoms are various progressive neurological deficits involving weakness and/or sensory disturbance of lower limbs, bowel and/or bladder dysfunction, leg and/or low back pain, and orthopedic pathological conditions such as scoliosis and/or foot deformities. Properly performed myelography is the only method of preoperative confirmation of this syndrome. As the surgical release of the tethered spinal cord is effective for these various symptoms except for foot deformity, early investigation and early surgery are recommended.", "contents": "[Tethered cord syndrome--our three cases and the review of the literature (author's transl)]. Three cases of tethered cord syndrome are presented with reference of reported literatures. This syndrome is usually associated with spina bifida occulta and cutaneous manifestation such as subcutaneous tumor, skin dimple, hairy patch, and neavus. Presented symptoms are various progressive neurological deficits involving weakness and/or sensory disturbance of lower limbs, bowel and/or bladder dysfunction, leg and/or low back pain, and orthopedic pathological conditions such as scoliosis and/or foot deformities. Properly performed myelography is the only method of preoperative confirmation of this syndrome. As the surgical release of the tethered spinal cord is effective for these various symptoms except for foot deformity, early investigation and early surgery are recommended.", "PMID": 662074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9388", "title": "[A case of cerebral polyuric hyponatremia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cerebral polyuric hyponatremia was reported. A 64-year-old lady had complained of visual disturbance for 4 years. She was operated upon under the diagnosis of tuberculum sellae meningioma. Sever days following operation tremendous polyuria was senn, i. e. polyuria over 40 l/day, massive sodium wasting in the urine, hyponatremia and severe thirst feeling. These situations could not easily controlled by pitressin, and 2 days after the onset of polyuria the level of sodium in the serum decreased up to 112 mEq/l, the amount of excretion of sodium into urine increased up to 186 mEq/l, and the patient had finally a convulsive seizure followed by loss of consciousness. This hyponatremia was easily controlled by infusion of hypertonic NaCl. The pathogenesis of this condition could not be explained by applying the classical concept of \"Diabetes Insipidus\" nor \"SIADH\". This hyponatremia might be the result of massive sodium wasting in the urine. And from the results obtained in our patient, these conditions should be classified in the syndrome of \"Cerebral Polyuric Hyponatremia\" as reported by Oi et al. It should be emphasized that the measurement of osmorality and level of electrolytes in the serum and urine had to be performed frequently when the postoperative polyuric situation was found, so that the clinical diagnosis could be established in the earlier stage. The clinical diagnosis and differentiation of postoperative disorders in water and electrolytes of central origin were discussed.", "contents": "[A case of cerebral polyuric hyponatremia (author's transl)]. A case of cerebral polyuric hyponatremia was reported. A 64-year-old lady had complained of visual disturbance for 4 years. She was operated upon under the diagnosis of tuberculum sellae meningioma. Sever days following operation tremendous polyuria was senn, i. e. polyuria over 40 l/day, massive sodium wasting in the urine, hyponatremia and severe thirst feeling. These situations could not easily controlled by pitressin, and 2 days after the onset of polyuria the level of sodium in the serum decreased up to 112 mEq/l, the amount of excretion of sodium into urine increased up to 186 mEq/l, and the patient had finally a convulsive seizure followed by loss of consciousness. This hyponatremia was easily controlled by infusion of hypertonic NaCl. The pathogenesis of this condition could not be explained by applying the classical concept of \"Diabetes Insipidus\" nor \"SIADH\". This hyponatremia might be the result of massive sodium wasting in the urine. And from the results obtained in our patient, these conditions should be classified in the syndrome of \"Cerebral Polyuric Hyponatremia\" as reported by Oi et al. It should be emphasized that the measurement of osmorality and level of electrolytes in the serum and urine had to be performed frequently when the postoperative polyuric situation was found, so that the clinical diagnosis could be established in the earlier stage. The clinical diagnosis and differentiation of postoperative disorders in water and electrolytes of central origin were discussed.", "PMID": 662077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9389", "title": "[A case of colloid cyst of the third ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of colloid cyst of the third ventricle diagnosed preoperatively through CT scan, pneumoencephalography and carotid angiography. The patient was a twenty-six year old housewife with a history of two repeated episodic headaches followed by gait disturbance, vomiting and cold sweating. At operation, the colloid cyst which completely occluded the right foramen of Monro, was reached by anterior transcallosal approach and was partially removed with subsequent cure of her symptoms. The cyst fluid contained cholesterin crystals, cholesterol, protein (12.8 g/dl), and sugar (16 mg/dl). Histologically, the cyst wall consisted of a single layered cuboidal or columnar epithelium with many cilias internally and loose connective tissue rich in vascluar channels externally. Cytoplasm and cellular surface was partly positive at mucicarmine, PAS and alusian blue staining. The fact would confirm that there is mucin secreting function among the epithelial cells of the cyst.", "contents": "[A case of colloid cyst of the third ventricle (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of colloid cyst of the third ventricle diagnosed preoperatively through CT scan, pneumoencephalography and carotid angiography. The patient was a twenty-six year old housewife with a history of two repeated episodic headaches followed by gait disturbance, vomiting and cold sweating. At operation, the colloid cyst which completely occluded the right foramen of Monro, was reached by anterior transcallosal approach and was partially removed with subsequent cure of her symptoms. The cyst fluid contained cholesterin crystals, cholesterol, protein (12.8 g/dl), and sugar (16 mg/dl). Histologically, the cyst wall consisted of a single layered cuboidal or columnar epithelium with many cilias internally and loose connective tissue rich in vascluar channels externally. Cytoplasm and cellular surface was partly positive at mucicarmine, PAS and alusian blue staining. The fact would confirm that there is mucin secreting function among the epithelial cells of the cyst.", "PMID": 662078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9390", "title": "Prolactin suppression by serotonin antagonists in man: further evidence for serotoninergic control of prolactin secretion.", "content": "To further investigate the role of serotonin in human prolactin (Prl) secretion, serotonin antagonists have been administered to healthy volunteers in basal conditions and after pretreatment with the selective blocker of dopamine receptors, pimozide (Pim). Highly significant falls (p less than 0.001) in serum Prl were observed at 120, 180, and 240 min following the oral administration of metergoline (Met) (4 mg; N = 34) and methysergide (Meth) (3 mg; N = 20) in comparison with placebo. No significant difference was found in the degree of Prl suppression induced by these two serotonin antagonists and by hte dopaminergic drug bromocriptine (Br) (2.5 mg; N = 20). After Pim pretreatment (1 mg every 6 h for 7 days) the elevated serum Prl levels were reduced to 27.1% +/- 8.1 (SEM) of basal after Met and to 54.5% +/- 8.9 after Meth administration (N = 5 for each study). It is concluded that Met and Meth inhibit Prl secretion by mechanisms which are not or only partially related to dopaminergic receptors. These data are consistent with a stimulatory role for serotonin in human Prl release.", "contents": "Prolactin suppression by serotonin antagonists in man: further evidence for serotoninergic control of prolactin secretion. To further investigate the role of serotonin in human prolactin (Prl) secretion, serotonin antagonists have been administered to healthy volunteers in basal conditions and after pretreatment with the selective blocker of dopamine receptors, pimozide (Pim). Highly significant falls (p less than 0.001) in serum Prl were observed at 120, 180, and 240 min following the oral administration of metergoline (Met) (4 mg; N = 34) and methysergide (Meth) (3 mg; N = 20) in comparison with placebo. No significant difference was found in the degree of Prl suppression induced by these two serotonin antagonists and by hte dopaminergic drug bromocriptine (Br) (2.5 mg; N = 20). After Pim pretreatment (1 mg every 6 h for 7 days) the elevated serum Prl levels were reduced to 27.1% +/- 8.1 (SEM) of basal after Met and to 54.5% +/- 8.9 after Meth administration (N = 5 for each study). It is concluded that Met and Meth inhibit Prl secretion by mechanisms which are not or only partially related to dopaminergic receptors. These data are consistent with a stimulatory role for serotonin in human Prl release.", "PMID": 662080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9391", "title": "Plasma cortisol of conscious cats during cerebroventricular perfusion with adrenergic, cholinergic and gabanergic antagonists.", "content": "Adrenergic (alpha and beta), cholinergic (m and n) and gabanergic (gamma) influences on the regulation of basal hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical (HHA) activity, as assessed by plasma cortisol levels, were investigated in non-stressed conscious cats. Alterations in neurotransmitter activities were induced by perfusing the cerebroventricles for 60 min with mock cerebrospinal fluid containing alpha, beta, m, n and gamma antagonists given along or in various combinations. Neither gamma, m nor n blockers altered basal HHA activity, whereas both alpha and beta blockers given alone or together, or combined with m, n and gamma blockers markedly elevated plasma cortisol. These responses were inhibited by the addition of dexamethasone to the perfusion fluid. These data suggest that basal HHA activity in the cat is maintained by a central inhibitory action of the adrenergic system on spontaneously discharging corticotropin-releasing factor neurons, and not via an adrenergic-cholinergic-gabanergic neural chain.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol of conscious cats during cerebroventricular perfusion with adrenergic, cholinergic and gabanergic antagonists. Adrenergic (alpha and beta), cholinergic (m and n) and gabanergic (gamma) influences on the regulation of basal hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical (HHA) activity, as assessed by plasma cortisol levels, were investigated in non-stressed conscious cats. Alterations in neurotransmitter activities were induced by perfusing the cerebroventricles for 60 min with mock cerebrospinal fluid containing alpha, beta, m, n and gamma antagonists given along or in various combinations. Neither gamma, m nor n blockers altered basal HHA activity, whereas both alpha and beta blockers given alone or together, or combined with m, n and gamma blockers markedly elevated plasma cortisol. These responses were inhibited by the addition of dexamethasone to the perfusion fluid. These data suggest that basal HHA activity in the cat is maintained by a central inhibitory action of the adrenergic system on spontaneously discharging corticotropin-releasing factor neurons, and not via an adrenergic-cholinergic-gabanergic neural chain.", "PMID": 662081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9392", "title": "Total dural calcification with secondary hyperparathyoidism: a rare entity.", "content": "A case of total, dense dural calcification in an adult female patient with secondary hyperparathroidism is presented. The often reported feature in the skull is that of a combination of osteopenia and osteosclerosis giving a granular bone texture described sometimes as \"grains of sand\" or \"salt and pepper\" appearance [6]. Extensive dural calcification with this condition has very rarely been reported [2, 3]. The purpose of this paper is to document the existence of the latter in a patient followed up for 19 years.", "contents": "Total dural calcification with secondary hyperparathyoidism: a rare entity. A case of total, dense dural calcification in an adult female patient with secondary hyperparathroidism is presented. The often reported feature in the skull is that of a combination of osteopenia and osteosclerosis giving a granular bone texture described sometimes as \"grains of sand\" or \"salt and pepper\" appearance [6]. Extensive dural calcification with this condition has very rarely been reported [2, 3]. The purpose of this paper is to document the existence of the latter in a patient followed up for 19 years.", "PMID": 662082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9393", "title": "The value of computed tomography in the evaluation of the enlarged head.", "content": "The contribution of computed tomography (CT) in the assessment of macrocrania has been examined with reference to a consecutive series of 93 cases. In the great majority a definitive diagnosis could be made without resorting to more noxious procedures. Hydrocephalus was present in 46% of this group. The incidence of macrocrania with childhood hydrocephalus and its relationship to the aetiology and other CT features was examined with reference to 109 consecutive cases with hydrocephalus shown on CT. Macrocrania was present in only 11% of cases with an underlying tumour, but in 71% with other obstructing lesions.", "contents": "The value of computed tomography in the evaluation of the enlarged head. The contribution of computed tomography (CT) in the assessment of macrocrania has been examined with reference to a consecutive series of 93 cases. In the great majority a definitive diagnosis could be made without resorting to more noxious procedures. Hydrocephalus was present in 46% of this group. The incidence of macrocrania with childhood hydrocephalus and its relationship to the aetiology and other CT features was examined with reference to 109 consecutive cases with hydrocephalus shown on CT. Macrocrania was present in only 11% of cases with an underlying tumour, but in 71% with other obstructing lesions.", "PMID": 662083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9394", "title": "Foreign body embolism of retinal arteries as a complication of carotid angiography.", "content": "Two cases of foreign body embolism of the retinal arteries after percutaneous carotid angiography were encountered within a period of 7 months. Both patients were non-arteriosclerotic. Loss of visual function in direct relation to carotid angiography and the observation of a dark foreign body in a retinal arteriole indicated exogenous embolism. No or only slight remission occurred. Careful ophthalmoscopy in cases of visual complaints after carotid angiography is advised, and if foreign body embolism is suspected, treatment with vasodilators (e. g. amyl nitrite) should be given a trial.", "contents": "Foreign body embolism of retinal arteries as a complication of carotid angiography. Two cases of foreign body embolism of the retinal arteries after percutaneous carotid angiography were encountered within a period of 7 months. Both patients were non-arteriosclerotic. Loss of visual function in direct relation to carotid angiography and the observation of a dark foreign body in a retinal arteriole indicated exogenous embolism. No or only slight remission occurred. Careful ophthalmoscopy in cases of visual complaints after carotid angiography is advised, and if foreign body embolism is suspected, treatment with vasodilators (e. g. amyl nitrite) should be given a trial.", "PMID": 662084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9395", "title": "Clinical testing of Amipaque for cerebral angiography.", "content": "Amipaque 280 mg I/ml was compared to Isopaque Cerebral 280 mg I/ml for common carotid injection in twenty patients in a double blind trial. Simple comparison was also performed in examinations with selective external carotid injections. The reaction of the patients to the common carotid injection was mild on the whole but Amipaque caused significantly less discomfort than Isopaque. Selective external carotid injection of Amipaque caused very little discomfort while most patients complained of severe pain when Isopaque was used. No serious side-effect was observed.", "contents": "Clinical testing of Amipaque for cerebral angiography. Amipaque 280 mg I/ml was compared to Isopaque Cerebral 280 mg I/ml for common carotid injection in twenty patients in a double blind trial. Simple comparison was also performed in examinations with selective external carotid injections. The reaction of the patients to the common carotid injection was mild on the whole but Amipaque caused significantly less discomfort than Isopaque. Selective external carotid injection of Amipaque caused very little discomfort while most patients complained of severe pain when Isopaque was used. No serious side-effect was observed.", "PMID": 662085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9396", "title": "Spontaneous closure of cerebral arteriovenous malformation demonstrated by angiography and computed tomography.", "content": "Spontaneous disappearance of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, presumably secondary to thrombosis, was demonstrated in a young female patient by angiography and computed tomography 11 and 13 years respectively after the initial radiographic demonstration of the lesion.", "contents": "Spontaneous closure of cerebral arteriovenous malformation demonstrated by angiography and computed tomography. Spontaneous disappearance of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, presumably secondary to thrombosis, was demonstrated in a young female patient by angiography and computed tomography 11 and 13 years respectively after the initial radiographic demonstration of the lesion.", "PMID": 662086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9397", "title": "[Choledochal cysts. Clinico-radiological considerations and surgical technical notes].", "content": "A successfully operated case of neonatal common bile duct cyst is described. Cystoduodenostomy was employed. Whether or not this condition is attributable to obstruction dysembryogenesis or aganglia is discussed. Assessment of the anatomopathological features leads to the establishment of three clinical types: cyst properly so called, hernia and diverticulum. True choledochus cyst has three main symptoms: mass, icterus and pain. The other two forms constitute only 5% of the reported cases. They have no distinct signs and the few cases described have been encountered during surgery or necropsy. Diagnosis is complicated by cholostatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Treatment is necessarily surgical: excission of the cyst, reconstruction of the main duct by direct anastomosis of the hepatic duct to the duodenum or a jejunal loop prepared according to Roux; anastomosis by means of cystoduodenostomy.", "contents": "[Choledochal cysts. Clinico-radiological considerations and surgical technical notes]. A successfully operated case of neonatal common bile duct cyst is described. Cystoduodenostomy was employed. Whether or not this condition is attributable to obstruction dysembryogenesis or aganglia is discussed. Assessment of the anatomopathological features leads to the establishment of three clinical types: cyst properly so called, hernia and diverticulum. True choledochus cyst has three main symptoms: mass, icterus and pain. The other two forms constitute only 5% of the reported cases. They have no distinct signs and the few cases described have been encountered during surgery or necropsy. Diagnosis is complicated by cholostatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Treatment is necessarily surgical: excission of the cyst, reconstruction of the main duct by direct anastomosis of the hepatic duct to the duodenum or a jejunal loop prepared according to Roux; anastomosis by means of cystoduodenostomy.", "PMID": 662107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9398", "title": "[Indications, value and limitations of azygos-portal disconnection in the treatment of esophageal varices].", "content": "Satisfactory results obtained, lasting for years in some cases, following azygos-portal disconnection in selected patients with bleeding oesophageal varices, portal hypertension, splenopathy and gastroduodenal ulcer are referred to. It is suggested that wider use should be made of this technique, particularly in patients in poor condition, because the long-term picture does not include the hyperammoniaemic encephalopathy often associated with extensive portosystemic shunts.", "contents": "[Indications, value and limitations of azygos-portal disconnection in the treatment of esophageal varices]. Satisfactory results obtained, lasting for years in some cases, following azygos-portal disconnection in selected patients with bleeding oesophageal varices, portal hypertension, splenopathy and gastroduodenal ulcer are referred to. It is suggested that wider use should be made of this technique, particularly in patients in poor condition, because the long-term picture does not include the hyperammoniaemic encephalopathy often associated with extensive portosystemic shunts.", "PMID": 662109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9399", "title": "[Rapid diagnosis of myocardial function after open-heart operations].", "content": "The Authors observed dynamical changes of ventricular pressure curves during prolonged catheterization. An analysis gave the opportunity to point out three main types of pressure curves. There were registrated pressure curves typical for the increased pulmonary pressure, while myocardial failure process look place in the background of normal values of the right ventricle pressures. Absence of pathological changes in the pulmonary blood flow gave the opportunity to show direct dependency of pressure curves due to myocardial function. Determination of pressure curves as a rapid method of obtaining vital diagnostic information of cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Rapid diagnosis of myocardial function after open-heart operations]. The Authors observed dynamical changes of ventricular pressure curves during prolonged catheterization. An analysis gave the opportunity to point out three main types of pressure curves. There were registrated pressure curves typical for the increased pulmonary pressure, while myocardial failure process look place in the background of normal values of the right ventricle pressures. Absence of pathological changes in the pulmonary blood flow gave the opportunity to show direct dependency of pressure curves due to myocardial function. Determination of pressure curves as a rapid method of obtaining vital diagnostic information of cardiac failure.", "PMID": 662112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9400", "title": "[Current status of surgery of nephro-vascular hypertension].", "content": "With current angiology, the chances of identifying and treating operatively and radically patients with nephrovascular hypertension are greatly increased. Extending indications and improving technique it has been possible to operate 84% of patients with verified diagnosis of stenosis of the renal artery, according to angiographic data. Positive results have been achieved in 78% of patients. Post-operative mortality with isolated lesions of the renal arteries was 5%. Advances have been made in the standardization of diagnostic tests in patients with high AD and as regards speedy operation in specialist angiological clinics.", "contents": "[Current status of surgery of nephro-vascular hypertension]. With current angiology, the chances of identifying and treating operatively and radically patients with nephrovascular hypertension are greatly increased. Extending indications and improving technique it has been possible to operate 84% of patients with verified diagnosis of stenosis of the renal artery, according to angiographic data. Positive results have been achieved in 78% of patients. Post-operative mortality with isolated lesions of the renal arteries was 5%. Advances have been made in the standardization of diagnostic tests in patients with high AD and as regards speedy operation in specialist angiological clinics.", "PMID": 662113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9401", "title": "[New method of simultaneous disobliteration of the visceral arteries and abdominal aorta].", "content": "Simultaneous correction of abnormal blood flow is necessary in the presence of combined lesions of various branches of the abdominal aorta. The problem can be solved comparatively easily by using transaortic endoarteriectomy, a technique proposed here, which consists essentially of longitudinal incision of the aortic lumen and simultaneous endoarteriectomy under the visual control of the abdominal aorta, the visceral branches and the renal arteries. Personal experience is based on 21 operations for cases of atherosclerosis and aspecific sclerotic aorta-arteritis. Simultaneous transaortic endarteriectomy is indicated in the presence of lesions localized at the proximal segment of more than two branches of the abdominal aorta. In 4 of the cases observed it was associated with resection and prosthesis of the lesioned segment of the artery and in 9 cases with resection of the abdominal aorta and aorto-femoral prosthesis. Clinical succe-s was achieved in 10 cases (90.5%).", "contents": "[New method of simultaneous disobliteration of the visceral arteries and abdominal aorta]. Simultaneous correction of abnormal blood flow is necessary in the presence of combined lesions of various branches of the abdominal aorta. The problem can be solved comparatively easily by using transaortic endoarteriectomy, a technique proposed here, which consists essentially of longitudinal incision of the aortic lumen and simultaneous endoarteriectomy under the visual control of the abdominal aorta, the visceral branches and the renal arteries. Personal experience is based on 21 operations for cases of atherosclerosis and aspecific sclerotic aorta-arteritis. Simultaneous transaortic endarteriectomy is indicated in the presence of lesions localized at the proximal segment of more than two branches of the abdominal aorta. In 4 of the cases observed it was associated with resection and prosthesis of the lesioned segment of the artery and in 9 cases with resection of the abdominal aorta and aorto-femoral prosthesis. Clinical succe-s was achieved in 10 cases (90.5%).", "PMID": 662114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9402", "title": "[Annuloplasty with a semi-rigid supporting ring for correction of mitral insufficiency].", "content": "The paper presents an anatomic and physiologic substantiation and an analysis of the initial clinical experience of mitral annuloplasty with the aid of original semi-rigid metallic supporting rings. The authors' experience comprises 33 operations with 2 cases of hospital mortality (6.2%). The problems of diagnosis and surgical technique are discussed, with special reference to the rationale of annuloplasty in cases of combined mitral diseases (stenosis and insufficiency). The obtained results demonstrate the efficacy of the introduced method of annuloplasty ensuring a stable restoration of the function of the mitral valve.", "contents": "[Annuloplasty with a semi-rigid supporting ring for correction of mitral insufficiency]. The paper presents an anatomic and physiologic substantiation and an analysis of the initial clinical experience of mitral annuloplasty with the aid of original semi-rigid metallic supporting rings. The authors' experience comprises 33 operations with 2 cases of hospital mortality (6.2%). The problems of diagnosis and surgical technique are discussed, with special reference to the rationale of annuloplasty in cases of combined mitral diseases (stenosis and insufficiency). The obtained results demonstrate the efficacy of the introduced method of annuloplasty ensuring a stable restoration of the function of the mitral valve.", "PMID": 662115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9403", "title": "[Carcinoma fo the gallbladder. Experience and proposals].", "content": "Poor survival observed in a series of 40 females and 44 males with cancer of the gallbladder treated over a period of about 16 years ar referred to in the formulation of three proposals designed to achieve better results: I) Earlier and more reliable diagnosis based on selective arteriography, echography and careful intraoperative examination; II) More rational management based on more radical surgery, including, for example, resection en bloc of the gallbladder, hepatic fossa and adjacent liver, and cysticocholedochic, posterior pancreaticoduodenal and coeliac efferent lymphatics; III) Prevention based on prophylactic cholecystectomy in classes of subjects most at risk, such as women over 50 with cholelithiasis.", "contents": "[Carcinoma fo the gallbladder. Experience and proposals]. Poor survival observed in a series of 40 females and 44 males with cancer of the gallbladder treated over a period of about 16 years ar referred to in the formulation of three proposals designed to achieve better results: I) Earlier and more reliable diagnosis based on selective arteriography, echography and careful intraoperative examination; II) More rational management based on more radical surgery, including, for example, resection en bloc of the gallbladder, hepatic fossa and adjacent liver, and cysticocholedochic, posterior pancreaticoduodenal and coeliac efferent lymphatics; III) Prevention based on prophylactic cholecystectomy in classes of subjects most at risk, such as women over 50 with cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 662116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9404", "title": "[Neoplasms of the male breast. Case report and review of the literature].", "content": "Fourteen cases of breast cancer in males observed between 1950 and 1974 at the Busto Arsizio Hospital Surgery Divsion are presnted. The literature is reviewed and attention is given to the incidence of this form, its symptoms and treatments, and to the length of survival after surgical management.", "contents": "[Neoplasms of the male breast. Case report and review of the literature]. Fourteen cases of breast cancer in males observed between 1950 and 1974 at the Busto Arsizio Hospital Surgery Divsion are presnted. The literature is reviewed and attention is given to the incidence of this form, its symptoms and treatments, and to the length of survival after surgical management.", "PMID": 662117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9405", "title": "[Personal experience with vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer].", "content": "Truncal vagotomy was employed in 120 cases of simple or complicated duodenal ulcer. Pyloroplasty was also performed in 98 cases, antroduodenostomy in 5, Billroth I or II in 12, and gastrojejunostomy in 5. No operative deaths were noted, even though the series included emergency situations and patients in poor condition. The incidence of complications and immediate sequelae was insignificant. Follow-up for 2-6 yr showed complete success in over 91%, with partial improvement in 3.8%. Poor results included 3 cases of recurrence, 1 of late scar stenosis on the pyloroplasty site, and 1 of intermittent gastroplegia.", "contents": "[Personal experience with vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. Truncal vagotomy was employed in 120 cases of simple or complicated duodenal ulcer. Pyloroplasty was also performed in 98 cases, antroduodenostomy in 5, Billroth I or II in 12, and gastrojejunostomy in 5. No operative deaths were noted, even though the series included emergency situations and patients in poor condition. The incidence of complications and immediate sequelae was insignificant. Follow-up for 2-6 yr showed complete success in over 91%, with partial improvement in 3.8%. Poor results included 3 cases of recurrence, 1 of late scar stenosis on the pyloroplasty site, and 1 of intermittent gastroplegia.", "PMID": 662119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9406", "title": "[Biliary peritonitis. Clinical and statistical findings in 37 cases].", "content": "Following an aetiopathogenetic and physiopathological discussion of biliary peritonitis, a statistical analysis of the main clinical symptoms observed is presented on the basis of 37 personal cases with a view to highlighting diagnostic factors capable of identifying a disease process which may easily be confused with other acute abdominal diseases. The need to intervene as quickly as possible is finally noted.", "contents": "[Biliary peritonitis. Clinical and statistical findings in 37 cases]. Following an aetiopathogenetic and physiopathological discussion of biliary peritonitis, a statistical analysis of the main clinical symptoms observed is presented on the basis of 37 personal cases with a view to highlighting diagnostic factors capable of identifying a disease process which may easily be confused with other acute abdominal diseases. The need to intervene as quickly as possible is finally noted.", "PMID": 662123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9407", "title": "[Intrathoracic goiters].", "content": "Reference is made to the nosographical classification of intrathoracic goitre and the difficulties associated with its diagnosis. Particular attention is devoted to the correct surgical technique required. Surgery is mandatory in mediastinal cases on account of the slow and gradual progression of the swelling and exacerbation of the symptoms, and also because complications may supervene (cancer, intraparenchymal haemorrhage, etc.). The approach routes are discussed, along with the conditions requiring resort to a complementary route--usually median sternotomy--in addition to cervicotomy.", "contents": "[Intrathoracic goiters]. Reference is made to the nosographical classification of intrathoracic goitre and the difficulties associated with its diagnosis. Particular attention is devoted to the correct surgical technique required. Surgery is mandatory in mediastinal cases on account of the slow and gradual progression of the swelling and exacerbation of the symptoms, and also because complications may supervene (cancer, intraparenchymal haemorrhage, etc.). The approach routes are discussed, along with the conditions requiring resort to a complementary route--usually median sternotomy--in addition to cervicotomy.", "PMID": 662125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9408", "title": "[Tumors of Meckel's diverticulum].", "content": "The presentation of a rare case of leiomyoma of Meckel's diverticulum in a boy of 5 yr forms the starting point for a discussion of such cancers. In adult age, the complication is not so rare as the sporadic publications would suggest, incidence of tumoral forms being around 1 : 50 M.D. with a high malignancy frequency. In paediatric age, on the other hand, the tumoral degeneration of a M.D. is an exceptional occurrence: a review of more than 1,200 reported cases and personal experience (48 cases of M.D. in 15 yrs) confirm the rarity of the observation. The need to seek M.D. on each occasion and remove it to prevent the risk of tumoral degeneration in adult age is stressed. M.D. surgical removal tecniques are commented on and emphasis laid on the desirability of ample intestinal resection in cases of cancer of the diverticulum.", "contents": "[Tumors of Meckel's diverticulum]. The presentation of a rare case of leiomyoma of Meckel's diverticulum in a boy of 5 yr forms the starting point for a discussion of such cancers. In adult age, the complication is not so rare as the sporadic publications would suggest, incidence of tumoral forms being around 1 : 50 M.D. with a high malignancy frequency. In paediatric age, on the other hand, the tumoral degeneration of a M.D. is an exceptional occurrence: a review of more than 1,200 reported cases and personal experience (48 cases of M.D. in 15 yrs) confirm the rarity of the observation. The need to seek M.D. on each occasion and remove it to prevent the risk of tumoral degeneration in adult age is stressed. M.D. surgical removal tecniques are commented on and emphasis laid on the desirability of ample intestinal resection in cases of cancer of the diverticulum.", "PMID": 662126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9409", "title": "[Diagnosis of megacolon in the neonatal period].", "content": "The importance of diagnosis in megacolon is underscored and an account is given of its radiological and histochemical aspects. If correctly performed, radiological examination enables the condition to be recognised. This was always the case in a personal series of 17 cases. Histochemical examination according to Meyer-Ruge is also useful. This is a simple method and demands minimal withdrawals from the submucosa. The findings are also more readily interpreted than those offered by conventional histological examination. Stress is laid on the possibility of false negatives in the newborn as described in the recent literature.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of megacolon in the neonatal period]. The importance of diagnosis in megacolon is underscored and an account is given of its radiological and histochemical aspects. If correctly performed, radiological examination enables the condition to be recognised. This was always the case in a personal series of 17 cases. Histochemical examination according to Meyer-Ruge is also useful. This is a simple method and demands minimal withdrawals from the submucosa. The findings are also more readily interpreted than those offered by conventional histological examination. Stress is laid on the possibility of false negatives in the newborn as described in the recent literature.", "PMID": 662129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9410", "title": "[Proteinuria in the aged].", "content": "The Authors for a better knowledge of the senile kidney have studied the urinary proteins of a group of elderly people resident in a geriatric institute. For instance they have noted the percentage of proteinuria in the urine of 313 patients (M and F) with various pathology, making also an electrophoresis of the urinary proteins. They put in evidence that the subjects with proteinuria were older than others, without proteinuria, and noted the high incidence of the infectious diseases of the urinary tract in these patients. In a second time the urine of 247 apparently healthy elderly people has been studied. Through an accurate examination (that is comprehensive of some serum parameters and a comparison with subjects without proteinuria) the Authors discussed a way of growing old defined \"with biological trouble\".", "contents": "[Proteinuria in the aged]. The Authors for a better knowledge of the senile kidney have studied the urinary proteins of a group of elderly people resident in a geriatric institute. For instance they have noted the percentage of proteinuria in the urine of 313 patients (M and F) with various pathology, making also an electrophoresis of the urinary proteins. They put in evidence that the subjects with proteinuria were older than others, without proteinuria, and noted the high incidence of the infectious diseases of the urinary tract in these patients. In a second time the urine of 247 apparently healthy elderly people has been studied. Through an accurate examination (that is comprehensive of some serum parameters and a comparison with subjects without proteinuria) the Authors discussed a way of growing old defined \"with biological trouble\".", "PMID": 662130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9411", "title": "[Alcohol, blood lipids and advanced age].", "content": "The problem of the alcohol induced hyperlipemia in men is still in discussion. The Authors have tested the plasma lipid values of elderly subjects, known as a \"good drinkers\" in relation to abstemious males of equal age. No significant differences were found in the plasma lipid values of the good drinkers compared with those of the abstemious patients.", "contents": "[Alcohol, blood lipids and advanced age]. The problem of the alcohol induced hyperlipemia in men is still in discussion. The Authors have tested the plasma lipid values of elderly subjects, known as a \"good drinkers\" in relation to abstemious males of equal age. No significant differences were found in the plasma lipid values of the good drinkers compared with those of the abstemious patients.", "PMID": 662131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9412", "title": "[The electrocardiogram of the long-lived. Observations gathered from a study of 190 subjects over 80].", "content": "The Authors have examined the ECG of 190 older than 80 patients. The 5,78% have resulted \"normal\" and the 12,10% \"border-line\"; the disturbances of the excitability (67,36%) have been more than those of the conduction (31,04%) among which the Left Anterior Emi-block have been important (12,10%). The myocardial infarction has been infrequent (7,89%) where the Left Ventricular Hypertrophia has been the 20%; the left deviation of the ventricular complexes has represented the 61,57%, the synusal rhythm the 85,26%, the normal rate has been present in 79,47% of the cases.", "contents": "[The electrocardiogram of the long-lived. Observations gathered from a study of 190 subjects over 80]. The Authors have examined the ECG of 190 older than 80 patients. The 5,78% have resulted \"normal\" and the 12,10% \"border-line\"; the disturbances of the excitability (67,36%) have been more than those of the conduction (31,04%) among which the Left Anterior Emi-block have been important (12,10%). The myocardial infarction has been infrequent (7,89%) where the Left Ventricular Hypertrophia has been the 20%; the left deviation of the ventricular complexes has represented the 61,57%, the synusal rhythm the 85,26%, the normal rate has been present in 79,47% of the cases.", "PMID": 662132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9413", "title": "[Various aspects of sleep in the long-lived].", "content": "The Authors through a set of questions have studied some qualitative and quantitative aspects of the sleep of 24 older than 80 patients. These results put in evidence that all the examined longevous people in the whole life, have gone to bed early in the night. Some particular habits in the sleep could be included among the environmental factors useful to a long life.", "contents": "[Various aspects of sleep in the long-lived]. The Authors through a set of questions have studied some qualitative and quantitative aspects of the sleep of 24 older than 80 patients. These results put in evidence that all the examined longevous people in the whole life, have gone to bed early in the night. Some particular habits in the sleep could be included among the environmental factors useful to a long life.", "PMID": 662133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9414", "title": "[On the subject of longevity. Study of a case of a 105-year-old man].", "content": "The Authors describes the case of male subjects who has got a very old age (105) with no particular \"biological trouble\". Some considerations about it are discussed.", "contents": "[On the subject of longevity. Study of a case of a 105-year-old man]. The Authors describes the case of male subjects who has got a very old age (105) with no particular \"biological trouble\". Some considerations about it are discussed.", "PMID": 662134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9415", "title": "[Adaptive physiopathology of advanced age].", "content": "We have considered the so-called \"teleological\" aspects in many senile diseases that is a kind of effort to compensate alterations due to the aging process, where that process takes place with biological trouble (which happens for most subjects since aging without biological trouble is a prerogative of a minority of privileged people who will have a longevous and healthy life). These \"teleological\" aspects represent the foundation of the phisiopathology of adaptation in advanced age and the key for a correct interpretation of it and therefore for a correct preventive and curative program.", "contents": "[Adaptive physiopathology of advanced age]. We have considered the so-called \"teleological\" aspects in many senile diseases that is a kind of effort to compensate alterations due to the aging process, where that process takes place with biological trouble (which happens for most subjects since aging without biological trouble is a prerogative of a minority of privileged people who will have a longevous and healthy life). These \"teleological\" aspects represent the foundation of the phisiopathology of adaptation in advanced age and the key for a correct interpretation of it and therefore for a correct preventive and curative program.", "PMID": 662136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9416", "title": "[Etiopathogenetic considerations on so-called moderate thrombopenia in young women].", "content": "Twenty cases of moderate thrombocytopenia in young women were examined in an assessment of the nosological status of this form. Parameters enjoying pathogenetic significance were distinguished in some instances: 4 cases displayed dysendocrinopathy, 2 the signs of consumption coagulopathy, 3 an antibody situation attributable to compensated autoimmune thrombocytopenia, and 3 a probable central inhibition of thrombocytopoiesis due to drugs. Since no significant cause could be determined in the remaining 8 cases, it can be said that this syndrome occupies a special place among the forms of chronic thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenetic considerations on so-called moderate thrombopenia in young women]. Twenty cases of moderate thrombocytopenia in young women were examined in an assessment of the nosological status of this form. Parameters enjoying pathogenetic significance were distinguished in some instances: 4 cases displayed dysendocrinopathy, 2 the signs of consumption coagulopathy, 3 an antibody situation attributable to compensated autoimmune thrombocytopenia, and 3 a probable central inhibition of thrombocytopoiesis due to drugs. Since no significant cause could be determined in the remaining 8 cases, it can be said that this syndrome occupies a special place among the forms of chronic thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 662149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9417", "title": "[Blastic cytophagocytosis in acute leukosis].", "content": "The phagocytic activity of the blastic cells in the course of acute leukemias has been previously analyzed mainly by means of technical methods concerning the ingestion of inactive particles or foreign bodies. The spontaneous ingestion of cells (cytophagocytosis) has been studied to a minor extent, with reference to some occasional pictures, mainly in erythremic syndromes. The analysis of 104 cases of acute leukemias, classified according to cytochemical criteria, demonstrated the presence of cytophagocytosis pictures almost exclusively in non-lymphoid acute leukemia patients. The data are discussed with relation to similar findings in epithelial tumors as well as to the emperipolesis pictures.", "contents": "[Blastic cytophagocytosis in acute leukosis]. The phagocytic activity of the blastic cells in the course of acute leukemias has been previously analyzed mainly by means of technical methods concerning the ingestion of inactive particles or foreign bodies. The spontaneous ingestion of cells (cytophagocytosis) has been studied to a minor extent, with reference to some occasional pictures, mainly in erythremic syndromes. The analysis of 104 cases of acute leukemias, classified according to cytochemical criteria, demonstrated the presence of cytophagocytosis pictures almost exclusively in non-lymphoid acute leukemia patients. The data are discussed with relation to similar findings in epithelial tumors as well as to the emperipolesis pictures.", "PMID": 662150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9418", "title": "[Raised glucagon levels of the blood induced by arginine: relation to blood sugar, blood insulin and STH in aged non-diabetics and diabetics].", "content": "In a group of aged nondiabetic and diabetic subjects and in a group of young subjects the glycemic, insulin, growth hormone and glucagon response to intravenous arginine was studied. A prompt increase in blood glucose, serum insulin and glucagon levels was observed, but glucose and glucagon peaks were significantly higher in older non diabetic and diabetic subjects. Growth hormone secretion did not show any difference between aged nondiabetic and young subjects, on the contrary it is lower in diabetics. These findings might suggest the hypothesis of the glucose intolerance during old age due to increased release of glucagon.", "contents": "[Raised glucagon levels of the blood induced by arginine: relation to blood sugar, blood insulin and STH in aged non-diabetics and diabetics]. In a group of aged nondiabetic and diabetic subjects and in a group of young subjects the glycemic, insulin, growth hormone and glucagon response to intravenous arginine was studied. A prompt increase in blood glucose, serum insulin and glucagon levels was observed, but glucose and glucagon peaks were significantly higher in older non diabetic and diabetic subjects. Growth hormone secretion did not show any difference between aged nondiabetic and young subjects, on the contrary it is lower in diabetics. These findings might suggest the hypothesis of the glucose intolerance during old age due to increased release of glucagon.", "PMID": 662151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9419", "title": "[Determination of antithrombin III (chromogenic substrates) and FDP in women in treatment with oral estroprogestin agents].", "content": "In 280 women, in fertile age, 133 of whom represented the control group, FDP and antithrombin III with the method of chromogenic substrates were determined. In 147 women, who were taking, for variable period of time, oral estroprogestinic drugs, a significant diminution of antithrombin III was found. No significant differences for FDP were observed.", "contents": "[Determination of antithrombin III (chromogenic substrates) and FDP in women in treatment with oral estroprogestin agents]. In 280 women, in fertile age, 133 of whom represented the control group, FDP and antithrombin III with the method of chromogenic substrates were determined. In 147 women, who were taking, for variable period of time, oral estroprogestinic drugs, a significant diminution of antithrombin III was found. No significant differences for FDP were observed.", "PMID": 662152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9420", "title": "[ Long-term evaluation of the effect of a chemotherapy protocol using vincristine, adriamycin, procarbazine and prednisone (VAPP) on advanced Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "A chemotherapeutic combination associating vincristine, adriamycin, procarbazine and prednisone (VAPP) was evaluated in Hodgkin's disease. Subjects were either far advanced cases or relapsing after MOPP and/or radiation therapy. 50 cases were evaluable. After 6 months of treatment 80% of the cases achieved a complete remission. After 30 months 87% of the patients still survive and 60% were still in complete remission. The good tolerance of this chemotherapeutic combination and the results described above, suggest that VAPP may be useful in all cases when MOPP is not well tolerated or is not active.", "contents": "[ Long-term evaluation of the effect of a chemotherapy protocol using vincristine, adriamycin, procarbazine and prednisone (VAPP) on advanced Hodgkin's disease]. A chemotherapeutic combination associating vincristine, adriamycin, procarbazine and prednisone (VAPP) was evaluated in Hodgkin's disease. Subjects were either far advanced cases or relapsing after MOPP and/or radiation therapy. 50 cases were evaluable. After 6 months of treatment 80% of the cases achieved a complete remission. After 30 months 87% of the patients still survive and 60% were still in complete remission. The good tolerance of this chemotherapeutic combination and the results described above, suggest that VAPP may be useful in all cases when MOPP is not well tolerated or is not active.", "PMID": 662153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9421", "title": "[Hemochemical data in the function study of the senile kidney].", "content": "A survey was made of 2426 serum creatinine (SC) values in subjects over 60 and free from kidney diseases or other conditions capable of influencing the renal function. SC values were higher in males than in females and showed a tendency to increase with advancing age. The study of the correlation between endogenous creatinine clearance and both urea and SC showed that the latter represents a more reliable index of glomerular filtration rate than the former.", "contents": "[Hemochemical data in the function study of the senile kidney]. A survey was made of 2426 serum creatinine (SC) values in subjects over 60 and free from kidney diseases or other conditions capable of influencing the renal function. SC values were higher in males than in females and showed a tendency to increase with advancing age. The study of the correlation between endogenous creatinine clearance and both urea and SC showed that the latter represents a more reliable index of glomerular filtration rate than the former.", "PMID": 662154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9422", "title": "[Human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of chronic peripheral obliterative arteriosclerotic arteriopathies of the lower limbs].", "content": "Personal experience with human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of chronic obliterating peripheral atherosclerosis of the lower limbs in various stages in a series of 54 persenile and senile subjects is reported. Following protracted i.m. administration, the product normalised blood lipid values and brought about the regression of attenuation of subjective and objective symptoms that had been disclosed instrumentally in many cases. It is felt, therefore, that this drug can be used as a further weapon in the treatment of these arteriopathies.", "contents": "[Human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of chronic peripheral obliterative arteriosclerotic arteriopathies of the lower limbs]. Personal experience with human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of chronic obliterating peripheral atherosclerosis of the lower limbs in various stages in a series of 54 persenile and senile subjects is reported. Following protracted i.m. administration, the product normalised blood lipid values and brought about the regression of attenuation of subjective and objective symptoms that had been disclosed instrumentally in many cases. It is felt, therefore, that this drug can be used as a further weapon in the treatment of these arteriopathies.", "PMID": 662155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9423", "title": "[Allergological study of subjects with chronic rhinitis].", "content": "The following parameters were considered in an allergological study of 362 subjects with chronic rhinitis unaccompanied by bronchial asthma: sex, age at onset, residence, familial allergy, personal history, season in which distrubances occurred, nasal polyps, concomitance of conjunctivitis, appear of chronic bronchitis, skin tests for dusts, vegetable fibres, skin derivatives, pollens and moulds. A positive allergometric response was noted in 60.77% and familial allergy in 30.93%. Skin manifestations were observed in 20.99%. Conjunctivitis was present in 55.24%, most of whom were skin-positive; nasal polyps were present in 4.69%, most of whom were skin-negative. 1.65% had chronic bronchitis. 79.54% of the skin-positive subjects were sensitive to pollens, 47.72% to \"inhalants\" (28.18% to household dust), and 30% to moulds.", "contents": "[Allergological study of subjects with chronic rhinitis]. The following parameters were considered in an allergological study of 362 subjects with chronic rhinitis unaccompanied by bronchial asthma: sex, age at onset, residence, familial allergy, personal history, season in which distrubances occurred, nasal polyps, concomitance of conjunctivitis, appear of chronic bronchitis, skin tests for dusts, vegetable fibres, skin derivatives, pollens and moulds. A positive allergometric response was noted in 60.77% and familial allergy in 30.93%. Skin manifestations were observed in 20.99%. Conjunctivitis was present in 55.24%, most of whom were skin-positive; nasal polyps were present in 4.69%, most of whom were skin-negative. 1.65% had chronic bronchitis. 79.54% of the skin-positive subjects were sensitive to pollens, 47.72% to \"inhalants\" (28.18% to household dust), and 30% to moulds.", "PMID": 662156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9424", "title": "[Importance of research on antibacterial substances in the study of bacteriurias].", "content": "A study was made of 1050 urine specimens from the Nephro-Urological and Geriatric Departments of the Malpighi Hospital to see how many percent contained antibacterial substances and the incidence of bacteria species. 26.5% contained antibacterial substances. Proteus rettgeri was significantly more frequent in specimens containing such substances, whereas staphylococci were significantly more frequent in the remainder.", "contents": "[Importance of research on antibacterial substances in the study of bacteriurias]. A study was made of 1050 urine specimens from the Nephro-Urological and Geriatric Departments of the Malpighi Hospital to see how many percent contained antibacterial substances and the incidence of bacteria species. 26.5% contained antibacterial substances. Proteus rettgeri was significantly more frequent in specimens containing such substances, whereas staphylococci were significantly more frequent in the remainder.", "PMID": 662157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9425", "title": "[Non-secreting myeloma].", "content": "On the basis of a personal observation, the cases of \"non secretory\" multiple myeloma reported in the literature are reviewed. A myeloma classification based upon the production and excretion of monoclonal proteins by neoplastic plasmacells is presented together with an evaluation of the different possible pathogenetic mechanisms. The diagnostic criteria of \"non secretory\" myeloma are discussed and its main clinical problems analyzed.", "contents": "[Non-secreting myeloma]. On the basis of a personal observation, the cases of \"non secretory\" multiple myeloma reported in the literature are reviewed. A myeloma classification based upon the production and excretion of monoclonal proteins by neoplastic plasmacells is presented together with an evaluation of the different possible pathogenetic mechanisms. The diagnostic criteria of \"non secretory\" myeloma are discussed and its main clinical problems analyzed.", "PMID": 662158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9426", "title": "[Blood lipid disorders and chronic pancreatitis. 4 cases].", "content": "The literature dealing with the debated and not yet completely settled question of the causal relationship between dyslipidaemia and acute and chronic diseases of the pancreas is reviewed. Four personal cases of chronic pancreatitis associated with dyslipidaemia are presented and their possible pathogenetic relationships are discussed.", "contents": "[Blood lipid disorders and chronic pancreatitis. 4 cases]. The literature dealing with the debated and not yet completely settled question of the causal relationship between dyslipidaemia and acute and chronic diseases of the pancreas is reviewed. Four personal cases of chronic pancreatitis associated with dyslipidaemia are presented and their possible pathogenetic relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 662159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9427", "title": "[Clinical onset of meningitis in chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary: 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of purulent meningitis in subjects with misinterpreted chromophobe adenoma of the hypophysis are presented. Radiography in the acute stage revealed typical enlargement of the sella turcica and thus established the diagnosis, which was eventually confirmed histologically during surgery. The frequency with which this complication has occurred in a personal series is contrasted with its rarity in the literature, particularly neurosurgical works. It is felt, therefore, that the association of adenoma and meningitis is more common than is generally supposed. Routine cranial radiography is recommended in all cases of purulent meningitis, especially in young subjects and adults, from the outset. This will reveal hypophyseal involvement and enable replacement hormonal therapy with cortisone to be added to symptomatic and antibiotic management in cases of concomitant hypophyseal and adrenal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Clinical onset of meningitis in chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary: 2 cases]. Two cases of purulent meningitis in subjects with misinterpreted chromophobe adenoma of the hypophysis are presented. Radiography in the acute stage revealed typical enlargement of the sella turcica and thus established the diagnosis, which was eventually confirmed histologically during surgery. The frequency with which this complication has occurred in a personal series is contrasted with its rarity in the literature, particularly neurosurgical works. It is felt, therefore, that the association of adenoma and meningitis is more common than is generally supposed. Routine cranial radiography is recommended in all cases of purulent meningitis, especially in young subjects and adults, from the outset. This will reveal hypophyseal involvement and enable replacement hormonal therapy with cortisone to be added to symptomatic and antibiotic management in cases of concomitant hypophyseal and adrenal insufficiency.", "PMID": 662160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9428", "title": "[Allergological findings in rhinitis-asthmatic subjects].", "content": "A comparison was made between skin-positive and skin-negative subjects in an allergological study of 404 patients with rhinitis and asthma. The two diseases had appeared simultaneously in 52.72% of cases, while rhinitis had appeared first in 35.14%. Respiratory disturbances had occurred more frequently before the age of 30 yr in allergic subjects and between 20 and 50 yr in skin-negative subjects. Familial allergy was noted in 34% and a personal history of skin allergy in 21%. Associations with conjunctivitis, chronic bronchitis and nasal polyposis were noted in about 50%, 13% and 4% respectively. Nearly all skin-negative subjects had disturbances the whole year round, as did 47.67% of the skin-positives, while 36.53% of the latter had disturbances in spring and summer only. A positive reaction to at least one allergen was noted in 79.95%. Pollens were positive in 70.58%, dusts, vegetables fibres and skin derivatives in 66.25%, and moulds in 33.12%. The allergens used and the number of positives obtained with each are listed. It is felt that reaction to pollen should be investigated in such subjects, even when their symptoms are not sea sonal.", "contents": "[Allergological findings in rhinitis-asthmatic subjects]. A comparison was made between skin-positive and skin-negative subjects in an allergological study of 404 patients with rhinitis and asthma. The two diseases had appeared simultaneously in 52.72% of cases, while rhinitis had appeared first in 35.14%. Respiratory disturbances had occurred more frequently before the age of 30 yr in allergic subjects and between 20 and 50 yr in skin-negative subjects. Familial allergy was noted in 34% and a personal history of skin allergy in 21%. Associations with conjunctivitis, chronic bronchitis and nasal polyposis were noted in about 50%, 13% and 4% respectively. Nearly all skin-negative subjects had disturbances the whole year round, as did 47.67% of the skin-positives, while 36.53% of the latter had disturbances in spring and summer only. A positive reaction to at least one allergen was noted in 79.95%. Pollens were positive in 70.58%, dusts, vegetables fibres and skin derivatives in 66.25%, and moulds in 33.12%. The allergens used and the number of positives obtained with each are listed. It is felt that reaction to pollen should be investigated in such subjects, even when their symptoms are not sea sonal.", "PMID": 662162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9429", "title": "[Data on a comparison between a rapid test and urine culture for the determination of bacteriuria].", "content": "A streep test has been employed for bacteriuria involving identification of nitrites in the urine and results are compared with those obtained with classical bacteriological techniques. Parallel performance of the nitrite test and urine culture showed that the latter cannot be replaced as far as diagnosis goes but it also proved the usefulness of the nitrite test for mass screening purposes.", "contents": "[Data on a comparison between a rapid test and urine culture for the determination of bacteriuria]. A streep test has been employed for bacteriuria involving identification of nitrites in the urine and results are compared with those obtained with classical bacteriological techniques. Parallel performance of the nitrite test and urine culture showed that the latter cannot be replaced as far as diagnosis goes but it also proved the usefulness of the nitrite test for mass screening purposes.", "PMID": 662163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9430", "title": "[Surgical treatment of renvascular hypertension. Personal cases].", "content": "Authors analyze a personal series of patients surgically treated for renal artery diseases (177 cases). Criteria of screening and diagnosis of stenosis are discussed and also are referred the clinical data. Authors describe their own personal reconstructive technique on renal arteries. Early and late results are widely analyzed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of renvascular hypertension. Personal cases]. Authors analyze a personal series of patients surgically treated for renal artery diseases (177 cases). Criteria of screening and diagnosis of stenosis are discussed and also are referred the clinical data. Authors describe their own personal reconstructive technique on renal arteries. Early and late results are widely analyzed.", "PMID": 662173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9431", "title": "[Diagnostic value of retrograde cholangiopancreatography by transendoscopic route].", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is essential in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease, jaundice and in post-cholecystectomy syndromes, as well as in cases where cholecystography and i.v. cholangiography fail to explain disturbances that strongly suggest bile duct involvement. Its confirmation of clinically established pancreatic disease is much more positive than that given by scintiscanning and multiple superselective arteriography. Unlike the latter, it also permits the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, cancer of the pancreas, pseudocysts, etc. and distinguishes medical and surgical pancreatitis (stenosis, proteinaceous calculi, and obstructing pseudocysts). Differential diagnosis of progressive jaundice on clinical grounds or with the aid of ordinary means of examination is sometimes unsatisfactory. ERCP clearly distinguishes medical and surgical forms, so that exploratory laparotomy is not needed in subjects with liver-cell forms. It also shows the nature, site and extent of extrahepatic obstruction, and points to the organic cause in 79% of cases of postcholecystectomy syndrome. Right hypochondrial pain or intermittent jaundice and negative cholecystography and i.v. cholangiography is a further indication, since ERCP will reveal disease of the pancreas or bile ducts (cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, sclerosing cholangitis, etc). It is also useful in the diagnosis of cirrhosis, abscess, echinococcus cyst and primary or secondary cancer in cases where needle biopsy and-or arteriography are either contra-indicated or inconclusive.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of retrograde cholangiopancreatography by transendoscopic route]. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is essential in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease, jaundice and in post-cholecystectomy syndromes, as well as in cases where cholecystography and i.v. cholangiography fail to explain disturbances that strongly suggest bile duct involvement. Its confirmation of clinically established pancreatic disease is much more positive than that given by scintiscanning and multiple superselective arteriography. Unlike the latter, it also permits the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, cancer of the pancreas, pseudocysts, etc. and distinguishes medical and surgical pancreatitis (stenosis, proteinaceous calculi, and obstructing pseudocysts). Differential diagnosis of progressive jaundice on clinical grounds or with the aid of ordinary means of examination is sometimes unsatisfactory. ERCP clearly distinguishes medical and surgical forms, so that exploratory laparotomy is not needed in subjects with liver-cell forms. It also shows the nature, site and extent of extrahepatic obstruction, and points to the organic cause in 79% of cases of postcholecystectomy syndrome. Right hypochondrial pain or intermittent jaundice and negative cholecystography and i.v. cholangiography is a further indication, since ERCP will reveal disease of the pancreas or bile ducts (cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, sclerosing cholangitis, etc). It is also useful in the diagnosis of cirrhosis, abscess, echinococcus cyst and primary or secondary cancer in cases where needle biopsy and-or arteriography are either contra-indicated or inconclusive.", "PMID": 662174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9432", "title": "[Local malignancy potential of basal cell and prickle cell epithelioma].", "content": "A series of over 300 cases of highly malignant basal and prickle-cell epitheliomas is presented as an illustration of the way in which due importance is not always given to forms that may well be deeply invasive, though these are only some of the epitheliomas that may be encountered. The particular nature of each formation is not always evident at first and may be the cause of its further progression. High malignancy is more common in cases of recurrence and poor management, so that ineffective attempts at treatment may be seen as a contributing factor. Of course, when treatment has been correct, failure and subsequent recurrence may point to primary \"predisposition\" to recur; this tendency cannot yet be detected in time or with precision. Local malignancy is often independent of the type of epithelioma involved. Indeed, it is more serious and difficult to combat in the case of basal cell forms on first recurrence and resistance to proper management, whereas in prickle-cell epithelioma, when distant metastasis is prevented, local invasiveness is frequently conquered by truly radical surgery.", "contents": "[Local malignancy potential of basal cell and prickle cell epithelioma]. A series of over 300 cases of highly malignant basal and prickle-cell epitheliomas is presented as an illustration of the way in which due importance is not always given to forms that may well be deeply invasive, though these are only some of the epitheliomas that may be encountered. The particular nature of each formation is not always evident at first and may be the cause of its further progression. High malignancy is more common in cases of recurrence and poor management, so that ineffective attempts at treatment may be seen as a contributing factor. Of course, when treatment has been correct, failure and subsequent recurrence may point to primary \"predisposition\" to recur; this tendency cannot yet be detected in time or with precision. Local malignancy is often independent of the type of epithelioma involved. Indeed, it is more serious and difficult to combat in the case of basal cell forms on first recurrence and resistance to proper management, whereas in prickle-cell epithelioma, when distant metastasis is prevented, local invasiveness is frequently conquered by truly radical surgery.", "PMID": 662175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9433", "title": "[Evaluation of the bone marrow granulocyte reserve in patients with Hodgkin's disease during antiblastic polychemo- and radiation therapy].", "content": "The ethiocholanolone test was used to evaluate the granulocyte reserve in 22 patients with Hodgkin's disease before and during polychemical antiblastic and radiation therapy. Under basal conditions, the reserve was normal and its behavior was fairly constantly related to histological type. Stress is laid on the inadequacy of the simple leukocyte count as a guide to the planning of treatment by comparison with the more accurate picture offered by the granulocyte reserve.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the bone marrow granulocyte reserve in patients with Hodgkin's disease during antiblastic polychemo- and radiation therapy]. The ethiocholanolone test was used to evaluate the granulocyte reserve in 22 patients with Hodgkin's disease before and during polychemical antiblastic and radiation therapy. Under basal conditions, the reserve was normal and its behavior was fairly constantly related to histological type. Stress is laid on the inadequacy of the simple leukocyte count as a guide to the planning of treatment by comparison with the more accurate picture offered by the granulocyte reserve.", "PMID": 662176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9434", "title": "[Becker's benign muscular dystrophy. Observations on 1 family].", "content": "Three males in a family had Becker's benign muscular dystrophy. In addition, there were five likely female carriers, three of whom presented altered biochemical findings. Agreement is expressed with the view of other workers that Becker's form can be distinguished from the serious form of the disease on the grounds of exclusive expression in males, late onset of the first symptoms, recessive transmission linked to the X chromosome, extremely slow progression, and long survival.", "contents": "[Becker's benign muscular dystrophy. Observations on 1 family]. Three males in a family had Becker's benign muscular dystrophy. In addition, there were five likely female carriers, three of whom presented altered biochemical findings. Agreement is expressed with the view of other workers that Becker's form can be distinguished from the serious form of the disease on the grounds of exclusive expression in males, late onset of the first symptoms, recessive transmission linked to the X chromosome, extremely slow progression, and long survival.", "PMID": 662177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9435", "title": "[Hemodynamics in venous diseases of the lower limbs].", "content": "Venous diseases of the lower extremities have been studied haemodynamically by analysis of variations in dynamic venous pressure, which is held to be a fundamental parameter. Pressure modifications point to the state of the deep venous system, the valves and the subfascial communicating veins or to the efficiency or otherwise of the muscular pump of the lower extremities. The venous pressure curve is a reliable indicator of the various clinical stages of chronic venous insufficiency and postphlebitis syndrome. As a clinical parameter, venous pressure is sensitive to all pathological changes in the venous system of the lower extremities. It presents variations proportional to the gravity of pure phlebopathies and of venous diseases secondary to congenital dysplasias (e.g. Klippel-Trenauny syndrome) and to congenital or acquired arteriovenous shunts. An attempt is made to classify venous diseases of the lower extremities on the basis of this parameter and examples are given of dynamic venous pressure curves encountered in the various disease pictures observed.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics in venous diseases of the lower limbs]. Venous diseases of the lower extremities have been studied haemodynamically by analysis of variations in dynamic venous pressure, which is held to be a fundamental parameter. Pressure modifications point to the state of the deep venous system, the valves and the subfascial communicating veins or to the efficiency or otherwise of the muscular pump of the lower extremities. The venous pressure curve is a reliable indicator of the various clinical stages of chronic venous insufficiency and postphlebitis syndrome. As a clinical parameter, venous pressure is sensitive to all pathological changes in the venous system of the lower extremities. It presents variations proportional to the gravity of pure phlebopathies and of venous diseases secondary to congenital dysplasias (e.g. Klippel-Trenauny syndrome) and to congenital or acquired arteriovenous shunts. An attempt is made to classify venous diseases of the lower extremities on the basis of this parameter and examples are given of dynamic venous pressure curves encountered in the various disease pictures observed.", "PMID": 662179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9436", "title": "[The role of the physician in the preparation of adults for old age].", "content": "Loss of his social role and various other stresses result in a psychological feeling of impotence and nothingness in the aged. Physicians should make a close study of these aspects and not identify the aged with the end of finality and segregation. Adaptation to old age is determined by the years preceding it and doctors should help adults to improve the quality of their lives and no \"die\" in a metaphorical sense. This is not something that can be improvised, however. Adults must not only face up to problems concerning their health, but also those relating to aging and the attainment of a satisfactory life-style during their years of retirement. A doctor can do great deal to enable adults to discover new abilities to adapt for themselves.", "contents": "[The role of the physician in the preparation of adults for old age]. Loss of his social role and various other stresses result in a psychological feeling of impotence and nothingness in the aged. Physicians should make a close study of these aspects and not identify the aged with the end of finality and segregation. Adaptation to old age is determined by the years preceding it and doctors should help adults to improve the quality of their lives and no \"die\" in a metaphorical sense. This is not something that can be improvised, however. Adults must not only face up to problems concerning their health, but also those relating to aging and the attainment of a satisfactory life-style during their years of retirement. A doctor can do great deal to enable adults to discover new abilities to adapt for themselves.", "PMID": 662180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9437", "title": "[Massive pulmonary embolism. Clinical aspects and treatment].", "content": "The frequency of pulmonary embolization seems to be increasing. Venostasis, intimal damage and hypercoagulability of blood are the more recognized causes of pulmonary thromboembolism. It is especially threatening to the elderly, obese, immobilized (for an accident or an operation) patients. Pulmonary isotopic scans or angiograms are most often relied upon to establish the diagnosis. A properly performed pulmonary angiography is necessary to establish or refute the diagnosis in almost every case. With the exception of the patients suddenly dying for a massive pulmonary embolism, the period of time between onset of symptoms and death is usually adequate for substantiating a diagnosis and promptly beginning a fit anticoagulation therapy using continuous intravenous heparin or fibrinolytic agents infusion. Although it is not proper to separate surgical and medical treatment of thromboembolism, the Authors, on the ground of their experience on 5 patients affected by massive pulmonary embolism, in 3 of whom was performed a successful embolectomy, think that heparin anticoagulation treatment is at any rate to apply for treating pulmonary embolism, but in patients in whom the shock is unresponsive to vasopressors or in whom anticoagulation therapy is controindicated, the surgical removal of pulmonary emboly, with the support of a pump oxygenator, is the treatment of choice for the acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism.", "contents": "[Massive pulmonary embolism. Clinical aspects and treatment]. The frequency of pulmonary embolization seems to be increasing. Venostasis, intimal damage and hypercoagulability of blood are the more recognized causes of pulmonary thromboembolism. It is especially threatening to the elderly, obese, immobilized (for an accident or an operation) patients. Pulmonary isotopic scans or angiograms are most often relied upon to establish the diagnosis. A properly performed pulmonary angiography is necessary to establish or refute the diagnosis in almost every case. With the exception of the patients suddenly dying for a massive pulmonary embolism, the period of time between onset of symptoms and death is usually adequate for substantiating a diagnosis and promptly beginning a fit anticoagulation therapy using continuous intravenous heparin or fibrinolytic agents infusion. Although it is not proper to separate surgical and medical treatment of thromboembolism, the Authors, on the ground of their experience on 5 patients affected by massive pulmonary embolism, in 3 of whom was performed a successful embolectomy, think that heparin anticoagulation treatment is at any rate to apply for treating pulmonary embolism, but in patients in whom the shock is unresponsive to vasopressors or in whom anticoagulation therapy is controindicated, the surgical removal of pulmonary emboly, with the support of a pump oxygenator, is the treatment of choice for the acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism.", "PMID": 662181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9438", "title": "[Polychemotherapy of advanced cancer of the breast].", "content": "Results obtained with a cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, 5-FU and prednisone protocol in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are reported. The number of weekly courses proposed by Ansfield was varied. 53% remissions were noted. The effect of the variation introduced was assessed with reference to a much lower incidence of side-effects and a percentage of satisfactory results comparable with that of Ansfield. Nevertheless, it is felt that the treatment in question should be employed as a second choice when more efficacious protocols, such as those including adriamycin, cannot be used or have proved ineffective.", "contents": "[Polychemotherapy of advanced cancer of the breast]. Results obtained with a cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, 5-FU and prednisone protocol in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are reported. The number of weekly courses proposed by Ansfield was varied. 53% remissions were noted. The effect of the variation introduced was assessed with reference to a much lower incidence of side-effects and a percentage of satisfactory results comparable with that of Ansfield. Nevertheless, it is felt that the treatment in question should be employed as a second choice when more efficacious protocols, such as those including adriamycin, cannot be used or have proved ineffective.", "PMID": 662182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9439", "title": "[Proposal for wound pinching of viper bites].", "content": "Wound pinching is suggested as a first aid measure for viper bites, the intention being to prevent absorption of the cutaneous component of the poison. This procedure is most indicated in bites in regions of the body where it is not possible to apply a tourniquet (trunk, abdomen, neck, face). It can also be useful in wounds to the extremities as a complement to the tourniquet. Finally, in all wounds, it offers the best conditions for cutting, scarification of the wound and perifocal infiltrative treatment with anti-ophidic serum.", "contents": "[Proposal for wound pinching of viper bites]. Wound pinching is suggested as a first aid measure for viper bites, the intention being to prevent absorption of the cutaneous component of the poison. This procedure is most indicated in bites in regions of the body where it is not possible to apply a tourniquet (trunk, abdomen, neck, face). It can also be useful in wounds to the extremities as a complement to the tourniquet. Finally, in all wounds, it offers the best conditions for cutting, scarification of the wound and perifocal infiltrative treatment with anti-ophidic serum.", "PMID": 662183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9440", "title": "[Preliminary findings on 2 groups of diabetics with regard to platelet aggregation in relation to retinopathy and ultimate relation to antidiabetic therapy].", "content": "Platelet clumping was examined in untreated insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetics, with and without retinopathy. Hyperaggregation was noted, particularly in subjects with retinopathy and longstanding diabetes. Metformin normalised clumping in the course of mild diabetes.", "contents": "[Preliminary findings on 2 groups of diabetics with regard to platelet aggregation in relation to retinopathy and ultimate relation to antidiabetic therapy]. Platelet clumping was examined in untreated insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetics, with and without retinopathy. Hyperaggregation was noted, particularly in subjects with retinopathy and longstanding diabetes. Metformin normalised clumping in the course of mild diabetes.", "PMID": 662185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9441", "title": "[Presence of Salmonella wien in Campania in 1974-75].", "content": "Salmonella wien was detected in various patients admitted to the D. Cotugno Hospital between May 1974 and June 1975. Strains isolated in Naples showed the same in vitro transferable resistance to antibiotics as those responsible for the recent epidemics in Algeria and France.", "contents": "[Presence of Salmonella wien in Campania in 1974-75]. Salmonella wien was detected in various patients admitted to the D. Cotugno Hospital between May 1974 and June 1975. Strains isolated in Naples showed the same in vitro transferable resistance to antibiotics as those responsible for the recent epidemics in Algeria and France.", "PMID": 662187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9442", "title": "Liver glycogen synthesis and glucose tolerance in rats adapted to diets with a high proportion of fructose or glucose.", "content": "Glucose tolerance and in vivo incorporation of glucose into liver glycogen were investigated in rats fed high carbohydrate diets containing glucose or fructose as the sole carbohydrate source. As compared with control glucose-adapted rats, a slight deterioration of the glucose tolerance was observed in fructose-adapted rats. The possivle cause of the deteriorated glucose tolerance in fructose-adapted rats seems to be among others reduced glucose incorporation into liver glycogen and a smaller depression of endogenous glucose production by exogenous glucose.", "contents": "Liver glycogen synthesis and glucose tolerance in rats adapted to diets with a high proportion of fructose or glucose. Glucose tolerance and in vivo incorporation of glucose into liver glycogen were investigated in rats fed high carbohydrate diets containing glucose or fructose as the sole carbohydrate source. As compared with control glucose-adapted rats, a slight deterioration of the glucose tolerance was observed in fructose-adapted rats. The possivle cause of the deteriorated glucose tolerance in fructose-adapted rats seems to be among others reduced glucose incorporation into liver glycogen and a smaller depression of endogenous glucose production by exogenous glucose.", "PMID": 662208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9443", "title": "Comparative studies in obese subjects fed carbohydrate-restricted and high carbohydrate 1,000-calorie formula diets.", "content": "45 obese subjects were fed a high-carbohydrate, relatively low-fat, or a low-carbohydrate, relatively high-fat 1,000-calorie (4.14MJ) formula diet. The diet provided for an isoenergetic substitution of 170 g of carbohydrates for 75 g of fat. Weight reduction up to day 30 was significantly higher in the subjects on the carbohydrate-restricted diet. There were no significant differences between the water and electrolyte balances. The mean total weight reduction achieved on the high-carbohydrate diet was 9.8 +/- 4.5kg with a mean daily weight loss of 298 +/- 80g, while the corresponding values on the carbohydrate-restricted diet were 14 +/- 7.2 kg and 362 +/- 91 g/day, respectively.", "contents": "Comparative studies in obese subjects fed carbohydrate-restricted and high carbohydrate 1,000-calorie formula diets. 45 obese subjects were fed a high-carbohydrate, relatively low-fat, or a low-carbohydrate, relatively high-fat 1,000-calorie (4.14MJ) formula diet. The diet provided for an isoenergetic substitution of 170 g of carbohydrates for 75 g of fat. Weight reduction up to day 30 was significantly higher in the subjects on the carbohydrate-restricted diet. There were no significant differences between the water and electrolyte balances. The mean total weight reduction achieved on the high-carbohydrate diet was 9.8 +/- 4.5kg with a mean daily weight loss of 298 +/- 80g, while the corresponding values on the carbohydrate-restricted diet were 14 +/- 7.2 kg and 362 +/- 91 g/day, respectively.", "PMID": 662209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9444", "title": "Effect of the type and proportion of dietary carbohydrate on serum glucose levels and liver and muscle glycogen synthesis in the rat.", "content": "The effect of the type of dietary carbohydrate on oral glucose tolerance and on in vivo incorporation of labeled glucose or fructose into liver and muscle glycogen in the rat were investigated. The intake of fructose or sucrose reduced, as compared with starch or glucose, glucose incorporation into liver glycogen and caused a slight deterioration of the glucose tolerance. These effects were observed already when 50% of the total dietary carbohydrate was substituted by fructose or sucrose. The incorporation of labeled glucose into muscle glycogen was not affected by the type of dietary carbohydrate. Specific radioactivity of liver and muscle glycogen and the concentration of muscle glycogen after administration of labeled fructose were higher in fructose-adapted than in glucose-adapted rats.", "contents": "Effect of the type and proportion of dietary carbohydrate on serum glucose levels and liver and muscle glycogen synthesis in the rat. The effect of the type of dietary carbohydrate on oral glucose tolerance and on in vivo incorporation of labeled glucose or fructose into liver and muscle glycogen in the rat were investigated. The intake of fructose or sucrose reduced, as compared with starch or glucose, glucose incorporation into liver glycogen and caused a slight deterioration of the glucose tolerance. These effects were observed already when 50% of the total dietary carbohydrate was substituted by fructose or sucrose. The incorporation of labeled glucose into muscle glycogen was not affected by the type of dietary carbohydrate. Specific radioactivity of liver and muscle glycogen and the concentration of muscle glycogen after administration of labeled fructose were higher in fructose-adapted than in glucose-adapted rats.", "PMID": 662211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9445", "title": "Placenta accreta. A clinicopathologic review of 67 cases.", "content": "During a 20-year period 67 uteri removed from placenta accreta, among a population of 645,000 live births and stillbirths in Northern Ireland, were examined. Of the 37 involving the cavity, only 31 were placenta accreta vera; 14 of these were total and 17 partial. Three others showed invasion into the wall (placenta increta), and three penetration through the wall (placenta percreta). When any part of the placental adhesion involved the previa site the case was taken to be a placenta previa accreta; here adhesion was extensive in 10 and limited in 7. A further 11 were examples of placenta previa increta, and 2 more of placenta previa percreta. There were only two maternal deaths. These variants are described and illustrated, and the association with high parity and, especially in the previa cases, with previous cesarean section is emphasized. The histologic deficiency of maternal decidua at the implantation site and the recognition and behavior of cells of the nonvillous trophoblast are briefly described. Hysterectomy, which in placenta previa variants must be adequate to excise the area of cervical involvement, appears to be the rational treatment.", "contents": "Placenta accreta. A clinicopathologic review of 67 cases. During a 20-year period 67 uteri removed from placenta accreta, among a population of 645,000 live births and stillbirths in Northern Ireland, were examined. Of the 37 involving the cavity, only 31 were placenta accreta vera; 14 of these were total and 17 partial. Three others showed invasion into the wall (placenta increta), and three penetration through the wall (placenta percreta). When any part of the placental adhesion involved the previa site the case was taken to be a placenta previa accreta; here adhesion was extensive in 10 and limited in 7. A further 11 were examples of placenta previa increta, and 2 more of placenta previa percreta. There were only two maternal deaths. These variants are described and illustrated, and the association with high parity and, especially in the previa cases, with previous cesarean section is emphasized. The histologic deficiency of maternal decidua at the implantation site and the recognition and behavior of cells of the nonvillous trophoblast are briefly described. Hysterectomy, which in placenta previa variants must be adequate to excise the area of cervical involvement, appears to be the rational treatment.", "PMID": 662213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9446", "title": "Inhibition of premature labor by terbutaline.", "content": "Terbutaline was administered to 50 women, all diagnosed as being in labor prior to 36 weeks' gestation. In 47, uterine activity was initially arrested with intravenous therapy. The infusion rate required to arrest uterine activity ranged from 10 to 80 microgram/min and 21 of the 50 patients (42%) required more than one intravenous infusion. The average prolongation of gestation was 3.7 weeks in those successfully treated. Twenty-four delivered within 48 hours after the terbutaline was discontinued. Treatment failures occurred in 11 (22%). Not a single infant died of the respiratory distress syndrome. Side effects were mild and well tolerated.", "contents": "Inhibition of premature labor by terbutaline. Terbutaline was administered to 50 women, all diagnosed as being in labor prior to 36 weeks' gestation. In 47, uterine activity was initially arrested with intravenous therapy. The infusion rate required to arrest uterine activity ranged from 10 to 80 microgram/min and 21 of the 50 patients (42%) required more than one intravenous infusion. The average prolongation of gestation was 3.7 weeks in those successfully treated. Twenty-four delivered within 48 hours after the terbutaline was discontinued. Treatment failures occurred in 11 (22%). Not a single infant died of the respiratory distress syndrome. Side effects were mild and well tolerated.", "PMID": 662220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9447", "title": "Insulin levels in amniotic fluid. Management of pregnancy in diabetes.", "content": "A correlation between high insulin levels in amniotic fluid and the appearance of diabetogenic fetal morbidity was found in radioimmunoassays of 487 samples of the fluid. The mean insulin level in metabolically normal pregnancies rose from 9 muU/ml (Week 27) to 15 muU/ml (Week 40). The insulin level in amniotic fluid of diabetic patients was elevated up to 27 times the mean. Insulin levels in the umbilical cord and urine of newborns of diabetic mothers were also elevated, to 29 and 21 times the mean, respectively. Elevation of insulin levels in amniotic fluid portends diabetogenic fetal morbidity. High and rising insulin levels at an early stage (26-28 weeks) may indicate a high risk of preterm onset of labor. Regular adjustment of metabolic compensation on the basis of amniotic fluid insulin made it possible to reduce the level in 12 of 17 pregnant diabetic women by increasing insulin dosage. The 12 women were thereby enabled to carry their pregnancies to term and to await the onset of spontaneous labor without diabetogenic fetal morbidity. Beta-stimulating agents affect glucose management and may cause elevated insulin levels in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Insulin levels in amniotic fluid. Management of pregnancy in diabetes. A correlation between high insulin levels in amniotic fluid and the appearance of diabetogenic fetal morbidity was found in radioimmunoassays of 487 samples of the fluid. The mean insulin level in metabolically normal pregnancies rose from 9 muU/ml (Week 27) to 15 muU/ml (Week 40). The insulin level in amniotic fluid of diabetic patients was elevated up to 27 times the mean. Insulin levels in the umbilical cord and urine of newborns of diabetic mothers were also elevated, to 29 and 21 times the mean, respectively. Elevation of insulin levels in amniotic fluid portends diabetogenic fetal morbidity. High and rising insulin levels at an early stage (26-28 weeks) may indicate a high risk of preterm onset of labor. Regular adjustment of metabolic compensation on the basis of amniotic fluid insulin made it possible to reduce the level in 12 of 17 pregnant diabetic women by increasing insulin dosage. The 12 women were thereby enabled to carry their pregnancies to term and to await the onset of spontaneous labor without diabetogenic fetal morbidity. Beta-stimulating agents affect glucose management and may cause elevated insulin levels in amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 662221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9448", "title": "The suspicious contraction stress test.", "content": "From a clinical service using the contraction stress test as an evaluator of fetal well-being, a 37-month review of the significance of the suspicious contraction stress test was performed. There were no antepartum losses in a group of 107 patients whose initial test was suspicious. Following each testing a number of patients delivered spontaneously or were delivered for other reasons. Results in 5 of 67 patients at the second testing changed from a suspicious to a positive test, 36 became negative, and 26 remained suspicious. There were no further conversions to a positive test after the second testing. There is a strong correlation between the loss of fetal heart reactivity and the repeated suspicious contraction stress test. The chief value of the suspicious test is as a marker in the high-risk pregnancy appraisal for consideration of additional fetal and maternal evaluation and possible clinical management alteration.", "contents": "The suspicious contraction stress test. From a clinical service using the contraction stress test as an evaluator of fetal well-being, a 37-month review of the significance of the suspicious contraction stress test was performed. There were no antepartum losses in a group of 107 patients whose initial test was suspicious. Following each testing a number of patients delivered spontaneously or were delivered for other reasons. Results in 5 of 67 patients at the second testing changed from a suspicious to a positive test, 36 became negative, and 26 remained suspicious. There were no further conversions to a positive test after the second testing. There is a strong correlation between the loss of fetal heart reactivity and the repeated suspicious contraction stress test. The chief value of the suspicious test is as a marker in the high-risk pregnancy appraisal for consideration of additional fetal and maternal evaluation and possible clinical management alteration.", "PMID": 662222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9449", "title": "The nonstress test.", "content": "Antepartum fetal evaluation by heart rate monitoring was carried out on a clinical service during a 1-year period utilizing the nonstress test as the primary screening device. Nonreactive nonstress tests were supplemented by the oxytocin contraction stress test. In this study, the use of the nonstress test appropriately led to the identification of all fetuses who were in jeopardy and, in the majority of instances, identified fetuses in good condition who did not require the administration of oxytocin to determine fetal well-being. In our experience, the nonstress test is a reliable, inexpensive, convenient, time-saving screening procedure which can be made available to a greater number of patients than the contraction stress test alone.", "contents": "The nonstress test. Antepartum fetal evaluation by heart rate monitoring was carried out on a clinical service during a 1-year period utilizing the nonstress test as the primary screening device. Nonreactive nonstress tests were supplemented by the oxytocin contraction stress test. In this study, the use of the nonstress test appropriately led to the identification of all fetuses who were in jeopardy and, in the majority of instances, identified fetuses in good condition who did not require the administration of oxytocin to determine fetal well-being. In our experience, the nonstress test is a reliable, inexpensive, convenient, time-saving screening procedure which can be made available to a greater number of patients than the contraction stress test alone.", "PMID": 662223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9450", "title": "Assessment of fetal lung maturity by a microviscosimeter.", "content": "A new method of rapid antenatal assessment of fetal lung maturity was evaluated in relation to the newborn outcome and two other accepted test. This method is based on fluorescence depolarization (FD) technique. The special instrumentation required for this method (the Microviscosimeter) was found to be simple and easy to handle even to nonprofessional personnel. Analysis of 47 samples of amniotic fluid received within 48 hours of delivery demonstrated that lung maturity threshold may be related to a numeric value (P value) measured by this technique. With a P value of less than 0.320 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is unlikely to develop. With a P value greater than 0.340, chances for RDS, usually severe, are high. With a P value of less than 0.340 but greater than 0.320, RDS may or may not develop. This method did not prove to be more reliable then the determination of L/S ratio by thin layer chromatography, but its advantage is that it supplies the results in less then an hour. The FD technique proved to be more reliable then the commonly used foam stability test.", "contents": "Assessment of fetal lung maturity by a microviscosimeter. A new method of rapid antenatal assessment of fetal lung maturity was evaluated in relation to the newborn outcome and two other accepted test. This method is based on fluorescence depolarization (FD) technique. The special instrumentation required for this method (the Microviscosimeter) was found to be simple and easy to handle even to nonprofessional personnel. Analysis of 47 samples of amniotic fluid received within 48 hours of delivery demonstrated that lung maturity threshold may be related to a numeric value (P value) measured by this technique. With a P value of less than 0.320 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is unlikely to develop. With a P value greater than 0.340, chances for RDS, usually severe, are high. With a P value of less than 0.340 but greater than 0.320, RDS may or may not develop. This method did not prove to be more reliable then the determination of L/S ratio by thin layer chromatography, but its advantage is that it supplies the results in less then an hour. The FD technique proved to be more reliable then the commonly used foam stability test.", "PMID": 662224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9451", "title": "Endogenous creatinine clearance during pregnancy. II. Variations in normal standards based on methodology.", "content": "A comparison of the endogenous creatinine clearance (ECC) values by using creatinine levels measured by the autoanalyzer and the modified Jaffe reaction using Lloyd's reagent was performed in 108 normal ambulatory pregnant women at various stages of gestation. The mean ECC was found to be significantly lower when the former method was employed except between 39 and 41 weeks when the values became similar. The mean ECC when calculated from the autoanalyzer results did not vary during pregnancy since serum creatinine by this method remained fairly constant. The difference in serum creatinine level between the two methods observed during pregnancy was absent in the nonpregnant state.", "contents": "Endogenous creatinine clearance during pregnancy. II. Variations in normal standards based on methodology. A comparison of the endogenous creatinine clearance (ECC) values by using creatinine levels measured by the autoanalyzer and the modified Jaffe reaction using Lloyd's reagent was performed in 108 normal ambulatory pregnant women at various stages of gestation. The mean ECC was found to be significantly lower when the former method was employed except between 39 and 41 weeks when the values became similar. The mean ECC when calculated from the autoanalyzer results did not vary during pregnancy since serum creatinine by this method remained fairly constant. The difference in serum creatinine level between the two methods observed during pregnancy was absent in the nonpregnant state.", "PMID": 662225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9452", "title": "Hormonal effects of wedge resection of polycystic ovaries.", "content": "Plasma FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were measured serially before, during, and after bilateral ovarian wedge resection in 2 patients with polycystic ovaries. Preoperatively both were anovulatory with persistently elevated plasma LH values and 1 patient had high testosterone concentrations. Plasma FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were within the normal midfollicular phase range. The LH:FSH ratio was increased and no cyclic gonadotropic activity occurred. During surgery progesterone levels rose while estradiol concentrations fell. In both patients, the initial reduction in estradiol secretion was observed after unilateral wedge resection but testosterone concentrations only declined 6-24 hours postoperatively. During the first postoperative week the LH:FSH ratio fell significantly and cyclic gonadotropic activity, in the form of sporadic LH and FSH spurts, was noted. In the second week after surgery, and estradiol surge occurred followed by preovulatory LH and FSH peaks, ovulation, and a normal luteal phase. Spontaneous menstruation occurred by the end of the first postoperative month and both patients conceived within 4 months of surgery.", "contents": "Hormonal effects of wedge resection of polycystic ovaries. Plasma FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were measured serially before, during, and after bilateral ovarian wedge resection in 2 patients with polycystic ovaries. Preoperatively both were anovulatory with persistently elevated plasma LH values and 1 patient had high testosterone concentrations. Plasma FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were within the normal midfollicular phase range. The LH:FSH ratio was increased and no cyclic gonadotropic activity occurred. During surgery progesterone levels rose while estradiol concentrations fell. In both patients, the initial reduction in estradiol secretion was observed after unilateral wedge resection but testosterone concentrations only declined 6-24 hours postoperatively. During the first postoperative week the LH:FSH ratio fell significantly and cyclic gonadotropic activity, in the form of sporadic LH and FSH spurts, was noted. In the second week after surgery, and estradiol surge occurred followed by preovulatory LH and FSH peaks, ovulation, and a normal luteal phase. Spontaneous menstruation occurred by the end of the first postoperative month and both patients conceived within 4 months of surgery.", "PMID": 662227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9453", "title": "Design and preliminary observations of National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project.", "content": "The National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project has completed the major portion of its enrollment phase with the examination of more than 3000 daughters of women taking synthetic nonsteroidal estrogens (denoted DES) during pregnancies occurring from the early 1940s to the mid-1960s. The aims of the Project are to fill urgent needs for information on the prevalence and incidence of structural and epithelial abnormalities or neoplastic changes and their complications in these young women. Participants are grouped by mode of entry as identified by prenatal record review (40.1%), documented as DES-exposed but walking in (25.1%), or referred (22.8%) to the DESAD Project for examination, and not documented as exposed but having gynecologic abnormalities typical of those associated with DES exposure (12.0%). This study cohort, in part having paired controls, will be examined annually for at least 5 years. Details of the design and selected preliminary findings are reported.", "contents": "Design and preliminary observations of National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project. The National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project has completed the major portion of its enrollment phase with the examination of more than 3000 daughters of women taking synthetic nonsteroidal estrogens (denoted DES) during pregnancies occurring from the early 1940s to the mid-1960s. The aims of the Project are to fill urgent needs for information on the prevalence and incidence of structural and epithelial abnormalities or neoplastic changes and their complications in these young women. Participants are grouped by mode of entry as identified by prenatal record review (40.1%), documented as DES-exposed but walking in (25.1%), or referred (22.8%) to the DESAD Project for examination, and not documented as exposed but having gynecologic abnormalities typical of those associated with DES exposure (12.0%). This study cohort, in part having paired controls, will be examined annually for at least 5 years. Details of the design and selected preliminary findings are reported.", "PMID": 662228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9454", "title": "In utero exposure to DES. Evaluation and followup of 199 women.", "content": "Among 199 women from 12 to 30 years of age who had been exposed to DES in utero, the colposcopic evaluation of the vagina and cervix was considered normal for only 13.6%. The incidence of colposcopically detected lesions was not related to the trimester of DES exposure, the patient's age, use of oral contraceptives, or presenting symptoms. Areas of punctation, mosaic patterns, white epithelium, and keratosis were not considered areas of adenosis. Cervical bands, hoods, cock's combs, etc., were considered as part of the cervix. Under this definition adenosis of the vagina was diagnosed in only 14.1% of the patients. Eight (4.0%) women were found to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), Grade 3 lesions, and an additional 36 (14.1%) women were found to have CIN, Grade 1 lesions based on the light microscopy evaluation of directed biopsies. There were no cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma. It appears that women with in utero DES exposure may be at a higher risk of developing squamous neoplasia compared with non-DES-exposed women.", "contents": "In utero exposure to DES. Evaluation and followup of 199 women. Among 199 women from 12 to 30 years of age who had been exposed to DES in utero, the colposcopic evaluation of the vagina and cervix was considered normal for only 13.6%. The incidence of colposcopically detected lesions was not related to the trimester of DES exposure, the patient's age, use of oral contraceptives, or presenting symptoms. Areas of punctation, mosaic patterns, white epithelium, and keratosis were not considered areas of adenosis. Cervical bands, hoods, cock's combs, etc., were considered as part of the cervix. Under this definition adenosis of the vagina was diagnosed in only 14.1% of the patients. Eight (4.0%) women were found to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), Grade 3 lesions, and an additional 36 (14.1%) women were found to have CIN, Grade 1 lesions based on the light microscopy evaluation of directed biopsies. There were no cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma. It appears that women with in utero DES exposure may be at a higher risk of developing squamous neoplasia compared with non-DES-exposed women.", "PMID": 662229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9455", "title": "Localization of 3H-estradiol-17beta in diethylstilbestrol-induced adenosis.", "content": "Treatment of neonatal mice with diethylstilbestrol results in the appearance of adenosis in the uterine cervix and upper part of the vagina in later life. Using dry mount autoradiography, the uptake and distribution of [3H]-estradiol in the same regions were studied after in vivo injections with [3H]-estradiol. It was demonstrated that the adenosis cells have the ability of uptake and nuclear concentration of estradiol and are thus target cells for estrogens. The importance of this finding for the development of malignancy is discussed in relation to the clear cell adenocarcinomas in young women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero.", "contents": "Localization of 3H-estradiol-17beta in diethylstilbestrol-induced adenosis. Treatment of neonatal mice with diethylstilbestrol results in the appearance of adenosis in the uterine cervix and upper part of the vagina in later life. Using dry mount autoradiography, the uptake and distribution of [3H]-estradiol in the same regions were studied after in vivo injections with [3H]-estradiol. It was demonstrated that the adenosis cells have the ability of uptake and nuclear concentration of estradiol and are thus target cells for estrogens. The importance of this finding for the development of malignancy is discussed in relation to the clear cell adenocarcinomas in young women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero.", "PMID": 662230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9456", "title": "Uterine choriocarcinoma fourteen years following bilateral tubal ligation.", "content": "A patient who developed choriocarcinoma of the uterus 14 years after bilateral tubal ligation and resection is presented. Non-patency of the fallopian tubes was demonstrated radiologically. The various mechanisms of occurrence of the clinical picture are discussed. Activation of dormant chorionic cells present since the patient's last known pregnancy (1960) appears to be the most probable explanation for the origin of the choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Uterine choriocarcinoma fourteen years following bilateral tubal ligation. A patient who developed choriocarcinoma of the uterus 14 years after bilateral tubal ligation and resection is presented. Non-patency of the fallopian tubes was demonstrated radiologically. The various mechanisms of occurrence of the clinical picture are discussed. Activation of dormant chorionic cells present since the patient's last known pregnancy (1960) appears to be the most probable explanation for the origin of the choriocarcinoma.", "PMID": 662231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9457", "title": "Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "Reports of 78 cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary were collected from the Emil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry and the files of the Gynecologic Pathology Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1942 and 1966. Two-year and 5-year followups were available for 91 and 83% of the cases, respectively. The prognosis was related to the most aggressive area of the tumor as the histologic grade was based on the maximum number of mitoses per high-powered field. In view of the clinical and histopathologic differences between these lesions and the serous and endometrioid varieties, it is suggested that each tumor be considered on its own merits in order to offer an accurate prognosis.", "contents": "Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Reports of 78 cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary were collected from the Emil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry and the files of the Gynecologic Pathology Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1942 and 1966. Two-year and 5-year followups were available for 91 and 83% of the cases, respectively. The prognosis was related to the most aggressive area of the tumor as the histologic grade was based on the maximum number of mitoses per high-powered field. In view of the clinical and histopathologic differences between these lesions and the serous and endometrioid varieties, it is suggested that each tumor be considered on its own merits in order to offer an accurate prognosis.", "PMID": 662232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9458", "title": "Comparison of amniotic fluid optical density and foam stability test in predicting fetal lung maturity.", "content": "The ability of optical density measurements and the foam stability test to predict the L/S ratio of amniotic fluid (AF) was examined. Optical density measurements and the foam test predicted the L/S ratio with a similar degree of accuracy; neither was able to replace biochemical measurement of the L/S ratio because both gave false negative and false positive predictions. Optical density measurements and the foam test did not combine to increase the accuracy of prediction.", "contents": "Comparison of amniotic fluid optical density and foam stability test in predicting fetal lung maturity. The ability of optical density measurements and the foam stability test to predict the L/S ratio of amniotic fluid (AF) was examined. Optical density measurements and the foam test predicted the L/S ratio with a similar degree of accuracy; neither was able to replace biochemical measurement of the L/S ratio because both gave false negative and false positive predictions. Optical density measurements and the foam test did not combine to increase the accuracy of prediction.", "PMID": 662233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9459", "title": "Subspecialization manpower in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "Growing interest in the emergence of subspecialties within obstetrics and gynecology prompted a survey of all Junior Fellows of the ACOG. That survey, representing the attitudes and expectations of 1702 housestaff and practitioners, disclosed that nearly 31% of obstetric-gynecologic residents planned to subspecialize as contrasted to 19.5% of postresidency obstetrician-gynecologists who either engaged in or plan to engage in subspecialty training/practice. The highest demand areas seemed to be in endocrinology and perinatology, and most subspecialists either limit or plan to limit their practice to the area specified. There was, in addition, a general feeling that subspecialists should confine their activities to major medical centers, and an unfavorable attitude was expressed toward subspecialty-board-imposed practice restrictions. Details regarding the factors influencing Junior Fellows' response to subspecialization are discussed.", "contents": "Subspecialization manpower in obstetrics and gynecology. Growing interest in the emergence of subspecialties within obstetrics and gynecology prompted a survey of all Junior Fellows of the ACOG. That survey, representing the attitudes and expectations of 1702 housestaff and practitioners, disclosed that nearly 31% of obstetric-gynecologic residents planned to subspecialize as contrasted to 19.5% of postresidency obstetrician-gynecologists who either engaged in or plan to engage in subspecialty training/practice. The highest demand areas seemed to be in endocrinology and perinatology, and most subspecialists either limit or plan to limit their practice to the area specified. There was, in addition, a general feeling that subspecialists should confine their activities to major medical centers, and an unfavorable attitude was expressed toward subspecialty-board-imposed practice restrictions. Details regarding the factors influencing Junior Fellows' response to subspecialization are discussed.", "PMID": 662234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9460", "title": "Cervical pregnancy.", "content": "A case of cervical pregnancy is presented. The clinicopathologic criteria for the diagnosis are reviewed. Different modes of management are discussed. Our patient was a classic case of a woman with a cervical pregnancy who had had a pregnancy termination done in the antecedent pregnancy. The abdominal hysterectomy was performed as a lifesaving procedure when curettage could not control the hemorrhage.", "contents": "Cervical pregnancy. A case of cervical pregnancy is presented. The clinicopathologic criteria for the diagnosis are reviewed. Different modes of management are discussed. Our patient was a classic case of a woman with a cervical pregnancy who had had a pregnancy termination done in the antecedent pregnancy. The abdominal hysterectomy was performed as a lifesaving procedure when curettage could not control the hemorrhage.", "PMID": 662235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9461", "title": "Cesarean section in the massively obese.", "content": "The case histories of 4 massively obese patients who underwent cesarean section are summarized. In all, a Pfannenstiel incision was made beneath the patient's huge panniculus, and a lower segment cesarean section was easily accomplished. There were no postoperative wound infections and all of the women had an essentially benign postoperative course.", "contents": "Cesarean section in the massively obese. The case histories of 4 massively obese patients who underwent cesarean section are summarized. In all, a Pfannenstiel incision was made beneath the patient's huge panniculus, and a lower segment cesarean section was easily accomplished. There were no postoperative wound infections and all of the women had an essentially benign postoperative course.", "PMID": 662236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9462", "title": "Maternal and fetal outcome of Lamaze-prepared patients.", "content": "To determine whether Lamaze childbirth preparation is harmless, harmful, or beneficial, 500 consecutive Lamaze-prepared patients were compared to 500 hand-picked controls, matched for age, race, parity, and educational level. Lamaze preparation was found to have a significant beneficial effect in almost every obstetric preformance category. The Lamaze-oriented patients had one-fourth the number of cesarean sections and one-fifth the amount of fetal distress (P less than .005). Postpartum infection, measured both by maternal febrile morbidity and by the incidence of antibiotic use, was one-third that of the controls (P less than .005). Similarly, the \"prepared\" patients had fewer perineal lacerations and those that occurred were not as serious as those in the control patients (P less than .005). The control patients had three times as many cases of toxemia of pregnancy (P less than .005) and twice as many of prematurity (P less than .05).", "contents": "Maternal and fetal outcome of Lamaze-prepared patients. To determine whether Lamaze childbirth preparation is harmless, harmful, or beneficial, 500 consecutive Lamaze-prepared patients were compared to 500 hand-picked controls, matched for age, race, parity, and educational level. Lamaze preparation was found to have a significant beneficial effect in almost every obstetric preformance category. The Lamaze-oriented patients had one-fourth the number of cesarean sections and one-fifth the amount of fetal distress (P less than .005). Postpartum infection, measured both by maternal febrile morbidity and by the incidence of antibiotic use, was one-third that of the controls (P less than .005). Similarly, the \"prepared\" patients had fewer perineal lacerations and those that occurred were not as serious as those in the control patients (P less than .005). The control patients had three times as many cases of toxemia of pregnancy (P less than .005) and twice as many of prematurity (P less than .05).", "PMID": 662240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9463", "title": "Modern management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.", "content": "Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy contribute significantly to perinatal mortality. Successful application of modern tests of antepartum fetal status and appropriately timed delivery, with monitored labor and liberal use of cesarean section led to significantly improved fetal and neonatal salvage in 242 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 1973 and 1975. The reduction in perinatal mortality to a corrected rate of 12/1000 in the years 1973-1975, compared to a previous rate of 75/1000 between 1970 and 1972, justifies the modern aggressive management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.", "contents": "Modern management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy contribute significantly to perinatal mortality. Successful application of modern tests of antepartum fetal status and appropriately timed delivery, with monitored labor and liberal use of cesarean section led to significantly improved fetal and neonatal salvage in 242 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 1973 and 1975. The reduction in perinatal mortality to a corrected rate of 12/1000 in the years 1973-1975, compared to a previous rate of 75/1000 between 1970 and 1972, justifies the modern aggressive management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.", "PMID": 662241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9464", "title": "A new method of evaluating fetal growth.", "content": "When fetal brain weight (BrW) is expressed as a modified exponential function of total body weight (BW), there is close agreement (p = 0.9841) between measured and calculated values (Sy = 6.16 g). Fetal BrW in utero can be determined from the neurocranial cross-sectional area (CSA) of the fronto-parieto-occipital plane. The standard error of the estimate is Sy = 8.03 g. The estimation of BW from the abdominal circumference and BrW from the CSA is the basis of two indexes which reflect the BrW:BW relationship. By definition, the brain size index (BSI) is 100 in the normally growing fetus. In a given case, a value greater than 100 denotes the amount by which measured BrW exceeds the BrW which is appropriately for a normal fetus of the same BW. The somatic retardation index (SRI) expresses as a percentage the amount by which total fetal weight lags behind normal ponderal growth in cases of IUGR. The indexes provide quantitative data on relative brain and body weights and serve as a ratio scale of the severity of the pathology in IUGR.", "contents": "A new method of evaluating fetal growth. When fetal brain weight (BrW) is expressed as a modified exponential function of total body weight (BW), there is close agreement (p = 0.9841) between measured and calculated values (Sy = 6.16 g). Fetal BrW in utero can be determined from the neurocranial cross-sectional area (CSA) of the fronto-parieto-occipital plane. The standard error of the estimate is Sy = 8.03 g. The estimation of BW from the abdominal circumference and BrW from the CSA is the basis of two indexes which reflect the BrW:BW relationship. By definition, the brain size index (BSI) is 100 in the normally growing fetus. In a given case, a value greater than 100 denotes the amount by which measured BrW exceeds the BrW which is appropriately for a normal fetus of the same BW. The somatic retardation index (SRI) expresses as a percentage the amount by which total fetal weight lags behind normal ponderal growth in cases of IUGR. The indexes provide quantitative data on relative brain and body weights and serve as a ratio scale of the severity of the pathology in IUGR.", "PMID": 662242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9465", "title": "Fetal demise following negative contraction stress tests.", "content": "The contraction stress test (CST) has become widely used to assess antepartum fetal well-being over the past 5 years. A summary of 14 reports in the literature revealed seven fetal deaths in 1739 patients within 1 week of a negative CST, an incidence of 0.4%. This prompted an investigation of our results for comparison. During the period January 1, 1975, to February 28, 1977, 746 patients underwent 1119 CSTs. Seven fetal deaths occurred in 680 patients within 1 week of a negative CST, an incidence of 1.0%. Although maternal conditions associated with fetal demise within 1 week of a negative CST include diabetes mellitus, prolonged pregnancy, chronic hypertension, and pre-eclampsia, fetal death in most instances resulted from factors other than uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI). Conditions commonly associated with fetal demise following a negative CST were umbilical cord accidents, severe congenital anomalies, and abruptio placentae. The low incidence of fetal death after a negative CST supports continued use of the CST in evaluation of high-risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Fetal demise following negative contraction stress tests. The contraction stress test (CST) has become widely used to assess antepartum fetal well-being over the past 5 years. A summary of 14 reports in the literature revealed seven fetal deaths in 1739 patients within 1 week of a negative CST, an incidence of 0.4%. This prompted an investigation of our results for comparison. During the period January 1, 1975, to February 28, 1977, 746 patients underwent 1119 CSTs. Seven fetal deaths occurred in 680 patients within 1 week of a negative CST, an incidence of 1.0%. Although maternal conditions associated with fetal demise within 1 week of a negative CST include diabetes mellitus, prolonged pregnancy, chronic hypertension, and pre-eclampsia, fetal death in most instances resulted from factors other than uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI). Conditions commonly associated with fetal demise following a negative CST were umbilical cord accidents, severe congenital anomalies, and abruptio placentae. The low incidence of fetal death after a negative CST supports continued use of the CST in evaluation of high-risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 662243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9466", "title": "The management of high-risk obstetric transfer patients.", "content": "Regionalization of perinatal care has demonstrated a definite improvement in perinatal mortality and morbidity. It has been shown that it is optimal to have high-risk neonates transferred in utero to tertiary perinatal care centers. In 1976 there were 1622 deliveries at Fort Carson Army Hospital, and 100 perinatal transfers to Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, including 73 in utero transfers and 27 neonatal transfers. An in-depth study of the obstetric management of in utero and neonatal transfers produced guidelines for the aggressive management of high-risk obstetric patients.", "contents": "The management of high-risk obstetric transfer patients. Regionalization of perinatal care has demonstrated a definite improvement in perinatal mortality and morbidity. It has been shown that it is optimal to have high-risk neonates transferred in utero to tertiary perinatal care centers. In 1976 there were 1622 deliveries at Fort Carson Army Hospital, and 100 perinatal transfers to Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, including 73 in utero transfers and 27 neonatal transfers. An in-depth study of the obstetric management of in utero and neonatal transfers produced guidelines for the aggressive management of high-risk obstetric patients.", "PMID": 662244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9467", "title": "Prognostic value of the pregnancy zone protein during early pregnancy in spontaneous abortion.", "content": "The concentration of pregnancy zone (PZ) protein in maternal serum during early normal pregnancy was followed in a prospective study of 261 pregnant women. A marked increase which followed an exponential function was found and a theoretic onset of induction at the time for implantation was calculated. Women with a later spontaneous abortion had low values. The prognostic relevance of PZ determinations was studied and values from women who later had a spontaneous abortion were compared to those from normal pregnancies. The prognostic value of PZ protein was compared to that of hCG and progesterone. PZ and hCG assays had the same prognostic accuracy concerning the outcome of pregnancy while determinations of progesterone were less valuable.", "contents": "Prognostic value of the pregnancy zone protein during early pregnancy in spontaneous abortion. The concentration of pregnancy zone (PZ) protein in maternal serum during early normal pregnancy was followed in a prospective study of 261 pregnant women. A marked increase which followed an exponential function was found and a theoretic onset of induction at the time for implantation was calculated. Women with a later spontaneous abortion had low values. The prognostic relevance of PZ determinations was studied and values from women who later had a spontaneous abortion were compared to those from normal pregnancies. The prognostic value of PZ protein was compared to that of hCG and progesterone. PZ and hCG assays had the same prognostic accuracy concerning the outcome of pregnancy while determinations of progesterone were less valuable.", "PMID": 662245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9468", "title": "Hematologic effects of phenytoin therapy during pregnancy.", "content": "Serum folate and plasma phenytoin concentrations were measured in 10 epileptic gravidas who did not receive folate supplementation. Mean serum folate concentration averaged 5.0 ng/ml during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy but significantly decreased to 2.9 ng/ml during nonpregnant evaluation 1 to 12 months following delivery. No patient exhibited anemia or macrocytosis suggestive of cellular folate deficiency either during or following pregnancy. Although phenytoin dosage remained relatively constant, plasma phenytoin concentrations during pregnancy were significantly lower than nonpregnant concentrations. The improvement in folate status observed during pregnancy may be related to lowered plasma phenytoin concentrations.", "contents": "Hematologic effects of phenytoin therapy during pregnancy. Serum folate and plasma phenytoin concentrations were measured in 10 epileptic gravidas who did not receive folate supplementation. Mean serum folate concentration averaged 5.0 ng/ml during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy but significantly decreased to 2.9 ng/ml during nonpregnant evaluation 1 to 12 months following delivery. No patient exhibited anemia or macrocytosis suggestive of cellular folate deficiency either during or following pregnancy. Although phenytoin dosage remained relatively constant, plasma phenytoin concentrations during pregnancy were significantly lower than nonpregnant concentrations. The improvement in folate status observed during pregnancy may be related to lowered plasma phenytoin concentrations.", "PMID": 662246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9469", "title": "Effects of decreased prenatal activity in patients with twin pregnancy.", "content": "In an attempt to reduce perinatal mortality in twin gestation, patients in whom the diagnosis was made prenatally were urged to remain in the hospital at reduced activity until the 36th week of pregnancy. Seventy patients accepted this therapy during the years 1964-1975. The perinatal mortality appeared to be reduced and a major benefit was noted in increased fetal weights.", "contents": "Effects of decreased prenatal activity in patients with twin pregnancy. In an attempt to reduce perinatal mortality in twin gestation, patients in whom the diagnosis was made prenatally were urged to remain in the hospital at reduced activity until the 36th week of pregnancy. Seventy patients accepted this therapy during the years 1964-1975. The perinatal mortality appeared to be reduced and a major benefit was noted in increased fetal weights.", "PMID": 662247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9470", "title": "Postpartum uterine pressures under halothane or enflurance anesthesia.", "content": "Postpartum uterine pressures were measured in healthy women with an intrauterine microballoon before, during, and after administration of different concentrations of halothane or enflurane. Arterial blood samples for anesthetic levels were obtained at intervals. Frequency and intensity of contractions diminished markedly when blood levels exceeded the equivalent of 1/2 MAC (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration which produces immobility in one-half of subjects exposed to a noxious stimulus) of nonpregnant adults, but normal patterns returned promptly on lightening of anesthesia. Response to 10 mU of oxytocin was suppressed at blood levels corresponding to between 3/4 and 1 MAC of the agents. Halothane and enflurane exert equipotent dose-related reversible effects on the activity of the full-term pregnant human uterus.", "contents": "Postpartum uterine pressures under halothane or enflurance anesthesia. Postpartum uterine pressures were measured in healthy women with an intrauterine microballoon before, during, and after administration of different concentrations of halothane or enflurane. Arterial blood samples for anesthetic levels were obtained at intervals. Frequency and intensity of contractions diminished markedly when blood levels exceeded the equivalent of 1/2 MAC (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration which produces immobility in one-half of subjects exposed to a noxious stimulus) of nonpregnant adults, but normal patterns returned promptly on lightening of anesthesia. Response to 10 mU of oxytocin was suppressed at blood levels corresponding to between 3/4 and 1 MAC of the agents. Halothane and enflurane exert equipotent dose-related reversible effects on the activity of the full-term pregnant human uterus.", "PMID": 662248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9471", "title": "Midtrimester abortion with urea, prostaglandin F2alpha, laminaria, and oxytocin. A new regimen.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine a method of amino infusion that would 1) produce abortion within 12 hours; 2) be relatively free from risks of coagulapathy and electrolyte imbalance; 3) not result in delivery of liveborns; and 4) incur minimal gastrointestinal side effects from prostaglandin. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups unless history and examination revealed a contraindication to the use of prostaglandin. Three infusions were used: prostaglandin alone, urea alone, and a combination of urea and prostaglandin. All patients had pre-infusion laminaria inserted and all received oxytocin following infusion. There was a significant difference in instillation to abortion time when comparing the three groups and a marked reduction in gastrointestinal side effects using a lower dosage of prostaglandin. The synergistic effect of urea and prostaglandin F2alpha, previously demonstrated was further enhanced by the use of oxytocin and laminaria. This produced a mean instillation to abortion time significantly shorter than previous studies have shown and, indeed, offers a means of second trimester abortion suitable for use in ambulatory surgery facilities, precluding the high cost of inpatient care.", "contents": "Midtrimester abortion with urea, prostaglandin F2alpha, laminaria, and oxytocin. A new regimen. This study was undertaken to determine a method of amino infusion that would 1) produce abortion within 12 hours; 2) be relatively free from risks of coagulapathy and electrolyte imbalance; 3) not result in delivery of liveborns; and 4) incur minimal gastrointestinal side effects from prostaglandin. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups unless history and examination revealed a contraindication to the use of prostaglandin. Three infusions were used: prostaglandin alone, urea alone, and a combination of urea and prostaglandin. All patients had pre-infusion laminaria inserted and all received oxytocin following infusion. There was a significant difference in instillation to abortion time when comparing the three groups and a marked reduction in gastrointestinal side effects using a lower dosage of prostaglandin. The synergistic effect of urea and prostaglandin F2alpha, previously demonstrated was further enhanced by the use of oxytocin and laminaria. This produced a mean instillation to abortion time significantly shorter than previous studies have shown and, indeed, offers a means of second trimester abortion suitable for use in ambulatory surgery facilities, precluding the high cost of inpatient care.", "PMID": 662249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9472", "title": "5-fluorouracil topical treatment of in situ vulvar cancer. A preliminary report.", "content": "Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has proven effective in epidermoid cancers of the head and neck. Its effectiveness has been correlated with the ability of the patient's immunologic system to recognize new antigens. In this study, 8 patients with carcinoma in situ of the vulva were evaluated and treated with topical 5-FU. Evaluation and followup has been completed and the literature reviewed. The overall treatment response rate was 75%. Followup to date has been 3-39 months. Thirty-five cases were reviewed from this series and the literature with a similar outcome.", "contents": "5-fluorouracil topical treatment of in situ vulvar cancer. A preliminary report. Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has proven effective in epidermoid cancers of the head and neck. Its effectiveness has been correlated with the ability of the patient's immunologic system to recognize new antigens. In this study, 8 patients with carcinoma in situ of the vulva were evaluated and treated with topical 5-FU. Evaluation and followup has been completed and the literature reviewed. The overall treatment response rate was 75%. Followup to date has been 3-39 months. Thirty-five cases were reviewed from this series and the literature with a similar outcome.", "PMID": 662250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9473", "title": "Cervical cytology. Increased sensitivity with a second cervical smear.", "content": "Two consecutive Papanicolaou smears were obtained in 3524 patients during a single clinic visit. The first smear consisted of a combined cervical scrape and vaginal pool sample (Fast smear) while the second smear contained only a cervical scrape. Of the 93 patients with abnormal cytology, 71 (76%) patients were identified by the first smear and 74 (80%) by the second smear. The interpretation of the two smears correlated in 51 patients (54.8%). Of the remaining 42 patients, the cytologic findings were more advanced in the second smear in 19 cases, and in 23 cases the reverse was true. There were 19 instances in which the cytologic findings were suspicious or positive. In 8 (42.1%) of these 19, one of the two smears contained either negative (7) or atypical (1) cytologic findings. The histologic diagnosis corresponded to the more advanced cytologic findings in all cases. The addition of the second cervical smear increased the detection rate of suspicious of positive cytology by 26.3%.", "contents": "Cervical cytology. Increased sensitivity with a second cervical smear. Two consecutive Papanicolaou smears were obtained in 3524 patients during a single clinic visit. The first smear consisted of a combined cervical scrape and vaginal pool sample (Fast smear) while the second smear contained only a cervical scrape. Of the 93 patients with abnormal cytology, 71 (76%) patients were identified by the first smear and 74 (80%) by the second smear. The interpretation of the two smears correlated in 51 patients (54.8%). Of the remaining 42 patients, the cytologic findings were more advanced in the second smear in 19 cases, and in 23 cases the reverse was true. There were 19 instances in which the cytologic findings were suspicious or positive. In 8 (42.1%) of these 19, one of the two smears contained either negative (7) or atypical (1) cytologic findings. The histologic diagnosis corresponded to the more advanced cytologic findings in all cases. The addition of the second cervical smear increased the detection rate of suspicious of positive cytology by 26.3%.", "PMID": 662251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9474", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-subunit) in the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "In 15 women with suspected ectopic pregnancy considerable amounts of beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were detected in the serum by the radioimmunoassay technique. The diagnosis was proved by laparotomy. In another 25 suspected cases beta-hCG values were less than 1 mU/ml, and in those cases the diagnosis was excluded. The detection of the beta-subunit of hCG in the serum was found to be an excellent tool for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, thus helping to prevent the dangerous sequelae which follow in the late diagnosis of this condition. The advantage of detecting the beta-subunit of hCG rather than hCG is discussed.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-subunit) in the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. In 15 women with suspected ectopic pregnancy considerable amounts of beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were detected in the serum by the radioimmunoassay technique. The diagnosis was proved by laparotomy. In another 25 suspected cases beta-hCG values were less than 1 mU/ml, and in those cases the diagnosis was excluded. The detection of the beta-subunit of hCG in the serum was found to be an excellent tool for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, thus helping to prevent the dangerous sequelae which follow in the late diagnosis of this condition. The advantage of detecting the beta-subunit of hCG rather than hCG is discussed.", "PMID": 662253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9475", "title": "The behavioral implications of some old wives' tales.", "content": "A study was designed to gain information on the concerns, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge that women have about reproduction to determine how these affect their health practices during pregnancy. A low-income multiethnic clinic population was studied in which the majority of the patients were in a high-risk category for pregnancy. They often failed to follow suggested regimens and/or engaged in negative health behaviors. Interviews with patients revealed that they too identified a number of risk factors in pregnancy, but that there was a disparity between their perceived risks and those of concern to the clinic staff. Many of the problems ascribed to patient noncompliance may be attributable to this differential perception of what constitutes a danger to pregnant women. In clinical settings where patients and professionals are divided by social class and cultural differences, it is suggested that physicians be aware of such beliefs so that patients may be reeducated to improve pregnancy outcomes.", "contents": "The behavioral implications of some old wives' tales. A study was designed to gain information on the concerns, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge that women have about reproduction to determine how these affect their health practices during pregnancy. A low-income multiethnic clinic population was studied in which the majority of the patients were in a high-risk category for pregnancy. They often failed to follow suggested regimens and/or engaged in negative health behaviors. Interviews with patients revealed that they too identified a number of risk factors in pregnancy, but that there was a disparity between their perceived risks and those of concern to the clinic staff. Many of the problems ascribed to patient noncompliance may be attributable to this differential perception of what constitutes a danger to pregnant women. In clinical settings where patients and professionals are divided by social class and cultural differences, it is suggested that physicians be aware of such beliefs so that patients may be reeducated to improve pregnancy outcomes.", "PMID": 662254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9476", "title": "Pilocytic (juvenile) astrocytoma of the optic nerve. The influence of biopsy.", "content": "The biopsy and the decompression of a pilocytic (juvenile) astrocytoma of the optic nerve may caused increased mucoid formation and increased meningothelial reaction (meningioma formation) and therefore expansion of the tumour remnants. Experiences in the literature and our own clinical, histological and electrron microscopic observations are proof of this thesis. The correct diagnosis is easily established clinically. We should remain conservative if there is no necessity to intervene. A subtotal excision may be harmful.", "contents": "Pilocytic (juvenile) astrocytoma of the optic nerve. The influence of biopsy. The biopsy and the decompression of a pilocytic (juvenile) astrocytoma of the optic nerve may caused increased mucoid formation and increased meningothelial reaction (meningioma formation) and therefore expansion of the tumour remnants. Experiences in the literature and our own clinical, histological and electrron microscopic observations are proof of this thesis. The correct diagnosis is easily established clinically. We should remain conservative if there is no necessity to intervene. A subtotal excision may be harmful.", "PMID": 662271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9477", "title": "Histopatholocial changes in siderosis bulbi.", "content": "The histopathology of indirect siderosis bulbi induced by iron intraocular foreign bodies which penetrated into the posterior segment of the eye, is reported. Iron ions dispers into the vitreous first and in the aqueous humor later and then they enter into all the tissues which surround the vitreous and the aqueous. Iron ions penetrate also into the suprachoroidal space through the angle. The importance of this route of penetration upon the appearance of atypical ERG finding in siderosis bulbi is briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Histopatholocial changes in siderosis bulbi. The histopathology of indirect siderosis bulbi induced by iron intraocular foreign bodies which penetrated into the posterior segment of the eye, is reported. Iron ions dispers into the vitreous first and in the aqueous humor later and then they enter into all the tissues which surround the vitreous and the aqueous. Iron ions penetrate also into the suprachoroidal space through the angle. The importance of this route of penetration upon the appearance of atypical ERG finding in siderosis bulbi is briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 662272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9478", "title": "[Results with non-fixed silicone implants in the treatment of blow-out-fracture and fracture of the orbit].", "content": "The number of difficult maxillofacial fractures increases with the number of traffic accidents. 80% of all accidents of this kind are accompanied by juries of the head. In the treatment of combined blow-out-fracture and fracture of the orbit, the most important task is a repair of all orbital structures in collaboration of the ophthalmologist with the otolaryngolist and the oral surgeon. A knowledge of all orbital fractures (stages according to Bleeker) is an essential basic requirement. Bigger defects of the orbital walls are closed by me with one, two or three perforated silicon implants in accordance with Whyte. The open repair of the orbital ring with intraosseous fixation is the modern method of treatment of dislocated orbital bones. After a detailed description of my own operative procedure the treatment results of 75 combined blow-out-fractures--among them 4 orbital fractures of the floor, walls, roof and margins--are given. The following complications are listed: 1 case of orbital hemorrhage, 36 cases of persistent lower lid edema, 4 cases of tissue reaction to the alloplast, 3 cases of infection )amoung them one otolaryngolical case) and 5 cases of extrusion of the implant.", "contents": "[Results with non-fixed silicone implants in the treatment of blow-out-fracture and fracture of the orbit]. The number of difficult maxillofacial fractures increases with the number of traffic accidents. 80% of all accidents of this kind are accompanied by juries of the head. In the treatment of combined blow-out-fracture and fracture of the orbit, the most important task is a repair of all orbital structures in collaboration of the ophthalmologist with the otolaryngolist and the oral surgeon. A knowledge of all orbital fractures (stages according to Bleeker) is an essential basic requirement. Bigger defects of the orbital walls are closed by me with one, two or three perforated silicon implants in accordance with Whyte. The open repair of the orbital ring with intraosseous fixation is the modern method of treatment of dislocated orbital bones. After a detailed description of my own operative procedure the treatment results of 75 combined blow-out-fractures--among them 4 orbital fractures of the floor, walls, roof and margins--are given. The following complications are listed: 1 case of orbital hemorrhage, 36 cases of persistent lower lid edema, 4 cases of tissue reaction to the alloplast, 3 cases of infection )amoung them one otolaryngolical case) and 5 cases of extrusion of the implant.", "PMID": 662273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9479", "title": "Immunopathology of the lens. II. 86Rb efflux and protein leakage from normal lenses exposed to antilens and antiuveoretina antibodies.", "content": "Normal rabbit lenses exposed in vitro to heterologous antilens and antiuveoretina antibodies lose control of the intracellular 86Rb and this effect is followed by a late leakage of lenticular proteins; both phenomena take place only in the presence of complement. This antibody-induced complement-dependent membrane damage might be involved in the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in uveitis and in the self-maintenance of recurrent uveal inflammations.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the lens. II. 86Rb efflux and protein leakage from normal lenses exposed to antilens and antiuveoretina antibodies. Normal rabbit lenses exposed in vitro to heterologous antilens and antiuveoretina antibodies lose control of the intracellular 86Rb and this effect is followed by a late leakage of lenticular proteins; both phenomena take place only in the presence of complement. This antibody-induced complement-dependent membrane damage might be involved in the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in uveitis and in the self-maintenance of recurrent uveal inflammations.", "PMID": 662274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9480", "title": "[Orbital chordoma].", "content": "The clinical course, autopsy findings and histological appearance are described in a case of malignant chordoma of the skull base involving the orbits, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and the middle and posterior cranial fossa. Exophthalmos developed early as an unusual symptom in association with ocular pareses, visual detoriation and visual field loss. The clinical and histological characteristics of this rare tumour are briefly reviewed and compared with the findings in the present case.", "contents": "[Orbital chordoma]. The clinical course, autopsy findings and histological appearance are described in a case of malignant chordoma of the skull base involving the orbits, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and the middle and posterior cranial fossa. Exophthalmos developed early as an unusual symptom in association with ocular pareses, visual detoriation and visual field loss. The clinical and histological characteristics of this rare tumour are briefly reviewed and compared with the findings in the present case.", "PMID": 662275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9481", "title": "Orbital involvement of an extramedullary plasmacytoma.", "content": "A patient presenting with left-sided proptosis was found to have an EMP primary to the maxillary antrum with extenion into the orbital floor. The patient was in stage II, and myeloma protein was detectable. This protein was found to be the lambda-chain of IgG.", "contents": "Orbital involvement of an extramedullary plasmacytoma. A patient presenting with left-sided proptosis was found to have an EMP primary to the maxillary antrum with extenion into the orbital floor. The patient was in stage II, and myeloma protein was detectable. This protein was found to be the lambda-chain of IgG.", "PMID": 662276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9482", "title": "Immunopathology of the Lens. III. The effect of experimental allergic uveitis on the cation balance in the lens.", "content": "Rabbit lenses from eyes suffering from experimental allergic uveitis showed a clear enhancement in the 86Rb efflux as compared to the lenses from the fellow normal eyes. Intracellular K+ was also significantly decreased and Na+ significantly increased after several relapses of inflammation.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the Lens. III. The effect of experimental allergic uveitis on the cation balance in the lens. Rabbit lenses from eyes suffering from experimental allergic uveitis showed a clear enhancement in the 86Rb efflux as compared to the lenses from the fellow normal eyes. Intracellular K+ was also significantly decreased and Na+ significantly increased after several relapses of inflammation.", "PMID": 662277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9483", "title": "The disc and the field in glaucoma.", "content": "The previous descriptions of the optic nerve head were reviewed. A study was done using discriminant analysis, in which an 85% separation was obtained by means of the discriminant function in a prospective study. The false positives showed a higher incidence of subsequent visual field defects from the true negatives. The pitfalls of the use of the optic nerve head appearance in the recognition of glaucomatous visual field defects were discussed.", "contents": "The disc and the field in glaucoma. The previous descriptions of the optic nerve head were reviewed. A study was done using discriminant analysis, in which an 85% separation was obtained by means of the discriminant function in a prospective study. The false positives showed a higher incidence of subsequent visual field defects from the true negatives. The pitfalls of the use of the optic nerve head appearance in the recognition of glaucomatous visual field defects were discussed.", "PMID": 662278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9484", "title": "Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma.", "content": "A review of the history, recognition, mechanisms, and therapy of ciliary block glaucoma has been given. Cycloplegic therapy is stressed in the susceptible eye.", "contents": "Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma. A review of the history, recognition, mechanisms, and therapy of ciliary block glaucoma has been given. Cycloplegic therapy is stressed in the susceptible eye.", "PMID": 662279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9485", "title": "Dipivalyl epinephrine: a new pro-drug in the treatment of glaucoma.", "content": "The dansyl chloride technique in conjunction with thin layer chromatography and autoradiography has shown that dipivalyl epinephrine is a pro-drug in the human eye. Dipivalyl epinephrine appears to be a more effective epinephrine compound, in that it penetrates the cornea approximately 17 times greater than epinephrine.", "contents": "Dipivalyl epinephrine: a new pro-drug in the treatment of glaucoma. The dansyl chloride technique in conjunction with thin layer chromatography and autoradiography has shown that dipivalyl epinephrine is a pro-drug in the human eye. Dipivalyl epinephrine appears to be a more effective epinephrine compound, in that it penetrates the cornea approximately 17 times greater than epinephrine.", "PMID": 662280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9486", "title": "The pathogenesis of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "What is the cause of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome? Looking for the answer to this puzzling question, we examined 21 patients with the disease. Sixteen patients had gglaucoma: three bilateral and 13 unilateral. Episcleral hemangiomas were visible in all glaucomatous eyes. In general, the more extensive the hemangioma, the more severe was the glaucoma. During gonioscopy, blood could easily be made to reflux into Schlemm's canal of glaucomatous eyes. Often the canal separated into multiple fine channels. Episcleral venous pressure, which we measured in 11 patients, was high in all glaucomatous eyes. These observations suggest that glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome is caused by elevated episcleral venous pressure. Most likely, veins draining aqueous from the canal of Schlemm are part of an intrascleral or episcleral hemangioma. The canal of Schlemm itself may be part of the hemangioma. Arteriovenous shunts in the hemangioma raise episcleral venous pressure, which in turn elevates intraocular pressure.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. What is the cause of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome? Looking for the answer to this puzzling question, we examined 21 patients with the disease. Sixteen patients had gglaucoma: three bilateral and 13 unilateral. Episcleral hemangiomas were visible in all glaucomatous eyes. In general, the more extensive the hemangioma, the more severe was the glaucoma. During gonioscopy, blood could easily be made to reflux into Schlemm's canal of glaucomatous eyes. Often the canal separated into multiple fine channels. Episcleral venous pressure, which we measured in 11 patients, was high in all glaucomatous eyes. These observations suggest that glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome is caused by elevated episcleral venous pressure. Most likely, veins draining aqueous from the canal of Schlemm are part of an intrascleral or episcleral hemangioma. The canal of Schlemm itself may be part of the hemangioma. Arteriovenous shunts in the hemangioma raise episcleral venous pressure, which in turn elevates intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 662281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9487", "title": "The limitations of kinetic perimetry in early scotoma detection.", "content": "When tested by Goldmann kinetic perimetry ten patients with glaucomatous optic disc cupping had no visual field defects, but visual field defects were detected when tested by threshold static perimetry on the Tubingen perimeter. To improve the detection ability of kinetic perimetry, we suggest placing the interisopter spot-checks close together or expanding the central 30 degrees plotting area.", "contents": "The limitations of kinetic perimetry in early scotoma detection. When tested by Goldmann kinetic perimetry ten patients with glaucomatous optic disc cupping had no visual field defects, but visual field defects were detected when tested by threshold static perimetry on the Tubingen perimeter. To improve the detection ability of kinetic perimetry, we suggest placing the interisopter spot-checks close together or expanding the central 30 degrees plotting area.", "PMID": 662282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9488", "title": "Postoperative endophthalmitis. Introduction: incidence and etiology.", "content": "Postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) can occur after any type of intraocular surgery including operations for cataract, glaucoma, penetrating keratoplasty, retinal detachment, vitrectomy, and the repair of perforating trauma. Notwithstanding a gradual reduction in the overall incidence of POE, sporadic cases and occasional multiple outbreaks continue to cause the loss of eyes. This symposium is concerned with the incidence, epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of POE caused by bacteria and fungi.", "contents": "Postoperative endophthalmitis. Introduction: incidence and etiology. Postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) can occur after any type of intraocular surgery including operations for cataract, glaucoma, penetrating keratoplasty, retinal detachment, vitrectomy, and the repair of perforating trauma. Notwithstanding a gradual reduction in the overall incidence of POE, sporadic cases and occasional multiple outbreaks continue to cause the loss of eyes. This symposium is concerned with the incidence, epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of POE caused by bacteria and fungi.", "PMID": 662283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9489", "title": "Etiology and diagnosis of fungal postoperative endophthalmitis.", "content": "Delayed infections after ocular surgery (especially cataract) are usually due to saprophytic contaminant fungi of relatively low pathogeneicity. About 20 different varieties of fungi have been cultured from such eyes. Thus, as far as the eye is concerned, there is no such thing as a harmless, benign fungus. Mycotic postoperative endophthalmitis is a distinct entity with a typical clinical picture, easily diagnosed once learned. Laboratory tests are often positive. Since the visual result is poor even if the eye is saved, prevention and early recognition are our primary concerns. In this regard, a recent episode of 12 infections from contaminated intraocular lens neutralizing solutions as well as other sporadic instances of fungal infection after lens implantation must be noted.", "contents": "Etiology and diagnosis of fungal postoperative endophthalmitis. Delayed infections after ocular surgery (especially cataract) are usually due to saprophytic contaminant fungi of relatively low pathogeneicity. About 20 different varieties of fungi have been cultured from such eyes. Thus, as far as the eye is concerned, there is no such thing as a harmless, benign fungus. Mycotic postoperative endophthalmitis is a distinct entity with a typical clinical picture, easily diagnosed once learned. Laboratory tests are often positive. Since the visual result is poor even if the eye is saved, prevention and early recognition are our primary concerns. In this regard, a recent episode of 12 infections from contaminated intraocular lens neutralizing solutions as well as other sporadic instances of fungal infection after lens implantation must be noted.", "PMID": 662284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9490", "title": "Experimental aspects and their clinical application.", "content": "After laboratory evaluation of nontoxic doses of intravitreal antibiotics, 26 cases of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis were treated by intravitreal antibiotic or vitrectomy. In 46% of all cases, visual acuity was better than 20/100, whereas 27% had light perception to 20/300 visual acuity, 4% had no light perception, and 23% of the cases were enucleated or eviscerated. Best results have been achieved when the treatment began within 36 hours after symptomatic onset of infection and when the organism involved was not to virulent. We advocate intravitreal antibiotics immediately after intracameral and vitreous tap for culture, to be followed by vitrectomy 24 hours later if the culture is positive. In bacterial endophthalamitis when the vitreous is severely involved and in cases of fungal endophthalmitis, we advocate vitrectomy plus intravitreal antibiotics as the primary procedure.", "contents": "Experimental aspects and their clinical application. After laboratory evaluation of nontoxic doses of intravitreal antibiotics, 26 cases of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis were treated by intravitreal antibiotic or vitrectomy. In 46% of all cases, visual acuity was better than 20/100, whereas 27% had light perception to 20/300 visual acuity, 4% had no light perception, and 23% of the cases were enucleated or eviscerated. Best results have been achieved when the treatment began within 36 hours after symptomatic onset of infection and when the organism involved was not to virulent. We advocate intravitreal antibiotics immediately after intracameral and vitreous tap for culture, to be followed by vitrectomy 24 hours later if the culture is positive. In bacterial endophthalamitis when the vitreous is severely involved and in cases of fungal endophthalmitis, we advocate vitrectomy plus intravitreal antibiotics as the primary procedure.", "PMID": 662286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9491", "title": "Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis.", "content": "Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) requires (1) environmental control, (2) tissue control, and (3) anticipation of eyes at special risk of infection. Environmental control entails an adequate supply of finely filtered air and absolute sterility of solutions, medications, and objects and materials used during surgery. Tissue control involves degerming the skin of the operative field, inhibition of the flora of the lid margins by an antibiotic ointment use preoperatively, and pretreatment of the conjunctival tear film by soluble antibiotics possessing activity against Proteus and Pseudomonas as well as gram-positive species. Eyes at special risk of infection include those of diabetics, chronic alcoholics, and individuals who have been maintained for long periods of time on systemic or topical corticosteroids. Patients who have had multiple eye operations, recurrent uveitis, and who are scheduled for surgery on the second eye during a single hospital admission should receive special consideration preoperatively.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis. Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) requires (1) environmental control, (2) tissue control, and (3) anticipation of eyes at special risk of infection. Environmental control entails an adequate supply of finely filtered air and absolute sterility of solutions, medications, and objects and materials used during surgery. Tissue control involves degerming the skin of the operative field, inhibition of the flora of the lid margins by an antibiotic ointment use preoperatively, and pretreatment of the conjunctival tear film by soluble antibiotics possessing activity against Proteus and Pseudomonas as well as gram-positive species. Eyes at special risk of infection include those of diabetics, chronic alcoholics, and individuals who have been maintained for long periods of time on systemic or topical corticosteroids. Patients who have had multiple eye operations, recurrent uveitis, and who are scheduled for surgery on the second eye during a single hospital admission should receive special consideration preoperatively.", "PMID": 662287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9492", "title": "Survey on the use of intraocular lenses.", "content": "A birth of interest in lens implantation occurred especially in the United states in 1974. This coincides with the beginning of four major American lens manufacturers. This interest expoded in 1975 and 1976 and seems to be continuing to grow. Only a few surgeons have stopped implants, most of them after having done ten or less. Half of the surgeons now doing implants have done 25 or less, while 40% have performed a series of 25 to 200. Intracapsular lens styles were the most often used, and the Worst Medallion lens was by far the most popular. Medical Workshop was the leading supplier of lens implants. Accounting for 25%, and European lenses were more often used (61%). The majority of surgeons beginning lens implants after 1974 used either American lenses exclusively or both sources. The majority of lenses used were designed by Binkhorst and Worst. Only 4% of lenses implanted were done secondarily, but one third of the surgeons have performed this procedure; more do them as their experience grows. An overall visual acuity of 20/40 or better postoperatively was found in 83.8% of cases. Significant lens power errors were rare but increased with increasing experience. One third of the surgeons have reported removing a lens implant at a rate of 0.8%, but only 3% of the surgeons have reported removing an eye with a lens implant at a rate of 0.05%.", "contents": "Survey on the use of intraocular lenses. A birth of interest in lens implantation occurred especially in the United states in 1974. This coincides with the beginning of four major American lens manufacturers. This interest expoded in 1975 and 1976 and seems to be continuing to grow. Only a few surgeons have stopped implants, most of them after having done ten or less. Half of the surgeons now doing implants have done 25 or less, while 40% have performed a series of 25 to 200. Intracapsular lens styles were the most often used, and the Worst Medallion lens was by far the most popular. Medical Workshop was the leading supplier of lens implants. Accounting for 25%, and European lenses were more often used (61%). The majority of surgeons beginning lens implants after 1974 used either American lenses exclusively or both sources. The majority of lenses used were designed by Binkhorst and Worst. Only 4% of lenses implanted were done secondarily, but one third of the surgeons have performed this procedure; more do them as their experience grows. An overall visual acuity of 20/40 or better postoperatively was found in 83.8% of cases. Significant lens power errors were rare but increased with increasing experience. One third of the surgeons have reported removing a lens implant at a rate of 0.8%, but only 3% of the surgeons have reported removing an eye with a lens implant at a rate of 0.05%.", "PMID": 662289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9493", "title": "Surgical correction of far advanced otosclerosis.", "content": "The patient with far advanced otosclerosis (a nonmeasurable bone-air gap) may appear superficially to be suffering from profound or total sensorineural impairment. Only by a careful history and examination can a proper diagnosis be made. Stapedectomy has produced satisfactory results in 46 per cent of these cases in our hands.", "contents": "Surgical correction of far advanced otosclerosis. The patient with far advanced otosclerosis (a nonmeasurable bone-air gap) may appear superficially to be suffering from profound or total sensorineural impairment. Only by a careful history and examination can a proper diagnosis be made. Stapedectomy has produced satisfactory results in 46 per cent of these cases in our hands.", "PMID": 662339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9494", "title": "Sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear otospongiosis: etiology.", "content": "This presentation discusses the most valuable way to correlate specific morphologic changes in cochlear otospongiosis with sensorineural hearing loss. Both biochemical and vascular factors may be responsible for the association of far advanced otospongiosis and histopathologic changes. An enzymatic concept of the disease is proposed on the basis of experimental findings and cytoclinical correlations, and the spread of proteolytic enzymes from the bursting lysosomes in histiocytes of the otospongiotic microfoci of the lateral wall. In addition, according to Ruedi's vascular concept, abnormal vascular connections called \"shunts\", provoked by active foci breakiny oxygen. Such extensive otospongiotic bone transformation breaking the endosteum of the cochlear is much less frequent than the progressive cochlear component encountered by otologic surgeons in far advanced otospongiosis. It is for this reason that the authors believe that their enzymatic concept of otospongiosis may explain the most important part of the sensorineural impairment in cochlear otospongiosis.", "contents": "Sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear otospongiosis: etiology. This presentation discusses the most valuable way to correlate specific morphologic changes in cochlear otospongiosis with sensorineural hearing loss. Both biochemical and vascular factors may be responsible for the association of far advanced otospongiosis and histopathologic changes. An enzymatic concept of the disease is proposed on the basis of experimental findings and cytoclinical correlations, and the spread of proteolytic enzymes from the bursting lysosomes in histiocytes of the otospongiotic microfoci of the lateral wall. In addition, according to Ruedi's vascular concept, abnormal vascular connections called \"shunts\", provoked by active foci breakiny oxygen. Such extensive otospongiotic bone transformation breaking the endosteum of the cochlear is much less frequent than the progressive cochlear component encountered by otologic surgeons in far advanced otospongiosis. It is for this reason that the authors believe that their enzymatic concept of otospongiosis may explain the most important part of the sensorineural impairment in cochlear otospongiosis.", "PMID": 662340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9495", "title": "The successful hearing aid user.", "content": "Improvements and modifications in design, construction, evaluation, and application procedures with the wearable hearing aid have brought the benefits of successful hearing aid use to an ever increasing proportion of the hearing impaired population. Many of today's successful hearing aid users would have been regarded at one time as extremely poor risks for hearing aid use. As a consequence, many of the prognostic principles developed as guidelines in advising for or against hearing aid trial are no longer true and should be discarded. Every person who experiences difficulties related to a permanent hearing impairment, no matter how slight or severe hearing loss, should have access to aural rehabilitation, including the use of wearable amplication.", "contents": "The successful hearing aid user. Improvements and modifications in design, construction, evaluation, and application procedures with the wearable hearing aid have brought the benefits of successful hearing aid use to an ever increasing proportion of the hearing impaired population. Many of today's successful hearing aid users would have been regarded at one time as extremely poor risks for hearing aid use. As a consequence, many of the prognostic principles developed as guidelines in advising for or against hearing aid trial are no longer true and should be discarded. Every person who experiences difficulties related to a permanent hearing impairment, no matter how slight or severe hearing loss, should have access to aural rehabilitation, including the use of wearable amplication.", "PMID": 662345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9496", "title": "Identification of hearing loss in infants and young children.", "content": "An infant's hearing loss is detectable at any age. In spite of the importance of identifying deafness early, we do a poor job largely because the medical community is neither aware nor convinced that finding hearing loss is worth the trouble. There are two public health strategies for early detection, the high risk register (family history, hyperbilirubinemia, prematurity, rubella, and maxillofacial anomalies) and behavioral screening. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The incidence of handicapping hearing loss in newborns is 1 per 380 births and 1 per 61 in babies admitted to an intensive care nursery. This is higher than generally believed and may be one favorable result of using a new automated hearing screening system--the Crib-o-gram. In most deaf babies there is more than one risk factor present. Evaluating a hearing suspect baby demands a high index of suspicion, and taking the parent's suspicions seriously. The chances that a hearing loss exists at one year of age is about 1 in 4 on parental suspicion alone, regardless of what the physician's opinion might be. Immediate referral upon suspicion needs to occur more often than it does.", "contents": "Identification of hearing loss in infants and young children. An infant's hearing loss is detectable at any age. In spite of the importance of identifying deafness early, we do a poor job largely because the medical community is neither aware nor convinced that finding hearing loss is worth the trouble. There are two public health strategies for early detection, the high risk register (family history, hyperbilirubinemia, prematurity, rubella, and maxillofacial anomalies) and behavioral screening. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The incidence of handicapping hearing loss in newborns is 1 per 380 births and 1 per 61 in babies admitted to an intensive care nursery. This is higher than generally believed and may be one favorable result of using a new automated hearing screening system--the Crib-o-gram. In most deaf babies there is more than one risk factor present. Evaluating a hearing suspect baby demands a high index of suspicion, and taking the parent's suspicions seriously. The chances that a hearing loss exists at one year of age is about 1 in 4 on parental suspicion alone, regardless of what the physician's opinion might be. Immediate referral upon suspicion needs to occur more often than it does.", "PMID": 662346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9497", "title": "Viral causes of sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Many viruses, even the common cold, are capable of producing sensorineural hearing loss. Treatment so far available is ineffective in correcting these losses. However, as the technology of vaccination advances, it is hoped that these can be prevented. Poliomyelitis and smallpox have been virtually eliminated from this country. Measles, rubella, and mumps are coming under control. Perhaps in the future we will be able to completely control influenza and the common cold and thus prevent many of the sensorineural hearing losses that we see today.", "contents": "Viral causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Many viruses, even the common cold, are capable of producing sensorineural hearing loss. Treatment so far available is ineffective in correcting these losses. However, as the technology of vaccination advances, it is hoped that these can be prevented. Poliomyelitis and smallpox have been virtually eliminated from this country. Measles, rubella, and mumps are coming under control. Perhaps in the future we will be able to completely control influenza and the common cold and thus prevent many of the sensorineural hearing losses that we see today.", "PMID": 662351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9498", "title": "Fluid dynamics in sudden sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "A change in fluid pressure in one intracochlear compartment also causes a pressure gradient in the other. Thus, one membrane break is likely to cause a secondary break. We have presented indirect evidence for such double membrane breaks in sudden hearing loss, and argue that one of the two breaks can heal spontaneously while the other remains active.", "contents": "Fluid dynamics in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. A change in fluid pressure in one intracochlear compartment also causes a pressure gradient in the other. Thus, one membrane break is likely to cause a secondary break. We have presented indirect evidence for such double membrane breaks in sudden hearing loss, and argue that one of the two breaks can heal spontaneously while the other remains active.", "PMID": 662356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9499", "title": "Viral causes of sudden inner ear deafness.", "content": "Clinical, pathologic, and laboratory studies suggesting a viral etiology for sudden deafness have been presented. Although a cause and effect relationship has not been proven, the frequent close association between viral infection and sudden deafness constitutes a strong argument in favor of a viral etiology of sudden deafness in about one of three patients with sudden deafness.", "contents": "Viral causes of sudden inner ear deafness. Clinical, pathologic, and laboratory studies suggesting a viral etiology for sudden deafness have been presented. Although a cause and effect relationship has not been proven, the frequent close association between viral infection and sudden deafness constitutes a strong argument in favor of a viral etiology of sudden deafness in about one of three patients with sudden deafness.", "PMID": 662357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9500", "title": "Electric response audiometry: clinical applications.", "content": "Electric response audiometry is an exciting new development in the field of otology. At the present time it is the best objective audiometric test for predicting the threshold in infants or uncooperative patients. Brain stem audiometry is a valuable addition to the audiologic test battery for acoustic tumor diagnosis. Electrocochleography offers a means for the study of the function of the inner ear and the differentiation of types of sensorineural hearing impairment.", "contents": "Electric response audiometry: clinical applications. Electric response audiometry is an exciting new development in the field of otology. At the present time it is the best objective audiometric test for predicting the threshold in infants or uncooperative patients. Brain stem audiometry is a valuable addition to the audiologic test battery for acoustic tumor diagnosis. Electrocochleography offers a means for the study of the function of the inner ear and the differentiation of types of sensorineural hearing impairment.", "PMID": 662358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9501", "title": "Sudden Hearing Loss Research Clinic.", "content": "There is still a considerable lack of knowledge about the etiology and treatment of sudden hearing loss, despite renewed interest among investigators. There is still no treatment regimen that has been demonstrated to be effective. Other clinics should be established to elucidate the factors surrounding the etiology and to as with sudden hearing loss have another diagnosable disorder, but careful follow-up is necessary. In our series this figure was approximately one-third. Luetic labyrinthitis, perilymphatic fistula, fluctuant hearing loss or endolymphatic hydrops, and acoustic neuroma are among the diagnoses to be considered.", "contents": "Sudden Hearing Loss Research Clinic. There is still a considerable lack of knowledge about the etiology and treatment of sudden hearing loss, despite renewed interest among investigators. There is still no treatment regimen that has been demonstrated to be effective. Other clinics should be established to elucidate the factors surrounding the etiology and to as with sudden hearing loss have another diagnosable disorder, but careful follow-up is necessary. In our series this figure was approximately one-third. Luetic labyrinthitis, perilymphatic fistula, fluctuant hearing loss or endolymphatic hydrops, and acoustic neuroma are among the diagnoses to be considered.", "PMID": 662359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9502", "title": "Rupture of the round window membrane.", "content": "The mechanism of development of rupture of the round window membrane appears to be an increase in pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid transmitted to the inner ear via the cochlear aqueduct. Two cases of rupture of the round window membrane in divers are described in detail. One diver had ruptures of both round window membranes following difficulty in autoinflating when diving, and the other had a rupture of one round window membrane, having presented with acute prostating vertigo and normal hearing. Surgical repair restored the hearing in the former case and preserved normal hearing in the latter. The  similarity between ruptures of the round window membrane and poststapedectomy fistula is emphasized, and it is suggested that spontaneous healing of ruptures may well occur. A case history supporting this hypothesis is presented. The technique of repair of ruptures of the round window membrane is described as well as postoperative management. Normal nasal function in divers is essential if inner ear barotrauma and ruptures of the round window membranes are to be avoided.", "contents": "Rupture of the round window membrane. The mechanism of development of rupture of the round window membrane appears to be an increase in pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid transmitted to the inner ear via the cochlear aqueduct. Two cases of rupture of the round window membrane in divers are described in detail. One diver had ruptures of both round window membranes following difficulty in autoinflating when diving, and the other had a rupture of one round window membrane, having presented with acute prostating vertigo and normal hearing. Surgical repair restored the hearing in the former case and preserved normal hearing in the latter. The  similarity between ruptures of the round window membrane and poststapedectomy fistula is emphasized, and it is suggested that spontaneous healing of ruptures may well occur. A case history supporting this hypothesis is presented. The technique of repair of ruptures of the round window membrane is described as well as postoperative management. Normal nasal function in divers is essential if inner ear barotrauma and ruptures of the round window membranes are to be avoided.", "PMID": 662360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9503", "title": "Activation of succinate dehydrogenase from adult Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda).", "content": "The succinate dehydrogenase of adult Fasciola hepatica was found to exist in active and in active forms. The enzyme was inactivated by 1 micron oxaloacetate and activated by incubation with compounds which bind to the active site (succinate, fumarate, malonate) or by incubation with anions and certain nucleotides. The activation of the enzyme by succinate followed first-order kinetics. The extent of activation of F. hepatica succinate dehydrogenase depended on the nature and concentration of the activator and on the pH. The rate of activation of the enzyme depended on the temperature. In contrast, the fumarate reductase activity of F. hepatica was not activated by incubation with substrate or anions and was not inhibited by oxaloacetate (100 micron). The significance of these results in the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in parasitic helminths is discussed.", "contents": "Activation of succinate dehydrogenase from adult Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda). The succinate dehydrogenase of adult Fasciola hepatica was found to exist in active and in active forms. The enzyme was inactivated by 1 micron oxaloacetate and activated by incubation with compounds which bind to the active site (succinate, fumarate, malonate) or by incubation with anions and certain nucleotides. The activation of the enzyme by succinate followed first-order kinetics. The extent of activation of F. hepatica succinate dehydrogenase depended on the nature and concentration of the activator and on the pH. The rate of activation of the enzyme depended on the temperature. In contrast, the fumarate reductase activity of F. hepatica was not activated by incubation with substrate or anions and was not inhibited by oxaloacetate (100 micron). The significance of these results in the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in parasitic helminths is discussed.", "PMID": 662411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9504", "title": "Strongyloides ratti: the effect of betamethasone on the course of infection in rats.", "content": "Rats were treated with betamethasone at different stages of infection with Strongyloides ratti. Treatment caused a diminution in the number of adult worms recovered but this residual population was not expelled as were worms from untreated rats. If treatment was started after expulsion had already begun adult worm numbers increased--suggesting that autoinfection occurred. Treatment throughout a primary infection prevented the development of an immune response which expelled, or killed, a challenge infection. Treatment, just before and just after challenge, prevented the expulsion of the challenge infection. Worm expulsion up to day 35 was prevented by treating rats with betamethasone 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after infection.", "contents": "Strongyloides ratti: the effect of betamethasone on the course of infection in rats. Rats were treated with betamethasone at different stages of infection with Strongyloides ratti. Treatment caused a diminution in the number of adult worms recovered but this residual population was not expelled as were worms from untreated rats. If treatment was started after expulsion had already begun adult worm numbers increased--suggesting that autoinfection occurred. Treatment throughout a primary infection prevented the development of an immune response which expelled, or killed, a challenge infection. Treatment, just before and just after challenge, prevented the expulsion of the challenge infection. Worm expulsion up to day 35 was prevented by treating rats with betamethasone 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after infection.", "PMID": 662412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9505", "title": "Early developmental changes of the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in mouse lung.", "content": "Fresh (3 h) schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were obtained by the skin penetration method and injected intravenously into groups of mice either immediately or after 48 h incubation in tissue culture. Schistosomula were then recovered from the lungs 1 to 2 days after injection. The recovery results showed that the ability of uncultured schistosomula to emerge from lung tissue increased with time, became maximal on the 3rd day and diminished thereafter. In contrast, cultured schistosomula were able to emerge from chopped lung at a much earlier time after injection. Fresh schistosomula, as well as those recovered from mouse lungs, were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of parasite and host antigens. Similarly, fresh schistosomula which had been incubated in foetal calf serum, with or without mouse red blood cells, were assayed for parasite and host antigens after 3-24 h of culture. Fresh schistosomula expressed parasite antigen with greater intensity than those recovered from mouse lungs and showed no trace of host antigen. Lung schistosomula, on the other hand, expressed less parasite antigen but more red blood cell antigen with increasing time in the host. Schistosomula cultured in the absence of mouse red blood cells expressed only parasite antigen throughout the period in culture, while those cultured in the presence of mouse red blood cells also expressed parasite antigen during the entire period in culture but, in addition, by 24 h host antigen could also be detected. These developmental and adaptational changes may play a role in determining the survival of parasites in the normal or immune host.", "contents": "Early developmental changes of the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in mouse lung. Fresh (3 h) schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were obtained by the skin penetration method and injected intravenously into groups of mice either immediately or after 48 h incubation in tissue culture. Schistosomula were then recovered from the lungs 1 to 2 days after injection. The recovery results showed that the ability of uncultured schistosomula to emerge from lung tissue increased with time, became maximal on the 3rd day and diminished thereafter. In contrast, cultured schistosomula were able to emerge from chopped lung at a much earlier time after injection. Fresh schistosomula, as well as those recovered from mouse lungs, were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of parasite and host antigens. Similarly, fresh schistosomula which had been incubated in foetal calf serum, with or without mouse red blood cells, were assayed for parasite and host antigens after 3-24 h of culture. Fresh schistosomula expressed parasite antigen with greater intensity than those recovered from mouse lungs and showed no trace of host antigen. Lung schistosomula, on the other hand, expressed less parasite antigen but more red blood cell antigen with increasing time in the host. Schistosomula cultured in the absence of mouse red blood cells expressed only parasite antigen throughout the period in culture, while those cultured in the presence of mouse red blood cells also expressed parasite antigen during the entire period in culture but, in addition, by 24 h host antigen could also be detected. These developmental and adaptational changes may play a role in determining the survival of parasites in the normal or immune host.", "PMID": 662413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9506", "title": "A freeze fracture study of the developing tegumental outer membrane of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The freeze fracture technique has been used to quantify changes in the integral components of the double outer membrane of Schistosoma mansoni during the 6-week period of development within the mouse. The intramembraneous particle (IMP) density on the P1 face begins to rise within 6 h of host penetration, reaches a maximum at day 4 and then falls rapidly after day 9, so that it is at a low level between 3 and 6 weeks. The E1 face IMP density follows the same course as that of the P1 face except that maximum particle density is recorded on day 1 and the counts begin to fall on day 5. The IMP density on the P2 face remains at a consistently low level throughout development. The E2 face IMP density rises gradually to a peak at day 4, when the parasites have migrated to the lungs, and remains thereafter at a similar level, so that by 6 weeks the E2 face has a higher IMP density than the other three fracture faces. The E2 face IMP show a marked increase in size on day 4. Morphological studies indicate that a different type of inclusion body makes a transient appearance in the tegument of the lung worms, and immunocytochemical techniques show the lung worms to be nonimmunogenic. It is suggested, therefore, that the E2 face IMP may represent complexes of parasite antigens and acquired host antigens. The tegumental membranes of cultured specimens have also been examined by freeze fracturing and the IMP densities compared with those obtained from in vivo parasites; the cultured schistosomula have a lower E2 face particle density than the in vivo specimens.", "contents": "A freeze fracture study of the developing tegumental outer membrane of Schistosoma mansoni. The freeze fracture technique has been used to quantify changes in the integral components of the double outer membrane of Schistosoma mansoni during the 6-week period of development within the mouse. The intramembraneous particle (IMP) density on the P1 face begins to rise within 6 h of host penetration, reaches a maximum at day 4 and then falls rapidly after day 9, so that it is at a low level between 3 and 6 weeks. The E1 face IMP density follows the same course as that of the P1 face except that maximum particle density is recorded on day 1 and the counts begin to fall on day 5. The IMP density on the P2 face remains at a consistently low level throughout development. The E2 face IMP density rises gradually to a peak at day 4, when the parasites have migrated to the lungs, and remains thereafter at a similar level, so that by 6 weeks the E2 face has a higher IMP density than the other three fracture faces. The E2 face IMP show a marked increase in size on day 4. Morphological studies indicate that a different type of inclusion body makes a transient appearance in the tegument of the lung worms, and immunocytochemical techniques show the lung worms to be nonimmunogenic. It is suggested, therefore, that the E2 face IMP may represent complexes of parasite antigens and acquired host antigens. The tegumental membranes of cultured specimens have also been examined by freeze fracturing and the IMP densities compared with those obtained from in vivo parasites; the cultured schistosomula have a lower E2 face particle density than the in vivo specimens.", "PMID": 662414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9507", "title": "Boophilus microplus: rejection of larvae from British breed cattle.", "content": "Larvae of Boophilus microplus were labelled with [32P] and used to study the rejection of larvae from British breed cattle with different levels of resistance. On animals of high resistance the loss of larvae due to grooming ranged from 9-54% during the first 24 h of infestation, and more time was spent grooming by these animals. Most of the grooming activity could be attributed to the presence of tick larvae and the presence of older tick stages did not increase the percentage of larvae lost. Grooming was directed to attached larvae and these could be removed. Animals of low resistance did not lose a significant number of larvae as a result of grooming, but all previously infested hosts lost a proportion of the larvae (18-39%) which could not be accounted for by grooming. This loss was greater than the total loss of larvae (11%) on animals not previously exposed to B. microplus.", "contents": "Boophilus microplus: rejection of larvae from British breed cattle. Larvae of Boophilus microplus were labelled with [32P] and used to study the rejection of larvae from British breed cattle with different levels of resistance. On animals of high resistance the loss of larvae due to grooming ranged from 9-54% during the first 24 h of infestation, and more time was spent grooming by these animals. Most of the grooming activity could be attributed to the presence of tick larvae and the presence of older tick stages did not increase the percentage of larvae lost. Grooming was directed to attached larvae and these could be removed. Animals of low resistance did not lose a significant number of larvae as a result of grooming, but all previously infested hosts lost a proportion of the larvae (18-39%) which could not be accounted for by grooming. This loss was greater than the total loss of larvae (11%) on animals not previously exposed to B. microplus.", "PMID": 662415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9508", "title": "Decrease of lipase and esterase activities in intestinal contents of newborn infants during test meals.", "content": "Both lipase and esterase activities were present in intestinal contents of all newborns studied, from the first day of life. In adults given a test meal lipase activity increased and esterase activity remained unchanged. In contrast, both activities decreased markedly in infants on feeding. During the digestion of the test meal the lipase activity in intestinal contents of the infants was much lower than in adults (ratio of median values 1:27) and the esterase activity was also several fold lower (ratio of median values 1:1.3). Speculation Newborn infants often absorb lipids less efficiently than adults. One contributing factor may be that their incompletely developed pancreas responds to feedings with comparatively low outputs of lipolytic enzymes. The newborn may be more dependent than adults on auxiliary sources of lipase activity such as the pharyngeal lipase and/or the bile-stimulated lipase in human milk.", "contents": "Decrease of lipase and esterase activities in intestinal contents of newborn infants during test meals. Both lipase and esterase activities were present in intestinal contents of all newborns studied, from the first day of life. In adults given a test meal lipase activity increased and esterase activity remained unchanged. In contrast, both activities decreased markedly in infants on feeding. During the digestion of the test meal the lipase activity in intestinal contents of the infants was much lower than in adults (ratio of median values 1:27) and the esterase activity was also several fold lower (ratio of median values 1:1.3). Speculation Newborn infants often absorb lipids less efficiently than adults. One contributing factor may be that their incompletely developed pancreas responds to feedings with comparatively low outputs of lipolytic enzymes. The newborn may be more dependent than adults on auxiliary sources of lipase activity such as the pharyngeal lipase and/or the bile-stimulated lipase in human milk.", "PMID": 662468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9509", "title": "High performance liquid chromatography for the detection of homozygotes and heterozygotes of Niemann-Pick disease.", "content": "A method is developed for the detection of homozygotes and heterozygote carriers of Niemann-Pick disease type A by employing a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for the measurement of sphingomyelin (SP) as well as for the assay of the enzyme sphingomyelinase (SPase) in skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cell cultures. A simple, less than 10-min, HPLC of the lipid extract of fibroblasts (about 2 x 10(6) cells) and measurement of the ratio of the area of SP peak to that of other phospholipids present in the cell-lipid extract show accumulation of SP in Niemann-Pick type A fibroblasts compared to normal. The SPase assay was performed by HPLC measurement of the substrate SP before and after hydrolysis by the enzyme. By employing this technique, it was shown that cells from patients with Niemann-Pick disease type A have less than 10% of the normal SPase activity, whereas the heterozygote carriers of this disease have about 50% of the normal activity.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatography for the detection of homozygotes and heterozygotes of Niemann-Pick disease. A method is developed for the detection of homozygotes and heterozygote carriers of Niemann-Pick disease type A by employing a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for the measurement of sphingomyelin (SP) as well as for the assay of the enzyme sphingomyelinase (SPase) in skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cell cultures. A simple, less than 10-min, HPLC of the lipid extract of fibroblasts (about 2 x 10(6) cells) and measurement of the ratio of the area of SP peak to that of other phospholipids present in the cell-lipid extract show accumulation of SP in Niemann-Pick type A fibroblasts compared to normal. The SPase assay was performed by HPLC measurement of the substrate SP before and after hydrolysis by the enzyme. By employing this technique, it was shown that cells from patients with Niemann-Pick disease type A have less than 10% of the normal SPase activity, whereas the heterozygote carriers of this disease have about 50% of the normal activity.", "PMID": 662470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9510", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: the prognosis for five-year survival.", "content": "Statistical discriminant analysis is applied to 41 concomitant variables obtained during the first year of study of 226 patients with cystic fibrosis. A discriminant function based on six variables is developed which can be used as a predictive index. This index estimates the probability of 5-year survival for an individual patient and can also be used to classify patients into one of two groups: (1) will live for 5 years or (2) will die within 5 years. Speculation A classification rule for cystic fibrosis is presented which correctly assigns 90% of the 5-year survivors and 84% of those who expire. Such a classification scheme is useful for clinical and research purposes.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: the prognosis for five-year survival. Statistical discriminant analysis is applied to 41 concomitant variables obtained during the first year of study of 226 patients with cystic fibrosis. A discriminant function based on six variables is developed which can be used as a predictive index. This index estimates the probability of 5-year survival for an individual patient and can also be used to classify patients into one of two groups: (1) will live for 5 years or (2) will die within 5 years. Speculation A classification rule for cystic fibrosis is presented which correctly assigns 90% of the 5-year survivors and 84% of those who expire. Such a classification scheme is useful for clinical and research purposes.", "PMID": 662472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9511", "title": "Care of infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of home management of life-threatening apnea in infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A total of 84 infants were monitored with apnea monitors for an average of seven months (range 1 to 27). A group of 27 infants had episodes of apnea requiring resuscitation during home monitoring, all of whom were successfully resuscitated by their parents on at least one occasion using bag and mask resuscitation, and 17 infants required more than one resuscitation. Subsequent resuscitation was unsuccessful with four infants. Infants who experienced more than ten episodes of prolonged sleep apnea (apnea longer than 20 seconds) during home monitoring had a significantly increased risk of requiring resuscitation than other infants being studied. With the use of home monitoring of these infants and parents trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the survival rate was 93.4%.", "contents": "Care of infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of home management of life-threatening apnea in infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A total of 84 infants were monitored with apnea monitors for an average of seven months (range 1 to 27). A group of 27 infants had episodes of apnea requiring resuscitation during home monitoring, all of whom were successfully resuscitated by their parents on at least one occasion using bag and mask resuscitation, and 17 infants required more than one resuscitation. Subsequent resuscitation was unsuccessful with four infants. Infants who experienced more than ten episodes of prolonged sleep apnea (apnea longer than 20 seconds) during home monitoring had a significantly increased risk of requiring resuscitation than other infants being studied. With the use of home monitoring of these infants and parents trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the survival rate was 93.4%.", "PMID": 662474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9512", "title": "Functional immaturity of pulmonary irritant receptors and apnea in newborn preterm infants.", "content": "Absence of cough and gag reflexes has been noted in premature infants, but pulmonary irritant reflexes have not been studied. Irritant receptors respond to deflation, direct stimulation, or inhalation of irritant gases, resulting in an increased inspiratory effort. We have studied the responses of 28 intubated infants to direct bronchial mucosal stimulation with a fine catheter. Six of ten infants whose gestation was 35 weeks or more consistently showed a \"mature\" response, with an increase in inspiratory effort, while only one of 18 infants less than 35 weeks consistently showed this response. The premature infants showed variable responses. Fifty-eight of 93 stimulations produced an increased inspiratory effort, followed by marked slowing or apnea, while 20 stimulations resulted in slowing or apnea alone. These paradoxical responses to irritant stimulation may be related to immaturity of vagal myelination, and may be an important factor in the frequency of silent aspiration and apnea in premature infants.", "contents": "Functional immaturity of pulmonary irritant receptors and apnea in newborn preterm infants. Absence of cough and gag reflexes has been noted in premature infants, but pulmonary irritant reflexes have not been studied. Irritant receptors respond to deflation, direct stimulation, or inhalation of irritant gases, resulting in an increased inspiratory effort. We have studied the responses of 28 intubated infants to direct bronchial mucosal stimulation with a fine catheter. Six of ten infants whose gestation was 35 weeks or more consistently showed a \"mature\" response, with an increase in inspiratory effort, while only one of 18 infants less than 35 weeks consistently showed this response. The premature infants showed variable responses. Fifty-eight of 93 stimulations produced an increased inspiratory effort, followed by marked slowing or apnea, while 20 stimulations resulted in slowing or apnea alone. These paradoxical responses to irritant stimulation may be related to immaturity of vagal myelination, and may be an important factor in the frequency of silent aspiration and apnea in premature infants.", "PMID": 662475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9513", "title": "Reduction of sleep apnea and bradycardia in preterm infants on oscillating water beds: a controlled polygraphic study.", "content": "The sleep and respiratory patterns of eight apneic preterm infants were polygraphically recorded for 24 hours. This polygraphic study was designed to test and extend our previous finding that gently oscillating water beds reduce apnea in premature infants. The infants who ranged in gestational age from 27 to 32 weeks and in birth weight from 1,077 to 1,650 gm served as their own controls, off and on the water bed. The 24-hour recordings were divided into four time blocks with the infant being placed on the water bed during alternate six-hour periods. Apnea was significantly reduced while the infants were on the oscillating water beds, with the longest apneic periods and those associated with severe bradycardia being reduced the most. Reduction of apnea was most consistent during indeterminate sleep and most pronounced during quiet sleep. Short respiratory pauses and periodic breathing were not significantly reduced. Reductions of central, obstructive, and mixed apneas were approximately equal.", "contents": "Reduction of sleep apnea and bradycardia in preterm infants on oscillating water beds: a controlled polygraphic study. The sleep and respiratory patterns of eight apneic preterm infants were polygraphically recorded for 24 hours. This polygraphic study was designed to test and extend our previous finding that gently oscillating water beds reduce apnea in premature infants. The infants who ranged in gestational age from 27 to 32 weeks and in birth weight from 1,077 to 1,650 gm served as their own controls, off and on the water bed. The 24-hour recordings were divided into four time blocks with the infant being placed on the water bed during alternate six-hour periods. Apnea was significantly reduced while the infants were on the oscillating water beds, with the longest apneic periods and those associated with severe bradycardia being reduced the most. Reduction of apnea was most consistent during indeterminate sleep and most pronounced during quiet sleep. Short respiratory pauses and periodic breathing were not significantly reduced. Reductions of central, obstructive, and mixed apneas were approximately equal.", "PMID": 662476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9514", "title": "Prolonged prostaglandin E1 infusion in an infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "A small-for-gestational-age premature infant with severe tetralogy of Fallot was treated with prostaglandin E1 to dialate the ductus arteriosus and increase pulmonary blood flow. The infusion was continued for 29 days without complication at which time surgery was performed.", "contents": "Prolonged prostaglandin E1 infusion in an infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease. A small-for-gestational-age premature infant with severe tetralogy of Fallot was treated with prostaglandin E1 to dialate the ductus arteriosus and increase pulmonary blood flow. The infusion was continued for 29 days without complication at which time surgery was performed.", "PMID": 662477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9515", "title": "Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption.", "content": "The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the absorption of calcium and magnesium in premature infants was studied in 34 infants with birth weights lower than 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas similar in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas absorbed significantly more calcium than the control group. Magnesium absorption was significantly increased in the 80% MCT group.", "contents": "Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption. The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the absorption of calcium and magnesium in premature infants was studied in 34 infants with birth weights lower than 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas similar in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas absorbed significantly more calcium than the control group. Magnesium absorption was significantly increased in the 80% MCT group.", "PMID": 662478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9516", "title": "Survival of transfused normal granulocytes in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) received four granulocyte transfusions from unrelated HLA-matched donors as part of therapy for a hepatic abscess. Survival studies of transfused granulocytes using the endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test on two occasions demonstrated 19.6% and 16.8% transfusion efficiency and a biphasic granulocyte disappearance curve. These curves were similar whether or not the patient had serum leukoagglutinins directed against donor granulocytes. Transfused granulocytes were present 24 hours after transfusion. Parallel studies demonstrated normal stimulated NBT activity of donor PMNs after overnight storage at 4 C. Kinetic studies of transfused granulocytes in the non-neutropenic recipient with CGD may be performed without radioactive labeling of granulocytes because of the distinctive metabolic abnormality of their cells compared with normal donor granulocytes.", "contents": "Survival of transfused normal granulocytes in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. A 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) received four granulocyte transfusions from unrelated HLA-matched donors as part of therapy for a hepatic abscess. Survival studies of transfused granulocytes using the endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test on two occasions demonstrated 19.6% and 16.8% transfusion efficiency and a biphasic granulocyte disappearance curve. These curves were similar whether or not the patient had serum leukoagglutinins directed against donor granulocytes. Transfused granulocytes were present 24 hours after transfusion. Parallel studies demonstrated normal stimulated NBT activity of donor PMNs after overnight storage at 4 C. Kinetic studies of transfused granulocytes in the non-neutropenic recipient with CGD may be performed without radioactive labeling of granulocytes because of the distinctive metabolic abnormality of their cells compared with normal donor granulocytes.", "PMID": 662480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9517", "title": "Torsion of normal uterine adnexa in childhood: case report.", "content": "A case of torsion of a normal right ovary and tube in an 8-year-old child is presented. True infarction of the adnexa can be prevented only by considering this diagnosis early in the course of right lower quadrant pain. It is recommended that a routine exploration of the pelvis be carried out in any patient explored for acute appendicitis in whom that diagnosis cannot be made at the operating table.", "contents": "Torsion of normal uterine adnexa in childhood: case report. A case of torsion of a normal right ovary and tube in an 8-year-old child is presented. True infarction of the adnexa can be prevented only by considering this diagnosis early in the course of right lower quadrant pain. It is recommended that a routine exploration of the pelvis be carried out in any patient explored for acute appendicitis in whom that diagnosis cannot be made at the operating table.", "PMID": 662481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9518", "title": "Hereditary late-onset lymphedema.", "content": "Two different types of hereditary late-onset lymphedema are presented. In one family the father and one son had recurrent streptococcal lymphangitis beginning in childhood. In the son there was lymphatic hypoplasia in both legs with the infection having only occurred in one. Prophylaxis with penicillin prevented the recurrent lymphangitis. Because of 30 years of untreated lymphangitis, the father has chronic severe lymphedema. The second type, lymphedema associated with extra eyelashes (distichiasis) and a wide spinal canal, occurred in a woman whose lymphedema began at age 12 but in whom the hereditary nature of the disorder was not recognized until she was 29. Both of these types of late-onset lymphedema, lymphedema with lymphangitis and lymphedema with distichiasis, are due to autosomal dominant genes. Both families would have benefited from early diagnosis of the cause of the lymphedema.", "contents": "Hereditary late-onset lymphedema. Two different types of hereditary late-onset lymphedema are presented. In one family the father and one son had recurrent streptococcal lymphangitis beginning in childhood. In the son there was lymphatic hypoplasia in both legs with the infection having only occurred in one. Prophylaxis with penicillin prevented the recurrent lymphangitis. Because of 30 years of untreated lymphangitis, the father has chronic severe lymphedema. The second type, lymphedema associated with extra eyelashes (distichiasis) and a wide spinal canal, occurred in a woman whose lymphedema began at age 12 but in whom the hereditary nature of the disorder was not recognized until she was 29. Both of these types of late-onset lymphedema, lymphedema with lymphangitis and lymphedema with distichiasis, are due to autosomal dominant genes. Both families would have benefited from early diagnosis of the cause of the lymphedema.", "PMID": 662482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9519", "title": "Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis.", "content": "Two patients with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis have been studied. The main features of the syndrome are unilateral cutaneous and ophthalmologic lesions with ipsilateral cerebral malformations. Seizures beginning in infancy and varying degrees of mental retardation are present in affected patients. The involved tissues are derived from the embryonic ectodermal and mesodermal layers.", "contents": "Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. Two patients with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis have been studied. The main features of the syndrome are unilateral cutaneous and ophthalmologic lesions with ipsilateral cerebral malformations. Seizures beginning in infancy and varying degrees of mental retardation are present in affected patients. The involved tissues are derived from the embryonic ectodermal and mesodermal layers.", "PMID": 662483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9520", "title": "Tricuspid insufficiency associated with aneurysm of the ventricular septum.", "content": "Because of the anatomic relation of an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum (AMVS) to the tricuspid septal leaflet or because of the tricuspid septal leaflet involvement in the aneurysm formation, dysfunction of the tricuspid valve is likely to occur in patients with AMVS. The auscultatory manifestations of the resultant tricuspid insufficiency (TI) could be masked by the systolic murmur of the ventricular septal defect (VSD), which is often present in these patients. The presence of TI is suggested by phonocardiographic findings in five patients with AMVS and is further supported by intracardiac phonocardiography and angiocardiography. After inhalation of amyl nitrite, a pansystolic murmur appeared in three patients, and the intensity of the pansystolic murmur increased significantly in two patients. Inhalation of amyl nitrite reduces the systemic resistance, resulting in decreased systemic pressure and diminished intensity of the murmur of a small VSD. Augmentation of the systemic venous return is responsible for increased intensity of TI murmur.", "contents": "Tricuspid insufficiency associated with aneurysm of the ventricular septum. Because of the anatomic relation of an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum (AMVS) to the tricuspid septal leaflet or because of the tricuspid septal leaflet involvement in the aneurysm formation, dysfunction of the tricuspid valve is likely to occur in patients with AMVS. The auscultatory manifestations of the resultant tricuspid insufficiency (TI) could be masked by the systolic murmur of the ventricular septal defect (VSD), which is often present in these patients. The presence of TI is suggested by phonocardiographic findings in five patients with AMVS and is further supported by intracardiac phonocardiography and angiocardiography. After inhalation of amyl nitrite, a pansystolic murmur appeared in three patients, and the intensity of the pansystolic murmur increased significantly in two patients. Inhalation of amyl nitrite reduces the systemic resistance, resulting in decreased systemic pressure and diminished intensity of the murmur of a small VSD. Augmentation of the systemic venous return is responsible for increased intensity of TI murmur.", "PMID": 662484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9521", "title": "Sinus node dysfunction in children, adolescents, and young adults.", "content": "Thirty children and young adults with electrocardiographic and clinical evidence of sinus node dysfunction (SND) are described. Ages ranged from 3 days to 25 years. Of these, 10 patients had inappropriate sinus bradycardia, 16 had periods of sinus arrest, and 9 had sinoatrial exit block. A total of 22 patients had significant heart disease and SND developed in 13 after cardiac surgery. Eight patients with SND had no obvious heart disease. Seven patients were symptomatic, having either syncopal (three) or near-syncopal episodes (four). The three with syncope have received permanent demand pacemakers. Although significant SND occurs most frequently in children with congenital heart disease, particularly following corrective cardiac surgery, it may occur in otherwise normal individuals.", "contents": "Sinus node dysfunction in children, adolescents, and young adults. Thirty children and young adults with electrocardiographic and clinical evidence of sinus node dysfunction (SND) are described. Ages ranged from 3 days to 25 years. Of these, 10 patients had inappropriate sinus bradycardia, 16 had periods of sinus arrest, and 9 had sinoatrial exit block. A total of 22 patients had significant heart disease and SND developed in 13 after cardiac surgery. Eight patients with SND had no obvious heart disease. Seven patients were symptomatic, having either syncopal (three) or near-syncopal episodes (four). The three with syncope have received permanent demand pacemakers. Although significant SND occurs most frequently in children with congenital heart disease, particularly following corrective cardiac surgery, it may occur in otherwise normal individuals.", "PMID": 662485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9522", "title": "Arrhythmias and Stokes-Adams attacks in acute rheumatic fever.", "content": "In spite of general complacency about first-degree heart block in acute rheumatic fever, abnormal conduction with dysrhythmias, occasional complete heart block, and, rarely, Stokes-Adams attacks are important early signs of acute rheumatic fever and may precede other signs. Every person with episodic fainting is entitled to an ECG, and frequent ECGs are imperative in any case of rheumatic fever with signs of arrhythmias. Changing atrioventricular block necessitates continuous monitoring for dysrhythmias. A 13-year-old boy who appeared with Stokes-Adams attacks secondary to acute rheumatic fever was successfully treated by temporary pacing.", "contents": "Arrhythmias and Stokes-Adams attacks in acute rheumatic fever. In spite of general complacency about first-degree heart block in acute rheumatic fever, abnormal conduction with dysrhythmias, occasional complete heart block, and, rarely, Stokes-Adams attacks are important early signs of acute rheumatic fever and may precede other signs. Every person with episodic fainting is entitled to an ECG, and frequent ECGs are imperative in any case of rheumatic fever with signs of arrhythmias. Changing atrioventricular block necessitates continuous monitoring for dysrhythmias. A 13-year-old boy who appeared with Stokes-Adams attacks secondary to acute rheumatic fever was successfully treated by temporary pacing.", "PMID": 662486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9523", "title": "Antecedents of child abuse and neglect in premature infants: a prospective study in a newborn intensive care unit.", "content": "Families of premature and ill newborns admitted to a regional newborn intensive care unit were studied prospectively to assess the incidence of reported child abuse and neglect. Of the 255 infants discharged to their parents, ten were subsequently reported as victims of maltreatment during the first year of life. The high incidence of maltreatment (3.9%) in these premature and ill newborns supports the findings of retrospective studies that there is an increased risk of maltreatment in these special infants. Thirteen family psychosocial characteristics, assessed by admission interview, showed significant association with later maltreatment. These family characteristics included social isolation, a family history of child abuse and neglect, serious marital problems, inadequate child care arrangements, apathetic and dependent personality styles, and inadequate child spacing. Maltreated infants were less mature at birth and had more congenital defects than their nursery mates. There was also less family-infant contact during the prolonged nursery hospitalization in families in which maltreatment eventually occurred.", "contents": "Antecedents of child abuse and neglect in premature infants: a prospective study in a newborn intensive care unit. Families of premature and ill newborns admitted to a regional newborn intensive care unit were studied prospectively to assess the incidence of reported child abuse and neglect. Of the 255 infants discharged to their parents, ten were subsequently reported as victims of maltreatment during the first year of life. The high incidence of maltreatment (3.9%) in these premature and ill newborns supports the findings of retrospective studies that there is an increased risk of maltreatment in these special infants. Thirteen family psychosocial characteristics, assessed by admission interview, showed significant association with later maltreatment. These family characteristics included social isolation, a family history of child abuse and neglect, serious marital problems, inadequate child care arrangements, apathetic and dependent personality styles, and inadequate child spacing. Maltreated infants were less mature at birth and had more congenital defects than their nursery mates. There was also less family-infant contact during the prolonged nursery hospitalization in families in which maltreatment eventually occurred.", "PMID": 662488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9524", "title": "Flow-volume relationship at low lung volumes in healthy term newborn infants.", "content": "To describe the maximum expiratory flow-volume relationship in newborn infants, we simulated forced expiration by transiently applying positive pressure in a chamber surrounding the infant's body. Maximum expiratory flows were reached at any given lung volume when increases in chamber pressure failed to produce increases in flow. Maximum expiratory flows were achieved in seven of nine healthy newborn infants at lung volumes equal to functional residual capacity (FRC) andin all infants at lung volumes below FRC. The volume expired below FRC (6.4 ml/kg) was roughly equivalent to previously calculated values of expiratory reserve volume in newborn infants (7 ml/kg). The maximum expiratory flow volume curves showed that the infants were able to increase expiratory flow rates well above those achieved during tidal breathing. The convex shape of the curves at low lung volumes is compatible with flow limitation occurring in peripheral airways.", "contents": "Flow-volume relationship at low lung volumes in healthy term newborn infants. To describe the maximum expiratory flow-volume relationship in newborn infants, we simulated forced expiration by transiently applying positive pressure in a chamber surrounding the infant's body. Maximum expiratory flows were reached at any given lung volume when increases in chamber pressure failed to produce increases in flow. Maximum expiratory flows were achieved in seven of nine healthy newborn infants at lung volumes equal to functional residual capacity (FRC) andin all infants at lung volumes below FRC. The volume expired below FRC (6.4 ml/kg) was roughly equivalent to previously calculated values of expiratory reserve volume in newborn infants (7 ml/kg). The maximum expiratory flow volume curves showed that the infants were able to increase expiratory flow rates well above those achieved during tidal breathing. The convex shape of the curves at low lung volumes is compatible with flow limitation occurring in peripheral airways.", "PMID": 662489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9525", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: report of two cases complicated by gallbladder hydrops and diagnosed by ultrasound.", "content": "Two patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome are presented. During the course of their illnesses, they developed acute abdominal pain secondary to hydrops of the gallbladder. The diagnosis and management of each case was facilitated by ultrasonography.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: report of two cases complicated by gallbladder hydrops and diagnosed by ultrasound. Two patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome are presented. During the course of their illnesses, they developed acute abdominal pain secondary to hydrops of the gallbladder. The diagnosis and management of each case was facilitated by ultrasonography.", "PMID": 662507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9526", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B in a high-risk setting: a serologic study of patients and staff in a pediatric oncology unit.", "content": "The prevalence of serologic markers for hepatitis B virus (HBV) among 188 patients and 158 employees in a pediatric oncology unit was evaluated. Evidence of past or present HBV infection was detected in 33 patients (18%) and in 25 employees (16%). The prevalence was higher among patients receiving chemotherapy (19%) than among those not receiving chemotherapy (7%). The prevalence of HBV serologic markers, while much higher than generally found among healthy children in the United States, was low compared to previously reported prevalences in such settings, and may reflect the use in recent years of blood and blood products screened by \"third generation\" methods (radioimmunoassay and reversed passive hemagglutination) for hepatitis B surface antigen and the use of all volunteer blood donors. This prevalence suggests that perhaps there is less urgent need for the use of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine (when it becomes available) in oncology units than had been anticipated from earlier data in oncology units.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B in a high-risk setting: a serologic study of patients and staff in a pediatric oncology unit. The prevalence of serologic markers for hepatitis B virus (HBV) among 188 patients and 158 employees in a pediatric oncology unit was evaluated. Evidence of past or present HBV infection was detected in 33 patients (18%) and in 25 employees (16%). The prevalence was higher among patients receiving chemotherapy (19%) than among those not receiving chemotherapy (7%). The prevalence of HBV serologic markers, while much higher than generally found among healthy children in the United States, was low compared to previously reported prevalences in such settings, and may reflect the use in recent years of blood and blood products screened by \"third generation\" methods (radioimmunoassay and reversed passive hemagglutination) for hepatitis B surface antigen and the use of all volunteer blood donors. This prevalence suggests that perhaps there is less urgent need for the use of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine (when it becomes available) in oncology units than had been anticipated from earlier data in oncology units.", "PMID": 662509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9527", "title": "Behavior disturbance, phenobarbital, and febrile seizures.", "content": "Of 109 children treated daily with phenobarbital following the first fibrile convulsion, 42% developed a behavior disorder, usually hyperactivity. Daily phenobarbital therapy was prematurely discontinued in 54% of the children with behavior abnormality (20% of those treated). The behavior disturbance usually appeared within several months, was no correlated with high blood barbiturate levels, disappeared in 73%, and improved in all children when barbiturate therapy was discontinued. No characteristics of the child, the initial febrile seizure, or recurrence of febrile seizures were significantly correlated with the occurrence of the behavior disorder except for behavioral abnormality preceding the initial febrile convulsion. Eighteen percent of the children who received no phenobarbital developed behavior disorder, most often hyperactivity. The behavior disturbance spontaneously disappeared in 52%. Among these children not given phenobarbital, the group with normal behavior had a greater frequency of family history of seizures, especially febrile convulsions, and a lower frequency of preseizure behavior disturbance; abnormalities of pregnancy, labor, delivery, and neonatal period; delayed milestones; long seizures; abnormal results of neurological examination; abnormal EEG; and recurrent febrile seizures.", "contents": "Behavior disturbance, phenobarbital, and febrile seizures. Of 109 children treated daily with phenobarbital following the first fibrile convulsion, 42% developed a behavior disorder, usually hyperactivity. Daily phenobarbital therapy was prematurely discontinued in 54% of the children with behavior abnormality (20% of those treated). The behavior disturbance usually appeared within several months, was no correlated with high blood barbiturate levels, disappeared in 73%, and improved in all children when barbiturate therapy was discontinued. No characteristics of the child, the initial febrile seizure, or recurrence of febrile seizures were significantly correlated with the occurrence of the behavior disorder except for behavioral abnormality preceding the initial febrile convulsion. Eighteen percent of the children who received no phenobarbital developed behavior disorder, most often hyperactivity. The behavior disturbance spontaneously disappeared in 52%. Among these children not given phenobarbital, the group with normal behavior had a greater frequency of family history of seizures, especially febrile convulsions, and a lower frequency of preseizure behavior disturbance; abnormalities of pregnancy, labor, delivery, and neonatal period; delayed milestones; long seizures; abnormal results of neurological examination; abnormal EEG; and recurrent febrile seizures.", "PMID": 662511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9528", "title": "Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire.", "content": "The Infant Temperament Questionnaire, originally published in 1970, has been revised to improve its psychometric characteristics. The number of items was increased from 70 to 95, rating options were increased from three to six, more items have high-low reversals, and they are randomized as to content area. The new form was standardized on 203 4- to 8-month-old infants. Good test-retest reliability was maintained and internal consistency of the nine categories was raised to a higher level, thereby assuring a greater reliability of the instrument. These improvements should enhance the questionnaire's use in clinical and research applications.", "contents": "Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. The Infant Temperament Questionnaire, originally published in 1970, has been revised to improve its psychometric characteristics. The number of items was increased from 70 to 95, rating options were increased from three to six, more items have high-low reversals, and they are randomized as to content area. The new form was standardized on 203 4- to 8-month-old infants. Good test-retest reliability was maintained and internal consistency of the nine categories was raised to a higher level, thereby assuring a greater reliability of the instrument. These improvements should enhance the questionnaire's use in clinical and research applications.", "PMID": 662513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9529", "title": "Evaluation of the expanded newborn screening program in New York City.", "content": "Since September 1974, New York State public health law has mandated that all newborn infants be tested for phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia, galactosemia, adenosine deaminase deficiency, and sickle cell anemia in accordance with regulations of the state commissioner of health. During the period from May 1, 1975, to April 30, 1976, a total of 110,180 babies born in New York City were tested for these seven conditions. One year's experience with the screening program demonstrated a paucity of technological problems, low observed rate of both false-negatives and -positives, and the expected incidence of the conditions of highest prevalence, incidentally found during screening: i.e., sickle cell traits, AS and AC. What is equally apparent in reviewing this first year's experience is the extent to which the New York State law, its structure, and implementation have fallen short of the ultimate objective. The major reason for this failure is lack of funds and facilities in the areas of education, case retrieval, continuing medical care, and counseling. This report is presented with the hope that it will benefit all involved in genetic screening and especially those concerned with establishing similar programs.", "contents": "Evaluation of the expanded newborn screening program in New York City. Since September 1974, New York State public health law has mandated that all newborn infants be tested for phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia, galactosemia, adenosine deaminase deficiency, and sickle cell anemia in accordance with regulations of the state commissioner of health. During the period from May 1, 1975, to April 30, 1976, a total of 110,180 babies born in New York City were tested for these seven conditions. One year's experience with the screening program demonstrated a paucity of technological problems, low observed rate of both false-negatives and -positives, and the expected incidence of the conditions of highest prevalence, incidentally found during screening: i.e., sickle cell traits, AS and AC. What is equally apparent in reviewing this first year's experience is the extent to which the New York State law, its structure, and implementation have fallen short of the ultimate objective. The major reason for this failure is lack of funds and facilities in the areas of education, case retrieval, continuing medical care, and counseling. This report is presented with the hope that it will benefit all involved in genetic screening and especially those concerned with establishing similar programs.", "PMID": 662514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9530", "title": "Child-resistant locks in poison control.", "content": "Three child-resistant locks were incorporated into a medicine cabinet, an under-the-sink cabinet, and a vanity box. Three hundred 3- to 5-year-old children were tested against these locks. Only two were able to open the receptacles, whereas all 50 of a group of adults and teenagers similarly tested were able to open all of the containers. The use of adequately protected medicine chests and under-the-sink cabinets is urged as a further step toward the complete prevention of poisoning in children.", "contents": "Child-resistant locks in poison control. Three child-resistant locks were incorporated into a medicine cabinet, an under-the-sink cabinet, and a vanity box. Three hundred 3- to 5-year-old children were tested against these locks. Only two were able to open the receptacles, whereas all 50 of a group of adults and teenagers similarly tested were able to open all of the containers. The use of adequately protected medicine chests and under-the-sink cabinets is urged as a further step toward the complete prevention of poisoning in children.", "PMID": 662515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9531", "title": "Reinforcing effects of prerecorded words and delayed speech feedback on the verbal behavior of a neologistic schizophrenic.", "content": "The possibility of using prerecorded words and 2-sec. delayed speech feedback as reinforcement in the reconditioning of intelligible verbal responses in a chronic, neologistic schizophrenic patient was investigated. A test situation was devised which involved daily presentation of 100 stimulus word-picture cards to elicit verbal responses. The results indicated that both singly presented prerecorded words and delayed speech feedback apparently strengthened correct and intelligible verbal responding.", "contents": "Reinforcing effects of prerecorded words and delayed speech feedback on the verbal behavior of a neologistic schizophrenic. The possibility of using prerecorded words and 2-sec. delayed speech feedback as reinforcement in the reconditioning of intelligible verbal responses in a chronic, neologistic schizophrenic patient was investigated. A test situation was devised which involved daily presentation of 100 stimulus word-picture cards to elicit verbal responses. The results indicated that both singly presented prerecorded words and delayed speech feedback apparently strengthened correct and intelligible verbal responding.", "PMID": 662530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9532", "title": "Personality and preference for painting style.", "content": "40 university students were asked to choose between the cubist or surrealist from among 15 pairs of slides of paintings according to their aesthetic preference. Their choices were correlated with scores on Rotter's internal vs external locus of control scale. The data support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between preference for cubism over surrealism and internal locus control and vice versa.", "contents": "Personality and preference for painting style. 40 university students were asked to choose between the cubist or surrealist from among 15 pairs of slides of paintings according to their aesthetic preference. Their choices were correlated with scores on Rotter's internal vs external locus of control scale. The data support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between preference for cubism over surrealism and internal locus control and vice versa.", "PMID": 662531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9533", "title": "Relationship between repression-sensitization and word frequency estimates for pleasant and unpleasant words.", "content": "College students (45 females and 12 males) estimated the frequency of pleasant and unpleasant English words. 28 subjects estimated how often they, personally, had seen the words (Personal condition), and 29 subjects estimated how often a \"language expert\" had encountered the words (Kucera-Francis condition). Byrne's Repression-Sensitization scores were obtained for all subjects. In both conditions repressors judged pleasant words to be more frequent, and sensitizers judged unpleasant words to be more frequent (p less than .01). The results may clarify some contradictions in the literature on frequency estimation and may help to explain the relationship between repression-sensitization and perceptual defense/vigilance.", "contents": "Relationship between repression-sensitization and word frequency estimates for pleasant and unpleasant words. College students (45 females and 12 males) estimated the frequency of pleasant and unpleasant English words. 28 subjects estimated how often they, personally, had seen the words (Personal condition), and 29 subjects estimated how often a \"language expert\" had encountered the words (Kucera-Francis condition). Byrne's Repression-Sensitization scores were obtained for all subjects. In both conditions repressors judged pleasant words to be more frequent, and sensitizers judged unpleasant words to be more frequent (p less than .01). The results may clarify some contradictions in the literature on frequency estimation and may help to explain the relationship between repression-sensitization and perceptual defense/vigilance.", "PMID": 662532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9534", "title": "Self-concept correlates in academic placement of secondary school students.", "content": "In a large school system in the Southeastern United States 26% of the eighth grade students in the lower distribution of scores on a standardized test in reading and mathematics were assigned to vocational education courses and a career education program. One of the school counselors administered a self-concept inventory, the Me Scale (Yeatts & Morrison, 1974), to a randomized group of 43 students who were in the lower 26% of scores. The same inventory was administered to 91 randomly selected students in the upper distribution of scores. Significant differences were noted for one of five factors in the Me Scale. Lower achieving students perceived themselves as more capable in manual dexterity than higher achieving students.", "contents": "Self-concept correlates in academic placement of secondary school students. In a large school system in the Southeastern United States 26% of the eighth grade students in the lower distribution of scores on a standardized test in reading and mathematics were assigned to vocational education courses and a career education program. One of the school counselors administered a self-concept inventory, the Me Scale (Yeatts & Morrison, 1974), to a randomized group of 43 students who were in the lower 26% of scores. The same inventory was administered to 91 randomly selected students in the upper distribution of scores. Significant differences were noted for one of five factors in the Me Scale. Lower achieving students perceived themselves as more capable in manual dexterity than higher achieving students.", "PMID": 662533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9535", "title": "Handedness and locus of control.", "content": "Groups of 15 left-, 15 mixed-, and 39 right-handers were tested with Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Contrary to prediction, it was found that both left- and right-handers scored significantly higher, i.e., were more externally controlled, than mixed-handers. Primarily these data suggest a complex relationship between handedness and personality and they serve to reinforce the need to include mixed-handers in research on handedness.", "contents": "Handedness and locus of control. Groups of 15 left-, 15 mixed-, and 39 right-handers were tested with Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Contrary to prediction, it was found that both left- and right-handers scored significantly higher, i.e., were more externally controlled, than mixed-handers. Primarily these data suggest a complex relationship between handedness and personality and they serve to reinforce the need to include mixed-handers in research on handedness.", "PMID": 662534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9536", "title": "An alternate-form instrument to assess vividness and controllability of mental imagery in seven modalities.", "content": "A review of the literature concerning assessment of the ability to produce mental images demonstrated that in both the clinical and research areas new instruments were needed. The problem was to produce an alternate-form measure that would enable simultaneous measurement of controllability and vividness on the same test items in seven modalities. The results seem to suggest that for the Survey of Mental Imagery alternate forms are strictly comparable, reliable, have a known factor structure, and combine simultaneous measurement of controllability and vividness in at least six sensory modalities.", "contents": "An alternate-form instrument to assess vividness and controllability of mental imagery in seven modalities. A review of the literature concerning assessment of the ability to produce mental images demonstrated that in both the clinical and research areas new instruments were needed. The problem was to produce an alternate-form measure that would enable simultaneous measurement of controllability and vividness on the same test items in seven modalities. The results seem to suggest that for the Survey of Mental Imagery alternate forms are strictly comparable, reliable, have a known factor structure, and combine simultaneous measurement of controllability and vividness in at least six sensory modalities.", "PMID": 662535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9537", "title": "Note on preference for stimulus complexity across the life-span.", "content": "Preference for stimulus complexity across the life-span was investigated with 175 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 yr. of age. Preference for complexity appeared to be age-invariant and monotonic function. Relationships to previous findings are discussed.", "contents": "Note on preference for stimulus complexity across the life-span. Preference for stimulus complexity across the life-span was investigated with 175 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 yr. of age. Preference for complexity appeared to be age-invariant and monotonic function. Relationships to previous findings are discussed.", "PMID": 662536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9538", "title": "Specific and varied practice of motor skill.", "content": "To assess the potential effect of specific and varied practice on the development of motor schema, 64 children in two age groups (8 yr. and 12 yr.) were tested on a simple throwing task at the beginning and end of a 12-wk. physical education program. For the throwing test the children were assigned to either a specificity or a schema group (varied practice). The task was performed without visual feedback, but knowledge of results was given after each trial. Prior to both tests at the criterion target, the specific group was given practice throws using the criterion target distance, whereas the schema group practiced on two other targets. No differences were found between the two groups at the beginning of the program but on the posttest those children receiving a variety of practice on the throwing task performed significantly better than the specific-practice group. Thus it was suggested that a varied practice schedule may facilitate the initial formation of motor schema, and this process may be enhanced by participation in a physical education program.", "contents": "Specific and varied practice of motor skill. To assess the potential effect of specific and varied practice on the development of motor schema, 64 children in two age groups (8 yr. and 12 yr.) were tested on a simple throwing task at the beginning and end of a 12-wk. physical education program. For the throwing test the children were assigned to either a specificity or a schema group (varied practice). The task was performed without visual feedback, but knowledge of results was given after each trial. Prior to both tests at the criterion target, the specific group was given practice throws using the criterion target distance, whereas the schema group practiced on two other targets. No differences were found between the two groups at the beginning of the program but on the posttest those children receiving a variety of practice on the throwing task performed significantly better than the specific-practice group. Thus it was suggested that a varied practice schedule may facilitate the initial formation of motor schema, and this process may be enhanced by participation in a physical education program.", "PMID": 662537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9539", "title": "Kindergarten predictors of three aspects of reading achievement.", "content": "Kindergarten measures of intelligence, auditory perception, visual perception, and associative learning were used to predict three aspects of reading achievement (word attack, word recognition, and comprehension) at the end of Grades 1,2, and 3 for 79 subjects. The predictability of each measure was a function not only of grade, but also of the aspect of reading achievement being predicted. Multiple correlations of the predictors tended to increase across grade levels and were highest for the comprehension aspect of reading. The Number Facility subtest of the PMA was the over-all best predictor or reading achievement. Possible reasons for this and other findings are discussed.", "contents": "Kindergarten predictors of three aspects of reading achievement. Kindergarten measures of intelligence, auditory perception, visual perception, and associative learning were used to predict three aspects of reading achievement (word attack, word recognition, and comprehension) at the end of Grades 1,2, and 3 for 79 subjects. The predictability of each measure was a function not only of grade, but also of the aspect of reading achievement being predicted. Multiple correlations of the predictors tended to increase across grade levels and were highest for the comprehension aspect of reading. The Number Facility subtest of the PMA was the over-all best predictor or reading achievement. Possible reasons for this and other findings are discussed.", "PMID": 662538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9540", "title": "Sensitivity to laterality as a function of handedness.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that left-handed individuals are more aware than right-handed individuals of others' handedness. 18 left-handed and 18 right-handed college students were shown a drawing of 8 children at a party. Seven children held objects in the left hand, while one held an object in the right hand. After 2 1/2 min. the drawing was removed and subjects answered 15 questions about its contents. Included were 2 questions asking how many children were holding something in the right or left hand. Compared with right-handed subjects, left-handed subjects reported significantly more children holding something in the left hand and significantly fewer holding something in the right hand. The two groups did not differ on any other questions.", "contents": "Sensitivity to laterality as a function of handedness. This study tested the hypothesis that left-handed individuals are more aware than right-handed individuals of others' handedness. 18 left-handed and 18 right-handed college students were shown a drawing of 8 children at a party. Seven children held objects in the left hand, while one held an object in the right hand. After 2 1/2 min. the drawing was removed and subjects answered 15 questions about its contents. Included were 2 questions asking how many children were holding something in the right or left hand. Compared with right-handed subjects, left-handed subjects reported significantly more children holding something in the left hand and significantly fewer holding something in the right hand. The two groups did not differ on any other questions.", "PMID": 662539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9541", "title": "No evidence for relationship between biorhythms and industrial accidents.", "content": "According to the popular biorhythm model accidents are more likely to occur during the \"critical days\" of three sine wave-like cycles that display periodicities of 23 days, 28 days, and 33 days. Analyses of 400 mining accidents from two separate industries demonstrated that the number of employees who were involved with accidents on their individual critical days of the different cycles did not differ significantly from chance expectancy. Furthermore the number of employees involved in accidents when their cycles were in ascending phases (presumably associated with positive behaviors) did not differ significantly from the number of employees who were involved in accidents when their cycles were in the descending phases, presumably associated with negative behaviors. We have found neither empirical nor theoretical support for the biorhythm model.", "contents": "No evidence for relationship between biorhythms and industrial accidents. According to the popular biorhythm model accidents are more likely to occur during the \"critical days\" of three sine wave-like cycles that display periodicities of 23 days, 28 days, and 33 days. Analyses of 400 mining accidents from two separate industries demonstrated that the number of employees who were involved with accidents on their individual critical days of the different cycles did not differ significantly from chance expectancy. Furthermore the number of employees involved in accidents when their cycles were in ascending phases (presumably associated with positive behaviors) did not differ significantly from the number of employees who were involved in accidents when their cycles were in the descending phases, presumably associated with negative behaviors. We have found neither empirical nor theoretical support for the biorhythm model.", "PMID": 662540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9542", "title": "Lateral differences in habituation of ipsilateral head-turning to repeated tactile stimulation in the human newborn.", "content": "Lateral differences in habituation of ipsilateral head-turning to repeated tactile perioral stimulation following midline head restriction was studied in 44 full-term neonates. Left-sided stimulation had a significantly greater and faster decremental effect than right-sided stimulation. Even in the absence of tactile stimulation (Control Group), head-turning to the left decreased systematically whereas head-turning to the right did not. The transient efficacy of prior midline head restriction for the elimination of lateral differences in both spontaneous head movements and responsiveness to tactile input suggests that behavioral asymmetry is already well-established in the newborn.", "contents": "Lateral differences in habituation of ipsilateral head-turning to repeated tactile stimulation in the human newborn. Lateral differences in habituation of ipsilateral head-turning to repeated tactile perioral stimulation following midline head restriction was studied in 44 full-term neonates. Left-sided stimulation had a significantly greater and faster decremental effect than right-sided stimulation. Even in the absence of tactile stimulation (Control Group), head-turning to the left decreased systematically whereas head-turning to the right did not. The transient efficacy of prior midline head restriction for the elimination of lateral differences in both spontaneous head movements and responsiveness to tactile input suggests that behavioral asymmetry is already well-established in the newborn.", "PMID": 662541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9543", "title": "Field independence and performance on ball-handling tasks.", "content": "Subjects were administered the Children's Embedded Figures Test and four ball-handling tests. Pearson product-moment correlations were low between the measures. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on the embedded figures test while boys scored significantly higher than girls on the striking and throwing tests.", "contents": "Field independence and performance on ball-handling tasks. Subjects were administered the Children's Embedded Figures Test and four ball-handling tests. Pearson product-moment correlations were low between the measures. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on the embedded figures test while boys scored significantly higher than girls on the striking and throwing tests.", "PMID": 662542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9544", "title": "Individual differences in reported visual imagery and cognitive performance.", "content": "Selected on the basis of their scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, 16 High Visualizers and 14 Low Visualizers (equally divided by sex) completed various cognitive tasks thought to involve visual (Space Relations, Watch Rotation) and non-visual (Verbal Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Numerical Ability) processes. Although Low Visualizers (particularly males) were superior to High Visualizers in Numerical Ability, both groups performed equally well on the other tests. Since correlational analyses indicated that scores on the vividness questionnaire and the Gordon Controllability of Imagery Questionnaire were not independent, particularly for females, it was suggested that questionnaires ought to be developed better to differentiate the abilities to generate and control visual images.", "contents": "Individual differences in reported visual imagery and cognitive performance. Selected on the basis of their scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, 16 High Visualizers and 14 Low Visualizers (equally divided by sex) completed various cognitive tasks thought to involve visual (Space Relations, Watch Rotation) and non-visual (Verbal Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Numerical Ability) processes. Although Low Visualizers (particularly males) were superior to High Visualizers in Numerical Ability, both groups performed equally well on the other tests. Since correlational analyses indicated that scores on the vividness questionnaire and the Gordon Controllability of Imagery Questionnaire were not independent, particularly for females, it was suggested that questionnaires ought to be developed better to differentiate the abilities to generate and control visual images.", "PMID": 662544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9545", "title": "Letter discrimination as a function of culture, orthography and dimensionality of letters.", "content": "46 4-yr.-old children from the United States and 80 from Bangalore, India made fewer discrimination errors when letters were three- rather than two-dimensional. More errors were made on Kannada (Indian) than on English orthographic tasks, but there were relatively fewer errors made by Indian than American children. Younger subjects and boys made relatively more errors than other groups. The findings suggest visually perceived depth may activate the young child's enactive system dominant during the preoperational period and serve to increase accuracy of letter discrimination.", "contents": "Letter discrimination as a function of culture, orthography and dimensionality of letters. 46 4-yr.-old children from the United States and 80 from Bangalore, India made fewer discrimination errors when letters were three- rather than two-dimensional. More errors were made on Kannada (Indian) than on English orthographic tasks, but there were relatively fewer errors made by Indian than American children. Younger subjects and boys made relatively more errors than other groups. The findings suggest visually perceived depth may activate the young child's enactive system dominant during the preoperational period and serve to increase accuracy of letter discrimination.", "PMID": 662545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9546", "title": "Relation of dance skills to body cathexis and locus of control orientation.", "content": "33 subjects provided measures on extent of dance training, dance performance, locus of control orientation, and three measures of body cathexis. Pearson product-moment correlations yielded significant, though modest, positive relations between three measures of body cathexis and performance, and between time dancing and the Levenson Internal scale; and a negative relation between body cathexis and the Levenson Chance scale.", "contents": "Relation of dance skills to body cathexis and locus of control orientation. 33 subjects provided measures on extent of dance training, dance performance, locus of control orientation, and three measures of body cathexis. Pearson product-moment correlations yielded significant, though modest, positive relations between three measures of body cathexis and performance, and between time dancing and the Levenson Internal scale; and a negative relation between body cathexis and the Levenson Chance scale.", "PMID": 662546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9547", "title": "Assessment of field dependence in young children.", "content": "In a series of exploratory studies to develop instruments for measuring field dependence in young children, a total of 312 Japanese middle-class children, ages 5 to 6, served as subjects. Without changing the essential nature of the original test, the geometric embedded-figures test attained relatively high internal consistency (KR-20 in the .80's) and stability (R = .83 to .52, at intervals of 1.5 to 13 mo.). Correlation pattern between the Embedded Figures Test and Wechsler subscales similar to that of older subjects was influenced by the speed factor in embedded figures and Wechsler performance scales. Correlation between Kato's portable Rod-and-frame test and embedded figures was significant only in boys. In addition, the correlation pattern between the rod and frame and the preschool Wechsler was not consistent with Witkin's conceptualization. A newly developed darkroom Rod-and-Frame Test correlated with embedded figures for both sexes. Additional analyses indicated the need for more refined instructions to subjects regarding the concept of upright. Some children had more than one anchoring point for responding. Nyborg's scoring method and the relationship of Piagetian spatial concept to rod-and-frame performance are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of field dependence in young children. In a series of exploratory studies to develop instruments for measuring field dependence in young children, a total of 312 Japanese middle-class children, ages 5 to 6, served as subjects. Without changing the essential nature of the original test, the geometric embedded-figures test attained relatively high internal consistency (KR-20 in the .80's) and stability (R = .83 to .52, at intervals of 1.5 to 13 mo.). Correlation pattern between the Embedded Figures Test and Wechsler subscales similar to that of older subjects was influenced by the speed factor in embedded figures and Wechsler performance scales. Correlation between Kato's portable Rod-and-frame test and embedded figures was significant only in boys. In addition, the correlation pattern between the rod and frame and the preschool Wechsler was not consistent with Witkin's conceptualization. A newly developed darkroom Rod-and-Frame Test correlated with embedded figures for both sexes. Additional analyses indicated the need for more refined instructions to subjects regarding the concept of upright. Some children had more than one anchoring point for responding. Nyborg's scoring method and the relationship of Piagetian spatial concept to rod-and-frame performance are discussed.", "PMID": 662547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9548", "title": "Field dependence and reaction time in senior tennis players (65 and over).", "content": "Rod-and-frame errors and speed of response are both thought to reflect, in part, differential ability in selective attention, or one's ability to focus on the salient perceptual factors of a given environment. The present study involved an investigation of 18 \"super-senior\" tennis players aged 70 yr. and over who participated in the national championship tournament. Their data were compared with the data from a similar aged heterogeneous group. The super-seniors were significantly more field independent and had much more rapid simple reaction times and total-body response time than their counterparts.", "contents": "Field dependence and reaction time in senior tennis players (65 and over). Rod-and-frame errors and speed of response are both thought to reflect, in part, differential ability in selective attention, or one's ability to focus on the salient perceptual factors of a given environment. The present study involved an investigation of 18 \"super-senior\" tennis players aged 70 yr. and over who participated in the national championship tournament. Their data were compared with the data from a similar aged heterogeneous group. The super-seniors were significantly more field independent and had much more rapid simple reaction times and total-body response time than their counterparts.", "PMID": 662548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9549", "title": "Authoritarianism and social distance attitudes towards offenders released from prison.", "content": "It was hypothesized that authoritarian individuals maintain attitudes of greater social distance towards (a) violent offenders, (b) violent young offenders, (c) non-violent offenders, and (d) non-violent young offenders released from prison. Correlations of scores on Boehm's Legal Attitudes Questionnaire for the offender groups supported the hypothesis. Subjects were 48 students in management science. Apparently high authoritarians would like to maintain attitudes of greater social distance from violent offenders than non-violent offenders released from prison.", "contents": "Authoritarianism and social distance attitudes towards offenders released from prison. It was hypothesized that authoritarian individuals maintain attitudes of greater social distance towards (a) violent offenders, (b) violent young offenders, (c) non-violent offenders, and (d) non-violent young offenders released from prison. Correlations of scores on Boehm's Legal Attitudes Questionnaire for the offender groups supported the hypothesis. Subjects were 48 students in management science. Apparently high authoritarians would like to maintain attitudes of greater social distance from violent offenders than non-violent offenders released from prison.", "PMID": 662549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9550", "title": "Perceived exertion and the field-independence--dependence dimension.", "content": "Perceived exertion responses were compared between field-independent and field-dependent perceivers at three cycle-ergometer pedalling rates. 50 male subjects were classified according to mode of field approach on the basis of their performance on an embedded-figures test. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Significant differences between the field-independent and -dependent groups were not found at the three pedalling rates for any of the physiological variables or for over-all, legs and chest ratings of perceived exertion. The extent of differentiated psychological functioning did not account for individual differences in perceptual reactance during muscular exertion.", "contents": "Perceived exertion and the field-independence--dependence dimension. Perceived exertion responses were compared between field-independent and field-dependent perceivers at three cycle-ergometer pedalling rates. 50 male subjects were classified according to mode of field approach on the basis of their performance on an embedded-figures test. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Significant differences between the field-independent and -dependent groups were not found at the three pedalling rates for any of the physiological variables or for over-all, legs and chest ratings of perceived exertion. The extent of differentiated psychological functioning did not account for individual differences in perceptual reactance during muscular exertion.", "PMID": 662550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9551", "title": "Future orientation, perception of population problems and birth planning behavior.", "content": "A measure of the strength of future orientation in a sample of 350 college students correlated positively with the perceived seriousness of the U.S. and world population problems as well as the likelihood of using a variety of birth control techniques. Correlations were low (.20 to .30).", "contents": "Future orientation, perception of population problems and birth planning behavior. A measure of the strength of future orientation in a sample of 350 college students correlated positively with the perceived seriousness of the U.S. and world population problems as well as the likelihood of using a variety of birth control techniques. Correlations were low (.20 to .30).", "PMID": 662551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9552", "title": "The Cognitive World Structure Game.", "content": "The Cognitive World Structure Game is a social psychological measure of individual differences, originally developed within the framework of an occupational research model. The purpose was to develop a non-diagnostic tool to distinguish among individuals and sets of individuals within various organizations. The game is briefly described and can be distinguished from traditional personality measures by its underlying assumption as well as its methodological components. Although primarily a research tool, an example of its use in a counseling situation is included to illustrate its use in analysis of the multidimensional complexity of personality.", "contents": "The Cognitive World Structure Game. The Cognitive World Structure Game is a social psychological measure of individual differences, originally developed within the framework of an occupational research model. The purpose was to develop a non-diagnostic tool to distinguish among individuals and sets of individuals within various organizations. The game is briefly described and can be distinguished from traditional personality measures by its underlying assumption as well as its methodological components. Although primarily a research tool, an example of its use in a counseling situation is included to illustrate its use in analysis of the multidimensional complexity of personality.", "PMID": 662552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9553", "title": "On the validity of hypotheses derived from the Rorschach: III. The relationship between shading and anxiety.", "content": "Research was reviewed in an attempt to assess the validity of the hypothesis that shading on the Rorschach is related to anxiety. This research turned out to be replete with inconsistent and contradictory findings. The reasons for this are discussed. However, as a consequence of the kind of research that has been conducted in this area, we are unable to draw any conclusions except that we need more research. The methodological and epistemological issues in this research are discussed with the hope of providing some direction for that new research by correcting for the errors in the research done to date.", "contents": "On the validity of hypotheses derived from the Rorschach: III. The relationship between shading and anxiety. Research was reviewed in an attempt to assess the validity of the hypothesis that shading on the Rorschach is related to anxiety. This research turned out to be replete with inconsistent and contradictory findings. The reasons for this are discussed. However, as a consequence of the kind of research that has been conducted in this area, we are unable to draw any conclusions except that we need more research. The methodological and epistemological issues in this research are discussed with the hope of providing some direction for that new research by correcting for the errors in the research done to date.", "PMID": 662553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9554", "title": "The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test: relationships between two measures of creativity.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any significant correlations between the subscores and total scores of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test, as scored by the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style. Twenty-six teachers of Grades 3, 4, and 5 and 51 fourth grade students were given, by group administration, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Results show that although neither the Total Verbal, Total Non-verbal nor Over-all Torrance scores correlate significantly with either the Rorschach Human Movement score or with the Rorschach Total Movement score (HM + FM + m), there are significant relationships between the Total RIR, m score and the Over-all Torrance score. The main conclusion is that the Rorschach HM and Total M score measure artistic, associative, intuitive creativity, while the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and RIR Total score measure divergent thinking.", "contents": "The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test: relationships between two measures of creativity. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any significant correlations between the subscores and total scores of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test, as scored by the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style. Twenty-six teachers of Grades 3, 4, and 5 and 51 fourth grade students were given, by group administration, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Results show that although neither the Total Verbal, Total Non-verbal nor Over-all Torrance scores correlate significantly with either the Rorschach Human Movement score or with the Rorschach Total Movement score (HM + FM + m), there are significant relationships between the Total RIR, m score and the Over-all Torrance score. The main conclusion is that the Rorschach HM and Total M score measure artistic, associative, intuitive creativity, while the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and RIR Total score measure divergent thinking.", "PMID": 662554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9555", "title": "Delayed auditory feedback and the speech of stuttering and non-stuttering children.", "content": "25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback conditions. Changes in speaking rate and disfluency count from normal to each delayed auditory feedback condition were calculated as indicators of reaction to delayed auditory feedback. Using an analysis of variance of difference scores for speaking rate, no significant differences were found between stutterers and non-stutterers or among the delays. An analysis of variance of disfluency difference scores showed no differences between stutterers and non-stutterers. Significant differences in disfluency reaction among delay times were found.", "contents": "Delayed auditory feedback and the speech of stuttering and non-stuttering children. 25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback conditions. Changes in speaking rate and disfluency count from normal to each delayed auditory feedback condition were calculated as indicators of reaction to delayed auditory feedback. Using an analysis of variance of difference scores for speaking rate, no significant differences were found between stutterers and non-stutterers or among the delays. An analysis of variance of disfluency difference scores showed no differences between stutterers and non-stutterers. Significant differences in disfluency reaction among delay times were found.", "PMID": 662555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9556", "title": "Creative thinking and interests of eleven- and twelve-year-olds.", "content": "Scores on What I Like To Do were not shown practical for predicting creative thinking in 100 11- and 12-year-olds from low-income backgrounds. Interests did account for a significant proportion of the variance (36%) in common with Torrance's total creative thinking score in the 50 girls. Suggestions for research are offered.", "contents": "Creative thinking and interests of eleven- and twelve-year-olds. Scores on What I Like To Do were not shown practical for predicting creative thinking in 100 11- and 12-year-olds from low-income backgrounds. Interests did account for a significant proportion of the variance (36%) in common with Torrance's total creative thinking score in the 50 girls. Suggestions for research are offered.", "PMID": 662557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9557", "title": "Perceptual versus mediational learning in a total change concept-shift paradigm.", "content": "The experiment investigated the effects of language acquisition by children in Grades 1 to 4 on performance in a concept-shift task in which the relevant stimulus attributes were either the colour of ink in which a word was written or the meaning of the word. Both English stream and French Immersion children served as subjects. The results indicated a developmental sequence from perceptual learning to verbal mediation. This process was demonstrated at an earlier stage in the French Immersion students who formed a more highly selected group, and intellectual or socio-economic explanations for these differences may be feasible. The relative speed of acquisition of intradimensional and extradimensional shifts interacts with the perceptual/mediational process.", "contents": "Perceptual versus mediational learning in a total change concept-shift paradigm. The experiment investigated the effects of language acquisition by children in Grades 1 to 4 on performance in a concept-shift task in which the relevant stimulus attributes were either the colour of ink in which a word was written or the meaning of the word. Both English stream and French Immersion children served as subjects. The results indicated a developmental sequence from perceptual learning to verbal mediation. This process was demonstrated at an earlier stage in the French Immersion students who formed a more highly selected group, and intellectual or socio-economic explanations for these differences may be feasible. The relative speed of acquisition of intradimensional and extradimensional shifts interacts with the perceptual/mediational process.", "PMID": 662558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9558", "title": "Visual short-term memory, age, and imaging ability.", "content": "Visual short-term memory of young and older adults was studied in relation to imaging ability. Both recall and recognition memory tasks were used and additional variables included stimulus complexity and response delay (recognition tasks) and stimulus complexity and visual masking (recall tasks). Young and older participants were matched on visual discrimination, verbal intelligence, and imaging ability. Stimuli consisted of abstract visual patterns. Age-related decrements in recognition and recall were observed but performance was related to imaging ability only with recall tasks and only for older adults. The results were discussed with reference to mediational strategies and locus of occurrence of age-related decrements in short-term memory.", "contents": "Visual short-term memory, age, and imaging ability. Visual short-term memory of young and older adults was studied in relation to imaging ability. Both recall and recognition memory tasks were used and additional variables included stimulus complexity and response delay (recognition tasks) and stimulus complexity and visual masking (recall tasks). Young and older participants were matched on visual discrimination, verbal intelligence, and imaging ability. Stimuli consisted of abstract visual patterns. Age-related decrements in recognition and recall were observed but performance was related to imaging ability only with recall tasks and only for older adults. The results were discussed with reference to mediational strategies and locus of occurrence of age-related decrements in short-term memory.", "PMID": 662560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9559", "title": "Sex differences in the perception of touching.", "content": "Sex differences in the perception of touching were investigated by having 25 male and 25 female college students rate how likeable a touch would be under different conditions. The women produced a more favorable affect than the men when they touched, and women were perceived as liking to be touched more than men. Perception of touching in general was correlated positively with Self-esteem for men, negatively with Machiavellianism for women, and positively with Trust for women. Results were discussed in terms of traditional sex-typing of touching behavior.", "contents": "Sex differences in the perception of touching. Sex differences in the perception of touching were investigated by having 25 male and 25 female college students rate how likeable a touch would be under different conditions. The women produced a more favorable affect than the men when they touched, and women were perceived as liking to be touched more than men. Perception of touching in general was correlated positively with Self-esteem for men, negatively with Machiavellianism for women, and positively with Trust for women. Results were discussed in terms of traditional sex-typing of touching behavior.", "PMID": 662561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9560", "title": "Physiognomic perception and educational-vocational preference.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine whether physiognomic perception influenced community college students' selection of a variety of educational-vocational goals. Physiognomic perception, a cognitive style dimension through which people imbue objects with varying degrees of affect, was measured by a standardized and validated instrument known as the Stein Physiognomic Cue Test. The subjects were 183 community college students classified according to their stated choice of major field on a brief questionnaire. The hypothesis that students selecting various major fields of study would differ as a function of physiognomic tendencies was supported. The expectation that females would have greater physiognomic tendencies than males was not confirmed for the present sample.", "contents": "Physiognomic perception and educational-vocational preference. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether physiognomic perception influenced community college students' selection of a variety of educational-vocational goals. Physiognomic perception, a cognitive style dimension through which people imbue objects with varying degrees of affect, was measured by a standardized and validated instrument known as the Stein Physiognomic Cue Test. The subjects were 183 community college students classified according to their stated choice of major field on a brief questionnaire. The hypothesis that students selecting various major fields of study would differ as a function of physiognomic tendencies was supported. The expectation that females would have greater physiognomic tendencies than males was not confirmed for the present sample.", "PMID": 662562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9561", "title": "Reaction time to accelerating lines and dots on a cathode-ray tube.", "content": "Two experiments recorded the simple RT of 13 and 10 airline pilots, respectively, to accelerating lines and dots on a cathode-ray tube. In Exp. 1, dotted lines of six lengths moved in-line or frontally, and downward or to the right. Exp. 2 compared seven different in-line-moving solid lines with dot pairs of corresponding separations, and with single dots. RT increased with the length of in-line-moving solid lines but not when dotted lines were used. RT decreased with frontal movement of dotted lines. RT to dot pairs was shorter than to solid lines or single dots. Results indicate the importance of three factors: amount of movement information, visual angle, and inhibition of the retinal area stimulated.", "contents": "Reaction time to accelerating lines and dots on a cathode-ray tube. Two experiments recorded the simple RT of 13 and 10 airline pilots, respectively, to accelerating lines and dots on a cathode-ray tube. In Exp. 1, dotted lines of six lengths moved in-line or frontally, and downward or to the right. Exp. 2 compared seven different in-line-moving solid lines with dot pairs of corresponding separations, and with single dots. RT increased with the length of in-line-moving solid lines but not when dotted lines were used. RT decreased with frontal movement of dotted lines. RT to dot pairs was shorter than to solid lines or single dots. Results indicate the importance of three factors: amount of movement information, visual angle, and inhibition of the retinal area stimulated.", "PMID": 662563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9562", "title": "Effect of individual, small group, and large group method of presentation on modal performance in college men and women.", "content": "The present study investigated individual, small group, and large group methods of presentation in inter- and intra-modal functioning within auditory and visual modes along a temporal dimension. Subjects were 52 men and 70 women, ranging in age from 17 to 36 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance, conducted for three methods of presentation, indicated no significant differences. Thus, group testing is feasible in modal research.", "contents": "Effect of individual, small group, and large group method of presentation on modal performance in college men and women. The present study investigated individual, small group, and large group methods of presentation in inter- and intra-modal functioning within auditory and visual modes along a temporal dimension. Subjects were 52 men and 70 women, ranging in age from 17 to 36 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance, conducted for three methods of presentation, indicated no significant differences. Thus, group testing is feasible in modal research.", "PMID": 662564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9563", "title": "Effects of counselor's eye contact on student-clients' perceptions.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of amount and direction of eye contact with the counselor on a student's perceptions. 48 undergraduate and graduate education majors were randomly assigned to one of six conditions in a 2 x 3 factorial design representing two levels of eye direction (eye-to-eye and eye-to-nose/mouth) and three amounts of eye contact (high = 85%, medium = 50%, low = 15%). Subjects had 10-min. standard interviews that differed only according to the six experimental conditions. Interviews were videotaped to assess maintenance of experimental conditons. Following the interview, subjects rated (5-high to 1-low) the interview on seven variables (comfort, attention, interest, ease, helpfulness, eye contact, and willingness to return). Interrater reliability for maintenance of experimental conditions was .87 on amount of eye contact and .03 for direction. Scheff\u00e9 comparisons showed high and medium eye contact produced significantly higher ratings by student clients on attention, interest, eye contact, and willingness to return than low eye contact. There were no differences for direction of eye contact.", "contents": "Effects of counselor's eye contact on student-clients' perceptions. This study investigated the effects of amount and direction of eye contact with the counselor on a student's perceptions. 48 undergraduate and graduate education majors were randomly assigned to one of six conditions in a 2 x 3 factorial design representing two levels of eye direction (eye-to-eye and eye-to-nose/mouth) and three amounts of eye contact (high = 85%, medium = 50%, low = 15%). Subjects had 10-min. standard interviews that differed only according to the six experimental conditions. Interviews were videotaped to assess maintenance of experimental conditons. Following the interview, subjects rated (5-high to 1-low) the interview on seven variables (comfort, attention, interest, ease, helpfulness, eye contact, and willingness to return). Interrater reliability for maintenance of experimental conditions was .87 on amount of eye contact and .03 for direction. Scheff\u00e9 comparisons showed high and medium eye contact produced significantly higher ratings by student clients on attention, interest, eye contact, and willingness to return than low eye contact. There were no differences for direction of eye contact.", "PMID": 662565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9564", "title": "Cautionary note on the use of short state-anxiety measures.", "content": "The report noted that the use of high item-remainder coefficients as the sole criterion in the selection of items for short state-anxiety scales from full scales can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results. It was demonstrated that the use of a four-item state-anxiety scale from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-State scale based on high item-remainder coefficients changed relationships in a previously reported study which used full-scale scores. It was proposed that such changes in relationships were the result of selecting four items which happen to load on only one of three dimensions of the A-State scale. The criterion of high item-remainder coefficents alone may be inadequate in the formation of short state-anxiety scales.", "contents": "Cautionary note on the use of short state-anxiety measures. The report noted that the use of high item-remainder coefficients as the sole criterion in the selection of items for short state-anxiety scales from full scales can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results. It was demonstrated that the use of a four-item state-anxiety scale from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-State scale based on high item-remainder coefficients changed relationships in a previously reported study which used full-scale scores. It was proposed that such changes in relationships were the result of selecting four items which happen to load on only one of three dimensions of the A-State scale. The criterion of high item-remainder coefficents alone may be inadequate in the formation of short state-anxiety scales.", "PMID": 662566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9565", "title": "Neuropsychological and MMPI correlates of patients' future employment characteristics.", "content": "Previous research has suggested that patients' neuropsychological test scores correlate not only with neurologic status but also with their success in coping with some of the demands of daily living. This study investigated the utility of such laboratory test scores in predicting several vocational variables. Patients who had recieved neuropsychological evaluations were recontacted and questioned about their employment over the previous 6 mo. Of the 78 individuals who participated, 25 had been chronically unemployed. The remaining 53 were asked about job stability, hours worked, and wages earned, and were administered the Minnsota Job Requirements Questionnaire. Patients' scores on the Halstead-Reitan Battery, the WAIS and the MMPI were highly correlated with employment status (employed or chronically unemployed), income, and skills required on the jobs held. The results suggest that these tests may have clinical utility in assessing patients' employability, as well as the types of jobs for which they are suited.", "contents": "Neuropsychological and MMPI correlates of patients' future employment characteristics. Previous research has suggested that patients' neuropsychological test scores correlate not only with neurologic status but also with their success in coping with some of the demands of daily living. This study investigated the utility of such laboratory test scores in predicting several vocational variables. Patients who had recieved neuropsychological evaluations were recontacted and questioned about their employment over the previous 6 mo. Of the 78 individuals who participated, 25 had been chronically unemployed. The remaining 53 were asked about job stability, hours worked, and wages earned, and were administered the Minnsota Job Requirements Questionnaire. Patients' scores on the Halstead-Reitan Battery, the WAIS and the MMPI were highly correlated with employment status (employed or chronically unemployed), income, and skills required on the jobs held. The results suggest that these tests may have clinical utility in assessing patients' employability, as well as the types of jobs for which they are suited.", "PMID": 662567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9566", "title": "Effects of differentially modeled stimuli on vicarious autonomic arousal.", "content": "The present study examined effects of variations in modeled pain cues on level of vicarious arousal, using heart rate and blood-volume amplitude as psychophysiological measures. Students were assigned randomly to one of four groups in which they either (a) underwent directly the cold-pressor test, (b) observed a model exposed to the cold-pressor test and expressing pain by facial and bodily movements, (c) heard only the modeled verbal expressions of pain, or (4) observed the model express neither verbal expressions nor physical movements while undergoing the painful stimulation. The results show aversive stimulation increases heart rate whereas vicarious aversive stimulation produces reductions in heart rate. The deceleration of heart rate was not found in response to all three forms of modeling. Both direct and vicarious aversive stimulation produced decreases in the amplitude of vasomotor responses. The size of the decrement between direct stimulation and the minimal modeling condition of vicarious arousal showed significant differences, but differences between direct stimulation and the maximal modeling condition were not significant. The vasoconstriction was found in response to two forms of modeling.", "contents": "Effects of differentially modeled stimuli on vicarious autonomic arousal. The present study examined effects of variations in modeled pain cues on level of vicarious arousal, using heart rate and blood-volume amplitude as psychophysiological measures. Students were assigned randomly to one of four groups in which they either (a) underwent directly the cold-pressor test, (b) observed a model exposed to the cold-pressor test and expressing pain by facial and bodily movements, (c) heard only the modeled verbal expressions of pain, or (4) observed the model express neither verbal expressions nor physical movements while undergoing the painful stimulation. The results show aversive stimulation increases heart rate whereas vicarious aversive stimulation produces reductions in heart rate. The deceleration of heart rate was not found in response to all three forms of modeling. Both direct and vicarious aversive stimulation produced decreases in the amplitude of vasomotor responses. The size of the decrement between direct stimulation and the minimal modeling condition of vicarious arousal showed significant differences, but differences between direct stimulation and the maximal modeling condition were not significant. The vasoconstriction was found in response to two forms of modeling.", "PMID": 662568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9567", "title": "Transformation of visual neural signals into psychological information.", "content": "A theory is proposed which transforms visual neural signals into the psychological information and which explains visual illusions. As an example, Poggendorff's illusion is explained.", "contents": "Transformation of visual neural signals into psychological information. A theory is proposed which transforms visual neural signals into the psychological information and which explains visual illusions. As an example, Poggendorff's illusion is explained.", "PMID": 662569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9568", "title": "A hypothetical construct to evaluate intracranial stimulation as a source of motivation.", "content": "An explanation is offered for the excessive continued responding found when intracranial stimulation is the primary source of motivation for learning. A response pattern which appears cannot be easily broken.", "contents": "A hypothetical construct to evaluate intracranial stimulation as a source of motivation. An explanation is offered for the excessive continued responding found when intracranial stimulation is the primary source of motivation for learning. A response pattern which appears cannot be easily broken.", "PMID": 662570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9569", "title": "Age differences in visual and kinesthetic short-term memory.", "content": "30 elderly subjects were matched with 30 young subjects and tested on a kinesthetic short-term memory task which required the replication of criterion moves after a variable retention interval under conditions of either rest, differing interpolated movement tasks, or mental activity. A visual control condition was used. Differing interference and temporal decrements were observed. Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition. These findings were discussed with respect to practical implications for the retraining of old subjects on certain motor tasks.", "contents": "Age differences in visual and kinesthetic short-term memory. 30 elderly subjects were matched with 30 young subjects and tested on a kinesthetic short-term memory task which required the replication of criterion moves after a variable retention interval under conditions of either rest, differing interpolated movement tasks, or mental activity. A visual control condition was used. Differing interference and temporal decrements were observed. Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition. These findings were discussed with respect to practical implications for the retraining of old subjects on certain motor tasks.", "PMID": 662571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9570", "title": "[Fluorescent thyroid scanning and intrathyroidal iodine quantification: study in 140 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The system consists of twenty individual sorces of one Ci of 241Am and a high resolution lithium drifted silicon detector. A dual channel analyser permits to measure intrathyroidal stable iodine. The scan requires only 13 minutes and can be made with a very low radiation dose (less than 10 mrads). It provides good quality images and remains available in cases of flooded iodine pools or iodine induced thyrotoxicosis. It is of great interest to follow up subacute thyroiditis and to diagnose autonomous nodules without TSH stimulation. Thyroid stable iodine was measured in vivo in 104 patients. Normal female thyroid glands contained 5,5 +/- 1 mg stable iodine. In hyperthyroidism (10 patients), iodine values are low or elevated. An inverse relationship exists between thyroidal stable iodine and values of T4 or T3.", "contents": "[Fluorescent thyroid scanning and intrathyroidal iodine quantification: study in 140 patients (author's transl)]. The system consists of twenty individual sorces of one Ci of 241Am and a high resolution lithium drifted silicon detector. A dual channel analyser permits to measure intrathyroidal stable iodine. The scan requires only 13 minutes and can be made with a very low radiation dose (less than 10 mrads). It provides good quality images and remains available in cases of flooded iodine pools or iodine induced thyrotoxicosis. It is of great interest to follow up subacute thyroiditis and to diagnose autonomous nodules without TSH stimulation. Thyroid stable iodine was measured in vivo in 104 patients. Normal female thyroid glands contained 5,5 +/- 1 mg stable iodine. In hyperthyroidism (10 patients), iodine values are low or elevated. An inverse relationship exists between thyroidal stable iodine and values of T4 or T3.", "PMID": 662595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9571", "title": "[The estimation of parathormone in primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "In a recent series of 110 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, estimations of plasma immuno-parathormone (PTH) were carried out in fifty two patients. This estimation proved reliable, making possible the confirmation of the diagnosis. In the absence of renal insufficiency, there was a highly positive relationship between PTH levels and plasma calcium. The relationship between PTH and the weight of the parathyroid tumour was less significant. For technical reasons, this long and difficult estimation cannot be used on a routine basis. However, it is most useful in cases in which other laboratory findings are not typical.", "contents": "[The estimation of parathormone in primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. In a recent series of 110 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, estimations of plasma immuno-parathormone (PTH) were carried out in fifty two patients. This estimation proved reliable, making possible the confirmation of the diagnosis. In the absence of renal insufficiency, there was a highly positive relationship between PTH levels and plasma calcium. The relationship between PTH and the weight of the parathyroid tumour was less significant. For technical reasons, this long and difficult estimation cannot be used on a routine basis. However, it is most useful in cases in which other laboratory findings are not typical.", "PMID": 662596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9572", "title": "[Investigations concerning bovine gastro-intestinal strongyles. III. Faecal egg output in the 2nd grazing period (author's transl)].", "content": "Parasitological examination was made on 5065 faeces samples from about 850 cattle, mainly heifers during their 2nd grazing season. The cattle, the majority of which were apparently in good health, were included in a study on weight gains as related to different grazing systems. The samples, which were examined by a modified McMaster technique, were taken through the period April--October in four consecutive years (1971--1974). The monthly occurrence of positive samples (EPG less than or equal to 50) was rather low but fairly stable during the period concerned (Fig. 2 A). The average daily production of trichostrongylid eggs could not be determined exactly (Fig. 2B), but was estimated at about 1.5 million per animal. Larval cultures were made on randomly selected faeces samples. Ostertagia accounted for 58.4% of the identified larvae, and tended to increase in predominance as the grazing period progressed (Fig. 3). Cooperia, constituting 29.4% of the larval population, and other genera, constituting maximum 7% each, showed a declining representation during the grazing season.", "contents": "[Investigations concerning bovine gastro-intestinal strongyles. III. Faecal egg output in the 2nd grazing period (author's transl)]. Parasitological examination was made on 5065 faeces samples from about 850 cattle, mainly heifers during their 2nd grazing season. The cattle, the majority of which were apparently in good health, were included in a study on weight gains as related to different grazing systems. The samples, which were examined by a modified McMaster technique, were taken through the period April--October in four consecutive years (1971--1974). The monthly occurrence of positive samples (EPG less than or equal to 50) was rather low but fairly stable during the period concerned (Fig. 2 A). The average daily production of trichostrongylid eggs could not be determined exactly (Fig. 2B), but was estimated at about 1.5 million per animal. Larval cultures were made on randomly selected faeces samples. Ostertagia accounted for 58.4% of the identified larvae, and tended to increase in predominance as the grazing period progressed (Fig. 3). Cooperia, constituting 29.4% of the larval population, and other genera, constituting maximum 7% each, showed a declining representation during the grazing season.", "PMID": 662591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9573", "title": "[Deliberate self-overdose with propranolol. Changes in serum levels (author's transl)].", "content": "Suicidal attempt using beta-blockers are rare. Overdose by the ingestion of a large number of tablets rarely exceeds the high therapeutic doses suggested for the treatment of certain resistant cases of hypertension. The case described is that of a 65-year-old patient who took 800 mg of propanolol. Observation of plama levels showed that the half-life propanolol in the case of overdose is prolonged: 8.6 hours in this case, with a maximum plasma level of 1536 ng/ml. Plasma renin activity levels were low during the phase of intoxication and showed evidence of a rebound effect at its end. Treatment is above all that of the circulatory insufficiency produced: isopropylnoradrenaline or glucagon. Indications for extra-renal dialysis should take into account knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetics of these drugs and their prolonged physiological action.", "contents": "[Deliberate self-overdose with propranolol. Changes in serum levels (author's transl)]. Suicidal attempt using beta-blockers are rare. Overdose by the ingestion of a large number of tablets rarely exceeds the high therapeutic doses suggested for the treatment of certain resistant cases of hypertension. The case described is that of a 65-year-old patient who took 800 mg of propanolol. Observation of plama levels showed that the half-life propanolol in the case of overdose is prolonged: 8.6 hours in this case, with a maximum plasma level of 1536 ng/ml. Plasma renin activity levels were low during the phase of intoxication and showed evidence of a rebound effect at its end. Treatment is above all that of the circulatory insufficiency produced: isopropylnoradrenaline or glucagon. Indications for extra-renal dialysis should take into account knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetics of these drugs and their prolonged physiological action.", "PMID": 662597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9574", "title": "[The doppler effect applied to the study of the vertebral arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Results and correlation with arteriographic findings in 25 cases. The methodological criteria essential to the reliability of this examination are described, as well as the special conditions of recording which may influence interpretation. The respective values for systolic and diastolic circulatory rates obtained on ultrasound curves led the authors to classify the results into five groups. There was satisfactory correlation between the latter and the anatomical data provided by arteriography of the vertebral arteries. Such a quantitative approach provides an assessment of the functionally normal or pathological state of the vertebral arteries and of circulatory assymetry.", "contents": "[The doppler effect applied to the study of the vertebral arteries (author's transl)]. Results and correlation with arteriographic findings in 25 cases. The methodological criteria essential to the reliability of this examination are described, as well as the special conditions of recording which may influence interpretation. The respective values for systolic and diastolic circulatory rates obtained on ultrasound curves led the authors to classify the results into five groups. There was satisfactory correlation between the latter and the anatomical data provided by arteriography of the vertebral arteries. Such a quantitative approach provides an assessment of the functionally normal or pathological state of the vertebral arteries and of circulatory assymetry.", "PMID": 662598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9575", "title": "A case of partial cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat.", "content": "A case of spontaneous ataxia accompanied by partial cerebellar hypoplasia in a two month old siamese kitten is described. The cause of cerebellar hypoplasia is unknown but the feline panleucopenia virus is number one to be suspected.", "contents": "A case of partial cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat. A case of spontaneous ataxia accompanied by partial cerebellar hypoplasia in a two month old siamese kitten is described. The cause of cerebellar hypoplasia is unknown but the feline panleucopenia virus is number one to be suspected.", "PMID": 662593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9576", "title": "A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. III. III. Microflora of the skin of dogs with chronic eczema.", "content": "The microflora of the skin was studied in 10 dogs with chronic eczema without clinical signs of secondary infection (Table I). The skin surface was swabbed at 7 different sites, making a total of 70 swabs, 25 of which were taken from visibly inflamed areas and 45 from apparently unaffected skin (Table II). Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, micrococci, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. were found consistently. Ten different Gram-negative bacteria, 3 different Gram-positive bacteria, and 2 yeasts were found to occur sporadically (Table III). Compared to a group of 10 healthy dogs a more prolific growth of aerobic microorganisms, a greater number of sites carrying Staph. aureus, and a higher recovery of Gram-negative transients were found in dogs with eczema (Table IV--VII). Within the group of dogs with eczema the growth of Staph. aureus was significantly heavier from eczematous skin areas than from clinically normal skin (Table VIII). In dogs with non-infective dermatitides the colonization of the skin by potentially pathogenic microorganisms may have to be considered in the clinical handling of these diseases.", "contents": "A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. III. III. Microflora of the skin of dogs with chronic eczema. The microflora of the skin was studied in 10 dogs with chronic eczema without clinical signs of secondary infection (Table I). The skin surface was swabbed at 7 different sites, making a total of 70 swabs, 25 of which were taken from visibly inflamed areas and 45 from apparently unaffected skin (Table II). Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, micrococci, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. were found consistently. Ten different Gram-negative bacteria, 3 different Gram-positive bacteria, and 2 yeasts were found to occur sporadically (Table III). Compared to a group of 10 healthy dogs a more prolific growth of aerobic microorganisms, a greater number of sites carrying Staph. aureus, and a higher recovery of Gram-negative transients were found in dogs with eczema (Table IV--VII). Within the group of dogs with eczema the growth of Staph. aureus was significantly heavier from eczematous skin areas than from clinically normal skin (Table VIII). In dogs with non-infective dermatitides the colonization of the skin by potentially pathogenic microorganisms may have to be considered in the clinical handling of these diseases.", "PMID": 662594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9577", "title": "[Prolonged exposure (flooding) in phobic and obsessive compulsive patients: 21 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A first appraisal of 21 patients with phobic (n = 15), obsessive-compulsive (n = 5) and bereavement problems (n = 1) is carried out after a flooding procedure (prolonged exposure). One case is reported in detail. The actuarial rate of improvement amounts to 73% at a follow up between 6 and 9 months. The failures and relapses take place in the first month following the treatment. Two psychotic subjects show a significant improvement. The importance of the patient's expectations and motivation and the interpersonal aspects are underlined.", "contents": "[Prolonged exposure (flooding) in phobic and obsessive compulsive patients: 21 cases (author's transl)]. A first appraisal of 21 patients with phobic (n = 15), obsessive-compulsive (n = 5) and bereavement problems (n = 1) is carried out after a flooding procedure (prolonged exposure). One case is reported in detail. The actuarial rate of improvement amounts to 73% at a follow up between 6 and 9 months. The failures and relapses take place in the first month following the treatment. Two psychotic subjects show a significant improvement. The importance of the patient's expectations and motivation and the interpersonal aspects are underlined.", "PMID": 662607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9578", "title": "[Pulmonary oedema after late revascularisation of the lower limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "In the two cases reported, pulmonary oedema developed immediately following revascularisation of the lower limbs after prolonged ischaemia. Without it being possible to formally exclude the possible role of a haemodynamic factor, the authors suggest the hypothesis of a predominantly lesional mechanism. The \"reconnection to the circuit\" is the provoking factor in this oedema, the alveolo-capillary membrane being previously altered by the prolonged ischaemia, infection and massive transfusion. The pulmonary manifestations would seem to enter within the classification of somatolysis.", "contents": "[Pulmonary oedema after late revascularisation of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. In the two cases reported, pulmonary oedema developed immediately following revascularisation of the lower limbs after prolonged ischaemia. Without it being possible to formally exclude the possible role of a haemodynamic factor, the authors suggest the hypothesis of a predominantly lesional mechanism. The \"reconnection to the circuit\" is the provoking factor in this oedema, the alveolo-capillary membrane being previously altered by the prolonged ischaemia, infection and massive transfusion. The pulmonary manifestations would seem to enter within the classification of somatolysis.", "PMID": 662608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9579", "title": "[Extramembranous glomerulitis associated with visceral tumours. Clinical and histological study based upon 10 cases and a review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of the association between extramembranous glomerulopathy and a visceral tumour suggests the responsibility of various antigen-antibody systems related to malignancy, at the origin of the nephropathy. In a number of special cases, the role of these systems has been more precisely demonstrated. The cases reported here emphasise the need to seek a visceral tumour when the onset of extramembranous glomerulitis occurs after the age of 40 years, in particular since the onset of proteinuria may precede the first clinical signs of the tumour by several months. The presence of polynuclear cells in the glomerular capillary loops, associated with extramembranous deposits, is an additional element of orientation in the direction of neoplastic aetiology.", "contents": "[Extramembranous glomerulitis associated with visceral tumours. Clinical and histological study based upon 10 cases and a review of the literature (author's transl)]. The frequency of the association between extramembranous glomerulopathy and a visceral tumour suggests the responsibility of various antigen-antibody systems related to malignancy, at the origin of the nephropathy. In a number of special cases, the role of these systems has been more precisely demonstrated. The cases reported here emphasise the need to seek a visceral tumour when the onset of extramembranous glomerulitis occurs after the age of 40 years, in particular since the onset of proteinuria may precede the first clinical signs of the tumour by several months. The presence of polynuclear cells in the glomerular capillary loops, associated with extramembranous deposits, is an additional element of orientation in the direction of neoplastic aetiology.", "PMID": 662620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9580", "title": "[Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency causing recurrent thrombo-embolic problems (author's transl)].", "content": "A marked deficiency in antithrombin III (AT III) was demonstrated in a 39-year-old man suffering from recurrent thrombo-embolic problems. The patient's father had died following a thrombo-embolic disorder. A certain number of members of the family also showed evidence of a marked decrease in AT III levels. Although it was not possible to study the patient's parents, it would seem reasonable to conclude that the diagnosis was one of hereditary deficiency in AT III. The various aspects of this disorder discovered by Egeberg are reviewed: early onset, in several members of the same family, or recurrent thrombo-embolic problems, accompanied by a decrease in functional activity of one of the principal inhibitors of thrombin (AT III), with autosomal dominant transmission and treatment based upon anti-vitamin K agents.", "contents": "[Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency causing recurrent thrombo-embolic problems (author's transl)]. A marked deficiency in antithrombin III (AT III) was demonstrated in a 39-year-old man suffering from recurrent thrombo-embolic problems. The patient's father had died following a thrombo-embolic disorder. A certain number of members of the family also showed evidence of a marked decrease in AT III levels. Although it was not possible to study the patient's parents, it would seem reasonable to conclude that the diagnosis was one of hereditary deficiency in AT III. The various aspects of this disorder discovered by Egeberg are reviewed: early onset, in several members of the same family, or recurrent thrombo-embolic problems, accompanied by a decrease in functional activity of one of the principal inhibitors of thrombin (AT III), with autosomal dominant transmission and treatment based upon anti-vitamin K agents.", "PMID": 662621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9581", "title": "[Psychologic regression in patients treated in an intesnsive care unit (author's transl)].", "content": "Regression occurs frequently in patients in Resuscitation Units. It is a desirable phenomenon so far as it leads to better acceptance of the treatment by patients, yet it can be harmful since it may lengthen the course of illness. Thirty patients were studied via a questionaire centered around six main points. The results and their correlation with the degree of regression are reported. Regression leading to a worsening of the course of illness, may have its origin in the patient himself or in the treatment team. Training of the latter would mainly aim to establish a treatment team - patient relationship fostering autonomy as early as possible.", "contents": "[Psychologic regression in patients treated in an intesnsive care unit (author's transl)]. Regression occurs frequently in patients in Resuscitation Units. It is a desirable phenomenon so far as it leads to better acceptance of the treatment by patients, yet it can be harmful since it may lengthen the course of illness. Thirty patients were studied via a questionaire centered around six main points. The results and their correlation with the degree of regression are reported. Regression leading to a worsening of the course of illness, may have its origin in the patient himself or in the treatment team. Training of the latter would mainly aim to establish a treatment team - patient relationship fostering autonomy as early as possible.", "PMID": 662623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9582", "title": "[Transplacental infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Results of a retrospective serological study in France (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was made on the presence of antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in 452 children in the Lyon area who had suffered from either a major pathological condition or a congenital malformation at birth. Of 34 cases of congenital hydrocephalus, only one could be definitely attributed to a maternal infection with the virus, occurring between the 5th and 6th months of pregnancy. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus should thus be added to the list of those which are potentially teratogenic for the human species.", "contents": "[Transplacental infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Results of a retrospective serological study in France (author's transl)]. A study was made on the presence of antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in 452 children in the Lyon area who had suffered from either a major pathological condition or a congenital malformation at birth. Of 34 cases of congenital hydrocephalus, only one could be definitely attributed to a maternal infection with the virus, occurring between the 5th and 6th months of pregnancy. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus should thus be added to the list of those which are potentially teratogenic for the human species.", "PMID": 662624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9583", "title": "[Acute non-septicaemic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis. One case in a patient with no obvious immune deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A 55-year-old man, alcoholic, and with a past history of tuberculosis, suddenly suffered a pneumococcal pneumonia which favourised the onset of predelirium tremens and then generalised convulsions. The latter, in combination with the administration of sedatives, resulted in acute respiratory insufficiency. Assisted ventilation proved necessary. After a brief improvement, fever recurred and extensive pulmonary necrosis developed. The patient died 32 days later, all aetiological studies having proved negative. The diagnosis was made at autopsy which revealed the presence of multiple pulmonary aspergillus abcesses and a purulent bronchitis due to the same fungus. Aspergillus serology had not been done.", "contents": "[Acute non-septicaemic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis. One case in a patient with no obvious immune deficiency (author's transl)]. A 55-year-old man, alcoholic, and with a past history of tuberculosis, suddenly suffered a pneumococcal pneumonia which favourised the onset of predelirium tremens and then generalised convulsions. The latter, in combination with the administration of sedatives, resulted in acute respiratory insufficiency. Assisted ventilation proved necessary. After a brief improvement, fever recurred and extensive pulmonary necrosis developed. The patient died 32 days later, all aetiological studies having proved negative. The diagnosis was made at autopsy which revealed the presence of multiple pulmonary aspergillus abcesses and a purulent bronchitis due to the same fungus. Aspergillus serology had not been done.", "PMID": 662625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9584", "title": "[Inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone in a case of intermittent acute porphyria (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a patient who presented, during two exacerbations of intermittent acute porphyria, a grave psychiatric syndrome secondary to severe hyponatraemia. The later was due to inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone confirmed by laboratory tests and the stimation of anti-diuretic activity in the urine. The course was favourable under the effects of symptomatic treatment including sodium supplements and fluid restriction. The anti-diuretic syndrome disappeared on each occasion without sequelae at the time of regression of the exacerbation of porphyria.", "contents": "[Inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone in a case of intermittent acute porphyria (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a patient who presented, during two exacerbations of intermittent acute porphyria, a grave psychiatric syndrome secondary to severe hyponatraemia. The later was due to inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone confirmed by laboratory tests and the stimation of anti-diuretic activity in the urine. The course was favourable under the effects of symptomatic treatment including sodium supplements and fluid restriction. The anti-diuretic syndrome disappeared on each occasion without sequelae at the time of regression of the exacerbation of porphyria.", "PMID": 662626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9585", "title": "[Revascularisation of the arteries of the digestive tract by retrosternal bypass from the left subclavian artery (author's transl)].", "content": "This technique of revascularisation of the digestive arteries is suggested when the infrarenal aorta cannot be used. The hepatic artery is reimplanted in the coeliac region. The vein graft is passed in the root of the transverse mesocolon and anastomosed with the superior mesenteric artery. The subclavian artery, frequently used in the revascularisation of the neck vessels, was felt to be preferable to the axillary artery. Passage of the graft retrosternally avoids any kinking or compression in the abdominal wall. The patient's own saphenous vein is the most suitable material. If this is not possible, a varicosity preserved by cold was felt to be preferable to a dacron tube.", "contents": "[Revascularisation of the arteries of the digestive tract by retrosternal bypass from the left subclavian artery (author's transl)]. This technique of revascularisation of the digestive arteries is suggested when the infrarenal aorta cannot be used. The hepatic artery is reimplanted in the coeliac region. The vein graft is passed in the root of the transverse mesocolon and anastomosed with the superior mesenteric artery. The subclavian artery, frequently used in the revascularisation of the neck vessels, was felt to be preferable to the axillary artery. Passage of the graft retrosternally avoids any kinking or compression in the abdominal wall. The patient's own saphenous vein is the most suitable material. If this is not possible, a varicosity preserved by cold was felt to be preferable to a dacron tube.", "PMID": 662627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9586", "title": "[Essential hypertension in the child and the adolescent. Epidemiological study in schools (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst a group of 819 children and adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years and attending a public school, the distribution of blood pressure was determined in relation to age, sex, height-weight ratio and family history. Mean blood pressure values increased with age both sexes for both systolic and diastolic levels. Children outside the norms, blood pressure 2SD, should be considered to be hypertensive and be followed up. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 3.95 per cent amongst the boys and 3,83 per cent amongst girls. That for diastolic hypertension was 7.33 per cent for boys and 6.97 per cent for girls. Obesity appeared to be the major factor associated with hypertension since half of the hypertensive individuals were overweight. Individual prevention is thus possible. The existence of a family history of hypertension and of obesity more particularly in obese hypertensive children should lead to steps aimed at the familial prevention of hypertension.", "contents": "[Essential hypertension in the child and the adolescent. Epidemiological study in schools (author's transl)]. Amongst a group of 819 children and adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years and attending a public school, the distribution of blood pressure was determined in relation to age, sex, height-weight ratio and family history. Mean blood pressure values increased with age both sexes for both systolic and diastolic levels. Children outside the norms, blood pressure 2SD, should be considered to be hypertensive and be followed up. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 3.95 per cent amongst the boys and 3,83 per cent amongst girls. That for diastolic hypertension was 7.33 per cent for boys and 6.97 per cent for girls. Obesity appeared to be the major factor associated with hypertension since half of the hypertensive individuals were overweight. Individual prevention is thus possible. The existence of a family history of hypertension and of obesity more particularly in obese hypertensive children should lead to steps aimed at the familial prevention of hypertension.", "PMID": 662641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9587", "title": "[The value of gallium 67 citrate in the diagnosis and localisation of deep-seated abdominal abscesses (author's transl)].", "content": "Six French Departments of Nuclear Medicine have pooled their results of Gallium 67 citrate scanning, carried out with the aim of demonstrating an abcess. Two hundred and thirty five examinations were performed. During the postoperative period, an abcess was correctly localised in 83 cases out of 89. For the 188 patients undergoing the examination, the reliability was 92%. In cases of suspicion of a subphrenic abcess, precise diagnosis was obtained in 19 cases out of 21. In 35 patients with an infectious syndrome in the absence of surgery, scanning gave an accurate diagnosis in 33. In 12 patients who had recently had a renal transplant, scanning revealed a purulent collection in 5 cases. By virtue of the affinity of Gallium for any inflammatory process, echotomography must always be performed after the isotope scan in order to confirm the presence or absence of a fluid collection in the region of the zone of increased uptake. These atraumatic techniques, easy to carry out, should provide clinicians with precious information when an infectious process within the abdomen is being sought.", "contents": "[The value of gallium 67 citrate in the diagnosis and localisation of deep-seated abdominal abscesses (author's transl)]. Six French Departments of Nuclear Medicine have pooled their results of Gallium 67 citrate scanning, carried out with the aim of demonstrating an abcess. Two hundred and thirty five examinations were performed. During the postoperative period, an abcess was correctly localised in 83 cases out of 89. For the 188 patients undergoing the examination, the reliability was 92%. In cases of suspicion of a subphrenic abcess, precise diagnosis was obtained in 19 cases out of 21. In 35 patients with an infectious syndrome in the absence of surgery, scanning gave an accurate diagnosis in 33. In 12 patients who had recently had a renal transplant, scanning revealed a purulent collection in 5 cases. By virtue of the affinity of Gallium for any inflammatory process, echotomography must always be performed after the isotope scan in order to confirm the presence or absence of a fluid collection in the region of the zone of increased uptake. These atraumatic techniques, easy to carry out, should provide clinicians with precious information when an infectious process within the abdomen is being sought.", "PMID": 662642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9588", "title": "[Corticotrophic adenomas with melanoderma (Nelson's syndrome). Two cases clinical and laboratory studies before and after spontaneous intercurrent necrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of Nelson's syndrome (macroscopic cortico-melanotropic pituitary adenoma developing after bilateral total adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease) are reported. The unusual feature was spontaneous necrosis of the adenoma, as indicated by the rapid disappearance of melanoderma, the normalisation or decrease in plasma ACTH level, retraction in the diaphragm of the sella at air encephalography and autopsy findings in one case.", "contents": "[Corticotrophic adenomas with melanoderma (Nelson's syndrome). Two cases clinical and laboratory studies before and after spontaneous intercurrent necrosis (author's transl)]. Two cases of Nelson's syndrome (macroscopic cortico-melanotropic pituitary adenoma developing after bilateral total adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease) are reported. The unusual feature was spontaneous necrosis of the adenoma, as indicated by the rapid disappearance of melanoderma, the normalisation or decrease in plasma ACTH level, retraction in the diaphragm of the sella at air encephalography and autopsy findings in one case.", "PMID": 662643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9589", "title": "[Why, when and how dietary fiber will be used in gastrointestinal disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reviews the current status of knowledge with relation to the effects of dietary fiber on intestinal physiology and pathology. Vegetable dietary fiber is a physical complex acting principally in the colon. Fibers have water-holding, cation exchange and absorptive properties and important effects on bacterial activity. Data on transit times, colonic intraluminal pressure and colonic motor activity, favour the view that fibers are interesting in the therapy of constipation, irrtable colon and diverticular disease. High residue diet must be recommended in this colonic disease. Indications are given for the choice, dosage and administration of dietary fibers.", "contents": "[Why, when and how dietary fiber will be used in gastrointestinal disorders (author's transl)]. This paper reviews the current status of knowledge with relation to the effects of dietary fiber on intestinal physiology and pathology. Vegetable dietary fiber is a physical complex acting principally in the colon. Fibers have water-holding, cation exchange and absorptive properties and important effects on bacterial activity. Data on transit times, colonic intraluminal pressure and colonic motor activity, favour the view that fibers are interesting in the therapy of constipation, irrtable colon and diverticular disease. High residue diet must be recommended in this colonic disease. Indications are given for the choice, dosage and administration of dietary fibers.", "PMID": 662644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9590", "title": "[The influence of rifampicin upon the metabolism of isoniazid (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors sought to determine whether the combination of rifampicin and isoniazid altered the rate of acetylation of the latter drug by possible hepatic involvement. INH inactivation and transaminase levels were studied in 36 patients with tuberculosis, before and after 30 days of treatment with a combination of INH in a dose of 5 to 7 mg/kg/day and rifampicin in a dose of 600 mg/day. The results failed to confirm such a hypothesis since, whatever the phenotype of inactivation, no significant difference was seen between residual INH levels at 3 and 6 hours, before and after treatment, nor any significant increase in transaminases.", "contents": "[The influence of rifampicin upon the metabolism of isoniazid (author's transl)]. The authors sought to determine whether the combination of rifampicin and isoniazid altered the rate of acetylation of the latter drug by possible hepatic involvement. INH inactivation and transaminase levels were studied in 36 patients with tuberculosis, before and after 30 days of treatment with a combination of INH in a dose of 5 to 7 mg/kg/day and rifampicin in a dose of 600 mg/day. The results failed to confirm such a hypothesis since, whatever the phenotype of inactivation, no significant difference was seen between residual INH levels at 3 and 6 hours, before and after treatment, nor any significant increase in transaminases.", "PMID": 662655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9591", "title": "[The duodenum : a psychosomatic organ? (author's transl)].", "content": "A pressure-captor tube was inserted into the duodenum close to the ampulla of Vater in 15 surgical patients. The authors present a selection of 12 pressure curves under different circumstances : sleep, awake, meal, psychological agression, physical agression, pharmacological agression. The curves indicate that the duodenum reflects a psychosomatic structure in terms of its motricity, which could explain various aspects of gastric or biliary pathology.", "contents": "[The duodenum : a psychosomatic organ? (author's transl)]. A pressure-captor tube was inserted into the duodenum close to the ampulla of Vater in 15 surgical patients. The authors present a selection of 12 pressure curves under different circumstances : sleep, awake, meal, psychological agression, physical agression, pharmacological agression. The curves indicate that the duodenum reflects a psychosomatic structure in terms of its motricity, which could explain various aspects of gastric or biliary pathology.", "PMID": 662656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9592", "title": "[Leydig cell tumours of the testis. Two cases presenting opposing sexual features : gynaecomastia, precocious virilisation, and revealed by study in vitro of aromatisation activity].", "content": "Two Leydig cell tumours presented with changes in sexual characteristics. The first patient was a child with precocious puberty whilst the second was that of an adult with recurrent gynaecomastia. Histochemical examination in vitro of tumour tissue from the second patient made it possible to explain the synthesis of oestrogens by a primary tissue destined to an essentially androgenic activity.", "contents": "[Leydig cell tumours of the testis. Two cases presenting opposing sexual features : gynaecomastia, precocious virilisation, and revealed by study in vitro of aromatisation activity]. Two Leydig cell tumours presented with changes in sexual characteristics. The first patient was a child with precocious puberty whilst the second was that of an adult with recurrent gynaecomastia. Histochemical examination in vitro of tumour tissue from the second patient made it possible to explain the synthesis of oestrogens by a primary tissue destined to an essentially androgenic activity.", "PMID": 662657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9593", "title": "[Pleuro-pulmonary infections : importance of anaerobic bacteria and therapeutic consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "A prospective study of bacteriology and therapeutic outcome in 14 cases of pleuro-pulmonary infections is reported. Bacteriologic results are based on transtracheal aspirates and empyema fluid. Appropriate anaerobic bacteriologic methods were employed. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 11 patients, and were the only pathogens isolated in 6 patients. Patients were treated by penicillin G. This was judged satisfactory in all cases, although 1 patient died from pneumococcal septicemia few hours after his admission to the hospital. The results indicate that with reliable specimen (pleural fluidand transtracheal aspirates) and optimal anaerobic culture methods, bacteriologic diagnosis can be established. Since anaerobes play a key role in most cases of pleuro-pulmonary infections, penicillin G is the prefered initial drug.", "contents": "[Pleuro-pulmonary infections : importance of anaerobic bacteria and therapeutic consequences (author's transl)]. A prospective study of bacteriology and therapeutic outcome in 14 cases of pleuro-pulmonary infections is reported. Bacteriologic results are based on transtracheal aspirates and empyema fluid. Appropriate anaerobic bacteriologic methods were employed. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 11 patients, and were the only pathogens isolated in 6 patients. Patients were treated by penicillin G. This was judged satisfactory in all cases, although 1 patient died from pneumococcal septicemia few hours after his admission to the hospital. The results indicate that with reliable specimen (pleural fluidand transtracheal aspirates) and optimal anaerobic culture methods, bacteriologic diagnosis can be established. Since anaerobes play a key role in most cases of pleuro-pulmonary infections, penicillin G is the prefered initial drug.", "PMID": 662658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9594", "title": "[Cerebral ischemia, treatment by vascular micro surgical technique: intra-extra cranial anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of vascular micro-surgical techniques has allowed to treat cerebral ischemia, through extra-intra-cranial anastomosis, when the causative arterial lesions have a surgically unfavorable location. Thirty patients underwent brain revascularization through extra-intra-cranial micro-anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (branch of the external carotid artery) and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery. Twenty five patients had definite sensitive and motor deficits. Five patients, on the other hand, underwent preventive surgery because of transient cerebral ischemia. In our series, the global rate of the microanastomosis patency is 78%. When the anastomosis is patent, 85% of the cases with motor deficits are cured or improved. The results are even more favorable in case of transient cerebral ischemia, for the anastomosis in such cases was always patent. None of these later patients had ischemia attacks with a one-year follow-up.", "contents": "[Cerebral ischemia, treatment by vascular micro surgical technique: intra-extra cranial anastomosis (author's transl)]. The introduction of vascular micro-surgical techniques has allowed to treat cerebral ischemia, through extra-intra-cranial anastomosis, when the causative arterial lesions have a surgically unfavorable location. Thirty patients underwent brain revascularization through extra-intra-cranial micro-anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (branch of the external carotid artery) and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery. Twenty five patients had definite sensitive and motor deficits. Five patients, on the other hand, underwent preventive surgery because of transient cerebral ischemia. In our series, the global rate of the microanastomosis patency is 78%. When the anastomosis is patent, 85% of the cases with motor deficits are cured or improved. The results are even more favorable in case of transient cerebral ischemia, for the anastomosis in such cases was always patent. None of these later patients had ischemia attacks with a one-year follow-up.", "PMID": 662667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9595", "title": "[Perhexilline maleate: relationship between side-effects, plasma concentrations and rate of metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "In three individuals (2 male and 1 female) with severe side-effects apparently related to the regular ingestion for a period of at least 5 months of perhexiline maleate, the authors studied the rate of fall in plasma levels of the drug, of its monohydroxylated metabolite, blood transaminase and glucose levels following the interruption of therapy. The relationship between these data would indicate two hypotheses which could be tested during future studies: the manner in which the body metabolises the drug would appear to vary in relation to plasma concentration and/or hepatic involvement.", "contents": "[Perhexilline maleate: relationship between side-effects, plasma concentrations and rate of metabolism (author's transl)]. In three individuals (2 male and 1 female) with severe side-effects apparently related to the regular ingestion for a period of at least 5 months of perhexiline maleate, the authors studied the rate of fall in plasma levels of the drug, of its monohydroxylated metabolite, blood transaminase and glucose levels following the interruption of therapy. The relationship between these data would indicate two hypotheses which could be tested during future studies: the manner in which the body metabolises the drug would appear to vary in relation to plasma concentration and/or hepatic involvement.", "PMID": 662668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9596", "title": "[The radiological exploration of renal tumour syndromes [author's transl)].", "content": "Four radiological examinations are available to the clinician for the diagnosis of renal tumour syndromes: intravenous pyelography with vascular nephrotomography is used to make an initial classification. Hypervascularised masses, usually malignant, remain the indication of choice for renal arteriography. Apparently avascular or doubtful masses should first be studied by ultrasound echotomography which offers the possibility of a second classification into fluid-filled tumours, the cystic nature of which may be confirmed by translumbar puncture followed by kystography, and solid or doubtful tumours, suggestive above all of a necrosed carcinoma. In this latter case, the indications for renal arteriography with the use of angiotensin, translumbar puncture or immediate exploratory lumbotomy must be decided in the light of individual cases and local preferences.", "contents": "[The radiological exploration of renal tumour syndromes [author's transl)]. Four radiological examinations are available to the clinician for the diagnosis of renal tumour syndromes: intravenous pyelography with vascular nephrotomography is used to make an initial classification. Hypervascularised masses, usually malignant, remain the indication of choice for renal arteriography. Apparently avascular or doubtful masses should first be studied by ultrasound echotomography which offers the possibility of a second classification into fluid-filled tumours, the cystic nature of which may be confirmed by translumbar puncture followed by kystography, and solid or doubtful tumours, suggestive above all of a necrosed carcinoma. In this latter case, the indications for renal arteriography with the use of angiotensin, translumbar puncture or immediate exploratory lumbotomy must be decided in the light of individual cases and local preferences.", "PMID": 662669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9597", "title": "[External drainage of the common bile duct. A new transcystic drain (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a new transcystic drain which offers the possibility of per-operative cholangiograms of excellent quality and provides an highly satisfactory means of external drainage of the common bile duct.", "contents": "[External drainage of the common bile duct. A new transcystic drain (author's transl)]. The authors present a new transcystic drain which offers the possibility of per-operative cholangiograms of excellent quality and provides an highly satisfactory means of external drainage of the common bile duct.", "PMID": 662670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9598", "title": "[The MB Iso-enzyme of creatine phosphokinase in myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "CPK and its MB iso-enzymatic fraction were measured in 240 patients, 180 of whom suffered from myocardial infarction. MB iso-enzyme was expressed as a percentage of total CPK and a minimum figure of 4 per cent of MB isoenzyme was taken as indicative of a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. In the 180 patients with an infarction, the average MB level as a percentage of total CPK was 12.1 +/- 5.4 per cent. Five patients with a proven infarct had an MB iso-enzyme level of less than 4 per cent. Amongst the 60 patients without a myocardial infarction who were included in view of a pathological level of CPK, the average maximum level of MB was 1 +/- 2.5 per cent. Five of these 60 patients (false positives: 8.3%) had an MB iso-enzyme level of greater than 4 per cent. It is concluded that the estimation of MB iso-enzyme of CPK using a chromatographic technic is a highly valuable laboratory method for confirming or eliminating a diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the numerous clinical circumstances when such a diagnosis is difficult or even impossible on the basis of standard data.", "contents": "[The MB Iso-enzyme of creatine phosphokinase in myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. CPK and its MB iso-enzymatic fraction were measured in 240 patients, 180 of whom suffered from myocardial infarction. MB iso-enzyme was expressed as a percentage of total CPK and a minimum figure of 4 per cent of MB isoenzyme was taken as indicative of a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. In the 180 patients with an infarction, the average MB level as a percentage of total CPK was 12.1 +/- 5.4 per cent. Five patients with a proven infarct had an MB iso-enzyme level of less than 4 per cent. Amongst the 60 patients without a myocardial infarction who were included in view of a pathological level of CPK, the average maximum level of MB was 1 +/- 2.5 per cent. Five of these 60 patients (false positives: 8.3%) had an MB iso-enzyme level of greater than 4 per cent. It is concluded that the estimation of MB iso-enzyme of CPK using a chromatographic technic is a highly valuable laboratory method for confirming or eliminating a diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the numerous clinical circumstances when such a diagnosis is difficult or even impossible on the basis of standard data.", "PMID": 662681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9599", "title": "[Scintigraphic appearance and particular arteriographic aspects intrahepatic cholestasis].", "content": "Based on one case history, it is reviewed here that prolonged cases of obstructive jaundice can take on deceiving appearences, and all the more so when they fall within the framework of a \"biological gap\". Extensive distension of the extra and intrahepatic bile ducts are at the basis of images with multiple, radiating hilar gaps on scintigraphy, and of \"chicken nests\" and \"Swiss cheese\" at hepatographic times in selective hepatic arteriography. These rather uncommon images should lead to a diagnosis of a surgical cholestatic liver.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic appearance and particular arteriographic aspects intrahepatic cholestasis]. Based on one case history, it is reviewed here that prolonged cases of obstructive jaundice can take on deceiving appearences, and all the more so when they fall within the framework of a \"biological gap\". Extensive distension of the extra and intrahepatic bile ducts are at the basis of images with multiple, radiating hilar gaps on scintigraphy, and of \"chicken nests\" and \"Swiss cheese\" at hepatographic times in selective hepatic arteriography. These rather uncommon images should lead to a diagnosis of a surgical cholestatic liver.", "PMID": 662682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9600", "title": "DNA-binding nonhistone proteins: DNA site reassociation.", "content": "The DNA-binding nonhistone proteins (NHP) have been demonstrated to fractionate the rat genome into protein-bound and unbound DNA sequences. Twenty percent of highly sheared rat DNA [approximately 350 base pair (bp)] can be retained on membrane filters as protein complexes. When extracted from the filter and retitrated with the NHP, a 4- to 5-fold enrichment of binding sites is present in the bound DNA with few, if any, sites detected in the unbound DNA. Rat DNA restricted by EcoRI endonuclease can be fractionated by its DNA-binding NHP retention characteristics. Reassociation kinetics of the bound restricted sequences indicate that 45.6% is a subset of total single-copy sequence of the rat genome an 26.9% is repetitive sequences. Cross hybridization studies indicate the repetitive sequences of the bound DNA are not enriched as much as the slow component of the rat genome. Thus a 4-fold enrichment of a subset of the rat genome has been observed via NHP-DNA interactions.", "contents": "DNA-binding nonhistone proteins: DNA site reassociation. The DNA-binding nonhistone proteins (NHP) have been demonstrated to fractionate the rat genome into protein-bound and unbound DNA sequences. Twenty percent of highly sheared rat DNA [approximately 350 base pair (bp)] can be retained on membrane filters as protein complexes. When extracted from the filter and retitrated with the NHP, a 4- to 5-fold enrichment of binding sites is present in the bound DNA with few, if any, sites detected in the unbound DNA. Rat DNA restricted by EcoRI endonuclease can be fractionated by its DNA-binding NHP retention characteristics. Reassociation kinetics of the bound restricted sequences indicate that 45.6% is a subset of total single-copy sequence of the rat genome an 26.9% is repetitive sequences. Cross hybridization studies indicate the repetitive sequences of the bound DNA are not enriched as much as the slow component of the rat genome. Thus a 4-fold enrichment of a subset of the rat genome has been observed via NHP-DNA interactions.", "PMID": 662691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9601", "title": "Synthesis of histone messenger RNAs by RNA polymerase II in nuclei from S phase HeLa S3 cells.", "content": "Nuclei were isolated from synchronized HeLa S3 cells and transcribed utilizing their endogenous RNA polymerases. Our data suggest that S phase nuclei are capable of synthesizing histone mRNA sequences while nuclei from G1 phase cells are not. Transcription of histone mRNA sequences by S phase nuclei can be abolished completely by low levels of alpha-amanitin (1.0 microgram/ml, a concentration which completely inhibits RNA polymerase II). From these results it appears that transcription of the histone mRNA sequences occurs during the S phase but not during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that RNA polymerase II is responsible for histone gene readout.", "contents": "Synthesis of histone messenger RNAs by RNA polymerase II in nuclei from S phase HeLa S3 cells. Nuclei were isolated from synchronized HeLa S3 cells and transcribed utilizing their endogenous RNA polymerases. Our data suggest that S phase nuclei are capable of synthesizing histone mRNA sequences while nuclei from G1 phase cells are not. Transcription of histone mRNA sequences by S phase nuclei can be abolished completely by low levels of alpha-amanitin (1.0 microgram/ml, a concentration which completely inhibits RNA polymerase II). From these results it appears that transcription of the histone mRNA sequences occurs during the S phase but not during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that RNA polymerase II is responsible for histone gene readout.", "PMID": 662692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9602", "title": "Light scattering measurements supporting helical structures for chromatin in solution.", "content": "Laser light scattering measurements have been made on a series of polynucleosomes containing from 50 to 150 nucleosomes. Radii of gyration have been determined as a function of polynucleosome length for different ionic strength solutions. The results suggest that at low ionic strength the chromatin adopts a loosely helical structure rather than a random coil. The helix becomes more regular on increasing the ionic strength, the dimension resembling those proposed by Finch and Klug for their solenoid model.", "contents": "Light scattering measurements supporting helical structures for chromatin in solution. Laser light scattering measurements have been made on a series of polynucleosomes containing from 50 to 150 nucleosomes. Radii of gyration have been determined as a function of polynucleosome length for different ionic strength solutions. The results suggest that at low ionic strength the chromatin adopts a loosely helical structure rather than a random coil. The helix becomes more regular on increasing the ionic strength, the dimension resembling those proposed by Finch and Klug for their solenoid model.", "PMID": 662693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9603", "title": "Calorimetric studies on viroids.", "content": "Thermodynamic studies on highly purified viroid preparations were carried out with the help of a very sensitive adiabatic microcalorimeter. Parallel to the change of UV-absorption at 260 nm as a function of temperature, the additional heat capacity of the dilute viroid solution rises sharply within the melting interval, reaches a maximum at T = Tm and declines to a baseline again when the temperature is increased further. From the peak area the molar transition enthalpy can be calculated. The transition enthalpies of citrus exocortis viroid and cucumber pale fruit viroid are 4200 kJ/mol and 3930 kJ/mol, respectively. The calorimetric results are compared to the results obtained from melting studies using UV-absorption.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies on viroids. Thermodynamic studies on highly purified viroid preparations were carried out with the help of a very sensitive adiabatic microcalorimeter. Parallel to the change of UV-absorption at 260 nm as a function of temperature, the additional heat capacity of the dilute viroid solution rises sharply within the melting interval, reaches a maximum at T = Tm and declines to a baseline again when the temperature is increased further. From the peak area the molar transition enthalpy can be calculated. The transition enthalpies of citrus exocortis viroid and cucumber pale fruit viroid are 4200 kJ/mol and 3930 kJ/mol, respectively. The calorimetric results are compared to the results obtained from melting studies using UV-absorption.", "PMID": 662694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9604", "title": "Common structural features of different viroids: serial arrangement of double helical sections and internal loops.", "content": "The thermodynamic parameters of five different highly purified viroid \"species\" were determined by applying UV-absorption melting analysis and temperature jump methods. Their thermal denaturation proved to be a highly cooperative process with midpoint-temperatures (Tm) between 48.5 and 51 degrees C in 0.01 M sodium cacodylate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.8. The values of the apparent reaction enthalpies of the different viroid species range between 3,140 and 3,770 kJ/mol. Although the cooperativity is as high as found in homogeneous RNA double helices the Tm-value of viroid melting is more than 30 degrees C lower than in the homogeneous RNA. In order to explain this deviation, melting curves were simulated for different models of the secondary structure of viroids using literature values of the thermodynamic parameters of nucleic acids. Our calculations show that the following refinement of our earlier model is in complete accordance with the experimental data: In their native conformation viroids exist as an extended rodlike structure characterized by a series of double helical sections and internal loops. In the different viroid species 250-300 nucleotides out of total 350 nucleotides are needed to interprete the thermodynamic behaviour.", "contents": "Common structural features of different viroids: serial arrangement of double helical sections and internal loops. The thermodynamic parameters of five different highly purified viroid \"species\" were determined by applying UV-absorption melting analysis and temperature jump methods. Their thermal denaturation proved to be a highly cooperative process with midpoint-temperatures (Tm) between 48.5 and 51 degrees C in 0.01 M sodium cacodylate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 6.8. The values of the apparent reaction enthalpies of the different viroid species range between 3,140 and 3,770 kJ/mol. Although the cooperativity is as high as found in homogeneous RNA double helices the Tm-value of viroid melting is more than 30 degrees C lower than in the homogeneous RNA. In order to explain this deviation, melting curves were simulated for different models of the secondary structure of viroids using literature values of the thermodynamic parameters of nucleic acids. Our calculations show that the following refinement of our earlier model is in complete accordance with the experimental data: In their native conformation viroids exist as an extended rodlike structure characterized by a series of double helical sections and internal loops. In the different viroid species 250-300 nucleotides out of total 350 nucleotides are needed to interprete the thermodynamic behaviour.", "PMID": 662695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9605", "title": "The concept of mRNA abundance classes: a critical reevaluation.", "content": "Derivative plots have been constructed for hybridization reactions between polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA and oligo(dT)-primed cDNA. In one method the derivative was calculated directly from the data, and in the other, from a non-linear least squares fit using 9-10 ideal components. In some cases these methods yield very similar results and strongly suggest that the hybridization data support discrete components. Reactions with two and four major components indicate that the often-reported three abundance class model is only one of several possibilities for eukaryotic cells. In other situations neither method strongly suggests the presence of discrete components (in one case even after enrichment of the cDNA population by kinetic fractionation), implying that the components are closely spaced or that the entire mRNA population of those cells may not exist as discrete abundance classes. The universal occurrence of discrete abundance classes should be critically reexamined.", "contents": "The concept of mRNA abundance classes: a critical reevaluation. Derivative plots have been constructed for hybridization reactions between polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA and oligo(dT)-primed cDNA. In one method the derivative was calculated directly from the data, and in the other, from a non-linear least squares fit using 9-10 ideal components. In some cases these methods yield very similar results and strongly suggest that the hybridization data support discrete components. Reactions with two and four major components indicate that the often-reported three abundance class model is only one of several possibilities for eukaryotic cells. In other situations neither method strongly suggests the presence of discrete components (in one case even after enrichment of the cDNA population by kinetic fractionation), implying that the components are closely spaced or that the entire mRNA population of those cells may not exist as discrete abundance classes. The universal occurrence of discrete abundance classes should be critically reexamined.", "PMID": 662696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9606", "title": "Theoretical calculations of base-base interactions in nucleic acids: I. Stacking interactions in free bases.", "content": "Stacking interactions in free bases were computed on the basis of molecular association. The results of the calculations were compared with the stacking patterns observed in a few single crystals of nucleic acid components as examples. The following are the conclusions: (i) there can be two types of stacking pattern classified as normal and inverted types for any two interacting bases and both can be energetically favourable (ii) in both the types the stacking interaction is a combined effect of the overlap of the interacting bases and relative positions and orientations of the atomic centres of the two bases (iii) crystal symmetry and H-bonding interaction may influence stacking patterns.", "contents": "Theoretical calculations of base-base interactions in nucleic acids: I. Stacking interactions in free bases. Stacking interactions in free bases were computed on the basis of molecular association. The results of the calculations were compared with the stacking patterns observed in a few single crystals of nucleic acid components as examples. The following are the conclusions: (i) there can be two types of stacking pattern classified as normal and inverted types for any two interacting bases and both can be energetically favourable (ii) in both the types the stacking interaction is a combined effect of the overlap of the interacting bases and relative positions and orientations of the atomic centres of the two bases (iii) crystal symmetry and H-bonding interaction may influence stacking patterns.", "PMID": 662697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9607", "title": "Theoretical calculations of base-base interactions in nucleic acids: II. Stacking interactions in polynucleotides.", "content": "Base-base interactions were computed for single- and double stranded poly,ucleotides, for all possible base sequences. In each case, both right and left stacking arrangements are energetically possible. The preference of one over the other depends upon the base-sequence and the orientation of the bases with respect to helix-axis. Inverted stacking arrangement is also energetically possible for both single- and double-stranded polynucleotides. Finally, interacting energies of a regular duplex and the alternative structures were compared. It was found that the type II model is energetically more favourable than the rest.", "contents": "Theoretical calculations of base-base interactions in nucleic acids: II. Stacking interactions in polynucleotides. Base-base interactions were computed for single- and double stranded poly,ucleotides, for all possible base sequences. In each case, both right and left stacking arrangements are energetically possible. The preference of one over the other depends upon the base-sequence and the orientation of the bases with respect to helix-axis. Inverted stacking arrangement is also energetically possible for both single- and double-stranded polynucleotides. Finally, interacting energies of a regular duplex and the alternative structures were compared. It was found that the type II model is energetically more favourable than the rest.", "PMID": 662698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9608", "title": "[Scintigraphic and experimental studies with 67Ga in 142 patients with bronchial cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In 142 patients with untreated bronchial carcinoma positive 67Ga scintigrams were obtained in 132 cases (93%). 6 of 10 scintigraphically not detected tumors had diameters less than 2 cm, 4 carcinomas presumably consisted of necrotic tumor masses. There was no dependence of 67Ga accumulation on the histomorphological type of tumor. Differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas showed a comparably high 67Ga uptake. These scintigraphic findings were confirmed by measuring the quantitative 67Ga concentration in 132 tissue samples of various tumors. In addition these studies revealed an absent or decreased 67Ga accumulation in more or less necrotic tumor masses. The positive tumor scintigraphy with 67Ga-citrate as a non-invasive method is suitable for detecting untreated bronchial carcinomas, especially those localized in the hilar or mediastinal region, which cannot be visualized roentgenologically as well as for indicating the effectiveness of radio- or chemotherapy. 67Ga scanning is also useful in establishing the reappearance of viable tumor tissue in follow-up studies of tumor diseases. The use of 67Ga as a tumor-seeking scanning agent is limited because of its lack of tumor specifity and of its inability to detect tumors smaller than 2 cm in diameter.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic and experimental studies with 67Ga in 142 patients with bronchial cancer (author's transl)]. In 142 patients with untreated bronchial carcinoma positive 67Ga scintigrams were obtained in 132 cases (93%). 6 of 10 scintigraphically not detected tumors had diameters less than 2 cm, 4 carcinomas presumably consisted of necrotic tumor masses. There was no dependence of 67Ga accumulation on the histomorphological type of tumor. Differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas showed a comparably high 67Ga uptake. These scintigraphic findings were confirmed by measuring the quantitative 67Ga concentration in 132 tissue samples of various tumors. In addition these studies revealed an absent or decreased 67Ga accumulation in more or less necrotic tumor masses. The positive tumor scintigraphy with 67Ga-citrate as a non-invasive method is suitable for detecting untreated bronchial carcinomas, especially those localized in the hilar or mediastinal region, which cannot be visualized roentgenologically as well as for indicating the effectiveness of radio- or chemotherapy. 67Ga scanning is also useful in establishing the reappearance of viable tumor tissue in follow-up studies of tumor diseases. The use of 67Ga as a tumor-seeking scanning agent is limited because of its lack of tumor specifity and of its inability to detect tumors smaller than 2 cm in diameter.", "PMID": 662699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9609", "title": "[Chemical form of the radioactive excretion products after intravenous application of 125I-orthoiodohippurate to rats (author's transl)].", "content": "100 muCi 125I-Orthoiodohippurate were injected i. v. to 2 Wistar rats. Urine and faeces were analysed by means of thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. The combined metabolic balance resulted in the following findings: Rat 1: 15% 125I-Orthoiodobenzoic acid, 66% 125I-Orthoiodohippuric acid and 12,5% 125I-iodide. Rat 2: 18,5% 125I-Orthoiodobenzoic acid, 67,5% 125I-Orthoiodohippuric acid and 10,2% 125I-iodide.", "contents": "[Chemical form of the radioactive excretion products after intravenous application of 125I-orthoiodohippurate to rats (author's transl)]. 100 muCi 125I-Orthoiodohippurate were injected i. v. to 2 Wistar rats. Urine and faeces were analysed by means of thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. The combined metabolic balance resulted in the following findings: Rat 1: 15% 125I-Orthoiodobenzoic acid, 66% 125I-Orthoiodohippuric acid and 12,5% 125I-iodide. Rat 2: 18,5% 125I-Orthoiodobenzoic acid, 67,5% 125I-Orthoiodohippuric acid and 10,2% 125I-iodide.", "PMID": 662700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9610", "title": "[Electronic data processing of liver scintigrams in chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Following administration of 150 muCi of colloidal 198Au numerical scintigrams of the liver and the spleen were obtained in about 200 patients with various forms of chronic hepatitis or with liver cirrhosis as well as in 24 control persons. The data so obtained were electronically processed and the relative activities of the liver, the spleen and both liver lobes compared. Differences of diagnostic value were observed between the various stages of chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Electronic data processing of liver scintigrams in chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. Following administration of 150 muCi of colloidal 198Au numerical scintigrams of the liver and the spleen were obtained in about 200 patients with various forms of chronic hepatitis or with liver cirrhosis as well as in 24 control persons. The data so obtained were electronically processed and the relative activities of the liver, the spleen and both liver lobes compared. Differences of diagnostic value were observed between the various stages of chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 662701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9611", "title": "[A comparative radioisotope study of calcium metabolism in bone and teeth of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations with bone-seeking radionuclides (47Ca, 99mTc-PP, 113Sn) in rats of different age demonstrated a true accumulation in teeth as compared to bone. Blood flow was evaluated by 99mTcO4 and 51Cr-Albumin. Differences of accumulation depended on the isotopes used and on the age of the animals.", "contents": "[A comparative radioisotope study of calcium metabolism in bone and teeth of rats (author's transl)]. Investigations with bone-seeking radionuclides (47Ca, 99mTc-PP, 113Sn) in rats of different age demonstrated a true accumulation in teeth as compared to bone. Blood flow was evaluated by 99mTcO4 and 51Cr-Albumin. Differences of accumulation depended on the isotopes used and on the age of the animals.", "PMID": 662702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9612", "title": "Production of lyophilized albumin macroaggregates and labelling with 99mTc.", "content": "Optimal conditions of HSA aggregation in acetate buffer (pH = 4.6) were investigated. With the aim of obtaining a higher percentage of fixation in the lungs, the aggregates were rinsed three times with acetate buffer. A MAA suspension was lyophilized with SnCl22H2O (10 microgram/ml) solution. The lyophilized MAA was then labelled by adding pertechnetate of the desired activity in a volume of up to 5 ml. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-MAA, greater than 95%, was determined by the methods of thin layer chromatography and low-voltage electrophoresis. All MAAs were uniform in shape whereas the size varied between 20 and 100 micrometer. Biodistribution studies have shown the maximum radioactivity to be deposited in the animals' lungs immediately after application of 99mTc-MAA.", "contents": "Production of lyophilized albumin macroaggregates and labelling with 99mTc. Optimal conditions of HSA aggregation in acetate buffer (pH = 4.6) were investigated. With the aim of obtaining a higher percentage of fixation in the lungs, the aggregates were rinsed three times with acetate buffer. A MAA suspension was lyophilized with SnCl22H2O (10 microgram/ml) solution. The lyophilized MAA was then labelled by adding pertechnetate of the desired activity in a volume of up to 5 ml. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-MAA, greater than 95%, was determined by the methods of thin layer chromatography and low-voltage electrophoresis. All MAAs were uniform in shape whereas the size varied between 20 and 100 micrometer. Biodistribution studies have shown the maximum radioactivity to be deposited in the animals' lungs immediately after application of 99mTc-MAA.", "PMID": 662703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9613", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy- a survey of patients' impressions.", "content": "One hundred and forty patients were followed-up within one year of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The incidence of disease, complications and influence of findings on treatment are outlined.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy- a survey of patients' impressions. One hundred and forty patients were followed-up within one year of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The incidence of disease, complications and influence of findings on treatment are outlined.", "PMID": 662789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9614", "title": "Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy and radiology in the elderly.", "content": "The results of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) and radiology in one hundred consecutive elderly patients were reviewed to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of endoscopy in this age group. False positive radiological features occurred in two of nine patients with normal endoscopic examinations. The remaining ninety-one patients had 138 lesions, sixty-four of which were diagnosed by both techniques. Endoscopy missed fourteen lesions partly because of unsuccessful intubation (one patient) or incomplete examinations due to obstructive lesions (eight patients). Radiology misdiagnosed or did not demonstrate sixty-one lesions. OGD proved to be safe and relatively well tolerated; it was invaluable at confirming or refuting the diagnosis of malignancy, at detecting multiple pathology and identifying bleeding lesions, but it gave inferior results with hiatus herniae. Thus it can usefully be undertaken in the elderly as a complementary examination to radiology.", "contents": "Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy and radiology in the elderly. The results of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) and radiology in one hundred consecutive elderly patients were reviewed to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of endoscopy in this age group. False positive radiological features occurred in two of nine patients with normal endoscopic examinations. The remaining ninety-one patients had 138 lesions, sixty-four of which were diagnosed by both techniques. Endoscopy missed fourteen lesions partly because of unsuccessful intubation (one patient) or incomplete examinations due to obstructive lesions (eight patients). Radiology misdiagnosed or did not demonstrate sixty-one lesions. OGD proved to be safe and relatively well tolerated; it was invaluable at confirming or refuting the diagnosis of malignancy, at detecting multiple pathology and identifying bleeding lesions, but it gave inferior results with hiatus herniae. Thus it can usefully be undertaken in the elderly as a complementary examination to radiology.", "PMID": 662790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9615", "title": "Advanced carcinoma of the prostate- does the pre-treatment Leydig cell function determine the response to orchidectomy?", "content": "In a study of twenty patients there was no support for the hypothesis that the response to orchidectomy of patients with advanced prostatic cancer depends on pre-operative Leydig cell function. The only significant prognostic factor was the histological grade of the primary tumour.", "contents": "Advanced carcinoma of the prostate- does the pre-treatment Leydig cell function determine the response to orchidectomy? In a study of twenty patients there was no support for the hypothesis that the response to orchidectomy of patients with advanced prostatic cancer depends on pre-operative Leydig cell function. The only significant prognostic factor was the histological grade of the primary tumour.", "PMID": 662791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9616", "title": "Splenic cysts: a report of six cases and a brief review.", "content": "Six cases of splenic cysts, removed surgically in the Royal Free Hospital during the last 10 years, are presented. These include a hydatid cyst, two primary, epithelium lined, and three secondary, non-epithelium lined cysts. The histology, aetiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of splenic cysts are discussed.", "contents": "Splenic cysts: a report of six cases and a brief review. Six cases of splenic cysts, removed surgically in the Royal Free Hospital during the last 10 years, are presented. These include a hydatid cyst, two primary, epithelium lined, and three secondary, non-epithelium lined cysts. The histology, aetiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of splenic cysts are discussed.", "PMID": 662792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9617", "title": "Auto-immune neutropenia in an infant.", "content": "A case of neutropenia in an infant is described, associated with repeated minor infections which responded to treatment with antibiotics. A granulocyte agglutinin was detected in the serum. Following treatment with prednisolone the neutropenia remitted, the antibody disappeared and the infections ceased. Treatment was discontinued after three months and the child remained well five months later. Reports of similar cases are reviewed and the significance of the antibody discussed.", "contents": "Auto-immune neutropenia in an infant. A case of neutropenia in an infant is described, associated with repeated minor infections which responded to treatment with antibiotics. A granulocyte agglutinin was detected in the serum. Following treatment with prednisolone the neutropenia remitted, the antibody disappeared and the infections ceased. Treatment was discontinued after three months and the child remained well five months later. Reports of similar cases are reviewed and the significance of the antibody discussed.", "PMID": 662793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9618", "title": "Pituitary coma with continuing menstruation.", "content": "A case of pituitary coma with continuing menstruation is presented. This association is extremely rare, but a history of recent menstrual periods does not exclude advanced hypopituitarism from the differential diagnosis of severe hyponatraemia.", "contents": "Pituitary coma with continuing menstruation. A case of pituitary coma with continuing menstruation is presented. This association is extremely rare, but a history of recent menstrual periods does not exclude advanced hypopituitarism from the differential diagnosis of severe hyponatraemia.", "PMID": 662794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9619", "title": "Normal alkaline phosphatase in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis is described. Throughout her illness the serum alkaline phosphatase remained normal and this unique feature emphasizes the importance of histology in diagnosing the disease.", "contents": "Normal alkaline phosphatase in primary biliary cirrhosis. A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis is described. Throughout her illness the serum alkaline phosphatase remained normal and this unique feature emphasizes the importance of histology in diagnosing the disease.", "PMID": 662795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9620", "title": "Gastro-colic fistula secondary to benign gastric ulceration.", "content": "An 80-year-old woman developed osteoarthritis of the knees as a complication of her obesity. Indomethacin treatment precipitated gastric ulceration, which led to the formation of a gastro-colic fistula.", "contents": "Gastro-colic fistula secondary to benign gastric ulceration. An 80-year-old woman developed osteoarthritis of the knees as a complication of her obesity. Indomethacin treatment precipitated gastric ulceration, which led to the formation of a gastro-colic fistula.", "PMID": 662796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9621", "title": "Analgesic nephropathy and transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney associated with long-term phenacetin intake is described and the practical implications discussed.", "contents": "Analgesic nephropathy and transitional cell carcinoma. A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney associated with long-term phenacetin intake is described and the practical implications discussed.", "PMID": 662797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9622", "title": "Partial lipodystrophy with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A patient with nephrotic syndrome in association with partial lipodystrophy is reported. The features of partial lipodystrophy are well recognized and the renal lesion is a mesangiocapillary glomerulo-nephritis of a dense deposit type with an associated depression of C3. This type of kidney involvement is becoming increasingly recognized as common in the syndrome of partial lipodystrophy.", "contents": "Partial lipodystrophy with nephrotic syndrome. A patient with nephrotic syndrome in association with partial lipodystrophy is reported. The features of partial lipodystrophy are well recognized and the renal lesion is a mesangiocapillary glomerulo-nephritis of a dense deposit type with an associated depression of C3. This type of kidney involvement is becoming increasingly recognized as common in the syndrome of partial lipodystrophy.", "PMID": 662798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9623", "title": "[Effect of selenium on the enzymatic transformation of retinal and vitamin A assimilation].", "content": "The effect of sodium selenite on the enzymatic oxidation of retinal in vitro and vitamin A accumulation in the rat liver was examined. Selenium as sodium selenite at concentrations of 0.5--2.5 microgram/ml inhibited significantly (40--45%) the enzymatic irreversible oxidation of retinal. Dietary supplements of sodium selenite at a dose of 50--250 microgram/kg body weight caused an almost two-fold increase of the vitamin A content in the rat liver as compared with the controls that were given no selenium.", "contents": "[Effect of selenium on the enzymatic transformation of retinal and vitamin A assimilation]. The effect of sodium selenite on the enzymatic oxidation of retinal in vitro and vitamin A accumulation in the rat liver was examined. Selenium as sodium selenite at concentrations of 0.5--2.5 microgram/ml inhibited significantly (40--45%) the enzymatic irreversible oxidation of retinal. Dietary supplements of sodium selenite at a dose of 50--250 microgram/kg body weight caused an almost two-fold increase of the vitamin A content in the rat liver as compared with the controls that were given no selenium.", "PMID": 662831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9624", "title": "[Determination of ribonuclease reductase activity by thin layer chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose].", "content": "A rapid and sensitive method of measuring activity of ribonucleotide reductase has been developed. The method involves separation of ribonucleotides and desoxyribonucleotides in the ECTEOLA-cellulose thin layer, elution of desoxyribonucleotides and spectrophotometric assay of eluate extinction. The method utilizes an enzyme extracted from Propionibacterium shermanii.", "contents": "[Determination of ribonuclease reductase activity by thin layer chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose]. A rapid and sensitive method of measuring activity of ribonucleotide reductase has been developed. The method involves separation of ribonucleotides and desoxyribonucleotides in the ECTEOLA-cellulose thin layer, elution of desoxyribonucleotides and spectrophotometric assay of eluate extinction. The method utilizes an enzyme extracted from Propionibacterium shermanii.", "PMID": 662832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9625", "title": "[Logarithmic attachment to a monochromator for recording small changes in absorption].", "content": "The paper describes a device consisting of a spectrophotometer (SP-4, SP-4A, SP-16), logarithmic amplifier, recording instrument and a flow-type cuvette that allows quantitative registration of biological substances during their separation on chromatographic columns.", "contents": "[Logarithmic attachment to a monochromator for recording small changes in absorption]. The paper describes a device consisting of a spectrophotometer (SP-4, SP-4A, SP-16), logarithmic amplifier, recording instrument and a flow-type cuvette that allows quantitative registration of biological substances during their separation on chromatographic columns.", "PMID": 662834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9626", "title": "[Isolation of the antibiotic hordecin by sorption on anionite AN-15].", "content": "It has been shown that Na-salt of hordecine can be selectively adsorbed on anion exchange resin AN-15 and the antibiotic can be then eluated with 96% ethanol acidified with HCl to bring pH to 3.0--3.5. Spectral analysis and testing of the antibiotic activity have demonstrated that hordecine prepared by the above method and that obtained by paper chromatography are identical.", "contents": "[Isolation of the antibiotic hordecin by sorption on anionite AN-15]. It has been shown that Na-salt of hordecine can be selectively adsorbed on anion exchange resin AN-15 and the antibiotic can be then eluated with 96% ethanol acidified with HCl to bring pH to 3.0--3.5. Spectral analysis and testing of the antibiotic activity have demonstrated that hordecine prepared by the above method and that obtained by paper chromatography are identical.", "PMID": 662833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9627", "title": "Photoreactive probes for high resolution mapping of membrane proteins.", "content": "The preparation and characterization of a novel series of radioactively labeled membrane probes is described. These probes are carbohydrate derivatives of fatty acids which contain a photosensitive azide moiety at a specified distance along the alkyl chain. The function of the carbohydrate group is to restrict the azide function to the outer surface monolayer of sealed membrane systems. The azide probes have been used in several well-characterized membrane systems including erythrocyte ghosts, membrane-enveloped viruses, and artificial vesicles. Upon activation, the probes attach to integral proteins to form a stable, covalent complex which may be extracted and identified. The activation protocol is outlined and some of the preliminary results are discussed.", "contents": "Photoreactive probes for high resolution mapping of membrane proteins. The preparation and characterization of a novel series of radioactively labeled membrane probes is described. These probes are carbohydrate derivatives of fatty acids which contain a photosensitive azide moiety at a specified distance along the alkyl chain. The function of the carbohydrate group is to restrict the azide function to the outer surface monolayer of sealed membrane systems. The azide probes have been used in several well-characterized membrane systems including erythrocyte ghosts, membrane-enveloped viruses, and artificial vesicles. Upon activation, the probes attach to integral proteins to form a stable, covalent complex which may be extracted and identified. The activation protocol is outlined and some of the preliminary results are discussed.", "PMID": 662918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9628", "title": "Receptor-mediated uptake of lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "This paper reviews the evidence for two different forms of carbohydrate-mediated recognition of lysosomal enzymes by cell surface receptors. The recognition marker on lysosomal enzymes which are rapidly pinocytosed by fibroblasts contains phosphate, probably linked to D-mannose as a phosphomannosyl moiety. The fraction of lysosomal hydrolases bearing this recognition marker for fibroblasts varies, depending on the tissue source. Another form of recognition accounts for rapid plasma clearance of infused lysosomal enzymes in the rat. This rapid clearance is mediated by receptors on Kupffer cells and other reticuloendothelial cells that recognize mannosyl residues on the glycoprotein hydrolases.", "contents": "Receptor-mediated uptake of lysosomal enzymes. This paper reviews the evidence for two different forms of carbohydrate-mediated recognition of lysosomal enzymes by cell surface receptors. The recognition marker on lysosomal enzymes which are rapidly pinocytosed by fibroblasts contains phosphate, probably linked to D-mannose as a phosphomannosyl moiety. The fraction of lysosomal hydrolases bearing this recognition marker for fibroblasts varies, depending on the tissue source. Another form of recognition accounts for rapid plasma clearance of infused lysosomal enzymes in the rat. This rapid clearance is mediated by receptors on Kupffer cells and other reticuloendothelial cells that recognize mannosyl residues on the glycoprotein hydrolases.", "PMID": 662919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9629", "title": "Cell surface carbohydrate recognition and the viability of erythrocytes in circulation.", "content": "The presence of sialic acid on the cell surface is crucial for the survival of mammalian erythrocytes in circulation. In contrast, sialidase-treated chicken erythrocytes retain their viability in circulation. Galactose oxidase treatment of chicken red blood cells has no effect on their viability. However, after sialidase treatment, galactose oxidase treatment results in the rapid elimination of the chicken erythrocytes from circulation. This is compatible with the interpretation that consecutive treatment with the 2 enzymes abolishes the ability of the chicken erythrocytes to regenerate the sialic acid on the cell surface. Mammalian asialo-erythrocytes are sequestered in the liver and spleen. We have shown that at the cellular level there is a preferential recognition of sialidase-treated as compared to normal erythrocytes by mononuclear spleen cells and Kupffer cells of the liver. This recognition manifests itself in both autologous and homologous systems by rosette-like adhesions. These adhesions may represent the normal physiological mechanism for the removal of senescent erythrocytes from circulation by liver and spleen since it has been previously reported that older erythrocytes contain decreased amounts of sialic acid. The mechanisms in mammals for the elimination from circulation of asialo-erythrocytes and asialo-glycoproteins, while analogous in many respects, are definitely not identical.", "contents": "Cell surface carbohydrate recognition and the viability of erythrocytes in circulation. The presence of sialic acid on the cell surface is crucial for the survival of mammalian erythrocytes in circulation. In contrast, sialidase-treated chicken erythrocytes retain their viability in circulation. Galactose oxidase treatment of chicken red blood cells has no effect on their viability. However, after sialidase treatment, galactose oxidase treatment results in the rapid elimination of the chicken erythrocytes from circulation. This is compatible with the interpretation that consecutive treatment with the 2 enzymes abolishes the ability of the chicken erythrocytes to regenerate the sialic acid on the cell surface. Mammalian asialo-erythrocytes are sequestered in the liver and spleen. We have shown that at the cellular level there is a preferential recognition of sialidase-treated as compared to normal erythrocytes by mononuclear spleen cells and Kupffer cells of the liver. This recognition manifests itself in both autologous and homologous systems by rosette-like adhesions. These adhesions may represent the normal physiological mechanism for the removal of senescent erythrocytes from circulation by liver and spleen since it has been previously reported that older erythrocytes contain decreased amounts of sialic acid. The mechanisms in mammals for the elimination from circulation of asialo-erythrocytes and asialo-glycoproteins, while analogous in many respects, are definitely not identical.", "PMID": 662920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9630", "title": "The initial glycosylation of the Sindbis virus membrane proteins.", "content": "The mechanism by which the membrane proteins of Sindbis virus are initially glycosylated during growth of the virus in chick cells was studied. The experiments suggest strongly that the 2 viral glycoproteins are glycosylated before release from the polysome and that this glycosylation involves transfer of a large, 1,800 dalton oligosaccharide to the polypeptide chains. The donor of the oligosaccharide is most probably a lipid.", "contents": "The initial glycosylation of the Sindbis virus membrane proteins. The mechanism by which the membrane proteins of Sindbis virus are initially glycosylated during growth of the virus in chick cells was studied. The experiments suggest strongly that the 2 viral glycoproteins are glycosylated before release from the polysome and that this glycosylation involves transfer of a large, 1,800 dalton oligosaccharide to the polypeptide chains. The donor of the oligosaccharide is most probably a lipid.", "PMID": 662921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9631", "title": "Properties of a double gradient model for retinotectal specificity.", "content": "The properties of a double gradient model for retinotectal specificity are discussed. The model utilizes only two complementary molecules, each located on both retina and tectum, to determine position along the dorsoventral axis. Two possible modes of interaction between these molecules are assumed. One of these allows all possible bonds between a retinal cell and tectal loci to be formed. This results in a rigid retinotectal projection in which the adhesion of each retinal cell to its normal tectal locus is maximal. The other assumes stochastic interactions between the molecules, and results in retinotectal specificity only if additional constraints are imposed on the system. Either of these modes of interaction predicts adhesive preferences for retinal cells to tectal halves similar to those observed experimentally.", "contents": "Properties of a double gradient model for retinotectal specificity. The properties of a double gradient model for retinotectal specificity are discussed. The model utilizes only two complementary molecules, each located on both retina and tectum, to determine position along the dorsoventral axis. Two possible modes of interaction between these molecules are assumed. One of these allows all possible bonds between a retinal cell and tectal loci to be formed. This results in a rigid retinotectal projection in which the adhesion of each retinal cell to its normal tectal locus is maximal. The other assumes stochastic interactions between the molecules, and results in retinotectal specificity only if additional constraints are imposed on the system. Either of these modes of interaction predicts adhesive preferences for retinal cells to tectal halves similar to those observed experimentally.", "PMID": 662922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9632", "title": "Lectin receptors and cell surface recognition.", "content": "Ricin-resistant (RicR) baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell lines have been classified into a small group (3 lines) showing a minimal surface change from wild type and a larger group (20 lines) which exhibit more extreme alterations in surface properties. Glycopeptides released by pronase from some RicR lines in the second group show a lower content of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine and greatly reduced binding activity for ricin. Treatment of receptor deficient glycopeptides or RicR cells with neuraminidase reveals new ricin receptors and renders the cells very sensitive to ricin. Several classes of ricin receptors are postulated for BHK cells, some of which are cryptic and under independent genetic control from receptors selected against with ricin. The cell lines showing greatly altered surface properties in general adhere poorly to a substratum and also aggregate poorly compared to wild type or RicR cells showing minimal surface change. The lactoperoxidase iodinateable 250K glycoprotein of normal BHK cells is lacking in all but one of these RicR cell lines. The role of 250K glycoprotein in normal cell adhesion is considered and a hypothesis proposed relating changes in surface organization of the 250K glycoprotein to alterations in receptors induced by ricin selection.", "contents": "Lectin receptors and cell surface recognition. Ricin-resistant (RicR) baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell lines have been classified into a small group (3 lines) showing a minimal surface change from wild type and a larger group (20 lines) which exhibit more extreme alterations in surface properties. Glycopeptides released by pronase from some RicR lines in the second group show a lower content of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine and greatly reduced binding activity for ricin. Treatment of receptor deficient glycopeptides or RicR cells with neuraminidase reveals new ricin receptors and renders the cells very sensitive to ricin. Several classes of ricin receptors are postulated for BHK cells, some of which are cryptic and under independent genetic control from receptors selected against with ricin. The cell lines showing greatly altered surface properties in general adhere poorly to a substratum and also aggregate poorly compared to wild type or RicR cells showing minimal surface change. The lactoperoxidase iodinateable 250K glycoprotein of normal BHK cells is lacking in all but one of these RicR cell lines. The role of 250K glycoprotein in normal cell adhesion is considered and a hypothesis proposed relating changes in surface organization of the 250K glycoprotein to alterations in receptors induced by ricin selection.", "PMID": 662923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9633", "title": "Plantar flexor strength testing using the cybex isokinetic dynamometer.", "content": "Twenty male subjects and twenty female subjects in each of three age categories, 6 to 8 years, 14 to 16 years, and 23 to 28 years, were tested on the Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer to obtain normative strength values for the ankle plantar flexor muscle group. Values were established for both isokinetic and isometric contractions at two speeds. The results indicate that age and weight are the significant variables in determining strength scores.", "contents": "Plantar flexor strength testing using the cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Twenty male subjects and twenty female subjects in each of three age categories, 6 to 8 years, 14 to 16 years, and 23 to 28 years, were tested on the Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer to obtain normative strength values for the ankle plantar flexor muscle group. Values were established for both isokinetic and isometric contractions at two speeds. The results indicate that age and weight are the significant variables in determining strength scores.", "PMID": 662924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9634", "title": "Evaluation of patient education programs.", "content": "Patient education is a vital component of comprehensive quality care for patients with chronic disease. Rarely is patient instruction evaluated, however, in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency. This article presents a rationale for evaluation of patient education and lists several benefits of evaluation to the clinician. A model for evaluation and evaluation activities is described for both the process of developing a patient education program and evaluating its results. Application of this model and examples of the use of evaluation activities are demonstrated in a \"real world\" experience. The description of a formal patient education program for rheumatoid arthritis patients in a general hospital setting illustrates the usefulness of evaluation in developing and carrying out effective patient education.", "contents": "Evaluation of patient education programs. Patient education is a vital component of comprehensive quality care for patients with chronic disease. Rarely is patient instruction evaluated, however, in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency. This article presents a rationale for evaluation of patient education and lists several benefits of evaluation to the clinician. A model for evaluation and evaluation activities is described for both the process of developing a patient education program and evaluating its results. Application of this model and examples of the use of evaluation activities are demonstrated in a \"real world\" experience. The description of a formal patient education program for rheumatoid arthritis patients in a general hospital setting illustrates the usefulness of evaluation in developing and carrying out effective patient education.", "PMID": 662925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9635", "title": "Review of cervical orthoses.", "content": "Six commonly prescribed cervical orthoses are presented for a qualitative review of their structural properties and their clinical applicability. A quantitative review of each brace has previously been reported. The characteristics of 1) structure, 2) ease of donning, 3) ease of adjusting, 4) comfort, and 5) general clinical applicability are summarized for each brace. Generally, as the orthosis becomes more restrictive, it also becomes more cumbersome and more difficult to don. Ease of adjustment and comfort are compromised. The one exception was the Somi orthosis which was comfortable, easy to don and adjust, and which still provided good stability in forward flexion. The information presented in this paper in conjunction with information on the quantitative qualities of each brace and the services available at most health care facilities may be used as a guide for selecting specific cervical orthoses.", "contents": "Review of cervical orthoses. Six commonly prescribed cervical orthoses are presented for a qualitative review of their structural properties and their clinical applicability. A quantitative review of each brace has previously been reported. The characteristics of 1) structure, 2) ease of donning, 3) ease of adjusting, 4) comfort, and 5) general clinical applicability are summarized for each brace. Generally, as the orthosis becomes more restrictive, it also becomes more cumbersome and more difficult to don. Ease of adjustment and comfort are compromised. The one exception was the Somi orthosis which was comfortable, easy to don and adjust, and which still provided good stability in forward flexion. The information presented in this paper in conjunction with information on the quantitative qualities of each brace and the services available at most health care facilities may be used as a guide for selecting specific cervical orthoses.", "PMID": 662926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9636", "title": "The yale cervical orthosis: an evaluation of its effectiveness in restricting cervical motion in normal subjects and a comparison with other cervical orthoses.", "content": "The Yale cervical orthosis is a lightweight polyethylene foam Philadelphia collar with molded fiberglass extensions over the thorax. This orthosis was studied on 17 normal subjects in the extremes of the ranges of flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending using roentgenograms and axial photographs to assess how effectively it limited motion of the neck. Overall, it satisfactorily controlled cervical motion and was similar to the most effective rigid cervical orthoses. Flexion and extension ranges were compared at different segmental levels of the spine. The Yale orthosis was most successful in restricting flexion in the area of the middle and lower cervical spine and was acceptable in controlling extension range. The orthosis was least effective in controlling motion in the upper spine, particularly at the atlantoaxial articulation. The Yale orthosis is recommended for postsurgical protection of the middle and lower cervical spine and in select situations of spinal instability, but it is not recommended for control of odontoid fractures or atlantoaxial subluxation.", "contents": "The yale cervical orthosis: an evaluation of its effectiveness in restricting cervical motion in normal subjects and a comparison with other cervical orthoses. The Yale cervical orthosis is a lightweight polyethylene foam Philadelphia collar with molded fiberglass extensions over the thorax. This orthosis was studied on 17 normal subjects in the extremes of the ranges of flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending using roentgenograms and axial photographs to assess how effectively it limited motion of the neck. Overall, it satisfactorily controlled cervical motion and was similar to the most effective rigid cervical orthoses. Flexion and extension ranges were compared at different segmental levels of the spine. The Yale orthosis was most successful in restricting flexion in the area of the middle and lower cervical spine and was acceptable in controlling extension range. The orthosis was least effective in controlling motion in the upper spine, particularly at the atlantoaxial articulation. The Yale orthosis is recommended for postsurgical protection of the middle and lower cervical spine and in select situations of spinal instability, but it is not recommended for control of odontoid fractures or atlantoaxial subluxation.", "PMID": 662928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9637", "title": "Mathematical modeling of rewarming after cold therapy.", "content": "Statistical methods are presented for fitting mathematical models to skin temperature data. Three types of regression curves, namely, linear regression (Y = A + BX), second-degree regression (Y = A + BX + CX2), and asymptotic regression (Y = alpha + betapx), are discussed as possible models for the rewarming process following cold therapy. The data for fitting the curves consists of back surface temperature (degrees C) corresponding to various times after cold pack treatment (19 degrees C, administered for 20 minutes) was terminated.", "contents": "Mathematical modeling of rewarming after cold therapy. Statistical methods are presented for fitting mathematical models to skin temperature data. Three types of regression curves, namely, linear regression (Y = A + BX), second-degree regression (Y = A + BX + CX2), and asymptotic regression (Y = alpha + betapx), are discussed as possible models for the rewarming process following cold therapy. The data for fitting the curves consists of back surface temperature (degrees C) corresponding to various times after cold pack treatment (19 degrees C, administered for 20 minutes) was terminated.", "PMID": 662929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9638", "title": "Radical forehead remodeling for craniostenosis.", "content": "A normal forehead has two parts, shaped differently: (1) the lower part (corresponding to the supraorbital rim and glabellar area) set at a steep angle to the nose; (2) the upper part, sloping gently backward. To reproduce this normal anatomy in cases of cranostenosis affecting the frontal area, we found it essential to mobilize and reshape a supraorbital bar of bone and to transfer a suitable piece of the cranial vault in one piece to make a new upper forehead. By this method we have treated 18 patients with oxycephaly since 1973, with good results. We have also operated on babies with craniostenosis to try to solve simultaneously the functional and the cosmetic problems. In faciocraniostenosis, there are dominant malformations at the base of the skull, but an isolated frontal advancement of two cm has produced gratifying early results.", "contents": "Radical forehead remodeling for craniostenosis. A normal forehead has two parts, shaped differently: (1) the lower part (corresponding to the supraorbital rim and glabellar area) set at a steep angle to the nose; (2) the upper part, sloping gently backward. To reproduce this normal anatomy in cases of cranostenosis affecting the frontal area, we found it essential to mobilize and reshape a supraorbital bar of bone and to transfer a suitable piece of the cranial vault in one piece to make a new upper forehead. By this method we have treated 18 patients with oxycephaly since 1973, with good results. We have also operated on babies with craniostenosis to try to solve simultaneously the functional and the cosmetic problems. In faciocraniostenosis, there are dominant malformations at the base of the skull, but an isolated frontal advancement of two cm has produced gratifying early results.", "PMID": 662945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9639", "title": "Blepharo-canthal deformities in patients following craniofacial surgery.", "content": "Functional problems and deformities of the eyes have become a major concern in the surgical treatment of ortital hypertelorism and craniofacial dysostosis, as experience with skeletal relocation for these disorders has been gained. Comprehensive preoperative and postoperative study and measurements of the bony orbits, the globes, the lids, the canthi, and the nose are necessary for the evaluation of present techniques and the design of alternative procedures. Some of the deformities of the blepharo-canthal complex are part of the congenital malformation. Other distortions, seen only postoperatively, are secondary to specific surgical maneuvers. Awareness of these primary and secondary factors has led to better soft tissue reconstruction at the time of the bony orbital translocations or the craniofacial disjunction. We describe the techniques which we have found especially useful in avoiding and correcting these postoperative blepharocanthal deformities.", "contents": "Blepharo-canthal deformities in patients following craniofacial surgery. Functional problems and deformities of the eyes have become a major concern in the surgical treatment of ortital hypertelorism and craniofacial dysostosis, as experience with skeletal relocation for these disorders has been gained. Comprehensive preoperative and postoperative study and measurements of the bony orbits, the globes, the lids, the canthi, and the nose are necessary for the evaluation of present techniques and the design of alternative procedures. Some of the deformities of the blepharo-canthal complex are part of the congenital malformation. Other distortions, seen only postoperatively, are secondary to specific surgical maneuvers. Awareness of these primary and secondary factors has led to better soft tissue reconstruction at the time of the bony orbital translocations or the craniofacial disjunction. We describe the techniques which we have found especially useful in avoiding and correcting these postoperative blepharocanthal deformities.", "PMID": 662946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9640", "title": "Late results after reduction mammaplasty with curved incisions.", "content": "The results in 50 patients who had had mammaplasties done 3 years ago are described--both as regards the patients' opinions and the surgeon's assessments. The alterations that occur in breasts after reduction mammaplasty were studied, and also changes that may occur when the patient's weight increases or decreases.", "contents": "Late results after reduction mammaplasty with curved incisions. The results in 50 patients who had had mammaplasties done 3 years ago are described--both as regards the patients' opinions and the surgeon's assessments. The alterations that occur in breasts after reduction mammaplasty were studied, and also changes that may occur when the patient's weight increases or decreases.", "PMID": 662947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9641", "title": "Late complications vs. method of treatment in a large series of mid-facial fractures.", "content": "The late presence of contour defects, as well as one eye being lower than the other, were directly related to a lack of interosseous wire fixation in this series of mid-facial fractures. In orbital floor fractures, the use of alloplastic material was found to give more satisfactory long-term results than bone grafts. The direct approach through the lower lid produced no complications of its own in this series. Associated injuries and preexisting disease were found in 61 percent of these patients, supporting the thesis that an M.D. should direct their care. The late presence of diplopia and/or enophthalmos was directly related to an underestimation and undertreatment of orbital floor fractures, or to treatment with bone grafts. The use of a shoulder strap, in conjunction with the lap belt, seems to almost completely prevent the occurrence of mid-facial fractures in automobile accidents.", "contents": "Late complications vs. method of treatment in a large series of mid-facial fractures. The late presence of contour defects, as well as one eye being lower than the other, were directly related to a lack of interosseous wire fixation in this series of mid-facial fractures. In orbital floor fractures, the use of alloplastic material was found to give more satisfactory long-term results than bone grafts. The direct approach through the lower lid produced no complications of its own in this series. Associated injuries and preexisting disease were found in 61 percent of these patients, supporting the thesis that an M.D. should direct their care. The late presence of diplopia and/or enophthalmos was directly related to an underestimation and undertreatment of orbital floor fractures, or to treatment with bone grafts. The use of a shoulder strap, in conjunction with the lap belt, seems to almost completely prevent the occurrence of mid-facial fractures in automobile accidents.", "PMID": 662948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9642", "title": "Free perichondrial grafting in the treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Preliminary report.", "content": "We have operated on 6 cases of temporomandibular joint ankylosis, resecting a small amount of bone to create a false joint and then covering the two joint surfaces with sheets of perichondrium (autogenous, from the ribs). The perichondrium forms new cartilage on the joint surfaces, and the early results are encouraging. Only one of these cases was operated upon more than one year ago. He has an excellent result and this case is reported on in detail.", "contents": "Free perichondrial grafting in the treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Preliminary report. We have operated on 6 cases of temporomandibular joint ankylosis, resecting a small amount of bone to create a false joint and then covering the two joint surfaces with sheets of perichondrium (autogenous, from the ribs). The perichondrium forms new cartilage on the joint surfaces, and the early results are encouraging. Only one of these cases was operated upon more than one year ago. He has an excellent result and this case is reported on in detail.", "PMID": 662949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9643", "title": "Complications following silicone injections for augmentation of the contours of the face.", "content": "We report 5 patients who have had severe inflammatory reactions following the injection of liquid silicone for augmentation of the facial contour. We offer an approach to the treatment of this complication which, although not resulting in complete resolution, has at least markedly ameliorated these patients' signs and symptoms.", "contents": "Complications following silicone injections for augmentation of the contours of the face. We report 5 patients who have had severe inflammatory reactions following the injection of liquid silicone for augmentation of the facial contour. We offer an approach to the treatment of this complication which, although not resulting in complete resolution, has at least markedly ameliorated these patients' signs and symptoms.", "PMID": 662950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9644", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Case report.", "content": "We present a case report of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), associated with therapy with trimethoprin and sulfamethoxazole. Because of the similarity of TEN to an extensive partial-thickness burn, and the favorable response to the treatment used in burns, surgeons who treat burns should be familiar withe disease and take an active role in its management.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Case report. We present a case report of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), associated with therapy with trimethoprin and sulfamethoxazole. Because of the similarity of TEN to an extensive partial-thickness burn, and the favorable response to the treatment used in burns, surgeons who treat burns should be familiar withe disease and take an active role in its management.", "PMID": 662951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9645", "title": "Surgical treatment of fungating lesion of foot due to Moraxella phenylpyruvica. Case report.", "content": "We present a case report of a man who had an abscess-like lesion on his left foot. The lesion discharged pus, enlarged, and became thicker, so that we could not differentiate the real toes from the out-growths. Moraxella phenylpyruvica and Pseudomonas putrefaciens were identified; direct agglutination tests were postive M. phyenylpyruvica. He was given antibiotics and antituberculosis therapy and had topical treatments. The foul odor disappeared with treatment, and the lesions were removed surgically 3 months later. The M. phenylpyruvica finally disappeared after the surgery. The final condition of this patient was markedly improved, although he had some residual scar contracture.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of fungating lesion of foot due to Moraxella phenylpyruvica. Case report. We present a case report of a man who had an abscess-like lesion on his left foot. The lesion discharged pus, enlarged, and became thicker, so that we could not differentiate the real toes from the out-growths. Moraxella phenylpyruvica and Pseudomonas putrefaciens were identified; direct agglutination tests were postive M. phyenylpyruvica. He was given antibiotics and antituberculosis therapy and had topical treatments. The foul odor disappeared with treatment, and the lesions were removed surgically 3 months later. The M. phenylpyruvica finally disappeared after the surgery. The final condition of this patient was markedly improved, although he had some residual scar contracture.", "PMID": 662952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9646", "title": "Cat scratch disease with involvement of intra-parotid lymph nodes. Case report.", "content": "A case of cat scratch disease, presenting as a parotid tumor, is described. In its oculo-glandular form, this disease may be associated with swelling of the intraparotid lymph nodes, and the possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors in children. A careful history, and skin testing with cat scratch antigen, may aid in the diagnosis of this condition.", "contents": "Cat scratch disease with involvement of intra-parotid lymph nodes. Case report. A case of cat scratch disease, presenting as a parotid tumor, is described. In its oculo-glandular form, this disease may be associated with swelling of the intraparotid lymph nodes, and the possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors in children. A careful history, and skin testing with cat scratch antigen, may aid in the diagnosis of this condition.", "PMID": 662953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9647", "title": "Parotid retention cysts as a complication of rhytidectomy. Case report.", "content": "We present an unusual complication of rhytidectomy in which several salivary cyst formed in the region of one parotid duct. Treatment with drainage and presure resolved the problem.", "contents": "Parotid retention cysts as a complication of rhytidectomy. Case report. We present an unusual complication of rhytidectomy in which several salivary cyst formed in the region of one parotid duct. Treatment with drainage and presure resolved the problem.", "PMID": 662954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9648", "title": "Tarsal fixation in lower blepharoplasty.", "content": "Proceeding from the premise that a \"youthful\" eyelid has a pretarsal bulge while a \"senile\" eyelid has a pretarsal flatness, the tarsal fixation technique for lower blepharoplasty has been introduced--to reposition part of the orbicularis in front of the tarsus to produce a pretarsal bulge. The technique is presented as a suggested adjunct to the usual types of lower blepharoplasty.", "contents": "Tarsal fixation in lower blepharoplasty. Proceeding from the premise that a \"youthful\" eyelid has a pretarsal bulge while a \"senile\" eyelid has a pretarsal flatness, the tarsal fixation technique for lower blepharoplasty has been introduced--to reposition part of the orbicularis in front of the tarsus to produce a pretarsal bulge. The technique is presented as a suggested adjunct to the usual types of lower blepharoplasty.", "PMID": 662962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9649", "title": "Host-tumor relationships in basal cell and squamous cell cancer of the skin.", "content": "We suggest that aggressive clinical tumor behavior correlates with the presence of squamous differentiation and with irregularities in the peripheral palisading of basal cell carcinomas. The concept of non-melanoma skin cancer being a basosquamous continuum may help in formulating a method for prognosis in patients who had removed tumors with a pathologist's report of a \"positive margin.\"", "contents": "Host-tumor relationships in basal cell and squamous cell cancer of the skin. We suggest that aggressive clinical tumor behavior correlates with the presence of squamous differentiation and with irregularities in the peripheral palisading of basal cell carcinomas. The concept of non-melanoma skin cancer being a basosquamous continuum may help in formulating a method for prognosis in patients who had removed tumors with a pathologist's report of a \"positive margin.\"", "PMID": 662963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9650", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous malformations of the upper extremity.", "content": "The embryology and the clinical management of congenital AV fistulas of the upper extremity are discussed. Early excisional surgery of asymptomatic lesions should be confined to ones of a very limited extent. Excisional surgery on extensive lesions should be limited to those which are symptomatic and have decreasing hand function. Possibly of limited effectiveness in some lesions may be the selective occlusion of vascular feeders by injecting cyanoacrylate glue through a catheter.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous malformations of the upper extremity. The embryology and the clinical management of congenital AV fistulas of the upper extremity are discussed. Early excisional surgery of asymptomatic lesions should be confined to ones of a very limited extent. Excisional surgery on extensive lesions should be limited to those which are symptomatic and have decreasing hand function. Possibly of limited effectiveness in some lesions may be the selective occlusion of vascular feeders by injecting cyanoacrylate glue through a catheter.", "PMID": 662964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9651", "title": "Closure of scalp defects by using multiple flaps in a pinwheel design.", "content": "A multi-flap design for closure of defects in the inelastic scalp is presented. Two cases are reported, and the advantages of the technique are described. The engineering principle is elaborated and discussed.", "contents": "Closure of scalp defects by using multiple flaps in a pinwheel design. A multi-flap design for closure of defects in the inelastic scalp is presented. Two cases are reported, and the advantages of the technique are described. The engineering principle is elaborated and discussed.", "PMID": 662965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9652", "title": "The prevention of postanesthetic delirium.", "content": "We recommend the use of one dose of physostigmine salicylate, a few minutes before the termination of a general anesthetic, to prevent confusion, struggling, disorientation, or delirium during the recovery from anesthesia. We believe that it is well to prevent such behavior, particularly in patients who have just undergone reconstructive surgery where the unmanageable behavior could jeopardize surgical results. Our results indicate that such behavior is largely preventable.", "contents": "The prevention of postanesthetic delirium. We recommend the use of one dose of physostigmine salicylate, a few minutes before the termination of a general anesthetic, to prevent confusion, struggling, disorientation, or delirium during the recovery from anesthesia. We believe that it is well to prevent such behavior, particularly in patients who have just undergone reconstructive surgery where the unmanageable behavior could jeopardize surgical results. Our results indicate that such behavior is largely preventable.", "PMID": 662967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9653", "title": "Hypospadias in Nigeria.", "content": "We present a review of 42 cases of hypospadias seen at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria from 1969 to 1977. The incidence was low. No family history of hypospadias was noted in any of these patients. Fifty-seven percent had associated anomalies--mostly of the genitourinary system. Most of the patients had been circumscribed on arrival for treatment.", "contents": "Hypospadias in Nigeria. We present a review of 42 cases of hypospadias seen at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria from 1969 to 1977. The incidence was low. No family history of hypospadias was noted in any of these patients. Fifty-seven percent had associated anomalies--mostly of the genitourinary system. Most of the patients had been circumscribed on arrival for treatment.", "PMID": 662969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9654", "title": "Complications of total ischiectomy for the treatment of ischial pressure sores.", "content": "Five patients are reported, 4 of whom had total ischiectomies and the other an extensive partial ischiectomy. In each, recurrent ulcers, extending into the perineum, developed subsequently. One patient had a urethrocutaneous fistula as a result of his perineal ulcer, and he had to undergo an ileal loop diversion. Following a unilateral ischiectomy, the pressure is shifted to the opposite ischium, and this favors the development of another ischial pressure sore on the opposite side. After bilateral ischiectomy there is much more pressure on the perineum, and these patients may go on to develop a perineal pressure sore--particularly if there is a dislocated hip. Recurrent pressure sores which extend into the perineum are difficult to treat, and usually they appear to be related to a previous extensive removal of the ischia.", "contents": "Complications of total ischiectomy for the treatment of ischial pressure sores. Five patients are reported, 4 of whom had total ischiectomies and the other an extensive partial ischiectomy. In each, recurrent ulcers, extending into the perineum, developed subsequently. One patient had a urethrocutaneous fistula as a result of his perineal ulcer, and he had to undergo an ileal loop diversion. Following a unilateral ischiectomy, the pressure is shifted to the opposite ischium, and this favors the development of another ischial pressure sore on the opposite side. After bilateral ischiectomy there is much more pressure on the perineum, and these patients may go on to develop a perineal pressure sore--particularly if there is a dislocated hip. Recurrent pressure sores which extend into the perineum are difficult to treat, and usually they appear to be related to a previous extensive removal of the ischia.", "PMID": 662970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9655", "title": "Assessment of cognitive organization in emotionally disturbed adolescents: a way of reducing parental perplexity?", "content": "Four adolescents of comparable age and IQ scores were described, two with primarily psychiatric diagnoses and two with additional CNS organic injuries. Despite the normal IQ scores, two had a combination of cognitive disabilities that make them highly suspect as being unable to manage their own affairs without the massive support usually reserved for the retarded population. Piaget's description of the cognitive abilities developed during the concrete operational stage of development were found to be invaluable in separating these more perplexing adolescents. Their inability to decenter, to reverse, to conserve, and to classify and abstract from this classification leads to a major series of cognitive defects and difficulties, difficulties that if not clarified for the parents, will leave them as perplexed as the professional working with these children.", "contents": "Assessment of cognitive organization in emotionally disturbed adolescents: a way of reducing parental perplexity? Four adolescents of comparable age and IQ scores were described, two with primarily psychiatric diagnoses and two with additional CNS organic injuries. Despite the normal IQ scores, two had a combination of cognitive disabilities that make them highly suspect as being unable to manage their own affairs without the massive support usually reserved for the retarded population. Piaget's description of the cognitive abilities developed during the concrete operational stage of development were found to be invaluable in separating these more perplexing adolescents. Their inability to decenter, to reverse, to conserve, and to classify and abstract from this classification leads to a major series of cognitive defects and difficulties, difficulties that if not clarified for the parents, will leave them as perplexed as the professional working with these children.", "PMID": 662997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9656", "title": "Effects of biofeedback and voluntary control procedures on heart rate and perception of pain during the cold pressor test.", "content": "The effects of biofeedback training and voluntary control procedures on heart rate and subjective reactions to 30-sec immersion of the hand in ice water were investigated in five experimental conditions, nine subjects in each condition. All subjects were given an initial cold pressor test and a final test interspersed by the particular condition. In two of the conditions, subjects were given biofeedback training for increasing or for decreasing heart rate. No training was given to the other three groups. In two of the latter conditions, subjects were simply asked to increase or decrease their heart rate during the second cold pressor test, without previous training. The fifth condition was a no-treatment habituation control. Significant variations between groups were obtained of the tachycardia and reports of pain associated with the second cold pressor test. In general, there was a correspondence between heart rate change and subjective report of pain. Voluntary control of heart rate or other autonomically-mediated responses, enhanced by biofeedback training, may have implications for research on and clinical management of physiological and subjective reactions to stressful stimuli.", "contents": "Effects of biofeedback and voluntary control procedures on heart rate and perception of pain during the cold pressor test. The effects of biofeedback training and voluntary control procedures on heart rate and subjective reactions to 30-sec immersion of the hand in ice water were investigated in five experimental conditions, nine subjects in each condition. All subjects were given an initial cold pressor test and a final test interspersed by the particular condition. In two of the conditions, subjects were given biofeedback training for increasing or for decreasing heart rate. No training was given to the other three groups. In two of the latter conditions, subjects were simply asked to increase or decrease their heart rate during the second cold pressor test, without previous training. The fifth condition was a no-treatment habituation control. Significant variations between groups were obtained of the tachycardia and reports of pain associated with the second cold pressor test. In general, there was a correspondence between heart rate change and subjective report of pain. Voluntary control of heart rate or other autonomically-mediated responses, enhanced by biofeedback training, may have implications for research on and clinical management of physiological and subjective reactions to stressful stimuli.", "PMID": 663051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9657", "title": "Event-related slow potential (ERSP) correlates of thyroid gland function level.", "content": "This study shows an association between thyroid gland function level and event-related slow brain potential (ERSP) parameters (peak amplitude and area under the curve), obtained during \"classical\" and \"operant\" reaction-time paradigms. A significant positive correlation between ERSP parameters and 24-hr I131 uptake and a negative nonsignificant one between them and ankle jerk reflex were found. Organismic factors related to thyroid function had greater influence upon ERSP amplitude and area than situational ones, for no significant effect of task was evidenced and no interaction between them was found under the conditions employed. Hyper- and hypothyroids showed also a tendency to present longer reaction times than euthyroids. These results are discussed within the framework of the arousal-distraction coupling hypothesis as proposed by Tecce and Cole (1976) and compared to those previously obtained in high-neuroticism anxiety-prone indivuduals. Although these and hyperthyroids do show indications of similar behavioral manifestations (excessive reactive arousal), both groups are considered to differ regarding empirical referennts of anticipatory arousal (ERSP parameters). A major difference seems to be the absence of a \"ceiling effect\" in hyperthyroids. This hypothetical phenomenon can be expected on the basis of the inverted U-shaped relation between ERSP amplitude and arousal level. A stronger \"distraction\" effect associated with increased arousal in anxiety neurotics is postulated and tentatively attributed to covert verbalizations of worry and feelings added to increased awareness of autonomic input. The contention is advanced that similar behavioral manifestations could be distinguishable at the physiological level employed and this might add further insights to diagnostic typologies (e.g., \"psychosomatic\" vs. \"psychoneurotic\" patients).", "contents": "Event-related slow potential (ERSP) correlates of thyroid gland function level. This study shows an association between thyroid gland function level and event-related slow brain potential (ERSP) parameters (peak amplitude and area under the curve), obtained during \"classical\" and \"operant\" reaction-time paradigms. A significant positive correlation between ERSP parameters and 24-hr I131 uptake and a negative nonsignificant one between them and ankle jerk reflex were found. Organismic factors related to thyroid function had greater influence upon ERSP amplitude and area than situational ones, for no significant effect of task was evidenced and no interaction between them was found under the conditions employed. Hyper- and hypothyroids showed also a tendency to present longer reaction times than euthyroids. These results are discussed within the framework of the arousal-distraction coupling hypothesis as proposed by Tecce and Cole (1976) and compared to those previously obtained in high-neuroticism anxiety-prone indivuduals. Although these and hyperthyroids do show indications of similar behavioral manifestations (excessive reactive arousal), both groups are considered to differ regarding empirical referennts of anticipatory arousal (ERSP parameters). A major difference seems to be the absence of a \"ceiling effect\" in hyperthyroids. This hypothetical phenomenon can be expected on the basis of the inverted U-shaped relation between ERSP amplitude and arousal level. A stronger \"distraction\" effect associated with increased arousal in anxiety neurotics is postulated and tentatively attributed to covert verbalizations of worry and feelings added to increased awareness of autonomic input. The contention is advanced that similar behavioral manifestations could be distinguishable at the physiological level employed and this might add further insights to diagnostic typologies (e.g., \"psychosomatic\" vs. \"psychoneurotic\" patients).", "PMID": 663052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9658", "title": "Life events: perceptions and frequencies.", "content": "Life changes have been associated with illness onset. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) records numerical perceptions of the meaning of life events while the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) records the frequency of occurrence of life events. Data on these two instruments from 19 studies done in this laboratory have been surveyed and analyzed. They reveal significant variability among groups in their perceptions of life events as well as in their reports of the frequency of occurrence. Variables indicated to be of significance in either or both of these parameters were age, marital status, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, level of education, culture, and experiencing of an event. These variables impose caution on investigations that relate life changes to illness.", "contents": "Life events: perceptions and frequencies. Life changes have been associated with illness onset. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) records numerical perceptions of the meaning of life events while the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) records the frequency of occurrence of life events. Data on these two instruments from 19 studies done in this laboratory have been surveyed and analyzed. They reveal significant variability among groups in their perceptions of life events as well as in their reports of the frequency of occurrence. Variables indicated to be of significance in either or both of these parameters were age, marital status, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, level of education, culture, and experiencing of an event. These variables impose caution on investigations that relate life changes to illness.", "PMID": 663053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9659", "title": "A mathematical model to determine facility needs for a radiology department.", "content": "In summary, a mathematical model has been developed, tested, and applied which measures effectively the number as well as the type of radiographic rooms needed to meet the current and projected radiographic demand for a typical health care facility. The model first required a projection of radiographic procedures, based on historical data. Secondly, the projected total by patient classification was subdivided into procedure categories. Finally, the projected categorised radiographic procedures are introduced into the formula (Equation 1) and is shown below: (formula: see text). The formula is applied to each procedure category. The grand total for each of the four separately calculated categories will measure the total number of rooms and type of facility needed in the future. (formula: see text).", "contents": "A mathematical model to determine facility needs for a radiology department. In summary, a mathematical model has been developed, tested, and applied which measures effectively the number as well as the type of radiographic rooms needed to meet the current and projected radiographic demand for a typical health care facility. The model first required a projection of radiographic procedures, based on historical data. Secondly, the projected total by patient classification was subdivided into procedure categories. Finally, the projected categorised radiographic procedures are introduced into the formula (Equation 1) and is shown below: (formula: see text). The formula is applied to each procedure category. The grand total for each of the four separately calculated categories will measure the total number of rooms and type of facility needed in the future. (formula: see text).", "PMID": 663073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9660", "title": "Vascular pseudo-tumours of the mediastinum in asymptomatic patients. A tomographic study. II. Veins.", "content": "Vascular anomalies of the mediastinum which can imitate a tumour in asymptomatic patients, are divided into arterial and venous anomalies. This article discusses the venous anomalies with reference to a number of examples. In all cases, tomography is of value for identification of the anomaly. Angiography is indicated only in selected cases.", "contents": "Vascular pseudo-tumours of the mediastinum in asymptomatic patients. A tomographic study. II. Veins. Vascular anomalies of the mediastinum which can imitate a tumour in asymptomatic patients, are divided into arterial and venous anomalies. This article discusses the venous anomalies with reference to a number of examples. In all cases, tomography is of value for identification of the anomaly. Angiography is indicated only in selected cases.", "PMID": 663085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9661", "title": "Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease).", "content": "With reference to a patient with Caroli's disease (segmentally dilatated intrahepatic bile ducts), the clinical features of this rare but serious disease are described. The condition differs from other cystic dilatations of the bile ducts in that only the intrahepatic bile ducts are involved. Its pathogenesis is obscure. It is suspected that an embryonic developmental disorder in the wall of the bile ducts causes cysts via physiological periodical increases of pressure. The diagnosis is made accidentally by cholangiography via the T-drain during or after cholecystectomy. When Caroli's disease is suspected, echography can be a valuable diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease). With reference to a patient with Caroli's disease (segmentally dilatated intrahepatic bile ducts), the clinical features of this rare but serious disease are described. The condition differs from other cystic dilatations of the bile ducts in that only the intrahepatic bile ducts are involved. Its pathogenesis is obscure. It is suspected that an embryonic developmental disorder in the wall of the bile ducts causes cysts via physiological periodical increases of pressure. The diagnosis is made accidentally by cholangiography via the T-drain during or after cholecystectomy. When Caroli's disease is suspected, echography can be a valuable diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 663086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9662", "title": "Absent pedicle in the cervical spine.", "content": "2 cases of absent cervical pedicle are presented. It is important to be acquainted with this condition to be able to differentiate it from dumbbell tumour. Some other lesions which simulate it are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Absent pedicle in the cervical spine. 2 cases of absent cervical pedicle are presented. It is important to be acquainted with this condition to be able to differentiate it from dumbbell tumour. Some other lesions which simulate it are briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 663087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9663", "title": "Computer processing of x-ray films. Preliminary report on arteriograms.", "content": "An X-ray processing system by computer is described. The scanning device and display are illustrated. The main processing methods are analyzed, in particular the linear and non linear ones. An example of image processing which is the base for future work is shown.", "contents": "Computer processing of x-ray films. Preliminary report on arteriograms. An X-ray processing system by computer is described. The scanning device and display are illustrated. The main processing methods are analyzed, in particular the linear and non linear ones. An example of image processing which is the base for future work is shown.", "PMID": 663088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9664", "title": "Tongue implants: discussion of some dose-time-volume parameters and afterloading techniques.", "content": "Detailed computerized calculations of 28 radium tongue implants permit the conclusion that dose-time adjustment especially when geometry is poor, increases the chance of recurrence. The overdosage volume in the vicinity of the needles could be calculated and is small. Because of greater adaptability of afterloading iridium techniques and better results according to others, our patients are now treated with a combination of external beam treatment and iridium implant.", "contents": "Tongue implants: discussion of some dose-time-volume parameters and afterloading techniques. Detailed computerized calculations of 28 radium tongue implants permit the conclusion that dose-time adjustment especially when geometry is poor, increases the chance of recurrence. The overdosage volume in the vicinity of the needles could be calculated and is small. Because of greater adaptability of afterloading iridium techniques and better results according to others, our patients are now treated with a combination of external beam treatment and iridium implant.", "PMID": 663089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9665", "title": "Glottic cancer: clinical factors affecting irradiation control.", "content": "An analysis of the results of 252 patients with glottic larynx cancer treated in the RRTI between January 1965 and December 1971 is given. The patients were treated by orthovoltage radiotherapy and classified according to the UICC/AJC staging system of 1972. The 3-year recurrence-free rates for T1, T2 and T3 are 83, 62, and 60%, respectively. The present series suggest a reduction in disease-free survival for T2 patients from 70% with extraglottic extension or partial immobility to 52% with both extraglottic extension and partial immobility.", "contents": "Glottic cancer: clinical factors affecting irradiation control. An analysis of the results of 252 patients with glottic larynx cancer treated in the RRTI between January 1965 and December 1971 is given. The patients were treated by orthovoltage radiotherapy and classified according to the UICC/AJC staging system of 1972. The 3-year recurrence-free rates for T1, T2 and T3 are 83, 62, and 60%, respectively. The present series suggest a reduction in disease-free survival for T2 patients from 70% with extraglottic extension or partial immobility to 52% with both extraglottic extension and partial immobility.", "PMID": 663090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9666", "title": "Preparation technique and new contrast medium for radiography of biologic specimens.", "content": "An easily prepared contrast medium for radiography of vascular and ventricular systems is described. The accompanying fixation methods are discussed. Utilizing a few, readily available components and chemicals, technologists should be able to easily prepare a contrast medium that will produce, both before and after preservative tissue fixation, a quality specimen for radiography. The methods are easily applicable to most biological specimens.", "contents": "Preparation technique and new contrast medium for radiography of biologic specimens. An easily prepared contrast medium for radiography of vascular and ventricular systems is described. The accompanying fixation methods are discussed. Utilizing a few, readily available components and chemicals, technologists should be able to easily prepare a contrast medium that will produce, both before and after preservative tissue fixation, a quality specimen for radiography. The methods are easily applicable to most biological specimens.", "PMID": 663134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9667", "title": "Federal licensure as consumer protection.", "content": "In the continuing debate over licensure for radiologic technologists, more concern needs to be directed toward the patient as the unwary consumer. Radiology patients can only presume that maximum effort is being taken to minimize x-ray exposure. Unfortunately, the patient has little control in guaranteeing that premise.", "contents": "Federal licensure as consumer protection. In the continuing debate over licensure for radiologic technologists, more concern needs to be directed toward the patient as the unwary consumer. Radiology patients can only presume that maximum effort is being taken to minimize x-ray exposure. Unfortunately, the patient has little control in guaranteeing that premise.", "PMID": 663136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9668", "title": "The chest radiograph in legionnaires' disease.", "content": "The chest radiographs of 24 patients with documented Legionnaires' disease were evaluated. Twenty-two of the 24 patients had positive findings for the disease initially. There was unilateral involvement in 68% and the most common lung shadows were poorly marginated round opacities (46%), diffuse patchy (25%) and peripheral opacities (21%). At peak, 70% of patients had a lobar shadow. Pleural effusions were present in 39% of cases but could be explained by underlying congestive heart failure or renal failure in 7 of the 9. Although the findings are not specific, the radiologist should consider this diagnosis in a patient with compatible clinical history, a pneumonia of obscure etiology, and these radiographic manifestations.", "contents": "The chest radiograph in legionnaires' disease. The chest radiographs of 24 patients with documented Legionnaires' disease were evaluated. Twenty-two of the 24 patients had positive findings for the disease initially. There was unilateral involvement in 68% and the most common lung shadows were poorly marginated round opacities (46%), diffuse patchy (25%) and peripheral opacities (21%). At peak, 70% of patients had a lobar shadow. Pleural effusions were present in 39% of cases but could be explained by underlying congestive heart failure or renal failure in 7 of the 9. Although the findings are not specific, the radiologist should consider this diagnosis in a patient with compatible clinical history, a pneumonia of obscure etiology, and these radiographic manifestations.", "PMID": 663140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9669", "title": "Quality assessment and assurance in diagnostic imaging. Theoretical and practical considerations and a quality audit of the excretory urogram.", "content": "Concepts necessary to an understanding of the basics of quality assurance audits are presented. Included are specific examples that bridged theory and practice by applying the protocol to a real-life diagnostic imaging situation. This method meets the present requirements of the Joint Commission of the Accrediation of Hospitals.", "contents": "Quality assessment and assurance in diagnostic imaging. Theoretical and practical considerations and a quality audit of the excretory urogram. Concepts necessary to an understanding of the basics of quality assurance audits are presented. Included are specific examples that bridged theory and practice by applying the protocol to a real-life diagnostic imaging situation. This method meets the present requirements of the Joint Commission of the Accrediation of Hospitals.", "PMID": 663141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9670", "title": "Pattern discrimination in matching chest radiographs. Including a role for logistic distribution of observer responses.", "content": "Tests were designed to determine how well individuals can differentiate similar chest radiographs. These tests were given to 17 persons (radiologists, x-ray technologists, medical students, and secretaries). Each test contained a number of paired, dissimilar, and/or unique radiographs which were to be distinguished from one another or matched. The results suggest, that a radiologist does not have an innate advantage over untrained observers in pattern recognition. It is not known whether pattern-recognition tests are valuable in evaluating potential radiologists. A receiver operating characteristic curve is also described.", "contents": "Pattern discrimination in matching chest radiographs. Including a role for logistic distribution of observer responses. Tests were designed to determine how well individuals can differentiate similar chest radiographs. These tests were given to 17 persons (radiologists, x-ray technologists, medical students, and secretaries). Each test contained a number of paired, dissimilar, and/or unique radiographs which were to be distinguished from one another or matched. The results suggest, that a radiologist does not have an innate advantage over untrained observers in pattern recognition. It is not known whether pattern-recognition tests are valuable in evaluating potential radiologists. A receiver operating characteristic curve is also described.", "PMID": 663142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9671", "title": "Angiographic features of carcinoid heart disease.", "content": "Cineangiocardiograms from 2 patients with carcinoid syndrome and cardiac involvement were reviewed. Gross and microscopic pathology specimens were available for 1 case. Both patients exhibited tricuspid valvar stenosis and insufficiency. The area of the pulmonic valve was similar in both with narrowing of the annulus and tapering toward the valve of the proximal pulmonary artery and the subvalvar right ventricular outflow tract, producing an hourglass appearance, which the authors feel is characteristic of this disease.", "contents": "Angiographic features of carcinoid heart disease. Cineangiocardiograms from 2 patients with carcinoid syndrome and cardiac involvement were reviewed. Gross and microscopic pathology specimens were available for 1 case. Both patients exhibited tricuspid valvar stenosis and insufficiency. The area of the pulmonic valve was similar in both with narrowing of the annulus and tapering toward the valve of the proximal pulmonary artery and the subvalvar right ventricular outflow tract, producing an hourglass appearance, which the authors feel is characteristic of this disease.", "PMID": 663143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9672", "title": "Radiological manifestations of small intestinal South American Blastomycosis.", "content": "Three cases of South American blastomycosis are described with involvement of the small intestine and/or ileocecal region. The radiologic findings are nonspecific, e.g., fixed narrowing and mucosal irregularities. Differential diagnostic possibilities include regional enteritis, tuberculosis and lymphoma. With increasing travel in endemic areas, recognition of tropical diseases becomes more important.", "contents": "Radiological manifestations of small intestinal South American Blastomycosis. Three cases of South American blastomycosis are described with involvement of the small intestine and/or ileocecal region. The radiologic findings are nonspecific, e.g., fixed narrowing and mucosal irregularities. Differential diagnostic possibilities include regional enteritis, tuberculosis and lymphoma. With increasing travel in endemic areas, recognition of tropical diseases becomes more important.", "PMID": 663144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9673", "title": "Interpersonal communication skills and the radiologic technologist.", "content": "Studies done in the behavioral sciences suggest that the quality of the communication skills of persons in \"helping\" professions is related directly to the credibility, respect, and cooperation they receive from their clients. In his article, Dr. Calabrese discusses some specific communication skills that could strengthen the relationship between the radiologic technologist and his/her patients.", "contents": "Interpersonal communication skills and the radiologic technologist. Studies done in the behavioral sciences suggest that the quality of the communication skills of persons in \"helping\" professions is related directly to the credibility, respect, and cooperation they receive from their clients. In his article, Dr. Calabrese discusses some specific communication skills that could strengthen the relationship between the radiologic technologist and his/her patients.", "PMID": 663135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9674", "title": "Radiographic characteristics of colonic \"mucosal bridges\": sequelae of inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Colonic mucosal bridges are a relatively unusual entity occurring in patients with inflammatory disease of the colon. The authors describe two cases in which the pattern of multiple long, linear band-like defects may be easily misinterpreted as thickened mucosal folds, mucous strands, or foreign matter. The possibility of mucosal bridges should be considered if this radiographic pattern is demonstrated, and the patient's history is compatible with their formation.", "contents": "Radiographic characteristics of colonic \"mucosal bridges\": sequelae of inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic mucosal bridges are a relatively unusual entity occurring in patients with inflammatory disease of the colon. The authors describe two cases in which the pattern of multiple long, linear band-like defects may be easily misinterpreted as thickened mucosal folds, mucous strands, or foreign matter. The possibility of mucosal bridges should be considered if this radiographic pattern is demonstrated, and the patient's history is compatible with their formation.", "PMID": 663145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9675", "title": "Continued professional education: an adaptable method for radiologic technology.", "content": "During the last decade, outside pressures have intensified the need for continued professional education. An adapted system is presented to provide a meaningful continued learning experience for participating professionals in radiologic technology. The system can be utilized to design an individual self-directed learning experience, or it can be adapted as a larger group program.", "contents": "Continued professional education: an adaptable method for radiologic technology. During the last decade, outside pressures have intensified the need for continued professional education. An adapted system is presented to provide a meaningful continued learning experience for participating professionals in radiologic technology. The system can be utilized to design an individual self-directed learning experience, or it can be adapted as a larger group program.", "PMID": 663137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9676", "title": "Filiform polyposis.", "content": "Filiform polyposis presents a characteristic radiographic appearance consisting of long, filamentous filling defects in an otherwise normal colon. It has previously been reported in patients with a prior history of ulcerative colitis and in one patient with granulomatous colitis. The authors document its development in patients with ulcerative and granulomatous colitis. The authors have also seen a solitary filiform polyp in a patient with previously undiagnosed inflammatory bowel disease, and filiform polyps in the stomach in a patient with documented Crohn disease involving the small bowel. It is believed that this represents a nonspecific sequela of diffuse mucosal inflammation; it should not be mistaken for a neoplastic form of polyposis.", "contents": "Filiform polyposis. Filiform polyposis presents a characteristic radiographic appearance consisting of long, filamentous filling defects in an otherwise normal colon. It has previously been reported in patients with a prior history of ulcerative colitis and in one patient with granulomatous colitis. The authors document its development in patients with ulcerative and granulomatous colitis. The authors have also seen a solitary filiform polyp in a patient with previously undiagnosed inflammatory bowel disease, and filiform polyps in the stomach in a patient with documented Crohn disease involving the small bowel. It is believed that this represents a nonspecific sequela of diffuse mucosal inflammation; it should not be mistaken for a neoplastic form of polyposis.", "PMID": 663146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9677", "title": "Linear shadows in the air-contrast barium enema.", "content": "In 3 patients with carcinoma of the colon, lesions were seen as linear shadows on air-contrast barium enema studies. When the elevation of a lesion is slight or the tumor--mucosal interface is gently sloping, the tumor's proximal and distal edges may be ill-defined or disappear altogether. Thus only a linear shadow representing the interface between the tumor surface and air in the lumen appears. Other causes of these lines are also discussed.", "contents": "Linear shadows in the air-contrast barium enema. In 3 patients with carcinoma of the colon, lesions were seen as linear shadows on air-contrast barium enema studies. When the elevation of a lesion is slight or the tumor--mucosal interface is gently sloping, the tumor's proximal and distal edges may be ill-defined or disappear altogether. Thus only a linear shadow representing the interface between the tumor surface and air in the lumen appears. Other causes of these lines are also discussed.", "PMID": 663147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9678", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "An algorithmic approach for radiological evaluation of suspected pancreatic carcinoma was applied in more than 200 patients. Outpatient ultrasonography and barium studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract were followed by inpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, angiography, and percutaneous biopsy. Evaluation took no more than two hospital days and exploratory laparotomy was not needed. Twenty-five patients had carcinoma. The diagnostic accuracy of the algorithm was 96%. Although this method did not increase the diagnosis of resectable tumors, it did result in rapid, accurate diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma at relatively low cost and with minimum patient discomfort. Hopefully, these results will eventually lead to earlier diagnosis and improved survival.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. An algorithmic approach for radiological evaluation of suspected pancreatic carcinoma was applied in more than 200 patients. Outpatient ultrasonography and barium studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract were followed by inpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, angiography, and percutaneous biopsy. Evaluation took no more than two hospital days and exploratory laparotomy was not needed. Twenty-five patients had carcinoma. The diagnostic accuracy of the algorithm was 96%. Although this method did not increase the diagnosis of resectable tumors, it did result in rapid, accurate diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma at relatively low cost and with minimum patient discomfort. Hopefully, these results will eventually lead to earlier diagnosis and improved survival.", "PMID": 663148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9679", "title": "Single dose oral cholecystography.", "content": "The routine use of single dose oral cholecystography is suggested for the examination of outpatients. A diagnosis is more quickly obtained for the great majority of patients and there is a lower incidence of side effects. An effective method of contrast administration and filming is discussed. The medical, personal, and economic impact of single dose oral cholecystography is contrasted with that for routine consecutive dose examinations in an outpatient population.", "contents": "Single dose oral cholecystography. The routine use of single dose oral cholecystography is suggested for the examination of outpatients. A diagnosis is more quickly obtained for the great majority of patients and there is a lower incidence of side effects. An effective method of contrast administration and filming is discussed. The medical, personal, and economic impact of single dose oral cholecystography is contrasted with that for routine consecutive dose examinations in an outpatient population.", "PMID": 663149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9680", "title": "Rectosigmoid pseudostenosis due to urinary retention.", "content": "Pseudostenosis of the rectosigmoid colon due to compression by a dilated urinary bladder may pose a diagnostic problem. Although probably quite common, it has not received much attention in the radiological literature. Four cases are presented and the radiological features on barium enema are described.", "contents": "Rectosigmoid pseudostenosis due to urinary retention. Pseudostenosis of the rectosigmoid colon due to compression by a dilated urinary bladder may pose a diagnostic problem. Although probably quite common, it has not received much attention in the radiological literature. Four cases are presented and the radiological features on barium enema are described.", "PMID": 663150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9681", "title": "Bilateral spontaneous urinary extravasation in ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Spontaneous urinary extravasation caused by ureteral obstruction is infrequently encountered. A case is described in which bilateral extravasation was observed, confined beneath the renal capsule on one side.", "contents": "Bilateral spontaneous urinary extravasation in ureteral obstruction. Spontaneous urinary extravasation caused by ureteral obstruction is infrequently encountered. A case is described in which bilateral extravasation was observed, confined beneath the renal capsule on one side.", "PMID": 663151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9682", "title": "Further refinements in the plain radiologic diagnosis of splenic rupture: the air enema.", "content": "Plain film radiography, by appraisal of the soft tissues of the descending colon and left paracolonic gutter, comprises a safe, accurate, and quick determination of the presence of free fluid, which, in the proper clinical setting, indicates splenic rupture. The air enema, introduced under fluoroscopic control, is a valuable aid in eliminating false negatives and false positives, and also in distinguishing intraperitoneal clots from subserosal hematoma. The preoperative diagnosis was correct in 27 of 28 cases. The one error occurred in a case in which the interpretation of paravesical fluid (dog ears) was faulty, and in which the air enema had not been used.", "contents": "Further refinements in the plain radiologic diagnosis of splenic rupture: the air enema. Plain film radiography, by appraisal of the soft tissues of the descending colon and left paracolonic gutter, comprises a safe, accurate, and quick determination of the presence of free fluid, which, in the proper clinical setting, indicates splenic rupture. The air enema, introduced under fluoroscopic control, is a valuable aid in eliminating false negatives and false positives, and also in distinguishing intraperitoneal clots from subserosal hematoma. The preoperative diagnosis was correct in 27 of 28 cases. The one error occurred in a case in which the interpretation of paravesical fluid (dog ears) was faulty, and in which the air enema had not been used.", "PMID": 663152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9683", "title": "The double-contrast shoulder arthrogram. A review of 158 studies.", "content": "Experience with double-contrast arthrography indicates it is superior to the single-contrast technique. First, the double-contrast study provides additional information on the width of rotator cuff tears and on degeneration in the tendons. This information is valuable in choosing surgical candidates and electing the best surgical incision. Second, the air-distended capsule permits visualization of the entire intra-articular portion of the biceps tendon. Third, improved visualization of the articular cartilages is important in evaluating patients with previous anterior shoulder dislocations or inflammatory arthritis.", "contents": "The double-contrast shoulder arthrogram. A review of 158 studies. Experience with double-contrast arthrography indicates it is superior to the single-contrast technique. First, the double-contrast study provides additional information on the width of rotator cuff tears and on degeneration in the tendons. This information is valuable in choosing surgical candidates and electing the best surgical incision. Second, the air-distended capsule permits visualization of the entire intra-articular portion of the biceps tendon. Third, improved visualization of the articular cartilages is important in evaluating patients with previous anterior shoulder dislocations or inflammatory arthritis.", "PMID": 663153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9684", "title": "Radiographic and radionuclide findings in Rhizopus osteomyelitis.", "content": "A case of Rhizopus osteomyelitis is described. The radionuclide and radiographic findings differ from those of osteomyelitis secondary to common pathogens: low-level radionuclide activity is observed, while soft-tissue swelling, periosteal reaction, and loss of fascial margins are absent.", "contents": "Radiographic and radionuclide findings in Rhizopus osteomyelitis. A case of Rhizopus osteomyelitis is described. The radionuclide and radiographic findings differ from those of osteomyelitis secondary to common pathogens: low-level radionuclide activity is observed, while soft-tissue swelling, periosteal reaction, and loss of fascial margins are absent.", "PMID": 663154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9685", "title": "Transcatheter brush biopsy of intravenous tumor thrombi.", "content": "Transcatheter brush biopsy of intraluminal filling defects demonstrated during venography was performed in 6 patients with abdominal neoplasms. Tissue specimens consistent with either known or subsequently proved tumor were obtained from 4 patients. Biopsy was negative in the other 2 patients, who lacked surgical confirmation of the intraluminal mass. This technique is useful in establishing histological proof of neoplasm and in determining the extent of known tumor.", "contents": "Transcatheter brush biopsy of intravenous tumor thrombi. Transcatheter brush biopsy of intraluminal filling defects demonstrated during venography was performed in 6 patients with abdominal neoplasms. Tissue specimens consistent with either known or subsequently proved tumor were obtained from 4 patients. Biopsy was negative in the other 2 patients, who lacked surgical confirmation of the intraluminal mass. This technique is useful in establishing histological proof of neoplasm and in determining the extent of known tumor.", "PMID": 663155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9686", "title": "Partial embolization of large peripheral hemangioma for pain control.", "content": "Pain associated with a large hemangioma of the thigh was relieved by embolization of a portion of the lesion with Gelfoam. The branch to be occluded was selected when the distribution of the heat associated with the injection of contrast material corresponded to the distribution of the patient's pain.", "contents": "Partial embolization of large peripheral hemangioma for pain control. Pain associated with a large hemangioma of the thigh was relieved by embolization of a portion of the lesion with Gelfoam. The branch to be occluded was selected when the distribution of the heat associated with the injection of contrast material corresponded to the distribution of the patient's pain.", "PMID": 663156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9687", "title": "Axillary hibernoma: review of the literature with report of a case examined angiographically.", "content": "A case of hibernoma of the axilla and a review of the literature are presented. This benign tumor showed angiographic findings of hypervascularity without neovascularity or A-V shunting which differentiate it from lesions such as lipoma, fibroma, or neurofibroma.", "contents": "Axillary hibernoma: review of the literature with report of a case examined angiographically. A case of hibernoma of the axilla and a review of the literature are presented. This benign tumor showed angiographic findings of hypervascularity without neovascularity or A-V shunting which differentiate it from lesions such as lipoma, fibroma, or neurofibroma.", "PMID": 663157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9688", "title": "Extra-axial posterior fossa lesions simulating intra-axial lesions on computed tomography.", "content": "Differentiation of extra- from intra-axial posterior fossa lesions is sometimes not possible on computed tomography. Six cases are presented wherein the lesion appeared to be intra-axial on computed tomograms yet angiographically and surgically proved to be extra-axial. False localization on computed tomography occurs with slowly growing masses which burrow into brain parenchyma.", "contents": "Extra-axial posterior fossa lesions simulating intra-axial lesions on computed tomography. Differentiation of extra- from intra-axial posterior fossa lesions is sometimes not possible on computed tomography. Six cases are presented wherein the lesion appeared to be intra-axial on computed tomograms yet angiographically and surgically proved to be extra-axial. False localization on computed tomography occurs with slowly growing masses which burrow into brain parenchyma.", "PMID": 663158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9689", "title": "Enlarged cisternae magnae and posterior fossa cysts simulating Dandy-Walker syndrome on computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography was performed on 5 children with posterior fossa cystic abnormalities. On an axial tomogram, an enlarged cisterna magna could not be distinguished from a Dandy-Walker variant, nor could an encysted fourth ventricle be distinguished from a subarachnoid cyst. Supplementary air encephalography or sagittal reconstruction of tomograms is necessary to define posterior fossa cysts accurately.", "contents": "Enlarged cisternae magnae and posterior fossa cysts simulating Dandy-Walker syndrome on computed tomography. Computed tomography was performed on 5 children with posterior fossa cystic abnormalities. On an axial tomogram, an enlarged cisterna magna could not be distinguished from a Dandy-Walker variant, nor could an encysted fourth ventricle be distinguished from a subarachnoid cyst. Supplementary air encephalography or sagittal reconstruction of tomograms is necessary to define posterior fossa cysts accurately.", "PMID": 663159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9690", "title": "Radiologic findings of hamartomas of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus.", "content": "Five cases, four histologically proved, or hamartoma of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus in children (age range: 2--12 years) are reported. Three cases had pubertas praecox, and in all of these the hamartoma was located in the basal cistern between the chiasm and pons, and had a collar button shape and size typical of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum. In the third case, which presented with headache, a huge calcified mass in the suprasellar region was initially thought to be craniopharyngioma. The fourth case had a hamartoma within the substance of the hypothalamus and presented with hyponatremia and temporal lobe seizures.", "contents": "Radiologic findings of hamartomas of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus. Five cases, four histologically proved, or hamartoma of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus in children (age range: 2--12 years) are reported. Three cases had pubertas praecox, and in all of these the hamartoma was located in the basal cistern between the chiasm and pons, and had a collar button shape and size typical of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum. In the third case, which presented with headache, a huge calcified mass in the suprasellar region was initially thought to be craniopharyngioma. The fourth case had a hamartoma within the substance of the hypothalamus and presented with hyponatremia and temporal lobe seizures.", "PMID": 663160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9691", "title": "A multiregional kinetics model for cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A mathematical model was developed to describe the multiregional flow of intrathecal indium-111 DTPA, and hence indirectly the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, in sequential spinal and cerebral CSF images. The model provides for an arbitrary input function, transport delay between appropriate compartments, transmeningeal and transependymal transport, and for bidirectional flow between most compartments. Two- and eight-compartment models were evaluated. The set of eight nonlinear differential equations was solved using numerical techniques. This model provides a quantitative basis for the interpretation of CSF kinetics.", "contents": "A multiregional kinetics model for cerebrospinal fluid. A mathematical model was developed to describe the multiregional flow of intrathecal indium-111 DTPA, and hence indirectly the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, in sequential spinal and cerebral CSF images. The model provides for an arbitrary input function, transport delay between appropriate compartments, transmeningeal and transependymal transport, and for bidirectional flow between most compartments. Two- and eight-compartment models were evaluated. The set of eight nonlinear differential equations was solved using numerical techniques. This model provides a quantitative basis for the interpretation of CSF kinetics.", "PMID": 663161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9692", "title": "Neuroradiological manifestations of intracranial sarcoidosis.", "content": "Six cases of sarcoidosis involving the central nervous system are reported with the neuroradiological findings and appearance on computed tomography. Communicating hydrocephalus with sarcoid arachnoiditis is the most common finding, but arteritis and masses have also been reported. Two rare cases of intracerebral masses are included. The radiological findings and clinical histories are reviewed with emphasis on the use of CT and complete neuroradiological studies for patients with possible central nervous system sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Neuroradiological manifestations of intracranial sarcoidosis. Six cases of sarcoidosis involving the central nervous system are reported with the neuroradiological findings and appearance on computed tomography. Communicating hydrocephalus with sarcoid arachnoiditis is the most common finding, but arteritis and masses have also been reported. Two rare cases of intracerebral masses are included. The radiological findings and clinical histories are reviewed with emphasis on the use of CT and complete neuroradiological studies for patients with possible central nervous system sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 663162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9693", "title": "Scintigraphic evaluation of childhood malignancies by 67Ga-citrate.", "content": "The utility and limitations of 67Ga scintigraphy in children with solid tumors were evaluated. Thirty-five patients with malignancies (13 lymphoreticular neoplasms, 11 soft-tissue sarcomas, 8 neuroblastomas, and 3 primary bone tumors) had a 67Ga-citrate scan as part of their clinical evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were analyzed for the different tumor types. The overall sensitivity of the 67Ga-citrate scan for the lymphoma group was 87%. Higher values were obtained for the mediastinal and abdominal regions. Ninety-three per cent of the involved sites were correctly identified by 67Ga scintigraphy in the soft-tissue sarcoma group. Small lung metastases, however, were missed on scan. Thus, 67Ga scans should be complemented with chest radiographs and whole chest tomograms for both initial evaluation and follow-up in those patients. 67Ga had low sensitivity for neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Scintigraphic evaluation of childhood malignancies by 67Ga-citrate. The utility and limitations of 67Ga scintigraphy in children with solid tumors were evaluated. Thirty-five patients with malignancies (13 lymphoreticular neoplasms, 11 soft-tissue sarcomas, 8 neuroblastomas, and 3 primary bone tumors) had a 67Ga-citrate scan as part of their clinical evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were analyzed for the different tumor types. The overall sensitivity of the 67Ga-citrate scan for the lymphoma group was 87%. Higher values were obtained for the mediastinal and abdominal regions. Ninety-three per cent of the involved sites were correctly identified by 67Ga scintigraphy in the soft-tissue sarcoma group. Small lung metastases, however, were missed on scan. Thus, 67Ga scans should be complemented with chest radiographs and whole chest tomograms for both initial evaluation and follow-up in those patients. 67Ga had low sensitivity for neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 663163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9694", "title": "Tumor visualization using 67Gallium scintigraphy in children.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two children suspected of having malignant disease were examined by 67Gallium scintigraphy. True-positive detection was obtained in 22 patients before treatment and true-negative in 22. False-negative scans were obtained in 5 children with primary adrenal neuroblastoma. Local recurence and/or metastases were detected in 29 of 58 children previously treated for malignant disease. For malignant disease, diagnostic sensitivity was 78% and diagnostic specificity 79%. It is concluded that 67Ga scintigraphy should be used for primary visualization and control of malignant tumors in children.", "contents": "Tumor visualization using 67Gallium scintigraphy in children. One hundred and twenty-two children suspected of having malignant disease were examined by 67Gallium scintigraphy. True-positive detection was obtained in 22 patients before treatment and true-negative in 22. False-negative scans were obtained in 5 children with primary adrenal neuroblastoma. Local recurence and/or metastases were detected in 29 of 58 children previously treated for malignant disease. For malignant disease, diagnostic sensitivity was 78% and diagnostic specificity 79%. It is concluded that 67Ga scintigraphy should be used for primary visualization and control of malignant tumors in children.", "PMID": 663164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9695", "title": "Hepatic scintigraphy in Caroli's disease.", "content": "Caroli's disease (communicating cavernous ectasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts) is manifested on the 99Tc-sulfur colloid images as multiple focal defects in the liver. Since several other conditions have a similar presentation, intravenous or transhepatic cholangiography may be of assistance in reaching the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Hepatic scintigraphy in Caroli's disease. Caroli's disease (communicating cavernous ectasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts) is manifested on the 99Tc-sulfur colloid images as multiple focal defects in the liver. Since several other conditions have a similar presentation, intravenous or transhepatic cholangiography may be of assistance in reaching the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 663165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9696", "title": "Differential shunting in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger physiology by radionuclide angiography.", "content": "Radionuclide angiography and static whole body imaging performed with technetium-99m-labeled particulates can clearly demonstrate differential shunting in patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with Eisenmenger physiology. The anatomic arterial relationships in this condition which direct deoxygenated blood into the lower body (differential cyanosis) produce specific radionuclide images characterized by differential shunting of the technetium-99m-labeled particulates into the abdomen and lower extremity.", "contents": "Differential shunting in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger physiology by radionuclide angiography. Radionuclide angiography and static whole body imaging performed with technetium-99m-labeled particulates can clearly demonstrate differential shunting in patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with Eisenmenger physiology. The anatomic arterial relationships in this condition which direct deoxygenated blood into the lower body (differential cyanosis) produce specific radionuclide images characterized by differential shunting of the technetium-99m-labeled particulates into the abdomen and lower extremity.", "PMID": 663166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9697", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: correlation of radiological severity and pulmonary pathology.", "content": "A review of the barium study of 507 children for the presence and severity of gastroesophageal reflux revealed 79 cases with coexisting pulmonary disease. Clinical-radiological analysis of the cases with respiratory disease showed good correlation between the radiographic demonstration of major reflux or no reflux and the presence or absence of pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: correlation of radiological severity and pulmonary pathology. A review of the barium study of 507 children for the presence and severity of gastroesophageal reflux revealed 79 cases with coexisting pulmonary disease. Clinical-radiological analysis of the cases with respiratory disease showed good correlation between the radiographic demonstration of major reflux or no reflux and the presence or absence of pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 663167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9698", "title": "The cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger's) syndrome: report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome are described. Radiographic findings of scimitar-shaped calcifications of the patellae and stippled cartilage califications have previously been described. We noted calcifications in the area of the greater trochanters in 2 of our patients, and bell-shaped thoraces in all patients. One of our patients is the longest survivor of the children affected by this syndrome.", "contents": "The cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger's) syndrome: report of four cases. Four cases of cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome are described. Radiographic findings of scimitar-shaped calcifications of the patellae and stippled cartilage califications have previously been described. We noted calcifications in the area of the greater trochanters in 2 of our patients, and bell-shaped thoraces in all patients. One of our patients is the longest survivor of the children affected by this syndrome.", "PMID": 663168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9699", "title": "Congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease).", "content": "Caroli's disease (congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts) was diagnosed in an 11-year-old girl with the aid of intravenous cholangiography. Recurrent abdominal pain, fever, and intermittent obstructive jaundice are the most common symptoms and usually develop during childhood or young adulthood. Operative cholangiography has been the most valuable method of diagnosing the condition and determining the location and extent of the disease process.", "contents": "Congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease). Caroli's disease (congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts) was diagnosed in an 11-year-old girl with the aid of intravenous cholangiography. Recurrent abdominal pain, fever, and intermittent obstructive jaundice are the most common symptoms and usually develop during childhood or young adulthood. Operative cholangiography has been the most valuable method of diagnosing the condition and determining the location and extent of the disease process.", "PMID": 663169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9700", "title": "Myotonic dystrophy (Steinert's disease) in the neonate.", "content": "Radiological abnormalities of the ribs are reported in 5 newborn infants with myotonic dystrophy. In all 5, the ribs appeared very thin, in contrast to the normal appearance of the rest of the skeleton. This slenderness, which is important for diagnosis and prognosis, seems to be caused by hypotonia of the intercostal muscles. However, it is not pathognomonic of myotonic dystropy, for it can be observed in other myopathies.", "contents": "Myotonic dystrophy (Steinert's disease) in the neonate. Radiological abnormalities of the ribs are reported in 5 newborn infants with myotonic dystrophy. In all 5, the ribs appeared very thin, in contrast to the normal appearance of the rest of the skeleton. This slenderness, which is important for diagnosis and prognosis, seems to be caused by hypotonia of the intercostal muscles. However, it is not pathognomonic of myotonic dystropy, for it can be observed in other myopathies.", "PMID": 663170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9701", "title": "The relationship between aortic valve closure and aortic root motion.", "content": "The minimum interval between aortic valve closure and the onset of posterior motion of the posterior aortic wall (C--PW) was obtained from M-mode echographic studies in normal subjects and patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), mixed rheumatic MS and MR, pure aortic stenosis (AS), and pure aortic insufficiency. Three-fourths of the patients with MR and 2/3 of those with AS had short C--PW intervals. Short C--PW intervals are probably the result of early mitral valve opening with rapid LA emptying, whereas slow emptying due to dilated, relatively inert left atria may account for normal C--PW intervals in patients with MR. C--PW intervals are affected by both ventricular ejection and LA dynamics and may prove useful in evaluating suspected mitral or aortic valve disease.", "contents": "The relationship between aortic valve closure and aortic root motion. The minimum interval between aortic valve closure and the onset of posterior motion of the posterior aortic wall (C--PW) was obtained from M-mode echographic studies in normal subjects and patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), mixed rheumatic MS and MR, pure aortic stenosis (AS), and pure aortic insufficiency. Three-fourths of the patients with MR and 2/3 of those with AS had short C--PW intervals. Short C--PW intervals are probably the result of early mitral valve opening with rapid LA emptying, whereas slow emptying due to dilated, relatively inert left atria may account for normal C--PW intervals in patients with MR. C--PW intervals are affected by both ventricular ejection and LA dynamics and may prove useful in evaluating suspected mitral or aortic valve disease.", "PMID": 663171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9702", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of partial pericardial constriction of the left ventricle.", "content": "In a patient with hemodynamic findings typical of severe, generalized pericardial constriction, echocardiography demonstrated partial constriction of the left ventricle; the patient had partial pericardiectomy 17 years earlier. Diagnosis was confirmed by angiocardiography and at surgery. Echocardiography suggested penetration of the myocardium at places by pericardial calcification; this finding was confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of partial pericardial constriction of the left ventricle. In a patient with hemodynamic findings typical of severe, generalized pericardial constriction, echocardiography demonstrated partial constriction of the left ventricle; the patient had partial pericardiectomy 17 years earlier. Diagnosis was confirmed by angiocardiography and at surgery. Echocardiography suggested penetration of the myocardium at places by pericardial calcification; this finding was confirmed at surgery.", "PMID": 663172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9703", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasound in tubal pregnancy.", "content": "Sonographic signs were correlated with clinical data, surgical findings, and pathology in 15 patients withtubal pregnancy. Sonograms showed absence of intrauterine gestation in 12 patients. In 3, structures resembling gestational sacs were produced by decidual reaction and blood in the uterine cavity separating the endometrial echoes. The uterus was normal in size in 6 cases. Almost all sonograms showed a pelvic mass (usually adnexal) displacing the uterus. Seven patients had predominantly sonolucent masses, 3 had complex masses, and 4 had both types. Only one woman exhibited a definite gestational sac in an extrauterine location. Four patients had a negative pregnancy test at the time of sonography. Meticulous sonographic technique and a high index of suspicion will facilitate the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy in most cases.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasound in tubal pregnancy. Sonographic signs were correlated with clinical data, surgical findings, and pathology in 15 patients withtubal pregnancy. Sonograms showed absence of intrauterine gestation in 12 patients. In 3, structures resembling gestational sacs were produced by decidual reaction and blood in the uterine cavity separating the endometrial echoes. The uterus was normal in size in 6 cases. Almost all sonograms showed a pelvic mass (usually adnexal) displacing the uterus. Seven patients had predominantly sonolucent masses, 3 had complex masses, and 4 had both types. Only one woman exhibited a definite gestational sac in an extrauterine location. Four patients had a negative pregnancy test at the time of sonography. Meticulous sonographic technique and a high index of suspicion will facilitate the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy in most cases.", "PMID": 663173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9704", "title": "Intrauterine diagnosis of omphalocele.", "content": "Omphalocele can be diagnosed in utero by ultrasonography. Cesarean section can then help reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Intrauterine diagnosis of omphalocele. Omphalocele can be diagnosed in utero by ultrasonography. Cesarean section can then help reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 663174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9705", "title": "B-mode ultrasonography of prosthetic vascular grafts.", "content": "The role of contact B-mode ultrasonography in demonstrating prosthetic vascular grafts was assessed in 24 patients (27 grafts). All grafts were well delineated. End-to-side bypass grafts could be separated from end-to-end replacement grafts by their characteristic appearance. Patent and occluded grafts could not be distinguished either in vivo or in vitro. However, B-mode ultrasonography was ideally suited to the detection of other complications of vascular prosthetic grafts: hematoma, infection, and false aneurysm formation.", "contents": "B-mode ultrasonography of prosthetic vascular grafts. The role of contact B-mode ultrasonography in demonstrating prosthetic vascular grafts was assessed in 24 patients (27 grafts). All grafts were well delineated. End-to-side bypass grafts could be separated from end-to-end replacement grafts by their characteristic appearance. Patent and occluded grafts could not be distinguished either in vivo or in vitro. However, B-mode ultrasonography was ideally suited to the detection of other complications of vascular prosthetic grafts: hematoma, infection, and false aneurysm formation.", "PMID": 663175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9706", "title": "Treatment policies affecting survival in patients with carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Radiotherapy treatment techniques were evaluated according to survival rates among more than 800 patients with Stage I and II carcinoma of the cervix. An increased survival rate was noted when a Fletcher tandem and ovoids and the Fletcher technique of external irradiation and fractionated radium therapy were applied. This increase was due to a larger radiation dose to the anoxic tumor core and to external irradiation shrinking the tumor to within the high-dose range of radium therapy.", "contents": "Treatment policies affecting survival in patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Radiotherapy treatment techniques were evaluated according to survival rates among more than 800 patients with Stage I and II carcinoma of the cervix. An increased survival rate was noted when a Fletcher tandem and ovoids and the Fletcher technique of external irradiation and fractionated radium therapy were applied. This increase was due to a larger radiation dose to the anoxic tumor core and to external irradiation shrinking the tumor to within the high-dose range of radium therapy.", "PMID": 663176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9707", "title": "Analysis of pattern of recurrence in non-seminomatous testicular tumor.", "content": "In non-seminomatous testicular tumor, 60% of failures are seen within the first three months after diagnosis. The most common site of metastasis is the lung. Occasionally, bone, liver and brain metastases are seen. In this series of 33 cases, the definitively treated Stage I patients are alive and well for an average of 6.3 years (12 patients); one was lost to follow-up. The 20 more advanced patients have not done well--16 are dead from disease with an average survival of 17 months, 3 are alive with disease for an average of two years, and one was lost to follow-up. In Stages II and III, the best results were obtained with an aggressive multimodality approach of surgery, postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Analysis of pattern of recurrence in non-seminomatous testicular tumor. In non-seminomatous testicular tumor, 60% of failures are seen within the first three months after diagnosis. The most common site of metastasis is the lung. Occasionally, bone, liver and brain metastases are seen. In this series of 33 cases, the definitively treated Stage I patients are alive and well for an average of 6.3 years (12 patients); one was lost to follow-up. The 20 more advanced patients have not done well--16 are dead from disease with an average survival of 17 months, 3 are alive with disease for an average of two years, and one was lost to follow-up. In Stages II and III, the best results were obtained with an aggressive multimodality approach of surgery, postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 663177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9708", "title": "A highly accurate focal spot camera--laboratory and field model.", "content": "A device has been developed to determine accurately and quickly the shape, size, and intensity distribution of an x-ray tube focal spot. The pinhole device weighs only 1 kg and is portable, enabling it to be used either as a field unit or in a laboratory. The special design obviates any risk of irradiation danger to the investigator, or thermal overloading of the x-ray tube under investigation. The degree of accuracy with which the central beam can be located is better than +/-250 micron, well beyond the requirements of the latest NEMA standards regarding dimensional measurements of diagnostic x-ray tube focal spots. A star test pattern picture may be taken instead of the pinhole picture if required. The device is described and areas of application are discussed.", "contents": "A highly accurate focal spot camera--laboratory and field model. A device has been developed to determine accurately and quickly the shape, size, and intensity distribution of an x-ray tube focal spot. The pinhole device weighs only 1 kg and is portable, enabling it to be used either as a field unit or in a laboratory. The special design obviates any risk of irradiation danger to the investigator, or thermal overloading of the x-ray tube under investigation. The degree of accuracy with which the central beam can be located is better than +/-250 micron, well beyond the requirements of the latest NEMA standards regarding dimensional measurements of diagnostic x-ray tube focal spots. A star test pattern picture may be taken instead of the pinhole picture if required. The device is described and areas of application are discussed.", "PMID": 663178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9709", "title": "Comparison of skin doses to large fields using tangential beams from cobalt-60 gamma rays and 4-MV x rays.", "content": "Excess radiation to the skin during external beam megavoltage radiation therapy has reportedly caused excessive erythema in patients treated with the Clinac 4 linear accelerator on sloping surfaces, but not for similar treatments with cobalt 60. Doses at the epidermal level were measured under geometries simulating sloping surfaces for a Clinac 4 and an Eldorado 8 cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. For equal doses to the axilla, doses to the epidermal layer were similar. When the tumor dose was calculated for the mediastinum, the dose to the skin in the axillary region was 12% higher for the Clinac 4.", "contents": "Comparison of skin doses to large fields using tangential beams from cobalt-60 gamma rays and 4-MV x rays. Excess radiation to the skin during external beam megavoltage radiation therapy has reportedly caused excessive erythema in patients treated with the Clinac 4 linear accelerator on sloping surfaces, but not for similar treatments with cobalt 60. Doses at the epidermal level were measured under geometries simulating sloping surfaces for a Clinac 4 and an Eldorado 8 cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. For equal doses to the axilla, doses to the epidermal layer were similar. When the tumor dose was calculated for the mediastinum, the dose to the skin in the axillary region was 12% higher for the Clinac 4.", "PMID": 663179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9710", "title": "Ultrasonic enhancement of cancer radiotherapy.", "content": "Ultrasound treatment (1.5 W/cm2, 1.9 MHz, C.W.) for 15 minutes either before or after x irradiation reduced the TCD50 of sarcoma-180 by approximately 40% while similar ultrasound treatment for up to 30 minutes did not reduce the TCD50 of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma. Water bath heating (44.5 degrees C for 15 minutes) after x irradiation reduced the TCD50 of both tumors. Ultrasound alone for up to 30 minutes had no effect on growth or cure rate of either tumor.", "contents": "Ultrasonic enhancement of cancer radiotherapy. Ultrasound treatment (1.5 W/cm2, 1.9 MHz, C.W.) for 15 minutes either before or after x irradiation reduced the TCD50 of sarcoma-180 by approximately 40% while similar ultrasound treatment for up to 30 minutes did not reduce the TCD50 of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma. Water bath heating (44.5 degrees C for 15 minutes) after x irradiation reduced the TCD50 of both tumors. Ultrasound alone for up to 30 minutes had no effect on growth or cure rate of either tumor.", "PMID": 663180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9711", "title": "Tumor reoxygenation and postirradiation vascular changes.", "content": "Postirradiation reoxygenation kinetics of the Walker 256 carcinoma were examined and related to radiation-induced changes in tumor vascular functions. Changes in the hypoxic cell component of irradiated Walker tumors may occur by two mechanisms. Reoxygenation of previously hypoxic cells may be due to an increased rate of blood flow in some parts of the tumor. Hypoxic tumor cells may also be eliminated by cell death due to prolonged or severe hypoxia in other parts of the tumor as a result of substantial damage to the tumor vasculature as seen in radiation-induced changes in vascular volume and blood vessel permeability. Reoxygenation of experimental tumors following single, massive doses of radiation may be different from that occurring in human tumors during the course of multifraction radiotherapy.", "contents": "Tumor reoxygenation and postirradiation vascular changes. Postirradiation reoxygenation kinetics of the Walker 256 carcinoma were examined and related to radiation-induced changes in tumor vascular functions. Changes in the hypoxic cell component of irradiated Walker tumors may occur by two mechanisms. Reoxygenation of previously hypoxic cells may be due to an increased rate of blood flow in some parts of the tumor. Hypoxic tumor cells may also be eliminated by cell death due to prolonged or severe hypoxia in other parts of the tumor as a result of substantial damage to the tumor vasculature as seen in radiation-induced changes in vascular volume and blood vessel permeability. Reoxygenation of experimental tumors following single, massive doses of radiation may be different from that occurring in human tumors during the course of multifraction radiotherapy.", "PMID": 663181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9712", "title": "Respiratory strobotomography.", "content": "A method of synchronizing tomograms with a predetermined phase of the respiratory cycle is described. Multiple short exposures are taken while the tube is in motion.", "contents": "Respiratory strobotomography. A method of synchronizing tomograms with a predetermined phase of the respiratory cycle is described. Multiple short exposures are taken while the tube is in motion.", "PMID": 663182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9713", "title": "Myocardial imaging using emission computed tomography.", "content": "Single-photon emission computed tomography (ECT) was evaluated during myocardial studies in dogs. Acute anterior and posterior infarcts were imaged following injection of 99mTc-pyrophosphate or 201Tl. In most cases, tomographic delineation of infarct location and extent correlated with tissue section. The 99mTc images were far superior to the 201Tl images. ECT improves delineation of tracer within the myocardium.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging using emission computed tomography. Single-photon emission computed tomography (ECT) was evaluated during myocardial studies in dogs. Acute anterior and posterior infarcts were imaged following injection of 99mTc-pyrophosphate or 201Tl. In most cases, tomographic delineation of infarct location and extent correlated with tissue section. The 99mTc images were far superior to the 201Tl images. ECT improves delineation of tracer within the myocardium.", "PMID": 663183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9714", "title": "Dilatation of the nasolacrimal duct under radiographic control.", "content": "Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is a major cause of epiphora, or tearing. The authors describe a method of dilating obstructions to re-establish drainage of the lacrimal sac which utilizes fluoroscopic control to stay within the natural lumen of the nasolacrimal duct. The procedure is simple to perform under local anesthesia. An unsuccessful dilatation does not interfere with subsequent dacrocystorhinostomy.", "contents": "Dilatation of the nasolacrimal duct under radiographic control. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is a major cause of epiphora, or tearing. The authors describe a method of dilating obstructions to re-establish drainage of the lacrimal sac which utilizes fluoroscopic control to stay within the natural lumen of the nasolacrimal duct. The procedure is simple to perform under local anesthesia. An unsuccessful dilatation does not interfere with subsequent dacrocystorhinostomy.", "PMID": 663184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9715", "title": "Increased bone marrow blood flow in sickle cell anemia demonstrated by thallium-201 and Tc-99m human albumin microspheres.", "content": "Lower extremity vascularity in nine patients with sickle cell anemia was studied by intra-arterial Tc-99m human albumin microspheres or intravenous thallium 201. In eight patients, the normal pattern of greater muscle than bone activity was reversed with marked tracer localization in skeletal parts usually not visualized. In four cases, there were distinct focal abnormalities in the femurs and tibias which correlated with defects on Tc-99m sulfur colloid marrow scans. Tc-99m pyrophosphate bone scans demonstrated normal uptake in the same areas. The scintigraphic findings indicate a markedly increased relative bone marrow blood flow.", "contents": "Increased bone marrow blood flow in sickle cell anemia demonstrated by thallium-201 and Tc-99m human albumin microspheres. Lower extremity vascularity in nine patients with sickle cell anemia was studied by intra-arterial Tc-99m human albumin microspheres or intravenous thallium 201. In eight patients, the normal pattern of greater muscle than bone activity was reversed with marked tracer localization in skeletal parts usually not visualized. In four cases, there were distinct focal abnormalities in the femurs and tibias which correlated with defects on Tc-99m sulfur colloid marrow scans. Tc-99m pyrophosphate bone scans demonstrated normal uptake in the same areas. The scintigraphic findings indicate a markedly increased relative bone marrow blood flow.", "PMID": 663185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9716", "title": "Voice change after radiotherapy. Some preliminary results.", "content": "A one-third octave spectral analysis was performed on two sentences spoken by 5 patients with laryngeal cancer, 5 with head/neck cancer not involving the vocal cords, and 12 normal subjects. Recordings were made prior to and at weekly intervals during radiotherapy as well as at periodic intervals post-treatment. Patients with laryngeal cancer exhibited lower spectral levels than normal throughout radiotherapy as well as several months post-treatment. By one year after treatment, the spectral levels of these patients were largely in the normal range. Patients with head/neck cancer not involving the vocal cords exhibited greater than normal sound pressure levels throughout most of the spectrum. These levels remained high even at one month post-treatment. Irradiation of normal vocal cord tissue also seems to result in higher spectral levels.", "contents": "Voice change after radiotherapy. Some preliminary results. A one-third octave spectral analysis was performed on two sentences spoken by 5 patients with laryngeal cancer, 5 with head/neck cancer not involving the vocal cords, and 12 normal subjects. Recordings were made prior to and at weekly intervals during radiotherapy as well as at periodic intervals post-treatment. Patients with laryngeal cancer exhibited lower spectral levels than normal throughout radiotherapy as well as several months post-treatment. By one year after treatment, the spectral levels of these patients were largely in the normal range. Patients with head/neck cancer not involving the vocal cords exhibited greater than normal sound pressure levels throughout most of the spectrum. These levels remained high even at one month post-treatment. Irradiation of normal vocal cord tissue also seems to result in higher spectral levels.", "PMID": 663186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9717", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of traumatic spinal injuries.", "content": "A full radiological evaluation of patients who sustained traumatic injuries to the spine may be difficult to obtain due to the danger associated with manipulation. Computed tomography offers a new modality for simple and accurate evaluation; valuable information may be gained without the use of invasive methods.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of traumatic spinal injuries. A full radiological evaluation of patients who sustained traumatic injuries to the spine may be difficult to obtain due to the danger associated with manipulation. Computed tomography offers a new modality for simple and accurate evaluation; valuable information may be gained without the use of invasive methods.", "PMID": 663187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9718", "title": "A versatile cinefluorography film marker.", "content": "A versatile cin\u00e9 marker which allows correlation of cin\u00e9 films with simultaneous recordings of pressure, ECG, or other physiological data is described. A presettable portion of the cin\u00e9 film is marked while concurrently marking the hard-copy tracing of the monitored functions. The marker frequency and duration are easily adjusted.", "contents": "A versatile cinefluorography film marker. A versatile cin\u00e9 marker which allows correlation of cin\u00e9 films with simultaneous recordings of pressure, ECG, or other physiological data is described. A presettable portion of the cin\u00e9 film is marked while concurrently marking the hard-copy tracing of the monitored functions. The marker frequency and duration are easily adjusted.", "PMID": 663188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9719", "title": "A new technique for transhepatic liver tract dilatation. An aid in transhepatic portography.", "content": "Transhepatic portography is frequently difficult or unsuccessful in cirrhotic patients because of catheter friction by the fibrotic liver and the presence of ascites. The authors describe a technique of liver tract dilatation which circumvents these difficulties.", "contents": "A new technique for transhepatic liver tract dilatation. An aid in transhepatic portography. Transhepatic portography is frequently difficult or unsuccessful in cirrhotic patients because of catheter friction by the fibrotic liver and the presence of ascites. The authors describe a technique of liver tract dilatation which circumvents these difficulties.", "PMID": 663189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9720", "title": "Percutaneous punctures: a new radiological skill.", "content": "Percutaneous aspiration or biopsy of abdominal masses is being performed with increasing frequency. Percutaneous puncture under fluoroscopic control is the simplest technique; it has the advantage that contrast media can be inserted into a cyst to outline its walls. Ultrasound can play an important role in guiding punctures if the mass or organ to be punctured cannot be seen on a radiograph or will be approached from an unusual angle. CT scanning is the preferred procedure for guiding the puncture of bone lesions and some small structures. The author concludes there may soon be a need for abdominal-puncture experts.", "contents": "Percutaneous punctures: a new radiological skill. Percutaneous aspiration or biopsy of abdominal masses is being performed with increasing frequency. Percutaneous puncture under fluoroscopic control is the simplest technique; it has the advantage that contrast media can be inserted into a cyst to outline its walls. Ultrasound can play an important role in guiding punctures if the mass or organ to be punctured cannot be seen on a radiograph or will be approached from an unusual angle. CT scanning is the preferred procedure for guiding the puncture of bone lesions and some small structures. The author concludes there may soon be a need for abdominal-puncture experts.", "PMID": 663191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9721", "title": "The adult hip: an anatomic study. Part I: the bony landmarks.", "content": "A comprehensive anatomic, pathologic and radiographic study of the adult hip was undertaken to define bony landmarks which, when altered, are reliable indicators of disease. Methodology included radiography of cadaveric specimens and analysis of over 300 anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of \"normal\" adult hips. This information was applied to clinical situations with the following conclusions: (a) The diagnosis of protrusio acetabuli is warranted if the acetabular line projects medial to the ilioischial line by 3 mm or more in men and by 6 mm or more in women. (b) In acetabular trauma, an AP and two oblique radiographs (30 degrees anterior oblique and 30--45 degrees posterior oblique) are required for complete evaluation. (c) Characteristic alterations in the joint space allow accurate diagnosis of disease.", "contents": "The adult hip: an anatomic study. Part I: the bony landmarks. A comprehensive anatomic, pathologic and radiographic study of the adult hip was undertaken to define bony landmarks which, when altered, are reliable indicators of disease. Methodology included radiography of cadaveric specimens and analysis of over 300 anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of \"normal\" adult hips. This information was applied to clinical situations with the following conclusions: (a) The diagnosis of protrusio acetabuli is warranted if the acetabular line projects medial to the ilioischial line by 3 mm or more in men and by 6 mm or more in women. (b) In acetabular trauma, an AP and two oblique radiographs (30 degrees anterior oblique and 30--45 degrees posterior oblique) are required for complete evaluation. (c) Characteristic alterations in the joint space allow accurate diagnosis of disease.", "PMID": 663192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9722", "title": "Evaluation of calcium concentration in bones from CT scans.", "content": "Fresh cadaveric lumbar vertebrae from 28 subjects were obtained at autopsies and then analyzed by CT scans. An average CT number, calibrated against water and representing the relative x-ray attenuation coefficient of cancellous bone of each vertebra, was obtained. Calcium concentrations in milligrams per cubic centimeter for each vertebral specimen, calculated by physical methods, were plotted against the average CT numbers. The results suggest a linear relationship between the CT numbers and the calcium content of bone.", "contents": "Evaluation of calcium concentration in bones from CT scans. Fresh cadaveric lumbar vertebrae from 28 subjects were obtained at autopsies and then analyzed by CT scans. An average CT number, calibrated against water and representing the relative x-ray attenuation coefficient of cancellous bone of each vertebra, was obtained. Calcium concentrations in milligrams per cubic centimeter for each vertebral specimen, calculated by physical methods, were plotted against the average CT numbers. The results suggest a linear relationship between the CT numbers and the calcium content of bone.", "PMID": 663193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9723", "title": "The normal jugular spur, jugular foramen, and jugular bulb as visualized on skull and temporal bone radiographs.", "content": "Special jugular foramen views or tomography are generally used to radiographically delineate the jugular spur, jugular fossa, and jugular foramen. Details of this area are not ordinarily searched for by the radiologist on skull films nor otoroentgen views of the temporal bone for various reasons: attention to certain small \"key-areas,\" rectilinear distortion, superimposition of neighboring structures, radiodensity of the petrous pyramid, etc. This paper outlines the radiographic anatomy of the jugular area and details its appearance on plain skull films (AP, PA, and submentovertical projections) and on special views of the temporal bone (Schuller's, Owen's, Mayer's, Stenvers', Low-Beer's).", "contents": "The normal jugular spur, jugular foramen, and jugular bulb as visualized on skull and temporal bone radiographs. Special jugular foramen views or tomography are generally used to radiographically delineate the jugular spur, jugular fossa, and jugular foramen. Details of this area are not ordinarily searched for by the radiologist on skull films nor otoroentgen views of the temporal bone for various reasons: attention to certain small \"key-areas,\" rectilinear distortion, superimposition of neighboring structures, radiodensity of the petrous pyramid, etc. This paper outlines the radiographic anatomy of the jugular area and details its appearance on plain skull films (AP, PA, and submentovertical projections) and on special views of the temporal bone (Schuller's, Owen's, Mayer's, Stenvers', Low-Beer's).", "PMID": 663194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9724", "title": "The adult hip: an anatomic study. Part II: the soft-tissue landmarks.", "content": "A comprehensive anatomic, pathologic, and radiographic study was undertaken to define reliable soft-tissue landmarks about the hip. Methodology included an analysis of 300 \"normal\" adult hip radiographs, tissue maceration, cadaveric intra-articular injection studies and review of selected clinical cases. Results, when applied to clinical situations, indicate: (a) The iliopsoas and \"capsular\" fat planes are poor indicators of small to moderate amounts of intra-articular fluid in the adult. (b) The \"capsular\" fat plane is not associated with the joint capsule, but in fact is a fat plane between two muscle bundles anterior to the articulation. (c) Distinct soft-tissue planes are available for dissemination of fluid from the hip joint. These include the iliopsoas bursa, which may distend in association with articular disease, and the fat plane of the obturator externus muscle.", "contents": "The adult hip: an anatomic study. Part II: the soft-tissue landmarks. A comprehensive anatomic, pathologic, and radiographic study was undertaken to define reliable soft-tissue landmarks about the hip. Methodology included an analysis of 300 \"normal\" adult hip radiographs, tissue maceration, cadaveric intra-articular injection studies and review of selected clinical cases. Results, when applied to clinical situations, indicate: (a) The iliopsoas and \"capsular\" fat planes are poor indicators of small to moderate amounts of intra-articular fluid in the adult. (b) The \"capsular\" fat plane is not associated with the joint capsule, but in fact is a fat plane between two muscle bundles anterior to the articulation. (c) Distinct soft-tissue planes are available for dissemination of fluid from the hip joint. These include the iliopsoas bursa, which may distend in association with articular disease, and the fat plane of the obturator externus muscle.", "PMID": 663195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9725", "title": "Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hematopoiesis in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis presented as a diffuse mass causing almost complete obliteration of the spinal subarachnoid space in a patient with known agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Pre- and post-radiation therapy films correlate well with significant clinical improvement in his neurological status.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hematopoiesis in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Extramedullary hematopoiesis presented as a diffuse mass causing almost complete obliteration of the spinal subarachnoid space in a patient with known agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Pre- and post-radiation therapy films correlate well with significant clinical improvement in his neurological status.", "PMID": 663196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9726", "title": "Metrizamide epidurography in dogs.", "content": "Metrizamide, a non-ionic water-soluble contrast agent, was injected into the epidural spaces of 6 dogs to see if the posterior border of the L7-S1 interspace could be outlined. Between two and six Metrizamide epidurograms were obtained on each dog. The L7-S1 interspaces were usually well outlined. No complications were experienced by the dogs. The dogs were sacrificed at intervals between 3 days and 42 days following their last epidurogram in order to examine the epidural tissues for inflammatory changes. No histologic differences were observed between the control and experimental dogs.", "contents": "Metrizamide epidurography in dogs. Metrizamide, a non-ionic water-soluble contrast agent, was injected into the epidural spaces of 6 dogs to see if the posterior border of the L7-S1 interspace could be outlined. Between two and six Metrizamide epidurograms were obtained on each dog. The L7-S1 interspaces were usually well outlined. No complications were experienced by the dogs. The dogs were sacrificed at intervals between 3 days and 42 days following their last epidurogram in order to examine the epidural tissues for inflammatory changes. No histologic differences were observed between the control and experimental dogs.", "PMID": 663197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9727", "title": "Peridurography with metrizamide: animal and human studies.", "content": "Metrizamide (300 mg l/ml) was tested for spinal peridurography in conscious dogs and humans. Epidural metrizamide was non-irritating in volumes up to 12 ml. Larger volumes caused mild discomfort in two patients. Radiographic contrast was satisfactory, and there were no sequelae. Peridurography with metrizamide (300 mg l/ml) appears to be a safe, useful diagnostic procedure in ambulant patients.", "contents": "Peridurography with metrizamide: animal and human studies. Metrizamide (300 mg l/ml) was tested for spinal peridurography in conscious dogs and humans. Epidural metrizamide was non-irritating in volumes up to 12 ml. Larger volumes caused mild discomfort in two patients. Radiographic contrast was satisfactory, and there were no sequelae. Peridurography with metrizamide (300 mg l/ml) appears to be a safe, useful diagnostic procedure in ambulant patients.", "PMID": 663198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9728", "title": "Aglossia-adactylia.", "content": "Aglossia-adactylia is part of a family of malformation syndromes in which asymmetric reduction defects of the limbs are associated with oromandibular anomalies. The clinical and radiologic features of six cases are presented. Certain clinical observations, the results of animal studies by other authors, and embryologic considerations suggest a vascular pathogenesis.", "contents": "Aglossia-adactylia. Aglossia-adactylia is part of a family of malformation syndromes in which asymmetric reduction defects of the limbs are associated with oromandibular anomalies. The clinical and radiologic features of six cases are presented. Certain clinical observations, the results of animal studies by other authors, and embryologic considerations suggest a vascular pathogenesis.", "PMID": 663199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9729", "title": "Plastic bowing, torus and greenstick supracondylar fractures of the humerus: radiographic clues to obscure fractures of the elbow in children.", "content": "The anterior humeral line is a valuable aid in the search for supracondylar fractures in children. When it is abnormal other signs of fracture should be carefully sought. The AHL was normal in only 5.8% of the cases reviewed (4 of 68 cases). There was other evidence of fracture in each case. Comparison of the AHLs on both sides is helpful when the AHL is normal since it may disclose subtle displacement of the line on the affected side. In children younger than 2 1/2 years the AHL may pass through the anterior third of the capitellum due to the small size of the ossification center; in these patients comparison with the opposite side may also be helpful.", "contents": "Plastic bowing, torus and greenstick supracondylar fractures of the humerus: radiographic clues to obscure fractures of the elbow in children. The anterior humeral line is a valuable aid in the search for supracondylar fractures in children. When it is abnormal other signs of fracture should be carefully sought. The AHL was normal in only 5.8% of the cases reviewed (4 of 68 cases). There was other evidence of fracture in each case. Comparison of the AHLs on both sides is helpful when the AHL is normal since it may disclose subtle displacement of the line on the affected side. In children younger than 2 1/2 years the AHL may pass through the anterior third of the capitellum due to the small size of the ossification center; in these patients comparison with the opposite side may also be helpful.", "PMID": 663200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9730", "title": "Arthrographic findings in septic arthritis of the hip in infants.", "content": "Both standard radiography and arthrography are essential in the diagnosis of septic arthritis in infancy. Plain films demonstrate lateral subluxation, marked delay in appearance of the femoral ossification center, deformity of the femoral neck, and acetabular dysplasia. Arthrography shows cartilaginous deformity, subluxation, and contracture of capsular structures. These observations may distinguish the late sequelae of bacterial infection from other entities such as noninfectious avascular necrosis.", "contents": "Arthrographic findings in septic arthritis of the hip in infants. Both standard radiography and arthrography are essential in the diagnosis of septic arthritis in infancy. Plain films demonstrate lateral subluxation, marked delay in appearance of the femoral ossification center, deformity of the femoral neck, and acetabular dysplasia. Arthrography shows cartilaginous deformity, subluxation, and contracture of capsular structures. These observations may distinguish the late sequelae of bacterial infection from other entities such as noninfectious avascular necrosis.", "PMID": 663201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9731", "title": "Adrenal scanning and uptake with 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-nor-cholesterol.", "content": "Adrenal scans were obtained in 50 patients with suspected adrenal disease; 131I-19-iodocholesterol was used in 12 and 131I-6-beta-iodomethyl cholesterol (NP-59) in 38 cases (42 scans). The scan diagnosis was correct in 48 patients. Successful images were obtained with 0.5 mCi, or less, of NP-59 instead of the standard dose of 2 mCi, thus reducing radiation dose to the patient and cost of the agent. Satisfactory scans were obtained in 2--3 days in patients with hyperfunctioning adrenals, and in 3--7 days in other groups of patients, when NP-59 was used. With 131I-19-iodocholesterol, however, 5--10 days were required for optimal results in all patients including those with Cushing disease. Adrenal uptake studies were very useful in the evaluation of adrenal function, particularly in differentiating bilateral hyperplasia from normal adrenals.", "contents": "Adrenal scanning and uptake with 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-nor-cholesterol. Adrenal scans were obtained in 50 patients with suspected adrenal disease; 131I-19-iodocholesterol was used in 12 and 131I-6-beta-iodomethyl cholesterol (NP-59) in 38 cases (42 scans). The scan diagnosis was correct in 48 patients. Successful images were obtained with 0.5 mCi, or less, of NP-59 instead of the standard dose of 2 mCi, thus reducing radiation dose to the patient and cost of the agent. Satisfactory scans were obtained in 2--3 days in patients with hyperfunctioning adrenals, and in 3--7 days in other groups of patients, when NP-59 was used. With 131I-19-iodocholesterol, however, 5--10 days were required for optimal results in all patients including those with Cushing disease. Adrenal uptake studies were very useful in the evaluation of adrenal function, particularly in differentiating bilateral hyperplasia from normal adrenals.", "PMID": 663202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9732", "title": "Congenital syphilitic hepatitis: a radionuclide study.", "content": "A two-month-old girl with congenital syphilitic hepatitis had bizarre liver scintigraphic features showing diminished hepatic uptake of radiocolloid with accentuated pulmonary and bone marrow accumulation. These features were reversible following penicillin therapy and to our knowledge are previously undescribed manifestations of this multisystemic disease.", "contents": "Congenital syphilitic hepatitis: a radionuclide study. A two-month-old girl with congenital syphilitic hepatitis had bizarre liver scintigraphic features showing diminished hepatic uptake of radiocolloid with accentuated pulmonary and bone marrow accumulation. These features were reversible following penicillin therapy and to our knowledge are previously undescribed manifestations of this multisystemic disease.", "PMID": 663203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9733", "title": "Intense concentration of technetium-99m pyrophosphate in the kidneys of children treated with chemotherapeutic drugs for malignant disease.", "content": "Seventeen of 265 bone scans in children receiving chemotherapy for various malignant diseases exhibited intense renal parenchymal uptake of radioactivity during bone imaging. In a retrospective analysis, it was learned that uptake occurred when imaging was performed within one week of cancer chemotherapy. It was encountered after injection of cyclophosphamide (P less than 0.05), vincristine (P less than 0.01), and doxorubicin (P less than 0.02). In this series, none of the 265 scans showed intense renal uptake unless the patient received chemotherapeutic drugs in the preceding week. This finding did not seem to result from altered renal function, and the exact cause has not been defined.", "contents": "Intense concentration of technetium-99m pyrophosphate in the kidneys of children treated with chemotherapeutic drugs for malignant disease. Seventeen of 265 bone scans in children receiving chemotherapy for various malignant diseases exhibited intense renal parenchymal uptake of radioactivity during bone imaging. In a retrospective analysis, it was learned that uptake occurred when imaging was performed within one week of cancer chemotherapy. It was encountered after injection of cyclophosphamide (P less than 0.05), vincristine (P less than 0.01), and doxorubicin (P less than 0.02). In this series, none of the 265 scans showed intense renal uptake unless the patient received chemotherapeutic drugs in the preceding week. This finding did not seem to result from altered renal function, and the exact cause has not been defined.", "PMID": 663204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9734", "title": "The effect of the urinary bladder in obstetrical sonography.", "content": "Observations of random obstetrical cases out of a large-volume practice are presented to demonstrate the often overlooked effects of filling the urinary bladder for obstetrical sonography. The effects, predominantly evident in the second trimester, include: perssure effects on the lower uterine segment, displacement of the cervix and/or corpus of the uterus, rotation, flexion, version, and tilting of the uterus. These events may affect the perception of placenta location and fetal position. This is especially important in the diagnosis of placenta previa in the second trimester. Many instances of placental \"migration\" may be due to this phenomenon. Implications for amniocentesis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The effect of the urinary bladder in obstetrical sonography. Observations of random obstetrical cases out of a large-volume practice are presented to demonstrate the often overlooked effects of filling the urinary bladder for obstetrical sonography. The effects, predominantly evident in the second trimester, include: perssure effects on the lower uterine segment, displacement of the cervix and/or corpus of the uterus, rotation, flexion, version, and tilting of the uterus. These events may affect the perception of placenta location and fetal position. This is especially important in the diagnosis of placenta previa in the second trimester. Many instances of placental \"migration\" may be due to this phenomenon. Implications for amniocentesis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 663205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9735", "title": "Accuracy of placental localization by ultrasound.", "content": "In a retrospective study, ultrasound diagnoses were correct in 93% of 164 patients referred for examination because of suspected placenta praevia. There was one false-negative finding in 13 cases of proven placenta praevia, and ten false-positive errors in 151 true-negative cases. False-positive results represented the largest number of errors. Examination of the patient with an empty bladder, in addition to the routine technique, is suggested to reduce the number of false-positive results.", "contents": "Accuracy of placental localization by ultrasound. In a retrospective study, ultrasound diagnoses were correct in 93% of 164 patients referred for examination because of suspected placenta praevia. There was one false-negative finding in 13 cases of proven placenta praevia, and ten false-positive errors in 151 true-negative cases. False-positive results represented the largest number of errors. Examination of the patient with an empty bladder, in addition to the routine technique, is suggested to reduce the number of false-positive results.", "PMID": 663206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9736", "title": "Determination of bladder volumes by gray scale ultrasonography.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasonography was used to measure bladder volumes. A high degree of accuracy (r = 0.097) in correlating volumes with instilled volumes is attributed to the inherently greater accuracy of gray scale as compared to bistable B-mode scanning.", "contents": "Determination of bladder volumes by gray scale ultrasonography. Gray scale ultrasonography was used to measure bladder volumes. A high degree of accuracy (r = 0.097) in correlating volumes with instilled volumes is attributed to the inherently greater accuracy of gray scale as compared to bistable B-mode scanning.", "PMID": 663207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9737", "title": "The peripatetic placenta.", "content": "The author reviewed 249 arterial placentograms obtained between 1964 and 1974. In some cases a placenta, which at first lies low and encroaches on the incipient lower uterine segment, will move upwards towards the fundus and come to rest wholly in the upper uterine segment as gestation progresses. The mechanism of this movement and the possible reasons why some placentae move and others do not are also discussed.", "contents": "The peripatetic placenta. The author reviewed 249 arterial placentograms obtained between 1964 and 1974. In some cases a placenta, which at first lies low and encroaches on the incipient lower uterine segment, will move upwards towards the fundus and come to rest wholly in the upper uterine segment as gestation progresses. The mechanism of this movement and the possible reasons why some placentae move and others do not are also discussed.", "PMID": 663208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9738", "title": "Ultrasonic findings in intramural exogastric lesions.", "content": "Four cases of intramural exogastric lesions studied by ultrasound are presented. In all four patients, a large mass was identified in the left mid- and upper abdomen with a strip of solid tissue extending toward the left hemidiaphragm anteriorly, adjacent to the left lobe of the liver. This finding, best demonstrated on longitudinal scanning, suggested that the mass originated in the stomach rather than in the spleen or splenic flexure of the colon, which are posterior in location. Two of the lesions were leiomyoblastomas and two leiomyosarcomas.", "contents": "Ultrasonic findings in intramural exogastric lesions. Four cases of intramural exogastric lesions studied by ultrasound are presented. In all four patients, a large mass was identified in the left mid- and upper abdomen with a strip of solid tissue extending toward the left hemidiaphragm anteriorly, adjacent to the left lobe of the liver. This finding, best demonstrated on longitudinal scanning, suggested that the mass originated in the stomach rather than in the spleen or splenic flexure of the colon, which are posterior in location. Two of the lesions were leiomyoblastomas and two leiomyosarcomas.", "PMID": 663209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9739", "title": "The gray scale sonographic appearance of intra-abdominal mesenchymal sarcomas.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with intra-abdominal mesenchymal sarcomas were examined with gray scale ultrasonography. Masses were present in the mesentery, abdominal hollow viscera, liver, and retroperitoneal areas. Four different ultrasonic patterns were observed in the extra hepatic abdominal masses: (a) hyperechoic masses intermixed with anechoic zones; (b) hyperechoic masses with central fluid-filled zones; (c) homogeneous hyperechoic masses; and (d) homogeneous hypoechoic masses. Three of 6 patients with hepatic masses were totally anechoic alongside other more typical metastatic patterns. The presence of a large mass with sonographic signs of necrosis should strongly suggest the possibility of sarcoma. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "The gray scale sonographic appearance of intra-abdominal mesenchymal sarcomas. Twenty-eight patients with intra-abdominal mesenchymal sarcomas were examined with gray scale ultrasonography. Masses were present in the mesentery, abdominal hollow viscera, liver, and retroperitoneal areas. Four different ultrasonic patterns were observed in the extra hepatic abdominal masses: (a) hyperechoic masses intermixed with anechoic zones; (b) hyperechoic masses with central fluid-filled zones; (c) homogeneous hyperechoic masses; and (d) homogeneous hypoechoic masses. Three of 6 patients with hepatic masses were totally anechoic alongside other more typical metastatic patterns. The presence of a large mass with sonographic signs of necrosis should strongly suggest the possibility of sarcoma. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 663210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9740", "title": "Incomplete pulmonary interlobar fissure sign.", "content": "The author describes findings of pleural fluid in the major pulmonary interlobar fissure. Clear areas of perihilar lucency are bordered laterally by a sharp concave line, peripheral to which is opacification consistent with pleural fluid rising into the major fissure. Perihilar lucency, curvilinear demarcation, and lateral opacity indicate fluid extending into the major pulmonary fissure. The fissure is incomplete medial to the line.", "contents": "Incomplete pulmonary interlobar fissure sign. The author describes findings of pleural fluid in the major pulmonary interlobar fissure. Clear areas of perihilar lucency are bordered laterally by a sharp concave line, peripheral to which is opacification consistent with pleural fluid rising into the major fissure. Perihilar lucency, curvilinear demarcation, and lateral opacity indicate fluid extending into the major pulmonary fissure. The fissure is incomplete medial to the line.", "PMID": 663211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9741", "title": "A comparison of mammographic x-ray spectra.", "content": "X-ray spectra produced by mammographic systems are compared to spectra from conventional diagnostic x-ray systems. Some systems use special anode materials and beam filters to produce x-ray spectra more suitable for mammography. The data show that the spectra produced by some systems are unique; in fact, one using molybdenum for both an anode and beam filtering element can produce an x-ray spectrum having more than 80% of the photons below 20 KeV. Using some typical breast phantom materials as attenuators, the primary x-ray spectra incident upon the imaging system were simulated and displayed. Implications of spectral shaping to image quality and patient dose are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of mammographic x-ray spectra. X-ray spectra produced by mammographic systems are compared to spectra from conventional diagnostic x-ray systems. Some systems use special anode materials and beam filters to produce x-ray spectra more suitable for mammography. The data show that the spectra produced by some systems are unique; in fact, one using molybdenum for both an anode and beam filtering element can produce an x-ray spectrum having more than 80% of the photons below 20 KeV. Using some typical breast phantom materials as attenuators, the primary x-ray spectra incident upon the imaging system were simulated and displayed. Implications of spectral shaping to image quality and patient dose are discussed.", "PMID": 663212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9742", "title": "Optimization of xeroradiographic exposures.", "content": "Xeroradiographs were exposed over a range of mAs and kVp in the mammographic energy range. At each kVp, the technique yielding the widest halo also produced the greatest detectability of small aluminum specks in mammographic phantoms. As the kVp increased, the maximum halo width and number of visible specks decreased. At all kVps, the techniques yielding the widest halo furnished almost constant energy deposition in the selenium plate. This constant plate dose was correlated to patient exposure at the entrance of the breast, and the relationships between patient entrance exposure, kVp, and minumum detectable speck size were determined.", "contents": "Optimization of xeroradiographic exposures. Xeroradiographs were exposed over a range of mAs and kVp in the mammographic energy range. At each kVp, the technique yielding the widest halo also produced the greatest detectability of small aluminum specks in mammographic phantoms. As the kVp increased, the maximum halo width and number of visible specks decreased. At all kVps, the techniques yielding the widest halo furnished almost constant energy deposition in the selenium plate. This constant plate dose was correlated to patient exposure at the entrance of the breast, and the relationships between patient entrance exposure, kVp, and minumum detectable speck size were determined.", "PMID": 663213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9743", "title": "Selection of technique factors for mobile capacitor energy storage x-ray equipment.", "content": "The technique factors of capacitor energy storage x-ray equipment influence the x-ray beam quality and quantity differently than those encountered with conventional single-phase or constant potential equipment. This is due to the nature of the high voltage waveform applied to the x-ray tube in capacitor energy storage systems. A lack of understanding of this difference can lead to excess patient exposure through inappropriate selection of technique factors by either the manufacturers of these systems or uninformed technologists using them. From analysis of exposure measurements made with a Masonite phantom, a method has been developed for determining whether a selected technique may result in unnecessary patient exposure. In addition, the distinction between technique factors for conventional high tension transformer and capacitor energy storage systems is reviewed.", "contents": "Selection of technique factors for mobile capacitor energy storage x-ray equipment. The technique factors of capacitor energy storage x-ray equipment influence the x-ray beam quality and quantity differently than those encountered with conventional single-phase or constant potential equipment. This is due to the nature of the high voltage waveform applied to the x-ray tube in capacitor energy storage systems. A lack of understanding of this difference can lead to excess patient exposure through inappropriate selection of technique factors by either the manufacturers of these systems or uninformed technologists using them. From analysis of exposure measurements made with a Masonite phantom, a method has been developed for determining whether a selected technique may result in unnecessary patient exposure. In addition, the distinction between technique factors for conventional high tension transformer and capacitor energy storage systems is reviewed.", "PMID": 663214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9744", "title": "Mobile gamma cameras: a comparative evaluation.", "content": "Mobile gamma cameras from three manufacturers were evaluated. Count rate capability, flood uniformity, intrinsic and extrinsic spatial resolution, and sensitivity were compared, using images made under reproducible conditions with phantoms which simulate actual clinical situations.", "contents": "Mobile gamma cameras: a comparative evaluation. Mobile gamma cameras from three manufacturers were evaluated. Count rate capability, flood uniformity, intrinsic and extrinsic spatial resolution, and sensitivity were compared, using images made under reproducible conditions with phantoms which simulate actual clinical situations.", "PMID": 663215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9745", "title": "A gradient method of optimizing external-beam radiotherapy treatment plans.", "content": "Although a number of methods of treatment optimization by computer have ben proposed, they have received little support. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed based on the differentials of a treatment evaluation function with respect to wedge angle, incidence angle, entry point, and field weighting. The technique may be used in a batch-oriented computer system, or, by means of a conversational terminal, the therapist can plan a treatment with guidance from the program. Although it can be used to find global optima by a search process, it operates best as a method of improving partially-satisfactory treatments.", "contents": "A gradient method of optimizing external-beam radiotherapy treatment plans. Although a number of methods of treatment optimization by computer have ben proposed, they have received little support. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed based on the differentials of a treatment evaluation function with respect to wedge angle, incidence angle, entry point, and field weighting. The technique may be used in a batch-oriented computer system, or, by means of a conversational terminal, the therapist can plan a treatment with guidance from the program. Although it can be used to find global optima by a search process, it operates best as a method of improving partially-satisfactory treatments.", "PMID": 663216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9746", "title": "A generalization of Chevrot's method for determining anteversion and cervico-diaphyseal angles.", "content": "Chevrot's method for determining the angle between the axis of the femoral shaft and the axis of the femoral neck (the cervico-diaphyseal angle), and the angle between the axis of the femoral neck and the diacondylar plane (the anteversion angle) has been investigated and generalized. Mathematical formulae giving the anteversion and cervico-diaphyseal angles in terms of two x-ray tube angles and two measured projections of the cervico-diaphyseal angle have been derived. These formulae facilitate preparation of computer programs and tables for the routine clinical determination of the anteversion and cervico-diaphyseal angles.", "contents": "A generalization of Chevrot's method for determining anteversion and cervico-diaphyseal angles. Chevrot's method for determining the angle between the axis of the femoral shaft and the axis of the femoral neck (the cervico-diaphyseal angle), and the angle between the axis of the femoral neck and the diacondylar plane (the anteversion angle) has been investigated and generalized. Mathematical formulae giving the anteversion and cervico-diaphyseal angles in terms of two x-ray tube angles and two measured projections of the cervico-diaphyseal angle have been derived. These formulae facilitate preparation of computer programs and tables for the routine clinical determination of the anteversion and cervico-diaphyseal angles.", "PMID": 663217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9747", "title": "The identification of placenta praevia.", "content": "Placenta praevia is frequently misdiagnosed because of an overdistended bladder at the time of ultrasound examination. Other incorrectly diagnosed cases may be related to placental migration due to the result of differential growth of the uterus and placenta. By recognizing these potential errors, the ultrasound diagnostic accuracy of placenta praevia will improve.", "contents": "The identification of placenta praevia. Placenta praevia is frequently misdiagnosed because of an overdistended bladder at the time of ultrasound examination. Other incorrectly diagnosed cases may be related to placental migration due to the result of differential growth of the uterus and placenta. By recognizing these potential errors, the ultrasound diagnostic accuracy of placenta praevia will improve.", "PMID": 663218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9748", "title": "The law of agency as applied to radiology.", "content": "Agency relationships are an intrinsic characteristic of the discipline of radiology. In the practice of the specialty, many individuals and groups act as agents for the radiologist. Understanding the basic elements of agency law is desirable for an appreciation of the liability incurred by the professional.", "contents": "The law of agency as applied to radiology. Agency relationships are an intrinsic characteristic of the discipline of radiology. In the practice of the specialty, many individuals and groups act as agents for the radiologist. Understanding the basic elements of agency law is desirable for an appreciation of the liability incurred by the professional.", "PMID": 663219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9749", "title": "Experimental myocardial infarction in dogs with normal coronary arteries. Angiographic resolution of coronary arterial emboli.", "content": "Percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the coronary arteries with autologous clot was performed in six dogs. The occlusions resolved completely within 14 days in the four surviving dogs. Postmortem examination revealed transmural myocardial infarction in two dogs and subendocardial infarcts in the other two. Histological sections showed no residual emboli in three dogs and a recanalized thrombus in an epicardial vessel in the fourth. These findings indicate that myocardial infarction can be produced by multiple occlusions of the distal coronary arterial branches, provided that common or contiguous myocardium is affected. The recanalized thrombus in one dog suggests that the thrombolytic process need not be complete for return to a normal angiographic appearance.", "contents": "Experimental myocardial infarction in dogs with normal coronary arteries. Angiographic resolution of coronary arterial emboli. Percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the coronary arteries with autologous clot was performed in six dogs. The occlusions resolved completely within 14 days in the four surviving dogs. Postmortem examination revealed transmural myocardial infarction in two dogs and subendocardial infarcts in the other two. Histological sections showed no residual emboli in three dogs and a recanalized thrombus in an epicardial vessel in the fourth. These findings indicate that myocardial infarction can be produced by multiple occlusions of the distal coronary arterial branches, provided that common or contiguous myocardium is affected. The recanalized thrombus in one dog suggests that the thrombolytic process need not be complete for return to a normal angiographic appearance.", "PMID": 663220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9750", "title": "Hypopharyngeal injury as a result of attempted endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Perforation of the hypopharynx due to traumatic attempted endotracheal intubation usually occurs during resuscitation efforts under poor conditions, but may occur even under optimal conditions due to improper technique. The implication of the appearance of subcutaneous emphysema in the neck, cyanosis, or pneumothorax during or following attempts at endotracheal intubation should be known. Direct laryngoscopy may be helpful in establishing the injury but early radiological examination is necessary for diagnosis of the site and extent of the perforation. The radiological contribution appears to be decisive in the choice of treatment. The radiological findings and the considerable morbidity observed in 6 cases of hypopharyngeal injury are described.", "contents": "Hypopharyngeal injury as a result of attempted endotracheal intubation. Perforation of the hypopharynx due to traumatic attempted endotracheal intubation usually occurs during resuscitation efforts under poor conditions, but may occur even under optimal conditions due to improper technique. The implication of the appearance of subcutaneous emphysema in the neck, cyanosis, or pneumothorax during or following attempts at endotracheal intubation should be known. Direct laryngoscopy may be helpful in establishing the injury but early radiological examination is necessary for diagnosis of the site and extent of the perforation. The radiological contribution appears to be decisive in the choice of treatment. The radiological findings and the considerable morbidity observed in 6 cases of hypopharyngeal injury are described.", "PMID": 663221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9751", "title": "Innominate grooves of the colon: morphological characteristics and etiologic mechanisms.", "content": "The morphological characteristics of innominate lines and grooves of the colonic mucosa are described. There are three basic mucosal patterns: linear circumferential, network, and mixed. Lymphoid collections occur at frequent and regular intervals along the course of the lines. These collections split the muscularis mucosa, producing a series of perforations in this thin sheet of muscle. Where contractions of the muscle layer are predominantly longitudinal, those occurring between two rows of lymphoid tissue elevate the overlying mucosa to form ridges and grooves. Barium tends to accumulate in the grooves, particularly since the mucosa is thinner in these regions.", "contents": "Innominate grooves of the colon: morphological characteristics and etiologic mechanisms. The morphological characteristics of innominate lines and grooves of the colonic mucosa are described. There are three basic mucosal patterns: linear circumferential, network, and mixed. Lymphoid collections occur at frequent and regular intervals along the course of the lines. These collections split the muscularis mucosa, producing a series of perforations in this thin sheet of muscle. Where contractions of the muscle layer are predominantly longitudinal, those occurring between two rows of lymphoid tissue elevate the overlying mucosa to form ridges and grooves. Barium tends to accumulate in the grooves, particularly since the mucosa is thinner in these regions.", "PMID": 663222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9752", "title": "Gelfoam embolization of the kidneys for treatment of malignant hypertension.", "content": "Some chronic renal failure patients maintained on dialysis have uncontrollable hypertension. Those with elevated renin levels require bilateral nephrectomies prior to kidney transplant to avoid nephrosclerosis. The morbidity and mortality from surgical nephrectomies are high. In 2 such patients we embolized the renal arteries with gelfoam and successfully occluded all the major vessels. One patient became normotensive. The second remained hypertensive and had increased renin levels, probably on the basis of ischemia. Subsequent surgical nephrectomies demonstrated completely occluded segmental branches but only focal areas of infarction. Collateral blood supply determines the success of the procedure.", "contents": "Gelfoam embolization of the kidneys for treatment of malignant hypertension. Some chronic renal failure patients maintained on dialysis have uncontrollable hypertension. Those with elevated renin levels require bilateral nephrectomies prior to kidney transplant to avoid nephrosclerosis. The morbidity and mortality from surgical nephrectomies are high. In 2 such patients we embolized the renal arteries with gelfoam and successfully occluded all the major vessels. One patient became normotensive. The second remained hypertensive and had increased renin levels, probably on the basis of ischemia. Subsequent surgical nephrectomies demonstrated completely occluded segmental branches but only focal areas of infarction. Collateral blood supply determines the success of the procedure.", "PMID": 663223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9753", "title": "Intra- and extraosseous xanthomata associated with hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Three cases of xanthomata associated with Type II and III hyperlipidemia are presented. A review of the radiologic manifestations of these and previously reported cases revealed that tendon xanthomata are more frequent than osseous ones. Osseous involvement is reported only in Type III hyperlipidemia and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue masses and bone marrow replacement disorders.", "contents": "Intra- and extraosseous xanthomata associated with hyperlipidemia. Three cases of xanthomata associated with Type II and III hyperlipidemia are presented. A review of the radiologic manifestations of these and previously reported cases revealed that tendon xanthomata are more frequent than osseous ones. Osseous involvement is reported only in Type III hyperlipidemia and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue masses and bone marrow replacement disorders.", "PMID": 663224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9754", "title": "Arteriomegaly of persistent sciatic arteries.", "content": "Angiographic findings are described in a patient with enlarged persistent sciatic arteries and a ruptured sciatic artery aneurysm. The left persistent sciatic artery was patent and dilated to a width of 10 cm throughout its length. It had ruptured in the lower  thigh. The common iliac, internal iliac, and both sciatic arteries were dilated and tortuous, with generally smooth outlines. Some patchy calcification in the arterial wall was noted. Arterial flow was extremely slow in the dilated arteries, requiring very delayed films to show the right sciatic artery as far as its bifurcation at the knee.", "contents": "Arteriomegaly of persistent sciatic arteries. Angiographic findings are described in a patient with enlarged persistent sciatic arteries and a ruptured sciatic artery aneurysm. The left persistent sciatic artery was patent and dilated to a width of 10 cm throughout its length. It had ruptured in the lower  thigh. The common iliac, internal iliac, and both sciatic arteries were dilated and tortuous, with generally smooth outlines. Some patchy calcification in the arterial wall was noted. Arterial flow was extremely slow in the dilated arteries, requiring very delayed films to show the right sciatic artery as far as its bifurcation at the knee.", "PMID": 663225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9755", "title": "Computed tomography in the follow-up of medulloblastomas and ependymomas.", "content": "The course of 36 patients with medulloblastoma and ependymoma was evaluated prospectively by clinical examination, radionuclide (RN) studies and computed tomography (CT). Seventeen of the 36 patients (47%) had tumor recurrence. Twelve (41%) of the 29 patients with medulloblastoma had recurrent tumors of which 7 of 12 (58%) were at the primary site and 2 of 12 (17%) were within the ventricles while 10 of 12 (83%) were in the subarachnoid space. Five of the 7 patients with ependymoma had recurrent tumors. In 4 of the 5 patients tumor recurred at the primary site while subarachnoid seeding occurred in 2 of 5 patients (40%) and intraventricular metastases were found in 4 of 5 patients (80%). Progressive ventricular enlargement often accompanied subarachnoid seeding, presumably secondary to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the subarachnoid pathways. CT and RN scans were frequently complementary in detecting tumor recurrence.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the follow-up of medulloblastomas and ependymomas. The course of 36 patients with medulloblastoma and ependymoma was evaluated prospectively by clinical examination, radionuclide (RN) studies and computed tomography (CT). Seventeen of the 36 patients (47%) had tumor recurrence. Twelve (41%) of the 29 patients with medulloblastoma had recurrent tumors of which 7 of 12 (58%) were at the primary site and 2 of 12 (17%) were within the ventricles while 10 of 12 (83%) were in the subarachnoid space. Five of the 7 patients with ependymoma had recurrent tumors. In 4 of the 5 patients tumor recurred at the primary site while subarachnoid seeding occurred in 2 of 5 patients (40%) and intraventricular metastases were found in 4 of 5 patients (80%). Progressive ventricular enlargement often accompanied subarachnoid seeding, presumably secondary to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the subarachnoid pathways. CT and RN scans were frequently complementary in detecting tumor recurrence.", "PMID": 663226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9756", "title": "Normal computed tomography anatomy of the suprasellar subarachnoid space.", "content": "To assess normal variants of the suprasellar subarachnoid space, 680 CT scans were reviewed. Three main configurations with subgroups of the suprasellar cistern could be found: a large hexagon (60.7%), a small hexagon (17.6%) and a small tetragon (21.7%). In about a third of the scans, the region of interest was not visualized sufficiently. The large variety of CT appearance of the normal suprasellar space could be attributed to anatomical and technical reasons. To exclude a suprasellar mass lesion it is necessary to be aware of the anatomical variations, investigate the suprasellar region with additional intermediate cuts or contrast enhancement and define the cut level and osseous structures by a lateral skull radiograph.", "contents": "Normal computed tomography anatomy of the suprasellar subarachnoid space. To assess normal variants of the suprasellar subarachnoid space, 680 CT scans were reviewed. Three main configurations with subgroups of the suprasellar cistern could be found: a large hexagon (60.7%), a small hexagon (17.6%) and a small tetragon (21.7%). In about a third of the scans, the region of interest was not visualized sufficiently. The large variety of CT appearance of the normal suprasellar space could be attributed to anatomical and technical reasons. To exclude a suprasellar mass lesion it is necessary to be aware of the anatomical variations, investigate the suprasellar region with additional intermediate cuts or contrast enhancement and define the cut level and osseous structures by a lateral skull radiograph.", "PMID": 663227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9757", "title": "Computed tomography in isodense subdural hematoma.", "content": "Isodense subdural hematomas, particularly bilateral ones, may be difficult to diagnose with CT. Forty-three cases of subdural hematomas were studied by CT, 7 of which were isodense collections. Obliteration or displacement of the cortical sulci in the zone of the extracerebral collection was present in all 7 cases. Infusion scans demonstrated displacement of a cortical vein away from the inner table of the skull in 3 of the 7 cases. This findins is helpful in accurately predicting the size of the extracerebral collection.", "contents": "Computed tomography in isodense subdural hematoma. Isodense subdural hematomas, particularly bilateral ones, may be difficult to diagnose with CT. Forty-three cases of subdural hematomas were studied by CT, 7 of which were isodense collections. Obliteration or displacement of the cortical sulci in the zone of the extracerebral collection was present in all 7 cases. Infusion scans demonstrated displacement of a cortical vein away from the inner table of the skull in 3 of the 7 cases. This findins is helpful in accurately predicting the size of the extracerebral collection.", "PMID": 663228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9758", "title": "Computed tomography of the mediastinum.", "content": "Findings from the first 430 CT examinations of the thorax performed at the Mayo Clinic were compared with results of film studies and the most certain later diagnoses in the same cases. Results were analyzed by disease and by mediastinal compartment. CT was superior in staging bronchogenic carcinoma, detecting abnormal masses, and in demonstrating mediastinal normally when plain films were equivocal. It generally gave clear delineations of lesions and distinguished them better from normal structures, and, in correlation with clinical data, it was more accurate in suggesting whether they were benign or malignant.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the mediastinum. Findings from the first 430 CT examinations of the thorax performed at the Mayo Clinic were compared with results of film studies and the most certain later diagnoses in the same cases. Results were analyzed by disease and by mediastinal compartment. CT was superior in staging bronchogenic carcinoma, detecting abnormal masses, and in demonstrating mediastinal normally when plain films were equivocal. It generally gave clear delineations of lesions and distinguished them better from normal structures, and, in correlation with clinical data, it was more accurate in suggesting whether they were benign or malignant.", "PMID": 663229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9759", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of musculoskeletal neoplasms.", "content": "In a study of 62 musculoskeletal neoplasms, computed tomography contributed little to establishing tissue diagnosis. Its primary value lay in the assessment of intraosseous and/or extraosseous extent of disease. CT also established the presence or absence of disease in a small number of cases with clinically questionable findings. In most cases, conventional radiographic methods were superior in diagnosing musculoskeletal neoplasms.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of musculoskeletal neoplasms. In a study of 62 musculoskeletal neoplasms, computed tomography contributed little to establishing tissue diagnosis. Its primary value lay in the assessment of intraosseous and/or extraosseous extent of disease. CT also established the presence or absence of disease in a small number of cases with clinically questionable findings. In most cases, conventional radiographic methods were superior in diagnosing musculoskeletal neoplasms.", "PMID": 663230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9760", "title": "Computed tomography of the spine and spinal cord.", "content": "Configurations of 50 normal lumbar canals at each vertebral level were assessed and the dimensions of the canal at these levels measured. The appearances of the contents of the canal and their absorption values were carefully analyzed in the lumbar, cervical, and thoracic regions. Of 75 scans of patients with specific spinal symptoms, 38 showed abnormalities representing 19 pathological entities. The appearances of these lesions on scans are compared with normal scans, and the usefulness of CT scans in assessing lesions of the bone and within the canal is discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the spine and spinal cord. Configurations of 50 normal lumbar canals at each vertebral level were assessed and the dimensions of the canal at these levels measured. The appearances of the contents of the canal and their absorption values were carefully analyzed in the lumbar, cervical, and thoracic regions. Of 75 scans of patients with specific spinal symptoms, 38 showed abnormalities representing 19 pathological entities. The appearances of these lesions on scans are compared with normal scans, and the usefulness of CT scans in assessing lesions of the bone and within the canal is discussed.", "PMID": 663231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9761", "title": "Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy caused by bacterial abscess of the lung.", "content": "Enlargement of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes commonly accompanies a lung abcess. Of 27 patients with lung abscesses, 14 had hilar or mediastinal adenopathy or both. The problem resolved promptly with clearing of the abcesses and was absent on clinical and radiographic follow-up.", "contents": "Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy caused by bacterial abscess of the lung. Enlargement of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes commonly accompanies a lung abcess. Of 27 patients with lung abscesses, 14 had hilar or mediastinal adenopathy or both. The problem resolved promptly with clearing of the abcesses and was absent on clinical and radiographic follow-up.", "PMID": 663232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9762", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of broncholithiasis.", "content": "Calcifications within the lung may produce symptoms when they erode surrounding tissue and move. Lithoptysis, or symptoms related to bronchial obstructions may occur. Under these circumstances, careful attention should be paid to evidence of movement of a calcific focus and its relationship to the bronchi. Six examples are described. Tomography and bronchography are useful. Histoplasma organisms can be demonstrated in most broncholiths in an endemic area. In other areas this entity is becoming unusual, probably because of the declining incidence of tuberculosis. Not all hilar or parenchymal calcifications are innocuous.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of broncholithiasis. Calcifications within the lung may produce symptoms when they erode surrounding tissue and move. Lithoptysis, or symptoms related to bronchial obstructions may occur. Under these circumstances, careful attention should be paid to evidence of movement of a calcific focus and its relationship to the bronchi. Six examples are described. Tomography and bronchography are useful. Histoplasma organisms can be demonstrated in most broncholiths in an endemic area. In other areas this entity is becoming unusual, probably because of the declining incidence of tuberculosis. Not all hilar or parenchymal calcifications are innocuous.", "PMID": 663233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9763", "title": "Sand aspiration in drowning and near drowning.", "content": "Aspiration of sand and other foreign material is often discovered at autopsy in victims of drowning, but is not commonly seen radiographically. Two such cases are described, one of drowning and one of near drowning. In each case, the sand was radiopaque because of its calcium carbonate content and created a \"sand bronchogram\", i.e., sand in the tracheobronchial tree. With early recognition, successful bronchoscopic removal of the aspirated sand is possible.", "contents": "Sand aspiration in drowning and near drowning. Aspiration of sand and other foreign material is often discovered at autopsy in victims of drowning, but is not commonly seen radiographically. Two such cases are described, one of drowning and one of near drowning. In each case, the sand was radiopaque because of its calcium carbonate content and created a \"sand bronchogram\", i.e., sand in the tracheobronchial tree. With early recognition, successful bronchoscopic removal of the aspirated sand is possible.", "PMID": 663234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9764", "title": "Transverse folds in the human esophagus.", "content": "Fine transverse folds can be seen by double contrast technique in the human esophagus which are similar to those seen regularly in the feline esophagus. These folds are transient in nature and possibly represent contraction of the muscularis mucosae. This fold pattern can be seen in patients with gastroesophageal reflux and in those with no symptoms of esophageal disease. The marginal serration should not be mistaken for diffuse ulceration on barium filled views of the esophagus. Distortion of interruption of the normal fold pattern can be seen in patients with superficial ulceration due to reflux esophagitis or other invasive mucosal lesions. Although the pathophysiologic significance of this phenomenon is uncertain, the demonstration and recognition of these folds allows for better definition of mucosal surface abnormalities.", "contents": "Transverse folds in the human esophagus. Fine transverse folds can be seen by double contrast technique in the human esophagus which are similar to those seen regularly in the feline esophagus. These folds are transient in nature and possibly represent contraction of the muscularis mucosae. This fold pattern can be seen in patients with gastroesophageal reflux and in those with no symptoms of esophageal disease. The marginal serration should not be mistaken for diffuse ulceration on barium filled views of the esophagus. Distortion of interruption of the normal fold pattern can be seen in patients with superficial ulceration due to reflux esophagitis or other invasive mucosal lesions. Although the pathophysiologic significance of this phenomenon is uncertain, the demonstration and recognition of these folds allows for better definition of mucosal surface abnormalities.", "PMID": 663235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9765", "title": "The barium enema: a reassessment looking toward perfection.", "content": "In a crossover study of more than 300 double contrast colon examinations, including 2,200 radiographs, many common and some uncommon views were taken and compared. An optimal series of \"routine\" films and the order in which they should be taken are presented. This will produce a complete colon examination in the most efficient way. Some technical considerations are presented which proved necessary to produce a superb examination. This new routine represents a reduction in the number of films advocated by Welin and Miller in earlier publications. The findings are compatible with both air contrast and full column techniques.", "contents": "The barium enema: a reassessment looking toward perfection. In a crossover study of more than 300 double contrast colon examinations, including 2,200 radiographs, many common and some uncommon views were taken and compared. An optimal series of \"routine\" films and the order in which they should be taken are presented. This will produce a complete colon examination in the most efficient way. Some technical considerations are presented which proved necessary to produce a superb examination. This new routine represents a reduction in the number of films advocated by Welin and Miller in earlier publications. The findings are compatible with both air contrast and full column techniques.", "PMID": 663236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9766", "title": "Colitis in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Two new cases.", "content": "Two new cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease with colitis are presented and the radiographic features described. The changes in the colon resemble Crohn's disease more closely than ulcerative colitis but show some features which are distinct from both. One patient had perforation of a cecal ulcer and severe bleeding, stressing the serious nature of this form of colitis.", "contents": "Colitis in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Two new cases. Two new cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease with colitis are presented and the radiographic features described. The changes in the colon resemble Crohn's disease more closely than ulcerative colitis but show some features which are distinct from both. One patient had perforation of a cecal ulcer and severe bleeding, stressing the serious nature of this form of colitis.", "PMID": 663237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9767", "title": "Therapeutic applications of catheter cholangiography.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the biliary tree was performed in 23 patients. In 21 the catheter was advanced past an obstructing lesion into the distal common bile duct and duodenum to establish antegrade biliary drainage. The catheter was left permanently in place as a form of endoprosthesis in 5 patients.", "contents": "Therapeutic applications of catheter cholangiography. Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the biliary tree was performed in 23 patients. In 21 the catheter was advanced past an obstructing lesion into the distal common bile duct and duodenum to establish antegrade biliary drainage. The catheter was left permanently in place as a form of endoprosthesis in 5 patients.", "PMID": 663238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9768", "title": "The normal seminal vesiculogram.", "content": "Vasoseminal vesiculography was performed on 69 asymptomatic men. Considerable variability in the appearance of the normal adult seminal tract was seen. On the left, the normal seminal vesicle averaged 5.6 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, and 0.6 cm in luminal diameter; on the right, it averaged 5.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, and 0.6 cm in luminal diameter. The normal ejaculatory duct averaged 16.0 mm long and 1.5 mm wide on the left and the same on the right. Criteria for normality are presented and the radiographic techniques reviewed.", "contents": "The normal seminal vesiculogram. Vasoseminal vesiculography was performed on 69 asymptomatic men. Considerable variability in the appearance of the normal adult seminal tract was seen. On the left, the normal seminal vesicle averaged 5.6 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, and 0.6 cm in luminal diameter; on the right, it averaged 5.0 cm long, 2.0 cm wide, and 0.6 cm in luminal diameter. The normal ejaculatory duct averaged 16.0 mm long and 1.5 mm wide on the left and the same on the right. Criteria for normality are presented and the radiographic techniques reviewed.", "PMID": 663239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9769", "title": "Urinary tract after abdomino-perineal resection.", "content": "Uroradiological examinations on 33 patients subjected to abdomino-perineal resection were analyzed. The most common finding was medial displacement of both ureters, with the right one frequently crossing the midline. Bladder deformity, sometimes severe, was present in all patients. Localized ureteral narrowing due to stricture or recurring neoplasm was found in 30% of the patients examined. Other common complications included retrovesical abscesses, periurethral abscesses, urethral fistulas and strictures, and bladder retention. All these findings were more prominent in men.", "contents": "Urinary tract after abdomino-perineal resection. Uroradiological examinations on 33 patients subjected to abdomino-perineal resection were analyzed. The most common finding was medial displacement of both ureters, with the right one frequently crossing the midline. Bladder deformity, sometimes severe, was present in all patients. Localized ureteral narrowing due to stricture or recurring neoplasm was found in 30% of the patients examined. Other common complications included retrovesical abscesses, periurethral abscesses, urethral fistulas and strictures, and bladder retention. All these findings were more prominent in men.", "PMID": 663240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9770", "title": "Pear-shaped bladder caused by large iliopsoas muscles.", "content": "A case of pear-shaped bladder resembling pelvic lipomatosis was shown to be caused by large iliacus and psoas muscles.", "contents": "Pear-shaped bladder caused by large iliopsoas muscles. A case of pear-shaped bladder resembling pelvic lipomatosis was shown to be caused by large iliacus and psoas muscles.", "PMID": 663241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9771", "title": "Melnick-Needles syndrome: radiographic alterations in the mandible.", "content": "After the adventitious finding of bilateral loculations in the mandibular rami and erosion of the coronoid processes of the mandible of a patient with Melnick-Needles syndrome (osteodysplasty), the jaws of four other individuals with the same disorder were examined for similar changes. The coronoid process of the mandible was grossly hypoplastic in all patients, and the rami were markedly abbreviated. In four of the five patients the angle was rounded. In three of five patients, loculations of unknown nature were found in the mandibular rami. Several patients exhibited impacted molar teeth.", "contents": "Melnick-Needles syndrome: radiographic alterations in the mandible. After the adventitious finding of bilateral loculations in the mandibular rami and erosion of the coronoid processes of the mandible of a patient with Melnick-Needles syndrome (osteodysplasty), the jaws of four other individuals with the same disorder were examined for similar changes. The coronoid process of the mandible was grossly hypoplastic in all patients, and the rami were markedly abbreviated. In four of the five patients the angle was rounded. In three of five patients, loculations of unknown nature were found in the mandibular rami. Several patients exhibited impacted molar teeth.", "PMID": 663242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9772", "title": "An interesting normal variant of the temporal bone.", "content": "The purpose of this brief communication is to call attention to a small, rounded bony knob which is infrequently present on the superior margin of the petrous bone. This finding is more often unilateral but may rarely be bilateral. The bony excrescence has the same osseous density as the surrounding dense petrosa from which it arises. Lack of familiarity with this normal variant may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of a petrosal meningioma.", "contents": "An interesting normal variant of the temporal bone. The purpose of this brief communication is to call attention to a small, rounded bony knob which is infrequently present on the superior margin of the petrous bone. This finding is more often unilateral but may rarely be bilateral. The bony excrescence has the same osseous density as the surrounding dense petrosa from which it arises. Lack of familiarity with this normal variant may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of a petrosal meningioma.", "PMID": 663243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9773", "title": "Calcific tendinitis of the neck.", "content": "When a calcific deposit in the shoulder, hip or elbow ruptures, it results in severe pain and tenderness. Few clinicians are aware that the longus colli muscle of the neck is also subject to acute tendinitis. When it occurs, the pain and spasm mimic infectious spondylitis or meningitis. Four patients are presented with acute tendinitis of the longus colli muscle and the classic radiographic findings of soft-tissue swelling and amorphous calcium deposits in the tendon.", "contents": "Calcific tendinitis of the neck. When a calcific deposit in the shoulder, hip or elbow ruptures, it results in severe pain and tenderness. Few clinicians are aware that the longus colli muscle of the neck is also subject to acute tendinitis. When it occurs, the pain and spasm mimic infectious spondylitis or meningitis. Four patients are presented with acute tendinitis of the longus colli muscle and the classic radiographic findings of soft-tissue swelling and amorphous calcium deposits in the tendon.", "PMID": 663244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9774", "title": "Benefit/risk analysis of aggressive mammographic screening.", "content": "Based on the results of aggressive screening of 20,000 women and an annual average midbreast absorbed dose of 1 rad per year, the authors describe a model for estimating the benefit/risk ratio for mammography in screening populations of asymptomatic, randomly selected women. Benefits in terms of breast-cancer deaths averted over not screening are estimated. The \"worst-case\" estimate of the benefit/risk ratio for five annual mammographic examinations on randomly selected asymptomatic women age 35-49 at the start of screening is 3.4 +/- 1.1 to 1. The corresponding \"most probable\" estimate is 8.0 +/- 3.1 to 1.", "contents": "Benefit/risk analysis of aggressive mammographic screening. Based on the results of aggressive screening of 20,000 women and an annual average midbreast absorbed dose of 1 rad per year, the authors describe a model for estimating the benefit/risk ratio for mammography in screening populations of asymptomatic, randomly selected women. Benefits in terms of breast-cancer deaths averted over not screening are estimated. The \"worst-case\" estimate of the benefit/risk ratio for five annual mammographic examinations on randomly selected asymptomatic women age 35-49 at the start of screening is 3.4 +/- 1.1 to 1. The corresponding \"most probable\" estimate is 8.0 +/- 3.1 to 1.", "PMID": 663245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9775", "title": "Computed tomography of acoustic neurinoma.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with 39 acoustic neurinomas were studied with computed tomography (CT). Six tumors (15%) were seen on the nonenhanced scans and infusion of contrast material demonstrated 23 more tumors. Ten tumors (26%) were not seen as soft-tissue masses on the enhanced CT scans. However, these same 10 cases yielded 4 ipsilateral abnormal internal auditory canals when viewed with a bone window. Findings suggestive of acoustic neurinomas were found in 85% of proven sites. Important factors in the CT diagnosis of acoustic neurinomas are good-quality, motion-free scans, contrast enhancement and analysis of bone detail.", "contents": "Computed tomography of acoustic neurinoma. Thirty-seven patients with 39 acoustic neurinomas were studied with computed tomography (CT). Six tumors (15%) were seen on the nonenhanced scans and infusion of contrast material demonstrated 23 more tumors. Ten tumors (26%) were not seen as soft-tissue masses on the enhanced CT scans. However, these same 10 cases yielded 4 ipsilateral abnormal internal auditory canals when viewed with a bone window. Findings suggestive of acoustic neurinomas were found in 85% of proven sites. Important factors in the CT diagnosis of acoustic neurinomas are good-quality, motion-free scans, contrast enhancement and analysis of bone detail.", "PMID": 663246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9776", "title": "Comparative sensitivity of CT scans, radiographs and radionuclide bone scans in detecting metastatic calvarial lesions.", "content": "CT scans of 100 patients with histologically diagnosed extracerebral neoplasms were reviewed and compared with either radionuclide bone images or skull radiographs. The results of this correlative study indicate that CT scans are more sensitive than skull radiographs in detecting corresponding calvarial lesions; conversely, radionuclide bone scans appear to be more sensitive than CT in detecting similar lesions.", "contents": "Comparative sensitivity of CT scans, radiographs and radionuclide bone scans in detecting metastatic calvarial lesions. CT scans of 100 patients with histologically diagnosed extracerebral neoplasms were reviewed and compared with either radionuclide bone images or skull radiographs. The results of this correlative study indicate that CT scans are more sensitive than skull radiographs in detecting corresponding calvarial lesions; conversely, radionuclide bone scans appear to be more sensitive than CT in detecting similar lesions.", "PMID": 663247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9777", "title": "Computed tomography and gray scale ultrasonography of the adrenal gland: a comparative study.", "content": "A prospective analysis of computed tomography and gray scale ultrasonography of the adrenal gland in 34 patients is presented. The diagnostic probabilities were similar for both modalities. Pitfalls common to both procedures and specific to one technique are demonstrated. The relative role of computed tomography and gray scale ultrasonography in evaluation of adrenal abnormalities is discussed in light of specific pathologies and other noninvasive imaging procedures.", "contents": "Computed tomography and gray scale ultrasonography of the adrenal gland: a comparative study. A prospective analysis of computed tomography and gray scale ultrasonography of the adrenal gland in 34 patients is presented. The diagnostic probabilities were similar for both modalities. Pitfalls common to both procedures and specific to one technique are demonstrated. The relative role of computed tomography and gray scale ultrasonography in evaluation of adrenal abnormalities is discussed in light of specific pathologies and other noninvasive imaging procedures.", "PMID": 663248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9778", "title": "The detection of inferior vena caval thrombosis with computed tomography.", "content": "Two cases are reported in which computed tomography demonstrated inferior vena caval thrombosis following intravenous administration of contrast material. This observation appears to have its greatest application in the staging of abdominal neoplasms, particularly renal-cell carcinoma.", "contents": "The detection of inferior vena caval thrombosis with computed tomography. Two cases are reported in which computed tomography demonstrated inferior vena caval thrombosis following intravenous administration of contrast material. This observation appears to have its greatest application in the staging of abdominal neoplasms, particularly renal-cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 663249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9779", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of fourth ventricle tumors.", "content": "Twelve primary fourth ventricle tumors and 22 medulloblastomas occupying mainly the fourth ventricle were analyzed, with emphasis on the differential diagnosis, vascularity, and some unusual findings. Though both types of tumor often have identical manifestations, the correct diagnosis can be made in most cases by careful evaluation of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, particularly the choroidal and nodular branches. Unusual findings in primary fourth ventricle tumors mimicking tumors of the pons and medulla oblongata are described, and possible explanations for these findings are discussed. The results of this study underscore the importance of angiotomography in the diagnosis of tumors of the fourth ventricle.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of fourth ventricle tumors. Twelve primary fourth ventricle tumors and 22 medulloblastomas occupying mainly the fourth ventricle were analyzed, with emphasis on the differential diagnosis, vascularity, and some unusual findings. Though both types of tumor often have identical manifestations, the correct diagnosis can be made in most cases by careful evaluation of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, particularly the choroidal and nodular branches. Unusual findings in primary fourth ventricle tumors mimicking tumors of the pons and medulla oblongata are described, and possible explanations for these findings are discussed. The results of this study underscore the importance of angiotomography in the diagnosis of tumors of the fourth ventricle.", "PMID": 663250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9780", "title": "Venous-phase angiography in subclavian-steal syndrome.", "content": "The value of demonstrating the venous phase of angiography in patients with subclavian-steal syndrome was evaluated in 17 patients. In patients with mild symptoms, there was no difference between the left and right jugular-vein opacification, but minimal or no opacification was observed in patients with severe symptoms. The authors believe evaluating venous phases in angiography in patients with subclavian-steal syndrome is useful because the findings correlate well with the severity of symptoms.", "contents": "Venous-phase angiography in subclavian-steal syndrome. The value of demonstrating the venous phase of angiography in patients with subclavian-steal syndrome was evaluated in 17 patients. In patients with mild symptoms, there was no difference between the left and right jugular-vein opacification, but minimal or no opacification was observed in patients with severe symptoms. The authors believe evaluating venous phases in angiography in patients with subclavian-steal syndrome is useful because the findings correlate well with the severity of symptoms.", "PMID": 663251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9781", "title": "Diagnosis of cerebral lesions by Thallium 201.", "content": "The authors describe the diagnostic possibilities of Thallium 201 in cerebral lesions of various kinds. Two radiopharmaceuticals were used in 124 patients: thallium 201 citrate and technetium-99m pertechnetate labelled. When 201Tl was used, all cases of definite cerebral lesion gave a positive result within 10 minutes of injection. In 85.4% the definition was better, and small metastases which were invisible with 99mTc could be demonstrated. More than two-thirds of the time, neoplastic lesions were better defined and distinguished from adjacent normal areas of hyperactivity. 201Tl promises greater diagnostic usefulness with an examination time of only 30 minutes.", "contents": "Diagnosis of cerebral lesions by Thallium 201. The authors describe the diagnostic possibilities of Thallium 201 in cerebral lesions of various kinds. Two radiopharmaceuticals were used in 124 patients: thallium 201 citrate and technetium-99m pertechnetate labelled. When 201Tl was used, all cases of definite cerebral lesion gave a positive result within 10 minutes of injection. In 85.4% the definition was better, and small metastases which were invisible with 99mTc could be demonstrated. More than two-thirds of the time, neoplastic lesions were better defined and distinguished from adjacent normal areas of hyperactivity. 201Tl promises greater diagnostic usefulness with an examination time of only 30 minutes.", "PMID": 663252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9782", "title": "Diagnosis of coronary artery disease with 201Tl. Computer analysis of myocardial perfusion images.", "content": "The diagnostic sensitivity of visually interpreted and computer-analyzed 201Tl myocardial perfusion images was compared to that of exercise electrocardiograms in 8 angiographically normal subjects and 24 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Visual interpretation was not significantly better than exercise ECGs. An index of perfusion homogeneity, derived from computer analysis of the 201Tl images, was more sensitive than visual interpretation (79% vs. 58%) and much more sensitive (p less than 0.05) than the exercise ECG (79% VS. 46%). The best overall sensitivity (88%) and specificity (75%) were achieved by combining computer analysis with exercise electrocardiography. The computer also permits enhanced detection of subtle perfusion changes which may not seem significant to the eye.", "contents": "Diagnosis of coronary artery disease with 201Tl. Computer analysis of myocardial perfusion images. The diagnostic sensitivity of visually interpreted and computer-analyzed 201Tl myocardial perfusion images was compared to that of exercise electrocardiograms in 8 angiographically normal subjects and 24 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Visual interpretation was not significantly better than exercise ECGs. An index of perfusion homogeneity, derived from computer analysis of the 201Tl images, was more sensitive than visual interpretation (79% vs. 58%) and much more sensitive (p less than 0.05) than the exercise ECG (79% VS. 46%). The best overall sensitivity (88%) and specificity (75%) were achieved by combining computer analysis with exercise electrocardiography. The computer also permits enhanced detection of subtle perfusion changes which may not seem significant to the eye.", "PMID": 663253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9783", "title": "Ventricular uptake during brain scanning. A case report of ventricular lymphomatosis.", "content": "Visualization of the cerebral ventricles during radionuclide brain scanning is rarely reported. A case demonstrating the lateral ventricles by brain scanning with 99mCc-stannous glucoheptonate in a patient with lymphoma is presented.", "contents": "Ventricular uptake during brain scanning. A case report of ventricular lymphomatosis. Visualization of the cerebral ventricles during radionuclide brain scanning is rarely reported. A case demonstrating the lateral ventricles by brain scanning with 99mCc-stannous glucoheptonate in a patient with lymphoma is presented.", "PMID": 663254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9784", "title": "Bowel stenosis as a late complication of acute necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Bowel stricture as a late complication of acute necrotizing enterocolitis in 10 neonates is discussed with respect to time interval to development, number of strictures, location, sexual and racial distribution and possible contributing factors. This is compared with previous reports in the literature. Differences in the distribution of acute and late sites of involvement are discussed.", "contents": "Bowel stenosis as a late complication of acute necrotizing enterocolitis. Bowel stricture as a late complication of acute necrotizing enterocolitis in 10 neonates is discussed with respect to time interval to development, number of strictures, location, sexual and racial distribution and possible contributing factors. This is compared with previous reports in the literature. Differences in the distribution of acute and late sites of involvement are discussed.", "PMID": 663255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9785", "title": "A new ultrasonic real-time scanner featuring a servo-controlled transducer displaying a sector image.", "content": "This paper describes a new real-time servo-controlled sector scanner that produces high-resolution images similar to phased-array systems, but possesses the simplicity of design and low cost best achievable in a mechanical sector scanner. Its unique feature is the transducer head which contains a single moving part--the transducer. Frame rates vary from 0 to 30 degrees and the sector angle from 0 to 60 degrees. Abdominal applications include: differentiation of vascular structures, detection of small masses, imaging of diagonally oriented organs. Survey scanning, and demonstration of regions difficult to image with contact scanners. Cardiac uses are also described.", "contents": "A new ultrasonic real-time scanner featuring a servo-controlled transducer displaying a sector image. This paper describes a new real-time servo-controlled sector scanner that produces high-resolution images similar to phased-array systems, but possesses the simplicity of design and low cost best achievable in a mechanical sector scanner. Its unique feature is the transducer head which contains a single moving part--the transducer. Frame rates vary from 0 to 30 degrees and the sector angle from 0 to 60 degrees. Abdominal applications include: differentiation of vascular structures, detection of small masses, imaging of diagonally oriented organs. Survey scanning, and demonstration of regions difficult to image with contact scanners. Cardiac uses are also described.", "PMID": 663256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9786", "title": "Ultrasonography of necrotic hepatic metastases.", "content": "Twelve patients with sonolucent hepatic metastases studied with gray scale ultrasonography are presented. Extensive necrosis presumably accounts for the sonolucent appearance of the hepatic lesions. The spectrum of ultrasonographic features and correlations, particularly with computed tomography, are presented. The similarity between anechoic hepatic metastases and benign conditions of the liver is emphasized.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of necrotic hepatic metastases. Twelve patients with sonolucent hepatic metastases studied with gray scale ultrasonography are presented. Extensive necrosis presumably accounts for the sonolucent appearance of the hepatic lesions. The spectrum of ultrasonographic features and correlations, particularly with computed tomography, are presented. The similarity between anechoic hepatic metastases and benign conditions of the liver is emphasized.", "PMID": 663257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9787", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of hydrocolpos and hydrometrocolpos.", "content": "Two neonates, one with hydrocolpos and one with hydrometrocolpos, were studied with ultrasound. In each case a primarily cystic abdominal mass arose from the pelvis but contained internal echoes. It is concluded that ultrasound evaluation of these disorders should aid in the preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of hydrocolpos and hydrometrocolpos. Two neonates, one with hydrocolpos and one with hydrometrocolpos, were studied with ultrasound. In each case a primarily cystic abdominal mass arose from the pelvis but contained internal echoes. It is concluded that ultrasound evaluation of these disorders should aid in the preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 663258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9788", "title": "Ultrasonography in the evaluation of post-nephrectomy renal cancer patients.", "content": "The role of ultrasonography in the evaluation of 12 patients who had previously undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma is discussed. Ultrasonography is a useful, noninvasive means of evaluating such patients for recurrence of disease. The ultrasonographic features of retroperitoneal recurrence and a potential diagnostic pitfall of bowel loops in the renal bed are emphasized.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the evaluation of post-nephrectomy renal cancer patients. The role of ultrasonography in the evaluation of 12 patients who had previously undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma is discussed. Ultrasonography is a useful, noninvasive means of evaluating such patients for recurrence of disease. The ultrasonographic features of retroperitoneal recurrence and a potential diagnostic pitfall of bowel loops in the renal bed are emphasized.", "PMID": 663259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9789", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonic demonstration of nephrocalcinosis.", "content": "Nephrocalcinosis was diagnosed by means of gray-scale somography in a premature infant with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The examination provided a way of localizing faint calcifications seen on a plain abdominal radiograph.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonic demonstration of nephrocalcinosis. Nephrocalcinosis was diagnosed by means of gray-scale somography in a premature infant with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The examination provided a way of localizing faint calcifications seen on a plain abdominal radiograph.", "PMID": 663260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9790", "title": "Combined treatment methods for carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "From 1950 to 1973, 129 patients received irradiation for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma at the University of California, San Francisco. From this group, 26 received surgical and irradiation treatment. Twelve did not receive irradiation until recurrence became evident and among them were no 5-year survivors. Among the other 14 were six 5-year survivors (43%). The authors believe that planned sequential irradiation and surgery offer the best chance for cure in squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Selection factors, treatment details, and therapeutic regimens are presented and a management plan proposed for this group of operable patients.", "contents": "Combined treatment methods for carcinoma of the esophagus. From 1950 to 1973, 129 patients received irradiation for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma at the University of California, San Francisco. From this group, 26 received surgical and irradiation treatment. Twelve did not receive irradiation until recurrence became evident and among them were no 5-year survivors. Among the other 14 were six 5-year survivors (43%). The authors believe that planned sequential irradiation and surgery offer the best chance for cure in squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Selection factors, treatment details, and therapeutic regimens are presented and a management plan proposed for this group of operable patients.", "PMID": 663261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9791", "title": "Complications of high dose preoperative irradiation for advanced laryngeal-hypopharyngeal cancer.", "content": "The authors studied 162 patients with advanced cancer of the laryngopharynx who were treated over the same period of time by standard techniques. High dose preoperative supervoltage irradiation to 5000 rads/5 weeks through large opposed lateral fields and a lower anterior neck field is not accompanied by a prohibitive increase in mortality or morbidity for patients with stage III-IV largynogopharyngeal cancer. Rescue surgery for recurrence after definitive irradiation can be accomplished.", "contents": "Complications of high dose preoperative irradiation for advanced laryngeal-hypopharyngeal cancer. The authors studied 162 patients with advanced cancer of the laryngopharynx who were treated over the same period of time by standard techniques. High dose preoperative supervoltage irradiation to 5000 rads/5 weeks through large opposed lateral fields and a lower anterior neck field is not accompanied by a prohibitive increase in mortality or morbidity for patients with stage III-IV largynogopharyngeal cancer. Rescue surgery for recurrence after definitive irradiation can be accomplished.", "PMID": 663262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9792", "title": "Treatment of testicular tumors.", "content": "A total of 145 consecutive primary testicular tumors were treated with radiation therapy at the University of Michigan Hospital from 1955 through 1974. In patients with seminoma, the 5-year survival rate was 98% for Stage I and 88% for Stage II regardless of whether retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was done. The 5-year survival rate for embryonal carcinoma was 63% for Stage I and 66% for Stage II. For teratocarcinoma it was 100% for Stage I and 54% for Stage II. Adjuvant chemotherapy appeared to be beneficial for patients with Stage II teratocarcinoma but made no difference in patients with embryonal carcinoma.", "contents": "Treatment of testicular tumors. A total of 145 consecutive primary testicular tumors were treated with radiation therapy at the University of Michigan Hospital from 1955 through 1974. In patients with seminoma, the 5-year survival rate was 98% for Stage I and 88% for Stage II regardless of whether retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was done. The 5-year survival rate for embryonal carcinoma was 63% for Stage I and 66% for Stage II. For teratocarcinoma it was 100% for Stage I and 54% for Stage II. Adjuvant chemotherapy appeared to be beneficial for patients with Stage II teratocarcinoma but made no difference in patients with embryonal carcinoma.", "PMID": 663263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9793", "title": "A multislice positron emission computed tomograph (PETT IV) yielding transverse and longitudinal images.", "content": "We designed, built, and tested a positron emission tomograph (PETT IV) capable of providing seven slices of the human body simultaneously. PETT IV utilizes a moving hexagonal array of 48 scintillation detectors placed around the subject. Each detector consists of a cylindrical activated sodium iodide crystal optically coupled to two photomultiplier tubes. The multislice capability is achieved by comparing the light outputs of the two photomultiplier tubes in each detector. The images are displayed either as transverse or as longitudinal tomographic sections. This system provides high sensitivity and resolution, and permits rapid and accurate three-dimensional imaging of the head and body.", "contents": "A multislice positron emission computed tomograph (PETT IV) yielding transverse and longitudinal images. We designed, built, and tested a positron emission tomograph (PETT IV) capable of providing seven slices of the human body simultaneously. PETT IV utilizes a moving hexagonal array of 48 scintillation detectors placed around the subject. Each detector consists of a cylindrical activated sodium iodide crystal optically coupled to two photomultiplier tubes. The multislice capability is achieved by comparing the light outputs of the two photomultiplier tubes in each detector. The images are displayed either as transverse or as longitudinal tomographic sections. This system provides high sensitivity and resolution, and permits rapid and accurate three-dimensional imaging of the head and body.", "PMID": 663264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9794", "title": "Radiation-induced inhibition of compensatory renal growth in the weanling mouse kidney.", "content": "Weanling mice were given 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 rads single-fraction renal irradiation immediately following unilateral nephrectomy and sacrificed 3 days or 3, 6, 12, or 24 weeks later. Inhibition of compensatory renal growth was related to both radiation dose and time following treatment; it was transient following 500 and 1,000 rads but persisted following 1,500 and 2,000 rads. Renal growth was inhibited more than body growth. These studies indicate that the weanling mouse kidney is more sensitive to radiation-induced inhibition of compensatory renal growth than adult mice or other rodents.", "contents": "Radiation-induced inhibition of compensatory renal growth in the weanling mouse kidney. Weanling mice were given 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 rads single-fraction renal irradiation immediately following unilateral nephrectomy and sacrificed 3 days or 3, 6, 12, or 24 weeks later. Inhibition of compensatory renal growth was related to both radiation dose and time following treatment; it was transient following 500 and 1,000 rads but persisted following 1,500 and 2,000 rads. Renal growth was inhibited more than body growth. These studies indicate that the weanling mouse kidney is more sensitive to radiation-induced inhibition of compensatory renal growth than adult mice or other rodents.", "PMID": 663265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9795", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation from diatrizoate with and without chelating agents.", "content": "The toxicity of Renografin 76% was compared with that of Hypaque 76% by selective injection of each into the right coronary artery of dogs. Renografin contains the chelating agents sodium citrate and disodium edetate, while Hypaque contains calcium disodium edetate and no sodium citrate. Ventricular fibrillation occurred significantly more often with Renografin, suggesting that chelating agents contribute to toxicity in coronary angiography.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation from diatrizoate with and without chelating agents. The toxicity of Renografin 76% was compared with that of Hypaque 76% by selective injection of each into the right coronary artery of dogs. Renografin contains the chelating agents sodium citrate and disodium edetate, while Hypaque contains calcium disodium edetate and no sodium citrate. Ventricular fibrillation occurred significantly more often with Renografin, suggesting that chelating agents contribute to toxicity in coronary angiography.", "PMID": 663266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9796", "title": "Differential effects of sodium meglumine calcium metrizoate on the inotropic state of normal and ischemic myocardium.", "content": "Sodium meglumine calcium metrizoate was injected into isolated blood-perfused canine hearts to evaluate the effect of contrast agents containing calcium on normal and ischemic myocardium. Under normal perfusion pressure and mild ischemia, this contrast agent produced a positive inotropic effect, but during profound ischemia, this positive effect was followed by a period of myocardial depression. These findings indicate that the addition of an inotropic agent to contrast medium can produce a paradoxical depressant effect which can be deleterious to the ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Differential effects of sodium meglumine calcium metrizoate on the inotropic state of normal and ischemic myocardium. Sodium meglumine calcium metrizoate was injected into isolated blood-perfused canine hearts to evaluate the effect of contrast agents containing calcium on normal and ischemic myocardium. Under normal perfusion pressure and mild ischemia, this contrast agent produced a positive inotropic effect, but during profound ischemia, this positive effect was followed by a period of myocardial depression. These findings indicate that the addition of an inotropic agent to contrast medium can produce a paradoxical depressant effect which can be deleterious to the ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 663267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9797", "title": "Drainage of the rectum: a simple maneuver to improve the accuracy of colon examinations.", "content": "In double contrast enemas, the rectum and distal sigmoid can easily be examined with a high degree of accuracy. This requires adequate drainage and good air distension of this segment of the colon. Methods are outlined by which this can easily be accomplished.", "contents": "Drainage of the rectum: a simple maneuver to improve the accuracy of colon examinations. In double contrast enemas, the rectum and distal sigmoid can easily be examined with a high degree of accuracy. This requires adequate drainage and good air distension of this segment of the colon. Methods are outlined by which this can easily be accomplished.", "PMID": 663268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9798", "title": "A localizing device for x-ray sources.", "content": "The author describes a localizing device which permits accurate placement of x-ray sources in relation to both the patient and the cassette. Radiographs can be reproduced exactly using this device.", "contents": "A localizing device for x-ray sources. The author describes a localizing device which permits accurate placement of x-ray sources in relation to both the patient and the cassette. Radiographs can be reproduced exactly using this device.", "PMID": 663269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9799", "title": "Shielding the hand during cross-compression angiography.", "content": "A simple method of shielding the hand during cross-compression angiography is described. A standard lead glove with the fingertips cut out of the palmar aspect is used, allowing sensation and mobility while still protecting the hand.", "contents": "Shielding the hand during cross-compression angiography. A simple method of shielding the hand during cross-compression angiography is described. A standard lead glove with the fingertips cut out of the palmar aspect is used, allowing sensation and mobility while still protecting the hand.", "PMID": 663270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9800", "title": "A method of increasing the linear activity of 192Ir sources for interstitial implantation.", "content": "The authors suggest that low-intensity 129Ir wires be twisted together to increase linear activity and dose rate for interstitial implantation. This technique saves time and expense for the patient and reduces radiation to personnel.", "contents": "A method of increasing the linear activity of 192Ir sources for interstitial implantation. The authors suggest that low-intensity 129Ir wires be twisted together to increase linear activity and dose rate for interstitial implantation. This technique saves time and expense for the patient and reduces radiation to personnel.", "PMID": 663271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9801", "title": "A film changer for small animals.", "content": "A 70mm spot-film camera was modified for use in small-animal studies. The film is exposed directly by x rays and yields a high-quality image.", "contents": "A film changer for small animals. A 70mm spot-film camera was modified for use in small-animal studies. The film is exposed directly by x rays and yields a high-quality image.", "PMID": 663272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9802", "title": "Two projection computed tomography: the axial and Towne projections.", "content": "It is occasionally necessary in evaluating lesions around the third ventricle and posterior fossa to supplement the axial view with another projection. The authors have routinely used the coronal projection as a second projection. However, the Towne view for computed tomography can be used as a second projection instead of the coronal; it is technically easier and faster to perform than the coronal projection, and provided good evaluation of the posterior fossa and para third ventricular areas in children.", "contents": "Two projection computed tomography: the axial and Towne projections. It is occasionally necessary in evaluating lesions around the third ventricle and posterior fossa to supplement the axial view with another projection. The authors have routinely used the coronal projection as a second projection. However, the Towne view for computed tomography can be used as a second projection instead of the coronal; it is technically easier and faster to perform than the coronal projection, and provided good evaluation of the posterior fossa and para third ventricular areas in children.", "PMID": 663273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9803", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha has been developed. The assay is accurate and sensitive but since the antiserum cross-reacts 5-10% with prostaglandins (PGs) of the E and F series, solvent extraction and thin layer chromatography are required for absolute specificity. The assay has been validated by comparison with a radiochemical assay and by the use of an inhibitor of 6-keto PGF1alpha formation, 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. 6-Keto PGF1alpha was found to have a low cross reaction with antisera directed against PGE2, PGF2alpha and thromboxane B2.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha. A radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha has been developed. The assay is accurate and sensitive but since the antiserum cross-reacts 5-10% with prostaglandins (PGs) of the E and F series, solvent extraction and thin layer chromatography are required for absolute specificity. The assay has been validated by comparison with a radiochemical assay and by the use of an inhibitor of 6-keto PGF1alpha formation, 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. 6-Keto PGF1alpha was found to have a low cross reaction with antisera directed against PGE2, PGF2alpha and thromboxane B2.", "PMID": 663275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9804", "title": "Synthesis of prostaglandin 6-keto F1alpha by cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and stimulation of its formation in a coupled system with platelet lysates.", "content": "Lysed aortic smooth muscle cells, when incubated with [14C] arachidonate, synthesized only one radioactive product, which was identified as 6-keto-PGF1alpha. Formation of this product from smooth muscle cell lysates was stimulated when human platelet extracts were added to the system, and further stimulation was observed when imidazole, a selective inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis, was added to this coupled system. These observations indicate that the cyclooxygenase of the smooth muscle cells was rate-limiting, that the prostacyclin synthetase of these cells can utilize endoperoxides produced by platelets, and that blocking of thromboxane synthesis might, under certain conditions, shunt arachidonate metabolism toward prostacyclin formation.", "contents": "Synthesis of prostaglandin 6-keto F1alpha by cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and stimulation of its formation in a coupled system with platelet lysates. Lysed aortic smooth muscle cells, when incubated with [14C] arachidonate, synthesized only one radioactive product, which was identified as 6-keto-PGF1alpha. Formation of this product from smooth muscle cell lysates was stimulated when human platelet extracts were added to the system, and further stimulation was observed when imidazole, a selective inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis, was added to this coupled system. These observations indicate that the cyclooxygenase of the smooth muscle cells was rate-limiting, that the prostacyclin synthetase of these cells can utilize endoperoxides produced by platelets, and that blocking of thromboxane synthesis might, under certain conditions, shunt arachidonate metabolism toward prostacyclin formation.", "PMID": 663276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9805", "title": "Synthesis of the four isomers of 5-hydroxy-PGI1.", "content": "We wish to report here the syntheses of (5S, 6R)-5-hydroxy-, (5R, 6R)-5-hydroxy-, (5R, 6S)-5-hydroxy-, and (5S, 6S)-5-hydroxy-PGI1 and their methyl ester derivatives. Treatment of (5R, 6S)-epoxy- and (5S, 6R)-epoxy-PGF1alpha methyl esters with acid washed silica gel afforded (5R, 6R)-5-hydroxy- and (5S, 6S)-5-hydroxy-PGI1 methyl esters; correspondingly, silica promoted cyclization of (5S, 6S)-epoxy- and (5R, 6R)-epoxy-PGF1alpha methyl esters yielded (5S, 6R)-5-hydroxy- and (5R, 6S)-5-hydroxy-PGI1 methyl esters. Alternatively, the 5-hydroxyl group was introduced into the PGI1 skeleton via reaction of the 5-mercuric halides with sodium borohydride in the presence of oxygen. Stereochemical assignments were based on their mode of synthesis and 1H nmr shift differences.", "contents": "Synthesis of the four isomers of 5-hydroxy-PGI1. We wish to report here the syntheses of (5S, 6R)-5-hydroxy-, (5R, 6R)-5-hydroxy-, (5R, 6S)-5-hydroxy-, and (5S, 6S)-5-hydroxy-PGI1 and their methyl ester derivatives. Treatment of (5R, 6S)-epoxy- and (5S, 6R)-epoxy-PGF1alpha methyl esters with acid washed silica gel afforded (5R, 6R)-5-hydroxy- and (5S, 6S)-5-hydroxy-PGI1 methyl esters; correspondingly, silica promoted cyclization of (5S, 6S)-epoxy- and (5R, 6R)-epoxy-PGF1alpha methyl esters yielded (5S, 6R)-5-hydroxy- and (5R, 6S)-5-hydroxy-PGI1 methyl esters. Alternatively, the 5-hydroxyl group was introduced into the PGI1 skeleton via reaction of the 5-mercuric halides with sodium borohydride in the presence of oxygen. Stereochemical assignments were based on their mode of synthesis and 1H nmr shift differences.", "PMID": 663277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9806", "title": "Prostaglandin E and mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocytes in serum-free medium.", "content": "Sera used in cell cultures contain significant ammounts of prostaglandins (PGs). In order to avoid any effects of contaminating PGs, the present study employed a serum-free culture medium and confirmed the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E (PGE) on the human lymphocyte activation which had been observed previously employing a serum-containing medium. PGE1 displayed a significantly stronger inhibitory effect on the cells than previously shown. Furthermore, reported enhancement of PGE synthesis by mitogen-activated lymphocytes could not be reproduced.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E and mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocytes in serum-free medium. Sera used in cell cultures contain significant ammounts of prostaglandins (PGs). In order to avoid any effects of contaminating PGs, the present study employed a serum-free culture medium and confirmed the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E (PGE) on the human lymphocyte activation which had been observed previously employing a serum-containing medium. PGE1 displayed a significantly stronger inhibitory effect on the cells than previously shown. Furthermore, reported enhancement of PGE synthesis by mitogen-activated lymphocytes could not be reproduced.", "PMID": 663278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9807", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E2-induced echinocytic transformation on the potassium loss, viscosity and osmotic fragility of normal and sickle cell erythrocytes.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced discocyte leads to echinocytic transformation has no effect on the viscosity or osmotic fragility of normal or sickle cell erythrocytes. Membrane permeability, reflected as potassium efflux, is significantly affected in normal erythrocytes when greater than 90% of the cells are morphologically transformed to the echinocytic III stage (PGE2 concentration of 1--2x10(6) ng/ml blood). This potassium loss is significant in sickle erythrocytes when 50-70% of the cell population has been transformed (PGE2 concentration, 5x10(5) ng/ml blood). This change in membrane permeability represents one-half to one-third the flux that occurs with sickling (i.e., greater than 80% of the erythrocytes sickled).", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E2-induced echinocytic transformation on the potassium loss, viscosity and osmotic fragility of normal and sickle cell erythrocytes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced discocyte leads to echinocytic transformation has no effect on the viscosity or osmotic fragility of normal or sickle cell erythrocytes. Membrane permeability, reflected as potassium efflux, is significantly affected in normal erythrocytes when greater than 90% of the cells are morphologically transformed to the echinocytic III stage (PGE2 concentration of 1--2x10(6) ng/ml blood). This potassium loss is significant in sickle erythrocytes when 50-70% of the cell population has been transformed (PGE2 concentration, 5x10(5) ng/ml blood). This change in membrane permeability represents one-half to one-third the flux that occurs with sickling (i.e., greater than 80% of the erythrocytes sickled).", "PMID": 663279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9808", "title": "The influence of some prostaglandins on DNA synthesis and DNA excision repair in mouse spleen cells in vitro.", "content": "In vitro experiments were performed on mouse spleen cells to establish possible influences of some naturally occurring prostaglandins on DNA synthesis and DNA excision repair. The prostaglandins A1, B1, E1, E2 and F2alpha were tested in concentrations of lopg, 5ng and 2.5microgram per ml cell suspension. DNA synthesis was significantly increased by PgF2alpha in all the three concentrations tested, while the other tested prostaglandins were essentially ineffective. DNA excision repair was significantly inhibited by PgE1 and PgE2 at 5ng/ml and at 2.5microgram/ml but increased by PgF2alpha in the two lower concentrations. The rejoining of DNA-strand breaks after gamma-irradiation was slightly reduced by PgE1, PgE2 and PgF2alpha at 2.5microgram/ml.", "contents": "The influence of some prostaglandins on DNA synthesis and DNA excision repair in mouse spleen cells in vitro. In vitro experiments were performed on mouse spleen cells to establish possible influences of some naturally occurring prostaglandins on DNA synthesis and DNA excision repair. The prostaglandins A1, B1, E1, E2 and F2alpha were tested in concentrations of lopg, 5ng and 2.5microgram per ml cell suspension. DNA synthesis was significantly increased by PgF2alpha in all the three concentrations tested, while the other tested prostaglandins were essentially ineffective. DNA excision repair was significantly inhibited by PgE1 and PgE2 at 5ng/ml and at 2.5microgram/ml but increased by PgF2alpha in the two lower concentrations. The rejoining of DNA-strand breaks after gamma-irradiation was slightly reduced by PgE1, PgE2 and PgF2alpha at 2.5microgram/ml.", "PMID": 663280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9809", "title": "Release of prostaglandin-like substance from inflamed synovial tissue of rat.", "content": "Influence of inflammation on the release of prostaglandin-like substance (PG) from synovial tissue of rat was studied. 1) In carrageenin inflammation, PG release was proportional to the increase in synovial tissue weight. 2) PG release was only increased in the later phase of dextran inflammation. 3) Aspirin suppressed PG release from both non-inflamed and inflamed synovial tissues, but hydrocortisone suppressed that only in inflamed tissue.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin-like substance from inflamed synovial tissue of rat. Influence of inflammation on the release of prostaglandin-like substance (PG) from synovial tissue of rat was studied. 1) In carrageenin inflammation, PG release was proportional to the increase in synovial tissue weight. 2) PG release was only increased in the later phase of dextran inflammation. 3) Aspirin suppressed PG release from both non-inflamed and inflamed synovial tissues, but hydrocortisone suppressed that only in inflamed tissue.", "PMID": 663281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9810", "title": "A comparison of responses of guinea-pig isolated trachea to six prostaglandins.", "content": "Effects of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, F2alpha, A1, A2 and B2 were studied on guinea-pig isolated tracheal chains. PGF2alpha, B2 and A2 produced contraction, PGE1 and E2 relaxation of the chain, but A1 produced no response. 1) From the cumulative dose response curves, PGF2alpha was more active in producing contraction than B2 or A2, though its effect was less than that of acetylcholine (ACh). PGE1-induced relaxation was less than the response to isoproterenol. 2) PGE1 and E2 1 microgram/ml caused a 26.1 +/- 3.83% (n=5) or a 9.5 +/- 3.36 (n=6) decrease of ACh (1 microgram/ml)-induced contraction respectively. The degree of relaxation produced by E1 was greater than that by E2 (P less than 0.01). 3) After five minutes preincubation with each of PGA1, A2, B2 and F2alpha in concentrations which did not produce any effect, ACh-induced contraction was augmented only after PGA2 (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "A comparison of responses of guinea-pig isolated trachea to six prostaglandins. Effects of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, F2alpha, A1, A2 and B2 were studied on guinea-pig isolated tracheal chains. PGF2alpha, B2 and A2 produced contraction, PGE1 and E2 relaxation of the chain, but A1 produced no response. 1) From the cumulative dose response curves, PGF2alpha was more active in producing contraction than B2 or A2, though its effect was less than that of acetylcholine (ACh). PGE1-induced relaxation was less than the response to isoproterenol. 2) PGE1 and E2 1 microgram/ml caused a 26.1 +/- 3.83% (n=5) or a 9.5 +/- 3.36 (n=6) decrease of ACh (1 microgram/ml)-induced contraction respectively. The degree of relaxation produced by E1 was greater than that by E2 (P less than 0.01). 3) After five minutes preincubation with each of PGA1, A2, B2 and F2alpha in concentrations which did not produce any effect, ACh-induced contraction was augmented only after PGA2 (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 663282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9811", "title": "Lordosis induction in the rat by prostaglandin E2 systemically or intracranially in the absence of ovarian hormones.", "content": "Within 20 minutes of an intraperitoneal injection, PGE2 induced lordosis responding to manual stimulation in 6 of 9 rats that were ovariectomized-hysterectomized and hormonally untreated. Similarly, intracranial application of PGE2, through guide cannulae that were chronically-implanted in the basal hypothalamus, induced lordosis responding to manual stimulation within 10 minutes in ovariectomized, hormonally-untreated rats.", "contents": "Lordosis induction in the rat by prostaglandin E2 systemically or intracranially in the absence of ovarian hormones. Within 20 minutes of an intraperitoneal injection, PGE2 induced lordosis responding to manual stimulation in 6 of 9 rats that were ovariectomized-hysterectomized and hormonally untreated. Similarly, intracranial application of PGE2, through guide cannulae that were chronically-implanted in the basal hypothalamus, induced lordosis responding to manual stimulation within 10 minutes in ovariectomized, hormonally-untreated rats.", "PMID": 663284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9812", "title": "[Improvement of Cherenkov counting method (author's transl)].", "content": "Cherenkov counting efficiency has been considerably improved by a specified measuring geometry. Radioactive sample and wavelength shifter are separately dispositioned, where a butyl-PBD has been employed as a wavelength shifter in the form of liquid and solid solutions. This technique can get rid of the shortcoming of the method usually used, in which wavelength shifter is directly incorporated to Cherenkov medium.", "contents": "[Improvement of Cherenkov counting method (author's transl)]. Cherenkov counting efficiency has been considerably improved by a specified measuring geometry. Radioactive sample and wavelength shifter are separately dispositioned, where a butyl-PBD has been employed as a wavelength shifter in the form of liquid and solid solutions. This technique can get rid of the shortcoming of the method usually used, in which wavelength shifter is directly incorporated to Cherenkov medium.", "PMID": 663306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9813", "title": "[Distribution of 14C-pipemidic acid in the guinea pig ear (author's transl)].", "content": "Macroautoradiographic studies on distribution of 14C-pipemidic acid in the guinea pig ear were performed after administration of the drug to provide its disposition for its application in the otolaryngological field. Petrosal bone, cochlea and auditory ossicles contained extremely low levels of 14C-pepemidic acid; blood, mucous tissues of tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane, low levels; tissues of external ear, moderate levels; and outer surface tissues of petrosal bone possibly including periosteum, significant levels. These otological tissue distributions of pipemidic acid suggest the effective applicability of the drug in the field.", "contents": "[Distribution of 14C-pipemidic acid in the guinea pig ear (author's transl)]. Macroautoradiographic studies on distribution of 14C-pipemidic acid in the guinea pig ear were performed after administration of the drug to provide its disposition for its application in the otolaryngological field. Petrosal bone, cochlea and auditory ossicles contained extremely low levels of 14C-pepemidic acid; blood, mucous tissues of tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane, low levels; tissues of external ear, moderate levels; and outer surface tissues of petrosal bone possibly including periosteum, significant levels. These otological tissue distributions of pipemidic acid suggest the effective applicability of the drug in the field.", "PMID": 663308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9814", "title": "[Sublimatographic separation of fission products by beta-diketones complexes (author's transl)].", "content": "The sublimatographic separation of volatile beta-diketone, pivoloyltrifluoroacetone (PTA), chelates of fission products was studied. When Zr carrier was added, the sublimated radioactive chelates deposited on only one zone at the position of 45-60 cm (85-50 degrees C) from the position of the sample. The position agreed with the deposited position of inactive chelates of Zr. The nuclide presented in the zone was almost 95Zr. On the other hand, when Y or Eu carrier was added, the sublimated radioactive chelates deposited on two zones at the position of 20-40 cm(150-120 degrees C) and 60-75 cm (50-25 degrees C), respectively. The zone at higher temperature side agreed with the deposited position of inactive chelates of each carrier and the nuclei presented in this zone were mainly lanthanide elements (141Ce, 144Ce, 147Nd, 140La. 103Ru, 95Zr). The zone at lower temperature side was mainly carrier-free state of 95Zr, but the position of carrier-free 95Zr shifted to lower temperature side than the deposited position of inactive chelates of Zr carrier.", "contents": "[Sublimatographic separation of fission products by beta-diketones complexes (author's transl)]. The sublimatographic separation of volatile beta-diketone, pivoloyltrifluoroacetone (PTA), chelates of fission products was studied. When Zr carrier was added, the sublimated radioactive chelates deposited on only one zone at the position of 45-60 cm (85-50 degrees C) from the position of the sample. The position agreed with the deposited position of inactive chelates of Zr. The nuclide presented in the zone was almost 95Zr. On the other hand, when Y or Eu carrier was added, the sublimated radioactive chelates deposited on two zones at the position of 20-40 cm(150-120 degrees C) and 60-75 cm (50-25 degrees C), respectively. The zone at higher temperature side agreed with the deposited position of inactive chelates of each carrier and the nuclei presented in this zone were mainly lanthanide elements (141Ce, 144Ce, 147Nd, 140La. 103Ru, 95Zr). The zone at lower temperature side was mainly carrier-free state of 95Zr, but the position of carrier-free 95Zr shifted to lower temperature side than the deposited position of inactive chelates of Zr carrier.", "PMID": 663307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9815", "title": "[Determination of thorotrast amount deposited in patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Thorotrast amount deposited in patients, chiefly in the liver and the spleen, was determined with a NaI detector and a Computerised Axial Tomography (CT). In the measurement of the gamma-rays with the NaI detector, the geometry-factors, that are the distance from the detector to the source, the attenuation of the gamma-rays in the tissue and the shapes of the liver and the spleen, were studied, and the mean amount deposited in the organs was determined. In the measurement with CT, the relationship of CT-Number and the amount of thorium was got, and the localized amount and the distribution in the organ were measured.", "contents": "[Determination of thorotrast amount deposited in patients (author's transl)]. Thorotrast amount deposited in patients, chiefly in the liver and the spleen, was determined with a NaI detector and a Computerised Axial Tomography (CT). In the measurement of the gamma-rays with the NaI detector, the geometry-factors, that are the distance from the detector to the source, the attenuation of the gamma-rays in the tissue and the shapes of the liver and the spleen, were studied, and the mean amount deposited in the organs was determined. In the measurement with CT, the relationship of CT-Number and the amount of thorium was got, and the localized amount and the distribution in the organ were measured.", "PMID": 663309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9816", "title": "An evaluation of hepatobiliary scintigraphy with 99mTc-pyridoxylideneisoleucine.", "content": "From our experience with 30 cases, we conclude that 99mTc-PI is useful for assessment of hepatobiliary diseases and is much preferable to the 131I-labeled compounds.", "contents": "An evaluation of hepatobiliary scintigraphy with 99mTc-pyridoxylideneisoleucine. From our experience with 30 cases, we conclude that 99mTc-PI is useful for assessment of hepatobiliary diseases and is much preferable to the 131I-labeled compounds.", "PMID": 663313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9817", "title": "[Residual radioactivity measurement for high purity silicon irradiated by pile-neutron (author's transl)].", "content": "Residual radioactivity measurement is described for high purity silicon (purer than tennine) irradiated by pile-neutron to produce n-type silicon semiconductor. The silicon samples were irradiated in four different atomic reactors with thermal neutron fluxes of 0.12, 1.48, 1.8 and 5.5 X 10(13) n/cm2. sec. After irradiation, the sample was dissolved in HF-HNO3, and the solution dried. The residual radioactivity was measured by a 2pi gas-flow low background GM counter. The only active species found was 32P, which was formed by the consecutive reaction of 30Si(n, gamma)31Si beta- leads to 31P followed by 31P(N, GAMMA)32P. The observed production rate for 32P was in good agreement with the calculated one. This technique can be applied to estimate amounts of not only doped phosphorus but impurities such as gold in irradiated silicon. Tail part of a float-zone silicon rod contained about 0.01 atomic ppb of Au, but no activity was observed in its middle part. The present technique is suitable for checking and characterizing silicon rods before their neutron-doping.", "contents": "[Residual radioactivity measurement for high purity silicon irradiated by pile-neutron (author's transl)]. Residual radioactivity measurement is described for high purity silicon (purer than tennine) irradiated by pile-neutron to produce n-type silicon semiconductor. The silicon samples were irradiated in four different atomic reactors with thermal neutron fluxes of 0.12, 1.48, 1.8 and 5.5 X 10(13) n/cm2. sec. After irradiation, the sample was dissolved in HF-HNO3, and the solution dried. The residual radioactivity was measured by a 2pi gas-flow low background GM counter. The only active species found was 32P, which was formed by the consecutive reaction of 30Si(n, gamma)31Si beta- leads to 31P followed by 31P(N, GAMMA)32P. The observed production rate for 32P was in good agreement with the calculated one. This technique can be applied to estimate amounts of not only doped phosphorus but impurities such as gold in irradiated silicon. Tail part of a float-zone silicon rod contained about 0.01 atomic ppb of Au, but no activity was observed in its middle part. The present technique is suitable for checking and characterizing silicon rods before their neutron-doping.", "PMID": 663314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9818", "title": "[Neutralization of static electricity charged on running vinyl chloride sheet by the use of soft beta-ray sources (author's transl)].", "content": "The feasibility of 147Pm and 3H beta-ray sources as static eliminator was experimentally investigated. A sheet of vinyl chloride of 0.1 mm in thickness was used as an example of electrified materials. Its surface charge densities before and after beta-ray neutralization were measured as the function of electrostatic charge changing the speed of the sheet and the distance between the beta-ray source and the sheet. With a 147Pm beta-ray source of 200mCi in effective activity, almost complete neutralization was found for the sheet with the charge density less than 6 X 10(-6) C/m2 running at the speed of 0.18 m/s. In the case of the running speed of 0.5 m/s frequently used in industry, the electrostatic charge below 3 X 10(6) C/m2, where corona discharger is not so effective, was also perfectly eliminated. It was found that the optimal distance between the beta-ray source and the  sheet was 10 cm in the case of 147Pm. The use of 3H beta-ray source of 1 Ci was not satisfactory. These results demonstrate that 147 Pm beta-ray source operates most efficiently as static eliminator when the charge density of material and/or its moving speed is not high.", "contents": "[Neutralization of static electricity charged on running vinyl chloride sheet by the use of soft beta-ray sources (author's transl)]. The feasibility of 147Pm and 3H beta-ray sources as static eliminator was experimentally investigated. A sheet of vinyl chloride of 0.1 mm in thickness was used as an example of electrified materials. Its surface charge densities before and after beta-ray neutralization were measured as the function of electrostatic charge changing the speed of the sheet and the distance between the beta-ray source and the sheet. With a 147Pm beta-ray source of 200mCi in effective activity, almost complete neutralization was found for the sheet with the charge density less than 6 X 10(-6) C/m2 running at the speed of 0.18 m/s. In the case of the running speed of 0.5 m/s frequently used in industry, the electrostatic charge below 3 X 10(6) C/m2, where corona discharger is not so effective, was also perfectly eliminated. It was found that the optimal distance between the beta-ray source and the  sheet was 10 cm in the case of 147Pm. The use of 3H beta-ray source of 1 Ci was not satisfactory. These results demonstrate that 147 Pm beta-ray source operates most efficiently as static eliminator when the charge density of material and/or its moving speed is not high.", "PMID": 663315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9819", "title": "[Non-specific abnormality (so called \"hot spot\") on 99mTc-phytate liver scintigraphy of patients associated with superior vena caval syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "We have recently observed two patients with superior vena caval syndrome who showed a unique abnormality, so called \"Hot Spot\", on the 99mTc-phytate liver scintigraphy. This phenomenon seems to be related to the collateral venous circulation. It is supposed that its manifestation depends on the degree of venous dilatation of the chest and abdominal wall.", "contents": "[Non-specific abnormality (so called \"hot spot\") on 99mTc-phytate liver scintigraphy of patients associated with superior vena caval syndrome (author's transl)]. We have recently observed two patients with superior vena caval syndrome who showed a unique abnormality, so called \"Hot Spot\", on the 99mTc-phytate liver scintigraphy. This phenomenon seems to be related to the collateral venous circulation. It is supposed that its manifestation depends on the degree of venous dilatation of the chest and abdominal wall.", "PMID": 663317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9820", "title": "[The E.E.G. in non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "12 cases of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia in neonates diagnosed at a time of neurological distress were studied. A characteristic tracing was observed permitting correct diagnosis in 6 cases. It consisted of a burst suppression characterized by high voltage complexes separated by low amplitude sequences. This appearance remained until the 15th day, with no electroclinical changes. In cases followed the trace closely resembled hypsarrhythmia.", "contents": "[The E.E.G. in non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia (author's transl)]. 12 cases of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia in neonates diagnosed at a time of neurological distress were studied. A characteristic tracing was observed permitting correct diagnosis in 6 cases. It consisted of a burst suppression characterized by high voltage complexes separated by low amplitude sequences. This appearance remained until the 15th day, with no electroclinical changes. In cases followed the trace closely resembled hypsarrhythmia.", "PMID": 663344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9821", "title": "[A case of cerebral lipidosis with an atypical presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have reported a case of cerebral lipidosis (type Jansky-Bielschowsky) in which the presenting features appeared at the age of 2 years 10 months, and consisted of clonic seizures followed by atonic attacks and atypical absences. The association of seizures, severe mental disturbances and EEG abnormalities with an interseizure abnormality (diffuse slow waves) led to an initial misdiagnosis of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The diagnosis which is suspected on the basis of clinical features (epilepsy, mental deterioration, pyramidal features), EEG signs (spikes on photic stimulation at low frequency or isolated) and ophthalmological investigations (ERG reduced response, abnormal VERs) was eventually made by rectal biopsy.", "contents": "[A case of cerebral lipidosis with an atypical presentation (author's transl)]. The authors have reported a case of cerebral lipidosis (type Jansky-Bielschowsky) in which the presenting features appeared at the age of 2 years 10 months, and consisted of clonic seizures followed by atonic attacks and atypical absences. The association of seizures, severe mental disturbances and EEG abnormalities with an interseizure abnormality (diffuse slow waves) led to an initial misdiagnosis of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The diagnosis which is suspected on the basis of clinical features (epilepsy, mental deterioration, pyramidal features), EEG signs (spikes on photic stimulation at low frequency or isolated) and ophthalmological investigations (ERG reduced response, abnormal VERs) was eventually made by rectal biopsy.", "PMID": 663347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9822", "title": "[Computer analysis of the EEG as an aid in terminating diet therapy in phenylketonuria].", "content": "In 6 patients with PKU, being on a low phenylalanine diet, the effect of reintroduction of phenylalanine on the E.E.G. was studied. The children, therefore, received daily loads of 100 or 150 mg phenylalanine/Kg bodyweight, equally divided over the meals. Computerized spectral analysis of the E.E.G's was performed during and after the loading tests. This made quantification possible of the following E.E.G. changes: 1) the increase of activities in the theta frequency band (4-8 Hz); 2) the frequency change of the alpha rhythm; 3) the change of the degree of synchrony between identical frequencies occurring in different derivations. A linear relation was found between these quantified E.E.G. parameters and the phenylalanine blood-level. After stopping the loading test E.E.G. abnormalities reversed suggesting that they could be considered as a measure for the degree of intoxication caused by the phenylalanine and/or its metabolites. It is suggested that the E.E.G. data may be useful parameters for alleviation or termination of the diet.", "contents": "[Computer analysis of the EEG as an aid in terminating diet therapy in phenylketonuria]. In 6 patients with PKU, being on a low phenylalanine diet, the effect of reintroduction of phenylalanine on the E.E.G. was studied. The children, therefore, received daily loads of 100 or 150 mg phenylalanine/Kg bodyweight, equally divided over the meals. Computerized spectral analysis of the E.E.G's was performed during and after the loading tests. This made quantification possible of the following E.E.G. changes: 1) the increase of activities in the theta frequency band (4-8 Hz); 2) the frequency change of the alpha rhythm; 3) the change of the degree of synchrony between identical frequencies occurring in different derivations. A linear relation was found between these quantified E.E.G. parameters and the phenylalanine blood-level. After stopping the loading test E.E.G. abnormalities reversed suggesting that they could be considered as a measure for the degree of intoxication caused by the phenylalanine and/or its metabolites. It is suggested that the E.E.G. data may be useful parameters for alleviation or termination of the diet.", "PMID": 663350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9823", "title": "[E.E.G. appearances in hyperphenylalaninaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 the authors have studied the EEG appearances in hyperphenylalaninaemia : 82 children were studied, comprising : 68 children with phenylketonuria, 33 of whom had been treated within the first 3 months of life, whilst 35 had only started therapy after 9 months; 14 patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia. The morphological appearances seen commonly were compared with those described in the literature: the abnormalities and maturational changes were observed, including background rhythm changes, characteristic appearance of high amplitude, sharp spindles and percentages of generalised fast rhythms. Incidence of re-evaluation tests was also studied. Serial changes represented the most important aspect of this study, correlations being possible between the tracings and the child's development. The effects of correct dietary management, nonadherence to treatment, and the changes occurring on stopping treatment were also assessed. An assessment of the value of the EEG in following these cases could thus be made.", "contents": "[E.E.G. appearances in hyperphenylalaninaemia (author's transl)]. Since 1973 the authors have studied the EEG appearances in hyperphenylalaninaemia : 82 children were studied, comprising : 68 children with phenylketonuria, 33 of whom had been treated within the first 3 months of life, whilst 35 had only started therapy after 9 months; 14 patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia. The morphological appearances seen commonly were compared with those described in the literature: the abnormalities and maturational changes were observed, including background rhythm changes, characteristic appearance of high amplitude, sharp spindles and percentages of generalised fast rhythms. Incidence of re-evaluation tests was also studied. Serial changes represented the most important aspect of this study, correlations being possible between the tracings and the child's development. The effects of correct dietary management, nonadherence to treatment, and the changes occurring on stopping treatment were also assessed. An assessment of the value of the EEG in following these cases could thus be made.", "PMID": 663348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9824", "title": "[Electro-clinical aspects of leucinosis].", "content": "Maple syrup urine disease, or leucinosis usually presents between the 4th and 10th day of life with neurological and gastro-intestinal symptoms. A distinctive odour of maple syrup on the child's skin or of his urine enables diagnosis to be made clinically, confirmation coming from amino-acide chromatography which reveals increased levels of the branched amino acids, leucine, valine and isoleucin in the blood and urine. The disease, untreated, is fatal, death occurring rapidly. With early diagnosis and treatment with a diet deficient in branched amino acids and purification methods the prognosis is quite good. E.E.G. appearances are clearly, therefore, of considerable interest: --burst suppression or \"pseudo burst suppression\" in the acute phase, suggesting severe cerebral insult and warranting amino acid chromatography. --rolandic \"picket fence\" waves seen between the 2nd and 4th weeks of life, which are strongly suggestive of the disease. --good correlation between clinical, biochemical and E.E.G. parameters, improvement of the last two indicating a good prognosis. --E.E.G. observation at regular intervals is justified after the acute phase to aid forecasts concerning the eventual outcome.", "contents": "[Electro-clinical aspects of leucinosis]. Maple syrup urine disease, or leucinosis usually presents between the 4th and 10th day of life with neurological and gastro-intestinal symptoms. A distinctive odour of maple syrup on the child's skin or of his urine enables diagnosis to be made clinically, confirmation coming from amino-acide chromatography which reveals increased levels of the branched amino acids, leucine, valine and isoleucin in the blood and urine. The disease, untreated, is fatal, death occurring rapidly. With early diagnosis and treatment with a diet deficient in branched amino acids and purification methods the prognosis is quite good. E.E.G. appearances are clearly, therefore, of considerable interest: --burst suppression or \"pseudo burst suppression\" in the acute phase, suggesting severe cerebral insult and warranting amino acid chromatography. --rolandic \"picket fence\" waves seen between the 2nd and 4th weeks of life, which are strongly suggestive of the disease. --good correlation between clinical, biochemical and E.E.G. parameters, improvement of the last two indicating a good prognosis. --E.E.G. observation at regular intervals is justified after the acute phase to aid forecasts concerning the eventual outcome.", "PMID": 663351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9825", "title": "[The E.E.G. in methylmalonic acidaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The EEG study was carried out on 8 cases of methylmalonic acidaemia, in the neonatal period (3 cases), developing later with a ketotic coma, hyperglycinemia, hyperammonaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia (3 cases) and detected before birth (2 cases). The tracings of the neonates in the first group had a periodic appearance. The 2 children detected pre-natally had essentially normal EEGs bar a slightly faster rhythm. The tracings of the children in ketotic coma were similar to those seen in metabolic coma of other cause. The value of this study was, besides characterizing the EEC pattern which resembled that seen in other metabolic illnesses in the neonatal period, to study the changes in the EEG trace and their improvement during dialysis treatment. In one case recordings were made throughout the duration of dialysis.", "contents": "[The E.E.G. in methylmalonic acidaemia (author's transl)]. The EEG study was carried out on 8 cases of methylmalonic acidaemia, in the neonatal period (3 cases), developing later with a ketotic coma, hyperglycinemia, hyperammonaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia (3 cases) and detected before birth (2 cases). The tracings of the neonates in the first group had a periodic appearance. The 2 children detected pre-natally had essentially normal EEGs bar a slightly faster rhythm. The tracings of the children in ketotic coma were similar to those seen in metabolic coma of other cause. The value of this study was, besides characterizing the EEC pattern which resembled that seen in other metabolic illnesses in the neonatal period, to study the changes in the EEG trace and their improvement during dialysis treatment. In one case recordings were made throughout the duration of dialysis.", "PMID": 663352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9826", "title": "[Neonatal myoclonic encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 5 patients with neonatal myoclonic encephalopathy commencing in the hours immediately after birth and consisting of erratic, asynchronous, non-periodic myoclonus associated with generalized jerks in 4. The EEG showed bursts of pseudo-periodic activity on a low voltage background rhythm. Neuropathological study showed poliodystrophy in one case and a disturbance of cortical lamination in another. The relation of these cases with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Neonatal myoclonic encephalopathy (author's transl)]. The authors studied 5 patients with neonatal myoclonic encephalopathy commencing in the hours immediately after birth and consisting of erratic, asynchronous, non-periodic myoclonus associated with generalized jerks in 4. The EEG showed bursts of pseudo-periodic activity on a low voltage background rhythm. Neuropathological study showed poliodystrophy in one case and a disturbance of cortical lamination in another. The relation of these cases with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 663355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9827", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase from sea mussel hepatopancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity was found in the subcellular components of the sea mussel Mytilus edulis L., most of it, 99.42%, in the supernatant (cytosolic) fraction. A mitochondrial form of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase of diverse exhibiting coenzyme specificity towards NAD+ and NADP+ was solubilized. The inhibitory effect of some phosphate compounds on cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity, has been studied. The inhibition constants for fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and phosphoenol pyruvate in relation to the glucose-6-phosphate substrate, have been determined. Cytosolic enzyme activity dependence on pH has been tested with and without fructose diphosphate. Lastly, the inhibition rate of various fructose diphosphate concentrations against constant substrate concentrations have been determined, as well as the inhibitory effects by the simultaneous action of fructose diphosphate and NADPH.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase from sea mussel hepatopancreas (author's transl)]. Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity was found in the subcellular components of the sea mussel Mytilus edulis L., most of it, 99.42%, in the supernatant (cytosolic) fraction. A mitochondrial form of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase of diverse exhibiting coenzyme specificity towards NAD+ and NADP+ was solubilized. The inhibitory effect of some phosphate compounds on cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity, has been studied. The inhibition constants for fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and phosphoenol pyruvate in relation to the glucose-6-phosphate substrate, have been determined. Cytosolic enzyme activity dependence on pH has been tested with and without fructose diphosphate. Lastly, the inhibition rate of various fructose diphosphate concentrations against constant substrate concentrations have been determined, as well as the inhibitory effects by the simultaneous action of fructose diphosphate and NADPH.", "PMID": 663383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9828", "title": "Significance of a new isovolumetric technique for the study of the myometrial dynamics in vitro.", "content": "Above usual values for active tension are measured in 10 uterine horns of rat under electric stimulation through an original isovolumetric technique. At the maximum length increase attained were 1.79 +/- 0.2 kg/cm2, with passive tension from 9--10% total tension. These values are within the range for other smooth and striated muscles. The isometric techniques efficacy to record total uterine tension, as well as the application of isometric activity to the analyse of uterine dynamics are discussed.", "contents": "Significance of a new isovolumetric technique for the study of the myometrial dynamics in vitro. Above usual values for active tension are measured in 10 uterine horns of rat under electric stimulation through an original isovolumetric technique. At the maximum length increase attained were 1.79 +/- 0.2 kg/cm2, with passive tension from 9--10% total tension. These values are within the range for other smooth and striated muscles. The isometric techniques efficacy to record total uterine tension, as well as the application of isometric activity to the analyse of uterine dynamics are discussed.", "PMID": 663384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9829", "title": "Exerimental evaluation of antianginal drugs.", "content": "A technique for testing antianginal drugs has been developed measuring hemodynamic variables, such as heart rate, left ventricular pressure and its dp/dt, aortic root and coronary sinus pressure, Veragut's index and area under the curve of LVP and metabolic variables, such as A-V difference of oxygen and lactate, oxygen content in coronary sinus, percentage extraction of oxygen, excess lactate. Physiological experimental conditions included spontaneously breathing dogs, catheters introduced under X-rays control and closed chest. A commentary about activity criteria, usefulness and inconvenients of this technique is presented.", "contents": "Exerimental evaluation of antianginal drugs. A technique for testing antianginal drugs has been developed measuring hemodynamic variables, such as heart rate, left ventricular pressure and its dp/dt, aortic root and coronary sinus pressure, Veragut's index and area under the curve of LVP and metabolic variables, such as A-V difference of oxygen and lactate, oxygen content in coronary sinus, percentage extraction of oxygen, excess lactate. Physiological experimental conditions included spontaneously breathing dogs, catheters introduced under X-rays control and closed chest. A commentary about activity criteria, usefulness and inconvenients of this technique is presented.", "PMID": 663385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9830", "title": "Study of a set of chromatographic parameters for the determination of estrogens.", "content": "Optimum chromatographic parameters for the separation and detection of estrogen TMS derivatives are described. Estrogens are best separated by using a 2 m glass column with 1% SE-30 load; an 8' iso temperature program, 230 degrees C, 3 degrees C/min, 296 degrees C; 24 ml/min nitrogen flow; 33 ml/min hydrogen flow and 1.5 Kg/cm2 air pressure.", "contents": "Study of a set of chromatographic parameters for the determination of estrogens. Optimum chromatographic parameters for the separation and detection of estrogen TMS derivatives are described. Estrogens are best separated by using a 2 m glass column with 1% SE-30 load; an 8' iso temperature program, 230 degrees C, 3 degrees C/min, 296 degrees C; 24 ml/min nitrogen flow; 33 ml/min hydrogen flow and 1.5 Kg/cm2 air pressure.", "PMID": 663386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9831", "title": "[Intestinal transport of cycloleucine (author's transl)].", "content": "Cycloleucine transport across the epithelial cells of the turtle intestine has been studied. It was assumed that the epithelium constituted a single homogeneous compartment. The results obtained by tracer techniques show that the epithelium, in transport, comprises more than one compartment, a separate one, at least, for intestinal absorption and secretion processes. This heterogeneous character makes impossible to attribute a tissue concentration to the epithelium as a whole, so that the existence of an aminoacid accumulation cannot be affirmed.", "contents": "[Intestinal transport of cycloleucine (author's transl)]. Cycloleucine transport across the epithelial cells of the turtle intestine has been studied. It was assumed that the epithelium constituted a single homogeneous compartment. The results obtained by tracer techniques show that the epithelium, in transport, comprises more than one compartment, a separate one, at least, for intestinal absorption and secretion processes. This heterogeneous character makes impossible to attribute a tissue concentration to the epithelium as a whole, so that the existence of an aminoacid accumulation cannot be affirmed.", "PMID": 663387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9832", "title": "Complex phosphoglycerides from rat liver outer mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "The ethanolic extract from rat liver mitochondrial membranes contains a number of highly polar complex lipids, which are found in the aqueous layer when subjected to the usual chloroform-water partition procedures. Two of these lipids have been purified by thin-layer chromatography, and their structures partially elucidated. Apparently, both are derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, with a bulky polar head containing sugars and aminoacids. They are specifically located in the outer membrane. Several structures are suggested, as well as a possible functional r\u00f4le for these compounds.", "contents": "Complex phosphoglycerides from rat liver outer mitochondrial membranes. The ethanolic extract from rat liver mitochondrial membranes contains a number of highly polar complex lipids, which are found in the aqueous layer when subjected to the usual chloroform-water partition procedures. Two of these lipids have been purified by thin-layer chromatography, and their structures partially elucidated. Apparently, both are derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, with a bulky polar head containing sugars and aminoacids. They are specifically located in the outer membrane. Several structures are suggested, as well as a possible functional r\u00f4le for these compounds.", "PMID": 663388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9833", "title": "Aminoacid composition and hydrophobicity index of mitochondrial polypeptides.", "content": "The aminoacid composition of protein stained bands in polyacrylamide gels, after electrophoresis of proteins from inner mitochondrial membranes, was investigated hydrolyzing directly the gel slices. The Hydrophobicity Index of 18 prominent polypeptide bands was calculated after their aminoacid analysis. The polypeptides less related to the membrane have low hydrophobicity as inferred from their Hydrophobicity Indexes.", "contents": "Aminoacid composition and hydrophobicity index of mitochondrial polypeptides. The aminoacid composition of protein stained bands in polyacrylamide gels, after electrophoresis of proteins from inner mitochondrial membranes, was investigated hydrolyzing directly the gel slices. The Hydrophobicity Index of 18 prominent polypeptide bands was calculated after their aminoacid analysis. The polypeptides less related to the membrane have low hydrophobicity as inferred from their Hydrophobicity Indexes.", "PMID": 663389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9834", "title": "[Molecular forms of guanine aminohydrolase (author's transl)].", "content": "Guanine aminohydrolase (E.C. 3.5.4.3) has been purified 11-fold from the supernatant fraction of guinea-pig liver homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose (centrifuged at 50,000 X g) through thermic denaturation at 60 degrees C and ammonium sulphate fractionation (30--60% saturation). The enzyme in the homogenates and purified preparations exhibited two Km values. In both preparations four enzymatic electrophoretic bands have been detected. Purified guanine aminohydrolase is chromatographically resolved on DEAE-sephadex in three components whose active forms appeared separately on their pherograms. The enzymatic form eluted at lower ionic strength has the least anodic mobility, is inhibited by guanine (4 X 10(-5) M) and presents only one Km value (1.5 X 10(-5) M). The enzymatic form eluted at greater ionic strength exhibits the highest anodic mobility, is also inhibited by guanine (7 X 10(-5) M) and its Km value seems to be 6.3 X 10(-6) M. Molecular weight of enzymatics forms determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, is 120,000 +/- 5,000. The preceding results, correlated with the chromatographic homogeneity of guanine aminohydrolase, purified in Sephadex G-100, suggests that the four molecular forms of the native enzyme may be considered as isozymes.", "contents": "[Molecular forms of guanine aminohydrolase (author's transl)]. Guanine aminohydrolase (E.C. 3.5.4.3) has been purified 11-fold from the supernatant fraction of guinea-pig liver homogenates in 0.25 M sucrose (centrifuged at 50,000 X g) through thermic denaturation at 60 degrees C and ammonium sulphate fractionation (30--60% saturation). The enzyme in the homogenates and purified preparations exhibited two Km values. In both preparations four enzymatic electrophoretic bands have been detected. Purified guanine aminohydrolase is chromatographically resolved on DEAE-sephadex in three components whose active forms appeared separately on their pherograms. The enzymatic form eluted at lower ionic strength has the least anodic mobility, is inhibited by guanine (4 X 10(-5) M) and presents only one Km value (1.5 X 10(-5) M). The enzymatic form eluted at greater ionic strength exhibits the highest anodic mobility, is also inhibited by guanine (7 X 10(-5) M) and its Km value seems to be 6.3 X 10(-6) M. Molecular weight of enzymatics forms determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, is 120,000 +/- 5,000. The preceding results, correlated with the chromatographic homogeneity of guanine aminohydrolase, purified in Sephadex G-100, suggests that the four molecular forms of the native enzyme may be considered as isozymes.", "PMID": 663390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9835", "title": "[Studies on the release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by nicotine (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies were made on the release of DBH by adrenal medullary slices after colinomimetic stimulation with acetylcholine, DMPP or nicotine. The in vivo effects of nicotine on the circulating plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were tested in habitual and non habitual smokers after five cigarettes (12.5 mg of nicotine). The rise of plasma enzyme activity may reflect the increased catecholamine release from adrenal and peripheral adrenergic nerves.", "contents": "[Studies on the release of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by nicotine (author's transl)]. Comparative studies were made on the release of DBH by adrenal medullary slices after colinomimetic stimulation with acetylcholine, DMPP or nicotine. The in vivo effects of nicotine on the circulating plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were tested in habitual and non habitual smokers after five cigarettes (12.5 mg of nicotine). The rise of plasma enzyme activity may reflect the increased catecholamine release from adrenal and peripheral adrenergic nerves.", "PMID": 663391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9836", "title": "Stimulation of ketog\u00e9nesis after glycogen depletion by nicotinic acid in perfused rat liver.", "content": "Treatment with nicotinic acid produced an enhancement of ketone bodies production from endogenous, substrates, either oleate or octanotate. The enhancement was accounted for by an increase of acetoacetate synthesis. These results suggest that the increase of acetoacetate production may be due to the enhancement of extramitochondrial ketogenesis as a consequence of the inhibition of lipogenesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of ketog\u00e9nesis after glycogen depletion by nicotinic acid in perfused rat liver. Treatment with nicotinic acid produced an enhancement of ketone bodies production from endogenous, substrates, either oleate or octanotate. The enhancement was accounted for by an increase of acetoacetate synthesis. These results suggest that the increase of acetoacetate production may be due to the enhancement of extramitochondrial ketogenesis as a consequence of the inhibition of lipogenesis.", "PMID": 663392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9837", "title": "Microsomal enzyme induction following repeated oral administration of LAAM.", "content": "The oral administration of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the mouse was shown to cause a significant elevation in the hepatic LAAM N-demethylase activity. Compared to the self-induction phenomena found with methadone and propoxyphene, LAAM was three and two times more potent, respectively, on a molar basis than these two structurally similar narcotic analogs. Moreover, microsomal induction by LAAM resulted in significant elevations of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities. These effects were also correlated with a dose related decrement of pentobarbital sleeping time. Thus LAAM appears to be a relatively potent inducer of microsomal metabolism.", "contents": "Microsomal enzyme induction following repeated oral administration of LAAM. The oral administration of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the mouse was shown to cause a significant elevation in the hepatic LAAM N-demethylase activity. Compared to the self-induction phenomena found with methadone and propoxyphene, LAAM was three and two times more potent, respectively, on a molar basis than these two structurally similar narcotic analogs. Moreover, microsomal induction by LAAM resulted in significant elevations of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities. These effects were also correlated with a dose related decrement of pentobarbital sleeping time. Thus LAAM appears to be a relatively potent inducer of microsomal metabolism.", "PMID": 663393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9838", "title": "Inability of accumulated metabolic byproducts of uremia to alter the extent of warfarin binding in charcoal treated plasma.", "content": "The addition to charcoal treated normal and charcoal treated uremic plasma of four metabolites which accumulate during uremia--uric acid, beta -phenylpyruvic acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid--failed to produce a warfarin binding defect. Charcoal treatment corrected the warfarin binding defect in uremic plasma, however it diminished the extent of warfarin binding to normal plasma. These observations rule out the possibility that uric acid, beta -phenylpyruvic acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, or p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid contribute to the warfarin binding defect in uremia, and suggest that free fatty acids have no role in the warfarin binding defect.", "contents": "Inability of accumulated metabolic byproducts of uremia to alter the extent of warfarin binding in charcoal treated plasma. The addition to charcoal treated normal and charcoal treated uremic plasma of four metabolites which accumulate during uremia--uric acid, beta -phenylpyruvic acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid--failed to produce a warfarin binding defect. Charcoal treatment corrected the warfarin binding defect in uremic plasma, however it diminished the extent of warfarin binding to normal plasma. These observations rule out the possibility that uric acid, beta -phenylpyruvic acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, or p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid contribute to the warfarin binding defect in uremia, and suggest that free fatty acids have no role in the warfarin binding defect.", "PMID": 663394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9839", "title": "Effects of L-cysteine, L-cysteine derivatives and ascorbic acid on lead excretion in rats.", "content": "Urinary and fecal excretion of lead in rats were compared after intravenous administration of L-cysteine and a number of its derivatives. In terms of increasing total lead excretion, L-cysteine ethyl ester was about half as effective as D-penicillamine, whereas L-cysteine and all other derivatives tested were only marginally effective. Interestingly, L-cysteine ethyl ester appeared to increase lead depletion mainly through biliary excretion. This compound may, therefore, have lower renal toxicity than other chelating agents which promote lead excretion principally by increasing urinary elimination. Dietary supplements containing 1% cysteine, 1% ascorbic acid of 1% of both substances did not dramatically increase lead elimination.", "contents": "Effects of L-cysteine, L-cysteine derivatives and ascorbic acid on lead excretion in rats. Urinary and fecal excretion of lead in rats were compared after intravenous administration of L-cysteine and a number of its derivatives. In terms of increasing total lead excretion, L-cysteine ethyl ester was about half as effective as D-penicillamine, whereas L-cysteine and all other derivatives tested were only marginally effective. Interestingly, L-cysteine ethyl ester appeared to increase lead depletion mainly through biliary excretion. This compound may, therefore, have lower renal toxicity than other chelating agents which promote lead excretion principally by increasing urinary elimination. Dietary supplements containing 1% cysteine, 1% ascorbic acid of 1% of both substances did not dramatically increase lead elimination.", "PMID": 663395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9840", "title": "In vitro studies on interaction of mercuric mercury and selenite in rabbit blood.", "content": "The behaviors of inorganic mercury and selenite in rabbit blood, added in vitro individually or in combination, were investigated. Inorganic mercury incorporated into erythrocyte in the absence of selenite was mainly present in the fractions which were eluted from Sephadex G-200 column just after hemoglobin. On the other hand selenium incorporated into erythrocyte in the absence of mercury was eluted in hemoglobin fractions and also in those which are almost completely retained by the column. In the combination experiment, however, the incorporation of mercury and selenium was remarkably enhanced and the increased amounts of both the compounds were eluted together with each other around the void volume region of the Sephadex G-200 column. The existing state of mercury and selenium in the high-molecular weight fractions and the effects of some metabolic inhibitors on the behavior of these compounds in blood were also studied.", "contents": "In vitro studies on interaction of mercuric mercury and selenite in rabbit blood. The behaviors of inorganic mercury and selenite in rabbit blood, added in vitro individually or in combination, were investigated. Inorganic mercury incorporated into erythrocyte in the absence of selenite was mainly present in the fractions which were eluted from Sephadex G-200 column just after hemoglobin. On the other hand selenium incorporated into erythrocyte in the absence of mercury was eluted in hemoglobin fractions and also in those which are almost completely retained by the column. In the combination experiment, however, the incorporation of mercury and selenium was remarkably enhanced and the increased amounts of both the compounds were eluted together with each other around the void volume region of the Sephadex G-200 column. The existing state of mercury and selenium in the high-molecular weight fractions and the effects of some metabolic inhibitors on the behavior of these compounds in blood were also studied.", "PMID": 663396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9841", "title": "Comparison of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time on Dade Auto-FI and Bio-Quest Fibrometer.", "content": "Plasma assay results for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time obtained on the fully automated Dade Auto-FI were compared with those obtained on the more traditional semi-automated Bio-Quest Fibrometer. The precision data showed in a majority of cases the superior reproducibility of the Auto-FI over the fibrometer. However, we found that results of APTT utilizing both methodologies were not at present interchangeable.", "contents": "Comparison of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time on Dade Auto-FI and Bio-Quest Fibrometer. Plasma assay results for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time obtained on the fully automated Dade Auto-FI were compared with those obtained on the more traditional semi-automated Bio-Quest Fibrometer. The precision data showed in a majority of cases the superior reproducibility of the Auto-FI over the fibrometer. However, we found that results of APTT utilizing both methodologies were not at present interchangeable.", "PMID": 663397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9842", "title": "Resistance of a substrain of Wistar rats to salt hypertension.", "content": "Male rats of the Wistar substrain, in which 2/3 nephrectomy was performed, did not develop hypertension when placed on a high salt intake, while rats of the Long-Evans substrain become hypertensive under the same conditions. The described substrain of Wistar rats represents a useful experimental model for studying the mechanism of resistance to the hypertensive stimulus of salt overload.", "contents": "Resistance of a substrain of Wistar rats to salt hypertension. Male rats of the Wistar substrain, in which 2/3 nephrectomy was performed, did not develop hypertension when placed on a high salt intake, while rats of the Long-Evans substrain become hypertensive under the same conditions. The described substrain of Wistar rats represents a useful experimental model for studying the mechanism of resistance to the hypertensive stimulus of salt overload.", "PMID": 663398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9843", "title": "Pentobarbital intoxication in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats were treated intraperitoneally with low doses of pentobarbital (5, 15 or 25 mg/kg) on days 9 through 12 of gestation. There was no significant differences in fetal weight, length, or placental weight. Other than minor ossification delays, there were no external, skeletal or visceral abnormalities and no treatment-related variation in fetal mortality. Microscopic examination of various maternal and fetal tissues revealed no major deleterious effects of short-term pentobarbital intoxication.", "contents": "Pentobarbital intoxication in the pregnant rat. Pregnant rats were treated intraperitoneally with low doses of pentobarbital (5, 15 or 25 mg/kg) on days 9 through 12 of gestation. There was no significant differences in fetal weight, length, or placental weight. Other than minor ossification delays, there were no external, skeletal or visceral abnormalities and no treatment-related variation in fetal mortality. Microscopic examination of various maternal and fetal tissues revealed no major deleterious effects of short-term pentobarbital intoxication.", "PMID": 663399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9844", "title": "Muscle proteolysis induced by neural colchicine cuffs cast in situ.", "content": "The effects of neurotrophic factors on muscle protein degradation in rat leg muscle were studied. In order to inhibit axoplasmic transport and therefore transport of \"trophic\" factors, the colchicine cuff method of Albuquerque et. al. (1972) was modified so that the cuffs were cast in situ. Protein degradation was estimated by monitoring the release of tyrosine from the muscle. Our observations that colchicine cuffs increased tyrosine release are consistent with the concept of nerve-muscle trophism.", "contents": "Muscle proteolysis induced by neural colchicine cuffs cast in situ. The effects of neurotrophic factors on muscle protein degradation in rat leg muscle were studied. In order to inhibit axoplasmic transport and therefore transport of \"trophic\" factors, the colchicine cuff method of Albuquerque et. al. (1972) was modified so that the cuffs were cast in situ. Protein degradation was estimated by monitoring the release of tyrosine from the muscle. Our observations that colchicine cuffs increased tyrosine release are consistent with the concept of nerve-muscle trophism.", "PMID": 663400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9845", "title": "Lack of evidence for sustained blood acetaldehyde concentrations during alcohol detoxification.", "content": "Contrary to a published report, blood acetaldehyde concentrations become undetectable in patients 1--2 days following admission for alcohol detoxification. The persistently elevated blood acetaldehydes reported by others probably were due to artifactual formation during analysis. Nevertheless, our admission blood acetaldehyde concentrations are significant enough to support the contention that acetaldehyde has a cytotoxic role in alcoholic disease.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for sustained blood acetaldehyde concentrations during alcohol detoxification. Contrary to a published report, blood acetaldehyde concentrations become undetectable in patients 1--2 days following admission for alcohol detoxification. The persistently elevated blood acetaldehydes reported by others probably were due to artifactual formation during analysis. Nevertheless, our admission blood acetaldehyde concentrations are significant enough to support the contention that acetaldehyde has a cytotoxic role in alcoholic disease.", "PMID": 663401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9846", "title": "Studies on the effect of tobacco smoke on the biotransformation of vasoactive substances in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. II. Angiotensin I conversion.", "content": "Cigarette smoke administration was previously found to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on metabolism of nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. These observations suggest the possibility of tobacco smoke inhibition of biotransformations associated with non-ventilatory pulmonary functions such as the biotransformation of endogenous vasoactive substances. However, the present study provides no evidence of an effect of smoke on the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rabbit lung.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of tobacco smoke on the biotransformation of vasoactive substances in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. II. Angiotensin I conversion. Cigarette smoke administration was previously found to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on metabolism of nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. These observations suggest the possibility of tobacco smoke inhibition of biotransformations associated with non-ventilatory pulmonary functions such as the biotransformation of endogenous vasoactive substances. However, the present study provides no evidence of an effect of smoke on the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rabbit lung.", "PMID": 663403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9847", "title": "Steric influence on inhibition of monoamine oxidase forms by 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine.", "content": "The (+) isomer of 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine inhibited the oxidation of serotonin (a substrate of type A MAO) by rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) more effectively than it inhibited the oxidation of phenylethylamine (a substrate for type B MAO). In contrast, the (-) isomer inhibited phenylethylamine oxidation more than it inhibited serotonin oxidation. These apparently are the first pair of stereoisomers observed to have opposite selectivity as inhibitors of types A and B MAO.", "contents": "Steric influence on inhibition of monoamine oxidase forms by 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine. The (+) isomer of 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine inhibited the oxidation of serotonin (a substrate of type A MAO) by rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) more effectively than it inhibited the oxidation of phenylethylamine (a substrate for type B MAO). In contrast, the (-) isomer inhibited phenylethylamine oxidation more than it inhibited serotonin oxidation. These apparently are the first pair of stereoisomers observed to have opposite selectivity as inhibitors of types A and B MAO.", "PMID": 663404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9848", "title": "Interaction of d-propoxyphene and diphenylhydantoin in rat liver microsomal preparation.", "content": "Inhibition of diphenylhydantoin biotransformation by d-propoxyphene and the ihibition of d-propoxyphene metabolism by diphenylhydantoin was studied in rat liver microsomal 9000 x g supernatant preparations. The parahydroxylation of diphenylhydantoin was inhibited 98% by 5 x 10(-4)M concentration of d-propoxyphene in a noncompetitive manner with a Kj of 3.2 +/- 1.6 x 10(-5)M. Only 18% inhibition of the N-demethylation of d-propoxyphene was observed at clinically unrealistic diphenylhydantoin concentrations of 10(-3)M. The in vitro studies suggest that the inhibition of diphenylhydantoin metabolism by d-propoxyphene may result in toxicity when the two drugs are chronically administered together.", "contents": "Interaction of d-propoxyphene and diphenylhydantoin in rat liver microsomal preparation. Inhibition of diphenylhydantoin biotransformation by d-propoxyphene and the ihibition of d-propoxyphene metabolism by diphenylhydantoin was studied in rat liver microsomal 9000 x g supernatant preparations. The parahydroxylation of diphenylhydantoin was inhibited 98% by 5 x 10(-4)M concentration of d-propoxyphene in a noncompetitive manner with a Kj of 3.2 +/- 1.6 x 10(-5)M. Only 18% inhibition of the N-demethylation of d-propoxyphene was observed at clinically unrealistic diphenylhydantoin concentrations of 10(-3)M. The in vitro studies suggest that the inhibition of diphenylhydantoin metabolism by d-propoxyphene may result in toxicity when the two drugs are chronically administered together.", "PMID": 663405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9849", "title": "Plasma corticosteroid levels in rats maintained on a long-acting naltrexone delivery system.", "content": "A long-acting delivery system for naltrexone has been described, which blocked the antinociceptive action of 10 mg kg-1 s.c. dose of morphine in rats for a period of 2 to 3 months. Male Wistar rats implanted s.c. with such a delivery system showed highly significant depression of plasma corticosteroid levels (40.2% in one week and 22.4 to 27.2% in 3 months) as compared to placebo pellet-implanted animals. Morphine-dependent male rats implanted with 75 mg morphine pellets showed a small (17.5%) but significant increase in plasma corticosteroid levels as compared to the placebo controls 72 hr. after pellet implantation.", "contents": "Plasma corticosteroid levels in rats maintained on a long-acting naltrexone delivery system. A long-acting delivery system for naltrexone has been described, which blocked the antinociceptive action of 10 mg kg-1 s.c. dose of morphine in rats for a period of 2 to 3 months. Male Wistar rats implanted s.c. with such a delivery system showed highly significant depression of plasma corticosteroid levels (40.2% in one week and 22.4 to 27.2% in 3 months) as compared to placebo pellet-implanted animals. Morphine-dependent male rats implanted with 75 mg morphine pellets showed a small (17.5%) but significant increase in plasma corticosteroid levels as compared to the placebo controls 72 hr. after pellet implantation.", "PMID": 663407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9850", "title": "The effects of cannabinoids on body temperature and brain catecholamine synthesis.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-OH-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 9-nor-9beta-OH-hexahydrocannabinol produced hypothermia and increased catecholamine synthesis in mouse brain. The potencies of the effects of these compounds were correlated. Cannabinol and cannabidiol were inactive in both tests.", "contents": "The effects of cannabinoids on body temperature and brain catecholamine synthesis. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-OH-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 9-nor-9beta-OH-hexahydrocannabinol produced hypothermia and increased catecholamine synthesis in mouse brain. The potencies of the effects of these compounds were correlated. Cannabinol and cannabidiol were inactive in both tests.", "PMID": 663408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9851", "title": "Synthesis of two enzyme resistant enkephalin analogs possessing enhanced analgesic activity.", "content": "Two enzyme resistant analogs of methionine enkephalin (H-Try-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH) have been synthesized and tested for morphine-like properties in the stimulated guinea pig ileum, rat tail-flick, mouse tail-flick and for stability in whole brain homogenates. The two analogs are: Nalpha-Methyl-Tyrosyl-Glycyl-Glycyl-Phenylalanyl-des-carboxy-Norleucine (I) and Tyrosyl-D-Alanyl-Glycyl-Phenylalanyl-des-carboxy-Norleucine (II). Both peptides were completely stable for 90 minutes when incubated with whole brain homogenate (rat) while methionine enkephalin was rapidly destroyed (t1/2=4 min at 37 degrees C). In addition each was more potent than methionine enkephalin in the stimulated guinea pig ileum assay and had good activity in the tail-flick test when given intraventricularly in mice or via indwelling catheters into the periaqueductal gray of rats. Each of these activities were blocked by naloxone. Interestingly, the antin-ociceptive activity of these peptides was much reduced in morphine tolerant animals.", "contents": "Synthesis of two enzyme resistant enkephalin analogs possessing enhanced analgesic activity. Two enzyme resistant analogs of methionine enkephalin (H-Try-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH) have been synthesized and tested for morphine-like properties in the stimulated guinea pig ileum, rat tail-flick, mouse tail-flick and for stability in whole brain homogenates. The two analogs are: Nalpha-Methyl-Tyrosyl-Glycyl-Glycyl-Phenylalanyl-des-carboxy-Norleucine (I) and Tyrosyl-D-Alanyl-Glycyl-Phenylalanyl-des-carboxy-Norleucine (II). Both peptides were completely stable for 90 minutes when incubated with whole brain homogenate (rat) while methionine enkephalin was rapidly destroyed (t1/2=4 min at 37 degrees C). In addition each was more potent than methionine enkephalin in the stimulated guinea pig ileum assay and had good activity in the tail-flick test when given intraventricularly in mice or via indwelling catheters into the periaqueductal gray of rats. Each of these activities were blocked by naloxone. Interestingly, the antin-ociceptive activity of these peptides was much reduced in morphine tolerant animals.", "PMID": 663409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9852", "title": "Augmentation of in vitro pituitary biotransformation of testosterone due to orchidectomy and its relation to serum gonadotropins in the rat.", "content": "The biotransformation of testosterone to its metabolites by the anterior pituitary gland and the relation between the products formed and the circulating levels of LH and FSH were examined in male rats at various stages of sexual maturation. The animals were either intact controls or castrated 4 and 7 days prior to the investigation. Castration greatly increased testosterone biotransformation to its 5alpha-reduced products, but did not affect the formation of androstendione. It was concluded that castration and the eventual rise of LH-RH stimulated the 5alpha-reductase activity but not the 17beta-ol-dehydrogenase system. This is reflected in the significant relationship between the circulating gonadotropins and 5alpha-metabolites of testosterone but not androstendione.", "contents": "Augmentation of in vitro pituitary biotransformation of testosterone due to orchidectomy and its relation to serum gonadotropins in the rat. The biotransformation of testosterone to its metabolites by the anterior pituitary gland and the relation between the products formed and the circulating levels of LH and FSH were examined in male rats at various stages of sexual maturation. The animals were either intact controls or castrated 4 and 7 days prior to the investigation. Castration greatly increased testosterone biotransformation to its 5alpha-reduced products, but did not affect the formation of androstendione. It was concluded that castration and the eventual rise of LH-RH stimulated the 5alpha-reductase activity but not the 17beta-ol-dehydrogenase system. This is reflected in the significant relationship between the circulating gonadotropins and 5alpha-metabolites of testosterone but not androstendione.", "PMID": 663410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9853", "title": "Technique of continuous collection of parotid saliva in the rat.", "content": "A method is described, which is suitable to collect continuously and quantitatively saliva from both parotid glands in rats under in vivo conditions and which allows to investigate salivary electrolyte composition in relation to flow rate during several hours. This might be of expanding scientific interest in disturbances of transepithelial electrolyte transport in various pathophysiological situations (for instance different forms of experimental hypertension, endstage renal failure and so on).", "contents": "Technique of continuous collection of parotid saliva in the rat. A method is described, which is suitable to collect continuously and quantitatively saliva from both parotid glands in rats under in vivo conditions and which allows to investigate salivary electrolyte composition in relation to flow rate during several hours. This might be of expanding scientific interest in disturbances of transepithelial electrolyte transport in various pathophysiological situations (for instance different forms of experimental hypertension, endstage renal failure and so on).", "PMID": 663411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9854", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study on flat type membrane oxygenator after prolonged extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "Despite adequate anticoagulation, thrombi may develop onto any foreign surface subjected to circulating blood. Although the efficiency of membrane oxygenators can decrease, distal embolization can be more critical and dangerous. Scanning electron microscope observations carried out on the Travenol Modulung oxygenator used both on dogs and on patients for prolonged partial cardiopulmonary by-pass pointed out the following observations. Caution must be observed when translating the results from dogs to human beings. Heparin management can be delicate and critical. The problem of blood transfusion can be extremely important and must be extensively investigated.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study on flat type membrane oxygenator after prolonged extracorporeal circulation. Despite adequate anticoagulation, thrombi may develop onto any foreign surface subjected to circulating blood. Although the efficiency of membrane oxygenators can decrease, distal embolization can be more critical and dangerous. Scanning electron microscope observations carried out on the Travenol Modulung oxygenator used both on dogs and on patients for prolonged partial cardiopulmonary by-pass pointed out the following observations. Caution must be observed when translating the results from dogs to human beings. Heparin management can be delicate and critical. The problem of blood transfusion can be extremely important and must be extensively investigated.", "PMID": 663412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9855", "title": "[Creation of reaction-less pseudoarthrosis on the ulna of the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The model situation of so called \"avital, avascular\" pseudoarthrosis was surgiclly induced in 25 beagle dogs using defectosteotomy and heat-necrotization of both ulna bones. The clinical evolution was examined weekly using roentgengraphy and each 4th week by scintigraphy. According to roentgen pictures three stages can be identified: 1. Reaction of the bone on surgical trauma (until 4th week). 2. Sequestration or asepticosteolysis (until 18th week). 3. Consolidation of the pseudoarthrosis model-situation (after 18th week). Scintigraphy revealed by the continuing so called \"avital\" pseudoarthrosis an enhanced metabolism activity at the tips of both bone fragments. The cause for these active metabolic processes evoking enhanced activity on both fragment ends during scintigraphy wich is not demonstrable with roentgen device are the pulling, pushing and tensile strengths originating from a connective-tissue-cord existing between them. The results of scintigraphy lead us to use the term \"reaction-less pseudoarthrosis\" instead of \"avascular\" or \"avital\" for this model of pseudoarthrosis.", "contents": "[Creation of reaction-less pseudoarthrosis on the ulna of the dog (author's transl)]. The model situation of so called \"avital, avascular\" pseudoarthrosis was surgiclly induced in 25 beagle dogs using defectosteotomy and heat-necrotization of both ulna bones. The clinical evolution was examined weekly using roentgengraphy and each 4th week by scintigraphy. According to roentgen pictures three stages can be identified: 1. Reaction of the bone on surgical trauma (until 4th week). 2. Sequestration or asepticosteolysis (until 18th week). 3. Consolidation of the pseudoarthrosis model-situation (after 18th week). Scintigraphy revealed by the continuing so called \"avital\" pseudoarthrosis an enhanced metabolism activity at the tips of both bone fragments. The cause for these active metabolic processes evoking enhanced activity on both fragment ends during scintigraphy wich is not demonstrable with roentgen device are the pulling, pushing and tensile strengths originating from a connective-tissue-cord existing between them. The results of scintigraphy lead us to use the term \"reaction-less pseudoarthrosis\" instead of \"avascular\" or \"avital\" for this model of pseudoarthrosis.", "PMID": 663413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9856", "title": "[The potentiation of betazol stimulated gastric acidity by prednisolone in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 46 dogs divided into 5 groups the acute effect of a high dose of prednisolone (40 mg/kg i.v.) on betazol stimulated gastric seccretion (5mg/kh s.c.) was investigated. There was no effect of prednisolone alone. The combination of betazol and prednisolone showed a significant potentiation of betazol stimulation. This effect was not seen after truncal vagotomy before stimulation. The mechanism is either cholinergic or an interaction in the metabolism of histamine.", "contents": "[The potentiation of betazol stimulated gastric acidity by prednisolone in dogs (author's transl)]. In a total of 46 dogs divided into 5 groups the acute effect of a high dose of prednisolone (40 mg/kg i.v.) on betazol stimulated gastric seccretion (5mg/kh s.c.) was investigated. There was no effect of prednisolone alone. The combination of betazol and prednisolone showed a significant potentiation of betazol stimulation. This effect was not seen after truncal vagotomy before stimulation. The mechanism is either cholinergic or an interaction in the metabolism of histamine.", "PMID": 663414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9857", "title": "Effects of abnormal hemoglobin concentration in human blood on membrane diffusing capacity of the lung and on pulmonary capillary blood volume.", "content": "In 13 patients with chronic anemia or polycythemia but normal lung function, and in 7 healthy students a statistically significant correlation between hemoglobin concentration and membrane diffusing capacity of the lung for CO was found. A membrane diffusing constant resulting from extrapolation for hemoglobin concentration 0 g/ was 13.4% of the predicted value (100% for Hb = 14.5 g%). A change of 1 g hemoglobin/100 ml changes membrane diffusing capacity for 6.3% of the predicted value. This result confirms the theory of Koyama and Mochizuki that the diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane is a function of the hemoglobin concentration of pulmonary capillary blood. In 3 healthy subjects with normal hemoglobin concentration the effect of DL/VA inhomogenities in the lung on single-breath diffusing capacity and its subdivisions was examined. An increase of DLCO for 20% of predicted normal at decreasing apnea time (tA = 5 sec) resulted from an increased pulmonary capillary blood volume for 50--90% of the predicted value (at tA = 10 sec), whereas membrane diffusing capacity remained unchanged over the range of apnea times. The reasons for this finding are still unknown; alteration of pulmonary perfusion at changing apnea time is taken into account.", "contents": "Effects of abnormal hemoglobin concentration in human blood on membrane diffusing capacity of the lung and on pulmonary capillary blood volume. In 13 patients with chronic anemia or polycythemia but normal lung function, and in 7 healthy students a statistically significant correlation between hemoglobin concentration and membrane diffusing capacity of the lung for CO was found. A membrane diffusing constant resulting from extrapolation for hemoglobin concentration 0 g/ was 13.4% of the predicted value (100% for Hb = 14.5 g%). A change of 1 g hemoglobin/100 ml changes membrane diffusing capacity for 6.3% of the predicted value. This result confirms the theory of Koyama and Mochizuki that the diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane is a function of the hemoglobin concentration of pulmonary capillary blood. In 3 healthy subjects with normal hemoglobin concentration the effect of DL/VA inhomogenities in the lung on single-breath diffusing capacity and its subdivisions was examined. An increase of DLCO for 20% of predicted normal at decreasing apnea time (tA = 5 sec) resulted from an increased pulmonary capillary blood volume for 50--90% of the predicted value (at tA = 10 sec), whereas membrane diffusing capacity remained unchanged over the range of apnea times. The reasons for this finding are still unknown; alteration of pulmonary perfusion at changing apnea time is taken into account.", "PMID": 663416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9858", "title": "Changes in volume of trapped gas in the lungs during provoked asthma followed by beta-2 receptor stimulation.", "content": "The volume of trapped gas (VTG) that could be mobilized by maximal breaths at the end of a nitrogen washout to 2% N2 was measured in 11 subjects with a history of asthma before and after provocation with specific allergens. The change after salbutamol was also measured. VTG was found to be more specific and sensitive for demonstrating early bronchospasm than changes in FEV1, VC or nitrogen washout. Salbutamol relieved all symptoms of bronchospasm.", "contents": "Changes in volume of trapped gas in the lungs during provoked asthma followed by beta-2 receptor stimulation. The volume of trapped gas (VTG) that could be mobilized by maximal breaths at the end of a nitrogen washout to 2% N2 was measured in 11 subjects with a history of asthma before and after provocation with specific allergens. The change after salbutamol was also measured. VTG was found to be more specific and sensitive for demonstrating early bronchospasm than changes in FEV1, VC or nitrogen washout. Salbutamol relieved all symptoms of bronchospasm.", "PMID": 663417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9859", "title": "Erroneous classification of a pleural effusion. The role of a traumatic thoracentesis.", "content": "The separation of pleural effusions into exudates and transudates is based on the pleural fluid LDH and protein content compared to the simultaneous serum LDH and protein content. A patient in biventricular failure presented with a right pleural effusion that met the criteria of a transudate. After a traumatic thoracentesis the fluid met the criteria of an exudate.", "contents": "Erroneous classification of a pleural effusion. The role of a traumatic thoracentesis. The separation of pleural effusions into exudates and transudates is based on the pleural fluid LDH and protein content compared to the simultaneous serum LDH and protein content. A patient in biventricular failure presented with a right pleural effusion that met the criteria of a transudate. After a traumatic thoracentesis the fluid met the criteria of an exudate.", "PMID": 663419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9860", "title": "Airway obstruction in patients with carcinoma of the bronchus.", "content": "Two types of airway obstruction can be displayed by patients with carcinoma of the bronchus: localised obstruction due to the tumour alone and generalised obstruction due to the tumour plus bronchitis. The presence of bronchitis is known to increase the risk of cardiopulmonary complications after lung resection. The patients studied who had function-related post-operative complications differed from those without complications in the levels of the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate determined before operation. This difference is suggested as displaying the presence of significant degrees of bronchitis. A possible explanation for the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate findings in the two types of airway obstruction is put forward and the use of this measurement is recommended in the pre-operative assessment of patients with carcinoma of the bronchus prior to thoracotomy. Values below 1.2 litres/sec are considered to imply increased risks of the complications, whilst values above 1.8 litres/sec are thought to indicate decreased risks.", "contents": "Airway obstruction in patients with carcinoma of the bronchus. Two types of airway obstruction can be displayed by patients with carcinoma of the bronchus: localised obstruction due to the tumour alone and generalised obstruction due to the tumour plus bronchitis. The presence of bronchitis is known to increase the risk of cardiopulmonary complications after lung resection. The patients studied who had function-related post-operative complications differed from those without complications in the levels of the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate determined before operation. This difference is suggested as displaying the presence of significant degrees of bronchitis. A possible explanation for the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate findings in the two types of airway obstruction is put forward and the use of this measurement is recommended in the pre-operative assessment of patients with carcinoma of the bronchus prior to thoracotomy. Values below 1.2 litres/sec are considered to imply increased risks of the complications, whilst values above 1.8 litres/sec are thought to indicate decreased risks.", "PMID": 663420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9861", "title": "Bronchofiberscopy in asthmatics: a method for minimizing risk of complications.", "content": "Reasoning from known effects of salbutamol on the bronchial smooth muscle cell and their enhancement in asthmatics through steroids, this communication proposes a method employing these substances in such a way as to prevent bronchospasm during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Following split-dosage administration of 100 mg prednisolone prior to bronchoscopy, a total of 3.75 mg salbutamol in a diluted saline solution is instilled intrabronchially through the biopsy channel. Transnasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy incorporation this method was performed in 15 asthmatics with neither laryngospasm nor bronchospasm being observed. In fact, comparison of FEV1 and FVC rates before and after bronchofiberscopy showed increases of 17% (t = 6.5513, p less than 0.0005) and 12% (t = 5.2718, p less than 0.0005), respectively. In a control group of 17 chronic bronchitics showing an improvement of 15% in flow rates after bronchodilators, no significant change was seen in FEV1 and FVC following fiberbronchoscopy. This procedure not only renders the diagnostic bronchofiberscopy relatively safe in asthmatics, but may be of use within the context of intensive care in serious bronchospasm refractive to conventional therapy.", "contents": "Bronchofiberscopy in asthmatics: a method for minimizing risk of complications. Reasoning from known effects of salbutamol on the bronchial smooth muscle cell and their enhancement in asthmatics through steroids, this communication proposes a method employing these substances in such a way as to prevent bronchospasm during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Following split-dosage administration of 100 mg prednisolone prior to bronchoscopy, a total of 3.75 mg salbutamol in a diluted saline solution is instilled intrabronchially through the biopsy channel. Transnasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy incorporation this method was performed in 15 asthmatics with neither laryngospasm nor bronchospasm being observed. In fact, comparison of FEV1 and FVC rates before and after bronchofiberscopy showed increases of 17% (t = 6.5513, p less than 0.0005) and 12% (t = 5.2718, p less than 0.0005), respectively. In a control group of 17 chronic bronchitics showing an improvement of 15% in flow rates after bronchodilators, no significant change was seen in FEV1 and FVC following fiberbronchoscopy. This procedure not only renders the diagnostic bronchofiberscopy relatively safe in asthmatics, but may be of use within the context of intensive care in serious bronchospasm refractive to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 663421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9862", "title": "Computation of the equivalent airway resistance: a comparison with routine evaluations of plethysmographic measurements.", "content": "Equivalent (effective) values of airway resistance were determined for total breaths, inspiration and expiration in spontaneously breathing patients by means of an off-line processing system. An improvement in the alveolar pressure determination was achieved by subtracting thermal pressure drifts of the pressure plethysmograph and by taking into account instantaneous values of the intrathoracic gas volume. Equivalent resistance values were compared with the results of several simulated routine evaluations. It was found that the equivalent resistance is best approximated by the graphical procedure using average pressure points at +/- 0.5 liter/sec flow levels.", "contents": "Computation of the equivalent airway resistance: a comparison with routine evaluations of plethysmographic measurements. Equivalent (effective) values of airway resistance were determined for total breaths, inspiration and expiration in spontaneously breathing patients by means of an off-line processing system. An improvement in the alveolar pressure determination was achieved by subtracting thermal pressure drifts of the pressure plethysmograph and by taking into account instantaneous values of the intrathoracic gas volume. Equivalent resistance values were compared with the results of several simulated routine evaluations. It was found that the equivalent resistance is best approximated by the graphical procedure using average pressure points at +/- 0.5 liter/sec flow levels.", "PMID": 663423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9863", "title": "A forced expiration end-segment flow rate to improve diagnosis of reversible bronchial obstruction: a spirographic examination.", "content": "An inhalatory bronchodilatory test was performed in two groups of 130 healthy and 89 asthmatics comparable in age, height and weight. All were males aged about 20 years. The bronchodilatory response was assessed by the percent increase after bronchodilation of FEV1, MEF200-1200, MMEF25-75 MEF50-75 (E50-75) and MEF75-90--at last three flow rate percent increases measured before and after bronchodilation at the same level of control FVC. It was found that only MEF75-90, measured as described, could probably significantly improve the diagnostic value of a bronchodilatory test if used in cases in which the FEV1 percent increase remains within the normal range.", "contents": "A forced expiration end-segment flow rate to improve diagnosis of reversible bronchial obstruction: a spirographic examination. An inhalatory bronchodilatory test was performed in two groups of 130 healthy and 89 asthmatics comparable in age, height and weight. All were males aged about 20 years. The bronchodilatory response was assessed by the percent increase after bronchodilation of FEV1, MEF200-1200, MMEF25-75 MEF50-75 (E50-75) and MEF75-90--at last three flow rate percent increases measured before and after bronchodilation at the same level of control FVC. It was found that only MEF75-90, measured as described, could probably significantly improve the diagnostic value of a bronchodilatory test if used in cases in which the FEV1 percent increase remains within the normal range.", "PMID": 663424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9864", "title": "Evaluation of the distribution of air and blood in emphysema patients using radioisotopic tracers.", "content": "Continuous recording of the respiratory cycle with the simultaneous or sequential radionucleic exploration (gamma camera) of ventilation (133Xe) and perfusion (MAT-99) was performed to determine the V/Q index in regional areas (Polaroid photography, mini-computer, memory visualization system, Benson incremental tracer, etc.) from the level of 1,024 points. An average ratio per sector was calculated and only three median sectors were retained. The wash-in and wash-out curves were traced by computer, and the calculation of the average T 1/2 for the different compartments of each median sector (apex--middle and base) was done in about 22 observations: in 18 diffuse emphysema, 11 of which were associated with giant cystic emphysema (spirometric, plethysmographic and radiographic data), T 1/2 values were greater than those of normal subjects (compartments C1 and C2) in diffuse emphysema and can become indefinable in zones of cystic emphysema. The values of the index V/Q approach the normal in diffuse emphysema with a tendency toward equalization of the ratios from the apex to the base. Extremely large divergence is observed in the elevated V/Q ratios in cystic emphysema.", "contents": "Evaluation of the distribution of air and blood in emphysema patients using radioisotopic tracers. Continuous recording of the respiratory cycle with the simultaneous or sequential radionucleic exploration (gamma camera) of ventilation (133Xe) and perfusion (MAT-99) was performed to determine the V/Q index in regional areas (Polaroid photography, mini-computer, memory visualization system, Benson incremental tracer, etc.) from the level of 1,024 points. An average ratio per sector was calculated and only three median sectors were retained. The wash-in and wash-out curves were traced by computer, and the calculation of the average T 1/2 for the different compartments of each median sector (apex--middle and base) was done in about 22 observations: in 18 diffuse emphysema, 11 of which were associated with giant cystic emphysema (spirometric, plethysmographic and radiographic data), T 1/2 values were greater than those of normal subjects (compartments C1 and C2) in diffuse emphysema and can become indefinable in zones of cystic emphysema. The values of the index V/Q approach the normal in diffuse emphysema with a tendency toward equalization of the ratios from the apex to the base. Extremely large divergence is observed in the elevated V/Q ratios in cystic emphysema.", "PMID": 663425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9865", "title": "[An improved modification of the micro-method according to Niesel and Thews for the measurement of O2-hb binding curves in whole blood and concentrated Hb solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "An improved modification of the photometric micro-method according to Niesel and Thews is described, which employs the diffusion principle. The O2-Hb binding curves of whole blood or concentrated Hb solutions (0.1-30 g%) can be measured within 0.5 h. Sample volume is approximately 7 microliter, wavelength is 578 nm. Several reproductions of the curve may be measured with one sample. The reproducibility of P50 is 0.5 Torr. In comparison with the Van Slyke method no systematic error is found.", "contents": "[An improved modification of the micro-method according to Niesel and Thews for the measurement of O2-hb binding curves in whole blood and concentrated Hb solutions (author's transl)]. An improved modification of the photometric micro-method according to Niesel and Thews is described, which employs the diffusion principle. The O2-Hb binding curves of whole blood or concentrated Hb solutions (0.1-30 g%) can be measured within 0.5 h. Sample volume is approximately 7 microliter, wavelength is 578 nm. Several reproductions of the curve may be measured with one sample. The reproducibility of P50 is 0.5 Torr. In comparison with the Van Slyke method no systematic error is found.", "PMID": 663426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9866", "title": "The alteration of CO2 respiratory sensitivity in chickens by thoracic visceral denervation.", "content": "We measured respiratory movements in nine groups of six cockerels, 20-24 weeks of age. We opened the thorax and all air sacs, and unidirectionally ventilated each lung separately. The right lung received constant P(CO2), while the P(CO2) was altered to the left lung. There were only small differences in response to P(CO2) alterations whether both pulmonary circulations were intact, the left pulmonary circulation was blocked, or the left lung was denervated and the right pulmonary circulation blocked, suggesting (1) that the extrapulonary and pulmonary P(CO2) -sensitive afferents (in one lung) have equivalent influence, and (2) the influences of the two afferent systems are not additive. Respiratory sensitivity after bilateral vagotomy is small despite pulmonary innervation by CO2 -sensitive spinal afferents, perhaps one reason for abnormal respiration after vagotomy. The respiratory influences of pulmonary vagal and spinal CO2-sensitive afferents are also non-additive, suggesting that non-additive interactions among afferents controlling respiration may be common in the chicken. Rates of response to altered intrapulmonary P(CO2) are determined by central mechanisms and not the time for CO2 distribution or receptor response.", "contents": "The alteration of CO2 respiratory sensitivity in chickens by thoracic visceral denervation. We measured respiratory movements in nine groups of six cockerels, 20-24 weeks of age. We opened the thorax and all air sacs, and unidirectionally ventilated each lung separately. The right lung received constant P(CO2), while the P(CO2) was altered to the left lung. There were only small differences in response to P(CO2) alterations whether both pulmonary circulations were intact, the left pulmonary circulation was blocked, or the left lung was denervated and the right pulmonary circulation blocked, suggesting (1) that the extrapulonary and pulmonary P(CO2) -sensitive afferents (in one lung) have equivalent influence, and (2) the influences of the two afferent systems are not additive. Respiratory sensitivity after bilateral vagotomy is small despite pulmonary innervation by CO2 -sensitive spinal afferents, perhaps one reason for abnormal respiration after vagotomy. The respiratory influences of pulmonary vagal and spinal CO2-sensitive afferents are also non-additive, suggesting that non-additive interactions among afferents controlling respiration may be common in the chicken. Rates of response to altered intrapulmonary P(CO2) are determined by central mechanisms and not the time for CO2 distribution or receptor response.", "PMID": 663444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9867", "title": "Responses to exercise in the pregnant pygmy goat.", "content": "Pregnant Pygmy goats were trained to walk on a treadmill up a 10 degree grade at a rate of 1.5 mile/hr for 10 min. Hemodynamic measurements were made in duplicate during late pregnancy and postpartum, at rest and after 3 min of exercise. All kids were weighed within 12 hr of delivery to assess the effect of exercise on fetal growth. Pulse rate, cardiac output and oxygen consumption were higher during pregnancy than postpartum, at rest and also during exercise. Stroke volume increased significantly with exercise. Peripheral vascular resistance (pvr) at rest was lower during pregnancy than postpartum, and decreased significantly during exercise, especially in pregnancy. Exercise was associated with a fall in arterial P(CO2) during pregnancy and postpartum. In goats, as in humans, the increased oxygen demands of pregnancy, during exercise and at rest, are met by an increased cardiac output rather than by increased peripheral oxygen extraction. The individual birth weights of twins, triplets and quadruplets from Pygmy goats who were exercised during late pregnancy were smaller than birth weights of matched newborns from control animals.", "contents": "Responses to exercise in the pregnant pygmy goat. Pregnant Pygmy goats were trained to walk on a treadmill up a 10 degree grade at a rate of 1.5 mile/hr for 10 min. Hemodynamic measurements were made in duplicate during late pregnancy and postpartum, at rest and after 3 min of exercise. All kids were weighed within 12 hr of delivery to assess the effect of exercise on fetal growth. Pulse rate, cardiac output and oxygen consumption were higher during pregnancy than postpartum, at rest and also during exercise. Stroke volume increased significantly with exercise. Peripheral vascular resistance (pvr) at rest was lower during pregnancy than postpartum, and decreased significantly during exercise, especially in pregnancy. Exercise was associated with a fall in arterial P(CO2) during pregnancy and postpartum. In goats, as in humans, the increased oxygen demands of pregnancy, during exercise and at rest, are met by an increased cardiac output rather than by increased peripheral oxygen extraction. The individual birth weights of twins, triplets and quadruplets from Pygmy goats who were exercised during late pregnancy were smaller than birth weights of matched newborns from control animals.", "PMID": 663445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9868", "title": "Ventilatory response to low levels of CO2.", "content": "Ventilation and Pa(CO2), were measured in six subjects after 10-12 min of breathing 1-2% CO2 during hyperoxia and hypoxia. These inspired CO2 concentrations were achieved in two ways: by enriching the inspirate with CO2 and by having the subjects breathe through dead spaces of 100-400 cm3. Breathing through dead space gave the same results as CO2 enrichment of the inspirate when the effect of the dead spaces on mean inspired CO2 was allowed for. During hyperoxia all subjects demonstrated isocapni hyperpnea in response to mean inspired CO2 concentrations of 1%; ventilation increased without change in PA(CO2). When mean inspired CO2 concentration approximated 1.5% two subjects showed isocapnic hyperpnea, and one subject demonstrated isocapnic hyperpnea in response to mean inspired CO2 concentrations of 2%. The increase in PA(CO2) observed in each subject in response to 2% CO2 in O2 correlated negatively with the slope of that subject's rebreathing CO2 response curve. Hypoxia (PA(O2Y = 45-50 mm Hg) depressed the response to 1% CO2 in that, while hypoxic, no subject showed isocapnic hyperpnea in response to 1% CO2. The isocapnic hyperpnea we observed was chiefly due to increased tidal volume, and was therefore not analogous to the isocapnic hyperpnea observed by others in dogs in response to increases of CO2 in lung gas. When low levels of CO2 produced an increase in PA(CO2) the associated change in ventilation (delta Ve/delta PA(CO2)was much less than that observed while rebreathing 7% CO2. Isocapnic hyperpnea in response to low levels of CO2 is common among normal individuals, and is depressed by hypoxia; the stimulus responsible for this response is unknown.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to low levels of CO2. Ventilation and Pa(CO2), were measured in six subjects after 10-12 min of breathing 1-2% CO2 during hyperoxia and hypoxia. These inspired CO2 concentrations were achieved in two ways: by enriching the inspirate with CO2 and by having the subjects breathe through dead spaces of 100-400 cm3. Breathing through dead space gave the same results as CO2 enrichment of the inspirate when the effect of the dead spaces on mean inspired CO2 was allowed for. During hyperoxia all subjects demonstrated isocapni hyperpnea in response to mean inspired CO2 concentrations of 1%; ventilation increased without change in PA(CO2). When mean inspired CO2 concentration approximated 1.5% two subjects showed isocapnic hyperpnea, and one subject demonstrated isocapnic hyperpnea in response to mean inspired CO2 concentrations of 2%. The increase in PA(CO2) observed in each subject in response to 2% CO2 in O2 correlated negatively with the slope of that subject's rebreathing CO2 response curve. Hypoxia (PA(O2Y = 45-50 mm Hg) depressed the response to 1% CO2 in that, while hypoxic, no subject showed isocapnic hyperpnea in response to 1% CO2. The isocapnic hyperpnea we observed was chiefly due to increased tidal volume, and was therefore not analogous to the isocapnic hyperpnea observed by others in dogs in response to increases of CO2 in lung gas. When low levels of CO2 produced an increase in PA(CO2) the associated change in ventilation (delta Ve/delta PA(CO2)was much less than that observed while rebreathing 7% CO2. Isocapnic hyperpnea in response to low levels of CO2 is common among normal individuals, and is depressed by hypoxia; the stimulus responsible for this response is unknown.", "PMID": 663446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9869", "title": "Adaptation of the growing lung to increased Vo2: III. The effect of exposure to cold environment in rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to further test the hypothesis that increased Vo2 operates as a stimulus for enhanced lung growth leading to a pulmonary diffusing capacity adapted to the body's O2 requirements. Vo2 was augmented by raising 4-week-old rats for 3 weeks at 11 degrees C ambient temperature, with controls kept at 24 degrees C; this led to an increase in Vo2 averaged over 24 h by 64%. In contrast to previous experiments with waltzing mice this regime did not affect body growth, as the final body weights were identical in both groups. In the cold-exposed rats the lung volume was larger by 24%, due to an increase by 26% in air volume (at about TLC), 13% in capillary blood volume and 19% in tissue volume. The alveolar and capillary surface areas were increased by 18%, and Dm and Dl by 17% and 21% respectively. It is concluded that the hypothesis of adaptation of pulmonary gas exchange capacity to increased Vo2 cannot be rejected. Whilst in previous experiments some doubts had to be retained as to the specificity of the stimulus, because of its rather marked effect on body weight, this reservation does not hold in this case. The structural modifications which lead to increased Dl in the various experimental models are discussed.", "contents": "Adaptation of the growing lung to increased Vo2: III. The effect of exposure to cold environment in rats. This study was undertaken to further test the hypothesis that increased Vo2 operates as a stimulus for enhanced lung growth leading to a pulmonary diffusing capacity adapted to the body's O2 requirements. Vo2 was augmented by raising 4-week-old rats for 3 weeks at 11 degrees C ambient temperature, with controls kept at 24 degrees C; this led to an increase in Vo2 averaged over 24 h by 64%. In contrast to previous experiments with waltzing mice this regime did not affect body growth, as the final body weights were identical in both groups. In the cold-exposed rats the lung volume was larger by 24%, due to an increase by 26% in air volume (at about TLC), 13% in capillary blood volume and 19% in tissue volume. The alveolar and capillary surface areas were increased by 18%, and Dm and Dl by 17% and 21% respectively. It is concluded that the hypothesis of adaptation of pulmonary gas exchange capacity to increased Vo2 cannot be rejected. Whilst in previous experiments some doubts had to be retained as to the specificity of the stimulus, because of its rather marked effect on body weight, this reservation does not hold in this case. The structural modifications which lead to increased Dl in the various experimental models are discussed.", "PMID": 663447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9870", "title": "A modern approach to the concept of familial endemic nephropathy.", "content": "Complex epidemiological investigations carried out in the affected zone, enabled the author to notice that familial endemic nephropathy (FEN) starts, in the population, as an asymptomatic renal involvement which affects all the age groups from the first decade to the ninth, its incidence increasing with age. Clinically, early renal involvement represents the \"silent\" form of disease, predominant in urinary syndrome carriers, while progressive renal insufficiency (PRI) appears only as a late and irreversible accident, less frequent than the urinary syndrome. To explain renal involvement, the author suggests the presence of an inflammatory process as an initial pathogenetic impulse, while immunological activation - under the influence of stress factors - would explain the appearance of PRI.", "contents": "A modern approach to the concept of familial endemic nephropathy. Complex epidemiological investigations carried out in the affected zone, enabled the author to notice that familial endemic nephropathy (FEN) starts, in the population, as an asymptomatic renal involvement which affects all the age groups from the first decade to the ninth, its incidence increasing with age. Clinically, early renal involvement represents the \"silent\" form of disease, predominant in urinary syndrome carriers, while progressive renal insufficiency (PRI) appears only as a late and irreversible accident, less frequent than the urinary syndrome. To explain renal involvement, the author suggests the presence of an inflammatory process as an initial pathogenetic impulse, while immunological activation - under the influence of stress factors - would explain the appearance of PRI.", "PMID": 663530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9871", "title": "Cancer research in China.", "content": "A general review of medical care organization and cancer research in popular China is presented. Emphasis is laid on the fast development since 1949, and especially in the last decade, of up-to-date methodology for cancer early diagnosis, therapy and prevention in a population of over 500 million people. Large-scale actions in search of etiologic factors, particularly in the rural areas, are carried out by national and regional coordinating groups all over the country. A combination of traditional medicine with Western medicine has led to a high rate of improvement of the survival rate and even of cure in various forms of cancer.", "contents": "Cancer research in China. A general review of medical care organization and cancer research in popular China is presented. Emphasis is laid on the fast development since 1949, and especially in the last decade, of up-to-date methodology for cancer early diagnosis, therapy and prevention in a population of over 500 million people. Large-scale actions in search of etiologic factors, particularly in the rural areas, are carried out by national and regional coordinating groups all over the country. A combination of traditional medicine with Western medicine has led to a high rate of improvement of the survival rate and even of cure in various forms of cancer.", "PMID": 663531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9872", "title": "Particular aspects of the children coronary artery remodelling.", "content": "Coronary media shows a very reduced capacity to add after birth new rows of smooth muscle cells to the preexisting ones, in contrast to the media of other organ arteries. This medial deficiency is compensated by a rapid and diffuse intimal thickening which acts as an atherogenic factor. In addition the prevalence of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells in many segments of the coronary bed suggests that these segments react in a different manner to nervous stimuli, catecholamines and drugs.", "contents": "Particular aspects of the children coronary artery remodelling. Coronary media shows a very reduced capacity to add after birth new rows of smooth muscle cells to the preexisting ones, in contrast to the media of other organ arteries. This medial deficiency is compensated by a rapid and diffuse intimal thickening which acts as an atherogenic factor. In addition the prevalence of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells in many segments of the coronary bed suggests that these segments react in a different manner to nervous stimuli, catecholamines and drugs.", "PMID": 663532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9873", "title": "Precordial electrocardiographic mapping technique.", "content": "Using an original device, unipolar electrograms in 36 points on the anterior thoracic wall were recorded. The equal intensity contour lines of the amplitudes of electrical events were drawn as precordial maps, by mathematical procedures.", "contents": "Precordial electrocardiographic mapping technique. Using an original device, unipolar electrograms in 36 points on the anterior thoracic wall were recorded. The equal intensity contour lines of the amplitudes of electrical events were drawn as precordial maps, by mathematical procedures.", "PMID": 663535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9874", "title": "Inter- and intra-individual variation of carbon monoxide production in young healthy males.", "content": "Duplicate studies of endogenous CO production (Vco) were performed in three groups of young healthy males. In group A (eleven subjects) Vco studies were performed with an interval of approximately 1 week. In group B (ten subjects) duplicate studies were done on the same day and in group C (ten subjects) duplicate studies were also done on the same day but with the subjects strictly resting between determinations. The error of the single determination estimated from duplicate measurements (formula: see text) was +/-4.3 mumol/mmol TBH.day (TBH = total body haem) in group A and +/-3.7 and +/-1.0 in group B and C, respectively. Thus the intra-individual variation in Vco was considerably diminished when the duplicate determinations were performed with the subjects strictly resting between determinations. A possible explanation for this might be less variation in blood flow or metabolic processes in tissues engaged in haem breakdown in the resting group compared with the other groups.", "contents": "Inter- and intra-individual variation of carbon monoxide production in young healthy males. Duplicate studies of endogenous CO production (Vco) were performed in three groups of young healthy males. In group A (eleven subjects) Vco studies were performed with an interval of approximately 1 week. In group B (ten subjects) duplicate studies were done on the same day and in group C (ten subjects) duplicate studies were also done on the same day but with the subjects strictly resting between determinations. The error of the single determination estimated from duplicate measurements (formula: see text) was +/-4.3 mumol/mmol TBH.day (TBH = total body haem) in group A and +/-3.7 and +/-1.0 in group B and C, respectively. Thus the intra-individual variation in Vco was considerably diminished when the duplicate determinations were performed with the subjects strictly resting between determinations. A possible explanation for this might be less variation in blood flow or metabolic processes in tissues engaged in haem breakdown in the resting group compared with the other groups.", "PMID": 663542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9875", "title": "Mechanisms for inhibition of free fatty acid mobilization by nicotinic acid and sodium salicylate in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ.", "content": "Mechanisms for reduced free fatty acids (FFA) mobilization effected by nicotinic acid (NA) and sodium salicylate (SS) were studied in canine adipose tissue in situ. Both drugs inhibited adipose tissue lipolysis as evidenced by reduced release of glycerol. In addition, although the total amount of FFA re-esterified was not significantly changed, the amount of FFA re-esterified relative to the amount of FFA liberated intracellularly was significantly increased by both drugs. These effects were most pronounced during isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis. Thus NA and SS reduced mobilization of FFA from canine adipose tissue through a combined effect on re-esterification and lipolysis.", "contents": "Mechanisms for inhibition of free fatty acid mobilization by nicotinic acid and sodium salicylate in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ. Mechanisms for reduced free fatty acids (FFA) mobilization effected by nicotinic acid (NA) and sodium salicylate (SS) were studied in canine adipose tissue in situ. Both drugs inhibited adipose tissue lipolysis as evidenced by reduced release of glycerol. In addition, although the total amount of FFA re-esterified was not significantly changed, the amount of FFA re-esterified relative to the amount of FFA liberated intracellularly was significantly increased by both drugs. These effects were most pronounced during isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis. Thus NA and SS reduced mobilization of FFA from canine adipose tissue through a combined effect on re-esterification and lipolysis.", "PMID": 663543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9876", "title": "Clinical aspects of cardio-respiratory homeostasis.", "content": "Starting from general assumptions on the clinical aspects of homeostasis and on the functional correlations lung-heart in physiological and pathological states, the difficulty to diagnose an individual pulmonary heart disease is stressed, as well as the necessity to differentiate it from the cases of coronary heart disease, when respiratory failure aggravates the latent cardiac ischemia and induces a global cardiac failure. The diagnosis criteria of the two distinct pathological pictures are established, emphasizing the importance of this differentiation for clinical practice and epidemiological research.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of cardio-respiratory homeostasis. Starting from general assumptions on the clinical aspects of homeostasis and on the functional correlations lung-heart in physiological and pathological states, the difficulty to diagnose an individual pulmonary heart disease is stressed, as well as the necessity to differentiate it from the cases of coronary heart disease, when respiratory failure aggravates the latent cardiac ischemia and induces a global cardiac failure. The diagnosis criteria of the two distinct pathological pictures are established, emphasizing the importance of this differentiation for clinical practice and epidemiological research.", "PMID": 663538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9877", "title": "Effects of physical training in intermittent claudication.", "content": "Mechanisms for increased claudication distance following physical training were studied in ten patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. The exercise capacity on a bicycle ergometer increased by an average of 26% after 3--4 months of training (P less than 0.05). Neither maximum lower leg blood flow during the exercise test nor oxygen uptake at exhaustion changed significantly after training (-8% and +5%, respectively), whereas popliteal-venous O2-saturation was lower at exhaustion after the training than before (8.5 +/- 3.2 and 11.4 +/- 4.6, respectively, P less than 0.05). Anaerobic glycolysis, as evidenced by the lactate release, was also lowered after the training (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that the increased exercise capacity following physical training in claudicants is associated with an increased local aerobic working capacity despite a virtually unchanged blood flow. This increased aerobic exercise capacity might partly be explained by an increased O2 extraction in the lower leg during exercise.", "contents": "Effects of physical training in intermittent claudication. Mechanisms for increased claudication distance following physical training were studied in ten patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. The exercise capacity on a bicycle ergometer increased by an average of 26% after 3--4 months of training (P less than 0.05). Neither maximum lower leg blood flow during the exercise test nor oxygen uptake at exhaustion changed significantly after training (-8% and +5%, respectively), whereas popliteal-venous O2-saturation was lower at exhaustion after the training than before (8.5 +/- 3.2 and 11.4 +/- 4.6, respectively, P less than 0.05). Anaerobic glycolysis, as evidenced by the lactate release, was also lowered after the training (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that the increased exercise capacity following physical training in claudicants is associated with an increased local aerobic working capacity despite a virtually unchanged blood flow. This increased aerobic exercise capacity might partly be explained by an increased O2 extraction in the lower leg during exercise.", "PMID": 663544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9878", "title": "Capillary permeability and maximal blood flow in skeletal muscle in athletes and non-athletes measured by local clearances of 133Xe and 131I-.", "content": "The effect of heavy endurance training on capillary diffusion capacity (CDC) and maximal blood flow (MBF) in skeletal muscle was studied in eleven highly-trained athletes and ten sedentary adult volunteers. MBF was estimated from 133Xe clearance and CDCI from 133Xe and 131I- clearances in the anterior tibial muscle after ischaemic exercise. The athletes had a significantly greater MBF, 131I- clearance and CDCI than the control subjects (P less than 0.001). The average increment of MBF was 37% and that of CDCI 48%. Increase in CDC is considered to reflect an increase in capillary surface area due to physical training.", "contents": "Capillary permeability and maximal blood flow in skeletal muscle in athletes and non-athletes measured by local clearances of 133Xe and 131I-. The effect of heavy endurance training on capillary diffusion capacity (CDC) and maximal blood flow (MBF) in skeletal muscle was studied in eleven highly-trained athletes and ten sedentary adult volunteers. MBF was estimated from 133Xe clearance and CDCI from 133Xe and 131I- clearances in the anterior tibial muscle after ischaemic exercise. The athletes had a significantly greater MBF, 131I- clearance and CDCI than the control subjects (P less than 0.001). The average increment of MBF was 37% and that of CDCI 48%. Increase in CDC is considered to reflect an increase in capillary surface area due to physical training.", "PMID": 663545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9879", "title": "Plasma clot retraction assay with standard platelet count.", "content": "After classifying the phases of blood clot retraction within the mechanism of blood coagulation and the factors on which this phenomenon is depending, the authors briefly review the methods employed for its investigation. An improvement based on the determination of plasma clot retraction, performed in a plasma with a standard count of platelets (100,000/mm3) is presented. The authors have employed it for the investigation of 100 normal subjects and 25 patients with platelet dysfunctions, and have obtained very good results.", "contents": "Plasma clot retraction assay with standard platelet count. After classifying the phases of blood clot retraction within the mechanism of blood coagulation and the factors on which this phenomenon is depending, the authors briefly review the methods employed for its investigation. An improvement based on the determination of plasma clot retraction, performed in a plasma with a standard count of platelets (100,000/mm3) is presented. The authors have employed it for the investigation of 100 normal subjects and 25 patients with platelet dysfunctions, and have obtained very good results.", "PMID": 663534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9880", "title": "Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on metabolic rate and mixed venous blood temperature during dynamic exercise.", "content": "Mixed venous blood temperature and energy exchange were measured in sixteen healthy male volunteers at rest and during bicycle exercise of 12 min duration performed before and after intravenous administration of propranolol. The rise in blood temperature induced by exercise was about 30% greater following propranolol. This effect was probably due to a reduction of skin blood flow, which impaired the conditions for heat loss from the blood. The exercise induced rise in total energy exchange was reduced after propranolol by around 20 W. In consequence, the calculated mechanical efficiency increased significantly. Since the respiratory quotient showed no increase but rather the reverse, the observed effect could not be attributed to any transient changes in body oxygen stores. The results thus indicate that propranolol caused a true deceleration of the metabolic rate. This effect might be secondary to inhibition of catecholamine-dependent oxygen consuming metabolic processes in peripheral organs. A possible hypothalamic mechanism, triggered by the blood temperature level, is also discussed.", "contents": "Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on metabolic rate and mixed venous blood temperature during dynamic exercise. Mixed venous blood temperature and energy exchange were measured in sixteen healthy male volunteers at rest and during bicycle exercise of 12 min duration performed before and after intravenous administration of propranolol. The rise in blood temperature induced by exercise was about 30% greater following propranolol. This effect was probably due to a reduction of skin blood flow, which impaired the conditions for heat loss from the blood. The exercise induced rise in total energy exchange was reduced after propranolol by around 20 W. In consequence, the calculated mechanical efficiency increased significantly. Since the respiratory quotient showed no increase but rather the reverse, the observed effect could not be attributed to any transient changes in body oxygen stores. The results thus indicate that propranolol caused a true deceleration of the metabolic rate. This effect might be secondary to inhibition of catecholamine-dependent oxygen consuming metabolic processes in peripheral organs. A possible hypothalamic mechanism, triggered by the blood temperature level, is also discussed.", "PMID": 663546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9881", "title": "Apex-carotis diagram in ischemic heart disease with angina pectoris.", "content": "The apex-carotis diagram (ACD) is a new mechanocardiographic, non-invasive method consisting of integration of the carotidogram and left apex-cardiogram synchronously recorded. The values of the amplitude height of these curves every 0.02 sec are transferred to an orthogonal coordinate system, and the points are then connected in chronological order, thus obtaining the ACD. In ischemic heart disease with angina pectoris, the ACD showed a decrease of the areas of ventricular filling and ventricular ejection, and an increase of the diastolic subsegment A. In 18 of the examined patients the decrease of the ventricular ejection area showed a significant negative correlation with the increase of left ventricular ejection time.", "contents": "Apex-carotis diagram in ischemic heart disease with angina pectoris. The apex-carotis diagram (ACD) is a new mechanocardiographic, non-invasive method consisting of integration of the carotidogram and left apex-cardiogram synchronously recorded. The values of the amplitude height of these curves every 0.02 sec are transferred to an orthogonal coordinate system, and the points are then connected in chronological order, thus obtaining the ACD. In ischemic heart disease with angina pectoris, the ACD showed a decrease of the areas of ventricular filling and ventricular ejection, and an increase of the diastolic subsegment A. In 18 of the examined patients the decrease of the ventricular ejection area showed a significant negative correlation with the increase of left ventricular ejection time.", "PMID": 663536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9882", "title": "Renal haemodynamics before and after splanchnic block in patients with hypertension.", "content": "In eighteen patients with hypertension of presumed renal origin the haemodynamics of the kidney were studied by arterial pressure recording, blood flow measurement and selective arteriography before and after a splanchnic block. The material was divided into kidneys with and kidneys without arterial stenosis. In these patients with hypertension a positive correlation was found between mean arterial pressure and renal vascular resistance both before and after the splanchnic block. In patients with renal arterial stenosis the change in relative renal vascular resistance was negatively correlated to the initial resistance, implying that in kidneys with a high initial vascular resistance the resistance decreased to a relatively greater extent than in kidneys with a low initial resistance. At high blood pressures ischaemic areas in the kidney were found. The volume of these areas is dependent upon sympathetic tone, such that a high sympathetic tone results in ischaemia of a larger volume of the kidney. This applies both to kidneys with and to those without arterial stenosis. The results of this investigation thus support the assumption that in the presence of hypertension a kidney is under the control of a sympathetic tone that may form a part of the pathogenetic process in hypertension.", "contents": "Renal haemodynamics before and after splanchnic block in patients with hypertension. In eighteen patients with hypertension of presumed renal origin the haemodynamics of the kidney were studied by arterial pressure recording, blood flow measurement and selective arteriography before and after a splanchnic block. The material was divided into kidneys with and kidneys without arterial stenosis. In these patients with hypertension a positive correlation was found between mean arterial pressure and renal vascular resistance both before and after the splanchnic block. In patients with renal arterial stenosis the change in relative renal vascular resistance was negatively correlated to the initial resistance, implying that in kidneys with a high initial vascular resistance the resistance decreased to a relatively greater extent than in kidneys with a low initial resistance. At high blood pressures ischaemic areas in the kidney were found. The volume of these areas is dependent upon sympathetic tone, such that a high sympathetic tone results in ischaemia of a larger volume of the kidney. This applies both to kidneys with and to those without arterial stenosis. The results of this investigation thus support the assumption that in the presence of hypertension a kidney is under the control of a sympathetic tone that may form a part of the pathogenetic process in hypertension.", "PMID": 663547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9883", "title": "A programme for computer-aided recognition of electrocardiographic patterns.", "content": "A programme for pattern recognition and automatic diagnosis on digitally converted electrocardiograms is described. Pattern recognition is carried out on the 12 classical leads and diagnosis is given in the Minnesota Code, 1968 variant. The programme was written in FORTRAN and tested in a FELIX C 256 computer.", "contents": "A programme for computer-aided recognition of electrocardiographic patterns. A programme for pattern recognition and automatic diagnosis on digitally converted electrocardiograms is described. Pattern recognition is carried out on the 12 classical leads and diagnosis is given in the Minnesota Code, 1968 variant. The programme was written in FORTRAN and tested in a FELIX C 256 computer.", "PMID": 663537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9884", "title": "Plasma and urinary aldosterone and their interrelations with blood pressure, plasma renin activity and urinary electrolytes in normotensive subjects.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone (PA), urinary aldosterone excretion (Aldo-U), urinary sodium and potassium excretion and supine and sitting blood pressure (BP) were studied in 120 normotensive subjects. PA was determined after 1 h supine rest (basal PA), after ambulation for 3--4 h (upright PA) and after stimulation with 80 mg frusemide orally (stimulated PA). Aldo-U and urinary electrolytes were measured the day before the PA determinations. PA and Aldo-U were determined by specific radioimmunoassays. Basal PA rose approximately two-fold after upright posture and about three-fold after frusemide stimulation. However, there was a very wide scatter in PA values between individual subjects. A significant correlation existed between basal PA and Aldo-U (r = 0.42), P less than 0.001). Aldo-U decreased with increasing age. The PA values correlated fairly well with the concomitant values for plasma renin activity (r = 0.26--0.40, P less than 0.004 for basal PRA and P less than 0.001) for both upright and stimulated PRA). No relationships could be found between Aldo-U and urinary electrolyte excretions. No correlations were observed between aldosterone and BP.", "contents": "Plasma and urinary aldosterone and their interrelations with blood pressure, plasma renin activity and urinary electrolytes in normotensive subjects. Plasma aldosterone (PA), urinary aldosterone excretion (Aldo-U), urinary sodium and potassium excretion and supine and sitting blood pressure (BP) were studied in 120 normotensive subjects. PA was determined after 1 h supine rest (basal PA), after ambulation for 3--4 h (upright PA) and after stimulation with 80 mg frusemide orally (stimulated PA). Aldo-U and urinary electrolytes were measured the day before the PA determinations. PA and Aldo-U were determined by specific radioimmunoassays. Basal PA rose approximately two-fold after upright posture and about three-fold after frusemide stimulation. However, there was a very wide scatter in PA values between individual subjects. A significant correlation existed between basal PA and Aldo-U (r = 0.42), P less than 0.001). Aldo-U decreased with increasing age. The PA values correlated fairly well with the concomitant values for plasma renin activity (r = 0.26--0.40, P less than 0.004 for basal PRA and P less than 0.001) for both upright and stimulated PRA). No relationships could be found between Aldo-U and urinary electrolyte excretions. No correlations were observed between aldosterone and BP.", "PMID": 663548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9885", "title": "Effects of oral phenylalanine load on plasma glucagon, insulin, amino acid and glucose concentrations in man.", "content": "An oral phenylalanine load provokes a significant drop in serum tyrosine levels in children with phenylketonuria [8]. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the response of insulin and glucagon to oral phenylalanine loading as these hormones are known to have a hypoaminoacidaemic effect. Six adult normal weight and healthy men were loaded orally with 0.6 mmol L-phenylalanine per kg body weight after an overnight fast. Serum phenylalanine increased within 10 min after the load and reached a maximum concentration at 30 min. Serum tyrosine increased within 10 min after the load and reached a maximum concentration at 2 h. Plasma glucagon and insulin increased during the first 10 min after the load and reached a peak twice the fasting levels at 30 min after the load. The molar insulin/glucagon ratio remained unchanged during the first 20 min after the load but then declined by 50% at 2 h. Associated with this decline plasma amino acid concentration (except phenylalanine and tyrosine) declined by approximately 15%. The decline was most marked for isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine. As the hypoaminoacidaemic effect of insulin and glucagon is known to be most marked for these four amino acids plus phenylalanine and tyrosine, the response of insulin and glucagon to a phenylalanine load may influence not only the fate of phenylalanine given but also the blood tyrosine level.", "contents": "Effects of oral phenylalanine load on plasma glucagon, insulin, amino acid and glucose concentrations in man. An oral phenylalanine load provokes a significant drop in serum tyrosine levels in children with phenylketonuria [8]. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the response of insulin and glucagon to oral phenylalanine loading as these hormones are known to have a hypoaminoacidaemic effect. Six adult normal weight and healthy men were loaded orally with 0.6 mmol L-phenylalanine per kg body weight after an overnight fast. Serum phenylalanine increased within 10 min after the load and reached a maximum concentration at 30 min. Serum tyrosine increased within 10 min after the load and reached a maximum concentration at 2 h. Plasma glucagon and insulin increased during the first 10 min after the load and reached a peak twice the fasting levels at 30 min after the load. The molar insulin/glucagon ratio remained unchanged during the first 20 min after the load but then declined by 50% at 2 h. Associated with this decline plasma amino acid concentration (except phenylalanine and tyrosine) declined by approximately 15%. The decline was most marked for isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine. As the hypoaminoacidaemic effect of insulin and glucagon is known to be most marked for these four amino acids plus phenylalanine and tyrosine, the response of insulin and glucagon to a phenylalanine load may influence not only the fate of phenylalanine given but also the blood tyrosine level.", "PMID": 663549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9886", "title": "Ion exchange analysis of porphyrins in urine.", "content": "An easy and cheap analysis of total prophyrin in urine is described based on the ion exchange resin Dovex 2 X 8, 50--100 mesh. Recovery of added porphyrin varied between 65 and 90% for uro- and 70 and 95% for coproporphyrin. The use of the method with internal standard is described and exemplified. Ammoniacal solutions of crystalline free porphyrins were used as standards.", "contents": "Ion exchange analysis of porphyrins in urine. An easy and cheap analysis of total prophyrin in urine is described based on the ion exchange resin Dovex 2 X 8, 50--100 mesh. Recovery of added porphyrin varied between 65 and 90% for uro- and 70 and 95% for coproporphyrin. The use of the method with internal standard is described and exemplified. Ammoniacal solutions of crystalline free porphyrins were used as standards.", "PMID": 663550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9887", "title": "Comparisoin between mass spectrometry and Haldane technique in analysing O2 and CO2 concentrations in air gas mixtures.", "content": "We have evaluated a mass spectrometer for use as a gas analyser in air gas mixtures. Simultaneous determinations of O2 and CO2 concentrations with both the mass spectrometer and the Haldane technique were done in ninety-nine different samples of expired air from ordinary laboratory experiments. The mean differences (+/- SD) between the two techniques for O2 and CO2 concentrations were 0.003% (+/- 0.049%), and 0.001% (+/- 0.045%) absolute values, respectively, (P greater than 0.05 for both), r values being 0.996 for O2 and 0.994 for CO2. There was a drift in the apparatus, which decreased with operating time. Proper calibration is necessary for accurate readings. A cost-benefit balance is made.", "contents": "Comparisoin between mass spectrometry and Haldane technique in analysing O2 and CO2 concentrations in air gas mixtures. We have evaluated a mass spectrometer for use as a gas analyser in air gas mixtures. Simultaneous determinations of O2 and CO2 concentrations with both the mass spectrometer and the Haldane technique were done in ninety-nine different samples of expired air from ordinary laboratory experiments. The mean differences (+/- SD) between the two techniques for O2 and CO2 concentrations were 0.003% (+/- 0.049%), and 0.001% (+/- 0.045%) absolute values, respectively, (P greater than 0.05 for both), r values being 0.996 for O2 and 0.994 for CO2. There was a drift in the apparatus, which decreased with operating time. Proper calibration is necessary for accurate readings. A cost-benefit balance is made.", "PMID": 663551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9888", "title": "Heterogeneity of hereditary methaemoglobinaemia: a study of 4 Cuban families with NADH-Methaemoglobin reductase deficiency including a new variant (Santiago de Cuba variant).", "content": "NADH-methaemoglobin reductase deficiency has been found in 4 Cuban families; 3 subjects carried the mild form of the deficiency while in 2 sibs of the fourth family the deficiency was associated with neurological involvement. The parents in this family were consanguinous and the sibs were shown to be homozygous for a new fast electrophoretic variant. It was named Diaphorase Santiago de Cuba.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of hereditary methaemoglobinaemia: a study of 4 Cuban families with NADH-Methaemoglobin reductase deficiency including a new variant (Santiago de Cuba variant). NADH-methaemoglobin reductase deficiency has been found in 4 Cuban families; 3 subjects carried the mild form of the deficiency while in 2 sibs of the fourth family the deficiency was associated with neurological involvement. The parents in this family were consanguinous and the sibs were shown to be homozygous for a new fast electrophoretic variant. It was named Diaphorase Santiago de Cuba.", "PMID": 663552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9889", "title": "Hypercatabolism of the third component of complement (C3) in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A metabolic study with radioactively labelled C3 has been performed in a patient with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD). The labelled protein was metabolized at a faster rate in the patient than in normal individuals. This indicates that the humoral immune system may be of pathogenetic significance in the AILD syndrome.", "contents": "Hypercatabolism of the third component of complement (C3) in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A metabolic study with radioactively labelled C3 has been performed in a patient with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD). The labelled protein was metabolized at a faster rate in the patient than in normal individuals. This indicates that the humoral immune system may be of pathogenetic significance in the AILD syndrome.", "PMID": 663553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9890", "title": "Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria in children: 3 cases encountered within a period of 7 months.", "content": "3 children who fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria of the classical Donath-Landsteiner type are described. The benign clinical course of this illness is confirmed. A serological study of two of the Donath-Landsteiner antibodies revealed the anti-P specificity in one, but not in another serum.", "contents": "Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria in children: 3 cases encountered within a period of 7 months. 3 children who fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria of the classical Donath-Landsteiner type are described. The benign clinical course of this illness is confirmed. A serological study of two of the Donath-Landsteiner antibodies revealed the anti-P specificity in one, but not in another serum.", "PMID": 663554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9891", "title": "Preleukaemia and reticulocytosis: a case report with in vitro evidence for abnormal reticulocyte maturation.", "content": "A case of preleukaemia with marked reticulocytosis and a slightly reduced red cell 51Cr survival is presented. An in vitro 'reticulocyte survival' test suggested that the apparent reticulocytosis was due to delayed maturation of reticulocytes. The globin synthesis ratio suggested an abnormal ribonucleic acid. At autopsy, in addition to the findings of acute leukaemia, mesenteric lipodystrophy was discovered. This abnormality has been seen in patients with malignant diseases, especially lymphomas, but heretofore has not been reported in acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Preleukaemia and reticulocytosis: a case report with in vitro evidence for abnormal reticulocyte maturation. A case of preleukaemia with marked reticulocytosis and a slightly reduced red cell 51Cr survival is presented. An in vitro 'reticulocyte survival' test suggested that the apparent reticulocytosis was due to delayed maturation of reticulocytes. The globin synthesis ratio suggested an abnormal ribonucleic acid. At autopsy, in addition to the findings of acute leukaemia, mesenteric lipodystrophy was discovered. This abnormality has been seen in patients with malignant diseases, especially lymphomas, but heretofore has not been reported in acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 663555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9892", "title": "Electron microscope autoradiographic studies of the erythroblasts of a case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, type II.", "content": "The bone marrow cells of a patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, type II, were incubated with 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine for 1 h and studied using the technique of electron microscope autoradiography. Several of the erythroblasts which either displayed the characteristic subsurface double membranes or showed various non-specific abnormalities of the nuclear membrane were found to be actively engaged in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Both members of some pairs of erythroblasts which were joined together by a spindle bridge were found to be engaged in DNA synthesis, indicating that some spindle bridges persist for a period longer than the duration of the G1 phase. A small proportion of mononucleate and binucleate late (non-dividing) erythroblasts showed a marked depression or arrest of protein synthesis and some or all of such cells were presumably destined to be phagocytosed by the bone marrow macrophages.", "contents": "Electron microscope autoradiographic studies of the erythroblasts of a case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, type II. The bone marrow cells of a patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, type II, were incubated with 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine for 1 h and studied using the technique of electron microscope autoradiography. Several of the erythroblasts which either displayed the characteristic subsurface double membranes or showed various non-specific abnormalities of the nuclear membrane were found to be actively engaged in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Both members of some pairs of erythroblasts which were joined together by a spindle bridge were found to be engaged in DNA synthesis, indicating that some spindle bridges persist for a period longer than the duration of the G1 phase. A small proportion of mononucleate and binucleate late (non-dividing) erythroblasts showed a marked depression or arrest of protein synthesis and some or all of such cells were presumably destined to be phagocytosed by the bone marrow macrophages.", "PMID": 663556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9893", "title": "Abnormal platelet functions in beta thalassaemia.", "content": "Haemorrhagic tendency, including frequent epistaxis and easy bruising, has been observed in patients with beta thalassaemia major. Disturbances in the coagulation system were also described in this condition, which probably resulted from liver damage associated with this disease. There was, however, no quantitative or qualitative correlation between the haemorrhagic manifestations on the one hand and the abnormalities in the clotting mechanism on the other. Platelet functions were studied in 15 patients with beta thalassaemia major and in 5 with thalassaemia minor. In most of the thalassaemia major patients and in some with thalassaemia minor, diminished platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, ristocetin and epinephrine was found. These anomalies could not be corrected by the resuspension of the thalassaemic platelets in normal plasma.", "contents": "Abnormal platelet functions in beta thalassaemia. Haemorrhagic tendency, including frequent epistaxis and easy bruising, has been observed in patients with beta thalassaemia major. Disturbances in the coagulation system were also described in this condition, which probably resulted from liver damage associated with this disease. There was, however, no quantitative or qualitative correlation between the haemorrhagic manifestations on the one hand and the abnormalities in the clotting mechanism on the other. Platelet functions were studied in 15 patients with beta thalassaemia major and in 5 with thalassaemia minor. In most of the thalassaemia major patients and in some with thalassaemia minor, diminished platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, ristocetin and epinephrine was found. These anomalies could not be corrected by the resuspension of the thalassaemic platelets in normal plasma.", "PMID": 663557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9894", "title": "Complement receptors in pathological human renal glomeruli.", "content": "Glomerular complement receptors (GCR) were demonstrated by the adsorption of C3 coated sheep erythrocytes to cryostat sections of human kidneys. An epithelial localization of the GCR is implied by the binding pattern of the indicator cells. The GCR activity was reduced in all glomeruli where in vivo deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 along the capillary wall was observed. In fourteen out of nineteen biopsies where deposits in the mesangium were seen, reduced GCR activity was also observed, whereas GCR activity was normal in the other five. Immunofluorescence and haemadsorption tests performed on the same section showed that C3 deposits corresponded to areas showing reduced complement receptor activity. Areas outside the C3 deposits adsorbed indicator cells coated with various amounts of C3 similarly to the adsorption to glomeruli seen in normal adult and fetal kidneys. Sclerotic glomeruli showed no GCR activity. The results indicate that the complement receptors play a role for the binding of complement-containing complexes in glomeruli.", "contents": "Complement receptors in pathological human renal glomeruli. Glomerular complement receptors (GCR) were demonstrated by the adsorption of C3 coated sheep erythrocytes to cryostat sections of human kidneys. An epithelial localization of the GCR is implied by the binding pattern of the indicator cells. The GCR activity was reduced in all glomeruli where in vivo deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 along the capillary wall was observed. In fourteen out of nineteen biopsies where deposits in the mesangium were seen, reduced GCR activity was also observed, whereas GCR activity was normal in the other five. Immunofluorescence and haemadsorption tests performed on the same section showed that C3 deposits corresponded to areas showing reduced complement receptor activity. Areas outside the C3 deposits adsorbed indicator cells coated with various amounts of C3 similarly to the adsorption to glomeruli seen in normal adult and fetal kidneys. Sclerotic glomeruli showed no GCR activity. The results indicate that the complement receptors play a role for the binding of complement-containing complexes in glomeruli.", "PMID": 663560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9895", "title": "The changing incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in Sweden, 1959-1968.", "content": "3289 cases of malignant melanoma of the skin, recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1959 and 1968, have been studied regarding sex, age, location, month of registration and mortality. The incidence showed a 7% annual increase. the increase was most pronounced on the trunk and legs in both sexes. The highest incidence rise for women was between the ages of 30 and 39 and for men in the age range 40-64. The incidence in women with melanoma on the legs was higher during the summer months June-August. Only a negligible change in mortality was found during the period under consideration.", "contents": "The changing incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in Sweden, 1959-1968. 3289 cases of malignant melanoma of the skin, recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1959 and 1968, have been studied regarding sex, age, location, month of registration and mortality. The incidence showed a 7% annual increase. the increase was most pronounced on the trunk and legs in both sexes. The highest incidence rise for women was between the ages of 30 and 39 and for men in the age range 40-64. The incidence in women with melanoma on the legs was higher during the summer months June-August. Only a negligible change in mortality was found during the period under consideration.", "PMID": 663562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9896", "title": "The influence of cleft length and palatoplasty on the dental arch and the deciduous occlusion in cases of clefts of the secondary palate.", "content": "In patients with clefts of the secondary palate, the effect of surgical reconstruction was studied from the time of the palate repair, at the age of 18-24 months, to the age of 5 years. The material comprised 99 children (37 boys and 62 girls). The material was grouped according to the antero-posterior size of the cleft. The changes of the maxillary dimensions were studied on the casts by linear measurements. The occlusion was analysed by descriptive and numerical methods. In the deciduous dentition the smallest intercanine and intermolar dimensions were recorded in patients with large palatal clefts. A the age of 5, the frequency of anterior crossbite was 38% in patients with large palatal clefts, compared with 19--21% in patients with smaller clefts. In boys with cleft palates, the frequency of anterior crossbite was 13% higher than in girls, in spite of the fact that in the material the incidence of large palatal clefts was lower in boys than in girls. In cases of large clefts of the secondary palate, the incidence of anterior crossbite was 12.5 times higher than in a material of non-cleft patients of the same age.", "contents": "The influence of cleft length and palatoplasty on the dental arch and the deciduous occlusion in cases of clefts of the secondary palate. In patients with clefts of the secondary palate, the effect of surgical reconstruction was studied from the time of the palate repair, at the age of 18-24 months, to the age of 5 years. The material comprised 99 children (37 boys and 62 girls). The material was grouped according to the antero-posterior size of the cleft. The changes of the maxillary dimensions were studied on the casts by linear measurements. The occlusion was analysed by descriptive and numerical methods. In the deciduous dentition the smallest intercanine and intermolar dimensions were recorded in patients with large palatal clefts. A the age of 5, the frequency of anterior crossbite was 38% in patients with large palatal clefts, compared with 19--21% in patients with smaller clefts. In boys with cleft palates, the frequency of anterior crossbite was 13% higher than in girls, in spite of the fact that in the material the incidence of large palatal clefts was lower in boys than in girls. In cases of large clefts of the secondary palate, the incidence of anterior crossbite was 12.5 times higher than in a material of non-cleft patients of the same age.", "PMID": 663564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9897", "title": "Zygomatic fracture. I. A simplified classification for practical use.", "content": "A review of classifications of zygomatic fractures demonstrates an increasing complexity in the choice of proper treatment. To facilitate the choice of treatment a proposal is made of a simplified classification with prediction of post-reductive fracture stability. The author's material, comprising 137 patients, has been accordingly divided and the proposed classification justified by the peroperative findings and by the follow-up results.", "contents": "Zygomatic fracture. I. A simplified classification for practical use. A review of classifications of zygomatic fractures demonstrates an increasing complexity in the choice of proper treatment. To facilitate the choice of treatment a proposal is made of a simplified classification with prediction of post-reductive fracture stability. The author's material, comprising 137 patients, has been accordingly divided and the proposed classification justified by the peroperative findings and by the follow-up results.", "PMID": 663565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9898", "title": "Zygomatic fractures. II. A follow-up study of 137 patients.", "content": "Out of a total of 137 patients with zygomatic fractures, 87 with post-reductively stable fractures were treated solely with Gillies' procedure. Twenty-eight patients with unstable fractures were treated with transosseous wiring. In 22 patients, in whom the fracture was considered undisplaced, no fracture treatment was given. At the follow-up only 2 of the patients treated by Gillies' procedure presented malunited fractures, and these only minor ones,this reductive method thus being satisfactory in 64% of all cases. Malunion was seen in one-third of the patients treated with transosseous wiring, this treatment thus appearing frequently insufficient. Consequently, accomplishment with Kirschner-pin fixation is proposed. Finally, a schedule for treatment of zygomatic fractures is given.", "contents": "Zygomatic fractures. II. A follow-up study of 137 patients. Out of a total of 137 patients with zygomatic fractures, 87 with post-reductively stable fractures were treated solely with Gillies' procedure. Twenty-eight patients with unstable fractures were treated with transosseous wiring. In 22 patients, in whom the fracture was considered undisplaced, no fracture treatment was given. At the follow-up only 2 of the patients treated by Gillies' procedure presented malunited fractures, and these only minor ones,this reductive method thus being satisfactory in 64% of all cases. Malunion was seen in one-third of the patients treated with transosseous wiring, this treatment thus appearing frequently insufficient. Consequently, accomplishment with Kirschner-pin fixation is proposed. Finally, a schedule for treatment of zygomatic fractures is given.", "PMID": 663566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9899", "title": "Follow-up of patients operated on for axillary hyperhidrosis by subcutaneous curettage.", "content": "In 161 patients operated on for axillary hyperhidrosis by subcutaneous curettage (322 axillae), Lugol's test indicated re-operation in 24 patients (44 axillae). Recurrences were due to inferior surgical technique. Post-operative complications appeared in 18 cases out of 161 patients (322 operations).", "contents": "Follow-up of patients operated on for axillary hyperhidrosis by subcutaneous curettage. In 161 patients operated on for axillary hyperhidrosis by subcutaneous curettage (322 axillae), Lugol's test indicated re-operation in 24 patients (44 axillae). Recurrences were due to inferior surgical technique. Post-operative complications appeared in 18 cases out of 161 patients (322 operations).", "PMID": 663567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9900", "title": "Anophthalmia and agenesis of columnella, prolabium and premaxilla without hypotelorism-a new syndrome? Case reports.", "content": "Three patients with a syndrome consisting of anophthalmia, midline upper lip pseudocleft with absent columnella, prolabium and premaxilla, but without hypo- or hypertelorism are presented, together with three borderline cases with an- or microphthalmia and lacking distal half of the nose or cleft lip and palate. The pathogenesis and relations to other facial anomalies are discussed.", "contents": "Anophthalmia and agenesis of columnella, prolabium and premaxilla without hypotelorism-a new syndrome? Case reports. Three patients with a syndrome consisting of anophthalmia, midline upper lip pseudocleft with absent columnella, prolabium and premaxilla, but without hypo- or hypertelorism are presented, together with three borderline cases with an- or microphthalmia and lacking distal half of the nose or cleft lip and palate. The pathogenesis and relations to other facial anomalies are discussed.", "PMID": 663568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9901", "title": "Different clinical types of lipomatosis. Case report.", "content": "Following a brief review of the literature, three characteristic case histories are reported in order to demonstrate the different appearances of lipomatosis. According to the survey, grouping into three main types is suggested: 1) Diffuse lipomatosis without any sharp demarcation from the surrounding soft tissue, and a tendency to recurrence; 2) Diffuse, symmetrical lipomatosis mainly located to the neck region, and 3) Multiple lipomatosis with well-defined, encapsulated, small lipomas which never recur following removal.", "contents": "Different clinical types of lipomatosis. Case report. Following a brief review of the literature, three characteristic case histories are reported in order to demonstrate the different appearances of lipomatosis. According to the survey, grouping into three main types is suggested: 1) Diffuse lipomatosis without any sharp demarcation from the surrounding soft tissue, and a tendency to recurrence; 2) Diffuse, symmetrical lipomatosis mainly located to the neck region, and 3) Multiple lipomatosis with well-defined, encapsulated, small lipomas which never recur following removal.", "PMID": 663569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9902", "title": "Load on back in concrete reinforcement work.", "content": "The demands of work on the back of concrete reinforcement workers was determined through 4,327 observations of the various work postures and the weights lifted. Static loads from forward-leaning and bent-double postures were found to be common. In the preparation of intermediate and thick rods, forward-leaning was required for more than a third of the total work time, while one central assembly task required work in the bent-double posture for 58% of the total work time. The dynamic loads were of less importance, even though weights over 30 kg were lifted about 15% of the time in the preparation tasks and momentary forces approaching 1,000 N were occasionally needed. The bent-double posture, combined with or quickly followed by additional strain from, for example, weight lifting or slipping, was considered the most probable cause for possible signs of accelerated lumbar disc degeneration, while also the forward-leaning postures could be responsible for reversible low-back symptoms.", "contents": "Load on back in concrete reinforcement work. The demands of work on the back of concrete reinforcement workers was determined through 4,327 observations of the various work postures and the weights lifted. Static loads from forward-leaning and bent-double postures were found to be common. In the preparation of intermediate and thick rods, forward-leaning was required for more than a third of the total work time, while one central assembly task required work in the bent-double posture for 58% of the total work time. The dynamic loads were of less importance, even though weights over 30 kg were lifted about 15% of the time in the preparation tasks and momentary forces approaching 1,000 N were occasionally needed. The bent-double posture, combined with or quickly followed by additional strain from, for example, weight lifting or slipping, was considered the most probable cause for possible signs of accelerated lumbar disc degeneration, while also the forward-leaning postures could be responsible for reversible low-back symptoms.", "PMID": 663570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9903", "title": "Radiologically detectable lumbar disc degeneration in concrete reinforcement workers.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-five male Finnish concrete reinforcement workers, aged 19 to 64 years and engaged in heavy physical work including prolonged stooping, were radiologically examined by antero-posterior and lateral views of the lumbar spine while they were standing. The findings of lumbar disc degeneration were classified as none, slight, moderate or severe. The prevalence and degree of radiologically detectable lumbar disc degeneration depended strongly on age and increased especially rapidly from 40 to 44 years on. Lumbar disc degeneration showed an age-independent association to both a history of lumbago (chi2 = 10.5, p less than 0.01) and a history of sciatica (chi2 = 11.8, p less than 0.001). When disc degeneration was compared to reports of stiffness, fatigue, ache, and sharp pain in the back during an ordinary workday, no statistically significant associations were found, while disc degeneration was found to be slightly more common (chi2 = 4.6, p less than0.05) in the men reporting back symptoms as they bent down than in the men who did not report such symptoms. No association between length of exposure to static and dynamic back loads in reinforcement work and the prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration could be established, but definite conclusions on the possible effect of reinforcement work on the lumbar spine could not be drawn from the data.", "contents": "Radiologically detectable lumbar disc degeneration in concrete reinforcement workers. Two hundred and ninety-five male Finnish concrete reinforcement workers, aged 19 to 64 years and engaged in heavy physical work including prolonged stooping, were radiologically examined by antero-posterior and lateral views of the lumbar spine while they were standing. The findings of lumbar disc degeneration were classified as none, slight, moderate or severe. The prevalence and degree of radiologically detectable lumbar disc degeneration depended strongly on age and increased especially rapidly from 40 to 44 years on. Lumbar disc degeneration showed an age-independent association to both a history of lumbago (chi2 = 10.5, p less than 0.01) and a history of sciatica (chi2 = 11.8, p less than 0.001). When disc degeneration was compared to reports of stiffness, fatigue, ache, and sharp pain in the back during an ordinary workday, no statistically significant associations were found, while disc degeneration was found to be slightly more common (chi2 = 4.6, p less than0.05) in the men reporting back symptoms as they bent down than in the men who did not report such symptoms. No association between length of exposure to static and dynamic back loads in reinforcement work and the prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration could be established, but definite conclusions on the possible effect of reinforcement work on the lumbar spine could not be drawn from the data.", "PMID": 663571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9904", "title": "[Etio-epidemiology of mouth and pharyngeal neoplasms in Switzerland].", "content": "Cancer of the upper digestive tract is very common among males in Switzerland in comparison with 19 other industrialized countries. The sex ratio is closely correlated with the mortality rates in men in these countries. Cancers of these sites are relatively more frequent among young adults than for all the other sites. After a brief review of the main risk factors the discussion focuses on tobacco and alcoholic beverages consumption. The distribution of these two risk factors and their relationship to age in a sample of 226 patients in Lausanne is discussed. If compared, the geographical variations in Switzerland of both the occurrence of the disease and the amount of alcoholic beverages consumed suggests an association. Finally, it seems likely that carcinogenic substances exist in some of the Swiss beverages. A research hypothesis related to the difference between the mutagenic properties of the beverages used by cancer patients and by controls is proposed for further study.", "contents": "[Etio-epidemiology of mouth and pharyngeal neoplasms in Switzerland]. Cancer of the upper digestive tract is very common among males in Switzerland in comparison with 19 other industrialized countries. The sex ratio is closely correlated with the mortality rates in men in these countries. Cancers of these sites are relatively more frequent among young adults than for all the other sites. After a brief review of the main risk factors the discussion focuses on tobacco and alcoholic beverages consumption. The distribution of these two risk factors and their relationship to age in a sample of 226 patients in Lausanne is discussed. If compared, the geographical variations in Switzerland of both the occurrence of the disease and the amount of alcoholic beverages consumed suggests an association. Finally, it seems likely that carcinogenic substances exist in some of the Swiss beverages. A research hypothesis related to the difference between the mutagenic properties of the beverages used by cancer patients and by controls is proposed for further study.", "PMID": 663572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9905", "title": "[Methodological problems on the preparation and realization of multicientric field studies on mouth and salivary gland neoplasms].", "content": "The objectives of multicentric field trials are to provide a base for future revisions of the TNM system in order to ameliorate the existing classifications or to create new ones. The data are collected in a prospective and standardized manner and their evaluation is centralized. Therapy and follow-up in each case are registered at regular intervals and individual treatment is reported according to a standardized and flexible procedure. The particular methodological problem lies in the necessity of aligning the volume and quality of the desired information with the practicability of data collection.", "contents": "[Methodological problems on the preparation and realization of multicientric field studies on mouth and salivary gland neoplasms]. The objectives of multicentric field trials are to provide a base for future revisions of the TNM system in order to ameliorate the existing classifications or to create new ones. The data are collected in a prospective and standardized manner and their evaluation is centralized. Therapy and follow-up in each case are registered at regular intervals and individual treatment is reported according to a standardized and flexible procedure. The particular methodological problem lies in the necessity of aligning the volume and quality of the desired information with the practicability of data collection.", "PMID": 663573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9906", "title": "[Dental-stomatological problems before, during and after tumor radiotherapy i n the head and neck region].", "content": "Adequate dental procedures and preventive measures prior to, during and after completion of radiotherapy for tumors in the head-neck region are necessary in order to avoid postirradiation complications such as bone necrosis. The measures to be taken are described in detail. Cooperation between radiologist, physician and dentist minimizes postirradiation complications.", "contents": "[Dental-stomatological problems before, during and after tumor radiotherapy i n the head and neck region]. Adequate dental procedures and preventive measures prior to, during and after completion of radiotherapy for tumors in the head-neck region are necessary in order to avoid postirradiation complications such as bone necrosis. The measures to be taken are described in detail. Cooperation between radiologist, physician and dentist minimizes postirradiation complications.", "PMID": 663574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9907", "title": "[General orientation of the treatment of mouth and pharyngeal neoplasms].", "content": "The treatment of carcinomas of oropharynx and oral cavity has changed rapidly over the last 15 years due to the progress of surgical technics and of oncological knowledge. As far as natural history and therapy are concerned, there are two opposing types of cancer: 1. Carcinomas developing from a mucous membrane covering a lymphoid tissue (cancers of the tonsil, some cancers of the palate and the base of tongue). Treatment is usually by radiotherapy, and surgery is mainly resorted to if radiotherapy fails. Therapeutic trials of chemotherapy are in progress. 2. Carcinomas developing from a mucous membrane covering muscles (cancers of the tongue, floor of the mouth and interval cheek) or bone of the mandible (carcinomas of the gingiva, floor of the mouth and gingiva, and retro-alveolar area). The therapy is described. The principles of treatment of the regional lymph nodes are also described.", "contents": "[General orientation of the treatment of mouth and pharyngeal neoplasms]. The treatment of carcinomas of oropharynx and oral cavity has changed rapidly over the last 15 years due to the progress of surgical technics and of oncological knowledge. As far as natural history and therapy are concerned, there are two opposing types of cancer: 1. Carcinomas developing from a mucous membrane covering a lymphoid tissue (cancers of the tonsil, some cancers of the palate and the base of tongue). Treatment is usually by radiotherapy, and surgery is mainly resorted to if radiotherapy fails. Therapeutic trials of chemotherapy are in progress. 2. Carcinomas developing from a mucous membrane covering muscles (cancers of the tongue, floor of the mouth and interval cheek) or bone of the mandible (carcinomas of the gingiva, floor of the mouth and gingiva, and retro-alveolar area). The therapy is described. The principles of treatment of the regional lymph nodes are also described.", "PMID": 663575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9908", "title": "[Surgical and radiotherapeutic possibilities of treatment of mouth neoplasms].", "content": "The basic concept of the treatment of cancer of the oral cavity has not essentially changed in the past few decades. The final results depend mainly on the site and extent of the primary tumor and on the presence of metastases to the regional lymph nodes. In most cases the treatment still includes surgery in combination with radiotherapy, both of which must be coordinated. Complete treatment of the primary tumor and of the lymph node areas is of great importance even in non-advanced cases. Extensive resection of the tumor offers another mode of curative therapy, especially in combination with reconstructive surgery. Chemotherapy appears to be useful in this group of tumors, but only if aggressive cytoxic agents are given. However, it cannot replace the modalities of treatment mentioned above. Patients with speech and mastication disability after therapy usually need special care. Periodic controls are necessary for even longer than five years, to ensure detection of possible recurrences and second tumors.", "contents": "[Surgical and radiotherapeutic possibilities of treatment of mouth neoplasms]. The basic concept of the treatment of cancer of the oral cavity has not essentially changed in the past few decades. The final results depend mainly on the site and extent of the primary tumor and on the presence of metastases to the regional lymph nodes. In most cases the treatment still includes surgery in combination with radiotherapy, both of which must be coordinated. Complete treatment of the primary tumor and of the lymph node areas is of great importance even in non-advanced cases. Extensive resection of the tumor offers another mode of curative therapy, especially in combination with reconstructive surgery. Chemotherapy appears to be useful in this group of tumors, but only if aggressive cytoxic agents are given. However, it cannot replace the modalities of treatment mentioned above. Patients with speech and mastication disability after therapy usually need special care. Periodic controls are necessary for even longer than five years, to ensure detection of possible recurrences and second tumors.", "PMID": 663576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9909", "title": "[Lymphatic metastasis of the neck. Pluridisciplinary approach--surgery].", "content": "The main features of tumoral pathology in the neck are metastatic lymph nodes of carcinomas having their origin in the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Their prognosis will depend directly on the diagnostic approach and correct treatment. The place and modalities of surgery in the treatment of head and neck metastatic lymph nodes are discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphatic metastasis of the neck. Pluridisciplinary approach--surgery]. The main features of tumoral pathology in the neck are metastatic lymph nodes of carcinomas having their origin in the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Their prognosis will depend directly on the diagnostic approach and correct treatment. The place and modalities of surgery in the treatment of head and neck metastatic lymph nodes are discussed.", "PMID": 663577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9910", "title": "[The place of radiotherapy in the treatment of lymph node metastases in the neck from upper respiratory and digestive tract neoplasms].", "content": "The management of lymphnode disease is a common denominator in the treatment of all head and neck cancers. Only in a few clinical situations does irradiation or surgery alone yield a satisfactory control rate. The rationale for combination of both disciplines is based on two facts: a) Irradiations (5000 rads in 5 weeks) can eradicate the microscopic disease that a radical surgical procedure cannot remove; b) high doses of irradiation fail to control large cancer volumes (6500 rads in 6-7 weeks to a lymphnode greater than or equal to 3 cm: about 20% recurrence rate). The therapy sequence must be flexible and depend on clinical factors. The radicalism of both disciplines should be reduced in order to diminish the complication rate.", "contents": "[The place of radiotherapy in the treatment of lymph node metastases in the neck from upper respiratory and digestive tract neoplasms]. The management of lymphnode disease is a common denominator in the treatment of all head and neck cancers. Only in a few clinical situations does irradiation or surgery alone yield a satisfactory control rate. The rationale for combination of both disciplines is based on two facts: a) Irradiations (5000 rads in 5 weeks) can eradicate the microscopic disease that a radical surgical procedure cannot remove; b) high doses of irradiation fail to control large cancer volumes (6500 rads in 6-7 weeks to a lymphnode greater than or equal to 3 cm: about 20% recurrence rate). The therapy sequence must be flexible and depend on clinical factors. The radicalism of both disciplines should be reduced in order to diminish the complication rate.", "PMID": 663578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9911", "title": "[Surgical treatment of lip precanceroses and neoplasms].", "content": "The \"plastic\" aspect of surgery in precancer and cancer of the lips, and, where feasible, its advantage over radiotherapy are described. The techniques of vermillectomy, Abb\u00e9 flaps and Estlander flaps are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of lip precanceroses and neoplasms]. The \"plastic\" aspect of surgery in precancer and cancer of the lips, and, where feasible, its advantage over radiotherapy are described. The techniques of vermillectomy, Abb\u00e9 flaps and Estlander flaps are discussed.", "PMID": 663579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9912", "title": "[The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of lip neoplasms].", "content": "About 80% of carcinomatous lesions of the lip are smaller than 2 cm in diameter, have little tendency to infiltrate, grow in the lower lip, are histologically well differentiated and do not have, or develop later, regional metastases. Of these carcinomas 95% are cured by the various methods of radiotherapy. The criteria for a more serious prognosis, such as expansive growth, deeper infiltration, location on the upper lip and/or the commissures, undifferentiated grading and regional lymphatic metastases, are found only in a minority of patients with carcinoma of the lip. However, even for tumors of the T3 category rates of cure of over 90% are reported, as confirmed by our own results with supervoltage irradiation with fast electrons of the betatron during the years 1961-1970. The techniques and indications of interstitial Curietherapy with iridium-192 wires are described. The treatment of primary lymphnode metastases, which should be confirmed histologically or cytologically before therapy, is described in detail. Neck dissection is superior to irradiation therapy. General elective neck dissection, as normally performed for carcinoma of the oral cavity, is not justified because of the low rate of metastases and the results of elective therapy. A case report demonstrates the poor prognosis in patients with regional fixed metastases.", "contents": "[The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of lip neoplasms]. About 80% of carcinomatous lesions of the lip are smaller than 2 cm in diameter, have little tendency to infiltrate, grow in the lower lip, are histologically well differentiated and do not have, or develop later, regional metastases. Of these carcinomas 95% are cured by the various methods of radiotherapy. The criteria for a more serious prognosis, such as expansive growth, deeper infiltration, location on the upper lip and/or the commissures, undifferentiated grading and regional lymphatic metastases, are found only in a minority of patients with carcinoma of the lip. However, even for tumors of the T3 category rates of cure of over 90% are reported, as confirmed by our own results with supervoltage irradiation with fast electrons of the betatron during the years 1961-1970. The techniques and indications of interstitial Curietherapy with iridium-192 wires are described. The treatment of primary lymphnode metastases, which should be confirmed histologically or cytologically before therapy, is described in detail. Neck dissection is superior to irradiation therapy. General elective neck dissection, as normally performed for carcinoma of the oral cavity, is not justified because of the low rate of metastases and the results of elective therapy. A case report demonstrates the poor prognosis in patients with regional fixed metastases.", "PMID": 663580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9913", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of salivary gland tumors].", "content": "The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to tumors of the salivary glands is discussed on the basis of 327 cases of parotid gland tumors seen at the ENT Department of the University of Zurich between 1959 and 1976. In view of the slow growth rate of salivary gland tumors, history and clinical findings cannot be used to identify malignant neoplasms. The histological diagnosis is therefore the prerequisite for correct therapy. Diagnostic errors may result when the total tumor mass is not available for histological investigation. For this reason we advise \"surgical biopsy\" (total extirpation of the tumor) when a malignant tumor cannot be ruled out by aspiration biopsy or examination of frozen sections. Radical surgical removal plays the major role in the therapy of salivary gland tumors. Highly malignant neoplasms demand a combined oncological approach usually involving surgery and radiotherapy. Familiarity with the temporal bone is necessary for the complete removal of highly malignant tumors of the parotid gland, because of their frequent infiltration of the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve. The application of the modern principles of reconstructive surgery and of microsurgical techniques has widened the scope of radical surgery of salivary gland tumors and considerably reduced the subsequent morbidity.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of salivary gland tumors]. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to tumors of the salivary glands is discussed on the basis of 327 cases of parotid gland tumors seen at the ENT Department of the University of Zurich between 1959 and 1976. In view of the slow growth rate of salivary gland tumors, history and clinical findings cannot be used to identify malignant neoplasms. The histological diagnosis is therefore the prerequisite for correct therapy. Diagnostic errors may result when the total tumor mass is not available for histological investigation. For this reason we advise \"surgical biopsy\" (total extirpation of the tumor) when a malignant tumor cannot be ruled out by aspiration biopsy or examination of frozen sections. Radical surgical removal plays the major role in the therapy of salivary gland tumors. Highly malignant neoplasms demand a combined oncological approach usually involving surgery and radiotherapy. Familiarity with the temporal bone is necessary for the complete removal of highly malignant tumors of the parotid gland, because of their frequent infiltration of the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve. The application of the modern principles of reconstructive surgery and of microsurgical techniques has widened the scope of radical surgery of salivary gland tumors and considerably reduced the subsequent morbidity.", "PMID": 663581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9914", "title": "[Value of needle biopsy for the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors].", "content": "Tumors of the salivary glands can be diagnosed preoperatively by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Aspiration biopsy was performed in 328 cases with swelling of a salivary gland. Histologic findings were available for comparison in 186 cases. The cytologic reports yielded a positive tumor diagnosis in 84% of the cases with histologically verified tumors. False negative reports were mainly due to cystic tumors. Information concerning the dignity of the tumor was obtained in 95% of the cases recognized by cytology. The type of the tumor was correctly diagnosed in 90%.", "contents": "[Value of needle biopsy for the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors]. Tumors of the salivary glands can be diagnosed preoperatively by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Aspiration biopsy was performed in 328 cases with swelling of a salivary gland. Histologic findings were available for comparison in 186 cases. The cytologic reports yielded a positive tumor diagnosis in 84% of the cases with histologically verified tumors. False negative reports were mainly due to cystic tumors. Information concerning the dignity of the tumor was obtained in 95% of the cases recognized by cytology. The type of the tumor was correctly diagnosed in 90%.", "PMID": 663582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9915", "title": "[Retention of shape and function after jaw bone resection for tumor surgery].", "content": "Maintenance of form and function after resection of facial bones is of the utmost psychological importance. The potentialities for immediate rehabilitation are demonstrated. Defects in the maxilla are primarily closed by obturators, which must support the soft tissues of the orbit and the cheek, close the defect in the maxilla and restore masticatory function. Secondary reconstruction with split rib grafts is possible even after hemimaxillectomy. In the lower jaw, primary reconstruction with bone grafts at the same time as the resection is the most favourable course. Should the quality or quantity of soft tissues be inadequate, the defect is temporarily bridged with implants which can be replaced later with bone transplants. In all cases adequate mouth opening must be secured and deviation of the mandibular stumps avoided.", "contents": "[Retention of shape and function after jaw bone resection for tumor surgery]. Maintenance of form and function after resection of facial bones is of the utmost psychological importance. The potentialities for immediate rehabilitation are demonstrated. Defects in the maxilla are primarily closed by obturators, which must support the soft tissues of the orbit and the cheek, close the defect in the maxilla and restore masticatory function. Secondary reconstruction with split rib grafts is possible even after hemimaxillectomy. In the lower jaw, primary reconstruction with bone grafts at the same time as the resection is the most favourable course. Should the quality or quantity of soft tissues be inadequate, the defect is temporarily bridged with implants which can be replaced later with bone transplants. In all cases adequate mouth opening must be secured and deviation of the mandibular stumps avoided.", "PMID": 663583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9916", "title": "[Anti-tumor antibodies in the blood of patients with gliomas].", "content": "Anti-tumor antibodies have been searched for with an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay in the sera of patients with glioma. Sera from 60 patients and from 25 normal individuals have been tested against cells from 8 human glioblastoma lines. 10 patients (17%) and 5 controls (20%) were found to have antibodies against one or more tumor lines. There were extensive cross-reaction between the positive sera against the different glioma cells, but the reactivity of each serum was different. The specificity of the antibodies thus detected has been investigated. The positive patients' sera were found to have a similar cytotoxic activity against unrelated tumor and normal cells. Moreover, their activity was absorbed by cells from unrelated tumors and normal platelets. These results do not support the concept of a specific humoral response of glioma patients to a possible common tumor-associated antigen.", "contents": "[Anti-tumor antibodies in the blood of patients with gliomas]. Anti-tumor antibodies have been searched for with an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay in the sera of patients with glioma. Sera from 60 patients and from 25 normal individuals have been tested against cells from 8 human glioblastoma lines. 10 patients (17%) and 5 controls (20%) were found to have antibodies against one or more tumor lines. There were extensive cross-reaction between the positive sera against the different glioma cells, but the reactivity of each serum was different. The specificity of the antibodies thus detected has been investigated. The positive patients' sera were found to have a similar cytotoxic activity against unrelated tumor and normal cells. Moreover, their activity was absorbed by cells from unrelated tumors and normal platelets. These results do not support the concept of a specific humoral response of glioma patients to a possible common tumor-associated antigen.", "PMID": 663586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9917", "title": "[Specific characteristics of hairy cell leukemia].", "content": "Report on a now 58-year-old female patient who presented in 1969 with the following objective findings: anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis and hepatosplenomegaly. The first first diagnosis was lymphosarcoma, but up to 1976 nearly ten other diagnoses were established, e.g. reticulum sarcoma, leukemic lymphosarcoma, CML, ALL, CLL and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease. The patient did not respond to combined chemotherapy, but splenectomy brought about significant improvement in anemia and thrombocytopenia. She is now doing well without cytotoxic treatment. Hairy cell leukemia was diagnosed on the basis of electron microscopic findings in peripheral lymphocytes and histologic findings in bone marrow and spleen. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was positive. Immunologic tests in the hairy cells showed surface immunoglobulins of monoclonal origina and the T-cells were shown to be decreased. The tests for phagocytosis and nonspecific esterase were negative. The hairy cells in this patient exhibited no colony stimulating activity in culture studies with bone marrow from 4 normal donors, as compared with the stimulating activity of normal monocytes in the same assay. In the light of this case report the question is discussed whether the hairy cells are mainly cells with lymphocytic (B-lymphocytes) or monocytic characteristics. On this question the findings in our patient support the hypothesis of a B-cell nature for the hairy cells.", "contents": "[Specific characteristics of hairy cell leukemia]. Report on a now 58-year-old female patient who presented in 1969 with the following objective findings: anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis and hepatosplenomegaly. The first first diagnosis was lymphosarcoma, but up to 1976 nearly ten other diagnoses were established, e.g. reticulum sarcoma, leukemic lymphosarcoma, CML, ALL, CLL and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease. The patient did not respond to combined chemotherapy, but splenectomy brought about significant improvement in anemia and thrombocytopenia. She is now doing well without cytotoxic treatment. Hairy cell leukemia was diagnosed on the basis of electron microscopic findings in peripheral lymphocytes and histologic findings in bone marrow and spleen. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was positive. Immunologic tests in the hairy cells showed surface immunoglobulins of monoclonal origina and the T-cells were shown to be decreased. The tests for phagocytosis and nonspecific esterase were negative. The hairy cells in this patient exhibited no colony stimulating activity in culture studies with bone marrow from 4 normal donors, as compared with the stimulating activity of normal monocytes in the same assay. In the light of this case report the question is discussed whether the hairy cells are mainly cells with lymphocytic (B-lymphocytes) or monocytic characteristics. On this question the findings in our patient support the hypothesis of a B-cell nature for the hairy cells.", "PMID": 663587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9918", "title": "[A case of pseudo-tumoral lymphoid hyperplasia or Castleman's disease].", "content": "The relatively rare pseudotumoral lymphoid hyperplasia (benigh lymphoid or reactive lymphoreticular hyperplasia; pseudolymphoma; Castleman's disease) arises from the lymph nodes, usually in the mediastinum. The disease assumes tow histologically and clinically different forms: the first, angiofollicular, is often symptomless, while the second, lymphoplasmocytic, is sometimes associated with a marked chronic inflammatory syndrome. The etiology is unknown, but is probably a reaction of the lymphoplasmocytic system to an antigen, possibly of viral origin. Diagnosis is based on histology. Surgical treatment is curative. A rare form of this unusual disease is reported with reference to the morphological differential diagnosis; the similarities with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are emphasized.", "contents": "[A case of pseudo-tumoral lymphoid hyperplasia or Castleman's disease]. The relatively rare pseudotumoral lymphoid hyperplasia (benigh lymphoid or reactive lymphoreticular hyperplasia; pseudolymphoma; Castleman's disease) arises from the lymph nodes, usually in the mediastinum. The disease assumes tow histologically and clinically different forms: the first, angiofollicular, is often symptomless, while the second, lymphoplasmocytic, is sometimes associated with a marked chronic inflammatory syndrome. The etiology is unknown, but is probably a reaction of the lymphoplasmocytic system to an antigen, possibly of viral origin. Diagnosis is based on histology. Surgical treatment is curative. A rare form of this unusual disease is reported with reference to the morphological differential diagnosis; the similarities with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are emphasized.", "PMID": 663588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9919", "title": "[Pancreatogenic ascites].", "content": "Pancreatic ascites is a rare disease which is often misinterpreted as ascites secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis or to intraabdominal cancer. It can be diagnosed by a high protein and amylase/lipase content of the ascitic fluid. If diagnosis and subsequent surgery occur at an early stage, the prognosis is good. The natural course, therapy, prognosis, and pathogenesis of pancreatic ascites are discussed on the basis of experience with 7 patients.", "contents": "[Pancreatogenic ascites]. Pancreatic ascites is a rare disease which is often misinterpreted as ascites secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis or to intraabdominal cancer. It can be diagnosed by a high protein and amylase/lipase content of the ascitic fluid. If diagnosis and subsequent surgery occur at an early stage, the prognosis is good. The natural course, therapy, prognosis, and pathogenesis of pancreatic ascites are discussed on the basis of experience with 7 patients.", "PMID": 663590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9920", "title": "[Serum and joint levels of cefacetrile during its administration for septic arthritis].", "content": "Six patients, five of whom had normal and one impaired renal function, and all suffering from purulent arthritis caused by cephalosporin-sensitive germs, were given a seven-day course of 8 g cephacetrile daily. On the first day, 6 g were administered by continuous intravenous infusion at the rate of 500 mg/h, followed by 2 g over a further 45 min. On days 2 to 7, the patients received 2 short infusions of 4 g each at an interval of 12 h. In four patients with normal renal function, serum half-life ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 h, serum levels during continuous infusion from 19 to 31 microgram/ml, and total clearances from 265 to 434 ml/min. In one patients, these values were 1.6 h, 70 microgram/ml and 131 ml/min respectively (small volume of distribution). The concentrations in the synovial fluid varied from 2 to 29 mcirogram/ml; they were generally lower than the serum levels, but clearly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations for germs commonly present in purulent arthritis. In five patients, the synovial fluid became germ-free and the arthritis was clinically cured. In the case presenting with renal insufficiency, the serum half-life was 5.8 h. During continuous administration, a steady state was not attained; peak serum levels amo9nted to 75 microgram/ml and the total clearance to 61 ml/min. The cephacetrile concentrations in the synovial fluid were very high (26 and 67 microgram/ml). In this case, in which the renal insufficiency associated with mycosis fungoides was present before the treatment, renal function deteriorated futher during treatment while the arthritis improved.", "contents": "[Serum and joint levels of cefacetrile during its administration for septic arthritis]. Six patients, five of whom had normal and one impaired renal function, and all suffering from purulent arthritis caused by cephalosporin-sensitive germs, were given a seven-day course of 8 g cephacetrile daily. On the first day, 6 g were administered by continuous intravenous infusion at the rate of 500 mg/h, followed by 2 g over a further 45 min. On days 2 to 7, the patients received 2 short infusions of 4 g each at an interval of 12 h. In four patients with normal renal function, serum half-life ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 h, serum levels during continuous infusion from 19 to 31 microgram/ml, and total clearances from 265 to 434 ml/min. In one patients, these values were 1.6 h, 70 microgram/ml and 131 ml/min respectively (small volume of distribution). The concentrations in the synovial fluid varied from 2 to 29 mcirogram/ml; they were generally lower than the serum levels, but clearly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations for germs commonly present in purulent arthritis. In five patients, the synovial fluid became germ-free and the arthritis was clinically cured. In the case presenting with renal insufficiency, the serum half-life was 5.8 h. During continuous administration, a steady state was not attained; peak serum levels amo9nted to 75 microgram/ml and the total clearance to 61 ml/min. The cephacetrile concentrations in the synovial fluid were very high (26 and 67 microgram/ml). In this case, in which the renal insufficiency associated with mycosis fungoides was present before the treatment, renal function deteriorated futher during treatment while the arthritis improved.", "PMID": 663591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9921", "title": "[Congenital chloride diarrhea].", "content": "Two siblings aged 18 months and 3 1/2 years with congenital chloride diarrhea are presented. This disease was first described by Gamble et al. and Darrow in 1945 and has not been observed to date in Switzerland. So far, 43 cases have been reported, half of them from Finland. The disease appears to be caused by an inborn defect of chloride transport across the mucous membranes of the distal ileum and colon. This defect leads to chronic liquid diarrhea. The clinical symptoms, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic problems and possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital chloride diarrhea]. Two siblings aged 18 months and 3 1/2 years with congenital chloride diarrhea are presented. This disease was first described by Gamble et al. and Darrow in 1945 and has not been observed to date in Switzerland. So far, 43 cases have been reported, half of them from Finland. The disease appears to be caused by an inborn defect of chloride transport across the mucous membranes of the distal ileum and colon. This defect leads to chronic liquid diarrhea. The clinical symptoms, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic problems and possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 663592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9922", "title": "[Spontaneous birth of a live healthy child during successful hemodialysis treatment of pregnancy pyelonephritis with acute oligo-anuria].", "content": "A 19-year-old nullipara developed uremia due to acute pyelonephritis in the 30th week of pregnancy, necessitating hemodialysis within one week of onset of clinical infective symptoms. Almost daily prophylactic hemodialyses (7 in all) were performed. BUN and serum creatinine levels were maintained below 75 mg/100 ml and 12 ml/100 ml respectively, and the patient's weight was kept constant until delivery in the 32nd week of pregnancy. A live healthy child of 1.7 kg was born with a length of 39 cm and a normal neurologic examination. After 10 hemodialyses, polyuria set in and the maternal BUN and serum creatinine levels were within normal ranges 3 weeks after delivery. The importance of close cooperation between gynecologist and internist is stressed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous birth of a live healthy child during successful hemodialysis treatment of pregnancy pyelonephritis with acute oligo-anuria]. A 19-year-old nullipara developed uremia due to acute pyelonephritis in the 30th week of pregnancy, necessitating hemodialysis within one week of onset of clinical infective symptoms. Almost daily prophylactic hemodialyses (7 in all) were performed. BUN and serum creatinine levels were maintained below 75 mg/100 ml and 12 ml/100 ml respectively, and the patient's weight was kept constant until delivery in the 32nd week of pregnancy. A live healthy child of 1.7 kg was born with a length of 39 cm and a normal neurologic examination. After 10 hemodialyses, polyuria set in and the maternal BUN and serum creatinine levels were within normal ranges 3 weeks after delivery. The importance of close cooperation between gynecologist and internist is stressed.", "PMID": 663593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9923", "title": "[Behavior of gentamicin in the kidney parenchyma. Studies on rats during and after treatment with therapeutic doses].", "content": "The injection in rats of 4 mg/kg gentamicin results in accumulation and continued presence of the antibiotic in the renal parenchyma compared with its rapid elimination from other tissues. With repeated injections at 24-hour intervals over a period of 3 weeks, gentamicin concentrations in the cortex reach 356 +/- 139 microgram/g after 1 week of treatment, i.e. levels 50 times higher than the maximum serum levels. They then stay at a saturation plateau before decreasing very slowly to levels of 50 microgram/g 2 weeks and 15 microgram/g 15 weeks after the last injection. The accumulation takes place mainly in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. In the medulla, gentamicin behaves similarly but the levels are lower. Weeks after the last injection, urine levels of gentamicin are still appreciable. In spite of this enormous accumulation, the treatment does not result in disturbance of renal function or striking morphological changes. These observations are based on dosages of gentamicin corresponding to those used clinically. Compared to earlier observations based on the supratherapeutic administration of the antibiotic, the present study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "[Behavior of gentamicin in the kidney parenchyma. Studies on rats during and after treatment with therapeutic doses]. The injection in rats of 4 mg/kg gentamicin results in accumulation and continued presence of the antibiotic in the renal parenchyma compared with its rapid elimination from other tissues. With repeated injections at 24-hour intervals over a period of 3 weeks, gentamicin concentrations in the cortex reach 356 +/- 139 microgram/g after 1 week of treatment, i.e. levels 50 times higher than the maximum serum levels. They then stay at a saturation plateau before decreasing very slowly to levels of 50 microgram/g 2 weeks and 15 microgram/g 15 weeks after the last injection. The accumulation takes place mainly in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. In the medulla, gentamicin behaves similarly but the levels are lower. Weeks after the last injection, urine levels of gentamicin are still appreciable. In spite of this enormous accumulation, the treatment does not result in disturbance of renal function or striking morphological changes. These observations are based on dosages of gentamicin corresponding to those used clinically. Compared to earlier observations based on the supratherapeutic administration of the antibiotic, the present study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 663595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9924", "title": "[Programming of freely written anamnesses for the computer].", "content": "The case histories of more than 5000 outpatients with respiratory diseases were stored in free text from 1974 untill 1977. The retrieval efficiency was tested using STAIRS-IBM program product with the syntax operators \"or\", \"and\", \"not\", \"with\", and \"adj\". Chronic bronchitis in lung cancer patients was chosen as an example. The first word constellation was compiled as a retrieval argument for chronic bronchitis. The second word constellation was used as a retrieval argument for chronic bronchitis subsisting for more than 5 years before the diagnosis of lung cancer. The third word constellation retrieved documents without clear time relationship between chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. The review of each history of the 473 lung cancer patients issued a first group of 219 cases composed of lung cancer patients with histories of chronic bronchitis for more than 5 years. A second group of 180 patients had no history of preexisting chronic bronchitis. This manual selection of cases (reading of all 473 case histories) took 3 months compared to 4 h by computer dialogue selection. 87% of the first group (preexisting chronic bronchitis for more than 5 years) and 74% of the second group (no history of chronic bronchitis) were correctly obtained by the brief computer dialogue. This efficiency of the computer dialogue was further improved without difficulty by slight modifications of the dialogue strategy, so that only approximately 10% of documents remained falsely classified. It can be seen that free text analysis of case histories is possible by the STAIRS-IBM program and enables a doctor to observe new clinically important correlations in a very short time. Final deductions, however, must be followed by careful checking of all individual histories.", "contents": "[Programming of freely written anamnesses for the computer]. The case histories of more than 5000 outpatients with respiratory diseases were stored in free text from 1974 untill 1977. The retrieval efficiency was tested using STAIRS-IBM program product with the syntax operators \"or\", \"and\", \"not\", \"with\", and \"adj\". Chronic bronchitis in lung cancer patients was chosen as an example. The first word constellation was compiled as a retrieval argument for chronic bronchitis. The second word constellation was used as a retrieval argument for chronic bronchitis subsisting for more than 5 years before the diagnosis of lung cancer. The third word constellation retrieved documents without clear time relationship between chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. The review of each history of the 473 lung cancer patients issued a first group of 219 cases composed of lung cancer patients with histories of chronic bronchitis for more than 5 years. A second group of 180 patients had no history of preexisting chronic bronchitis. This manual selection of cases (reading of all 473 case histories) took 3 months compared to 4 h by computer dialogue selection. 87% of the first group (preexisting chronic bronchitis for more than 5 years) and 74% of the second group (no history of chronic bronchitis) were correctly obtained by the brief computer dialogue. This efficiency of the computer dialogue was further improved without difficulty by slight modifications of the dialogue strategy, so that only approximately 10% of documents remained falsely classified. It can be seen that free text analysis of case histories is possible by the STAIRS-IBM program and enables a doctor to observe new clinically important correlations in a very short time. Final deductions, however, must be followed by careful checking of all individual histories.", "PMID": 663596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9925", "title": "[Determination of plasma parathyroid hormone in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemias associated with malignant tumors].", "content": "In 44 patients, all suffering from a malignant disease with hypercalcaemia, plasma parathormone was measured by a radioimmunoassay measuring the intact PTH molecule. The results as a function of plasma calcium were compared with those in 38 patients suffering from proven primary hyperparathyroidism and with those in 9 cases of hypercalcaemia of other origin. PTH was indetectable in 14 cases of malignant disease and normal in 25 cases. In 5 patients only could PTH and plasma calcium not be separated from primary hyperparathyroidism. 3 patients had an increased PTH level when plasma calcium was lowered by treatment of the underlying disease. In patients with malignant disease hypercalcaemia is rarely caused by increased secretion of PTH. In these cases either primary hyperparathyroidism or ectopic secretion of PTH may be the cause of hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma parathyroid hormone in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemias associated with malignant tumors]. In 44 patients, all suffering from a malignant disease with hypercalcaemia, plasma parathormone was measured by a radioimmunoassay measuring the intact PTH molecule. The results as a function of plasma calcium were compared with those in 38 patients suffering from proven primary hyperparathyroidism and with those in 9 cases of hypercalcaemia of other origin. PTH was indetectable in 14 cases of malignant disease and normal in 25 cases. In 5 patients only could PTH and plasma calcium not be separated from primary hyperparathyroidism. 3 patients had an increased PTH level when plasma calcium was lowered by treatment of the underlying disease. In patients with malignant disease hypercalcaemia is rarely caused by increased secretion of PTH. In these cases either primary hyperparathyroidism or ectopic secretion of PTH may be the cause of hypercalcaemia.", "PMID": 663597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9926", "title": "[Hyponatremia and hypoglycemia after treatment with chlorpropamide. Case histories with review of the literature on 18 cases of chlorpropamide induced hyponatremia].", "content": "A case of chlorpropamide-induced, symptomatic hyponatremia in a diabetic patient is reported. The hyponatremia was associated with loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms caused reduced food intake which provoked severe hypoglycemia with disturbed consciousness. The hyponatremia developed when the chlorpropamide doses were increased from 400 to 600 mg/day. Withdrawal of chlorpropamide was followed by remission of hyponatremia. Chlorpropamide-induced hyponatremia is a rare complication and is due to an antidiuretic effect of chlorpropamide caused by increased secretion of adiuretin and potentiation of the effect of chlorpropamide caused by increased secretion of adiuretin and potentiation of the effect of adiuretin in the tubuli of the kidney. This case report and the analysis of 18 published cases in the literature show the following characteristics for chlorpropamide-induced hyponatremia: (1) Hyponatremia is a rare complication in the treatment of diabetics with chlorpropamide. The patients typically are female and over sixty. The dosage of chlorpropamide usually was 500 mg daily or even more. (2) Hyponatremia is often unrecognized for a long time because the symptoms are not specific. The characteristic symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusional state and, rarely, convulsions and coma. Recovery occurs spontaneously after withdrawal of the drug. (3) The incidence of this type of hyponatremia is increased in cases of preexisting tendency to water retention such as heart failure and renal failure, and in cases of diuretic therapy. In the light of these findings, the authors believe that chlorpropamide is no longer a drug of choice in the treatment of diabetic women, especially in cases of preexisting tendency to water retention and in diuretic therapy. In such cases, a sulfonylurea without antidiuretic effect is to be preferred.", "contents": "[Hyponatremia and hypoglycemia after treatment with chlorpropamide. Case histories with review of the literature on 18 cases of chlorpropamide induced hyponatremia]. A case of chlorpropamide-induced, symptomatic hyponatremia in a diabetic patient is reported. The hyponatremia was associated with loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms caused reduced food intake which provoked severe hypoglycemia with disturbed consciousness. The hyponatremia developed when the chlorpropamide doses were increased from 400 to 600 mg/day. Withdrawal of chlorpropamide was followed by remission of hyponatremia. Chlorpropamide-induced hyponatremia is a rare complication and is due to an antidiuretic effect of chlorpropamide caused by increased secretion of adiuretin and potentiation of the effect of chlorpropamide caused by increased secretion of adiuretin and potentiation of the effect of adiuretin in the tubuli of the kidney. This case report and the analysis of 18 published cases in the literature show the following characteristics for chlorpropamide-induced hyponatremia: (1) Hyponatremia is a rare complication in the treatment of diabetics with chlorpropamide. The patients typically are female and over sixty. The dosage of chlorpropamide usually was 500 mg daily or even more. (2) Hyponatremia is often unrecognized for a long time because the symptoms are not specific. The characteristic symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusional state and, rarely, convulsions and coma. Recovery occurs spontaneously after withdrawal of the drug. (3) The incidence of this type of hyponatremia is increased in cases of preexisting tendency to water retention such as heart failure and renal failure, and in cases of diuretic therapy. In the light of these findings, the authors believe that chlorpropamide is no longer a drug of choice in the treatment of diabetic women, especially in cases of preexisting tendency to water retention and in diuretic therapy. In such cases, a sulfonylurea without antidiuretic effect is to be preferred.", "PMID": 663598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9927", "title": "Cytogenetic changes in fish exposed to water of the river Rhine.", "content": "The induction of chromosome aberrations in fishes, exposed to Rhinewater, was investigated. The mudminnow, Umbra pygmaea, was chosen for this study, because of its ideal karyotype of 22 large chromosomes. Gill cells were used for chromosome studies. Fish, kept in Rhinewater for 11 days had chromosome breaks in approximately 30% of the metaphases studied. Control fish, exposed to a very good quality of untreated groundwater had breaks in about 8% of the metaphases. Several Rhinewater extracts were tested for their mutagenic potential in the Salmonella-microsome test. The fraction of aromatic compounds was found to be positive. This may indicate that one or more of the compounds present in this fraction were also responsible for the cytogenetic changes found in the fish.", "contents": "Cytogenetic changes in fish exposed to water of the river Rhine. The induction of chromosome aberrations in fishes, exposed to Rhinewater, was investigated. The mudminnow, Umbra pygmaea, was chosen for this study, because of its ideal karyotype of 22 large chromosomes. Gill cells were used for chromosome studies. Fish, kept in Rhinewater for 11 days had chromosome breaks in approximately 30% of the metaphases studied. Control fish, exposed to a very good quality of untreated groundwater had breaks in about 8% of the metaphases. Several Rhinewater extracts were tested for their mutagenic potential in the Salmonella-microsome test. The fraction of aromatic compounds was found to be positive. This may indicate that one or more of the compounds present in this fraction were also responsible for the cytogenetic changes found in the fish.", "PMID": 663605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9928", "title": "Subpicosecond spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Subpicosecond pulses have been used to study the ultrafast dynamics of the photochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin. An optically induced absorption that appears in about 1.0 picosecond at physiological temperatures has been resolved in time. The data can be interpreted in terms of the photochemical formation of bathobacteriorhodopsin and provide support for an excitation mechanisms involving molecular rearrangement in the protein induced by electron redistribution in the chromophore.", "contents": "Subpicosecond spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin. Subpicosecond pulses have been used to study the ultrafast dynamics of the photochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin. An optically induced absorption that appears in about 1.0 picosecond at physiological temperatures has been resolved in time. The data can be interpreted in terms of the photochemical formation of bathobacteriorhodopsin and provide support for an excitation mechanisms involving molecular rearrangement in the protein induced by electron redistribution in the chromophore.", "PMID": 663607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9929", "title": "Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is mediated by a platelet plasma membrane-bound lectin.", "content": "Throbin-activated human platelets cause agglutination of trypsinized, formalinized bovine erythrocytes. This lectin activity of stimulated platelets was blocked by galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, lysine, and arginine, but not by N-acetylated sugars, other neutral sugars, or other amino acids. Inhibitors of the thrombin-induced lectin activity also blocked thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. It appears that a membrane surface component that has lectin activity mediates platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is mediated by a platelet plasma membrane-bound lectin. Throbin-activated human platelets cause agglutination of trypsinized, formalinized bovine erythrocytes. This lectin activity of stimulated platelets was blocked by galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, lysine, and arginine, but not by N-acetylated sugars, other neutral sugars, or other amino acids. Inhibitors of the thrombin-induced lectin activity also blocked thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. It appears that a membrane surface component that has lectin activity mediates platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 663608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9930", "title": "Antibodies to purified insulin receptor have insulin-like activity.", "content": "Antibodies to insulin receptors purified from rat liver membranes do not complete with [125I]insulin for binding to the insulin receptor but do precipitate solubilized receptors labeled with [125I]insulin. These antibodies have the insulin-like activities of enhancing glucose oxidation and inhibiting epinephrine-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Thus, antibody binds to the receptor at a different site from that to which insulin binds, yet the interaction can initiate an effective biological response. These results indicate that the previously studied insulin-binding sites are the physiological macromolecular receptors for insulin.", "contents": "Antibodies to purified insulin receptor have insulin-like activity. Antibodies to insulin receptors purified from rat liver membranes do not complete with [125I]insulin for binding to the insulin receptor but do precipitate solubilized receptors labeled with [125I]insulin. These antibodies have the insulin-like activities of enhancing glucose oxidation and inhibiting epinephrine-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Thus, antibody binds to the receptor at a different site from that to which insulin binds, yet the interaction can initiate an effective biological response. These results indicate that the previously studied insulin-binding sites are the physiological macromolecular receptors for insulin.", "PMID": 663609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9931", "title": "Effect of myasthenic immunoglobulin on acetylcholine receptors of intact mammalian neuromuscular junctions.", "content": "Degradation of acetylcholine receptors of intact mouse neuromuscular junctions was determined in vivo and in vitro by the release of radioactivity from mouse diaphragms labeled with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin. Treatment of mice with immunoglobulin from myasthenic patients accelerated the degradation rate to approximately three times normal, in both intact animals and organ cultures. The released radioactivity was in the form of [125I]tyrosine, confirming the nature of the degradative process. Accelerated degradation of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions may represent an important antibody-mediated mechanisms in myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Effect of myasthenic immunoglobulin on acetylcholine receptors of intact mammalian neuromuscular junctions. Degradation of acetylcholine receptors of intact mouse neuromuscular junctions was determined in vivo and in vitro by the release of radioactivity from mouse diaphragms labeled with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin. Treatment of mice with immunoglobulin from myasthenic patients accelerated the degradation rate to approximately three times normal, in both intact animals and organ cultures. The released radioactivity was in the form of [125I]tyrosine, confirming the nature of the degradative process. Accelerated degradation of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions may represent an important antibody-mediated mechanisms in myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 663610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9932", "title": "Human lateralization from head to foot: sex-related factors.", "content": "Sex differences in the pattern and maturation of lateral asymmetries of the human brain have been recently found by a number of investigators, suggesting that sex-related factors may differentially affect the two sides of the body. In this study, asymmetries in the size of the two feet were strongly related to sex and handedness, right-handed males having larger right feet and right-handed females having larger left feet, the reverse being seen in non-right-handed individuals. Since these differences were apparent even in children younger than 6 years, the fetal sex steroids may be critical in governing the maturation of both cerebral and pedal asymmetries.", "contents": "Human lateralization from head to foot: sex-related factors. Sex differences in the pattern and maturation of lateral asymmetries of the human brain have been recently found by a number of investigators, suggesting that sex-related factors may differentially affect the two sides of the body. In this study, asymmetries in the size of the two feet were strongly related to sex and handedness, right-handed males having larger right feet and right-handed females having larger left feet, the reverse being seen in non-right-handed individuals. Since these differences were apparent even in children younger than 6 years, the fetal sex steroids may be critical in governing the maturation of both cerebral and pedal asymmetries.", "PMID": 663611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9933", "title": "Prediction of learning rate from the hippocampal electroencephalogram.", "content": "Samples of spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from the dorsal hippocampus of rabbits were recorded immediately before classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. Computer analysis revealed a significant predictive relationship between EEG frequency characteristics and the subsequent rate of learning.", "contents": "Prediction of learning rate from the hippocampal electroencephalogram. Samples of spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from the dorsal hippocampus of rabbits were recorded immediately before classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. Computer analysis revealed a significant predictive relationship between EEG frequency characteristics and the subsequent rate of learning.", "PMID": 663612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9934", "title": "Learned taste aversions in children receiving chemotherapy.", "content": "Children with neoplastic diseases were offered an unusual ice cream before their drug treatments. Patients experiencing gastrointestinal toxicity due to the drugs were subsequently less likely to choose that ice cream again than controls. This suggests that taste aversions induced by drug-associated symptoms may contribute to the appetite loss experienced by cancer patients.", "contents": "Learned taste aversions in children receiving chemotherapy. Children with neoplastic diseases were offered an unusual ice cream before their drug treatments. Patients experiencing gastrointestinal toxicity due to the drugs were subsequently less likely to choose that ice cream again than controls. This suggests that taste aversions induced by drug-associated symptoms may contribute to the appetite loss experienced by cancer patients.", "PMID": 663613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9935", "title": "Genetic method for the preferential elimination of females of anopheles albimanus.", "content": "Recent field experiments demonstrated the possibility of using the sterile male method for the control of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, the most important vector of human malaria in Central America. Until now there was no practical method for excluding females from the releases of sterile males. A genetic method was developed for the preferential elimination of females during any of the four life stages. This genetic sexing system utilizes propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl methyl-carbamate) susceptibility as a recessive conditional lethal a T(Y:2R) translocation, and an In(2R)inversion. The propoxur resistance allele (dominant) was linked to the Y chromosome via a radiation-induced translocation, and genetic recombination was suppressed by inversions. In one of the strains produced, 99.7 percent of the females are eliminated when treated with propoxur, without male loss.", "contents": "Genetic method for the preferential elimination of females of anopheles albimanus. Recent field experiments demonstrated the possibility of using the sterile male method for the control of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, the most important vector of human malaria in Central America. Until now there was no practical method for excluding females from the releases of sterile males. A genetic method was developed for the preferential elimination of females during any of the four life stages. This genetic sexing system utilizes propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl methyl-carbamate) susceptibility as a recessive conditional lethal a T(Y:2R) translocation, and an In(2R)inversion. The propoxur resistance allele (dominant) was linked to the Y chromosome via a radiation-induced translocation, and genetic recombination was suppressed by inversions. In one of the strains produced, 99.7 percent of the females are eliminated when treated with propoxur, without male loss.", "PMID": 663614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9936", "title": "Neuronal generation of the leech swimming movement.", "content": "The swimming movement of the leech is produced by an ensemble of bilaterally symmetric, rhythmically active pairs of motor neurons present in each segmental ganglion of the ventral nerve cord. These motor neurons innervate the longitudinal muscles in dorsal or ventral sectors of the segmental body wall. Their duty cycles are phase-locked in  a manner such that the dorsal and ventral body wall sectors of any given segment undergo an antiphasic contractile rhythm and that the contractile rhythms of different segments form a rostrocaudal phase progression. This activity rhythm is imposed on the motor neurons by a central swim oscillator, of which four bilaterally symmetric pairs of interneurons present in each segmental ganglion appear to constitute the major component. These interneurons are linked intra- and intersegmentally via inhibitory connections to form a segmentally iterated and inter-segmentally concatenated cyclic neuronal network. The network appears to owe its oscillatory activity pattern to the mechanism of recurrent cyclic inhibition.", "contents": "Neuronal generation of the leech swimming movement. The swimming movement of the leech is produced by an ensemble of bilaterally symmetric, rhythmically active pairs of motor neurons present in each segmental ganglion of the ventral nerve cord. These motor neurons innervate the longitudinal muscles in dorsal or ventral sectors of the segmental body wall. Their duty cycles are phase-locked in  a manner such that the dorsal and ventral body wall sectors of any given segment undergo an antiphasic contractile rhythm and that the contractile rhythms of different segments form a rostrocaudal phase progression. This activity rhythm is imposed on the motor neurons by a central swim oscillator, of which four bilaterally symmetric pairs of interneurons present in each segmental ganglion appear to constitute the major component. These interneurons are linked intra- and intersegmentally via inhibitory connections to form a segmentally iterated and inter-segmentally concatenated cyclic neuronal network. The network appears to owe its oscillatory activity pattern to the mechanism of recurrent cyclic inhibition.", "PMID": 663615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9937", "title": "Cognitive development and social policy.", "content": "The city of Warsaw was razed at the end of World War II and rebuilt under a socialist government whose policy was to allocate dwellings, schools, and health facilities without regard to social class. Of the 14,238 children born in 1963 and living in Warsaw, 96 percent were given the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and an arithmetic and a vocabulary test in March to June of 1974. Information was collected on the families of the children, and on characteristics of schools and city districts. Parental occupation and education were used to form a family factor, and the district data were collapsed into two factors, one relating to social marginality, and the other to distance from city center. Analysis showed that the initial assumption of even distribution of family, school, and district attributes was reasonable. Mental performance was unrelated either to school or district factors; it was related to parental occupation and education in a strong and regular gradient. It is concluded that an egalitarian social policy executed over a generation failed to override the association of social and family factors with cognitive development that is characteristic of more traditional industrial societies.", "contents": "Cognitive development and social policy. The city of Warsaw was razed at the end of World War II and rebuilt under a socialist government whose policy was to allocate dwellings, schools, and health facilities without regard to social class. Of the 14,238 children born in 1963 and living in Warsaw, 96 percent were given the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and an arithmetic and a vocabulary test in March to June of 1974. Information was collected on the families of the children, and on characteristics of schools and city districts. Parental occupation and education were used to form a family factor, and the district data were collapsed into two factors, one relating to social marginality, and the other to distance from city center. Analysis showed that the initial assumption of even distribution of family, school, and district attributes was reasonable. Mental performance was unrelated either to school or district factors; it was related to parental occupation and education in a strong and regular gradient. It is concluded that an egalitarian social policy executed over a generation failed to override the association of social and family factors with cognitive development that is characteristic of more traditional industrial societies.", "PMID": 663616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9938", "title": "Pattern formation by cultured human epidermal cells: development of curved ridges resembling dermatoglyphs.", "content": "In cultures made from disaggregated human epidermal cells, growth to a confluent cell layer is followed by the emergence of patterns resembling those of human dermatoglyphs. These patterns reflect intrinsic properties of kertinocytes. In vivo, only the epidermis of the volar surfaces forms patterns, but in culture, patterns are formed by epidermal cells from other sites as well. Patterns develop by a process of cell movement which first produces ridges and then curves the ridges into figures of increasing complexity, ultimately whorls.", "contents": "Pattern formation by cultured human epidermal cells: development of curved ridges resembling dermatoglyphs. In cultures made from disaggregated human epidermal cells, growth to a confluent cell layer is followed by the emergence of patterns resembling those of human dermatoglyphs. These patterns reflect intrinsic properties of kertinocytes. In vivo, only the epidermis of the volar surfaces forms patterns, but in culture, patterns are formed by epidermal cells from other sites as well. Patterns develop by a process of cell movement which first produces ridges and then curves the ridges into figures of increasing complexity, ultimately whorls.", "PMID": 663617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9939", "title": "Identification of a C-glucuronide of delta6- tetrahydrocannabinol as a mouse liver conjugate in vivo.", "content": "Delta 6-Tetrahydrocannabinol-C-4-glucuronide was found in the livers of mice that had been administered delta 6-tetrahydrocannabinol. Thus, C-glucuronidation of a compound that contains a free hydroxyl group has been demonstrated in vivo.", "contents": "Identification of a C-glucuronide of delta6- tetrahydrocannabinol as a mouse liver conjugate in vivo. Delta 6-Tetrahydrocannabinol-C-4-glucuronide was found in the livers of mice that had been administered delta 6-tetrahydrocannabinol. Thus, C-glucuronidation of a compound that contains a free hydroxyl group has been demonstrated in vivo.", "PMID": 663618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9940", "title": "Blood-brain neutral amino acid transport activity is increased after portacaval anastomosis.", "content": "In rats after portacaval anastomosis (an animal model of chronic liver disease), transport of tryptophan and other members of the large neutral amino acid group from blood to brain was markedly enhanced. Increased transport activity was apparently restricted to the neutral amino acid transport system, since brain uptake of glucose, inulin, and tyramine was unaffected while blood-brain arginine transport was significantly reduced. These results strikingly confirm the hypothesis that carrier-mediated blood-brain transport is the limiting factor determining the availability of the neutral amino acids to the brain. The encephalopathy associated with cirrhosis may be the result of abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism and neurotransmission secondary to increased neutral amino acid  transport activity and an increased brain content of members of the neutral amino acid group.", "contents": "Blood-brain neutral amino acid transport activity is increased after portacaval anastomosis. In rats after portacaval anastomosis (an animal model of chronic liver disease), transport of tryptophan and other members of the large neutral amino acid group from blood to brain was markedly enhanced. Increased transport activity was apparently restricted to the neutral amino acid transport system, since brain uptake of glucose, inulin, and tyramine was unaffected while blood-brain arginine transport was significantly reduced. These results strikingly confirm the hypothesis that carrier-mediated blood-brain transport is the limiting factor determining the availability of the neutral amino acids to the brain. The encephalopathy associated with cirrhosis may be the result of abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism and neurotransmission secondary to increased neutral amino acid  transport activity and an increased brain content of members of the neutral amino acid group.", "PMID": 663619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9941", "title": "Quantitation of hindered rotations of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers by differential polarized phase fluorometry.", "content": "Diffusional motions of 1,6-diphenyl-1, 3, 5-hexatriene (DPH) were observed by differential polarized phase fluorometry. The measurements indicated that the depolarizing rotations of DPH in propylene glycol are isotropic. The results in vesicles of dimyristoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine indicated that diffusional rotations of DPH are dominated by hindered torsional motions. Combined use of both differential phase and steady-state anisotropy measurements showed that the average rotational angle of DPH, at times long compared to the fluorescence lifetime, is limited to about 23 degrees at temperatures below the transition temperature of the lipid and that these rotations become less hindered above the transition temperature. The evidence that the depolarizing rotations of DPH in a lipid bilayer are different from those in an isotropic solvent calls into question the meaning of membrane microviscosity as determined by fluorescence anisotropy.", "contents": "Quantitation of hindered rotations of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers by differential polarized phase fluorometry. Diffusional motions of 1,6-diphenyl-1, 3, 5-hexatriene (DPH) were observed by differential polarized phase fluorometry. The measurements indicated that the depolarizing rotations of DPH in propylene glycol are isotropic. The results in vesicles of dimyristoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine indicated that diffusional rotations of DPH are dominated by hindered torsional motions. Combined use of both differential phase and steady-state anisotropy measurements showed that the average rotational angle of DPH, at times long compared to the fluorescence lifetime, is limited to about 23 degrees at temperatures below the transition temperature of the lipid and that these rotations become less hindered above the transition temperature. The evidence that the depolarizing rotations of DPH in a lipid bilayer are different from those in an isotropic solvent calls into question the meaning of membrane microviscosity as determined by fluorescence anisotropy.", "PMID": 663620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9942", "title": "Comparison of rhapidosomes and asbestos microfibrils.", "content": "Rhapidosomers (cylindrical nucleoprotein rods of bacterial origin) show great structural similarity to the microfibrils of chrysotile asbestos when negatively stained and observed with the electron microscope. If the negative stain is omitted, the asbestos retains its structural detail whereas the rhapidosomes appear to be unstructured bodies. When the microscope is adjusted into a selected area diffraction mode, the asbestos shows characteristic electron diffraction patterns whereas the rhapidosomes appear to be amorphous to electron diffraction.", "contents": "Comparison of rhapidosomes and asbestos microfibrils. Rhapidosomers (cylindrical nucleoprotein rods of bacterial origin) show great structural similarity to the microfibrils of chrysotile asbestos when negatively stained and observed with the electron microscope. If the negative stain is omitted, the asbestos retains its structural detail whereas the rhapidosomes appear to be unstructured bodies. When the microscope is adjusted into a selected area diffraction mode, the asbestos shows characteristic electron diffraction patterns whereas the rhapidosomes appear to be amorphous to electron diffraction.", "PMID": 663621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9943", "title": "Copulatory vocalizations of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), gibbons (Hylobates hoolock), and humans.", "content": "The copulatory vocalizations of female baboons (Papio ursinus) are more complex than those of female gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) or human females. Adult males of all these species begin calling later than the female, but subordinate baboon males do not call. Copulatory vocalizations may serve to mutually stimulate the mating partners or to incite male competition.", "contents": "Copulatory vocalizations of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), gibbons (Hylobates hoolock), and humans. The copulatory vocalizations of female baboons (Papio ursinus) are more complex than those of female gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) or human females. Adult males of all these species begin calling later than the female, but subordinate baboon males do not call. Copulatory vocalizations may serve to mutually stimulate the mating partners or to incite male competition.", "PMID": 663622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9944", "title": "Lateralization of norepinephrine in human thalamus.", "content": "Norepinephrine has a strongly lateralized distribution in the human thalamus. In the pulvinar region the left hemisphere is rich in norepinephrine, whereas in the somatosensory input area the right hemisphere has a higher concentration of this catecholamine. Such naturally occurring left-right differences in concentration of a neurotransmitter represent a new aspect of hemispheric specialization.", "contents": "Lateralization of norepinephrine in human thalamus. Norepinephrine has a strongly lateralized distribution in the human thalamus. In the pulvinar region the left hemisphere is rich in norepinephrine, whereas in the somatosensory input area the right hemisphere has a higher concentration of this catecholamine. Such naturally occurring left-right differences in concentration of a neurotransmitter represent a new aspect of hemispheric specialization.", "PMID": 663623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9945", "title": "Medial preoptic lesions and male sexual behavior: age and environmental interactions.", "content": "In all species studied, the medial preoptic area has been found to be necessary for male copulatory behavior. No recovery of sexual function from the medial preoptic area lesions appears to have been reported. This study demonstrates that rats with large lesions of the medial preoptic area exhibit adult male sexual behavior when the surgery is performed prepuberally and the rats have interacted socially with peers.", "contents": "Medial preoptic lesions and male sexual behavior: age and environmental interactions. In all species studied, the medial preoptic area has been found to be necessary for male copulatory behavior. No recovery of sexual function from the medial preoptic area lesions appears to have been reported. This study demonstrates that rats with large lesions of the medial preoptic area exhibit adult male sexual behavior when the surgery is performed prepuberally and the rats have interacted socially with peers.", "PMID": 663624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9946", "title": "EXAFS: new horizons in structure determinations.", "content": "Although the phenomena of extended x=ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were observed as early as the 1930's, EXAFS has only recently, with the utilization of synchrotron radiation, been transformed into a powerful structural technique. The theory and experimental practice of the technique are described and illustrated with data on germanium. Applications to systems as diverse as hemoglobin, polymer-bound catalysts, ions in solution, amorphous solids, and adsorbate atoms on surfaces are reviewed. With the recent approval of funding for new, more powerful dedicated synchrotron sources, the future holds the possibility of a virtual revolution in structure determinations.", "contents": "EXAFS: new horizons in structure determinations. Although the phenomena of extended x=ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were observed as early as the 1930's, EXAFS has only recently, with the utilization of synchrotron radiation, been transformed into a powerful structural technique. The theory and experimental practice of the technique are described and illustrated with data on germanium. Applications to systems as diverse as hemoglobin, polymer-bound catalysts, ions in solution, amorphous solids, and adsorbate atoms on surfaces are reviewed. With the recent approval of funding for new, more powerful dedicated synchrotron sources, the future holds the possibility of a virtual revolution in structure determinations.", "PMID": 663627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9947", "title": "Initiation of light adaptation in barnacle photoreceptors.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were used to measure the action spectrum of light adaptation in barnacle photoreceptors. The action spectrum closely resembles the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin (lambdamax at 530 nanometers) and is clearly different from that of metarhodopsin (lambdamax at 495 nanometers). These results suggest that absorption of light by rhodopsin initiates both excitation and light adaptation. The previously reported antagonistic process initiated by metarhodopsin does not appear to play a role at moderate light intensities.", "contents": "Initiation of light adaptation in barnacle photoreceptors. Intracellular recordings were used to measure the action spectrum of light adaptation in barnacle photoreceptors. The action spectrum closely resembles the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin (lambdamax at 530 nanometers) and is clearly different from that of metarhodopsin (lambdamax at 495 nanometers). These results suggest that absorption of light by rhodopsin initiates both excitation and light adaptation. The previously reported antagonistic process initiated by metarhodopsin does not appear to play a role at moderate light intensities.", "PMID": 663629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9948", "title": "Nitrite and nitrate are formed by endogenous synthesis in the human intestine.", "content": "Studies of nitrate balance in humans and analyses of fecal and ileostomy samples indicate that nitrite and nitrate are formed de novo in the intestine, possibly by heterotrophic nitrification. These findings significantly alter our previous conceptions of human exposure to nitrite and suggest an even wider role for nitrite in the etiology of human cancer.", "contents": "Nitrite and nitrate are formed by endogenous synthesis in the human intestine. Studies of nitrate balance in humans and analyses of fecal and ileostomy samples indicate that nitrite and nitrate are formed de novo in the intestine, possibly by heterotrophic nitrification. These findings significantly alter our previous conceptions of human exposure to nitrite and suggest an even wider role for nitrite in the etiology of human cancer.", "PMID": 663630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9949", "title": "Mercury concentrations in Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres), as a function of length and latitude.", "content": "Mercury concentrations in Pacific hake increase with fish size and with the latitude of collection. While the mercury-size trend is consistent with data for other species, the latitudinal trend is opposite to that reported for other fishes over the same geographical area. Consequently, latitudinal trends of mercury concentrations in fishes do not necessarily indicate trends of mercury concentrations in water. Food habits and metabolism may cause the observed variations.", "contents": "Mercury concentrations in Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres), as a function of length and latitude. Mercury concentrations in Pacific hake increase with fish size and with the latitude of collection. While the mercury-size trend is consistent with data for other species, the latitudinal trend is opposite to that reported for other fishes over the same geographical area. Consequently, latitudinal trends of mercury concentrations in fishes do not necessarily indicate trends of mercury concentrations in water. Food habits and metabolism may cause the observed variations.", "PMID": 663631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9950", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: decreased conjugation and excretion of [14C]spermidine.", "content": "Free and conjugated [14C]spermidine were measured in plasma samples from normal individuals and cystic fibrosis patients. Within 4 minutes, the 14C-labeled material in the plasma from normal individuals was 70 percent conjugated compared to no detectable conjugation by cystic fibrosis patients. Further, the patients excreted only 11 to 13 percent of the [14C]spermidine in their urine within 72 hours whereas normal excretion was 60 to 76 percent. In both cases, the labeled material was in a conjugated form.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: decreased conjugation and excretion of [14C]spermidine. Free and conjugated [14C]spermidine were measured in plasma samples from normal individuals and cystic fibrosis patients. Within 4 minutes, the 14C-labeled material in the plasma from normal individuals was 70 percent conjugated compared to no detectable conjugation by cystic fibrosis patients. Further, the patients excreted only 11 to 13 percent of the [14C]spermidine in their urine within 72 hours whereas normal excretion was 60 to 76 percent. In both cases, the labeled material was in a conjugated form.", "PMID": 663632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9951", "title": "Is binocular vision always monocular?", "content": "Visual sensitivity of one eye was determined under binocular stimulus conditions yielding apparent fusion, stereopsis, monocular dominance, and monocular suppression. Marked losses in sensitivity accompanied monocular suppression but were not evident during stable singel vision. The results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that supression alone mediates binocular single vision.", "contents": "Is binocular vision always monocular? Visual sensitivity of one eye was determined under binocular stimulus conditions yielding apparent fusion, stereopsis, monocular dominance, and monocular suppression. Marked losses in sensitivity accompanied monocular suppression but were not evident during stable singel vision. The results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that supression alone mediates binocular single vision.", "PMID": 663633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9952", "title": "Intellectual status of working-class children adopted early into upper-middle-class families.", "content": "Failure rates observed (13 +/- 6 percent for school failures, 17 +/- 5 percent for scores below 95 on a collective IQ test) were far below those expected from the social class of birth (55 percent, 51 percent) or observed in a control group (56 +/- 8 percent, 49 +/- 9 percent) but close to those expected from the social class of adoption (15 percent, 15 percent).", "contents": "Intellectual status of working-class children adopted early into upper-middle-class families. Failure rates observed (13 +/- 6 percent for school failures, 17 +/- 5 percent for scores below 95 on a collective IQ test) were far below those expected from the social class of birth (55 percent, 51 percent) or observed in a control group (56 +/- 8 percent, 49 +/- 9 percent) but close to those expected from the social class of adoption (15 percent, 15 percent).", "PMID": 663634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9953", "title": "Nuclear waste: increasing scale and sociopolitical impacts.", "content": "The article argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the operational aspects of the U.S. radioactive waste management system when it grows to the scale necessary to handle wastes produced by a fully deployed plutonium economy. Without such information, many of the unsettling speculations which have become part of the public debate and are summarized herein cannot be clearly addressed. The article then outlines the types of information necessary to begin estimating the costs and consequences of radioactive waste management. Finally, an index of social exposure to radioactive hazard is proposed to improve the basis for policy decisions in this area.", "contents": "Nuclear waste: increasing scale and sociopolitical impacts. The article argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the operational aspects of the U.S. radioactive waste management system when it grows to the scale necessary to handle wastes produced by a fully deployed plutonium economy. Without such information, many of the unsettling speculations which have become part of the public debate and are summarized herein cannot be clearly addressed. The article then outlines the types of information necessary to begin estimating the costs and consequences of radioactive waste management. Finally, an index of social exposure to radioactive hazard is proposed to improve the basis for policy decisions in this area.", "PMID": 663637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9954", "title": "6-Mercaptopurine treatment of pregnant mice: effects on second and third generations.", "content": "The immunosuppressive drug 6-mercaptopurine is embryotoxic in mice. Of the surviving female offspring of mice treated with low doses of 6-mercaptopurine during pregnancy, despite normal body weight and general appearance, many were either sterile or, if they became pregnant, had smaller litters and more dead fetuses as compared to offspring of mothers that had not received the drug.", "contents": "6-Mercaptopurine treatment of pregnant mice: effects on second and third generations. The immunosuppressive drug 6-mercaptopurine is embryotoxic in mice. Of the surviving female offspring of mice treated with low doses of 6-mercaptopurine during pregnancy, despite normal body weight and general appearance, many were either sterile or, if they became pregnant, had smaller litters and more dead fetuses as compared to offspring of mothers that had not received the drug.", "PMID": 663638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9955", "title": "Peptide formation in the prebiotic era: thermal condensation of glycine in fluctuating clay environments.", "content": "As geologically relevant models of prebiotic environments, systems consisting of clay, water, and amino acids were subjected to cyclic variations in temperature and water content. Fluctuations of both variables produced longer oligopeptides in higher yields than were produced by temperature fluctuations alone. The results suggest that fluctuating environments provided a favorable geological setting in which the rate and extent of chemical evolution would have been determined by the number and frequency of cycles.", "contents": "Peptide formation in the prebiotic era: thermal condensation of glycine in fluctuating clay environments. As geologically relevant models of prebiotic environments, systems consisting of clay, water, and amino acids were subjected to cyclic variations in temperature and water content. Fluctuations of both variables produced longer oligopeptides in higher yields than were produced by temperature fluctuations alone. The results suggest that fluctuating environments provided a favorable geological setting in which the rate and extent of chemical evolution would have been determined by the number and frequency of cycles.", "PMID": 663639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9956", "title": "Enhancement of conditioned arterial pressure responses in cats after brainstem lesions.", "content": "Cats were classically conditioned after the baroreceptor reflexes were abolished by bilateral placement of electrolytic lesions in the nucleus tractus solitarii. The conditioned increases in arterial pressure were more than five times larger than the responses obtained in similarly trained controls. This finding suggests that the baroreceptor reflexes actively inhibit conditioned increases of arterial pressure.", "contents": "Enhancement of conditioned arterial pressure responses in cats after brainstem lesions. Cats were classically conditioned after the baroreceptor reflexes were abolished by bilateral placement of electrolytic lesions in the nucleus tractus solitarii. The conditioned increases in arterial pressure were more than five times larger than the responses obtained in similarly trained controls. This finding suggests that the baroreceptor reflexes actively inhibit conditioned increases of arterial pressure.", "PMID": 663640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9957", "title": "Anxiety change through electroencephalographic alpha feedback seen only in high anxiety subjects.", "content": "Subjects who were either high or low in trait anxiety used alpha feedback to increase and to decrease their electroencephalographic alpha activity. The alpha changes were tightly linked to anxiety changes, but only in high anxiety subjects (for whom anxiety was reduced in proportion to alpha increases, and was increased in proportion to alpha suppression). Low trait-anxiety subjects were superior at both enhancement and suppression training, but their alpha changes were not related to anxiety changes. In both groups, anxiety changes were generally unrelated to either resting levels or changes in frontalis electromyograms and respiration rate. These results suggest that long-term alpha feedback training (at least 5 hours) may be useful in anxiety therapy.", "contents": "Anxiety change through electroencephalographic alpha feedback seen only in high anxiety subjects. Subjects who were either high or low in trait anxiety used alpha feedback to increase and to decrease their electroencephalographic alpha activity. The alpha changes were tightly linked to anxiety changes, but only in high anxiety subjects (for whom anxiety was reduced in proportion to alpha increases, and was increased in proportion to alpha suppression). Low trait-anxiety subjects were superior at both enhancement and suppression training, but their alpha changes were not related to anxiety changes. In both groups, anxiety changes were generally unrelated to either resting levels or changes in frontalis electromyograms and respiration rate. These results suggest that long-term alpha feedback training (at least 5 hours) may be useful in anxiety therapy.", "PMID": 663641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9958", "title": "Statistical problems in ESP research.", "content": "In search of repeatable ESP experiments, modern investigators are using more complex targets, richer and freer responses, feedback, and more naturalistic conditions. This makes tractable statistical models less applicable. Moreover, controls often are so loose that no valid statistical analysis is possible. Some common problems are multiple end points, subject cheating, and unconscious sensory cueing. Unfortunately, such problems are hard to recognize from published records of the experiments in which they occur; rather, these problems are often uncovered by reports of independent skilled observers who were present during the experiment. This suggests that magicians and psychologists be regularly used as observers. New statistical ideas have been developed for some of the new experiments. For example, many modern ESP studies provide subjects with feedback--partial information about previous guesses--to reward the subjects for correct guesses in hope of inducing ESP learning. Some feedback experiments can be analyzed with the use of skill-scoring, a statistical procedure that depends on the information available and the way the guessing subject uses this information.", "contents": "Statistical problems in ESP research. In search of repeatable ESP experiments, modern investigators are using more complex targets, richer and freer responses, feedback, and more naturalistic conditions. This makes tractable statistical models less applicable. Moreover, controls often are so loose that no valid statistical analysis is possible. Some common problems are multiple end points, subject cheating, and unconscious sensory cueing. Unfortunately, such problems are hard to recognize from published records of the experiments in which they occur; rather, these problems are often uncovered by reports of independent skilled observers who were present during the experiment. This suggests that magicians and psychologists be regularly used as observers. New statistical ideas have been developed for some of the new experiments. For example, many modern ESP studies provide subjects with feedback--partial information about previous guesses--to reward the subjects for correct guesses in hope of inducing ESP learning. Some feedback experiments can be analyzed with the use of skill-scoring, a statistical procedure that depends on the information available and the way the guessing subject uses this information.", "PMID": 663642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9959", "title": "Monensin and the prevention of tryptophan-induced acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema.", "content": "3-Methylindole, a ruminal fermentation product of tryptophan, induces acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle, and 3-methylindole is present in the ruminal fluid and blood of cows with a natually occurring form of this disease. Monensin, a polyether antibiotic and widely used feed additive for beef cattle, prevented tryptophan-induced acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema. Monensin acted by reducing the ruminal conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-methylindole both in vitro and in vivo. Lasalocid, also a polyether antibiotic, showed similar effects in vitro. These results provide a promising approach to prevention of this major respiratory disease of cattle.", "contents": "Monensin and the prevention of tryptophan-induced acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema. 3-Methylindole, a ruminal fermentation product of tryptophan, induces acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle, and 3-methylindole is present in the ruminal fluid and blood of cows with a natually occurring form of this disease. Monensin, a polyether antibiotic and widely used feed additive for beef cattle, prevented tryptophan-induced acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema. Monensin acted by reducing the ruminal conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-methylindole both in vitro and in vivo. Lasalocid, also a polyether antibiotic, showed similar effects in vitro. These results provide a promising approach to prevention of this major respiratory disease of cattle.", "PMID": 663643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9960", "title": "Microcirculation of the spleen: and open or closed circulation?", "content": "By injecting plastic microspheres of a specific size (3 to 4 micrometers) into the circulation and following their movement and distribution in the spleen, it was revealed how blood travels from the arterial capillaries to the venous sinuses. This method demonstrated that both open and closed circulation exist in the spleen and that about 90 percent of the blood takes the open route of circulation in the normal unanesthetized rabbit.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the spleen: and open or closed circulation? By injecting plastic microspheres of a specific size (3 to 4 micrometers) into the circulation and following their movement and distribution in the spleen, it was revealed how blood travels from the arterial capillaries to the venous sinuses. This method demonstrated that both open and closed circulation exist in the spleen and that about 90 percent of the blood takes the open route of circulation in the normal unanesthetized rabbit.", "PMID": 663644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9961", "title": "Serologically defined (SD) locus in cattle.", "content": "Using cytotoxic serums obtained from multiparous cows or by alloimmunization, we have detected 11 lymphocyte antigens controlled by codominant alleles at a serologically defined locus called BoLA-A (bovine lymphocyte antigens). This locus, along with the lymphocyte defined loci previously reported, establishes the existence of a major histocompatibility system of cattle.", "contents": "Serologically defined (SD) locus in cattle. Using cytotoxic serums obtained from multiparous cows or by alloimmunization, we have detected 11 lymphocyte antigens controlled by codominant alleles at a serologically defined locus called BoLA-A (bovine lymphocyte antigens). This locus, along with the lymphocyte defined loci previously reported, establishes the existence of a major histocompatibility system of cattle.", "PMID": 663645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9962", "title": "Loss of hippocampal theta rhythm results in spatial memory deficit in the rat.", "content": "Rats learned, using distal room cues, to run to a goal on an elevated, circular track starting from any position on the track. The goal was one of eight equidistant, recessed cups set around the track, the goal cup being distinguished from the others solely by its position in the room. After learning, electrolytic lesions were made in the medial septal nucleus eliminating hippocampal theta rhythm in some animals but not in others. Rats without theta rhythm were no longer able to perform the spatial task, whereas rats with undisturbed theta rhythm retrained normal performance. Although rats without theta rhythm could not find their way directly to the goal, they recognized its location when they came upon it by chance. This type of spatial deficit appears similar to that shown by hippocampally lesioned patient H.M. Subsequent tests demonstrated that rats deprived of theta rhythm before training could nevertheless learn the task.", "contents": "Loss of hippocampal theta rhythm results in spatial memory deficit in the rat. Rats learned, using distal room cues, to run to a goal on an elevated, circular track starting from any position on the track. The goal was one of eight equidistant, recessed cups set around the track, the goal cup being distinguished from the others solely by its position in the room. After learning, electrolytic lesions were made in the medial septal nucleus eliminating hippocampal theta rhythm in some animals but not in others. Rats without theta rhythm were no longer able to perform the spatial task, whereas rats with undisturbed theta rhythm retrained normal performance. Although rats without theta rhythm could not find their way directly to the goal, they recognized its location when they came upon it by chance. This type of spatial deficit appears similar to that shown by hippocampally lesioned patient H.M. Subsequent tests demonstrated that rats deprived of theta rhythm before training could nevertheless learn the task.", "PMID": 663646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9963", "title": "The stomach signals satiety.", "content": "Inflatable pyloric cuffs and stomach tubes were implanted in rats. With the cuff inflated and a valve to limit intragastric pressure to that accompanying normal satiety, they drank only as much when they had been deprived of food for 12 hours as without inflation of the cuff. However, they overdrank with the cuff inflated when they had been water deprived for 12 hours. When 10 ml of milk was withdrawn from the stomach with the cuff inflated, compensatory drinking occurred. Further, compensatory drinking also occurred when milk escaped from the stomach into the duodenum. Satiety signals thus arise from the stomach.", "contents": "The stomach signals satiety. Inflatable pyloric cuffs and stomach tubes were implanted in rats. With the cuff inflated and a valve to limit intragastric pressure to that accompanying normal satiety, they drank only as much when they had been deprived of food for 12 hours as without inflation of the cuff. However, they overdrank with the cuff inflated when they had been water deprived for 12 hours. When 10 ml of milk was withdrawn from the stomach with the cuff inflated, compensatory drinking occurred. Further, compensatory drinking also occurred when milk escaped from the stomach into the duodenum. Satiety signals thus arise from the stomach.", "PMID": 663647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9964", "title": "Evoked response correlate of symbol and significate.", "content": "Changing the source and intensity of the auditory signal to six trained cats responding to meaningful auditory stimuli permits exogenous and endogenous processes in the auditory evoked potential to be separated. For short-latency exogenous processes, latency and amplitude depend on the parameters of the physical stimulus. However, the amplitude and shape of longer-latency endogenous processes are essentially independent of the location and intensity of the signal source and seem to be invariant concomitants of the significance of the signal.", "contents": "Evoked response correlate of symbol and significate. Changing the source and intensity of the auditory signal to six trained cats responding to meaningful auditory stimuli permits exogenous and endogenous processes in the auditory evoked potential to be separated. For short-latency exogenous processes, latency and amplitude depend on the parameters of the physical stimulus. However, the amplitude and shape of longer-latency endogenous processes are essentially independent of the location and intensity of the signal source and seem to be invariant concomitants of the significance of the signal.", "PMID": 663648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9965", "title": "Sympathetic nervous control of cerebrospinal fluid production from the choroid plexus.", "content": "The rabbit choroid plexus, responsible for the bulk production of cerebrospinal fluid, is well supplied by sympathetic nerves emanating in the superior cervical ganglia. Electrical stimulation of these nerves markedly reduces production of cerebrospinal fluid, measured by [14C] inulin dilution during ventricular perfusion, whereas sympathetic denervation enhances the rate of formation.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous control of cerebrospinal fluid production from the choroid plexus. The rabbit choroid plexus, responsible for the bulk production of cerebrospinal fluid, is well supplied by sympathetic nerves emanating in the superior cervical ganglia. Electrical stimulation of these nerves markedly reduces production of cerebrospinal fluid, measured by [14C] inulin dilution during ventricular perfusion, whereas sympathetic denervation enhances the rate of formation.", "PMID": 663649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9966", "title": "Enhanced dexamethasone resistance in cystic fibrosis cells: potential use for heterozygote detection and prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are more resistant to dexamethasone toxicity than are normal cells. We now report that, when fibroblasts cultured from obligate CF heterozygotes are exposed to dexamethasone, they have an intermediate survival compared to normal and homozygous CF cells. When dexamethasone survival was tested on cells from four patients undergoing amniocentesis, cells from a woman at risk of producing a child with CF showed significant dexamethasone resistance, similar to that of fibroblasts derived from lnown CF homozygotes; the other amniotic cell specimens showed dexamethasone sensitivity similar to that of normal skin fibroblasts. These data suggest that the dexamethasone resistance previously observed in skin fibroblasts may also be useful in the prenatal diagnosis of CF.", "contents": "Enhanced dexamethasone resistance in cystic fibrosis cells: potential use for heterozygote detection and prenatal diagnosis. Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are more resistant to dexamethasone toxicity than are normal cells. We now report that, when fibroblasts cultured from obligate CF heterozygotes are exposed to dexamethasone, they have an intermediate survival compared to normal and homozygous CF cells. When dexamethasone survival was tested on cells from four patients undergoing amniocentesis, cells from a woman at risk of producing a child with CF showed significant dexamethasone resistance, similar to that of fibroblasts derived from lnown CF homozygotes; the other amniotic cell specimens showed dexamethasone sensitivity similar to that of normal skin fibroblasts. These data suggest that the dexamethasone resistance previously observed in skin fibroblasts may also be useful in the prenatal diagnosis of CF.", "PMID": 663650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9967", "title": "Other tastes, other worlds.", "content": "The idea of four primary tastes has influenced our concept of the gustatory world of all animals. It has also been the basis for constructing theories of gustatory neural integration. Since natural chemical stimuli are complex mixtures to which responses are multineuronal, difficult questions about integration arise. Answers are usually framed in terms of \"labeled line\" or \"across-fiber\" hypotheses. Comparative studies of vertebrate and invertebrate taste reveal in all receptors universal basic parameters that bear on the controversy. Comparative studies also place in more accurate perspective diverse chemically related ecologies and behaviors.", "contents": "Other tastes, other worlds. The idea of four primary tastes has influenced our concept of the gustatory world of all animals. It has also been the basis for constructing theories of gustatory neural integration. Since natural chemical stimuli are complex mixtures to which responses are multineuronal, difficult questions about integration arise. Answers are usually framed in terms of \"labeled line\" or \"across-fiber\" hypotheses. Comparative studies of vertebrate and invertebrate taste reveal in all receptors universal basic parameters that bear on the controversy. Comparative studies also place in more accurate perspective diverse chemically related ecologies and behaviors.", "PMID": 663651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9968", "title": "Physiological basis of anisometropic amblyopia.", "content": "In the visual cortex of kittens that have received their only visual experience while wearing a high-power lens before one eye, most neurons are dominated by input from the normal eye. Moreover, contrast sensitivity and resolving power are lower for stimulation through the originally defocused eye, mimicking psychophysical results from human anisometropic amblyopes.", "contents": "Physiological basis of anisometropic amblyopia. In the visual cortex of kittens that have received their only visual experience while wearing a high-power lens before one eye, most neurons are dominated by input from the normal eye. Moreover, contrast sensitivity and resolving power are lower for stimulation through the originally defocused eye, mimicking psychophysical results from human anisometropic amblyopes.", "PMID": 663654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9969", "title": "Chronically decerebrate rats demonstrate satiation but not bait shyness.", "content": "Taste substances applied to the oral cavity result in either ingestion or rejection, each with a characteristic muscular response pattern. These responses are the same in decerebrate and intact rats; the caudal brainstem appears to be the neural substrate of ingestion and rejection responses. The experiment determined whether decerebrates can alter these discriminative responses as a function of food deprivation or toxicosis. Food-deprived decerebrate rats, like intact ones, ingested a taste substance they had rejected when sated. However, these same decerebrates, in contrast to controls, neither rejected nor decreased ingestive reactions to a novel taste after that taste had been repeatedly paired with lithium chloride-induced illness. Although the forebrain may be important for integrating ingestion, some aspects of this control seem to be represented in caudal brain areas.", "contents": "Chronically decerebrate rats demonstrate satiation but not bait shyness. Taste substances applied to the oral cavity result in either ingestion or rejection, each with a characteristic muscular response pattern. These responses are the same in decerebrate and intact rats; the caudal brainstem appears to be the neural substrate of ingestion and rejection responses. The experiment determined whether decerebrates can alter these discriminative responses as a function of food deprivation or toxicosis. Food-deprived decerebrate rats, like intact ones, ingested a taste substance they had rejected when sated. However, these same decerebrates, in contrast to controls, neither rejected nor decreased ingestive reactions to a novel taste after that taste had been repeatedly paired with lithium chloride-induced illness. Although the forebrain may be important for integrating ingestion, some aspects of this control seem to be represented in caudal brain areas.", "PMID": 663655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9970", "title": "Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves.", "content": "A newly discovered class of neurons, ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons, has PGO wave relationships of phase-leading, stereotyped discharge bursts, and the highest reported discharge specificity and coherence; these neurons thus fulfill correlative criteria for output generator neurons for PGO waves. The PGO burst neurons are recorded in a discrete dorsal brainstem area in apposition to the brachium conjunctivum.", "contents": "Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. A newly discovered class of neurons, ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons, has PGO wave relationships of phase-leading, stereotyped discharge bursts, and the highest reported discharge specificity and coherence; these neurons thus fulfill correlative criteria for output generator neurons for PGO waves. The PGO burst neurons are recorded in a discrete dorsal brainstem area in apposition to the brachium conjunctivum.", "PMID": 663656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9971", "title": "Limits to growth in world food production.", "content": "The dramatic increases in wheat yields that began in the mid-1930's in the United States will soon begin to level off. The favorable mix of genetics and technology that has characterized this era must build upon an ever higher yield base for the future. At the same time the residue of factors that can lower wheat yields includes a larger proportion of forces not easily shaped or controlled by man. An example is weather. The result is a natural yield ceiling that is already visible and that will impose a limit on future productivity growth.", "contents": "Limits to growth in world food production. The dramatic increases in wheat yields that began in the mid-1930's in the United States will soon begin to level off. The favorable mix of genetics and technology that has characterized this era must build upon an ever higher yield base for the future. At the same time the residue of factors that can lower wheat yields includes a larger proportion of forces not easily shaped or controlled by man. An example is weather. The result is a natural yield ceiling that is already visible and that will impose a limit on future productivity growth.", "PMID": 663657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9972", "title": "Visual phenomena induced by relativistic carbon ions with and without Cerenkov radiation.", "content": "Exposing the human eye to individual carbon ions (6C+) moving at relativistic speeds results in visual phenomena that include point flashes, streaks, and larger diffuse flashes. The diffuse flashes have previously been observed by astronauts in space but not in laboratory experiments with particles of high atomic number and energy. They are observed only when the nucleus moves fast enough to generate Cerenkov radiation.", "contents": "Visual phenomena induced by relativistic carbon ions with and without Cerenkov radiation. Exposing the human eye to individual carbon ions (6C+) moving at relativistic speeds results in visual phenomena that include point flashes, streaks, and larger diffuse flashes. The diffuse flashes have previously been observed by astronauts in space but not in laboratory experiments with particles of high atomic number and energy. They are observed only when the nucleus moves fast enough to generate Cerenkov radiation.", "PMID": 663660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9973", "title": "Red cell membrane glycophorin labeling from within the lipid bilayer.", "content": "Human red blood cell membranes were labeled from within the lipid bilayer by the apolar photosensitive reagent, 5-[125I]iodonaphthyl-1-azide. Glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of the red cell membrane, was purified by two different methods; it contained approximately half of the total label incorporated into membrane proteins. The label was confined to the trypsin-insoluble peptide of glycophorin that includes a sequence of 20, mainly apolar, amino acids. These findings provide direct evidence that the labeled segment resides within the membrane in direct contact with the lipid bilayer, and support the suggestion that glycophorin spans the bilayer through its hydrophobic domain.", "contents": "Red cell membrane glycophorin labeling from within the lipid bilayer. Human red blood cell membranes were labeled from within the lipid bilayer by the apolar photosensitive reagent, 5-[125I]iodonaphthyl-1-azide. Glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of the red cell membrane, was purified by two different methods; it contained approximately half of the total label incorporated into membrane proteins. The label was confined to the trypsin-insoluble peptide of glycophorin that includes a sequence of 20, mainly apolar, amino acids. These findings provide direct evidence that the labeled segment resides within the membrane in direct contact with the lipid bilayer, and support the suggestion that glycophorin spans the bilayer through its hydrophobic domain.", "PMID": 663661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9974", "title": "Brain edema: induction in cortical slices by polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "The presence of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in leukocytic membranes prompted study of their possible role in the induction of brain edema. Polyunsaturated fatty acids including sodium arachidonate, sodium linoleate, sodium linolenate, and docasahexaenoic acids induced edma in slices of rat brain cortex. This cellular edema was specific, since neither saturated fatty acids nor a fatty acid containing a single double bond had such effect.", "contents": "Brain edema: induction in cortical slices by polyunsaturated fatty acids. The presence of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in leukocytic membranes prompted study of their possible role in the induction of brain edema. Polyunsaturated fatty acids including sodium arachidonate, sodium linoleate, sodium linolenate, and docasahexaenoic acids induced edma in slices of rat brain cortex. This cellular edema was specific, since neither saturated fatty acids nor a fatty acid containing a single double bond had such effect.", "PMID": 663662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9975", "title": "Aggregation effects on oxygen binding of sickle cell hemoglobin.", "content": "Deoxygenation of concentrated solutions (0.33 gram per milliliter) of sickle cell hemoglobin show (i) a \"crisis point\" where the oxygen binding curve is unusually steep (Hill coefficient of 5 to 6), and (ii) a simultaneous increase in light scattering. Nearly identical oxygen binding curves are obtained upon oxygenation and deoxygenation of these solutions. The influence of aggregation is to shift the curve toward higher pressures.", "contents": "Aggregation effects on oxygen binding of sickle cell hemoglobin. Deoxygenation of concentrated solutions (0.33 gram per milliliter) of sickle cell hemoglobin show (i) a \"crisis point\" where the oxygen binding curve is unusually steep (Hill coefficient of 5 to 6), and (ii) a simultaneous increase in light scattering. Nearly identical oxygen binding curves are obtained upon oxygenation and deoxygenation of these solutions. The influence of aggregation is to shift the curve toward higher pressures.", "PMID": 663663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9976", "title": "Research in instrument sharing.", "content": "Continued progress in many areas of science depends on access to advanced modern instruments and the data they provide. Costly instruments have been shared in a number of disciplines for many years, and common patterns of shared usage have developed independently. The scientific and financial aspects of large instrument usage are discussed from the points of view of the instrument centers, the users, and the funding agencies. The instrument problem is not one problem but many, and coordinated solutions must be implemented with well-defined goals based on knowledge of the needs of the users and developers of instruments.", "contents": "Research in instrument sharing. Continued progress in many areas of science depends on access to advanced modern instruments and the data they provide. Costly instruments have been shared in a number of disciplines for many years, and common patterns of shared usage have developed independently. The scientific and financial aspects of large instrument usage are discussed from the points of view of the instrument centers, the users, and the funding agencies. The instrument problem is not one problem but many, and coordinated solutions must be implemented with well-defined goals based on knowledge of the needs of the users and developers of instruments.", "PMID": 663665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9977", "title": "Genomic masking of nondefective recombinant murine leukemia virus in Moloney virus stocks.", "content": "HIX virus cloned from Moloney leukemia virus stocks is a nondefective, leukemogenic, and amphotropic murine oncornavirus with a recombinant-type major glycoprotein. Although Moloney leukemia virus stocks generally contain little or no free amphotropic virus, dilution analysis of several virus stocks and the examination of virus progeny from individual foci revealed that HIX virus is present and functionally coated with ecotropic Moloney virus envelopes. Because most mice have serum factors that inactivate recombinant viruses, masking may represent a general survival mechanism for HIX as well as other analogous recombinant viruses.", "contents": "Genomic masking of nondefective recombinant murine leukemia virus in Moloney virus stocks. HIX virus cloned from Moloney leukemia virus stocks is a nondefective, leukemogenic, and amphotropic murine oncornavirus with a recombinant-type major glycoprotein. Although Moloney leukemia virus stocks generally contain little or no free amphotropic virus, dilution analysis of several virus stocks and the examination of virus progeny from individual foci revealed that HIX virus is present and functionally coated with ecotropic Moloney virus envelopes. Because most mice have serum factors that inactivate recombinant viruses, masking may represent a general survival mechanism for HIX as well as other analogous recombinant viruses.", "PMID": 663667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9978", "title": "Enkephalin-like material elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgetic focal stimulation.", "content": "Enkephalin-like activity has been measured in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intractable pain. Electrical stimulation of periventricular brain sites resulted in significant decrease in persistent pain in these subjects. This analgesia, which was blocked by naloxone in 80% of the cases, was accompanied by a significant rise in ventricular enkephalin-like activity, as measured by two different methods. The results present evidence of in vivo release of enkephalin-like material in humans and suggest that stimulation analgesia may be partially due to this release.", "contents": "Enkephalin-like material elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgetic focal stimulation. Enkephalin-like activity has been measured in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intractable pain. Electrical stimulation of periventricular brain sites resulted in significant decrease in persistent pain in these subjects. This analgesia, which was blocked by naloxone in 80% of the cases, was accompanied by a significant rise in ventricular enkephalin-like activity, as measured by two different methods. The results present evidence of in vivo release of enkephalin-like material in humans and suggest that stimulation analgesia may be partially due to this release.", "PMID": 663668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9979", "title": "Central nervous system dysfunction due to lead exposure.", "content": "Central nervous system dysfunction was investigated in workers at a secondary lead smelter by means of performance tests. Correlations between test scores and zinc protoporphyrin levels, a biological indicator of lead toxicity, are statistically significant. This correlation should prove to be useful in current efforts to evaluate effects of lead exposure.", "contents": "Central nervous system dysfunction due to lead exposure. Central nervous system dysfunction was investigated in workers at a secondary lead smelter by means of performance tests. Correlations between test scores and zinc protoporphyrin levels, a biological indicator of lead toxicity, are statistically significant. This correlation should prove to be useful in current efforts to evaluate effects of lead exposure.", "PMID": 663669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9980", "title": "The jet stream microbeveler: an inexpensive way to bevel ultrafine glass micropipettes.", "content": "Ultrafine glass micropipettes can be easily beveled in a jet stream of grinding compound suspended in saline. The beveling is gradual and continuous, highly reliable, and can be accomplished with common laboratory apparatus. The beveled electrodes are comparable in performance to those prepared with expensive commercial bevelers.", "contents": "The jet stream microbeveler: an inexpensive way to bevel ultrafine glass micropipettes. Ultrafine glass micropipettes can be easily beveled in a jet stream of grinding compound suspended in saline. The beveling is gradual and continuous, highly reliable, and can be accomplished with common laboratory apparatus. The beveled electrodes are comparable in performance to those prepared with expensive commercial bevelers.", "PMID": 663670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9981", "title": "Biological activity of some oxygenated sterols.", "content": "A group of oxygenated sterols has been identified as potent and specific inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis. The ability of these compounds to inhibit sterol synthesis in cultured cells and the ineffectiveness of cholesterol under the same conditions suggest that feedback regulation of sterol biosynthesis may be brought about by an oxygenated sterol rather than by cholesterol. The nature of the regulatory sterol may vary in different cells with their specific requirements for cholesterol as a structural component or as a precursor of other steroid products. The use of oxygenated sterols to block sterol synthesis in cultured cells provides new information regarding the role of sterol in cell membrane structure and function. For example, de novo sterol synthesis is required for DNA synthesis and cell division by some cultured cells. Studies with cultured cells, and with rats and mice in vivo, suggest that oxygenated sterols could be of value in the treatment of several important human diseases.", "contents": "Biological activity of some oxygenated sterols. A group of oxygenated sterols has been identified as potent and specific inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis. The ability of these compounds to inhibit sterol synthesis in cultured cells and the ineffectiveness of cholesterol under the same conditions suggest that feedback regulation of sterol biosynthesis may be brought about by an oxygenated sterol rather than by cholesterol. The nature of the regulatory sterol may vary in different cells with their specific requirements for cholesterol as a structural component or as a precursor of other steroid products. The use of oxygenated sterols to block sterol synthesis in cultured cells provides new information regarding the role of sterol in cell membrane structure and function. For example, de novo sterol synthesis is required for DNA synthesis and cell division by some cultured cells. Studies with cultured cells, and with rats and mice in vivo, suggest that oxygenated sterols could be of value in the treatment of several important human diseases.", "PMID": 663671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9982", "title": "DNA structure: evidence from electron microscopy.", "content": "The contour lengths of phiX174 DNA duplex and RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were measured by several commonly used electron microscopic techniques. The countour length of the hybrid molecules corresponds to a rise of 2.5 to 2.6 angstroms per base pair, as expected for the A conformation, while the length of phiX174 duplex DNA similarly measured corresponds to a 2.9-angstrom rise, very different from 3.4 angstroms of the classic B form. Thus any chromatin structure parameter based on electron microscopy and a rise of 3.4 angstroms must be reappraised. The possibility that DNA in dilute solution also has a rise of 2.9 angstroms and a screw of 10.5 base pairs per turn is discussed.", "contents": "DNA structure: evidence from electron microscopy. The contour lengths of phiX174 DNA duplex and RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were measured by several commonly used electron microscopic techniques. The countour length of the hybrid molecules corresponds to a rise of 2.5 to 2.6 angstroms per base pair, as expected for the A conformation, while the length of phiX174 duplex DNA similarly measured corresponds to a 2.9-angstrom rise, very different from 3.4 angstroms of the classic B form. Thus any chromatin structure parameter based on electron microscopy and a rise of 3.4 angstroms must be reappraised. The possibility that DNA in dilute solution also has a rise of 2.9 angstroms and a screw of 10.5 base pairs per turn is discussed.", "PMID": 663672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9983", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the amygdala as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm.", "content": "Animals receiving low-intensity electrical stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala while drinking plain tap water were injected with toxic doses of lithium chloride to examine whether brain stimulation can serve as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm. Subjects receiving this pairing greatly reduced their water intake in a retention test, in a similar manner to a group in which saccharin was paired with poisoning. Pairing lithium chloride with stimulation of the amygdala had no effect on subsequent water intake in the absence of brain stimulation. This effect appears to be locus specific, as caudate stimulation could not serve as a conditioned stimulus.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the amygdala as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm. Animals receiving low-intensity electrical stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala while drinking plain tap water were injected with toxic doses of lithium chloride to examine whether brain stimulation can serve as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm. Subjects receiving this pairing greatly reduced their water intake in a retention test, in a similar manner to a group in which saccharin was paired with poisoning. Pairing lithium chloride with stimulation of the amygdala had no effect on subsequent water intake in the absence of brain stimulation. This effect appears to be locus specific, as caudate stimulation could not serve as a conditioned stimulus.", "PMID": 663673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9984", "title": "Disulfiram enhances pharmacological activity of barbital and impairs its urinary elimination.", "content": "Disulfiram or diethyldithiocarbamate significantly enhanced the sleeping time induced by barbital in rats. At identical time intervals after rats were injected with barbital the concentration of barbital in the blood or brain of animals that had previously received disulfiram was significantly higher than the concentrations in the corresponding tissues of control animals. Urinary excretion of barbital was significantly reduced in disulfiram-treated animals.", "contents": "Disulfiram enhances pharmacological activity of barbital and impairs its urinary elimination. Disulfiram or diethyldithiocarbamate significantly enhanced the sleeping time induced by barbital in rats. At identical time intervals after rats were injected with barbital the concentration of barbital in the blood or brain of animals that had previously received disulfiram was significantly higher than the concentrations in the corresponding tissues of control animals. Urinary excretion of barbital was significantly reduced in disulfiram-treated animals.", "PMID": 663674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9985", "title": "Iconic storage: the role of rods.", "content": "The hypothesis that rods mediate iconic storage was tested by presenting letters of one color against a field of another. The colors were chosen to be discriminable only by the cones, only by the rods, or both. Under dark adaptation, the rods had little if any effect on partial-report advantage; however, they were important in determining the phenomenal persistence of the stimulus. Under light adaptation, the rods played no apparent role in either type of persistence.", "contents": "Iconic storage: the role of rods. The hypothesis that rods mediate iconic storage was tested by presenting letters of one color against a field of another. The colors were chosen to be discriminable only by the cones, only by the rods, or both. Under dark adaptation, the rods had little if any effect on partial-report advantage; however, they were important in determining the phenomenal persistence of the stimulus. Under light adaptation, the rods played no apparent role in either type of persistence.", "PMID": 663675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9986", "title": "Recurrent disseminated histoplasmosis.", "content": "A patient who has had three distinct recurrences of disseminated histoplasmosis over 22 years is presented. Measurements of cellular and humoral immune response to histoplasmin antigens were compared with previously reported data. Although initially sulfisoxazole therapy led to regression of disease, over the past 13 years she has required three courses of amphotericin B, each time with resolution of signs and symptoms. Despite minimal evidence of a cellular or humoral immune response to this organism, the patient has done well. Although disseminated histoplasmosis is often a fatal disease, this woman has tolerated the infection well.", "contents": "Recurrent disseminated histoplasmosis. A patient who has had three distinct recurrences of disseminated histoplasmosis over 22 years is presented. Measurements of cellular and humoral immune response to histoplasmin antigens were compared with previously reported data. Although initially sulfisoxazole therapy led to regression of disease, over the past 13 years she has required three courses of amphotericin B, each time with resolution of signs and symptoms. Despite minimal evidence of a cellular or humoral immune response to this organism, the patient has done well. Although disseminated histoplasmosis is often a fatal disease, this woman has tolerated the infection well.", "PMID": 663689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9987", "title": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever: gastrointestinal and laboratory manifestations.", "content": "Sixty-six cases of serologically documented Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) from North Carolina are reviewed. Gastrointestinal manifestations were present in 80% of these patients. Because other common expressions of RMSF occasionally do not accompany severe gastrointestinal dysfunction, improper diagnosis and therapy can result. Sixty percent of the patients had hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia. Over 70% of those who had liver or muscle enzyme evaluations had at least one abnormality. RMSF should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with a combination of these findings.", "contents": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever: gastrointestinal and laboratory manifestations. Sixty-six cases of serologically documented Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) from North Carolina are reviewed. Gastrointestinal manifestations were present in 80% of these patients. Because other common expressions of RMSF occasionally do not accompany severe gastrointestinal dysfunction, improper diagnosis and therapy can result. Sixty percent of the patients had hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia. Over 70% of those who had liver or muscle enzyme evaluations had at least one abnormality. RMSF should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with a combination of these findings.", "PMID": 663690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9988", "title": "St. Louis encephalitis in Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee, 1975: epidemiologic aspects of human cases.", "content": "An epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) occurred in Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee, in the summer of 1975, as part of an outbreak involving large portions of the Eastern United States. A total of 187 suspected cases were reported, of which 62 were laboratory-confirmed or presumptive SLE. The overall attack rate was 8.1/100,000; rates were higher in lower socioeconomic districts. The case fatality rate was 19.4%. Climatologic data and related factors favoring the occurrence of this outbreak are discussed.", "contents": "St. Louis encephalitis in Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee, 1975: epidemiologic aspects of human cases. An epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) occurred in Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee, in the summer of 1975, as part of an outbreak involving large portions of the Eastern United States. A total of 187 suspected cases were reported, of which 62 were laboratory-confirmed or presumptive SLE. The overall attack rate was 8.1/100,000; rates were higher in lower socioeconomic districts. The case fatality rate was 19.4%. Climatologic data and related factors favoring the occurrence of this outbreak are discussed.", "PMID": 663691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9989", "title": "Staphylococcal endocarditis in addicts.", "content": "We retrospectively reviewed 55 episodes that fulfilled criteria for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in 50 drug addicts. The most common presenting symptoms were fever(90%), chest pain(58%), and cough(43%). All patients had evidence of right-sided heart involvement, and a murmur of tricuspid insufficiency was noted in 42%. Evidence of left-sided heart involvement was present in only 5%. The most helpful laboratory aid in facilitating an early clinical diagnosis of endocarditis was the chest x-ray film. Roentgenographic evidence of septic pulmonary emboli was present in 67% of initial chest films and eventually in 87% of all cases. All but five patients completed at least four weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy. No patients required cardiac surgery and there were no deaths. The apparent predilection of S aureus for the right side of the heart and infrequent left-sided involvement may explain why addicts with endocarditis have a favorable response to antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Staphylococcal endocarditis in addicts. We retrospectively reviewed 55 episodes that fulfilled criteria for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in 50 drug addicts. The most common presenting symptoms were fever(90%), chest pain(58%), and cough(43%). All patients had evidence of right-sided heart involvement, and a murmur of tricuspid insufficiency was noted in 42%. Evidence of left-sided heart involvement was present in only 5%. The most helpful laboratory aid in facilitating an early clinical diagnosis of endocarditis was the chest x-ray film. Roentgenographic evidence of septic pulmonary emboli was present in 67% of initial chest films and eventually in 87% of all cases. All but five patients completed at least four weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy. No patients required cardiac surgery and there were no deaths. The apparent predilection of S aureus for the right side of the heart and infrequent left-sided involvement may explain why addicts with endocarditis have a favorable response to antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 663692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9990", "title": "Traumatic coronary artery fistula.", "content": "We report certain diagnostic and therapeutic problems presented by patients with traumatic coronary arteriovenous or arteriocameral fistulas, based on our experience with one case and our review of cases which have previously been reported in detail.", "contents": "Traumatic coronary artery fistula. We report certain diagnostic and therapeutic problems presented by patients with traumatic coronary arteriovenous or arteriocameral fistulas, based on our experience with one case and our review of cases which have previously been reported in detail.", "PMID": 663693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9991", "title": "Left ventricular aneurysms caused by blunt chest trauma.", "content": "This report describes the case of a 25-year-old man who suffered blunt chest trauma with resultant development of an asymptomatic left ventricular aneurysm which was successfully resected. A review of the literature reveals 25 reported cases of left ventricular aneurysm due to blunt trauma since 1892. The clinical findings and complications are similar to those of left ventricular aneurysm from other causes. The prognosis is not clear, but it is not necessarily benign even in asymptomatic cases. Aneurysmectomy has been generally successful and may be the treatment of choice. The surgical risk and prognosis is expected to be better than in left ventricular aneurysm due to myocardial infarction because of the relative infrequency of coexisting coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Left ventricular aneurysms caused by blunt chest trauma. This report describes the case of a 25-year-old man who suffered blunt chest trauma with resultant development of an asymptomatic left ventricular aneurysm which was successfully resected. A review of the literature reveals 25 reported cases of left ventricular aneurysm due to blunt trauma since 1892. The clinical findings and complications are similar to those of left ventricular aneurysm from other causes. The prognosis is not clear, but it is not necessarily benign even in asymptomatic cases. Aneurysmectomy has been generally successful and may be the treatment of choice. The surgical risk and prognosis is expected to be better than in left ventricular aneurysm due to myocardial infarction because of the relative infrequency of coexisting coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 663694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9992", "title": "Intravenous procaine for general anesthesia in dogs: a new look at an old technic.", "content": "New anesthetics have been introduced during the last 25 years which are not without inherent disadvantages. They are expensive, and some produce nephrotoxicity and possibly hepatotoxicity. Although the use of procaine intravenously as an anesthetic has been discarded, probably because of a convulsive effect, it is believed this disadvantage can be controlled by concomitant use of other drugs. Hence procaine, preceded by thiamylal, was administered to dogs to test its anesthetic capability, reversibility, and effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Blood levels of procaine were measured and correlated with these physiologic responses. Convulsive doses were ten times those producing anesthesia. There were no detrimental effects which would preclude a reevaluation in humans. Intravenous procaine produces definite general anesthesia, and it has the additional advantages of being rapidly hydrolyzed and providing antiarrhythmic effects. It may prove useful in modern anesthesia.", "contents": "Intravenous procaine for general anesthesia in dogs: a new look at an old technic. New anesthetics have been introduced during the last 25 years which are not without inherent disadvantages. They are expensive, and some produce nephrotoxicity and possibly hepatotoxicity. Although the use of procaine intravenously as an anesthetic has been discarded, probably because of a convulsive effect, it is believed this disadvantage can be controlled by concomitant use of other drugs. Hence procaine, preceded by thiamylal, was administered to dogs to test its anesthetic capability, reversibility, and effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Blood levels of procaine were measured and correlated with these physiologic responses. Convulsive doses were ten times those producing anesthesia. There were no detrimental effects which would preclude a reevaluation in humans. Intravenous procaine produces definite general anesthesia, and it has the additional advantages of being rapidly hydrolyzed and providing antiarrhythmic effects. It may prove useful in modern anesthesia.", "PMID": 663695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9993", "title": "Intercostobrachial nerve entrapment syndrome.", "content": "Five patients with intercostobrachial nerve entrapment syndrome are reported. The pain in this syndrome has three aspects: somatic stimulus, perceptual surround, and behavioral response. Each must be dealt with appropriately. The distribution of the pain, its anatomic basis, and its treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Intercostobrachial nerve entrapment syndrome. Five patients with intercostobrachial nerve entrapment syndrome are reported. The pain in this syndrome has three aspects: somatic stimulus, perceptual surround, and behavioral response. Each must be dealt with appropriately. The distribution of the pain, its anatomic basis, and its treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 663696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9994", "title": "Abdominal pregnancy: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.", "content": "A ten-year survey of abdominal pregnancy was made regarding numbers, diagnosis, and treatment. The hazards of intraperitoneal infusion of concentrated saline, thought to be administered into the amniotic sac, in an attempt to produce abortion is discussed. A favorable result was obtained after laparotomy was done and the correct diagnosis established.", "contents": "Abdominal pregnancy: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. A ten-year survey of abdominal pregnancy was made regarding numbers, diagnosis, and treatment. The hazards of intraperitoneal infusion of concentrated saline, thought to be administered into the amniotic sac, in an attempt to produce abortion is discussed. A favorable result was obtained after laparotomy was done and the correct diagnosis established.", "PMID": 663697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9995", "title": "Use of doxycycline in elective first trimester abortion.", "content": "Elective first trimester abortion was performed in 263 patients, including 86 control patients and 177 patients receiving doxycycline as prophylactic antibiotic coverage. Abortions were done by the same physicians, using a standard protocol. Control and study populations had similar courses, except that the incidence of major complications and total complications was significantly reduced in the group receiving doxycycline. No untoward reactions to the drug were noted, and patient compliance was excellent. The results suggest that the low morbidity of elective suction abortion is further reduced by prophylactic doxycycline.", "contents": "Use of doxycycline in elective first trimester abortion. Elective first trimester abortion was performed in 263 patients, including 86 control patients and 177 patients receiving doxycycline as prophylactic antibiotic coverage. Abortions were done by the same physicians, using a standard protocol. Control and study populations had similar courses, except that the incidence of major complications and total complications was significantly reduced in the group receiving doxycycline. No untoward reactions to the drug were noted, and patient compliance was excellent. The results suggest that the low morbidity of elective suction abortion is further reduced by prophylactic doxycycline.", "PMID": 663698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9996", "title": "Changing normal values for thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine.", "content": "The 24-hour radioactive iodine uptake remains a very useful clinical tool for evaluating the thyroid gland; however, the normal values have changed over the years. The traditional values of 15% to 45% are clearly not applicable today and the revised values of 9% to 32% are suspect in some areas where iodine content is rapidly changing in the general diet. The values in a relatively stable population in Ft. Smith, Arkansas, without significant access to a continuous-batch bread with a high iodine content do confirm the national trend of the early 1970's suggesting an overall normal range from 11% to 30%. Values in men were found to be lower with a range from 11% to 23%, whereas in women the values ranged from 13% to 32%. Each nuclear medicine department should be responsible for establishing its own normal range and reevaluating it on a fairly routine basis-certainly whenever known dietary iodine factors change.", "contents": "Changing normal values for thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine. The 24-hour radioactive iodine uptake remains a very useful clinical tool for evaluating the thyroid gland; however, the normal values have changed over the years. The traditional values of 15% to 45% are clearly not applicable today and the revised values of 9% to 32% are suspect in some areas where iodine content is rapidly changing in the general diet. The values in a relatively stable population in Ft. Smith, Arkansas, without significant access to a continuous-batch bread with a high iodine content do confirm the national trend of the early 1970's suggesting an overall normal range from 11% to 30%. Values in men were found to be lower with a range from 11% to 23%, whereas in women the values ranged from 13% to 32%. Each nuclear medicine department should be responsible for establishing its own normal range and reevaluating it on a fairly routine basis-certainly whenever known dietary iodine factors change.", "PMID": 663699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9997", "title": "Severe sensorineural hearing loss associated with viral hepatitis.", "content": "A 41-year-old man who developed a sudden, profound, irreversible, unilateral hearing loss while acutely ill with viral hepatitis is described. Residual damage consisted of a nonfunctional left cochlea, right positional vertigo, and tinnitus. It is postulated that the pathophysiologic defect was due to direct invasion of the endolymphatic structures by type A hepatitis virus.", "contents": "Severe sensorineural hearing loss associated with viral hepatitis. A 41-year-old man who developed a sudden, profound, irreversible, unilateral hearing loss while acutely ill with viral hepatitis is described. Residual damage consisted of a nonfunctional left cochlea, right positional vertigo, and tinnitus. It is postulated that the pathophysiologic defect was due to direct invasion of the endolymphatic structures by type A hepatitis virus.", "PMID": 663702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9998", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon.", "content": "Review of 36 cases of colonic leiomyosarcoma in the literature and our case demonstrate that most patients complain of an abdominal mass and a change in bowel habits of short duration. No physical finding has prognostic value. The mitotic activity of the tumor is the best index of survival time. Resection of the tumor mass appears to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon. Review of 36 cases of colonic leiomyosarcoma in the literature and our case demonstrate that most patients complain of an abdominal mass and a change in bowel habits of short duration. No physical finding has prognostic value. The mitotic activity of the tumor is the best index of survival time. Resection of the tumor mass appears to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 663703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_9999", "title": "Myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries.", "content": "This case report adds evidence against the role of coronary artery spasm as a mechanism in the syndrome of acute myocardial infacrtion in the presence of normal coronary arteries. Myocarditis, the suggested cause of this patient's symptoms, has been frequently overlooked as a cause for this syndrome.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries. This case report adds evidence against the role of coronary artery spasm as a mechanism in the syndrome of acute myocardial infacrtion in the presence of normal coronary arteries. Myocarditis, the suggested cause of this patient's symptoms, has been frequently overlooked as a cause for this syndrome.", "PMID": 663704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10000", "title": "Coronary artery spasm in a patient with unstable angina pectoris.", "content": "A 32-year-old male with the clinical syndrome of unstable angina is presented. During cardiac catheterization and coronary cineangiography, the coronary arteries were found to be free of atherosclerosis, but segmental spasm of the right coronary artery was observed. Spasm was reproduced, but to a milder degree, upon the administration of ergonovine maleate intravenously. The patient was discharged on a regimen of oral nylidrin HCL, with symptomatic improvement.", "contents": "Coronary artery spasm in a patient with unstable angina pectoris. A 32-year-old male with the clinical syndrome of unstable angina is presented. During cardiac catheterization and coronary cineangiography, the coronary arteries were found to be free of atherosclerosis, but segmental spasm of the right coronary artery was observed. Spasm was reproduced, but to a milder degree, upon the administration of ergonovine maleate intravenously. The patient was discharged on a regimen of oral nylidrin HCL, with symptomatic improvement.", "PMID": 663705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10001", "title": "Melanoma in a patient treated for psoriasis.", "content": "Psoriasis, ultraviolet light, and coal tar have been associated with the development of cutaneous malignancy. We have described a 32-year-old psoriatic man who developed a melanoma after 16 years of treatment with ultraviolet light and coal tar. This is the only case of melanoma occurring in a patient treated for psoriasis reported in the world literature.", "contents": "Melanoma in a patient treated for psoriasis. Psoriasis, ultraviolet light, and coal tar have been associated with the development of cutaneous malignancy. We have described a 32-year-old psoriatic man who developed a melanoma after 16 years of treatment with ultraviolet light and coal tar. This is the only case of melanoma occurring in a patient treated for psoriasis reported in the world literature.", "PMID": 663706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10002", "title": "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare from a Vietnamese refugee.", "content": "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare grew from the sputum of a Vietnamese  woman, a recent immigrant, seen at a tuberculosis clinic in Birmingham, Alabama. The possibility that she had acquired this Mycobacterium in her native Vietname was considered, since current literature, indicates these agents have no predictable geographic patterns of distribution. Data indicate that outside the United States group III mycobacterial isolates are most common in Japan, Western Australia, and parts of Canada. No data are available for Vietnam. US physicians should be alert for possible nontuberculous mycobacteria in the 115,768 Vietnamese immigrants known to have entered the United States in the mid-1970s.", "contents": "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare from a Vietnamese refugee. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare grew from the sputum of a Vietnamese  woman, a recent immigrant, seen at a tuberculosis clinic in Birmingham, Alabama. The possibility that she had acquired this Mycobacterium in her native Vietname was considered, since current literature, indicates these agents have no predictable geographic patterns of distribution. Data indicate that outside the United States group III mycobacterial isolates are most common in Japan, Western Australia, and parts of Canada. No data are available for Vietnam. US physicians should be alert for possible nontuberculous mycobacteria in the 115,768 Vietnamese immigrants known to have entered the United States in the mid-1970s.", "PMID": 663707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10003", "title": "Bone scans in condensing osteitis of the clavicle.", "content": "Two additional cases of condensing osteitis of the clavicle are reported. Technetium Tc 99m phosphate bone scans were positive in both cases. Clinical and roentgenographic manifestations may allow nonoperative diagnoses of this entity which mimics metastatic disease on bone scans.", "contents": "Bone scans in condensing osteitis of the clavicle. Two additional cases of condensing osteitis of the clavicle are reported. Technetium Tc 99m phosphate bone scans were positive in both cases. Clinical and roentgenographic manifestations may allow nonoperative diagnoses of this entity which mimics metastatic disease on bone scans.", "PMID": 663708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10004", "title": "Asymmetric ovarian enlargement in idiopathic precocious puberty.", "content": "A patient with precocious puberty is presented in whom the pneumogynogram showed only one enlarged ovary. Because tumor could not be excluded, the patient had exploratory operation six weeks later. Both ovaries and the uterus were enlarged, compatible with the central stimulation seen in idiopathic precocious puberty. Care should be used in interpreting pneumogynograms as evidence of possible ovarian tumor in young girls with precocious puberty who have only modest unilateral ovarian enlargement.", "contents": "Asymmetric ovarian enlargement in idiopathic precocious puberty. A patient with precocious puberty is presented in whom the pneumogynogram showed only one enlarged ovary. Because tumor could not be excluded, the patient had exploratory operation six weeks later. Both ovaries and the uterus were enlarged, compatible with the central stimulation seen in idiopathic precocious puberty. Care should be used in interpreting pneumogynograms as evidence of possible ovarian tumor in young girls with precocious puberty who have only modest unilateral ovarian enlargement.", "PMID": 663709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10005", "title": "Fatal Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the skin.", "content": "A 62-year-old woman developed a fatal Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the skin after dropping a crab trap on her leg. The area surrounding the punctures was erythematous and had several flaccid bullae. A biopsy specimen of the involved skin showed necrosis and suppuration in the dermis and subcutaneous fat. The A hydrophila sepsis resolved after treatment with gentamicin, but the patient developed secondary wound infections and died three months after injury.", "contents": "Fatal Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the skin. A 62-year-old woman developed a fatal Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the skin after dropping a crab trap on her leg. The area surrounding the punctures was erythematous and had several flaccid bullae. A biopsy specimen of the involved skin showed necrosis and suppuration in the dermis and subcutaneous fat. The A hydrophila sepsis resolved after treatment with gentamicin, but the patient developed secondary wound infections and died three months after injury.", "PMID": 663710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10006", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum.", "content": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is a rare malignant tumor with an incidence of 0.1%, occurring more frequently in men than in women and in the fifth, sixth, and seventh decades of life. Microscopically it has a characteristic appearance of interlaced bundles of spindle cells with abundant mitosis and cellular pleomorphism. The clinical picture is related to the presence of the rectal mass, the more frequent symptoms being constipation, rectal pain, rectal pressure, and bleeding. The rectal digital examination will demonstrate the mass which in most cases can be confirmed by rectosigmoidoscopy. The mucosa will be involved in about 30% to 50% of cases. Roentgenography is of little value because of the location of this tumor in the lower part of the rectum. Biopsy will be diagnostic. Treatment is radical excision of the tumor and, in this location, abdominoperineal resection of the rectum is usually required. Local excision is followed by a high incidence of recurrence. Prognosis is poor. Survival rates vary. Recent reports in the literature indicate survivals after AP resection from six months to 6 1/2 years.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is a rare malignant tumor with an incidence of 0.1%, occurring more frequently in men than in women and in the fifth, sixth, and seventh decades of life. Microscopically it has a characteristic appearance of interlaced bundles of spindle cells with abundant mitosis and cellular pleomorphism. The clinical picture is related to the presence of the rectal mass, the more frequent symptoms being constipation, rectal pain, rectal pressure, and bleeding. The rectal digital examination will demonstrate the mass which in most cases can be confirmed by rectosigmoidoscopy. The mucosa will be involved in about 30% to 50% of cases. Roentgenography is of little value because of the location of this tumor in the lower part of the rectum. Biopsy will be diagnostic. Treatment is radical excision of the tumor and, in this location, abdominoperineal resection of the rectum is usually required. Local excision is followed by a high incidence of recurrence. Prognosis is poor. Survival rates vary. Recent reports in the literature indicate survivals after AP resection from six months to 6 1/2 years.", "PMID": 663712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10007", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy: a 15-year review of 160 cases.", "content": "Our review of the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in metropolitan Oklahoma City hospitals from 1960 through 1975 revealed an overall statistically significant increase. Review of the incidence of gonorrhea during the same period for the State of Oklahoma also showed a statistically significant increase. There was a significant correlation between the incidence of ectopic pregnancy and the incidence of gonorrhea. The 160 cases of ectopic pregnancy from University Hospital reviewed in detail included all ectopic pregnancies admitted from 1960 to 1975. Findings revealed 56% were white women with an average age of 26.8 years and average parity of 2.49. Pain (97.5%), amenorrhea (83%), and abnormal uterine bleeding (68%) were the most common presenting complaints, while abdominal tenderness (85%) and pelvic mass (54%) were the common physical findings. Culdocentesis was positive in 78% of the patients. Thirty-nine percent had a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and 8% a previous ectopic pregnancy. Admission diagnosis was correct in 67%. Unilateral adnexal procedure was the treatment in 81%. Fifty-seven percent of the ectopic pregnancies were right-sided, and hemoperitoneum averaged 950 ml. Postoperative complication rate was 55%. Follow-up pregnancy rate was 50%, and future ectopic pregnancies occurred in 6% of these.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy: a 15-year review of 160 cases. Our review of the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in metropolitan Oklahoma City hospitals from 1960 through 1975 revealed an overall statistically significant increase. Review of the incidence of gonorrhea during the same period for the State of Oklahoma also showed a statistically significant increase. There was a significant correlation between the incidence of ectopic pregnancy and the incidence of gonorrhea. The 160 cases of ectopic pregnancy from University Hospital reviewed in detail included all ectopic pregnancies admitted from 1960 to 1975. Findings revealed 56% were white women with an average age of 26.8 years and average parity of 2.49. Pain (97.5%), amenorrhea (83%), and abnormal uterine bleeding (68%) were the most common presenting complaints, while abdominal tenderness (85%) and pelvic mass (54%) were the common physical findings. Culdocentesis was positive in 78% of the patients. Thirty-nine percent had a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and 8% a previous ectopic pregnancy. Admission diagnosis was correct in 67%. Unilateral adnexal procedure was the treatment in 81%. Fifty-seven percent of the ectopic pregnancies were right-sided, and hemoperitoneum averaged 950 ml. Postoperative complication rate was 55%. Follow-up pregnancy rate was 50%, and future ectopic pregnancies occurred in 6% of these.", "PMID": 663716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10008", "title": "The adolescent's first pregnancy: a controlled study.", "content": "The records of 1,021 primigravida women who delivered single infants from 1973 to 1976 and who were in the adolescent (ages 10-15) and mature (ages 20-24) age groups were reviewed. It was found that the adolescent patient is more often black and unmarried, and has less prenatal care than the mature woman. There was a higher frequency of hypertensive disorders in the adolescents but this was related to race. The adolescent had fewer breech deliveries and more postpartum endometritis and premature deliveries. There was no significant difference in the fetal, neonatal, and perinatal mortality in the adolescent pregnancies.", "contents": "The adolescent's first pregnancy: a controlled study. The records of 1,021 primigravida women who delivered single infants from 1973 to 1976 and who were in the adolescent (ages 10-15) and mature (ages 20-24) age groups were reviewed. It was found that the adolescent patient is more often black and unmarried, and has less prenatal care than the mature woman. There was a higher frequency of hypertensive disorders in the adolescents but this was related to race. The adolescent had fewer breech deliveries and more postpartum endometritis and premature deliveries. There was no significant difference in the fetal, neonatal, and perinatal mortality in the adolescent pregnancies.", "PMID": 663717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10009", "title": "Pulmonary gangrene with vascular occlusion.", "content": "Characteristic sequential roentgenographic changes have been revealed in three cases of pulmonary gangrene. The microscopic findings of endarteritis obliterans were present in all cases. The present series brings the total of such cases in the literature to 14. Etiologic factors are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary gangrene with vascular occlusion. Characteristic sequential roentgenographic changes have been revealed in three cases of pulmonary gangrene. The microscopic findings of endarteritis obliterans were present in all cases. The present series brings the total of such cases in the literature to 14. Etiologic factors are discussed.", "PMID": 663718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10010", "title": "The seductive patient.", "content": "Women referred to as hysterical personalities comprise the largest group of seductive patients. We will discuss (1) how to recognize them, (2) how they behave with physicians, (3) the reactions evoked by them, (4) what brings them to physicians, (5) what they are really seeking, and (6) how to cope with them. To supplement information obtained from patients seen in psychiatric practice, information was gathered from 15 practitioners representing surgical as well as medical specialties.", "contents": "The seductive patient. Women referred to as hysterical personalities comprise the largest group of seductive patients. We will discuss (1) how to recognize them, (2) how they behave with physicians, (3) the reactions evoked by them, (4) what brings them to physicians, (5) what they are really seeking, and (6) how to cope with them. To supplement information obtained from patients seen in psychiatric practice, information was gathered from 15 practitioners representing surgical as well as medical specialties.", "PMID": 663719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10011", "title": "Changes in liver enzyme values after halothane and enflurane for surgical anesthesia.", "content": "For over a decade there has been concern about hepatitis related to halothane anesthesia. No dose relationship or other direct cause has ever been established, and jaundice has been found to occur after other anesthetics for surgical operations. Enflurane is a newer halogenated compound with a remarkable record of safety, yet a few cases of hepatitis are reported to be associated with its administration. We have compared effects on the liver of the two anesthetics by testing hepatic serum enzymes and sulfobromophthalein in 12 patients who received halothane and 12 who received enflurane. No significant differences between the two groups were found. Both had similar but minimal elevations of the hepatic serum enzymes and retention of sulfobromophthalein. More than half the patients had enzyme increases over normal levels but reasons for this were not obvious. Since hepatic change may take place in many postoperative patients, it is not surprising to have an occasional one develop hepatitis. The exact cause is unknown and therefore it is impossible to predict the patient who will develop the disease, regardless of the anesthetic.", "contents": "Changes in liver enzyme values after halothane and enflurane for surgical anesthesia. For over a decade there has been concern about hepatitis related to halothane anesthesia. No dose relationship or other direct cause has ever been established, and jaundice has been found to occur after other anesthetics for surgical operations. Enflurane is a newer halogenated compound with a remarkable record of safety, yet a few cases of hepatitis are reported to be associated with its administration. We have compared effects on the liver of the two anesthetics by testing hepatic serum enzymes and sulfobromophthalein in 12 patients who received halothane and 12 who received enflurane. No significant differences between the two groups were found. Both had similar but minimal elevations of the hepatic serum enzymes and retention of sulfobromophthalein. More than half the patients had enzyme increases over normal levels but reasons for this were not obvious. Since hepatic change may take place in many postoperative patients, it is not surprising to have an occasional one develop hepatitis. The exact cause is unknown and therefore it is impossible to predict the patient who will develop the disease, regardless of the anesthetic.", "PMID": 663720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10012", "title": "Complications from unrecognized defects in endotracheal tubes.", "content": "Considerable effort has been made to improve endotracheal tubes and make them safer than they have been in the past; yet complications continue to occur, due, in most instances, to inherent defects in the tube. It is not possible to identify these defects in a routine preoperative examination. Three cases are presented illustrating how defects in anode endotracheal tubes almost caused fatalities during anesthesia. Other possible complications and contributing factors causing obstruction of endotracheal tubes are also reviewed. Until some way is devised for the automatic compensation of the increases in volumes and pressures in endotracheal tube cuffs, hourly deflation is recommended to prevent complications.", "contents": "Complications from unrecognized defects in endotracheal tubes. Considerable effort has been made to improve endotracheal tubes and make them safer than they have been in the past; yet complications continue to occur, due, in most instances, to inherent defects in the tube. It is not possible to identify these defects in a routine preoperative examination. Three cases are presented illustrating how defects in anode endotracheal tubes almost caused fatalities during anesthesia. Other possible complications and contributing factors causing obstruction of endotracheal tubes are also reviewed. Until some way is devised for the automatic compensation of the increases in volumes and pressures in endotracheal tube cuffs, hourly deflation is recommended to prevent complications.", "PMID": 663721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10013", "title": "Total hearing rehabilitation: within-clinic hearing aid dispensing.", "content": "Federal (FDA) regulations recently passed require physician clearance before hearing aid sales. Discussed herein are numerous evaluative and rehabilitative procedures necessary for proper hearing aid fittings. A program of total professional management of the hearing rehabilitation process, including the direct dispensing of hearing aids by the otology-audiology team, is described and advocated.", "contents": "Total hearing rehabilitation: within-clinic hearing aid dispensing. Federal (FDA) regulations recently passed require physician clearance before hearing aid sales. Discussed herein are numerous evaluative and rehabilitative procedures necessary for proper hearing aid fittings. A program of total professional management of the hearing rehabilitation process, including the direct dispensing of hearing aids by the otology-audiology team, is described and advocated.", "PMID": 663722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10014", "title": "Intraturbinal steroid injection: indications, results, and complications.", "content": "Intraturbinal injection of steroid can yield rapid relief of nasal obstruction caused by severe allergic or vasomotor rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, or acutely enlarged nasal polyps. This modality is not meant to replace the traditional means of therapy for these diseases. Despite previous reports of visual loss after intraturbinal steroid, thousands of such injections have been given with no such disastrous complications. The technic should include preliminary topical cocainization of the nasal mucosa, slow injection using a small gauge needle, and steps to allay apprehension and prevent a \"needle reaction.\" In a retrospective study comparing intraturbinal triamcinolone with intramuscular betamethasone, the intraturbinal steroid was judged much more effective. Side effects reported after intranasal steroid were minor in nature. No visual complications have occurred in this series.", "contents": "Intraturbinal steroid injection: indications, results, and complications. Intraturbinal injection of steroid can yield rapid relief of nasal obstruction caused by severe allergic or vasomotor rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, or acutely enlarged nasal polyps. This modality is not meant to replace the traditional means of therapy for these diseases. Despite previous reports of visual loss after intraturbinal steroid, thousands of such injections have been given with no such disastrous complications. The technic should include preliminary topical cocainization of the nasal mucosa, slow injection using a small gauge needle, and steps to allay apprehension and prevent a \"needle reaction.\" In a retrospective study comparing intraturbinal triamcinolone with intramuscular betamethasone, the intraturbinal steroid was judged much more effective. Side effects reported after intranasal steroid were minor in nature. No visual complications have occurred in this series.", "PMID": 663723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10015", "title": "Carbon dioxide laser treatment of dermatologic lesions.", "content": "Each of the four general classes of laser (gas, solid, liquid, and semiconductor) emits a particular wavelength of light. This beam of light can be focused to a minutely accurate diameter and the depth of penetration can be controlled by the power input. Thus, there is minimal damage to surrounding tissue. A carbon dioxide laser was used to treat congenital hemangioma, verruca vulgaris, and condyloma acuminatum, and to remove tattoos. Of the four types of lesions treated, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, and tattoos responded best.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide laser treatment of dermatologic lesions. Each of the four general classes of laser (gas, solid, liquid, and semiconductor) emits a particular wavelength of light. This beam of light can be focused to a minutely accurate diameter and the depth of penetration can be controlled by the power input. Thus, there is minimal damage to surrounding tissue. A carbon dioxide laser was used to treat congenital hemangioma, verruca vulgaris, and condyloma acuminatum, and to remove tattoos. Of the four types of lesions treated, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, and tattoos responded best.", "PMID": 663725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10016", "title": "Squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas: preliminary study of 3,817 primary skin cancers.", "content": "A series of patients with 3,817 cutaneous carcinomas of different types observed in a private practice setting is reported. Preliminary computerized analyses indicate that 88% of these squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas were less than 25 mm. Scalpel surgery, curettage and desiccation, or radiation therapy was used for most tumors and an overall cure rate of greater than 98% was obtained. A pretreatment biopsy allowed for selection of the most appropriate management and authoritative instructions for long-term follow-up visits and prophylaxis.", "contents": "Squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas: preliminary study of 3,817 primary skin cancers. A series of patients with 3,817 cutaneous carcinomas of different types observed in a private practice setting is reported. Preliminary computerized analyses indicate that 88% of these squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas were less than 25 mm. Scalpel surgery, curettage and desiccation, or radiation therapy was used for most tumors and an overall cure rate of greater than 98% was obtained. A pretreatment biopsy allowed for selection of the most appropriate management and authoritative instructions for long-term follow-up visits and prophylaxis.", "PMID": 663726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10017", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the bladder as seen at Ochsner Medical Institutions.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is an uncommon malignancy comprising less than 2% of all bladder tumors. Eleven cases of adenocarcinoma of the bladder were seen from 1947 to 1977 at the Ochsner Medical Institutions. Six of the tumors were urachal in origin, and five involved the base and lateral walls of the bladder. Six patients were treated with total cystectomy, four with segmental cystectomy, and one with radiation therapy only. The average survival time for the patients with urachal adenocarcinoma was 2.8 years and for those with vesical adenocarcinoma, 2.4 years. Although segmental cystectomy is recommended by some, the authors recommend radical cystectomy for all patients with adenocarcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the bladder as seen at Ochsner Medical Institutions. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is an uncommon malignancy comprising less than 2% of all bladder tumors. Eleven cases of adenocarcinoma of the bladder were seen from 1947 to 1977 at the Ochsner Medical Institutions. Six of the tumors were urachal in origin, and five involved the base and lateral walls of the bladder. Six patients were treated with total cystectomy, four with segmental cystectomy, and one with radiation therapy only. The average survival time for the patients with urachal adenocarcinoma was 2.8 years and for those with vesical adenocarcinoma, 2.4 years. Although segmental cystectomy is recommended by some, the authors recommend radical cystectomy for all patients with adenocarcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 663727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10018", "title": "Colposcopic evaluation of DES-exposed progeny at two large medical centers: the squamous neoplasia problem.", "content": "Two hundred eight patients with confirmed or suspected diethylstilbestrol exposure were examined colposcopically at two separate medical centers. Cervicovaginal ridges were present in 90 (43.3%) and ectopy was found in 188 (90.4%) of the patients. Evidence of vaginal adenosis was present in 122 (58.6%) of the cases. Seventy-four percent of the patients had abnormal colposcopic findings: 15.4% having columnar epithelium on the surface of the vagina and 66% having abnormal transformation zones (white epithelium, punctation, mosaic). Twenty patients (9.6%) were initially identified histologically as having squamous dysplasia. Subsequent review of the histologic material in these cases could document only two cases of significant squamous dysplasia, both severe, the remainder having immature, atypical metaplasia or possibly very mild dysplasia. This finding emphasizes the problems encountered in histologically differentiating squamous neoplasia from the peculiar metaplasia found in these patients, thereby making it difficult to establish whether these patients are at increased risk for the development of squamous neoplasia.", "contents": "Colposcopic evaluation of DES-exposed progeny at two large medical centers: the squamous neoplasia problem. Two hundred eight patients with confirmed or suspected diethylstilbestrol exposure were examined colposcopically at two separate medical centers. Cervicovaginal ridges were present in 90 (43.3%) and ectopy was found in 188 (90.4%) of the patients. Evidence of vaginal adenosis was present in 122 (58.6%) of the cases. Seventy-four percent of the patients had abnormal colposcopic findings: 15.4% having columnar epithelium on the surface of the vagina and 66% having abnormal transformation zones (white epithelium, punctation, mosaic). Twenty patients (9.6%) were initially identified histologically as having squamous dysplasia. Subsequent review of the histologic material in these cases could document only two cases of significant squamous dysplasia, both severe, the remainder having immature, atypical metaplasia or possibly very mild dysplasia. This finding emphasizes the problems encountered in histologically differentiating squamous neoplasia from the peculiar metaplasia found in these patients, thereby making it difficult to establish whether these patients are at increased risk for the development of squamous neoplasia.", "PMID": 663728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10019", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis in narcotic addicts: analysis of arterial blood gases.", "content": "We studied the arterial blood gas determinations done on the first hospital day in 14 narcotic addicts with bacterial endocarditis (group 1) and six addicts with other medical complications of narcotic addiction (group 2). The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was 67.3 +/- 3.3 mm Hg (SEM) in group 1, and 75.0 +/- 6.4 mm Hg in group 2, with no statistically significant difference (P less than .20) between the groups. The arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2), 27.8 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, in group 1 was significantly lower (P less than .005) than that of group 2, 40.1 +/- 3.7 mm Hg. The arterial blood pH, 7.47 +/- 0.01 units, in group 1 was significantly higher (P less than .025) than that of group 2, 7.36 +/- 0.06 pH units. Abnormal blood gas values were found in each of the patients in group 1 with a normal admission chest roentgenogram. Arterial blood gas determinations may be useful in the initial examination of ill narcotic addicts.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis in narcotic addicts: analysis of arterial blood gases. We studied the arterial blood gas determinations done on the first hospital day in 14 narcotic addicts with bacterial endocarditis (group 1) and six addicts with other medical complications of narcotic addiction (group 2). The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was 67.3 +/- 3.3 mm Hg (SEM) in group 1, and 75.0 +/- 6.4 mm Hg in group 2, with no statistically significant difference (P less than .20) between the groups. The arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2), 27.8 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, in group 1 was significantly lower (P less than .005) than that of group 2, 40.1 +/- 3.7 mm Hg. The arterial blood pH, 7.47 +/- 0.01 units, in group 1 was significantly higher (P less than .025) than that of group 2, 7.36 +/- 0.06 pH units. Abnormal blood gas values were found in each of the patients in group 1 with a normal admission chest roentgenogram. Arterial blood gas determinations may be useful in the initial examination of ill narcotic addicts.", "PMID": 663729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10020", "title": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis.", "content": "Two new cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis with a rapid fatal course, particularly the patient in Case 2, are presented. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a rare condition of unknown cause presenting with extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to a chronic inflammatory obliterative process with the absence of stones, cancer, or previous biliary surgery. This condition is often associated with ulcerative colitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and Riedel's thyroiditis. Surgical treatment for promoting bile drainage and long-term corticosteroid therapy are effective palliative measures.", "contents": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Two new cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis with a rapid fatal course, particularly the patient in Case 2, are presented. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a rare condition of unknown cause presenting with extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to a chronic inflammatory obliterative process with the absence of stones, cancer, or previous biliary surgery. This condition is often associated with ulcerative colitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and Riedel's thyroiditis. Surgical treatment for promoting bile drainage and long-term corticosteroid therapy are effective palliative measures.", "PMID": 663735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10021", "title": "Concurrent primary pneumococcemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Fulminant pneumococcal infections are rare in teen-agers with sickle cell anemia. A 16-year-old black male with sickle cell anemia was treated as an outpatient for cryptogenic pain crisis, which delayed antibiotic therapy for primary pneumococcal septicemia for seven hours. This patient did not appear ill upon initial presentation but rapidly developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and died.", "contents": "Concurrent primary pneumococcemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and sickle cell anemia. Fulminant pneumococcal infections are rare in teen-agers with sickle cell anemia. A 16-year-old black male with sickle cell anemia was treated as an outpatient for cryptogenic pain crisis, which delayed antibiotic therapy for primary pneumococcal septicemia for seven hours. This patient did not appear ill upon initial presentation but rapidly developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and died.", "PMID": 663736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10022", "title": "Myxedema coma and normal serum thyroxine.", "content": "A 76-year-old man who developed the clinical syndrome of myxedema coma was found to have a normal serum thyroxine concentration. Further investigation revealed the presence of a low serum T3 level before and after sodium levothyroxine therapy when the serum T4 value was in the hyperthyroid range. In addition, he demonstrated an inability to release TSH after intravenous administration of TRH and was found to have an enlarged sella turcica. A partial defect in peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is postulated.", "contents": "Myxedema coma and normal serum thyroxine. A 76-year-old man who developed the clinical syndrome of myxedema coma was found to have a normal serum thyroxine concentration. Further investigation revealed the presence of a low serum T3 level before and after sodium levothyroxine therapy when the serum T4 value was in the hyperthyroid range. In addition, he demonstrated an inability to release TSH after intravenous administration of TRH and was found to have an enlarged sella turcica. A partial defect in peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is postulated.", "PMID": 663737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10023", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of double inlet \"left\" ventricle: indocyanine green contrast studies as an aid to diagnosis.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman with double inlet left ventricle had had two systemic-pulmonary shunting procedures for incorrect or incomplete diagnoses. Echocardiography with indocyanine green contrast studies demonstrated a double inlet \"left\" ventricle. It also localized the bulboventricular septum and infundibular chamber anterior to the two atrioventricular valves, and demonstrated early communication of contrast from the right atrium to the ventricle and infundibular chamber.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of double inlet \"left\" ventricle: indocyanine green contrast studies as an aid to diagnosis. A 22-year-old woman with double inlet left ventricle had had two systemic-pulmonary shunting procedures for incorrect or incomplete diagnoses. Echocardiography with indocyanine green contrast studies demonstrated a double inlet \"left\" ventricle. It also localized the bulboventricular septum and infundibular chamber anterior to the two atrioventricular valves, and demonstrated early communication of contrast from the right atrium to the ventricle and infundibular chamber.", "PMID": 663739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10024", "title": "Mycobacterium intracellulare presenting as a sarcoid-like illness.", "content": "A combined infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare and histoplasmosis in a patient with end-stage sarcoidosis is reviewed. A healthy skepticism should be applied to all but the most classic cases of sarcoidosis. Prolonged follow-up with repeated attempts to demonstrate a specific causative agent will decrease the possibility of overlooking treatable infections. An initial work-up of a patient with sarcoidosis includes fungal immunologic tests, which if positive can lead to further investigation and the correct diagnosis. Steroids should be reserved for clear indications in sarcoidosis. Any exacerbation of an underlying bronchopulmonary disease should compel a search for an infectious cause. This patient responded to amphotericin and three antituberculous drugs but nevertheless had significant sequelae of her illness.", "contents": "Mycobacterium intracellulare presenting as a sarcoid-like illness. A combined infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare and histoplasmosis in a patient with end-stage sarcoidosis is reviewed. A healthy skepticism should be applied to all but the most classic cases of sarcoidosis. Prolonged follow-up with repeated attempts to demonstrate a specific causative agent will decrease the possibility of overlooking treatable infections. An initial work-up of a patient with sarcoidosis includes fungal immunologic tests, which if positive can lead to further investigation and the correct diagnosis. Steroids should be reserved for clear indications in sarcoidosis. Any exacerbation of an underlying bronchopulmonary disease should compel a search for an infectious cause. This patient responded to amphotericin and three antituberculous drugs but nevertheless had significant sequelae of her illness.", "PMID": 663741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10025", "title": "Hemidiaphysectomy to control chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "A retained K\u00fcntscher nail in the left femur of a 34-year-old man was complicating the course of chronic, unremitting osteomyelitis. The nail was bent and could not be removed by routine methods. A hemidiaphysectomy of the femur allowed easy removal of the nail and radical curettage of the chronically infected intramedullary granulation tissue. The portion of the diaphysis removed at osteotomy was replaced without internal fixation. Postoperative external fixation was considered unnecessary because of the bulk of the femoral diaphysis secondary to the chronic sclerosis of osteomyelitis. Roentgenograms taken seven months after operation showed healing of the femur and no evidence of sequestration of the bone fragment. At 23 months' follow-up, the patient has no pain, no drainage, and no limitation of activities. Long-term follow-up is planned.", "contents": "Hemidiaphysectomy to control chronic osteomyelitis. A retained K\u00fcntscher nail in the left femur of a 34-year-old man was complicating the course of chronic, unremitting osteomyelitis. The nail was bent and could not be removed by routine methods. A hemidiaphysectomy of the femur allowed easy removal of the nail and radical curettage of the chronically infected intramedullary granulation tissue. The portion of the diaphysis removed at osteotomy was replaced without internal fixation. Postoperative external fixation was considered unnecessary because of the bulk of the femoral diaphysis secondary to the chronic sclerosis of osteomyelitis. Roentgenograms taken seven months after operation showed healing of the femur and no evidence of sequestration of the bone fragment. At 23 months' follow-up, the patient has no pain, no drainage, and no limitation of activities. Long-term follow-up is planned.", "PMID": 663742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10026", "title": "The halo vest: an evaluation of motion and forces across the neck.", "content": "Flexion-extension motion and compression-distraction forces across the cervical spine were evaluated in 6 patients in halo vests and in 1 patient in a halo cast. Motion in the vest was evaluated in supine and upright positions and averaged 31% of normal motion at the levels tested. Compression-distraction forces showed great individual variation and frequent compression. The average distraction force varied in different positions by nearly 20 pounds in the vest and over 30 pounds in the cast. Methods of improving cervical spine stability in halo orthoses are discussed.", "contents": "The halo vest: an evaluation of motion and forces across the neck. Flexion-extension motion and compression-distraction forces across the cervical spine were evaluated in 6 patients in halo vests and in 1 patient in a halo cast. Motion in the vest was evaluated in supine and upright positions and averaged 31% of normal motion at the levels tested. Compression-distraction forces showed great individual variation and frequent compression. The average distraction force varied in different positions by nearly 20 pounds in the vest and over 30 pounds in the cast. Methods of improving cervical spine stability in halo orthoses are discussed.", "PMID": 663758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10027", "title": "Odontoid fracture complicating ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine.", "content": "Ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine (Forestier's disease) is a distinct clinical entity which must be differentiated from ankylosing spondylitis (Marie-Strumpell's disease) and hypertrophic spondylosis. In the case presented, the distinction was made by clinical, roentgenographic, and postmortem pathologic findings. This case had the unique and previously unreported feature of complication by a fracture of the odontoid. The patient's particular circumstances led to the decision to treat the fracture by posterior arthrodesis, though this is not necessarily recommended for all spinal fractures occuring in this disease.", "contents": "Odontoid fracture complicating ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine. Ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine (Forestier's disease) is a distinct clinical entity which must be differentiated from ankylosing spondylitis (Marie-Strumpell's disease) and hypertrophic spondylosis. In the case presented, the distinction was made by clinical, roentgenographic, and postmortem pathologic findings. This case had the unique and previously unreported feature of complication by a fracture of the odontoid. The patient's particular circumstances led to the decision to treat the fracture by posterior arthrodesis, though this is not necessarily recommended for all spinal fractures occuring in this disease.", "PMID": 663759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10028", "title": "Healed untreated anterior cervical spine dislocation. A case report.", "content": "Fracture and fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine are serious injuries that rarely go undiagnosed. A case report of a bilateral facet dislocation with anterior displacement is presented that went undiagnosed and untreated, and healed without neurologic sequelae. No previous similar reports are known.", "contents": "Healed untreated anterior cervical spine dislocation. A case report. Fracture and fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine are serious injuries that rarely go undiagnosed. A case report of a bilateral facet dislocation with anterior displacement is presented that went undiagnosed and untreated, and healed without neurologic sequelae. No previous similar reports are known.", "PMID": 663760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10029", "title": "Vertebra plana and eosinophilic granuloma of the cervical spine in children.", "content": "Eosinophilic granuloma of the cervical spine in children is a rare lesion which presents both diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The report describes three additional cases. Open biopsy is recommended instead of attempted needle aspiration in children. Laminectomy is likely to result in spinal deformity, and is not advised unless a second stage fusion is planned. Radiotherapy is effective in controlling the lesion. The ultimate outcome is usually good.", "contents": "Vertebra plana and eosinophilic granuloma of the cervical spine in children. Eosinophilic granuloma of the cervical spine in children is a rare lesion which presents both diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The report describes three additional cases. Open biopsy is recommended instead of attempted needle aspiration in children. Laminectomy is likely to result in spinal deformity, and is not advised unless a second stage fusion is planned. Radiotherapy is effective in controlling the lesion. The ultimate outcome is usually good.", "PMID": 663761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10030", "title": "Energy expenditure during walking in patients with scoliosis. The effect of surgical correction.", "content": "Oxygen uptake during treadmill walking was measured in 43 female patients with scoliosis, aged 11 to 32 years. The majority of the patients had idiopathic thoracic curves, ranging from 25 to 160 degrees. The study included variables such as trunk imbalance, heart rate, step frequency, and respiratory data. Compared to age- and sex-matched controls, the scoliotic patients showed a significantly higher oxygen uptake/kg body weight and higher heart and respiratory rates. There was a negative correlation between the oxygen uptake/kg and the vital capacity. Trunk imbalance or palvic obliquity, measured from standing radiograms, did not correlate with energy expenditure, nor did the degree of the curvature. Twenty-eight of the patients underwent surgical correction and fusion of the spine with the Harrington technique. Two years after surgery, these patients showed a mean decrease in oxygen uptake/kg, significant at low walking speeds but not at high velocities. A decrease in oxygen uptake/kg was related to an increase in vital capacity. A correlation between a lowered oxygen uptake/kg and a gain in weight was observed.", "contents": "Energy expenditure during walking in patients with scoliosis. The effect of surgical correction. Oxygen uptake during treadmill walking was measured in 43 female patients with scoliosis, aged 11 to 32 years. The majority of the patients had idiopathic thoracic curves, ranging from 25 to 160 degrees. The study included variables such as trunk imbalance, heart rate, step frequency, and respiratory data. Compared to age- and sex-matched controls, the scoliotic patients showed a significantly higher oxygen uptake/kg body weight and higher heart and respiratory rates. There was a negative correlation between the oxygen uptake/kg and the vital capacity. Trunk imbalance or palvic obliquity, measured from standing radiograms, did not correlate with energy expenditure, nor did the degree of the curvature. Twenty-eight of the patients underwent surgical correction and fusion of the spine with the Harrington technique. Two years after surgery, these patients showed a mean decrease in oxygen uptake/kg, significant at low walking speeds but not at high velocities. A decrease in oxygen uptake/kg was related to an increase in vital capacity. A correlation between a lowered oxygen uptake/kg and a gain in weight was observed.", "PMID": 663762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10031", "title": "Combined Dwyer and Harrington instrumentation and fusion in the treatment of selected patients with painful adult idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Five patients with painful adult idiopathic scoliosis and double structural curve patterns were treated by combined Dwyer and Harrington instrumentation and fusion. The goal of treatment, achieved in all 5 cases, was elimination of pain, stabilization of the spine, and restoration of torso balance. The thoracic curve was corrected an average of 24%, and the lumbar curve, 46%. The loss of correction was only 5 degrees at followup. There were no pseudoarthroses and no complications.", "contents": "Combined Dwyer and Harrington instrumentation and fusion in the treatment of selected patients with painful adult idiopathic scoliosis. Five patients with painful adult idiopathic scoliosis and double structural curve patterns were treated by combined Dwyer and Harrington instrumentation and fusion. The goal of treatment, achieved in all 5 cases, was elimination of pain, stabilization of the spine, and restoration of torso balance. The thoracic curve was corrected an average of 24%, and the lumbar curve, 46%. The loss of correction was only 5 degrees at followup. There were no pseudoarthroses and no complications.", "PMID": 663763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10032", "title": "X-ray fluorescence analysis of muscles in scoliosis.", "content": "X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to determine calcium, copper, and zinc concentrations in paraspinal and gluteal muscles obtained during spinal surgery from patients with scoliosis. Samples of 1-3 mg were sufficient to demonstrate that calcium was higher in idiopathic than in other forms of scoliosis or in normal control muscles. It is suggested that a calcium-related neuromuscular defect could be an important factor in the genesis of idiopathic scoliosis.", "contents": "X-ray fluorescence analysis of muscles in scoliosis. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to determine calcium, copper, and zinc concentrations in paraspinal and gluteal muscles obtained during spinal surgery from patients with scoliosis. Samples of 1-3 mg were sufficient to demonstrate that calcium was higher in idiopathic than in other forms of scoliosis or in normal control muscles. It is suggested that a calcium-related neuromuscular defect could be an important factor in the genesis of idiopathic scoliosis.", "PMID": 663764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10033", "title": "Scoliosis in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.", "content": "Fourteen of 50 patients studied with arthrogryposis also had scoliosis, an incidence of 28%. Eight patients developed a severe curve associated with functional disability and poor health. Three patients were unable to walk independently, and 2 died in childhood. Seven patients had congenital scoliosis; 4 had long \"C\" neuromuscular curves, and 3 had scoliosis associated with pelvic obliquity caused by unilateral hip dislocation or contracture. The natural history of congenital and neuromuscular curves was progression to an extreme and rigid scoliosis. The authors urge others to look for scoliosis in their patients with arthrogryposis and to anticipate its progression.", "contents": "Scoliosis in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Fourteen of 50 patients studied with arthrogryposis also had scoliosis, an incidence of 28%. Eight patients developed a severe curve associated with functional disability and poor health. Three patients were unable to walk independently, and 2 died in childhood. Seven patients had congenital scoliosis; 4 had long \"C\" neuromuscular curves, and 3 had scoliosis associated with pelvic obliquity caused by unilateral hip dislocation or contracture. The natural history of congenital and neuromuscular curves was progression to an extreme and rigid scoliosis. The authors urge others to look for scoliosis in their patients with arthrogryposis and to anticipate its progression.", "PMID": 663765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10034", "title": "Occurrence of cold agglutinins in congenital scoliosis.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients undergoing spinal surgery for a variety of conditions were surveyed for the presence of cold agglutinins. Patients with congenital scoliosis or metastatic lesions of the spine were found to have a frequency of cold agglutinins that was 250 to 1000 times greater than that in the general population. This greater frequency was independent of ABO blood group, sex, or age. Pre-admission screening of congenital scoliosis patients is urged.", "contents": "Occurrence of cold agglutinins in congenital scoliosis. Eighty-seven patients undergoing spinal surgery for a variety of conditions were surveyed for the presence of cold agglutinins. Patients with congenital scoliosis or metastatic lesions of the spine were found to have a frequency of cold agglutinins that was 250 to 1000 times greater than that in the general population. This greater frequency was independent of ABO blood group, sex, or age. Pre-admission screening of congenital scoliosis patients is urged.", "PMID": 663766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10035", "title": "Fracture-dislocation of the dorsal-lumbar spine. Acute operative stabilization by Harrington instrumentation.", "content": "Twenty-four patients (of whom 17 were paraplegic) with acute fracture dislocations of the dorsal-lumbar spine underwent stabilization with Harrington instrumentation and were followed for an average of 16 months. Immediate postoperative ambulation was achieved in 16 patients. There was little difference between compression and distraction with respect to reduction and maintenance of correction. Compression rods resulted in solid union in 15 of 16 patients, while distraction rods were successful in 6 of 8 instances. In contrast to reported series in which operative intervention has been avoided, at least a 50% reduction in total hospitalization stay and costs has been achieved. Functional results were comparable to or exceeded the results of other series, and complication rates were similar with the exception of postoperative pain in 2 patients.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocation of the dorsal-lumbar spine. Acute operative stabilization by Harrington instrumentation. Twenty-four patients (of whom 17 were paraplegic) with acute fracture dislocations of the dorsal-lumbar spine underwent stabilization with Harrington instrumentation and were followed for an average of 16 months. Immediate postoperative ambulation was achieved in 16 patients. There was little difference between compression and distraction with respect to reduction and maintenance of correction. Compression rods resulted in solid union in 15 of 16 patients, while distraction rods were successful in 6 of 8 instances. In contrast to reported series in which operative intervention has been avoided, at least a 50% reduction in total hospitalization stay and costs has been achieved. Functional results were comparable to or exceeded the results of other series, and complication rates were similar with the exception of postoperative pain in 2 patients.", "PMID": 663767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10036", "title": "Hypotensive anesthesia for spinal fusion with sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "Deliberate induced hypotension for spinal fusion has been used in the past, but a search for better techniques continues. The authors used sodium nitroprusside by intravenous infusion to reduce the mean arterial pressure from 72 to 42 torr in 10 cases. This degree of hypotension provided an optimal surgical field and maintained adequate tissue perfusion as demonstrated by arterial oxygen tensions greater than 600 torr, no development of base deficit, and continuous urinary excretion. There were no complications related to hypotension. None of the patients received blood transfusions, whereas in the past, 2000 ml blood was usually required for this procedure.", "contents": "Hypotensive anesthesia for spinal fusion with sodium nitroprusside. Deliberate induced hypotension for spinal fusion has been used in the past, but a search for better techniques continues. The authors used sodium nitroprusside by intravenous infusion to reduce the mean arterial pressure from 72 to 42 torr in 10 cases. This degree of hypotension provided an optimal surgical field and maintained adequate tissue perfusion as demonstrated by arterial oxygen tensions greater than 600 torr, no development of base deficit, and continuous urinary excretion. There were no complications related to hypotension. None of the patients received blood transfusions, whereas in the past, 2000 ml blood was usually required for this procedure.", "PMID": 663768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10037", "title": "Microlumbar discectomy: a conservative surgical approach to the virgin herniated lumbar disc.", "content": "Microlumbar discectomy is an extremely conservative microsurgical procedure for the treatment of the virgin herniated lumbar disc. The technique has been utilized in 530 patients over a 5 1/2-year period, and features no laminectomy or curettement of the disc space. Preservation of extradural fat and blunt perforation of the annulus fibrosus, rather than scalpel incision, appear to minimize reherniations and adhesion reactions. Operating time has averaged 37 minutes and postoperative stay 3.1 days during the past 36 months (46% of these were compensation cases). In this series, a satisfactory result is defined as those patients who remain economically productive and physically comfortable at the time of followup. Satisfactory results were achieved in 91% of patients after one procedure.", "contents": "Microlumbar discectomy: a conservative surgical approach to the virgin herniated lumbar disc. Microlumbar discectomy is an extremely conservative microsurgical procedure for the treatment of the virgin herniated lumbar disc. The technique has been utilized in 530 patients over a 5 1/2-year period, and features no laminectomy or curettement of the disc space. Preservation of extradural fat and blunt perforation of the annulus fibrosus, rather than scalpel incision, appear to minimize reherniations and adhesion reactions. Operating time has averaged 37 minutes and postoperative stay 3.1 days during the past 36 months (46% of these were compensation cases). In this series, a satisfactory result is defined as those patients who remain economically productive and physically comfortable at the time of followup. Satisfactory results were achieved in 91% of patients after one procedure.", "PMID": 663769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10038", "title": "Microlumbar discectomy: followup of 147 patients.", "content": "Microlumbar discectomy is a new surgical technique for the treatment of herniated lumbar disc. The operating microscope and special instruments enable the surgeon to remove the herniated portion of the disc without laminectomy through a 1-inch skin incision. A transfusion was never necessary. In a followup study of 147 patients operated on over a 2 1/4-year period, the surgical cure rate was 96%, and the postoperative hospital stay was reduced to less than 3 days. One year after surgery, all noncompensation cases were working as were 80% of the compensation cases. Microlumbar discectomy is safe, effective, and economic for the patient.", "contents": "Microlumbar discectomy: followup of 147 patients. Microlumbar discectomy is a new surgical technique for the treatment of herniated lumbar disc. The operating microscope and special instruments enable the surgeon to remove the herniated portion of the disc without laminectomy through a 1-inch skin incision. A transfusion was never necessary. In a followup study of 147 patients operated on over a 2 1/4-year period, the surgical cure rate was 96%, and the postoperative hospital stay was reduced to less than 3 days. One year after surgery, all noncompensation cases were working as were 80% of the compensation cases. Microlumbar discectomy is safe, effective, and economic for the patient.", "PMID": 663770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10039", "title": "A lumbar disc surgery predictive score card.", "content": "A lumbar disc surgery predictive score card or questionnaire has been developed to assess potential candidates for excision of a herniated lumbar disc who have not previously undergone lumbar spine surgery. It is not designed to encompass patients who are being considered for other types of lumbar spine surgery, such as decompressive laminectomy or fusion. In an effort to make the \"score card\" usable by almost all physicians who are involved in lumbar disc surgery, only studies which have broad acceptance and are generally employed are included. Studies which have less widespread use such as electromyogram, discogram, venogram, special psychologic studies (MMPI, pain drawings) have been purposely excluded.", "contents": "A lumbar disc surgery predictive score card. A lumbar disc surgery predictive score card or questionnaire has been developed to assess potential candidates for excision of a herniated lumbar disc who have not previously undergone lumbar spine surgery. It is not designed to encompass patients who are being considered for other types of lumbar spine surgery, such as decompressive laminectomy or fusion. In an effort to make the \"score card\" usable by almost all physicians who are involved in lumbar disc surgery, only studies which have broad acceptance and are generally employed are included. Studies which have less widespread use such as electromyogram, discogram, venogram, special psychologic studies (MMPI, pain drawings) have been purposely excluded.", "PMID": 663771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10040", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of drug-resistant Aedes albopictus cells.", "content": "We report here the first isolation and characterization of drug-resistant cell lines from cultured mosquito cells. A BrdU-resistant cell line was isolated from mutagen-treated Aedes albopictus cells, and then used as the parent cell from which sublines resistant to ouabain or alpha-amanitin were derived. The BrdU-resistant cell line and all sublines derived from it were shown to be deficient in thymidine kinase. Evidence that favored attributing the drug-resistant phenotypes to mutant genotypes included (a) the drug-resistant phenotypes were stable for up to 16 months of culture under nonselective conditions, and (b) the frequency of the ouabain-resistant cells in a sensitive population was increased 500-fold (to between 10(-3) and 10(-4) by exposure to the chemical mutagen EMS. Evidence illustrating the usefulness of mutant mosquito cells for the study of the genetics of somatic cells is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of drug-resistant Aedes albopictus cells. We report here the first isolation and characterization of drug-resistant cell lines from cultured mosquito cells. A BrdU-resistant cell line was isolated from mutagen-treated Aedes albopictus cells, and then used as the parent cell from which sublines resistant to ouabain or alpha-amanitin were derived. The BrdU-resistant cell line and all sublines derived from it were shown to be deficient in thymidine kinase. Evidence that favored attributing the drug-resistant phenotypes to mutant genotypes included (a) the drug-resistant phenotypes were stable for up to 16 months of culture under nonselective conditions, and (b) the frequency of the ouabain-resistant cells in a sensitive population was increased 500-fold (to between 10(-3) and 10(-4) by exposure to the chemical mutagen EMS. Evidence illustrating the usefulness of mutant mosquito cells for the study of the genetics of somatic cells is discussed.", "PMID": 663800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10041", "title": "Canavanine-resistant variants of human lymphoblasts.", "content": "Variants resistant to canavanine, an arginine analogue, have been isolated from two long-term human lymphoblastoid cell lines. They are 20-fold more resistant to canavanine than the parental lines and this phenotype is stable in the absence of canavanine for more than 100 generations. The specific activity of argininosuccinate synthetase, the first of two enzymes necessary for the conversion of citrulline to arginine, is elevated in variants from both cell lines. Furthermore, this enzyme activity is refractory to the repression caused by arginine in normal lymphoblasts. The specific activity of argininosuccinate lyase, the second enzyme in the pathway from citrulline to arginine, is not appreciably changed. Arginine uptake appears normal in the variants since they grow as well as the parental lines in media containing a wide range of arginine concentrations. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity is also unchanged. Thus the canavanine-resistant variants have altered control of at least one urea cycle enzyme and appear to be regulatory mutants of human cells.", "contents": "Canavanine-resistant variants of human lymphoblasts. Variants resistant to canavanine, an arginine analogue, have been isolated from two long-term human lymphoblastoid cell lines. They are 20-fold more resistant to canavanine than the parental lines and this phenotype is stable in the absence of canavanine for more than 100 generations. The specific activity of argininosuccinate synthetase, the first of two enzymes necessary for the conversion of citrulline to arginine, is elevated in variants from both cell lines. Furthermore, this enzyme activity is refractory to the repression caused by arginine in normal lymphoblasts. The specific activity of argininosuccinate lyase, the second enzyme in the pathway from citrulline to arginine, is not appreciably changed. Arginine uptake appears normal in the variants since they grow as well as the parental lines in media containing a wide range of arginine concentrations. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity is also unchanged. Thus the canavanine-resistant variants have altered control of at least one urea cycle enzyme and appear to be regulatory mutants of human cells.", "PMID": 663801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10042", "title": "Hypokalemia in resuscitation from multiple trauma.", "content": "In a series of 75 patients review for injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, a consistent degree of hypokalemia and hypofibrinogenemia was noted. The degree of hypokalemia was associated with the severity of trauma and subsequent mortality. The degree of hypofibrinogenemia was associated more with mortality than with severity of trauma.", "contents": "Hypokalemia in resuscitation from multiple trauma. In a series of 75 patients review for injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, a consistent degree of hypokalemia and hypofibrinogenemia was noted. The degree of hypokalemia was associated with the severity of trauma and subsequent mortality. The degree of hypofibrinogenemia was associated more with mortality than with severity of trauma.", "PMID": 663803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10043", "title": "Intracellular sodium and potassium changes in vascular smooth muslce during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The vascular smooth muscle cell sodium and potassium changes occurring in hemorrhagic shock were studied in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock at 30 millimeters of mercury for a two hour period. A new ion exchange method, based upon the substitution of lithium for extracellular sodium was used to measure the intracellular sodium and potassium. A significant rise in cell sodium and fall in cell potassium levels occurred. These changes suggest that vascular smooth muscle cell membrane function is impaired in hemorrhagic shock. The normal homeostatic vascular responses to hemorrhage may be significantly affected by these changes.", "contents": "Intracellular sodium and potassium changes in vascular smooth muslce during hemorrhagic shock. The vascular smooth muscle cell sodium and potassium changes occurring in hemorrhagic shock were studied in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock at 30 millimeters of mercury for a two hour period. A new ion exchange method, based upon the substitution of lithium for extracellular sodium was used to measure the intracellular sodium and potassium. A significant rise in cell sodium and fall in cell potassium levels occurred. These changes suggest that vascular smooth muscle cell membrane function is impaired in hemorrhagic shock. The normal homeostatic vascular responses to hemorrhage may be significantly affected by these changes.", "PMID": 663804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10044", "title": "Long term results following esophageal anastomosis in the neonate.", "content": "In this series, a striking decrease in stricture formation following one layer repair of the esophagus in the newborn with esophageal atresia is clearly demonstrated. The long term evaluation of repair of esophageal atresia in the neonate shows a significant association between morbidity and the presence of a stricture. Long term sequelae related to anastomotic leaks were not evident. A close association between a leak and subsequent stricture formation has been suggested, but that relationship is not substantiated by this review. The number of deaths from anastomotic complications is too small to allow a valid comparison, but the mortality for the two anastomotic groups appears comparable. There is also no significant difference in mortality associated with the type of anastomotic complication. On the basis of these results, we suggest that repair of esophageal atresia in the neonate be done using a one layer end-to-end anastomosis through an extrapleural approach with good drainage.", "contents": "Long term results following esophageal anastomosis in the neonate. In this series, a striking decrease in stricture formation following one layer repair of the esophagus in the newborn with esophageal atresia is clearly demonstrated. The long term evaluation of repair of esophageal atresia in the neonate shows a significant association between morbidity and the presence of a stricture. Long term sequelae related to anastomotic leaks were not evident. A close association between a leak and subsequent stricture formation has been suggested, but that relationship is not substantiated by this review. The number of deaths from anastomotic complications is too small to allow a valid comparison, but the mortality for the two anastomotic groups appears comparable. There is also no significant difference in mortality associated with the type of anastomotic complication. On the basis of these results, we suggest that repair of esophageal atresia in the neonate be done using a one layer end-to-end anastomosis through an extrapleural approach with good drainage.", "PMID": 663805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10045", "title": "Surgical and pathologic aspects of protein losing gastropathy.", "content": "The mechanism of protein loss from the gastric wall was investigated in patients with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, gastric polyps, and carcinoma of the stomach. In M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, plasma protein was lost as glycoprotein in the gastric juice secreted from proliferated foveolar cells. Some of the gastric polyps also showed pathologic findings similar to that of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. As a treatment for the diffuse type of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, subtotal gastrectomy was recommended by presenting enough recovery from hypoproteinemia. A small amount of protein lost from the remaining portion of the stomach may be almost completely digested and reabsorbed from the intestine. In instances of carcinoma of the stomach, the mechanism of protein loss was speculated to be loss of lymph, blood or other interstitial fluids from opened capillaries of the cancerous surface. Complete removal of the carcinoma, therefore, certainly results in recovery from hypoproteinemia.", "contents": "Surgical and pathologic aspects of protein losing gastropathy. The mechanism of protein loss from the gastric wall was investigated in patients with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, gastric polyps, and carcinoma of the stomach. In M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, plasma protein was lost as glycoprotein in the gastric juice secreted from proliferated foveolar cells. Some of the gastric polyps also showed pathologic findings similar to that of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. As a treatment for the diffuse type of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, subtotal gastrectomy was recommended by presenting enough recovery from hypoproteinemia. A small amount of protein lost from the remaining portion of the stomach may be almost completely digested and reabsorbed from the intestine. In instances of carcinoma of the stomach, the mechanism of protein loss was speculated to be loss of lymph, blood or other interstitial fluids from opened capillaries of the cancerous surface. Complete removal of the carcinoma, therefore, certainly results in recovery from hypoproteinemia.", "PMID": 663806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10046", "title": "High tension electrical injury of the upper extremity.", "content": "A group of 18 patients received a high tension electrical injury of the upper extremity. The over-all results were dismal. Opportunity for improvement appears to lie in a regimen of rapid and complete removal of devitalized skin and muscle, avoidance of contamination and desication and the early provision of blood supply and wound coverage with pedicled flap coverage.", "contents": "High tension electrical injury of the upper extremity. A group of 18 patients received a high tension electrical injury of the upper extremity. The over-all results were dismal. Opportunity for improvement appears to lie in a regimen of rapid and complete removal of devitalized skin and muscle, avoidance of contamination and desication and the early provision of blood supply and wound coverage with pedicled flap coverage.", "PMID": 663807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10047", "title": "Tumor-host interrelationships in carcinoma of the female breast.", "content": "Three hundred and two carcinomas of the female breast were studied histologically with special reference to the morphologic aspects of the tumor, its surrounding host tissue and the regional lymph nodes. The nuclear grade of the tumor was positively correlated with the five year survival rate of the patient. Tumor metastases in the regional lymph nodes were observed to be a sign of a poor prognosis. The stromal lymphocyte and mast cell reactions did not correlate with the frequency of nodal metastases or the five year survival rate. Sinus histiocytosis in the lymph nodes was a sign of favorable five year survival because of its presence in cancer-free nodes only. The paracortical activity of the lymph nodes was an important determinant of whether or not tumor metastases appear in the node.", "contents": "Tumor-host interrelationships in carcinoma of the female breast. Three hundred and two carcinomas of the female breast were studied histologically with special reference to the morphologic aspects of the tumor, its surrounding host tissue and the regional lymph nodes. The nuclear grade of the tumor was positively correlated with the five year survival rate of the patient. Tumor metastases in the regional lymph nodes were observed to be a sign of a poor prognosis. The stromal lymphocyte and mast cell reactions did not correlate with the frequency of nodal metastases or the five year survival rate. Sinus histiocytosis in the lymph nodes was a sign of favorable five year survival because of its presence in cancer-free nodes only. The paracortical activity of the lymph nodes was an important determinant of whether or not tumor metastases appear in the node.", "PMID": 663808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10048", "title": "Ascorbic acid requirements in postoperative patients.", "content": "The postoperative ascorbic acid requirements of 63 surgical patients were assessed by measurements of buffy layer leukocyte ascorbic acid and the ascorbic acid content of leukocytes. There was a significant reduction in ascorbic acid levels following operation. The postoperative changes were unrelated to the extent of surgical trauma or the volume of blood transfused during operation, but there was a significant correlation between postoperative ascorbic acid measurements and white blood counts. It appears that postoperative leukocytosis and release by the bone marrow of leukocytes with a low ascorbic acid content may partly account for the postoperative changes in buffy layer and leukocyte ascorbic acid measurements. However, surgical operations were followed by an authentic increase in ascorbic acid requirements, and there was a 42 per cent reduction in circulating leukocyte ascorbic acid levels on the third postoperative day. The findings of this study create an argument for the use of ascorbic acid supplements in surgical patients, although it is unlikely that postoperative changes in leukocyte ascorbic acid have pathologic significance in wound repair.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid requirements in postoperative patients. The postoperative ascorbic acid requirements of 63 surgical patients were assessed by measurements of buffy layer leukocyte ascorbic acid and the ascorbic acid content of leukocytes. There was a significant reduction in ascorbic acid levels following operation. The postoperative changes were unrelated to the extent of surgical trauma or the volume of blood transfused during operation, but there was a significant correlation between postoperative ascorbic acid measurements and white blood counts. It appears that postoperative leukocytosis and release by the bone marrow of leukocytes with a low ascorbic acid content may partly account for the postoperative changes in buffy layer and leukocyte ascorbic acid measurements. However, surgical operations were followed by an authentic increase in ascorbic acid requirements, and there was a 42 per cent reduction in circulating leukocyte ascorbic acid levels on the third postoperative day. The findings of this study create an argument for the use of ascorbic acid supplements in surgical patients, although it is unlikely that postoperative changes in leukocyte ascorbic acid have pathologic significance in wound repair.", "PMID": 663809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10049", "title": "Blood coagulation changes in shock.", "content": "A secondary coagulopathy develops in a state of hypovolemic shock; in endotoxin shock, the coagulopathy is primary. As the changes in the hemodynamic and metabolic functions advance in hypovolemic shock, a state of hypercoagulability appears which reinforces the irreversible nature of this condition. In endotoxin shock, a primary mixed coagulopathy develops as an event directly related to the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The first finding is the activation of the fibrinolytic system through the activation of the serum complement system by means of the participation of the properdin, the so-called alternate pathway to the complement system. At the same time and by an identical mechanism, the activation of Factors VII and XI occurs through the activation of the Fletchner Factor, while the Hageman trait is activated by kinogen. Immediately after and following an antigen-antibody type reaction, endotoxin stimulates activation of platelets in the presence of gamma-2-globulin along the classical pathway of activation of the serum complement.", "contents": "Blood coagulation changes in shock. A secondary coagulopathy develops in a state of hypovolemic shock; in endotoxin shock, the coagulopathy is primary. As the changes in the hemodynamic and metabolic functions advance in hypovolemic shock, a state of hypercoagulability appears which reinforces the irreversible nature of this condition. In endotoxin shock, a primary mixed coagulopathy develops as an event directly related to the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The first finding is the activation of the fibrinolytic system through the activation of the serum complement system by means of the participation of the properdin, the so-called alternate pathway to the complement system. At the same time and by an identical mechanism, the activation of Factors VII and XI occurs through the activation of the Fletchner Factor, while the Hageman trait is activated by kinogen. Immediately after and following an antigen-antibody type reaction, endotoxin stimulates activation of platelets in the presence of gamma-2-globulin along the classical pathway of activation of the serum complement.", "PMID": 663810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10050", "title": "Venous thromboembolism in the morbidly obese.", "content": "Obesity has been considered as a high risk factor in the development of thromboembolism. To test the validity of this hypothesis, the records of 564 morbidly obese patients who underwent gastric bypass for control of their obesity were reviewed. Four patients, 0.7 per cent, had proved fatal pulmonary emboli and three demonstrated detectable, but not fatal, embolization. Fifty-seven patients were studied prospectively with Doppler examinations of the lower extremities, and only one patient had a transient abnormality of venous thrombosis of the calf, which proved to be associated with a nonfatal pulmonary embolus. The morbidly obese patients are not at high risk from thromboembolism, and the prophylactic use of low dose heparin, which may increase known wound morbidity, is discouraged. Doppler ultrasound of the lower extremities, however, has proved usefulness to differentiate deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity from other causes of pain in the leg of the morbidly obese.", "contents": "Venous thromboembolism in the morbidly obese. Obesity has been considered as a high risk factor in the development of thromboembolism. To test the validity of this hypothesis, the records of 564 morbidly obese patients who underwent gastric bypass for control of their obesity were reviewed. Four patients, 0.7 per cent, had proved fatal pulmonary emboli and three demonstrated detectable, but not fatal, embolization. Fifty-seven patients were studied prospectively with Doppler examinations of the lower extremities, and only one patient had a transient abnormality of venous thrombosis of the calf, which proved to be associated with a nonfatal pulmonary embolus. The morbidly obese patients are not at high risk from thromboembolism, and the prophylactic use of low dose heparin, which may increase known wound morbidity, is discouraged. Doppler ultrasound of the lower extremities, however, has proved usefulness to differentiate deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity from other causes of pain in the leg of the morbidly obese.", "PMID": 663811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10051", "title": "Gas-producing clostridial and nonclostridial infections.", "content": "Clostridial infections have always been treated promptly and aggressively on the basis of history and Gram's strain. We believe that nonclostridial infections with similar fulminating, septic courses also should receive as prompt and radical treatment and perhaps more so, as hyperbaric oxygen therapy is of far less benefit in a nonclostridial infection. It is particularly important to treat the high risk, obese, patient with diabetes and an infection of the perineum or groin promptly and aggressively if the current, high morality is to be decreased.", "contents": "Gas-producing clostridial and nonclostridial infections. Clostridial infections have always been treated promptly and aggressively on the basis of history and Gram's strain. We believe that nonclostridial infections with similar fulminating, septic courses also should receive as prompt and radical treatment and perhaps more so, as hyperbaric oxygen therapy is of far less benefit in a nonclostridial infection. It is particularly important to treat the high risk, obese, patient with diabetes and an infection of the perineum or groin promptly and aggressively if the current, high morality is to be decreased.", "PMID": 663812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10052", "title": "Peritoneolysis in the reconstruction of the Roux-en-Y loop.", "content": "A technique to provide an additional 5 centimeters of length, without compromising the blood supply to the anastomosis, was developed. It has been applied to 26 patients, 18 with Roux-en-Y biliary bypass at various levels, five with high Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomies and three with gastrojejunostomies. In the last three patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the distal part of the stomach and invasion of the intestinal mesentery, due to foreshortening of the latter, the proximal loop of the intestine would not reach the desired level of the stomach until this maneuver was performed.", "contents": "Peritoneolysis in the reconstruction of the Roux-en-Y loop. A technique to provide an additional 5 centimeters of length, without compromising the blood supply to the anastomosis, was developed. It has been applied to 26 patients, 18 with Roux-en-Y biliary bypass at various levels, five with high Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomies and three with gastrojejunostomies. In the last three patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the distal part of the stomach and invasion of the intestinal mesentery, due to foreshortening of the latter, the proximal loop of the intestine would not reach the desired level of the stomach until this maneuver was performed.", "PMID": 663816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10053", "title": "Cimetidine prevents reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow during shock.", "content": "This study evaluated Cimetidine's possible role in regulating gastric mucosal blood flow in the anesthetized, stressed miniature swine. Stress consisted of hemorrhagic shock to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg. Twenty-one animals were divided into three experimental groups: untreated controls, preshock Cimetidine treatment group, and postshock Cimetidine treatment group. Gastric mucosal blood flows were determined (microsphere method) during a stabilization period and after 90 minutes of shock. Central hemodynamic indices were monitored throughout each experiment. In the fundus, mucosal blood flow decreased 59% in the controls, 11% in the preshock, and 28% in the postshock Cimetidine groups. Antral mucosal blood flow decreased 57% in controls, 19% in the preshock, and 33% in the postshock Cimetidine groups. In the corpal mucosa, blood flow decreased 53% in controls, 11% in the preshock group, and 41% in the postshock Cimetidine group. Cimetidine administration, both before and after shock, conferred significant protection on mucosal blood flow changes related to shock. Preshock drug administration had a significantly greater protective effect than postshock treatment on blood flow in the corpal mucosa.", "contents": "Cimetidine prevents reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow during shock. This study evaluated Cimetidine's possible role in regulating gastric mucosal blood flow in the anesthetized, stressed miniature swine. Stress consisted of hemorrhagic shock to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg. Twenty-one animals were divided into three experimental groups: untreated controls, preshock Cimetidine treatment group, and postshock Cimetidine treatment group. Gastric mucosal blood flows were determined (microsphere method) during a stabilization period and after 90 minutes of shock. Central hemodynamic indices were monitored throughout each experiment. In the fundus, mucosal blood flow decreased 59% in the controls, 11% in the preshock, and 28% in the postshock Cimetidine groups. Antral mucosal blood flow decreased 57% in controls, 19% in the preshock, and 33% in the postshock Cimetidine groups. In the corpal mucosa, blood flow decreased 53% in controls, 11% in the preshock group, and 41% in the postshock Cimetidine group. Cimetidine administration, both before and after shock, conferred significant protection on mucosal blood flow changes related to shock. Preshock drug administration had a significantly greater protective effect than postshock treatment on blood flow in the corpal mucosa.", "PMID": 663819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10054", "title": "Improved renal function and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion following peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt.", "content": "Twelve patients with cirrhosis, refractory ascites, and varying degrees of renal failure (creatinine clearance, 5 to 44 ml/min) were studied before and up to 2 weeks following peritoneovenous shunt. Creatinine clearance increased 60% or more in seven patients (group I) and 22% or less in five patients (group II). There were no significant differences in maximum urine output or sodium excretion between groups (group I, 4,272 ml/14 hr, 372 mEq/24 hr; group II, 3,722 ml/24 hr, 255 mEq/24 hr). Aldosterone and renin concentrations were higher in group I and showed a greater decrease after shunting. Renin substrate levels also were higher in group I and rose following shunt insertion, while group II remained low. Ascitic fluid was found to contain renin substrate in concentrations of approximately 25% to 50% of plasma concentrations. Patients with the greatest increase in creatinine clearance showed the largest rise in substrate concentration and fall in renin and aldosterone secretion, suggesting a dynamic relationship between these factors. That a diuresis could occur without significant change in these parameters in five of 12 patients suggests independent control mechanisms for renal salt and water excretion and glomerular filtration in the ascitic patient.", "contents": "Improved renal function and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion following peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt. Twelve patients with cirrhosis, refractory ascites, and varying degrees of renal failure (creatinine clearance, 5 to 44 ml/min) were studied before and up to 2 weeks following peritoneovenous shunt. Creatinine clearance increased 60% or more in seven patients (group I) and 22% or less in five patients (group II). There were no significant differences in maximum urine output or sodium excretion between groups (group I, 4,272 ml/14 hr, 372 mEq/24 hr; group II, 3,722 ml/24 hr, 255 mEq/24 hr). Aldosterone and renin concentrations were higher in group I and showed a greater decrease after shunting. Renin substrate levels also were higher in group I and rose following shunt insertion, while group II remained low. Ascitic fluid was found to contain renin substrate in concentrations of approximately 25% to 50% of plasma concentrations. Patients with the greatest increase in creatinine clearance showed the largest rise in substrate concentration and fall in renin and aldosterone secretion, suggesting a dynamic relationship between these factors. That a diuresis could occur without significant change in these parameters in five of 12 patients suggests independent control mechanisms for renal salt and water excretion and glomerular filtration in the ascitic patient.", "PMID": 663820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10055", "title": "The use of medical audits in surgical education.", "content": "Quality of medical care audits conducted in the form of a conference attended by surgical residents, faculty, and medical students accomplish the following: (1) provide an excellent educational experience for all participants; (2) are enthusiastically received by all concerned; (3) accomplish considerably more than audits performed in the manner prescribed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH); and (4) fulfill JCAH/Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) requirements. This modified type of audit can be used successfully as a variant of a teaching seminar in which learning is more predictable because of the active participation of all concerned. Criteria sets which include simple and complex criteria must be developed if audits are to alter patterns of care for complex surgical problems.", "contents": "The use of medical audits in surgical education. Quality of medical care audits conducted in the form of a conference attended by surgical residents, faculty, and medical students accomplish the following: (1) provide an excellent educational experience for all participants; (2) are enthusiastically received by all concerned; (3) accomplish considerably more than audits performed in the manner prescribed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH); and (4) fulfill JCAH/Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) requirements. This modified type of audit can be used successfully as a variant of a teaching seminar in which learning is more predictable because of the active participation of all concerned. Criteria sets which include simple and complex criteria must be developed if audits are to alter patterns of care for complex surgical problems.", "PMID": 663823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10056", "title": "Hepatic metabolism in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Fuel homeostasis was studied in 15 patients with hepatic cirrhosis who previously had sustained upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. By combining substrate arteriovenous concentration differences with measured hepatic blood flow rates, the exchange rates of metabolites across the liver was calculated. Hepatic extraction of acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, analine, and glycerol was studied. After an overnight fast, splanchnic glucose production in 15 cirrhotic patients was diminished markedly. Despite reduced total glucose production, there was no decrease in hepatic gluconeogenesis; instead, there was increased glucose formation from amino acids, glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate. In patients with hepatic cirrhosis, the liver does not produce as much glucose as does a normal liver; the failing cirrhotic liver is capable of maintaining fuel homeostasis by increased ketone-body production.", "contents": "Hepatic metabolism in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Fuel homeostasis was studied in 15 patients with hepatic cirrhosis who previously had sustained upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. By combining substrate arteriovenous concentration differences with measured hepatic blood flow rates, the exchange rates of metabolites across the liver was calculated. Hepatic extraction of acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, analine, and glycerol was studied. After an overnight fast, splanchnic glucose production in 15 cirrhotic patients was diminished markedly. Despite reduced total glucose production, there was no decrease in hepatic gluconeogenesis; instead, there was increased glucose formation from amino acids, glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate. In patients with hepatic cirrhosis, the liver does not produce as much glucose as does a normal liver; the failing cirrhotic liver is capable of maintaining fuel homeostasis by increased ketone-body production.", "PMID": 663824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10057", "title": "The effect of exogenous substrate on hepatic metabolism and membrand transport during endotoxemia.", "content": "Endotoxemia in dogs reduced hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of indocyanine green dye. This diminished active membrane transport was associated with reduced hepatocyte membrane potential difference. Studies of arteriovenous concentration differences and flow across the liver demonstrated that endotoxemia increased hepatic glucose and lactate production and decreased oxygen consumption. Correction of this energy deficit occurred following infusion of glucose and insulin, but not after administration of isocaloric quantities of intravenous amino acids. The glucose-insulin infusion during endotoxemia shifted the liver back to an organ of glucose uptake, improved oxygen consumption, and provided the necessary energy for normal dye transport and maintenance of the normal membrane potential difference.", "contents": "The effect of exogenous substrate on hepatic metabolism and membrand transport during endotoxemia. Endotoxemia in dogs reduced hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of indocyanine green dye. This diminished active membrane transport was associated with reduced hepatocyte membrane potential difference. Studies of arteriovenous concentration differences and flow across the liver demonstrated that endotoxemia increased hepatic glucose and lactate production and decreased oxygen consumption. Correction of this energy deficit occurred following infusion of glucose and insulin, but not after administration of isocaloric quantities of intravenous amino acids. The glucose-insulin infusion during endotoxemia shifted the liver back to an organ of glucose uptake, improved oxygen consumption, and provided the necessary energy for normal dye transport and maintenance of the normal membrane potential difference.", "PMID": 663825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10058", "title": "Lung injury following a 50-metre fall into water.", "content": "The pulmonary complications of a 50-metre fall to the water (a form of suicide attempt producing 87% mortality) were studied in 15 survivors. Presenting findings included crackles, haemoptysis, and hypotension. The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was greater than 150 mmHg (20 kPa) in nine subjects on admission. Ventilatory failure developed in 10 of the patients, including all of those with massive haemoptysis. Radiographic findings included pneumothorax and diffuse pulmonary opacities adjacent to the area of impact. Pneumothorax developed within 12 hours of admission in 10 of 15 subjects but was associated with rib fractures in only four subjects. The clinical course of the condition is consistent with the hypothesis that the traumatic pulmonary tears produced interstitial emphysema, with subsequent development of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is a common complication of severe lung contusion even in the absence of penetrating pleural injury.", "contents": "Lung injury following a 50-metre fall into water. The pulmonary complications of a 50-metre fall to the water (a form of suicide attempt producing 87% mortality) were studied in 15 survivors. Presenting findings included crackles, haemoptysis, and hypotension. The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was greater than 150 mmHg (20 kPa) in nine subjects on admission. Ventilatory failure developed in 10 of the patients, including all of those with massive haemoptysis. Radiographic findings included pneumothorax and diffuse pulmonary opacities adjacent to the area of impact. Pneumothorax developed within 12 hours of admission in 10 of 15 subjects but was associated with rib fractures in only four subjects. The clinical course of the condition is consistent with the hypothesis that the traumatic pulmonary tears produced interstitial emphysema, with subsequent development of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is a common complication of severe lung contusion even in the absence of penetrating pleural injury.", "PMID": 663876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10059", "title": "An outbreak of pleural mesothelioma and chronic fibrosing pleurisy in the village of Karain/Urg\u00fcp in Anatolia.", "content": "The 575 inhabitants of the remote Anatolian village of Karain suffered 11 deaths from pleural mesothelioma in 1975/76 and there were five cases of fibrosing pleurisy. In the previous five years there had been 25 cases of mesothelioma. Calcified pleural plaques were common on survey radiography. Asbestos does not occur in the local soil or rock, nor is it handled in the village, but a few fibres were found in the water. Fibres were also found in the pleural tissue of two of five cases examined. Inhabitants of the neighbouring villages are free of mesothelioma.", "contents": "An outbreak of pleural mesothelioma and chronic fibrosing pleurisy in the village of Karain/Urg\u00fcp in Anatolia. The 575 inhabitants of the remote Anatolian village of Karain suffered 11 deaths from pleural mesothelioma in 1975/76 and there were five cases of fibrosing pleurisy. In the previous five years there had been 25 cases of mesothelioma. Calcified pleural plaques were common on survey radiography. Asbestos does not occur in the local soil or rock, nor is it handled in the village, but a few fibres were found in the water. Fibres were also found in the pleural tissue of two of five cases examined. Inhabitants of the neighbouring villages are free of mesothelioma.", "PMID": 663877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10060", "title": "Peripheral pooling of bronchographic contrast material: evidence of its relationship to smoking and emphysema.", "content": "Sixty-six subjects, mainly derived from various occupational groups and one-third of whom admitted to dyspnoea on exertion, have been grouped according to the appearance of their peripheral airways at bronchography with oily propyliodone. Eleven subjects showed marked peripheral pooling of radiographic contrast material, 22 showed mild or moderate pooling, and in 33 peripheral pools were absent. Pooling was not seen in non-smoking subjects. In the group of subjects without pooling, pulmonary function in non-smokers and subjects with a history of smoking was similar. Subjects with marked pooling had a significantly lower pulmonary diffusing capacity (transfer factor) and evidence of loss of pulmonary elastic recoil when compared with subjects with absent peripheral pooling. These results indicate that bronchographic peripheral pooling is associated with the physiological changes of panacinar pulmonary emphysema and suggest that a causal relationship may exist between the organic bronchiolar lesion of pooling and the peripheral parenchymal lesion of panacinar emphysema.", "contents": "Peripheral pooling of bronchographic contrast material: evidence of its relationship to smoking and emphysema. Sixty-six subjects, mainly derived from various occupational groups and one-third of whom admitted to dyspnoea on exertion, have been grouped according to the appearance of their peripheral airways at bronchography with oily propyliodone. Eleven subjects showed marked peripheral pooling of radiographic contrast material, 22 showed mild or moderate pooling, and in 33 peripheral pools were absent. Pooling was not seen in non-smoking subjects. In the group of subjects without pooling, pulmonary function in non-smokers and subjects with a history of smoking was similar. Subjects with marked pooling had a significantly lower pulmonary diffusing capacity (transfer factor) and evidence of loss of pulmonary elastic recoil when compared with subjects with absent peripheral pooling. These results indicate that bronchographic peripheral pooling is associated with the physiological changes of panacinar pulmonary emphysema and suggest that a causal relationship may exist between the organic bronchiolar lesion of pooling and the peripheral parenchymal lesion of panacinar emphysema.", "PMID": 663878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10061", "title": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels and inhaling habits in cigarette smokers.", "content": "In 520 men who currently smoked only cigarettes, carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels were measured as a method of estimating the extent to which cigarette smoke was inhaled and the results were compared with the smokers' own assessment of their inhaling habits. The mean COHb level after standardising for the number of cigarettes smoked before the blood test on the day of the test was 4.0% in self-described non-inhalers. This was much higher than the mean level of 0.7% in 1891 similar non-smokers, but not very different from the standardised mean levels of 5.2%, 5.3%, and 5.6% in men who said they inhaled slightly, moderately, or deeply, respectively. The increasing trend in the COHb levels of men in the four self-described inhaling categories (nil to deep) was small but statistically highly significant. The data from this study may help to explain some of the anomalous epidemiological results regarding the relationship between self-described inhaling habits and the development of diseases associated with smoking, such as coronary heart disease and lung cancer.", "contents": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels and inhaling habits in cigarette smokers. In 520 men who currently smoked only cigarettes, carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels were measured as a method of estimating the extent to which cigarette smoke was inhaled and the results were compared with the smokers' own assessment of their inhaling habits. The mean COHb level after standardising for the number of cigarettes smoked before the blood test on the day of the test was 4.0% in self-described non-inhalers. This was much higher than the mean level of 0.7% in 1891 similar non-smokers, but not very different from the standardised mean levels of 5.2%, 5.3%, and 5.6% in men who said they inhaled slightly, moderately, or deeply, respectively. The increasing trend in the COHb levels of men in the four self-described inhaling categories (nil to deep) was small but statistically highly significant. The data from this study may help to explain some of the anomalous epidemiological results regarding the relationship between self-described inhaling habits and the development of diseases associated with smoking, such as coronary heart disease and lung cancer.", "PMID": 663879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10062", "title": "Unilateral pulmonary collapse in asthmatics.", "content": "Five asthmatic patients developed collapse of one lung. Three of the patients were children and three of the five had repeated episodes of atelectasis. Episodes of atelectasis were usually associated with localised chest pain, which was not pleuritic in character, and with breathlessness, but without wheezing. The were not related to clinically apparent respiratory infections or to deterioration of the underlying asthma. The cause is obscure, but re-expansion seems to be hastened by oral corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Unilateral pulmonary collapse in asthmatics. Five asthmatic patients developed collapse of one lung. Three of the patients were children and three of the five had repeated episodes of atelectasis. Episodes of atelectasis were usually associated with localised chest pain, which was not pleuritic in character, and with breathlessness, but without wheezing. The were not related to clinically apparent respiratory infections or to deterioration of the underlying asthma. The cause is obscure, but re-expansion seems to be hastened by oral corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 663880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10063", "title": "Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine and isoprenaline in patients with airway obstruction.", "content": "In order to examine the hypothesis that bronchial reactivity to non-specific constrictor stimuli is influenced by the resting tone of the bronchial smooth muscle, the airway responses to inhaled histamine solution and inhaled isoprenaline were measured in 19 patients with airway obstruction. There was a significant positive correlation between the size of the constrictor response to histamine and the dilator response to isoprenaline (r = +0.83; p less than 0.01) as measured by changes in specific airway conductance. Patients with asthma showed greater bronchial reactivity to both histamine and isoprenaline than those with chronic bronchitis, although some patients had changes intermediate between the two extremes.", "contents": "Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine and isoprenaline in patients with airway obstruction. In order to examine the hypothesis that bronchial reactivity to non-specific constrictor stimuli is influenced by the resting tone of the bronchial smooth muscle, the airway responses to inhaled histamine solution and inhaled isoprenaline were measured in 19 patients with airway obstruction. There was a significant positive correlation between the size of the constrictor response to histamine and the dilator response to isoprenaline (r = +0.83; p less than 0.01) as measured by changes in specific airway conductance. Patients with asthma showed greater bronchial reactivity to both histamine and isoprenaline than those with chronic bronchitis, although some patients had changes intermediate between the two extremes.", "PMID": 663881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10064", "title": "Pulmonary and hepatic granulomatous disorders due to the inhalation of cement and mica dusts.", "content": "Hepatic and pulmonary granulomas were recognised in two workers exposed respectively to Portland cement and to muscovite dusts. The pulmonary lesions in the patient exposed to cement consisted of histiocytic granulomas and irregular fibrohyaline scars, and in the patient exposed to mica of a diffuse thickening of all interalveolar septa due to new formation of reticulin and collagen fibres and proliferation of fibroblasts and histiocytes. In the liver the following pathological findings were observed: focal or diffuse swelling of sinusoidal lining cells, sarcoid-type granulomas, and, in the case of mica exposure, perisinusoidal and portal tract fibrosis. Abundant inclusions of the inhaled material were identified within the pulmonary and hepatic lesions by histochemical and x-ray diffraction techniques.", "contents": "Pulmonary and hepatic granulomatous disorders due to the inhalation of cement and mica dusts. Hepatic and pulmonary granulomas were recognised in two workers exposed respectively to Portland cement and to muscovite dusts. The pulmonary lesions in the patient exposed to cement consisted of histiocytic granulomas and irregular fibrohyaline scars, and in the patient exposed to mica of a diffuse thickening of all interalveolar septa due to new formation of reticulin and collagen fibres and proliferation of fibroblasts and histiocytes. In the liver the following pathological findings were observed: focal or diffuse swelling of sinusoidal lining cells, sarcoid-type granulomas, and, in the case of mica exposure, perisinusoidal and portal tract fibrosis. Abundant inclusions of the inhaled material were identified within the pulmonary and hepatic lesions by histochemical and x-ray diffraction techniques.", "PMID": 663882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10065", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma and long-term survival. Retrospective study of 433 patients who underwent resection.", "content": "The long-term follow-up of patients with bronchial carcinoma treated by surgery is presented. Of 471 patients who underwent thoracotomy, the tumour could not be resected in 38 (8%). Sixty-three (13.4%) died within the first four weeks; 125 (28.9%) survived more than five years. A high percentage developed either late metastases, late recurrences, or a second primary lung carcinoma. The results of surgical resection for bronchial carcinoma cannot be considered satisfactory, although resection remains the best treatment even in those patients with an apparently unfavourable prognosis. In spite of reservations regarding retrospective studies, conclusions can be drawn regarding diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Questions concerning histological type, size, and site of tumour, and tumour stage can be answered only after an adequate postoperative interval. Five years after operation the patient who has apparently been successfully treated may die from a second primary carcinoma.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma and long-term survival. Retrospective study of 433 patients who underwent resection. The long-term follow-up of patients with bronchial carcinoma treated by surgery is presented. Of 471 patients who underwent thoracotomy, the tumour could not be resected in 38 (8%). Sixty-three (13.4%) died within the first four weeks; 125 (28.9%) survived more than five years. A high percentage developed either late metastases, late recurrences, or a second primary lung carcinoma. The results of surgical resection for bronchial carcinoma cannot be considered satisfactory, although resection remains the best treatment even in those patients with an apparently unfavourable prognosis. In spite of reservations regarding retrospective studies, conclusions can be drawn regarding diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Questions concerning histological type, size, and site of tumour, and tumour stage can be answered only after an adequate postoperative interval. Five years after operation the patient who has apparently been successfully treated may die from a second primary carcinoma.", "PMID": 663883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10066", "title": "Pulmonary function studies in healthy Pakistani adults.", "content": "Predicted normal spirometric values have been shown to have significant geographical and ethnic variation. These variations are of epidemiological significance in determining the prevalence of disease and of clinical importance in measuring the effects on pulmonary function of various diseases. A total of 599 men were chosen from employees of a package manufacturer, a general hospital in Lahore, and a village in northern Pakistan; 94 students and staff of a women's college in Lahore were also studied. The forced vital capacity (FVC) was recorded from three satisfactory efforts, and the FVC, one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF, or FEF25-75%) were calculated from the best FVC effort. The FVC and FEV1 in men were found to be similar to those of a group of emigrant Pakistanis and a north-western Indian population (Delhi) but higher than populations in south and eastern India. Pakistani women had values similar to those of women in northern India. None of the women smoked and, among Pakistani men, the smokers (285) averaged 6.7 pack years. While the FVC and FEV1 values did not differ between smokers and non-smokers, there was a significant difference in MMF (FEF25-75%) in the two groups. This latter finding corroborates studies on North American populations in which smokers generally have had a higher lifelong cigarette consumption. This confirms the MMF (FEF25-75%) to be a more sensitive test of subtle, asymptomatic changes in pulmonary function than the more widely used FVC and FEV1.", "contents": "Pulmonary function studies in healthy Pakistani adults. Predicted normal spirometric values have been shown to have significant geographical and ethnic variation. These variations are of epidemiological significance in determining the prevalence of disease and of clinical importance in measuring the effects on pulmonary function of various diseases. A total of 599 men were chosen from employees of a package manufacturer, a general hospital in Lahore, and a village in northern Pakistan; 94 students and staff of a women's college in Lahore were also studied. The forced vital capacity (FVC) was recorded from three satisfactory efforts, and the FVC, one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF, or FEF25-75%) were calculated from the best FVC effort. The FVC and FEV1 in men were found to be similar to those of a group of emigrant Pakistanis and a north-western Indian population (Delhi) but higher than populations in south and eastern India. Pakistani women had values similar to those of women in northern India. None of the women smoked and, among Pakistani men, the smokers (285) averaged 6.7 pack years. While the FVC and FEV1 values did not differ between smokers and non-smokers, there was a significant difference in MMF (FEF25-75%) in the two groups. This latter finding corroborates studies on North American populations in which smokers generally have had a higher lifelong cigarette consumption. This confirms the MMF (FEF25-75%) to be a more sensitive test of subtle, asymptomatic changes in pulmonary function than the more widely used FVC and FEV1.", "PMID": 663884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10067", "title": "Use of BCG as an immunostimulant in the surgical treatment of carcinoma of lung: a five-year follow-up report.", "content": "Sixty consecutive surviving patients treated with subdermal BCG (5 X 10(6) organisms) have been followed up for five years after resection of lung carcinoma. A control group of the previous 60 consecutive surviving patients not treated with BCG was similarly studied. We found no statistical evidence that the administration of BCG by the method described influenced the five-year survival rate, nor has any effective action upon involved lymph nodes or small metastases been demonstrated.", "contents": "Use of BCG as an immunostimulant in the surgical treatment of carcinoma of lung: a five-year follow-up report. Sixty consecutive surviving patients treated with subdermal BCG (5 X 10(6) organisms) have been followed up for five years after resection of lung carcinoma. A control group of the previous 60 consecutive surviving patients not treated with BCG was similarly studied. We found no statistical evidence that the administration of BCG by the method described influenced the five-year survival rate, nor has any effective action upon involved lymph nodes or small metastases been demonstrated.", "PMID": 663885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10068", "title": "Blood flow and pressure measurements of right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula.", "content": "A case of a dilated and tortuous right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula was surgically repaired. Preoperative intracoronary pressure measurements showed a sudden depression of diastolic pressure in the terminal part of the right coronary artery. Intraoperative mean right coronary flow was recorded as 315 ml/min. After repair of the fistula, blood flow measurements showed only 35 ml/min, which suggested that a large amount of blood was stolen by the fistula. Although systolic and diastolic murmurs only were heard in our patient, continuous murmurs have been noticed by some observers. From a study of the preoperative physical findings, intraoperative coronary flow measurements, and other operative findings, the genesis of heart murmurs relating to this type of anomaly is discussed.", "contents": "Blood flow and pressure measurements of right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula. A case of a dilated and tortuous right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula was surgically repaired. Preoperative intracoronary pressure measurements showed a sudden depression of diastolic pressure in the terminal part of the right coronary artery. Intraoperative mean right coronary flow was recorded as 315 ml/min. After repair of the fistula, blood flow measurements showed only 35 ml/min, which suggested that a large amount of blood was stolen by the fistula. Although systolic and diastolic murmurs only were heard in our patient, continuous murmurs have been noticed by some observers. From a study of the preoperative physical findings, intraoperative coronary flow measurements, and other operative findings, the genesis of heart murmurs relating to this type of anomaly is discussed.", "PMID": 663886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10069", "title": "Tumour production of alkaline phosphatase in a patient with giant-cell carcinoma of bronchus.", "content": "A patient with a giant-cell carcinoma of the bronchus was found to have a raised serum alkaline phosphatase without any evidence of bone or liver involvement. After necropsy the excised tumour was found to be producing alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase found in the serum during life was heat-labile but that in the tumour was heat-stable. The significance of this is unknown.", "contents": "Tumour production of alkaline phosphatase in a patient with giant-cell carcinoma of bronchus. A patient with a giant-cell carcinoma of the bronchus was found to have a raised serum alkaline phosphatase without any evidence of bone or liver involvement. After necropsy the excised tumour was found to be producing alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase found in the serum during life was heat-labile but that in the tumour was heat-stable. The significance of this is unknown.", "PMID": 663887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10070", "title": "A new method of disinfection of the flexible fibrebronchoscope.", "content": "A modified method for rapid sterilisation of the fibrebronchoscope using immersion of the instrument in 0.1% benzalkonium chloride for five minutes followed by a further five minutes' immersion in 96% alcohol was tested both by deliberate contamination of rubber catheters and on bronchoscopes after use in patients. The method proved effective in eliminating a wide range of potentially pathogenic organisms.", "contents": "A new method of disinfection of the flexible fibrebronchoscope. A modified method for rapid sterilisation of the fibrebronchoscope using immersion of the instrument in 0.1% benzalkonium chloride for five minutes followed by a further five minutes' immersion in 96% alcohol was tested both by deliberate contamination of rubber catheters and on bronchoscopes after use in patients. The method proved effective in eliminating a wide range of potentially pathogenic organisms.", "PMID": 663888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10071", "title": "[Bone content in mechanically deboned pork (author's transl)].", "content": "The KOH method is a useful procedure to determine the bone content of pork. Samples containing a known quantity of added bone were tested by the KOH method. There were no significant differences between the results of the KOH method and the added bone content (P greater than 0.05). The correction for desiccation of clean bone is hard to determine because of the variations in loss of weight as a result of evaporation of water on preparing clean bone. The correction for conversion of hard bone residues into dry bone was determined from bones of fattening pigs, sows and male swine. Sex and age of the pigs were found to have little effect on this factor. It is suggested to base testing of mechanically deboned pork on the determination of hard bone residues. A content of 0.4 per cent is suggested as the maximum permissible residue of hard bone in mechanically deboned pork, which is equivalent to a clean bone residue of approximately 1 per cent.", "contents": "[Bone content in mechanically deboned pork (author's transl)]. The KOH method is a useful procedure to determine the bone content of pork. Samples containing a known quantity of added bone were tested by the KOH method. There were no significant differences between the results of the KOH method and the added bone content (P greater than 0.05). The correction for desiccation of clean bone is hard to determine because of the variations in loss of weight as a result of evaporation of water on preparing clean bone. The correction for conversion of hard bone residues into dry bone was determined from bones of fattening pigs, sows and male swine. Sex and age of the pigs were found to have little effect on this factor. It is suggested to base testing of mechanically deboned pork on the determination of hard bone residues. A content of 0.4 per cent is suggested as the maximum permissible residue of hard bone in mechanically deboned pork, which is equivalent to a clean bone residue of approximately 1 per cent.", "PMID": 663916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10072", "title": "[Cochlosomosis, a problem in raising waxbills kept in aviaries (author's transl)].", "content": "A flagellate, (Cochlosoma sp.) in the intestines of waxbills caused disease and death, particularly in the younger birds. Disturbance of the intestines was the characteristic clinical symptom. Treatment with Emtryl (Specia, 40% dimetridazole), 250 mg. per litre of drinking water for three days, was effective.", "contents": "[Cochlosomosis, a problem in raising waxbills kept in aviaries (author's transl)]. A flagellate, (Cochlosoma sp.) in the intestines of waxbills caused disease and death, particularly in the younger birds. Disturbance of the intestines was the characteristic clinical symptom. Treatment with Emtryl (Specia, 40% dimetridazole), 250 mg. per litre of drinking water for three days, was effective.", "PMID": 663917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10073", "title": "[Abnormal respiration with dullness over the thorax in cattle. Due to an extensive lesion of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a four-year-old cow is reported, in which a very extensive necropurulent lesion was localized in the left half of the liver. When the animal was studied clinically and by X-ray, a space-occupying lesion in the thorax was strongly suspected. The importance of including diseases of the liver in the differential diagnosis of thoracic disorders is stressed.", "contents": "[Abnormal respiration with dullness over the thorax in cattle. Due to an extensive lesion of the liver (author's transl)]. The case of a four-year-old cow is reported, in which a very extensive necropurulent lesion was localized in the left half of the liver. When the animal was studied clinically and by X-ray, a space-occupying lesion in the thorax was strongly suspected. The importance of including diseases of the liver in the differential diagnosis of thoracic disorders is stressed.", "PMID": 663920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10074", "title": "[What is your diagnosis? (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and radiographic findings, surgical treatment and post-operative course in a dog with a recurrent fistula in the neck are reported. Although a foreign body was discernible on a survey radiograph, pre-operative contrast radiography was carried out using a watersoluble contrast medium, the advantages of which are discussed. The foreign body, a piece of treebark, was removed at surgery. The fistula did not recur during a post-operative period of ten months.", "contents": "[What is your diagnosis? (author's transl)]. The clinical and radiographic findings, surgical treatment and post-operative course in a dog with a recurrent fistula in the neck are reported. Although a foreign body was discernible on a survey radiograph, pre-operative contrast radiography was carried out using a watersoluble contrast medium, the advantages of which are discussed. The foreign body, a piece of treebark, was removed at surgery. The fistula did not recur during a post-operative period of ten months.", "PMID": 663921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10075", "title": "[Treatment of Salmonella carriers in a number of reptile species (author's transl)].", "content": "Housing Tejus contaminated with Salmonella on wire-mesh floors did not have any effect on the degree of contamination. The sensitivity of Salmonella organisms isolated from desert monitors to ampicillin was satisfactory, the serotypes being less sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Intramuscular injection of combined chloramphenicol and ampicillin in tejus and lizards was not successful, nor was oral administration of furazolidone in tortoises. On the other hand, oral treatment with combined ampicillin and chloramphenicol was effective in tortoises.", "contents": "[Treatment of Salmonella carriers in a number of reptile species (author's transl)]. Housing Tejus contaminated with Salmonella on wire-mesh floors did not have any effect on the degree of contamination. The sensitivity of Salmonella organisms isolated from desert monitors to ampicillin was satisfactory, the serotypes being less sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Intramuscular injection of combined chloramphenicol and ampicillin in tejus and lizards was not successful, nor was oral administration of furazolidone in tortoises. On the other hand, oral treatment with combined ampicillin and chloramphenicol was effective in tortoises.", "PMID": 663923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10076", "title": "[Detection of C-strain virus in pigs following vaccination against swine fever (author's transl)].", "content": "During and shortly after a mass vaccination campaign against swine fever with C-strain virus, samples were received from five vaccinated herds, which were found positive on examination with the cryostat immunofluorescent technique (IFT). In four cases fluorescence was due to C-virus antigen as determined by rabbit inoculation. The samples concerned were derived from 4 to 13 week old pigs which had been vaccinated 6 to 7 days prior to death. The fluorescence was notably bright and was confined to the epithelial lining of the tonsillar crypts. The persistence of C-virus following vaccination was studied in twelve-week-old pigs susceptible to swine fever. The animals were immunosuppressed by a concurrent treatment with corticosteroids. Virus antigen was detected by immuno-fluorescence in the tonsils and kidneys till 15 days following vaccination. The replication of virus in these organs is believed to be responsible for the spreading of C-virus observed in the field. Isolation of vaccine virus in rabbits was also possible till 15 days after vaccination. It is concluded that vaccination with C-virus may interfere with the laboratory diagnosis of swine fever by the fluorescent antibody technique applied to tissue sections for at least two weeks.", "contents": "[Detection of C-strain virus in pigs following vaccination against swine fever (author's transl)]. During and shortly after a mass vaccination campaign against swine fever with C-strain virus, samples were received from five vaccinated herds, which were found positive on examination with the cryostat immunofluorescent technique (IFT). In four cases fluorescence was due to C-virus antigen as determined by rabbit inoculation. The samples concerned were derived from 4 to 13 week old pigs which had been vaccinated 6 to 7 days prior to death. The fluorescence was notably bright and was confined to the epithelial lining of the tonsillar crypts. The persistence of C-virus following vaccination was studied in twelve-week-old pigs susceptible to swine fever. The animals were immunosuppressed by a concurrent treatment with corticosteroids. Virus antigen was detected by immuno-fluorescence in the tonsils and kidneys till 15 days following vaccination. The replication of virus in these organs is believed to be responsible for the spreading of C-virus observed in the field. Isolation of vaccine virus in rabbits was also possible till 15 days after vaccination. It is concluded that vaccination with C-virus may interfere with the laboratory diagnosis of swine fever by the fluorescent antibody technique applied to tissue sections for at least two weeks.", "PMID": 663924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10077", "title": "[Johne's disease in goats. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Johne's disease in a goat is reported. The final diagnosis was not established until a post-mortem examination had been made. The fact is stressed that the symptoms described do not only suggest parasitic infection but also Johne's disease.", "contents": "[Johne's disease in goats. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of Johne's disease in a goat is reported. The final diagnosis was not established until a post-mortem examination had been made. The fact is stressed that the symptoms described do not only suggest parasitic infection but also Johne's disease.", "PMID": 663926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10078", "title": "[Listrophorus gibbus, a fur mite in domestic rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of infection with the fur mite of domestic rabbits, Listrophorus gibbus, is reported. Possible methods of treatment of individual rabbits as well as of colonies of rabbits are reviewed. The presence of Listrophorus gibbus in conjunction with Cheyletiella parasitivorax is also discussed.", "contents": "[Listrophorus gibbus, a fur mite in domestic rabbits (author's transl)]. A case of infection with the fur mite of domestic rabbits, Listrophorus gibbus, is reported. Possible methods of treatment of individual rabbits as well as of colonies of rabbits are reviewed. The presence of Listrophorus gibbus in conjunction with Cheyletiella parasitivorax is also discussed.", "PMID": 663927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10079", "title": "Effect of spironolactone on urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism.", "content": "To determine the effect of aldosterone antagonist on renal prostaglandin E synthesis, the rate of urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E was measured radioimmunologically before and during the oral administration of an aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, in 5 patients with essential hypertension, 3 with primary aldosteronism and 2 with postoperative primary aldosteronism. Spironolactone was administered at an oral dose of 25 mg 4 times daily for about 1 week. In the control state, the rates of urinary prostaglandin E excretion ranged from 151 ng/day to 4,527 ng/day in essential hypertension. The rates were not augmented in primary aldosteronism but decreased after the removal of an aldosterone producing adenoma. No obvious relationship was observed between plasma aldosterone concentration and the rate of urinary prostaglandin E excretion. On the first day of spironolactone administration, the excretion rates of urinary prostaglandin E were markedly increased independently of basal plasma aldosterone level in all cases except one case of essential hypertension. Urinary prostaglandin E excretion was increased with the concominant increase of urinary Na/K ratio in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. After the second day, the augmented urinary prostaglandin E excretion was decreased and the changes of urinary prostaglandin E excretion varied from case to case. These results suggest that synthesis of renal prostaglandin E is not mainly regulated by aldosterone in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "Effect of spironolactone on urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. To determine the effect of aldosterone antagonist on renal prostaglandin E synthesis, the rate of urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E was measured radioimmunologically before and during the oral administration of an aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, in 5 patients with essential hypertension, 3 with primary aldosteronism and 2 with postoperative primary aldosteronism. Spironolactone was administered at an oral dose of 25 mg 4 times daily for about 1 week. In the control state, the rates of urinary prostaglandin E excretion ranged from 151 ng/day to 4,527 ng/day in essential hypertension. The rates were not augmented in primary aldosteronism but decreased after the removal of an aldosterone producing adenoma. No obvious relationship was observed between plasma aldosterone concentration and the rate of urinary prostaglandin E excretion. On the first day of spironolactone administration, the excretion rates of urinary prostaglandin E were markedly increased independently of basal plasma aldosterone level in all cases except one case of essential hypertension. Urinary prostaglandin E excretion was increased with the concominant increase of urinary Na/K ratio in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. After the second day, the augmented urinary prostaglandin E excretion was decreased and the changes of urinary prostaglandin E excretion varied from case to case. These results suggest that synthesis of renal prostaglandin E is not mainly regulated by aldosterone in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism.", "PMID": 663929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10080", "title": "Effects of riboflavin-2',3',4',5'-tetrabutyrate and flavin adenine dinucleotide on the platelet aggregation induced by hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Both riboflavin-2',3',4',5'-tetrabutyrate and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), especially the latter, could inhibit H2O2-induced platelet aggregation. FAD enhanced the glutathione reductase activity of platelets. FAD might exert its inhibitory effect on the H2O2-induced platelet aggregation via the glutathione reductase and peroxidase system.", "contents": "Effects of riboflavin-2',3',4',5'-tetrabutyrate and flavin adenine dinucleotide on the platelet aggregation induced by hydrogen peroxide. Both riboflavin-2',3',4',5'-tetrabutyrate and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), especially the latter, could inhibit H2O2-induced platelet aggregation. FAD enhanced the glutathione reductase activity of platelets. FAD might exert its inhibitory effect on the H2O2-induced platelet aggregation via the glutathione reductase and peroxidase system.", "PMID": 663930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10081", "title": "Damage of DNA and its recovery in AH-109A cells treated with carboquone in vivo.", "content": "A single injection of carboquone at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight induced damage of DNA of AH-109A cells as revealed by alkaline and neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A significant decrease in the sedimentation velocity of DNA on alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation was observed 15 min after the injection, and it returned to that of control after 60 min. Thereafter, the size of DNA decreased progressively. When the cells were lysed with 2% sodium dodesyl sulfate solution and analyzed on neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a similar change in the sedimentation velocity was observed. The results obtained from the studies of intraperitoneal growth of AH-109A cells pretreated with carboquone in vivo and the survival of host animals well corresponded to the extent of the damage of DNA as revealed by alkaline and neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "Damage of DNA and its recovery in AH-109A cells treated with carboquone in vivo. A single injection of carboquone at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight induced damage of DNA of AH-109A cells as revealed by alkaline and neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A significant decrease in the sedimentation velocity of DNA on alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation was observed 15 min after the injection, and it returned to that of control after 60 min. Thereafter, the size of DNA decreased progressively. When the cells were lysed with 2% sodium dodesyl sulfate solution and analyzed on neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a similar change in the sedimentation velocity was observed. The results obtained from the studies of intraperitoneal growth of AH-109A cells pretreated with carboquone in vivo and the survival of host animals well corresponded to the extent of the damage of DNA as revealed by alkaline and neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "PMID": 663931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10082", "title": "Morphological characterization of two established cell lines, T24 and MGH-U1, derived from human urinary bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Two cell lines, T24 and MGH-U1, established from human urinary bladder carcinoma showed typically epithelial features. Although the proliferating cell population presented a polymorphic appearance including polygonal and elongated cells, ultrastructural studies failed to identify different types of cells in each cell line. Extensive cytoplasmic organelles, microvilli on the cell surface and cell continuity with the junctional complex were common findings in both the cell lines. Virus-like particle was not detected. Chromosome numbers of these cell lines were distributed from hypertriploidy to hypertetraploidy. T24 cell line contained a large number of elongated cells and well developed microvilli as compared with MGH-U1 cell line. The present results suggest that T24 cell line has been transformed to a relatively uniform cell population during the long-term culture as referred to in a previous report.", "contents": "Morphological characterization of two established cell lines, T24 and MGH-U1, derived from human urinary bladder carcinoma. Two cell lines, T24 and MGH-U1, established from human urinary bladder carcinoma showed typically epithelial features. Although the proliferating cell population presented a polymorphic appearance including polygonal and elongated cells, ultrastructural studies failed to identify different types of cells in each cell line. Extensive cytoplasmic organelles, microvilli on the cell surface and cell continuity with the junctional complex were common findings in both the cell lines. Virus-like particle was not detected. Chromosome numbers of these cell lines were distributed from hypertriploidy to hypertetraploidy. T24 cell line contained a large number of elongated cells and well developed microvilli as compared with MGH-U1 cell line. The present results suggest that T24 cell line has been transformed to a relatively uniform cell population during the long-term culture as referred to in a previous report.", "PMID": 663932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10083", "title": "Structure of a novel sialooligosaccharide from the urine of a patient with mucolipidosis.", "content": "A mannose-containing sialooligosaccharide has been isolated from the urine of a patient with a newly recognized mucolipidosis which showed a low liver beta-galactosidase activity and hyperglycopeptiduria. The chemical structure has been determined by glycosidase digestion, Smith degradation and permethylation studies. The following structure has been given for the oligosaccharide: NANAalpha2-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-2Manbeta1-3Manbeta1-4GlcNAc. This compound appears to be derived from an incomplete catabolism of glycoproteins with aspartylglucosylamine type side chains.", "contents": "Structure of a novel sialooligosaccharide from the urine of a patient with mucolipidosis. A mannose-containing sialooligosaccharide has been isolated from the urine of a patient with a newly recognized mucolipidosis which showed a low liver beta-galactosidase activity and hyperglycopeptiduria. The chemical structure has been determined by glycosidase digestion, Smith degradation and permethylation studies. The following structure has been given for the oligosaccharide: NANAalpha2-6Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-2Manbeta1-3Manbeta1-4GlcNAc. This compound appears to be derived from an incomplete catabolism of glycoproteins with aspartylglucosylamine type side chains.", "PMID": 663933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10084", "title": "Simultaneous determination of plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, and aldosterone in man.", "content": "A method for simultaneous measurement of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) and aldosterone using 1.0-2.0 ml of plasma has been developed. The present method consists of extracting plasma with dichloromethane, separating the DOC, 18-OH-DOC, and aldosterone from other steroids on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and quantitating each steroid by radioimmunoassay. This method was demonstrated to be sensitive, accurate and precise. In 20 normal male subjects, the mean recumbent level of DOC was 9.1 +/- 3.1 ng/100 ml, on random diet, at 0800 h. The corresponding levels of 18-OH-DOC and aldosterone were 8.2 +/- 3.9 ng/100 ml, and 6.7 +/- 2.6 ng/100 ml, respectively. Plasma levels of these three steroids were measured in several types of adrenocortical disorders associated with hypertension and hypokalemia. Patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical hyperplasia, and 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency had elevated DOC and 18-OH-DOC levels, but showed normal or lower aldosterone levels. Hypersecretion of DOC and 18-OH-DOC may cause the symptoms of hypertension and hypokalemia. Patients with primary aldosteronism had elevated levels of DOC and 18-OH-DOC as well as aldosterone. The former two steroids may be hyperproduced as a precursor of aldosterone.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, and aldosterone in man. A method for simultaneous measurement of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) and aldosterone using 1.0-2.0 ml of plasma has been developed. The present method consists of extracting plasma with dichloromethane, separating the DOC, 18-OH-DOC, and aldosterone from other steroids on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and quantitating each steroid by radioimmunoassay. This method was demonstrated to be sensitive, accurate and precise. In 20 normal male subjects, the mean recumbent level of DOC was 9.1 +/- 3.1 ng/100 ml, on random diet, at 0800 h. The corresponding levels of 18-OH-DOC and aldosterone were 8.2 +/- 3.9 ng/100 ml, and 6.7 +/- 2.6 ng/100 ml, respectively. Plasma levels of these three steroids were measured in several types of adrenocortical disorders associated with hypertension and hypokalemia. Patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical hyperplasia, and 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency had elevated DOC and 18-OH-DOC levels, but showed normal or lower aldosterone levels. Hypersecretion of DOC and 18-OH-DOC may cause the symptoms of hypertension and hypokalemia. Patients with primary aldosteronism had elevated levels of DOC and 18-OH-DOC as well as aldosterone. The former two steroids may be hyperproduced as a precursor of aldosterone.", "PMID": 663934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10085", "title": "Effects of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents on the plasma triglyceride levels in lipoatrophic diabetes.", "content": "Three cases of congenital type of lipoatrophic diabetes were treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin for high blood sugar. The plasma triglyceride levels, determined after overnight fasting, were elevated following administration of oral agents or injections of insulin. On these medications, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol also tended to elevate. Paper electrophoresis of plasma revealed an increment of pre-beta-lipoprotein. The levels of plasma triglyceride were reduced when doses of oral antidiabetic agents or insulin were kept constant for several days, and further reduction was observed after withdrawal of these therapeutics. These observations suggest that insulin enhances production and secretion of triglyceride in the liver.", "contents": "Effects of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents on the plasma triglyceride levels in lipoatrophic diabetes. Three cases of congenital type of lipoatrophic diabetes were treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin for high blood sugar. The plasma triglyceride levels, determined after overnight fasting, were elevated following administration of oral agents or injections of insulin. On these medications, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol also tended to elevate. Paper electrophoresis of plasma revealed an increment of pre-beta-lipoprotein. The levels of plasma triglyceride were reduced when doses of oral antidiabetic agents or insulin were kept constant for several days, and further reduction was observed after withdrawal of these therapeutics. These observations suggest that insulin enhances production and secretion of triglyceride in the liver.", "PMID": 663935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10086", "title": "Annulate lamellae in erythroblasts in the mice splenic colonies.", "content": "Lethally irradiated mice received a transfusion of normal bone marrow cells from the same strain mice. The transfused colony-forming cells (stem cells) were settled in the spleen of the recipient and proliferated in it into erythroblast colonies. Some of these mice were given chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol for 7 days after marrow cell transfusion. Annulate lamellae were frequently observed exclusively in the erythroblasts of the mice received a injection of thiamphenicol.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in erythroblasts in the mice splenic colonies. Lethally irradiated mice received a transfusion of normal bone marrow cells from the same strain mice. The transfused colony-forming cells (stem cells) were settled in the spleen of the recipient and proliferated in it into erythroblast colonies. Some of these mice were given chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol for 7 days after marrow cell transfusion. Annulate lamellae were frequently observed exclusively in the erythroblasts of the mice received a injection of thiamphenicol.", "PMID": 663936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10087", "title": "Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in university students.", "content": "A study was made of latent hepatic diseases in university students. 1.4% to 1.6% of the students were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and 10.3% for anti-HBs. Of 28 students with HBs-antigenemia, 2 had chronic persistent hepatitis, and 3 minimal hepatitis, 23 being healthy carriers. Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) was detected in 44% of the students with HBsAg, and anti-HBe in 13%. Anti-HBe was significantly more frequently found in female students with HBsAg than in male students. Though most of the students with HBsAg had high titer of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), there were a small number of cases showing low titer. HBsAg and anti-HBs was detected in the same serum specimens of 2 carrier students. Liver damage was also found in 3 students without HBs-antigenemia.", "contents": "Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in university students. A study was made of latent hepatic diseases in university students. 1.4% to 1.6% of the students were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and 10.3% for anti-HBs. Of 28 students with HBs-antigenemia, 2 had chronic persistent hepatitis, and 3 minimal hepatitis, 23 being healthy carriers. Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) was detected in 44% of the students with HBsAg, and anti-HBe in 13%. Anti-HBe was significantly more frequently found in female students with HBsAg than in male students. Though most of the students with HBsAg had high titer of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), there were a small number of cases showing low titer. HBsAg and anti-HBs was detected in the same serum specimens of 2 carrier students. Liver damage was also found in 3 students without HBs-antigenemia.", "PMID": 663937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10088", "title": "Septicemia caused by Klebsiella oxytoca.", "content": "Klebsiella oxytoca was isolated from the blood of a leukemic patient. The typical pathogenicity of Klebsiella oxytoca was observed in the patient. The pathogenicity of several Klebsiella oxytoca strains isolated from blood, urine and sputum of different patients was examined in mice, and it was found that Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from the blood had a higher toxicity than the others.", "contents": "Septicemia caused by Klebsiella oxytoca. Klebsiella oxytoca was isolated from the blood of a leukemic patient. The typical pathogenicity of Klebsiella oxytoca was observed in the patient. The pathogenicity of several Klebsiella oxytoca strains isolated from blood, urine and sputum of different patients was examined in mice, and it was found that Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from the blood had a higher toxicity than the others.", "PMID": 663938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10089", "title": "Studies on brain lesion by administration of monosodium L-glutamate to mice. I. Brain lesions in infant mice caused by administration of monosodium L-glutamate.", "content": "Light-microscopic examination was performed on the brain lesions induced by monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) in neonatal and infant mice of ICR strain. Lesions characterized as cytoplasmic balooning, chromatin clumping, pyknosis and karyorrhexis of neurons were recognized in the arcuate nucleus (AN), subfornical organ, preoptic area, area postrema and cerebral cortex. The most vulnerable region was the AN in which the region near the root of  the median eminence was easily damaged. The changes in the AN were severest in 7-day-old mice, but only slight in 20-day-old mice. Thresholds of inducing AN lesions in 10-day-old mice after intraperitoneal injection and force-tube feeding were 0.4 and 0.7-0.8 g/kg body weight, respectively. The threshold of retinal changes was about 2.5-fold that of AN in force-tube feeding. In neonatal mice injected daily with 4 g MSG/kg body weight, the neurons of the AN disappeared almost completely by the 4th day of intraperitoneal administration.", "contents": "Studies on brain lesion by administration of monosodium L-glutamate to mice. I. Brain lesions in infant mice caused by administration of monosodium L-glutamate. Light-microscopic examination was performed on the brain lesions induced by monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) in neonatal and infant mice of ICR strain. Lesions characterized as cytoplasmic balooning, chromatin clumping, pyknosis and karyorrhexis of neurons were recognized in the arcuate nucleus (AN), subfornical organ, preoptic area, area postrema and cerebral cortex. The most vulnerable region was the AN in which the region near the root of  the median eminence was easily damaged. The changes in the AN were severest in 7-day-old mice, but only slight in 20-day-old mice. Thresholds of inducing AN lesions in 10-day-old mice after intraperitoneal injection and force-tube feeding were 0.4 and 0.7-0.8 g/kg body weight, respectively. The threshold of retinal changes was about 2.5-fold that of AN in force-tube feeding. In neonatal mice injected daily with 4 g MSG/kg body weight, the neurons of the AN disappeared almost completely by the 4th day of intraperitoneal administration.", "PMID": 663939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10090", "title": "Studies on brain lesions after administration of monosodium L-glutamate to mice. II. Absence of brain damage following administration of monosodium L-glutamate in the diet.", "content": "The effects of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) on the brain of mice were examined by light-microscopy under the intended conditions of use of this material. Basal diet containing 5, 10 or 15% w/w MSG was fed to pregnant, lactating and weanling mice ad libitum, resulting in the ingestion of 14.0, 42.8 or 42.0 g/kg body wt. of MSG a day respectively. Mice at the same developmental stages were given the basal diet and 5% w/w MST in aqueous solution ad libitum, the maximum ingestion of MSG being 16.9, 31.4 and 26.8 g/kg body wt. a day respectively. Light-microscopy examination revealed no pathological changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei (AN) of all treated mice, i.e., pregnant females and their fetuses, lactating females and their sucklings, and weanlin mice. Pregnant females and their fetuses, and weanling mice, injected subcutaneously with either 5.0 or 4.0 g/kg body wt. of MSG, showed \"Glu-type lesions\" in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Studies on brain lesions after administration of monosodium L-glutamate to mice. II. Absence of brain damage following administration of monosodium L-glutamate in the diet. The effects of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) on the brain of mice were examined by light-microscopy under the intended conditions of use of this material. Basal diet containing 5, 10 or 15% w/w MSG was fed to pregnant, lactating and weanling mice ad libitum, resulting in the ingestion of 14.0, 42.8 or 42.0 g/kg body wt. of MSG a day respectively. Mice at the same developmental stages were given the basal diet and 5% w/w MST in aqueous solution ad libitum, the maximum ingestion of MSG being 16.9, 31.4 and 26.8 g/kg body wt. a day respectively. Light-microscopy examination revealed no pathological changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei (AN) of all treated mice, i.e., pregnant females and their fetuses, lactating females and their sucklings, and weanlin mice. Pregnant females and their fetuses, and weanling mice, injected subcutaneously with either 5.0 or 4.0 g/kg body wt. of MSG, showed \"Glu-type lesions\" in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 663940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10091", "title": "Effect of hexachlorophene intoxication on learning in rats.", "content": "Neurotoxicity in the form of hindlimb paralysis is known to be associated with brain lesions characterized by vacuolation of the white matter following hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication; these paralytic and histopathological effects are reversible with time after discontinuance of HCP exposure. The rates of acquiring a bar-pressing escape and avoidance behavior were measured in female rats after recovery from paralysis following daily oral dosing with HCP (25 mg/kg). Learning deficits were seen as a delay in reaching a 90% escape performance level, as an increase in the number of sessions required to reach a 50% avoidance criterion, as an increase in training time needed to transfer from escape to avoidance responding, and by an increase in the number of sessions needed to reach a maximum level of avoidance behavior over a 35-session period. Peak responding eventually reached a level comparable to controls only after prolonged periods. Brain lesions seen 2-3 months after HCP intoxiciation correlated with the lag in learning ability but not with the maximum avoidance acquisition before sacrifice. These results indicate a long-lasting behavioral deficiency following neurotoxicity which is slowly reversible.", "contents": "Effect of hexachlorophene intoxication on learning in rats. Neurotoxicity in the form of hindlimb paralysis is known to be associated with brain lesions characterized by vacuolation of the white matter following hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication; these paralytic and histopathological effects are reversible with time after discontinuance of HCP exposure. The rates of acquiring a bar-pressing escape and avoidance behavior were measured in female rats after recovery from paralysis following daily oral dosing with HCP (25 mg/kg). Learning deficits were seen as a delay in reaching a 90% escape performance level, as an increase in the number of sessions required to reach a 50% avoidance criterion, as an increase in training time needed to transfer from escape to avoidance responding, and by an increase in the number of sessions needed to reach a maximum level of avoidance behavior over a 35-session period. Peak responding eventually reached a level comparable to controls only after prolonged periods. Brain lesions seen 2-3 months after HCP intoxiciation correlated with the lag in learning ability but not with the maximum avoidance acquisition before sacrifice. These results indicate a long-lasting behavioral deficiency following neurotoxicity which is slowly reversible.", "PMID": 663941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10092", "title": "Toxicologic studies of N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captan): its metabolism by rat liver drug-metabolizing enzyme system.", "content": "The degree of toxicity caused in rats by captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) administered intraperitoneally is greater than that induced by orally administered captan. With regard to its effect on the drug-metabolizing enzymes of rat liver, the activity of aniline hydroxylase and the level of cytochrome P-450 were found to decrease in the treated rats 24 h after a single oral dose (650 mg/kg). The loss was even greater in the animals receiving diethyl maleate 1 h prior to captan. Furthermore, usual increase in the activity of drug biotransformation enzymes seen after phenobarbital treatment appears to decrease in rats dosed with this funaicide. In vitro incubations of rat liver microsomes with captan resulted in a profound loss of cytochrome P-450 and the acitivty of benzphetamine N-demethylase as well as aniline hydroxylase. Although the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzyme activity by captan was observed in microsomal incubations with or without NADPH, a detectable amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS) was found only in the incubations that contained captan plus NADPH. Carbonyl sulfide appears to arise from a captan-derived metabolite, thiophosgene (CSCl2), which decomposes to COS in aqueous solutions and in the presence of NADPH inhibits the activity of drug biotransformation enzymes.", "contents": "Toxicologic studies of N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captan): its metabolism by rat liver drug-metabolizing enzyme system. The degree of toxicity caused in rats by captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) administered intraperitoneally is greater than that induced by orally administered captan. With regard to its effect on the drug-metabolizing enzymes of rat liver, the activity of aniline hydroxylase and the level of cytochrome P-450 were found to decrease in the treated rats 24 h after a single oral dose (650 mg/kg). The loss was even greater in the animals receiving diethyl maleate 1 h prior to captan. Furthermore, usual increase in the activity of drug biotransformation enzymes seen after phenobarbital treatment appears to decrease in rats dosed with this funaicide. In vitro incubations of rat liver microsomes with captan resulted in a profound loss of cytochrome P-450 and the acitivty of benzphetamine N-demethylase as well as aniline hydroxylase. Although the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzyme activity by captan was observed in microsomal incubations with or without NADPH, a detectable amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS) was found only in the incubations that contained captan plus NADPH. Carbonyl sulfide appears to arise from a captan-derived metabolite, thiophosgene (CSCl2), which decomposes to COS in aqueous solutions and in the presence of NADPH inhibits the activity of drug biotransformation enzymes.", "PMID": 663942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10093", "title": "An unbiased comparison of organ weights when an inequality in body weight exists.", "content": "It is demonstrated in simulations that, if adjustment for inequality in body weight is to be made by covariance analysis and the comparison is carried out in terms of adjusted means of organ weights thus obtained, the test of significance for an organ weight change can be unbiased, or the chances for detecting spurious effects on organ weights remain at about 5% and the chances for detecting treatment effects are far above the 5% irrespective of differences in body weight. Since the use of relative organ weights frequently violates the unbiasedness, it is concluded that if a treated group differs from the control in body weight the comparison of adjusted means of organ weights by covariance analysis will be far more justifiable than that of relative weights.", "contents": "An unbiased comparison of organ weights when an inequality in body weight exists. It is demonstrated in simulations that, if adjustment for inequality in body weight is to be made by covariance analysis and the comparison is carried out in terms of adjusted means of organ weights thus obtained, the test of significance for an organ weight change can be unbiased, or the chances for detecting spurious effects on organ weights remain at about 5% and the chances for detecting treatment effects are far above the 5% irrespective of differences in body weight. Since the use of relative organ weights frequently violates the unbiasedness, it is concluded that if a treated group differs from the control in body weight the comparison of adjusted means of organ weights by covariance analysis will be far more justifiable than that of relative weights.", "PMID": 663943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10094", "title": "Influence of sex hormones on free erythrocyte protoporphyrin response to lead in rats.", "content": "Following oral administration of lead a difference in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) increase was found between adult male, adult female and suckling rats: young animals are more susceptible than adult female rats which in turn exhibit a greater FEP increase than adult male animals. This observation parallels that made previously in humans. Possible difference in iron metabolism does not appear to explain the sex-linked difference in FEP response to lead. Sex hormones mainly progesterone, seem to play a role but their interaction with lead on the FEP response is restricted to female rats and apparently is not mediated through changes in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity.", "contents": "Influence of sex hormones on free erythrocyte protoporphyrin response to lead in rats. Following oral administration of lead a difference in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) increase was found between adult male, adult female and suckling rats: young animals are more susceptible than adult female rats which in turn exhibit a greater FEP increase than adult male animals. This observation parallels that made previously in humans. Possible difference in iron metabolism does not appear to explain the sex-linked difference in FEP response to lead. Sex hormones mainly progesterone, seem to play a role but their interaction with lead on the FEP response is restricted to female rats and apparently is not mediated through changes in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity.", "PMID": 663944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10095", "title": "Distribution of endosulfan in plasma and brain after repeated oral administration to rats.", "content": "Rats were fed endosulfan (5 or 10 mg/kg) containing alpha- and beta-isomers in the ratio of 2:1, daily for 15 days. The distribution pattern of endosulfan, its isomers and metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, was estimated in the plasma and brain of the rats. On day 16, the alpha-isomer in rats receiving 5 mg/kg was highest in the cerebrum (3.76 microgram/g) followed by the remaining part of the brain (2.66 microgram/g), and the cerebellum (2.04 microgram/g). The concentration of the beta-isomer was 0.06 microgram/g in the cerebrum and 0.02 microgram/g in the cerebellum; no beta-isomer was detected in the remaining part of the brain. The plasma concentration of alpha- and beta-isomers was 2.26 and 0.46 microgram/ml, respectively. No metabolite other than endosulfan sulfate was detected in plasma. No significant changes in brain tissue were observed in any of the groups under treatment. On day 30 (15 days after the last treatment), the concentration in plasma declined more rapidly than that in the brain tissue. At a higher dose (10 mg/kg), the distribution pattern of isomers and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, followed almost the same trend except that the concentration was higher than in rats receiving lower doses.", "contents": "Distribution of endosulfan in plasma and brain after repeated oral administration to rats. Rats were fed endosulfan (5 or 10 mg/kg) containing alpha- and beta-isomers in the ratio of 2:1, daily for 15 days. The distribution pattern of endosulfan, its isomers and metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, was estimated in the plasma and brain of the rats. On day 16, the alpha-isomer in rats receiving 5 mg/kg was highest in the cerebrum (3.76 microgram/g) followed by the remaining part of the brain (2.66 microgram/g), and the cerebellum (2.04 microgram/g). The concentration of the beta-isomer was 0.06 microgram/g in the cerebrum and 0.02 microgram/g in the cerebellum; no beta-isomer was detected in the remaining part of the brain. The plasma concentration of alpha- and beta-isomers was 2.26 and 0.46 microgram/ml, respectively. No metabolite other than endosulfan sulfate was detected in plasma. No significant changes in brain tissue were observed in any of the groups under treatment. On day 30 (15 days after the last treatment), the concentration in plasma declined more rapidly than that in the brain tissue. At a higher dose (10 mg/kg), the distribution pattern of isomers and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, followed almost the same trend except that the concentration was higher than in rats receiving lower doses.", "PMID": 663945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10096", "title": "Lower azure B methylene blue ratios in Giemsa type blood and malaria stains.", "content": "Starting from ancient reports that rare samples of methylene blue were apparently sufficiently contaminated with azures to give red plasmodial and red purple nuclear chromatin in Chenzinsky type methylene blue eosin stains, it was decided to determine how little azure B would suffice for such staining in methylene blue eosin stains. The traditional 1902 Giemsa had an azure : methylene blue : eosin ratio of about 6 : 3 : 6.3 : 10; Lillie's 1943 formula had a 5 : 7 : 10 ratio. In the current series of tests 5 : 7 : 10 (I), 4 : 8 : 10 (II), 3 : 9 : 10 (III), 2 : 10 : 10 (IV), 1 : 11 : 10 (V), and 0 : 12 : 10 (VI) were used. Malaria and blood stains were better than the standard 5 : 7 : 10 (I) in III, IV and II in that order. Normal and leukemic human blood, mouse blood with Plasmodium berghei, and monkey blood with the CDC strain of Pl. falciparum were used as test materials. The staining mixtures were made from highly purified samples of azure B and methylene blue. Staining mixtures contained 12 ml 0.1% thiazin dye, 10 ml 0.1% eosin, 2 ml each of glycerol, methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.5, 3 ml acetone as accelerator, and distilled water to make 40 ml; staining times of 10--30 min were used.", "contents": "Lower azure B methylene blue ratios in Giemsa type blood and malaria stains. Starting from ancient reports that rare samples of methylene blue were apparently sufficiently contaminated with azures to give red plasmodial and red purple nuclear chromatin in Chenzinsky type methylene blue eosin stains, it was decided to determine how little azure B would suffice for such staining in methylene blue eosin stains. The traditional 1902 Giemsa had an azure : methylene blue : eosin ratio of about 6 : 3 : 6.3 : 10; Lillie's 1943 formula had a 5 : 7 : 10 ratio. In the current series of tests 5 : 7 : 10 (I), 4 : 8 : 10 (II), 3 : 9 : 10 (III), 2 : 10 : 10 (IV), 1 : 11 : 10 (V), and 0 : 12 : 10 (VI) were used. Malaria and blood stains were better than the standard 5 : 7 : 10 (I) in III, IV and II in that order. Normal and leukemic human blood, mouse blood with Plasmodium berghei, and monkey blood with the CDC strain of Pl. falciparum were used as test materials. The staining mixtures were made from highly purified samples of azure B and methylene blue. Staining mixtures contained 12 ml 0.1% thiazin dye, 10 ml 0.1% eosin, 2 ml each of glycerol, methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.5, 3 ml acetone as accelerator, and distilled water to make 40 ml; staining times of 10--30 min were used.", "PMID": 663946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10097", "title": "[Radiation therapy of carcinomas of the oral tongue and floor of mouth (experiences with 266 cases from 1950 to 1975) (author's transl)].", "content": "We report 266 patients, who were treated in the Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Radiotherapie und Nuklearmedizin Z\u00fcrich between 1950 and 1976. The relationship of the radiation dose to the tumor control and complication rate in various stages is analysed. In early stages, local control is achieved by a dose about 2200 ret. This dose is applicable without an undue complication rate by interstitial radiation with or without combination with percutaneous irradiation. The cure rate in this early stage is about 70 to 90% by irradiation. The cure rate in the stage T2N0 is about 50%, in T3N0 about 20% and in the other stages with cervical node metastases between 10 and 20%. In the majority of the locally advanced cases, a combined therapy with irradiation and surgery should be performed. In cases with multiple or fixed neck nodes, a combined therapy should be performed. In cases with a single neck node metastasis which is not too large, radiotherapy mostly is sufficient. In most cases with TxN0, prophylactic neck irradiation is indicated.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy of carcinomas of the oral tongue and floor of mouth (experiences with 266 cases from 1950 to 1975) (author's transl)]. We report 266 patients, who were treated in the Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Radiotherapie und Nuklearmedizin Z\u00fcrich between 1950 and 1976. The relationship of the radiation dose to the tumor control and complication rate in various stages is analysed. In early stages, local control is achieved by a dose about 2200 ret. This dose is applicable without an undue complication rate by interstitial radiation with or without combination with percutaneous irradiation. The cure rate in this early stage is about 70 to 90% by irradiation. The cure rate in the stage T2N0 is about 50%, in T3N0 about 20% and in the other stages with cervical node metastases between 10 and 20%. In the majority of the locally advanced cases, a combined therapy with irradiation and surgery should be performed. In cases with multiple or fixed neck nodes, a combined therapy should be performed. In cases with a single neck node metastasis which is not too large, radiotherapy mostly is sufficient. In most cases with TxN0, prophylactic neck irradiation is indicated.", "PMID": 663948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10098", "title": "[A simple algorithm for practical calculations using the NSD concept (author's transl)].", "content": "An analytic equation is given, which allows simplified comparison calculations of treatment schedules in the validity range of the NSD concept. The equation is easily applicable, even in case of irregular fractionation, of treatment intermissions, and of changed schedules. The advantage of this unified calculation method is demonstrated by five examples, solving the problems occurring most frequently in practice.", "contents": "[A simple algorithm for practical calculations using the NSD concept (author's transl)]. An analytic equation is given, which allows simplified comparison calculations of treatment schedules in the validity range of the NSD concept. The equation is easily applicable, even in case of irregular fractionation, of treatment intermissions, and of changed schedules. The advantage of this unified calculation method is demonstrated by five examples, solving the problems occurring most frequently in practice.", "PMID": 663949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10099", "title": "[Own experiences with radiogold therapy of inoperable breast cancer in old patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen 62- to 85-year-old women with breast cancer are reported. An infiltration treatment by means of 198Au was performed with the patients because of general and local inoperability. Eleven of them were exposed to additional local X-irradiation. This therapy generally leads to local disappearance of the cancer disease.", "contents": "[Own experiences with radiogold therapy of inoperable breast cancer in old patients (author's transl)]. Fifteen 62- to 85-year-old women with breast cancer are reported. An infiltration treatment by means of 198Au was performed with the patients because of general and local inoperability. Eleven of them were exposed to additional local X-irradiation. This therapy generally leads to local disappearance of the cancer disease.", "PMID": 663950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10100", "title": "The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG. IgA. IgM) under the effect of age and exposure to the mining environment in uranium industry.", "content": "IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were measured in 347 miners working in the underground of uranium mines; in 156 men entering into the work in mines, and in 101 men working in food industry and food distribution, all in the region of Central Bohemia. Significantly elevated IgG and IgM levels were found in the subgroup of miners exposed a short time (less than five years) to the mining environment, whereas elevated IgA levels were found in the subgroup exposed more than 15 years. The comparison of differences with age-matched controls has shown that the levels of IgM are significantly increased in the miners subgroup exposed to the mining environment no more than five years. In miners subgroups above 31 years a significant decline of IgG levels occurs. The expression of Ig levels' changes is not uniform in all exposed persons; an apparent heterogeneity occurs in miners population. Some differences in IgG and IgM levels were found between the two 31- to 40-year-old control subgroups. The possible conditions for differences found are discussed from the point of view of the effect of ionizing radiation and from the point of view of the stressing influence of environment and employment.", "contents": "The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG. IgA. IgM) under the effect of age and exposure to the mining environment in uranium industry. IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were measured in 347 miners working in the underground of uranium mines; in 156 men entering into the work in mines, and in 101 men working in food industry and food distribution, all in the region of Central Bohemia. Significantly elevated IgG and IgM levels were found in the subgroup of miners exposed a short time (less than five years) to the mining environment, whereas elevated IgA levels were found in the subgroup exposed more than 15 years. The comparison of differences with age-matched controls has shown that the levels of IgM are significantly increased in the miners subgroup exposed to the mining environment no more than five years. In miners subgroups above 31 years a significant decline of IgG levels occurs. The expression of Ig levels' changes is not uniform in all exposed persons; an apparent heterogeneity occurs in miners population. Some differences in IgG and IgM levels were found between the two 31- to 40-year-old control subgroups. The possible conditions for differences found are discussed from the point of view of the effect of ionizing radiation and from the point of view of the stressing influence of environment and employment.", "PMID": 663951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10101", "title": "Liver polyribosome distribution intact and adrenalectomized rats exposed to gamma-radiation.", "content": "The mechanism(s) by which gamma radiation influences liver polyribosome distribution was studied in groups of intact and adrenalectomized male rats. The animals were divided among four subgroups: (1) control; (2) irradiation only; (3) cortisone only; (4) irradiation plus cortisone. Analysis of the liver polyribosome distribution patterns indicated that a shift from light to heavy aggregates occurred in both intact and adrenalectomized rats after they were exposed to gamma rays. In irradiated adrenalectomized rats, however, the shift to heavier aggregates was not as great as that which occurred in irradiated adrenal-intact animals. Subcutaneous injection of cortisone acetate (10 mg/100 g body weight) also altered the liver polyribosome patterns of both intact and adrenalectomized rats within 8 hours of its administration. The shift which occurred following cortisone administration, however, was less striking than that seen after irradiation only. Thus, although adrenal glucocorticoids contribute to the radiation induced shift in liver polyribosomes in adrenal intact rats, other factors appear to be involved, since the shift is also obtained in adrenalectomized animals.", "contents": "Liver polyribosome distribution intact and adrenalectomized rats exposed to gamma-radiation. The mechanism(s) by which gamma radiation influences liver polyribosome distribution was studied in groups of intact and adrenalectomized male rats. The animals were divided among four subgroups: (1) control; (2) irradiation only; (3) cortisone only; (4) irradiation plus cortisone. Analysis of the liver polyribosome distribution patterns indicated that a shift from light to heavy aggregates occurred in both intact and adrenalectomized rats after they were exposed to gamma rays. In irradiated adrenalectomized rats, however, the shift to heavier aggregates was not as great as that which occurred in irradiated adrenal-intact animals. Subcutaneous injection of cortisone acetate (10 mg/100 g body weight) also altered the liver polyribosome patterns of both intact and adrenalectomized rats within 8 hours of its administration. The shift which occurred following cortisone administration, however, was less striking than that seen after irradiation only. Thus, although adrenal glucocorticoids contribute to the radiation induced shift in liver polyribosomes in adrenal intact rats, other factors appear to be involved, since the shift is also obtained in adrenalectomized animals.", "PMID": 663952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10102", "title": "Protective effect of a mixture of radioprotective substances (AET and mexamine) on the haemopoietic stem cells of mice.", "content": "A protective effect of a combined application of radioprotectors (AET -i.p., mexamine -s.c.) was studied in experiments on mice. Duration of the protective effect on the haemopoietic stem cells and on the survival of mice after a lethal exposure to X-ray radiation lasted for 5 hours after the injection. DRF calculated from a change of LD 50/30 reached the maximum (1.53) within 30 min after the injection, and was equal to 1.17 within an interval of 5 hrs. The protection of haemopoiesis, as expressed by DRF calculated from an equieffective exposure for 2 ESC, reached the maximum within a 60 min interval after the injection (DRF=3.4). D0 calculated from the CFU survival curves of endogenous haemopoietic tissue colonies (ESC) was, within a 120 min interval, almost three times higher (310 R) than in the control group (110 R). After the injection of radioprotectors a greater number of haemopoietic CFU survives at an exposure of 100-400 R than after mere irradiation. The postirradiation decrease in the weight of small intestine was smaller in protected animals than in the controls. The role of a decrease of the radiation damage to the haemopoietic stem cells in the total protective effect of the radioprotectors used is discussed.", "contents": "Protective effect of a mixture of radioprotective substances (AET and mexamine) on the haemopoietic stem cells of mice. A protective effect of a combined application of radioprotectors (AET -i.p., mexamine -s.c.) was studied in experiments on mice. Duration of the protective effect on the haemopoietic stem cells and on the survival of mice after a lethal exposure to X-ray radiation lasted for 5 hours after the injection. DRF calculated from a change of LD 50/30 reached the maximum (1.53) within 30 min after the injection, and was equal to 1.17 within an interval of 5 hrs. The protection of haemopoiesis, as expressed by DRF calculated from an equieffective exposure for 2 ESC, reached the maximum within a 60 min interval after the injection (DRF=3.4). D0 calculated from the CFU survival curves of endogenous haemopoietic tissue colonies (ESC) was, within a 120 min interval, almost three times higher (310 R) than in the control group (110 R). After the injection of radioprotectors a greater number of haemopoietic CFU survives at an exposure of 100-400 R than after mere irradiation. The postirradiation decrease in the weight of small intestine was smaller in protected animals than in the controls. The role of a decrease of the radiation damage to the haemopoietic stem cells in the total protective effect of the radioprotectors used is discussed.", "PMID": 663953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10103", "title": "Investigations on the modification of postirradiation pancreatic lipase activity by some endo- or exogenic factors. Part II. The influence of some ions, biogenic amines and hormones.", "content": "The subject of investigations was the influence of some endogenic substances: ions (K+ and Ca++), amines (serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine) and hormones (hydrocortisone and glucagon) on the lipase release from pancreatic granules (zymogen and lysosomes) of control and irradiated rats (800 R=24 hours). The decrease of enzyme release under the influence of hydrocortisone (both concentrations: 10(-6) and 10(-8) M), Ca++ ions, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine after their administration in greater concentration (10(-6) M) was stated. Smaller concentrations of these substances evoked the transitory enhancement of enzyme activity. K+ ions and glucagon increased the lipase release (both concentrations). In the fraction of organelles from irradiated rats the action of K+ ions, glucagon and acetylcholine was diminished or abolished, while the inhibitory effectiveness (of greater concentrations) of Ca++ ions, serotonin, histamine and hydrocortisone was maintained.", "contents": "Investigations on the modification of postirradiation pancreatic lipase activity by some endo- or exogenic factors. Part II. The influence of some ions, biogenic amines and hormones. The subject of investigations was the influence of some endogenic substances: ions (K+ and Ca++), amines (serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine) and hormones (hydrocortisone and glucagon) on the lipase release from pancreatic granules (zymogen and lysosomes) of control and irradiated rats (800 R=24 hours). The decrease of enzyme release under the influence of hydrocortisone (both concentrations: 10(-6) and 10(-8) M), Ca++ ions, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine after their administration in greater concentration (10(-6) M) was stated. Smaller concentrations of these substances evoked the transitory enhancement of enzyme activity. K+ ions and glucagon increased the lipase release (both concentrations). In the fraction of organelles from irradiated rats the action of K+ ions, glucagon and acetylcholine was diminished or abolished, while the inhibitory effectiveness (of greater concentrations) of Ca++ ions, serotonin, histamine and hydrocortisone was maintained.", "PMID": 663954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10104", "title": "Steroid hydroxylase induction in cultured human lymphocytes: effects of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Steroid hydroxylases (SAH) are inducible in cultured human lymphocytes following treatment with estradiol-17beta. The enzyme systems induced are carbon monoxide sensitive and convert estradiol-17beta to a metabolite chromatographically indistinguishable from estriol. The level of inducibility of SAH varies drastically over a normal menstrual cycle with maximum induction in the late follicular phase and minimum induction during the luteal phase. The use of an oral contraceptive containing both a synthetic progestogen and ethynyl estradiol reduced SAH induction levels to those typically seen during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Steroid hydroxylase induction in cultured human lymphocytes: effects of the menstrual cycle. Steroid hydroxylases (SAH) are inducible in cultured human lymphocytes following treatment with estradiol-17beta. The enzyme systems induced are carbon monoxide sensitive and convert estradiol-17beta to a metabolite chromatographically indistinguishable from estriol. The level of inducibility of SAH varies drastically over a normal menstrual cycle with maximum induction in the late follicular phase and minimum induction during the luteal phase. The use of an oral contraceptive containing both a synthetic progestogen and ethynyl estradiol reduced SAH induction levels to those typically seen during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 663955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10105", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic in situ analysis of insect ecdysones via fluorescence-quenching.", "content": "The possibility of quantitating insect ecdysones in situ on thin-layer chromatographic plates was examined. Two approaches were evaluated: 1) the induction of ecdysone fluorescence by sulfuric acid treatments and 2) the fluorescence-quenching of fluorescent thin-layer chromatographic plates by ecdysones. The fluorescence-quenching method was found to be most suitable and had a linear response range from 0.5 to 3 microgram for alpha-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Fluorescence-quenching and high pressure liquid chromatographic analyses obtained from extracts of alpha-ecdysone 20-hydroxylase incubations gave similar results. New data concerning the acid-induced fluorescence of ecdysones showed alpha-ecdysone to be twice as fluorescent as 20-hydroxyecdysone.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic in situ analysis of insect ecdysones via fluorescence-quenching. The possibility of quantitating insect ecdysones in situ on thin-layer chromatographic plates was examined. Two approaches were evaluated: 1) the induction of ecdysone fluorescence by sulfuric acid treatments and 2) the fluorescence-quenching of fluorescent thin-layer chromatographic plates by ecdysones. The fluorescence-quenching method was found to be most suitable and had a linear response range from 0.5 to 3 microgram for alpha-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Fluorescence-quenching and high pressure liquid chromatographic analyses obtained from extracts of alpha-ecdysone 20-hydroxylase incubations gave similar results. New data concerning the acid-induced fluorescence of ecdysones showed alpha-ecdysone to be twice as fluorescent as 20-hydroxyecdysone.", "PMID": 663956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10106", "title": "Reactions of 4beta,5-epoxy-5beta-androstan-3-ones with hydrogen fluoride in pyridine.", "content": "4beta,5-Epoxy-5beta-androstane-3,17-dione (1a), 17beta-hydroxy-4beta,5-epoxy-5beta-androstan-3-one (1b) and 17beta-acetoxy-4beta,5-epoxy-5beta-androstan-3-one (1c) were treated with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in pyridine (70% solution) at 55 detrees and yielded the corresponding 4-en-4-ols, e.g. 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (2a). As the reaction temperature was lowered each epoxide formed a second product which, at -75 degrees, was the major component of the reaction mixture and was identified as the 5alpha-fluoro-4alpha-ol derivative of the parent enone, e.g. 4alpha-hydroxy-5-fluoro-5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione (3a). These fluorohydrins are thermally unstable, losing hydrogen fluoride. The acetates of -he fluorohydrins were also prepared, characterized, and shown to be more stable than the parent alcohols.", "contents": "Reactions of 4beta,5-epoxy-5beta-androstan-3-ones with hydrogen fluoride in pyridine. 4beta,5-Epoxy-5beta-androstane-3,17-dione (1a), 17beta-hydroxy-4beta,5-epoxy-5beta-androstan-3-one (1b) and 17beta-acetoxy-4beta,5-epoxy-5beta-androstan-3-one (1c) were treated with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in pyridine (70% solution) at 55 detrees and yielded the corresponding 4-en-4-ols, e.g. 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (2a). As the reaction temperature was lowered each epoxide formed a second product which, at -75 degrees, was the major component of the reaction mixture and was identified as the 5alpha-fluoro-4alpha-ol derivative of the parent enone, e.g. 4alpha-hydroxy-5-fluoro-5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione (3a). These fluorohydrins are thermally unstable, losing hydrogen fluoride. The acetates of -he fluorohydrins were also prepared, characterized, and shown to be more stable than the parent alcohols.", "PMID": 663957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10107", "title": "Progesterone receptor in the rat anterior pituitary: effect of estrogen priming and adrenalectomy.", "content": "The present study was done to determine if a progesterone receptor is present in rat pituitary. Cytosol was labeled with 3H-progesterone (3HP) or 3H-R5020 (3HR) and subjected to sucrose-glycerol density-gradient centrifugation. Serum progesterone was measured for correlation with progesterone receptor levels. Two 3HP-binding peaks (4S + 6S) were evident in uterine and pituitary cytosols. The 4S peak was eliminated by competition with unlabeled cortisol leaving a single 6S peak (progesterone receptor). Estradiol (E) priming of the male or female rat increased progesterone receptor levels in pituitary cytosol as demonstrated using 3HP and 3HR, and pituitary progesterone receptor bound 3HR with a higher affinity than 3HP. Following adrenalectomy of gonadectomized rats, progesterone receptor levels were increased in pituitary and uterine cytosol of both E-primed and unprimed groups. An inverse relationship was established between serum progesterone and progesterone receptor levels in the uterus and pituitary suggesting that stress-induced adrenal progesterone secretion significantly influences progesterone receptor levels in the rat. These results demonstrate an estrogen-inducible progesterone receptor in the rat pituitary with properties similar to those of the uterine progesterone receptor.", "contents": "Progesterone receptor in the rat anterior pituitary: effect of estrogen priming and adrenalectomy. The present study was done to determine if a progesterone receptor is present in rat pituitary. Cytosol was labeled with 3H-progesterone (3HP) or 3H-R5020 (3HR) and subjected to sucrose-glycerol density-gradient centrifugation. Serum progesterone was measured for correlation with progesterone receptor levels. Two 3HP-binding peaks (4S + 6S) were evident in uterine and pituitary cytosols. The 4S peak was eliminated by competition with unlabeled cortisol leaving a single 6S peak (progesterone receptor). Estradiol (E) priming of the male or female rat increased progesterone receptor levels in pituitary cytosol as demonstrated using 3HP and 3HR, and pituitary progesterone receptor bound 3HR with a higher affinity than 3HP. Following adrenalectomy of gonadectomized rats, progesterone receptor levels were increased in pituitary and uterine cytosol of both E-primed and unprimed groups. An inverse relationship was established between serum progesterone and progesterone receptor levels in the uterus and pituitary suggesting that stress-induced adrenal progesterone secretion significantly influences progesterone receptor levels in the rat. These results demonstrate an estrogen-inducible progesterone receptor in the rat pituitary with properties similar to those of the uterine progesterone receptor.", "PMID": 663958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10108", "title": "Polar corticosteroids in human neonatal urine; synthesis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of ring A reduced 6-hydroxylated corticosteroids.", "content": "This report describes the synthesis of 3alpha,6beta,11beta,17alpha,21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one, 3alpha,6beta,11beta,17alpha,21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one, 3alpha,6alpha,11beta,17alpha,21-pentahydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-20-one, 3alpha,6beta,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione, 3alpha,6beta,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione, 3alpha,6alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3alpha,6alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric properties of these compounds are given. Proof of structure was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, microchemical reactions, optical rotatory dispersion and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "Polar corticosteroids in human neonatal urine; synthesis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of ring A reduced 6-hydroxylated corticosteroids. This report describes the synthesis of 3alpha,6beta,11beta,17alpha,21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one, 3alpha,6beta,11beta,17alpha,21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-20-one, 3alpha,6alpha,11beta,17alpha,21-pentahydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-20-one, 3alpha,6beta,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione, 3alpha,6beta,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione, 3alpha,6alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3alpha,6alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric properties of these compounds are given. Proof of structure was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, microchemical reactions, optical rotatory dispersion and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "PMID": 663959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10109", "title": "Preparation and characterization of (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,24,25-tetrols and (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,24,25-triols.", "content": "(24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,24,25-tetrols were prepared by osmium tetroxide oxidation of 5beta-cholest-24-ene-3alpha,7alpha-diol. The resulting diastereomeric tetrols were separated by thin-layer chromatography, their purity ascertained by melting point, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectra and their structural configurations were assigned by molecular rotation measurement and circular dichroism studies. In a similar fashion, the (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,24,25-triols were prepared and their structures identified.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,24,25-tetrols and (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,24,25-triols. (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,24,25-tetrols were prepared by osmium tetroxide oxidation of 5beta-cholest-24-ene-3alpha,7alpha-diol. The resulting diastereomeric tetrols were separated by thin-layer chromatography, their purity ascertained by melting point, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectra and their structural configurations were assigned by molecular rotation measurement and circular dichroism studies. In a similar fashion, the (24R and 24S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,24,25-triols were prepared and their structures identified.", "PMID": 663960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10110", "title": "Color reaction of cholesterol with trichloracetic acid and antimony trichloride. On the reaction mechanism.", "content": "The color reaction of cholesterol with trichloracetic acid and antimony trichloride was examined to elucidate its reaction mechanism. 3,5-Cholestadiene, 3,3'bis(3,5-cholestadiene), 3,3'bis(2,4-cholestadiene), and cholesteryl trichloroacetate were isolated as the reaction products from the colored reaction mixture of cholesterol, and the first three compounds were found to be responsible for the coloration. It was assumed that cholesterol was dehydrated to 3,5-cholestadiene and 2,4-cholestadiene, which were dimerized to 3,3'-bis(3,5-cholestadiene) and 3,3'-bis(2,4-cholestadiene), respectively, and 3,3'-bis(2,4-cholestadiene) was in part converted to 3,3'-bis(3,5-cholestadiene) in trichloroacetic acid and antimony trichloride. The free radicals were detected in the colored solutions of choelsterol, 3,5-cholestadiene, 3,3'-bis(3,5-cholestadiene), and 3,3'-bis(2,4-cholestadiene), and inferred to be the radical cations of the steroids. The radical cation was postulated to be responsible with respect to the mechanism of the coloration. The relationship between the color reagent and the formation of dimeric steroids was described.", "contents": "Color reaction of cholesterol with trichloracetic acid and antimony trichloride. On the reaction mechanism. The color reaction of cholesterol with trichloracetic acid and antimony trichloride was examined to elucidate its reaction mechanism. 3,5-Cholestadiene, 3,3'bis(3,5-cholestadiene), 3,3'bis(2,4-cholestadiene), and cholesteryl trichloroacetate were isolated as the reaction products from the colored reaction mixture of cholesterol, and the first three compounds were found to be responsible for the coloration. It was assumed that cholesterol was dehydrated to 3,5-cholestadiene and 2,4-cholestadiene, which were dimerized to 3,3'-bis(3,5-cholestadiene) and 3,3'-bis(2,4-cholestadiene), respectively, and 3,3'-bis(2,4-cholestadiene) was in part converted to 3,3'-bis(3,5-cholestadiene) in trichloroacetic acid and antimony trichloride. The free radicals were detected in the colored solutions of choelsterol, 3,5-cholestadiene, 3,3'-bis(3,5-cholestadiene), and 3,3'-bis(2,4-cholestadiene), and inferred to be the radical cations of the steroids. The radical cation was postulated to be responsible with respect to the mechanism of the coloration. The relationship between the color reagent and the formation of dimeric steroids was described.", "PMID": 663961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10111", "title": "Time-course relationships between serum LH, serum progesterone and urinary preganediol concentrations in normal women.", "content": "A specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method was used to investigate the concentration of pregnanediol glucuronide in urine in relation to the time of ovulation. Serum LH and progesterone concentrations in the same subjects were used as evidence for the occurrence of ovulation. The urinary concentration of pregnanediol glucuronide in 24-hour collections and in overnight specimens increased 2-fold or more from the day of the midcycle LH peak to the time of predicted ovulation (24-48 hour after the LH peak) in parallel with the rise in serum progesterone concentration.", "contents": "Time-course relationships between serum LH, serum progesterone and urinary preganediol concentrations in normal women. A specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method was used to investigate the concentration of pregnanediol glucuronide in urine in relation to the time of ovulation. Serum LH and progesterone concentrations in the same subjects were used as evidence for the occurrence of ovulation. The urinary concentration of pregnanediol glucuronide in 24-hour collections and in overnight specimens increased 2-fold or more from the day of the midcycle LH peak to the time of predicted ovulation (24-48 hour after the LH peak) in parallel with the rise in serum progesterone concentration.", "PMID": 663962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10112", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for danazol (17alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol).", "content": "A method is described for the radioimmunoassay of circulating levels of the pituitary inhibiting agent, danazol. An antigen for danazol was prepared by reacting a 17-carboxy-methyloxime derivative of danazol with bovine serum albumin. By immunizing rabbits with this antigen, antiserum was generated which shows excellent specificity for danazol relative to its known metabolites as well as to many natural steroids. A radioimmunoassay was developed, without using separation or extraction techniques, involving competition for the antiserum between danazol in plasma and 14C-danazol. This assay has been successfully used to measure danazol in a series of normal human subjects receiving the drug at either 100 or 200 mg b.i.d. for 2 weeks. A significant relationship was seen between dosage of danazol and plasma concentrations.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for danazol (17alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol). A method is described for the radioimmunoassay of circulating levels of the pituitary inhibiting agent, danazol. An antigen for danazol was prepared by reacting a 17-carboxy-methyloxime derivative of danazol with bovine serum albumin. By immunizing rabbits with this antigen, antiserum was generated which shows excellent specificity for danazol relative to its known metabolites as well as to many natural steroids. A radioimmunoassay was developed, without using separation or extraction techniques, involving competition for the antiserum between danazol in plasma and 14C-danazol. This assay has been successfully used to measure danazol in a series of normal human subjects receiving the drug at either 100 or 200 mg b.i.d. for 2 weeks. A significant relationship was seen between dosage of danazol and plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 663963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10113", "title": "Disulphates of 16-oxygenated ketonic C19 steroids as biliary metabolities of androsterone sulphate in female rats.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of 16beta-hydroxyandrosterone was described preparatory to studies of the disulphates of the 16-oxygenated ketonic C19 steroids present in the bile of female rats dosed with [3H]androsterone sulphate. The biliary metabolites were separated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 to afford monosulphate and diconjugate fractions. After solvolysis of the diconjugate fraction, the liberated steroids were separated by partition chromatography on Celite 545 and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectometry. In addition to 3alpha, 17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstan-16-one isolated previously, 16beta-hydroxyandrosterone was identified as a disulphate.", "contents": "Disulphates of 16-oxygenated ketonic C19 steroids as biliary metabolities of androsterone sulphate in female rats. The chemical synthesis of 16beta-hydroxyandrosterone was described preparatory to studies of the disulphates of the 16-oxygenated ketonic C19 steroids present in the bile of female rats dosed with [3H]androsterone sulphate. The biliary metabolites were separated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 to afford monosulphate and diconjugate fractions. After solvolysis of the diconjugate fraction, the liberated steroids were separated by partition chromatography on Celite 545 and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectometry. In addition to 3alpha, 17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstan-16-one isolated previously, 16beta-hydroxyandrosterone was identified as a disulphate.", "PMID": 663964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10114", "title": "Importance of jejunum for bile acid absorption in pigeons: effect of jejunal resection on plasma cholesterol and cholesterol excretion.", "content": "Previous studies from our laboratory suggested that the jejunum could be the major site of bile acid absorption in the pigeon. To confirm this observation directly, the effects of jejunal resection on the fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols and on the level of plasma cholesterol were examined in the pigeon. This surgical procedure specifically increased (p less than 0.05) the excretion of bile acids, with no change in the excretion of neutral sterols. The total fecal steroid excretion in the pigeons with jejunal resection was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than that in the control group. Jejunal resection also decreased the plasma cholesterol level in the pigeon. These results confirm our earlier suggestion that the jejunum is the major site of bile acid absorption in pigeons, unlike that in mammals, in which the ileum is the major site.", "contents": "Importance of jejunum for bile acid absorption in pigeons: effect of jejunal resection on plasma cholesterol and cholesterol excretion. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested that the jejunum could be the major site of bile acid absorption in the pigeon. To confirm this observation directly, the effects of jejunal resection on the fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols and on the level of plasma cholesterol were examined in the pigeon. This surgical procedure specifically increased (p less than 0.05) the excretion of bile acids, with no change in the excretion of neutral sterols. The total fecal steroid excretion in the pigeons with jejunal resection was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than that in the control group. Jejunal resection also decreased the plasma cholesterol level in the pigeon. These results confirm our earlier suggestion that the jejunum is the major site of bile acid absorption in pigeons, unlike that in mammals, in which the ileum is the major site.", "PMID": 663965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10115", "title": "Testosterone metabolites in dog bile.", "content": "Testosterone-1,2-3H was injected intravenously into a male dog with a bile fistula and bile and urine collected. The radioactivity was excreted preponderantly in bile (52% of the injected dose) in 6 hours; only 12% appeared in the urine. Methods to study the biliary metabolites of testosterone in this and other animals were developed. Satisfactory conjugate patterns were obtained by fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 columns using two different elution systems. In addition to an unchanged fraction, six different monoglucuronide fractions were separated. No other conjugates were isolated. Lipidex 5000 column chromatography, TLC and paper chromatography were used for the isolation and purification of aglycone metabolites, which were further identified by co-crystallization methods. The biliary metabolites of testosterone were epiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one), etiocholanlone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one), 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol, 5beta-androstan-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5beta-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolites in dog bile. Testosterone-1,2-3H was injected intravenously into a male dog with a bile fistula and bile and urine collected. The radioactivity was excreted preponderantly in bile (52% of the injected dose) in 6 hours; only 12% appeared in the urine. Methods to study the biliary metabolites of testosterone in this and other animals were developed. Satisfactory conjugate patterns were obtained by fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 columns using two different elution systems. In addition to an unchanged fraction, six different monoglucuronide fractions were separated. No other conjugates were isolated. Lipidex 5000 column chromatography, TLC and paper chromatography were used for the isolation and purification of aglycone metabolites, which were further identified by co-crystallization methods. The biliary metabolites of testosterone were epiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one), etiocholanlone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one), 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol, 5beta-androstan-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5beta-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol.", "PMID": 663966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10116", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 2-hydroxyestrone.", "content": "Under the protection of ascorbic acid a 2-hydroxyestrone bovine serum albumin conjugate was prepared containing intact 2-hydroxyestrone as determined by gas chromatographymass spectometry. Using this antigen highely specific antibodies were raised in rabbits. Cross-reactivity for 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-hydroxyestriol was 26 and 4.5%, respectively. An assay procedure of 2-hydroxyestrone in human plasma is described. Using special precautions the assay allows the determination of 2-hydroxyestrone in plasma samples of women (50-95 pg/ml), pregnant women (105-220 pg/ml), men (45-65 pg/ml) and children(20-40 pg/ml).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 2-hydroxyestrone. Under the protection of ascorbic acid a 2-hydroxyestrone bovine serum albumin conjugate was prepared containing intact 2-hydroxyestrone as determined by gas chromatographymass spectometry. Using this antigen highely specific antibodies were raised in rabbits. Cross-reactivity for 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-hydroxyestriol was 26 and 4.5%, respectively. An assay procedure of 2-hydroxyestrone in human plasma is described. Using special precautions the assay allows the determination of 2-hydroxyestrone in plasma samples of women (50-95 pg/ml), pregnant women (105-220 pg/ml), men (45-65 pg/ml) and children(20-40 pg/ml).", "PMID": 663967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10117", "title": "The identification and quantification of three new 6alpha-hydroxylated corticosteroids in human neonatal urine.", "content": "The 24 hours urines of six two days old fullterm newborn infants were investigated for polar corticosteroids. 6alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrocortisone, 6alpha-hydroxy-20alpha-cortolone and 6alpha-hydroxy-20beta-cortolone were identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric comparison of the urinary steroids to compounds synthesized previously. These 6alpha-hydroxylated corticosteroids as well as seven other polar corticosteroids were quantified by gas chromatography or mass fragmentography. It was shown that the newly identified steroids constituted a quantitatively important part of the neonatal urinary corticosteroids. The unconjugated- and glucuronic acid conjugated steroids were quantified separately. It was found that the extent of glucuronoconjugation decreased with increasing polarity of the steroid moiety.", "contents": "The identification and quantification of three new 6alpha-hydroxylated corticosteroids in human neonatal urine. The 24 hours urines of six two days old fullterm newborn infants were investigated for polar corticosteroids. 6alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrocortisone, 6alpha-hydroxy-20alpha-cortolone and 6alpha-hydroxy-20beta-cortolone were identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric comparison of the urinary steroids to compounds synthesized previously. These 6alpha-hydroxylated corticosteroids as well as seven other polar corticosteroids were quantified by gas chromatography or mass fragmentography. It was shown that the newly identified steroids constituted a quantitatively important part of the neonatal urinary corticosteroids. The unconjugated- and glucuronic acid conjugated steroids were quantified separately. It was found that the extent of glucuronoconjugation decreased with increasing polarity of the steroid moiety.", "PMID": 663969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10118", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of androgens by bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "Spermatozoa from bovine ejaculates and cauda epiditymidis were incubated with either tritiated 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-3-one (DHT) or 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol). Examination of the medium incubations demonstrated metabolic conversion of both DHT and 3 alpha-diol when these steriods were incubated with ejaculated sperm. In addition to this interconversion, the following metabolities were identified: 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, (3 beta-diol), androsterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3, 17-dione (5 alpha-A-dione). Incubations with cauda spermatozoa showed similar metabolic patterns. Androgen binding was exhibited by both sperm types. Examination of the washed cauda sperm pellet, following incubations with 3 alpha-diol showed that the incubated steroid was the most abundantly bound. DHT and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol (delta 16-3 alpha-ol1 were also detected. The major part of the radioactivity bound in the sperm pellet was identified as DHT when this steroid was used as the substrate; the remaining radioactivity consisted of 3 alpha-diol and delta 16-3 alpha-ol. Investigations of ejaculated sperm pellets gave similar results apart from the additional identification of 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 one (delta 16-3-one) and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 beta-ol (delta 16-3 beta-ol (delta 16-3 beta-ol).", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of androgens by bovine spermatozoa. Spermatozoa from bovine ejaculates and cauda epiditymidis were incubated with either tritiated 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-3-one (DHT) or 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol). Examination of the medium incubations demonstrated metabolic conversion of both DHT and 3 alpha-diol when these steriods were incubated with ejaculated sperm. In addition to this interconversion, the following metabolities were identified: 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, (3 beta-diol), androsterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3, 17-dione (5 alpha-A-dione). Incubations with cauda spermatozoa showed similar metabolic patterns. Androgen binding was exhibited by both sperm types. Examination of the washed cauda sperm pellet, following incubations with 3 alpha-diol showed that the incubated steroid was the most abundantly bound. DHT and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol (delta 16-3 alpha-ol1 were also detected. The major part of the radioactivity bound in the sperm pellet was identified as DHT when this steroid was used as the substrate; the remaining radioactivity consisted of 3 alpha-diol and delta 16-3 alpha-ol. Investigations of ejaculated sperm pellets gave similar results apart from the additional identification of 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 one (delta 16-3-one) and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 beta-ol (delta 16-3 beta-ol (delta 16-3 beta-ol).", "PMID": 663970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10119", "title": "Identification of bile alcohols in normal rabbit bile.", "content": "Rabbit bile was examined for bile alcohols. Using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 25,26-pentol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 25--tetrol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha,24 beta-tetrol, 24-methyl-25-homo-5 beta-cholane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24-tetrol, and 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 beta-tetrol were identified as the minor constituents of normal rabbit bile.", "contents": "Identification of bile alcohols in normal rabbit bile. Rabbit bile was examined for bile alcohols. Using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 25,26-pentol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 25--tetrol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha,24 beta-tetrol, 24-methyl-25-homo-5 beta-cholane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24-tetrol, and 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 beta-tetrol were identified as the minor constituents of normal rabbit bile.", "PMID": 663971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10120", "title": "Identifications of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 23 beta-tetrol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 alpha-tetrol, and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 beta-tetrol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.", "content": "The bile alcohols present in the feces of a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis were studied. Three bile alcohols which are different from any known natural bile alcohol were isolated as minor components of the fecal bile alcohol fraction. The structures of these compounds were established as 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 23 beta-tetrol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 alpha-tetrol, and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 beta-tetrol by comparison with synthetic samples.", "contents": "Identifications of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 23 beta-tetrol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 alpha-tetrol, and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 beta-tetrol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The bile alcohols present in the feces of a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis were studied. Three bile alcohols which are different from any known natural bile alcohol were isolated as minor components of the fecal bile alcohol fraction. The structures of these compounds were established as 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 23 beta-tetrol, 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 alpha-tetrol, and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 beta-tetrol by comparison with synthetic samples.", "PMID": 663972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10121", "title": "The presence in bovine trachealis muscle of cytosol receptors with high affinity for glucocorticoids.", "content": "Whereas receptors with high affinity for glucocorticoids have been reported present in both fetal and adult lungs, there has been no attempt to identify such receptors in airways smooth muscle. We have examined the binding characteristics of glucocorticoids for a cytosol fraction prepared from bovine trachealis muscle. The cytosol fraction, which was prepared in 10 mM Tris, 1.5 mM Na2 EDTA and 2 mM dithiothreitol, contained macromolecular high affinity receptors for 3H-dexamethasone (Kd = 5.6 nM) at a concentration of 0.20 pmol/mg protein. The comparative affinities of other steroids in descending order were: beclomethasone-17, 21-dipropionate, dexamethasone, beta-methasone, triamcinolone and triamcinolone acetonide. Progesterone and deoxycorticosterone only bound to a limited extent, whereas the binding with 5 alpha-dihydrotesterone and pregnenolone was negligible. We conclude that airways smooth muscle is a target tissue for glucocorticoids and postulate that the binding of glucocorticoids to these receptors may receptors may represent the initial step in the anti-asthmatic action of these drugs.", "contents": "The presence in bovine trachealis muscle of cytosol receptors with high affinity for glucocorticoids. Whereas receptors with high affinity for glucocorticoids have been reported present in both fetal and adult lungs, there has been no attempt to identify such receptors in airways smooth muscle. We have examined the binding characteristics of glucocorticoids for a cytosol fraction prepared from bovine trachealis muscle. The cytosol fraction, which was prepared in 10 mM Tris, 1.5 mM Na2 EDTA and 2 mM dithiothreitol, contained macromolecular high affinity receptors for 3H-dexamethasone (Kd = 5.6 nM) at a concentration of 0.20 pmol/mg protein. The comparative affinities of other steroids in descending order were: beclomethasone-17, 21-dipropionate, dexamethasone, beta-methasone, triamcinolone and triamcinolone acetonide. Progesterone and deoxycorticosterone only bound to a limited extent, whereas the binding with 5 alpha-dihydrotesterone and pregnenolone was negligible. We conclude that airways smooth muscle is a target tissue for glucocorticoids and postulate that the binding of glucocorticoids to these receptors may receptors may represent the initial step in the anti-asthmatic action of these drugs.", "PMID": 663973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10122", "title": "A simple and efficient method for raising steroid antibodies in rabbits.", "content": "The production of estradiol antibodies by two immunization procedures was monitored by means of an enzyme-immunoassay. Procedure A consisted of three intramuscular injections given at two-week intervals, followed by five intravenous booster injections and procedure B consisted of multiple intradermal injections given once. Procedure A gave much higher antibody titer. In both procedures the sensitivities of assays using the antisera increased initially and reached a plateau after three to four months of immunization. Consistent changes in specificities were observed. A shortened procedure A is proposed as a simple and efficient procedure for raising steroid antibodies in rabbits.", "contents": "A simple and efficient method for raising steroid antibodies in rabbits. The production of estradiol antibodies by two immunization procedures was monitored by means of an enzyme-immunoassay. Procedure A consisted of three intramuscular injections given at two-week intervals, followed by five intravenous booster injections and procedure B consisted of multiple intradermal injections given once. Procedure A gave much higher antibody titer. In both procedures the sensitivities of assays using the antisera increased initially and reached a plateau after three to four months of immunization. Consistent changes in specificities were observed. A shortened procedure A is proposed as a simple and efficient procedure for raising steroid antibodies in rabbits.", "PMID": 663974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10123", "title": "Various 18-substituted progesterones.", "content": "In order to test the potential biological activity of 18-substituted progesterones, 3,20-dioxo-4-pregene-18-carbonitrile (ld approximately) was converted to 3,20-dioxo-4-pregnene-18-carboxylic acid (lb approximately) and methyl 3,20-dioxo-4-pregnene-18-carboxylate (ld approximately) via a sequence of reactions involving an intramolecular hydrolysis of the 18--arbonitrile. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the bisethylene ketal derived from la approximately furnished 18-aminomethyl-5-pregnene-3,20-dione 3,20-bisethylene ketal (8 approximately). Acetylation and hydrolysis furnished 18-acetamidomethyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (lf approximately) and simple hydrolysis of 8 approximately furnished 3'alpha H-5' 6'-dihydro-2',19 beta-dimethyl-3-oxo-4-goneno [13,17-c]pyridine (9 approximately). None of the compounds exhibited any activity in Clauberg or anti-Clauberg tests.", "contents": "Various 18-substituted progesterones. In order to test the potential biological activity of 18-substituted progesterones, 3,20-dioxo-4-pregene-18-carbonitrile (ld approximately) was converted to 3,20-dioxo-4-pregnene-18-carboxylic acid (lb approximately) and methyl 3,20-dioxo-4-pregnene-18-carboxylate (ld approximately) via a sequence of reactions involving an intramolecular hydrolysis of the 18--arbonitrile. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the bisethylene ketal derived from la approximately furnished 18-aminomethyl-5-pregnene-3,20-dione 3,20-bisethylene ketal (8 approximately). Acetylation and hydrolysis furnished 18-acetamidomethyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (lf approximately) and simple hydrolysis of 8 approximately furnished 3'alpha H-5' 6'-dihydro-2',19 beta-dimethyl-3-oxo-4-goneno [13,17-c]pyridine (9 approximately). None of the compounds exhibited any activity in Clauberg or anti-Clauberg tests.", "PMID": 663975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10124", "title": "A radioimmunoassay method for urinary catechol estrogens.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method for urinary catechol estrogens is described; The specific nature of the antisera allows direct analyses of acid hydrolyzed urine. A LH-20 Sephadex column chromatography can be employed for individual determinations of 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol. The excretion of catechol estrogens during menstrual cycles ranged from 14.48 to 50.15 microgram per 24 hours, whereas, during the last trimester of pregnancies, the values ranged from 129.30 to 1758. 20 microgram per 24 hours.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay method for urinary catechol estrogens. A radioimmunoassay method for urinary catechol estrogens is described; The specific nature of the antisera allows direct analyses of acid hydrolyzed urine. A LH-20 Sephadex column chromatography can be employed for individual determinations of 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol. The excretion of catechol estrogens during menstrual cycles ranged from 14.48 to 50.15 microgram per 24 hours, whereas, during the last trimester of pregnancies, the values ranged from 129.30 to 1758. 20 microgram per 24 hours.", "PMID": 663976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10125", "title": "An exchange assay for the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor in the liver of the rat.", "content": "Cytosolic receptor for glucocorticoids can exist in either the free or bound form; assays now in use measure only the free form. In order to assay the total glucocorticoid receptor content of rat liver, free plus bound, we have developed an exchange assay wherein specifically bound [3H]dexamethasone is shown to be a valid measure of receptor in the presence of high concentrations of corticosterone. The exchange between [3H]dexamethasone and corticosterone is able to proceed because, unter the conditions of the assay, corticosterone is almost completely metabolized.", "contents": "An exchange assay for the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor in the liver of the rat. Cytosolic receptor for glucocorticoids can exist in either the free or bound form; assays now in use measure only the free form. In order to assay the total glucocorticoid receptor content of rat liver, free plus bound, we have developed an exchange assay wherein specifically bound [3H]dexamethasone is shown to be a valid measure of receptor in the presence of high concentrations of corticosterone. The exchange between [3H]dexamethasone and corticosterone is able to proceed because, unter the conditions of the assay, corticosterone is almost completely metabolized.", "PMID": 663977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10126", "title": "The extrasplanchnic origin of blood dihydrotestosterone in elderly men.", "content": "The splanchnic extraction and interconversion of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were studied in 5 elderly men undergoing cardiac catheterization using a constant infusion of [1,2-3H] testosterone and [4-14C] DHT. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), splanchnic extraction (SE), splanchnic clearance (SC), extrasplanchnic clearance (ESC), transfer constant in blood ([p] T-DHT BB) and transfer constant across the liver ([p] T-DHT SB) were calculated. The MCRT was 675 +/- 108 (mean +/- SC) L/day and MCRDHT was 409 +/- 68 L/day. SET was 45.9 +/- 7.0% and SEDHT was 18.5 +/- 5.4%. When these values are compared with those recently reported by us for normal men, there is a 1/3 reduction in SET and 1/2 reduction for SEDHT in elderly men. The calculated SCT and ESCT were 355 +/- 72 L/day and 320 +/- 86 L/day, respectively. SCDHT and ESCDHT were 145 +/- 48 L/day and 263 +/- 77 L/day respectively, suggesting that a major fraction of DHT is metabolized in extrasplanchnic organs. No evidence for a net appearance of DHT by either mass or specific activity analysis in hepatic vein blood was observed indicating that the splanchnic compartment does not contribute DHT into the circulation either by de novo synthesis or via conversion from testosterone. This work indicates that conversion of testosterone to DHT in elderly men occurs entirely in extrasplanchnic tissue.", "contents": "The extrasplanchnic origin of blood dihydrotestosterone in elderly men. The splanchnic extraction and interconversion of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were studied in 5 elderly men undergoing cardiac catheterization using a constant infusion of [1,2-3H] testosterone and [4-14C] DHT. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), splanchnic extraction (SE), splanchnic clearance (SC), extrasplanchnic clearance (ESC), transfer constant in blood ([p] T-DHT BB) and transfer constant across the liver ([p] T-DHT SB) were calculated. The MCRT was 675 +/- 108 (mean +/- SC) L/day and MCRDHT was 409 +/- 68 L/day. SET was 45.9 +/- 7.0% and SEDHT was 18.5 +/- 5.4%. When these values are compared with those recently reported by us for normal men, there is a 1/3 reduction in SET and 1/2 reduction for SEDHT in elderly men. The calculated SCT and ESCT were 355 +/- 72 L/day and 320 +/- 86 L/day, respectively. SCDHT and ESCDHT were 145 +/- 48 L/day and 263 +/- 77 L/day respectively, suggesting that a major fraction of DHT is metabolized in extrasplanchnic organs. No evidence for a net appearance of DHT by either mass or specific activity analysis in hepatic vein blood was observed indicating that the splanchnic compartment does not contribute DHT into the circulation either by de novo synthesis or via conversion from testosterone. This work indicates that conversion of testosterone to DHT in elderly men occurs entirely in extrasplanchnic tissue.", "PMID": 663978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10127", "title": "A new and improved synthesis of 19-iodocholesterol 3-acetate.", "content": "19-Iodocholesterol 3-acetate (VI) was synthesized in a single step by iodo group substitution for hydroxyl using either one of two different reagents: (1) carbodiimidonium methiodide (VIII) or (2) triphenyl-phosphine/N-iodosuccinimide (IX). The yields were as satisfactory as those obtained from the two step iodide replacement of a 19-hydroxy group via the 19-tosyloxy group. The principal intermediate, 19-hydroxy cholesterol 3-acetate (V), was derived in appreciable quantities, and relatively inexpensively, through the Pb (OCOCH3) 4 photolytic oxidation of the bromohydrin of cholesterol 3-acetate (III) to the epoxide (IV) thence Zn reduction to the 19-hydroxy compound. A specially designed 12 liter flask was of aid in accomplishing the photolysis reaction. Dry column chromatography with the supportive puncture sampling was integral to achieving the good yields and high purity of 19-iodocholesterol (VIII).", "contents": "A new and improved synthesis of 19-iodocholesterol 3-acetate. 19-Iodocholesterol 3-acetate (VI) was synthesized in a single step by iodo group substitution for hydroxyl using either one of two different reagents: (1) carbodiimidonium methiodide (VIII) or (2) triphenyl-phosphine/N-iodosuccinimide (IX). The yields were as satisfactory as those obtained from the two step iodide replacement of a 19-hydroxy group via the 19-tosyloxy group. The principal intermediate, 19-hydroxy cholesterol 3-acetate (V), was derived in appreciable quantities, and relatively inexpensively, through the Pb (OCOCH3) 4 photolytic oxidation of the bromohydrin of cholesterol 3-acetate (III) to the epoxide (IV) thence Zn reduction to the 19-hydroxy compound. A specially designed 12 liter flask was of aid in accomplishing the photolysis reaction. Dry column chromatography with the supportive puncture sampling was integral to achieving the good yields and high purity of 19-iodocholesterol (VIII).", "PMID": 663979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10128", "title": "Metabolism of diethylstilbestrol in the C3H mouse: chromatographic systems for the quantitative analysis of DES metabolic products.", "content": "Initial excretion studies with orally administered [monoethyl-1-3H] DES demonstrated the feces to be the principal mode of elimination of DES in the C3H mouse. Metabolic studies with tritiated DES and/or [UL-14C] DES were performed with orally dosed C3H high (MTV+) and low (MTV-) titer MMTV female mice. Extraction and partitioning of the fecal radioactivity demonstrated 77 to 86% (n = 4) to be benzene soluble and the remainder H2O soluble. The principal product in the organic phase following Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC purification was DES. The aqueous phase was resolved by LH-20 into two conjugate fractions that were partially hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidase. The principal aglycone was chromatographically identical with authentic DES. The urinary conjugates were resolved into six fractions. The four major fractions were 80% hydrolyzable with beta-glucuronidase. Two of these fractions had trans-DES as the principal aglycone, whereas the other two had a major peak similar to but not chromatographically coincident with cis-DES. In certain experiments mice were sequentially dosed with tritium (24 hr) followed by a 14C dose (24 hr). Two mice (MTV+) were also previously fed 1000 ppb DES prior to these experiments. The tritated and 14C products were combined and analyzed simultaneously. This experiment did not reveal significant differences in the metabolism due to the modes of radioactive labeling, MMTV titer, or the prior feeding of DES. The developed methodology was judged to purify quantitatively 90% or more of the DES radioactive products.", "contents": "Metabolism of diethylstilbestrol in the C3H mouse: chromatographic systems for the quantitative analysis of DES metabolic products. Initial excretion studies with orally administered [monoethyl-1-3H] DES demonstrated the feces to be the principal mode of elimination of DES in the C3H mouse. Metabolic studies with tritiated DES and/or [UL-14C] DES were performed with orally dosed C3H high (MTV+) and low (MTV-) titer MMTV female mice. Extraction and partitioning of the fecal radioactivity demonstrated 77 to 86% (n = 4) to be benzene soluble and the remainder H2O soluble. The principal product in the organic phase following Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC purification was DES. The aqueous phase was resolved by LH-20 into two conjugate fractions that were partially hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidase. The principal aglycone was chromatographically identical with authentic DES. The urinary conjugates were resolved into six fractions. The four major fractions were 80% hydrolyzable with beta-glucuronidase. Two of these fractions had trans-DES as the principal aglycone, whereas the other two had a major peak similar to but not chromatographically coincident with cis-DES. In certain experiments mice were sequentially dosed with tritium (24 hr) followed by a 14C dose (24 hr). Two mice (MTV+) were also previously fed 1000 ppb DES prior to these experiments. The tritated and 14C products were combined and analyzed simultaneously. This experiment did not reveal significant differences in the metabolism due to the modes of radioactive labeling, MMTV titer, or the prior feeding of DES. The developed methodology was judged to purify quantitatively 90% or more of the DES radioactive products.", "PMID": 663980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10129", "title": "5alpha-Reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme activities in epididymis and their control by androgen and the rete testis fluid.", "content": "The 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme activities have been measured in epididymal tissues and the control of these activities by androgens and the rete testis fluid appreciated. The highest 5alpha-reductase enzyme activity was found in the caput, the lowest in the corpus epididymidis. Androgens have a positive control on the 5alpha-reductase but no effect on the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity. Ligation of the efferent ducts decreased significantly both enzyme activities in the caput but not in the corpus or in the cauda epididymidis.", "contents": "5alpha-Reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme activities in epididymis and their control by androgen and the rete testis fluid. The 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme activities have been measured in epididymal tissues and the control of these activities by androgens and the rete testis fluid appreciated. The highest 5alpha-reductase enzyme activity was found in the caput, the lowest in the corpus epididymidis. Androgens have a positive control on the 5alpha-reductase but no effect on the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity. Ligation of the efferent ducts decreased significantly both enzyme activities in the caput but not in the corpus or in the cauda epididymidis.", "PMID": 663981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10130", "title": "An improved synthesis of 6beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione.", "content": "6beta-Hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, formerly prepared by hydroboration method, has been obtained in greatly improved yield by a simpler irradiation-hydrogenation procedure.", "contents": "An improved synthesis of 6beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione. 6beta-Hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, formerly prepared by hydroboration method, has been obtained in greatly improved yield by a simpler irradiation-hydrogenation procedure.", "PMID": 663982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10131", "title": "Identification of 7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisol and 7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisone from urine of newborn baboons (Papio papio).", "content": "Two highly polar, unconjugated metabolltes of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, which had been shown previously to account for greater than 40% of [14C]cortisol (F) administered to baboon neonates, were isolated from urine of a term newborn animal. Metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, purified by sequential paper chromatography and crystallization, and identified by chemical and biochemical procedures. Both metabolites of F are 5beta-pregnanes with a hydroxyl of unknown orientation at C-7, a 3alpha-hydroxyl, and a dihydroxyacetone side chain. The two compounds differ from each other by the presence of either oxo or hydroxyl functions at C-11. The following nomenclature is proposed: unknown 1: 3alpha,7xi,11beta,17,21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisol); unknown 11: 3alpha,7xi,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione (7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisone). Production of these compounds compensates quantitatively for the decreased formation of F glucuronoside metabolites by baboon neonates, compared with that in adults. Therefore, we propose that 7-hydroxylation is a major alternative pathway for F metabolism in the perinatal period of the baboon.", "contents": "Identification of 7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisol and 7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisone from urine of newborn baboons (Papio papio). Two highly polar, unconjugated metabolltes of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, which had been shown previously to account for greater than 40% of [14C]cortisol (F) administered to baboon neonates, were isolated from urine of a term newborn animal. Metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, purified by sequential paper chromatography and crystallization, and identified by chemical and biochemical procedures. Both metabolites of F are 5beta-pregnanes with a hydroxyl of unknown orientation at C-7, a 3alpha-hydroxyl, and a dihydroxyacetone side chain. The two compounds differ from each other by the presence of either oxo or hydroxyl functions at C-11. The following nomenclature is proposed: unknown 1: 3alpha,7xi,11beta,17,21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisol); unknown 11: 3alpha,7xi,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione (7xi-hydroxytetrahydrocortisone). Production of these compounds compensates quantitatively for the decreased formation of F glucuronoside metabolites by baboon neonates, compared with that in adults. Therefore, we propose that 7-hydroxylation is a major alternative pathway for F metabolism in the perinatal period of the baboon.", "PMID": 663983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10132", "title": "Studies of the effect of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol in the canine prostate in vivo.", "content": "Adult beagle dogs, castrated one month previously, were treated with 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (total dose 300 mg) over a period of one month. Examination of the prostate after treatment showed no significant change in size, weight or histological appearance from the castrate dog prostate. Subsequent administration of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (300 mg) over the same period of time resulted in restoration of the prostate size, weight and histological appearance to that of the normal intact dog prostate. It is concluded that exogenously administered 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol does not promote prostatic growth in the castrate beagle dog.", "contents": "Studies of the effect of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol in the canine prostate in vivo. Adult beagle dogs, castrated one month previously, were treated with 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (total dose 300 mg) over a period of one month. Examination of the prostate after treatment showed no significant change in size, weight or histological appearance from the castrate dog prostate. Subsequent administration of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (300 mg) over the same period of time resulted in restoration of the prostate size, weight and histological appearance to that of the normal intact dog prostate. It is concluded that exogenously administered 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol does not promote prostatic growth in the castrate beagle dog.", "PMID": 663984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10133", "title": "A general procedure for estimation of corticosteroid response in individual rats.", "content": "A procedure is presented whereby microliter volumes of plasma, obtained rapidly and repeatedly from the tail vein of unanesthetized rats, can be analyzed for corticosterone. Preliminary results suggest that (1) basal levels are considerably lower and (2) the latency to corticosteroid stress response is shorter than previously reported.", "contents": "A general procedure for estimation of corticosteroid response in individual rats. A procedure is presented whereby microliter volumes of plasma, obtained rapidly and repeatedly from the tail vein of unanesthetized rats, can be analyzed for corticosterone. Preliminary results suggest that (1) basal levels are considerably lower and (2) the latency to corticosteroid stress response is shorter than previously reported.", "PMID": 663985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10134", "title": "Stabilization of placental aromatase by dithiothreitol in the presence of oxidizing agents.", "content": "Cumene hydroperoxide, sodium periodate and iodosobenzene were not able to support aromatization by placental microsomes in the absence of NADPH or molecular oxygen. In the presence of these oxidizing agents and NADPH, aromatase was slowly inactivated. Dithiothreitol (10mM) prevented the loss of aromatizing activity in the presence of these compounds. One function of dithiothreitol may be to protect aromatase by scavenging harmful oxidizing agents.", "contents": "Stabilization of placental aromatase by dithiothreitol in the presence of oxidizing agents. Cumene hydroperoxide, sodium periodate and iodosobenzene were not able to support aromatization by placental microsomes in the absence of NADPH or molecular oxygen. In the presence of these oxidizing agents and NADPH, aromatase was slowly inactivated. Dithiothreitol (10mM) prevented the loss of aromatizing activity in the presence of these compounds. One function of dithiothreitol may be to protect aromatase by scavenging harmful oxidizing agents.", "PMID": 663986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10135", "title": "21-Hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione: a biliary metabolite of a cartilaginous fish, Raja sp.", "content": "21-Hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione was isolated from skate bile and as an in vivo metabolite of 3H-1alpha-hydroxycorticosterone. Identity was established by chromatography and derivatization to constant 3H/14C ratio and mass spectrometry of the 20,21-acetonide. The new steroid was present in the free form and as the glucuronoside.", "contents": "21-Hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione: a biliary metabolite of a cartilaginous fish, Raja sp. 21-Hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione was isolated from skate bile and as an in vivo metabolite of 3H-1alpha-hydroxycorticosterone. Identity was established by chromatography and derivatization to constant 3H/14C ratio and mass spectrometry of the 20,21-acetonide. The new steroid was present in the free form and as the glucuronoside.", "PMID": 663987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10136", "title": "Participation of propionate in cholesterol biosynthesis by rat liver.", "content": "Incorporation of (214C) propionate into cholesterol was demonstrated using rat liver slices and homogenates. The incorporation of (214C) propionate was greater than that of (214C) acetate. Using the same liver homogenate preparation (214C) succinate and (214C) pyruvate were incorporated into cholesterol to a lesser extent than (214C) acetate and (214C) propionate. Addition of unlabeled acetate failed to dilute the incorporation of (214C) propionate. Incorporation of the 2 and 3 carbon atoms pf propionate were equal; little incorporation of the 1 carbon atom was demonstrable. These results indicate that propionate is an excellent source of 2 carbon units for isoprenoid biosynthesis; the intermediary pathway does not involve a common acetate pool nor can these results be satisfactorily explained by citric acid intermediary metabolism.", "contents": "Participation of propionate in cholesterol biosynthesis by rat liver. Incorporation of (214C) propionate into cholesterol was demonstrated using rat liver slices and homogenates. The incorporation of (214C) propionate was greater than that of (214C) acetate. Using the same liver homogenate preparation (214C) succinate and (214C) pyruvate were incorporated into cholesterol to a lesser extent than (214C) acetate and (214C) propionate. Addition of unlabeled acetate failed to dilute the incorporation of (214C) propionate. Incorporation of the 2 and 3 carbon atoms pf propionate were equal; little incorporation of the 1 carbon atom was demonstrable. These results indicate that propionate is an excellent source of 2 carbon units for isoprenoid biosynthesis; the intermediary pathway does not involve a common acetate pool nor can these results be satisfactorily explained by citric acid intermediary metabolism.", "PMID": 663988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10137", "title": "Trends in fertility, family size preferences, and family planning practice: Taiwan, 1961-76.", "content": "A series of six sample surveys and vital statistics are used to analyze major reproductive trends for 1961-76 in Taiwan. Fertility fell rapidly during 1961-70 as a result of adoption of contraception and rising age at marriage, while there was little change in preferred family size. Between 1970 and 1976 the practice of contraception reached high levels in all social strata, and preferred family size and fertility both declined rapidly. Practice of contraception for spacing births increased considerably after 1970. These changes occurred while many traditional familial values, including strong son preference, persisted. A continuation of the decline in fertility is predicted.", "contents": "Trends in fertility, family size preferences, and family planning practice: Taiwan, 1961-76. A series of six sample surveys and vital statistics are used to analyze major reproductive trends for 1961-76 in Taiwan. Fertility fell rapidly during 1961-70 as a result of adoption of contraception and rising age at marriage, while there was little change in preferred family size. Between 1970 and 1976 the practice of contraception reached high levels in all social strata, and preferred family size and fertility both declined rapidly. Practice of contraception for spacing births increased considerably after 1970. These changes occurred while many traditional familial values, including strong son preference, persisted. A continuation of the decline in fertility is predicted.", "PMID": 663989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10138", "title": "Family planning education as an integral part of day care services in Korea.", "content": "The Integrated Day Care Program (IDCP) in Korea provices family planning classes as an integral part of comprehensive day care services for low-income families. The program was initiated by CARE in 1973, with support from the Korean government, and has received important inputs from national family planning agencies. A review of the first two years' accomplishments shows that mothers participating in the IDCP knew more about, were more favorable toward, and were more likely to practice family planning than mothers using day care centers that were not a part of the program. Findings also demonstrate the potential for program expansion: the substantial numbers of friends and relatives brought by mothers to the classes, and the number of IDCP and non-IDCP mothers indicating a willingness to use family planning clinic services in the day care setting.", "contents": "Family planning education as an integral part of day care services in Korea. The Integrated Day Care Program (IDCP) in Korea provices family planning classes as an integral part of comprehensive day care services for low-income families. The program was initiated by CARE in 1973, with support from the Korean government, and has received important inputs from national family planning agencies. A review of the first two years' accomplishments shows that mothers participating in the IDCP knew more about, were more favorable toward, and were more likely to practice family planning than mothers using day care centers that were not a part of the program. Findings also demonstrate the potential for program expansion: the substantial numbers of friends and relatives brought by mothers to the classes, and the number of IDCP and non-IDCP mothers indicating a willingness to use family planning clinic services in the day care setting.", "PMID": 663990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10139", "title": "Patterns of fertility decline in developing countries, 1950-75.", "content": "Since 1965 there have been substantial declines in the crude birth rates of many countries in the developing world, particularly the largest countries. This auspicious trend is shown clearly in an analysis of population figures for the last 25 years, despite the fact that there are deficiencies in the data. In 1950 the average crude birth rate for developing countries was 42 per thousand per year. Over the next 15 years, declines in the crude birth rate were limited to a relatively few, and for the most part small, countries. After 1965, however, for the 13 developing countries with a population numbering 35 million and over, there have been declines in the crude birth rate averaging 13 percent, with declines of over 12 percent in 9 of them. The effects of a number of sociodemographic factors on crude birth rates are examined, and the analysis shows that increases in the age at marriage and decreases in marital fertility were the principal factors affecting declines since 1965.", "contents": "Patterns of fertility decline in developing countries, 1950-75. Since 1965 there have been substantial declines in the crude birth rates of many countries in the developing world, particularly the largest countries. This auspicious trend is shown clearly in an analysis of population figures for the last 25 years, despite the fact that there are deficiencies in the data. In 1950 the average crude birth rate for developing countries was 42 per thousand per year. Over the next 15 years, declines in the crude birth rate were limited to a relatively few, and for the most part small, countries. After 1965, however, for the 13 developing countries with a population numbering 35 million and over, there have been declines in the crude birth rate averaging 13 percent, with declines of over 12 percent in 9 of them. The effects of a number of sociodemographic factors on crude birth rates are examined, and the analysis shows that increases in the age at marriage and decreases in marital fertility were the principal factors affecting declines since 1965.", "PMID": 663991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10140", "title": "An anti-B reagent prepared from the alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds.", "content": "A method for the large scale preparation of the alpha-D-galactosyl binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds using an absorbent prepared by linking D-galactosamine to CH-Sepharose is described. The addition of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) to these isolectins produced an anti-B reagent (BS I + GalNAc anti-B). Although BS I + GalNAc anti-B readily agglutinated red blood cells from the majority of group B and AB donor and patient blood samples tested, it reacted weakly with group B and AB cord red blood cells and failed to agglutinate five of 100 group AB donor blood samples when tested by an automated technique. The reagent did not agglutinate the red blood cells from seven acquired-B red blood cell samples and was strongly reactive with Tn-polyagglutinable red blood cells. These findings indicate that this lectin anti-B preparation may be of more value in investigative immunohematology, rather than as an alternative to human group A serum as a source of anti-B for blood-typing purposes. The results of tests on Tn-polyagglutinable red blood cells with BS I + GalNAc anti-B and the purified isolectins BS I(A4) and BS I(B4) are also presented, and discussed in relation to current concepts on the structure of the Tn receptor.", "contents": "An anti-B reagent prepared from the alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds. A method for the large scale preparation of the alpha-D-galactosyl binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds using an absorbent prepared by linking D-galactosamine to CH-Sepharose is described. The addition of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) to these isolectins produced an anti-B reagent (BS I + GalNAc anti-B). Although BS I + GalNAc anti-B readily agglutinated red blood cells from the majority of group B and AB donor and patient blood samples tested, it reacted weakly with group B and AB cord red blood cells and failed to agglutinate five of 100 group AB donor blood samples when tested by an automated technique. The reagent did not agglutinate the red blood cells from seven acquired-B red blood cell samples and was strongly reactive with Tn-polyagglutinable red blood cells. These findings indicate that this lectin anti-B preparation may be of more value in investigative immunohematology, rather than as an alternative to human group A serum as a source of anti-B for blood-typing purposes. The results of tests on Tn-polyagglutinable red blood cells with BS I + GalNAc anti-B and the purified isolectins BS I(A4) and BS I(B4) are also presented, and discussed in relation to current concepts on the structure of the Tn receptor.", "PMID": 663993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10141", "title": "Regional blood center automation.", "content": "The operation of an automated regional blood center is outlined. The basic approaches used to achieve economical automation that is compatible with existing manual protocols are described. Finally, the role of centralized, automated blood typing is discussed in the context of the operations of The Greater New York Blood Program which involves a central Groupamatic blood typing facility serving four blood centers.", "contents": "Regional blood center automation. The operation of an automated regional blood center is outlined. The basic approaches used to achieve economical automation that is compatible with existing manual protocols are described. Finally, the role of centralized, automated blood typing is discussed in the context of the operations of The Greater New York Blood Program which involves a central Groupamatic blood typing facility serving four blood centers.", "PMID": 663996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10142", "title": "Plasmapheresis using the IBM 2991 blood cell processor.", "content": "The IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor, normally used to wash or deglycerolize red blood cells, has been modified to permit serial plasmapheresis using a small roller pump, an adapter line and the disposable processing set usually used for cell washing. Blood is withdrawn from the donor, pumped into the plastic centrifuge bag and the plasma removed after centrifugation. Donor erythrocytes are pumped from the processing bag to a reservoir bag from which they are returned to the donor by gravity. Multi-unit plasmapheresis to harvest plasma for transfusion or to remove plasma as a therapeutic measure is possible using the modified system. A four-unit plasmapheresis can be done in 65 to 75 minutes at a cost of $27.61, including disposables and technologist labor. This modification allows the IBM 2991 to function for red blood cell washing and as an efficient instrument for plasmapheresis.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis using the IBM 2991 blood cell processor. The IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor, normally used to wash or deglycerolize red blood cells, has been modified to permit serial plasmapheresis using a small roller pump, an adapter line and the disposable processing set usually used for cell washing. Blood is withdrawn from the donor, pumped into the plastic centrifuge bag and the plasma removed after centrifugation. Donor erythrocytes are pumped from the processing bag to a reservoir bag from which they are returned to the donor by gravity. Multi-unit plasmapheresis to harvest plasma for transfusion or to remove plasma as a therapeutic measure is possible using the modified system. A four-unit plasmapheresis can be done in 65 to 75 minutes at a cost of $27.61, including disposables and technologist labor. This modification allows the IBM 2991 to function for red blood cell washing and as an efficient instrument for plasmapheresis.", "PMID": 663992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10143", "title": "The impact of converting to an all frozen blood system in a large regional blood center.", "content": "We studied the impact of converting to an all frozen blood system in a large regional blood center. Several basic assumptions were made including the availability of a sterile docking device which would increase the shelf life of deglycerolized blood to 72 hours. Our study indicated that the most economical manner in which to implement such a program would be to supply deglycerolized blood to all hospitals transfusing more than 500 units per year and to provide frozen units to hospitals transfusing less then this amount (those hospitals would deglycerolize the blood they use). The estimated total cost of the proposed conversion was 3.9 million dollars or a 76 per cent increase over the present operation. Relative to our present fee structure, the average cost of a unit of blood would increase 80 per cent if only frozen or deglycerolized red blood cells were distributed.", "contents": "The impact of converting to an all frozen blood system in a large regional blood center. We studied the impact of converting to an all frozen blood system in a large regional blood center. Several basic assumptions were made including the availability of a sterile docking device which would increase the shelf life of deglycerolized blood to 72 hours. Our study indicated that the most economical manner in which to implement such a program would be to supply deglycerolized blood to all hospitals transfusing more than 500 units per year and to provide frozen units to hospitals transfusing less then this amount (those hospitals would deglycerolize the blood they use). The estimated total cost of the proposed conversion was 3.9 million dollars or a 76 per cent increase over the present operation. Relative to our present fee structure, the average cost of a unit of blood would increase 80 per cent if only frozen or deglycerolized red blood cells were distributed.", "PMID": 663997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10144", "title": "Donor recruitment and blood collection costs for Red Cross Centers. An investigation of the economies of scale hypothesis.", "content": "This paper presents a statistical analysis of the hypothesis that there are economies of scale in the collection of blood. Based on a national sample of Red Cross collection centers, an analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between total costs of obtaining blood as well as its recruitment and collection components, and explanatory factors such as local costs, mobile units used, and scale of operations. Adjusting for other factors, our results indicate slight diseconomies of scale at all levels of operation: that is, as scale of operations increase, collection costs rise. Only the costs associated with the recruitment and collection functions are examined in this study.", "contents": "Donor recruitment and blood collection costs for Red Cross Centers. An investigation of the economies of scale hypothesis. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the hypothesis that there are economies of scale in the collection of blood. Based on a national sample of Red Cross collection centers, an analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between total costs of obtaining blood as well as its recruitment and collection components, and explanatory factors such as local costs, mobile units used, and scale of operations. Adjusting for other factors, our results indicate slight diseconomies of scale at all levels of operation: that is, as scale of operations increase, collection costs rise. Only the costs associated with the recruitment and collection functions are examined in this study.", "PMID": 663995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10145", "title": "Counting microaggregate particles in blood.", "content": "A method is described for measuring microaggregates in stored blood with an electronic particle counter avoiding the usual use of a hemolytic agent. To overcome red blood cell coincidence at low dilutions of the samples two different sized apertures were used. The method reliably measures microaggregates  from 12.7 micron to 80.6 micron diameter. Hemolytic agents added to fresh blood were shown to induce the formation of microaggregates. The present study demonstrated that a tenfold reduction in a commonly used saponin concentration produced satisfactory hemolysis without inducing significant microaggregate formation. Hemolytic agents added to stored blood decreased the population of microaggregates significantly from that of unhemolyzed blood. This phenomenon was minimized with reduced saponin concentrations.", "contents": "Counting microaggregate particles in blood. A method is described for measuring microaggregates in stored blood with an electronic particle counter avoiding the usual use of a hemolytic agent. To overcome red blood cell coincidence at low dilutions of the samples two different sized apertures were used. The method reliably measures microaggregates  from 12.7 micron to 80.6 micron diameter. Hemolytic agents added to fresh blood were shown to induce the formation of microaggregates. The present study demonstrated that a tenfold reduction in a commonly used saponin concentration produced satisfactory hemolysis without inducing significant microaggregate formation. Hemolytic agents added to stored blood decreased the population of microaggregates significantly from that of unhemolyzed blood. This phenomenon was minimized with reduced saponin concentrations.", "PMID": 663994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10146", "title": "Computer simulation as a method for evaluating the copper sulfate test for hemoglobin in diverse populations.", "content": "The copper sulfate hemoglobin screening method was separately evaluated for three local population groups which do not conform to accepted normal standards of hemoglobin and/or plasma specific gravity (SG). This was carried out by a computer which simulated the distribution of plasma specific gravity and hemoglobin levels in random samples of blood donors. Simulations of 1,000 were carried out for males and for females in each of the three main population groups in Natal (Caucasians, Negroes and Asians). These were compared with a simulation of hypothetical normal subjects whose hemoglobin and plasma SG conformed to accepted standards. Variations in accuracy, relating to differences in plasma specific gravity and in hemoglobin, were demonstrated. Acceptances of donors who should be rejected (Type II errors) were most common in Negroes, but did not occur in the normal group. Type II errors did not occur in males with hemoglobin levels below 12.5 gm/dl or in females under 11.5 gm/dl. Erroneous rejections of prospective donors who, in fact, satisfied the criterion of acceptance (Type I errors) occurred in all groups, but were fewest in the normal group.", "contents": "Computer simulation as a method for evaluating the copper sulfate test for hemoglobin in diverse populations. The copper sulfate hemoglobin screening method was separately evaluated for three local population groups which do not conform to accepted normal standards of hemoglobin and/or plasma specific gravity (SG). This was carried out by a computer which simulated the distribution of plasma specific gravity and hemoglobin levels in random samples of blood donors. Simulations of 1,000 were carried out for males and for females in each of the three main population groups in Natal (Caucasians, Negroes and Asians). These were compared with a simulation of hypothetical normal subjects whose hemoglobin and plasma SG conformed to accepted standards. Variations in accuracy, relating to differences in plasma specific gravity and in hemoglobin, were demonstrated. Acceptances of donors who should be rejected (Type II errors) were most common in Negroes, but did not occur in the normal group. Type II errors did not occur in males with hemoglobin levels below 12.5 gm/dl or in females under 11.5 gm/dl. Erroneous rejections of prospective donors who, in fact, satisfied the criterion of acceptance (Type I errors) occurred in all groups, but were fewest in the normal group.", "PMID": 663999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10147", "title": "Isolation of rabies virus from bats in Bolivia.", "content": "Rabies virus was isolated from apparently normal blood-sucking (Desmodus rotundus) and insectivorous (Artibeus planirostris) bats caught in Bolivia. The virus was identified by immunofluorescence, biological and sero-neutralisation tests.", "contents": "Isolation of rabies virus from bats in Bolivia. Rabies virus was isolated from apparently normal blood-sucking (Desmodus rotundus) and insectivorous (Artibeus planirostris) bats caught in Bolivia. The virus was identified by immunofluorescence, biological and sero-neutralisation tests.", "PMID": 664008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10148", "title": "Simple method of improving the quality of platelet concentrates and the importance of production control.", "content": "Some technical improvements of the method to prepare platelet concentrates (PC) have been developed. The contamination of the PC with red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) is thereby kept at a low level. A majority of routinely prepared PC did not show any visible RBC contamination which means that they contained less than 0.4 X 10(9) RBC per PC unit. None of the tested examples contained more than 1 X 10(9) RBC per PC unit. The WBC contamination was less than 0.1 X 10(9) cells per PC unit in 75 per cent of tested examples and did not exceed 0.6 X 10(9) cells per PC unit. Routine platelet counting by thrombocounter applied on samples from all PRPs was found to be a reasonably simple way to make routine PC quality control. By sufficient supervision of the details of the procedure the main yield can be maintained at about 100 X 10(9) cells per unit. By follow-up of the weekly yield any deterioration of production efficiency can easily be detected.", "contents": "Simple method of improving the quality of platelet concentrates and the importance of production control. Some technical improvements of the method to prepare platelet concentrates (PC) have been developed. The contamination of the PC with red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) is thereby kept at a low level. A majority of routinely prepared PC did not show any visible RBC contamination which means that they contained less than 0.4 X 10(9) RBC per PC unit. None of the tested examples contained more than 1 X 10(9) RBC per PC unit. The WBC contamination was less than 0.1 X 10(9) cells per PC unit in 75 per cent of tested examples and did not exceed 0.6 X 10(9) cells per PC unit. Routine platelet counting by thrombocounter applied on samples from all PRPs was found to be a reasonably simple way to make routine PC quality control. By sufficient supervision of the details of the procedure the main yield can be maintained at about 100 X 10(9) cells per unit. By follow-up of the weekly yield any deterioration of production efficiency can easily be detected.", "PMID": 664001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10149", "title": "Blood preservation XXVI, CPD-adenine packed cells: benefits of increasing the glucose.", "content": "In searching for the optimal glucose concentration, this lab has monitored ATP, 2,3-DPG, pH, and glucose levels of samples taken from full blood units stored for 6 weeks at 4 C. The blood was collected into CPD-adenine containing 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 per cent of the glucose present in CPD. The units were stored as whole blood, soft packed (50 to 70% Hct), or hard packed units (80 to 95% Hct). ATP values in general did not decrease very greatly in whole blood units and only moderately in soft packed units. However, in hard packed units a steady progressive decrease in the ATP values was seen to begin at day 14. In these hard-packed units the only improvement with extra glucose was seen beginning at day 14 when ATP maintenance was better with 200 per cent glucose, but the improvement was not significant until day 42. However, at 35 days the ATP values for 200 and 175 per cent glucose were noticeably better than for the other preservatives. Therefore, it appears from this study that the glucose concentration in CPD-adenine for hard-packed cells should be at least 175 per cent of that in regularly formulated CPD. Also, there would appear to be an advantage of having 200 per cent glucose in those units of blood that may be stored beyond 35 days for emergency blood shortage times.", "contents": "Blood preservation XXVI, CPD-adenine packed cells: benefits of increasing the glucose. In searching for the optimal glucose concentration, this lab has monitored ATP, 2,3-DPG, pH, and glucose levels of samples taken from full blood units stored for 6 weeks at 4 C. The blood was collected into CPD-adenine containing 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 per cent of the glucose present in CPD. The units were stored as whole blood, soft packed (50 to 70% Hct), or hard packed units (80 to 95% Hct). ATP values in general did not decrease very greatly in whole blood units and only moderately in soft packed units. However, in hard packed units a steady progressive decrease in the ATP values was seen to begin at day 14. In these hard-packed units the only improvement with extra glucose was seen beginning at day 14 when ATP maintenance was better with 200 per cent glucose, but the improvement was not significant until day 42. However, at 35 days the ATP values for 200 and 175 per cent glucose were noticeably better than for the other preservatives. Therefore, it appears from this study that the glucose concentration in CPD-adenine for hard-packed cells should be at least 175 per cent of that in regularly formulated CPD. Also, there would appear to be an advantage of having 200 per cent glucose in those units of blood that may be stored beyond 35 days for emergency blood shortage times.", "PMID": 664002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10150", "title": "A comparison of the development of body components in Sudan desert sheep and goats.", "content": "Sixty-six male Sudan desert sheep and a similar number of Sudan desert goats representing different weight classes of sheep and goats commonly slaughtered in the local market were killed and carcass data collected. The patterns of the relative increase in weight of the components of the body were similar in both species with the exception of the skin, tail, liver and loin cut. At 30 kg empty bodyweight the goat yields a heavier carcass, omentum and head but a lighter skin, tail and feet than sheep. At 15 kg carcass weight goats possess less meat in the leg and plate cuts, but more meat in the loin and shoulder cuts.", "contents": "A comparison of the development of body components in Sudan desert sheep and goats. Sixty-six male Sudan desert sheep and a similar number of Sudan desert goats representing different weight classes of sheep and goats commonly slaughtered in the local market were killed and carcass data collected. The patterns of the relative increase in weight of the components of the body were similar in both species with the exception of the skin, tail, liver and loin cut. At 30 kg empty bodyweight the goat yields a heavier carcass, omentum and head but a lighter skin, tail and feet than sheep. At 15 kg carcass weight goats possess less meat in the leg and plate cuts, but more meat in the loin and shoulder cuts.", "PMID": 664009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10151", "title": "Blood preservation XXVII. Fructose and mannose maintain ATP and 2,3-DPG.", "content": "Mannose and fructose as well as glucose have been shown to be effective for maintaining ATP and thus viability of stored red blood cells. Normal 2,3-DPG levels are desirable in stored red blood cells to provide the needed oxygen transport upon transfusion. ATP levels in sotred concentrated red blood cells in the new preservative, CPD-adenine (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine) become critically low in the 5th week. In this study two hexoses and two pentoses are compared with dextrose in their ability to maintain ATP and 2,3-DPG. ATP levels were best maintained by fructose, then dextrose and mannose. ATP levels had fallen to critically low levels by four weeks with ribose and xylose. Red blood cell 2,3-DPG concentrations were also maintained by hexoses, with mannose being best, dextrose and fructose being similar. When ribose was used in addition to dextrose in CPD-adenine, ATP maintenance was improved and under the same conditions xylose improved 2,3-DPG maintenance. Fructose and mannose may be as useful as dextrose in citrate-phosphate preservatives for maintaining ATP and 2,3-DPG levels. Also, ribose and xylose may help the maintenance of ATP and 2,3-DPG, respectively, in CPD-adenine.", "contents": "Blood preservation XXVII. Fructose and mannose maintain ATP and 2,3-DPG. Mannose and fructose as well as glucose have been shown to be effective for maintaining ATP and thus viability of stored red blood cells. Normal 2,3-DPG levels are desirable in stored red blood cells to provide the needed oxygen transport upon transfusion. ATP levels in sotred concentrated red blood cells in the new preservative, CPD-adenine (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine) become critically low in the 5th week. In this study two hexoses and two pentoses are compared with dextrose in their ability to maintain ATP and 2,3-DPG. ATP levels were best maintained by fructose, then dextrose and mannose. ATP levels had fallen to critically low levels by four weeks with ribose and xylose. Red blood cell 2,3-DPG concentrations were also maintained by hexoses, with mannose being best, dextrose and fructose being similar. When ribose was used in addition to dextrose in CPD-adenine, ATP maintenance was improved and under the same conditions xylose improved 2,3-DPG maintenance. Fructose and mannose may be as useful as dextrose in citrate-phosphate preservatives for maintaining ATP and 2,3-DPG levels. Also, ribose and xylose may help the maintenance of ATP and 2,3-DPG, respectively, in CPD-adenine.", "PMID": 664003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10152", "title": "The Ito \"Flow-Through\" Centrifuge. A new device for long-term (24 hours) plasmapheresis without platelet deterioration.", "content": "An efficacious procedure for continuous plasmapheresis in long-term extracorporeal circulation has not yet been devleoped. This technique could be important in plasma exchange or cross-exchange and in artificial organ support if it could be accomplished safely using heparin as the anticoagulant. When sheep were connected to the Celltrifuge for 23 hours and administered 150 units/kg per hour heparin anticoagulant, we found gross platelet clumping in separated plasma and a 60 per cent fall in platelet count. When 120,000 units of heparin were directly injected into the centrifuge bowl at the onset of the centrifugation followed by hourly heparin administration at 500 units/kg, there was no platelet clumping but the platelet count fell to 52 per cent. Under identical conditions the Ito Flow-Through Centrifuge, a new continuous flow centrifuge with no rotating seals, was used. We found no platelet aggregates and no drop in platelet count, and there was a 100 per cent recovery of platelets in the separated plasma. Platelets sampled from arterial blood and separated plasma were found to have normal function in vitro, and responded 100 per cent to both collagen and ADP. These results indicate that the Ito Flow-Through Centrifuge can be used in plasmapheresis with heparin anticoagulation with no donor platelet loss and normal function in separated plasma.", "contents": "The Ito \"Flow-Through\" Centrifuge. A new device for long-term (24 hours) plasmapheresis without platelet deterioration. An efficacious procedure for continuous plasmapheresis in long-term extracorporeal circulation has not yet been devleoped. This technique could be important in plasma exchange or cross-exchange and in artificial organ support if it could be accomplished safely using heparin as the anticoagulant. When sheep were connected to the Celltrifuge for 23 hours and administered 150 units/kg per hour heparin anticoagulant, we found gross platelet clumping in separated plasma and a 60 per cent fall in platelet count. When 120,000 units of heparin were directly injected into the centrifuge bowl at the onset of the centrifugation followed by hourly heparin administration at 500 units/kg, there was no platelet clumping but the platelet count fell to 52 per cent. Under identical conditions the Ito Flow-Through Centrifuge, a new continuous flow centrifuge with no rotating seals, was used. We found no platelet aggregates and no drop in platelet count, and there was a 100 per cent recovery of platelets in the separated plasma. Platelets sampled from arterial blood and separated plasma were found to have normal function in vitro, and responded 100 per cent to both collagen and ADP. These results indicate that the Ito Flow-Through Centrifuge can be used in plasmapheresis with heparin anticoagulation with no donor platelet loss and normal function in separated plasma.", "PMID": 663998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10153", "title": "Toxoplasmosis transmitted by blood transfusions.", "content": "Blood from humans collected into heparin or citrate was inoculated with toxoplasma organisms. After storage at 4 C up to 28 days, samples were injected into the ear veins of rabbits. The test rabbits developed toxoplasmosis. Similar results were obtained by transfusing rabbits with blood obtained from rabbits subcutaneously injected with toxoplasma organisms.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis transmitted by blood transfusions. Blood from humans collected into heparin or citrate was inoculated with toxoplasma organisms. After storage at 4 C up to 28 days, samples were injected into the ear veins of rabbits. The test rabbits developed toxoplasmosis. Similar results were obtained by transfusing rabbits with blood obtained from rabbits subcutaneously injected with toxoplasma organisms.", "PMID": 664000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10154", "title": "Bacteriological sterility of washed deglycerolized red blood cells after 72 hours storage.", "content": "Samples of reconstituted frozen red blood cells, maintained at 4 C for 72 hours prior to culture, revealed a bacterial contamination rate of less than 0.2 per cent, suggesting that the present shelf life of 24 hours may be safely extended to 72 hours.", "contents": "Bacteriological sterility of washed deglycerolized red blood cells after 72 hours storage. Samples of reconstituted frozen red blood cells, maintained at 4 C for 72 hours prior to culture, revealed a bacterial contamination rate of less than 0.2 per cent, suggesting that the present shelf life of 24 hours may be safely extended to 72 hours.", "PMID": 664005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10155", "title": "Avian encephalomalacia in Barbados, West Indies: a description of spontaneous field cases with feed analyses.", "content": "The clinical, necropsy and histopathological findings in four natural outbreaks of encephalomalacia are reported. Feed analyses implicated low levels of vitamin E as the probable cause of the condition. Treatment with vitamin E has proved to be very effective. The instability of vitamin E in animal feed ingredients during long periods of shipment into the Caribbean may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Avian encephalomalacia in Barbados, West Indies: a description of spontaneous field cases with feed analyses. The clinical, necropsy and histopathological findings in four natural outbreaks of encephalomalacia are reported. Feed analyses implicated low levels of vitamin E as the probable cause of the condition. Treatment with vitamin E has proved to be very effective. The instability of vitamin E in animal feed ingredients during long periods of shipment into the Caribbean may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 664011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10156", "title": "Serologic evidence of hepatitis A and B virus infections in thalassemia patients: a retrospective study.", "content": "To determine the current risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in multiply transfused thalassemia patients, we tested sera from such patients in New York City for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) using radioimmunoassay techniques. Altogether 48 per cent of the patients had either HBsAg (4.5%) or anti-HBs (43.9%) positive sera. The prevalence of these HBV markers was related to both the number of units transfused and the year blood transfusion therapy was begun, although evidence suggested that the latter factor had the greatest influence. Donor HBsAg screening began in New York in 1969, and only one patient first transfused since that time had HBV marker positive serum. Thus, multiply-transfused thalassemia patients now appear to be at little risk of HBV infection from transfusions. Sera were also tested for antibody to the hepatitis A virus (anti-HA) using immune adherence hemaglutination. Anti-HA prevalence was only 4.9 per cent, no greater than rates reported among nontransfused children, providing evidence against a significant role for blood transfusions in hepatitis A virus transmission.", "contents": "Serologic evidence of hepatitis A and B virus infections in thalassemia patients: a retrospective study. To determine the current risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in multiply transfused thalassemia patients, we tested sera from such patients in New York City for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) using radioimmunoassay techniques. Altogether 48 per cent of the patients had either HBsAg (4.5%) or anti-HBs (43.9%) positive sera. The prevalence of these HBV markers was related to both the number of units transfused and the year blood transfusion therapy was begun, although evidence suggested that the latter factor had the greatest influence. Donor HBsAg screening began in New York in 1969, and only one patient first transfused since that time had HBV marker positive serum. Thus, multiply-transfused thalassemia patients now appear to be at little risk of HBV infection from transfusions. Sera were also tested for antibody to the hepatitis A virus (anti-HA) using immune adherence hemaglutination. Anti-HA prevalence was only 4.9 per cent, no greater than rates reported among nontransfused children, providing evidence against a significant role for blood transfusions in hepatitis A virus transmission.", "PMID": 664004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10157", "title": "Leptospirosis in Colombia: isolation of Leptospira spp. from the kidneys of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped on infected piggeries.", "content": "Leptospira interrogans serotypes pomona and icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the kidneys of Rattus norvegicus trapped on pomona infected piggeries. The isolation of pomona from one of 111 cultured kidneys, although of interest, strongly suggests that this rat does not play an important part in the epidemiology of infection by this serotype. Kidney tubular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltrations and fibroplasia are morphological traces which remain after an attack of leptospirosis. The high percentage (48.6) of these lesions found in the rat kidneys examined does not seem to be related to serotype pomona but to icterohaemorrhagiae. The importance of this last serotype in swine in the Cauca Valley has yet to be assessed.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in Colombia: isolation of Leptospira spp. from the kidneys of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped on infected piggeries. Leptospira interrogans serotypes pomona and icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the kidneys of Rattus norvegicus trapped on pomona infected piggeries. The isolation of pomona from one of 111 cultured kidneys, although of interest, strongly suggests that this rat does not play an important part in the epidemiology of infection by this serotype. Kidney tubular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltrations and fibroplasia are morphological traces which remain after an attack of leptospirosis. The high percentage (48.6) of these lesions found in the rat kidneys examined does not seem to be related to serotype pomona but to icterohaemorrhagiae. The importance of this last serotype in swine in the Cauca Valley has yet to be assessed.", "PMID": 664013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10158", "title": "Helminth parasites of beef cattle in the East Kimberley and Victoria River Districts of Northern Australia.", "content": "An investigation into the helminth species present in cattle in the East Kimberley and Victoria River Districts of Northern Australia was conducted over a 2-year period based on bi-monthly total and differential worm counts in weaner cattle as well as on a post mortem survey of adult cattle sent for slaughter. The most important species found in young cattle were Haemonchus placei and Cooperia spp. Only small numbers of Bunostomum phlebotomum, Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Moniezia benedini were present. Calicophoron calicophorum and nodules of Onchocerca spp. and Oe. radiatum were recorded in adult cattle. Seasonal fluctuations in helminth parasite burdens are discussed in relation to temperature and rainfall and the results are interpreted in relation to the effects of helminthosis on present and future beef production in this area.", "contents": "Helminth parasites of beef cattle in the East Kimberley and Victoria River Districts of Northern Australia. An investigation into the helminth species present in cattle in the East Kimberley and Victoria River Districts of Northern Australia was conducted over a 2-year period based on bi-monthly total and differential worm counts in weaner cattle as well as on a post mortem survey of adult cattle sent for slaughter. The most important species found in young cattle were Haemonchus placei and Cooperia spp. Only small numbers of Bunostomum phlebotomum, Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Moniezia benedini were present. Calicophoron calicophorum and nodules of Onchocerca spp. and Oe. radiatum were recorded in adult cattle. Seasonal fluctuations in helminth parasite burdens are discussed in relation to temperature and rainfall and the results are interpreted in relation to the effects of helminthosis on present and future beef production in this area.", "PMID": 664015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10159", "title": "Methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: immunisation and chemoprophylaxis against haemoparasitic infections.", "content": "A study of methods to improve the health of native cattle in tropical areas of Colombia showed an advantage using immunisation techniques against haemoparasitic infections in comparison with other control methods. The control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by immunisation of cattle with fully virulent Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina and B. bigemina is feasible in tropical cattle when the postimmunisation reaction is controlled by appropriate drug therapy. Chemoprophylaxis was found less effective in controlling haemoparasitic diseases; however, treated was found less effective in controlling haemoparasitic diseases; however, treated cattle surviving the acute stage of infection showed weight gains not significantly different from those of the immunised calves. Both methods were found to be advantageous with calves born and raised in an endemic area of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Tick and gastrointestinal parasitic control without haemoparasitic control in calves had an advantage over no control system at all. These methods though were inferior to the immunisation and chemoprophylactic techniques.", "contents": "Methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: immunisation and chemoprophylaxis against haemoparasitic infections. A study of methods to improve the health of native cattle in tropical areas of Colombia showed an advantage using immunisation techniques against haemoparasitic infections in comparison with other control methods. The control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by immunisation of cattle with fully virulent Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina and B. bigemina is feasible in tropical cattle when the postimmunisation reaction is controlled by appropriate drug therapy. Chemoprophylaxis was found less effective in controlling haemoparasitic diseases; however, treated was found less effective in controlling haemoparasitic diseases; however, treated cattle surviving the acute stage of infection showed weight gains not significantly different from those of the immunised calves. Both methods were found to be advantageous with calves born and raised in an endemic area of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Tick and gastrointestinal parasitic control without haemoparasitic control in calves had an advantage over no control system at all. These methods though were inferior to the immunisation and chemoprophylactic techniques.", "PMID": 664017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10160", "title": "The use of spleen antigen in the tube agglutination test for diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle.", "content": "An antigen was prepared from the spleen of an infected bovine calf and was used in the tube agglutination test. Cases having rare and very low parasitaemia as well as the carrier cases were detected by this procedure and no non-specific reaction was observed with other haemoprotozoan infections. The maximum titre obtained with the Anplasma positive sera was 1:20, about 60 per cent showed a titre of 1:10 and 90 per cent showed a titre of 1:5 or more. The test provided satisfactory results in detecting the cases even at the early phase of the infection. The test also proved useful in judging the efficacy of a drug employed to destroy the carrier status.", "contents": "The use of spleen antigen in the tube agglutination test for diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle. An antigen was prepared from the spleen of an infected bovine calf and was used in the tube agglutination test. Cases having rare and very low parasitaemia as well as the carrier cases were detected by this procedure and no non-specific reaction was observed with other haemoprotozoan infections. The maximum titre obtained with the Anplasma positive sera was 1:20, about 60 per cent showed a titre of 1:10 and 90 per cent showed a titre of 1:5 or more. The test provided satisfactory results in detecting the cases even at the early phase of the infection. The test also proved useful in judging the efficacy of a drug employed to destroy the carrier status.", "PMID": 664018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10161", "title": "Survey of the incidence of anaplasmosis among Nigerian Zebu trade cattle.", "content": "Sera samples from 573 Nigerian Zebu trade cattle were evaluated by the rapid card agglutination test for antibodies to Anaplasma marginale between May and July 1977. The results showed 34 per cent reactors as against 66 per cent negatives. The above results showed a significant level of exposure to the infection among the Fulani cattle managed under a husbandry system in which there is no provision for tick control. The significance of this level of exposure to Anaplasma marginale in relation to the livestock industry of the country and the need for a nation-wide anaplasmosis survey are discussed.", "contents": "Survey of the incidence of anaplasmosis among Nigerian Zebu trade cattle. Sera samples from 573 Nigerian Zebu trade cattle were evaluated by the rapid card agglutination test for antibodies to Anaplasma marginale between May and July 1977. The results showed 34 per cent reactors as against 66 per cent negatives. The above results showed a significant level of exposure to the infection among the Fulani cattle managed under a husbandry system in which there is no provision for tick control. The significance of this level of exposure to Anaplasma marginale in relation to the livestock industry of the country and the need for a nation-wide anaplasmosis survey are discussed.", "PMID": 664019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10162", "title": "[Immunochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle myosins in different animals].", "content": "The immunochemical properties of myosin were studied in skeletal muscles of different animals, such as mammals, birds and amphibians. Myosin of the animal skeletal muscles is found to contain two or three immunologically different components. Myosin and other antisera obtained in different animals differ in immunochemical properties and do not give positive precipitation test in interaction.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle myosins in different animals]. The immunochemical properties of myosin were studied in skeletal muscles of different animals, such as mammals, birds and amphibians. Myosin of the animal skeletal muscles is found to contain two or three immunologically different components. Myosin and other antisera obtained in different animals differ in immunochemical properties and do not give positive precipitation test in interaction.", "PMID": 664023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10163", "title": "[Metabolism of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteids with experimental fractures].", "content": "Biochemical studies of the glycosaminoglycanes and glycoproteids metabolism in the callus, liver and blood serum of rabbits with extremty fractures showed that different stages of reparative osteogenesis are accompanied by considerable changes in metabolism of these substances in the callus, fragments adjoining it and the bone tissue of the intact extremty. At the early stages of the knitting consolidation an increase in the level of hyaluronic acid in the callus relatively to the total of glycosaminoglycanes is combined with a rise in the hyaluronidase activity. The rise in the content of carbohydrates bound with proteins: neuraminic acid, hexosamines, hexoses, in the callus, liver and blood serum is also established to be different in different periods of reparative osteogenesis. Comparison of the results of the studies showed a significant role of glycosaminoglycanes and glycoproteids metabolism in the processes knitting consolidation. The data obtained make it possible to specify the role of the bone tissue and liveer as sources of serum glycoproteids under considitions of experimental injury and to recommend the determination of the content of carbohydrate-protein compounds in blood serum as an additional criterion for the course of knitting consolidation.", "contents": "[Metabolism of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteids with experimental fractures]. Biochemical studies of the glycosaminoglycanes and glycoproteids metabolism in the callus, liver and blood serum of rabbits with extremty fractures showed that different stages of reparative osteogenesis are accompanied by considerable changes in metabolism of these substances in the callus, fragments adjoining it and the bone tissue of the intact extremty. At the early stages of the knitting consolidation an increase in the level of hyaluronic acid in the callus relatively to the total of glycosaminoglycanes is combined with a rise in the hyaluronidase activity. The rise in the content of carbohydrates bound with proteins: neuraminic acid, hexosamines, hexoses, in the callus, liver and blood serum is also established to be different in different periods of reparative osteogenesis. Comparison of the results of the studies showed a significant role of glycosaminoglycanes and glycoproteids metabolism in the processes knitting consolidation. The data obtained make it possible to specify the role of the bone tissue and liveer as sources of serum glycoproteids under considitions of experimental injury and to recommend the determination of the content of carbohydrate-protein compounds in blood serum as an additional criterion for the course of knitting consolidation.", "PMID": 664024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10164", "title": "[Content of N-acetyl-L-asparate, N-acetyl-L-glutamate and N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate in the brain of mammals at increased oxygen tension].", "content": "The contents of N-acetyl-l-asparate and N-acetyl-l-glutamate, N-acetyl-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate were studied in the brain of rats of six age groups: newborns and on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 30th day after birth. The amount of N-acetyl-l-asparate, N-acetyl-l-glutamate and peptide in the rat brain for 30 days of the postanal life is 8, 3.5 and 14.3 times as high, respectively. Under hyperoxic the amount of peptide, N-acetyl-l-asparate and N-acetyl-l-glutamate in the brain of rats of all the examined groups decreases especially in 14-, 21- and 30-day animals.", "contents": "[Content of N-acetyl-L-asparate, N-acetyl-L-glutamate and N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate in the brain of mammals at increased oxygen tension]. The contents of N-acetyl-l-asparate and N-acetyl-l-glutamate, N-acetyl-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate were studied in the brain of rats of six age groups: newborns and on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 30th day after birth. The amount of N-acetyl-l-asparate, N-acetyl-l-glutamate and peptide in the rat brain for 30 days of the postanal life is 8, 3.5 and 14.3 times as high, respectively. Under hyperoxic the amount of peptide, N-acetyl-l-asparate and N-acetyl-l-glutamate in the brain of rats of all the examined groups decreases especially in 14-, 21- and 30-day animals.", "PMID": 664026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10165", "title": "[Characteristics of the intensity of glycolytic and oxidative processes in rat brain tissue under hypoxia and hyperoxia].", "content": "Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on some indexes of energy metabolism was studied in the brain of intact rats and those with preliminarily administered hydrocortisone. So hypoxia (8 and 5.5% of oxygen in the medium) increases considerably the lactate and pyruvate content and has no effect on the oxidation and photophosphorylation in the brain mitochondria. The hyperoxic medium (1 at. abs. for 3-5h) inhibits consumption of oxygen and inorganic phosphate by the brain mitochondria, does not effect the lactate content and lowers the pyruvate level. The preliminary administration of hydrocortisone (1 mg per 100 g) under conditions of hypoxia and hyperoxia leads to the further intensification of the glycolysis independently of the initial level of the process. At the same time hormone administration favours normalization of the oxidative processes in the brain tissue under conditions of hyperoxia.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the intensity of glycolytic and oxidative processes in rat brain tissue under hypoxia and hyperoxia]. Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on some indexes of energy metabolism was studied in the brain of intact rats and those with preliminarily administered hydrocortisone. So hypoxia (8 and 5.5% of oxygen in the medium) increases considerably the lactate and pyruvate content and has no effect on the oxidation and photophosphorylation in the brain mitochondria. The hyperoxic medium (1 at. abs. for 3-5h) inhibits consumption of oxygen and inorganic phosphate by the brain mitochondria, does not effect the lactate content and lowers the pyruvate level. The preliminary administration of hydrocortisone (1 mg per 100 g) under conditions of hypoxia and hyperoxia leads to the further intensification of the glycolysis independently of the initial level of the process. At the same time hormone administration favours normalization of the oxidative processes in the brain tissue under conditions of hyperoxia.", "PMID": 664025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10166", "title": "[Influence of ions on the activity of rat parotid DNase].", "content": "The activity of DNase, purified from rat parotid saliva was studied as affected by 7 metal ions. It is found that Mg2+ activated the salivary DNase. Ca2+ and Ba2+ in concentrations exceeding 10(-3) M revealed the inhibitory action, while Zn2+ and Cu2+ under these conditions have an essential effect on the enzyme activity. Al3+ produced no significant effect on the DNase activity. The rat parotid DNase activity is the highest in imidazol and tris-HCl buffers (pH 7.2-7.4) in the presence of 2.5 . 10(-2) M of Mg2+.", "contents": "[Influence of ions on the activity of rat parotid DNase]. The activity of DNase, purified from rat parotid saliva was studied as affected by 7 metal ions. It is found that Mg2+ activated the salivary DNase. Ca2+ and Ba2+ in concentrations exceeding 10(-3) M revealed the inhibitory action, while Zn2+ and Cu2+ under these conditions have an essential effect on the enzyme activity. Al3+ produced no significant effect on the DNase activity. The rat parotid DNase activity is the highest in imidazol and tris-HCl buffers (pH 7.2-7.4) in the presence of 2.5 . 10(-2) M of Mg2+.", "PMID": 664027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10167", "title": "[Formation of some enzymic systems in the human fetal brain during development].", "content": "The data of studies in the monoaminoxidase, nuclease and transaminase activity in fractions of mitochondria and nuclei of the human fetus brain in the process of the fetus development evidence for the changes in the activity depending on the morphological and functional maturation of the organ during the antenatal ontogenesis. The monoaminoxidase activity increases by the time of birth. By the 40th week of development the activity of glutamic-aspartic transaminase increases as well. The activity of glutamic-alanine transaminase changes insignificantly. A considerable decrease in the activity of DNase and RNase in the mentioned fractions is observed by the time of the fetus birth. The maximal activity of these enzymes is observed in the first half of the fetus intrauterine development.", "contents": "[Formation of some enzymic systems in the human fetal brain during development]. The data of studies in the monoaminoxidase, nuclease and transaminase activity in fractions of mitochondria and nuclei of the human fetus brain in the process of the fetus development evidence for the changes in the activity depending on the morphological and functional maturation of the organ during the antenatal ontogenesis. The monoaminoxidase activity increases by the time of birth. By the 40th week of development the activity of glutamic-aspartic transaminase increases as well. The activity of glutamic-alanine transaminase changes insignificantly. A considerable decrease in the activity of DNase and RNase in the mentioned fractions is observed by the time of the fetus birth. The maximal activity of these enzymes is observed in the first half of the fetus intrauterine development.", "PMID": 664028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10168", "title": "[Heterogeneity of hemoglobins in hypoxia-resistant animals].", "content": "Beaver, otter and nutria hemoglobin chromatographical components were isolated, a comparative analysis of the studied proteins was carried out and their intraspecific heterogeneity was established. The chromatographical components of nutria hemoglobin proved to differ in their physical and chemical properties as well as in the structure.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of hemoglobins in hypoxia-resistant animals]. Beaver, otter and nutria hemoglobin chromatographical components were isolated, a comparative analysis of the studied proteins was carried out and their intraspecific heterogeneity was established. The chromatographical components of nutria hemoglobin proved to differ in their physical and chemical properties as well as in the structure.", "PMID": 664029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10169", "title": "[Solubilization of cholesterol by sodium salts of bile and fatty acids].", "content": "Solubilization of cholesterol by sodium salts of cholic, glycocholic, deoxycholic, lithocholic and oleic acids was studied. Dynamics of the solubilization process is described and a comparative characteristic of solubilizing ability of the substances under investigation is given. Cholesterole solubilization is studied as dependent on the concentration of the given substances. The possible mechanisms of solubilization is discussed.", "contents": "[Solubilization of cholesterol by sodium salts of bile and fatty acids]. Solubilization of cholesterol by sodium salts of cholic, glycocholic, deoxycholic, lithocholic and oleic acids was studied. Dynamics of the solubilization process is described and a comparative characteristic of solubilizing ability of the substances under investigation is given. Cholesterole solubilization is studied as dependent on the concentration of the given substances. The possible mechanisms of solubilization is discussed.", "PMID": 664030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10170", "title": "[Carbohydrates and enzymes of their conversion in rat brain tissues in adaptation to overcooling].", "content": "The content of glucose and glycogen in the brain as well as the enzymes of their conversion: phosphorylase, hexokinase, amylase were studied in single and repeated coolings of animals to the rectal temperature of the 19-20 degrees. Differences are established in the ways of conversion and utilization of glucose and different forms of glycogen in the brain tissue during cooling of the experimental animals and those adapted to cold. This results in appearance of a new type of carbohydrates metabolism in the brain tissue at formation of phosphorylated forms of glucose.", "contents": "[Carbohydrates and enzymes of their conversion in rat brain tissues in adaptation to overcooling]. The content of glucose and glycogen in the brain as well as the enzymes of their conversion: phosphorylase, hexokinase, amylase were studied in single and repeated coolings of animals to the rectal temperature of the 19-20 degrees. Differences are established in the ways of conversion and utilization of glucose and different forms of glycogen in the brain tissue during cooling of the experimental animals and those adapted to cold. This results in appearance of a new type of carbohydrates metabolism in the brain tissue at formation of phosphorylated forms of glucose.", "PMID": 664031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10171", "title": "[Content of nucleic acid in subcellular fractions of cow milk].", "content": "The article deals with the content of nucleic acids in mitochondrial and cell-nuclear fractions isolated from fresh milk as well as with changes in the content of phosphoric compounds and activity of alkaline phosphatase in milk in different periods between milkings. It is shown that prolongation of the intervals between milkings decreases the intensity of the phosphoric compounds secretion and the content of nucleic acids in the subcellular fractions and simultaneously rises activity of alkaline phosphatase, that evidences for a decrease in the intensity of the secretory processes in the mammary gland.", "contents": "[Content of nucleic acid in subcellular fractions of cow milk]. The article deals with the content of nucleic acids in mitochondrial and cell-nuclear fractions isolated from fresh milk as well as with changes in the content of phosphoric compounds and activity of alkaline phosphatase in milk in different periods between milkings. It is shown that prolongation of the intervals between milkings decreases the intensity of the phosphoric compounds secretion and the content of nucleic acids in the subcellular fractions and simultaneously rises activity of alkaline phosphatase, that evidences for a decrease in the intensity of the secretory processes in the mammary gland.", "PMID": 664032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10172", "title": "[Metabolism of copper, molybdenum, iron and manganese in rat tissues as affected by 50 Hz electric field].", "content": "The influence of the electric field of commerical frequency on metabolism and interorgan distribution of copper, molybdenum, iron and manganese was studied in the 4-month experiment on animals with their daily 30-minute exposition. The electric field intensity was 7.12 and 15 kV/m. The electric field effect on the animals is established to decrease excretion of trace elements with excrements and their accumulation in the organism, espically in the executive organs: spleen, brain, myocardium. These changes are considered as adaptive responses of the organism to the effect of the given factor. Changes in distribution of trace elements between the tissues of different organs proved to be a rather sensitive indicator to the electric field effect.", "contents": "[Metabolism of copper, molybdenum, iron and manganese in rat tissues as affected by 50 Hz electric field]. The influence of the electric field of commerical frequency on metabolism and interorgan distribution of copper, molybdenum, iron and manganese was studied in the 4-month experiment on animals with their daily 30-minute exposition. The electric field intensity was 7.12 and 15 kV/m. The electric field effect on the animals is established to decrease excretion of trace elements with excrements and their accumulation in the organism, espically in the executive organs: spleen, brain, myocardium. These changes are considered as adaptive responses of the organism to the effect of the given factor. Changes in distribution of trace elements between the tissues of different organs proved to be a rather sensitive indicator to the electric field effect.", "PMID": 664033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10173", "title": "[Spectral properties of the prosthetic group of Penicillium vitale catalase].", "content": "Differences in the absorption spectrum of the Penicillum vitale catalase in the visible region as compared to the absorption spectrum for catalase of animal origin are established to be due to the prosthetic group of the enzyme. A molecule of P. vitale catalase is determined to contain 0.051 +/- 0.0003% of iron. It corresponds to two iron atoms per enzyme molecule and to a twice as low content of iron as in a molecule of the bovine liver catalase. An assumption is advanced that the P. vitale catalase contains two hemin groups located in two protein subunits.", "contents": "[Spectral properties of the prosthetic group of Penicillium vitale catalase]. Differences in the absorption spectrum of the Penicillum vitale catalase in the visible region as compared to the absorption spectrum for catalase of animal origin are established to be due to the prosthetic group of the enzyme. A molecule of P. vitale catalase is determined to contain 0.051 +/- 0.0003% of iron. It corresponds to two iron atoms per enzyme molecule and to a twice as low content of iron as in a molecule of the bovine liver catalase. An assumption is advanced that the P. vitale catalase contains two hemin groups located in two protein subunits.", "PMID": 664035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10174", "title": "[The role of serotonin in regulating lipid metabolism in rat liver].", "content": "Serotonin is shown to have different effects on the lipid fractions metabolism in the rat liver homogenate and mitochondria depending upon the serotonin concentration. The low serotonin concentration (0.2 mg per 100 g of weight) enhanced lipogenesis in the rat liver; on the contrary, the high serotonin concentration (2 mg per 100 g), as a rule, inhibited this process. It is supposed that the serotonin effect is mediated by the adenyl cyclase system in a cell.", "contents": "[The role of serotonin in regulating lipid metabolism in rat liver]. Serotonin is shown to have different effects on the lipid fractions metabolism in the rat liver homogenate and mitochondria depending upon the serotonin concentration. The low serotonin concentration (0.2 mg per 100 g of weight) enhanced lipogenesis in the rat liver; on the contrary, the high serotonin concentration (2 mg per 100 g), as a rule, inhibited this process. It is supposed that the serotonin effect is mediated by the adenyl cyclase system in a cell.", "PMID": 664038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10175", "title": "[Intensity of glycolysis with brain edema in rats and application of some pharmacological agents].", "content": "In the in vitro experiments the state of glycolytic processes was studied in the rat brain tissues with development of edema induced by injury and administered nicotine and monoiodoacetate as well as with preliminary introduction of phentolamine, benactyzine, aminazine and trifluoperazine. The brain edema is shown to develop against a background of sharp inhibition of glycolysis independent of the initial content of lactic acid in the incubation medium. Phentolamine, benactyzine and aminazine which prevent from the edema contribute to the normal level of the glycolytic processes. Trifluoperazine ineffective with edema does not prevent from glycolysis inhibition. Inhibition of glycolysis resulting from a decrease in the activity of the corresponding enzymic systems is supposed to be one of the main pathogenetic factors of the brain edema development as it leads to deficit of energy necessary for normal water-electrolytic metabolism in cells.", "contents": "[Intensity of glycolysis with brain edema in rats and application of some pharmacological agents]. In the in vitro experiments the state of glycolytic processes was studied in the rat brain tissues with development of edema induced by injury and administered nicotine and monoiodoacetate as well as with preliminary introduction of phentolamine, benactyzine, aminazine and trifluoperazine. The brain edema is shown to develop against a background of sharp inhibition of glycolysis independent of the initial content of lactic acid in the incubation medium. Phentolamine, benactyzine and aminazine which prevent from the edema contribute to the normal level of the glycolytic processes. Trifluoperazine ineffective with edema does not prevent from glycolysis inhibition. Inhibition of glycolysis resulting from a decrease in the activity of the corresponding enzymic systems is supposed to be one of the main pathogenetic factors of the brain edema development as it leads to deficit of energy necessary for normal water-electrolytic metabolism in cells.", "PMID": 664034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10176", "title": "[Effect of cycloheximide on synthesis of skeletal muscle proteins and nuclear DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity].", "content": "A high sensitivity towards cycloheximide is shown for three main protein fractions of albino rat skeletal muscle, i. e. a 50% inhibition of myofibrillar protein synthesis is caused by a dose of 0.1 mg/100 g of body weight after 3.5 h, the rate of inhibition of two other fractions is even higher. A dose of 3.0 mg/100 g of body weight inhibits the synthesis of the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins by 96% by the end of the 15th minute. Administration of cycloheximide in vivo (0.3 mg/100 g of body weight) inhibits the alpha-amanitin-resistant DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity of the nuclei. The relation between the inhibition rate and time of the cycloheximide action is ruled by the first order kinetic. This allows postulating the existence of a fast renewal with a period of half-life of about 110 min (determined graphically) among nuclear proteins involved in the transcription of rRNA. The idea of this protein participation in adaptive shifts of rRNA synthesis in the systematic skeletal muscle function is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of cycloheximide on synthesis of skeletal muscle proteins and nuclear DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity]. A high sensitivity towards cycloheximide is shown for three main protein fractions of albino rat skeletal muscle, i. e. a 50% inhibition of myofibrillar protein synthesis is caused by a dose of 0.1 mg/100 g of body weight after 3.5 h, the rate of inhibition of two other fractions is even higher. A dose of 3.0 mg/100 g of body weight inhibits the synthesis of the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins by 96% by the end of the 15th minute. Administration of cycloheximide in vivo (0.3 mg/100 g of body weight) inhibits the alpha-amanitin-resistant DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity of the nuclei. The relation between the inhibition rate and time of the cycloheximide action is ruled by the first order kinetic. This allows postulating the existence of a fast renewal with a period of half-life of about 110 min (determined graphically) among nuclear proteins involved in the transcription of rRNA. The idea of this protein participation in adaptive shifts of rRNA synthesis in the systematic skeletal muscle function is suggested.", "PMID": 664039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10177", "title": "[Preparative isolation of serum a albumin].", "content": "A simple method is suggested for the preparative isolation of native albumin in the thick (6 mm) block of the agar-agar gel on the veronal-medinal buffer solution (pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.1). The method is based on the analytical horizontal electrophoresis. 0.8-1 ml of 10% solution of proteins was introduced into each of two starting trenches. 5h after the beginning of distillation in the anode edge of the plate at a distance of 35 mm from the start two collector slits were cut out perpendiculary to the protein movement. Then they were filled with the NaCl physiological solution and protein portions were taken thrice each half an hour. The purity of albumins was checked immunologically. The method may be applied for obtaining other individual proteins.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of serum a albumin]. A simple method is suggested for the preparative isolation of native albumin in the thick (6 mm) block of the agar-agar gel on the veronal-medinal buffer solution (pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.1). The method is based on the analytical horizontal electrophoresis. 0.8-1 ml of 10% solution of proteins was introduced into each of two starting trenches. 5h after the beginning of distillation in the anode edge of the plate at a distance of 35 mm from the start two collector slits were cut out perpendiculary to the protein movement. Then they were filled with the NaCl physiological solution and protein portions were taken thrice each half an hour. The purity of albumins was checked immunologically. The method may be applied for obtaining other individual proteins.", "PMID": 664036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10178", "title": "[Distribution of biogenic amines in rat brain with hypothermia].", "content": "Distribution of catecholamines and serotonin in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the brain was studied as affected by hypothermia. Both single and double hypothermia are found to induce considerable shifts in distribution of these amines. In the both regions of the brain the content of serotonin increases greatly, that of dopamine and adrenaline rises to a less extent. The amount of norepinephrine as compared to the control in unchanged.", "contents": "[Distribution of biogenic amines in rat brain with hypothermia]. Distribution of catecholamines and serotonin in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the brain was studied as affected by hypothermia. Both single and double hypothermia are found to induce considerable shifts in distribution of these amines. In the both regions of the brain the content of serotonin increases greatly, that of dopamine and adrenaline rises to a less extent. The amount of norepinephrine as compared to the control in unchanged.", "PMID": 664040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10179", "title": "[Dependence of nitrazepam metabolism on the method of its administration and species of experimental animals].", "content": "Intraperitoneal, intravenous and peroral administration of nitrasepam has no effect on its transformation and distribution in the liver tissues, blood and brain of mice. Depending on the products of nitrasepam transformation formed in the animal liver, the enzymic systems providing such transformations have species peculiarities: the rat liver tissues contain nitroreductase, N-acetyl-transferase and desacetylase. And the mice tissues contain only nitroreductase and desacetylase.", "contents": "[Dependence of nitrazepam metabolism on the method of its administration and species of experimental animals]. Intraperitoneal, intravenous and peroral administration of nitrasepam has no effect on its transformation and distribution in the liver tissues, blood and brain of mice. Depending on the products of nitrasepam transformation formed in the animal liver, the enzymic systems providing such transformations have species peculiarities: the rat liver tissues contain nitroreductase, N-acetyl-transferase and desacetylase. And the mice tissues contain only nitroreductase and desacetylase.", "PMID": 664041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10180", "title": "[A comparative ontogenetic study of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of chicken myocardium mitochondria].", "content": "When adding alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate the intensity of respiration by the myocardium mitochondria increases gradually from the 15th day of embryonic development till the chicken hatching out. In the presence of succinate respiration of mitochondria of 15- and 20-day embryos and 5-day chickens is almost the same and decreases noticeably in adult chickens. When the above-mentioned substrates are added the value of P/O gradually decreases during the chicken development.", "contents": "[A comparative ontogenetic study of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of chicken myocardium mitochondria]. When adding alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate the intensity of respiration by the myocardium mitochondria increases gradually from the 15th day of embryonic development till the chicken hatching out. In the presence of succinate respiration of mitochondria of 15- and 20-day embryos and 5-day chickens is almost the same and decreases noticeably in adult chickens. When the above-mentioned substrates are added the value of P/O gradually decreases during the chicken development.", "PMID": 664037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10181", "title": "[The carbohydrate component of immunoglobulin G peculiar to malignant growth].", "content": "The total amount of carbohydrates and some carbohydrate components was studied in total preparations of immunoglobulins of blood serum of healthy people and cancer patients as well as in immunoglobulin G subfraction peculiar to cancer and in the fraction isolated from immunoglobulin G of healthy people blood serum corresponding to the place of column elution. An insignificant increase is established in the content of carbohydrates in the protein peculiar to cancer as compared to their amount in immunoglobulin G of blood serum from healthy people (1.93 and 1.46 g per 100 g of protein, respectively). A conclusion is drawn that the content of the studied substances in the protein peculiar to cancer cannot determine the peculiarities of its physicochemical, immunological and biological properties.", "contents": "[The carbohydrate component of immunoglobulin G peculiar to malignant growth]. The total amount of carbohydrates and some carbohydrate components was studied in total preparations of immunoglobulins of blood serum of healthy people and cancer patients as well as in immunoglobulin G subfraction peculiar to cancer and in the fraction isolated from immunoglobulin G of healthy people blood serum corresponding to the place of column elution. An insignificant increase is established in the content of carbohydrates in the protein peculiar to cancer as compared to their amount in immunoglobulin G of blood serum from healthy people (1.93 and 1.46 g per 100 g of protein, respectively). A conclusion is drawn that the content of the studied substances in the protein peculiar to cancer cannot determine the peculiarities of its physicochemical, immunological and biological properties.", "PMID": 664042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10182", "title": "[Effect of insulin on oxidative phosphorylation in the liver and heart mitochondria of adrenalectomized rats].", "content": "The effect of insulin was studied as applied to the inhibited under conditions of adrenalectomy process of oxidative phosphorylation in the rat liver and heart mitochondria. It is established that adrenalectomy does not change oxidative activity of mitochondria but inhibits the process of phosphorylation, which results in the decreased values of the ADP/O coefficient and the respiratory control. Insulin administered to the adrenalectomized rats 3h before the experiments reduces the disturbed oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of the liver and heart by intensifying the degree of ADP phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on oxidative phosphorylation in the liver and heart mitochondria of adrenalectomized rats]. The effect of insulin was studied as applied to the inhibited under conditions of adrenalectomy process of oxidative phosphorylation in the rat liver and heart mitochondria. It is established that adrenalectomy does not change oxidative activity of mitochondria but inhibits the process of phosphorylation, which results in the decreased values of the ADP/O coefficient and the respiratory control. Insulin administered to the adrenalectomized rats 3h before the experiments reduces the disturbed oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of the liver and heart by intensifying the degree of ADP phosphorylation.", "PMID": 664045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10183", "title": "[Changes in chemical composition, biosynthesis and structure of secretion of intermediate area of chicken stomach with A-avitaminosis].", "content": "In the intermediate area of the chicken stomach with A-avitaminosis the amount of the secretion increases and its chemical composition changes sharply: the content of water, lipids, hexolamines and suphates lowers. By means of 14-C-acetate, 35S-methionine and 35S-sulphate it is established that renewal of the secretion is inhibited. The electron-microscopic examinations showed that the secret is homogenous in normalcy but with A-avitaminosis it acquires a honeycomb structure, its physicochemical properties being changed: it becomes rigid, cuticle-like. As a result there appear deep cracks reaching mucosa, which lead to formation of erosions and ulcers. An assumption is advanced that the initial disturbances of the secretion might be not related to protein component (as the ratio of amino acids in it's almost unchanged) and depend on the carbohydrate and lipid components. The hypothesis of de Luc et al. as to the transport and intermediatory function of vitamin A in biosynthesis of glycosamineglycanes, glycolipids and glycolipoproteins is questioned. Vitamin A may take part in these processes but not as an intermediator of metabolic systems but as the level of biological structures (for instance, the Golgi apparatus and others) which organize these systems and coordinate their function.", "contents": "[Changes in chemical composition, biosynthesis and structure of secretion of intermediate area of chicken stomach with A-avitaminosis]. In the intermediate area of the chicken stomach with A-avitaminosis the amount of the secretion increases and its chemical composition changes sharply: the content of water, lipids, hexolamines and suphates lowers. By means of 14-C-acetate, 35S-methionine and 35S-sulphate it is established that renewal of the secretion is inhibited. The electron-microscopic examinations showed that the secret is homogenous in normalcy but with A-avitaminosis it acquires a honeycomb structure, its physicochemical properties being changed: it becomes rigid, cuticle-like. As a result there appear deep cracks reaching mucosa, which lead to formation of erosions and ulcers. An assumption is advanced that the initial disturbances of the secretion might be not related to protein component (as the ratio of amino acids in it's almost unchanged) and depend on the carbohydrate and lipid components. The hypothesis of de Luc et al. as to the transport and intermediatory function of vitamin A in biosynthesis of glycosamineglycanes, glycolipids and glycolipoproteins is questioned. Vitamin A may take part in these processes but not as an intermediator of metabolic systems but as the level of biological structures (for instance, the Golgi apparatus and others) which organize these systems and coordinate their function.", "PMID": 664044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10184", "title": "[Identification and properties of proteins characteristic of the Shvets rat leukosis].", "content": "Blood proteins were examined in rats with the Shvets experimental leukosis positively reacting in the sedimentation test for leukosis. Application of monospecific antisera against main classes of immunoglobulins shows that this protein belongs to immunoglobulins of the class G. The sedimentation constant and molecular weight of the protein under study are determined. It is shown that immunoglobulin G of rats with leukosis activates glycolysis and inhibits respiration. The data obtained give reasons to assume not complete identity but, in any case, similarity of physicochemical properties of proteins appearing in animal and human blood channel with malignant growth.", "contents": "[Identification and properties of proteins characteristic of the Shvets rat leukosis]. Blood proteins were examined in rats with the Shvets experimental leukosis positively reacting in the sedimentation test for leukosis. Application of monospecific antisera against main classes of immunoglobulins shows that this protein belongs to immunoglobulins of the class G. The sedimentation constant and molecular weight of the protein under study are determined. It is shown that immunoglobulin G of rats with leukosis activates glycolysis and inhibits respiration. The data obtained give reasons to assume not complete identity but, in any case, similarity of physicochemical properties of proteins appearing in animal and human blood channel with malignant growth.", "PMID": 664049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10185", "title": "[Properties of the rat liver DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase stored at -25 degrees C in the presence of glycerol or polyethyleneglycol-400].", "content": "The effect of slow freezing (1-2 degrees C/min) was studied as applied to the template activity of DNA in the RNA-polymerase reaction. It was found out that the activity of each RNA-polymerase form decreases after 24-hour storage by freezing at -25 degrees C in the presence of glycol or polyethylene glycol-400. The study of the enzyme in the glycerol concentration gradient showed sedimentation constant changes.", "contents": "[Properties of the rat liver DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase stored at -25 degrees C in the presence of glycerol or polyethyleneglycol-400]. The effect of slow freezing (1-2 degrees C/min) was studied as applied to the template activity of DNA in the RNA-polymerase reaction. It was found out that the activity of each RNA-polymerase form decreases after 24-hour storage by freezing at -25 degrees C in the presence of glycol or polyethylene glycol-400. The study of the enzyme in the glycerol concentration gradient showed sedimentation constant changes.", "PMID": 664046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10186", "title": "[Enzyme activity in the regeneration process after partial hepatectomy of normal liver and that injured with deoxycholic acid].", "content": "After partial hepatoectomy of the rat normal liver a maximum three-fold increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase is observed in the blood serum, on the second-third day, and by the 14th day becomes almost normal; the activity of adenosine desaminase, AMP-aminohydrolase and 5'-nucleotidase becomes 30-60% as high for one-two days. The activity of the alkaline phosphatase in the liver becomes four times as high and reaches normalcy by the sixth day. The activity of adenosine desaminase and AMP-aminohydrolase increases to a less extent for a fortnight. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase decreases in the first day, then rises and a fortnight later becomes normal. After partial hepatoectomy of the liver injured with deoxicholic acid the activity of all the enzymes in blood serum anr a longer period of time; in the 5'-nucleotidase activity there is no initial drop and its earlier subsequent increase is observed.", "contents": "[Enzyme activity in the regeneration process after partial hepatectomy of normal liver and that injured with deoxycholic acid]. After partial hepatoectomy of the rat normal liver a maximum three-fold increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase is observed in the blood serum, on the second-third day, and by the 14th day becomes almost normal; the activity of adenosine desaminase, AMP-aminohydrolase and 5'-nucleotidase becomes 30-60% as high for one-two days. The activity of the alkaline phosphatase in the liver becomes four times as high and reaches normalcy by the sixth day. The activity of adenosine desaminase and AMP-aminohydrolase increases to a less extent for a fortnight. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase decreases in the first day, then rises and a fortnight later becomes normal. After partial hepatoectomy of the liver injured with deoxicholic acid the activity of all the enzymes in blood serum anr a longer period of time; in the 5'-nucleotidase activity there is no initial drop and its earlier subsequent increase is observed.", "PMID": 664048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10187", "title": "[Changes in erythrocyte membrane permeability after freezing with polyethylene oxide and glycerol].", "content": "Membrane ion permeability to sodium cations and phosphate anions, acid resistance and phospholipid composition were studied in erythrocytes frozen and thawed with 15% glycerol and 10% solution of polyethylene oxide 1500. An increase in membrane permeability to 22Na and HPO4(2-) against a background of reduction in phospholipids and total acid resistance was observed after rapid freezing-thawing and removing of cryoprotectants.", "contents": "[Changes in erythrocyte membrane permeability after freezing with polyethylene oxide and glycerol]. Membrane ion permeability to sodium cations and phosphate anions, acid resistance and phospholipid composition were studied in erythrocytes frozen and thawed with 15% glycerol and 10% solution of polyethylene oxide 1500. An increase in membrane permeability to 22Na and HPO4(2-) against a background of reduction in phospholipids and total acid resistance was observed after rapid freezing-thawing and removing of cryoprotectants.", "PMID": 664051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10188", "title": "[Protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis in tissue lymphocytes frozen at -196 degrees C with PEG-400].", "content": "DNA, RNA and protein synthesis was studied in splenocyte suspensions after superlow cooling (-196 degrees C) with PEG-400. It is shown that both standard two-step cooling and cooling with a holding temperature (at -28 degrees C) reduce precursors incorporation into DNA, proteins and particularly RNA. The splenogram analysis and supravital staining suggest that the observed changes are at least partially due to splenocytes death and the redistribution of cellular contents in the direction of the preferential survival of small lymphocytes. A lack of complete correlation between a reduction in biosynthesis of the macromolecules under study and cell viability testifies to the direct damage of proteinsynthetizing system components.", "contents": "[Protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis in tissue lymphocytes frozen at -196 degrees C with PEG-400]. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis was studied in splenocyte suspensions after superlow cooling (-196 degrees C) with PEG-400. It is shown that both standard two-step cooling and cooling with a holding temperature (at -28 degrees C) reduce precursors incorporation into DNA, proteins and particularly RNA. The splenogram analysis and supravital staining suggest that the observed changes are at least partially due to splenocytes death and the redistribution of cellular contents in the direction of the preferential survival of small lymphocytes. A lack of complete correlation between a reduction in biosynthesis of the macromolecules under study and cell viability testifies to the direct damage of proteinsynthetizing system components.", "PMID": 664047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10189", "title": "[Determination of progesterone and delta 4-pregnen-20 alpha-ol-3-one contents in ovaries with two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and spectrofluorimetry].", "content": "The method is developed for quantitative determination of progesterone and delta4-pregnen-20alpha-ol-3-one in ovaries. It includes treatment of the gland homogenate with NaOH, ethylacetate extraction, two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silicaged plate Silufol UV254 in benzol-ethylacetate (80:20) and chlorophorm-ethanol (98:2) and the subsequent spectrofluorimetry. For identification of the isolated steroids their chromatographical motility, light absorption, color reactions and fluorescence spectra were studied. The contents of progesterone and delta4-pregnen-20alpha-ol-3 one in the rat ovaries were determined by this method.", "contents": "[Determination of progesterone and delta 4-pregnen-20 alpha-ol-3-one contents in ovaries with two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and spectrofluorimetry]. The method is developed for quantitative determination of progesterone and delta4-pregnen-20alpha-ol-3-one in ovaries. It includes treatment of the gland homogenate with NaOH, ethylacetate extraction, two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silicaged plate Silufol UV254 in benzol-ethylacetate (80:20) and chlorophorm-ethanol (98:2) and the subsequent spectrofluorimetry. For identification of the isolated steroids their chromatographical motility, light absorption, color reactions and fluorescence spectra were studied. The contents of progesterone and delta4-pregnen-20alpha-ol-3 one in the rat ovaries were determined by this method.", "PMID": 664052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10190", "title": "[The quantitative determination of sulfhydryl and imidazole groups in proteins by the method of inversiochronopotentiometric titration].", "content": "A method is suggested for a quantitative determination of sulphydryl and imidazole groups in proteins. The method is based on the capacity of Zn2+ and Co2+ to bind selectivity with sulphur and nitrogen atoms in bioligands. The mentioned reactions are fixed by one of most sensitive methods of the electrochemical analysis, the inversiochronopotentiometric titration. The method was tested with the solutions of amino acids and proteins. The sensitivity of the method is 10(-8)M, a relative error is +/- 1.5%.", "contents": "[The quantitative determination of sulfhydryl and imidazole groups in proteins by the method of inversiochronopotentiometric titration]. A method is suggested for a quantitative determination of sulphydryl and imidazole groups in proteins. The method is based on the capacity of Zn2+ and Co2+ to bind selectivity with sulphur and nitrogen atoms in bioligands. The mentioned reactions are fixed by one of most sensitive methods of the electrochemical analysis, the inversiochronopotentiometric titration. The method was tested with the solutions of amino acids and proteins. The sensitivity of the method is 10(-8)M, a relative error is +/- 1.5%.", "PMID": 664053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10191", "title": "[Fibrin-fragment D-protector equilibrium system. Quantitative determination of protector activity].", "content": "Equilibrium distribution of fibrin between clot fibres and liquid phase was studied as affected by the protector fraction of fibrinogen tryptic hydrolyzate in the presence of fragment D. It was found that in such a system the protector counteracting the solubilizing fibrin-effect of fragment D evokes an increase in the content of the fibrin solid phase. The effect is suggested to be used as a quantitative index of the protector activity. The presence of equilibrium between the protector--fragment D complex and products of its dissociation is shown. This equilibrium is a part of a more complex fibrin--fragment D-protector equilibrium system.", "contents": "[Fibrin-fragment D-protector equilibrium system. Quantitative determination of protector activity]. Equilibrium distribution of fibrin between clot fibres and liquid phase was studied as affected by the protector fraction of fibrinogen tryptic hydrolyzate in the presence of fragment D. It was found that in such a system the protector counteracting the solubilizing fibrin-effect of fragment D evokes an increase in the content of the fibrin solid phase. The effect is suggested to be used as a quantitative index of the protector activity. The presence of equilibrium between the protector--fragment D complex and products of its dissociation is shown. This equilibrium is a part of a more complex fibrin--fragment D-protector equilibrium system.", "PMID": 664050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10192", "title": "Effect of acute infectious disease on human isometric muscle endurance.", "content": "Capacity for isometric endurance work of different muscle groups was recorded in 32 male patients suffering a variety of acute infectious diseases, predominantly of viral or mycoplasmal aetiology. Recordings were performed after abatement of fever, and 1, and 4 months thereafter. Control measurements took place 1 year later. As a result of the illness the subjects' endurance capacity was reduced to 82.5-86.9% of the control values. Complete recovery was attained later than 4 months after the acute disease. In 21 healthy male control subjects confined to bed for the same period of time as the patients no reduction of endurance capacity was observed as a result of bed rest. The illness induced and long-lasting impairment of static endurance after acute febrile infections might be resated to observations in similar patients of reduced activity in muscle tissue of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase being a key enzyme in glycolysis.", "contents": "Effect of acute infectious disease on human isometric muscle endurance. Capacity for isometric endurance work of different muscle groups was recorded in 32 male patients suffering a variety of acute infectious diseases, predominantly of viral or mycoplasmal aetiology. Recordings were performed after abatement of fever, and 1, and 4 months thereafter. Control measurements took place 1 year later. As a result of the illness the subjects' endurance capacity was reduced to 82.5-86.9% of the control values. Complete recovery was attained later than 4 months after the acute disease. In 21 healthy male control subjects confined to bed for the same period of time as the patients no reduction of endurance capacity was observed as a result of bed rest. The illness induced and long-lasting impairment of static endurance after acute febrile infections might be resated to observations in similar patients of reduced activity in muscle tissue of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase being a key enzyme in glycolysis.", "PMID": 664114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10193", "title": "Differential count and quantitative estimation of granulocytes, mononuclear leukocytes and renal epithelial cells in urine.", "content": "Voided urine samples from healthy persons and patients with glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis and bacterial urinary tract infection were examined. Urine from healthy persons contained 0-12 granulocytes/mm3, 0 mononuclear leukocytes/mm3 and -2 renal epithelial cells/mm3. Urine from patients contained a larger number of cells/mm3 than did urine from healthy persons. With differential counting of granulocytes, mononuclear leukocytes and renal epithelial cells patients with glomerulonephritis could be separated from patients with chronic pyelonephritis or bacterial urinary tract infection. The percentage values obtained at differential counting were not correlated to age, sex, total number of cells/mm3, proteinuria or serum creatinine level.", "contents": "Differential count and quantitative estimation of granulocytes, mononuclear leukocytes and renal epithelial cells in urine. Voided urine samples from healthy persons and patients with glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis and bacterial urinary tract infection were examined. Urine from healthy persons contained 0-12 granulocytes/mm3, 0 mononuclear leukocytes/mm3 and -2 renal epithelial cells/mm3. Urine from patients contained a larger number of cells/mm3 than did urine from healthy persons. With differential counting of granulocytes, mononuclear leukocytes and renal epithelial cells patients with glomerulonephritis could be separated from patients with chronic pyelonephritis or bacterial urinary tract infection. The percentage values obtained at differential counting were not correlated to age, sex, total number of cells/mm3, proteinuria or serum creatinine level.", "PMID": 664115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10194", "title": "Solitary calcaneal metastasis as the first sign of gastric cancer. A case report.", "content": "A case of gastric adenocarcinoma is reported where the first symptom was a solitary calcaneal metastasis. The metastastic symptoms occurred in previously fractured bone, one year before the onset of gastric symptoms. This history is rare and the eight cases found in the literature where gastric cancer has started with solitary bone metastasis are reviewed.", "contents": "Solitary calcaneal metastasis as the first sign of gastric cancer. A case report. A case of gastric adenocarcinoma is reported where the first symptom was a solitary calcaneal metastasis. The metastastic symptoms occurred in previously fractured bone, one year before the onset of gastric symptoms. This history is rare and the eight cases found in the literature where gastric cancer has started with solitary bone metastasis are reviewed.", "PMID": 664116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10195", "title": "A variant chromosome 17 in a mother with repeated abortions and a 46, XY/47, XXY Klinefelter son.", "content": "A female with a satellited chromosome 17 is presented. She had suffered repeated abortions and later gave birth to a 46,XY/47,XXY Klinefelter boy. The significance of the variant chromosome 17 in the etiology of the mother's reproductive failure is discussed. The mental and physical development of her now 8-year-old 46,XY/47,XXY son has been checked regularly since birth. The boy showed a significant deviation in behaviour pattern and development of body habitus already from early infancy.", "contents": "A variant chromosome 17 in a mother with repeated abortions and a 46, XY/47, XXY Klinefelter son. A female with a satellited chromosome 17 is presented. She had suffered repeated abortions and later gave birth to a 46,XY/47,XXY Klinefelter boy. The significance of the variant chromosome 17 in the etiology of the mother's reproductive failure is discussed. The mental and physical development of her now 8-year-old 46,XY/47,XXY son has been checked regularly since birth. The boy showed a significant deviation in behaviour pattern and development of body habitus already from early infancy.", "PMID": 664117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10196", "title": "The effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) on macromolecular leakage, thrombosis and haemostasis in experimental animals.", "content": "O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) (Venoruton, Zyma AS, Nyon, Switzerland) has been investigated experimentally to evaluate the effect on microvascular permeability and thromboembolism. Permeability to macromolecules is diminished in a hamster cheek-pouch model. Haemostatic plug formation is impaired whereas laser-induced intravascular platelet aggregation is uninfluenced. There is a small but insignificant protection against sodium morrhuate (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana) induced femoral vein thrombosis.", "contents": "The effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) on macromolecular leakage, thrombosis and haemostasis in experimental animals. O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) (Venoruton, Zyma AS, Nyon, Switzerland) has been investigated experimentally to evaluate the effect on microvascular permeability and thromboembolism. Permeability to macromolecules is diminished in a hamster cheek-pouch model. Haemostatic plug formation is impaired whereas laser-induced intravascular platelet aggregation is uninfluenced. There is a small but insignificant protection against sodium morrhuate (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana) induced femoral vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 664118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10197", "title": "The inherent mathematical error factors in the radiological determination of heart volume.", "content": "When heart volume is calculated from two X-ray projections, part of the error is due to the fact that the formulas employed are not mathematically exact. This error was calculated for a variety of shapes and positions of the heart. The results indicate that this error may reach about 30% for hearts of fairly ordinary shape. When the standard projections are used, horizontally positioned hearts are particularly liable to give rise to large errors of this kind.", "contents": "The inherent mathematical error factors in the radiological determination of heart volume. When heart volume is calculated from two X-ray projections, part of the error is due to the fact that the formulas employed are not mathematically exact. This error was calculated for a variety of shapes and positions of the heart. The results indicate that this error may reach about 30% for hearts of fairly ordinary shape. When the standard projections are used, horizontally positioned hearts are particularly liable to give rise to large errors of this kind.", "PMID": 664119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10198", "title": "Studies on toxaemia of pregnancy with special reference to blood pressure. II. Results after 6-11 years' follow-up.", "content": "One hundred and fifty women with a diagnosis of toxaemia of pregnancy treated in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Uppsala between 1964 and 1968 were investigated. One hundred women were still living in the area in 1975 and thus could be restudied. The participation rate was 100% in this group. After this follow-up period of 6-11 years 17 women were hypertensives at the investigation and 12 were already on antihypertensive therapy. The incidence of hypertension was thus 29%. The toxaemic women who had developed gypertension showed a higher frequency of a family history of hypertension as well as of cardiovascular lesions than the toxaemic women with normal blood pressures at follow-up. At the time of the toxaemia the future hypertensive women (n=29) had a higher blood pressure on admission, as well as a greater body weight, than the women who were normotensive at the follow-up investigation. Forty-six of the 100 re-studied women were taking contraceptive pills. Seven developed hypertension while 'on the pill'. Four of these became normotensive after discontinuating the pill.", "contents": "Studies on toxaemia of pregnancy with special reference to blood pressure. II. Results after 6-11 years' follow-up. One hundred and fifty women with a diagnosis of toxaemia of pregnancy treated in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Uppsala between 1964 and 1968 were investigated. One hundred women were still living in the area in 1975 and thus could be restudied. The participation rate was 100% in this group. After this follow-up period of 6-11 years 17 women were hypertensives at the investigation and 12 were already on antihypertensive therapy. The incidence of hypertension was thus 29%. The toxaemic women who had developed gypertension showed a higher frequency of a family history of hypertension as well as of cardiovascular lesions than the toxaemic women with normal blood pressures at follow-up. At the time of the toxaemia the future hypertensive women (n=29) had a higher blood pressure on admission, as well as a greater body weight, than the women who were normotensive at the follow-up investigation. Forty-six of the 100 re-studied women were taking contraceptive pills. Seven developed hypertension while 'on the pill'. Four of these became normotensive after discontinuating the pill.", "PMID": 664120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10199", "title": "Diphenylamine-induced renal lesions in the chicken.", "content": "Chronic intoxication with diphenylamine (DPA), which causes a cystic kidney disease in the rat and the guinea-pig, caused degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium in the chicken. This was similar to but much more serious than that preceding the formation of cysts in the rodents, but did not actually result in cyst formation, probably because of the high mortality rate observed in the birds even at this early stage. In the chicken until now it had been possible to obtain a pattern of renal cysts only with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) which also induce the \"chick oedema\" syndrome. The renal lesions due to DPA in the chicken were similar to those produced by PCB, but were not accompanied by oedema, which suggests that \"chick oedema\" caused by PCB is not due to renal insufficiency. The differences in the renal lesions noted in the various animal species give credit to the hypothesis that DPA may have two effects on the tubular epitelium, one stimulating cell proliferation and one leading to degeneration. Cysts may be formed only in those species in which there is cell proliferation.", "contents": "Diphenylamine-induced renal lesions in the chicken. Chronic intoxication with diphenylamine (DPA), which causes a cystic kidney disease in the rat and the guinea-pig, caused degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium in the chicken. This was similar to but much more serious than that preceding the formation of cysts in the rodents, but did not actually result in cyst formation, probably because of the high mortality rate observed in the birds even at this early stage. In the chicken until now it had been possible to obtain a pattern of renal cysts only with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) which also induce the \"chick oedema\" syndrome. The renal lesions due to DPA in the chicken were similar to those produced by PCB, but were not accompanied by oedema, which suggests that \"chick oedema\" caused by PCB is not due to renal insufficiency. The differences in the renal lesions noted in the various animal species give credit to the hypothesis that DPA may have two effects on the tubular epitelium, one stimulating cell proliferation and one leading to degeneration. Cysts may be formed only in those species in which there is cell proliferation.", "PMID": 664135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10200", "title": "Special considerations with regard to the dosage of tranexamic acid in patients with chronic renal diseases.", "content": "Tranexamic acid is a potent antifibrinolytic drug frequently used in the treatment of haematuria and a number of other haemorrhagic conditions. Since it is eliminated mainly in the urine, the drug accumulates in patients with uraemia. The excretion of tranexamic acid in patients with renal failure has been investigated and dosage recommendations are given for tranexamic acid therapy in cases of renal failure.", "contents": "Special considerations with regard to the dosage of tranexamic acid in patients with chronic renal diseases. Tranexamic acid is a potent antifibrinolytic drug frequently used in the treatment of haematuria and a number of other haemorrhagic conditions. Since it is eliminated mainly in the urine, the drug accumulates in patients with uraemia. The excretion of tranexamic acid in patients with renal failure has been investigated and dosage recommendations are given for tranexamic acid therapy in cases of renal failure.", "PMID": 664136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10201", "title": "Blood coagulation studies in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate treated with 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane or estramustine-17-phosphate.", "content": "Two drugs, 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Cisobitan) and estramustine-17-phosphate (Estracyt) were given to patients with poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. The effect of the drugs on blood coagulation was investigated. Some parameters showed changes during the treatment: Antithrombin III decreased in the Estracyt treated patients to a level which might imply a thrombogenic effect. Fibrinogen decreased, whereas factor VIII showed no consistent change. Normotest changes appeared to correlate with liver damage whereas antithrombin III showed no change. Increased levels of fibrinogen degradation products and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were more frequent in the group of deteriorating patients. However, the number of FPA analyses were too small for any definite conclusions regarding possible disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Blood coagulation studies in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate treated with 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane or estramustine-17-phosphate. Two drugs, 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Cisobitan) and estramustine-17-phosphate (Estracyt) were given to patients with poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. The effect of the drugs on blood coagulation was investigated. Some parameters showed changes during the treatment: Antithrombin III decreased in the Estracyt treated patients to a level which might imply a thrombogenic effect. Fibrinogen decreased, whereas factor VIII showed no consistent change. Normotest changes appeared to correlate with liver damage whereas antithrombin III showed no change. Increased levels of fibrinogen degradation products and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were more frequent in the group of deteriorating patients. However, the number of FPA analyses were too small for any definite conclusions regarding possible disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 664137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10202", "title": "Early reconstruction of wide ureter in children.", "content": "Fifty children with 66 megaureters have been treated with complete surgical reconstruction and reimplantation of the ureter. The procedure was done unilaterally in 34 and bilaterally in 16 patients. Fourteen of the bilateral cases were corrected in one procedure. The results in the reported series seem to justify the conclusion that early reconstruction forms a ureter which is neither wide, nor elongated, nor tortuous and thus able to transport urine.", "contents": "Early reconstruction of wide ureter in children. Fifty children with 66 megaureters have been treated with complete surgical reconstruction and reimplantation of the ureter. The procedure was done unilaterally in 34 and bilaterally in 16 patients. Fourteen of the bilateral cases were corrected in one procedure. The results in the reported series seem to justify the conclusion that early reconstruction forms a ureter which is neither wide, nor elongated, nor tortuous and thus able to transport urine.", "PMID": 664138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10203", "title": "Partial nephrectomy in surgical treatment of calculous disease.", "content": "Of a total of 158 partial nephrectomies, a detailed follow-up for up to sixteen years was obtained in 131. The rate of true ipsilateral recurrences was 26 per cent. Computer analysis of various parameters indicated that a previous history of a stone in the same or the contralateral kidney, or the presence of multiple or scattered stones in the affected side, were associated with a particularly high recurrence rate. Urinary infection at the time of or prior to operation was not of prognostic significance. The importance of complete excision of the calyceal neck was confirmed. It was concluded that the operation is logical for removal of a diseased segment of kidney, but generally cannot be recommended in the hope of removing a stone-bearing area of kidney and hence reducing the recurrence rate.", "contents": "Partial nephrectomy in surgical treatment of calculous disease. Of a total of 158 partial nephrectomies, a detailed follow-up for up to sixteen years was obtained in 131. The rate of true ipsilateral recurrences was 26 per cent. Computer analysis of various parameters indicated that a previous history of a stone in the same or the contralateral kidney, or the presence of multiple or scattered stones in the affected side, were associated with a particularly high recurrence rate. Urinary infection at the time of or prior to operation was not of prognostic significance. The importance of complete excision of the calyceal neck was confirmed. It was concluded that the operation is logical for removal of a diseased segment of kidney, but generally cannot be recommended in the hope of removing a stone-bearing area of kidney and hence reducing the recurrence rate.", "PMID": 664139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10204", "title": "Clinical trial of cisplatinum (NSC 119875) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with cisplatinum, 100 mg./M2 at twenty-eight-day intervals. The drug was given intravenously after first assuring adequate hydration. Response could be determined in 23 patients. There were no partial or complete responses, although 1 patient had less than a 50 per cent reduction in pulmonary lesions and 7 patients had stabilization of their disease for periods ranging from three to seven months. It is concluded that the therapeutic value of cisplatinum in the treatment of advanced renal carcinoma is negligible when used as a single agent.", "contents": "Clinical trial of cisplatinum (NSC 119875) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Thirty-two patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with cisplatinum, 100 mg./M2 at twenty-eight-day intervals. The drug was given intravenously after first assuring adequate hydration. Response could be determined in 23 patients. There were no partial or complete responses, although 1 patient had less than a 50 per cent reduction in pulmonary lesions and 7 patients had stabilization of their disease for periods ranging from three to seven months. It is concluded that the therapeutic value of cisplatinum in the treatment of advanced renal carcinoma is negligible when used as a single agent.", "PMID": 664140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10205", "title": "Cyclophosphamide and carcinoma of bladder.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the bladder developing in a patient who received cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy for carcinoma of the breast is presented. Hemorrhagic cystitis si a well-documented complication of such therapy. Several recent reports of carcinoma of the bladder in patients receiving cyclophosphamide should make physicians aware of this potential association.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide and carcinoma of bladder. A case of carcinoma of the bladder developing in a patient who received cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy for carcinoma of the breast is presented. Hemorrhagic cystitis si a well-documented complication of such therapy. Several recent reports of carcinoma of the bladder in patients receiving cyclophosphamide should make physicians aware of this potential association.", "PMID": 664141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10206", "title": "Results of large-caliber internal urethrotomy.", "content": "Thirty-five patients undergoing internal urethrotomy for urethral stricture disease were reviewed retrospectively. Eight patients had conventional urethrotomies (less than 36 F) while 27 had large-caliber urethrotomies (greater than 40 F). Large-caliber urethrotomy tends to give longer symptom-free intervals immediately postoperatively, but long-term results show little difference between the two groups.", "contents": "Results of large-caliber internal urethrotomy. Thirty-five patients undergoing internal urethrotomy for urethral stricture disease were reviewed retrospectively. Eight patients had conventional urethrotomies (less than 36 F) while 27 had large-caliber urethrotomies (greater than 40 F). Large-caliber urethrotomy tends to give longer symptom-free intervals immediately postoperatively, but long-term results show little difference between the two groups.", "PMID": 664143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10207", "title": "Regional lymph nodes in infants with embryonal carcinoma of testis.", "content": "Clinical and pathologic material from 16 infants with embryonal carcinoma of the testis was reviewed specifically as to the route of metastatic spread and the findings obtained from retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Hematogenous metastases were noted in 3 patients (19 per cent) and lymphatic metastases were observed in 2 patients (13 per cent). In 12 patients in whom disease was clinically limited to the testis retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was negative, although a review of the literature suggests that unsuspected metastases might be expected in 6 per cent of such patients. The 2 patients who had lymph node metastases had large, clinically evident but unresectable retroperitoneal lymph node masses. The low yield of retroperitoneal metastases in early disease makes lymphadenectomy suspect as a primary staging or treatment procedure, but the occasional patient presenting with retroperitoneal disease requires that the procedure not be abandoned at this time.", "contents": "Regional lymph nodes in infants with embryonal carcinoma of testis. Clinical and pathologic material from 16 infants with embryonal carcinoma of the testis was reviewed specifically as to the route of metastatic spread and the findings obtained from retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Hematogenous metastases were noted in 3 patients (19 per cent) and lymphatic metastases were observed in 2 patients (13 per cent). In 12 patients in whom disease was clinically limited to the testis retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was negative, although a review of the literature suggests that unsuspected metastases might be expected in 6 per cent of such patients. The 2 patients who had lymph node metastases had large, clinically evident but unresectable retroperitoneal lymph node masses. The low yield of retroperitoneal metastases in early disease makes lymphadenectomy suspect as a primary staging or treatment procedure, but the occasional patient presenting with retroperitoneal disease requires that the procedure not be abandoned at this time.", "PMID": 664144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10208", "title": "Oligospermia secondary to m\u00fcllerian duct cyst. Simple surgical cure.", "content": "Fertility evaluation of a twenty-three-year-old male with severe oligospermia revealed a m\u00fcllerian duct cyst that appeared to compress both ejaculatory ducts. Simple endoscopic unroofing of the cyst was followed by disappearance of the mass felt rectally, improvement of the radiographic appearance of the seminal tracts, and a return of the seminal analyses to well within fertile range. M\u00fcllerian duct cysts may be a rare cause of surgically correctable male infertility. Endoscopic unroofing of small m\u00fcllerian duct cysts appears to be the treatment of choice in young males in whom there is concern for preserving fertility and potency.", "contents": "Oligospermia secondary to m\u00fcllerian duct cyst. Simple surgical cure. Fertility evaluation of a twenty-three-year-old male with severe oligospermia revealed a m\u00fcllerian duct cyst that appeared to compress both ejaculatory ducts. Simple endoscopic unroofing of the cyst was followed by disappearance of the mass felt rectally, improvement of the radiographic appearance of the seminal tracts, and a return of the seminal analyses to well within fertile range. M\u00fcllerian duct cysts may be a rare cause of surgically correctable male infertility. Endoscopic unroofing of small m\u00fcllerian duct cysts appears to be the treatment of choice in young males in whom there is concern for preserving fertility and potency.", "PMID": 664145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10209", "title": "Renal failure secondary to angiomyolipoma. Case of Forme-Fruste tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "A fifty-four-year-old woman without the clinical features of tuberous sclerosis underwent nephrectomy at age thirty-three years for angiomyolipoma, and twenty-one years later severe renal failure developed. At necropsy the remaining kidney had extensive angiomyolipomatous involvement; not until the brain was examined was the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis made. To date, this would appear to be the third case without clinical tuberous sclerosis in which renal involvement was the sole clinical expression of tuberous sclerosis, and the seventh reported instance of renal failure due to renal angiomyolipomatous hamartomatous transformation.", "contents": "Renal failure secondary to angiomyolipoma. Case of Forme-Fruste tuberous sclerosis. A fifty-four-year-old woman without the clinical features of tuberous sclerosis underwent nephrectomy at age thirty-three years for angiomyolipoma, and twenty-one years later severe renal failure developed. At necropsy the remaining kidney had extensive angiomyolipomatous involvement; not until the brain was examined was the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis made. To date, this would appear to be the third case without clinical tuberous sclerosis in which renal involvement was the sole clinical expression of tuberous sclerosis, and the seventh reported instance of renal failure due to renal angiomyolipomatous hamartomatous transformation.", "PMID": 664146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10210", "title": "Aids in diagnosis of suspect ectopic ureters in female patients.", "content": "When suspected ectopic ureters cannot be visualized by conventional methods, such as excretory urogram, nephrotomograms, or by intravenous indigo carmine, then direct injection of vaginal, suburethral, or paraurethral \"swellings,\" which are in effect dilated terminal ureters, may confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Aids in diagnosis of suspect ectopic ureters in female patients. When suspected ectopic ureters cannot be visualized by conventional methods, such as excretory urogram, nephrotomograms, or by intravenous indigo carmine, then direct injection of vaginal, suburethral, or paraurethral \"swellings,\" which are in effect dilated terminal ureters, may confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 664147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10211", "title": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma.", "content": "Two cases of sacrococcygeal teratomas are presented. One case illustrates the long course of urologic problems produced by a \"successful\" removal of the tumor. The literature is reviewed, and the characteristics of this congenital tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Two cases of sacrococcygeal teratomas are presented. One case illustrates the long course of urologic problems produced by a \"successful\" removal of the tumor. The literature is reviewed, and the characteristics of this congenital tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 664149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10212", "title": "Cutaneous metastases from prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "A case of prostatic adenocarcinoma associated with extensive cutaneous metastases and malignant acanthosis nigricans is reported. Pertinent literature is reviewed. The pathogenesis of the possible mechanism of the development of cutaneous metastases in this as well as other related cases is discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous metastases from prostatic carcinoma. A case of prostatic adenocarcinoma associated with extensive cutaneous metastases and malignant acanthosis nigricans is reported. Pertinent literature is reviewed. The pathogenesis of the possible mechanism of the development of cutaneous metastases in this as well as other related cases is discussed.", "PMID": 664150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10213", "title": "Myelolipoma of adrenal.", "content": "A case of a forty-six-year-old woman with an adrenal myelolipoma on the left side is reported. The presenting complaint was pain, and investigation revealed a large, relatively avascular nonfunctioning tumor of the left adrenal. This rare (ninth reported instance of surgical removal) tumor is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Myelolipoma of adrenal. A case of a forty-six-year-old woman with an adrenal myelolipoma on the left side is reported. The presenting complaint was pain, and investigation revealed a large, relatively avascular nonfunctioning tumor of the left adrenal. This rare (ninth reported instance of surgical removal) tumor is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 664152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10214", "title": "Uncommon radiologic observations in renal milk-of-calcium stone.", "content": "Milk-of-calcium stone is a rare finding in the kidney. It is diagnosed radiologically based on the fact that the opacity takes a semilunar shape and layers according to the position of the patient. An unusual observations is that layering may require some time to take place and that the semilunar configuration may be found incidentally in the supine position as well.", "contents": "Uncommon radiologic observations in renal milk-of-calcium stone. Milk-of-calcium stone is a rare finding in the kidney. It is diagnosed radiologically based on the fact that the opacity takes a semilunar shape and layers according to the position of the patient. An unusual observations is that layering may require some time to take place and that the semilunar configuration may be found incidentally in the supine position as well.", "PMID": 664154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10215", "title": "Upside-down spleen as cause of suprarenal mass.", "content": "An upside-down configuration of the spleen can be mistaken for a left suprarenal mass. A radioisotopic liver-spleen scan will demonstrate a characteristic appearance of the spleen with its hilus superiorly and its convex border medially and adjacent to the kidney. When a left suprarenal mass is identified, we advocate the liver-spleen scan as the first step in the diagnostic workup. If the typical configuration is found, no further studies are necessary.", "contents": "Upside-down spleen as cause of suprarenal mass. An upside-down configuration of the spleen can be mistaken for a left suprarenal mass. A radioisotopic liver-spleen scan will demonstrate a characteristic appearance of the spleen with its hilus superiorly and its convex border medially and adjacent to the kidney. When a left suprarenal mass is identified, we advocate the liver-spleen scan as the first step in the diagnostic workup. If the typical configuration is found, no further studies are necessary.", "PMID": 664155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10216", "title": "[Diagnosis and the clinical and experimental substantiation of the surgical procedure in kidney injuries in children].", "content": "The work is grounded on the results of clinical observations over 154 children with renal injuries. It has been proved experimentally that in organ-sparing operations catgut is the best hemostatic material, the pararenal fat rates next to it. Muscular tissue is less suitable for hemostasis, as in the late postoperative periods, following its use, sclerosis, pyelonephritis and atrophy of the injured kidney are likely to develop.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and the clinical and experimental substantiation of the surgical procedure in kidney injuries in children]. The work is grounded on the results of clinical observations over 154 children with renal injuries. It has been proved experimentally that in organ-sparing operations catgut is the best hemostatic material, the pararenal fat rates next to it. Muscular tissue is less suitable for hemostasis, as in the late postoperative periods, following its use, sclerosis, pyelonephritis and atrophy of the injured kidney are likely to develop.", "PMID": 664157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10217", "title": "[Emergency esophagoscopy in chemical burns in children].", "content": "Esophagoscopy performed within the first hours after the burn trauma helps to find out the localisation and extension of the burn. An abundant washing of the esophagus carried out within the first day after trauma, administration of novocain, early feeding and, in case of a general resorptive effect of a poison, a timely correction of homeostasis disturbances permit to manage without bougieurage of the esophagus. Later on a control esophagoscopy favours the following-up of the healing of the burn and the correction of the treatment process, if needed. The described method has been used in the treatment of 225 patients. Late results have been studied in 57 cases of severe and moderate esophageal burns. No scarry strictures have been found.", "contents": "[Emergency esophagoscopy in chemical burns in children]. Esophagoscopy performed within the first hours after the burn trauma helps to find out the localisation and extension of the burn. An abundant washing of the esophagus carried out within the first day after trauma, administration of novocain, early feeding and, in case of a general resorptive effect of a poison, a timely correction of homeostasis disturbances permit to manage without bougieurage of the esophagus. Later on a control esophagoscopy favours the following-up of the healing of the burn and the correction of the treatment process, if needed. The described method has been used in the treatment of 225 patients. Late results have been studied in 57 cases of severe and moderate esophageal burns. No scarry strictures have been found.", "PMID": 664158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10218", "title": "[Anesthesiological support of osteosynthesis of the proximal portion of the femur in the middle-aged and elderly].", "content": "The observations over 296 elderly and senile patients with fractures of the proximal portion of the femur have proved that intravenous preparations (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, viadril, ketamine, sombrevin, seduxen) are the most promising narcotics, especially in patients with a considerable surgical risk. A thorough postoperative control and timely and complete correction of hemodynamic disorders, functional disturbances of external respiration and metabolic disorders, together with a wide use of exercise therapy and physiotherapy, favour the rehabilitation of such patients.", "contents": "[Anesthesiological support of osteosynthesis of the proximal portion of the femur in the middle-aged and elderly]. The observations over 296 elderly and senile patients with fractures of the proximal portion of the femur have proved that intravenous preparations (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, viadril, ketamine, sombrevin, seduxen) are the most promising narcotics, especially in patients with a considerable surgical risk. A thorough postoperative control and timely and complete correction of hemodynamic disorders, functional disturbances of external respiration and metabolic disorders, together with a wide use of exercise therapy and physiotherapy, favour the rehabilitation of such patients.", "PMID": 664159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10219", "title": "[Results of repeated operations in cancer of the major duodenal papilla].", "content": "15 repeated operations for cancer of the major duodenal papilla were carried out. Gastroduodenal obstruction, recurrent jaundice, external bile fistulas, uneffective first operation served as indications for these interventions. Pathological conditions following a radical operation in cancer of the major duodenal papilla are not always due to the progress of the tumor. Repeated operations for cancer of this localization are by far justified with appropriate indications.", "contents": "[Results of repeated operations in cancer of the major duodenal papilla]. 15 repeated operations for cancer of the major duodenal papilla were carried out. Gastroduodenal obstruction, recurrent jaundice, external bile fistulas, uneffective first operation served as indications for these interventions. Pathological conditions following a radical operation in cancer of the major duodenal papilla are not always due to the progress of the tumor. Repeated operations for cancer of this localization are by far justified with appropriate indications.", "PMID": 664162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10220", "title": "[Therapeutic action of stress caused by surgical intervention in viral hepatitis and other diseases].", "content": "The data on 27 cases of parenchymatous jaundice resulting from acute virus hepatitis (16) chronic hepatitis (6), primary biliary liver cirrhosis (5) are analyzed in this work. All the patients underwent diagnostic laparotomy. The authors have come to the conclusion that the stress induced by surgical interventions results, as a rule in a rapid favorable change in the clinical course of virus hepatitis. Surgical interventions are not likely to exert a therapeutic effect upon patients with chronic hepatitis and primary biliary liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Therapeutic action of stress caused by surgical intervention in viral hepatitis and other diseases]. The data on 27 cases of parenchymatous jaundice resulting from acute virus hepatitis (16) chronic hepatitis (6), primary biliary liver cirrhosis (5) are analyzed in this work. All the patients underwent diagnostic laparotomy. The authors have come to the conclusion that the stress induced by surgical interventions results, as a rule in a rapid favorable change in the clinical course of virus hepatitis. Surgical interventions are not likely to exert a therapeutic effect upon patients with chronic hepatitis and primary biliary liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 664163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10221", "title": "[Functional state of the adrenal cortex in calculous cholecystitis complicated by mechanical jaundice in elederly patients].", "content": "The functional status of the adrenal cortex in 26 elderly patients suffering from calculous cholecystitis complicated with mechanical jaundice has been studied. The activation of the glucocorticoid function and the depression of the androgenic one have been found. These changes of hormonal balance were found at all the stages of surgical treatment; they were the most pronounced in case of a severe clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "[Functional state of the adrenal cortex in calculous cholecystitis complicated by mechanical jaundice in elederly patients]. The functional status of the adrenal cortex in 26 elderly patients suffering from calculous cholecystitis complicated with mechanical jaundice has been studied. The activation of the glucocorticoid function and the depression of the androgenic one have been found. These changes of hormonal balance were found at all the stages of surgical treatment; they were the most pronounced in case of a severe clinical course of the disease.", "PMID": 664164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10222", "title": "[Pathogenesis of paralytic intestinal obstruction in peritonitis].", "content": "The author believes that the vascular spasm does not play any part in the occurrence of functional ileus in peritonitis. Humoral factors, such as the loss of electrolytes and serotonin, which is of a specific mediatory effect upon the intestine in particular, are by far more important. It seems that some other humoral factors, e.g. bacterial toxins and endotoxins, formed during the inflammatory process, play their part too. The article is published for purposes of discussion in connection with the paper by Yu. L. Shal'kov. a coll. (Vestnik Khirurgii, 1976, N 4, p. 55).", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of paralytic intestinal obstruction in peritonitis]. The author believes that the vascular spasm does not play any part in the occurrence of functional ileus in peritonitis. Humoral factors, such as the loss of electrolytes and serotonin, which is of a specific mediatory effect upon the intestine in particular, are by far more important. It seems that some other humoral factors, e.g. bacterial toxins and endotoxins, formed during the inflammatory process, play their part too. The article is published for purposes of discussion in connection with the paper by Yu. L. Shal'kov. a coll. (Vestnik Khirurgii, 1976, N 4, p. 55).", "PMID": 664165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10223", "title": "[Chromolymphography in the oncological surgical clinic].", "content": "A new Soviet preparation for colour lymphography--chromolymphotrast--is presented in this paper. Radiopaque lymphography with the use of chromolymphotrast was carried out upon more than 50 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix and of the body of the womb. Besides, there is information concerning a successful use of the chromolymphotrast in cases of cancer of the vulva, mammary gland and rectum. Colour lymphography with the use of chromolymphotrast contributes to a more complete removal of lymphatic collectors. After a preliminary lymphography surgical interventions have acquired a radical character in 93.6% of operations on lymphatic nodes, thus adding to a decrease of the incidence rate of regional recurrences. The national medical industry has proceeded to the production of the preparation, which builds up the conditions for a broad use of colour radiopaque lymphography in oncology.", "contents": "[Chromolymphography in the oncological surgical clinic]. A new Soviet preparation for colour lymphography--chromolymphotrast--is presented in this paper. Radiopaque lymphography with the use of chromolymphotrast was carried out upon more than 50 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix and of the body of the womb. Besides, there is information concerning a successful use of the chromolymphotrast in cases of cancer of the vulva, mammary gland and rectum. Colour lymphography with the use of chromolymphotrast contributes to a more complete removal of lymphatic collectors. After a preliminary lymphography surgical interventions have acquired a radical character in 93.6% of operations on lymphatic nodes, thus adding to a decrease of the incidence rate of regional recurrences. The national medical industry has proceeded to the production of the preparation, which builds up the conditions for a broad use of colour radiopaque lymphography in oncology.", "PMID": 664167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10224", "title": "[Anterior tibial syndrome resulting from acute arterial insufficiency].", "content": "From the experience with 11 patients the authors show that in acute patency disorders of the iliac, femoral and popliteal arteries some symptoms of the injury mainly to the muscles and sometimes to the nerves of the anterior bed of the leg--\"anterior tibial syndrome\"--are likely to occur. An urgent reconstructive surgical intervention upon the artery, anterior fasciotomy is of a crucial importance in the treatment of this condition. Depending on the cause of the disease embol- and thrombectomy, circular suture or autovenous plasty of the artery were performed. 6 patients recovered, 3 patients developed a considerable functional disorder of the foot and toes extensors, in 2 patients the process resulted in the development of gangrene of the extremity.", "contents": "[Anterior tibial syndrome resulting from acute arterial insufficiency]. From the experience with 11 patients the authors show that in acute patency disorders of the iliac, femoral and popliteal arteries some symptoms of the injury mainly to the muscles and sometimes to the nerves of the anterior bed of the leg--\"anterior tibial syndrome\"--are likely to occur. An urgent reconstructive surgical intervention upon the artery, anterior fasciotomy is of a crucial importance in the treatment of this condition. Depending on the cause of the disease embol- and thrombectomy, circular suture or autovenous plasty of the artery were performed. 6 patients recovered, 3 patients developed a considerable functional disorder of the foot and toes extensors, in 2 patients the process resulted in the development of gangrene of the extremity.", "PMID": 664168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10225", "title": "[Characteristics and structure of automobile injuries].", "content": "The characteristics of peculiarities of a car trauma in 788 cases is presented. A multiple and combined character of injuries with a severe clinical picture (72.4%) is emphasized. The attention is drawn to leading and frequent severe sequelae of the trauma: massive blood loss (55.6%), disturbance of external respiration (56.7%), injuries to vitally important organs (54.7%), which constitute main causes of fatal outcome in acute period (25.9%). The difficulties, one encounters during the treatment of such injuries, are listed and the conclusion is drawn that the treatment of car injuries should be carried out in a specialized department with the participation of broadly qualified surgeons and reanimatologists.", "contents": "[Characteristics and structure of automobile injuries]. The characteristics of peculiarities of a car trauma in 788 cases is presented. A multiple and combined character of injuries with a severe clinical picture (72.4%) is emphasized. The attention is drawn to leading and frequent severe sequelae of the trauma: massive blood loss (55.6%), disturbance of external respiration (56.7%), injuries to vitally important organs (54.7%), which constitute main causes of fatal outcome in acute period (25.9%). The difficulties, one encounters during the treatment of such injuries, are listed and the conclusion is drawn that the treatment of car injuries should be carried out in a specialized department with the participation of broadly qualified surgeons and reanimatologists.", "PMID": 664176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10226", "title": "[Acute digestive tract ulcers in patients suffering from burns].", "content": "Among the burned who died in the clinic of thermal injuries for the last 17 years acute ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract of various localization and number were found in 48 cases. Only in 13 of them the clinical diagnosis had been established. Bleeding from acute ulcers of the digestive tract and their perforation had been found, as a rule, at the 2nd and mainly at the 3rd week from the moment of the burn injury. A high lethality among the Curling's ulcer eases following both conservative and surgical treatment is noted.", "contents": "[Acute digestive tract ulcers in patients suffering from burns]. Among the burned who died in the clinic of thermal injuries for the last 17 years acute ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract of various localization and number were found in 48 cases. Only in 13 of them the clinical diagnosis had been established. Bleeding from acute ulcers of the digestive tract and their perforation had been found, as a rule, at the 2nd and mainly at the 3rd week from the moment of the burn injury. A high lethality among the Curling's ulcer eases following both conservative and surgical treatment is noted.", "PMID": 664179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10227", "title": "The pathology of bovine mannosidosis.", "content": "Mannosidosis of Angus calves is an inherited lethal disease associated with a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha=mannosidase. It is characterised by vacuolation of neurons, macrophages, fixed reticuloendothelial cells, exocrine epithelial cells and to a lesser extent a wide variety of other cells. Vacuoles are shown to be membrane-bound vesicles and are considered to be secondary lysosomes in which are stored mannose-containing oligosaccharides that result from incomplete degradation of glycoproteins. Such glycoproteins may enter the lysomal system by heterophagy, autophagy or crinophagy. The presence in the pancreas of zymogen granules in storage vesicles indicates that incomplete degradation of secretory granules might help explain the widespread vacuolation of other exocrine cells. It is suggested that such granules may enter the lysosomal system by crinophagy.", "contents": "The pathology of bovine mannosidosis. Mannosidosis of Angus calves is an inherited lethal disease associated with a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha=mannosidase. It is characterised by vacuolation of neurons, macrophages, fixed reticuloendothelial cells, exocrine epithelial cells and to a lesser extent a wide variety of other cells. Vacuoles are shown to be membrane-bound vesicles and are considered to be secondary lysosomes in which are stored mannose-containing oligosaccharides that result from incomplete degradation of glycoproteins. Such glycoproteins may enter the lysomal system by heterophagy, autophagy or crinophagy. The presence in the pancreas of zymogen granules in storage vesicles indicates that incomplete degradation of secretory granules might help explain the widespread vacuolation of other exocrine cells. It is suggested that such granules may enter the lysosomal system by crinophagy.", "PMID": 664183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10228", "title": "High prevalence of thymoma in the dairy goat. Report of seventeen cases.", "content": "Among 92 dairy goats, mainly of Saanen breeding, necropsied during studies on slow viral diseases, 17 (25.3%) of 67 over 2 years old had thymoma. Ten were females and seven were castrated males. In none was the thymoma accompanied by clinical signs attributable to it. Except for one at the thoracic inlet, all tumors were in the cranial mediastinal cavity. Encapsulated and sometimes cystic, they varied from a 2-centimeter nodule to a smoothly bosselated 10x8x8-centimeter mass weighing 300 grams. Although they were composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells, small lymphocytes predominated in 16. One was predominantly epithelial. Hassall's corpuscles and myoid cells were seen in all tumors. In 12 tumors, small veins were encircled by spaces that varied from empty clefts to wide, fluid-filled cavities. The high prevalence of thymoma in these goats supports previous reports that this tumor occurs more often in Capra hircus than in other domestic animals. It may be one of the more common neoplasms in older goats.", "contents": "High prevalence of thymoma in the dairy goat. Report of seventeen cases. Among 92 dairy goats, mainly of Saanen breeding, necropsied during studies on slow viral diseases, 17 (25.3%) of 67 over 2 years old had thymoma. Ten were females and seven were castrated males. In none was the thymoma accompanied by clinical signs attributable to it. Except for one at the thoracic inlet, all tumors were in the cranial mediastinal cavity. Encapsulated and sometimes cystic, they varied from a 2-centimeter nodule to a smoothly bosselated 10x8x8-centimeter mass weighing 300 grams. Although they were composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells, small lymphocytes predominated in 16. One was predominantly epithelial. Hassall's corpuscles and myoid cells were seen in all tumors. In 12 tumors, small veins were encircled by spaces that varied from empty clefts to wide, fluid-filled cavities. The high prevalence of thymoma in these goats supports previous reports that this tumor occurs more often in Capra hircus than in other domestic animals. It may be one of the more common neoplasms in older goats.", "PMID": 664184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10229", "title": "Pulmonary pathology of the motheaten mouse.", "content": "Mice, homozygous for the motheaten gene, developed an unusual pneumonia that was the cause of natural death of mice by 7 weeks of age. Initial lesions consisted of focal accumulations of alveolar macrophages in alveoli, especially adjacent ot bronchioles. Needle-like crystals formed in lysosomes of macrophages and numerous macrophages with crystals filled most alveoli in 5- to 7-week-old mice. Although motheaten mice had lesions in other tissues and were shown by other investigators to have immunological defects, the unusual pneumonia was the only lesion severe enough to cause death.", "contents": "Pulmonary pathology of the motheaten mouse. Mice, homozygous for the motheaten gene, developed an unusual pneumonia that was the cause of natural death of mice by 7 weeks of age. Initial lesions consisted of focal accumulations of alveolar macrophages in alveoli, especially adjacent ot bronchioles. Needle-like crystals formed in lysosomes of macrophages and numerous macrophages with crystals filled most alveoli in 5- to 7-week-old mice. Although motheaten mice had lesions in other tissues and were shown by other investigators to have immunological defects, the unusual pneumonia was the only lesion severe enough to cause death.", "PMID": 664185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10230", "title": "Pathological evaluation of paratuberculosis in naturally infected cattle.", "content": "Thirty-two of 51 cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis had chronic enteritis, chronic lymphangitis or mesenteric lymphadenopathy, or all three, at slaughter. Granulomatous inflammatory lesions were mild to advanced and predominantly involved the distal small intestine. Rectal involvement was seen only in five cattle. Fourteen had microgranulomas in the liver. There were three cytological forms of macrophages: histiocytic, polygonal and epithelioid. The latter two types had engulfed moderate numbers of acid-fast bacilli. The histiocytic macrophages usually were packed with acid-fast bacilli. Except in the liver and occasionally its nodes, remote lesions of paratuberculosis were not found in other organs. One animal had endocardial and aortic calcifications. Most cattle with signs of diarrhea had globule leukocytes in or around myenteric ganglion cells. The thymus of 3- to 8-year-old cattle with clinical signs frequently had mild to advanced involution. The thymus of similarly aged infected animals without clinical signs, and of paratuberculosis-negative animals, had not involuted.", "contents": "Pathological evaluation of paratuberculosis in naturally infected cattle. Thirty-two of 51 cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis had chronic enteritis, chronic lymphangitis or mesenteric lymphadenopathy, or all three, at slaughter. Granulomatous inflammatory lesions were mild to advanced and predominantly involved the distal small intestine. Rectal involvement was seen only in five cattle. Fourteen had microgranulomas in the liver. There were three cytological forms of macrophages: histiocytic, polygonal and epithelioid. The latter two types had engulfed moderate numbers of acid-fast bacilli. The histiocytic macrophages usually were packed with acid-fast bacilli. Except in the liver and occasionally its nodes, remote lesions of paratuberculosis were not found in other organs. One animal had endocardial and aortic calcifications. Most cattle with signs of diarrhea had globule leukocytes in or around myenteric ganglion cells. The thymus of 3- to 8-year-old cattle with clinical signs frequently had mild to advanced involution. The thymus of similarly aged infected animals without clinical signs, and of paratuberculosis-negative animals, had not involuted.", "PMID": 664186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10231", "title": "Medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in the goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "A medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in the right eye of a 1-year-old goldfish (Carassius auratus) had spindle and epithelial cells arranged either in columns or around a central lumen. Vitreous-like material was found within the tumor. A medulloepithelioma is a most unusual tumor in fish in which ocular tumors are rare.", "contents": "Medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). A medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body in the right eye of a 1-year-old goldfish (Carassius auratus) had spindle and epithelial cells arranged either in columns or around a central lumen. Vitreous-like material was found within the tumor. A medulloepithelioma is a most unusual tumor in fish in which ocular tumors are rare.", "PMID": 664187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10232", "title": "Heterotopic calcification in swine.", "content": "Pigs on nutritional studies developed heterotopic calcifications in the left atrial endocardium, submucosa of the gastric fundus and to a lesser extent in other sites. Light and electron microscopy of mineralized tissue showed early edema and connective tissue change, deposition of calcium, granulomatous reaction and repair. There was no alkaline phosphatase activity at the sites of calcification and the distribution of this enzyme activity was normal in other tissues. Increased acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated only in the lysosomes of macrophages in areas of granulomatous inflammation. Calcium and magnesium were within normal range in serum and femoral bone. The character and distribution of the lesions suggested the possibility of protracted low grade hypervitaminosis D3.", "contents": "Heterotopic calcification in swine. Pigs on nutritional studies developed heterotopic calcifications in the left atrial endocardium, submucosa of the gastric fundus and to a lesser extent in other sites. Light and electron microscopy of mineralized tissue showed early edema and connective tissue change, deposition of calcium, granulomatous reaction and repair. There was no alkaline phosphatase activity at the sites of calcification and the distribution of this enzyme activity was normal in other tissues. Increased acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated only in the lysosomes of macrophages in areas of granulomatous inflammation. Calcium and magnesium were within normal range in serum and femoral bone. The character and distribution of the lesions suggested the possibility of protracted low grade hypervitaminosis D3.", "PMID": 664188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10233", "title": "Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.", "content": "After exposure to a variant of Citrobacter freundii, suckling and adult mice developed transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia of the same degree of severity. Mucosal hyperplasia was most severe 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation and then regressed. Suckling mice had a high mortality because of secondary inflammatory and erosive changes. Severe hyperplasia was characterized by mitotic activity along the entire crypt column and surface mucosa.", "contents": "Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. After exposure to a variant of Citrobacter freundii, suckling and adult mice developed transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia of the same degree of severity. Mucosal hyperplasia was most severe 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation and then regressed. Suckling mice had a high mortality because of secondary inflammatory and erosive changes. Severe hyperplasia was characterized by mitotic activity along the entire crypt column and surface mucosa.", "PMID": 664189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10234", "title": "Use of Hexcelite for the immobilisation of the limbs of large animals.", "content": "The use of a thermoplastic linear polyester polymer orthopaedic tape in the treatment of six horses, one donkey and a bull with a variety of orthopaedic problems requiring immobilisation of a limb is described.", "contents": "Use of Hexcelite for the immobilisation of the limbs of large animals. The use of a thermoplastic linear polyester polymer orthopaedic tape in the treatment of six horses, one donkey and a bull with a variety of orthopaedic problems requiring immobilisation of a limb is described.", "PMID": 664191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10235", "title": "Reproductive performance of ewes mated to rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) centric fusion (Robertsonian) translocation.", "content": "One hundred Scottish Blackface ewes were mated to New Zealand Romney rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) centric fusion (Robertsonian) translocation. The lambing percentage of ewes lambed was 131 and the segregation of normal to balanced heterozygous lambs was 1:1. No chromosomally unbalanced lambs were born. Nine heterozygous females were mated to a heterozygous male and produced two homozygous, three heterozygous and seven normal lambs. The homozygous male had hypoplastic testes. The results indicate that there is no significant reduced fertility with 53XYt1 rams but that fertility of 52XYt1t1 rams should be further investigated.", "contents": "Reproductive performance of ewes mated to rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) centric fusion (Robertsonian) translocation. One hundred Scottish Blackface ewes were mated to New Zealand Romney rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) centric fusion (Robertsonian) translocation. The lambing percentage of ewes lambed was 131 and the segregation of normal to balanced heterozygous lambs was 1:1. No chromosomally unbalanced lambs were born. Nine heterozygous females were mated to a heterozygous male and produced two homozygous, three heterozygous and seven normal lambs. The homozygous male had hypoplastic testes. The results indicate that there is no significant reduced fertility with 53XYt1 rams but that fertility of 52XYt1t1 rams should be further investigated.", "PMID": 664192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10236", "title": "Pregnancy toxaemia of beef cows in Orkney.", "content": "Pregnancy toxaemia in beef cows is assessed based on approximately 30 isolated cases seen in Orkney during the period 1974 to 1977. Case histories of nine of these are included. A mortality rate of over 90 per cent was recorded. The importance of nutrition and early detection is emphasised.", "contents": "Pregnancy toxaemia of beef cows in Orkney. Pregnancy toxaemia in beef cows is assessed based on approximately 30 isolated cases seen in Orkney during the period 1974 to 1977. Case histories of nine of these are included. A mortality rate of over 90 per cent was recorded. The importance of nutrition and early detection is emphasised.", "PMID": 664198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10237", "title": "[Cytochrome concentration at different times and low-temperature conditions of preservation of rat kidney cortical homogenates].", "content": "Content of cytochromes (a, c+c1) was decreased in rat kidney cortex homogenates, depending on periods and conditions of storage. Optimal conditions were chosen for prolonged storage of the biomaterial. Under these conditions concentrations of the cytochromes were altered only slightly.", "contents": "[Cytochrome concentration at different times and low-temperature conditions of preservation of rat kidney cortical homogenates]. Content of cytochromes (a, c+c1) was decreased in rat kidney cortex homogenates, depending on periods and conditions of storage. Optimal conditions were chosen for prolonged storage of the biomaterial. Under these conditions concentrations of the cytochromes were altered only slightly.", "PMID": 664438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10238", "title": "[Intensity of the metabolism of separate brain phospholipid fractions in hyperphenylalaninemia].", "content": "Effect of acute and chronic forms of hyperphenylalaninemia on intensity of metabolism and content of some phospholipid fractions was studied in brain of growing rats. Acute form of hyperphenylalaninemia caused a decrease in metabolic activity of phospholipids but did not affect their content. In chronic hyperphenylalaninemia more distinct alterations in brain phospholipids metabolism were manifested as a decrease in their content and in their metabolic intensity. The data obtained suggest that brain demyelination developed in chronic hyperphenylalaninemia.", "contents": "[Intensity of the metabolism of separate brain phospholipid fractions in hyperphenylalaninemia]. Effect of acute and chronic forms of hyperphenylalaninemia on intensity of metabolism and content of some phospholipid fractions was studied in brain of growing rats. Acute form of hyperphenylalaninemia caused a decrease in metabolic activity of phospholipids but did not affect their content. In chronic hyperphenylalaninemia more distinct alterations in brain phospholipids metabolism were manifested as a decrease in their content and in their metabolic intensity. The data obtained suggest that brain demyelination developed in chronic hyperphenylalaninemia.", "PMID": 664439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10239", "title": "[Valyl- and alanyl-tRNA-synthetase activity in the skeletal muscles of the rabbit in diabetes and during insulin administration].", "content": "Activities of alanyl- and valyl tRNA synthetases were considerably higher in rabbit muscle soleus than in muscle gastrocnemius. Repeated injections of insulin into normal rabbits as well as impairment of animals by experimental alloxan diabetes within two weeks did not alter significantly the activity of the synthetases in red and mixed muscles.", "contents": "[Valyl- and alanyl-tRNA-synthetase activity in the skeletal muscles of the rabbit in diabetes and during insulin administration]. Activities of alanyl- and valyl tRNA synthetases were considerably higher in rabbit muscle soleus than in muscle gastrocnemius. Repeated injections of insulin into normal rabbits as well as impairment of animals by experimental alloxan diabetes within two weeks did not alter significantly the activity of the synthetases in red and mixed muscles.", "PMID": 664441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10240", "title": "[Phospholipid distribution and metabolism in the neurons and neuroglia].", "content": "Ratio and intensity of metabolism of phospholipid separate fractions were studied in neurons and neuroglia, isolated from brain cortex by differential ultracentrifugation in density gradient of sucrose and Ficoll with the rate of enriching up to 90% and 80%, respectively. Neurons were characterized by the higher ratio of monophosphoinositides and lysophosphatidyl cholines as compared with neuroglia. Content of phosphatide acids and sphingomyelins was higher in neuroglia. The most specific radioactivity was observed in phosphatide acids both in neurons and neuroglia if 2(-14)C-acetate was administered. Neurons were shown to have higher metabolism of the separate fractions of phospholipids.", "contents": "[Phospholipid distribution and metabolism in the neurons and neuroglia]. Ratio and intensity of metabolism of phospholipid separate fractions were studied in neurons and neuroglia, isolated from brain cortex by differential ultracentrifugation in density gradient of sucrose and Ficoll with the rate of enriching up to 90% and 80%, respectively. Neurons were characterized by the higher ratio of monophosphoinositides and lysophosphatidyl cholines as compared with neuroglia. Content of phosphatide acids and sphingomyelins was higher in neuroglia. The most specific radioactivity was observed in phosphatide acids both in neurons and neuroglia if 2(-14)C-acetate was administered. Neurons were shown to have higher metabolism of the separate fractions of phospholipids.", "PMID": 664442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10241", "title": "[Guinea pig brain and spinal cord glycolipids in tricresyl phosphate poisoning].", "content": "Experimental neuroparalytic form of chronic intoxication with tricresylphosphate (TCP was induced in adult guinea pigs by means of single intracutaneous administration of TCP (industrial mixture containing 37% of ortho-isomer) at a dose of 2.0-2.2 ml/kg of body weight. Moderate and severe forms of the impairment, accompanied by paresis and paralysis of hind extremities was developed in 66.1% of the treated animals. Content of galactolipids (cerebrosides + sulphatides) and gangliosides was determined in brain stem, lumbar and sacral parts of spinal cord of intact and impaired animals. Content of galactolipids was distinctly decreased in spinal cord (by 22.9%) and in brain stem (9.0%). Total gangliosides were decreased by 19.1% in spinal cord, but its content was altered in brain stem. These alterations appear to reflect destructive processes not only in myelin membranes but also in structure of neurones.", "contents": "[Guinea pig brain and spinal cord glycolipids in tricresyl phosphate poisoning]. Experimental neuroparalytic form of chronic intoxication with tricresylphosphate (TCP was induced in adult guinea pigs by means of single intracutaneous administration of TCP (industrial mixture containing 37% of ortho-isomer) at a dose of 2.0-2.2 ml/kg of body weight. Moderate and severe forms of the impairment, accompanied by paresis and paralysis of hind extremities was developed in 66.1% of the treated animals. Content of galactolipids (cerebrosides + sulphatides) and gangliosides was determined in brain stem, lumbar and sacral parts of spinal cord of intact and impaired animals. Content of galactolipids was distinctly decreased in spinal cord (by 22.9%) and in brain stem (9.0%). Total gangliosides were decreased by 19.1% in spinal cord, but its content was altered in brain stem. These alterations appear to reflect destructive processes not only in myelin membranes but also in structure of neurones.", "PMID": 664443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10242", "title": "[Thioamine compound content in urine determined by using an iodine-azide reagent and selenious acid reaction].", "content": "Iodine-azide reagent enabled to evaluate quantitatively content of thioamines excreted within a day. Concentration of thioketons in urine of patients was 11-15 microgram/eqv of thiourea per 1 ml, at the same time their excretion within a day accounted for 13.06 +/- 0.56 mg/eqv in women and 22.11 +/- 1.1 mg/eqv in men. Neither concentration of thioketones in urine nor their excretion in patients with various tumors studied were distinct from these patterns in urine of non-oncologic patients. Comparison of these two methods suggests that development of color on addition of selenous acid to urine is not due to reaction with thioamines present but to interaction with other unknown substances.", "contents": "[Thioamine compound content in urine determined by using an iodine-azide reagent and selenious acid reaction]. Iodine-azide reagent enabled to evaluate quantitatively content of thioamines excreted within a day. Concentration of thioketons in urine of patients was 11-15 microgram/eqv of thiourea per 1 ml, at the same time their excretion within a day accounted for 13.06 +/- 0.56 mg/eqv in women and 22.11 +/- 1.1 mg/eqv in men. Neither concentration of thioketones in urine nor their excretion in patients with various tumors studied were distinct from these patterns in urine of non-oncologic patients. Comparison of these two methods suggests that development of color on addition of selenous acid to urine is not due to reaction with thioamines present but to interaction with other unknown substances.", "PMID": 664444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10243", "title": "[Characteristics of estradiol-receptor interaction in the cytosol of the human Fallopian tubes].", "content": "Physico-chemical parameters (the rate constants of association and dissociation, half life of the estradiol-receptor complex, equilibrium constant, alteration of free energy of the bond) of estradiol-receptor interaction were studied in cytosole in human Fallopian tubes. Amounts of the cytoplasmic binding sites per cell were estimated. Specific interaction of the tube cytosole receptor system with 13 substances was examined. Steroid-receptor reaction has mainly been determined by presence of hydroxyl groups in the 3-d phenol and 17beta-positions. Nearest surroundings at the hydroxyls was also important for manifestation of the affinity of the steroids to the system studied.", "contents": "[Characteristics of estradiol-receptor interaction in the cytosol of the human Fallopian tubes]. Physico-chemical parameters (the rate constants of association and dissociation, half life of the estradiol-receptor complex, equilibrium constant, alteration of free energy of the bond) of estradiol-receptor interaction were studied in cytosole in human Fallopian tubes. Amounts of the cytoplasmic binding sites per cell were estimated. Specific interaction of the tube cytosole receptor system with 13 substances was examined. Steroid-receptor reaction has mainly been determined by presence of hydroxyl groups in the 3-d phenol and 17beta-positions. Nearest surroundings at the hydroxyls was also important for manifestation of the affinity of the steroids to the system studied.", "PMID": 664445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10244", "title": "[Distribution and properties of the alkaline phosphatase in the human gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer].", "content": "In duodenal ulcer alkaline phosphatase activity was the highest in mucosa of pyloric region of curvature ventriculi minor and it decreased distinctly in the tissues removed from pylorus. In cases of gastric ulcer, the enzymatic activity was high throughout the curvatura ventriculi minor reaching the maximal value at the ulcerous zone. Alkaline phosphatase from gastric mucosa resembled the enzyme from intestine in its inhibition patterns with 1-phenylalanine and in inactivation properties at 56 degrees within 15 min; but, as distinct from the latter, the enzyme was more stable at 65 degrees within 5 min, maintaining 50% of the initial activity.", "contents": "[Distribution and properties of the alkaline phosphatase in the human gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer]. In duodenal ulcer alkaline phosphatase activity was the highest in mucosa of pyloric region of curvature ventriculi minor and it decreased distinctly in the tissues removed from pylorus. In cases of gastric ulcer, the enzymatic activity was high throughout the curvatura ventriculi minor reaching the maximal value at the ulcerous zone. Alkaline phosphatase from gastric mucosa resembled the enzyme from intestine in its inhibition patterns with 1-phenylalanine and in inactivation properties at 56 degrees within 15 min; but, as distinct from the latter, the enzyme was more stable at 65 degrees within 5 min, maintaining 50% of the initial activity.", "PMID": 664446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10245", "title": "[Thiamine and pyruvate metabolism in tumor-bearing rats].", "content": "Correlation between pyruvate and lactate contents as well as between enzymes participating in turnover of the substrates (pyruvate- and lactate dehydrogenases, alanine aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase) were studied in rat liver tissue simultaneously with tumor growth and intensive thiaminotherapy. Thiamine, administered into rats carrying carcinosarcoma Woker-256 at a daily dose 12.5 mg/kg body weight, exhibited the normalizing effect on activity of enzymes studied, on quantitative content of LDH isoenzymes and on content of lactate in blood and of pyruvate in liver tissue. Possible effect of thiamine on pyruvate metabolism in tumoral impairment is discussed.", "contents": "[Thiamine and pyruvate metabolism in tumor-bearing rats]. Correlation between pyruvate and lactate contents as well as between enzymes participating in turnover of the substrates (pyruvate- and lactate dehydrogenases, alanine aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase) were studied in rat liver tissue simultaneously with tumor growth and intensive thiaminotherapy. Thiamine, administered into rats carrying carcinosarcoma Woker-256 at a daily dose 12.5 mg/kg body weight, exhibited the normalizing effect on activity of enzymes studied, on quantitative content of LDH isoenzymes and on content of lactate in blood and of pyruvate in liver tissue. Possible effect of thiamine on pyruvate metabolism in tumoral impairment is discussed.", "PMID": 664448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10246", "title": "[Change in the histamine and serotonin levels in the external respiratory apparatus in botulinic poisoning in cats].", "content": "General botulinic intoxication in cats, accompanied by severe respiratory insufficiency, was characterized by distinct impairments in histamine and serotonin metabolism in external respiratory system. Pronounced increase in content of histamine was observed in impaired muscles and their corresponding regional centers of medulla spinalis, when botulinic intoxication had the local type with unilateral paralysis of diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Content of serotonin was increased in the tissues studied only at the later steps of local botulinic intoxication.", "contents": "[Change in the histamine and serotonin levels in the external respiratory apparatus in botulinic poisoning in cats]. General botulinic intoxication in cats, accompanied by severe respiratory insufficiency, was characterized by distinct impairments in histamine and serotonin metabolism in external respiratory system. Pronounced increase in content of histamine was observed in impaired muscles and their corresponding regional centers of medulla spinalis, when botulinic intoxication had the local type with unilateral paralysis of diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Content of serotonin was increased in the tissues studied only at the later steps of local botulinic intoxication.", "PMID": 664449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10247", "title": "[Regulation of ubiquinone metabolism: a study in the regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Distinct increase in biosynthesis of ubiquinone and sterols was observed in regenerating liver tissue of rats; the rate of ubiquinone degradation was not altered. This phenomenon was characterized by incorporation of 14C-tyrosine into ubiquinone and of I-14C-acetate into ubiquinone and sterols in vivo and in vitro. An increased turnover of enzymes, participating in synthesis of the substances, was found in cytoplasm and mitochondria of regenerating liver after administration into animals with subtotal hepatectomy of specific inhibitors: cycloheximide, ethidium bromide, hydroxytetracycline, cholesterol and cholesterol with bile; relative rates of labelled precursors incorporation into ubiquinone and sterols were then estimated in vitro. The highest rate of I-14C-pacetate incorporation into ubiquinone was found within 24 hrs after hepatectomy, into sterols--within 48 hrs and 72 hrs after hepatectomy. Mitochondrial DNA appear to code certain functional proteins responsible for synthesis of ubiquinone in mitochondria. The enzymes, which formed precursors of isoprenoid substances in cytoplasm, were shown to regulate ubiquinone biosynthesis. Regulation of ubiquinone biosynthesis in regenerating liver is discussed.", "contents": "[Regulation of ubiquinone metabolism: a study in the regenerating rat liver]. Distinct increase in biosynthesis of ubiquinone and sterols was observed in regenerating liver tissue of rats; the rate of ubiquinone degradation was not altered. This phenomenon was characterized by incorporation of 14C-tyrosine into ubiquinone and of I-14C-acetate into ubiquinone and sterols in vivo and in vitro. An increased turnover of enzymes, participating in synthesis of the substances, was found in cytoplasm and mitochondria of regenerating liver after administration into animals with subtotal hepatectomy of specific inhibitors: cycloheximide, ethidium bromide, hydroxytetracycline, cholesterol and cholesterol with bile; relative rates of labelled precursors incorporation into ubiquinone and sterols were then estimated in vitro. The highest rate of I-14C-pacetate incorporation into ubiquinone was found within 24 hrs after hepatectomy, into sterols--within 48 hrs and 72 hrs after hepatectomy. Mitochondrial DNA appear to code certain functional proteins responsible for synthesis of ubiquinone in mitochondria. The enzymes, which formed precursors of isoprenoid substances in cytoplasm, were shown to regulate ubiquinone biosynthesis. Regulation of ubiquinone biosynthesis in regenerating liver is discussed.", "PMID": 664450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10248", "title": "[Effect of adrenalectomy and chemical sympathectomy on the catecholamines content in the central nervous system in hemorrhagic stress].", "content": "Content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and normetanephrine was estimated by means of trihydroxyindole method in samples of brain and its hypothalamic part from intact, adrenal- and sympathectomized rats within 15 min, 24 and 72 hrs after hemorrhagic stress (3% blood of body weight within 20 min). Stable increase in dopamine content was observed in brain at all the periods studied. Alterations in the noradrenaline turnover in central nervous system were related to the state of peripheral sympathoadrenal system at early posthemorrhagic steps; the phenomenon was not found at the later periods after stress.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenalectomy and chemical sympathectomy on the catecholamines content in the central nervous system in hemorrhagic stress]. Content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and normetanephrine was estimated by means of trihydroxyindole method in samples of brain and its hypothalamic part from intact, adrenal- and sympathectomized rats within 15 min, 24 and 72 hrs after hemorrhagic stress (3% blood of body weight within 20 min). Stable increase in dopamine content was observed in brain at all the periods studied. Alterations in the noradrenaline turnover in central nervous system were related to the state of peripheral sympathoadrenal system at early posthemorrhagic steps; the phenomenon was not found at the later periods after stress.", "PMID": 664447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10249", "title": "[Ribosomal RNA degradation in rat skeletal muscle in the process of autolysis].", "content": "Comparative histochemical study of RNA content in normal and autolyzed within 72 hrs muscle tissue showed that the nucleic acid well retained during autolysis but the tissue was simultaneously destructed. Polymerization of rRNA in autolyzed tissue proved to depend on temperature of dead animals storage. An increase of temperature from 0 degrees to 21 degrees did not affect the rRNA yield. But amount of latent breaks, which were found in rRNA by methods of formamide and temperature treatment, was increased depending on increase in temperature and on length of animal storage after death. The latent breaks appear to be accumulated in animal tissues during autolysis.", "contents": "[Ribosomal RNA degradation in rat skeletal muscle in the process of autolysis]. Comparative histochemical study of RNA content in normal and autolyzed within 72 hrs muscle tissue showed that the nucleic acid well retained during autolysis but the tissue was simultaneously destructed. Polymerization of rRNA in autolyzed tissue proved to depend on temperature of dead animals storage. An increase of temperature from 0 degrees to 21 degrees did not affect the rRNA yield. But amount of latent breaks, which were found in rRNA by methods of formamide and temperature treatment, was increased depending on increase in temperature and on length of animal storage after death. The latent breaks appear to be accumulated in animal tissues during autolysis.", "PMID": 664453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10250", "title": "[Relative content of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-chains of the soluble collagen fractions from the bone tissue of rats with a varying supply of vitamin D].", "content": "Insufficiency of vitamin D caused a decrease in content of salt- and acid soluble collagen fractions with simultaneous increase of insoluble its fraction in epiphyses of rat tubular bones. At the same time relative content of monomeric alpha-chains was decreased but content of dimeric (beta-chains) and trimeric (gamma-chains) subunits was increased in both collagen fractions. These data are in good agreement with assumption on the increased growth of bone collagen under insufficiency of vitamin D.", "contents": "[Relative content of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-chains of the soluble collagen fractions from the bone tissue of rats with a varying supply of vitamin D]. Insufficiency of vitamin D caused a decrease in content of salt- and acid soluble collagen fractions with simultaneous increase of insoluble its fraction in epiphyses of rat tubular bones. At the same time relative content of monomeric alpha-chains was decreased but content of dimeric (beta-chains) and trimeric (gamma-chains) subunits was increased in both collagen fractions. These data are in good agreement with assumption on the increased growth of bone collagen under insufficiency of vitamin D.", "PMID": 664454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10251", "title": "[Effect of vitamin K on lipid peroxidation in E-avitaminosis].", "content": "Content of malonic dialdehyde was increased 2-fold in liver homogenates of E-avitaminous animals and 5-fold in muscle homogenates. In animals, maintained at E-avitaminous diet but treated with vitamin K, content of malonic dialdehyde in liver homogenates was similar to its content in controls; it increased only 2-fold in muscle homogenates.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamin K on lipid peroxidation in E-avitaminosis]. Content of malonic dialdehyde was increased 2-fold in liver homogenates of E-avitaminous animals and 5-fold in muscle homogenates. In animals, maintained at E-avitaminous diet but treated with vitamin K, content of malonic dialdehyde in liver homogenates was similar to its content in controls; it increased only 2-fold in muscle homogenates.", "PMID": 664452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10252", "title": "[Pathogenesis of hyperlipoproteinemia in rats after the administration of ethanol].", "content": "Single administration of ethanol at a dose of 6 g/kg of body weight caused accumulation of triglycerides in rat liver and development of hyperlipoproteinemia. Synthesis of mono-, di-, triglycerides and apoproteins of lipoproteins of very low density was increased in liver tissue. Lipoproteins of very low density were accumulated in blood; their transformation to lipoproteins of low density was impaired and synthesis of high density lipoproteins was decreased. In fatty tissue synthesis of fatty acids was decreased with simultaneous increase in activity of hormone-dependent lipoprotein lipase. Utilization of acetyl CoA pools, formed from exogenous 14C-acetate and 3H-leucine, was dissimilar in synthesis of neutral lipids and phospholipids; the phenomenon demonstrated that acetyl CoA pools were compartmentalized in synthesis of fatty acids.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of hyperlipoproteinemia in rats after the administration of ethanol]. Single administration of ethanol at a dose of 6 g/kg of body weight caused accumulation of triglycerides in rat liver and development of hyperlipoproteinemia. Synthesis of mono-, di-, triglycerides and apoproteins of lipoproteins of very low density was increased in liver tissue. Lipoproteins of very low density were accumulated in blood; their transformation to lipoproteins of low density was impaired and synthesis of high density lipoproteins was decreased. In fatty tissue synthesis of fatty acids was decreased with simultaneous increase in activity of hormone-dependent lipoprotein lipase. Utilization of acetyl CoA pools, formed from exogenous 14C-acetate and 3H-leucine, was dissimilar in synthesis of neutral lipids and phospholipids; the phenomenon demonstrated that acetyl CoA pools were compartmentalized in synthesis of fatty acids.", "PMID": 664451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10253", "title": "[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic study of the molecular weight of skeletal muscle and myocardial actin].", "content": "Actins, isolated from human sceletal and heart muscles, were studied using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They possessed similar electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight about 46000 daltons.", "contents": "[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic study of the molecular weight of skeletal muscle and myocardial actin]. Actins, isolated from human sceletal and heart muscles, were studied using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They possessed similar electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight about 46000 daltons.", "PMID": 664456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10254", "title": "[Effect of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis on the intensity of phospholipid metabolism in the brain and spinal cord].", "content": "Metabolism of separate phospholipid fractions was studied in rabbit brain hemispheres, truncus cerebri, cervical and lumbar parts of spinal cord in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Different alterations in metabolic activity of phospholipids in brain and spinal cord were noted in EAE. In brain incorporation of 14C into separate phospholipid fractions was inhibited similarly. In spinal cord the direction of metabolic changes was different: metabolism of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine was maximally inhibited in lumbar part and intensity of metabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid was increased in cervical part.", "contents": "[Effect of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis on the intensity of phospholipid metabolism in the brain and spinal cord]. Metabolism of separate phospholipid fractions was studied in rabbit brain hemispheres, truncus cerebri, cervical and lumbar parts of spinal cord in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Different alterations in metabolic activity of phospholipids in brain and spinal cord were noted in EAE. In brain incorporation of 14C into separate phospholipid fractions was inhibited similarly. In spinal cord the direction of metabolic changes was different: metabolism of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine was maximally inhibited in lumbar part and intensity of metabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid was increased in cervical part.", "PMID": 664458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10255", "title": "[Change in the content of adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate and in the activity of creatine kinase in the large intestine mucosa in chronic enterocolitis in relation to the severity of the disease].", "content": "Content of ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine and activity of creatine kinase were estimated in homogenates of biopsy material obtained from large intestine mucose of patients with chronic enterocolitis and of healthy persons. Impairments were observed in interrelations and transformations of adenine nucleotides and in creatine kinase reactions. Decrease in content of total adenine nucleotides and of ATP correlated with the degree of the disease severity. In severe cases the molar ratio ATP/ADP was distinctly decreased.", "contents": "[Change in the content of adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate and in the activity of creatine kinase in the large intestine mucosa in chronic enterocolitis in relation to the severity of the disease]. Content of ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine and activity of creatine kinase were estimated in homogenates of biopsy material obtained from large intestine mucose of patients with chronic enterocolitis and of healthy persons. Impairments were observed in interrelations and transformations of adenine nucleotides and in creatine kinase reactions. Decrease in content of total adenine nucleotides and of ATP correlated with the degree of the disease severity. In severe cases the molar ratio ATP/ADP was distinctly decreased.", "PMID": 664455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10256", "title": "[State of the mitochondria and nuclear chromatin in cerebral cortex nerve cells during laser irradiation].", "content": "Effect of laser irradiation (PPM-mv/cm2, gamma = 632.8 nm) on respiratory and phosphorylating activities of mitochondria as well as on structure-functional state of nuclear chromatin from rat brain cortex neurones were studied. The irradiation stimulated the activities studied suggesting possible increase in functional potentialities of brain tissue under these experimental conditions.", "contents": "[State of the mitochondria and nuclear chromatin in cerebral cortex nerve cells during laser irradiation]. Effect of laser irradiation (PPM-mv/cm2, gamma = 632.8 nm) on respiratory and phosphorylating activities of mitochondria as well as on structure-functional state of nuclear chromatin from rat brain cortex neurones were studied. The irradiation stimulated the activities studied suggesting possible increase in functional potentialities of brain tissue under these experimental conditions.", "PMID": 664459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10257", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of the activity of limiting enzymes of the pentosephosphate pathway in rat liver].", "content": "Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase from rat liver tissue exhibited circadian rhythms with the maximal rate at 22 and 6 o'clock and minimal--at 14 o'clock (per 1 mg of liver protein and per 1 g of the tissue). Decrease in total activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase at the day time was due to distinctly lowered activity of the minor isoenzyme components. Differences in activity of the enzymes were more than 100% at the maximal and minimal periods. The data obtained earlier and in the experiment reported herein suggest that alterations in activity of pentosephosphate pathway enzymes, observed in the states of stress reactions, are presumed to be compensated if they are within the limits of extreme circadian variations; activity of the enzymes, exceeding the circadian variation values, indicates decompensation in the state of carbohydrate turnover.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of the activity of limiting enzymes of the pentosephosphate pathway in rat liver]. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase from rat liver tissue exhibited circadian rhythms with the maximal rate at 22 and 6 o'clock and minimal--at 14 o'clock (per 1 mg of liver protein and per 1 g of the tissue). Decrease in total activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase at the day time was due to distinctly lowered activity of the minor isoenzyme components. Differences in activity of the enzymes were more than 100% at the maximal and minimal periods. The data obtained earlier and in the experiment reported herein suggest that alterations in activity of pentosephosphate pathway enzymes, observed in the states of stress reactions, are presumed to be compensated if they are within the limits of extreme circadian variations; activity of the enzymes, exceeding the circadian variation values, indicates decompensation in the state of carbohydrate turnover.", "PMID": 664462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10258", "title": "[Age characteristics of DNA replication in regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Incorporation of a label into double-stranded DNA as well as transformation of newly formed one-stranded DNA into the double-stranded DNA occurred slower in aged animals, as compared with adult ones, within the period of the most intensive DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy. Dynamic characteristics of replication appear to alter with ageing.", "contents": "[Age characteristics of DNA replication in regenerating rat liver]. Incorporation of a label into double-stranded DNA as well as transformation of newly formed one-stranded DNA into the double-stranded DNA occurred slower in aged animals, as compared with adult ones, within the period of the most intensive DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy. Dynamic characteristics of replication appear to alter with ageing.", "PMID": 664464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10259", "title": "[Study of the toxic factor in liver extracts].", "content": "Dissolution of mitochondrial fraction of ischemic liver was carried out using various detergents, the most effective of which was sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). Excess of SDS was removed by dialysis or by sorption on anion exchange resin. The optically homogenous solution obtained was subsequently purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The preparation contained two fractions: the molecular weight of the major fraction corresponded to that of gamma-globulin and the molecular weight of the minor fraction--to that of cytochrome C. Interrelation was observed between the toxic activity and hydrophobic components of the fraction isolated.", "contents": "[Study of the toxic factor in liver extracts]. Dissolution of mitochondrial fraction of ischemic liver was carried out using various detergents, the most effective of which was sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). Excess of SDS was removed by dialysis or by sorption on anion exchange resin. The optically homogenous solution obtained was subsequently purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The preparation contained two fractions: the molecular weight of the major fraction corresponded to that of gamma-globulin and the molecular weight of the minor fraction--to that of cytochrome C. Interrelation was observed between the toxic activity and hydrophobic components of the fraction isolated.", "PMID": 664463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10260", "title": "[Interrelation of basic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in the brain during hypothermia].", "content": "Main energy substrates of brain--glucose and glycogen, key enzymes of their conversion--hexokinase, amylase and phosphorylase as well as main pathways of the carbohydrate utilization--respiration, glycolysis and pentosephosphate pathway were studied in rat brain at various phases of cooling. Phase alterations of metabolic reactions were observed in hypothermia. The hypothermia was accompanied by quantitative and qualitative alterations in relations between main metabolic pathways.", "contents": "[Interrelation of basic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in the brain during hypothermia]. Main energy substrates of brain--glucose and glycogen, key enzymes of their conversion--hexokinase, amylase and phosphorylase as well as main pathways of the carbohydrate utilization--respiration, glycolysis and pentosephosphate pathway were studied in rat brain at various phases of cooling. Phase alterations of metabolic reactions were observed in hypothermia. The hypothermia was accompanied by quantitative and qualitative alterations in relations between main metabolic pathways.", "PMID": 664460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10261", "title": "[Effect of typhoid endotoxin on total and neutral lipid content in mouse liver tissue].", "content": "Sublethal doses of typhoid lipopolysaccharide increased distinctly the content of total lipids in mice liver tissue. Liver obesity was mainly related to accumulation of triacyl glycerols, the level of which exceeded the initial one 6.2-fold within a day. Mono- and diacyl glycerols also accumulated in liver tissue within the same period. Content of free fatty acids was distinctly higher in experimental animals than in control mice. Pronounced increase in free cholesterol content was observed within 3 hrs after the lipopolysaccharide administration; but within a day the content of cholesterol was markedly lower in the animals as compared with the control mice. The intoxication was accompanied by a decrease in glycolipid content within 3 and 6 hrs but towards the end of the 24-hrs period content of these lipids did not differ from the initial level in liver tissue. The endotoxin did not alter distinctly the total phospholipid content in liver tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of typhoid endotoxin on total and neutral lipid content in mouse liver tissue]. Sublethal doses of typhoid lipopolysaccharide increased distinctly the content of total lipids in mice liver tissue. Liver obesity was mainly related to accumulation of triacyl glycerols, the level of which exceeded the initial one 6.2-fold within a day. Mono- and diacyl glycerols also accumulated in liver tissue within the same period. Content of free fatty acids was distinctly higher in experimental animals than in control mice. Pronounced increase in free cholesterol content was observed within 3 hrs after the lipopolysaccharide administration; but within a day the content of cholesterol was markedly lower in the animals as compared with the control mice. The intoxication was accompanied by a decrease in glycolipid content within 3 and 6 hrs but towards the end of the 24-hrs period content of these lipids did not differ from the initial level in liver tissue. The endotoxin did not alter distinctly the total phospholipid content in liver tissue.", "PMID": 664461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10262", "title": "[Enzyme activity in post-infarct aneurysm and in the myocardial zone outside the infarct in experimental infarct in rats].", "content": "Activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase and creatine phosphokinase were studied in tissue of aneurysm and in extrainfarctional part of rat heart muscle after experimental infarction. Activity of total LDH, content of its anode isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase activity were decreased. Enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway were activated and amount of cathode LDH isoenzymes was increased. The most distinct and apparently irreversible alterations in the enzymatic activity were observed in the aneurysm tissues.", "contents": "[Enzyme activity in post-infarct aneurysm and in the myocardial zone outside the infarct in experimental infarct in rats]. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase and creatine phosphokinase were studied in tissue of aneurysm and in extrainfarctional part of rat heart muscle after experimental infarction. Activity of total LDH, content of its anode isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase activity were decreased. Enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway were activated and amount of cathode LDH isoenzymes was increased. The most distinct and apparently irreversible alterations in the enzymatic activity were observed in the aneurysm tissues.", "PMID": 664466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10263", "title": "[Quinone-reducing activity of thrombocytes].", "content": "NAD/P/H: quinone-oxidoreductase activity was determined in human thrombocytes using spectrophotometric and polarographic methods. Detergents, vitamins K3 and K1, ADP-induced aggregation of the thrombocytes were shown to affect the thrombocytic guinone-reductase activity. Possible localization of quinone-reductase in thrombocytes and its importance for the state of thrombocytic membrane are discussed.", "contents": "[Quinone-reducing activity of thrombocytes]. NAD/P/H: quinone-oxidoreductase activity was determined in human thrombocytes using spectrophotometric and polarographic methods. Detergents, vitamins K3 and K1, ADP-induced aggregation of the thrombocytes were shown to affect the thrombocytic guinone-reductase activity. Possible localization of quinone-reductase in thrombocytes and its importance for the state of thrombocytic membrane are discussed.", "PMID": 664465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10264", "title": "[Circulation of soluble fibrin monomer in the body].", "content": "Circulation of administered monomeric fibrin was studied in comparison with fibrinogene. Bovine monomeric fibrin circulated in rabbit blood within several days and quickly penetrated into lymph. Period of half-elimination of monomeric fibrin from rabbit blood was 18 hrs and the period of half-elimination for fibrinogene constituted 30 hrs.", "contents": "[Circulation of soluble fibrin monomer in the body]. Circulation of administered monomeric fibrin was studied in comparison with fibrinogene. Bovine monomeric fibrin circulated in rabbit blood within several days and quickly penetrated into lymph. Period of half-elimination of monomeric fibrin from rabbit blood was 18 hrs and the period of half-elimination for fibrinogene constituted 30 hrs.", "PMID": 664467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10265", "title": "[Hydrolytic enzymes in biological fluids and skeletal muscle of rats with adjuvant arthritis].", "content": "Activities of several hydrolases were studied in blood serum, synovial fluid and musculus femoris of rats with adjuvant arthritis. Alterations in activity of some hydrolases in blood serum were investigated after treatment of animals with nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (indometacin, aspirin, bruphene), prednisolone or after the treatment with immunodepressants (imurane, D-penicillamine) and theophylline. Distinct activation of several lysosomal enzymes was observed in rats with arthritis: acidic cathepsins and beta-D-glucuronidase--in all the samples studied; beta-D-galactosidase--in synovial fluid and musculus femoris; hyaluronidase--in synovial fluid and blood serum as well as alpha-D-galactosidase and arylsulfatases (A + B)--in the latter. Activation of these enzymes was accompanied by a decrease in activity of other hydrolases: beta-D-glucosidase, hyaluronidase and alpha-D-galactosidase--in musculus femoris; alpha-D- and beta-D-glucosidases--in blood serum. In treatment of the impaired rats aspirin was the most effective drug, bruphene was less effective. Only theophylline among the drugs studied activated distinctly alpha-D-glucosidase in blood serum. Combination of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (like aspirin and bruphene) with theophylline was apparently the most suitable way for treatment of arthritis under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Hydrolytic enzymes in biological fluids and skeletal muscle of rats with adjuvant arthritis]. Activities of several hydrolases were studied in blood serum, synovial fluid and musculus femoris of rats with adjuvant arthritis. Alterations in activity of some hydrolases in blood serum were investigated after treatment of animals with nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (indometacin, aspirin, bruphene), prednisolone or after the treatment with immunodepressants (imurane, D-penicillamine) and theophylline. Distinct activation of several lysosomal enzymes was observed in rats with arthritis: acidic cathepsins and beta-D-glucuronidase--in all the samples studied; beta-D-galactosidase--in synovial fluid and musculus femoris; hyaluronidase--in synovial fluid and blood serum as well as alpha-D-galactosidase and arylsulfatases (A + B)--in the latter. Activation of these enzymes was accompanied by a decrease in activity of other hydrolases: beta-D-glucosidase, hyaluronidase and alpha-D-galactosidase--in musculus femoris; alpha-D- and beta-D-glucosidases--in blood serum. In treatment of the impaired rats aspirin was the most effective drug, bruphene was less effective. Only theophylline among the drugs studied activated distinctly alpha-D-glucosidase in blood serum. Combination of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (like aspirin and bruphene) with theophylline was apparently the most suitable way for treatment of arthritis under the experimental conditions.", "PMID": 664468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10266", "title": "[Effect of starvation and diabetes on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases and on the free fatty acid content of rat kidney cortex and medulla].", "content": "Activity of dehydrogenases related to pentosephosphate pathway was not distinctly altered in soluble fraction of kidney cortex and medulla after 48 and 72 hrs of starvation. In diabetes the activity of these enzymes in rat kidney, as distinct from liver tissue, was not decreased but it was elevated and within 72 hrs after administration of alloxan the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased 2-fold and the activity  of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was increased by 30% above the normal level. Content of free fatty acids was also increased in kidney cortex of diabetic rats within 72 hrs after administration of alloxan. Alterations in content of free fatty acids were not observed either in kidney of diabetic animals within other studied periods (6 and 14-16 days) of treatment or in the tissue of starved rats. The data obtained suggest that free fatty acids do not participate immediately in controlling effect on dehydrogenases of pentosephosphate pathway in kidney in vivo.", "contents": "[Effect of starvation and diabetes on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases and on the free fatty acid content of rat kidney cortex and medulla]. Activity of dehydrogenases related to pentosephosphate pathway was not distinctly altered in soluble fraction of kidney cortex and medulla after 48 and 72 hrs of starvation. In diabetes the activity of these enzymes in rat kidney, as distinct from liver tissue, was not decreased but it was elevated and within 72 hrs after administration of alloxan the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased 2-fold and the activity  of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was increased by 30% above the normal level. Content of free fatty acids was also increased in kidney cortex of diabetic rats within 72 hrs after administration of alloxan. Alterations in content of free fatty acids were not observed either in kidney of diabetic animals within other studied periods (6 and 14-16 days) of treatment or in the tissue of starved rats. The data obtained suggest that free fatty acids do not participate immediately in controlling effect on dehydrogenases of pentosephosphate pathway in kidney in vivo.", "PMID": 664469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10267", "title": "[Thiamine- and thiamine diphosphate-binding capacity of the hyaloplasmic fraction of rat liver].", "content": "Hyaloplasmic fraction of rat liver tissue did not bind 14C-thiamin and 14C-thiamin diphosphate in vitro as shown by means of gel filtration and equilibrium dialysis. All the thiamin and 2/3 of thiamin diphosphate were in vivo in free state or in a state unbound with proteins. Hyaloplasm lost readily the endogenous thiamin diphosphate during dialysis. Endogenous thiamin diphosphate (about 1/3 of the initial content), resistent to dialysis and gel filtration, was apparently included in transketolase in hyaloplasmic fraction of rat liver tissue.", "contents": "[Thiamine- and thiamine diphosphate-binding capacity of the hyaloplasmic fraction of rat liver]. Hyaloplasmic fraction of rat liver tissue did not bind 14C-thiamin and 14C-thiamin diphosphate in vitro as shown by means of gel filtration and equilibrium dialysis. All the thiamin and 2/3 of thiamin diphosphate were in vivo in free state or in a state unbound with proteins. Hyaloplasm lost readily the endogenous thiamin diphosphate during dialysis. Endogenous thiamin diphosphate (about 1/3 of the initial content), resistent to dialysis and gel filtration, was apparently included in transketolase in hyaloplasmic fraction of rat liver tissue.", "PMID": 664470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10268", "title": "[Change in the intracellular ATP pool in rat tissues after ATP administration].", "content": "Concentration of ATP in thymus, spleen, blood and liver tissues of intact rats constituted 84.6 +/- 9.3, 62.3 +/- 12.8, 18.7 +/- 3.9 and 103 +/- 23.8 mg% per 1 g of tissue, respectively. Intramuscular administration of ATP at a dose 350 mg/kg caused wave-shaped alterations in ATP content in rat spleen and liver tissues. Concentration of the nucleotide tend to increase in blood within the period of examination (4 days). Alterations observed in the pool of ATP in tissues studied appear to be due to the effect of the dephosphorylation products of the ATP administered (adenosine, probably) on intracellular metabolism of adenylicnucleotides, particularly, on the metabolism of ATP.", "contents": "[Change in the intracellular ATP pool in rat tissues after ATP administration]. Concentration of ATP in thymus, spleen, blood and liver tissues of intact rats constituted 84.6 +/- 9.3, 62.3 +/- 12.8, 18.7 +/- 3.9 and 103 +/- 23.8 mg% per 1 g of tissue, respectively. Intramuscular administration of ATP at a dose 350 mg/kg caused wave-shaped alterations in ATP content in rat spleen and liver tissues. Concentration of the nucleotide tend to increase in blood within the period of examination (4 days). Alterations observed in the pool of ATP in tissues studied appear to be due to the effect of the dephosphorylation products of the ATP administered (adenosine, probably) on intracellular metabolism of adenylicnucleotides, particularly, on the metabolism of ATP.", "PMID": 664471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10269", "title": "[Effect of complex compounds of heparin with fibrinogen on the processes of fibrin formation].", "content": "Data on dynamics of fibrin formation in blood plasma were obtained by multiple estimation of fibrinogene by Bidwell's method. Underestimated content of fibrinogene in blood plasma within 1 hr after the beginning of the experiment was apparently due to formation of complexes of heparin and fibrinogene. After destruction of the complexes the newly liberated fibrinogene caused gradual increase in the clot weight. Addition of heparin to blood plasma increased binding of fibrinogene in the clot.", "contents": "[Effect of complex compounds of heparin with fibrinogen on the processes of fibrin formation]. Data on dynamics of fibrin formation in blood plasma were obtained by multiple estimation of fibrinogene by Bidwell's method. Underestimated content of fibrinogene in blood plasma within 1 hr after the beginning of the experiment was apparently due to formation of complexes of heparin and fibrinogene. After destruction of the complexes the newly liberated fibrinogene caused gradual increase in the clot weight. Addition of heparin to blood plasma increased binding of fibrinogene in the clot.", "PMID": 664472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10270", "title": "[Method of determining serum iron and iron-binding capacity without protein precipitation in very young children].", "content": "A modification of bathophenanthroline method is described. The method was used for diagnostics of anemia and in order to control the treatment of anemia in children of early ages. The method was checked by estimation of known concentrations of iron in solutions as well as by addition of known amounts of iron to blood serum. Standard deviations ranged from +/- 1.04 to +/- 6.5 and variation coefficient--from 0.5% to 10%. Normal values of iron content and of iron-binding capacity of blood serum, estimated by means of the modified method in 30 healthy children of early ages, did not differ from the corresponding data published in the literature.", "contents": "[Method of determining serum iron and iron-binding capacity without protein precipitation in very young children]. A modification of bathophenanthroline method is described. The method was used for diagnostics of anemia and in order to control the treatment of anemia in children of early ages. The method was checked by estimation of known concentrations of iron in solutions as well as by addition of known amounts of iron to blood serum. Standard deviations ranged from +/- 1.04 to +/- 6.5 and variation coefficient--from 0.5% to 10%. Normal values of iron content and of iron-binding capacity of blood serum, estimated by means of the modified method in 30 healthy children of early ages, did not differ from the corresponding data published in the literature.", "PMID": 664474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10271", "title": "[Effect of the nonspecific biogenic stimulators pentoxyl and mumie on metabolic processes].", "content": "Unspecific biogenic stimulants (pentoxyl and mummie) accelerated metabolism of nucleic acids and protein in rat liver tissue. After the treatment with the stimulants the rate of lipolysis exceeded that of lipogenesis. Increase in content of lactate was similar if glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate were used as substrates of glycolysis, but it was stimulated 2-3-fold, when glucose was used; the phenomenon appears to be due to activation of hexokinase. As shown by polarographic measurements mitochondrial respiration was increased in all the metabolic states, but increased doses caused an inhibition of phosphorylation apparently due to functional overstrain of mitochondria. Increased doses of the stimulants accelerated also some other metabolic processes studied, but the effects were not dose-dependent. Pentoxyl and mummie apparently increased processes of protein and nuclei acid metabolism and stimulated the energy-providing reactions.", "contents": "[Effect of the nonspecific biogenic stimulators pentoxyl and mumie on metabolic processes]. Unspecific biogenic stimulants (pentoxyl and mummie) accelerated metabolism of nucleic acids and protein in rat liver tissue. After the treatment with the stimulants the rate of lipolysis exceeded that of lipogenesis. Increase in content of lactate was similar if glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate were used as substrates of glycolysis, but it was stimulated 2-3-fold, when glucose was used; the phenomenon appears to be due to activation of hexokinase. As shown by polarographic measurements mitochondrial respiration was increased in all the metabolic states, but increased doses caused an inhibition of phosphorylation apparently due to functional overstrain of mitochondria. Increased doses of the stimulants accelerated also some other metabolic processes studied, but the effects were not dose-dependent. Pentoxyl and mummie apparently increased processes of protein and nuclei acid metabolism and stimulated the energy-providing reactions.", "PMID": 664476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10272", "title": "[Proteolytic enzymes in human saliva and gingiva].", "content": "Proteolytic activity was studied in human saliva, gingiva and in other tissues of oral cavity by means of hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE), protamine and hemoglobin. Alkaline proteinases were mainly observed in gingiva, leukocytes and in a precipitate of mixed saliva. Acid proteinases (pH 3.5) were localized in submaxillary saliva. In a liquid fraction of saliva maximal proteolytic activity was estimated both at pH 3.5 (by hydrolysis of hemoglobin), at pH 8.0 (hydrolysis of BAEE and protamine) and at pH 9.3 (only in experiments with protamine). The protamine-splitting activity at pH 9.3 was found only in parotid saliva. The optima of the proteolytic enzymes activity were at pH 3.5 (substrate hemoglobin) and at pH 7.5 (substrates protamine and BAEE) in precipitate of mixed saliva and in gingiva. Effects of several inhibitors, chelating agents, thiol-containing substances and metal ions on the proteolytic activity in saliva were studied.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzymes in human saliva and gingiva]. Proteolytic activity was studied in human saliva, gingiva and in other tissues of oral cavity by means of hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE), protamine and hemoglobin. Alkaline proteinases were mainly observed in gingiva, leukocytes and in a precipitate of mixed saliva. Acid proteinases (pH 3.5) were localized in submaxillary saliva. In a liquid fraction of saliva maximal proteolytic activity was estimated both at pH 3.5 (by hydrolysis of hemoglobin), at pH 8.0 (hydrolysis of BAEE and protamine) and at pH 9.3 (only in experiments with protamine). The protamine-splitting activity at pH 9.3 was found only in parotid saliva. The optima of the proteolytic enzymes activity were at pH 3.5 (substrate hemoglobin) and at pH 7.5 (substrates protamine and BAEE) in precipitate of mixed saliva and in gingiva. Effects of several inhibitors, chelating agents, thiol-containing substances and metal ions on the proteolytic activity in saliva were studied.", "PMID": 664473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10273", "title": "[Spectrophotometric method of determining monoamine oxidase activity in human thrombocytes].", "content": "A method for estimation of monoamine oxidase activity in human thrombocytes is developed. The method is based on coupling of monoamine oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase reactions. The method was highly reproducible. Small volumes of blood were required for analysis. Values of MAO activity, obtained by the method, were in good agrement with the data published in literature.", "contents": "[Spectrophotometric method of determining monoamine oxidase activity in human thrombocytes]. A method for estimation of monoamine oxidase activity in human thrombocytes is developed. The method is based on coupling of monoamine oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase reactions. The method was highly reproducible. Small volumes of blood were required for analysis. Values of MAO activity, obtained by the method, were in good agrement with the data published in literature.", "PMID": 664478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10274", "title": "[Change in the content of a series of components of rat lung connective tissue in the process of aging].", "content": "Content of soluble and insoluble collagen, glycosamine glycans, glycoproteins, lipids and nucleic acids was studied in rat lungs during postnatal ontogenesis (up to 32 months). Three age groups of animals, corresponding to juvenile, mature and old age, were used. Intensive collagenoformation and high content of soluble collagen fraction were found in animals of juvenile age. Mature age was characterized by static equilibrium between soluble and insoluble collagen fractions as well as by stabilization in concentration of RNA, hexuronic acids, hexoses, tyrosine, sialic acids and total lipids. Decrease of DNA concentration with simultaneous increase in phospholipid content preceded in ageing the alteration in collagen composition - elevation in insoluble and loss of soluble its fractions. At the ageing period content of glycosamines was relatively decreased but concentration of other substances varied slightly.", "contents": "[Change in the content of a series of components of rat lung connective tissue in the process of aging]. Content of soluble and insoluble collagen, glycosamine glycans, glycoproteins, lipids and nucleic acids was studied in rat lungs during postnatal ontogenesis (up to 32 months). Three age groups of animals, corresponding to juvenile, mature and old age, were used. Intensive collagenoformation and high content of soluble collagen fraction were found in animals of juvenile age. Mature age was characterized by static equilibrium between soluble and insoluble collagen fractions as well as by stabilization in concentration of RNA, hexuronic acids, hexoses, tyrosine, sialic acids and total lipids. Decrease of DNA concentration with simultaneous increase in phospholipid content preceded in ageing the alteration in collagen composition - elevation in insoluble and loss of soluble its fractions. At the ageing period content of glycosamines was relatively decreased but concentration of other substances varied slightly.", "PMID": 664477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10275", "title": "[Method of measuring binding constants and the number of specific cyclic AMP receptor sites in tissue extracts].", "content": "A method for evaluation of binding constants and of amount of cAMP binding sites in crude tissue extracts was developed. The method is based on equilibrium binding of 3H-cAMP by proteins with subsequent ultrafiltration. Hydrolysis of cAMP and its unspecific sorption by proteins were eliminated under the conditions selected. Rat spleen cytosole contained 3.57 +/- 0.34 pmol of cAMP binding sites per mg of protein with dissociation constant of protein-cAMP complex (1.68 +/- 0.28).10(-8) M. As shown by studies on kinetics, binding constants and specificity of binding, the method permitted to evaluate quantitatively cAMP-dependent protein kinases in crude tissue extracts and to estimate their affinity to cAMP.", "contents": "[Method of measuring binding constants and the number of specific cyclic AMP receptor sites in tissue extracts]. A method for evaluation of binding constants and of amount of cAMP binding sites in crude tissue extracts was developed. The method is based on equilibrium binding of 3H-cAMP by proteins with subsequent ultrafiltration. Hydrolysis of cAMP and its unspecific sorption by proteins were eliminated under the conditions selected. Rat spleen cytosole contained 3.57 +/- 0.34 pmol of cAMP binding sites per mg of protein with dissociation constant of protein-cAMP complex (1.68 +/- 0.28).10(-8) M. As shown by studies on kinetics, binding constants and specificity of binding, the method permitted to evaluate quantitatively cAMP-dependent protein kinases in crude tissue extracts and to estimate their affinity to cAMP.", "PMID": 664475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10276", "title": "[New aspects of the effect of isoniazid on transaminase activity in tuberculosis].", "content": "New evidence is obtained for inhibitory effect of isoniazid on activity of transaminases in prolonged application of the drug. Increase in the isoniazid inhibitory effect on alanine aminotransferase activity was shown to correlate with elevated concentration of Cu2+ in blood serum arising in experimental tuberculosis. Cu2+ and Co2+ caused the increase in the inhibitory effect of isoniazid due to their incorporation into structure of the preparation. The microelements, combined with pyridoxine, inhibited alanine aminotransferase and vice versa activated aspartate aminotransferase.", "contents": "[New aspects of the effect of isoniazid on transaminase activity in tuberculosis]. New evidence is obtained for inhibitory effect of isoniazid on activity of transaminases in prolonged application of the drug. Increase in the isoniazid inhibitory effect on alanine aminotransferase activity was shown to correlate with elevated concentration of Cu2+ in blood serum arising in experimental tuberculosis. Cu2+ and Co2+ caused the increase in the inhibitory effect of isoniazid due to their incorporation into structure of the preparation. The microelements, combined with pyridoxine, inhibited alanine aminotransferase and vice versa activated aspartate aminotransferase.", "PMID": 664479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10277", "title": "[Cerebral lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in different hypoxic conditions].", "content": "Spectrum of LDH isozymes and their activity were compared in animal brain tissue under circulatory and hypoxic forms of hypoxia. Dynamics and manifestation of alterations observed correlated primarily with the type of oxygen deficiency as well as with its severity and length of action. Development of oxygen deficiency in brain tissue was accompanied by increase in total LDH activity and by elevation in content of M-subunits, typical for \"anaerobic\" spectrum of LDH isozymes, with simultaneous decrease in amount of H-subunits.", "contents": "[Cerebral lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in different hypoxic conditions]. Spectrum of LDH isozymes and their activity were compared in animal brain tissue under circulatory and hypoxic forms of hypoxia. Dynamics and manifestation of alterations observed correlated primarily with the type of oxygen deficiency as well as with its severity and length of action. Development of oxygen deficiency in brain tissue was accompanied by increase in total LDH activity and by elevation in content of M-subunits, typical for \"anaerobic\" spectrum of LDH isozymes, with simultaneous decrease in amount of H-subunits.", "PMID": 664480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10278", "title": "[Activity of myocardial, kidney and serum isoenzymes in experimental staphylococcal infection].", "content": "Alteration in activity and spectrum of multiple forms of some enzymes were studied in rat blood serum, myocardium and kidney cells in dynamics of staphylococcal infection as well as after administration of exo- and intracellular protein of staphylococci into animals. In the infection intracellular distribution of enzymes was impared in animal tissues studied and \"tissue\" isoforms of enzymes were accumulated in blood. Staphylococcal exo- and intracellular substances were found to effect dissimilarly on spectrum and activity of isoenzymes from rat kydney, myocardium and blood serum.", "contents": "[Activity of myocardial, kidney and serum isoenzymes in experimental staphylococcal infection]. Alteration in activity and spectrum of multiple forms of some enzymes were studied in rat blood serum, myocardium and kidney cells in dynamics of staphylococcal infection as well as after administration of exo- and intracellular protein of staphylococci into animals. In the infection intracellular distribution of enzymes was impared in animal tissues studied and \"tissue\" isoforms of enzymes were accumulated in blood. Staphylococcal exo- and intracellular substances were found to effect dissimilarly on spectrum and activity of isoenzymes from rat kydney, myocardium and blood serum.", "PMID": 664481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10279", "title": "[Protective effect of arginine in hyperoxia. Activity of cerebral glutaminase and glutamate decarboxylase].", "content": "Activity of glutaminase (both phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent forms of the enzyme) as well as glutamate decarboxylase activity were studied in hyperoxia (6 ati) and under conditions of protection by means of arginine from the effect of hyperoxia. In hyperoxia activity of phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent forms of glutaminase was decreased by 45% and 51%, respectively. At the same time, glutamate decarboxylase activity was decreased by 32%. Arginine showed a protective effect, delaying the time of oxygen convulsions onset by 2.5-fold. The low activities of glutaminases were maintained but the glutamate decarboxylase activity was increased and even exceeded the control level by 29%. A mechanism of the protective effect of arginine is discussed.", "contents": "[Protective effect of arginine in hyperoxia. Activity of cerebral glutaminase and glutamate decarboxylase]. Activity of glutaminase (both phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent forms of the enzyme) as well as glutamate decarboxylase activity were studied in hyperoxia (6 ati) and under conditions of protection by means of arginine from the effect of hyperoxia. In hyperoxia activity of phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent forms of glutaminase was decreased by 45% and 51%, respectively. At the same time, glutamate decarboxylase activity was decreased by 32%. Arginine showed a protective effect, delaying the time of oxygen convulsions onset by 2.5-fold. The low activities of glutaminases were maintained but the glutamate decarboxylase activity was increased and even exceeded the control level by 29%. A mechanism of the protective effect of arginine is discussed.", "PMID": 664482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10280", "title": "[Content of basic lipid fractions in the myocardium of different regions of the heart in healthy people].", "content": "Content of lipids was studied in five parts of myocardium of healthy people by means of thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. The higher content of triglycerides and total lipids was found in dexter parts of heart as compared with sinister parts and septum interventriculare. The same distribution was not shown for free and esterified cholesterol.", "contents": "[Content of basic lipid fractions in the myocardium of different regions of the heart in healthy people]. Content of lipids was studied in five parts of myocardium of healthy people by means of thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. The higher content of triglycerides and total lipids was found in dexter parts of heart as compared with sinister parts and septum interventriculare. The same distribution was not shown for free and esterified cholesterol.", "PMID": 664483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10281", "title": "[Effect of steroid hormones on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Steroid hormones (sex hormones and corticosteroids) were found to inhibite the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase from rat liver mitochondria in vitro. After blocking of arginine guanidine groups in the mitochondrial preparations the inhibitory effect of sex hormones was decreased and that of corticosteroids - prevented. The data obtained suggest that guanidine groups of arginine residues in glutamate dehydrogenase participate in realization of the inhibitory effect of steroid hormones.", "contents": "[Effect of steroid hormones on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in rat liver mitochondria]. Steroid hormones (sex hormones and corticosteroids) were found to inhibite the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase from rat liver mitochondria in vitro. After blocking of arginine guanidine groups in the mitochondrial preparations the inhibitory effect of sex hormones was decreased and that of corticosteroids - prevented. The data obtained suggest that guanidine groups of arginine residues in glutamate dehydrogenase participate in realization of the inhibitory effect of steroid hormones.", "PMID": 664484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10282", "title": "[Effect of thyroid inhibitors and thyroidectomy on sialic acid content of rat blood and liver].", "content": "Effect of experimental hypothyreosis, caused by various thyrostatic agents, on content of sialic acids was studied in blood plasma and liver tissue of white rat males. In hypothyreosis content of sialic acids was distinctly increased in blood serum but decreased in homogenate and structure elements of liver tissue. Alteration in content of sialic in blood plasma correlated with their content in liver structure elements. Content of sialic acids in blood plasma and liver tissue was shown to depend on dosage and length of administration of various thyrostatic preparations. Mechanism of increase in concentration of sialic acids in blood serum under influence of experimental hypothyreosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroid inhibitors and thyroidectomy on sialic acid content of rat blood and liver]. Effect of experimental hypothyreosis, caused by various thyrostatic agents, on content of sialic acids was studied in blood plasma and liver tissue of white rat males. In hypothyreosis content of sialic acids was distinctly increased in blood serum but decreased in homogenate and structure elements of liver tissue. Alteration in content of sialic in blood plasma correlated with their content in liver structure elements. Content of sialic acids in blood plasma and liver tissue was shown to depend on dosage and length of administration of various thyrostatic preparations. Mechanism of increase in concentration of sialic acids in blood serum under influence of experimental hypothyreosis is discussed.", "PMID": 664485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10283", "title": "[Peroxidative and antioxidative activity of lipids in experimental pancreatitis].", "content": "Peroxidation of lipids and alteration in antioxidative activity were studied in normal state and in experimental pancreatitis within 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after the operation. Experimental pancreatitis was accompanied by increase in content of lipid peroxides and by decrease in antioxidative activity of lipids extracted from liver tissue. Administration of thiosulfate decreased slightly the lipid peroxides content and increased the level of antioxidants in pancreatitis. The data obtained suggest that thiosulfate is effective inhibitor of free radical oxidation; it may be used as therapeutic drug in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Peroxidative and antioxidative activity of lipids in experimental pancreatitis]. Peroxidation of lipids and alteration in antioxidative activity were studied in normal state and in experimental pancreatitis within 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after the operation. Experimental pancreatitis was accompanied by increase in content of lipid peroxides and by decrease in antioxidative activity of lipids extracted from liver tissue. Administration of thiosulfate decreased slightly the lipid peroxides content and increased the level of antioxidants in pancreatitis. The data obtained suggest that thiosulfate is effective inhibitor of free radical oxidation; it may be used as therapeutic drug in acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 664486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10284", "title": "[Activation of the incorporation of labeled precursors into ubiquinone in slices of rat hypertrophied kidney].", "content": "Effect of cycloheximide, ethidium bromide and hydroxytetracycline on incorporation of label from I-14C-acetate into ubiquinone and cholesterol as well as from diffusively labelled 14C-tyrosine into ubiquinone was studied in slices of rat hypertrophic kidney within 2 days after unilateral nephrectomy. Incorporation of these labels into ubiquinone and of 1-14C-acetate into cholesterol was distinctly increased using slices of hypertrophic kidney. Repeated administration of cycloheximide just after the operation and within 24 hrs after it depressed the kidney hypertrophy, inhibited completely the label incorporation into cholesterol and partially - into ubiquinone. This suggests that the rate of enzymes production, responsible for synthesis of these substances, is increased in hypertrophic kidney. Injection of ethidium bromide after the operation inhibited distinctly the label incorporation into ubiquinone and did not effect on incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into cholesterol. Hydroxytetracycline proved to be ineffective in these labels incorporation. Mitochondrial DNA appears to participate in coding of some functionally active proteins responsible for ubiquinone biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Activation of the incorporation of labeled precursors into ubiquinone in slices of rat hypertrophied kidney]. Effect of cycloheximide, ethidium bromide and hydroxytetracycline on incorporation of label from I-14C-acetate into ubiquinone and cholesterol as well as from diffusively labelled 14C-tyrosine into ubiquinone was studied in slices of rat hypertrophic kidney within 2 days after unilateral nephrectomy. Incorporation of these labels into ubiquinone and of 1-14C-acetate into cholesterol was distinctly increased using slices of hypertrophic kidney. Repeated administration of cycloheximide just after the operation and within 24 hrs after it depressed the kidney hypertrophy, inhibited completely the label incorporation into cholesterol and partially - into ubiquinone. This suggests that the rate of enzymes production, responsible for synthesis of these substances, is increased in hypertrophic kidney. Injection of ethidium bromide after the operation inhibited distinctly the label incorporation into ubiquinone and did not effect on incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into cholesterol. Hydroxytetracycline proved to be ineffective in these labels incorporation. Mitochondrial DNA appears to participate in coding of some functionally active proteins responsible for ubiquinone biosynthesis.", "PMID": 664487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10285", "title": "[Effect of the body's requirements for vitamin K on the electrophoretic characteristics of erythrocyte membrane proteins].", "content": "Proteins from rat erythrocyte membranes were separated by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Up to II fractions were obtained. Number of these fractions, their content and ratios were altered in rats with primary or secondary vitamin K deficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of the body's requirements for vitamin K on the electrophoretic characteristics of erythrocyte membrane proteins]. Proteins from rat erythrocyte membranes were separated by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Up to II fractions were obtained. Number of these fractions, their content and ratios were altered in rats with primary or secondary vitamin K deficiency.", "PMID": 664488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10286", "title": "[Effect of 1-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide on the synthesis of cellular macromolecules in cell culture].", "content": "Ribovirine (I-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide) possesses the distinct antiviral action against many strains of RNA- and DNA-containing viruses. Data on the effect of ribovirine on the synthesis of cellular macromolecules are presented. After treatment with ribovirine the synthesis of cellular RNA was inhibited by 80-85%. The synthesis of DNA and proteins was decreased less distinctly. The experiments were carried out using the primary tryptic-treated culture of fibroblasts from chicken embryos.", "contents": "[Effect of 1-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide on the synthesis of cellular macromolecules in cell culture]. Ribovirine (I-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide) possesses the distinct antiviral action against many strains of RNA- and DNA-containing viruses. Data on the effect of ribovirine on the synthesis of cellular macromolecules are presented. After treatment with ribovirine the synthesis of cellular RNA was inhibited by 80-85%. The synthesis of DNA and proteins was decreased less distinctly. The experiments were carried out using the primary tryptic-treated culture of fibroblasts from chicken embryos.", "PMID": 664489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10287", "title": "[Selection of optimal conditions for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity].", "content": "Various systems for estimation of aspartate aminotransferase activity were compare with regard to national and international recommendations. An increase of 1-aspartate concentration from 33 mM/1 to 200 mM/1 and of alpha-ketoglutarate from 6.7 mM/1 to 12 mM/1 elevated the enzymatic activity by 30-40%. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate into reaction mixture caused a decrease in the activation from 33% to 7.3%, respectively. The ratio of activation varied from 9.9% to 53.3% in the optimal test using blood serum from patients and phosphate buffer. Thus, one of requirements on evaluation of maximal aspartate aminotransferase activity and on production of reproducible results is application of optimal concentrations of reagents with addition of pyridoxal phosphate into reaction mixture.", "contents": "[Selection of optimal conditions for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity]. Various systems for estimation of aspartate aminotransferase activity were compare with regard to national and international recommendations. An increase of 1-aspartate concentration from 33 mM/1 to 200 mM/1 and of alpha-ketoglutarate from 6.7 mM/1 to 12 mM/1 elevated the enzymatic activity by 30-40%. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate into reaction mixture caused a decrease in the activation from 33% to 7.3%, respectively. The ratio of activation varied from 9.9% to 53.3% in the optimal test using blood serum from patients and phosphate buffer. Thus, one of requirements on evaluation of maximal aspartate aminotransferase activity and on production of reproducible results is application of optimal concentrations of reagents with addition of pyridoxal phosphate into reaction mixture.", "PMID": 664490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10288", "title": "[Low-molecular weight nuclear RNA in the lymphocytes of healthy persons and chronic lympholeukemia patients].", "content": "Low-polymer nuclear RNA (1) of lymphocytes was studied comparatively in healthy individuals and patients with lympholeukemia. In 7.5% polyacrylamid gel both in normal lymphocytes and their leukemic analogs 9 fractions were identified which possess similar electrophoretic mobility. The correlation of separate fractions 1 in pathological lymphocytes was shown to differ from that in lymphocytes of healthy donors. The study of the metabolic activity 1 indicated that one of the fractions (D) is metabolically inert under conditions of a 1-hour label, while in normal lymphocytes one fraction was revealed, whereas in chronic lympholeukemia--two fractions being recorded only by their radioactivity.", "contents": "[Low-molecular weight nuclear RNA in the lymphocytes of healthy persons and chronic lympholeukemia patients]. Low-polymer nuclear RNA (1) of lymphocytes was studied comparatively in healthy individuals and patients with lympholeukemia. In 7.5% polyacrylamid gel both in normal lymphocytes and their leukemic analogs 9 fractions were identified which possess similar electrophoretic mobility. The correlation of separate fractions 1 in pathological lymphocytes was shown to differ from that in lymphocytes of healthy donors. The study of the metabolic activity 1 indicated that one of the fractions (D) is metabolically inert under conditions of a 1-hour label, while in normal lymphocytes one fraction was revealed, whereas in chronic lympholeukemia--two fractions being recorded only by their radioactivity.", "PMID": 664530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10289", "title": "[Early diagnosis of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The investigation based on the analysis of 275 observations indicates that the recognition of lymphogranulomatosis in the general medical service institutions is not adequately organized. Due to their oncological ignorance 22.5% of patients addressed to a specialist 3 months and longer following the onset of the first symptoms. Prolonged and incomplete examination not infrequently resulted in diagnostic errors and delayed therapy. To the onset of the treatment 50% of patients have developed a generalized process (stage III-IV). Therefore, to improve the early diagnosis of lymphogranulomatosis it is essential to gain adequate enlightenment among the doctors of the general medical service and the population with ragard to the clinical manifestations of malignant lymphomas and also to institute the appropriate organization measures.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of lymphogranulomatosis]. The investigation based on the analysis of 275 observations indicates that the recognition of lymphogranulomatosis in the general medical service institutions is not adequately organized. Due to their oncological ignorance 22.5% of patients addressed to a specialist 3 months and longer following the onset of the first symptoms. Prolonged and incomplete examination not infrequently resulted in diagnostic errors and delayed therapy. To the onset of the treatment 50% of patients have developed a generalized process (stage III-IV). Therefore, to improve the early diagnosis of lymphogranulomatosis it is essential to gain adequate enlightenment among the doctors of the general medical service and the population with ragard to the clinical manifestations of malignant lymphomas and also to institute the appropriate organization measures.", "PMID": 664531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10290", "title": "[Effect of preoperative gamma therapy on the state of the cardiovascular system in oncological patients].", "content": "Forty patients with tumors of the esophagus, cardia and rectum, subjected preoperatively to gamma-therapy (500 rad for 6 days) and 24 patients subjected only to the operation (the control group) were examined for the heart rate, arterial pressure, minute and stroke heart volumes and circulatory volume (AFS--J131) before and after irradiation and 1, 3, 5 days following the operation. Gamma-therapy was found to result in more poor hemodynamic indices whether the heart is irradiated or not. In irradiation of the heart region (cancer of the esophagus and cardia) much poorer hemodynamic indices were noted.", "contents": "[Effect of preoperative gamma therapy on the state of the cardiovascular system in oncological patients]. Forty patients with tumors of the esophagus, cardia and rectum, subjected preoperatively to gamma-therapy (500 rad for 6 days) and 24 patients subjected only to the operation (the control group) were examined for the heart rate, arterial pressure, minute and stroke heart volumes and circulatory volume (AFS--J131) before and after irradiation and 1, 3, 5 days following the operation. Gamma-therapy was found to result in more poor hemodynamic indices whether the heart is irradiated or not. In irradiation of the heart region (cancer of the esophagus and cardia) much poorer hemodynamic indices were noted.", "PMID": 664532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10291", "title": "[Hepatic RNA resistance to enzymatic degradation in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats].", "content": "During hepatocarcinogenesis, induced in rats with diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and lasting for 6 months, the authors have studied the resistance of hepatic RNA to the degradation by serum RNAs, the resistance being served as a criterion of possible changes in the spacial configuration of polynucleotides. In the precancer period the resistance of RNA molecules (total, cytoplasmic, ribosomal and transfer) is found to considerably increase and then to fall within the range of the studied pH (5.1, 7.6 and 8.5). When the malignancy develops, the RNA resistance to enzymatic cleavage increases again and in most cases exceeds the control level. The comparison of the results obtained with those on the effect of the toxic agent (CCl4) allows a conclusion to be made that the carcinotoxic effect of DENA on the rat liver is accompanied with changes in the spacial configuration of cytoplasmic RNA molecules.", "contents": "[Hepatic RNA resistance to enzymatic degradation in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats]. During hepatocarcinogenesis, induced in rats with diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and lasting for 6 months, the authors have studied the resistance of hepatic RNA to the degradation by serum RNAs, the resistance being served as a criterion of possible changes in the spacial configuration of polynucleotides. In the precancer period the resistance of RNA molecules (total, cytoplasmic, ribosomal and transfer) is found to considerably increase and then to fall within the range of the studied pH (5.1, 7.6 and 8.5). When the malignancy develops, the RNA resistance to enzymatic cleavage increases again and in most cases exceeds the control level. The comparison of the results obtained with those on the effect of the toxic agent (CCl4) allows a conclusion to be made that the carcinotoxic effect of DENA on the rat liver is accompanied with changes in the spacial configuration of cytoplasmic RNA molecules.", "PMID": 664533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10292", "title": "[Effect of high-power pulse laser radiation on experimental tumor metastasis].", "content": "Under study was the effect of the energy density and pulse duration of laser radiation on metastasization of Lewis carcinoma and melanoma B16. It was shown that laser irradiation of blastomas, the energy density of the former not exceeding 400 joule/cm2 and the pulse duration being 1 msec, not only fails to contribute to tumor proliferation but, on the contrary, somewhat reduces the number of pulmonary metastases. The phenomenon of such kind is observed in simultaneous rise of the energy density up to 800 joule/cm2 and lengthening of the pulse up to 6 msec.", "contents": "[Effect of high-power pulse laser radiation on experimental tumor metastasis]. Under study was the effect of the energy density and pulse duration of laser radiation on metastasization of Lewis carcinoma and melanoma B16. It was shown that laser irradiation of blastomas, the energy density of the former not exceeding 400 joule/cm2 and the pulse duration being 1 msec, not only fails to contribute to tumor proliferation but, on the contrary, somewhat reduces the number of pulmonary metastases. The phenomenon of such kind is observed in simultaneous rise of the energy density up to 800 joule/cm2 and lengthening of the pulse up to 6 msec.", "PMID": 664534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10293", "title": "[Organization of an oncological service and oncological research in Italy].", "content": "The data on the organization of oncological researches and anticancer combat in Italy are reported. The main cancer research centers--National Cancer Institute (Milan), the Regina Elene Institute (Rome) and the Paskal Fund Tumor Institute (Naples) are described. A brief survey of the activities of Italian Anticancer League as well as of the largest specialized oncological hospitals and anticancer centers is given. The author concludes that oncological research in Italy is being conducted but, within such scope, which fails to meet the requirements of medical science and practice in the country. The allocations for oncological investigations cover only some part of cancer research programs.", "contents": "[Organization of an oncological service and oncological research in Italy]. The data on the organization of oncological researches and anticancer combat in Italy are reported. The main cancer research centers--National Cancer Institute (Milan), the Regina Elene Institute (Rome) and the Paskal Fund Tumor Institute (Naples) are described. A brief survey of the activities of Italian Anticancer League as well as of the largest specialized oncological hospitals and anticancer centers is given. The author concludes that oncological research in Italy is being conducted but, within such scope, which fails to meet the requirements of medical science and practice in the country. The allocations for oncological investigations cover only some part of cancer research programs.", "PMID": 664535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10294", "title": "[Urinary excretion of thioamine compounds in oncological patients].", "content": "Using iodine-azide method, it was possible first to quantify the concentration and amount of the excretion of thiamine compounds in the diurnal urine of patients. The concentration of thioketones in human urine is shown to be 11--15 mg equivalents of thiourea per 1 ml urine, that is an order of magnitude lower than the threshold of sensitivity of the reaction with selenonic acid. It was found that the amount of thioketones excretion per day and their concentration in 1 ml of oncological patients' urine statistically do not differ from the corresponding values in the urine of patients with non-oncological diseases.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of thioamine compounds in oncological patients]. Using iodine-azide method, it was possible first to quantify the concentration and amount of the excretion of thiamine compounds in the diurnal urine of patients. The concentration of thioketones in human urine is shown to be 11--15 mg equivalents of thiourea per 1 ml urine, that is an order of magnitude lower than the threshold of sensitivity of the reaction with selenonic acid. It was found that the amount of thioketones excretion per day and their concentration in 1 ml of oncological patients' urine statistically do not differ from the corresponding values in the urine of patients with non-oncological diseases.", "PMID": 664538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10295", "title": "[Delayed hypersensitivity indices in dogs with an excessive protein content in the diet].", "content": "The state of an elevated delayed sensitivity was produced in dogs through intramuscular introduction of the human blood serum. Later on lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of the animals which were then tested by using a blast-transformation reaction and with reference to the lymphocite cytotoxicity. The ration containing an excess amount of protein was found to lower the activity of the lymphoid sensitized cells in the delayed type allergy during the said reactions.", "contents": "[Delayed hypersensitivity indices in dogs with an excessive protein content in the diet]. The state of an elevated delayed sensitivity was produced in dogs through intramuscular introduction of the human blood serum. Later on lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of the animals which were then tested by using a blast-transformation reaction and with reference to the lymphocite cytotoxicity. The ration containing an excess amount of protein was found to lower the activity of the lymphoid sensitized cells in the delayed type allergy during the said reactions.", "PMID": 664546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10296", "title": "[Basal metabolism in patients with a maxillofacial injury and disordered masticatory function].", "content": "In 31 patients (males, aged 21 to 50) with maxillary fractures basal metabolism was investigated during 24 days by the method of gas exchange. From the moment of the injury and up to the 18th day its level is shown to be by 19.9--30.6 per cent higher than in healthy persons and later on falls down to the normal value.", "contents": "[Basal metabolism in patients with a maxillofacial injury and disordered masticatory function]. In 31 patients (males, aged 21 to 50) with maxillary fractures basal metabolism was investigated during 24 days by the method of gas exchange. From the moment of the injury and up to the 18th day its level is shown to be by 19.9--30.6 per cent higher than in healthy persons and later on falls down to the normal value.", "PMID": 664547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10297", "title": "[Biological value of a yeast isolate].", "content": "Subject to determination was the biological value of protein separated from food yeast by using chemical, enzymatic (chargeability with proteolytic enzymes) and biological (growing male rattlings-weanglings with the initial mass of 45 +/- 1.0 g) methods. The protein content (with no account of nucleinic acids) in rations balanced as to all the ingredients and energy amounted to 10 per cent. The experiments lasted for 28 days. In spite of good assailability of the isolate with pepsin and trypsin and a quite satisfactorily balanced of its amino acids the anabolic effect of the compound was found to be rather low, viz. PER--1.8; BV--49.1%; NPU--40.3% and in the control (caseine)--2,1; 79.0; 60.2 per cent, respectively. This is attributed to the deficiency in compound of sulphur-containing amino acids and to a relative excess of lysine. The biological value of the isolate amounted to 71 per cent of that of caseine. The method of separating protein from the yeast biomass does not have any noticeable adverse effect on its biological value.", "contents": "[Biological value of a yeast isolate]. Subject to determination was the biological value of protein separated from food yeast by using chemical, enzymatic (chargeability with proteolytic enzymes) and biological (growing male rattlings-weanglings with the initial mass of 45 +/- 1.0 g) methods. The protein content (with no account of nucleinic acids) in rations balanced as to all the ingredients and energy amounted to 10 per cent. The experiments lasted for 28 days. In spite of good assailability of the isolate with pepsin and trypsin and a quite satisfactorily balanced of its amino acids the anabolic effect of the compound was found to be rather low, viz. PER--1.8; BV--49.1%; NPU--40.3% and in the control (caseine)--2,1; 79.0; 60.2 per cent, respectively. This is attributed to the deficiency in compound of sulphur-containing amino acids and to a relative excess of lysine. The biological value of the isolate amounted to 71 per cent of that of caseine. The method of separating protein from the yeast biomass does not have any noticeable adverse effect on its biological value.", "PMID": 664548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10298", "title": "[Change in the level of available lysine under the action of moisture and different types of carbohydrates in the thermal processing of casein and sunflower protein products].", "content": "Casein, notfat seed meal and extract of the sunflower notfat seed meal were exposed to the effects of moisture, glucose, lactose and saccharose under different thermal conditions to study the degree to which the level of the available lysine falls in all of the study products under the effect of the mentioned factors. Differences in the action of the factors and conditions of technological treatment revealed by the present investigations on the biological value of the protein products justify emphasizing the importance of choosing adequate parameters for each product, together with the need for considering the complexity of physico-chemical and conformable characteristics of the product.", "contents": "[Change in the level of available lysine under the action of moisture and different types of carbohydrates in the thermal processing of casein and sunflower protein products]. Casein, notfat seed meal and extract of the sunflower notfat seed meal were exposed to the effects of moisture, glucose, lactose and saccharose under different thermal conditions to study the degree to which the level of the available lysine falls in all of the study products under the effect of the mentioned factors. Differences in the action of the factors and conditions of technological treatment revealed by the present investigations on the biological value of the protein products justify emphasizing the importance of choosing adequate parameters for each product, together with the need for considering the complexity of physico-chemical and conformable characteristics of the product.", "PMID": 664549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10299", "title": "[Cytogenetic activity of freshly irradiated potato].", "content": "The anaphasic method was employed in studying the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice after feeding them on irradiated and non-irradiated potatoes. The latter were irradiated raw with gamma-rays in a dose of 10 krad and then fed to the animals for 5 days 24 hours upon irradiation in an amount of 3 g per animal to male albino mongrel mice (10 in each group), viz. in the 1st test series--raw and in the II--cooked. As controls in both series served raw or cooked non-irradiated potatoes. A total of 12 800 cells from 40 animals were counted for the presence of bridges and fragments. The results of the cytogenetic analysis bore proof to the absence of any statistically significant difference in the frequence of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice fed on freshly-irradiated potatoes and in those of control animals.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic activity of freshly irradiated potato]. The anaphasic method was employed in studying the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice after feeding them on irradiated and non-irradiated potatoes. The latter were irradiated raw with gamma-rays in a dose of 10 krad and then fed to the animals for 5 days 24 hours upon irradiation in an amount of 3 g per animal to male albino mongrel mice (10 in each group), viz. in the 1st test series--raw and in the II--cooked. As controls in both series served raw or cooked non-irradiated potatoes. A total of 12 800 cells from 40 animals were counted for the presence of bridges and fragments. The results of the cytogenetic analysis bore proof to the absence of any statistically significant difference in the frequence of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice fed on freshly-irradiated potatoes and in those of control animals.", "PMID": 664550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10300", "title": "[Gas-liquid chromatographic method of studying the migration into cheese of the volatile components of coatings based on aqueous polymer dispersions].", "content": "The Moscow Technological Institute of meat packing and dairy industries has developed in cooperation with a number of branch institutes a technology for obtaining coatings based on aqueous dispersions of BXBD-65 (a copolymer of vinyl and vinylidenchloride) but butyl rubber which posses physico-chemical properties required to ensure biochemical processes attending maturing of the cheese. Gas-liquid chromatography showed that the diffusion of the solvent remnants occurs only in the layer of the cheese in immediate contact with its coating and in amounts below the permissible concentration. At the same time, it was found that vinylchloride was absent both in the coating and in the cheese enclosed in the coating.", "contents": "[Gas-liquid chromatographic method of studying the migration into cheese of the volatile components of coatings based on aqueous polymer dispersions]. The Moscow Technological Institute of meat packing and dairy industries has developed in cooperation with a number of branch institutes a technology for obtaining coatings based on aqueous dispersions of BXBD-65 (a copolymer of vinyl and vinylidenchloride) but butyl rubber which posses physico-chemical properties required to ensure biochemical processes attending maturing of the cheese. Gas-liquid chromatography showed that the diffusion of the solvent remnants occurs only in the layer of the cheese in immediate contact with its coating and in amounts below the permissible concentration. At the same time, it was found that vinylchloride was absent both in the coating and in the cheese enclosed in the coating.", "PMID": 664553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10301", "title": "Serum pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein levels in autoimmune diseases.", "content": "Serum pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) levels have been measured in patients with a variety of proven non-organ specific and organ-specific autoimmune diseases and in age and sex-matched hospital outpatient and inpatient controls. Significantly lower alpha2-PAG levels were only observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis and in patients with atrophic gastritis accompanied by megaloblastic anaemia. In the latter case a significant inverse correlation between alpha2-PAG and haemoglobin levels was noted.", "contents": "Serum pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein levels in autoimmune diseases. Serum pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) levels have been measured in patients with a variety of proven non-organ specific and organ-specific autoimmune diseases and in age and sex-matched hospital outpatient and inpatient controls. Significantly lower alpha2-PAG levels were only observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis and in patients with atrophic gastritis accompanied by megaloblastic anaemia. In the latter case a significant inverse correlation between alpha2-PAG and haemoglobin levels was noted.", "PMID": 664562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10302", "title": "Thrombogenicity of factor IX concentrates: in vitro and in vivo (rabbit) studies.", "content": "The reproducibility and correlation between the NAPTT, TGt50 in (vitro) tests and the Wessler (rabbit) stasis thrombus (in vivo) model have been studied using 10 different factor IX concentrates. The TGt50 test was more reproducible than the NAPTT and the overall reproducibility of the rabbit model was poor. The low reproducibility of the rabbit model appeared to be largely confined to those factor IX concentrates which showed a poor correlation between the NAPTT and TGt50 results. The TGt50 test emerged as the in vitro test which correlated most closely with the in vivo (rabbit) test. It is concluded that the NAPTT and TGt50 test are measuring different thrombogenic moieties in factor IX concentrates and that further studies are required to elucidate this phenomenon.", "contents": "Thrombogenicity of factor IX concentrates: in vitro and in vivo (rabbit) studies. The reproducibility and correlation between the NAPTT, TGt50 in (vitro) tests and the Wessler (rabbit) stasis thrombus (in vivo) model have been studied using 10 different factor IX concentrates. The TGt50 test was more reproducible than the NAPTT and the overall reproducibility of the rabbit model was poor. The low reproducibility of the rabbit model appeared to be largely confined to those factor IX concentrates which showed a poor correlation between the NAPTT and TGt50 results. The TGt50 test emerged as the in vitro test which correlated most closely with the in vivo (rabbit) test. It is concluded that the NAPTT and TGt50 test are measuring different thrombogenic moieties in factor IX concentrates and that further studies are required to elucidate this phenomenon.", "PMID": 664565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10303", "title": "Development of large-scale fractionation methods. VI. An improved method for preparation of antihemophilic factor.", "content": "To increase purity and potency of the antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate prepared by the American Red Cross method, the following modifications were introduced: (1) A cold extraction step was incorporated to remove cold-soluble impurities. The cryoprecipitate (cryo) was extracted with 0.02 M Tris buffer, pH 7.0 (4 ml/g cryo) at 0 degrees C. Factor VIII loss in this step was negligible. (2) AHF was then recovered from the cold-insoluble portion of the cryo by extraction at 21 degrees C with the same buffer. To increase the AHF concentration, this second extraction step was carried out with a smaller buffer volume (2 ml instead of 3--4 ml/g cryo). The subsequent steps, deprothrombinization, filtration and lyophilization were essentially unchanged. To further increase factor VIII concentration, the dried AHF concentrate was reconstituted to 40 rather than 50% of the initial volume. AHF concentrate prepared on a large scale by this method was 20- to 30-fold concentrated and 40- to 50-fold purified over plasma at a recovery of about 250 factor VIII units per liter of plasma. The final product was readily soluble, clear and almost colorless upon reconstitution.", "contents": "Development of large-scale fractionation methods. VI. An improved method for preparation of antihemophilic factor. To increase purity and potency of the antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate prepared by the American Red Cross method, the following modifications were introduced: (1) A cold extraction step was incorporated to remove cold-soluble impurities. The cryoprecipitate (cryo) was extracted with 0.02 M Tris buffer, pH 7.0 (4 ml/g cryo) at 0 degrees C. Factor VIII loss in this step was negligible. (2) AHF was then recovered from the cold-insoluble portion of the cryo by extraction at 21 degrees C with the same buffer. To increase the AHF concentration, this second extraction step was carried out with a smaller buffer volume (2 ml instead of 3--4 ml/g cryo). The subsequent steps, deprothrombinization, filtration and lyophilization were essentially unchanged. To further increase factor VIII concentration, the dried AHF concentrate was reconstituted to 40 rather than 50% of the initial volume. AHF concentrate prepared on a large scale by this method was 20- to 30-fold concentrated and 40- to 50-fold purified over plasma at a recovery of about 250 factor VIII units per liter of plasma. The final product was readily soluble, clear and almost colorless upon reconstitution.", "PMID": 664566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10304", "title": "Variable degradation of factor VIII-related protein in lyophilised concentrates of antihaemophilic factor (AHF).", "content": "Factor VIII-related properties (coagulant = VIII : C, 'Willebrand' factor = VIII R : WF, antigen = VIII R : AG) are measured in a constant proportion in normal plasma and certain preparations of highly purified factor VIII (relative ratios: 0.5--1.5). We tested these activities in some commercial, lyophilised concentrates of factor VIII and found a variable increase of the ratio VIII R : AG/VIII R : WF. The relative increase of VIII R : AG, and/or loss of VIII R : WF, was attributed to variable degradation of factor VIII-related protein(s) which was directly visualized by electrophoresis on 2.75% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "contents": "Variable degradation of factor VIII-related protein in lyophilised concentrates of antihaemophilic factor (AHF). Factor VIII-related properties (coagulant = VIII : C, 'Willebrand' factor = VIII R : WF, antigen = VIII R : AG) are measured in a constant proportion in normal plasma and certain preparations of highly purified factor VIII (relative ratios: 0.5--1.5). We tested these activities in some commercial, lyophilised concentrates of factor VIII and found a variable increase of the ratio VIII R : AG/VIII R : WF. The relative increase of VIII R : AG, and/or loss of VIII R : WF, was attributed to variable degradation of factor VIII-related protein(s) which was directly visualized by electrophoresis on 2.75% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "PMID": 664567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10305", "title": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VI. Family studies.", "content": "The reactivity of the HLA antigens A28, B7 and B8 on red blood cells (RBC) has been studied, and the inheritance of the strength of reactivity examined in 13 families where the HLA haplotypes could be determined. Examination of individuals possessing more than one of the three antigens showed that the antigens seemed to be expressed independently of each other on RBC. The family studies showed that the HLA reactivity of RBC does not invariably follow the HLA haplotype determining the particular antigen. It was also shown that heterozygosity/homozygosity did not seem to have much influence on the strength of reactivity. Our conclusion is that several factors are likely to be responsible for the great variation in HLA reactivity of RBC.", "contents": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VI. Family studies. The reactivity of the HLA antigens A28, B7 and B8 on red blood cells (RBC) has been studied, and the inheritance of the strength of reactivity examined in 13 families where the HLA haplotypes could be determined. Examination of individuals possessing more than one of the three antigens showed that the antigens seemed to be expressed independently of each other on RBC. The family studies showed that the HLA reactivity of RBC does not invariably follow the HLA haplotype determining the particular antigen. It was also shown that heterozygosity/homozygosity did not seem to have much influence on the strength of reactivity. Our conclusion is that several factors are likely to be responsible for the great variation in HLA reactivity of RBC.", "PMID": 664569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10306", "title": "Formation of mono(ethylhexyl)phthalate from di(ethylhexyl)phthalate in human plasma stored in PVC bags and its presence in fractionated plasma proteins.", "content": "The formation of mono(ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) from di(ethylhexyl)phthalate in human plasma stored in bags of polyvinylchloride has been studied. Substantial amounts were formed and in ten bags from 4 to 56microgram/ml were found. After 2 weeks at room temperature the concentration of MEHP had increased to values between 27 and 79 microgram/ml. However, MEHP was also disappearing as shown in a recovery experiment. Of the fractionated proteins albumin contained MEHP in amounts from less than 3 to 290 microgram/g.", "contents": "Formation of mono(ethylhexyl)phthalate from di(ethylhexyl)phthalate in human plasma stored in PVC bags and its presence in fractionated plasma proteins. The formation of mono(ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) from di(ethylhexyl)phthalate in human plasma stored in bags of polyvinylchloride has been studied. Substantial amounts were formed and in ten bags from 4 to 56microgram/ml were found. After 2 weeks at room temperature the concentration of MEHP had increased to values between 27 and 79 microgram/ml. However, MEHP was also disappearing as shown in a recovery experiment. Of the fractionated proteins albumin contained MEHP in amounts from less than 3 to 290 microgram/g.", "PMID": 664570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10307", "title": "Reversal reaction in patients with lepromatous leprosy after transplantation of human fetal thymic grafts.", "content": "An attempt has been made to reconstitute impaired cell-mediated immunity in 1 patient with indeterminate, 4 patients with borderline and 2 patients with polar lepromatous leprosy by grafting three thymus glands obtained from human fetuses of 14--19 weeks gestation. Most of these patients had severe ulcerative erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and were intolerant to dapsone. After thymus transplantation these patients were followed for 1 1/2 years. During this period, all conventional chemotherapy had been withdrawn. In most cases, there was dramatic improvement of the clinical condition, resolution of skin lesions, subsidence of ENL, clearance of bacteria from skin and reconstitution of several immunologic deficits; but late lepromin reactivity returned in none, which indicated permanent lose of resistance to Mycobacterium leprae.", "contents": "Reversal reaction in patients with lepromatous leprosy after transplantation of human fetal thymic grafts. An attempt has been made to reconstitute impaired cell-mediated immunity in 1 patient with indeterminate, 4 patients with borderline and 2 patients with polar lepromatous leprosy by grafting three thymus glands obtained from human fetuses of 14--19 weeks gestation. Most of these patients had severe ulcerative erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and were intolerant to dapsone. After thymus transplantation these patients were followed for 1 1/2 years. During this period, all conventional chemotherapy had been withdrawn. In most cases, there was dramatic improvement of the clinical condition, resolution of skin lesions, subsidence of ENL, clearance of bacteria from skin and reconstitution of several immunologic deficits; but late lepromin reactivity returned in none, which indicated permanent lose of resistance to Mycobacterium leprae.", "PMID": 664571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10308", "title": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. V. A further study of the nature and behaviour of the HLA antigens on red blood cells and their corresponding haemagglutinins.", "content": "The variation in the reactivity of red blood cells (RBC) with HLA haemagglutinins was studied, and the influence of some variable factors evaluated. A comparison of the HLA reactivity of RBC with automated and manual methods, showed the superiority of the Auto-Analyzer technique. The similarity in the nature and behaviour of HLA RBC antigens and the related Chido and Rg antigens is discussed. Inhibition/adsorption experiments were performed, and the results did not support the theory that HLA antigens on RBC originate from serum-HLA-active substance. The strength of the HLA reactivity of RBC from a donor was shown to vary from time to time without evidence of clinical disease.", "contents": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. V. A further study of the nature and behaviour of the HLA antigens on red blood cells and their corresponding haemagglutinins. The variation in the reactivity of red blood cells (RBC) with HLA haemagglutinins was studied, and the influence of some variable factors evaluated. A comparison of the HLA reactivity of RBC with automated and manual methods, showed the superiority of the Auto-Analyzer technique. The similarity in the nature and behaviour of HLA RBC antigens and the related Chido and Rg antigens is discussed. Inhibition/adsorption experiments were performed, and the results did not support the theory that HLA antigens on RBC originate from serum-HLA-active substance. The strength of the HLA reactivity of RBC from a donor was shown to vary from time to time without evidence of clinical disease.", "PMID": 664568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10309", "title": "[Comparative study of the biophysical properties of the ribonucleoproteins of type A influenza viruses].", "content": "The sedimentation and density properties of ribonucleoproteins were studied with different strains of influenza type A virus: A/turkey/Wisconsin/66, A/swine/Iowa/15/31, A/horse/Prague/56, antigenic (A/H3Neq1) and biological (MRC-11) recombinants of the A/Port-Chalmers/1/73 strain. In all the viruses under study, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was found to be heterogeneous and to sediment in a zone of 30-70 S. Variability in the distribution of fragments in different strains was revealed. In A/turkey/Wisconsin/66 and MPC-11 strains the highest radioactivity was found in the zone of \"heavy\" fragments (60-70 S), in A/horse/Prague/56 and A/swine/Iowa/15/31 strains it was prevalent in the zone of 40-50 S. In recombinant A(H3Neq1) the distribution of radioactivity varied in different tests. The buoyant density in cesium chloride in all RNP compenents was found to be similar, 1.34-1.36 g/ml.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the biophysical properties of the ribonucleoproteins of type A influenza viruses]. The sedimentation and density properties of ribonucleoproteins were studied with different strains of influenza type A virus: A/turkey/Wisconsin/66, A/swine/Iowa/15/31, A/horse/Prague/56, antigenic (A/H3Neq1) and biological (MRC-11) recombinants of the A/Port-Chalmers/1/73 strain. In all the viruses under study, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was found to be heterogeneous and to sediment in a zone of 30-70 S. Variability in the distribution of fragments in different strains was revealed. In A/turkey/Wisconsin/66 and MPC-11 strains the highest radioactivity was found in the zone of \"heavy\" fragments (60-70 S), in A/horse/Prague/56 and A/swine/Iowa/15/31 strains it was prevalent in the zone of 40-50 S. In recombinant A(H3Neq1) the distribution of radioactivity varied in different tests. The buoyant density in cesium chloride in all RNP compenents was found to be similar, 1.34-1.36 g/ml.", "PMID": 664618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10310", "title": "[Antigenic relationships of strains of the epidemic virus H1N1 isolated in November-December 1977 in the USSR to inluenza viruses of human and animal origin].", "content": "The results of the study on the antigentic properties of influenza viruses causing an epidemic outbreak in November, 1977, in the USSR established their relationship with human influenza viruses H1N1 to the homologous titer, with H0N1 to 1/16 titer and the virus isolated from whales in the Pacific ocean (H0-H1Nav2) to 1/8 titer. The epidemic strains have been shown to possess neuraminidase of human influenza virus type 1.", "contents": "[Antigenic relationships of strains of the epidemic virus H1N1 isolated in November-December 1977 in the USSR to inluenza viruses of human and animal origin]. The results of the study on the antigentic properties of influenza viruses causing an epidemic outbreak in November, 1977, in the USSR established their relationship with human influenza viruses H1N1 to the homologous titer, with H0N1 to 1/16 titer and the virus isolated from whales in the Pacific ocean (H0-H1Nav2) to 1/8 titer. The epidemic strains have been shown to possess neuraminidase of human influenza virus type 1.", "PMID": 664619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10311", "title": "[Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiluminescence in experimental influenza infection].", "content": "Influenza A2/Victoria virus in the process of development in chick embryos exerted an inhibiting effect on the energy metabolism of liver mitochondria which was manifested in reduced intensity of oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and increased chemiluminescence of the allantoic fluid. It is assumed that the development of influenza virus is associated with changes in permeability and destruction of membrane structures of the cell leading to the release of lipid complexes and disturbances in electron transport in the respiration chain.", "contents": "[Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiluminescence in experimental influenza infection]. Influenza A2/Victoria virus in the process of development in chick embryos exerted an inhibiting effect on the energy metabolism of liver mitochondria which was manifested in reduced intensity of oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and increased chemiluminescence of the allantoic fluid. It is assumed that the development of influenza virus is associated with changes in permeability and destruction of membrane structures of the cell leading to the release of lipid complexes and disturbances in electron transport in the respiration chain.", "PMID": 664620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10312", "title": "St. Louis encephalitis in children.", "content": "St. Louis encephalitis is not an uncommon cause of seasonal meningoencephalitis in children. The clinical presentation is variable and may range from inapparent infection to a severe illness with diverse neurologic signs. A review of three recent cases of St. Louis encephalitis in children in Phoenix, Arizona, stresses the need to consider this type of encephalitis in patients with signs of brain stem dysfunction or acute cerebellar ataxia. The appearance of these clinical signs is supported by the pathologic changes that have been documented to occur, most frequently in the thalamus and brain stem. The importance of serologic identification to facilitate early vector control is emphasized.", "contents": "St. Louis encephalitis in children. St. Louis encephalitis is not an uncommon cause of seasonal meningoencephalitis in children. The clinical presentation is variable and may range from inapparent infection to a severe illness with diverse neurologic signs. A review of three recent cases of St. Louis encephalitis in children in Phoenix, Arizona, stresses the need to consider this type of encephalitis in patients with signs of brain stem dysfunction or acute cerebellar ataxia. The appearance of these clinical signs is supported by the pathologic changes that have been documented to occur, most frequently in the thalamus and brain stem. The importance of serologic identification to facilitate early vector control is emphasized.", "PMID": 664627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10313", "title": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rural community hospitals.", "content": "Carson-Tahoe Hospital is a 77-bed hospital serving a large rural area. During 22 months cardiopulmonary resuscitation was carried out 89 times in 79 persons. Of these resuscitations, 56 were done in the emergency room and 25 on inpatients. Resuscitation was successful in 46 percent of the patients at least once, and 30 percent of the patients lived and were released. These figures compare favorably with those from larger, urban centers, despite problems unique to smaller hospitals.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rural community hospitals. Carson-Tahoe Hospital is a 77-bed hospital serving a large rural area. During 22 months cardiopulmonary resuscitation was carried out 89 times in 79 persons. Of these resuscitations, 56 were done in the emergency room and 25 on inpatients. Resuscitation was successful in 46 percent of the patients at least once, and 30 percent of the patients lived and were released. These figures compare favorably with those from larger, urban centers, despite problems unique to smaller hospitals.", "PMID": 664628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10314", "title": "[Associated action of the measles and mumps viruses on the lymphatic apparatus of guinea pigs].", "content": "The immunomorphological and cytopathological properties of vaccine strains of measles and epidemic mumps viruses inoculated individually and together were studied in experiments in guinea pigs. The optimal doses of measles and mumps monovaccines were found to produce morphological changes of similar intensity in the lymphatic apparatus of guinea pigs. Measles virus stimulated increased alterative changes in lymphoid elements with increased inoculations; mumps virus produced maximum degeneration of the cells immediately after the first inoculation. The combined injection of both viruses enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, the extent of their alteration and the frequency of pathological mitoses more than each monovaccine individually. The increased frequency of pathological mitoses occurred mainly due to moderate non-lethal changes in mitosis in which there was a likelihood of the appearance of viable cells with an altered karyotype.", "contents": "[Associated action of the measles and mumps viruses on the lymphatic apparatus of guinea pigs]. The immunomorphological and cytopathological properties of vaccine strains of measles and epidemic mumps viruses inoculated individually and together were studied in experiments in guinea pigs. The optimal doses of measles and mumps monovaccines were found to produce morphological changes of similar intensity in the lymphatic apparatus of guinea pigs. Measles virus stimulated increased alterative changes in lymphoid elements with increased inoculations; mumps virus produced maximum degeneration of the cells immediately after the first inoculation. The combined injection of both viruses enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, the extent of their alteration and the frequency of pathological mitoses more than each monovaccine individually. The increased frequency of pathological mitoses occurred mainly due to moderate non-lethal changes in mitosis in which there was a likelihood of the appearance of viable cells with an altered karyotype.", "PMID": 664623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10315", "title": "Femoral tibial bypass grafts. The alternative to amputation.", "content": "Severe ischemia and distal gangrene of lower extremities due to obstruction of the popliteal artery and its branches need not require major amputation. Autogenous vein grafts to the distal anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries can avoid tissue loss in many instances.", "contents": "Femoral tibial bypass grafts. The alternative to amputation. Severe ischemia and distal gangrene of lower extremities due to obstruction of the popliteal artery and its branches need not require major amputation. Autogenous vein grafts to the distal anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries can avoid tissue loss in many instances.", "PMID": 664629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10316", "title": "[Effect of the physiological state of ticks on the intensity of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication in them].", "content": "The features of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus reproduction in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor anderson ticks were studied in relation to the age of ticks, duration of fasting, feeding, and conditions of keeping the ticks before and after the experiment. Parenteral infection of ticks at various intervals after molting showed that the most favourable conditions for reproduction, survival, transphase and transovarial transmission of the virus occurred when the virus was given to the ticks in the first days after the period of postlarval development followed by feeding the vectors on vertebrates. In this case, owing to increased metabolic activity and intensive organogenesis and histogenesis, the virus persisted in ticks in high titers till the moment of oviposition and penetrated into the egg batch. When the virus was inoculated into old exhausted females (8-18 months) virus titers in ticks were low and penetration of the virus into the egg batch was irregular.", "contents": "[Effect of the physiological state of ticks on the intensity of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication in them]. The features of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus reproduction in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor anderson ticks were studied in relation to the age of ticks, duration of fasting, feeding, and conditions of keeping the ticks before and after the experiment. Parenteral infection of ticks at various intervals after molting showed that the most favourable conditions for reproduction, survival, transphase and transovarial transmission of the virus occurred when the virus was given to the ticks in the first days after the period of postlarval development followed by feeding the vectors on vertebrates. In this case, owing to increased metabolic activity and intensive organogenesis and histogenesis, the virus persisted in ticks in high titers till the moment of oviposition and penetrated into the egg batch. When the virus was inoculated into old exhausted females (8-18 months) virus titers in ticks were low and penetration of the virus into the egg batch was irregular.", "PMID": 664624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10317", "title": "[Comparative study of the toxicity of poly G-poly C and poly I-poly C in different objects].", "content": "The poly(G).poly(C) complex has the same interferon-inducing and antiviral activity upon parenteral administration to white mice as poly(I).poly(C), but is considerably less toxic. Upon intravenous inoculation of poly(I).poly(C) to mice its LD50 is 15.8 mg/kg whereas poly(G).poly(C) is not toxic in doses up to 200 mg/kg. In rabbits inoculated with poly(I).ploy(C) intravenously its LD50 is 0.22 mg/kg, while poly(G).poly(C) is not toxic in doses of 1 mg/kg. Histological examinations of different organs of mice and rats revealed no pathomorphological changes after a single intravenous and intraperitoneal inoculation of poly(G).poly(C). It exerted no embryotoxic effect in mice in a dose of 5 mg/kg and was considerably less toxic than poly(I).poly(C) in continuous diploid cell cultures of human embryo lung cells.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the toxicity of poly G-poly C and poly I-poly C in different objects]. The poly(G).poly(C) complex has the same interferon-inducing and antiviral activity upon parenteral administration to white mice as poly(I).poly(C), but is considerably less toxic. Upon intravenous inoculation of poly(I).poly(C) to mice its LD50 is 15.8 mg/kg whereas poly(G).poly(C) is not toxic in doses up to 200 mg/kg. In rabbits inoculated with poly(I).ploy(C) intravenously its LD50 is 0.22 mg/kg, while poly(G).poly(C) is not toxic in doses of 1 mg/kg. Histological examinations of different organs of mice and rats revealed no pathomorphological changes after a single intravenous and intraperitoneal inoculation of poly(G).poly(C). It exerted no embryotoxic effect in mice in a dose of 5 mg/kg and was considerably less toxic than poly(I).poly(C) in continuous diploid cell cultures of human embryo lung cells.", "PMID": 664621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10318", "title": "[Bacteriophages isolated from smallpox vaccine].", "content": "A number of lots of dermal and tissue culture smallpox vaccine was studied for the presence of bacteriophage. The presence of bacteriophage was established in lots of tissue culture vaccine but not in the dermal vaccine. Bacteriophage was detected by a modified method for phage isolation. The concentration and activity of the isolated bacteriophage were low. Its activity was increased by passages. The bacteriophage was stable and lysed the main serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli as well as strains of Shigella sonnei and Salmonella of typhoid A.", "contents": "[Bacteriophages isolated from smallpox vaccine]. A number of lots of dermal and tissue culture smallpox vaccine was studied for the presence of bacteriophage. The presence of bacteriophage was established in lots of tissue culture vaccine but not in the dermal vaccine. Bacteriophage was detected by a modified method for phage isolation. The concentration and activity of the isolated bacteriophage were low. Its activity was increased by passages. The bacteriophage was stable and lysed the main serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli as well as strains of Shigella sonnei and Salmonella of typhoid A.", "PMID": 664622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10319", "title": "The central San Joaquin Valley area health education center.", "content": "With federal financial support, an area health education center was established in the central San Joaquin Valley of California. The center is a cooperative health sciences education and health care program organized by the University of California and some of the educational and health care institutions of the valley. The center's goals include providing and improving primary health care education, and improving the distribution of health personnel. These goals are achieved through the cooperative development of a number of independent and interdependent activities. An extensive evaluation of the Area Health Education Center has shown that it is a highly effective program.", "contents": "The central San Joaquin Valley area health education center. With federal financial support, an area health education center was established in the central San Joaquin Valley of California. The center is a cooperative health sciences education and health care program organized by the University of California and some of the educational and health care institutions of the valley. The center's goals include providing and improving primary health care education, and improving the distribution of health personnel. These goals are achieved through the cooperative development of a number of independent and interdependent activities. An extensive evaluation of the Area Health Education Center has shown that it is a highly effective program.", "PMID": 664636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10320", "title": "Medical insurance feasibility study. A technical summary.", "content": "There are risks of adverse outcomes to patients in the course of health care management. A study was undertaken to measure these outcomes in California for 1974. Secondary benefits of the study include new insights into the types and sources of disabilities caused by health care management and the development of new methods for carrying out generic adverse-outcome monitoring.", "contents": "Medical insurance feasibility study. A technical summary. There are risks of adverse outcomes to patients in the course of health care management. A study was undertaken to measure these outcomes in California for 1974. Secondary benefits of the study include new insights into the types and sources of disabilities caused by health care management and the development of new methods for carrying out generic adverse-outcome monitoring.", "PMID": 664637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10321", "title": "Why patients choose homeopathy.", "content": "Interviews with 100 homeopathic patients in the San Francisco Bay Area show that for the most part the patients are young, white and well-educated, and have white-collar jobs; most had previously tried mainstream medical care and found it unsatisfactory. Among the reasons for their dissatisfaction were instances of negative side effects from medication, lack of nutritional or preventive medical counseling, and lack of health education. Experiences with conventional physicians were almost evenly divided: nearly half of the subjects reported poor experiences, slightly fewer reported good experiences. Three quarters of the patients suffered from chronic illness and about half considered their progress to be good under homeopathic care. The majority were simultaneously involved in other nontraditional health care activities.", "contents": "Why patients choose homeopathy. Interviews with 100 homeopathic patients in the San Francisco Bay Area show that for the most part the patients are young, white and well-educated, and have white-collar jobs; most had previously tried mainstream medical care and found it unsatisfactory. Among the reasons for their dissatisfaction were instances of negative side effects from medication, lack of nutritional or preventive medical counseling, and lack of health education. Experiences with conventional physicians were almost evenly divided: nearly half of the subjects reported poor experiences, slightly fewer reported good experiences. Three quarters of the patients suffered from chronic illness and about half considered their progress to be good under homeopathic care. The majority were simultaneously involved in other nontraditional health care activities.", "PMID": 664638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10322", "title": "Pulmonary embolectomy.", "content": "Embolectomy was carried out in eight patients with pulmonary emboli. Angiographic diagnosis was obtained in six, and in two cases pulmonary angiography could not be done because of the very critical condition of the patients. In the latter two, diagnosis was made based only on clinical findings. Two patients died in the operating room (25 percent). Six patients were discharged in good condition. It is emphasized that pulmonary embolectomy should be done in cases of pulmonary emboli when a clinical status of shock is present (systolic blood pressure less than 80 mm of mercury and the patient in low cardiac output syndrome) and when there is no response to medical treatment regardless of the degree of obstruction in the pulmonary arterial tree.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolectomy. Embolectomy was carried out in eight patients with pulmonary emboli. Angiographic diagnosis was obtained in six, and in two cases pulmonary angiography could not be done because of the very critical condition of the patients. In the latter two, diagnosis was made based only on clinical findings. Two patients died in the operating room (25 percent). Six patients were discharged in good condition. It is emphasized that pulmonary embolectomy should be done in cases of pulmonary emboli when a clinical status of shock is present (systolic blood pressure less than 80 mm of mercury and the patient in low cardiac output syndrome) and when there is no response to medical treatment regardless of the degree of obstruction in the pulmonary arterial tree.", "PMID": 664640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10323", "title": "A biological perspective of slow virus infection and chronic disease.", "content": "Sequential events characterize the interaction of viruses with parenchymal cells, and acute lytic infections of tissues and organs have broad biological attributes. A knowledge of these permits a keener understanding of persistent, intermittent herpesvirus infections and persistent, continuous respiratory virus infections. In addition to unique biochemical mechanisms which may permit the latter chronic infections to evolve, the roles of defective and mutant strains of virus, viral interference, and the genetic, developmental and immunological expressions of the host are of considerable and provocative importance. The traditional view of viral infections embraces a broad spectrum of acute pathological and inflammatory events. The relationship of measles virus to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, the elucidation of the latency of herpes simplex virus, and the slow unmasking of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis have illustrated the subtle elements of persistent viral infections of the human being. These chronic neurological diseases have provided the opportunity and stimulus for sharp dissection of the biological and biochemical processes which embellish the logical link of viral infections to other forms of chronic human illness.", "contents": "A biological perspective of slow virus infection and chronic disease. Sequential events characterize the interaction of viruses with parenchymal cells, and acute lytic infections of tissues and organs have broad biological attributes. A knowledge of these permits a keener understanding of persistent, intermittent herpesvirus infections and persistent, continuous respiratory virus infections. In addition to unique biochemical mechanisms which may permit the latter chronic infections to evolve, the roles of defective and mutant strains of virus, viral interference, and the genetic, developmental and immunological expressions of the host are of considerable and provocative importance. The traditional view of viral infections embraces a broad spectrum of acute pathological and inflammatory events. The relationship of measles virus to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, the elucidation of the latency of herpes simplex virus, and the slow unmasking of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis have illustrated the subtle elements of persistent viral infections of the human being. These chronic neurological diseases have provided the opportunity and stimulus for sharp dissection of the biological and biochemical processes which embellish the logical link of viral infections to other forms of chronic human illness.", "PMID": 664641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10324", "title": "Blood transusion: use and abuse of blood components.", "content": "Transfusion of whole blood and some blood components may result in serious or fatal complications, among which hepatitis is most frequent (20,000 to 30,000 cases and 3,000 deaths a year). Although hepatitis B virus (HB Ag) sometimes is implicated in posttransfusion hepatitis, non-A non-B. virus(es) (hepatitis \"C\" virus) probably accounts for most posttransfusion hepatitis. Half of all blood transfusions may be unnecessary.Responsible transfusion practice requires use of appropriate blood components for which there is adequate justification. Transfusion of red blood cells should be given as packed cells in most instances and whole blood should seldom be used.", "contents": "Blood transusion: use and abuse of blood components. Transfusion of whole blood and some blood components may result in serious or fatal complications, among which hepatitis is most frequent (20,000 to 30,000 cases and 3,000 deaths a year). Although hepatitis B virus (HB Ag) sometimes is implicated in posttransfusion hepatitis, non-A non-B. virus(es) (hepatitis \"C\" virus) probably accounts for most posttransfusion hepatitis. Half of all blood transfusions may be unnecessary.Responsible transfusion practice requires use of appropriate blood components for which there is adequate justification. Transfusion of red blood cells should be given as packed cells in most instances and whole blood should seldom be used.", "PMID": 664642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10325", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome is a common respiratory emergency which follows a variety of severe direct and indirect lung insults. Major features are severe respiratory distress, diffuse pulmonary infiltrations, reduced compliance and refractory hypoxemia due to shunt effect. Surfactant abnormalities may play a role in the mechanical derangement of lung function. Supportive care with mechanical ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure results in survival of approximately 50 percent of patients. Only minimal abnormalities in lung function are found in long-term survivors.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome. Adult respiratory distress syndrome is a common respiratory emergency which follows a variety of severe direct and indirect lung insults. Major features are severe respiratory distress, diffuse pulmonary infiltrations, reduced compliance and refractory hypoxemia due to shunt effect. Surfactant abnormalities may play a role in the mechanical derangement of lung function. Supportive care with mechanical ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure results in survival of approximately 50 percent of patients. Only minimal abnormalities in lung function are found in long-term survivors.", "PMID": 664643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10326", "title": "A medical resident in Ponape.", "content": "The University of Hawaii has an elective two-month primary care rotation in Ponape, in the Eastern Caroline Islands, for senior medical residents. Many diagnostic and therapeutic situations provide unusual challenges because of the tropical environment and the paucity of medical facilities. Parasitoses, tuberculosis and trauma are common, and certain diseases, such as cholelithiasis and coronary artery disease, have a low incidence, reflecting the socio-economic conditions. The local intoxicant, sakau, seems to be responsible for dermatologic, pulmonary, and possibly hepatic and neurologic disorders. The rotation has proved to be a worthwhile educational experience for residents and a benefit to the people of Ponape.", "contents": "A medical resident in Ponape. The University of Hawaii has an elective two-month primary care rotation in Ponape, in the Eastern Caroline Islands, for senior medical residents. Many diagnostic and therapeutic situations provide unusual challenges because of the tropical environment and the paucity of medical facilities. Parasitoses, tuberculosis and trauma are common, and certain diseases, such as cholelithiasis and coronary artery disease, have a low incidence, reflecting the socio-economic conditions. The local intoxicant, sakau, seems to be responsible for dermatologic, pulmonary, and possibly hepatic and neurologic disorders. The rotation has proved to be a worthwhile educational experience for residents and a benefit to the people of Ponape.", "PMID": 664646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10327", "title": "Psychiatric treatment. General implications and lessons from recent court decisions in California.", "content": "The California legislature enacted tight constraints on the use of psychosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy in 1974. In April 1976 a State Court of Appeals declared part of the law to be unconstitutional. In doing so, the court enunciated several principles for regulating medical procedures. It affirmed the inherent police powers which permit the state to safeguard the public, especially incompetent, involuntary or confined persons, with respect to intrusive and hazardous medical procedures and to procedures which affect thought or feeling. Although limited to legislation concerning two psychiatric procedures, the court's decision, and subsequently enacted legislation governing these procedures, has implications for other medical procedures and for other parts of the nation.", "contents": "Psychiatric treatment. General implications and lessons from recent court decisions in California. The California legislature enacted tight constraints on the use of psychosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy in 1974. In April 1976 a State Court of Appeals declared part of the law to be unconstitutional. In doing so, the court enunciated several principles for regulating medical procedures. It affirmed the inherent police powers which permit the state to safeguard the public, especially incompetent, involuntary or confined persons, with respect to intrusive and hazardous medical procedures and to procedures which affect thought or feeling. Although limited to legislation concerning two psychiatric procedures, the court's decision, and subsequently enacted legislation governing these procedures, has implications for other medical procedures and for other parts of the nation.", "PMID": 664647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10328", "title": "Death on Denali.", "content": "Between 1903 and 1975 about 1 percent of climbers on Mount McKinley (Denali) and Mount Foraker in Alaska died. In 1976 a total of ten (1.7 percent) of 587 mountaineers died, but this rate of death was not significantly higher than previously. Nineteen percent of climbers in 1976 suffered major or minor injuries, illness or death. Acute mountain sickness (AMS), frostbite and fractures were common. Thirty-three rescues or retrievals of bodies were mounted at a cost of more than $82,000. Inexperience (particularly with arctic mountaineering), poor leadership, faulty equipment and undue reliance on rescue by helicopter contributed to the alarming incidence of accident, illness and death on big peaks in Mount McKinley National Park in 1976.", "contents": "Death on Denali. Between 1903 and 1975 about 1 percent of climbers on Mount McKinley (Denali) and Mount Foraker in Alaska died. In 1976 a total of ten (1.7 percent) of 587 mountaineers died, but this rate of death was not significantly higher than previously. Nineteen percent of climbers in 1976 suffered major or minor injuries, illness or death. Acute mountain sickness (AMS), frostbite and fractures were common. Thirty-three rescues or retrievals of bodies were mounted at a cost of more than $82,000. Inexperience (particularly with arctic mountaineering), poor leadership, faulty equipment and undue reliance on rescue by helicopter contributed to the alarming incidence of accident, illness and death on big peaks in Mount McKinley National Park in 1976.", "PMID": 664648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10329", "title": "Respiration during sleep in children.", "content": "In 22 children (11 boys and 11 girls), aged 9 to 13 years, respiration was monitored during one night of sleep. No child had a significant history of breathing problems during sleep. Sleep was recorded using standard techniques (electroencephalography, electrooculography, electromyography), and respiration was measured with nasal thermistors and abdominal or thoracic strain gauges. Respiratory pauses (five seconds or longer) were determined for all sleep stages. Respiratory rate was scored only in the first and last sleep cycles and during ten waking minutes before sleep onset. Respiratory rate was significantly affected by wakefulness or stage of sleep: highest in wakefulness and stage 1, lowest in stage 2 of the last sleep cycle. Regularity of respiratory rate showed a similar effect. Variance of respiratory rate was significantly lower in girls than boys. Respiratory pauses during sleep were seen in every child, ranging from 3 to 40 pauses per night (average, 17.2 for boys and 18.0 for girls). Significantly greater numbers of pauses per minute were seen in stage 1 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than in stages 2, 3 and 4. The longest respiratory pause was 25 seconds. The conclusion is made that a small number of respiratory pauses during sleep are normal in children of this age.", "contents": "Respiration during sleep in children. In 22 children (11 boys and 11 girls), aged 9 to 13 years, respiration was monitored during one night of sleep. No child had a significant history of breathing problems during sleep. Sleep was recorded using standard techniques (electroencephalography, electrooculography, electromyography), and respiration was measured with nasal thermistors and abdominal or thoracic strain gauges. Respiratory pauses (five seconds or longer) were determined for all sleep stages. Respiratory rate was scored only in the first and last sleep cycles and during ten waking minutes before sleep onset. Respiratory rate was significantly affected by wakefulness or stage of sleep: highest in wakefulness and stage 1, lowest in stage 2 of the last sleep cycle. Regularity of respiratory rate showed a similar effect. Variance of respiratory rate was significantly lower in girls than boys. Respiratory pauses during sleep were seen in every child, ranging from 3 to 40 pauses per night (average, 17.2 for boys and 18.0 for girls). Significantly greater numbers of pauses per minute were seen in stage 1 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than in stages 2, 3 and 4. The longest respiratory pause was 25 seconds. The conclusion is made that a small number of respiratory pauses during sleep are normal in children of this age.", "PMID": 664649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10330", "title": "Management of Briquet syndrome (hysteria).", "content": "The common psychiatric disorder Briquet syndrome (hysteria) has no specific treatment, but it can be managed effectively. Careful diagnosis and differentiation from other psychiatric and medical disorders is the important first step. Surgical intervention should be kept to a minimum; medicines are given cautiously and controlled carefully. The treatment of choice is supportive psychotherapy which ignores physical symptoms and encourages the patient to change the method she uses of coping with her environment.", "contents": "Management of Briquet syndrome (hysteria). The common psychiatric disorder Briquet syndrome (hysteria) has no specific treatment, but it can be managed effectively. Careful diagnosis and differentiation from other psychiatric and medical disorders is the important first step. Surgical intervention should be kept to a minimum; medicines are given cautiously and controlled carefully. The treatment of choice is supportive psychotherapy which ignores physical symptoms and encourages the patient to change the method she uses of coping with her environment.", "PMID": 664650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10331", "title": "Lithium treatment for psychiatric disorders.", "content": "Although used around the world since 1949, lithium has come into extensive use in psychiatry in the United States only within the past decade. Before initiating treatment with this drug, physicians must be familiar with the diagnostic scheme of the major affective disorders, the indications and contraindications to lithium's use, and its principles of treatment, including evaluation before lithium therapy, criteria for monitoring blood levels and signs of impending toxicity. Despite earlier reports about the toxicity of lithium when it was promoted as a salt substitute, lithium is a safe drug. Its use not only has revolutionized the treatment of the major affective disorders, but has opened up new and broad avenues of research into the regulation of man's emotions.", "contents": "Lithium treatment for psychiatric disorders. Although used around the world since 1949, lithium has come into extensive use in psychiatry in the United States only within the past decade. Before initiating treatment with this drug, physicians must be familiar with the diagnostic scheme of the major affective disorders, the indications and contraindications to lithium's use, and its principles of treatment, including evaluation before lithium therapy, criteria for monitoring blood levels and signs of impending toxicity. Despite earlier reports about the toxicity of lithium when it was promoted as a salt substitute, lithium is a safe drug. Its use not only has revolutionized the treatment of the major affective disorders, but has opened up new and broad avenues of research into the regulation of man's emotions.", "PMID": 664651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10332", "title": "Eastern and western approaches to medicine.", "content": "An objective comparison of Eastern and Western approaches to medicine is necessary to further evaluate the validity of Oriental medical techniques such as acupuncture. The development of medicine in Western nations follows the way of hypothetical deduction and the Eastern approach uses the inductive method. The Western approach clearly divides the health from the disease, yet the Eastern approach considers health as a balanced state versus disease as an unbalanced state. The Western approach tends to change the environment and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the environment. There are numerous difficulties in comparing these two approaches. The same terminology may apply to entirely different facts, the teaching and learning methods are quite different, and the evaluation of the treatment is almost not comparable. IN ORDER TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE EASTERN APPROACH BETTER, AN UNDERSTANDING IS NEEDED OF THE BASIC CHINESE CONCEPTS: the concept of a small universe living in a large universe; the duality concept of yin and yang; the concept of anatomy; the concept of physiology in Chinese medicine-the state of equilibrium expressed by the five elements; the concept of pathophysiology expressed by the external and internal insults; the concept of maintaining and promoting health expressed by the circulation of chi and hsieh; the therapeutic concept in Chinese medicine-the normalization or reestablishment of balance of the body function; the concept of preventive medicine.", "contents": "Eastern and western approaches to medicine. An objective comparison of Eastern and Western approaches to medicine is necessary to further evaluate the validity of Oriental medical techniques such as acupuncture. The development of medicine in Western nations follows the way of hypothetical deduction and the Eastern approach uses the inductive method. The Western approach clearly divides the health from the disease, yet the Eastern approach considers health as a balanced state versus disease as an unbalanced state. The Western approach tends to change the environment and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the environment. There are numerous difficulties in comparing these two approaches. The same terminology may apply to entirely different facts, the teaching and learning methods are quite different, and the evaluation of the treatment is almost not comparable. IN ORDER TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE EASTERN APPROACH BETTER, AN UNDERSTANDING IS NEEDED OF THE BASIC CHINESE CONCEPTS: the concept of a small universe living in a large universe; the duality concept of yin and yang; the concept of anatomy; the concept of physiology in Chinese medicine-the state of equilibrium expressed by the five elements; the concept of pathophysiology expressed by the external and internal insults; the concept of maintaining and promoting health expressed by the circulation of chi and hsieh; the therapeutic concept in Chinese medicine-the normalization or reestablishment of balance of the body function; the concept of preventive medicine.", "PMID": 664653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10333", "title": "Planning continuing medical education activities.", "content": "A review of program development literature in adult education and continuing medical education (CME) indicates the pervasive influence of a single approach to designing instructional activities. An examination of the assumptions of this model indicates several weaknesses. An alternative model is proposed that recognizes the importance and impact of the planners' interaction with representatives of the learner group, institutional colleagues and persons in outside agencies. Results of previous research, experience in planning, observations of the planning processes of others and discussions with expert continuing medical educators show that planning is a dynamic process of suggesting and selecting from many alternatives those instructional activities with the greatest potential for effecting the desired changes in learners. Through a series of deliberations, needs are specified, instructional activities are designed, goals and objectives are stated, and evaluation techniques are selected. CME planners direct the process and constantly focus on the immediate impact on the learners and ultimately on the learners' practice behavior.", "contents": "Planning continuing medical education activities. A review of program development literature in adult education and continuing medical education (CME) indicates the pervasive influence of a single approach to designing instructional activities. An examination of the assumptions of this model indicates several weaknesses. An alternative model is proposed that recognizes the importance and impact of the planners' interaction with representatives of the learner group, institutional colleagues and persons in outside agencies. Results of previous research, experience in planning, observations of the planning processes of others and discussions with expert continuing medical educators show that planning is a dynamic process of suggesting and selecting from many alternatives those instructional activities with the greatest potential for effecting the desired changes in learners. Through a series of deliberations, needs are specified, instructional activities are designed, goals and objectives are stated, and evaluation techniques are selected. CME planners direct the process and constantly focus on the immediate impact on the learners and ultimately on the learners' practice behavior.", "PMID": 664657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10334", "title": "[The significance of transfemoral cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Comprehensive angiographical investigation is a prerequisite for successful vascular surgery in the region of the head and neck. An examination of the clinically involved region alone is not normally sufficient. The decision to operate can be made only after taking into account the results of cerebral panarteriography, i.e. investigation of the flow areas of both carotid arteries and the vertebral-basilary circulation, together with any comparable method, the advantages and dangers must be flow measurement. Transfemoral cerebral angiography (TCA) is not only the least strenuous method for the patient, butit is also the most effective available, especially as far as assessment of the origins of the four large cranio-cervical vessels is concerned. However, as with any comparable method, the advantages and angers must be weighed up carefully beforehand in each individual case. A definite indication is absolutely necessary. This paper describes the technique, indications and results of investigations in 70 patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases.", "contents": "[The significance of transfemoral cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases (author's transl)]. Comprehensive angiographical investigation is a prerequisite for successful vascular surgery in the region of the head and neck. An examination of the clinically involved region alone is not normally sufficient. The decision to operate can be made only after taking into account the results of cerebral panarteriography, i.e. investigation of the flow areas of both carotid arteries and the vertebral-basilary circulation, together with any comparable method, the advantages and dangers must be flow measurement. Transfemoral cerebral angiography (TCA) is not only the least strenuous method for the patient, butit is also the most effective available, especially as far as assessment of the origins of the four large cranio-cervical vessels is concerned. However, as with any comparable method, the advantages and angers must be weighed up carefully beforehand in each individual case. A definite indication is absolutely necessary. This paper describes the technique, indications and results of investigations in 70 patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases.", "PMID": 664702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10335", "title": "[The EEG in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An abnormal EEG was obtained in altogether 76% of cases in a series of 172 patients with multiple sclerosis. Among the patients with minor neurological defects and a shorter duration of illness, only 26% of the EEGs were abnormal, whereas abnormal recordings were found in a high percentage of bedridden patients with severe neurological disturbances, irrespective of the duration of the illness, i.e. in 83% and 85% of these patients, subdivided according to illness of under or over 10 years' duration, respectively. Hence, severity of multiple sclerosis rather than length of the disease appears to be reflected in an abnormal EEG. Definite prognostic information concerning life expectancy cannot be otained from the EEG. Organic brain syndrom were closely correlated with the severity of EEG changes. Epileptic manifestations were clinically observed in 5.23% of the patients, all of whom manifested pathological EEG recordings.", "contents": "[The EEG in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. An abnormal EEG was obtained in altogether 76% of cases in a series of 172 patients with multiple sclerosis. Among the patients with minor neurological defects and a shorter duration of illness, only 26% of the EEGs were abnormal, whereas abnormal recordings were found in a high percentage of bedridden patients with severe neurological disturbances, irrespective of the duration of the illness, i.e. in 83% and 85% of these patients, subdivided according to illness of under or over 10 years' duration, respectively. Hence, severity of multiple sclerosis rather than length of the disease appears to be reflected in an abnormal EEG. Definite prognostic information concerning life expectancy cannot be otained from the EEG. Organic brain syndrom were closely correlated with the severity of EEG changes. Epileptic manifestations were clinically observed in 5.23% of the patients, all of whom manifested pathological EEG recordings.", "PMID": 664703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10336", "title": "[A case of lithium intoxication at therapeutic lithium dosage due to additional diuretic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is presented of lithium intoxication with therapeutic doses of lithium, owing to the additional administration of a sodium-excreting diuretic. Since the patient was receiving neuroleptic therapy at the same time, intoxication symptoms at the onset were falsely attributed to neuroleptic extrapyramidal effects. The possible effects of widely-used diuretics in conjunction with lithium therapy are presented. The combination of both therapeutic substances is possible, but calls for extreme caution and strict control of medication, diet and serum lithium levels.", "contents": "[A case of lithium intoxication at therapeutic lithium dosage due to additional diuretic therapy (author's transl)]. A case is presented of lithium intoxication with therapeutic doses of lithium, owing to the additional administration of a sodium-excreting diuretic. Since the patient was receiving neuroleptic therapy at the same time, intoxication symptoms at the onset were falsely attributed to neuroleptic extrapyramidal effects. The possible effects of widely-used diuretics in conjunction with lithium therapy are presented. The combination of both therapeutic substances is possible, but calls for extreme caution and strict control of medication, diet and serum lithium levels.", "PMID": 664704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10337", "title": "[Lactacidosis of the cerebrospinal fluid in apoplexy as indicator of prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood and CSF gases, as well as the level of lactate and pyruvate in blood and CSF were determined in 43 cases. of severe stroke with softening of the brain. It transpired that the CSF lactate level is the best prognostic indicator of survival. CSF values above 2,5 mMol/1 in apoplexy imply a very unfavourable prognosis. The CSF lactate level is also a very useful prognostic indicator in patients suffering from diabetes and/or uraemic metabolic disorders. As the determination of CSF lactate presents no tecnical difficulties and furnishes valuable prognostic information it would merit inclusion as a routine procedure in relevant cases.", "contents": "[Lactacidosis of the cerebrospinal fluid in apoplexy as indicator of prognosis (author's transl)]. Blood and CSF gases, as well as the level of lactate and pyruvate in blood and CSF were determined in 43 cases. of severe stroke with softening of the brain. It transpired that the CSF lactate level is the best prognostic indicator of survival. CSF values above 2,5 mMol/1 in apoplexy imply a very unfavourable prognosis. The CSF lactate level is also a very useful prognostic indicator in patients suffering from diabetes and/or uraemic metabolic disorders. As the determination of CSF lactate presents no tecnical difficulties and furnishes valuable prognostic information it would merit inclusion as a routine procedure in relevant cases.", "PMID": 664706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10338", "title": "[Diagnosis of tuberculosis of the spine (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis is presented of the case histories of 302 patients, admitted with tuberculosis of the spine to the Orthopaedic Department of the University Clinic, Vienna for surgical or conservative treatment. The average time between the onset of pain and the diagnosis was 13 months. Two thirds of the patients had no preceding history of healed or active tuberculosis. The average age of the patients was 40 years. Most of the patients showed tuberculous infection of only two vertebral bodies, mainly affecting the 8th thoracic to the 5th lumbar vertebrae. The diagnosis is made in most cases on the basis of the case history, clinical examination and, in particular, the radiological findings.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of tuberculosis of the spine (author's transl)]. An analysis is presented of the case histories of 302 patients, admitted with tuberculosis of the spine to the Orthopaedic Department of the University Clinic, Vienna for surgical or conservative treatment. The average time between the onset of pain and the diagnosis was 13 months. Two thirds of the patients had no preceding history of healed or active tuberculosis. The average age of the patients was 40 years. Most of the patients showed tuberculous infection of only two vertebral bodies, mainly affecting the 8th thoracic to the 5th lumbar vertebrae. The diagnosis is made in most cases on the basis of the case history, clinical examination and, in particular, the radiological findings.", "PMID": 664707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10339", "title": "[Surgical treatment of uraemic pericarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical therapy was undertaken in 8 patients with uraemic pericarditis. The clinical symptoms and signs, operative technique and results are presented and compared with the relevant literature. Extended pericardial resection after median sternotomy has proved to be the method of choice in the management of pericardial tamponade due to uraemic pericarditis with haemorrhagic effusion. Acute pericardial tamponade is thereby alleviated, relapse prevented and intra- and postoperative respiratory function maintained.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of uraemic pericarditis (author's transl)]. Surgical therapy was undertaken in 8 patients with uraemic pericarditis. The clinical symptoms and signs, operative technique and results are presented and compared with the relevant literature. Extended pericardial resection after median sternotomy has proved to be the method of choice in the management of pericardial tamponade due to uraemic pericarditis with haemorrhagic effusion. Acute pericardial tamponade is thereby alleviated, relapse prevented and intra- and postoperative respiratory function maintained.", "PMID": 664708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10340", "title": "[The incidence and significance of amyloid deposits in gingival, buccal and rectal mucous membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "The commonly-chosen location for biopsy proof of generalized amyloidosis are the gingival, buccal and rectal mucous membranes. In 100 cases of unselected autopsy material, mucosal specimens were taken from these locations and searched for the presence of local amyloid deposits. Control specimens were obtained from the liver and kidneys. Evidence of local amyloid deposits were detected in 75 of the gingival, 56 of the buccal and 33 of rectal mucosa specimens. 30 cases showed positive findings of local amyloid in all 3 locations simultaneously. Histologically, the amyloid distribution strictly followed the pericollagenous pattern. Furthermore, the tendency towards amyloid deposition diminished with increasing age. No relationship to underlying basic disease was found. In view of the frequently extensive amyloid deposits and the special structure of the tissue we object to the use of specimens from gingival mucosa to prove the existence of generalized amyloidosis. It is suggested that of all examined tissue biopsies the rectal mucosa is most suited to this purpose. The morphological differences between the mode of deposition in local and in generalized amyloidosis are discussed on the basis of the literature, as well as our own results.", "contents": "[The incidence and significance of amyloid deposits in gingival, buccal and rectal mucous membranes (author's transl)]. The commonly-chosen location for biopsy proof of generalized amyloidosis are the gingival, buccal and rectal mucous membranes. In 100 cases of unselected autopsy material, mucosal specimens were taken from these locations and searched for the presence of local amyloid deposits. Control specimens were obtained from the liver and kidneys. Evidence of local amyloid deposits were detected in 75 of the gingival, 56 of the buccal and 33 of rectal mucosa specimens. 30 cases showed positive findings of local amyloid in all 3 locations simultaneously. Histologically, the amyloid distribution strictly followed the pericollagenous pattern. Furthermore, the tendency towards amyloid deposition diminished with increasing age. No relationship to underlying basic disease was found. In view of the frequently extensive amyloid deposits and the special structure of the tissue we object to the use of specimens from gingival mucosa to prove the existence of generalized amyloidosis. It is suggested that of all examined tissue biopsies the rectal mucosa is most suited to this purpose. The morphological differences between the mode of deposition in local and in generalized amyloidosis are discussed on the basis of the literature, as well as our own results.", "PMID": 664709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10341", "title": "[Recent advances in examination of the fundus (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological examination of the fundus has improved considerably over the past decade. By means of identation biomicroscopy, hitherto inaccessible, extremely-peripheral areas of the fundus can be examined by the slit lamp now; this of importance in the study of intraocular inflammation and the judgement of retinal tears along the ora serrata. Fluorescein angiography has provided important findings recently in cases of disturbed retinal blood circulation, in lesions of Bruch's membrane and of pigment epithelium and in pathological changes of the optic disc. The advances in fundal examination achieved over the past years are based essentially upon indentation biomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "[Recent advances in examination of the fundus (author's transl)]. Morphological examination of the fundus has improved considerably over the past decade. By means of identation biomicroscopy, hitherto inaccessible, extremely-peripheral areas of the fundus can be examined by the slit lamp now; this of importance in the study of intraocular inflammation and the judgement of retinal tears along the ora serrata. Fluorescein angiography has provided important findings recently in cases of disturbed retinal blood circulation, in lesions of Bruch's membrane and of pigment epithelium and in pathological changes of the optic disc. The advances in fundal examination achieved over the past years are based essentially upon indentation biomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 664710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10342", "title": "[Familial incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus and primary optic atrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrome of juvenile diabetes mellitus, primary optic atrophy and hydronephrosis, hydroureter and megacystis was observed in two brothers. One patient showed consistent elevation of the plasma creatine phosphokinase activity (isoenzymes MM 71%, MB 29%), without any sign of myocardial or skeletal muscle disease. This rare syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It has not yet been reported in Austria, to our knowledge.", "contents": "[Familial incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus and primary optic atrophy (author's transl)]. The syndrome of juvenile diabetes mellitus, primary optic atrophy and hydronephrosis, hydroureter and megacystis was observed in two brothers. One patient showed consistent elevation of the plasma creatine phosphokinase activity (isoenzymes MM 71%, MB 29%), without any sign of myocardial or skeletal muscle disease. This rare syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It has not yet been reported in Austria, to our knowledge.", "PMID": 664711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10343", "title": "[Proliferative retinopathy in growth-onset diabetes and in maturity-onset diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "95 diabetics with proliferative retinopathy were divided into two groups according to the type of diabetes, Group I consisting of 25 cases of growth-onset diabetes and Group II of 70 cases with maturity-onset diabetes. A distinct tendency was observed in Group II cases towards a shorter duration of diabetes prior to the manifestation of retinopathy, i.e. less than ten years. The pre-proliferative phase of the retinopathy is similar in duration and manifestation in both groups. There is no difference in the ophthalmoscopic findings or development of proliferative retinopathy either, except that its course is more aggressive in Group I, in contrast to the slower course with longer remissions seen in Group II cases. Thus, the basic characteristics of proliferative retinopathy appear to be independent of the form of diabetes, in keeping with the concept of diabetes mellitus as a single disease entity.", "contents": "[Proliferative retinopathy in growth-onset diabetes and in maturity-onset diabetes (author's transl)]. 95 diabetics with proliferative retinopathy were divided into two groups according to the type of diabetes, Group I consisting of 25 cases of growth-onset diabetes and Group II of 70 cases with maturity-onset diabetes. A distinct tendency was observed in Group II cases towards a shorter duration of diabetes prior to the manifestation of retinopathy, i.e. less than ten years. The pre-proliferative phase of the retinopathy is similar in duration and manifestation in both groups. There is no difference in the ophthalmoscopic findings or development of proliferative retinopathy either, except that its course is more aggressive in Group I, in contrast to the slower course with longer remissions seen in Group II cases. Thus, the basic characteristics of proliferative retinopathy appear to be independent of the form of diabetes, in keeping with the concept of diabetes mellitus as a single disease entity.", "PMID": 664712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10344", "title": "[Results of screening for diabetes within the health-care program of vienna (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the health-care program of Vienna 1577 volunteers (1203 female, 374 male persons) were screened for diabetes mellitus during 1975/76. Besides measurement of glucose tolerance one hour after the ingestion of 100 g glucose the following parameters were analyzed: cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and blood pressure. Male persons had a slightly decreased glucose tolerance; a distinct relationship with age was found in both sexes. After elimination of volunteers in whom pathological results were obtained with respect to other examined parameters, a significantly greater glucose tolerance was found in the remaining \"normal\" group. There are no parameters which are closely correlated with glucose tolerance although it was possible to reject the null-hypothesis in several cases due to the large sample involved. For statistical reasons (test sensitivity, test specificity, prevalence of disease) single glucose-tolerance measurements do not give enough evidence for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. Depending on the aims of the screening program one has to define the detection limits as well as frequency of retesting.", "contents": "[Results of screening for diabetes within the health-care program of vienna (author's transl)]. Within the health-care program of Vienna 1577 volunteers (1203 female, 374 male persons) were screened for diabetes mellitus during 1975/76. Besides measurement of glucose tolerance one hour after the ingestion of 100 g glucose the following parameters were analyzed: cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and blood pressure. Male persons had a slightly decreased glucose tolerance; a distinct relationship with age was found in both sexes. After elimination of volunteers in whom pathological results were obtained with respect to other examined parameters, a significantly greater glucose tolerance was found in the remaining \"normal\" group. There are no parameters which are closely correlated with glucose tolerance although it was possible to reject the null-hypothesis in several cases due to the large sample involved. For statistical reasons (test sensitivity, test specificity, prevalence of disease) single glucose-tolerance measurements do not give enough evidence for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. Depending on the aims of the screening program one has to define the detection limits as well as frequency of retesting.", "PMID": 664713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10345", "title": "Vitrectomy in diabetics. A new procedure for prevention of blindness in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "A report is presented of 46 diabetics submitted to pars plana vitrectomy on account of severe intravitreal haemorrhage. The follow-up period lasted up to 15 months. The visual acuity alone is not an adequate parameter for the evaluation of postoperative success in view of the central retinal lesions resulting from severe diabetic retinopathy. The vitreous cavity was found to be clear in 33 cases and in 27 cases visual acuity reached at least 6/60. In 11 cases new haemorrhages occurred postoperatively, 6 of which cleared spontaneously within 2 weeks. In the remaining cases irrigation of the vitreous chamber by means of the vitrectomy instrument was necessary. Retinal injury due to the tip of the instrument was avoided in every case. The patients were out of bed on the first postoperative day and discharged between the 8th and 10th postoperative day provided that no relapse haemorrhage occurred.", "contents": "Vitrectomy in diabetics. A new procedure for prevention of blindness in diabetic retinopathy. A report is presented of 46 diabetics submitted to pars plana vitrectomy on account of severe intravitreal haemorrhage. The follow-up period lasted up to 15 months. The visual acuity alone is not an adequate parameter for the evaluation of postoperative success in view of the central retinal lesions resulting from severe diabetic retinopathy. The vitreous cavity was found to be clear in 33 cases and in 27 cases visual acuity reached at least 6/60. In 11 cases new haemorrhages occurred postoperatively, 6 of which cleared spontaneously within 2 weeks. In the remaining cases irrigation of the vitreous chamber by means of the vitrectomy instrument was necessary. Retinal injury due to the tip of the instrument was avoided in every case. The patients were out of bed on the first postoperative day and discharged between the 8th and 10th postoperative day provided that no relapse haemorrhage occurred.", "PMID": 664714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10346", "title": "[Somatostatin in the treatment of acute haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "A massive haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer verified on endoscopy in a 21 year-old patient was stopped by a 62--hour infusion of somatostatin at a dosage of 250 microgram/hour. Suppression of gastric secretion is probably more important than the reduction in splanchnic blood flow with regard to the mechanism of action of this drug. No side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Somatostatin in the treatment of acute haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. A massive haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer verified on endoscopy in a 21 year-old patient was stopped by a 62--hour infusion of somatostatin at a dosage of 250 microgram/hour. Suppression of gastric secretion is probably more important than the reduction in splanchnic blood flow with regard to the mechanism of action of this drug. No side effects were observed.", "PMID": 664715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10347", "title": "Reductive drug metabolism in isolated perfused rat liver under restricted oxygen supply.", "content": "1. Hepatic azo and nitro reductase activities were studied in the perfused rat liver under normal and restricted oxygen supply. 2. Formation of sulphanilamide or p-aminobenzoic acid from neoprontosil or p-nitrobenzoic acid under aerobic conditions of liver perfusion was negligible, even at a reduced oxygen saturation of a pO2 of 300 mm Hg in the haemoglobinfree perfusion system. At a pO2 of 200 mm Hg reductase activities were almost maximal. 3. Conjugation of sulphanilamide (0-08 mM) was similar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Hepatic elimination of p-aminobenzoic acid (0-08 mM) showed an oxygen-dependent increase for 15 min after addition of substrate. 4. p-Nitroanisole demethylation was inhibited 80% under hypoxic perfusion at 200 mm Hg pO2 and was completely inhibited after gassing with anoxic mixtures. 5. Restitution of aerobic conditions after 30 min anaerobic perfusion restored hepatic respiration, lactate pyruvate ratio, and pH value to levels found under aerobic conditions, but bile flow remained 50% reduced.", "contents": "Reductive drug metabolism in isolated perfused rat liver under restricted oxygen supply. 1. Hepatic azo and nitro reductase activities were studied in the perfused rat liver under normal and restricted oxygen supply. 2. Formation of sulphanilamide or p-aminobenzoic acid from neoprontosil or p-nitrobenzoic acid under aerobic conditions of liver perfusion was negligible, even at a reduced oxygen saturation of a pO2 of 300 mm Hg in the haemoglobinfree perfusion system. At a pO2 of 200 mm Hg reductase activities were almost maximal. 3. Conjugation of sulphanilamide (0-08 mM) was similar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Hepatic elimination of p-aminobenzoic acid (0-08 mM) showed an oxygen-dependent increase for 15 min after addition of substrate. 4. p-Nitroanisole demethylation was inhibited 80% under hypoxic perfusion at 200 mm Hg pO2 and was completely inhibited after gassing with anoxic mixtures. 5. Restitution of aerobic conditions after 30 min anaerobic perfusion restored hepatic respiration, lactate pyruvate ratio, and pH value to levels found under aerobic conditions, but bile flow remained 50% reduced.", "PMID": 664749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10348", "title": "Enhancement of nitro reduction in rat liver microsomes by haemin and haemoproteins.", "content": "1. Reductive metabolism of p-nitrobenzoic acid and neoprontosil in rat liver microsomes was studied in the presence of haemin, haemoglobin and myoglobin. 2. Microsomal nitro reduction is enhanced 4-fold in the presence of haemoglobin, whereas azo reduction is not affected. 3. Microsomal nitro reduction is enhanced to a similar extent by haemoglobin, haemin and boiled haemoglobin, whereas myoglobin is about half as active. 4. Maximal enhancement of microsomal nitro reductase activity by haemoglobin is achieved at high substrate concentration (6 mM) and low microsomal protein concentration (0.5--1.0 mg/ml). 5. Control microsomal nitro reduction as well as the haemoglobin-enhanced microsomal nitro reduction are inhibited completely by O2 and CO whereas potassium azide as a ligand of ferric haem iron is a less potent inhibitor.", "contents": "Enhancement of nitro reduction in rat liver microsomes by haemin and haemoproteins. 1. Reductive metabolism of p-nitrobenzoic acid and neoprontosil in rat liver microsomes was studied in the presence of haemin, haemoglobin and myoglobin. 2. Microsomal nitro reduction is enhanced 4-fold in the presence of haemoglobin, whereas azo reduction is not affected. 3. Microsomal nitro reduction is enhanced to a similar extent by haemoglobin, haemin and boiled haemoglobin, whereas myoglobin is about half as active. 4. Maximal enhancement of microsomal nitro reductase activity by haemoglobin is achieved at high substrate concentration (6 mM) and low microsomal protein concentration (0.5--1.0 mg/ml). 5. Control microsomal nitro reduction as well as the haemoglobin-enhanced microsomal nitro reduction are inhibited completely by O2 and CO whereas potassium azide as a ligand of ferric haem iron is a less potent inhibitor.", "PMID": 664750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10349", "title": "A poly[methyl-14C]methacrylate source for use in whole-body autoradiography and beta-radiography.", "content": "1. A cheap, robust, radioactive source in sheet form has been designed and constructed from commercially available material. Log-related isotopic dilutions of the source have been used to prepare a Standard Radioactive Scale. 2. The Standard Radioactive Scale has been developed as a method of internal standardization of whole-body autoradiography and its use as an aid to quantitative determination is discussed. 3. The distribution of radioactivity in the sheet source is sufficiently uniform to allow its use for high resolution radiography of thin specimens. This radiographic technique has been applied to whole body sections to demonstrate differences in quenching by tissues and to examine calcification in the rat foetus.", "contents": "A poly[methyl-14C]methacrylate source for use in whole-body autoradiography and beta-radiography. 1. A cheap, robust, radioactive source in sheet form has been designed and constructed from commercially available material. Log-related isotopic dilutions of the source have been used to prepare a Standard Radioactive Scale. 2. The Standard Radioactive Scale has been developed as a method of internal standardization of whole-body autoradiography and its use as an aid to quantitative determination is discussed. 3. The distribution of radioactivity in the sheet source is sufficiently uniform to allow its use for high resolution radiography of thin specimens. This radiographic technique has been applied to whole body sections to demonstrate differences in quenching by tissues and to examine calcification in the rat foetus.", "PMID": 664751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10350", "title": "Metabolism of papaverine IV. Urinary elimination of papaverine metabolites in man.", "content": "1. A gas chromatographic method is described for the quantitative determination of the metabolites of papaverine in urine. 2. The urinary excretion of papaverine metabolites was studied in man. About 50% of the metabolites of papaverine are excreted in the urine within 48 h. 6-Desmethylpapaverine is the major metabolite in the urine. The metabolites are excreted almost completely in conjugated form.", "contents": "Metabolism of papaverine IV. Urinary elimination of papaverine metabolites in man. 1. A gas chromatographic method is described for the quantitative determination of the metabolites of papaverine in urine. 2. The urinary excretion of papaverine metabolites was studied in man. About 50% of the metabolites of papaverine are excreted in the urine within 48 h. 6-Desmethylpapaverine is the major metabolite in the urine. The metabolites are excreted almost completely in conjugated form.", "PMID": 664752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10351", "title": "The metabolism of azidomorphine in a human subject.", "content": "1. The metabolism of azidomorphine, a potent narcotic analgesic, was studied in a human subject who had received a single 1.8 mg dose subcutaneously. 2. Azidomorphine was excreted in the urine in small amounts as the intact drug and as a metabolite, 6-deoxy-6beta-aminodihydromorphine. Larger amounts of conjugated azidomorphine also were detected. 3. The azido group of azidomorphine was relatively stable towards enzymic and chemical change.", "contents": "The metabolism of azidomorphine in a human subject. 1. The metabolism of azidomorphine, a potent narcotic analgesic, was studied in a human subject who had received a single 1.8 mg dose subcutaneously. 2. Azidomorphine was excreted in the urine in small amounts as the intact drug and as a metabolite, 6-deoxy-6beta-aminodihydromorphine. Larger amounts of conjugated azidomorphine also were detected. 3. The azido group of azidomorphine was relatively stable towards enzymic and chemical change.", "PMID": 664753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10352", "title": "[Demonstration of alpha-mannosidase and beta-glucosidase in a yeast cell-wall lytic system of Streptomyces spec. 5s].", "content": "Streptomyces spec. 5s accumulates in the culture fluid lytic activities against living cells of Candida guilliermondii H. From the culture fluid a freeze-dried dialyzed ammonium sulfate precipitate was prepared. Except beta-glucosidase-activity of alpha-mannosidase which was characterized. Separation of both enzymes by chromatography on polyacrylamide gel was possible.", "contents": "[Demonstration of alpha-mannosidase and beta-glucosidase in a yeast cell-wall lytic system of Streptomyces spec. 5s]. Streptomyces spec. 5s accumulates in the culture fluid lytic activities against living cells of Candida guilliermondii H. From the culture fluid a freeze-dried dialyzed ammonium sulfate precipitate was prepared. Except beta-glucosidase-activity of alpha-mannosidase which was characterized. Separation of both enzymes by chromatography on polyacrylamide gel was possible.", "PMID": 664754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10353", "title": "Fine structure of imbibed sclerotial cells of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul revealed by freeze-etching.", "content": "The fine structure of the cortex of the natural sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea was studied. The cell wall of sclerotial cells is thickened due to overproduction of the fibrillar component of the wall. The intracellular spaces of the cortex tissue form a continuous system which is apparently instrumental in mediating communication between the growing sclerotium and the external milieu. The cytoplasmic membrane of imbibed sclerotial cells carriers abundant signs of secretory activity. Secretion vesicles, the content of which is discharged into external space, apparently contain exo 1,3-glucanase. Cytoplasmic vesicles migrating toward the plugged pores of the thickened septa apparently involve hydrolase secretion too. Spherosomes with lipid content are a predominant component of the cytoplasm of sclerotial cells. The activity of the membrane systems of imbibed cells indicates that the mobilization of lipids sets in only after activation of the hydrolases. Findings of phagocytosis of lipid granules by vacuoles are relatively frequent so that lipolysis might proceed in the vacuoles. Alkaloids could not be detected with the aid of freeze-etching.", "contents": "Fine structure of imbibed sclerotial cells of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul revealed by freeze-etching. The fine structure of the cortex of the natural sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea was studied. The cell wall of sclerotial cells is thickened due to overproduction of the fibrillar component of the wall. The intracellular spaces of the cortex tissue form a continuous system which is apparently instrumental in mediating communication between the growing sclerotium and the external milieu. The cytoplasmic membrane of imbibed sclerotial cells carriers abundant signs of secretory activity. Secretion vesicles, the content of which is discharged into external space, apparently contain exo 1,3-glucanase. Cytoplasmic vesicles migrating toward the plugged pores of the thickened septa apparently involve hydrolase secretion too. Spherosomes with lipid content are a predominant component of the cytoplasm of sclerotial cells. The activity of the membrane systems of imbibed cells indicates that the mobilization of lipids sets in only after activation of the hydrolases. Findings of phagocytosis of lipid granules by vacuoles are relatively frequent so that lipolysis might proceed in the vacuoles. Alkaloids could not be detected with the aid of freeze-etching.", "PMID": 664755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10354", "title": "[Biological modelling of potassium metabolism].", "content": "1. General principles of the modelling of compartments were described with the aim to use this methodology for the investigation of the potassium metabolism. 2. For the modelling of the potassium metabolism the necessary processes of investigation and calculations in the analysis of 42-potassium-kinetics were described in detail at an example. 3. By analogy references to the haemodynamics the general significance of the modelling of compartments was explained.", "contents": "[Biological modelling of potassium metabolism]. 1. General principles of the modelling of compartments were described with the aim to use this methodology for the investigation of the potassium metabolism. 2. For the modelling of the potassium metabolism the necessary processes of investigation and calculations in the analysis of 42-potassium-kinetics were described in detail at an example. 3. By analogy references to the haemodynamics the general significance of the modelling of compartments was explained.", "PMID": 664801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10355", "title": "[Relation of radiographic and clinical findings to the pathomorphological changes in Wegener's granulomatosis].", "content": "On the basis of two own observations the clinical and radiological routine methods undergo a critical judgment concerning their valency for the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. The two patients showed the picture of a severe septical disease with high fever and expressed inflammatory changes of the biological reactions. In the first observation a pulmonary round focus and terminally the renal failure, in the second case severe inflammatory changes of the lungs without response to antibiotic therapy were in the foreground. The appearance of this disease as generalized vasculitis is conditioned by the manifold clinical symptomatology and thus renders the diagnostics extraordinarily difficult. The simultaneous affection of the nasopharyngeal space, of the lung and the kidneys may be a guide for the diagnosis. The X-ray findings of the lung are not able to found sufficiently the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Relation of radiographic and clinical findings to the pathomorphological changes in Wegener's granulomatosis]. On the basis of two own observations the clinical and radiological routine methods undergo a critical judgment concerning their valency for the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. The two patients showed the picture of a severe septical disease with high fever and expressed inflammatory changes of the biological reactions. In the first observation a pulmonary round focus and terminally the renal failure, in the second case severe inflammatory changes of the lungs without response to antibiotic therapy were in the foreground. The appearance of this disease as generalized vasculitis is conditioned by the manifold clinical symptomatology and thus renders the diagnostics extraordinarily difficult. The simultaneous affection of the nasopharyngeal space, of the lung and the kidneys may be a guide for the diagnosis. The X-ray findings of the lung are not able to found sufficiently the diagnosis.", "PMID": 664802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10356", "title": "[Physical capacity of patients with liver diseases as well as its significance for therapy and evaluation].", "content": "In 50 patients with different liver diseases (20 with subsided viral hepatitis and 30 with degenerative liver damages) the serum enzyme course of SGOT, SGPT, LDH and CPK was investigated after ergometer load. The enzymes were estimated before as well as 1/2, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours after load. 48 hours after load additionally the liver biopsy after Menghini was carried out. According to the histological findings the 20 patients with viral hepatitis were subdivided into 13 with still active and 7 with residual hepatitis as well as the 30 patients with degenerative liver damages into 15 with toxical hepatosis, 6 with fatty degeneration of the liver cells and 9 with signs of metabolic activation. Since the significant increases of enzymes could not be proved in any of the fours enzymes 1/2 to 48 hours after load we are of the opinion that the liver, independent on the kind of the lesion, better tolerates physical work. Moreover, it seems that load investigations under ergometry with estimation of the course of the serum enzymes are unsuited for the judgment of the degree of activity and the degree of cure of liver diseases, respectively.", "contents": "[Physical capacity of patients with liver diseases as well as its significance for therapy and evaluation]. In 50 patients with different liver diseases (20 with subsided viral hepatitis and 30 with degenerative liver damages) the serum enzyme course of SGOT, SGPT, LDH and CPK was investigated after ergometer load. The enzymes were estimated before as well as 1/2, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours after load. 48 hours after load additionally the liver biopsy after Menghini was carried out. According to the histological findings the 20 patients with viral hepatitis were subdivided into 13 with still active and 7 with residual hepatitis as well as the 30 patients with degenerative liver damages into 15 with toxical hepatosis, 6 with fatty degeneration of the liver cells and 9 with signs of metabolic activation. Since the significant increases of enzymes could not be proved in any of the fours enzymes 1/2 to 48 hours after load we are of the opinion that the liver, independent on the kind of the lesion, better tolerates physical work. Moreover, it seems that load investigations under ergometry with estimation of the course of the serum enzymes are unsuited for the judgment of the degree of activity and the degree of cure of liver diseases, respectively.", "PMID": 664803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10357", "title": "[The value of clinical and paraclinical parameters in the diagnosis of acute abdominal diseases as based on the patient material of a medical clinic].", "content": "The triad pains, tension of the abdominal wall and disturbances of the peristalsis, cited in the special literature, had no diagnostic significance for the recognition of acute abdominal diseases. In more than half of the patients examined we found leucocytosis and tachycardia as individual parameters. In about one third the simultaneous presence of several symptoms (leukocytosis, tachycardia and increase of temperature) was observed. Among the parameters got in our patients none was referring to making the diagnosis of an acute abdominal disease in the individual case. Even when the adequate symptomatology is absent in old and frail patients should be thought of an acute abdominal disease, the more so when most modern anesthetic and operative methods and an intensive postoperative care is used the prognosis of such diseases may be favourable also at older age.", "contents": "[The value of clinical and paraclinical parameters in the diagnosis of acute abdominal diseases as based on the patient material of a medical clinic]. The triad pains, tension of the abdominal wall and disturbances of the peristalsis, cited in the special literature, had no diagnostic significance for the recognition of acute abdominal diseases. In more than half of the patients examined we found leucocytosis and tachycardia as individual parameters. In about one third the simultaneous presence of several symptoms (leukocytosis, tachycardia and increase of temperature) was observed. Among the parameters got in our patients none was referring to making the diagnosis of an acute abdominal disease in the individual case. Even when the adequate symptomatology is absent in old and frail patients should be thought of an acute abdominal disease, the more so when most modern anesthetic and operative methods and an intensive postoperative care is used the prognosis of such diseases may be favourable also at older age.", "PMID": 664804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10358", "title": "[Intestinal absorption in the short-bowel syndrome].", "content": "An extreme diminution of the absorption surface by resection or exclusion of the small intestine leads to the clinical picture of the short-intestine-syndrome. The absorption effect of the proximal small intestine can be exactly established with the help of the modified D-xylose-test. On the basis of three typical examples the high evidence of this functional test can be demonstrated. The pathophysiological principles of the intestinal adaptation after by-pass-operations and resections of the small intestine are discussed.", "contents": "[Intestinal absorption in the short-bowel syndrome]. An extreme diminution of the absorption surface by resection or exclusion of the small intestine leads to the clinical picture of the short-intestine-syndrome. The absorption effect of the proximal small intestine can be exactly established with the help of the modified D-xylose-test. On the basis of three typical examples the high evidence of this functional test can be demonstrated. The pathophysiological principles of the intestinal adaptation after by-pass-operations and resections of the small intestine are discussed.", "PMID": 664805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10359", "title": "[Rare monoclonal immunoglobulins, and analysis of their biological and clinical value].", "content": "Under rare monoclonal immunoglobulins we understand double or multiple formations in the same patient and above all the appearance of fragments, semimolecules or free heavy chains. Among our material of 309 cases of monoclonal immunoglobulins we could five times establish such findings. The cases in question were twice the combination of complete molecules, in three cases we saw fragment formations, partly in combination. By evaluation of literature and on the basis of an own observation we come to the determined result that these anomalous formations of fragments--which by all means may be called real paraproteins--must represent products of an incomplete synthesis. This anomaly is the functional expression of the structural changes concomitant with the cancerisation of the cell. Double and multiple formation is by no means at the same time bi- or oligoclonality. Our findings are discussed under these aspects.", "contents": "[Rare monoclonal immunoglobulins, and analysis of their biological and clinical value]. Under rare monoclonal immunoglobulins we understand double or multiple formations in the same patient and above all the appearance of fragments, semimolecules or free heavy chains. Among our material of 309 cases of monoclonal immunoglobulins we could five times establish such findings. The cases in question were twice the combination of complete molecules, in three cases we saw fragment formations, partly in combination. By evaluation of literature and on the basis of an own observation we come to the determined result that these anomalous formations of fragments--which by all means may be called real paraproteins--must represent products of an incomplete synthesis. This anomaly is the functional expression of the structural changes concomitant with the cancerisation of the cell. Double and multiple formation is by no means at the same time bi- or oligoclonality. Our findings are discussed under these aspects.", "PMID": 664806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10360", "title": "[The effect of diphenylhydantoin on the automatism of the sinus node and on the sino-atrial conduction time in patients with and without sick sinus syndrome].", "content": "In 30 test persons (15 patients with disturbed function of the sino-auricular node, 9 of them with classical sick-sinus-syndrome as well as 15 test persons without disturbance of the sino-auricular node, of them 7 healthy ones) the influence of diphenylhydantoin on the function of the sino-auricular node was tested. By means of atrial stimulation the so-called sino-atrial conduction time, the recreation time of the sino-auricular node as well as the duration of the sinus period before and after intravenous application of 250 mg of diphenylhydantoin was estimated. The auricular stimulation was carried out either through an oesophageal electrode probe or usually through an electrode catheter directly placed in the right atrium. In the entire collective the sino-atrial conduction time did prolong itself statistically not significantly by 2 +/- 5ms (x +/- 2 s), in which cases there was not to be observed a different behaviour between test persons with a healthy rhythm and patients with disturbed function of the sino-auricular node. In 2 patients with sick-sinus-syndrome, however, after diphenylhydantoin and individual atrial stimulation in each case sino-atrial blockings of higher degree developed. The maximum absolute and corrected recovery time of the sino-auricular node prolonged itself in patients with syndrome of the sino-auricular node by on an average 1406 +/- 2120 ms or 1378 +/- 2338 ms, in which cases in 1 test person a threatening prolongation of the poststimulation pause to 10 s developed. In another patient after application of diphenylhydantoin an atrial arrest was observed. The automatism of the sino-auricular node of test persons with healthy rhythm was not influenced.", "contents": "[The effect of diphenylhydantoin on the automatism of the sinus node and on the sino-atrial conduction time in patients with and without sick sinus syndrome]. In 30 test persons (15 patients with disturbed function of the sino-auricular node, 9 of them with classical sick-sinus-syndrome as well as 15 test persons without disturbance of the sino-auricular node, of them 7 healthy ones) the influence of diphenylhydantoin on the function of the sino-auricular node was tested. By means of atrial stimulation the so-called sino-atrial conduction time, the recreation time of the sino-auricular node as well as the duration of the sinus period before and after intravenous application of 250 mg of diphenylhydantoin was estimated. The auricular stimulation was carried out either through an oesophageal electrode probe or usually through an electrode catheter directly placed in the right atrium. In the entire collective the sino-atrial conduction time did prolong itself statistically not significantly by 2 +/- 5ms (x +/- 2 s), in which cases there was not to be observed a different behaviour between test persons with a healthy rhythm and patients with disturbed function of the sino-auricular node. In 2 patients with sick-sinus-syndrome, however, after diphenylhydantoin and individual atrial stimulation in each case sino-atrial blockings of higher degree developed. The maximum absolute and corrected recovery time of the sino-auricular node prolonged itself in patients with syndrome of the sino-auricular node by on an average 1406 +/- 2120 ms or 1378 +/- 2338 ms, in which cases in 1 test person a threatening prolongation of the poststimulation pause to 10 s developed. In another patient after application of diphenylhydantoin an atrial arrest was observed. The automatism of the sino-auricular node of test persons with healthy rhythm was not influenced.", "PMID": 664807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10361", "title": "[The risk of diabetes after existing cholecystectomy].", "content": "No further increase of the risk of diabetes after cholecystectomy is shown in men. In the female sex the number of cases of diabetes may not be decreased by cholecystectomy, in particular, if an obesity occurs after the operation. From this is derived the demand for a normal nutrition after operations of the bile ducts.", "contents": "[The risk of diabetes after existing cholecystectomy]. No further increase of the risk of diabetes after cholecystectomy is shown in men. In the female sex the number of cases of diabetes may not be decreased by cholecystectomy, in particular, if an obesity occurs after the operation. From this is derived the demand for a normal nutrition after operations of the bile ducts.", "PMID": 664808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10362", "title": "[Sclerosing of varicose veins in general practice].", "content": "The great number of patients suffering from varicosis and its complications urgently requires an active therapy. This treatment simultaneously represents a prophylaxis against the development of thrombophlebitis, thrombosis, leg ulcers and hypostatic congestion dermatoses. The varicosclerosation is not bound to instrumental preliminary examinations and therefore feasable without great efforts in the outpatient department. After testing the patency of the deep veins and taking into consideration the indications and contraindications the varicosclerosation achieves good results and is nearly free from side-effects. The percentage of relapses is caused by the constitutional weakness of the connective tissue and must be taken into account from the very beginning. General practitioners and specialists of internal medicine should make use of this method, since dermatologists and surgeons alone are not able to cover the quantitative demand.", "contents": "[Sclerosing of varicose veins in general practice]. The great number of patients suffering from varicosis and its complications urgently requires an active therapy. This treatment simultaneously represents a prophylaxis against the development of thrombophlebitis, thrombosis, leg ulcers and hypostatic congestion dermatoses. The varicosclerosation is not bound to instrumental preliminary examinations and therefore feasable without great efforts in the outpatient department. After testing the patency of the deep veins and taking into consideration the indications and contraindications the varicosclerosation achieves good results and is nearly free from side-effects. The percentage of relapses is caused by the constitutional weakness of the connective tissue and must be taken into account from the very beginning. General practitioners and specialists of internal medicine should make use of this method, since dermatologists and surgeons alone are not able to cover the quantitative demand.", "PMID": 664809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10363", "title": "[Renal potassium-loss syndrome as origin of extreme hypokalemia].", "content": "Case report on a 35-year-old female patient with life-threatening respiratory insufficiency in extreme hypopotassemia with unclear genesis. A simultaneously existing systemic acidosis and alkaline urine render a secondary tubular acidosis as a sequel of a symptom-poor chronic pyelonephritis probable. Ascertainment by ammonium chloride load. Discussion of the most essential causes of a hypotassemia and emphasizing of a consequent antibiotic sanation also of asymptomatic bacteriurias. It is referred to the necessity of a highly dosed long-term potassium substitution.", "contents": "[Renal potassium-loss syndrome as origin of extreme hypokalemia]. Case report on a 35-year-old female patient with life-threatening respiratory insufficiency in extreme hypopotassemia with unclear genesis. A simultaneously existing systemic acidosis and alkaline urine render a secondary tubular acidosis as a sequel of a symptom-poor chronic pyelonephritis probable. Ascertainment by ammonium chloride load. Discussion of the most essential causes of a hypotassemia and emphasizing of a consequent antibiotic sanation also of asymptomatic bacteriurias. It is referred to the necessity of a highly dosed long-term potassium substitution.", "PMID": 664810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10364", "title": "Red cell esterase-d-polymorphism in the Veneto population.", "content": "630 individuals and 102 mother/child pairs from the Veneto provinces were examined for their red cell EsD by Cellogel electrophoresis. Compared with the horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis no differences in the zymogram patterns have been found. The gene frequencies observed (EsD1 = 0.8556; EsD2 = 0.1444) differ only slightly from those reorted for various European populations and are nearly identical with data for other Italian populations. Family studies confirmed the Mendelian co-dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Red cell esterase-d-polymorphism in the Veneto population. 630 individuals and 102 mother/child pairs from the Veneto provinces were examined for their red cell EsD by Cellogel electrophoresis. Compared with the horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis no differences in the zymogram patterns have been found. The gene frequencies observed (EsD1 = 0.8556; EsD2 = 0.1444) differ only slightly from those reorted for various European populations and are nearly identical with data for other Italian populations. Family studies confirmed the Mendelian co-dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 664899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10365", "title": "Esterase D phenotypes in North-eastern Japan.", "content": "Esterase D (EsD) was typed in 2,367 unrelated healthy blood donors from Yamagata and Miyagi districts, north-eastern area of Japan. The gene frequencies observed were: EsD1 = 0.642, EsD2 = 0.358. In these blood donors two rare EsD phenotypes, EsD 3-2 and a new variant, were found. As for this new variant, the mode of hereditary transmission was discussed by family study.", "contents": "Esterase D phenotypes in North-eastern Japan. Esterase D (EsD) was typed in 2,367 unrelated healthy blood donors from Yamagata and Miyagi districts, north-eastern area of Japan. The gene frequencies observed were: EsD1 = 0.642, EsD2 = 0.358. In these blood donors two rare EsD phenotypes, EsD 3-2 and a new variant, were found. As for this new variant, the mode of hereditary transmission was discussed by family study.", "PMID": 664900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10366", "title": "Properdin factor b-polymorphism in the population of Hessen, Germany.", "content": "The polymorphism of properdin factor B (Bf, C3 proactivator) in a population sample from Hessen, Germany has been investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. In 522 unrelated individuals seven different phenotypes were observed and the following allele frequencies calculated: BfS = 0.7998, BfF = 0.1772, BfS0.7 = 0.0163 and BfF1 = 0.0077. Investigations of 100 families with 198 children and 30 mother-child combinations support the assumed autosomal codominant way of inheritance.", "contents": "Properdin factor b-polymorphism in the population of Hessen, Germany. The polymorphism of properdin factor B (Bf, C3 proactivator) in a population sample from Hessen, Germany has been investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. In 522 unrelated individuals seven different phenotypes were observed and the following allele frequencies calculated: BfS = 0.7998, BfF = 0.1772, BfS0.7 = 0.0163 and BfF1 = 0.0077. Investigations of 100 families with 198 children and 30 mother-child combinations support the assumed autosomal codominant way of inheritance.", "PMID": 664901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10367", "title": "Rupture of a subclavian artery aneurysm in a heroin addict. Report of a case.", "content": "A previously healthy heroin addict died suddenly and unexpectedly of hemothorax due to rupture of a subclavian artery aneurysm. He had been using the neck veins for mainlining. The pathogenesis of the aneurysm is discussed.", "contents": "Rupture of a subclavian artery aneurysm in a heroin addict. Report of a case. A previously healthy heroin addict died suddenly and unexpectedly of hemothorax due to rupture of a subclavian artery aneurysm. He had been using the neck veins for mainlining. The pathogenesis of the aneurysm is discussed.", "PMID": 664903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10368", "title": "[On the problem of defensive dismembering of a dead body by a person not involved in the previous homicide (author's transl)].", "content": "A person accused of murder maintained that he found his nextdoor neighbour dead. Because he had already served a long sentence for homicide he stated that in a state of panic he dismembered and removed the dead body not to be suspected again.--For collecting information legal medicine institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Switzerland were consulted. The results are very instructive and are completed by reports from the literature. No proven case was found in which a person dismembered and disposed of an incidentally found body (or the body of someone who incidentally died in the presence of the subject) in order to prevent suspicion of guilt. Occasionally those statements were made, and also refuted.", "contents": "[On the problem of defensive dismembering of a dead body by a person not involved in the previous homicide (author's transl)]. A person accused of murder maintained that he found his nextdoor neighbour dead. Because he had already served a long sentence for homicide he stated that in a state of panic he dismembered and removed the dead body not to be suspected again.--For collecting information legal medicine institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Switzerland were consulted. The results are very instructive and are completed by reports from the literature. No proven case was found in which a person dismembered and disposed of an incidentally found body (or the body of someone who incidentally died in the presence of the subject) in order to prevent suspicion of guilt. Occasionally those statements were made, and also refuted.", "PMID": 664904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10369", "title": "Preparation of crystalline bovine liver beta-glucuronidase.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of pure beta-glucuronidase from bovine liver. The procedure includes ammonium sulfate, acetone and ethanol fractionation and a simple two-step ion exchange chromatography. The yield is acceptable and the method requires only standard laboratory equipment. The pure enzyme is easily crystallized from ammonium sulfate. Some practical applications of the pure beta-glucuronidase are discussed.", "contents": "Preparation of crystalline bovine liver beta-glucuronidase. A method is described for the preparation of pure beta-glucuronidase from bovine liver. The procedure includes ammonium sulfate, acetone and ethanol fractionation and a simple two-step ion exchange chromatography. The yield is acceptable and the method requires only standard laboratory equipment. The pure enzyme is easily crystallized from ammonium sulfate. Some practical applications of the pure beta-glucuronidase are discussed.", "PMID": 664905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10370", "title": "[Problems of infectious hospitalism in the Hungarian urology].", "content": "1. In more than half of the urological basis disease an asymptomatic significant bacteruria is present. 2. The asymptomatic bacteruria must be treated, since it is a sign for endangering by pyelonephritis (potential pyelonephritis). 3. In our clinical material the distribution of the pathogenic agents has changed and that in favour of bacteria resistant to medicaments. 4. This appearance could be observed above all in patients who were hospitalised for a longer time and in the older age groups. 5. With all remedies at our disposal must be tried to reduce the resistance.", "contents": "[Problems of infectious hospitalism in the Hungarian urology]. 1. In more than half of the urological basis disease an asymptomatic significant bacteruria is present. 2. The asymptomatic bacteruria must be treated, since it is a sign for endangering by pyelonephritis (potential pyelonephritis). 3. In our clinical material the distribution of the pathogenic agents has changed and that in favour of bacteria resistant to medicaments. 4. This appearance could be observed above all in patients who were hospitalised for a longer time and in the older age groups. 5. With all remedies at our disposal must be tried to reduce the resistance.", "PMID": 664906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10371", "title": "[Comparative bacteriological examinations of bladder-puncture and middle-stream urine].", "content": "In 100 patients the bacteriological results of the urine got by suprapubic puncture of the urinary bladder were compared with the results of the mid-stream urine. In the vesicular urine the proportion of the urine samples infected as well as of the mixed flora is essentially lower so that, in contrast to the mid-stream urine, it gives more reliable findings. According to this the puncture of the urinary bladder should be used more frequently, particularly in certain groups of patients. A comparison of the bacteriological investigation of the vesicular urine with the semiquantitative investigation of the sediments of the mid-stream urine resulted in a large proportion of pathological sediments of the urine when the vesicular urine was sterile so that the reliability of this investigation appears restricted in its modern form of performance.", "contents": "[Comparative bacteriological examinations of bladder-puncture and middle-stream urine]. In 100 patients the bacteriological results of the urine got by suprapubic puncture of the urinary bladder were compared with the results of the mid-stream urine. In the vesicular urine the proportion of the urine samples infected as well as of the mixed flora is essentially lower so that, in contrast to the mid-stream urine, it gives more reliable findings. According to this the puncture of the urinary bladder should be used more frequently, particularly in certain groups of patients. A comparison of the bacteriological investigation of the vesicular urine with the semiquantitative investigation of the sediments of the mid-stream urine resulted in a large proportion of pathological sediments of the urine when the vesicular urine was sterile so that the reliability of this investigation appears restricted in its modern form of performance.", "PMID": 664907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10372", "title": "[Ureteral polyps].", "content": "The fibrous polyp of ureter is a rarely found benign neoplasm, which however is found more often in the last few years. The therapy consists of local resection of the polyp carrying part of ureter. By the knowledge of the disease diagnosis can be suspected from urography. Knowing this, nephroureterectomy, which is usually done in case of tumour of ureter, can be avoided. Problems of ureter polyps are shown by means of 3 own patients.", "contents": "[Ureteral polyps]. The fibrous polyp of ureter is a rarely found benign neoplasm, which however is found more often in the last few years. The therapy consists of local resection of the polyp carrying part of ureter. By the knowledge of the disease diagnosis can be suspected from urography. Knowing this, nephroureterectomy, which is usually done in case of tumour of ureter, can be avoided. Problems of ureter polyps are shown by means of 3 own patients.", "PMID": 664908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10373", "title": "[\"Removing of infection\" through nephrectomy of the pyelonephritic atrophic kidney].", "content": "On the basis of own examinations is shown: 1. In female patients with non-obstructive infections of the urinary tract and unilateral pyelonephritic cirrhosis of the kidney the recidivations of the infections are in general not to be traced back to the flaring up of old germinal areas in them. 2. For this reason the removal of the diseased kidney also does not in general effect a sanation of the infection. In most cases it is not necessary, occasionally even harmful. 3. The nephrectomy with the aim of the sanation of the infection is indicated only then, when was proved that kidney is focus of the germ. This is possible only with the help of an exact localisation diagnostics and identification of the germs.", "contents": "[\"Removing of infection\" through nephrectomy of the pyelonephritic atrophic kidney]. On the basis of own examinations is shown: 1. In female patients with non-obstructive infections of the urinary tract and unilateral pyelonephritic cirrhosis of the kidney the recidivations of the infections are in general not to be traced back to the flaring up of old germinal areas in them. 2. For this reason the removal of the diseased kidney also does not in general effect a sanation of the infection. In most cases it is not necessary, occasionally even harmful. 3. The nephrectomy with the aim of the sanation of the infection is indicated only then, when was proved that kidney is focus of the germ. This is possible only with the help of an exact localisation diagnostics and identification of the germs.", "PMID": 664909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10374", "title": "[Therapeutic possibilities in ulcus simplex vesicae].", "content": "On the basis of own clinical experiences in the treatment of the ulcus simplex vesicae in connection with the special literature is described that frequent failures in therapy may be traced back to the up to now still uncleared genesis of the disease. According to the modern stage of knowledge the disease in question seems to be determined by trophoneurotic disturbances. Success in therapy may be achieved by interruption of pathological reflexes of the autonomous nervous system by means of infiltration of procoffin.", "contents": "[Therapeutic possibilities in ulcus simplex vesicae]. On the basis of own clinical experiences in the treatment of the ulcus simplex vesicae in connection with the special literature is described that frequent failures in therapy may be traced back to the up to now still uncleared genesis of the disease. According to the modern stage of knowledge the disease in question seems to be determined by trophoneurotic disturbances. Success in therapy may be achieved by interruption of pathological reflexes of the autonomous nervous system by means of infiltration of procoffin.", "PMID": 664910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10375", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics of Sulfaclomid, Mebacid, Nevigramon and Metindol in patients with reduced kidney function].", "content": "In patients with restriction of the renal function the pharmacokinetics of Sulfaclomid, Mebacid, Nevigramon and Metindol was investigated. According to the different elimination mechanisms of the drugs investigated the kinetics was infleunced in different way by the restriction of the renal elimination of these drugs: The half-life periods for the elimination of Metindol, Nevigramon and Mebacid remained unchanged in patients with renal diseases; the half-value period for the elimination of Sulfaclomid was prolonged.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics of Sulfaclomid, Mebacid, Nevigramon and Metindol in patients with reduced kidney function]. In patients with restriction of the renal function the pharmacokinetics of Sulfaclomid, Mebacid, Nevigramon and Metindol was investigated. According to the different elimination mechanisms of the drugs investigated the kinetics was infleunced in different way by the restriction of the renal elimination of these drugs: The half-life periods for the elimination of Metindol, Nevigramon and Mebacid remained unchanged in patients with renal diseases; the half-value period for the elimination of Sulfaclomid was prolonged.", "PMID": 664911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10376", "title": "[Epidermoid cyst of the testis].", "content": "Epidermoid cysts of the testis are very rare tumours. It is reported on a case of a typical epidermoid cyst. Based on the histopathological facts, the problems of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidermoid cyst of the testis]. Epidermoid cysts of the testis are very rare tumours. It is reported on a case of a typical epidermoid cyst. Based on the histopathological facts, the problems of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach are discussed.", "PMID": 664912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10377", "title": "[Sterilization of drinking water using peracetic acid].", "content": "The efficiency of peracetic acid on drinking-water conservation and sterilization was investigated. It was determined in watering experiments that a starting concentration of 0.01-0.02% peracetic acid was required in order to guarantee the sterility of water and water-bottle for a duration of one week. As the applied peracetic acid concentration could be reduced by addition of organic substances such as saliva and stomach content, the possibility of peracetic acid resorption by the animal is negligible.", "contents": "[Sterilization of drinking water using peracetic acid]. The efficiency of peracetic acid on drinking-water conservation and sterilization was investigated. It was determined in watering experiments that a starting concentration of 0.01-0.02% peracetic acid was required in order to guarantee the sterility of water and water-bottle for a duration of one week. As the applied peracetic acid concentration could be reduced by addition of organic substances such as saliva and stomach content, the possibility of peracetic acid resorption by the animal is negligible.", "PMID": 664914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10378", "title": "[Behavior of total serum cholesterol in aging rats in relation to food intake, weight development and mortality rate].", "content": "Rats (OFA - Sandoz) were kept under barrier conditions their whole lives in order to study the correlations between food intake, body weight, serum cholesterol and mortality rate. The cholesterol levels in males in the first life-half rose in correlation to food intake and body weight increase. In the second half, however, the cholesterol level increased again, whereas body weight and food intake decreased. The mortality rate rose, which was correlated to the second increase of the cholesterol level and the body weight loss (probit analysis). These findings were not made in females, which had lower food intake, body weight and cholesterol levels.", "contents": "[Behavior of total serum cholesterol in aging rats in relation to food intake, weight development and mortality rate]. Rats (OFA - Sandoz) were kept under barrier conditions their whole lives in order to study the correlations between food intake, body weight, serum cholesterol and mortality rate. The cholesterol levels in males in the first life-half rose in correlation to food intake and body weight increase. In the second half, however, the cholesterol level increased again, whereas body weight and food intake decreased. The mortality rate rose, which was correlated to the second increase of the cholesterol level and the body weight loss (probit analysis). These findings were not made in females, which had lower food intake, body weight and cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 664915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10379", "title": "[Development of swimming behavior in mice as a behavioral test in toxicology].", "content": "The development of the swimming behaviour in mice is described by 7 stages. The inbred strains and hybrids investigated showed differences in the progress of this development. In comparing the swimming behaviour of offspring from Cyclophosphamid- treated and untreated dams temporal differences have been registered, too. The swimming test is thought to be a suitable behavioural test within embryotoxicological investigations.", "contents": "[Development of swimming behavior in mice as a behavioral test in toxicology]. The development of the swimming behaviour in mice is described by 7 stages. The inbred strains and hybrids investigated showed differences in the progress of this development. In comparing the swimming behaviour of offspring from Cyclophosphamid- treated and untreated dams temporal differences have been registered, too. The swimming test is thought to be a suitable behavioural test within embryotoxicological investigations.", "PMID": 664916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10380", "title": "[Passive avoidance learning in the rat as an industrial toxicology test].", "content": "The techniqual design of a test procedure for determining the passive avoidance learning of rats is described. Experimental results with 1.1.2.2-tetrachloroethylene and benzene demonstrated the principal usefullness of this method in industrial toxicology.", "contents": "[Passive avoidance learning in the rat as an industrial toxicology test]. The techniqual design of a test procedure for determining the passive avoidance learning of rats is described. Experimental results with 1.1.2.2-tetrachloroethylene and benzene demonstrated the principal usefullness of this method in industrial toxicology.", "PMID": 664917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10381", "title": "[Food and water intake of the rat in a recording device].", "content": "Knowledge of the normal eating and drinking habits of the rat is indispensable for comparative experiments concerned with the cariogenicity of different diets. At a time six rats were maintained individually in a registration apparatus (Hofer, Switzerland). Food (basal diet \"ssniff\") and normal tap water was made available ad libitum. The amounts of food and water, as well as the frequency and duration of food intake, were registered by a pen recorder, which was connected to an electronic balance. The experiment began with three week old rats, and lasted 9 weeks. Conclusions on the procedure of short term caries experiments with rats could be drawn from the results.", "contents": "[Food and water intake of the rat in a recording device]. Knowledge of the normal eating and drinking habits of the rat is indispensable for comparative experiments concerned with the cariogenicity of different diets. At a time six rats were maintained individually in a registration apparatus (Hofer, Switzerland). Food (basal diet \"ssniff\") and normal tap water was made available ad libitum. The amounts of food and water, as well as the frequency and duration of food intake, were registered by a pen recorder, which was connected to an electronic balance. The experiment began with three week old rats, and lasted 9 weeks. Conclusions on the procedure of short term caries experiments with rats could be drawn from the results.", "PMID": 664918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10382", "title": "[Microbiological and chemical investigations into amelioration of spruce raw humus on phosphorus-deficient sites in the Mittelgebirge (author's transl)].", "content": "In spruce stands on quartz-porphyry sites raw humus is formed on strongly acid, calcium and phosphorus-deficient soils which were treated with lime, phosphate, and ammonium nitrate individually and in combined form. The most favourable microbiological and chemical effect was attained by CaNP fertilization, which is suitable for raising the yield of spruce stands with simultaneous amelioration of raw humus. The long-term effect of the phosphate is bound to simultaneous liming which ensures the persistence of phosphorus in the A0 horizon. The nitrification-based nitrate content of the soil is increased in the variants CaNP, CaNP and, to a somewhat lesser extent, also in NP. Simple treatment with N hardly raises the bacteria content, the combinations CaN, NP, and particularly CaNP, on the other hand, gave a favourable effect. Germination number and number of species of actinomycetes are also furthered most effectively by CaNP. The percentage of fungi in the total number of germs is reduced by fertilization without negatively influencing the species spectrum. Liming has a negative effect on the absolute germination number of the fungi, treatment with N gives a positive effect. The metabolism conditioned by microbes in the raw humus is not activated by N, moderately by NP, and strongly by CaNP.", "contents": "[Microbiological and chemical investigations into amelioration of spruce raw humus on phosphorus-deficient sites in the Mittelgebirge (author's transl)]. In spruce stands on quartz-porphyry sites raw humus is formed on strongly acid, calcium and phosphorus-deficient soils which were treated with lime, phosphate, and ammonium nitrate individually and in combined form. The most favourable microbiological and chemical effect was attained by CaNP fertilization, which is suitable for raising the yield of spruce stands with simultaneous amelioration of raw humus. The long-term effect of the phosphate is bound to simultaneous liming which ensures the persistence of phosphorus in the A0 horizon. The nitrification-based nitrate content of the soil is increased in the variants CaNP, CaNP and, to a somewhat lesser extent, also in NP. Simple treatment with N hardly raises the bacteria content, the combinations CaN, NP, and particularly CaNP, on the other hand, gave a favourable effect. Germination number and number of species of actinomycetes are also furthered most effectively by CaNP. The percentage of fungi in the total number of germs is reduced by fertilization without negatively influencing the species spectrum. Liming has a negative effect on the absolute germination number of the fungi, treatment with N gives a positive effect. The metabolism conditioned by microbes in the raw humus is not activated by N, moderately by NP, and strongly by CaNP.", "PMID": 664931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10383", "title": "Composition and properties of the actinomycete flora in a ferralitic tropical soil (oxisol)-sugar cane ecological system.", "content": "Streptomycetes constituted about 46--48 per cent of the total aerobic microflora in the cultivated horizon of the studied ferralitic tropical soil below sugar cane plantation. This streptomycete fraction of the soil microbial community was composed of 13 (or more) species of Streptomyces (S. chromofuscus, S. chromogenus, S. diastatochromogenes, S. flavochromogenes, S. griseolus, S. nigrescens, S. phaeofaciens, S. sterilis, S. violaceus, Streptomyces sp. I--III), and Streptoverticillium (Sv. aspergilloides). None of these organisms did occur, with detectable frequency of occurrence, in the root surface region of sugar cane. Here, in the rhizoplane, we found a numerically small population of streptomycetes (about 5 per cent of the total bacterial flora), composed of two species (Streptomyces sp. IV and S. griseorubiginosus) which were, however, not detected in soil samples.", "contents": "Composition and properties of the actinomycete flora in a ferralitic tropical soil (oxisol)-sugar cane ecological system. Streptomycetes constituted about 46--48 per cent of the total aerobic microflora in the cultivated horizon of the studied ferralitic tropical soil below sugar cane plantation. This streptomycete fraction of the soil microbial community was composed of 13 (or more) species of Streptomyces (S. chromofuscus, S. chromogenus, S. diastatochromogenes, S. flavochromogenes, S. griseolus, S. nigrescens, S. phaeofaciens, S. sterilis, S. violaceus, Streptomyces sp. I--III), and Streptoverticillium (Sv. aspergilloides). None of these organisms did occur, with detectable frequency of occurrence, in the root surface region of sugar cane. Here, in the rhizoplane, we found a numerically small population of streptomycetes (about 5 per cent of the total bacterial flora), composed of two species (Streptomyces sp. IV and S. griseorubiginosus) which were, however, not detected in soil samples.", "PMID": 664932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10384", "title": "[The importance of antagonistic soil micro-flora for eliminating soil-born fungal pathogens in intensive corn-growing (author's transl)].", "content": "In a sandy soil, the antagonistic bacterial and fungal flora was analysed and their effectivity with respect to corn foot and stem rot was investigated. Measures that promoted total micro-flora in soil (organic fertilization) stimulated, in most cases, the antagonists as well. Different organic substances supported various types of antagonists. In soil with inhibited aeration the antagonists were reduced. A full effectivity of the antagonistic biological soil component presupposes the absence of host plants.", "contents": "[The importance of antagonistic soil micro-flora for eliminating soil-born fungal pathogens in intensive corn-growing (author's transl)]. In a sandy soil, the antagonistic bacterial and fungal flora was analysed and their effectivity with respect to corn foot and stem rot was investigated. Measures that promoted total micro-flora in soil (organic fertilization) stimulated, in most cases, the antagonists as well. Different organic substances supported various types of antagonists. In soil with inhibited aeration the antagonists were reduced. A full effectivity of the antagonistic biological soil component presupposes the absence of host plants.", "PMID": 664933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10385", "title": "Influence of light on pectic enzymes in root exudates of Trifolium alexandrinum inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "An in vitro experiment was conduced under bacteriologically controlled conditions to examine the effect of light on the production of pectin methyl esterase (PME) and pectin polygalacturonase (PG) in the root exudates of Trifolium alexandrinum inoculated with an efficient strain of Rhizobium trifolii. The results revealed that PME and PG increased with an increase in the duration of light to which plants were exposed. However, both the enzymes were detected in the root exudates of nonphotosynthesizing plants.", "contents": "Influence of light on pectic enzymes in root exudates of Trifolium alexandrinum inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii. An in vitro experiment was conduced under bacteriologically controlled conditions to examine the effect of light on the production of pectin methyl esterase (PME) and pectin polygalacturonase (PG) in the root exudates of Trifolium alexandrinum inoculated with an efficient strain of Rhizobium trifolii. The results revealed that PME and PG increased with an increase in the duration of light to which plants were exposed. However, both the enzymes were detected in the root exudates of nonphotosynthesizing plants.", "PMID": 664934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10386", "title": "Effect of sulfur application on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and yield of two leguminous crops.", "content": "The effect of elemental sulfur application at the rate of 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg/feddan on broad-bean and lentil was tested in field experiments. Sulfur application resulted in increasing the numbers of the autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as well as in the concentration of available sulfate in the soil; the increases were proportional to the level of sulfur added. The sulfur treatments neither affected the soil pH nor the nodulation of the leguminous plants tested. The application of sulfur at the rates used slightly increased seed yield and nitrogen content of lentil seeds, but had no effect on broadbean.", "contents": "Effect of sulfur application on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and yield of two leguminous crops. The effect of elemental sulfur application at the rate of 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg/feddan on broad-bean and lentil was tested in field experiments. Sulfur application resulted in increasing the numbers of the autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as well as in the concentration of available sulfate in the soil; the increases were proportional to the level of sulfur added. The sulfur treatments neither affected the soil pH nor the nodulation of the leguminous plants tested. The application of sulfur at the rates used slightly increased seed yield and nitrogen content of lentil seeds, but had no effect on broadbean.", "PMID": 664935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10387", "title": "[Verification of the plum pox virus (PPV) using the tray test (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of 6 host plants reacting by local lesion if infected by the Plum Pox Virus (PPV) demonstrated that beside Chenopodium foetidum Schrad. also Nicandra physaloides (L). G\u00e4rtner, Nicardra physaloides violacea Bitter and Verbena officinalis L. are pretty well suitable to verify the PPV serving as locally reacting test plants. Using the tray test, the PPV was verifiable by separated leaves of C. foetidum Schrad., N. physaloides violacea Bitter, N. physaloides (L.) G\u00e4rtner and V. officinalis L. Applying experimental conditions precisely defined, an abridgement of the period between infections and development of the symptomes by three days was acquired here, compared with the plant test.", "contents": "[Verification of the plum pox virus (PPV) using the tray test (author's transl)]. A comparison of 6 host plants reacting by local lesion if infected by the Plum Pox Virus (PPV) demonstrated that beside Chenopodium foetidum Schrad. also Nicandra physaloides (L). G\u00e4rtner, Nicardra physaloides violacea Bitter and Verbena officinalis L. are pretty well suitable to verify the PPV serving as locally reacting test plants. Using the tray test, the PPV was verifiable by separated leaves of C. foetidum Schrad., N. physaloides violacea Bitter, N. physaloides (L.) G\u00e4rtner and V. officinalis L. Applying experimental conditions precisely defined, an abridgement of the period between infections and development of the symptomes by three days was acquired here, compared with the plant test.", "PMID": 664936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10388", "title": "[A conbribution to the characterization of asparagus virus 2 (author's transl)].", "content": "In host range investigations with 152 plant species of 37 families, 96 species from 28 families proved to be experimentally susceptible to asparagus virus 2 (AsV 2). From these, 82 species of 26 families were systematically infectible and 14 species of 10 families only locally. Most frequently were symptomless systemic infections. Of 86 species, their susceptibility for AsV 2 was unknown before. The number of families that contant experimental hosts of the virus increased from 11 to 33. Transmission of AsV 2 was neither possible with Myzus persicae nor with Cuscuta californica or C. campestris. AsV 2-infected mother plants transmitted the virus by about 40 per cent to their seedings. Open-pollinated plants, not infested by AsV 2, showed 3 to 22 per cent of infected seedings. Mechanical back-transmission of AsV 2 from test plants to asparagus succeeded only in one case. The properties of the virus in vitro were as follows: thermal inactivation point between 64 and 66 degrees C, dilution end point between 10(-3) and 10(-4), stability in sap, stored at room temperature, up to 96 hours. Serological investigations demonstrated no relationship to the virus to numerous other viruses. An antiserum with a titer of 1 to 16 was useful for the detection of AvV 2 in asparagus sap. Electron microscopical investigations proved for the virus isometric particles for the first time. In negatively stained preparations they had a diameter of 27 nm.", "contents": "[A conbribution to the characterization of asparagus virus 2 (author's transl)]. In host range investigations with 152 plant species of 37 families, 96 species from 28 families proved to be experimentally susceptible to asparagus virus 2 (AsV 2). From these, 82 species of 26 families were systematically infectible and 14 species of 10 families only locally. Most frequently were symptomless systemic infections. Of 86 species, their susceptibility for AsV 2 was unknown before. The number of families that contant experimental hosts of the virus increased from 11 to 33. Transmission of AsV 2 was neither possible with Myzus persicae nor with Cuscuta californica or C. campestris. AsV 2-infected mother plants transmitted the virus by about 40 per cent to their seedings. Open-pollinated plants, not infested by AsV 2, showed 3 to 22 per cent of infected seedings. Mechanical back-transmission of AsV 2 from test plants to asparagus succeeded only in one case. The properties of the virus in vitro were as follows: thermal inactivation point between 64 and 66 degrees C, dilution end point between 10(-3) and 10(-4), stability in sap, stored at room temperature, up to 96 hours. Serological investigations demonstrated no relationship to the virus to numerous other viruses. An antiserum with a titer of 1 to 16 was useful for the detection of AvV 2 in asparagus sap. Electron microscopical investigations proved for the virus isometric particles for the first time. In negatively stained preparations they had a diameter of 27 nm.", "PMID": 664937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10389", "title": "Effect of C.C.C. [2-(chloroethyl)] trimethyl ammonium chloride on growth and sporulation in Fusarium oxysporum f. udum (butl.) Sn. et H.", "content": "In Fusarium oxysporum f. udum sporulation of macroconidia was completely inhibited due to the influence of C.C.C. [2-(Chloroethyl)] trimethyl ammonium chloride). Microconidial proliferation, on the other hand, was adversely affected and with increase in concentration of this compound a parallel and proportional decrease in the amount of microconidia was found. Size of microconidia, too, showed a concomitant decline. Although the size of the chlamydospores was also reduced, a tremendous increase in its population was evident, showing a positive response in favour of C.C.C. addition. Fungal mat accumulation, another important aspect of growth, did not evince any inhibitory pattern, compared to the progressive increase in C.C.C. amoung in younger cultures. In older cultures (15-day old), an initial depressing shock of C.C.C. addition could be seen. However, after stepwise and gradual adjustment to the new environment the same positive response of mycelial growth was discernible, although in a less degree than that of the young cultures.", "contents": "Effect of C.C.C. [2-(chloroethyl)] trimethyl ammonium chloride on growth and sporulation in Fusarium oxysporum f. udum (butl.) Sn. et H. In Fusarium oxysporum f. udum sporulation of macroconidia was completely inhibited due to the influence of C.C.C. [2-(Chloroethyl)] trimethyl ammonium chloride). Microconidial proliferation, on the other hand, was adversely affected and with increase in concentration of this compound a parallel and proportional decrease in the amount of microconidia was found. Size of microconidia, too, showed a concomitant decline. Although the size of the chlamydospores was also reduced, a tremendous increase in its population was evident, showing a positive response in favour of C.C.C. addition. Fungal mat accumulation, another important aspect of growth, did not evince any inhibitory pattern, compared to the progressive increase in C.C.C. amoung in younger cultures. In older cultures (15-day old), an initial depressing shock of C.C.C. addition could be seen. However, after stepwise and gradual adjustment to the new environment the same positive response of mycelial growth was discernible, although in a less degree than that of the young cultures.", "PMID": 664938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10390", "title": "Effect of some organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides on Streptomyces scabies.", "content": "Of all the organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides, tested on Streptomyces scabies, Thimet, Chlorothion, Dithane M-45, and Karathane, were effective at relatively low concentrations (1, 20, 16, and 115 ppm). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of these pesticides were the same in vitro as well as in vivo. The other organic phosphorus and carbamate compounds tested were less effective under the laboratory conditions of these tests.", "contents": "Effect of some organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides on Streptomyces scabies. Of all the organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides, tested on Streptomyces scabies, Thimet, Chlorothion, Dithane M-45, and Karathane, were effective at relatively low concentrations (1, 20, 16, and 115 ppm). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of these pesticides were the same in vitro as well as in vivo. The other organic phosphorus and carbamate compounds tested were less effective under the laboratory conditions of these tests.", "PMID": 664939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10391", "title": "[Interdisciplinary cooperation between anaesthesiology and surgery from the surgeon's point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of anaesthesiology has brought about a great variety of problems e.g. unforeseen capacities, money, vacancies and equipment. The patients welfare, of course necessitates the establishment of anaesthesiological departments wherever operations are being performed. We believe that in hospitals without anaesthesiologists an experienced physician should devote himself to the above mentioned duties, which should not be allowed to be of less quality. This is the only way to avoid serious complications. Furthermore, the type of operation and selection of patients have to consider these factors. Risky patients should not be operated on in hospitals without an anaesthesiologist. In a single-man-anaesthesia department the surgical colleagues should be temporarily transferred to assist in the anaesthesiologic department. If there is no possibility of using modern anaesthesia, neither through an anaesthesiologist nor an experienced surgeon, the range of surgery should be limited to the more riskless areas of the body or to operations that can be done in local anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Interdisciplinary cooperation between anaesthesiology and surgery from the surgeon's point of view (author's transl)]. The development of anaesthesiology has brought about a great variety of problems e.g. unforeseen capacities, money, vacancies and equipment. The patients welfare, of course necessitates the establishment of anaesthesiological departments wherever operations are being performed. We believe that in hospitals without anaesthesiologists an experienced physician should devote himself to the above mentioned duties, which should not be allowed to be of less quality. This is the only way to avoid serious complications. Furthermore, the type of operation and selection of patients have to consider these factors. Risky patients should not be operated on in hospitals without an anaesthesiologist. In a single-man-anaesthesia department the surgical colleagues should be temporarily transferred to assist in the anaesthesiologic department. If there is no possibility of using modern anaesthesia, neither through an anaesthesiologist nor an experienced surgeon, the range of surgery should be limited to the more riskless areas of the body or to operations that can be done in local anaesthesia.", "PMID": 664940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10392", "title": "[Haemodialysis in patients with pre- andpostoperative acute renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment and management of patients with renal insufficiency before and after surgery is often complicated. Early interdisciplinary cooperation between intensive care specialist, surgeon, gynaecologist, urologist and nephrologist is necessary. The mortality rate of patients with acute renal failure is still high (50 to 60%). The increase in patients with chronic renal failure who are in need of haemodialysis involves more surgical procedures in this group even in future.", "contents": "[Haemodialysis in patients with pre- andpostoperative acute renal failure (author's transl)]. Treatment and management of patients with renal insufficiency before and after surgery is often complicated. Early interdisciplinary cooperation between intensive care specialist, surgeon, gynaecologist, urologist and nephrologist is necessary. The mortality rate of patients with acute renal failure is still high (50 to 60%). The increase in patients with chronic renal failure who are in need of haemodialysis involves more surgical procedures in this group even in future.", "PMID": 664941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10393", "title": "[Gallstone ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past 30 years 63 patients with gallstone ileus underwent surgical treatment. The mortality rate decreased from 54,5% to 27%, it is mainly caused by the advanced age of the patients and difficulties with early diagnosis. A subsequent cholecystectomy is to be considered cautiously depending on the patient's age.", "contents": "[Gallstone ileus (author's transl)]. During the past 30 years 63 patients with gallstone ileus underwent surgical treatment. The mortality rate decreased from 54,5% to 27%, it is mainly caused by the advanced age of the patients and difficulties with early diagnosis. A subsequent cholecystectomy is to be considered cautiously depending on the patient's age.", "PMID": 664942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10394", "title": "[Provisional results of intramedullar stabilisation of trochanteric fractures with the Sorg-nail (author's transl)].", "content": "Trochanteric fractures occurring predominantly in elder people should be stabilizised as soon as possible by osteosynthesis allowing immediate weight-bearing. We use the Sorg-nail for intramedullary fixation of stable and unstable fractures. In a series of 50 patients we had a mortality rate of 5% and average hospitalisation of 16 days. No infection.", "contents": "[Provisional results of intramedullar stabilisation of trochanteric fractures with the Sorg-nail (author's transl)]. Trochanteric fractures occurring predominantly in elder people should be stabilizised as soon as possible by osteosynthesis allowing immediate weight-bearing. We use the Sorg-nail for intramedullary fixation of stable and unstable fractures. In a series of 50 patients we had a mortality rate of 5% and average hospitalisation of 16 days. No infection.", "PMID": 664946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10395", "title": "[Nailing of pertrochanteric fractures after Lezius and Herzer (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a total of 297 patients (1967 to 1973) suffering from pertrochanteric fractures, 122 patients underwent operative treatment and were followed up by a questionnaire. The late results do not differ significantly from patients treated conservatively. There is only a decrease of the mortality rate during hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Nailing of pertrochanteric fractures after Lezius and Herzer (author's transl)]. Out of a total of 297 patients (1967 to 1973) suffering from pertrochanteric fractures, 122 patients underwent operative treatment and were followed up by a questionnaire. The late results do not differ significantly from patients treated conservatively. There is only a decrease of the mortality rate during hospitalisation.", "PMID": 664947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10396", "title": "[Synovectomy of the cubital joint in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "46 patients underwent synovectomy of the cubital joint for rheumatoid arthritis during the last seven years (1970 to 1977). 38 patients were followed up. The articular function improved in 71%, pain had been eliminated in 55%, no effusion was any longer present in 71%. In advanced stages of the disease resection of the head of the radius generally is performed because it facilitates surgery and improves the articular function later on. Synovectomy is recommended at an early stage.", "contents": "[Synovectomy of the cubital joint in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. 46 patients underwent synovectomy of the cubital joint for rheumatoid arthritis during the last seven years (1970 to 1977). 38 patients were followed up. The articular function improved in 71%, pain had been eliminated in 55%, no effusion was any longer present in 71%. In advanced stages of the disease resection of the head of the radius generally is performed because it facilitates surgery and improves the articular function later on. Synovectomy is recommended at an early stage.", "PMID": 664948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10397", "title": "[Postoperative self-training after surgery of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of a training box the patient is enabled to train his hand by himself. The training materials can individually adapted to the programme.", "contents": "[Postoperative self-training after surgery of the hand (author's transl)]. By means of a training box the patient is enabled to train his hand by himself. The training materials can individually adapted to the programme.", "PMID": 664949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10398", "title": "[\"Tension band\"-osteosynthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with the early results of the tension-band-osteosynthesis in 365 patients. With this simple method functional stability can be achieved even in fractures where the implanation of plates, screws and so on is impossible (near a joint, fractures of hand and foot, some fractures in children).", "contents": "[\"Tension band\"-osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. This report deals with the early results of the tension-band-osteosynthesis in 365 patients. With this simple method functional stability can be achieved even in fractures where the implanation of plates, screws and so on is impossible (near a joint, fractures of hand and foot, some fractures in children).", "PMID": 664950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10399", "title": "[Follow-up results of reconstructing the knee joint with ligaments of Lavasan (author's transl)].", "content": "Recommendation of synthetic material for reconstructing the knee joint ligaments. 15 years experience in 262 patients (sportsmen, ballet dancers, circus artistis,. The Lavasan implant was used in isolated as well as in combined injuries of the ligaments. The long-term  results (13 years) yielded satisfactory results in 91%.", "contents": "[Follow-up results of reconstructing the knee joint with ligaments of Lavasan (author's transl)]. Recommendation of synthetic material for reconstructing the knee joint ligaments. 15 years experience in 262 patients (sportsmen, ballet dancers, circus artistis,. The Lavasan implant was used in isolated as well as in combined injuries of the ligaments. The long-term  results (13 years) yielded satisfactory results in 91%.", "PMID": 664951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10400", "title": "[Conservative treatment or surgery of Colles fracture? (author's transl)].", "content": "In Colles fracture good functional results can be achieved by conservative treatment. Surgical procedures should only be performed in rare cases of comminuted fractures.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment or surgery of Colles fracture? (author's transl)]. In Colles fracture good functional results can be achieved by conservative treatment. Surgical procedures should only be performed in rare cases of comminuted fractures.", "PMID": 664952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10401", "title": "[Severe irradiation injury due to insufficient diagnostics (chronic osteomyelitis--Ewing-sarcoma) (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis between Ewing-sarcoma and chronic osteomyelitis can only be established by scintigraphy, angiography and histological specimen. Treating such a case by irradiation only under suspicion of an Ewing-sarcoma is hazardous and will be followed by severe damage of the body.", "contents": "[Severe irradiation injury due to insufficient diagnostics (chronic osteomyelitis--Ewing-sarcoma) (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis between Ewing-sarcoma and chronic osteomyelitis can only be established by scintigraphy, angiography and histological specimen. Treating such a case by irradiation only under suspicion of an Ewing-sarcoma is hazardous and will be followed by severe damage of the body.", "PMID": 664953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10402", "title": "[Image intensifiers in Osteosynthesis a danger for the team? (author's transl)].", "content": "Three years' examination of X-ray load when working with the X-ray image intensifier have led to the conclusion that with a tolerance basis of 100 mrem per week a fluoroscoping time of about 1 hour is tolerable without lead protection with an average fluoroscoping time of 5 minutes for one osteosynthesis. The operating surgeon can carry out about 10 osteosyntheses per week. For the other members of the operating team the X-ray load is significantly lower and, therefore, there are no limits in practice. It must be noted that an exact record of the fluoroscoping time and dose measurements is absolutely necessary.", "contents": "[Image intensifiers in Osteosynthesis a danger for the team? (author's transl)]. Three years' examination of X-ray load when working with the X-ray image intensifier have led to the conclusion that with a tolerance basis of 100 mrem per week a fluoroscoping time of about 1 hour is tolerable without lead protection with an average fluoroscoping time of 5 minutes for one osteosynthesis. The operating surgeon can carry out about 10 osteosyntheses per week. For the other members of the operating team the X-ray load is significantly lower and, therefore, there are no limits in practice. It must be noted that an exact record of the fluoroscoping time and dose measurements is absolutely necessary.", "PMID": 664957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10403", "title": "[Deadly brain injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 503 deadly brain injuries 71% have been caused by traffic accidents. In 93 patients the brain injury was not the direct cause of death. Total observations included: 170 intracranial haemorrhages; 106 smashes of the skull and 104 contusions. In patients with subdural and epidural haematomas angiography and trepanation were used in few cases.", "contents": "[Deadly brain injuries (author's transl)]. Among 503 deadly brain injuries 71% have been caused by traffic accidents. In 93 patients the brain injury was not the direct cause of death. Total observations included: 170 intracranial haemorrhages; 106 smashes of the skull and 104 contusions. In patients with subdural and epidural haematomas angiography and trepanation were used in few cases.", "PMID": 664958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10404", "title": "[Death due to craniocerebral injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1970 to 1976 2741 patients with craniocerebral injuries were treated. Overall mortality rate was 3,7% to 2,6% by direct sequelae. Operative treatment was necessary in 2,1%.", "contents": "[Death due to craniocerebral injuries (author's transl)]. From 1970 to 1976 2741 patients with craniocerebral injuries were treated. Overall mortality rate was 3,7% to 2,6% by direct sequelae. Operative treatment was necessary in 2,1%.", "PMID": 664959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10405", "title": "[First aid in head and brain injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last 7 years were observed 945 patients with head injuries in our emergency care. First aid is aimed to stabilize respiration and cardiovascular system and to avoid secondary posttraumatic lesions.", "contents": "[First aid in head and brain injuries (author's transl)]. In the last 7 years were observed 945 patients with head injuries in our emergency care. First aid is aimed to stabilize respiration and cardiovascular system and to avoid secondary posttraumatic lesions.", "PMID": 664960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10406", "title": "[Operative treatment of frontobasic fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of fractures of the scull especially of its fronto-basic portion is steadily increasing. So the general surgeon is more and more confronted with the problem of indication concerning oeprative procedures. He should be trained to take care of these injuries.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of frontobasic fractures (author's transl)]. The number of fractures of the scull especially of its fronto-basic portion is steadily increasing. So the general surgeon is more and more confronted with the problem of indication concerning oeprative procedures. He should be trained to take care of these injuries.", "PMID": 664961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10407", "title": "[Computerized tomography in head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Computerized tomography permits the registration of minimal density differences of cerebral tissue. The information obtained by this method is comparable to gross neuropathology. Demonstration of intracranial bleeding and other posttraumatic complications does not present any serious problem. Most of all, it permits for the first time to demonstrate directly parenchymatous lesions of cerebral tissue after a head injury. The treatment nowadays can depend largely on the results gained by computerized tomography. So the care of the patient will be influenced largely by the demonstration of lesions affecting the survival of the patient.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography in head injuries (author's transl)]. Computerized tomography permits the registration of minimal density differences of cerebral tissue. The information obtained by this method is comparable to gross neuropathology. Demonstration of intracranial bleeding and other posttraumatic complications does not present any serious problem. Most of all, it permits for the first time to demonstrate directly parenchymatous lesions of cerebral tissue after a head injury. The treatment nowadays can depend largely on the results gained by computerized tomography. So the care of the patient will be influenced largely by the demonstration of lesions affecting the survival of the patient.", "PMID": 664962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10408", "title": "[Prevention of infections in surgical clinics (author's transl)].", "content": "Infectious risks in surgical clinics are demonstrated. Directions for prophylaxis of hospitalism are given. According to own examinations of the following things are often contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms: appliances for sucking off, handbrushes, instruments, beds, clinical clothing, washing basins, bath tubs and floor sinks.", "contents": "[Prevention of infections in surgical clinics (author's transl)]. Infectious risks in surgical clinics are demonstrated. Directions for prophylaxis of hospitalism are given. According to own examinations of the following things are often contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms: appliances for sucking off, handbrushes, instruments, beds, clinical clothing, washing basins, bath tubs and floor sinks.", "PMID": 664963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10409", "title": "[Some details concerning hospitalism (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss problems of hospitalism especially room and skin disinfection. The percentage of disturbed wound healing in clean surgical cases is dealt with.", "contents": "[Some details concerning hospitalism (author's transl)]. The authors discuss problems of hospitalism especially room and skin disinfection. The percentage of disturbed wound healing in clean surgical cases is dealt with.", "PMID": 664964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10410", "title": "[Massive infection of odontogenic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "2565 patients with infections of odontogenic origin are reported. In only 34,8% of the cases the correct diagnosis was established. Purulent inflammations of the submaxillar area mostly occurred (49,9%) followed by the pharyngeal area (19,9%). Early signs of the spreading of the inflammation must be the indication to send the patient to the hospital to avoid complications.", "contents": "[Massive infection of odontogenic origin (author's transl)]. 2565 patients with infections of odontogenic origin are reported. In only 34,8% of the cases the correct diagnosis was established. Purulent inflammations of the submaxillar area mostly occurred (49,9%) followed by the pharyngeal area (19,9%). Early signs of the spreading of the inflammation must be the indication to send the patient to the hospital to avoid complications.", "PMID": 664965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10411", "title": "[Integration of a university clinic for women into a complex university hospital].", "content": "Commonly with all special surgical branches of sciences from a medical university-sphere the hospital for gyn\u00e4cology and obstetrics from the university will be placed in a \"surgical orientated centre\". The process--structure is underlieing the project for such a centre (summary from equal activities with equal claims to buildings, fitting and out hygiene). The singular spheres from the hospital of gyn\u00e4cology and obstetrics will be coordinated to the equivalent central functional spheres of the \"surgical orientated centre\". The obstetrical--ward with an acute--praepartal--sphere will be commonly with the neonatological-sphere collected to a functional group on the inside of the central surgical-ward. The perceptions by the projection of a \"surgical orientated centre\" shall be a stimulation for the planning and the construction for medical university complexes and universal hospitals.", "contents": "[Integration of a university clinic for women into a complex university hospital]. Commonly with all special surgical branches of sciences from a medical university-sphere the hospital for gyn\u00e4cology and obstetrics from the university will be placed in a \"surgical orientated centre\". The process--structure is underlieing the project for such a centre (summary from equal activities with equal claims to buildings, fitting and out hygiene). The singular spheres from the hospital of gyn\u00e4cology and obstetrics will be coordinated to the equivalent central functional spheres of the \"surgical orientated centre\". The obstetrical--ward with an acute--praepartal--sphere will be commonly with the neonatological-sphere collected to a functional group on the inside of the central surgical-ward. The perceptions by the projection of a \"surgical orientated centre\" shall be a stimulation for the planning and the construction for medical university complexes and universal hospitals.", "PMID": 664969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10412", "title": "[Incidence of abortive ova among spontaneous abortions].", "content": "345 spontaneous abortions of the period 1975/76 are investigated histologically. 174 of them content chorionic villi (100 per cent). Among these we have found 91 abortive ovas (52.3 per cent), 7 hydatiform moles (4.0 per cent) and 35 histological regular abortions (20.1 per cent). Furthermore, 41 cases are suspicious of abortive ova (23.6 per cent) and, 22 cases show signs of early disturbances of placental maturation (12.7 per cent). In all groups there is inflammation of the maternal side and of the endometrium. Regressive changes of the villi are particularly severe in abortive ovas and in the suspicious cases. On the base of our own study of legal abortions as well as this material of spontaneous abortions we estimate the frequency of abortive ovas among all the pregnancies for about 15--25 per cent.", "contents": "[Incidence of abortive ova among spontaneous abortions]. 345 spontaneous abortions of the period 1975/76 are investigated histologically. 174 of them content chorionic villi (100 per cent). Among these we have found 91 abortive ovas (52.3 per cent), 7 hydatiform moles (4.0 per cent) and 35 histological regular abortions (20.1 per cent). Furthermore, 41 cases are suspicious of abortive ova (23.6 per cent) and, 22 cases show signs of early disturbances of placental maturation (12.7 per cent). In all groups there is inflammation of the maternal side and of the endometrium. Regressive changes of the villi are particularly severe in abortive ovas and in the suspicious cases. On the base of our own study of legal abortions as well as this material of spontaneous abortions we estimate the frequency of abortive ovas among all the pregnancies for about 15--25 per cent.", "PMID": 664970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10413", "title": "[Experiences with the preventive use of heparin in septic abortion].", "content": "Report on 62 cases of septic abortion with prophylactic use of heparin. In two cases during this prophylactic therapy shock develops with simultaneous decrease of blood level of fibrinogen as sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The generally accepted value of prophylactic medication of heparin in cases of septic abortion is not diminished by these casuistic observations. Examinations of the coagulation system are necessary at intervals.", "contents": "[Experiences with the preventive use of heparin in septic abortion]. Report on 62 cases of septic abortion with prophylactic use of heparin. In two cases during this prophylactic therapy shock develops with simultaneous decrease of blood level of fibrinogen as sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The generally accepted value of prophylactic medication of heparin in cases of septic abortion is not diminished by these casuistic observations. Examinations of the coagulation system are necessary at intervals.", "PMID": 664971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10414", "title": "[Intra-uterine pressure measurements during early pregnancy using endoradioprobes].", "content": "The intrauterine pressure was determined by means of endoradiosonde in 42 pregnant women before induced abortion. It was measured the tonus and after stimulation with oxytocin the liminal value the basic tonus and the highest increase of pressure. The values of pressure were higher after artificial rupture of the amnion than before. Telemetering of intrauterine pressure is an advantageous method.", "contents": "[Intra-uterine pressure measurements during early pregnancy using endoradioprobes]. The intrauterine pressure was determined by means of endoradiosonde in 42 pregnant women before induced abortion. It was measured the tonus and after stimulation with oxytocin the liminal value the basic tonus and the highest increase of pressure. The values of pressure were higher after artificial rupture of the amnion than before. Telemetering of intrauterine pressure is an advantageous method.", "PMID": 664972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10415", "title": "[Effect of atropine on fetal heart rate].", "content": "The effect of atropine on the foetal heart rate (FHR) was examined in 56 normal pregnancies. 40 mcg/kg atropine was administered. According to the results of the examinations the FHR was not effected by atropine in the 8.--13. weeks of gestation. The FHR was effected by the applied dose of atropine only after the 17th week increasing over the physiological oscillation. In the course of pregnancy FHR was increased by atropine in every case it nearly raised to FHR values observed in the 8.--13 weeks still not effected by atropine.", "contents": "[Effect of atropine on fetal heart rate]. The effect of atropine on the foetal heart rate (FHR) was examined in 56 normal pregnancies. 40 mcg/kg atropine was administered. According to the results of the examinations the FHR was not effected by atropine in the 8.--13. weeks of gestation. The FHR was effected by the applied dose of atropine only after the 17th week increasing over the physiological oscillation. In the course of pregnancy FHR was increased by atropine in every case it nearly raised to FHR values observed in the 8.--13 weeks still not effected by atropine.", "PMID": 664973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10416", "title": "[Cardiovascular effect of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha].", "content": "The reaction of the cardiovascular system on one intramuscular injection of 250 microgram 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha was examined in 14 normotensive healthy pregnant women between 7th and 11th weeks of gestation with the method of quantitative sphygmometry with unbloody graphic recording of arterial blood pressure and direct electronic determination of velocity of aortic pulse wave. The tests were done in 10 patients in intervals of 5 minutes for one hour and in 4 subjects for 12 hours in intervals of one hour. Systolic blood pressure remains nearly constant, but diastolic blood pressure increases and then decreases significantly. Heart rate decreases significantly. Aortic pulse wave velocity decreases in a characteristic manner. Analogous to the biphasic behaviour of blood pressure cardiac output decreases significantly, but then increases insignificantly. The inverse changes of total peripheral resistance are insignificant. Comparing these reactions with the cardiovascular effects of prostaglandin F2alpha or E2, 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha shows the smallest circulatory alterations.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effect of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha]. The reaction of the cardiovascular system on one intramuscular injection of 250 microgram 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha was examined in 14 normotensive healthy pregnant women between 7th and 11th weeks of gestation with the method of quantitative sphygmometry with unbloody graphic recording of arterial blood pressure and direct electronic determination of velocity of aortic pulse wave. The tests were done in 10 patients in intervals of 5 minutes for one hour and in 4 subjects for 12 hours in intervals of one hour. Systolic blood pressure remains nearly constant, but diastolic blood pressure increases and then decreases significantly. Heart rate decreases significantly. Aortic pulse wave velocity decreases in a characteristic manner. Analogous to the biphasic behaviour of blood pressure cardiac output decreases significantly, but then increases insignificantly. The inverse changes of total peripheral resistance are insignificant. Comparing these reactions with the cardiovascular effects of prostaglandin F2alpha or E2, 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha shows the smallest circulatory alterations.", "PMID": 664974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10417", "title": "[Oral labor induction with PGE2-tablets].", "content": "Orally administered PGE2 in tablet form was used to induce labour in a prospective trial on 57 patients. The prostaglandin was given in separate-hourly-dosis of 0,5 to 1,5 mg. The success rate of this oral induction was 93%. Frequency of acidotic and/or clinically depressed newborns and the incidence of active delivery reflected the unselected population. A precipitant labour was noted in one patient, while 23% showed symptoms of gastrointestinal side effects which were seen to be dosage dependent.", "contents": "[Oral labor induction with PGE2-tablets]. Orally administered PGE2 in tablet form was used to induce labour in a prospective trial on 57 patients. The prostaglandin was given in separate-hourly-dosis of 0,5 to 1,5 mg. The success rate of this oral induction was 93%. Frequency of acidotic and/or clinically depressed newborns and the incidence of active delivery reflected the unselected population. A precipitant labour was noted in one patient, while 23% showed symptoms of gastrointestinal side effects which were seen to be dosage dependent.", "PMID": 664975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10418", "title": "[Premature births with special reference to delivery management].", "content": "The 1055 premature births of the last 10 years in the Altd\u00f6bern women's hospital with a centre for premature births have been summarized and analysed in groups with regard to the distribution of birth-weight, the obstetric measures and the perinatal mortality. A change of the operative procedure at the premature birth together with a marked increase of the frequency of the operative deliveries from 28,7 p.c. (group I) to 55,1 p.c. (group III) has been compared to the uncleaned mortality of the premature children of 20,0. p.c. (group I) and 16,4 p.c. (group III). The importance of the large prophylactic measures and of the improved birth-supervision and maintenance of premature births are emphasized in connection with it. Inferences for a further reduction of the perinatal mortality are drawn.", "contents": "[Premature births with special reference to delivery management]. The 1055 premature births of the last 10 years in the Altd\u00f6bern women's hospital with a centre for premature births have been summarized and analysed in groups with regard to the distribution of birth-weight, the obstetric measures and the perinatal mortality. A change of the operative procedure at the premature birth together with a marked increase of the frequency of the operative deliveries from 28,7 p.c. (group I) to 55,1 p.c. (group III) has been compared to the uncleaned mortality of the premature children of 20,0. p.c. (group I) and 16,4 p.c. (group III). The importance of the large prophylactic measures and of the improved birth-supervision and maintenance of premature births are emphasized in connection with it. Inferences for a further reduction of the perinatal mortality are drawn.", "PMID": 664976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10419", "title": "[The giant-child in the obstetrical material of district hospital of Stralsund (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical report is given about the giant-children (so-called big-babies) observed in the years 1945 to 1975 at the departement of obstetrics and gynecology of the district hospital of Stralsund. We have found 103 children within a birth-weight greater than or equal to 5000 g among 422229 newborns (= 0.24%) in this period. The obstetrical importance of the giant-children is shown by the advanced frequency of operations and the higher perinatal mortality. The maternal adipositas seems to be related to the intrauterine overgrowth of the fetus.", "contents": "[The giant-child in the obstetrical material of district hospital of Stralsund (author's transl)]. A clinical report is given about the giant-children (so-called big-babies) observed in the years 1945 to 1975 at the departement of obstetrics and gynecology of the district hospital of Stralsund. We have found 103 children within a birth-weight greater than or equal to 5000 g among 422229 newborns (= 0.24%) in this period. The obstetrical importance of the giant-children is shown by the advanced frequency of operations and the higher perinatal mortality. The maternal adipositas seems to be related to the intrauterine overgrowth of the fetus.", "PMID": 664977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10420", "title": "Cost analysis of wildlife rabies and its control in Europe.", "content": "Within the WHO/FAC Coordinated Research Programme on Wildlife Rabies, a comprehensive survey of all costs involved in wildlife rabies and its control was carried out from 1972 to 1974 by the Government of the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen with the support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and in collaboration with the World Health Organization. For extrapolation of data, administrative costs at the level of the State government and the provinces are considered as relatively constant figures, whereas all other cost components appear to depend largely on the local epidemiological conditions in counties and communities, e.g. administrative costs at county level, cost directly related to rabies cases in animals as well as costs of medical services for episode investigation and post-exposure treatment. The economic burden of wildlife rabies was estimated for the whole Land in 1974 to be in the order of DM 4.02 million. Of this amount, DM 0.77 million concerned costs of control measures in wildlife (intensified hunting and gassing operations for fox control). Assuming use of the most efficient measures according to newer concepts of wildlife rabies control in infected areas, the total expenditure for rabies control in wildlife would have been DM 1.36 million. These costs could be paid by the savings of less than one rabies-free year. This saving in the whole Land would be in the order of DM 1.9 million under the assumption of rabies being prevalent in adjacent \"L\u00e4nder\". The paper contains guidelines for the extrapolation of the different cost factors to other periods and European areas for comparative analyses.", "contents": "Cost analysis of wildlife rabies and its control in Europe. Within the WHO/FAC Coordinated Research Programme on Wildlife Rabies, a comprehensive survey of all costs involved in wildlife rabies and its control was carried out from 1972 to 1974 by the Government of the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen with the support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and in collaboration with the World Health Organization. For extrapolation of data, administrative costs at the level of the State government and the provinces are considered as relatively constant figures, whereas all other cost components appear to depend largely on the local epidemiological conditions in counties and communities, e.g. administrative costs at county level, cost directly related to rabies cases in animals as well as costs of medical services for episode investigation and post-exposure treatment. The economic burden of wildlife rabies was estimated for the whole Land in 1974 to be in the order of DM 4.02 million. Of this amount, DM 0.77 million concerned costs of control measures in wildlife (intensified hunting and gassing operations for fox control). Assuming use of the most efficient measures according to newer concepts of wildlife rabies control in infected areas, the total expenditure for rabies control in wildlife would have been DM 1.36 million. These costs could be paid by the savings of less than one rabies-free year. This saving in the whole Land would be in the order of DM 1.9 million under the assumption of rabies being prevalent in adjacent \"L\u00e4nder\". The paper contains guidelines for the extrapolation of the different cost factors to other periods and European areas for comparative analyses.", "PMID": 664978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10421", "title": "Enhancement of hemolytic and cytotoxic activity of staphylococcal alpha-toxin in vitro by incubation with cultured fibroblasts. Brief communication.", "content": "Staphylococcal alpha-toxin (alpha-toxin) was incubated with 3T3 or SV40-virus transformed mouse 3T3 fibroblasts during 2 hrs at room temperature. This resulted in about a two-fold increase in the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin toward rabbit RBC. The concentration of alpha-toxin causing 50% hemolysis of rabbit RBC was lowered from about 120 ng/ml to about 65 ng/ml. Release of 86Rb from labeled RBC and isolated rabbit vagus nerves also occured at lower concentrations of alpha-toxin after preincubation with fibroblasts. The enhancement of hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin was still exerted by cultured fibroblasts preheated to 56 degrees C, but fibroblasts exposed to 100 degrees C were ineffective. The hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin toward rabbit RBC was also slightly enhanced by leucine aminopeptidase (5--20 microgram/ml) and aminopeptidase M (30--300 IU/ml).", "contents": "Enhancement of hemolytic and cytotoxic activity of staphylococcal alpha-toxin in vitro by incubation with cultured fibroblasts. Brief communication. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin (alpha-toxin) was incubated with 3T3 or SV40-virus transformed mouse 3T3 fibroblasts during 2 hrs at room temperature. This resulted in about a two-fold increase in the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin toward rabbit RBC. The concentration of alpha-toxin causing 50% hemolysis of rabbit RBC was lowered from about 120 ng/ml to about 65 ng/ml. Release of 86Rb from labeled RBC and isolated rabbit vagus nerves also occured at lower concentrations of alpha-toxin after preincubation with fibroblasts. The enhancement of hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin was still exerted by cultured fibroblasts preheated to 56 degrees C, but fibroblasts exposed to 100 degrees C were ineffective. The hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin toward rabbit RBC was also slightly enhanced by leucine aminopeptidase (5--20 microgram/ml) and aminopeptidase M (30--300 IU/ml).", "PMID": 664979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10422", "title": "Serotypes of Nag Vibrios isolated from clinical and environmental sources.", "content": "Nag Vibrios isolated in two districts in Romania were typed with the 38 \"O\" Nag antisera prepared in our laboratory. Nag serotype O:5 was found to be prevalent.", "contents": "Serotypes of Nag Vibrios isolated from clinical and environmental sources. Nag Vibrios isolated in two districts in Romania were typed with the 38 \"O\" Nag antisera prepared in our laboratory. Nag serotype O:5 was found to be prevalent.", "PMID": 664980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10423", "title": "Characterization of a new strain of leptospira isolated from surface water in India.", "content": "A new strain of Leptospira, isolated from surface water in India, is studied and classified. It shows, in the biological tests, a behaviour like that of saprophytic leptospirae; further serovar it represents a new serovar which we named poona.", "contents": "Characterization of a new strain of leptospira isolated from surface water in India. A new strain of Leptospira, isolated from surface water in India, is studied and classified. It shows, in the biological tests, a behaviour like that of saprophytic leptospirae; further serovar it represents a new serovar which we named poona.", "PMID": 664981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10424", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of bovine mycoplasma and acholeplasma reference strains.", "content": "Phenol-acetic acid-water extracts of 13 recognized mycoplasma and acholeplasma reference strains of bovine habitat were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A characteristic electrophoretic profile was obtained for each strain and the relative mobility (Rm) values of the major protein fractions were determined. All examined strains had a common protein band of 33.3 Rm value. Comparison of electrophoretic patterns obtained from different reference strains revealed 2 to 7 protein bands with the same Rm values in a number of strains. A possible correlation with antigenic relatedness is discussed.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of bovine mycoplasma and acholeplasma reference strains. Phenol-acetic acid-water extracts of 13 recognized mycoplasma and acholeplasma reference strains of bovine habitat were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A characteristic electrophoretic profile was obtained for each strain and the relative mobility (Rm) values of the major protein fractions were determined. All examined strains had a common protein band of 33.3 Rm value. Comparison of electrophoretic patterns obtained from different reference strains revealed 2 to 7 protein bands with the same Rm values in a number of strains. A possible correlation with antigenic relatedness is discussed.", "PMID": 664982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10425", "title": "[On micromorphological changes of bradyzoites of toxoplasma cysts in cerebral tissue after storage under freezing at--20 degrees C (author's transl)].", "content": "Toxoplasma bradyzoites in cerebral tissue are no longer infectious and able to replicate after 24 hrs of storage under freezing at--20 degrees C. No intact bradyzoites could micromorphologically be demonstrated in the cysts. Clear changes in the structure and lesions of the cell walls and basic substance of the cysts, and of the bradyzoites are held responsible for the destruction of the parasites being surrounded by host tissue.", "contents": "[On micromorphological changes of bradyzoites of toxoplasma cysts in cerebral tissue after storage under freezing at--20 degrees C (author's transl)]. Toxoplasma bradyzoites in cerebral tissue are no longer infectious and able to replicate after 24 hrs of storage under freezing at--20 degrees C. No intact bradyzoites could micromorphologically be demonstrated in the cysts. Clear changes in the structure and lesions of the cell walls and basic substance of the cysts, and of the bradyzoites are held responsible for the destruction of the parasites being surrounded by host tissue.", "PMID": 664983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10426", "title": "Studies of antigenic variants of leptospira isolated from experimentally infected mice.", "content": "Antigenic variants were isolated from mice inoculated with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype copenhageni by cultivating the kidney cortex in the liquid or the solidified serum media containing the immune serum against the parent strain. The variants, which were isolated from the mice from 7 to 113 days after infection, were found to be antigenically different from the parent by the agglutinin-absorption test, precipitin-absorption test in gel and guinea pig protection test. The variants were antigenically stable and different from the 18 serotypes of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. The significance of antigenic variants of leptospira which appear in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Studies of antigenic variants of leptospira isolated from experimentally infected mice. Antigenic variants were isolated from mice inoculated with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype copenhageni by cultivating the kidney cortex in the liquid or the solidified serum media containing the immune serum against the parent strain. The variants, which were isolated from the mice from 7 to 113 days after infection, were found to be antigenically different from the parent by the agglutinin-absorption test, precipitin-absorption test in gel and guinea pig protection test. The variants were antigenically stable and different from the 18 serotypes of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. The significance of antigenic variants of leptospira which appear in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 664984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10427", "title": "[The value of postoperative dimer-X myelography].", "content": "After preceding lumbar intervertebral disk operations, 88 Dimer-X myelographies were carried out. The examinations were performed with the patients in a lying position; if required, function pictures were taken in a sitting or standing position. Only in three cases the X-ray findings were unconspicuous. The findings included 12 prolapses at other levels, 6 prolapses, 5 massive scars, one pronounced osteophytosis, two cases of serious reticulitis, two meningoceles and one neurinoma outside the field of operation. The dorsal or lateral narrowing of the contrast band typical of prolapses found in the first dimer-X myelogram were only produced by scars in the renewed operation. The authors warn against pantopaque myelography for lumbar intervertebral disk diagnosis because of proven arachnoidal adhesions. The necessity of surgical procedures avoiding as far as possible tissue damage leaving scars and adhesions is stressed.", "contents": "[The value of postoperative dimer-X myelography]. After preceding lumbar intervertebral disk operations, 88 Dimer-X myelographies were carried out. The examinations were performed with the patients in a lying position; if required, function pictures were taken in a sitting or standing position. Only in three cases the X-ray findings were unconspicuous. The findings included 12 prolapses at other levels, 6 prolapses, 5 massive scars, one pronounced osteophytosis, two cases of serious reticulitis, two meningoceles and one neurinoma outside the field of operation. The dorsal or lateral narrowing of the contrast band typical of prolapses found in the first dimer-X myelogram were only produced by scars in the renewed operation. The authors warn against pantopaque myelography for lumbar intervertebral disk diagnosis because of proven arachnoidal adhesions. The necessity of surgical procedures avoiding as far as possible tissue damage leaving scars and adhesions is stressed.", "PMID": 664985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10428", "title": "[Bacteriostatic behavior of the tissue adhesive Fimomed (n-butyl-alpha-cyanoacrylate].", "content": "The tissue adhesive Fimomed (made in GDR), which is supplied in a non-sterilised form, was tested for its bacteriostatic behaviour. No such behaviour was found for Gram-negative bacteria, so that in view of the typical microorganisme occurring in hospitals sterilisation of the adhesive by means of gamma rays or an aseptic filling by the manufacturers is suggested.", "contents": "[Bacteriostatic behavior of the tissue adhesive Fimomed (n-butyl-alpha-cyanoacrylate]. The tissue adhesive Fimomed (made in GDR), which is supplied in a non-sterilised form, was tested for its bacteriostatic behaviour. No such behaviour was found for Gram-negative bacteria, so that in view of the typical microorganisme occurring in hospitals sterilisation of the adhesive by means of gamma rays or an aseptic filling by the manufacturers is suggested.", "PMID": 664986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10429", "title": "[Criteria for the operability and inoperability of malignant tumors in the cerebral hemispheres among children].", "content": "At the Moscow Burdenko Institute, 128 children with malignant tumours of the cerebral hemispheres were operated on within 10 years: 87 total removals, 28 subtotal resections, 13 biopsies and explorations. Lethality of the first 10 days: 7. Size and extent of the tumours do not yield any contraindications for surgery. Rapid section examination does not give sufficient information about the postoperative course. Some patients with histologically malignant tumours have been under after-observation for 10 to 15 years. Only the intraoperative macroscopic findings permit a decision with respect to operability and the further course will enable a prognosis. Only neoplasms without any signs of brain pressure which are clearly located in or on the brain stem are considered to be contraindications. All other tumours are treated surgically.", "contents": "[Criteria for the operability and inoperability of malignant tumors in the cerebral hemispheres among children]. At the Moscow Burdenko Institute, 128 children with malignant tumours of the cerebral hemispheres were operated on within 10 years: 87 total removals, 28 subtotal resections, 13 biopsies and explorations. Lethality of the first 10 days: 7. Size and extent of the tumours do not yield any contraindications for surgery. Rapid section examination does not give sufficient information about the postoperative course. Some patients with histologically malignant tumours have been under after-observation for 10 to 15 years. Only the intraoperative macroscopic findings permit a decision with respect to operability and the further course will enable a prognosis. Only neoplasms without any signs of brain pressure which are clearly located in or on the brain stem are considered to be contraindications. All other tumours are treated surgically.", "PMID": 664987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10430", "title": "[Significance of the anterior falcial artery].", "content": "The author describes origin and course of the anterior falcial artery under physiological conditions. In the carotis communis arteriogram without using the subtraction technique it can be recognised in about one per cent of the cases. Of pathophysiological importance is a dilated anterior falcial artery serving as a collateral artery in occlusions of the carotis interna and as an affluent artery in falcial menigiomas, which is demonstrated in an example. The combination of an a. primitiva trigemini with a homolateral traumatic dural arteriovenous shunt and dilated anterior falcial artery is shown in another patient.", "contents": "[Significance of the anterior falcial artery]. The author describes origin and course of the anterior falcial artery under physiological conditions. In the carotis communis arteriogram without using the subtraction technique it can be recognised in about one per cent of the cases. Of pathophysiological importance is a dilated anterior falcial artery serving as a collateral artery in occlusions of the carotis interna and as an affluent artery in falcial menigiomas, which is demonstrated in an example. The combination of an a. primitiva trigemini with a homolateral traumatic dural arteriovenous shunt and dilated anterior falcial artery is shown in another patient.", "PMID": 664988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10431", "title": "[Diagnostic classification of intracranial meningiomas in the serial angiogram].", "content": "On the basis of 70 serial angiograms of surgically and histologically reliably diagnosed intracranial meningiomas and the appertaining general radiographs of the skull the following was found: 48.5 per cent of the general radiographs showed reactions, 7.1 per cent showed tumour calcifications. Basal meningiomas of the anterior and medium cranial fossae and meniogiomas of the wings of the sphenoid bone are supplied by the a. carotis interna, that is to say, they are also diagnosed by the internal carotid angiography. In serial angiograms, classification was possible in 74 per cent. The other supratentorial meningiomas require angiographies of the external or the common carotid. Infratentorial menigiomas were diagnosed in 50 per cent of the angiograms. The \"early vein\" is no reliable sign of malignity of the menigiomas. The same applies to \"apthologic vessels\", \"shunts\", etc. Staining does not give any secure indications of histological structures.", "contents": "[Diagnostic classification of intracranial meningiomas in the serial angiogram]. On the basis of 70 serial angiograms of surgically and histologically reliably diagnosed intracranial meningiomas and the appertaining general radiographs of the skull the following was found: 48.5 per cent of the general radiographs showed reactions, 7.1 per cent showed tumour calcifications. Basal meningiomas of the anterior and medium cranial fossae and meniogiomas of the wings of the sphenoid bone are supplied by the a. carotis interna, that is to say, they are also diagnosed by the internal carotid angiography. In serial angiograms, classification was possible in 74 per cent. The other supratentorial meningiomas require angiographies of the external or the common carotid. Infratentorial menigiomas were diagnosed in 50 per cent of the angiograms. The \"early vein\" is no reliable sign of malignity of the menigiomas. The same applies to \"apthologic vessels\", \"shunts\", etc. Staining does not give any secure indications of histological structures.", "PMID": 664990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10432", "title": "[Traumatic carotid aneurysm in the region of the base of the skull with life-threatening hemorrhage into the nasopharyngeal space].", "content": "The author reports on a typical case of a traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery with life-threatening bleeding which could be cured. Picture of the disease, diagnosis, and possibilities of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic carotid aneurysm in the region of the base of the skull with life-threatening hemorrhage into the nasopharyngeal space]. The author reports on a typical case of a traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery with life-threatening bleeding which could be cured. Picture of the disease, diagnosis, and possibilities of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 664991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10433", "title": "Applied X-ray photogrammetry in neurosurgery.", "content": "The introduction of X-ray stereophotogrammetry into neurosurgery permits the exact localisation of metal-dense foreign bodies, the spatial representation of cerebral tumours and their blood supply. The determination of the target point in stereotactic operations is carried out after adjustment of the reference points on the X-ray picture directly by the computer, the seat of the probe can be seen in the X-ray picture in its spatial relations. For intracranial aneurysms, the position, the size, and the topographic situation of the neck of the aneurysm can be determined, and thus the placing of the clip during the operation can be pre-planned and made simpler and safer. A description of the photographic technique and the interpretation by means of the new stereocomparator of Messrs. Zeiss is given.", "contents": "Applied X-ray photogrammetry in neurosurgery. The introduction of X-ray stereophotogrammetry into neurosurgery permits the exact localisation of metal-dense foreign bodies, the spatial representation of cerebral tumours and their blood supply. The determination of the target point in stereotactic operations is carried out after adjustment of the reference points on the X-ray picture directly by the computer, the seat of the probe can be seen in the X-ray picture in its spatial relations. For intracranial aneurysms, the position, the size, and the topographic situation of the neck of the aneurysm can be determined, and thus the placing of the clip during the operation can be pre-planned and made simpler and safer. A description of the photographic technique and the interpretation by means of the new stereocomparator of Messrs. Zeiss is given.", "PMID": 664992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10434", "title": "Immunological barrier of the central nervous system in neurosurgical diseases.", "content": "The immunoelectrophoresis in cerebral tumours, craniocerebral injuries and cerebral haemorrhages showed antibodies against the pathologically changed cerebral tissue, especially in the case of severe traumata and malignant cerebral tumours. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 85 patients were examined. Eight of them showed positive results with antibodies (4 gliomas, 1 craniopharyngioma, 3 severe cerebral contusions with disturbance of consciousness).", "contents": "Immunological barrier of the central nervous system in neurosurgical diseases. The immunoelectrophoresis in cerebral tumours, craniocerebral injuries and cerebral haemorrhages showed antibodies against the pathologically changed cerebral tissue, especially in the case of severe traumata and malignant cerebral tumours. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 85 patients were examined. Eight of them showed positive results with antibodies (4 gliomas, 1 craniopharyngioma, 3 severe cerebral contusions with disturbance of consciousness).", "PMID": 664993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10435", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of modern intraoperative diagnostic methods in malignant gliomas of the brain].", "content": "The following methods were employed: Intravital staining with bromphenol blue (70 patients), radiometry with P 32 (127 patients), echo encephalography (12 patients,) puncture biopsy (18 patients), rheometry (96 patients). Bromphenol blue is injected into the a. cerebri media or the supraclinoidal a. carotis interna and stains the periphery of malignant tumours and the entire tissue of benign tumours. Radiometry also serves for the intraoperative finding of tumour remainders which must be located at least 20 to 22 mm below the cortex of the brain. Tumour biopsy was carried out with a sharp cannula to avoid deformation of the tissue cylinder. Rheometry proved to be very useful when avoiding the mixing with blood, liquor, and cyst fluid at the measuring tip.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of modern intraoperative diagnostic methods in malignant gliomas of the brain]. The following methods were employed: Intravital staining with bromphenol blue (70 patients), radiometry with P 32 (127 patients), echo encephalography (12 patients,) puncture biopsy (18 patients), rheometry (96 patients). Bromphenol blue is injected into the a. cerebri media or the supraclinoidal a. carotis interna and stains the periphery of malignant tumours and the entire tissue of benign tumours. Radiometry also serves for the intraoperative finding of tumour remainders which must be located at least 20 to 22 mm below the cortex of the brain. Tumour biopsy was carried out with a sharp cannula to avoid deformation of the tissue cylinder. Rheometry proved to be very useful when avoiding the mixing with blood, liquor, and cyst fluid at the measuring tip.", "PMID": 664994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10436", "title": "[Cerebral macroangiography under hypocapnia and moderate arterial hypertension in the diagnosis of intracerebral tumors].", "content": "As angiography with the usual X-ray tubes only permitted the demonstration of vessels of up to 600-800 micron, more efficient X-ray tubes have been developed permitting vascular demonstrations of up to 100 micron. Since the possibility of demonstrating small and very small vessels under hypocapnia is improved by hyperventilation and a slight increase in arterial blood pressure by ephedrine (30 mg I.A.), 46 patients were examined by employing this combination. Normal vessels contract, tumour vessels remain large. In this way, size and extent of the tumour are better demonstrated, the boundaries become clearer, differential diagnosis safer. Also the venous outflow can be seen earlier and clearer. Insults can be better differentiated. The risk is diminished by an increase in the resistance of the cerebral vessels. The information obtained by this method is a true improvement for diagnostics, indication, and surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Cerebral macroangiography under hypocapnia and moderate arterial hypertension in the diagnosis of intracerebral tumors]. As angiography with the usual X-ray tubes only permitted the demonstration of vessels of up to 600-800 micron, more efficient X-ray tubes have been developed permitting vascular demonstrations of up to 100 micron. Since the possibility of demonstrating small and very small vessels under hypocapnia is improved by hyperventilation and a slight increase in arterial blood pressure by ephedrine (30 mg I.A.), 46 patients were examined by employing this combination. Normal vessels contract, tumour vessels remain large. In this way, size and extent of the tumour are better demonstrated, the boundaries become clearer, differential diagnosis safer. Also the venous outflow can be seen earlier and clearer. Insults can be better differentiated. The risk is diminished by an increase in the resistance of the cerebral vessels. The information obtained by this method is a true improvement for diagnostics, indication, and surgical intervention.", "PMID": 664995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10437", "title": "[Abiogenic nucleoside synthesis in the presence of phosphorus salts].", "content": "By means of UV-spectroscopy, gel-filtration, ion-exchange and thin layer chromatography it has been shown that the action of ionizing radiation on the mixture of dry preparations of adenine and deoxyribose in the presence of the K, Na and Ca phosphates results in the formation of nucleoside-like substances. The phosphates catalyze or inhibit the nucleoside synthesis but they are not phosphorylating agents. The data obtained indicate the reality of abiogenic synthesis of nucleoside-like substances from the mixture of dry preparations of adenine and deoxyribose in the lithosphere during chemical evolution.", "contents": "[Abiogenic nucleoside synthesis in the presence of phosphorus salts]. By means of UV-spectroscopy, gel-filtration, ion-exchange and thin layer chromatography it has been shown that the action of ionizing radiation on the mixture of dry preparations of adenine and deoxyribose in the presence of the K, Na and Ca phosphates results in the formation of nucleoside-like substances. The phosphates catalyze or inhibit the nucleoside synthesis but they are not phosphorylating agents. The data obtained indicate the reality of abiogenic synthesis of nucleoside-like substances from the mixture of dry preparations of adenine and deoxyribose in the lithosphere during chemical evolution.", "PMID": 664996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10438", "title": "[Ultraviolet irradiation and repair--possible factors determining the evolution of DNA structure].", "content": "It is suggested that DNA in first organisms on the Earth was enriched by GC-pairs due to intensive solar UV-irradiation. In the course of progressive evolution, nucleotide composition of DNA shifted to the favour of AT-pairs. This shift to higher photosensitivity became possible because of the development of reparation systems and screening of DNA in cells. The latter phenomenon is better revealed in higher organisms, accounting their stable TA-type of DNA. In lower forms, peculiarities of their habitats provided some conditions for variability of nucleotide composition. High content of GC-pairs remained in those of them which are subjected to the influence of solar irradiation. Parasitic microorganisms and those safely protected from solar radiation developed towards the AT-type of DNA. Both in higher and lower organisms, AT-pairs are richer in those zoms of DNA which are presented by several copies and in which mutations are less significant for the organism therefore being permissible. Structural genes exhibit heterogeneous nucleotide composition which provides for higher variability of the synthesized proteins.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet irradiation and repair--possible factors determining the evolution of DNA structure]. It is suggested that DNA in first organisms on the Earth was enriched by GC-pairs due to intensive solar UV-irradiation. In the course of progressive evolution, nucleotide composition of DNA shifted to the favour of AT-pairs. This shift to higher photosensitivity became possible because of the development of reparation systems and screening of DNA in cells. The latter phenomenon is better revealed in higher organisms, accounting their stable TA-type of DNA. In lower forms, peculiarities of their habitats provided some conditions for variability of nucleotide composition. High content of GC-pairs remained in those of them which are subjected to the influence of solar irradiation. Parasitic microorganisms and those safely protected from solar radiation developed towards the AT-type of DNA. Both in higher and lower organisms, AT-pairs are richer in those zoms of DNA which are presented by several copies and in which mutations are less significant for the organism therefore being permissible. Structural genes exhibit heterogeneous nucleotide composition which provides for higher variability of the synthesized proteins.", "PMID": 664997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10439", "title": "[Lipid composition of the muscles and liver of Mediterranean fish].", "content": "Studies have been made on lipid composition of the liver, white and red skeletal muscles in 9 species of Mediterranean fishes (Scomber scomber, Scomberesox saurus, Trachurus trachurus, T. mediteraneus. Sprattus sprattus, Engraulis engrasicholus, Diplodus annularis, Gadus merlangus, Scorpaena porcus). Lipids were fractionated by means of thin layer chromatography. It was shown that the content of lipids in red muscles is significantly higher than in white ones. Muscles of highly active species are richer in lipids as compared with those in species which are characterized by lower functional activity. In fishes with high muscle activity, lipids exhibit a higher triglyceride content. Tissue concentration of lipids is closely related to the degree of maturity of gonads. Ecological and physiological peculiarities of fishes significantly affect lipid characteristics of their tissues.", "contents": "[Lipid composition of the muscles and liver of Mediterranean fish]. Studies have been made on lipid composition of the liver, white and red skeletal muscles in 9 species of Mediterranean fishes (Scomber scomber, Scomberesox saurus, Trachurus trachurus, T. mediteraneus. Sprattus sprattus, Engraulis engrasicholus, Diplodus annularis, Gadus merlangus, Scorpaena porcus). Lipids were fractionated by means of thin layer chromatography. It was shown that the content of lipids in red muscles is significantly higher than in white ones. Muscles of highly active species are richer in lipids as compared with those in species which are characterized by lower functional activity. In fishes with high muscle activity, lipids exhibit a higher triglyceride content. Tissue concentration of lipids is closely related to the degree of maturity of gonads. Ecological and physiological peculiarities of fishes significantly affect lipid characteristics of their tissues.", "PMID": 664998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10440", "title": "[Fractional composition of serum proteins in Amur sturgeons and its evolutionary significance].", "content": "By means of polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis studies have been made on a serum proteins of the kaluga Huso dauricus and Amur sturgeon Asipenser schrencki. High electrophoretic heterogeneity (18--23 components) of serum proteins of both species was demonstrated together with ecological peculiarities of fractional composition of these proteins as compared to those in Caspian sturgeons. The described high heterogeneity of serum proteins in the ganoid fishes is particularly interesting from the standpoint of evolution of fractional composition of proteins in vertebrates. Presumably, high heterogeneity of serum proteins in the ganoids (practically comparable to that in higher vertebrates and man) is necessary for successful work of the most important biochemical system of the blood at all stages of evolutionary development of vertebrates, being of rather ancient origin.", "contents": "[Fractional composition of serum proteins in Amur sturgeons and its evolutionary significance]. By means of polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis studies have been made on a serum proteins of the kaluga Huso dauricus and Amur sturgeon Asipenser schrencki. High electrophoretic heterogeneity (18--23 components) of serum proteins of both species was demonstrated together with ecological peculiarities of fractional composition of these proteins as compared to those in Caspian sturgeons. The described high heterogeneity of serum proteins in the ganoid fishes is particularly interesting from the standpoint of evolution of fractional composition of proteins in vertebrates. Presumably, high heterogeneity of serum proteins in the ganoids (practically comparable to that in higher vertebrates and man) is necessary for successful work of the most important biochemical system of the blood at all stages of evolutionary development of vertebrates, being of rather ancient origin.", "PMID": 664999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10441", "title": "[Corticosteroid hormones in the blood and adrenals of the aurochs Bison bonasus].", "content": "Using thin-layer chromatography, studies have been made on corticosteroids in the aurochs Bison bonasus. Hydrocortison, corticosteron, aldosteron, 11-dehydrocorticosteron and 11-deoxycorticosteron were found in the suprarenals. Besides these hormones, the blood of the aurochs contains cortison, 17-oxy-11-deoxycorticosteron (\"S\" compounds) and unidentified fraction. Compounds revealed in the blood of the aurochs were also found in the bison and ox. The ratio of hydrocortison to corticosteron together with 11-dehydro- and 11-deoxycorticosteron is equal to 0.42 +/- 0.06 in the suprarenals and to 0.34 +/- 0.01 in the blood.", "contents": "[Corticosteroid hormones in the blood and adrenals of the aurochs Bison bonasus]. Using thin-layer chromatography, studies have been made on corticosteroids in the aurochs Bison bonasus. Hydrocortison, corticosteron, aldosteron, 11-dehydrocorticosteron and 11-deoxycorticosteron were found in the suprarenals. Besides these hormones, the blood of the aurochs contains cortison, 17-oxy-11-deoxycorticosteron (\"S\" compounds) and unidentified fraction. Compounds revealed in the blood of the aurochs were also found in the bison and ox. The ratio of hydrocortison to corticosteron together with 11-dehydro- and 11-deoxycorticosteron is equal to 0.42 +/- 0.06 in the suprarenals and to 0.34 +/- 0.01 in the blood.", "PMID": 665001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10442", "title": "[Reactions of the directionally sensitive optical interneurons of insects to movement of a two-dimensional pattern].", "content": "The reactions to movements of two-dimensional patterns with the same average spatial period were compared in electrophysiological experiments. Directionally-sensitive neurons in connectives of dragonflies (fam. Libellulidae) were 1.5--2 times more sensitive to movement of \"dissected\" patterns (checkerboards, lattice of circles, stochastic pattern) than to vertical stripes. The power of optic signal in high-frequency domain in dissected patterns is 1.4--1.8 times higher, than in a striped pattern. It is assumed that high-frequency spatial filtering in dragonflies is provided by strong lateral inhibition in retinotopic projection. Dissected and striped patterns elicited identical reactions in directionally-sensitive neurons of the dronefly Eristalis tenax; the same was stated for the locomotory optokinetic reaction of the earty-boring dung beetle Geotrupes stercorosus.", "contents": "[Reactions of the directionally sensitive optical interneurons of insects to movement of a two-dimensional pattern]. The reactions to movements of two-dimensional patterns with the same average spatial period were compared in electrophysiological experiments. Directionally-sensitive neurons in connectives of dragonflies (fam. Libellulidae) were 1.5--2 times more sensitive to movement of \"dissected\" patterns (checkerboards, lattice of circles, stochastic pattern) than to vertical stripes. The power of optic signal in high-frequency domain in dissected patterns is 1.4--1.8 times higher, than in a striped pattern. It is assumed that high-frequency spatial filtering in dragonflies is provided by strong lateral inhibition in retinotopic projection. Dissected and striped patterns elicited identical reactions in directionally-sensitive neurons of the dronefly Eristalis tenax; the same was stated for the locomotory optokinetic reaction of the earty-boring dung beetle Geotrupes stercorosus.", "PMID": 665002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10443", "title": "[X-ray microanalysis of the fundamental composition of the hemolymph of the mollusk Mytilus edulis].", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of the content of Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, S and Mg has been made in ultrasmall samples of haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis living in habitats with lowered salinity. It was shown that the content of potassium in the haemolymph is higher than in the environment, both natural and artificial. Coefficient of potassium accumulation in relation to the environment increases with the decrease of external salinity.", "contents": "[X-ray microanalysis of the fundamental composition of the hemolymph of the mollusk Mytilus edulis]. X-ray microanalysis of the content of Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, S and Mg has been made in ultrasmall samples of haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis living in habitats with lowered salinity. It was shown that the content of potassium in the haemolymph is higher than in the environment, both natural and artificial. Coefficient of potassium accumulation in relation to the environment increases with the decrease of external salinity.", "PMID": 665000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10444", "title": "[Study of the chemoreceptor membrane of identified neurons of the gastropod mollusk Planorbarius corneus with different technics of applying chemicals].", "content": "Changes in the membrane potential caused by acetylcholine or gamma-aminobutyric acid when added to the perfusion fluid were compared with those induced by their local application to the neuron soma membrane from the micropipette (diameter 100-300 mu). With equal drug concentrations, the responses were found to be of similar amplitude with either method of application. The rate of changes in the membrane potential proved to be however several times higher in the case of local application. Using voltage--clamp technique and local drug application, the dose-response relationships were studied during selective activation either of two kinds of cholinoreceptors available on the identified neuron membrane. The saturation of the muscarinic receptors was shown to be attained at smaller agonist concentrations, the absolute value of maximal response being at least one order of magnitude lower than in case of nicotinic cholinoreceptors of the same cell.", "contents": "[Study of the chemoreceptor membrane of identified neurons of the gastropod mollusk Planorbarius corneus with different technics of applying chemicals]. Changes in the membrane potential caused by acetylcholine or gamma-aminobutyric acid when added to the perfusion fluid were compared with those induced by their local application to the neuron soma membrane from the micropipette (diameter 100-300 mu). With equal drug concentrations, the responses were found to be of similar amplitude with either method of application. The rate of changes in the membrane potential proved to be however several times higher in the case of local application. Using voltage--clamp technique and local drug application, the dose-response relationships were studied during selective activation either of two kinds of cholinoreceptors available on the identified neuron membrane. The saturation of the muscarinic receptors was shown to be attained at smaller agonist concentrations, the absolute value of maximal response being at least one order of magnitude lower than in case of nicotinic cholinoreceptors of the same cell.", "PMID": 665003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10445", "title": "[Catecholamine concentration in the brain and adrenals during the ontogenesis of mammals with different levels of motor activity].", "content": "In dogs and squirrels which in natural environment reveal high level of muscle activity, the content of norepinephrine in the brain stem and total content of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the suprarenals are lower than in rabbits and albino rats which are characterized by a lower muscle activity. Differences in norepinephrine content of the brain stem between dogs and rats originally appear in the period of realization of the standing posture. At this time, norepinephrine content of the brain stem in dogs becomes maximal, decreasing on further development of animals, whereas in rats it continues to increase up to the 4th month of postnatal life. In rats which were bred from the age of 1 month under the conditions of intensive muscle exercise, norepinephrine content of the brain stem at the age of 7 months is lower than in control animals.", "contents": "[Catecholamine concentration in the brain and adrenals during the ontogenesis of mammals with different levels of motor activity]. In dogs and squirrels which in natural environment reveal high level of muscle activity, the content of norepinephrine in the brain stem and total content of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the suprarenals are lower than in rabbits and albino rats which are characterized by a lower muscle activity. Differences in norepinephrine content of the brain stem between dogs and rats originally appear in the period of realization of the standing posture. At this time, norepinephrine content of the brain stem in dogs becomes maximal, decreasing on further development of animals, whereas in rats it continues to increase up to the 4th month of postnatal life. In rats which were bred from the age of 1 month under the conditions of intensive muscle exercise, norepinephrine content of the brain stem at the age of 7 months is lower than in control animals.", "PMID": 665005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10446", "title": "[Amino acid composition of chicken serum albumin].", "content": "Studies have been made on the amino acid composition of electrophoretically homogeneous albumin and its main isoelectrically homogeneous fraction in two strains of hens and their hybrid. Serum albumin of hen and hybrid is characterized by higher total content of Asp and Glu residues as compared with that of the cock (137, 121, and 116 respectively) and lower content of Lys (59 against 66). The acidity of albumin increases in the line cock-hen-hybrid. With respect to its amino acid composition, the maternal serum albumin stands close to the hybrid one.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of chicken serum albumin]. Studies have been made on the amino acid composition of electrophoretically homogeneous albumin and its main isoelectrically homogeneous fraction in two strains of hens and their hybrid. Serum albumin of hen and hybrid is characterized by higher total content of Asp and Glu residues as compared with that of the cock (137, 121, and 116 respectively) and lower content of Lys (59 against 66). The acidity of albumin increases in the line cock-hen-hybrid. With respect to its amino acid composition, the maternal serum albumin stands close to the hybrid one.", "PMID": 665008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10447", "title": "[Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in Mesocricetus auratus hamsters of different ages].", "content": "Studies have been made on the amino acid composition of electrophoretically homogeneous albumin and its main isoelectrically homogeneous fraction in two strains of hens and their hybrid. Serum albumin of hen and hybrid is characterized by higher total content of Asp and Glu residues as compared with that of the cock (137, 121, and 116 respectively) and lower content of Lys (59 against 66). The acidity of albumin increases in the line cock-hen-hybrid. With respect to its amino acid composition, the maternal serum albumin stands close to the hybrid one.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in Mesocricetus auratus hamsters of different ages]. Studies have been made on the amino acid composition of electrophoretically homogeneous albumin and its main isoelectrically homogeneous fraction in two strains of hens and their hybrid. Serum albumin of hen and hybrid is characterized by higher total content of Asp and Glu residues as compared with that of the cock (137, 121, and 116 respectively) and lower content of Lys (59 against 66). The acidity of albumin increases in the line cock-hen-hybrid. With respect to its amino acid composition, the maternal serum albumin stands close to the hybrid one.", "PMID": 665010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10448", "title": "[Perception of chemical and temperature stimuli by the ampullae of Lorenzini in in skates].", "content": "Recording impulse activity in single nervous fibers, studies have been made on the effect of chemical and thermal stimuli on the activity of Lorenzini ampullae in the rays Dasyatis pastinaca and Raja clavata. Application of the diluted sea water to the opening of ampullary canal increases the discharge rate of the receptors resulting into subsequent adaptation, whereas the increase in water salinity causes opposite changes. Threshold changes in the salinity of sea water amount 1--2%. Thermal transient in the sea water at the vicinity of the opening of ampullary canal did not affect the activity of the receptors. A decrease in temperature at the vicinity of receptor cells resulted in a transient rise of the firing rate of the receptors, while the increase of temperature decreased the activity of the receptors.", "contents": "[Perception of chemical and temperature stimuli by the ampullae of Lorenzini in in skates]. Recording impulse activity in single nervous fibers, studies have been made on the effect of chemical and thermal stimuli on the activity of Lorenzini ampullae in the rays Dasyatis pastinaca and Raja clavata. Application of the diluted sea water to the opening of ampullary canal increases the discharge rate of the receptors resulting into subsequent adaptation, whereas the increase in water salinity causes opposite changes. Threshold changes in the salinity of sea water amount 1--2%. Thermal transient in the sea water at the vicinity of the opening of ampullary canal did not affect the activity of the receptors. A decrease in temperature at the vicinity of receptor cells resulted in a transient rise of the firing rate of the receptors, while the increase of temperature decreased the activity of the receptors.", "PMID": 665004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10449", "title": "[Avidity of sera-neutralizing snake venom].", "content": "Avidity of antivenom sera used for the treatment of snake bites was studied. Sera against the venom of Vipera libetina obtained from producers immunized with crude venoms were more avid than analogous sera obtained to anavenoms. In studying the avidity of polyvalent serum neutralizing the Vipera libetina, echis and cobra venoms showed the serum obtained in immunization with the mixture of crude venoms to be highly avid to all the venoms composing the antigen; besides, it bound the venoms of Vipera libetina and echis more rapidly and more stably than the corresponding monovalent sera.", "contents": "[Avidity of sera-neutralizing snake venom]. Avidity of antivenom sera used for the treatment of snake bites was studied. Sera against the venom of Vipera libetina obtained from producers immunized with crude venoms were more avid than analogous sera obtained to anavenoms. In studying the avidity of polyvalent serum neutralizing the Vipera libetina, echis and cobra venoms showed the serum obtained in immunization with the mixture of crude venoms to be highly avid to all the venoms composing the antigen; besides, it bound the venoms of Vipera libetina and echis more rapidly and more stably than the corresponding monovalent sera.", "PMID": 665016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10450", "title": "[Enteropathogenicity of hemolysing El Tor Vibrios].", "content": "The authors studied the enteropathogenic properties of 11 strains of hemolysing E1 Tor vibrios, of which 8 in enteric administration to suckling rabbits caused no death of the animals, and 3 caused the animal death with the phenomena of diarrhea, but without any typical cholerogenicity syndrome. In case of administration with mucine the pathogenic properties were revealed in 6 strains more. Use of strains grown on media with starch for the infection led, in individual cases, to the manifestation of enteropathogenic properties. Consequently, the strains of hemolysing E1 for vibrios under study should be regarded as weakly virulent, and some--as avirulent ones.", "contents": "[Enteropathogenicity of hemolysing El Tor Vibrios]. The authors studied the enteropathogenic properties of 11 strains of hemolysing E1 Tor vibrios, of which 8 in enteric administration to suckling rabbits caused no death of the animals, and 3 caused the animal death with the phenomena of diarrhea, but without any typical cholerogenicity syndrome. In case of administration with mucine the pathogenic properties were revealed in 6 strains more. Use of strains grown on media with starch for the infection led, in individual cases, to the manifestation of enteropathogenic properties. Consequently, the strains of hemolysing E1 for vibrios under study should be regarded as weakly virulent, and some--as avirulent ones.", "PMID": 665017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10451", "title": "[Differences in the thermostability of aminoacyl-mRNA-synthetases from intact and denervated rabbit muscles].", "content": "The stability of alanyl-tRNA synthetase and valyl-tRNA synthetase from the intact and denervated for 30 days rabbit skeletal muscles towards the inactivating effect of heat (42 degrees for 10 min) has been studied. The activity of the enzymes was measured in the supernatant fraction obtained by centrifugation of muscle homogenates at 105, 000 g for 1 h. The stability of both alanyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases from the denervated m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius was shown to be considerably decreased as compared with the enzymes from the intact muscles.", "contents": "[Differences in the thermostability of aminoacyl-mRNA-synthetases from intact and denervated rabbit muscles]. The stability of alanyl-tRNA synthetase and valyl-tRNA synthetase from the intact and denervated for 30 days rabbit skeletal muscles towards the inactivating effect of heat (42 degrees for 10 min) has been studied. The activity of the enzymes was measured in the supernatant fraction obtained by centrifugation of muscle homogenates at 105, 000 g for 1 h. The stability of both alanyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases from the denervated m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius was shown to be considerably decreased as compared with the enzymes from the intact muscles.", "PMID": 665011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10452", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of the sensomotor cortex on the activity of the lumbar motor center in rats during ontogenesis].", "content": "In rats ageing up to 3 weeks, studies have been made on the reactions of the spinal motor center to long-lasting rhythmic stimulation of sensorimotor cortex. It was found that in 5-day old rats specific periodic pattern of the activity may be recorded similar to the autorhythmic spontaneous activity described in our earlier papers. In older animals periodic pattern of reaction can also be observed, but it may be modulated by stimulation. Beginning from the 12th day, periodic pattern of reaction is transformed into aperiodic one typical for adult animals. From the 3rd week of life, the inhibitory effect of motor cortex stimulation on locomotor activity could be observed.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of the sensomotor cortex on the activity of the lumbar motor center in rats during ontogenesis]. In rats ageing up to 3 weeks, studies have been made on the reactions of the spinal motor center to long-lasting rhythmic stimulation of sensorimotor cortex. It was found that in 5-day old rats specific periodic pattern of the activity may be recorded similar to the autorhythmic spontaneous activity described in our earlier papers. In older animals periodic pattern of reaction can also be observed, but it may be modulated by stimulation. Beginning from the 12th day, periodic pattern of reaction is transformed into aperiodic one typical for adult animals. From the 3rd week of life, the inhibitory effect of motor cortex stimulation on locomotor activity could be observed.", "PMID": 665007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10453", "title": "[Effect of sulfide water from natural springs on the properties of Vibrino cholerae].", "content": "The authors studied the properties of E1 Tor cholera vibrios isolated from sulfide water of the natural sources. There was demonstrated under experimental and natural conditions the influence of ecological conditions of sulfide water on such vibrio properties as cholerogenicity, sensitivity to diagnostic and typing phages, hemolytic activity and the value of the hemolysin-destructive factor. A short-liver stay of cholera vibrios in sulfide water was accompanied by some reduction of their virulence.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfide water from natural springs on the properties of Vibrino cholerae]. The authors studied the properties of E1 Tor cholera vibrios isolated from sulfide water of the natural sources. There was demonstrated under experimental and natural conditions the influence of ecological conditions of sulfide water on such vibrio properties as cholerogenicity, sensitivity to diagnostic and typing phages, hemolytic activity and the value of the hemolysin-destructive factor. A short-liver stay of cholera vibrios in sulfide water was accompanied by some reduction of their virulence.", "PMID": 665018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10454", "title": "[Substrate specificity of multiple forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Misgurnus fossilis loach embryos].", "content": "Studies have been made on substrate specificity of electrophoretically different forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+-1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.49). 2-Deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate produced by enzymic synthesis was used as a substrate analogue for G-6-P DH fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The data obtained indicate that two forms of G-6-P DH of the loach blastoderm differ with respect to their substrate specificity.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity of multiple forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Misgurnus fossilis loach embryos]. Studies have been made on substrate specificity of electrophoretically different forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+-1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.49). 2-Deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate produced by enzymic synthesis was used as a substrate analogue for G-6-P DH fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The data obtained indicate that two forms of G-6-P DH of the loach blastoderm differ with respect to their substrate specificity.", "PMID": 665009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10455", "title": "[Pharmacologic analysis of the biphasic postsynaptic potentials of an identified neuron of the mollusk Planorbarius corneus].", "content": "Identified neuron in the left pedal ganglion of the mollusc P. corneus responds by biphasic postsynaptic potential (BPSP) to nerve stimulation. The depolarizing phase of both the BPSP and the response to acetylcholine is abolished by tubocurarine, whereas the hypopolarizing phase is blocked by tetramethylammonium. The results obtained suggest that BPSP is due to activation of two kinds of cholinoreceptors in the neuronal membrane.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic analysis of the biphasic postsynaptic potentials of an identified neuron of the mollusk Planorbarius corneus]. Identified neuron in the left pedal ganglion of the mollusc P. corneus responds by biphasic postsynaptic potential (BPSP) to nerve stimulation. The depolarizing phase of both the BPSP and the response to acetylcholine is abolished by tubocurarine, whereas the hypopolarizing phase is blocked by tetramethylammonium. The results obtained suggest that BPSP is due to activation of two kinds of cholinoreceptors in the neuronal membrane.", "PMID": 665013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10456", "title": "[Phagocytability of Pseudomonas pseudomallei].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the cell culture of macrophages of animals significantly differing by the extent of resistance to melioidosis; the presence of correlation between the extent of the animal natural immunity and the intensity of dying of the microbes in the test system was demonstrated. The causative agent of melioidosis proved to be more resistant to phagocytosis with guinea pig macrophages than E. coli. Ps. aeruginosa and A. mallei. It was impossible to establish any relationship between the efficacy of phagocytosis by animal macrophages and the virulence or morphology of the colonies in the Ps. pseudomallei species.", "contents": "[Phagocytability of Pseudomonas pseudomallei]. Experiments were conducted on the cell culture of macrophages of animals significantly differing by the extent of resistance to melioidosis; the presence of correlation between the extent of the animal natural immunity and the intensity of dying of the microbes in the test system was demonstrated. The causative agent of melioidosis proved to be more resistant to phagocytosis with guinea pig macrophages than E. coli. Ps. aeruginosa and A. mallei. It was impossible to establish any relationship between the efficacy of phagocytosis by animal macrophages and the virulence or morphology of the colonies in the Ps. pseudomallei species.", "PMID": 665019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10457", "title": "[The content of gonadotropic hormones in commercial immunoglobulin preparations].", "content": "The authors carried out a comparative quantitative and biological determination of gonadotropins in 32 batches of immunoglobulin preparations made of the abortive, placental, and donor blood sera. The maximal amounts of gonadotropins were contained in preparations obtained from the abortive blood serum. It was shown that purification by Kohn's method (variant B) led only to the partial purification of immunoglobulins from the gonadotropin admixtures.", "contents": "[The content of gonadotropic hormones in commercial immunoglobulin preparations]. The authors carried out a comparative quantitative and biological determination of gonadotropins in 32 batches of immunoglobulin preparations made of the abortive, placental, and donor blood sera. The maximal amounts of gonadotropins were contained in preparations obtained from the abortive blood serum. It was shown that purification by Kohn's method (variant B) led only to the partial purification of immunoglobulins from the gonadotropin admixtures.", "PMID": 665022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10458", "title": "[Insulin activity of blood serum of rabbits immunized with tick-borne encephalitis- and western-equine-encephalomyelitis viruses].", "content": "Administration of brain suspension of intact albino mice during the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after a single, double and prolonged (5-cycle) immunization of rabbits produced no significant changes in the functional condition of the insular apparatus. A single use in the capacity of an antigen of the brain tissue containing the tick-borne encephalitis or western horse encephalomyelitis viruses also led to no marked shifts in the blood serum insulin activity. In reimmunization with the virus-containing material the value analysed decreased on the 7th day in comparison with the 1st and the 3rd days after the antigenic stimulation. A suppression of the hormonal function of the insular apparatus of the pancreas during the 1st and the 7th days of study was noted after the hyperimmunization with the virus-containing brain suspensions.", "contents": "[Insulin activity of blood serum of rabbits immunized with tick-borne encephalitis- and western-equine-encephalomyelitis viruses]. Administration of brain suspension of intact albino mice during the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after a single, double and prolonged (5-cycle) immunization of rabbits produced no significant changes in the functional condition of the insular apparatus. A single use in the capacity of an antigen of the brain tissue containing the tick-borne encephalitis or western horse encephalomyelitis viruses also led to no marked shifts in the blood serum insulin activity. In reimmunization with the virus-containing material the value analysed decreased on the 7th day in comparison with the 1st and the 3rd days after the antigenic stimulation. A suppression of the hormonal function of the insular apparatus of the pancreas during the 1st and the 7th days of study was noted after the hyperimmunization with the virus-containing brain suspensions.", "PMID": 665023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10459", "title": "[The role of lemmings in natural tularemia foci of arctic regions].", "content": "The presence of Taimyr of independent natural tularemia foci of tundra type was revealed on the basis of isolation of tularemia causative agent from lemmings and the objects of external environment and detection of a specific antigen in the pellets of birds-myophages and mummified cadavers of animals. Possible ways of circulation of the microbe in the lemming population are discussed.", "contents": "[The role of lemmings in natural tularemia foci of arctic regions]. The presence of Taimyr of independent natural tularemia foci of tundra type was revealed on the basis of isolation of tularemia causative agent from lemmings and the objects of external environment and detection of a specific antigen in the pellets of birds-myophages and mummified cadavers of animals. Possible ways of circulation of the microbe in the lemming population are discussed.", "PMID": 665024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10460", "title": "[Increased invasiveness as one of the manifestations of phenotype variability of the plague microbe in fleas].", "content": "Experimental studies conducted on genetically connected virulent subcultures of Y. pestis showed that the death of albino mice infected by flea bite occurred earlier than in the animals infected by a syringe subcutaneously. A high invasiveness of Y. pestis subcultures isolated from fleas (in comparison with the initial strains and subcultures from the animals) persisted for 2--3 passages in their cultivation on artificial nutrient media.", "contents": "[Increased invasiveness as one of the manifestations of phenotype variability of the plague microbe in fleas]. Experimental studies conducted on genetically connected virulent subcultures of Y. pestis showed that the death of albino mice infected by flea bite occurred earlier than in the animals infected by a syringe subcutaneously. A high invasiveness of Y. pestis subcultures isolated from fleas (in comparison with the initial strains and subcultures from the animals) persisted for 2--3 passages in their cultivation on artificial nutrient media.", "PMID": 665025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10461", "title": "[Detection of the etiologic structure of generalized and localized forms of meningococcal infection using the passive hemagglutination test].", "content": "Preparations of formalin-treated erythrocytes sensitized with meningococcus polysaccharides of serological groups A, C, X, Y, and Z were used for the purpose of examination of patients with meningococcus infection; these preparations were highly specific in the tests of precipitation, hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. Indirect hemagglutination test with the sera of 99 patients suffering from generalized forms of meningococcus infection was conducted with the mentioned preparations in Moscow and Novosibirsk in 1974--1975 when a stable morbidity decline was noted in these towns after an epidemic rise. The diagnostic value of this test was confirmed: it permitted to diagnose meningococcus etiology beginning from the 5th day of the disease and to decipher it from the aspect of individual serological groups. As shown, the incidence of cases caused by serological group A, reaching 87% at the height of the epidemic rise, fell to 49.5% at the stage of decline. Cases caused by group Y which was not encountered formerly were revealed in 16.2% of the patients. Among 127 patients with miningitis of nonmeningococcus etiology meningococcus antibodies to groups A and Y were revealed with the same frequency (in titres of not over 1 : 20--1 : 80), but the leading role of serological group A in the etiology of the manifest forms permitted to draw a conclusion on the presence of a higher invasiveness in the strains of group A.", "contents": "[Detection of the etiologic structure of generalized and localized forms of meningococcal infection using the passive hemagglutination test]. Preparations of formalin-treated erythrocytes sensitized with meningococcus polysaccharides of serological groups A, C, X, Y, and Z were used for the purpose of examination of patients with meningococcus infection; these preparations were highly specific in the tests of precipitation, hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. Indirect hemagglutination test with the sera of 99 patients suffering from generalized forms of meningococcus infection was conducted with the mentioned preparations in Moscow and Novosibirsk in 1974--1975 when a stable morbidity decline was noted in these towns after an epidemic rise. The diagnostic value of this test was confirmed: it permitted to diagnose meningococcus etiology beginning from the 5th day of the disease and to decipher it from the aspect of individual serological groups. As shown, the incidence of cases caused by serological group A, reaching 87% at the height of the epidemic rise, fell to 49.5% at the stage of decline. Cases caused by group Y which was not encountered formerly were revealed in 16.2% of the patients. Among 127 patients with miningitis of nonmeningococcus etiology meningococcus antibodies to groups A and Y were revealed with the same frequency (in titres of not over 1 : 20--1 : 80), but the leading role of serological group A in the etiology of the manifest forms permitted to draw a conclusion on the presence of a higher invasiveness in the strains of group A.", "PMID": 665026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10462", "title": "[El Tor vibrios with different enteropathogenicities].", "content": "The authors summed up the results of study of enteropathogenicity of 270 strains of the El Tor vibrios isolated the last 11 years. Over 2 000 nursling rabbits were used. El Tor vibrios were divided by their enteropathogenic properties into three categories: 1) the highly enteropathogenic (cholerogenic) ones causing the death of all the biotest nursling rabbits with a characteristic syndrome of cholerogenicity, and failing to lyse sheep erythrocytes; 2) enteropathogenic ones, causing death of some of the biotest animals without any characteristic cholerogenicity syndrome, but with the intestinal lesions; strains of this category are hemolytic; 3) nonenteropathogenic, causing no death of the animals even when their high doses are administered; these bibrios are hemolytic (cause lysis of sheep red blood cells).", "contents": "[El Tor vibrios with different enteropathogenicities]. The authors summed up the results of study of enteropathogenicity of 270 strains of the El Tor vibrios isolated the last 11 years. Over 2 000 nursling rabbits were used. El Tor vibrios were divided by their enteropathogenic properties into three categories: 1) the highly enteropathogenic (cholerogenic) ones causing the death of all the biotest nursling rabbits with a characteristic syndrome of cholerogenicity, and failing to lyse sheep erythrocytes; 2) enteropathogenic ones, causing death of some of the biotest animals without any characteristic cholerogenicity syndrome, but with the intestinal lesions; strains of this category are hemolytic; 3) nonenteropathogenic, causing no death of the animals even when their high doses are administered; these bibrios are hemolytic (cause lysis of sheep red blood cells).", "PMID": 665027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10463", "title": "[Characteristics of several epidemiologic features of suppurative-septic diseases of staphylococcal etiology in obstetric institutions].", "content": "The authors studied the frequency of the purulent-septic diseases in puerperants and neonates and the percentage among them of affections of staphylococcus etiology, their seasonal incidence and nidality. The phage-type reference of the strains of staphylococci circulating at the maternity home, and their connection with the staphylococcus carrier state among the personnel and the extent of spread of the purulent-septic diseases was determined. There was revealed an interrelationship between the incidence of recording of the purulent-septic diseases at the maternity home and the level of staphylococcus carrier state among the medical personnel. The sum total positive culture percentage in serous mastitis, endometritis and in case of suture disjunction due to purulent complications was 63.5, and in case of purulent-septic diseases of neonates -- 55--65. Strains belonging to the \"epidemic\" phage types are widespread at the maternity homes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of several epidemiologic features of suppurative-septic diseases of staphylococcal etiology in obstetric institutions]. The authors studied the frequency of the purulent-septic diseases in puerperants and neonates and the percentage among them of affections of staphylococcus etiology, their seasonal incidence and nidality. The phage-type reference of the strains of staphylococci circulating at the maternity home, and their connection with the staphylococcus carrier state among the personnel and the extent of spread of the purulent-septic diseases was determined. There was revealed an interrelationship between the incidence of recording of the purulent-septic diseases at the maternity home and the level of staphylococcus carrier state among the medical personnel. The sum total positive culture percentage in serous mastitis, endometritis and in case of suture disjunction due to purulent complications was 63.5, and in case of purulent-septic diseases of neonates -- 55--65. Strains belonging to the \"epidemic\" phage types are widespread at the maternity homes.", "PMID": 665028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10464", "title": "[Lung tissue alterations following experimental infection of mice with acholeplasmae isolated from simians with hematosarcoma].", "content": "This paper is devoted to the study of pathogenic acholeplasmae potencies. Two strains of acholeplasmae isolated from the blood and organs of Papio hamadryas suffering from hemoblastosis and a standard Ach. laidlawii A. strain were subjected to the comparative study with the use of a \"pulmonary model\" in experiments on mice. Morphological investigations showed affections of the pulmonary tissue characterized by stage-by-stage inflammatory-destructive changes analogous to the lesions found in \"mycoplasmosis of the lungs\". Prolonged inflammatory changes in the pulmonary tissue were maintained by a long-term persistence of acholeplasmae in it. A conclusion was drawn that acholeplasmae isolated from monkeys suffering from hematosarcoma had marked pathogenic action on the pulmonary tissue of mice. Strain differences in the pathogenic activity of the strains under study were revealed.", "contents": "[Lung tissue alterations following experimental infection of mice with acholeplasmae isolated from simians with hematosarcoma]. This paper is devoted to the study of pathogenic acholeplasmae potencies. Two strains of acholeplasmae isolated from the blood and organs of Papio hamadryas suffering from hemoblastosis and a standard Ach. laidlawii A. strain were subjected to the comparative study with the use of a \"pulmonary model\" in experiments on mice. Morphological investigations showed affections of the pulmonary tissue characterized by stage-by-stage inflammatory-destructive changes analogous to the lesions found in \"mycoplasmosis of the lungs\". Prolonged inflammatory changes in the pulmonary tissue were maintained by a long-term persistence of acholeplasmae in it. A conclusion was drawn that acholeplasmae isolated from monkeys suffering from hematosarcoma had marked pathogenic action on the pulmonary tissue of mice. Strain differences in the pathogenic activity of the strains under study were revealed.", "PMID": 665035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10465", "title": "[Suppressive effect of normal lymphoid cells on manifestations of immunologic memory].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of the cells of normal lymphoid organs on the level of immunological response in the recipients of splenic cells from the suppressed animals. The organ cells were mixed with the suppressed ones and were administered to the recipients together with the reimmunizing dose of the antigen. Cells of the spleen, of the lymph nodes, the thymus or of the bone marrow suppressed the capacity of the memory cells to the realization of the immunological response to sheep red blood cells and egg albumin. The spleen cells of one and a half month old mice were more active than the cells of young or old animals. The suppressor activity persisted after the administration to donors of various doses of cortisone or heating of the cells transferred at 56 degrees C. Treatment with T-antiserum or heating at 80 degrees C led to reduction of the suppressor action of normal cells.", "contents": "[Suppressive effect of normal lymphoid cells on manifestations of immunologic memory]. The authors studied the influence of the cells of normal lymphoid organs on the level of immunological response in the recipients of splenic cells from the suppressed animals. The organ cells were mixed with the suppressed ones and were administered to the recipients together with the reimmunizing dose of the antigen. Cells of the spleen, of the lymph nodes, the thymus or of the bone marrow suppressed the capacity of the memory cells to the realization of the immunological response to sheep red blood cells and egg albumin. The spleen cells of one and a half month old mice were more active than the cells of young or old animals. The suppressor activity persisted after the administration to donors of various doses of cortisone or heating of the cells transferred at 56 degrees C. Treatment with T-antiserum or heating at 80 degrees C led to reduction of the suppressor action of normal cells.", "PMID": 665036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10466", "title": "[Effect of hyperimmunization with tick-borne encephalitis virus on lipid metabolism].", "content": "Prolonged administration to rabbits of the brain tissue of albino mice and of the cell culture of chick embryo with and without the tick-borne encephalitis virus was accompanied by the changes in the qualitative fatty acid composition in the blood serum in the direction of increase of the polyunsaturated compounds; iodine number increased in the liver. A five-cycle immunization with the virus-containing material and with the brain tissue led to the rise in the content of blood serum beta-lipoproteins. The noted deviations were more pronounced in using the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Hyperimmunization with the virus-containing antigen promoted elevation of the lipolytic activity of the blood serum and of the liver tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperimmunization with tick-borne encephalitis virus on lipid metabolism]. Prolonged administration to rabbits of the brain tissue of albino mice and of the cell culture of chick embryo with and without the tick-borne encephalitis virus was accompanied by the changes in the qualitative fatty acid composition in the blood serum in the direction of increase of the polyunsaturated compounds; iodine number increased in the liver. A five-cycle immunization with the virus-containing material and with the brain tissue led to the rise in the content of blood serum beta-lipoproteins. The noted deviations were more pronounced in using the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Hyperimmunization with the virus-containing antigen promoted elevation of the lipolytic activity of the blood serum and of the liver tissue.", "PMID": 665038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10467", "title": "[Ultrastructure, metabolism and performance of white blood cells during development of the immune response and the effect of glucocorticoids on it. I. Effect of immunization on the number and submicroscopic structure of lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood of rabbits].", "content": "As a result of immunization and reimmunization with bovine serum albumin there was a change of the number and correlation of various morphologically identifyable species of lymphocytes in the blood of rabbits. Regular submicroscopic changes in the nucleus and organoids of the cytoplasm pointing to increased functional activity of these cells were revealed at the ultrastructural level in many circulating lymphocytes belonging to various populations.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure, metabolism and performance of white blood cells during development of the immune response and the effect of glucocorticoids on it. I. Effect of immunization on the number and submicroscopic structure of lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood of rabbits]. As a result of immunization and reimmunization with bovine serum albumin there was a change of the number and correlation of various morphologically identifyable species of lymphocytes in the blood of rabbits. Regular submicroscopic changes in the nucleus and organoids of the cytoplasm pointing to increased functional activity of these cells were revealed at the ultrastructural level in many circulating lymphocytes belonging to various populations.", "PMID": 665039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10468", "title": "[Qualitative features of erythropoiesis in rabbits following multiple antigenic stimulation].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rabbits; a study was made of the influence of multiple antigen stimulation on the indices of erythropoiesis. Isotonic physiological saline was administered daily in control rabbits. The erythroid bone marrow series responded in the same direction both to the antigen and to the non-antigen stimulation. There was noted an increase of the percentage content of macrocytes, coinciding in time with reticulocytosis in the immunized animals at the second stage (the 50th day). Normalization of the character of the erythrocyte distribution occurred in the control group at this period. In case of empolyment of the antigen stimulation, the second stage can be regarded as the compensatory-regenerative response to the damaging action of the antigen.", "contents": "[Qualitative features of erythropoiesis in rabbits following multiple antigenic stimulation]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits; a study was made of the influence of multiple antigen stimulation on the indices of erythropoiesis. Isotonic physiological saline was administered daily in control rabbits. The erythroid bone marrow series responded in the same direction both to the antigen and to the non-antigen stimulation. There was noted an increase of the percentage content of macrocytes, coinciding in time with reticulocytosis in the immunized animals at the second stage (the 50th day). Normalization of the character of the erythrocyte distribution occurred in the control group at this period. In case of empolyment of the antigen stimulation, the second stage can be regarded as the compensatory-regenerative response to the damaging action of the antigen.", "PMID": 665041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10469", "title": "[Enzymatic activity in the lung cells to the intrapulmonary administration of antigen].", "content": "Histochemical study of the activity of the redox and hydrolytic enzymes in the immunocompetent cells of the lungs of guinea pigs following intratracheal immunization with complete typhoid antigen demonstrated that following a single immunization at the initial periods elevation of the activity of AP, LDH, NAD- and NADP-diaphorases was seen in the macrophages; later GDH, G-6-PDH and AP was activated in the plasma cells. Double immunization was followed by an earlier and more intensive increase of the enzymatic activity in the cells under study.", "contents": "[Enzymatic activity in the lung cells to the intrapulmonary administration of antigen]. Histochemical study of the activity of the redox and hydrolytic enzymes in the immunocompetent cells of the lungs of guinea pigs following intratracheal immunization with complete typhoid antigen demonstrated that following a single immunization at the initial periods elevation of the activity of AP, LDH, NAD- and NADP-diaphorases was seen in the macrophages; later GDH, G-6-PDH and AP was activated in the plasma cells. Double immunization was followed by an earlier and more intensive increase of the enzymatic activity in the cells under study.", "PMID": 665042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10470", "title": "[Study of a collection of Shigella strains of provisional serovars (cultural and biochemical properties)].", "content": "The author studied 17 standard and local strains of shigellae of provisional serological variants (3873-50, 2000-53, 3341-53, 3615-53, 2710-54, 1621-54). By a number of biochemical signs (alkalization of citrate agar of Christiansen and Molke's lacmus, the growth on acetate medium, utilization of soluble starch) and resistance to the genus-specific dysentery bacteriophage the cultures of serological variant 2000-53 possessed no properties of shigellae and were escherichia according to the general characteristics. The enzymatic and cultural properties of the rest of provisional serological variants corresponded to the characteristics of bacteria belonging to Shigella genus.", "contents": "[Study of a collection of Shigella strains of provisional serovars (cultural and biochemical properties)]. The author studied 17 standard and local strains of shigellae of provisional serological variants (3873-50, 2000-53, 3341-53, 3615-53, 2710-54, 1621-54). By a number of biochemical signs (alkalization of citrate agar of Christiansen and Molke's lacmus, the growth on acetate medium, utilization of soluble starch) and resistance to the genus-specific dysentery bacteriophage the cultures of serological variant 2000-53 possessed no properties of shigellae and were escherichia according to the general characteristics. The enzymatic and cultural properties of the rest of provisional serological variants corresponded to the characteristics of bacteria belonging to Shigella genus.", "PMID": 665043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10471", "title": "[Quantitative test for evaluating immunoreactivity in vaccinated mice with coccidioidosis].", "content": "The interaction between hypersensitivity of delayed type and the severity of infection was studied in albino mice vaccinated and survived after the intranasal infection with 100 LD50 of Coccidioidosis immitis (pulmonary model of coccidiasis). The method of determination of the weight of the lungs and edema of the paw pads after the administration of the specific antigen permitted to assess the intensity of immunity quantitatively. There was an inverse correlation between the weight of the affected lungs and edema of the limbs, and in case of pregressive development of coccidioidosis--between the weight of the body and the lungs. A formula for determining the immunoreactivity index in the vaccinated mice infected with the causative agents of lung infections, in the mechanism of whose defence the prevailing role was played by cellular immunity, is suggested.", "contents": "[Quantitative test for evaluating immunoreactivity in vaccinated mice with coccidioidosis]. The interaction between hypersensitivity of delayed type and the severity of infection was studied in albino mice vaccinated and survived after the intranasal infection with 100 LD50 of Coccidioidosis immitis (pulmonary model of coccidiasis). The method of determination of the weight of the lungs and edema of the paw pads after the administration of the specific antigen permitted to assess the intensity of immunity quantitatively. There was an inverse correlation between the weight of the affected lungs and edema of the limbs, and in case of pregressive development of coccidioidosis--between the weight of the body and the lungs. A formula for determining the immunoreactivity index in the vaccinated mice infected with the causative agents of lung infections, in the mechanism of whose defence the prevailing role was played by cellular immunity, is suggested.", "PMID": 665044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10472", "title": "[Pathogenicity of the Shigella isolated from wild and game animals of the Far North of the USSR].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. A study was made of the pathogenicity of brucellae culture isolated from various wild and Game animals of the extreme North of the USSR (wolf, polar fox, ermine, glutton). The majority of the cultures under study proved to be highly pathogenic. Observations carried out led to the conclusion that brucella cultures circulating between the wild and domestic reindeers and migrating to other species of animals presented definite danger to the health of man.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of the Shigella isolated from wild and game animals of the Far North of the USSR]. Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. A study was made of the pathogenicity of brucellae culture isolated from various wild and Game animals of the extreme North of the USSR (wolf, polar fox, ermine, glutton). The majority of the cultures under study proved to be highly pathogenic. Observations carried out led to the conclusion that brucella cultures circulating between the wild and domestic reindeers and migrating to other species of animals presented definite danger to the health of man.", "PMID": 665050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10473", "title": "[Assessment of the degree of antibody avidity in food toxinfections of salmonellal etiology using the indirect hemagglutination inhibition reaction].", "content": "The authors studied the avidity of antibodies in the sera obtained from 56 patients suffering from salmonelloses, the causative agents of which were referred to groups B, C1, C2, E. Determinations were carried out in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test. It was shown that the mentioned test could be used to assess the extent of the serum antibodies avidity. Age-specific avidities of the serum antibodies were revealed in patients suffering from salmonella infections during the infectious process. There was found an insignificant prevalance of the antibody avidity in the patients with the forms of the disease of moderate severity and severe. In the patients with salmonelloses of group B the antibodies proved to be the most avid.", "contents": "[Assessment of the degree of antibody avidity in food toxinfections of salmonellal etiology using the indirect hemagglutination inhibition reaction]. The authors studied the avidity of antibodies in the sera obtained from 56 patients suffering from salmonelloses, the causative agents of which were referred to groups B, C1, C2, E. Determinations were carried out in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test. It was shown that the mentioned test could be used to assess the extent of the serum antibodies avidity. Age-specific avidities of the serum antibodies were revealed in patients suffering from salmonella infections during the infectious process. There was found an insignificant prevalance of the antibody avidity in the patients with the forms of the disease of moderate severity and severe. In the patients with salmonelloses of group B the antibodies proved to be the most avid.", "PMID": 665051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10474", "title": "[Participation of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in the processes of intestinal dysbacteriosis].", "content": "The presence of a number of conditioned-pathogenic enterobacteria (Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter) in patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis, and also their detection in derangement of normal intestinal biocenosis in patients with chronic intestinal disturbances with clinical manifestations of this condition, even in the absence of known bacteriological indications of dysbacteriosis was revealed. Results of investigations led the authors to the conclusion on the participation of a number of conditioned pathogenic enterobacteria in intestinal dysbacteriosis, and permit a suggestion on the necessity of proper assessment of the fact of presence of these bacteria as a possible dysbacteriosis indication.", "contents": "[Participation of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in the processes of intestinal dysbacteriosis]. The presence of a number of conditioned-pathogenic enterobacteria (Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter) in patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis, and also their detection in derangement of normal intestinal biocenosis in patients with chronic intestinal disturbances with clinical manifestations of this condition, even in the absence of known bacteriological indications of dysbacteriosis was revealed. Results of investigations led the authors to the conclusion on the participation of a number of conditioned pathogenic enterobacteria in intestinal dysbacteriosis, and permit a suggestion on the necessity of proper assessment of the fact of presence of these bacteria as a possible dysbacteriosis indication.", "PMID": 665052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10475", "title": "[Biological properties of the Escherichia of serological group 06 isolated in acute intestinal diseases of undetermined etiology].", "content": "The authors describe new serological and biochemical types of escherichia belonging to serological group 06, isolated in group and sporadic cases of sickness, from the affected children. Circulation of seven serological types was revealed--partial composition of the O-antigen proved to be serologicaly nonhomogeneous. Escherichia of a single sero-anzymatic type (06a6b: K13: H1) were isolated in a group affection.", "contents": "[Biological properties of the Escherichia of serological group 06 isolated in acute intestinal diseases of undetermined etiology]. The authors describe new serological and biochemical types of escherichia belonging to serological group 06, isolated in group and sporadic cases of sickness, from the affected children. Circulation of seven serological types was revealed--partial composition of the O-antigen proved to be serologicaly nonhomogeneous. Escherichia of a single sero-anzymatic type (06a6b: K13: H1) were isolated in a group affection.", "PMID": 665053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10476", "title": "[Production of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin in a nutrient medium free of ballast substances].", "content": "A highly-active staphylococcus alpha-hemolysin was obtained in a synthetic nutrient medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins, glucose and casamine acids, with fractional addition of glucose, histidine, and NaHCO3 solutions into the medium during cultivation. The intensity of alpha-toxin production was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the medium of casamine acids (within the range of 0.2--2.0%). The presence of lecithin in the medium (0.04%) accelerated the appearance of alpha-hemolysin, and then suppressed its production.", "contents": "[Production of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin in a nutrient medium free of ballast substances]. A highly-active staphylococcus alpha-hemolysin was obtained in a synthetic nutrient medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins, glucose and casamine acids, with fractional addition of glucose, histidine, and NaHCO3 solutions into the medium during cultivation. The intensity of alpha-toxin production was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the medium of casamine acids (within the range of 0.2--2.0%). The presence of lecithin in the medium (0.04%) accelerated the appearance of alpha-hemolysin, and then suppressed its production.", "PMID": 665055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10477", "title": "[Local experimental infection caused by S. epidermidis sensitive to penicillin under the action of the antibiotic and acridines].", "content": "S. epidermidis D-5/48, D-5/240, and S. aureus 209 P caused a local infectious process with an analogous course in intrascrotal infection of male albino mice; this process was characterized by the changes of the relative weight coefficient of the affected tissues, positive staphylococcus culture, and exudative inflammation. This confirmed the role of epidermal coagulase-negative staphylococci in the infectious pathology. Benzylpenicillin treatment of local staphylococcus infection proved to be ineffective, although the staphylococcus strains used for the infection were sensitive to this antibiotic. This treatment led to the selection of the antibiotic-resistant forms of the microorganisms and to the aggravation of the infectious process, suggesting greater virulence of the antibiotic-resistant strains. The minimal suppressive acridines concentrations prevented the development of penicillin resistance and selection of resistant staphylococci, increased the therapeutic efficacy of this antibiotic.", "contents": "[Local experimental infection caused by S. epidermidis sensitive to penicillin under the action of the antibiotic and acridines]. S. epidermidis D-5/48, D-5/240, and S. aureus 209 P caused a local infectious process with an analogous course in intrascrotal infection of male albino mice; this process was characterized by the changes of the relative weight coefficient of the affected tissues, positive staphylococcus culture, and exudative inflammation. This confirmed the role of epidermal coagulase-negative staphylococci in the infectious pathology. Benzylpenicillin treatment of local staphylococcus infection proved to be ineffective, although the staphylococcus strains used for the infection were sensitive to this antibiotic. This treatment led to the selection of the antibiotic-resistant forms of the microorganisms and to the aggravation of the infectious process, suggesting greater virulence of the antibiotic-resistant strains. The minimal suppressive acridines concentrations prevented the development of penicillin resistance and selection of resistant staphylococci, increased the therapeutic efficacy of this antibiotic.", "PMID": 665054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10478", "title": "[Brain stem lesions in acute cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "The authors analyzed the results of clinical and angiographical studies of 120 patients with acute severe brain traumas. In 76 cases brain stem lesions were diagnosed during life and in 22 cases diagnosed as a primary lesion. The postmortem data confirmed primary lesion of the stem structures only in 11 cases. The conclusion made by clinicians of the primary stem lesion was based mainly on an impetuously developing picture of stem disturbances during the first hours following trauma. The angiographical data demonstrated that each type of stem lesion in an acute brain trauma has a certain angiographic symptomatology. For a more correct diagnosis the authors recommend to perform cerebral angiography even in a typical clinical picture of primary stem lesion.", "contents": "[Brain stem lesions in acute cranio-cerebral injury]. The authors analyzed the results of clinical and angiographical studies of 120 patients with acute severe brain traumas. In 76 cases brain stem lesions were diagnosed during life and in 22 cases diagnosed as a primary lesion. The postmortem data confirmed primary lesion of the stem structures only in 11 cases. The conclusion made by clinicians of the primary stem lesion was based mainly on an impetuously developing picture of stem disturbances during the first hours following trauma. The angiographical data demonstrated that each type of stem lesion in an acute brain trauma has a certain angiographic symptomatology. For a more correct diagnosis the authors recommend to perform cerebral angiography even in a typical clinical picture of primary stem lesion.", "PMID": 665056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10479", "title": "[Immunoglobulins in patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord].", "content": "The author studied dynamically the content of immunoglobulins in the blood of 40 patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord. In 11 of the studied patients there were lesions of the cervical part, in 25 cases--of the thoracal and in 14 cases--of the sacro-lumbar part of the spinal cord. It was established that traumatical lesions of the spinal cord are constantly accompanied by changes in the content of immunoglobulins in the blood, (especially immunoglobulin g). The level of these changes are in a direct correlation with the expressivity of infectious complications (decubitus, pyelonephritis, sepsis), which as a rule complicate the development of the disease.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins in patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord]. The author studied dynamically the content of immunoglobulins in the blood of 40 patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord. In 11 of the studied patients there were lesions of the cervical part, in 25 cases--of the thoracal and in 14 cases--of the sacro-lumbar part of the spinal cord. It was established that traumatical lesions of the spinal cord are constantly accompanied by changes in the content of immunoglobulins in the blood, (especially immunoglobulin g). The level of these changes are in a direct correlation with the expressivity of infectious complications (decubitus, pyelonephritis, sepsis), which as a rule complicate the development of the disease.", "PMID": 665057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10480", "title": "[Neurodystrophic lesions of the osteoarticular apparatus and their importance in assessing the trophic function of the spinal cord].", "content": "An analysis of neurodystrophical lesions of the bone-joint apparatus of spinal etiology permitted to establish some general regularities and their expression and to detect their interrelation between disturbances of the spinal trophical functions as well. Neurodystrophical lesions should be considered as indices of disturbed spinal trophical functions and secondary inadequacy of the locomotor system.", "contents": "[Neurodystrophic lesions of the osteoarticular apparatus and their importance in assessing the trophic function of the spinal cord]. An analysis of neurodystrophical lesions of the bone-joint apparatus of spinal etiology permitted to establish some general regularities and their expression and to detect their interrelation between disturbances of the spinal trophical functions as well. Neurodystrophical lesions should be considered as indices of disturbed spinal trophical functions and secondary inadequacy of the locomotor system.", "PMID": 665058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10481", "title": "[Forced imitative synkinesis as an approach to rehabilitation in central hemiparesis].", "content": "With the aid of EMG registrations the author investigated the possibility of using imitational synkinesia (from the normal hand to the affected) in a rehabilitative training of patients with postapopleptic hemiparesis and hemiplegia. A total of 50 individuals were studied (20 normals and 30 patients with hemiparesis). After bioelectrical activity registration in an attempt to make a maximum voluntary flexion or extension of the paretic hand the examinec were to make a combined attempt of voluntary movements at a command and pathological synkinesia of the same type. This synkinesia was forced, i. e. called by a maximum by strength muscular contraction of the normal hand (against resistance). EMG permitted in some cases to overcome the global synkinesia (a posture-statical and nonadaptive by character) by imitational (kinetic). If this effect was not seen the use of this method was considered purposeless. The proposed method is desinhibition of structures with a deficit of excitation, a contralateral alleviation and a new organization of movements, appearing as a result of conditioned combinations.", "contents": "[Forced imitative synkinesis as an approach to rehabilitation in central hemiparesis]. With the aid of EMG registrations the author investigated the possibility of using imitational synkinesia (from the normal hand to the affected) in a rehabilitative training of patients with postapopleptic hemiparesis and hemiplegia. A total of 50 individuals were studied (20 normals and 30 patients with hemiparesis). After bioelectrical activity registration in an attempt to make a maximum voluntary flexion or extension of the paretic hand the examinec were to make a combined attempt of voluntary movements at a command and pathological synkinesia of the same type. This synkinesia was forced, i. e. called by a maximum by strength muscular contraction of the normal hand (against resistance). EMG permitted in some cases to overcome the global synkinesia (a posture-statical and nonadaptive by character) by imitational (kinetic). If this effect was not seen the use of this method was considered purposeless. The proposed method is desinhibition of structures with a deficit of excitation, a contralateral alleviation and a new organization of movements, appearing as a result of conditioned combinations.", "PMID": 665059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10482", "title": "[Thermoregulation in prolonged antiorthostatic hypokinesia].", "content": "By means of daily thermometry in the axillary area, a study of skin thermotopography in 10 symmetrical points of the body and a study of the Shcherbak thermoregulational reflex the author assessed the function of thermoregulation during a 49 day antiorthostatic (-4 degrees) hypokinesia. The study included 32 male volunteers from 25-39 years of age. It was demonstrated that signs of temperature discomfort appeared shortly after an antiorthostatic position was taken and was due to the initial period of blood redistribution. At the end of the first and beginning of the second month hypokinesia developed and gradual disturbances of thermoregulational dynamics progressed. They were characterized by changes of oral-caudal and proximal-distal correlations of the skin temperature (due to the drop of temperature in the distal parts) and hyporeactivity, areactivity or inversion of thermoregulational processes during the study of the Shcherbak thermoregulational reflex.", "contents": "[Thermoregulation in prolonged antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. By means of daily thermometry in the axillary area, a study of skin thermotopography in 10 symmetrical points of the body and a study of the Shcherbak thermoregulational reflex the author assessed the function of thermoregulation during a 49 day antiorthostatic (-4 degrees) hypokinesia. The study included 32 male volunteers from 25-39 years of age. It was demonstrated that signs of temperature discomfort appeared shortly after an antiorthostatic position was taken and was due to the initial period of blood redistribution. At the end of the first and beginning of the second month hypokinesia developed and gradual disturbances of thermoregulational dynamics progressed. They were characterized by changes of oral-caudal and proximal-distal correlations of the skin temperature (due to the drop of temperature in the distal parts) and hyporeactivity, areactivity or inversion of thermoregulational processes during the study of the Shcherbak thermoregulational reflex.", "PMID": 665061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10483", "title": "[Repercussive symptoms in the postinfarct period].", "content": "The paper contains observations of repercussive symptoms in 118 patients, who had infarctions and stenocardia. The repercussive symptoms were expressed in sensorial disorders, motor and vegetative-trophical disturbances in the shoulder girdle and upper extremities. The authors analyse the clinical data, ECG, EMG and X-ray examinations. The results of such studies demonstrate that in some cases in the postinfarction period the picture of a repercussive syndrome prevails. Timely diagnostic methods and treatment makes it possible to safeguard the patients from signs of repercussive pathology, promote the removal of secondary reflectory influences in the coronary circulation, which in its turn prevents the development of repeated myocardial infarctions and significantly improves the prognosis in the postinfarction period.", "contents": "[Repercussive symptoms in the postinfarct period]. The paper contains observations of repercussive symptoms in 118 patients, who had infarctions and stenocardia. The repercussive symptoms were expressed in sensorial disorders, motor and vegetative-trophical disturbances in the shoulder girdle and upper extremities. The authors analyse the clinical data, ECG, EMG and X-ray examinations. The results of such studies demonstrate that in some cases in the postinfarction period the picture of a repercussive syndrome prevails. Timely diagnostic methods and treatment makes it possible to safeguard the patients from signs of repercussive pathology, promote the removal of secondary reflectory influences in the coronary circulation, which in its turn prevents the development of repeated myocardial infarctions and significantly improves the prognosis in the postinfarction period.", "PMID": 665063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10484", "title": "[Neurologic disorders in acute dichloroethane poisoning].", "content": "The paper deals with a study of the nervous system in 121 patients with acute poisening with dichlorethane. Among the studied contingent there were 110 males and 11 females. According to the severity of the intoxication the patients were divided into 3 groups: mild--23 cases, moderate--11 cases, severe--87 cases. The following 6 neurological syndromes were distinguished: comatose, convulsive, atactic, extrapyramidal, psychotic and asthenic with vegetative-vascular insufficiency. Morphological studies detected the following: congestion plethora, vascular dystonia, microfoci hemorrhages, acute swelling of the nervous cells with signs of chromatolyses, shrunk cells, severe and ischemic change of the nervous cells. The treatment consisted in an accelerated elimination of dichlorethane from the organism and symptomatic therapy. The results of these studies demonstrated that in poisoning with dichlorethane there were diffuse, mainly dystrophic changes in the cells of the brain and spinal cord, which clinically may be expressed by symptoms of a lesion of many systems and may be qualified as toxic encephalomyelopathy.", "contents": "[Neurologic disorders in acute dichloroethane poisoning]. The paper deals with a study of the nervous system in 121 patients with acute poisening with dichlorethane. Among the studied contingent there were 110 males and 11 females. According to the severity of the intoxication the patients were divided into 3 groups: mild--23 cases, moderate--11 cases, severe--87 cases. The following 6 neurological syndromes were distinguished: comatose, convulsive, atactic, extrapyramidal, psychotic and asthenic with vegetative-vascular insufficiency. Morphological studies detected the following: congestion plethora, vascular dystonia, microfoci hemorrhages, acute swelling of the nervous cells with signs of chromatolyses, shrunk cells, severe and ischemic change of the nervous cells. The treatment consisted in an accelerated elimination of dichlorethane from the organism and symptomatic therapy. The results of these studies demonstrated that in poisoning with dichlorethane there were diffuse, mainly dystrophic changes in the cells of the brain and spinal cord, which clinically may be expressed by symptoms of a lesion of many systems and may be qualified as toxic encephalomyelopathy.", "PMID": 665065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10485", "title": "[Possible role of genetic factors in increasing the serum neurotropic activity of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The authors studied the accumulation of individuals with an increased neurotropic blood serum activity among the relatives of schizophrenic patients. In order to evaluate the degree and character of the genetical determination of the biological indices 2 independent approaches were used: the method of a sequential search of genetical significant threshold values of signs (within the framework of a poligenic Falkoner-Edwards model) and the method of a partition of the total phenotypic variance into main compounds on the basis of intrafamilial correlations. It was demonstrated that the studied signs are characterized by a very high degree of a genetical determination. It is assumed that the small amount of specific loci (major genes) with the effect of intraloci dominance or intraloci epistatic interaction are responsible for the given biological marker.", "contents": "[Possible role of genetic factors in increasing the serum neurotropic activity of schizophrenic patients]. The authors studied the accumulation of individuals with an increased neurotropic blood serum activity among the relatives of schizophrenic patients. In order to evaluate the degree and character of the genetical determination of the biological indices 2 independent approaches were used: the method of a sequential search of genetical significant threshold values of signs (within the framework of a poligenic Falkoner-Edwards model) and the method of a partition of the total phenotypic variance into main compounds on the basis of intrafamilial correlations. It was demonstrated that the studied signs are characterized by a very high degree of a genetical determination. It is assumed that the small amount of specific loci (major genes) with the effect of intraloci dominance or intraloci epistatic interaction are responsible for the given biological marker.", "PMID": 665066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10486", "title": "[Impressibility of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The authors studied the abilities to identify emotional states according to the acustico-phonetical symptoms of speech in 160 schizophrenic patients and 80 normals. These studies were performed with the aid of a specially elaborated tape recorder test. It was established that difficulties in accomplishing these tasks were found in schizophrenic patients with paranoid symptomatology. Patients with other clinical states, including sufficiently expressed specific disturbances in the emotional sphere, extremely subtly differentiated the emotional state of the announcers. These data are considered as proof of preserved impressive abilities in the majority of schizophrenic patients. The significance of these factors for the organization of psychosocial influences are discussed.", "contents": "[Impressibility of schizophrenic patients]. The authors studied the abilities to identify emotional states according to the acustico-phonetical symptoms of speech in 160 schizophrenic patients and 80 normals. These studies were performed with the aid of a specially elaborated tape recorder test. It was established that difficulties in accomplishing these tasks were found in schizophrenic patients with paranoid symptomatology. Patients with other clinical states, including sufficiently expressed specific disturbances in the emotional sphere, extremely subtly differentiated the emotional state of the announcers. These data are considered as proof of preserved impressive abilities in the majority of schizophrenic patients. The significance of these factors for the organization of psychosocial influences are discussed.", "PMID": 665067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10487", "title": "[Interhemispheric relations in the process of visual perception in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The purpose of the performed study was to compare the time of visual stimuli perception for different hemispheres in normals and in schizophrenic patients. In normals there was a certain asymmetry in the speed of perception of letter stimuli between the right and left hemispheres. It was established, that in the right hemisphere there was a more rapid perception of the letters as compared to the left one. In schizophrenic patients there is no interhemispheric differences in the time of perception, owing to the fact that the right hemisphere loses the advantage in speed of processing visual information. The author makes an assumption of the possible role of disturbed activity of the right hemisphere in the psychopathological symptomatology.", "contents": "[Interhemispheric relations in the process of visual perception in schizophrenic patients]. The purpose of the performed study was to compare the time of visual stimuli perception for different hemispheres in normals and in schizophrenic patients. In normals there was a certain asymmetry in the speed of perception of letter stimuli between the right and left hemispheres. It was established, that in the right hemisphere there was a more rapid perception of the letters as compared to the left one. In schizophrenic patients there is no interhemispheric differences in the time of perception, owing to the fact that the right hemisphere loses the advantage in speed of processing visual information. The author makes an assumption of the possible role of disturbed activity of the right hemisphere in the psychopathological symptomatology.", "PMID": 665068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10488", "title": "[Premorbid personality traits and features of the onset of schizophrenia in families with a hereditary predisposition].", "content": "The report covers a group of schizophrenic parents and their children (219 patients from 101 families); the author studied variants of premorbid personality traits, the patient's age at the onset of the disease, the duration of the initial period, its syndromes in the descending generation. Comparing signs in the pairs of parents-children the author detected the most stable signs in transmission to the descending generations. The following signs were attributed to such stable traits: schizoid personality traits, a short initial period, a psychopathlike syndrome in the initial period. Special tables were formed permitting to prognosticate the appearance of some signs in children when some signs were known in parents.", "contents": "[Premorbid personality traits and features of the onset of schizophrenia in families with a hereditary predisposition]. The report covers a group of schizophrenic parents and their children (219 patients from 101 families); the author studied variants of premorbid personality traits, the patient's age at the onset of the disease, the duration of the initial period, its syndromes in the descending generation. Comparing signs in the pairs of parents-children the author detected the most stable signs in transmission to the descending generations. The following signs were attributed to such stable traits: schizoid personality traits, a short initial period, a psychopathlike syndrome in the initial period. Special tables were formed permitting to prognosticate the appearance of some signs in children when some signs were known in parents.", "PMID": 665070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10489", "title": "[Clinical picture of continuous paranoid schizophrenia in the light of long-term catamnesis in old age].", "content": "A total of 100 patients with continuous paranoid schizophrenia who had lived to an old age were studied. It is revealed that a significant part of these patients (about 80%) display good social adaptation, do not require hospitalization and preserve this state in the long-term absence psychopharmacological treatment as well. It relates to the fact that in paranoid schizophrenia in old age signs of a decrease of progression of a morbid process and a tendency towards stabilization of clinical manifestations prevail. In other cases progression of a morbid process retains.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of continuous paranoid schizophrenia in the light of long-term catamnesis in old age]. A total of 100 patients with continuous paranoid schizophrenia who had lived to an old age were studied. It is revealed that a significant part of these patients (about 80%) display good social adaptation, do not require hospitalization and preserve this state in the long-term absence psychopharmacological treatment as well. It relates to the fact that in paranoid schizophrenia in old age signs of a decrease of progression of a morbid process and a tendency towards stabilization of clinical manifestations prevail. In other cases progression of a morbid process retains.", "PMID": 665071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10490", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of remissions and work capacity among schizophrenic patients with a continuous of shift-like progressive course].", "content": "The author describes 5 clinical variants isolated during clinico-psychopathological analysis of 102 schizophrenic patients with a continuous and attacklike-progressive course of the disease. The indices of socio-labor rehabilitation in patients with affective, asthenical and psychopathlike remissions were rather good. And on the contrary, in cases of residual productive and apathic remissions there were only single cases of satisfactory sociolabor rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of remissions and work capacity among schizophrenic patients with a continuous of shift-like progressive course]. The author describes 5 clinical variants isolated during clinico-psychopathological analysis of 102 schizophrenic patients with a continuous and attacklike-progressive course of the disease. The indices of socio-labor rehabilitation in patients with affective, asthenical and psychopathlike remissions were rather good. And on the contrary, in cases of residual productive and apathic remissions there were only single cases of satisfactory sociolabor rehabilitation.", "PMID": 665072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10491", "title": "[Methodology of comparative epidemiologic research and features of the distribution of schizophrenia in different regions of the country].", "content": "In order to study the reliability of the methodology in a syndromological identification of schizophrenic patients, the authors accomplished the following study of schizophrenic patients in one of the districts of Moscow where the disease lasted for more than 30 years. A verification of the epidemiological material, convened according to a common programme and the method of identification was made in separate districts of Ivanovo and the Andizhan Region. The results of these studies detected a relatively high unanimous evaluation of the mental state by different psychiatrists on the syndromological level, not only at the moment of examination, but in a retrospective analysis of the clinical signs of the disease during different stages of the disease. Using schizophrenia as a model the authors demonstrated the effectiveness of a syndromological identification in patients and the method of comparative-epidemiological analysis for the studies of the prevalence of mental disorders and detection of factors (including border-line pathology) influencing the indices of prevalence, clinical content and formation of different types of the disease.", "contents": "[Methodology of comparative epidemiologic research and features of the distribution of schizophrenia in different regions of the country]. In order to study the reliability of the methodology in a syndromological identification of schizophrenic patients, the authors accomplished the following study of schizophrenic patients in one of the districts of Moscow where the disease lasted for more than 30 years. A verification of the epidemiological material, convened according to a common programme and the method of identification was made in separate districts of Ivanovo and the Andizhan Region. The results of these studies detected a relatively high unanimous evaluation of the mental state by different psychiatrists on the syndromological level, not only at the moment of examination, but in a retrospective analysis of the clinical signs of the disease during different stages of the disease. Using schizophrenia as a model the authors demonstrated the effectiveness of a syndromological identification in patients and the method of comparative-epidemiological analysis for the studies of the prevalence of mental disorders and detection of factors (including border-line pathology) influencing the indices of prevalence, clinical content and formation of different types of the disease.", "PMID": 665073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10492", "title": "[Schizophrenia in students (results of a clinico-epidemiologic study)].", "content": "The authors studied the prevalence, clinical state and socio-labour adaptation of schizophrenic patients studying at multiprofile institutes, within a large student campus. Among the students of technical faculties schizophrenic patients were registered 7 times less than among the students of the physico-mathematical faculty and 4 times less than among the students of humanitarian faculties. Half of the students with schizophrenia successfully enough continue to study and graduate from the institutes. The degree of socio-labour adaptation of the sick students did not depend upon the profile of the faculty, but was due mainly to the progressiveness of the schizophrenic process and the rehabilitative programmes. The authors recommend a perfection of mental health services to the students, a wider inclusion of clinical indications and individual approaches to the admittance and possible studies of schizophrenic patients, at establishments of higher education.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia in students (results of a clinico-epidemiologic study)]. The authors studied the prevalence, clinical state and socio-labour adaptation of schizophrenic patients studying at multiprofile institutes, within a large student campus. Among the students of technical faculties schizophrenic patients were registered 7 times less than among the students of the physico-mathematical faculty and 4 times less than among the students of humanitarian faculties. Half of the students with schizophrenia successfully enough continue to study and graduate from the institutes. The degree of socio-labour adaptation of the sick students did not depend upon the profile of the faculty, but was due mainly to the progressiveness of the schizophrenic process and the rehabilitative programmes. The authors recommend a perfection of mental health services to the students, a wider inclusion of clinical indications and individual approaches to the admittance and possible studies of schizophrenic patients, at establishments of higher education.", "PMID": 665074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10493", "title": "Activity and polymorphism of the cobalt-activated acylase in tissues of rodents during development.", "content": "The activity of cobalt-activated acylase, measured towards N-chloroacetyl- and N-butyryl-gamma-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide, was found in all tissues of the adult animals. In the kidney, liver and small intestine of adult guinea-pig and rat two fractions differing in electrophoretic mobility (fractions 1 and 2) were present. The early foetus contained fraction 2, sometimes accompanied by fraction 3 which later disappeared; on further development of the foetus, fraction 1 appeared. Fraction 1 was distinctly activated by cobalt ions; fractions 2 and 3 were strongly inhibited by deaminated leucylphenylalanine. In the guinea-pig, the molecular weight of the three fractions ranged from 43000 to 59000.", "contents": "Activity and polymorphism of the cobalt-activated acylase in tissues of rodents during development. The activity of cobalt-activated acylase, measured towards N-chloroacetyl- and N-butyryl-gamma-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide, was found in all tissues of the adult animals. In the kidney, liver and small intestine of adult guinea-pig and rat two fractions differing in electrophoretic mobility (fractions 1 and 2) were present. The early foetus contained fraction 2, sometimes accompanied by fraction 3 which later disappeared; on further development of the foetus, fraction 1 appeared. Fraction 1 was distinctly activated by cobalt ions; fractions 2 and 3 were strongly inhibited by deaminated leucylphenylalanine. In the guinea-pig, the molecular weight of the three fractions ranged from 43000 to 59000.", "PMID": 665076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10494", "title": "The effect of sulfhydryl reagents on the activity and stability of yeast ribosomes.", "content": "By titration with N-ethylmaleimide (MalNet) and p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) of native yeast ribosomes, 40-43 SH groups were found, which represent about one third of the total SH groups present in these ribosomes. The reaction with pCMB proceeded fast, and that with MalNet was slow. The SH-blocking reaction led to inhibition of the ribosome activity. The activity of the MalNet-treated ribosomes in the polymerization reaction decreased concomitantly with the decrease of their activity in the enzymic and non-enzymic binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA and N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. pCMB completely inactivated the ribosomes which seems to indicate that this reagent modified some SH groups which were not accessible to MalNet. The ribosome stability was affected by the blocking of the SH groups; in the buffered 0.5 M-KCl solution a significant portion of protein was detached from the modified ribosomes. Thus it appears that the SH groups of ribosomal proteins play some role in maintaining the ribosome structure.", "contents": "The effect of sulfhydryl reagents on the activity and stability of yeast ribosomes. By titration with N-ethylmaleimide (MalNet) and p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) of native yeast ribosomes, 40-43 SH groups were found, which represent about one third of the total SH groups present in these ribosomes. The reaction with pCMB proceeded fast, and that with MalNet was slow. The SH-blocking reaction led to inhibition of the ribosome activity. The activity of the MalNet-treated ribosomes in the polymerization reaction decreased concomitantly with the decrease of their activity in the enzymic and non-enzymic binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA and N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. pCMB completely inactivated the ribosomes which seems to indicate that this reagent modified some SH groups which were not accessible to MalNet. The ribosome stability was affected by the blocking of the SH groups; in the buffered 0.5 M-KCl solution a significant portion of protein was detached from the modified ribosomes. Thus it appears that the SH groups of ribosomal proteins play some role in maintaining the ribosome structure.", "PMID": 665077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10495", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the anticodon region of barley embryo phenylalanine transfer RNA.", "content": "Highly purified tRNAPhe from barley embryos was completely digested with pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease. The digestion products were separated using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The Y base-containing fragment of the anticodon region of tRNAPhe has the following nucleotide sequence: Cpm2(2)GppsipCpApGpApCmpUpGmpApApYpAppsipCpUpGp, i.e. the same as in the anticodon region of wheat germ and pea tRNAPhe.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the anticodon region of barley embryo phenylalanine transfer RNA. Highly purified tRNAPhe from barley embryos was completely digested with pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease. The digestion products were separated using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The Y base-containing fragment of the anticodon region of tRNAPhe has the following nucleotide sequence: Cpm2(2)GppsipCpApGpApCmpUpGmpApApYpAppsipCpUpGp, i.e. the same as in the anticodon region of wheat germ and pea tRNAPhe.", "PMID": 665078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10496", "title": "Isolation and properties of the main isoleucine trnas from lupinus luteus seeds.", "content": "RPC-5 chromatography of [14C]isoleucyl-tRNA shows the presence of 5 tRNAIle species in lupin seeds. The two major species have been isolated using RPC-5 and Sepharose 4B chromatography. The acceptor activity of the purified tRNAs ranges from 1350 pmoles (tRNA2Ile) to 1510 pmoles (tRNA1Ile) of isoleucine per one A260 unit of tRNA. The two tRNAs have similar thermal denaturation profiles but differ in the composition of the major and minor bases, 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences, and the titration curves with MgCl2. It is concluded that the two major tRNAIle species are coded for by different genes.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of the main isoleucine trnas from lupinus luteus seeds. RPC-5 chromatography of [14C]isoleucyl-tRNA shows the presence of 5 tRNAIle species in lupin seeds. The two major species have been isolated using RPC-5 and Sepharose 4B chromatography. The acceptor activity of the purified tRNAs ranges from 1350 pmoles (tRNA2Ile) to 1510 pmoles (tRNA1Ile) of isoleucine per one A260 unit of tRNA. The two tRNAs have similar thermal denaturation profiles but differ in the composition of the major and minor bases, 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences, and the titration curves with MgCl2. It is concluded that the two major tRNAIle species are coded for by different genes.", "PMID": 665079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10497", "title": "Lysine tRNAs from cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of the lupin seedling cotyledons.", "content": "1. The lupin cotyledons contain two cytoplasm-specific lysine tRNAs, one chloroplast-specific, one mitochondria-specific species, and three species common to all the cell compartments investigated; the lysine tRNAs were separated by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC-5). 2. The two cytoplasmic lysine tRNAs are predominant in the tRNALys isolated from the whole tissue. Their level and relative ratios change during germination (Augustyniak & Pawe\u0142kiewicz, 1978, Phytochemistry, 17, 15-18). 3. The organellar tRNA constitutes about 20% of the total tRNA in the cotyledons of 7-day-old lupin seedlings.", "contents": "Lysine tRNAs from cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of the lupin seedling cotyledons. 1. The lupin cotyledons contain two cytoplasm-specific lysine tRNAs, one chloroplast-specific, one mitochondria-specific species, and three species common to all the cell compartments investigated; the lysine tRNAs were separated by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC-5). 2. The two cytoplasmic lysine tRNAs are predominant in the tRNALys isolated from the whole tissue. Their level and relative ratios change during germination (Augustyniak & Pawe\u0142kiewicz, 1978, Phytochemistry, 17, 15-18). 3. The organellar tRNA constitutes about 20% of the total tRNA in the cotyledons of 7-day-old lupin seedlings.", "PMID": 665080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10498", "title": "[Use of the echotomography in the exploration of aneurisms of the abdominal aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-six cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm were shown by echotomography, at of a series of 80 subjects in whom a pulsatile abdominal mass was perceived clinically or suspected. There seems to exist an excellent correlation between the results echotomography and arteriography concerning either the lesion itself or the ocasional complications such as partial thrombosis, dissection and rupture.", "contents": "[Use of the echotomography in the exploration of aneurisms of the abdominal aorta (author's transl)]. Twenty-six cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm were shown by echotomography, at of a series of 80 subjects in whom a pulsatile abdominal mass was perceived clinically or suspected. There seems to exist an excellent correlation between the results echotomography and arteriography concerning either the lesion itself or the ocasional complications such as partial thrombosis, dissection and rupture.", "PMID": 665082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10499", "title": "[Plain film findings and contrast enema in colon ischemia (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe our observations on abdominal roentgenograms without preparation in two cases of segmental colon infarct and eighteen cases of ischemic colitis. In both infarct cases a colic ileus was noted. In one patient the infarcted loop appeared as gas contrasted. In the ischemic cases there were, in addition to the bowel ileus: a colectasis in two patients, a collapsed segment in thirteen and a gas-filled segment in three. When associated to a significant clinical situation the two latter images have some diagnostic value. In the majority of patients, the contrast enema made possible a diagnosis of ischemic colitis; in three it shaved the sigmoid narrowing responsible for the ischemia.", "contents": "[Plain film findings and contrast enema in colon ischemia (author's transl)]. We describe our observations on abdominal roentgenograms without preparation in two cases of segmental colon infarct and eighteen cases of ischemic colitis. In both infarct cases a colic ileus was noted. In one patient the infarcted loop appeared as gas contrasted. In the ischemic cases there were, in addition to the bowel ileus: a colectasis in two patients, a collapsed segment in thirteen and a gas-filled segment in three. When associated to a significant clinical situation the two latter images have some diagnostic value. In the majority of patients, the contrast enema made possible a diagnosis of ischemic colitis; in three it shaved the sigmoid narrowing responsible for the ischemia.", "PMID": 665084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10500", "title": "[Anatomical basis of abdominal cavity radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The interpretation of the blank abdominal roentgenogram is made easier by the knowledge of radiological aspects of limits between peritoneal and retroperitoneal compartments. This knowledge rests on the images, often faintly contrasted, provided by ligaments, mesotheria, fascias and boundary muscles defined by opposition to the fatty layers that frequently stress their contours. In this work, we have defined the inferior (pelvis) and lateral (paracolic sinuses) contours of the abdominal cavity, some singularities of the compartments above and below the mesocolon and also mesenteric connexions. The importance of these structures for differential diagnosis of fluid or gas collections and abscesses (origin, location, propagation) is illustrated. The normal and pathological radiological aspects of the three retroperitoneal compartments (perirenal, pararenal anterior and posterior) and their projection area on the film were demonstrated. As the radiological demonstration of all these structures depends on the conditions of the investigation, we have tried with a material comprising 300 cases, to define the technical conditions and plan of observation that appear most favorable.", "contents": "[Anatomical basis of abdominal cavity radiology (author's transl)]. The interpretation of the blank abdominal roentgenogram is made easier by the knowledge of radiological aspects of limits between peritoneal and retroperitoneal compartments. This knowledge rests on the images, often faintly contrasted, provided by ligaments, mesotheria, fascias and boundary muscles defined by opposition to the fatty layers that frequently stress their contours. In this work, we have defined the inferior (pelvis) and lateral (paracolic sinuses) contours of the abdominal cavity, some singularities of the compartments above and below the mesocolon and also mesenteric connexions. The importance of these structures for differential diagnosis of fluid or gas collections and abscesses (origin, location, propagation) is illustrated. The normal and pathological radiological aspects of the three retroperitoneal compartments (perirenal, pararenal anterior and posterior) and their projection area on the film were demonstrated. As the radiological demonstration of all these structures depends on the conditions of the investigation, we have tried with a material comprising 300 cases, to define the technical conditions and plan of observation that appear most favorable.", "PMID": 665085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10501", "title": "[Acute abdomen in pediatric roentgenology (author's transl)].", "content": "In vue of the successes of modern surgery, correct roentgenology in acute abdominal conditions of the infant and child is of utmost importance. History is very incomplete in children so that the most crucial question is when and how should X-ray investigation start? The answer is difficult to provide because of the necessity of early surgery which, in addition can be hindered by an unnecessary roentgenography. Often this cannot be repeated because of worsening in the patient's condition. Knowledge of specific pathology and of congenital malformations is necessary. One must be careful in using contrast medium in acute abdomens as it may worsen the situation. Hypertonic solutions can heavily modifie the fluid and electrolyte balance, especially in dehydrated children. Technical aspects deserve attention, for instance for treatment of invagination, or in congenital megacolon. The authors illustrate these problems with a few cases.", "contents": "[Acute abdomen in pediatric roentgenology (author's transl)]. In vue of the successes of modern surgery, correct roentgenology in acute abdominal conditions of the infant and child is of utmost importance. History is very incomplete in children so that the most crucial question is when and how should X-ray investigation start? The answer is difficult to provide because of the necessity of early surgery which, in addition can be hindered by an unnecessary roentgenography. Often this cannot be repeated because of worsening in the patient's condition. Knowledge of specific pathology and of congenital malformations is necessary. One must be careful in using contrast medium in acute abdomens as it may worsen the situation. Hypertonic solutions can heavily modifie the fluid and electrolyte balance, especially in dehydrated children. Technical aspects deserve attention, for instance for treatment of invagination, or in congenital megacolon. The authors illustrate these problems with a few cases.", "PMID": 665086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10502", "title": "Propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents during exogenous gastrin infusion. An experimental study in rat.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of Synthetic Human Gastrin I (SHG) on the propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents was studied quantitatively in conscious rats. Radioactive test substances were infused continuously through a permanent duodenal catheter for totally five hours. Two differently labelled, but otherwise identical, test substances were used and one of them (125I-PVP) was infused during the first three hours, the other (131I-PVP) during the remaining two hours. The activity distribution of each isotope along the excised bowel specimen was measured immediately after the end of the infusion. The bowel length passed by the transition point between the nuclides and the region of overlap in the border zone between them were taken as measures of propulsion and mixing, respectively. A significant increase of the serum gastrin level during infusion of SHG was verified by radioimmunoassay. The total small bowel transit time was significantly prolonged during gastrin infusion secondary to a retarded propagation velocity in the distal small bowel. The slower transport rate during gastrin infusion was coupled to a significant increase of the mixing of small bowel contents. These changes in small bowel motility were not apparently due to a concomitant increase of gastrict acid secretion, since pretreatment with a potent H2-receptor blocker, cimetidine, did not abolish them.", "contents": "Propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents during exogenous gastrin infusion. An experimental study in rat. The effect of intravenous infusion of Synthetic Human Gastrin I (SHG) on the propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents was studied quantitatively in conscious rats. Radioactive test substances were infused continuously through a permanent duodenal catheter for totally five hours. Two differently labelled, but otherwise identical, test substances were used and one of them (125I-PVP) was infused during the first three hours, the other (131I-PVP) during the remaining two hours. The activity distribution of each isotope along the excised bowel specimen was measured immediately after the end of the infusion. The bowel length passed by the transition point between the nuclides and the region of overlap in the border zone between them were taken as measures of propulsion and mixing, respectively. A significant increase of the serum gastrin level during infusion of SHG was verified by radioimmunoassay. The total small bowel transit time was significantly prolonged during gastrin infusion secondary to a retarded propagation velocity in the distal small bowel. The slower transport rate during gastrin infusion was coupled to a significant increase of the mixing of small bowel contents. These changes in small bowel motility were not apparently due to a concomitant increase of gastrict acid secretion, since pretreatment with a potent H2-receptor blocker, cimetidine, did not abolish them.", "PMID": 665098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10503", "title": "Propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents in rat during varied levels of endogenous gastrin.", "content": "The propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents were studied in conscious rats 14 days after antral resection, antral exclusion and gastroentero-anastomosis in order to evaluate the influence of hypo-, hyper- and normogastrinemia, respectively, on the net result of small bowel muscular activities. The quantitative measures of propulsion and mixing did not differ significantly between the groups. There was, however, a significant correlation between high serum gastrin and increased intestinal mixing after antral exclusion and gastroentero-anastomosis. This finding supports earlier studies on gastrin effects on the small bowel obtained by exogenous gastrin infusion.", "contents": "Propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents in rat during varied levels of endogenous gastrin. The propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents were studied in conscious rats 14 days after antral resection, antral exclusion and gastroentero-anastomosis in order to evaluate the influence of hypo-, hyper- and normogastrinemia, respectively, on the net result of small bowel muscular activities. The quantitative measures of propulsion and mixing did not differ significantly between the groups. There was, however, a significant correlation between high serum gastrin and increased intestinal mixing after antral exclusion and gastroentero-anastomosis. This finding supports earlier studies on gastrin effects on the small bowel obtained by exogenous gastrin infusion.", "PMID": 665099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10504", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum associated with perforated appendicitis.", "content": "Perforated appendicitis is sometimes accompanied by pneumoperitoneum, often localized beneath the diaphragmatic dome. This may lead to very dangerous diagnstoic errors, which every roentgenologist and surgeon should be aware of. A historical review is followed by three case reports.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum associated with perforated appendicitis. Perforated appendicitis is sometimes accompanied by pneumoperitoneum, often localized beneath the diaphragmatic dome. This may lead to very dangerous diagnstoic errors, which every roentgenologist and surgeon should be aware of. A historical review is followed by three case reports.", "PMID": 665100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10505", "title": "Aortic rupture in a patient with elastosis perforans serpiginosa (Lutz-Miescher).", "content": "A case of aortic rupture in a 30-year-old women with a rare skin disease, elastosis perforans serpiginosa, is presented. Skin lesions are characterized by marked elastic tissue changes. Multiple large arteries and the distal part of the aorta were thinwalled also with aneurysm-like dilatations. Focal fibroelastosis and degenerative changes were present in the vessel walls. The changes in the aorta made the surgical treatment difficult.", "contents": "Aortic rupture in a patient with elastosis perforans serpiginosa (Lutz-Miescher). A case of aortic rupture in a 30-year-old women with a rare skin disease, elastosis perforans serpiginosa, is presented. Skin lesions are characterized by marked elastic tissue changes. Multiple large arteries and the distal part of the aorta were thinwalled also with aneurysm-like dilatations. Focal fibroelastosis and degenerative changes were present in the vessel walls. The changes in the aorta made the surgical treatment difficult.", "PMID": 665101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10506", "title": "Appendico-cutaneous fistula. A case report.", "content": "Fistula formation between the appendix and adjacent organs is a rare condition. Cutaneous fistulas occur even more seldom. In this paper a case will be described where a fistula was formed between the appendix and the right buttock.", "contents": "Appendico-cutaneous fistula. A case report. Fistula formation between the appendix and adjacent organs is a rare condition. Cutaneous fistulas occur even more seldom. In this paper a case will be described where a fistula was formed between the appendix and the right buttock.", "PMID": 665102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10507", "title": "Pre-operative peroral zinc supplementation.", "content": "37 adult surgical patients were given peroral pre-operative zinc supplementation and changes in serum zinc concentration were followed for the first five post-operative days. The serum zinc level increased from 15.5 +/- 2.2 mumol/l to 18.7 +/- 2.9 mumol/l (p less than 0.001) after preoperative zinc treatment. It was found that the magnitude of the post-operative fall in serum zinc did not decrease, but that the mean serum zinc concentration post-operatively did not fall below the pre-operative serum zinc level in the average population. The effect of pre-operative supplementation was less pronounced in elderly patients, expecially after transvesical prostatectomy.", "contents": "Pre-operative peroral zinc supplementation. 37 adult surgical patients were given peroral pre-operative zinc supplementation and changes in serum zinc concentration were followed for the first five post-operative days. The serum zinc level increased from 15.5 +/- 2.2 mumol/l to 18.7 +/- 2.9 mumol/l (p less than 0.001) after preoperative zinc treatment. It was found that the magnitude of the post-operative fall in serum zinc did not decrease, but that the mean serum zinc concentration post-operatively did not fall below the pre-operative serum zinc level in the average population. The effect of pre-operative supplementation was less pronounced in elderly patients, expecially after transvesical prostatectomy.", "PMID": 665103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10508", "title": "Electrolyte changes in muscle tissue and plasma in tourniquet-ischemia.", "content": "The effect of long-term tourniquet ischemia on electrolyte levels in muscle tissue and plasma during and after occlusion was investigated in man. Muscle tissue electrolytes were studied in nine patients using a percutaneous muscle biopsy technique. The estimation of the intra- and extracellular electrolyte content was based on the determination of the chloride space. In another similar group of patients (n=11) plasma electrolytes were investigated by taking blood samples from fine plastic catheters inserted into both femoral veins and one radial artery. Capillary blood flow was measured using the 133Xenon-clearance technique. During occlusion there were no significant changes in muscle tissue or plasma electrolytes. After release of the tourniquet an increase in plasma potassium of the operated leg and arterial plasma were observed. Maximal muscle blood flow and maximal potassium values occurred at the same time giving a pronounced potassium release from the operated leg. The osmol release from the occluded leg showed a maximum 1 min after tourniquet release. The total and intracellular content of potassium and sodium in the muscle tissue did not significantly alter after release of the occlusion. A moderate increase in extracellular water was found after tourniquet release.", "contents": "Electrolyte changes in muscle tissue and plasma in tourniquet-ischemia. The effect of long-term tourniquet ischemia on electrolyte levels in muscle tissue and plasma during and after occlusion was investigated in man. Muscle tissue electrolytes were studied in nine patients using a percutaneous muscle biopsy technique. The estimation of the intra- and extracellular electrolyte content was based on the determination of the chloride space. In another similar group of patients (n=11) plasma electrolytes were investigated by taking blood samples from fine plastic catheters inserted into both femoral veins and one radial artery. Capillary blood flow was measured using the 133Xenon-clearance technique. During occlusion there were no significant changes in muscle tissue or plasma electrolytes. After release of the tourniquet an increase in plasma potassium of the operated leg and arterial plasma were observed. Maximal muscle blood flow and maximal potassium values occurred at the same time giving a pronounced potassium release from the operated leg. The osmol release from the occluded leg showed a maximum 1 min after tourniquet release. The total and intracellular content of potassium and sodium in the muscle tissue did not significantly alter after release of the occlusion. A moderate increase in extracellular water was found after tourniquet release.", "PMID": 665104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10509", "title": "Leg blood flow and central circulation at varying blood volumes. An intra-operative study of nine patients undergoing a femoro-popliteal vein bypass graft.", "content": "Common femoral arterial and bypass blood flows, cardiac output, brachial arterial and central pressures were measured in nine patients undergoing a femoro-popliteal vein bypass graft for intermittent claudication. The measurements were performed during neuroleptanesthesia before the operation, after the operation before blood substitution and then after transfusions of 450,900 and 1350 ml of blood. The leg blood flows were measured before and during local vasodilatation induced by intra-arterial injection of bamethane (Vasculat). The bypass flow was only 55 ml/min before blood substitution but was increased to 215 ml/min after the blood transfusions. The corresponding values for the common femoral artery were 100 ml/min and 430 ml/min, respectively. The maximal flow in the bypass vein during vasodilatation with bamethane (Vasculat) was 145 ml/min before blood substitution and 270 ml/min after the transfusions. This implies that the flow response to vasodilatation was more pronounced before than after blood substitution. The leg blood flow increased proportionally more than cardiac output on blood substitution. It is concluded that leg blood flow is very sensitive to hypovolemia and can be increased considerably by adequate blood substitution. The flow response to local vasodilatation is proportionally higher during hypovolemia.", "contents": "Leg blood flow and central circulation at varying blood volumes. An intra-operative study of nine patients undergoing a femoro-popliteal vein bypass graft. Common femoral arterial and bypass blood flows, cardiac output, brachial arterial and central pressures were measured in nine patients undergoing a femoro-popliteal vein bypass graft for intermittent claudication. The measurements were performed during neuroleptanesthesia before the operation, after the operation before blood substitution and then after transfusions of 450,900 and 1350 ml of blood. The leg blood flows were measured before and during local vasodilatation induced by intra-arterial injection of bamethane (Vasculat). The bypass flow was only 55 ml/min before blood substitution but was increased to 215 ml/min after the blood transfusions. The corresponding values for the common femoral artery were 100 ml/min and 430 ml/min, respectively. The maximal flow in the bypass vein during vasodilatation with bamethane (Vasculat) was 145 ml/min before blood substitution and 270 ml/min after the transfusions. This implies that the flow response to vasodilatation was more pronounced before than after blood substitution. The leg blood flow increased proportionally more than cardiac output on blood substitution. It is concluded that leg blood flow is very sensitive to hypovolemia and can be increased considerably by adequate blood substitution. The flow response to local vasodilatation is proportionally higher during hypovolemia.", "PMID": 665105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10510", "title": "Thyroid disease and function in breast cancer patients and non-hospitalized controls evaluated by determination of TSH, T3, rT3 and T4 levels in serum.", "content": "Investigations concerning a possible influence of thyroid disease and function on the risk for breast cancer have given contradictory results--although a slight hypothyroidism was repeatedly suggested and supported by increased thyrotropin concentrations and exaggerated TRH-responses. The selection of proper controls was stressed and in this study 179 consecutively diagnosed breast cancer patients were compared with 179 age-matched controls chosen from a computerized population register. The prevalence of thyroid disease and thyroxine treatment showed no differences between the groups. Slight but significant differences were found in the patient group--with a higher mean value for thyrotropin, reverse triodothyronine and T3-resin uptake and a lower mean value for triiodothyronine. No difference was found concerning thyroxine. This pattern of changes was inconsistent with a hypothyroidism, but has recently been found in many non-thyroidal diseases. It is suggested that it may represent a secondary and probably extrathyroidal metabolic change, most likely due to an altered peripheral conversion of the thyroxine.", "contents": "Thyroid disease and function in breast cancer patients and non-hospitalized controls evaluated by determination of TSH, T3, rT3 and T4 levels in serum. Investigations concerning a possible influence of thyroid disease and function on the risk for breast cancer have given contradictory results--although a slight hypothyroidism was repeatedly suggested and supported by increased thyrotropin concentrations and exaggerated TRH-responses. The selection of proper controls was stressed and in this study 179 consecutively diagnosed breast cancer patients were compared with 179 age-matched controls chosen from a computerized population register. The prevalence of thyroid disease and thyroxine treatment showed no differences between the groups. Slight but significant differences were found in the patient group--with a higher mean value for thyrotropin, reverse triodothyronine and T3-resin uptake and a lower mean value for triiodothyronine. No difference was found concerning thyroxine. This pattern of changes was inconsistent with a hypothyroidism, but has recently been found in many non-thyroidal diseases. It is suggested that it may represent a secondary and probably extrathyroidal metabolic change, most likely due to an altered peripheral conversion of the thyroxine.", "PMID": 665106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10511", "title": "Chronic intragastric bile contamination and lower esophageal sphincter competence. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The possible association between intragastric bile reflux and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence was elucidated in an experimental work in dogs. Chronic intragestric bile contamination was produced by cholecystogastrostomy. The effect of this procedure on LES competence was evaluated by manometric, radiologic and endoscopic studies two weeks, one month, and then once a month for 6 months after operation. No significant change occurred in LES pressure, and neither radiological reflux nor endoscopic evidence of esophagitis developed during the follow-up period. According to the present study intragastric bile reflux does not have a significant role in the pathogenesis of LES incompetence in the dog, but esophagitis effected by bile reflux seems to require previously existing LES incompetence.", "contents": "Chronic intragastric bile contamination and lower esophageal sphincter competence. An experimental study in dogs. The possible association between intragastric bile reflux and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence was elucidated in an experimental work in dogs. Chronic intragestric bile contamination was produced by cholecystogastrostomy. The effect of this procedure on LES competence was evaluated by manometric, radiologic and endoscopic studies two weeks, one month, and then once a month for 6 months after operation. No significant change occurred in LES pressure, and neither radiological reflux nor endoscopic evidence of esophagitis developed during the follow-up period. According to the present study intragastric bile reflux does not have a significant role in the pathogenesis of LES incompetence in the dog, but esophagitis effected by bile reflux seems to require previously existing LES incompetence.", "PMID": 665107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10512", "title": "The significance of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) persistent healthy carrier \"status\": a long-term follow-up study of 34 cases.", "content": "Thirty-four persistent healthy carriers of HBsAg (serum HBsAg detectable for longer than 3 months with normal liver function tests and normal liver histology or slight aspecific abnormalities) were discovered by routine testing of household relatives of B virus hepatitis patients. The carriers were followed-up for 11 to 37 months by clinical control, liver function tests and liver needle biopsy. None carrier had previous jaundice. During the follow-up period, in 17 of the 34 subjects, was there no evidence of deterioration in either clinical state, liver function of pathological findings. In 5 of the 34 carriers, HBsAg disappeared from serum after a period ranging from 6 to 12 months. The remaining 12 cases developed clinical and histological picture of acute viral hepatitis after 6 to 29 months (mean 12 months). Of these 12 patients, 6 recovered and become HBsAg; 2 remained HBsAg healthy carriers despite normalization of biochemical and histological abnormalities; 3 progressed from the acute stage to antigen positive CAH. The remaining one case could not be followed-up after the acute hepatitis. Our data indicate that the outcome of the HBsAg carrier state is unpredictable and stress the need of long-term follow-up surveillance.", "contents": "The significance of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) persistent healthy carrier \"status\": a long-term follow-up study of 34 cases. Thirty-four persistent healthy carriers of HBsAg (serum HBsAg detectable for longer than 3 months with normal liver function tests and normal liver histology or slight aspecific abnormalities) were discovered by routine testing of household relatives of B virus hepatitis patients. The carriers were followed-up for 11 to 37 months by clinical control, liver function tests and liver needle biopsy. None carrier had previous jaundice. During the follow-up period, in 17 of the 34 subjects, was there no evidence of deterioration in either clinical state, liver function of pathological findings. In 5 of the 34 carriers, HBsAg disappeared from serum after a period ranging from 6 to 12 months. The remaining 12 cases developed clinical and histological picture of acute viral hepatitis after 6 to 29 months (mean 12 months). Of these 12 patients, 6 recovered and become HBsAg; 2 remained HBsAg healthy carriers despite normalization of biochemical and histological abnormalities; 3 progressed from the acute stage to antigen positive CAH. The remaining one case could not be followed-up after the acute hepatitis. Our data indicate that the outcome of the HBsAg carrier state is unpredictable and stress the need of long-term follow-up surveillance.", "PMID": 665117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10513", "title": "Therapeutic evaluation of chronic aggressive nepatitis and its relation to the Australian antigen.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis were treated with azathioprine and methylprednisolone for a long term ranging from 7 to 92 months. HbsAg was positive in 59% of cases. Of the 27 patients, 12 revealed healing between 7 and 82 months after therapy was started; seven patients revealed histological improvement with an interval in treatment between 12 and 58 months; two of them did not show histologic changes from 37 to 84 months and 6 developed cirrhosis at the 24th and 92nd months after treatment. It was noted that all the negative HbsAg either improved or healed, while the positive HbsAg achieved a favourable evolution in 50% of cases; the rest remained either in an histologically unchanged condition or developed cirrhosis. On considering the healed patients we may confidently state with 95% of certainty that treatment leads to normalization between 9% and 50% for the positive HbsAg patients and between 37% and 92% for the negative HbsAg patients.", "contents": "Therapeutic evaluation of chronic aggressive nepatitis and its relation to the Australian antigen. Twenty-seven patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis were treated with azathioprine and methylprednisolone for a long term ranging from 7 to 92 months. HbsAg was positive in 59% of cases. Of the 27 patients, 12 revealed healing between 7 and 82 months after therapy was started; seven patients revealed histological improvement with an interval in treatment between 12 and 58 months; two of them did not show histologic changes from 37 to 84 months and 6 developed cirrhosis at the 24th and 92nd months after treatment. It was noted that all the negative HbsAg either improved or healed, while the positive HbsAg achieved a favourable evolution in 50% of cases; the rest remained either in an histologically unchanged condition or developed cirrhosis. On considering the healed patients we may confidently state with 95% of certainty that treatment leads to normalization between 9% and 50% for the positive HbsAg patients and between 37% and 92% for the negative HbsAg patients.", "PMID": 665118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10514", "title": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in hepatitis by means of a new method employing 125i-antibody. circulating immune complexes in hepatitis.", "content": "A new RIA method for the detection of circulating immune complexes and antibodies arising in the course of viral hepatitis is described. It involves the use of 125I-labeled antibodies and foresees the possibility of employing immune complex-coated polypropylene tubes. This simple and sensitive procedure takes into account the possibility that the immune complexes may be absorbed by the surface of polypropylene tubes during the period in which the serum remains there.", "contents": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in hepatitis by means of a new method employing 125i-antibody. circulating immune complexes in hepatitis. A new RIA method for the detection of circulating immune complexes and antibodies arising in the course of viral hepatitis is described. It involves the use of 125I-labeled antibodies and foresees the possibility of employing immune complex-coated polypropylene tubes. This simple and sensitive procedure takes into account the possibility that the immune complexes may be absorbed by the surface of polypropylene tubes during the period in which the serum remains there.", "PMID": 665119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10515", "title": "Necessity of a 3-compartmental model for analyzing the distribution and excretion kinetics of i.v. injected bile acids in man.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of i.v. injected c14-glycocholate (n = 8) and c14-cholate (n = 5) was measured in the serum, duodenal juice and urine in 13 patients in order to examine the possibilities to reporduce the measured data by a multi-compartmental analysis. The results demonstrate that a 3-exponential fitting and therefore a 3-compartmental model represents at present the most appropiate compartmental model for analyzing the distribition and excretion kinetics of the injected bile acids by mathematical procedures. In extending the previously described 2-compartmental model it encloses the 3-compartments plasma, liver and extrahepatoplasmatic space and allows a precise calculation of important physiological parameters, for example of the hepatic (V1/V2-clearance) and extrahepatoplasmatic (V1/V3-clearance) clearance, the biliary excretion and the distribution between the 3 compartments.", "contents": "Necessity of a 3-compartmental model for analyzing the distribution and excretion kinetics of i.v. injected bile acids in man. The distribution and excretion of i.v. injected c14-glycocholate (n = 8) and c14-cholate (n = 5) was measured in the serum, duodenal juice and urine in 13 patients in order to examine the possibilities to reporduce the measured data by a multi-compartmental analysis. The results demonstrate that a 3-exponential fitting and therefore a 3-compartmental model represents at present the most appropiate compartmental model for analyzing the distribition and excretion kinetics of the injected bile acids by mathematical procedures. In extending the previously described 2-compartmental model it encloses the 3-compartments plasma, liver and extrahepatoplasmatic space and allows a precise calculation of important physiological parameters, for example of the hepatic (V1/V2-clearance) and extrahepatoplasmatic (V1/V3-clearance) clearance, the biliary excretion and the distribution between the 3 compartments.", "PMID": 665120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10516", "title": "The adaptive identification and simulation of the hepatobiliary transport and storage of intravenously injected indocyanine green.", "content": "The mathematical model of hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green in man was extended by modeling the dye injection and its mixing in blood plasma, too. The time constant of mixing and five coefficients characterizing the dye transport among blood plasma, liver cells, bile and intestine were estimated by methods based on adaptive systems of identification. The resulting plasma disappearance curve of indodyanine green has three distinct phases with successively decreasing rate of clearance. The estimated values of five inconstant rate coefficients do not differ substantially from those for constant coefficients. The findings support the validity of previous calculations estimating liver uptake, storage and excretory function, bile storage function and dye transport from bile into intestine. The usefulness of system approach in this field is stressed.", "contents": "The adaptive identification and simulation of the hepatobiliary transport and storage of intravenously injected indocyanine green. The mathematical model of hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green in man was extended by modeling the dye injection and its mixing in blood plasma, too. The time constant of mixing and five coefficients characterizing the dye transport among blood plasma, liver cells, bile and intestine were estimated by methods based on adaptive systems of identification. The resulting plasma disappearance curve of indodyanine green has three distinct phases with successively decreasing rate of clearance. The estimated values of five inconstant rate coefficients do not differ substantially from those for constant coefficients. The findings support the validity of previous calculations estimating liver uptake, storage and excretory function, bile storage function and dye transport from bile into intestine. The usefulness of system approach in this field is stressed.", "PMID": 665121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10517", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of colonic mucosa in patients with chronic laxative misuse.", "content": "Laxatives are amongst the most widely used and misused drugs. Especially the \"irritant chathartics\" are associated with severe cell poisoning. Electrolyte disturbances like potassium deficiency may occur as a result of enhanced potassium secretion into the colon. Ultrastructural studies of patients with chronic laxative misuse demonstrate, that this functional disorder is correlated with damage of the colonic epithelial cells consisting in stereotyped lesions as changes in microvilli, reduction and structural defects of cytoplasmic organelles and an increase of lysosomes and dense bodies. The lesions have a focal distribution and may explain the potassium loss from a morphological point of view.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of colonic mucosa in patients with chronic laxative misuse. Laxatives are amongst the most widely used and misused drugs. Especially the \"irritant chathartics\" are associated with severe cell poisoning. Electrolyte disturbances like potassium deficiency may occur as a result of enhanced potassium secretion into the colon. Ultrastructural studies of patients with chronic laxative misuse demonstrate, that this functional disorder is correlated with damage of the colonic epithelial cells consisting in stereotyped lesions as changes in microvilli, reduction and structural defects of cytoplasmic organelles and an increase of lysosomes and dense bodies. The lesions have a focal distribution and may explain the potassium loss from a morphological point of view.", "PMID": 665122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10518", "title": "Failure of lysine-acetylsalicylate and phenylbutazone to affect gastrin secretion in healthy adults.", "content": "The effect of acute parenteral and chronic oral administration of lysine-acetylsalicylate and phenylbutazone on fasting and meal-stimulated serum gastrin levels was investigated in healthy volunteers. No significant changes in gastrin secretion were induced by any treatment. The results confirm and extend previous observations suggesting that the ulcerogenic properties of salicylates and phenylbutazone are not related to increased gastrin secretion.", "contents": "Failure of lysine-acetylsalicylate and phenylbutazone to affect gastrin secretion in healthy adults. The effect of acute parenteral and chronic oral administration of lysine-acetylsalicylate and phenylbutazone on fasting and meal-stimulated serum gastrin levels was investigated in healthy volunteers. No significant changes in gastrin secretion were induced by any treatment. The results confirm and extend previous observations suggesting that the ulcerogenic properties of salicylates and phenylbutazone are not related to increased gastrin secretion.", "PMID": 665123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10519", "title": "Functional and morphological alterations of the exocrine pancreas in the rat following pretreatment with rifampicin.", "content": "Following oral pretreatment with rifampicin over 3 and 9 days, the exocrine pancreatic function was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats under exocrine stimulation. The volume and electrolyte content, and especially the protein and amylase outputs of the pancreatic secretion showed a virtually dose- and time-dependent decrease. Histologically, there was a corresponding decline of the zymogen granules in the acinar cells. The suggested explanation for the observed disorders of the pancreatic exocrine function is primarily an inhibition of protein synthesis due to rifampicin.", "contents": "Functional and morphological alterations of the exocrine pancreas in the rat following pretreatment with rifampicin. Following oral pretreatment with rifampicin over 3 and 9 days, the exocrine pancreatic function was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats under exocrine stimulation. The volume and electrolyte content, and especially the protein and amylase outputs of the pancreatic secretion showed a virtually dose- and time-dependent decrease. Histologically, there was a corresponding decline of the zymogen granules in the acinar cells. The suggested explanation for the observed disorders of the pancreatic exocrine function is primarily an inhibition of protein synthesis due to rifampicin.", "PMID": 665124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10520", "title": "Serum enzyme changes after endoscopic retrograde cholanigo-pancreatography/ERCP/.", "content": "A wide range of enzymes was investigated following endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographie ERCP/. Of the 12 enzymes studied highly significant increase of levels were seen in amylase /AML/ and lipase /LIP/ activities. Increase in the other 13 enzymes were slight and failed to persist for 40 hours. The incidence rate of a subclinical pancreatitis-like disorder is high, but typical acute pancreatitis is rare. Likely post-ERCP complications must not be disregarded, however, in selecting patients for ERCP.", "contents": "Serum enzyme changes after endoscopic retrograde cholanigo-pancreatography/ERCP/. A wide range of enzymes was investigated following endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographie ERCP/. Of the 12 enzymes studied highly significant increase of levels were seen in amylase /AML/ and lipase /LIP/ activities. Increase in the other 13 enzymes were slight and failed to persist for 40 hours. The incidence rate of a subclinical pancreatitis-like disorder is high, but typical acute pancreatitis is rare. Likely post-ERCP complications must not be disregarded, however, in selecting patients for ERCP.", "PMID": 665125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10521", "title": "[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with presence of 3 types of autoantibodies to erythrocytes].", "content": "In a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia severe autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia (NAIH) was observed with coexistence of cold incomplete IgM, warm incomplete IgG and warm haemolysins active against papainized erythrocytes in low pH medium. The serologic and immunochemical characteristics of autoantibodies are presented and the mechanism of their action in vitro is tentatively explained.", "contents": "[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with presence of 3 types of autoantibodies to erythrocytes]. In a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia severe autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia (NAIH) was observed with coexistence of cold incomplete IgM, warm incomplete IgG and warm haemolysins active against papainized erythrocytes in low pH medium. The serologic and immunochemical characteristics of autoantibodies are presented and the mechanism of their action in vitro is tentatively explained.", "PMID": 665127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10522", "title": "[Long-standing remission following relapse in Hodgkin's disease in 2 children].", "content": "Combined three-drug (case I) and four-drug (case II) therapy and radiation was applied for control of relapse in two children with Hodgkin's disease. Remission was maintained with chemotherapy type MVPP (9 courses of treatment) and vinblastin administered between these courses. The survival is 106 months in one case and 90 months in another and the time from beginning of treatment of recurrence is 78 and 81 months respectively. The observation after the end of treatment is 31 and 43 months respectively.", "contents": "[Long-standing remission following relapse in Hodgkin's disease in 2 children]. Combined three-drug (case I) and four-drug (case II) therapy and radiation was applied for control of relapse in two children with Hodgkin's disease. Remission was maintained with chemotherapy type MVPP (9 courses of treatment) and vinblastin administered between these courses. The survival is 106 months in one case and 90 months in another and the time from beginning of treatment of recurrence is 78 and 81 months respectively. The observation after the end of treatment is 31 and 43 months respectively.", "PMID": 665128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10523", "title": "Embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus).", "content": "A study of the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken was performed with the optical microscope. The time of apparition of the first outline, as a derivative of the roof of the third ventricle, was fixed at 3 days. The major portion of the pineal parenchyma is derived from the frontal wall of the outline. All the vesicles and follicles were formed by solid mammilliform projections which subsequently presented a central lumen. In no case was a communication of the follicular cavities with the pineal recess observed. Three categories of vesicles or follicles can be distinguished according to their origin.", "contents": "Embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus). A study of the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken was performed with the optical microscope. The time of apparition of the first outline, as a derivative of the roof of the third ventricle, was fixed at 3 days. The major portion of the pineal parenchyma is derived from the frontal wall of the outline. All the vesicles and follicles were formed by solid mammilliform projections which subsequently presented a central lumen. In no case was a communication of the follicular cavities with the pineal recess observed. Three categories of vesicles or follicles can be distinguished according to their origin.", "PMID": 665135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10524", "title": "[Occurrence of HB-s antigens and antiHB-s antibodies in blood donors at the Gda\u0144sk Blood Transfusion Center].", "content": "The blood of 39 005 blood donors was examined, during a period of three years, for HBs antigen and anti-HBs antibodies. HBs antibodies, was found in the blood of 476 donors (1,22%) whereas anti-HBs antibodies were found in 109 cases (0,28%); The results obtained suggest that HBs antigen occurs with higher frequency among young donors, as well as among inhabitants of towns. No correlation of HBs antigen occurrence with sex or with ABO blood groups was found.", "contents": "[Occurrence of HB-s antigens and antiHB-s antibodies in blood donors at the Gda\u0144sk Blood Transfusion Center]. The blood of 39 005 blood donors was examined, during a period of three years, for HBs antigen and anti-HBs antibodies. HBs antibodies, was found in the blood of 476 donors (1,22%) whereas anti-HBs antibodies were found in 109 cases (0,28%); The results obtained suggest that HBs antigen occurs with higher frequency among young donors, as well as among inhabitants of towns. No correlation of HBs antigen occurrence with sex or with ABO blood groups was found.", "PMID": 665129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10525", "title": "[Preparation and clinical assays of Cl esterase inhibitors].", "content": "Seven preparation of Cl-estrase inhibitor (Clinh) were prepared from the serum form which factor IX had been absorbed previously. Despite always the same technique and conditions of isolation the degree of Clinh recovery differed, being sometimes fairly low, and ranging from 24% to 56% in relation to the initial plasma. The preparations contained cartain amounts of other proteins from the groups of alpha- and beta-globulins, particularly coeruloplasmin and components of complement C3, C4 and C9. The concentration of these components was low in relation to the concentration of the inhibitor. Some preparations contained also low amount of albumins. The preparation (about 20 thousand Clinh units) was transfused to a patient with congenital deficiency of Cl-esterase inhibitor at the time free of symptoms. The investigation of the blood obtained 30 minutes after transfusion showed complete inhibition of C-L-esterase. Administration of the preparation to the patient at the time of acute oedema caused in 5 episodes rapid regression of oedema or inhibition of its increase, in two cases no evident positive effect was obtained.", "contents": "[Preparation and clinical assays of Cl esterase inhibitors]. Seven preparation of Cl-estrase inhibitor (Clinh) were prepared from the serum form which factor IX had been absorbed previously. Despite always the same technique and conditions of isolation the degree of Clinh recovery differed, being sometimes fairly low, and ranging from 24% to 56% in relation to the initial plasma. The preparations contained cartain amounts of other proteins from the groups of alpha- and beta-globulins, particularly coeruloplasmin and components of complement C3, C4 and C9. The concentration of these components was low in relation to the concentration of the inhibitor. Some preparations contained also low amount of albumins. The preparation (about 20 thousand Clinh units) was transfused to a patient with congenital deficiency of Cl-esterase inhibitor at the time free of symptoms. The investigation of the blood obtained 30 minutes after transfusion showed complete inhibition of C-L-esterase. Administration of the preparation to the patient at the time of acute oedema caused in 5 episodes rapid regression of oedema or inhibition of its increase, in two cases no evident positive effect was obtained.", "PMID": 665131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10526", "title": "[RNA in surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg)].", "content": "RNA was isolated from HBsAg particles obtained by the method of preparatory immunoprecipitation with anti-HBs antibodies. RNA electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed presence of one fraction with molecular weight about 28 000. The index of RNA sedimentation determined by the method of ultracentrifugation was about 4 S. RNA from HBsAg had no informative features of nucleic acids (m RNA) such as presence of methyl group 5' of the end sequence m7 GpppN (\"cap\"), translatory activity. It had also no features of tRNA since it was not aminoacylated in the presence of aminoacylo-tRNA synthetases.", "contents": "[RNA in surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg)]. RNA was isolated from HBsAg particles obtained by the method of preparatory immunoprecipitation with anti-HBs antibodies. RNA electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed presence of one fraction with molecular weight about 28 000. The index of RNA sedimentation determined by the method of ultracentrifugation was about 4 S. RNA from HBsAg had no informative features of nucleic acids (m RNA) such as presence of methyl group 5' of the end sequence m7 GpppN (\"cap\"), translatory activity. It had also no features of tRNA since it was not aminoacylated in the presence of aminoacylo-tRNA synthetases.", "PMID": 665132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10527", "title": "Occurrence of calcitonin cells and cysts in the parathyroid of the house shrew, Suncus murinus.", "content": "The present report deals with the occurrence of calcitonin cells (C cells) and cysts in the parathyroid IV of Suncus murinus. Histological preparations of the thyro-parathyroid complex reveal that (i) the parathyroid IV exhibits C cells either solitarily or in small groups (compact or follicular arrangement); (ii) the parathyroid IV also exhibits cysts (similar to those of the thyroid), the lining of these may contain either few C cells or it may be a continuous lining of C cells; (iii) the lumina of these cysts are filled with debris and desquamated cells with pycnotic nuclei, and (iv) sometimes few C cells are encountered hanging from the epithelial lining inside the lumen of the cyst.", "contents": "Occurrence of calcitonin cells and cysts in the parathyroid of the house shrew, Suncus murinus. The present report deals with the occurrence of calcitonin cells (C cells) and cysts in the parathyroid IV of Suncus murinus. Histological preparations of the thyro-parathyroid complex reveal that (i) the parathyroid IV exhibits C cells either solitarily or in small groups (compact or follicular arrangement); (ii) the parathyroid IV also exhibits cysts (similar to those of the thyroid), the lining of these may contain either few C cells or it may be a continuous lining of C cells; (iii) the lumina of these cysts are filled with debris and desquamated cells with pycnotic nuclei, and (iv) sometimes few C cells are encountered hanging from the epithelial lining inside the lumen of the cyst.", "PMID": 665137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10528", "title": "Contribution to the knowledge of the brain in the newborn.", "content": "On 50 brains of newborns of either sex, the exterior and interior morphology was studied. The exterior morphology of the brain was conformable to the configuration of the skull. The insula is relatively large, but extremely inadequately grooved. The subcortical masses are well pronounced but there is in general a very slight difference between the white and gray matter of the brain. The convolutions and grooves of the cerebellum are very distinctly marked, the nucleus dentatus is large and white matter is prevalent. The brain stem is rather well formed, distinctly plastic, this being particularly true for the region of the rhomboid fossa and medulla oblongata.", "contents": "Contribution to the knowledge of the brain in the newborn. On 50 brains of newborns of either sex, the exterior and interior morphology was studied. The exterior morphology of the brain was conformable to the configuration of the skull. The insula is relatively large, but extremely inadequately grooved. The subcortical masses are well pronounced but there is in general a very slight difference between the white and gray matter of the brain. The convolutions and grooves of the cerebellum are very distinctly marked, the nucleus dentatus is large and white matter is prevalent. The brain stem is rather well formed, distinctly plastic, this being particularly true for the region of the rhomboid fossa and medulla oblongata.", "PMID": 665138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10529", "title": "[Preparation and clinical use of a new factor IX concentrate].", "content": "Factor IX concentrate was obtained using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 as an adsorbent. The yield of factor IX in vitro averaged 81%. Each bottle of the concentrate contained 288-512 u. of factor II, 96--360 u. of factor VII, 440--660 u. of factor IX and 256--680 u. of factor X. The results of studies showed trace amounts of factor Xa in the final product, in the range of 0.01--0.04 u/ml. The concentrate was found to be free of thrombin. In the years 1976--1977 the new concentrate was administered 48 times to 10 patients with severe haemophilia B. The in vivo recovery of factor IX was 27--65%. Clinical results of treatment were satisfactory in all patients. No significant changes were observed in platelet count, fibrinogen level and the concentration of fibrinogen degradation products after infusion of the concentrate. The ethanol gelation test was negative in all cases.", "contents": "[Preparation and clinical use of a new factor IX concentrate]. Factor IX concentrate was obtained using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 as an adsorbent. The yield of factor IX in vitro averaged 81%. Each bottle of the concentrate contained 288-512 u. of factor II, 96--360 u. of factor VII, 440--660 u. of factor IX and 256--680 u. of factor X. The results of studies showed trace amounts of factor Xa in the final product, in the range of 0.01--0.04 u/ml. The concentrate was found to be free of thrombin. In the years 1976--1977 the new concentrate was administered 48 times to 10 patients with severe haemophilia B. The in vivo recovery of factor IX was 27--65%. Clinical results of treatment were satisfactory in all patients. No significant changes were observed in platelet count, fibrinogen level and the concentration of fibrinogen degradation products after infusion of the concentrate. The ethanol gelation test was negative in all cases.", "PMID": 665130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10530", "title": "Analysis of tadpole growth following gamma-ray irradiation.", "content": "This investigation reports observations on the growth of Rana cyanophlyctis tadpoles following a whole body gamma-ray exposure. The effect on the body and hind limb size is perhaps the most significant of the period of latency. A dose of 2,000 R serves as a stressor and activates ACTH secretion in the tadpoles. The resultant somatotrophic hormone (STH) inhibition and subsequent recovery during the following days seem an integral part of the radiation syndrome.", "contents": "Analysis of tadpole growth following gamma-ray irradiation. This investigation reports observations on the growth of Rana cyanophlyctis tadpoles following a whole body gamma-ray exposure. The effect on the body and hind limb size is perhaps the most significant of the period of latency. A dose of 2,000 R serves as a stressor and activates ACTH secretion in the tadpoles. The resultant somatotrophic hormone (STH) inhibition and subsequent recovery during the following days seem an integral part of the radiation syndrome.", "PMID": 665139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10531", "title": "Pre-natal innervation of the human female genital tract.", "content": "In the human fetus of 14 weeks, ganglia on either sides of the M\u00fcllerian uterovaginal canal contained two types of cells. In the 16th week, axons invaded the basal zone of the stratified squamous epithelium at the sides of the upper vagina. In the 20th week, vesicular nuclei typified the large neurons in the midportion of the cervico-vaginal ganglion. During the 22nd week, capsulated ganglia invaded the wall of the upper vagina forming three concentrically disposed strata. Non-capsulated clusters invaded its lamina propria. At the 24th week, axons were shaded after reaching the superficial zone of the stratified vaginal epithelium. In the 28th week, satellites surrounded the mature neurons and sheath cells enveloped the axons. Ganglia invaded the splitted muscle layer of the upper vagina at 30 weeks. Intraepithelial fibres invaded the whole thickness of the endometrium, the columnar epithelium of the cervix and uterine tube at 40 weeks. Nerve cells were detected among the basal epithelial cells of the lower vagina and its subepithelial plexus.", "contents": "Pre-natal innervation of the human female genital tract. In the human fetus of 14 weeks, ganglia on either sides of the M\u00fcllerian uterovaginal canal contained two types of cells. In the 16th week, axons invaded the basal zone of the stratified squamous epithelium at the sides of the upper vagina. In the 20th week, vesicular nuclei typified the large neurons in the midportion of the cervico-vaginal ganglion. During the 22nd week, capsulated ganglia invaded the wall of the upper vagina forming three concentrically disposed strata. Non-capsulated clusters invaded its lamina propria. At the 24th week, axons were shaded after reaching the superficial zone of the stratified vaginal epithelium. In the 28th week, satellites surrounded the mature neurons and sheath cells enveloped the axons. Ganglia invaded the splitted muscle layer of the upper vagina at 30 weeks. Intraepithelial fibres invaded the whole thickness of the endometrium, the columnar epithelium of the cervix and uterine tube at 40 weeks. Nerve cells were detected among the basal epithelial cells of the lower vagina and its subepithelial plexus.", "PMID": 665140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10532", "title": "[Effect of cytostatic agents on the metabolism and ultrastructure of blood platelets in man].", "content": "The effect of cytostatic drugs used in the treatment of haemopoietic system diseases: cerubidin, hydroxyurea. cytosine arabinoside and their combinations on the platelet count, platelet ultrastructure, metabolic activity and participation in the processes of haemostasis was investigated. The experiments were done using two concentrations of the drugs: clinical corresponding to the maximal single dose and a fivefold as high concentration, It was found that the investigated cytostatic agents and their cominations in the first concentration had no effect of the platelet count, level of free nucleotides, activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase, and on the reaction of adenine nucleotides release from the platelets induced with thrombin. Using the higher concentration of the drugs it was observed that cerubidin and the combination of cytostatic agents tested changed the shape and ultrastructure of the platelets.", "contents": "[Effect of cytostatic agents on the metabolism and ultrastructure of blood platelets in man]. The effect of cytostatic drugs used in the treatment of haemopoietic system diseases: cerubidin, hydroxyurea. cytosine arabinoside and their combinations on the platelet count, platelet ultrastructure, metabolic activity and participation in the processes of haemostasis was investigated. The experiments were done using two concentrations of the drugs: clinical corresponding to the maximal single dose and a fivefold as high concentration, It was found that the investigated cytostatic agents and their cominations in the first concentration had no effect of the platelet count, level of free nucleotides, activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase, and on the reaction of adenine nucleotides release from the platelets induced with thrombin. Using the higher concentration of the drugs it was observed that cerubidin and the combination of cytostatic agents tested changed the shape and ultrastructure of the platelets.", "PMID": 665134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10533", "title": "Modification of the size of developing infarcts in the ligated dog heart by betahistine-HCL.", "content": "The effectiveness of beta-histine-HCL in modifying the size of developing myocardial infarcts was tested in the surgically ligated dog. Branches of the left coronary artery were ligated and a 6-hour continuous intravenous infusion of 0.24 mg/kg/min of beta-histine was administered from 0 to 120 min after ligation. The effect of this treatment was evaluated histologically in studies on acute ischemia by the use of the hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid stain for early myocardial ischemia. The treatment was also evaluated grossly in a study on chronic ischemia where the dogs were permitted to survive for 30 days before sacrifice. In these experiments the size of infarcts found in the beta-histine-treated animals was compared with those found in the saline controls. Both studies showed that the control ligations produced a large uniform area of ischemia or infarction that was greatly reduced or prevented by immediate treatment with beta-histine. Also, beta-histine was capable of significantly reducing the size of developing infarcts for up to 120 min after ligation.", "contents": "Modification of the size of developing infarcts in the ligated dog heart by betahistine-HCL. The effectiveness of beta-histine-HCL in modifying the size of developing myocardial infarcts was tested in the surgically ligated dog. Branches of the left coronary artery were ligated and a 6-hour continuous intravenous infusion of 0.24 mg/kg/min of beta-histine was administered from 0 to 120 min after ligation. The effect of this treatment was evaluated histologically in studies on acute ischemia by the use of the hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid stain for early myocardial ischemia. The treatment was also evaluated grossly in a study on chronic ischemia where the dogs were permitted to survive for 30 days before sacrifice. In these experiments the size of infarcts found in the beta-histine-treated animals was compared with those found in the saline controls. Both studies showed that the control ligations produced a large uniform area of ischemia or infarction that was greatly reduced or prevented by immediate treatment with beta-histine. Also, beta-histine was capable of significantly reducing the size of developing infarcts for up to 120 min after ligation.", "PMID": 665141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10534", "title": "Amplitude desynchronisation of evoked compound muscle action potentials in normal and uraemic subjects.", "content": "Compound muscle action potentials of the extensor digitorum brevis were obtained in two groups of normal and uraemic subjects by stimulating the deep peroneal nerve at the ankle and at the capitulum fibulae. Particular attention was drawn to the index of desynchronisation supplied by the amplitude change in the muscle potential evoked by distal and proximal stimulation of the same nerve. Statistical studied confirmed the soundness of this index in the normal and in the pathological condition, and showed a significant increase of the values found in uraemic patients. The complex of the data pointed out the advantage of integrating the usual motor conduction velocity determination with the mentioned desynchronisation index.", "contents": "Amplitude desynchronisation of evoked compound muscle action potentials in normal and uraemic subjects. Compound muscle action potentials of the extensor digitorum brevis were obtained in two groups of normal and uraemic subjects by stimulating the deep peroneal nerve at the ankle and at the capitulum fibulae. Particular attention was drawn to the index of desynchronisation supplied by the amplitude change in the muscle potential evoked by distal and proximal stimulation of the same nerve. Statistical studied confirmed the soundness of this index in the normal and in the pathological condition, and showed a significant increase of the values found in uraemic patients. The complex of the data pointed out the advantage of integrating the usual motor conduction velocity determination with the mentioned desynchronisation index.", "PMID": 665144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10535", "title": "Decreased cerebral blood flow after administration of sodium bicarbonate in the distressed newborn infant.", "content": "In the course of our studies on cerebral blood flow in newborn infants, we have observed a striking depressing effect of sodium bicarbonate infusion on cerebral blood flow which in some cases may severely aggravate cerebral ischemia. We measured cerebral blood flow before and after the treatment with 1 to 8 meqs of sodium bicarbonate in seven distressed newborn infants. The 133 Xe clearance technique was used. The results showed in six of the seven cases a decrease in cerebral blood flow, which in most cases was reduced to 14 to 22 ml/100 g/min, which is about half the value prior to the bicarbonate infusion. In one case an extreme reduction occurred: cerebral blood flow was reduced to 3 ml/100 g/min, well below the level compatible with tissue survival. The results are discussed with regard to the optimal treatment of the acidotic newborn.", "contents": "Decreased cerebral blood flow after administration of sodium bicarbonate in the distressed newborn infant. In the course of our studies on cerebral blood flow in newborn infants, we have observed a striking depressing effect of sodium bicarbonate infusion on cerebral blood flow which in some cases may severely aggravate cerebral ischemia. We measured cerebral blood flow before and after the treatment with 1 to 8 meqs of sodium bicarbonate in seven distressed newborn infants. The 133 Xe clearance technique was used. The results showed in six of the seven cases a decrease in cerebral blood flow, which in most cases was reduced to 14 to 22 ml/100 g/min, which is about half the value prior to the bicarbonate infusion. In one case an extreme reduction occurred: cerebral blood flow was reduced to 3 ml/100 g/min, well below the level compatible with tissue survival. The results are discussed with regard to the optimal treatment of the acidotic newborn.", "PMID": 665145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10536", "title": "Echo-encephalographic studies in patients with space-occupying lesions in the posterior fossa.", "content": "Echo-encephalographic studies were performed on 57 patients treated for space-occupying lesions in the posterior fossa. Preoperative echo-ventriculography (EVG) on 36 patients showed that 32 (89%) had dilatation of the third ventricle. Three of the four patients with normal preoperative ventricle width had cerebello-pontine angle tumors. Papilledema was lacking in many cases with considerable ventricular dilatation on EVG. Postoperative examinations on 49 patients showed in most cases a fairly rapid normalization of ventricular size often already during the first 1-4 weeks after operation. Postoperative EVG monitoring of the ventricular system was particularly useful for detection of shunt dysfunctions and recurrence of tumors. Computerized tomography have to some extent replaced echo-encephalography, but it is concluded that EVG still offers some definite advantages for certain application in the management of patients with posterior fossa lesions.", "contents": "Echo-encephalographic studies in patients with space-occupying lesions in the posterior fossa. Echo-encephalographic studies were performed on 57 patients treated for space-occupying lesions in the posterior fossa. Preoperative echo-ventriculography (EVG) on 36 patients showed that 32 (89%) had dilatation of the third ventricle. Three of the four patients with normal preoperative ventricle width had cerebello-pontine angle tumors. Papilledema was lacking in many cases with considerable ventricular dilatation on EVG. Postoperative examinations on 49 patients showed in most cases a fairly rapid normalization of ventricular size often already during the first 1-4 weeks after operation. Postoperative EVG monitoring of the ventricular system was particularly useful for detection of shunt dysfunctions and recurrence of tumors. Computerized tomography have to some extent replaced echo-encephalography, but it is concluded that EVG still offers some definite advantages for certain application in the management of patients with posterior fossa lesions.", "PMID": 665146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10537", "title": "Capillary permeability in ALS, determined through transcapillary escape rate of 125I-albumin.", "content": "Since various macromolecules have experimentally been demonstrated to be taken up by the motor end-plates and subsequently transported through retrograde axoplasmic flow, noxious substances may gain entrance to the lower motorneurons through the same route. Consequently, the function of the capillary barrier in skeletal muscle is of interest in diseases of the lower motorneurons. The transcapillary escape of 125I-albumin was determined in six ALS patients. The values fell within the range earlier reported for normals.", "contents": "Capillary permeability in ALS, determined through transcapillary escape rate of 125I-albumin. Since various macromolecules have experimentally been demonstrated to be taken up by the motor end-plates and subsequently transported through retrograde axoplasmic flow, noxious substances may gain entrance to the lower motorneurons through the same route. Consequently, the function of the capillary barrier in skeletal muscle is of interest in diseases of the lower motorneurons. The transcapillary escape of 125I-albumin was determined in six ALS patients. The values fell within the range earlier reported for normals.", "PMID": 665147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10538", "title": "Cerebellar infarction and internal hydrocephalus.", "content": "Four cases of acute cerebellar infarction producing hydrocephalus are presented. Only the patient, who is submitted to surgical decompression of the posterior fossa, survives, while the other three die. In the latter the necropsy shows a hemorrhagic cerebellar softening in the territory of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery, causing tonsillar herniation and impairment of the liquor drainage at the level of the inferior part of the 4th ventricle. It is suggested that the infarction and the hydrocephalus further progress in \"avalanche effect\", which is fatal unless prompt surgical decompression can be carried out.", "contents": "Cerebellar infarction and internal hydrocephalus. Four cases of acute cerebellar infarction producing hydrocephalus are presented. Only the patient, who is submitted to surgical decompression of the posterior fossa, survives, while the other three die. In the latter the necropsy shows a hemorrhagic cerebellar softening in the territory of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery, causing tonsillar herniation and impairment of the liquor drainage at the level of the inferior part of the 4th ventricle. It is suggested that the infarction and the hydrocephalus further progress in \"avalanche effect\", which is fatal unless prompt surgical decompression can be carried out.", "PMID": 665143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10539", "title": "Differential display of hippocampal and amygdaloid influences on hypothalamic evoked potentials.", "content": "Adult female rabbits with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in the brain were employed to study the changes of the evoked potentials (EP) in the medial basal hypothalamus including the median eminence (ME), elicited by single hippocampal (HPC) or amygdaloid (AMYG) stimulus during EEG afterdischarge induced by electrical stimulation of the lattter two areas. In HPC seizures, the ME-EP from the HPC stimulation was extensively influenced in amplitude and peak-latency, the former decreased and the latter lengthened remarkably. On the other hand, the ME-EP from the AMYG stimulation did not show any noticeable changes either in amplitude or in peak-latency. During an AMYG seizure, the ME-EP from either the HPC or AMYG stimulation did not show any significant changes in amplitude or peak-latency. The results suggest that electrical activity of the neural pathways from the HPC to ME are very dependent on the excitability of the HPC, whereas those from the AMYG to ME seem variable, depending on the activity of the AMYG.", "contents": "Differential display of hippocampal and amygdaloid influences on hypothalamic evoked potentials. Adult female rabbits with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in the brain were employed to study the changes of the evoked potentials (EP) in the medial basal hypothalamus including the median eminence (ME), elicited by single hippocampal (HPC) or amygdaloid (AMYG) stimulus during EEG afterdischarge induced by electrical stimulation of the lattter two areas. In HPC seizures, the ME-EP from the HPC stimulation was extensively influenced in amplitude and peak-latency, the former decreased and the latter lengthened remarkably. On the other hand, the ME-EP from the AMYG stimulation did not show any noticeable changes either in amplitude or in peak-latency. During an AMYG seizure, the ME-EP from either the HPC or AMYG stimulation did not show any significant changes in amplitude or peak-latency. The results suggest that electrical activity of the neural pathways from the HPC to ME are very dependent on the excitability of the HPC, whereas those from the AMYG to ME seem variable, depending on the activity of the AMYG.", "PMID": 665151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10540", "title": "Pathological stimulus-related slow wave arousal responses in the EEG.", "content": "A group of 55 patients were studied who showed in their EEGs prolonged episodes of delta activity, in response to either auditory or tactile stimuli or both. This unusual pattern occurred with states ranging from drowsiness to deep coma but never in alert patients. It was found in a variety of conditions, most commonly following head injury. The EEG phenomenon disappeared within 5 weeks and over half of the patients had a favourable outcome.", "contents": "Pathological stimulus-related slow wave arousal responses in the EEG. A group of 55 patients were studied who showed in their EEGs prolonged episodes of delta activity, in response to either auditory or tactile stimuli or both. This unusual pattern occurred with states ranging from drowsiness to deep coma but never in alert patients. It was found in a variety of conditions, most commonly following head injury. The EEG phenomenon disappeared within 5 weeks and over half of the patients had a favourable outcome.", "PMID": 665152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10541", "title": "Function of peripheral nerves and signs of polyneuropathy in solvent-exposed workers at a Swedish steelworks.", "content": "A field study was performed at a Swedish steelworks concerning symptoms and signs of polyneuropathy in 42 workers exposed to organic solvents at the plastic coating line of the plant. Examination was done clinically and by simple electrophysiological methods. The workers were exposed to a mixture of solvents, including methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and trichloroethyelen. Nosed to a mixture of solvents, including methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and trichloroethylene. None of the solvents used are known to cause peripheral neuropathy. At times very high vapour concentrations of solvents in the air were attained. The exposed workers were compared with at group of reference subjects sampled from other sections of the steelworks, matched for sex, age and duration of employment. Among the exposed workers one plausible and two suspected cases of polyneuropathy were found. None of the reference subjects showed signs of polyneuropathy. Statistical assessment provided some evidence, though weak, of a connection between the exposure to organic solvents and the observed abnormalities. A brief review is made of the present state of knowledge about hazards to the peripheral nervous system from the solvents in question.", "contents": "Function of peripheral nerves and signs of polyneuropathy in solvent-exposed workers at a Swedish steelworks. A field study was performed at a Swedish steelworks concerning symptoms and signs of polyneuropathy in 42 workers exposed to organic solvents at the plastic coating line of the plant. Examination was done clinically and by simple electrophysiological methods. The workers were exposed to a mixture of solvents, including methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and trichloroethyelen. Nosed to a mixture of solvents, including methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and trichloroethylene. None of the solvents used are known to cause peripheral neuropathy. At times very high vapour concentrations of solvents in the air were attained. The exposed workers were compared with at group of reference subjects sampled from other sections of the steelworks, matched for sex, age and duration of employment. Among the exposed workers one plausible and two suspected cases of polyneuropathy were found. None of the reference subjects showed signs of polyneuropathy. Statistical assessment provided some evidence, though weak, of a connection between the exposure to organic solvents and the observed abnormalities. A brief review is made of the present state of knowledge about hazards to the peripheral nervous system from the solvents in question.", "PMID": 665153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10542", "title": "Electrophoretic pattern of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in non-neoplastic infantile hydrocephalus.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 28 non-neoplastic hydrocephalic children was studied for total protein and electrophoretic protein patterns. These were classified as normal, degenerative, transudative and gamma-globulinic according to Laterre. We found higher total CSF protein mean values than in normal cases with the same age and abnormal electrophoretic patterns in 72% of the cases, of which degenerative was the most common (54%). Gamma-globulinic and transudative patterns were found in 11% and 7% of the cases, respectively. Several factors which may explain the increase in the total CSF protein in infantile hydrocephalus are described: low age, ventricular block in the noncommunicating hydrocephalus, and probable passage of tissue proteins to the CSF from the damaged brain. The predominance of degenerative patterns may be explained by the enrichment of the CSF in tissue proteins resulting from the white matter damage provoked by the abnormal conditions of production, flow and absorption of the CSF in hydrocephalus. Ventricular CSF was studied in four cases, and the results obtained are in agreement with the above-mentioned findings.", "contents": "Electrophoretic pattern of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in non-neoplastic infantile hydrocephalus. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 28 non-neoplastic hydrocephalic children was studied for total protein and electrophoretic protein patterns. These were classified as normal, degenerative, transudative and gamma-globulinic according to Laterre. We found higher total CSF protein mean values than in normal cases with the same age and abnormal electrophoretic patterns in 72% of the cases, of which degenerative was the most common (54%). Gamma-globulinic and transudative patterns were found in 11% and 7% of the cases, respectively. Several factors which may explain the increase in the total CSF protein in infantile hydrocephalus are described: low age, ventricular block in the noncommunicating hydrocephalus, and probable passage of tissue proteins to the CSF from the damaged brain. The predominance of degenerative patterns may be explained by the enrichment of the CSF in tissue proteins resulting from the white matter damage provoked by the abnormal conditions of production, flow and absorption of the CSF in hydrocephalus. Ventricular CSF was studied in four cases, and the results obtained are in agreement with the above-mentioned findings.", "PMID": 665154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10543", "title": "Extremely low placental lactogen hormone (hPL) values in an otherwise uneventful pregnancy preceding delivery of a normal baby.", "content": "A case of a normal pregnancy and delivery with extremely low placental lactogen hormone (hPL) values in maternal blood is presented. The low hPL-values were due to the fact that the placenta only produced about 1/25 of the normal estimated output, calculated on the basis of the hPL-concentration in the intervillous spaces. The concentrations of progesterone, the placenta-specific beta-glycoprotein (SP1) and total estriol in serum were normal, while prolactin and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were considerably elevated. Glucose levels were normal. At the ultrastructural level the actual placenta under study did not differ from a normal term placenta. In spite of the very low concentrations of hPL there was a good milk secretion, and the mother was still breast-feeding her baby 11 months after the delivery. Basal level of prolactin was at this time normal.", "contents": "Extremely low placental lactogen hormone (hPL) values in an otherwise uneventful pregnancy preceding delivery of a normal baby. A case of a normal pregnancy and delivery with extremely low placental lactogen hormone (hPL) values in maternal blood is presented. The low hPL-values were due to the fact that the placenta only produced about 1/25 of the normal estimated output, calculated on the basis of the hPL-concentration in the intervillous spaces. The concentrations of progesterone, the placenta-specific beta-glycoprotein (SP1) and total estriol in serum were normal, while prolactin and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were considerably elevated. Glucose levels were normal. At the ultrastructural level the actual placenta under study did not differ from a normal term placenta. In spite of the very low concentrations of hPL there was a good milk secretion, and the mother was still breast-feeding her baby 11 months after the delivery. Basal level of prolactin was at this time normal.", "PMID": 665161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10544", "title": "Antepartum administration of terbutaline and the incidence of hyaline membrane disease in preterm infants.", "content": "The incidence of hyaline membrane disease in 41 preterm infants born between January 1975 and January 1976 was investigated in a retrospective study. Terbutaline, a beta2-receptor stimulating drug, had been administered to the women in order to arrest premature labour. In spite of the treatment 24 preterm infants were delivered. The incidence of HMD in this group was 1/24. In a group of 17 neonates whose mothers had received no such treatment the incidence of HMD was 5/17. Comparison between the two groups revealed a significantly lower incidence of HMD in the terbutaline treated group than in the controls (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in maternal age, gestational age, birth weight or Apgar score between the two groups. The lower incidence of HMD in the terbutaline treated group is suggested to reflect a rapidly induced release of pulmonary surfactants in the preterm infants. Evidence for a similar sequence of events has earlier been shown to occur in animals under standardized experimental conditions.", "contents": "Antepartum administration of terbutaline and the incidence of hyaline membrane disease in preterm infants. The incidence of hyaline membrane disease in 41 preterm infants born between January 1975 and January 1976 was investigated in a retrospective study. Terbutaline, a beta2-receptor stimulating drug, had been administered to the women in order to arrest premature labour. In spite of the treatment 24 preterm infants were delivered. The incidence of HMD in this group was 1/24. In a group of 17 neonates whose mothers had received no such treatment the incidence of HMD was 5/17. Comparison between the two groups revealed a significantly lower incidence of HMD in the terbutaline treated group than in the controls (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in maternal age, gestational age, birth weight or Apgar score between the two groups. The lower incidence of HMD in the terbutaline treated group is suggested to reflect a rapidly induced release of pulmonary surfactants in the preterm infants. Evidence for a similar sequence of events has earlier been shown to occur in animals under standardized experimental conditions.", "PMID": 665163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10545", "title": "Midtrimester intra-aminotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha in combination with an hyperosmolar urea solution: effect upon plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and human placental lactogen (HPL).", "content": "A study was undertaken in order to investigate the clinical observation that patients who underwent midtrimester abortion using intra-amniotic PG F2alpha in combination with hyperosmolar urea, always aborted a dead fetus. Ten Caucasian primigravidae, aged between 16 and 22 years old and whose pregnancies ranged between 14 and 23 weeks in duration, were studied. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. The one group received urea and PG F2alpha intra-amniotically whereas the other received PG F2alpha alone. Blood was drawn for measurement of plasma estradiol, progesterone and human placental lactogen (HPL) prior to injection of the abortifacients and at regular intervals thereafter for a period of 120 min. The five patients who received the combination regime of treatment (urea + PG F2alpha) showed a rapid decline in the plasma concentrations of these hormones and induction of abortion was followed by fetal death within 35 min in all cases. In contrast, the five patients who received intra-amniotic PG F2alpha alone, did not (with a single exception), demonstrate this rapid decline in the plasma concentrations of the placental hormones measured. Also with the same single exception, these fetuses, although stillborn, were alive two hours after inducing abortion.", "contents": "Midtrimester intra-aminotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha in combination with an hyperosmolar urea solution: effect upon plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and human placental lactogen (HPL). A study was undertaken in order to investigate the clinical observation that patients who underwent midtrimester abortion using intra-amniotic PG F2alpha in combination with hyperosmolar urea, always aborted a dead fetus. Ten Caucasian primigravidae, aged between 16 and 22 years old and whose pregnancies ranged between 14 and 23 weeks in duration, were studied. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. The one group received urea and PG F2alpha intra-amniotically whereas the other received PG F2alpha alone. Blood was drawn for measurement of plasma estradiol, progesterone and human placental lactogen (HPL) prior to injection of the abortifacients and at regular intervals thereafter for a period of 120 min. The five patients who received the combination regime of treatment (urea + PG F2alpha) showed a rapid decline in the plasma concentrations of these hormones and induction of abortion was followed by fetal death within 35 min in all cases. In contrast, the five patients who received intra-amniotic PG F2alpha alone, did not (with a single exception), demonstrate this rapid decline in the plasma concentrations of the placental hormones measured. Also with the same single exception, these fetuses, although stillborn, were alive two hours after inducing abortion.", "PMID": 665164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10546", "title": "Intrauterine injection of vitamin K before the delivery during anticoagulant therapy of the mother.", "content": "The coagulation factors PP% (Factors II+IV), factor IX and factor X were determined in infants born by mothers receiving anticoagulants. The factors were very low when the mothers did not receive vitamin K before the delivery. No significant improvement in the factors was observed after an intravenous or intraamniotic injection of vitamin K two to four days before the delivery. Vitamin K was injected intramuscularly into four foetuses in utero using an ultrasonic multitransducer scanner. Three of these infants had normal coagulation factors at birth. In the fourth case the factor X was normal and factor IX was significantly better than in the infants of the other groups. The injection had no harmful effects to the infants.", "contents": "Intrauterine injection of vitamin K before the delivery during anticoagulant therapy of the mother. The coagulation factors PP% (Factors II+IV), factor IX and factor X were determined in infants born by mothers receiving anticoagulants. The factors were very low when the mothers did not receive vitamin K before the delivery. No significant improvement in the factors was observed after an intravenous or intraamniotic injection of vitamin K two to four days before the delivery. Vitamin K was injected intramuscularly into four foetuses in utero using an ultrasonic multitransducer scanner. Three of these infants had normal coagulation factors at birth. In the fourth case the factor X was normal and factor IX was significantly better than in the infants of the other groups. The injection had no harmful effects to the infants.", "PMID": 665165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10547", "title": "Therapeutic abortion. The 1975 report from Ullev\u00e5l Hospital.", "content": "The results from a prospective study of 1228 therapeutic abortions (the 1975 material) are reported. First trimester pregnancies (1028 cases) were terminated by suction and curettage and second trimester pregnancies by prostaglandins (200 cases). The overall follow-up (4-6 weeks after termination) was 94.3%. The incidence of perforation was 0.5% of the surgical terminations, none of which, however, resulted in any other complications. The mean incidence of re-admission was 3.9%, the main causes being retained products or pelvic infection. The mean incidence of pelvic infection (salpingitis/parametritis) was 1.6%. The highest incidence of pelvic infection was found in early pregnancies (less than 8 weeks) or nulliparous women (2.7%) and the lowest (1.5%) in the induction group.", "contents": "Therapeutic abortion. The 1975 report from Ullev\u00e5l Hospital. The results from a prospective study of 1228 therapeutic abortions (the 1975 material) are reported. First trimester pregnancies (1028 cases) were terminated by suction and curettage and second trimester pregnancies by prostaglandins (200 cases). The overall follow-up (4-6 weeks after termination) was 94.3%. The incidence of perforation was 0.5% of the surgical terminations, none of which, however, resulted in any other complications. The mean incidence of re-admission was 3.9%, the main causes being retained products or pelvic infection. The mean incidence of pelvic infection (salpingitis/parametritis) was 1.6%. The highest incidence of pelvic infection was found in early pregnancies (less than 8 weeks) or nulliparous women (2.7%) and the lowest (1.5%) in the induction group.", "PMID": 665166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10548", "title": "Caesarean section. A clinical study with special reference to the increasing section rate.", "content": "At Huddinge University Hospital 539 Caesarean Sections (C.S.) were made among 8415 deliveries from October 1972 to June 1976, corresponding to an over all C.S. rate of 6.4%. Over these years the rate has increased from 3.5% in 1972 to 9.7% in 1976. The main increase was due to a higher incidence of abdominal deliveries in cases of imminent fetal asphyxia. The maternal complication rate and the neonatal morbidity rate were both 6.5 times higher and the neonatal mortality rate was 4.1 times higher in emergency than in elective surgery. There was neither any mortality nor any morbidity in infants delivered by elective C.S. from healthy mothers at term.", "contents": "Caesarean section. A clinical study with special reference to the increasing section rate. At Huddinge University Hospital 539 Caesarean Sections (C.S.) were made among 8415 deliveries from October 1972 to June 1976, corresponding to an over all C.S. rate of 6.4%. Over these years the rate has increased from 3.5% in 1972 to 9.7% in 1976. The main increase was due to a higher incidence of abdominal deliveries in cases of imminent fetal asphyxia. The maternal complication rate and the neonatal morbidity rate were both 6.5 times higher and the neonatal mortality rate was 4.1 times higher in emergency than in elective surgery. There was neither any mortality nor any morbidity in infants delivered by elective C.S. from healthy mothers at term.", "PMID": 665168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10549", "title": "An intravenous 133Xe method for measuring regional distribution of placental blood flow.", "content": "A new method for measuring regional distribution of placental blood flow is presented. After 2-5 mCi of 133Xe saline has been injected intravenously, the counts over the placenta are registered with a scintillation camera interfaced with a digital data storage and television readout system. Using \"area of interest\" technique, time activity curves are obtained for different regions. Analysis of the curves is based on two-exponential curve fitting. In normal pregnancy the mean intervillous flow in 16 healthy women was 125 ml/min/100 ml and myometrial flow 17 ml/min/100 g. The intervillous flow in the central part of the placenta was 55% higher than in the marginal parts. The myometrial flow in the placental area was nearly the same as outside the placenta.", "contents": "An intravenous 133Xe method for measuring regional distribution of placental blood flow. A new method for measuring regional distribution of placental blood flow is presented. After 2-5 mCi of 133Xe saline has been injected intravenously, the counts over the placenta are registered with a scintillation camera interfaced with a digital data storage and television readout system. Using \"area of interest\" technique, time activity curves are obtained for different regions. Analysis of the curves is based on two-exponential curve fitting. In normal pregnancy the mean intervillous flow in 16 healthy women was 125 ml/min/100 ml and myometrial flow 17 ml/min/100 g. The intervillous flow in the central part of the placenta was 55% higher than in the marginal parts. The myometrial flow in the placental area was nearly the same as outside the placenta.", "PMID": 665169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10550", "title": "Conjoined twinning in Sweden.", "content": "A small \"epidemic\" of conjoined twinning is reported occurring at the Sk\u00f6vde Central hospital in 1975-76. Three parts were observed, the annual birth number of 2300. During a ten-year period, 10 cases of conjoined twinning were reported to the Register of Congenital Malformations in Sweden, indicating a probable incidence of 1:75000 births. These 10 cases were distributed all over the country. Interviews with the three women who gave birth to the Sk\u00f6vde conjoined twins revealed no common factor which could be of aetiological significance.", "contents": "Conjoined twinning in Sweden. A small \"epidemic\" of conjoined twinning is reported occurring at the Sk\u00f6vde Central hospital in 1975-76. Three parts were observed, the annual birth number of 2300. During a ten-year period, 10 cases of conjoined twinning were reported to the Register of Congenital Malformations in Sweden, indicating a probable incidence of 1:75000 births. These 10 cases were distributed all over the country. Interviews with the three women who gave birth to the Sk\u00f6vde conjoined twins revealed no common factor which could be of aetiological significance.", "PMID": 665171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10551", "title": "On receptors for estrogens (E2) and androgens (DHT) in human endometrial carcinoma and ovarian tumours.", "content": "Some human endometrial carcinomas contain receptors for estrogen (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Analysis of 50 primary endometrial carcinomas by agar gel electrophoresis revealed a varying receptor pattern, absence of both receptors, sole presence of E2- or DHT- receptor, or presence of both. Highly differentiated tumours often had receptors of both types (7/18) and poorly differentiated tumours most often lacked them (1/10). Primary tumours with metastases (Stages III-IV) seldom had combined receptors, only in 2 cases out of 9. Growth of the tumour down in the cervical canal (Stage II) implied absence of combined receptors in all of the 13 cases studied. In 8 different ovarian tumours, presence of either E2- or DHT-receptors was found in 6. The findings are discussed in relation to hormonal treatment of the disease.", "contents": "On receptors for estrogens (E2) and androgens (DHT) in human endometrial carcinoma and ovarian tumours. Some human endometrial carcinomas contain receptors for estrogen (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Analysis of 50 primary endometrial carcinomas by agar gel electrophoresis revealed a varying receptor pattern, absence of both receptors, sole presence of E2- or DHT- receptor, or presence of both. Highly differentiated tumours often had receptors of both types (7/18) and poorly differentiated tumours most often lacked them (1/10). Primary tumours with metastases (Stages III-IV) seldom had combined receptors, only in 2 cases out of 9. Growth of the tumour down in the cervical canal (Stage II) implied absence of combined receptors in all of the 13 cases studied. In 8 different ovarian tumours, presence of either E2- or DHT-receptors was found in 6. The findings are discussed in relation to hormonal treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 665172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10552", "title": "Pregnancy and sarcoma.", "content": "Six cases of pregnancy associated with sarcoma are presented. Among these six cases is one patient with vulvar sarcoma which was diagnosed during the 34th week of pregnancy. The literature was reviewed with reference to the effect which pregnancy may have on the growth of malignant tumors. Most authors believe that pregnancy has no deleterious effect on the course of cancer, however, this is not well supported through adequate data. Several reports to the contrary contain evidence that pregnancy may have a deleterious effect on the course of cancer. These discrepancies could be explained on the basis of differences in the natural history and biological behavior of different malignant tumors in relation to the pregnancy.", "contents": "Pregnancy and sarcoma. Six cases of pregnancy associated with sarcoma are presented. Among these six cases is one patient with vulvar sarcoma which was diagnosed during the 34th week of pregnancy. The literature was reviewed with reference to the effect which pregnancy may have on the growth of malignant tumors. Most authors believe that pregnancy has no deleterious effect on the course of cancer, however, this is not well supported through adequate data. Several reports to the contrary contain evidence that pregnancy may have a deleterious effect on the course of cancer. These discrepancies could be explained on the basis of differences in the natural history and biological behavior of different malignant tumors in relation to the pregnancy.", "PMID": 665173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10553", "title": "Cervical adeno-carcinoma and partial hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Partial hydatidiform mole was found in a 39-year-old grand-multiparous Jewish woman, having a polypoid cervical adeno-carcinoma. The patient was treated by surgery followed by internal and external pelvic irradiation, with excellent results. Four and a half years after the initial diagnosis she is very well. This is the first reported case of a rare combination. The literature regarding the association between pregnancy and cervical malignancies is reviewed briefly and the possible pathogenetic relationship between hydatidiform mole and carcinoma of the cervix is discussed.", "contents": "Cervical adeno-carcinoma and partial hydatidiform mole. Partial hydatidiform mole was found in a 39-year-old grand-multiparous Jewish woman, having a polypoid cervical adeno-carcinoma. The patient was treated by surgery followed by internal and external pelvic irradiation, with excellent results. Four and a half years after the initial diagnosis she is very well. This is the first reported case of a rare combination. The literature regarding the association between pregnancy and cervical malignancies is reviewed briefly and the possible pathogenetic relationship between hydatidiform mole and carcinoma of the cervix is discussed.", "PMID": 665174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10554", "title": "Operative treatment of rectal endometriosis.", "content": "27 patients with rectal endometriosis were operated upon in Turku University Central Hospital in 1967-1976. The main symptom was defecation pain especially during menstruation. Eighteen patients had had previous surgery for endometriosis of the pelvic area. A palpable tumor was found on gynaecological examination in every patient. The tumors did not grow through the rectal wall. Three kinds of operative procedures were applied (a simple excision method, a so called \"window\" operation, and resection of rectum) and the results were good.", "contents": "Operative treatment of rectal endometriosis. 27 patients with rectal endometriosis were operated upon in Turku University Central Hospital in 1967-1976. The main symptom was defecation pain especially during menstruation. Eighteen patients had had previous surgery for endometriosis of the pelvic area. A palpable tumor was found on gynaecological examination in every patient. The tumors did not grow through the rectal wall. Three kinds of operative procedures were applied (a simple excision method, a so called \"window\" operation, and resection of rectum) and the results were good.", "PMID": 665175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10555", "title": "Treatment of menopausal oestrogen deficiency symptoms in hysterectomised women by means of 17beta-oestradiol pellet implants.", "content": "Ninety-four women having undergone hysterectomy, with or without simultaneous ovariectomy, were treated for menopausal symptoms by means of subcutaneous implantation of sterile pellets containing 20 mg 17beta-oestradiol, 589 implantations in all. The subjective effect was good and lasted generally for about 6 months. The Karyopyknotic index, serum FSH and plasma oestradiol were checked in a few of the patients. The method was judged to be valuable in appropriate cases.", "contents": "Treatment of menopausal oestrogen deficiency symptoms in hysterectomised women by means of 17beta-oestradiol pellet implants. Ninety-four women having undergone hysterectomy, with or without simultaneous ovariectomy, were treated for menopausal symptoms by means of subcutaneous implantation of sterile pellets containing 20 mg 17beta-oestradiol, 589 implantations in all. The subjective effect was good and lasted generally for about 6 months. The Karyopyknotic index, serum FSH and plasma oestradiol were checked in a few of the patients. The method was judged to be valuable in appropriate cases.", "PMID": 665176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10556", "title": "Hypervitaminosis a in early human pregnancy and malformations of the central nervous system.", "content": "A case of malformations of the fetal central nervous system following hypervitaminosis A in early pregnancy is reported. The mother was treated with 150 000 IU vitamin A daily during gestation days 19 to 40. Determination of urinary oestriol carried out in the 42nd week of pregnancy revealed a very low excretion (4.2-6.6) mumol/24 h). Induced delivery resulted in a microcephalic child who died after 18 min. The child had multiple malformations of the central nervous system and very small adrenal glands (1.5 g; normal 11 +/- 4 g). The very low urinary oestriol excretion is well explained by the hypoplastic adrenals, which in turn can be related to insufficient ACTH stimulation, a condition similar to anencephaly. The malformations shown in the present case are considered to be related to the high doses of vitamin A given to the mother, and the authors wish to warn against uncritical use of high doses of vitamin A in whomen of childbearing age.", "contents": "Hypervitaminosis a in early human pregnancy and malformations of the central nervous system. A case of malformations of the fetal central nervous system following hypervitaminosis A in early pregnancy is reported. The mother was treated with 150 000 IU vitamin A daily during gestation days 19 to 40. Determination of urinary oestriol carried out in the 42nd week of pregnancy revealed a very low excretion (4.2-6.6) mumol/24 h). Induced delivery resulted in a microcephalic child who died after 18 min. The child had multiple malformations of the central nervous system and very small adrenal glands (1.5 g; normal 11 +/- 4 g). The very low urinary oestriol excretion is well explained by the hypoplastic adrenals, which in turn can be related to insufficient ACTH stimulation, a condition similar to anencephaly. The malformations shown in the present case are considered to be related to the high doses of vitamin A given to the mother, and the authors wish to warn against uncritical use of high doses of vitamin A in whomen of childbearing age.", "PMID": 665178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10557", "title": "Organ culture studies on human skin and cholesteatoma epithelium. Contact with connective tissue and exposure to vitamin A.", "content": "In tissue culture trunk skin from 8-day-old chick embryos showed a consistent change from keratinizing into more columnar non-keratinizing epithelium under the influence of vitamin A acid using concentrations from 10 to 20 IU/ml. Human adult postauricular and ear canal skin, cholesteatoma membrane, and human embryonic skin retained their keratinizing properties when exposed to vitamin A acid at concentrations up to 150 IU/ml, when toxic changes in the epithelium became obvious. Treatment of cholesteatoma ears with vitamin A ear drops is unlikely to effect any change in the keratinizing properties of the epithelium.", "contents": "Organ culture studies on human skin and cholesteatoma epithelium. Contact with connective tissue and exposure to vitamin A. In tissue culture trunk skin from 8-day-old chick embryos showed a consistent change from keratinizing into more columnar non-keratinizing epithelium under the influence of vitamin A acid using concentrations from 10 to 20 IU/ml. Human adult postauricular and ear canal skin, cholesteatoma membrane, and human embryonic skin retained their keratinizing properties when exposed to vitamin A acid at concentrations up to 150 IU/ml, when toxic changes in the epithelium became obvious. Treatment of cholesteatoma ears with vitamin A ear drops is unlikely to effect any change in the keratinizing properties of the epithelium.", "PMID": 665201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10558", "title": "Speech pure tone audiometry as a screen for exaggerated hearing loss in industrial claims.", "content": "We examined 596 patients referred with possible noise-induced hearing loss, by conventional and cortical evoked response audiometry. Discrepancies between the two tests identified 121 (20.3%) as exaggerating their hearing loss. We then studied the validity of simple conventional tests, which would be available in primary diagnostic facilities, in screening for the exaggrerators we had idenfied. By selecting those whose puretone average (for 0.5 and 1 kHz) was more than 10 dB different from the speech reception threshold, or whose initial puretone threshold at 0.5 kHz was 40 dB or greater, we identified 112 (93%) of the exaggerators, at the cost of additional examination of 209 (35% of the total) false-positive. However, this screening means that 46% of the claimants could be evaluated completely in a primary diagnostic facility, and only a small fraction of the exaggerator should be overlook.", "contents": "Speech pure tone audiometry as a screen for exaggerated hearing loss in industrial claims. We examined 596 patients referred with possible noise-induced hearing loss, by conventional and cortical evoked response audiometry. Discrepancies between the two tests identified 121 (20.3%) as exaggerating their hearing loss. We then studied the validity of simple conventional tests, which would be available in primary diagnostic facilities, in screening for the exaggrerators we had idenfied. By selecting those whose puretone average (for 0.5 and 1 kHz) was more than 10 dB different from the speech reception threshold, or whose initial puretone threshold at 0.5 kHz was 40 dB or greater, we identified 112 (93%) of the exaggerators, at the cost of additional examination of 209 (35% of the total) false-positive. However, this screening means that 46% of the claimants could be evaluated completely in a primary diagnostic facility, and only a small fraction of the exaggerator should be overlook.", "PMID": 665204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10559", "title": "Hearing loss resulting from perilymph fistula. A presentation of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of perilymph fistula in the oval window are presented. In such cases hearing loss may be severe and vertigo may or may not be present. Early surgical intervention is recommended, but one should not hesitate to explore a suspected ear, even if considerable time has elapsed.", "contents": "Hearing loss resulting from perilymph fistula. A presentation of two cases. Two cases of perilymph fistula in the oval window are presented. In such cases hearing loss may be severe and vertigo may or may not be present. Early surgical intervention is recommended, but one should not hesitate to explore a suspected ear, even if considerable time has elapsed.", "PMID": 665203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10560", "title": "Skull distortion of bone conducted signals.", "content": "A previously essentially unknown type of distortion of bone conduction (BC) signal has been studied on the skulls of four human cadavers. The method was based on a miniature accelerometer, rigidly attached to the cranial bone, converting the skull vibration close to the cochlea into an electrical signal which was analysed with regard to harmonic distortion. The BC signals, pure tones, were presented by means of a high-quality vibrator. The distortion was found to be limited to the lower audiometric frequencies, with a maximum around 500 Hz, and of such a degree as to be able to significantly influence the results of BC audiometry. The distortion is probably caused by nonlinear mechanical properties of the human skull.", "contents": "Skull distortion of bone conducted signals. A previously essentially unknown type of distortion of bone conduction (BC) signal has been studied on the skulls of four human cadavers. The method was based on a miniature accelerometer, rigidly attached to the cranial bone, converting the skull vibration close to the cochlea into an electrical signal which was analysed with regard to harmonic distortion. The BC signals, pure tones, were presented by means of a high-quality vibrator. The distortion was found to be limited to the lower audiometric frequencies, with a maximum around 500 Hz, and of such a degree as to be able to significantly influence the results of BC audiometry. The distortion is probably caused by nonlinear mechanical properties of the human skull.", "PMID": 665202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10561", "title": "Reflex inhibition audiometry. A new objective technique.", "content": "The reflexive eyeblink, elicited by a tactile stimulus, is inhibited if an auditory stimulus precedes the eliciting stimulus by 100 msec. With adult subjects the threshold for this effect was found to be sufficiently low to suggest that reflex inhibition may be useful in objective audiometry. A preliminary investigation with infants and children showed that the inhibitory process is present, though variable, in children as young as 6 weeks olds.", "contents": "Reflex inhibition audiometry. A new objective technique. The reflexive eyeblink, elicited by a tactile stimulus, is inhibited if an auditory stimulus precedes the eliciting stimulus by 100 msec. With adult subjects the threshold for this effect was found to be sufficiently low to suggest that reflex inhibition may be useful in objective audiometry. A preliminary investigation with infants and children showed that the inhibitory process is present, though variable, in children as young as 6 weeks olds.", "PMID": 665206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10562", "title": "Extra internal hair cells. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The extra internal hair cell (EIHC) of the human cochlea was observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. The EIHC was found not infrequently in all turns of the human cochlea. It was located medial to the IHC row. The inner pillar cells showed an abnormal structure. The anatomical relationships between the displaced IHC and EIHC, and the inner pillar cell were classified into five types. The origin of these anomalies is discussed form an embryological viewpoint.", "contents": "Extra internal hair cells. A scanning electron microscopic study. The extra internal hair cell (EIHC) of the human cochlea was observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. The EIHC was found not infrequently in all turns of the human cochlea. It was located medial to the IHC row. The inner pillar cells showed an abnormal structure. The anatomical relationships between the displaced IHC and EIHC, and the inner pillar cell were classified into five types. The origin of these anomalies is discussed form an embryological viewpoint.", "PMID": 665207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10563", "title": "Peripheral vasoconstriction in the rat in response to sound. II. Dependence on rate of change of sound level.", "content": "Vasoconstrictions elicited by sound were studied in the non-anaesthetized rat. Arterial pulsations in the tail were recorded by a non-invasive technique. On slightly heating the animal, the tail vessels became dilated. An 80 dB SPL noise burst caused a decrease in pulse amplitude, usually to less than 10% of the pre-stimulus value. It was found that 4 s bursts of 80 dB SPL noise with rise times 1, 10, or 100 ms were equally efficient in producing vasoconstriction. If the rise time was longer, 1 s, the vasconstriction was significantly smaller. It was pointed out that the feedback control of the stimulus noise provided by the acoustic middle ear reflex would contribute to enhancing rapid variations in sound level, and thereby form part of a physiological explanation for the present findings.", "contents": "Peripheral vasoconstriction in the rat in response to sound. II. Dependence on rate of change of sound level. Vasoconstrictions elicited by sound were studied in the non-anaesthetized rat. Arterial pulsations in the tail were recorded by a non-invasive technique. On slightly heating the animal, the tail vessels became dilated. An 80 dB SPL noise burst caused a decrease in pulse amplitude, usually to less than 10% of the pre-stimulus value. It was found that 4 s bursts of 80 dB SPL noise with rise times 1, 10, or 100 ms were equally efficient in producing vasoconstriction. If the rise time was longer, 1 s, the vasconstriction was significantly smaller. It was pointed out that the feedback control of the stimulus noise provided by the acoustic middle ear reflex would contribute to enhancing rapid variations in sound level, and thereby form part of a physiological explanation for the present findings.", "PMID": 665205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10564", "title": "Reversible and irreversible changes of the stria vascularis. An evaluation of the effects of ethacrynic acid separately and in combination with atoxyl.", "content": "The morphological changes in the cochlea following administration of ethacrynic acid occur initially in the stria vascularis of the basal coils as an increased intracellular vesiculation of the marginal cells followed by inter- and intracellular oedema in the intermediate cell layer. The combined administration of ethacrynic acid and atoxyl (individual doses) can cause irreversible damage to the cochlear hair cells and the stria vascularis, while the administration of each of them separately in the same low dose did not cause hair cell degeneration or persistent morphological changes of the stria vascularis. An increased penetration of atoxyl into the cochlea is likely to occur due to the ethacrynic acid-induced changes in the permeability of the endolymphatic partition so that the earlier known penetration of atoxyl into the cochlea is increased.", "contents": "Reversible and irreversible changes of the stria vascularis. An evaluation of the effects of ethacrynic acid separately and in combination with atoxyl. The morphological changes in the cochlea following administration of ethacrynic acid occur initially in the stria vascularis of the basal coils as an increased intracellular vesiculation of the marginal cells followed by inter- and intracellular oedema in the intermediate cell layer. The combined administration of ethacrynic acid and atoxyl (individual doses) can cause irreversible damage to the cochlear hair cells and the stria vascularis, while the administration of each of them separately in the same low dose did not cause hair cell degeneration or persistent morphological changes of the stria vascularis. An increased penetration of atoxyl into the cochlea is likely to occur due to the ethacrynic acid-induced changes in the permeability of the endolymphatic partition so that the earlier known penetration of atoxyl into the cochlea is increased.", "PMID": 665208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10565", "title": "[Streptomycin-induced damage of the spiral ganglion].", "content": "The neuronal density in the spiral ganglion was investigated in normal and in streptomycin-intoxicated guinea pigs. Streptomycin was administered in a dose of 250 mg/kg for 21 days. 6 weeks after the streptomycin exposure a histological examination revealed a decrease in ganglion cell density in the spiral ganglion, with maximum loss in the apical portion of the ganglion. As mechanisms of the ototoxic effect, a secondary degeneration of spiral ganglion cells after hair cell loss or a primary neurotoxic degeneration are discussed.", "contents": "[Streptomycin-induced damage of the spiral ganglion]. The neuronal density in the spiral ganglion was investigated in normal and in streptomycin-intoxicated guinea pigs. Streptomycin was administered in a dose of 250 mg/kg for 21 days. 6 weeks after the streptomycin exposure a histological examination revealed a decrease in ganglion cell density in the spiral ganglion, with maximum loss in the apical portion of the ganglion. As mechanisms of the ototoxic effect, a secondary degeneration of spiral ganglion cells after hair cell loss or a primary neurotoxic degeneration are discussed.", "PMID": 665209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10566", "title": "The influence of cochlear temperature on the electrical travelling wave pattern in the guinea pig cochlea.", "content": "Cochlear microphonics (CM) were recorded in the guinea pig using differential recording from the first and third cochlear turns as well as by using a 10-electrode array inserted in the scala tympani of the basal turn. The excitation profile as represented by the CM was quantified by amplitude and phase data, and was measured at normal temperature (38 degrees C) and a 10 degrees lower cochlear temperature. It appears that the CM pattern shifts toward the base of the cochlea as a result of cooling. This is explained on the basis of an increased compliance of the basilar membrane with an optional influence of increased viscosity of the perilymph.", "contents": "The influence of cochlear temperature on the electrical travelling wave pattern in the guinea pig cochlea. Cochlear microphonics (CM) were recorded in the guinea pig using differential recording from the first and third cochlear turns as well as by using a 10-electrode array inserted in the scala tympani of the basal turn. The excitation profile as represented by the CM was quantified by amplitude and phase data, and was measured at normal temperature (38 degrees C) and a 10 degrees lower cochlear temperature. It appears that the CM pattern shifts toward the base of the cochlea as a result of cooling. This is explained on the basis of an increased compliance of the basilar membrane with an optional influence of increased viscosity of the perilymph.", "PMID": 665210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10567", "title": "Ultrasonic irradiation through the round window. Functional and morphological findings in sound-conditioned cats.", "content": "Ultrasound  was presented though the round window in 9 sound-conditioned cats at levels approximating clinical usage. Threshold shifts were mild to moderate and confined to 4 kHz and higher. There was total loss of function at 16 kHz in 2 animals. Threshold shifts correlated with cochlear histological findings as shown by reconstruction. There were three main types of lesions: abnormalities of supporting structures, hair cell loss, and lesion of Reissner's membrane. Supporting structure damage was the most frequent. The cristae of the semicircular canals did not show any lesions, though some saccular damage was noted. These changes were not observed in 4 control animals. Some conductive damage was noted as a result of probe placement. High frequency loss can be expected with the round window approach at irradiation levels of 52 mW for 20 min, or stronger.", "contents": "Ultrasonic irradiation through the round window. Functional and morphological findings in sound-conditioned cats. Ultrasound  was presented though the round window in 9 sound-conditioned cats at levels approximating clinical usage. Threshold shifts were mild to moderate and confined to 4 kHz and higher. There was total loss of function at 16 kHz in 2 animals. Threshold shifts correlated with cochlear histological findings as shown by reconstruction. There were three main types of lesions: abnormalities of supporting structures, hair cell loss, and lesion of Reissner's membrane. Supporting structure damage was the most frequent. The cristae of the semicircular canals did not show any lesions, though some saccular damage was noted. These changes were not observed in 4 control animals. Some conductive damage was noted as a result of probe placement. High frequency loss can be expected with the round window approach at irradiation levels of 52 mW for 20 min, or stronger.", "PMID": 665211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10568", "title": "Computer calculation of movement of body's center of gravity.", "content": "The movement of the body's center of gravity was calculated in normal subjects and in vertiginous patients by using a strain gauge platform system and a ditigal computer. The total length of the loci traced by the center of gravity in 40 normal subjects during normal standing for 1 minute was 52.0 +/- 18.5 cm with eyes open, and 81.5 +/- 52.3 cm with eyes closed. The ratio of the total length with the eyes closed compared with that with the eyes open during normal standing for 1 minute was 1.56 +/- 0.56. The time course of the length of the locus was calculated every 10 seconds, and characteric curves were obtained. The dependability of this test appeared to be fairly accurate and the usefulness of this technique for the diagnosis of vertiginous or ataxic diseases is recommended.", "contents": "Computer calculation of movement of body's center of gravity. The movement of the body's center of gravity was calculated in normal subjects and in vertiginous patients by using a strain gauge platform system and a ditigal computer. The total length of the loci traced by the center of gravity in 40 normal subjects during normal standing for 1 minute was 52.0 +/- 18.5 cm with eyes open, and 81.5 +/- 52.3 cm with eyes closed. The ratio of the total length with the eyes closed compared with that with the eyes open during normal standing for 1 minute was 1.56 +/- 0.56. The time course of the length of the locus was calculated every 10 seconds, and characteric curves were obtained. The dependability of this test appeared to be fairly accurate and the usefulness of this technique for the diagnosis of vertiginous or ataxic diseases is recommended.", "PMID": 665212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10569", "title": "Sympathetic nerves and nasal secretion in the cat.", "content": "The influence of sympathetic nerves on nasal secretion was examined in anaesthetized cats. The results from experiments in which the Vidian nerve was stimulated supramaximally for 3 min show that vasoconstriction occurs in the nasal cavity during the production of nasal secretion. The amount of nasal secretion produced in the normal cavity on Vidian nerve stimulation was greater than that produced in the sympathectomized nasal cavity but only significantly so at 2 and 5 Hz. It is concluded that at these lower frequencies sympathetic activity induced by Vidian nerve stimulation increases nasal secretion.", "contents": "Sympathetic nerves and nasal secretion in the cat. The influence of sympathetic nerves on nasal secretion was examined in anaesthetized cats. The results from experiments in which the Vidian nerve was stimulated supramaximally for 3 min show that vasoconstriction occurs in the nasal cavity during the production of nasal secretion. The amount of nasal secretion produced in the normal cavity on Vidian nerve stimulation was greater than that produced in the sympathectomized nasal cavity but only significantly so at 2 and 5 Hz. It is concluded that at these lower frequencies sympathetic activity induced by Vidian nerve stimulation increases nasal secretion.", "PMID": 665213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10570", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: three cases observed in Hungary.", "content": "Three patients are reported whose symptoms were very similar to those described in mucocutaneous lymph nodes syndrome, a disease prevalent in Japan. In one case the disease was complicated by otomastoiditis which prolonged the course and reactivated the symptoms. In the other two cases recovery was uneventful. No epidemiological relation could be demonstrated among the cases. Prednisolone was administered to two patients with immediate antifebrile effect.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: three cases observed in Hungary. Three patients are reported whose symptoms were very similar to those described in mucocutaneous lymph nodes syndrome, a disease prevalent in Japan. In one case the disease was complicated by otomastoiditis which prolonged the course and reactivated the symptoms. In the other two cases recovery was uneventful. No epidemiological relation could be demonstrated among the cases. Prednisolone was administered to two patients with immediate antifebrile effect.", "PMID": 665219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10571", "title": "The domestic pig as an experimental animal for studies on the nasal cycle.", "content": "The resistance to air flow of each nasal passage in the anaesthetized pig was determined by pumping air through the nose and measuring pressure changes in nasal cannulae. A nasal cycle was observed in the marjority of the pigs. Three types of change in nasal resistance were observed and their possible causes are discussed. Section of the right cervical sympathetic nerve abolished the cyclic changes in nasal resistance of both nasal passages. The method described may prove useful in studying the physiology of the nasal cycle.", "contents": "The domestic pig as an experimental animal for studies on the nasal cycle. The resistance to air flow of each nasal passage in the anaesthetized pig was determined by pumping air through the nose and measuring pressure changes in nasal cannulae. A nasal cycle was observed in the marjority of the pigs. Three types of change in nasal resistance were observed and their possible causes are discussed. Section of the right cervical sympathetic nerve abolished the cyclic changes in nasal resistance of both nasal passages. The method described may prove useful in studying the physiology of the nasal cycle.", "PMID": 665214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10572", "title": "Perinatal asphyxia and jaundice in newborn infants.", "content": "The serum bilirubin concentration was studied in 114 full term and 199 preterm babies suffering from either perinatal asphyxia or idiopathic indirect hyperbilirubinaemia, in order to establish the effect of asphyxia on the serum bilirubin level. Infants with any other disease causing non-physiologic jaundice were excluded. It was found that perinatal asphyxia per se does not exaggerate hyperbilirubinaemia either in full term or in preterm babies. Weight loss correlated significantly with the peak bilirubin concentration in all groups of patients. This would suggest the possible role of feeding and hydration in the genesis of hyperbilirubinaemia.", "contents": "Perinatal asphyxia and jaundice in newborn infants. The serum bilirubin concentration was studied in 114 full term and 199 preterm babies suffering from either perinatal asphyxia or idiopathic indirect hyperbilirubinaemia, in order to establish the effect of asphyxia on the serum bilirubin level. Infants with any other disease causing non-physiologic jaundice were excluded. It was found that perinatal asphyxia per se does not exaggerate hyperbilirubinaemia either in full term or in preterm babies. Weight loss correlated significantly with the peak bilirubin concentration in all groups of patients. This would suggest the possible role of feeding and hydration in the genesis of hyperbilirubinaemia.", "PMID": 665220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10573", "title": "Dermatoglyphic features in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Dermatoglyphic features of 290 children and 180 adults with diabetes mellitus were investigated. WD occurred significantly more frequently on the fingers, and pattern intensity was low in certain interdigital areas in these patients. A high TRC value was more frequent in both girls and boys with diabetes mellitus than in the controls.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic features in diabetes mellitus. Dermatoglyphic features of 290 children and 180 adults with diabetes mellitus were investigated. WD occurred significantly more frequently on the fingers, and pattern intensity was low in certain interdigital areas in these patients. A high TRC value was more frequent in both girls and boys with diabetes mellitus than in the controls.", "PMID": 665221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10574", "title": "HLA B8 and BW15 antigens in diabetic children.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of HLA B8 and BW15 and B8 antigens is significantly more frequent in diabetic children than in the general population. BW15 alone shows no significant difference but may be considered as a potentiating factor. The relative risk of the manifestation of diabetes in the highest when HLA B8 and BW15 occur simultaneously. In the nearest diabetic relatives of diabetic children the occurrence of B8 and B8 and/or BW15 antigens is significantly more frequent than in the diabetic child population.", "contents": "HLA B8 and BW15 antigens in diabetic children. The simultaneous occurrence of HLA B8 and BW15 and B8 antigens is significantly more frequent in diabetic children than in the general population. BW15 alone shows no significant difference but may be considered as a potentiating factor. The relative risk of the manifestation of diabetes in the highest when HLA B8 and BW15 occur simultaneously. In the nearest diabetic relatives of diabetic children the occurrence of B8 and B8 and/or BW15 antigens is significantly more frequent than in the diabetic child population.", "PMID": 665223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10575", "title": "The modern treatment of oesophageal strictures using the Eder-Puestow dilators.", "content": "The greatest safety in bouginage of narrow and twisted oesophageal strictures is obtained by employing a flexible oesophagoscope via which a guiding probe is introduced by Puestow's method. The actual bougie may then be introduced over this guide without risk of perforating the oesophagus. When performed under TV-fluoroscopy, this procedure gains added safety. 108 dilations were performed without complications.", "contents": "The modern treatment of oesophageal strictures using the Eder-Puestow dilators. The greatest safety in bouginage of narrow and twisted oesophageal strictures is obtained by employing a flexible oesophagoscope via which a guiding probe is introduced by Puestow's method. The actual bougie may then be introduced over this guide without risk of perforating the oesophagus. When performed under TV-fluoroscopy, this procedure gains added safety. 108 dilations were performed without complications.", "PMID": 665218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10576", "title": "Electromyogram of the tensor tympani muscle in man during swallowing.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on 2 patients who underwent an operation for chronic otitis media, whereupon the tensor tympani muscle was visualized. A unipolar platinum electrode was inserted into the muscle belly. EMG recordings were made during swallowing and other motor activity. Distinct, pronounced EMG activity was recorded from both patients every time they swallowed. It was concluded that the tensor tympani muscle participates in the act of swallowing and thereby probably contributes to the ventilation of the middle ear.", "contents": "Electromyogram of the tensor tympani muscle in man during swallowing. Experiments were carried out on 2 patients who underwent an operation for chronic otitis media, whereupon the tensor tympani muscle was visualized. A unipolar platinum electrode was inserted into the muscle belly. EMG recordings were made during swallowing and other motor activity. Distinct, pronounced EMG activity was recorded from both patients every time they swallowed. It was concluded that the tensor tympani muscle participates in the act of swallowing and thereby probably contributes to the ventilation of the middle ear.", "PMID": 665217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10577", "title": "Point prevalence at birth of ventricular septal defect in Hungary.", "content": "An attempt was made to estimate the occurrence of ventricular septal defect in Hungary. The study was based on data derived from three surveys. Point prevalence at birth of isolated ventricular septal defects amounted to 1.33 +/- 0.34%, 1.39 +/- 0.31% and 1.77 +/- 1.12%, respectively. Considering the diagnostic difficulties and other distorting factors, the figure of 1.5% is assumed to represent the actual point prevalence rate. Ventricular septal defect cases constituting part of the complex congenital cardiovascular malformations and of multiple malformations may increase the above 1.5% estimate by another 1%.", "contents": "Point prevalence at birth of ventricular septal defect in Hungary. An attempt was made to estimate the occurrence of ventricular septal defect in Hungary. The study was based on data derived from three surveys. Point prevalence at birth of isolated ventricular septal defects amounted to 1.33 +/- 0.34%, 1.39 +/- 0.31% and 1.77 +/- 1.12%, respectively. Considering the diagnostic difficulties and other distorting factors, the figure of 1.5% is assumed to represent the actual point prevalence rate. Ventricular septal defect cases constituting part of the complex congenital cardiovascular malformations and of multiple malformations may increase the above 1.5% estimate by another 1%.", "PMID": 665225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10578", "title": "The nasal mucosa during long-term treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. A light-and scanning electron microscopic study of nasal polyps.", "content": "Blind examination by light- and scanning electron miscroscope of a total of 142 biopsies from nasal polyps was carried out before and after continuous intranasal treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, 400 microgram/day, for a period of 9-36 months. The degree of tissue oedema, the number of infiltrating eosinophil cells and the number of goblet cells in the epithelium decreased significantly. There was no change in the type of surface epithelium during treatment, and no tendency towards squamous cell metaplasia. The study suggests that beclomethasone dipropionate treatment for a period of a few years will not cause atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "The nasal mucosa during long-term treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. A light-and scanning electron microscopic study of nasal polyps. Blind examination by light- and scanning electron miscroscope of a total of 142 biopsies from nasal polyps was carried out before and after continuous intranasal treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, 400 microgram/day, for a period of 9-36 months. The degree of tissue oedema, the number of infiltrating eosinophil cells and the number of goblet cells in the epithelium decreased significantly. There was no change in the type of surface epithelium during treatment, and no tendency towards squamous cell metaplasia. The study suggests that beclomethasone dipropionate treatment for a period of a few years will not cause atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 665215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10579", "title": "D-penicillamine treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia in preterm infants.", "content": "In 41 hyperbilirubinaemic infants born before the 38th gestational week intravenous D-penicillamine treatment was applied in doses of 300 mg/kg body weight/day. As compared to 41 infants of identical gestational age and treated under identical circumstances, penicillamine ensured favourable results, especially in babies born after the 33rd gestational week. Some undesirable side-effects have to be taken into account, but they are infrequent if the indication is correct.", "contents": "D-penicillamine treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia in preterm infants. In 41 hyperbilirubinaemic infants born before the 38th gestational week intravenous D-penicillamine treatment was applied in doses of 300 mg/kg body weight/day. As compared to 41 infants of identical gestational age and treated under identical circumstances, penicillamine ensured favourable results, especially in babies born after the 33rd gestational week. Some undesirable side-effects have to be taken into account, but they are infrequent if the indication is correct.", "PMID": 665227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10580", "title": "Rhinological findings following transantrosphenoidal surgery of the pituitary gland.", "content": "Fifty patients with pituitary gland tumours on whom we operated via the transantrosphenoidal route, were rhinologically followed up with a view to revealing any conceivable functional impairments incurred by this method. Our investigations included rhinoscopy, endoscopy of the nasal and paranasal cavities and of the epipharynx, X-ray controls, and probes of the nn. olfactorius and trigeminus. Apart from the technical advantages of transantrosphenoidal pituitary gland surgery, the results also confirmed its benefit to functional performance.", "contents": "Rhinological findings following transantrosphenoidal surgery of the pituitary gland. Fifty patients with pituitary gland tumours on whom we operated via the transantrosphenoidal route, were rhinologically followed up with a view to revealing any conceivable functional impairments incurred by this method. Our investigations included rhinoscopy, endoscopy of the nasal and paranasal cavities and of the epipharynx, X-ray controls, and probes of the nn. olfactorius and trigeminus. Apart from the technical advantages of transantrosphenoidal pituitary gland surgery, the results also confirmed its benefit to functional performance.", "PMID": 665216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10581", "title": "Light and electron microscopy on the sporulation of the oocysts of Eimeria brunetti. I. Development of the zygote and formation of the sporoblasts.", "content": "The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Eimeria brunetti were examined in samples sporulated at 27 degrees C for 0, 12 and 24 hours. The initial zygote was found to be roughly spherical and to contain a number of polysaccharide granules which were congregated in one region of the organism. The cytoplasm also contained some strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum together with a number of mitochondria, some Golgi bodies, and some electron translucent vacuoles. The nucleus was large, with amorphous nucleoplasm and a nucleous. The cytoplasmic mass of the zygote was limited by a single unit membrane which possessed some micropores. After initiation of the sporulation, the metabolic activity of the organism appeared to increase as evidenced by the augmentation in the cytoplasm of the amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, number of Golgi bodies, and the appearance of polyribosomes. However, at this stage, the presence of large spherical bodies (anlagen of the refractile bodies of the sporozoites) constituted the most obvious change in the cytoplasm of the organism. After nuclear division the daughter nuclei were situated well separated in the cytoplasm and the polysaccharide granules were evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the zygote. Eventually four sporoblasts were formed by invaginations of the limiting membrane. Each sporoblast was limited by a unit membrane and contained a nucleus, and the same cytoplasmic organelles as found in the zygote. The development of the sporoblast was initially accompanied by the appearance of a second limiting membrane.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy on the sporulation of the oocysts of Eimeria brunetti. I. Development of the zygote and formation of the sporoblasts. The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Eimeria brunetti were examined in samples sporulated at 27 degrees C for 0, 12 and 24 hours. The initial zygote was found to be roughly spherical and to contain a number of polysaccharide granules which were congregated in one region of the organism. The cytoplasm also contained some strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum together with a number of mitochondria, some Golgi bodies, and some electron translucent vacuoles. The nucleus was large, with amorphous nucleoplasm and a nucleous. The cytoplasmic mass of the zygote was limited by a single unit membrane which possessed some micropores. After initiation of the sporulation, the metabolic activity of the organism appeared to increase as evidenced by the augmentation in the cytoplasm of the amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, number of Golgi bodies, and the appearance of polyribosomes. However, at this stage, the presence of large spherical bodies (anlagen of the refractile bodies of the sporozoites) constituted the most obvious change in the cytoplasm of the organism. After nuclear division the daughter nuclei were situated well separated in the cytoplasm and the polysaccharide granules were evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the zygote. Eventually four sporoblasts were formed by invaginations of the limiting membrane. Each sporoblast was limited by a unit membrane and contained a nucleus, and the same cytoplasmic organelles as found in the zygote. The development of the sporoblast was initially accompanied by the appearance of a second limiting membrane.", "PMID": 665240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10582", "title": "Light and electron microscopy on the sporulation of the oocysts of Eimeria brunetti. II. Development into the sporocyst and formation of the sporozoite.", "content": "The later stages of sporulation in oocysts of Eimeria brunetti were examined in samples which had been allowed to sporulate at 27 degrees C for 24, 36 and 48 hours. It was observed that the sporoblasts became ellipsoidal and the nucleus underwent the final division. A nucleus with associated Golgi bodies was not observed at either end of the organism. The cytoplasm was limited by two unit membranes and contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies, electron translucent vacuoles and mitochondria. The first evidence of sporozoite formation was the appearance of a dense plaque at either end of the organism. This appeared in the vicinity of the nuclei, and adjacent to the limiting membrane of the soroblast. At this stage the sporocyst wall was still unformed. Then the two sporozoites were formed from opposite ends of the organism by growth of the dense plaques and invaginations of the plasmalemma which thus formed the pellicles of the developing sporozoites. A conoid and subpellicular microtubules were observed at this stage as development continued, a number of vacuoles were found between the nucleus and the conoid. These vacuoles constituted the precursors of the rhoptries and micronemes. At the same stage a large dense body had appeared within the forming sporozoite. As the sporozoite developed, this body, anterior refractile body, is followed by the nucleus and another dense body which formed the posterior refractile body. During this period, the thin sporocyst wall was formed and Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies were now present at one end of the sporocyst. Each mature sporocyst contained two sporozoites.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy on the sporulation of the oocysts of Eimeria brunetti. II. Development into the sporocyst and formation of the sporozoite. The later stages of sporulation in oocysts of Eimeria brunetti were examined in samples which had been allowed to sporulate at 27 degrees C for 24, 36 and 48 hours. It was observed that the sporoblasts became ellipsoidal and the nucleus underwent the final division. A nucleus with associated Golgi bodies was not observed at either end of the organism. The cytoplasm was limited by two unit membranes and contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies, electron translucent vacuoles and mitochondria. The first evidence of sporozoite formation was the appearance of a dense plaque at either end of the organism. This appeared in the vicinity of the nuclei, and adjacent to the limiting membrane of the soroblast. At this stage the sporocyst wall was still unformed. Then the two sporozoites were formed from opposite ends of the organism by growth of the dense plaques and invaginations of the plasmalemma which thus formed the pellicles of the developing sporozoites. A conoid and subpellicular microtubules were observed at this stage as development continued, a number of vacuoles were found between the nucleus and the conoid. These vacuoles constituted the precursors of the rhoptries and micronemes. At the same stage a large dense body had appeared within the forming sporozoite. As the sporozoite developed, this body, anterior refractile body, is followed by the nucleus and another dense body which formed the posterior refractile body. During this period, the thin sporocyst wall was formed and Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies were now present at one end of the sporocyst. Each mature sporocyst contained two sporozoites.", "PMID": 665241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10583", "title": "Chemotypes of Fusobacterium nucleatum lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from 20 strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and examined by paper chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and colorimetric methods for the presence of neutral sugars, amino sugars and 2-keto-3-dexoxy-octonate (KDO). The LPS had in common glucosamine, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, glucose and KDO. The KDO content was low. Galatose, rhamnose and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose were found in some strains. Based on the sugar composition of the LPS, the F. nucleatum strains could be classified into six chemotypes.", "contents": "Chemotypes of Fusobacterium nucleatum lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from 20 strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and examined by paper chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and colorimetric methods for the presence of neutral sugars, amino sugars and 2-keto-3-dexoxy-octonate (KDO). The LPS had in common glucosamine, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, glucose and KDO. The KDO content was low. Galatose, rhamnose and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose were found in some strains. Based on the sugar composition of the LPS, the F. nucleatum strains could be classified into six chemotypes.", "PMID": 665242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10584", "title": "Chemotypes of Veillonella lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were isolated by phenol-water extraction from 34 strains of Veillonella, and examined by paper chromatography and colorimetric methods for the presence of neutral sugars, amino sugars and 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate (KDO). Several preparations were also examined for neutral sugars by gas liquid chromatography. The LPS had in common glucosamine, galactosamine, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose glucose and KDO. Most LPS contained galactose, and a few rhamnose. D-glycero-D-manno-heptose was found in LPS from one of the strains. Based on the sugar composition of the LPS, the Veillonella strains could be classified into four chemotypes.", "contents": "Chemotypes of Veillonella lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were isolated by phenol-water extraction from 34 strains of Veillonella, and examined by paper chromatography and colorimetric methods for the presence of neutral sugars, amino sugars and 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate (KDO). Several preparations were also examined for neutral sugars by gas liquid chromatography. The LPS had in common glucosamine, galactosamine, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose glucose and KDO. Most LPS contained galactose, and a few rhamnose. D-glycero-D-manno-heptose was found in LPS from one of the strains. Based on the sugar composition of the LPS, the Veillonella strains could be classified into four chemotypes.", "PMID": 665243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10585", "title": "Bovine protothecosis. A brief report of ten cases.", "content": "Prototheca zopfii was isolated repeatedly from milk samples from ten cows (of a herd of 192 dairy cows) with reduced milk yield and indurated mammary glands. The strain was moderately sensitive to streptomycin, polymyxin and gentamycin, but resistant or relatively resistant to other antibiotics and antimycotics commonly used in clinical practice. An attempt to treat the infection with Ethidium bromide, which was found effective in vitro, did not succeed. The number of Prototheca excreted decreased, but a complete cure was not obtained. In histological sections of the udder, Prototheca cells were demonstrated both intracellularly and interstitially.", "contents": "Bovine protothecosis. A brief report of ten cases. Prototheca zopfii was isolated repeatedly from milk samples from ten cows (of a herd of 192 dairy cows) with reduced milk yield and indurated mammary glands. The strain was moderately sensitive to streptomycin, polymyxin and gentamycin, but resistant or relatively resistant to other antibiotics and antimycotics commonly used in clinical practice. An attempt to treat the infection with Ethidium bromide, which was found effective in vitro, did not succeed. The number of Prototheca excreted decreased, but a complete cure was not obtained. In histological sections of the udder, Prototheca cells were demonstrated both intracellularly and interstitially.", "PMID": 665244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10586", "title": "The cholinergic influences on the oxytocin activity of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis in long-term dehydrated male rats.", "content": "The cholinergic influences on the oxytocin activity of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis in long-term dehydrated male rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 17-25. Rats dehydrated up to 12 days were injected intraperitoneally with carbachol or atropine sulfate in daily doses of 20 microgram/100 g and 1.0 mg/100 g, respectively. In not dehydrated rats atropine increased the oxytocin activity of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis; carbachol did not influence the oxytocin potency of the hypothalamus but augmented it in the neurohypophysis. During long-term dehydration both carbachol and atropine intensified the depletion of oxytocin in the hypothalamus as well as in the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "The cholinergic influences on the oxytocin activity of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis in long-term dehydrated male rats. The cholinergic influences on the oxytocin activity of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis in long-term dehydrated male rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 17-25. Rats dehydrated up to 12 days were injected intraperitoneally with carbachol or atropine sulfate in daily doses of 20 microgram/100 g and 1.0 mg/100 g, respectively. In not dehydrated rats atropine increased the oxytocin activity of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis; carbachol did not influence the oxytocin potency of the hypothalamus but augmented it in the neurohypophysis. During long-term dehydration both carbachol and atropine intensified the depletion of oxytocin in the hypothalamus as well as in the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 665246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10587", "title": "Effect of increased concentrations of ca++ and mg++ in the fluid perfusing the cerebral ventricles, and hypoxia on evoked tongue jerks.", "content": "Effect of increased concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ in the fluid perfusing the cerebral ventricles, and hypoxia on evoked tongue jerks. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 27-36. The infraorbital nerve, the sensory part of the trigeminal nerve, was stimulated in rats under chloralose anaesthesia. Electric stimuli of 0.2 Hz caused retractive movements of the stretched tongue. These evoked tongue jerks (ETJ) were recorded directly on a kymograph or on a linear recorder. Using a stereotaxic apparatus cannulas were inserted into both lateral ventricles of the brain for infusion of McIlwain-Rodnight's fluid at a rate of about 50 microliter/minute. The cannula for outflow of the perfusing fluid was inserted into the cerebellomedullary cistern. The ETJ was enhanced by 43%, on the average, during perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with solutions with fivefold increased concentration of calcium ions, and decreased by a mean value 24% when the perfusing solution contained a higher concentration of magnesium ions. After 10 min of breathing with increased respiratory dead space, which caused hypoxia and hypercapnia, the amplitude of ETJ diminished by 65%, on the average.", "contents": "Effect of increased concentrations of ca++ and mg++ in the fluid perfusing the cerebral ventricles, and hypoxia on evoked tongue jerks. Effect of increased concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ in the fluid perfusing the cerebral ventricles, and hypoxia on evoked tongue jerks. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 27-36. The infraorbital nerve, the sensory part of the trigeminal nerve, was stimulated in rats under chloralose anaesthesia. Electric stimuli of 0.2 Hz caused retractive movements of the stretched tongue. These evoked tongue jerks (ETJ) were recorded directly on a kymograph or on a linear recorder. Using a stereotaxic apparatus cannulas were inserted into both lateral ventricles of the brain for infusion of McIlwain-Rodnight's fluid at a rate of about 50 microliter/minute. The cannula for outflow of the perfusing fluid was inserted into the cerebellomedullary cistern. The ETJ was enhanced by 43%, on the average, during perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with solutions with fivefold increased concentration of calcium ions, and decreased by a mean value 24% when the perfusing solution contained a higher concentration of magnesium ions. After 10 min of breathing with increased respiratory dead space, which caused hypoxia and hypercapnia, the amplitude of ETJ diminished by 65%, on the average.", "PMID": 665247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10588", "title": "The influence of dietary sodium on urinary prostaglandin excretion.", "content": "The influence of dietary sodium chloride on the urinary excretion of prostaglandins (PGs) was studied in unanesthetized female rabbits housed in metabolic cages. Urinary PG levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, bioassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the first experiment rabbits were fed at high (2.5%) and later a low (0.25%) sodium chloride diet ad libitum. A 2--5 fold increase in excretion of immunoreactive PGF2alpha (iPGF2alpha) and iPGE2 was noticed when animals were given the low salt diet. Since it could not be excluded that dietary factors other than sodium chloride contributed to the changes a second, more controlled experiment was undertaken. Rabbits were fed 30 g/kg per day of diets offering only in the content of sodium chloride, 2% and 0.37% respectively. On the high salt diet the rabbits excreted 0.1 +/- 0.04 microgram/day of PGE2 and 2.0 +/- 0.5 microgram/day of iPGF2alpha. After equilibration on the low salt diet the PGE2 excretion rate increased to 1.5 +/- 0.3 microgram/day (p less than 0.001) and that of iPGF2alpha to 3.4 +/- 0.4 microgram/day (p less than 0.01). These results thus point to an inverse relationship between renal sodium excretion and the activity of the renal prostaglandin system.", "contents": "The influence of dietary sodium on urinary prostaglandin excretion. The influence of dietary sodium chloride on the urinary excretion of prostaglandins (PGs) was studied in unanesthetized female rabbits housed in metabolic cages. Urinary PG levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, bioassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the first experiment rabbits were fed at high (2.5%) and later a low (0.25%) sodium chloride diet ad libitum. A 2--5 fold increase in excretion of immunoreactive PGF2alpha (iPGF2alpha) and iPGE2 was noticed when animals were given the low salt diet. Since it could not be excluded that dietary factors other than sodium chloride contributed to the changes a second, more controlled experiment was undertaken. Rabbits were fed 30 g/kg per day of diets offering only in the content of sodium chloride, 2% and 0.37% respectively. On the high salt diet the rabbits excreted 0.1 +/- 0.04 microgram/day of PGE2 and 2.0 +/- 0.5 microgram/day of iPGF2alpha. After equilibration on the low salt diet the PGE2 excretion rate increased to 1.5 +/- 0.3 microgram/day (p less than 0.001) and that of iPGF2alpha to 3.4 +/- 0.4 microgram/day (p less than 0.01). These results thus point to an inverse relationship between renal sodium excretion and the activity of the renal prostaglandin system.", "PMID": 665254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10589", "title": "Presence of erythropoiesis inhibitor in the urine of normal sheep and those with transfused polycythemia.", "content": "Presence of erythropoiesis inhibitor in the urine of normal sheep and those with transfused polycythaemia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 37-46. Urine from 18 ewes, normal and with transfused polycythemia, was analysed. The consequences of polycythemia were estimated in the period between 96 and 192h. The 24 h urine portions were separated on Sephadex G 100 columns, and after dialysis, tested biologically on normal mice of the BALB/c and Swiss strains. Changes of the erythropoietic activity in normal mice receiving the particular plasma fractions demonstrated that in the urine fraction IV, a factor with activity characteristic for the erythropoiesis inhibitor, is present in most normal sheep and in all those with moderate polycythemia.", "contents": "Presence of erythropoiesis inhibitor in the urine of normal sheep and those with transfused polycythemia. Presence of erythropoiesis inhibitor in the urine of normal sheep and those with transfused polycythaemia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 37-46. Urine from 18 ewes, normal and with transfused polycythemia, was analysed. The consequences of polycythemia were estimated in the period between 96 and 192h. The 24 h urine portions were separated on Sephadex G 100 columns, and after dialysis, tested biologically on normal mice of the BALB/c and Swiss strains. Changes of the erythropoietic activity in normal mice receiving the particular plasma fractions demonstrated that in the urine fraction IV, a factor with activity characteristic for the erythropoiesis inhibitor, is present in most normal sheep and in all those with moderate polycythemia.", "PMID": 665248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10590", "title": "Liver glycogen content and activity of several hepatic enzymes in repeatedly immobilized rats.", "content": "Liver glycogen content and activity of several hepatic enzymes in repeatedly immobilized rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978,  29 (1): 55-60. In adult, male rats subjected to immobilization for 2.5 h daily, on the 7th day, 24 h after a sixth trial, an increased activity of the liver aspartate aminotransferase was found as shown by comparing their data with those of normally fed controls and also of the animals pair fed to the immobilized. Moreover, a net increasing effect of daily immobilization on the liver glycogen content was described.", "contents": "Liver glycogen content and activity of several hepatic enzymes in repeatedly immobilized rats. Liver glycogen content and activity of several hepatic enzymes in repeatedly immobilized rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978,  29 (1): 55-60. In adult, male rats subjected to immobilization for 2.5 h daily, on the 7th day, 24 h after a sixth trial, an increased activity of the liver aspartate aminotransferase was found as shown by comparing their data with those of normally fed controls and also of the animals pair fed to the immobilized. Moreover, a net increasing effect of daily immobilization on the liver glycogen content was described.", "PMID": 665249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10591", "title": "Effect of low body temperature on gastric secretory activity in the guinea pig under urethane general anaesthesia.", "content": "Effect of low body temperature on gastric secretory activity in the guinea pig under urethane general anaesthesia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 61-66. The effect of low body temperature on spontaneous and histamine (H) stimulated or Nalpha Nalpha-dimethylhistamine (NDMH)-stimulated gastric secretion was investigated in the guinea pig under general anaesthesia with urethane. In normothermia NDMH had a stronger stimulatory action on acid secretion In hypothermia (30 degrees C and 25 degrees C) only NDMH showed some stimulating effect. The obtained results point to the necessity of strict controlling of body temperature in the experiments performed on animals under general anaesthesia and suggest that the lack of effect at low temperature may be connected with an inhibition of the processes of H side-chain methylation when the rate of metabolic processes in the organism has fallen.", "contents": "Effect of low body temperature on gastric secretory activity in the guinea pig under urethane general anaesthesia. Effect of low body temperature on gastric secretory activity in the guinea pig under urethane general anaesthesia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 61-66. The effect of low body temperature on spontaneous and histamine (H) stimulated or Nalpha Nalpha-dimethylhistamine (NDMH)-stimulated gastric secretion was investigated in the guinea pig under general anaesthesia with urethane. In normothermia NDMH had a stronger stimulatory action on acid secretion In hypothermia (30 degrees C and 25 degrees C) only NDMH showed some stimulating effect. The obtained results point to the necessity of strict controlling of body temperature in the experiments performed on animals under general anaesthesia and suggest that the lack of effect at low temperature may be connected with an inhibition of the processes of H side-chain methylation when the rate of metabolic processes in the organism has fallen.", "PMID": 665250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10592", "title": "Absorption of amino acids in isolated pig caecum in situ. Effect of concentration of enzymatic casein hydrolysate on absorption of amino acids.", "content": "Absorption of amino acids in isolated pig caecum in situ. Effect of concentration of enzymatic casein hydrolysate on absorption of amino acids. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 67-77. The absorption of amino acids in the pig caecum was studied in situ after surgical isolation of the caecum from the remaining digestive tract and fitting of fistula to the isolated bowel sac. It was found that amino acids can be absorbed in the caecum. Amino acids possessing an additional functional group mainly: asparagine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, lysine and aspartic acid, were absorbed while the remaining ten determined amino acids were not absorbed under these conditions. The movement of water across the wall of the caecum and the osmotic pressure in the caecum had no effect on the absorption of amino acids. The absorption of water in the caecum is mainly due to simple diffusion.", "contents": "Absorption of amino acids in isolated pig caecum in situ. Effect of concentration of enzymatic casein hydrolysate on absorption of amino acids. Absorption of amino acids in isolated pig caecum in situ. Effect of concentration of enzymatic casein hydrolysate on absorption of amino acids. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 67-77. The absorption of amino acids in the pig caecum was studied in situ after surgical isolation of the caecum from the remaining digestive tract and fitting of fistula to the isolated bowel sac. It was found that amino acids can be absorbed in the caecum. Amino acids possessing an additional functional group mainly: asparagine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, lysine and aspartic acid, were absorbed while the remaining ten determined amino acids were not absorbed under these conditions. The movement of water across the wall of the caecum and the osmotic pressure in the caecum had no effect on the absorption of amino acids. The absorption of water in the caecum is mainly due to simple diffusion.", "PMID": 665251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10593", "title": "Capillary supply of the muscle fibre population in hindlimb muscles of the cat.", "content": "Comparative analyses of the fibre content (FG, FOG, and SO fibres) and the capillary density (the number of capillaries surrounding individual fibres and the capillary/fibre ratio) were performed in hind limb muscles of the cat. Cross-sections from the tenuissimus, the biceps femoris, the lateral head (LG) and the medial head (MG) of the gastrocnemius and the soleus were cut in a cryostat. The sections were stained histochemically for the NADH2-diaphorase and alkaline (pH 9.4) actomyosin ATPase activity, which enables differentiation of different types of fibres. The endothelium of the capillaries was identified via staining for unspecific alkaline ATPase activity. The number of capillaries surrounding each individual muscle fibre had a positive correlation, first to the oxidative capacity and secondly to the average diameter of the fibres. The thin tenuissimus muscle did not differ in this respect from the thicker muscles. The highest proportion of SO fibres was found in the soleus and the MG muscles. FG fibres of two different types were dominating the fibre mass in the biceps femoris and the LG muscles, while the tenuissimus contained more FOG fibres than these muscles. In general the FG fibres had a larger diameter than the FOG and the SO fibres. The soleus and the MG muscles contained larger fibres than the other examined muscles. FG fibres were surrounded by fewer capillaries than FOG and SO fibres. The soleus and the MG muscles, with a higher percentage of SO fibres and also larger fibres, had the largest number of capillaries around the fibres and the highest capillary/fibre ratio.", "contents": "Capillary supply of the muscle fibre population in hindlimb muscles of the cat. Comparative analyses of the fibre content (FG, FOG, and SO fibres) and the capillary density (the number of capillaries surrounding individual fibres and the capillary/fibre ratio) were performed in hind limb muscles of the cat. Cross-sections from the tenuissimus, the biceps femoris, the lateral head (LG) and the medial head (MG) of the gastrocnemius and the soleus were cut in a cryostat. The sections were stained histochemically for the NADH2-diaphorase and alkaline (pH 9.4) actomyosin ATPase activity, which enables differentiation of different types of fibres. The endothelium of the capillaries was identified via staining for unspecific alkaline ATPase activity. The number of capillaries surrounding each individual muscle fibre had a positive correlation, first to the oxidative capacity and secondly to the average diameter of the fibres. The thin tenuissimus muscle did not differ in this respect from the thicker muscles. The highest proportion of SO fibres was found in the soleus and the MG muscles. FG fibres of two different types were dominating the fibre mass in the biceps femoris and the LG muscles, while the tenuissimus contained more FOG fibres than these muscles. In general the FG fibres had a larger diameter than the FOG and the SO fibres. The soleus and the MG muscles contained larger fibres than the other examined muscles. FG fibres were surrounded by fewer capillaries than FOG and SO fibres. The soleus and the MG muscles, with a higher percentage of SO fibres and also larger fibres, had the largest number of capillaries around the fibres and the highest capillary/fibre ratio.", "PMID": 665257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10594", "title": "A new method of producing chronic gastric fistula and collection of gastric juice in rats.", "content": "A method of producing chronic gastric fistula and collection of gastric juice in rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 79-86. A kind of material suitable for making different parts of the gastric fistula as well as their shape and size have been established. Organic glass (plexiglas) was used for making the cannula. A twisted-on cap of stainless steel protected the mouth of the fistula. This cap secured also the possibility of directly attaching a vessel for collection of gastric juice to the orifice of the cannula. The vessel was made of plexiglas and owing to its shape and dimensions it did not impede the rat's movements during the investigations. A disc of nylon net glued on to the external wall of the cannula prevented leaking of the fistula and its consequences. The fistula produced in this way showed a considerable durability and the vessel made it possible to investigate gastric secretion in a freely moving animal under physiological conditions or under any chosen experimental conditions.", "contents": "A new method of producing chronic gastric fistula and collection of gastric juice in rats. A method of producing chronic gastric fistula and collection of gastric juice in rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 79-86. A kind of material suitable for making different parts of the gastric fistula as well as their shape and size have been established. Organic glass (plexiglas) was used for making the cannula. A twisted-on cap of stainless steel protected the mouth of the fistula. This cap secured also the possibility of directly attaching a vessel for collection of gastric juice to the orifice of the cannula. The vessel was made of plexiglas and owing to its shape and dimensions it did not impede the rat's movements during the investigations. A disc of nylon net glued on to the external wall of the cannula prevented leaking of the fistula and its consequences. The fistula produced in this way showed a considerable durability and the vessel made it possible to investigate gastric secretion in a freely moving animal under physiological conditions or under any chosen experimental conditions.", "PMID": 665252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10595", "title": "Relationship between lactate accumulation, LDH activity, LDH isozyme and fibre type distribution in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Lactate concentration, total LDH activity and muscle-specific LDH isozymes were determined in pools of the two main types of human skeletal muscle fibres. Analyses were made from biopsy specimens obtained after intense dynamic exercise lasting approximately 30 s. Lactate concentration, total LDH activity and muscle-specific LDH activity displayed higher average values for FT (fast twitch) fibres than for ST (slow twitch) fibres. In addition, positive correlations were found both between the individual percentage of FT fibres and muscle lactate concentration and between lactate concentration and total LDH activity and muscle-specific LDH activity respectively.", "contents": "Relationship between lactate accumulation, LDH activity, LDH isozyme and fibre type distribution in human skeletal muscle. Lactate concentration, total LDH activity and muscle-specific LDH isozymes were determined in pools of the two main types of human skeletal muscle fibres. Analyses were made from biopsy specimens obtained after intense dynamic exercise lasting approximately 30 s. Lactate concentration, total LDH activity and muscle-specific LDH activity displayed higher average values for FT (fast twitch) fibres than for ST (slow twitch) fibres. In addition, positive correlations were found both between the individual percentage of FT fibres and muscle lactate concentration and between lactate concentration and total LDH activity and muscle-specific LDH activity respectively.", "PMID": 665258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10596", "title": "Isometric strength performance and muscle fibre type distribution in man.", "content": "Maximal isometric one-leg strength (MIS) was determined in 31 physical education students displaying a wide range in muscle fibre type distribution (21-79% fast twitch (FT) muscle fibres) in their vastus lateralis muscles. A linear positive correlation was found between MIS and the relative distribution of FT fibres (p less than 0.001). This should mean that not only muscle mass involved but also the quality of muscle will be decisive for the ability to develop high isometric strength.", "contents": "Isometric strength performance and muscle fibre type distribution in man. Maximal isometric one-leg strength (MIS) was determined in 31 physical education students displaying a wide range in muscle fibre type distribution (21-79% fast twitch (FT) muscle fibres) in their vastus lateralis muscles. A linear positive correlation was found between MIS and the relative distribution of FT fibres (p less than 0.001). This should mean that not only muscle mass involved but also the quality of muscle will be decisive for the ability to develop high isometric strength.", "PMID": 665259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10597", "title": "On the chemical nature of the blood borne cardiotoxic material released from the feline small bowel in regional shock.", "content": "The cardiotoxic material released into blood from the feline small intestine during a 2 or 3 h regional shock period (inflow pressure to the small intestine 30--35 mmHg during a continuous activation of the regional sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibres at 6 Hz) has been analyzed with regard to three properties: 1. molecular mass determined by molecular filtrations; 2. solubility in a nonpolar solvent (ether); 3. heat stability by heating plasma to 80 degrees C for 30 min. The results obtained suggest that the cardiotoxic material consists of at least two heat stable fractions. One is water soluble with a molecular mass between 500 and 1 000 d and the other is lipid soluble with an unknown molecular mass.", "contents": "On the chemical nature of the blood borne cardiotoxic material released from the feline small bowel in regional shock. The cardiotoxic material released into blood from the feline small intestine during a 2 or 3 h regional shock period (inflow pressure to the small intestine 30--35 mmHg during a continuous activation of the regional sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibres at 6 Hz) has been analyzed with regard to three properties: 1. molecular mass determined by molecular filtrations; 2. solubility in a nonpolar solvent (ether); 3. heat stability by heating plasma to 80 degrees C for 30 min. The results obtained suggest that the cardiotoxic material consists of at least two heat stable fractions. One is water soluble with a molecular mass between 500 and 1 000 d and the other is lipid soluble with an unknown molecular mass.", "PMID": 665260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10598", "title": "Influence of local noxious heat stimulation on sensory nerve activity in the feline dental pulp.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to develop an experimental model in which noxious heat stimulation was used to produce increased intradental sensory nerve activity in canine teeth of anesthetized cats. Two techniques were evaluated in which both the method of recording and the nature of the stimulus varied. Slow heating (approx 1 degree C/s) to 47 degree C of the tooth surface (combined with recording from electrodes in open dentinal cavities) did not produce any persistent nerve activity. Repeated periods of brief intense heating (approx 60 degrees C/s) (combined with recording from amalgam electrodes placed on cavity floors) resulted in an immediate response and an afterdischarge (phase 3) generally persisting for 20--60 min. Maximum phase 3 activity was characteristic for the individual cat and ranged from 0.2 to 50.2 imp/s. mean value 10.6 imp/s (S.D. +/- 9.2). A systematically higher phase 3 activity was recorded in lower compared to upper canine teeth (p less than 0.05). The maximum phase 3 response generally occurred after 3-8 stimulations; the median number of required stimuli was 3. Repeated brief heat stimulations combined with the closed cavity recording technique may be used as an experimental model by which the mechanisms behind increases in intradental sensory nerve activity associated with tissue damage can be studied.", "contents": "Influence of local noxious heat stimulation on sensory nerve activity in the feline dental pulp. The present investigation was undertaken to develop an experimental model in which noxious heat stimulation was used to produce increased intradental sensory nerve activity in canine teeth of anesthetized cats. Two techniques were evaluated in which both the method of recording and the nature of the stimulus varied. Slow heating (approx 1 degree C/s) to 47 degree C of the tooth surface (combined with recording from electrodes in open dentinal cavities) did not produce any persistent nerve activity. Repeated periods of brief intense heating (approx 60 degrees C/s) (combined with recording from amalgam electrodes placed on cavity floors) resulted in an immediate response and an afterdischarge (phase 3) generally persisting for 20--60 min. Maximum phase 3 activity was characteristic for the individual cat and ranged from 0.2 to 50.2 imp/s. mean value 10.6 imp/s (S.D. +/- 9.2). A systematically higher phase 3 activity was recorded in lower compared to upper canine teeth (p less than 0.05). The maximum phase 3 response generally occurred after 3-8 stimulations; the median number of required stimuli was 3. Repeated brief heat stimulations combined with the closed cavity recording technique may be used as an experimental model by which the mechanisms behind increases in intradental sensory nerve activity associated with tissue damage can be studied.", "PMID": 665261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10599", "title": "Reinnervation of partially denervated rat soleus muscle.", "content": "The reinnervation of partially denervated rat soleus muscles by their interrupted, regenerating motor axons has been examined in adult white rats. If reinnervation occurred after the remaining, intact motor axons had sprouted to their full, maximal extent, then the regenerating axons formed synapses preferentially with denervated muscle fibers and not with fibers innervated by sprouts. The sprouted motor units retained their size as if no reinnervation had occurred. On the other hand, if reinnervation occurred early during the sprouting process, the sprouting motor units were never able to attain their maximal size. Further, some muscle fibers became innervated by both sprouted and regenerating axons. These \"hyperinnervated\" fibers lost their dual innervation within a few weeks. The sprouted axons seemed to be the nerve fibers preferentially eliminated from these hyperinnervated fibers, since during the loss of hyperinnervation the sprouted motor units decreased in size while the motor units formed by the regenerating axons did not change in size. It is proposed that the occurrence of hyperinnervation is influenced by the amount of time sprouting axons have to consolidate their synapses with muscle fibers. Further, it is proposed that on muscle fibers which can become hyperinnervated, the sprouted motor neurons are at a disadvantage in the competition for maintenance because of their larger unit sizes.", "contents": "Reinnervation of partially denervated rat soleus muscle. The reinnervation of partially denervated rat soleus muscles by their interrupted, regenerating motor axons has been examined in adult white rats. If reinnervation occurred after the remaining, intact motor axons had sprouted to their full, maximal extent, then the regenerating axons formed synapses preferentially with denervated muscle fibers and not with fibers innervated by sprouts. The sprouted motor units retained their size as if no reinnervation had occurred. On the other hand, if reinnervation occurred early during the sprouting process, the sprouting motor units were never able to attain their maximal size. Further, some muscle fibers became innervated by both sprouted and regenerating axons. These \"hyperinnervated\" fibers lost their dual innervation within a few weeks. The sprouted axons seemed to be the nerve fibers preferentially eliminated from these hyperinnervated fibers, since during the loss of hyperinnervation the sprouted motor units decreased in size while the motor units formed by the regenerating axons did not change in size. It is proposed that the occurrence of hyperinnervation is influenced by the amount of time sprouting axons have to consolidate their synapses with muscle fibers. Further, it is proposed that on muscle fibers which can become hyperinnervated, the sprouted motor neurons are at a disadvantage in the competition for maintenance because of their larger unit sizes.", "PMID": 665262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10600", "title": "The effects of Triton-detergents on the stretch receptor of the crayfish.", "content": "The effects of the non-ionic detergents Triton X-45 and Triton X-100 on the action potential and the receptor potential of the stretch receptor neuron of the crayfich Astacus fluviatilis was studied with intracellular recording technique. Membrane currents were measured with voltage clamp technique. Both detergents blocked the action potential in 20--30 min at concentrations of 60--80 microgram. Following blocking of spike electrogenesis the receptor potential evoked by strech was obtained in isolation. With prolonged exposure of the neuron to the detergents there was a slowly developing reduction of the receptor potential and after 60--90 min no response to stretch could be obtained. These effects were produced without any significant change of the resting membrane potential. Following return to normal saline the responsiveness to stretch was completely restored in 80--100 min. Measurements with voltage clamp techinque showed that the passive membrane properties were little affected by the two detergents. The stretch induced current on the other hand was severely depressed and almost abolished with prolonged exposure. The experimental results suggest that non-ionic detergents block the spike electrogenesis and the transducer action by a selective action on the sodium channels of the membrane of the receptor neuron.", "contents": "The effects of Triton-detergents on the stretch receptor of the crayfish. The effects of the non-ionic detergents Triton X-45 and Triton X-100 on the action potential and the receptor potential of the stretch receptor neuron of the crayfich Astacus fluviatilis was studied with intracellular recording technique. Membrane currents were measured with voltage clamp technique. Both detergents blocked the action potential in 20--30 min at concentrations of 60--80 microgram. Following blocking of spike electrogenesis the receptor potential evoked by strech was obtained in isolation. With prolonged exposure of the neuron to the detergents there was a slowly developing reduction of the receptor potential and after 60--90 min no response to stretch could be obtained. These effects were produced without any significant change of the resting membrane potential. Following return to normal saline the responsiveness to stretch was completely restored in 80--100 min. Measurements with voltage clamp techinque showed that the passive membrane properties were little affected by the two detergents. The stretch induced current on the other hand was severely depressed and almost abolished with prolonged exposure. The experimental results suggest that non-ionic detergents block the spike electrogenesis and the transducer action by a selective action on the sodium channels of the membrane of the receptor neuron.", "PMID": 665263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10601", "title": "Delayed drinking in response to electrical and thermal stimulation of the medial forebrain.", "content": "Water intake in response to electrical and thermal stimulation of the medial forebrain was studied in the goat. When the frontal wall of the third cerebral ventricle was included in a field of bipolar electrical stimulation a dipsogenic response was obtained after discontinuation of the stimulation. Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was apparently also elicited. The water intake was roughtly proportional to the amount of current which had been applied during the stimulation period. Water consumption in response to stimulation attenuated the dipsogenic effect of subsequent stimulation, as did also pre-stimulatory hydration by stomach tube. A 2 degrees C elevation of the temperature of parts of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region for 40 min periods incuded cumulative drinking starting after 2.5 to 18 min. There were great interindividual differences in the amount of water consumed in response to the thermal stimulation, possibly due to variations in thermo-couple electrode placement. The dipsogenic effect of forebrain warming was inhibited by pre-hydration, and by lowering of the environmental temperature. The delayed thirst responses are discussed in relation to stimulus-bound drinking previously observed in the same and other species. It appears possible that the delayed drinking was a manifestation of artificially induced excitation of juxtaventricular \"thirst\" receptors.", "contents": "Delayed drinking in response to electrical and thermal stimulation of the medial forebrain. Water intake in response to electrical and thermal stimulation of the medial forebrain was studied in the goat. When the frontal wall of the third cerebral ventricle was included in a field of bipolar electrical stimulation a dipsogenic response was obtained after discontinuation of the stimulation. Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was apparently also elicited. The water intake was roughtly proportional to the amount of current which had been applied during the stimulation period. Water consumption in response to stimulation attenuated the dipsogenic effect of subsequent stimulation, as did also pre-stimulatory hydration by stomach tube. A 2 degrees C elevation of the temperature of parts of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region for 40 min periods incuded cumulative drinking starting after 2.5 to 18 min. There were great interindividual differences in the amount of water consumed in response to the thermal stimulation, possibly due to variations in thermo-couple electrode placement. The dipsogenic effect of forebrain warming was inhibited by pre-hydration, and by lowering of the environmental temperature. The delayed thirst responses are discussed in relation to stimulus-bound drinking previously observed in the same and other species. It appears possible that the delayed drinking was a manifestation of artificially induced excitation of juxtaventricular \"thirst\" receptors.", "PMID": 665264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10602", "title": "Disturbed circadian variation of serum thyrotropin in patients with endogenous depression.", "content": "The relationship between the degree of depression and the circadian variation of serum TSH, T3 and T4 was investigated in 19 endogenously depressed patients. The difference between the hormone concentrations at 2 p.m. and at 12 p.m. was taken as an estimate of the magnitude of circadian variation. It was found that the circadian variation in serum TSH was inversely related to the degree of endogenous depression. This was mainly due to a diminution or absence of the night increase of TSH in severely depressed patients. A circadian variation of serum free T3 was found in the less depressed patients whereas no diurnal change was found in serum free T4. In severely depressed patients there were no significant diurnal changes in free thyroid hormone concentrations. The results indicate a hypothalamic dysfunction in manic-depressive psychosis.", "contents": "Disturbed circadian variation of serum thyrotropin in patients with endogenous depression. The relationship between the degree of depression and the circadian variation of serum TSH, T3 and T4 was investigated in 19 endogenously depressed patients. The difference between the hormone concentrations at 2 p.m. and at 12 p.m. was taken as an estimate of the magnitude of circadian variation. It was found that the circadian variation in serum TSH was inversely related to the degree of endogenous depression. This was mainly due to a diminution or absence of the night increase of TSH in severely depressed patients. A circadian variation of serum free T3 was found in the less depressed patients whereas no diurnal change was found in serum free T4. In severely depressed patients there were no significant diurnal changes in free thyroid hormone concentrations. The results indicate a hypothalamic dysfunction in manic-depressive psychosis.", "PMID": 665284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10603", "title": "Assessment of difficulties encountered in psychiatric follow-up studies.", "content": "To assess some of the socio-cultural reasons hindering psychiatric follow-up studies in Iran, 107 depressed patients were followed up for a period of about 3 years. Home visits were made, following two successive letters to which only five patients replied. Forty-five patients were interviewed, nine had moved, four refused interviewing, two were dead and the addresses or names of 47 were wrong. Wrong names and addresses, and behind them the illiteracy, change of address and the stigma of mental illness were the major causes of untraceability; the patients are inaccurate in giving their address and they may use one or another of their several names, surnames and nicknames. To make follow-up studies feasible, and as the patients and their relatives are the main sources of information, a more efficient registration system should be developed, with due respect to the characteristics of the population, to ensure having complete and correct names and addresses and to ensure patients' continual contact with the office.", "contents": "Assessment of difficulties encountered in psychiatric follow-up studies. To assess some of the socio-cultural reasons hindering psychiatric follow-up studies in Iran, 107 depressed patients were followed up for a period of about 3 years. Home visits were made, following two successive letters to which only five patients replied. Forty-five patients were interviewed, nine had moved, four refused interviewing, two were dead and the addresses or names of 47 were wrong. Wrong names and addresses, and behind them the illiteracy, change of address and the stigma of mental illness were the major causes of untraceability; the patients are inaccurate in giving their address and they may use one or another of their several names, surnames and nicknames. To make follow-up studies feasible, and as the patients and their relatives are the main sources of information, a more efficient registration system should be developed, with due respect to the characteristics of the population, to ensure having complete and correct names and addresses and to ensure patients' continual contact with the office.", "PMID": 665285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10604", "title": "Female alcoholics. III. Development and pattern of problem drinking.", "content": "The study provides a social and psychiatric description of development, drinking pattern and concomitant psychiatric disturbances of 100 female alcoholics, admitted to the Department of Alcohol Disease, Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm between 1963 and 1969. Comparisons are made between this group of women and 100 men of the same age, who were admitted during the same period. The criteria for selection were: 1) at least 7 days of in-patient treatment; 2) early cases. The subjects were between 20 and 65 years of age with a mean age of 40. It is shown that the women started drinking alcohol at higher ages than the men. The episodic use of alcohol passed into regular use, which progressed into misuse at significantly higher ages. The duration of the development from the onset to an alcoholic drinking pattern was significantly shorter and so was the duration of abuse at the time of admission. Notably more women than men showed a lonely drinking pattern and cited a specific external cause problem drinking. The women reported more nervous symptoms both in the growing ages and at admission, had received more psychiatric treatment both during childhood and in later life, and showed symptoms of other psychiatric disturbances in combination with alcoholism to a significantly higher degree than the men. Family history of alcoholism showed no differences between men and women, but the incidence of psychiatric illness was considerably higher for the first-degree relatives of the females.", "contents": "Female alcoholics. III. Development and pattern of problem drinking. The study provides a social and psychiatric description of development, drinking pattern and concomitant psychiatric disturbances of 100 female alcoholics, admitted to the Department of Alcohol Disease, Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm between 1963 and 1969. Comparisons are made between this group of women and 100 men of the same age, who were admitted during the same period. The criteria for selection were: 1) at least 7 days of in-patient treatment; 2) early cases. The subjects were between 20 and 65 years of age with a mean age of 40. It is shown that the women started drinking alcohol at higher ages than the men. The episodic use of alcohol passed into regular use, which progressed into misuse at significantly higher ages. The duration of the development from the onset to an alcoholic drinking pattern was significantly shorter and so was the duration of abuse at the time of admission. Notably more women than men showed a lonely drinking pattern and cited a specific external cause problem drinking. The women reported more nervous symptoms both in the growing ages and at admission, had received more psychiatric treatment both during childhood and in later life, and showed symptoms of other psychiatric disturbances in combination with alcoholism to a significantly higher degree than the men. Family history of alcoholism showed no differences between men and women, but the incidence of psychiatric illness was considerably higher for the first-degree relatives of the females.", "PMID": 665287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10605", "title": "The epidemiology of febrile reactions in haemodialysis.", "content": "Febrile reactions were studied in 2 000 consecutive haemodialyses performed in 85 patients. A number of 219 febrile reactions were registered in 49 patients (11%). The overall month-to-month incidence showed little variation. Febrile reactions were not distributed randomly among the patients; those with respiratory tract infection experienced more febrile reactions during periods with infection than during periods without. Similarly, the incidence was higher in patients with than without chronic urinary tract infection. A low incidence was registered both in patients under 40 years of age and in patients having had more than 100 dialyses at the beginning of the observation period. The frequency was the same whether single-pass or recirculating single-pass monitors had been used, and it was not influenced by blood transfusions during dialysis. Thus, our analysis leads to the conclusion that the majority of the febrile reactions registered among the present patients were determined by endogenous factors such as infection, while exogenous factors such as dialysate bacteria and pyrogens seem to have played only a minor role.", "contents": "The epidemiology of febrile reactions in haemodialysis. Febrile reactions were studied in 2 000 consecutive haemodialyses performed in 85 patients. A number of 219 febrile reactions were registered in 49 patients (11%). The overall month-to-month incidence showed little variation. Febrile reactions were not distributed randomly among the patients; those with respiratory tract infection experienced more febrile reactions during periods with infection than during periods without. Similarly, the incidence was higher in patients with than without chronic urinary tract infection. A low incidence was registered both in patients under 40 years of age and in patients having had more than 100 dialyses at the beginning of the observation period. The frequency was the same whether single-pass or recirculating single-pass monitors had been used, and it was not influenced by blood transfusions during dialysis. Thus, our analysis leads to the conclusion that the majority of the febrile reactions registered among the present patients were determined by endogenous factors such as infection, while exogenous factors such as dialysate bacteria and pyrogens seem to have played only a minor role.", "PMID": 665298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10606", "title": "Exposure to organic solvents--a missing link in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?", "content": "Fifteen patients with evidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis were asked about their contact with vapours of organic solvents. Six patients reported brief exposure shortly before the onset of glomerulonephritis, 4 fairly long exposure, and 5 none or insignificant. At the latest followup, 3 of 4 patients who were still exposed to such solvents had proteinuria and a low glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and 2 were hypertensive. Of the 11 patients who had never been or were no longer exposed, the GFR was insignificantly decreased in 2, none had proteinuria and none were hypertensive. Fifteen age-and sex-matched controls, who had been infected with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, T type 12, had not been exposed, or the exposure was insignificant and not related to the streptococcal infection. Exposure to organic solvents or other nephrotoxic agents may be the condition which determines the outcome of an infection with nephritogenic streptococci.", "contents": "Exposure to organic solvents--a missing link in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? Fifteen patients with evidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis were asked about their contact with vapours of organic solvents. Six patients reported brief exposure shortly before the onset of glomerulonephritis, 4 fairly long exposure, and 5 none or insignificant. At the latest followup, 3 of 4 patients who were still exposed to such solvents had proteinuria and a low glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and 2 were hypertensive. Of the 11 patients who had never been or were no longer exposed, the GFR was insignificantly decreased in 2, none had proteinuria and none were hypertensive. Fifteen age-and sex-matched controls, who had been infected with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, T type 12, had not been exposed, or the exposure was insignificant and not related to the streptococcal infection. Exposure to organic solvents or other nephrotoxic agents may be the condition which determines the outcome of an infection with nephritogenic streptococci.", "PMID": 665299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10607", "title": "Combination of fibromuscular hyperplasia, renal aplasia, hypoplasia or dysplasia and otosclerosis occurring in the same individual or the same family.", "content": "We have found 3 reports of fibromuscular hyperplasia (FMH) of the renal arteries with hypertension occurring in 2 siblings as well as a few instances of renal agenesis and unilateral renal aplasia occurring in the same family. In this paper we report on FMH of the renal arteries in 2 women, one giving birth to a child with renal agenesis, the other to a child with a focally dysplastic hypoplasia of the kidneys. A third family is reported, heavily loaded with hypertension and otosclerosis, in which 2 siblings with FMH and otosclerosis were found. Another 4 patients without known heredity for hypertension, but with FMH combined with renal or urinary tract anomalies, are also reported. The findings are discussed, particularly in relation to the findings in a large material of chronic non-obstructive pyelonephritis, where in those with well maintained renal function, hypertension below the age of 40 was found predominantly in females with a positive family history of hypertension and signs highly suggestive of infected hypoplasia or dysplasia of the kidney.", "contents": "Combination of fibromuscular hyperplasia, renal aplasia, hypoplasia or dysplasia and otosclerosis occurring in the same individual or the same family. We have found 3 reports of fibromuscular hyperplasia (FMH) of the renal arteries with hypertension occurring in 2 siblings as well as a few instances of renal agenesis and unilateral renal aplasia occurring in the same family. In this paper we report on FMH of the renal arteries in 2 women, one giving birth to a child with renal agenesis, the other to a child with a focally dysplastic hypoplasia of the kidneys. A third family is reported, heavily loaded with hypertension and otosclerosis, in which 2 siblings with FMH and otosclerosis were found. Another 4 patients without known heredity for hypertension, but with FMH combined with renal or urinary tract anomalies, are also reported. The findings are discussed, particularly in relation to the findings in a large material of chronic non-obstructive pyelonephritis, where in those with well maintained renal function, hypertension below the age of 40 was found predominantly in females with a positive family history of hypertension and signs highly suggestive of infected hypoplasia or dysplasia of the kidney.", "PMID": 665300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10608", "title": "Urinary excretion of basement membrane antigen in normal persons and patients with febrile proteinuria--quantitated by means of rocket immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The urinary excretion of a glomerular basement membrane-like antigen was quantitated in 19 adult normal subjects and in 15 patients with febrile proteinuria by means of rocket immunoelectrophoresis. In the normal persons the excretion averaged 59 (S.D.8.9) U/24 hours' creatinine clearance. An increased excretion was demonstrated in 80% of the patients. There was a significant relation between the urinary excretions of albumin and protein in the patients with febrile proteinuria. The basement membrane antigen was also demonstrated in normal human serum, liver and placenta. No unusual basement membrane antigen could be demonstrated in the urine from patients with febrile proteinuria.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of basement membrane antigen in normal persons and patients with febrile proteinuria--quantitated by means of rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The urinary excretion of a glomerular basement membrane-like antigen was quantitated in 19 adult normal subjects and in 15 patients with febrile proteinuria by means of rocket immunoelectrophoresis. In the normal persons the excretion averaged 59 (S.D.8.9) U/24 hours' creatinine clearance. An increased excretion was demonstrated in 80% of the patients. There was a significant relation between the urinary excretions of albumin and protein in the patients with febrile proteinuria. The basement membrane antigen was also demonstrated in normal human serum, liver and placenta. No unusual basement membrane antigen could be demonstrated in the urine from patients with febrile proteinuria.", "PMID": 665301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10609", "title": "Renal cadmium concentration in relation to smoking habits and blood pressure.", "content": "The cadmium concentration of renal tissue from 120 patients, who had died at the age of 45-65 years, has been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration did not differ significantly either between urban and rural dwellers or between male and female subjects. The concentration of cadmium in kidneys from cigarette smokers was about twice as high as in kidneys from non-smokers. Renal cadmium concentration was higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. When smoking habits were taken into account, renal cadmium concentration was found to be 82% higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. The possible roles of water hardness and selenium intake are discussed.", "contents": "Renal cadmium concentration in relation to smoking habits and blood pressure. The cadmium concentration of renal tissue from 120 patients, who had died at the age of 45-65 years, has been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration did not differ significantly either between urban and rural dwellers or between male and female subjects. The concentration of cadmium in kidneys from cigarette smokers was about twice as high as in kidneys from non-smokers. Renal cadmium concentration was higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. When smoking habits were taken into account, renal cadmium concentration was found to be 82% higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. The possible roles of water hardness and selenium intake are discussed.", "PMID": 665303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10610", "title": "Effect of upright tilting on kinins as compared to renin activity in the renal venous blood from patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of tilting on the release of renal kallikrein as compared to renin was studied by the determination of kinin concentration and plasma renin activity (PRA) in the renal veins in supine position and after 15 min of 45 degrees upright tilting in 10 patients with essential hypertension. Kinin concentration decreased from 0.62 +/- 0.05 microgram/1 (mean +/- S.E.M.) in supine position to 0.51 +/- 0.05 after tilting (p less than 0.01), while PRA increased from 2.84 +/- 0.39 microgram/1/3 h tpo 4.87 +/- 0.66 (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that tilting diminishes the release of renal kallikrein. It is suggested that decreased intrarenal generation of kinins may be of importance for the reduction of diuresis and natriuresis induced by tilting.", "contents": "Effect of upright tilting on kinins as compared to renin activity in the renal venous blood from patients with essential hypertension. The effect of tilting on the release of renal kallikrein as compared to renin was studied by the determination of kinin concentration and plasma renin activity (PRA) in the renal veins in supine position and after 15 min of 45 degrees upright tilting in 10 patients with essential hypertension. Kinin concentration decreased from 0.62 +/- 0.05 microgram/1 (mean +/- S.E.M.) in supine position to 0.51 +/- 0.05 after tilting (p less than 0.01), while PRA increased from 2.84 +/- 0.39 microgram/1/3 h tpo 4.87 +/- 0.66 (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that tilting diminishes the release of renal kallikrein. It is suggested that decreased intrarenal generation of kinins may be of importance for the reduction of diuresis and natriuresis induced by tilting.", "PMID": 665308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10611", "title": "Changes in plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume and after addition of hydralazine to propranolol treatment in patients with hypertension.", "content": "In 16 patients with hypertension, BP could not be controlled satisfactorily by treatment with propranolol alone (mean dosage 325 mg/day). Plasma volume (PV) (T-1824) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) (82Br-distribution space) were determined in these patients before and after the addition of hydralazine for three months (mean dosage 135 mg/day). After the addition of hydralazine, PV and ECV increased significantly, by 9% and 3%, respectively. Systolic and diastolic BPs decreased, by 15% and 13%. The mechanisms inducing fluid retention during treatment with hydralazine and the clinical significance of the problem are discussed. It is concluded that the addition of a diuretic to propranolol-hydralazine treatment is often well indicated.", "contents": "Changes in plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume and after addition of hydralazine to propranolol treatment in patients with hypertension. In 16 patients with hypertension, BP could not be controlled satisfactorily by treatment with propranolol alone (mean dosage 325 mg/day). Plasma volume (PV) (T-1824) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) (82Br-distribution space) were determined in these patients before and after the addition of hydralazine for three months (mean dosage 135 mg/day). After the addition of hydralazine, PV and ECV increased significantly, by 9% and 3%, respectively. Systolic and diastolic BPs decreased, by 15% and 13%. The mechanisms inducing fluid retention during treatment with hydralazine and the clinical significance of the problem are discussed. It is concluded that the addition of a diuretic to propranolol-hydralazine treatment is often well indicated.", "PMID": 665309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10612", "title": "Electrophysiological methods in assessing cardiac effects of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine.", "content": "The tricyclic antidepressant agent imipramine was tested intravenously in 8 healthy individuals with respect to its effect on sinus recovery time, intervals in His bundle electrograms and the duration of the repolarization in the right atrium and ventricle judged from the refractoriness and monophasic action potential duration. Sinus recovery time was unchanged after the drug. The interval between the His bundle deflection and the start of the QRS complex in the standard lead showed no consistent changes but increased to pathological values in two individuals. The duration of the repolarization decreased in the atrium--an effect which could be arrhythmia-provoking or arrhythmia-protecting. The duration increased at the ventricular level. This effect could explain the antiarrhythmic effect on ventricular ectopics observed in other investigations.", "contents": "Electrophysiological methods in assessing cardiac effects of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. The tricyclic antidepressant agent imipramine was tested intravenously in 8 healthy individuals with respect to its effect on sinus recovery time, intervals in His bundle electrograms and the duration of the repolarization in the right atrium and ventricle judged from the refractoriness and monophasic action potential duration. Sinus recovery time was unchanged after the drug. The interval between the His bundle deflection and the start of the QRS complex in the standard lead showed no consistent changes but increased to pathological values in two individuals. The duration of the repolarization decreased in the atrium--an effect which could be arrhythmia-provoking or arrhythmia-protecting. The duration increased at the ventricular level. This effect could explain the antiarrhythmic effect on ventricular ectopics observed in other investigations.", "PMID": 665310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10613", "title": "The cardiac response to a small i.v. dose of dihydralazine, a safe drug for diagnostic tests?", "content": "Dihydralazine, given in small i.v. doses, has been of great value in diagnostic tests for unilateral renovascular hypertension, where it enhances renin release on the affected side. The acute hemodynamic effects of an i.v. dose of 0.1 mg/kg b.wt. were studied in 14 patients with essential hypertension, using a quantitative renographic technique for determination of effective renal plasma flow and radiocardiographic technique for determination of the parameters in systemic circulation. Cardiac index increased from 4.040 to 6.423 1/min.m2 (p less than 0.01), stroke index from 59 to 66 ml/beat.m2 (p less than 0.05), heart rate from 70.4 to 96.6 beats/min (p less than 0.01) and left ventricular work index from 1.04 to 1.49 W/m2 (p less than 0.01), while mean arterial B decreased from 125 to 110 mmHg (p less than 0.01) and total peripheral resistance index from 2927 to 1534 10(5).N.s.m(-3) (p less than 0.01). Effective renal plasma flow and pulmonary plasma volume were unchanged. Peripheral renin activity increased from 0.5 to 1.6 nmol A1/1.h (p less than 0.02). It is concluded that even a small test dose of 0.1 mg/kg of dihydralazine elicits a considerable additional work load on the heart, a circumstance that must be taken into consideration in studies of patients with coronary heart diseases.", "contents": "The cardiac response to a small i.v. dose of dihydralazine, a safe drug for diagnostic tests? Dihydralazine, given in small i.v. doses, has been of great value in diagnostic tests for unilateral renovascular hypertension, where it enhances renin release on the affected side. The acute hemodynamic effects of an i.v. dose of 0.1 mg/kg b.wt. were studied in 14 patients with essential hypertension, using a quantitative renographic technique for determination of effective renal plasma flow and radiocardiographic technique for determination of the parameters in systemic circulation. Cardiac index increased from 4.040 to 6.423 1/min.m2 (p less than 0.01), stroke index from 59 to 66 ml/beat.m2 (p less than 0.05), heart rate from 70.4 to 96.6 beats/min (p less than 0.01) and left ventricular work index from 1.04 to 1.49 W/m2 (p less than 0.01), while mean arterial B decreased from 125 to 110 mmHg (p less than 0.01) and total peripheral resistance index from 2927 to 1534 10(5).N.s.m(-3) (p less than 0.01). Effective renal plasma flow and pulmonary plasma volume were unchanged. Peripheral renin activity increased from 0.5 to 1.6 nmol A1/1.h (p less than 0.02). It is concluded that even a small test dose of 0.1 mg/kg of dihydralazine elicits a considerable additional work load on the heart, a circumstance that must be taken into consideration in studies of patients with coronary heart diseases.", "PMID": 665311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10614", "title": "Transitory renal failure following rapid administration of a relatively large amount of hematin in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria in clinical remission.", "content": "Transitory renal failure occurred in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria in clinical remission following i.v. administration of 1 000 mg hematin. The clinical and biochemical picture suggested \"acute tubular necrosis\", which was followed by a prompt and complete return of renal function without any late sequelae. The renal failure is thought to have resulted from the presence of circulating free hematin, formed as a result of rapid administration of such a relatively large amount. Such a complication has not occurred in patients given hematin for acute porphyric relapse, in whom much smaller amounts have been infused.", "contents": "Transitory renal failure following rapid administration of a relatively large amount of hematin in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria in clinical remission. Transitory renal failure occurred in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria in clinical remission following i.v. administration of 1 000 mg hematin. The clinical and biochemical picture suggested \"acute tubular necrosis\", which was followed by a prompt and complete return of renal function without any late sequelae. The renal failure is thought to have resulted from the presence of circulating free hematin, formed as a result of rapid administration of such a relatively large amount. Such a complication has not occurred in patients given hematin for acute porphyric relapse, in whom much smaller amounts have been infused.", "PMID": 665312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10615", "title": "Activated F IX concentrate (FEIBA) used in the treatment of haemophilic patients with antibody to F VIII.", "content": "Bleeding episodes in five haemophiliacs with antibody to F VIII were treated by activated F IX concentrate (FEIBA). Relief of pain and haemostasis in affected muscles and joints were recorded in each case. One patient developed a mild attack of disseminated intravascular coagulation with an uneventful recovery. A substantial rise in natural inhibitors of coagulation was seen in two patients, and all but one experienced a rise in F VIII antibody titer.", "contents": "Activated F IX concentrate (FEIBA) used in the treatment of haemophilic patients with antibody to F VIII. Bleeding episodes in five haemophiliacs with antibody to F VIII were treated by activated F IX concentrate (FEIBA). Relief of pain and haemostasis in affected muscles and joints were recorded in each case. One patient developed a mild attack of disseminated intravascular coagulation with an uneventful recovery. A substantial rise in natural inhibitors of coagulation was seen in two patients, and all but one experienced a rise in F VIII antibody titer.", "PMID": 665313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10616", "title": "A family with thromboembolic disease associated with deficient fibrinolytic activity in vessel wall.", "content": "Defective fibrinolytic activity is often a contributory factor in deep venous thrombosis. A family with a high incidence of venous thrombosis in association with such a defect is presented. Of 13 family members who had had thrombosis, 12 showed a defective capacity to release fibrinolytic activity from vessel wall after venous occlusion and/or infusion of DDAVP, a vasopressin derivative. The fibrinolytic activator activity of the vessel wall was normal in all cases. This seems to be the first family in which there is evidence of an inherited abnormal fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "A family with thromboembolic disease associated with deficient fibrinolytic activity in vessel wall. Defective fibrinolytic activity is often a contributory factor in deep venous thrombosis. A family with a high incidence of venous thrombosis in association with such a defect is presented. Of 13 family members who had had thrombosis, 12 showed a defective capacity to release fibrinolytic activity from vessel wall after venous occlusion and/or infusion of DDAVP, a vasopressin derivative. The fibrinolytic activator activity of the vessel wall was normal in all cases. This seems to be the first family in which there is evidence of an inherited abnormal fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 665314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10617", "title": "Analysis of extramedullary erythropoiesis in the spleen by a semiquantitative method using indium-111.", "content": "A semiquantitative method for evaluating the splenic uptake of 111In is described. With this method the uptake of indium in the spleen was significantly higher in seven patients with extramedullary erythropoiesis (EME) than in a control group of seven patients with comparable degrees of splenomegaly but without clinical and/or histological signs of EME. The discrimination between these groups could be further improved by also taking the degree of splenomegaly into account. It is concluded that the described technique is a valuable non-invasive aid for establishing the presence of EME in the spleen.", "contents": "Analysis of extramedullary erythropoiesis in the spleen by a semiquantitative method using indium-111. A semiquantitative method for evaluating the splenic uptake of 111In is described. With this method the uptake of indium in the spleen was significantly higher in seven patients with extramedullary erythropoiesis (EME) than in a control group of seven patients with comparable degrees of splenomegaly but without clinical and/or histological signs of EME. The discrimination between these groups could be further improved by also taking the degree of splenomegaly into account. It is concluded that the described technique is a valuable non-invasive aid for establishing the presence of EME in the spleen.", "PMID": 665315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10618", "title": "Non-invasive methods for evaluating the importance of heart rate and atrial activity in cardiac pacing. Results of ballistocardiography and digital plethysmography studies in six patients with heart block.", "content": "Ultralow frequency ballistocardiography (UFB) and digital pulse plethysmography (DPP) were performed in six patients with an external artificial pacemaker system. UFB was used mainly to evaluate the force of contraction of the left ventricle (IJ amplitude) and DPP for evaluating relative changes in the peripheral pulse volume. Four patients were studied at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 beats/min. There was a significant decrease (p less than 0.001) in LJ and pulse amplitudes when the heart rate increased from 40 to 100 beats/min. A positive correlation between relative IJ and pulse amplitude was observed in all cases studied. In beat-to-beat analysis it was found that the importance of the PR interval for the IJ and pulse amplitudes varied between patients. It is concluded that both UFB and DPP may be of value in clinical practice for evaluating hemodynamics in patients with slow spontaneous heart rate. The methods may be of help in selecting the most effective type of pacemaker for the individual patient.", "contents": "Non-invasive methods for evaluating the importance of heart rate and atrial activity in cardiac pacing. Results of ballistocardiography and digital plethysmography studies in six patients with heart block. Ultralow frequency ballistocardiography (UFB) and digital pulse plethysmography (DPP) were performed in six patients with an external artificial pacemaker system. UFB was used mainly to evaluate the force of contraction of the left ventricle (IJ amplitude) and DPP for evaluating relative changes in the peripheral pulse volume. Four patients were studied at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 beats/min. There was a significant decrease (p less than 0.001) in LJ and pulse amplitudes when the heart rate increased from 40 to 100 beats/min. A positive correlation between relative IJ and pulse amplitude was observed in all cases studied. In beat-to-beat analysis it was found that the importance of the PR interval for the IJ and pulse amplitudes varied between patients. It is concluded that both UFB and DPP may be of value in clinical practice for evaluating hemodynamics in patients with slow spontaneous heart rate. The methods may be of help in selecting the most effective type of pacemaker for the individual patient.", "PMID": 665316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10619", "title": "Smoking, lung function, physical performance and latent coronary heart disease in presumably healthy middle-aged men.", "content": "During a cardiovascular survey comprising 2014 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 years, latent (previously undetected) coronary heart disease (CHD), lung function and physical performance were related to differences in smoking habits. The survey examination classified 1 832 individuals as \"normals\" (without clinical signs/symptoms of CHD). Among the others, a strong supicion of CHD was found in 115, of whom 105 had diagnostic coronary angiography. No angiography was performed in another 35 individuals with slight, albeit typical angina pectoris. The remaining 42 men were excluded from this presentation for various reasons. The following findings were obtained: 1) in the 69 men with positive coronary angiography, the extent of coronary atheromatosis was positively related to the number of cigarettes smoked. 2) The smoking habits of the 35 individuals with slight angina pectoris but no angiography did not differ from those of the \"normals\". 3) Physical performance during a near maximal bicycle exercise test and lung function according to spirometry were strongly and negatively related to smoking (in \"normals\"). 4) Previous smokers and never-smokers among \"normals\" had almost identical lung function and physical performance.", "contents": "Smoking, lung function, physical performance and latent coronary heart disease in presumably healthy middle-aged men. During a cardiovascular survey comprising 2014 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 years, latent (previously undetected) coronary heart disease (CHD), lung function and physical performance were related to differences in smoking habits. The survey examination classified 1 832 individuals as \"normals\" (without clinical signs/symptoms of CHD). Among the others, a strong supicion of CHD was found in 115, of whom 105 had diagnostic coronary angiography. No angiography was performed in another 35 individuals with slight, albeit typical angina pectoris. The remaining 42 men were excluded from this presentation for various reasons. The following findings were obtained: 1) in the 69 men with positive coronary angiography, the extent of coronary atheromatosis was positively related to the number of cigarettes smoked. 2) The smoking habits of the 35 individuals with slight angina pectoris but no angiography did not differ from those of the \"normals\". 3) Physical performance during a near maximal bicycle exercise test and lung function according to spirometry were strongly and negatively related to smoking (in \"normals\"). 4) Previous smokers and never-smokers among \"normals\" had almost identical lung function and physical performance.", "PMID": 665317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10620", "title": "Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Onset of atrial tachycardia, flutter or fibrillation occurred in 11% of 274 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Atrial tachycardia started about 24 hours and atrial flutter/fibrillation about 72 hours after onset of AMI symptoms. Left heart failure, diagnosed as pulmonary rales or frank pulmonary edema, was not more common in these patients before onset of tachyarrhythmias than among the rest of the patients. On the other hand, a notching of the P wave in lead CR-was significantly more common in the patients with atrial fibrillation (67%). In most of these cases the terminal P force in lead CR1 was not negative as in so-called left atrial enlargement. These findings suggest that atrial conduction disturbances might be a basis of atrial fibrillation in AMI.", "contents": "Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Onset of atrial tachycardia, flutter or fibrillation occurred in 11% of 274 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Atrial tachycardia started about 24 hours and atrial flutter/fibrillation about 72 hours after onset of AMI symptoms. Left heart failure, diagnosed as pulmonary rales or frank pulmonary edema, was not more common in these patients before onset of tachyarrhythmias than among the rest of the patients. On the other hand, a notching of the P wave in lead CR-was significantly more common in the patients with atrial fibrillation (67%). In most of these cases the terminal P force in lead CR1 was not negative as in so-called left atrial enlargement. These findings suggest that atrial conduction disturbances might be a basis of atrial fibrillation in AMI.", "PMID": 665318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10621", "title": "Patients with high-grade atrioventricular block treated and not treated with a pacemaker.", "content": "One-hundred and eighty-one patients with chronic and with intermittent high-grade atrioventricular block (AVB) were studied retrospectively. Seventy-one were treated with fixed-rate, 51 with demand-type pacemaker, 59 were treated conservatively. Observation time was three years minimum and 14.5 years maximum. The mean age was about seven years higher, and 8.7% more patients had chronic AVB in the conservatively treated than in the pacemaker-treated group. About 12% more patients had Adams-Stokes attacks in the pacemaker group than in the conservatively treated group. There were 7% more patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the pacemaker group, and 10% more with aortic valve disease among the conservatively treated. Totally 4.4% of the patients had a calcification of the mitral annulus fibrosus. The two groups were comparable as regards functional class (NYHA) and heart size. Survival showed 31% more sudden deaths in the conservatively treated than in the pacemaker group. Sudden deaths were not more frequent among the patients with CHD than in those without. Long-term survival showed the more favourable result for the patients with than without pacemaker treatment. There were eight (11.3%) unexplained sudden deaths among the patients treated with fixed-rate pacemaker, only three (5.9%) among those treated with a demand unit. The fixed-rate and the demand units showed a mean longevity of 37.2 and 34.6 months, respectively.", "contents": "Patients with high-grade atrioventricular block treated and not treated with a pacemaker. One-hundred and eighty-one patients with chronic and with intermittent high-grade atrioventricular block (AVB) were studied retrospectively. Seventy-one were treated with fixed-rate, 51 with demand-type pacemaker, 59 were treated conservatively. Observation time was three years minimum and 14.5 years maximum. The mean age was about seven years higher, and 8.7% more patients had chronic AVB in the conservatively treated than in the pacemaker-treated group. About 12% more patients had Adams-Stokes attacks in the pacemaker group than in the conservatively treated group. There were 7% more patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the pacemaker group, and 10% more with aortic valve disease among the conservatively treated. Totally 4.4% of the patients had a calcification of the mitral annulus fibrosus. The two groups were comparable as regards functional class (NYHA) and heart size. Survival showed 31% more sudden deaths in the conservatively treated than in the pacemaker group. Sudden deaths were not more frequent among the patients with CHD than in those without. Long-term survival showed the more favourable result for the patients with than without pacemaker treatment. There were eight (11.3%) unexplained sudden deaths among the patients treated with fixed-rate pacemaker, only three (5.9%) among those treated with a demand unit. The fixed-rate and the demand units showed a mean longevity of 37.2 and 34.6 months, respectively.", "PMID": 665319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10622", "title": "Left anterior hemiblock in acute myocardial infarction. Incidence and clinical significance in relation to the presence of bundle branch block and to the absence of intraventricular conduction defects.", "content": "The incidence of intraventricular conduction defects was examined retrospectively in 449 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of left anterior hemiblock (LAH), right bundle branch block (RBBB), left bundle branch block (LBBB) and RBBB+LAH was 12.2, 4.2, 3.8 and 2.5%, respectively. At least 24 patients (5.8%) developed LAH as a result of the AMI. LAH was present in 20% (33/164) of patients with anterior infarction, in 14% (18/131) of those with infarction of undetermined localization, and in 3% (4/143) of patients with diaphragm infarction. The incidence of complete atrioventricular (AV) block in patients with LAH was 6% and in patients with no intraventicular conduction defects 7%. In patients with RBBB, RBBB+LAH and LBBB, the incidence of complete AV block was 37, 45 and 18%, respectively. Severe pump failure occurred with the same low incidence in patients with LAH as in patients without intraventricular conduction defects, but was much more common in patients with complete bundle branch block (BBB). The mortality rate for patients with LAH was 22% and for patients with no intraventricular conduction defects 21%. In patients with RBBB, RBBB+LAH and LBBB, the mortality rates were 53, 55 and 53%, respectively. Patients with complete BBB had a higher age and a higher incidence of previous AMI than the others. Compared to patients with no intraventricular conduction defects, the presence of LAH did not increase the mortality rate, or the risk of developing severe heart failure or complete AV block, in contrast to the serious prognosis in patients with complete BBB.", "contents": "Left anterior hemiblock in acute myocardial infarction. Incidence and clinical significance in relation to the presence of bundle branch block and to the absence of intraventricular conduction defects. The incidence of intraventricular conduction defects was examined retrospectively in 449 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of left anterior hemiblock (LAH), right bundle branch block (RBBB), left bundle branch block (LBBB) and RBBB+LAH was 12.2, 4.2, 3.8 and 2.5%, respectively. At least 24 patients (5.8%) developed LAH as a result of the AMI. LAH was present in 20% (33/164) of patients with anterior infarction, in 14% (18/131) of those with infarction of undetermined localization, and in 3% (4/143) of patients with diaphragm infarction. The incidence of complete atrioventricular (AV) block in patients with LAH was 6% and in patients with no intraventicular conduction defects 7%. In patients with RBBB, RBBB+LAH and LBBB, the incidence of complete AV block was 37, 45 and 18%, respectively. Severe pump failure occurred with the same low incidence in patients with LAH as in patients without intraventricular conduction defects, but was much more common in patients with complete bundle branch block (BBB). The mortality rate for patients with LAH was 22% and for patients with no intraventricular conduction defects 21%. In patients with RBBB, RBBB+LAH and LBBB, the mortality rates were 53, 55 and 53%, respectively. Patients with complete BBB had a higher age and a higher incidence of previous AMI than the others. Compared to patients with no intraventricular conduction defects, the presence of LAH did not increase the mortality rate, or the risk of developing severe heart failure or complete AV block, in contrast to the serious prognosis in patients with complete BBB.", "PMID": 665320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10623", "title": "Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, disseminated intravascular coagulation and gangrene of the penis. A case report.", "content": "Gangrene of the penis following thrombosis of the lower segment of vena cava inferior is reported in a patient who also exhibited clinical and laboratory signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Development of the gangrene may have been related to thrombotic occlusion of the right spermatic vein.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, disseminated intravascular coagulation and gangrene of the penis. A case report. Gangrene of the penis following thrombosis of the lower segment of vena cava inferior is reported in a patient who also exhibited clinical and laboratory signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Development of the gangrene may have been related to thrombotic occlusion of the right spermatic vein.", "PMID": 665321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10624", "title": "Comparison of the results in patients operated upon for ruptured lumbar discs with and without spinal fusion.", "content": "A comparative study of 259 patients operated on for ruptured lumbar discs, with and without spinal fusion, has been carried out. Simple removal of the herniated nucleus pulposus was performed in 119 patients while 68 were subjected to combined removal of the herniated disc material and lumbo-sacral fusion. During the first postoperative months the results were similar in the two groups, with a satisfactory result in 89 and 88 per cent of the cases respectively. During the following years a significant difference occurred between the groups. Severe pain recurred in 27% of the patients with simple removal of the herniated disc material and in 15% of those with the combined operation (P less than 0.01). The cause of the recurrence in the patients without fusion was disc herniation in 10% (at the same level in 7% and at a different level in 3%), and adhesions, or osteochondrosis with or without instability in 17%. In the patients with the combined operation the recurrences were caused by pseudoarthrosis in 9%, by disc herniation in 3%, and by other causes in 3%. At the final examination 6--7 years after the first operation, the results were still better in the fused patients, but the difference was no longer significant. Eighty-five per cent of the patients with the combined operation has a satisfactory result with regard to pain as compared with 76% in the other group. Thus, the results show that the combined operation gives better protection against recurrence of pain. However, it is a more extensive procedure and has complications of its own, and it should therefore mainly be used in young patients.", "contents": "Comparison of the results in patients operated upon for ruptured lumbar discs with and without spinal fusion. A comparative study of 259 patients operated on for ruptured lumbar discs, with and without spinal fusion, has been carried out. Simple removal of the herniated nucleus pulposus was performed in 119 patients while 68 were subjected to combined removal of the herniated disc material and lumbo-sacral fusion. During the first postoperative months the results were similar in the two groups, with a satisfactory result in 89 and 88 per cent of the cases respectively. During the following years a significant difference occurred between the groups. Severe pain recurred in 27% of the patients with simple removal of the herniated disc material and in 15% of those with the combined operation (P less than 0.01). The cause of the recurrence in the patients without fusion was disc herniation in 10% (at the same level in 7% and at a different level in 3%), and adhesions, or osteochondrosis with or without instability in 17%. In the patients with the combined operation the recurrences were caused by pseudoarthrosis in 9%, by disc herniation in 3%, and by other causes in 3%. At the final examination 6--7 years after the first operation, the results were still better in the fused patients, but the difference was no longer significant. Eighty-five per cent of the patients with the combined operation has a satisfactory result with regard to pain as compared with 76% in the other group. Thus, the results show that the combined operation gives better protection against recurrence of pain. However, it is a more extensive procedure and has complications of its own, and it should therefore mainly be used in young patients.", "PMID": 665323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10625", "title": "Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina. A report of five cases.", "content": "Five personally examined cases of redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina are added to the 13 hitherto on record. Except for segmental neurological deficits, intermittent claudication-like symptoms of the cauda equina dominated the histories of four of our five cases. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgical exploration, which included laminal and dural decompression. At follow-up (two months--three years) the neurological deficit, or the intermittent claudication, or both, had improved in all our patients. The pathogenesis of root redundancy is obscure. It seems that the symptoms arise through the action of at least two factors viz compression of the spinal content and the existence of one or more redundant roots. Wider use of diagnostic aids and surgical exploration would probably show that redundant roots are more common than hitherto supposed.", "contents": "Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina. A report of five cases. Five personally examined cases of redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina are added to the 13 hitherto on record. Except for segmental neurological deficits, intermittent claudication-like symptoms of the cauda equina dominated the histories of four of our five cases. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgical exploration, which included laminal and dural decompression. At follow-up (two months--three years) the neurological deficit, or the intermittent claudication, or both, had improved in all our patients. The pathogenesis of root redundancy is obscure. It seems that the symptoms arise through the action of at least two factors viz compression of the spinal content and the existence of one or more redundant roots. Wider use of diagnostic aids and surgical exploration would probably show that redundant roots are more common than hitherto supposed.", "PMID": 665324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10626", "title": "Lhermitte's sign in thoracic spinal tumour. Personal observation.", "content": "In a case of midthoracic spinal metastasis with a partial transverse cord lesion a typical Lhermitte's sign was elicited by flexion of the head. This is a very rare phenomenon with thoracic spinal tumours.", "contents": "Lhermitte's sign in thoracic spinal tumour. Personal observation. In a case of midthoracic spinal metastasis with a partial transverse cord lesion a typical Lhermitte's sign was elicited by flexion of the head. This is a very rare phenomenon with thoracic spinal tumours.", "PMID": 665325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10627", "title": "Transitory block of the arachnoid granulations following subarachnoid haemorrhage. A postmortem study.", "content": "The arachnoid granulations of the superior sagittal sinus were examined for blockage by erythrocytes in 43 cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ten cases had survived for more than two weeks after the haemorrhage. Among 33 cases with acute haemorrhage, 17 had evidence of blocking of the granulations. The severity of the block varied from complete clogging of nearly all granulations to slight filling of a few of them. Cases with some days' survival showed evidence of phagocytosis of the entrapped erythrocytes by macrophages. Several of the cases with old haemorrhage had groups of haemosiderin macrophages in the granulations but none showed fibrosis (except for one single villus). It is concluded that clogging of the arachnoid granulations may contribute to the raised intracranial pressure in some cases of acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. However, the observations do not support the hypothesis that the haemorrhage may lead to fibrosis or scarring of the granulations with chronic impairment of the cerebrospinal fluid resorption and subsequent hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Transitory block of the arachnoid granulations following subarachnoid haemorrhage. A postmortem study. The arachnoid granulations of the superior sagittal sinus were examined for blockage by erythrocytes in 43 cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ten cases had survived for more than two weeks after the haemorrhage. Among 33 cases with acute haemorrhage, 17 had evidence of blocking of the granulations. The severity of the block varied from complete clogging of nearly all granulations to slight filling of a few of them. Cases with some days' survival showed evidence of phagocytosis of the entrapped erythrocytes by macrophages. Several of the cases with old haemorrhage had groups of haemosiderin macrophages in the granulations but none showed fibrosis (except for one single villus). It is concluded that clogging of the arachnoid granulations may contribute to the raised intracranial pressure in some cases of acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. However, the observations do not support the hypothesis that the haemorrhage may lead to fibrosis or scarring of the granulations with chronic impairment of the cerebrospinal fluid resorption and subsequent hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 665326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10628", "title": "Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid through a lumbo-omental pedicle graft in the dog.", "content": "Perfusion tests were performed in dogs with a pedicle graft of the greater omentum implanted in the lumbar subarachnoid space to measure its capacity to drain CSF. The CSF pressure was set at different levels in the range 0--50 mmHg and the outflow from a complete CSF space and then from the isolated dural sac was recorded in the same dog with an electronic drop recorder. It was shown that the omental graft could transport as much as 30% of the CSF normally carried by the physiological pathways. The spinal outflow in the controls was virtually non-existent. It is concluded that a bulk flow of CSF occurs through the graft. The results suggest that a lumbo-omental pedicle graft could possibly be used as a biological shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid through a lumbo-omental pedicle graft in the dog. Perfusion tests were performed in dogs with a pedicle graft of the greater omentum implanted in the lumbar subarachnoid space to measure its capacity to drain CSF. The CSF pressure was set at different levels in the range 0--50 mmHg and the outflow from a complete CSF space and then from the isolated dural sac was recorded in the same dog with an electronic drop recorder. It was shown that the omental graft could transport as much as 30% of the CSF normally carried by the physiological pathways. The spinal outflow in the controls was virtually non-existent. It is concluded that a bulk flow of CSF occurs through the graft. The results suggest that a lumbo-omental pedicle graft could possibly be used as a biological shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 665327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10629", "title": "Communicating exophthalmos: a sign of bilateral orbital roof defects.", "content": "The term communicating exophthalmos is suggested for a condition where manual retropulsion of one eye results in proptosis of the other eye. This sign was observed in a patient with bilateral pulsating exophthalmos. The pulsating exophthalmos was ascribed to orbital roof defects in combination with post-traumatic hydrocephalus. It was controlled by a shunting procedure.", "contents": "Communicating exophthalmos: a sign of bilateral orbital roof defects. The term communicating exophthalmos is suggested for a condition where manual retropulsion of one eye results in proptosis of the other eye. This sign was observed in a patient with bilateral pulsating exophthalmos. The pulsating exophthalmos was ascribed to orbital roof defects in combination with post-traumatic hydrocephalus. It was controlled by a shunting procedure.", "PMID": 665328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10630", "title": "[Modified technique in transsphenoidal operations of pituitary adenomas. Technical note (author's transl)].", "content": "High pressure lumbar air insufflation and endoscopical surgical technique and control improve surgical results and widen indications for the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenomas. These complementary methods require a sitting position for the patient and an axial approach to the sella turcica. By lumbar high pressure insufflation even very big pituitary adenomas may often be brought into the operation field and make possible a complete extirpation by a transsphenoidal approach. This possibility is increased by an operative technique under endoscopic control, the latter contributing considerably to complete tumour extirpation, especially with endocrine-active tumours.", "contents": "[Modified technique in transsphenoidal operations of pituitary adenomas. Technical note (author's transl)]. High pressure lumbar air insufflation and endoscopical surgical technique and control improve surgical results and widen indications for the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenomas. These complementary methods require a sitting position for the patient and an axial approach to the sella turcica. By lumbar high pressure insufflation even very big pituitary adenomas may often be brought into the operation field and make possible a complete extirpation by a transsphenoidal approach. This possibility is increased by an operative technique under endoscopic control, the latter contributing considerably to complete tumour extirpation, especially with endocrine-active tumours.", "PMID": 665329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10631", "title": "Optic nerve gliomas. I. Clinical diagnosis and pathology.", "content": "At the National Institute of Neurosurgery a team of ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons has for 20 years been collaborating in the research and treatment of optic nerve gliomas. Among 34 patients, 30 were under the age of 20 years, and 20 under the age of 10 years. Of the 20 patients younger than 10 years, 16 were girls. The clinical symptoms were classified into three groups: I. Unilateral visual impairment with unilateral axial proptosis (16 patients), strabismus (6 cases), and typical X-ray findings of the skull. II. Uni- or bilateral visual impairment without proptosis (12 patients), depressed vision in the homolateral eye (9 patients), hemianopia (2 out of 4 examined patients) and hemiparesis (6 cases). III. Uni- or bilateral visual impairment without proptosis but with hormonal or metabolic disturbances (6 patients). Carotid angiography and PEG were performed in groups II and III and revealed a picture that is characteristic of suprasellar tumours. 99mTc pertechnetate scanning was done in six cases and showed isotope accumulation in the tumour in five. Pathologically, considering also the clinical aspects, two types of localization merit consideration: 1. The relationship between the tumour and the optic nerve (tumours growing within and extending beyond the optic pathways, respectively) and 2. The site of the tumour within the optic nerve (intraorbital, intraorbital and intracranial, intracranial only, chiasmal, and diffuse). Our data of histology and tissue culture prove the benign nature of the tumour even in the recurrences.", "contents": "Optic nerve gliomas. I. Clinical diagnosis and pathology. At the National Institute of Neurosurgery a team of ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons has for 20 years been collaborating in the research and treatment of optic nerve gliomas. Among 34 patients, 30 were under the age of 20 years, and 20 under the age of 10 years. Of the 20 patients younger than 10 years, 16 were girls. The clinical symptoms were classified into three groups: I. Unilateral visual impairment with unilateral axial proptosis (16 patients), strabismus (6 cases), and typical X-ray findings of the skull. II. Uni- or bilateral visual impairment without proptosis (12 patients), depressed vision in the homolateral eye (9 patients), hemianopia (2 out of 4 examined patients) and hemiparesis (6 cases). III. Uni- or bilateral visual impairment without proptosis but with hormonal or metabolic disturbances (6 patients). Carotid angiography and PEG were performed in groups II and III and revealed a picture that is characteristic of suprasellar tumours. 99mTc pertechnetate scanning was done in six cases and showed isotope accumulation in the tumour in five. Pathologically, considering also the clinical aspects, two types of localization merit consideration: 1. The relationship between the tumour and the optic nerve (tumours growing within and extending beyond the optic pathways, respectively) and 2. The site of the tumour within the optic nerve (intraorbital, intraorbital and intracranial, intracranial only, chiasmal, and diffuse). Our data of histology and tissue culture prove the benign nature of the tumour even in the recurrences.", "PMID": 665330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10632", "title": "Temporal lobe lesions in head injury.", "content": "In cases of closed head injury temporal lobe lesions e.g. contusion, laceration, pulping, or intracerebral haematoma frequently result in an expanding process. These are frequently associated with an overlying subdural haematoma. Eighty five cases of such lesions from a consecutive series of 1,000 cases of head injury have been analyzed. The lesions are caused by severe injury resulting in loss of consciousness and skull fracture. Most of them are contre-coup lesions. Clinically they manifest themselves like any other acute or subacute intracranial hematoma. The majority of the patients have contralateral hemiparesis and pupillary abnormalities. Carotid angiography is valuable for diagnosis. These lesions are likely to be missed when exploratory burr holes are made or, are erroneously diagnosed as acute subdural haematoma or brain oedema. Smaller lesions, not showing progressive deterioration, may respond to conservative treatment. However, surgical decompression is essential in most cases A frontotemporal osteoplastic craniotomy or a large Scoville trephine hole is essential to deal with these lesions adequately.", "contents": "Temporal lobe lesions in head injury. In cases of closed head injury temporal lobe lesions e.g. contusion, laceration, pulping, or intracerebral haematoma frequently result in an expanding process. These are frequently associated with an overlying subdural haematoma. Eighty five cases of such lesions from a consecutive series of 1,000 cases of head injury have been analyzed. The lesions are caused by severe injury resulting in loss of consciousness and skull fracture. Most of them are contre-coup lesions. Clinically they manifest themselves like any other acute or subacute intracranial hematoma. The majority of the patients have contralateral hemiparesis and pupillary abnormalities. Carotid angiography is valuable for diagnosis. These lesions are likely to be missed when exploratory burr holes are made or, are erroneously diagnosed as acute subdural haematoma or brain oedema. Smaller lesions, not showing progressive deterioration, may respond to conservative treatment. However, surgical decompression is essential in most cases A frontotemporal osteoplastic craniotomy or a large Scoville trephine hole is essential to deal with these lesions adequately.", "PMID": 665331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10633", "title": "Extradural haematoma. Report of 132 cases.", "content": "In a consecutive unselected series of 132 cases of acute extradural haematoma among 9,600 patients who sustained a head injury and were admitted without delay to a regional neurosurgical department during the years 1964 to 1975 the overall mortality was 23 per cent. Associated intradural lesions, the relative infrequency of the lucid interval, sustained loss of consciousness from the time of admission, lack of the classical pupillary changes, and the rapid rise in intracranial pressure in some patients are factors of importance for the prognosis. It should be possible to improve the results and lower the mortality if due consideration is taken of these factors.", "contents": "Extradural haematoma. Report of 132 cases. In a consecutive unselected series of 132 cases of acute extradural haematoma among 9,600 patients who sustained a head injury and were admitted without delay to a regional neurosurgical department during the years 1964 to 1975 the overall mortality was 23 per cent. Associated intradural lesions, the relative infrequency of the lucid interval, sustained loss of consciousness from the time of admission, lack of the classical pupillary changes, and the rapid rise in intracranial pressure in some patients are factors of importance for the prognosis. It should be possible to improve the results and lower the mortality if due consideration is taken of these factors.", "PMID": 665332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10634", "title": "The significance for diagnosis and for surgical technique of multiple aneurysms of the same internal carotid artery.", "content": "A small series of five patients with more than one aneurysm on the same internal carotid artery is reported. The author believes that similar cases must have been observed by many neurosurgeons but can find no specific reference to the technical and diagnostic problems created by such lesions. Sometimes these lesions can be clipped separately, but when the aneurysms are contiguous it may be helpful to apply a clip with its jaws parallel to the long axis of the internal carotid artery. The author suggests that more case reports would help to advertise the relative frequency of such lesions and thereby should improve their management.", "contents": "The significance for diagnosis and for surgical technique of multiple aneurysms of the same internal carotid artery. A small series of five patients with more than one aneurysm on the same internal carotid artery is reported. The author believes that similar cases must have been observed by many neurosurgeons but can find no specific reference to the technical and diagnostic problems created by such lesions. Sometimes these lesions can be clipped separately, but when the aneurysms are contiguous it may be helpful to apply a clip with its jaws parallel to the long axis of the internal carotid artery. The author suggests that more case reports would help to advertise the relative frequency of such lesions and thereby should improve their management.", "PMID": 665333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10635", "title": "Excision of the spinal trigeminal tract. Electron microscopy.", "content": "In nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia excision of the trigeminal tract was performed instead of tractotomy. In eight of the patients neuralgia was cured. One female patient died due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Electron microscopy disclosed first of all changes in the myelin sheaths. The majority of the changes were non-specific. Only degenerative hypermyelinization was considered to be characteristic for trigeminal neuralgia.", "contents": "Excision of the spinal trigeminal tract. Electron microscopy. In nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia excision of the trigeminal tract was performed instead of tractotomy. In eight of the patients neuralgia was cured. One female patient died due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Electron microscopy disclosed first of all changes in the myelin sheaths. The majority of the changes were non-specific. Only degenerative hypermyelinization was considered to be characteristic for trigeminal neuralgia.", "PMID": 665334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10636", "title": "Basilar impression in an achondroplastic dwarf: causative role in tetraparesis.", "content": "The neurological and radiological findings in a case of chondrodystrophic dwarfism are described. The progressive tetraparesis proved to be based on a high-level medullary compression resulting from basilar impression and upper cervical stenosis. Surgical decompression led to the disappearance of the tetraparetic phenomena. Various aspects of chondrodystrophic dwarfism and basilar impression are discussed in relation to the neurological symptomatology, and the question of whether, in general, more attention should be given to the cranio-cervical region, is raised.", "contents": "Basilar impression in an achondroplastic dwarf: causative role in tetraparesis. The neurological and radiological findings in a case of chondrodystrophic dwarfism are described. The progressive tetraparesis proved to be based on a high-level medullary compression resulting from basilar impression and upper cervical stenosis. Surgical decompression led to the disappearance of the tetraparetic phenomena. Various aspects of chondrodystrophic dwarfism and basilar impression are discussed in relation to the neurological symptomatology, and the question of whether, in general, more attention should be given to the cranio-cervical region, is raised.", "PMID": 665335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10637", "title": "Multi-channel telephone transmission and quantitative on-line analysis of EEG in brain surgery.", "content": "During the last ten years clinical neurophysiology has used computerized quantitative methods for analysis. Evaluation of the information previously hidden in the signals from the nervous system offers previously unknown uses and applications for neurosurgery. The quantitative EEG (QEEG) for example may offer more reliable and easily understandable information of brain activity than the conventional analogue EEG. The techniques for QEEG-analysis have now reached such an advanced stage that they extract at the same time more information from the EEG than can be achieved by visual interpretation. The problems of distances between neurosurgical departments and computer centers can be overcome by means of telephone transmitter systems, as has been done in the present study. Patients with epilepsy or brain tumour undergoing surgery were analyzed and monitored with the peroperative tele-QEEG-system. Our experiences were encouraging since the neurophysiological part of the work at the operation unit was reduced considerably thanks to the tele-system. At the same time we obtained easily understandable EEG-information which has never previously been available to us.", "contents": "Multi-channel telephone transmission and quantitative on-line analysis of EEG in brain surgery. During the last ten years clinical neurophysiology has used computerized quantitative methods for analysis. Evaluation of the information previously hidden in the signals from the nervous system offers previously unknown uses and applications for neurosurgery. The quantitative EEG (QEEG) for example may offer more reliable and easily understandable information of brain activity than the conventional analogue EEG. The techniques for QEEG-analysis have now reached such an advanced stage that they extract at the same time more information from the EEG than can be achieved by visual interpretation. The problems of distances between neurosurgical departments and computer centers can be overcome by means of telephone transmitter systems, as has been done in the present study. Patients with epilepsy or brain tumour undergoing surgery were analyzed and monitored with the peroperative tele-QEEG-system. Our experiences were encouraging since the neurophysiological part of the work at the operation unit was reduced considerably thanks to the tele-system. At the same time we obtained easily understandable EEG-information which has never previously been available to us.", "PMID": 665336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10638", "title": "Cerebral arterial flow dynamics during aneurysm haemorrhage.", "content": "A case of intraoperative early rupture of an infraclinoid aneurysm is reported with data showing the specific dynamics of cerebral arterial flow during aneurysm haemorrhage. Internal carotid artery flow and arteriial blood pressure were recorded throughout the surgical procedure. The rupture took place during preparations for dural opening at a mean blood pressure of 160 mmHg and at a low intracranial pressure of 5 to 6 mmHg. The dura became instantly tight, and was non-pulsatile within 10 seconds. The parietal epidural pressure rose rapidly to 110 mmHg. There was a brief initial increase in flow as the haemorrhage started, followed by a marked reduction within seconds. End-diastolic blood flow arrest was observed at this stage, demonstrating the self-limiting effect of a subarachnoid haemorrhage. This impaired cerebral perfusion pressure, or transmural pressure, is discussed with regard to the risk of cerebral damage as well as the beneficial effect in the staunching of haemorrhage. Carotid artery flow showed a moderately impaired autoregulation and an increased vascular resistance suggesting a no-reflow phenomenon subsequent to these events.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial flow dynamics during aneurysm haemorrhage. A case of intraoperative early rupture of an infraclinoid aneurysm is reported with data showing the specific dynamics of cerebral arterial flow during aneurysm haemorrhage. Internal carotid artery flow and arteriial blood pressure were recorded throughout the surgical procedure. The rupture took place during preparations for dural opening at a mean blood pressure of 160 mmHg and at a low intracranial pressure of 5 to 6 mmHg. The dura became instantly tight, and was non-pulsatile within 10 seconds. The parietal epidural pressure rose rapidly to 110 mmHg. There was a brief initial increase in flow as the haemorrhage started, followed by a marked reduction within seconds. End-diastolic blood flow arrest was observed at this stage, demonstrating the self-limiting effect of a subarachnoid haemorrhage. This impaired cerebral perfusion pressure, or transmural pressure, is discussed with regard to the risk of cerebral damage as well as the beneficial effect in the staunching of haemorrhage. Carotid artery flow showed a moderately impaired autoregulation and an increased vascular resistance suggesting a no-reflow phenomenon subsequent to these events.", "PMID": 665337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10639", "title": "Timing and indication of surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms with regard to cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "The authors survey 443 cases of intracranial aneurysms treated in the past seven years. 403 cases were operated upon with microsurgical techniques. The operative mortality was 5.4 per cent, and 82.4 per cent of surgically treated cases are well and working, leading useful social lives. It was found that cases submitted to surgery in the first three days after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) (the day of SAH being counted as the first day) showed good results, little appearance of postoperative vasospasm, and no mortality due to vasospasm. Cases operated upon after one week from the insult of SAH also showed good results, whereas fatal postoperative vasospasm was seen in cases operated upon on the 4th--7th day after SAH. Cisternal, ventricular, and epidural drainage are recommended after the clipping of aneurysms in the acute stage of SAH. There were 68 cases with preoperative vasospasm. There was no case in which vasospasm was identified during the first four days after SAH, while 66 per cent of the cases exhibited vasospasm between the sixth and ninth days after SAH. These 68 cases can be classified into four groups: 1. 8 cases died from vasospasm before surgery: 2. 8 cases had renewed bleeding mainly when vasospasm began to subside. 3. 22 cases underwent surgery after vasospasm had subsided, the duration of vasospasm ranging from 8 to 24 days, on an average 14 days; 4. 30 cases underwent surgery while vasospasm was still present; of this group, (4E) 15 cases submitted to surgery, on an average 4.5 days after the onset of vasospasm, manifested deterioration of clinical states because of aggravation or new appearance of vasospasm; (4L, 15 cases which underwent surgery, on an average 7.4 days after the onset of vasospasm, showed no such deterioration. In the follow-up, well and working cases were seen in 45.5 per cent (3.), 60 per cent (4E), and 80 per cent (4L), respectively. The authors classified vasospasm into three types: Type 1, extensive diffuse, Type 2, multi-segmental, and Type 3, local. Type 1 was prognostically worst, Type 3 good, and Type 2 was located between these two types.", "contents": "Timing and indication of surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms with regard to cerebral vasospasm. The authors survey 443 cases of intracranial aneurysms treated in the past seven years. 403 cases were operated upon with microsurgical techniques. The operative mortality was 5.4 per cent, and 82.4 per cent of surgically treated cases are well and working, leading useful social lives. It was found that cases submitted to surgery in the first three days after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) (the day of SAH being counted as the first day) showed good results, little appearance of postoperative vasospasm, and no mortality due to vasospasm. Cases operated upon after one week from the insult of SAH also showed good results, whereas fatal postoperative vasospasm was seen in cases operated upon on the 4th--7th day after SAH. Cisternal, ventricular, and epidural drainage are recommended after the clipping of aneurysms in the acute stage of SAH. There were 68 cases with preoperative vasospasm. There was no case in which vasospasm was identified during the first four days after SAH, while 66 per cent of the cases exhibited vasospasm between the sixth and ninth days after SAH. These 68 cases can be classified into four groups: 1. 8 cases died from vasospasm before surgery: 2. 8 cases had renewed bleeding mainly when vasospasm began to subside. 3. 22 cases underwent surgery after vasospasm had subsided, the duration of vasospasm ranging from 8 to 24 days, on an average 14 days; 4. 30 cases underwent surgery while vasospasm was still present; of this group, (4E) 15 cases submitted to surgery, on an average 4.5 days after the onset of vasospasm, manifested deterioration of clinical states because of aggravation or new appearance of vasospasm; (4L, 15 cases which underwent surgery, on an average 7.4 days after the onset of vasospasm, showed no such deterioration. In the follow-up, well and working cases were seen in 45.5 per cent (3.), 60 per cent (4E), and 80 per cent (4L), respectively. The authors classified vasospasm into three types: Type 1, extensive diffuse, Type 2, multi-segmental, and Type 3, local. Type 1 was prognostically worst, Type 3 good, and Type 2 was located between these two types.", "PMID": 665338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10640", "title": "Microsurgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms at the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "With microtechnique, meticulous dissection and identification of critical anatomical structures become realities, contributing substantially to the improved results in the treatment of internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysms.", "contents": "Microsurgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms at the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. With microtechnique, meticulous dissection and identification of critical anatomical structures become realities, contributing substantially to the improved results in the treatment of internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysms.", "PMID": 665339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10641", "title": "Disordered cerebro-vascular physiology in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "The technical problems of surgery for anterior circle aneurysm have in large measure been solved. The problem of reduced perfusion to the brain which characterises the patient with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a poor clinical condition demands more subtle physiological handling. It appears likely that maintenance of an intact cell membrane and blood brain barrier may be aided by the exhibition of pre and post-operative steriods, and that concentration on regional perfusion should be the main aim in post-operative management of such cases. This demands maintenance of adequate blood volume, avoidance of platelet stickiness, and utilisation of the pathological paralysis of autoregulation to improve flow to ischaemic zones by hypertensive agents if necessary. The possibility that early operation with evacuation of blood from the basal cisterns may in the end prevent the vascular damage and disordered vaso-reactivity which encourages the development of transient ischaemic deficits, is a concept which has to be actively pursued. The problem is a continuing one which has bedevilled aneurysm surgery for 25 years, but the omens suggest that a solution is appreciably nearer at hand.", "contents": "Disordered cerebro-vascular physiology in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The technical problems of surgery for anterior circle aneurysm have in large measure been solved. The problem of reduced perfusion to the brain which characterises the patient with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a poor clinical condition demands more subtle physiological handling. It appears likely that maintenance of an intact cell membrane and blood brain barrier may be aided by the exhibition of pre and post-operative steriods, and that concentration on regional perfusion should be the main aim in post-operative management of such cases. This demands maintenance of adequate blood volume, avoidance of platelet stickiness, and utilisation of the pathological paralysis of autoregulation to improve flow to ischaemic zones by hypertensive agents if necessary. The possibility that early operation with evacuation of blood from the basal cisterns may in the end prevent the vascular damage and disordered vaso-reactivity which encourages the development of transient ischaemic deficits, is a concept which has to be actively pursued. The problem is a continuing one which has bedevilled aneurysm surgery for 25 years, but the omens suggest that a solution is appreciably nearer at hand.", "PMID": 665340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10642", "title": "Non-operative management of acute upper cervical injuries.", "content": "The results of a closed, non-operative type of treatment in acute upper cervical injury have been reviewed, especially as they relate to the use of the halo cast or vest. The morbidity with the use of this device has been minimal and there has been no mortality. Early patient mobilization has been readily achieved and in the case of the Hangman's, Jefferson's, and odontoid fractures, stable solid bony healing has been achieved in nearly all cases. Similar results have been noted in the C-1 arch fracture, as well as the acute post-infectious subluxations of C-1/C-2. In a small number of cases involving traumatic C-1/C-2 and occipital/atlas subluxation, there has occurred a significant incidence of instability, despite adequate closed treatment. This has been likely to be due to the serious ligamentous disruption in these cases and it would appear that surgical fusion may be the preferential form of initial treatment in this group of injuries.", "contents": "Non-operative management of acute upper cervical injuries. The results of a closed, non-operative type of treatment in acute upper cervical injury have been reviewed, especially as they relate to the use of the halo cast or vest. The morbidity with the use of this device has been minimal and there has been no mortality. Early patient mobilization has been readily achieved and in the case of the Hangman's, Jefferson's, and odontoid fractures, stable solid bony healing has been achieved in nearly all cases. Similar results have been noted in the C-1 arch fracture, as well as the acute post-infectious subluxations of C-1/C-2. In a small number of cases involving traumatic C-1/C-2 and occipital/atlas subluxation, there has occurred a significant incidence of instability, despite adequate closed treatment. This has been likely to be due to the serious ligamentous disruption in these cases and it would appear that surgical fusion may be the preferential form of initial treatment in this group of injuries.", "PMID": 665342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10643", "title": "Effects of scoring norms on adolescent psychiatric drug users' and nonusers' MMPI profiles.", "content": "The present study compared the effects of scoring norms on adolescent psychiatric inpatient drug users' and nonusers' MMPI profiles. The results indicated that regardless of drug usage or nonusage the application of adolescent norms yielded less pathological profiles than did the use of adult norms. A further finding was that Scale O, Social Introversion, is the only clinical scale from differentiated users' from nonusers' profiles.", "contents": "Effects of scoring norms on adolescent psychiatric drug users' and nonusers' MMPI profiles. The present study compared the effects of scoring norms on adolescent psychiatric inpatient drug users' and nonusers' MMPI profiles. The results indicated that regardless of drug usage or nonusage the application of adolescent norms yielded less pathological profiles than did the use of adult norms. A further finding was that Scale O, Social Introversion, is the only clinical scale from differentiated users' from nonusers' profiles.", "PMID": 665351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10644", "title": "Delinquent and non-delinquent males' perception of their fathers.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in delinquents' and non-delinquents' perceptions of their fathers, and the relation between their perceptions and selected background and familial variables. Utilizing a sample of 330 Ss, delinquency was found to be associated with: (a) lack of a warm, loving, supportive relationship with the father; (b) minimal paternal involvement with children; (c) high maternal involvement in the lives of youth; (d) broken homes; and (e) feelings of anomie.", "contents": "Delinquent and non-delinquent males' perception of their fathers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in delinquents' and non-delinquents' perceptions of their fathers, and the relation between their perceptions and selected background and familial variables. Utilizing a sample of 330 Ss, delinquency was found to be associated with: (a) lack of a warm, loving, supportive relationship with the father; (b) minimal paternal involvement with children; (c) high maternal involvement in the lives of youth; (d) broken homes; and (e) feelings of anomie.", "PMID": 665353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10645", "title": "Homosexual behavior and child molestation: a review of the evidence.", "content": "Male homosexuality and child molestation tend to be associated with each other in the minds of a large percentage of the general public. Designing a research study to test this hypothesis presents a number of methodological problems which are not easily resolved. Existing studies which contain data on this general question provide no reason to believe that anything other than a random connection exists between homosexual behavior and child molestation.", "contents": "Homosexual behavior and child molestation: a review of the evidence. Male homosexuality and child molestation tend to be associated with each other in the minds of a large percentage of the general public. Designing a research study to test this hypothesis presents a number of methodological problems which are not easily resolved. Existing studies which contain data on this general question provide no reason to believe that anything other than a random connection exists between homosexual behavior and child molestation.", "PMID": 665354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10646", "title": "Identification and some characteristics of the enzyme protein of the hormone-sensitive lipase from rat adipose tissue.", "content": "A tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzyme from rat adipose tissue has been detergent-solubilized and separated from monoacylglycerol lipase (H. Tornqvist and P. Belfrage, 1976, J. Biol. Chem. 251, 813-819) and lipoprotein lipase by use of ion-exchange chromatography, broad and narrow pH range electrofocusing and gel chromatography. The final preparation contained several different proteins. One of these, with an apparent minimum molecular weight of 86,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis, was identified as the enzyme protein of hormone-sensitive lipase: a) the enzyme activity was reproducibly stimulated 50-100% by incubation with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, cyclic AMP and ATP-Mg2+; b) the relative intensity of the Mw 86,000 protein band, and only this, closely paralleled the enzyme activity during narrow pH range electrofocusing and during subsequent gel chromatography of the electrofocusing enzyme peak fraction; c) only the Mw 86,000 protein extensively incorporated 32p from [gamma-32P]ATP after incubation with protein kinase and cyclic AMP. The pI of the enzyme was 6.7, it had the same Stokes radius on Sephadex G 200 as IgG and was 50% inactivated by 10 micron HgCl2, 20 micron PCMB, 50 micron DFP, 10 mM NaF and non-ionic detergents above their critical micellar concentration.", "contents": "Identification and some characteristics of the enzyme protein of the hormone-sensitive lipase from rat adipose tissue. A tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzyme from rat adipose tissue has been detergent-solubilized and separated from monoacylglycerol lipase (H. Tornqvist and P. Belfrage, 1976, J. Biol. Chem. 251, 813-819) and lipoprotein lipase by use of ion-exchange chromatography, broad and narrow pH range electrofocusing and gel chromatography. The final preparation contained several different proteins. One of these, with an apparent minimum molecular weight of 86,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis, was identified as the enzyme protein of hormone-sensitive lipase: a) the enzyme activity was reproducibly stimulated 50-100% by incubation with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, cyclic AMP and ATP-Mg2+; b) the relative intensity of the Mw 86,000 protein band, and only this, closely paralleled the enzyme activity during narrow pH range electrofocusing and during subsequent gel chromatography of the electrofocusing enzyme peak fraction; c) only the Mw 86,000 protein extensively incorporated 32p from [gamma-32P]ATP after incubation with protein kinase and cyclic AMP. The pI of the enzyme was 6.7, it had the same Stokes radius on Sephadex G 200 as IgG and was 50% inactivated by 10 micron HgCl2, 20 micron PCMB, 50 micron DFP, 10 mM NaF and non-ionic detergents above their critical micellar concentration.", "PMID": 665358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10647", "title": "Affinity chromatography on heparin-sepharose of rat adipose tissue triglyceride lipase from cytosol.", "content": "Subfractionation of the fat free homogenate of rat adipose tissue showed that a high yield of triglyceride lipase was recovered reproducibly in the microsomal supernatant fraction (cytosol) when rat epididymal fat pads were homogenized in sucrose-EDTA-Tris medium. Triglyceride lipase was bound on heparin-Sepharose. Hydrolyzing activity towards triacylglycerol was eluted as a single, sharp peak in 0.7 M NaCl, 5 mM sodium barbital and 20% glycerol (pH 7.0). The triglyceride lipase was not inhibited by 1 M NaCl and not stimulated by the presence of fresh human serum. A lipoprotein-lipase activity was demonstrable in the cytosol when adipose tissue from fed rats were used. Fasting of the animals lowered this activity.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography on heparin-sepharose of rat adipose tissue triglyceride lipase from cytosol. Subfractionation of the fat free homogenate of rat adipose tissue showed that a high yield of triglyceride lipase was recovered reproducibly in the microsomal supernatant fraction (cytosol) when rat epididymal fat pads were homogenized in sucrose-EDTA-Tris medium. Triglyceride lipase was bound on heparin-Sepharose. Hydrolyzing activity towards triacylglycerol was eluted as a single, sharp peak in 0.7 M NaCl, 5 mM sodium barbital and 20% glycerol (pH 7.0). The triglyceride lipase was not inhibited by 1 M NaCl and not stimulated by the presence of fresh human serum. A lipoprotein-lipase activity was demonstrable in the cytosol when adipose tissue from fed rats were used. Fasting of the animals lowered this activity.", "PMID": 665359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10648", "title": "Mechanism of phospholipase A2 action toward mixed micelles of detergent and phospholipids.", "content": "Phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) is a homogeneous, heat-stable enzyme that has a monomer molecular weight of only 11,000 and contains one histidine and one tryptophan residue. This enzyme acts optimally on phospholipids contained in mixed micelles with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100; the interactions of this detergent with phospholipid in the mixed micelles have been elucidated with 1H- and 13C-NMR. In reacting, the enzyme first associates with the mixed micelle and then exhibits \"surface dilution kinetics\" in its reaction with substrate. Recent studies show that various reagents completely inactivate this phospholipase A2 resulting in the modification of the histidine in only one-half of the enzyme molecules. These results suggest that the histidine residue, which is essential for activity, exhibits \"half-site reactivity.\" These and other experiments are interpreted in terms of a model that suggests that the monomeric enzyme forms an asymmetric dimer or higher order aggregate at the lipid-water interface. The studies which are described on the interaction of the phospholipase A2 with mixed micelles serve as a general model system for understanding detergent effects on the assay of lipid enzymes.", "contents": "Mechanism of phospholipase A2 action toward mixed micelles of detergent and phospholipids. Phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) is a homogeneous, heat-stable enzyme that has a monomer molecular weight of only 11,000 and contains one histidine and one tryptophan residue. This enzyme acts optimally on phospholipids contained in mixed micelles with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100; the interactions of this detergent with phospholipid in the mixed micelles have been elucidated with 1H- and 13C-NMR. In reacting, the enzyme first associates with the mixed micelle and then exhibits \"surface dilution kinetics\" in its reaction with substrate. Recent studies show that various reagents completely inactivate this phospholipase A2 resulting in the modification of the histidine in only one-half of the enzyme molecules. These results suggest that the histidine residue, which is essential for activity, exhibits \"half-site reactivity.\" These and other experiments are interpreted in terms of a model that suggests that the monomeric enzyme forms an asymmetric dimer or higher order aggregate at the lipid-water interface. The studies which are described on the interaction of the phospholipase A2 with mixed micelles serve as a general model system for understanding detergent effects on the assay of lipid enzymes.", "PMID": 665362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10649", "title": "Phospholipases of plasmic membranes of adipose tissue. Possible intermediaries for insulin action.", "content": "In the present investigation we have shown that cytoplasmic membranes of adipocytes contain A1 and A2 phospholipase activities which are optimal in a buffer with 5 mM Ca2+ (pH 8.5). Insulin enhances these activities within phosphatidylethanolamine. Insulin increases also the amount of free fatty acids in membranes. Rodbell and Blecher have already shown an insulin-like action of phospholipases towards the uptake of glucose and amino-acids by adipocytes. Shier and Asakawa have recently described that lysolecithin and unsaturated fatty acids can change nucleotide-cyclase activities of cytoplasmic membranes towards GTP and ATP; lysolecithins and Triton X 100 seem to react in an identical way. Results from these studies give new suggestions on insulin action; phospholipase activation changes membrane physiochemical properties inducing an increase of glucose carrier mobility and leading the membrane cyclase enzyme (s) towards GMP cyclic synthesis.", "contents": "Phospholipases of plasmic membranes of adipose tissue. Possible intermediaries for insulin action. In the present investigation we have shown that cytoplasmic membranes of adipocytes contain A1 and A2 phospholipase activities which are optimal in a buffer with 5 mM Ca2+ (pH 8.5). Insulin enhances these activities within phosphatidylethanolamine. Insulin increases also the amount of free fatty acids in membranes. Rodbell and Blecher have already shown an insulin-like action of phospholipases towards the uptake of glucose and amino-acids by adipocytes. Shier and Asakawa have recently described that lysolecithin and unsaturated fatty acids can change nucleotide-cyclase activities of cytoplasmic membranes towards GTP and ATP; lysolecithins and Triton X 100 seem to react in an identical way. Results from these studies give new suggestions on insulin action; phospholipase activation changes membrane physiochemical properties inducing an increase of glucose carrier mobility and leading the membrane cyclase enzyme (s) towards GMP cyclic synthesis.", "PMID": 665365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10650", "title": "The release of free ethanolamine in rat brain homogenates incubated in Krebs ringer.", "content": "Ethanolamine in mammalian brain is found chiefly in a lipid-bound form either as the diacyl phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine or as the plasmalogen, I-alk-11-enyl-2-acyl glycerophosphoethanolamine and to a lesser extent as the saturated ether analogue. The level of free ethanolamine in brain is very low, probably less than 40 nmol/g brain (Spanner & Ansell, 1977b) while that of phosphoethanolamine is about 1.0 mumol/g brain. Some time ago we found that if brain tissue was incubated in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees, there was a steady release of free ethanolamine by the tissue. The following account is a summary of the findings from experiments designed to determine the source of the ethanolamine liberated.", "contents": "The release of free ethanolamine in rat brain homogenates incubated in Krebs ringer. Ethanolamine in mammalian brain is found chiefly in a lipid-bound form either as the diacyl phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine or as the plasmalogen, I-alk-11-enyl-2-acyl glycerophosphoethanolamine and to a lesser extent as the saturated ether analogue. The level of free ethanolamine in brain is very low, probably less than 40 nmol/g brain (Spanner & Ansell, 1977b) while that of phosphoethanolamine is about 1.0 mumol/g brain. Some time ago we found that if brain tissue was incubated in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees, there was a steady release of free ethanolamine by the tissue. The following account is a summary of the findings from experiments designed to determine the source of the ethanolamine liberated.", "PMID": 665367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10651", "title": "Membrane-bound base-exchange reactions in animal tissues.", "content": "The calcium-stimulated incorporation of ethanolamine, L-serine and choline into rabbit synaptosomal phospholipids in vitro has been investigated. The synaptosomal membranes were prelabelled in vitro in their choline-, ethanolamine- or serine-phosphoglycerides by base-exchange and then chasing experiments were performed by displacing the lipid-bound base by ethanolamine, choline or L-serine labelled with a different isotope. The results indicate that membrane phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are substrates for the exchange with all the three mentioned bases. A very small phospholipid pool (0.5-2% of the total available pool) is active in the calcium-dependent exchange between membrane phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine and free bases, whereas the pool of exchanging phosphatidylserine is sensibly larger (2-9%). In another series of experiments the effect of the base-exchange reaction upon the production of cyclic-AMP at the level of rat brain synaptic membranes has been examined. An exchange with ethanolamine produces a significant decrease of the NaF-stimulated production of the cyclic nucleotide, whereas it increases the noradrenaline-induced production. With some exceptions, the exchange with L-serine produces opposite effects. The possible physiological importance of phospholipid pool at the synaptosomal level is discussed.", "contents": "Membrane-bound base-exchange reactions in animal tissues. The calcium-stimulated incorporation of ethanolamine, L-serine and choline into rabbit synaptosomal phospholipids in vitro has been investigated. The synaptosomal membranes were prelabelled in vitro in their choline-, ethanolamine- or serine-phosphoglycerides by base-exchange and then chasing experiments were performed by displacing the lipid-bound base by ethanolamine, choline or L-serine labelled with a different isotope. The results indicate that membrane phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are substrates for the exchange with all the three mentioned bases. A very small phospholipid pool (0.5-2% of the total available pool) is active in the calcium-dependent exchange between membrane phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine and free bases, whereas the pool of exchanging phosphatidylserine is sensibly larger (2-9%). In another series of experiments the effect of the base-exchange reaction upon the production of cyclic-AMP at the level of rat brain synaptic membranes has been examined. An exchange with ethanolamine produces a significant decrease of the NaF-stimulated production of the cyclic nucleotide, whereas it increases the noradrenaline-induced production. With some exceptions, the exchange with L-serine produces opposite effects. The possible physiological importance of phospholipid pool at the synaptosomal level is discussed.", "PMID": 665368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10652", "title": "Studies on bovine brain membrane-bound neuraminidase (sialidase).", "content": "1) Lipophilic ganglioside GD1a (IV3NeuAc, II3NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer) is taken up by the cell membranes and hydrolyzed faster by membrane-bound neuraminidase than are water soluble substrates of the enzyme. 2) The enzymic breakdown of ganglioside GD1a is enhanced by general anesthetics whereas the degradation of the hydrophilic substrate sialyllactitol is reduced by these same agents. 3) General anesthetics lower the microviscosity of membranes as indicated by studies of fluorescence depolarisation with the indicator 1,6-diphenylhexatrien. Decreased microviscosity can result in a higher lateral diffusion of ganglioside GD1a, increasing its interaction with membrane-bound neuraminidase. 4) In vitro studies indicate that the activity of membrane-bound neuraminidase on gangliosides of brain membranes is regulated by the viscosity of these membranes and their monosialoganglioside content.", "contents": "Studies on bovine brain membrane-bound neuraminidase (sialidase). 1) Lipophilic ganglioside GD1a (IV3NeuAc, II3NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer) is taken up by the cell membranes and hydrolyzed faster by membrane-bound neuraminidase than are water soluble substrates of the enzyme. 2) The enzymic breakdown of ganglioside GD1a is enhanced by general anesthetics whereas the degradation of the hydrophilic substrate sialyllactitol is reduced by these same agents. 3) General anesthetics lower the microviscosity of membranes as indicated by studies of fluorescence depolarisation with the indicator 1,6-diphenylhexatrien. Decreased microviscosity can result in a higher lateral diffusion of ganglioside GD1a, increasing its interaction with membrane-bound neuraminidase. 4) In vitro studies indicate that the activity of membrane-bound neuraminidase on gangliosides of brain membranes is regulated by the viscosity of these membranes and their monosialoganglioside content.", "PMID": 665379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10653", "title": "Characteristics of the brain tissue disialoganglioside G2a.", "content": "Disialoganglioside G2a was separated by one dimensional two-step TLC between the two ganglioside fractions using long plate precoated with silica H+ florisil in the particular solvent system. Behaviour of this fraction to the enzyme effect and molecule percentages of its components showed the characteristics of the ganglioside containing two N-acetylneuraminic acids. Synthesis dynamics of this fraction in rat brain was very intensive in the myelination period and it practically ended in 40th day. In mutant \"Jimpy\" mice brain ganglioside G2a served as an indicator of the normal ganglioside synthesis in relation to the changes in myelin sphingolipid molecular structure. Comparative brain studies undertaken in various species, intracellular rat brain fractions, various structures of Torpedo ocellata electric fish, emphasized the importance of this ganglioside in cell membrane formation where it is obligatory component. Quantitative determination of this fraction in Astrocytoma with various malignancy degree offers great help in differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Characteristics of the brain tissue disialoganglioside G2a. Disialoganglioside G2a was separated by one dimensional two-step TLC between the two ganglioside fractions using long plate precoated with silica H+ florisil in the particular solvent system. Behaviour of this fraction to the enzyme effect and molecule percentages of its components showed the characteristics of the ganglioside containing two N-acetylneuraminic acids. Synthesis dynamics of this fraction in rat brain was very intensive in the myelination period and it practically ended in 40th day. In mutant \"Jimpy\" mice brain ganglioside G2a served as an indicator of the normal ganglioside synthesis in relation to the changes in myelin sphingolipid molecular structure. Comparative brain studies undertaken in various species, intracellular rat brain fractions, various structures of Torpedo ocellata electric fish, emphasized the importance of this ganglioside in cell membrane formation where it is obligatory component. Quantitative determination of this fraction in Astrocytoma with various malignancy degree offers great help in differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 665386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10654", "title": "Congenital 'frozen eyes', with other mesodermal abnormalities: report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported of a 41/2-year-old girl with generalized fibrosis, no active or passive eye movements, anisohyperopia, craniofacial asymmetry and hypoplasia of a toe. There was no ptosis, nor backward head tilt and only a moderate exotropia. Study of the fixation and of the binocular relationship met with unusual difficulties owing to the absence of eye movements. Mesodermal abnormalities were noted in the anterior chamber. A normal female karyotype was reported and family history was noncontributory.", "contents": "Congenital 'frozen eyes', with other mesodermal abnormalities: report of a case. A case is reported of a 41/2-year-old girl with generalized fibrosis, no active or passive eye movements, anisohyperopia, craniofacial asymmetry and hypoplasia of a toe. There was no ptosis, nor backward head tilt and only a moderate exotropia. Study of the fixation and of the binocular relationship met with unusual difficulties owing to the absence of eye movements. Mesodermal abnormalities were noted in the anterior chamber. A normal female karyotype was reported and family history was noncontributory.", "PMID": 665398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10655", "title": "[Immunosuppressive agents and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome: critical analysis of results].", "content": "12 patients suffering from Beh\u00e7et's disease have received immunosuppressive therapy. All patients have been given chlorambucil. In addition 5 patients who were threatened by an acute and permanent blindness from severe retinal vein involvement received antilymphocyte globulins. The follow-up ranges from 1 year up to 71/2 years with an average of 31/2 years. Complete recovery from ocular inflammation has been achieved in all patients. Visual acuity remained unchanged or improved in all patients but 1. Ocular recurrences occurred in 2 patients after decreasing the daily dose of chlorambucil and in 1 patient 2 years after the end of a 1-year treatment. The action of chlorambucil was not so constant upon systemic involvement of the disease than upon ocular inflammation. Nevertheless, 1 patient recovered from severe central nervous system involvement with hemiplegia. The review of the literature and comparison with our own experience leads to suggest that the discrepancy of the published results should be related to the variety of the immunosuppressive drugs which have been tried in Beh\u00e7et's disease. Chlorambucil seems to be the most effective and the less toxic drug. But its action upon eye inflammation requires 2-3 months to take place. Therefore, in the most severe cases threatened by an acute and permanent blindness, the treatment should be started with antilymphocyte globulins.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive agents and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome: critical analysis of results]. 12 patients suffering from Beh\u00e7et's disease have received immunosuppressive therapy. All patients have been given chlorambucil. In addition 5 patients who were threatened by an acute and permanent blindness from severe retinal vein involvement received antilymphocyte globulins. The follow-up ranges from 1 year up to 71/2 years with an average of 31/2 years. Complete recovery from ocular inflammation has been achieved in all patients. Visual acuity remained unchanged or improved in all patients but 1. Ocular recurrences occurred in 2 patients after decreasing the daily dose of chlorambucil and in 1 patient 2 years after the end of a 1-year treatment. The action of chlorambucil was not so constant upon systemic involvement of the disease than upon ocular inflammation. Nevertheless, 1 patient recovered from severe central nervous system involvement with hemiplegia. The review of the literature and comparison with our own experience leads to suggest that the discrepancy of the published results should be related to the variety of the immunosuppressive drugs which have been tried in Beh\u00e7et's disease. Chlorambucil seems to be the most effective and the less toxic drug. But its action upon eye inflammation requires 2-3 months to take place. Therefore, in the most severe cases threatened by an acute and permanent blindness, the treatment should be started with antilymphocyte globulins.", "PMID": 665399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10656", "title": "The blood supply of the optic nerve.", "content": "The central retinal artery gives, throughout its length, branches, which, in 85% of the cases, supply the anterior segment of the optic nerve. These branches anastomose with collateral branches of the ophthalmic artery, vessels of the pia mater and recurrent branches of the Zinn-Haller circle. The contribute to form the peripheral, periaxial and axial vascular meshwork of the optic nerve. In this series no specific artery of the optic nerve was found, but in 45% of the cases there was an axial vascular meshwork.", "contents": "The blood supply of the optic nerve. The central retinal artery gives, throughout its length, branches, which, in 85% of the cases, supply the anterior segment of the optic nerve. These branches anastomose with collateral branches of the ophthalmic artery, vessels of the pia mater and recurrent branches of the Zinn-Haller circle. The contribute to form the peripheral, periaxial and axial vascular meshwork of the optic nerve. In this series no specific artery of the optic nerve was found, but in 45% of the cases there was an axial vascular meshwork.", "PMID": 665403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10657", "title": "A follow-up study of the EOG lightrise in ischaemic retinopathy.", "content": "In 15 patients suffering from unilateral ischaemic retinopathy (occlusion of the central retinal artery) the EOG lightrise was studied. In all cases except one, a subnormal or absent EOG lightrise was found in the affected eye, if at least the recording was started within 2 weeks from the onset of complaints. In 8 patients the EOG lightrise was followed over an extended period of time, the longest period of control being 11 months. The EOG lightrise of the affected eyes showed a general tendency to recover, notwithstanding permanent loss of vision in most of the cases. The fellow eye in 6 patients showed initially a subnormal EOG lightrise too. The role of the choroidal circulation on the behaviour of the EOG lightrise is discussed.", "contents": "A follow-up study of the EOG lightrise in ischaemic retinopathy. In 15 patients suffering from unilateral ischaemic retinopathy (occlusion of the central retinal artery) the EOG lightrise was studied. In all cases except one, a subnormal or absent EOG lightrise was found in the affected eye, if at least the recording was started within 2 weeks from the onset of complaints. In 8 patients the EOG lightrise was followed over an extended period of time, the longest period of control being 11 months. The EOG lightrise of the affected eyes showed a general tendency to recover, notwithstanding permanent loss of vision in most of the cases. The fellow eye in 6 patients showed initially a subnormal EOG lightrise too. The role of the choroidal circulation on the behaviour of the EOG lightrise is discussed.", "PMID": 665404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10658", "title": "Preventing scleral erosion after Arruga's cerclage.", "content": "To avoid the risk of scleral erosion which may follow Arruga's cerclage for retinal detachment, a modified procedure is presented, in which four pieces of a silicone drain, threaded on the encircling suture, are used to protect the sclera against undue pressure of the suture. Observation of distant operative results indicates that this modification makes it possible to leave the suture in its site for a long, if not indefinite, time.", "contents": "Preventing scleral erosion after Arruga's cerclage. To avoid the risk of scleral erosion which may follow Arruga's cerclage for retinal detachment, a modified procedure is presented, in which four pieces of a silicone drain, threaded on the encircling suture, are used to protect the sclera against undue pressure of the suture. Observation of distant operative results indicates that this modification makes it possible to leave the suture in its site for a long, if not indefinite, time.", "PMID": 665405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10659", "title": "A clinical approach to the medical treatment of uveitis.", "content": "Uveitis is divided into five clinical groups based on its severity and natural history. By using this classification appropriate and graded forms of therapy can be applied to individual patients with uveitis. In Group 1 patients (anterior uveitis syndrome) topical cortisone drops or ointment will control the disease. Group 2 (posterior uveitis) patients require local steroids (topical, subconjunctival or retrobulbar) and systemic steroids. Appropriate specific therapies are indicated if a causal organism can be identified. Patients in Groups 3 (cyclitis), Group 4 (uveitis in children) and Group 5 (severe intractable uveitis) are exposed to a high risk of cystic macula degeneration and must be treated with local and systemic cortisone and cytotoxic drugs if the steroid fails to control the inflammation or if cortisone has to be used excessively high dosage. The recommended regime of treatment is summarised in the diagram in figure 7.", "contents": "A clinical approach to the medical treatment of uveitis. Uveitis is divided into five clinical groups based on its severity and natural history. By using this classification appropriate and graded forms of therapy can be applied to individual patients with uveitis. In Group 1 patients (anterior uveitis syndrome) topical cortisone drops or ointment will control the disease. Group 2 (posterior uveitis) patients require local steroids (topical, subconjunctival or retrobulbar) and systemic steroids. Appropriate specific therapies are indicated if a causal organism can be identified. Patients in Groups 3 (cyclitis), Group 4 (uveitis in children) and Group 5 (severe intractable uveitis) are exposed to a high risk of cystic macula degeneration and must be treated with local and systemic cortisone and cytotoxic drugs if the steroid fails to control the inflammation or if cortisone has to be used excessively high dosage. The recommended regime of treatment is summarised in the diagram in figure 7.", "PMID": 665406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10660", "title": "Intravitreal silicone injection.", "content": "A clinico-pathological report is presented of a case of intravitreal silicone injection in which the eye had to be enucleated 7 years later. Numbers of highly refractile silicone particles of various size were found in all the ocular tissues except the sclera. A great number of silicone cavities were present in most tissues, and many contained silicone globules. The presence of silicone within the lens was confirmed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Intravitreal silicone injection. A clinico-pathological report is presented of a case of intravitreal silicone injection in which the eye had to be enucleated 7 years later. Numbers of highly refractile silicone particles of various size were found in all the ocular tissues except the sclera. A great number of silicone cavities were present in most tissues, and many contained silicone globules. The presence of silicone within the lens was confirmed by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 665407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10661", "title": "Contribution on the ultrastructure of intraocular melanoblastomas.", "content": "The nucleoli and intercellular spaces were studied in 10 cases of intraocular melanoblastoma. The sizes of the nucleoli vary from 1.5-2.0 micrometer. The various nucleolar types seen in other tumours were also observed in melanoblastoma. The width of the intercellular spaces varied from 230 to 1,300 A. In the gaps ruthenium red-positive material was shown. In some of the cases this material exhibits a peculiar regular structure, the fundamental units of which are built up of filaments of the same size as found in the intercellular material of other places, however, more or less electron-dense periods alternate.", "contents": "Contribution on the ultrastructure of intraocular melanoblastomas. The nucleoli and intercellular spaces were studied in 10 cases of intraocular melanoblastoma. The sizes of the nucleoli vary from 1.5-2.0 micrometer. The various nucleolar types seen in other tumours were also observed in melanoblastoma. The width of the intercellular spaces varied from 230 to 1,300 A. In the gaps ruthenium red-positive material was shown. In some of the cases this material exhibits a peculiar regular structure, the fundamental units of which are built up of filaments of the same size as found in the intercellular material of other places, however, more or less electron-dense periods alternate.", "PMID": 665408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10662", "title": "Juvenile retinal vasculitis of the central variety.", "content": "Central retinal vasculitits of the type reported herein occurs monocularly in young males. The presenting symptom is always a massive vitreous hemorrhage with gross visual loss, which tends to persist indefinitely. Vitrectomy through the pars plana is followed by complete visual recovery; the condition becomes quiescent, although recurrent hemorrhages may occur. Other complications seen after surgery are glaucoma and retinal detachment. 6 cases were seen in a period of 11/2 years.", "contents": "Juvenile retinal vasculitis of the central variety. Central retinal vasculitits of the type reported herein occurs monocularly in young males. The presenting symptom is always a massive vitreous hemorrhage with gross visual loss, which tends to persist indefinitely. Vitrectomy through the pars plana is followed by complete visual recovery; the condition becomes quiescent, although recurrent hemorrhages may occur. Other complications seen after surgery are glaucoma and retinal detachment. 6 cases were seen in a period of 11/2 years.", "PMID": 665410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10663", "title": "[Iris angiography studies in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Fluorescence angiography of the iris was performed on 75 patients with diabetes mellitus. The changes in the iris were classified as iridopathia diabetica simplex (ID-s) and iridopathia diabetica proliferans (ID-p), corresponding to similar changes in diabetic retinopathy. Thus punctate leakage of dye, especially around the pupillary margin, was classified as ID-s, whereas additional, angiographically verified new vessel formation was described as ID-p. 69 of the 75 patients (92%) showed diabetic changes of the iris. Of these, 50 (67%) had ID-s changes and 19 (25%) had ID-p changes. The incidence of diabetic iris changes appeared unrelated to age but appeared to increase with duration of the diabetes. A correlation between the onset of diabetic vascular changes of the iris and that of the retina could not be confirmed: the diabetic changes in the iris vessels can precede those of the retina whereas, on the other hand, almost all patients with a diabetic retinopathia also show an iridopathy. The clinical value of iris angiography lies therein that the first findings of diabetic vascular damage can be seen in the iris earlier than in the retina, the iris appearing normal on slit-lamp microscopy.", "contents": "[Iris angiography studies in patients with diabetes mellitus]. Fluorescence angiography of the iris was performed on 75 patients with diabetes mellitus. The changes in the iris were classified as iridopathia diabetica simplex (ID-s) and iridopathia diabetica proliferans (ID-p), corresponding to similar changes in diabetic retinopathy. Thus punctate leakage of dye, especially around the pupillary margin, was classified as ID-s, whereas additional, angiographically verified new vessel formation was described as ID-p. 69 of the 75 patients (92%) showed diabetic changes of the iris. Of these, 50 (67%) had ID-s changes and 19 (25%) had ID-p changes. The incidence of diabetic iris changes appeared unrelated to age but appeared to increase with duration of the diabetes. A correlation between the onset of diabetic vascular changes of the iris and that of the retina could not be confirmed: the diabetic changes in the iris vessels can precede those of the retina whereas, on the other hand, almost all patients with a diabetic retinopathia also show an iridopathy. The clinical value of iris angiography lies therein that the first findings of diabetic vascular damage can be seen in the iris earlier than in the retina, the iris appearing normal on slit-lamp microscopy.", "PMID": 665411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10664", "title": "[Comparison of macular electroretinography and psychophysical tests in diabetic retinopathy with intraretinal edema].", "content": "Short comparison between psychophysic and electrodiagnostic tests in 20 eyes with macular edema from diabetic retinopathy. De Lange's curve, the critical flicker frequency in central fixation and the macular ERG are compared with the classical EOG and global ERG data. The methodology is briefly described. It allows a new approach of the macula and the macular ERG responses confirms the clinical tests.", "contents": "[Comparison of macular electroretinography and psychophysical tests in diabetic retinopathy with intraretinal edema]. Short comparison between psychophysic and electrodiagnostic tests in 20 eyes with macular edema from diabetic retinopathy. De Lange's curve, the critical flicker frequency in central fixation and the macular ERG are compared with the classical EOG and global ERG data. The methodology is briefly described. It allows a new approach of the macula and the macular ERG responses confirms the clinical tests.", "PMID": 665412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10665", "title": "Radioisotopes for research into vitreous and zonule.", "content": "A survey of the use of radioisotopes for research into the vitreous and the zonule is presented. gamma-Rays emitting isotopes are useful for the investigation of transport and diffusion of substances, while 3H-thymidine is the substance of choice for the investigation of cell kinetics. The formation of the vitreous and the zonule during and after embryonal development can be studied by histoautoradiography using labelled precursors of collagen and aminoglycans. Cell kinetic investigations shows that the cells usually found in the vitreous are macrophages which have migrated into the eye. Therefore the existence of a specific vitreous cell is unlikely. The development of the zonule can be readily traced by histoautoradiography which shows that it is neither topographically nor temporally related to regression of the primary vitreous. The incorporation of cystine and glucose into the zonular fibers is of special interest. This suggests that the zonular fibers are not made up of normal collagen; they may consist of some sort of procollagen which is perhaps secreted by the ciliary epithelium.", "contents": "Radioisotopes for research into vitreous and zonule. A survey of the use of radioisotopes for research into the vitreous and the zonule is presented. gamma-Rays emitting isotopes are useful for the investigation of transport and diffusion of substances, while 3H-thymidine is the substance of choice for the investigation of cell kinetics. The formation of the vitreous and the zonule during and after embryonal development can be studied by histoautoradiography using labelled precursors of collagen and aminoglycans. Cell kinetic investigations shows that the cells usually found in the vitreous are macrophages which have migrated into the eye. Therefore the existence of a specific vitreous cell is unlikely. The development of the zonule can be readily traced by histoautoradiography which shows that it is neither topographically nor temporally related to regression of the primary vitreous. The incorporation of cystine and glucose into the zonular fibers is of special interest. This suggests that the zonular fibers are not made up of normal collagen; they may consist of some sort of procollagen which is perhaps secreted by the ciliary epithelium.", "PMID": 665416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10666", "title": "[Unilateral aphakia and pseudophakia].", "content": "Aniseikonia as well as binocular vision and depth perception are measured in 114 patients with unilateral pseudophakos. 86% of the cases exhibit a small degree of aniseikonia (3% or less). However, binocular vision and stereopsis remain subnormal or approximatively normal.", "contents": "[Unilateral aphakia and pseudophakia]. Aniseikonia as well as binocular vision and depth perception are measured in 114 patients with unilateral pseudophakos. 86% of the cases exhibit a small degree of aniseikonia (3% or less). However, binocular vision and stereopsis remain subnormal or approximatively normal.", "PMID": 665417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10667", "title": "[Family-groups in a children-psychiatric-hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a report of a kind of care for children, suffering from behavior disorders, which consists in structure of a large-family. The first experiences show, that children suffering from minimal brain dysfunction and secondary manifestation of deprivation better grow up in family-groups than in groups of children of the same age.", "contents": "[Family-groups in a children-psychiatric-hospital (author's transl)]. The author presents a report of a kind of care for children, suffering from behavior disorders, which consists in structure of a large-family. The first experiences show, that children suffering from minimal brain dysfunction and secondary manifestation of deprivation better grow up in family-groups than in groups of children of the same age.", "PMID": 665419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10668", "title": "[Value and value in use of \"hygiene in cr\u00e8ches\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of an investigation of cr\u00e8ches in an urban and in a rural district are discussed in regard of the possibilities of improving the material conditions and equipment in connection with their economic effects (milk kitchen, microclimate, cr\u00e8ches for staff training, problems of supply). The special problems of building cr\u00e8ches in rural areas are explained. Based on own investigative results and on economic calculations the economic benefit of cr\u00e8ches and the economic loss in absent morbidity of children were computed. On this background and by the help of a comparison of extreme groups, of a comparison of the rural with the urban district and of factor analysis (two forms) the attempt is made to evaluate the main causes of children's absent morbidity especially of the morbidity of the respiratory system. Conclusions with respect to the future development of building cr\u00e8ches are performed.", "contents": "[Value and value in use of \"hygiene in cr\u00e8ches\" (author's transl)]. The results of an investigation of cr\u00e8ches in an urban and in a rural district are discussed in regard of the possibilities of improving the material conditions and equipment in connection with their economic effects (milk kitchen, microclimate, cr\u00e8ches for staff training, problems of supply). The special problems of building cr\u00e8ches in rural areas are explained. Based on own investigative results and on economic calculations the economic benefit of cr\u00e8ches and the economic loss in absent morbidity of children were computed. On this background and by the help of a comparison of extreme groups, of a comparison of the rural with the urban district and of factor analysis (two forms) the attempt is made to evaluate the main causes of children's absent morbidity especially of the morbidity of the respiratory system. Conclusions with respect to the future development of building cr\u00e8ches are performed.", "PMID": 665420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10669", "title": "[Investigations on the clothing of preschool-children during winter (author's transl)].", "content": "These investigations should control the effect of increased indoor-temperatures in facilities for children and flats on the clothing-habits of 1--3 aged children during the heating period. The indoor- and outdoor-clothing was scored by the number of dress-layers investigated in 977 cr\u00e8che-children. All these attempts were carried out while 23 days during the winter 1976/77 in 2 cr\u00e8ches which differed significantly referring to the distribution of indoor-temperature. The statistical evaluation results that all children were dressed nearly in the like wise in spite of a considerable difference of the temperature in both cr\u00e8ches; only the covering of the arms was significant less in the warmer new-builded cr\u00e8ch. The investigations showed further that the outdoor-clothing of the children was often not according to the climate. Even 10 degrees C difference of temperature were rarely followed by variations of the outdoor-clothing. Finally the dress of 1--3 aged children can be estimated as too abundant.", "contents": "[Investigations on the clothing of preschool-children during winter (author's transl)]. These investigations should control the effect of increased indoor-temperatures in facilities for children and flats on the clothing-habits of 1--3 aged children during the heating period. The indoor- and outdoor-clothing was scored by the number of dress-layers investigated in 977 cr\u00e8che-children. All these attempts were carried out while 23 days during the winter 1976/77 in 2 cr\u00e8ches which differed significantly referring to the distribution of indoor-temperature. The statistical evaluation results that all children were dressed nearly in the like wise in spite of a considerable difference of the temperature in both cr\u00e8ches; only the covering of the arms was significant less in the warmer new-builded cr\u00e8ch. The investigations showed further that the outdoor-clothing of the children was often not according to the climate. Even 10 degrees C difference of temperature were rarely followed by variations of the outdoor-clothing. Finally the dress of 1--3 aged children can be estimated as too abundant.", "PMID": 665421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10670", "title": "[Body-weight-development of children in G\u00f6rlitz (author's transl)].", "content": "The different phases of increase of body-weight in boys and girls are studied. The development of body-weight from three anual-sets of children, who are born in the town of G\u00f6rlitz, from birth to time of school-absolvation is presented.", "contents": "[Body-weight-development of children in G\u00f6rlitz (author's transl)]. The different phases of increase of body-weight in boys and girls are studied. The development of body-weight from three anual-sets of children, who are born in the town of G\u00f6rlitz, from birth to time of school-absolvation is presented.", "PMID": 665422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10671", "title": "[Value of the discover mental defects for the pathogenesis of psychosocial disorders by normal pupils--a study about patients of a neuropsychiatric station for children (author's transl)].", "content": "200 normal pupils were tested, to discover mental defects by HAWIK IQ less than or equal to 84. All tested pupils were treated stationary for psychosocial disorders. 37 mental defects were demonstrable. The mental defect gets the third rank in the quantity of pathological causes for psychosocial disorders. The atmosphere reactive disorders head the list followed by partial psychological disorders of performance. The early recognition of these defects is of necessity in medical, psychological and pedagogic view.", "contents": "[Value of the discover mental defects for the pathogenesis of psychosocial disorders by normal pupils--a study about patients of a neuropsychiatric station for children (author's transl)]. 200 normal pupils were tested, to discover mental defects by HAWIK IQ less than or equal to 84. All tested pupils were treated stationary for psychosocial disorders. 37 mental defects were demonstrable. The mental defect gets the third rank in the quantity of pathological causes for psychosocial disorders. The atmosphere reactive disorders head the list followed by partial psychological disorders of performance. The early recognition of these defects is of necessity in medical, psychological and pedagogic view.", "PMID": 665423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10672", "title": "The elderly patient: a dental thought.", "content": "The attention of doctors is drawn to the advantages of having a dentist as part of the team dealing with the problems of the elderly. Often the dental aspect is overlooked, but there is evidence that some geriatricians are aware of the value of the dental view. Problems associated with probable large undiscovered needs are not adequate excuses for failure to create awareness of them in the minds of appropriate authorities. A plea is made for better inter-professional co-operation using a personal experience as a successful example of team-work.", "contents": "The elderly patient: a dental thought. The attention of doctors is drawn to the advantages of having a dentist as part of the team dealing with the problems of the elderly. Often the dental aspect is overlooked, but there is evidence that some geriatricians are aware of the value of the dental view. Problems associated with probable large undiscovered needs are not adequate excuses for failure to create awareness of them in the minds of appropriate authorities. A plea is made for better inter-professional co-operation using a personal experience as a successful example of team-work.", "PMID": 665426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10673", "title": "Reduced induction of drug metabolism in the elderly.", "content": "Young and elderly subjects were given the hypnotic dichloralphenazone (Welldorm) in a dose of 20 mg/kg nightly for two weeks and the extent of induction of liver microsomal drug metabolism was assessed from alteration in the plasma elimination of quinine and antipyrine (phenazone). With both indices, there was a significant increase in plasma drug clearance in young subjects following dichloralphenazone treatment but no significant alterations occured in the elderly group. These results indicate that, in addition to being less able to metabolize some drugs, elderly patients show a reduced induction response. They may therefore be less likely to become tolerant to those drugs which are inactivated by metabolism.", "contents": "Reduced induction of drug metabolism in the elderly. Young and elderly subjects were given the hypnotic dichloralphenazone (Welldorm) in a dose of 20 mg/kg nightly for two weeks and the extent of induction of liver microsomal drug metabolism was assessed from alteration in the plasma elimination of quinine and antipyrine (phenazone). With both indices, there was a significant increase in plasma drug clearance in young subjects following dichloralphenazone treatment but no significant alterations occured in the elderly group. These results indicate that, in addition to being less able to metabolize some drugs, elderly patients show a reduced induction response. They may therefore be less likely to become tolerant to those drugs which are inactivated by metabolism.", "PMID": 665427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10674", "title": "Reality orientation therapy: a study investigating the value of this therapy in the rehabilitation of elderly people.", "content": "The Leeds Technique for Therapy with the Aged is described and evaluated. The purpose of the study was two-fold--to evaluate the therapy itself, and to examine it as a possible extra incentive for nurses working with the aged. Forty-six elderly patients were included in the study. Fourteen took part in a pilot study. Later, in a more carefully controlled investigation, the remaining 32 patients were divided into two groups, one of experimental subjects and one of control subjects. Improvement was assessed using the Clifton Assessment Schedule (CAS) and the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale (SGRS). Twenty-five of the 30 experimental subjects improved and 10 were discharged. Eight of the 16 control subjects improved, but none was discharged.", "contents": "Reality orientation therapy: a study investigating the value of this therapy in the rehabilitation of elderly people. The Leeds Technique for Therapy with the Aged is described and evaluated. The purpose of the study was two-fold--to evaluate the therapy itself, and to examine it as a possible extra incentive for nurses working with the aged. Forty-six elderly patients were included in the study. Fourteen took part in a pilot study. Later, in a more carefully controlled investigation, the remaining 32 patients were divided into two groups, one of experimental subjects and one of control subjects. Improvement was assessed using the Clifton Assessment Schedule (CAS) and the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale (SGRS). Twenty-five of the 30 experimental subjects improved and 10 were discharged. Eight of the 16 control subjects improved, but none was discharged.", "PMID": 665428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10675", "title": "Vitamin D hydroxylation in youth and old age.", "content": "The effects of the subcutaneous injections of 50 000 i.u. of vitamin D on 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels were measured in young controls, old people living at home, and in elderly in-patients. Responses were substantially reduced in both groups of old people, particularly in those living at home. This phenomenon may be due to the effects of ageing or disease on 25-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Vitamin D hydroxylation in youth and old age. The effects of the subcutaneous injections of 50 000 i.u. of vitamin D on 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels were measured in young controls, old people living at home, and in elderly in-patients. Responses were substantially reduced in both groups of old people, particularly in those living at home. This phenomenon may be due to the effects of ageing or disease on 25-hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 665429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10676", "title": "Capillary fragility in elderly in-patients.", "content": "Capillary fragility has been examined in 110 elderly patients, excluding those patients who might have been expected to have abnormal fragility. Nonetheless, fragility appeared to be greater in elderly patients than in younger subjects. It was much increased in the non-paralysed arm of hemiplegic patients but not in the paralysed arm--perhaps because petechiae were obscured by trophic changes. Capillary fragility was significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure but not with age. This suggests that higher values in elderly patients may be related to the high prevalence of arteriosclerosis rather than to age itself.", "contents": "Capillary fragility in elderly in-patients. Capillary fragility has been examined in 110 elderly patients, excluding those patients who might have been expected to have abnormal fragility. Nonetheless, fragility appeared to be greater in elderly patients than in younger subjects. It was much increased in the non-paralysed arm of hemiplegic patients but not in the paralysed arm--perhaps because petechiae were obscured by trophic changes. Capillary fragility was significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure but not with age. This suggests that higher values in elderly patients may be related to the high prevalence of arteriosclerosis rather than to age itself.", "PMID": 665430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10677", "title": "Spasmolytic action of histamine in airway smooth muscle of horse.", "content": "Histamine, 2-methylhistamine (a specific H1-agonist), 5-HT, PGF2alpha, SRS-A, bradykinin (BK) and carbachol contract bronchial and tracheal smooth muscles of the horse. Isoprenaline, PGE1, E2, dimaprit and 4-methylhistamine (last two = specific H2-agonists) relaxed airways which were partially contracted to carbachol. Mepyramine (a specific H1-antagonist) selectively antagonized contractions to histamine. In the presence of mepyramine, histamine caused relaxation of airways partially contracted to carbachol. Metiamide and burimamide (specific H2-antagonists) specifically antagonized or reversed histamine-induced bronchorelaxation. However the H2-antagonists, indomethacin and propranolol each failed to block histamine-induced relaxations in trachea. Thus, the results of this study show: (i) preponderence of H1-receptors-mediating contractions in horse airways; (ii) presence of H2-receptors-mediating bronchorelaxation and (iii) the existence of an atypical (relaxant) response (resistance to H2-antagonists; indomethacin and propranolol) in the horse trachea.", "contents": "Spasmolytic action of histamine in airway smooth muscle of horse. Histamine, 2-methylhistamine (a specific H1-agonist), 5-HT, PGF2alpha, SRS-A, bradykinin (BK) and carbachol contract bronchial and tracheal smooth muscles of the horse. Isoprenaline, PGE1, E2, dimaprit and 4-methylhistamine (last two = specific H2-agonists) relaxed airways which were partially contracted to carbachol. Mepyramine (a specific H1-antagonist) selectively antagonized contractions to histamine. In the presence of mepyramine, histamine caused relaxation of airways partially contracted to carbachol. Metiamide and burimamide (specific H2-antagonists) specifically antagonized or reversed histamine-induced bronchorelaxation. However the H2-antagonists, indomethacin and propranolol each failed to block histamine-induced relaxations in trachea. Thus, the results of this study show: (i) preponderence of H1-receptors-mediating contractions in horse airways; (ii) presence of H2-receptors-mediating bronchorelaxation and (iii) the existence of an atypical (relaxant) response (resistance to H2-antagonists; indomethacin and propranolol) in the horse trachea.", "PMID": 665431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10678", "title": "Effect of histamine methylation inhibitors on entry of 14C-histamine into brain.", "content": "Pretreatment of mice, rats and guinea pigs with inhibitors of histamine methylation, followed by systemic injection of 14C-histamine, results in a significant increase in brain 14C-histamine relative to controls. It is suggested that the histamine methylating enzyme participates in the blood-brain barrier to histamine.", "contents": "Effect of histamine methylation inhibitors on entry of 14C-histamine into brain. Pretreatment of mice, rats and guinea pigs with inhibitors of histamine methylation, followed by systemic injection of 14C-histamine, results in a significant increase in brain 14C-histamine relative to controls. It is suggested that the histamine methylating enzyme participates in the blood-brain barrier to histamine.", "PMID": 665432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10679", "title": "Effects of fenoprofen and benoxaprofen on human lymphocytes: inhibition of tritiated thymidine uptake.", "content": "The effects of the related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, fenoprofen and benoxaprofen, on in vitro responses of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined. Drugs caused dose-related inhibition of stimulated cell responses. Fifty percent inhibition occurred at 400 microgram/ml calcium fenoprofen and 250 microgram/ml sodium benoxaprofen. Drugs affected not only responses to soluble phytomitogens but also responses to specific antigens and allogeneic lymphocytes. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and drugs were similar at beginnings and ends of experiments, excluding drug-related cytotoxicity. Inhibition by drugs was greater when cells were cultured in medium alone than in medium with plasma. Cells that were exposed overnight to drugs and then washed and stimulated did not respond as well as did cells not exposed to drugs. These data indicated that fenoprofen and benoxaprofen exhibited noncytotoxic, incompletely reversible inhibition of nonspecific, specific, soluble and insoluble, mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte responses. These findings may pertain to the anti-inflammatory efficacy of these drugs.", "contents": "Effects of fenoprofen and benoxaprofen on human lymphocytes: inhibition of tritiated thymidine uptake. The effects of the related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, fenoprofen and benoxaprofen, on in vitro responses of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined. Drugs caused dose-related inhibition of stimulated cell responses. Fifty percent inhibition occurred at 400 microgram/ml calcium fenoprofen and 250 microgram/ml sodium benoxaprofen. Drugs affected not only responses to soluble phytomitogens but also responses to specific antigens and allogeneic lymphocytes. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and drugs were similar at beginnings and ends of experiments, excluding drug-related cytotoxicity. Inhibition by drugs was greater when cells were cultured in medium alone than in medium with plasma. Cells that were exposed overnight to drugs and then washed and stimulated did not respond as well as did cells not exposed to drugs. These data indicated that fenoprofen and benoxaprofen exhibited noncytotoxic, incompletely reversible inhibition of nonspecific, specific, soluble and insoluble, mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte responses. These findings may pertain to the anti-inflammatory efficacy of these drugs.", "PMID": 665433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10680", "title": "A comparison of the anti-inflammatory effects of copper aspirinate and other copper salts in the rat and guinea pig.", "content": "A comparison of the anti-inflammatory (AI) activity of copper compounds in models of kaolin-induced paw oedema and u.v. erythema in the rat and guinea pig is described. The results demonstrated considerable species variation, the guinea pig being more sensitive to the AI and irritant effects of copper aspirinate and the other copper compounds. The route of administration of these compounds was also an important factor in interpreting AI activity obtained. Indeed, the counter-irritation effects of the copper compounds may be largely responsible for the AI activity obtained after subcutaneous administration. The comparison between copper aspirinate and aspirin, performed in order to determine whether a copper complex of an AI drug was more active than the parent AI compound, failed to produce a clear difference in activity although copper aspirinate was more effective than aspirin in certain cases. It is concluded that this study highlights the complexities of copper therapy against inflammatory processes and furthermore indicates the importance of species, the model of inflammation and route of drug administration in interpreting data obtained with copper containing compounds.", "contents": "A comparison of the anti-inflammatory effects of copper aspirinate and other copper salts in the rat and guinea pig. A comparison of the anti-inflammatory (AI) activity of copper compounds in models of kaolin-induced paw oedema and u.v. erythema in the rat and guinea pig is described. The results demonstrated considerable species variation, the guinea pig being more sensitive to the AI and irritant effects of copper aspirinate and the other copper compounds. The route of administration of these compounds was also an important factor in interpreting AI activity obtained. Indeed, the counter-irritation effects of the copper compounds may be largely responsible for the AI activity obtained after subcutaneous administration. The comparison between copper aspirinate and aspirin, performed in order to determine whether a copper complex of an AI drug was more active than the parent AI compound, failed to produce a clear difference in activity although copper aspirinate was more effective than aspirin in certain cases. It is concluded that this study highlights the complexities of copper therapy against inflammatory processes and furthermore indicates the importance of species, the model of inflammation and route of drug administration in interpreting data obtained with copper containing compounds.", "PMID": 665434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10681", "title": "The neutrophil adherence assay as a method for detecting unique anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Neutrophil adhesiveness is an important component of the pathophysiology of the inflammatory process. Modulation of this function could result in a reduction in the degree of inflammation and connective tissue damage. A simple technique using filtration of whole blood through nylon fiber columns has been developed to study the effect of anti-inflammatory agents on the adherence of rat peripheral blood neutrophils. Gold and chloroquine, in addition to many standard anti-inflammatory drugs, have been shown to cause inhibition of neutrophil adherence. Measurement of this parameter of cell behavior has the potential of detecting anti-inflammatory agents not normally effective in the standard animal models.", "contents": "The neutrophil adherence assay as a method for detecting unique anti-inflammatory agents. Neutrophil adhesiveness is an important component of the pathophysiology of the inflammatory process. Modulation of this function could result in a reduction in the degree of inflammation and connective tissue damage. A simple technique using filtration of whole blood through nylon fiber columns has been developed to study the effect of anti-inflammatory agents on the adherence of rat peripheral blood neutrophils. Gold and chloroquine, in addition to many standard anti-inflammatory drugs, have been shown to cause inhibition of neutrophil adherence. Measurement of this parameter of cell behavior has the potential of detecting anti-inflammatory agents not normally effective in the standard animal models.", "PMID": 665436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10682", "title": "Effect of fenclofenac on prostaglandin production in carageenin air bleb exudates in rats.", "content": "Employing a modified carrageenin air bleb technique in rats, the effect was studied of fenclofenac and standard drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin and phenylbutazone) on prostaglandin production in inflammatory exudate. In common with the standard drugs, fenclofenac reduced exudate prostaglandin levels, being approximately equipotent with phenylbutazone in this respect. Also, an attempt was made to relate the effect of fenclofenac and standard drugs on prostaglandins to their acute anti-inflammatory activity as determined in a modified carrageenin paw oedema test in rats. Whilst acetylsalicylic acid and phenybutazone significantly inhibited oedema at doses producing 80% inhibition of prostaglandin production in air bleb exudate, fenclofenac and indomethacin did not. The overall results were considered to support the view expressed by other workers that the acute anti-inflammatory activity of acidic anti-inflammatory agents does not result solely, if at all, from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of fenclofenac on prostaglandin production in carageenin air bleb exudates in rats. Employing a modified carrageenin air bleb technique in rats, the effect was studied of fenclofenac and standard drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin and phenylbutazone) on prostaglandin production in inflammatory exudate. In common with the standard drugs, fenclofenac reduced exudate prostaglandin levels, being approximately equipotent with phenylbutazone in this respect. Also, an attempt was made to relate the effect of fenclofenac and standard drugs on prostaglandins to their acute anti-inflammatory activity as determined in a modified carrageenin paw oedema test in rats. Whilst acetylsalicylic acid and phenybutazone significantly inhibited oedema at doses producing 80% inhibition of prostaglandin production in air bleb exudate, fenclofenac and indomethacin did not. The overall results were considered to support the view expressed by other workers that the acute anti-inflammatory activity of acidic anti-inflammatory agents does not result solely, if at all, from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 665437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10683", "title": "Accumulation of blood platelets in carrageenin rat paw oedema. Possible role in the inflammatory process.", "content": "The accumulation of blood platelets in the carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats was studied, using 51Cr-labeled platelets. A maximum in the accumulation was seen after 4 hours, followed by a decline after 5--6 hours. During the first 6 hours of the oedema formation, change in blood volume were small. A comparison was made with the accumulation of both 125J-albumin as a measure of extravasation and 125J-fibrinogen as an indication of blood clotting. When platelet aggregation was measured during the first 6 hours of the oedema formation, the lag time between the addition of collagen and the beginning of the aggregation was increased. No change in platelet serotonin was seen. These data support the idea that platelets participate in the inflammatory process.", "contents": "Accumulation of blood platelets in carrageenin rat paw oedema. Possible role in the inflammatory process. The accumulation of blood platelets in the carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats was studied, using 51Cr-labeled platelets. A maximum in the accumulation was seen after 4 hours, followed by a decline after 5--6 hours. During the first 6 hours of the oedema formation, change in blood volume were small. A comparison was made with the accumulation of both 125J-albumin as a measure of extravasation and 125J-fibrinogen as an indication of blood clotting. When platelet aggregation was measured during the first 6 hours of the oedema formation, the lag time between the addition of collagen and the beginning of the aggregation was increased. No change in platelet serotonin was seen. These data support the idea that platelets participate in the inflammatory process.", "PMID": 665439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10684", "title": "Coumarin toxicity in different strains of mice.", "content": "The general toxic effects of coumarin, as well as coumarin hepatotoxicity were found to be less in DBA/2J mice than in CH3/HeJ mice. These results are discussed in the context of a strain-specific coumarin metabolism and indicate the need for suitable animal models to assess the toxicity of a given substance in man.", "contents": "Coumarin toxicity in different strains of mice. The general toxic effects of coumarin, as well as coumarin hepatotoxicity were found to be less in DBA/2J mice than in CH3/HeJ mice. These results are discussed in the context of a strain-specific coumarin metabolism and indicate the need for suitable animal models to assess the toxicity of a given substance in man.", "PMID": 665441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10685", "title": "Free radical damage produced by carbon tetrachloride in the lipids of various rat tissues.", "content": "Alterations produced by carbon tetrachloride in the lipids of extrahepatic tissues were studied. Consistent incorporation (about one-half of that occurring in the liver) of 14C from 14CCl4 was found in the phospholipids of the intestinal mucosa; kidney, adrenal and lung phospholipids were labeled to a lower extent, while spleen, testis, brain, heart and skeletal muscle lipids showed minor levels of radioactivity. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters derived from phospholipids by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with an electron capture detector (ECD), showed ECD response similar to that observed with the liver, in the case of the intestinal mucosa and the kidney; on the contary no ECD response was seen with the organs, such as skeletal muscle, heart and testis in which the incorporation is almost negligible. Unlike liver phospholipids, the phospholipids of the intestinal mucosa and the kidney did not show diene conjugation absorption. Also, no evidence of lipid peroxidation was found in the thin-layer chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters prepared from the phospholipids of these organs. Possible meanings of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Free radical damage produced by carbon tetrachloride in the lipids of various rat tissues. Alterations produced by carbon tetrachloride in the lipids of extrahepatic tissues were studied. Consistent incorporation (about one-half of that occurring in the liver) of 14C from 14CCl4 was found in the phospholipids of the intestinal mucosa; kidney, adrenal and lung phospholipids were labeled to a lower extent, while spleen, testis, brain, heart and skeletal muscle lipids showed minor levels of radioactivity. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters derived from phospholipids by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with an electron capture detector (ECD), showed ECD response similar to that observed with the liver, in the case of the intestinal mucosa and the kidney; on the contary no ECD response was seen with the organs, such as skeletal muscle, heart and testis in which the incorporation is almost negligible. Unlike liver phospholipids, the phospholipids of the intestinal mucosa and the kidney did not show diene conjugation absorption. Also, no evidence of lipid peroxidation was found in the thin-layer chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters prepared from the phospholipids of these organs. Possible meanings of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 665442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10686", "title": "51Cr release cytotoxicity assay evaluated with fluoride and cadmium.", "content": "The sensitivity of the 51Cr release assay was evaluated with two known cytotoxic agents; fluoride and cadmium. The sensitivity was far less than that of other assays, e.g. growth inhibition of cultured cells, and additional a two-peaked dose-response curve was found with cadmium.", "contents": "51Cr release cytotoxicity assay evaluated with fluoride and cadmium. The sensitivity of the 51Cr release assay was evaluated with two known cytotoxic agents; fluoride and cadmium. The sensitivity was far less than that of other assays, e.g. growth inhibition of cultured cells, and additional a two-peaked dose-response curve was found with cadmium.", "PMID": 665443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10687", "title": "Use of MAOI antidepressants.", "content": "The monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) exert significant antidepressant, antianxiety and antiphobic effects. They are safe, provided the patients are carefully selected for treatment and are given instructions on incompatible foods and drugs that must be avoided. The MAOIs represent effective alternatives to the tricyclic antidepressants. Phenelzine is an excellent agent for treating ambulatory patients with neurotic depression and those with agoraphobia and social phobias.", "contents": "Use of MAOI antidepressants. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) exert significant antidepressant, antianxiety and antiphobic effects. They are safe, provided the patients are carefully selected for treatment and are given instructions on incompatible foods and drugs that must be avoided. The MAOIs represent effective alternatives to the tricyclic antidepressants. Phenelzine is an excellent agent for treating ambulatory patients with neurotic depression and those with agoraphobia and social phobias.", "PMID": 665471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10688", "title": "The team approach to treatment of the cleft lip and palate.", "content": "The team consists of a family physician, plastic surgeon, orthodontist, prosthodontist, otolaryngologist, speech therapist, audiologist and social worker. A cleft lip is usually repaired when the child weighs 10 lb., is 10 weeks old and has 10 Gm. of hemoglobin. Defects of the secondary palate are repaired between one and two years of age; residual lip or nasal deformities are corrected before the child starts school. Further cosmetic surgery is delayed until adolescence, when facial growth has been completed.", "contents": "The team approach to treatment of the cleft lip and palate. The team consists of a family physician, plastic surgeon, orthodontist, prosthodontist, otolaryngologist, speech therapist, audiologist and social worker. A cleft lip is usually repaired when the child weighs 10 lb., is 10 weeks old and has 10 Gm. of hemoglobin. Defects of the secondary palate are repaired between one and two years of age; residual lip or nasal deformities are corrected before the child starts school. Further cosmetic surgery is delayed until adolescence, when facial growth has been completed.", "PMID": 665476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10689", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Management should help relieve symptoms, increase or maintain function, produce few side effects and keep the cost to a minimum. Aspirin remains the first-line drug; other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful when aspirin cannot be tolerated. Symptoms and signs of rheumatoid disease may be suppressed by corticosteroids, but only gold compounds, penicillamine and cytotoxic therapy have been shown to decrease disease activity and lessen permanent joint damage.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis. Management should help relieve symptoms, increase or maintain function, produce few side effects and keep the cost to a minimum. Aspirin remains the first-line drug; other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful when aspirin cannot be tolerated. Symptoms and signs of rheumatoid disease may be suppressed by corticosteroids, but only gold compounds, penicillamine and cytotoxic therapy have been shown to decrease disease activity and lessen permanent joint damage.", "PMID": 665477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10690", "title": "Acute epiglottitis in adults.", "content": "Acute epiglottitis in adults is a serious, often rapidly fatal disease, unless diagnosed promptly. Any adult with pain the the throat out of proportion to the visible signs of pharyngitis should have a right and left lateral soft tissue radiograph of the neck and/or indirect laryngoscopy. When expertly interpreted, the roentgenograms can be of inestimable value. Appropriate therapy, including antibiotics and possibly a tracheostomy, should be started immediately.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis in adults. Acute epiglottitis in adults is a serious, often rapidly fatal disease, unless diagnosed promptly. Any adult with pain the the throat out of proportion to the visible signs of pharyngitis should have a right and left lateral soft tissue radiograph of the neck and/or indirect laryngoscopy. When expertly interpreted, the roentgenograms can be of inestimable value. Appropriate therapy, including antibiotics and possibly a tracheostomy, should be started immediately.", "PMID": 665478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10691", "title": "Clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic observations in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Seventy-nine patients without ventricular preexcitation but with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were analyzed. Electrophysiologic studies suggested atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentrance in 50 patients, reentrance utilizing a concealed extranodal pathway in 9, sinus or atrial reentrance in 7 and ectopic automatic tachycardia in 3. A definite mechanism of tachycardia could not be defined in 10 patients (including 7 whose tachycardia was not inducible). The three largest groups with inducible tachycardias were compared in regard to age, presence of organic heart disease, rate of tachycardia, functional bundle branch block during tachycardia and relation of the P wave and QRS complex during tachycardia. A-V nodal reentrance was characterized by a narrow QRS complex and a P wave occurring simultaneously with the QRS complex during tachycardia. Reentrance utilizing a concealed extranodal pathway was characterized by young age, absence of organic heart disease, fast heart rate, presence of bundle branch block during tachycardia and a P wave following the QRS complex during tachycardia. Sinoatrial reentrance was characterized by frequent organic heart disease, a narrow QRS complex and a P wave in front of the QRS complex during tachycardia. In conclusion, a mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia could be defined in most patients. Observations of clinical and electrocardiographic features in these patients should allow prediction of the mechanism of the tachycardia.", "contents": "Clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic observations in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Seventy-nine patients without ventricular preexcitation but with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were analyzed. Electrophysiologic studies suggested atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentrance in 50 patients, reentrance utilizing a concealed extranodal pathway in 9, sinus or atrial reentrance in 7 and ectopic automatic tachycardia in 3. A definite mechanism of tachycardia could not be defined in 10 patients (including 7 whose tachycardia was not inducible). The three largest groups with inducible tachycardias were compared in regard to age, presence of organic heart disease, rate of tachycardia, functional bundle branch block during tachycardia and relation of the P wave and QRS complex during tachycardia. A-V nodal reentrance was characterized by a narrow QRS complex and a P wave occurring simultaneously with the QRS complex during tachycardia. Reentrance utilizing a concealed extranodal pathway was characterized by young age, absence of organic heart disease, fast heart rate, presence of bundle branch block during tachycardia and a P wave following the QRS complex during tachycardia. Sinoatrial reentrance was characterized by frequent organic heart disease, a narrow QRS complex and a P wave in front of the QRS complex during tachycardia. In conclusion, a mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia could be defined in most patients. Observations of clinical and electrocardiographic features in these patients should allow prediction of the mechanism of the tachycardia.", "PMID": 665509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10692", "title": "Multiple intracardiac recordings in evaluation of patterns occurring during attempted his bundle pacing in man.", "content": "The various patterns resulting from stimulation through the catheter electrodes recording His bundle activity were evaluated in 30 patients using intracardiac electrograms from the right ventricular apex (RVA), posterosuperior wall of the left ventricle (LV), high right atrium (HRA) and left atrium (LA) in the vicinity of the coronary sinus. His bundle pacing was characterized by a QRS complex and stimulus (St)-V, St-RVA and St-LV intervals that equated the QRS configuration, H-V, H-RVA and H-LV intervals of sinus beats. Right septal pacing produced pattern of \"complete\" left bundle branch block (with normal electrical axis) associated with St-V intervals of 0 msec, and St-RVA and St-LV intervals of different duration from that of the H-RVA and H-LV intervals recorded during sinus rhythm. Fusion beats resulting from simultaneous activation of His bundle and right septal muscle were characterized by St-V intervals of 0 msec and St-RVA or St-LV intervals of similar duration to that of the H-RVA or H-LV intervals of sinus beats. Fusion QRS configuration depended on the type of ventricular complex present during sinus rhythm. Analysis of the retrograde atrial activation intervals permitted differentiation among impulse initiation at the low right atrium, His bundle or right septal muscle. Simultaneous recording of multiple atrial and ventricular electrograms has enhanced understanding of the complex patterns observed during attempted His bundle pacing in man.", "contents": "Multiple intracardiac recordings in evaluation of patterns occurring during attempted his bundle pacing in man. The various patterns resulting from stimulation through the catheter electrodes recording His bundle activity were evaluated in 30 patients using intracardiac electrograms from the right ventricular apex (RVA), posterosuperior wall of the left ventricle (LV), high right atrium (HRA) and left atrium (LA) in the vicinity of the coronary sinus. His bundle pacing was characterized by a QRS complex and stimulus (St)-V, St-RVA and St-LV intervals that equated the QRS configuration, H-V, H-RVA and H-LV intervals of sinus beats. Right septal pacing produced pattern of \"complete\" left bundle branch block (with normal electrical axis) associated with St-V intervals of 0 msec, and St-RVA and St-LV intervals of different duration from that of the H-RVA and H-LV intervals recorded during sinus rhythm. Fusion beats resulting from simultaneous activation of His bundle and right septal muscle were characterized by St-V intervals of 0 msec and St-RVA or St-LV intervals of similar duration to that of the H-RVA or H-LV intervals of sinus beats. Fusion QRS configuration depended on the type of ventricular complex present during sinus rhythm. Analysis of the retrograde atrial activation intervals permitted differentiation among impulse initiation at the low right atrium, His bundle or right septal muscle. Simultaneous recording of multiple atrial and ventricular electrograms has enhanced understanding of the complex patterns observed during attempted His bundle pacing in man.", "PMID": 665511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10693", "title": "Relations between ventricular refractoriness and regional myocardial blood flow after acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "Myocardial ischemia has been associated with dispersion of ventricular refractory periods and this dispersion has been related to the ventricular arrhythmias seen with coronary occlusion. This study relates the degree of change in measured ventricular refractory period with the degree of regional myocardial blood flow abnormality after coronary occlusion. When regional myocardial blood flow is less than 70% of that of nonischemic areas, refractory periods are significantly (P less than 0.001) shortened. The greatest change in refractory periods occurs in areas with a regional myocardial blood flow that is 21 to 40% of that of nonischemic areas. Marked (less than 20%) and minimal (61 to 80%) reductions in regional myocardial blood flow are associated with less, but still significant, shortening of ventricular refractory periods. Thus dispersion of refractoriness can be related to the inhomogeneity of regional myocardial blood flow after acute coronary occlusion. Interventions designed to salvage ischemic myocardium by increasing regional myocardial blood flow may affect dispersion of ventricular refractory periods in complex and divergent ways.", "contents": "Relations between ventricular refractoriness and regional myocardial blood flow after acute coronary occlusion. Myocardial ischemia has been associated with dispersion of ventricular refractory periods and this dispersion has been related to the ventricular arrhythmias seen with coronary occlusion. This study relates the degree of change in measured ventricular refractory period with the degree of regional myocardial blood flow abnormality after coronary occlusion. When regional myocardial blood flow is less than 70% of that of nonischemic areas, refractory periods are significantly (P less than 0.001) shortened. The greatest change in refractory periods occurs in areas with a regional myocardial blood flow that is 21 to 40% of that of nonischemic areas. Marked (less than 20%) and minimal (61 to 80%) reductions in regional myocardial blood flow are associated with less, but still significant, shortening of ventricular refractory periods. Thus dispersion of refractoriness can be related to the inhomogeneity of regional myocardial blood flow after acute coronary occlusion. Interventions designed to salvage ischemic myocardium by increasing regional myocardial blood flow may affect dispersion of ventricular refractory periods in complex and divergent ways.", "PMID": 665512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10694", "title": "Second degree His-Purkinje block during his bundle pacing.", "content": "This report presents, for the first time, clear evidence supporting the occurrence of Wenckebach and 2:1 H-V block during His bundle pacing. The simultaneous recording of various intracardiac electrograms, as well as the comparison of the effects produced by selective His bundle pacing and high right atrial pacing at the same rates, permitted the identification of conduction disturbances located distal to the paced His bundle site. This could be done although one criterion usually required to diagnose selective His bundle pacing (namely, stimulus-V intervals of constant duration) was not present.", "contents": "Second degree His-Purkinje block during his bundle pacing. This report presents, for the first time, clear evidence supporting the occurrence of Wenckebach and 2:1 H-V block during His bundle pacing. The simultaneous recording of various intracardiac electrograms, as well as the comparison of the effects produced by selective His bundle pacing and high right atrial pacing at the same rates, permitted the identification of conduction disturbances located distal to the paced His bundle site. This could be done although one criterion usually required to diagnose selective His bundle pacing (namely, stimulus-V intervals of constant duration) was not present.", "PMID": 665516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10695", "title": "Atrioventricular nodal gap conduction as a manifestation of dual nodal pathways.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies were performed in a 76 year old patient for evaluation of sinus bradycardia. Atrial extrastimuli were induced during sinus rhythm at progressively decreasing coupling (A1-A2) intervals. At an A1-A2 interval of 420 msec, right bundle branch block developed, and at 370 msec conduction failed below the His bundle. When the interval was reduced to 320 msec, conduction resumed with a normal QRS pattern with an abrupt increase in A-H intervals from 165 to 305 msec. These findings are interpreted as type I or atrioventricular (A-V) nodal gap conduction physiologically related to conversion from a rapid to a slow A-V nodal conduction mode.", "contents": "Atrioventricular nodal gap conduction as a manifestation of dual nodal pathways. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in a 76 year old patient for evaluation of sinus bradycardia. Atrial extrastimuli were induced during sinus rhythm at progressively decreasing coupling (A1-A2) intervals. At an A1-A2 interval of 420 msec, right bundle branch block developed, and at 370 msec conduction failed below the His bundle. When the interval was reduced to 320 msec, conduction resumed with a normal QRS pattern with an abrupt increase in A-H intervals from 165 to 305 msec. These findings are interpreted as type I or atrioventricular (A-V) nodal gap conduction physiologically related to conversion from a rapid to a slow A-V nodal conduction mode.", "PMID": 665517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10696", "title": "Self-initiated conversion of paroxysmal atrial flutter utilizing a radio-frequency pacemaker.", "content": "A patient is described with drug-resistant recurrent paroxysmal atrial flutter. Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated that flutter was inducible with rapid atrial stimulation (stimulation rates of 375 to 400/min) and convertible with rapid atrial stimulation (rates of 400 to 460/min). Because of the latter response, a radio-frequency atrial pacemaker was implanted, which allowed self-initiated conversion of flutter episodes with rapid stimulation.", "contents": "Self-initiated conversion of paroxysmal atrial flutter utilizing a radio-frequency pacemaker. A patient is described with drug-resistant recurrent paroxysmal atrial flutter. Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated that flutter was inducible with rapid atrial stimulation (stimulation rates of 375 to 400/min) and convertible with rapid atrial stimulation (rates of 400 to 460/min). Because of the latter response, a radio-frequency atrial pacemaker was implanted, which allowed self-initiated conversion of flutter episodes with rapid stimulation.", "PMID": 665518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10697", "title": "Roles of psychologic stress and autonomic nervous system changes in provocation of ventricular premature complexes.", "content": "Neural and psychologic factors have been implicated as risk factors for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in man. However, the relation between these factors and arrhythmia has hitherto not been systematically explored. We examined the effect of psychologic stress testing in 19 patients with advanced grades of ventricular arrhythmias. Psychologic stress consisted of mental arithmetic, reading from colored cards and recounting emotionally charged experiences. Such testing induced a significant increase in ventricular premature beat frequency in 11 of 19 patients (P less than 0.05). One patient experienced paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia. In 14 of these 19 patients elicitation of vagal or sympathetic autonomic reflexes failed to induce significant arrhythmia in all but one patient. It is concluded that (1) objective psychologic tests may precipitate ventricular arrhythmia in susceptible patients, and (2) evocation of peripheral autonomic reflexes is an insufficient trigger for enhanced ventricular ectopic activity.", "contents": "Roles of psychologic stress and autonomic nervous system changes in provocation of ventricular premature complexes. Neural and psychologic factors have been implicated as risk factors for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in man. However, the relation between these factors and arrhythmia has hitherto not been systematically explored. We examined the effect of psychologic stress testing in 19 patients with advanced grades of ventricular arrhythmias. Psychologic stress consisted of mental arithmetic, reading from colored cards and recounting emotionally charged experiences. Such testing induced a significant increase in ventricular premature beat frequency in 11 of 19 patients (P less than 0.05). One patient experienced paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia. In 14 of these 19 patients elicitation of vagal or sympathetic autonomic reflexes failed to induce significant arrhythmia in all but one patient. It is concluded that (1) objective psychologic tests may precipitate ventricular arrhythmia in susceptible patients, and (2) evocation of peripheral autonomic reflexes is an insufficient trigger for enhanced ventricular ectopic activity.", "PMID": 665521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10698", "title": "Cardiac manifestations in polymyositis.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with polymyositis were prospectively examined with echocardiography, phonocardiography and electrocardiography. Cardiac performance, estimated with echocardiography, was enhanced as shown by a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in ejection phase indexes of left ventricular function compared with values in a matched control group. Known causes of the high output state, such as anemia or thyrotoxicosis, were not clinically evident. There was no evidence of left ventricular enlargement, left ventricular wall hypertrophy, or left atrial enlargement in the echocardiogram or chest X-ray film. The echocardiogram showed systolic mitral valve prolapse in 11 of 17 patients (65 percent) with an adequately imaged mitral valve; midsystolic clicks were present in 7 of these. One patient, who did not have prolapse, had echocardiographic evidence of a small pericardial effusion. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in 11 of 21 patients (52 percent) and included evidence of atrioventricular conduction disturbances, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and left atrial abnormality. The pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse and increased systolic left ventricular function in polymyositis remains uncertain; however, the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities, detected noninvasively in 16 of 21 of our patients (76 percent) may represent a high frequency rate of cardiac involvement in this disease.", "contents": "Cardiac manifestations in polymyositis. Twenty-one patients with polymyositis were prospectively examined with echocardiography, phonocardiography and electrocardiography. Cardiac performance, estimated with echocardiography, was enhanced as shown by a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in ejection phase indexes of left ventricular function compared with values in a matched control group. Known causes of the high output state, such as anemia or thyrotoxicosis, were not clinically evident. There was no evidence of left ventricular enlargement, left ventricular wall hypertrophy, or left atrial enlargement in the echocardiogram or chest X-ray film. The echocardiogram showed systolic mitral valve prolapse in 11 of 17 patients (65 percent) with an adequately imaged mitral valve; midsystolic clicks were present in 7 of these. One patient, who did not have prolapse, had echocardiographic evidence of a small pericardial effusion. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in 11 of 21 patients (52 percent) and included evidence of atrioventricular conduction disturbances, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and left atrial abnormality. The pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse and increased systolic left ventricular function in polymyositis remains uncertain; however, the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities, detected noninvasively in 16 of 21 of our patients (76 percent) may represent a high frequency rate of cardiac involvement in this disease.", "PMID": 665523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10699", "title": "Synchronized retroperfusion of coronary veins for circulatory support of jeopardized ischemic myocardium.", "content": "A retroperfusion system was developed that augments retrograde delivery of arterial blood into an acutely ischemic myocardial region during diastole and facilitates coronary venous drainage in systole. An electrocardiogram-synchronized, gas-actuated bladder pump propels retroperfusate through an autoinflatable balloon catheter whose tip is placed within the regional coronary vein that drains the ischemic myocardium. Experiments were performed in 26 closed chest dogs with 4 hour intracoronary balloon occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. An untreated control series consisted of 13 dogs; the remaining 13 dogs were treated with retroperfusion, which was initiated after the first hour of acute coronary occlusion. Synchronized retroperfusion resulted in a significant 37 +/- 10 per cent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 11 +/- 2 to 5 +/- 21 mm Hg, a 20 +/- 4 percent decrease in peak systolic pressure (140 +/- 7 to 110 +/- 6 mm Hg) and a 25 +/- 6 percent reduction in systemic vascular resistance (3,880 +/- 340 to 2,380 +/- 300 dynes sec cm-5). Ischemic region intracoronary S-T segment elevation decreased 40 +/- 15 percent, and potassium loss was reduced 92 +/- 22 percent. Partial pressure of oxygen measured distal to the coronary occlusion decreased 36 +/- 2 percent, suggesting oxygen delivery to and extraction by the jeopardized ischemic myocardium. Ventriculography in four dogs revealed an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and reversal of ischemic segment dyskinesia by synchronized retroperfusion. A nitro-blue tetrazolium study of 10 excised hearts indicated that 3 hours of synchronized retroperfusion significantly reduced the size of ischemic injury to 3.3 +/- 2 percent of the left ventricle (versus 16.2 +/- 5 percent in the untreated control group). In addition, retroperfusion appeared to correct ischemic arrhythmias. The experimental data suggest that this treatment is capable of improving cardiac function and salvaging jeopardized myocardium. Clinical application is envisioned as a prompt temporary emergency support for acute and profound ischemic dysfunction not readily treatable by other interventions.", "contents": "Synchronized retroperfusion of coronary veins for circulatory support of jeopardized ischemic myocardium. A retroperfusion system was developed that augments retrograde delivery of arterial blood into an acutely ischemic myocardial region during diastole and facilitates coronary venous drainage in systole. An electrocardiogram-synchronized, gas-actuated bladder pump propels retroperfusate through an autoinflatable balloon catheter whose tip is placed within the regional coronary vein that drains the ischemic myocardium. Experiments were performed in 26 closed chest dogs with 4 hour intracoronary balloon occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. An untreated control series consisted of 13 dogs; the remaining 13 dogs were treated with retroperfusion, which was initiated after the first hour of acute coronary occlusion. Synchronized retroperfusion resulted in a significant 37 +/- 10 per cent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 11 +/- 2 to 5 +/- 21 mm Hg, a 20 +/- 4 percent decrease in peak systolic pressure (140 +/- 7 to 110 +/- 6 mm Hg) and a 25 +/- 6 percent reduction in systemic vascular resistance (3,880 +/- 340 to 2,380 +/- 300 dynes sec cm-5). Ischemic region intracoronary S-T segment elevation decreased 40 +/- 15 percent, and potassium loss was reduced 92 +/- 22 percent. Partial pressure of oxygen measured distal to the coronary occlusion decreased 36 +/- 2 percent, suggesting oxygen delivery to and extraction by the jeopardized ischemic myocardium. Ventriculography in four dogs revealed an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and reversal of ischemic segment dyskinesia by synchronized retroperfusion. A nitro-blue tetrazolium study of 10 excised hearts indicated that 3 hours of synchronized retroperfusion significantly reduced the size of ischemic injury to 3.3 +/- 2 percent of the left ventricle (versus 16.2 +/- 5 percent in the untreated control group). In addition, retroperfusion appeared to correct ischemic arrhythmias. The experimental data suggest that this treatment is capable of improving cardiac function and salvaging jeopardized myocardium. Clinical application is envisioned as a prompt temporary emergency support for acute and profound ischemic dysfunction not readily treatable by other interventions.", "PMID": 665525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10700", "title": "Role of delayed intraaortic balloon pumping in treatment of experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "Intraaortic balloon pumping improves coronary blood flow characteristics while simultaneously reducing myocardial oxygen demands by reducing aortic systolic pressure. Clinical application of intraaortic balloon pumping has largely been in the \"high risk\" patient (cardiogenic shock, postinfarction angina, left main coronary artery disease and unstable angina) for support during diagnostic studies or cardiac surgery, or both. In addition, there is some evidence that balloon pumping immediately after coronary occlusion reduces the size of experimentally induced myocardial infarcts. In this study, myocardial infarcts were produced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 12 dogs, 6 of which were treated with balloon counterpulsation beginning 3 hours after coronary occlusion. All dogs were killed 8 hours after coronary ligation. Intraaortic balloon pumping resulted in the expected hemodynamic changes (decreased aortic systolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and heart rate and increased aortic peak diastolic pressure). In addition, there was a significant reduction in infarct size in the group with balloon pumping as determined with epicardial S-T segment mapping, myocardial imaging with technetium-99m-glucoheptonate and histochemical staining with nitroblue tetrazolium. These results suggest that even when instituted as long as 3 hours after coronary occlusion, intraaortic balloon pumping results in significant reduction in infarct size and, it might be speculated, the mortality and morbidity associated with acute myocardial infarction may also be decreased.", "contents": "Role of delayed intraaortic balloon pumping in treatment of experimental myocardial infarction. Intraaortic balloon pumping improves coronary blood flow characteristics while simultaneously reducing myocardial oxygen demands by reducing aortic systolic pressure. Clinical application of intraaortic balloon pumping has largely been in the \"high risk\" patient (cardiogenic shock, postinfarction angina, left main coronary artery disease and unstable angina) for support during diagnostic studies or cardiac surgery, or both. In addition, there is some evidence that balloon pumping immediately after coronary occlusion reduces the size of experimentally induced myocardial infarcts. In this study, myocardial infarcts were produced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 12 dogs, 6 of which were treated with balloon counterpulsation beginning 3 hours after coronary occlusion. All dogs were killed 8 hours after coronary ligation. Intraaortic balloon pumping resulted in the expected hemodynamic changes (decreased aortic systolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and heart rate and increased aortic peak diastolic pressure). In addition, there was a significant reduction in infarct size in the group with balloon pumping as determined with epicardial S-T segment mapping, myocardial imaging with technetium-99m-glucoheptonate and histochemical staining with nitroblue tetrazolium. These results suggest that even when instituted as long as 3 hours after coronary occlusion, intraaortic balloon pumping results in significant reduction in infarct size and, it might be speculated, the mortality and morbidity associated with acute myocardial infarction may also be decreased.", "PMID": 665526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10701", "title": "Insulin therapy for depressed myocardial contractility after prolonged ischemia.", "content": "Insulin was administered to two patients whose diminished myocardial contractility made it difficult to terminate cardiopulmonary bypass. In both instances, bypass was successfully terminated shortly after the insulin injection. These clinical observations led to experiments under the controlled conditions provided by the isolated, working rat heart preparation. The recovery of contractility after 30 minutes of severe ischemia was assessed in all 11 control and 11 insulin-treated hearts. Myocardial performance, as judged by the product of heart rate and peak systolic blood pressure, was significantly greater in the insulin-treated hearts. These clinical observations and experimental findings suggest the need for more extensive study of the potential value of insulin in treating depressed contractility after prolonged myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Insulin therapy for depressed myocardial contractility after prolonged ischemia. Insulin was administered to two patients whose diminished myocardial contractility made it difficult to terminate cardiopulmonary bypass. In both instances, bypass was successfully terminated shortly after the insulin injection. These clinical observations led to experiments under the controlled conditions provided by the isolated, working rat heart preparation. The recovery of contractility after 30 minutes of severe ischemia was assessed in all 11 control and 11 insulin-treated hearts. Myocardial performance, as judged by the product of heart rate and peak systolic blood pressure, was significantly greater in the insulin-treated hearts. These clinical observations and experimental findings suggest the need for more extensive study of the potential value of insulin in treating depressed contractility after prolonged myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 665528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10702", "title": "Computer analysis of left ventricular dynamic geometry in man.", "content": "Analysis of left ventricular performance in 20 normal patients was undertaken using biplane cineangiography and a semiautomatic computer image processing system. The analysis included evaluation of volumes, ejection fraction, regional shortening, patterns of ejection and filling and, when simultaneous left ventricular pressure was recorded stroke work, stroke power, wall stress and internal myocardial work. All of these data were calculated from digitized images stored permanently on digital magnetic tape, and can be reproduced without reanalysis of the cine film. Normal left ventricular function is described by an end-diastolic volume index of 82 +/- 3 ml, an ejection fraction of 60 +/- 2 percent, left ventricular mass index of 97 +/- 6 g/m2, peak first derivative of volume (dV/dt) of 485 +/- 28 ml/sec, anterior shortening of 48 +/- 2.3 percent, inferior shortening of 33 +/- 1.7 percent, lateral shortening of 29 +/- 1.5 percent, anterior mean shortening velocity (Vcf, in percent of end-diastolic length [L]/sec) of 1.5 +/- 0.1 L/sec, inferior Vcf of 1.1 +/- 0.06 L/sec and lateral Vcf of 0.94 +/- 0.2 L/sec, stroke work of 1.33 +/- 0.21 joules, mean stroke power of 3.7 +/- 0.62 joules/sec, integrated left ventricular pressure (tension-time index) of 2,866 +/- 340 mm Hg-sec, and integrated stress (stress-time index) of 7,260 +/- 765 (X 10(3)) dynes sec/cm2. Internal myocardial work was calculated from the strain energy. More internal work was expended in circumferential than logitudinal shortening (circumferential, 0.69 +/- 0.1 joules; longitudinal, 0.41 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.01), because hoop stress was greater than meridian stress (hoop, 201 +/- 20 dynes/cm3 X 10(3); meridian, 126 +/- 13, P less than 0.001). This analysis of left ventricular performance provides a reliable means for identifying abnormal ventricular function and may be more sensitive than any one measurement alone. The use of digital image processing makes this complex functional analysis of left ventricular performance feasible.", "contents": "Computer analysis of left ventricular dynamic geometry in man. Analysis of left ventricular performance in 20 normal patients was undertaken using biplane cineangiography and a semiautomatic computer image processing system. The analysis included evaluation of volumes, ejection fraction, regional shortening, patterns of ejection and filling and, when simultaneous left ventricular pressure was recorded stroke work, stroke power, wall stress and internal myocardial work. All of these data were calculated from digitized images stored permanently on digital magnetic tape, and can be reproduced without reanalysis of the cine film. Normal left ventricular function is described by an end-diastolic volume index of 82 +/- 3 ml, an ejection fraction of 60 +/- 2 percent, left ventricular mass index of 97 +/- 6 g/m2, peak first derivative of volume (dV/dt) of 485 +/- 28 ml/sec, anterior shortening of 48 +/- 2.3 percent, inferior shortening of 33 +/- 1.7 percent, lateral shortening of 29 +/- 1.5 percent, anterior mean shortening velocity (Vcf, in percent of end-diastolic length [L]/sec) of 1.5 +/- 0.1 L/sec, inferior Vcf of 1.1 +/- 0.06 L/sec and lateral Vcf of 0.94 +/- 0.2 L/sec, stroke work of 1.33 +/- 0.21 joules, mean stroke power of 3.7 +/- 0.62 joules/sec, integrated left ventricular pressure (tension-time index) of 2,866 +/- 340 mm Hg-sec, and integrated stress (stress-time index) of 7,260 +/- 765 (X 10(3)) dynes sec/cm2. Internal myocardial work was calculated from the strain energy. More internal work was expended in circumferential than logitudinal shortening (circumferential, 0.69 +/- 0.1 joules; longitudinal, 0.41 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.01), because hoop stress was greater than meridian stress (hoop, 201 +/- 20 dynes/cm3 X 10(3); meridian, 126 +/- 13, P less than 0.001). This analysis of left ventricular performance provides a reliable means for identifying abnormal ventricular function and may be more sensitive than any one measurement alone. The use of digital image processing makes this complex functional analysis of left ventricular performance feasible.", "PMID": 665530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10703", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary arterial pressure in children with complete right bundle branch block.", "content": "The time interval between tricuspid valve closure and pulmonary valve opening, termed the isovolumic contraction time of the right ventricle, was evaluated echographically in 38 normal children and within 24 hours of cardiac catheterization in 53 children with congenital heart disease and normal conduction as assessed with the electrocardiogram. In the 53 patients with congenital heart disease, isovolumic contraction time was strongly influenced by right ventricular afterload, as defined by pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.87). It was possible to utilize isovolumic contraction time to separate patients with normal or elevated values for pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure. Similar correlations were demonstrated between isovolumic contraction time and mean pulmonary arterial pressure and calculated pulmonary vascular resistance. Evaluation of 15 children with complete right bundle branch block revealed values for isovolumic contraction time that did not significantly differ from those of patients with similar pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure but no conduction abnormalities. These findings indicate that serial echographic evaluation of the interval from tricuspid valve closure to pulmonary valve opening can give an accurate reproducible assessment of right ventricular afterload in many children with congenital heart disease and complete right bundle branch block", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary arterial pressure in children with complete right bundle branch block. The time interval between tricuspid valve closure and pulmonary valve opening, termed the isovolumic contraction time of the right ventricle, was evaluated echographically in 38 normal children and within 24 hours of cardiac catheterization in 53 children with congenital heart disease and normal conduction as assessed with the electrocardiogram. In the 53 patients with congenital heart disease, isovolumic contraction time was strongly influenced by right ventricular afterload, as defined by pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.87). It was possible to utilize isovolumic contraction time to separate patients with normal or elevated values for pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure. Similar correlations were demonstrated between isovolumic contraction time and mean pulmonary arterial pressure and calculated pulmonary vascular resistance. Evaluation of 15 children with complete right bundle branch block revealed values for isovolumic contraction time that did not significantly differ from those of patients with similar pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure but no conduction abnormalities. These findings indicate that serial echographic evaluation of the interval from tricuspid valve closure to pulmonary valve opening can give an accurate reproducible assessment of right ventricular afterload in many children with congenital heart disease and complete right bundle branch block", "PMID": 665533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10704", "title": "Abrupt cessation of clonidine administration: a prospective study.", "content": "In 20 patients with mild to moderate hypertension, the effects of abrupt cessation of clonidine therapy on blood pressure, heart rate and catecholamine excretion were evaluated. In a double blind, crossover study, placebo was substituted for clonidine after 3 days of therapy and again after 30 days. The results demonstrated no instances of clinically significant symptoms or overshoot in blood pressure or heart rate. There was an overshoot in norepinephrine excretion that approached the upper limits of normal. Thus, a clinical withdrawal syndrome associated with abrupt cessation of clonidine was not seen in this study of patients without severe hypertension who were given the drug without a diuretic agent.", "contents": "Abrupt cessation of clonidine administration: a prospective study. In 20 patients with mild to moderate hypertension, the effects of abrupt cessation of clonidine therapy on blood pressure, heart rate and catecholamine excretion were evaluated. In a double blind, crossover study, placebo was substituted for clonidine after 3 days of therapy and again after 30 days. The results demonstrated no instances of clinically significant symptoms or overshoot in blood pressure or heart rate. There was an overshoot in norepinephrine excretion that approached the upper limits of normal. Thus, a clinical withdrawal syndrome associated with abrupt cessation of clonidine was not seen in this study of patients without severe hypertension who were given the drug without a diuretic agent.", "PMID": 665535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10705", "title": "Unstable angina pectoris: a randomized study of patients treated medically and surgically.", "content": "Fifty patients with the clinical syndrome of unstable angina pectoris were evaluated. Twenty-seven were randomized into medical or surgical treatment groups and subsequently followed up. The results of the study reveal that: (1) there is approximately a 16 percent incidence rate of significant left main coronary artery disease in patients with this entity at our institution; (2) 10 percent of patients do not have angiographically significant coronary artery disease; (3) pain relief is better in the surgically treated patients, but the 1 1/2 year survival rate is not significantly different between the groups; (4) 50 percent of the medically treated patients again had the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris in the initial few months of the follow-up period; (5) the operative and late postoperative mortality rate in patients presenting with unstable angina pectoris and left main coronary artery disease in this small group of patients was 43 percent; and (6) four of six patients with this syndrome whose condition was deemed inoperable and who were not randomized died within the subsequent few months.", "contents": "Unstable angina pectoris: a randomized study of patients treated medically and surgically. Fifty patients with the clinical syndrome of unstable angina pectoris were evaluated. Twenty-seven were randomized into medical or surgical treatment groups and subsequently followed up. The results of the study reveal that: (1) there is approximately a 16 percent incidence rate of significant left main coronary artery disease in patients with this entity at our institution; (2) 10 percent of patients do not have angiographically significant coronary artery disease; (3) pain relief is better in the surgically treated patients, but the 1 1/2 year survival rate is not significantly different between the groups; (4) 50 percent of the medically treated patients again had the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris in the initial few months of the follow-up period; (5) the operative and late postoperative mortality rate in patients presenting with unstable angina pectoris and left main coronary artery disease in this small group of patients was 43 percent; and (6) four of six patients with this syndrome whose condition was deemed inoperable and who were not randomized died within the subsequent few months.", "PMID": 665536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10706", "title": "Anomalous left circumflex coronary artery: \"normal\" variant of uncertain clinical and pathologic significance.", "content": "Anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the aorta is generally viewed as a benign coronary arterial anomaly. Three such cases are reported in which the anomalous artery was totally occluded. Although coronary atherosclerosis was present in all three cases, the proximal segment of the anomalous circumflex vessel was particularly severely affected in each patient. Two patients had a myocardial infarct in the distribution of the aberrant vessel. Accurate angiographic diagnosis is needed before cardiac surgery is performed, whether for valve replacement or myocardial revascularization, because this variant may be less benign than one believed.", "contents": "Anomalous left circumflex coronary artery: \"normal\" variant of uncertain clinical and pathologic significance. Anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the aorta is generally viewed as a benign coronary arterial anomaly. Three such cases are reported in which the anomalous artery was totally occluded. Although coronary atherosclerosis was present in all three cases, the proximal segment of the anomalous circumflex vessel was particularly severely affected in each patient. Two patients had a myocardial infarct in the distribution of the aberrant vessel. Accurate angiographic diagnosis is needed before cardiac surgery is performed, whether for valve replacement or myocardial revascularization, because this variant may be less benign than one believed.", "PMID": 665538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10707", "title": "Physical growth and development of urban native Americans: a study in urbanization and its implications for nutritional status.", "content": "Anthropometric measurements and hematocrits are reported on a mixed longitudinal sample of 1309 urban native Americans from Minneapolis from 22 days through 19 years of age (the sample size for each measurement varied from 276 to 1309). The results are compared to the United States national probability samples from the National Center for Health Statistics (HANES and HES), as well as, from 6 through 12 years, to a sample of related American Indians from a reservation in northern Minnesota. Compared to the United States standards, the urban sample is slightly shorter and, in general, consistently heavier. The skinfold thicknesses (triceps and subcapular) varied by site, sex, and age, relative to the standard. In general, the native Americans had thicker skinfolds except for males below 6 years of age, and for the subcapsular in female at all ages. Relative to the sample from the reservation, the urban natives are taller, heavier, with thicker skinfolds and greater weights-for-height. The potentially greater risk for obesity associated with urbanization is discussed. While the mean hematocrits were very close to accepted standards, 35% of infants and children less then 6 years of age had values less than 34.", "contents": "Physical growth and development of urban native Americans: a study in urbanization and its implications for nutritional status. Anthropometric measurements and hematocrits are reported on a mixed longitudinal sample of 1309 urban native Americans from Minneapolis from 22 days through 19 years of age (the sample size for each measurement varied from 276 to 1309). The results are compared to the United States national probability samples from the National Center for Health Statistics (HANES and HES), as well as, from 6 through 12 years, to a sample of related American Indians from a reservation in northern Minnesota. Compared to the United States standards, the urban sample is slightly shorter and, in general, consistently heavier. The skinfold thicknesses (triceps and subcapular) varied by site, sex, and age, relative to the standard. In general, the native Americans had thicker skinfolds except for males below 6 years of age, and for the subcapsular in female at all ages. Relative to the sample from the reservation, the urban natives are taller, heavier, with thicker skinfolds and greater weights-for-height. The potentially greater risk for obesity associated with urbanization is discussed. While the mean hematocrits were very close to accepted standards, 35% of infants and children less then 6 years of age had values less than 34.", "PMID": 665546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10708", "title": "Westernization of diet and serum lipids in Ethiopians.", "content": "The dietary pattern, physical work output, and blood lipids were studied in three groups of healthy, young, urban Ethiopian men differing in the degree of \"Westernization.\" The results showed striking increases in serum lipids that were associated with the degree of Westernization of the diet. These changes could not be accounted for by differences in other group characteristics such as age, weight, smoking, or length of residence in Addis Ababa. The effects of the level of physical work output on serum lipids were equivocal because the methods used for the assessment of energy output yielded crude approximations only.", "contents": "Westernization of diet and serum lipids in Ethiopians. The dietary pattern, physical work output, and blood lipids were studied in three groups of healthy, young, urban Ethiopian men differing in the degree of \"Westernization.\" The results showed striking increases in serum lipids that were associated with the degree of Westernization of the diet. These changes could not be accounted for by differences in other group characteristics such as age, weight, smoking, or length of residence in Addis Ababa. The effects of the level of physical work output on serum lipids were equivocal because the methods used for the assessment of energy output yielded crude approximations only.", "PMID": 665547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10709", "title": "Trans-isomeric fatty acids present in West German margarines, shortenings, frying and cooking fats.", "content": "Fatty acid patterns were determined in 83 brands of margarine, 9 brands of low-calorie margarine and 18 brands of shortening, frying and cooking fat purchased at random from the retail marker in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1973/1974, and a second time in 1976. As a result of gas-liquid chromatographic analyses on a Silar 10 C coated packed column, complemented in some cases by the values recorded on a highly selective SP 2340 capillary column, trans-octadecenoic acids ranging from 53.2 to 0.1% were measured. None of the products examined was completely free of trans-fatty acids. High values of trans-octadecenoate were always accompanied by positional isomers of cis-octadecenoate, by 9trans,12trans-octadecadienoate and by 9cis,12trans-octadecadienoate and 9trans,12cis-octadecadienoate. Furthermore, two mixed geometric isomers derived from linolenic acid (probably 9cis,12cis,15trans-octadecatrienoate and 9trans,12cis,15cis-octadecatrienoate) could be identified, provided that the individual brand contained sufficient linolenic acid. Following partial hydrogenation, transhexadecenoate, 0.1 to 0.2%, was detected in some of the edible fats.", "contents": "Trans-isomeric fatty acids present in West German margarines, shortenings, frying and cooking fats. Fatty acid patterns were determined in 83 brands of margarine, 9 brands of low-calorie margarine and 18 brands of shortening, frying and cooking fat purchased at random from the retail marker in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1973/1974, and a second time in 1976. As a result of gas-liquid chromatographic analyses on a Silar 10 C coated packed column, complemented in some cases by the values recorded on a highly selective SP 2340 capillary column, trans-octadecenoic acids ranging from 53.2 to 0.1% were measured. None of the products examined was completely free of trans-fatty acids. High values of trans-octadecenoate were always accompanied by positional isomers of cis-octadecenoate, by 9trans,12trans-octadecadienoate and by 9cis,12trans-octadecadienoate and 9trans,12cis-octadecadienoate. Furthermore, two mixed geometric isomers derived from linolenic acid (probably 9cis,12cis,15trans-octadecatrienoate and 9trans,12cis,15cis-octadecatrienoate) could be identified, provided that the individual brand contained sufficient linolenic acid. Following partial hydrogenation, transhexadecenoate, 0.1 to 0.2%, was detected in some of the edible fats.", "PMID": 665548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10710", "title": "Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children. IV. Serum cholesterol values in relation to dietary variables.", "content": "In connection with a survey of child nutrition in Finland a study was carried out on the serum cholesterol concentration in childhood and its relationship to dietary and other variables. The material consisted of 1496 children ages 5, 9, and 13 years from 14 local districts in Finland. Total cholesterol was determined from nonfasted venous serum samples by a modification of the p-toluenesulfonic acid reaction. Food consumption was investigated by the 24-hr recall method and nutrient intakes determined from these results using food composition tables. For analysis, children in each age group were classified into low, medium, and high cholesterol groups. The serum cholesterol concentrations of the 5, 9, and 13 year olds were 6.03 +/- 1.03, 6.16 +/- 1.04, and 6.08 +/- 1.01 mmole/liter (233 +/- 40, 238 +/- 40, and 235 +/- 39 mg/100 ml), respectively. Of the children 10% had serum cholesterol concentrations of 7.4 mmole/liter (286 mg/100 ml) or more. Serum cholesterol concentration was not correlated with sex, relative body weight, or systolic or diastolic blood pressure. High cholesterol concentrations appeared to be associated with traditional dietary habits and especially with a high proportion of saturated fats in the diet.", "contents": "Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children. IV. Serum cholesterol values in relation to dietary variables. In connection with a survey of child nutrition in Finland a study was carried out on the serum cholesterol concentration in childhood and its relationship to dietary and other variables. The material consisted of 1496 children ages 5, 9, and 13 years from 14 local districts in Finland. Total cholesterol was determined from nonfasted venous serum samples by a modification of the p-toluenesulfonic acid reaction. Food consumption was investigated by the 24-hr recall method and nutrient intakes determined from these results using food composition tables. For analysis, children in each age group were classified into low, medium, and high cholesterol groups. The serum cholesterol concentrations of the 5, 9, and 13 year olds were 6.03 +/- 1.03, 6.16 +/- 1.04, and 6.08 +/- 1.01 mmole/liter (233 +/- 40, 238 +/- 40, and 235 +/- 39 mg/100 ml), respectively. Of the children 10% had serum cholesterol concentrations of 7.4 mmole/liter (286 mg/100 ml) or more. Serum cholesterol concentration was not correlated with sex, relative body weight, or systolic or diastolic blood pressure. High cholesterol concentrations appeared to be associated with traditional dietary habits and especially with a high proportion of saturated fats in the diet.", "PMID": 665549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10711", "title": "Digestion of certain fractions of dietary fiber in humans.", "content": "The digestion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin has been investigated in humans. Two groups of subjects were studied--healthy subjects with an ileostomy and normal subjects. Both were put on a fixed diet of known cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content. From the feces excreted the fiber components were measured by the acid and neutral detergent method. From the small bowel 84.5% of the ingested cellulose was excreted from the ileostomy subjects. From the normal subjects 22.4% of the ingested cellulose was excreted, indicating approximately 80% of the cellulose was digested in the normal subjects. From the water insoluble ingested hemicelluloses 27.5% were excreted from the small bowel, 4.0% from normal subjects. That is approximately 96% digestion of the hemicelluloses in normal subjects. Lignin was found to be undigested in both the small and large bowel. This has important implications in future fiber research.", "contents": "Digestion of certain fractions of dietary fiber in humans. The digestion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin has been investigated in humans. Two groups of subjects were studied--healthy subjects with an ileostomy and normal subjects. Both were put on a fixed diet of known cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content. From the feces excreted the fiber components were measured by the acid and neutral detergent method. From the small bowel 84.5% of the ingested cellulose was excreted from the ileostomy subjects. From the normal subjects 22.4% of the ingested cellulose was excreted, indicating approximately 80% of the cellulose was digested in the normal subjects. From the water insoluble ingested hemicelluloses 27.5% were excreted from the small bowel, 4.0% from normal subjects. That is approximately 96% digestion of the hemicelluloses in normal subjects. Lignin was found to be undigested in both the small and large bowel. This has important implications in future fiber research.", "PMID": 665553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10712", "title": "Relative chromium response as an indicator of chromium status.", "content": "Twenty-seven women ages 40 to 75 were divided into normal (n = 15) and hyperglycemic (n = 12) groups on the basis of 3-hr glucose tolerance tests. Each subject received 5 g of brewer's yeast extract containing 4 microgram of chromium daily for 3 months. Glucose, insulin, and chromium levels were analyzed by oxidase, radioimmunoassay, and radiochemical neutron activation analysis methods, respectively. The fasting and 1-hr serum chromium levels (ng/ml) changed from 1.67 and 1.43 to 1.46 and 1.86 in the normal group, and from 1.89 and 1.03 to 0.94 and 1.03 in the hyperglycemic group. Considerable changes occurred in the relative chromium response (RCR) at the 1-hr point. RCR is defined as (1-hr serum chromium level/fasting serum chromium level) X 100. Among the normal subjects, 73% showed an improved RCR after the supplementation: mean RCR was 107% before and 140% after. Among the hyperglycemic subjects, 75% showed an improved RCR: mean RCR was 81% before and 149% after the supplementation. The increased RCR was associated with decreased serum insulin and glucose levels. This is interpreted as reflecting an improved chromium status for the majority of individuals in both groups after the supplementation. The observations suggest that 1) in response to a glucose load, serum chromium levels drop in subjects with presumably inadequate chromium storage; 2) a low value of relative chromium response at the 1-hr point indicates a suboptimal chromium nutritional status.", "contents": "Relative chromium response as an indicator of chromium status. Twenty-seven women ages 40 to 75 were divided into normal (n = 15) and hyperglycemic (n = 12) groups on the basis of 3-hr glucose tolerance tests. Each subject received 5 g of brewer's yeast extract containing 4 microgram of chromium daily for 3 months. Glucose, insulin, and chromium levels were analyzed by oxidase, radioimmunoassay, and radiochemical neutron activation analysis methods, respectively. The fasting and 1-hr serum chromium levels (ng/ml) changed from 1.67 and 1.43 to 1.46 and 1.86 in the normal group, and from 1.89 and 1.03 to 0.94 and 1.03 in the hyperglycemic group. Considerable changes occurred in the relative chromium response (RCR) at the 1-hr point. RCR is defined as (1-hr serum chromium level/fasting serum chromium level) X 100. Among the normal subjects, 73% showed an improved RCR after the supplementation: mean RCR was 107% before and 140% after. Among the hyperglycemic subjects, 75% showed an improved RCR: mean RCR was 81% before and 149% after the supplementation. The increased RCR was associated with decreased serum insulin and glucose levels. This is interpreted as reflecting an improved chromium status for the majority of individuals in both groups after the supplementation. The observations suggest that 1) in response to a glucose load, serum chromium levels drop in subjects with presumably inadequate chromium storage; 2) a low value of relative chromium response at the 1-hr point indicates a suboptimal chromium nutritional status.", "PMID": 665555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10713", "title": "Protein and energy utilization in men given a rural Guatemalan diet and egg formulas with and without added oat bran.", "content": "Healthy men were fed a fiber-free formula diet providing the FAO/WHO Safe Level of egg protein (0.57 g/kg) and a rural Guatemalan diet giving 0.0875 g of protein per kilogram, the recommended dietary allowance for Central America and Panama.  For comparison an egg formula diet was fed at the higher protein level, with and without oat bran (0.6 g/kg). All diets maintained nitrogen balance over the 15-day test periods, and balance was distinctly positive at the higher intake of egg protein. Addition of bran doubled the fecal excretion of dry matter and energy; digestibility of energy and protein was reduced 3 to 4%. With the Guatemalan diet, fecal dry matter, nitrogen and energy excretions were nearly four times as high as with egg formula. Relative to egg ( = 100%), protein digestibility of the Guatemalan diet was 78% and total digestible energy was 92%. Present recommended dietary allowances of protein maintain nitrogen equilibrium at an energy intake of 40 kcal/kg in spite of the large fecal losses.", "contents": "Protein and energy utilization in men given a rural Guatemalan diet and egg formulas with and without added oat bran. Healthy men were fed a fiber-free formula diet providing the FAO/WHO Safe Level of egg protein (0.57 g/kg) and a rural Guatemalan diet giving 0.0875 g of protein per kilogram, the recommended dietary allowance for Central America and Panama.  For comparison an egg formula diet was fed at the higher protein level, with and without oat bran (0.6 g/kg). All diets maintained nitrogen balance over the 15-day test periods, and balance was distinctly positive at the higher intake of egg protein. Addition of bran doubled the fecal excretion of dry matter and energy; digestibility of energy and protein was reduced 3 to 4%. With the Guatemalan diet, fecal dry matter, nitrogen and energy excretions were nearly four times as high as with egg formula. Relative to egg ( = 100%), protein digestibility of the Guatemalan diet was 78% and total digestible energy was 92%. Present recommended dietary allowances of protein maintain nitrogen equilibrium at an energy intake of 40 kcal/kg in spite of the large fecal losses.", "PMID": 665561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10714", "title": "Influence of sampling on fatty acid composition of human milk.", "content": "To study effects of sampling on the fat and fatty acid composition of human milk, three subjects each obtained four complete expressions of milk in sequential fractions from each breast. Two subjects collected partial expressions of about 5 ml of milk from each breast frequently over a 2-mont period. Milk samples were analyzed gravimetrically for fat and by gas chromatography for the fatty acids 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2. While hindmilk contained a higher percentage of fat than foremilk, fatty acid composition of the milk fat did not vary throughout a nursing. Fatty acid composition from pairs of left and right breast samples collected at the same nursing did not differ. Therefore, fatty acid analyses of human milk will be representative of the entire nursing if the sample is taken from either breast at any time during the nursing.", "contents": "Influence of sampling on fatty acid composition of human milk. To study effects of sampling on the fat and fatty acid composition of human milk, three subjects each obtained four complete expressions of milk in sequential fractions from each breast. Two subjects collected partial expressions of about 5 ml of milk from each breast frequently over a 2-mont period. Milk samples were analyzed gravimetrically for fat and by gas chromatography for the fatty acids 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2. While hindmilk contained a higher percentage of fat than foremilk, fatty acid composition of the milk fat did not vary throughout a nursing. Fatty acid composition from pairs of left and right breast samples collected at the same nursing did not differ. Therefore, fatty acid analyses of human milk will be representative of the entire nursing if the sample is taken from either breast at any time during the nursing.", "PMID": 665562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10715", "title": "Functional adaptation of the intestinal mucosal enzymes after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Functional adaptation of the villus brush border and crypt have been evaluated preceding and following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Before surgery, 26 of 101 patients who were at least 100% above their ideal weight were randomly included into the study group, and control tissue specimens were collected from the jejunum and ileum. When five patients required revision of the bypass, jejunal and ileal specimens were collected from the functional (included) and nonfunctional (excluded) segments. At 19.2 +/- 5.0 (SD) months following the bypass procedure, there was an increase in alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and thymidine kinase specific activities within the functional remnants; the included ileum demonstrated a greater degree of adaptation than the included jejunum. In the nonfunctional jejunum there was a decrease in alkaline phosphatase and thymidine kinase specific activities, whereas no statistical alteration in mucosal enzyme activities occurred within the nonfunctional ileum. Serum total protein concentrations and serum magnesium levels were also evaluated before bypass and at revision. Mean serum magnesium levels became decreased, whereas serum total protein concentrations were not altered.", "contents": "Functional adaptation of the intestinal mucosal enzymes after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Functional adaptation of the villus brush border and crypt have been evaluated preceding and following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Before surgery, 26 of 101 patients who were at least 100% above their ideal weight were randomly included into the study group, and control tissue specimens were collected from the jejunum and ileum. When five patients required revision of the bypass, jejunal and ileal specimens were collected from the functional (included) and nonfunctional (excluded) segments. At 19.2 +/- 5.0 (SD) months following the bypass procedure, there was an increase in alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and thymidine kinase specific activities within the functional remnants; the included ileum demonstrated a greater degree of adaptation than the included jejunum. In the nonfunctional jejunum there was a decrease in alkaline phosphatase and thymidine kinase specific activities, whereas no statistical alteration in mucosal enzyme activities occurred within the nonfunctional ileum. Serum total protein concentrations and serum magnesium levels were also evaluated before bypass and at revision. Mean serum magnesium levels became decreased, whereas serum total protein concentrations were not altered.", "PMID": 665564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10716", "title": "Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects I. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretions of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat.", "content": "Twelve men 37 to 58 years of age consumed two diets for a period of 26 days each in a cross-over design. The high fiber diet contained fruits and vegetables and the lower fiber diet contained fruit and vegetable juices. Neither diet contained whole grain cereals or nuts. Some nutrients were added to the low fiber diet in order to make the diets equivalent insofar as possible in all respects except fiber. The inclusion of fruits and vegetables in the diet decreased bowel transit time, increased fecal weight, increased number of defecations, increased fecal excretions and decreased apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Six of the 12 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 80 or more when consuming the low fiber diet. The diastolic blood pressures of these six men were significantly lower when the high fiber diet was consumed.", "contents": "Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects I. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretions of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Twelve men 37 to 58 years of age consumed two diets for a period of 26 days each in a cross-over design. The high fiber diet contained fruits and vegetables and the lower fiber diet contained fruit and vegetable juices. Neither diet contained whole grain cereals or nuts. Some nutrients were added to the low fiber diet in order to make the diets equivalent insofar as possible in all respects except fiber. The inclusion of fruits and vegetables in the diet decreased bowel transit time, increased fecal weight, increased number of defecations, increased fecal excretions and decreased apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Six of the 12 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 80 or more when consuming the low fiber diet. The diastolic blood pressures of these six men were significantly lower when the high fiber diet was consumed.", "PMID": 665565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10717", "title": "Water requirements of breast-fed infants in a hot climate.", "content": "To estimate the water requirements of exclusively breast-fed infants in a hot climate, theoretical calculations of water requirements were made and a field study was carried out in Jamaica. Three urine samples were collected from each of 16 infants. The specific gravity of individual urine samples ranged from 1.005 through 1.015, with a mean of 1.009 (SD +/- 0.002). Corresponding values for osmolality were calculated to be 103 through 468 mOsmole/liter with a mean of 258 mOsmole/liter. The mean specific gravity for an infant ranged from 1.006 through 1.012, or 139 through 358 mOsmole/liter. The mean outdoor temperature was 27.6 C and the humidity 76%. Because the values for specific gravity were universally low it was concluded that healthy, exclusively breast-fed infants living in a hot humid climate will manage well without additional water. Additional water may be desirable during illness.", "contents": "Water requirements of breast-fed infants in a hot climate. To estimate the water requirements of exclusively breast-fed infants in a hot climate, theoretical calculations of water requirements were made and a field study was carried out in Jamaica. Three urine samples were collected from each of 16 infants. The specific gravity of individual urine samples ranged from 1.005 through 1.015, with a mean of 1.009 (SD +/- 0.002). Corresponding values for osmolality were calculated to be 103 through 468 mOsmole/liter with a mean of 258 mOsmole/liter. The mean specific gravity for an infant ranged from 1.006 through 1.012, or 139 through 358 mOsmole/liter. The mean outdoor temperature was 27.6 C and the humidity 76%. Because the values for specific gravity were universally low it was concluded that healthy, exclusively breast-fed infants living in a hot humid climate will manage well without additional water. Additional water may be desirable during illness.", "PMID": 665566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10718", "title": "The effect of glucose loading on urinary excretion of chromium in normal adults, in individuals from diabetic families and in diabetics.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effect of oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) on urinary chromium excretion in normal individuals, in individuals belonging to diabetic families, and in diabetics. The results can be summarized as: 1) eight of the 10 normal adults showed a significant increase both in terms of chromium per minute and chromium/creatinine (Cr/Cre) ratio after OGTT, and the difference between the mean values before and after OGTT was significant, 2) Of the 13 individuals from diabetic families, only five increased their chromium excretion and chromium/creatinine ratio after the glucose challenge (39%). However, the mean values for the group before and after OGTT remained statistically unchanged, 3) three of eight overt diabetic subjects (38%) showed moderate increase the chromium excretion and Cr/Cre ratio after OGTT, but the mean values were not effected. The creatinine values in urine remained constant before and after OGTT in all groups. These results suggest that a positive Cr/Cre response is more likely to occur in groups of normals than in groups of diabetics, and in individuals from diabetic families.", "contents": "The effect of glucose loading on urinary excretion of chromium in normal adults, in individuals from diabetic families and in diabetics. This study was designed to investigate the effect of oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) on urinary chromium excretion in normal individuals, in individuals belonging to diabetic families, and in diabetics. The results can be summarized as: 1) eight of the 10 normal adults showed a significant increase both in terms of chromium per minute and chromium/creatinine (Cr/Cre) ratio after OGTT, and the difference between the mean values before and after OGTT was significant, 2) Of the 13 individuals from diabetic families, only five increased their chromium excretion and chromium/creatinine ratio after the glucose challenge (39%). However, the mean values for the group before and after OGTT remained statistically unchanged, 3) three of eight overt diabetic subjects (38%) showed moderate increase the chromium excretion and Cr/Cre ratio after OGTT, but the mean values were not effected. The creatinine values in urine remained constant before and after OGTT in all groups. These results suggest that a positive Cr/Cre response is more likely to occur in groups of normals than in groups of diabetics, and in individuals from diabetic families.", "PMID": 665567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10719", "title": "Urinary ascorbic acid excretion in the human as affected by dietary fiber and zinc.", "content": "The objective of the project was to study the effect of dietary pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and zinc on human urinary excretion of ascorbic acid. The project consisted of two 33-day controlled feeding studies involving a total of 19 adult men and women normal health. Within each study all subjects received all experimental treatments. In study A during the four 7-day experimental periods the ground peanut based diets were varied as follows: no supplement, 14.2 g of hemicellulose supplement, 14.2 g of cellulose supplement, or 14.2 g of pectin supplement per subject per day. Mean urinary excretion of ascorbic acid by subjects while receiving these supplements were 26.10, 32.27, 26.27, or 20.60 mg/day, respectively. In study B during the four 7-day randomly arranged experimental periods, the following alterations were made to the basal diet: supplement of 14.2 g of pectin plus 1.3 g of zinc, 14.2 g of pectin plus 9.3 g of zinc, 4.2 g pectin plus 1.3 g of zinc, and 4.2 g of pectin plus 9.3 g of zinc. Mean urinary ascorbic acid excretion of subjects while receiving these diets were as follows: 20.61, 23.18, 28.07, 18.99. Hemicellulose supplement enhanced urinary excretion of ascorbic acid while pectin and zinc resulted in decreased urinary excretion of this vitamin. Increased urinary excretion of ascorbic acid at constant intake levels is thought usually to be indicative of enhanced absorption or of decreased need.", "contents": "Urinary ascorbic acid excretion in the human as affected by dietary fiber and zinc. The objective of the project was to study the effect of dietary pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and zinc on human urinary excretion of ascorbic acid. The project consisted of two 33-day controlled feeding studies involving a total of 19 adult men and women normal health. Within each study all subjects received all experimental treatments. In study A during the four 7-day experimental periods the ground peanut based diets were varied as follows: no supplement, 14.2 g of hemicellulose supplement, 14.2 g of cellulose supplement, or 14.2 g of pectin supplement per subject per day. Mean urinary excretion of ascorbic acid by subjects while receiving these supplements were 26.10, 32.27, 26.27, or 20.60 mg/day, respectively. In study B during the four 7-day randomly arranged experimental periods, the following alterations were made to the basal diet: supplement of 14.2 g of pectin plus 1.3 g of zinc, 14.2 g of pectin plus 9.3 g of zinc, 4.2 g pectin plus 1.3 g of zinc, and 4.2 g of pectin plus 9.3 g of zinc. Mean urinary ascorbic acid excretion of subjects while receiving these diets were as follows: 20.61, 23.18, 28.07, 18.99. Hemicellulose supplement enhanced urinary excretion of ascorbic acid while pectin and zinc resulted in decreased urinary excretion of this vitamin. Increased urinary excretion of ascorbic acid at constant intake levels is thought usually to be indicative of enhanced absorption or of decreased need.", "PMID": 665568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10720", "title": "Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influenced by age, sex, and contraceptive drugs.", "content": "Eleven male and 16 female residents of Tucson, Arizona volunteered blood and hair samples and dietary information. Hair and blood samples were analyzed for zinc, copper, magnesium, and iron. Dietary records were calculated for the same. Female subjects had a higher mean hair zinc level than male subjects, but serum zinc was not different for the two groups and mean dietary zinc intake was greater for males. The only difference observed with age was a decrease in hair zinc level over 50 years of age. The taking of oral contraceptives resulted in mean hair copper level numerically decreased while serum copper increased. Mean hair zinc increased with contraceptive use and serum zinc decreased. Mean dietary intakes of copper and zinc were not different between nonpregnant control women and women taking oral contraceptives. For human subjects, mineral concentration of hair, serum, and diet do not correlate well, emphasizing that influencing factors and must be considered in interpreting hair analysis results.", "contents": "Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influenced by age, sex, and contraceptive drugs. Eleven male and 16 female residents of Tucson, Arizona volunteered blood and hair samples and dietary information. Hair and blood samples were analyzed for zinc, copper, magnesium, and iron. Dietary records were calculated for the same. Female subjects had a higher mean hair zinc level than male subjects, but serum zinc was not different for the two groups and mean dietary zinc intake was greater for males. The only difference observed with age was a decrease in hair zinc level over 50 years of age. The taking of oral contraceptives resulted in mean hair copper level numerically decreased while serum copper increased. Mean hair zinc increased with contraceptive use and serum zinc decreased. Mean dietary intakes of copper and zinc were not different between nonpregnant control women and women taking oral contraceptives. For human subjects, mineral concentration of hair, serum, and diet do not correlate well, emphasizing that influencing factors and must be considered in interpreting hair analysis results.", "PMID": 665569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10721", "title": "Maternal and cord blood metal concentrations and low birth weight--a case-control study.", "content": "There has been speculation on the possible role of trace metals in contributing to the occurrence of low birth weight, but few data are available for most metals. Twenty-five women giving birth to infants weighing between 1500 and 2500 g (cases) and 50 women giving birth to infants weighing more than 2500 g (controls) were studied. The cases and controls were matched for age +/- 4 years), race, and socioeconomic status. Cord blood and maternal blood collected at delivery were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for calcium, magnesium, copper, lead, and iron. Significant differences between the mean blood metal concentrations of the low birth weight and control groups were found for calcium (P less than 0.001) and iron (P less than 0.05) in the maternal blood samples and for calcium (P less than 0.001) and iron (P less than 0.01) in the cord blood samples. All concentrations were lower in the low-birth weight group except for the maternal iron level. No significant differences between the low birth weight and control groups were found for copper, lead, and magnesium in either maternal or cord blood.", "contents": "Maternal and cord blood metal concentrations and low birth weight--a case-control study. There has been speculation on the possible role of trace metals in contributing to the occurrence of low birth weight, but few data are available for most metals. Twenty-five women giving birth to infants weighing between 1500 and 2500 g (cases) and 50 women giving birth to infants weighing more than 2500 g (controls) were studied. The cases and controls were matched for age +/- 4 years), race, and socioeconomic status. Cord blood and maternal blood collected at delivery were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for calcium, magnesium, copper, lead, and iron. Significant differences between the mean blood metal concentrations of the low birth weight and control groups were found for calcium (P less than 0.001) and iron (P less than 0.05) in the maternal blood samples and for calcium (P less than 0.001) and iron (P less than 0.01) in the cord blood samples. All concentrations were lower in the low-birth weight group except for the maternal iron level. No significant differences between the low birth weight and control groups were found for copper, lead, and magnesium in either maternal or cord blood.", "PMID": 665570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10722", "title": "Relationship of metal metabolism to vascular disease mortality rates in Texas.", "content": "The annual mortality rates for 1968 of six types of cardiovascular diseases among those persons over 45 years of age in 24 Texas communities were compared with respective community drinking water and urine metal levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium, lithium, strontium, and silicon. Numerous inverse correlations were found between mortality rates and the levels of various metals in both drinking water and urine. Positive correlations were also observed between several of the mortality rates and the ratio of the concentration of sodium to that of the other metals in both water and urine. Mean community urinary levels of lithium, magnesium, strontium, and silicon showed a direct correlation to the levels of exposure via the drinking water. The results of this study suggest that calcium, magnesium, lithium strontium, and silicon may protect against cardiovascular mortality; possibly, by competing with sodium and potassium for transport in the intestinal lumen, increasing excretion of sodium, or other mechanism.", "contents": "Relationship of metal metabolism to vascular disease mortality rates in Texas. The annual mortality rates for 1968 of six types of cardiovascular diseases among those persons over 45 years of age in 24 Texas communities were compared with respective community drinking water and urine metal levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium, lithium, strontium, and silicon. Numerous inverse correlations were found between mortality rates and the levels of various metals in both drinking water and urine. Positive correlations were also observed between several of the mortality rates and the ratio of the concentration of sodium to that of the other metals in both water and urine. Mean community urinary levels of lithium, magnesium, strontium, and silicon showed a direct correlation to the levels of exposure via the drinking water. The results of this study suggest that calcium, magnesium, lithium strontium, and silicon may protect against cardiovascular mortality; possibly, by competing with sodium and potassium for transport in the intestinal lumen, increasing excretion of sodium, or other mechanism.", "PMID": 665571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10723", "title": "Absorption of stable isotopes of iron, copper, and zinc during oral contraceptives use.", "content": "The absorption of iron, copper, and zinc was determined in 22 women 19 to 25 years of age from the difference between intake and fecal output of the stable isotopes 58Fe, 65Cu, and 70Zn, as measured by neutron activation analysis. Of the 22 women, 14 were using oral contraceptive agents, and the other eight were not. Absorption in the group using oral contraceptive agents did not differ significantly from the group not using oral contraceptive agents. The overall iron absorption averaged 14%, copper 57%, and zinc 38%.", "contents": "Absorption of stable isotopes of iron, copper, and zinc during oral contraceptives use. The absorption of iron, copper, and zinc was determined in 22 women 19 to 25 years of age from the difference between intake and fecal output of the stable isotopes 58Fe, 65Cu, and 70Zn, as measured by neutron activation analysis. Of the 22 women, 14 were using oral contraceptive agents, and the other eight were not. Absorption in the group using oral contraceptive agents did not differ significantly from the group not using oral contraceptive agents. The overall iron absorption averaged 14%, copper 57%, and zinc 38%.", "PMID": 665572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10724", "title": "Nutritional success in a semi-arid land: examination of Tswana agro-pastoralists of the eastern Kalahari, Botswana.", "content": "The cultural and environmental factors affecting the food quest and nutritional status of the Moshaweng Tlokwa, a Tswana agro-pastoral society occupying the semi-arid eastern Kalahari Desert of Botswana, are examined. Data are presented on methods of food procurement, storage, preparation, and preservation. Tlokwa diet is based on agriculture horticulture and animal husbandry but a surprising number of wild species are regularly used as food. This pattern is nutritionally protective and viewed by the author as a principal reason for Tlokwa dietary success in their semi-arid environment. Data are presented on food habits, dietary prohibitions, and characteristic diets of infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Many Tlokwa foods are encouraged or prohibited on the basis of the consumers age, sex, and social development. Such patterns reduce competition for dietary resources, assure a more equitable distribution of food, and sustain the nutritional quality of diet. During 1973 to 1975 the Tlokwa appeared healthy and well fed; heavy rain-fall had just broken a 7-year drought. Kwashiorkormarasmus, avitaminosis, or other classical signs of malnutrition were not observed. A trend towards bottle feeding was noted. Children and adolescents are rapidly losing their ability to identify edible wild food resources. The author concludes that the Tlokwa heretofore have coped satisfactorily with drought in their semi-arid territory and recommends continued diversification of their food quest. Diversity is viewed as essential if the Tlokwa are to maintain their nutritional well-being in coming decades.", "contents": "Nutritional success in a semi-arid land: examination of Tswana agro-pastoralists of the eastern Kalahari, Botswana. The cultural and environmental factors affecting the food quest and nutritional status of the Moshaweng Tlokwa, a Tswana agro-pastoral society occupying the semi-arid eastern Kalahari Desert of Botswana, are examined. Data are presented on methods of food procurement, storage, preparation, and preservation. Tlokwa diet is based on agriculture horticulture and animal husbandry but a surprising number of wild species are regularly used as food. This pattern is nutritionally protective and viewed by the author as a principal reason for Tlokwa dietary success in their semi-arid environment. Data are presented on food habits, dietary prohibitions, and characteristic diets of infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Many Tlokwa foods are encouraged or prohibited on the basis of the consumers age, sex, and social development. Such patterns reduce competition for dietary resources, assure a more equitable distribution of food, and sustain the nutritional quality of diet. During 1973 to 1975 the Tlokwa appeared healthy and well fed; heavy rain-fall had just broken a 7-year drought. Kwashiorkormarasmus, avitaminosis, or other classical signs of malnutrition were not observed. A trend towards bottle feeding was noted. Children and adolescents are rapidly losing their ability to identify edible wild food resources. The author concludes that the Tlokwa heretofore have coped satisfactorily with drought in their semi-arid territory and recommends continued diversification of their food quest. Diversity is viewed as essential if the Tlokwa are to maintain their nutritional well-being in coming decades.", "PMID": 665573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10725", "title": "Dietary studies of older Americans.", "content": "Dietary surveys assessing the nutrient intake of older Americans have been briefly summarized to make information readily available to researchers, nutrition educators, and other interested persons. Calories and eight nutrients are discussed in terms of studies reporting means below the standards used, or at least one-third of the subjects with inadequate intakes. Food energy and calcium were the nutrients most frequently found to be below standards. The mean caloric intake was below the standards used in all large national surveys and a number of the smaller studies. Calcium was deficient in many of the studies, with more women likely to have an inadequate intake than men. Protein and niacin were the nutrients most often found to be sufficient. The mean intake of protein was adequate in all reviewed studies, with the exception of the Ten-State Survey, regardless of standard or dietary methodology used to estimate protein consumption. Nevertheless, several studies reported that at least one-third of their subjects fell below the standard used. The mean intake of niacin was inadequate in the Missouri Congregate Meals Program Survey and in two small studies. The Ten-State Nutrition Survey reported at least one-half the females and one-third the males with intakes less than 6.6 mg/1000 kcal.", "contents": "Dietary studies of older Americans. Dietary surveys assessing the nutrient intake of older Americans have been briefly summarized to make information readily available to researchers, nutrition educators, and other interested persons. Calories and eight nutrients are discussed in terms of studies reporting means below the standards used, or at least one-third of the subjects with inadequate intakes. Food energy and calcium were the nutrients most frequently found to be below standards. The mean caloric intake was below the standards used in all large national surveys and a number of the smaller studies. Calcium was deficient in many of the studies, with more women likely to have an inadequate intake than men. Protein and niacin were the nutrients most often found to be sufficient. The mean intake of protein was adequate in all reviewed studies, with the exception of the Ten-State Survey, regardless of standard or dietary methodology used to estimate protein consumption. Nevertheless, several studies reported that at least one-third of their subjects fell below the standard used. The mean intake of niacin was inadequate in the Missouri Congregate Meals Program Survey and in two small studies. The Ten-State Nutrition Survey reported at least one-half the females and one-third the males with intakes less than 6.6 mg/1000 kcal.", "PMID": 665575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10726", "title": "Dietary intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese men living in Hawaii.", "content": "The relationship of dietary intakes to subsequent development of coronary heart disease (CHD) during a 6-year follow-up period was investigated in 7705 men of Japanese ancestry, ages 45 to 68 and living in Hawaii. Data on the intakes of calories and nutrients were obtained by 24-hr diet recall interviews at the base-line examination. An index for ingestion of traditional Japanese diet (Japanese diet score) was also calculated for each man. The men who subsequently developed myocardial infarction or died of CHD generally ate less than those who remained free of CHD, with statistically significant differences for total calories, total carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate or starch, simple carbohydrate other than sucrose, vegetable protein, alcohol, and Japanese diet score. However, when other major risk factors for CHD were taken into account, the negative association with CHD remained statistically significant only for alcohol and, to a lesser extent, total carbohydrate intakes. The lower total caloric intakes in CHD cases, largely due to decreased alcohol and carbohydrate intakes, could not be accounted for by either under-reporting of food consumption among obese men or diminished physical activity in CHD cases.", "contents": "Dietary intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese men living in Hawaii. The relationship of dietary intakes to subsequent development of coronary heart disease (CHD) during a 6-year follow-up period was investigated in 7705 men of Japanese ancestry, ages 45 to 68 and living in Hawaii. Data on the intakes of calories and nutrients were obtained by 24-hr diet recall interviews at the base-line examination. An index for ingestion of traditional Japanese diet (Japanese diet score) was also calculated for each man. The men who subsequently developed myocardial infarction or died of CHD generally ate less than those who remained free of CHD, with statistically significant differences for total calories, total carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate or starch, simple carbohydrate other than sucrose, vegetable protein, alcohol, and Japanese diet score. However, when other major risk factors for CHD were taken into account, the negative association with CHD remained statistically significant only for alcohol and, to a lesser extent, total carbohydrate intakes. The lower total caloric intakes in CHD cases, largely due to decreased alcohol and carbohydrate intakes, could not be accounted for by either under-reporting of food consumption among obese men or diminished physical activity in CHD cases.", "PMID": 665576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10727", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of protein intake in a geriatric subpopulations from a southern Swedish community.", "content": "The daily intake of protein and the amino acid content of food samples collected in association with a dietary survey of male and female Swedish pensioners, were determined. Duplicate portions of 1-day, mixed food samples were collected. The samples were homogenized and the fat was extracted before lyophilization. Protein content was determined by a modified Kjeldahl method. Cysteine and methionine were determined by ion-exchange chromatography after performic acid oxidation follow by acid hydrolysis, whereas tryptophan was determined by a spectrofluorometric method. All other amino acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Median protein intake was 0.69 g per person per kilograms of body weight per day for the male pensioners and 0.67 g per person per kilograms of body weight per day for the female pensioners and 0.67 g per person per kilograms of body weight per day for the female pensioners. The quality of protein consumed by the participants, determined by amino acid analysis, showed that lysine, threonine, and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids. The chemical score, when compared with the FAO reference protein, varied between 35 and 100 (mean = 77).", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of protein intake in a geriatric subpopulations from a southern Swedish community. The daily intake of protein and the amino acid content of food samples collected in association with a dietary survey of male and female Swedish pensioners, were determined. Duplicate portions of 1-day, mixed food samples were collected. The samples were homogenized and the fat was extracted before lyophilization. Protein content was determined by a modified Kjeldahl method. Cysteine and methionine were determined by ion-exchange chromatography after performic acid oxidation follow by acid hydrolysis, whereas tryptophan was determined by a spectrofluorometric method. All other amino acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Median protein intake was 0.69 g per person per kilograms of body weight per day for the male pensioners and 0.67 g per person per kilograms of body weight per day for the female pensioners and 0.67 g per person per kilograms of body weight per day for the female pensioners. The quality of protein consumed by the participants, determined by amino acid analysis, showed that lysine, threonine, and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids. The chemical score, when compared with the FAO reference protein, varied between 35 and 100 (mean = 77).", "PMID": 665577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10728", "title": "Pelvic actinomycosis and the intrauterine contraceptive device. A cyto-histomorphologic study.", "content": "In 350 pancervico-vaginal (Fast) smears obtained from women using intrauterine contraceptive devices, organisms consistent with Actinomycetes have been found. Actinomycetes, representing cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic abscesses clinically, have been observed histologically in some of these cases. Special stains, immunofluorescence, and anaerobic cultures have confirmed these organisms to be Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces in the Fast smear occur in isolated clumps, revealing branching, filamentous organisms, and sulfur granules. They can be detected and diagnosed in a Papanicolaou-stained routine pancervico-vaginal smear. This diagnosis in Fast smears can identify users of intrauterine contraceptive devices who may have Actinomyces infection in the genital tract and who are at risk of developing clinical disease related to this infection.", "contents": "Pelvic actinomycosis and the intrauterine contraceptive device. A cyto-histomorphologic study. In 350 pancervico-vaginal (Fast) smears obtained from women using intrauterine contraceptive devices, organisms consistent with Actinomycetes have been found. Actinomycetes, representing cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic abscesses clinically, have been observed histologically in some of these cases. Special stains, immunofluorescence, and anaerobic cultures have confirmed these organisms to be Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces in the Fast smear occur in isolated clumps, revealing branching, filamentous organisms, and sulfur granules. They can be detected and diagnosed in a Papanicolaou-stained routine pancervico-vaginal smear. This diagnosis in Fast smears can identify users of intrauterine contraceptive devices who may have Actinomyces infection in the genital tract and who are at risk of developing clinical disease related to this infection.", "PMID": 665579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10729", "title": "Blood group substances as tumor antigens in the distal colon.", "content": "Adenocarcinomas of the sigmoid colon and rectum were studied for the presence of blood group substances of the A, B, H system using the method of specific erythrocytic adherence. Of 17 adenocarcinomas studied, eight were found to have reactivity for blood group substances. All eight tumours showing reactivity for blood group substances were from patients of the blood group type A, whereas no blood group substances reactivity could be found in any of the adenocarcinomas from patients of the B blood group type. The epithelial cells of the entire colon contain blood group substances in the fetal period; however, shortly after parturition the epithelial cells of the distal colon and rectum rapidly lose the substances. The reappearance of the substances in adenocarcinomas of the distal colon suggests that these neoplastic cells are expressing certain characteristics of fetal colonic epithelial cells.", "contents": "Blood group substances as tumor antigens in the distal colon. Adenocarcinomas of the sigmoid colon and rectum were studied for the presence of blood group substances of the A, B, H system using the method of specific erythrocytic adherence. Of 17 adenocarcinomas studied, eight were found to have reactivity for blood group substances. All eight tumours showing reactivity for blood group substances were from patients of the blood group type A, whereas no blood group substances reactivity could be found in any of the adenocarcinomas from patients of the B blood group type. The epithelial cells of the entire colon contain blood group substances in the fetal period; however, shortly after parturition the epithelial cells of the distal colon and rectum rapidly lose the substances. The reappearance of the substances in adenocarcinomas of the distal colon suggests that these neoplastic cells are expressing certain characteristics of fetal colonic epithelial cells.", "PMID": 665580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10730", "title": "A modified ion-selective electrode method for measurement of chloride in sweat.", "content": "A modified method of analysis of sweat chloride concentration with an ion-selective electrode is presented. The original method of sweat chloride analysis proposed by the Orion Research Corporation (Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139) is inadequate because it produces erratic and misleading results. The modified method was compared with the reference quantitative method of Gibson and Cooke. In the modified method, individual electrode pads are cut and placed in the electrodes rather than using the pads supplied by the company; pilocarpine nitrate (2,000 mg/l) is used in place of pilocarpine HCl (640 mg/l); sodium bicarbonate as the weak electrolyte is used instead of K2SO4. A 10-minute period for sweat accumulation is employed rather than a zero-time collection as in the original Orion method. The modification has been studied for reproducibility in individuals, reproducibility between right and left arm in individuals; it has been compared extensively with the quantitative method of Gibson and Cooke, both in normal individuals and in patients with cystic fibrosis. There is excellent agreement between the modified method and the quantitative reference method. There appears to be a slight bias toward higher concentrations of chloride from the right arm compared with the left arm, but this difference is not medically significant.", "contents": "A modified ion-selective electrode method for measurement of chloride in sweat. A modified method of analysis of sweat chloride concentration with an ion-selective electrode is presented. The original method of sweat chloride analysis proposed by the Orion Research Corporation (Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139) is inadequate because it produces erratic and misleading results. The modified method was compared with the reference quantitative method of Gibson and Cooke. In the modified method, individual electrode pads are cut and placed in the electrodes rather than using the pads supplied by the company; pilocarpine nitrate (2,000 mg/l) is used in place of pilocarpine HCl (640 mg/l); sodium bicarbonate as the weak electrolyte is used instead of K2SO4. A 10-minute period for sweat accumulation is employed rather than a zero-time collection as in the original Orion method. The modification has been studied for reproducibility in individuals, reproducibility between right and left arm in individuals; it has been compared extensively with the quantitative method of Gibson and Cooke, both in normal individuals and in patients with cystic fibrosis. There is excellent agreement between the modified method and the quantitative reference method. There appears to be a slight bias toward higher concentrations of chloride from the right arm compared with the left arm, but this difference is not medically significant.", "PMID": 665582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10731", "title": "Hepatic tumors of long duration with eventual metastases. Two cases of leiomyosarcomatosis possibly arising from hamartomas of liver.", "content": "The cases of two patients who had hepatic tumors of long duration interpreted as hamartomas in whom, after many years, widespread metastases of malignant smooth muscle cells developed in a pattern of \"carcinomatous lymphangitis\" in the lungs are described. In one of the cases calcification of the hepatic nodules was prominent. The smooth muscle origin of the malignant cells was established only on electron microscopic examination. These cases appear similar to others variously reported as mixed tumors, hepatic cell carcinomas, and mesotheliomas.", "contents": "Hepatic tumors of long duration with eventual metastases. Two cases of leiomyosarcomatosis possibly arising from hamartomas of liver. The cases of two patients who had hepatic tumors of long duration interpreted as hamartomas in whom, after many years, widespread metastases of malignant smooth muscle cells developed in a pattern of \"carcinomatous lymphangitis\" in the lungs are described. In one of the cases calcification of the hepatic nodules was prominent. The smooth muscle origin of the malignant cells was established only on electron microscopic examination. These cases appear similar to others variously reported as mixed tumors, hepatic cell carcinomas, and mesotheliomas.", "PMID": 665583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10732", "title": "Mixed teratoid tumors of the liver and neck in trisomy 13.", "content": "A fetus with trisomy 13 syndrome and teratomas of liver and neck is described. The relationship of aneuploidy and chromosomal instability to neoplasia is discussed. Teratomas of the liver are reviewed.", "contents": "Mixed teratoid tumors of the liver and neck in trisomy 13. A fetus with trisomy 13 syndrome and teratomas of liver and neck is described. The relationship of aneuploidy and chromosomal instability to neoplasia is discussed. Teratomas of the liver are reviewed.", "PMID": 665584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10733", "title": "Malacoplakia of the endometrium, a probable cause of postmenopausal bleeding.", "content": "A 60-year-old woman, 20 years post-menopausal, who had deforming rheumatoid arthritis of 7 years' duration and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome of 1 year's duration, had had postmenopausal bleeding for a month prior to admission to the hospital. A diagnosis dilatation and curettage was interpreted as showing acute suppurative endometritis. The patient was discharged, only to have recurrent vaginal bleeding. She was readmitted five weeks later, at which time results of another dilatation and curettage were interpreted as showing xanthromatous endometritis. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was done. Examination of Epon-embedded endometrium 1 micrometer thick by light microscopy and subsequently by electron microscopy disclosed intracellular bacilliform organisms within phagolysosomes of atypical histiocytes, lamellar bodies, and various developing stages of calcospherites, Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The curettings were then received and classic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies were identified in periodic acid--Schiff-stained sections.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of the endometrium, a probable cause of postmenopausal bleeding. A 60-year-old woman, 20 years post-menopausal, who had deforming rheumatoid arthritis of 7 years' duration and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome of 1 year's duration, had had postmenopausal bleeding for a month prior to admission to the hospital. A diagnosis dilatation and curettage was interpreted as showing acute suppurative endometritis. The patient was discharged, only to have recurrent vaginal bleeding. She was readmitted five weeks later, at which time results of another dilatation and curettage were interpreted as showing xanthromatous endometritis. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was done. Examination of Epon-embedded endometrium 1 micrometer thick by light microscopy and subsequently by electron microscopy disclosed intracellular bacilliform organisms within phagolysosomes of atypical histiocytes, lamellar bodies, and various developing stages of calcospherites, Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The curettings were then received and classic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies were identified in periodic acid--Schiff-stained sections.", "PMID": 665585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10734", "title": "Origin of the calvaria and its sutures.", "content": "Studies indicate that the dura is the guiding tissue in the morphogenesis of the calvaria and its major sutures, which develop from ten to 16 weeks of fetal life. Overlying the central zones between the dural reflections ossification takes place, whereas none occurs over the reflections of dura, these being the suture sites. Strong evidence for the role of the dural reflections in determining the suture sites was obtained from the evaluation of instances of major brain malformations that must have antedated calvarial morphogenesis. These included holoprosencephaly, craniopagus, and dicephaly. The altered dural reflections, which related to the aberrant form of the brain, coincided with the position of the unusual sutures. Furthermore, a lack of a dural reflection was accompanied by a lack of development of a suture at that site.", "contents": "Origin of the calvaria and its sutures. Studies indicate that the dura is the guiding tissue in the morphogenesis of the calvaria and its major sutures, which develop from ten to 16 weeks of fetal life. Overlying the central zones between the dural reflections ossification takes place, whereas none occurs over the reflections of dura, these being the suture sites. Strong evidence for the role of the dural reflections in determining the suture sites was obtained from the evaluation of instances of major brain malformations that must have antedated calvarial morphogenesis. These included holoprosencephaly, craniopagus, and dicephaly. The altered dural reflections, which related to the aberrant form of the brain, coincided with the position of the unusual sutures. Furthermore, a lack of a dural reflection was accompanied by a lack of development of a suture at that site.", "PMID": 665591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10735", "title": "The Coffin-Siris syndrome: five new cases including two siblings.", "content": "Five new cases and one previously reported case of the Coffin-Siris syndrome are described. These cases plus the remaining four already published bring to ten the number of cases available for scrutiny. Constant features (100% frequency) include variable degrees of mental retardation, nail hypoplasia or absence with predominantly fifth digit involvement, hypotonia, infancy feeding problems, and retarded bone age. Frequent features (75% to 90%) include postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, wide nasal tip and mouth, prominent lips, eyebrow/eyelash hypertrichosis, and scalp hair hypotrichosis. Significant but less frequent findings include short philtrum (50%, scoliosis (40%), decreased fetal activity (40%), smallness for gestational age (30%), and congenital heart defects (30%). We found the craniofacial phenotype to be mild in the young infant, but progressively more characteristic with age. Autosomal recessive inheritance is suspected on the basis of our brother-and-sister pair.", "contents": "The Coffin-Siris syndrome: five new cases including two siblings. Five new cases and one previously reported case of the Coffin-Siris syndrome are described. These cases plus the remaining four already published bring to ten the number of cases available for scrutiny. Constant features (100% frequency) include variable degrees of mental retardation, nail hypoplasia or absence with predominantly fifth digit involvement, hypotonia, infancy feeding problems, and retarded bone age. Frequent features (75% to 90%) include postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, wide nasal tip and mouth, prominent lips, eyebrow/eyelash hypertrichosis, and scalp hair hypotrichosis. Significant but less frequent findings include short philtrum (50%, scoliosis (40%), decreased fetal activity (40%), smallness for gestational age (30%), and congenital heart defects (30%). We found the craniofacial phenotype to be mild in the young infant, but progressively more characteristic with age. Autosomal recessive inheritance is suspected on the basis of our brother-and-sister pair.", "PMID": 665592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10736", "title": "Mycobacterial lymphadenitis in childhood.", "content": "A total of 42 cases of childhood mycobacterial adenitis have been studied to define the optimal steps that lead to the correct diagnosis of this disease. Antigens from the atypical mycobacteria are not currently available, so the usefulness of tuberculin skin testing as a diagnostic tool was examined. Skin testing differentiates mycobacterial adenitis from infection caused by pyogenic bacteria. In addition, repetitive skin testing with tuberculin over a three- to six-month period is also useful in differentiating adenitis caused by atypical mycobacteria from that due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Children with atypical mycobacterial adenitis have a decreasing tuberculin response to repeated testing, while children with tuberculous adenitis have a stable response. Other factors that assist in the differentiation of adenitides include a history of recent exposure to tuberculosis and evidence of extralymphatic tuberculosis. Needle aspiration or partial excision in mycobacterial adenitis may lead to drainage and sinus tract information. A PPD skin test should be done prior to surgical manipulation of enlarged nodes. Children with reactive skin tests should undergo complete excision.", "contents": "Mycobacterial lymphadenitis in childhood. A total of 42 cases of childhood mycobacterial adenitis have been studied to define the optimal steps that lead to the correct diagnosis of this disease. Antigens from the atypical mycobacteria are not currently available, so the usefulness of tuberculin skin testing as a diagnostic tool was examined. Skin testing differentiates mycobacterial adenitis from infection caused by pyogenic bacteria. In addition, repetitive skin testing with tuberculin over a three- to six-month period is also useful in differentiating adenitis caused by atypical mycobacteria from that due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Children with atypical mycobacterial adenitis have a decreasing tuberculin response to repeated testing, while children with tuberculous adenitis have a stable response. Other factors that assist in the differentiation of adenitides include a history of recent exposure to tuberculosis and evidence of extralymphatic tuberculosis. Needle aspiration or partial excision in mycobacterial adenitis may lead to drainage and sinus tract information. A PPD skin test should be done prior to surgical manipulation of enlarged nodes. Children with reactive skin tests should undergo complete excision.", "PMID": 665593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10737", "title": "Recurrent mumps parotitis following natural infection and immunization.", "content": "Mumps is presumed to confer permanent immunity. Three patients previously known to possess mumps serum antibodies subsequently developed clinical parotitis and showed a diagnostic fourfold rise in mumps V antibody. A review of the literature disclosed several cases of parotitis, either recurrent or postimmunization, but the preparotitis immune status of the patient was unknown or the cause of the mumps was not verified. Case reports of parotitis due to parainfluenza 3 and coxsackie viruses A and the heterotypic serological responses among the myxoviruses are reviewed. Parotitis, especially after prior immunization, requires definitive diagnosis by viral isolation and/or serology before it can be attributed to mumps virus.", "contents": "Recurrent mumps parotitis following natural infection and immunization. Mumps is presumed to confer permanent immunity. Three patients previously known to possess mumps serum antibodies subsequently developed clinical parotitis and showed a diagnostic fourfold rise in mumps V antibody. A review of the literature disclosed several cases of parotitis, either recurrent or postimmunization, but the preparotitis immune status of the patient was unknown or the cause of the mumps was not verified. Case reports of parotitis due to parainfluenza 3 and coxsackie viruses A and the heterotypic serological responses among the myxoviruses are reviewed. Parotitis, especially after prior immunization, requires definitive diagnosis by viral isolation and/or serology before it can be attributed to mumps virus.", "PMID": 665594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10738", "title": "Modification of recurrent otitis media by short-term sulfonamide therapy.", "content": "Alternating cases of upper respiratory infection (URI) occurring within two months of an episode of otitis media were treated with either sulfonamides or decongestants. One hundred three cases of uncomplicated URI were treated with sulfonamide and 98 with decongestant. When adjusted for possible recrudescence rather than recurrence the rate was 4/71 (5.6%) and 15/76 (20%) in the treated and control groups, respectively. This difference is significant (P less than .001) and suggests that intermittent prophylactic treatment can modify the recurrence rate of otitis media in children.", "contents": "Modification of recurrent otitis media by short-term sulfonamide therapy. Alternating cases of upper respiratory infection (URI) occurring within two months of an episode of otitis media were treated with either sulfonamides or decongestants. One hundred three cases of uncomplicated URI were treated with sulfonamide and 98 with decongestant. When adjusted for possible recrudescence rather than recurrence the rate was 4/71 (5.6%) and 15/76 (20%) in the treated and control groups, respectively. This difference is significant (P less than .001) and suggests that intermittent prophylactic treatment can modify the recurrence rate of otitis media in children.", "PMID": 665595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10739", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome and prolongation of the QT interval.", "content": "A standard lead II ECG was recorded during either the first or the fourth week of life or at both ages from 30 neonates whose sibling had died of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Electrocardiographic recordings also were obtained from 75 control neonates and from 52 adults who had had an infant who died of SIDS. The neonatal data revealed that the QT interval, corrected for heart rate (QTC), was longest during NREM (vs rapid eye movement [REM]) sleep. Furthermore, the QTC interval was longer within the fourth week than in the first week of life. However, the QTC interval of siblings of SIDS victims did not differ from that of the control infants, nor did the QT interval of parents of SIDS victims differ from published normal values. One neonate who subsequently died of SIDS did not have an abnormally long QTC interval. These data do not support the hypothesis that genetically determined prolongation of the QT interval plays a major role in SIDS.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome and prolongation of the QT interval. A standard lead II ECG was recorded during either the first or the fourth week of life or at both ages from 30 neonates whose sibling had died of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Electrocardiographic recordings also were obtained from 75 control neonates and from 52 adults who had had an infant who died of SIDS. The neonatal data revealed that the QT interval, corrected for heart rate (QTC), was longest during NREM (vs rapid eye movement [REM]) sleep. Furthermore, the QTC interval was longer within the fourth week than in the first week of life. However, the QTC interval of siblings of SIDS victims did not differ from that of the control infants, nor did the QT interval of parents of SIDS victims differ from published normal values. One neonate who subsequently died of SIDS did not have an abnormally long QTC interval. These data do not support the hypothesis that genetically determined prolongation of the QT interval plays a major role in SIDS.", "PMID": 665596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10740", "title": "Dermatoglyphic alterations associated with acute rheumatic fever in children.", "content": "The dermatoglyphic configurations of 78 children with acute rheumatic fever were compared with those of 46 first-degree relatives and 1,310 normal subjects. Of the children with acute rheumatic fever, 75% had an ulnar deviation of the axial triradius. In about 40% of this group, the ulnar deviation was associated with a concomitant distal displacement, which resulted in a significantly higher mean maximal angle atd (P less than .001) and significantly lower mean ab and td ridge counts (P less than .001) relative to normal control values. The palmar dermatoglyphics of patients with acute rheumatic fever were more closely related to the configurations of first-degree relatives than to normal controls. The dermatoglyphic profiles of six patients were nearly identical to those of their first-degree relatives, all of whom had a history of acute rheumatic fever. Presence of abnormal dermatoglyphic profiles in a large proportion of children with acute rheumatic fever supports the hypothesis that certain individuals have a genetic predisposition to this disease.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic alterations associated with acute rheumatic fever in children. The dermatoglyphic configurations of 78 children with acute rheumatic fever were compared with those of 46 first-degree relatives and 1,310 normal subjects. Of the children with acute rheumatic fever, 75% had an ulnar deviation of the axial triradius. In about 40% of this group, the ulnar deviation was associated with a concomitant distal displacement, which resulted in a significantly higher mean maximal angle atd (P less than .001) and significantly lower mean ab and td ridge counts (P less than .001) relative to normal control values. The palmar dermatoglyphics of patients with acute rheumatic fever were more closely related to the configurations of first-degree relatives than to normal controls. The dermatoglyphic profiles of six patients were nearly identical to those of their first-degree relatives, all of whom had a history of acute rheumatic fever. Presence of abnormal dermatoglyphic profiles in a large proportion of children with acute rheumatic fever supports the hypothesis that certain individuals have a genetic predisposition to this disease.", "PMID": 665597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10741", "title": "Myocardial infarct in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "An unusual case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a young child is reported with sudden death from myocardial infarction. The diagnosis of lupus erythematosus in this patient was made by renal biopsy at the age of 3 years. Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and aorta was found at autopsy with occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. It is suggested that  the vascular changes in this case were related to hypertriglyceridemia and prolonged prednisone therapy superimposed on a hypersensitivity vasculitis related to SLE.", "contents": "Myocardial infarct in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus. An unusual case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a young child is reported with sudden death from myocardial infarction. The diagnosis of lupus erythematosus in this patient was made by renal biopsy at the age of 3 years. Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and aorta was found at autopsy with occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. It is suggested that  the vascular changes in this case were related to hypertriglyceridemia and prolonged prednisone therapy superimposed on a hypersensitivity vasculitis related to SLE.", "PMID": 665598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10742", "title": "Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the epiglottis and rectum.", "content": "A case of gastric heteropia of the glossoepiglottic region in a 13-day-old girl is described. In addition to fundic-type mucosa, all main parts of the gastric wall were present. An additional case of gastric heteropia in the rectum was found in a 14-year-old boy. The mucosa was lined with a muscularis mucosae. Adjacent to this ectopia was a large peptic ulcer. Previoisly reported cases of gastric heterotopias are reviewed.", "contents": "Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the epiglottis and rectum. A case of gastric heteropia of the glossoepiglottic region in a 13-day-old girl is described. In addition to fundic-type mucosa, all main parts of the gastric wall were present. An additional case of gastric heteropia in the rectum was found in a 14-year-old boy. The mucosa was lined with a muscularis mucosae. Adjacent to this ectopia was a large peptic ulcer. Previoisly reported cases of gastric heterotopias are reviewed.", "PMID": 665609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10743", "title": "Effect of histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockade on canine gastric acid secretion.", "content": "In dogs with gastric fistulae and Heidenhain pouches, inhibition of histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide is not increased by the addition of a histamine H1-receptor antagonist (mepyramine maleate). Under the conditions of this study there is no evidence for the presence of histamine H1-receptor sites on the gastric parietal cell.", "contents": "Effect of histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockade on canine gastric acid secretion. In dogs with gastric fistulae and Heidenhain pouches, inhibition of histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide is not increased by the addition of a histamine H1-receptor antagonist (mepyramine maleate). Under the conditions of this study there is no evidence for the presence of histamine H1-receptor sites on the gastric parietal cell.", "PMID": 665610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10744", "title": "Characteristic motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in fasted conscious dogs measured by implanted force transducers.", "content": "Gastrointestinal contractile actiivity from the gastric body to the terminal ileum in conscious dogs was continuously recorded for several weeks by means of chronically implanted strain-gage force transducers. It was found that the 24-hr changes in the gastrointestinal contractile activity consisted of the two different major patterns, the digestive and interdigestive patterns. In the interdigestive state, a cyclic, recurring, caudad-moving band of strong contractions starting in the stomach and the duodenum and traversing the entire length of the small intestine was observed. When one band of strong contractions reached the distal ileum, another developed in the stomach and the duodenum again and propagated in a caudad direction. Such recycling episodes interrupted by long-lasting quiescence repeatedly occurred until the next meal. These characteristic contractile activities observed in our dogs are identical with the interdigestive myoelectric complex of the stomach and the small bowel recently reported by Code and Marlett (5). Four sequential phases (I-IV) of the migrating myoelectric complex, defined in terms of action potential activity, seem to correspond to the resting (quiescence), preceding irregular contractions, strong contractions, and subsiding contractions observed in the present study, respectively. Function and control mechanism of the interdigestive contractile activity were discussed.", "contents": "Characteristic motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in fasted conscious dogs measured by implanted force transducers. Gastrointestinal contractile actiivity from the gastric body to the terminal ileum in conscious dogs was continuously recorded for several weeks by means of chronically implanted strain-gage force transducers. It was found that the 24-hr changes in the gastrointestinal contractile activity consisted of the two different major patterns, the digestive and interdigestive patterns. In the interdigestive state, a cyclic, recurring, caudad-moving band of strong contractions starting in the stomach and the duodenum and traversing the entire length of the small intestine was observed. When one band of strong contractions reached the distal ileum, another developed in the stomach and the duodenum again and propagated in a caudad direction. Such recycling episodes interrupted by long-lasting quiescence repeatedly occurred until the next meal. These characteristic contractile activities observed in our dogs are identical with the interdigestive myoelectric complex of the stomach and the small bowel recently reported by Code and Marlett (5). Four sequential phases (I-IV) of the migrating myoelectric complex, defined in terms of action potential activity, seem to correspond to the resting (quiescence), preceding irregular contractions, strong contractions, and subsiding contractions observed in the present study, respectively. Function and control mechanism of the interdigestive contractile activity were discussed.", "PMID": 665611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10745", "title": "Phlegmonous enterocolitis.", "content": "Eight cases of phlegmonous enterocolitis which involved the small intestine exclusively in 5 patients, colon exclusively in 2, and both small intestine and colon in one are reported. Seven of the cases were studied at autopsy. The intestinal lesion was clearly the cause of death in 3 patients and was probably a secondary finding in 4 others. In one case, the cecum was involved and this segment was surgically resected. Five of the patients gave a history of alcoholism. The livers of the 7 patients studied at autopsy were all abnormal; cirrhosis was present in 4, severe fatty metamorphosis in 2, and moderate fatty metamorphosis in 1. The clinical, morphological, and bacteriological aspects of phlegmonous gastritis and phlegmonous enterocolitis are similar, and these two conditions are thought to represent the same infectious disease involving different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. In most patients the factor(s) predisposing to infection of the gastric and intestinal wall are unknown. In some patients mucosal injury of varied type and septicemia appear to have been the forerunners of the phlegmonous lesion. The possible relationships of ischemic bowel injury, alcoholism, and liver disease to phlegmonous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract are discussed.", "contents": "Phlegmonous enterocolitis. Eight cases of phlegmonous enterocolitis which involved the small intestine exclusively in 5 patients, colon exclusively in 2, and both small intestine and colon in one are reported. Seven of the cases were studied at autopsy. The intestinal lesion was clearly the cause of death in 3 patients and was probably a secondary finding in 4 others. In one case, the cecum was involved and this segment was surgically resected. Five of the patients gave a history of alcoholism. The livers of the 7 patients studied at autopsy were all abnormal; cirrhosis was present in 4, severe fatty metamorphosis in 2, and moderate fatty metamorphosis in 1. The clinical, morphological, and bacteriological aspects of phlegmonous gastritis and phlegmonous enterocolitis are similar, and these two conditions are thought to represent the same infectious disease involving different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. In most patients the factor(s) predisposing to infection of the gastric and intestinal wall are unknown. In some patients mucosal injury of varied type and septicemia appear to have been the forerunners of the phlegmonous lesion. The possible relationships of ischemic bowel injury, alcoholism, and liver disease to phlegmonous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract are discussed.", "PMID": 665613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10746", "title": "Motor effect of dopamine on human sigmoid colon. Evidence for specific receptors.", "content": "The effect of dopamine on human sigmoid motility has been studied in 26 subjects. To record mechanical activity of the sigmoid colon, two small, air-filled balloons mounted on a probe introduced through a sigmoidoscope were used. The recordings were made at a distance of 25 and 15 cm from the anal edge. Dopamine was infused for 10 min after a 30-min control infusion of physiologic solution. Mean amplitude, mean duration, mean frequency, percentage of motor activity, and motility index of the pressure waves were determined. The motor response to dopamine was characterized by an increased baseline pressure with phasic waves superimposed. Dopamine produced a significant response at the dose of 5 microgram/kg/min. Alpha and beta antagonizing agents failed to oppose the effect of dopamine, while anticholinergic drugs enhanced its motor action. These studies suggest that dopamine may stimulate the motor function of human large bowel through specific receptors.", "contents": "Motor effect of dopamine on human sigmoid colon. Evidence for specific receptors. The effect of dopamine on human sigmoid motility has been studied in 26 subjects. To record mechanical activity of the sigmoid colon, two small, air-filled balloons mounted on a probe introduced through a sigmoidoscope were used. The recordings were made at a distance of 25 and 15 cm from the anal edge. Dopamine was infused for 10 min after a 30-min control infusion of physiologic solution. Mean amplitude, mean duration, mean frequency, percentage of motor activity, and motility index of the pressure waves were determined. The motor response to dopamine was characterized by an increased baseline pressure with phasic waves superimposed. Dopamine produced a significant response at the dose of 5 microgram/kg/min. Alpha and beta antagonizing agents failed to oppose the effect of dopamine, while anticholinergic drugs enhanced its motor action. These studies suggest that dopamine may stimulate the motor function of human large bowel through specific receptors.", "PMID": 665614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10747", "title": "Effects of cocaine on rat pancreatic enzyme secretion and protein synthesis.", "content": "The effects of cocaine on amylase secretion and total protein synthesis was studied by use of vitro rat pancreatic tissue. In vitro, cocaine (2 or 10 mM) did not modify basal release of amylase; at a concentration of 2 mM, it reduced the secretory response to pancreozymin by 32% and that to urecholine by 68%. Incorporation of amino acids into total proteins was decreased by 15% by cocaine 2 mM and by 49.5% at 10 mM. Administered in vivo at a dose of 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally, cocaine was associated with decreased in protein synthesis 30, 90, and 180 min after its injection. These results indicate that cocaine can affect basic functions of the exocrine pancreas and reduce its response to secretagogues.", "contents": "Effects of cocaine on rat pancreatic enzyme secretion and protein synthesis. The effects of cocaine on amylase secretion and total protein synthesis was studied by use of vitro rat pancreatic tissue. In vitro, cocaine (2 or 10 mM) did not modify basal release of amylase; at a concentration of 2 mM, it reduced the secretory response to pancreozymin by 32% and that to urecholine by 68%. Incorporation of amino acids into total proteins was decreased by 15% by cocaine 2 mM and by 49.5% at 10 mM. Administered in vivo at a dose of 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally, cocaine was associated with decreased in protein synthesis 30, 90, and 180 min after its injection. These results indicate that cocaine can affect basic functions of the exocrine pancreas and reduce its response to secretagogues.", "PMID": 665615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10748", "title": "Transpyloric extension of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Transpyloric extension of gastric carcinoma occurred in 17 (20%) of 88 patients with gastric carcinoma. In the majority of cases, this was a microscopic phenomenon, but in 7 patients with gastric carcinoma there were gross changes in the duodenum which were reflected in the upper-gastrointestinal series. Contrary to general opinion, transpyloric extension of gastric carcinoma is not a rare finding.", "contents": "Transpyloric extension of gastric carcinoma. Transpyloric extension of gastric carcinoma occurred in 17 (20%) of 88 patients with gastric carcinoma. In the majority of cases, this was a microscopic phenomenon, but in 7 patients with gastric carcinoma there were gross changes in the duodenum which were reflected in the upper-gastrointestinal series. Contrary to general opinion, transpyloric extension of gastric carcinoma is not a rare finding.", "PMID": 665616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10749", "title": "The risk of hepatitis B to hospital personnel. A prospective study among personnel exposed to patients without isolation precaution.", "content": "During a two-week period 54 ward personnel were exposed to two patients with severe type B hepatitis. No specific isolation precautions were used other than separate collection of hypodermic needles. During a 22-week follow-up period, there was no evidence of either overt or subclinical hepatitis in development of hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody to the surface antigen that could be attributed to exposure to the patients. This data does not support requirements for cumbersome and complicated isolation procedures during the care of patients with type B hepatitis.", "contents": "The risk of hepatitis B to hospital personnel. A prospective study among personnel exposed to patients without isolation precaution. During a two-week period 54 ward personnel were exposed to two patients with severe type B hepatitis. No specific isolation precautions were used other than separate collection of hypodermic needles. During a 22-week follow-up period, there was no evidence of either overt or subclinical hepatitis in development of hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody to the surface antigen that could be attributed to exposure to the patients. This data does not support requirements for cumbersome and complicated isolation procedures during the care of patients with type B hepatitis.", "PMID": 665621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10750", "title": "Serum lysozyme, serum proteins, and immunoglobulin determinations in nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The serum levels of lysozyme, serum electrophoresis, and serum immunoglobulins were determined prospectively in 101 patients with ulcerative colitis, ulcerative proctitis, Crohn's disease, or nonclassifiable nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. Although the mean serum lysozyme concentration of patients with Crohn's disease (10.5 +/- 6.8 microgram/ml) and ulcerative colitis (9.6 +/- 4.1 microgram/ml) performed by a standardized lysoplate method was significantly greater than normal controls (6.0 +/- 1.5 microgram/ml), the results did not correlate with the diagnosis nor with the degree of disease activity. Individually separated protein fractions and serum immunoglobulins also did not correlate with the serum lysozyme levels. This study indicates that measurement of the level of serum lysozyme in individual patients is not helpful in determining the cause or degree of activity of nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme, serum proteins, and immunoglobulin determinations in nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. The serum levels of lysozyme, serum electrophoresis, and serum immunoglobulins were determined prospectively in 101 patients with ulcerative colitis, ulcerative proctitis, Crohn's disease, or nonclassifiable nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. Although the mean serum lysozyme concentration of patients with Crohn's disease (10.5 +/- 6.8 microgram/ml) and ulcerative colitis (9.6 +/- 4.1 microgram/ml) performed by a standardized lysoplate method was significantly greater than normal controls (6.0 +/- 1.5 microgram/ml), the results did not correlate with the diagnosis nor with the degree of disease activity. Individually separated protein fractions and serum immunoglobulins also did not correlate with the serum lysozyme levels. This study indicates that measurement of the level of serum lysozyme in individual patients is not helpful in determining the cause or degree of activity of nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 665622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10751", "title": "Transvenous (transjugular) liver biopsy. An experience based on 100 biopsies.", "content": "Transvenous (transjugular) liver biopsy consists in taking a liver specimen through a needle introduced into the liver parenchyma from the lumen of a hepatic vein. This procedure was attempted 104 times in 98 patients in whom percutaneous needle liver biopsy was contraindicated because of massive ascites and/or bleeding tendency. A liver specimen was obtained in 100 out of these 104 attempts; the tissue specimens were unfragmented and large enough to allow correct evaluation of liver architecture in 57 biopsies. The procedure was followed by no or only minor complications in all out patients except one who suffered a fatal intraperitoneal hemorrhage in relation to perforation of liver capsule; perforation was due to an excessive front rotation applied to the needle, a maneuver which therefore must be avoided. It is concluded that transvenous liver biopsy is a workable, efficient, and acceptably safe procedure for obtaining liver specimens in patients with massive ascites and/or bleeding tendency.", "contents": "Transvenous (transjugular) liver biopsy. An experience based on 100 biopsies. Transvenous (transjugular) liver biopsy consists in taking a liver specimen through a needle introduced into the liver parenchyma from the lumen of a hepatic vein. This procedure was attempted 104 times in 98 patients in whom percutaneous needle liver biopsy was contraindicated because of massive ascites and/or bleeding tendency. A liver specimen was obtained in 100 out of these 104 attempts; the tissue specimens were unfragmented and large enough to allow correct evaluation of liver architecture in 57 biopsies. The procedure was followed by no or only minor complications in all out patients except one who suffered a fatal intraperitoneal hemorrhage in relation to perforation of liver capsule; perforation was due to an excessive front rotation applied to the needle, a maneuver which therefore must be avoided. It is concluded that transvenous liver biopsy is a workable, efficient, and acceptably safe procedure for obtaining liver specimens in patients with massive ascites and/or bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 665623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10752", "title": "[3H]thymidine-labeled colonic epithelial cells and mucosa in mice and man.", "content": "Since normal epithelial cell proliferation occurs chiefly in the lower two thirds of colonic crypts, the presence of aberrant DNA-synthesizing cells (tritiated thymidine labeled) at the mouth and on the surface of colonic crypts is being assessed as a predictive indicator of the development of neoplasia in patients at high risk. These would include patients with previous polyps or colon cancer or family history of either or both. Surface cells are obtained by pulsatile saline lavage of the lower bowel and incubated with tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) for autoradiographic observation. Findings in each high-risk category are presented and compared with [3H]TdR labeling data from a biopsy taken at the close of the procedure. The lavage technique has also been carried out on mice injected with the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Mice were demonstrated to have [3H]TdR-labeled cells and cellular atypic while being hemoccult negative and asymptomatic for overt disease. Evaluation of human material preliminarily demonstrated the presence of surface-labeled epithelial cells in a high percentage of patients at risk for colon cancer.", "contents": "[3H]thymidine-labeled colonic epithelial cells and mucosa in mice and man. Since normal epithelial cell proliferation occurs chiefly in the lower two thirds of colonic crypts, the presence of aberrant DNA-synthesizing cells (tritiated thymidine labeled) at the mouth and on the surface of colonic crypts is being assessed as a predictive indicator of the development of neoplasia in patients at high risk. These would include patients with previous polyps or colon cancer or family history of either or both. Surface cells are obtained by pulsatile saline lavage of the lower bowel and incubated with tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) for autoradiographic observation. Findings in each high-risk category are presented and compared with [3H]TdR labeling data from a biopsy taken at the close of the procedure. The lavage technique has also been carried out on mice injected with the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Mice were demonstrated to have [3H]TdR-labeled cells and cellular atypic while being hemoccult negative and asymptomatic for overt disease. Evaluation of human material preliminarily demonstrated the presence of surface-labeled epithelial cells in a high percentage of patients at risk for colon cancer.", "PMID": 665624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10753", "title": "Effect of diester and diether phosphatidylcholine on intestinal absorption of neutral and acidic sterols.", "content": "The effects of nondigestible diether phosphatidylcholine on intestinal absorption of cholesterol and dihydroxy and trihydroxy conjugated bile salts were studied in bile fistula rats using radioactive substrates. No inhibition of absorption of either dihydroxy or trihydroxy bile salts was observed. Nondigestible phospholipid did, however, significantly inhibit cholesterol absorption. Under control conditions with natural phosphatidylcholine in the intestinal perfusate, absorption of cholesterol was significantly greater when infused with taurocholate (TC) as compared to results obtained after infusion with taurochenodeoxycholate (TCD). Studies were repeated using radioactive rat liver phosphatidylcholine to determine whether the observed decrease in cholesterol absorption could be correlated with a decrease in digestion and absorption of rat liver phosphatidylcholine. No evidence was found for decreased absorption of this phospholipid when given with TCD. It is concluded that less cholesterol is absorbed in the presence of TCD as compared to TC, but the mechanism for this remains unexplained.", "contents": "Effect of diester and diether phosphatidylcholine on intestinal absorption of neutral and acidic sterols. The effects of nondigestible diether phosphatidylcholine on intestinal absorption of cholesterol and dihydroxy and trihydroxy conjugated bile salts were studied in bile fistula rats using radioactive substrates. No inhibition of absorption of either dihydroxy or trihydroxy bile salts was observed. Nondigestible phospholipid did, however, significantly inhibit cholesterol absorption. Under control conditions with natural phosphatidylcholine in the intestinal perfusate, absorption of cholesterol was significantly greater when infused with taurocholate (TC) as compared to results obtained after infusion with taurochenodeoxycholate (TCD). Studies were repeated using radioactive rat liver phosphatidylcholine to determine whether the observed decrease in cholesterol absorption could be correlated with a decrease in digestion and absorption of rat liver phosphatidylcholine. No evidence was found for decreased absorption of this phospholipid when given with TCD. It is concluded that less cholesterol is absorbed in the presence of TCD as compared to TC, but the mechanism for this remains unexplained.", "PMID": 665626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10754", "title": "Enteropeptidase levels in duodenal juice of normal subjects and patients with gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Enteropeptidase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activity in basal and secretin-stimulated duodenal juice of 20 normal adult volunteers and 15 patients with gastrotestinal disease were determined. All enzyme concentrations showed skew distributions, but fluctuations in the secretin-stimulated juices were less pronouced than in the basal secretions. Secretin administration had no influence on the release of enteropeptidase from human duodenal mucosa, but resulted in a very small increase in secretion of pancreatic enzymes. Six out of seven patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis or cancer of the pancreas exhibited highly significant elevations of enteropeptidase in their basal as well as secretin-stimulated duodenal juice. It is suggested that raised luminal enteropeptidase activity may be the result of pancreatic insufficiency or elevated blood glucagon concentrations.", "contents": "Enteropeptidase levels in duodenal juice of normal subjects and patients with gastrointestinal disease. Enteropeptidase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activity in basal and secretin-stimulated duodenal juice of 20 normal adult volunteers and 15 patients with gastrotestinal disease were determined. All enzyme concentrations showed skew distributions, but fluctuations in the secretin-stimulated juices were less pronouced than in the basal secretions. Secretin administration had no influence on the release of enteropeptidase from human duodenal mucosa, but resulted in a very small increase in secretion of pancreatic enzymes. Six out of seven patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis or cancer of the pancreas exhibited highly significant elevations of enteropeptidase in their basal as well as secretin-stimulated duodenal juice. It is suggested that raised luminal enteropeptidase activity may be the result of pancreatic insufficiency or elevated blood glucagon concentrations.", "PMID": 665628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10755", "title": "Skin test reactivity in inflammatory bowel disease in the United States and Czechoslovakia.", "content": "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the United States of America (USA) and Czechoslovakia (CSSR) were categorized by clinical, pathological, and radiological criteria as having Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and were tested with five skin test antigens [Candida, mumps, purified protein derivative (PPD), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), and trichophytin] at two different dilutions in an attempt to elicit some evidence of anergy. No significant differences were encountered between the USA and CSSR populations or between any patient group and its controls.", "contents": "Skin test reactivity in inflammatory bowel disease in the United States and Czechoslovakia. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the United States of America (USA) and Czechoslovakia (CSSR) were categorized by clinical, pathological, and radiological criteria as having Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and were tested with five skin test antigens [Candida, mumps, purified protein derivative (PPD), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), and trichophytin] at two different dilutions in an attempt to elicit some evidence of anergy. No significant differences were encountered between the USA and CSSR populations or between any patient group and its controls.", "PMID": 665629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10756", "title": "Control of lower-esophageal-sphincter contractile activity by motilin in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effect of synthetic motilin on contractile activity in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the stomach has been studied in 5 healthy dogs by means of chronically implanted strain gage force transducers. Motilin produced strong contractions in the LES and the stomach simultaneously after intravenous doses ranging from 0.3 to 2.7 microgram/kg hr, which were similar to the naturally occurring interdigestive contractions in the LES and the stomach. However, these contractions could be induced only in the interdigestive state; infusion of motilin into dogs in the digestive state brought about no significant effect on either the LES or the stomach.  Motilin-induced contractions in the LES and the stomach were instantly abolished by ingestion of food. It is considered that the contractions induced by motilin are identical with the naturally occurring interdigestive contractions in the LES and these contractions are the most orad component of the interdigestive cyclic recurring caudad-moving bands of strong contractions in the dogs.", "contents": "Control of lower-esophageal-sphincter contractile activity by motilin in conscious dogs. The effect of synthetic motilin on contractile activity in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the stomach has been studied in 5 healthy dogs by means of chronically implanted strain gage force transducers. Motilin produced strong contractions in the LES and the stomach simultaneously after intravenous doses ranging from 0.3 to 2.7 microgram/kg hr, which were similar to the naturally occurring interdigestive contractions in the LES and the stomach. However, these contractions could be induced only in the interdigestive state; infusion of motilin into dogs in the digestive state brought about no significant effect on either the LES or the stomach.  Motilin-induced contractions in the LES and the stomach were instantly abolished by ingestion of food. It is considered that the contractions induced by motilin are identical with the naturally occurring interdigestive contractions in the LES and these contractions are the most orad component of the interdigestive cyclic recurring caudad-moving bands of strong contractions in the dogs.", "PMID": 665630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10757", "title": "Gastric polyposis due to multiple hyperplastic adenomatous polyps.", "content": "Four cases of gastric polyposis in which the multiple polyps were hyperplastic adenomatous polyps are presented with endoscopic and histologic description. The multiple hyperplastic adenomatous polyps in our cases showed more diffuse involvement of specific regions of the stomach than is usual with papillary adenomatous polyps. Hyperplastic adenomatous polyps have a low potential for malignancy, and it is suggested that they may be followed by periodic observation rather than fulguration or removal.", "contents": "Gastric polyposis due to multiple hyperplastic adenomatous polyps. Four cases of gastric polyposis in which the multiple polyps were hyperplastic adenomatous polyps are presented with endoscopic and histologic description. The multiple hyperplastic adenomatous polyps in our cases showed more diffuse involvement of specific regions of the stomach than is usual with papillary adenomatous polyps. Hyperplastic adenomatous polyps have a low potential for malignancy, and it is suggested that they may be followed by periodic observation rather than fulguration or removal.", "PMID": 665631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10758", "title": "Stimulation of mucus and nonparietal cell secretion by the E2 prostaglandins.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 15-methyl prostaglandin E2 (15M), and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16DM) on gastric mucus and nonparietal cell secretion in rats were measured. Alcian blue binding was used as a measure of gastric mucus. Applied topically, all three agents stimulated nonparietal cell secretion, and PGE2 and 16DM stimulated the secretion of mucus, increasing the fraction in the gastric contents but not that adherent to the mucosa. Topical 15M did not stimulate the production of mucus. Given intranveously, all three agents increased the amount of mucus in the gastric contents without altering the amount of mucus bound to the mucosa. The prostaglandins had no effect on nonparietal cell secretion when given intravenously. These effects could be relevant to the ability of the E2 prostaglandins to protect the gastric mucosa from damage.", "contents": "Stimulation of mucus and nonparietal cell secretion by the E2 prostaglandins. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 15-methyl prostaglandin E2 (15M), and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16DM) on gastric mucus and nonparietal cell secretion in rats were measured. Alcian blue binding was used as a measure of gastric mucus. Applied topically, all three agents stimulated nonparietal cell secretion, and PGE2 and 16DM stimulated the secretion of mucus, increasing the fraction in the gastric contents but not that adherent to the mucosa. Topical 15M did not stimulate the production of mucus. Given intranveously, all three agents increased the amount of mucus in the gastric contents without altering the amount of mucus bound to the mucosa. The prostaglandins had no effect on nonparietal cell secretion when given intravenously. These effects could be relevant to the ability of the E2 prostaglandins to protect the gastric mucosa from damage.", "PMID": 665632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10759", "title": "Intraluminal pressure profiles and mucosal movements in the stomach and duodenum.", "content": "Records of a possible relationship between intraluminal pressure profiles and movements of the mucosal layer are not obtainable. A prospective study was initiated to investigate this aspect in the pyloric region of the stomach and in the duodenum. The results indicate that simultaneously with certain contraction waves of the walls, all mucosal folds within the confines of the contraction change in direction to become longitudinal, thus forming longitudinal intraluminal mucosal troughs. (It is presumed that these will enhance linear flow of semiliquid intestinal contents.) The phenomenon occurs regularly and is an inherent component of various contraction waves, including peristalsis. The definition of peristalsis should probably be expanded to include reference to this mucosal component. These normal findings may serve as a base line for the investigation of mucosal motility patterns in pathological situations, e.g. peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Intraluminal pressure profiles and mucosal movements in the stomach and duodenum. Records of a possible relationship between intraluminal pressure profiles and movements of the mucosal layer are not obtainable. A prospective study was initiated to investigate this aspect in the pyloric region of the stomach and in the duodenum. The results indicate that simultaneously with certain contraction waves of the walls, all mucosal folds within the confines of the contraction change in direction to become longitudinal, thus forming longitudinal intraluminal mucosal troughs. (It is presumed that these will enhance linear flow of semiliquid intestinal contents.) The phenomenon occurs regularly and is an inherent component of various contraction waves, including peristalsis. The definition of peristalsis should probably be expanded to include reference to this mucosal component. These normal findings may serve as a base line for the investigation of mucosal motility patterns in pathological situations, e.g. peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 665636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10760", "title": "Human exocrine pancreatic response with different types of secretin. Influence of sex, age, and previous intraduodenal sorbitol infusion.", "content": "A comparative analysis of the exocrine pancreatic secretion response with three different kinds of impure secretin was performed. Two series, carried out in Buenos Aires (Vitrum and Boots secretin), were compared with the Dreiling series (Lilly secretin) done in New York. All tests were performed with a single I.V. submaximal (1 U./kg.) dose of the hormone and with the same Dreiling technic. The evaluation showed: 1. The absence of significant differences in men among the three series. 2. Contrary to the results with the Lilly product, with both the Boots and Vitrum secretin the hydrelatic but not the ecbolic values are significantly greater in men than in women. This seems to reflect a sex-linked different sensitivity to secretin of the \"pancreon\" units. 3. Either in men or women the pancreatic secretion is not influenced by the age of the individual. 4. The Boots secretin results are not modified by the previous sorbitol intraduodenal infusion.", "contents": "Human exocrine pancreatic response with different types of secretin. Influence of sex, age, and previous intraduodenal sorbitol infusion. A comparative analysis of the exocrine pancreatic secretion response with three different kinds of impure secretin was performed. Two series, carried out in Buenos Aires (Vitrum and Boots secretin), were compared with the Dreiling series (Lilly secretin) done in New York. All tests were performed with a single I.V. submaximal (1 U./kg.) dose of the hormone and with the same Dreiling technic. The evaluation showed: 1. The absence of significant differences in men among the three series. 2. Contrary to the results with the Lilly product, with both the Boots and Vitrum secretin the hydrelatic but not the ecbolic values are significantly greater in men than in women. This seems to reflect a sex-linked different sensitivity to secretin of the \"pancreon\" units. 3. Either in men or women the pancreatic secretion is not influenced by the age of the individual. 4. The Boots secretin results are not modified by the previous sorbitol intraduodenal infusion.", "PMID": 665638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10761", "title": "The pancreas: a correlation of function and structure.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with or without pancreatic disease were studied with both secretin test and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Pancreatic histopathology was obtained by exploratory laparotomy in half of these patients. The following conclusions were reached: 1. Secretory tests are the most sensitive indicators of chronic pancreatitis, although not all cases of chronic pancreatitis will be discovered by this test. 2. When secretory tests show low volume output, pancreatography is crucial in differentiating between malignant ductal obstruction or pancreatic replacement by fibrosis or atrophy. 3. Histologic correlation with ductular structure and/or secretin function is frequently discordant. 4. The secretin test and pancreatogram measure different parameters and the use of both these complementary studies will lead to increased diagnostic accuracy and better understanding of pancreatic pathophysiology.", "contents": "The pancreas: a correlation of function and structure. Fifty-two patients with or without pancreatic disease were studied with both secretin test and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Pancreatic histopathology was obtained by exploratory laparotomy in half of these patients. The following conclusions were reached: 1. Secretory tests are the most sensitive indicators of chronic pancreatitis, although not all cases of chronic pancreatitis will be discovered by this test. 2. When secretory tests show low volume output, pancreatography is crucial in differentiating between malignant ductal obstruction or pancreatic replacement by fibrosis or atrophy. 3. Histologic correlation with ductular structure and/or secretin function is frequently discordant. 4. The secretin test and pancreatogram measure different parameters and the use of both these complementary studies will lead to increased diagnostic accuracy and better understanding of pancreatic pathophysiology.", "PMID": 665639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10762", "title": "Intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocyst complicating severe acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Since 13 cases of intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocysts have been previously described in the world literature, an additional case is reported. The mechanisms for the development of this lesion are: 1. direct extension of the pancreatic cyst into the splenic hilum; 2. digestive effects of pancreatic enzymes on splenic vasculature and parenchyma; 3. pancreatitis occurring in ectopic intrasplenic pancreatic tissue and 4. liquefaction of splenic infarcts secondary to thrombosis of the splenic vessels. Criteria for diagnosis and current available diagnostic methods are discussed. Early surgical intervention with splenectomy and possibly caudal pancreatectomy, is advocated.", "contents": "Intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocyst complicating severe acute pancreatitis. Since 13 cases of intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocysts have been previously described in the world literature, an additional case is reported. The mechanisms for the development of this lesion are: 1. direct extension of the pancreatic cyst into the splenic hilum; 2. digestive effects of pancreatic enzymes on splenic vasculature and parenchyma; 3. pancreatitis occurring in ectopic intrasplenic pancreatic tissue and 4. liquefaction of splenic infarcts secondary to thrombosis of the splenic vessels. Criteria for diagnosis and current available diagnostic methods are discussed. Early surgical intervention with splenectomy and possibly caudal pancreatectomy, is advocated.", "PMID": 665640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10763", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis and ulcerative colitis associated with eosinophilia, nonthrombocytopenic hypergammaglobulinemic purpura and serologic abnormalities.", "content": "A patient with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and ulcerative colitis (UC) associated with eosinophilia, nonthrombocytopenic hypergammaglobulinemic purpura and serologic abnormalities is presented. Abnormal liver function, gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms as well as the associated epiphenomena responded dramatically to oral corticosteroid therapy. The remission was maintained during an eight month follow-up period with low dose prednisone therapy.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis and ulcerative colitis associated with eosinophilia, nonthrombocytopenic hypergammaglobulinemic purpura and serologic abnormalities. A patient with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and ulcerative colitis (UC) associated with eosinophilia, nonthrombocytopenic hypergammaglobulinemic purpura and serologic abnormalities is presented. Abnormal liver function, gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms as well as the associated epiphenomena responded dramatically to oral corticosteroid therapy. The remission was maintained during an eight month follow-up period with low dose prednisone therapy.", "PMID": 665641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10764", "title": "Cancer of the colon as a late sequel of pelvic irradiation.", "content": "A patient, who developed carcinoma of the rectum nine years following therapeutic radiation for pelvic malignancy is presented. The relationship of radiation to carcinoma of the colon is reviewed. This relationship makes rigorous follow-up of patients with radiation induced chronic proctocolitis essential.", "contents": "Cancer of the colon as a late sequel of pelvic irradiation. A patient, who developed carcinoma of the rectum nine years following therapeutic radiation for pelvic malignancy is presented. The relationship of radiation to carcinoma of the colon is reviewed. This relationship makes rigorous follow-up of patients with radiation induced chronic proctocolitis essential.", "PMID": 665642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10765", "title": "Mucinous carcinoid and endometriosis in an inside-out appendix.", "content": "This is the first report of the simultaneous occurrence of mucinous carcinoid and endometriosis in an inside-out appendix. The literature concerning carcinoids, endometriosis and intussusception of the appendix is reviewed. The mucinous, or goblet cell carcinoid was positive for mucin, argentaffin and argyrophil stains. Paneth cells were present. Two and one-half years with no tumor recurrence suggest good prognosis as previously reported.", "contents": "Mucinous carcinoid and endometriosis in an inside-out appendix. This is the first report of the simultaneous occurrence of mucinous carcinoid and endometriosis in an inside-out appendix. The literature concerning carcinoids, endometriosis and intussusception of the appendix is reviewed. The mucinous, or goblet cell carcinoid was positive for mucin, argentaffin and argyrophil stains. Paneth cells were present. Two and one-half years with no tumor recurrence suggest good prognosis as previously reported.", "PMID": 665643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10766", "title": "Immunoglobulins in submassive hepatic necrosis.", "content": "The presence of submassive hepatic necrosis in acute liver injury of viral or toxic etiology in liver biopsy specimens is of great diagnostic and prognostic significance. Liver biopsy, however, cannot be performed in some of these patients due to an abnormal coagulation profile. Hence, other noninvasive methods for diagnosis of submassive hepatic necrosis would be helpful. We compared the serum immunoglobulin-G levels in 15 patients with typical acute viral hepatitis and 19 patients with severe acute viral hepatitis with submassive hepatic necrosis. The difference of the Ig-G levels in both groups was statistically significant. By using discriminant analysis we found that it was possible to make the correct diagnosis of submassive hepatic necrosis in 89.5% of patients with acute viral hepatitis when only Ig-G levels were utilized.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in submassive hepatic necrosis. The presence of submassive hepatic necrosis in acute liver injury of viral or toxic etiology in liver biopsy specimens is of great diagnostic and prognostic significance. Liver biopsy, however, cannot be performed in some of these patients due to an abnormal coagulation profile. Hence, other noninvasive methods for diagnosis of submassive hepatic necrosis would be helpful. We compared the serum immunoglobulin-G levels in 15 patients with typical acute viral hepatitis and 19 patients with severe acute viral hepatitis with submassive hepatic necrosis. The difference of the Ig-G levels in both groups was statistically significant. By using discriminant analysis we found that it was possible to make the correct diagnosis of submassive hepatic necrosis in 89.5% of patients with acute viral hepatitis when only Ig-G levels were utilized.", "PMID": 665646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10767", "title": "The value of emergency angiography in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency.", "content": "Selective angiography is the technic which provides a higher accuracy in diagnosing an acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency. If carried out at an early stage it surpasses any other technic. It permits not only obtaining topographic data to locate the occlusion but also the detection of aspects of the collateral circulation in the loops of the bowel, thus enabling us to determine the therapeutic procedure to follow. We have done selective angiography of the superior mesenteric artery in nine patients in all of whom we identified the embolic disease. In five of these patients the embolus was in the main trunk and in four it was in the distal branches. The mortality rate varied depending on the site of the embolus and the time elapsed in the process. In three of the patients with distal localization and in one with trunk localization and sufficient arterial permeation, a conservative therapy was used with good results in all of them.", "contents": "The value of emergency angiography in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency. Selective angiography is the technic which provides a higher accuracy in diagnosing an acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency. If carried out at an early stage it surpasses any other technic. It permits not only obtaining topographic data to locate the occlusion but also the detection of aspects of the collateral circulation in the loops of the bowel, thus enabling us to determine the therapeutic procedure to follow. We have done selective angiography of the superior mesenteric artery in nine patients in all of whom we identified the embolic disease. In five of these patients the embolus was in the main trunk and in four it was in the distal branches. The mortality rate varied depending on the site of the embolus and the time elapsed in the process. In three of the patients with distal localization and in one with trunk localization and sufficient arterial permeation, a conservative therapy was used with good results in all of them.", "PMID": 665647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10768", "title": "Meconium ileus equivalent.", "content": "A case of meconium ileus equivalent in a 30-year old man is presented. The pathology and therapy for the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Meconium ileus equivalent. A case of meconium ileus equivalent in a 30-year old man is presented. The pathology and therapy for the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 665648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10769", "title": "Granuloma (sarcoid?) of the pancreas. A case report.", "content": "Clinically apparent pancreatic disease due to sarcoidosis has not been described in typical sarcoid patients. A few cases have been described at exploratory laparotomy and pancreatic involvement in autopsied cases is more common than generally appreciated. We report a patient not previously known to have sarcoidosis whose presentation with pruritus, eosinophilia and cholestatic serum chemistry suggested a reaction to phenothiazines. The correct diagnosis was made during surgery for an asymptomatic gallstone. No other evidence of pancreatic disease has become apparent during follow-ups of two years.", "contents": "Granuloma (sarcoid?) of the pancreas. A case report. Clinically apparent pancreatic disease due to sarcoidosis has not been described in typical sarcoid patients. A few cases have been described at exploratory laparotomy and pancreatic involvement in autopsied cases is more common than generally appreciated. We report a patient not previously known to have sarcoidosis whose presentation with pruritus, eosinophilia and cholestatic serum chemistry suggested a reaction to phenothiazines. The correct diagnosis was made during surgery for an asymptomatic gallstone. No other evidence of pancreatic disease has become apparent during follow-ups of two years.", "PMID": 665651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10770", "title": "Congenital duodenal stenosis. The duodenal cervix sign.", "content": "A case of congenital duodenal stenosis is reported complicated by recurrent pancreatitis. The diagnosis was not initially entertained because of the pancreatitis. The radiographic appearance on gastrointestinal series was unusual for pancreatitis. The finding of an anomalous celiac axis on arteriography suggested the possibility of other congenital anomalies. The diagnosis of congenital duodenal stenosis was confirmed at laparotomy. The obstruction was relieved with a duodenojejunostomy. Two year follow-up reveals the patient to be asymptomatic without recurrence of pancreatitis. This is the first endoscopic report of this lesion and the presence of the duodenal cervix sign should suggest the diagnosis of congenital duodenal stenosis.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal stenosis. The duodenal cervix sign. A case of congenital duodenal stenosis is reported complicated by recurrent pancreatitis. The diagnosis was not initially entertained because of the pancreatitis. The radiographic appearance on gastrointestinal series was unusual for pancreatitis. The finding of an anomalous celiac axis on arteriography suggested the possibility of other congenital anomalies. The diagnosis of congenital duodenal stenosis was confirmed at laparotomy. The obstruction was relieved with a duodenojejunostomy. Two year follow-up reveals the patient to be asymptomatic without recurrence of pancreatitis. This is the first endoscopic report of this lesion and the presence of the duodenal cervix sign should suggest the diagnosis of congenital duodenal stenosis.", "PMID": 665652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10771", "title": "Mid esophageal stricture.", "content": "A patient presented with a mid esophageal stricture. Clinical, radiological and histological studies led to a diagnosis of columnar-lined (Barrett) esophagus.", "contents": "Mid esophageal stricture. A patient presented with a mid esophageal stricture. Clinical, radiological and histological studies led to a diagnosis of columnar-lined (Barrett) esophagus.", "PMID": 665653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10772", "title": "The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. I. Methods and risk factors.", "content": "Questionnaires administered to 1822 members of the Framingham Heart Study from 1965 to 1967 provided measures of personality type, sociocultural mobility, situational stress and somatic strain. Clusters of questions selected by a panel of experts, and verified by item and factor analysis, formed scales of Type A behavior and other psychosocial states. The Framingham Type A behavior scale was significantly correlated with daily stress (.47), emotional lability (.43), tension (.42), anger symptoms (.34), and ambitiousness (.31). Women were less likely than men to be ambitious and to exhibit the Framingham Type A behavior, and were more likely than men to be emotionally labile, tense, and to suppress hostility. Few consistent associations were found between psychosocial stress measures and levels of blood pressure or cholesterol. Social status and marital conflicts were significantly associated with patterns of smoking. The Framingham Type A behavior pattern and other psychosocial measures were not related to the level of CHD risk, as determined by the Framingham logistic equations.", "contents": "The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. I. Methods and risk factors. Questionnaires administered to 1822 members of the Framingham Heart Study from 1965 to 1967 provided measures of personality type, sociocultural mobility, situational stress and somatic strain. Clusters of questions selected by a panel of experts, and verified by item and factor analysis, formed scales of Type A behavior and other psychosocial states. The Framingham Type A behavior scale was significantly correlated with daily stress (.47), emotional lability (.43), tension (.42), anger symptoms (.34), and ambitiousness (.31). Women were less likely than men to be ambitious and to exhibit the Framingham Type A behavior, and were more likely than men to be emotionally labile, tense, and to suppress hostility. Few consistent associations were found between psychosocial stress measures and levels of blood pressure or cholesterol. Social status and marital conflicts were significantly associated with patterns of smoking. The Framingham Type A behavior pattern and other psychosocial measures were not related to the level of CHD risk, as determined by the Framingham logistic equations.", "PMID": 665654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10773", "title": "The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. II. Prevalence of coronary heart disease.", "content": "In a cross-sectional study of 1822 persons aged 45 to 77 years of age, the association of 20 psychosocial scales with coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence was assessed. Women (aged 45 to 64 years) with coronary disease scored significantly higher on the Framingham Type A behavior, emotional lability, aging worries, tension, and anger symptoms scales than women free of CHD. The prevalence of CHD was significantly higher among working women and housewives classified as Type A than as Type B behavior. Among men under 65 years, Framingham Type A behavior, aging worries, daily stress, and tension were associated with the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI). For men and women over 65 years, marital dissatisfactions or disagreements were significantly related to the prevalence of CHD. In a multivariate analysis, the above associations were controlled for age, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and other psychosocial scales. Among women under 65 years of age, Framingham Type A behavior and emotional lability remained significant discriminators of CHD prevalence. Aging worries significantly differentiated men under 65 with and without MI. Issues related to the interpretation of results from cross-sectional studies are discussed, and four hypotheses are suggested for future prospective work in this area.", "contents": "The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. II. Prevalence of coronary heart disease. In a cross-sectional study of 1822 persons aged 45 to 77 years of age, the association of 20 psychosocial scales with coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence was assessed. Women (aged 45 to 64 years) with coronary disease scored significantly higher on the Framingham Type A behavior, emotional lability, aging worries, tension, and anger symptoms scales than women free of CHD. The prevalence of CHD was significantly higher among working women and housewives classified as Type A than as Type B behavior. Among men under 65 years, Framingham Type A behavior, aging worries, daily stress, and tension were associated with the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI). For men and women over 65 years, marital dissatisfactions or disagreements were significantly related to the prevalence of CHD. In a multivariate analysis, the above associations were controlled for age, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and other psychosocial scales. Among women under 65 years of age, Framingham Type A behavior and emotional lability remained significant discriminators of CHD prevalence. Aging worries significantly differentiated men under 65 with and without MI. Issues related to the interpretation of results from cross-sectional studies are discussed, and four hypotheses are suggested for future prospective work in this area.", "PMID": 665655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10774", "title": "Blood pressure of children, ages 2 1/2-5 1/2 years, in a total community--the Bogalusa heart study.", "content": "Eighty per cent of all identified children 2 1/2-5 1/2 years old in a total geographic community in Bogalusa, Louisiana, were examined for cardiovascular disease risk factor variables, including blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, and blood lipids. Blood pressure was measured by three instrument types, each with three readings, according to a rigid, randomized design. Results from the three instruments were compared, and potential biases for each instrument are listed. All observations on the children were analyzed by multiple regression with BP as the dependent variable. After controlling for the mood of the child, the authors found that some index of body size was positively related to BP, whereas age, race, and serum lipids were not consistently related. The regressions of blood pressure on height as well as on log weight fit straight lines. These results conform with the findings for the 5- to 14-year-olds in this community. The basal or fundamental reference blood pressure is likely to rise gradually from birth to the age of incipient adult stature, and to be linearly related to height and to log weight. Changes observed over time are needed to relate BP levels in childhood to the early natural history of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Blood pressure of children, ages 2 1/2-5 1/2 years, in a total community--the Bogalusa heart study. Eighty per cent of all identified children 2 1/2-5 1/2 years old in a total geographic community in Bogalusa, Louisiana, were examined for cardiovascular disease risk factor variables, including blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, and blood lipids. Blood pressure was measured by three instrument types, each with three readings, according to a rigid, randomized design. Results from the three instruments were compared, and potential biases for each instrument are listed. All observations on the children were analyzed by multiple regression with BP as the dependent variable. After controlling for the mood of the child, the authors found that some index of body size was positively related to BP, whereas age, race, and serum lipids were not consistently related. The regressions of blood pressure on height as well as on log weight fit straight lines. These results conform with the findings for the 5- to 14-year-olds in this community. The basal or fundamental reference blood pressure is likely to rise gradually from birth to the age of incipient adult stature, and to be linearly related to height and to log weight. Changes observed over time are needed to relate BP levels in childhood to the early natural history of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 665656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10775", "title": "Diarrhea and school toilet hygiene in Cali, Colombia.", "content": "In a 4-week period in early 1976 in a poor, working class area of Cali, Colombia, the prevalences of diarrhea, vomiting, common cold, and head lice in schoolchildren were measured in relation to classroom size and to the condition of the school toilets. The study found that unhygienic toilet conditions were related to diarrhea, and it was estimated that if all schools could reach the modest level of hygiene of the two schools with the relatively best facilities, diarrhea would be reduced by 44% and vomiting by 34%. Toilet hygiene was found to be unrelated to colds or head lice, which have similar social class distributions to diarrhea and vomiting. Crowding was found to be related to a small percentage of the prevalences of vomiting, head lice and colds.", "contents": "Diarrhea and school toilet hygiene in Cali, Colombia. In a 4-week period in early 1976 in a poor, working class area of Cali, Colombia, the prevalences of diarrhea, vomiting, common cold, and head lice in schoolchildren were measured in relation to classroom size and to the condition of the school toilets. The study found that unhygienic toilet conditions were related to diarrhea, and it was estimated that if all schools could reach the modest level of hygiene of the two schools with the relatively best facilities, diarrhea would be reduced by 44% and vomiting by 34%. Toilet hygiene was found to be unrelated to colds or head lice, which have similar social class distributions to diarrhea and vomiting. Crowding was found to be related to a small percentage of the prevalences of vomiting, head lice and colds.", "PMID": 665657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10776", "title": "Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school.", "content": "A measles epidemic in a modern suburban elementary school in upstate New York in spring, 1974, is analyzed in terms of a model which provides a basis for apportioning the chance of infection from classmates sharing the same home room, from airborne organisms recirculated by the ventilating system, and from exposure in school buses. The epidemic was notable because of its explosive nature and its occurrence in a school where 97% of the children had been vaccinated. Many had been vaccinated at less than one year of age. The index case was a girl in second grade who produced 28 secondary cases in 14 different classrooms. Organisms recirculated by the ventilating system were strongly implicated. After two subsequent generations, 60 children had been infected, and the epidemic subsided. From estimates of major physical and biologic factors, it was possible to calculate that the index case produced approximately 93 units of airborne infection (quanta) per minute. The epidemic pattern suggested that the secondaries were less infectious by an order of magnitude. The exceptional infectiousness of the index case, inadequate immunization of many of the children, and the high percentage of air recirculated throughout the school, are believed to account for the extent and sharpness of the outbreak.", "contents": "Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school. A measles epidemic in a modern suburban elementary school in upstate New York in spring, 1974, is analyzed in terms of a model which provides a basis for apportioning the chance of infection from classmates sharing the same home room, from airborne organisms recirculated by the ventilating system, and from exposure in school buses. The epidemic was notable because of its explosive nature and its occurrence in a school where 97% of the children had been vaccinated. Many had been vaccinated at less than one year of age. The index case was a girl in second grade who produced 28 secondary cases in 14 different classrooms. Organisms recirculated by the ventilating system were strongly implicated. After two subsequent generations, 60 children had been infected, and the epidemic subsided. From estimates of major physical and biologic factors, it was possible to calculate that the index case produced approximately 93 units of airborne infection (quanta) per minute. The epidemic pattern suggested that the secondaries were less infectious by an order of magnitude. The exceptional infectiousness of the index case, inadequate immunization of many of the children, and the high percentage of air recirculated throughout the school, are believed to account for the extent and sharpness of the outbreak.", "PMID": 665658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10777", "title": "Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. I. Isolation and characterization of the etiologic agent, Rocio virus.", "content": "In April, 1975, an epidemic of human encephalitis was detected in several counties in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; the epidemic continued into 1976. A virus was isolated from central nervous system (CNS) tissues of a 39-year-old male who died on December 8, 1975; the virus was found to be a new flavivirus for which the name Rocio virus is proposed. Nine further isolations of Rocio virus were obtained from CNS tissues of 17 patients who died with clinical symptoms of encephalitis. Isolations of virus and serologic evidence of Rocio virus infection in a significant proportion of the encephalitis patients suggested that Rocio virus was the etiologic agent of the epidemic. Rocio virus was isolated only from patients who died within 5 days of onset of illness. The virus was isolated from two sentinel mice exposed in the epidemic zone and from a rufous collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) collected in the area.", "contents": "Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. I. Isolation and characterization of the etiologic agent, Rocio virus. In April, 1975, an epidemic of human encephalitis was detected in several counties in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; the epidemic continued into 1976. A virus was isolated from central nervous system (CNS) tissues of a 39-year-old male who died on December 8, 1975; the virus was found to be a new flavivirus for which the name Rocio virus is proposed. Nine further isolations of Rocio virus were obtained from CNS tissues of 17 patients who died with clinical symptoms of encephalitis. Isolations of virus and serologic evidence of Rocio virus infection in a significant proportion of the encephalitis patients suggested that Rocio virus was the etiologic agent of the epidemic. Rocio virus was isolated only from patients who died within 5 days of onset of illness. The virus was isolated from two sentinel mice exposed in the epidemic zone and from a rufous collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) collected in the area.", "PMID": 665659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10778", "title": "Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Of some 15,500 women resident in a retirement community during an 11 year interval, 220 suffered a cardiologically ascertained first myocardial infarction. A case-control study demonstrated no association between estrogen use and myocardial infarction. The observed lack of association may be explained by an already high coronary risk in this age group, by the low daily estrogen dose, and by the short duration of estrogen use. The well-known association between hypertension and myocardial infarction was confirmed.", "contents": "Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Of some 15,500 women resident in a retirement community during an 11 year interval, 220 suffered a cardiologically ascertained first myocardial infarction. A case-control study demonstrated no association between estrogen use and myocardial infarction. The observed lack of association may be explained by an already high coronary risk in this age group, by the low daily estrogen dose, and by the short duration of estrogen use. The well-known association between hypertension and myocardial infarction was confirmed.", "PMID": 665662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10779", "title": "A comparison of dietary methods in epidemiologic studies.", "content": "Three methods of estimating group and individual dietary consumption have been developed and assessed in a case-control study of diet and breast cancer. The methods comprised a 24-hour recall, a detailed quantitative diet history directed to the most recent two-month period and the two-month period six months before, and a four-day diet diary. There is a high degree of correlation between the estimates of food consumption for the controls using each of the methods. The highest estimate was obtained from the diet history, with a slightly higher estimate in the period six months before than the current period, while the lowest is found in the 24-hour recall. The latter corresponds with the same method in a Nutrition Canada Survey. It is concluded that all methods ara applicable to case-control studies, but the diet history is preferred when current food intake may be influenced by a disease.", "contents": "A comparison of dietary methods in epidemiologic studies. Three methods of estimating group and individual dietary consumption have been developed and assessed in a case-control study of diet and breast cancer. The methods comprised a 24-hour recall, a detailed quantitative diet history directed to the most recent two-month period and the two-month period six months before, and a four-day diet diary. There is a high degree of correlation between the estimates of food consumption for the controls using each of the methods. The highest estimate was obtained from the diet history, with a slightly higher estimate in the period six months before than the current period, while the lowest is found in the 24-hour recall. The latter corresponds with the same method in a Nutrition Canada Survey. It is concluded that all methods ara applicable to case-control studies, but the diet history is preferred when current food intake may be influenced by a disease.", "PMID": 665663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10780", "title": "A study of diet and breast cancer.", "content": "A case-control study has been conducted in four areas in Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered a medical and dietary history questionnaire, a 24-hour recall for dietary information and a four-day diet record. The Study has produced evidence of an association between an increased intake of nutrients, especially total fat, in both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with breast cancer. Reasons why a weak association might have been anticipated are discussed, and it is concluded that in reality the association is stronger. Furthermore, its consistency with other evidence, both experimental and international, suggests that it is causal.", "contents": "A study of diet and breast cancer. A case-control study has been conducted in four areas in Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered a medical and dietary history questionnaire, a 24-hour recall for dietary information and a four-day diet record. The Study has produced evidence of an association between an increased intake of nutrients, especially total fat, in both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with breast cancer. Reasons why a weak association might have been anticipated are discussed, and it is concluded that in reality the association is stronger. Furthermore, its consistency with other evidence, both experimental and international, suggests that it is causal.", "PMID": 665664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10781", "title": "An epidemiologic study of breast cancer.", "content": "A case-control study has been conducted in four areas of Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered medical and dietary questionnaires. The study is suggestive of an increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women with younger age at menarche and an increased risk with delay of age at natural menopause. No protective effect of early age at first pregnancy was demonstrated in either pre- or post-menopausal women. An increased frequency of pregnancies of four months duration or less was found in cases compared to controls and a greater frequency in pre-menopausal cases compared to controls of a history of irregular menstrual periods. In pre-menopausal women no association has been found between increased height and weight as risk factors for breast cancer. For post-menopausal women, however, a weak association with increased height has been found, while a strong association with increased weight both at the time of menopause and the 12 months preceding diagnosis has ben confirmed.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of breast cancer. A case-control study has been conducted in four areas of Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered medical and dietary questionnaires. The study is suggestive of an increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women with younger age at menarche and an increased risk with delay of age at natural menopause. No protective effect of early age at first pregnancy was demonstrated in either pre- or post-menopausal women. An increased frequency of pregnancies of four months duration or less was found in cases compared to controls and a greater frequency in pre-menopausal cases compared to controls of a history of irregular menstrual periods. In pre-menopausal women no association has been found between increased height and weight as risk factors for breast cancer. For post-menopausal women, however, a weak association with increased height has been found, while a strong association with increased weight both at the time of menopause and the 12 months preceding diagnosis has ben confirmed.", "PMID": 665665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10782", "title": "Childhood sibling aggregation of coronary artery disease risk factor variables in a biracial community.", "content": "To analyze aggregation of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), the authors studied 4538 children from the biracial community of Bogalusa, Louisiana. Of these children ranging in age from two to 18 years, 2535 had at least one sibling, permitting the calculation of F-ratios and intraclass correlation coefficients. Those calculations revealed statistically signigicant F-ratios for all anthropometric, blood pressure and lipid variables studied. Of the lipoprotein variables studied only alpha-lipoprotein showed no statistically significant aggregation (for black children). The analysis failed to reveal any significant differences in intraclass correlations between black and white children.", "contents": "Childhood sibling aggregation of coronary artery disease risk factor variables in a biracial community. To analyze aggregation of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), the authors studied 4538 children from the biracial community of Bogalusa, Louisiana. Of these children ranging in age from two to 18 years, 2535 had at least one sibling, permitting the calculation of F-ratios and intraclass correlation coefficients. Those calculations revealed statistically signigicant F-ratios for all anthropometric, blood pressure and lipid variables studied. Of the lipoprotein variables studied only alpha-lipoprotein showed no statistically significant aggregation (for black children). The analysis failed to reveal any significant differences in intraclass correlations between black and white children.", "PMID": 665666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10783", "title": "Leptospirosis: a common-source outbreak due to leptospires of the grippotyphosa serogroup.", "content": "In the period August 1-10, 1975, seven cases of leptospirosis occurred in residents of Stewart County, Tennessee. Based on serologic evidence, the infection was caused by leptospires of the Grippotyphosa serogroup. Epidemiologic study showed that the patients apparently acquired their infection while swimming in Cub Creek, a small local stream. Stagnation of the stream resulting from subnormal rainfall may have contributed to the timing of the outbreak. The source of leptospiral contamination for the stream could not be determined.", "contents": "Leptospirosis: a common-source outbreak due to leptospires of the grippotyphosa serogroup. In the period August 1-10, 1975, seven cases of leptospirosis occurred in residents of Stewart County, Tennessee. Based on serologic evidence, the infection was caused by leptospires of the Grippotyphosa serogroup. Epidemiologic study showed that the patients apparently acquired their infection while swimming in Cub Creek, a small local stream. Stagnation of the stream resulting from subnormal rainfall may have contributed to the timing of the outbreak. The source of leptospiral contamination for the stream could not be determined.", "PMID": 665667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10784", "title": "The reappearance of a classical epidemic of infectious hepatitis in Worcester, Massachusetts.", "content": "Worcester, MA, experienced an outbreak of hepatitis during 1969-1970, an expected event which had occurred previously at eight-year intervals since reporting of the disease began in 1950. Other Massachusetts communities of similar character and the nation did not experience an epidemic during that same period. An extensive epidemiologic study of the disease illustrated that the epidemic followed the classical pattern in which individuals 5-14 years old were most affected irrespective of sex. During the interepidemic years from 1968-1972 in Worcester, and in all years (1968-1972) in both New Bedford and Springfield, MA, those primarily affected were young adults 15-30 years old, with male cases predominating. Sociodemographic statistical analyses also indicated the classical pattern of the less affluent, less educated, and sometimes the more crowded populations being at greater risk of contracting the disease. This outbreak of hepatitis was comparable to another in Greenland two years later in which immunologic methods differentiated between type A and type B viral infections. The data from both studies support the conclusion that the type B virus, often associated with parenteral drug use, is the predominate infectious agent during the interepidemic (endemic) periods. The type A virus is most likely responsible for the periodic epidemics.", "contents": "The reappearance of a classical epidemic of infectious hepatitis in Worcester, Massachusetts. Worcester, MA, experienced an outbreak of hepatitis during 1969-1970, an expected event which had occurred previously at eight-year intervals since reporting of the disease began in 1950. Other Massachusetts communities of similar character and the nation did not experience an epidemic during that same period. An extensive epidemiologic study of the disease illustrated that the epidemic followed the classical pattern in which individuals 5-14 years old were most affected irrespective of sex. During the interepidemic years from 1968-1972 in Worcester, and in all years (1968-1972) in both New Bedford and Springfield, MA, those primarily affected were young adults 15-30 years old, with male cases predominating. Sociodemographic statistical analyses also indicated the classical pattern of the less affluent, less educated, and sometimes the more crowded populations being at greater risk of contracting the disease. This outbreak of hepatitis was comparable to another in Greenland two years later in which immunologic methods differentiated between type A and type B viral infections. The data from both studies support the conclusion that the type B virus, often associated with parenteral drug use, is the predominate infectious agent during the interepidemic (endemic) periods. The type A virus is most likely responsible for the periodic epidemics.", "PMID": 665668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10785", "title": "Compatibility and stability of diazepam injection following dilution with intravenous fluids.", "content": "The compatibility and stability of diazepam injection were studied following dilution to 10 different concentrations in dextrose 5% in water, normal saline, Ringer's injection and lactated Ringer's injection. Prepared solutions were examined for clarity and pH throughout a 24-hour period. Clear solutions were filtered and then assayed 24 hours after preparation using UV spectrophotometry. Solutions which formed visible precipitates before 24 hours or which did not demonstrate acceptable potency (greater than or equal to 90%) were assayed after shorter time periods. Dilutions lower than 1:20 (5 mg in 20 ml) resulted in immediate visible precipitates in all four diluents. The 1:20 dilution was compatible with all four diluents and maintained acceptable potency for four hours, whereas at 1:40 dilution (5 mg in 40 ml) diazepam was stable for at least 6-8 hours in the same diluents. At higher dilutions of 1:50, 1:75 and 1:100 (5 mg in 50, 75 and 100 ml, respectively) the injection was compatible with and stable in all four diluents for 24 hours. Further studies are required before the use of diazepam injection as an infusion can be recommended. However, if in some circumstances it is necessary to administer diazepam as an infusion, it is recommended that it be diluted in dextrose 5% in water, normal saline, Ringer's injection or lactated Ringer's injection to a dilution of at least 1:40 and used within 6 hours or to a dilution of 1:50 and used within 24 hours.", "contents": "Compatibility and stability of diazepam injection following dilution with intravenous fluids. The compatibility and stability of diazepam injection were studied following dilution to 10 different concentrations in dextrose 5% in water, normal saline, Ringer's injection and lactated Ringer's injection. Prepared solutions were examined for clarity and pH throughout a 24-hour period. Clear solutions were filtered and then assayed 24 hours after preparation using UV spectrophotometry. Solutions which formed visible precipitates before 24 hours or which did not demonstrate acceptable potency (greater than or equal to 90%) were assayed after shorter time periods. Dilutions lower than 1:20 (5 mg in 20 ml) resulted in immediate visible precipitates in all four diluents. The 1:20 dilution was compatible with all four diluents and maintained acceptable potency for four hours, whereas at 1:40 dilution (5 mg in 40 ml) diazepam was stable for at least 6-8 hours in the same diluents. At higher dilutions of 1:50, 1:75 and 1:100 (5 mg in 50, 75 and 100 ml, respectively) the injection was compatible with and stable in all four diluents for 24 hours. Further studies are required before the use of diazepam injection as an infusion can be recommended. However, if in some circumstances it is necessary to administer diazepam as an infusion, it is recommended that it be diluted in dextrose 5% in water, normal saline, Ringer's injection or lactated Ringer's injection to a dilution of at least 1:40 and used within 6 hours or to a dilution of 1:50 and used within 24 hours.", "PMID": 665679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10786", "title": "Hospital pharmacy in Australia.", "content": "Hospital pharmacy practice in Australia is reviewed. Topics covered include pharmaceutical education, drug distribution, purchasing of pharmaceuticals, and hospital pharmacy staffing and services. Australia has a national health insurance system which directly affects both community and hospital pharmacy practice. While traditionally Australian hospital pharmacy practice has followed the British system of drug delivery, practitioners have tried to introduce innovations such as intravenous admixture services, unit dose drug distribution systems and drug information services. The limitations imposed by restricted governmental funds have inhibited the introduction of innovations. The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia offers a continuing education correspondence course which leads to the granting of a Fellowship in Hospital Pharmacy.", "contents": "Hospital pharmacy in Australia. Hospital pharmacy practice in Australia is reviewed. Topics covered include pharmaceutical education, drug distribution, purchasing of pharmaceuticals, and hospital pharmacy staffing and services. Australia has a national health insurance system which directly affects both community and hospital pharmacy practice. While traditionally Australian hospital pharmacy practice has followed the British system of drug delivery, practitioners have tried to introduce innovations such as intravenous admixture services, unit dose drug distribution systems and drug information services. The limitations imposed by restricted governmental funds have inhibited the introduction of innovations. The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia offers a continuing education correspondence course which leads to the granting of a Fellowship in Hospital Pharmacy.", "PMID": 665680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10787", "title": "Recommended procedures for in-use testing of large volume parenterals suspected of contamination or of producing a reaction in a patient. National Coordinating Committee on Large Volume Parenterals.", "content": "Guidelines for hospital detection of possible microbial contaminants of large volume parenterals are presented. Operational definitions are given, and the guidelines are divided into procedures or steps (1) to be taken in the patient care area by its personnel and that are practical for application in the hospital microbiological laboratory with limited facilities, and (2) those for the expert microbiological laboratory of health departments, teaching hospitals, large community hospitals or specialized research laboratories with experience and responsibility for handling more detailed procedures.", "contents": "Recommended procedures for in-use testing of large volume parenterals suspected of contamination or of producing a reaction in a patient. National Coordinating Committee on Large Volume Parenterals. Guidelines for hospital detection of possible microbial contaminants of large volume parenterals are presented. Operational definitions are given, and the guidelines are divided into procedures or steps (1) to be taken in the patient care area by its personnel and that are practical for application in the hospital microbiological laboratory with limited facilities, and (2) those for the expert microbiological laboratory of health departments, teaching hospitals, large community hospitals or specialized research laboratories with experience and responsibility for handling more detailed procedures.", "PMID": 665681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10788", "title": "Revision and reorganization of a hospital pharmacy policy and procedure manual.", "content": "The development of a hospital pharmacy policy and procedure manual which can provide employees with an immediate source of current and reliable operating information is discussed. Flexibility and the capability to be readily revised were key factors in the design of the manual. A table of contents, a referencing system and physical specifications for the manual were determined. Policies and procedures on format, writing style, distribution, responsibility, revisions and additions, and review were established. Sample policies and procedures are presented. The concept of a procedure specialist to coordinate all activities regarding the manual was examined. It is recommended that all staff members participate in the development and revision of policies and procedures.", "contents": "Revision and reorganization of a hospital pharmacy policy and procedure manual. The development of a hospital pharmacy policy and procedure manual which can provide employees with an immediate source of current and reliable operating information is discussed. Flexibility and the capability to be readily revised were key factors in the design of the manual. A table of contents, a referencing system and physical specifications for the manual were determined. Policies and procedures on format, writing style, distribution, responsibility, revisions and additions, and review were established. Sample policies and procedures are presented. The concept of a procedure specialist to coordinate all activities regarding the manual was examined. It is recommended that all staff members participate in the development and revision of policies and procedures.", "PMID": 665682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10789", "title": "Pharmacist's impact on chronic psychiatric outpatients in community mental health.", "content": "The impact of a specially trained pharmacist upon the treatment of chronic psychiatric outpatients being maintained within their communities was studied. The quantity and costs of the services provided were assessed as well as patient satisfaction and well-being. Three years of management information data from eight mental health centers were used to compare the medication monitoring services provided by pharmacists and psychiatrists. In a separate study of chronic psychiatric outpatients, patients treated exclusively by the pharmacist were compared with patients treated by other mental health professionals on measures of community adjustment and satisfaction with treatment. The pharmacist monitored the medications of about 200 chronic psychiatric patients each month. The cost of a pharmacist providing medication monitoring services was 40% of the cost of providing that service by a psychiatrist. The pharmacist's patients were found to be functioning in the community as well as or better than other patients and their reported satisfaction with treatment was at least that of other chronic psychiatric patients sampled. The psychiatric pharmacist in this study successfully monitored stabilized psychiatric patients within their communities.", "contents": "Pharmacist's impact on chronic psychiatric outpatients in community mental health. The impact of a specially trained pharmacist upon the treatment of chronic psychiatric outpatients being maintained within their communities was studied. The quantity and costs of the services provided were assessed as well as patient satisfaction and well-being. Three years of management information data from eight mental health centers were used to compare the medication monitoring services provided by pharmacists and psychiatrists. In a separate study of chronic psychiatric outpatients, patients treated exclusively by the pharmacist were compared with patients treated by other mental health professionals on measures of community adjustment and satisfaction with treatment. The pharmacist monitored the medications of about 200 chronic psychiatric patients each month. The cost of a pharmacist providing medication monitoring services was 40% of the cost of providing that service by a psychiatrist. The pharmacist's patients were found to be functioning in the community as well as or better than other patients and their reported satisfaction with treatment was at least that of other chronic psychiatric patients sampled. The psychiatric pharmacist in this study successfully monitored stabilized psychiatric patients within their communities.", "PMID": 665683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10790", "title": "Pharmacist involvement in a tuberculosis outpatient clinic.", "content": "The role of a pharmacist in a rural tuberculosis outpatient clinic is described. The clinic functions primarily in a follow-up capacity, necessitating complete records of each patient's medical progress, including a summary of prior drug therapy and observed response. The pharmacist is responsible for maintenance of patient records, patient consultation, onsite drug preparation and dispensing, and teaching responsibilities. The pharmacist-physician interaction in this setting is discussed. This program was devised to help improve patient compliance with antituberculosis drug therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacist involvement in a tuberculosis outpatient clinic. The role of a pharmacist in a rural tuberculosis outpatient clinic is described. The clinic functions primarily in a follow-up capacity, necessitating complete records of each patient's medical progress, including a summary of prior drug therapy and observed response. The pharmacist is responsible for maintenance of patient records, patient consultation, onsite drug preparation and dispensing, and teaching responsibilities. The pharmacist-physician interaction in this setting is discussed. This program was devised to help improve patient compliance with antituberculosis drug therapy.", "PMID": 665684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10791", "title": "Computer system for unit dose drug distribution.", "content": "A computerized unit dose drug distribution system, part of an online hospital information system, is described. Differences between manual and computerized pharmacy distribution, and the advantages and deficiencies of the automated system are discussed. The system seems to improve pharmacy's efficiency, accuracy, control of drugs and capabilities for patient monitoring and drug use review. If mechanical failure occurs, back-up procedures keep the distribution system operational. The computer system is believed to decrease the time spent by pharmacists on routine distribution tasks, leaving time for other necessary pharmacy functions.", "contents": "Computer system for unit dose drug distribution. A computerized unit dose drug distribution system, part of an online hospital information system, is described. Differences between manual and computerized pharmacy distribution, and the advantages and deficiencies of the automated system are discussed. The system seems to improve pharmacy's efficiency, accuracy, control of drugs and capabilities for patient monitoring and drug use review. If mechanical failure occurs, back-up procedures keep the distribution system operational. The computer system is believed to decrease the time spent by pharmacists on routine distribution tasks, leaving time for other necessary pharmacy functions.", "PMID": 665685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10792", "title": "Correlation of predicted versus measured creatinine clearance values in burn patients.", "content": "Four methods for predicting creatinine clearance (Ccr) from serum creatinine concentration (Scr) were evaluated in 19 male burn patients with burn wound sepsis. Measured Ccr values were calculated from 24-hour urinary catheter collections. Steady state Scr values were obtained during the same collection interval. Predicted Ccr values were derived from Scr using the methods of Cockcroft and Gault (Method II), Siersbaek-Nielsen, Kampmann and others (Method III) and Jeliffe (Methods I and IV). Wide differences between measured and predicted values were observed but were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) for Method I only. The smallest mean difference (+/-0.02 ml/min/1.73 m2) occurred with Method II measured-predicted data pairs. Method III predicted Ccr values which correlated best with measured values (r=0.770) and showed the least variability (+/-7.6 ml/min/1.73 m2). All methods appeared to overestimate when measured Ccr was less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Use of estimated lean body weights did not improve correlations between predicted and measured Ccr values. While Methods II and III may provide useful initial approximations of Ccr in burn patients, reliance upon predicted Ccr values for dosage modification in burn patients may result in an insufficient reduction in dosage. Whenever possible, dosage regimens for drugs with narrow therapeutic margins should be developed or adjusted using pharmacokinetic values determined in the individual patient.", "contents": "Correlation of predicted versus measured creatinine clearance values in burn patients. Four methods for predicting creatinine clearance (Ccr) from serum creatinine concentration (Scr) were evaluated in 19 male burn patients with burn wound sepsis. Measured Ccr values were calculated from 24-hour urinary catheter collections. Steady state Scr values were obtained during the same collection interval. Predicted Ccr values were derived from Scr using the methods of Cockcroft and Gault (Method II), Siersbaek-Nielsen, Kampmann and others (Method III) and Jeliffe (Methods I and IV). Wide differences between measured and predicted values were observed but were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) for Method I only. The smallest mean difference (+/-0.02 ml/min/1.73 m2) occurred with Method II measured-predicted data pairs. Method III predicted Ccr values which correlated best with measured values (r=0.770) and showed the least variability (+/-7.6 ml/min/1.73 m2). All methods appeared to overestimate when measured Ccr was less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Use of estimated lean body weights did not improve correlations between predicted and measured Ccr values. While Methods II and III may provide useful initial approximations of Ccr in burn patients, reliance upon predicted Ccr values for dosage modification in burn patients may result in an insufficient reduction in dosage. Whenever possible, dosage regimens for drugs with narrow therapeutic margins should be developed or adjusted using pharmacokinetic values determined in the individual patient.", "PMID": 665687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10793", "title": "Anticholinergic psychosis.", "content": "A case of anticholinergic psychossis in a 17-year-old male following suspected ingestion of an unknown amount of benztropine mesylate is discussed. The borderline mentally retarded patient exhibited acute psychosis and physical signs common to anticholinergic and amphetamine intoxications such as mydriasis, tachycardia and hypertension. Intramuscular chlorpromazine hydrochloride and oral haloperidol were administered to sedate the patient. The differential diagnosis of anticholinergic intoxication was based on the patient's physical and mental symptoms, the short duration of the psychosis and a negative urine assay for amphetamine. The neuropsychiatric signs of and treatment for anticholinergic psychosis are discussed. Physostigmine salicylate is the drug of choice for reversing the signs and symptoms of anticholinergic poisoning. Benzodiazepines may be used if sedation is indicated, but use of phenothiazines for this purpose should be avoided.", "contents": "Anticholinergic psychosis. A case of anticholinergic psychossis in a 17-year-old male following suspected ingestion of an unknown amount of benztropine mesylate is discussed. The borderline mentally retarded patient exhibited acute psychosis and physical signs common to anticholinergic and amphetamine intoxications such as mydriasis, tachycardia and hypertension. Intramuscular chlorpromazine hydrochloride and oral haloperidol were administered to sedate the patient. The differential diagnosis of anticholinergic intoxication was based on the patient's physical and mental symptoms, the short duration of the psychosis and a negative urine assay for amphetamine. The neuropsychiatric signs of and treatment for anticholinergic psychosis are discussed. Physostigmine salicylate is the drug of choice for reversing the signs and symptoms of anticholinergic poisoning. Benzodiazepines may be used if sedation is indicated, but use of phenothiazines for this purpose should be avoided.", "PMID": 665688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10794", "title": "Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978.", "content": "Provisions of the Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978 are discussed. Included in the discussion are drug monographs and product licenses, investigations and approvals of drugs, drug information, labeling, promotion and education, penalties, and the National Center for Clinical Pharmacology. The Act eliminates the individual NDA approach to regulation and replaces it with a system of monographs on \"drug entities\" and \"drug product\" licenses. It amplifies and redefines the investigational process to facilitate and promote research while protecting patients' rights. It also divides the commercial investigation process into two phases: drug innovation investigations and drug development investigations.", "contents": "Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978. Provisions of the Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978 are discussed. Included in the discussion are drug monographs and product licenses, investigations and approvals of drugs, drug information, labeling, promotion and education, penalties, and the National Center for Clinical Pharmacology. The Act eliminates the individual NDA approach to regulation and replaces it with a system of monographs on \"drug entities\" and \"drug product\" licenses. It amplifies and redefines the investigational process to facilitate and promote research while protecting patients' rights. It also divides the commercial investigation process into two phases: drug innovation investigations and drug development investigations.", "PMID": 665689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10795", "title": "Moisture permeation of newer unit dose repackaging materials.", "content": "Moisture permeation of some unit dose repackaging materials currently available was tested and compared with the results of an earlier study. Seventeen unit dose containers marketed for hospital pharmacy repackaging were tested. Most of the samples were prepared in a laboratory under optimal physical and mechanical conditions. The methodology involved packaging a desiccant pellet, storage at 75 +/- 3% relative humidity and 20 +/- 2 C, and weighing at various time intervals. Each container was placed into one of four classes depending upon the amount of weight gain. In general, moisture permeation values for all types of materials were much lower than in the previous study. The results show that improved moisture protection can be achieved through modifications in typical repackaging systems.", "contents": "Moisture permeation of newer unit dose repackaging materials. Moisture permeation of some unit dose repackaging materials currently available was tested and compared with the results of an earlier study. Seventeen unit dose containers marketed for hospital pharmacy repackaging were tested. Most of the samples were prepared in a laboratory under optimal physical and mechanical conditions. The methodology involved packaging a desiccant pellet, storage at 75 +/- 3% relative humidity and 20 +/- 2 C, and weighing at various time intervals. Each container was placed into one of four classes depending upon the amount of weight gain. In general, moisture permeation values for all types of materials were much lower than in the previous study. The results show that improved moisture protection can be achieved through modifications in typical repackaging systems.", "PMID": 665694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10796", "title": "Furosemide-induced adverse reactions during hospitalization.", "content": "The frequency and types of adverse reactions (ARs) occurring in hospitalized patients receiving furosemide were surveyed prospectively in a four-year study at the Jos\u00e9 Joaquin Aquirre Hospital in Santiago, Chile. A team of clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists monitored 533 patients receiving furosemide and recorded patient characteristics, laboratory test results, drugs administered, and suspected ARs. Definite or probably furosemide-induced ARs were detected in 220 (39.8%) patients. No ARs were fatal but 7.6% of patients, all having cirrhosis of the liver, had severe ARs. Of the ARs recorded, 95.2% were dose-related. The most common ARs were electrolyte disturbances (23.5% of patients), extracellular volume depletion (9.0% of patients) and hepatic comma (3.6% of patients). Total and daily furosemide doses, lengthened hospitalization and hepatic disease were significantly associated with the frequency of ARs (p less than 0.001). The dosage of furosemide did not account for the increased frequency of ARs in patients with hepatic disease. The frequency of hypokalemia was not reduced significantly when furosemide was administered with potassium chloride or potassium-sparing diuretics (p less than 0.05). The frequency of severe furosemide-induced ARs is low, but ARs are more common in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. These patients should be closely monitored for furosemide-induced ARs.", "contents": "Furosemide-induced adverse reactions during hospitalization. The frequency and types of adverse reactions (ARs) occurring in hospitalized patients receiving furosemide were surveyed prospectively in a four-year study at the Jos\u00e9 Joaquin Aquirre Hospital in Santiago, Chile. A team of clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists monitored 533 patients receiving furosemide and recorded patient characteristics, laboratory test results, drugs administered, and suspected ARs. Definite or probably furosemide-induced ARs were detected in 220 (39.8%) patients. No ARs were fatal but 7.6% of patients, all having cirrhosis of the liver, had severe ARs. Of the ARs recorded, 95.2% were dose-related. The most common ARs were electrolyte disturbances (23.5% of patients), extracellular volume depletion (9.0% of patients) and hepatic comma (3.6% of patients). Total and daily furosemide doses, lengthened hospitalization and hepatic disease were significantly associated with the frequency of ARs (p less than 0.001). The dosage of furosemide did not account for the increased frequency of ARs in patients with hepatic disease. The frequency of hypokalemia was not reduced significantly when furosemide was administered with potassium chloride or potassium-sparing diuretics (p less than 0.05). The frequency of severe furosemide-induced ARs is low, but ARs are more common in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. These patients should be closely monitored for furosemide-induced ARs.", "PMID": 665695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10797", "title": "Comprehensive self-medication program for epileptic patients.", "content": "The establishment and operation of a comprehensive self-medication program for hospitalized epileptic patients are described. The patients in the program are required to meet established behavioral criteria during each of four stages of self-medication before progressing to the next stage. The patient has increasing responsibility in each successive phase of the program. The areas of patient involvement for the pharmacist are: (1) obtaining a medication history, (2) teaching patients about seizure medications, (3) conducting patient consultations during the self-medication program and (4) counseling the patient at discharge.", "contents": "Comprehensive self-medication program for epileptic patients. The establishment and operation of a comprehensive self-medication program for hospitalized epileptic patients are described. The patients in the program are required to meet established behavioral criteria during each of four stages of self-medication before progressing to the next stage. The patient has increasing responsibility in each successive phase of the program. The areas of patient involvement for the pharmacist are: (1) obtaining a medication history, (2) teaching patients about seizure medications, (3) conducting patient consultations during the self-medication program and (4) counseling the patient at discharge.", "PMID": 665696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10798", "title": "Characteristics of hospital pharmacy practice in Indiana.", "content": "Hospital pharmacy practice in Indiana was surveyed to determine drug distribution services, additional services, staffing and salaries. Questionnaires were mailed to the directors of the 113 licensed hospital pharmacies in the state; 63% responded. Unit dose drug distribution systems were used by 19% of the hospitals for all beds; by 16% for some of their beds. Intravenous admixture services were provided by 43% of the respondents. Drug use review, patient education and inservice education were all provided by more than 10 of the respondents; in general, clinical services were not well developed. Salaries for directors were related more to hospital bed size than to years of experience as a pharmacist. Howeever, salaries for staff pharmacists were related more to years of experience than to hospital bed size. It appeared that staff pharmacists who want to earn more income must consider an administrative position.", "contents": "Characteristics of hospital pharmacy practice in Indiana. Hospital pharmacy practice in Indiana was surveyed to determine drug distribution services, additional services, staffing and salaries. Questionnaires were mailed to the directors of the 113 licensed hospital pharmacies in the state; 63% responded. Unit dose drug distribution systems were used by 19% of the hospitals for all beds; by 16% for some of their beds. Intravenous admixture services were provided by 43% of the respondents. Drug use review, patient education and inservice education were all provided by more than 10 of the respondents; in general, clinical services were not well developed. Salaries for directors were related more to hospital bed size than to years of experience as a pharmacist. Howeever, salaries for staff pharmacists were related more to years of experience than to hospital bed size. It appeared that staff pharmacists who want to earn more income must consider an administrative position.", "PMID": 665697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10799", "title": "Model for a formal, prospective antibiotic use review program.", "content": "A model for conducting prospective review of antibiotic orders is proposed. Before the drug is dispensed, a screening procedure is set up in which the incoming antibiotic drug order and the patient's drug profile are reviewed against previously established criteria. Noncompliance with any of the criteria is followed up as soon as possible with the prescriber who must either justify the noncompliance or authorize the changes necessary to achieve compliance. The drug is then dispensed. A prospective antibiotic review program combined with selective retrospective audits would be effective in assuring rational antibiotic use.", "contents": "Model for a formal, prospective antibiotic use review program. A model for conducting prospective review of antibiotic orders is proposed. Before the drug is dispensed, a screening procedure is set up in which the incoming antibiotic drug order and the patient's drug profile are reviewed against previously established criteria. Noncompliance with any of the criteria is followed up as soon as possible with the prescriber who must either justify the noncompliance or authorize the changes necessary to achieve compliance. The drug is then dispensed. A prospective antibiotic review program combined with selective retrospective audits would be effective in assuring rational antibiotic use.", "PMID": 665699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10800", "title": "Rapidly progressive renal failure as the primary manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "A 43-year-old woman was treated for a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with periodic renal dialysis for a period of over one year before the development of a pulmonary lesion which enabled a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis to be made. The lung lesion cleared rapidly with azathioprine and steroid therapy; severe renal failure, however, persisted, necessitating continued hemodialysis. An early and predominant manifestation of a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the presence of minimal, if any, upper respiratory disease, albeit rare, should be considered as a possible presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis.", "contents": "Rapidly progressive renal failure as the primary manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis. A 43-year-old woman was treated for a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with periodic renal dialysis for a period of over one year before the development of a pulmonary lesion which enabled a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis to be made. The lung lesion cleared rapidly with azathioprine and steroid therapy; severe renal failure, however, persisted, necessitating continued hemodialysis. An early and predominant manifestation of a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the presence of minimal, if any, upper respiratory disease, albeit rare, should be considered as a possible presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis.", "PMID": 665708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10801", "title": "Clinical experience with a simple screening test for Cushing's syndrome combining the determination of plasma cortisol circadian rhythm with the overnight dexamethasone suppression test.", "content": "In 17 normal subjects and 126 patients with various endocrine disorders, including 13 patients with Cushing's syndrome, plasma levels of fluorogenic corticosteroid were measured at 9 AM and midnight, and again at 9 AM the following morning, after the patient had received 1 mg of dexamethasone by mouth immediately after the midnight sampling. Basal morning levels of plasma corticosteroids were of little diagnostic value in differentiating between Cushing's syndrome and non-Cushing's states because of the wide overlap of values observed. At midnight the overlap almost completely disappeared. After overnight suppression, only one patient with a mild form of Cushing's disease had normal (false-negative) results in two of four instances. There were virtually no false-positive results, except for two patients with anorexia nervosa showing minor abnormalities of the test. The results were in general agreement with those of the classic Liddle test. However, one patient with Cushing's disease had repeatedly abnormal responses to overnight suppression and normal responses to the Liddle test. When the inhibitory tests gave equivocal results in the differential diagnosis between exogenous obesity and Cushing's disease due to adrenal hyperplasia, the response of plasma corticosteroids to hypoglycemia, normal in obesity and absent in Cushing's disease, proved to be an excellent ancillary test in differentiating between the two conditions.", "contents": "Clinical experience with a simple screening test for Cushing's syndrome combining the determination of plasma cortisol circadian rhythm with the overnight dexamethasone suppression test. In 17 normal subjects and 126 patients with various endocrine disorders, including 13 patients with Cushing's syndrome, plasma levels of fluorogenic corticosteroid were measured at 9 AM and midnight, and again at 9 AM the following morning, after the patient had received 1 mg of dexamethasone by mouth immediately after the midnight sampling. Basal morning levels of plasma corticosteroids were of little diagnostic value in differentiating between Cushing's syndrome and non-Cushing's states because of the wide overlap of values observed. At midnight the overlap almost completely disappeared. After overnight suppression, only one patient with a mild form of Cushing's disease had normal (false-negative) results in two of four instances. There were virtually no false-positive results, except for two patients with anorexia nervosa showing minor abnormalities of the test. The results were in general agreement with those of the classic Liddle test. However, one patient with Cushing's disease had repeatedly abnormal responses to overnight suppression and normal responses to the Liddle test. When the inhibitory tests gave equivocal results in the differential diagnosis between exogenous obesity and Cushing's disease due to adrenal hyperplasia, the response of plasma corticosteroids to hypoglycemia, normal in obesity and absent in Cushing's disease, proved to be an excellent ancillary test in differentiating between the two conditions.", "PMID": 665710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10802", "title": "1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) concentration test.", "content": "Classical dehydration and vasopressin tests for estimation of renal concentrating capacity are inconvenient and sometimes hazardous. We attempted to use the new potent long-lasting synthetic vasopressin analogue (DDAVP) which has no side effects for testing renal concentrating capacity in adults. Four groups of persons were investigated: in Groups 1 and 3, 11 and another 11 healthy subjects; in Group 2, seven convalescent older patients; and in Group 4, 11 patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus (DI). Groups 1 and 2 were investigated during 15 hours' dehydration; DDAVP was given at the end of the 12th hour intravenously (4 microgram) or intransally (80 micron). DDAVP failed to influence strikingly the normal increase in renal concentration induced by lengthening the dehydration from 12 hours to 15 hours. On the other hand, in patients with DI under prolonged treatment as well as in healthy individuals (Group 3), a dose of 20 to 40 microgram of DDAVP administered intranasally induced (at least) as high peak urine osmolality during ad libitum fluid intake as was induced in normal subjects (Group 1) by 12 hours' dehydration alone. In patients with DI the maximal effect of DDAVP obtained during ad libitum fluid intake could be further enhanced by added dehydration. Urine sampling for osmolality three hours after a single intranasal dose of 40 microgram DDAVP during ad libitum fluid intake is a new safe, simple and convenient test for rapid estimation of concentrating ability.", "contents": "1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) concentration test. Classical dehydration and vasopressin tests for estimation of renal concentrating capacity are inconvenient and sometimes hazardous. We attempted to use the new potent long-lasting synthetic vasopressin analogue (DDAVP) which has no side effects for testing renal concentrating capacity in adults. Four groups of persons were investigated: in Groups 1 and 3, 11 and another 11 healthy subjects; in Group 2, seven convalescent older patients; and in Group 4, 11 patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus (DI). Groups 1 and 2 were investigated during 15 hours' dehydration; DDAVP was given at the end of the 12th hour intravenously (4 microgram) or intransally (80 micron). DDAVP failed to influence strikingly the normal increase in renal concentration induced by lengthening the dehydration from 12 hours to 15 hours. On the other hand, in patients with DI under prolonged treatment as well as in healthy individuals (Group 3), a dose of 20 to 40 microgram of DDAVP administered intranasally induced (at least) as high peak urine osmolality during ad libitum fluid intake as was induced in normal subjects (Group 1) by 12 hours' dehydration alone. In patients with DI the maximal effect of DDAVP obtained during ad libitum fluid intake could be further enhanced by added dehydration. Urine sampling for osmolality three hours after a single intranasal dose of 40 microgram DDAVP during ad libitum fluid intake is a new safe, simple and convenient test for rapid estimation of concentrating ability.", "PMID": 665711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10803", "title": "Control of cholesterol embolization by discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "A 64-year-old man developed multisystem disease including renal failure while receiving anticoagulants. Renal biopsy showed cholesterol embolization. Discontinuation of anticoagulants resulted in prompt cessation of symptoms and dramatic improvement in renal function.", "contents": "Control of cholesterol embolization by discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. A 64-year-old man developed multisystem disease including renal failure while receiving anticoagulants. Renal biopsy showed cholesterol embolization. Discontinuation of anticoagulants resulted in prompt cessation of symptoms and dramatic improvement in renal function.", "PMID": 665707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10804", "title": "Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of zinc in cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency.", "content": "Serum zinc conentrations are decreased in patients with a variety of clinical disorders including cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Urinary zinc excretions are increased in the first two disease states. Symptoms of acute zinc deficiency (anorexia, dysfunction of smell and taste and mental and cerebellar disturbances) and chronic zinc deficiency (growth retardation, anemia, testicular atrophy and impaired wound healing) are common in these patients. It remains unresolved whether these low serum zinc concentrations in these disease states are indicative of true symptomatic or asymptomatic zinc deficiency, or merely reflect a decrease in available zinc-binding proteins, as well over 90% of serum zinc is bound to protein in normal subjects. The correlation between serum zinc and albumin concentrations, reportedly the major zinc-binding protein, is unimpressive. Studies of serum and urine binding of added radiozinc65 using Sephadex G-200 gel column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest most of the radiozinc is bound to a protein with a molecular weight near albumin (68,000). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests this might be a prealbumin. The low serum zinc concentration in the patient with nephrotic syndrome does not appear to be due to loss of zinc bound to urinary protein.", "contents": "Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of zinc in cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Serum zinc conentrations are decreased in patients with a variety of clinical disorders including cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Urinary zinc excretions are increased in the first two disease states. Symptoms of acute zinc deficiency (anorexia, dysfunction of smell and taste and mental and cerebellar disturbances) and chronic zinc deficiency (growth retardation, anemia, testicular atrophy and impaired wound healing) are common in these patients. It remains unresolved whether these low serum zinc concentrations in these disease states are indicative of true symptomatic or asymptomatic zinc deficiency, or merely reflect a decrease in available zinc-binding proteins, as well over 90% of serum zinc is bound to protein in normal subjects. The correlation between serum zinc and albumin concentrations, reportedly the major zinc-binding protein, is unimpressive. Studies of serum and urine binding of added radiozinc65 using Sephadex G-200 gel column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest most of the radiozinc is bound to a protein with a molecular weight near albumin (68,000). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests this might be a prealbumin. The low serum zinc concentration in the patient with nephrotic syndrome does not appear to be due to loss of zinc bound to urinary protein.", "PMID": 665709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10805", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome following mammary augmentation.", "content": "Sudden death after subcutaneous injection of silicone has been described. However, there are no cases in the literature of clinically diagnosed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. In the patient reported here, progressive hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates occurred following intramammary injection of a material presumed to be silicone. The presence of birefringent particles in the alveolar macrophages implies entrance of this material into the vascular compartment, its embolization to the lung and migration across the damaged alveolar-capillary membrane. Large volume subcutaneous injections of silicone should be added to the differential diagnosis of the etiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome following mammary augmentation. Sudden death after subcutaneous injection of silicone has been described. However, there are no cases in the literature of clinically diagnosed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. In the patient reported here, progressive hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates occurred following intramammary injection of a material presumed to be silicone. The presence of birefringent particles in the alveolar macrophages implies entrance of this material into the vascular compartment, its embolization to the lung and migration across the damaged alveolar-capillary membrane. Large volume subcutaneous injections of silicone should be added to the differential diagnosis of the etiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 665714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10806", "title": "Myeloid metaplasia of the central nervous system in patients with myelofibrosis and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Foci of meningeal myeloid metaplasia were found in 3 of 11 consecutive autopsied patients with myelofibrosis and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. The  clinical and pathological findings in an additional seven published patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia who developed neurological manifestations due to pressue of hemopoietic tumors in the central nervous system are reviewed.", "contents": "Myeloid metaplasia of the central nervous system in patients with myelofibrosis and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Foci of meningeal myeloid metaplasia were found in 3 of 11 consecutive autopsied patients with myelofibrosis and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. The  clinical and pathological findings in an additional seven published patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia who developed neurological manifestations due to pressue of hemopoietic tumors in the central nervous system are reviewed.", "PMID": 665716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10807", "title": "The prevalence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine.", "content": "The prevalence of urinary antibody-coated bacteria (ACB), suggesting renal bacteriuria, was studied in three groups of patients: inpatients whose physicians suspected urinary tract infections, asymptomatic outpatients with neurogenic bladders but without urethral catheters, and asymptomatic inpatients with indwelling urethral catheters. The prevalence of ACB was 67% of inpatients with positive cultures without catheters, 94% of patients with neurogenic bladders, and 36% of patients with urethral catheters. These results suggest a high prevalence of upper urinary tract involvement in patients with positive urine cultures, even if asymptomatic.", "contents": "The prevalence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine. The prevalence of urinary antibody-coated bacteria (ACB), suggesting renal bacteriuria, was studied in three groups of patients: inpatients whose physicians suspected urinary tract infections, asymptomatic outpatients with neurogenic bladders but without urethral catheters, and asymptomatic inpatients with indwelling urethral catheters. The prevalence of ACB was 67% of inpatients with positive cultures without catheters, 94% of patients with neurogenic bladders, and 36% of patients with urethral catheters. These results suggest a high prevalence of upper urinary tract involvement in patients with positive urine cultures, even if asymptomatic.", "PMID": 665713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10808", "title": "Myeloma and pernicious anemia.", "content": "Four cases of pernicious anemia developing in association with multiple myeloma are described. The description now of 14 cases demonstrating the association of these two disorders suggest a causative relationship. These observations, in addition to the previously well-documented increased coincidence of pernicious anemia and benign monoclonal gammopathy and pernicious anemia and hypoglobulinemia, suggest that screening for vitamine B12 deficiency in patients with gammopathies and for protein abnormalities in patients with pernicious anemia is indicated.", "contents": "Myeloma and pernicious anemia. Four cases of pernicious anemia developing in association with multiple myeloma are described. The description now of 14 cases demonstrating the association of these two disorders suggest a causative relationship. These observations, in addition to the previously well-documented increased coincidence of pernicious anemia and benign monoclonal gammopathy and pernicious anemia and hypoglobulinemia, suggest that screening for vitamine B12 deficiency in patients with gammopathies and for protein abnormalities in patients with pernicious anemia is indicated.", "PMID": 665715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10809", "title": "The effect of hypoxia on posthyperventilation breathing.", "content": "The breathing patterns after voluntary hyperventilation were determined in 14 healthy young subjects under four different conditions: (1) normoxia, (2) hyperoxia, (3) hypoxia, and (4) sudden administration of oxygen against a background of hypoxia to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on the pattern of the posthyperventilation breathing. Under hypoxia the ventilation in the immediate posthyperventilation period was depressed although no decreased ventilation was observed under hyperoxia or normoxia in this period. Sudden administration of oxygen depressed further the decreased ventilation in the posthyperventilation period.", "contents": "The effect of hypoxia on posthyperventilation breathing. The breathing patterns after voluntary hyperventilation were determined in 14 healthy young subjects under four different conditions: (1) normoxia, (2) hyperoxia, (3) hypoxia, and (4) sudden administration of oxygen against a background of hypoxia to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on the pattern of the posthyperventilation breathing. Under hypoxia the ventilation in the immediate posthyperventilation period was depressed although no decreased ventilation was observed under hyperoxia or normoxia in this period. Sudden administration of oxygen depressed further the decreased ventilation in the posthyperventilation period.", "PMID": 665717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10810", "title": "A syndrome of severe midface retraction, multiple skull anomalies, clubfeet, and cardiac and renal malformations in sibs.", "content": "A brother and sister presented with an uncommon malformation syndrome consisting of severe midface hypoplasia, congenital heart defect, hydronephrosis, clubfeet, hypertrichosis, hypoplasia of dermal ridges, and radiographic skeletal anomalies in the skull, hands and feet. The boy died shortly after birth; the girl lived for 16 months and exhibited severe failure to thrive, epilepsy, diminished growth, and profound motor and intellectual retardation. Additional observations include postaxial hexadactyly in the girl, and mesomelic brachymelia and peculiar, narrow fingernails in the boy. The occurrence of the syndrome in two sibs of different sex suggests autosomal-recessive inheritance.", "contents": "A syndrome of severe midface retraction, multiple skull anomalies, clubfeet, and cardiac and renal malformations in sibs. A brother and sister presented with an uncommon malformation syndrome consisting of severe midface hypoplasia, congenital heart defect, hydronephrosis, clubfeet, hypertrichosis, hypoplasia of dermal ridges, and radiographic skeletal anomalies in the skull, hands and feet. The boy died shortly after birth; the girl lived for 16 months and exhibited severe failure to thrive, epilepsy, diminished growth, and profound motor and intellectual retardation. Additional observations include postaxial hexadactyly in the girl, and mesomelic brachymelia and peculiar, narrow fingernails in the boy. The occurrence of the syndrome in two sibs of different sex suggests autosomal-recessive inheritance.", "PMID": 665725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10811", "title": "Calcitonin in thyroidectomized patients.", "content": "Hypothyroid patients with total or near-total thyroidectomy were found to have detectable immunoreactive calcitonin in the serum and urine. These findings suggest that human calcitonin may be secreted by extrathyroidal tissues.", "contents": "Calcitonin in thyroidectomized patients. Hypothyroid patients with total or near-total thyroidectomy were found to have detectable immunoreactive calcitonin in the serum and urine. These findings suggest that human calcitonin may be secreted by extrathyroidal tissues.", "PMID": 665719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10812", "title": "5alpha-reductase activity of genital and nongenital skin fibroblasts from patients with 5alpha-reductase deficiency, androgen insensitivity, or unknown forms of male pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "Serially subcultured fibroblast strains from genital (foreskin, labium majus) skin, as a group, have considerably more steroid (testosterone) 5alpha-reductase activity than those form nongenital skin. Foreskin strains varied 40-fold and labial strains even more. Labial strains overlapped nongenital strains of either sex more frequently than did prepuce strains. The activity of foreskin strains from two siblings with proven 5alpha-reductase deficiency was clearly lower than that of any of 18 control stains. The comparative behavior of the various strain types indicates that labial and nongenital strains should not be used to support a clinical suspicion of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5alpha-reductase deficiency. The activities of labial strains from patients with complete androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization) - five with the receptor-negative variety and two with the receptor-positive type - were as variable as those of control labial strains. The decreased 5alpha-reductase activity observed in fresh skin slices of some patients is probably and expression of their functional estrogen/androgen imbalance in vivo.", "contents": "5alpha-reductase activity of genital and nongenital skin fibroblasts from patients with 5alpha-reductase deficiency, androgen insensitivity, or unknown forms of male pseudohermaphroditism. Serially subcultured fibroblast strains from genital (foreskin, labium majus) skin, as a group, have considerably more steroid (testosterone) 5alpha-reductase activity than those form nongenital skin. Foreskin strains varied 40-fold and labial strains even more. Labial strains overlapped nongenital strains of either sex more frequently than did prepuce strains. The activity of foreskin strains from two siblings with proven 5alpha-reductase deficiency was clearly lower than that of any of 18 control stains. The comparative behavior of the various strain types indicates that labial and nongenital strains should not be used to support a clinical suspicion of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5alpha-reductase deficiency. The activities of labial strains from patients with complete androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization) - five with the receptor-negative variety and two with the receptor-positive type - were as variable as those of control labial strains. The decreased 5alpha-reductase activity observed in fresh skin slices of some patients is probably and expression of their functional estrogen/androgen imbalance in vivo.", "PMID": 665726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10813", "title": "Acute respiratory failure: a rare complication of perfusion photoscintigraphy in a patient with bullous emphysema.", "content": "Acute cardiorespiratory failure occurred in a patient with advanced bullous emphysema following perfusion photoscintigraphy with radiolabeled macroaggregated albumin. Complications of perfusion photoscintography are rare. However, in patients with advanced pulmonary vascular disease, special precautions may decrease the minimal hazard associated with perfusion photoscintigraphy.", "contents": "Acute respiratory failure: a rare complication of perfusion photoscintigraphy in a patient with bullous emphysema. Acute cardiorespiratory failure occurred in a patient with advanced bullous emphysema following perfusion photoscintigraphy with radiolabeled macroaggregated albumin. Complications of perfusion photoscintography are rare. However, in patients with advanced pulmonary vascular disease, special precautions may decrease the minimal hazard associated with perfusion photoscintigraphy.", "PMID": 665722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10814", "title": "The frequency and financial burden of genetic disease in a pediatric hospital.", "content": "Medical charts from 1973 were reviewed from a general pediatric hospital whose admissions comprise 55% of those in the surrounding metropolitan area. The study population (4,115) was selected by using charts from January, March, May, July, September, and November of that year. The patients were categorized by diagnosis as to I) clearly genetic disorders, II) multifactorial disorders, III) developmental anomalies, IV) familial conditions, or V) nongenetic conditions. Of all admissions, 4.5% had genetic disorders (0.6% chromosmal, 1.2% autosomal dominant, 2.2% autosomal recessive, 0.5% X-linked recessive); 22.1% had multifactorial/polygenic conditions; 13.6% developmental anomalies; 13.2% familial disorders, and 46.6% nongenetic disorders. Patients with clearly genetic disorders (category I) were found to have had an average of 5.3 admissions as compared to 1.6 for patients with nongenetic conditions (category V). Of genetic patients (category I) 12.8% had more than 20 admissions as compared to only 1.2% for all patients studied (categories I-V). The length of hospitalization for genetic patients was 3.4 days as compared to 3.0 for all patients and 2.5 for nongenetic patients. Although the cost per day for genetic patients, exclusive of physicians' fees, was lower than for all patients, the total cost of hospitalization was the same (($450.98 as compared to $446.99 for all patients). Of all patients, 60.2% studied had third-party coverage, whereas only 43.8% of genetic patients did. Of all patients, 15.6% paid \"out of their pockets\" whereas 30.5% of genetic patients did. This study suggests that genetic patients have many more admissions which are slightly more expensive; that they stay longer in hospital; that they travel farther, and that their families end up paying the bill more often. No unusual differences in religion, race, age, or parents' marital status or occupation were found. It was remarkable that only one quarter of patients with genetic illness had received genetic counseling.", "contents": "The frequency and financial burden of genetic disease in a pediatric hospital. Medical charts from 1973 were reviewed from a general pediatric hospital whose admissions comprise 55% of those in the surrounding metropolitan area. The study population (4,115) was selected by using charts from January, March, May, July, September, and November of that year. The patients were categorized by diagnosis as to I) clearly genetic disorders, II) multifactorial disorders, III) developmental anomalies, IV) familial conditions, or V) nongenetic conditions. Of all admissions, 4.5% had genetic disorders (0.6% chromosmal, 1.2% autosomal dominant, 2.2% autosomal recessive, 0.5% X-linked recessive); 22.1% had multifactorial/polygenic conditions; 13.6% developmental anomalies; 13.2% familial disorders, and 46.6% nongenetic disorders. Patients with clearly genetic disorders (category I) were found to have had an average of 5.3 admissions as compared to 1.6 for patients with nongenetic conditions (category V). Of genetic patients (category I) 12.8% had more than 20 admissions as compared to only 1.2% for all patients studied (categories I-V). The length of hospitalization for genetic patients was 3.4 days as compared to 3.0 for all patients and 2.5 for nongenetic patients. Although the cost per day for genetic patients, exclusive of physicians' fees, was lower than for all patients, the total cost of hospitalization was the same (($450.98 as compared to $446.99 for all patients). Of all patients, 60.2% studied had third-party coverage, whereas only 43.8% of genetic patients did. Of all patients, 15.6% paid \"out of their pockets\" whereas 30.5% of genetic patients did. This study suggests that genetic patients have many more admissions which are slightly more expensive; that they stay longer in hospital; that they travel farther, and that their families end up paying the bill more often. No unusual differences in religion, race, age, or parents' marital status or occupation were found. It was remarkable that only one quarter of patients with genetic illness had received genetic counseling.", "PMID": 665727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10815", "title": "Replication patterns of three isodicentric X chromosomes and an X isochromosome in human lymphocytes.", "content": "Chromosomes from four patients with variants of the Turner syndrome were investigated by G- and C-bandind and DNA replication techniques. Their karyotypes were: 1) 46,X,idic(X)(q28), 2) 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(q24), 3) 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(p11), and 4) 46,X,i(Xq). In patients 1, 2, and 3, the abnormal X was isodicentric, with different break-and-fusion points in each case. In each, the G-band pattern on one side of the breakpoint was a mirror image of that on the other side. Each had two distinct C-bands, only one of which was associated with a primary constriction. The fourth patient had an isochromosome of the long arm of an X in which only one C-band could be discerned. Replication studies were done on lymphocyte cultures by incorporating a thymidine analogue and staining with acridine orange. In addition, replication patterns of normal early- and late-replicating X chromosomes were studied in two normal females. In the four patients, all the normal X chromosomes had normal early-replication patterns. The two idic(X) chromosomes with break-and-fusion points on their long arms almost always had symmetric replication patterns, which demonstrates that the corresponding bands replicated synchronously. In contrast, many of the idic(X)(p11) and i(Xq) chromosomes showed asymmetric or asynchronous replication. In each, the replication pattern of the abnormal X was similar to the equivalent portions of a normal late-replicating X.", "contents": "Replication patterns of three isodicentric X chromosomes and an X isochromosome in human lymphocytes. Chromosomes from four patients with variants of the Turner syndrome were investigated by G- and C-bandind and DNA replication techniques. Their karyotypes were: 1) 46,X,idic(X)(q28), 2) 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(q24), 3) 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(p11), and 4) 46,X,i(Xq). In patients 1, 2, and 3, the abnormal X was isodicentric, with different break-and-fusion points in each case. In each, the G-band pattern on one side of the breakpoint was a mirror image of that on the other side. Each had two distinct C-bands, only one of which was associated with a primary constriction. The fourth patient had an isochromosome of the long arm of an X in which only one C-band could be discerned. Replication studies were done on lymphocyte cultures by incorporating a thymidine analogue and staining with acridine orange. In addition, replication patterns of normal early- and late-replicating X chromosomes were studied in two normal females. In the four patients, all the normal X chromosomes had normal early-replication patterns. The two idic(X) chromosomes with break-and-fusion points on their long arms almost always had symmetric replication patterns, which demonstrates that the corresponding bands replicated synchronously. In contrast, many of the idic(X)(p11) and i(Xq) chromosomes showed asymmetric or asynchronous replication. In each, the replication pattern of the abnormal X was similar to the equivalent portions of a normal late-replicating X.", "PMID": 665728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10816", "title": "The effect of supine and lateral positions on intra-arterial pressure in hypertensive pregnancies.", "content": "The effect of posture of blood pressure remains controversial, perhaps due to the subjective nature of indirect blood pressure measurements and the disturbing influence of environmental impulses at the time of measurement. In this study intra-arterial blood pressure was recorded directly in seven toxemic gravid women in an environment with a low impulse level. There were short-term fluctuations of up to 25 mm. systolic and 15 mm. diastolic. The effect of changes in position on blood pressure was not constant and the differences were small. The effect on blood pressure of changing the environment by talking to the subject was impressive and the difference was more than twice the largest posture-induced difference.", "contents": "The effect of supine and lateral positions on intra-arterial pressure in hypertensive pregnancies. The effect of posture of blood pressure remains controversial, perhaps due to the subjective nature of indirect blood pressure measurements and the disturbing influence of environmental impulses at the time of measurement. In this study intra-arterial blood pressure was recorded directly in seven toxemic gravid women in an environment with a low impulse level. There were short-term fluctuations of up to 25 mm. systolic and 15 mm. diastolic. The effect of changes in position on blood pressure was not constant and the differences were small. The effect on blood pressure of changing the environment by talking to the subject was impressive and the difference was more than twice the largest posture-induced difference.", "PMID": 665729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10817", "title": "Isolated diagonal artery disease.", "content": "The clinical, electrocardiographic, angiographic, and hemodynamic features of seven patients with isolated, severe (greater than 75% of diameter) narrowing of a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery are presented. The incidence of this entity was 0.5% among patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease undergoing coronary angiography. Angina was severe in two patients, moderate in four, and mild in one. One patient had unstable angina. Stress tests were abnormal in two of three patients. Six patients had normal left ventricular angiograms, and one had a mildly decreased ejection fraction. All patients survived a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6 to 32). No patient suffered a myocardial infarction. Five became asymptomatic on medical therapy; one patient with mild and another with moderate angina were unimproved. This rare anatomic subset of patients with coronary artery disease has a favorable short-term prognosis.", "contents": "Isolated diagonal artery disease. The clinical, electrocardiographic, angiographic, and hemodynamic features of seven patients with isolated, severe (greater than 75% of diameter) narrowing of a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery are presented. The incidence of this entity was 0.5% among patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease undergoing coronary angiography. Angina was severe in two patients, moderate in four, and mild in one. One patient had unstable angina. Stress tests were abnormal in two of three patients. Six patients had normal left ventricular angiograms, and one had a mildly decreased ejection fraction. All patients survived a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6 to 32). No patient suffered a myocardial infarction. Five became asymptomatic on medical therapy; one patient with mild and another with moderate angina were unimproved. This rare anatomic subset of patients with coronary artery disease has a favorable short-term prognosis.", "PMID": 665721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10818", "title": "Comparison of the ventilation response to CO2 rebreathing in healthy smokers and nonsmokers and subjects with bronchitis.", "content": "A comparison of ventilatory tests and the response to carbon dioxide rebreathing was made in healthy smokers, nonsmokers, and in subjects with bronchitis. The response to carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing was the same in the healthy population but diminished in the bronchitic group. Effects of smoking on maximal expiratory flow rates did not correlate with the results of carbon dioxide rebreathing. A consistent pattern of relationship of ventilation response to carbon dioxide and age of the subject was apparent.", "contents": "Comparison of the ventilation response to CO2 rebreathing in healthy smokers and nonsmokers and subjects with bronchitis. A comparison of ventilatory tests and the response to carbon dioxide rebreathing was made in healthy smokers, nonsmokers, and in subjects with bronchitis. The response to carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing was the same in the healthy population but diminished in the bronchitic group. Effects of smoking on maximal expiratory flow rates did not correlate with the results of carbon dioxide rebreathing. A consistent pattern of relationship of ventilation response to carbon dioxide and age of the subject was apparent.", "PMID": 665718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10819", "title": "Management of male hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism.", "content": "A 30-year-old man with a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma and hypogonadism was studied. Except for hyperprolactinemia, the results of his pituitary function tests were perfectly normal. Although the mechanism is uncertain, hyperprolactinemia alone may interfere with male reproductive function. The patient's impotence and infertility were successful managed with injections of human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG). Adverse interaction between gonadotropins and prolactin along the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis may be corrected by HMG injections in certain cases.", "contents": "Management of male hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism. A 30-year-old man with a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma and hypogonadism was studied. Except for hyperprolactinemia, the results of his pituitary function tests were perfectly normal. Although the mechanism is uncertain, hyperprolactinemia alone may interfere with male reproductive function. The patient's impotence and infertility were successful managed with injections of human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG). Adverse interaction between gonadotropins and prolactin along the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis may be corrected by HMG injections in certain cases.", "PMID": 665724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10820", "title": "Oral propranolol in hypercalcemia associated with apathetic thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A 68-year-old man with a history of organic heart disease and marked weight loss was found to have apathetic thyrotoxicosis and hypercalcemia. Oral propranolol, 20.0 mg four times a day, provoked a gradual fall in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase. It is concluded that relatively small doses of oral propranolol may be effective in the management of hypercalcemia accompanying thyrotoxicosis and that beta-blocking agents may not only inhibit the enhanced bone resorption caused by thyroid hormones but also block the stimulated osteoblastic activity.", "contents": "Oral propranolol in hypercalcemia associated with apathetic thyrotoxicosis. A 68-year-old man with a history of organic heart disease and marked weight loss was found to have apathetic thyrotoxicosis and hypercalcemia. Oral propranolol, 20.0 mg four times a day, provoked a gradual fall in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase. It is concluded that relatively small doses of oral propranolol may be effective in the management of hypercalcemia accompanying thyrotoxicosis and that beta-blocking agents may not only inhibit the enhanced bone resorption caused by thyroid hormones but also block the stimulated osteoblastic activity.", "PMID": 665723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10821", "title": "Prolactin levels in nursing mothers.", "content": "Plasma prolactin (hPRL) concentration was measured in four nursing mothers during 24 hour periods. Blood was collected via indwelling catheters and sleep and nursing periods were recorded. Elevated hRPL levels and amenorrhea were seen for as long as 13 months post partum in mothers whose infants nursed frequently. One mother, whose infant nursed less frequently, menstruated and had lower prolactin levels but continued to lactate. Plasma hPRL rose after nursing periods in nine of 18 instances at two months post partum, but in only five of 27 instances at six months post partum. Nighttime release hPRL was higher (five of six) in nursing mothers, just as in normal subjects (five of seven). Therefore it was concluded that prolactin levels in nursing mothers may remain elevated for over one year post partum if frequent nursing continues. Lactation may continue in spite of normal hPRL levels. A consistent rise in hPRL is not seen with nursing episodes occurring after two months post partum. Nursing mothers, like normal women, tend to have higher nighttime release of hPRL.", "contents": "Prolactin levels in nursing mothers. Plasma prolactin (hPRL) concentration was measured in four nursing mothers during 24 hour periods. Blood was collected via indwelling catheters and sleep and nursing periods were recorded. Elevated hRPL levels and amenorrhea were seen for as long as 13 months post partum in mothers whose infants nursed frequently. One mother, whose infant nursed less frequently, menstruated and had lower prolactin levels but continued to lactate. Plasma hPRL rose after nursing periods in nine of 18 instances at two months post partum, but in only five of 27 instances at six months post partum. Nighttime release hPRL was higher (five of six) in nursing mothers, just as in normal subjects (five of seven). Therefore it was concluded that prolactin levels in nursing mothers may remain elevated for over one year post partum if frequent nursing continues. Lactation may continue in spite of normal hPRL levels. A consistent rise in hPRL is not seen with nursing episodes occurring after two months post partum. Nursing mothers, like normal women, tend to have higher nighttime release of hPRL.", "PMID": 665730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10822", "title": "Influence of imidazole carboxamide on platelet functions and coagulation in vitro.", "content": "Influence of imidazole carboxamide (DTIC, NSC-45388) on some platelet functions, plasma coagulation, and fibrinolysis in vitro was investigated, using different concentrations of the drug (80 and 160 microgram/ml). The lower concentration, which corresponds to that obtained in plasma after administration of therapeutic doses in man, did not significantly influence any of the important platelet functions. It is concluded that after current dosage of the drug, bleeding disorders caused by impairment of platelet functions are improbable. However, following the higher concentration of DTIC, a significant inhibition of the increase in light transmission of platelet-rich plasma provoked by standardized freezing and thawing procedure, was demonstrated. Furthermore, the same dose of the drug caused partial retardation of the retraction of reptilase clots. The authors assume that DTIC has a \"stabilizing effect\" on the cell membrane, particularly in higher concentrations.", "contents": "Influence of imidazole carboxamide on platelet functions and coagulation in vitro. Influence of imidazole carboxamide (DTIC, NSC-45388) on some platelet functions, plasma coagulation, and fibrinolysis in vitro was investigated, using different concentrations of the drug (80 and 160 microgram/ml). The lower concentration, which corresponds to that obtained in plasma after administration of therapeutic doses in man, did not significantly influence any of the important platelet functions. It is concluded that after current dosage of the drug, bleeding disorders caused by impairment of platelet functions are improbable. However, following the higher concentration of DTIC, a significant inhibition of the increase in light transmission of platelet-rich plasma provoked by standardized freezing and thawing procedure, was demonstrated. Furthermore, the same dose of the drug caused partial retardation of the retraction of reptilase clots. The authors assume that DTIC has a \"stabilizing effect\" on the cell membrane, particularly in higher concentrations.", "PMID": 665720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10823", "title": "Choriocarcinoma with cerebral metastases coexistent with a first pregnancy.", "content": "A case is presented of choriocarcinoma with cerebral metastases which was unsuspected until a life-threatening life-threatening situation occurred. A viable infant was born and there was dramatic response to treatment with probable cure.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma with cerebral metastases coexistent with a first pregnancy. A case is presented of choriocarcinoma with cerebral metastases which was unsuspected until a life-threatening life-threatening situation occurred. A viable infant was born and there was dramatic response to treatment with probable cure.", "PMID": 665731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10824", "title": "A direct radioimmunoassay for estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate: its use in the determination of plasma and urine levels and renal clearance of this conjugate in pregnancy.", "content": "A direct radioimmunoassay which does not require hydrolysis or chromatography has been developed for estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate in pregnancy plasma and urine. The antigen used in the development of this antiserum was prepared by joining the carboxylic acid group of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate covalently to the epsilon-amino group of the lysine residues in bovine serum albumin. Results indicate that the direct radioimmunoassay yields levels of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate in late pregnancy urine that are comparable to those obtained by mroe elaborate procedures involving chromatographic separation of the estriol conjugates, followed by enzymic hydrolysis and measurement of the freed estriol. In addition, good correlation was found between the total estrogen values in urine obtained by currently used chemical procedures and urinary levels of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate. The renal clearance of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate was determined in eight normal women during the third trimester, and the mean value +/- S.D. was 404 +/- 81 ml. per minute (range, 248 to 494). This method is suitable for the evaluation of variations in the plasma and urine levels of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate in pregnancy and offers significant advantages over the presently used chemical methods for monitoring fetal well-being.", "contents": "A direct radioimmunoassay for estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate: its use in the determination of plasma and urine levels and renal clearance of this conjugate in pregnancy. A direct radioimmunoassay which does not require hydrolysis or chromatography has been developed for estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate in pregnancy plasma and urine. The antigen used in the development of this antiserum was prepared by joining the carboxylic acid group of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate covalently to the epsilon-amino group of the lysine residues in bovine serum albumin. Results indicate that the direct radioimmunoassay yields levels of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate in late pregnancy urine that are comparable to those obtained by mroe elaborate procedures involving chromatographic separation of the estriol conjugates, followed by enzymic hydrolysis and measurement of the freed estriol. In addition, good correlation was found between the total estrogen values in urine obtained by currently used chemical procedures and urinary levels of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate. The renal clearance of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate was determined in eight normal women during the third trimester, and the mean value +/- S.D. was 404 +/- 81 ml. per minute (range, 248 to 494). This method is suitable for the evaluation of variations in the plasma and urine levels of estriol-16alpha-glucosiduronate in pregnancy and offers significant advantages over the presently used chemical methods for monitoring fetal well-being.", "PMID": 665732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10825", "title": "Twins: causes of perinatal death in 12 United States cities and one African city.", "content": "The perinatal mortality rate in a large U. S. study was 139 per 1,000 births for twins and 33 per 1,000 for singletons. Sixteen per cent of the twin deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 11 per cent to premature rupture of the membranes, 8 per cent to the monovular twin transfusion syndrome, 8 per cent to large placental infarcts, 7 per cent to congenital anomalies, and the rest to over 20 other disorders. The perinatal mortality rate for monozygotic twins was 2.7 times that for dizygotic twins, mainly due to more amniotic fluid infections, congenital anomalies, and the twin transfusion syndrome in the monozygotic pairs. To study the role of poor maternal nutrition on twins, a similar study of perinatal mortality rates was undertaken in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa twins had 2.5 times the mortality rate of U. S. twins, mainly due to a higher frequency of amniotic fluid infections, abruptio placentae, cord accidents, obstructed labors, congenital syphillis, and the twin transfusion syndrome in the Ethiopians.", "contents": "Twins: causes of perinatal death in 12 United States cities and one African city. The perinatal mortality rate in a large U. S. study was 139 per 1,000 births for twins and 33 per 1,000 for singletons. Sixteen per cent of the twin deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 11 per cent to premature rupture of the membranes, 8 per cent to the monovular twin transfusion syndrome, 8 per cent to large placental infarcts, 7 per cent to congenital anomalies, and the rest to over 20 other disorders. The perinatal mortality rate for monozygotic twins was 2.7 times that for dizygotic twins, mainly due to more amniotic fluid infections, congenital anomalies, and the twin transfusion syndrome in the monozygotic pairs. To study the role of poor maternal nutrition on twins, a similar study of perinatal mortality rates was undertaken in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa twins had 2.5 times the mortality rate of U. S. twins, mainly due to a higher frequency of amniotic fluid infections, abruptio placentae, cord accidents, obstructed labors, congenital syphillis, and the twin transfusion syndrome in the Ethiopians.", "PMID": 665733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10826", "title": "Intrauterine transfusion with the use of phased array ultrasonography: a new technique.", "content": "Continuous ultrasonic observation of needle placement for aspiration, biopsy, or catheter placement is a novel and specific use of phased array imaging. In the case of IUTx, catheter placement into the fetal peritoneal space is accomplished rapidly, with reduced risk of fetal trauma, and without exposure to ionizing radiation. Experience with 27 transfusions in 11 patients is presented.", "contents": "Intrauterine transfusion with the use of phased array ultrasonography: a new technique. Continuous ultrasonic observation of needle placement for aspiration, biopsy, or catheter placement is a novel and specific use of phased array imaging. In the case of IUTx, catheter placement into the fetal peritoneal space is accomplished rapidly, with reduced risk of fetal trauma, and without exposure to ionizing radiation. Experience with 27 transfusions in 11 patients is presented.", "PMID": 665734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10827", "title": "Fetal movements associated with fetal heart rate accelerations and decelerations.", "content": "In normal pregnant women, the relationship between the FHR and fetal movements (FM) was evaluated during 1,541 consecutive observed FM of at least 1 second's duration. Two observed FHR changes were: (1) accelerations and (2) accelerations followed by decelerations. An acceleration in FHR was observed in association with 91.2 per cent of all FM of 1 to 3 seconds' duration and with 99.8 per cent of FM of longer than 3 seconds' duration. FM were associated with an acceleration followed by a deceleration 66.7 per cent of the time. FM lasting longer than 1 second and associated with neither accelerations nor decelerations were seen 1.8 per cent of the time.", "contents": "Fetal movements associated with fetal heart rate accelerations and decelerations. In normal pregnant women, the relationship between the FHR and fetal movements (FM) was evaluated during 1,541 consecutive observed FM of at least 1 second's duration. Two observed FHR changes were: (1) accelerations and (2) accelerations followed by decelerations. An acceleration in FHR was observed in association with 91.2 per cent of all FM of 1 to 3 seconds' duration and with 99.8 per cent of FM of longer than 3 seconds' duration. FM were associated with an acceleration followed by a deceleration 66.7 per cent of the time. FM lasting longer than 1 second and associated with neither accelerations nor decelerations were seen 1.8 per cent of the time.", "PMID": 665735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10828", "title": "A technique for the direct observation of the unanesthetized fetal sheep.", "content": "A method is described for the chronic implantation of a lucite window in the uterus of a pregnant ewe which allows direct access to the amniotic fluid compartment in the unanesthetized state. The window can be directly connected to an extrauterine viewing compartment allowing repeated observations and measurements of physiologic function. The compartment also provides an easy method of changing the fetal environment.", "contents": "A technique for the direct observation of the unanesthetized fetal sheep. A method is described for the chronic implantation of a lucite window in the uterus of a pregnant ewe which allows direct access to the amniotic fluid compartment in the unanesthetized state. The window can be directly connected to an extrauterine viewing compartment allowing repeated observations and measurements of physiologic function. The compartment also provides an easy method of changing the fetal environment.", "PMID": 665736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10829", "title": "Plasma levels of norepinephrine during the periovulatory period in normal women. Further studies.", "content": "Eleven normally cycling women in whom laparotomy was indicated for benign gynecologic pathology were studied. Surgery was performed on day 0 (expected day of ovulation). Blood samples were drawn daily from day -8 to day -4, and every 8 hours from day -3 to day +2; estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), norepinephrine (NE), and LH were determined by RIA. Ovulation was certified by ovarian visualization and biopsy during laparotomy. In nine ovulatory patients mean E2 peak was found 48 hours before LH peak. Mean NE levels showed minimal variations until 48 hours before LH peak; 8 hours after E2 peak mean NE values increased significantly, fell 8 hours later, and rose immediately again, reaching maximal levels 24 hours after E2 peak. These values remained high until 16 hours before the LH peak and decreased gradually, thereafter reaching basal levels 32 hours after LH peak. Two anovulatory patients showed an atypical pattern of ovarian steroids and LH secretion and NE showed large variations without any correlation with estradiol or LH levels. This study confirms previous findings in women and experimental work in animals regarding the existence of a noradrenergic trigger mechanism to the LH ovulatory discharge.", "contents": "Plasma levels of norepinephrine during the periovulatory period in normal women. Further studies. Eleven normally cycling women in whom laparotomy was indicated for benign gynecologic pathology were studied. Surgery was performed on day 0 (expected day of ovulation). Blood samples were drawn daily from day -8 to day -4, and every 8 hours from day -3 to day +2; estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), norepinephrine (NE), and LH were determined by RIA. Ovulation was certified by ovarian visualization and biopsy during laparotomy. In nine ovulatory patients mean E2 peak was found 48 hours before LH peak. Mean NE levels showed minimal variations until 48 hours before LH peak; 8 hours after E2 peak mean NE values increased significantly, fell 8 hours later, and rose immediately again, reaching maximal levels 24 hours after E2 peak. These values remained high until 16 hours before the LH peak and decreased gradually, thereafter reaching basal levels 32 hours after LH peak. Two anovulatory patients showed an atypical pattern of ovarian steroids and LH secretion and NE showed large variations without any correlation with estradiol or LH levels. This study confirms previous findings in women and experimental work in animals regarding the existence of a noradrenergic trigger mechanism to the LH ovulatory discharge.", "PMID": 665737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10830", "title": "Comparison of women seeking early and late abortion.", "content": "The differential characteristics of 697 women desiring induced abortion were studied according to when in pregnancy they presented. Age, marriage, and level of formal education were inversely related, those with greatest delay tending to be young, unmarried, and minimally educated. Religion was relevant, but generally was not. Nulliparity was only a weak correlate of delay. Contributory factors of denial, ambivalence, fear, and preceding menstrual irregularity accounted for two thirds of cases; they were uniformly distributed over the range of gestational age, but constituted the greatest proportion of reasons among those delaying decision longest. Physician delay and laboratory error accounted for all but one tenth of the remainder; they were concentrated particularly among gravidas presenting for care in the early part of the midtrimester. Fear characterized the young, poorly informed noncontraceptors, and had the greatest relative impact in protracted delays; denial was more likely to be found among older and ostensibly better informed women.", "contents": "Comparison of women seeking early and late abortion. The differential characteristics of 697 women desiring induced abortion were studied according to when in pregnancy they presented. Age, marriage, and level of formal education were inversely related, those with greatest delay tending to be young, unmarried, and minimally educated. Religion was relevant, but generally was not. Nulliparity was only a weak correlate of delay. Contributory factors of denial, ambivalence, fear, and preceding menstrual irregularity accounted for two thirds of cases; they were uniformly distributed over the range of gestational age, but constituted the greatest proportion of reasons among those delaying decision longest. Physician delay and laboratory error accounted for all but one tenth of the remainder; they were concentrated particularly among gravidas presenting for care in the early part of the midtrimester. Fear characterized the young, poorly informed noncontraceptors, and had the greatest relative impact in protracted delays; denial was more likely to be found among older and ostensibly better informed women.", "PMID": 665738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10831", "title": "Evolution of the Gynecology Teaching Associate: an education specialist.", "content": "The traditional pelvic examination instruction methods were reviewed and found to be deficient: the student learning experience was compromised by the triangular setting of patient, student, and instructor for early pelvic examination instruction. Over the past decade, a new education specialist, the Gynecology Teaching Associate (GTA), has evolved to help improve the initial gynecology teaching experience. The evolution of the GTA is described. The qualities she brings to the instructional system include sensitivity as a woman, educational skill in pelvic examination instruction, knowledge of female pelvic anatomy and physiology, and, most important, sophisticated interpersonal skills to help medical students learnin in a nonthreatening environment. Reinforcement learning theory is the foundation of this educational system. Student acceptance of this system is documented.", "contents": "Evolution of the Gynecology Teaching Associate: an education specialist. The traditional pelvic examination instruction methods were reviewed and found to be deficient: the student learning experience was compromised by the triangular setting of patient, student, and instructor for early pelvic examination instruction. Over the past decade, a new education specialist, the Gynecology Teaching Associate (GTA), has evolved to help improve the initial gynecology teaching experience. The evolution of the GTA is described. The qualities she brings to the instructional system include sensitivity as a woman, educational skill in pelvic examination instruction, knowledge of female pelvic anatomy and physiology, and, most important, sophisticated interpersonal skills to help medical students learnin in a nonthreatening environment. Reinforcement learning theory is the foundation of this educational system. Student acceptance of this system is documented.", "PMID": 665744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10832", "title": "The importance of cauterization to maintain a healthy cervix. Long-term study from a private gynecologic practice.", "content": "A total of 13,897 patients from a private gynecologic practice were retrospectively analyzed with special regard to the benefits obtained from hot linear cautery. This has been performed as an office procedure since 1937, providing unique long-term follow-up. The exposed cervical transitional zone and mild, atypical, or dysplastic cervical cytology were so treated in 6,364 patients. A significantly higher percentage of carcinoma in situ and invasive disease was found in the noncauterized cervices. With the trend of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) toward development at an earlier age in today's population, the importance of office cauterization in preventing cervical cancer becomes apparent.", "contents": "The importance of cauterization to maintain a healthy cervix. Long-term study from a private gynecologic practice. A total of 13,897 patients from a private gynecologic practice were retrospectively analyzed with special regard to the benefits obtained from hot linear cautery. This has been performed as an office procedure since 1937, providing unique long-term follow-up. The exposed cervical transitional zone and mild, atypical, or dysplastic cervical cytology were so treated in 6,364 patients. A significantly higher percentage of carcinoma in situ and invasive disease was found in the noncauterized cervices. With the trend of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) toward development at an earlier age in today's population, the importance of office cauterization in preventing cervical cancer becomes apparent.", "PMID": 665745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10833", "title": "Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, 1968-1970: results of treatment and major complications. I. Lymphedema.", "content": "Different methods of treatment have been debated over the years for Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, especially in view of the results and complications. We have reviewed the experience of the Norwegian Radium Hospital for carcinoma of the cervix, Stage IB, for the years 1968, 1969, and 1970; most of the patients receive preoperative intrauterine and intravaginal radium, followed by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy; if the nodes are involved, they also receive external pelvic irradiation. During this period, 437 patients had Stage IB; the 5 year survival was 80.2% (not corrected). We focused our attention on lymphedema following such a method of treatment; of 402 patients operated upon, 23.4% developed lymphedema ranging from mild to moderate to severe; 20 patients (5%) had severe lymphedema; factors involved are analyzed.", "contents": "Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, 1968-1970: results of treatment and major complications. I. Lymphedema. Different methods of treatment have been debated over the years for Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, especially in view of the results and complications. We have reviewed the experience of the Norwegian Radium Hospital for carcinoma of the cervix, Stage IB, for the years 1968, 1969, and 1970; most of the patients receive preoperative intrauterine and intravaginal radium, followed by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy; if the nodes are involved, they also receive external pelvic irradiation. During this period, 437 patients had Stage IB; the 5 year survival was 80.2% (not corrected). We focused our attention on lymphedema following such a method of treatment; of 402 patients operated upon, 23.4% developed lymphedema ranging from mild to moderate to severe; 20 patients (5%) had severe lymphedema; factors involved are analyzed.", "PMID": 665747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10834", "title": "Clinical estimation of gestational age: rules for avoiding preterm delivery.", "content": "Reliable knowledge of the duration of pregnancy prior to birth is often of crucial importance in making obstetric care decisions. Laboratory methods for estimating fetal maturity have received considerable attention, but the usefulness of historical information has only rarely been addressed. In order to examine the value of clinical estimators of fetal gestational age (GA) in 690 pregnancies, the correlations of menstrual history (LMP), first unamplified audible fetal heart tones (FFH), and quickening (Q), with GA, based on the modified Dubowitz examination at birth, were examined. Evaluation of each of the data sets used alone reveals that in order to be 90% certain that an infant will be mature at delivery (greater than or equal to 38 weeks), a reliable LMP must have been noted for 42 weeks prior to birth, the FFH heard for 21 weeks, and Q felt for 25 weeks. These findings suggest that carefully obtained historical and physical examination information remains a cornerstone of appropriate obstetric care.", "contents": "Clinical estimation of gestational age: rules for avoiding preterm delivery. Reliable knowledge of the duration of pregnancy prior to birth is often of crucial importance in making obstetric care decisions. Laboratory methods for estimating fetal maturity have received considerable attention, but the usefulness of historical information has only rarely been addressed. In order to examine the value of clinical estimators of fetal gestational age (GA) in 690 pregnancies, the correlations of menstrual history (LMP), first unamplified audible fetal heart tones (FFH), and quickening (Q), with GA, based on the modified Dubowitz examination at birth, were examined. Evaluation of each of the data sets used alone reveals that in order to be 90% certain that an infant will be mature at delivery (greater than or equal to 38 weeks), a reliable LMP must have been noted for 42 weeks prior to birth, the FFH heard for 21 weeks, and Q felt for 25 weeks. These findings suggest that carefully obtained historical and physical examination information remains a cornerstone of appropriate obstetric care.", "PMID": 665748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10835", "title": "Cytologic evaluation of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding.", "content": "The records of 143 patients who had postmenopausal bleeding and underwent diagnostic curettage were reviewed. Of these patients 69% had benign endometrial tissue and in 8% there was insufficient tissue for histologic interpretation; 23% of the patients had endometrial carcinoma. In order to ascertain if endometrial cytology could predict which patients which patients may be harboring endometrial carcinoma, a prospective study was carried out on 69 patients complaining of postmenopausal bleeding. Prior to curettage, an endometrial cell sample was obtained with a disposable endometrial cell sampler. The preliminary data indicate good correlation between endometrial cytology and histology. There was one false-negative cytology report and one false positive report. Such a technique could eliminate an endometrial curettage in those patients in whom there is no clinical suspicion of endometrial carcinoma and the cytology is negative.", "contents": "Cytologic evaluation of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding. The records of 143 patients who had postmenopausal bleeding and underwent diagnostic curettage were reviewed. Of these patients 69% had benign endometrial tissue and in 8% there was insufficient tissue for histologic interpretation; 23% of the patients had endometrial carcinoma. In order to ascertain if endometrial cytology could predict which patients which patients may be harboring endometrial carcinoma, a prospective study was carried out on 69 patients complaining of postmenopausal bleeding. Prior to curettage, an endometrial cell sample was obtained with a disposable endometrial cell sampler. The preliminary data indicate good correlation between endometrial cytology and histology. There was one false-negative cytology report and one false positive report. Such a technique could eliminate an endometrial curettage in those patients in whom there is no clinical suspicion of endometrial carcinoma and the cytology is negative.", "PMID": 665749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10836", "title": "Reoperation after initial treatment of endometriosis with conservative surgery.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-three patients with pelvic endometriosis met the study criteria of inferility, tissue diagnosis, treatment with conservative surgery, and adequate follow-up. The extent of disease was classified according to Acosta and and associates. Pregnancy rates were 10 to 100% in various subclassifications of patients; these pregnancy rates were related to the extent of disease and the existence of concurrent inferitility factors. One hundred and seventeen patients were followed up for three years. Reoperation in this group was carried out in 28 patients for recurrent pain and/or persistent infertility. Each patient had diagnostic laparoscopy preceding relaparotomy. The reoperation rate was 40.6% in those patients who remained infertile, whereas this rate was only 3.7% in those patients who conceived following initial operation. The incidence of conception after a second conservative procedure was 12%. However, an equal number of patients in this group required total abdominal hysterectomy as a third procedure for control of recurrent pain. Thus, repeat conservative surgery should play a secondary role in the treatment of patients with infertility and recurrent endometriosis.", "contents": "Reoperation after initial treatment of endometriosis with conservative surgery. One hundred and fifty-three patients with pelvic endometriosis met the study criteria of inferility, tissue diagnosis, treatment with conservative surgery, and adequate follow-up. The extent of disease was classified according to Acosta and and associates. Pregnancy rates were 10 to 100% in various subclassifications of patients; these pregnancy rates were related to the extent of disease and the existence of concurrent inferitility factors. One hundred and seventeen patients were followed up for three years. Reoperation in this group was carried out in 28 patients for recurrent pain and/or persistent infertility. Each patient had diagnostic laparoscopy preceding relaparotomy. The reoperation rate was 40.6% in those patients who remained infertile, whereas this rate was only 3.7% in those patients who conceived following initial operation. The incidence of conception after a second conservative procedure was 12%. However, an equal number of patients in this group required total abdominal hysterectomy as a third procedure for control of recurrent pain. Thus, repeat conservative surgery should play a secondary role in the treatment of patients with infertility and recurrent endometriosis.", "PMID": 665750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10837", "title": "Surgical management of urethrovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas.", "content": "This report reviews a 50 year period during which 157 vesico- and 24 urethrovaginal fistulas were managed. Although the etiologic factors have changed, there has not been a dramatic decrease in the incidence of this complication. In the last 17 years we have noted an increased number of both types of fistula, primarily related to the increased frequency of gynecologic operative procedures. Only 11 (6%) of the fistulas reported in this series resulted from surgical procedures performed in our department. In this series 96% were repaired vaginally but the abdominal approach was used for certain complicated fistulas. Our initial cure rate was 89% and the final success rate in 157 vesicovaginal fistulas was 94.3%. The urethrovaginal fistulas represent a special problem because of the location, scarring, and lack of sufficient fascia for a second-layer closure. In such instances we have successfully used the bulbocavernous fat pad. The success rate for 24 patients with this type of fistula was 87.5%.", "contents": "Surgical management of urethrovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas. This report reviews a 50 year period during which 157 vesico- and 24 urethrovaginal fistulas were managed. Although the etiologic factors have changed, there has not been a dramatic decrease in the incidence of this complication. In the last 17 years we have noted an increased number of both types of fistula, primarily related to the increased frequency of gynecologic operative procedures. Only 11 (6%) of the fistulas reported in this series resulted from surgical procedures performed in our department. In this series 96% were repaired vaginally but the abdominal approach was used for certain complicated fistulas. Our initial cure rate was 89% and the final success rate in 157 vesicovaginal fistulas was 94.3%. The urethrovaginal fistulas represent a special problem because of the location, scarring, and lack of sufficient fascia for a second-layer closure. In such instances we have successfully used the bulbocavernous fat pad. The success rate for 24 patients with this type of fistula was 87.5%.", "PMID": 665751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10838", "title": "A review of office urethroscopy and cystometry.", "content": "The authors review the indications and findings of urethroscopic and cystometric examinations carried out on 279 patients. The most common indication was urinary incontinence, stress and urge types. Other indications included dysuria, recurrent urinary infections, and preoperative indications. The most common finding was chronic urethritis. Other findings included urethral stenosis, unstable bladder, anatomic stress incontinence, and urethral diverticulum. Changes in the vesical neck, characteristic of anatomic stress incontinence, were found in 43% of patients who complained of stress incontinence. This resulted in fewer patients being treated operatively. Chronic urethritis was present in 48% of patients with urinary incontinence. Many patients became continent after medical treatment for chronic urethritis. Office urethroscopy and cystometry are invaluable to properly select patients for operative treatment of stress incontinence. Chronic urethritis often will be found to be the source of many pelvic complaints.", "contents": "A review of office urethroscopy and cystometry. The authors review the indications and findings of urethroscopic and cystometric examinations carried out on 279 patients. The most common indication was urinary incontinence, stress and urge types. Other indications included dysuria, recurrent urinary infections, and preoperative indications. The most common finding was chronic urethritis. Other findings included urethral stenosis, unstable bladder, anatomic stress incontinence, and urethral diverticulum. Changes in the vesical neck, characteristic of anatomic stress incontinence, were found in 43% of patients who complained of stress incontinence. This resulted in fewer patients being treated operatively. Chronic urethritis was present in 48% of patients with urinary incontinence. Many patients became continent after medical treatment for chronic urethritis. Office urethroscopy and cystometry are invaluable to properly select patients for operative treatment of stress incontinence. Chronic urethritis often will be found to be the source of many pelvic complaints.", "PMID": 665752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10839", "title": "Pregnancy and its complications following cardiac valve prostheses.", "content": "Approximately 100 cases of pregnancy in women with cardiac valve prostheses have been reported in the world's medical literature. In most instances, the need for continuous anticoagulation therapy constituted a major concern in the obstetric management of these high-risk pregnancies, particularly since coumarin has been implicated as causing an increased frequency of fetal wastage or birth defects (or both). Of all women who received cardiac valve prostheses at the Mayo Clinic between 1965 and 1975, 23 conceived 40 times after the procedure. Fetal wastage was more than doubled in women receiving coumarin therapy at conception and during the first trimester, as compared with that in women not receiving coumarin therapy. Fetal wastage exceeded 80% in women with multiple-valve prostheses who received coumarin therapy throughout early pregnancy. There were no serious maternal sequelae in any of the women. One infant of a mother receiving anticoagulation therapy had mild nasal hypoplasia, but there were no other congenital anomalies in which coumarin had been previously implicated.", "contents": "Pregnancy and its complications following cardiac valve prostheses. Approximately 100 cases of pregnancy in women with cardiac valve prostheses have been reported in the world's medical literature. In most instances, the need for continuous anticoagulation therapy constituted a major concern in the obstetric management of these high-risk pregnancies, particularly since coumarin has been implicated as causing an increased frequency of fetal wastage or birth defects (or both). Of all women who received cardiac valve prostheses at the Mayo Clinic between 1965 and 1975, 23 conceived 40 times after the procedure. Fetal wastage was more than doubled in women receiving coumarin therapy at conception and during the first trimester, as compared with that in women not receiving coumarin therapy. Fetal wastage exceeded 80% in women with multiple-valve prostheses who received coumarin therapy throughout early pregnancy. There were no serious maternal sequelae in any of the women. One infant of a mother receiving anticoagulation therapy had mild nasal hypoplasia, but there were no other congenital anomalies in which coumarin had been previously implicated.", "PMID": 665754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10840", "title": "Correction of muscle imbalance in spasticity.", "content": "A summary is presented of observations made and results obtained during evaluation and preliminary treatment of twenty-one predominantly spastic cerebral palsied subjects, whose neuromuscular function was studied in each of four positions (supine, prone, kneeling and sitting on the floor) and in three dynamic situations (rising to standing, maintaining standing balance, and ambulating). A description is given of the procedures utilized to; (i) correct the imbalance of muscle tone imposing abnormal \"resting\" joint positions and limiting the range of their voluntary movements, and (ii) assist them in developing the sensorimotor function requisite for postural stability and voluntary motor control, involving exercises performed in each of the four positions and in transitions between them. Resistance exercises performed with the investigator and independent exercises both were included in the program. Case studies of a six-year-old spastic with \"pre-athetoid\" tendencies, an 11-year old spastic and a 32-year-old spastic are provided to illustrate typical initial evaluations, therapeutic activities subsequently utilized to improve neuromuscular function, and results thereby obtained.", "contents": "Correction of muscle imbalance in spasticity. A summary is presented of observations made and results obtained during evaluation and preliminary treatment of twenty-one predominantly spastic cerebral palsied subjects, whose neuromuscular function was studied in each of four positions (supine, prone, kneeling and sitting on the floor) and in three dynamic situations (rising to standing, maintaining standing balance, and ambulating). A description is given of the procedures utilized to; (i) correct the imbalance of muscle tone imposing abnormal \"resting\" joint positions and limiting the range of their voluntary movements, and (ii) assist them in developing the sensorimotor function requisite for postural stability and voluntary motor control, involving exercises performed in each of the four positions and in transitions between them. Resistance exercises performed with the investigator and independent exercises both were included in the program. Case studies of a six-year-old spastic with \"pre-athetoid\" tendencies, an 11-year old spastic and a 32-year-old spastic are provided to illustrate typical initial evaluations, therapeutic activities subsequently utilized to improve neuromuscular function, and results thereby obtained.", "PMID": 665757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10841", "title": "Uptake of labeled palmitate by the intact liver: role of intracellular binding sites.", "content": "The multiple-indicator dilution technique was utilized to examine the hepatic uptake of albumin-bound labeled palmitate from the portal vein blood of the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog, in a fasted state and after infusion of a variety of compounds that were expected to bind to Z protein, the cellular cytosolic protein binding free fatty acids, and their acyl-CoA derivatives. Analysis of the data indicates that after infusion of alpha-bromopalmitate, 16-bromo-9-hexadecenoate, and sulfobromophthalein sodium (which also bind to albumin), the palmitate label influx, efflux, and metabolic sequestration (removal of label from the pool of free fatty acids able to leave the cell) all increase and that, after infusion of flavaspidic acid, label efflux and metabolic sequestration increase. In vitro competitive binding studies carried out on the cellular cytosol indicat that the basis for the increase in efflux and metabolic sequestration is displacement of labeled palmitate from high affinity sites on the intracellular Z protein (which are presumably in equilibrium with and may be taken to be representative of other intracellular binding sites). These studies also suggest that increased uptake is due to similar displacement from high affinity sites on serum albumin.", "contents": "Uptake of labeled palmitate by the intact liver: role of intracellular binding sites. The multiple-indicator dilution technique was utilized to examine the hepatic uptake of albumin-bound labeled palmitate from the portal vein blood of the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog, in a fasted state and after infusion of a variety of compounds that were expected to bind to Z protein, the cellular cytosolic protein binding free fatty acids, and their acyl-CoA derivatives. Analysis of the data indicates that after infusion of alpha-bromopalmitate, 16-bromo-9-hexadecenoate, and sulfobromophthalein sodium (which also bind to albumin), the palmitate label influx, efflux, and metabolic sequestration (removal of label from the pool of free fatty acids able to leave the cell) all increase and that, after infusion of flavaspidic acid, label efflux and metabolic sequestration increase. In vitro competitive binding studies carried out on the cellular cytosol indicat that the basis for the increase in efflux and metabolic sequestration is displacement of labeled palmitate from high affinity sites on the intracellular Z protein (which are presumably in equilibrium with and may be taken to be representative of other intracellular binding sites). These studies also suggest that increased uptake is due to similar displacement from high affinity sites on serum albumin.", "PMID": 665758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10842", "title": "Effect of a bovine hypothalamic extract on glucose utilization by rat adipocytes.", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess whether a hypothalamic extract has any direct metabolic action on adipose and muscle tissues. An acid bovine hypothalamic extract (HE) was tested for its effect on the utilization of D[U-14C]glucose by isolated rat adipocytes and rat hemidiaphragms. The HE was ineffective in stimulating the conversion of labeled glucose into CO2 and glycogen by rat hemidiaphragm. However, in isolated adipocytes, the HE had significant lipogenic activity. This lipogenic effect was independent of insulin and nonsuppressible by insulin antibodies. The dose-response curve was linear and saturable. That insulin and the HE were not additive at maximal concentrations suggests that they act through a common rate-limiting step, possibly a receptor site. Other hypothalamic substances tested (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and substance P) showed no lipogenic activity. Somatostatin (6 microgram/ml) was an insulin potentiator but only when preincubated with the fat cells. It is concluded that the hypothalamic regulation of body weight may be mediated by a neurohumoral mechanism affecting adipose tissue stores.", "contents": "Effect of a bovine hypothalamic extract on glucose utilization by rat adipocytes. This study was undertaken to assess whether a hypothalamic extract has any direct metabolic action on adipose and muscle tissues. An acid bovine hypothalamic extract (HE) was tested for its effect on the utilization of D[U-14C]glucose by isolated rat adipocytes and rat hemidiaphragms. The HE was ineffective in stimulating the conversion of labeled glucose into CO2 and glycogen by rat hemidiaphragm. However, in isolated adipocytes, the HE had significant lipogenic activity. This lipogenic effect was independent of insulin and nonsuppressible by insulin antibodies. The dose-response curve was linear and saturable. That insulin and the HE were not additive at maximal concentrations suggests that they act through a common rate-limiting step, possibly a receptor site. Other hypothalamic substances tested (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and substance P) showed no lipogenic activity. Somatostatin (6 microgram/ml) was an insulin potentiator but only when preincubated with the fat cells. It is concluded that the hypothalamic regulation of body weight may be mediated by a neurohumoral mechanism affecting adipose tissue stores.", "PMID": 665759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10843", "title": "In vitro and in vivo inhibition of renin by fatty acids.", "content": "Circulating neutral lipids inhibit the in vitro renin reaction. To identify the inhibitor(s), free fatty acids were added to human renin and homologous substrate. Capric, lauric, palmitoleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids each inhibited the rate of angiotensin I production in vitro (P less than 0.01). Inhibition by polysaturated fatty acids (linoleic and arachidonic) was less (P less than 0.01) after catalytic hydrogenation of the double bonds. To evaluate an in vivo effect of renin inhibition intra-arterial blood pressure responses to infusions of renin and angiotensin II (5.0 microgram) were measured in anephric rats (n = 6) before and after infusion of linoleic acid (10 mg iv). Mean increase of blood pressure to angiotensin II before (75 mmHg +/- 9) and after (90 +/- 12) linoleic acid did not differ (P greater than 0.05). However, the pressor response to renin after linoleic acid (18 +/- 3) was less (P less than 0.00)) than that before (102 +/- 13). In summary, several fatty acids inhibit the in vitro renin reaction, and in part inhibition is dependent on unsaturation. Linoleic acid also inhibits the in vivo pressor response to renin. These results suggest that fatty acids may modify the measurement of plasma renin activity and may also affect angiotensin production in vivo.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo inhibition of renin by fatty acids. Circulating neutral lipids inhibit the in vitro renin reaction. To identify the inhibitor(s), free fatty acids were added to human renin and homologous substrate. Capric, lauric, palmitoleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids each inhibited the rate of angiotensin I production in vitro (P less than 0.01). Inhibition by polysaturated fatty acids (linoleic and arachidonic) was less (P less than 0.01) after catalytic hydrogenation of the double bonds. To evaluate an in vivo effect of renin inhibition intra-arterial blood pressure responses to infusions of renin and angiotensin II (5.0 microgram) were measured in anephric rats (n = 6) before and after infusion of linoleic acid (10 mg iv). Mean increase of blood pressure to angiotensin II before (75 mmHg +/- 9) and after (90 +/- 12) linoleic acid did not differ (P greater than 0.05). However, the pressor response to renin after linoleic acid (18 +/- 3) was less (P less than 0.00)) than that before (102 +/- 13). In summary, several fatty acids inhibit the in vitro renin reaction, and in part inhibition is dependent on unsaturation. Linoleic acid also inhibits the in vivo pressor response to renin. These results suggest that fatty acids may modify the measurement of plasma renin activity and may also affect angiotensin production in vivo.", "PMID": 665762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10844", "title": "Epinephrine and dopamine beta-hydroxylase secretion from bovine adrenal.", "content": "The perfusate of the isolated, acetylcholine-stimulated bovine adrenal was studied for epinephrine (E) concentration and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. Analysis of single stimuli showed that DBH disappeared from the perfusate with a t1/2 of 19.1-29.0 min. whereas E disappeared with a t1/2 of 0.78-1.0 min. Stimulation every 5 min over 105 min caused a gradual decline in E concentration to 36% of its initial value, whereas DBH activity reached a plateau after the second stimulus and thereafter remained unchanged. The decline in E was not influenced by addition of catecholamine precursors and biosynthetic cofactors to the medium and was not accompanied by a shift in the ratios of E and norepinephrine (NE) in the perfusate. Inhibitors of DBH activity were not detected in the perfusate and nonexocytotic leakage of DBH into the perfusate did not occur. These results document the temporal dissociation of the appearance and disappearance of DBH and E after a single stimulus and the progressive dissociation of DBH and E secretion under conditions of prolonged perfusion with rapid and repetitive stimulation. Possible explanations of these observations are offered.", "contents": "Epinephrine and dopamine beta-hydroxylase secretion from bovine adrenal. The perfusate of the isolated, acetylcholine-stimulated bovine adrenal was studied for epinephrine (E) concentration and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. Analysis of single stimuli showed that DBH disappeared from the perfusate with a t1/2 of 19.1-29.0 min. whereas E disappeared with a t1/2 of 0.78-1.0 min. Stimulation every 5 min over 105 min caused a gradual decline in E concentration to 36% of its initial value, whereas DBH activity reached a plateau after the second stimulus and thereafter remained unchanged. The decline in E was not influenced by addition of catecholamine precursors and biosynthetic cofactors to the medium and was not accompanied by a shift in the ratios of E and norepinephrine (NE) in the perfusate. Inhibitors of DBH activity were not detected in the perfusate and nonexocytotic leakage of DBH into the perfusate did not occur. These results document the temporal dissociation of the appearance and disappearance of DBH and E after a single stimulus and the progressive dissociation of DBH and E secretion under conditions of prolonged perfusion with rapid and repetitive stimulation. Possible explanations of these observations are offered.", "PMID": 665763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10845", "title": "Increased serum growth hormone and somatic growth in exercising adult hamsters.", "content": "In freely feeding adult hamsters, voluntary exercise induces accelerated somatic growth and increased food consumption that last through several days of retirement. We examined the effects of exercise on serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin during ad libitum or restricted intake of food. Serum insulin and GH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays in exercising, retired, or sedentary hamsters during ad libitum or restricted intake of food. Linear growth was delayed in food-restricted, exercising hamsters until they were retired and unlimited food consumption was allowed. Serum GH concentrations were increased during exercise and after retirement; serum insulin concentrations were increased only after retirement during both dietary regimes. In food-restricted hamsters, endocrine changes were noted after 4 h of feeding but not after a 14-h fast. We conclude that 1) in adult hamsters voluntary exercise leads to increased secretion of GH even when ingested nutrients are insufficient to support increased growth, and 2) increased secretion of insulin is not related directly to exercise.", "contents": "Increased serum growth hormone and somatic growth in exercising adult hamsters. In freely feeding adult hamsters, voluntary exercise induces accelerated somatic growth and increased food consumption that last through several days of retirement. We examined the effects of exercise on serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin during ad libitum or restricted intake of food. Serum insulin and GH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays in exercising, retired, or sedentary hamsters during ad libitum or restricted intake of food. Linear growth was delayed in food-restricted, exercising hamsters until they were retired and unlimited food consumption was allowed. Serum GH concentrations were increased during exercise and after retirement; serum insulin concentrations were increased only after retirement during both dietary regimes. In food-restricted hamsters, endocrine changes were noted after 4 h of feeding but not after a 14-h fast. We conclude that 1) in adult hamsters voluntary exercise leads to increased secretion of GH even when ingested nutrients are insufficient to support increased growth, and 2) increased secretion of insulin is not related directly to exercise.", "PMID": 665764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10846", "title": "Glucoprivic feeding behavior in absence of other signs of glucoprivation.", "content": "When rats were denied immediate access to food after subcutaneous injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), the glucoprivically induced sympathoadrenal hyperglycemia subsided spontaneously within 6 h. However, if food was returned to the rats 6 h after 2DG injection, they still ate significantly more than after saline control injections. Rats injected with insulin also increased their feeding even when food was withheld until the animals had returned to normoglycemia. Injections of exogenous glucose sufficient to elevate blood glucose concentrations above normal failed to inhibit increased feeding observed when food was returned 6 h after injection of regular insulin. These data show that 2DG and insulin-induced feeding can occur in the absence of overt signs of glucoprivation and suggest that the glucoprivic control may be operable in the day-to-day control of feeding when other signs of glucoprivation are not readily observable.", "contents": "Glucoprivic feeding behavior in absence of other signs of glucoprivation. When rats were denied immediate access to food after subcutaneous injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), the glucoprivically induced sympathoadrenal hyperglycemia subsided spontaneously within 6 h. However, if food was returned to the rats 6 h after 2DG injection, they still ate significantly more than after saline control injections. Rats injected with insulin also increased their feeding even when food was withheld until the animals had returned to normoglycemia. Injections of exogenous glucose sufficient to elevate blood glucose concentrations above normal failed to inhibit increased feeding observed when food was returned 6 h after injection of regular insulin. These data show that 2DG and insulin-induced feeding can occur in the absence of overt signs of glucoprivation and suggest that the glucoprivic control may be operable in the day-to-day control of feeding when other signs of glucoprivation are not readily observable.", "PMID": 665765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10847", "title": "Bile acid structure and biliary lipid secretion. II. A comparison of three hydroxy and two keto bile acids.", "content": "The effect of five bile acids on biliary lipid secretion was studied in the pentobarbital-anesthetized cat. The dihydroxy acid, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, was indistinguishable from another dihydroxy acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, but secretion of both phospholipid and cholesterol was considerably reduced with two mono-keto dihydroxy acids, tauro-3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid and tauro-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid. The effect of a trihydroxy bile acid, taurocholic acid was as previously described. The effect of the keto bile acids may be explained by the ability of these bile acids to solubilize lipid, but such an explanation is inadequate for the difference between di- and trihydroxy bile acids. An intracellular effect of bile acid is postulated.", "contents": "Bile acid structure and biliary lipid secretion. II. A comparison of three hydroxy and two keto bile acids. The effect of five bile acids on biliary lipid secretion was studied in the pentobarbital-anesthetized cat. The dihydroxy acid, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, was indistinguishable from another dihydroxy acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, but secretion of both phospholipid and cholesterol was considerably reduced with two mono-keto dihydroxy acids, tauro-3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid and tauro-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid. The effect of a trihydroxy bile acid, taurocholic acid was as previously described. The effect of the keto bile acids may be explained by the ability of these bile acids to solubilize lipid, but such an explanation is inadequate for the difference between di- and trihydroxy bile acids. An intracellular effect of bile acid is postulated.", "PMID": 665767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10848", "title": "Influence of intrinsic nerves on electromyogram of cat colon in vitro.", "content": "The electromyogram of the circular muscle layer of the cat colon was studied in vitro in superfused strips of muscle. Records exhibited electrical slow waves and migrating spike bursts, as described previously. Both the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, and the local anesthetic lidocaine, (P less than 0.05) prolonged the duration of migrating spike bursts, but migrating spike bursts were not affected by the adrenergic alpha-antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, nor by the adrenergic beta-antagonist, propranolol. Also, physostigmine and atropine did not affect them. Large concentrations of catecholamines did abolish them. This suggests that the migrating spike burst represents periodic release of the muscle from the tonic influence of nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves in the intramural plexuses. Slow-wave frequency and the congruence of slow waves were not affected (P greater than 0.05) by the antagonists listed above, nor by cholinergic and adrenergic agonists. This suggests that the slow waves are not importantly controlled by intrinsic nerves.", "contents": "Influence of intrinsic nerves on electromyogram of cat colon in vitro. The electromyogram of the circular muscle layer of the cat colon was studied in vitro in superfused strips of muscle. Records exhibited electrical slow waves and migrating spike bursts, as described previously. Both the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, and the local anesthetic lidocaine, (P less than 0.05) prolonged the duration of migrating spike bursts, but migrating spike bursts were not affected by the adrenergic alpha-antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, nor by the adrenergic beta-antagonist, propranolol. Also, physostigmine and atropine did not affect them. Large concentrations of catecholamines did abolish them. This suggests that the migrating spike burst represents periodic release of the muscle from the tonic influence of nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves in the intramural plexuses. Slow-wave frequency and the congruence of slow waves were not affected (P greater than 0.05) by the antagonists listed above, nor by cholinergic and adrenergic agonists. This suggests that the slow waves are not importantly controlled by intrinsic nerves.", "PMID": 665768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10849", "title": "Relative rates of tumor, normal gut, liver, and fibrinogen protein synthesis in man.", "content": "Fractional protein synthesis rates of tumor, normal intestinal tissue, liver, and fibrinogen were measured in a series of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Protein synthesis rates were measured by the continuous infusion of 95+% [15N]glycine. Twelve to eighteen hours prior to the clinically indicated surgical excision of the tumor, 1-2 g of 95+% [15N]glycine was infused at a constant rate into each subject. During the surgical procedure, 0.05-2 g of tumor, normal intestinal tissue, liver, and 30 ml of venous blood were obtained. Protein synthesis rates were estimated from the ratio of 15N incorporated into tissue protein to the 15N enrichment of the tissue-free amino acid pool. The major findings were: i) the 15N enrichment of the tissue-free amino acids in malignant tissue was greater than and proportional to that in the corresponding normal tissue (P less than 0.02); ii) tumor protein synthesis rates were greater and proportional to the corresponding intestinal tissue rates (P less than 0.05); iii) the fibrinogen synthesis rate was greater than the liver protein synthesis rate (P less than 0.01), but there was no correlation between them.", "contents": "Relative rates of tumor, normal gut, liver, and fibrinogen protein synthesis in man. Fractional protein synthesis rates of tumor, normal intestinal tissue, liver, and fibrinogen were measured in a series of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Protein synthesis rates were measured by the continuous infusion of 95+% [15N]glycine. Twelve to eighteen hours prior to the clinically indicated surgical excision of the tumor, 1-2 g of 95+% [15N]glycine was infused at a constant rate into each subject. During the surgical procedure, 0.05-2 g of tumor, normal intestinal tissue, liver, and 30 ml of venous blood were obtained. Protein synthesis rates were estimated from the ratio of 15N incorporated into tissue protein to the 15N enrichment of the tissue-free amino acid pool. The major findings were: i) the 15N enrichment of the tissue-free amino acids in malignant tissue was greater than and proportional to that in the corresponding normal tissue (P less than 0.02); ii) tumor protein synthesis rates were greater and proportional to the corresponding intestinal tissue rates (P less than 0.05); iii) the fibrinogen synthesis rate was greater than the liver protein synthesis rate (P less than 0.01), but there was no correlation between them.", "PMID": 665769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10850", "title": "Relative rates of gastric emptying of glucose vs. fat in rats fed nonliquid meals.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were briefly starved, fed various test meals, and killed at measured intervals, and the average fractional emptying (disappearance from stomach) rates for glucose (Kgl) and for fat (Kfat) were determined. The Kgl/Kfat ratio was calculated as a measure of the degree to which the stomach emptied glucose preferentially to fat. The size of the meal affected this ratio, which was 7.6 for a small (0.5 g) meal and 2.4 for a large (2.0 g) meal of a nutritionally complete diet. When test meals contained one of two levels of fat (0.4 and 0.1 g) and of glucose (1.2 and 0.3 g), the high level of fat depressed Kgl and Kgl/Kfat, whereas the high level of glucose depressed Kgl and particularly Kfat and, therefore, raised Kgl/Kfat. Kgl/Kfat was also affected by strain of rat and was reduced almost to 1.0 by mixing the meal into a viscous gel of xanthan gum. In the absence of this gel, the percentage of water existing in stomach contents shortly after the test meals varied between 53 and 79% and was suspected of influencing Kgl/Kfat.", "contents": "Relative rates of gastric emptying of glucose vs. fat in rats fed nonliquid meals. Sprague-Dawley rats were briefly starved, fed various test meals, and killed at measured intervals, and the average fractional emptying (disappearance from stomach) rates for glucose (Kgl) and for fat (Kfat) were determined. The Kgl/Kfat ratio was calculated as a measure of the degree to which the stomach emptied glucose preferentially to fat. The size of the meal affected this ratio, which was 7.6 for a small (0.5 g) meal and 2.4 for a large (2.0 g) meal of a nutritionally complete diet. When test meals contained one of two levels of fat (0.4 and 0.1 g) and of glucose (1.2 and 0.3 g), the high level of fat depressed Kgl and Kgl/Kfat, whereas the high level of glucose depressed Kgl and particularly Kfat and, therefore, raised Kgl/Kfat. Kgl/Kfat was also affected by strain of rat and was reduced almost to 1.0 by mixing the meal into a viscous gel of xanthan gum. In the absence of this gel, the percentage of water existing in stomach contents shortly after the test meals varied between 53 and 79% and was suspected of influencing Kgl/Kfat.", "PMID": 665770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10851", "title": "Effects of portacaval diversion on lipid metabolism in rat adipose tissue.", "content": "Male rats were submitted for 3 wk either to portacaval shunt or to portacaval transposition. In both cases, sham-operated pair-fed rats served as controls. After an overnight fast, insulinemia was similar in all groups, but glucagonemia was significantly higher (by 65%) and serum glucose significantly lower (by 35%) in rats with a portacaval shunt. The lipid metabolism of epididymal adipose tissue was studied in vitro, as well as in vivo. In rats with a portacaval shunt, in vitro lipogenesis from [U-14C]glucose, [1-14C]acetate, or 3H2o was 60-80% lower than in sham-operated pair-fed controls. Twice as much in vitro basal lipolysis could be determined. In addition, in vivo lipogenesis from 3H2O was markedly decreased (6 times). By contrast, in rats with portacaval transposition, in vitro lipogenesis was higher (by 80-140%) and basal lipolysis lower (by 63%) than in pair-fed controls. Thus, even when the nutritional state was taken into consideration, the type of portal diversion was the determining factor in influencing lipid metabolism in epididymal adipose tissue.", "contents": "Effects of portacaval diversion on lipid metabolism in rat adipose tissue. Male rats were submitted for 3 wk either to portacaval shunt or to portacaval transposition. In both cases, sham-operated pair-fed rats served as controls. After an overnight fast, insulinemia was similar in all groups, but glucagonemia was significantly higher (by 65%) and serum glucose significantly lower (by 35%) in rats with a portacaval shunt. The lipid metabolism of epididymal adipose tissue was studied in vitro, as well as in vivo. In rats with a portacaval shunt, in vitro lipogenesis from [U-14C]glucose, [1-14C]acetate, or 3H2o was 60-80% lower than in sham-operated pair-fed controls. Twice as much in vitro basal lipolysis could be determined. In addition, in vivo lipogenesis from 3H2O was markedly decreased (6 times). By contrast, in rats with portacaval transposition, in vitro lipogenesis was higher (by 80-140%) and basal lipolysis lower (by 63%) than in pair-fed controls. Thus, even when the nutritional state was taken into consideration, the type of portal diversion was the determining factor in influencing lipid metabolism in epididymal adipose tissue.", "PMID": 665771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10852", "title": "Glomerular permselectivity: barrier function based on discrimination of molecular size and charge.", "content": "The formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate is dependent on the interplay of glomerular pressures and flows as well as the intrinsic permselectivity properties of the glomerular capillary wall. These intrinsic permeability properties serve to exclude macromolecules from the urinary space, based on size as well as net molecular charge discrimination. Neutral dextrans with molecular radii less than 20 A cross the glomerular wall without measurable restriction, whereas dextrans with radii greater than 42 A are almost completely barred. For any given size, negatively charged macromolecules are restricted to a greater extent than neutral molecules. Additionally, positively charged molecules are enhanced in their ability to cross the glomerular wall compared to similarly sized neutral polymers. The concept of a charge barrier, due to fixed negative charges within the glomerular wall, is also supported by morphological studies. Glomerular injury, leading to proteinuria, has been associated with loss of the charge-selective properties of these capillaries. Loss of glomerular fixed negative charges may also result in the foot process fusion and mesangial cell dysfunction often observed in proteinuric states.", "contents": "Glomerular permselectivity: barrier function based on discrimination of molecular size and charge. The formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate is dependent on the interplay of glomerular pressures and flows as well as the intrinsic permselectivity properties of the glomerular capillary wall. These intrinsic permeability properties serve to exclude macromolecules from the urinary space, based on size as well as net molecular charge discrimination. Neutral dextrans with molecular radii less than 20 A cross the glomerular wall without measurable restriction, whereas dextrans with radii greater than 42 A are almost completely barred. For any given size, negatively charged macromolecules are restricted to a greater extent than neutral molecules. Additionally, positively charged molecules are enhanced in their ability to cross the glomerular wall compared to similarly sized neutral polymers. The concept of a charge barrier, due to fixed negative charges within the glomerular wall, is also supported by morphological studies. Glomerular injury, leading to proteinuria, has been associated with loss of the charge-selective properties of these capillaries. Loss of glomerular fixed negative charges may also result in the foot process fusion and mesangial cell dysfunction often observed in proteinuric states.", "PMID": 665772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10853", "title": "Magnesium metabolism in potassium-depleted rats.", "content": "In rats, a diet depleted of potassium caused a significant hypokalemia and hypermagnesemia, a diuresis and natriuresis, a decrease in urinary and fecal excretion of potassium, a magnesiuria, and a decrease in fecal excretion of magnesium. Balance studies revealed that potassium metabolism was negative in potassium-depleted rats and that magnesium metabolism was positive and higher than in control rats. In potassium-depleted rats, potassium and magnesium contents in muscle were reduced, whereas the sodium level was increased and plasma aldosterone was significantly lower. Therefore, the elevation in plasma concentration of magnesium induced by a diet poor in potassium is the result of a more positive metabolic balance of magnesium and of shifting of magnesium from the tissue into the plasma compartment. Results of additional preliminary studies support the possibility that the hypermagnesemia may be mediated through the depression in mineralocorticoid activity induced by the depletion of potassium.", "contents": "Magnesium metabolism in potassium-depleted rats. In rats, a diet depleted of potassium caused a significant hypokalemia and hypermagnesemia, a diuresis and natriuresis, a decrease in urinary and fecal excretion of potassium, a magnesiuria, and a decrease in fecal excretion of magnesium. Balance studies revealed that potassium metabolism was negative in potassium-depleted rats and that magnesium metabolism was positive and higher than in control rats. In potassium-depleted rats, potassium and magnesium contents in muscle were reduced, whereas the sodium level was increased and plasma aldosterone was significantly lower. Therefore, the elevation in plasma concentration of magnesium induced by a diet poor in potassium is the result of a more positive metabolic balance of magnesium and of shifting of magnesium from the tissue into the plasma compartment. Results of additional preliminary studies support the possibility that the hypermagnesemia may be mediated through the depression in mineralocorticoid activity induced by the depletion of potassium.", "PMID": 665773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10854", "title": "Contribution of leaked load to solute transport by renal tubules.", "content": "Renal tubules reabsorb solutes from the glomerular filtrate. The relationship between \"filtered load\" and reabsorption has been previously discussed and analyzed in detail. One aspect which has not been emphasized, however, is that, when reabsorption of a solute causes its concentration (or activity) in the tubule lumen to decrease below the level in the blood, solute may enter the tubule down this concentration gradient adding a \"leaked load\" to the filtered load. The leaked load should be taken into account when quantifying tubular transport. In the present study we derived equations for estimating the leaked load and its contribution to transport. The importance of the leaked load of glucose in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubules is evaluated with parameters derived from in vitro perfusion and by solving the equations numerically. It is shown that, depending on the conditions, the leaked load of glucose may account for a substantial part of the glucose present in the tubule lumen and reabsorbed from the tubule. Also, the leaked load could conceivably be an important factor in the transport of other solutes such as lactase and bicarbonate in proximal tubules.", "contents": "Contribution of leaked load to solute transport by renal tubules. Renal tubules reabsorb solutes from the glomerular filtrate. The relationship between \"filtered load\" and reabsorption has been previously discussed and analyzed in detail. One aspect which has not been emphasized, however, is that, when reabsorption of a solute causes its concentration (or activity) in the tubule lumen to decrease below the level in the blood, solute may enter the tubule down this concentration gradient adding a \"leaked load\" to the filtered load. The leaked load should be taken into account when quantifying tubular transport. In the present study we derived equations for estimating the leaked load and its contribution to transport. The importance of the leaked load of glucose in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubules is evaluated with parameters derived from in vitro perfusion and by solving the equations numerically. It is shown that, depending on the conditions, the leaked load of glucose may account for a substantial part of the glucose present in the tubule lumen and reabsorbed from the tubule. Also, the leaked load could conceivably be an important factor in the transport of other solutes such as lactase and bicarbonate in proximal tubules.", "PMID": 665774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10855", "title": "Action of phlorizin on luminal and antiluminal membranes of proximal cells of kidney.", "content": "In accord with results of others, we have observed that the infusion of phlorizin at low rates (2.16-117 microgram-kg-1-min-1) progressively increases fractional excretion of glucose from 0.47 to 0.85. Further increasing the rate of infusion to 2.19 mg-kg-1-min-1 increases fractional excretion to 1.0. The relationship appears to describe a single function having characteristics of an adsorption isotherm. The metabolism of the kidney, expressed as rate of total CO2 production from all substrates, is modestly and variably reduced by infusion of phlorizin at both high and low rates. The metabolism of glucose, expressed as rate of CO2 production, is variably but not consistently altered by infusion of phlorizin. The oxidation of [14C]lactate derived from [14C]glucose is negligible and introduces no significant error into measurement of 14CO2 from [14C]glucose. The percent of total CO2 derived from glucose does not differe significantly in control periods from the mean of all periods following phlorizin. Accordingly interaction of phlorizin with peritubular membranes at high rates of infusion, in the sense of blocking penetration of glucose, does not occur. Our methods do not rule out nor do they prove adsorption of phlorizin to these membranes.", "contents": "Action of phlorizin on luminal and antiluminal membranes of proximal cells of kidney. In accord with results of others, we have observed that the infusion of phlorizin at low rates (2.16-117 microgram-kg-1-min-1) progressively increases fractional excretion of glucose from 0.47 to 0.85. Further increasing the rate of infusion to 2.19 mg-kg-1-min-1 increases fractional excretion to 1.0. The relationship appears to describe a single function having characteristics of an adsorption isotherm. The metabolism of the kidney, expressed as rate of total CO2 production from all substrates, is modestly and variably reduced by infusion of phlorizin at both high and low rates. The metabolism of glucose, expressed as rate of CO2 production, is variably but not consistently altered by infusion of phlorizin. The oxidation of [14C]lactate derived from [14C]glucose is negligible and introduces no significant error into measurement of 14CO2 from [14C]glucose. The percent of total CO2 derived from glucose does not differe significantly in control periods from the mean of all periods following phlorizin. Accordingly interaction of phlorizin with peritubular membranes at high rates of infusion, in the sense of blocking penetration of glucose, does not occur. Our methods do not rule out nor do they prove adsorption of phlorizin to these membranes.", "PMID": 665775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10856", "title": "Renin secretion as a function of renal renin content in dogs.", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro rates of renin secretion were measured in kidneys from five groups of dogs in which renal perfusion pressure, salt diet, and neural input were varied to cause large changes in renin secretion rates and renal renin content. It was found that both the in vivo and in vitro secretory rates were proportional to the renal renin content. However, in vitro secretion rates were dependent on content up to 100 ng angiotensin I/mg tissue per h. At higher renin contents no increment in in vitro secretion rate was seen. In vivo secretion rate did not appear to reach a maximum until renal renin content was above 250 ng AI/mg tissue per h. The data are interpreted to support the hypothesis that there exist at least two pools of renin. One releases renin at a fractional rate of about 1.5% of the total content per hour. The other releases renin at a rate dependent on the magnitude of the stimuli acting on the kidneys. It is also suggested that the rate of renin synthesis may be a determinant of the basla rate of renin secretion.", "contents": "Renin secretion as a function of renal renin content in dogs. The in vivo and in vitro rates of renin secretion were measured in kidneys from five groups of dogs in which renal perfusion pressure, salt diet, and neural input were varied to cause large changes in renin secretion rates and renal renin content. It was found that both the in vivo and in vitro secretory rates were proportional to the renal renin content. However, in vitro secretion rates were dependent on content up to 100 ng angiotensin I/mg tissue per h. At higher renin contents no increment in in vitro secretion rate was seen. In vivo secretion rate did not appear to reach a maximum until renal renin content was above 250 ng AI/mg tissue per h. The data are interpreted to support the hypothesis that there exist at least two pools of renin. One releases renin at a fractional rate of about 1.5% of the total content per hour. The other releases renin at a rate dependent on the magnitude of the stimuli acting on the kidneys. It is also suggested that the rate of renin synthesis may be a determinant of the basla rate of renin secretion.", "PMID": 665776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10857", "title": "Calcium transport across peritubular surface of the marine teleost renal tubule.", "content": "Isolated renal tubules of seawater-acclimated flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) readily accumulated Ca and Mg when exposed to increased concentrations of these ions. Evidence based on the ability of the tubules to maintain high K levels indicated that the Ca was neither free in the cytosol nor taken up by mitochondria. Two phases of Ca uptake were seen. The fast phase was kinetically complex and not affected by Mg, dinitrophenol, cytochalasin B, or Na-free medium, but was stimulated by ouabain. The slow phase showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and was inhibited by Mg and dinitrophenol, but was stimulated by Na-free medium, cytochalasin B, and ouabain. The slow phase was also more responsive to changes in bath Ca activity and was thought to be involved with the powerful divalent cation secretory system of these tubules. No correlation between divalent cation uptake and fluid content of the tubules was seen.", "contents": "Calcium transport across peritubular surface of the marine teleost renal tubule. Isolated renal tubules of seawater-acclimated flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) readily accumulated Ca and Mg when exposed to increased concentrations of these ions. Evidence based on the ability of the tubules to maintain high K levels indicated that the Ca was neither free in the cytosol nor taken up by mitochondria. Two phases of Ca uptake were seen. The fast phase was kinetically complex and not affected by Mg, dinitrophenol, cytochalasin B, or Na-free medium, but was stimulated by ouabain. The slow phase showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and was inhibited by Mg and dinitrophenol, but was stimulated by Na-free medium, cytochalasin B, and ouabain. The slow phase was also more responsive to changes in bath Ca activity and was thought to be involved with the powerful divalent cation secretory system of these tubules. No correlation between divalent cation uptake and fluid content of the tubules was seen.", "PMID": 665777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10858", "title": "Depression of regional blood flow and wall thickening after brief coronary occlusions.", "content": "The effects of a 15-min coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion were investigated in conscious dogs previously instrumented for measurement of left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, regional wall thickening, electrograms, and myocardial blood flow. Coronary occlussion reduced overall left ventricular function only slightly but eliminated systolic wall thickening in the ischemic zone and reduced regional myocardial blood flow in the ischemic zone from 1.04 +/- 0.04 to 0.27 +/- 0.02 ml/min per g and the endo/epi flow ratio from 1.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.44 +/- 0.04, while S-T segment elevation increased from 1.1 +/- 0.3 to 8.2 +/- 0.9 mV. After release of the occlusion, S-T segment elevation disappeared within 1 min while reactive hyperemia in the previously occluded artery and a transient increase in cardiac diastolic wall thickness occurred and then subsided by 15 min. In contrast, systolic wall thickening and the endo/epi flow ratio remained significantly depressed for more than 3 h. Thus reperfusion after a 15 minute coronary occlusion results in a prolonged period of reduced regional myocardial blood flow, particularly in the endocardial layers, which correlates with the prolonged depression of regional myocardial shortening and wall thickening.", "contents": "Depression of regional blood flow and wall thickening after brief coronary occlusions. The effects of a 15-min coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion were investigated in conscious dogs previously instrumented for measurement of left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, regional wall thickening, electrograms, and myocardial blood flow. Coronary occlussion reduced overall left ventricular function only slightly but eliminated systolic wall thickening in the ischemic zone and reduced regional myocardial blood flow in the ischemic zone from 1.04 +/- 0.04 to 0.27 +/- 0.02 ml/min per g and the endo/epi flow ratio from 1.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.44 +/- 0.04, while S-T segment elevation increased from 1.1 +/- 0.3 to 8.2 +/- 0.9 mV. After release of the occlusion, S-T segment elevation disappeared within 1 min while reactive hyperemia in the previously occluded artery and a transient increase in cardiac diastolic wall thickness occurred and then subsided by 15 min. In contrast, systolic wall thickening and the endo/epi flow ratio remained significantly depressed for more than 3 h. Thus reperfusion after a 15 minute coronary occlusion results in a prolonged period of reduced regional myocardial blood flow, particularly in the endocardial layers, which correlates with the prolonged depression of regional myocardial shortening and wall thickening.", "PMID": 665778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10859", "title": "Effects of coronary flow reduction on capillary-myocardial exchange in dogs.", "content": "The effects of coronary flow reduction on tracer capillary permeability surface area (PS) and distribution volumes were studied in open-chest dog preparations. A mixture of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells, 125I-labeled albumin, [14C]sucrose, and tritiated water (3H2O) was introduced into a shunt connecting the carotid and left anterior descending coronary arteries. Sampling from the coronary sinus produced a multiple indicator curve from which [14C]sucrose PS and 3H2O volumes were computed. Curves were observed in control situations and after the cannula was partially clamped. In six dogs, cardiac lymph was collected and analyzed for total protein. Paired comparison of control and flow-restricted indicator curves showed that flow reduction decreased the absolute values of PS and tracer volumes. The ratio of sucrose volume to weight of perfused tissue increased with flow reduction. The ratio of sucrose PS to weight of perfused tissue increased with moderate flow reduction and decreased with severe flow reduction. The results suggest that flow reduction has two effects which competively affect exchange: 1) flow restriction reduces surface area by capillary derecruitment, and 2) the remaining functional capillaries appear to undergo an increase in permeability to small molecules.", "contents": "Effects of coronary flow reduction on capillary-myocardial exchange in dogs. The effects of coronary flow reduction on tracer capillary permeability surface area (PS) and distribution volumes were studied in open-chest dog preparations. A mixture of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells, 125I-labeled albumin, [14C]sucrose, and tritiated water (3H2O) was introduced into a shunt connecting the carotid and left anterior descending coronary arteries. Sampling from the coronary sinus produced a multiple indicator curve from which [14C]sucrose PS and 3H2O volumes were computed. Curves were observed in control situations and after the cannula was partially clamped. In six dogs, cardiac lymph was collected and analyzed for total protein. Paired comparison of control and flow-restricted indicator curves showed that flow reduction decreased the absolute values of PS and tracer volumes. The ratio of sucrose volume to weight of perfused tissue increased with flow reduction. The ratio of sucrose PS to weight of perfused tissue increased with moderate flow reduction and decreased with severe flow reduction. The results suggest that flow reduction has two effects which competively affect exchange: 1) flow restriction reduces surface area by capillary derecruitment, and 2) the remaining functional capillaries appear to undergo an increase in permeability to small molecules.", "PMID": 665781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10860", "title": "Hyperresponsivitiy of spontaneously hypertensive rat to indirect measurement of blood pressure.", "content": "A chronic, indwelling, tail arterial cannula was implated in conscious undisturbed rats for measurement of blood pressure and heart rate and for obtaining blood samples. As an index of sympathetic activity, plasma levels of catecholamines in arterial blood of conscious animals were assayed by a radioenzymatic, paper-chromatographic procedure. Blood pressures of unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats in their home cages (161 +/- 3/141 +/- 4 mmHg) were not different from those of pentobarbitol-anesthetized, hypertensive animals but were about 25 mmHg lower than awake animals during the restraint required for the tail-cuff procedure. Basal levels of plasma catecholamines in awake, undisturbed or in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals were similar in age-matched SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. SHR rats were shown to have greater increase in plasma catecholamines than WKY rats during forced immobilization or restraint for indirect measurement of blood pressure.", "contents": "Hyperresponsivitiy of spontaneously hypertensive rat to indirect measurement of blood pressure. A chronic, indwelling, tail arterial cannula was implated in conscious undisturbed rats for measurement of blood pressure and heart rate and for obtaining blood samples. As an index of sympathetic activity, plasma levels of catecholamines in arterial blood of conscious animals were assayed by a radioenzymatic, paper-chromatographic procedure. Blood pressures of unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats in their home cages (161 +/- 3/141 +/- 4 mmHg) were not different from those of pentobarbitol-anesthetized, hypertensive animals but were about 25 mmHg lower than awake animals during the restraint required for the tail-cuff procedure. Basal levels of plasma catecholamines in awake, undisturbed or in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals were similar in age-matched SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. SHR rats were shown to have greater increase in plasma catecholamines than WKY rats during forced immobilization or restraint for indirect measurement of blood pressure.", "PMID": 665782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10861", "title": "Shear stress and aortic histamine synthesis.", "content": "Aortic histamine-forming capacity (HFC) has been examined in relationship to the applied mean shear stress intensity created by pulsatile perfusion of rabbit aortas with platelet-free blood for a 1-h period. Mean shear stress intensities ranged from 22 to 109 dyn/cm2. Results indicate that a high correlation exists between the shear stress and the HFC which is described by the regression equation y = 0.28 x -6.1, where y = HFC and x = mean shear stress intensity. Results suggest that the rate of histamine formation is sensitive to the applied shear stress, and that the histidine decarboxylase system of the aorta may have the potential of serving as one coupling agent between applied hemodynamic stress and resultant alterations in aortic wall resistance to macromolecules.", "contents": "Shear stress and aortic histamine synthesis. Aortic histamine-forming capacity (HFC) has been examined in relationship to the applied mean shear stress intensity created by pulsatile perfusion of rabbit aortas with platelet-free blood for a 1-h period. Mean shear stress intensities ranged from 22 to 109 dyn/cm2. Results indicate that a high correlation exists between the shear stress and the HFC which is described by the regression equation y = 0.28 x -6.1, where y = HFC and x = mean shear stress intensity. Results suggest that the rate of histamine formation is sensitive to the applied shear stress, and that the histidine decarboxylase system of the aorta may have the potential of serving as one coupling agent between applied hemodynamic stress and resultant alterations in aortic wall resistance to macromolecules.", "PMID": 665784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10862", "title": "Blood flow distribution in dogs during hypothermia and posthypothermia.", "content": "Blood flow distribution in tissues of mongrel dogs during hypothermia was studied with radionuclide-tagged microspheres. The animals were cooled at 21 degrees C and rewarmed under thiamylal sodiuni anesthesia. During hypothermia, cardiac output fell to 20% of the control; the highest rate of blood flow relative to normothermic values was observed in the subendocardium of the left ventricle, and the lowest in the hypophysis. Each tissue showed specific reactions to hypothermia. During hypothermia the myocardial and brain-stem blood flows were about 40% of the control; almost all of the digestive tract, striated muscle, adrenal gland, and hypophysis blood flows were maintained at 20% or less of the control. After rewarming, cardiac output recovered to values significantly lower than control. The myocardium, brain, renal cortex, and striated and smooth muscle recovered to control levels; however, blood flow to the digestive organs, bronchial artery flow to the lung, and flow to the endocrine organs did not completely recover by 2 after rewarming.", "contents": "Blood flow distribution in dogs during hypothermia and posthypothermia. Blood flow distribution in tissues of mongrel dogs during hypothermia was studied with radionuclide-tagged microspheres. The animals were cooled at 21 degrees C and rewarmed under thiamylal sodiuni anesthesia. During hypothermia, cardiac output fell to 20% of the control; the highest rate of blood flow relative to normothermic values was observed in the subendocardium of the left ventricle, and the lowest in the hypophysis. Each tissue showed specific reactions to hypothermia. During hypothermia the myocardial and brain-stem blood flows were about 40% of the control; almost all of the digestive tract, striated muscle, adrenal gland, and hypophysis blood flows were maintained at 20% or less of the control. After rewarming, cardiac output recovered to values significantly lower than control. The myocardium, brain, renal cortex, and striated and smooth muscle recovered to control levels; however, blood flow to the digestive organs, bronchial artery flow to the lung, and flow to the endocrine organs did not completely recover by 2 after rewarming.", "PMID": 665785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10863", "title": "An accurate and rapid inflation device for pneumatic cuffs.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive semiautomatic device was constructed and calibrated for rapid and accurate inflation of limb pneumatic cuffs. An automatic timer was designed for use in cuff inflation requiring repetition or exact timing.", "contents": "An accurate and rapid inflation device for pneumatic cuffs. A simple and inexpensive semiautomatic device was constructed and calibrated for rapid and accurate inflation of limb pneumatic cuffs. An automatic timer was designed for use in cuff inflation requiring repetition or exact timing.", "PMID": 665788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10864", "title": "Discriminating features of borderline patients.", "content": "Borderline patients were compared with schizophrenic patients, neurotic depressed patients, and a group of patients with differing diagnoses. The purpose of this comparison was to find out whether borderline patients could be discriminated from other psychopathological groups and whether a discrete list of recognizable characteristics discriminating borderline patients could be isolated. According to the results of the comparison, borderline patients can be discriminated with high accuracy from matched comparison groups with whom diagnostic confusion is common. Seven criteria provided a clinically sensible and practical means of approaching the diagnosis of borderline disorder.", "contents": "Discriminating features of borderline patients. Borderline patients were compared with schizophrenic patients, neurotic depressed patients, and a group of patients with differing diagnoses. The purpose of this comparison was to find out whether borderline patients could be discriminated from other psychopathological groups and whether a discrete list of recognizable characteristics discriminating borderline patients could be isolated. According to the results of the comparison, borderline patients can be discriminated with high accuracy from matched comparison groups with whom diagnostic confusion is common. Seven criteria provided a clinically sensible and practical means of approaching the diagnosis of borderline disorder.", "PMID": 665789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10865", "title": "Personality and the prediction of long-term outcome of depression.", "content": "In a follow-up study of 150 women who had undergone treatment on an outpatient basis for acute depression, it was found that the most important predictor of their long-term clinical outcome (8, 20, and 48 months after the acute episode) was personality as measured by the Neuroticism Scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI-N). Age, race, social class, marital status, religion, number of previous depressions or suicide attempts, diagnosis, history of early deaths of or separations from significant others, history of neurotic traits as a child, amount and type of stress in the 6 months before onset, and severity and pattern of pretreatment symptoms were not predictive of outcome.", "contents": "Personality and the prediction of long-term outcome of depression. In a follow-up study of 150 women who had undergone treatment on an outpatient basis for acute depression, it was found that the most important predictor of their long-term clinical outcome (8, 20, and 48 months after the acute episode) was personality as measured by the Neuroticism Scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI-N). Age, race, social class, marital status, religion, number of previous depressions or suicide attempts, diagnosis, history of early deaths of or separations from significant others, history of neurotic traits as a child, amount and type of stress in the 6 months before onset, and severity and pattern of pretreatment symptoms were not predictive of outcome.", "PMID": 665790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10866", "title": "Side effects in the neonate from psychotropic agents excreted through breast-feeding.", "content": "Neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium, anxiolytics, and hypnotics may be excreted in breast milk. Because of the danger to the neonate, drugs such as diazepam, lithium, bromides, reserpine, and opium alkaloids should not be given to lactating women, and barbiturates, haloperidol, and penfluridol should be administered with caution. The side effects produced as a result of breast-feeding of the infant by mothers consuming psychotropic drugs are reviewed and possible preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "Side effects in the neonate from psychotropic agents excreted through breast-feeding. Neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium, anxiolytics, and hypnotics may be excreted in breast milk. Because of the danger to the neonate, drugs such as diazepam, lithium, bromides, reserpine, and opium alkaloids should not be given to lactating women, and barbiturates, haloperidol, and penfluridol should be administered with caution. The side effects produced as a result of breast-feeding of the infant by mothers consuming psychotropic drugs are reviewed and possible preventive measures are discussed.", "PMID": 665791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10867", "title": "Parent assessment in research on the vulnerability of children and families to mental disorder.", "content": "The research methodology for a current study of the assessment of family factors as they relate to the development of psychopathology in high-risk children is described. Factor analysis of preliminary data from 83 families led to the construction of 6 rating scales on the emotional health of the patient, spouse, and child; the family; and the marriage; these should prove valuable in predicting the outcome of the index child and his family.", "contents": "Parent assessment in research on the vulnerability of children and families to mental disorder. The research methodology for a current study of the assessment of family factors as they relate to the development of psychopathology in high-risk children is described. Factor analysis of preliminary data from 83 families led to the construction of 6 rating scales on the emotional health of the patient, spouse, and child; the family; and the marriage; these should prove valuable in predicting the outcome of the index child and his family.", "PMID": 665792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10868", "title": "Explaining the increased arrest rate among mental patients: the changing clientele of state hospitals.", "content": "The arrest rates of nearly 2,000 psychiatric patients released from psychiatric centers in 1968 and those of nearly 2,000 patients released in 1975 were compared with the arrest rates of a group of 5,000 patients studied 25 years earlier. In general, arrest rates among the two recent samples were considerably higher than general population rates, primarily because of the large proportion of patients previously arrested. Other characteristics related to subsequent arrest were age and admitting diagnosis. One additional finding was that the number of patients with prior arrests had increased markedly over the years.", "contents": "Explaining the increased arrest rate among mental patients: the changing clientele of state hospitals. The arrest rates of nearly 2,000 psychiatric patients released from psychiatric centers in 1968 and those of nearly 2,000 patients released in 1975 were compared with the arrest rates of a group of 5,000 patients studied 25 years earlier. In general, arrest rates among the two recent samples were considerably higher than general population rates, primarily because of the large proportion of patients previously arrested. Other characteristics related to subsequent arrest were age and admitting diagnosis. One additional finding was that the number of patients with prior arrests had increased markedly over the years.", "PMID": 665793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10869", "title": "Causes for the premature interruption of psychotherapy by private practice patients.", "content": "Thirty patients who discontinued private psychotherapy prematurely were evaluated. Factors stemming from the dynamic interaction between the patient and the treatment process were the most common reasons for dropping out, followed by chronic character traits such as impulsivity and masochism. It is hoped that this assessment of variables in the premature termination of therapy will serve to alert the therapist to the probability that treatment will be aborted, suggest which mechanisms will cause interruption, and enable the therapist to use preventive measures sooner.", "contents": "Causes for the premature interruption of psychotherapy by private practice patients. Thirty patients who discontinued private psychotherapy prematurely were evaluated. Factors stemming from the dynamic interaction between the patient and the treatment process were the most common reasons for dropping out, followed by chronic character traits such as impulsivity and masochism. It is hoped that this assessment of variables in the premature termination of therapy will serve to alert the therapist to the probability that treatment will be aborted, suggest which mechanisms will cause interruption, and enable the therapist to use preventive measures sooner.", "PMID": 665794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10870", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome: impact on families and a direction for change.", "content": "Until recently, there were no standardized approaches to the diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of death in the age group of one week to one year in the United States. This has led to confusion among professionals and hardships for parents and families. The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Act of 1974 provided funding for the dissemination of information, counseling, and education. The author reviews the scope of the SIDS problem, the ways in which it affects families, and mechanisms by which community resources can be mobilized to assist families.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome: impact on families and a direction for change. Until recently, there were no standardized approaches to the diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of death in the age group of one week to one year in the United States. This has led to confusion among professionals and hardships for parents and families. The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Act of 1974 provided funding for the dissemination of information, counseling, and education. The author reviews the scope of the SIDS problem, the ways in which it affects families, and mechanisms by which community resources can be mobilized to assist families.", "PMID": 665795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10871", "title": "Father-son incest: underreported psychiatric problem?", "content": "Six families are described in which 10 sons were involved incestuously with a natural father (N=4) or step-father (N=2). Father-son incest as a part of the spectrum of child abuse appears to be a more frequent clinical entity than was thought previously.", "contents": "Father-son incest: underreported psychiatric problem? Six families are described in which 10 sons were involved incestuously with a natural father (N=4) or step-father (N=2). Father-son incest as a part of the spectrum of child abuse appears to be a more frequent clinical entity than was thought previously.", "PMID": 665796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10872", "title": "Effect of haloperidol and apomorphine treatment on dopamine receptors in pituitary and striatum.", "content": "Prompted by an interest in the similarity of brain and tuberoinfundibular systems, the authors studied butaclamol-specific neuroleptic and apomorphine binding in pituitary and striatum after chronic haloperidol and acute apomorphine treatment. Striatal binding increases but pituitary binding decreases in haloperidol-treated rats. Pituitary binding changes rapidly in response to apomorphine exposure and striatal binding does not. These findings suggest that factors influencing binding differ in these two tissues.", "contents": "Effect of haloperidol and apomorphine treatment on dopamine receptors in pituitary and striatum. Prompted by an interest in the similarity of brain and tuberoinfundibular systems, the authors studied butaclamol-specific neuroleptic and apomorphine binding in pituitary and striatum after chronic haloperidol and acute apomorphine treatment. Striatal binding increases but pituitary binding decreases in haloperidol-treated rats. Pituitary binding changes rapidly in response to apomorphine exposure and striatal binding does not. These findings suggest that factors influencing binding differ in these two tissues.", "PMID": 665797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10873", "title": "Psychiatric and neurologic sequelae of infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Infectious mononucleosis is usually thought to be a benign disease with occasional neurologic sequelae. Depression, incoordination, a reduction in intellectual ability, and altered EEG patterns were found in two patients; one recovered and the other seemed to have permanent residual effects. The possibility of tranylcypromine as a treatment for the depression and appropriate counselling of patient and family are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric and neurologic sequelae of infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis is usually thought to be a benign disease with occasional neurologic sequelae. Depression, incoordination, a reduction in intellectual ability, and altered EEG patterns were found in two patients; one recovered and the other seemed to have permanent residual effects. The possibility of tranylcypromine as a treatment for the depression and appropriate counselling of patient and family are discussed.", "PMID": 665798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10874", "title": "A national survey of resident assessment methods.", "content": "The authors distributed a questionnaire regarding the assessment of psychiatric residents to 130 directors of residency training programs. Formal examinations were required by 37% of the programs and were being considered by an additional 49%, suggesting that formal examinations may be an integral part of residency training programs within five years. The authors believe that this trend toward utilization of objective measures reflects a growing national concern with accountability in medicine.", "contents": "A national survey of resident assessment methods. The authors distributed a questionnaire regarding the assessment of psychiatric residents to 130 directors of residency training programs. Formal examinations were required by 37% of the programs and were being considered by an additional 49%, suggesting that formal examinations may be an integral part of residency training programs within five years. The authors believe that this trend toward utilization of objective measures reflects a growing national concern with accountability in medicine.", "PMID": 665799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10875", "title": "The children's psychiatric hospital unit in the community: I. Concept and development.", "content": "The authors describe a children's mental health unit (CMHU) in a general hospital and cite the need for short- and intermediate-term children's psychiatric facilities within the community. They point out the special need for psychiatric inpatient units for the 3-13 age group and note that in their CMHU the average length of stay and patient turnover ratio compare favorably with adolescent units, which they attribute to the emphasis on diagnosis and treatment rather than long-term rehabilitation.", "contents": "The children's psychiatric hospital unit in the community: I. Concept and development. The authors describe a children's mental health unit (CMHU) in a general hospital and cite the need for short- and intermediate-term children's psychiatric facilities within the community. They point out the special need for psychiatric inpatient units for the 3-13 age group and note that in their CMHU the average length of stay and patient turnover ratio compare favorably with adolescent units, which they attribute to the emphasis on diagnosis and treatment rather than long-term rehabilitation.", "PMID": 665800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10876", "title": "Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment.", "content": "The authors neurologically examined 38 patients who had received lithium carbonate for from 3 months to 5 years to determine the presence of extrapyramidal side effects. No patient had received neuroleptics for 3 months before examination. Definite cogwheeling was found in 2 patients. The results confirm previously reported occurrence of cogwheeling in lithium-treated patients.", "contents": "Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment. The authors neurologically examined 38 patients who had received lithium carbonate for from 3 months to 5 years to determine the presence of extrapyramidal side effects. No patient had received neuroleptics for 3 months before examination. Definite cogwheeling was found in 2 patients. The results confirm previously reported occurrence of cogwheeling in lithium-treated patients.", "PMID": 665801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10877", "title": "The poor rich: the children of the super-rich.", "content": "Because they have little parental contact, many children of the very rich lack self-esteem and clear role models, resulting in shallow values and pathological narcissism. Low self-awareness and the absence of great suffering work against therapeutic progress, as do the efforts of the parents, who may feel threatened, and countertransference feelings of envy or anger by middle-class therapists. A supportive psychotherapeutic relationship is the most likely means of developing trust and self-discipline in these patients.", "contents": "The poor rich: the children of the super-rich. Because they have little parental contact, many children of the very rich lack self-esteem and clear role models, resulting in shallow values and pathological narcissism. Low self-awareness and the absence of great suffering work against therapeutic progress, as do the efforts of the parents, who may feel threatened, and countertransference feelings of envy or anger by middle-class therapists. A supportive psychotherapeutic relationship is the most likely means of developing trust and self-discipline in these patients.", "PMID": 665832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10878", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in affective illness.", "content": "The authors measured cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine concentrations in manic, depressive, and neurological control patients with and without probenecid administration. Baseline and probenecid norepinephrine values were significantly higher in manic than in depressed patients, who did not differ significantly from the neurological patients. Depressed patients with high levels of anxiety had higher levels of norepinephrine than those with low anxiety. These data suggest that alterations in mood or motor activity may be associated with changes in central norepinephrine metabolism in man.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in affective illness. The authors measured cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine concentrations in manic, depressive, and neurological control patients with and without probenecid administration. Baseline and probenecid norepinephrine values were significantly higher in manic than in depressed patients, who did not differ significantly from the neurological patients. Depressed patients with high levels of anxiety had higher levels of norepinephrine than those with low anxiety. These data suggest that alterations in mood or motor activity may be associated with changes in central norepinephrine metabolism in man.", "PMID": 665831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10879", "title": "Evaluation of a slow-release lithium carbonate formulation.", "content": "A slow-release lithium preparation was compared with a standard formulation in normal volunteers and in patients. Pharmacokinetic parameters of normal volunteers were examined after a single dose of each form and the steady-state levels after a b.i.d. dose of the slow-release form. These initial single-dose data suggested that the two formulations are not bioequivalent. However, the area under the curve of the two forms was similar, and the essentially complete recovery of lithium from urine in steady state indicates equal bioavailability. The patients' steady-state levels for the two formulations essentially confirmed the normal subjects' data: with the slow-release form plasma lithium levels were slightly higher, and the postdose lithium level variability was decreased by as much as 50%.", "contents": "Evaluation of a slow-release lithium carbonate formulation. A slow-release lithium preparation was compared with a standard formulation in normal volunteers and in patients. Pharmacokinetic parameters of normal volunteers were examined after a single dose of each form and the steady-state levels after a b.i.d. dose of the slow-release form. These initial single-dose data suggested that the two formulations are not bioequivalent. However, the area under the curve of the two forms was similar, and the essentially complete recovery of lithium from urine in steady state indicates equal bioavailability. The patients' steady-state levels for the two formulations essentially confirmed the normal subjects' data: with the slow-release form plasma lithium levels were slightly higher, and the postdose lithium level variability was decreased by as much as 50%.", "PMID": 665833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10880", "title": "Impact of neuroleptic chemotherapies on schizophrenic psychoses.", "content": "The author reviews the impact of neuroleptic chemotherapy on various forms of schizophrenia in the 25 years since the introduction of chlorpromazine in psychiatry. The activities of the different types of compounds are related to the symptomatic and progressive forms of the psychosis, with an emphasis on the \"dual structure\" of the illness. Problems of drug efficacy, the need for new drug treatments, and methodological issues in research in these areas are discussed.", "contents": "Impact of neuroleptic chemotherapies on schizophrenic psychoses. The author reviews the impact of neuroleptic chemotherapy on various forms of schizophrenia in the 25 years since the introduction of chlorpromazine in psychiatry. The activities of the different types of compounds are related to the symptomatic and progressive forms of the psychosis, with an emphasis on the \"dual structure\" of the illness. Problems of drug efficacy, the need for new drug treatments, and methodological issues in research in these areas are discussed.", "PMID": 665834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10881", "title": "Cross-sex supervision for cross-sex therapy.", "content": "The female supervisor can help the male therapist in training to overcome problems in cross-sex therapy by presenting herself as a role model, providing relevant literature, and sharing her own experiences as a woman and as a professional. By enabling the male trainee to identify safely with a woman in a position of relative power, she can help him to deal with the intrinsic limitations of empathy and with other problems, such as \"countertransference deafness,\" that may block his work with female patients.", "contents": "Cross-sex supervision for cross-sex therapy. The female supervisor can help the male therapist in training to overcome problems in cross-sex therapy by presenting herself as a role model, providing relevant literature, and sharing her own experiences as a woman and as a professional. By enabling the male trainee to identify safely with a woman in a position of relative power, she can help him to deal with the intrinsic limitations of empathy and with other problems, such as \"countertransference deafness,\" that may block his work with female patients.", "PMID": 665835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10882", "title": "The runaway center as community mental health center.", "content": "The runaway centers that evolved in the late 1960s in response to the needs of troubled young people are fulfilling many of the goals of the community mental health center (CMHC) movement. These centers provide their young clients the five basic CMHC services--inpatient services, outpatient services, emergency services, partial hospitalization, and consultation and education--in an individualized and economical manner. They can serve as a model for a variety of community services, such as drop-in centers for troubled individuals, mediation centers for families, shelters for battered women, and residences for people suffering an acute psychotic break.", "contents": "The runaway center as community mental health center. The runaway centers that evolved in the late 1960s in response to the needs of troubled young people are fulfilling many of the goals of the community mental health center (CMHC) movement. These centers provide their young clients the five basic CMHC services--inpatient services, outpatient services, emergency services, partial hospitalization, and consultation and education--in an individualized and economical manner. They can serve as a model for a variety of community services, such as drop-in centers for troubled individuals, mediation centers for families, shelters for battered women, and residences for people suffering an acute psychotic break.", "PMID": 665836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10883", "title": "Psychological treatment of obesity with phentermine resin as an adjunct.", "content": "The author treated 12 patients who had demonstrated only a minimal response to psychiatric treatment alone for their obesity with a combination of psychotherapy and an anorectic, phentermine resin. Psychotherapy was directed toward developing an awareness of the underlying anxiety related to the problem of obesity and fostering the subsequent ability to change the pattern of overeating. All 12 patients were treated successfully, and 9 reached ideal weight. Weight loss was maintained or additional weight was lost when the medication was discontinued.", "contents": "Psychological treatment of obesity with phentermine resin as an adjunct. The author treated 12 patients who had demonstrated only a minimal response to psychiatric treatment alone for their obesity with a combination of psychotherapy and an anorectic, phentermine resin. Psychotherapy was directed toward developing an awareness of the underlying anxiety related to the problem of obesity and fostering the subsequent ability to change the pattern of overeating. All 12 patients were treated successfully, and 9 reached ideal weight. Weight loss was maintained or additional weight was lost when the medication was discontinued.", "PMID": 665837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10884", "title": "Signs and symptoms as predictors of outcome: a report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia.", "content": "The prognostic significance of signs and symptoms taken individually rather than in diagnostic clusters was investigated in 61 schizophrenic patients seen at 5-year follow-up in the Washington Center of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Best and worst outcome patients (Ns = 20) were selected on the basis of total outcome score from a reliable 9-item schedule; 21 middle-outcome patients were excluded. Data from these two groups were analyzed to determine which signs and symptoms assessed 5 years previously were associated with outcome. Only restricted affect predicted poor outcome: depression, anxiety, and nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia were not significant predictors. The findings are discussed within the conceptual framework of productive and defect symptoms.", "contents": "Signs and symptoms as predictors of outcome: a report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. The prognostic significance of signs and symptoms taken individually rather than in diagnostic clusters was investigated in 61 schizophrenic patients seen at 5-year follow-up in the Washington Center of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Best and worst outcome patients (Ns = 20) were selected on the basis of total outcome score from a reliable 9-item schedule; 21 middle-outcome patients were excluded. Data from these two groups were analyzed to determine which signs and symptoms assessed 5 years previously were associated with outcome. Only restricted affect predicted poor outcome: depression, anxiety, and nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia were not significant predictors. The findings are discussed within the conceptual framework of productive and defect symptoms.", "PMID": 665838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10885", "title": "The prevalence of schizophrenia: a reassessment using modern diagnostic criteria.", "content": "Using strict research diagnosis criteria, the authors found a hospital admission prevalence of schizophrenia of about 6%. Other recent studies yielded similar figures, with correspondingly low figures for the morbid risk of schizophrenia in the general population and in the relatives of schizophrenic probands. In view of the data supporting the validity of this \"narrow\" concept of schizophrenia, the authors suggest that the true prevalence of schizophrenia is much lower than generally accepted.", "contents": "The prevalence of schizophrenia: a reassessment using modern diagnostic criteria. Using strict research diagnosis criteria, the authors found a hospital admission prevalence of schizophrenia of about 6%. Other recent studies yielded similar figures, with correspondingly low figures for the morbid risk of schizophrenia in the general population and in the relatives of schizophrenic probands. In view of the data supporting the validity of this \"narrow\" concept of schizophrenia, the authors suggest that the true prevalence of schizophrenia is much lower than generally accepted.", "PMID": 665839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10886", "title": "Suppression of prolactin by dopamine agonists in schizophrenics and controls.", "content": "Prolactin levels were determined in plasma samples obtained before and after administration of apomorphine or L-dopa to otherwise unmedicated chronic schizophrenic patients or control subjects. Basal prolactin levels did not differ in these two groups. Suppression of prolactin levels after each dopamine agonist was highly significant. Suppression in schizophrenics was slightly less than in controls following apomorphine and slightly greater following L-dopa. The authors discuss the implications of these findings as well as the limitations of the prolactin regulatory system as an index of dopamine agonist sensitivity.", "contents": "Suppression of prolactin by dopamine agonists in schizophrenics and controls. Prolactin levels were determined in plasma samples obtained before and after administration of apomorphine or L-dopa to otherwise unmedicated chronic schizophrenic patients or control subjects. Basal prolactin levels did not differ in these two groups. Suppression of prolactin levels after each dopamine agonist was highly significant. Suppression in schizophrenics was slightly less than in controls following apomorphine and slightly greater following L-dopa. The authors discuss the implications of these findings as well as the limitations of the prolactin regulatory system as an index of dopamine agonist sensitivity.", "PMID": 665840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10887", "title": "A controlled study of penfluridol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Twenty patients were treated with penfluridol and 21 with fluphenazine for a period of up to 1 year. Penfluridol, an oral neuroleptic administered weekly was as efficacious as fluphenazine administered twice daily and appeared to be superior to fluphenazine in improving emotional withdrawal and anergia. The low incidence of side effects and other signs of toxicity, coupled with an effective prophylactic activity, suggests that penfluridol is an important addition to our therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.", "contents": "A controlled study of penfluridol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Twenty patients were treated with penfluridol and 21 with fluphenazine for a period of up to 1 year. Penfluridol, an oral neuroleptic administered weekly was as efficacious as fluphenazine administered twice daily and appeared to be superior to fluphenazine in improving emotional withdrawal and anergia. The low incidence of side effects and other signs of toxicity, coupled with an effective prophylactic activity, suggests that penfluridol is an important addition to our therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.", "PMID": 665841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10888", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of radiotherapy.", "content": "The authors evaluated 200 cancer patients, half of whom received betatron therapy and half linear accelerator therapy. The incidence and severity of anxiety and depression were high in both groups; as radiotherapy continued these symptoms tended to decrease in intensity among the patients treated with the linear accelerator and to increase among the betatron patients. Patients who denied knowledge of their diagnosis were initially less depressed and remained less depressed than those who knew or suspected that they had cancer.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of radiotherapy. The authors evaluated 200 cancer patients, half of whom received betatron therapy and half linear accelerator therapy. The incidence and severity of anxiety and depression were high in both groups; as radiotherapy continued these symptoms tended to decrease in intensity among the patients treated with the linear accelerator and to increase among the betatron patients. Patients who denied knowledge of their diagnosis were initially less depressed and remained less depressed than those who knew or suspected that they had cancer.", "PMID": 665842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10889", "title": "Anxiety and depression associated with caffeinism among psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Among 83 hospitalized adult psychiatric patients, 22% reported being high caffeine consumers (750 mg or more per day); these patients scored significantly greater on the State-Trait Anxiety Index and the Beck Depression Scale than moderate and low consumers. High consumers described significantly more clinical symptoms, felt that their physical health was not as good, and reported greater use of sedative-hypnotics and minor tranquilizers. Since caffeine modifies catecholamine levels, inhibits phosphodiesterase breakdown of cyclic AMP, and sensitizes receptor sites, association of caffeinism with both anxiety and depressive symptoms is possible.", "contents": "Anxiety and depression associated with caffeinism among psychiatric inpatients. Among 83 hospitalized adult psychiatric patients, 22% reported being high caffeine consumers (750 mg or more per day); these patients scored significantly greater on the State-Trait Anxiety Index and the Beck Depression Scale than moderate and low consumers. High consumers described significantly more clinical symptoms, felt that their physical health was not as good, and reported greater use of sedative-hypnotics and minor tranquilizers. Since caffeine modifies catecholamine levels, inhibits phosphodiesterase breakdown of cyclic AMP, and sensitizes receptor sites, association of caffeinism with both anxiety and depressive symptoms is possible.", "PMID": 665843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10890", "title": "Psychiatrists and physical examinations: a survey.", "content": "Alumni from the 1965-1974 psychiatric residency classes at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center were surveyed about their individual practices regarding physical examinations. Ninety-eight of 155 alumni returned the anonymous questionnaire. None of the respondents routinely performed physical examinations on new outpatients. The 61% who had inpatient practices usually delegated the hospital admission physical examination.", "contents": "Psychiatrists and physical examinations: a survey. Alumni from the 1965-1974 psychiatric residency classes at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center were surveyed about their individual practices regarding physical examinations. Ninety-eight of 155 alumni returned the anonymous questionnaire. None of the respondents routinely performed physical examinations on new outpatients. The 61% who had inpatient practices usually delegated the hospital admission physical examination.", "PMID": 665844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10891", "title": "Tardive dyskinesia in an adolescent.", "content": "The frequent use of neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of disturbed children and adolescents demands that clinicians be aware of the danger of tardive dyskinesia in this age group. A case history of a 15-year-old boy who developed incapacitating tardive dyskinesia that resolved during treatment with deanol is presented. The recognition, differential diagnosis, and management of this syndrome in children are discussed. Lithium carbonate was a useful alternative to neuroleptics in managing the adolescent's disturbed behavior.", "contents": "Tardive dyskinesia in an adolescent. The frequent use of neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of disturbed children and adolescents demands that clinicians be aware of the danger of tardive dyskinesia in this age group. A case history of a 15-year-old boy who developed incapacitating tardive dyskinesia that resolved during treatment with deanol is presented. The recognition, differential diagnosis, and management of this syndrome in children are discussed. Lithium carbonate was a useful alternative to neuroleptics in managing the adolescent's disturbed behavior.", "PMID": 665845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10892", "title": "The medical-student spouse syndrome: grief reactions to the clinical years.", "content": "Medical students beginning the clinical years experience a change in routine that results in their spouses suffering the partial loss of a loved one. The author describes the way in which the spouses react to this loss as a grieving process with three stages--protest, despair, and detachment.", "contents": "The medical-student spouse syndrome: grief reactions to the clinical years. Medical students beginning the clinical years experience a change in routine that results in their spouses suffering the partial loss of a loved one. The author describes the way in which the spouses react to this loss as a grieving process with three stages--protest, despair, and detachment.", "PMID": 665846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10893", "title": "Paranoid episodes in manic-depressive psychoses.", "content": "The author reports on 7 patients with a primary diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis who had brief but well-defined episodes of paranoid symptomatology. These episodes apparently represent alterations of psychic defense structure during the dynamic flow of the psychosis toward recovery. In manic-depressive psychosis, with its genetic and physiologic components, the paranoid episodes reaffirm the unitary nature of humans, in whom heredity and physical and psychological factors inextricably interact.", "contents": "Paranoid episodes in manic-depressive psychoses. The author reports on 7 patients with a primary diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis who had brief but well-defined episodes of paranoid symptomatology. These episodes apparently represent alterations of psychic defense structure during the dynamic flow of the psychosis toward recovery. In manic-depressive psychosis, with its genetic and physiologic components, the paranoid episodes reaffirm the unitary nature of humans, in whom heredity and physical and psychological factors inextricably interact.", "PMID": 665847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10894", "title": "Thoughts on aging.", "content": "Aging has not received attention in proportion to its effect on the life of every individual. Much of society's reluctance to deal with old age results from \"ageism,\" a personal and cultural dread that stems from a view of aging that sees only the negative aspects. If we are to understand human development, we must learn about its outcome, old age. One means of doing this to listen to the reminiscences of old people. Psychiatrists can apply their special expertise in working to overcome ageism. Current and future legislative and research efforts can help identify and resolve some of the economic and physical problems of the elderly and thereby improve the quality of their lives.", "contents": "Thoughts on aging. Aging has not received attention in proportion to its effect on the life of every individual. Much of society's reluctance to deal with old age results from \"ageism,\" a personal and cultural dread that stems from a view of aging that sees only the negative aspects. If we are to understand human development, we must learn about its outcome, old age. One means of doing this to listen to the reminiscences of old people. Psychiatrists can apply their special expertise in working to overcome ageism. Current and future legislative and research efforts can help identify and resolve some of the economic and physical problems of the elderly and thereby improve the quality of their lives.", "PMID": 665865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10895", "title": "Private psychiatric hospitals: \"excellence is their watchword\".", "content": "Throughout their history private psychiatric hospitals have been a major force in psychiatry, and their humanistic concern for the mentally ill has resulted in numerous innovations in treatment. Over the past two decades the sharp increase in psychiatric patient care episodes has resulted in a greater reliance on private psychiatric hospitals, and they have reponded by modifying their role, broadening the spectrum of patients served, and developing alternatives to inpatient treatment. In addition to continuing to provide high-quality inpatient care, private psychiatric hospitals in the future should expand various alternatives to such care, explore opportunities for collaboration with other health care systems, and provide more patient services to the underserved.", "contents": "Private psychiatric hospitals: \"excellence is their watchword\". Throughout their history private psychiatric hospitals have been a major force in psychiatry, and their humanistic concern for the mentally ill has resulted in numerous innovations in treatment. Over the past two decades the sharp increase in psychiatric patient care episodes has resulted in a greater reliance on private psychiatric hospitals, and they have reponded by modifying their role, broadening the spectrum of patients served, and developing alternatives to inpatient treatment. In addition to continuing to provide high-quality inpatient care, private psychiatric hospitals in the future should expand various alternatives to such care, explore opportunities for collaboration with other health care systems, and provide more patient services to the underserved.", "PMID": 665866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10896", "title": "The illusion of simplicity: the medical model revisited.", "content": "Traditional medical models have been found to be linear, restrictive, and oversimplified. Only a truly biological model, encompassing evolutionary as well as molecular and cellular biology, can account for the complex origins, forms, and effects of disease, which are illustrated by a discussion of hepatitis B and slow virus disease. An updated biological model of disease takes into account predisposition to disease, the timing and route of infection, multiple disease forms, variable adaptive response, and the role of social and cultural factors and views disease as a failure of adaptation in one or more systems. Its application to psychiatry is shown in a discussion of stress, bereavement, and separation.", "contents": "The illusion of simplicity: the medical model revisited. Traditional medical models have been found to be linear, restrictive, and oversimplified. Only a truly biological model, encompassing evolutionary as well as molecular and cellular biology, can account for the complex origins, forms, and effects of disease, which are illustrated by a discussion of hepatitis B and slow virus disease. An updated biological model of disease takes into account predisposition to disease, the timing and route of infection, multiple disease forms, variable adaptive response, and the role of social and cultural factors and views disease as a failure of adaptation in one or more systems. Its application to psychiatry is shown in a discussion of stress, bereavement, and separation.", "PMID": 665867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10897", "title": "Anagram solution speed as a joint function of manifest anxiety and number of category sets.", "content": "Anagrams constructed from words in 1,2,3, or 4 conceptual categories were administered in random sequences to subjects scoring at the extremes of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. Scince explicit instructions were given to the subjects concerning the nature of the categories involved, it is assumed that sets for responding with words from these categories were present from the start. The results demonstrate a negative relation of solution rate to number of category sets and an interaction of this variable with manifest anxiety. Anxiety facilitates performance in the presence of a single category set but inhibits performance when multiple sets are concurrently operative. The latter finding is consistent with the drive interpretation of manifest anxiety by Taylor and Spence.", "contents": "Anagram solution speed as a joint function of manifest anxiety and number of category sets. Anagrams constructed from words in 1,2,3, or 4 conceptual categories were administered in random sequences to subjects scoring at the extremes of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. Scince explicit instructions were given to the subjects concerning the nature of the categories involved, it is assumed that sets for responding with words from these categories were present from the start. The results demonstrate a negative relation of solution rate to number of category sets and an interaction of this variable with manifest anxiety. Anxiety facilitates performance in the presence of a single category set but inhibits performance when multiple sets are concurrently operative. The latter finding is consistent with the drive interpretation of manifest anxiety by Taylor and Spence.", "PMID": 665868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10898", "title": "Large auditory and small visual effects in the recall of consonant letters.", "content": "Eighty-six adults serially recalled lists of visually presented consonant letters similar in auditory or visual features or dissimilar in both feature sets. There were significantly more errors at every auditory list position than at the corresponding visual and neutral list positions, which did not themselves differ. There was a positive correlation between the tendency toward phonetic coding and overall performance, with 75 subjects making more errors on the auditory list than either of the other lists. The eight subjects who made more errors on the visual list showed poor performance in the recall of all lists. Factors governing the perceivability of stimuli apparently do not continue to operate significantly in controlling their recallability, at least in the case of veridical visual input.", "contents": "Large auditory and small visual effects in the recall of consonant letters. Eighty-six adults serially recalled lists of visually presented consonant letters similar in auditory or visual features or dissimilar in both feature sets. There were significantly more errors at every auditory list position than at the corresponding visual and neutral list positions, which did not themselves differ. There was a positive correlation between the tendency toward phonetic coding and overall performance, with 75 subjects making more errors on the auditory list than either of the other lists. The eight subjects who made more errors on the visual list showed poor performance in the recall of all lists. Factors governing the perceivability of stimuli apparently do not continue to operate significantly in controlling their recallability, at least in the case of veridical visual input.", "PMID": 665869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10899", "title": "A decade of international change in abortion law: 1967-1977.", "content": "Modern thinking on abortion, reflected in recent legal developments around the world, has turned from concentration upon criminality in favor of female and family well-being. New laws enacted during the last decade are coming to focus upon conditions of health and social welfare of women and their existing families as indications for lawful termination of pregnancy. Regulations governing the delivery of services may be restrictive, however, so as to limit in practice access to means of safe, legal abortion made available in theory. Requirements may be imposed that only medical personnel with unduly high qualifications perform procedures, or that they be undertaken only in institutions meeting standards higher than similar health care requires. Approval procedures may be established involving second medical opinions or committees to monitor observance of the law, which may delay abortions and therefore increase their hazards. Parental and spousal consent requirements may exist in addition with the same effects, or to veto a pregnant female's request. Regulations may be employed more positively, however, to encourage contraceptive practice. A disappointment with legislative reform is that it may fail to improve circumstances if public resources are not applied to achieve the supply of services newly rendered legitimate, and illegal practice may persist.", "contents": "A decade of international change in abortion law: 1967-1977. Modern thinking on abortion, reflected in recent legal developments around the world, has turned from concentration upon criminality in favor of female and family well-being. New laws enacted during the last decade are coming to focus upon conditions of health and social welfare of women and their existing families as indications for lawful termination of pregnancy. Regulations governing the delivery of services may be restrictive, however, so as to limit in practice access to means of safe, legal abortion made available in theory. Requirements may be imposed that only medical personnel with unduly high qualifications perform procedures, or that they be undertaken only in institutions meeting standards higher than similar health care requires. Approval procedures may be established involving second medical opinions or committees to monitor observance of the law, which may delay abortions and therefore increase their hazards. Parental and spousal consent requirements may exist in addition with the same effects, or to veto a pregnant female's request. Regulations may be employed more positively, however, to encourage contraceptive practice. A disappointment with legislative reform is that it may fail to improve circumstances if public resources are not applied to achieve the supply of services newly rendered legitimate, and illegal practice may persist.", "PMID": 665881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10900", "title": "Genetic counseling as part of hospital care.", "content": "In order to determine whether genetic counseling was part of routine inpatient care in a medical school affiliated children's hospital, a retrospective review of selected patient charts was performed. The charts of a sample of 478 patients with any of ten specified types of genetic or congenital disorders were carefully studied to document whether the recording of genetic counseling had been given, \"offered only,\" or \"considered only.\" The disorders included were of four types: chromosomal, single gene, polygenic, and those characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, with or without a syndrome designation. One thousand six hundred and thirty-three (4.2 percent) of the hospital's patients had one of the ten disorders, but in the sample of charts studied genetic counseling was given five times and \"offered only\" twice; in no case was it \"considered only.\" [The authors suggest that under-utilization of genetic knowledge and resources may be remedied in part by incorporation of a formal genetic disposition into hospital discharge protocols.]", "contents": "Genetic counseling as part of hospital care. In order to determine whether genetic counseling was part of routine inpatient care in a medical school affiliated children's hospital, a retrospective review of selected patient charts was performed. The charts of a sample of 478 patients with any of ten specified types of genetic or congenital disorders were carefully studied to document whether the recording of genetic counseling had been given, \"offered only,\" or \"considered only.\" The disorders included were of four types: chromosomal, single gene, polygenic, and those characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, with or without a syndrome designation. One thousand six hundred and thirty-three (4.2 percent) of the hospital's patients had one of the ten disorders, but in the sample of charts studied genetic counseling was given five times and \"offered only\" twice; in no case was it \"considered only.\" [The authors suggest that under-utilization of genetic knowledge and resources may be remedied in part by incorporation of a formal genetic disposition into hospital discharge protocols.]", "PMID": 665882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10901", "title": "Manpower planning for nurse personnel.", "content": "A technique is described which can be applied to manpower planning for nurse personnel at a state or regional level. An iterative process explores the implications of alternative planning policy decision strategies intended to balance manpower supply and requirements. Impacts of the following policy alternatives are estimated: scale of operations of education institutions; interstate migration patterns; labor force participation rates; and job design of licensed practical nurse (LPN) and registered nurse (RN) positions.", "contents": "Manpower planning for nurse personnel. A technique is described which can be applied to manpower planning for nurse personnel at a state or regional level. An iterative process explores the implications of alternative planning policy decision strategies intended to balance manpower supply and requirements. Impacts of the following policy alternatives are estimated: scale of operations of education institutions; interstate migration patterns; labor force participation rates; and job design of licensed practical nurse (LPN) and registered nurse (RN) positions.", "PMID": 665883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10902", "title": "An international look at school-based children's dental services.", "content": "School-based dental clinics, when well-managed, can bring good quality care to children where they normally congregate, thus avoiding many of the problems found where children must be taken to private offices out of school hours. Both capital and running expenses for primary care can be substantially reduced. Utilization figures for school-based dental services now reach 98 per cent of eligible children in New Zealand, where dental nurses do simple operative dentistry including cavity preparation and fillings. Australia, where a modified New Zealand plan has been expanding for about 12 years, is moving rapidly to attain similar utilization. In Sweden, 95 per cent of the school-age population is reported to receive school-managed dental service through a government program. In the United States, however, it is commonly reported that less than one-half the school-age population receives good periodic dental care.", "contents": "An international look at school-based children's dental services. School-based dental clinics, when well-managed, can bring good quality care to children where they normally congregate, thus avoiding many of the problems found where children must be taken to private offices out of school hours. Both capital and running expenses for primary care can be substantially reduced. Utilization figures for school-based dental services now reach 98 per cent of eligible children in New Zealand, where dental nurses do simple operative dentistry including cavity preparation and fillings. Australia, where a modified New Zealand plan has been expanding for about 12 years, is moving rapidly to attain similar utilization. In Sweden, 95 per cent of the school-age population is reported to receive school-managed dental service through a government program. In the United States, however, it is commonly reported that less than one-half the school-age population receives good periodic dental care.", "PMID": 665884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10903", "title": "Reoperation after abdominal trauma.", "content": "A five year experience with 782 patients requiring laparotomy for trauma is reviewed. Specifically, the 70 patients requiring unplanned reexploration have been studied to delineate the indications for and implications of such repeat laparotomies. The major indications for such reoperation were intraabdominal abscess (45.7 per cent), bleeding (15.5 per cent), peritonitis (12.1 per cent), and small bowel obstruction (8.6 per cent). There were 16 negative reexplorations (13.8 per cent). Overall mortality in the reexplored patients was 21.4 per cent, all victims of gunshot or blunt trauma. Mortality correlated with the number of required reexplorations, being 67 per cent in those requiring four operations. Of the 31 laparotomies performed initially for diffuse or localized intraabdominal sepsis, only 15 were highly suspected, and 13 of these by simple chest x-ray findings. If after laparotomy for repair of intraabdominal trauma a patient fails to meet the anticipated norm of convalescence, a high index of suspicion for early postoperative hemorrhage, or later sepsis, should be maintained. Such patients have far more to gain than lose by reexploration.", "contents": "Reoperation after abdominal trauma. A five year experience with 782 patients requiring laparotomy for trauma is reviewed. Specifically, the 70 patients requiring unplanned reexploration have been studied to delineate the indications for and implications of such repeat laparotomies. The major indications for such reoperation were intraabdominal abscess (45.7 per cent), bleeding (15.5 per cent), peritonitis (12.1 per cent), and small bowel obstruction (8.6 per cent). There were 16 negative reexplorations (13.8 per cent). Overall mortality in the reexplored patients was 21.4 per cent, all victims of gunshot or blunt trauma. Mortality correlated with the number of required reexplorations, being 67 per cent in those requiring four operations. Of the 31 laparotomies performed initially for diffuse or localized intraabdominal sepsis, only 15 were highly suspected, and 13 of these by simple chest x-ray findings. If after laparotomy for repair of intraabdominal trauma a patient fails to meet the anticipated norm of convalescence, a high index of suspicion for early postoperative hemorrhage, or later sepsis, should be maintained. Such patients have far more to gain than lose by reexploration.", "PMID": 665894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10904", "title": "Ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative and Crohn's colitis.", "content": "Except in the presence of severe perineal suppuration or sphincter damage by previous surgery for fistulas, the rectum was preserved in all patients considered candidates for surgery for inflammatory disease of the bowel. A primary anastomosis with a single-layer 5-0 monofilament stainless steel wire was carried out when a relatively healthy rectum with erythema and granularity presented. For patients with more severe disease of the rectum, a two-stage operation with intensive interval treatment of the rectum stump with topical corticosteroids was carried out. Of a total of eighty-six patients with involvement of the colon and rectum with either Crohn's disease or chronic ulcerative colitis, fifty-six patients were treated by local abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. Twenty-four had primary anastomosis and thiry-two had a two-stage operation. One anastomotic dehiscence developed. A mean follow-up of 8.4 years (6 months to 20 years) has been satisfactory. Only three anastomoses have been taken down for unsatisfactory results. With the proper selection of patients and with appropriate treatment of the diseased rectal segment, a large majority of patients with inflammatory disease of the bowel can have long-term salutory results after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis.", "contents": "Ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative and Crohn's colitis. Except in the presence of severe perineal suppuration or sphincter damage by previous surgery for fistulas, the rectum was preserved in all patients considered candidates for surgery for inflammatory disease of the bowel. A primary anastomosis with a single-layer 5-0 monofilament stainless steel wire was carried out when a relatively healthy rectum with erythema and granularity presented. For patients with more severe disease of the rectum, a two-stage operation with intensive interval treatment of the rectum stump with topical corticosteroids was carried out. Of a total of eighty-six patients with involvement of the colon and rectum with either Crohn's disease or chronic ulcerative colitis, fifty-six patients were treated by local abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. Twenty-four had primary anastomosis and thiry-two had a two-stage operation. One anastomotic dehiscence developed. A mean follow-up of 8.4 years (6 months to 20 years) has been satisfactory. Only three anastomoses have been taken down for unsatisfactory results. With the proper selection of patients and with appropriate treatment of the diseased rectal segment, a large majority of patients with inflammatory disease of the bowel can have long-term salutory results after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis.", "PMID": 665895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10905", "title": "Primary neoplasms of the small bowel.", "content": "The treatment of thirty-one malignant and eleven benign neoplasms of the small intestine is reported. The most common symptom was abdominal pain followed by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, constipation, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In four cases small bowel perforated. Intestinal obstruction occurred in 31 per cent of patients. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 19 per cent of patients. All eleven patients with benign neoplasms were curatively treated by resection and primary anastomosis. Eighteen of the thirty-one patients with malignant tumors had curative resection, five had palliative resection, and eight had laparotomy and biopsy only. The most common benign tumor was leiomyoma. The most common malignant tumor was lymphoma (67 per cent) followed by adenocarcinoma (16 per cent), carcinoid (10 per cent), and leiomyosarcoma (3 per cent). Twenty-four patients were available for follow up; thirteen remain alive and eleven died, seven within one year and four within two years.", "contents": "Primary neoplasms of the small bowel. The treatment of thirty-one malignant and eleven benign neoplasms of the small intestine is reported. The most common symptom was abdominal pain followed by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, constipation, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In four cases small bowel perforated. Intestinal obstruction occurred in 31 per cent of patients. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 19 per cent of patients. All eleven patients with benign neoplasms were curatively treated by resection and primary anastomosis. Eighteen of the thirty-one patients with malignant tumors had curative resection, five had palliative resection, and eight had laparotomy and biopsy only. The most common benign tumor was leiomyoma. The most common malignant tumor was lymphoma (67 per cent) followed by adenocarcinoma (16 per cent), carcinoid (10 per cent), and leiomyosarcoma (3 per cent). Twenty-four patients were available for follow up; thirteen remain alive and eleven died, seven within one year and four within two years.", "PMID": 665896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10906", "title": "Giant duodenal ulcer: a dangerous variant of a common illness.", "content": "Giant duodenal ulcers are large posterior penetrations of the duodenum which, when undiagnosed, have a high mortality. Radiographic and endoscopic diagnosis, although not always feasible, enables prompt appropriate management with improved results. Nonoperative treatment is dangerous. Preoperative diagnosis permits planned operative treatment and enables the surgeon to avoid a difficult duodenal dissection. The Bancroft operation, or modification thereof, is the operation of choice. Sixteen consecutive patients with giant duodenal ulcer are described. The success of their treatment is attributed to accurate diagnosis and appropriate operative therapy.", "contents": "Giant duodenal ulcer: a dangerous variant of a common illness. Giant duodenal ulcers are large posterior penetrations of the duodenum which, when undiagnosed, have a high mortality. Radiographic and endoscopic diagnosis, although not always feasible, enables prompt appropriate management with improved results. Nonoperative treatment is dangerous. Preoperative diagnosis permits planned operative treatment and enables the surgeon to avoid a difficult duodenal dissection. The Bancroft operation, or modification thereof, is the operation of choice. Sixteen consecutive patients with giant duodenal ulcer are described. The success of their treatment is attributed to accurate diagnosis and appropriate operative therapy.", "PMID": 665897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10907", "title": "Carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. A review of fifty-seven cases.", "content": "Fifty-seven cases of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater are reviewed. Clinical and pathologic features as well as results of various surgical treatments are summarized. The Whipple operation may be the operation of choice for cancer of the papilla of Vater, offering a chance for cure and obviating further surgery.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. A review of fifty-seven cases. Fifty-seven cases of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater are reviewed. Clinical and pathologic features as well as results of various surgical treatments are summarized. The Whipple operation may be the operation of choice for cancer of the papilla of Vater, offering a chance for cure and obviating further surgery.", "PMID": 665898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10908", "title": "Unsuccessful postoperative extraction of retained common duct stones: an analysis.", "content": "An analysis of unsuccessful extractions of retained biliary calculi using basket catheters reveals more than half the failures are related to the selection, placement, and size of the T tube. A new T tube has been developed which will improve postoperative access to the common duct and facilitate removal of retained calculi.", "contents": "Unsuccessful postoperative extraction of retained common duct stones: an analysis. An analysis of unsuccessful extractions of retained biliary calculi using basket catheters reveals more than half the failures are related to the selection, placement, and size of the T tube. A new T tube has been developed which will improve postoperative access to the common duct and facilitate removal of retained calculi.", "PMID": 665900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10909", "title": "Present features of gallstones in Japan. A collective review of 2,144 cases.", "content": "A collective review of 2,144 patients operated on for cholelithiasis during the last twenty-two months has shown that younger Japanese adults have predominantly cholesterol stones in their gallbladders and that elderly persons still frequently have bilirubin stones not only in their gallbladders but also in their common bile ducts. Recent westernization of dietary habits in Japan is considered to be the most probable factor causing the increased incidence of cholesterol stones. The decreased incidence of bilirubin stones is considered to be caused by the decreased incidence of biliary infection and increased intake of proteins in food.", "contents": "Present features of gallstones in Japan. A collective review of 2,144 cases. A collective review of 2,144 patients operated on for cholelithiasis during the last twenty-two months has shown that younger Japanese adults have predominantly cholesterol stones in their gallbladders and that elderly persons still frequently have bilirubin stones not only in their gallbladders but also in their common bile ducts. Recent westernization of dietary habits in Japan is considered to be the most probable factor causing the increased incidence of cholesterol stones. The decreased incidence of bilirubin stones is considered to be caused by the decreased incidence of biliary infection and increased intake of proteins in food.", "PMID": 665901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10910", "title": "A new treatment of ischemic bowel disease: steroid delivery via retrograde venous route.", "content": "The present therapeutic approach to occlusive mesenteric disease is unable to alter its high mortality and morbidity. We attempted to stabilize the intestinal lysosomal population with steroid prior to revascularization and thus reduce the lysosomal effluent. Steroid delivery during the occlusive period was accomplished via retrograde venous flow in the portal system. During revascularization steroid was further infused via the superior mesenteric artery. Our experimental model compared systemic venous delivery with retrograde portal venous delivery of steroid. Analysis of tissue acid phosphatase levels suggested steroid delivery via retrograde portal venous flow is the most efficient method of lysosomal stabilization.", "contents": "A new treatment of ischemic bowel disease: steroid delivery via retrograde venous route. The present therapeutic approach to occlusive mesenteric disease is unable to alter its high mortality and morbidity. We attempted to stabilize the intestinal lysosomal population with steroid prior to revascularization and thus reduce the lysosomal effluent. Steroid delivery during the occlusive period was accomplished via retrograde venous flow in the portal system. During revascularization steroid was further infused via the superior mesenteric artery. Our experimental model compared systemic venous delivery with retrograde portal venous delivery of steroid. Analysis of tissue acid phosphatase levels suggested steroid delivery via retrograde portal venous flow is the most efficient method of lysosomal stabilization.", "PMID": 665902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10911", "title": "A new method of pancreatic juice collection in the conscious dog.", "content": "A simplified method for the collection of pancreatic juice in a conscious dog is described and the results of pancreatic secretions in response to both exogenous and endogenous stimulations are presented. This new method, simple to perform and providing easy collection of pancreatic juice, is also applicable to the intraduodenal infusion experiments.", "contents": "A new method of pancreatic juice collection in the conscious dog. A simplified method for the collection of pancreatic juice in a conscious dog is described and the results of pancreatic secretions in response to both exogenous and endogenous stimulations are presented. This new method, simple to perform and providing easy collection of pancreatic juice, is also applicable to the intraduodenal infusion experiments.", "PMID": 665903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10912", "title": "Bedside monitoring of heparin therapy.", "content": "Continuous infusion heparin therapy was monitored in twenty-five patients with simultaneously performed activated partial thromboplastin times and activated clotting times. These data were then compared by means of the coefficient of correlation. Significant correlation is demonstrated between the APTT and ACT in 88 per cent of cases.", "contents": "Bedside monitoring of heparin therapy. Continuous infusion heparin therapy was monitored in twenty-five patients with simultaneously performed activated partial thromboplastin times and activated clotting times. These data were then compared by means of the coefficient of correlation. Significant correlation is demonstrated between the APTT and ACT in 88 per cent of cases.", "PMID": 665905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10913", "title": "Lung resection for metastatic sarcoma.", "content": "Our experience with lung resection in fifty patients with metastatic sarcoma is presented. Seventeen patients underwent lung resection for solitary lung metastasis and thirty-three had multiple metastases. The overall estimated median survival of the patients was 22.2 months. Shorter tumor doubling time was found to indicate poor prognosis. The tumor-free interval, length of the waiting period, and the number of metastatic lesions removed did not influence the postoperative survival rate. Surgical therapy of solitary as well as multiple metastatic sarcoma of the lung appears to produce acceptable therapeutic results.", "contents": "Lung resection for metastatic sarcoma. Our experience with lung resection in fifty patients with metastatic sarcoma is presented. Seventeen patients underwent lung resection for solitary lung metastasis and thirty-three had multiple metastases. The overall estimated median survival of the patients was 22.2 months. Shorter tumor doubling time was found to indicate poor prognosis. The tumor-free interval, length of the waiting period, and the number of metastatic lesions removed did not influence the postoperative survival rate. Surgical therapy of solitary as well as multiple metastatic sarcoma of the lung appears to produce acceptable therapeutic results.", "PMID": 665906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10914", "title": "Pulmonary artery catheterization and thermodilution cardiac output determination in the management of critically burned patients.", "content": "Pulmonary artery catheterization was performed in thirty-nine critically burned patients. Hemodynamic changes, induced by thermal injury and its therapy, were measured. Pulmonary wedge pressure was found to be a more reliable indicator of circulating volume, whereas central venous pressure was often misleading. Measurements of both pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac output were necessary to manage patients requiring high levels of pulmonary end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). These measurements enable one to define optimum PEEP levels which provide maximum oxygen delivery to the tissues. Depressed myocardial function was seen in the early phase of the injury. In this period dopamine administration increased left ventricular stroke work index with minimal changes in filling pressures. The usefulness of dopamine in treating this early myocardial depression deserves further study. Catheter-related complications were minimal when the catheters were used for periods of three days or less.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery catheterization and thermodilution cardiac output determination in the management of critically burned patients. Pulmonary artery catheterization was performed in thirty-nine critically burned patients. Hemodynamic changes, induced by thermal injury and its therapy, were measured. Pulmonary wedge pressure was found to be a more reliable indicator of circulating volume, whereas central venous pressure was often misleading. Measurements of both pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac output were necessary to manage patients requiring high levels of pulmonary end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). These measurements enable one to define optimum PEEP levels which provide maximum oxygen delivery to the tissues. Depressed myocardial function was seen in the early phase of the injury. In this period dopamine administration increased left ventricular stroke work index with minimal changes in filling pressures. The usefulness of dopamine in treating this early myocardial depression deserves further study. Catheter-related complications were minimal when the catheters were used for periods of three days or less.", "PMID": 665908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10915", "title": "Acute leukopenia during topical burn therapy with silver sulfadiazine.", "content": "Leukopenia, with a mean white blood cell count of 2,680/mm3, was observed in nine patients with thermal injury early in the course of topical treatment with silver sulfadiazine. All manifested absolute neutropenia with a concomitant increase in immature band forms in the peripheral blood smear. The leukocyte counts returned to within normal limits within 48 to 72 hours of discontinuation of silver sulfadiazine therapy in four patients, and also did so in five patients in whom silver sulfadiazine therapy was continued. Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine application is currently believed to be an innocuous, self-limited phenomenon.", "contents": "Acute leukopenia during topical burn therapy with silver sulfadiazine. Leukopenia, with a mean white blood cell count of 2,680/mm3, was observed in nine patients with thermal injury early in the course of topical treatment with silver sulfadiazine. All manifested absolute neutropenia with a concomitant increase in immature band forms in the peripheral blood smear. The leukocyte counts returned to within normal limits within 48 to 72 hours of discontinuation of silver sulfadiazine therapy in four patients, and also did so in five patients in whom silver sulfadiazine therapy was continued. Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine application is currently believed to be an innocuous, self-limited phenomenon.", "PMID": 665909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10916", "title": "An evaluation of the wire mesh prosthesis in primary reconstruction of the mandible.", "content": "A stainless steel wire mesh prosthesis was used as a primary mandibular replacement in 102 patients after resection of malignant neoplasms arising in the head and neck. In sixty-seven patients the prosthesis was considered successful. Failure of the host to tolerate the prosthesis was associated with a history of previous irradiation, extensive resections, and loss of distant skin flaps used for coverage of the prosthesis. We conclude that the wire mesh mandibular prosthesis is an excellent means to accomplish prompt functional and cosmetic reconstruction after mandibular loss and does not preclude the use of a more complex modality of reconstruction if the initial implant is removed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the wire mesh prosthesis in primary reconstruction of the mandible. A stainless steel wire mesh prosthesis was used as a primary mandibular replacement in 102 patients after resection of malignant neoplasms arising in the head and neck. In sixty-seven patients the prosthesis was considered successful. Failure of the host to tolerate the prosthesis was associated with a history of previous irradiation, extensive resections, and loss of distant skin flaps used for coverage of the prosthesis. We conclude that the wire mesh mandibular prosthesis is an excellent means to accomplish prompt functional and cosmetic reconstruction after mandibular loss and does not preclude the use of a more complex modality of reconstruction if the initial implant is removed.", "PMID": 665910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10917", "title": "The evolution of the ileal segment bladder substitution operation.", "content": "The historical background and events leading to the development of ileal conduit bladder substitution are reviewed. The reported results of twenty-five years experience with the operation are discussed with special reference to the early and long-term complications and risk to renal function. The importance of continued efforts to minimize these risks, especially when the operation is done in children and for benign disease, is emphasized. It is suggested that some of the more promising variations in the operation should be set up as prospective studies in order that meaningful comparisons may be possible in the future.", "contents": "The evolution of the ileal segment bladder substitution operation. The historical background and events leading to the development of ileal conduit bladder substitution are reviewed. The reported results of twenty-five years experience with the operation are discussed with special reference to the early and long-term complications and risk to renal function. The importance of continued efforts to minimize these risks, especially when the operation is done in children and for benign disease, is emphasized. It is suggested that some of the more promising variations in the operation should be set up as prospective studies in order that meaningful comparisons may be possible in the future.", "PMID": 665912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10918", "title": "Breast cancer presenting as renal colic.", "content": "A unique case of breast cancer presenting as renal colic due to ureteral obstruction is presented. Although antemortem diagnosis has been uncommon, ureteral metastases frequently are found in autopsy studies. Improvements in the management of patients with disseminated breast cancer may lead to more frequent recognition of this problem. Therapy should be directed against the tumor in general, and not specifically against the ureteral lesion unless renal function is jeopardized. Hormonal manipulation is the treatment of choice in patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Ureteral catheterization or urinary diversion should be attempted only in combination with systemic injury.", "contents": "Breast cancer presenting as renal colic. A unique case of breast cancer presenting as renal colic due to ureteral obstruction is presented. Although antemortem diagnosis has been uncommon, ureteral metastases frequently are found in autopsy studies. Improvements in the management of patients with disseminated breast cancer may lead to more frequent recognition of this problem. Therapy should be directed against the tumor in general, and not specifically against the ureteral lesion unless renal function is jeopardized. Hormonal manipulation is the treatment of choice in patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Ureteral catheterization or urinary diversion should be attempted only in combination with systemic injury.", "PMID": 665913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10919", "title": "A surgical technic for high (cardial or juxtacardial) benign chronic gastric ulcer.", "content": "A surgical technic for cardial or juxtacardial ulcers is presented. The surgical principle consists of resection of the distal stomach including the ulcer in a way that the esophageal mucosa remains intact. Reconstruction of the transit is accomplished by a Roux-en-Y esophagogastrojejunostomy in one layer. A variable portion of gastric reservoir is preserved, and alkaline reflux is highly improbable due to the long intestinal loop. This technic has been performed in six patients with excellent postoperative results. Clinical and radiologic follow-up to three years has shown no esophagitis or strictures of afferent loop syndrome.", "contents": "A surgical technic for high (cardial or juxtacardial) benign chronic gastric ulcer. A surgical technic for cardial or juxtacardial ulcers is presented. The surgical principle consists of resection of the distal stomach including the ulcer in a way that the esophageal mucosa remains intact. Reconstruction of the transit is accomplished by a Roux-en-Y esophagogastrojejunostomy in one layer. A variable portion of gastric reservoir is preserved, and alkaline reflux is highly improbable due to the long intestinal loop. This technic has been performed in six patients with excellent postoperative results. Clinical and radiologic follow-up to three years has shown no esophagitis or strictures of afferent loop syndrome.", "PMID": 665914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10920", "title": "A technic for freezing an extremity in preparation for amputation.", "content": "Freezing of an extremity permits delay in amputation, and the time gained can be devoted to such intensive therapy as may be indicated. A safe, efficient, and convenient technic is described.", "contents": "A technic for freezing an extremity in preparation for amputation. Freezing of an extremity permits delay in amputation, and the time gained can be devoted to such intensive therapy as may be indicated. A safe, efficient, and convenient technic is described.", "PMID": 665915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10921", "title": "Modified Buie amputation for extensive hemorrhoidal disease.", "content": "Radical anal surgery of the type described for complicated hemorrhoidal and mucosal prolapse has good to excellent anatomic and functional results in 90 per cent of patients. This has been demonstrated in a group of 100 consecutive patients followed for an average of more than two years.", "contents": "Modified Buie amputation for extensive hemorrhoidal disease. Radical anal surgery of the type described for complicated hemorrhoidal and mucosal prolapse has good to excellent anatomic and functional results in 90 per cent of patients. This has been demonstrated in a group of 100 consecutive patients followed for an average of more than two years.", "PMID": 665916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10922", "title": "Rapid closure of defects in serosal membranes.", "content": "The use of surgical clips (Hemoclips) for closure of defects in omentum and mesentery is an efficient and safe alternative to sutures. It avoids the problem of hematoma formation from inadvertent injury of vessels by the needle.", "contents": "Rapid closure of defects in serosal membranes. The use of surgical clips (Hemoclips) for closure of defects in omentum and mesentery is an efficient and safe alternative to sutures. It avoids the problem of hematoma formation from inadvertent injury of vessels by the needle.", "PMID": 665917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10923", "title": "Ketamine infusions. Observations on technique, dosage and cardiovascular effects.", "content": "A continuous infusion of ketamine, following an initial dose of 1 mg/kg, has been used as sole anaesthetic in over 200 adult patients. The pre-operative use of 4 mg lorazepam has made this acceptable with respect to emergence sequelae and dreams. The technique can be used with neuromuscular blocking drugs and controlled ventilation with air, but here pancuronium is best avoided because of excessive tachycardia and hypertension. Hypertonus was the main problem encountered in the non-relaxant cases. The amount of ketamine required for anaesthesia has been analysed in detail and recommendations on dosage are given. The cardiovascular effects have also been analysed in detail. There is a need for a similar investigation to be carried out in circumstances where inhalation agents are not available and where there is a shortage of anaesthetists.", "contents": "Ketamine infusions. Observations on technique, dosage and cardiovascular effects. A continuous infusion of ketamine, following an initial dose of 1 mg/kg, has been used as sole anaesthetic in over 200 adult patients. The pre-operative use of 4 mg lorazepam has made this acceptable with respect to emergence sequelae and dreams. The technique can be used with neuromuscular blocking drugs and controlled ventilation with air, but here pancuronium is best avoided because of excessive tachycardia and hypertension. Hypertonus was the main problem encountered in the non-relaxant cases. The amount of ketamine required for anaesthesia has been analysed in detail and recommendations on dosage are given. The cardiovascular effects have also been analysed in detail. There is a need for a similar investigation to be carried out in circumstances where inhalation agents are not available and where there is a shortage of anaesthetists.", "PMID": 665950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10924", "title": "Two cases of untoward sequelae associated with thiopentone.", "content": "Two cases of adverse sequelae associated with the use of 2.5% thiopentone are reported: one involved extensive local venous thrombosis at the site of the injection causing great distress to the patient; the other involved a histaminoid reaction in a patient who, like others who have been reported with this type of reaction, had a history of allergy.", "contents": "Two cases of untoward sequelae associated with thiopentone. Two cases of adverse sequelae associated with the use of 2.5% thiopentone are reported: one involved extensive local venous thrombosis at the site of the injection causing great distress to the patient; the other involved a histaminoid reaction in a patient who, like others who have been reported with this type of reaction, had a history of allergy.", "PMID": 665951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10925", "title": "Semiconductors in anaesthetic vapour analysis.", "content": "The use of chemically sensitive semiconductors and their performance during the measurement of the vapour concentration of five volatile anaesthetic agents is described.", "contents": "Semiconductors in anaesthetic vapour analysis. The use of chemically sensitive semiconductors and their performance during the measurement of the vapour concentration of five volatile anaesthetic agents is described.", "PMID": 665952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10926", "title": "Psychological and psychiatric aspects of pain.", "content": "The relationship of pain to personality and the significance have been discussed. Pain may first be evidence of tissue damage, secondly it may be used as a means of communicating emotional distress to others and thirdly, it may be a means of manipulating others, expressing hostility or relieving guilt. The evidence is clear that an understanding of mental life and its relation to pain is important if this symptoms is to be dealt with effectively, irrespective of whether it is physical or psychogenic in origin.", "contents": "Psychological and psychiatric aspects of pain. The relationship of pain to personality and the significance have been discussed. Pain may first be evidence of tissue damage, secondly it may be used as a means of communicating emotional distress to others and thirdly, it may be a means of manipulating others, expressing hostility or relieving guilt. The evidence is clear that an understanding of mental life and its relation to pain is important if this symptoms is to be dealt with effectively, irrespective of whether it is physical or psychogenic in origin.", "PMID": 665953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10927", "title": "Suxamethonium pains and early electrolyte changes.", "content": "Significant changes in the plasma electrolytes were found in a group of ninety-two female patients in the first 5 min following suxamethonium administration. The plasma potassium rose to a higher level in those patients who developed suxamethonium pains than in those who did not; the plasma calcium decreased in the former group, but increased in the latter. The plasma sodium decreased early in most patients, with the greatest reduction in those patients who did not develop symptoms. A decrease in the level of plasma calcium at 1 min correlated well with the incidence of 'the pains'. There were significant differences in the electrolyte changes, depending on whether thiopentone or Althesin was used for induction, but there was no difference in the incidence of suxamethonium pains. Suxamethonium pains are attributed to damaged muscle-spindles with enhanced calcium release playing an important part.", "contents": "Suxamethonium pains and early electrolyte changes. Significant changes in the plasma electrolytes were found in a group of ninety-two female patients in the first 5 min following suxamethonium administration. The plasma potassium rose to a higher level in those patients who developed suxamethonium pains than in those who did not; the plasma calcium decreased in the former group, but increased in the latter. The plasma sodium decreased early in most patients, with the greatest reduction in those patients who did not develop symptoms. A decrease in the level of plasma calcium at 1 min correlated well with the incidence of 'the pains'. There were significant differences in the electrolyte changes, depending on whether thiopentone or Althesin was used for induction, but there was no difference in the incidence of suxamethonium pains. Suxamethonium pains are attributed to damaged muscle-spindles with enhanced calcium release playing an important part.", "PMID": 665964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10928", "title": "Unexpected metabolic acidosis during rectal surgery.", "content": "A case is reported in which severe metabolic acidosis developed during rectal surgery in a patient who was normal in all other respects. The possible connection of pre-operative whole gut irrigation with the development of the acidosis is discussed.", "contents": "Unexpected metabolic acidosis during rectal surgery. A case is reported in which severe metabolic acidosis developed during rectal surgery in a patient who was normal in all other respects. The possible connection of pre-operative whole gut irrigation with the development of the acidosis is discussed.", "PMID": 665965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10929", "title": "Pre-operative approach to patients.", "content": "Thorough explanation of an operation can and should be given to a large number of patients. They are selected by a non-leading question once they have been assessed, and given a logical talk with simple drawings. A pilot questionnaire study shows that such a procedure is harmless and reassuring. It is justified as a supplement to the pre-medication but could well be done by other doctors, such as general practitioners or surgeons. Good explanation increases patient's confidence in the surgeon, never undermines it.", "contents": "Pre-operative approach to patients. Thorough explanation of an operation can and should be given to a large number of patients. They are selected by a non-leading question once they have been assessed, and given a logical talk with simple drawings. A pilot questionnaire study shows that such a procedure is harmless and reassuring. It is justified as a supplement to the pre-medication but could well be done by other doctors, such as general practitioners or surgeons. Good explanation increases patient's confidence in the surgeon, never undermines it.", "PMID": 665967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10930", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of epidural anesthesia are complex and are related to the level of anesthesia, the amount of anesthetic injected, the addition of epinephrine to the local anesthetic solution and the clinical of the patient. In general, these results indicate that spinal anesthesia tends to produce a greater degree of cardiovascular depression as demonstrated by the greater fall in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and heart rate. Thus, at similar levels of anesthesia, spinal blockade produces a greater depression of the cardiovascular system than does epidural anesthesia, which probably reflects a higher level of sympathetic blockade following similar analgesic levels of spinal and epidural anesthesia.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia. The cardiovascular effects of epidural anesthesia are complex and are related to the level of anesthesia, the amount of anesthetic injected, the addition of epinephrine to the local anesthetic solution and the clinical of the patient. In general, these results indicate that spinal anesthesia tends to produce a greater degree of cardiovascular depression as demonstrated by the greater fall in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and heart rate. Thus, at similar levels of anesthesia, spinal blockade produces a greater depression of the cardiovascular system than does epidural anesthesia, which probably reflects a higher level of sympathetic blockade following similar analgesic levels of spinal and epidural anesthesia.", "PMID": 665969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10931", "title": "[Concentrations of Bupivacaine in the CSF following subdural application (author's transl)].", "content": "The subarachnoid concentration of isobaric bupivacaine following intrathecal injection was determined in 11 patients by periodic sampling. After injection of 15 mg/ml of bupivacaine, the maximal concentration in CSF averaged 284 microgram/ml. The decline was exponential after 240 min a residual concentration of 7 microgram/ml was determined. The area of sensory block was maximal after 20 min regression began from cranial at 90 min, from caudal at 150 min. Bupivacain could not be determined in blood.", "contents": "[Concentrations of Bupivacaine in the CSF following subdural application (author's transl)]. The subarachnoid concentration of isobaric bupivacaine following intrathecal injection was determined in 11 patients by periodic sampling. After injection of 15 mg/ml of bupivacaine, the maximal concentration in CSF averaged 284 microgram/ml. The decline was exponential after 240 min a residual concentration of 7 microgram/ml was determined. The area of sensory block was maximal after 20 min regression began from cranial at 90 min, from caudal at 150 min. Bupivacain could not be determined in blood.", "PMID": 665970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10932", "title": "[The combination of etomidate and fentanyl as a short acting and introduction anaesthesia in the dog in experimental medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of a combination of etomidate (1.0 mg/kg bw) and fetanyl (0.005 mg/kh bw) on haematology, blood gases, acid-base balance and haemodynamics were investigated in 8 mongrel dogs. The only significant change in haematology was leucopenia. Blood gas values and acid-base balance initially showed a depression of respiration and a tendency to slight metabolic acid dosis. Decreased heart rate caused diminution of cardiac output, while systemic and pulmonary resistance as well as stroke volume were not altered significantly.", "contents": "[The combination of etomidate and fentanyl as a short acting and introduction anaesthesia in the dog in experimental medicine (author's transl)]. The effects of a combination of etomidate (1.0 mg/kg bw) and fetanyl (0.005 mg/kh bw) on haematology, blood gases, acid-base balance and haemodynamics were investigated in 8 mongrel dogs. The only significant change in haematology was leucopenia. Blood gas values and acid-base balance initially showed a depression of respiration and a tendency to slight metabolic acid dosis. Decreased heart rate caused diminution of cardiac output, while systemic and pulmonary resistance as well as stroke volume were not altered significantly.", "PMID": 665971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10933", "title": "[An improved bronchoscope (author's transl)].", "content": "This bronchoscope differs from those normally used in the following ways: 1. In the endobronchial position the bronchoscope makes possible improvement in ventilation of the contralateral lung by increasing the area of the side-openings above the bifurcation. - 2. An inflatable cuff on the outer tube seals the bronchoscope against the trachea like a breathing tube. - 3. Jet-ventilation van be employed when the bronchoscope is open.", "contents": "[An improved bronchoscope (author's transl)]. This bronchoscope differs from those normally used in the following ways: 1. In the endobronchial position the bronchoscope makes possible improvement in ventilation of the contralateral lung by increasing the area of the side-openings above the bifurcation. - 2. An inflatable cuff on the outer tube seals the bronchoscope against the trachea like a breathing tube. - 3. Jet-ventilation van be employed when the bronchoscope is open.", "PMID": 665972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10934", "title": "The effect of metoclopramide on the lower oesophageal sphincter in late pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of intravenous metoclopramide (Maxolon) on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were studied in three groups of patients, one group being normal control and the other two being pregnant females, one without heartburn and the other with. Metoclopramide increases the LOS pressure 20.5, 15.2 and 10.2 cm H2O respectively (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that for patients undergoing elective or emergency obstetrical anaesthesia, intravenous metoclopramide may help reduce the incidence of regurgitation of gastric contents.", "contents": "The effect of metoclopramide on the lower oesophageal sphincter in late pregnancy. The effects of intravenous metoclopramide (Maxolon) on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were studied in three groups of patients, one group being normal control and the other two being pregnant females, one without heartburn and the other with. Metoclopramide increases the LOS pressure 20.5, 15.2 and 10.2 cm H2O respectively (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that for patients undergoing elective or emergency obstetrical anaesthesia, intravenous metoclopramide may help reduce the incidence of regurgitation of gastric contents.", "PMID": 665973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10935", "title": "Studies of d-tubocurarine pharmacokinetics in humans and dogs.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine was studied in man during single and multiple administrations of d-tubocurarine, and in dogs during single administrations. The simplest model consistent with out data was a two-compartment open model. The mean half-lives for the two phases in the human studies were 8.9 and 123.8 minuts. For the greyhounds these mean values were 2.8 and 77.4 minutes. The animals did not demonstrate a difference between the arterial and mixed venous concentrations of d-tubocurarine.", "contents": "Studies of d-tubocurarine pharmacokinetics in humans and dogs. The pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine was studied in man during single and multiple administrations of d-tubocurarine, and in dogs during single administrations. The simplest model consistent with out data was a two-compartment open model. The mean half-lives for the two phases in the human studies were 8.9 and 123.8 minuts. For the greyhounds these mean values were 2.8 and 77.4 minutes. The animals did not demonstrate a difference between the arterial and mixed venous concentrations of d-tubocurarine.", "PMID": 665974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10936", "title": "Some cardio-pulmonary effects of infra-renal clamping of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "No significant changes were found in heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, arterial blood gases or physiological deadspace: tidal volume ratio before and after clamping and unclamping the abdominal aorta below the renal vessels. Nevertheless, drugs should be available to reduct the afterload on the heart if any evidence of myocardial ischaemia appears during the period of aortic clamping. The importance of maintaining an adequate circulating blood volume at all times is stressed.", "contents": "Some cardio-pulmonary effects of infra-renal clamping of the abdominal aorta. No significant changes were found in heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, arterial blood gases or physiological deadspace: tidal volume ratio before and after clamping and unclamping the abdominal aorta below the renal vessels. Nevertheless, drugs should be available to reduct the afterload on the heart if any evidence of myocardial ischaemia appears during the period of aortic clamping. The importance of maintaining an adequate circulating blood volume at all times is stressed.", "PMID": 665976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10937", "title": "Radial artery cannulation: influence of catheter size and material on arterial occlusion.", "content": "A randomized, prospective trial of four different cannulae used for percutaneous radial artery cannulation was carried out in one hundred and forty-eight patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Arterial occlusion was assessed using a modified Allen's test and an ultrasonic flow monitor. The incidence of complete occlusion eight days after decannulation was 34% for 18-gauge polypropylene and 0% for 20-gauge Teflon cannulae. Both the size and material of the cannula are important factors in the occurrence of arterial occlusion. This complication can largely be eliminated by the use of small Teflon cannulae.", "contents": "Radial artery cannulation: influence of catheter size and material on arterial occlusion. A randomized, prospective trial of four different cannulae used for percutaneous radial artery cannulation was carried out in one hundred and forty-eight patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Arterial occlusion was assessed using a modified Allen's test and an ultrasonic flow monitor. The incidence of complete occlusion eight days after decannulation was 34% for 18-gauge polypropylene and 0% for 20-gauge Teflon cannulae. Both the size and material of the cannula are important factors in the occurrence of arterial occlusion. This complication can largely be eliminated by the use of small Teflon cannulae.", "PMID": 665977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10938", "title": "Foetal hypoxia--an anaesthetist's approach to classification and prevention.", "content": "Nearly one third of perinatal deaths are due to hypoxia occurring during pregnancy and labour. Many factors contribute to foetal hypoxia and in order to group these into orderly categories a classification of hypoxia, which is familiar to anaesthetists, has been applied to the maternal and foetal circulations. This theoretical approach forms a logical guide to our understanding the cause, prevention and treatment of foetal hypoxia.", "contents": "Foetal hypoxia--an anaesthetist's approach to classification and prevention. Nearly one third of perinatal deaths are due to hypoxia occurring during pregnancy and labour. Many factors contribute to foetal hypoxia and in order to group these into orderly categories a classification of hypoxia, which is familiar to anaesthetists, has been applied to the maternal and foetal circulations. This theoretical approach forms a logical guide to our understanding the cause, prevention and treatment of foetal hypoxia.", "PMID": 665978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10939", "title": "Case report: digital ischaemia following radial artery cannulation.", "content": "A case of digital ischaemia following radial artery cannulation is described. The ischaemia developed following three hours hypotension seven days after the radial artery cannula had been removed. Patients with a thrombosed radial artery and a poor ulnar collateral circulation should be identified pre-operatively.", "contents": "Case report: digital ischaemia following radial artery cannulation. A case of digital ischaemia following radial artery cannulation is described. The ischaemia developed following three hours hypotension seven days after the radial artery cannula had been removed. Patients with a thrombosed radial artery and a poor ulnar collateral circulation should be identified pre-operatively.", "PMID": 665979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10940", "title": "Anaphylactic reactions to gallamine triethiodide.", "content": "Three cases of severe anaphylaxis to gallamine triethiodide are described. All reported cases of anaphylaxis to gallamine have occurred in women, and all the confirmed cases in Australasia. There is evidnece that women may be exposed to some substance which leaves them sensitive to gallamine triethiodide.", "contents": "Anaphylactic reactions to gallamine triethiodide. Three cases of severe anaphylaxis to gallamine triethiodide are described. All reported cases of anaphylaxis to gallamine have occurred in women, and all the confirmed cases in Australasia. There is evidnece that women may be exposed to some substance which leaves them sensitive to gallamine triethiodide.", "PMID": 665980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10941", "title": "An oxygen failure warning and patient protection system. The Howison Unit.", "content": "A device is described which sounds an alarm to warn of oxygen supply failure. A the same time the nitrous oxide flow is cut off, and a reservoir in the device provides a continuing oxygen flow to the patient for about a minute. This results in increased inspired oxygen levels temporarily, reducing the risk to the patient while the oxygen failure is being corrected.", "contents": "An oxygen failure warning and patient protection system. The Howison Unit. A device is described which sounds an alarm to warn of oxygen supply failure. A the same time the nitrous oxide flow is cut off, and a reservoir in the device provides a continuing oxygen flow to the patient for about a minute. This results in increased inspired oxygen levels temporarily, reducing the risk to the patient while the oxygen failure is being corrected.", "PMID": 665982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10942", "title": "Anaphylaxis to alcuronium.", "content": "Five cases of severe anaphylactic reactions to alcuronium are described. Investigation suggested that these are probably true anaphylaxis to the drug. The cases illustrate the value of intradermal testing in detecting the drug involved and the necessity of using colloidal solutions and adrenaline in the management of hypotension due to anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis to alcuronium. Five cases of severe anaphylactic reactions to alcuronium are described. Investigation suggested that these are probably true anaphylaxis to the drug. The cases illustrate the value of intradermal testing in detecting the drug involved and the necessity of using colloidal solutions and adrenaline in the management of hypotension due to anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 665988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10943", "title": "Clinical evaluation of etomidate as an induction agent.", "content": "A comparative study between Etomidate and Thiopentone was carried out on 100 healthy female patients scheduled for post-partum abdominal sterilization under epidural analgesia. Our results show Etomidate to be a safe and effective induction agent, comparable to Thiopentone in having a rapid onset of action and rapid recovery time. The pulse rates and blood pressures remained relatively stable during the use of Etomidate. However, there was a high incidence of transient respiratory upsets while causing less respiratory depression than Thiopentone. The objectionable features of Etomidate are high incidence of pain on injection and involuntary muscular activity, which account for the low anaesthetist acceptance rate.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of etomidate as an induction agent. A comparative study between Etomidate and Thiopentone was carried out on 100 healthy female patients scheduled for post-partum abdominal sterilization under epidural analgesia. Our results show Etomidate to be a safe and effective induction agent, comparable to Thiopentone in having a rapid onset of action and rapid recovery time. The pulse rates and blood pressures remained relatively stable during the use of Etomidate. However, there was a high incidence of transient respiratory upsets while causing less respiratory depression than Thiopentone. The objectionable features of Etomidate are high incidence of pain on injection and involuntary muscular activity, which account for the low anaesthetist acceptance rate.", "PMID": 665989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10944", "title": "Infundibular spasm in Fallot's tetralogy - an account and its management in anaesthesia.", "content": "The value of propranolol in relieving infundibular spasm is illustrated. The pathophysiology of infundibular spasm in Fallot's tetralogy and its management in anaesthesia is reviewed.", "contents": "Infundibular spasm in Fallot's tetralogy - an account and its management in anaesthesia. The value of propranolol in relieving infundibular spasm is illustrated. The pathophysiology of infundibular spasm in Fallot's tetralogy and its management in anaesthesia is reviewed.", "PMID": 665990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10945", "title": "A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with suxamethonium.", "content": "A boy presenting for oesophagoscopy developed myoglobinuria during convalescence from the procedure. A susceptibility to malignant hyperpyerexia was considered in the differential diagnosis but was felt to be unlikely on the basis of in vitro testing of muscle biopsy specimens. A review of relevant papers suggests that rhabdomyolysis of significant degree following suxamethonium administration may be more common than generally appreciated, particularly in children.", "contents": "A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with suxamethonium. A boy presenting for oesophagoscopy developed myoglobinuria during convalescence from the procedure. A susceptibility to malignant hyperpyerexia was considered in the differential diagnosis but was felt to be unlikely on the basis of in vitro testing of muscle biopsy specimens. A review of relevant papers suggests that rhabdomyolysis of significant degree following suxamethonium administration may be more common than generally appreciated, particularly in children.", "PMID": 665991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10946", "title": "Cortical blindness following hypoxia during cardiac arrest.", "content": "Two patients with cortical blindness following hypoxic episodes are reported. The characteristics of the syndrome are described. Attention is drawn to the lack of awareness of this complication of hypoxia.", "contents": "Cortical blindness following hypoxia during cardiac arrest. Two patients with cortical blindness following hypoxic episodes are reported. The characteristics of the syndrome are described. Attention is drawn to the lack of awareness of this complication of hypoxia.", "PMID": 665992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10947", "title": "A visual monitor for piped oxygen supply systems to anaesthetic machines.", "content": "A pressure sensitive recording device for monitoring piped oxygen systems supplying anaesthetic machines is described. The monitor displays a colour change and is powered by pressure of oxygen from the piped oxygen supply line.", "contents": "A visual monitor for piped oxygen supply systems to anaesthetic machines. A pressure sensitive recording device for monitoring piped oxygen systems supplying anaesthetic machines is described. The monitor displays a colour change and is powered by pressure of oxygen from the piped oxygen supply line.", "PMID": 665993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10948", "title": "An air-machine for infants and children.", "content": "Modifications to the Jobson Air-machine are described which permit its use in infants and children under three years of age.", "contents": "An air-machine for infants and children. Modifications to the Jobson Air-machine are described which permit its use in infants and children under three years of age.", "PMID": 665994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10949", "title": "No ignition risk with hyperbaric enflurane.", "content": "A series of experiments was undertaken with Enflurane under hyperbaric conditions to determine whether or not it was explosive under these conditions. No risk of detonation was shown with concentrations of Enflurane up to 5% in either oxygen or nitrous oxide mixtures under conditions of hyperbaria to 3 A.T.A. (Atmospheres Absolute).", "contents": "No ignition risk with hyperbaric enflurane. A series of experiments was undertaken with Enflurane under hyperbaric conditions to determine whether or not it was explosive under these conditions. No risk of detonation was shown with concentrations of Enflurane up to 5% in either oxygen or nitrous oxide mixtures under conditions of hyperbaria to 3 A.T.A. (Atmospheres Absolute).", "PMID": 665995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10950", "title": "Device for humidification and controlled oxygenation during spontaneous breathing.", "content": "A system for humidification with adjustable flows and oxygen concentrations for use in spontaneously breathing patients is described.", "contents": "Device for humidification and controlled oxygenation during spontaneous breathing. A system for humidification with adjustable flows and oxygen concentrations for use in spontaneously breathing patients is described.", "PMID": 665996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10951", "title": "A new intubating forceps.", "content": "A new intubating forceps is described. The forceps grip the endotracheal tube from the front and back instead of from the side as do Magill's forceps. The advantages of the forceps are a more secure grasp; improved field of vision; better manipulating ability and reduced likelihood of trauma to tissues or tube cuff.", "contents": "A new intubating forceps. A new intubating forceps is described. The forceps grip the endotracheal tube from the front and back instead of from the side as do Magill's forceps. The advantages of the forceps are a more secure grasp; improved field of vision; better manipulating ability and reduced likelihood of trauma to tissues or tube cuff.", "PMID": 665997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10952", "title": "A technical aid to performance of neurolytic lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "The injection of ten ml of air into the retroperitoneal space outlines the anterior margin of the psoas muscle. This been found to be useful, using an Image Intensifier, for the accurate location of needle tips in the performance of neurolytic lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "A technical aid to performance of neurolytic lumbar sympathectomy. The injection of ten ml of air into the retroperitoneal space outlines the anterior margin of the psoas muscle. This been found to be useful, using an Image Intensifier, for the accurate location of needle tips in the performance of neurolytic lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 665998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10953", "title": "Progenitor cells of erythroblasts: an in vitro investigation of erythropoietin-responsive cells of guinea pig bone marrow.", "content": "The experiments were designed to test whether or not erythroblast progenitor cell function could be demonstrated in a morphological cell type designated as \"transitional cells.\" Two cell fractions, were obtained from the bone marrow of normal and polycythemic guinea pigs. One fraction (F1) was enriched in transitional cells and contained few, if any, other cell types which could be considered as candidates for erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC). The other fraction (F2) contained undifferentiated blast cells as well as transitional cells. The effect of human urinary erythropoiesis stimulating factors (ESF) on heme synthesis was compared in these two fractions by measuring 59Fe incorporation into heme. ESF was more effective in stimulating heme synthesis in guinea pig bone marrow cells than homologous sera obtained from anemic or hypoxic animals. The majority of ERC sedimented in F2, but the stimulation index was comparable in the two fractions. It was confirmed by radioautography that the ESF response in F1 was due to the generation of proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts that incorporated 55Fe. The generation of these cells in F1 was dependent on the addition of ESF to the cultures, whereas 55Fe-labeled erythroblasts were recovered from cultured of F2 not supplemented with ESF. ESF induced a proportion of transitional cells to incorporate 55Fe in both F1 and F2. Transitional cells were the only cell type in which heme synthesis was dependent on ESF. in other cells of clearly nonerythroid morphology (mononuclear phagocytes and reticular cells), 55Fe incorporation occurred independent of ESF. Although the fractionation procedure employed is unsuitable for the separation of ERC from bone marrow, it permitted the enrichment of transitional cells, a cell type defined by morphology. Radioautography with 55Fe identified a proportion of these cells as ERC in both F1 and F2 fractions of bone marrow obtained from normal and polycythemic guinea pigs. Although there may be other cell types in F2 capable of responding to ESF, the present studies show that some transitional cells function as progenitors of erythroblasts because they respond to ESF by initiation of heme synthesis and by transformation into the earliest recognizable erythroid cells.", "contents": "Progenitor cells of erythroblasts: an in vitro investigation of erythropoietin-responsive cells of guinea pig bone marrow. The experiments were designed to test whether or not erythroblast progenitor cell function could be demonstrated in a morphological cell type designated as \"transitional cells.\" Two cell fractions, were obtained from the bone marrow of normal and polycythemic guinea pigs. One fraction (F1) was enriched in transitional cells and contained few, if any, other cell types which could be considered as candidates for erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC). The other fraction (F2) contained undifferentiated blast cells as well as transitional cells. The effect of human urinary erythropoiesis stimulating factors (ESF) on heme synthesis was compared in these two fractions by measuring 59Fe incorporation into heme. ESF was more effective in stimulating heme synthesis in guinea pig bone marrow cells than homologous sera obtained from anemic or hypoxic animals. The majority of ERC sedimented in F2, but the stimulation index was comparable in the two fractions. It was confirmed by radioautography that the ESF response in F1 was due to the generation of proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts that incorporated 55Fe. The generation of these cells in F1 was dependent on the addition of ESF to the cultures, whereas 55Fe-labeled erythroblasts were recovered from cultured of F2 not supplemented with ESF. ESF induced a proportion of transitional cells to incorporate 55Fe in both F1 and F2. Transitional cells were the only cell type in which heme synthesis was dependent on ESF. in other cells of clearly nonerythroid morphology (mononuclear phagocytes and reticular cells), 55Fe incorporation occurred independent of ESF. Although the fractionation procedure employed is unsuitable for the separation of ERC from bone marrow, it permitted the enrichment of transitional cells, a cell type defined by morphology. Radioautography with 55Fe identified a proportion of these cells as ERC in both F1 and F2 fractions of bone marrow obtained from normal and polycythemic guinea pigs. Although there may be other cell types in F2 capable of responding to ESF, the present studies show that some transitional cells function as progenitors of erythroblasts because they respond to ESF by initiation of heme synthesis and by transformation into the earliest recognizable erythroid cells.", "PMID": 666014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10954", "title": "Ultrastructure of the anterior medial glands of the rat nasal septum.", "content": "The anterior medial glands lying in the submucosa of the rat nasal septum were studied by light and electron microscopy. The glands consist of a single long duct, which is studded with numerous solitary acinar formations connected perpendicularly to the main duct by short intercalated ducts. Proximal acini (those furthest from the stoma of the main duct) consist of typical serous cells with many dense secretory granules and an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. The most distal acini consist of cells whose major feature is the enwrapment of each mitochondrion by a cisternal profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Myoepithelial cells are absent from proximal acini, but are abundant on distal acini. Intracellular nerve terminals are extremely common, particularly in distal acini. The main ducts resemble, to a degree, the striated ducts of salivary glands.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the anterior medial glands of the rat nasal septum. The anterior medial glands lying in the submucosa of the rat nasal septum were studied by light and electron microscopy. The glands consist of a single long duct, which is studded with numerous solitary acinar formations connected perpendicularly to the main duct by short intercalated ducts. Proximal acini (those furthest from the stoma of the main duct) consist of typical serous cells with many dense secretory granules and an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. The most distal acini consist of cells whose major feature is the enwrapment of each mitochondrion by a cisternal profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Myoepithelial cells are absent from proximal acini, but are abundant on distal acini. Intracellular nerve terminals are extremely common, particularly in distal acini. The main ducts resemble, to a degree, the striated ducts of salivary glands.", "PMID": 666015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10955", "title": "Spatial orientation of microtubules in contractile fibroblasts in vivo.", "content": "Contracting fibrous tissues from skin wounds in pigs, and scars around silicone implants in humans, contained fibroblasts that had multiple bundles of 60--80 A microfilaments with electron-dense bodies, features typical of contractile fibroblasts both in vivo (myofibroblasts) and in vitro. These in vivo fibroblasts contained many 220 A diameter microtubules, which paralleled plasma membrane in these myofibroblasts strongly suggests a bracing or scaffolding function.", "contents": "Spatial orientation of microtubules in contractile fibroblasts in vivo. Contracting fibrous tissues from skin wounds in pigs, and scars around silicone implants in humans, contained fibroblasts that had multiple bundles of 60--80 A microfilaments with electron-dense bodies, features typical of contractile fibroblasts both in vivo (myofibroblasts) and in vitro. These in vivo fibroblasts contained many 220 A diameter microtubules, which paralleled plasma membrane in these myofibroblasts strongly suggests a bracing or scaffolding function.", "PMID": 666016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10956", "title": "Lymphatic vessels of the mammalian heart.", "content": "An in situ heart lung preparation was developed to label lymphatics of the actively beating dog heart with subsequent fixation by vascular perfusion. Immediately after interstitial injections of trypan blue and colloidal carbon, a rich plexus of lymphatic vessels was visualized in the epicardium of the actively beating heart. With this method of fixation, tissue preservation is generally excellent and uniform throughout the heart. In thin sections examined with the electron microscope, lymphatic vessels are easily recognized by the content of plasma proteins which is preserved as an electron dense precipitate that is evenly dispersed throughout the lumen. An extensive plexus of thin walled lymphatic vessels is observed throughout the epicardial, myocardial and subendocardial regions. Numerous anchoring filaments are observed closely apposed to the abluminal endothelial surface which extend into the surrounding connective tissue. The distribution and ultrastructure of the cardiac lymphatic vessels are discussed in relation to their role in the removal of interstitial fluid from the heart.", "contents": "Lymphatic vessels of the mammalian heart. An in situ heart lung preparation was developed to label lymphatics of the actively beating dog heart with subsequent fixation by vascular perfusion. Immediately after interstitial injections of trypan blue and colloidal carbon, a rich plexus of lymphatic vessels was visualized in the epicardium of the actively beating heart. With this method of fixation, tissue preservation is generally excellent and uniform throughout the heart. In thin sections examined with the electron microscope, lymphatic vessels are easily recognized by the content of plasma proteins which is preserved as an electron dense precipitate that is evenly dispersed throughout the lumen. An extensive plexus of thin walled lymphatic vessels is observed throughout the epicardial, myocardial and subendocardial regions. Numerous anchoring filaments are observed closely apposed to the abluminal endothelial surface which extend into the surrounding connective tissue. The distribution and ultrastructure of the cardiac lymphatic vessels are discussed in relation to their role in the removal of interstitial fluid from the heart.", "PMID": 666017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10957", "title": "Sympathetic connections to the fifth and sixth cranial nerves.", "content": "Thirty additional parasellar gross dissections and light microscopic examinations have been carried out, confirming a previous observation that the sympathetic nerve or nerves running with the carotid artery gives off a multitude of fine branches at irregular intervals on the way up, but the largest residual component joins the sixth cranial nerve and leaves to join the first division of the fifth cranial nerve. No similar fibers can be found by us to the sympathetic in the neck results in a Horner's syndrome and that section of the ophthalmic artery at its point of departure from the carotid does not result in any part of Horner's syndrome nor does secretion of the external, internal or common corotid in the neck, it is assumed that these fibers process the functions the absence of which result in Horner's syndrome.", "contents": "Sympathetic connections to the fifth and sixth cranial nerves. Thirty additional parasellar gross dissections and light microscopic examinations have been carried out, confirming a previous observation that the sympathetic nerve or nerves running with the carotid artery gives off a multitude of fine branches at irregular intervals on the way up, but the largest residual component joins the sixth cranial nerve and leaves to join the first division of the fifth cranial nerve. No similar fibers can be found by us to the sympathetic in the neck results in a Horner's syndrome and that section of the ophthalmic artery at its point of departure from the carotid does not result in any part of Horner's syndrome nor does secretion of the external, internal or common corotid in the neck, it is assumed that these fibers process the functions the absence of which result in Horner's syndrome.", "PMID": 666018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10958", "title": "Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. I. The Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli and the elephant seal Mirounga leonina (Pinnipedia: Phocidae).", "content": "The structure, distribution, density and innervation of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) have been compared in the skin of Weddell and elephant seals, as part of a study of the structure and function of arteriovenous anastomoses in mammals. In both genera AVAs were coiled vessels with the segmental structure typical of \"epithelioid\" anastomoses and possessed a dense peripheral adrenergic innervation. In both Weddell and elephant seals there was no statistically significant difference between the mean density of AVAs in body skin and flipper skin. The majority, approximately 71% of AVAs occurred superficially in the dermis, fewer (23%) occurred in the deeper dermis, and 6% were present in the thick hypodermis (bubber). The density of AVAs in Weddell and elephant seals is approximately eight times greater than that reported in other animals and the superficial position of anastomoses over the whole of the body surface is characteristic of phocid seals. When open, AVAs in Weddell and elephant seals allow maximal heat loss from the skin surface by passing large volumes of blood into the superficial veins. AVAs in seals are important in dissipation of body heat, particularly when the animals are out of the water, and the entire surface area is thermoregulatory rather than specific regions such as the flippers.", "contents": "Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. I. The Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli and the elephant seal Mirounga leonina (Pinnipedia: Phocidae). The structure, distribution, density and innervation of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) have been compared in the skin of Weddell and elephant seals, as part of a study of the structure and function of arteriovenous anastomoses in mammals. In both genera AVAs were coiled vessels with the segmental structure typical of \"epithelioid\" anastomoses and possessed a dense peripheral adrenergic innervation. In both Weddell and elephant seals there was no statistically significant difference between the mean density of AVAs in body skin and flipper skin. The majority, approximately 71% of AVAs occurred superficially in the dermis, fewer (23%) occurred in the deeper dermis, and 6% were present in the thick hypodermis (bubber). The density of AVAs in Weddell and elephant seals is approximately eight times greater than that reported in other animals and the superficial position of anastomoses over the whole of the body surface is characteristic of phocid seals. When open, AVAs in Weddell and elephant seals allow maximal heat loss from the skin surface by passing large volumes of blood into the superficial veins. AVAs in seals are important in dissipation of body heat, particularly when the animals are out of the water, and the entire surface area is thermoregulatory rather than specific regions such as the flippers.", "PMID": 666019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10959", "title": "Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. II. The California sea lion Zalophus californianus and the northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae).", "content": "The structure, distribution and density of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) were studied in body and flipper skin of a California sea lion and a nothern fur seal. In both animals AVAs consisted of arterial, intermediate and venous segments, and were generally larger and more tortuous in the sea lion than in the fur seal. In the sea lion the majority of AVAs (72%) occurred in the deeper region of the dermis, and the density was significantly greater in the flippers than in the body. In the northern fur seal most AVAs (76%) occurred in the superficial region of the dermis; the density of AVAs in flipper skin was significantly higher than in body skin, and the density in the hind flipper was significantly greater than in the foreflipper. Arteriovenous anastomoses are important in the regulation of body temperature in seals; when these animals are on land, AVAs function to dissipate body heat, and vascular thermoregulation occurs in the flippers but notover the general body surface. Due to differences in distribution and density, AVAs play a more significant role in thermoregulation in the northern fur seal than in the California sea lion.", "contents": "Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. II. The California sea lion Zalophus californianus and the northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae). The structure, distribution and density of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) were studied in body and flipper skin of a California sea lion and a nothern fur seal. In both animals AVAs consisted of arterial, intermediate and venous segments, and were generally larger and more tortuous in the sea lion than in the fur seal. In the sea lion the majority of AVAs (72%) occurred in the deeper region of the dermis, and the density was significantly greater in the flippers than in the body. In the northern fur seal most AVAs (76%) occurred in the superficial region of the dermis; the density of AVAs in flipper skin was significantly higher than in body skin, and the density in the hind flipper was significantly greater than in the foreflipper. Arteriovenous anastomoses are important in the regulation of body temperature in seals; when these animals are on land, AVAs function to dissipate body heat, and vascular thermoregulation occurs in the flippers but notover the general body surface. Due to differences in distribution and density, AVAs play a more significant role in thermoregulation in the northern fur seal than in the California sea lion.", "PMID": 666020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10960", "title": "Spermiogenesis in Nautilus pompilius. II. Sertoli cell-spermatid junctional complexes.", "content": "A \"ball and socket-like\" junction between branches of the Sertoli cells and the developing spermatids is described. A cytoplasmic extension of the Sertoli cell fits into a pocket in the spermatid and has a constricted neck region. Frequently there are large multivesiculate bodies in the Sertoli cell extension and small vesicles frequently appear in the spermatid cytoplasm, in the area of the \"ball and socket-like\" junction. This suggests the possibility that there may be communication of materials between the two cells. The possible function of the junctions is discussed and it is concluded that they more likely have a role in nutrition than in coordination.", "contents": "Spermiogenesis in Nautilus pompilius. II. Sertoli cell-spermatid junctional complexes. A \"ball and socket-like\" junction between branches of the Sertoli cells and the developing spermatids is described. A cytoplasmic extension of the Sertoli cell fits into a pocket in the spermatid and has a constricted neck region. Frequently there are large multivesiculate bodies in the Sertoli cell extension and small vesicles frequently appear in the spermatid cytoplasm, in the area of the \"ball and socket-like\" junction. This suggests the possibility that there may be communication of materials between the two cells. The possible function of the junctions is discussed and it is concluded that they more likely have a role in nutrition than in coordination.", "PMID": 666021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10961", "title": "Blood pressure support during general anesthesia in a renin-dependent state in the rat.", "content": "Previous work had shown that halothane and enflurane at 1 MAC and ketamine, 125 mg/kg, did not increase plasma renin activity (PRA) in the normal sodium-replete rat. To investigate the renin-angiotensin system with increased PRA, 25 rats were fed a low-sodium diet for five to seven days and divided into four groups: awake; halothane, 1.26 vol per cent; enflurane, 1.75 vol per cent; ketamine, 125 mg/kg, intramuscularly. The protocol consisted of a two-hour awake period, then an hour of stable anesthesia, followed by 30 min infusion of saralasin, an angiotensin II competitive inhibitor. An additional 18 rats had PRA measured by radioimmunoassay before and after an hour of stable anesthesia. Stable anesthesia decreased mean arterial pressure from 122 +/- 2 to 69 +/- 4 torr for the halothane group, 70 +/- 3 torr for the enflurane group, and 103 +/- 7 torr for the ketamine group. When saralasin was infused for 30 min, blood pressure decreased to 100 +/- 3 torr for the awake group, 40 +/- 1 torr for the halothane group, 44 +/- 2 torr for the enflurane group, and 73 +/- 3 torr for the ketamine group. PRA increased from 4.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml/hr for sodium-replete rats to 12.9 +/- 1.7 ng/ml/hr for sodium-depleted rats. After an hour of stable anesthesia, PRA increased in all the anesthetized groups. The authors conclude that the anesthetic agents studied increase renin release in the sodium-depleted rat. The initial renin level may be important in determining whether changes in renin release occur with anesthetic agents.", "contents": "Blood pressure support during general anesthesia in a renin-dependent state in the rat. Previous work had shown that halothane and enflurane at 1 MAC and ketamine, 125 mg/kg, did not increase plasma renin activity (PRA) in the normal sodium-replete rat. To investigate the renin-angiotensin system with increased PRA, 25 rats were fed a low-sodium diet for five to seven days and divided into four groups: awake; halothane, 1.26 vol per cent; enflurane, 1.75 vol per cent; ketamine, 125 mg/kg, intramuscularly. The protocol consisted of a two-hour awake period, then an hour of stable anesthesia, followed by 30 min infusion of saralasin, an angiotensin II competitive inhibitor. An additional 18 rats had PRA measured by radioimmunoassay before and after an hour of stable anesthesia. Stable anesthesia decreased mean arterial pressure from 122 +/- 2 to 69 +/- 4 torr for the halothane group, 70 +/- 3 torr for the enflurane group, and 103 +/- 7 torr for the ketamine group. When saralasin was infused for 30 min, blood pressure decreased to 100 +/- 3 torr for the awake group, 40 +/- 1 torr for the halothane group, 44 +/- 2 torr for the enflurane group, and 73 +/- 3 torr for the ketamine group. PRA increased from 4.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml/hr for sodium-replete rats to 12.9 +/- 1.7 ng/ml/hr for sodium-depleted rats. After an hour of stable anesthesia, PRA increased in all the anesthetized groups. The authors conclude that the anesthetic agents studied increase renin release in the sodium-depleted rat. The initial renin level may be important in determining whether changes in renin release occur with anesthetic agents.", "PMID": 666023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10962", "title": "Physical characteristics of and rates of nitrous oxide diffusion into tracheal tube cuffs.", "content": "Physical characteristics and time-related volume changes in air-inflated tracheal tube cuffs exposed to nitrous oxide were measured in an environmental chamber. Cuff wall diameter, thickness, residual volume, and length were also measured. Gas volumes in most air-inflated tracheal tube cuffs increased 1.7 to 7 ml within 30 min of exposure to pure nitrous oxide. Diffusion rates into most cuffs varied inversely with cuff thickness and directly with the partial pressure of nitrous oxide. There were significant differences in diffusion rates among cuffs of the same composition with different densities or porosities as well as among cuffs of different compositions. Cuff diameters ranged from 13.8 to 32 mm; thicknesses from .033 to .55 mm; residual volumes from .22 to 19.4 ml; lengths from 23.1 to 49.1 mm. Intracuff volume and pressure increase related to gas diffusion into air-inflated cuffs should be periodically adjusted or pressure automatically controlled during nitrous oxide anesthesia. Large-diameter, thin-walled cuffs are recommended.", "contents": "Physical characteristics of and rates of nitrous oxide diffusion into tracheal tube cuffs. Physical characteristics and time-related volume changes in air-inflated tracheal tube cuffs exposed to nitrous oxide were measured in an environmental chamber. Cuff wall diameter, thickness, residual volume, and length were also measured. Gas volumes in most air-inflated tracheal tube cuffs increased 1.7 to 7 ml within 30 min of exposure to pure nitrous oxide. Diffusion rates into most cuffs varied inversely with cuff thickness and directly with the partial pressure of nitrous oxide. There were significant differences in diffusion rates among cuffs of the same composition with different densities or porosities as well as among cuffs of different compositions. Cuff diameters ranged from 13.8 to 32 mm; thicknesses from .033 to .55 mm; residual volumes from .22 to 19.4 ml; lengths from 23.1 to 49.1 mm. Intracuff volume and pressure increase related to gas diffusion into air-inflated cuffs should be periodically adjusted or pressure automatically controlled during nitrous oxide anesthesia. Large-diameter, thin-walled cuffs are recommended.", "PMID": 666024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10963", "title": "Hemodynamic responses to low doses of naloxone after narcotic-nitrous oxide anesthesia.", "content": "Hemodynamic responses to reversal of phenoperidine-nitrous oxide anesthesia were studied in 14 adult patients before and after naloxone administration (1.5 +/- 0.25 microgram/kg), and, at comparable intervals, in 11 control patients who were permitted to resume respiration spontaneously. Naloxone reversal resulted in significant increases in heart rate (31%), cardiac index (50%), left ventricular stroke work index (53%), and systemic blood pressure (21%), compared with initial values. The heart rate-systolic arterial pressure product, an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption, increased significantly (77%). However, changes of similar magnitude occurred after spontaneous recovery in control patients, in whom the only significant treatment-related difference was a longer recovery time. Whether naloxone is used or not, the observed hemodynamic changes may be harmful to patients who have diminished cardiac reserve.", "contents": "Hemodynamic responses to low doses of naloxone after narcotic-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Hemodynamic responses to reversal of phenoperidine-nitrous oxide anesthesia were studied in 14 adult patients before and after naloxone administration (1.5 +/- 0.25 microgram/kg), and, at comparable intervals, in 11 control patients who were permitted to resume respiration spontaneously. Naloxone reversal resulted in significant increases in heart rate (31%), cardiac index (50%), left ventricular stroke work index (53%), and systemic blood pressure (21%), compared with initial values. The heart rate-systolic arterial pressure product, an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption, increased significantly (77%). However, changes of similar magnitude occurred after spontaneous recovery in control patients, in whom the only significant treatment-related difference was a longer recovery time. Whether naloxone is used or not, the observed hemodynamic changes may be harmful to patients who have diminished cardiac reserve.", "PMID": 666033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10964", "title": "Sodium cyanide antagonism of the vasodilator action of sodium nitroprusside in theisolated rabbit aortic strip.", "content": "Resistance to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is uncommon, but its occurrence has led to massive overdoses of SNP and sometimes death. To examine the mechanism responsible for resistance, aortic smooth muscle strips were prepared and dose-response curves for norepinephrine (NE) obtained. SNP alone caused a shift of the dose-response curve for NE to the right. However, this shift was less when the strips were exposed to both SNP and sodium cyanide (CN-). When CN- alone was added to the aortic strips, the response to NE was unchanged. In a further group of aortic muscle strips first contracted with NE and then relaxed with SNP, the addition of CN- caused the muscles to contract again. It is concluded that CN- antagonizes the action of SNP in vitro, and that this antagonism is specific for SNP.", "contents": "Sodium cyanide antagonism of the vasodilator action of sodium nitroprusside in theisolated rabbit aortic strip. Resistance to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is uncommon, but its occurrence has led to massive overdoses of SNP and sometimes death. To examine the mechanism responsible for resistance, aortic smooth muscle strips were prepared and dose-response curves for norepinephrine (NE) obtained. SNP alone caused a shift of the dose-response curve for NE to the right. However, this shift was less when the strips were exposed to both SNP and sodium cyanide (CN-). When CN- alone was added to the aortic strips, the response to NE was unchanged. In a further group of aortic muscle strips first contracted with NE and then relaxed with SNP, the addition of CN- caused the muscles to contract again. It is concluded that CN- antagonizes the action of SNP in vitro, and that this antagonism is specific for SNP.", "PMID": 666034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10965", "title": "Naloxone does not antagonize general anesthesia in the rat.", "content": "The administration of naloxone 2, 10, 50, or 250 mg/kg intravenously did not alter halothane requirement (MAC) in Sprague-Dawley rats (12 per group). Two rats convulsed when given 50 mg/kg while anesthetized with halothane. In a separate group of awake rats, seven of nine animals convulsed when given naloxone, 100 mg/kg. It is concluded that any effect of naloxone on anesthetic requirement must be small (not significant in our study), and that if an effect exists it is the result of a nonspecific analeptic action of naloxone rather than a specific action at opiate receptors.", "contents": "Naloxone does not antagonize general anesthesia in the rat. The administration of naloxone 2, 10, 50, or 250 mg/kg intravenously did not alter halothane requirement (MAC) in Sprague-Dawley rats (12 per group). Two rats convulsed when given 50 mg/kg while anesthetized with halothane. In a separate group of awake rats, seven of nine animals convulsed when given naloxone, 100 mg/kg. It is concluded that any effect of naloxone on anesthetic requirement must be small (not significant in our study), and that if an effect exists it is the result of a nonspecific analeptic action of naloxone rather than a specific action at opiate receptors.", "PMID": 666036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10966", "title": "Naloxone has no effect on nitrous oxide anesthesia.", "content": "It has been reported that naloxone antagonizes general anesthesia in rats when the tail clamp is used as a painful stimulus to assess anesthesia. The authors' hypothesis is that this antagonism is to the analgesic component of anesthesia only, and that anesthesia assessed by a non-painful stimulus would not be antagonized by naloxone. Therefore, the anesthetic potency of nitrous oxide in mice was measured using loss of the righting reflex as a non-painful stimulus. Naloxone, 2 and 16 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, failed to antagonize nitrous oxide anesthesia measured 14--39 min after injection. Thus, 19 min after injection of naloxone, 2 mg/kg, the nitrous oxide ED50 was 1.25 +/- 0.0600 atm (n = 35), compared with 1.19 +/- 0.059 atm (n = 35) after injection of saline solution (control). Following naloxone, 16 mg/kg, the nitrous oxide ED50 was 1.18 +/- 0.059 atm (n =35), compared with 1.22 +/- 0.059 atm (n = 35) for saline solution. At neither dose of naloxone was the ED50 different from the control ED50, a finding that supports the author's hypothesis.", "contents": "Naloxone has no effect on nitrous oxide anesthesia. It has been reported that naloxone antagonizes general anesthesia in rats when the tail clamp is used as a painful stimulus to assess anesthesia. The authors' hypothesis is that this antagonism is to the analgesic component of anesthesia only, and that anesthesia assessed by a non-painful stimulus would not be antagonized by naloxone. Therefore, the anesthetic potency of nitrous oxide in mice was measured using loss of the righting reflex as a non-painful stimulus. Naloxone, 2 and 16 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, failed to antagonize nitrous oxide anesthesia measured 14--39 min after injection. Thus, 19 min after injection of naloxone, 2 mg/kg, the nitrous oxide ED50 was 1.25 +/- 0.0600 atm (n = 35), compared with 1.19 +/- 0.059 atm (n = 35) after injection of saline solution (control). Following naloxone, 16 mg/kg, the nitrous oxide ED50 was 1.18 +/- 0.059 atm (n =35), compared with 1.22 +/- 0.059 atm (n = 35) for saline solution. At neither dose of naloxone was the ED50 different from the control ED50, a finding that supports the author's hypothesis.", "PMID": 666051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10967", "title": "Naloxone fails to antagonize the righting response in rats anesthetized with halothane.", "content": "The righting responses of 75 Wistar rats during exposure to halothane, 0.5 per cent, 10 min after subcutaneous injection of naloxone, 10 or 20 mg/kg, or saline solution were examined. There was no difference in recoveries of the righting responses among the three groups. It is concluded that naloxone does not antagonize the loss of righting response produced by halothane anesthesia in the rat.", "contents": "Naloxone fails to antagonize the righting response in rats anesthetized with halothane. The righting responses of 75 Wistar rats during exposure to halothane, 0.5 per cent, 10 min after subcutaneous injection of naloxone, 10 or 20 mg/kg, or saline solution were examined. There was no difference in recoveries of the righting responses among the three groups. It is concluded that naloxone does not antagonize the loss of righting response produced by halothane anesthesia in the rat.", "PMID": 666054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10968", "title": "Plasma levels of testosterone and male sexual behaviour in strains of the house mouse (Mus musculus).", "content": "This paper investigates whether differences in measures of sexual behaviour between strains of the house mouse (Mus musculus) are related to differences in the levels of plasma testosterone. There was found to be a significant negative correlation between measures of sexual behaviour and plasma testosterone. This correlation was not behaviourally mediated, and could be demonstrated for some of the behavioural measures in an F2 generation.", "contents": "Plasma levels of testosterone and male sexual behaviour in strains of the house mouse (Mus musculus). This paper investigates whether differences in measures of sexual behaviour between strains of the house mouse (Mus musculus) are related to differences in the levels of plasma testosterone. There was found to be a significant negative correlation between measures of sexual behaviour and plasma testosterone. This correlation was not behaviourally mediated, and could be demonstrated for some of the behavioural measures in an F2 generation.", "PMID": 666055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10969", "title": "Spectral sensitivity and colour vision in the ground-dwelling sciurids: results from golden mantled ground squirrels and comparisons for five species.", "content": "Behavioural measurements of several indices of visual sensitivity and colour vision for the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) are reported. The spectral sensitivity functions for this animal show a change from having a single peak at about 520 nm to having a strongly bipartite appearance with peaks at about 540 and 460 nm as the level of light adaptation is increased from low to higher levels. Discrimination tests reveal that these squirrels have dichromatic colour vision with spectral neutral points centered at 507.5 nm. Comparisons are made of the visual capacities of five species of ground-dwelling sciurids, all of which have been tested in the same situations. These comparisons indicate that: (1) the retinas of all of these species contain a small number of functional rods in addition to a much more obvious cone population; (2) the spectral sensitivity functions of these species do not show systematic variations; (3) the cone pigments found in the retinas of these animals have sensitivity peaks at about 440 and 525 nm; (4) all of these species have dichromatic colour vision; (5) there is no evidence for systematic differences in visual sensitivity or colour vision among these five species.", "contents": "Spectral sensitivity and colour vision in the ground-dwelling sciurids: results from golden mantled ground squirrels and comparisons for five species. Behavioural measurements of several indices of visual sensitivity and colour vision for the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) are reported. The spectral sensitivity functions for this animal show a change from having a single peak at about 520 nm to having a strongly bipartite appearance with peaks at about 540 and 460 nm as the level of light adaptation is increased from low to higher levels. Discrimination tests reveal that these squirrels have dichromatic colour vision with spectral neutral points centered at 507.5 nm. Comparisons are made of the visual capacities of five species of ground-dwelling sciurids, all of which have been tested in the same situations. These comparisons indicate that: (1) the retinas of all of these species contain a small number of functional rods in addition to a much more obvious cone population; (2) the spectral sensitivity functions of these species do not show systematic variations; (3) the cone pigments found in the retinas of these animals have sensitivity peaks at about 440 and 525 nm; (4) all of these species have dichromatic colour vision; (5) there is no evidence for systematic differences in visual sensitivity or colour vision among these five species.", "PMID": 666056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10970", "title": "The influence of corticotherapy on mitogen induced lymphocytotoxicity in bronchial asthma.", "content": "In a previous study the hyperreactive lymphocytes in bronchial asthma (BA) have been documented by mitogen induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity (MICC). Since MICC was considerably low in patients receiving substantial doses of steroids, further investigation was conducted. BA patients were divided into three groups: the first was given daily steroids, the second was given steroids on alternate days and the third consisted of a longitudinal follow-up study on the same individual being on different doses of steroids. Mixture of blood lymphocytes, phytohemagglutinin and Cr51 labeled target cells (P815/DBA2) were incubated in ratio 10:1 for 12 hours. Subsequently the cytotoxic potential of effector lymphocytes was detected by measuring the Cr51 in the supernatant of reacting cells. It was observed that cytotoxic correction index (CCI = Patient/Control Cytotoxic Index) was significantly lower among those in the first group and when the dose of Prednisone or its equivalent exceeded 40 mg/day. Comparison of the CCI between patients from the first and second groups supports alternate day corticotherapy in BA. Considerable fluctuation of CCI was apparent in the third group. Selected high doses of steroids suppressed MICC. This effect is reversible and offers a new practical in vitro guidance for monitoring an adequate dose of steroids in vivo.", "contents": "The influence of corticotherapy on mitogen induced lymphocytotoxicity in bronchial asthma. In a previous study the hyperreactive lymphocytes in bronchial asthma (BA) have been documented by mitogen induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity (MICC). Since MICC was considerably low in patients receiving substantial doses of steroids, further investigation was conducted. BA patients were divided into three groups: the first was given daily steroids, the second was given steroids on alternate days and the third consisted of a longitudinal follow-up study on the same individual being on different doses of steroids. Mixture of blood lymphocytes, phytohemagglutinin and Cr51 labeled target cells (P815/DBA2) were incubated in ratio 10:1 for 12 hours. Subsequently the cytotoxic potential of effector lymphocytes was detected by measuring the Cr51 in the supernatant of reacting cells. It was observed that cytotoxic correction index (CCI = Patient/Control Cytotoxic Index) was significantly lower among those in the first group and when the dose of Prednisone or its equivalent exceeded 40 mg/day. Comparison of the CCI between patients from the first and second groups supports alternate day corticotherapy in BA. Considerable fluctuation of CCI was apparent in the third group. Selected high doses of steroids suppressed MICC. This effect is reversible and offers a new practical in vitro guidance for monitoring an adequate dose of steroids in vivo.", "PMID": 666058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10971", "title": "On respirable organic antigens, mattresses and some idiopathic lung diseases.", "content": "In surveying the environment of workers in a mattress factory thermophilic actinomycetes as well as phycomycetes and aspergillus species were isolated readily from work room dust, finished bat, sissal and the interior of baled linters. Those persons working with cotton products were shown to have a heavy, daily exposure to organisms known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The authors suggest that further study of the inhaled antigens to which cotton workers are exposed is indicated before discarding immunologic mechanisms to explain the development of byssinosis and other pulmonary disorders to which such workers are subject.", "contents": "On respirable organic antigens, mattresses and some idiopathic lung diseases. In surveying the environment of workers in a mattress factory thermophilic actinomycetes as well as phycomycetes and aspergillus species were isolated readily from work room dust, finished bat, sissal and the interior of baled linters. Those persons working with cotton products were shown to have a heavy, daily exposure to organisms known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The authors suggest that further study of the inhaled antigens to which cotton workers are exposed is indicated before discarding immunologic mechanisms to explain the development of byssinosis and other pulmonary disorders to which such workers are subject.", "PMID": 666059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10972", "title": "Use of a chemically defined diet in the diagnosis of food sensitivities and the determination of offending foods.", "content": "A chemically defined diet of low allergenicity was used to provide complete nutritional support for a week in a referred group of 27 patients. Food-sensitive patients remitted 70% of their allergy symptoms, supporting a diagnosis of dominant food etiology. For those the diet was continued while selected foods were orally challenged. Safe diets were thus established in about three weeks of largely patient-executed effort. Patients without remission were given concentrated attention toward establishing other etiologies. Remission was thus achieved in 85% of the cases.", "contents": "Use of a chemically defined diet in the diagnosis of food sensitivities and the determination of offending foods. A chemically defined diet of low allergenicity was used to provide complete nutritional support for a week in a referred group of 27 patients. Food-sensitive patients remitted 70% of their allergy symptoms, supporting a diagnosis of dominant food etiology. For those the diet was continued while selected foods were orally challenged. Safe diets were thus established in about three weeks of largely patient-executed effort. Patients without remission were given concentrated attention toward establishing other etiologies. Remission was thus achieved in 85% of the cases.", "PMID": 666060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10973", "title": "Correlation of RAST and provocation tests for diagnosing allergic asthma and rhinitis.", "content": "252 bronchial (BPT) and 346 nasal (NPT) provocation tests were done. A positive RAST coincided with a positive BPT in 81% and a positive NPT in 82% of the cases. When RAST was negative the BPT's were positive in 33% and NPT's in 54% of trials. Contrary to the NPT's the RAST and the BPT's agreed well in different allergen groups, excepting mold provocation.", "contents": "Correlation of RAST and provocation tests for diagnosing allergic asthma and rhinitis. 252 bronchial (BPT) and 346 nasal (NPT) provocation tests were done. A positive RAST coincided with a positive BPT in 81% and a positive NPT in 82% of the cases. When RAST was negative the BPT's were positive in 33% and NPT's in 54% of trials. Contrary to the NPT's the RAST and the BPT's agreed well in different allergen groups, excepting mold provocation.", "PMID": 666061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10974", "title": "Late and delayed responses of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge.", "content": "In 600 patients suffering from allergic rhinitis the possible existence of another type of allergic reaction of the nasal mucosa other than Type I (immediate) was investigated by means of nasal provocation tests with allergens. Late response of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge indicated that Type III hypersensitivity might be involved. Delayed reactions also made Type IV suspect.", "contents": "Late and delayed responses of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge. In 600 patients suffering from allergic rhinitis the possible existence of another type of allergic reaction of the nasal mucosa other than Type I (immediate) was investigated by means of nasal provocation tests with allergens. Late response of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge indicated that Type III hypersensitivity might be involved. Delayed reactions also made Type IV suspect.", "PMID": 666065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10975", "title": "Natural and synthetic fibers as causes of asthma and rhinitis.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-six textile workers were tested with natural fibers; 97 were tested with synthetic fibers. By inhalation testing 20% were positive to both types of fibers; by nasal provocative testing 30% were positive. There was a close correlation between the size of the wheals in the prick tests and the percentage of fiber challenge tests. Fiber provocation tests and metacholine tests did not display any conformity with each other. The authors feel that synthetic fibers may act as haptens and cause Type I or IgE-mediated allergy and both natural and synthetic fibers should be considered important causes of occupational asthma among textile workers.", "contents": "Natural and synthetic fibers as causes of asthma and rhinitis. One hundred and thirty-six textile workers were tested with natural fibers; 97 were tested with synthetic fibers. By inhalation testing 20% were positive to both types of fibers; by nasal provocative testing 30% were positive. There was a close correlation between the size of the wheals in the prick tests and the percentage of fiber challenge tests. Fiber provocation tests and metacholine tests did not display any conformity with each other. The authors feel that synthetic fibers may act as haptens and cause Type I or IgE-mediated allergy and both natural and synthetic fibers should be considered important causes of occupational asthma among textile workers.", "PMID": 666066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10976", "title": "[Malignant hemangiopericytoma. Apropos of the ultrastructural and histoenzymological analysis of a case].", "content": "The histoenzymological and ultrastructural study of a haemangipericytoma with the clinical and histological characteristics of malignancy led to the identification within the tumour, in addition to pericytes and more differentiated cells, fibroblastic or muscular, of younger cells. The latter, arranged in cords undergo multiple appearances of transformation to result in a double maturation, at one and the same time pericytic and angio-endothelial, rarely seen up to the present in haemangipericytomas.", "contents": "[Malignant hemangiopericytoma. Apropos of the ultrastructural and histoenzymological analysis of a case]. The histoenzymological and ultrastructural study of a haemangipericytoma with the clinical and histological characteristics of malignancy led to the identification within the tumour, in addition to pericytes and more differentiated cells, fibroblastic or muscular, of younger cells. The latter, arranged in cords undergo multiple appearances of transformation to result in a double maturation, at one and the same time pericytic and angio-endothelial, rarely seen up to the present in haemangipericytomas.", "PMID": 666070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10977", "title": "[Stages of carcinogenesis of experimental colonic tumors induced with 1-2 dimethylhydrazine].", "content": "The authors poisoned 500 female Wistar rats with a dialy dose of 15 mg/kg, The total dose ranged from 15 mg/kg to 420 mg/kg, according to the group. The animals were either killed when the dose defined for each group and been reached, or allowed to live. In a first series of 6 groups (120 animals), the following facts were noted: tumours deeveloped in all animals left alive, after 28 weeks (total dose of 1/2 D.M.H. = 420 MG/KG). Changes in the mucosa were seen from the 40th day on with, in the descending colon, a punctate abnormality involving two or three glandular tubes, in general at the summit of the folds. This abnormality consisted of basophilia of the upper part of the tubes, with a loss of mucus secretion. All transitional stages were seen between this lesion, hyperplasia of the apex of the tubes, the formation of \"polyp seeds\" and the appearance of polyps. Carcinomas most frequently developed in polyps but sometimes in flat mucosa. In the ascending colon, changes in mucosecretion were seen after a similar time delay at the base of the glandular crypts.", "contents": "[Stages of carcinogenesis of experimental colonic tumors induced with 1-2 dimethylhydrazine]. The authors poisoned 500 female Wistar rats with a dialy dose of 15 mg/kg, The total dose ranged from 15 mg/kg to 420 mg/kg, according to the group. The animals were either killed when the dose defined for each group and been reached, or allowed to live. In a first series of 6 groups (120 animals), the following facts were noted: tumours deeveloped in all animals left alive, after 28 weeks (total dose of 1/2 D.M.H. = 420 MG/KG). Changes in the mucosa were seen from the 40th day on with, in the descending colon, a punctate abnormality involving two or three glandular tubes, in general at the summit of the folds. This abnormality consisted of basophilia of the upper part of the tubes, with a loss of mucus secretion. All transitional stages were seen between this lesion, hyperplasia of the apex of the tubes, the formation of \"polyp seeds\" and the appearance of polyps. Carcinomas most frequently developed in polyps but sometimes in flat mucosa. In the ascending colon, changes in mucosecretion were seen after a similar time delay at the base of the glandular crypts.", "PMID": 666071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10978", "title": "[Angiomyolipoma of the kidney. 2 new cases of symptomatic tumors].", "content": "The authors present two observations of angiomyolipoma of the kidney one of which bilateral and multicentric. They analyse the clinical manifestations and the morphologic features of these tumors in a review of the litterature and insist on the frequency and the seriousness of hemorragic complications that may result in medical emergencies. The histogenesis of these hamartomas is considered and the underlying genetic disorders are discussed. The surgical treatment is discussed in considering the possible bilateral localizations and the common age incidence with Grawitz's tumor. The authors admit the benign nature of angiomyolipomas and give little credit to frozen-section diagnosis because of the frequent occurence of cellular atypias in these tumors.", "contents": "[Angiomyolipoma of the kidney. 2 new cases of symptomatic tumors]. The authors present two observations of angiomyolipoma of the kidney one of which bilateral and multicentric. They analyse the clinical manifestations and the morphologic features of these tumors in a review of the litterature and insist on the frequency and the seriousness of hemorragic complications that may result in medical emergencies. The histogenesis of these hamartomas is considered and the underlying genetic disorders are discussed. The surgical treatment is discussed in considering the possible bilateral localizations and the common age incidence with Grawitz's tumor. The authors admit the benign nature of angiomyolipomas and give little credit to frozen-section diagnosis because of the frequent occurence of cellular atypias in these tumors.", "PMID": 666072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10979", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of a case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia].", "content": "Ultrastructural study of a case of fibrous dysplasia taken together with the rare data in the literature confirmed that the morphological characteristics of this lesion consist of a typical appearance of \"woven bone\", irregularly mineralised, containing osteocytes and bordered by osteoblasts, clearly distinct from fibroblasts. The cell elements are invariably endowed with a large microbrillary cytoplasmic brush, apparently made up of scleroproteins and showing the usual ultrastructural characteristics associated with low metabolic activity. The presence of myofibroblasts is unlikely. The numerous mastocytes seen by light microscopy show a large number of \"rosette\" granulation at electrom microscopy, which distinguishes them from the mastocytes seen in osseous modelling. These morphological data provide no decisive argument in favour of the truly dysplasic nature of this lesion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of a case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia]. Ultrastructural study of a case of fibrous dysplasia taken together with the rare data in the literature confirmed that the morphological characteristics of this lesion consist of a typical appearance of \"woven bone\", irregularly mineralised, containing osteocytes and bordered by osteoblasts, clearly distinct from fibroblasts. The cell elements are invariably endowed with a large microbrillary cytoplasmic brush, apparently made up of scleroproteins and showing the usual ultrastructural characteristics associated with low metabolic activity. The presence of myofibroblasts is unlikely. The numerous mastocytes seen by light microscopy show a large number of \"rosette\" granulation at electrom microscopy, which distinguishes them from the mastocytes seen in osseous modelling. These morphological data provide no decisive argument in favour of the truly dysplasic nature of this lesion.", "PMID": 666073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10980", "title": "Albendazole therapy for experimentally induced Paragonimus kellicotti infection in cats.", "content": "The effect of albendazole therapy was studied in 6 cats with pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by experimental inoculation of metacercariae (25/cat) of Paragonimus kellicotti. At 76 to 101 days after they were inoculated, 5 cats were administered an oral aqueous suspension of albendazole in 2 divided doses totaling 20 mg (2 cats), 50 mg (1 cat), or 100 mg (2 cats)/kg of body weight each day for 14 to 21 days. The 6th cat (control) was not administered albendazole. Nine days after cats were given the 50- and 100-mg/kg dosages, Paragonimus ova were not seen in the feces of 3 cats. There was marked reduction in ova production in the feces of the 2 cats administered 20 mg/kg of albendazole. Live flukes were not recovered from the lungs of 3 cats necropsied 4 or 5 weeks after dosing with 50 or 100 mg/kg, but the lungs of the 2 cats administered 20 mg of albendazole/kg yielded 9 and 7 apparently viable flukes. Seventeen live flukes were recovered from the control cat not treated with albendazole. In 4 noninoculated normal cats administered 20 mg (1 cat), 100 mg (1 cat), and 200 mg (2 cats) of albendazole/kg of body weight each day for 14 days, there were no gross or microscopic lesions attributable to the drug.", "contents": "Albendazole therapy for experimentally induced Paragonimus kellicotti infection in cats. The effect of albendazole therapy was studied in 6 cats with pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by experimental inoculation of metacercariae (25/cat) of Paragonimus kellicotti. At 76 to 101 days after they were inoculated, 5 cats were administered an oral aqueous suspension of albendazole in 2 divided doses totaling 20 mg (2 cats), 50 mg (1 cat), or 100 mg (2 cats)/kg of body weight each day for 14 to 21 days. The 6th cat (control) was not administered albendazole. Nine days after cats were given the 50- and 100-mg/kg dosages, Paragonimus ova were not seen in the feces of 3 cats. There was marked reduction in ova production in the feces of the 2 cats administered 20 mg/kg of albendazole. Live flukes were not recovered from the lungs of 3 cats necropsied 4 or 5 weeks after dosing with 50 or 100 mg/kg, but the lungs of the 2 cats administered 20 mg of albendazole/kg yielded 9 and 7 apparently viable flukes. Seventeen live flukes were recovered from the control cat not treated with albendazole. In 4 noninoculated normal cats administered 20 mg (1 cat), 100 mg (1 cat), and 200 mg (2 cats) of albendazole/kg of body weight each day for 14 days, there were no gross or microscopic lesions attributable to the drug.", "PMID": 666077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10981", "title": "Tetrachlorvinphos as an ineffective feed additive in control of gastrointestinal nematodes of beef cattle.", "content": "Tetrachlorvinphos was evaluated for anthelmintic efficacy as a feed additive against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Tetrachlorvinphos was added to the mineral mixture of medicated cattle (n = 13) at the rate of 1.6 mg/day/kg of body weight for a 29-week period beginning May 2, 1975. Data suggest that the level of parasitism, as estimated by the number of nematode eggs per gram of feces, was not reduced by the addition of tetrachlorvinphos to the mineral mixture of medicated cattle. Results obtained from identification and quantification of nematodes recovered at necropsy from 6 medicated and 6 nonmedicated control heifers indicated that tetrachlorvinphos was ineffective as an anthelmintic against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.", "contents": "Tetrachlorvinphos as an ineffective feed additive in control of gastrointestinal nematodes of beef cattle. Tetrachlorvinphos was evaluated for anthelmintic efficacy as a feed additive against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Tetrachlorvinphos was added to the mineral mixture of medicated cattle (n = 13) at the rate of 1.6 mg/day/kg of body weight for a 29-week period beginning May 2, 1975. Data suggest that the level of parasitism, as estimated by the number of nematode eggs per gram of feces, was not reduced by the addition of tetrachlorvinphos to the mineral mixture of medicated cattle. Results obtained from identification and quantification of nematodes recovered at necropsy from 6 medicated and 6 nonmedicated control heifers indicated that tetrachlorvinphos was ineffective as an anthelmintic against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.", "PMID": 666078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10982", "title": "Evaluation of fenbendazole as an anthelmintic for gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.", "content": "Calves naturally infected with Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Cooperia were used in a controlled experiment to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole, methyl-5-(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, and to compare this with the efficacy of levamisole. The calves were placed in dry lots for approximately 3 weeks, ensuring that immature Ostertagia larvae were in arrested development before the calves were treated. In calves given doses of 8 mg of levamisole/kg of body weight and 5 and 7.5 mg of fenbendazole/kg, reductions of adult Ostertagia were 95%, 99%, and 99% respectively. Reductions of developing Ostertagia L4 were 29%, 99%, and 100%; of arrested Ostertagia L4--5%, 24%, and 72%; of adult Haemonchus--97%, 100%, and 100%; of adult Trichostrongylus--97%, 99%, and 100%, and of adult Cooperia--100%, 100%, and 100%--as compared with data in untreated controls.", "contents": "Evaluation of fenbendazole as an anthelmintic for gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Calves naturally infected with Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Cooperia were used in a controlled experiment to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole, methyl-5-(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, and to compare this with the efficacy of levamisole. The calves were placed in dry lots for approximately 3 weeks, ensuring that immature Ostertagia larvae were in arrested development before the calves were treated. In calves given doses of 8 mg of levamisole/kg of body weight and 5 and 7.5 mg of fenbendazole/kg, reductions of adult Ostertagia were 95%, 99%, and 99% respectively. Reductions of developing Ostertagia L4 were 29%, 99%, and 100%; of arrested Ostertagia L4--5%, 24%, and 72%; of adult Haemonchus--97%, 100%, and 100%; of adult Trichostrongylus--97%, 99%, and 100%, and of adult Cooperia--100%, 100%, and 100%--as compared with data in untreated controls.", "PMID": 666079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10983", "title": "In vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes: analysis of variation of lymphocyte blastogenic response in normal dairy cattle.", "content": "Lymphocyte immunostimulation tests were performed on 12 lactating dairy cows once every 2 weeks for 1 year. The results indicated that the greatest response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens occurred in 4- to 6-year-old cows in the month of August and in cows at 2 months before the end of the gestation and again at 1 month after parturition. The least lymphocyte mitogenic response was shown in 7- to 9-year-old cows in the month of February or at parturition and 2 to 4 months after parturition. The magnitude of variations in lymphocyte blastogenic response is reported.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes: analysis of variation of lymphocyte blastogenic response in normal dairy cattle. Lymphocyte immunostimulation tests were performed on 12 lactating dairy cows once every 2 weeks for 1 year. The results indicated that the greatest response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens occurred in 4- to 6-year-old cows in the month of August and in cows at 2 months before the end of the gestation and again at 1 month after parturition. The least lymphocyte mitogenic response was shown in 7- to 9-year-old cows in the month of February or at parturition and 2 to 4 months after parturition. The magnitude of variations in lymphocyte blastogenic response is reported.", "PMID": 666080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10984", "title": "Correlation between antler and long bone relative bone mass and circulating androgens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).", "content": "The relationship between serum androgen concentrations and relative density changes in the antlers and long bones of male deer was determined. Four male white-tailed deer were sampled 2 times a week during the antler-growing period. Serum androgen values were determined by radioimmunoassay, and relative bone mass (RBM) coefficients were determined by radiograph densitometry. As circulating androgen concentrations increased over the antler-growing period, the RBM coefficients of the antler increased from a mean of 18.5 (+/- 1.96 SD) to a mean of 57.7 (+/- 2.74) at 2 weeks after \"rubout.\" Concurrently, the RBM coefficients of the metacarpus decreased from a mean of 52.0 (+/- 1.92) to a mean of 46.4 (+/- 1.86). There were positive correlation between increasing androgen concentrations and increasing antler RBM and negative correlation between androgens and decreasing metacarpus RBM. Antler RBM coefficients continued to increase after rubout, but metacarpus RBM did not change after rubout. Two castrated deer were injected subcutaneously with 1 g of testosterone and sampled every other day. Similar but smaller changes occurred in RBM values of the metacarpus and developing antler.", "contents": "Correlation between antler and long bone relative bone mass and circulating androgens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The relationship between serum androgen concentrations and relative density changes in the antlers and long bones of male deer was determined. Four male white-tailed deer were sampled 2 times a week during the antler-growing period. Serum androgen values were determined by radioimmunoassay, and relative bone mass (RBM) coefficients were determined by radiograph densitometry. As circulating androgen concentrations increased over the antler-growing period, the RBM coefficients of the antler increased from a mean of 18.5 (+/- 1.96 SD) to a mean of 57.7 (+/- 2.74) at 2 weeks after \"rubout.\" Concurrently, the RBM coefficients of the metacarpus decreased from a mean of 52.0 (+/- 1.92) to a mean of 46.4 (+/- 1.86). There were positive correlation between increasing androgen concentrations and increasing antler RBM and negative correlation between androgens and decreasing metacarpus RBM. Antler RBM coefficients continued to increase after rubout, but metacarpus RBM did not change after rubout. Two castrated deer were injected subcutaneously with 1 g of testosterone and sampled every other day. Similar but smaller changes occurred in RBM values of the metacarpus and developing antler.", "PMID": 666081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10985", "title": "Survey of parasites in dairy goats.", "content": "The survey was performed to study prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection in goats. Fecal samples were examined from 336 goats in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Maryland. On the basis of fecal egg, oocyst, and larval counts, the following results were obtained. Eimerian oocysts were found in 100% of the fecal samples and the greatest fecal oocyst counts were found in goats under 6 months of age. Strongyle eggs and Strongyloides eggs were present in 76% and 20%, respectively, of the samples. Moniezia eggs were found in 9%, Trichuris eggs in 4%, and Nematodirus eggs in 1% of the samples. Twenty of 24 flocks examined for Muellerius capillaris were infected with this parasite. In these 20 flocks, 83% of the goats examined were infected with the parasite. Skrjabinema caprae infections were found.", "contents": "Survey of parasites in dairy goats. The survey was performed to study prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection in goats. Fecal samples were examined from 336 goats in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Maryland. On the basis of fecal egg, oocyst, and larval counts, the following results were obtained. Eimerian oocysts were found in 100% of the fecal samples and the greatest fecal oocyst counts were found in goats under 6 months of age. Strongyle eggs and Strongyloides eggs were present in 76% and 20%, respectively, of the samples. Moniezia eggs were found in 9%, Trichuris eggs in 4%, and Nematodirus eggs in 1% of the samples. Twenty of 24 flocks examined for Muellerius capillaris were infected with this parasite. In these 20 flocks, 83% of the goats examined were infected with the parasite. Skrjabinema caprae infections were found.", "PMID": 666082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10986", "title": "Comparison of ketamine and pentobarbital anesthesia in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "The clinical course of pentobarbital and ketamine anesthesia are compared following a single injection of each and as anesthesia for carotid ligation in the Mongolian gerbil. Induction time to pinprick insensitivity was found to be the same for each agent; however, ketamine allowed earlier emergence and, moreover, observation of peripheral motor activity during the operative procedure.", "contents": "Comparison of ketamine and pentobarbital anesthesia in the Mongolian gerbil. The clinical course of pentobarbital and ketamine anesthesia are compared following a single injection of each and as anesthesia for carotid ligation in the Mongolian gerbil. Induction time to pinprick insensitivity was found to be the same for each agent; however, ketamine allowed earlier emergence and, moreover, observation of peripheral motor activity during the operative procedure.", "PMID": 666083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10987", "title": "Characteristics of a local virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "A local virulent strain, VLT, of Newcastle disease virus formed 3- to 4-mm plaques on monolayers of primary chicken embryo cultures on the 4th day after inoculation. It agglutinated chicken and human 0 erythrocytes. Its hemagglutinin was stable at 56 C when compared with those of Komarov (K) and F vaccinal strains of the same virus. The viral titer of infected allantoic fluid dropped from 10(8.1) plaque-forming units to 10(1.0) plaque-forming units/ml within 2 hours when incubated at 56 C. The strain was ether-sensitive; it adsorbed readily on monolayers of chicken embryo cells and did not diffuse through agar. Its intracerebral pathogenicity index, chicken dose LD50, and embryo mean death time (hours) were 1.8, 9.0, and 48, respectively. Two virulent strains isolated in 1974 and 1975 were found to be identical to the VLT strain in terms of certain physical and biological properties. On the basis of plaque morphologic characteristics, hemagglutination spectrum, and hemagglutinin inactivation at 56 C, it was possible to identify readily the field isolate when it was compared with vaccinal strains (K and F) commonly used in Lebanon.", "contents": "Characteristics of a local virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus. A local virulent strain, VLT, of Newcastle disease virus formed 3- to 4-mm plaques on monolayers of primary chicken embryo cultures on the 4th day after inoculation. It agglutinated chicken and human 0 erythrocytes. Its hemagglutinin was stable at 56 C when compared with those of Komarov (K) and F vaccinal strains of the same virus. The viral titer of infected allantoic fluid dropped from 10(8.1) plaque-forming units to 10(1.0) plaque-forming units/ml within 2 hours when incubated at 56 C. The strain was ether-sensitive; it adsorbed readily on monolayers of chicken embryo cells and did not diffuse through agar. Its intracerebral pathogenicity index, chicken dose LD50, and embryo mean death time (hours) were 1.8, 9.0, and 48, respectively. Two virulent strains isolated in 1974 and 1975 were found to be identical to the VLT strain in terms of certain physical and biological properties. On the basis of plaque morphologic characteristics, hemagglutination spectrum, and hemagglutinin inactivation at 56 C, it was possible to identify readily the field isolate when it was compared with vaccinal strains (K and F) commonly used in Lebanon.", "PMID": 666084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10988", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of nerve sheath neoplasms.", "content": "Neurofibromas and schwannomas were clearly differentiable by scanning electron microscopy of thin microscopic sections. Neurofibromas exhibited ordered laminations of collagen with scattered fibroblast-like cells interspersed. Schwannomas contained proliferations of smooth tube-forming cells. These neoplastic characteristics were compared with cellular characteristics of normal nerve sheaths to determine the cell of origin in each neoplasm.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of nerve sheath neoplasms. Neurofibromas and schwannomas were clearly differentiable by scanning electron microscopy of thin microscopic sections. Neurofibromas exhibited ordered laminations of collagen with scattered fibroblast-like cells interspersed. Schwannomas contained proliferations of smooth tube-forming cells. These neoplastic characteristics were compared with cellular characteristics of normal nerve sheaths to determine the cell of origin in each neoplasm.", "PMID": 666085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10989", "title": "Transmission of swine dysentery by carrier pigs.", "content": "Swine dysentery (SD) was transmitted to healthy pigs by contact with experimentally-induced carrier pigs. Carrier pigs were produced by exposure of specific pathogen-free (SPF) swine to swine acutely affected with SD. When carrier pigs became acutely affected with SD, they were allowed to recover naturally or were treated with dimetridazole or ronidazole. Recovery was based on disappearance of clinical signs of SD. At a given time after recovery, normal SPF swine were housed with the carriers in a disinfected isolation unit to determine the ability of carriers to transmit SD. In each of 3 experiments, carriers that had recovered and remained asymptomatic for 11 to 25 days transmitted SD to contacts in 14 to 51 days. In 2 experiments, pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae was isolated from carriers 12 days before clinical SD was observed in contacts. Carriers which had recovered and remained asymptomatic for 70 and 90 days transmitted SD to contacts in 1 of 3 experiments. Treponema hyodysenteriae was isolated only from contacts with clinical signs of SD. In 4 experiments, carriers that had been treated with nitroimidazole compounds and subsequently recovered for 19 to 44 days failed to transmit SD. Culture of fecal samples on trypticase soy agar with 5% bovine blood and 400 microgram of spectinomycin/ml was helpful in predicting the carrier state, but phase contact contact microscopy of wet fecal smears was not.", "contents": "Transmission of swine dysentery by carrier pigs. Swine dysentery (SD) was transmitted to healthy pigs by contact with experimentally-induced carrier pigs. Carrier pigs were produced by exposure of specific pathogen-free (SPF) swine to swine acutely affected with SD. When carrier pigs became acutely affected with SD, they were allowed to recover naturally or were treated with dimetridazole or ronidazole. Recovery was based on disappearance of clinical signs of SD. At a given time after recovery, normal SPF swine were housed with the carriers in a disinfected isolation unit to determine the ability of carriers to transmit SD. In each of 3 experiments, carriers that had recovered and remained asymptomatic for 11 to 25 days transmitted SD to contacts in 14 to 51 days. In 2 experiments, pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae was isolated from carriers 12 days before clinical SD was observed in contacts. Carriers which had recovered and remained asymptomatic for 70 and 90 days transmitted SD to contacts in 1 of 3 experiments. Treponema hyodysenteriae was isolated only from contacts with clinical signs of SD. In 4 experiments, carriers that had been treated with nitroimidazole compounds and subsequently recovered for 19 to 44 days failed to transmit SD. Culture of fecal samples on trypticase soy agar with 5% bovine blood and 400 microgram of spectinomycin/ml was helpful in predicting the carrier state, but phase contact contact microscopy of wet fecal smears was not.", "PMID": 666087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10990", "title": "Immune responses of cows to a chemically modified anaplasma antigen.", "content": "Cows were vaccinated at 0 and 28 days with either a standard or a chemically modified anaplasma antigen. The humoral antibody response was measured by the anaplasma complement-fixation and card agglutination tests. The antibody response to bovine erythrocyte antigens was also evaluated. Peripheral blood leukocytes were collected for an in vitro lymphocyte-transformation test. Both groups of vaccinated cows developed a significant cell-mediated response as measured by lymphocyte-transformation test. However, only the cows given the standard anaplasma antigen developed anaplasma antibody and significant titer of bovine erythrocyte antibodies. Vaccinated and control cows were challenge exposed 1 month after the 2nd antigen injection. The vaccinated cows developed lower levels of parasitemia than did the control nonvaccinated cows.", "contents": "Immune responses of cows to a chemically modified anaplasma antigen. Cows were vaccinated at 0 and 28 days with either a standard or a chemically modified anaplasma antigen. The humoral antibody response was measured by the anaplasma complement-fixation and card agglutination tests. The antibody response to bovine erythrocyte antigens was also evaluated. Peripheral blood leukocytes were collected for an in vitro lymphocyte-transformation test. Both groups of vaccinated cows developed a significant cell-mediated response as measured by lymphocyte-transformation test. However, only the cows given the standard anaplasma antigen developed anaplasma antibody and significant titer of bovine erythrocyte antibodies. Vaccinated and control cows were challenge exposed 1 month after the 2nd antigen injection. The vaccinated cows developed lower levels of parasitemia than did the control nonvaccinated cows.", "PMID": 666088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10991", "title": "Stability of plasma metabolites and hormones in lactating dairy cows.", "content": "Plasma concentration stability of glucose, free fatty acids, ketone bodies, growth hormone, insulin were determined in lactating dairy cows. Concentrations of these metabolites and hormones were measured during a 36- to 48-hour period in 3 normal, mature dairy cows in the 2nd month of lactation. Samples were taken at 30-minute intervals; also, intensive sampling (every 10 minutes) was done at varying times in relation to feeding and milking. Of the 5 components measured, glucose concentration was the most stable, easiest to assay, and most reliable for use as a diagnostic aid in assessing metabolic carbohydrate disturbances in dairy cattle.", "contents": "Stability of plasma metabolites and hormones in lactating dairy cows. Plasma concentration stability of glucose, free fatty acids, ketone bodies, growth hormone, insulin were determined in lactating dairy cows. Concentrations of these metabolites and hormones were measured during a 36- to 48-hour period in 3 normal, mature dairy cows in the 2nd month of lactation. Samples were taken at 30-minute intervals; also, intensive sampling (every 10 minutes) was done at varying times in relation to feeding and milking. Of the 5 components measured, glucose concentration was the most stable, easiest to assay, and most reliable for use as a diagnostic aid in assessing metabolic carbohydrate disturbances in dairy cattle.", "PMID": 666089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10992", "title": "Stability of plasma metabolites and hormones in parturient dairy cows.", "content": "Metabolic changes that accompany the transition from parturition to lactation in dairy cows were studied. To measure these changes, plasma samples were obtained from 20 mature Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 10 days before through 10 days after parturition. They were analyzed for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), lactic acid, ketone bodies, glucocorticoids, insulin, and growth hormone concentration. Lactic acid and glucocorticoids remained constant during the experiment, except for the day of parturition itself. In the prepartum period, changes were not detected in concentrations of hormones (glucocorticoids, insulin, and growth hormone), whereas, plasma metabolites began changing prior to parturition. Most evident were prepartum increased in FFA, ketones, and glucose. Postpartum plasma glucose concentration rapidly returned to prepartum concentrations. Plasma concentration of FFA and ketone bodies remained elevated for longer periods.", "contents": "Stability of plasma metabolites and hormones in parturient dairy cows. Metabolic changes that accompany the transition from parturition to lactation in dairy cows were studied. To measure these changes, plasma samples were obtained from 20 mature Holstein-Friesian dairy cows 10 days before through 10 days after parturition. They were analyzed for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), lactic acid, ketone bodies, glucocorticoids, insulin, and growth hormone concentration. Lactic acid and glucocorticoids remained constant during the experiment, except for the day of parturition itself. In the prepartum period, changes were not detected in concentrations of hormones (glucocorticoids, insulin, and growth hormone), whereas, plasma metabolites began changing prior to parturition. Most evident were prepartum increased in FFA, ketones, and glucose. Postpartum plasma glucose concentration rapidly returned to prepartum concentrations. Plasma concentration of FFA and ketone bodies remained elevated for longer periods.", "PMID": 666090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10993", "title": "Effect of fasting on plasma metabolites and hormones in lactating dairy cows.", "content": "Metabolic and pathophysiologic changes of secondary ketosis were studied. Plasma samples were obtained from a group of 8 mature, lactating dairy cows before, during, and after a 48-hour fast. These samples were analyzed for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), lactic acid, ketone bodies, glucocorticoids, insulin, and growth hormone concentrations. In the prefasting period, metabolites and hormones remained constant. Lactic acid and glucocorticoids also remained stable during the entire experiment, except on the 1st day after termination of the fast, when glucocorticoids increased significantly (P less than 0.05). Glucose values decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) with the onset of fasting, began to rise halfway through the fast, and were elevated following termination of the fast. Plasma glucose concentration returned to normal by the end of the experiment. Plasma FFA concentrations increased during the early portions of the fast and decreased thereafter. Plasma ketone body concentration responded similarly, but the change occurred approximately 12 hours after the plasma FFA changes. A value determined as ketotic was reached during the fast (14.6 +/- 1.3 mg/dl). Insulin concentrations remained low during the fast and increased after fasting. Plasma growth hormone concentration increased to a new plateau in response to fasting and then decreased somewhate after fasting was ended.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on plasma metabolites and hormones in lactating dairy cows. Metabolic and pathophysiologic changes of secondary ketosis were studied. Plasma samples were obtained from a group of 8 mature, lactating dairy cows before, during, and after a 48-hour fast. These samples were analyzed for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), lactic acid, ketone bodies, glucocorticoids, insulin, and growth hormone concentrations. In the prefasting period, metabolites and hormones remained constant. Lactic acid and glucocorticoids also remained stable during the entire experiment, except on the 1st day after termination of the fast, when glucocorticoids increased significantly (P less than 0.05). Glucose values decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) with the onset of fasting, began to rise halfway through the fast, and were elevated following termination of the fast. Plasma glucose concentration returned to normal by the end of the experiment. Plasma FFA concentrations increased during the early portions of the fast and decreased thereafter. Plasma ketone body concentration responded similarly, but the change occurred approximately 12 hours after the plasma FFA changes. A value determined as ketotic was reached during the fast (14.6 +/- 1.3 mg/dl). Insulin concentrations remained low during the fast and increased after fasting. Plasma growth hormone concentration increased to a new plateau in response to fasting and then decreased somewhate after fasting was ended.", "PMID": 666091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10994", "title": "Chronic lead poisoning in horses.", "content": "Lead acetate was fed to 4 groups of 2 horses each to study chronic lead intoxication. A 5th group of 3 horses was maintained as controls. The leas was fed in capsules, with the minimum dosage of 6.25 mg/kg/day of lead as lead acetate (group I). The dose was increased from group I through group IV in an approximate geometric series, with each group being given about 125% of the dose given the previous group. These doses were given for 105 days, a period designated as phase 1. Since clinical signs were not observed after 105 days, the doses were increased and fed for an additional 190 days (days 106 to 295). This period was designated phase 2. The smallest daily dose in phase 2 was set at about 125% of the largest daily dose in phase 1. The doses in each group was increased by about 125% of that of the previous group, as was done in phase 1. Seven horses died or were euthanatized after 18 to 190 days of phase 2 (123 to 295 days after the 1st dose). One horse in group I did not develop any clinical signs of intoxication. Dose-related responses were unnoticed with doses larger than 15.3 mg/kg/day. All horses given lead had increased blood lead and serum iron concentrations. During phase 2, the hematocrit (erythrocyte volume) and hemoglobin contents were depressed. The lead concentration in kidney, liver, spleen, pancreas, brain, bone, and heart was increased in the treated horses. The dose level required to produce lead intoxication was greater than that reported for cattle and that estimated in epizootiologic studies of horses.", "contents": "Chronic lead poisoning in horses. Lead acetate was fed to 4 groups of 2 horses each to study chronic lead intoxication. A 5th group of 3 horses was maintained as controls. The leas was fed in capsules, with the minimum dosage of 6.25 mg/kg/day of lead as lead acetate (group I). The dose was increased from group I through group IV in an approximate geometric series, with each group being given about 125% of the dose given the previous group. These doses were given for 105 days, a period designated as phase 1. Since clinical signs were not observed after 105 days, the doses were increased and fed for an additional 190 days (days 106 to 295). This period was designated phase 2. The smallest daily dose in phase 2 was set at about 125% of the largest daily dose in phase 1. The doses in each group was increased by about 125% of that of the previous group, as was done in phase 1. Seven horses died or were euthanatized after 18 to 190 days of phase 2 (123 to 295 days after the 1st dose). One horse in group I did not develop any clinical signs of intoxication. Dose-related responses were unnoticed with doses larger than 15.3 mg/kg/day. All horses given lead had increased blood lead and serum iron concentrations. During phase 2, the hematocrit (erythrocyte volume) and hemoglobin contents were depressed. The lead concentration in kidney, liver, spleen, pancreas, brain, bone, and heart was increased in the treated horses. The dose level required to produce lead intoxication was greater than that reported for cattle and that estimated in epizootiologic studies of horses.", "PMID": 666092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10995", "title": "Serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase in healthy mature dogs and dogs with experimental pancreatitis.", "content": "Serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase were determined by the iodometric and the turbidimetric methods, respectively, in 44 mature healthy dogs and in 8 dogs with experimentally induced pancreatitis (plus 1 sham-operated control). Serum value of amylase in mature healthy dogs varied from 250 to 1,500 Caraway units/dl and that of pancreatic lipase varied from 0 to 50 IU/L. Maximal serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase in the dogs with experimentally induced pancreatitis varied from 4,540 to 14,000 Caraway units/dl and 325 to 810 IU/L, respectively. Following pancreatic damage, serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase increased rapidly in the 8 dogs and ran parallel to each other in 6 of the 8 dogs studied. However, the serum value of amylase returned to within normal range earlier than the serum value of pancreatic lipase in 2 dogs; the reverse was true in 2 other dogs.", "contents": "Serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase in healthy mature dogs and dogs with experimental pancreatitis. Serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase were determined by the iodometric and the turbidimetric methods, respectively, in 44 mature healthy dogs and in 8 dogs with experimentally induced pancreatitis (plus 1 sham-operated control). Serum value of amylase in mature healthy dogs varied from 250 to 1,500 Caraway units/dl and that of pancreatic lipase varied from 0 to 50 IU/L. Maximal serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase in the dogs with experimentally induced pancreatitis varied from 4,540 to 14,000 Caraway units/dl and 325 to 810 IU/L, respectively. Following pancreatic damage, serum values of amylase and pancreatic lipase increased rapidly in the 8 dogs and ran parallel to each other in 6 of the 8 dogs studied. However, the serum value of amylase returned to within normal range earlier than the serum value of pancreatic lipase in 2 dogs; the reverse was true in 2 other dogs.", "PMID": 666093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10996", "title": "Chemical cardioversion of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs.", "content": "An acetylcholine-potassium cocktail was used to defibrillate chemically the electrically induced ventricular fibrillating myocardium of thoracotomized dogs. This drug combination was highly effective (75%) in comparison with potassium alone (20%) and acetylcholine alone (zero %). Atropine prevented chemical defibrillation. On dogs which failed to defibrillate after the administration of the cocktail, high energies were required to defibrillate the ventricles electrically and not all could be electrically defibrillated. After the administration of the ionic-choline cocktail, increased ventilatory resistance, generalized skeletal muscle contraction, urination, and defecation were observed.", "contents": "Chemical cardioversion of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs. An acetylcholine-potassium cocktail was used to defibrillate chemically the electrically induced ventricular fibrillating myocardium of thoracotomized dogs. This drug combination was highly effective (75%) in comparison with potassium alone (20%) and acetylcholine alone (zero %). Atropine prevented chemical defibrillation. On dogs which failed to defibrillate after the administration of the cocktail, high energies were required to defibrillate the ventricles electrically and not all could be electrically defibrillated. After the administration of the ionic-choline cocktail, increased ventilatory resistance, generalized skeletal muscle contraction, urination, and defecation were observed.", "PMID": 666094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10997", "title": "Effects of ionic salts or acetylcholine, or both, on electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs.", "content": "A dose-response curve was delineated for an acetylcholine-potassium chloride cocktail previously found to be highly effective in chemically defibrillating electrical induced ventricular fibrillation of thoracotomized dogs. The cocktail dosage responsible for the greatest percentage of chemical defibrillations was transthoracically given to nonthoracotomized dogs subjected to ventricular fibrillation; this resulted in 33% chemical defibrillation. Two clinical canine patients were transthoracically administered the acetylcholine-potassium chloride cocktail because they failed to respond to external electrical defibrillation; both were chemically defibrillated. Potassium citrate when substituted for potassium chloride, in the cocktail, or alone appeared to be more efficacious for chemical defibrillation. Magnesium chloride with acetylcholine failed to chemically defibrillate any dog administered this cocktail.", "contents": "Effects of ionic salts or acetylcholine, or both, on electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs. A dose-response curve was delineated for an acetylcholine-potassium chloride cocktail previously found to be highly effective in chemically defibrillating electrical induced ventricular fibrillation of thoracotomized dogs. The cocktail dosage responsible for the greatest percentage of chemical defibrillations was transthoracically given to nonthoracotomized dogs subjected to ventricular fibrillation; this resulted in 33% chemical defibrillation. Two clinical canine patients were transthoracically administered the acetylcholine-potassium chloride cocktail because they failed to respond to external electrical defibrillation; both were chemically defibrillated. Potassium citrate when substituted for potassium chloride, in the cocktail, or alone appeared to be more efficacious for chemical defibrillation. Magnesium chloride with acetylcholine failed to chemically defibrillate any dog administered this cocktail.", "PMID": 666095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10998", "title": "Effect of shock strength on survival and acute cardiac damage induced by open-thorax defibrillation of dogs.", "content": "The safety of open thorax defibrillation with single damped sine-wave shocks and 6-cm-diameter electrodes was evaluated in healthy anesthetized dogs. Twenty-one dogs were allotted to 6 groups: Group A were nonshocked controls and groups B through F were given single shocks of 4-, 7-, 12-, 19-, or 32-fold, respectively, greater than a defibrillation threshold dose (30 mA/g of heart). Immediate postshock death resulted in group F dogs; group A through E dogs survived and were killed after 2 days. The incidence and severity of cardiac morphologic damage increased with shock strength (mild damage occurred in 1 of 3 dogs in group C and in 3 of 4 dogs in group D and severe damage occurred in 2 of 3 dogs in group E). The cardiac lesions were characterized grossly and microscopically. In dogs that died immediately after shocking, damage was apparent as pale circular zones of edema and myofibrillar degeneration in the ventricular free walls beneath the electrode placement sites on the cardiac surface. In the dogs that survived 2 days, the defibrillator-induced areas of myocardial necrosis and calcification were concentrated in arc or ringlike patterns beneath the periphery of the electrode placement sites. All dogs that were studied 2 days after shocking had mild fibrinous pericarditis. Postshock electrocardiographic changes were not good indicators of cardiac damage because the mild epicardial inflammatory reaction associated with the surgical procedure produced large ST and T wave changes which masked any changes associated with myocardial necrosis induced by the electric shocks. It was concluded that a substantial safety margin exists between the required defibrillation threshold shock dose and the large shocks required to produce marked cardiac damage or death in healthy dogs.", "contents": "Effect of shock strength on survival and acute cardiac damage induced by open-thorax defibrillation of dogs. The safety of open thorax defibrillation with single damped sine-wave shocks and 6-cm-diameter electrodes was evaluated in healthy anesthetized dogs. Twenty-one dogs were allotted to 6 groups: Group A were nonshocked controls and groups B through F were given single shocks of 4-, 7-, 12-, 19-, or 32-fold, respectively, greater than a defibrillation threshold dose (30 mA/g of heart). Immediate postshock death resulted in group F dogs; group A through E dogs survived and were killed after 2 days. The incidence and severity of cardiac morphologic damage increased with shock strength (mild damage occurred in 1 of 3 dogs in group C and in 3 of 4 dogs in group D and severe damage occurred in 2 of 3 dogs in group E). The cardiac lesions were characterized grossly and microscopically. In dogs that died immediately after shocking, damage was apparent as pale circular zones of edema and myofibrillar degeneration in the ventricular free walls beneath the electrode placement sites on the cardiac surface. In the dogs that survived 2 days, the defibrillator-induced areas of myocardial necrosis and calcification were concentrated in arc or ringlike patterns beneath the periphery of the electrode placement sites. All dogs that were studied 2 days after shocking had mild fibrinous pericarditis. Postshock electrocardiographic changes were not good indicators of cardiac damage because the mild epicardial inflammatory reaction associated with the surgical procedure produced large ST and T wave changes which masked any changes associated with myocardial necrosis induced by the electric shocks. It was concluded that a substantial safety margin exists between the required defibrillation threshold shock dose and the large shocks required to produce marked cardiac damage or death in healthy dogs.", "PMID": 666096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_10999", "title": "Nitrogen inhalation as a method of euthanasia in dogs.", "content": "Thirty-four dogs were euthanatized in a chamber flushed with pure nitrogen. Electroencephalograms and arterial blood pressure, recorded during euthanasia, showed the dogs to be unconscious in an average time of 40 s and to be dead in 204 s. The dogs displayed no detectable signs of pain before unconsciousness occurred. Hypoxia produced by nitrogen inhalation was found to be effective, humane, safe, and economically feasible as a method of euthanasia.", "contents": "Nitrogen inhalation as a method of euthanasia in dogs. Thirty-four dogs were euthanatized in a chamber flushed with pure nitrogen. Electroencephalograms and arterial blood pressure, recorded during euthanasia, showed the dogs to be unconscious in an average time of 40 s and to be dead in 204 s. The dogs displayed no detectable signs of pain before unconsciousness occurred. Hypoxia produced by nitrogen inhalation was found to be effective, humane, safe, and economically feasible as a method of euthanasia.", "PMID": 666097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11000", "title": "Effect of selenium-vitamin E on adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rabbits.", "content": "Administration of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) to weanling rabbits chronically treated with adriamycin (ADR) resulted in decreased incidence and severity of cardiomyopathy and decreased cumulative mortality during a 10-week experiment. However, Se-E did not protect against extracardiac lesions or against a number of clinicopathologic alterations induced by chronic ADR toxicosis. Histopathologic alterations of ADR-induced cardiomyopathy were concentrated periarterially in the free and septal walls of the left ventricle. Initial vacuolar degeneration of injured cardiac muscle cells was followed by myofibrillar lysis and eventual cell death with subsequent interstitial fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, degenerated cardiac muscle cells had 3 prominent alterations: (1) sarcoplasmic vacuolization caused by distention of elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules, (2) degeneration of mitochondria forming large myelin figures from disrupted membranes, and (3) lysis of myofibrils producing granular sarcoplasmic masses. Severely injured fibers were necrotic and macrophages invaded to remove cellular debris. The interstitium was distended by edema and increased amounts of collagen. Extracardiac lesions in rabbits with chronic ADR toxicosis included the usually recognized alterations involving cell-renewal systems in kidney, testis, bone marrow, skin, and alimentary tract, as well as vacuolar degeneration of skeletal muscle and focal loss of pancreatic tissue, with ensuing pancreatic fibrosis and fat necrosis. Deaths in ADR-treated rabbits usually were precipitated by terminal septic embolism. The partial protection afforded by Se-E against ADR-induced cardiomyopathy may be associated with stabilization of the membranes of injured muscle cells or with prevention of ADR-induced inhibition of coenzyme Q10-dependent mitochondrial enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of selenium-vitamin E on adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rabbits. Administration of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) to weanling rabbits chronically treated with adriamycin (ADR) resulted in decreased incidence and severity of cardiomyopathy and decreased cumulative mortality during a 10-week experiment. However, Se-E did not protect against extracardiac lesions or against a number of clinicopathologic alterations induced by chronic ADR toxicosis. Histopathologic alterations of ADR-induced cardiomyopathy were concentrated periarterially in the free and septal walls of the left ventricle. Initial vacuolar degeneration of injured cardiac muscle cells was followed by myofibrillar lysis and eventual cell death with subsequent interstitial fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, degenerated cardiac muscle cells had 3 prominent alterations: (1) sarcoplasmic vacuolization caused by distention of elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules, (2) degeneration of mitochondria forming large myelin figures from disrupted membranes, and (3) lysis of myofibrils producing granular sarcoplasmic masses. Severely injured fibers were necrotic and macrophages invaded to remove cellular debris. The interstitium was distended by edema and increased amounts of collagen. Extracardiac lesions in rabbits with chronic ADR toxicosis included the usually recognized alterations involving cell-renewal systems in kidney, testis, bone marrow, skin, and alimentary tract, as well as vacuolar degeneration of skeletal muscle and focal loss of pancreatic tissue, with ensuing pancreatic fibrosis and fat necrosis. Deaths in ADR-treated rabbits usually were precipitated by terminal septic embolism. The partial protection afforded by Se-E against ADR-induced cardiomyopathy may be associated with stabilization of the membranes of injured muscle cells or with prevention of ADR-induced inhibition of coenzyme Q10-dependent mitochondrial enzymes.", "PMID": 666098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11001", "title": "Pneumonia in a Navajo community: a two-year experience.", "content": "This report describes surveillance of pneumonia in an entire community during a 2-year interval. The study, which was performed on the Navajo reservation, included those who sought care for defined clinical manifestations and who showed pulmonary infiltrate(s) on roentogenographic examination. Approximately 10 bouts of pneumonia per 1,000 persons required hospitalization, and an equal number were treated at home each year. Rates were highest at the extremes of age and were higher among males. Multiple attacks were observed in 14.5 per cent of infants and children and in 7.6 per cent of adults. Most illnesses were associated with pneumococci. The proportions of these illnesses, however, were smaller among hospitalized children than among adults. Pneumococcal bacteremia was uncommon in infants and children. Most pneumococcal serotypes isolated are included in currently proposed antipneumococcal vaccines. The 2-year case fatality rate was 2.2 per cent. None of those who dided had been previously well. Factors associated with multiple occurrences need further study. Efforts at prevention should be directed to life's extremes, especially to those already infirm.", "contents": "Pneumonia in a Navajo community: a two-year experience. This report describes surveillance of pneumonia in an entire community during a 2-year interval. The study, which was performed on the Navajo reservation, included those who sought care for defined clinical manifestations and who showed pulmonary infiltrate(s) on roentogenographic examination. Approximately 10 bouts of pneumonia per 1,000 persons required hospitalization, and an equal number were treated at home each year. Rates were highest at the extremes of age and were higher among males. Multiple attacks were observed in 14.5 per cent of infants and children and in 7.6 per cent of adults. Most illnesses were associated with pneumococci. The proportions of these illnesses, however, were smaller among hospitalized children than among adults. Pneumococcal bacteremia was uncommon in infants and children. Most pneumococcal serotypes isolated are included in currently proposed antipneumococcal vaccines. The 2-year case fatality rate was 2.2 per cent. None of those who dided had been previously well. Factors associated with multiple occurrences need further study. Efforts at prevention should be directed to life's extremes, especially to those already infirm.", "PMID": 666099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11002", "title": "Reversible respiratory disease in beryllium workers.", "content": "A medical and environmental survey was carried out in a beryllium extraction and processing plant in 1971, and a follow-up study was done in 1974. Peak air concentrations of beryllium of as much as 50 times the accepted peak limit value were found in the plant in 1971. Radiographic changes of interstitial disease were found in 31 workers, hypoxemia was found in 20, and in 11 workers a combination of hypoxemia and radiographic changes of interstitial disease was seen. Follow-up in 1974 showed that air concentrations had all decreased significantly, mainly because of improvements in engineering and ventilation in the plant. Improvement in hypoxemia and decreased alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference at rest ([A-a]DO2) were noted in 13 of the 20 men who had hypoxemia in 1971 and were available for follow-up. In addition, radiographic abnormalities of interstitial disease were reversed in some workers. Our results suggest that improvement in gas exchange and radiographic findings of interstitial disease occurs when peak air concentrations of beryllium are decreased. Our approach in combining environmental and medical screening in workers exposed to beryllium enabled us to identify persons with early changes, to detect reversible abnormalities, and to correlate air concentrations with the medical status of workers.", "contents": "Reversible respiratory disease in beryllium workers. A medical and environmental survey was carried out in a beryllium extraction and processing plant in 1971, and a follow-up study was done in 1974. Peak air concentrations of beryllium of as much as 50 times the accepted peak limit value were found in the plant in 1971. Radiographic changes of interstitial disease were found in 31 workers, hypoxemia was found in 20, and in 11 workers a combination of hypoxemia and radiographic changes of interstitial disease was seen. Follow-up in 1974 showed that air concentrations had all decreased significantly, mainly because of improvements in engineering and ventilation in the plant. Improvement in hypoxemia and decreased alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference at rest ([A-a]DO2) were noted in 13 of the 20 men who had hypoxemia in 1971 and were available for follow-up. In addition, radiographic abnormalities of interstitial disease were reversed in some workers. Our results suggest that improvement in gas exchange and radiographic findings of interstitial disease occurs when peak air concentrations of beryllium are decreased. Our approach in combining environmental and medical screening in workers exposed to beryllium enabled us to identify persons with early changes, to detect reversible abnormalities, and to correlate air concentrations with the medical status of workers.", "PMID": 666100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11003", "title": "Bronchoconstrictive suggestion in asthma: a role for airways hyperreactivity and emotions.", "content": "Using whole-body plethysmographic measurements, asthmatic patients inhaled aerosolized saline presented either as a neutral substance (day 1) or in the guise of a bronchoconstrictor (day 2). Bronchoconstrictive suggestion resulted in increased airway resistance and decreased specific airway conductance, whereas thoracic gas volume was unchanged. The variation in the response was analyzed in relation to airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine inhalation challenges, and physiologic measures of the emotional reaction to bronchoconstrictive suggestion, as indexed by changes in blood pressure, heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and forehead electromyographic activity. It was found that the bronchoconstrictive response was significantly related to the degree of airways hyperreactivity and to the emotional response. These results suggest that asthmatic patients apt to respond to bronchoconstrictive suggestion with airways obstructions are characterized by highly hyperreactive airways. Responders also appear to be emotionally labile, although it is not yet clear whether the emotional response per se evokes airway obstruction or is merely a by-product of the occurrence of airway obstruction.", "contents": "Bronchoconstrictive suggestion in asthma: a role for airways hyperreactivity and emotions. Using whole-body plethysmographic measurements, asthmatic patients inhaled aerosolized saline presented either as a neutral substance (day 1) or in the guise of a bronchoconstrictor (day 2). Bronchoconstrictive suggestion resulted in increased airway resistance and decreased specific airway conductance, whereas thoracic gas volume was unchanged. The variation in the response was analyzed in relation to airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine inhalation challenges, and physiologic measures of the emotional reaction to bronchoconstrictive suggestion, as indexed by changes in blood pressure, heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and forehead electromyographic activity. It was found that the bronchoconstrictive response was significantly related to the degree of airways hyperreactivity and to the emotional response. These results suggest that asthmatic patients apt to respond to bronchoconstrictive suggestion with airways obstructions are characterized by highly hyperreactive airways. Responders also appear to be emotionally labile, although it is not yet clear whether the emotional response per se evokes airway obstruction or is merely a by-product of the occurrence of airway obstruction.", "PMID": 666101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11004", "title": "Effect of body position on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "We measured carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) in the sitting and supine position in 73 apparently normal subjects (41 nonsmokers and 32 smokers). The coefficient of DLCO standardized for alveolar volume (KCO) was less in the smokers than in the nonsmokers (P less than 0.05) in the sitting position, but the separation was wider in the supine posture (P less than 0.01). The per cent changes between supine and sitting KCO (deltaKCO) were shown to be age dependent in both nonsmokers and smokers, but this age dependence was more accentuated in the latter group. Only 3 smokers were below the 95 per cent confidence limit of nonsmokers for KCO in the sitting position, but there were 7 smokers below that limit for deltaKCO. An attempt was made, using intravenous injection of xenon-133, to study the mechanism of this impairment. Persons who failed to increase KCO in the supine posture showed an ability to increase apical blood flow in that position. The mechanisms of impairment in deltaKCO remain to be explained and may be due either to a predominant apical defect or to a widespread abnormality of the pulmonary capillary bed.", "contents": "Effect of body position on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers. We measured carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) in the sitting and supine position in 73 apparently normal subjects (41 nonsmokers and 32 smokers). The coefficient of DLCO standardized for alveolar volume (KCO) was less in the smokers than in the nonsmokers (P less than 0.05) in the sitting position, but the separation was wider in the supine posture (P less than 0.01). The per cent changes between supine and sitting KCO (deltaKCO) were shown to be age dependent in both nonsmokers and smokers, but this age dependence was more accentuated in the latter group. Only 3 smokers were below the 95 per cent confidence limit of nonsmokers for KCO in the sitting position, but there were 7 smokers below that limit for deltaKCO. An attempt was made, using intravenous injection of xenon-133, to study the mechanism of this impairment. Persons who failed to increase KCO in the supine posture showed an ability to increase apical blood flow in that position. The mechanisms of impairment in deltaKCO remain to be explained and may be due either to a predominant apical defect or to a widespread abnormality of the pulmonary capillary bed.", "PMID": 666102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11005", "title": "Diagnosis of airflow obstruction at high altitude.", "content": "Using predicted sea level values for spirometry done at high altitude, underestimation of airway obstruction may result. We therefore established spirometric normal values for an altitude of 3,100 m for white men.", "contents": "Diagnosis of airflow obstruction at high altitude. Using predicted sea level values for spirometry done at high altitude, underestimation of airway obstruction may result. We therefore established spirometric normal values for an altitude of 3,100 m for white men.", "PMID": 666103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11006", "title": "PUlmonary alveolar proteinosis: shunt fraction and lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration as aids to diagnosis.", "content": "The shunt fraction breathing 100 per cent O2 and serum lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration were evaluated as 2 easily obtainable, rapid laboratory procedures that might aid in the early diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The mean +/- SE shunt fraction was 20 +/- 1.2 per cent in patients with alveolar proteinosis compared to 8.9 +/- 0.5 per cent in other groups of patients with diffuse lung disease (P less than 0.001). The lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration was increased in all patients with alveolar proteinosis and helped to separate further the 2 groups. Thus, when a patient presents with the findings of chronic diffuse lung disease, the lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration and the shunt fraction can be of value in suggesting the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "contents": "PUlmonary alveolar proteinosis: shunt fraction and lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration as aids to diagnosis. The shunt fraction breathing 100 per cent O2 and serum lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration were evaluated as 2 easily obtainable, rapid laboratory procedures that might aid in the early diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The mean +/- SE shunt fraction was 20 +/- 1.2 per cent in patients with alveolar proteinosis compared to 8.9 +/- 0.5 per cent in other groups of patients with diffuse lung disease (P less than 0.001). The lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration was increased in all patients with alveolar proteinosis and helped to separate further the 2 groups. Thus, when a patient presents with the findings of chronic diffuse lung disease, the lactic acid dehydrogenase concentration and the shunt fraction can be of value in suggesting the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "PMID": 666104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11007", "title": "The effects of endogenous and exogenous histamine on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability.", "content": "The effects of exogenously administered histamine phosphate (0.1 microgram per kg of body weight per min, or 90 microgram per hour) and endogenous histamine released by intravenous injection of 0.5 mg of Compound 48/80 on alveolar membrane permeability to substances of differing molecular weight (60 to 20,000 daltons) were studied using the in vivo saline-filled dog lung model. The half-time, i.e., the time required for 50 per cent equilibration between tracer substances in the blood compared to the saline-filled lung, was measured at baseline for urea, sucrose, and dextrans of varying molecular weight. The half-time decreased significantly for substances as large as 10,000 daltons after histamine infusion, and 20,000 daltons after injection of Compound 48/80. We conclude that histamine can increase alveolar epithelial permeability for substances of low molecular weight.", "contents": "The effects of endogenous and exogenous histamine on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability. The effects of exogenously administered histamine phosphate (0.1 microgram per kg of body weight per min, or 90 microgram per hour) and endogenous histamine released by intravenous injection of 0.5 mg of Compound 48/80 on alveolar membrane permeability to substances of differing molecular weight (60 to 20,000 daltons) were studied using the in vivo saline-filled dog lung model. The half-time, i.e., the time required for 50 per cent equilibration between tracer substances in the blood compared to the saline-filled lung, was measured at baseline for urea, sucrose, and dextrans of varying molecular weight. The half-time decreased significantly for substances as large as 10,000 daltons after histamine infusion, and 20,000 daltons after injection of Compound 48/80. We conclude that histamine can increase alveolar epithelial permeability for substances of low molecular weight.", "PMID": 666105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11008", "title": "The relationship of age to pulmonary membrane conductance and capillary blood volume.", "content": "The lung transfer components of 70 normal, adult nonsmokers 18 to 78 years of age were measured by the single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for CO. The membrane conductance and the pulmonary capillary blood volume were estimated by several measurements of the diffusing capacity at increasing alveolar PO2. Diffusing capacity, membrane conductance, and pulmonary capillary blood volume are functions of biometric references (height or alveolar volume) and of age. The observed decrease with age was more evident after 40 years of age for diffusing capacity and membrane conductance. Pulmonary capillary blood volume decreases at a later age. The changes in membrane conductance and pulmonary capillary blood volume with age may be due either to morphologic changes in the alveolar capillary surface or increasing inhomogeneities of distribution or both.", "contents": "The relationship of age to pulmonary membrane conductance and capillary blood volume. The lung transfer components of 70 normal, adult nonsmokers 18 to 78 years of age were measured by the single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for CO. The membrane conductance and the pulmonary capillary blood volume were estimated by several measurements of the diffusing capacity at increasing alveolar PO2. Diffusing capacity, membrane conductance, and pulmonary capillary blood volume are functions of biometric references (height or alveolar volume) and of age. The observed decrease with age was more evident after 40 years of age for diffusing capacity and membrane conductance. Pulmonary capillary blood volume decreases at a later age. The changes in membrane conductance and pulmonary capillary blood volume with age may be due either to morphologic changes in the alveolar capillary surface or increasing inhomogeneities of distribution or both.", "PMID": 666106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11009", "title": "Isoniazid-related hepatitis: a U.S. Public Health Service cooperative surveillance study.", "content": "After an outbreak of hepatitis in Washington, D.C. in 1970 among a group of persons taking isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis, an isoniazid surveillance study was conducted among 13,838 persons in 21 participating health departments. Age appeared to be the predominant factor influencing the risk of developing isoniazid-related hepatitis, i.e., increasing age was associated with an increasing risk. Drinking alcohol, especially on a daily basis, also seemed to enhance the risk of hepatitis among persons concurrently taking isoniazid. In general, case rates among males and females of the same race, and rates among different races, were not markedly different; however, there were striking differences in the case rates among males of different races. The incidence of hepatitis varied greatly among the 21 cities, but was not unique to any geographic region, nor was it related to a specific manufacturer of isoniazid. The onset, in most cases, occurred within the first few months of treatment. Eight fatalities were reported by the 21 participating health departments, 7 occurring in one city. Black females accounted for 5 of the 8 deaths. This information provides a basis for weighing the benefits of isoniazid in preventing tuberculosis against the risk of its causing hepatitis. Close monitoring for overt signs or symptoms of hepatitis among persons receiving isoniazid preventive therapy is indicated, especially for persons greater than or equal to 35 years of age and those who drink alcoholic beverages on a daily basis.", "contents": "Isoniazid-related hepatitis: a U.S. Public Health Service cooperative surveillance study. After an outbreak of hepatitis in Washington, D.C. in 1970 among a group of persons taking isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis, an isoniazid surveillance study was conducted among 13,838 persons in 21 participating health departments. Age appeared to be the predominant factor influencing the risk of developing isoniazid-related hepatitis, i.e., increasing age was associated with an increasing risk. Drinking alcohol, especially on a daily basis, also seemed to enhance the risk of hepatitis among persons concurrently taking isoniazid. In general, case rates among males and females of the same race, and rates among different races, were not markedly different; however, there were striking differences in the case rates among males of different races. The incidence of hepatitis varied greatly among the 21 cities, but was not unique to any geographic region, nor was it related to a specific manufacturer of isoniazid. The onset, in most cases, occurred within the first few months of treatment. Eight fatalities were reported by the 21 participating health departments, 7 occurring in one city. Black females accounted for 5 of the 8 deaths. This information provides a basis for weighing the benefits of isoniazid in preventing tuberculosis against the risk of its causing hepatitis. Close monitoring for overt signs or symptoms of hepatitis among persons receiving isoniazid preventive therapy is indicated, especially for persons greater than or equal to 35 years of age and those who drink alcoholic beverages on a daily basis.", "PMID": 666111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11010", "title": "Noninvasive techniques for evaluating peripheral vascular and extracranial cerebrovascular diseases.", "content": "Five hundred and fifty-eight patients have been evaluated at the peripheral vascularocular pulse blood flow laboratory over a year. The accurate correlations with angiography in the peripheral arterial investigation has been 100%, the cerebrovascular investigation has been 75% and the venous correlation has been 86 2/3%. Even though the results from ocular testing are slightly lower than reported by Kartchner and McRae, we believe that the results emphasize the delicacy of instrumentation and the degree of refinement necessary in reading of the tests. We do think, however, that a 75% accuracy does indicate this method to be of significant benefit as a noninvasive stroke screening procedure.", "contents": "Noninvasive techniques for evaluating peripheral vascular and extracranial cerebrovascular diseases. Five hundred and fifty-eight patients have been evaluated at the peripheral vascularocular pulse blood flow laboratory over a year. The accurate correlations with angiography in the peripheral arterial investigation has been 100%, the cerebrovascular investigation has been 75% and the venous correlation has been 86 2/3%. Even though the results from ocular testing are slightly lower than reported by Kartchner and McRae, we believe that the results emphasize the delicacy of instrumentation and the degree of refinement necessary in reading of the tests. We do think, however, that a 75% accuracy does indicate this method to be of significant benefit as a noninvasive stroke screening procedure.", "PMID": 666112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11011", "title": "Pyogenic liver abscess.", "content": "A review of 20 cases of pyogenic liver abscesses seen from 1971 through 1976 is presented. In this five-year interval, no amebic liver abscesses were found. The primary inflammatory processes were evenly divided among those patients with biliary, urinary, and intraperitoneal disease. Intensive antibiotic therapy was less efficient in sterilizing the abscess than the blood stream. The nebulous histories, clinical findings, and routine laboratory studies emphasize the difficulty in establishing an early diagnosis of liver abscess. Radioisotopic scanning of the liver proved to be the most reliable tool not only for the diagnosis but also for monitoring the postoperative course of the drained cavities. The overall mortality of pyogenic liver abscesses was 45% and the greatest mortality occurred in those patients over 40. Closed needle aspiration of pyogenic liver abscess in the elderly poor-risk patient in conjunction with the appropriate antibiotics may offer an acceptable alternative.", "contents": "Pyogenic liver abscess. A review of 20 cases of pyogenic liver abscesses seen from 1971 through 1976 is presented. In this five-year interval, no amebic liver abscesses were found. The primary inflammatory processes were evenly divided among those patients with biliary, urinary, and intraperitoneal disease. Intensive antibiotic therapy was less efficient in sterilizing the abscess than the blood stream. The nebulous histories, clinical findings, and routine laboratory studies emphasize the difficulty in establishing an early diagnosis of liver abscess. Radioisotopic scanning of the liver proved to be the most reliable tool not only for the diagnosis but also for monitoring the postoperative course of the drained cavities. The overall mortality of pyogenic liver abscesses was 45% and the greatest mortality occurred in those patients over 40. Closed needle aspiration of pyogenic liver abscess in the elderly poor-risk patient in conjunction with the appropriate antibiotics may offer an acceptable alternative.", "PMID": 666113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11012", "title": "Ileocecal masses discovered unexpectedly at surgery for appendicitis.", "content": "During the past five years we have encountered 15 patients who were found to have an ileocecal mass of undetermined etiology when explored through a right lower quadrant incision for presumed appendicitis. Diverticulitis of the ileocecal region accounted for almost one-half of these lesions. There are many possible etiologies for mass lesions in this location, but beacuse malignancy cannot be excluded at operation, a right hemicolectomy is advised. We found that this procedure could be done with relative safety in unprepared bowel under emergency conditions.", "contents": "Ileocecal masses discovered unexpectedly at surgery for appendicitis. During the past five years we have encountered 15 patients who were found to have an ileocecal mass of undetermined etiology when explored through a right lower quadrant incision for presumed appendicitis. Diverticulitis of the ileocecal region accounted for almost one-half of these lesions. There are many possible etiologies for mass lesions in this location, but beacuse malignancy cannot be excluded at operation, a right hemicolectomy is advised. We found that this procedure could be done with relative safety in unprepared bowel under emergency conditions.", "PMID": 666114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11013", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy reveals the silk suture-line ulcer.", "content": "Suture-line ulceration can be prevented by the use of absorbable suture material in upper gastrointestinal operation. Suture-line ulceration can be diagnosed by the more careful and more frequent use of upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in a symptomatic postoperative patient with or without a positive upper gastrointestinal barium x-ray study. Suture-line ulceration can be treated by the gastroscope or by operation once the suture has been confirmed as the etiology of the ulceration.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy reveals the silk suture-line ulcer. Suture-line ulceration can be prevented by the use of absorbable suture material in upper gastrointestinal operation. Suture-line ulceration can be diagnosed by the more careful and more frequent use of upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in a symptomatic postoperative patient with or without a positive upper gastrointestinal barium x-ray study. Suture-line ulceration can be treated by the gastroscope or by operation once the suture has been confirmed as the etiology of the ulceration.", "PMID": 666115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11014", "title": "An analysis of 15 cases of gallbladder carcinoma.", "content": "Fifteen cases of cancer of the gallbladder are presented. Unfortunately, this lesion is not diagnosed until well advanced and survival rates are consequently poor. Cholelithiasis is usually present. Gallbladder carcinoma is a disease of older people. Because of the much higher morbidity and mortality of cholelithiasis in this age group, prophylactic cholecystectomy in good risk surgical patients is recommended.", "contents": "An analysis of 15 cases of gallbladder carcinoma. Fifteen cases of cancer of the gallbladder are presented. Unfortunately, this lesion is not diagnosed until well advanced and survival rates are consequently poor. Cholelithiasis is usually present. Gallbladder carcinoma is a disease of older people. Because of the much higher morbidity and mortality of cholelithiasis in this age group, prophylactic cholecystectomy in good risk surgical patients is recommended.", "PMID": 666116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11015", "title": "Tracheostomy in children without heart disease.", "content": "A series of 27 patients less than 15 years of age who had tracheostomies from 1968--1975 showed that only two of these patients had cardiac disease as the primary lesion. Only three pneumothoraces could be definitely attributed to the tracheostomy, while sepsis in two patients and pneumonia in one patient might possibly have been related to the tracheostomy itself. One death was due to the performance of the tracheostomy. In patients who have tracheostomy for noncardiac conditions, performance of the tracheostomy in the operating room with an endotracheal tube in place, the use of plastic or silastic body contour conforming tubes, and proper intensive care nursing immediately after tracheostomy have reduced complications to a minimum and made the performance of tracheostomy in this age group a safe and effective procedure when oro- or nasotracheal intubation is inadequate.", "contents": "Tracheostomy in children without heart disease. A series of 27 patients less than 15 years of age who had tracheostomies from 1968--1975 showed that only two of these patients had cardiac disease as the primary lesion. Only three pneumothoraces could be definitely attributed to the tracheostomy, while sepsis in two patients and pneumonia in one patient might possibly have been related to the tracheostomy itself. One death was due to the performance of the tracheostomy. In patients who have tracheostomy for noncardiac conditions, performance of the tracheostomy in the operating room with an endotracheal tube in place, the use of plastic or silastic body contour conforming tubes, and proper intensive care nursing immediately after tracheostomy have reduced complications to a minimum and made the performance of tracheostomy in this age group a safe and effective procedure when oro- or nasotracheal intubation is inadequate.", "PMID": 666118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11016", "title": "[Infantile brucellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects concerning brucellosis are revised. This is a disease with a high incidental rate among the children's population in Salamanca and bordering provinces. The local prevailing epidemiologic conditions are reviewed, as well as the most outstanding clinical features, which are in children, according to the author's personal experience, less protean than in adult's illness.", "contents": "[Infantile brucellosis (author's transl)]. Some aspects concerning brucellosis are revised. This is a disease with a high incidental rate among the children's population in Salamanca and bordering provinces. The local prevailing epidemiologic conditions are reviewed, as well as the most outstanding clinical features, which are in children, according to the author's personal experience, less protean than in adult's illness.", "PMID": 666126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11017", "title": "[Infantile cushing's disease with paradoxical response to dexamethasona due to a probable periodic hormogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Cushing's disease in a ten year old girl with bilateral diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex and postoperative enlargment of the sella turcica is presented. The administration of dexamethasone elicited a paradoxical response with a clear elevation of the already high excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids. The possible mechanisms for this previously described, but infrequent, response to dexamethasone are discussed. It is concluded that: 1) Interpretation of the classical dexamethasone suppression test can occasionally be misleading; and 2) Periodic hormonogenesis may account for this type of paradoxical response.", "contents": "[Infantile cushing's disease with paradoxical response to dexamethasona due to a probable periodic hormogenesis (author's transl)]. A case of Cushing's disease in a ten year old girl with bilateral diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex and postoperative enlargment of the sella turcica is presented. The administration of dexamethasone elicited a paradoxical response with a clear elevation of the already high excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids. The possible mechanisms for this previously described, but infrequent, response to dexamethasone are discussed. It is concluded that: 1) Interpretation of the classical dexamethasone suppression test can occasionally be misleading; and 2) Periodic hormonogenesis may account for this type of paradoxical response.", "PMID": 666127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11018", "title": "[Primary osteomyelitis of sternum (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a one month-old girl with primary osteomyelitis of sternum is described. The presence of a positive blood culture to staphylococcus and the antecedent of respiratory physiotherapy are considered to be important etiologic factors. The proccess had a favorable evolution treated with antibiotics and drainage of subperiostal abscess.", "contents": "[Primary osteomyelitis of sternum (author's transl)]. A case of a one month-old girl with primary osteomyelitis of sternum is described. The presence of a positive blood culture to staphylococcus and the antecedent of respiratory physiotherapy are considered to be important etiologic factors. The proccess had a favorable evolution treated with antibiotics and drainage of subperiostal abscess.", "PMID": 666128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11019", "title": "[Maternal incompetence syndrome. Report of three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents three cases of children suffering from repeated diseases and failure to thrive as a consequence of maternal inability in providing health care. Mother's oligophrenia, poverty, and familial unbalance were underlying causes. Authors define maternal incompetence syndrome as the association of mother's incapacity to provide proper health care with direct injury to the child and decreased growth rate. The relationship between this syndrome and the pediatric social illness is discussed. Strategies for treatment should include creation of multidisciplinary teams of social pediatricians, social workers and psychologists, and development of health education programs.", "contents": "[Maternal incompetence syndrome. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. This paper presents three cases of children suffering from repeated diseases and failure to thrive as a consequence of maternal inability in providing health care. Mother's oligophrenia, poverty, and familial unbalance were underlying causes. Authors define maternal incompetence syndrome as the association of mother's incapacity to provide proper health care with direct injury to the child and decreased growth rate. The relationship between this syndrome and the pediatric social illness is discussed. Strategies for treatment should include creation of multidisciplinary teams of social pediatricians, social workers and psychologists, and development of health education programs.", "PMID": 666129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11020", "title": "[Subacute necrotizing encephalomielopathy. Leigh syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A 6-month-old girl with familiar history of two dead sisters few months old, was admitted to the Hospital with a neurological process. After her admission progressively worsened until her death. The patient had clinical manifestation of proximal tubular acidosis. Levels of lactic and piruvic acid were normal. Necropsic study was compatible with the diagnoses of subacute necrotizing encephalomielopathy of Leigh syndrome.", "contents": "[Subacute necrotizing encephalomielopathy. Leigh syndrome (author's transl)]. A 6-month-old girl with familiar history of two dead sisters few months old, was admitted to the Hospital with a neurological process. After her admission progressively worsened until her death. The patient had clinical manifestation of proximal tubular acidosis. Levels of lactic and piruvic acid were normal. Necropsic study was compatible with the diagnoses of subacute necrotizing encephalomielopathy of Leigh syndrome.", "PMID": 666130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11021", "title": "[Ring chromosome 13 with. 13p. preserved. A case report and review of literature (author's transl].", "content": "A case with ring chromosome 13 is presented. The G and Q band analysis indicates that breakes are on long arms at region 3, band 4, and other on the short arms region 1, band 3. Short arms are nearly complete. The behaviour of the ring and of different cell lines obtained are interpreted. Authors also discuss the possible paternal origin of the abnormal chromosome.", "contents": "[Ring chromosome 13 with. 13p. preserved. A case report and review of literature (author's transl]. A case with ring chromosome 13 is presented. The G and Q band analysis indicates that breakes are on long arms at region 3, band 4, and other on the short arms region 1, band 3. Short arms are nearly complete. The behaviour of the ring and of different cell lines obtained are interpreted. Authors also discuss the possible paternal origin of the abnormal chromosome.", "PMID": 666131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11022", "title": "The determinants of plasma-renin activity in essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma-renin activity was studied, under different conditions of sitmulation, in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. In normal subjects, three components of renin release, \"basal,\" \"neural,\" and \"sodium-sensitive,\" could be delineated. Among the hypertensive patients, abnormal patterns of renin release were noted. The categorization of patients according to \"plasma-renin status,\" however, differed with the conditions of testing, being dependent both on the pathophysiology of the essential hypertension and the character of the renin-releasing stimulus, specifically whether this stimulus elevated plasma-renin activity through a predominantly neural (upright posture) or non-neural mechanism (dietary sodium deprivation). Abnormal plasma-renin activity in essential hypertension resulted in part from disordered sympathetic nervous system function. Patients with mild hypertension and elevated plasma-renin activity exhibited increased neural stimulation of renin release, whereas in patients with low plasma-renin values, all three components of renin release, including the neural element, were diminished.", "contents": "The determinants of plasma-renin activity in essential hypertension. Plasma-renin activity was studied, under different conditions of sitmulation, in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. In normal subjects, three components of renin release, \"basal,\" \"neural,\" and \"sodium-sensitive,\" could be delineated. Among the hypertensive patients, abnormal patterns of renin release were noted. The categorization of patients according to \"plasma-renin status,\" however, differed with the conditions of testing, being dependent both on the pathophysiology of the essential hypertension and the character of the renin-releasing stimulus, specifically whether this stimulus elevated plasma-renin activity through a predominantly neural (upright posture) or non-neural mechanism (dietary sodium deprivation). Abnormal plasma-renin activity in essential hypertension resulted in part from disordered sympathetic nervous system function. Patients with mild hypertension and elevated plasma-renin activity exhibited increased neural stimulation of renin release, whereas in patients with low plasma-renin values, all three components of renin release, including the neural element, were diminished.", "PMID": 666132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11023", "title": "Bone-marrow mast cells in lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Increased bone-marrow mast-cell content and lymphoproliferative disorders have been previously linked. Using a semiquantitative method we examined bone-marrow mast-cell content in 120 marrow specimens from patients with multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and reactive lymphocytosis. Results indicated a statistically significant increase of marrow mast-cell content in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and reactive lymphocytosis when compared with iron-deficient control subjects (p less than or equal to 0.0005). Patients with multiple myeloma had decreased marrow mast-cell content, clearly separating them from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and reactive lymphocytosis. Linear regression plot of marrow mast-cell content against percentage of marrow lymphocytes showed a direct relation, indicating that marrow mast-cell density may be related more to the degree of lymphoid proliferation than to the specific lymphoproliferative process. Marrow mast-cell content may therefore be reproducibly determined and used to support the morphologic diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders and differentiate them from atypical myelomas.", "contents": "Bone-marrow mast cells in lymphoproliferative disorders. Increased bone-marrow mast-cell content and lymphoproliferative disorders have been previously linked. Using a semiquantitative method we examined bone-marrow mast-cell content in 120 marrow specimens from patients with multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and reactive lymphocytosis. Results indicated a statistically significant increase of marrow mast-cell content in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and reactive lymphocytosis when compared with iron-deficient control subjects (p less than or equal to 0.0005). Patients with multiple myeloma had decreased marrow mast-cell content, clearly separating them from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and reactive lymphocytosis. Linear regression plot of marrow mast-cell content against percentage of marrow lymphocytes showed a direct relation, indicating that marrow mast-cell density may be related more to the degree of lymphoid proliferation than to the specific lymphoproliferative process. Marrow mast-cell content may therefore be reproducibly determined and used to support the morphologic diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders and differentiate them from atypical myelomas.", "PMID": 666133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11024", "title": "Skin involvement in generalized amyloidosis. A study of clinically involved and uninvolved skin in 50 patients with primary and secondary amyloidosis.", "content": "A punch or excisional biopsy of the skin was done in 50 patients with generalized amyloidosis: In 46, clinically normal skin, usually the forearm, was biopsied and in four, only cutaneous lesions. Amyloid was seen in the skin of 21 of 38 patients with primary and multiple myeloma-associated amyloidosis. Sixteen of 34 biopsies from clinically uninvolved skin were positive. Five of 12 patients with secondary amyloidosis had amyloid deposits in clinically normal skin. Overall, amyloidosis was definitively diagnosed on skin biopsy examination in 26 patients. A punch biopsy of clinically involved or uninvolved skin is an innocuous, simple procedure with a high diagnostic yield and can be done in an office setting.", "contents": "Skin involvement in generalized amyloidosis. A study of clinically involved and uninvolved skin in 50 patients with primary and secondary amyloidosis. A punch or excisional biopsy of the skin was done in 50 patients with generalized amyloidosis: In 46, clinically normal skin, usually the forearm, was biopsied and in four, only cutaneous lesions. Amyloid was seen in the skin of 21 of 38 patients with primary and multiple myeloma-associated amyloidosis. Sixteen of 34 biopsies from clinically uninvolved skin were positive. Five of 12 patients with secondary amyloidosis had amyloid deposits in clinically normal skin. Overall, amyloidosis was definitively diagnosed on skin biopsy examination in 26 patients. A punch biopsy of clinically involved or uninvolved skin is an innocuous, simple procedure with a high diagnostic yield and can be done in an office setting.", "PMID": 666134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11025", "title": "Influenza vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 29 control subjects matched for age and prevaccination antibody titer received 200 chick-cell agglutinin units of A/New Jersey/76 HswINI influenza virus vaccine. Serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were measured before and 4 weeks after immunization. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were done before and 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination. Except for one patient with active lupus erythematosus who developed renal disease, there was no evidence of an increase in lupus erythematosus activity after immunization. Fourteen patients and 18 control subjects had a fourfold or greater increase in antibodies to influenza A/New Jersey/76. Mean postvaccination antibody titer of patients tended to be lower than that of controls (Student's t-test, t = 1.52, 0.05 less than p less than 0.10). Since patients with lupus erythematosus may have increased morbidity and mortality with influenza infections, they should receive influenza immunization even though the magnitude of their antibody response may be less than that of normal persons.", "contents": "Influenza vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Twenty-nine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 29 control subjects matched for age and prevaccination antibody titer received 200 chick-cell agglutinin units of A/New Jersey/76 HswINI influenza virus vaccine. Serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were measured before and 4 weeks after immunization. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were done before and 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination. Except for one patient with active lupus erythematosus who developed renal disease, there was no evidence of an increase in lupus erythematosus activity after immunization. Fourteen patients and 18 control subjects had a fourfold or greater increase in antibodies to influenza A/New Jersey/76. Mean postvaccination antibody titer of patients tended to be lower than that of controls (Student's t-test, t = 1.52, 0.05 less than p less than 0.10). Since patients with lupus erythematosus may have increased morbidity and mortality with influenza infections, they should receive influenza immunization even though the magnitude of their antibody response may be less than that of normal persons.", "PMID": 666135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11026", "title": "Inherited deficiency of second component of complement and HLA haplotype A10,B18 associated with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "A patient with inflammatory bowel disease and sacroiliitis had haplotypes A10,B18 and Aw32,b18 at the major histocompatibility locus. Serum total complement and C2 hemolytic complement activities were undetectable; levels of the remaining C1-C9 components were normal. The parents, both siblings, and a child each had half-normal levels of C2 and either the A10,B18 or the Aw32,b18 hla haplotype. In a second unrelated family, an only child and both parents developed inflammatory bowel disease. The father and child had HLA haplotype A10,B18, but, along with the mother, each had normal serum levels of hemolytic C and C2. Homozygous C2 deficiency, often in association with the A10,B18 haplotype, has previously been linked with various autoimmune diseases and with propensity to infection. Our findings suggest that C2 deficiency or this haplotype also may predispose to inflammatory diseases of the intestine.", "contents": "Inherited deficiency of second component of complement and HLA haplotype A10,B18 associated with inflammatory bowel disease. A patient with inflammatory bowel disease and sacroiliitis had haplotypes A10,B18 and Aw32,b18 at the major histocompatibility locus. Serum total complement and C2 hemolytic complement activities were undetectable; levels of the remaining C1-C9 components were normal. The parents, both siblings, and a child each had half-normal levels of C2 and either the A10,B18 or the Aw32,b18 hla haplotype. In a second unrelated family, an only child and both parents developed inflammatory bowel disease. The father and child had HLA haplotype A10,B18, but, along with the mother, each had normal serum levels of hemolytic C and C2. Homozygous C2 deficiency, often in association with the A10,B18 haplotype, has previously been linked with various autoimmune diseases and with propensity to infection. Our findings suggest that C2 deficiency or this haplotype also may predispose to inflammatory diseases of the intestine.", "PMID": 666136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11027", "title": "Giardiasis: association with homosexuality.", "content": "Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal illness among travelers. Recently an increased prevalence of giardiasis in men who had not traveled outside New York City was seen at The New York Hospital and was found to be due to transmission of this disease among homosexuals. Cases of giardiasis for a 5-year period were then reviewed, and it was discovered that 19 male patients who had not traveled or had an immunodeficiency disease were homosexuals. This accounted for 22% of the adult men with giardiasis during that period. Adult women with giardiasis usually were either travelers or had an immunodeficiency disease (96%). It is important to obtain a sexual history in these patients and treat sexual contacts to prevent recurrent infection. Our findings are consistent with venereal transmission of giardiasis.", "contents": "Giardiasis: association with homosexuality. Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal illness among travelers. Recently an increased prevalence of giardiasis in men who had not traveled outside New York City was seen at The New York Hospital and was found to be due to transmission of this disease among homosexuals. Cases of giardiasis for a 5-year period were then reviewed, and it was discovered that 19 male patients who had not traveled or had an immunodeficiency disease were homosexuals. This accounted for 22% of the adult men with giardiasis during that period. Adult women with giardiasis usually were either travelers or had an immunodeficiency disease (96%). It is important to obtain a sexual history in these patients and treat sexual contacts to prevent recurrent infection. Our findings are consistent with venereal transmission of giardiasis.", "PMID": 666137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11028", "title": "Limitations of continuous ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring for detecting coronary artery disease.", "content": "To assess the value of continuous ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring for detecting coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients, we evaluated 70 patients with chest pain and normal resting ECGs prospectively by calibrated ambulatory monitoring, graded treadmill exercise, and selective coronary cineangiography. Ischemic-type ST-wave changes were detected by monitoring in 24 of the 39 patients with coronary artery disease (62% sensitivity). Twenty-six of the 39 patients had a positive treadmill (67% sensitivity). Of the 31 patients without coronary disease on angiography, 19 had negative monitoring studies (61% specificity). The treadmill was negative in 23 of these 31 patients (75% specificity). When the results of both tests were combined, 85% of the cases of coronary artery disease were detected, but only 52% of the patients without disease had negative studies. We conclude that continuous ambulatory monitoring is of limited value for detecting or excluding coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients with normal resting ECGs.", "contents": "Limitations of continuous ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring for detecting coronary artery disease. To assess the value of continuous ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring for detecting coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients, we evaluated 70 patients with chest pain and normal resting ECGs prospectively by calibrated ambulatory monitoring, graded treadmill exercise, and selective coronary cineangiography. Ischemic-type ST-wave changes were detected by monitoring in 24 of the 39 patients with coronary artery disease (62% sensitivity). Twenty-six of the 39 patients had a positive treadmill (67% sensitivity). Of the 31 patients without coronary disease on angiography, 19 had negative monitoring studies (61% specificity). The treadmill was negative in 23 of these 31 patients (75% specificity). When the results of both tests were combined, 85% of the cases of coronary artery disease were detected, but only 52% of the patients without disease had negative studies. We conclude that continuous ambulatory monitoring is of limited value for detecting or excluding coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients with normal resting ECGs.", "PMID": 666154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11029", "title": "Growth rate patterns of solid tumors and their relation to responsiveness to therapy: an analytical review.", "content": "The clinical doubling times of human solid tumors are reviewed. Methods are also described for estimating subclinical tumor doubling times, and these methods are applied to Wilms' tumor, choriocarcinoma, Burkitt's tumor, and breast cancer. Rapidly growing tumors are often responsive to therapy, and such complete responses are often quite durable. Slowly growing tumors respond less favorably to therapy, and responses are generally not durable. Rapidly growing tumors in advanced stages are similar in their response behavior to the slowly growing tumors. A strategy based on cell kinetics principles and tumor doubling time data is proposed for improving therapeutic results in responsive tumors. Data on clinical and subclinical tumor doubling times are used to distinguish early recurrences from late recurrences in a given tumor type. Early recurrences call for intensification of induction therapy, whereas late recurrences call for prolongation of consolidative therapy. This strategy may also apply in adjuvant therapy of slowly growing tumors.", "contents": "Growth rate patterns of solid tumors and their relation to responsiveness to therapy: an analytical review. The clinical doubling times of human solid tumors are reviewed. Methods are also described for estimating subclinical tumor doubling times, and these methods are applied to Wilms' tumor, choriocarcinoma, Burkitt's tumor, and breast cancer. Rapidly growing tumors are often responsive to therapy, and such complete responses are often quite durable. Slowly growing tumors respond less favorably to therapy, and responses are generally not durable. Rapidly growing tumors in advanced stages are similar in their response behavior to the slowly growing tumors. A strategy based on cell kinetics principles and tumor doubling time data is proposed for improving therapeutic results in responsive tumors. Data on clinical and subclinical tumor doubling times are used to distinguish early recurrences from late recurrences in a given tumor type. Early recurrences call for intensification of induction therapy, whereas late recurrences call for prolongation of consolidative therapy. This strategy may also apply in adjuvant therapy of slowly growing tumors.", "PMID": 666155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11030", "title": "The relation of blood pressure to stroke prognosis.", "content": "The relation between blood pressure before stroke and survival after the event, was examined in the Manitoba study cohort of 3983 men. The last recorded blood pressure before the first stroke and the change in blood pressure from a measurement 5 years earlier were used. Increasing magnitude of systolic blood pressure and its 5-year changes were associated with worsening prognosis. The same association was less apparent for diastolic blood pressure and was not found for 5-year change in diastolic pressure. After adjusting for the effect of age at stroke and previous evidence of ischemic heart disease in multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure and its 5-year change were each significant predictors of short-term (30 days) mortality. Considering all these factors as well as diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure was the best predictor of short-term mortality. Thus, high blood pressure and large positive 5-year change in systolic blood pressure before stroke occurrence are significant predictors of a poor prognosis.", "contents": "The relation of blood pressure to stroke prognosis. The relation between blood pressure before stroke and survival after the event, was examined in the Manitoba study cohort of 3983 men. The last recorded blood pressure before the first stroke and the change in blood pressure from a measurement 5 years earlier were used. Increasing magnitude of systolic blood pressure and its 5-year changes were associated with worsening prognosis. The same association was less apparent for diastolic blood pressure and was not found for 5-year change in diastolic pressure. After adjusting for the effect of age at stroke and previous evidence of ischemic heart disease in multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure and its 5-year change were each significant predictors of short-term (30 days) mortality. Considering all these factors as well as diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure was the best predictor of short-term mortality. Thus, high blood pressure and large positive 5-year change in systolic blood pressure before stroke occurrence are significant predictors of a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 666180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11031", "title": "Septic bursitis in the prepatellar and olecranon bursae: an analysis of 25 cases.", "content": "Five cases of septic prepatellar and 20 cases of septic olecranon bursitis are reported. All were men, with a mean age of 47 years. Seventeen had a history of recent trauma to the affected limb or sustained pressure on knees or elbows, or both, required by certain occupations. Septic bursitis was not associated with septic arthritis and could be easily distinguished from it by the characteristic bursal swelling and joint examination. Septic bursitis was misdiagnosed as nonseptic bursitis in eight cases despite characterstic bursal fluid leukocytosis (greater than 1000 cells/mm3) and recovery of bacteria on culture. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 22 cases; 76% were resistant to penicillin. Intravenous antibiotics and bursal fluid drainage were uniformly succesful. Oral antibiotic ttherapy was also successful unless the infection was extensive or there was underlying bursal disease. Early recognition, prompt therapy, and preventive measures are necessary to reduce the morbidity of septic bursitis.", "contents": "Septic bursitis in the prepatellar and olecranon bursae: an analysis of 25 cases. Five cases of septic prepatellar and 20 cases of septic olecranon bursitis are reported. All were men, with a mean age of 47 years. Seventeen had a history of recent trauma to the affected limb or sustained pressure on knees or elbows, or both, required by certain occupations. Septic bursitis was not associated with septic arthritis and could be easily distinguished from it by the characteristic bursal swelling and joint examination. Septic bursitis was misdiagnosed as nonseptic bursitis in eight cases despite characterstic bursal fluid leukocytosis (greater than 1000 cells/mm3) and recovery of bacteria on culture. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 22 cases; 76% were resistant to penicillin. Intravenous antibiotics and bursal fluid drainage were uniformly succesful. Oral antibiotic ttherapy was also successful unless the infection was extensive or there was underlying bursal disease. Early recognition, prompt therapy, and preventive measures are necessary to reduce the morbidity of septic bursitis.", "PMID": 666181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11032", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in disseminated gonorrheal infection.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were detected by the Raji-cell radioassay or the C1q solid-phase assay in 13 of 17 patients with disseminated gonococcal infection. In contrast, only three of 20 patients with local gonococcal infection and four of 40 normal persons were positive. The immune complexes were found to be 19S or larger in size, and complement abnormalities suggestive of complement activation showed some correlation with the levels of immune complexes in disseminated gonorrheal infection. These results indicate that in addition to bacterial dissemination, circulating immune complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of disseminated gonococcal syndrome.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in disseminated gonorrheal infection. Circulating immune complexes were detected by the Raji-cell radioassay or the C1q solid-phase assay in 13 of 17 patients with disseminated gonococcal infection. In contrast, only three of 20 patients with local gonococcal infection and four of 40 normal persons were positive. The immune complexes were found to be 19S or larger in size, and complement abnormalities suggestive of complement activation showed some correlation with the levels of immune complexes in disseminated gonorrheal infection. These results indicate that in addition to bacterial dissemination, circulating immune complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of disseminated gonococcal syndrome.", "PMID": 666182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11033", "title": "Nephrotoxicity from cancer immunotherapy.", "content": "Because systemic intravenous immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum is an effective immunopotentiating and immunotherapeutic agent in animals, clinical studies of this agent have been undertaken. Toxicities in man have been noted, but most are treated symptomatically. Three patients with metastatic melanoma developed oliguria, edema, diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypocomplementemia, while receiving intravenous C. parvum therapy. All had renal biopsies that showed a proliferative glomerulonephritis with subendothelial basement membrane deposits. Immunofluorescence showed glomerular IgG, IgA, IgM, and the C3 component of complement. A fourth patient was found in retrospective chart review of 87 patients registered on two C. parvum-containing protcols. The frequency of the complication in this group was 3/87. Renal failure resolved in all four patients spontaneously after the cessation of C. parvum immunotherapy. Serial evaluation of renal function should be carried out in all patients on systemic adjuvant immunotherapy.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity from cancer immunotherapy. Because systemic intravenous immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum is an effective immunopotentiating and immunotherapeutic agent in animals, clinical studies of this agent have been undertaken. Toxicities in man have been noted, but most are treated symptomatically. Three patients with metastatic melanoma developed oliguria, edema, diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypocomplementemia, while receiving intravenous C. parvum therapy. All had renal biopsies that showed a proliferative glomerulonephritis with subendothelial basement membrane deposits. Immunofluorescence showed glomerular IgG, IgA, IgM, and the C3 component of complement. A fourth patient was found in retrospective chart review of 87 patients registered on two C. parvum-containing protcols. The frequency of the complication in this group was 3/87. Renal failure resolved in all four patients spontaneously after the cessation of C. parvum immunotherapy. Serial evaluation of renal function should be carried out in all patients on systemic adjuvant immunotherapy.", "PMID": 666183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11034", "title": "Urinary diagnostic indices in acute renal failure: a prospective study.", "content": "A prospective analysis of the value of urinary diagnostic indices in ascertaining the cause of acute renal failure was undertaken. Our results show that in the setting of acute oliguria a diagnosis of potentially reversible prerenal azotemia is likely with urine osmolality greater than 500 mosm/kg H2O, urine sodium concentration less than 20 meq/litre, urine/plasma urea nitrogen ratio greater than 8, and urine/plasma creatinine ratio greater than 40. Conversely, a urine osmolality less than 350 mosm/kg, urine sodium concentration greater than 40 meq/liter, urine/plasma urea nitrogen ratio less than 3, and urine/plasma creatinine ratio less than 20 suggest acute tubular necrosis. A significant number of oliguric patients will not have urinary indices that fall within these guidelines. In this setting, urine sodium concentration divided by the urine-to-plasma creatinine ratio (the renal failure index) and the fractional excretion of filtered sodium provide a reliable means of differentiating reversible prerenal azotemia from acute tubular necrosis.", "contents": "Urinary diagnostic indices in acute renal failure: a prospective study. A prospective analysis of the value of urinary diagnostic indices in ascertaining the cause of acute renal failure was undertaken. Our results show that in the setting of acute oliguria a diagnosis of potentially reversible prerenal azotemia is likely with urine osmolality greater than 500 mosm/kg H2O, urine sodium concentration less than 20 meq/litre, urine/plasma urea nitrogen ratio greater than 8, and urine/plasma creatinine ratio greater than 40. Conversely, a urine osmolality less than 350 mosm/kg, urine sodium concentration greater than 40 meq/liter, urine/plasma urea nitrogen ratio less than 3, and urine/plasma creatinine ratio less than 20 suggest acute tubular necrosis. A significant number of oliguric patients will not have urinary indices that fall within these guidelines. In this setting, urine sodium concentration divided by the urine-to-plasma creatinine ratio (the renal failure index) and the fractional excretion of filtered sodium provide a reliable means of differentiating reversible prerenal azotemia from acute tubular necrosis.", "PMID": 666184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11035", "title": "Renal injury associated with intravenous pyelography in nondiabetic and diabetic patients.", "content": "We studied 23 patients with renal functional deterioration after intravenous pyelography; 16 were nondiabetic. Nondiabetic patients at risk are often elderly and have preexisting renal disease. The course of acute renal failure is fairly characteristic; most patient recover, but some do not. Estimates suggest that the syndrome is not uncommon in susceptible nondiabetic subjects. Pyelography cannot be considered absolutely safe for this group, and alternative diagnostic procedures or caution with contrast dosage and patient preparation may be wise.", "contents": "Renal injury associated with intravenous pyelography in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. We studied 23 patients with renal functional deterioration after intravenous pyelography; 16 were nondiabetic. Nondiabetic patients at risk are often elderly and have preexisting renal disease. The course of acute renal failure is fairly characteristic; most patient recover, but some do not. Estimates suggest that the syndrome is not uncommon in susceptible nondiabetic subjects. Pyelography cannot be considered absolutely safe for this group, and alternative diagnostic procedures or caution with contrast dosage and patient preparation may be wise.", "PMID": 666185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11036", "title": "A characteristic precordial repolarization abnormality with intermittent left bundle-branch block.", "content": "We reviewed electrocardiograms of 23 patients with intermittent left bundle-branch block. A characteristic electrocardiographic pattern consisting of right and mid-precordial deep symmetrical T-wave inversions was detected during normal conduction in 19 of the 23. Of the seven patients who had cardiac catheterization, only two had findings suggestive or organic heart disease and only one had significant obstructive coronary disease. Thus we conclude that patients with intermittent left bundle-branch block frequently have T-wave inversions in right and mid-precordial leads during normal conduction that do not necessarily reflect coronary disease. These T-wave changes are similar to those after termination of chronic right ventricular pacing (left bundle-branch pattern), suggesting that both patterns of abnormal ventricular activation can produce abnormal repolarization when activation returns to normal.", "contents": "A characteristic precordial repolarization abnormality with intermittent left bundle-branch block. We reviewed electrocardiograms of 23 patients with intermittent left bundle-branch block. A characteristic electrocardiographic pattern consisting of right and mid-precordial deep symmetrical T-wave inversions was detected during normal conduction in 19 of the 23. Of the seven patients who had cardiac catheterization, only two had findings suggestive or organic heart disease and only one had significant obstructive coronary disease. Thus we conclude that patients with intermittent left bundle-branch block frequently have T-wave inversions in right and mid-precordial leads during normal conduction that do not necessarily reflect coronary disease. These T-wave changes are similar to those after termination of chronic right ventricular pacing (left bundle-branch pattern), suggesting that both patterns of abnormal ventricular activation can produce abnormal repolarization when activation returns to normal.", "PMID": 666186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11037", "title": "Oral contraceptives and nonfatal stroke in healthy young women.", "content": "The Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program obtained medical histories on 29 premenopausal women with a discharge diagnosis of stroke. Of these women, 14 were otherwise healthy with no known predisposing illnesses. Eleven of the 14 patients were taking oral contraceptives just before admission compared with seven of 56 otherwise healthy control women (13%). The relative risk estimate for stroke among oral contraceptive users compared with nonusers is 26 (lower 90% one-sided confidence bound = 7.0). Cigarette smoking was only weakly associated with stroke in this group of women.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and nonfatal stroke in healthy young women. The Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program obtained medical histories on 29 premenopausal women with a discharge diagnosis of stroke. Of these women, 14 were otherwise healthy with no known predisposing illnesses. Eleven of the 14 patients were taking oral contraceptives just before admission compared with seven of 56 otherwise healthy control women (13%). The relative risk estimate for stroke among oral contraceptive users compared with nonusers is 26 (lower 90% one-sided confidence bound = 7.0). Cigarette smoking was only weakly associated with stroke in this group of women.", "PMID": 666187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11038", "title": "Mitral-valve prolapse syndrome and recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a malignant variant refractory to conventional drug therapy.", "content": "Of 60 patients referred for management of drug-refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 10 (17%) had mitral-valve prolapse. These 10 patients ranged in age from 19 to 70 years (mean, 47 years); seven were women. All 10 had recurrent ventricular tachycardia, while four had a history of ventricular fibrillation. Nine patients were refractory to propranolol in combination with one or more of the standard antiarrhythmic agents. All showed improvement with aprindine therapy. The results show that refractory malignant ventricular prolapse syndrome; patients with mitral-valve prolapse account for a rather high percentage of those patients referred with recurrent drug-refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias; in patients with unexplained ventricular arrhythmias, mitral-valve prolapse should be considered; and aprindine may be effective for ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with mitral-valve prolapse.", "contents": "Mitral-valve prolapse syndrome and recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a malignant variant refractory to conventional drug therapy. Of 60 patients referred for management of drug-refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 10 (17%) had mitral-valve prolapse. These 10 patients ranged in age from 19 to 70 years (mean, 47 years); seven were women. All 10 had recurrent ventricular tachycardia, while four had a history of ventricular fibrillation. Nine patients were refractory to propranolol in combination with one or more of the standard antiarrhythmic agents. All showed improvement with aprindine therapy. The results show that refractory malignant ventricular prolapse syndrome; patients with mitral-valve prolapse account for a rather high percentage of those patients referred with recurrent drug-refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias; in patients with unexplained ventricular arrhythmias, mitral-valve prolapse should be considered; and aprindine may be effective for ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with mitral-valve prolapse.", "PMID": 666188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11039", "title": "Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with cholestatic jaundice were evaluated for extrahepatic biliary obstruction by ultrasonic cholangiography and the results verified by contrast cholangiography, celiotomy, or autopsy. Sonograms were evaluated both with (\"official\" reading) and without (\"blind\" reading) clinical information. By showing dilated bile ducts, sonography correctly diagnosed extrahepatic obstruction in 26 of 30 patients on \"official\" reading and 23 of 30 on \"blind\" reading. In all 17 patients without extrahepatic obstruction, sonography revealed the absence of dilated bile ducts. Among patients with extrahepatic obstruction, those with larger bile ducts had higher bilirubin concentrations, longer duration of jaundice, and were more reliably detected by sonography. In these patients, 94% with total bilirubin concentration greater than 10 mg/dl were detected by sonography, while 47% with total bilirubin concentration less than 10 mg/dl were detected. Although we recognize the limited sensitivity of sonography in early extrahepatic obstruction, we find it to be a valuable screening test in cholestatic jaundice.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. Forty-seven patients with cholestatic jaundice were evaluated for extrahepatic biliary obstruction by ultrasonic cholangiography and the results verified by contrast cholangiography, celiotomy, or autopsy. Sonograms were evaluated both with (\"official\" reading) and without (\"blind\" reading) clinical information. By showing dilated bile ducts, sonography correctly diagnosed extrahepatic obstruction in 26 of 30 patients on \"official\" reading and 23 of 30 on \"blind\" reading. In all 17 patients without extrahepatic obstruction, sonography revealed the absence of dilated bile ducts. Among patients with extrahepatic obstruction, those with larger bile ducts had higher bilirubin concentrations, longer duration of jaundice, and were more reliably detected by sonography. In these patients, 94% with total bilirubin concentration greater than 10 mg/dl were detected by sonography, while 47% with total bilirubin concentration less than 10 mg/dl were detected. Although we recognize the limited sensitivity of sonography in early extrahepatic obstruction, we find it to be a valuable screening test in cholestatic jaundice.", "PMID": 666189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11040", "title": "Comparison of chemical composition of peritoneal fluid and serum: a method for monitoring dialysis patients and a tool for assessing binding to serum proteins in vivo.", "content": "It is hypothesized that peritoneal fluid might be used as an alternative vehicle for monitoring the clinical chemistry of patients on peritoneal dialyses and save these patients the venesection and resultant blood loss. Peritoneal fluid was obtained before 47.2% of 106 dialysis treatments and compared with simultaneous serum samples. Very close correlation was noted for phosphorus, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, bicarbonate, and sodium (r greater than 0.82, p less than 10(-6)), and we conclude that peritoneal fluid may be useful for monitoring these chemistries. The peritoneal fluid concentrations of calcium and albumin were consistently 20% and 43% lower than the corresponding serum values. Because the peritoneal fluid is in equilibrium with the serum, it could also be used to measure protein binding of low molecular-weight substances in vivo that cross the peritoneal membrane. The results presented here fail to support the suggestion that urate is bound to serum proteins in vivo.", "contents": "Comparison of chemical composition of peritoneal fluid and serum: a method for monitoring dialysis patients and a tool for assessing binding to serum proteins in vivo. It is hypothesized that peritoneal fluid might be used as an alternative vehicle for monitoring the clinical chemistry of patients on peritoneal dialyses and save these patients the venesection and resultant blood loss. Peritoneal fluid was obtained before 47.2% of 106 dialysis treatments and compared with simultaneous serum samples. Very close correlation was noted for phosphorus, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, bicarbonate, and sodium (r greater than 0.82, p less than 10(-6)), and we conclude that peritoneal fluid may be useful for monitoring these chemistries. The peritoneal fluid concentrations of calcium and albumin were consistently 20% and 43% lower than the corresponding serum values. Because the peritoneal fluid is in equilibrium with the serum, it could also be used to measure protein binding of low molecular-weight substances in vivo that cross the peritoneal membrane. The results presented here fail to support the suggestion that urate is bound to serum proteins in vivo.", "PMID": 666190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11041", "title": "Treatment of Depression with drugs.", "content": "The multiple manifestations of depression may mimic those associated with many physical illnesses, leading to delay in diagnosis. The consequences of depression are disability, suffering, and sometimes death by suicide. Antidepressant drugs have greatly improved the prognosis for the depressed patient. Tricyclics are the drugs of first choice, with monoamine oxidase inhibitors playing a secondary role except in special instances. Drugs can be used along with electroconvulsive therapy when treatment is urgent. Differences in the pharmacologic effects of tricyclics may affect their choice for individual patients. Monitoring of plasma concentrations of tricyclics may uncover some sources of drug failure, such as altered drug kinetics in an individual patient or noncompliance with treatment. Side-effects of antidepressant drugs are numerous; most represent extensions of known pharmacologic actions. Overdoses produce severe intoxications that require expert and assiduous management.", "contents": "Treatment of Depression with drugs. The multiple manifestations of depression may mimic those associated with many physical illnesses, leading to delay in diagnosis. The consequences of depression are disability, suffering, and sometimes death by suicide. Antidepressant drugs have greatly improved the prognosis for the depressed patient. Tricyclics are the drugs of first choice, with monoamine oxidase inhibitors playing a secondary role except in special instances. Drugs can be used along with electroconvulsive therapy when treatment is urgent. Differences in the pharmacologic effects of tricyclics may affect their choice for individual patients. Monitoring of plasma concentrations of tricyclics may uncover some sources of drug failure, such as altered drug kinetics in an individual patient or noncompliance with treatment. Side-effects of antidepressant drugs are numerous; most represent extensions of known pharmacologic actions. Overdoses produce severe intoxications that require expert and assiduous management.", "PMID": 666196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11042", "title": "Radiation dose in the selection of 131I or surgical treatment for toxic thyroid adenoma.", "content": "Clinicians, by their patterns of referral to colleagues in nuclear medicine or surgery, may strongly influence the selection of 131I versus surgical treatment for patients with toxic thyroid adenoma. The information presented here is intended to aid them in making an informed choice. As nodule size of an adenoma increases from 2 cm to 6 cm, the amount of radioiodine administered to the patient to deliver the same dose (30 000 rads to the nodule center, assuming a 30% uptake) increases from 5.6 mCi to 135 mCi. Concurrently, the suppressed thyroid tissue receives a radiation dose as high as 2300 rads. Despite these potentially carcinogenic doses, few patients with radioiodine-induced thyroid tumors have been reported; we discuss possible reasons for this. For young patients with large nodules, surgery is preferred.", "contents": "Radiation dose in the selection of 131I or surgical treatment for toxic thyroid adenoma. Clinicians, by their patterns of referral to colleagues in nuclear medicine or surgery, may strongly influence the selection of 131I versus surgical treatment for patients with toxic thyroid adenoma. The information presented here is intended to aid them in making an informed choice. As nodule size of an adenoma increases from 2 cm to 6 cm, the amount of radioiodine administered to the patient to deliver the same dose (30 000 rads to the nodule center, assuming a 30% uptake) increases from 5.6 mCi to 135 mCi. Concurrently, the suppressed thyroid tissue receives a radiation dose as high as 2300 rads. Despite these potentially carcinogenic doses, few patients with radioiodine-induced thyroid tumors have been reported; we discuss possible reasons for this. For young patients with large nodules, surgery is preferred.", "PMID": 666197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11043", "title": "[Synchronous growth in liquid medium of species related to \"Mycobacterium rhodochrous\": \"Nocardia restricta\" and \"Jensenia canicruria\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The synchronous development of nocardioform and coryneform populations had not yet been studied. We have observed that it is possible to obtain a synchronous growth of Nocardia restricta and Jensenia canicruria (species related to Mycobacterium rhodochrous) in a liquid synthetic medium by inoculating the medium with spherical cells taken during the advanced stationary phase, at the end of the cell division cycle. Good synchrony produces a series of breaks in the slope of culture absorbance and of cell protein content. DNA replication checked either by cell DNA content measurements or by pulse-incorporations of tritiated thymidine, is discontinous; peaks of incorporation of thymidine follow one another with a periodicity equal to the generation time. A study of the cell division cycle, hitherto unknown, is now possible.", "contents": "[Synchronous growth in liquid medium of species related to \"Mycobacterium rhodochrous\": \"Nocardia restricta\" and \"Jensenia canicruria\" (author's transl)]. The synchronous development of nocardioform and coryneform populations had not yet been studied. We have observed that it is possible to obtain a synchronous growth of Nocardia restricta and Jensenia canicruria (species related to Mycobacterium rhodochrous) in a liquid synthetic medium by inoculating the medium with spherical cells taken during the advanced stationary phase, at the end of the cell division cycle. Good synchrony produces a series of breaks in the slope of culture absorbance and of cell protein content. DNA replication checked either by cell DNA content measurements or by pulse-incorporations of tritiated thymidine, is discontinous; peaks of incorporation of thymidine follow one another with a periodicity equal to the generation time. A study of the cell division cycle, hitherto unknown, is now possible.", "PMID": 666214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11044", "title": "Gas-liquid-chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives from whole cell methanolysates of Leptospira : preliminary evaluation of its applicability to the taxonomy of the genus.", "content": "Gas-liquid-chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives from whole cell methanolysates was investigated as a supplmentary means for taxonomical classification within the genus Leptospira. Reproducibility of this technique was assessed through the peak height variations occurring in chromatograms of strain Patoc 1, serotype patoc, when samples either from the same or different batches of culture were used. From each chromatogram seven peaks were selected. Their heights were measured and calculated as percent values of the seven peaks total height. The values of relative standard deviation reported show that the reproducibility of this technique lies within the usual limits of biological methods. Four out of seven different serotypes analyzed gave elution patterns dissimilar enough to allow a clear distinction among them by the simple visual examination. Differentiation of the other three had to be done comparing the relative heights of the seven selected peaks. One not yet classified new strain was submitted to this technique; results seemed to confirm available serological information about it. Data reported encourage further research in order to evaluate the potential of GLC as an useful aid in the taxonomy of genus Leptospira.", "contents": "Gas-liquid-chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives from whole cell methanolysates of Leptospira : preliminary evaluation of its applicability to the taxonomy of the genus. Gas-liquid-chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives from whole cell methanolysates was investigated as a supplmentary means for taxonomical classification within the genus Leptospira. Reproducibility of this technique was assessed through the peak height variations occurring in chromatograms of strain Patoc 1, serotype patoc, when samples either from the same or different batches of culture were used. From each chromatogram seven peaks were selected. Their heights were measured and calculated as percent values of the seven peaks total height. The values of relative standard deviation reported show that the reproducibility of this technique lies within the usual limits of biological methods. Four out of seven different serotypes analyzed gave elution patterns dissimilar enough to allow a clear distinction among them by the simple visual examination. Differentiation of the other three had to be done comparing the relative heights of the seven selected peaks. One not yet classified new strain was submitted to this technique; results seemed to confirm available serological information about it. Data reported encourage further research in order to evaluate the potential of GLC as an useful aid in the taxonomy of genus Leptospira.", "PMID": 666215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11045", "title": "[Diphtheria toxin titration using \"Staphylococcus aureus\" protein A (author's transl)].", "content": "The antigen-antibody reaction between diphtheria toxin and its corresponding IgG antibody may be visualized if IgG are adsorbed on the surface of S. aureus cells carrying protein A (SpA). If enough antigen is mixed with SpA--IgG, a visible agglutination occurs. On a glass slide, a rapid test can detect 0.3 Lf/ml toxin. If the mixtures are incubated overnight at 37 degrees C, the highest dilution of toxin producing agglutination is 0.01 to 0.02 Lf/ml for a given batch of toxin. The sensitivities of this or of the biological titration using the lethal effect on guinea-pigs are the same. The high sensitivity of the skin reaction was however not approached.", "contents": "[Diphtheria toxin titration using \"Staphylococcus aureus\" protein A (author's transl)]. The antigen-antibody reaction between diphtheria toxin and its corresponding IgG antibody may be visualized if IgG are adsorbed on the surface of S. aureus cells carrying protein A (SpA). If enough antigen is mixed with SpA--IgG, a visible agglutination occurs. On a glass slide, a rapid test can detect 0.3 Lf/ml toxin. If the mixtures are incubated overnight at 37 degrees C, the highest dilution of toxin producing agglutination is 0.01 to 0.02 Lf/ml for a given batch of toxin. The sensitivities of this or of the biological titration using the lethal effect on guinea-pigs are the same. The high sensitivity of the skin reaction was however not approached.", "PMID": 666216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11046", "title": "[New \"chlamydia\" isolation methods applied to the current medical practice and epidemiology (author's transl)].", "content": "From 935 men attending a consultation for veneral diseases and 117 women suffering from vaginal discharge, 1 052 genito urinary tract specimens were inoculated on monolayers of McCoy cells which were irradiated or treated with either cytochalasin B or 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. The value of these technics was estimated in routine diagnostic procedures according to the number of positive cultures, regardless of the number of inclusions per culture and also by comparison of the number of inclusions seen in cells inoculated with reference strains of lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma and human urethral Chlamydia. The best method seems to consist of the use of McCoy cells treated with cytochalasin B for routine isolation and of acridine orange for the staining of inclusions.", "contents": "[New \"chlamydia\" isolation methods applied to the current medical practice and epidemiology (author's transl)]. From 935 men attending a consultation for veneral diseases and 117 women suffering from vaginal discharge, 1 052 genito urinary tract specimens were inoculated on monolayers of McCoy cells which were irradiated or treated with either cytochalasin B or 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. The value of these technics was estimated in routine diagnostic procedures according to the number of positive cultures, regardless of the number of inclusions per culture and also by comparison of the number of inclusions seen in cells inoculated with reference strains of lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma and human urethral Chlamydia. The best method seems to consist of the use of McCoy cells treated with cytochalasin B for routine isolation and of acridine orange for the staining of inclusions.", "PMID": 666217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11047", "title": "Mycobacterium phlei PN-bb colonies: a morphological characterisation by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Colonies of a non-acid-fast mutant of Mycobacterium phlei--termed \"PN--bb\"--were examined by scanning electron microscopy of gold-sputted whole colonies and by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections. Inspection of the colonies before and after preparation showed that the fixed colonies had retained their original appearance. Colonies are about 2-5 mm in height and width. They are made up of converging ridges forming a cone. These ridges consists of rounded bodies which are made up of clustered cells. The top of the cone consists of small, rugged, irregular structures. Thin sections show that the cells are arranged close together, without interconnections but with some electron-dense material between them. The colony is covered with a layer of unknown composition.", "contents": "Mycobacterium phlei PN-bb colonies: a morphological characterisation by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Colonies of a non-acid-fast mutant of Mycobacterium phlei--termed \"PN--bb\"--were examined by scanning electron microscopy of gold-sputted whole colonies and by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections. Inspection of the colonies before and after preparation showed that the fixed colonies had retained their original appearance. Colonies are about 2-5 mm in height and width. They are made up of converging ridges forming a cone. These ridges consists of rounded bodies which are made up of clustered cells. The top of the cone consists of small, rugged, irregular structures. Thin sections show that the cells are arranged close together, without interconnections but with some electron-dense material between them. The colony is covered with a layer of unknown composition.", "PMID": 666218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11048", "title": "[Spirochetes: coiling direction].", "content": "On electron micrographs of spirochetes, the axial fibers are alternatively visible and hidden, i.e. above then under the cytoplasmic cylinder. From this observation the sense of coiling can be inferred. Leptospires are right-handed structures. So are other spirochetes, but it is less conspicuous. The opposite, however, appears on most published photographs and on schematic drawings. The explanation would be that the preparation introduced into the electron microscope was not facing the photographic plate, but turned to the electron beam. Also the picture must not be turned over, neither in the photographic laboratory nor when used as a slide.", "contents": "[Spirochetes: coiling direction]. On electron micrographs of spirochetes, the axial fibers are alternatively visible and hidden, i.e. above then under the cytoplasmic cylinder. From this observation the sense of coiling can be inferred. Leptospires are right-handed structures. So are other spirochetes, but it is less conspicuous. The opposite, however, appears on most published photographs and on schematic drawings. The explanation would be that the preparation introduced into the electron microscope was not facing the photographic plate, but turned to the electron beam. Also the picture must not be turned over, neither in the photographic laboratory nor when used as a slide.", "PMID": 666219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11049", "title": "[The prognostic value of the time of progression of symptoms and signs in carcinomas of the pharyngo-larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the Time of Progression of Symptoms and Signs (TPSS) before diagnosis and treatment in 733 carcinomas of the pharyngo-larynx and 233 carcinomas of the piriform fossa. They show that for a given tumour stage (lymph node: clinical and histological), the longer the TPSS, the better the vital prognosis, the better the local and lymph node prognosis (results statistically significant). By contrast, the TPSS has no influence in the development of metastases nor in the occurrence of second tumour sites. In the opinion of the authors, TPSS, based upon routine questioning is the clinical reflection of cell division and of tumours growth. The treatment of these carcinomas whould be modified in the light of the TPSS. The value of chemotherapy used before surgery and radiotherapy is discussed in carcinomas with a short TPSS, less than 3 months, these being tumours with a rapid course with a particularly unfavourable vital, local and lymphatic prognosis.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of the time of progression of symptoms and signs in carcinomas of the pharyngo-larynx (author's transl)]. The authors study the Time of Progression of Symptoms and Signs (TPSS) before diagnosis and treatment in 733 carcinomas of the pharyngo-larynx and 233 carcinomas of the piriform fossa. They show that for a given tumour stage (lymph node: clinical and histological), the longer the TPSS, the better the vital prognosis, the better the local and lymph node prognosis (results statistically significant). By contrast, the TPSS has no influence in the development of metastases nor in the occurrence of second tumour sites. In the opinion of the authors, TPSS, based upon routine questioning is the clinical reflection of cell division and of tumours growth. The treatment of these carcinomas whould be modified in the light of the TPSS. The value of chemotherapy used before surgery and radiotherapy is discussed in carcinomas with a short TPSS, less than 3 months, these being tumours with a rapid course with a particularly unfavourable vital, local and lymphatic prognosis.", "PMID": 666221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11050", "title": "[Hyperfractionated irradiation with cobalt 60 in ORL cancers].", "content": "So-called \"hyperfractionated\" radiotherapy is aimed at obtaining synchronisation of tumour cells and to kill the cells synchronised in this way. The technique has been used now for approximately a year and a half in the treatment of 45 advanced or inoperable squamous carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. The initial results are encouraging. Oncological sterilisation of the lesions is obtained at the price of actinic reactions which rapidly disappear, but also tumour necrosis, which indicates the need for review of the protocol.", "contents": "[Hyperfractionated irradiation with cobalt 60 in ORL cancers]. So-called \"hyperfractionated\" radiotherapy is aimed at obtaining synchronisation of tumour cells and to kill the cells synchronised in this way. The technique has been used now for approximately a year and a half in the treatment of 45 advanced or inoperable squamous carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. The initial results are encouraging. Oncological sterilisation of the lesions is obtained at the price of actinic reactions which rapidly disappear, but also tumour necrosis, which indicates the need for review of the protocol.", "PMID": 666222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11051", "title": "[Vasomotor rhinitis and vasomotor tests (author's transl)].", "content": "The classification of types of vasomotor rhinitis remains controversial. Too frequently, the presence of salvoes of sneezing leads to a diagnosis of allergy. The authors point out the only relatively accuracy of skin tests and show that marked local histamine liberation may occur in the absence of allergy. They have perfected a battery of vasomotor tests using nicotinic acid, histamine, 48/80 and acetylcholine. On this basis, they propose a pragmatic clinical classification of types of vasomotor rhinitis. Underlying tendency to tetany is the most common aetiology, going hand in hand with increased histamine sensitivity.", "contents": "[Vasomotor rhinitis and vasomotor tests (author's transl)]. The classification of types of vasomotor rhinitis remains controversial. Too frequently, the presence of salvoes of sneezing leads to a diagnosis of allergy. The authors point out the only relatively accuracy of skin tests and show that marked local histamine liberation may occur in the absence of allergy. They have perfected a battery of vasomotor tests using nicotinic acid, histamine, 48/80 and acetylcholine. On this basis, they propose a pragmatic clinical classification of types of vasomotor rhinitis. Underlying tendency to tetany is the most common aetiology, going hand in hand with increased histamine sensitivity.", "PMID": 666223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11052", "title": "[A graphical method for the assessment of the sensitivity of the vestibular system (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a graphical method for the assessment of the sensitivity of the vestibular system. With the aid of this method it is possible, with a high degree of probability, to exclude the existence of disturbances (80%) or confirm the presence of disease.", "contents": "[A graphical method for the assessment of the sensitivity of the vestibular system (author's transl)]. The authors present a graphical method for the assessment of the sensitivity of the vestibular system. With the aid of this method it is possible, with a high degree of probability, to exclude the existence of disturbances (80%) or confirm the presence of disease.", "PMID": 666224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11053", "title": "[Vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "The vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus is the nystagmus induced by torsion and extension of the neck, continued for more than three minutes, after nystagmus of other origin has been excluded. It stands particularly in opposition with the nystagmus of cervical origin, which is proprioceptive. On the contrary, vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus is of vascular origin. It enables the detection of an infra-clinical vertebral-basilar insufficiency. It deserves to be elicited before subjecting patients to any operation requiring prolonged cervical rotation.", "contents": "[Vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus (author's transl)]. The vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus is the nystagmus induced by torsion and extension of the neck, continued for more than three minutes, after nystagmus of other origin has been excluded. It stands particularly in opposition with the nystagmus of cervical origin, which is proprioceptive. On the contrary, vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus is of vascular origin. It enables the detection of an infra-clinical vertebral-basilar insufficiency. It deserves to be elicited before subjecting patients to any operation requiring prolonged cervical rotation.", "PMID": 666225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11054", "title": "Use of the stomach for bladder replacement and urinary diversion.", "content": "The current methods of urinary diversion and bladder replacement have many drawbacks. The pyloric antrum of the stomach was chosen for this purpose because of its good blood supply, relatively poorly absorbing mucosa, acidification of urine, and good contractility. This was first tried out in dogs with extremely encouraging results in the form of both bladder replacement and conduits. Since 1969 these techniques have been applied to human clinical use. Extensive postoperative studies have shown that the pyloric antrum functions well in the urinary tract and that its use for bladder replacement and urinary diversion is probably superior to other recognised methods for these purposes.", "contents": "Use of the stomach for bladder replacement and urinary diversion. The current methods of urinary diversion and bladder replacement have many drawbacks. The pyloric antrum of the stomach was chosen for this purpose because of its good blood supply, relatively poorly absorbing mucosa, acidification of urine, and good contractility. This was first tried out in dogs with extremely encouraging results in the form of both bladder replacement and conduits. Since 1969 these techniques have been applied to human clinical use. Extensive postoperative studies have shown that the pyloric antrum functions well in the urinary tract and that its use for bladder replacement and urinary diversion is probably superior to other recognised methods for these purposes.", "PMID": 666231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11055", "title": "Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Thyroid function has been assessed in 40 patients with breast cancer and compared with an age-matched control female population. The free thyroxine index was lower and the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum higher in the cancer group and these changes became more marked at 6 months. It is concluded that patients with breast cancer show more evidence of hypothyroidism as time progresses.", "contents": "Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer. Thyroid function has been assessed in 40 patients with breast cancer and compared with an age-matched control female population. The free thyroxine index was lower and the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum higher in the cancer group and these changes became more marked at 6 months. It is concluded that patients with breast cancer show more evidence of hypothyroidism as time progresses.", "PMID": 666232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11056", "title": "Aneurysm formation on the small pancreatic arteries in assoication with coeliac axis compression.", "content": "The coeliac axis compression syndrome has been recognized for 12 years. More recently an association between this syndrome and the occurrence of aneurysms on the collateral circulation has been described. A review of the coeliac axis compression syndrome is presented and the management of associated aneurysms discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysm formation on the small pancreatic arteries in assoication with coeliac axis compression. The coeliac axis compression syndrome has been recognized for 12 years. More recently an association between this syndrome and the occurrence of aneurysms on the collateral circulation has been described. A review of the coeliac axis compression syndrome is presented and the management of associated aneurysms discussed.", "PMID": 666233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11057", "title": "Anatomical pitfall of subclavian venepuncture.", "content": "Dissection of 30 human cadavers demonstrated a 45% incidence of accessory phrenic nerves crossing in front of the subclavian vein. There was a small incidence of other anomalies, including instances of the phrenic nerve crossing anterior to the subclavian vein and of the accessory phrenic nerve passing through the subclavian vein and dividing in into two separate channels. These may be hazards in the procedure of subclavian venepuncture.", "contents": "Anatomical pitfall of subclavian venepuncture. Dissection of 30 human cadavers demonstrated a 45% incidence of accessory phrenic nerves crossing in front of the subclavian vein. There was a small incidence of other anomalies, including instances of the phrenic nerve crossing anterior to the subclavian vein and of the accessory phrenic nerve passing through the subclavian vein and dividing in into two separate channels. These may be hazards in the procedure of subclavian venepuncture.", "PMID": 666237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11058", "title": "Portal phlebothrombosis: the role of thrombectomy.", "content": "The causes, pathology, and clinical features of thrombosis within the portal venous system are discussed. When thrombosis starts in the periphery of the mesentery the extent of infarction in the bowel may be limited and treatment by resection of the thrombosed mesentery and adjacent gut may be successful. When the thrombosis is proximal thrombectomy is essential. A case is described in which proximal mesenteric venous thrombosis occurred in assoication with volvulus of a common embryonic midgut mesentery. Laparotomy was performed and a thrombus 25 cm long extending into the portal vein successfully removed by catheter thrombectomy.", "contents": "Portal phlebothrombosis: the role of thrombectomy. The causes, pathology, and clinical features of thrombosis within the portal venous system are discussed. When thrombosis starts in the periphery of the mesentery the extent of infarction in the bowel may be limited and treatment by resection of the thrombosed mesentery and adjacent gut may be successful. When the thrombosis is proximal thrombectomy is essential. A case is described in which proximal mesenteric venous thrombosis occurred in assoication with volvulus of a common embryonic midgut mesentery. Laparotomy was performed and a thrombus 25 cm long extending into the portal vein successfully removed by catheter thrombectomy.", "PMID": 666238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11059", "title": "The transmaxillary K-wire.", "content": "The transmaxillary K-wire is a simple, fast, safe, and effective technique for the fixation of unstable tractured malar bones. Combined with other techniques such as interdental fixation it simplifies and provides the fixation of the Le Fort II fracture or osteotomy and certain osteotomies used for facial advancement. The technique of insertion is described and illustrated.", "contents": "The transmaxillary K-wire. The transmaxillary K-wire is a simple, fast, safe, and effective technique for the fixation of unstable tractured malar bones. Combined with other techniques such as interdental fixation it simplifies and provides the fixation of the Le Fort II fracture or osteotomy and certain osteotomies used for facial advancement. The technique of insertion is described and illustrated.", "PMID": 666241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11060", "title": "Visual dysfunctions in optic tract lesions.", "content": "Characteristic visual symptoms and signs in 12 patients with neoplasms or aneurysms involving the optic tract are summarized. Blurred vision was the most common initial manifestation. Optic atrophy became apparent in 7 of the 12 patients. Most patients had uniocular central scotomas with reduced visual acuity, and 2 had homonymous scotomas. Field defects were frequently incomplete and incongruous, combining central scotomas with elements of homonymous and bitemporal amblyopias. Seven patients had endocrine disturbances and memory deficits in addition to their visual symptoms.", "contents": "Visual dysfunctions in optic tract lesions. Characteristic visual symptoms and signs in 12 patients with neoplasms or aneurysms involving the optic tract are summarized. Blurred vision was the most common initial manifestation. Optic atrophy became apparent in 7 of the 12 patients. Most patients had uniocular central scotomas with reduced visual acuity, and 2 had homonymous scotomas. Field defects were frequently incomplete and incongruous, combining central scotomas with elements of homonymous and bitemporal amblyopias. Seven patients had endocrine disturbances and memory deficits in addition to their visual symptoms.", "PMID": 666260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11061", "title": "Metabolic response to hypertonic glucose administration in Reye syndrome.", "content": "Blood substrate and hormone concentration were determined in 16 children with Reye syndrome prior to and following administration of hypertonic glucose. Baseline concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and aspartate were elevated (p less than 0.01), whereas citrulline and arginine were low. All substrate concentrations were below or within the normal range following 36 hours of therapy except those of lactate, pyruvate, and aspartate. Urea nitrogen excretion was reduced (p less than 0.05) on the second day of therapy. Plasma concentrations of insulin and growth hormone increased and glucagon decreased during the first day. Cortisol remained elevated throughout the study period. We conclude that the high circulating concentrations of substrates are the result of both increased mobilization and decreased clearance and that hypertonic glucose infusion suppresses substrate mobilization. A primary abnormality of the mitochondria could explain the metabolic perturbations that occurred. A possible relationship between the encephalopathy in this disorder and an insult to both brain and brain capillary mitochondria is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic response to hypertonic glucose administration in Reye syndrome. Blood substrate and hormone concentration were determined in 16 children with Reye syndrome prior to and following administration of hypertonic glucose. Baseline concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and aspartate were elevated (p less than 0.01), whereas citrulline and arginine were low. All substrate concentrations were below or within the normal range following 36 hours of therapy except those of lactate, pyruvate, and aspartate. Urea nitrogen excretion was reduced (p less than 0.05) on the second day of therapy. Plasma concentrations of insulin and growth hormone increased and glucagon decreased during the first day. Cortisol remained elevated throughout the study period. We conclude that the high circulating concentrations of substrates are the result of both increased mobilization and decreased clearance and that hypertonic glucose infusion suppresses substrate mobilization. A primary abnormality of the mitochondria could explain the metabolic perturbations that occurred. A possible relationship between the encephalopathy in this disorder and an insult to both brain and brain capillary mitochondria is discussed.", "PMID": 666261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11062", "title": "Ventricular volume in man computed from CAT scans.", "content": "A new interactive computers has been developed to measure ventricular volume from CAT scans. Testing this system on phantoms demonstrated an accuracy to within 16%. Then a series of scans of patients with obstructive hydrocephalus was analyzed using both tradional linear measures and the computer method. None of the traditional measures were directly proportional to the calculated volume. The area measure of ventricular volume correlated well with the computer-generated values. Clinical studies which attempt to quantitate ventricular volume should use a computerized or planigraphic measure.", "contents": "Ventricular volume in man computed from CAT scans. A new interactive computers has been developed to measure ventricular volume from CAT scans. Testing this system on phantoms demonstrated an accuracy to within 16%. Then a series of scans of patients with obstructive hydrocephalus was analyzed using both tradional linear measures and the computer method. None of the traditional measures were directly proportional to the calculated volume. The area measure of ventricular volume correlated well with the computer-generated values. Clinical studies which attempt to quantitate ventricular volume should use a computerized or planigraphic measure.", "PMID": 666262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11063", "title": "Anomalies of motor development in hyperactive boys.", "content": "Forty-eight boys who scored high on rating scales for the \"hyperactive syndrome\" but who went without traditional neurological signs of learning disabilities were compared with 50 control boys on coordination tests. Discriminant function scores for speed, rhythm, and overflow correctly classified 89% of the boys as those with \"hyperactive\" versus \"normal\" behavioral histories. Thus, neurological examination of \"hyperactive\" boys does reveal developmentally immature coordination.", "contents": "Anomalies of motor development in hyperactive boys. Forty-eight boys who scored high on rating scales for the \"hyperactive syndrome\" but who went without traditional neurological signs of learning disabilities were compared with 50 control boys on coordination tests. Discriminant function scores for speed, rhythm, and overflow correctly classified 89% of the boys as those with \"hyperactive\" versus \"normal\" behavioral histories. Thus, neurological examination of \"hyperactive\" boys does reveal developmentally immature coordination.", "PMID": 666263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11064", "title": "Gaze-evoked blepharoclonus.", "content": "Painful bilateral orbicularis clonus on eccentric gaze developed in 2 patients with demyelinating disease. This unusual phenomenon was of variable intensity but persisted for years and did not respond to phenytoin or carbamazepine therapy.", "contents": "Gaze-evoked blepharoclonus. Painful bilateral orbicularis clonus on eccentric gaze developed in 2 patients with demyelinating disease. This unusual phenomenon was of variable intensity but persisted for years and did not respond to phenytoin or carbamazepine therapy.", "PMID": 666264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11065", "title": "Predictors of mortality in presenile and senile dementia.", "content": "Forty-seven hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of presenile or senile dementia and without focal neurological disease of major systemic illness were given complete neurological, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological examinations. Mortality at one year after hospitalization was determined, 12 patients being lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 35 patients, 19 were alive and 1l had died. These groups did not differ in age, education, length of dementia history, sex, race, or degree of cerebral atrophy (by computerized tomography). Significant differences were found in degree of electroencephalographic abnormality and in 8 of 14 cognitive measures, the the largest single difference being on a test of expressive language. Discriminant function analysis made with the cognitive measures as dependent variables yielded a correct prediction (classification analysis) of mortality in all but 1 case (97% accuracy). These results suggest that (1) degree of functional brain impairment rather than degree of cerebral atrophy may be the more important influence on mortality in dementia patients without focal lesions, (2) short-term survival may be accurately predicted in such patients by tests of cognitive functioning, and (3) expressive language deficit in such patients may indicate a particularly poor prognosis for survival.", "contents": "Predictors of mortality in presenile and senile dementia. Forty-seven hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of presenile or senile dementia and without focal neurological disease of major systemic illness were given complete neurological, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological examinations. Mortality at one year after hospitalization was determined, 12 patients being lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 35 patients, 19 were alive and 1l had died. These groups did not differ in age, education, length of dementia history, sex, race, or degree of cerebral atrophy (by computerized tomography). Significant differences were found in degree of electroencephalographic abnormality and in 8 of 14 cognitive measures, the the largest single difference being on a test of expressive language. Discriminant function analysis made with the cognitive measures as dependent variables yielded a correct prediction (classification analysis) of mortality in all but 1 case (97% accuracy). These results suggest that (1) degree of functional brain impairment rather than degree of cerebral atrophy may be the more important influence on mortality in dementia patients without focal lesions, (2) short-term survival may be accurately predicted in such patients by tests of cognitive functioning, and (3) expressive language deficit in such patients may indicate a particularly poor prognosis for survival.", "PMID": 666265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11066", "title": "Familial degeneration of the basal ganglia with acanthocytosis: a clinical, neuropathological, and neurochemical study.", "content": "Three siblings, offspring of normal consanguineous parents, had a progressive neurological disorder characterized primarily by chorea and leading to death in the fourth or fifth decade. The most carefully studied patient had neither malabsorption nor absent serum beta-lipoprotein but did have erythrocyte acanthocytosis. Postmortem examination showed marked neuronal loss and gliosis of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase were normal in cortex, caudate, and putamen. Autosomal recessive inheritance, acanthocytosis, and probable peripheral neuropathy help differentiate this disorder from Huntington's disease.", "contents": "Familial degeneration of the basal ganglia with acanthocytosis: a clinical, neuropathological, and neurochemical study. Three siblings, offspring of normal consanguineous parents, had a progressive neurological disorder characterized primarily by chorea and leading to death in the fourth or fifth decade. The most carefully studied patient had neither malabsorption nor absent serum beta-lipoprotein but did have erythrocyte acanthocytosis. Postmortem examination showed marked neuronal loss and gliosis of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase were normal in cortex, caudate, and putamen. Autosomal recessive inheritance, acanthocytosis, and probable peripheral neuropathy help differentiate this disorder from Huntington's disease.", "PMID": 666266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11067", "title": "Changing patterns of childhood aphasia.", "content": "Acquired aphasia in children has been generally characterized as nonfluent, transient, and frequently due to right hemisphere lesions. We studied 65 children with unilateral hemispheric brain lesions occurring after speech acquisition any time from the second through the fourteenth year. Of 34 patients with a left hemisphere lesion, 25 had an initial aphasic speech disturbance, while of 31 patients with a right hemisphere lesion, only 4 (including 2 left-handers) showed any initial aphasia. All those who became aphasic before the age of 8 years eventually regained speech, but recovery time required ranged from less than a month to more than two years. One 5-year-old boy who recovered had initial jargon aphasia. Our review of the literature indicated that the conflict between our results and the traditional claim of frequent aphasia with right hemisphere lesions only apparent; the great majority of crossed aphasias are concentrated in reports written before antibiotics were used, and many cases were assoicated with systemic bacterial infections.", "contents": "Changing patterns of childhood aphasia. Acquired aphasia in children has been generally characterized as nonfluent, transient, and frequently due to right hemisphere lesions. We studied 65 children with unilateral hemispheric brain lesions occurring after speech acquisition any time from the second through the fourteenth year. Of 34 patients with a left hemisphere lesion, 25 had an initial aphasic speech disturbance, while of 31 patients with a right hemisphere lesion, only 4 (including 2 left-handers) showed any initial aphasia. All those who became aphasic before the age of 8 years eventually regained speech, but recovery time required ranged from less than a month to more than two years. One 5-year-old boy who recovered had initial jargon aphasia. Our review of the literature indicated that the conflict between our results and the traditional claim of frequent aphasia with right hemisphere lesions only apparent; the great majority of crossed aphasias are concentrated in reports written before antibiotics were used, and many cases were assoicated with systemic bacterial infections.", "PMID": 666267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11068", "title": "Speech disorders in cerebellar disease.", "content": "The areas of cerebellar damage most commonly associated with dysarthria were sought by reviewing the clinical, radiographic, surgical, and autopsy findings in patients with nondegenerative cerebellar disease. Case histories on 162 patients with focal cerebellar lesions were reviewed. All but 15 of the patients underwent surgery, and 28 had autopsies. Thirty-one of the 122 patients with adequate descriptions of speech had dysarthria. Twenty-two of these 31 dysarthric patients had exclusively or predominantly left cerebellar hemisphere disease; 7 had right hemisphere disease; and 2 had vermal disease. Only 19 of 41 patients with exclusively or predominantly left hemisphere disease had had normal speech before surgery. Dysarthria developed in isolated cases following cerebellar resections extending into the paravermal segments of the left hemisphere. There was no correlation between the extent of vermal damage and development of abnormal speech. Cerebellar speech function was most commonly affected with  damage to the superior portion of the left cerebellar hemisphere.", "contents": "Speech disorders in cerebellar disease. The areas of cerebellar damage most commonly associated with dysarthria were sought by reviewing the clinical, radiographic, surgical, and autopsy findings in patients with nondegenerative cerebellar disease. Case histories on 162 patients with focal cerebellar lesions were reviewed. All but 15 of the patients underwent surgery, and 28 had autopsies. Thirty-one of the 122 patients with adequate descriptions of speech had dysarthria. Twenty-two of these 31 dysarthric patients had exclusively or predominantly left cerebellar hemisphere disease; 7 had right hemisphere disease; and 2 had vermal disease. Only 19 of 41 patients with exclusively or predominantly left hemisphere disease had had normal speech before surgery. Dysarthria developed in isolated cases following cerebellar resections extending into the paravermal segments of the left hemisphere. There was no correlation between the extent of vermal damage and development of abnormal speech. Cerebellar speech function was most commonly affected with  damage to the superior portion of the left cerebellar hemisphere.", "PMID": 666268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11069", "title": "The EEG manifestations of chronic ethanol abuse: relation to cerebral cortical atrophy.", "content": "Eleven chronic alcoholic patients without other nonneurological or traumatic disease were evaluated by a simultaneous electroencephalogram and computerized axial tomogram. The findings suggested that chronic abusers of approximately 60 years of age or less may have a normal EEG despite the presence of cerebral cortical atrophy or dementia. In alcoholics over 60 years of age, the greater the severity of cerebral cortical atrophy, the greater the slowing in background frequency of the EEG. Voltage diminution and slow-wave transients also occurred more frequently in the older patients. The incidence of EEG abnormalities was greater than the incidence of CAT scan evidence for cerebral cortical atrophy in alcoholics over 60 years of age with dementia.", "contents": "The EEG manifestations of chronic ethanol abuse: relation to cerebral cortical atrophy. Eleven chronic alcoholic patients without other nonneurological or traumatic disease were evaluated by a simultaneous electroencephalogram and computerized axial tomogram. The findings suggested that chronic abusers of approximately 60 years of age or less may have a normal EEG despite the presence of cerebral cortical atrophy or dementia. In alcoholics over 60 years of age, the greater the severity of cerebral cortical atrophy, the greater the slowing in background frequency of the EEG. Voltage diminution and slow-wave transients also occurred more frequently in the older patients. The incidence of EEG abnormalities was greater than the incidence of CAT scan evidence for cerebral cortical atrophy in alcoholics over 60 years of age with dementia.", "PMID": 666269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11070", "title": "Free amino acid levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "To evaluate reports of abnormal levels of free amino acids (AA) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we studied serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine AA in 12 patients with ALS and 12 controls matched for age, sex, and severity of disability. ALS patients had statistically significant elevations in serum levels of tyrosine, total aromatic AA, and total basic AA. ALS patients also had statistically significant elevations in cerebrospinal fluid of total basic AA, lysine, essential AA, and leucine. The severity of ALS correlated inversely with acidic AA (glutamate and aspartate) and O-phosphoserine in cerebrospinal fluid. Activity of ALS correlated directly with serum aspartate and cerebrospinal fluid alanine. We conclude that subtle abnormalities of AA levels are present in ALS and that these are not due to age, sex, or disability. The pattern of distribution of AA levels differs from that in hepatic or renal disease and suggests defective membrane transport or poor cellular utilization of basic and essential AA in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Free amino acid levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To evaluate reports of abnormal levels of free amino acids (AA) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we studied serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine AA in 12 patients with ALS and 12 controls matched for age, sex, and severity of disability. ALS patients had statistically significant elevations in serum levels of tyrosine, total aromatic AA, and total basic AA. ALS patients also had statistically significant elevations in cerebrospinal fluid of total basic AA, lysine, essential AA, and leucine. The severity of ALS correlated inversely with acidic AA (glutamate and aspartate) and O-phosphoserine in cerebrospinal fluid. Activity of ALS correlated directly with serum aspartate and cerebrospinal fluid alanine. We conclude that subtle abnormalities of AA levels are present in ALS and that these are not due to age, sex, or disability. The pattern of distribution of AA levels differs from that in hepatic or renal disease and suggests defective membrane transport or poor cellular utilization of basic and essential AA in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 666270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11071", "title": "Experimental analysis of EMG feedback in treating dystonia.", "content": "Recent clinical reports have suggested that electromyographic feedback offers promise as a palliative therapy for neuromuscular disorders. This study utilized a single-subject experimental analysis to evaluate the effects of EMG feedback training on a 20-year-old man with adult-onset idiopathic dystonia to achieve control of orofacial dysfunctions. Feedback training produced reductions in levels and variability of tension in facial and forearm muscles, as measured by EMG. Reliable blind observations of facial control indicated that feedback training enabled the patient to produce normal facial relaxation in extraclinical environments.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of EMG feedback in treating dystonia. Recent clinical reports have suggested that electromyographic feedback offers promise as a palliative therapy for neuromuscular disorders. This study utilized a single-subject experimental analysis to evaluate the effects of EMG feedback training on a 20-year-old man with adult-onset idiopathic dystonia to achieve control of orofacial dysfunctions. Feedback training produced reductions in levels and variability of tension in facial and forearm muscles, as measured by EMG. Reliable blind observations of facial control indicated that feedback training enabled the patient to produce normal facial relaxation in extraclinical environments.", "PMID": 666271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11072", "title": "The syndrome of facial nevi, anomalous cerebral venous return, and hydrocephalus.", "content": "A 25-year-old man with facial and nuchal pigmentation and contrast radiographic changes identical to those in the syndrome described by Shapiro and Shulman is reported. Without surgical intervention in infancy, the patient attained normal maturation and development.", "contents": "The syndrome of facial nevi, anomalous cerebral venous return, and hydrocephalus. A 25-year-old man with facial and nuchal pigmentation and contrast radiographic changes identical to those in the syndrome described by Shapiro and Shulman is reported. Without surgical intervention in infancy, the patient attained normal maturation and development.", "PMID": 666272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11073", "title": "Comparison between lergotrile and bromocriptine in parkinsonism.", "content": "The therapeutic and adverse effects of two ergot derivatives, bromocriptine and lergotrile, were compared in idiopathic parkinsonism. At both low (50 mg daily) and high (150 mg daily) dosage there was a similar but not identical profile of response. Initially, lergotrile tended to induce more severe but always transient hypotension. At higher doses, bromocriptine caused more dyskinesia. Neurological deficits improved with increasing doses up to an average daily level of 80 to 150 mg of ergot derivatives combined with levodopa, 450 to 1,150 mg, and carbidopa, 45 to 115 mg. However, efficacy often declined at the highest doses of antiparkinsonian agents. Adverse effects caused by ergot derivatives are more common with dosages greater than 100 mg per day. In general, the best overall therapeutic results with bromocriptine and lergotrile were obtained in the dose range of 50 to 100 mg daily for each. It is concluded that bromocriptine and lergotrile are similar in their therapeutic properties and that both are comparable in efficacy to levodopa plus carbidopa (though optimal results are commonly obtained by combining submaximal doses of levodopa with ergot derivatives). The role for each drug in the treatment of parkinsonism is likely to be determined by factors such as cost (bromocriptine) and hepatotoxicity (lergotrile).", "contents": "Comparison between lergotrile and bromocriptine in parkinsonism. The therapeutic and adverse effects of two ergot derivatives, bromocriptine and lergotrile, were compared in idiopathic parkinsonism. At both low (50 mg daily) and high (150 mg daily) dosage there was a similar but not identical profile of response. Initially, lergotrile tended to induce more severe but always transient hypotension. At higher doses, bromocriptine caused more dyskinesia. Neurological deficits improved with increasing doses up to an average daily level of 80 to 150 mg of ergot derivatives combined with levodopa, 450 to 1,150 mg, and carbidopa, 45 to 115 mg. However, efficacy often declined at the highest doses of antiparkinsonian agents. Adverse effects caused by ergot derivatives are more common with dosages greater than 100 mg per day. In general, the best overall therapeutic results with bromocriptine and lergotrile were obtained in the dose range of 50 to 100 mg daily for each. It is concluded that bromocriptine and lergotrile are similar in their therapeutic properties and that both are comparable in efficacy to levodopa plus carbidopa (though optimal results are commonly obtained by combining submaximal doses of levodopa with ergot derivatives). The role for each drug in the treatment of parkinsonism is likely to be determined by factors such as cost (bromocriptine) and hepatotoxicity (lergotrile).", "PMID": 666273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11074", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in chronically hyperammonemic rats: effect of an acute ammonia challenge.", "content": "The effects of chronic hyperammonemia on cerebral metabolism were studied in rats four and eight weeks after the construction of a portacaval shunt. Compared to sham-operated controls, shunted animals had increased arterial concentrations of ammonia and glutamine and decreased glutamate. Cerebral blood flow, measured by xenon 133 washout in animals lightly anesthetized with nitrous oxide, increased from a control of 91 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM) to 139 +/- 20 ml per 100 gm tissue per minute after shunting for eight weeks; however, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen was not different from control four or eight weeks after the shunting procedure. Following intraperitoneal administration of a small ammonium acetate load (2.6 mmol/kg), eight-week portacaval animals consistently underwent a fall in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption and developed high-voltage slow waves in the electroencephalogram. Glutamine was produced by the brains of all groups of animals; the cerebral metabolic rate for glutamine was greater than control in eight-week portacaval rats, the only animals to show a net uptake of ammonia into brain. The findings suggest that increased cerebral sensitivity to ammonia, along with nonspecific effects of chronic portal-systemic shunting, may lead to uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in chronically hyperammonemic rats: effect of an acute ammonia challenge. The effects of chronic hyperammonemia on cerebral metabolism were studied in rats four and eight weeks after the construction of a portacaval shunt. Compared to sham-operated controls, shunted animals had increased arterial concentrations of ammonia and glutamine and decreased glutamate. Cerebral blood flow, measured by xenon 133 washout in animals lightly anesthetized with nitrous oxide, increased from a control of 91 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM) to 139 +/- 20 ml per 100 gm tissue per minute after shunting for eight weeks; however, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen was not different from control four or eight weeks after the shunting procedure. Following intraperitoneal administration of a small ammonium acetate load (2.6 mmol/kg), eight-week portacaval animals consistently underwent a fall in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption and developed high-voltage slow waves in the electroencephalogram. Glutamine was produced by the brains of all groups of animals; the cerebral metabolic rate for glutamine was greater than control in eight-week portacaval rats, the only animals to show a net uptake of ammonia into brain. The findings suggest that increased cerebral sensitivity to ammonia, along with nonspecific effects of chronic portal-systemic shunting, may lead to uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism.", "PMID": 666274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11075", "title": "Chronic ketosis and cerebral metabolism.", "content": "The effects of chronic ketosis on cerebral metabolism were determined in adult rats maintained on a high-fat diet for approximately three weeks and compared to a control group of animals. The fat-fed rats had statistically significantly lower blood glucose concentrations and higher blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations; higher brain concentrations of bound glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, alanine, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); lower brain concentrations of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, aspartate, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), creatine, cyclic nucleotides, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acid-insoluble CoA, and total CoA; and similar brain concentrations of glucose, malate, calculated oxaloacetate, glutamate, glutamine, adenosine monophosphate, phosphocreatine, reduced CoA, acetyl CoA, sodium, potassium, chloride, and water content. The metabolite data in the chronically ketotic rats demonstrate an increase in the cerebral energy reserve and energy charge. These data also suggest negative modification of the enzymes phosphofructokinase, pyruvic dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase; positive modification of glycogen synthase; and possible augmentation of the hexose transport system. There was no demonstrable difference in brain pH, water content, or electrolytes in the two groups of animals. We speculate that the increased brain ATP/ADP ratio is central to most, if not all, the observed metabolic perturbations and may account for the increased neuronal stability that accompanies chronic ketosis.", "contents": "Chronic ketosis and cerebral metabolism. The effects of chronic ketosis on cerebral metabolism were determined in adult rats maintained on a high-fat diet for approximately three weeks and compared to a control group of animals. The fat-fed rats had statistically significantly lower blood glucose concentrations and higher blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations; higher brain concentrations of bound glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, alanine, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); lower brain concentrations of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, aspartate, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), creatine, cyclic nucleotides, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acid-insoluble CoA, and total CoA; and similar brain concentrations of glucose, malate, calculated oxaloacetate, glutamate, glutamine, adenosine monophosphate, phosphocreatine, reduced CoA, acetyl CoA, sodium, potassium, chloride, and water content. The metabolite data in the chronically ketotic rats demonstrate an increase in the cerebral energy reserve and energy charge. These data also suggest negative modification of the enzymes phosphofructokinase, pyruvic dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase; positive modification of glycogen synthase; and possible augmentation of the hexose transport system. There was no demonstrable difference in brain pH, water content, or electrolytes in the two groups of animals. We speculate that the increased brain ATP/ADP ratio is central to most, if not all, the observed metabolic perturbations and may account for the increased neuronal stability that accompanies chronic ketosis.", "PMID": 666275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11076", "title": "Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in childhood.", "content": "During the 13-year period 1964 through 1976, 37 patients less than 20 years with an intracranial, parenchymal arteriovenous fistula were seen at the Mayo Clinic. The most frequent mode of presentation was hemorrhage or seizure. Other than angiography, computed tomography with contrast enhancement was the most helpful diagnostic test. Surgery was restricted to patients with intraparenchymal hematomas, intractable seizures, or subarachnoid hemorrhage with accessible lesions and to 1 infant with a massive, sumptomatic malformation. Surgery generally  was tolerated well, with reversal of most acute focal neurological deficits related to hematomas. In the nonsurgical group, follow-up revealed a fairly stable neurological status during the period of the study.", "contents": "Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in childhood. During the 13-year period 1964 through 1976, 37 patients less than 20 years with an intracranial, parenchymal arteriovenous fistula were seen at the Mayo Clinic. The most frequent mode of presentation was hemorrhage or seizure. Other than angiography, computed tomography with contrast enhancement was the most helpful diagnostic test. Surgery was restricted to patients with intraparenchymal hematomas, intractable seizures, or subarachnoid hemorrhage with accessible lesions and to 1 infant with a massive, sumptomatic malformation. Surgery generally  was tolerated well, with reversal of most acute focal neurological deficits related to hematomas. In the nonsurgical group, follow-up revealed a fairly stable neurological status during the period of the study.", "PMID": 666276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11077", "title": "Proximal versus distal slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Using the F wave, a simple equation was devised to calculate the ratio between motor nerve conduction time from the spinal cord to the stimulus site and that of the remaining nerve segment to the muscle (F ratio). In 33 healthy subjects the F ratio (mean +/- SD) was close to unity for the median nerve (1.04 +/- 0.09) with stimulation at the elbow and for the peroneal (1.11 +/- 0.09) and tibial nerves (1.17 +/- 0.10) with stimulation at the knee. Thus, in these nerves, the time required for the passage of impulses from the cord to the site of stimulation is approximately the same as that from the stimulus site to the muscle. The ratio was significantly more for the ulnar nerve (1.40 +/- 0.11) with stimulation below the elbow. Of 126 nerves in the upper and lower extremities from 45 patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, the F ratio was normal in 65 (51%), increased in 30 (24%), and decreased in 31 (25%). The mean F ratios remained normal in median (1.12 +/- 0.40), ulnar (1.38 +/- 0.30), peroneal (1.07 +/- 0.25), and tibial (1.12 +/- 0.20) nerves. These findings together with the results of nerve conduction studies indicate that the conduction abnormality usually affects both  proximal and distal segments in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. If selective, it is distributed at random between the two segments, but there is a tendency toward involvement of common sites of compression and the most proximal, possibly radicular, portion of the nerve.", "contents": "Proximal versus distal slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Using the F wave, a simple equation was devised to calculate the ratio between motor nerve conduction time from the spinal cord to the stimulus site and that of the remaining nerve segment to the muscle (F ratio). In 33 healthy subjects the F ratio (mean +/- SD) was close to unity for the median nerve (1.04 +/- 0.09) with stimulation at the elbow and for the peroneal (1.11 +/- 0.09) and tibial nerves (1.17 +/- 0.10) with stimulation at the knee. Thus, in these nerves, the time required for the passage of impulses from the cord to the site of stimulation is approximately the same as that from the stimulus site to the muscle. The ratio was significantly more for the ulnar nerve (1.40 +/- 0.11) with stimulation below the elbow. Of 126 nerves in the upper and lower extremities from 45 patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, the F ratio was normal in 65 (51%), increased in 30 (24%), and decreased in 31 (25%). The mean F ratios remained normal in median (1.12 +/- 0.40), ulnar (1.38 +/- 0.30), peroneal (1.07 +/- 0.25), and tibial (1.12 +/- 0.20) nerves. These findings together with the results of nerve conduction studies indicate that the conduction abnormality usually affects both  proximal and distal segments in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. If selective, it is distributed at random between the two segments, but there is a tendency toward involvement of common sites of compression and the most proximal, possibly radicular, portion of the nerve.", "PMID": 666277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11078", "title": "Effect of prednisolone on motor end-plate fine structure: a morphometric study in hamsters.", "content": "The fine structure of quadriceps motor end-plates in hamsters was analyzed quantitatively one, two, four, seven, and thirty-two weeks following intraperitoneal injections of prednisolone. Except for transient increases in postsynaptic length and membrane profile concentration after prednisolone administration at dosages of 4 mgper kilogram of body weight for one week and 2 mg per kilogram for four weeks, mean values for various measurable profiles in the presynaptic and postsynaptic regions showed no significant differences between control and treated animals.", "contents": "Effect of prednisolone on motor end-plate fine structure: a morphometric study in hamsters. The fine structure of quadriceps motor end-plates in hamsters was analyzed quantitatively one, two, four, seven, and thirty-two weeks following intraperitoneal injections of prednisolone. Except for transient increases in postsynaptic length and membrane profile concentration after prednisolone administration at dosages of 4 mgper kilogram of body weight for one week and 2 mg per kilogram for four weeks, mean values for various measurable profiles in the presynaptic and postsynaptic regions showed no significant differences between control and treated animals.", "PMID": 666278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11079", "title": "Benign cerebellar hemorrhages.", "content": "Two patients with cerebellar hemorrhage and a benign outcome stress the potential for spontaneous resolution and clinical recovery in some cases of this disorder. In each patient, resolution of the hemorrhage was noted on the computed tomographic scan. Computed tomography may detect a cerebellar hemorrhage even though on clinical grounds a brainstem localization is favored.", "contents": "Benign cerebellar hemorrhages. Two patients with cerebellar hemorrhage and a benign outcome stress the potential for spontaneous resolution and clinical recovery in some cases of this disorder. In each patient, resolution of the hemorrhage was noted on the computed tomographic scan. Computed tomography may detect a cerebellar hemorrhage even though on clinical grounds a brainstem localization is favored.", "PMID": 666279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11080", "title": "Effects of hypothermia on the human brainstem auditory response.", "content": "Latency measurements between three potentials (waves I, III, and IV/V) of the human brainstem auditory response can allow early detection of certain posterior fossa lesions. The diagnostic use of these interwave latencies requires knowledge of what factors may prolong them in the absence of disease. Hypothermia appears to be one such factor--in 5 neurologically and audiometrically normal patients, mean esophageal temperatures as high as 34.5 degrees C resulted in prolongations of central auditory conduction time. Interwave latency prolongations that were abnormal relative to an age-matched normal population were seen at 32.1 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C in patients with both spontaneous and induced hypothermia, and these abnormalities disappeared after rewarming to normothermia. Hypothermia often accompanies intoxication and coma and should therefore be considered when brainstem auditory response abnormalities are being interpreted in these two clinical conditions.", "contents": "Effects of hypothermia on the human brainstem auditory response. Latency measurements between three potentials (waves I, III, and IV/V) of the human brainstem auditory response can allow early detection of certain posterior fossa lesions. The diagnostic use of these interwave latencies requires knowledge of what factors may prolong them in the absence of disease. Hypothermia appears to be one such factor--in 5 neurologically and audiometrically normal patients, mean esophageal temperatures as high as 34.5 degrees C resulted in prolongations of central auditory conduction time. Interwave latency prolongations that were abnormal relative to an age-matched normal population were seen at 32.1 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C in patients with both spontaneous and induced hypothermia, and these abnormalities disappeared after rewarming to normothermia. Hypothermia often accompanies intoxication and coma and should therefore be considered when brainstem auditory response abnormalities are being interpreted in these two clinical conditions.", "PMID": 666280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11081", "title": "Charge movement in the membrane of striated muscle.", "content": "This account of charge movement in striated muscle membrane must be regarded as essentially tentative. I have tried to present, within a simplified descriptive scheme, one way in which the present confusion of results can be resolved into a self-consistent account. But I am sure that as more complete and more accurate measurements are made, the deficiencies of this account will become even clearer. Nevertheless I believe that any successful description of the dielectric properties of biological membranes will have to take account of slow and nonlinear polarization of numerous membrane constituents and of the improbability of finding within the experimentally available range any finite potential region where polarization is linear.", "contents": "Charge movement in the membrane of striated muscle. This account of charge movement in striated muscle membrane must be regarded as essentially tentative. I have tried to present, within a simplified descriptive scheme, one way in which the present confusion of results can be resolved into a self-consistent account. But I am sure that as more complete and more accurate measurements are made, the deficiencies of this account will become even clearer. Nevertheless I believe that any successful description of the dielectric properties of biological membranes will have to take account of slow and nonlinear polarization of numerous membrane constituents and of the improbability of finding within the experimentally available range any finite potential region where polarization is linear.", "PMID": 666289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11082", "title": "Cefaclor: in vitro spectrum of activity and beta-lactamase stability.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefaclor against 556 clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was compared with that of other cephalosporins. Cefaclor had activity similar to that of cephalexin against gram-positive bacteria. It showed greater activity against Haemophilus strains than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus isolates. Cefaclor was more active than cephalexin or cephalothin against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella isolates but did not act against Serratia, Acinetobacter, indole-positive Proteus, or Bacteroides isolates. Cefaclor was resistant to type III (TEM) beta-lactamases but was destroyed by type I beta-lactamases and, to a lesser degree, by type IV and type V beta-lactamases.", "contents": "Cefaclor: in vitro spectrum of activity and beta-lactamase stability. The in vitro activity of cefaclor against 556 clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was compared with that of other cephalosporins. Cefaclor had activity similar to that of cephalexin against gram-positive bacteria. It showed greater activity against Haemophilus strains than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus isolates. Cefaclor was more active than cephalexin or cephalothin against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella isolates but did not act against Serratia, Acinetobacter, indole-positive Proteus, or Bacteroides isolates. Cefaclor was resistant to type III (TEM) beta-lactamases but was destroyed by type I beta-lactamases and, to a lesser degree, by type IV and type V beta-lactamases.", "PMID": 666290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11083", "title": "Cetocycline, tetracycline analog: in vitro studies of antimicrobial activity, serum binding, lipid solubility, and uptake by bacteria.", "content": "Cetocycline (formerly chelocardin or cetotetrine) is structurally related to the tetracyclines. It was found to be more active than tetracycline against many clinical isolates of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but is less active against staphylococci, and has no activity against Pseudomonas. It is bactericidal against susceptible enteric gram-negative bacteria at concentrations two to four times higher than the minimal inhibiting concentrations. The drug is highly lipid soluble; more than 80% is bound to serum, and it is more avidly taken up by susceptible bacteria than tetracycline. A direct correlation between drug uptake and susceptibility of bacteria was not noted, except with a strain of Proteus vulgaris.", "contents": "Cetocycline, tetracycline analog: in vitro studies of antimicrobial activity, serum binding, lipid solubility, and uptake by bacteria. Cetocycline (formerly chelocardin or cetotetrine) is structurally related to the tetracyclines. It was found to be more active than tetracycline against many clinical isolates of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but is less active against staphylococci, and has no activity against Pseudomonas. It is bactericidal against susceptible enteric gram-negative bacteria at concentrations two to four times higher than the minimal inhibiting concentrations. The drug is highly lipid soluble; more than 80% is bound to serum, and it is more avidly taken up by susceptible bacteria than tetracycline. A direct correlation between drug uptake and susceptibility of bacteria was not noted, except with a strain of Proteus vulgaris.", "PMID": 666291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11084", "title": "Aminoglycoside modification by gentamicin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Three clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were previously shown to contain a 50S plasmid conferring resistance to several aminoglycosides, were examined for modifying enzymes. Both the wild-type and heat-cured derivatives of the isolates were screened for acetyl-, adenylyl-, and phosphotransferase activities. The substrates were gentamicin, amikacin, and netilmicin; the results indicated that even though all three activites were present, the phosphotransferase reaction was most responsible for resistance to these antibiotics. The absence of any of the modifying activites in cured derivatives of the three isolates supports the conclusion that aminoglycoside resistance in these strains is conferred by a plasmid.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside modification by gentamicin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Three clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were previously shown to contain a 50S plasmid conferring resistance to several aminoglycosides, were examined for modifying enzymes. Both the wild-type and heat-cured derivatives of the isolates were screened for acetyl-, adenylyl-, and phosphotransferase activities. The substrates were gentamicin, amikacin, and netilmicin; the results indicated that even though all three activites were present, the phosphotransferase reaction was most responsible for resistance to these antibiotics. The absence of any of the modifying activites in cured derivatives of the three isolates supports the conclusion that aminoglycoside resistance in these strains is conferred by a plasmid.", "PMID": 666292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11085", "title": "Accumulation pharmacokinetics of tobramycin.", "content": "Tobramycin pharmacokinetics is usually described by a one-compartment model, but this model fails to account for both the incomplete urinary recovery and prolonged post-treatment persistence noted with this drug. We examined the multiple-dose behavior of tobramycin in 35 treated patients with stable renal function, using peak and trough serum concentrations, urine recovery, and postmortem tissue analysis. Serum concentrations rose slowly throughout treatment and declined in two phases after the drug was stopped. The first-phase half-life correlated well with renal function, but the second averaged 146 h and was poorly related to creatinine clearance. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations and to calculate the amount of drug in the tissue compartment at all times during and after treatment. Predicted tissue amounts rose continually throughout treatment in all study patients. In 5 patients, the total amount of tobramycin in the body after the final dose was recovered in the urine, but urine had to be collected for 10 to 20 days to achieve complete recovery of the drug. In four patients, the predicted tissue amount was recovered from postmortem tissues. Regardless of the dose, tobramycin accumulated in the tissues of all patients receiving this antibiotic. The two-compartment pharmacokinetic model explains both the rising peak and trough concentrations during treatment and the detection of the drug in serum and urine long after the last dose.", "contents": "Accumulation pharmacokinetics of tobramycin. Tobramycin pharmacokinetics is usually described by a one-compartment model, but this model fails to account for both the incomplete urinary recovery and prolonged post-treatment persistence noted with this drug. We examined the multiple-dose behavior of tobramycin in 35 treated patients with stable renal function, using peak and trough serum concentrations, urine recovery, and postmortem tissue analysis. Serum concentrations rose slowly throughout treatment and declined in two phases after the drug was stopped. The first-phase half-life correlated well with renal function, but the second averaged 146 h and was poorly related to creatinine clearance. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations and to calculate the amount of drug in the tissue compartment at all times during and after treatment. Predicted tissue amounts rose continually throughout treatment in all study patients. In 5 patients, the total amount of tobramycin in the body after the final dose was recovered in the urine, but urine had to be collected for 10 to 20 days to achieve complete recovery of the drug. In four patients, the predicted tissue amount was recovered from postmortem tissues. Regardless of the dose, tobramycin accumulated in the tissues of all patients receiving this antibiotic. The two-compartment pharmacokinetic model explains both the rising peak and trough concentrations during treatment and the detection of the drug in serum and urine long after the last dose.", "PMID": 666293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11086", "title": "Medium-dependent variation in bactericidal activity of antibiotics against susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus resistant to bactericidal activity of antibiotics caused sepsis in three patients. Bacteriological and clinical responses were not achieved until serum and tissue fluid levels of administered antibiotics exceeded the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the infecting organism. Fifteen clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested in brain heart infusion broth and Mueller-Hinton broth for the MBC of gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin, oxacillin, cefazolin, and cephalothin. Results showed significant eightfold or greater broth-dependent differences in the MBC of at least one antibiotic against 87% (13/15) of strains tested. The MBC was unpredictable and varied with the strain, antibiotic, and medium used. No controlled studies are available to indicate the clinical significance of the MBC demonstrated in different media. The necessity for treating serious infection with bactericidal drugs has not yet been established; however, in septicemia such as that caused by bacterial endocarditis, bacteriostatic antibiotics have generally failed to eradicate the infection, whereas bactericidal agents have often been curative. Therefore, in patients unresponsive to usual antistaphylococcal therapy, we suggest that MBC testing be performed in at least two media and that treatment be instituted with antibiotics demonstrating the lowest MBC in all media used.", "contents": "Medium-dependent variation in bactericidal activity of antibiotics against susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus resistant to bactericidal activity of antibiotics caused sepsis in three patients. Bacteriological and clinical responses were not achieved until serum and tissue fluid levels of administered antibiotics exceeded the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the infecting organism. Fifteen clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested in brain heart infusion broth and Mueller-Hinton broth for the MBC of gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin, oxacillin, cefazolin, and cephalothin. Results showed significant eightfold or greater broth-dependent differences in the MBC of at least one antibiotic against 87% (13/15) of strains tested. The MBC was unpredictable and varied with the strain, antibiotic, and medium used. No controlled studies are available to indicate the clinical significance of the MBC demonstrated in different media. The necessity for treating serious infection with bactericidal drugs has not yet been established; however, in septicemia such as that caused by bacterial endocarditis, bacteriostatic antibiotics have generally failed to eradicate the infection, whereas bactericidal agents have often been curative. Therefore, in patients unresponsive to usual antistaphylococcal therapy, we suggest that MBC testing be performed in at least two media and that treatment be instituted with antibiotics demonstrating the lowest MBC in all media used.", "PMID": 666294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11087", "title": "New plasmid (pTU512), mediating resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and kanamycin, from clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Multiply drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from pediatric patients with severe staphylococcal infections in 1974 through 1976. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, and kanamycin was jointly eliminated without exception from these multiply drug-resistant strains by treatment with ethidium bromide. It was also found that the triple drug resistance in a representative strain, TK512-200, was always transduced to a susceptible strain simultaneously. Moreover, a single class of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from a transductant and found to be 14.4 +/- 0.6 mum in length, with a molecular weight corresponding to 29.8 x 10(6). From these results, it is concluded that the plasmid (pTU512) is a new one, mediating resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and kanamycin.", "contents": "New plasmid (pTU512), mediating resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and kanamycin, from clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Multiply drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from pediatric patients with severe staphylococcal infections in 1974 through 1976. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, and kanamycin was jointly eliminated without exception from these multiply drug-resistant strains by treatment with ethidium bromide. It was also found that the triple drug resistance in a representative strain, TK512-200, was always transduced to a susceptible strain simultaneously. Moreover, a single class of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from a transductant and found to be 14.4 +/- 0.6 mum in length, with a molecular weight corresponding to 29.8 x 10(6). From these results, it is concluded that the plasmid (pTU512) is a new one, mediating resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and kanamycin.", "PMID": 666295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11088", "title": "Fungal toxicity of phosfon D and its reversion by lipids.", "content": "The growth retardant Phosfon D inhibits the growth of some yeasts and human pathogenic filamentous fungi. The toxic effects of the compound on the dermatophyte Microsporum cookei were completely reversed by adding ergosterol and oleic acid to the medium. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Fungal toxicity of phosfon D and its reversion by lipids. The growth retardant Phosfon D inhibits the growth of some yeasts and human pathogenic filamentous fungi. The toxic effects of the compound on the dermatophyte Microsporum cookei were completely reversed by adding ergosterol and oleic acid to the medium. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 666296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11089", "title": "Synergism of fosfomycin-ampicillin and fosfomycin-chloramphenicol against Salmonella and Shigella.", "content": "Ninety strains of Salmonella and 50 strains of Shigella were tested for susceptibility to fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin by the agar dilution method. Drug interaction between fosfomycin-ampicillin and fosfomycin-chloramphenicol was studied by the agar dilution method. The fractional inhibitory concentration was calculated. The combination of fosfomycin-ampicillin was synergistic against Salmonella in 74 cases, additive in 7, indifferent in 7, antagonistic in none, and nonevaluable in 2; against Shigella it was synergistic in 27 cases, additive in 9, indifferent in 14, and antagonistic in none. The combination of fosfomycin-chloramphenicol was synergistic against Salmonella in 56 cases, additive in 9, indifferent in 13, nonevaluable in 12, and antagonistic in none; against Shigella it was synergistic in 29 cases, additive in 10, indifferent in 9, nonevaluable in 2, and antagonistic in none. Killing curves with combinations of each antimicrobial agent showed that the cultures that had proven to be indifferent by the agar dilution method showed a bactericidal effect until h 4, with posterior regrowth of the culture after this time period. For the strains in which synergism was demonstrated, total bactericidal activity was reached at 24 h.", "contents": "Synergism of fosfomycin-ampicillin and fosfomycin-chloramphenicol against Salmonella and Shigella. Ninety strains of Salmonella and 50 strains of Shigella were tested for susceptibility to fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin by the agar dilution method. Drug interaction between fosfomycin-ampicillin and fosfomycin-chloramphenicol was studied by the agar dilution method. The fractional inhibitory concentration was calculated. The combination of fosfomycin-ampicillin was synergistic against Salmonella in 74 cases, additive in 7, indifferent in 7, antagonistic in none, and nonevaluable in 2; against Shigella it was synergistic in 27 cases, additive in 9, indifferent in 14, and antagonistic in none. The combination of fosfomycin-chloramphenicol was synergistic against Salmonella in 56 cases, additive in 9, indifferent in 13, nonevaluable in 12, and antagonistic in none; against Shigella it was synergistic in 29 cases, additive in 10, indifferent in 9, nonevaluable in 2, and antagonistic in none. Killing curves with combinations of each antimicrobial agent showed that the cultures that had proven to be indifferent by the agar dilution method showed a bactericidal effect until h 4, with posterior regrowth of the culture after this time period. For the strains in which synergism was demonstrated, total bactericidal activity was reached at 24 h.", "PMID": 666297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11090", "title": "Trypanocidal activity of antitumor antibiotics and other metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "A microtest has been devised for the rapid preliminary assay in vitro of the effect of over 100 drugs and inhibitors on African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei and T. rhodesiense). Parasite motility and infectivity for mice are indexes, respectively, of respiration and glycolysis and of cell division; trypanocidal titers based on these indexes can show primary metabolic areas of drug attack. Various specific inhibitors have also been tested to detect metabolic sites which might be therapeutically vulnerable. RNA synthesis inhibitors are highly active (adenine nucleosides, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, chromomycin, actinomycin D, mitomycin C); the activity of the nucleoside cordycepin was increased in vitro and in vivo by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor. In view of the polyanionic nature of the trypanocide suramin, a series of polyanions was tested; several showed activity but only poly-d-glutamic acid was active in vivo. Among various miscellaneous inhibitors, quercetin, disulfiram, and the Ca-complexing agents arsenazo I and III showed marked activity, the latter exclusively on the arsenical-resistant T. brucei. The implications of these results for combination chemotherapy and depot prophylaxis (with polyanions) are indicated.", "contents": "Trypanocidal activity of antitumor antibiotics and other metabolic inhibitors. A microtest has been devised for the rapid preliminary assay in vitro of the effect of over 100 drugs and inhibitors on African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei and T. rhodesiense). Parasite motility and infectivity for mice are indexes, respectively, of respiration and glycolysis and of cell division; trypanocidal titers based on these indexes can show primary metabolic areas of drug attack. Various specific inhibitors have also been tested to detect metabolic sites which might be therapeutically vulnerable. RNA synthesis inhibitors are highly active (adenine nucleosides, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, chromomycin, actinomycin D, mitomycin C); the activity of the nucleoside cordycepin was increased in vitro and in vivo by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor. In view of the polyanionic nature of the trypanocide suramin, a series of polyanions was tested; several showed activity but only poly-d-glutamic acid was active in vivo. Among various miscellaneous inhibitors, quercetin, disulfiram, and the Ca-complexing agents arsenazo I and III showed marked activity, the latter exclusively on the arsenical-resistant T. brucei. The implications of these results for combination chemotherapy and depot prophylaxis (with polyanions) are indicated.", "PMID": 666298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11091", "title": "Clinico-pharmacological studies of sisomicin in ill children.", "content": "Sisomicin, at 4.5 mg/kg per day, was prescribed for the therapy of serious bacterial infections of hospitalized infants, children, and adolescents. Eleven children received full treatment courses, with 10 clinical and 9 bacteriological cures. Three patients with underlying disease (two cystic fibrosis and one aplastic anemia) accounted for the failures. Mean half-life was 98.3 min (range, 26.1 to 159.3), and peak serum concentrations 10 min after intravenous infusion were similar (5 to 6 mug/ml) on days 1, 3, and 5 of therapy. Mean urinary concentrations were 54.3 mug/ml; 31 to 47% of the drug was excreted within the 8-h dosage interval. The drug was tolerated well by all patients; however, one patient, receiving the longest duration of therapy (26 days), developed reversible nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Clinico-pharmacological studies of sisomicin in ill children. Sisomicin, at 4.5 mg/kg per day, was prescribed for the therapy of serious bacterial infections of hospitalized infants, children, and adolescents. Eleven children received full treatment courses, with 10 clinical and 9 bacteriological cures. Three patients with underlying disease (two cystic fibrosis and one aplastic anemia) accounted for the failures. Mean half-life was 98.3 min (range, 26.1 to 159.3), and peak serum concentrations 10 min after intravenous infusion were similar (5 to 6 mug/ml) on days 1, 3, and 5 of therapy. Mean urinary concentrations were 54.3 mug/ml; 31 to 47% of the drug was excreted within the 8-h dosage interval. The drug was tolerated well by all patients; however, one patient, receiving the longest duration of therapy (26 days), developed reversible nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 666299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11092", "title": "In vitro activity of rifampin alone and in combination with nafcillin and Vancomycin against pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Twenty strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with endocarditis were examined in vitro for susceptibility to rifampin, nafcillin, and vancomycin and to combinations of rifampin with nafcillin or vancomycin. Minimum bactericidal concentrations of rifampin ranged from 0.0031 to 0.0125 mug/ml, of nafcillin ranged from 0.078 to 0.312 mug/ml, and of vancomycin ranged from 0.312 to 1.25 mug/ml. The combination of rifampin with nafcillin was synergistic for 12 strains; the combination of rifampin plus vancomycin was synergistic for 5 of the isolates.", "contents": "In vitro activity of rifampin alone and in combination with nafcillin and Vancomycin against pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with endocarditis were examined in vitro for susceptibility to rifampin, nafcillin, and vancomycin and to combinations of rifampin with nafcillin or vancomycin. Minimum bactericidal concentrations of rifampin ranged from 0.0031 to 0.0125 mug/ml, of nafcillin ranged from 0.078 to 0.312 mug/ml, and of vancomycin ranged from 0.312 to 1.25 mug/ml. The combination of rifampin with nafcillin was synergistic for 12 strains; the combination of rifampin plus vancomycin was synergistic for 5 of the isolates.", "PMID": 666300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11093", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies of ambruticin (W7783): new class of antifungal antibiotics.", "content": "Ambruticin is a cyclopropyl-pyran acid, representing a new class of antibiotics. It has a relatively broad antifungal spectrum in vitro and is highly active against dimorphic as well as filamentous organisms. Of 24 strains of dermatophytic fungi tested, the majority were susceptible to ambruticin at 0.049 mug/ml or less. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the systemic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis was 0.049 to 0.39 mug/ml. Ambruticin is fungicidal for metabolizing cells of Microsporum fulvum and does not cause cell leakage of 260-nm absorbing material. The antibiotic is effective orally as well as topically in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In mice, a single oral dose of 75 mg/kg produced peak serum levels of 45 mug/ml in 1 h with a serum half-life of 3.1 h. Excretion of the antibiotic is principally by the biliary route.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies of ambruticin (W7783): new class of antifungal antibiotics. Ambruticin is a cyclopropyl-pyran acid, representing a new class of antibiotics. It has a relatively broad antifungal spectrum in vitro and is highly active against dimorphic as well as filamentous organisms. Of 24 strains of dermatophytic fungi tested, the majority were susceptible to ambruticin at 0.049 mug/ml or less. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the systemic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis was 0.049 to 0.39 mug/ml. Ambruticin is fungicidal for metabolizing cells of Microsporum fulvum and does not cause cell leakage of 260-nm absorbing material. The antibiotic is effective orally as well as topically in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In mice, a single oral dose of 75 mg/kg produced peak serum levels of 45 mug/ml in 1 h with a serum half-life of 3.1 h. Excretion of the antibiotic is principally by the biliary route.", "PMID": 666301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11094", "title": "Synergy of azlocillin and mezlocillin combined with aminoglycoside antibiotics and cephalosporins.", "content": "Synergistic activity between both azlocillin and mezlocillin and aminoglycosides or cefazolin could be demonstrated by checkerboard dilution, isobologram, and killing curve techniques. Azlocillin and mezlocillin combined with gentamicin, netilmicin, or amikacin were synergistic against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, and indole-positive Proteus. Synergy was observed with isolates that were susceptible or resistant to azlocillin or mezlocillin. Synergy was seen most often when azlocillin or mezlocillin were combined with amikacin, gentamicin, or netilmicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination of mezlocillin and an aminoglycoside produced synergy more often than did carbenicillin plus an aminoglycoside. No antagonism was seen when aminoglycoside antibiotics were combined with azlocillin or mezlocillin. Cefazolin was synergistic against Pseudomonas, Providencia, P. mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli, when combined with azlocillin or mezlocillin. However, the combination of either agent with cefazolin was antagonistic when tested against selected indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter isolates.", "contents": "Synergy of azlocillin and mezlocillin combined with aminoglycoside antibiotics and cephalosporins. Synergistic activity between both azlocillin and mezlocillin and aminoglycosides or cefazolin could be demonstrated by checkerboard dilution, isobologram, and killing curve techniques. Azlocillin and mezlocillin combined with gentamicin, netilmicin, or amikacin were synergistic against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, and indole-positive Proteus. Synergy was observed with isolates that were susceptible or resistant to azlocillin or mezlocillin. Synergy was seen most often when azlocillin or mezlocillin were combined with amikacin, gentamicin, or netilmicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination of mezlocillin and an aminoglycoside produced synergy more often than did carbenicillin plus an aminoglycoside. No antagonism was seen when aminoglycoside antibiotics were combined with azlocillin or mezlocillin. Cefazolin was synergistic against Pseudomonas, Providencia, P. mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli, when combined with azlocillin or mezlocillin. However, the combination of either agent with cefazolin was antagonistic when tested against selected indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter isolates.", "PMID": 666302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11095", "title": "Pharmacology and efficacy of netilmicin.", "content": "Twenty-six patients, 20 to 77 years of age, were treated with netilmicin, mean dose 2 mg/kg every 8 h intramuscularly or in a 20-min intravenous infusion. The mean serum half-lives in patients with creatinine clearances of >/=90 ml/min and 60 to 90 ml/min were 3.2 and 3.4 h, respectively. In patients with serum creatinines of </=1.4 mg/100 ml and creatinine clearances of >/=60 ml/min, mean serum levels were 9.0 and 1.2 mug/ml, respectively, 5 to 15 min and 7.5 h post-intravenous infusion, and 7.1 and 1.7 mug/ml, respectively, 1 and 8 h post-intramuscular injection. Twenty-five patients had acute pyelonephritis; 7 of the 25 had bacteremia. The infecting bacteria were Escherichia coli (15), Proteus mirabilis (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1), Enterobacter hafniae (1), and both Proteus rettgeri and Proteus morganii (1). All were inhibited by 6.3 mug of netilmicin per ml, except for the P. rettgeri, which required 25 mug/ml for inhibition. Of 23 patients who could be evaluated, 19 were bacteriologically and clinically cured at follow-up. Of the remaining four, one relapsed, two became reinfected, and one was lost to follow-up. Five patients developed nephrotoxicity; two of the five had previous renal insufficiency. Three patients, one with abnormal renal function, developed ototoxicity detected only with audiograms. These studies suggest that netilmicin is effective in serious gram-negative bacillary infections, but is nephrotoxic and ototoxic in humans.", "contents": "Pharmacology and efficacy of netilmicin. Twenty-six patients, 20 to 77 years of age, were treated with netilmicin, mean dose 2 mg/kg every 8 h intramuscularly or in a 20-min intravenous infusion. The mean serum half-lives in patients with creatinine clearances of >/=90 ml/min and 60 to 90 ml/min were 3.2 and 3.4 h, respectively. In patients with serum creatinines of </=1.4 mg/100 ml and creatinine clearances of >/=60 ml/min, mean serum levels were 9.0 and 1.2 mug/ml, respectively, 5 to 15 min and 7.5 h post-intravenous infusion, and 7.1 and 1.7 mug/ml, respectively, 1 and 8 h post-intramuscular injection. Twenty-five patients had acute pyelonephritis; 7 of the 25 had bacteremia. The infecting bacteria were Escherichia coli (15), Proteus mirabilis (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1), Enterobacter hafniae (1), and both Proteus rettgeri and Proteus morganii (1). All were inhibited by 6.3 mug of netilmicin per ml, except for the P. rettgeri, which required 25 mug/ml for inhibition. Of 23 patients who could be evaluated, 19 were bacteriologically and clinically cured at follow-up. Of the remaining four, one relapsed, two became reinfected, and one was lost to follow-up. Five patients developed nephrotoxicity; two of the five had previous renal insufficiency. Three patients, one with abnormal renal function, developed ototoxicity detected only with audiograms. These studies suggest that netilmicin is effective in serious gram-negative bacillary infections, but is nephrotoxic and ototoxic in humans.", "PMID": 666303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11096", "title": "Evaluation of a dispensing instrument (Dynatech MIC-2000) for preparing microtiter antibiotic plates and testing their potency during storage.", "content": "The MIC-2000 96-channel dispenser was evaluated for accuracy and repeatability of dispensing 50-mul volumes of water. It was found to perform within the manufacturer's specifications for accuracy of +/-5%, but not within the limits for repeatability of +/-1%. Overall, instrument performance was found to be satisfactory for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing technique which has been implemented in this laboratory. A method is suggested for simple evaluation of the volumes dispensed. A variety of antibiotics may be stored in Trypticase soy broth in Microtiter plates without loss of potency for periods of at least 2 weeks at -20 degrees C and 4 months at -70 degrees C.", "contents": "Evaluation of a dispensing instrument (Dynatech MIC-2000) for preparing microtiter antibiotic plates and testing their potency during storage. The MIC-2000 96-channel dispenser was evaluated for accuracy and repeatability of dispensing 50-mul volumes of water. It was found to perform within the manufacturer's specifications for accuracy of +/-5%, but not within the limits for repeatability of +/-1%. Overall, instrument performance was found to be satisfactory for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing technique which has been implemented in this laboratory. A method is suggested for simple evaluation of the volumes dispensed. A variety of antibiotics may be stored in Trypticase soy broth in Microtiter plates without loss of potency for periods of at least 2 weeks at -20 degrees C and 4 months at -70 degrees C.", "PMID": 666304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11097", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil in infants and children.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil suspension were studied in 30 children, 13 months to 12 years of age (mean age, 5.7 years). Average peak concentrations in serum of 11 to 14 mug/ml and of 7 to 10 mug/ml after 15- and 10-mg/kg doses, respectively, were not substantially affected by the feeding status. The serum half-life values were 1.3 to 1.5 h. Cefadroxil was detected in saliva of all children 2 h after 15-mg/kg doses: the levels ranged from 0.17 to 2.6 mug/ml (mean, 0.46 mug/ml). The average concentrations in urine were 1,700 and 2,620 mug/ml at 0 to 2 and 2 to 4 h, respectively, after 15-mg/kg doses. In a randomized controlled study of 50 children with impetigo, cefadroxil was as effective as penicillin G in curing existing lesions and in preventing development of new lesions. Cefadroxil may be useful for therapy of mucocutaneous and urinary tract infections in infants and children.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil in infants and children. The pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil suspension were studied in 30 children, 13 months to 12 years of age (mean age, 5.7 years). Average peak concentrations in serum of 11 to 14 mug/ml and of 7 to 10 mug/ml after 15- and 10-mg/kg doses, respectively, were not substantially affected by the feeding status. The serum half-life values were 1.3 to 1.5 h. Cefadroxil was detected in saliva of all children 2 h after 15-mg/kg doses: the levels ranged from 0.17 to 2.6 mug/ml (mean, 0.46 mug/ml). The average concentrations in urine were 1,700 and 2,620 mug/ml at 0 to 2 and 2 to 4 h, respectively, after 15-mg/kg doses. In a randomized controlled study of 50 children with impetigo, cefadroxil was as effective as penicillin G in curing existing lesions and in preventing development of new lesions. Cefadroxil may be useful for therapy of mucocutaneous and urinary tract infections in infants and children.", "PMID": 666305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11098", "title": "Production and property of beta-lactamases in Streptomyces: comparison of the strains isolated newly and thirty years ago.", "content": "Productivity and property of beta-lactamases of Streptomyces strains isolated from soil some 30 years ago were studied in comparison with those of the newly isolated strains. At least three-quarters of the Streptomyces strains produced beta-lactamase constitutively and extracellularly, mainly as penicillinases, as in the cases of those from the newly isolated strains. Strains such as S. albus, S. diastatochromogenes, S. fradiae, and S. lavendulae were the highest producing strains, and the amounts of beta-lactamase activity they produced were comparable to those produced by Bacillus cereus 569/H and B. licheniformis 749/C. In isoelectric focusing, most strains contained one main beta-lactamase band with a number of satellite bands, but some strains contained one band only. Although beta-lactamases from most strains showed isoelectric points of pH 5 to 6, some strains produced beta-lactamases with strongly basic isoelectric points of pH 8 to 9. Molecular weights were between 20,000 and 30,000. From these results, it is suggested that the proportion of the producing strains of Streptomyces and the properties of the beta-lactamases have not been affected significantly by the introduction of penicillin into the natural environment, in contrast to the cases of other microorganisms.", "contents": "Production and property of beta-lactamases in Streptomyces: comparison of the strains isolated newly and thirty years ago. Productivity and property of beta-lactamases of Streptomyces strains isolated from soil some 30 years ago were studied in comparison with those of the newly isolated strains. At least three-quarters of the Streptomyces strains produced beta-lactamase constitutively and extracellularly, mainly as penicillinases, as in the cases of those from the newly isolated strains. Strains such as S. albus, S. diastatochromogenes, S. fradiae, and S. lavendulae were the highest producing strains, and the amounts of beta-lactamase activity they produced were comparable to those produced by Bacillus cereus 569/H and B. licheniformis 749/C. In isoelectric focusing, most strains contained one main beta-lactamase band with a number of satellite bands, but some strains contained one band only. Although beta-lactamases from most strains showed isoelectric points of pH 5 to 6, some strains produced beta-lactamases with strongly basic isoelectric points of pH 8 to 9. Molecular weights were between 20,000 and 30,000. From these results, it is suggested that the proportion of the producing strains of Streptomyces and the properties of the beta-lactamases have not been affected significantly by the introduction of penicillin into the natural environment, in contrast to the cases of other microorganisms.", "PMID": 666306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11099", "title": "Inhibition of platelet function by sulbenicillin and its metabolite.", "content": "The effect of sulbenicillin and its major metabolite, alpha-sulfobenzylpenicilloic acid, on platelet function was investigated. Sulbenicillin caused inhibition of platelet aggregation and release reaction in the same manner as carbenicillin. alpha-Sulfobenzylpenicilloic acid was found to cause much stronger inhibition of platelet function. The results indicate that the strong inhibitory action of alpha-sulfobenzylpenicilloic acid may also take part in impaired platelet functions following administration of sulbenicillin to humans.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet function by sulbenicillin and its metabolite. The effect of sulbenicillin and its major metabolite, alpha-sulfobenzylpenicilloic acid, on platelet function was investigated. Sulbenicillin caused inhibition of platelet aggregation and release reaction in the same manner as carbenicillin. alpha-Sulfobenzylpenicilloic acid was found to cause much stronger inhibition of platelet function. The results indicate that the strong inhibitory action of alpha-sulfobenzylpenicilloic acid may also take part in impaired platelet functions following administration of sulbenicillin to humans.", "PMID": 666307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11100", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica: in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility.", "content": "Using 21 antimicrobial agents, agar dilution susceptibility tests were carried out against 190 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Isolates from human, environmental, and animal sources had essentially equal susceptibility patterns.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica: in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Using 21 antimicrobial agents, agar dilution susceptibility tests were carried out against 190 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Isolates from human, environmental, and animal sources had essentially equal susceptibility patterns.", "PMID": 666308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11101", "title": "In vitro evaluation of a semisynthetic derivative of gentamicin B (Sch 21420).", "content": "The activities of Sch 21420 and amikacin were compared in vitro against 448 clinical bacterial isolates and against 82 gentamicin-resistant isolates of gram-negative bacilli. At 1 mug/ml, Sch 21420 was more active than amikacin against most Enterobacteriaceae but less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Activity of these antibiotics against gentamicin-resistant organisms varied according to the species examined.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of a semisynthetic derivative of gentamicin B (Sch 21420). The activities of Sch 21420 and amikacin were compared in vitro against 448 clinical bacterial isolates and against 82 gentamicin-resistant isolates of gram-negative bacilli. At 1 mug/ml, Sch 21420 was more active than amikacin against most Enterobacteriaceae but less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Activity of these antibiotics against gentamicin-resistant organisms varied according to the species examined.", "PMID": 666309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11102", "title": "Bilateral cervical posterior rhizotomy: effects on dystonia and athetosis, on respiration and other autonomic functions.", "content": "Bilateral cervical posterior rhizotomy of C1 through C4, C5 or C6 was performed in 16 patients affected by dystonia and athetosis resulting from infantile cerebral palsy. The majority showed decreased muscle spasms and athetoid movements, with some improvements in their posture and voluntary mobility. 5 patients suffered from uneven and irregular breathing associated with lethargy immediately postoperatively, and 4 also showed reduced diaphragmatic activity; all 4 of these patients developed pneumonia, transitory in 3, but fatal to the other. Urinary retention lasting for a maximum of 3 months occurred in 4 of the 5 patients. The authors suggest that the lesion of ascending reticular fibers in the cervical posterior roots could have been responsible for the observations.", "contents": "Bilateral cervical posterior rhizotomy: effects on dystonia and athetosis, on respiration and other autonomic functions. Bilateral cervical posterior rhizotomy of C1 through C4, C5 or C6 was performed in 16 patients affected by dystonia and athetosis resulting from infantile cerebral palsy. The majority showed decreased muscle spasms and athetoid movements, with some improvements in their posture and voluntary mobility. 5 patients suffered from uneven and irregular breathing associated with lethargy immediately postoperatively, and 4 also showed reduced diaphragmatic activity; all 4 of these patients developed pneumonia, transitory in 3, but fatal to the other. Urinary retention lasting for a maximum of 3 months occurred in 4 of the 5 patients. The authors suggest that the lesion of ascending reticular fibers in the cervical posterior roots could have been responsible for the observations.", "PMID": 666310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11103", "title": "Prognostic index in malignant melanoma.", "content": "A retrospective study was undertaken of 146 surgically treated subjects with primary cutaneous melanoma of which 73 were disease-free for five to nine years and 73 developed later metastases. A prognostic factor was south to determine patients with poor prognoses. The best overall method was shown to be the evaluation of the prognostic index defined as the product of tumor thickness and the number of mitoses per square millimeter. However, for establishing a group of patients with no incidence of metastases, the mitotic rate proved to be as good a factor as the prognostic index and better than tumor thickness or levels of invasion. The application of this prognostic index seems therefore to be useful in selecting for further treatment stage I melanoma patients with poor prognoses, eg, prophylatic lymph node dissection and immunochemotherapy.", "contents": "Prognostic index in malignant melanoma. A retrospective study was undertaken of 146 surgically treated subjects with primary cutaneous melanoma of which 73 were disease-free for five to nine years and 73 developed later metastases. A prognostic factor was south to determine patients with poor prognoses. The best overall method was shown to be the evaluation of the prognostic index defined as the product of tumor thickness and the number of mitoses per square millimeter. However, for establishing a group of patients with no incidence of metastases, the mitotic rate proved to be as good a factor as the prognostic index and better than tumor thickness or levels of invasion. The application of this prognostic index seems therefore to be useful in selecting for further treatment stage I melanoma patients with poor prognoses, eg, prophylatic lymph node dissection and immunochemotherapy.", "PMID": 666322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11104", "title": "Salabrasion of tattoos. A correlation of the clinical and histological results.", "content": "Twenty-six tattoos were treated by salabrasion. The salt was left on the abraded surface from zero to 24 hours. The percentage of residual pigment varied from 50%, when the salt was removed immediately after salabrasion, to 5%, when the salt was left in place for over 12 hours. When the salt was left on for variable periods, some degree of scarring and hypopigmentation occurred in 79% and in 59% of the tattoos, respectively. When the salt was removed immediately after salabrasion, 29% of the tattoos showed scarring and 29% showed hypopigmentation. Our results show that the best method is to remove the salt immediately after salabrasion, but that this form of therapy should only be done on those lesions where the eventual cosmetic result is not important.", "contents": "Salabrasion of tattoos. A correlation of the clinical and histological results. Twenty-six tattoos were treated by salabrasion. The salt was left on the abraded surface from zero to 24 hours. The percentage of residual pigment varied from 50%, when the salt was removed immediately after salabrasion, to 5%, when the salt was left in place for over 12 hours. When the salt was left on for variable periods, some degree of scarring and hypopigmentation occurred in 79% and in 59% of the tattoos, respectively. When the salt was removed immediately after salabrasion, 29% of the tattoos showed scarring and 29% showed hypopigmentation. Our results show that the best method is to remove the salt immediately after salabrasion, but that this form of therapy should only be done on those lesions where the eventual cosmetic result is not important.", "PMID": 666323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11105", "title": "Successful use of cyclophosphamide and prednisone for initial treatment of pemphigus vulgaris.", "content": "Previous reports showed that cyclophosphamide used late in the treatment of patients with pemphigus vulgaris reduced the complications due to steroids. In this study, cyclophosphamide was used in the initial treatment of five patients with pemphigus vulgaris in combination with prednisone to avoid side-effects of prednisone. Two patients had no prior treatment with steroids for pemphigus. Results indicate that initial combined program may be a highly effective treatment method for pemphigus vulgaris. Followup from one to four years after treatment shows all five patients in remission; four require no medication.", "contents": "Successful use of cyclophosphamide and prednisone for initial treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. Previous reports showed that cyclophosphamide used late in the treatment of patients with pemphigus vulgaris reduced the complications due to steroids. In this study, cyclophosphamide was used in the initial treatment of five patients with pemphigus vulgaris in combination with prednisone to avoid side-effects of prednisone. Two patients had no prior treatment with steroids for pemphigus. Results indicate that initial combined program may be a highly effective treatment method for pemphigus vulgaris. Followup from one to four years after treatment shows all five patients in remission; four require no medication.", "PMID": 666324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11106", "title": "Speckled lentiginous nevus.", "content": "Speckled lentiginous nevus is, we feel, a distinctive nevocytic disorder and a clinical variety of nevus-cell nevus. The speckled areas show varying histological patterns that range from nevus incipiens to junctional and compound nevi. The background shows histological features of lentigo simplex. It is our contention that speckled lentiginous nevus should be separated from nevus spilus and nevus spilus tardus (Becker's), which we consider to be variants of epidermal nevus.", "contents": "Speckled lentiginous nevus. Speckled lentiginous nevus is, we feel, a distinctive nevocytic disorder and a clinical variety of nevus-cell nevus. The speckled areas show varying histological patterns that range from nevus incipiens to junctional and compound nevi. The background shows histological features of lentigo simplex. It is our contention that speckled lentiginous nevus should be separated from nevus spilus and nevus spilus tardus (Becker's), which we consider to be variants of epidermal nevus.", "PMID": 666325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11107", "title": "Nosocomial outbreak of scabies.", "content": "During the last quarter of 1976, a nosocomial outbreak of scabies occurred in a 558-bed community teaching hospital. There had been scattered reports of scabies throughout Michigan for nearly a year prior to this outbreak. The epidemic spread of scabies from a patient to 38 hospital employees and their families and associates was identified from historical, clinical, and microscopic skin preparation data.", "contents": "Nosocomial outbreak of scabies. During the last quarter of 1976, a nosocomial outbreak of scabies occurred in a 558-bed community teaching hospital. There had been scattered reports of scabies throughout Michigan for nearly a year prior to this outbreak. The epidemic spread of scabies from a patient to 38 hospital employees and their families and associates was identified from historical, clinical, and microscopic skin preparation data.", "PMID": 666326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11108", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum. Abnormal monocyte function corrected in vitro with hydrocortisone.", "content": "A 34-year-old man with chronic active hepatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum demonstrated abnormalities in neutrophil and monocyte function. Monocytes from this man had diminished chemotaxis and bacterial phagocytosis. These functions were significantly improved in vitro after one hour of incubation of monocytes with 10(-5) hydrocortisone. Neutrophil function was nornal for bactericidal activity and phagocytosis, but neutrophil chemotaxis was diminished. A plasma inhibitor was not found to explain these phagocyte alterations.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum. Abnormal monocyte function corrected in vitro with hydrocortisone. A 34-year-old man with chronic active hepatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum demonstrated abnormalities in neutrophil and monocyte function. Monocytes from this man had diminished chemotaxis and bacterial phagocytosis. These functions were significantly improved in vitro after one hour of incubation of monocytes with 10(-5) hydrocortisone. Neutrophil function was nornal for bactericidal activity and phagocytosis, but neutrophil chemotaxis was diminished. A plasma inhibitor was not found to explain these phagocyte alterations.", "PMID": 666327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11109", "title": "Sarcoidosis associated with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "In November 1966, a 47-year-old black woman had a skin eruption and an abnormal chest roentgenogram that were found to be due to sarcoidosis. In September 1974, nodular lesions and subsequently generalized exfoliative dermatitis developed that were found to be due to mycosis fungoides. The concurrence of sarcoidosis and mycosis fungoides has been recorded only once in the literature. The depression of cell-mediated immunity found in this patient and other sarcoid patients suggests that impairment of the host's immunosurveillance system may predispose to the development of T-cell lymphomas.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis associated with mycosis fungoides. In November 1966, a 47-year-old black woman had a skin eruption and an abnormal chest roentgenogram that were found to be due to sarcoidosis. In September 1974, nodular lesions and subsequently generalized exfoliative dermatitis developed that were found to be due to mycosis fungoides. The concurrence of sarcoidosis and mycosis fungoides has been recorded only once in the literature. The depression of cell-mediated immunity found in this patient and other sarcoid patients suggests that impairment of the host's immunosurveillance system may predispose to the development of T-cell lymphomas.", "PMID": 666328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11110", "title": "Columnar epidermal necrosis. A special form of toxic epidermal reaction?", "content": "A bizzare erythematosquamous, partially verrucose, crustly or eroded eruption developed in a 6-year-old boy one week after his first measles vaccination. The eruption regressed completely after a two-year clinical course. Histologically, the epidermis showed unique columnar eosinophilic degeneration. There was a dense, mononuclear cell infiltration in the upper part of the dermis. To our knowledge these clinical and histologic features have not been reported in the literature, although they resemble, in some aspects, Kyrle's disease, Mucha-Haberman's disease, or lichen planus verrucosus. Regarding the pathomechanisms underlying the development of this unique epidermal change, a postulate was made that it represented a special form of toxic epidermal reaction, probably resulting from autoagressive lymphoid cell response to epidermal cells. Furthermore, relationship of measles vaccination to this special response is suggested.", "contents": "Columnar epidermal necrosis. A special form of toxic epidermal reaction? A bizzare erythematosquamous, partially verrucose, crustly or eroded eruption developed in a 6-year-old boy one week after his first measles vaccination. The eruption regressed completely after a two-year clinical course. Histologically, the epidermis showed unique columnar eosinophilic degeneration. There was a dense, mononuclear cell infiltration in the upper part of the dermis. To our knowledge these clinical and histologic features have not been reported in the literature, although they resemble, in some aspects, Kyrle's disease, Mucha-Haberman's disease, or lichen planus verrucosus. Regarding the pathomechanisms underlying the development of this unique epidermal change, a postulate was made that it represented a special form of toxic epidermal reaction, probably resulting from autoagressive lymphoid cell response to epidermal cells. Furthermore, relationship of measles vaccination to this special response is suggested.", "PMID": 666329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11111", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "Noonan's syndrome is a multisystem syndrome that has received little attention in the dermatologic literature, although there are numerous cutaneous manifestations that have been described. A typical case of Noonan's syndrome is presented. Clinical findings in this patient included short stature, curly scalp hair, prominent ears, hypertelorism, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, pigmented nevi, stasis dermatitis, and plantar hyperkeratosis. The latter two findings have not been previously reported in Noonan's syndrome. We urge that dermatologists become more aware of this syndrome to document the spectrum of changes that may occur in Noonan's syndrome.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of Noonan's syndrome. Noonan's syndrome is a multisystem syndrome that has received little attention in the dermatologic literature, although there are numerous cutaneous manifestations that have been described. A typical case of Noonan's syndrome is presented. Clinical findings in this patient included short stature, curly scalp hair, prominent ears, hypertelorism, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, pigmented nevi, stasis dermatitis, and plantar hyperkeratosis. The latter two findings have not been previously reported in Noonan's syndrome. We urge that dermatologists become more aware of this syndrome to document the spectrum of changes that may occur in Noonan's syndrome.", "PMID": 666330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11112", "title": "Hereditary congenital hypopigmented and hyperpigmented macules.", "content": "Congenital hypomelanotic and hypermelanotic macules traced in three generations of a family suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. Some affected membbers also showed retarded growth and mental deficiency. Light microscopic findings of \"splitdopa\" preparations of lesional and normal skin were comparable, except that background staining of keratinocytes in dark macules was higher than in control skin. In light macules it was lower. Ultrastructurally, hypomelanotic skin showed small melanosomes (0.3 mu) that occurred in keratinocytes in melanosome complexes. Hypermelanotic skin revealed large melanosomes (0.6 mu) that were singly distributed in keratinocytes. Melanosome size in normal skin averaged 0.4 mu; distribution pattern was mixed. Melanin granules inside keratinocytes were fully melanized. Hyperpigmented, normal and hypopigmented skin of one person had histological features of black oriental and white skin. This clinical picture could well represent a new neurocutaneous syndrome different from tuberous sclerosis.", "contents": "Hereditary congenital hypopigmented and hyperpigmented macules. Congenital hypomelanotic and hypermelanotic macules traced in three generations of a family suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. Some affected membbers also showed retarded growth and mental deficiency. Light microscopic findings of \"splitdopa\" preparations of lesional and normal skin were comparable, except that background staining of keratinocytes in dark macules was higher than in control skin. In light macules it was lower. Ultrastructurally, hypomelanotic skin showed small melanosomes (0.3 mu) that occurred in keratinocytes in melanosome complexes. Hypermelanotic skin revealed large melanosomes (0.6 mu) that were singly distributed in keratinocytes. Melanosome size in normal skin averaged 0.4 mu; distribution pattern was mixed. Melanin granules inside keratinocytes were fully melanized. Hyperpigmented, normal and hypopigmented skin of one person had histological features of black oriental and white skin. This clinical picture could well represent a new neurocutaneous syndrome different from tuberous sclerosis.", "PMID": 666331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11113", "title": "Acrodermatitis and acquired zinc deficiency.", "content": "A 42-year-old woman had an acquired zinc deficiency. The patient was malnourished, secondary to chronic alcohol (ethanol) abuse and cirrhosis, with associated low serum and urinary levels of zinc. Her acrodermatitis was unresponsive to topically applied triamcinolone acetonide but cleared after oral zinc sulfate therapy.", "contents": "Acrodermatitis and acquired zinc deficiency. A 42-year-old woman had an acquired zinc deficiency. The patient was malnourished, secondary to chronic alcohol (ethanol) abuse and cirrhosis, with associated low serum and urinary levels of zinc. Her acrodermatitis was unresponsive to topically applied triamcinolone acetonide but cleared after oral zinc sulfate therapy.", "PMID": 666332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11114", "title": "Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis manifesting as delusions of parasitosis. A description of four cases successfuly treated with pimozide.", "content": "A recent article in the Archives described the severe problems encountered in trying to treat patients with delusions of parasitosis. The present article describes four such cases, which fall into the larger category of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses, conditions that appear to be related to the paranoid disorders. Evidence is accumulating that such cases may respond very specifically to treatment with pimozide, a relatively new psychotropic medication. This drug keeps the symptoms in remission but does not effect a cure; nevertheless, it may represent a highly important advance in therapy in a condition traditionally regarded as virtually untreatable.", "contents": "Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis manifesting as delusions of parasitosis. A description of four cases successfuly treated with pimozide. A recent article in the Archives described the severe problems encountered in trying to treat patients with delusions of parasitosis. The present article describes four such cases, which fall into the larger category of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses, conditions that appear to be related to the paranoid disorders. Evidence is accumulating that such cases may respond very specifically to treatment with pimozide, a relatively new psychotropic medication. This drug keeps the symptoms in remission but does not effect a cure; nevertheless, it may represent a highly important advance in therapy in a condition traditionally regarded as virtually untreatable.", "PMID": 666333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11115", "title": "Dapsone-induced jaundice.", "content": "Enthusiasm in the use of dapsome for acne conglobata and other severe acne has created an increase in the use of this drug by dermatologists. We describe three patients in whom jaundice developed during dapsome therapy of 3 to 36 weeks' duration. Jaundice was due to cholestasis in two cases and to hemolysis in the third. These significant side effects call for careful observation by the physician if dapsone is to be used with safety.", "contents": "Dapsone-induced jaundice. Enthusiasm in the use of dapsome for acne conglobata and other severe acne has created an increase in the use of this drug by dermatologists. We describe three patients in whom jaundice developed during dapsome therapy of 3 to 36 weeks' duration. Jaundice was due to cholestasis in two cases and to hemolysis in the third. These significant side effects call for careful observation by the physician if dapsone is to be used with safety.", "PMID": 666334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11116", "title": "Cows' milk-sensitive enteropathy.", "content": "Serial small intestinal biopsies related to withdrawal and challenge with cows' milk are described in 5 infants with cows' milk protein intolerenace. On the basis of these serial observations the existence of a cows' milk-sensitive enteropathy in infancy is clearly established. The cows' milk-sensitive mucosal lesion varied in its severity ranging from a partly flat mucosa to a mild degree of partial villous atrophy. Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts rose after a positive milk challenge, but on only one occasion to a level outside the normal range. The technique of serial biopsies related to dietary milk enables a firm diagnosis of cows' milk intolerance to be made upon the basis of a single milk challenge. Clinically this appears to be a temporary condition which disappears by the age of 2 years.", "contents": "Cows' milk-sensitive enteropathy. Serial small intestinal biopsies related to withdrawal and challenge with cows' milk are described in 5 infants with cows' milk protein intolerenace. On the basis of these serial observations the existence of a cows' milk-sensitive enteropathy in infancy is clearly established. The cows' milk-sensitive mucosal lesion varied in its severity ranging from a partly flat mucosa to a mild degree of partial villous atrophy. Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts rose after a positive milk challenge, but on only one occasion to a level outside the normal range. The technique of serial biopsies related to dietary milk enables a firm diagnosis of cows' milk intolerance to be made upon the basis of a single milk challenge. Clinically this appears to be a temporary condition which disappears by the age of 2 years.", "PMID": 666350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11117", "title": "Value of monitoring plasma salicylate levels in treating juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Observations in 42 cases.", "content": "Plasma salicylate concentration was monitored in 42 children on long-term salicylate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A given dose of salicylate per kg resulted in large variations in plasma levels, both between individuals and for a single individual at different times. The factors responsible for such variations were studied; in 6 cases urinary metabolites of salicylate were analysed. The relation between salicylate dosage and plasma half-life accounts for the fact that small changes in dosage can result in large changes in plasma concentration. The addition of corticosteroid or ACTH therapy results in lower plasma levels of salicylate, and necessitates higher dosage of salicylate. After the introduction of routine monitoring of plasma salicylate, the incidence of toxic symptoms fell sharply.", "contents": "Value of monitoring plasma salicylate levels in treating juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Observations in 42 cases. Plasma salicylate concentration was monitored in 42 children on long-term salicylate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A given dose of salicylate per kg resulted in large variations in plasma levels, both between individuals and for a single individual at different times. The factors responsible for such variations were studied; in 6 cases urinary metabolites of salicylate were analysed. The relation between salicylate dosage and plasma half-life accounts for the fact that small changes in dosage can result in large changes in plasma concentration. The addition of corticosteroid or ACTH therapy results in lower plasma levels of salicylate, and necessitates higher dosage of salicylate. After the introduction of routine monitoring of plasma salicylate, the incidence of toxic symptoms fell sharply.", "PMID": 666351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11118", "title": "Ataxia telangiectasia. Evaluation of radiosensitivity in cultured skin fibroblasts as a diagnostic test.", "content": "The sensitivity to x-ray inactivation of cultured skin fibroblasts from clinically confirmed and suspected cases of ataxia telangiectasia was compared with that of cultures from normal subjects. The results confirm previous observations of an association between ataxia telangiectasia and enhanced in vitro radiosensitivity, and also suggest that clonal survival of x-irradiated cultures of skin fibroblasts is a valuable technique for confirming the diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "Ataxia telangiectasia. Evaluation of radiosensitivity in cultured skin fibroblasts as a diagnostic test. The sensitivity to x-ray inactivation of cultured skin fibroblasts from clinically confirmed and suspected cases of ataxia telangiectasia was compared with that of cultures from normal subjects. The results confirm previous observations of an association between ataxia telangiectasia and enhanced in vitro radiosensitivity, and also suggest that clonal survival of x-irradiated cultures of skin fibroblasts is a valuable technique for confirming the diagnosis of the disease.", "PMID": 666352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11119", "title": "Accidental intra-arterial injection.", "content": "Accidental intra-arterial injection of intramuscular antibiotic preparations is described in 3 cases in infants. In 2 benzathine penicillin was injected, and in 1 rolitetracycline. The clinical features are dominated by arteriolar obstruction which produces gangrene of the most severely affected limb. In addition, neuroloigcal involvement occurs when vessels to nerves or spinal cord are involved. The arteriolateral aspect of the thigh is preferable to the buttock as a site for intramuscular injection, and a short (2.5 cm) needle should be used to minimise the risk of intra-arterial injection.", "contents": "Accidental intra-arterial injection. Accidental intra-arterial injection of intramuscular antibiotic preparations is described in 3 cases in infants. In 2 benzathine penicillin was injected, and in 1 rolitetracycline. The clinical features are dominated by arteriolar obstruction which produces gangrene of the most severely affected limb. In addition, neuroloigcal involvement occurs when vessels to nerves or spinal cord are involved. The arteriolateral aspect of the thigh is preferable to the buttock as a site for intramuscular injection, and a short (2.5 cm) needle should be used to minimise the risk of intra-arterial injection.", "PMID": 666353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11120", "title": "Urinary excretion of glomerular basement membrane antigens in Alport's syndrome. A new diagnostic approach.", "content": "Alport's syndrome is defined by the combination of hereditary nephropathy and neurosensory deafness, and is diagnosed from the family history combined with renal electron microscopy. Immunoelectrophoresis of the urine of 8 of 12 children suspected of Alport's syndrome showed a precipitation line moving into the beta-zone, applying an antiglomerular basement membrane antibody derived from an immunised rabbit. All patients who showed the typical pattern of Alport's syndrome on renal electron microscopy were among the 8 cases whose urine gave this immunoelectrophoresis pattern. Additionally, 5 of the mothers of the 8 children excreted the same antigen in their urine. The urine of 30 healthy children and of 10 patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome did not show the presence of this antigen. This characteristic sign of Alport's syndrome may therefore be useful for its detection.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of glomerular basement membrane antigens in Alport's syndrome. A new diagnostic approach. Alport's syndrome is defined by the combination of hereditary nephropathy and neurosensory deafness, and is diagnosed from the family history combined with renal electron microscopy. Immunoelectrophoresis of the urine of 8 of 12 children suspected of Alport's syndrome showed a precipitation line moving into the beta-zone, applying an antiglomerular basement membrane antibody derived from an immunised rabbit. All patients who showed the typical pattern of Alport's syndrome on renal electron microscopy were among the 8 cases whose urine gave this immunoelectrophoresis pattern. Additionally, 5 of the mothers of the 8 children excreted the same antigen in their urine. The urine of 30 healthy children and of 10 patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome did not show the presence of this antigen. This characteristic sign of Alport's syndrome may therefore be useful for its detection.", "PMID": 666354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11121", "title": "Metabolic response to cold in the newborn.", "content": "Blood concentrations of glycerol and free fatty acids were measured in healthy and sick 5-day-old infants during and after cold exposure. In apparently similar infants in similar circumstances, the blood concentrations varied widely. Although the concentrations of both glycerol and free fatty acids tended to be higher during cold exposure, it is not possible to use either as an index of cold exposure in individual infants.", "contents": "Metabolic response to cold in the newborn. Blood concentrations of glycerol and free fatty acids were measured in healthy and sick 5-day-old infants during and after cold exposure. In apparently similar infants in similar circumstances, the blood concentrations varied widely. Although the concentrations of both glycerol and free fatty acids tended to be higher during cold exposure, it is not possible to use either as an index of cold exposure in individual infants.", "PMID": 666355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11122", "title": "Clubbing and whipworm infestation.", "content": "The association of clubbing, growth retardation, pallor, abdominal distension, and prolonged bloody diarrhoea with whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infestation is described and discussed. Failure to recognise this association leads to misdiagnosis and unnecessary investigation.", "contents": "Clubbing and whipworm infestation. The association of clubbing, growth retardation, pallor, abdominal distension, and prolonged bloody diarrhoea with whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infestation is described and discussed. Failure to recognise this association leads to misdiagnosis and unnecessary investigation.", "PMID": 666356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11123", "title": "Acquired toxoplasmosis in children.", "content": "Nine cases of acquired toxoplasmosis, 8 from rural backgrounds, are described, illustrating the wide variety of clinical pictures. Evidence of familial infection was found whenever sought, and was also found in cattle in one case. The availability of an easily performed screening test should make diagnosis of this common disease more frequent.", "contents": "Acquired toxoplasmosis in children. Nine cases of acquired toxoplasmosis, 8 from rural backgrounds, are described, illustrating the wide variety of clinical pictures. Evidence of familial infection was found whenever sought, and was also found in cattle in one case. The availability of an easily performed screening test should make diagnosis of this common disease more frequent.", "PMID": 666357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11124", "title": "Serum complement components in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura.", "content": "Serum levels of C1q, C4, C3, C5, factor B, and properdin were measured in patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP). In the cases of acute HSP, 9 of 23 (39%) had a low CH50, and 5 of 17 (30%) a low properdin; C1q, C4, and C3 levels were not depressed. In 10 cases with chronic nephritis following HSP, complement components were normal except for 2 with reduced C4 and one with low properdin. These findings confirm that complement activation occurs in HSP; the low serum levels of properdin in the acute group indicate that there is activation of the alternative pathway in these patients.", "contents": "Serum complement components in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Serum levels of C1q, C4, C3, C5, factor B, and properdin were measured in patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP). In the cases of acute HSP, 9 of 23 (39%) had a low CH50, and 5 of 17 (30%) a low properdin; C1q, C4, and C3 levels were not depressed. In 10 cases with chronic nephritis following HSP, complement components were normal except for 2 with reduced C4 and one with low properdin. These findings confirm that complement activation occurs in HSP; the low serum levels of properdin in the acute group indicate that there is activation of the alternative pathway in these patients.", "PMID": 666358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11125", "title": "Value of 1-hour blood-xylose test in diagnosis of childhood coeliac disease.", "content": "In a series of 46 children with untreated coeliac disease and in 102 controls with normal mucosa the 1-hour blood-xylose test was, in view of  its simplicity, of much value in the diagnosis of childhood coeliac disease. Only one blood-xylose result was falsely normal in the 46 coeliac patients. It is concluded that a normal blood-xylose value does not exclude coeliac disease and should not prevent peroral biopsy in the presence of strong clinical suspicion. On the other hand, patients who have repeatedly abnormal blood-xylose values merit an intestinal biopsy even in the absence of suggestive clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Value of 1-hour blood-xylose test in diagnosis of childhood coeliac disease. In a series of 46 children with untreated coeliac disease and in 102 controls with normal mucosa the 1-hour blood-xylose test was, in view of  its simplicity, of much value in the diagnosis of childhood coeliac disease. Only one blood-xylose result was falsely normal in the 46 coeliac patients. It is concluded that a normal blood-xylose value does not exclude coeliac disease and should not prevent peroral biopsy in the presence of strong clinical suspicion. On the other hand, patients who have repeatedly abnormal blood-xylose values merit an intestinal biopsy even in the absence of suggestive clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 666359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11126", "title": "Persistent neonatal hypoglycaemia due to glucagon deficiency.", "content": "In a newborn baby, suffering from persistent severe hypoglycaemia with convulsions glucagon deficiency was shown. Treatment with zinc-protamine-glucagon injection twice daily resulted in normal blood glucose levels. Motor development is delayed.", "contents": "Persistent neonatal hypoglycaemia due to glucagon deficiency. In a newborn baby, suffering from persistent severe hypoglycaemia with convulsions glucagon deficiency was shown. Treatment with zinc-protamine-glucagon injection twice daily resulted in normal blood glucose levels. Motor development is delayed.", "PMID": 666360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11127", "title": "Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis.", "content": "A term infant, born by caesarean section for fetal distress, developed grunting and cyanosis by 15 minutes of age. Ventilation at low pressures was achieved without difficulty but did not improve blood gas levels, and he died at 26 hours. Necropsy examination showed large heart and small lungs; histologically the lungs showed multiple obstructive lesions at medium size pulmonary artery level.", "contents": "Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. A term infant, born by caesarean section for fetal distress, developed grunting and cyanosis by 15 minutes of age. Ventilation at low pressures was achieved without difficulty but did not improve blood gas levels, and he died at 26 hours. Necropsy examination showed large heart and small lungs; histologically the lungs showed multiple obstructive lesions at medium size pulmonary artery level.", "PMID": 666361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11128", "title": "Estimating a worker entry interval for the carbamate pesticide furadan 4F insecticide.", "content": "Existing methods for the calculation of worker entry intervals by the use of kinetic data have focused on the anticholinesteratic organic phosphates. As carbamate pesticides share with these materials a common site for inhibition, the kinetic method was applied in estimating an entry interval for the carbamate, carbofuran, applied to citrus and grapes as Furadan 4F. No allowance was made for the more transient carbamylation of cholinesterase attributed to N-methyl carbamates, compared with the phosphorylation of the enzyme by organic phosphates. Thus, a measure of safety was built into the calculations which can then be used to establish safe reentry intervals to insure residue levels below the physiological threshold for cholinesterase inhibition.", "contents": "Estimating a worker entry interval for the carbamate pesticide furadan 4F insecticide. Existing methods for the calculation of worker entry intervals by the use of kinetic data have focused on the anticholinesteratic organic phosphates. As carbamate pesticides share with these materials a common site for inhibition, the kinetic method was applied in estimating an entry interval for the carbamate, carbofuran, applied to citrus and grapes as Furadan 4F. No allowance was made for the more transient carbamylation of cholinesterase attributed to N-methyl carbamates, compared with the phosphorylation of the enzyme by organic phosphates. Thus, a measure of safety was built into the calculations which can then be used to establish safe reentry intervals to insure residue levels below the physiological threshold for cholinesterase inhibition.", "PMID": 666362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11129", "title": "Metabolism of trans-nonachlor and related chlordane components in rat and man.", "content": "The metabolic fate of trans-nonachlor and heptachlor in rats was studied in vivo and in vitro by using microsomal preparations of the liver. During in vivo studies the rate of excretion into urine and feces was monitored. The major metabolic products were collected from the feces and their chemical structures were determined by using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The immediate major metabolic product of transnonachlor is trans-chlordane which is further converted to 1,2-dichlorochlordene and to oxychlordane. From the latter metabolite, two major stable products, 1-hydroxy-2-chlorochlordene and 1-hydroxy-2-chloro-2,3-epoxy-chlordene are formed. Another route of metabolism is a direct formation of chlordene chlorohydrin which acts as a precursor for 1,2-trans-dihydroxydi-hydrochlordene. The major metabolic products of heptachlor were heptachlor epoxide, 1-exo-hydroxyheptachlor epoxide and 1,2-dihydroxy-dihydrochlordene.", "contents": "Metabolism of trans-nonachlor and related chlordane components in rat and man. The metabolic fate of trans-nonachlor and heptachlor in rats was studied in vivo and in vitro by using microsomal preparations of the liver. During in vivo studies the rate of excretion into urine and feces was monitored. The major metabolic products were collected from the feces and their chemical structures were determined by using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The immediate major metabolic product of transnonachlor is trans-chlordane which is further converted to 1,2-dichlorochlordene and to oxychlordane. From the latter metabolite, two major stable products, 1-hydroxy-2-chlorochlordene and 1-hydroxy-2-chloro-2,3-epoxy-chlordene are formed. Another route of metabolism is a direct formation of chlordene chlorohydrin which acts as a precursor for 1,2-trans-dihydroxydi-hydrochlordene. The major metabolic products of heptachlor were heptachlor epoxide, 1-exo-hydroxyheptachlor epoxide and 1,2-dihydroxy-dihydrochlordene.", "PMID": 666363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11130", "title": "The effects of a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.", "content": "Duplicate static bioassays were conducted using a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio, Hippolyte sp.) with the LC-50 values recorded at 4-, 8-, 24-, 48-, and 96-hr intervals. The stimulated refinery effluent contained phenol (0.10 mg/L), sulfide (0.17 mg/L), chromium (0.25 mg/L), ammonia (10 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (10 mg/L), and kaolinite (20 mg/L). This arbitrary reference mixture (ARM) contains approximately the concentration of compounds recommended by EPA for 1977. Of the six ARM components, No. 2 fuel oil was the most toxic followed in decreasing order by sulfide, ammonia, phenol, chromium, and kaolinite. Temperature was the most important environmental variable affecting short term toxicity of the ARM to the grass shrimp. Light intensity, photo-period, and salinity had no significant effect. There was no difference in sensitivity of grass shrimp collected from five locations along the gulf and eastern coasts of the United States. Similarly, there was no difference in the response of two grass shrimp genera, Palaemonetes and Hippolyte to the ARM and there was no differences among the three species of Palaemonetes tested. In comparing the sensitivities of the two genera of grass shrimp and the pinfish (Lagodon rhombroides) to the ARM, the grass shrimp were more sensitive.", "contents": "The effects of a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Duplicate static bioassays were conducted using a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio, Hippolyte sp.) with the LC-50 values recorded at 4-, 8-, 24-, 48-, and 96-hr intervals. The stimulated refinery effluent contained phenol (0.10 mg/L), sulfide (0.17 mg/L), chromium (0.25 mg/L), ammonia (10 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (10 mg/L), and kaolinite (20 mg/L). This arbitrary reference mixture (ARM) contains approximately the concentration of compounds recommended by EPA for 1977. Of the six ARM components, No. 2 fuel oil was the most toxic followed in decreasing order by sulfide, ammonia, phenol, chromium, and kaolinite. Temperature was the most important environmental variable affecting short term toxicity of the ARM to the grass shrimp. Light intensity, photo-period, and salinity had no significant effect. There was no difference in sensitivity of grass shrimp collected from five locations along the gulf and eastern coasts of the United States. Similarly, there was no difference in the response of two grass shrimp genera, Palaemonetes and Hippolyte to the ARM and there was no differences among the three species of Palaemonetes tested. In comparing the sensitivities of the two genera of grass shrimp and the pinfish (Lagodon rhombroides) to the ARM, the grass shrimp were more sensitive.", "PMID": 666364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11131", "title": "Mirex incorporation in the environment: in situ decomposition of fire ant bait and its effects on two soil macroarthropods.", "content": "The decomposition rate of fire ant baits and the consequent leaching of the pesticide mirex from the bait were investigated for one year in three types of environments (i.e., on the ground, in the soil, and in the pond) by means of the nylon litter bag method. There was no significant difference in the decomposition rates between toxic and non-toxic baits. The bait proved to be stable and slow to decay. After one year of exposure in the field, about 75% of bait material remained in the bags that were deployed on the ground, 60% in the soil, and 25% in the pond. The removal of mirex from the bait was due to leaching from, and natural decay of the bait. The loss of mirex from the bait to the environment varied significantly among the three habitats. At the end of 12 months, mirex disappearance from baits exposed on the ground was 41.1%, in the soil 56.3%, and in the pond 83.9%. The rate of mirex loss was slower during fall and winter. The toxicities of the bait decomposed in situ for different lengths of time (12, 9, 6, 3, and 0 months) to the land isopod Armadillidium vulgare and the soil millipede oxidus gracilis were higher than the undecomposed baits. This indicated that weathered mirex baits left in the field have greater biological impact than freshly applied baits, at least on the two soil animals tested.", "contents": "Mirex incorporation in the environment: in situ decomposition of fire ant bait and its effects on two soil macroarthropods. The decomposition rate of fire ant baits and the consequent leaching of the pesticide mirex from the bait were investigated for one year in three types of environments (i.e., on the ground, in the soil, and in the pond) by means of the nylon litter bag method. There was no significant difference in the decomposition rates between toxic and non-toxic baits. The bait proved to be stable and slow to decay. After one year of exposure in the field, about 75% of bait material remained in the bags that were deployed on the ground, 60% in the soil, and 25% in the pond. The removal of mirex from the bait was due to leaching from, and natural decay of the bait. The loss of mirex from the bait to the environment varied significantly among the three habitats. At the end of 12 months, mirex disappearance from baits exposed on the ground was 41.1%, in the soil 56.3%, and in the pond 83.9%. The rate of mirex loss was slower during fall and winter. The toxicities of the bait decomposed in situ for different lengths of time (12, 9, 6, 3, and 0 months) to the land isopod Armadillidium vulgare and the soil millipede oxidus gracilis were higher than the undecomposed baits. This indicated that weathered mirex baits left in the field have greater biological impact than freshly applied baits, at least on the two soil animals tested.", "PMID": 666366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11132", "title": "Naturally-occurring heavy metal binding protein in invertebrates.", "content": "Low molecular weight cadmium, copper, and zinc binding protein has been isolated from the mussel Mytilus edulis in the cadmium polluted areas of Corio Bay adjacent to Melbourne. Its molecular weight and other properties suggest that it belongs to the metallothionein family of metal binding proteins. Its synthesis may have been induced in the cyctoplasmic solutions of the cells as a regulatory mechanism to avoid intoxication by excess uptake of any of the metals.", "contents": "Naturally-occurring heavy metal binding protein in invertebrates. Low molecular weight cadmium, copper, and zinc binding protein has been isolated from the mussel Mytilus edulis in the cadmium polluted areas of Corio Bay adjacent to Melbourne. Its molecular weight and other properties suggest that it belongs to the metallothionein family of metal binding proteins. Its synthesis may have been induced in the cyctoplasmic solutions of the cells as a regulatory mechanism to avoid intoxication by excess uptake of any of the metals.", "PMID": 666367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11133", "title": "Host defense against opportunist microorganisms following trauma. II. Changes in complement and immunoglobulins in patients with abdominal trauma and in septic patients without trauma.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement (CH50), conversion of C3 by inulin and cobra venom factor (CoVF), and immunochemical levels of Clq, C4, C2, C3, C5, factor B, properdin, C3b inactivator (KAF), and immunoglobulins (Igs) G, A, and M were measured in the sera of ten patients with abdominal trauma and ten medical patients with septicemia without trauma. Reduction in C3 conversion by CoVF and decrease in the levels of properdin and KAF were demonstrated in the trauma sera. CH50 and the level of C5 were also decreased. Conversion of C3 by inulin and levels of factor B, Clq, C4, C2, and C3 were found to be normal in the patients' sera. Complement levels and activities were found to be normal in the sera of the septic non-trauma patients. A decrease in serum IgM was observed in both patient groups; levels of IgG and IgA were normal. These results indicated that abnormalities of immunoglobulin and of the alternative and classical complement pathways were associated with nonburn trauma. Moreover, the data suggested that consumption of the classical complement pathway associated with septicemia in the thermally injured patient resulted from synergism between the trauma and infection rather than from septicemia per se.", "contents": "Host defense against opportunist microorganisms following trauma. II. Changes in complement and immunoglobulins in patients with abdominal trauma and in septic patients without trauma. Total hemolytic complement (CH50), conversion of C3 by inulin and cobra venom factor (CoVF), and immunochemical levels of Clq, C4, C2, C3, C5, factor B, properdin, C3b inactivator (KAF), and immunoglobulins (Igs) G, A, and M were measured in the sera of ten patients with abdominal trauma and ten medical patients with septicemia without trauma. Reduction in C3 conversion by CoVF and decrease in the levels of properdin and KAF were demonstrated in the trauma sera. CH50 and the level of C5 were also decreased. Conversion of C3 by inulin and levels of factor B, Clq, C4, C2, and C3 were found to be normal in the patients' sera. Complement levels and activities were found to be normal in the sera of the septic non-trauma patients. A decrease in serum IgM was observed in both patient groups; levels of IgG and IgA were normal. These results indicated that abnormalities of immunoglobulin and of the alternative and classical complement pathways were associated with nonburn trauma. Moreover, the data suggested that consumption of the classical complement pathway associated with septicemia in the thermally injured patient resulted from synergism between the trauma and infection rather than from septicemia per se.", "PMID": 666370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11134", "title": "Experimental cryopreservation and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands: technique and demonstration of function.", "content": "A canine model for cryopreservation and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands was developed as a prototype for cryopreservation of human parathyroid glands; Each of 18 dogs had two parathyroids removed, sectioned, and cooled at a controlled rate to -80 degrees in media containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% autologous serum. After storage for two months at -196 degrees the tissue was thawed and implanted in muscle; the remaining two parathyroid glands were removed from the neck. Function was assessed by monitoring serum calcium levels and measuring parathyroid hormone levels in venous effluent from the graft beds. Autograft function was demonstrated in ten of 18 dogs; graft failure occurred in four dogs. In the remaining four dogs, function could not be evaluated because of accessory parathyroid tissue. Parathyroid tissue cryopreserved for nine months was documented to function in six of seven dogs. Histologic study of the cryopreserved, autografted tissue showed normal parathyroid architecture.", "contents": "Experimental cryopreservation and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands: technique and demonstration of function. A canine model for cryopreservation and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands was developed as a prototype for cryopreservation of human parathyroid glands; Each of 18 dogs had two parathyroids removed, sectioned, and cooled at a controlled rate to -80 degrees in media containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% autologous serum. After storage for two months at -196 degrees the tissue was thawed and implanted in muscle; the remaining two parathyroid glands were removed from the neck. Function was assessed by monitoring serum calcium levels and measuring parathyroid hormone levels in venous effluent from the graft beds. Autograft function was demonstrated in ten of 18 dogs; graft failure occurred in four dogs. In the remaining four dogs, function could not be evaluated because of accessory parathyroid tissue. Parathyroid tissue cryopreserved for nine months was documented to function in six of seven dogs. Histologic study of the cryopreserved, autografted tissue showed normal parathyroid architecture.", "PMID": 666371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11135", "title": "Esophagogastrectomy: data favoring end-to-side anastomosis.", "content": "Review of the literature since 1968 disclosed that the average mortality following esophagogastrectomy in 13 major institutions was 20%. Approximately half of the deaths were attributed to leaks from the esophagogastric anastomosis. Further analysis of the literature revealed that both the rate of anastomotic leakage and the rate of mortality were lower in end-to-side esophagogastric anastomoses as compared to the end-to-end type. Study of the author's personal consecutive series of 36 cases tends to confirm this finding.", "contents": "Esophagogastrectomy: data favoring end-to-side anastomosis. Review of the literature since 1968 disclosed that the average mortality following esophagogastrectomy in 13 major institutions was 20%. Approximately half of the deaths were attributed to leaks from the esophagogastric anastomosis. Further analysis of the literature revealed that both the rate of anastomotic leakage and the rate of mortality were lower in end-to-side esophagogastric anastomoses as compared to the end-to-end type. Study of the author's personal consecutive series of 36 cases tends to confirm this finding.", "PMID": 666372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11136", "title": "Hepatic inactivation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in man and dog.", "content": "IN AN EFFORT TO DOCUMENT THE ROLE OF THE LIVER IN THE CATABOLISM OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS WERE CARRIED OUT, INCLUDING: 1) simultaneous measurement of portal and systemic immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide, both in the basal state and following calcium stimulation; 2) by measuring plasma concentrations of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide before and after portacaval shunt; 3) by measuring plasma VIP before and after portacaval shunt following calcium, prostigmine and pentagastrin stimulation; 4) by determining plasma VIP levels in patients with liver disease and in hepatic failure, and in patients with variceal hemorrhage before and serially after portal systemic shunt; 5) by measuring CSF vasoactive intestinal peptide in dogs before and after portacaval shunt and when the animals finally succumb to hepatic failure. The results consistently suggest that the shunting of portal blood away from the liver does not result in significant elevation of basal peripheral plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Following stimulation however, increased amounts of peripheral plasma VIP are detected, following calcium, pentagastrin and prostigmine release of VIP. Portal vein levels are always significantly higher than peripheral plasma VIP again, confirming a catabolic role for the liver. In patients, elevation of peripheral plasma VIP is seen in hepatic failure, but not after portacaval shunt. Finally, cerebrospinal fluid VIP is elevated in dogs following hepatic failure, confirming the presence of a neural-gut axis and suggesting an influence of hepatic catabolism of VIP not only in the periphery, but also within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Hepatic inactivation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in man and dog. IN AN EFFORT TO DOCUMENT THE ROLE OF THE LIVER IN THE CATABOLISM OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS WERE CARRIED OUT, INCLUDING: 1) simultaneous measurement of portal and systemic immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide, both in the basal state and following calcium stimulation; 2) by measuring plasma concentrations of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide before and after portacaval shunt; 3) by measuring plasma VIP before and after portacaval shunt following calcium, prostigmine and pentagastrin stimulation; 4) by determining plasma VIP levels in patients with liver disease and in hepatic failure, and in patients with variceal hemorrhage before and serially after portal systemic shunt; 5) by measuring CSF vasoactive intestinal peptide in dogs before and after portacaval shunt and when the animals finally succumb to hepatic failure. The results consistently suggest that the shunting of portal blood away from the liver does not result in significant elevation of basal peripheral plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Following stimulation however, increased amounts of peripheral plasma VIP are detected, following calcium, pentagastrin and prostigmine release of VIP. Portal vein levels are always significantly higher than peripheral plasma VIP again, confirming a catabolic role for the liver. In patients, elevation of peripheral plasma VIP is seen in hepatic failure, but not after portacaval shunt. Finally, cerebrospinal fluid VIP is elevated in dogs following hepatic failure, confirming the presence of a neural-gut axis and suggesting an influence of hepatic catabolism of VIP not only in the periphery, but also within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 666373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11137", "title": "Inhalation injury--an increasing problem.", "content": "Inhalation injury is a common complication of thermal accidents occurring in one-third of patients burned. The routine use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on all patients incurring thermal burns provides an accurate and safe means for diagnosis. Although complications for inhalation injury are common, the mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis and attention to careful fluid resuscitation, aggressive pulmonary therapy and the avoidance of prophylatic steroids.", "contents": "Inhalation injury--an increasing problem. Inhalation injury is a common complication of thermal accidents occurring in one-third of patients burned. The routine use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on all patients incurring thermal burns provides an accurate and safe means for diagnosis. Although complications for inhalation injury are common, the mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis and attention to careful fluid resuscitation, aggressive pulmonary therapy and the avoidance of prophylatic steroids.", "PMID": 666374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11138", "title": "Results of esophagocardioplasty with gastric patch in the treatment of esophageal achalasia.", "content": "Since 1968 esophagocardioplasty with gastric patch was employed in 57 patients as a primary operation for achalasia of the esophagus and eight patients with previous operations for achalasia. Satisfactory results were obtained in follow-up studies up to eight years. The results indicate that this procedure is successful in dilating the lower part of the esophagus and esophagocardiac junction without interfering with their proper functions. This provides better passage through the junction with preservation of the mechanism which prevents reflux.", "contents": "Results of esophagocardioplasty with gastric patch in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Since 1968 esophagocardioplasty with gastric patch was employed in 57 patients as a primary operation for achalasia of the esophagus and eight patients with previous operations for achalasia. Satisfactory results were obtained in follow-up studies up to eight years. The results indicate that this procedure is successful in dilating the lower part of the esophagus and esophagocardiac junction without interfering with their proper functions. This provides better passage through the junction with preservation of the mechanism which prevents reflux.", "PMID": 666375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11139", "title": "Endarterectomy of the popliteal artery for segmental occlusive disease.", "content": "Segmental occlusive disease though limited to the popliteal artery gives rise to significant ischemic symptoms such that surgical treatment is indicated. Endarterectomy with vein angioplasty was the primary procedure in 76 patients (79 limbs) over the past 15 years. Augmentive lumbar sympathectomy was performed in 30 patients. Endarterectomy restoration was successful in 73 patients (76 limbs). Acute postoperative thrombosis occurred in six limbs, four were restored, one survived, one underwent delayed amputation. Long term failures developed in 18 limbs, four were restored, 11 survived without further treatment, and three were amputated. All limbs were classified according to stages of outflow obstruction and extent of endarterectomy; however, there was no meaningful pattern of correlation with failures except to note that amputations occurred only in advanced stage III obstructions. Thirty-two patients (43%) were restudied by arteriography. Cumulative patency rate for 79 limbs at risk at five years was 75.6%, at ten years, 58.5%. Restoration of popliteal patency can be accomplished by endarterectomy with results comparable to femoral-popliteal saphenous vein graft for more proximal lesions. Endarterectomy affords the advantage that a bypass procedure can still be performed in most failures as the long saphenous vein, not sacrificed initially, is still available.", "contents": "Endarterectomy of the popliteal artery for segmental occlusive disease. Segmental occlusive disease though limited to the popliteal artery gives rise to significant ischemic symptoms such that surgical treatment is indicated. Endarterectomy with vein angioplasty was the primary procedure in 76 patients (79 limbs) over the past 15 years. Augmentive lumbar sympathectomy was performed in 30 patients. Endarterectomy restoration was successful in 73 patients (76 limbs). Acute postoperative thrombosis occurred in six limbs, four were restored, one survived, one underwent delayed amputation. Long term failures developed in 18 limbs, four were restored, 11 survived without further treatment, and three were amputated. All limbs were classified according to stages of outflow obstruction and extent of endarterectomy; however, there was no meaningful pattern of correlation with failures except to note that amputations occurred only in advanced stage III obstructions. Thirty-two patients (43%) were restudied by arteriography. Cumulative patency rate for 79 limbs at risk at five years was 75.6%, at ten years, 58.5%. Restoration of popliteal patency can be accomplished by endarterectomy with results comparable to femoral-popliteal saphenous vein graft for more proximal lesions. Endarterectomy affords the advantage that a bypass procedure can still be performed in most failures as the long saphenous vein, not sacrificed initially, is still available.", "PMID": 666376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11140", "title": "Iatrogenic internal hernia involving the iliac artery.", "content": "Four months postradical lymphadenectomy and pelvic irradiation for Stage I teratocarcinoma of the testis, a patient was found to have an internal strangulated herniation of small bowel beneath the right iliac artery. The operative management is discussed, and the literature is reviewed concerning the etiology of small bowel obstruction in postoperative, irradiated patients and the techniques of peritoneal closure.", "contents": "Iatrogenic internal hernia involving the iliac artery. Four months postradical lymphadenectomy and pelvic irradiation for Stage I teratocarcinoma of the testis, a patient was found to have an internal strangulated herniation of small bowel beneath the right iliac artery. The operative management is discussed, and the literature is reviewed concerning the etiology of small bowel obstruction in postoperative, irradiated patients and the techniques of peritoneal closure.", "PMID": 666377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11141", "title": "Cloacogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Cloacogenic carcinoma is a rare tumor of the anorectal region originating from a persistant remnant of the cloacal membrane of the embryo. The tumor accounts for 2-3% of anorectal carcinomas and occurs more than twice as often in women. Most tumors present as fungating or ulcerating lesions, but the tumor may arise in anal ducts and present as a submucosal mass. Wide abdominoperineal resection is the treatment of choice with a five year survival of 50%. Metastases occurs to the inguinal lymph nodes in more than 50% of the patients at sometime during the course of the disease with distant metastases occuring most commonly to liver and lungs.", "contents": "Cloacogenic carcinoma. Cloacogenic carcinoma is a rare tumor of the anorectal region originating from a persistant remnant of the cloacal membrane of the embryo. The tumor accounts for 2-3% of anorectal carcinomas and occurs more than twice as often in women. Most tumors present as fungating or ulcerating lesions, but the tumor may arise in anal ducts and present as a submucosal mass. Wide abdominoperineal resection is the treatment of choice with a five year survival of 50%. Metastases occurs to the inguinal lymph nodes in more than 50% of the patients at sometime during the course of the disease with distant metastases occuring most commonly to liver and lungs.", "PMID": 666378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11142", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of intravenous and intraperitoneal aminoglycoside antibiotics in the prevention of wound infections.", "content": "Seventeen patients had intraoperative peritoneal lavage with a solution containing one gram of kanamycin in 200 ml of 0.9% NaCl. The solution was removed by suction at two or five minutes. Venous blood samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals for two hours following lavage. Despite diligent attempts, an average of only 60% of the solution was recovered by suction. The peak concentration of kanamycin in serum correlated directly with the kanamycin dose (p less than 0.025). In six patients lavaged for five minutes, peak absorption occurred at 15 minutes with serum concentrations of 20.3 +/- 2.0 microgram/ml. In five patients lavaged for two minutes insignificantly (p greater than 0.1) lower peak serum concentrations (15.3 +/- 1.8 microgram/ml) occurred at 15 minutes. Six additional patients had peak kanamycin serum concentrations which occurred at 75 minutes and reached 23.2 and 24.0 microgram/ml in two patients. In three patients who received intravenous gentamicin prior to surgery, nine paired serum and peritoneal fluid samples obtained during three hours preceding lavage showed no significant differences in gentamicin concentrations (p less than 0.5). These pharmacokinetic data demonstrate the penetration of parenterally administered aminoglycosides into intraoperative peritoneal fluid. Kanamycin lavage for wound prophylaxis should be used cautiously and should be abandoned in patients who have renal impairment where prolonged toxic serum concentrations could develop.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of intravenous and intraperitoneal aminoglycoside antibiotics in the prevention of wound infections. Seventeen patients had intraoperative peritoneal lavage with a solution containing one gram of kanamycin in 200 ml of 0.9% NaCl. The solution was removed by suction at two or five minutes. Venous blood samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals for two hours following lavage. Despite diligent attempts, an average of only 60% of the solution was recovered by suction. The peak concentration of kanamycin in serum correlated directly with the kanamycin dose (p less than 0.025). In six patients lavaged for five minutes, peak absorption occurred at 15 minutes with serum concentrations of 20.3 +/- 2.0 microgram/ml. In five patients lavaged for two minutes insignificantly (p greater than 0.1) lower peak serum concentrations (15.3 +/- 1.8 microgram/ml) occurred at 15 minutes. Six additional patients had peak kanamycin serum concentrations which occurred at 75 minutes and reached 23.2 and 24.0 microgram/ml in two patients. In three patients who received intravenous gentamicin prior to surgery, nine paired serum and peritoneal fluid samples obtained during three hours preceding lavage showed no significant differences in gentamicin concentrations (p less than 0.5). These pharmacokinetic data demonstrate the penetration of parenterally administered aminoglycosides into intraoperative peritoneal fluid. Kanamycin lavage for wound prophylaxis should be used cautiously and should be abandoned in patients who have renal impairment where prolonged toxic serum concentrations could develop.", "PMID": 666379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11143", "title": "Abdominal aortic surgery in the presence of a horseshoe kidney.", "content": "Prior experience with the rare combination of horseshoe kidney and significant atherosclerotic vascular disease suggests difficulty in intraoperative management, often requiring division of the renal isthmus or sacrifice of some renal tissue. Seven patients have been managed successfully over the past ten years at The Ohio State University Hospital. There were six men and one woman, ranging in age from 39 to 66 years. Of the five patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, four had a pulsatile abdominal mass, three had abdominal pain, and one had back pain. The other two patients had progressively symptomatic aortoiliac disease. All seven patients had hypertension, easily controlled by medication. Critical diagnostic procedures are preoperative intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and abdominal aortic arteriogram. The IVP detected the previously unsuspected diagnosis in 100% of the cases. The arteriogram accurately located the aneurysm in relation to the renal vascular supply, and disclosed aberrant blood supply in three of four patients with aberrant vessels. All seven horseshoe kidneys were fused at the lower pole. The operative approach involves meticulous dissection of the aberrant blood supply to the kidneys, and mobilization of the isthmus for adequate retrorenal aortic exposure. In six of the seven patients, the grafts were placed posterior to the isthmus. There were no deaths, and there were no complications related to the presence of the horseshoe kidney. In three of the seven patients, hypertension improved. Patients with horseshoe kidney and aortic disease may be safely operated upon without damage to the kidney. IVP and selective angiography are essential to provide preoperative information.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic surgery in the presence of a horseshoe kidney. Prior experience with the rare combination of horseshoe kidney and significant atherosclerotic vascular disease suggests difficulty in intraoperative management, often requiring division of the renal isthmus or sacrifice of some renal tissue. Seven patients have been managed successfully over the past ten years at The Ohio State University Hospital. There were six men and one woman, ranging in age from 39 to 66 years. Of the five patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, four had a pulsatile abdominal mass, three had abdominal pain, and one had back pain. The other two patients had progressively symptomatic aortoiliac disease. All seven patients had hypertension, easily controlled by medication. Critical diagnostic procedures are preoperative intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and abdominal aortic arteriogram. The IVP detected the previously unsuspected diagnosis in 100% of the cases. The arteriogram accurately located the aneurysm in relation to the renal vascular supply, and disclosed aberrant blood supply in three of four patients with aberrant vessels. All seven horseshoe kidneys were fused at the lower pole. The operative approach involves meticulous dissection of the aberrant blood supply to the kidneys, and mobilization of the isthmus for adequate retrorenal aortic exposure. In six of the seven patients, the grafts were placed posterior to the isthmus. There were no deaths, and there were no complications related to the presence of the horseshoe kidney. In three of the seven patients, hypertension improved. Patients with horseshoe kidney and aortic disease may be safely operated upon without damage to the kidney. IVP and selective angiography are essential to provide preoperative information.", "PMID": 666380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11144", "title": "Femoropopliteal vein grafts for claudication. Analysis of 100 consecutive cases.", "content": "One hundred consecutive femoropopliteal venous grafts in 85 patients with claudication were followed for five years. At this time, three limbs had been amputated, approximately one quarter of the patients had expired, and 70% of the grafts in surviving patients remained patent. It is concluded that this operation does not appear to increase the risk of amputation and in fact, may lessen it. Moreover, it is associated with minimal risk and generally provides long term relief of claudication, thus enhancing the quality of life in most patients.", "contents": "Femoropopliteal vein grafts for claudication. Analysis of 100 consecutive cases. One hundred consecutive femoropopliteal venous grafts in 85 patients with claudication were followed for five years. At this time, three limbs had been amputated, approximately one quarter of the patients had expired, and 70% of the grafts in surviving patients remained patent. It is concluded that this operation does not appear to increase the risk of amputation and in fact, may lessen it. Moreover, it is associated with minimal risk and generally provides long term relief of claudication, thus enhancing the quality of life in most patients.", "PMID": 666381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11145", "title": "Percutaneous cytodiagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas and bile duct.", "content": "Fifty-one percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies guided by selective angiography and 57 by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) were performed in 88 patients. Fifty-two of the patients had a tumor localized to the pancreas and 19 a tumor of the extrahepatic biliary tract. In 17 patients the suspicion of neoplasia was possible to rule out. In 60% of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma and in 53% of the patients with biliary duct carcinoma correct cytological diagnosis was obtained. No false positive results were found. The diagnostic reliability was the same under guidance of angiography as PTC. The experience of the examiner markedly influenced the accuracy of the method. Exact correlation between the cytologic and histologic reports was found in cases where representative material was obtained at the aspiration. None of the 108 punctions was followed by complications. Since the method is harmless and has a high success rate especially in experienced hands it is an important adjunct to the management of pancreatic and bile duct lesions.", "contents": "Percutaneous cytodiagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas and bile duct. Fifty-one percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies guided by selective angiography and 57 by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) were performed in 88 patients. Fifty-two of the patients had a tumor localized to the pancreas and 19 a tumor of the extrahepatic biliary tract. In 17 patients the suspicion of neoplasia was possible to rule out. In 60% of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma and in 53% of the patients with biliary duct carcinoma correct cytological diagnosis was obtained. No false positive results were found. The diagnostic reliability was the same under guidance of angiography as PTC. The experience of the examiner markedly influenced the accuracy of the method. Exact correlation between the cytologic and histologic reports was found in cases where representative material was obtained at the aspiration. None of the 108 punctions was followed by complications. Since the method is harmless and has a high success rate especially in experienced hands it is an important adjunct to the management of pancreatic and bile duct lesions.", "PMID": 666382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11146", "title": "Host defense against opportunist microorganisms following trauma. I. Studies to determine the association between changes in humoral components of host defense and septicemia in burned patients.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement (CH(50)), conversion of C3 by inulin, and immunochemical levels of Clq, C4, C2, C3, C5, factor B, C3b inactivator (KAF), and properdin were measured in the sera of 15 patients with severe thermal injury during nine weeks postburn. Five of the 15 patients had multiple episodes of septicemia as documented by positive blood cultures and clinical findings. Decrease in CH(50), Clq, C4, C2, C3, and C5 occurred prior to and during septic episodes in these patients. Although conversion of C3 by inulin was often reduced during septic episodes, levels of factor B and KAF were generally normal or elevated. In only one patient did consumption of complement occurring during septicemia decrease the opsonic capacity of the patient's sera for the patient's infecting microorganism, an isolate of E. coli; sera from the same patient opsonized her infecting strain of S. aureus normally. The microorganisms isolated from the other septic patients, which were opsonized normally by the patients' sera despite complement consumption, were also with one exception strains of Staphylococci. In the nonseptic burned patients, decrease in properdin and C3 conversion by inulin, and increase in C3, factor B and KAF were demonstrated as we have previously reported. The results indicate that the classical complement pathway was activated during septicemia in burned patients and that activation of this pathway occurred preferentially due to inhibition of the alternative pathway. In addition, the data show that complement consumption may reduce the opsonic capacity of a patient's sera for certain microorganisms and not for others.", "contents": "Host defense against opportunist microorganisms following trauma. I. Studies to determine the association between changes in humoral components of host defense and septicemia in burned patients. Total hemolytic complement (CH(50)), conversion of C3 by inulin, and immunochemical levels of Clq, C4, C2, C3, C5, factor B, C3b inactivator (KAF), and properdin were measured in the sera of 15 patients with severe thermal injury during nine weeks postburn. Five of the 15 patients had multiple episodes of septicemia as documented by positive blood cultures and clinical findings. Decrease in CH(50), Clq, C4, C2, C3, and C5 occurred prior to and during septic episodes in these patients. Although conversion of C3 by inulin was often reduced during septic episodes, levels of factor B and KAF were generally normal or elevated. In only one patient did consumption of complement occurring during septicemia decrease the opsonic capacity of the patient's sera for the patient's infecting microorganism, an isolate of E. coli; sera from the same patient opsonized her infecting strain of S. aureus normally. The microorganisms isolated from the other septic patients, which were opsonized normally by the patients' sera despite complement consumption, were also with one exception strains of Staphylococci. In the nonseptic burned patients, decrease in properdin and C3 conversion by inulin, and increase in C3, factor B and KAF were demonstrated as we have previously reported. The results indicate that the classical complement pathway was activated during septicemia in burned patients and that activation of this pathway occurred preferentially due to inhibition of the alternative pathway. In addition, the data show that complement consumption may reduce the opsonic capacity of a patient's sera for certain microorganisms and not for others.", "PMID": 666383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11147", "title": "Intravenous fat tolerance in hepatic schistosomiasis.", "content": "The elimination rate of lipid after a single intravenous dose of an artificial fat emulsion was studied in 13 schistosomal patients and 13 controls. A strikingly significant lower level was found in the mean incremental values of TG ten minutes after injection in the schistosomal patients than the controls. The shape of the curve up to 120 minutes after injection was of zero order in the controls but exponential in the schistosomal patients. The possible factors responsible for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Intravenous fat tolerance in hepatic schistosomiasis. The elimination rate of lipid after a single intravenous dose of an artificial fat emulsion was studied in 13 schistosomal patients and 13 controls. A strikingly significant lower level was found in the mean incremental values of TG ten minutes after injection in the schistosomal patients than the controls. The shape of the curve up to 120 minutes after injection was of zero order in the controls but exponential in the schistosomal patients. The possible factors responsible for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 666384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11148", "title": "Study of chemical constituents of thoracic duct lymph in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "Concentrations of serum and thoracic duct proteins, immunoglobulins, lipids, enzymes and electrolytes were estimated in 15 patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and presinusoidal obstruction and in 12 controls. There was a significant decrease of thoracic duct total proteins, albumin and triglycerides, with marked and significant increase in IgG and IgM in SHF, compared to the controls. The levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatases and inorganic phosphorus were significantly higher in the lymph of SHF patients compared with healthy controls. It is presumed that these changes represent the pattern of lymph constituents in presinusoidal obstruction.", "contents": "Study of chemical constituents of thoracic duct lymph in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis. Concentrations of serum and thoracic duct proteins, immunoglobulins, lipids, enzymes and electrolytes were estimated in 15 patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and presinusoidal obstruction and in 12 controls. There was a significant decrease of thoracic duct total proteins, albumin and triglycerides, with marked and significant increase in IgG and IgM in SHF, compared to the controls. The levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatases and inorganic phosphorus were significantly higher in the lymph of SHF patients compared with healthy controls. It is presumed that these changes represent the pattern of lymph constituents in presinusoidal obstruction.", "PMID": 666385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11149", "title": "Experimental studies on the suitability of aquatic snails as intermediate hosts for Paramphistomum cervi in Iraq.", "content": "Three of the most common species of aquatic snails in Iraq were examined for their susceptibility to infection with Paramphistomum cervi. Bulinus truncatus was the only susceptible species. No development occurred in Physa acuta or Lymnaea lagotis euphratica. These findings and a previous field observation that infection of B. truncatus with amphistome larvae is not uncommon indicate that B. truncatus is an intermediate host of P. cervi in Iraq. Young snails of B. truncatus were more susceptible to infection than older ones.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the suitability of aquatic snails as intermediate hosts for Paramphistomum cervi in Iraq. Three of the most common species of aquatic snails in Iraq were examined for their susceptibility to infection with Paramphistomum cervi. Bulinus truncatus was the only susceptible species. No development occurred in Physa acuta or Lymnaea lagotis euphratica. These findings and a previous field observation that infection of B. truncatus with amphistome larvae is not uncommon indicate that B. truncatus is an intermediate host of P. cervi in Iraq. Young snails of B. truncatus were more susceptible to infection than older ones.", "PMID": 666386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11150", "title": "Histochemical differentiation of Brugia, Wuchereria, Dirofilaria and Breinlia microfilariae.", "content": "Histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in microfilariae gives sufficiently characteristic and consistent results for the differentiation of even closely related species. No difference could be detected among nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic Brugia malayi, but they could readily be distinguished from B. pahangi. Similarly, Dirofilaria repens could be readily distinguished from D. immitis and B. booliati from B. sergenti. The enzyme distribution pattern of a Malaysian rural strain of Wuchereria bancrofti was different from those of other regions.", "contents": "Histochemical differentiation of Brugia, Wuchereria, Dirofilaria and Breinlia microfilariae. Histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in microfilariae gives sufficiently characteristic and consistent results for the differentiation of even closely related species. No difference could be detected among nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic Brugia malayi, but they could readily be distinguished from B. pahangi. Similarly, Dirofilaria repens could be readily distinguished from D. immitis and B. booliati from B. sergenti. The enzyme distribution pattern of a Malaysian rural strain of Wuchereria bancrofti was different from those of other regions.", "PMID": 666387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11151", "title": "Studies on the immature stages of the Simulium neavei Roubaud complex and their associated crabs in the Eastern Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. IV. Observations on the crabs and their attached larvae under exceptionally dry conditions.", "content": "When exceptionally low rainfall resulted in the drying out of some 'permanent' streams containing the immature stages of Simulium neavei complex species, the fate of the larvae and their associated crabs was investigated. Both crabs and larvae survived under rocks, stones and boulders where some moisture persisted. Such situations would be out of reach to insecticides applied to running water in the normal way.", "contents": "Studies on the immature stages of the Simulium neavei Roubaud complex and their associated crabs in the Eastern Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. IV. Observations on the crabs and their attached larvae under exceptionally dry conditions. When exceptionally low rainfall resulted in the drying out of some 'permanent' streams containing the immature stages of Simulium neavei complex species, the fate of the larvae and their associated crabs was investigated. Both crabs and larvae survived under rocks, stones and boulders where some moisture persisted. Such situations would be out of reach to insecticides applied to running water in the normal way.", "PMID": 666389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11152", "title": "The micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.", "content": "The micro-scale Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (micro-ELISA) technique, with alkaline phosphatase as a marker enzyme, has been used for the serodiagnosis of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, from foci in southern France. This technique which uses a soluble antigen is highly sensitive, with a degree of specificity slightly higher than that of the IFA. It is suggested that the micro-ELISA procedure can be added to the battery of serological techniques and would be particularly useful for large scale epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis.", "contents": "The micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. The micro-scale Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (micro-ELISA) technique, with alkaline phosphatase as a marker enzyme, has been used for the serodiagnosis of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, from foci in southern France. This technique which uses a soluble antigen is highly sensitive, with a degree of specificity slightly higher than that of the IFA. It is suggested that the micro-ELISA procedure can be added to the battery of serological techniques and would be particularly useful for large scale epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 666392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11153", "title": "The development of Schistosoma haematobium in the hamster.", "content": "The in vivo development of Schistosoma haematobium in the hamster was studied. Six stages of development were distinguished on the basis of morphological and histochemical criteria. Schistosomula reached the lung (stage 1) on day three post-infection, with maximum concentrations on day nine. Gut formation occurred in the second stage at day 18. In stage 3 'Organogeny' (day 24) males developed one testis and females a narrow uterus. Pairing and the development of males with sperm-containing testes and females with an ovary characterize stage 4 (day 28). In stage 5 (day 53) vitelline follicles begin to develop in the females. The final stage, oviposition, occurred on days 61-63 and was characterized by the appearance of fully developed eggs in the uterus.", "contents": "The development of Schistosoma haematobium in the hamster. The in vivo development of Schistosoma haematobium in the hamster was studied. Six stages of development were distinguished on the basis of morphological and histochemical criteria. Schistosomula reached the lung (stage 1) on day three post-infection, with maximum concentrations on day nine. Gut formation occurred in the second stage at day 18. In stage 3 'Organogeny' (day 24) males developed one testis and females a narrow uterus. Pairing and the development of males with sperm-containing testes and females with an ovary characterize stage 4 (day 28). In stage 5 (day 53) vitelline follicles begin to develop in the females. The final stage, oviposition, occurred on days 61-63 and was characterized by the appearance of fully developed eggs in the uterus.", "PMID": 666393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11154", "title": "The in vivo development of Schistosoma bovis in the Nile rat.", "content": "The in vivo development of the Sudanese strain of Schistosoma bovis in the Nile rat, Arvicanthus niloticus is described. Six stages in development are distinguished: the 'lung form' (stage 1), attaining maximum numbers on day 5 post-infection; the 'closed-gut form' (stage 2) on day 14, characterized by the union of the gut caeca behind the ventral sucker; 'organogeny' (stage 3) on day 17, the male possessing one testis and a gynaecophoric canal and the female a narrow uterus; 'gametogeny' (stage 4) on day 26, with pairing, the male having four fully developed testes and the female an ovary; 'egg-shell formation' (stage 5) on day 35; 'oviposition' (stage 6) on day 37, with the female showing uterine eggs. The time to complete in vivo development in the Sudanese strain of S. bovis is more rapid than in the Israeli strain, 37 and 42 days respectively.", "contents": "The in vivo development of Schistosoma bovis in the Nile rat. The in vivo development of the Sudanese strain of Schistosoma bovis in the Nile rat, Arvicanthus niloticus is described. Six stages in development are distinguished: the 'lung form' (stage 1), attaining maximum numbers on day 5 post-infection; the 'closed-gut form' (stage 2) on day 14, characterized by the union of the gut caeca behind the ventral sucker; 'organogeny' (stage 3) on day 17, the male possessing one testis and a gynaecophoric canal and the female a narrow uterus; 'gametogeny' (stage 4) on day 26, with pairing, the male having four fully developed testes and the female an ovary; 'egg-shell formation' (stage 5) on day 35; 'oviposition' (stage 6) on day 37, with the female showing uterine eggs. The time to complete in vivo development in the Sudanese strain of S. bovis is more rapid than in the Israeli strain, 37 and 42 days respectively.", "PMID": 666394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11155", "title": "Studies on the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for Schistosoma mansoni infections.", "content": "Extensive studies of the use of the ELISA test for the detection of antibodies in Schistosoma mansoni infections are described. A method has been evolved for the determination of the optimum value for the reference serum endpoint. In chimpanzees infected with S. mansoni a crude egg antigen detected antibodies earlier in the infection than did a worm antigen and was generally more reactive. The ELISA test, using the egg antigen, has been applied to sera from populations infected with S. mansoni, with other human schistosomes, or with helminth infections other than schistosomiasis. The ELISA test was as sensitive as the IFAT and CFT, but more specific. However, many cross-reactions occurred in infections with other human (and with animal) schistosomes, although to a lesser extent with other helminths. In surveys in the Sudan the use of blood collected on absorbent paper was only slightly less sensitive for the detection of antibodies than sera, and this technique showed that the prevalence of infection was higher than that measured by stool examination alone. Possible future developments are discussed with a view to improving sensitivity and specificity both for clinical and epidemiological work.", "contents": "Studies on the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for Schistosoma mansoni infections. Extensive studies of the use of the ELISA test for the detection of antibodies in Schistosoma mansoni infections are described. A method has been evolved for the determination of the optimum value for the reference serum endpoint. In chimpanzees infected with S. mansoni a crude egg antigen detected antibodies earlier in the infection than did a worm antigen and was generally more reactive. The ELISA test, using the egg antigen, has been applied to sera from populations infected with S. mansoni, with other human schistosomes, or with helminth infections other than schistosomiasis. The ELISA test was as sensitive as the IFAT and CFT, but more specific. However, many cross-reactions occurred in infections with other human (and with animal) schistosomes, although to a lesser extent with other helminths. In surveys in the Sudan the use of blood collected on absorbent paper was only slightly less sensitive for the detection of antibodies than sera, and this technique showed that the prevalence of infection was higher than that measured by stool examination alone. Possible future developments are discussed with a view to improving sensitivity and specificity both for clinical and epidemiological work.", "PMID": 666395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11156", "title": "Genetics of a new mutant, curved wing, of the mosquito Aedes togoi.", "content": "A new recessive mutant curved wing (c) in the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald), a vector of various species of filariae in the Far East, has been shown to be linked to yellow larva (y), with a recombination value of 13.26 +/- 1.41 to 20.53 +/- 1.41%. These linked alleles are inherited independently of either sex (M), straw-coloured larva (s), ruby eye (ru), or pigmented pupa (p). Evidence has now been produced that sex (M)-s, ru-p, and y-c mark the three linkage groups in this species (2n = 6), and these markers, respectively, have been placed provisionally in linkage groups 1, 2, and 3.", "contents": "Genetics of a new mutant, curved wing, of the mosquito Aedes togoi. A new recessive mutant curved wing (c) in the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald), a vector of various species of filariae in the Far East, has been shown to be linked to yellow larva (y), with a recombination value of 13.26 +/- 1.41 to 20.53 +/- 1.41%. These linked alleles are inherited independently of either sex (M), straw-coloured larva (s), ruby eye (ru), or pigmented pupa (p). Evidence has now been produced that sex (M)-s, ru-p, and y-c mark the three linkage groups in this species (2n = 6), and these markers, respectively, have been placed provisionally in linkage groups 1, 2, and 3.", "PMID": 666396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11157", "title": "Some methods for membrane feeding of laboratory reared, neotropical sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae).", "content": "A brief introduction to the history and applications of membrane feeding is given, together with its use to feed and infect sandflies with Leishmania. The present paper describes methods for feeding Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. flaviscutellata through membranes. Of the membranes tested, chick skins and bat wings gave the best results. Membranes stored at -20 degrees C for over a year were found to be less effective than fresh ones. Blood meals were maintained at temperatures between 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C and it is concluded that although temperatures as high as 37 degrees C are unnecessary for successful membrane feeding of sandflies, fewer flies feed in most instances at temperatures below 27 degrees C. The influence on feeding of individual skins, different lots of blood and the addition of leishmanial cultures to offered blood are discussed.", "contents": "Some methods for membrane feeding of laboratory reared, neotropical sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). A brief introduction to the history and applications of membrane feeding is given, together with its use to feed and infect sandflies with Leishmania. The present paper describes methods for feeding Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. flaviscutellata through membranes. Of the membranes tested, chick skins and bat wings gave the best results. Membranes stored at -20 degrees C for over a year were found to be less effective than fresh ones. Blood meals were maintained at temperatures between 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C and it is concluded that although temperatures as high as 37 degrees C are unnecessary for successful membrane feeding of sandflies, fewer flies feed in most instances at temperatures below 27 degrees C. The influence on feeding of individual skins, different lots of blood and the addition of leishmanial cultures to offered blood are discussed.", "PMID": 666397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11158", "title": "A light and electron microscope study of rickettsia-like organisms in the ovaries of mosquitoes of the Aedes scutellaris group.", "content": "The ovaries from some members of the Aedes scutellaris group were examined by light and electron microscopy to locate rickettsia-like organisms, and Culex pipiens fatigans was used as a control. It was found that light microscopy was unsatisfactory for this purpose since none of the available staining techniques demonstrates the organisms clearly and diagnostically. With the electron microscope it was shown that the organisms were by no means as common in the mosquitoes of the A. scutellaris group as in C.p. fatigans; they were quite frequently seen in A. polynesiensis, of sporadic occurrence in A. malayensis, rare in A. tabu and have not yet been identified with certainty in A. cooki.", "contents": "A light and electron microscope study of rickettsia-like organisms in the ovaries of mosquitoes of the Aedes scutellaris group. The ovaries from some members of the Aedes scutellaris group were examined by light and electron microscopy to locate rickettsia-like organisms, and Culex pipiens fatigans was used as a control. It was found that light microscopy was unsatisfactory for this purpose since none of the available staining techniques demonstrates the organisms clearly and diagnostically. With the electron microscope it was shown that the organisms were by no means as common in the mosquitoes of the A. scutellaris group as in C.p. fatigans; they were quite frequently seen in A. polynesiensis, of sporadic occurrence in A. malayensis, rare in A. tabu and have not yet been identified with certainty in A. cooki.", "PMID": 666398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11159", "title": "The ultrastructural basis of abnormal development of Brugia pahangi in refractory Aedes aegypti.", "content": "Cuticular abnormalities in larval Brugia pahangi at c. 12 hours post blood meal are the first signs of abnormal worm development in refractory Aedes aegypti. Normally developing B. pahangi undertakes large scale cuticular reorganization during the first larval stage, screting new cuticle to nearly six times the original volume. The inability of the first stage larva to carry out this cuticular reorganization in refractory A. aegypti is the basis of developmental abnormality. It is concluded that this failure on the part of the worm is caused by an alteration in the physiological environment of the flight muscle cells of refractory A. aegypti from that of susceptible A. aegypti.", "contents": "The ultrastructural basis of abnormal development of Brugia pahangi in refractory Aedes aegypti. Cuticular abnormalities in larval Brugia pahangi at c. 12 hours post blood meal are the first signs of abnormal worm development in refractory Aedes aegypti. Normally developing B. pahangi undertakes large scale cuticular reorganization during the first larval stage, screting new cuticle to nearly six times the original volume. The inability of the first stage larva to carry out this cuticular reorganization in refractory A. aegypti is the basis of developmental abnormality. It is concluded that this failure on the part of the worm is caused by an alteration in the physiological environment of the flight muscle cells of refractory A. aegypti from that of susceptible A. aegypti.", "PMID": 666399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11160", "title": "Multiple valve replacement: changing status.", "content": "Review of our experience with multiple valve replacement over a 6-year-period revealed a recent marked reduction in operative risk. Operative mortality for 62 patients operated on before 1974 was 34%; for 44 patients operated on since 1974, mortality was only 11%. In both groups, mortality was clearly related to the preoperative cardiac functional status. Several recent technical advances including myocardial protection by topical hypothermia, shortened perfusion time, and the intraaortic balloon pump may all have contributed to the reduced operative risk.", "contents": "Multiple valve replacement: changing status. Review of our experience with multiple valve replacement over a 6-year-period revealed a recent marked reduction in operative risk. Operative mortality for 62 patients operated on before 1974 was 34%; for 44 patients operated on since 1974, mortality was only 11%. In both groups, mortality was clearly related to the preoperative cardiac functional status. Several recent technical advances including myocardial protection by topical hypothermia, shortened perfusion time, and the intraaortic balloon pump may all have contributed to the reduced operative risk.", "PMID": 666405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11161", "title": "The Blalock-Taussig shunt in the first two years of life: a safe and effective procedure.", "content": "Many surgeons have been reluctant to perform Blalock shunts in patients who are in infancy or early childhood (less than 24 months old) and have done instead direct aortopulmonary anastomoses. Recently, others have advocated complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot in early infancy because of the high mortality of direct aortopulmonary shunts. We believe the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis is a safe and effective palliative procedure for all infants with inadequate pulmonary blood flow regardless of size. During the past nine years, 24 babies less than 2 years old who were followed had construction of Blalock-Taussig anastomosis for inadequate pulmonary blood flow. There were no operative deaths and no shunt-related late deaths. Of the 24 babies, 12 were less than 12 months old. Eighteen of the 24 had tetralogy of Fallot. The remaining 6 had a variety of lesions with inadequate pulmonary blood flow. The mean weight of the entire group was 7.3 +/- 1.6 kg. Of those infants less than 12 months old, the mean weight was 6.8 +/- 2.0 kg. More than 6 months following construction of the shunt, 2 babies died from sepsis unrelated to cardiovascular status. All infants had adequate but not excessive pulmonary blood flow after shunting. There were no late shunt failures.", "contents": "The Blalock-Taussig shunt in the first two years of life: a safe and effective procedure. Many surgeons have been reluctant to perform Blalock shunts in patients who are in infancy or early childhood (less than 24 months old) and have done instead direct aortopulmonary anastomoses. Recently, others have advocated complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot in early infancy because of the high mortality of direct aortopulmonary shunts. We believe the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis is a safe and effective palliative procedure for all infants with inadequate pulmonary blood flow regardless of size. During the past nine years, 24 babies less than 2 years old who were followed had construction of Blalock-Taussig anastomosis for inadequate pulmonary blood flow. There were no operative deaths and no shunt-related late deaths. Of the 24 babies, 12 were less than 12 months old. Eighteen of the 24 had tetralogy of Fallot. The remaining 6 had a variety of lesions with inadequate pulmonary blood flow. The mean weight of the entire group was 7.3 +/- 1.6 kg. Of those infants less than 12 months old, the mean weight was 6.8 +/- 2.0 kg. More than 6 months following construction of the shunt, 2 babies died from sepsis unrelated to cardiovascular status. All infants had adequate but not excessive pulmonary blood flow after shunting. There were no late shunt failures.", "PMID": 666406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11162", "title": "The effectiveness of surgical treatment of acute aortic dissection.", "content": "Ten consecutive patients have undergone operative repair of acute aortic dissection at St. Thomas Hospital in the last three years. Two died. To assess the status of the residual aorta, all 8 survivors were evaluated by postoperative aortography. Only the patient with a clotted dissection on preoperative study showed no residual dissection of the distal aorta. Analysis of postoperative aortograms suggests that the original dissection reentry points become sites of inflow following removal of the original intimal tear. No death resulted from these residual abnormalities. Retrograde dissection and aortic insufficiency were obliterated. The major sites of aortic rupture were removed. It is concluded that surgical therapy for acute aortic dissection is effective in that it avoids the major sources of mortality. The resultant surviving population must be carefully observed in view of the high frequency of residual aortic abnormality.", "contents": "The effectiveness of surgical treatment of acute aortic dissection. Ten consecutive patients have undergone operative repair of acute aortic dissection at St. Thomas Hospital in the last three years. Two died. To assess the status of the residual aorta, all 8 survivors were evaluated by postoperative aortography. Only the patient with a clotted dissection on preoperative study showed no residual dissection of the distal aorta. Analysis of postoperative aortograms suggests that the original dissection reentry points become sites of inflow following removal of the original intimal tear. No death resulted from these residual abnormalities. Retrograde dissection and aortic insufficiency were obliterated. The major sites of aortic rupture were removed. It is concluded that surgical therapy for acute aortic dissection is effective in that it avoids the major sources of mortality. The resultant surviving population must be carefully observed in view of the high frequency of residual aortic abnormality.", "PMID": 666408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11163", "title": "Extraluminal or intraluminal inferior vena cava occlusion in pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of extraluminal and 47 of intraluminal inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion for management of pulmonary embolism were reviewed. A comparison of results obtained with both methods suggests that the IVC umbrella filter provides the safer, more reliable means of IVC interruption in patients whose condition fulfills the criteria for caval occlusion. The simplicity of this technique and the fact that it can be performed under local anesthesia justify its consideration as the procedure of choice for IVC occlusion and permit its use in severely ill patients. On the basis of our positive findings, we now recommend that extraluminal occlusion be reserved for patients in whom insertion of the IVC umbrella is technically impossible.", "contents": "Extraluminal or intraluminal inferior vena cava occlusion in pulmonary embolism. Twenty-five cases of extraluminal and 47 of intraluminal inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion for management of pulmonary embolism were reviewed. A comparison of results obtained with both methods suggests that the IVC umbrella filter provides the safer, more reliable means of IVC interruption in patients whose condition fulfills the criteria for caval occlusion. The simplicity of this technique and the fact that it can be performed under local anesthesia justify its consideration as the procedure of choice for IVC occlusion and permit its use in severely ill patients. On the basis of our positive findings, we now recommend that extraluminal occlusion be reserved for patients in whom insertion of the IVC umbrella is technically impossible.", "PMID": 666409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11164", "title": "Development of a practical membrane lung system.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate a compact, single-pump membrane oxygenator system designed for both short-term open-heart procedures and long-term extracorporeal support. Work was directed at developing a compatible, disposable venous reservoir, fabricating a compact mounting board, determining acceptable priming volumes, and establishing safe and effective modes of setup and operation. Ten adult baboons undergoing total cardiopulmonary autotransplantation as part of a separate study were operated on using a 1.5 m2 Kolobow spiral-coil membrane system. Blood gases, oxygen transfer, extracorporeal blood flows, priming volume, and setup times were determined. In addition, 3 infant and 6 adult human subjects undergoing cardiac operations in which spiral-coil membranes of various sizes were used were also similarly studied. The data and experience from these studies suggest that the spiral-coil membrane system utilized is safe and effective in procedures requiring short-term cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Development of a practical membrane lung system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a compact, single-pump membrane oxygenator system designed for both short-term open-heart procedures and long-term extracorporeal support. Work was directed at developing a compatible, disposable venous reservoir, fabricating a compact mounting board, determining acceptable priming volumes, and establishing safe and effective modes of setup and operation. Ten adult baboons undergoing total cardiopulmonary autotransplantation as part of a separate study were operated on using a 1.5 m2 Kolobow spiral-coil membrane system. Blood gases, oxygen transfer, extracorporeal blood flows, priming volume, and setup times were determined. In addition, 3 infant and 6 adult human subjects undergoing cardiac operations in which spiral-coil membranes of various sizes were used were also similarly studied. The data and experience from these studies suggest that the spiral-coil membrane system utilized is safe and effective in procedures requiring short-term cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 666410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11165", "title": "Thoracoscopy: a useful tool in the diagnosis of thoracic disease.", "content": "During a 12-month period, 11 patients underwent diagnostic thoracoscopy for previously undiagnosed thoracic disease. In all patients, the diagnosis had been unobtainable by the usual diagnostic modalities of bronchoscopy, scalene node biopsy, mediastinoscopy, thoracentesis, or closed pleural biopsy. Thoracoscopy was diagnostic in 10 of the 11 patients. There was no morbidity or mortality. In all patients the indication for thoracoscopy was suspected malignancy. The majority of patients had recurrent pleural effusions in which routine cytological studies and tissue biopsies had been nondiagnostic. Pathological findings were mesothelioma in 3 patients, primary carcinoma of the lung in 4, congestive heart failure with pleural effusion in 1, metastatic carcinoma in 2, and inflammatory disease in 1 patient. Indications, techniques, and results are discussed. Thoracoscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thoracic disease; with it, unneccessary thoracotomy can often be avoided.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy: a useful tool in the diagnosis of thoracic disease. During a 12-month period, 11 patients underwent diagnostic thoracoscopy for previously undiagnosed thoracic disease. In all patients, the diagnosis had been unobtainable by the usual diagnostic modalities of bronchoscopy, scalene node biopsy, mediastinoscopy, thoracentesis, or closed pleural biopsy. Thoracoscopy was diagnostic in 10 of the 11 patients. There was no morbidity or mortality. In all patients the indication for thoracoscopy was suspected malignancy. The majority of patients had recurrent pleural effusions in which routine cytological studies and tissue biopsies had been nondiagnostic. Pathological findings were mesothelioma in 3 patients, primary carcinoma of the lung in 4, congestive heart failure with pleural effusion in 1, metastatic carcinoma in 2, and inflammatory disease in 1 patient. Indications, techniques, and results are discussed. Thoracoscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thoracic disease; with it, unneccessary thoracotomy can often be avoided.", "PMID": 666412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11166", "title": "Correction of pectus excavatum without prostheses or splints: objective measurement of severity and management of asymmetrical deformities.", "content": "From 1949 to 1977, 254 children underwent surgical reconstruction of pectus excavatum by means of a variety of operations at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. From 1970 to 1977, 68 children had a modified Ravitch repair, with the addition of a tripod internal fixation technique for support of the sternum. These children obtained excellent cosmetic reconstruction without prosthetic support or splints. During an 18-month period we used a new system of caliper measurement of the spatial anatomy of the thoracic cage in more than 50 children. During the same period, we originated an operative step to correct the not uncommon asymmetrical excavatum that is usually deeper on the right and associated with a troublesome rotation of the sternum, found in 9 of the last 27 children seen. Correction was accomplished with an oblique anterior sternal osteotomy. The groups were analyzed and compared with respect to age, postoperative complications, and end results in order to identify trends in the management of children with this condition. On the basis of this experience, we feel confident in recommending a standardized operation for all forms of pectus excavatum at an elective age between 4 and 6 years and without prosthetic splints.", "contents": "Correction of pectus excavatum without prostheses or splints: objective measurement of severity and management of asymmetrical deformities. From 1949 to 1977, 254 children underwent surgical reconstruction of pectus excavatum by means of a variety of operations at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. From 1970 to 1977, 68 children had a modified Ravitch repair, with the addition of a tripod internal fixation technique for support of the sternum. These children obtained excellent cosmetic reconstruction without prosthetic support or splints. During an 18-month period we used a new system of caliper measurement of the spatial anatomy of the thoracic cage in more than 50 children. During the same period, we originated an operative step to correct the not uncommon asymmetrical excavatum that is usually deeper on the right and associated with a troublesome rotation of the sternum, found in 9 of the last 27 children seen. Correction was accomplished with an oblique anterior sternal osteotomy. The groups were analyzed and compared with respect to age, postoperative complications, and end results in order to identify trends in the management of children with this condition. On the basis of this experience, we feel confident in recommending a standardized operation for all forms of pectus excavatum at an elective age between 4 and 6 years and without prosthetic splints.", "PMID": 666413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11167", "title": "Marlex mesh support for the correction of very severe and recurrent pectus excavatum.", "content": "A method for the correction of very severe and recurrent pectus excavatum is presented. The technique consists of mobilization of the sternum, transverse osteotomy, parasternal resection of the costal cartilages (modified Ravitch procedure), followed by placement of Marlex mesh behind the sternum and suturing the edge of the Marlex mesh to the peripheral stump of the resected ribs. This method has been used with good results in 6 patients, 2 of them with recurrent deformities.", "contents": "Marlex mesh support for the correction of very severe and recurrent pectus excavatum. A method for the correction of very severe and recurrent pectus excavatum is presented. The technique consists of mobilization of the sternum, transverse osteotomy, parasternal resection of the costal cartilages (modified Ravitch procedure), followed by placement of Marlex mesh behind the sternum and suturing the edge of the Marlex mesh to the peripheral stump of the resected ribs. This method has been used with good results in 6 patients, 2 of them with recurrent deformities.", "PMID": 666414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11168", "title": "Placement of pericardial drainage tube for the treatment of pneumopericardium in the neonate.", "content": "A method for resolving the life-threatening complication of neonatal pneumopericardium is described. In patients suspected of having this complication, needle aspiration of the pericardial sac should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Then a tube should be inserted directly into the sac, attached to continuous-suction drainage, and allowed to remain in place until positive end-expiratory pressure is discontinued. The technique has not been associated with morbidity, mortality, or recurrence of pneumopericardium.", "contents": "Placement of pericardial drainage tube for the treatment of pneumopericardium in the neonate. A method for resolving the life-threatening complication of neonatal pneumopericardium is described. In patients suspected of having this complication, needle aspiration of the pericardial sac should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Then a tube should be inserted directly into the sac, attached to continuous-suction drainage, and allowed to remain in place until positive end-expiratory pressure is discontinued. The technique has not been associated with morbidity, mortality, or recurrence of pneumopericardium.", "PMID": 666415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11169", "title": "Cervical aortic arch with retroesophageal aortic obstruction: report of a case with successful surgical intervention.", "content": "The clinical, roentgenographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic features of a patient with a right cervical aortic arch and retroesophageal aortic obstruction associated with a ventricular septal defect are presented. Surgical relief of the aortic obstruction was successfully achieved by placement of a bypass graft between the left common carotid artery and the descending thoracic aorta.", "contents": "Cervical aortic arch with retroesophageal aortic obstruction: report of a case with successful surgical intervention. The clinical, roentgenographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic features of a patient with a right cervical aortic arch and retroesophageal aortic obstruction associated with a ventricular septal defect are presented. Surgical relief of the aortic obstruction was successfully achieved by placement of a bypass graft between the left common carotid artery and the descending thoracic aorta.", "PMID": 666416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11170", "title": "Evaluation of the Hunter-Sessions self-retaining aortic cannula.", "content": "A report of our experience with a new self-retaining aortic cannula is presented. We have used this cannula in more than 30 patients and found it to be very secure and convenient for rapid cannulation since no pursestring sutures are required for initial placement.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Hunter-Sessions self-retaining aortic cannula. A report of our experience with a new self-retaining aortic cannula is presented. We have used this cannula in more than 30 patients and found it to be very secure and convenient for rapid cannulation since no pursestring sutures are required for initial placement.", "PMID": 666417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11171", "title": "Surgical correction of refractory reflux esophagitis using the standard unmodified Belsey Mark IV technique.", "content": "The treatment of symptomatic hiatus hernia unresponsive to medical treatment has been refined in the last decade. The work of Hill and colleagues in investigating the pathophysiology of this problem, and the anatomical techniques developed by Dr. Nissen and Mr. Belsey, have reduced the recurrence rate in the surgical management of symptomatic hiatus hernia to the point where it is at least as low as that for surgically treated duodenal ulcer. The most commonly employed methods of surgical repair for symptomatic hiatus hernia are those advocated by Drs. Nissen and Hill and Mr. Belsey, which are superior to the many unmonitored methods employed in the past. Recently, the use of modifications of these techniques has been reported in the literature with short follow-up studies. The current communication relates one surgeon's experience treating 85 consecutive patients with refractory reflux esophagitis using the standard unmodified Belsey Mark IV repair as originally described by Mr. Ronald Belsey of Bristol, England. Details of this repair are presented.", "contents": "Surgical correction of refractory reflux esophagitis using the standard unmodified Belsey Mark IV technique. The treatment of symptomatic hiatus hernia unresponsive to medical treatment has been refined in the last decade. The work of Hill and colleagues in investigating the pathophysiology of this problem, and the anatomical techniques developed by Dr. Nissen and Mr. Belsey, have reduced the recurrence rate in the surgical management of symptomatic hiatus hernia to the point where it is at least as low as that for surgically treated duodenal ulcer. The most commonly employed methods of surgical repair for symptomatic hiatus hernia are those advocated by Drs. Nissen and Hill and Mr. Belsey, which are superior to the many unmonitored methods employed in the past. Recently, the use of modifications of these techniques has been reported in the literature with short follow-up studies. The current communication relates one surgeon's experience treating 85 consecutive patients with refractory reflux esophagitis using the standard unmodified Belsey Mark IV repair as originally described by Mr. Ronald Belsey of Bristol, England. Details of this repair are presented.", "PMID": 666421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11172", "title": "The modified Collis-Nissen operation for control of gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "An operation employing the Nissen fundoplication performed about an undivided 5 cm gastroplasty tube created with a gastrointestinal anastomosing (GIA) stapler that was modified by elimination of the cutting blade has been devised and evaluated in 48 patients over a period ranging from 3 to 52 months (average, 27 months). Seventeen of these patients had severe esophageal strictures. Reflux control, evaluated by clinical appraisal and roentgenograms in all patients and by 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring in some, has been complete in all patients throughout the study. One patient with undetected subclinical achalasia continues to have mild dysphagia and represents the only unsatisfactory result in the series. Normal swallowing has been restored to all patients with strictures, and the others remain free of symptoms. The simplicity, reproducibility, and effectiveness of this operation warrant its continuing evaluation.", "contents": "The modified Collis-Nissen operation for control of gastroesophageal reflux. An operation employing the Nissen fundoplication performed about an undivided 5 cm gastroplasty tube created with a gastrointestinal anastomosing (GIA) stapler that was modified by elimination of the cutting blade has been devised and evaluated in 48 patients over a period ranging from 3 to 52 months (average, 27 months). Seventeen of these patients had severe esophageal strictures. Reflux control, evaluated by clinical appraisal and roentgenograms in all patients and by 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring in some, has been complete in all patients throughout the study. One patient with undetected subclinical achalasia continues to have mild dysphagia and represents the only unsatisfactory result in the series. Normal swallowing has been restored to all patients with strictures, and the others remain free of symptoms. The simplicity, reproducibility, and effectiveness of this operation warrant its continuing evaluation.", "PMID": 666422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11173", "title": "Effects of pulsatile assistance and nonpulsatile flow on subendocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "We compared the effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion in 12 dogs on extracorporeal circulation. In beating empty and fibrillating hearts at 37 degrees and 28 degrees C, coronary blood flow was measured by flowmeter and microspheres at diastolic pressures ranging between 50 and 130 mm Hg. At fixed systemic flow rates (range, 600 to 2,400 ml/min), pulsatile perfusion produced a transient (3 to 4 second) augmentation of diastolic pressure and then resulted in the following: (1) decreased peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.05); (2) unchanged peak diastolic pressure (compared with nonpulsatile perfusion); (3) decreased mean aortic pressure (6 to 37%) (p less than 0.05); (4) decreased coronary blood flow (10 to 45%) (p less than 0.05); and (5) decreased subendocardial blood flow (from 512 to 438 ml/100 gm/min) (p less than 0.05). Pulsatile perfusion in beating hearts (37 degrees or 28 degrees C) did not reduce subendocardial vascular resistance, but did improve subendocardial perfusion by 27% and 36% in fibrillating hearts at 37 degrees and 28 degrees C, respectively. We conclude that with the exception of ventricular fibrillation, pulsatile assistance offers no advantage over nonpulsatile perfusion and has the potential disadvantage of requiring higher pump flow rates to achieve any desired level of coronary and subendocardial flow.", "contents": "Effects of pulsatile assistance and nonpulsatile flow on subendocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. We compared the effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion in 12 dogs on extracorporeal circulation. In beating empty and fibrillating hearts at 37 degrees and 28 degrees C, coronary blood flow was measured by flowmeter and microspheres at diastolic pressures ranging between 50 and 130 mm Hg. At fixed systemic flow rates (range, 600 to 2,400 ml/min), pulsatile perfusion produced a transient (3 to 4 second) augmentation of diastolic pressure and then resulted in the following: (1) decreased peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.05); (2) unchanged peak diastolic pressure (compared with nonpulsatile perfusion); (3) decreased mean aortic pressure (6 to 37%) (p less than 0.05); (4) decreased coronary blood flow (10 to 45%) (p less than 0.05); and (5) decreased subendocardial blood flow (from 512 to 438 ml/100 gm/min) (p less than 0.05). Pulsatile perfusion in beating hearts (37 degrees or 28 degrees C) did not reduce subendocardial vascular resistance, but did improve subendocardial perfusion by 27% and 36% in fibrillating hearts at 37 degrees and 28 degrees C, respectively. We conclude that with the exception of ventricular fibrillation, pulsatile assistance offers no advantage over nonpulsatile perfusion and has the potential disadvantage of requiring higher pump flow rates to achieve any desired level of coronary and subendocardial flow.", "PMID": 666423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11174", "title": "Surgical treatment of annuloaortic ectasia with composite grafts including homologous dura mater valves.", "content": "We describe 3 patients in whom a composite dura mater valve-Dacron tube graft was used for replacement of the entire ascending aorta and aortic valve. Two patients had Marfan's syndrome and 1, a chronic aortic dissection, type II. All had severe aortic regurgitation. There were no early or late deaths in a follow-up period of 2, 7, and 12 months, respectively. All 3 patients were asymptomatic when last seen. Two underwent postoperative aortography that disclosed well-functioning valves and good filling of the coronary arteries. It is concluded that annuloaortic ectasia is best treated by the technique of total replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve by a composite valve-tube graft, and that the homologous dura mater valve, for its characteristics of central flow, lack of need for anticoagulants, and durability, represents a reasonable alternative for use in this situation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of annuloaortic ectasia with composite grafts including homologous dura mater valves. We describe 3 patients in whom a composite dura mater valve-Dacron tube graft was used for replacement of the entire ascending aorta and aortic valve. Two patients had Marfan's syndrome and 1, a chronic aortic dissection, type II. All had severe aortic regurgitation. There were no early or late deaths in a follow-up period of 2, 7, and 12 months, respectively. All 3 patients were asymptomatic when last seen. Two underwent postoperative aortography that disclosed well-functioning valves and good filling of the coronary arteries. It is concluded that annuloaortic ectasia is best treated by the technique of total replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve by a composite valve-tube graft, and that the homologous dura mater valve, for its characteristics of central flow, lack of need for anticoagulants, and durability, represents a reasonable alternative for use in this situation.", "PMID": 666424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11175", "title": "Heterologous pericardium for the closure of pericardial defects.", "content": "Patches of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine pericardium were transplanted orthotopically into 20 dogs to see if they might make a satisfactory pericardial substitute. Two dogs had mediastinal infections and were excluded from this study. All animals were reoperated on at regular intervals between 15 and 300 days. In 15 dogs there were no adhesions between the porcine pericardium and the host's epicardium. Histological study showed healing between both pericardiums and no degenerative changes in transplanted pericardium. Glutaraldehyde porcine pericardium has been utilized in 8 patients to close the pericardial cavity. There have been no problems related to the pericardial grafts after a maximum follow-up of 9 months.", "contents": "Heterologous pericardium for the closure of pericardial defects. Patches of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine pericardium were transplanted orthotopically into 20 dogs to see if they might make a satisfactory pericardial substitute. Two dogs had mediastinal infections and were excluded from this study. All animals were reoperated on at regular intervals between 15 and 300 days. In 15 dogs there were no adhesions between the porcine pericardium and the host's epicardium. Histological study showed healing between both pericardiums and no degenerative changes in transplanted pericardium. Glutaraldehyde porcine pericardium has been utilized in 8 patients to close the pericardial cavity. There have been no problems related to the pericardial grafts after a maximum follow-up of 9 months.", "PMID": 666425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11176", "title": "Delayed postoperative cardiac tamponade: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Symptoms and signs of decreased cardiac output associated with an elevated venous pressure should alert one to the possibility of delayed cardiac tamponade. Enlargement of the cardiothoracic ratio shown by serial roentgenograms and demonstration of significant pericardial effusion by echocardiogram or radionuclide angiocardiography support the diagnosis. Erratic response of the prothrombin time to administration of warfarin and abnormal results of liver function test are additional clues to its diagnosis. Right heart catheterization documents the presence of tamponade and excludes other diagnostic considerations. Operative decompression of the pericardial space can be accomplished by pericardicentesis, subxiphoid pericardiotomy, median sternotomy, or thoracotomy. Hemodynamic observations following the relief of tamponade assure that an adequate therapeutic procedure has been performed.", "contents": "Delayed postoperative cardiac tamponade: diagnosis and management. Symptoms and signs of decreased cardiac output associated with an elevated venous pressure should alert one to the possibility of delayed cardiac tamponade. Enlargement of the cardiothoracic ratio shown by serial roentgenograms and demonstration of significant pericardial effusion by echocardiogram or radionuclide angiocardiography support the diagnosis. Erratic response of the prothrombin time to administration of warfarin and abnormal results of liver function test are additional clues to its diagnosis. Right heart catheterization documents the presence of tamponade and excludes other diagnostic considerations. Operative decompression of the pericardial space can be accomplished by pericardicentesis, subxiphoid pericardiotomy, median sternotomy, or thoracotomy. Hemodynamic observations following the relief of tamponade assure that an adequate therapeutic procedure has been performed.", "PMID": 666426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11177", "title": "Intraoperative pacemaker electrical testing.", "content": "To determine the clinical value of intraoperative pacemaker system electrical testing, the results of 200 consecutive pacemaker procedures (95 ventricular and 6 atrial primary implantations, 88 generator replacements, and 11 system revisions) were reviewed. The rationale and technique of testing maneuvers are described, including the use of a compact pacing system analyzer wrapped and used on the sterile operating field.", "contents": "Intraoperative pacemaker electrical testing. To determine the clinical value of intraoperative pacemaker system electrical testing, the results of 200 consecutive pacemaker procedures (95 ventricular and 6 atrial primary implantations, 88 generator replacements, and 11 system revisions) were reviewed. The rationale and technique of testing maneuvers are described, including the use of a compact pacing system analyzer wrapped and used on the sterile operating field.", "PMID": 666427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11178", "title": "Sinus venosus atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: surgical repair.", "content": "This report descrbies a new technique for the repair of sinus venosus atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. A right atrial wall flap is used both to deflect the anaomalous venous blood into the left atrium and to close the atrial septal defect. Then an atrioplasty is performed. This method does not employ any foreign materials, avoids injury to the sinoatrial node and internodal tracts, and minimizes the risk of obstruction of the ostia of the anomalous pulmonary veins and superior vena cava.", "contents": "Sinus venosus atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: surgical repair. This report descrbies a new technique for the repair of sinus venosus atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. A right atrial wall flap is used both to deflect the anaomalous venous blood into the left atrium and to close the atrial septal defect. Then an atrioplasty is performed. This method does not employ any foreign materials, avoids injury to the sinoatrial node and internodal tracts, and minimizes the risk of obstruction of the ostia of the anomalous pulmonary veins and superior vena cava.", "PMID": 666428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11179", "title": "Left axillary incision (minithoracotomy) for PDA division.", "content": "From 1955 to 1975, 417 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) operations were performed at Sapporo Medical University. The last 118 operations (28.3%) were done by division through the left axillary incision without mortality. Forty patients were less than 2 years old and 14 were less than 1 year old. The ratio of girls to boys was 3.5:1. Because the majority of patients with PDA are girls, parents commonly show considerable concern over the size of the operative scar. Our clinical experience demonstrates clearly the feasibility and safety of an axillary incision in dividing a PDA, even in premature infants. A minithoracotomy through the axilla is recommmended.", "contents": "Left axillary incision (minithoracotomy) for PDA division. From 1955 to 1975, 417 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) operations were performed at Sapporo Medical University. The last 118 operations (28.3%) were done by division through the left axillary incision without mortality. Forty patients were less than 2 years old and 14 were less than 1 year old. The ratio of girls to boys was 3.5:1. Because the majority of patients with PDA are girls, parents commonly show considerable concern over the size of the operative scar. Our clinical experience demonstrates clearly the feasibility and safety of an axillary incision in dividing a PDA, even in premature infants. A minithoracotomy through the axilla is recommmended.", "PMID": 666429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11180", "title": "[Cerebral venous thrombosis].", "content": "A review of cerebral phlebothrombosis using material from the pathology departments of the National Institute of Cardiology and the General Hospital in Mexico City is presented. The most frequent causes found were: post partum. Secondary to congenital heart disease and associated with infections. In both institutions the most frequent anatomical find was thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus. Isolated venous thrombi in the brain probably takes place more frequently than reported. Hemorrhagic necrosis in brain tissue is the most frequent microscopic finding, associated in variable degrees with edema and anoxic encephalopathy. A description of clinical and angiographic findings is presented.", "contents": "[Cerebral venous thrombosis]. A review of cerebral phlebothrombosis using material from the pathology departments of the National Institute of Cardiology and the General Hospital in Mexico City is presented. The most frequent causes found were: post partum. Secondary to congenital heart disease and associated with infections. In both institutions the most frequent anatomical find was thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus. Isolated venous thrombi in the brain probably takes place more frequently than reported. Hemorrhagic necrosis in brain tissue is the most frequent microscopic finding, associated in variable degrees with edema and anoxic encephalopathy. A description of clinical and angiographic findings is presented.", "PMID": 666432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11181", "title": "[Ultrastructural observations on experimental shock lung].", "content": "Intercellular junctions in the alveolar epithelium and in the capillary endothelium in the dogs after hemorrhagic shock (mean BP 40 mm Hg for 3 hours) and from control dogs were observed in the electron microscope using the freeze-fracture and etch technique. Following shock, tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) in the alveolar epithelium which were well developed with may strands in control animals showed alterations in substructure. Some desintegration and disappearance of junctional strands in \"focal\" regions were occasionally observed in the endothelium as well. The increased pulmonary capillary permeability observed physiologically after hemorrhagic shock may be explained by such alterations of endothelial zonulae occludentes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural observations on experimental shock lung]. Intercellular junctions in the alveolar epithelium and in the capillary endothelium in the dogs after hemorrhagic shock (mean BP 40 mm Hg for 3 hours) and from control dogs were observed in the electron microscope using the freeze-fracture and etch technique. Following shock, tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) in the alveolar epithelium which were well developed with may strands in control animals showed alterations in substructure. Some desintegration and disappearance of junctional strands in \"focal\" regions were occasionally observed in the endothelium as well. The increased pulmonary capillary permeability observed physiologically after hemorrhagic shock may be explained by such alterations of endothelial zonulae occludentes.", "PMID": 666431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11182", "title": "[Thromboembolism of the lung and lower extremities in patients with chronic global congestive heart failure].", "content": "The results of a prospective study on the incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep leg veins phlebitis in patients with congestive heart failure are presented. Pulmonary thromboembolism was diagnosed by means of pulmonary isotopic scanning and angiography; deep leg veins were studied using conventional and isotopic phlebography. A total incident of 60% for pulmonary thromboembolism and 92% for deep leg veins phlebitis was found, being of little significance the results suggested by clinical signs. ECG, chest X rays and laboratory tests such as arterial PO2, transaminase and lactic dehidrogenases. Among patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, the hospitalization periods were longer and more frequent, the incidence of deep leg veins phlebitis was 100%, mortality was slightly higher and the degree of hemodynamic derrangement was more advanced in patients without pulmonary thromboembolism. The rutinary use of pulmonary scanning and isotopic phlebography for detection of these complications in patients with congestive heart failure is recommended, emphasizing the need for prophylactic anticoagulant treatment in most of these patients.", "contents": "[Thromboembolism of the lung and lower extremities in patients with chronic global congestive heart failure]. The results of a prospective study on the incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep leg veins phlebitis in patients with congestive heart failure are presented. Pulmonary thromboembolism was diagnosed by means of pulmonary isotopic scanning and angiography; deep leg veins were studied using conventional and isotopic phlebography. A total incident of 60% for pulmonary thromboembolism and 92% for deep leg veins phlebitis was found, being of little significance the results suggested by clinical signs. ECG, chest X rays and laboratory tests such as arterial PO2, transaminase and lactic dehidrogenases. Among patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, the hospitalization periods were longer and more frequent, the incidence of deep leg veins phlebitis was 100%, mortality was slightly higher and the degree of hemodynamic derrangement was more advanced in patients without pulmonary thromboembolism. The rutinary use of pulmonary scanning and isotopic phlebography for detection of these complications in patients with congestive heart failure is recommended, emphasizing the need for prophylactic anticoagulant treatment in most of these patients.", "PMID": 666434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11183", "title": "[Etiopathogenic heterogeneity of mitral and aortic valve diseases. Clinico-pathological study].", "content": "This study comprises the evaluation of 120 surgically excised mitral and aortic valves, in an attempt to clearly define the nature of the underlying process. To this effect histopathological and clinical criteria were established and categorized in 4 levels of diagnostic accuracy for rheumatic fever. Ninety three percent of the mitral valves were recognized as probably or certainly rheumatic in origin, whereas only 38.4% of the aortic cases were classified in this category. Included is a discussion of the various etiopathogenic possibilities, other than rheumatic, regarding chronic valve deformities of the heart.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenic heterogeneity of mitral and aortic valve diseases. Clinico-pathological study]. This study comprises the evaluation of 120 surgically excised mitral and aortic valves, in an attempt to clearly define the nature of the underlying process. To this effect histopathological and clinical criteria were established and categorized in 4 levels of diagnostic accuracy for rheumatic fever. Ninety three percent of the mitral valves were recognized as probably or certainly rheumatic in origin, whereas only 38.4% of the aortic cases were classified in this category. Included is a discussion of the various etiopathogenic possibilities, other than rheumatic, regarding chronic valve deformities of the heart.", "PMID": 666435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11184", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia on atrio-ventricular conduction in severe respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "The role of hipoxia on A-V conduction was studied in the patients with severe respiratory insufficiency. Intervals of A-V conduction were measured under basal conditions, breathing room air and with increasing atrial rates. Results are compared with those obtained after the administration of 99% oxygen. A-V conduction times were normal in all the patients while breathing room air and in response to atrial pacing. With oxygen administration most patients had a decrease in A-V conduction at the expense of a prolonged A-H time, without significant alteration of the other time intervals. A-V conduction in chronic hipoxia with a PaO2 above 28 mm Hg is not delayed. Intranodal conduction delay with oxygen administration may be due to a decrease in sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia on atrio-ventricular conduction in severe respiratory insufficiency]. The role of hipoxia on A-V conduction was studied in the patients with severe respiratory insufficiency. Intervals of A-V conduction were measured under basal conditions, breathing room air and with increasing atrial rates. Results are compared with those obtained after the administration of 99% oxygen. A-V conduction times were normal in all the patients while breathing room air and in response to atrial pacing. With oxygen administration most patients had a decrease in A-V conduction at the expense of a prolonged A-H time, without significant alteration of the other time intervals. A-V conduction in chronic hipoxia with a PaO2 above 28 mm Hg is not delayed. Intranodal conduction delay with oxygen administration may be due to a decrease in sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 666441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11185", "title": "[The electrocardiogram of the normal child].", "content": "The EKG findings of 202 normal children, aged 1 month to 10 years were reviewed in order to determine criteria for diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy. QRS voltage in right and left precordial leads are very variable and do not constitute adequate criteria for the diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy the same is true with QRS duration, which increases progressively from 50 to 60 msec from the first to the fourth year of life, and to 70 msec over that age. The values found are smaller than those previously reported in the literature. Measurement of initial intrinsicoid deflection time in leads VI, aVF and V6 apparently have important clinical significance. This is a constant finding in normal hearts in lead VI, where deflection time is 18 to 20 msec. Therefore, times above 25 to 30 msec are sugestive of right ventricular hypertrophy when RBBB is not present. Intrinsicoid deflection time in lead V6 in children under one year of age was 20 msec, while between age one and ten it varied between 20 and 31 msec. Such variations show how left ventricular tissue increases after the first years of life, and also that times above 5 msec over those found for any age group are indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "[The electrocardiogram of the normal child]. The EKG findings of 202 normal children, aged 1 month to 10 years were reviewed in order to determine criteria for diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy. QRS voltage in right and left precordial leads are very variable and do not constitute adequate criteria for the diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy the same is true with QRS duration, which increases progressively from 50 to 60 msec from the first to the fourth year of life, and to 70 msec over that age. The values found are smaller than those previously reported in the literature. Measurement of initial intrinsicoid deflection time in leads VI, aVF and V6 apparently have important clinical significance. This is a constant finding in normal hearts in lead VI, where deflection time is 18 to 20 msec. Therefore, times above 25 to 30 msec are sugestive of right ventricular hypertrophy when RBBB is not present. Intrinsicoid deflection time in lead V6 in children under one year of age was 20 msec, while between age one and ten it varied between 20 and 31 msec. Such variations show how left ventricular tissue increases after the first years of life, and also that times above 5 msec over those found for any age group are indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "PMID": 666443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11186", "title": "Suppression of voluntary ingestion of morphine by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were exposed to a free choice between water and a morphine-sucrose solution. Following stabilization of baseline levels of consumption of morphine, the animals were injected for 5 consecutive days with either FLA-57 (45 or 60 mg/kg i.p.), a non-toxic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor or its vehicle. The FLA-57 treated animals significantly attenuated their preference for morphine during the injection and post-injection periods although there were no significant differences related to the dosages used. These treatments produced a concomitant reduction in central norepinephrine levels suggesting that norepinephrine may be involved in the mediation of the reinforcing properties of morphine consumed by laboratory rats. The possibility of common neural mechanisms regulating the pharmacological actions of both morphine and ethanol are discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of voluntary ingestion of morphine by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Male Wistar rats were exposed to a free choice between water and a morphine-sucrose solution. Following stabilization of baseline levels of consumption of morphine, the animals were injected for 5 consecutive days with either FLA-57 (45 or 60 mg/kg i.p.), a non-toxic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor or its vehicle. The FLA-57 treated animals significantly attenuated their preference for morphine during the injection and post-injection periods although there were no significant differences related to the dosages used. These treatments produced a concomitant reduction in central norepinephrine levels suggesting that norepinephrine may be involved in the mediation of the reinforcing properties of morphine consumed by laboratory rats. The possibility of common neural mechanisms regulating the pharmacological actions of both morphine and ethanol are discussed.", "PMID": 666451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11187", "title": "[Pulmonary diffusion capacity in patients with previous myocardial infarct (with respect to the influence of smoking and pulmonary congestion)].", "content": "Pulmonary diffusive capacity by the carbon monoxide method was evaluated in 43 patients two years after myocardial infarction, and without evidence of other types of heart disease. The patients did not have primary lung disease or clinic bronchitis. Special interest was given to the effects of cigarrette smoking and moderate pulmonary congestion. A significant decrease in diffusion capacity was observed in smokers and former smokers compared to none smokers. In moderate pulmonary congestive the oposite effects was registered. pO2 was decreased in half the patients with old myocardial infarction but there was no significant statistical correlations with D1co values. Mean values for pO2, pCO2, pH, EB did not show statistically valid differences among the subgroups under study. Different factors which may influence the evaluation of diffusion capacity are discussed.", "contents": "[Pulmonary diffusion capacity in patients with previous myocardial infarct (with respect to the influence of smoking and pulmonary congestion)]. Pulmonary diffusive capacity by the carbon monoxide method was evaluated in 43 patients two years after myocardial infarction, and without evidence of other types of heart disease. The patients did not have primary lung disease or clinic bronchitis. Special interest was given to the effects of cigarrette smoking and moderate pulmonary congestion. A significant decrease in diffusion capacity was observed in smokers and former smokers compared to none smokers. In moderate pulmonary congestive the oposite effects was registered. pO2 was decreased in half the patients with old myocardial infarction but there was no significant statistical correlations with D1co values. Mean values for pO2, pCO2, pH, EB did not show statistically valid differences among the subgroups under study. Different factors which may influence the evaluation of diffusion capacity are discussed.", "PMID": 666442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11188", "title": "Differential effects on temperature of chlorpromazine injected into PO/AH and medulla oblongata of the rat.", "content": "Hyperthermic responses developed after injections of chlorpromazine into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region of unrestrained rats. Sites near hte posterior border of the anterior hypothalamus were the most sensitive. Injections of chlorpromazine into the medulla oblongata did not alter rectal temperature in intact rats but caused hypothermic responses when the PO/AH region had been destroyed. These results provide additional evidence for a secondary temperature control in the medulla which ordinarily responds minimally to drugs and which may be suppressed by an intact primary control in the PO/AH region.", "contents": "Differential effects on temperature of chlorpromazine injected into PO/AH and medulla oblongata of the rat. Hyperthermic responses developed after injections of chlorpromazine into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region of unrestrained rats. Sites near hte posterior border of the anterior hypothalamus were the most sensitive. Injections of chlorpromazine into the medulla oblongata did not alter rectal temperature in intact rats but caused hypothermic responses when the PO/AH region had been destroyed. These results provide additional evidence for a secondary temperature control in the medulla which ordinarily responds minimally to drugs and which may be suppressed by an intact primary control in the PO/AH region.", "PMID": 666452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11189", "title": "[Rupture of the free wall of the heart as cause of death in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Twenty four cases with myocardial rupture among 259 patients with autopsy after death due to myocardial infarction, were compared with patients with acute myocardial infarction and death secondary to other causes. Myocardial rupture occured during the first 72 hours in 58% of the patients and all cases within the first five days. Two thirds of the patients were males and 46% were 70 years of age. There were 24 myocardial ruptures (9.5%). Previous history of arterial hypertension and un-remittent anginal pain were predisposing factors for rupture (p=0.05). Other previously reported bad prognostic factors such as persistent hipertension after acute infarction, severe exercise before infarction and history of Diabetes Mellitus were not statistically significant in this study. Ruptured myocardium was not influenced by a previous history of myocardial infarction, hospitalization delay in the C.C.U., administration of anticoagulants, digitalis or pressor amines. There was no significant difference among the groups compared in enzyme curves or magnitude of leucocytosis. Electromechanic dissociation, sinus bradycardia, nodal rhythm followed by idioventricular rhythm and asystole, were observed following myocardial rupture.", "contents": "[Rupture of the free wall of the heart as cause of death in acute myocardial infarct]. Twenty four cases with myocardial rupture among 259 patients with autopsy after death due to myocardial infarction, were compared with patients with acute myocardial infarction and death secondary to other causes. Myocardial rupture occured during the first 72 hours in 58% of the patients and all cases within the first five days. Two thirds of the patients were males and 46% were 70 years of age. There were 24 myocardial ruptures (9.5%). Previous history of arterial hypertension and un-remittent anginal pain were predisposing factors for rupture (p=0.05). Other previously reported bad prognostic factors such as persistent hipertension after acute infarction, severe exercise before infarction and history of Diabetes Mellitus were not statistically significant in this study. Ruptured myocardium was not influenced by a previous history of myocardial infarction, hospitalization delay in the C.C.U., administration of anticoagulants, digitalis or pressor amines. There was no significant difference among the groups compared in enzyme curves or magnitude of leucocytosis. Electromechanic dissociation, sinus bradycardia, nodal rhythm followed by idioventricular rhythm and asystole, were observed following myocardial rupture.", "PMID": 666444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11190", "title": "Effect of p-chloramphetamine on the inactivation of monoamine oxidase in rat brain by 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine and pheylisopropylhydrazine.", "content": "p-Chloroamphetamine protected against the irreversible inactivation of monoamine oxidase in rat brain and liver by 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, an agent that leads to monoamine oxidase inhibition through conversion to an active metabolite, probably 2-hydroxyethyl-hydrazine. In contrast, p-chloramphetamine did not protect against the inactivation of monoamine oxidase by 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine itself or by phenylisoprophylhydrazine. The effect on 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone may have been due to interference with its metabolism rather than to occupancy of active sites on monoamine oxidase by p-chloroamphetamine. Some implications of these findings relating ot the use of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone in evaluating reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors and to the pharmacological effects of p-chloroamphetamine are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of p-chloramphetamine on the inactivation of monoamine oxidase in rat brain by 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine and pheylisopropylhydrazine. p-Chloroamphetamine protected against the irreversible inactivation of monoamine oxidase in rat brain and liver by 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, an agent that leads to monoamine oxidase inhibition through conversion to an active metabolite, probably 2-hydroxyethyl-hydrazine. In contrast, p-chloramphetamine did not protect against the inactivation of monoamine oxidase by 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine itself or by phenylisoprophylhydrazine. The effect on 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone may have been due to interference with its metabolism rather than to occupancy of active sites on monoamine oxidase by p-chloroamphetamine. Some implications of these findings relating ot the use of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone in evaluating reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors and to the pharmacological effects of p-chloroamphetamine are discussed.", "PMID": 666453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11191", "title": "[Clinical value of a new method of therapeutic control of heparin].", "content": "A modification of thrombosis time (TT) for therapeutic control of heparin (TTDT), is described. A useful dose of heparin increases plasma TT, which on dilution with fresh plasma rich in platelets (250 +/- 50 x 10(9)/1) at a dilution of 1:4 to 1:8 (+/-20%), causes the increased plasma TT to return to normal values. Three coagulation tests used simultaneously were tried: plasma recalcification time, partially activated thromboplastin time, and TT, used simultaneously in 30 samples of platelet rich fresh normal plasma with different concentrations of heparin (0.05 to 1.0 mu/ml). Results show that modified TT is the most sensitive and reproducible test to detect varying heparin dosage. Fifty two patients without coagulation deficiencies and with various clinical thrombi, and 22 with generalized intravascular coagulation (CID) treatment with 100mu of heparin XK of body weight every 4 to 6 hours, were studied. Results are described. Advantages of TRDT for therapeutic control of heparin are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical value of a new method of therapeutic control of heparin]. A modification of thrombosis time (TT) for therapeutic control of heparin (TTDT), is described. A useful dose of heparin increases plasma TT, which on dilution with fresh plasma rich in platelets (250 +/- 50 x 10(9)/1) at a dilution of 1:4 to 1:8 (+/-20%), causes the increased plasma TT to return to normal values. Three coagulation tests used simultaneously were tried: plasma recalcification time, partially activated thromboplastin time, and TT, used simultaneously in 30 samples of platelet rich fresh normal plasma with different concentrations of heparin (0.05 to 1.0 mu/ml). Results show that modified TT is the most sensitive and reproducible test to detect varying heparin dosage. Fifty two patients without coagulation deficiencies and with various clinical thrombi, and 22 with generalized intravascular coagulation (CID) treatment with 100mu of heparin XK of body weight every 4 to 6 hours, were studied. Results are described. Advantages of TRDT for therapeutic control of heparin are discussed.", "PMID": 666447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11192", "title": "Effects of acetaldehyde on electrical and mechanical activities of guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "The effect of acetaldehyde on the electrical and mechanical activities of the isolated segment of taenia coli from guinea-pigs has been studied using a sucrose-gap method. Application of acetaldehyde produces relaxation of the muscle, which is accompanied by reduction or cessation of spontaneous spike activity and hyperpolarization of the membrane. The hyperpolarization becomes smaller with lowering the temperature. These actions of acetaldehyde are not modified by adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blocking agents nor by tetrodotoxin and ouabain. Acetaldehyde also reduces the evoked activities produced by KCl, BaCl2, acetylcholine or electrical stimulation. The nonadrenergic inhibitory junction potential is reduced by acetaldehyde. When external Ca++ is replaced with Sr++ or Ba++, the action of acetaldehyde is suppressed. Addition of Mn++ eliminates the action of the aldehyde. Acetaldehyde relaxes the muscle when administered after fully developed membrane depolarization induced by K2SO4.", "contents": "Effects of acetaldehyde on electrical and mechanical activities of guinea-pig taenia coli. The effect of acetaldehyde on the electrical and mechanical activities of the isolated segment of taenia coli from guinea-pigs has been studied using a sucrose-gap method. Application of acetaldehyde produces relaxation of the muscle, which is accompanied by reduction or cessation of spontaneous spike activity and hyperpolarization of the membrane. The hyperpolarization becomes smaller with lowering the temperature. These actions of acetaldehyde are not modified by adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blocking agents nor by tetrodotoxin and ouabain. Acetaldehyde also reduces the evoked activities produced by KCl, BaCl2, acetylcholine or electrical stimulation. The nonadrenergic inhibitory junction potential is reduced by acetaldehyde. When external Ca++ is replaced with Sr++ or Ba++, the action of acetaldehyde is suppressed. Addition of Mn++ eliminates the action of the aldehyde. Acetaldehyde relaxes the muscle when administered after fully developed membrane depolarization induced by K2SO4.", "PMID": 666454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11193", "title": "Studies on myocardial histamine. Effects of catecholamine-depleting drugs.", "content": "Hearts of rats, mice and guinea-pigs were assayed in parallel for histamine and norepinephrine. Reserpine decreased the histamine content in the hearts of rats and mice but not in guinea-pigs. alpha-Methyltyrosine decreased the histamine content in both rat and guinea-pig hearts. 6-Hydroxydopamine increased myocardial histamine content in the rat but not in the mouse.", "contents": "Studies on myocardial histamine. Effects of catecholamine-depleting drugs. Hearts of rats, mice and guinea-pigs were assayed in parallel for histamine and norepinephrine. Reserpine decreased the histamine content in the hearts of rats and mice but not in guinea-pigs. alpha-Methyltyrosine decreased the histamine content in both rat and guinea-pig hearts. 6-Hydroxydopamine increased myocardial histamine content in the rat but not in the mouse.", "PMID": 666455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11194", "title": "[Right aortic arch associated with congenital heart defects].", "content": "The author's experience in the association of right aortic arch and congenital cardiac malformations is reported. We found 56 cases out of 1200 congenital cardiac malformations which constitutes 4.6%. In the classification of Knight and Edwards, type I right aortic arch was the most frequent (96%) and it was associated principally with Tetralogy of Fallot (46%), transposition of the great vessels (14.3%), truncus arteriosus (12%), tricuspid atresia (10.7%) and complex cardiac malformations associated with the syndrome of visceral heterotaxy (10.7%). In type II and type III we found only one case of each and these were associated with pulmonary valvular stenosis, atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect. It is noted that the right aortic arch has never been associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous return nor with mitral or aortic valvular malformations.", "contents": "[Right aortic arch associated with congenital heart defects]. The author's experience in the association of right aortic arch and congenital cardiac malformations is reported. We found 56 cases out of 1200 congenital cardiac malformations which constitutes 4.6%. In the classification of Knight and Edwards, type I right aortic arch was the most frequent (96%) and it was associated principally with Tetralogy of Fallot (46%), transposition of the great vessels (14.3%), truncus arteriosus (12%), tricuspid atresia (10.7%) and complex cardiac malformations associated with the syndrome of visceral heterotaxy (10.7%). In type II and type III we found only one case of each and these were associated with pulmonary valvular stenosis, atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect. It is noted that the right aortic arch has never been associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous return nor with mitral or aortic valvular malformations.", "PMID": 666446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11195", "title": "Cardiovascular and metabolic actions of an adenosine analogue (2'3'-o-methoxy-ethyliden-adenosine-5'-ethylcarboxamide) in the conscious dog.", "content": "The haemodynamic and metabolic actions of 2'3'-o-methoxyethyliden-adenosine-5'-ethylcarboxamide (744-98) were investigated in conscious dogs after i.v. and oral administration. 744-98 led to a marked dose-dependent increase in coronary blood flow, together with a slight increase in renal blood flow. In the standing position high doses of the drug revealed an adenosine-like negative chronotropic action, together with marked hypotension. Metabolic effects were observed with the higher coronary-active doses only. The increase in arterial glucose and decrease in free fatty acid levels are considered to be caused by a glucagon-releasing and adenosine-like action of 744-98. The haemodynamic and metabolic changes were observed both after i.v. and oral administration, showing a ratio of approximately 3:1 in favour of the parenteral route.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and metabolic actions of an adenosine analogue (2'3'-o-methoxy-ethyliden-adenosine-5'-ethylcarboxamide) in the conscious dog. The haemodynamic and metabolic actions of 2'3'-o-methoxyethyliden-adenosine-5'-ethylcarboxamide (744-98) were investigated in conscious dogs after i.v. and oral administration. 744-98 led to a marked dose-dependent increase in coronary blood flow, together with a slight increase in renal blood flow. In the standing position high doses of the drug revealed an adenosine-like negative chronotropic action, together with marked hypotension. Metabolic effects were observed with the higher coronary-active doses only. The increase in arterial glucose and decrease in free fatty acid levels are considered to be caused by a glucagon-releasing and adenosine-like action of 744-98. The haemodynamic and metabolic changes were observed both after i.v. and oral administration, showing a ratio of approximately 3:1 in favour of the parenteral route.", "PMID": 666456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11196", "title": "Effects of intraventricular and intraspinal 6-hydroxydopamine on blood pressure of apontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Six-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) was administered intraventricularly to 6-week-old and 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and was administered into the spinal cord of 6-week-old SHR. Intraventricular administration of 6-OH-DA into 6-week-old SHR prevented the development of hypertension for at least 12 weeks; pressor response of the perfused hindquarters to noradrenaline was the same in 6-OH-DA-treated and vehicle-treated animals. Intraventricular administration of 6-OH-DA into 5-month-old SHR with established hypertension produced only a transient fall in blood pressure. Local injection of 6-OH-DA into the spinal cord produced a marked reduction only in spinal cord noradrenaline but did not affect the development of hypertension in SHR. These findings suggest that brain adrenergic neurons may participate in the development of hypertension in SHR but noradrenergic projections in the spinal cords are not essential for this process.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular and intraspinal 6-hydroxydopamine on blood pressure of apontaneously hypertensive rats. Six-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) was administered intraventricularly to 6-week-old and 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and was administered into the spinal cord of 6-week-old SHR. Intraventricular administration of 6-OH-DA into 6-week-old SHR prevented the development of hypertension for at least 12 weeks; pressor response of the perfused hindquarters to noradrenaline was the same in 6-OH-DA-treated and vehicle-treated animals. Intraventricular administration of 6-OH-DA into 5-month-old SHR with established hypertension produced only a transient fall in blood pressure. Local injection of 6-OH-DA into the spinal cord produced a marked reduction only in spinal cord noradrenaline but did not affect the development of hypertension in SHR. These findings suggest that brain adrenergic neurons may participate in the development of hypertension in SHR but noradrenergic projections in the spinal cords are not essential for this process.", "PMID": 666457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11197", "title": "[Hypotension, mental disorders and changes in catecholamine excretion observed during the administration of disulfiram in a case of pheochromocytoma].", "content": "A case of pheocromocytoma treated with disulfiram during ten days in described. Hypotensive and psychiatric effects were observed, which disappeared upon discontinuation of the drug. Urinary amines decreased while the drug was used, and upon interruption of its administration dopamine increased, as a rebound phenomena probably due to availability of tissue dopamine previously blocked by DBH inhibition. The effect of simultaneous administration of alpha-methyldopa is considered.", "contents": "[Hypotension, mental disorders and changes in catecholamine excretion observed during the administration of disulfiram in a case of pheochromocytoma]. A case of pheocromocytoma treated with disulfiram during ten days in described. Hypotensive and psychiatric effects were observed, which disappeared upon discontinuation of the drug. Urinary amines decreased while the drug was used, and upon interruption of its administration dopamine increased, as a rebound phenomena probably due to availability of tissue dopamine previously blocked by DBH inhibition. The effect of simultaneous administration of alpha-methyldopa is considered.", "PMID": 666450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11198", "title": "Effect of flunarizine on calcium-induced responses of peripheral vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Flunarizine, a difluoro derivative of cinnarizine, is a potent inhibitor of Ca2+-induced constriction of isolated arteries; this inhibition has a gradual onset and a prolonged duration. The present study demonstrates that flunarizine inhibits Ca2+-induced responses in the rat tail and the rabbit ear arteries, but not in isolated cat papillary muscle; flunarizine does not depress the spontaneous rhythmic activity of the rat portal-mesenteric vein. This dissociation between the arterial preparations on the one hand, was less pronounced with cinnarizine, and was not seen with verapamil and papaverine. The present experiments thus suggest that flunarizine inhibits peripheral vasoconstriction by selectively decreasing the rate of stimulated Ca2+-influx, without affecting the myogenic activity of the vascular smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Effect of flunarizine on calcium-induced responses of peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Flunarizine, a difluoro derivative of cinnarizine, is a potent inhibitor of Ca2+-induced constriction of isolated arteries; this inhibition has a gradual onset and a prolonged duration. The present study demonstrates that flunarizine inhibits Ca2+-induced responses in the rat tail and the rabbit ear arteries, but not in isolated cat papillary muscle; flunarizine does not depress the spontaneous rhythmic activity of the rat portal-mesenteric vein. This dissociation between the arterial preparations on the one hand, was less pronounced with cinnarizine, and was not seen with verapamil and papaverine. The present experiments thus suggest that flunarizine inhibits peripheral vasoconstriction by selectively decreasing the rate of stimulated Ca2+-influx, without affecting the myogenic activity of the vascular smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 666459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11199", "title": "Antagonism by morphine and pethidine of the contractile effects of PGE2 on isolated uterus of the rat.", "content": "Morphine antagonizes the twitches evoked by administration of PGE2 on spontaneous contractile activity in the isolated uterus of the rat. This action is dose-dependent. Concentrations as low as 2.6 nM completely abolished contractile activity of PGE2 added to the bath at a concentration of 0.5 ng ml-1. In contrast to morphine, pethidine partially antagonized the stimulatory action of PGE2 at much higher concentrations.", "contents": "Antagonism by morphine and pethidine of the contractile effects of PGE2 on isolated uterus of the rat. Morphine antagonizes the twitches evoked by administration of PGE2 on spontaneous contractile activity in the isolated uterus of the rat. This action is dose-dependent. Concentrations as low as 2.6 nM completely abolished contractile activity of PGE2 added to the bath at a concentration of 0.5 ng ml-1. In contrast to morphine, pethidine partially antagonized the stimulatory action of PGE2 at much higher concentrations.", "PMID": 666460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11200", "title": "Management strategies for urinary and vaginal infections.", "content": "Detailed history, physical examination, laboratory and follow-up data were obtained from 821 women coming to a primary care clinic over a two-year period with the symptoms of urinary tract (UTI) or vaginal infection. Using all available information, each patient retrospectively was given one of several mutually exclusive diagnoses. Vaginitis without UTI was diagnosed in 70% of patients, UTI without vaginitis in 12%, UTI and vaginitis in 2%. The conditional probability of the several possible diagnoses was calculated, given various combinations of clinical data; a diagnosis of vaginitis was twice as likely as a diagnosis of UTI in a patient with dysuria. On the basis of these calculations we identified efficient clinical strategies for when to perform a pelvic examination, a urinalysis, and a urine culture, and when to diagnose UTI presumptively on the basis of urinalysis.", "contents": "Management strategies for urinary and vaginal infections. Detailed history, physical examination, laboratory and follow-up data were obtained from 821 women coming to a primary care clinic over a two-year period with the symptoms of urinary tract (UTI) or vaginal infection. Using all available information, each patient retrospectively was given one of several mutually exclusive diagnoses. Vaginitis without UTI was diagnosed in 70% of patients, UTI without vaginitis in 12%, UTI and vaginitis in 2%. The conditional probability of the several possible diagnoses was calculated, given various combinations of clinical data; a diagnosis of vaginitis was twice as likely as a diagnosis of UTI in a patient with dysuria. On the basis of these calculations we identified efficient clinical strategies for when to perform a pelvic examination, a urinalysis, and a urine culture, and when to diagnose UTI presumptively on the basis of urinalysis.", "PMID": 666465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11201", "title": "Digoxin metabolism in patients.", "content": "In 100 patients receiving digoxin to control heart disease, metabolic reduction of the lactone ring of digoxin was investigated. An average of 12.4% +/- 11% (range 2.2% to 52%) of the lipid-extractable cardenolides in a 24-hour urine sample contained the reduced lactone ring. Fifty-three excreted more than 10% while seven excreted more than 35% of these metabolic products. Reduction was not influenced by age, sex, dose, or blood level of digoxin. One patient who excreted 52% reduced products in the urine had 40% reduced digoxin-metabolites in the blood; the main metabolite was dihydrodigoxin. We found no influence of other drug therapy or concurrent disease on reduction of digoxin in this group.", "contents": "Digoxin metabolism in patients. In 100 patients receiving digoxin to control heart disease, metabolic reduction of the lactone ring of digoxin was investigated. An average of 12.4% +/- 11% (range 2.2% to 52%) of the lipid-extractable cardenolides in a 24-hour urine sample contained the reduced lactone ring. Fifty-three excreted more than 10% while seven excreted more than 35% of these metabolic products. Reduction was not influenced by age, sex, dose, or blood level of digoxin. One patient who excreted 52% reduced products in the urine had 40% reduced digoxin-metabolites in the blood; the main metabolite was dihydrodigoxin. We found no influence of other drug therapy or concurrent disease on reduction of digoxin in this group.", "PMID": 666466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11202", "title": "Calcium-uric acid nephrolithiasis.", "content": "A small fraction of patients with nephrolithiasis form mixed stones containing calcium and uric acid or pass both calcium and uric acid stones; 23 of 539 patients we have studied fall in this category. These mixed stone formers tend to have unusually frequent stone recurrences. Although the patients are often considered to have a variant of uric acid nephrolithiasis, a high proportion harbor calcium as well as uric acid disorders. The usual treatment for uric acid lithiasis may fail to prevent calcium stone recurrence, unless concomitant calcium disorders are simultaneously corrected. Dual treatment may be very effective in preventing continued stone disease.", "contents": "Calcium-uric acid nephrolithiasis. A small fraction of patients with nephrolithiasis form mixed stones containing calcium and uric acid or pass both calcium and uric acid stones; 23 of 539 patients we have studied fall in this category. These mixed stone formers tend to have unusually frequent stone recurrences. Although the patients are often considered to have a variant of uric acid nephrolithiasis, a high proportion harbor calcium as well as uric acid disorders. The usual treatment for uric acid lithiasis may fail to prevent calcium stone recurrence, unless concomitant calcium disorders are simultaneously corrected. Dual treatment may be very effective in preventing continued stone disease.", "PMID": 666467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11203", "title": "Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and underlying gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Twenty-six adults with Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and ten with bacteremia alone were studied to determine possible portals of entry. Of 36 patients (17 with endocarditis, eight with bacteremia alone), 25 had gastrointestinal lesions or manipulation. In 22, the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be the source of S bovis bacteremia. Four patients had either carcinoma of the colon (two) or potentially malignant villous adenomas (two) when first seen because of S bovis bacteremia. None of these, nor two other patients with benign colonic polyps, had bowel-related symptoms or signs prior to admission. Since S bovis is a normal intestinal tract inhabitant, bacteremia may frequently be associated with bowel lesions. Streptococcus bovis bacteremia may provide an early clue to the presence of serious and clinically unexpected gastrointestinal disease. Gastrointestinal tract evaluation should be part of S bovis bacteremia patient management, with or without endocarditis.", "contents": "Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and underlying gastrointestinal disease. Twenty-six adults with Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and ten with bacteremia alone were studied to determine possible portals of entry. Of 36 patients (17 with endocarditis, eight with bacteremia alone), 25 had gastrointestinal lesions or manipulation. In 22, the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be the source of S bovis bacteremia. Four patients had either carcinoma of the colon (two) or potentially malignant villous adenomas (two) when first seen because of S bovis bacteremia. None of these, nor two other patients with benign colonic polyps, had bowel-related symptoms or signs prior to admission. Since S bovis is a normal intestinal tract inhabitant, bacteremia may frequently be associated with bowel lesions. Streptococcus bovis bacteremia may provide an early clue to the presence of serious and clinically unexpected gastrointestinal disease. Gastrointestinal tract evaluation should be part of S bovis bacteremia patient management, with or without endocarditis.", "PMID": 666468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11204", "title": "Diagnostic value of ascitic fluid lactic dehydrogenase, protein, and WBC levels.", "content": "Three characteristics of an exudate, ie, an ascitic fluid lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level of greater than 400 Sigma units (SU), an ascitic fluid-serum LDH ratio of greater than 0.6, and an ascitic fluid-serum protein ratio of greater than 0.5, were studied in a prospective fashion to determine their usefulness in the differential diagnosis of ascites. The ascitic fluid LDH level did not exceed 400 SU in any patient with uncomplicated chronic liver disease, whereas in patients with malignant, tuberculous, or pancreatic ascites it exceeded 500 SU in 12/19 patients. The finding of two of the three characteristics indicated a nonhepatic cause for the ascites whereas the absence of all three strongly suggested uncomplicated liver disease as the sole cause. The ascitic fluid WBC count was also useful in that values exceeded 500/cu mm in bacterial and tuberculous peritonitis whereas it was low (297 +/- 49/cu mm) in chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of ascitic fluid lactic dehydrogenase, protein, and WBC levels. Three characteristics of an exudate, ie, an ascitic fluid lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level of greater than 400 Sigma units (SU), an ascitic fluid-serum LDH ratio of greater than 0.6, and an ascitic fluid-serum protein ratio of greater than 0.5, were studied in a prospective fashion to determine their usefulness in the differential diagnosis of ascites. The ascitic fluid LDH level did not exceed 400 SU in any patient with uncomplicated chronic liver disease, whereas in patients with malignant, tuberculous, or pancreatic ascites it exceeded 500 SU in 12/19 patients. The finding of two of the three characteristics indicated a nonhepatic cause for the ascites whereas the absence of all three strongly suggested uncomplicated liver disease as the sole cause. The ascitic fluid WBC count was also useful in that values exceeded 500/cu mm in bacterial and tuberculous peritonitis whereas it was low (297 +/- 49/cu mm) in chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 666469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11205", "title": "Duodenal ferritin content and structure: relationship with body iron stores in man.", "content": "The relationship between serum ferritin and duodenal ferritin was examined in normal subjects and in patients with iron deficiency, secondary iron overload, or idiopathic hemochromatosis (IHC). A positive correlation between serum ferritin and duodenal ferritin concentrations was found in all groups. In the iron-overload conditions, duodenal ferritin concentration was lower at all levels of serum ferritin in comparison with normal and iron-deficient subjects. Patients with secondary iron overload did not differ from those with IHC, which indicates that any decrease in duodenal ferritin concentration was secondary to the excess body iron stores. Purified duodenal ferritin from normal subjects and patients with iron-overload conditions showed the same two distinct isoferritins by isoelectric focusing. After the oral administration of iron, two additional isoferritins were detected. These resembled the major isoferritins of liver.", "contents": "Duodenal ferritin content and structure: relationship with body iron stores in man. The relationship between serum ferritin and duodenal ferritin was examined in normal subjects and in patients with iron deficiency, secondary iron overload, or idiopathic hemochromatosis (IHC). A positive correlation between serum ferritin and duodenal ferritin concentrations was found in all groups. In the iron-overload conditions, duodenal ferritin concentration was lower at all levels of serum ferritin in comparison with normal and iron-deficient subjects. Patients with secondary iron overload did not differ from those with IHC, which indicates that any decrease in duodenal ferritin concentration was secondary to the excess body iron stores. Purified duodenal ferritin from normal subjects and patients with iron-overload conditions showed the same two distinct isoferritins by isoelectric focusing. After the oral administration of iron, two additional isoferritins were detected. These resembled the major isoferritins of liver.", "PMID": 666470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11206", "title": "Effect of phosphate or magnesium cathartics on serum calcium: observations in normocalcemic patients.", "content": "The administration of commercial phosphate cathartic in conventional doses to normal subjects prior to barium enema resulted in a striking increase in serum phosphorus levels followed by a decline in serum calcium levels in all subjects. Changes were highly significant (P less than .01) when compared with control subjects who were prepared for the same procedure with magnesium citrate. Levels of serum potassium also decreased significantly (P less than .01) but not serum sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, or magnesium.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate or magnesium cathartics on serum calcium: observations in normocalcemic patients. The administration of commercial phosphate cathartic in conventional doses to normal subjects prior to barium enema resulted in a striking increase in serum phosphorus levels followed by a decline in serum calcium levels in all subjects. Changes were highly significant (P less than .01) when compared with control subjects who were prepared for the same procedure with magnesium citrate. Levels of serum potassium also decreased significantly (P less than .01) but not serum sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, or magnesium.", "PMID": 666471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11207", "title": "Complications associated with arteriovenous fistulas in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Over a two-year period, 100 venous angiograms were performed on 75 patients because of difficulty with vascular access. Seventy percent of the patients had decreased arterial flow or increased venous resistance. High output failure, sepsis, and aneurysm formation were also found. Venous angiography of the fistula demonstrated significant stenosis in 40% of the cases as well as total occlusion by thrombus in 9%, aneurysm formation in 7%, and abnormal fistula needle placement or anatomic abnormalities in 20% of the cases. Definitive diagnosis with the aid of venous angiography permitted specific surgical intervention in 62% of the cases, and identified new sites for needle placement in 18% of the cases, thus prolonging fistula life and reducing the need for new fistula placement. Our experience with local cellulitis of the fistula site and sepsis is also discussed.", "contents": "Complications associated with arteriovenous fistulas in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Over a two-year period, 100 venous angiograms were performed on 75 patients because of difficulty with vascular access. Seventy percent of the patients had decreased arterial flow or increased venous resistance. High output failure, sepsis, and aneurysm formation were also found. Venous angiography of the fistula demonstrated significant stenosis in 40% of the cases as well as total occlusion by thrombus in 9%, aneurysm formation in 7%, and abnormal fistula needle placement or anatomic abnormalities in 20% of the cases. Definitive diagnosis with the aid of venous angiography permitted specific surgical intervention in 62% of the cases, and identified new sites for needle placement in 18% of the cases, thus prolonging fistula life and reducing the need for new fistula placement. Our experience with local cellulitis of the fistula site and sepsis is also discussed.", "PMID": 666472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11208", "title": "Renal involvement in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "A retrospective study of 77 cases of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome showed that, of the 33 patients in whom urinalysis was done (including three with systemic amyloidosis reported earlier), 17 had pathological results. A prospective study of 51 of these patients uncovered eight additional subjects with urinary abnormalities, bringing the total to 25. The urinary abnormality was, as a rule, discrete, consisting of proteinuria and/or microhematuria. These occurred in some patients persistently, in some intermittently, in some alternatingly, and in some simultaneously. The initial finding was proteinuria in 10 patients, hematuria in 11, and both in 4. Over the years, eight showed only hematuria, seven only proteinuria and ten, both. The urinary sediment contained neither leukocytes nor casts. Pyelographies were unrevealing when performed and rectal biopsies uncovered no new instance of amyloidosis. These data suggest that a benign renal lesion occurs in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, whose pathological substrate, though not yet defined, is not amyloid deposition.", "contents": "Renal involvement in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. A retrospective study of 77 cases of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome showed that, of the 33 patients in whom urinalysis was done (including three with systemic amyloidosis reported earlier), 17 had pathological results. A prospective study of 51 of these patients uncovered eight additional subjects with urinary abnormalities, bringing the total to 25. The urinary abnormality was, as a rule, discrete, consisting of proteinuria and/or microhematuria. These occurred in some patients persistently, in some intermittently, in some alternatingly, and in some simultaneously. The initial finding was proteinuria in 10 patients, hematuria in 11, and both in 4. Over the years, eight showed only hematuria, seven only proteinuria and ten, both. The urinary sediment contained neither leukocytes nor casts. Pyelographies were unrevealing when performed and rectal biopsies uncovered no new instance of amyloidosis. These data suggest that a benign renal lesion occurs in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, whose pathological substrate, though not yet defined, is not amyloid deposition.", "PMID": 666473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11209", "title": "Remission of chronic lymphocytic leukemia after smallpox vaccination.", "content": "A 78-year-old man with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was revaccinated for smallpox. A severe local reaction and generalized rash followed that responded to treatment with vaccinia immune human globulin. After recovery, the leukocyte count fell to normal and all evidence of CLL disappeared. He remains in complete remission three years after smallpox vaccination.", "contents": "Remission of chronic lymphocytic leukemia after smallpox vaccination. A 78-year-old man with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was revaccinated for smallpox. A severe local reaction and generalized rash followed that responded to treatment with vaccinia immune human globulin. After recovery, the leukocyte count fell to normal and all evidence of CLL disappeared. He remains in complete remission three years after smallpox vaccination.", "PMID": 666477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11210", "title": "Tropical pyomyositis and myoglobinuria.", "content": "A 24-year-old Samoan woman had rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and acute renal failure, secondary to tropical pyomyositis. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of pyomyositis and myoglobinuric renal failure are reviewed.", "contents": "Tropical pyomyositis and myoglobinuria. A 24-year-old Samoan woman had rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and acute renal failure, secondary to tropical pyomyositis. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of pyomyositis and myoglobinuric renal failure are reviewed.", "PMID": 666478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11211", "title": "Methotrexate-induced renal failure and ineffectiveness of peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Acute renal failure developed in a 47-year-old man during the second course of a high-dose methotrexate sodium (MTX) treatment for chondrosarcoma of the pelvis with pulmonary metastasis. Uninterrupted peritoneal dialysis for seven days had a negligible effect on plasma MTX. Although high-dose leucovorin calcium prevented severe myelosuppression and mucositis, the patient died 12 days after receiving MTX. Renal histological studies showed severe tubulointerstitial damage consistent with MTX toxicity. Better alternatives for removing MTX in patients with renal failure are clearly needed.", "contents": "Methotrexate-induced renal failure and ineffectiveness of peritoneal dialysis. Acute renal failure developed in a 47-year-old man during the second course of a high-dose methotrexate sodium (MTX) treatment for chondrosarcoma of the pelvis with pulmonary metastasis. Uninterrupted peritoneal dialysis for seven days had a negligible effect on plasma MTX. Although high-dose leucovorin calcium prevented severe myelosuppression and mucositis, the patient died 12 days after receiving MTX. Renal histological studies showed severe tubulointerstitial damage consistent with MTX toxicity. Better alternatives for removing MTX in patients with renal failure are clearly needed.", "PMID": 666479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11212", "title": "Amyloidosis secondary to drug abuse and chronic skin suppuration.", "content": "Amyloidosis has not been included in the wide spectrum of medical complications associated with drug abuse. Chronic visceral infection is a recognized cause of amyloidosis, but chronic suppuration of the skin is not a well-appreciated cause of this condition. Furthermore, to our knowledge, chronic skin suppuration secondary to parenteral drug abuse has not been reported as a cause for systemic amyloidosis. We report a case in which subcutaneous injections of narcotic tablets led to chronic skin suppuration and systemic amyloidosis.", "contents": "Amyloidosis secondary to drug abuse and chronic skin suppuration. Amyloidosis has not been included in the wide spectrum of medical complications associated with drug abuse. Chronic visceral infection is a recognized cause of amyloidosis, but chronic suppuration of the skin is not a well-appreciated cause of this condition. Furthermore, to our knowledge, chronic skin suppuration secondary to parenteral drug abuse has not been reported as a cause for systemic amyloidosis. We report a case in which subcutaneous injections of narcotic tablets led to chronic skin suppuration and systemic amyloidosis.", "PMID": 666480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11213", "title": "Salicylate-induced hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis in a nondiabetic adult.", "content": "A 78-year-old nondiabetic woman was admitted to the hospital with salicylate-induced hypoglycemia. Ketosis was present with a moderate metabolic acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis. The patient's mental status improved immediately following intravenous administration of glucose. The case illustrates salicylate's hypoglycemic activity, and that the metabolic acidosis may have exacerbated symptoms of cerebral glucopenia.", "contents": "Salicylate-induced hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis in a nondiabetic adult. A 78-year-old nondiabetic woman was admitted to the hospital with salicylate-induced hypoglycemia. Ketosis was present with a moderate metabolic acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis. The patient's mental status improved immediately following intravenous administration of glucose. The case illustrates salicylate's hypoglycemic activity, and that the metabolic acidosis may have exacerbated symptoms of cerebral glucopenia.", "PMID": 666481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11214", "title": "Fever, tachycardia, and hypertension with acute catatonic schizophrenia.", "content": "Fever, tachycardia, and hypertension developed concurrently with the administration of thiothixene during an acute episode of agitation in a case of catatonic schizophrenia. No cause for the fever or hyperkinetic state was found, and the syndrome resolved spontaneously one week after antipsychotic drug therapy was halted. This case appears to be an example of \"acute lethal catatonia\" or the neuroleptic \"malignant\" syndrome, both of which may be due to disturbances of dopamine function within the CNS. Such cases are rare, but may be dramatic in their presentation; however, antipsychotic drugs must be withheld during the duration of the disorder.", "contents": "Fever, tachycardia, and hypertension with acute catatonic schizophrenia. Fever, tachycardia, and hypertension developed concurrently with the administration of thiothixene during an acute episode of agitation in a case of catatonic schizophrenia. No cause for the fever or hyperkinetic state was found, and the syndrome resolved spontaneously one week after antipsychotic drug therapy was halted. This case appears to be an example of \"acute lethal catatonia\" or the neuroleptic \"malignant\" syndrome, both of which may be due to disturbances of dopamine function within the CNS. Such cases are rare, but may be dramatic in their presentation; however, antipsychotic drugs must be withheld during the duration of the disorder.", "PMID": 666482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11215", "title": "Acute respiratory distress caused by erythromycin hypersensitivity.", "content": "Severe respiratory distress developed in a patient after ingestion of two tablets of erythromycin (Erythrocin) stearate. Complete atelectasis of the left lung was found. The patient was treated intravenously with 200 mg of prednisolone sodium tetrahydrophthalate. On the same day the patient's condition improved dramatically and repeated chest roentgenograms disclosed an almost complete expansion of the atelectatic lung. Using the indirect mast cell degranulation test and the inhibition of direct mast cell degranulation test, we have shown the presence of IgE and non-IgE antibodies (heat stable) against erythromycin. This suggests that an allergic reaction of type 1 and type 3 participated in the course of the clinical picture.", "contents": "Acute respiratory distress caused by erythromycin hypersensitivity. Severe respiratory distress developed in a patient after ingestion of two tablets of erythromycin (Erythrocin) stearate. Complete atelectasis of the left lung was found. The patient was treated intravenously with 200 mg of prednisolone sodium tetrahydrophthalate. On the same day the patient's condition improved dramatically and repeated chest roentgenograms disclosed an almost complete expansion of the atelectatic lung. Using the indirect mast cell degranulation test and the inhibition of direct mast cell degranulation test, we have shown the presence of IgE and non-IgE antibodies (heat stable) against erythromycin. This suggests that an allergic reaction of type 1 and type 3 participated in the course of the clinical picture.", "PMID": 666483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11216", "title": "Multiple plasmacytomas with thoracic and biliary involvement.", "content": "The course of a patient who had nonsecretory multiple myeloma was characterized by extraosseous plasmacytomas that were initially limited to pleural lesions with effusion and subcutaneous masses. Subsequently, we noted the development of obstructive jaundice caused by a mass at the head of the pancreas, which was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound and responded to radiation therapy, and bilateral pulmonary nodules, which were visualized by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Forceps biopsy of an endobronchial lesion showed plasmacytoma similar in histologic features to her original osseous lesions. The pulmonary nodules responded to cyclophosphamide and prednisone. During her course, she had three forms of intrathoracic myeloma: rib lesions extending into pulmonary tissue, pleural disease, and multiple endobronchial masses. The biliary and pulmonary manifestations of plasmacytomas are rarely seen. Diagnosis by noninvasive procedures and rapid response to conservative therapy were important in this patient's care.", "contents": "Multiple plasmacytomas with thoracic and biliary involvement. The course of a patient who had nonsecretory multiple myeloma was characterized by extraosseous plasmacytomas that were initially limited to pleural lesions with effusion and subcutaneous masses. Subsequently, we noted the development of obstructive jaundice caused by a mass at the head of the pancreas, which was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound and responded to radiation therapy, and bilateral pulmonary nodules, which were visualized by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Forceps biopsy of an endobronchial lesion showed plasmacytoma similar in histologic features to her original osseous lesions. The pulmonary nodules responded to cyclophosphamide and prednisone. During her course, she had three forms of intrathoracic myeloma: rib lesions extending into pulmonary tissue, pleural disease, and multiple endobronchial masses. The biliary and pulmonary manifestations of plasmacytomas are rarely seen. Diagnosis by noninvasive procedures and rapid response to conservative therapy were important in this patient's care.", "PMID": 666484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11217", "title": "[Meat quality in swine. 5. Relationships between blood parameters and meat quality].", "content": "The responses of haemoglobin, haematocrit, glucose, and lactate to natural strain and their relationships to pork quality were studied in several experiments with 155 animals. Stress associated with blood-taking following snout-loop fixation, evacuation, transport, and stunning led to excessive excitation which, in turn, caused deflection of the above parameters. Their correlations with criteria of pork quality are unimportant. Assessment of individual strainability of the neuromuscular system on the basis of the above stresses and blood parameters, therefore, does not seem to be promising at all. This result has been confirmed by repeated testing of the above criteria between evacuation and bleeding. The animals tested responded quite variably. Their pork qualities were both \"normal\" and \"impaired\".", "contents": "[Meat quality in swine. 5. Relationships between blood parameters and meat quality]. The responses of haemoglobin, haematocrit, glucose, and lactate to natural strain and their relationships to pork quality were studied in several experiments with 155 animals. Stress associated with blood-taking following snout-loop fixation, evacuation, transport, and stunning led to excessive excitation which, in turn, caused deflection of the above parameters. Their correlations with criteria of pork quality are unimportant. Assessment of individual strainability of the neuromuscular system on the basis of the above stresses and blood parameters, therefore, does not seem to be promising at all. This result has been confirmed by repeated testing of the above criteria between evacuation and bleeding. The animals tested responded quite variably. Their pork qualities were both \"normal\" and \"impaired\".", "PMID": 666509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11218", "title": "[Determination of nitrates in feed and blood samples].", "content": "Nitrate and nitrite compounds in feedstuffs were readily and immediately absorbed from the digestive tract right after intake. Nitrate, therefore, is reflected in the blood, depending on intake quantity. Nitrate concentrations recorded from the blood are superior to values established from feedstuffs in substantiating conclusions as to intake quantity. A diagnosis of nitrate intoxication, based on feedstuff testing, should be confirmed by blood testing. Two methods are proposed for quantity determination of nitrate levels in feedstuffs and blood. The presence of hypomagnesaemia should be ruled out in any differential diagnosis undertaken for suspicion of nitrate intoxication.", "contents": "[Determination of nitrates in feed and blood samples]. Nitrate and nitrite compounds in feedstuffs were readily and immediately absorbed from the digestive tract right after intake. Nitrate, therefore, is reflected in the blood, depending on intake quantity. Nitrate concentrations recorded from the blood are superior to values established from feedstuffs in substantiating conclusions as to intake quantity. A diagnosis of nitrate intoxication, based on feedstuff testing, should be confirmed by blood testing. Two methods are proposed for quantity determination of nitrate levels in feedstuffs and blood. The presence of hypomagnesaemia should be ruled out in any differential diagnosis undertaken for suspicion of nitrate intoxication.", "PMID": 666510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11219", "title": "[Necrotizing enteritis in nursing piglets (Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia) in industrialized swine breeding facilities].", "content": "Outbreaks of necrotising enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens, Type C, among piglets on five industrialised breeding units are reported in this paper. Original diagnosis was confirmed by clinical, pathologico-anatomic, histological, and bacteriological tests as well as by the detection of beta toxin from the intestinal matter of piglets after death. Cl. per fringens, Type C, was successfully isolated from 71.9 per cent of all animals that had died of necrotising enteritis. Three forms were differentiated by pathologico-anatomic findings: 1. haemorrhagic-necrotising enteritis with excessive bleeding of the intestinal wall and blood loss into the intestinal lumen; 2. necrotising enteritis with small scattered foci of bleeding; 3. necrotising enteritis without any bleeding. The first form usually developed concomitantly with peracute and acute disease in the first three days of age, whereas the third form was primarily recorded from piglets that had died, following subacute disease, between the fourth and ninth days after birth.", "contents": "[Necrotizing enteritis in nursing piglets (Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia) in industrialized swine breeding facilities]. Outbreaks of necrotising enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens, Type C, among piglets on five industrialised breeding units are reported in this paper. Original diagnosis was confirmed by clinical, pathologico-anatomic, histological, and bacteriological tests as well as by the detection of beta toxin from the intestinal matter of piglets after death. Cl. per fringens, Type C, was successfully isolated from 71.9 per cent of all animals that had died of necrotising enteritis. Three forms were differentiated by pathologico-anatomic findings: 1. haemorrhagic-necrotising enteritis with excessive bleeding of the intestinal wall and blood loss into the intestinal lumen; 2. necrotising enteritis with small scattered foci of bleeding; 3. necrotising enteritis without any bleeding. The first form usually developed concomitantly with peracute and acute disease in the first three days of age, whereas the third form was primarily recorded from piglets that had died, following subacute disease, between the fourth and ninth days after birth.", "PMID": 666511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11220", "title": "[Value of electroencephalography in veterinary medicine. Methods of electroencephalographic recording in cattle].", "content": "No significant differences were found to exist between the potentials of the two cerebral hemispheres in clinically intact cattle. Six Frisians were tested, and frequencies obtained from scalp recording were not significantly higher than those recorded from the Lamina interna. The average rise was 1.21 Hertz or 4.06 per cent on the basis of 29.79 Hertz mean frequency. The amplitudes, however, declined on average by 4.36 microvolt per wave, that is by 18.4 per cent. These changes were significant in 50 per cent of the probands. The technique of recording cerebral potentials from the scalp of cattle appears to good information in the context of cortical rhythms. Faulty recording may cause amplitude variation, with different amplitude heights in different animals. The technique of scalp recording has proved applicable to a wide variety of examinations.", "contents": "[Value of electroencephalography in veterinary medicine. Methods of electroencephalographic recording in cattle]. No significant differences were found to exist between the potentials of the two cerebral hemispheres in clinically intact cattle. Six Frisians were tested, and frequencies obtained from scalp recording were not significantly higher than those recorded from the Lamina interna. The average rise was 1.21 Hertz or 4.06 per cent on the basis of 29.79 Hertz mean frequency. The amplitudes, however, declined on average by 4.36 microvolt per wave, that is by 18.4 per cent. These changes were significant in 50 per cent of the probands. The technique of recording cerebral potentials from the scalp of cattle appears to good information in the context of cortical rhythms. Faulty recording may cause amplitude variation, with different amplitude heights in different animals. The technique of scalp recording has proved applicable to a wide variety of examinations.", "PMID": 666513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11221", "title": "[Behavior of blood glucose in piglets up to the 10th day of life with reference to colostrum consumption and birth mass].", "content": "The following results were obtained from studies into the behaviour of blood glucose in 439 piglets: -The first experimental group included 48 piglets exposed to follow-up checks in the first ten days of age. Glucose values prior to the first intake of foremilk were higher than those measured afterwards in ten animals (20.8 per cent). The second experimental group included 391 piglets tested under production conditions, and a result identical to the one above was recorded from 48 animals (12.3 per cent). The conclusion is that rise of blood glucose does not take place in all piglets after the first intake of foremilk. -Blood glucose concentrations were found to go up discontinuously up to the tenth day of age, depending on birth weight and feed intake as well as on glycolytical and gluconeogenetical capacities. -Average glucose values between 50.23 and 67.37 mg/100 ml plasma were recorded from newborn piglets prior to first foremilk intake in four groups differentiated by weights a birth between 800 g and 2,200 g. A relationship was statistically secured between blood glucose concentration and birth weight of newborn piglets. The correlation factor appeared to depend on the weight at birth.", "contents": "[Behavior of blood glucose in piglets up to the 10th day of life with reference to colostrum consumption and birth mass]. The following results were obtained from studies into the behaviour of blood glucose in 439 piglets: -The first experimental group included 48 piglets exposed to follow-up checks in the first ten days of age. Glucose values prior to the first intake of foremilk were higher than those measured afterwards in ten animals (20.8 per cent). The second experimental group included 391 piglets tested under production conditions, and a result identical to the one above was recorded from 48 animals (12.3 per cent). The conclusion is that rise of blood glucose does not take place in all piglets after the first intake of foremilk. -Blood glucose concentrations were found to go up discontinuously up to the tenth day of age, depending on birth weight and feed intake as well as on glycolytical and gluconeogenetical capacities. -Average glucose values between 50.23 and 67.37 mg/100 ml plasma were recorded from newborn piglets prior to first foremilk intake in four groups differentiated by weights a birth between 800 g and 2,200 g. A relationship was statistically secured between blood glucose concentration and birth weight of newborn piglets. The correlation factor appeared to depend on the weight at birth.", "PMID": 666514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11222", "title": "[Quantifiable morphokinesis in members of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseogonadal axis of hormonally castrated boars. 2. Studies on norgestrel treated boars].", "content": "Norgestrel treatment of boars differed from analogous chloromandinone acetate treatment in that no significant morphokinetic effect was recordable from all parts of the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal-gonadal axis. The morphometric parameters as well as the histological pattern obtained of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland appear to prove that in boar the antigonadotropic effect of norgestrel is lower than that of chloromadinone acetate, with dosage and duration of treatment identical.", "contents": "[Quantifiable morphokinesis in members of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseogonadal axis of hormonally castrated boars. 2. Studies on norgestrel treated boars]. Norgestrel treatment of boars differed from analogous chloromandinone acetate treatment in that no significant morphokinetic effect was recordable from all parts of the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal-gonadal axis. The morphometric parameters as well as the histological pattern obtained of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland appear to prove that in boar the antigonadotropic effect of norgestrel is lower than that of chloromadinone acetate, with dosage and duration of treatment identical.", "PMID": 666515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11223", "title": "[Reactions of the domestic pig to exhausting motor stress of middle intensity].", "content": "The VO 2max value was established from twelve pigs, followed by checks of their responses to endurance stress (walk 0.7 m/sec, ambient temperatures between 22 degress C and 24 degrees C, relative humidities between 67 and 78 per cent). Also measured were the rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin level of the blood, haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, plasma volume, blood volume, total haemoglobin, plasma glucose concentration and plasma lactid acid concentration. A differentiation could be made between one group weighing between 53.3 +/- 2.47 kg and enduring 97 +/- 9 minutes and another weighing 60.0 +/- 1.38 kg and enduring 36 +/- 6 minutes. The  two groups differed from one another for their plasma and blood volumes, their values being 42.6 +/- 3.8 ml/kg and 67.5 +/- 7.5 ml/kg or 33.5 +/- 3.4 ml/kg and 52.2 +/- 5.9 ml/kg. The groups produced quantitatively different responses to endurance stress. The demands implied in endurance were widely met by the circulatory system, while the energy transfer was characterised primarily by aerobic energy collection.", "contents": "[Reactions of the domestic pig to exhausting motor stress of middle intensity]. The VO 2max value was established from twelve pigs, followed by checks of their responses to endurance stress (walk 0.7 m/sec, ambient temperatures between 22 degress C and 24 degrees C, relative humidities between 67 and 78 per cent). Also measured were the rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin level of the blood, haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, plasma volume, blood volume, total haemoglobin, plasma glucose concentration and plasma lactid acid concentration. A differentiation could be made between one group weighing between 53.3 +/- 2.47 kg and enduring 97 +/- 9 minutes and another weighing 60.0 +/- 1.38 kg and enduring 36 +/- 6 minutes. The  two groups differed from one another for their plasma and blood volumes, their values being 42.6 +/- 3.8 ml/kg and 67.5 +/- 7.5 ml/kg or 33.5 +/- 3.4 ml/kg and 52.2 +/- 5.9 ml/kg. The groups produced quantitatively different responses to endurance stress. The demands implied in endurance were widely met by the circulatory system, while the energy transfer was characterised primarily by aerobic energy collection.", "PMID": 666516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11224", "title": "[Metabolism and excretion of 32P-aminophon in lactating cattle].", "content": "P-labelled aminophon, 0,0-di-u-butyl- (1-n-butylaminocyclohexyl) -phosphonate, an agricultural defoliant and siccant, was applied orally in oily solution to lactating cows, 5-6 mg/kg bodymass, resp. The halflifes of degradation in blood serum in vitro are 95 min, of the extractable metabolites in blood, milk and urine 17-20 h. The 0-and 0, N-dealkylcompound of aminophon were found as the preferred metabolites.", "contents": "[Metabolism and excretion of 32P-aminophon in lactating cattle]. P-labelled aminophon, 0,0-di-u-butyl- (1-n-butylaminocyclohexyl) -phosphonate, an agricultural defoliant and siccant, was applied orally in oily solution to lactating cows, 5-6 mg/kg bodymass, resp. The halflifes of degradation in blood serum in vitro are 95 min, of the extractable metabolites in blood, milk and urine 17-20 h. The 0-and 0, N-dealkylcompound of aminophon were found as the preferred metabolites.", "PMID": 666517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11225", "title": "[Effect of aspirin and indomethacin on changes caused by Pateurella multocida toxins in calves].", "content": "Acetylsalicyclic acid acid (50 mg/kg die) and indomethacin (1.5 mg/kg die) were administered to calves three days prior to intravenous application of endotoxin. Such treatment resulted in delayed occurence of clinical symptoms and higher survival rates, as compared to untreated controls. Parameters relating to coagulation physiology, changed by endotoxin, were not controllable with statistical security by administration of acetylsalicyclic acid indomethacin.", "contents": "[Effect of aspirin and indomethacin on changes caused by Pateurella multocida toxins in calves]. Acetylsalicyclic acid acid (50 mg/kg die) and indomethacin (1.5 mg/kg die) were administered to calves three days prior to intravenous application of endotoxin. Such treatment resulted in delayed occurence of clinical symptoms and higher survival rates, as compared to untreated controls. Parameters relating to coagulation physiology, changed by endotoxin, were not controllable with statistical security by administration of acetylsalicyclic acid indomethacin.", "PMID": 666518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11226", "title": "[Study on diarrhea in young calves. 2. Pathomorphological studies in clinically healthy calves and in calves with diarrhea].", "content": "Pathological-anatomical and histological investigations were performed in 49 calves aged from 1 to 18 days, 26 of them being affected by diarrhoea, 23 being without clinical signs. In both the groups above all rhinitis, gastritis and typhlocolitis could be observed, thus the affection could be characterized as rhinogastrocolitis. Significant differences only existed between diarrhoea affected and clinical incospicuous calves concerning the macroscopic signs of the colon, periportal infiltrates of the liver and thymus in involution. The peak of inflammatory reaction is in general reached at the 7. to 10. day of life. In concordance with bacteriological findings the results refer to an affection not due to coli infection. Virus etiology may not be excluded and has to be examined in further studies.", "contents": "[Study on diarrhea in young calves. 2. Pathomorphological studies in clinically healthy calves and in calves with diarrhea]. Pathological-anatomical and histological investigations were performed in 49 calves aged from 1 to 18 days, 26 of them being affected by diarrhoea, 23 being without clinical signs. In both the groups above all rhinitis, gastritis and typhlocolitis could be observed, thus the affection could be characterized as rhinogastrocolitis. Significant differences only existed between diarrhoea affected and clinical incospicuous calves concerning the macroscopic signs of the colon, periportal infiltrates of the liver and thymus in involution. The peak of inflammatory reaction is in general reached at the 7. to 10. day of life. In concordance with bacteriological findings the results refer to an affection not due to coli infection. Virus etiology may not be excluded and has to be examined in further studies.", "PMID": 666519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11227", "title": "[Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains from pathological processes in swine].", "content": "120 Staphylococcus aureus strains from different and sporadic pathological process in swines have been investigated on biochemical properties and phage patterns. 98 strains (82%) exhibit coagulation of human plasma, no coagulation of bovine plasma, crystal-violet-type C, hemolysin-type beta, no formation of fibrinolysine and sensitivity for phages of group I, III and M. Only in few strains we observed reactions with phages of group II. 26 from 66 strains were resistant to antibiotics, and among them 24 showed resistance to oxytetracacline.", "contents": "[Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains from pathological processes in swine]. 120 Staphylococcus aureus strains from different and sporadic pathological process in swines have been investigated on biochemical properties and phage patterns. 98 strains (82%) exhibit coagulation of human plasma, no coagulation of bovine plasma, crystal-violet-type C, hemolysin-type beta, no formation of fibrinolysine and sensitivity for phages of group I, III and M. Only in few strains we observed reactions with phages of group II. 26 from 66 strains were resistant to antibiotics, and among them 24 showed resistance to oxytetracacline.", "PMID": 666520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11228", "title": "[Sub-tentorial cerebral abscesses in children; a report of 22 cases].", "content": "Twenty-two cases of sub-tentorium cerebral abscesses were observed in children. The first clinical symptoms were those of intracranial hypertension, disorders of consciousness, specially somnolence, fever and low general condition. Focal neurological signs were frequent but appeared later. A cerebral abscess should be suspected when such symptoms occur in children with heart disease or with respiratory infection. Simple investigations like examination of the fundi, X-ray of the skull and EEG give valuable clues. In case of such a clinical picture, lumbar puncture is useless and often dangerous. The best diagnostic test is a cerebral scintigram.", "contents": "[Sub-tentorial cerebral abscesses in children; a report of 22 cases]. Twenty-two cases of sub-tentorium cerebral abscesses were observed in children. The first clinical symptoms were those of intracranial hypertension, disorders of consciousness, specially somnolence, fever and low general condition. Focal neurological signs were frequent but appeared later. A cerebral abscess should be suspected when such symptoms occur in children with heart disease or with respiratory infection. Simple investigations like examination of the fundi, X-ray of the skull and EEG give valuable clues. In case of such a clinical picture, lumbar puncture is useless and often dangerous. The best diagnostic test is a cerebral scintigram.", "PMID": 666521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11229", "title": "[The bacterial flora of the appendix in children].", "content": "Qualitative bacterial samples were taken from 53 appendices which were purulent, or had lymphoid hyperplasia or were normal. The results did not demonstrate a specific bacterial flora responsible for appendicular disease in childhood.", "contents": "[The bacterial flora of the appendix in children]. Qualitative bacterial samples were taken from 53 appendices which were purulent, or had lymphoid hyperplasia or were normal. The results did not demonstrate a specific bacterial flora responsible for appendicular disease in childhood.", "PMID": 666522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11230", "title": "[Genetic transmission of Lowe's oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome in girl].", "content": "A girl who had all the clinical laboratory features of Lowe's syndrome is described. In the literature there are at least 5 other females recorded. They could arise by the preferential inactivation of the normal chromosome (lyon's hypothesis) or alternatively an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with weak penetrance could be postulated.", "contents": "[Genetic transmission of Lowe's oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome in girl]. A girl who had all the clinical laboratory features of Lowe's syndrome is described. In the literature there are at least 5 other females recorded. They could arise by the preferential inactivation of the normal chromosome (lyon's hypothesis) or alternatively an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with weak penetrance could be postulated.", "PMID": 666523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11231", "title": "[Mucolipidosis type I. Sialidosis due to alpha-2-6-neuraminidase deficiency with neurological symptoms].", "content": "A case close to mucolipidosis I was observed and the description of this mucolipidosis has to be revised since there were initially some confusions with mannosidosis. Three types of abnormalities appear to be important in its distinction from the other types of oligosaccharidoses: presence on the fundus of a cherry-red spot; in the bone marrow, reticulo-histiocytic cells, whose central nucleus is surrounded by multiple optically empty droplets; very elective overload of the Kupffer cells. 3a neurological syndrome with cerebellar ataxia appears in the evolution. However, it is not present in our patient nor the electroencephalogram changes. This latter point does not authorize the definite identification of our case with Spranger and Wiedemann description of mucolipidosis I especially as the neuraminidase deficiencies are certainly heterogenous.", "contents": "[Mucolipidosis type I. Sialidosis due to alpha-2-6-neuraminidase deficiency with neurological symptoms]. A case close to mucolipidosis I was observed and the description of this mucolipidosis has to be revised since there were initially some confusions with mannosidosis. Three types of abnormalities appear to be important in its distinction from the other types of oligosaccharidoses: presence on the fundus of a cherry-red spot; in the bone marrow, reticulo-histiocytic cells, whose central nucleus is surrounded by multiple optically empty droplets; very elective overload of the Kupffer cells. 3a neurological syndrome with cerebellar ataxia appears in the evolution. However, it is not present in our patient nor the electroencephalogram changes. This latter point does not authorize the definite identification of our case with Spranger and Wiedemann description of mucolipidosis I especially as the neuraminidase deficiencies are certainly heterogenous.", "PMID": 666524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11232", "title": "[Biochemical tests during measles].", "content": "In order to evaluate the role of measles in the development of vitamin A deficiency, biochemical parameters were compared in four groups of patients: a) 31 children in the first week of measles, b) 10 of these children who returned two weeks later, c) 9 patients hospitalized with other infections and d) 6 healthy controls. The average levels of serum iron, carotene, total proteins, albumin and beta-globulins did not differ significantly between these groups. However, during the first week of measles the following significant differences were found: a) an increase in alpha-2 and alpha-1-globulin levels (p less than 0,01), b) a decrease in gamma-globulin level (p less than 0,001), c) a decrease in vitamin A concentration (p less than 0,05) without clinical signs of deficiency. In the 10 patients who came again 2 weeks after the rash these parameters had returned toward control levels.", "contents": "[Biochemical tests during measles]. In order to evaluate the role of measles in the development of vitamin A deficiency, biochemical parameters were compared in four groups of patients: a) 31 children in the first week of measles, b) 10 of these children who returned two weeks later, c) 9 patients hospitalized with other infections and d) 6 healthy controls. The average levels of serum iron, carotene, total proteins, albumin and beta-globulins did not differ significantly between these groups. However, during the first week of measles the following significant differences were found: a) an increase in alpha-2 and alpha-1-globulin levels (p less than 0,01), b) a decrease in gamma-globulin level (p less than 0,001), c) a decrease in vitamin A concentration (p less than 0,05) without clinical signs of deficiency. In the 10 patients who came again 2 weeks after the rash these parameters had returned toward control levels.", "PMID": 666525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11233", "title": "[Renal atrophy in a child].", "content": "An acquired small kidney in a girl of 10 is reported. Interstitial pyelonephritis was the main cause for the shrinkage of the kidney, but very localised areas of renal dysplasia have also been found in this kidney, which happened to be completely destroyed in 34 months. In this meanwhile, the child had recurrent febrile urinary tract infections (clinically acute pyelonephritis). No malformation of the lower urinary tract was found in this child.", "contents": "[Renal atrophy in a child]. An acquired small kidney in a girl of 10 is reported. Interstitial pyelonephritis was the main cause for the shrinkage of the kidney, but very localised areas of renal dysplasia have also been found in this kidney, which happened to be completely destroyed in 34 months. In this meanwhile, the child had recurrent febrile urinary tract infections (clinically acute pyelonephritis). No malformation of the lower urinary tract was found in this child.", "PMID": 666526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11234", "title": "[Banti's syndrome complicating angiomatosis].", "content": "A boy, aged aged 11, developed sucessively splenomegaly, portal hypertension with hepatic fibrosis and finally pulmonary arteriovenous shunts which were responsible for chronic hypoxia. The authors discuss the classification of syndromes with hepatosplenomegaly that cause Banti's syndrome, and the pathogenesis of multiple pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae in certain liver diseases. The existence of multifocal abdominal, pulmonary and cutaneous vascular malformations suggests that there may be a diffuse vascular abnormality.", "contents": "[Banti's syndrome complicating angiomatosis]. A boy, aged aged 11, developed sucessively splenomegaly, portal hypertension with hepatic fibrosis and finally pulmonary arteriovenous shunts which were responsible for chronic hypoxia. The authors discuss the classification of syndromes with hepatosplenomegaly that cause Banti's syndrome, and the pathogenesis of multiple pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae in certain liver diseases. The existence of multifocal abdominal, pulmonary and cutaneous vascular malformations suggests that there may be a diffuse vascular abnormality.", "PMID": 666527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11235", "title": "[Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection associated with ectodermosis pluriorificialis: a report of two cases].", "content": "Two children (4 and 12 years old) presented with a Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The symptoms and their evolution were remarkably similar. In both cases, a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was suspected after a serolgic study. This etiology, still unfamiliar, must be suspected in presence of severe stomatitis in children.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection associated with ectodermosis pluriorificialis: a report of two cases]. Two children (4 and 12 years old) presented with a Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The symptoms and their evolution were remarkably similar. In both cases, a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was suspected after a serolgic study. This etiology, still unfamiliar, must be suspected in presence of severe stomatitis in children.", "PMID": 666528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11236", "title": "The production and biology of polyethylene wear debris.", "content": "Polyethylene in the form of a concave bearing surface at the hip wears very slowly, and clinical and histological evidence suggests that the volume of debris so released is well tolerated. However, significantly greater volumetric wear rates are produced when (1) polyethylene is used as the convex component of a joint and (2) abrasives such as PMMA or bone enter the joint. Further, large quantities of polyethylene debris lead to the replacement of bone at the bone-cement interface by soft tissue. Evidence is presented which strongly suggests that this mechanism can produce joint component loosening.", "contents": "The production and biology of polyethylene wear debris. Polyethylene in the form of a concave bearing surface at the hip wears very slowly, and clinical and histological evidence suggests that the volume of debris so released is well tolerated. However, significantly greater volumetric wear rates are produced when (1) polyethylene is used as the convex component of a joint and (2) abrasives such as PMMA or bone enter the joint. Further, large quantities of polyethylene debris lead to the replacement of bone at the bone-cement interface by soft tissue. Evidence is presented which strongly suggests that this mechanism can produce joint component loosening.", "PMID": 666546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11237", "title": "[Treatment of coxa magna in Perthes disease by pelvic osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In M. Perthes a progressive deformation and flattening of the epiphysis is caused by the stress in the hip. In the beginning stages a varisation osteotomie gives a sufficient reduction of the joint pressure and a modelling of the enlarged head by the acetabulum is possible. In later stages a detoriation of the head deformity with fixed adduction contracture can be caused by varisation osteotomie. Enlarging the acetabulum laterally and ventrally and medializing the hip-joint by means of a Chiari pelvic-osteotomy reduces the joint pressure so far, that a restitution of the hip joint with round and congruent joint surfaces can be expected. A lateralisation of the deformed femoral head with a secondary insufficiency of the acetabulum should also be treated by an additional pelvic osteotomy, if in the arthrography the lateral part of the head does not enter the acetabulum in abduction position. In secondary osteochondritis in hip luxation the treatment should be equal. Even an advanced secondary osteoarthritis after M. Perthes could be stopped by pelvic osteotomy over years.", "contents": "[Treatment of coxa magna in Perthes disease by pelvic osteotomy (author's transl)]. In M. Perthes a progressive deformation and flattening of the epiphysis is caused by the stress in the hip. In the beginning stages a varisation osteotomie gives a sufficient reduction of the joint pressure and a modelling of the enlarged head by the acetabulum is possible. In later stages a detoriation of the head deformity with fixed adduction contracture can be caused by varisation osteotomie. Enlarging the acetabulum laterally and ventrally and medializing the hip-joint by means of a Chiari pelvic-osteotomy reduces the joint pressure so far, that a restitution of the hip joint with round and congruent joint surfaces can be expected. A lateralisation of the deformed femoral head with a secondary insufficiency of the acetabulum should also be treated by an additional pelvic osteotomy, if in the arthrography the lateral part of the head does not enter the acetabulum in abduction position. In secondary osteochondritis in hip luxation the treatment should be equal. Even an advanced secondary osteoarthritis after M. Perthes could be stopped by pelvic osteotomy over years.", "PMID": 666547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11238", "title": "[The fixation of the flail chest with tension band wires (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique of internal fixation of the flail chest was tested successfully in sheep. After reduction a 0.8 mm wire is passed twice intramedullary across the fracture and twisted under tension with two loops on the external side of the rib. This wire neutralizes bending and rotational forces and produces axial interfragmental compression. Combined with tension band wire fixation of an eventually fractures sternum it produced sufficient stability even in the very thin parasternal part of ribs. No respiratory support was necessary postoperatively. The method is simple and needs no special equipment.", "contents": "[The fixation of the flail chest with tension band wires (author's transl)]. A new technique of internal fixation of the flail chest was tested successfully in sheep. After reduction a 0.8 mm wire is passed twice intramedullary across the fracture and twisted under tension with two loops on the external side of the rib. This wire neutralizes bending and rotational forces and produces axial interfragmental compression. Combined with tension band wire fixation of an eventually fractures sternum it produced sufficient stability even in the very thin parasternal part of ribs. No respiratory support was necessary postoperatively. The method is simple and needs no special equipment.", "PMID": 666548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11239", "title": "[Repair of defects in the Achilles tendon with the peroneus brevis muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a dynamic plastic repair of the Achilles tendon in cases of neglected rupture: The peroneus brevis muscle is used to bridge the gap. The muscle remains intact at the proximal end, its tendon is dissected immediately above its insertion, then pulled through the calcaneus by a bore-hole and fastened to itself and to the ends of the Achilles tendon. If a plantaris tendon exists, it may be used to strengthen the defect by resecting it as far as possible proximally and then fanning it out to cover the gap. The distal end of the peroneus brevis tendon is sutured side-by-side to the peroneus longus tendon. This technique was first applied in 1968. During the last 5 years 8 patients underwent repair of the Achilles tendon by this method at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Kiel. In all cases the results obtained were good or excellent. The patients were very content and returned to a comparable level of preoperative activity. They were able to go as well on tip-toes as on the heels, though dorsal extension in several cases was slightly restricted. Calf atrophy up to 3 cm was found in several cases, which, however, was due partly to preoperational influences. In two cases wound healing complications occured without disturbing the functional results. The authors can recommend their technique, which seems to be superior to other methods especially in difficult cases with large gaps and unfavourably anatomic conditions.", "contents": "[Repair of defects in the Achilles tendon with the peroneus brevis muscle (author's transl)]. The authors report a dynamic plastic repair of the Achilles tendon in cases of neglected rupture: The peroneus brevis muscle is used to bridge the gap. The muscle remains intact at the proximal end, its tendon is dissected immediately above its insertion, then pulled through the calcaneus by a bore-hole and fastened to itself and to the ends of the Achilles tendon. If a plantaris tendon exists, it may be used to strengthen the defect by resecting it as far as possible proximally and then fanning it out to cover the gap. The distal end of the peroneus brevis tendon is sutured side-by-side to the peroneus longus tendon. This technique was first applied in 1968. During the last 5 years 8 patients underwent repair of the Achilles tendon by this method at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Kiel. In all cases the results obtained were good or excellent. The patients were very content and returned to a comparable level of preoperative activity. They were able to go as well on tip-toes as on the heels, though dorsal extension in several cases was slightly restricted. Calf atrophy up to 3 cm was found in several cases, which, however, was due partly to preoperational influences. In two cases wound healing complications occured without disturbing the functional results. The authors can recommend their technique, which seems to be superior to other methods especially in difficult cases with large gaps and unfavourably anatomic conditions.", "PMID": 666549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11240", "title": "[The therapy for pyogenic coxitis and its stabilisation with the fixateur externe (tubular system) (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of the destructive, unstable state of infection on the hip often takes an unfavourable course, because alloarthroplastic techniques are ruled out on principle, while the hip arthrodesis itself creates biomechanical problems under the incomparably more favourable aseptic conditions. The protracted trimming arthrodesis with immobilisation by pelvic plaster cast remains precarious with regard to the painful stress and the sedation of the infection, and it always includes the danger a damage causing immobilisation of the knee joint. The jointparts destructed by the infection are equivalent to an infected pseudarthrosis; for its stabilisation the fixateur externe is indicated, by analogy to the approach used on the extremities. The biomechanical problems are similar to those occuring with the internal fixation of hip arthrodesis: neutralisation of dislodging forces on the long leg lever, reliable anchorage of the means of osteosynthesis on the pelvis and axial compression on the broadest possible contact surfaces of the anthrodesis. A special installation of the fixateur externe (tubular system of the ASIF) is pointed out, which meets almost all requirements. The external osteosynthesis joins lateral ilium and femur shaft, compressing the hip area. For securing the stability it is necessary to include both of the iliac crests and a diagonal brace in the outer construction. The external fixation for stabilising the hip represents a large-scale technique which, by its nature, is inferior to internal osteosynthesis. But for the treatment of active pyogenic coxitis neither the arthrodesis by copra-head-plate nor the screw joint in connection with intertrochanteric osteotomy is suited. The advantages in contrast to the classical therapy with pelvic plaster cast are obvious. The operating method is explained on a model and presented in a casuistry on 3 people operated on so far. If the head-neck-segment is lost completely after septic head necrosis, a careful debridement and the Girdlestone-plastic usually lead to an infection sanitation, but mostly at the cost of an unstable hip on the considerably shortened leg.", "contents": "[The therapy for pyogenic coxitis and its stabilisation with the fixateur externe (tubular system) (author's transl)]. The treatment of the destructive, unstable state of infection on the hip often takes an unfavourable course, because alloarthroplastic techniques are ruled out on principle, while the hip arthrodesis itself creates biomechanical problems under the incomparably more favourable aseptic conditions. The protracted trimming arthrodesis with immobilisation by pelvic plaster cast remains precarious with regard to the painful stress and the sedation of the infection, and it always includes the danger a damage causing immobilisation of the knee joint. The jointparts destructed by the infection are equivalent to an infected pseudarthrosis; for its stabilisation the fixateur externe is indicated, by analogy to the approach used on the extremities. The biomechanical problems are similar to those occuring with the internal fixation of hip arthrodesis: neutralisation of dislodging forces on the long leg lever, reliable anchorage of the means of osteosynthesis on the pelvis and axial compression on the broadest possible contact surfaces of the anthrodesis. A special installation of the fixateur externe (tubular system of the ASIF) is pointed out, which meets almost all requirements. The external osteosynthesis joins lateral ilium and femur shaft, compressing the hip area. For securing the stability it is necessary to include both of the iliac crests and a diagonal brace in the outer construction. The external fixation for stabilising the hip represents a large-scale technique which, by its nature, is inferior to internal osteosynthesis. But for the treatment of active pyogenic coxitis neither the arthrodesis by copra-head-plate nor the screw joint in connection with intertrochanteric osteotomy is suited. The advantages in contrast to the classical therapy with pelvic plaster cast are obvious. The operating method is explained on a model and presented in a casuistry on 3 people operated on so far. If the head-neck-segment is lost completely after septic head necrosis, a careful debridement and the Girdlestone-plastic usually lead to an infection sanitation, but mostly at the cost of an unstable hip on the considerably shortened leg.", "PMID": 666550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11241", "title": "[The relative elongated patellar ligament after identation of the lateral retinacula (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of the lateralisation of the patella can be done by lateral indentation of the retinaculum patellae (method of Viernstein). Caused by the medialisation of the patella eventually the patellar ligament can be realtively elongated. This leads to insufficiency of the extensors and therefore to prearthrosis of the knee joint. To avoid this and to conserve the sportive ability we recommend the displacement of the tuberositas tibiae to medial and distal.", "contents": "[The relative elongated patellar ligament after identation of the lateral retinacula (author's transl)]. The treatment of the lateralisation of the patella can be done by lateral indentation of the retinaculum patellae (method of Viernstein). Caused by the medialisation of the patella eventually the patellar ligament can be realtively elongated. This leads to insufficiency of the extensors and therefore to prearthrosis of the knee joint. To avoid this and to conserve the sportive ability we recommend the displacement of the tuberositas tibiae to medial and distal.", "PMID": 666551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11242", "title": "[Indicis tendon transfer. technique and results (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined 38 patients out of 41 with indicis tendon transfer, performed at the Department for Hand Surgery of the University of Munich during the past eight years; the patients had suffered a subcutaneous rupture or an open traumatic separaton of the extensor pollicis longus tendon. In five cases the function fo the operated had was found deteriorated by other causes. Of the remaining 33 patients 26 showed an excellent function and five patients a good function of the operated thumb. Deficient functional results were discovered with two patients. Almost in all cases extension of the index finger was found reduced in force; none of the patients, however become aware of it. In performing the tendon anastomosis care must be taken to apply proper tensions to the tendons joined.", "contents": "[Indicis tendon transfer. technique and results (author's transl)]. We examined 38 patients out of 41 with indicis tendon transfer, performed at the Department for Hand Surgery of the University of Munich during the past eight years; the patients had suffered a subcutaneous rupture or an open traumatic separaton of the extensor pollicis longus tendon. In five cases the function fo the operated had was found deteriorated by other causes. Of the remaining 33 patients 26 showed an excellent function and five patients a good function of the operated thumb. Deficient functional results were discovered with two patients. Almost in all cases extension of the index finger was found reduced in force; none of the patients, however become aware of it. In performing the tendon anastomosis care must be taken to apply proper tensions to the tendons joined.", "PMID": 666552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11243", "title": "[2nd Generaltion of the Munich hip-joint-simulator (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to the improved, universal unsable, electronic-hydraulic directed hip-joint-simulator type \"MUNCHEN I\", a new simulator with simplified construction has been developed. This mechanical hip-joint-simulator is marked by a dual drive of movement and strain mechanism, that has been realized by a toothed belt drive. The adjustable, three-axial movement simulates level walking. According to its special, easier design the new simulator is highly adapted for comparative testing of total hip endoprostheses regarding the fields of quality improvement or standardization testing.", "contents": "[2nd Generaltion of the Munich hip-joint-simulator (author's transl)]. In addition to the improved, universal unsable, electronic-hydraulic directed hip-joint-simulator type \"MUNCHEN I\", a new simulator with simplified construction has been developed. This mechanical hip-joint-simulator is marked by a dual drive of movement and strain mechanism, that has been realized by a toothed belt drive. The adjustable, three-axial movement simulates level walking. According to its special, easier design the new simulator is highly adapted for comparative testing of total hip endoprostheses regarding the fields of quality improvement or standardization testing.", "PMID": 666553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11244", "title": "[Isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clinical and experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is possible. 5 own cases are described and compared with those of other authors. The mechanism of the injury is a forced inward rotation- and varus-stress of the knee joint under full pressure as a deceleration-twisting motion. Our own experimental measuremens on the ligaments of hte knee joint with strain gauges are proving this fact. The suspeced diagnosis of an isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is strengthened by a painful snapping or popping within the knee joint in the moment of the injury, a fast increasing swelling of the joint and a feeling of instability. Normaly an anterior dawer sign is not found. The treatment of choice is the suture of the ligament because unrepaired isolated anterior cruciate ligaments can lead to an increasing instability of the knee joint with time.", "contents": "[Isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clinical and experimental study (author's transl)]. The isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is possible. 5 own cases are described and compared with those of other authors. The mechanism of the injury is a forced inward rotation- and varus-stress of the knee joint under full pressure as a deceleration-twisting motion. Our own experimental measuremens on the ligaments of hte knee joint with strain gauges are proving this fact. The suspeced diagnosis of an isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is strengthened by a painful snapping or popping within the knee joint in the moment of the injury, a fast increasing swelling of the joint and a feeling of instability. Normaly an anterior dawer sign is not found. The treatment of choice is the suture of the ligament because unrepaired isolated anterior cruciate ligaments can lead to an increasing instability of the knee joint with time.", "PMID": 666554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11245", "title": "Automated measurement of patient activity on a hospital rehabilitation ward.", "content": "Change in patient activity is frequently an important clinical variable, yet these changes are difficult to monitor and document empirically. Patients on a rehabilitation ward in a Veterans Administration hospital during a three-month period participated in a direct measure of their daily motion by wearing digital pedometers. The resulting data suggest that changes in patient activity can be easily quantified without disrupting ward routine and that the data can serve to strengthen clinical estimates of change which can assist staff in their analysis and interpretation of patient progress.", "contents": "Automated measurement of patient activity on a hospital rehabilitation ward. Change in patient activity is frequently an important clinical variable, yet these changes are difficult to monitor and document empirically. Patients on a rehabilitation ward in a Veterans Administration hospital during a three-month period participated in a direct measure of their daily motion by wearing digital pedometers. The resulting data suggest that changes in patient activity can be easily quantified without disrupting ward routine and that the data can serve to strengthen clinical estimates of change which can assist staff in their analysis and interpretation of patient progress.", "PMID": 666556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11246", "title": "Electromyographic feedback and physical therapy for neuromuscular retraining in hemiplegia.", "content": "Electromyographic feedback was compared with physical therapy for its relative effectiveness in training motor activity in patients with hemiplegia. A cross over design was used, so that each patient served as his own control. Strong reinforcement for attentional direction and for successful response to established criteria was used with both modalities. Electromyography through auditory and visual display was found effective in improving electromyographic activity, but more limited in training effective function as measured by active range of motion. In some cases it was counterproductive. Using an instrumental modality permits attention to only a limited number of motor elements involved in a motion, and is even more limited with respect to the interplay of activation and inhibition of those components. The activity of physical therapy, using tactile, proprioceptive, visual and communicative modalities, has the capacity for attending and drawing attention to many motor elements, as well as to the complexities of activation of some components concomitantly with the inhibition of others during the training process. Electromyographic feedback was felt to be especially useful in its ability to enhance figure-background discrimination and bypass possible areas of sensory obtundation.", "contents": "Electromyographic feedback and physical therapy for neuromuscular retraining in hemiplegia. Electromyographic feedback was compared with physical therapy for its relative effectiveness in training motor activity in patients with hemiplegia. A cross over design was used, so that each patient served as his own control. Strong reinforcement for attentional direction and for successful response to established criteria was used with both modalities. Electromyography through auditory and visual display was found effective in improving electromyographic activity, but more limited in training effective function as measured by active range of motion. In some cases it was counterproductive. Using an instrumental modality permits attention to only a limited number of motor elements involved in a motion, and is even more limited with respect to the interplay of activation and inhibition of those components. The activity of physical therapy, using tactile, proprioceptive, visual and communicative modalities, has the capacity for attending and drawing attention to many motor elements, as well as to the complexities of activation of some components concomitantly with the inhibition of others during the training process. Electromyographic feedback was felt to be especially useful in its ability to enhance figure-background discrimination and bypass possible areas of sensory obtundation.", "PMID": 666557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11247", "title": "Low intensity physical conditioning: effects on patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The effects of 12 weeks of low intensity physical conditioning on serum lipid levels, body composition, and cardiorespiratory function were studied among patients with coronary heart disease. Twenty-three men, 45 to 59 years old, volunteered to participate. Three were excluded for medical reasons, and one voluntarily discontinued exercise. The conditioning program included a 10-minute warmup, 15 to 30 minutes of walking-jogging at an individually prescribed intensity corresponding to 70% to 75% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), and a 5-minute recovery period. The conditioning resulted in a decrease (p less than 0.05) in heart rate and blood pressure during standard submaximal work (200 kg/m/min). Maximal heart rate increased (p less than 0.05) by five beats per minute. Symptom-limited maximal oxygen uptake increased 12.8% (p less than 0.001) when expressed per unit body weight. Body weight remained essentially unchanged (-0.34 kg), while fat-free weight and fat weight increased (+0.68 kg, p less than 0.05) and decreased (-1.02 kg, p less than 0.05), respectively. Serum lipid levels remained unaffected by the conditioning regimen. Low intensity exercise is effective in cardiac reconditioning and should be favored at least during the initial stages of a training regimen in view of the decreased orthopedic problems, added safety, high adherence level and tolerable working rate.", "contents": "Low intensity physical conditioning: effects on patients with coronary heart disease. The effects of 12 weeks of low intensity physical conditioning on serum lipid levels, body composition, and cardiorespiratory function were studied among patients with coronary heart disease. Twenty-three men, 45 to 59 years old, volunteered to participate. Three were excluded for medical reasons, and one voluntarily discontinued exercise. The conditioning program included a 10-minute warmup, 15 to 30 minutes of walking-jogging at an individually prescribed intensity corresponding to 70% to 75% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), and a 5-minute recovery period. The conditioning resulted in a decrease (p less than 0.05) in heart rate and blood pressure during standard submaximal work (200 kg/m/min). Maximal heart rate increased (p less than 0.05) by five beats per minute. Symptom-limited maximal oxygen uptake increased 12.8% (p less than 0.001) when expressed per unit body weight. Body weight remained essentially unchanged (-0.34 kg), while fat-free weight and fat weight increased (+0.68 kg, p less than 0.05) and decreased (-1.02 kg, p less than 0.05), respectively. Serum lipid levels remained unaffected by the conditioning regimen. Low intensity exercise is effective in cardiac reconditioning and should be favored at least during the initial stages of a training regimen in view of the decreased orthopedic problems, added safety, high adherence level and tolerable working rate.", "PMID": 666558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11248", "title": "Optimal back-pack load for short distance hiking.", "content": "Twenty young men marched 6 and 12 km with a well-fitted back-pack load of 30 or 35 kg. Each subject served as his own control. No significant increase in mean heart rate, rectal temperature, or decrease in mean VO2 max and serum levels of glucose and muscle enzymes were recorded in the groups marching 6 km with 30 and 35 kg. Significant differences in the increases in mean heart rate, the decreases in VO2 max and the changes in blood glucose were noted between the two groups carrying 30 and 35 kg for 12 km. These significant differences were also supported by the subjective feelings of the volunteers. The present study shows the optimal back-pack load for healthy young men, marching at 6 km/hr on a paved level road to be 30 kg for 12 km and 35 kg for 6 km without considering the task too difficult and with no significant decrease in VO2 max. The results are relevant to hiking, rescue assignments, and military missions.", "contents": "Optimal back-pack load for short distance hiking. Twenty young men marched 6 and 12 km with a well-fitted back-pack load of 30 or 35 kg. Each subject served as his own control. No significant increase in mean heart rate, rectal temperature, or decrease in mean VO2 max and serum levels of glucose and muscle enzymes were recorded in the groups marching 6 km with 30 and 35 kg. Significant differences in the increases in mean heart rate, the decreases in VO2 max and the changes in blood glucose were noted between the two groups carrying 30 and 35 kg for 12 km. These significant differences were also supported by the subjective feelings of the volunteers. The present study shows the optimal back-pack load for healthy young men, marching at 6 km/hr on a paved level road to be 30 kg for 12 km and 35 kg for 6 km without considering the task too difficult and with no significant decrease in VO2 max. The results are relevant to hiking, rescue assignments, and military missions.", "PMID": 666559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11249", "title": "Arthrography-assisted intra-articular injection of steroids in treatment of adhesive capsulitis.", "content": "Following shoulder arthrography to establish the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis, we injected steroids via the in situ arthrogram needle. Subsequent intraarticular steroids, if needed, were given at the outpatient clinic using landmarks established at the time of arthrography. Out of 18 patients treated, function sufficient to permit resumption of usual work and self-care activities returned to 16. In 11 patients, recovery was associated with painless total shoulder movement gather than a return to glenohumeral motion. This therapy appears perferable to other forms of intraarticular injection and is an alternative to surgery when physical therapy has failed.", "contents": "Arthrography-assisted intra-articular injection of steroids in treatment of adhesive capsulitis. Following shoulder arthrography to establish the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis, we injected steroids via the in situ arthrogram needle. Subsequent intraarticular steroids, if needed, were given at the outpatient clinic using landmarks established at the time of arthrography. Out of 18 patients treated, function sufficient to permit resumption of usual work and self-care activities returned to 16. In 11 patients, recovery was associated with painless total shoulder movement gather than a return to glenohumeral motion. This therapy appears perferable to other forms of intraarticular injection and is an alternative to surgery when physical therapy has failed.", "PMID": 666560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11250", "title": "Musculocutaneous nerve injury after heavy exercise.", "content": "Three cases of musculocutaneous nerve injury distal to its innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle are reported. The syndrome typically features painless weakness of the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, sensory loss in the distal volar forearm, a history of recent vigorous upper extremity resistive exercise, and resolution of the problem on resting the affected extremity. In all three reported cases the dominant arm was involved. The condition should not be confused with C-5 or C-6 radiculopathy, brachial plexopathy, or rupture of the biceps brachii muscle belly or tendon.", "contents": "Musculocutaneous nerve injury after heavy exercise. Three cases of musculocutaneous nerve injury distal to its innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle are reported. The syndrome typically features painless weakness of the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, sensory loss in the distal volar forearm, a history of recent vigorous upper extremity resistive exercise, and resolution of the problem on resting the affected extremity. In all three reported cases the dominant arm was involved. The condition should not be confused with C-5 or C-6 radiculopathy, brachial plexopathy, or rupture of the biceps brachii muscle belly or tendon.", "PMID": 666561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11251", "title": "Styles of sexual expression in women: clinical implications of multivaritanalyses.", "content": "Two different multivariate techniques were applied to self-reported trait and behavioral data concerning sexual behavior from a sample of North American women. Canonical correlation delineated three styles in which certain demographic attributes and cognitive indices of sexual arousal were related to forms of sexual expression. The first style was characterized by respondents who experienced high rates of intercourse and orgasm in a cohabitation arrangement but who did not necessarily report satisfaction with their sexual responsivity. A second style was characterized by older women currently without partners who expressed a liking for erotic literature and media, direct genital stimulation, and frequent masturbation but who were dissatisfied with their sexual responsivity. The third style, which included respondents most satisfied with their sexual responsivity, was characterized by women who were more aware of physiological changes during sexual arousal and who enjoyed gently seductive erotic activities, breast stimulation, and genital stimulation. A discriminant analysis showed that those women who were most highly satisfied with their sexual responsivity experienced frequent intercourse and orgasm consistency, enjoyed gently seductive erotic activities and breast stimulation, but were unresponsive to erotic literature and media. A second discriminant analysis showed that women who achieved orgasm most consistently were older, were more aware of physiological changes during sexual arousal, reported higher frequencies of masturbation and intercourse, and were less likely to be aroused by erotic preliminaries. These results are discussed within the context of the literature on the treatment and prevention of sexual dysfunction.", "contents": "Styles of sexual expression in women: clinical implications of multivaritanalyses. Two different multivariate techniques were applied to self-reported trait and behavioral data concerning sexual behavior from a sample of North American women. Canonical correlation delineated three styles in which certain demographic attributes and cognitive indices of sexual arousal were related to forms of sexual expression. The first style was characterized by respondents who experienced high rates of intercourse and orgasm in a cohabitation arrangement but who did not necessarily report satisfaction with their sexual responsivity. A second style was characterized by older women currently without partners who expressed a liking for erotic literature and media, direct genital stimulation, and frequent masturbation but who were dissatisfied with their sexual responsivity. The third style, which included respondents most satisfied with their sexual responsivity, was characterized by women who were more aware of physiological changes during sexual arousal and who enjoyed gently seductive erotic activities, breast stimulation, and genital stimulation. A discriminant analysis showed that those women who were most highly satisfied with their sexual responsivity experienced frequent intercourse and orgasm consistency, enjoyed gently seductive erotic activities and breast stimulation, but were unresponsive to erotic literature and media. A second discriminant analysis showed that women who achieved orgasm most consistently were older, were more aware of physiological changes during sexual arousal, reported higher frequencies of masturbation and intercourse, and were less likely to be aroused by erotic preliminaries. These results are discussed within the context of the literature on the treatment and prevention of sexual dysfunction.", "PMID": 666563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11252", "title": "Massage parlors and their customers.", "content": "Journalistic and sociological studies of massage parlors and massage parlor customers do not serve the development of scientifically sound generalizations. They begin with the assumptions that massage parlors are brothels renamed and that the customers are problematic individuals seeking impersonal sexual exchanges. This standard view of the parlors and customers is here challenged and an alternative approach suggested. The results of an empirical examination of the customers of a West Coast massage parlor are summarized. Data were obtained by a massage parlor worker--an unnamed coauthor--who recorded information about every personal customer during her initial period of work. Both demographic and voluntaristic factors are specified. Included are ethnic origin and occupation, the proposition, the offer of financial reward, the sexual activity desired, and the sexual activity that resulted. A comparison of two views on the nature of the customer demonstrates the limitations the standard view imposes on the potential examination of massage parlors in general. Massage parlors are not brothels renamed and the massage parlor customers are not sex-seeking problematic individuals. Given the results of the empirical examination, the basic complexity of the parlors and their customers is seen as the key aspect on which scientifically sound generalization may be built.", "contents": "Massage parlors and their customers. Journalistic and sociological studies of massage parlors and massage parlor customers do not serve the development of scientifically sound generalizations. They begin with the assumptions that massage parlors are brothels renamed and that the customers are problematic individuals seeking impersonal sexual exchanges. This standard view of the parlors and customers is here challenged and an alternative approach suggested. The results of an empirical examination of the customers of a West Coast massage parlor are summarized. Data were obtained by a massage parlor worker--an unnamed coauthor--who recorded information about every personal customer during her initial period of work. Both demographic and voluntaristic factors are specified. Included are ethnic origin and occupation, the proposition, the offer of financial reward, the sexual activity desired, and the sexual activity that resulted. A comparison of two views on the nature of the customer demonstrates the limitations the standard view imposes on the potential examination of massage parlors in general. Massage parlors are not brothels renamed and the massage parlor customers are not sex-seeking problematic individuals. Given the results of the empirical examination, the basic complexity of the parlors and their customers is seen as the key aspect on which scientifically sound generalization may be built.", "PMID": 666564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11253", "title": "Equity and extramarital sexuality.", "content": "Equity theory has recently been found to be a useful framework for understanding the effects of imbalances in intimate \"contractual\" relationships such as marriage. Equitable couples seem to be happier, more satisfied with their relationship, and more confident that it will last than are their more mismatched, i.e., inequitable, counterparts. Furthermore, inequitable couples predictably act to \"set things right\" in their marriage. They either restore actual equity to the relationship or psychologically set their relationship in balance. If neither works, they may \"leave the field.\" Extramarital sex may be viewed as an equity restoration mechanism in that (1) it may be used by the deprived partner to achieve actual equity, (2) it may indicate a partner's readiness to leave the relationship because he feels he can \"do better,\" or (3) it may represent a desire to achieve equity in an alternative relationship(s) when inequity pervades the primary one. The hypothesis that the inequitable/underbenefited group should be more likely than the equitable group or the inequitable/overbenefited group to have engaged in extramarital sex was tested using data from a large-scale Psychology Today questionnaire. The results indicated that men and women in inequitable/underbenefited relationships had more extramarital affairs and began their extramarital activities earlier than did men and women in equitable and inequitable/overbenefited relationships. Alternative explanations of this finding, sex-role demands and length of the relationship, are explored and discarded as untenable.", "contents": "Equity and extramarital sexuality. Equity theory has recently been found to be a useful framework for understanding the effects of imbalances in intimate \"contractual\" relationships such as marriage. Equitable couples seem to be happier, more satisfied with their relationship, and more confident that it will last than are their more mismatched, i.e., inequitable, counterparts. Furthermore, inequitable couples predictably act to \"set things right\" in their marriage. They either restore actual equity to the relationship or psychologically set their relationship in balance. If neither works, they may \"leave the field.\" Extramarital sex may be viewed as an equity restoration mechanism in that (1) it may be used by the deprived partner to achieve actual equity, (2) it may indicate a partner's readiness to leave the relationship because he feels he can \"do better,\" or (3) it may represent a desire to achieve equity in an alternative relationship(s) when inequity pervades the primary one. The hypothesis that the inequitable/underbenefited group should be more likely than the equitable group or the inequitable/overbenefited group to have engaged in extramarital sex was tested using data from a large-scale Psychology Today questionnaire. The results indicated that men and women in inequitable/underbenefited relationships had more extramarital affairs and began their extramarital activities earlier than did men and women in equitable and inequitable/overbenefited relationships. Alternative explanations of this finding, sex-role demands and length of the relationship, are explored and discarded as untenable.", "PMID": 666565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11254", "title": "Self-concept and sexuality of spinal cord injured women.", "content": "Differences in perceived self-concept and sexual response before and after spinal cord injury were examined. Twenty-four women between the ages of 20 and 40 completed a questionnaire and participated in a brief taped interview. Most of the women viewed themselves as very or somewhat attractive and had been involved in a sexual relationship since injury. The majority viewed sexual relationships as very enjoyable, although many commented that changes in bowel and bladder function had inhibited sexual expression. The need for more effective sexual counseling was highlighted. A trend was noted for an interrelationship between sexuality and self-concept in adapting to acquired disability.", "contents": "Self-concept and sexuality of spinal cord injured women. Differences in perceived self-concept and sexual response before and after spinal cord injury were examined. Twenty-four women between the ages of 20 and 40 completed a questionnaire and participated in a brief taped interview. Most of the women viewed themselves as very or somewhat attractive and had been involved in a sexual relationship since injury. The majority viewed sexual relationships as very enjoyable, although many commented that changes in bowel and bladder function had inhibited sexual expression. The need for more effective sexual counseling was highlighted. A trend was noted for an interrelationship between sexuality and self-concept in adapting to acquired disability.", "PMID": 666566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11255", "title": "Stimuli eliciting sexual arousal in males who offend adult women: an experimental study.", "content": "The sexually arousing effects of short film scenes showing a naked actress's seductive behavior were phalloplethysmographically measured in 14 sexual deviates. These were males who had offended adult women, predominantly exhibitionists. Controls were 14 normal men. Deviates responded positively to the scenes and differentiated strong and weak seduction scenes similarly to normals. Consequently, the question arises of why deviates avoid their victim's erotic cooperation and why they do not offend their regular sexual partners. Post hoc analysis of five scenes which elicited a strikingly higher response in deviates than in normals suggested that these scenes contained reduced seductive behavior but unrestrained presentation of the genitals. This finding further encourages the laboratory study of stimulus conditions for abnormal sexual arousal which occurs during the sexual offense.", "contents": "Stimuli eliciting sexual arousal in males who offend adult women: an experimental study. The sexually arousing effects of short film scenes showing a naked actress's seductive behavior were phalloplethysmographically measured in 14 sexual deviates. These were males who had offended adult women, predominantly exhibitionists. Controls were 14 normal men. Deviates responded positively to the scenes and differentiated strong and weak seduction scenes similarly to normals. Consequently, the question arises of why deviates avoid their victim's erotic cooperation and why they do not offend their regular sexual partners. Post hoc analysis of five scenes which elicited a strikingly higher response in deviates than in normals suggested that these scenes contained reduced seductive behavior but unrestrained presentation of the genitals. This finding further encourages the laboratory study of stimulus conditions for abnormal sexual arousal which occurs during the sexual offense.", "PMID": 666567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11256", "title": "Gender role and psychological adjustment.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty-six university students (158 males and 208 females) completed a three-part questionnaire. The first two parts consisted of self-report inventories to assess psychological adjustment (Eysenck's Neuroticism Scale and Lanyon's Alienation Scale). The third part assessed gender role (Bem's Sex Role Inventory). Androgyny was scored as per both the Bem (1974) system and the Spence et al. (1975) system, and the groups obtained by these two systems were separately analyzed for differences in psychological adjustment scores. Feminine individuals (regardless of biological gender or system of classification) obtained less adjusted scores, and this was especially significant for males. It was also found that the Spence et al. system had more predictive power than the Bem system for classifying individuals.", "contents": "Gender role and psychological adjustment. Three hundred and sixty-six university students (158 males and 208 females) completed a three-part questionnaire. The first two parts consisted of self-report inventories to assess psychological adjustment (Eysenck's Neuroticism Scale and Lanyon's Alienation Scale). The third part assessed gender role (Bem's Sex Role Inventory). Androgyny was scored as per both the Bem (1974) system and the Spence et al. (1975) system, and the groups obtained by these two systems were separately analyzed for differences in psychological adjustment scores. Feminine individuals (regardless of biological gender or system of classification) obtained less adjusted scores, and this was especially significant for males. It was also found that the Spence et al. system had more predictive power than the Bem system for classifying individuals.", "PMID": 666568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11257", "title": "Serum testosterone and sexual activity and interest in men.", "content": "There is considerable interest in the relationship between testosterone and sexual behavior in men, but the few available data bearing on this issue are inconclusive. This study is an attempt to clarify the relationships among various components of sexuality and serum testosterone concentration through examination of these variables in a large homogenous group of men. Serum testosterone concentration was determined in two blood samples taken 1 week apart from 101 young adult men. Subjects reported their frequencies of various sexual activities and level of sexual interest. Testosterone concentrations in the two blood samples were highly correlated, indicating considerable intraindividual consistency. There was considerable variance among subjects in both mean testosterone and reported sexual activity. Testosterone concentration did not correlate with the sexual activity and interest variables. These results provide evidence that differences among men in circulating testosterone concentration within the normal range do not account for differences in sexual activity and interest. It is also unlikely that variations in sexual activity account for differences in testosterone concentration.", "contents": "Serum testosterone and sexual activity and interest in men. There is considerable interest in the relationship between testosterone and sexual behavior in men, but the few available data bearing on this issue are inconclusive. This study is an attempt to clarify the relationships among various components of sexuality and serum testosterone concentration through examination of these variables in a large homogenous group of men. Serum testosterone concentration was determined in two blood samples taken 1 week apart from 101 young adult men. Subjects reported their frequencies of various sexual activities and level of sexual interest. Testosterone concentrations in the two blood samples were highly correlated, indicating considerable intraindividual consistency. There was considerable variance among subjects in both mean testosterone and reported sexual activity. Testosterone concentration did not correlate with the sexual activity and interest variables. These results provide evidence that differences among men in circulating testosterone concentration within the normal range do not account for differences in sexual activity and interest. It is also unlikely that variations in sexual activity account for differences in testosterone concentration.", "PMID": 666569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11258", "title": "Plasma testosterone level and sexual behavior of couples.", "content": "Eleven couples, ages 21-31 years and married for at least 1 year, were studied intensively over a three menstrual cycle period from both an endocrine and a sexual behavioral standpoint. Each subject was interviewed individually and had a blood sample drawn twice weekly. Interviews were rated independently by two psychiatrists for degree of sexual initiation, responsivity, avoidance, couple interaction, and mood. Wives rated themselves also for degree of sexual gratification (responsivity). Plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol were determined for both husbands and wives while progesterone and estradiol levels were determined additionally for wives. Husband's initiation scores were significantly correlated with their wives responsivity (clinically rated) scores for 10 of the 11 couples; wives' initiation scores were significantly related to their husband's responsivity scores for 8 of the 11 couples. When either set of correlation coefficients was treated as a new variable and intercorrelated with the husband's average testosterone levels, a significant relationship was obtained. Intercourse frequency, while not related to either partner's average testosterone levels, was related to wives' testosterone levels at their ovulatory peaks. The wivess' self-rated gratification scores correlated significantly with their own plasma testosterone levels. Inspection of each wife's plasma testosterone profile across the three cycles indicated that a dichotomy coccurred, with some women showing a high baseline level and others showing a low baseline level. When wives were dichotomized on this basis, it was found that high baseline testosterone level was significantly related to high self-rated gratification score and to ability to form good interpersonal relationships.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone level and sexual behavior of couples. Eleven couples, ages 21-31 years and married for at least 1 year, were studied intensively over a three menstrual cycle period from both an endocrine and a sexual behavioral standpoint. Each subject was interviewed individually and had a blood sample drawn twice weekly. Interviews were rated independently by two psychiatrists for degree of sexual initiation, responsivity, avoidance, couple interaction, and mood. Wives rated themselves also for degree of sexual gratification (responsivity). Plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol were determined for both husbands and wives while progesterone and estradiol levels were determined additionally for wives. Husband's initiation scores were significantly correlated with their wives responsivity (clinically rated) scores for 10 of the 11 couples; wives' initiation scores were significantly related to their husband's responsivity scores for 8 of the 11 couples. When either set of correlation coefficients was treated as a new variable and intercorrelated with the husband's average testosterone levels, a significant relationship was obtained. Intercourse frequency, while not related to either partner's average testosterone levels, was related to wives' testosterone levels at their ovulatory peaks. The wivess' self-rated gratification scores correlated significantly with their own plasma testosterone levels. Inspection of each wife's plasma testosterone profile across the three cycles indicated that a dichotomy coccurred, with some women showing a high baseline level and others showing a low baseline level. When wives were dichotomized on this basis, it was found that high baseline testosterone level was significantly related to high self-rated gratification score and to ability to form good interpersonal relationships.", "PMID": 666570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11259", "title": "Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons.", "content": "A random sample of 175 males convicted of sexual assault against children was screened with reference to their adult sexual orientation and the sex of their victims. The sample divided fairly evenly into two groups based on whether they were sexually fixated exclusively on children or had regressed from peer relationships. Female children were victimized nearly twice as often as male children. All regressed offenders, whether their victims were male or female children, were heterosexual in their adult orientation. There were no examples of regression to child victims among peer-oriented, homosexual males. The possibility emerges that homosexuality and homosexual pedophilia may be mutually exclusive and that the adult heterosexual male constitutes a greater risk to the underage child than does the adult homosexual male.", "contents": "Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons. A random sample of 175 males convicted of sexual assault against children was screened with reference to their adult sexual orientation and the sex of their victims. The sample divided fairly evenly into two groups based on whether they were sexually fixated exclusively on children or had regressed from peer relationships. Female children were victimized nearly twice as often as male children. All regressed offenders, whether their victims were male or female children, were heterosexual in their adult orientation. There were no examples of regression to child victims among peer-oriented, homosexual males. The possibility emerges that homosexuality and homosexual pedophilia may be mutually exclusive and that the adult heterosexual male constitutes a greater risk to the underage child than does the adult homosexual male.", "PMID": 666571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11260", "title": "Subjective sexual experience in college women.", "content": "A random sample of 100 undergraduate women were interviewed about their subjective sexual experience. Sexual sensations during masturbation, oral sex, intercourse, and intercourse with concurrent clitoral massage were summarized and differentiated. Sensations labeled \"orgasm\" by a majority of the subjects were identified, and the suggestion was made that experiences other than that outlined by Masters and Johnson may be considered orgasmic by women in a more general population. Some support was found for Singer and Singer's typology of orgasm at a subjective level. Most subjects who experienced multiple orgasms found them no more satisfying than single ones. Clitoral and vaginal orgasms may be distinguished subjectively, but no clear preference for one or the other emerged from a consensus of the subjects. Orgasm rate was significantly related (p less than 0.001) to satisfaction during intercourse and oral sex, but not during masturbation. Some evidence was found supporting the role of social learning in developing sensitivity in the clitoris and vagina and possibly the breasts.", "contents": "Subjective sexual experience in college women. A random sample of 100 undergraduate women were interviewed about their subjective sexual experience. Sexual sensations during masturbation, oral sex, intercourse, and intercourse with concurrent clitoral massage were summarized and differentiated. Sensations labeled \"orgasm\" by a majority of the subjects were identified, and the suggestion was made that experiences other than that outlined by Masters and Johnson may be considered orgasmic by women in a more general population. Some support was found for Singer and Singer's typology of orgasm at a subjective level. Most subjects who experienced multiple orgasms found them no more satisfying than single ones. Clitoral and vaginal orgasms may be distinguished subjectively, but no clear preference for one or the other emerged from a consensus of the subjects. Orgasm rate was significantly related (p less than 0.001) to satisfaction during intercourse and oral sex, but not during masturbation. Some evidence was found supporting the role of social learning in developing sensitivity in the clitoris and vagina and possibly the breasts.", "PMID": 666572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11261", "title": "Age and sexual culture among homosexually oriented males.", "content": "It is here argued that the thesis has been overgeneralized that the culture of homosexually oriented males is heavily youth oriented. It is suggested that any \"youth orientedness\" is due to their largely single \"marital status\" rather than to sexual orientation. Utilizing data from 243 males from the Detroit area, several qualifications to the thesis of youth orientedness are indicated. It was found that a majority of males aged 18-24 prefer a male partner who is older, a majority of those aged 25-34 years prefer a same-age person, and 50% of theose over 35 prefer a younger partner. These relationships were found to be especially strong among those segments of the sample who attend gay bars infrequently or who are of lower occupational levels. Also, higher occupational status was found to be associated with preference for the younger, independent of age. It is suggested that, because of the heterogeneity of the male homosexual community, the degree of emphasis of youth will be found to vary with social setting.", "contents": "Age and sexual culture among homosexually oriented males. It is here argued that the thesis has been overgeneralized that the culture of homosexually oriented males is heavily youth oriented. It is suggested that any \"youth orientedness\" is due to their largely single \"marital status\" rather than to sexual orientation. Utilizing data from 243 males from the Detroit area, several qualifications to the thesis of youth orientedness are indicated. It was found that a majority of males aged 18-24 prefer a male partner who is older, a majority of those aged 25-34 years prefer a same-age person, and 50% of theose over 35 prefer a younger partner. These relationships were found to be especially strong among those segments of the sample who attend gay bars infrequently or who are of lower occupational levels. Also, higher occupational status was found to be associated with preference for the younger, independent of age. It is suggested that, because of the heterogeneity of the male homosexual community, the degree of emphasis of youth will be found to vary with social setting.", "PMID": 666573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11262", "title": "An involvement and overtness measure for lesbians: its development and relation to anxiety and social zeitgeist.", "content": "The relationships among anxiety, degree of overtness in homosexuality, involvement in homosexuality, and occupational status were investigated to test prevalent hypotheses relating homosexuality and neuroticism. Sixty-three acknowledged lesbians completed the Manifest Anxiety and Defensiveness Scale (MAD), the Lesbian Degree of Involvement and Overtness Scales (DIOS), and a biographical data sheet. Reliability and validity indices for the DIOS are presented. Some findings were that anxiety was not related to degree of involvement in homosexuality, that anxiety was related to degree of overtness in low- but not in high-status lesbians, and that the social Zeitgeist at the time of first lesbian activity was related to degree of overtness but not to degree of involvement in homosexuality. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between social desirability and a hostile society. Additionally, comparisons of anxiety levels in homosexual and heterosexual women are presented and discussed. The results are interpreted as lending support to the emerging view of the homosexual as nonneurotic.", "contents": "An involvement and overtness measure for lesbians: its development and relation to anxiety and social zeitgeist. The relationships among anxiety, degree of overtness in homosexuality, involvement in homosexuality, and occupational status were investigated to test prevalent hypotheses relating homosexuality and neuroticism. Sixty-three acknowledged lesbians completed the Manifest Anxiety and Defensiveness Scale (MAD), the Lesbian Degree of Involvement and Overtness Scales (DIOS), and a biographical data sheet. Reliability and validity indices for the DIOS are presented. Some findings were that anxiety was not related to degree of involvement in homosexuality, that anxiety was related to degree of overtness in low- but not in high-status lesbians, and that the social Zeitgeist at the time of first lesbian activity was related to degree of overtness but not to degree of involvement in homosexuality. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between social desirability and a hostile society. Additionally, comparisons of anxiety levels in homosexual and heterosexual women are presented and discussed. The results are interpreted as lending support to the emerging view of the homosexual as nonneurotic.", "PMID": 666574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11263", "title": "Sexual interviewing, evaluation, and therapy: psychoanalytic emphasis on the use of sexual fantasy.", "content": "Sexual fantasy in initial interviews and during psychotherapy and psychoanalysis is explored for its contribution to understanding psychopathology, both sexual and nonsexual. The focus is on distinguishing between the sexual and the seemingly sexual. \"Sexual\" behavior and fantasy are regarded as having sexual pleasure and orgasm as the predominant goal. Seemingly sexual behavior and fantasy have a predominant goal that is not sexual, even though a sexual mode is used. Predominant goals in the seemingly sexual are emphasized such as coping with intense aggression and problems of self-esteem, self-definition, self-cohesion, and the maintenance of object relations. Sexual fantasy and behavior can be especially useful for repairing negative self- and object images and the associated intensely negative affects. This does not imply that all more primitive patients are incapable of experiencing intense sexual pleasure and orgasm. On the contrary, borderline patients, with extensive use of splitting mechanisms at the level of dyadic object relating, may have intact sexual functioning.", "contents": "Sexual interviewing, evaluation, and therapy: psychoanalytic emphasis on the use of sexual fantasy. Sexual fantasy in initial interviews and during psychotherapy and psychoanalysis is explored for its contribution to understanding psychopathology, both sexual and nonsexual. The focus is on distinguishing between the sexual and the seemingly sexual. \"Sexual\" behavior and fantasy are regarded as having sexual pleasure and orgasm as the predominant goal. Seemingly sexual behavior and fantasy have a predominant goal that is not sexual, even though a sexual mode is used. Predominant goals in the seemingly sexual are emphasized such as coping with intense aggression and problems of self-esteem, self-definition, self-cohesion, and the maintenance of object relations. Sexual fantasy and behavior can be especially useful for repairing negative self- and object images and the associated intensely negative affects. This does not imply that all more primitive patients are incapable of experiencing intense sexual pleasure and orgasm. On the contrary, borderline patients, with extensive use of splitting mechanisms at the level of dyadic object relating, may have intact sexual functioning.", "PMID": 666575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11264", "title": "[Tracer studies in rats with 15N labeled wheat for the determination of endogenous and exogenous fecal nitrogen].", "content": "In an experiment with growing Wistar rats of 100 g live weight the N-values and the 15N-frequency of the nitrogen in feces, urine and the experimental carcasses were determined after feeding 15N-labelled wheat. Proceeding from CZARNETZKI's multicompartment model (1969) for N-metabolism in monogastric animals, the measured data were used to calculate the endogenous and exogenous fecal N-proportion of total nitrogen. In agreement with earlier studies the intestinal nitrogen loss was found to rise as the protein intake increased. In this experiment, the intestinal nitrogen loss went up from 8.2 mg N/animal and day (N-free diet) to 33.9 mg N/animal and day at a daily nitrogen intake of 240 mg/animal and day. The true digestibility of the wheat protein (determined by taking into account the rise of fecal N loss) was 97.2% this value being 8.4 units higher than the true digestibility calculated by the conventional regressive method of fecal analysis with a constant value being taken for fecal N loss. In connection with earlier findings, this experiment allows to draw the conclusion that the true digestibility determined conventionally by regression analysis does not reflect the actual digestibility of the protein.", "contents": "[Tracer studies in rats with 15N labeled wheat for the determination of endogenous and exogenous fecal nitrogen]. In an experiment with growing Wistar rats of 100 g live weight the N-values and the 15N-frequency of the nitrogen in feces, urine and the experimental carcasses were determined after feeding 15N-labelled wheat. Proceeding from CZARNETZKI's multicompartment model (1969) for N-metabolism in monogastric animals, the measured data were used to calculate the endogenous and exogenous fecal N-proportion of total nitrogen. In agreement with earlier studies the intestinal nitrogen loss was found to rise as the protein intake increased. In this experiment, the intestinal nitrogen loss went up from 8.2 mg N/animal and day (N-free diet) to 33.9 mg N/animal and day at a daily nitrogen intake of 240 mg/animal and day. The true digestibility of the wheat protein (determined by taking into account the rise of fecal N loss) was 97.2% this value being 8.4 units higher than the true digestibility calculated by the conventional regressive method of fecal analysis with a constant value being taken for fecal N loss. In connection with earlier findings, this experiment allows to draw the conclusion that the true digestibility determined conventionally by regression analysis does not reflect the actual digestibility of the protein.", "PMID": 666576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11265", "title": "[The performance-related lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 2. Relationship between energy consumption and live weight gain].", "content": "With growing pigs (barrows) in the 40 to 120 kg live weight range, a narrow linear relationship of y = 21.06 + 0.7935x(R = 0.9599 sb = 0.0315) was established between daily live weight gain (y in g/kg 0.75) and daily energy consumption (x in feed equivalents (swine)/kg 0.75). The interpolation of the liveweight equilibrium produced a maintenance requirement of 26.5 EF(s) or 93 kcal NEF(s) per kg 0.75. 126 EF(s) or 441 kcal NEF(s) were needed for every 100 g extra live weight gain. The relationships found between energy consumption and gain agree very well with the NEF(s) requirement norm of growing pigs as derived by SCHIEMANN.", "contents": "[The performance-related lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 2. Relationship between energy consumption and live weight gain]. With growing pigs (barrows) in the 40 to 120 kg live weight range, a narrow linear relationship of y = 21.06 + 0.7935x(R = 0.9599 sb = 0.0315) was established between daily live weight gain (y in g/kg 0.75) and daily energy consumption (x in feed equivalents (swine)/kg 0.75). The interpolation of the liveweight equilibrium produced a maintenance requirement of 26.5 EF(s) or 93 kcal NEF(s) per kg 0.75. 126 EF(s) or 441 kcal NEF(s) were needed for every 100 g extra live weight gain. The relationships found between energy consumption and gain agree very well with the NEF(s) requirement norm of growing pigs as derived by SCHIEMANN.", "PMID": 666577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11266", "title": "[Sources of the afferent pathways of the motor cortex in cats revealed by using the peroxidase method].", "content": "By means of the method based on the retrograde axonal transport of exogenic horse-radish peroxidase, there have been stated the sources of afferent pathways of the motor cortex and the structure of neurons sending their axons to the given region. The marked neurons have been found in ipsilateral (SI, SII, Pr, Limb.) and contralateral cortex (MI, Limb.), as well as in the diencephalon (LP, VPL, Hp), the mesencephalon (NR, SN, TM) and the pons (TP). The complex investigation (the peroxidase method and electron microscopy) allowed to get an idea on morphological substrate of disynaptic pathways.", "contents": "[Sources of the afferent pathways of the motor cortex in cats revealed by using the peroxidase method]. By means of the method based on the retrograde axonal transport of exogenic horse-radish peroxidase, there have been stated the sources of afferent pathways of the motor cortex and the structure of neurons sending their axons to the given region. The marked neurons have been found in ipsilateral (SI, SII, Pr, Limb.) and contralateral cortex (MI, Limb.), as well as in the diencephalon (LP, VPL, Hp), the mesencephalon (NR, SN, TM) and the pons (TP). The complex investigation (the peroxidase method and electron microscopy) allowed to get an idea on morphological substrate of disynaptic pathways.", "PMID": 666578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11267", "title": "[Choline acetyltransferase in the nerve plexuses of the basilar artery of the cat brain].", "content": "Localization of choline-acetyltranspherase (CHAT 2. 3. 1. 6) and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE 3. 1. 1. 7) in the neuronal plexus of the main artery in the cat brain has been studied. It has been stated that CHAT is mainly revealed in preterminal and terminal fibres of the plexus, while AXE--along the whole length of the fibre. ACHE activity is higher than that of Chat.", "contents": "[Choline acetyltransferase in the nerve plexuses of the basilar artery of the cat brain]. Localization of choline-acetyltranspherase (CHAT 2. 3. 1. 6) and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE 3. 1. 1. 7) in the neuronal plexus of the main artery in the cat brain has been studied. It has been stated that CHAT is mainly revealed in preterminal and terminal fibres of the plexus, while AXE--along the whole length of the fibre. ACHE activity is higher than that of Chat.", "PMID": 666580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11268", "title": "[Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the hypothalamus and subthalamus].", "content": "In 16 adult cats with electrolytically destructed external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and in 8 cats with destructed putamen direct strio-pallido-hypothalamic and strio-pallido-subthalamic pathways have been studied. Degeneration of the axonal preterminals and terminals have been examined in preparations treated after Nauta--Gygax, Nauta--Laidlow, Finck--Heimer with simultaneous additional staining of the nuclei with cresyl violet after Kawamura--Niimi. Direct pallido- and putamen-hypothalamic pathways to nuclei of the grey tubercle, posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus were stated. Direct pathways from the putamen to the subthalamic nucleus have been revealed, however, these pathways are represented in less degree than those of pallido-subthalamic connections. Direct pathways from the external portion of the globus pallidus and putamen to the subthalamic nucleus are more pronounced and represented by greater numbers of projections than those of strio-pallido-hypothalamic origin.", "contents": "[Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the hypothalamus and subthalamus]. In 16 adult cats with electrolytically destructed external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and in 8 cats with destructed putamen direct strio-pallido-hypothalamic and strio-pallido-subthalamic pathways have been studied. Degeneration of the axonal preterminals and terminals have been examined in preparations treated after Nauta--Gygax, Nauta--Laidlow, Finck--Heimer with simultaneous additional staining of the nuclei with cresyl violet after Kawamura--Niimi. Direct pallido- and putamen-hypothalamic pathways to nuclei of the grey tubercle, posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus were stated. Direct pathways from the putamen to the subthalamic nucleus have been revealed, however, these pathways are represented in less degree than those of pallido-subthalamic connections. Direct pathways from the external portion of the globus pallidus and putamen to the subthalamic nucleus are more pronounced and represented by greater numbers of projections than those of strio-pallido-hypothalamic origin.", "PMID": 666581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11269", "title": "[Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the cerebral cortex].", "content": "The results are represented on investigation of the projections of the globus pallidus and putamen on the brain cortical fields. In 17 cats a unilateral electrolytic destruction of the exterior and interior globus pallidus, and in 8 cats--unilateral electrolysis of the putamen were performed. The brains were treated after Nauta--Gygax, Fink--Heimer, Kawamura--Niimi. Direct connections between the external globus pallidus with prepiriformic, orbital (field 43), temporal (fields 20, 22), frontal (field 6), precentral (field 4), postcentral (field 2) cortical areas were revealed, and projections of the putamen on the frontal (field 6), precentral (field 4), postcentral (field 2), orbital (field 43) cortical areas were demonstrated. Less fibres connect the putamen with temporal and parietal areas. No convincing evidence was obtained to demonstrate direct connections of the entopedunctular nucleus with the brain cortex.", "contents": "[Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the cerebral cortex]. The results are represented on investigation of the projections of the globus pallidus and putamen on the brain cortical fields. In 17 cats a unilateral electrolytic destruction of the exterior and interior globus pallidus, and in 8 cats--unilateral electrolysis of the putamen were performed. The brains were treated after Nauta--Gygax, Fink--Heimer, Kawamura--Niimi. Direct connections between the external globus pallidus with prepiriformic, orbital (field 43), temporal (fields 20, 22), frontal (field 6), precentral (field 4), postcentral (field 2) cortical areas were revealed, and projections of the putamen on the frontal (field 6), precentral (field 4), postcentral (field 2), orbital (field 43) cortical areas were demonstrated. Less fibres connect the putamen with temporal and parietal areas. No convincing evidence was obtained to demonstrate direct connections of the entopedunctular nucleus with the brain cortex.", "PMID": 666582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11270", "title": "[Ultrastructural basis of trophic interactions in the central nervous system].", "content": "Cytological aspects of metabolic processes between capillaries and nerve cells, as well as between different elements of neurons were studied electron microscopically. The sensomotor cortex, hippocampus, anterior tubercles of corpora quadrigemina, geniculate body were studied in rats, adult cats and 4-day-old kittens. Metabolic ultrastructure was demonstrated by means of vesicles formed by micropinocytosis, in the endothelial wall of the capillary, in the synaptic plaques, in the growth cones. Coincidence of pinocytic processes with active synaptic zones, especially in the developing nervous system, was revealed. The phenomena of intraneuronal metabolism by means of cytoplasmic fragments (clasmatosis) in the area of synapses were described. Endogenic (formed in the zone of the lamellar apparatus) and exogenic (pinocytic) trophic vesicles were compared. In young animals the exchange of the trophic vesicles was demonstrated to precede the synaptic transmission, while in adult animals it seemed to supplement a short-lasting synaptic interconnection.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural basis of trophic interactions in the central nervous system]. Cytological aspects of metabolic processes between capillaries and nerve cells, as well as between different elements of neurons were studied electron microscopically. The sensomotor cortex, hippocampus, anterior tubercles of corpora quadrigemina, geniculate body were studied in rats, adult cats and 4-day-old kittens. Metabolic ultrastructure was demonstrated by means of vesicles formed by micropinocytosis, in the endothelial wall of the capillary, in the synaptic plaques, in the growth cones. Coincidence of pinocytic processes with active synaptic zones, especially in the developing nervous system, was revealed. The phenomena of intraneuronal metabolism by means of cytoplasmic fragments (clasmatosis) in the area of synapses were described. Endogenic (formed in the zone of the lamellar apparatus) and exogenic (pinocytic) trophic vesicles were compared. In young animals the exchange of the trophic vesicles was demonstrated to precede the synaptic transmission, while in adult animals it seemed to supplement a short-lasting synaptic interconnection.", "PMID": 666583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11271", "title": "[Morphometric features of changes in the neurons of the jejunum in the aging body].", "content": "It is common observation that in aged people, the number of processes in long-axonal and equal-axonal neurons decreases. Quantitative ratio of these neurons changes, as well. While at mature age long-axonal/equal-axonal ratio is 3 : 1, at old age it makes 1 : 2. In dogs, unlike in human beings, the old age influences neither the number of processes, nor the quantitative ratio of the neurons mentioned.", "contents": "[Morphometric features of changes in the neurons of the jejunum in the aging body]. It is common observation that in aged people, the number of processes in long-axonal and equal-axonal neurons decreases. Quantitative ratio of these neurons changes, as well. While at mature age long-axonal/equal-axonal ratio is 3 : 1, at old age it makes 1 : 2. In dogs, unlike in human beings, the old age influences neither the number of processes, nor the quantitative ratio of the neurons mentioned.", "PMID": 666584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11272", "title": "[Sensory endings in the intramural ganglia of the stomach. Light optical and electron microscopic study].", "content": "Puppies and young dogs at the age of 3 days up to 2 months were used in the investigation. In total stomach preparations neuronal structures were stained with methylene blue after A. S. Dogel. Routine electron microscopic studies were carried out. Within the structure of intramuscular vegetative plexus of the stomach a sensory plexus was demonstrated, its terminals forming receptive bushy structures in all the tissues. Especially numerous the sensory endings were in neuronal cords and ganglia. The sensory endings innervated all the elements in ganglia. Ultrastructure of receptor terminals situated in the intramural ganglia of the stomach corresponded to that of terminals in tissue mechanoreceptors described for skin, auriculum, carotid sinus and trachea. Peculiar multilayer lamillar structures formed by cytoplasmic axonal processes of lemmocytes around lance-shaped, arranged in rosary fashion receptor varicosities were described. Contact of receptor terminals with the neuronal cell body was demonstrated. Functional nature of the tissue receptors described was discussed.", "contents": "[Sensory endings in the intramural ganglia of the stomach. Light optical and electron microscopic study]. Puppies and young dogs at the age of 3 days up to 2 months were used in the investigation. In total stomach preparations neuronal structures were stained with methylene blue after A. S. Dogel. Routine electron microscopic studies were carried out. Within the structure of intramuscular vegetative plexus of the stomach a sensory plexus was demonstrated, its terminals forming receptive bushy structures in all the tissues. Especially numerous the sensory endings were in neuronal cords and ganglia. The sensory endings innervated all the elements in ganglia. Ultrastructure of receptor terminals situated in the intramural ganglia of the stomach corresponded to that of terminals in tissue mechanoreceptors described for skin, auriculum, carotid sinus and trachea. Peculiar multilayer lamillar structures formed by cytoplasmic axonal processes of lemmocytes around lance-shaped, arranged in rosary fashion receptor varicosities were described. Contact of receptor terminals with the neuronal cell body was demonstrated. Functional nature of the tissue receptors described was discussed.", "PMID": 666585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11273", "title": "[Comparative morphologic features of receptors of central and local origin in the steppe turtle].", "content": "Quantitative comparison of morphological features in the receptors of central and local origin has been performed with methylene blue in the small intestine of the tortoise (Testudo horsfieldi). Comparison is made between bushy receptors of central and local origin (formed by the dendrites of cells II, Dogel's type). Despite their common plan of composition, there exist certain differences between these two types of receptors: in the receptors of local origin, unlike the receptors of central origin, terminal plaques, the diameter of the abducent fibre and the size of division areas are large; polymorphism of the terminal plaques is more pronounced. Such indices as length of terminal branches and dimensions of angles between diverging branches are larger in the receptors of central origin.", "contents": "[Comparative morphologic features of receptors of central and local origin in the steppe turtle]. Quantitative comparison of morphological features in the receptors of central and local origin has been performed with methylene blue in the small intestine of the tortoise (Testudo horsfieldi). Comparison is made between bushy receptors of central and local origin (formed by the dendrites of cells II, Dogel's type). Despite their common plan of composition, there exist certain differences between these two types of receptors: in the receptors of local origin, unlike the receptors of central origin, terminal plaques, the diameter of the abducent fibre and the size of division areas are large; polymorphism of the terminal plaques is more pronounced. Such indices as length of terminal branches and dimensions of angles between diverging branches are larger in the receptors of central origin.", "PMID": 666586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11274", "title": "[Structure of the neuropile of the abdominal brain of polychaetes].", "content": "By means of vital staining of neuronal elements with methylene blue, new data were obtained on the structure of neuropil in the abdominal brain of Polychaete (Nereis diversicolar). Neuronal composition and interrelationship between sensory, motor and associative areas are clarified. Dorsoventral differentiation of the neuropil is analyzed; common level of intraneural relations of Polychaetes in the line of Annelida is determined.", "contents": "[Structure of the neuropile of the abdominal brain of polychaetes]. By means of vital staining of neuronal elements with methylene blue, new data were obtained on the structure of neuropil in the abdominal brain of Polychaete (Nereis diversicolar). Neuronal composition and interrelationship between sensory, motor and associative areas are clarified. Dorsoventral differentiation of the neuropil is analyzed; common level of intraneural relations of Polychaetes in the line of Annelida is determined.", "PMID": 666587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11275", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the cholin- and adrenergic innervation of the arteries of the cerebral dura in several mammals and man].", "content": "Cholinergic and adrenergic neuronal apparatus of the nasal (anterior), medial and caudal (posterior) meningeal arteries was studied in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs, cows and in man by means of histochemical methods of Koelle and Falck. Dural arteries in the above mentioned animals and man were stated to be surrounded with a paravasal and two adventitial plexus--superficial and profound. The greatest concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic conductors was observed on the medial meningeal arteries. The least density of the conductors had the nasal arteries. The mammal and human caudal arteries occupy intermediate position by their number of cholinergic and adrenergic conductors per area unit. A definite increase in concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves was observed in the successive line of the animals: rat--guinea pig--rabbit--cat--dog--pig--cow. The greatest density of cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibres was observed in human meningeal arteries.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the cholin- and adrenergic innervation of the arteries of the cerebral dura in several mammals and man]. Cholinergic and adrenergic neuronal apparatus of the nasal (anterior), medial and caudal (posterior) meningeal arteries was studied in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs, cows and in man by means of histochemical methods of Koelle and Falck. Dural arteries in the above mentioned animals and man were stated to be surrounded with a paravasal and two adventitial plexus--superficial and profound. The greatest concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic conductors was observed on the medial meningeal arteries. The least density of the conductors had the nasal arteries. The mammal and human caudal arteries occupy intermediate position by their number of cholinergic and adrenergic conductors per area unit. A definite increase in concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves was observed in the successive line of the animals: rat--guinea pig--rabbit--cat--dog--pig--cow. The greatest density of cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibres was observed in human meningeal arteries.", "PMID": 666588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11276", "title": "[Various patterns in the development of the periganglionic vascular bed of respiratory tube ganglia during human embryogenesis].", "content": "The investigation has been performed in 118 serial sections of human embryos. The development of vascular bed in ganglia of the respiratory tube at early embryogenesis has been studied. The main attention has been paid to the formation of periganglial vascular bed. Loop-like and arc-shaped connections between the developing vessels and galglia and rearrangement of periganglial vascular bed during embryogenesis are described. Three stages in the development of blood supply to the ganglia of the respiratory tube are noted: I stage--avascular (embryos are 17-30 mm long); II stage--formation of periganglial vascular bed (embryos are 33-50 mm long); III stage--formation of intraganglial vascular bed (embryos are 55 mm long and more). Within I and II stages, reorganization phases in the vascular bed are described. A suggestion is made that the vascular factor of the development and differentiation of ganglial elements starts acting since the formation of periganglial vascular bed; before this, the mesenchima surrounding the neuronal plexus performs their trophic.", "contents": "[Various patterns in the development of the periganglionic vascular bed of respiratory tube ganglia during human embryogenesis]. The investigation has been performed in 118 serial sections of human embryos. The development of vascular bed in ganglia of the respiratory tube at early embryogenesis has been studied. The main attention has been paid to the formation of periganglial vascular bed. Loop-like and arc-shaped connections between the developing vessels and galglia and rearrangement of periganglial vascular bed during embryogenesis are described. Three stages in the development of blood supply to the ganglia of the respiratory tube are noted: I stage--avascular (embryos are 17-30 mm long); II stage--formation of periganglial vascular bed (embryos are 33-50 mm long); III stage--formation of intraganglial vascular bed (embryos are 55 mm long and more). Within I and II stages, reorganization phases in the vascular bed are described. A suggestion is made that the vascular factor of the development and differentiation of ganglial elements starts acting since the formation of periganglial vascular bed; before this, the mesenchima surrounding the neuronal plexus performs their trophic.", "PMID": 666589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11277", "title": "[Structural features of varicose dilatations of vasomotor nerves (according to data from a three dimensional reconstruction)].", "content": "Ultrastructure of varicous dilatation of the axons composing small neuronal fasciculi in the sympathetic plexus of the rabbit coronary artery has been studied. According to the data of three dimensional reconstruction, space structure of three neuronal fasciculi has been restorted. Axons of every fasciculus form varicous dilatation at the same area along their course. A lemmocytic process, accompanying the axon as a thin cylinder at the intervaricous part flattens, in the area of varicous dilatations. and embraces all the axons, thus forming a peculiar functional unit of the neuronal fasciculus. From the data obtained and those of literature, it is possible to suggest that not only single axons situating in the nearest approximation to smooth muscle cells, but also single neuronal fasciculi having in their composition axons with varicous dilatation might effectively influence the smooth musculature of the vascular wall.", "contents": "[Structural features of varicose dilatations of vasomotor nerves (according to data from a three dimensional reconstruction)]. Ultrastructure of varicous dilatation of the axons composing small neuronal fasciculi in the sympathetic plexus of the rabbit coronary artery has been studied. According to the data of three dimensional reconstruction, space structure of three neuronal fasciculi has been restorted. Axons of every fasciculus form varicous dilatation at the same area along their course. A lemmocytic process, accompanying the axon as a thin cylinder at the intervaricous part flattens, in the area of varicous dilatations. and embraces all the axons, thus forming a peculiar functional unit of the neuronal fasciculus. From the data obtained and those of literature, it is possible to suggest that not only single axons situating in the nearest approximation to smooth muscle cells, but also single neuronal fasciculi having in their composition axons with varicous dilatation might effectively influence the smooth musculature of the vascular wall.", "PMID": 666590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11278", "title": "The bilingual brain.", "content": "The localization of two languages in the lateral cortex of the dominant cerebral hemisphere was determined by the technique of mapping sites where electrical stimulation altered naming in two biligual patients. Sites in the center of the language area of each patient were involved in both languages. Peripheral to this, in both frontal and parietal cortex, were sites involved in only one of the languages. In each patient, each language in part used different areas of brain.", "contents": "The bilingual brain. The localization of two languages in the lateral cortex of the dominant cerebral hemisphere was determined by the technique of mapping sites where electrical stimulation altered naming in two biligual patients. Sites in the center of the language area of each patient were involved in both languages. Peripheral to this, in both frontal and parietal cortex, were sites involved in only one of the languages. In each patient, each language in part used different areas of brain.", "PMID": 666591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11279", "title": "Transient emboligenic aortoarteritis. Noteworthy new entity in young stroke patients.", "content": "The clinical and postmorten anatomical data in a group of ten patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease in the 15- to 40-year group were studied. The occlusion of the peripheral supply artery in the brain in all cases was found to be due to thromboemboli generated from focal thrombotic lesions situated proximally in the aorta and elastic arterial trunks arising from it. These central thrombotic lesions were caused by a transient form of focal aortoarteritis that primarily affects medial elastic tissue underlying the thrombi. This is a new disease entity, distinct from Takayasu's and other forms of segmental aortitis. The pathogenesis of occlusive cerebrovascular disease in the young remains obscure in a majority of cases. In this context, the definition of this new entity is an important contribution to the understanding of nonatherogenic occlusive cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Transient emboligenic aortoarteritis. Noteworthy new entity in young stroke patients. The clinical and postmorten anatomical data in a group of ten patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease in the 15- to 40-year group were studied. The occlusion of the peripheral supply artery in the brain in all cases was found to be due to thromboemboli generated from focal thrombotic lesions situated proximally in the aorta and elastic arterial trunks arising from it. These central thrombotic lesions were caused by a transient form of focal aortoarteritis that primarily affects medial elastic tissue underlying the thrombi. This is a new disease entity, distinct from Takayasu's and other forms of segmental aortitis. The pathogenesis of occlusive cerebrovascular disease in the young remains obscure in a majority of cases. In this context, the definition of this new entity is an important contribution to the understanding of nonatherogenic occlusive cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 666592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11280", "title": "Active multiple sclerosis. Enhanced computerized tomographic imaging of lesions and the effect of corticosteroids.", "content": "Computerized axial transmission tomography (CT) of the brain is useful for imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Active demyelination may be demonstrated with CT contrast enhancement (CTE) as regions of increased x-ray density. We report a series of patients with active MS who typify these changes. Corticosteroid therapy reduces the intensity of this phenomenon presumably by reestablishing the integrity of the blood-brain barrier; if corticosteroid therapy is instituted prior to the CT contrast study, the focal enhancement may be obscured. A transient vascular permeability defect is the basis for CTE during the acute exacerbation in MS. The possibility of MS must be kept in mind when one or more foci of increased density occur in the absence of mass effect during CTE. Appreciation of these features may prevent misdiagnosis.", "contents": "Active multiple sclerosis. Enhanced computerized tomographic imaging of lesions and the effect of corticosteroids. Computerized axial transmission tomography (CT) of the brain is useful for imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Active demyelination may be demonstrated with CT contrast enhancement (CTE) as regions of increased x-ray density. We report a series of patients with active MS who typify these changes. Corticosteroid therapy reduces the intensity of this phenomenon presumably by reestablishing the integrity of the blood-brain barrier; if corticosteroid therapy is instituted prior to the CT contrast study, the focal enhancement may be obscured. A transient vascular permeability defect is the basis for CTE during the acute exacerbation in MS. The possibility of MS must be kept in mind when one or more foci of increased density occur in the absence of mass effect during CTE. Appreciation of these features may prevent misdiagnosis.", "PMID": 666593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11281", "title": "Acute multiple sclerosis with contrast-enhancing plaques.", "content": "In a case of clinically fulminant multiple sclerosis (MS), contrast-enhancing lesions were visible by computerized axial tomography (CT). The patient died less than three weeks after the study, making neuropathologic correlation possible. It appears that areas of contrast enhancement correlate in acute MS with early demyelinative lesions, and enhancement is related to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. That such a disturbance is important in the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS has been suggested by other data as well. The characteristic CT findings of MS must therefore include enhancing lesions that reflect disease activity and that may be the only CT abnormality.", "contents": "Acute multiple sclerosis with contrast-enhancing plaques. In a case of clinically fulminant multiple sclerosis (MS), contrast-enhancing lesions were visible by computerized axial tomography (CT). The patient died less than three weeks after the study, making neuropathologic correlation possible. It appears that areas of contrast enhancement correlate in acute MS with early demyelinative lesions, and enhancement is related to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. That such a disturbance is important in the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS has been suggested by other data as well. The characteristic CT findings of MS must therefore include enhancing lesions that reflect disease activity and that may be the only CT abnormality.", "PMID": 666594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11282", "title": "Antibody response to arboviruses. Absence of increased response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Complement fixation and hemagglutination imhibition tests were conducted on the serums of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis using a variety of arboviral antigens. Seventy-eight complement fixation and 15 hemagglutination-inhibition viral antigens were used representing togaviruses, orbiviruses, rhadoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and several ungrouped agents. The serological results did not indicate any relationship between these viruses and either amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Antibody response to arboviruses. Absence of increased response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Complement fixation and hemagglutination imhibition tests were conducted on the serums of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis using a variety of arboviral antigens. Seventy-eight complement fixation and 15 hemagglutination-inhibition viral antigens were used representing togaviruses, orbiviruses, rhadoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and several ungrouped agents. The serological results did not indicate any relationship between these viruses and either amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 666595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11283", "title": "Paradoxial response to dopaminergic agents in parkinsonism.", "content": "A patient with the classical stigmata of parkinsonism was treated on three separate occasions with levodopa, a combination of levodopa and carbidopa, and lergotrile mesylate, a direct-acting dopamine-receptor agonist. All three treatment regimens resulted in dose-related increases in parkinsonian features. To our knowledge, this response has not been previously described. Lergotrile did not alter CSF homovanillic acid concentration. It is suggested that this rare paradoxical motor response to dopaminergic agents may be associated with dysfunction of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor site.", "contents": "Paradoxial response to dopaminergic agents in parkinsonism. A patient with the classical stigmata of parkinsonism was treated on three separate occasions with levodopa, a combination of levodopa and carbidopa, and lergotrile mesylate, a direct-acting dopamine-receptor agonist. All three treatment regimens resulted in dose-related increases in parkinsonian features. To our knowledge, this response has not been previously described. Lergotrile did not alter CSF homovanillic acid concentration. It is suggested that this rare paradoxical motor response to dopaminergic agents may be associated with dysfunction of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor site.", "PMID": 666596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11284", "title": "Forced downward ocular deviation. Occurrence during oculovestibular testing in sedative drug-induced coma.", "content": "A total of 32 consecutively encountered patients, comatose from sedative-hypnotic drug overdose, were studied by caloric (oculovestibular) testing with ice water. A variety of induced lateral eye movements was observed. The most striking finding was that the induced lateral eye movements were followed (in 24 of 32 cases) by delayed forced downward deviation of one or both eyes. The phenomenon of forced downward ocular deviation during oculovestibular testing of comatose patients should suggest the diagnosis of sedative-hypnotic drug overdose.", "contents": "Forced downward ocular deviation. Occurrence during oculovestibular testing in sedative drug-induced coma. A total of 32 consecutively encountered patients, comatose from sedative-hypnotic drug overdose, were studied by caloric (oculovestibular) testing with ice water. A variety of induced lateral eye movements was observed. The most striking finding was that the induced lateral eye movements were followed (in 24 of 32 cases) by delayed forced downward deviation of one or both eyes. The phenomenon of forced downward ocular deviation during oculovestibular testing of comatose patients should suggest the diagnosis of sedative-hypnotic drug overdose.", "PMID": 666597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11285", "title": "Midification of tardive dyskinesia and spasmodic torticollis by apomorphine. Possible role of dopamine autoreceptors.", "content": "A group of 16 patients afflicted with involuntary movement disorders received subcutaneous injections of the direct dopamine agonist, apomorphine hydrochloride. Paradoxically, these injections were generally followed by a reduction of dyskinesia; this was most noticeable in patients with tardive dyskinesia and was only mild in some patients with spasmodic torticollis. Preferential stimulation by apomorphine of inhibitory dopamine presynaptic receptors (so-called dopamine autoreceptors) is proposed as the most likely explanation for the observed antidyskinetic effect of this drug. The results of this study also suggest that direct dopamine agonists may be used clinically to attenuate CNS dopaminergic transmission, especially when use of antidopminergic drugs such as the nuroleptics is contraindicated, as in the case of tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Midification of tardive dyskinesia and spasmodic torticollis by apomorphine. Possible role of dopamine autoreceptors. A group of 16 patients afflicted with involuntary movement disorders received subcutaneous injections of the direct dopamine agonist, apomorphine hydrochloride. Paradoxically, these injections were generally followed by a reduction of dyskinesia; this was most noticeable in patients with tardive dyskinesia and was only mild in some patients with spasmodic torticollis. Preferential stimulation by apomorphine of inhibitory dopamine presynaptic receptors (so-called dopamine autoreceptors) is proposed as the most likely explanation for the observed antidyskinetic effect of this drug. The results of this study also suggest that direct dopamine agonists may be used clinically to attenuate CNS dopaminergic transmission, especially when use of antidopminergic drugs such as the nuroleptics is contraindicated, as in the case of tardive dyskinesia.", "PMID": 666598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11286", "title": "Subcortical leukomalacia. Relationship to development of the cerebral sulcus and its vascular supply.", "content": "The development of the microvascular architecture of the cerebral cortex and white matter was studied in the preterm, term, and older infant, using postmortem cerebral angiography and metal impregnation studies. During the first few months after birth, a relatively avascular triangle forms in the white matter at the depth of the sulcus. Subcortical leukomalacia occurs in this triangle as well as in border zones between the major cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Subcortical leukomalacia. Relationship to development of the cerebral sulcus and its vascular supply. The development of the microvascular architecture of the cerebral cortex and white matter was studied in the preterm, term, and older infant, using postmortem cerebral angiography and metal impregnation studies. During the first few months after birth, a relatively avascular triangle forms in the white matter at the depth of the sulcus. Subcortical leukomalacia occurs in this triangle as well as in border zones between the major cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 666599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11287", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage complicating acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with seizures and signs of meningeal irritation was found to have a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Investigations, including a renal biopsy, were diagnostic of an underlying acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The patient recovered and is asymptomatic three years later. This case shows that spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage can occur in children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and should be suspected when meningeal manifestations are prominent.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage complicating acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A 6-year-old boy with seizures and signs of meningeal irritation was found to have a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Investigations, including a renal biopsy, were diagnostic of an underlying acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The patient recovered and is asymptomatic three years later. This case shows that spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage can occur in children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and should be suspected when meningeal manifestations are prominent.", "PMID": 666600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11288", "title": "Hemifacial spasm. A vascular cause.", "content": "A review of the literature as well as recent surgical observations indicate that hemifacial spasm may be caused by normal or pathological vascular structures that cross-compress the facial nerve. The critical area of compression is invariably found at the brain stem exit zone of the seventh cranial nerve. In this area the central glial investment of the facial nerve changes to peripheral or schwannian myelin. It is suspected that this anatomical junction zone may be of pathophysiologic significance when directly compressed or irritated. A retromastoid craniectomy and vascular decompression operation is highly successful in relieving hemifacial spasm while at the same time preserving facial nerve function. This is in contrast to most commonly used destructive operations for hemifacial spasm. Microsurgical techniques, however, must be employed or high morbidity and mortality may occur from the retromastoid approach.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm. A vascular cause. A review of the literature as well as recent surgical observations indicate that hemifacial spasm may be caused by normal or pathological vascular structures that cross-compress the facial nerve. The critical area of compression is invariably found at the brain stem exit zone of the seventh cranial nerve. In this area the central glial investment of the facial nerve changes to peripheral or schwannian myelin. It is suspected that this anatomical junction zone may be of pathophysiologic significance when directly compressed or irritated. A retromastoid craniectomy and vascular decompression operation is highly successful in relieving hemifacial spasm while at the same time preserving facial nerve function. This is in contrast to most commonly used destructive operations for hemifacial spasm. Microsurgical techniques, however, must be employed or high morbidity and mortality may occur from the retromastoid approach.", "PMID": 666603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11289", "title": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. I. Saccades and dissociated nystagmus.", "content": "Saccades (horizontal and vertical) and dissociated nystagmus were quantitatively assessed in four patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Two patients had bilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesions associated with multiple sclerosis and two had unilateral lesions associated with brain stem vascular disease. Adducting saccades made on the side of an MLF lesion were slowed in each patient (P less than .01). At the same time, abducting saccades in the contralateral eye had normal velocity, but consistently overshot the target. After the overshoot, the eye returned to the target with an exponentially decaying course. With large angular deviations (usually more than 15 degrees), the abducting eye developed nystagmus characterized by slow components that moved toward the midposition with an initially high velocity followed by a segment of slower velocity. The adducting eye had either no nystagmus or a low-amplitude nystagmus characterized by a rounded junction between the fast and slow component. The saccade abnormalities and waveform of the dissociated nystagmus can be explained by a pulse-step mismatch at the agonist motoneurons.", "contents": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. I. Saccades and dissociated nystagmus. Saccades (horizontal and vertical) and dissociated nystagmus were quantitatively assessed in four patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Two patients had bilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesions associated with multiple sclerosis and two had unilateral lesions associated with brain stem vascular disease. Adducting saccades made on the side of an MLF lesion were slowed in each patient (P less than .01). At the same time, abducting saccades in the contralateral eye had normal velocity, but consistently overshot the target. After the overshoot, the eye returned to the target with an exponentially decaying course. With large angular deviations (usually more than 15 degrees), the abducting eye developed nystagmus characterized by slow components that moved toward the midposition with an initially high velocity followed by a segment of slower velocity. The adducting eye had either no nystagmus or a low-amplitude nystagmus characterized by a rounded junction between the fast and slow component. The saccade abnormalities and waveform of the dissociated nystagmus can be explained by a pulse-step mismatch at the agonist motoneurons.", "PMID": 666604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11290", "title": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. II. Pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and vestibulo-ocular reflex.", "content": "Smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were studied in four patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (two with bilateral and two with unilateral lesions). Horizontal smooth pursuit by an adducting eye on the side of a medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesion was normal in three of four patients; vertical pursuit was abnormal in all four. The horizontal VOR gain of slow components made by an adducting eye on the side of an MLF lesion was normal in all four patients. The vertical VOR gain was decreased in the two patients tested. It is concluded that either there are pathways independent of the MLF for horizontal pursuit and vestibular signals that are not available to vertical signals, or vertical pursuit and vestibular eye movements require a higher rate of oculomotor neuron firing than equal-velocity horizontal eye movements.", "contents": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. II. Pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and vestibulo-ocular reflex. Smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were studied in four patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (two with bilateral and two with unilateral lesions). Horizontal smooth pursuit by an adducting eye on the side of a medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesion was normal in three of four patients; vertical pursuit was abnormal in all four. The horizontal VOR gain of slow components made by an adducting eye on the side of an MLF lesion was normal in all four patients. The vertical VOR gain was decreased in the two patients tested. It is concluded that either there are pathways independent of the MLF for horizontal pursuit and vestibular signals that are not available to vertical signals, or vertical pursuit and vestibular eye movements require a higher rate of oculomotor neuron firing than equal-velocity horizontal eye movements.", "PMID": 666605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11291", "title": "Substantial spontaneous long-term improvement in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Six cases from the Middle East and a review of the literature.", "content": "Of 118 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis identified in an extensive follow-up study in the Middle East, six patients were found by personal interview to have experienced substantial spontaneous long-term improvement. To our knowledge, this rate of 5% for such improvement is presently the most accurate estimate available. Relative to the onset of clinical illness, the conditions of two patients are still improving four to five years later, two are stable four to six years later, one relapsed and died recently after eight years, and one is currently in relapse after 11 years. The condition of five patients had not progressed beyond stage 2 before improvement began. All patients had characteristic clinical and electroencephalographic features. Two patients had brain biopsy specimens showing panencephalitis without inclusions. Five patients had highly elevated levels of serum and CSF measles antibodies. In this article, the course of illness and extent of disability are described, published reports of improvement are reviewed, and the possibility of subclinical illness is discussed.", "contents": "Substantial spontaneous long-term improvement in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Six cases from the Middle East and a review of the literature. Of 118 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis identified in an extensive follow-up study in the Middle East, six patients were found by personal interview to have experienced substantial spontaneous long-term improvement. To our knowledge, this rate of 5% for such improvement is presently the most accurate estimate available. Relative to the onset of clinical illness, the conditions of two patients are still improving four to five years later, two are stable four to six years later, one relapsed and died recently after eight years, and one is currently in relapse after 11 years. The condition of five patients had not progressed beyond stage 2 before improvement began. All patients had characteristic clinical and electroencephalographic features. Two patients had brain biopsy specimens showing panencephalitis without inclusions. Five patients had highly elevated levels of serum and CSF measles antibodies. In this article, the course of illness and extent of disability are described, published reports of improvement are reviewed, and the possibility of subclinical illness is discussed.", "PMID": 666606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11292", "title": "Bromocriptine in parkinsonism. A long-term study.", "content": "Bromocriptine was given in a controlled trial to 86 parkinsonian patients. Eight of 30 previously untreated patients with early and mild disease showed sustained benefit for two years and did not develop \"on-off\" effects or dyskinesias. Only two of 23 patients unable to tolerate or failing to respond to levodopa benefited from bromocriptine. Thirty-three patients with residual disabilities despite maximum tolerated doses of levodopa were also given bromocriptine: although benefit accrued, treatment was abandoned because of unacceptable side effects, and there was no improvement in the 11 with severe \"on-off\" disabilities. Although it was found that benefit from 70 mg daily of bromocriptine was comparable to that from 750 mg of levodopa with carbidopa, bromocriptine seems to offer no advantage to the majority of patients who have received or are receiving levodopa and/or carbidopa.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in parkinsonism. A long-term study. Bromocriptine was given in a controlled trial to 86 parkinsonian patients. Eight of 30 previously untreated patients with early and mild disease showed sustained benefit for two years and did not develop \"on-off\" effects or dyskinesias. Only two of 23 patients unable to tolerate or failing to respond to levodopa benefited from bromocriptine. Thirty-three patients with residual disabilities despite maximum tolerated doses of levodopa were also given bromocriptine: although benefit accrued, treatment was abandoned because of unacceptable side effects, and there was no improvement in the 11 with severe \"on-off\" disabilities. Although it was found that benefit from 70 mg daily of bromocriptine was comparable to that from 750 mg of levodopa with carbidopa, bromocriptine seems to offer no advantage to the majority of patients who have received or are receiving levodopa and/or carbidopa.", "PMID": 666607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11293", "title": "Block design performance following callosal sectioning. Observations on functional recovery.", "content": "A patient with complete surgical section of the corpus callosum was tested on a constructional task 17 months post-operatively. The left and right hands were separately tested under conditions of free visual exposure and lateralized visual field exposure. The results suggest that the typically observed improved performance of the right hand with increasing postoperative time is attributable to the acquisition of homolateral control over the right hand by the right hemisphere. The implications for left-right brain organization and the syndrome of constructional apraxia are considered.", "contents": "Block design performance following callosal sectioning. Observations on functional recovery. A patient with complete surgical section of the corpus callosum was tested on a constructional task 17 months post-operatively. The left and right hands were separately tested under conditions of free visual exposure and lateralized visual field exposure. The results suggest that the typically observed improved performance of the right hand with increasing postoperative time is attributable to the acquisition of homolateral control over the right hand by the right hemisphere. The implications for left-right brain organization and the syndrome of constructional apraxia are considered.", "PMID": 666608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11294", "title": "Subacute demyelinating polyneuropathy responding to corticosteroid treatment.", "content": "Ten patients with subacute demyelinating neuropathy responded satisfactorily to corticosteroid treatment. The most prominent features in these cases were (1) subacute progression of diffuse polyneuropathy over weeks and months, (2) high spinal fluid protein level, (3) marked nerve conduction abnormalities, and (4) high rate of relapse. The sural nerve biopsy specimen showed \"demyelinating neuropathy.\" This subacute demyelination neuropathy appears to be a distinct and clinically identifiable entity in which corticosteroid treatment is indicated.", "contents": "Subacute demyelinating polyneuropathy responding to corticosteroid treatment. Ten patients with subacute demyelinating neuropathy responded satisfactorily to corticosteroid treatment. The most prominent features in these cases were (1) subacute progression of diffuse polyneuropathy over weeks and months, (2) high spinal fluid protein level, (3) marked nerve conduction abnormalities, and (4) high rate of relapse. The sural nerve biopsy specimen showed \"demyelinating neuropathy.\" This subacute demyelination neuropathy appears to be a distinct and clinically identifiable entity in which corticosteroid treatment is indicated.", "PMID": 666609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11295", "title": "Periventricular leukomalacia in adults. Clinicopathological study of four cases.", "content": "The pathological findings in four patients with courses characterized by acute coma and respiratory insufficiency occurring in obscure circumstances are presented. Carbon monoxide intoxication was excluded. After an early partial recovery from coma, the patients remained in a persistent vegetative state, with a tetrapyramidal syndrome. Pathologic changes consisted of infarction and demyelination of periventricular white matter, with associated necrotic foci in the basal ganglia in some cases. We propose that the prolonged hypoxia and ischemia produce a \"no reflow\" phenomenon causing brain edema (more pronounced in the white matter); this resulted in infarctions of white matter in the periventricular arterial end and border zones.", "contents": "Periventricular leukomalacia in adults. Clinicopathological study of four cases. The pathological findings in four patients with courses characterized by acute coma and respiratory insufficiency occurring in obscure circumstances are presented. Carbon monoxide intoxication was excluded. After an early partial recovery from coma, the patients remained in a persistent vegetative state, with a tetrapyramidal syndrome. Pathologic changes consisted of infarction and demyelination of periventricular white matter, with associated necrotic foci in the basal ganglia in some cases. We propose that the prolonged hypoxia and ischemia produce a \"no reflow\" phenomenon causing brain edema (more pronounced in the white matter); this resulted in infarctions of white matter in the periventricular arterial end and border zones.", "PMID": 666610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11296", "title": "Fink-Heimer/Nauta demonstration of regenerating axons in the rat spinal cord.", "content": "Six months after complete spinal cord transection, regenerated descending motor axons can be found by electrophysiologic testing and can also be demonstrated anatomically using the Fink-Heimer/Nauta technique. Regeneration was found in all animals, treated or control, but statistically significant increased regeneration as measured by the Fink-Heimer/Nauta technique was found in animals treated with a single injection of 75 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide 24 hours after the original spinal cord transection. This result is similar to those of another study using the orthograde axonal transport of tritiated proline as a measure of axonal regeneration. The mode of action of cyclophosphamide may be by its immunosuppressive properties because this drug is most effective when administered 24 hours after cord transection, a time when its effects as an immunosuppressant would be maximal.", "contents": "Fink-Heimer/Nauta demonstration of regenerating axons in the rat spinal cord. Six months after complete spinal cord transection, regenerated descending motor axons can be found by electrophysiologic testing and can also be demonstrated anatomically using the Fink-Heimer/Nauta technique. Regeneration was found in all animals, treated or control, but statistically significant increased regeneration as measured by the Fink-Heimer/Nauta technique was found in animals treated with a single injection of 75 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide 24 hours after the original spinal cord transection. This result is similar to those of another study using the orthograde axonal transport of tritiated proline as a measure of axonal regeneration. The mode of action of cyclophosphamide may be by its immunosuppressive properties because this drug is most effective when administered 24 hours after cord transection, a time when its effects as an immunosuppressant would be maximal.", "PMID": 666611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11297", "title": "Modulation of CSF production by alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure.", "content": "The rate of CSF production in cats was studied in relation to changes in intracranial pressure (ICP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and the resultant alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). When ICP is raised to the point where CPP falls below 55 mm Hg, CSF production will diminish. Elevation of ICP does not appear to influence CSF production rate if CPP is maintained above 70 mm Hg.", "contents": "Modulation of CSF production by alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure. The rate of CSF production in cats was studied in relation to changes in intracranial pressure (ICP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and the resultant alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). When ICP is raised to the point where CPP falls below 55 mm Hg, CSF production will diminish. Elevation of ICP does not appear to influence CSF production rate if CPP is maintained above 70 mm Hg.", "PMID": 666612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11298", "title": "Jamaica ginger paralysis. Forty-seven-year follow-up.", "content": "In 1930, thousands of Americans were poisoned by an illicit extract of Jamaica ginger (\"jake\") used to circumvent the Prohibition laws. A neurotoxic organophosphate compound, triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP), had been used as an adulterant. The earliest reports were of peripheral neuritis, but later it was evident that an upper motor neuron syndrome had supervened. This TOCP poisoning apparently involved various cell groups and tracts in the spinal cord; the lesions was not peripheral at all. We interviewed 11 survivors of the illness residing in eastern Tennessee. Four were carefully examined. The principal findings showed the spasticity and abnormal reflexes of an upper motor neuron syndrome. One patient had mild disease, despite typical findings, and had lived a normal life.", "contents": "Jamaica ginger paralysis. Forty-seven-year follow-up. In 1930, thousands of Americans were poisoned by an illicit extract of Jamaica ginger (\"jake\") used to circumvent the Prohibition laws. A neurotoxic organophosphate compound, triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP), had been used as an adulterant. The earliest reports were of peripheral neuritis, but later it was evident that an upper motor neuron syndrome had supervened. This TOCP poisoning apparently involved various cell groups and tracts in the spinal cord; the lesions was not peripheral at all. We interviewed 11 survivors of the illness residing in eastern Tennessee. Four were carefully examined. The principal findings showed the spasticity and abnormal reflexes of an upper motor neuron syndrome. One patient had mild disease, despite typical findings, and had lived a normal life.", "PMID": 666613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11299", "title": "Intracranial neoplasms in infants.", "content": "Fifty-four primary intracranial neoplasms occurred in infants (18 months of age or younger) in Connecticut during a 40-year period, 1935 to 1974. Thirty percent were medulloblastomas and 16% were ependymal neoplasms. An equal number of males and females were affected. Forty percent were located in the cerebellum, 37% in the cerebral hemispheres, and 17% in the brain stem. The most common symptom was vomiting. Abnormally large head circumference was the most common physical finding. Average survival was 43 months. Survival relative to histopathologic type and location of the neoplasm is discussed. Eighteen patients survived longer than one year and the level of neurological function of these longer survivors is presented.", "contents": "Intracranial neoplasms in infants. Fifty-four primary intracranial neoplasms occurred in infants (18 months of age or younger) in Connecticut during a 40-year period, 1935 to 1974. Thirty percent were medulloblastomas and 16% were ependymal neoplasms. An equal number of males and females were affected. Forty percent were located in the cerebellum, 37% in the cerebral hemispheres, and 17% in the brain stem. The most common symptom was vomiting. Abnormally large head circumference was the most common physical finding. Average survival was 43 months. Survival relative to histopathologic type and location of the neoplasm is discussed. Eighteen patients survived longer than one year and the level of neurological function of these longer survivors is presented.", "PMID": 666614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11300", "title": "Delayed cerebrovascular consequences of radiation to the neck. A clinicopathologic study of a case.", "content": "A man had a stroke 27 years after radiation therapy to the neck for treatment of laryngeal papillomas. There were premonitory symptoms suggesting cerebral ischemia. In contrast to many previously reported cases, in our patient there is a strong relationship between radiation therapy and stroke. Pathoanatomic study of the surgical vascular specimen strongly suggests that radiation is a potentially modifiable cause of delayed stroke.", "contents": "Delayed cerebrovascular consequences of radiation to the neck. A clinicopathologic study of a case. A man had a stroke 27 years after radiation therapy to the neck for treatment of laryngeal papillomas. There were premonitory symptoms suggesting cerebral ischemia. In contrast to many previously reported cases, in our patient there is a strong relationship between radiation therapy and stroke. Pathoanatomic study of the surgical vascular specimen strongly suggests that radiation is a potentially modifiable cause of delayed stroke.", "PMID": 666615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11301", "title": "External hydrocephalus. Early finding in congenital communicating hydrocephalus.", "content": "Dilation of the subarachnoid channels overlying the cerebral hemispheres, ie, external hydrocephalus, can be an early anatomic-radiologic finding in some infants with congenital communicating hydrocephalus. This structural change may progress to ventricular dilation or internal hydrocephalus. Enlargement of the subarachnoid channels appears to occur during the first stage in the development of congenital communicating hydrocephalus, which is to say that the subarachnoid compartment allows accumulation of CSF before there is significant ventricular distention, at least in some infants. When a pneumoencephalogram or a CT scan is performed at this stage, the findings may falsely suggest \"cerebral atrophy.\" In six patients who received this grave neuroradiologic diagnosis, five subsequently developed normally and the sixth has static incoordination or clumsiness and mild intellectual deficiency.", "contents": "External hydrocephalus. Early finding in congenital communicating hydrocephalus. Dilation of the subarachnoid channels overlying the cerebral hemispheres, ie, external hydrocephalus, can be an early anatomic-radiologic finding in some infants with congenital communicating hydrocephalus. This structural change may progress to ventricular dilation or internal hydrocephalus. Enlargement of the subarachnoid channels appears to occur during the first stage in the development of congenital communicating hydrocephalus, which is to say that the subarachnoid compartment allows accumulation of CSF before there is significant ventricular distention, at least in some infants. When a pneumoencephalogram or a CT scan is performed at this stage, the findings may falsely suggest \"cerebral atrophy.\" In six patients who received this grave neuroradiologic diagnosis, five subsequently developed normally and the sixth has static incoordination or clumsiness and mild intellectual deficiency.", "PMID": 666616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11302", "title": "Hemifacial spasm due to aneurysmal compression of the facial nerve.", "content": "Hemifacial spasm developed in a woman as the only symptom of an aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Using microdissecting techniques, the aneurysm was clipped and moved from its distorting position at the brain stem exit zone of the seventh nerve. After surgery, she experienced immediate relief of her facial spasm of six years' duration. This case supports the finding that hemifacial spasm may be caused by vascular lesions of the seventh nerve at the brain stem junction. Recent surgical experience indicates that the majority of the hemifacial spasm cases may be due to normal but ectatic blood vessels that cross-compress the most proximal portion of the seventh nerve. Relief may be affected without facial paralysis by a retromastoid microvascular decompressive procedure.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm due to aneurysmal compression of the facial nerve. Hemifacial spasm developed in a woman as the only symptom of an aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Using microdissecting techniques, the aneurysm was clipped and moved from its distorting position at the brain stem exit zone of the seventh nerve. After surgery, she experienced immediate relief of her facial spasm of six years' duration. This case supports the finding that hemifacial spasm may be caused by vascular lesions of the seventh nerve at the brain stem junction. Recent surgical experience indicates that the majority of the hemifacial spasm cases may be due to normal but ectatic blood vessels that cross-compress the most proximal portion of the seventh nerve. Relief may be affected without facial paralysis by a retromastoid microvascular decompressive procedure.", "PMID": 666617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11303", "title": "Depletion of serum hemopexin in fulminant rhabdomyolysis. Evidence for an interaction of hemopexin with myoglobin-derived heme.", "content": "Hemopexin is a normal serum glycoprotein that functions as a carrier for intravascularly liberated free heme. Although its role is well established in the reutilization of hemoglobin-derived heme, there have been no previous clinical data to support its suspected interaction with heme released in the degradation of myoglobin. In a patient with fulminant rhabdomyolysis, we found depletion of serum hemopexin in the presence of high serum levels of myoglobin with normal levels of haptoglobin and hemoglobin. This combination of laboratory findings is evidence for an interaction between myoglobin-derived heme and hemopexin and implies a role for hemopexin in the catabolism of myoglobin. These findings support the proposed induction mechanism for observed increases of serum hemopexin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and in polymyositis.", "contents": "Depletion of serum hemopexin in fulminant rhabdomyolysis. Evidence for an interaction of hemopexin with myoglobin-derived heme. Hemopexin is a normal serum glycoprotein that functions as a carrier for intravascularly liberated free heme. Although its role is well established in the reutilization of hemoglobin-derived heme, there have been no previous clinical data to support its suspected interaction with heme released in the degradation of myoglobin. In a patient with fulminant rhabdomyolysis, we found depletion of serum hemopexin in the presence of high serum levels of myoglobin with normal levels of haptoglobin and hemoglobin. This combination of laboratory findings is evidence for an interaction between myoglobin-derived heme and hemopexin and implies a role for hemopexin in the catabolism of myoglobin. These findings support the proposed induction mechanism for observed increases of serum hemopexin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and in polymyositis.", "PMID": 666618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11304", "title": "Progressive chorioretinopathy after receiving thioridazine.", "content": "A distinctive appearance of the ocular fundus as a late complication of high doses of orally administered thioridazine hydrochloride (Mellaril) is described. Discrete nummular areas of loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) extended from the posterior pole to the midperiphery. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated loss of choriocapillaris in these zones. Atrophy of the remaining RPE was progressive, with advancement of the edges of the atrophic zones and breakdown of bridges of RPE separating them. Atrophy occurred after discontinuation of the drug and advanced without further exposure to it. Dark adaptation, the electroretinogram, and the electro-oculogram were abnormal in the late stages. Central visual acuity remained relatively good.", "contents": "Progressive chorioretinopathy after receiving thioridazine. A distinctive appearance of the ocular fundus as a late complication of high doses of orally administered thioridazine hydrochloride (Mellaril) is described. Discrete nummular areas of loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) extended from the posterior pole to the midperiphery. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated loss of choriocapillaris in these zones. Atrophy of the remaining RPE was progressive, with advancement of the edges of the atrophic zones and breakdown of bridges of RPE separating them. Atrophy occurred after discontinuation of the drug and advanced without further exposure to it. Dark adaptation, the electroretinogram, and the electro-oculogram were abnormal in the late stages. Central visual acuity remained relatively good.", "PMID": 666624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11305", "title": "Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. A clinical and electrophysiologic study of three generations.", "content": "Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium is characterized by a posterior pattern of pigment clumping like a \"fishnet with knots.\" Four patients in three successive generations were seen with typical reticular dystrophy. A fifth patient had abnormal dark adaptation. In this family reticular dystrophy was characterized by the typical reticular pigmentary pattern, good visual acuity, normal electroretinographic findings, abnormal electro-oculographic findings, and abnormal dark adaptation. The pedigree indicates autosomal dominance as the inheritance pattern.", "contents": "Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. A clinical and electrophysiologic study of three generations. Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium is characterized by a posterior pattern of pigment clumping like a \"fishnet with knots.\" Four patients in three successive generations were seen with typical reticular dystrophy. A fifth patient had abnormal dark adaptation. In this family reticular dystrophy was characterized by the typical reticular pigmentary pattern, good visual acuity, normal electroretinographic findings, abnormal electro-oculographic findings, and abnormal dark adaptation. The pedigree indicates autosomal dominance as the inheritance pattern.", "PMID": 666625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11306", "title": "X-linked ocular albinism in Blacks. Ocular albinism cum pigmento.", "content": "X-linked ocular albinism can be an unsuspected cause of congenital nystagmus in blacks. In this study, eight of ten black ocular albinos from two kindreds had nonalbinotic, moderately pigmented fundi and no transillumination of the iris. We refer to this paradoxical condition as \"ocular albinism cum pigmento.\" The only constant ophthalmoscopic feature was a foveal hypoplasia. Biopsy of clinically normal skin to demonstrate giant pigment granules is the most accurate means of diagnosis.", "contents": "X-linked ocular albinism in Blacks. Ocular albinism cum pigmento. X-linked ocular albinism can be an unsuspected cause of congenital nystagmus in blacks. In this study, eight of ten black ocular albinos from two kindreds had nonalbinotic, moderately pigmented fundi and no transillumination of the iris. We refer to this paradoxical condition as \"ocular albinism cum pigmento.\" The only constant ophthalmoscopic feature was a foveal hypoplasia. Biopsy of clinically normal skin to demonstrate giant pigment granules is the most accurate means of diagnosis.", "PMID": 666626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11307", "title": "Heterogeneity in Waardenburg's syndrome. Report of a family with ocular albinism.", "content": "A family had the following manifestations of Waardenburg's syndrome (WS): prominent nasal root, white forelock, premature graying of the hair, freckled pigmentation of pale skin, hypoplastic heterochromia irides, heterochromia of the ocular fundi, congenital sensorineural hearing loss, and autosomal dominant heredity. This family differs from those previously reported in that none of its members showed dystopia of the inner canthi or lower puncta. In addition, four siblings had the combination of hyperopia-estropia-amblyopia, as well as ocular albinism, manifested by foveal hypoplasia and transilluminable irides. Observations on this family support prior suggestions of heterogeneity in WS.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in Waardenburg's syndrome. Report of a family with ocular albinism. A family had the following manifestations of Waardenburg's syndrome (WS): prominent nasal root, white forelock, premature graying of the hair, freckled pigmentation of pale skin, hypoplastic heterochromia irides, heterochromia of the ocular fundi, congenital sensorineural hearing loss, and autosomal dominant heredity. This family differs from those previously reported in that none of its members showed dystopia of the inner canthi or lower puncta. In addition, four siblings had the combination of hyperopia-estropia-amblyopia, as well as ocular albinism, manifested by foveal hypoplasia and transilluminable irides. Observations on this family support prior suggestions of heterogeneity in WS.", "PMID": 666627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11308", "title": "Dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Clinical profile and rationale for management.", "content": "Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) was diagnosed in 36 eyes of 21 patients with progressive visual loss and congestive ophthalmopathy. Systemic features in the patients with DON did not differ from those reported for Graves' disease patients except that patients with DON were older (mean age, 61 years) and did not show female preponderance. Congestive symptoms always preceded visual loss, which was gradual in onset and bilateral in most patients but acute and asymmetrical in several. Presenting acuities were poorer than 20/60 in 50% of cases; central scotomas, sometimes combined with inferior depression, were the predominant field defects. Congestive signs were of moderate intensity without severe proptosis or exposure keratopathy. Bilateral and symmetrical ductional restriction was the most common motility disturbance. Oral corticosteroids were effective in restoring visual function in ten of 21 eyes treated. Many steroid-unresponsive eyes were improved promptly by supervoltage orbital irradiation or surgical decompression. In general, therapeutic intervention appeared to hasten recovery and improve visual outcome.", "contents": "Dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Clinical profile and rationale for management. Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) was diagnosed in 36 eyes of 21 patients with progressive visual loss and congestive ophthalmopathy. Systemic features in the patients with DON did not differ from those reported for Graves' disease patients except that patients with DON were older (mean age, 61 years) and did not show female preponderance. Congestive symptoms always preceded visual loss, which was gradual in onset and bilateral in most patients but acute and asymmetrical in several. Presenting acuities were poorer than 20/60 in 50% of cases; central scotomas, sometimes combined with inferior depression, were the predominant field defects. Congestive signs were of moderate intensity without severe proptosis or exposure keratopathy. Bilateral and symmetrical ductional restriction was the most common motility disturbance. Oral corticosteroids were effective in restoring visual function in ten of 21 eyes treated. Many steroid-unresponsive eyes were improved promptly by supervoltage orbital irradiation or surgical decompression. In general, therapeutic intervention appeared to hasten recovery and improve visual outcome.", "PMID": 666628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11309", "title": "Quantitative perimetry in compressive optic neuropathy and optic neuritis.", "content": "The Goldmann perimetric defects in 20 cases of compressive optic neuropathy and 54 cases of optic neuritis were analyzed. While defects involving the papillomacular bundle were the rule in both compressive and neuritis cases, sparing of the fixational area occurred in 24% of neuritis eyes but in none of the eyes with compressive neuropathy. The most reliable differential perimetric sign was the presence of a hemianopic defect; at least one eye of 15 (75%) cases of compression showed such a defect, which was not found in any neuritis cases. The I2e was the largest kinetic isopter to demonstrate the hemianopic defect in a substantial proportion of cases. These defects were corroborated with sequential static presentation of the I2e to I4e stimuli to either side of the vertical meridan, and with similar techniques using 18/1,000 red test objects at the tangent screen.", "contents": "Quantitative perimetry in compressive optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. The Goldmann perimetric defects in 20 cases of compressive optic neuropathy and 54 cases of optic neuritis were analyzed. While defects involving the papillomacular bundle were the rule in both compressive and neuritis cases, sparing of the fixational area occurred in 24% of neuritis eyes but in none of the eyes with compressive neuropathy. The most reliable differential perimetric sign was the presence of a hemianopic defect; at least one eye of 15 (75%) cases of compression showed such a defect, which was not found in any neuritis cases. The I2e was the largest kinetic isopter to demonstrate the hemianopic defect in a substantial proportion of cases. These defects were corroborated with sequential static presentation of the I2e to I4e stimuli to either side of the vertical meridan, and with similar techniques using 18/1,000 red test objects at the tangent screen.", "PMID": 666629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11310", "title": "Specular microscopy of epithelial downgrowth.", "content": "Specular microscopy in a case of pathologically proved epithelial downgrowth demonstrated a characteristic pattern of cell borders in the area of the epithelial downgrowth. This noninvasive clinical test may prove to be helpful in the early diagnosis of epithelial ingrowth following various intraocular surgical procedures.", "contents": "Specular microscopy of epithelial downgrowth. Specular microscopy in a case of pathologically proved epithelial downgrowth demonstrated a characteristic pattern of cell borders in the area of the epithelial downgrowth. This noninvasive clinical test may prove to be helpful in the early diagnosis of epithelial ingrowth following various intraocular surgical procedures.", "PMID": 666630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11311", "title": "Effect of long-term wear of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity.", "content": "The effect of years of wear of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity has been evaluated. By testing 91 subjects who had worn lenses for up to 22 years and a control group of 42 people, it was found that corneal sensitivity diminished exponetially. However, in five subjects who had abandoned use of their lenses, recovery occurred within four months, indicating that the process is reversible. The loss of corneal sensitivity with hard contact lens wear ought to be heeded, since the eye is thus at a greater risk of infection.", "contents": "Effect of long-term wear of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity. The effect of years of wear of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity has been evaluated. By testing 91 subjects who had worn lenses for up to 22 years and a control group of 42 people, it was found that corneal sensitivity diminished exponetially. However, in five subjects who had abandoned use of their lenses, recovery occurred within four months, indicating that the process is reversible. The loss of corneal sensitivity with hard contact lens wear ought to be heeded, since the eye is thus at a greater risk of infection.", "PMID": 666631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11312", "title": "Acquired Brown's syndrome of inflammatory origin. Response to locally injected steroids.", "content": "In a recent large series of tendon sheath syndrome, Brown reported only five cases of the pure acquired type that were not intermittent and in which the patients did not undergo spontaneous recovery. The origin of acquired Brown's syndrome is varied and includes trauma of the orbit, direct trochlear trauma, orbital or muscle surgery, frontal sinusitis or sinus surgery, and inflammation of the superior oblique tendon and sheath, namely a stenosing tenosynovitis. The differential diagnosis and possible causes of the acquired Brown's syndrome were reviewed, and two cases of presumptive tenosynovitis of the superior oblique tendon and sheath are presented in detail. In both cases, the condition of each patient was notably improved by a series of direct injections of methylprednisolone acetate into the trochlear region. This form of treatment for acquired Brown's syndrome of inflammatory origin has never, to my knowledge, been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Acquired Brown's syndrome of inflammatory origin. Response to locally injected steroids. In a recent large series of tendon sheath syndrome, Brown reported only five cases of the pure acquired type that were not intermittent and in which the patients did not undergo spontaneous recovery. The origin of acquired Brown's syndrome is varied and includes trauma of the orbit, direct trochlear trauma, orbital or muscle surgery, frontal sinusitis or sinus surgery, and inflammation of the superior oblique tendon and sheath, namely a stenosing tenosynovitis. The differential diagnosis and possible causes of the acquired Brown's syndrome were reviewed, and two cases of presumptive tenosynovitis of the superior oblique tendon and sheath are presented in detail. In both cases, the condition of each patient was notably improved by a series of direct injections of methylprednisolone acetate into the trochlear region. This form of treatment for acquired Brown's syndrome of inflammatory origin has never, to my knowledge, been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 666632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11313", "title": "Isolated oculomotor paralysis. The product of saccular and fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery.", "content": "Isolated oculomotor paralysis was produced by an unsuspected saccular basilar aneurysm in one case and fusiform basilar aneurysm in another. The chronicity of symptoms and lack of pain were misleading features. The saccular basilar aneurysm, which has an untreated mortality of 50% to 80%, was visualized best with selective angiography and successfully clipped intracranially. The fusiform basilar aneurysm, part of a diffuse atherosclerotic ectasia of all basal intracranial arteries, indented and displaced the upper brain stem. A common ophthalmologic sign of posterior communicating aneurysms, oculomotor paralysis has not been documented frequently with basilar aneurysms.", "contents": "Isolated oculomotor paralysis. The product of saccular and fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery. Isolated oculomotor paralysis was produced by an unsuspected saccular basilar aneurysm in one case and fusiform basilar aneurysm in another. The chronicity of symptoms and lack of pain were misleading features. The saccular basilar aneurysm, which has an untreated mortality of 50% to 80%, was visualized best with selective angiography and successfully clipped intracranially. The fusiform basilar aneurysm, part of a diffuse atherosclerotic ectasia of all basal intracranial arteries, indented and displaced the upper brain stem. A common ophthalmologic sign of posterior communicating aneurysms, oculomotor paralysis has not been documented frequently with basilar aneurysms.", "PMID": 666633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11314", "title": "Cysticercosis of the eyelid.", "content": "A 14-year-old girl had a four-month history of a painless, enlarging mass in the right upper eyelid. Histopathologic examination revealed the cystic mass to be Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of Taenia solium. This patient had been in Vietnam and Laos several years previously and, while there, developed a flu-like syndrome. Despite the fact that she was asymptomatic for the two years preceding her clinical examination, the histopathologic diagnosis of C cellulosae prompted an extensive medical and neurologic work-up to rule out the possibility that the patient harbored the adult tapeworm or other larval forms. Fortunately, the results of this survey were negative.", "contents": "Cysticercosis of the eyelid. A 14-year-old girl had a four-month history of a painless, enlarging mass in the right upper eyelid. Histopathologic examination revealed the cystic mass to be Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of Taenia solium. This patient had been in Vietnam and Laos several years previously and, while there, developed a flu-like syndrome. Despite the fact that she was asymptomatic for the two years preceding her clinical examination, the histopathologic diagnosis of C cellulosae prompted an extensive medical and neurologic work-up to rule out the possibility that the patient harbored the adult tapeworm or other larval forms. Fortunately, the results of this survey were negative.", "PMID": 666634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11315", "title": "Ocular penetration of topical chloramphenicol in humans.", "content": "Commercial ophthalmic chloramphenicol solutions and ointments were applied to human eyes, and the concentrations of chloramphenicol in aqueous humor and tear samples were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. Within several minutes after a single application of 0.5% chloramphenicol solution, the tear concentrations of the drug had fallen below 1 mg/liter, the minimal bacteriostatic concentration for many ocular pathogens. Repeated drops of 0.5% chloramphenicol solutions during several hours were required to produce an aqueous humor concentration of 1 mg/liter. A single application of 1% chloramphenicol ointment gave prolonged drug concentrations in the tears and aqueous humor, falling to 1 mg/liter in two to four hours. The repeated use of chloramphenicol solution or ointment was well tolerated by the patients. We conclude that the penetration of chloramphenicol in the anterior segment of the eye is best carried out by the repeated application of chloramphenicol ointment.", "contents": "Ocular penetration of topical chloramphenicol in humans. Commercial ophthalmic chloramphenicol solutions and ointments were applied to human eyes, and the concentrations of chloramphenicol in aqueous humor and tear samples were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. Within several minutes after a single application of 0.5% chloramphenicol solution, the tear concentrations of the drug had fallen below 1 mg/liter, the minimal bacteriostatic concentration for many ocular pathogens. Repeated drops of 0.5% chloramphenicol solutions during several hours were required to produce an aqueous humor concentration of 1 mg/liter. A single application of 1% chloramphenicol ointment gave prolonged drug concentrations in the tears and aqueous humor, falling to 1 mg/liter in two to four hours. The repeated use of chloramphenicol solution or ointment was well tolerated by the patients. We conclude that the penetration of chloramphenicol in the anterior segment of the eye is best carried out by the repeated application of chloramphenicol ointment.", "PMID": 666635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11316", "title": "Pediatric intraocular knife.", "content": "An intraocular knife was developed that is of fine sharpness and small size to permit easy use in the eyes of young children.", "contents": "Pediatric intraocular knife. An intraocular knife was developed that is of fine sharpness and small size to permit easy use in the eyes of young children.", "PMID": 666636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11317", "title": "Indications for radical neck dissection following radiation therapy.", "content": "The recent trend has been away from elective neck dissection in the management of patients with cancer of the head and neck. In addition, improved techniques of radiation therapy have demonstrated their capacity to eliminate and sterilize occult and even frank neck metastases. An unselected series of 409 radical neck dissections performed in 357 patients in a period of eight years has been critically reviewed to determine the incidence of microscopically negative nodes in patients who were previously radiated for cure and in whom a neck dissection had been performed as a part of the surgical procedure. Findings and results support our current position that a neck dissection in the presence of clinically negative nodes, particularly when they were never previously present, need not be included in the surgical procedure designed to salvage patients following radiation failure. Because of the documented increase of postoperative complications following such surgery, the decrease in morbidity and mortality seems to justify this policy.", "contents": "Indications for radical neck dissection following radiation therapy. The recent trend has been away from elective neck dissection in the management of patients with cancer of the head and neck. In addition, improved techniques of radiation therapy have demonstrated their capacity to eliminate and sterilize occult and even frank neck metastases. An unselected series of 409 radical neck dissections performed in 357 patients in a period of eight years has been critically reviewed to determine the incidence of microscopically negative nodes in patients who were previously radiated for cure and in whom a neck dissection had been performed as a part of the surgical procedure. Findings and results support our current position that a neck dissection in the presence of clinically negative nodes, particularly when they were never previously present, need not be included in the surgical procedure designed to salvage patients following radiation failure. Because of the documented increase of postoperative complications following such surgery, the decrease in morbidity and mortality seems to justify this policy.", "PMID": 666640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11318", "title": "Human otoconia in surgical specimens.", "content": "The utricular otoconia of four patients, which were removed during surgical procedures (one for an eighth nerve section operation and three for removal of acoustic neuromas) with the use of the translabyrinthine approach, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The otoconia of these patients showed some abnormal features. In three of the four patients, a number of otoconia were found to have cracked lines. One of these patients was a 14-year-old boy; the other patients were more than 40 years old. In the remaining case, the otoconial facet surfaces were rough, and a few otoconia were unusually shaped.", "contents": "Human otoconia in surgical specimens. The utricular otoconia of four patients, which were removed during surgical procedures (one for an eighth nerve section operation and three for removal of acoustic neuromas) with the use of the translabyrinthine approach, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The otoconia of these patients showed some abnormal features. In three of the four patients, a number of otoconia were found to have cracked lines. One of these patients was a 14-year-old boy; the other patients were more than 40 years old. In the remaining case, the otoconial facet surfaces were rough, and a few otoconia were unusually shaped.", "PMID": 666641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11319", "title": "Double-sliding genioplasty for correction of severe micrognathia.", "content": "Profile correction of cosmetically deforming micrognathia in patients with functional occlusion may be attained by the foreshifting of multple horizontal oblique osteotomy segments of the anterior mandible. We discuss the development, limitations, advantages, preoperative evaluation, and surgical technique of this method.", "contents": "Double-sliding genioplasty for correction of severe micrognathia. Profile correction of cosmetically deforming micrognathia in patients with functional occlusion may be attained by the foreshifting of multple horizontal oblique osteotomy segments of the anterior mandible. We discuss the development, limitations, advantages, preoperative evaluation, and surgical technique of this method.", "PMID": 666642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11320", "title": "Reliabilities of air and water caloric responses.", "content": "Air is a safer and more convenient caloric-irrigating medium than water, but many otologists are reluctant to use it because they suspect that it yields less reliable nystagmus responses. To compare reliabilities of air and water caloric responses, we subjected eight normal persons to 12 irrigations each of 50 degrees C air, 44 degrees C water, 24 degrees C air, and 30 degrees C water. Standard caloric-testing conditions were used, and nystagmus responses were recorded by the method of electronystagmography. We found that the reliabilities of air and water caloric responses were not significantly different. A single observation permitted estimation of response strength within approximalely +/- 5 degrees/sec (95% confidence level), regardless of whether air or water was used as the irrigating medium.", "contents": "Reliabilities of air and water caloric responses. Air is a safer and more convenient caloric-irrigating medium than water, but many otologists are reluctant to use it because they suspect that it yields less reliable nystagmus responses. To compare reliabilities of air and water caloric responses, we subjected eight normal persons to 12 irrigations each of 50 degrees C air, 44 degrees C water, 24 degrees C air, and 30 degrees C water. Standard caloric-testing conditions were used, and nystagmus responses were recorded by the method of electronystagmography. We found that the reliabilities of air and water caloric responses were not significantly different. A single observation permitted estimation of response strength within approximalely +/- 5 degrees/sec (95% confidence level), regardless of whether air or water was used as the irrigating medium.", "PMID": 666643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11321", "title": "Intraoral augmentation mentoplasty with a hinged silastic implant.", "content": "Considerable concern has been expressed in the past ten years of bone resorption secondary to alloplastic chin implants. Therefore, I describe a modification of the surgical technique and a type of implant. Twenty-five patients underwent augmentation metoplasty for moderate to severe microgenia during the past three years. Surgery was performed with insertion of a modified type of Safian's solid silicone implant with triangular wedges that were removed on the posterior surface, and the spaces that were created were replaced with soft, pore-closed, whit silicone sponge. All implants were inserted intraorally, since the central body was supraperiosteal, and the lateral extensions were subperiosteal. Two implants of the 25 cases were removed postoperatively because of infection. Nine patients were followed up for one to three years postoperatively with serial xerographic analysis of the chin implants.", "contents": "Intraoral augmentation mentoplasty with a hinged silastic implant. Considerable concern has been expressed in the past ten years of bone resorption secondary to alloplastic chin implants. Therefore, I describe a modification of the surgical technique and a type of implant. Twenty-five patients underwent augmentation metoplasty for moderate to severe microgenia during the past three years. Surgery was performed with insertion of a modified type of Safian's solid silicone implant with triangular wedges that were removed on the posterior surface, and the spaces that were created were replaced with soft, pore-closed, whit silicone sponge. All implants were inserted intraorally, since the central body was supraperiosteal, and the lateral extensions were subperiosteal. Two implants of the 25 cases were removed postoperatively because of infection. Nine patients were followed up for one to three years postoperatively with serial xerographic analysis of the chin implants.", "PMID": 666644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11322", "title": "Stapedectomy for otosclerosis with malleus fixation.", "content": "Malleus fixation, in addition to stapes fixation, presents a perplexing surgical problem. Should the incus replacement prosthesis procedure be performed or only a stapedectomy? The hearing results of a stapedectomy alone in 45 cases with both stapes and malleus fixation are 70% within 10 dB and 84% within 20 dB of the preoperative bone conduction hearing level.", "contents": "Stapedectomy for otosclerosis with malleus fixation. Malleus fixation, in addition to stapes fixation, presents a perplexing surgical problem. Should the incus replacement prosthesis procedure be performed or only a stapedectomy? The hearing results of a stapedectomy alone in 45 cases with both stapes and malleus fixation are 70% within 10 dB and 84% within 20 dB of the preoperative bone conduction hearing level.", "PMID": 666645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11323", "title": "Effect of age on prediction of sensorineural hearing level from the acoustic reflex.", "content": "To study the effect of age on prediction of hearing level from the acoustic reflex, we compared reflex prediction with the actual hearing level in 505 patients. The following three age groups were defined: 130 children aged 2 to 12 years; 158 young adults aged 20 to 40 years; and 217 old adults aged 60 to 90 years. Prediction was substantially more accurate in the children's group than in either adult group.", "contents": "Effect of age on prediction of sensorineural hearing level from the acoustic reflex. To study the effect of age on prediction of hearing level from the acoustic reflex, we compared reflex prediction with the actual hearing level in 505 patients. The following three age groups were defined: 130 children aged 2 to 12 years; 158 young adults aged 20 to 40 years; and 217 old adults aged 60 to 90 years. Prediction was substantially more accurate in the children's group than in either adult group.", "PMID": 666646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11324", "title": "Neuroblastoma of the head and neck.", "content": "We reviewed 105 cases of neuroblastoma, which were seen at the Buffalo Children's Hospital between 1936 and 1976. We describe seven patients with primary neuroblastoma of the head and neck. The results of postmortem examination in two of these patients proved without any doubt that the tumor was primarily in the head and neck region. Although metastasis of neuroblastomas to the head and neck from more common primary sites in the abdomen, pelvis, or thorax is common, to our knowledge, well-documented primary head and neck lesions are quite rare. The prognosis of invasive neuroblastoma of the head and neck is poor, with rapid and widespread metastasis being the rule. However, some success has been reported with early and massive therapy that involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma of the head and neck. We reviewed 105 cases of neuroblastoma, which were seen at the Buffalo Children's Hospital between 1936 and 1976. We describe seven patients with primary neuroblastoma of the head and neck. The results of postmortem examination in two of these patients proved without any doubt that the tumor was primarily in the head and neck region. Although metastasis of neuroblastomas to the head and neck from more common primary sites in the abdomen, pelvis, or thorax is common, to our knowledge, well-documented primary head and neck lesions are quite rare. The prognosis of invasive neuroblastoma of the head and neck is poor, with rapid and widespread metastasis being the rule. However, some success has been reported with early and massive therapy that involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.", "PMID": 666647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11325", "title": "Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. III. A clinicopathologic study of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear-mastoid is a highly lethal neoplasm of childhood in most cases, which clinically simulates a chronic infection. Extensive hemorrhage and necrosis in the biopsy specimen may obscure and often delay the diagnosis. Two of the six embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas in this study showed histologic evidence of differentiation. These same two patients were the only long-term survivors. Similar examples of \"differentiated\" embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the middle ear-mastoid with prolonged survival have been recorded individually in the literature. Therapeutic implications of this finding have been discussed.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. III. A clinicopathologic study of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear-mastoid is a highly lethal neoplasm of childhood in most cases, which clinically simulates a chronic infection. Extensive hemorrhage and necrosis in the biopsy specimen may obscure and often delay the diagnosis. Two of the six embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas in this study showed histologic evidence of differentiation. These same two patients were the only long-term survivors. Similar examples of \"differentiated\" embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the middle ear-mastoid with prolonged survival have been recorded individually in the literature. Therapeutic implications of this finding have been discussed.", "PMID": 666648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11326", "title": "Auditory and vestibular damage in head injuries at work.", "content": "A series of 50 unselected patients who reported a head injury to the Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia were referred to the AudioVestibular Unit of the Vancouver General Hospital for studies of auditory and vestibular function. All patients were interviewed and examined by a neuro-otology team during the course of their investigation. It was found that dizziness was the most common symptom of which they complained (60%), and bleeding from the ear was the least common (4%). Of the 50 patients studied, 32% showed evidence of either auditory and/or vestibular injury. Of the total number studied, 16% had auditory injuries and 26% had vestibular injuries. The most common auditory injury was unilateral partial loss of hearing. Central vestibular dysfunction was the most common vestibular injury. A study of the most effective means of selecting patients from the population with head injuries for referral for audiology and vestibular testing was undertaken. The most effective combination of symptoms for referral is the presence of one or more of the triad: hearing loss, unsteadiness, or loss of consciousness/amnesia.", "contents": "Auditory and vestibular damage in head injuries at work. A series of 50 unselected patients who reported a head injury to the Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia were referred to the AudioVestibular Unit of the Vancouver General Hospital for studies of auditory and vestibular function. All patients were interviewed and examined by a neuro-otology team during the course of their investigation. It was found that dizziness was the most common symptom of which they complained (60%), and bleeding from the ear was the least common (4%). Of the 50 patients studied, 32% showed evidence of either auditory and/or vestibular injury. Of the total number studied, 16% had auditory injuries and 26% had vestibular injuries. The most common auditory injury was unilateral partial loss of hearing. Central vestibular dysfunction was the most common vestibular injury. A study of the most effective means of selecting patients from the population with head injuries for referral for audiology and vestibular testing was undertaken. The most effective combination of symptoms for referral is the presence of one or more of the triad: hearing loss, unsteadiness, or loss of consciousness/amnesia.", "PMID": 666649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11327", "title": "Impedance audiometry in serous otitis media.", "content": "The relationship between the results of impedance audiometry and middle ear effusion in serous otitis media was examined in 76 ears immediately prior to myringotomy. Tympanometry and acoustic reflex threshold showed the highest correlation with the operative findings relative to middle ear effusion. The combination of tympanometry and acoustic refex threshold was superior to the use of either component alone. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications with specific consideration of hearing screening programs.", "contents": "Impedance audiometry in serous otitis media. The relationship between the results of impedance audiometry and middle ear effusion in serous otitis media was examined in 76 ears immediately prior to myringotomy. Tympanometry and acoustic reflex threshold showed the highest correlation with the operative findings relative to middle ear effusion. The combination of tympanometry and acoustic refex threshold was superior to the use of either component alone. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications with specific consideration of hearing screening programs.", "PMID": 666650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11328", "title": "Papillomatosis of the respiratory tract. Upper airway obstruction and carcinoma.", "content": "Metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma of the lung developed in a patient who had juvenile papillomatosis but had had no previous radiation therapy. At the same time, a significant upper airway obstruction was present. All endobronchial lesions rapidly resolved with radiation therapy, and the carcinoma was resected.", "contents": "Papillomatosis of the respiratory tract. Upper airway obstruction and carcinoma. Metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma of the lung developed in a patient who had juvenile papillomatosis but had had no previous radiation therapy. At the same time, a significant upper airway obstruction was present. All endobronchial lesions rapidly resolved with radiation therapy, and the carcinoma was resected.", "PMID": 666651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11329", "title": "Clinical rationale for using an overhead speaker in evaluation of hearing aids.", "content": "A variable that has received little attention in the psychoacoustic evaluation of the hearing aid is the position of loudspeakers with respect to the listener, particularly the azimuth of the loudspeaker, which is used for presenting the competing message. In the past, a variety of locations have been used, some of which can bias the outcome of the evaluation. For this reason, this article suggests the use of an overhead speaker to deliver the competing signal. The overhead placement provides a neutral location that is highly desirable for making reliable repeated speech performance comparisons. In addition, the overhead speaker can be easily adapted to the testing environment while it produces the effect of surrounding the listener with the competing signal.", "contents": "Clinical rationale for using an overhead speaker in evaluation of hearing aids. A variable that has received little attention in the psychoacoustic evaluation of the hearing aid is the position of loudspeakers with respect to the listener, particularly the azimuth of the loudspeaker, which is used for presenting the competing message. In the past, a variety of locations have been used, some of which can bias the outcome of the evaluation. For this reason, this article suggests the use of an overhead speaker to deliver the competing signal. The overhead placement provides a neutral location that is highly desirable for making reliable repeated speech performance comparisons. In addition, the overhead speaker can be easily adapted to the testing environment while it produces the effect of surrounding the listener with the competing signal.", "PMID": 666652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11330", "title": "Developmental changes of susceptibility to auditory fatigue in young hamsters.", "content": "Susceptibility to auditory fatigue was studied in young hamsters by using an evoked-potential criterion of sound-induced threshold shift. Animals aged 15, 28, 40, 54 and 85 days were anesthetized and stimulated with a continuous tone (3 kHz, 110 dB SPL) for 10 min. Threshold shifts 1 min post-exposure were highest in animals aged 40 days, and lowest in animals aged 15 or 85 days. Threshold shifts recovered within 100 min in 15- and 85-day-old animals, but required considerably longer to recover in the other age-groups. The data suggest that young hamsters pass through a critical period of susceptibility to auditory fatigue. Comparison of this critical period with various indices of the development of hearing in the hamster suggests that the developmental events underlying the critical period do not occur in the middle ear.", "contents": "Developmental changes of susceptibility to auditory fatigue in young hamsters. Susceptibility to auditory fatigue was studied in young hamsters by using an evoked-potential criterion of sound-induced threshold shift. Animals aged 15, 28, 40, 54 and 85 days were anesthetized and stimulated with a continuous tone (3 kHz, 110 dB SPL) for 10 min. Threshold shifts 1 min post-exposure were highest in animals aged 40 days, and lowest in animals aged 15 or 85 days. Threshold shifts recovered within 100 min in 15- and 85-day-old animals, but required considerably longer to recover in the other age-groups. The data suggest that young hamsters pass through a critical period of susceptibility to auditory fatigue. Comparison of this critical period with various indices of the development of hearing in the hamster suggests that the developmental events underlying the critical period do not occur in the middle ear.", "PMID": 666655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11331", "title": "An immunologist's view of viral disease.", "content": "Immunologists see viral infection as a struggle between host defences and viral invasion. The outcome of such invasion may be sub-clinical or self limiting clinical infection or a less favourable outcome with chronicity, \"slow virus\" disease, autoimmunity or malignancy. A limited number of immune manipulations are possible in viral disease--immunization, immune enhancement with transfer factor or levamisole. An understanding of immune defences is vital at a time when antiviral chemotherapy is still so poorly developed.", "contents": "An immunologist's view of viral disease. Immunologists see viral infection as a struggle between host defences and viral invasion. The outcome of such invasion may be sub-clinical or self limiting clinical infection or a less favourable outcome with chronicity, \"slow virus\" disease, autoimmunity or malignancy. A limited number of immune manipulations are possible in viral disease--immunization, immune enhancement with transfer factor or levamisole. An understanding of immune defences is vital at a time when antiviral chemotherapy is still so poorly developed.", "PMID": 666664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11332", "title": "Reverberation as a parameter in clinical testing.", "content": "Word identification was measured binaurally and monaurally using the Modified Rhyme Test under noise and reverberation. Normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects were tested. A change in reverberation time from 0.25 to 0.50 s in a small audiometric room caused a significant change in word identification scores in both groups of subjects. A simulated reverberation composed of five distinct reflections did not affect word identification. The binaural advantage (difference between the binaural and monaural scores) was significant for normally hearing subjects, while it was not significant for hearing-impaired subjects.", "contents": "Reverberation as a parameter in clinical testing. Word identification was measured binaurally and monaurally using the Modified Rhyme Test under noise and reverberation. Normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects were tested. A change in reverberation time from 0.25 to 0.50 s in a small audiometric room caused a significant change in word identification scores in both groups of subjects. A simulated reverberation composed of five distinct reflections did not affect word identification. The binaural advantage (difference between the binaural and monaural scores) was significant for normally hearing subjects, while it was not significant for hearing-impaired subjects.", "PMID": 666659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11333", "title": "Latency of brain stem responses to chirps (linear frequency-ramp bursts). Relationship between certain physical parameters of the stimulus and nervous activity.", "content": "The latency of Jewett wave V to 4-kHz tone (T) bursts was first studied on 55 normally hearing ears. In another group of 31 subjects, shift in latency was investigated as a function of certain physical parameters of the stimulus. Using T bursts and chirps--frequency-ramp (FR) bursts of 6 ms duration with an interstimulus interval of 33 ms and a constant attenuation, we noticed that (1) in all subjects, wave V latency was greater with ascending FR bursts than with descending ones; (2) in all subjects with even slight sensorineural hearing losses, the difference in latency between 1-kHz T bursts and 1- to 2-kHz FR bursts was less than that between 2-kHz T bursts and 2- to 4-kHz FR bursts, and (3) in subjects with normal internal ears on standard audiometry, the converse occurred, except in 4 subjects in a group of 6 who had been exposed to loud impact noises. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Latency of brain stem responses to chirps (linear frequency-ramp bursts). Relationship between certain physical parameters of the stimulus and nervous activity. The latency of Jewett wave V to 4-kHz tone (T) bursts was first studied on 55 normally hearing ears. In another group of 31 subjects, shift in latency was investigated as a function of certain physical parameters of the stimulus. Using T bursts and chirps--frequency-ramp (FR) bursts of 6 ms duration with an interstimulus interval of 33 ms and a constant attenuation, we noticed that (1) in all subjects, wave V latency was greater with ascending FR bursts than with descending ones; (2) in all subjects with even slight sensorineural hearing losses, the difference in latency between 1-kHz T bursts and 1- to 2-kHz FR bursts was less than that between 2-kHz T bursts and 2- to 4-kHz FR bursts, and (3) in subjects with normal internal ears on standard audiometry, the converse occurred, except in 4 subjects in a group of 6 who had been exposed to loud impact noises. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 666657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11334", "title": "Surface-recorded cochlear microphonic potentials during temporary threshold shifts in man.", "content": "Cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) were recorded, by means of surface electrodes, before, during and after white-noise-induced temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in human volunteers. The behavioural threshold shift was not accompanied by a change in amplitude of CM. These findings indicate that in humans, the site affected by the noise exposure and which probably gives rise to the TTS is central to the site of generation of CM. In a previous study, the compound action potential generated in the auditory nerve was found to be of lower amplitude and longer latency during TTS, and it is thus proposed that the site affected is peripheral to the generation of conducted action potentials. The synapse between hair cells and the auditory nerve fibres is the most likely candidate to be the affected site.", "contents": "Surface-recorded cochlear microphonic potentials during temporary threshold shifts in man. Cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) were recorded, by means of surface electrodes, before, during and after white-noise-induced temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in human volunteers. The behavioural threshold shift was not accompanied by a change in amplitude of CM. These findings indicate that in humans, the site affected by the noise exposure and which probably gives rise to the TTS is central to the site of generation of CM. In a previous study, the compound action potential generated in the auditory nerve was found to be of lower amplitude and longer latency during TTS, and it is thus proposed that the site affected is peripheral to the generation of conducted action potentials. The synapse between hair cells and the auditory nerve fibres is the most likely candidate to be the affected site.", "PMID": 666656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11335", "title": "Antibiotics: their true place in the treatment of viral disease.", "content": "The use of antibiotics in viral diseases of childhood is discussed. If bacterial infection is likely, either as superinfection or as part of the differential diagnosis, then antibiotics should be given. The antibiotic of choice for each illness is considered. Respiratory infections are common. The diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis is compared with viral pharyngitis. Penicillin is indicated if the bacterial infection is possible. If there is difficulty in distinguishing between croup and epiglottitis, then chloramphenicol or ampicillin should be given. Otitis media and pneumonia caused by viruses are difficult to differentiate from their bacterial counterparts, and antibiotics are indicated. By contrast, antibiotics are not used in bronchiolitis or asthma. Antibiotics are contraindicated in gastroenteritis even if caused by bacteria. Prolongation of the carrier state or superinfection may then occur. Interpretation of the biochemical and bacteriological findings of the cerebrospinal fluid is important in distinguishing viral meningitis and encephalitis from bacterial meningitis. If bacterial meningitis is possible, then antibiotics should be used. The indications for antibiotics in viral diseases of the skin, eye, joints, heart and parotid are also discussed.", "contents": "Antibiotics: their true place in the treatment of viral disease. The use of antibiotics in viral diseases of childhood is discussed. If bacterial infection is likely, either as superinfection or as part of the differential diagnosis, then antibiotics should be given. The antibiotic of choice for each illness is considered. Respiratory infections are common. The diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis is compared with viral pharyngitis. Penicillin is indicated if the bacterial infection is possible. If there is difficulty in distinguishing between croup and epiglottitis, then chloramphenicol or ampicillin should be given. Otitis media and pneumonia caused by viruses are difficult to differentiate from their bacterial counterparts, and antibiotics are indicated. By contrast, antibiotics are not used in bronchiolitis or asthma. Antibiotics are contraindicated in gastroenteritis even if caused by bacteria. Prolongation of the carrier state or superinfection may then occur. Interpretation of the biochemical and bacteriological findings of the cerebrospinal fluid is important in distinguishing viral meningitis and encephalitis from bacterial meningitis. If bacterial meningitis is possible, then antibiotics should be used. The indications for antibiotics in viral diseases of the skin, eye, joints, heart and parotid are also discussed.", "PMID": 666665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11336", "title": "[Impedancemetric study of the variations of the auditory reflex in man as a function of age (author's transl)].", "content": "The author has used the electroacoustic impedance bridge to study the variation of the auditory reflex in normally hearing subjects as a function of age. The parameters tested were essentially the rise time and the recovery time as well as the amplitude of the reflex response at frequencies of 1 000 and 2 000 Hz after ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. The influence of age was found to be significant for the recovery time and the amplitude of response. The relationship between the rise time and the recovery time was found to be constant. These standards established as a function of age will facilitate the differentiation of normal from pathological responses.", "contents": "[Impedancemetric study of the variations of the auditory reflex in man as a function of age (author's transl)]. The author has used the electroacoustic impedance bridge to study the variation of the auditory reflex in normally hearing subjects as a function of age. The parameters tested were essentially the rise time and the recovery time as well as the amplitude of the reflex response at frequencies of 1 000 and 2 000 Hz after ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. The influence of age was found to be significant for the recovery time and the amplitude of response. The relationship between the rise time and the recovery time was found to be constant. These standards established as a function of age will facilitate the differentiation of normal from pathological responses.", "PMID": 666660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11337", "title": "Workload in rural practice: implications for education and health service structure.", "content": "In view of the reported maldistribution of medical manpower in Queensland, this study was undertaken to establish the effects of such a maldistribution on the workload and range of work performed by rural practioners. Rural practitioners were found to have a higher patient contact rate per week, and to perform more surgery and obstetrics than do their city counterparts.", "contents": "Workload in rural practice: implications for education and health service structure. In view of the reported maldistribution of medical manpower in Queensland, this study was undertaken to establish the effects of such a maldistribution on the workload and range of work performed by rural practioners. Rural practitioners were found to have a higher patient contact rate per week, and to perform more surgery and obstetrics than do their city counterparts.", "PMID": 666666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11338", "title": "Voluntary vacation attachments to rural general practitioners: experience with pre-clinical medical students.", "content": "In view of the continuing maldistribution of medical manpower away from rural practice, a voluntary vacation rural general practitioner attachment scheme was established for pre-clinical students. The responses of the students and preceptors to these attachments are discussed.", "contents": "Voluntary vacation attachments to rural general practitioners: experience with pre-clinical medical students. In view of the continuing maldistribution of medical manpower away from rural practice, a voluntary vacation rural general practitioner attachment scheme was established for pre-clinical students. The responses of the students and preceptors to these attachments are discussed.", "PMID": 666667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11339", "title": "Protein and DNA levels in the submandibular salivary glands of isoproterenol stimulated mice.", "content": "The DNA and soluble and sedimental protein levels were studied in isoproterenol stimulated mouse submandibular salivary glands over a period of 200 h. Hypertrophy, the predominant cellular phenomenon following chronic isoproterenol treatment, was associated with a marked elevation of 14C-leucine incorporation into the buffer soluble protein fraction and a less pronounced isotope incorporation into the sedimental sub-cellular fraction as well as continued DNA synthesis. These findings are contrary to the accepted definitions of hypertrophy which preclude continued DNA synthesis. A suggestion is made, therefore, that in the system used the polyploidy associated with the hypertrophy involves.", "contents": "Protein and DNA levels in the submandibular salivary glands of isoproterenol stimulated mice. The DNA and soluble and sedimental protein levels were studied in isoproterenol stimulated mouse submandibular salivary glands over a period of 200 h. Hypertrophy, the predominant cellular phenomenon following chronic isoproterenol treatment, was associated with a marked elevation of 14C-leucine incorporation into the buffer soluble protein fraction and a less pronounced isotope incorporation into the sedimental sub-cellular fraction as well as continued DNA synthesis. These findings are contrary to the accepted definitions of hypertrophy which preclude continued DNA synthesis. A suggestion is made, therefore, that in the system used the polyploidy associated with the hypertrophy involves.", "PMID": 666669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11340", "title": "The contribution of the acoustic reflex to the ascending-descending most comfortable loudness gap.", "content": "The contribution of the acoustic reflex (AR) contraction to the ascending-descending (A-D) gap was explored. 15 normal listeners traced ascending and descending most comfortable loudness (MCL) levels for continuous (C) and interrupted (I) tones at 250, 1000 and 4000 Hz. Reflex thresholds were obtained for each subject at the test frequencies. No evidence was found to implicate the AR as the causative agent in the A-D gap. Two important trends emerged: (1) an ordering of MCL conditions occurred which was consistent across frequencies and (2) there was a consistent difference between AR level and MCL for a given stimulus condition which was constant across frequencies. The findings suggest that a predictive relationship may exist between AR and pure-tone MCL.", "contents": "The contribution of the acoustic reflex to the ascending-descending most comfortable loudness gap. The contribution of the acoustic reflex (AR) contraction to the ascending-descending (A-D) gap was explored. 15 normal listeners traced ascending and descending most comfortable loudness (MCL) levels for continuous (C) and interrupted (I) tones at 250, 1000 and 4000 Hz. Reflex thresholds were obtained for each subject at the test frequencies. No evidence was found to implicate the AR as the causative agent in the A-D gap. Two important trends emerged: (1) an ordering of MCL conditions occurred which was consistent across frequencies and (2) there was a consistent difference between AR level and MCL for a given stimulus condition which was constant across frequencies. The findings suggest that a predictive relationship may exist between AR and pure-tone MCL.", "PMID": 666661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11341", "title": "The actions of vasoactive compounds in the foetus and the effect of perfusion through the placenta on their biological activity.", "content": "In acute experiments on the in utero foetal lamb, angiotensin II was a more potent pressor agent that either noradrenaline or adrenaline, and the response to angiotensin II was not consistently modified by the combined administration of alpha and beta-adrenergic blocking agents. A significant reduction in the pressor response of the foetus to angiotensin II and noradrenaline occurred with infusion of these compounds to the foetus by the umbilical artery when compared with the response obtained with infusions of the same doses of these drugs by the umbilical vein. Moreover, the concentration of angiotensin II (pg. ml-1) present in the foetal circulation was less following umbilical arterial infusions compared with umbilical vein infusions of the same doses. A similar reduction in the pressor activity of adrenaline and the cardio-stimulant effect of isoprenaline occurred when these drugs were infused by the umbilical artery. It is concluded that the foetus, like the adult  animal, is more sensitive to angiotensin II than to catecholamines and that the biological activities of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, adrenaline and isoprenaline are reduced by perfusion through the foetal placenta.", "contents": "The actions of vasoactive compounds in the foetus and the effect of perfusion through the placenta on their biological activity. In acute experiments on the in utero foetal lamb, angiotensin II was a more potent pressor agent that either noradrenaline or adrenaline, and the response to angiotensin II was not consistently modified by the combined administration of alpha and beta-adrenergic blocking agents. A significant reduction in the pressor response of the foetus to angiotensin II and noradrenaline occurred with infusion of these compounds to the foetus by the umbilical artery when compared with the response obtained with infusions of the same doses of these drugs by the umbilical vein. Moreover, the concentration of angiotensin II (pg. ml-1) present in the foetal circulation was less following umbilical arterial infusions compared with umbilical vein infusions of the same doses. A similar reduction in the pressor activity of adrenaline and the cardio-stimulant effect of isoprenaline occurred when these drugs were infused by the umbilical artery. It is concluded that the foetus, like the adult  animal, is more sensitive to angiotensin II than to catecholamines and that the biological activities of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, adrenaline and isoprenaline are reduced by perfusion through the foetal placenta.", "PMID": 666671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11342", "title": "Studies on the brush border membrane on mouse duodenum: lipids.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from purified mouse duodenal brush border membranes. Lipid: protein ratios in different membrane preparations varied from 0.58 to 0.68. Both the chloroform and non-chloroform phases were quantitatively analysed for lipids. Chloroform extracts were composed of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol. Rechromatrography of the phospholipid spot showed sphingomyelin (7.9%), phosphatides of ethanolamine (61.7%), inositol (14.2%) and serine (16.2%). The average molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 1.39. Lipids in the non-chloroform phase were all glycosylated, being cerebrosides (69.3%), cerebroside sulphates (28.8%) and galgliosides (1.9%). Overal membrane lipid composition was neutral lipid 24%, phospholipid 33%, and glycolipid 43%.", "contents": "Studies on the brush border membrane on mouse duodenum: lipids. Lipids were extracted from purified mouse duodenal brush border membranes. Lipid: protein ratios in different membrane preparations varied from 0.58 to 0.68. Both the chloroform and non-chloroform phases were quantitatively analysed for lipids. Chloroform extracts were composed of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol. Rechromatrography of the phospholipid spot showed sphingomyelin (7.9%), phosphatides of ethanolamine (61.7%), inositol (14.2%) and serine (16.2%). The average molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 1.39. Lipids in the non-chloroform phase were all glycosylated, being cerebrosides (69.3%), cerebroside sulphates (28.8%) and galgliosides (1.9%). Overal membrane lipid composition was neutral lipid 24%, phospholipid 33%, and glycolipid 43%.", "PMID": 666674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11343", "title": "Glucose-binding membrane proteins.", "content": "To identify glucose-binding proteins amongst the polypeptides of the mouse duodenal brush border membrane, three types of experiments are reported. The first involved the introduction of labelled glucose and its analogue phlorizin into the lumen of separate groups of ligatured duodenal segments. Several proteins were shown to have bound both labelled species in situ by liquid scintillation counting of slices from polyacrylamide gels on which solubilised membrane protein had been electrophoretically separated. The second type of experiment was designed to determine the competitive nature of the binding of both labelled and cold phlorizin to proteins which had already bound glucose. Only three bands could competitively bind phlorizin. Finally, gels on which solubilised protein from in situ glucose-binding experiments had been run were placed in solutions containing labelled phlorizin. The binding of phlorizin to proteins in the same three bands as above suggested a confirmation of the conclusion that there were three membrane protein types which appeared to be involved in phlorizin-sensitive glucose-binding.", "contents": "Glucose-binding membrane proteins. To identify glucose-binding proteins amongst the polypeptides of the mouse duodenal brush border membrane, three types of experiments are reported. The first involved the introduction of labelled glucose and its analogue phlorizin into the lumen of separate groups of ligatured duodenal segments. Several proteins were shown to have bound both labelled species in situ by liquid scintillation counting of slices from polyacrylamide gels on which solubilised membrane protein had been electrophoretically separated. The second type of experiment was designed to determine the competitive nature of the binding of both labelled and cold phlorizin to proteins which had already bound glucose. Only three bands could competitively bind phlorizin. Finally, gels on which solubilised protein from in situ glucose-binding experiments had been run were placed in solutions containing labelled phlorizin. The binding of phlorizin to proteins in the same three bands as above suggested a confirmation of the conclusion that there were three membrane protein types which appeared to be involved in phlorizin-sensitive glucose-binding.", "PMID": 666675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11344", "title": "Differential agglutination of particulate Vi and O antigens by the IgM and IgG class antibodies.", "content": "The IgG and IgM immunoglobulins were fractionated from pooled sera of typhoid patients and typhoid carriers and the agglutinin titres and weights of Vi and O antibodies in these immunoglobulin fractions determined. The O antigen particles were more effectively agglutinated than the Vi antigen particles by their corresponding antibodies of the IgM class. There was no such difference between IgG class Vi and O antibodies. Similar behaviour was found on indirect estimation of the agglutination capacity of the IgG and IgM class Vi and O antibodies in the sera of individual typhoid patients or carriers. The significance of such differential agglutinating capacity of the Vi and O antibodies of the IgM class is discussed.", "contents": "Differential agglutination of particulate Vi and O antigens by the IgM and IgG class antibodies. The IgG and IgM immunoglobulins were fractionated from pooled sera of typhoid patients and typhoid carriers and the agglutinin titres and weights of Vi and O antibodies in these immunoglobulin fractions determined. The O antigen particles were more effectively agglutinated than the Vi antigen particles by their corresponding antibodies of the IgM class. There was no such difference between IgG class Vi and O antibodies. Similar behaviour was found on indirect estimation of the agglutination capacity of the IgG and IgM class Vi and O antibodies in the sera of individual typhoid patients or carriers. The significance of such differential agglutinating capacity of the Vi and O antibodies of the IgM class is discussed.", "PMID": 666676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11345", "title": "Immune responses of sheep to the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis: infections in Thiry-Vella loops.", "content": "Some aspects of the local immune response to nematode infection were examined by introducing fourth-stage Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae into Thiry-Vella loops in worm-free and T. colubriformis-resistant sheep. Approximately 15% of the larvae introduced into the worm-free sheep survived and matured into adult worms, whereas less than 1% survival in resistant sheep. The amount of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and albumin discharged from loops in worm-free but not resistant sheep all increased following infection with larvae. Secretions from resistant sheep contained approximately three times as much IgA as secretions from the worm-free group and, in addition, their plasma IgG1 level was significantly higher. Antibodies against T. columbriformis were found in both plasma and intestinal secretions, the highest titres being found in the resistant sheep. During worm expulsion from loops in the resistant sheep neither immunoglobulin levels nor antibody titres in the secretions increased significantly.", "contents": "Immune responses of sheep to the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis: infections in Thiry-Vella loops. Some aspects of the local immune response to nematode infection were examined by introducing fourth-stage Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae into Thiry-Vella loops in worm-free and T. colubriformis-resistant sheep. Approximately 15% of the larvae introduced into the worm-free sheep survived and matured into adult worms, whereas less than 1% survival in resistant sheep. The amount of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and albumin discharged from loops in worm-free but not resistant sheep all increased following infection with larvae. Secretions from resistant sheep contained approximately three times as much IgA as secretions from the worm-free group and, in addition, their plasma IgG1 level was significantly higher. Antibodies against T. columbriformis were found in both plasma and intestinal secretions, the highest titres being found in the resistant sheep. During worm expulsion from loops in the resistant sheep neither immunoglobulin levels nor antibody titres in the secretions increased significantly.", "PMID": 666677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11346", "title": "Carboxyhemoglobin levels during a submarine patrol.", "content": "One of the major contaminants from tobacco smoking aboard a nuclear submarine is carbon monoxide (CO). While this gas is controlled to 15 parts per million or lower by catalytic burners, there still remains a residual low level in the atmosphere. This study has shown that, on one submarine, the average ambient concentration was 7 ppm, which produced an average carboxyhemoglobin level in 15 nonsmokers of 2.1%, 1.7%, and 1.7% at the start, middle, and end of a 40-d patrol. Because submariners are generally healthy and young, it is concluded that CO exposures at these ambient levels do not constitute a major risk factor to the physiological well-being of these submariners, nor are they expected to cause any decrement in performance.", "contents": "Carboxyhemoglobin levels during a submarine patrol. One of the major contaminants from tobacco smoking aboard a nuclear submarine is carbon monoxide (CO). While this gas is controlled to 15 parts per million or lower by catalytic burners, there still remains a residual low level in the atmosphere. This study has shown that, on one submarine, the average ambient concentration was 7 ppm, which produced an average carboxyhemoglobin level in 15 nonsmokers of 2.1%, 1.7%, and 1.7% at the start, middle, and end of a 40-d patrol. Because submariners are generally healthy and young, it is concluded that CO exposures at these ambient levels do not constitute a major risk factor to the physiological well-being of these submariners, nor are they expected to cause any decrement in performance.", "PMID": 666678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11347", "title": "Effects of high ambient temperature on sleep in young men.", "content": "Each of 10 normal subjects had 4 nights of laboratory-monitored sleep, consisting of adjustment, baseline, high blanket temperature (HBT), and recovery nights. EEG-EOG recordings were made on each night; rectal temperature, heart rate, body weight, and ambient temperatures were monitored throughout the last 2 nights. On the HBT night, subjects had less total sleep time, more frequent and longer awakenings, greater shifting among sleep stages, decreased amounts of stage 1 REM and stages 3 + 4, and delayed onset of deep sleep (stages 3 and 4). Body temperature was elevated to a relatively constant level of 37 degrees C on the HBT night, but gradually decreased from 36 degrees C to 34.5 degrees C across the recovery night. Heart rate decreased at a linear rate on both the HBT and recovery nights, but was 15 beats/min faster on the former. Subjects experienced liquid loss of 1.25 kg on the HBT night, but had a full recovery by the following evening.", "contents": "Effects of high ambient temperature on sleep in young men. Each of 10 normal subjects had 4 nights of laboratory-monitored sleep, consisting of adjustment, baseline, high blanket temperature (HBT), and recovery nights. EEG-EOG recordings were made on each night; rectal temperature, heart rate, body weight, and ambient temperatures were monitored throughout the last 2 nights. On the HBT night, subjects had less total sleep time, more frequent and longer awakenings, greater shifting among sleep stages, decreased amounts of stage 1 REM and stages 3 + 4, and delayed onset of deep sleep (stages 3 and 4). Body temperature was elevated to a relatively constant level of 37 degrees C on the HBT night, but gradually decreased from 36 degrees C to 34.5 degrees C across the recovery night. Heart rate decreased at a linear rate on both the HBT and recovery nights, but was 15 beats/min faster on the former. Subjects experienced liquid loss of 1.25 kg on the HBT night, but had a full recovery by the following evening.", "PMID": 666679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11348", "title": "Persistence of lateral hypothalamic-mediated behaviors after a supralethal dose of ionizing radiation.", "content": "After exposure to 10 krad of high-energy electrons, rats experience an early transient incapacitation characterized by symptoms similar to those associated with lateral hypothalamic lesions: akinesia and decrements in various motivated behaviors. Experimenter-imposed electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in akinetic, irradiated animals produced a locomotor response similar to that seen in unexposed rats. Furthermore, when allowed to self-stimulate, the irradiated subjects persisted in vigorous self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus while self-stimulation rates of other subcortical sites showed marked attenuation. The lateral hypothalamus is apparently less sensitive to ionizing radiation than are the other subcortical structures sampled.", "contents": "Persistence of lateral hypothalamic-mediated behaviors after a supralethal dose of ionizing radiation. After exposure to 10 krad of high-energy electrons, rats experience an early transient incapacitation characterized by symptoms similar to those associated with lateral hypothalamic lesions: akinesia and decrements in various motivated behaviors. Experimenter-imposed electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in akinetic, irradiated animals produced a locomotor response similar to that seen in unexposed rats. Furthermore, when allowed to self-stimulate, the irradiated subjects persisted in vigorous self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus while self-stimulation rates of other subcortical sites showed marked attenuation. The lateral hypothalamus is apparently less sensitive to ionizing radiation than are the other subcortical structures sampled.", "PMID": 666680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11349", "title": "Effect of rewarming at various water bath temperatures in experimental frostbite.", "content": "Studies have been conducted on 72 rats to determine the most suitable temperature at which rapid rewarming should be done as an immediate treatment for frostbite. Animals were put in a harness containing arrangements for warming the body. Their hind limbs were left out of the harness. They were then exposed to -15 degrees +/- 1 degrees C in a deep freeze for 60 min, during which paw temperature was recorded every 5 min. After this, the animals were taken out, the left hind limb was rapidly rewarmed in a water bath maintained at 35 degrees, 37 degrees, 39 degrees, 41 degrees, 43 degrees, or 45 degrees C for different batches and the right hind limb was left free for slow rewarming at room temperature (27 degrees -29 degrees C). The severity of cold injury in the two limbs was compared. The paw temperature showed a drop on cold exposure, followed by a rapid rise and then a second fall. The degree of injury was related to the duration of exposure after the rise in the paw temperature. The rapid rewarming was effective only at water bath temperature of 37 degrees-39 degrees C and was harmful at 45 degrees C. This shows that rewarming at about body temperature is most effective as immediate treatment for frostbite.", "contents": "Effect of rewarming at various water bath temperatures in experimental frostbite. Studies have been conducted on 72 rats to determine the most suitable temperature at which rapid rewarming should be done as an immediate treatment for frostbite. Animals were put in a harness containing arrangements for warming the body. Their hind limbs were left out of the harness. They were then exposed to -15 degrees +/- 1 degrees C in a deep freeze for 60 min, during which paw temperature was recorded every 5 min. After this, the animals were taken out, the left hind limb was rapidly rewarmed in a water bath maintained at 35 degrees, 37 degrees, 39 degrees, 41 degrees, 43 degrees, or 45 degrees C for different batches and the right hind limb was left free for slow rewarming at room temperature (27 degrees -29 degrees C). The severity of cold injury in the two limbs was compared. The paw temperature showed a drop on cold exposure, followed by a rapid rise and then a second fall. The degree of injury was related to the duration of exposure after the rise in the paw temperature. The rapid rewarming was effective only at water bath temperature of 37 degrees-39 degrees C and was harmful at 45 degrees C. This shows that rewarming at about body temperature is most effective as immediate treatment for frostbite.", "PMID": 666681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11350", "title": "Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier under hyperbaric conditions.", "content": "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) has been used in the treatment of cerebral edema with variable results. Two different actions of HBO, one decreasing and the other increasing cerebral edema, have been postulated. We examined the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats and cats. Animals of each species were treated for 90 min/d with 100% oxygen at a pressure of 2.5 atm for 5 consecutive days. Following treatment, cadmium-free ferritin was injected intravenously. Sections of the brain were prepared for electron microscopic evaluation of the capillaries and their neighboring structures. Perivascular edematous zones were observed. Ferritin particles penetrated through the capillary endothelium and into the pericapillary structures. Hyperbaric oxygenation appears to increase the permeability of cerebral vessel walls in normal animals. Further work on this phenomenon may provide a more rational basis for the treatment of cerebral edema with HBO.", "contents": "Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier under hyperbaric conditions. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) has been used in the treatment of cerebral edema with variable results. Two different actions of HBO, one decreasing and the other increasing cerebral edema, have been postulated. We examined the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats and cats. Animals of each species were treated for 90 min/d with 100% oxygen at a pressure of 2.5 atm for 5 consecutive days. Following treatment, cadmium-free ferritin was injected intravenously. Sections of the brain were prepared for electron microscopic evaluation of the capillaries and their neighboring structures. Perivascular edematous zones were observed. Ferritin particles penetrated through the capillary endothelium and into the pericapillary structures. Hyperbaric oxygenation appears to increase the permeability of cerebral vessel walls in normal animals. Further work on this phenomenon may provide a more rational basis for the treatment of cerebral edema with HBO.", "PMID": 666682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11351", "title": "Body fluid compartments in rabbits on exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia.", "content": "Body fluid compartments were studied in rabbits divided into three groups--control, exposed to acute hypoxia, and exposed to hypoxia after treatment with 2 mg frusemide intramuscularly. Total body water, extracellular body water, and plasma space were determined using the triple radiotracer technique. Total body water decreased insignificantly with no change in extracellular body space on exposure to hypoxia. Plasma volume and blood volume showed a significant decrease with a significant increase in haematocrit. In rabbits pretreated with frusemide, total body water, extracellular body water, plasma volume, blood volume, and interstitial fluid space decreased significantly on hypoxic exposure. This study suggested hypohydration on acute hypoxic exposure with a loss of intracellular water, while pretreatment with frusemide resulted in further hypohydration with a loss from both intracellular and extracellular compartments. The results have been discussed in relation to suggested use of diuretics on induction to high altitude.", "contents": "Body fluid compartments in rabbits on exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia. Body fluid compartments were studied in rabbits divided into three groups--control, exposed to acute hypoxia, and exposed to hypoxia after treatment with 2 mg frusemide intramuscularly. Total body water, extracellular body water, and plasma space were determined using the triple radiotracer technique. Total body water decreased insignificantly with no change in extracellular body space on exposure to hypoxia. Plasma volume and blood volume showed a significant decrease with a significant increase in haematocrit. In rabbits pretreated with frusemide, total body water, extracellular body water, plasma volume, blood volume, and interstitial fluid space decreased significantly on hypoxic exposure. This study suggested hypohydration on acute hypoxic exposure with a loss of intracellular water, while pretreatment with frusemide resulted in further hypohydration with a loss from both intracellular and extracellular compartments. The results have been discussed in relation to suggested use of diuretics on induction to high altitude.", "PMID": 666683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11352", "title": "Space colonization--some physiological perspectives.", "content": "While the establishment of large self-sustaining communities in free space is possible with present day technology, our understanding of the physiological design criteria determining habitat mass, structural configuration, cost, and ultimate feasibility, is inadequate. This paper briefly summarizes the biomedical findings of an engineering workshop cosponsored by the American Society of Engineering Education, Stanford University, and NASA's Ames Research Center (Summer, 1975). It is the conclusion of the study that a viable, economically productive space community of 10,000 people could be established with very conservative, centrifugally generated earth-normal gravity, general population maximum ionizing radiation dose standards (i.e. less than or equal to 0.5 rem/year, using passive shielding techniques), and a normoxic but reduced nitrogen partial pressure atmosphere. It is the conclusion of the author that although, in theory, some of the physiological constraints might in certain cases be partially relaxed, extensive research must be done to establish the degree of any such relaxation.", "contents": "Space colonization--some physiological perspectives. While the establishment of large self-sustaining communities in free space is possible with present day technology, our understanding of the physiological design criteria determining habitat mass, structural configuration, cost, and ultimate feasibility, is inadequate. This paper briefly summarizes the biomedical findings of an engineering workshop cosponsored by the American Society of Engineering Education, Stanford University, and NASA's Ames Research Center (Summer, 1975). It is the conclusion of the study that a viable, economically productive space community of 10,000 people could be established with very conservative, centrifugally generated earth-normal gravity, general population maximum ionizing radiation dose standards (i.e. less than or equal to 0.5 rem/year, using passive shielding techniques), and a normoxic but reduced nitrogen partial pressure atmosphere. It is the conclusion of the author that although, in theory, some of the physiological constraints might in certain cases be partially relaxed, extensive research must be done to establish the degree of any such relaxation.", "PMID": 666684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11353", "title": "Concorde: ride quality and passenger reactions.", "content": "On four Concorde flights, recordings of environmental characteristics during flight were made and questionnaires were distributed to passengers to assess their reactions during and 24 h after their flight. The Concorde users were mostly traveling for business reasons. Most respondents were flying the Concorde for the first time. Passengers were satisfied with the Concorde, found it comfortable, and were able to perform a variety of activities in flight. On the day after their flight, respondents felt good, rested, and active. They reported less jet lag as a result of their Concorde flight than they had previously experienced on other transatlantic flights. Most respondents are likely to use the Concorde again.", "contents": "Concorde: ride quality and passenger reactions. On four Concorde flights, recordings of environmental characteristics during flight were made and questionnaires were distributed to passengers to assess their reactions during and 24 h after their flight. The Concorde users were mostly traveling for business reasons. Most respondents were flying the Concorde for the first time. Passengers were satisfied with the Concorde, found it comfortable, and were able to perform a variety of activities in flight. On the day after their flight, respondents felt good, rested, and active. They reported less jet lag as a result of their Concorde flight than they had previously experienced on other transatlantic flights. Most respondents are likely to use the Concorde again.", "PMID": 666685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11354", "title": "Prevention of motion sickness in flight maneuvers, aided by transfer of adaptation effects acquired in the laboratory: ten consecutive referrals.", "content": "Ten flyers, grounded because of nausea and vomiting, were referred as potential candidates for adaptation to cross-coupled angular accelerations in a slow-rotation room; such adaptation has been shown to \"transfer\" to flight maneuvers. There was no opportunity to attempt treatment in two candidates. Among the remaining eight, five regained flight status (62.5%); follow-up periods of those five candidates ranged from 10 to 27 months. In one of the three remaining candidates, a satisfactory level of adaptation was achieved but more than 4 months elapsed before his assignment to a duty squadron. After becoming sick in his first flight (F-104), he submitted a request to be removed from duty involving flying. In the remaining two candidates, the rate of their acquisition of adaptation not only was very slow but also, after leveling off, actually declined. In other words, poor as well as good performance is demonstrable in the slow-rotation room.", "contents": "Prevention of motion sickness in flight maneuvers, aided by transfer of adaptation effects acquired in the laboratory: ten consecutive referrals. Ten flyers, grounded because of nausea and vomiting, were referred as potential candidates for adaptation to cross-coupled angular accelerations in a slow-rotation room; such adaptation has been shown to \"transfer\" to flight maneuvers. There was no opportunity to attempt treatment in two candidates. Among the remaining eight, five regained flight status (62.5%); follow-up periods of those five candidates ranged from 10 to 27 months. In one of the three remaining candidates, a satisfactory level of adaptation was achieved but more than 4 months elapsed before his assignment to a duty squadron. After becoming sick in his first flight (F-104), he submitted a request to be removed from duty involving flying. In the remaining two candidates, the rate of their acquisition of adaptation not only was very slow but also, after leveling off, actually declined. In other words, poor as well as good performance is demonstrable in the slow-rotation room.", "PMID": 666686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11355", "title": "Evaluation method of mental workload under flight conditions.", "content": "In order to analyze the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and the flight tasks of pilots, HRV of various mental and physical work stresses were investigated. For the physical stress on the treadmill, S.D. of heart rate sequence showed a minimum value at medium stresses and remained there until the maximum stress. However, the centrifuge acceleration test presupposed special physical stresses, and S.D. was almost same as the resting findings. In the tracking tasks, which presupposed maximum interpretative actions, the increase in the mean heart rate (MHR) was small with the S.D. increased a greater amount than for resting results. Consequently, preflight checks and level flight phases presupposed medium interpretative actions and mental stress with reserve capacity. Takeoff and landing phases were considered as both high interpretative action and high emotional stress situations. Acrobatic and gunnery training flight phases were considered physical load, strong interpretative actions, and emotional stress tasks.", "contents": "Evaluation method of mental workload under flight conditions. In order to analyze the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and the flight tasks of pilots, HRV of various mental and physical work stresses were investigated. For the physical stress on the treadmill, S.D. of heart rate sequence showed a minimum value at medium stresses and remained there until the maximum stress. However, the centrifuge acceleration test presupposed special physical stresses, and S.D. was almost same as the resting findings. In the tracking tasks, which presupposed maximum interpretative actions, the increase in the mean heart rate (MHR) was small with the S.D. increased a greater amount than for resting results. Consequently, preflight checks and level flight phases presupposed medium interpretative actions and mental stress with reserve capacity. Takeoff and landing phases were considered as both high interpretative action and high emotional stress situations. Acrobatic and gunnery training flight phases were considered physical load, strong interpretative actions, and emotional stress tasks.", "PMID": 666687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11356", "title": "An epidemiological study of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Japan, 1976.", "content": "The National Registry for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) of Japan was established in 1976 at the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. By March 1977, forty five clinically confirmed cases of SSPE were reported to the Registry, with onset of symptoms occurring between 1966 and 1976. Histories of measles were available in 42 of these cases. Thirty nine patients with known histories had measles prior to onset of SSPE and 3 had no history of measles illness. Twenty eight (71.7%) of the 39 patients had measles before the age of 2 years. All cases were 1 to 14 years old at the time of onset of SSPE and the mean interval between measles and SSPE was 6.1 years. One of the 3 cases with no history of measles was a recipient of measles killed vaccine, but no case of SSPE was reported among recipients of measles live, attenuated vaccine.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Japan, 1976. The National Registry for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) of Japan was established in 1976 at the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. By March 1977, forty five clinically confirmed cases of SSPE were reported to the Registry, with onset of symptoms occurring between 1966 and 1976. Histories of measles were available in 42 of these cases. Thirty nine patients with known histories had measles prior to onset of SSPE and 3 had no history of measles illness. Twenty eight (71.7%) of the 39 patients had measles before the age of 2 years. All cases were 1 to 14 years old at the time of onset of SSPE and the mean interval between measles and SSPE was 6.1 years. One of the 3 cases with no history of measles was a recipient of measles killed vaccine, but no case of SSPE was reported among recipients of measles live, attenuated vaccine.", "PMID": 666722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11357", "title": "Rubella epidemic in an institution: protective value of live rubella vaccine and serological behavior of vaccinated, revaccinated and naturally immune groups.", "content": "A rubella epidemic occurred in an institutional population composed of 189 susceptible, 37 naturally immune, 35 previously vaccinated and 38 serologically uncharacterized children and nursing staff. The epidemic lasted 3.5 months and showed more than 5 waves. Detailed clinical and serological examinations of these subjects were made. A rash appeared in 156 (52%) of 299 persons, including 145 (87%) of 166 unvaccinated and serologically uncharacterized subjects, but not in the 72 immune persons. In the middle of the 3rd wave urgent vaccination of 61 children aged 0 to 2 years of the susceptible group reduced the rate of appearance of a rash to 11 of the children (18%), as compared with 126 (98%) of 128 subjects in the unvaccinated non-immune group. The epidemic only reached a 4th wave in the vaccinated group, but it extended to a 5th wave or more in unvaccinated subjects. None of the 35 subjects in a previously vaccinated group developed rubella, although the rate of subclinical reinfection in this previously vaccinated group was higher (35%) than that in the naturally immune group (17%). Three cases of subclinical reinfection were detected even among 6 previously revaccinated subjects.", "contents": "Rubella epidemic in an institution: protective value of live rubella vaccine and serological behavior of vaccinated, revaccinated and naturally immune groups. A rubella epidemic occurred in an institutional population composed of 189 susceptible, 37 naturally immune, 35 previously vaccinated and 38 serologically uncharacterized children and nursing staff. The epidemic lasted 3.5 months and showed more than 5 waves. Detailed clinical and serological examinations of these subjects were made. A rash appeared in 156 (52%) of 299 persons, including 145 (87%) of 166 unvaccinated and serologically uncharacterized subjects, but not in the 72 immune persons. In the middle of the 3rd wave urgent vaccination of 61 children aged 0 to 2 years of the susceptible group reduced the rate of appearance of a rash to 11 of the children (18%), as compared with 126 (98%) of 128 subjects in the unvaccinated non-immune group. The epidemic only reached a 4th wave in the vaccinated group, but it extended to a 5th wave or more in unvaccinated subjects. None of the 35 subjects in a previously vaccinated group developed rubella, although the rate of subclinical reinfection in this previously vaccinated group was higher (35%) than that in the naturally immune group (17%). Three cases of subclinical reinfection were detected even among 6 previously revaccinated subjects.", "PMID": 666723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11358", "title": "What happens when data are fitted to the wrong equation?", "content": "In many problems of data analysis it is necessary to fit the data to a mathematical equation. Random errors of measurement will be responsible for deviations between the data and the equation, but superimposed on this there may be deviations that result from the equation being an inadequate description of the system from which the data were obtained. Plots of the residual (i.e. the difference between the experimental and calculated values of the dependent variable) against each of the experimental variables have been previously used to detect a misfit between the data and the equation. In the present paper, we show that the shape of the residual plots may be used as a guide in choosing a more appropriate equation. In addition, residual plots give useful information on the error structure of the data, and hence the weighting factors that should be used in the analysis.", "contents": "What happens when data are fitted to the wrong equation? In many problems of data analysis it is necessary to fit the data to a mathematical equation. Random errors of measurement will be responsible for deviations between the data and the equation, but superimposed on this there may be deviations that result from the equation being an inadequate description of the system from which the data were obtained. Plots of the residual (i.e. the difference between the experimental and calculated values of the dependent variable) against each of the experimental variables have been previously used to detect a misfit between the data and the equation. In the present paper, we show that the shape of the residual plots may be used as a guide in choosing a more appropriate equation. In addition, residual plots give useful information on the error structure of the data, and hence the weighting factors that should be used in the analysis.", "PMID": 666725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11359", "title": "Affinity chromatography of bacterial lactate dehydrogenases.", "content": "The affinity system used was the immobilized oxamate derivative previously used to purify mammalian lactate dehydrogenases. The bacterial dehydrogenases specific for the L-stereoisomer of lactate behaved in the same way as the mammalian enzymes, binding strongly in the presence of NADH. The D-lactate-specific enzymes, however, did not show any biospecific affinity for this gel. The L-specific enzymes could be purified to homogeneity in one affinity-chromatographic step. The D-specific enzymes could be efficiently separated from the L-specific ones and could then be further purified on an immobilized NAD derivative. The mechanism of activation of the lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus faecalis by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was investigated by using the immobilized oxamate gel.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of bacterial lactate dehydrogenases. The affinity system used was the immobilized oxamate derivative previously used to purify mammalian lactate dehydrogenases. The bacterial dehydrogenases specific for the L-stereoisomer of lactate behaved in the same way as the mammalian enzymes, binding strongly in the presence of NADH. The D-lactate-specific enzymes, however, did not show any biospecific affinity for this gel. The L-specific enzymes could be purified to homogeneity in one affinity-chromatographic step. The D-specific enzymes could be efficiently separated from the L-specific ones and could then be further purified on an immobilized NAD derivative. The mechanism of activation of the lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus faecalis by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was investigated by using the immobilized oxamate gel.", "PMID": 666726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11360", "title": "Surface behaviour of gangliosides and related glycosphingolipids.", "content": "1. The surface behaviour of six different gangliosides and eight chemically related glycosphingolipids was investigated in monolayers at the air-water interface. 2. Mono-, di-, tri and tetra-hexosylceramides had force-area isotherms showing similar limiting molecular areas on 145 mM-NaCl, pH 5.6. The increasing number of negatively charged sialosyl residues in mono-, di- and tri-sialogangliosides induced a progressive increase in the liquid-expanded character of the films and in the limiting area occupied per molecule, owing to electrostatic repulsions. When the ganglioside monolayers were spread on subphases at pH 1.2, the limiting area per molecule was similar to that found for neutral glycosphingolipids. 3. The monolayer collapse pressure at pH 5.6 increased with the number of uncharged carbohydrate units up to when the polar head group contained 3-4 residues. For gangliosides the collapse pressures were lower and decreased from mono- to tri-sialogangliosides. Ganglioside monolayers on subphases at pH 1.2 showed increases in their collapse pressure. 4. The glycosphingolipid monolayers studied had various surface in their collapse pressure. 4. The glycosphingolipid monolayers studied had various surface potentials according to the complexity of the polar head group of the lipid. Attempts to calculate the dipolar contributions to the surface potential from each carbohydrate residue suggest that the second and third sialosyl residues in di- and tri-sialogangliosides contributed with a vertical dipole moment opposite to that of the first sialosyl residue.", "contents": "Surface behaviour of gangliosides and related glycosphingolipids. 1. The surface behaviour of six different gangliosides and eight chemically related glycosphingolipids was investigated in monolayers at the air-water interface. 2. Mono-, di-, tri and tetra-hexosylceramides had force-area isotherms showing similar limiting molecular areas on 145 mM-NaCl, pH 5.6. The increasing number of negatively charged sialosyl residues in mono-, di- and tri-sialogangliosides induced a progressive increase in the liquid-expanded character of the films and in the limiting area occupied per molecule, owing to electrostatic repulsions. When the ganglioside monolayers were spread on subphases at pH 1.2, the limiting area per molecule was similar to that found for neutral glycosphingolipids. 3. The monolayer collapse pressure at pH 5.6 increased with the number of uncharged carbohydrate units up to when the polar head group contained 3-4 residues. For gangliosides the collapse pressures were lower and decreased from mono- to tri-sialogangliosides. Ganglioside monolayers on subphases at pH 1.2 showed increases in their collapse pressure. 4. The glycosphingolipid monolayers studied had various surface in their collapse pressure. 4. The glycosphingolipid monolayers studied had various surface potentials according to the complexity of the polar head group of the lipid. Attempts to calculate the dipolar contributions to the surface potential from each carbohydrate residue suggest that the second and third sialosyl residues in di- and tri-sialogangliosides contributed with a vertical dipole moment opposite to that of the first sialosyl residue.", "PMID": 666727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11361", "title": "A simple procedure for the isolation and purification of protamine messenger ribonucleic acid from trout testis.", "content": "Preparation of milligram quantities of purified poly(A)+ (polyadenylated) protamine mRNA from trout testis tissue was accomplished by a simple procedure using gentle conditions. This involves chromatography of the total nucleic acids isolated by dissociation of polyribosomes with 25 mM-EDTA to release messenger ribonucleoprotein particles and deproteinization of the total postmitochondrial supernatant with 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate in 0.25 M-NaCl by binding it to a DEAE-cellulose column. Total RNA was bound under these conditions, and low-molecular-weight RNA, lacking 18S and 28S RNA, could be eluted with 0.5 M-NaCl and chromatographed on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns to select for poly(A)+ RNA. Further purification of both the unbound poly(A)- RNA and the bound poly(A)+ mRNA on sucrose density gradients showed that both 18S and 28S rRNA were absent, being removed during the DEAE-cellulose chromatography step. Poly(A)- RNA sedimented in the 4S region whereas the bound poly(A)+ RNA fraction showed a main peak at 6S [poly(A+) protamine mRNA] and a shoulder in the 3-4S region. Analysis of the main peak and the shoulder on a second gradient showed that most of the main peak sedimented at 6S, whereas the shoulder sedimented slower than 4S. The identity of the poly(A)+ protamine mRNA was established by the following criteria: (1) purified protamine mRNA migrated as a set of four bands on urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; (2) analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the wheat-germ extract by starch-gel electrophoresis showed a single band of radioactivity which co-migrated exactly with the carrier trout testis protamine standard; and (3) chromatography of the polypeptide products on CM-cellulose (CM-52) showed the presence of three or four radioactively labelled protamine components that were co-eluted with the unlabelled trout testis protamine components added as carrier. The availability of large quantities of purified protamine mRNA should now permit a more thorough analysis of its physical and chemical properties.", "contents": "A simple procedure for the isolation and purification of protamine messenger ribonucleic acid from trout testis. Preparation of milligram quantities of purified poly(A)+ (polyadenylated) protamine mRNA from trout testis tissue was accomplished by a simple procedure using gentle conditions. This involves chromatography of the total nucleic acids isolated by dissociation of polyribosomes with 25 mM-EDTA to release messenger ribonucleoprotein particles and deproteinization of the total postmitochondrial supernatant with 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate in 0.25 M-NaCl by binding it to a DEAE-cellulose column. Total RNA was bound under these conditions, and low-molecular-weight RNA, lacking 18S and 28S RNA, could be eluted with 0.5 M-NaCl and chromatographed on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns to select for poly(A)+ RNA. Further purification of both the unbound poly(A)- RNA and the bound poly(A)+ mRNA on sucrose density gradients showed that both 18S and 28S rRNA were absent, being removed during the DEAE-cellulose chromatography step. Poly(A)- RNA sedimented in the 4S region whereas the bound poly(A)+ RNA fraction showed a main peak at 6S [poly(A+) protamine mRNA] and a shoulder in the 3-4S region. Analysis of the main peak and the shoulder on a second gradient showed that most of the main peak sedimented at 6S, whereas the shoulder sedimented slower than 4S. The identity of the poly(A)+ protamine mRNA was established by the following criteria: (1) purified protamine mRNA migrated as a set of four bands on urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; (2) analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the wheat-germ extract by starch-gel electrophoresis showed a single band of radioactivity which co-migrated exactly with the carrier trout testis protamine standard; and (3) chromatography of the polypeptide products on CM-cellulose (CM-52) showed the presence of three or four radioactively labelled protamine components that were co-eluted with the unlabelled trout testis protamine components added as carrier. The availability of large quantities of purified protamine mRNA should now permit a more thorough analysis of its physical and chemical properties.", "PMID": 666728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11362", "title": "Effect of the protein-synthesis-initiation inhibitor 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide on ribonucleic acid synthesis in radish seedlings.", "content": "2-(4-Methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide, an inhibitor of initiation of protein synthesis in plants, selectively alters rRNA synthesis. Ribosomal genes are transcribed in the absence of protein synthesis, but processing of the transcripts is impaired. This results in an accumulation of the 2.3 X 10(6)-dalton pre-rRNA. Synthesis of polyadenylated RNA is not affected by the drug.", "contents": "Effect of the protein-synthesis-initiation inhibitor 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide on ribonucleic acid synthesis in radish seedlings. 2-(4-Methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide, an inhibitor of initiation of protein synthesis in plants, selectively alters rRNA synthesis. Ribosomal genes are transcribed in the absence of protein synthesis, but processing of the transcripts is impaired. This results in an accumulation of the 2.3 X 10(6)-dalton pre-rRNA. Synthesis of polyadenylated RNA is not affected by the drug.", "PMID": 666729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11363", "title": "Properties of potato lectin and the nature of its glycoprotein linkages.", "content": "1. Potato lectin is a glycoprotein that contains about 47% (by weight) l-arabinose, 3% d-galactose and 11% hydroxyproline. It has a monomeric molecular weight of about 50000 and probably exists as a monomer-dimer system in aqueous solution, with the monomer predominating. It has a very high viscosity, which would indicate either that the molecule is very expanded or that it is an elongated ellipsoid. 2. After prolonged proteolytic digestion of a reduced and carboxymethylated derivative of the lectin, a glycopeptide was isolated (of mol.wt. 32000-34000) that included all the carbohydrate and hydroxyproline of the original glycoprotein but less than 30% of the total original amino acid residues. 3. The arabinose of the glycoprotein is present exclusively as the beta-arabinofuranoside and this includes those residues that are directly linked to the hydroxyproline residues of the polypeptide chain. All the arabinose of the glycoprotein is linked to the polypeptide chain through the hydroxyproline residues; the ratio of arabinose to hydroxyproline is 3.4:1. Although alpha-arabinofuranosides are known to be present in arabinans and arabinogalactans, the natural occurrence of beta-arabinofuranosides has not previously been reported. 4. Nine or ten serine residues of the polypeptide chain are substituted with single alpha-galactopyranoside residues that can be removed by the action of alpha-galactosidase from coffee beans but not by a beta-galactosidase. This is the first report of an alpha-galactoside linkage to serine. The effect of alpha-galactosidase is much greater on a glycopeptide from which the arabinose has been already removed, which indicates a steric hindrance of the galactosidase action by adjacent chains of arabinosides. 5. In 0.5m-NaOH (pH13.7), galactose residues were removed from the serine residues of the glycopeptide by a process of beta-elimination. This reaction took place very slowly in the intact glycopeptide but much more rapidly when the arabinofuranoside residues had been removed. This inhibitory effect of the arabinofuranoside residues on the beta-elimination reaction is likely to be due to a negative charge on the hydroxy groups of the adjacent arabinofuranoside residues, which would be ionized at this high pH value. 6. It is suggested that potato lectin may be representative of a class of soluble plant glycoproteins that would include precursors of the cell-wall glycoprotein extensin. If this is the case, extensin should also contain beta-l-arabinofuranosides linked to hydroxyproline and alpha-d-galactopyranosides linked to serine residues of the polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Properties of potato lectin and the nature of its glycoprotein linkages. 1. Potato lectin is a glycoprotein that contains about 47% (by weight) l-arabinose, 3% d-galactose and 11% hydroxyproline. It has a monomeric molecular weight of about 50000 and probably exists as a monomer-dimer system in aqueous solution, with the monomer predominating. It has a very high viscosity, which would indicate either that the molecule is very expanded or that it is an elongated ellipsoid. 2. After prolonged proteolytic digestion of a reduced and carboxymethylated derivative of the lectin, a glycopeptide was isolated (of mol.wt. 32000-34000) that included all the carbohydrate and hydroxyproline of the original glycoprotein but less than 30% of the total original amino acid residues. 3. The arabinose of the glycoprotein is present exclusively as the beta-arabinofuranoside and this includes those residues that are directly linked to the hydroxyproline residues of the polypeptide chain. All the arabinose of the glycoprotein is linked to the polypeptide chain through the hydroxyproline residues; the ratio of arabinose to hydroxyproline is 3.4:1. Although alpha-arabinofuranosides are known to be present in arabinans and arabinogalactans, the natural occurrence of beta-arabinofuranosides has not previously been reported. 4. Nine or ten serine residues of the polypeptide chain are substituted with single alpha-galactopyranoside residues that can be removed by the action of alpha-galactosidase from coffee beans but not by a beta-galactosidase. This is the first report of an alpha-galactoside linkage to serine. The effect of alpha-galactosidase is much greater on a glycopeptide from which the arabinose has been already removed, which indicates a steric hindrance of the galactosidase action by adjacent chains of arabinosides. 5. In 0.5m-NaOH (pH13.7), galactose residues were removed from the serine residues of the glycopeptide by a process of beta-elimination. This reaction took place very slowly in the intact glycopeptide but much more rapidly when the arabinofuranoside residues had been removed. This inhibitory effect of the arabinofuranoside residues on the beta-elimination reaction is likely to be due to a negative charge on the hydroxy groups of the adjacent arabinofuranoside residues, which would be ionized at this high pH value. 6. It is suggested that potato lectin may be representative of a class of soluble plant glycoproteins that would include precursors of the cell-wall glycoprotein extensin. If this is the case, extensin should also contain beta-l-arabinofuranosides linked to hydroxyproline and alpha-d-galactopyranosides linked to serine residues of the polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 666730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11364", "title": "A comparative study of the proteoglycan of growth cartilage of normal and rachitic chicks.", "content": "1. Proteoglycan was isolated from growth cartilage of normal and rachitic chicks. 2. The proteoglycan from normal cartilage showed differences in chemical composition and physical properties from a comparable fraction isolated from bovine nasal cartilage. 3. The proteoglycan from rachitic-chick cartilage was of smaller size than tis normal counterpart, though of similar average chemical composition. 4. Differences between proteoglycan from normal and rachitic cartilages can be explained in terms of limited proteolytic cleavage.", "contents": "A comparative study of the proteoglycan of growth cartilage of normal and rachitic chicks. 1. Proteoglycan was isolated from growth cartilage of normal and rachitic chicks. 2. The proteoglycan from normal cartilage showed differences in chemical composition and physical properties from a comparable fraction isolated from bovine nasal cartilage. 3. The proteoglycan from rachitic-chick cartilage was of smaller size than tis normal counterpart, though of similar average chemical composition. 4. Differences between proteoglycan from normal and rachitic cartilages can be explained in terms of limited proteolytic cleavage.", "PMID": 666731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11365", "title": "Isolation and hydroxylysine glycoside content of some cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragments of collagen from bovine corneal stroma.", "content": "Six CNBr-cleaved fragments of insoluble collagen from bovine cornea were isolated, characterized and examined for hydroxylysine glycosides. Thus the general distribution of most of the glycoside along the collagen molecule was determined. Collagen from bovine stroma is almost entirely type I. This work forms a basis for the pinpointing of glycoside-attachment sites along the collagen molecules of bovine cornea.", "contents": "Isolation and hydroxylysine glycoside content of some cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragments of collagen from bovine corneal stroma. Six CNBr-cleaved fragments of insoluble collagen from bovine cornea were isolated, characterized and examined for hydroxylysine glycosides. Thus the general distribution of most of the glycoside along the collagen molecule was determined. Collagen from bovine stroma is almost entirely type I. This work forms a basis for the pinpointing of glycoside-attachment sites along the collagen molecules of bovine cornea.", "PMID": 666732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11366", "title": "Chymotryptic and tryptic peptides of fragment alpha 1-CB3 from bovine corneal collagen. Pinpointing the sites of hexose attachment.", "content": "Tryptic peptides of citraconylated fragment alpha1-CB3 and chymotryptic peptides of fragment alpha1-CB3 of bovine corneal collagen were prepared, isolated and characterized. Their amino acid compositions were consistent with the amino acid sequence of fragment alpha1-CB3 from calf skin collagen. Two glycoside sites were identified in bovine corneal fragment alpha1-CB3, one of them being the first located in the overlap region of collagen. The results are related to the uniformly narrow collagen fibres found in cornea and essential for its transparency.", "contents": "Chymotryptic and tryptic peptides of fragment alpha 1-CB3 from bovine corneal collagen. Pinpointing the sites of hexose attachment. Tryptic peptides of citraconylated fragment alpha1-CB3 and chymotryptic peptides of fragment alpha1-CB3 of bovine corneal collagen were prepared, isolated and characterized. Their amino acid compositions were consistent with the amino acid sequence of fragment alpha1-CB3 from calf skin collagen. Two glycoside sites were identified in bovine corneal fragment alpha1-CB3, one of them being the first located in the overlap region of collagen. The results are related to the uniformly narrow collagen fibres found in cornea and essential for its transparency.", "PMID": 666733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11367", "title": "Determination of binding affinities of retinoids to retinoic acid-binding protein and serum albumin.", "content": "Binding affinities of retinoic acid and its synthetic analogues to intracellular retinoic acid-binding protein, which is a possible candidate for mediating their biological function, and to serum albumin, the plasma transport protein, were evaluated. A quantitative method involving elimination of interfering serum albumin by immunoprecipitation was developed to measure the binding efficiency of these retinoids, some of which are active in modifying epithelial differentiation and preventing tumorigenesis. Two cyclopentenyl analogues of retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid showed, like retinoic acid, a binding efficiency of 100% for the cellular binding protein. With the phenyl, dichlorophenyl and trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogues of retinoic acid, the binding efficiency increased as the substituents on the aromatic ring increased; thus the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue binds almost as efficiently as retinoic acid itself. However, the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue with a sulphur atom on the side chain has a much decreased binding affinity. The correlation noticed between the binding efficiency of these retinoids and their biological activity in differentiation and/or in the control of tumorigenesis particularly enhances the confidence in the present method of determining the relative binding efficiencies. None of the vitamins, hormones and cofactors tested, showed appreciable affinity for the retinoic acid-binding site. Studies on binding of retinoic acid and its analogues to serum albumin indicate that no correlation exists between binding affinity for albumin and their biological potency.", "contents": "Determination of binding affinities of retinoids to retinoic acid-binding protein and serum albumin. Binding affinities of retinoic acid and its synthetic analogues to intracellular retinoic acid-binding protein, which is a possible candidate for mediating their biological function, and to serum albumin, the plasma transport protein, were evaluated. A quantitative method involving elimination of interfering serum albumin by immunoprecipitation was developed to measure the binding efficiency of these retinoids, some of which are active in modifying epithelial differentiation and preventing tumorigenesis. Two cyclopentenyl analogues of retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid showed, like retinoic acid, a binding efficiency of 100% for the cellular binding protein. With the phenyl, dichlorophenyl and trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogues of retinoic acid, the binding efficiency increased as the substituents on the aromatic ring increased; thus the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue binds almost as efficiently as retinoic acid itself. However, the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue with a sulphur atom on the side chain has a much decreased binding affinity. The correlation noticed between the binding efficiency of these retinoids and their biological activity in differentiation and/or in the control of tumorigenesis particularly enhances the confidence in the present method of determining the relative binding efficiencies. None of the vitamins, hormones and cofactors tested, showed appreciable affinity for the retinoic acid-binding site. Studies on binding of retinoic acid and its analogues to serum albumin indicate that no correlation exists between binding affinity for albumin and their biological potency.", "PMID": 666734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11368", "title": "The specificity of cathepsin B. Hydrolysis of glucagon at the C-terminus by a peptidyldipeptidase mechanism.", "content": "The manner in which human liver cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) digests glucagon was determined. After reaction of the proteinase with the substrate for 24h, more than 15 products were formed. During the first 7 h of reaction, eight products were formed; seven of these were dipeptides that originated from the C-terminal portion of the glucagon molecule, whereas the eighth peptide was the remaining large fragment of the hormone, consisting of residues 1-19. Measurement of the rate of formation of the products showed that cathepsin B degraded glucagon by a sequential cleavage of dipeptides from the C-terminal end of the molecule. Cathepsin B from both rat liver and bovine spleen was shown to hydrolyse glucagon by the same mechanism.", "contents": "The specificity of cathepsin B. Hydrolysis of glucagon at the C-terminus by a peptidyldipeptidase mechanism. The manner in which human liver cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) digests glucagon was determined. After reaction of the proteinase with the substrate for 24h, more than 15 products were formed. During the first 7 h of reaction, eight products were formed; seven of these were dipeptides that originated from the C-terminal portion of the glucagon molecule, whereas the eighth peptide was the remaining large fragment of the hormone, consisting of residues 1-19. Measurement of the rate of formation of the products showed that cathepsin B degraded glucagon by a sequential cleavage of dipeptides from the C-terminal end of the molecule. Cathepsin B from both rat liver and bovine spleen was shown to hydrolyse glucagon by the same mechanism.", "PMID": 666735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11369", "title": "The reaction of amino-oxyacetate with pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes.", "content": "The carbonyl reagent amino-oxyacetate is frequently used in metabolic studies to inhibit individual pyridoxal phosphate enzymes. The reaction of this compound with three such enzymes, aspartate transaminase, 4-aminobutyrate transaminase and dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase, was studied to determine the extent to which the inhibition is reversible and the rates at which it takes place. Reactions were followed by observing changes in the absorption spectra of the bound coenzyme and by measuring loss of enzyme activity. The reactions with aspartate transaminase and aminobutyrate transaminase were not rapidly reversible and had second-order rate constants (21 degrees C) of 400 M-1.s.1 and 1300 M-1.s-1 respectively and all all concentrations studied showed the kinetics of a simple bimolecular reaction. The reaction with 4-aminobutyrate transaminase could not be reversed and that with aspartate transaminase could only be reversed significantly by addition of cysteinesulphinate to convert the enzyme into its pyridoxamine form. The first-order rate constant (21 degrees C) for the reverse reaction was 4 X 10(-5)s-1. Dopa decarboxylase inhibition by amino-oxyacetate was more rapid and more readily reversible, but measurements of rate and equilibrium constants were not obtained for this enzyme.", "contents": "The reaction of amino-oxyacetate with pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. The carbonyl reagent amino-oxyacetate is frequently used in metabolic studies to inhibit individual pyridoxal phosphate enzymes. The reaction of this compound with three such enzymes, aspartate transaminase, 4-aminobutyrate transaminase and dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase, was studied to determine the extent to which the inhibition is reversible and the rates at which it takes place. Reactions were followed by observing changes in the absorption spectra of the bound coenzyme and by measuring loss of enzyme activity. The reactions with aspartate transaminase and aminobutyrate transaminase were not rapidly reversible and had second-order rate constants (21 degrees C) of 400 M-1.s.1 and 1300 M-1.s-1 respectively and all all concentrations studied showed the kinetics of a simple bimolecular reaction. The reaction with 4-aminobutyrate transaminase could not be reversed and that with aspartate transaminase could only be reversed significantly by addition of cysteinesulphinate to convert the enzyme into its pyridoxamine form. The first-order rate constant (21 degrees C) for the reverse reaction was 4 X 10(-5)s-1. Dopa decarboxylase inhibition by amino-oxyacetate was more rapid and more readily reversible, but measurements of rate and equilibrium constants were not obtained for this enzyme.", "PMID": 666736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11370", "title": "The pseudouridine contents of the ribosomal ribonucleic acids of three vertebrate species. Numerical correspondence between pseudouridine residues and 2'-O-methyl groups is not always conserved.", "content": "The pseudouridine contents of the rRNA species of HeLa cells, mouse L-cells and Xenopus laevis cultured kidney cells were examined. Pseudouridine, like 2'-O-methylation, was found to occur relatively frequently in each of the high-molecular-weight rRNA species. However, the numerical data do not support the idea that there is a general one-to-one relationship between pseudoridine residues and 2'-O-methyl groups in vertebrate rRNA.", "contents": "The pseudouridine contents of the ribosomal ribonucleic acids of three vertebrate species. Numerical correspondence between pseudouridine residues and 2'-O-methyl groups is not always conserved. The pseudouridine contents of the rRNA species of HeLa cells, mouse L-cells and Xenopus laevis cultured kidney cells were examined. Pseudouridine, like 2'-O-methylation, was found to occur relatively frequently in each of the high-molecular-weight rRNA species. However, the numerical data do not support the idea that there is a general one-to-one relationship between pseudoridine residues and 2'-O-methyl groups in vertebrate rRNA.", "PMID": 666737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11371", "title": "Effect of different compounds on 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase from human liver.", "content": "The effect of varous compounds on 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase (aspartylglucosylaminase, EC 3.5.1.26) was studied. N-Acetylcysteine inhibited the nezyme non-competitively (Ki 3.2 mM), whereas 3-hydroxybutanone inhibited competitively (Ki 4.1 mM). Methionine, isoleucine and cystathionine apparently enhanced the enzyme activity. The enzyme had a mol. wt. of 63000 as determined by gel filtration. The present studies differentiate between the aspartylglucosylaminase from human liver and that obtained from various other sources.", "contents": "Effect of different compounds on 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase from human liver. The effect of varous compounds on 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase (aspartylglucosylaminase, EC 3.5.1.26) was studied. N-Acetylcysteine inhibited the nezyme non-competitively (Ki 3.2 mM), whereas 3-hydroxybutanone inhibited competitively (Ki 4.1 mM). Methionine, isoleucine and cystathionine apparently enhanced the enzyme activity. The enzyme had a mol. wt. of 63000 as determined by gel filtration. The present studies differentiate between the aspartylglucosylaminase from human liver and that obtained from various other sources.", "PMID": 666738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11372", "title": "The contribution of serum triacylglycerol to hepatic triacylglycerol turnover in the starved rat.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to evaluate quantitatively the turnover of serum triacylglycerol (triglyceride) in the starved rat and to determine whether serum triacylglycerol recycled to liver contributes a significant fraction of the total hepatic triacylglycerol turnover. Serum was labelled in vitro with [3H]trioleoylglycerol (glycerol [3H]trioleate) to provide uniform labelling of all lipoprotein species. By using the curves describing disappearance of isotope from serum and its appearance in liver, rate constants for movement of triacylglycerol out of serum (0.29 min-1) and the uptake of serum triacylglycerol by liver (0.22 min-1) were calculated. The total rate of movement (flux) of triacylglycerol in these processes, the product of rate constant and serum pool size, was calculated to be 0.39 and 0.29 mg/min per 100 g body wt. respectively. A model is postulated for whole-body triacylglycerol metabolism consistent with the present data as well as most observations in the literature. From the model it can be predicted that: (1) the entire turnover of liver triacylglycerol in the starved rat can be accounted for on the basis of contributions from serum non-esterified fatty acid and serum triacylglycerol; (2) the entire turnover of the serum triacylglycerol pool can be accounted for quantitatively on the basis of contributions from intestine and liver; (3) the release rate for triacylglycerol from liver should be 0.34 to 0.35 mg/min per 100 g body wt.; (4) triacylglycerol synthesized by liver from non-esterified fatty acid of serum and by intestine can account quantitatively for the irreversible disposal rate of triacylglycerol from serum.", "contents": "The contribution of serum triacylglycerol to hepatic triacylglycerol turnover in the starved rat. The present study was undertaken to evaluate quantitatively the turnover of serum triacylglycerol (triglyceride) in the starved rat and to determine whether serum triacylglycerol recycled to liver contributes a significant fraction of the total hepatic triacylglycerol turnover. Serum was labelled in vitro with [3H]trioleoylglycerol (glycerol [3H]trioleate) to provide uniform labelling of all lipoprotein species. By using the curves describing disappearance of isotope from serum and its appearance in liver, rate constants for movement of triacylglycerol out of serum (0.29 min-1) and the uptake of serum triacylglycerol by liver (0.22 min-1) were calculated. The total rate of movement (flux) of triacylglycerol in these processes, the product of rate constant and serum pool size, was calculated to be 0.39 and 0.29 mg/min per 100 g body wt. respectively. A model is postulated for whole-body triacylglycerol metabolism consistent with the present data as well as most observations in the literature. From the model it can be predicted that: (1) the entire turnover of liver triacylglycerol in the starved rat can be accounted for on the basis of contributions from serum non-esterified fatty acid and serum triacylglycerol; (2) the entire turnover of the serum triacylglycerol pool can be accounted for quantitatively on the basis of contributions from intestine and liver; (3) the release rate for triacylglycerol from liver should be 0.34 to 0.35 mg/min per 100 g body wt.; (4) triacylglycerol synthesized by liver from non-esterified fatty acid of serum and by intestine can account quantitatively for the irreversible disposal rate of triacylglycerol from serum.", "PMID": 666739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11373", "title": "Rate of release of hepatic triacylglycerol into serum in the starved rat.", "content": "After an intravenous injection of a pulse of [U-14C]palmitate to starved rats, the time-dependent radioactivity profiles were determined in the triacylglycerol (triglyceride) of hepatic microsomal fractions, floating fat, mitochondria and nuclei. The profile of activity in serum gave a value of 0.08 mg/min per 100 g body wt. for the irreversible disposal rate of triacylglycerol from serum. This value, combined with the previously estimated rate of movement of triacylglycerol from serum to liver, and the reported rate from intestine to serum, gave a calculated value of 0.35 mg/min per 100 g body wt. for release rate of triacylglycerol from liver to serum. The rate of release of hepatic triacylglycerol into serum was also measured by the widely used Triton WR-1339 method. The rate obtained with this technique (0.15 mg of triacylglycerol/min per 100 g body wt.) was identical with that reported previously. During the interval from 45 min to 3h after ethanol administration this rate increased to 0.18 mg/min per 100 g body wt. It was concluded that the use of Triton underestimates the true rate of movement of triacylglyerol from liver to serum.", "contents": "Rate of release of hepatic triacylglycerol into serum in the starved rat. After an intravenous injection of a pulse of [U-14C]palmitate to starved rats, the time-dependent radioactivity profiles were determined in the triacylglycerol (triglyceride) of hepatic microsomal fractions, floating fat, mitochondria and nuclei. The profile of activity in serum gave a value of 0.08 mg/min per 100 g body wt. for the irreversible disposal rate of triacylglycerol from serum. This value, combined with the previously estimated rate of movement of triacylglycerol from serum to liver, and the reported rate from intestine to serum, gave a calculated value of 0.35 mg/min per 100 g body wt. for release rate of triacylglycerol from liver to serum. The rate of release of hepatic triacylglycerol into serum was also measured by the widely used Triton WR-1339 method. The rate obtained with this technique (0.15 mg of triacylglycerol/min per 100 g body wt.) was identical with that reported previously. During the interval from 45 min to 3h after ethanol administration this rate increased to 0.18 mg/min per 100 g body wt. It was concluded that the use of Triton underestimates the true rate of movement of triacylglyerol from liver to serum.", "PMID": 666740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11374", "title": "An energy requirement for the degradation of intravenously injected 125I-labeled albumin in mouse liver and kidney slices.", "content": "Liver and kidney slices prepared 30min after intravenous injections of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin into mice degrade approx. 25-40% of the protein to a trichloroacetic acid-soluble form during 60min incubation at 37 degrees C. The presence of bicarbonate in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium inhibited intracellular proteolysis, and similar results were obtained at pH5 or pH7 in kidney or liver slices. Cellular integrity was required to obtain substantial rates of proteolysis. This intralysosomal intracellular degradation of an exogenous protein was partially inhibited by inhibitors of oxidative ATP formation, such as cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and absence of oxygen. Arsenite and iodoacetamide were also effective inhibitors, but the effects of fluoride were variable. These results suggest that an energy requirement exists for intralysosomal proteolysis in intact cells and are consistent with the hypothesis that energy may be required to maintain intralysosomal acidity.", "contents": "An energy requirement for the degradation of intravenously injected 125I-labeled albumin in mouse liver and kidney slices. Liver and kidney slices prepared 30min after intravenous injections of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin into mice degrade approx. 25-40% of the protein to a trichloroacetic acid-soluble form during 60min incubation at 37 degrees C. The presence of bicarbonate in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium inhibited intracellular proteolysis, and similar results were obtained at pH5 or pH7 in kidney or liver slices. Cellular integrity was required to obtain substantial rates of proteolysis. This intralysosomal intracellular degradation of an exogenous protein was partially inhibited by inhibitors of oxidative ATP formation, such as cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and absence of oxygen. Arsenite and iodoacetamide were also effective inhibitors, but the effects of fluoride were variable. These results suggest that an energy requirement exists for intralysosomal proteolysis in intact cells and are consistent with the hypothesis that energy may be required to maintain intralysosomal acidity.", "PMID": 666741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11375", "title": "Effect of nutrition on subcellular localization of rat fat-cell lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "This study supports the possibility for multiple subcellular forms of lipoprotein lipase. 1. The total activity of lipoprotein lipase per g of intact epididymal adipose tissue from fed rats is much higher than that from starved rats. 2. The isolated fat-cells of fed and of starved rats have lipoprotein lipase of almost the same activity per g of fat-pads. The isolated fat-cells of starved rats have a much higher proportion of total activity per g of the intact tissue than do those of fed rats. 3. Under the conditions of homogenization used, only a small proportion of the total activity per g of intact tissue from fed rats was associated with the fat layer which floated to the top of the homogenate during low-speed centrifugation. The different proportions of the specific enzyme activity found in each subcellular fraction are described. 4. Lipoprotein lipase from plasma membranes and microsomal fractions from starved and fed rats was purified by affinity chromatography. 5. The total activity of microsomal lipoprotein lipase per g of intact adipose tissue is enhanced by a normal diet. 6. In intact epididymal adipose tissue from fed rats, the activity per g of tissue of lipoprotein lipase of plasma membranes is much higher than that in the same fraction from starved rats. By contrast, the activities per g of tissue in plasma membranes obtained from starved or from fed rats by collagenase treatment were similar.", "contents": "Effect of nutrition on subcellular localization of rat fat-cell lipoprotein lipase. This study supports the possibility for multiple subcellular forms of lipoprotein lipase. 1. The total activity of lipoprotein lipase per g of intact epididymal adipose tissue from fed rats is much higher than that from starved rats. 2. The isolated fat-cells of fed and of starved rats have lipoprotein lipase of almost the same activity per g of fat-pads. The isolated fat-cells of starved rats have a much higher proportion of total activity per g of the intact tissue than do those of fed rats. 3. Under the conditions of homogenization used, only a small proportion of the total activity per g of intact tissue from fed rats was associated with the fat layer which floated to the top of the homogenate during low-speed centrifugation. The different proportions of the specific enzyme activity found in each subcellular fraction are described. 4. Lipoprotein lipase from plasma membranes and microsomal fractions from starved and fed rats was purified by affinity chromatography. 5. The total activity of microsomal lipoprotein lipase per g of intact adipose tissue is enhanced by a normal diet. 6. In intact epididymal adipose tissue from fed rats, the activity per g of tissue of lipoprotein lipase of plasma membranes is much higher than that in the same fraction from starved rats. By contrast, the activities per g of tissue in plasma membranes obtained from starved or from fed rats by collagenase treatment were similar.", "PMID": 666742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11376", "title": "The availability of inorganic sulphate in blood for sulphate conjugation of drugs in rat liver in vivo. (35S)Sulphate incorporation into harmol sulphate.", "content": "1. When Na235SO4 is injected intravenously in rats, it is immediately available for sulphate conjugation of the phenolic drug harmol (7-hydroxyl-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) in the liver. This was established by following the time course of the biliary excretion of the sulphate conjugate of harmol, and the incorporation of [35S]sulphate into harmol sulphate. 2. During the 10min immediately after injection of Na235SO4 re-distribution of [35S]sulphate took place, which resulted in a rapid initial decrease in the plasma concentration of [35S]sulphate; a concomitant decrease in the amount of [35S]sulphate incorporated into harmol sulphate was observed, indicating that the co-substrate of sulphation, adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate, equilibrates rapidly with [35S]sulphate in plasma. 3. The results suggest that the pool size of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate is very small; therefore the specific radioactivity of [35S]sulphate in plasma determines the specific radioactivity incorporated into sulphate esters at any time.", "contents": "The availability of inorganic sulphate in blood for sulphate conjugation of drugs in rat liver in vivo. (35S)Sulphate incorporation into harmol sulphate. 1. When Na235SO4 is injected intravenously in rats, it is immediately available for sulphate conjugation of the phenolic drug harmol (7-hydroxyl-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) in the liver. This was established by following the time course of the biliary excretion of the sulphate conjugate of harmol, and the incorporation of [35S]sulphate into harmol sulphate. 2. During the 10min immediately after injection of Na235SO4 re-distribution of [35S]sulphate took place, which resulted in a rapid initial decrease in the plasma concentration of [35S]sulphate; a concomitant decrease in the amount of [35S]sulphate incorporated into harmol sulphate was observed, indicating that the co-substrate of sulphation, adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate, equilibrates rapidly with [35S]sulphate in plasma. 3. The results suggest that the pool size of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate is very small; therefore the specific radioactivity of [35S]sulphate in plasma determines the specific radioactivity incorporated into sulphate esters at any time.", "PMID": 666743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11377", "title": "Degradation of cartilage proteoglycans by a neutral proteinase secreted by rabbit bone-marrow macrophages in culture.", "content": "When cultivated together with pieces of cartilage biosynthetically labelled with 35S in their proteoglycans, rabbit macrophages, differentiated in vitro from bone-marrow cells, cause the release of soluble 35S-labelled material into the culture medium. This process is inhibited by killing the macrophages or by cycloheximide treatment, and is due to the secretion by the cells of a metal-dependent neutral proteinase capable of degrading cartilage proteoglycan subunits into fragments of high molecular weight. Enzyme activity is optimum at about pH7, and is inhibited by EDTA, o-phenanthroline, cysteine or serum, but not by di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate nor by 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The effect of EDTA is partially reversed by Co2+ or Zn2+ ions. The enzyme is eluted from Sephadex G-150 columns as a single peak of material (apparent mol.wt. 17000) that contains also most of the proteolytic activity exerted by culture media on Azocoll (denatured collagen) or on casein. The possible role of this metalloproteinase in chronic inflammatory processes is discussed, particularly in connection with joint erosions in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Degradation of cartilage proteoglycans by a neutral proteinase secreted by rabbit bone-marrow macrophages in culture. When cultivated together with pieces of cartilage biosynthetically labelled with 35S in their proteoglycans, rabbit macrophages, differentiated in vitro from bone-marrow cells, cause the release of soluble 35S-labelled material into the culture medium. This process is inhibited by killing the macrophages or by cycloheximide treatment, and is due to the secretion by the cells of a metal-dependent neutral proteinase capable of degrading cartilage proteoglycan subunits into fragments of high molecular weight. Enzyme activity is optimum at about pH7, and is inhibited by EDTA, o-phenanthroline, cysteine or serum, but not by di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate nor by 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The effect of EDTA is partially reversed by Co2+ or Zn2+ ions. The enzyme is eluted from Sephadex G-150 columns as a single peak of material (apparent mol.wt. 17000) that contains also most of the proteolytic activity exerted by culture media on Azocoll (denatured collagen) or on casein. The possible role of this metalloproteinase in chronic inflammatory processes is discussed, particularly in connection with joint erosions in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 666744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11378", "title": "A radiochemical assay for glycine N-acyltransferase activity. Some properties of the enzyme in rat and rabbit.", "content": "We have developed a sensitive radiochemical assay of glycine N-acyltransferase activity, using phenylacetyl-CoA as the acyl donor and glycine as the acceptor. This assay measures formation of the product, phenylacetylglycine, instead of disappearance of the substrate, phenylacetyl-CoA, as did earlier assays. The subcellular location and some properties of the conjugating activity were determined in liver and kidney of the rabbit and the rat. Rabbit lung and intestine were also tested for activity.", "contents": "A radiochemical assay for glycine N-acyltransferase activity. Some properties of the enzyme in rat and rabbit. We have developed a sensitive radiochemical assay of glycine N-acyltransferase activity, using phenylacetyl-CoA as the acyl donor and glycine as the acceptor. This assay measures formation of the product, phenylacetylglycine, instead of disappearance of the substrate, phenylacetyl-CoA, as did earlier assays. The subcellular location and some properties of the conjugating activity were determined in liver and kidney of the rabbit and the rat. Rabbit lung and intestine were also tested for activity.", "PMID": 666745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11379", "title": "Perinatal development of, and effect of chemical pretreatment on, glycine N-acyltransferase activities in liver and kidney of rabbit and rat.", "content": "The ontogenic development of glycine N-acyltransferase activity was studied in preparations of hepatic and renal mitochondria from the New Zealand White rabbit and the Sprague-Dawley rat. Preparations of hepatic mitochondria from the rat and the rabbit attain adult glycine N-acyltransferase specific activities by birth and 4 weeks of age respectively, whereas mitochondrial preparations from rabbit kidney do not attain adult activity until 4 months of age. Pretreatment of adult rats or immature rabbits with salicylic acid, benzoic acid or phenobarbital had little effect on glycine N-acyltransferase activity in vitro in liver or kidney.", "contents": "Perinatal development of, and effect of chemical pretreatment on, glycine N-acyltransferase activities in liver and kidney of rabbit and rat. The ontogenic development of glycine N-acyltransferase activity was studied in preparations of hepatic and renal mitochondria from the New Zealand White rabbit and the Sprague-Dawley rat. Preparations of hepatic mitochondria from the rat and the rabbit attain adult glycine N-acyltransferase specific activities by birth and 4 weeks of age respectively, whereas mitochondrial preparations from rabbit kidney do not attain adult activity until 4 months of age. Pretreatment of adult rats or immature rabbits with salicylic acid, benzoic acid or phenobarbital had little effect on glycine N-acyltransferase activity in vitro in liver or kidney.", "PMID": 666746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11380", "title": "Calcium-dependent Golgi-vesicle fusion and cathepsin B in the conversion of proalbumin into albumin in rat liver.", "content": "1. An enzyme from rat liver that converts proalbumin into albumin is described. Partial purification, inhibitor studies and the conditions for maximum activity suggest that the enzyme is cathepsin B. 2. A membrane-bound enzyme, located mainly in lysosomes, also converts proalbumin into albumin. This appears to be a membrane-bound form of cathepsin B. 3. Isolated Golgi vesicles, incubated under conditions suitable for cathepsin B, convert endogenous proalbumin into albumin. 4. This conversion in Golgi vesicles has an absolute requirement for Ca2+ at micromolar concentrations. Mg2+ does not affect or substitute for Ca2+. Both the proalbumin and the albumin formed from it are intravesicular. 5. Converting activity is enhanced by pretreatment with the known chemical fusogen, poly(ethyleneglycol). 6. Vesicles preincubated at pH above 7 in the presence of dithiothreitol show a marked fall in converting activity. This can be partially restored by incubation with native vesicles. These results suggest that vesicle fusion is a requirement for conversion of proalbumin into albumin.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent Golgi-vesicle fusion and cathepsin B in the conversion of proalbumin into albumin in rat liver. 1. An enzyme from rat liver that converts proalbumin into albumin is described. Partial purification, inhibitor studies and the conditions for maximum activity suggest that the enzyme is cathepsin B. 2. A membrane-bound enzyme, located mainly in lysosomes, also converts proalbumin into albumin. This appears to be a membrane-bound form of cathepsin B. 3. Isolated Golgi vesicles, incubated under conditions suitable for cathepsin B, convert endogenous proalbumin into albumin. 4. This conversion in Golgi vesicles has an absolute requirement for Ca2+ at micromolar concentrations. Mg2+ does not affect or substitute for Ca2+. Both the proalbumin and the albumin formed from it are intravesicular. 5. Converting activity is enhanced by pretreatment with the known chemical fusogen, poly(ethyleneglycol). 6. Vesicles preincubated at pH above 7 in the presence of dithiothreitol show a marked fall in converting activity. This can be partially restored by incubation with native vesicles. These results suggest that vesicle fusion is a requirement for conversion of proalbumin into albumin.", "PMID": 666747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11381", "title": "Rapid stimulation by vasopressin, oxytocin and angiotensin II of glycogen degradation in hepatocyte suspensions.", "content": "1. The hormonal control of glycogen breakdown was studied in hepatocytes isolated from livers of fed rats. 2. Glucose release was stimulated by [8-arginine]vasopressin (10pm-10nm), oxytocin (1nm-1mum), and angiotensin II (1nm-0.1mum). These responses are all at least as sensitive to hormone as is glucose output in the perfused rat liver. 3. The effect of these three hormones on glucose release was critically dependent on extracellular Ca(2+), unlike that of glucagon. Half-maximal restoration of the vasopressin response occurred if 0.3mm-Ca(2+) was added back to the incubation medium. 4. Glycogen breakdown was more than sufficient to account for the glucose released into the medium, in the absence or presence of hormones. Lactate release by hepatocytes was not affected by vasopressin, but was inhibited by glucagon. 5. If Ca(2+) was omitted from the extracellular medium, vasopressin stimulated glycogenolysis, but not glucose release. 6. The phosphorylase a content of hepatocytes was increased by vasopressin, oxytocin and angiotensin II; minimum effective concentrations were 0.1pm, 0.1nm and 10pm respectively. This response was also dependent on Ca(2+). 7. These results demonstrate that hepatocytes can respond to low concentrations of vasopressin and angiotensin II, i.e. these effects are likely to be relevant in the intact animal. The role of extracellular Ca(2+) in the effects of these hormones on hepatic glycogenolysis and glucose release is discussed.", "contents": "Rapid stimulation by vasopressin, oxytocin and angiotensin II of glycogen degradation in hepatocyte suspensions. 1. The hormonal control of glycogen breakdown was studied in hepatocytes isolated from livers of fed rats. 2. Glucose release was stimulated by [8-arginine]vasopressin (10pm-10nm), oxytocin (1nm-1mum), and angiotensin II (1nm-0.1mum). These responses are all at least as sensitive to hormone as is glucose output in the perfused rat liver. 3. The effect of these three hormones on glucose release was critically dependent on extracellular Ca(2+), unlike that of glucagon. Half-maximal restoration of the vasopressin response occurred if 0.3mm-Ca(2+) was added back to the incubation medium. 4. Glycogen breakdown was more than sufficient to account for the glucose released into the medium, in the absence or presence of hormones. Lactate release by hepatocytes was not affected by vasopressin, but was inhibited by glucagon. 5. If Ca(2+) was omitted from the extracellular medium, vasopressin stimulated glycogenolysis, but not glucose release. 6. The phosphorylase a content of hepatocytes was increased by vasopressin, oxytocin and angiotensin II; minimum effective concentrations were 0.1pm, 0.1nm and 10pm respectively. This response was also dependent on Ca(2+). 7. These results demonstrate that hepatocytes can respond to low concentrations of vasopressin and angiotensin II, i.e. these effects are likely to be relevant in the intact animal. The role of extracellular Ca(2+) in the effects of these hormones on hepatic glycogenolysis and glucose release is discussed.", "PMID": 666748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11382", "title": "Changes in the lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity of white adipose tissue during development of the rat.", "content": "The lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity of the white adipose tissue from rats aged between 1 and 145 days was determined. Five adipose-tissue sites (epididymal, uterine, subcutaneous, perirenal and intramuscular) together with serum concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glucose were studied. The pattern of enzyme-activity change was remarkably similar in all the sites studied, although the growth of the tissues proceeded non-uniformly. After a peak of activity early in suckling, lipoprotein lipase activity fell to low values by 20 days of age. At weaning (21 days) the activity increased sharply and within 5 days high values were regained. The serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations were low at birth and reached peaks of concentration coincidentally with the minima of white-adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activities, seen late in suckling. The changes in enzyme activity were related to other metabolic changes in adipose tissue and with the known changes in plasma insulin concentrations occurring during development.", "contents": "Changes in the lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity of white adipose tissue during development of the rat. The lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity of the white adipose tissue from rats aged between 1 and 145 days was determined. Five adipose-tissue sites (epididymal, uterine, subcutaneous, perirenal and intramuscular) together with serum concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glucose were studied. The pattern of enzyme-activity change was remarkably similar in all the sites studied, although the growth of the tissues proceeded non-uniformly. After a peak of activity early in suckling, lipoprotein lipase activity fell to low values by 20 days of age. At weaning (21 days) the activity increased sharply and within 5 days high values were regained. The serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations were low at birth and reached peaks of concentration coincidentally with the minima of white-adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activities, seen late in suckling. The changes in enzyme activity were related to other metabolic changes in adipose tissue and with the known changes in plasma insulin concentrations occurring during development.", "PMID": 666749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11383", "title": "Effects of chronic hyperinsulinaemia on hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the young rat.", "content": "Chronic (6 days) hyperinsulinaemia in young rats produced lower blood glucose concentrations and augmented body- and liver-weight gain. The insulin-treated rats had increased hepatic activities of citrate-cleavage enzyme, 'malic' enzyme and high-substrate (6.6 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) pyruvate kinase, and decreased glucose 6-phosphatase. There were no changes in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphofructokinase, low-substrate (1.3 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) pyruvate kinase, glucokinase and hexokinase.", "contents": "Effects of chronic hyperinsulinaemia on hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the young rat. Chronic (6 days) hyperinsulinaemia in young rats produced lower blood glucose concentrations and augmented body- and liver-weight gain. The insulin-treated rats had increased hepatic activities of citrate-cleavage enzyme, 'malic' enzyme and high-substrate (6.6 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) pyruvate kinase, and decreased glucose 6-phosphatase. There were no changes in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphofructokinase, low-substrate (1.3 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) pyruvate kinase, glucokinase and hexokinase.", "PMID": 666750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11384", "title": "Is the adenine nucleotide translocator rate-limiting for oxidative phosphorylation?", "content": "1. The effects of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside (between 5 and 40mum) on O(2) uptake, glucose synthesis, urea synthesis, the adenine nucleotide content and the intracellular K(+) concentration were measured in isolated hepatocytes. 2. Urea synthesis was much less inhibited than glucose synthesis by both atractylosides. Measurements of intermediary metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism in freeze-clamped liver after injection of atractyloside into rats indicate that inhibition of gluconeogenesis is due to interference at the cytosolic reactions requiring ATP (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase). 3. The decrease in [ATP]/[ADP]x[P(i)] after addition of atractyloside or carboxyatractyloside was restricted to the cytosol. 4. Dihydroxyacetone can be converted either into glucose with the consumption of 2mol of ATP (per mol of glucose) or into lactate with the production of 2mol of ATP. In the presence of high concentrations of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside more ATP was produced than was used for the synthesis of glucose from dihydroxyacetone, probably for the maintenance of intracellular [K(+)]. 5. When the rates of respiration were altered by changing substrates, the degrees of inhibition of respiration and translocation by a given concentration of the atractylosides were the same, whereas at a given concentration of HCN the degree of inhibition was high at higher initial rates, and low at lower initial rates. 6. Inhibition of a complex series of reactions by atractyloside does not necessarily indicate that the translocator is a rate-limiting step in that sequence as Th. P. M. Akerboom, H. Bookelman & J. M. Tager [(1977) FEBS. Lett.74, 50-54] assume. This point is discussed.", "contents": "Is the adenine nucleotide translocator rate-limiting for oxidative phosphorylation? 1. The effects of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside (between 5 and 40mum) on O(2) uptake, glucose synthesis, urea synthesis, the adenine nucleotide content and the intracellular K(+) concentration were measured in isolated hepatocytes. 2. Urea synthesis was much less inhibited than glucose synthesis by both atractylosides. Measurements of intermediary metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism in freeze-clamped liver after injection of atractyloside into rats indicate that inhibition of gluconeogenesis is due to interference at the cytosolic reactions requiring ATP (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase). 3. The decrease in [ATP]/[ADP]x[P(i)] after addition of atractyloside or carboxyatractyloside was restricted to the cytosol. 4. Dihydroxyacetone can be converted either into glucose with the consumption of 2mol of ATP (per mol of glucose) or into lactate with the production of 2mol of ATP. In the presence of high concentrations of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside more ATP was produced than was used for the synthesis of glucose from dihydroxyacetone, probably for the maintenance of intracellular [K(+)]. 5. When the rates of respiration were altered by changing substrates, the degrees of inhibition of respiration and translocation by a given concentration of the atractylosides were the same, whereas at a given concentration of HCN the degree of inhibition was high at higher initial rates, and low at lower initial rates. 6. Inhibition of a complex series of reactions by atractyloside does not necessarily indicate that the translocator is a rate-limiting step in that sequence as Th. P. M. Akerboom, H. Bookelman & J. M. Tager [(1977) FEBS. Lett.74, 50-54] assume. This point is discussed.", "PMID": 666751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11385", "title": "Evidence that the coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity of rat liver is situated in the intermembrane space of mitochondria.", "content": "Preferential rupture of the outer membrane of mitochondria from rat liver releases coproporphyrinogen oxidase in parallel with components of the intermembrane space. Coproporphyrinogen III enters the mitochondrion through the freely-permeable outer membrane. Either protoporphyrinogen IX or protoporphyrin IX must then cross the inner membrane before haem synthesis can be completed.", "contents": "Evidence that the coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity of rat liver is situated in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Preferential rupture of the outer membrane of mitochondria from rat liver releases coproporphyrinogen oxidase in parallel with components of the intermembrane space. Coproporphyrinogen III enters the mitochondrion through the freely-permeable outer membrane. Either protoporphyrinogen IX or protoporphyrin IX must then cross the inner membrane before haem synthesis can be completed.", "PMID": 666752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11386", "title": "Phospholipase A2 of rat liver mitochondria in vitamin E deficiency.", "content": "1. There is a more than 2-fold increase in phospholipase A(2) activity (EC 3.1.1.4) of liver mitochondria isolated from vitamin E-deficient rats compared with that in normal rats. 2. alpha-Tocopherol in lipoprotein-bound form is more effective than free alpha-tocopherol in restoring the enzyme activity to normal.", "contents": "Phospholipase A2 of rat liver mitochondria in vitamin E deficiency. 1. There is a more than 2-fold increase in phospholipase A(2) activity (EC 3.1.1.4) of liver mitochondria isolated from vitamin E-deficient rats compared with that in normal rats. 2. alpha-Tocopherol in lipoprotein-bound form is more effective than free alpha-tocopherol in restoring the enzyme activity to normal.", "PMID": 666753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11387", "title": "Clinical features of the arthritis of mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Seventeen of 19 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) had arthritis as a significant initial feature of their disease; 8 were given an initial diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 4 received chrysotherapy. RA-like hand deformities were present in 35% and contractures and/or persistent loss of joint motion in 47%. Joint radiographs showed abnormalities in 41% and included erosions and/or cysts in 30%. The arthritis of MCTD may be both erosive and deforming and this disease should be considered in patients presenting as RA with unusual features.", "contents": "Clinical features of the arthritis of mixed connective tissue disease. Seventeen of 19 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) had arthritis as a significant initial feature of their disease; 8 were given an initial diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 4 received chrysotherapy. RA-like hand deformities were present in 35% and contractures and/or persistent loss of joint motion in 47%. Joint radiographs showed abnormalities in 41% and included erosions and/or cysts in 30%. The arthritis of MCTD may be both erosive and deforming and this disease should be considered in patients presenting as RA with unusual features.", "PMID": 666870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11388", "title": "Autoimmune neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The mechanism of granulocyte depletion in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and neutropenia was investigated. Neutrophil kinetic studies showed a shortened intravascular survival (t1/2 of 1.6 hours) in the face of an increased marrow neutrophil pool. IgG bound to the patient's neutrophils, measured by the Fab antiF(ab')2 assay, was nearly three times normal. The IgG neutrophil-binding activity of the patient's serum was elevated in serial samples obtained over two years. In addition, his serum was able to opsonize normal neutrophils for ingestion by other neutrophils as detected by 14C-1-glucose oxidation. Enhanced IgG PMN-binding activity was observed with sucrose density gradient fractions of the patient's serum containing either large complexes (19S or greater in size), intermediate complexes (between 7S and 19S), or monomeric IgG. Only the momomeric IgG fraction from the patient's serum, however, opsonized normal neutrophils for ingestion by other neutrophils. These results support the hypothesis that anti-cell antibodies were responsible for the neutropenia in this patient by opsonizing neutrophils for ingestion by other phagocytic cells.", "contents": "Autoimmune neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. The mechanism of granulocyte depletion in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and neutropenia was investigated. Neutrophil kinetic studies showed a shortened intravascular survival (t1/2 of 1.6 hours) in the face of an increased marrow neutrophil pool. IgG bound to the patient's neutrophils, measured by the Fab antiF(ab')2 assay, was nearly three times normal. The IgG neutrophil-binding activity of the patient's serum was elevated in serial samples obtained over two years. In addition, his serum was able to opsonize normal neutrophils for ingestion by other neutrophils as detected by 14C-1-glucose oxidation. Enhanced IgG PMN-binding activity was observed with sucrose density gradient fractions of the patient's serum containing either large complexes (19S or greater in size), intermediate complexes (between 7S and 19S), or monomeric IgG. Only the momomeric IgG fraction from the patient's serum, however, opsonized normal neutrophils for ingestion by other neutrophils. These results support the hypothesis that anti-cell antibodies were responsible for the neutropenia in this patient by opsonizing neutrophils for ingestion by other phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 666871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11389", "title": "Electron microscopic morphology of immunoglobulin aggregates and their interactions in rheumatoid articular collagenous tissues.", "content": "Immunoelectron microscopy for IgG and IgA was combined with plain electron microscopy and light microscopy to study a variety of articular collagenous tissues from 14 cases of classic rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous extensive aggregates of IgG and IgA positive material were found widely spread in locations that coincided with immunofluorescent staining for these immunoglobulins and B1c. This Ig positive material is thought to represent deposits of immune complexes. As great and greater amounts were seen in fibrocartilage menisci as in hyaline cartilage. A single specimen of disease tendon was also positive. Severe pathologic changes of the matrix characterized by loss of normal morphology, alterations in collagen, and overall reduced density were observed in regions of aggregate deposition with a consistent replacement and disappearance of collagen in the locale of the aggregates themselves. Polymorphonuclear cells in regions of degraded hyaline and tendon matrix were seen to have phagocytosed aggregates. These data give some credence to a direct role of immune aggregates in rheumatoid arthritis articular collagenous tissues in disease pathogenesis.", "contents": "Electron microscopic morphology of immunoglobulin aggregates and their interactions in rheumatoid articular collagenous tissues. Immunoelectron microscopy for IgG and IgA was combined with plain electron microscopy and light microscopy to study a variety of articular collagenous tissues from 14 cases of classic rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous extensive aggregates of IgG and IgA positive material were found widely spread in locations that coincided with immunofluorescent staining for these immunoglobulins and B1c. This Ig positive material is thought to represent deposits of immune complexes. As great and greater amounts were seen in fibrocartilage menisci as in hyaline cartilage. A single specimen of disease tendon was also positive. Severe pathologic changes of the matrix characterized by loss of normal morphology, alterations in collagen, and overall reduced density were observed in regions of aggregate deposition with a consistent replacement and disappearance of collagen in the locale of the aggregates themselves. Polymorphonuclear cells in regions of degraded hyaline and tendon matrix were seen to have phagocytosed aggregates. These data give some credence to a direct role of immune aggregates in rheumatoid arthritis articular collagenous tissues in disease pathogenesis.", "PMID": 666872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11390", "title": "A subgroup of ankylosing spondylitis associated with HLA-B7 in American blacks.", "content": "In a study of 34 American black patients with primary ankylosing spondylitis, 18 were found to be HLA-B27-negative. Of these, 10 possessed HLA-B7 (55.6%) compared to 23.7% of 59 B27-negative black controls (P less than 0.025, relative risk = 4). On comparing these 10 B7-positive patients (group I) with 16 B27-positive black patients (group II), a difference in mean age at onset of disease was found: 33.6 years in group I and 22.2 years in group II (P less than 0.005). In addition, a family history of ankylosing spondylitis was absent in group I patients but present in 6 patients in group II (P = 0.034). These findings indicate an association between HLA-B7 and ankylosing spondylitis in American blacks and suggest that these patients who lack B27 but possess B7 represent a subgroup of patients with this disease.", "contents": "A subgroup of ankylosing spondylitis associated with HLA-B7 in American blacks. In a study of 34 American black patients with primary ankylosing spondylitis, 18 were found to be HLA-B27-negative. Of these, 10 possessed HLA-B7 (55.6%) compared to 23.7% of 59 B27-negative black controls (P less than 0.025, relative risk = 4). On comparing these 10 B7-positive patients (group I) with 16 B27-positive black patients (group II), a difference in mean age at onset of disease was found: 33.6 years in group I and 22.2 years in group II (P less than 0.005). In addition, a family history of ankylosing spondylitis was absent in group I patients but present in 6 patients in group II (P = 0.034). These findings indicate an association between HLA-B7 and ankylosing spondylitis in American blacks and suggest that these patients who lack B27 but possess B7 represent a subgroup of patients with this disease.", "PMID": 666873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11391", "title": "The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. New considerations.", "content": "Several possible mechanisms of chronic inflammatory arthritis that might be initiated by infectious agents are discussed. Some recent information on mycoplasma infections, long-term virus infections, and shed bacterial components provides the bases for new experimental approaches. Currently, evidence of involvement of mycoplasma or viral agents in rheumatoid arthritis is tenuous. Chronic peptidoglycan-immune-complex formation is a consideration that has been discussed, but only recently pursued in depth. It may well be that experimental studies on the infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis will be revitalized through an appreciation of the bacterial antigen load in the gastrointestinal tract. The perimental vehicles for testing this possibility are available and should be directly applicable at the clinical level.", "contents": "The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. New considerations. Several possible mechanisms of chronic inflammatory arthritis that might be initiated by infectious agents are discussed. Some recent information on mycoplasma infections, long-term virus infections, and shed bacterial components provides the bases for new experimental approaches. Currently, evidence of involvement of mycoplasma or viral agents in rheumatoid arthritis is tenuous. Chronic peptidoglycan-immune-complex formation is a consideration that has been discussed, but only recently pursued in depth. It may well be that experimental studies on the infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis will be revitalized through an appreciation of the bacterial antigen load in the gastrointestinal tract. The perimental vehicles for testing this possibility are available and should be directly applicable at the clinical level.", "PMID": 666874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11392", "title": "The specific suppression of contact sensitivity.", "content": "The ability of 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced regulatory cells to modulate the generation of contact sensitivity (CS) to picryl chloride has been studied. We have confirmed that such suppressor cells can modulate CS and have extended these observations to demonstrate that suppressor factors, liberated by suppressor cells in supernatants, can limit the generation of CS. We have also confirmed that hapten-coupled membrane products can induce tolerance to PCl. The investigation of the properties of the suppressor factors has revealed that they are hapten-specific and bear H2 coded specificities.", "contents": "The specific suppression of contact sensitivity. The ability of 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced regulatory cells to modulate the generation of contact sensitivity (CS) to picryl chloride has been studied. We have confirmed that such suppressor cells can modulate CS and have extended these observations to demonstrate that suppressor factors, liberated by suppressor cells in supernatants, can limit the generation of CS. We have also confirmed that hapten-coupled membrane products can induce tolerance to PCl. The investigation of the properties of the suppressor factors has revealed that they are hapten-specific and bear H2 coded specificities.", "PMID": 666878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11393", "title": "Association of systemic lupus erythematosus and SLE-like syndromes with hereditary and acquired complement deficiency states.", "content": "The most prominent association of rheumatic diseases with hereditary complement deficiency is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and discoid lupus erythematosus with homozygous C2 deficiency in females. The lupus disease in these patients differ from classic lupus in 1) the increased incidence of discoid lesions, 2) the low incidence of renal disease, 3) the low or absent titers of antibodies to native DNA, and 4) the infrequent finding of immunoglobulin and complement in skin lesions. The strong positive linkage disequilibrium between C2 deficiency and HLA genes raises the possibility that genes other than those determining C2 levels may have the primary role in determining predisposition to disease in these patients. However, the finding of similar diseases in certain patients with hereditary angioedema and SLE-related syndrome who have acquired deficiency of the early components of complement supports a primary role of the C2 deficiency gene in predisposing to lupus disease in these patients.", "contents": "Association of systemic lupus erythematosus and SLE-like syndromes with hereditary and acquired complement deficiency states. The most prominent association of rheumatic diseases with hereditary complement deficiency is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and discoid lupus erythematosus with homozygous C2 deficiency in females. The lupus disease in these patients differ from classic lupus in 1) the increased incidence of discoid lesions, 2) the low incidence of renal disease, 3) the low or absent titers of antibodies to native DNA, and 4) the infrequent finding of immunoglobulin and complement in skin lesions. The strong positive linkage disequilibrium between C2 deficiency and HLA genes raises the possibility that genes other than those determining C2 levels may have the primary role in determining predisposition to disease in these patients. However, the finding of similar diseases in certain patients with hereditary angioedema and SLE-related syndrome who have acquired deficiency of the early components of complement supports a primary role of the C2 deficiency gene in predisposing to lupus disease in these patients.", "PMID": 666879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11394", "title": "Epidemiology of anti-lymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTA) occur in 80% of SLE patients and 40% to 60% of their asymptomatic relatives. They occur equally in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous relatives, are more common with close proband contact, and vary directly with LCTA activity in the proband. LCTA are also increased in laboratory personnel handling SLE blood. Anti-RNA antibodies are found in SLE patients and consanguineous relatives. Both antibodies are primarily IgM in relatives but are IgM and IgG in SLE patients.", "contents": "Epidemiology of anti-lymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTA) occur in 80% of SLE patients and 40% to 60% of their asymptomatic relatives. They occur equally in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous relatives, are more common with close proband contact, and vary directly with LCTA activity in the proband. LCTA are also increased in laboratory personnel handling SLE blood. Anti-RNA antibodies are found in SLE patients and consanguineous relatives. Both antibodies are primarily IgM in relatives but are IgM and IgG in SLE patients.", "PMID": 666880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11395", "title": "Effect of clofibrate on in vivo triglyceride production and clearance in genetically hyperlipemic rats.", "content": "Seventeen hyperlipemic and 17 normolipemic littermate Zucker rats were treated with clofibrate or normal saline to determine the effect of this drug upon hepatic triglyceride (TG) production and peripheral TG disposal. Peripheral Intralipid clearance was not different in hyperlipemic rats relative to control animals. Hyperlipemic animals demonstrated abnormally elevated TG production in the fasted state which was not corrected with clofibrate administration. Following treatment, peripheral Intralipid clearance was increased 100% in hyperlipemic rats, but unchanged in normolipemic animals. These observations provide further evidence that the predominant lipid reducing action of clofibrate is manifested only in the hyperlipemic state, and predominantly upon peripheral lipid disposal.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate on in vivo triglyceride production and clearance in genetically hyperlipemic rats. Seventeen hyperlipemic and 17 normolipemic littermate Zucker rats were treated with clofibrate or normal saline to determine the effect of this drug upon hepatic triglyceride (TG) production and peripheral TG disposal. Peripheral Intralipid clearance was not different in hyperlipemic rats relative to control animals. Hyperlipemic animals demonstrated abnormally elevated TG production in the fasted state which was not corrected with clofibrate administration. Following treatment, peripheral Intralipid clearance was increased 100% in hyperlipemic rats, but unchanged in normolipemic animals. These observations provide further evidence that the predominant lipid reducing action of clofibrate is manifested only in the hyperlipemic state, and predominantly upon peripheral lipid disposal.", "PMID": 666881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11396", "title": "Incorporation of labelled glucose and glycerol into phospholipids and triglycerides by rat and rabbit aorta.", "content": "[1-14C]Glycerol and [U1-14C]glucose were incorporated into aortic phospholipids and triglycerides by isolated rat and rabbit aorta. The major portion of radioactivity was found in the glycerol moiety of triglycerides and phospholipids. Within the range of concentrations studied the rate of incorporation of [1-14C]glycerol was dependent on substrate concentration, whereas the rate of incorporation of [U1-14C]glucose was not. The distribution of radioactivity in the glycerophosphatides was found mainly in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid when [1-14C]glycerol was used as substrate. On the other hand, the major portion of radioactivity was found in phosphatidylcholine when [U1-14C]glucose was the substrate. The incorporation of [1-14C]glycerol and [U1-14C]glucose into aortic triglycerides and phospholipids was markedly increased by aortae obtained from rabbits fed an atherogenic diet as compared to aortae from control animals. Results from double-labeled glycerol containing both [2-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]glycerol indicated that the biosynthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids in the rat aorta did not use phosphatidic acid from the same pool.", "contents": "Incorporation of labelled glucose and glycerol into phospholipids and triglycerides by rat and rabbit aorta. [1-14C]Glycerol and [U1-14C]glucose were incorporated into aortic phospholipids and triglycerides by isolated rat and rabbit aorta. The major portion of radioactivity was found in the glycerol moiety of triglycerides and phospholipids. Within the range of concentrations studied the rate of incorporation of [1-14C]glycerol was dependent on substrate concentration, whereas the rate of incorporation of [U1-14C]glucose was not. The distribution of radioactivity in the glycerophosphatides was found mainly in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid when [1-14C]glycerol was used as substrate. On the other hand, the major portion of radioactivity was found in phosphatidylcholine when [U1-14C]glucose was the substrate. The incorporation of [1-14C]glycerol and [U1-14C]glucose into aortic triglycerides and phospholipids was markedly increased by aortae obtained from rabbits fed an atherogenic diet as compared to aortae from control animals. Results from double-labeled glycerol containing both [2-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]glycerol indicated that the biosynthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids in the rat aorta did not use phosphatidic acid from the same pool.", "PMID": 666882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11397", "title": "Clofibrate retardation of naturally-occurring arteriosclerosis in repeatedly-bred male and female rats.", "content": "Repeatedly-bred, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats which develop hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis spontaneously were killed at sequential time intervals, i.e., when the females had completed 1, 2, 3 and 4 pregnancies. The control breeders received no treatment; the experimental animals were given 113 mg of clofibrate/100 g of b.w., subcutaneously, daily, 5 times per week. Clofibrate-treated breeders manifested reduction in blood pressure and in the incidence and severity of arterial disease characteristic of repeatedly-bred rats. The aortic lesions of the clofibrate-treated breeders showed attenuation of the usual severe ground substance alterations, the degenerative changes in connective tissue elements, e.g., fibrosis and elastosis, and absence of calcification and cartilaginous metaplasia. Clofibrate-treated breeders did not show any unusual elevation in serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, or significant reduction of their hyperlipidemia. They manifested a definite reduction in adrenocortical and medullary histopathology and their circulating corticosterone levels were subnormal compared to non-treated breeders. It is suggested that the protective effect of clofibrate was mediated through its ability to block normal adrenal steroidogenic pathways rather than through its antilipemic action.", "contents": "Clofibrate retardation of naturally-occurring arteriosclerosis in repeatedly-bred male and female rats. Repeatedly-bred, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats which develop hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis spontaneously were killed at sequential time intervals, i.e., when the females had completed 1, 2, 3 and 4 pregnancies. The control breeders received no treatment; the experimental animals were given 113 mg of clofibrate/100 g of b.w., subcutaneously, daily, 5 times per week. Clofibrate-treated breeders manifested reduction in blood pressure and in the incidence and severity of arterial disease characteristic of repeatedly-bred rats. The aortic lesions of the clofibrate-treated breeders showed attenuation of the usual severe ground substance alterations, the degenerative changes in connective tissue elements, e.g., fibrosis and elastosis, and absence of calcification and cartilaginous metaplasia. Clofibrate-treated breeders did not show any unusual elevation in serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, or significant reduction of their hyperlipidemia. They manifested a definite reduction in adrenocortical and medullary histopathology and their circulating corticosterone levels were subnormal compared to non-treated breeders. It is suggested that the protective effect of clofibrate was mediated through its ability to block normal adrenal steroidogenic pathways rather than through its antilipemic action.", "PMID": 666883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11398", "title": "The role of hemodynamic factors in arterial wall thickening in the rat.", "content": "In a study on the pathogenesis of arterial wall thickening, hemodynamic factors in the common carotid artery of the rat were experimentally altered with an autograft. The relationship between flow pattern and wall-thickening was examined in a half-ring bypass model with an induced stenosis, using both flow-visualization in a corresponding in vitro model circuit and observation of the wall by microscopy. Wall-thickening was found in the neighborhood of bifurcations, junctions and curved segments, which corresponded to regions of low-shear in the flow-field. Marked histologic changes in the wall were observed in the post-stenotic segments where the flow field was very disturbed. Histologic changes in the arterial wall correlated well with flow patterns.", "contents": "The role of hemodynamic factors in arterial wall thickening in the rat. In a study on the pathogenesis of arterial wall thickening, hemodynamic factors in the common carotid artery of the rat were experimentally altered with an autograft. The relationship between flow pattern and wall-thickening was examined in a half-ring bypass model with an induced stenosis, using both flow-visualization in a corresponding in vitro model circuit and observation of the wall by microscopy. Wall-thickening was found in the neighborhood of bifurcations, junctions and curved segments, which corresponded to regions of low-shear in the flow-field. Marked histologic changes in the wall were observed in the post-stenotic segments where the flow field was very disturbed. Histologic changes in the arterial wall correlated well with flow patterns.", "PMID": 666885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11399", "title": "Protective effects of clofibrate on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic rats.", "content": "Male and female, arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic rats were treated with the anti-lipemic agent, clofibrate, for 8 days and then subjected to an acute myocardial infarction by injecting them with two large doses of isoproterenol spaced 24 hours apart. The animals were killed at sequential time intervals during the acute necrosis and early repair phases of myocardial infarction. Pre-treatment with clofibrate caused a definite improvement in survival, less shock and prostration, and ECG evidence of little or no ischemia. Increased SGOT levels, hepatic lipid and necrosis were indicative of advanced liver damage. Although clofibrate-treated animals showed little change in serum lipids during the acute cardiac necrosis phase, they were hyperglycemic and showed the greatest increase in BUN levels. Clofibrate-treated animals had higher serum corticosterone levels than those given isoproterenol alone. Despite superior survival rates, both the arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic, clofibrate-treated animals exhibited equally severe histopathologic evidence of myocardial damage. It is suggested that the protective effect of prophylactic treatment with clofibrate against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats may be due to its ability to change corticosterone levels in the circulation.", "contents": "Protective effects of clofibrate on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic rats. Male and female, arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic rats were treated with the anti-lipemic agent, clofibrate, for 8 days and then subjected to an acute myocardial infarction by injecting them with two large doses of isoproterenol spaced 24 hours apart. The animals were killed at sequential time intervals during the acute necrosis and early repair phases of myocardial infarction. Pre-treatment with clofibrate caused a definite improvement in survival, less shock and prostration, and ECG evidence of little or no ischemia. Increased SGOT levels, hepatic lipid and necrosis were indicative of advanced liver damage. Although clofibrate-treated animals showed little change in serum lipids during the acute cardiac necrosis phase, they were hyperglycemic and showed the greatest increase in BUN levels. Clofibrate-treated animals had higher serum corticosterone levels than those given isoproterenol alone. Despite superior survival rates, both the arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic, clofibrate-treated animals exhibited equally severe histopathologic evidence of myocardial damage. It is suggested that the protective effect of prophylactic treatment with clofibrate against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats may be due to its ability to change corticosterone levels in the circulation.", "PMID": 666886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11400", "title": "Hypothesis on microangiopathy of cutaneous capillaries.", "content": "Microangiopathy is a more or less pronounced PAS deposit-located exterior to the endothelial cells of the lymphatics and the basal membrane of the capillaries. This lesion, found in various normal and pathological states, has generated numerous pathogenic hypotheses. The presence of microangiopathy in 5 groups of 50 subjects representing five different clinical conditions, subjects over 60 years old or less than 40, diabetics, latent diabetics or patients with severe coronary heart disease, together with microscopic and/or ultrastructural lesions of the connective tissue (fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance) has enabled us to propose a pathogenic hypothesis applicable to any microangiopathy. The initial change, hereditary or acquired, would be fibroblastic or interstitial. It would be characterized by the accumulation of glycoproteins, proteoglyacans and soluble collagen in the interstitium. Incomplete drainage of these macromolecules would occur around the blood and lymphatic capillaries and manifest itself by a PAS deposit, the hallmark of the microangiopathy.", "contents": "Hypothesis on microangiopathy of cutaneous capillaries. Microangiopathy is a more or less pronounced PAS deposit-located exterior to the endothelial cells of the lymphatics and the basal membrane of the capillaries. This lesion, found in various normal and pathological states, has generated numerous pathogenic hypotheses. The presence of microangiopathy in 5 groups of 50 subjects representing five different clinical conditions, subjects over 60 years old or less than 40, diabetics, latent diabetics or patients with severe coronary heart disease, together with microscopic and/or ultrastructural lesions of the connective tissue (fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance) has enabled us to propose a pathogenic hypothesis applicable to any microangiopathy. The initial change, hereditary or acquired, would be fibroblastic or interstitial. It would be characterized by the accumulation of glycoproteins, proteoglyacans and soluble collagen in the interstitium. Incomplete drainage of these macromolecules would occur around the blood and lymphatic capillaries and manifest itself by a PAS deposit, the hallmark of the microangiopathy.", "PMID": 666887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11401", "title": "Coronary degeneration in sexually mature rainbow and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri.", "content": "Correlation of coronary arteriosclerosis with sexual maturation was found in rainbow and steelhead trout. All sexually mature nonanadromous rainbow, precocial male steelhead, and adult spawning steelhead had myointimal hyperplasia but it was infrequent in immature juveniles. Lesion severity in adult rainbow and precocial steelhead approach that of spawning steelhead.", "contents": "Coronary degeneration in sexually mature rainbow and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri. Correlation of coronary arteriosclerosis with sexual maturation was found in rainbow and steelhead trout. All sexually mature nonanadromous rainbow, precocial male steelhead, and adult spawning steelhead had myointimal hyperplasia but it was infrequent in immature juveniles. Lesion severity in adult rainbow and precocial steelhead approach that of spawning steelhead.", "PMID": 666888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11402", "title": "Distortion of endothelial repair. The effect of hypercholesterolaemia on regeneration of aortic endothelium following injury by endotoxin. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Five young male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 0.2% cholesterol for 2 weeks and a control group of 5 animals was fed a normal stock diet. All animals were then injected intravenously with a single dose of endotoxin from Serratia marcescens (200 microgram/kg body weight) and continued on their respective diets for a further 4 weeks. The aortas were then stained with silver nitrate and fixed under pressure for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Argyrophilic endothelial cells were present in both groups of animals 4 weeks after endotoxin injections. In the cholesterol-fed animals, however, these cells were often covered with pits and craters. These findings suggest that the hypercholesterolaemia may affect the regeneration of arterial endothelial cells.", "contents": "Distortion of endothelial repair. The effect of hypercholesterolaemia on regeneration of aortic endothelium following injury by endotoxin. A scanning electron microscope study. Five young male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 0.2% cholesterol for 2 weeks and a control group of 5 animals was fed a normal stock diet. All animals were then injected intravenously with a single dose of endotoxin from Serratia marcescens (200 microgram/kg body weight) and continued on their respective diets for a further 4 weeks. The aortas were then stained with silver nitrate and fixed under pressure for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Argyrophilic endothelial cells were present in both groups of animals 4 weeks after endotoxin injections. In the cholesterol-fed animals, however, these cells were often covered with pits and craters. These findings suggest that the hypercholesterolaemia may affect the regeneration of arterial endothelial cells.", "PMID": 666889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11403", "title": "The effect of bezafibrate on the fibrinolytic enzyme system and the drug interaction with racemic phenprocoumon.", "content": "The influence of a new hypolipidaemic agent, bezafibrate, on anticoagulant requirements and fibrinolysis was studied in 15 patients with hyperlipidaemia on long-term treatment with racemic phenprocoumon. Our results suggest a dose-dependent augmentation of the anticoagulant response to the coumarin drug. Treatment with bezafibrate at 450 and 600 mg daily required a reduction of the phenprocoumon dose by 18.5 and 33.5%, respectively. Correspondingly, the serum level of phenprocoumon decreased by 11.6 and 35.3%. No evidence for an altered drug elimination of racemic phenprocoumon could be found during treatment with bezafibrate. The results support the hypothesis that bezafibrate and analogous hypolipidaemic drugs enhance the response to oral anticoagulant drugs by increasing the affinity of the receptor site for coumarins or the rate of degradation of the vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors. The investigation of the fibrinolytic enzyme system demonstrated an increase of the fibrinolytic activity by enhancing the activity of the plasminogen activator. The lysis time for euglobulin clot was reduced significantly, plasma fibrinogen only moderately. The antiplasmin activity could not be altered substantially by a decrease of alpha1-antitrypsin and a slight increase of alpha2-macroglobulin. In contrast with the inhibition of platelet function the effect of bezafibrate on the fibrinolytic enzyme system showed no dose dependence.", "contents": "The effect of bezafibrate on the fibrinolytic enzyme system and the drug interaction with racemic phenprocoumon. The influence of a new hypolipidaemic agent, bezafibrate, on anticoagulant requirements and fibrinolysis was studied in 15 patients with hyperlipidaemia on long-term treatment with racemic phenprocoumon. Our results suggest a dose-dependent augmentation of the anticoagulant response to the coumarin drug. Treatment with bezafibrate at 450 and 600 mg daily required a reduction of the phenprocoumon dose by 18.5 and 33.5%, respectively. Correspondingly, the serum level of phenprocoumon decreased by 11.6 and 35.3%. No evidence for an altered drug elimination of racemic phenprocoumon could be found during treatment with bezafibrate. The results support the hypothesis that bezafibrate and analogous hypolipidaemic drugs enhance the response to oral anticoagulant drugs by increasing the affinity of the receptor site for coumarins or the rate of degradation of the vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors. The investigation of the fibrinolytic enzyme system demonstrated an increase of the fibrinolytic activity by enhancing the activity of the plasminogen activator. The lysis time for euglobulin clot was reduced significantly, plasma fibrinogen only moderately. The antiplasmin activity could not be altered substantially by a decrease of alpha1-antitrypsin and a slight increase of alpha2-macroglobulin. In contrast with the inhibition of platelet function the effect of bezafibrate on the fibrinolytic enzyme system showed no dose dependence.", "PMID": 666891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11404", "title": "The antiocclusive effect of coronary dilatation with age.", "content": "Human coronary arteries were perfusion-fixed; sectioned and their external and lumenal circumferences measured by microscopic planimetry. They were found to dilate with increasing age, and this change seems to be more a degenerative process than a response to increasing heart weight. It is inferred that a moderate degree of coronary dilatation compensates for the tendency of atherosclerosis to occlude the lumen. Absence of any coronary dilatation might be hazardous in that the stenosing effects of atherosclerosis would be enhanced. By contrast over-dilatation (ectasia) is dangerous in that it causes a reduced flow-rate and, hence, promotes thrombosis.", "contents": "The antiocclusive effect of coronary dilatation with age. Human coronary arteries were perfusion-fixed; sectioned and their external and lumenal circumferences measured by microscopic planimetry. They were found to dilate with increasing age, and this change seems to be more a degenerative process than a response to increasing heart weight. It is inferred that a moderate degree of coronary dilatation compensates for the tendency of atherosclerosis to occlude the lumen. Absence of any coronary dilatation might be hazardous in that the stenosing effects of atherosclerosis would be enhanced. By contrast over-dilatation (ectasia) is dangerous in that it causes a reduced flow-rate and, hence, promotes thrombosis.", "PMID": 666892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11405", "title": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by procarcinogens in suspensions and primary cultures of hepatocytes on collagen membranes.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by procarcinogens in freshly isolated suspensions and primary cultures (6 days old) of hepatocytes on collagen membranes. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea was used to measure unscheduled DNA synthesis. When hepatocellular DNA was isolated on cesium chloride gradients, significant levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis were measured. Similar concentrations of procarcinogens elicited higher levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocellular suspensions than in primary cultures. The results demonstrate that hepatocytes cultured on collagen membranes can metabolize chemical carcinogens. Suspensions of freshly isolated hepatocytes, however, are more active in procarcinogen metabolism than are those of primary cultures. The selective advantages of the two systems of hepatocytes can be utilized for the establishment of short-term in vitro screening systems of mutagens and carcinogens.", "contents": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by procarcinogens in suspensions and primary cultures of hepatocytes on collagen membranes. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by procarcinogens in freshly isolated suspensions and primary cultures (6 days old) of hepatocytes on collagen membranes. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea was used to measure unscheduled DNA synthesis. When hepatocellular DNA was isolated on cesium chloride gradients, significant levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis were measured. Similar concentrations of procarcinogens elicited higher levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocellular suspensions than in primary cultures. The results demonstrate that hepatocytes cultured on collagen membranes can metabolize chemical carcinogens. Suspensions of freshly isolated hepatocytes, however, are more active in procarcinogen metabolism than are those of primary cultures. The selective advantages of the two systems of hepatocytes can be utilized for the establishment of short-term in vitro screening systems of mutagens and carcinogens.", "PMID": 666894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11406", "title": "Studies on subunit structure and evidence that ligandin is a heterodimer.", "content": "Several lines of evidence indicate that ligandin consists of two different subunits. The protein dissociates into two components that are detected by electrophoresis in a discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate system, or in acid-urea gels, and by isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea. The apparent molecular weights of the two polypeptides are 25,000 and 22,000. Alkylated or succinylated ligandins also exhibit subunit heterogeneity and resolved into two bands in these electrophoretic systems. Cross-linked ligandin showed only one band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicating that the two subunits are part of a heterodimeric protein rather than monomers of two different proteins. No dansylated terminal amino acids were detected suggesting that the NH2-terminal residues of both chains are blocked. One mole of arginine or phenylalanine was released per mole of ligandin after digestion with carboxypeptidase B or A, respectively. Tryptic maps of succinylated ligandin were consistent with identical disposition of arginine residues in both chains, but several additional tryptic peptides were obtained with native ligandin as compared to the predicted number if both subunits were identical. These observations are consistent with the possibility that both subunits contain common sequences and that a small peptide of about 25 to 30 amino acid residues is cleaved from the COOH-terminal of the larger subunit to produce the smaller subunit.", "contents": "Studies on subunit structure and evidence that ligandin is a heterodimer. Several lines of evidence indicate that ligandin consists of two different subunits. The protein dissociates into two components that are detected by electrophoresis in a discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate system, or in acid-urea gels, and by isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea. The apparent molecular weights of the two polypeptides are 25,000 and 22,000. Alkylated or succinylated ligandins also exhibit subunit heterogeneity and resolved into two bands in these electrophoretic systems. Cross-linked ligandin showed only one band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicating that the two subunits are part of a heterodimeric protein rather than monomers of two different proteins. No dansylated terminal amino acids were detected suggesting that the NH2-terminal residues of both chains are blocked. One mole of arginine or phenylalanine was released per mole of ligandin after digestion with carboxypeptidase B or A, respectively. Tryptic maps of succinylated ligandin were consistent with identical disposition of arginine residues in both chains, but several additional tryptic peptides were obtained with native ligandin as compared to the predicted number if both subunits were identical. These observations are consistent with the possibility that both subunits contain common sequences and that a small peptide of about 25 to 30 amino acid residues is cleaved from the COOH-terminal of the larger subunit to produce the smaller subunit.", "PMID": 666896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11407", "title": "178-Nucleotide sequence surrounding the cos site of bacteriophage lambda DNA.", "content": "A nucleotide sequence of 61 nucleotides at the left end and 117 nucleotides at the right end of DNA from bacteriophage lambdacI857Sam7 was determined by the Maxam and Gilbert method. A perfect inverted repeat sequence of 10 nucleotides is near the left end, and one of 15 nucleotides is near the right end. DNA from another closely related lambda strain, lambdacI857prm116Sam7, has about 10% divergence in the sequence of the first 110 nucleotides at the right end and has a 17-member perfect inverted repeat sequence.", "contents": "178-Nucleotide sequence surrounding the cos site of bacteriophage lambda DNA. A nucleotide sequence of 61 nucleotides at the left end and 117 nucleotides at the right end of DNA from bacteriophage lambdacI857Sam7 was determined by the Maxam and Gilbert method. A perfect inverted repeat sequence of 10 nucleotides is near the left end, and one of 15 nucleotides is near the right end. DNA from another closely related lambda strain, lambdacI857prm116Sam7, has about 10% divergence in the sequence of the first 110 nucleotides at the right end and has a 17-member perfect inverted repeat sequence.", "PMID": 666898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11408", "title": "Rate-limiting factors in urate synthesis and gluconeogenesis in avian liver.", "content": "1. Urate synthesis and other metabolic characteristics of isolated chicken hepatocytes were studied. 2. The distinction is made between immediate precursors of the purine ring (glycine, glutamine, aspartate, formyltetrahydrofolate, bicarbonate) and ultimate precursors from which the immediate precursors are formed in the liver. 3. In hepatocytes from well-fed chickens the rate of urate synthesis was not greatly increased by the addition of amino acids or NH(4)Cl, but in hepatocytes from 72h-starved chickens the rate was much increased when alanine or asparagine was added as the only substrate. Other amino acids, when added alone, did not affect the rate. The exceptional effect of alanine and asparagine is due to the ready formation of the immediate precursors. 4. Conditions are described under which glutamine, serine, glycine plus formate, ribose and glucose increased the rate of urate synthesis. 5. At 1mm-NH(4)Cl (a concentration not much higher than that of blood plasma) the rate of urate synthesis in the presence of lactate was increased, but higher concentrations inhibited urate synthesis in the presence of lactate or alanine; with alanine even 1mm-NH(4)Cl was inhibitory. 6. Glucose synthesis from lactate, alanine or dihydroxyacetone was also inhibited by 1mm-NH(4)Cl. 7. NH(4)Cl inhibition of urate and glucose synthesis was paralleled by an increased rate of glutamine synthesis. Thus in the presence of NH(4)Cl the gluconeogenic precursors are diverted from the pathway of gluconeogenesis to that of glutamate and glutamine synthesis. This implies that the synthesis of these amino acids is the primary process in the detoxication of ammonia in the avian liver. 8. Urate synthesis, like urea synthesis, can be looked on as a cyclic process with either phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate or ribose acting as the carrier on which the purine ring is assembled. 9. The energy requirements of urate synthesis depend on whether phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is regenerated from IMP by pyrophosphorylase or by phosphorylation and pyrophosphorylation of ribose. It is 6 or 9 pyrophosphate bonds of ATP respectively.", "contents": "Rate-limiting factors in urate synthesis and gluconeogenesis in avian liver. 1. Urate synthesis and other metabolic characteristics of isolated chicken hepatocytes were studied. 2. The distinction is made between immediate precursors of the purine ring (glycine, glutamine, aspartate, formyltetrahydrofolate, bicarbonate) and ultimate precursors from which the immediate precursors are formed in the liver. 3. In hepatocytes from well-fed chickens the rate of urate synthesis was not greatly increased by the addition of amino acids or NH(4)Cl, but in hepatocytes from 72h-starved chickens the rate was much increased when alanine or asparagine was added as the only substrate. Other amino acids, when added alone, did not affect the rate. The exceptional effect of alanine and asparagine is due to the ready formation of the immediate precursors. 4. Conditions are described under which glutamine, serine, glycine plus formate, ribose and glucose increased the rate of urate synthesis. 5. At 1mm-NH(4)Cl (a concentration not much higher than that of blood plasma) the rate of urate synthesis in the presence of lactate was increased, but higher concentrations inhibited urate synthesis in the presence of lactate or alanine; with alanine even 1mm-NH(4)Cl was inhibitory. 6. Glucose synthesis from lactate, alanine or dihydroxyacetone was also inhibited by 1mm-NH(4)Cl. 7. NH(4)Cl inhibition of urate and glucose synthesis was paralleled by an increased rate of glutamine synthesis. Thus in the presence of NH(4)Cl the gluconeogenic precursors are diverted from the pathway of gluconeogenesis to that of glutamate and glutamine synthesis. This implies that the synthesis of these amino acids is the primary process in the detoxication of ammonia in the avian liver. 8. Urate synthesis, like urea synthesis, can be looked on as a cyclic process with either phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate or ribose acting as the carrier on which the purine ring is assembled. 9. The energy requirements of urate synthesis depend on whether phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is regenerated from IMP by pyrophosphorylase or by phosphorylation and pyrophosphorylation of ribose. It is 6 or 9 pyrophosphate bonds of ATP respectively.", "PMID": 666902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11409", "title": "[Measurement of spinal cord blood flow in rabbits: central gray matter flow and CO2 reactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured in 20 rabbits anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The platinum electrodes (0.3 mm in diameter) were inserted into the central gray matter of the thoracic spinal cord (Th8-10). In all animals, blood pressure and pAO2 remained constantly in the normal range. The pACO2 was changed by ventilation. Blood gases were checked both before and after each spinal cord blood flow measurement. The results are as follows. 1. Seventy-three percent of the clearances recorded from the gray matter were monoexponential and in the white matter almost all were monoexponential. 2. The mean values of gray matter SCBF of all animals was 38.3 +/- 1.85 ml/100 g/min (SE) at normo-capnea and the white matter was 19.5 +/- 1.33 ml/100 g/min. 3. An almost linear relationship exists between the pACO2 and SCBF. The values were 0.62 ml/100 g/min/torr in the gray matter and 0.38 ml/100 g/min/torr in the white matter.", "contents": "[Measurement of spinal cord blood flow in rabbits: central gray matter flow and CO2 reactivity (author's transl)]. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured in 20 rabbits anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The platinum electrodes (0.3 mm in diameter) were inserted into the central gray matter of the thoracic spinal cord (Th8-10). In all animals, blood pressure and pAO2 remained constantly in the normal range. The pACO2 was changed by ventilation. Blood gases were checked both before and after each spinal cord blood flow measurement. The results are as follows. 1. Seventy-three percent of the clearances recorded from the gray matter were monoexponential and in the white matter almost all were monoexponential. 2. The mean values of gray matter SCBF of all animals was 38.3 +/- 1.85 ml/100 g/min (SE) at normo-capnea and the white matter was 19.5 +/- 1.33 ml/100 g/min. 3. An almost linear relationship exists between the pACO2 and SCBF. The values were 0.62 ml/100 g/min/torr in the gray matter and 0.38 ml/100 g/min/torr in the white matter.", "PMID": 666908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11410", "title": "[Differences of behavior of DSCT neurons in decerebrate and barbiturate anesthetized cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Responses of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons to random electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves of the hindleg in decerebrate cats were studied using cross-correlation analysis of the output spike train. The spontaneous background discharge in barbiturate's cats had longer mean interspike interval than that in decerebrate cats, but there was no difference of the coefficient of variation in the two groups. This suggests that barbiturate has no effect on raising of the electrical threshold of the axon, but prolonging effect on interspike interval. Comparison of the conduction velocity showed to be slower in barbiturate's cats, so barbiturate reduces the conduction rate of the axon. The DSCT responses to the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve in decerebrate cats were recorded in 60%, while 85% in barbiturate's cats. The reasons for this difference are that the DSCT  cells in decerebrate cats are tonically inhibited from the pontine and bulbar reticular formation and the function of brain-stem reticular formation is suppressed by the barbiturate. Type 2 response in decerebrate cats, which represents reduced excitability of the DSCT cells, had inhibition with shorter initial peak latency and duration as compared to that in barbiturate's cats. This confirms the result of Eccles et al. that barbiturate in moderate dosage increases and prolongs the presynaptic inhibition.", "contents": "[Differences of behavior of DSCT neurons in decerebrate and barbiturate anesthetized cats (author's transl)]. Responses of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons to random electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves of the hindleg in decerebrate cats were studied using cross-correlation analysis of the output spike train. The spontaneous background discharge in barbiturate's cats had longer mean interspike interval than that in decerebrate cats, but there was no difference of the coefficient of variation in the two groups. This suggests that barbiturate has no effect on raising of the electrical threshold of the axon, but prolonging effect on interspike interval. Comparison of the conduction velocity showed to be slower in barbiturate's cats, so barbiturate reduces the conduction rate of the axon. The DSCT responses to the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve in decerebrate cats were recorded in 60%, while 85% in barbiturate's cats. The reasons for this difference are that the DSCT  cells in decerebrate cats are tonically inhibited from the pontine and bulbar reticular formation and the function of brain-stem reticular formation is suppressed by the barbiturate. Type 2 response in decerebrate cats, which represents reduced excitability of the DSCT cells, had inhibition with shorter initial peak latency and duration as compared to that in barbiturate's cats. This confirms the result of Eccles et al. that barbiturate in moderate dosage increases and prolongs the presynaptic inhibition.", "PMID": 666909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11411", "title": "[Intracranial saccular aneurysms in the first three decades of life (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of surgically-treated 1,000 intracranial saccular aneurysms in our clinic during a period from June, 1961 to September, 1975, revealed 39 cases in patients under the age of 29 years. Some characteristics were emphasized in this studies. The sex incidence was male predominant, which exhibited a ratio of 4 to 1 for the ages below 20 years and 2.1 to 1 for the ages below 30 years. In sites distribution, there were striking incidence of aneurysms of the internal carotid termination, on the contrary, lower incidence of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery, comparing with the cases in all ages. The common complication of cerebral infarction secondary to the vasopasm associated with rupture of the aneurysm occured less often than in adults cases. The surgical results of 39 cases in the first three decades of life, consisted of 29 excellent cases, 5 good, 4 poor and 1 death, have been as good or better than in the cases of all ages. Furthermore, the results of follow-up studies, which were obtained from 33 cases out of 38 survival cases, revealed 31 cases with full working and no deterioration.", "contents": "[Intracranial saccular aneurysms in the first three decades of life (author's transl)]. An analysis of surgically-treated 1,000 intracranial saccular aneurysms in our clinic during a period from June, 1961 to September, 1975, revealed 39 cases in patients under the age of 29 years. Some characteristics were emphasized in this studies. The sex incidence was male predominant, which exhibited a ratio of 4 to 1 for the ages below 20 years and 2.1 to 1 for the ages below 30 years. In sites distribution, there were striking incidence of aneurysms of the internal carotid termination, on the contrary, lower incidence of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery, comparing with the cases in all ages. The common complication of cerebral infarction secondary to the vasopasm associated with rupture of the aneurysm occured less often than in adults cases. The surgical results of 39 cases in the first three decades of life, consisted of 29 excellent cases, 5 good, 4 poor and 1 death, have been as good or better than in the cases of all ages. Furthermore, the results of follow-up studies, which were obtained from 33 cases out of 38 survival cases, revealed 31 cases with full working and no deterioration.", "PMID": 666911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11412", "title": "[The relationship between the rupturing of intracranial aneurysm and season, weather and patient's acitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Some physical and mental stresses have been notices as the exciting factors for the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. However, little has been known about them of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. From this point of view, the correlation between the several physical strains and the occurrence of ruptured intracranial aneurysm were studied in this report. This study was based on 920 cases of ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysm which were verified by direct aneurysmal surgery. As for the season, the occurrence of ruptured intracranial aneurysms was apt to be frequent in winter and infrequent in summer. No relation between the onsets and the meteorological fronts could be found. The incidence during sleep was about 6%. This incidence was thought to be rather lower considering the fact that one-third of our lives is spent in sleep. Lifting and bending, defecation and/or urination and emotional strain were among the commonest environmental events associated with the onset. Based on these results, wheather or season, which is mild physical stress, can in no way be considered a great cause of rupturing of intracranial aneurysm, but it should seen that patient's activities or events have some influences in rupturing of aneurysm to a great extent.", "contents": "[The relationship between the rupturing of intracranial aneurysm and season, weather and patient's acitivity (author's transl)]. Some physical and mental stresses have been notices as the exciting factors for the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. However, little has been known about them of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. From this point of view, the correlation between the several physical strains and the occurrence of ruptured intracranial aneurysm were studied in this report. This study was based on 920 cases of ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysm which were verified by direct aneurysmal surgery. As for the season, the occurrence of ruptured intracranial aneurysms was apt to be frequent in winter and infrequent in summer. No relation between the onsets and the meteorological fronts could be found. The incidence during sleep was about 6%. This incidence was thought to be rather lower considering the fact that one-third of our lives is spent in sleep. Lifting and bending, defecation and/or urination and emotional strain were among the commonest environmental events associated with the onset. Based on these results, wheather or season, which is mild physical stress, can in no way be considered a great cause of rupturing of intracranial aneurysm, but it should seen that patient's activities or events have some influences in rupturing of aneurysm to a great extent.", "PMID": 666916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11413", "title": "[Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Part 1. Dynamic study of CSF circulation in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "To clarify the pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), quantitative measurement of CSF dynamics was attempted using RI techniques. In this study results concerning RI ventriculography and RI transfer test from CSF to plasma were reported. \"Barrier ratio\" and regional cerebral blood flow study in NPH will be reported elsewhere. Fifty-three patients with chronic communicating hydrocephalus wer devided into two groups. Thus, twenty-seven cases were diagnosed as NPH according to clinical symptoms and signs, and others were considered as mere chronic communicating hydrocephalus without any NPH characteristics. Results are as follows: 1) 169Yb--DTPA ventriculography; In NPH group, there was longer retention of RI injected into lateral ventricle, and RI activity was not detected in the cisterna magna 60 minutes after the injection. These findings show remarkable delay of CSF flow in NPH patients. 2) Transfer test of 169Yb--DTPA from CSF to plasma; Immediately after the RI injection, Transfer ratio of RI activity from CSF to plasma was measured. It was revealed that intraventricular RI was more rapidly transfered to plasma in NPH group compared with in the control group, suggesting accelerated trans-ependymal absorption of RI in NPH group.", "contents": "[Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Part 1. Dynamic study of CSF circulation in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. To clarify the pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), quantitative measurement of CSF dynamics was attempted using RI techniques. In this study results concerning RI ventriculography and RI transfer test from CSF to plasma were reported. \"Barrier ratio\" and regional cerebral blood flow study in NPH will be reported elsewhere. Fifty-three patients with chronic communicating hydrocephalus wer devided into two groups. Thus, twenty-seven cases were diagnosed as NPH according to clinical symptoms and signs, and others were considered as mere chronic communicating hydrocephalus without any NPH characteristics. Results are as follows: 1) 169Yb--DTPA ventriculography; In NPH group, there was longer retention of RI injected into lateral ventricle, and RI activity was not detected in the cisterna magna 60 minutes after the injection. These findings show remarkable delay of CSF flow in NPH patients. 2) Transfer test of 169Yb--DTPA from CSF to plasma; Immediately after the RI injection, Transfer ratio of RI activity from CSF to plasma was measured. It was revealed that intraventricular RI was more rapidly transfered to plasma in NPH group compared with in the control group, suggesting accelerated trans-ependymal absorption of RI in NPH group.", "PMID": 666917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11414", "title": "[Radioisotope cisternographic study on intracranial arachnoid cyst (author's transl)].", "content": "The dynamics of the CSF circulation in six cases of intracranial arachnoid cysts was examined by RI cisternography suing 0.5 to 1.0 mCi of 169Yb DTPA or 50 to 100 microCi of 131I HSA injected into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Serial scintigrams were obtained with rectilineal scintillation scanner at 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours after injection. The communication of the cavity of arachnoid cyst and subarachnoid space was recognized in all cases. The cysts were best visualized at 24 hours in most cases. Four patterns of the entry and stasis of RI in cysts were observed as follows, 1) rapid filling of RI into the cyst and delayed clearance, 2) both rapid filling and clearance, 3) slow filling and delayed clearance, 4) no filling.", "contents": "[Radioisotope cisternographic study on intracranial arachnoid cyst (author's transl)]. The dynamics of the CSF circulation in six cases of intracranial arachnoid cysts was examined by RI cisternography suing 0.5 to 1.0 mCi of 169Yb DTPA or 50 to 100 microCi of 131I HSA injected into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Serial scintigrams were obtained with rectilineal scintillation scanner at 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours after injection. The communication of the cavity of arachnoid cyst and subarachnoid space was recognized in all cases. The cysts were best visualized at 24 hours in most cases. Four patterns of the entry and stasis of RI in cysts were observed as follows, 1) rapid filling of RI into the cyst and delayed clearance, 2) both rapid filling and clearance, 3) slow filling and delayed clearance, 4) no filling.", "PMID": 666918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11415", "title": "[Dynamic aspect of brain edema in cases of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven cases of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning in various stages were observed with the computerized tomography for 17 times and analysed their correlation between intracranial lesion and their clinical courses. Five of 11 cases revealed characterististic pathologic findings in CT scan, however complete recovery of consciousness was observed in only 4 of 6 cases with normal CT findings. In early stage of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning, CT scans showed typical diffuse subcortical low absorption with no obvious ventricular dilatation. The entity of this typical finding was supposed to be the so called \"vasogenic edema\" attributed to increased extracellular fluid caused by increased permeability of vessels due to hypoxic process of the poisoning. While this diffuse subcortical edema was subsiding gradually in about 2 weeks, progressive brain atrophy was supervening and resulted finally in severe dilatation of the ventricular system. In spite of two exceptional cases of vegetative state with normal CT scan in early stage seemed suggestive of poor prognosis in most of cases. Pathogenesis of subcortical brain edema and the effect of hyperbaric therapy in the cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning were also discussed.", "contents": "[Dynamic aspect of brain edema in cases of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning (author's transl)]. Eleven cases of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning in various stages were observed with the computerized tomography for 17 times and analysed their correlation between intracranial lesion and their clinical courses. Five of 11 cases revealed characterististic pathologic findings in CT scan, however complete recovery of consciousness was observed in only 4 of 6 cases with normal CT findings. In early stage of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning, CT scans showed typical diffuse subcortical low absorption with no obvious ventricular dilatation. The entity of this typical finding was supposed to be the so called \"vasogenic edema\" attributed to increased extracellular fluid caused by increased permeability of vessels due to hypoxic process of the poisoning. While this diffuse subcortical edema was subsiding gradually in about 2 weeks, progressive brain atrophy was supervening and resulted finally in severe dilatation of the ventricular system. In spite of two exceptional cases of vegetative state with normal CT scan in early stage seemed suggestive of poor prognosis in most of cases. Pathogenesis of subcortical brain edema and the effect of hyperbaric therapy in the cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning were also discussed.", "PMID": 666919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11416", "title": "[Bulbar reticular control on DSCT activity in decerebrate cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of bulbar reticular tetanic stimulation on the responses of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) units were studied in the decerebrate cat. The conditioning stimulation of lateral or paramedian reticular nucleus was found to reduce polysynaptic activation of DSCT cells (type 3 response) selectively without affecting either the spontaneous background discharge or the monosynaptic activation (type 1 response) or inhibition (type 2 response) by afferent inputs from the peripheral nerves of hindleg. These results show that the descending inhibition to the polysynaptic activation of DSCT cells occurs presynaptically by reticulospinal pathways from brain-stem reticular formation.", "contents": "[Bulbar reticular control on DSCT activity in decerebrate cats (author's transl)]. Effects of bulbar reticular tetanic stimulation on the responses of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) units were studied in the decerebrate cat. The conditioning stimulation of lateral or paramedian reticular nucleus was found to reduce polysynaptic activation of DSCT cells (type 3 response) selectively without affecting either the spontaneous background discharge or the monosynaptic activation (type 1 response) or inhibition (type 2 response) by afferent inputs from the peripheral nerves of hindleg. These results show that the descending inhibition to the polysynaptic activation of DSCT cells occurs presynaptically by reticulospinal pathways from brain-stem reticular formation.", "PMID": 666920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11417", "title": "Diuretic-induced hypokalaemia, pancuronium neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism by neostigmine.", "content": "The effect of hypokalaemia on a neuromuscular blockade induced by pancuronium and its antagonism by neostigmine was studied in the cat anterior tibialis-peroneal nerve preparation using the constant infusion of pancuronium technique. Hypokalaemia was induced by chronic administration of chlorothiazide. The infusion rate of pancuronium required to maintain a 90% depression of twitch tension was reduced from 0.72 +/- 0.06 microgram kg-1 min-1 in the cats with a normal serum concentration of potassium (K+ = 4.4 +/- 0.2 mmol litre-1; n = 7) to 0.41 +/- 0.07 microgram kg-1 min-1 in the hypokalaemic cats (K+ = 2.3 +/- 0.1 mmol litre-1; n = 8). The dose of neostigmine necessary for 50% antagonism of the pancuronium-induced depression of twitch tension (ED50) was 10.0 microgram kg-1 in the cats with a normal potassium concentration and 18.5 microgram kg-1 in hypokalaemic cats. We conclude that hypokalaemia decreases the dose of pancuronium required for neuromuscular blockade and increased the dose of neotigmine required for antagonism of the block.", "contents": "Diuretic-induced hypokalaemia, pancuronium neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism by neostigmine. The effect of hypokalaemia on a neuromuscular blockade induced by pancuronium and its antagonism by neostigmine was studied in the cat anterior tibialis-peroneal nerve preparation using the constant infusion of pancuronium technique. Hypokalaemia was induced by chronic administration of chlorothiazide. The infusion rate of pancuronium required to maintain a 90% depression of twitch tension was reduced from 0.72 +/- 0.06 microgram kg-1 min-1 in the cats with a normal serum concentration of potassium (K+ = 4.4 +/- 0.2 mmol litre-1; n = 7) to 0.41 +/- 0.07 microgram kg-1 min-1 in the hypokalaemic cats (K+ = 2.3 +/- 0.1 mmol litre-1; n = 8). The dose of neostigmine necessary for 50% antagonism of the pancuronium-induced depression of twitch tension (ED50) was 10.0 microgram kg-1 in the cats with a normal potassium concentration and 18.5 microgram kg-1 in hypokalaemic cats. We conclude that hypokalaemia decreases the dose of pancuronium required for neuromuscular blockade and increased the dose of neotigmine required for antagonism of the block.", "PMID": 666926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11418", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the effects of volatile anaesthetics on cortical electroencephalographic activity.", "content": "Methoxyflurane, halothane and enflurane were compared in respect of their ability to modify cortical activity in Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically implanted electrodes. An analytical instrumentation system for analysis of the electroencephalogram (e.e.g), equipped with a memory unit and capable of obtaining on-line analysis of time histograms of the e.e.g. was used. Methoxyflurane was found to be four times as potent as enflurane, and 2.6 times as potent as halothane 15 to 25 min after the commencement of anesthesia. Halothane was found to be 1.5 times as potent as enflurane.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the effects of volatile anaesthetics on cortical electroencephalographic activity. Methoxyflurane, halothane and enflurane were compared in respect of their ability to modify cortical activity in Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically implanted electrodes. An analytical instrumentation system for analysis of the electroencephalogram (e.e.g), equipped with a memory unit and capable of obtaining on-line analysis of time histograms of the e.e.g. was used. Methoxyflurane was found to be four times as potent as enflurane, and 2.6 times as potent as halothane 15 to 25 min after the commencement of anesthesia. Halothane was found to be 1.5 times as potent as enflurane.", "PMID": 666927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11419", "title": "Nitrous oxide and neutrophil chemotaxis in man.", "content": "Inhalation of 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen by seven adult male volunteers for 60 min was found to increase significantly polymorphonuclear leuocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, but not to influence total white or PMN blood cell counts. Also, the addition or morphine 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v. during the breathing of nitrous oxide did not alter any variable. These results indicate that nitrous oxide and nitrous oxide incombination with morphine do not depress PMN chemotaxis.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide and neutrophil chemotaxis in man. Inhalation of 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen by seven adult male volunteers for 60 min was found to increase significantly polymorphonuclear leuocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, but not to influence total white or PMN blood cell counts. Also, the addition or morphine 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v. during the breathing of nitrous oxide did not alter any variable. These results indicate that nitrous oxide and nitrous oxide incombination with morphine do not depress PMN chemotaxis.", "PMID": 666928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11420", "title": "Gastric emptying following hysterectomy with extradural analgesia.", "content": "Using the rate of absorption of paracetamol following oral administration of the drug, gastric emptying was measured in 21 patients following hysterectomy. Gastric emptying was inhibited markedly in patients receiving narcotic analgesia after operation, but only a moderate delay was observed in patients undergoing extradural analgesia.", "contents": "Gastric emptying following hysterectomy with extradural analgesia. Using the rate of absorption of paracetamol following oral administration of the drug, gastric emptying was measured in 21 patients following hysterectomy. Gastric emptying was inhibited markedly in patients receiving narcotic analgesia after operation, but only a moderate delay was observed in patients undergoing extradural analgesia.", "PMID": 666929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11421", "title": "Effect of segmental extradural analgesia on placental blood flow during normal labour.", "content": "Placental blood flow was measured during the first stage of normal labour using a xenon-133 clearance technique before and after segmental extradural analgesia. Analgesia was produced with 0.5% plain bupivacaine in eight patients and with 0.5% bupivacaine--adrenaline in 10 patients. Segmental extradural analgesia with a small dose (20 mg) of bupivacaine did not change placental blood flow significantly. The addition of adrenaline 20 microgram produced no effect.", "contents": "Effect of segmental extradural analgesia on placental blood flow during normal labour. Placental blood flow was measured during the first stage of normal labour using a xenon-133 clearance technique before and after segmental extradural analgesia. Analgesia was produced with 0.5% plain bupivacaine in eight patients and with 0.5% bupivacaine--adrenaline in 10 patients. Segmental extradural analgesia with a small dose (20 mg) of bupivacaine did not change placental blood flow significantly. The addition of adrenaline 20 microgram produced no effect.", "PMID": 666930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11422", "title": "Effect of anaesthesia for delivery on the weight of infants during the first 5 days of life.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-one neonates who had been delivered vaginally were selected randomly. The control group consisted of infants delivered without anaesthesia. In the study groups either extradural (mepivacaine, lignocaine or bupivacaine), spinal or general anaesthesia was administered. Each of the six groups was divided into breast- and bottle-fed subgroups. The results showed no significant difference in weight changes among the various groups. The bottle-fed subgroup showed less weight loss than the breast-fed subgroup (P less than 0.05). There was no interaction between method of feeding and type of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of anaesthesia for delivery on the weight of infants during the first 5 days of life. Two hundred and forty-one neonates who had been delivered vaginally were selected randomly. The control group consisted of infants delivered without anaesthesia. In the study groups either extradural (mepivacaine, lignocaine or bupivacaine), spinal or general anaesthesia was administered. Each of the six groups was divided into breast- and bottle-fed subgroups. The results showed no significant difference in weight changes among the various groups. The bottle-fed subgroup showed less weight loss than the breast-fed subgroup (P less than 0.05). There was no interaction between method of feeding and type of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 666931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11423", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation during anaesthesia using the Manley Servovent ventilator.", "content": "The lungs of 25 patients were ventilated with intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) during anaesthesia using the Manley Servovent Model MS. This ventilatory mode is especially suitable for prolonged operations in which there is no need for muscle relaxation. While incorporating the advantages of spontaneous and mechanical ventilation, it is superior to both in selected cases. The Manley Servovent Model MS ventilator is capable of delivering IMV without modification, using a single source of gas.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation during anaesthesia using the Manley Servovent ventilator. The lungs of 25 patients were ventilated with intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) during anaesthesia using the Manley Servovent Model MS. This ventilatory mode is especially suitable for prolonged operations in which there is no need for muscle relaxation. While incorporating the advantages of spontaneous and mechanical ventilation, it is superior to both in selected cases. The Manley Servovent Model MS ventilator is capable of delivering IMV without modification, using a single source of gas.", "PMID": 666933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11424", "title": "Intubation lesions of the larynx.", "content": "One thousand patients were examined immediately after extubation of the trachea at the end of anaesthesia. Severe lesions of the larynx were detected in 62 patients (6.2%). The lesions encountered included haematoma, laceration of the mucous membrane, laceration of the muscle and subluxation of the arytenoid cartilage. In spite of early diagnosis and adequate treatment, it was not possible to avoid an effect on the voice in nine patients.", "contents": "Intubation lesions of the larynx. One thousand patients were examined immediately after extubation of the trachea at the end of anaesthesia. Severe lesions of the larynx were detected in 62 patients (6.2%). The lesions encountered included haematoma, laceration of the mucous membrane, laceration of the muscle and subluxation of the arytenoid cartilage. In spite of early diagnosis and adequate treatment, it was not possible to avoid an effect on the voice in nine patients.", "PMID": 666934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11425", "title": "Comparative study of the effects of oral and i.m. atropine and hyoscine in volunteers.", "content": "The effects of equivalent doses of atropine and hyoscine following oral and i.m. administration were assessed on salivary secretion, heart rate, arterial pressure, body temperature, pupillary size, near-point of vision and sweat-gland activity. The ratio of oral to i.m. doses of atropine on heart rate and salivary secretion appears to be 2:1 and that of hyoscine on salivary secretion about 5-6:1. Following oral administration the effects on the eye are minimal even after the highest doses of the two drugs, while the decrease in salivation is adequate.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effects of oral and i.m. atropine and hyoscine in volunteers. The effects of equivalent doses of atropine and hyoscine following oral and i.m. administration were assessed on salivary secretion, heart rate, arterial pressure, body temperature, pupillary size, near-point of vision and sweat-gland activity. The ratio of oral to i.m. doses of atropine on heart rate and salivary secretion appears to be 2:1 and that of hyoscine on salivary secretion about 5-6:1. Following oral administration the effects on the eye are minimal even after the highest doses of the two drugs, while the decrease in salivation is adequate.", "PMID": 666935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11426", "title": "A comparison of buprenorphine and pethidine for immediate postoperative pain relief by the i.v. route.", "content": "A comparison was made of the relief of pain after operation, obtained following the i.v. administration of buprenophrine and pethidine in 60 patients with lower abdominal incisions. No difference could be detected between the maximum analgesia produced by eigher drug, but analgesia following buprenorphine appeared to last about four times as long as that following pethidine. When the drugs were compared on  a \"dose per body weight\" basis the results supported a ratio of potency in the order of 1 : 200 in favour of buprenorphine. Vomiting, drowsiness and dizziness were less frequent following buprenorphine, but a similar frequency of nausea was observed with both agents. Marked miosis occurred 5--10 min after the i.v. injection of buprenorphine, but no serious side-effects were observed with either drug. The i.v. injection of buprenorphine, but no serious side-effects were observed with either drug. The i.v. administration of buprenorphine appeared to be effective in the management of pain after operation in patients with lower abdominal incisions.", "contents": "A comparison of buprenorphine and pethidine for immediate postoperative pain relief by the i.v. route. A comparison was made of the relief of pain after operation, obtained following the i.v. administration of buprenophrine and pethidine in 60 patients with lower abdominal incisions. No difference could be detected between the maximum analgesia produced by eigher drug, but analgesia following buprenorphine appeared to last about four times as long as that following pethidine. When the drugs were compared on  a \"dose per body weight\" basis the results supported a ratio of potency in the order of 1 : 200 in favour of buprenorphine. Vomiting, drowsiness and dizziness were less frequent following buprenorphine, but a similar frequency of nausea was observed with both agents. Marked miosis occurred 5--10 min after the i.v. injection of buprenorphine, but no serious side-effects were observed with either drug. The i.v. injection of buprenorphine, but no serious side-effects were observed with either drug. The i.v. administration of buprenorphine appeared to be effective in the management of pain after operation in patients with lower abdominal incisions.", "PMID": 666936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11427", "title": "True anaphylaxis to suxamethonium chloride. A case report.", "content": "A severe anaphylactic reaction to suxamethonium chloride is reported. The patient had received suxamethonium uneventfully on four previous occasions. Previous sensitization and immunological studies indicated that this was a classical type I hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "True anaphylaxis to suxamethonium chloride. A case report. A severe anaphylactic reaction to suxamethonium chloride is reported. The patient had received suxamethonium uneventfully on four previous occasions. Previous sensitization and immunological studies indicated that this was a classical type I hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 666937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11428", "title": "A rapid-response u.v. halothane meter.", "content": "The design and performance characteristics of an instrument for monitoring halothane concentrations which operates on the principle of the absorption of u.v. light are described. The innovation is that the entire exhaled breath passes through the sample cell, enabling the breath-by-breath halothane concentration to be measured accurately and instantaneously. Stablized power supplies, solid-state circuitry and filtering make  the instrument stable and selective. A valve prevents rebreathing of gas exposed previously to u.v. light in the sample cell. Inspired and end-tidal concentrations are displayed digitally and an analog output is available also. Zero and gain drift were negligible after an initial settling period, and interference from other respiratory gases was not detectable. The monitor is suitable for use during anaesthesia for adults and children.", "contents": "A rapid-response u.v. halothane meter. The design and performance characteristics of an instrument for monitoring halothane concentrations which operates on the principle of the absorption of u.v. light are described. The innovation is that the entire exhaled breath passes through the sample cell, enabling the breath-by-breath halothane concentration to be measured accurately and instantaneously. Stablized power supplies, solid-state circuitry and filtering make  the instrument stable and selective. A valve prevents rebreathing of gas exposed previously to u.v. light in the sample cell. Inspired and end-tidal concentrations are displayed digitally and an analog output is available also. Zero and gain drift were negligible after an initial settling period, and interference from other respiratory gases was not detectable. The monitor is suitable for use during anaesthesia for adults and children.", "PMID": 666938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11429", "title": "Sensitivity and accuracy of the visual analogue scale: a psycho-physical classroom experiment.", "content": "1 Twenty-seven intelligent volunteers took part in a classroom experiment on two occasions to assess subjectively, ordinally related volumes of sound (offered in random sequence), using the visual analogue scale. 2 It was simple to use and largely acceptable. Big differences were significant by parametric tests but small ones were sometimes significant only with ordinal ones. Within-subject comparisons were more accurate and more sensitive than those between-subjects. The t-test was very robust. 3 Five out of 49 results were erroneously significant; they remained so no matter how the data were handled. It was concluded that this was due to a shift in either perception, cognition or scoring between the two sessions. 4 Arcsine transformations made little difference. The mechanism of these is fully discussed. A conversion to proportional scores resulted in very much improved sensitivity. 5 It is recommended that authors using the visual analogue scale: have valid reason in their own setting for using a transformation; present the distribution, or at least the medians and ranges of their raw scores; also use a simple but different measure so as to demonstrate internal consistency between them.", "contents": "Sensitivity and accuracy of the visual analogue scale: a psycho-physical classroom experiment. 1 Twenty-seven intelligent volunteers took part in a classroom experiment on two occasions to assess subjectively, ordinally related volumes of sound (offered in random sequence), using the visual analogue scale. 2 It was simple to use and largely acceptable. Big differences were significant by parametric tests but small ones were sometimes significant only with ordinal ones. Within-subject comparisons were more accurate and more sensitive than those between-subjects. The t-test was very robust. 3 Five out of 49 results were erroneously significant; they remained so no matter how the data were handled. It was concluded that this was due to a shift in either perception, cognition or scoring between the two sessions. 4 Arcsine transformations made little difference. The mechanism of these is fully discussed. A conversion to proportional scores resulted in very much improved sensitivity. 5 It is recommended that authors using the visual analogue scale: have valid reason in their own setting for using a transformation; present the distribution, or at least the medians and ranges of their raw scores; also use a simple but different measure so as to demonstrate internal consistency between them.", "PMID": 666944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11430", "title": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate and its metabolites after chronic high oral dosage in man.", "content": "1 We have previously reported that vasodilator headache due to isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) can be circumvented by using small 'priming' doses for an induction period of 1-2 weeks, after which it is possible to increase to dose rapidly to 360-720 mg, daily without recurrence of headache and without toxicity. The present study corroborates this earlier finding. 2. Chronic oral administration of doses of ISDN of this order of magnitude results in prolonged high plasma concentrations of the parent compound, as well as higher levels of the metabolites 2-ISMN and 5-ISMN. 3. It is our thesis that chronic high oral dosage of ISDN saturates the intrahepatic biotransformation process, and allows high concentrations of ISDN and its metabolites to enter the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate and its metabolites after chronic high oral dosage in man. 1 We have previously reported that vasodilator headache due to isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) can be circumvented by using small 'priming' doses for an induction period of 1-2 weeks, after which it is possible to increase to dose rapidly to 360-720 mg, daily without recurrence of headache and without toxicity. The present study corroborates this earlier finding. 2. Chronic oral administration of doses of ISDN of this order of magnitude results in prolonged high plasma concentrations of the parent compound, as well as higher levels of the metabolites 2-ISMN and 5-ISMN. 3. It is our thesis that chronic high oral dosage of ISDN saturates the intrahepatic biotransformation process, and allows high concentrations of ISDN and its metabolites to enter the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 666946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11431", "title": "An intradermal study of the local anaesthetic and vascular effects of the isomers of bupivacaine.", "content": "1 L(-)- and D(+)-bupivacaine in eight different concentrations from 0.06 to 7.69 mmol/l (0.002--0.25%) and physiological saline were given intradermally to seventeen volunteers, using a double-blind technique. 2 Local colour changes were observed as 'nil', 'pink' or 'pale' and analgesia to pinprick was assessed every 10 min to give an estimate of apparent in vivo potency and duration of action (50% recovery). 3 Both isomers were vasodilator in all cases at 7.69 mmol/l, but the incidence of vasodilatation waned with decreasing concentration, more rapidly with L(-)-than with D(+)-bupivacaine. 4 Only L(-)-bupivacaine showed a vasoconstrictor effect. This was maximal at a concentration of 0.48 mmol/l, when the incidence of pallor was 92%. 5 L(-)-bupivacaine had a longer duration of analgesic action than the (D+)-isomer from 0.48-3.84 mmol/l; this was reflected in a higher apparent in vivo potency.", "contents": "An intradermal study of the local anaesthetic and vascular effects of the isomers of bupivacaine. 1 L(-)- and D(+)-bupivacaine in eight different concentrations from 0.06 to 7.69 mmol/l (0.002--0.25%) and physiological saline were given intradermally to seventeen volunteers, using a double-blind technique. 2 Local colour changes were observed as 'nil', 'pink' or 'pale' and analgesia to pinprick was assessed every 10 min to give an estimate of apparent in vivo potency and duration of action (50% recovery). 3 Both isomers were vasodilator in all cases at 7.69 mmol/l, but the incidence of vasodilatation waned with decreasing concentration, more rapidly with L(-)-than with D(+)-bupivacaine. 4 Only L(-)-bupivacaine showed a vasoconstrictor effect. This was maximal at a concentration of 0.48 mmol/l, when the incidence of pallor was 92%. 5 L(-)-bupivacaine had a longer duration of analgesic action than the (D+)-isomer from 0.48-3.84 mmol/l; this was reflected in a higher apparent in vivo potency.", "PMID": 666948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11432", "title": "Compliance with anticonvulsant therapy in a hospital clinic and in the community.", "content": "1 Seizure control, saliva anticonvulsant concentration, prescribing habits and compliance with anticonvulsant medication have been compared in 86 epileptic subjects attending either a specialist hospital clinic or general practice surgeries. 2 Of all subjects experiencing recurrent seizures 70% had saliva concentrations of phenytoin below the range equivalent to the 'therapeutic range' of plasma concentration. Mean saliva phenytoin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two treatment settings and were low largely because of the low mean dosage prescribed. 3 Eleven subjects in all had no detectable phenytoin in their and could clearly be identified as noncompliant. Freedom from seizures appeared to predispose to poor compliance in these subjects as well as among those admitting repeated omission of doses.", "contents": "Compliance with anticonvulsant therapy in a hospital clinic and in the community. 1 Seizure control, saliva anticonvulsant concentration, prescribing habits and compliance with anticonvulsant medication have been compared in 86 epileptic subjects attending either a specialist hospital clinic or general practice surgeries. 2 Of all subjects experiencing recurrent seizures 70% had saliva concentrations of phenytoin below the range equivalent to the 'therapeutic range' of plasma concentration. Mean saliva phenytoin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two treatment settings and were low largely because of the low mean dosage prescribed. 3 Eleven subjects in all had no detectable phenytoin in their and could clearly be identified as noncompliant. Freedom from seizures appeared to predispose to poor compliance in these subjects as well as among those admitting repeated omission of doses.", "PMID": 666949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11433", "title": "Comparison of digoxin and medigoxin in normal subjects.", "content": "1 The properties of a recently introduced digitalis glycoside, 4-beta-methyl digoxin (medigoxin) were compared to those of a standard digoxin preparation. Using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique, serial plasma levels were recorded for 8 h following a single oral dose in five fasting volunteer subjects, and urinary glycoside elimination was measured for 4 consecutive days after dosage by use of a modification of the RIA method. 2 It was found that this RIA was suitable for plasma level measurement of both digoxin and midigoxin by reference to appropriate standard curves. Comparison of the plasma level profiles of these two drugs showed that medigoxin was very rapidly absorbed with peak levels occurring within 15--30 min, while digoxin produced peak levels after 45--75 min. The area under the plasma level-time curve produced by medigoxin was also consistently greater than that produced by digoxin, even though the medigoxin dose used was smaller. Quantitative comparison of these areas after adjustment to compensate for differing doses showed that medigoxin is considerably more biologically available than digoxin under study conditions (ratio 1.6 +/- 0.25:1), and comparison of quantitative urinary elimination suggested that medigoxin is eliminated in the urine to a lesser extent than digoxin and therefore it undergoes more metabolism and/or hepato-biliary elimination.", "contents": "Comparison of digoxin and medigoxin in normal subjects. 1 The properties of a recently introduced digitalis glycoside, 4-beta-methyl digoxin (medigoxin) were compared to those of a standard digoxin preparation. Using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique, serial plasma levels were recorded for 8 h following a single oral dose in five fasting volunteer subjects, and urinary glycoside elimination was measured for 4 consecutive days after dosage by use of a modification of the RIA method. 2 It was found that this RIA was suitable for plasma level measurement of both digoxin and midigoxin by reference to appropriate standard curves. Comparison of the plasma level profiles of these two drugs showed that medigoxin was very rapidly absorbed with peak levels occurring within 15--30 min, while digoxin produced peak levels after 45--75 min. The area under the plasma level-time curve produced by medigoxin was also consistently greater than that produced by digoxin, even though the medigoxin dose used was smaller. Quantitative comparison of these areas after adjustment to compensate for differing doses showed that medigoxin is considerably more biologically available than digoxin under study conditions (ratio 1.6 +/- 0.25:1), and comparison of quantitative urinary elimination suggested that medigoxin is eliminated in the urine to a lesser extent than digoxin and therefore it undergoes more metabolism and/or hepato-biliary elimination.", "PMID": 666950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11434", "title": "Heparin pharmacokinetics: increased requirements in pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Heparin disappearance after injection and plasma levels during continuous infusion were studied in normal subjects and patients with thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, renal failure, and liver failure. Heparin removal in normal subjects after 75 u/kg was nearly linear with a clearance of 0.64 ml/min/kg, SD +/- 0.11. Clearance varied inversely with dose. Heparin clearance in pulmonary embolism (0.80 ml/min/kg +/- 0.23) was significantly accelerated compared both to normals (P less than 0.005) and to thrombophlebitis patients (0.55 ml/min/kg +/- 0.19, P less than 0.01); the disappearance was more curvilinear in thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism than in normal subjects (P less than 0.025). Continuous infusion heparin requirements were greater in pulmonary embolism than in thrombophlebitis, in accordance with pharmacokinetic predictions. The pattern and rate of disappearance in renal disease was similar to normal subjects; in liver disease clearance was accelerated (0.86 ml/min/kg +/- 0.28) and disappearance curvilinear. Because of accelerated clearance, the initial dose of heparin in pulmonary embolism should be greater (25 u/kg/h) than in thrombophlebitis (10-15 u/kg/h). Variability within patient groups necessitates some laboratory control of dosage.", "contents": "Heparin pharmacokinetics: increased requirements in pulmonary embolism. Heparin disappearance after injection and plasma levels during continuous infusion were studied in normal subjects and patients with thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, renal failure, and liver failure. Heparin removal in normal subjects after 75 u/kg was nearly linear with a clearance of 0.64 ml/min/kg, SD +/- 0.11. Clearance varied inversely with dose. Heparin clearance in pulmonary embolism (0.80 ml/min/kg +/- 0.23) was significantly accelerated compared both to normals (P less than 0.005) and to thrombophlebitis patients (0.55 ml/min/kg +/- 0.19, P less than 0.01); the disappearance was more curvilinear in thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism than in normal subjects (P less than 0.025). Continuous infusion heparin requirements were greater in pulmonary embolism than in thrombophlebitis, in accordance with pharmacokinetic predictions. The pattern and rate of disappearance in renal disease was similar to normal subjects; in liver disease clearance was accelerated (0.86 ml/min/kg +/- 0.28) and disappearance curvilinear. Because of accelerated clearance, the initial dose of heparin in pulmonary embolism should be greater (25 u/kg/h) than in thrombophlebitis (10-15 u/kg/h). Variability within patient groups necessitates some laboratory control of dosage.", "PMID": 666973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11435", "title": "Microheterogeneity of human antithrombin III.", "content": "Antithrombin purified from normal human plasma has been separated into two fractions by isoelectric focusing in a pH 4-6 gradient. These fractions were homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had similar amino acid composition and the same specific activity. Both of them cross reacted with antiserum against antithrombin. They were found to contain different amounts of sialic acid and aminosugars. After neuraminidase treatment only a single, homogeneous peak was found by isoelectric focusing--with unchanged antithrombin activity--suggesting that the microheterogeneity is due to a difference in glycosylation.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity of human antithrombin III. Antithrombin purified from normal human plasma has been separated into two fractions by isoelectric focusing in a pH 4-6 gradient. These fractions were homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had similar amino acid composition and the same specific activity. Both of them cross reacted with antiserum against antithrombin. They were found to contain different amounts of sialic acid and aminosugars. After neuraminidase treatment only a single, homogeneous peak was found by isoelectric focusing--with unchanged antithrombin activity--suggesting that the microheterogeneity is due to a difference in glycosylation.", "PMID": 666974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11436", "title": "Characteristic surface morphology of human and murine myeloma cells: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "Cells from cultured human and murine myeloma cell lines and circulating leukaemic plasma cells from four patients with generalized myeloma were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and time-lapse cinematography. Both circulating and cultured cells exhibited consistent surface architectures and varying numbers of prominent blebs of different sizes were seen, in addition to microvilli. The presence of surface blebs appears to be a characteristic feature for secreting and non-secreting myeloma cells.", "contents": "Characteristic surface morphology of human and murine myeloma cells: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. Cells from cultured human and murine myeloma cell lines and circulating leukaemic plasma cells from four patients with generalized myeloma were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and time-lapse cinematography. Both circulating and cultured cells exhibited consistent surface architectures and varying numbers of prominent blebs of different sizes were seen, in addition to microvilli. The presence of surface blebs appears to be a characteristic feature for secreting and non-secreting myeloma cells.", "PMID": 666975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11437", "title": "Erythrocyte populations in pyruvate kinase deficiency anaemia following splenectomy. I. Cell morphology.", "content": "Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of fresh erythrocytes from the blood of four patients splenectomized for severe pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency haemolytic anaemia has revealed three morphologically different cell populations. Most striking in these patients was the presence of crenated red cells (30-50% of total) which fit current criteria for definition as echinocytes, but also with unusual surface retraction compatible with the existence of intracellular shrinkage, a phenomenon known to occur after incubation of PK deficient red cells in vitro. Additional cell types include immature reticulocytes (7-8% of total) and thin macrocytic discocytes (45-65% of total) none of which are considered specific for the disease. These morphological findings are in sharp contrast with the paucity of red cell shape abnormalities usually described in PK deficient patients before splenectomy and may provide insight into the mechanisms leading to accelerated erythrocyte destruction in this disease.", "contents": "Erythrocyte populations in pyruvate kinase deficiency anaemia following splenectomy. I. Cell morphology. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of fresh erythrocytes from the blood of four patients splenectomized for severe pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency haemolytic anaemia has revealed three morphologically different cell populations. Most striking in these patients was the presence of crenated red cells (30-50% of total) which fit current criteria for definition as echinocytes, but also with unusual surface retraction compatible with the existence of intracellular shrinkage, a phenomenon known to occur after incubation of PK deficient red cells in vitro. Additional cell types include immature reticulocytes (7-8% of total) and thin macrocytic discocytes (45-65% of total) none of which are considered specific for the disease. These morphological findings are in sharp contrast with the paucity of red cell shape abnormalities usually described in PK deficient patients before splenectomy and may provide insight into the mechanisms leading to accelerated erythrocyte destruction in this disease.", "PMID": 666977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11438", "title": "Erythrocyte populations in pyruvate kinase deficiency anaemia following splenectomy. II. Cell deformability.", "content": "The deformability of three previously described morphological populations of erythrocytes from splenectomized pyruvate kinase (PK) deficient patients was assessed using both Nucleopore filtration and micropipette techniques. Mean deformability was decreased in fresh cells from all patients studied. Selective measurements indicated that immature lobulated reticulocytes in each patient were the least deformable cells, followed by bizarre echinocytes characterized by a hyperviscous behaviour, and by thin macrocytic discocytes whose values were closest to those of control erythrocytes. We conclude that poorly deformable reticulocytes in these patients, after initial trapping in the spleen, are unable to return to the circulation because of their inordinate dependence on mitochondrial oxydative phosphorylation for maintenance of a sufficient intracellular concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); hence their rapid and selective destruction. Splenectomy therefore may be beneficial by allowing such cells to mature more slowly in the circulation of these patients until they develop crenation and hyperviscosity, two manifestations of profound ATP depletion possibly leading to destruction by the liver.", "contents": "Erythrocyte populations in pyruvate kinase deficiency anaemia following splenectomy. II. Cell deformability. The deformability of three previously described morphological populations of erythrocytes from splenectomized pyruvate kinase (PK) deficient patients was assessed using both Nucleopore filtration and micropipette techniques. Mean deformability was decreased in fresh cells from all patients studied. Selective measurements indicated that immature lobulated reticulocytes in each patient were the least deformable cells, followed by bizarre echinocytes characterized by a hyperviscous behaviour, and by thin macrocytic discocytes whose values were closest to those of control erythrocytes. We conclude that poorly deformable reticulocytes in these patients, after initial trapping in the spleen, are unable to return to the circulation because of their inordinate dependence on mitochondrial oxydative phosphorylation for maintenance of a sufficient intracellular concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); hence their rapid and selective destruction. Splenectomy therefore may be beneficial by allowing such cells to mature more slowly in the circulation of these patients until they develop crenation and hyperviscosity, two manifestations of profound ATP depletion possibly leading to destruction by the liver.", "PMID": 666978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11439", "title": "Coloboma of optic nerve with overlay of peripapillary retina.", "content": "An eye that had the clinical appearance of a tumour of the nerve head was found on histological examination to have a congenitally large scleral canal with secondary buckling of the overlying retina.", "contents": "Coloboma of optic nerve with overlay of peripapillary retina. An eye that had the clinical appearance of a tumour of the nerve head was found on histological examination to have a congenitally large scleral canal with secondary buckling of the overlying retina.", "PMID": 666981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11440", "title": "Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "After a brief analysis of the pathological picture of diabetic retinopathy, of which only the topographical distribution of the vascular lesions appears to be specific, the results obtained with 2 new methods of study of the retinal circulation, are presented. These methods are vitreous fluorophotometry and fluorometric determination of segmental retinal blood flow. Vitreous fluorophotometry has shown that a disturbance of the blood-retinal barrier, possibly functional, appears in diabetic eyes before any lesion is clinically visible in the fundus, and that there is a close correlation between the severity of the vascular lesions and higher vitreous fluorophotometry readings. Blood flow studies have shown that in diabetes the retinal blood flow increases markedly with progress of background retinopathy, decreasing finally where proliferative retinopathy, with marked arteriolar narrowing, is present. On the basis of these findings a working hypothesis for the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is presented.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. After a brief analysis of the pathological picture of diabetic retinopathy, of which only the topographical distribution of the vascular lesions appears to be specific, the results obtained with 2 new methods of study of the retinal circulation, are presented. These methods are vitreous fluorophotometry and fluorometric determination of segmental retinal blood flow. Vitreous fluorophotometry has shown that a disturbance of the blood-retinal barrier, possibly functional, appears in diabetic eyes before any lesion is clinically visible in the fundus, and that there is a close correlation between the severity of the vascular lesions and higher vitreous fluorophotometry readings. Blood flow studies have shown that in diabetes the retinal blood flow increases markedly with progress of background retinopathy, decreasing finally where proliferative retinopathy, with marked arteriolar narrowing, is present. On the basis of these findings a working hypothesis for the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is presented.", "PMID": 666982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11441", "title": "Some observations about retinal vascular-neuronal interrelationships.", "content": "The relationship between the intraretinal vessels of the human fundus and the surrounding neuronal tissue is discussed with regard to various disease states. Present evidence suggests that primary retinal neuronal death does not lead to secondary retinal capillary death. Primary retinal capillary non-perfusion generally leads to concomitant retinal neuronal degeneration, but if the occlusion takes place over a long period of time the surrounding neural retina may survive. It is suggested that many retinal degenerative changes, including retinal detachment, are due to primary retinal vascular alterations.", "contents": "Some observations about retinal vascular-neuronal interrelationships. The relationship between the intraretinal vessels of the human fundus and the surrounding neuronal tissue is discussed with regard to various disease states. Present evidence suggests that primary retinal neuronal death does not lead to secondary retinal capillary death. Primary retinal capillary non-perfusion generally leads to concomitant retinal neuronal degeneration, but if the occlusion takes place over a long period of time the surrounding neural retina may survive. It is suggested that many retinal degenerative changes, including retinal detachment, are due to primary retinal vascular alterations.", "PMID": 666983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11442", "title": "Radiographic abnormalities in eyes with retinoblastoma and other disorders.", "content": "The importance of radiographic examinations of pathological ocular material is stressed. Characteristic ocular radiodensities are observed with retinoblastomas, calcified cataracts, senile scleral plaques, intraocular ossification, and a variety of radiodense foreign bodies. Radiographs supplement other techniques for the documentation of ocular abnormalities and in certain instances may be the ideal method. They also permit the precise localisation of radiodense foreign bodies that need to be removed prior to the processing of tissue for microscopic examination. In certain situations valuable data can be obtained by x-ray examinations of embedded material. Retinoblastomas have an extremely high incidence of radiodensities with a characteristics appearance. This finding stresses the clinical importance of utilising and developing clinically applicable techniques for the detection of calcification in patients with suspected retinoblastomas.", "contents": "Radiographic abnormalities in eyes with retinoblastoma and other disorders. The importance of radiographic examinations of pathological ocular material is stressed. Characteristic ocular radiodensities are observed with retinoblastomas, calcified cataracts, senile scleral plaques, intraocular ossification, and a variety of radiodense foreign bodies. Radiographs supplement other techniques for the documentation of ocular abnormalities and in certain instances may be the ideal method. They also permit the precise localisation of radiodense foreign bodies that need to be removed prior to the processing of tissue for microscopic examination. In certain situations valuable data can be obtained by x-ray examinations of embedded material. Retinoblastomas have an extremely high incidence of radiodensities with a characteristics appearance. This finding stresses the clinical importance of utilising and developing clinically applicable techniques for the detection of calcification in patients with suspected retinoblastomas.", "PMID": 666984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11443", "title": "Amoebic keratitis: a clinicopathological case report.", "content": "A 22-year-old farmer with recurrent corneal erosions and keratoiritis underwent a penetrating keratoplasty. Investigations carried out on the corneal disc revealed an amoebic keratitis, which is considered to be a very rare condition.", "contents": "Amoebic keratitis: a clinicopathological case report. A 22-year-old farmer with recurrent corneal erosions and keratoiritis underwent a penetrating keratoplasty. Investigations carried out on the corneal disc revealed an amoebic keratitis, which is considered to be a very rare condition.", "PMID": 666985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11444", "title": "Senile scleral plaques and senile scleromalacia.", "content": "A case of senile scleral plaques is reported in which expulsion of a calcified plaque anterior to the insertion of the medial horizontal rectus muscle gave rise to senile scleromalacia. Histopathological examination revealed a second calcified plaque at the site of the contralateral senile scleral plaque in this eye. This case indicates that senile scleromalacia is a scleral disease sui generis which occurs by expulsion of a calcified plaque in advanced cases of senile scleral plaques. Senile scleromalacia has not previously been described as a clinical entity.", "contents": "Senile scleral plaques and senile scleromalacia. A case of senile scleral plaques is reported in which expulsion of a calcified plaque anterior to the insertion of the medial horizontal rectus muscle gave rise to senile scleromalacia. Histopathological examination revealed a second calcified plaque at the site of the contralateral senile scleral plaque in this eye. This case indicates that senile scleromalacia is a scleral disease sui generis which occurs by expulsion of a calcified plaque in advanced cases of senile scleral plaques. Senile scleromalacia has not previously been described as a clinical entity.", "PMID": 666986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11445", "title": "Lymphocytic tumours of indeterminate nature: a 5-year follow-up of 98 conjunctival and orbital lesions.", "content": "Ninety-eight adnexal lymphocytic tumours of indeterminate nature have been followed up for at least 5 years. Both non-disseminating and disseminating tumours have either very similar or identical histopathological features. It is not possible to make a definitive diagnosis when the lesions are first seen, and a conclusion can be reached only after a prolonged follow-up. The nature of the non-disseminating tumours is unknown.", "contents": "Lymphocytic tumours of indeterminate nature: a 5-year follow-up of 98 conjunctival and orbital lesions. Ninety-eight adnexal lymphocytic tumours of indeterminate nature have been followed up for at least 5 years. Both non-disseminating and disseminating tumours have either very similar or identical histopathological features. It is not possible to make a definitive diagnosis when the lesions are first seen, and a conclusion can be reached only after a prolonged follow-up. The nature of the non-disseminating tumours is unknown.", "PMID": 666987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11446", "title": "Pit-like changes of the optic nerve head in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Six patients with open-angle glaucoma and acquired pit-like changes in the optic nerve head are presented. In 1 patient evolution of the pit-like defect is documented. In all 6 patients progression of associated visual field deficits is described. It is suggested that such pit-like changes in selected patients with glaucoma may not represent congenital lesions but rather local, progressive nerve head disease, occurring particularly in response to raised intraocular pressure. The management of patients with optic nerve head pitting and the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy are discussed with respect to this observation.", "contents": "Pit-like changes of the optic nerve head in open-angle glaucoma. Six patients with open-angle glaucoma and acquired pit-like changes in the optic nerve head are presented. In 1 patient evolution of the pit-like defect is documented. In all 6 patients progression of associated visual field deficits is described. It is suggested that such pit-like changes in selected patients with glaucoma may not represent congenital lesions but rather local, progressive nerve head disease, occurring particularly in response to raised intraocular pressure. The management of patients with optic nerve head pitting and the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy are discussed with respect to this observation.", "PMID": 666988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11447", "title": "Contractile protein antigens in the cells of malignant melanoma of the choroid and their diagnostic significance.", "content": "Sera from patients with proved and suspected melanoma of the uvea and from patients with innocuous uveal naevi were found by immunohistological techniques to have an affinity for the cytoplasm of malignant choroidal melanoma cells in an appreciable proportion of cases. The responsible antibodies were subsequently shown to react with smooth muscle protein in a variety of tissues and not to be melanoma-specific. It was also shown by electron microscopy that microfilaments consistent with contractile protein are a feature of the cytoplasm of malignant choroidal melanoma cells. The latter observations, which do not appear to have been reported previously, mean that false positives are to be expected if immunodiagnostic techniques are used for the recognition of malignant disease of the uvea, especially as smooth muscle antibodies can occur in non-neoplastic ocular diseases.", "contents": "Contractile protein antigens in the cells of malignant melanoma of the choroid and their diagnostic significance. Sera from patients with proved and suspected melanoma of the uvea and from patients with innocuous uveal naevi were found by immunohistological techniques to have an affinity for the cytoplasm of malignant choroidal melanoma cells in an appreciable proportion of cases. The responsible antibodies were subsequently shown to react with smooth muscle protein in a variety of tissues and not to be melanoma-specific. It was also shown by electron microscopy that microfilaments consistent with contractile protein are a feature of the cytoplasm of malignant choroidal melanoma cells. The latter observations, which do not appear to have been reported previously, mean that false positives are to be expected if immunodiagnostic techniques are used for the recognition of malignant disease of the uvea, especially as smooth muscle antibodies can occur in non-neoplastic ocular diseases.", "PMID": 666989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11448", "title": "Multicentric primary malignant melanomas of the choroid: two separate malignant melanomas of the choroid and two uveal naevi in one eye.", "content": "Two completely separate malignant melanomas of the choroid occurred in 1 eye containing 2 additional uveal naevi. Review of the literature disclosed 7 further patients with unilateral multicentric malignant melanomas of the choroid and 11 bilateral multicentric malignant melanomas of the uvea. General aspects of multicentric primary neoplasia are discussed and an interpretation is attempted.", "contents": "Multicentric primary malignant melanomas of the choroid: two separate malignant melanomas of the choroid and two uveal naevi in one eye. Two completely separate malignant melanomas of the choroid occurred in 1 eye containing 2 additional uveal naevi. Review of the literature disclosed 7 further patients with unilateral multicentric malignant melanomas of the choroid and 11 bilateral multicentric malignant melanomas of the uvea. General aspects of multicentric primary neoplasia are discussed and an interpretation is attempted.", "PMID": 666990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11449", "title": "Ocular hypertension and systemic responses to the water-drinking test.", "content": "Osmolal, electrolyte, and other responses in peripheral blood were recorded after water loading of patients with ocular hypertension and chronic simple glaucoma, and with a small group of younger normal subjects. The osmolal responses of the ocular hypertensive group were significantly greater than for the glaucoma group, and further differences in plasma potassium concentration were also found. Drinking habits may exert a significant influence in ocular hypertension. The relative contributions to the diagnostic category of the variables recorded was evaluated by discriminant analysis, and the application of this retrospective approach to the assessment of new patients is discussed.", "contents": "Ocular hypertension and systemic responses to the water-drinking test. Osmolal, electrolyte, and other responses in peripheral blood were recorded after water loading of patients with ocular hypertension and chronic simple glaucoma, and with a small group of younger normal subjects. The osmolal responses of the ocular hypertensive group were significantly greater than for the glaucoma group, and further differences in plasma potassium concentration were also found. Drinking habits may exert a significant influence in ocular hypertension. The relative contributions to the diagnostic category of the variables recorded was evaluated by discriminant analysis, and the application of this retrospective approach to the assessment of new patients is discussed.", "PMID": 666991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11450", "title": "Influence of starches from different sources on protein utilization in rats.", "content": "1. The role of the starch component of cereals and legumes on the utilization of casein-protein was studied. 2. In comparison with maize starch the legume and potato starches caused a significant lowering of net protein utilization (NPU). And this reduction in NPU could be partially restored by cooking the diets before they were fed to the rats. 3. It is suggested that in NPU studies involving rats the experimental diet should always be cooked so that the conclusions drawn may be applicable to human diets.", "contents": "Influence of starches from different sources on protein utilization in rats. 1. The role of the starch component of cereals and legumes on the utilization of casein-protein was studied. 2. In comparison with maize starch the legume and potato starches caused a significant lowering of net protein utilization (NPU). And this reduction in NPU could be partially restored by cooking the diets before they were fed to the rats. 3. It is suggested that in NPU studies involving rats the experimental diet should always be cooked so that the conclusions drawn may be applicable to human diets.", "PMID": 666992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11451", "title": "Dietarily-induced changes in voluntary ethanol consumption and ethanol metabolism in the rat.", "content": "1. The voluntary ethanol consumption, ethanol elimination rate and blood acetaldehyde level after intraperiotoneal injection of ethanol were studied in rats receiving diets with highly imbalanced proportions of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat. 2. The rats, which received the low-protein diet containing 0.05 of the total energy as protein, 0.80 as carbohydrate and o.15 as fat, drank only approximately half as much ethanol as did the control group, which received 0.30 of its total food energy from protein, 0.55 from carbohydrate and 0.15 from fat. Ethanol elimination rate in the low-protein group was decreased and the blood acetaldehyde level after ethanol injection was markedly increased. 3. On the high-fat diet, which contained 0.30 of the total energy from protein, 0.05 from carbohydrate and 0.65 from fat, the rats drank significantly more ethanol than did the rats on the control diet; their ethanol elimination rate was decreased but their blood acetaldehyde level was not affected. 4. In conclusion, the strong decrease in voluntary ethanol drinking by the low-protein group may have been caused by the increased acetaldehyde accumulation in the blood, but a particularly low blood acetaldehyde level was not one of the factors inducing excessive ethanol drinking in the high-fat group.", "contents": "Dietarily-induced changes in voluntary ethanol consumption and ethanol metabolism in the rat. 1. The voluntary ethanol consumption, ethanol elimination rate and blood acetaldehyde level after intraperiotoneal injection of ethanol were studied in rats receiving diets with highly imbalanced proportions of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat. 2. The rats, which received the low-protein diet containing 0.05 of the total energy as protein, 0.80 as carbohydrate and o.15 as fat, drank only approximately half as much ethanol as did the control group, which received 0.30 of its total food energy from protein, 0.55 from carbohydrate and 0.15 from fat. Ethanol elimination rate in the low-protein group was decreased and the blood acetaldehyde level after ethanol injection was markedly increased. 3. On the high-fat diet, which contained 0.30 of the total energy from protein, 0.05 from carbohydrate and 0.65 from fat, the rats drank significantly more ethanol than did the rats on the control diet; their ethanol elimination rate was decreased but their blood acetaldehyde level was not affected. 4. In conclusion, the strong decrease in voluntary ethanol drinking by the low-protein group may have been caused by the increased acetaldehyde accumulation in the blood, but a particularly low blood acetaldehyde level was not one of the factors inducing excessive ethanol drinking in the high-fat group.", "PMID": 666993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11452", "title": "The estimation of whole-body zinc and Zn turnover in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis using 65Zn tracer.", "content": "1. A method of estimating whole-body zinc, and Zn balances using a two-compartment model in combination with whole-body counting of 65Zn, is described. The method is applied to patients with rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. 2. The results suggested that there was not a wide variation in whole-body Zn and Zn turnover in individuals with these two diseases and no clearcut difference between patients with one or the other.", "contents": "The estimation of whole-body zinc and Zn turnover in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis using 65Zn tracer. 1. A method of estimating whole-body zinc, and Zn balances using a two-compartment model in combination with whole-body counting of 65Zn, is described. The method is applied to patients with rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. 2. The results suggested that there was not a wide variation in whole-body Zn and Zn turnover in individuals with these two diseases and no clearcut difference between patients with one or the other.", "PMID": 666994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11453", "title": "Lysosomal stability, superoxide dismutase and zinc deficiency in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "1. Lysosomal stability was slightly increased in regenerating livers from rats receiving a zinc-deficient (less than 0.5 mg/kg) diet for 10 d before surgery. 2. The activity of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was significantly reduced in the same tissues. 3. The results do not support the view that increased lysosomal fragility represents a major biochemical consequence of nutritional Zn deficiency in animals.", "contents": "Lysosomal stability, superoxide dismutase and zinc deficiency in regenerating rat liver. 1. Lysosomal stability was slightly increased in regenerating livers from rats receiving a zinc-deficient (less than 0.5 mg/kg) diet for 10 d before surgery. 2. The activity of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was significantly reduced in the same tissues. 3. The results do not support the view that increased lysosomal fragility represents a major biochemical consequence of nutritional Zn deficiency in animals.", "PMID": 666996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11454", "title": "Retention of fluoride from diets containing materials produced during aluminium smelting.", "content": "1. Using male rats, the availability of fluoride from five by products of the aluminium smelting industry was tested. This was done by considering the balance between fluoride administered in controlled diets and the total fluoride content of waste products eliminated over an experimental period of 1 week. 2. Results indicated that yields of available fluoride expressed as percentage weight of original material were cryolite (Na3ALF6), 45.9%; sodium fluoride (NaF), 41.7%; aluminium fluoride (AFL3.H20), 9.1%; mist eliminator grid solids (with CaF2), 9.4%; reclaimed alumina with adsorbed F, 0.27%. 3. Of the various tissues analysed for fluoride content, only the kidney and femur showed any significant correlation with the amounts of fluoride absorbed or retained.", "contents": "Retention of fluoride from diets containing materials produced during aluminium smelting. 1. Using male rats, the availability of fluoride from five by products of the aluminium smelting industry was tested. This was done by considering the balance between fluoride administered in controlled diets and the total fluoride content of waste products eliminated over an experimental period of 1 week. 2. Results indicated that yields of available fluoride expressed as percentage weight of original material were cryolite (Na3ALF6), 45.9%; sodium fluoride (NaF), 41.7%; aluminium fluoride (AFL3.H20), 9.1%; mist eliminator grid solids (with CaF2), 9.4%; reclaimed alumina with adsorbed F, 0.27%. 3. Of the various tissues analysed for fluoride content, only the kidney and femur showed any significant correlation with the amounts of fluoride absorbed or retained.", "PMID": 666997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11455", "title": "Transfer of urea from the blood to the rumen of sheep.", "content": "1. The rate of transfer of plasma urea-nitrogen to rumen ammonia was measured by infusion of 15NH4Cl and [15N]urea into sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets. Urea was infused into the rumen or abomasum of two sheep given brome grass in order to increase the concentration of rumen ammonia. 2. From 6.2 to 9.8 g/d of plasma urea-N were transferred to the rumen of sheep given brome grass pellets and a measurement of 1.3 g nitrogen/d was obtained for a sheep given lucerne pellets. When urea was infused into the rumen of sheep given brome grass pellets the transfer was only 2.8--3.7 g N/d. 3. There was a significant negative correlation between the rate of transfer of plasma urea-N to the rumen and the concentration of rumen ammonia.", "contents": "Transfer of urea from the blood to the rumen of sheep. 1. The rate of transfer of plasma urea-nitrogen to rumen ammonia was measured by infusion of 15NH4Cl and [15N]urea into sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets. Urea was infused into the rumen or abomasum of two sheep given brome grass in order to increase the concentration of rumen ammonia. 2. From 6.2 to 9.8 g/d of plasma urea-N were transferred to the rumen of sheep given brome grass pellets and a measurement of 1.3 g nitrogen/d was obtained for a sheep given lucerne pellets. When urea was infused into the rumen of sheep given brome grass pellets the transfer was only 2.8--3.7 g N/d. 3. There was a significant negative correlation between the rate of transfer of plasma urea-N to the rumen and the concentration of rumen ammonia.", "PMID": 666998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11456", "title": "The effect of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20: 3,n-6) on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids in the liver of rats deficient in essential fatty acids.", "content": "1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy. 2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction. 3 The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of gamma-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).", "contents": "The effect of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20: 3,n-6) on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids in the liver of rats deficient in essential fatty acids. 1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy. 2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction. 3 The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of gamma-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).", "PMID": 666999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11457", "title": "The in vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by pig kidney: effect of low dietary levels of calcium and phosphorus.", "content": "1. Homogenates of pig kidney incubated in vitro convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to the dihydroxymetabolites almost as efficiently as homogenates of chick kidney under similar conditions. 2. The cortex of the kidney carries out this conversion more efficiently than does the medulla. 3. Kidneys from pigs given low calcium or low phosphorus diets produce about 40% more 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol than those from pigs given diets containing normal levels of Ca and P.", "contents": "The in vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by pig kidney: effect of low dietary levels of calcium and phosphorus. 1. Homogenates of pig kidney incubated in vitro convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to the dihydroxymetabolites almost as efficiently as homogenates of chick kidney under similar conditions. 2. The cortex of the kidney carries out this conversion more efficiently than does the medulla. 3. Kidneys from pigs given low calcium or low phosphorus diets produce about 40% more 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol than those from pigs given diets containing normal levels of Ca and P.", "PMID": 667000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11458", "title": "The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets.", "content": "1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of cattle on low-protein diets was studied using animals given free access to a basal diet of liquid molasses and 1500 g oaten straw/head per d. These diets induced moderate numbers of protozoa in the rumen. 2. Nonyl phenol ethoxylate (trade name teric GN9) was used for defaunation; 100 g teric GN9 was found to be sufficient to eliminate protozoa from the rumen. 3. In cattle given the basal diet without bypass protein supplementation, defaunation had no effect on growth rates. Addition of 240 g of a feed pellet containing bypass protein increased growth rate significantly. Growth rates were significantly increased by 43% in cattle on the higher protein intake and where protozoa were removed. Intake of molasses was apparently stimulated by a protein supplementation but not by defaunation and this finding is discussed. 4. The results demonstrate that in cattle given a molasses-based diet, low in bypass protein, growth rates can be stimulated by defaunation without an effect on feed intake, the main effect apparently arising through an increased efficiency of utilization of feed.", "contents": "The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets. 1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of cattle on low-protein diets was studied using animals given free access to a basal diet of liquid molasses and 1500 g oaten straw/head per d. These diets induced moderate numbers of protozoa in the rumen. 2. Nonyl phenol ethoxylate (trade name teric GN9) was used for defaunation; 100 g teric GN9 was found to be sufficient to eliminate protozoa from the rumen. 3. In cattle given the basal diet without bypass protein supplementation, defaunation had no effect on growth rates. Addition of 240 g of a feed pellet containing bypass protein increased growth rate significantly. Growth rates were significantly increased by 43% in cattle on the higher protein intake and where protozoa were removed. Intake of molasses was apparently stimulated by a protein supplementation but not by defaunation and this finding is discussed. 4. The results demonstrate that in cattle given a molasses-based diet, low in bypass protein, growth rates can be stimulated by defaunation without an effect on feed intake, the main effect apparently arising through an increased efficiency of utilization of feed.", "PMID": 667001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11459", "title": "Adaptations in the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of sheep in response to an intravenous infusion of Ca.", "content": "1. The effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism of a high rate of Ca infused directly into the blood of Ca -deficient wethers, already receiving an adequate Ca intake, has been studied by a combination of balance and radioisotope techniques. 2. The rate of Ca retention, which was already high, increased only slightly during the infusion before it reached a maximum. The surplus Ca was compensated for by a decrease in the rate of absorption and an increase in the rate of urinary Ca excretion. 3. These findings support the theory that at maximum retention the rate of Ca absorption becomes regulated according to the rate at which Ca can be stored in bone. 4. results suggest that the decreased absorption was due to a decrease in the rate of active absorption and that the low rate remaining was due to diffusion. 5. The rate of P retention was increased by the Ca infusion, possibly as a result of the increased Ca retention.", "contents": "Adaptations in the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of sheep in response to an intravenous infusion of Ca. 1. The effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism of a high rate of Ca infused directly into the blood of Ca -deficient wethers, already receiving an adequate Ca intake, has been studied by a combination of balance and radioisotope techniques. 2. The rate of Ca retention, which was already high, increased only slightly during the infusion before it reached a maximum. The surplus Ca was compensated for by a decrease in the rate of absorption and an increase in the rate of urinary Ca excretion. 3. These findings support the theory that at maximum retention the rate of Ca absorption becomes regulated according to the rate at which Ca can be stored in bone. 4. results suggest that the decreased absorption was due to a decrease in the rate of active absorption and that the low rate remaining was due to diffusion. 5. The rate of P retention was increased by the Ca infusion, possibly as a result of the increased Ca retention.", "PMID": 667002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11460", "title": "An evaluation of total lysine as a predictor of lysine status in protein concentrates for growing pigs.", "content": "1. Eight protein concentrates were compared on a total lysine basis in lysine-deficient diets for pigs during the 20--45 kg growth phase. Each diet was also supplemented with free lysine to verify that lysine was the first limiting amino acid. 2. With fish meal, skim-milk powder, rapeseed meal and soya-bean meal growth rates and feed conversion efficiencies were similar and superior (P less than 0.05) to those produced with cottonseed meal, two meat meals and sunflower meal. 3. The response to added free lysine confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all diets except skim milk, where the growth response was not significant (P less than 0.05). 4. The growth response of the pigs indicated that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal, the two meat meals and sunflower meal was reduced by approximately 60% compared to that in the other protein concentrates. 5. Rat bio-assay estimates of the availability of lysine in the protein concentrates were in general agreement with those calculated from the response in pigs. There was little relationship between the Silcock estimates for lysine availability for the cottonseed, meat meals or sunflower meal relative to either the rat bio-assay estimates or the response of pigs.", "contents": "An evaluation of total lysine as a predictor of lysine status in protein concentrates for growing pigs. 1. Eight protein concentrates were compared on a total lysine basis in lysine-deficient diets for pigs during the 20--45 kg growth phase. Each diet was also supplemented with free lysine to verify that lysine was the first limiting amino acid. 2. With fish meal, skim-milk powder, rapeseed meal and soya-bean meal growth rates and feed conversion efficiencies were similar and superior (P less than 0.05) to those produced with cottonseed meal, two meat meals and sunflower meal. 3. The response to added free lysine confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all diets except skim milk, where the growth response was not significant (P less than 0.05). 4. The growth response of the pigs indicated that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal, the two meat meals and sunflower meal was reduced by approximately 60% compared to that in the other protein concentrates. 5. Rat bio-assay estimates of the availability of lysine in the protein concentrates were in general agreement with those calculated from the response in pigs. There was little relationship between the Silcock estimates for lysine availability for the cottonseed, meat meals or sunflower meal relative to either the rat bio-assay estimates or the response of pigs.", "PMID": 667003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11461", "title": "Differences in the proportions of branched-chain fatty acids in subcutaneous triacylglycerols of barley-fed ruminants.", "content": "1. The fatty acids of the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer (Cervus elaphus) which consumed either herbage or a barley-rich diet were analysed for their content of branched-chain components. 2. Whereas the consumption of the barley-rich diet by sheep and goats was associated with the occurrence of relatively high proportions of branched-chain fatty acids, it was not in cattle and red deer.", "contents": "Differences in the proportions of branched-chain fatty acids in subcutaneous triacylglycerols of barley-fed ruminants. 1. The fatty acids of the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer (Cervus elaphus) which consumed either herbage or a barley-rich diet were analysed for their content of branched-chain components. 2. Whereas the consumption of the barley-rich diet by sheep and goats was associated with the occurrence of relatively high proportions of branched-chain fatty acids, it was not in cattle and red deer.", "PMID": 667004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11462", "title": "Quantitative selenium metabolism in normal New Zealand women.", "content": "1. Quantitative selenium metabolism has been studied in normal young New Zealand women by measuring total Se intake and urinary and faecal Se output, and by using values for absorption, excretion and turnover of 75Se determined after administration of[75Se]selenomethionine or [75Se]selenite. 2. In a period of 14 d when a normal ad lib. diet was being consumed, mean dietary Se for four women was 24.2 microgram/d, mean urinary Se was 13.1 microgram/d and mean faecal Se was 10.8 microgram/d; mean Se balance during this time was + 0.3 microgram/d. 3. Intestinal absorption of food Se was 0.76--0.83 of intake (mean 0.79). 4. Whole-body Se was calculated in three different ways; (a) using the specific activity of urinary Se and retained whole-body 75Se; (b) using plasma Se and the occupancy of 75Se in whole-body and plasma; (c) using absorbed food Se and the occupancy of absorbed 75Se in whole-body. 5. Whole-body Se calculated from measurements obtained following the administration of [75Se]selenomethionine was 4.7--10.0 mg (mean 6.9) using method (a), 4.1--7.2 mg (mean 5.2) using method (b) and 4.3--8.9 mg (mean 6.2) using method (c). 6. Whole-body Se calculated from results obtained after giving [75Se]selenite was 2.7--3.4 mg (mean 2.9) using method (a), 2.3--5.0 mg (mean 3.5) using method (b) and 2.1--3.0 mg (mean 2.6) using method (c). 7. The results of this study indicate that the minimum dietary requirement of Se for the maintenance of normal human health is probably not more than 20 microgram/d.", "contents": "Quantitative selenium metabolism in normal New Zealand women. 1. Quantitative selenium metabolism has been studied in normal young New Zealand women by measuring total Se intake and urinary and faecal Se output, and by using values for absorption, excretion and turnover of 75Se determined after administration of[75Se]selenomethionine or [75Se]selenite. 2. In a period of 14 d when a normal ad lib. diet was being consumed, mean dietary Se for four women was 24.2 microgram/d, mean urinary Se was 13.1 microgram/d and mean faecal Se was 10.8 microgram/d; mean Se balance during this time was + 0.3 microgram/d. 3. Intestinal absorption of food Se was 0.76--0.83 of intake (mean 0.79). 4. Whole-body Se was calculated in three different ways; (a) using the specific activity of urinary Se and retained whole-body 75Se; (b) using plasma Se and the occupancy of 75Se in whole-body and plasma; (c) using absorbed food Se and the occupancy of absorbed 75Se in whole-body. 5. Whole-body Se calculated from measurements obtained following the administration of [75Se]selenomethionine was 4.7--10.0 mg (mean 6.9) using method (a), 4.1--7.2 mg (mean 5.2) using method (b) and 4.3--8.9 mg (mean 6.2) using method (c). 6. Whole-body Se calculated from results obtained after giving [75Se]selenite was 2.7--3.4 mg (mean 2.9) using method (a), 2.3--5.0 mg (mean 3.5) using method (b) and 2.1--3.0 mg (mean 2.6) using method (c). 7. The results of this study indicate that the minimum dietary requirement of Se for the maintenance of normal human health is probably not more than 20 microgram/d.", "PMID": 667006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11463", "title": "Haematological studies on vegans.", "content": "1. The concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in the serum and folate in the erythrocytes were determined and full blood counts made on a series of caucasian vegans and omnivore controls. 2. The blood counts and films were normal in all the vegans and no subject had a haemoblobin concentration below the lower limit of normality. 3. Although within the normal range, male but not female vegans had lower values for erythrocyte counts and higher values for mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin than their controls regardless of whether they were taking vitamin B12 supplements or not. 4. The mean serum vitamin B12 concentration was lower in the vegans not taking vitamin B12 supplements and in those using foods supplemented with the vitamin than in the controls, but in no subject was it below 80 ng/1. 5. The serum folate concentrations were higher in the vegans than in their controls. The mean value for erythrocyte folate tended to be greater in the vegans not taking vitamin B12 supplements. No subject had an erythrocyte folate concentration of less than 100 microgram/1. 6. It is concluded that megaloblastic anaemia is very rare in caucasian vegans and that a diet consisting entirely of plant foods is generally adequate to promote normal blood formation providing it is composed of a mixture of unrefined cereals, pulses, nuts, fruit and vegetables and is supplemented with vitamin B12.", "contents": "Haematological studies on vegans. 1. The concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in the serum and folate in the erythrocytes were determined and full blood counts made on a series of caucasian vegans and omnivore controls. 2. The blood counts and films were normal in all the vegans and no subject had a haemoblobin concentration below the lower limit of normality. 3. Although within the normal range, male but not female vegans had lower values for erythrocyte counts and higher values for mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin than their controls regardless of whether they were taking vitamin B12 supplements or not. 4. The mean serum vitamin B12 concentration was lower in the vegans not taking vitamin B12 supplements and in those using foods supplemented with the vitamin than in the controls, but in no subject was it below 80 ng/1. 5. The serum folate concentrations were higher in the vegans than in their controls. The mean value for erythrocyte folate tended to be greater in the vegans not taking vitamin B12 supplements. No subject had an erythrocyte folate concentration of less than 100 microgram/1. 6. It is concluded that megaloblastic anaemia is very rare in caucasian vegans and that a diet consisting entirely of plant foods is generally adequate to promote normal blood formation providing it is composed of a mixture of unrefined cereals, pulses, nuts, fruit and vegetables and is supplemented with vitamin B12.", "PMID": 667007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11464", "title": "Molecular weight in detergent solution of acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor extracted in detergent solution from the electric tissue of Torpedo californica and purified by affinity chromatography contains predominantly two molecular weight species. These have been separated by sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient, and their molecular properties have been determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity measurements in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The molecular weights of these species have been determined, without prior determination of the extent of detergent bound to them, by the adjustment of solvent density with D2O so as to blank out the contribution of bound detergent to the sedimentation potential. The molecular weights of the protein moieties are 250 000 and 500 000. Since these species are identical in specific activity and polypeptide composition they are related as monomer and dimer. The hydrodynamic properties of the detergent complexes of monomer and dimer were derived from combined measurements of sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity. The S20,w'S are 8.6 S and 12.8 S and the Stokes radii are 7.3 nm and 9.5 nm. For both monomer and dimer, the ratio of the Stokes radius to the minimum possible radius for the protein-detergent complex falls outside the range of values for globular proteins.", "contents": "Molecular weight in detergent solution of acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Acetylcholine receptor extracted in detergent solution from the electric tissue of Torpedo californica and purified by affinity chromatography contains predominantly two molecular weight species. These have been separated by sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient, and their molecular properties have been determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity measurements in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The molecular weights of these species have been determined, without prior determination of the extent of detergent bound to them, by the adjustment of solvent density with D2O so as to blank out the contribution of bound detergent to the sedimentation potential. The molecular weights of the protein moieties are 250 000 and 500 000. Since these species are identical in specific activity and polypeptide composition they are related as monomer and dimer. The hydrodynamic properties of the detergent complexes of monomer and dimer were derived from combined measurements of sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity. The S20,w'S are 8.6 S and 12.8 S and the Stokes radii are 7.3 nm and 9.5 nm. For both monomer and dimer, the ratio of the Stokes radius to the minimum possible radius for the protein-detergent complex falls outside the range of values for globular proteins.", "PMID": 667008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11465", "title": "Two-step purification of the major phosphorylated protein in reticulocyte 40S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "In reticulocytes, a single ribosomal protein, S13, has been shown to be phosphorylated by the cAMP-regulated protein kinases. The 40S ribosomal subunits were phosphorylated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP to facilitate the identification of S13 during the two-step purification procedure. Total ribosomal protein from the 40S subunit was fractionated by phosphocellulose chromatography in urea, and S13 was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The protein was identified by the radioactive phosphate, by molecular weight, and by the migration characteristics in a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Thin-layer electrophoresis of partial acid hydrolysates of S13 showed that more than one phosphorylated residue was present in the same oligopeptide, indicating at least some of the phosphoryl groups were clustered in the protein molecule.", "contents": "Two-step purification of the major phosphorylated protein in reticulocyte 40S ribosomal subunits. In reticulocytes, a single ribosomal protein, S13, has been shown to be phosphorylated by the cAMP-regulated protein kinases. The 40S ribosomal subunits were phosphorylated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP to facilitate the identification of S13 during the two-step purification procedure. Total ribosomal protein from the 40S subunit was fractionated by phosphocellulose chromatography in urea, and S13 was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The protein was identified by the radioactive phosphate, by molecular weight, and by the migration characteristics in a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Thin-layer electrophoresis of partial acid hydrolysates of S13 showed that more than one phosphorylated residue was present in the same oligopeptide, indicating at least some of the phosphoryl groups were clustered in the protein molecule.", "PMID": 667010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11466", "title": "Selectivity of RNA chain initiation in vitro. 3. Variables affecting initiation of transcription.", "content": "The effects of salt, temperature, enzyme to DNA ratio, and heparin challenge on both total RNA synthesis and synthesis from specific promoters are examined using DNA from bacteriophages lambdacb2 and T7. Determination of synthesis from specific promoters is carried out by the fractionation and quantitation on polyethylenimine-cellulose thin-layer chromatograms of the 5'-terminal oligonucleotides produced by digestion of the RNA products with T1 RNase. The major findings of this work are that (1) lambdacb2 promoters are more salt sensitive than T7 promoters and the salt concentration affects individual promoters differently, (2) T7 promoters initiate maximally at 37 degrees C but the transition temperatures of promoters vary and may be dependent on the salt concentration, (3) increasing the enzyme to DNA ratio results in increasing initiations at the promoters on T7 DNA without causing measurable initiation at non-promoters, and (4) T7 and lambdacb2 promoters show differences in stability when challenged with heparin.", "contents": "Selectivity of RNA chain initiation in vitro. 3. Variables affecting initiation of transcription. The effects of salt, temperature, enzyme to DNA ratio, and heparin challenge on both total RNA synthesis and synthesis from specific promoters are examined using DNA from bacteriophages lambdacb2 and T7. Determination of synthesis from specific promoters is carried out by the fractionation and quantitation on polyethylenimine-cellulose thin-layer chromatograms of the 5'-terminal oligonucleotides produced by digestion of the RNA products with T1 RNase. The major findings of this work are that (1) lambdacb2 promoters are more salt sensitive than T7 promoters and the salt concentration affects individual promoters differently, (2) T7 promoters initiate maximally at 37 degrees C but the transition temperatures of promoters vary and may be dependent on the salt concentration, (3) increasing the enzyme to DNA ratio results in increasing initiations at the promoters on T7 DNA without causing measurable initiation at non-promoters, and (4) T7 and lambdacb2 promoters show differences in stability when challenged with heparin.", "PMID": 667011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11467", "title": "Enzymatic oligoribonucleotide synthesis with T4 RNA ligase.", "content": "The substrate specificity of T4 RNA ligase has been examined to determine whether the intermolecular reaction is sufficiently general to realize its potential in the enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides of defined sequence. Reactions between a variety of acceptor molecules with 3'- and 5'-bydroxyl groups and donor molecules with 3'- and 5'-phosphates indicate that the minimal substrates are a trinucleoside diphosphate acceptor and a nucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate donor. Increasing the chain length of either the acceptor or donnor has little effect on the rate or extent of reaction. Although the base composition of the donor has only a small effect on the reaction rate, the presence of uridine in the acceptor greatly reduces the amount of product formed. The presence of a phosphate on the 3' terminus of the donor molecule permits a unique intermolecular product with a 5'-hydroxyl and a 3'-phosphate. By enzymatically either adding a 5'-phosphate or removing the 3'-phosphate, a new donor or acceptor is prepared so synthesis of an oligomer chain can proceed in either direction. With the simplicity of this enzymatic pathway and the rather broad substrate specificity of T4 RNA ligase, a convenient method for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides is established.", "contents": "Enzymatic oligoribonucleotide synthesis with T4 RNA ligase. The substrate specificity of T4 RNA ligase has been examined to determine whether the intermolecular reaction is sufficiently general to realize its potential in the enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides of defined sequence. Reactions between a variety of acceptor molecules with 3'- and 5'-bydroxyl groups and donor molecules with 3'- and 5'-phosphates indicate that the minimal substrates are a trinucleoside diphosphate acceptor and a nucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate donor. Increasing the chain length of either the acceptor or donnor has little effect on the rate or extent of reaction. Although the base composition of the donor has only a small effect on the reaction rate, the presence of uridine in the acceptor greatly reduces the amount of product formed. The presence of a phosphate on the 3' terminus of the donor molecule permits a unique intermolecular product with a 5'-hydroxyl and a 3'-phosphate. By enzymatically either adding a 5'-phosphate or removing the 3'-phosphate, a new donor or acceptor is prepared so synthesis of an oligomer chain can proceed in either direction. With the simplicity of this enzymatic pathway and the rather broad substrate specificity of T4 RNA ligase, a convenient method for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides is established.", "PMID": 667012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11468", "title": "Synthesis of modified nucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates and their incorporation into oligoribonucleotides with T4 RNA ligase.", "content": "A simple procedure is described to prepare nucleoside 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphates from the corresponding nucleosides with the use of pyrophosphoryl chloride. This method is rapid, gives nearly quantitative yields and, most importantly, can be used for a variety of nucleosides with base and sugar modifications. Since 3',5'-bisphosphates are donors in the T4 RNA ligase reaction, a single residue can be enzymatically attached to the 3' end of oligoribonucleotides. By these procedures, five different ring-modified nucleosides and one sugar-modified nucleoside were incorporated onto the 3' end of (Ap)3C. In two cases, an additional step of synthesis with RNA ligase resulted in the modified nucleotide being located in an internal position in the oligonucleotide. Thus, a general method for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides containing modified nucleosides is outlined. Since many of the modified nucleosides are fluorescent, oligomers containing them should be useful in a variety of physical and biochemical studies.", "contents": "Synthesis of modified nucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates and their incorporation into oligoribonucleotides with T4 RNA ligase. A simple procedure is described to prepare nucleoside 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphates from the corresponding nucleosides with the use of pyrophosphoryl chloride. This method is rapid, gives nearly quantitative yields and, most importantly, can be used for a variety of nucleosides with base and sugar modifications. Since 3',5'-bisphosphates are donors in the T4 RNA ligase reaction, a single residue can be enzymatically attached to the 3' end of oligoribonucleotides. By these procedures, five different ring-modified nucleosides and one sugar-modified nucleoside were incorporated onto the 3' end of (Ap)3C. In two cases, an additional step of synthesis with RNA ligase resulted in the modified nucleotide being located in an internal position in the oligonucleotide. Thus, a general method for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides containing modified nucleosides is outlined. Since many of the modified nucleosides are fluorescent, oligomers containing them should be useful in a variety of physical and biochemical studies.", "PMID": 667013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11469", "title": "Interaction of aromatic residues of proteins with nucleic acids. Binding of oligopeptides to copolynucleotides of adenine and cytosine.", "content": "The binding of the peptide Lys-Trp-Lys to various single-stranded copolymers of adenine and cytosine has been investigated using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence measurements. Two types of complexes are formed, both involving electrostatic interactions between lysyl residues and phosphate groups. The fluorescence quantum yield of the first complex is identical with that of the free peptide. The other complex involves a stacking of the polynucleotide bases with the tryptophan residue whose fluorescence is quenched. The binding of the peptide leads to a conformational change of the copolymers as shown by the CD variations. The fluorescence and CD data have been analyzed according to the model involving the two types of complexes. The values of the binding constants have been studied as a function of the cytosine content of the copolymers. Analysis of the stacking process in term of nearest neighbor frequency demonstrates that this binding is sequence dependent and is favored in AA sequence as compared with AC, CA, and CC sequence. Thus this simple tripeptide is able to distinguish between various base sequences in a single-stranded nucleic acid.", "contents": "Interaction of aromatic residues of proteins with nucleic acids. Binding of oligopeptides to copolynucleotides of adenine and cytosine. The binding of the peptide Lys-Trp-Lys to various single-stranded copolymers of adenine and cytosine has been investigated using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence measurements. Two types of complexes are formed, both involving electrostatic interactions between lysyl residues and phosphate groups. The fluorescence quantum yield of the first complex is identical with that of the free peptide. The other complex involves a stacking of the polynucleotide bases with the tryptophan residue whose fluorescence is quenched. The binding of the peptide leads to a conformational change of the copolymers as shown by the CD variations. The fluorescence and CD data have been analyzed according to the model involving the two types of complexes. The values of the binding constants have been studied as a function of the cytosine content of the copolymers. Analysis of the stacking process in term of nearest neighbor frequency demonstrates that this binding is sequence dependent and is favored in AA sequence as compared with AC, CA, and CC sequence. Thus this simple tripeptide is able to distinguish between various base sequences in a single-stranded nucleic acid.", "PMID": 667014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11470", "title": "Direct microsequence analysis of polypeptides using an improved sequenator, a nonprotein carrier (polybrene), and high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We have combined the use of a nonprotein carrier (Polybrene), high pressure liquid chromatography, and modifications in Edman chemistry with the improvements of a commercial spinning cup sequenator suggested by Wittmann-Liebold [Wittmann-Liebold, B. (1973) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 354, 1415] to analyze amino acid phenylthiohydantoins obtained from automated Edman degradation of microquantities of polypeptide directly without the use of radiolabel. This approach has allowed us to determine the sequence of the N-terminal 47 residues of sperm whale myoglobin starting with 200 pmol of protein, 77 residues of an antibody light chain with 5 nmole of protein, and 54 residues of an antibody heavy chain with 8 nmol of protein. In addition, we completely sequenced a hydrophobic 14-residue peptide at the 1.5-nmol level. Our technique of direct analysis for microsamples is capable of providing routine, extende N-terminal sequence analysis for nanomole and subnanomole levels of polypeptides and protines, and it also is applicable to analysis of more classical sample quantities.", "contents": "Direct microsequence analysis of polypeptides using an improved sequenator, a nonprotein carrier (polybrene), and high pressure liquid chromatography. We have combined the use of a nonprotein carrier (Polybrene), high pressure liquid chromatography, and modifications in Edman chemistry with the improvements of a commercial spinning cup sequenator suggested by Wittmann-Liebold [Wittmann-Liebold, B. (1973) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 354, 1415] to analyze amino acid phenylthiohydantoins obtained from automated Edman degradation of microquantities of polypeptide directly without the use of radiolabel. This approach has allowed us to determine the sequence of the N-terminal 47 residues of sperm whale myoglobin starting with 200 pmol of protein, 77 residues of an antibody light chain with 5 nmole of protein, and 54 residues of an antibody heavy chain with 8 nmol of protein. In addition, we completely sequenced a hydrophobic 14-residue peptide at the 1.5-nmol level. Our technique of direct analysis for microsamples is capable of providing routine, extende N-terminal sequence analysis for nanomole and subnanomole levels of polypeptides and protines, and it also is applicable to analysis of more classical sample quantities.", "PMID": 667015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11471", "title": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation by the manganese in aqueous suspensions of chloroplasts.", "content": "Proton and oxygen-17 NMR relaxation rate (T1-1 and T2-1) data are presented for aqueous suspensions of dark-adapted chloroplasts. It is concluded from the dependence of the proton relaxation rates (PRR) upon Mn concentration that T1-1 and T2-1 are determined largely by the loosely bound Mn present in the chloroplast membranes. The frequency and temperature dependences of PRR are characteristic of Mn(II). The effects of oxidants (e.g., ferricyanide) and reductants (e.g., tetraphenylboron) on the PRR indicate that only about one-third to one-fourth of the loosely bound Mn is present in the dark-adapted chloroplasts as Mn(II), the remainder being in a higher oxidation state(s), probably Mn(III). The frequency dependence of the PRR for the chloroplast suspensions was fitted by a simplified form of the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan equations, and the following parameters were obtained: tauS = (1.1 +/- 0.1) X 10(-8) S; tauM = (2.2 +/- 0.2) X 10(-8) S; and B = (0.9 +/- 0.09) X 10(19). The oxygen-17 T1 and T2 data for suspensions before and after treatment with a detergent are consistent with the location of the manganese in the interior of the thylakoids. An analysis of the relaxation rates shows that the average lifetime of a water molecule inside a thylakoid is greater than 1 ms.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation by the manganese in aqueous suspensions of chloroplasts. Proton and oxygen-17 NMR relaxation rate (T1-1 and T2-1) data are presented for aqueous suspensions of dark-adapted chloroplasts. It is concluded from the dependence of the proton relaxation rates (PRR) upon Mn concentration that T1-1 and T2-1 are determined largely by the loosely bound Mn present in the chloroplast membranes. The frequency and temperature dependences of PRR are characteristic of Mn(II). The effects of oxidants (e.g., ferricyanide) and reductants (e.g., tetraphenylboron) on the PRR indicate that only about one-third to one-fourth of the loosely bound Mn is present in the dark-adapted chloroplasts as Mn(II), the remainder being in a higher oxidation state(s), probably Mn(III). The frequency dependence of the PRR for the chloroplast suspensions was fitted by a simplified form of the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan equations, and the following parameters were obtained: tauS = (1.1 +/- 0.1) X 10(-8) S; tauM = (2.2 +/- 0.2) X 10(-8) S; and B = (0.9 +/- 0.09) X 10(19). The oxygen-17 T1 and T2 data for suspensions before and after treatment with a detergent are consistent with the location of the manganese in the interior of the thylakoids. An analysis of the relaxation rates shows that the average lifetime of a water molecule inside a thylakoid is greater than 1 ms.", "PMID": 667017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11472", "title": "Mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin: hydrogen transfer in the inactivation of diol dehydratase by glycerol.", "content": "We have investigated the kinetic characteristics of the inactivation of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme propanediol dehydratase by glycerol, (RS)-1,1-dideuterioglycerol, (R)-1,1-dideuterioglycerol, and perdeuterioglycerol in the presence of 1,2-propanediol and 1,1-dideuterio-1,2-propanediol. The results imply that hydrogen (or deuterium) attached to C-1 of 1,2-propanediol participates in the inactivation process and contributes to the expression of a kinetic isotope effect on the rate of inactivation. The mechanism for this inactivation must involve the cofactor as an intermediate hydrogen carrier, presumably in the form of 5'-deoxyadenosine. Moreover, a mechanism involving a rate-determining transfer of hydrogen from an intermediate containing three equivalent hydrogens quantitatively accounts for all of the results. When diol dehydratase holoenzyme is inactivated by [1-3H]glycerol, 5'-deoxyadenosine which is enriched in tritium by a factor of 2.1 over that in glycerol can be isolated from the reaction mixture.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin: hydrogen transfer in the inactivation of diol dehydratase by glycerol. We have investigated the kinetic characteristics of the inactivation of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme propanediol dehydratase by glycerol, (RS)-1,1-dideuterioglycerol, (R)-1,1-dideuterioglycerol, and perdeuterioglycerol in the presence of 1,2-propanediol and 1,1-dideuterio-1,2-propanediol. The results imply that hydrogen (or deuterium) attached to C-1 of 1,2-propanediol participates in the inactivation process and contributes to the expression of a kinetic isotope effect on the rate of inactivation. The mechanism for this inactivation must involve the cofactor as an intermediate hydrogen carrier, presumably in the form of 5'-deoxyadenosine. Moreover, a mechanism involving a rate-determining transfer of hydrogen from an intermediate containing three equivalent hydrogens quantitatively accounts for all of the results. When diol dehydratase holoenzyme is inactivated by [1-3H]glycerol, 5'-deoxyadenosine which is enriched in tritium by a factor of 2.1 over that in glycerol can be isolated from the reaction mixture.", "PMID": 667021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11473", "title": "Binding site of a dextran-specific homogeneous IgM: thermodynamic and spectroscopic mapping by dansylated oligosaccharides.", "content": "The hapten binding properties of the homogeneous mouse IgM secreted by MOPC-104E were investigated. Hapten-association constants were determined either by equilibrium and displacement equilibrium dialysis or by fluorometric titrations of the protein with the fluorescent derivatives of the haptens. For the latter type of measurements, several oligosaccharides were derivatized to the corresponding dansylhydrazones. The synthesis, generally applicable to oligosaccharides with free reducing ends, is described. Analysis of the thermodynamic parameters for the binding of 18 haptens forms the basis for proposing a model of the binding site of MOPC-104E. This model is supported and refined by results of the measurements of linear and circular polarization of the fluorescence of the dansylated haptens. The binding site is proposed to consist of a cavity with about 12-A depth, complementary to a terminal nonreducing nigerosyl group. At the entrance to this cavity, a further subsite is identified forming interactions of lower specificity with an additional glucose unit.", "contents": "Binding site of a dextran-specific homogeneous IgM: thermodynamic and spectroscopic mapping by dansylated oligosaccharides. The hapten binding properties of the homogeneous mouse IgM secreted by MOPC-104E were investigated. Hapten-association constants were determined either by equilibrium and displacement equilibrium dialysis or by fluorometric titrations of the protein with the fluorescent derivatives of the haptens. For the latter type of measurements, several oligosaccharides were derivatized to the corresponding dansylhydrazones. The synthesis, generally applicable to oligosaccharides with free reducing ends, is described. Analysis of the thermodynamic parameters for the binding of 18 haptens forms the basis for proposing a model of the binding site of MOPC-104E. This model is supported and refined by results of the measurements of linear and circular polarization of the fluorescence of the dansylated haptens. The binding site is proposed to consist of a cavity with about 12-A depth, complementary to a terminal nonreducing nigerosyl group. At the entrance to this cavity, a further subsite is identified forming interactions of lower specificity with an additional glucose unit.", "PMID": 667022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11474", "title": "Electron acceptors associated with P-700 in Triton solubilized photosystem I particles from spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Flash-induced absorption changes of Triton-solubilized Photosystem I particles from spinach were studied under reducing and/or illumination conditions that serve to alter the state of bound electron acceptors. By monitoring the decay of P-700 following each of a train of flashes, we found that P-430 or components resembling it can hold 2 equivalents of electrons transferred upon successive illuminations. This requires the presence of a good electron donor, reduced phenazine methosulfate or neutral red, otherwise the back reaction of P-700+ with P-430 occurs in about 30 ms. If the two P-430 sites, designated Centers A and B, are first reduced by preilluminating flashes or chemically by dithionite under anaerobic conditions, then subsequent laser flashes generate a 250 microseconds back reaction of P-700+, which we associate with a more primary electron acceptor A2. In turn, when A2 is reduced by background (continuous) illumination in presence of neutral red and under strongly reducing conditions, laser flashes then produce a much faster (3 microseconds) back reaction at wavelengths characteristic of P-700. We associate this with another more primary electron acceptor, A1, which functions very close to P-700. The organization of these components probably corresponds to the sequence P-700-A1-A2-P-430[AB]. The relation of the optical components to acceptor species detected by EPR, by electron-spin polarization or in terms of peptide components of Photosystem I is discussed. Preliminary experiments with broken chloroplasts suggest that an analogous situation occurs there, as well.", "contents": "Electron acceptors associated with P-700 in Triton solubilized photosystem I particles from spinach chloroplasts. Flash-induced absorption changes of Triton-solubilized Photosystem I particles from spinach were studied under reducing and/or illumination conditions that serve to alter the state of bound electron acceptors. By monitoring the decay of P-700 following each of a train of flashes, we found that P-430 or components resembling it can hold 2 equivalents of electrons transferred upon successive illuminations. This requires the presence of a good electron donor, reduced phenazine methosulfate or neutral red, otherwise the back reaction of P-700+ with P-430 occurs in about 30 ms. If the two P-430 sites, designated Centers A and B, are first reduced by preilluminating flashes or chemically by dithionite under anaerobic conditions, then subsequent laser flashes generate a 250 microseconds back reaction of P-700+, which we associate with a more primary electron acceptor A2. In turn, when A2 is reduced by background (continuous) illumination in presence of neutral red and under strongly reducing conditions, laser flashes then produce a much faster (3 microseconds) back reaction at wavelengths characteristic of P-700. We associate this with another more primary electron acceptor, A1, which functions very close to P-700. The organization of these components probably corresponds to the sequence P-700-A1-A2-P-430[AB]. The relation of the optical components to acceptor species detected by EPR, by electron-spin polarization or in terms of peptide components of Photosystem I is discussed. Preliminary experiments with broken chloroplasts suggest that an analogous situation occurs there, as well.", "PMID": 667024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11475", "title": "Kinetics of ADP, ATP transport in mitochondria as studied by the quench-flow method.", "content": "The kinetics in the millisecond range of ADP, ATP counterexchange in rat liver mitochondria were investigated using a quench-flow apparatus. The exchange was stopped with atractylate and the mitochondria were separated by centrifugation. 1. After correcting for leakage due to flow stress, apparent biphasic exchange kinetics were observed, with a more rapid phase within 100--200 ms, which extends to 10% of the total exchange. In general, the extent of the rapid phase increased when the translocation rate was changed under various conditions, in agreement with the model of the quench mechanism by atractylate. 2. The nature of the \"rapid\" phase was analyzed in the \"steady\" and \"transient\" state of the translocation and was shown to be caused by a delayed binding of atractylate due to competition with ADP. This quench delay results in a residual exchange which could explain the rapid part of the kinetics. 3. Deenergization of mitochondria by valinomycin or by uncoupler largely abolishes the rapid kinetic phase. This is explained by an increased availability of carrier sites at the outer face of the membrane to atractylate in the deenergized state, resulting in a more rapid quench. 4. The interpretation of the rapid exchange phase as a function of carrier sites accessible to atractylate quenching at the outer membrane face was simulated by a computer program based on the reorientating carrier model. With a set of rate constants, an approximate fit for the extent of quench delay with the experimental data is obtained.", "contents": "Kinetics of ADP, ATP transport in mitochondria as studied by the quench-flow method. The kinetics in the millisecond range of ADP, ATP counterexchange in rat liver mitochondria were investigated using a quench-flow apparatus. The exchange was stopped with atractylate and the mitochondria were separated by centrifugation. 1. After correcting for leakage due to flow stress, apparent biphasic exchange kinetics were observed, with a more rapid phase within 100--200 ms, which extends to 10% of the total exchange. In general, the extent of the rapid phase increased when the translocation rate was changed under various conditions, in agreement with the model of the quench mechanism by atractylate. 2. The nature of the \"rapid\" phase was analyzed in the \"steady\" and \"transient\" state of the translocation and was shown to be caused by a delayed binding of atractylate due to competition with ADP. This quench delay results in a residual exchange which could explain the rapid part of the kinetics. 3. Deenergization of mitochondria by valinomycin or by uncoupler largely abolishes the rapid kinetic phase. This is explained by an increased availability of carrier sites at the outer face of the membrane to atractylate in the deenergized state, resulting in a more rapid quench. 4. The interpretation of the rapid exchange phase as a function of carrier sites accessible to atractylate quenching at the outer membrane face was simulated by a computer program based on the reorientating carrier model. With a set of rate constants, an approximate fit for the extent of quench delay with the experimental data is obtained.", "PMID": 667025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11476", "title": "Kinetics of reduction of the oxidized primary electron donor of photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts and in Chlorella cells in the microsecond and nanosecond time ranges following flash excitation.", "content": "Absorption changes (deltaA) at 820 nm, following laser flash excitation of spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella cells, were studied in order to obtain information on the reduction time of the photooxidized primary donor of Photosystem II at physiological temperatures. In the microsecond time range the difference spectrum of deltaA between 750 and 900 nm represents a peak at 820 nm, attributable to a radical-cation of chlorophyll a. In untreated dark-adapted material the signal can be attributed solely to P+-700; it decays in a polyphasic manner with half-times of 17 microseconds, 210 microseconds and over 1 ms. The oxidized primary donor of Photosystem II (P+II) is not detected with a time resolution of 3 microseconds. After treatment with 3--10 mM hydroxylamine, which inhibits the donor side of Photosystem II, P+II is observed and decays biphasically (a major phase with t1/2=20--40 microseconds, and a minor phase with t1/2 congruent to 200 microseconds), probably by reduction by an accessory electron donor. In the nanosecond range, which was made accessible by a new fast-response flash photometer operating at 820 nm, it was found the P+II is reduced with a half-time of 25--45 ns in untreated dark-adapted chloroplasts. It is assumed that the normal secondary electron donor is responsible for this fast reduction.", "contents": "Kinetics of reduction of the oxidized primary electron donor of photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts and in Chlorella cells in the microsecond and nanosecond time ranges following flash excitation. Absorption changes (deltaA) at 820 nm, following laser flash excitation of spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella cells, were studied in order to obtain information on the reduction time of the photooxidized primary donor of Photosystem II at physiological temperatures. In the microsecond time range the difference spectrum of deltaA between 750 and 900 nm represents a peak at 820 nm, attributable to a radical-cation of chlorophyll a. In untreated dark-adapted material the signal can be attributed solely to P+-700; it decays in a polyphasic manner with half-times of 17 microseconds, 210 microseconds and over 1 ms. The oxidized primary donor of Photosystem II (P+II) is not detected with a time resolution of 3 microseconds. After treatment with 3--10 mM hydroxylamine, which inhibits the donor side of Photosystem II, P+II is observed and decays biphasically (a major phase with t1/2=20--40 microseconds, and a minor phase with t1/2 congruent to 200 microseconds), probably by reduction by an accessory electron donor. In the nanosecond range, which was made accessible by a new fast-response flash photometer operating at 820 nm, it was found the P+II is reduced with a half-time of 25--45 ns in untreated dark-adapted chloroplasts. It is assumed that the normal secondary electron donor is responsible for this fast reduction.", "PMID": 667026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11477", "title": "Polypeptide profiles of chlorophyll . protein complexes and thylakoid membranes of spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "In addition to the major chlorophyll . protein complexes I and II, two minor chlorophyll proteins have been observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS))-polyacrylamide gels of spinach chloroplast membranes. These minor pigmented zones appeared to be derived from the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b . protein and from the reaction centre complex of Photosystem II. Data are presented on the polypeptide profiles of purified digitonin-subschloroplast particles, with special regard to the effect of solubilization temperature and extraction of lipids. The results are compared with the SDS-polypeptide pattern of spinach thylakoids obtained under exactly the same conditions with respect to electrophoresis technique, solubilization method and presence of lipid. In addition, the effects of temperature and lipid extraction on the distinct chlorophyll . protein complexes appearing in SDS gel electrophoretograms of chloroplast membranes were studied by slicing the chlorophyll-containing regions and subjecting them to a second run with or without heating or extraction with acetone. By supplementing these data with an examination of the polypeptide composition of cytochrome f and coupling factor, it has been possible to identify most of the major chloroplast membrane polypeptides.", "contents": "Polypeptide profiles of chlorophyll . protein complexes and thylakoid membranes of spinach chloroplasts. In addition to the major chlorophyll . protein complexes I and II, two minor chlorophyll proteins have been observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS))-polyacrylamide gels of spinach chloroplast membranes. These minor pigmented zones appeared to be derived from the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b . protein and from the reaction centre complex of Photosystem II. Data are presented on the polypeptide profiles of purified digitonin-subschloroplast particles, with special regard to the effect of solubilization temperature and extraction of lipids. The results are compared with the SDS-polypeptide pattern of spinach thylakoids obtained under exactly the same conditions with respect to electrophoresis technique, solubilization method and presence of lipid. In addition, the effects of temperature and lipid extraction on the distinct chlorophyll . protein complexes appearing in SDS gel electrophoretograms of chloroplast membranes were studied by slicing the chlorophyll-containing regions and subjecting them to a second run with or without heating or extraction with acetone. By supplementing these data with an examination of the polypeptide composition of cytochrome f and coupling factor, it has been possible to identify most of the major chloroplast membrane polypeptides.", "PMID": 667027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11478", "title": "Intracellular location of flexirubins in Flexibacter elegans (Cytophagales).", "content": "The inner and outer membranes of 2 strains of Gram-negative Flexibacter elegans, Fx e1 and Fx 3/4, could be separated on sucrose density gradients after the cells had been converted into spheroplasts, and the spheroplasts had been lysed in presence of EDTA and the detergent Brij 58. The light fraction (rho = 1.14 g . cm-3) contained the components of the respiratory chain in high concentrations, but only low amounts of the lipopolysaccharide component, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, and was thus mainly material from the inner membrane. The heavy fraction (rho = 1.175 g . cm-3) contained only traces of respiratory chain enzymes, but the majority of the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, and was thus mainly material from the outer membrane. The flexirubin pigments were found almost quantitatively in the latter fraction. Strain Fx 3/4 produced carotenoids in addition to flexirubins; in this case the flexirubins were located in the outer, and the carotenoids in the inner membrane.", "contents": "Intracellular location of flexirubins in Flexibacter elegans (Cytophagales). The inner and outer membranes of 2 strains of Gram-negative Flexibacter elegans, Fx e1 and Fx 3/4, could be separated on sucrose density gradients after the cells had been converted into spheroplasts, and the spheroplasts had been lysed in presence of EDTA and the detergent Brij 58. The light fraction (rho = 1.14 g . cm-3) contained the components of the respiratory chain in high concentrations, but only low amounts of the lipopolysaccharide component, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, and was thus mainly material from the inner membrane. The heavy fraction (rho = 1.175 g . cm-3) contained only traces of respiratory chain enzymes, but the majority of the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, and was thus mainly material from the outer membrane. The flexirubin pigments were found almost quantitatively in the latter fraction. Strain Fx 3/4 produced carotenoids in addition to flexirubins; in this case the flexirubins were located in the outer, and the carotenoids in the inner membrane.", "PMID": 667028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11479", "title": "Topography of glycoproteins in the chick synaptosomal plasma membrane.", "content": "Chick brain synaptosomes or synaptic subfractions were treated with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and/or galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) preparations in which proteolytic activity was inhibited with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride followed, after washing, by reductive incorporation of sodium boro[3H]hydride to identify galactose residues exposed on the synaptosomal external surface. Control experiments to demonstrate restriction of labeling to the external surface involved comparing the radioactivity in synaptoplasmic, soluble polypeptides isolated after labeled, isolated synaptoplasm and examining incorporation into fractions incubated without enzymes. Intactness of the synaptic plasma membrane after labeling was shown by trypsin digestion studies. Polypeptides were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and were detected by a liquid scintillation counting procedure. Eleven major radioactive peaks were found after galactose oxidase treatment and reduction of isolated synaptic membranes. When intact synaptosomes were labeled, the same components were detected. When isolated synaptic membranes or intact synaptosomes were treated with neuraminidase before galactose oxidase treatment, three additional components were labeled. These results suggest that (a) chick synaptic membranes have a complex mixture of glycoproteins, (b) all major chick synaptic membrane glycoproteins labeled by galactose oxidase have most or all carbohydrate groups exposed at the exterior surface of the synaptosome, (c) all major, externally-disposed polypeptides of these synaptic membranes are glycoproteins.", "contents": "Topography of glycoproteins in the chick synaptosomal plasma membrane. Chick brain synaptosomes or synaptic subfractions were treated with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and/or galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) preparations in which proteolytic activity was inhibited with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride followed, after washing, by reductive incorporation of sodium boro[3H]hydride to identify galactose residues exposed on the synaptosomal external surface. Control experiments to demonstrate restriction of labeling to the external surface involved comparing the radioactivity in synaptoplasmic, soluble polypeptides isolated after labeled, isolated synaptoplasm and examining incorporation into fractions incubated without enzymes. Intactness of the synaptic plasma membrane after labeling was shown by trypsin digestion studies. Polypeptides were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and were detected by a liquid scintillation counting procedure. Eleven major radioactive peaks were found after galactose oxidase treatment and reduction of isolated synaptic membranes. When intact synaptosomes were labeled, the same components were detected. When isolated synaptic membranes or intact synaptosomes were treated with neuraminidase before galactose oxidase treatment, three additional components were labeled. These results suggest that (a) chick synaptic membranes have a complex mixture of glycoproteins, (b) all major chick synaptic membrane glycoproteins labeled by galactose oxidase have most or all carbohydrate groups exposed at the exterior surface of the synaptosome, (c) all major, externally-disposed polypeptides of these synaptic membranes are glycoproteins.", "PMID": 667029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11480", "title": "Role of disulfide bonds in the attachment and function of large, external, transformation-sensitive glycoprotein at the cell surface.", "content": "Reduction of disulfide linkages by dithiothreitol removes LETS (large, external, transformation-sensitive) protein from the cell surface. This process is dependent upon the concentration of dithiothreitol and the time and temperature of reaction. At 0 degrees C the release of LETS protein by dithiothreitol is completely blocked, but this is apparently not due to a requirement for metabolic energy. At this temperature, reduction of LETS protein is incomplete. These results suggest that intact disulfide bonds are involved in the retention of this protein on the cell surface. Furthermore, reduction of purified LETS protein interferes with its ability to confer flattened morphology and increased adhesivity when added to transformed cells. It appears, therefore, that disulfide bonds are functionally important at the cell surface.", "contents": "Role of disulfide bonds in the attachment and function of large, external, transformation-sensitive glycoprotein at the cell surface. Reduction of disulfide linkages by dithiothreitol removes LETS (large, external, transformation-sensitive) protein from the cell surface. This process is dependent upon the concentration of dithiothreitol and the time and temperature of reaction. At 0 degrees C the release of LETS protein by dithiothreitol is completely blocked, but this is apparently not due to a requirement for metabolic energy. At this temperature, reduction of LETS protein is incomplete. These results suggest that intact disulfide bonds are involved in the retention of this protein on the cell surface. Furthermore, reduction of purified LETS protein interferes with its ability to confer flattened morphology and increased adhesivity when added to transformed cells. It appears, therefore, that disulfide bonds are functionally important at the cell surface.", "PMID": 667030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11481", "title": "Action of surface-active substances of biological membranes. III. Comparison of hemolytic activity of ionic and nonionic surfactants.", "content": "The hemolytic action of a number of homologous series of cationic surfactants on human erythrocytes was measured. The hemolytic effects of anionic, nonionic and cationic surface-active agents are compared. The relationship which exists between the key physicochemical properties of surfactants (critical micelle concentration, hydrophile-lipophile balance) and their hemolytic capacities is discussed. The parameters required to compare the actions of various surfactants on different cellular membranes are considered in relation to the study of the correlation between the surfactant lytic effects and the features of the membrane molecular organization.", "contents": "Action of surface-active substances of biological membranes. III. Comparison of hemolytic activity of ionic and nonionic surfactants. The hemolytic action of a number of homologous series of cationic surfactants on human erythrocytes was measured. The hemolytic effects of anionic, nonionic and cationic surface-active agents are compared. The relationship which exists between the key physicochemical properties of surfactants (critical micelle concentration, hydrophile-lipophile balance) and their hemolytic capacities is discussed. The parameters required to compare the actions of various surfactants on different cellular membranes are considered in relation to the study of the correlation between the surfactant lytic effects and the features of the membrane molecular organization.", "PMID": 667031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11482", "title": "Erythrocyte lipid composition and sodium transport in human liver disease.", "content": "In patients with liver disease there are usually increases in erythrocyte cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine concentrations. This increase in membrane lipid changes the shape of the erythrocyte and \"spur\" or \"target\" cells may be present. Sodium fluxes were measured in erythrocytes from 17 patients with a variety of liver diseases and from 17 normal subjects and the values related to the lipid content of the membrane. Ouabain-insensitive and ouabain-sensitive effluxes were lower in patients than in normal subjects and the reduction in ouabain-insensitive efflux was more marked. Sodium influx was also significantly lower in erythrocytes from patients than controls. Ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive effluxes and sodium influx did not correlate with the cholesterol content of erythrocytes from patients. Significant negative correlations were noted between ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux (r=--0.63, P less than 0.01), sodium influx (r=--0.61, P less than 0.01) and intracellular sodium concentration (r=--0.66, P less than 0.01) and the cholesterol : phospholipid molar ratio of the cell but there was no significant correlation between this ratio and the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux (r=0.41, P less than 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that an altered lipid composition may affect the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane in patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Erythrocyte lipid composition and sodium transport in human liver disease. In patients with liver disease there are usually increases in erythrocyte cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine concentrations. This increase in membrane lipid changes the shape of the erythrocyte and \"spur\" or \"target\" cells may be present. Sodium fluxes were measured in erythrocytes from 17 patients with a variety of liver diseases and from 17 normal subjects and the values related to the lipid content of the membrane. Ouabain-insensitive and ouabain-sensitive effluxes were lower in patients than in normal subjects and the reduction in ouabain-insensitive efflux was more marked. Sodium influx was also significantly lower in erythrocytes from patients than controls. Ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive effluxes and sodium influx did not correlate with the cholesterol content of erythrocytes from patients. Significant negative correlations were noted between ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux (r=--0.63, P less than 0.01), sodium influx (r=--0.61, P less than 0.01) and intracellular sodium concentration (r=--0.66, P less than 0.01) and the cholesterol : phospholipid molar ratio of the cell but there was no significant correlation between this ratio and the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux (r=0.41, P less than 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that an altered lipid composition may affect the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane in patients with liver disease.", "PMID": 667033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11483", "title": "Association of the major coat protein of fd bacteriophage with phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The association of the major coat protein of fd bacteriophage with a phospholipid bilayer was investigated by analyzing the protein's susceptibility to proteolysis and its circular dichroism spectrum when incorporated into single-walled phospholipid vesicles. In the limits tested, this association appeared to be independent of the mass ratio of protein to lipid and of vesicle size, phospholipid composition, and method of preparation. The circular dichroism data are consistent with a similar \"membrane-bound\" conformation for all cases of vesicle-associated coat protein and for deoxycholate micelle-associated coat protein. Proteolysis of coat protein associated with deoxycholate micelles and with phospholipid vesicles defined the central hydrophobic core presumed to represent that portion of the protein which associates with membrane bilayers in vivo. The isolated core, which assumed a predominantly beta-type conformation in detergent solution, maintained a beta conformation when associated with a vesicle phospholipid bilayer.", "contents": "Association of the major coat protein of fd bacteriophage with phospholipid vesicles. The association of the major coat protein of fd bacteriophage with a phospholipid bilayer was investigated by analyzing the protein's susceptibility to proteolysis and its circular dichroism spectrum when incorporated into single-walled phospholipid vesicles. In the limits tested, this association appeared to be independent of the mass ratio of protein to lipid and of vesicle size, phospholipid composition, and method of preparation. The circular dichroism data are consistent with a similar \"membrane-bound\" conformation for all cases of vesicle-associated coat protein and for deoxycholate micelle-associated coat protein. Proteolysis of coat protein associated with deoxycholate micelles and with phospholipid vesicles defined the central hydrophobic core presumed to represent that portion of the protein which associates with membrane bilayers in vivo. The isolated core, which assumed a predominantly beta-type conformation in detergent solution, maintained a beta conformation when associated with a vesicle phospholipid bilayer.", "PMID": 667034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11484", "title": "A new approach in the kinetics of biological transport. The potential of reversible inhibition studies.", "content": "Kinetic equations are derived for reversible inhibition of both active and facilitated transport systems for seven common experimental arrangements. It is shown that the unique features of transport kinetics may be exploited to give new kinds of information. It is also shown that that the familiar rules of enzyme kinetics, though often applied to transport, can be seriously misleading. The analysis leads to the following general conclusions: (1) A competitive mechanism frequently gives rise to non-competitive kinetics, depending on the experimental design, but a non-competitive mechanism never produces competitive kinetics. (2) Inhibition studies on exchange diffusion at equilibrium in non-active systems or in the final steady state in active systems are the only unambiguous kinetic tests to distinguish competitive from non-competitive mechanisms. (3) Substrate analogs that are bound to the carrier and transported are readily distinguished by inhibition kinetics from those not transported, even though both may rapidly enter the cell by another route. (4) Even in non-active systems competitive inhibitors commonly have far different affinities for the substrate sites on the two membranes faces: where sufficient non-polarity allows their penetration into the cell, inhibition kinetics readily establish such sideness in their action. (5) Inhibition kinetics of the mixed competitive and non-competitive type result from moderately asymmetrical binding of inhibitor at the substrate site. (6) Asymmetry is a necessary feature of active transport: hence studies of inhibition kinetics should provide important insights into its mechanism.", "contents": "A new approach in the kinetics of biological transport. The potential of reversible inhibition studies. Kinetic equations are derived for reversible inhibition of both active and facilitated transport systems for seven common experimental arrangements. It is shown that the unique features of transport kinetics may be exploited to give new kinds of information. It is also shown that that the familiar rules of enzyme kinetics, though often applied to transport, can be seriously misleading. The analysis leads to the following general conclusions: (1) A competitive mechanism frequently gives rise to non-competitive kinetics, depending on the experimental design, but a non-competitive mechanism never produces competitive kinetics. (2) Inhibition studies on exchange diffusion at equilibrium in non-active systems or in the final steady state in active systems are the only unambiguous kinetic tests to distinguish competitive from non-competitive mechanisms. (3) Substrate analogs that are bound to the carrier and transported are readily distinguished by inhibition kinetics from those not transported, even though both may rapidly enter the cell by another route. (4) Even in non-active systems competitive inhibitors commonly have far different affinities for the substrate sites on the two membranes faces: where sufficient non-polarity allows their penetration into the cell, inhibition kinetics readily establish such sideness in their action. (5) Inhibition kinetics of the mixed competitive and non-competitive type result from moderately asymmetrical binding of inhibitor at the substrate site. (6) Asymmetry is a necessary feature of active transport: hence studies of inhibition kinetics should provide important insights into its mechanism.", "PMID": 667035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11485", "title": "Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. A structure-activity study of their inhibitor effect on passive chloride permeability.", "content": "Uncoupling agents inhibit chloride transport in red blood cells, which is a metabolism-independent process. An analysis of the molecular requirements shows that this inhibitory activity is closely correlated with the electronic and the hydrophobic bonding properties of phenols: the more lipophilic and the more electron-attracting the substituent groups are, the greater the activity they confer on the parent molecule. A recent structure-activity study concerning various classes of reversible inhibitors of chloride transport led to the same conclusion (Motais, R. and Cousin, J.L. (1977) in International Conference on Biological Membranes: Drugs, Hormones and Membranes (Bolis, L., Hoffman, J.F. and Straub, R.W., eds.), Raven Press, New York, in the press). The effects of substituents on the activity of phenols as uncouplers have been recently examined (Stockdale, M. and Selwyn, M.J. (1971) Eur. J. Biochem. 21, 565). The comparison of these results with our data shows that uncoupling depends more on electronic properties of phenols than does choloride inhibition.", "contents": "Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. A structure-activity study of their inhibitor effect on passive chloride permeability. Uncoupling agents inhibit chloride transport in red blood cells, which is a metabolism-independent process. An analysis of the molecular requirements shows that this inhibitory activity is closely correlated with the electronic and the hydrophobic bonding properties of phenols: the more lipophilic and the more electron-attracting the substituent groups are, the greater the activity they confer on the parent molecule. A recent structure-activity study concerning various classes of reversible inhibitors of chloride transport led to the same conclusion (Motais, R. and Cousin, J.L. (1977) in International Conference on Biological Membranes: Drugs, Hormones and Membranes (Bolis, L., Hoffman, J.F. and Straub, R.W., eds.), Raven Press, New York, in the press). The effects of substituents on the activity of phenols as uncouplers have been recently examined (Stockdale, M. and Selwyn, M.J. (1971) Eur. J. Biochem. 21, 565). The comparison of these results with our data shows that uncoupling depends more on electronic properties of phenols than does choloride inhibition.", "PMID": 667036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11486", "title": "Liposomal membrane. I. Chemical damage of liposomal membranes with functional detergent.", "content": "The interaction and reaction between liposomal membrane and a functional detergent, N-hexadecyl-N-(imidazol-4-yl)methyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride hydroperchlorate (Im-I), have been investigated in conjunction with the leakage of bromothymol blue encapsulated as a marker in the bilayers of liposomes. Im-I carries an imidazole moiety and was expected to behave as a simple lipase model. The reaction with Im-I significantly enhanced the leakage of bromothymol blue encapsulated in the egg lecithin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. During the course of reaction with Im-I, the formation of acyl-imidazole intermediate was clearly identified, which was certainly connected with the bromothymol blue release. From various kinetic results on bromothymol blue release and acyl-imidazole formation, it has been suggested that the bromothymol blue release from liposomal bilayer may be caused by the local and instantaneous decomposition of lipids when Im-I penetrates into the bilayer. However, it has also been demonstrated that the immediate reconstruction of liposomes retains the barrier function to protect against the further release of bromothymol blue.", "contents": "Liposomal membrane. I. Chemical damage of liposomal membranes with functional detergent. The interaction and reaction between liposomal membrane and a functional detergent, N-hexadecyl-N-(imidazol-4-yl)methyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride hydroperchlorate (Im-I), have been investigated in conjunction with the leakage of bromothymol blue encapsulated as a marker in the bilayers of liposomes. Im-I carries an imidazole moiety and was expected to behave as a simple lipase model. The reaction with Im-I significantly enhanced the leakage of bromothymol blue encapsulated in the egg lecithin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. During the course of reaction with Im-I, the formation of acyl-imidazole intermediate was clearly identified, which was certainly connected with the bromothymol blue release. From various kinetic results on bromothymol blue release and acyl-imidazole formation, it has been suggested that the bromothymol blue release from liposomal bilayer may be caused by the local and instantaneous decomposition of lipids when Im-I penetrates into the bilayer. However, it has also been demonstrated that the immediate reconstruction of liposomes retains the barrier function to protect against the further release of bromothymol blue.", "PMID": 667037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11487", "title": "The interaction of bee melittin with lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "The influence of melittin and the related 8-26 peptide on the stability and electrical properties of bilayer lipid membranes is reported. Melittin, unlike the 8-26 peptide, has a dramatic influence on lipid membranes, causing rupture at dilute concentrations. The circular dichroism of melittin demonstrated that under physiological conditions, in water, melittin is in extended conformation, which is enhanced in aqueous ethanol. However in 'membrane-like' conditions it is essentially alpha-helical. Secondary structure predictions were used to locate possible alpha-helical nucleation centres and a model of melittin was built according to these predictions. It is postulated that melittin causes a wedge effect in membranes.", "contents": "The interaction of bee melittin with lipid bilayer membranes. The influence of melittin and the related 8-26 peptide on the stability and electrical properties of bilayer lipid membranes is reported. Melittin, unlike the 8-26 peptide, has a dramatic influence on lipid membranes, causing rupture at dilute concentrations. The circular dichroism of melittin demonstrated that under physiological conditions, in water, melittin is in extended conformation, which is enhanced in aqueous ethanol. However in 'membrane-like' conditions it is essentially alpha-helical. Secondary structure predictions were used to locate possible alpha-helical nucleation centres and a model of melittin was built according to these predictions. It is postulated that melittin causes a wedge effect in membranes.", "PMID": 667038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11488", "title": "Ouabain-sensitive interaction between human red cell membrane and glycolytic enzyme complex in cytosol.", "content": "Binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to monophosphoglycerate mutase, of which it is an obligatory cofactor, causes changes in the resonance positions of the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of both phosphate groups. It has previously been shown that these resonances shift when other glycolytic enzymes, such as phosphoglycerate kinase, are added to form the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate . monophosphoglycerate mutase . phosphoglycerate kinase complex. In view of this association, we have examined the set of glycolytic enzymes from aldolase to pyruvate kinase and found evidence of direct communication between all of these enzymes. A multi-enzyme complex of 1--2 . 10(6) daltons has been separated from broken cell ghosts by Biogel column filtration and evidence has been presented to show that this complex exhibits aldolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase activity. The glycolytic multi-enzyme complex interacts with the outer face of inside-out vesicles prepared from human red cells and the interaction is suppressed by application of 10(-6) M ouabain to the inner face of these vesicles. These studies show that the conformation of the enzymes comprising the megadalton complex are responsive to the application of ouabain to the outer red cell membrane surface.", "contents": "Ouabain-sensitive interaction between human red cell membrane and glycolytic enzyme complex in cytosol. Binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to monophosphoglycerate mutase, of which it is an obligatory cofactor, causes changes in the resonance positions of the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of both phosphate groups. It has previously been shown that these resonances shift when other glycolytic enzymes, such as phosphoglycerate kinase, are added to form the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate . monophosphoglycerate mutase . phosphoglycerate kinase complex. In view of this association, we have examined the set of glycolytic enzymes from aldolase to pyruvate kinase and found evidence of direct communication between all of these enzymes. A multi-enzyme complex of 1--2 . 10(6) daltons has been separated from broken cell ghosts by Biogel column filtration and evidence has been presented to show that this complex exhibits aldolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase activity. The glycolytic multi-enzyme complex interacts with the outer face of inside-out vesicles prepared from human red cells and the interaction is suppressed by application of 10(-6) M ouabain to the inner face of these vesicles. These studies show that the conformation of the enzymes comprising the megadalton complex are responsive to the application of ouabain to the outer red cell membrane surface.", "PMID": 667039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11489", "title": "The effect of synthetic polymers on the electrical and permeability properties of lipid membranes.", "content": "1. The effect of two series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers on the stability, conductivity and permeability towards water and leucine of black lipid membranes and liposomes is reported. 2. The changes in properties of these membrane preparations is related to bulk phase viscosity and dielectric measurements together with monolayer studies. 3. The hydrophobic polymers dramatically increase membrane stability, had no effect on conductivity, but increased the permeability coefficient of leucine. 4. The hydrophilic polymers produced minor, but significant changes to membrane properties. 5. It is concluded that not only basic polymers but also neutral and acidic macromolecules can interact strongly with lipid membranes.", "contents": "The effect of synthetic polymers on the electrical and permeability properties of lipid membranes. 1. The effect of two series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers on the stability, conductivity and permeability towards water and leucine of black lipid membranes and liposomes is reported. 2. The changes in properties of these membrane preparations is related to bulk phase viscosity and dielectric measurements together with monolayer studies. 3. The hydrophobic polymers dramatically increase membrane stability, had no effect on conductivity, but increased the permeability coefficient of leucine. 4. The hydrophilic polymers produced minor, but significant changes to membrane properties. 5. It is concluded that not only basic polymers but also neutral and acidic macromolecules can interact strongly with lipid membranes.", "PMID": 667041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11490", "title": "Phosphatidylcholine mobility in liver microsomal membranes.", "content": "Purified phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver was used to exchange rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine for egg phosphatidylcholine. It was found that at 25 and 37 degrees C rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine was completely and rapidly available for replacement by egg phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, phosphatidylcholine in vesicles prepared from total microsomal lipids could only be exchanged for about 60%. At 8 and 0 degrees C complex exchange kinetics were observed for phosphatidylcholine in rat liver microsomes. The exchange process had neither effect on the permeability of the microsomal membrane to mannose 6-phosphate, nor on the permeability of the phosphatidylcholine vesicles to neodymium (III) cations. Purified phospholipase A2 from Naja naja could hydrolyze some 55-60% of microsomal phosphatidylcholine at 0 degrees C, but 70-80% at 37 degrees C. Microsomal phosphatidylcholine, remaining after phospholipase treatment at 37 degrees C, could be exchanged for egg phosphatidylcholine at 37 degrees C, but at a slower rate than with intact microsomes. Microsomal phosphatidylcholine remaining after phospholipase treatment at 0 and 37 degrees C had a lower content of arachidonic acid than the original phosphatidylcholine. These results are discussed with respect to the localization and transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine in liver microsomes.", "contents": "Phosphatidylcholine mobility in liver microsomal membranes. Purified phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver was used to exchange rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine for egg phosphatidylcholine. It was found that at 25 and 37 degrees C rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine was completely and rapidly available for replacement by egg phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, phosphatidylcholine in vesicles prepared from total microsomal lipids could only be exchanged for about 60%. At 8 and 0 degrees C complex exchange kinetics were observed for phosphatidylcholine in rat liver microsomes. The exchange process had neither effect on the permeability of the microsomal membrane to mannose 6-phosphate, nor on the permeability of the phosphatidylcholine vesicles to neodymium (III) cations. Purified phospholipase A2 from Naja naja could hydrolyze some 55-60% of microsomal phosphatidylcholine at 0 degrees C, but 70-80% at 37 degrees C. Microsomal phosphatidylcholine, remaining after phospholipase treatment at 37 degrees C, could be exchanged for egg phosphatidylcholine at 37 degrees C, but at a slower rate than with intact microsomes. Microsomal phosphatidylcholine remaining after phospholipase treatment at 0 and 37 degrees C had a lower content of arachidonic acid than the original phosphatidylcholine. These results are discussed with respect to the localization and transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine in liver microsomes.", "PMID": 667042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11491", "title": "Identification of a potential artifact in the use of electron microscope autoradiography to localize saturated phospholipids in cells.", "content": "The suitability of electron microscope autoradiography for sutdying the uptake and intracellular localization of lipid vesicles (liposomes) containing radiolabeled saturated phospholipids has been examined. Data are presented showing that preparation of specimens for electron microscope autoradiography by conventional methods is accompanied by significant translocation and intercellular redistribution of radiolabeled saturated lipids, causing spurious labeling patterns. Intercellular redistribution of radiolabeled lipid was demonstrated by mixing glutaraldehyde-fixed mous L1210 cells that had been incubated with sonicated lipid vesicles containing [H] dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine with an indicator cell population (fixed avian erythrocytes) which had not been exposed to vesicles and showing that after electron microscope processing radiolabeled grains were present in both cell types. The same redistribution artifact also probably affects the intracellular localization of radiolabeled lipids. This artifact is discussed in relation to previous work in which autoradiographic methods have been used for ultrastructural localization saturated phospholipids in cells and tissues.", "contents": "Identification of a potential artifact in the use of electron microscope autoradiography to localize saturated phospholipids in cells. The suitability of electron microscope autoradiography for sutdying the uptake and intracellular localization of lipid vesicles (liposomes) containing radiolabeled saturated phospholipids has been examined. Data are presented showing that preparation of specimens for electron microscope autoradiography by conventional methods is accompanied by significant translocation and intercellular redistribution of radiolabeled saturated lipids, causing spurious labeling patterns. Intercellular redistribution of radiolabeled lipid was demonstrated by mixing glutaraldehyde-fixed mous L1210 cells that had been incubated with sonicated lipid vesicles containing [H] dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine with an indicator cell population (fixed avian erythrocytes) which had not been exposed to vesicles and showing that after electron microscope processing radiolabeled grains were present in both cell types. The same redistribution artifact also probably affects the intracellular localization of radiolabeled lipids. This artifact is discussed in relation to previous work in which autoradiographic methods have been used for ultrastructural localization saturated phospholipids in cells and tissues.", "PMID": 667043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11492", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin and transmembrane proteins in agglutinated sheep erythrocyte ghost membranes.", "content": "Oriented and periodically stacked sheep erythrocyte ghost membrane specimens were prepared by agglutination of the ghosts with phytohemagglutinin M and sedimentation, and were studied by X-ray diffraction. The spatial orientation of the planes of the membranes in the diffracting stack was determined from the lamellar reflections of the periodic stacking. Equatorial diffraction at (10.5 A)-1 and a (1.5 A)-1 reflection were recorded which correlate with side-to-side packed transmenbrane alpha-helices in the agglutinated membrane. A broad (4.6 A)-1 ring with strong equatorial accentuation and broad maxima at about (2.2 A)-1 and (1.2 A)-1 were observed which are attributed to the hydrocarbon chain arrangement in lipid phases of the agglutinated ghost membrane.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin and transmembrane proteins in agglutinated sheep erythrocyte ghost membranes. Oriented and periodically stacked sheep erythrocyte ghost membrane specimens were prepared by agglutination of the ghosts with phytohemagglutinin M and sedimentation, and were studied by X-ray diffraction. The spatial orientation of the planes of the membranes in the diffracting stack was determined from the lamellar reflections of the periodic stacking. Equatorial diffraction at (10.5 A)-1 and a (1.5 A)-1 reflection were recorded which correlate with side-to-side packed transmenbrane alpha-helices in the agglutinated membrane. A broad (4.6 A)-1 ring with strong equatorial accentuation and broad maxima at about (2.2 A)-1 and (1.2 A)-1 were observed which are attributed to the hydrocarbon chain arrangement in lipid phases of the agglutinated ghost membrane.", "PMID": 667044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11493", "title": "Selective alteration of erythrocyte deformabiliby by SH-reagents: evidence for an involvement of spectrin in membrane shear elasticity.", "content": "In order to elucidate the molecular basis of membrane shear elasticity, the effect of membrane protein modification by SH-reaents on the deformability of human erythrocytes was studied. Deformability was quuantified by measuring the elongation of erythrocytes subjected to viscometric flow in a transparent cone plate viscometer. Impermeable SH-reagents proved to have no mechanical effect. Many, but not all, permeable SH-reagents markedly decreased the elongation. Among these, bifunctional SH-reagents (e.g. diamide, tetrathionate and N, N' -p-phenylenedimaleimide) able to cross-link membrane SH-groups were more effective than monofunctional SH-reagents (e.g. N-ethylmaleimide and ethacrynic acid). The bifunctional SH-reagents produced a 50% decrease of elongation after modification of less than 5% of the membrane SH-groups. In contrast, for a comparable effect, more than 20% of the SH-groups had to be modified by the monofunctional reagents. The effect of SH-oxidizing agents was fully reversible after treatment with disulfide-reducing agents. All bifunctional SH-reagents induced a dimerization of a small fraction of spectrin. Anaalysis of the distribution of the diamide-induced disulfide bonds among the various membrane protein fractions showed that this agent preferentially acts on the spectrin polypeptides. The results provide direct experimental evidence that the native arrangement of spectrin is essential for the shear resistance of the erythrocyte membrane and that introduction of small numbers of intermolecular cross-links as well as modification within the molecule lead to a rapid loss of this function.", "contents": "Selective alteration of erythrocyte deformabiliby by SH-reagents: evidence for an involvement of spectrin in membrane shear elasticity. In order to elucidate the molecular basis of membrane shear elasticity, the effect of membrane protein modification by SH-reaents on the deformability of human erythrocytes was studied. Deformability was quuantified by measuring the elongation of erythrocytes subjected to viscometric flow in a transparent cone plate viscometer. Impermeable SH-reagents proved to have no mechanical effect. Many, but not all, permeable SH-reagents markedly decreased the elongation. Among these, bifunctional SH-reagents (e.g. diamide, tetrathionate and N, N' -p-phenylenedimaleimide) able to cross-link membrane SH-groups were more effective than monofunctional SH-reagents (e.g. N-ethylmaleimide and ethacrynic acid). The bifunctional SH-reagents produced a 50% decrease of elongation after modification of less than 5% of the membrane SH-groups. In contrast, for a comparable effect, more than 20% of the SH-groups had to be modified by the monofunctional reagents. The effect of SH-oxidizing agents was fully reversible after treatment with disulfide-reducing agents. All bifunctional SH-reagents induced a dimerization of a small fraction of spectrin. Anaalysis of the distribution of the diamide-induced disulfide bonds among the various membrane protein fractions showed that this agent preferentially acts on the spectrin polypeptides. The results provide direct experimental evidence that the native arrangement of spectrin is essential for the shear resistance of the erythrocyte membrane and that introduction of small numbers of intermolecular cross-links as well as modification within the molecule lead to a rapid loss of this function.", "PMID": 667045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11494", "title": "The incorporation of 32 P into spectrin aggregates following incubation of erythrocytes in 32 P-labelled inorganic phosphate.", "content": "32P was incorporated into spectrin by incubation of fresh erythrocytes with 32Pi and glucose. The dimer and tetramer aggregates revealed only covalently-bound incorporation of phosphorus, while a higher aggregate of spectrin revealed both covalent and non-covalent incorporation. The specific activity of the covalently-bound phosphorus in all oligomers was identical, suggesting that the state of association is independent of phosphorylation. The non-covalent incorporation was shown to be due to the association of ATP with this higher aggregate. The nucleotide appers not to be bound directly to spectrin but rather to component 5 (erythrocyte actin) which is also found to be associated with this highly aggregated spectrin structure.", "contents": "The incorporation of 32 P into spectrin aggregates following incubation of erythrocytes in 32 P-labelled inorganic phosphate. 32P was incorporated into spectrin by incubation of fresh erythrocytes with 32Pi and glucose. The dimer and tetramer aggregates revealed only covalently-bound incorporation of phosphorus, while a higher aggregate of spectrin revealed both covalent and non-covalent incorporation. The specific activity of the covalently-bound phosphorus in all oligomers was identical, suggesting that the state of association is independent of phosphorylation. The non-covalent incorporation was shown to be due to the association of ATP with this higher aggregate. The nucleotide appers not to be bound directly to spectrin but rather to component 5 (erythrocyte actin) which is also found to be associated with this highly aggregated spectrin structure.", "PMID": 667046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11495", "title": "Chemistry of photoreceptor membrane preparations from squid retinas.", "content": "Photoreceptor membrane preparations were made from retinas of the squid Loligo (Doryteuthis) plei for protein and lipid analysis. Lipid analysis was also completed on a single membrane preparation from Loligo pealei. (1) The membranes contain 75 wt. % protein and 25 wt. % lipid. Neutral lipids make up 26 mol % of the total lipid, the remaining 74% being phospholipid. No glycolipids were observed. (2) Free fatty acids and cholesterol comprise 8.6 and 17 mol %, respectively of the total lipid. No other neutral lipids were found. (3) Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are the major phospholipids. Lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylserine are present in small quantities. Phosphatidylinositol was not detected in the membranes. (4) The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally 20:4 omega 6, 20:5 omega 3, and 22:6 omega 3 are higher in the squid membranes than in any othr vertebrate or invertebrate retina that has been examined thus far. These acids account for 58 mol % of the fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, 75 mol % of the free fatty acids, and nearly 90% of the fatty acids of lyso- and phosphatidylethanolamine. The results from L. plei and L. pealei were indistinguishable. (5) Rhodopsin is the major protein of the membrane preparations and has a molecular weight of 50 500 +/- 850 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis.", "contents": "Chemistry of photoreceptor membrane preparations from squid retinas. Photoreceptor membrane preparations were made from retinas of the squid Loligo (Doryteuthis) plei for protein and lipid analysis. Lipid analysis was also completed on a single membrane preparation from Loligo pealei. (1) The membranes contain 75 wt. % protein and 25 wt. % lipid. Neutral lipids make up 26 mol % of the total lipid, the remaining 74% being phospholipid. No glycolipids were observed. (2) Free fatty acids and cholesterol comprise 8.6 and 17 mol %, respectively of the total lipid. No other neutral lipids were found. (3) Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are the major phospholipids. Lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylserine are present in small quantities. Phosphatidylinositol was not detected in the membranes. (4) The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally 20:4 omega 6, 20:5 omega 3, and 22:6 omega 3 are higher in the squid membranes than in any othr vertebrate or invertebrate retina that has been examined thus far. These acids account for 58 mol % of the fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, 75 mol % of the free fatty acids, and nearly 90% of the fatty acids of lyso- and phosphatidylethanolamine. The results from L. plei and L. pealei were indistinguishable. (5) Rhodopsin is the major protein of the membrane preparations and has a molecular weight of 50 500 +/- 850 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis.", "PMID": 667047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11496", "title": "Effects of tryptamine on active sodium and chloride transport in the isolated bullfrog cornea.", "content": "The effects of the serotonin analogue, tryptamine, on the active transepithelial transport of Na+ and Cl- in the in vitro bullfrog cornea were studied. Tryptamine, 1 mM, inhibited both the short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) of corneas transporting either Na+ alone or both Na+ and Cl-. The electrical resistance, R, increased in all cases. Both unidirectional Na+ and Cl- fluxes were decreased by tryptamine and these changes accounted for the inhibitory effects on the Isc. The effects of tryptamine were considered along with those of 2 mM theophylline and 0.1 mM ouabain. Tryptamine inhibited the Isc and both undirectional Cl- fluxes which were previously stimulated by theophylline. Theophyline addition, after tryptamine preincubation, increases the Cl- undirectional fluxes but did not restore the inhibited Isc. The inhibitory effects of tryptamine on active Na+ and Cl- transport were different from those of ouabain. While both drugs inhibited the forward Na+ and Cl- fluxes, their backfluxes decreased with tryptamine and increased with ouabain. The addition to the bathing solution of tryptamine after ouabain preincubation reduced the ouabain-increased backward Cl- flux and further increased the electrical resistance. These results are analyzed in terms of an electrical model from which it appears that trypamine's mechanism of action was to decrease cellular permeability to the transepithelial movement of Na+ and Cl-.", "contents": "Effects of tryptamine on active sodium and chloride transport in the isolated bullfrog cornea. The effects of the serotonin analogue, tryptamine, on the active transepithelial transport of Na+ and Cl- in the in vitro bullfrog cornea were studied. Tryptamine, 1 mM, inhibited both the short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) of corneas transporting either Na+ alone or both Na+ and Cl-. The electrical resistance, R, increased in all cases. Both unidirectional Na+ and Cl- fluxes were decreased by tryptamine and these changes accounted for the inhibitory effects on the Isc. The effects of tryptamine were considered along with those of 2 mM theophylline and 0.1 mM ouabain. Tryptamine inhibited the Isc and both undirectional Cl- fluxes which were previously stimulated by theophylline. Theophyline addition, after tryptamine preincubation, increases the Cl- undirectional fluxes but did not restore the inhibited Isc. The inhibitory effects of tryptamine on active Na+ and Cl- transport were different from those of ouabain. While both drugs inhibited the forward Na+ and Cl- fluxes, their backfluxes decreased with tryptamine and increased with ouabain. The addition to the bathing solution of tryptamine after ouabain preincubation reduced the ouabain-increased backward Cl- flux and further increased the electrical resistance. These results are analyzed in terms of an electrical model from which it appears that trypamine's mechanism of action was to decrease cellular permeability to the transepithelial movement of Na+ and Cl-.", "PMID": 667048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11497", "title": "Cytochalasin B and the kinetics of inhibition of biological transport: a case of asymmetric binding to the glucose carrier.", "content": "Cytochalasin B inhibits glucose transport in human erythrocytes by competing with glucose for the carrier on the inner surface of the cell membrane, but there is no cytochalasin site associated with the outware-facing form of the carrier. Such asymmetry may be demonstrated by zero trans exit and entry experiments, whereas Sen-Widdas exit experiments are not easily interpretable. The orientation of the transport system appears to be reversed in certain other cell types: chich embryo fibroblasts, Novikoff hepatoma cells and HeLa cells. Here the cytochalasin site is present in the external but not internal carrier form.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B and the kinetics of inhibition of biological transport: a case of asymmetric binding to the glucose carrier. Cytochalasin B inhibits glucose transport in human erythrocytes by competing with glucose for the carrier on the inner surface of the cell membrane, but there is no cytochalasin site associated with the outware-facing form of the carrier. Such asymmetry may be demonstrated by zero trans exit and entry experiments, whereas Sen-Widdas exit experiments are not easily interpretable. The orientation of the transport system appears to be reversed in certain other cell types: chich embryo fibroblasts, Novikoff hepatoma cells and HeLa cells. Here the cytochalasin site is present in the external but not internal carrier form.", "PMID": 667049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11498", "title": "Dual effect of adrenalin on sugar transport in rat diaphragm muscle.", "content": "The effect of adrenalin on the membrane transport of the non-metabolized sugar, 3-methylglucose, was studied in isolated \"intact\" rat hemidiaphragms and related to simultaneously occurring changes in the internal levels of Na+, ATP, glucose-6-P, glycerol formation and 45Ca uptake and loss. Basal sugar transport was inhibited by low (10-8-10-5 M) concentrations of adrenalin; this was antagonized by propranolol and practolol. High concentrations (10-4-10-3 M) stimulated sugar transport, and this was blocked by propranolol and butoxamine and was dependent on external Ca2+. These results suggest interaction with two different classes of adrenergic receptors, possibly of beta 1 and beta 2 types. Both low and high concentrations increases Na+ and K+ gradients by a practolol-sensitive effect. Isoproterenol behaved identically but phenylephrine had only the two practolol-sensitive effects on sugar and ion transport. Insulin did not interfere with inhibition of sugar transport and decrease in internal Na+ but prevented stimulation of sugar transport. Under anoxia adrenalin had no effect on sugar transport but led to greater Na+ gain by tissue. Addition of 3.0 mM palmitate decreased inhibition of sugar transport without changing receptor specificity. ATP was decreased and lipolysis enchanged by high adrenalin but glucose-6-P was increased by the low concentration as well. Influx of 45 Ca was decreased by low and increased by high adrenalin; 45Ca efflux was also differentially affected. The results indicate that inhibition and stimulation of sugar transport depend on different receptors and that the latter response may override the former. The data are consistent with the earlier postulated regulatory role of sarcoplasmic Ca2+ on sugar transport in muscle, with adrenalin affecting Ca2+ fluxes and distribution both directly and indirectly.", "contents": "Dual effect of adrenalin on sugar transport in rat diaphragm muscle. The effect of adrenalin on the membrane transport of the non-metabolized sugar, 3-methylglucose, was studied in isolated \"intact\" rat hemidiaphragms and related to simultaneously occurring changes in the internal levels of Na+, ATP, glucose-6-P, glycerol formation and 45Ca uptake and loss. Basal sugar transport was inhibited by low (10-8-10-5 M) concentrations of adrenalin; this was antagonized by propranolol and practolol. High concentrations (10-4-10-3 M) stimulated sugar transport, and this was blocked by propranolol and butoxamine and was dependent on external Ca2+. These results suggest interaction with two different classes of adrenergic receptors, possibly of beta 1 and beta 2 types. Both low and high concentrations increases Na+ and K+ gradients by a practolol-sensitive effect. Isoproterenol behaved identically but phenylephrine had only the two practolol-sensitive effects on sugar and ion transport. Insulin did not interfere with inhibition of sugar transport and decrease in internal Na+ but prevented stimulation of sugar transport. Under anoxia adrenalin had no effect on sugar transport but led to greater Na+ gain by tissue. Addition of 3.0 mM palmitate decreased inhibition of sugar transport without changing receptor specificity. ATP was decreased and lipolysis enchanged by high adrenalin but glucose-6-P was increased by the low concentration as well. Influx of 45 Ca was decreased by low and increased by high adrenalin; 45Ca efflux was also differentially affected. The results indicate that inhibition and stimulation of sugar transport depend on different receptors and that the latter response may override the former. The data are consistent with the earlier postulated regulatory role of sarcoplasmic Ca2+ on sugar transport in muscle, with adrenalin affecting Ca2+ fluxes and distribution both directly and indirectly.", "PMID": 667050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11499", "title": "Stimulation of calcium transport in inside-out vesicles of human erythrocyte membranes by a soluble cytoplasmic activator.", "content": "Transport of Ca2+ by inside-out vesicles requires both Mg2+ and ATP and can be linear over 16 min at 37 degrees C. This basal rate of transport may be doubled however by an activator found in membrane-free erythrocyte hemolysate. This activatior is probably the same protein (s) which has been shown to activate (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in erythrocyte membrane fragments (Bond, G.H. and Clough, D.E. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 323, 592--599).", "contents": "Stimulation of calcium transport in inside-out vesicles of human erythrocyte membranes by a soluble cytoplasmic activator. Transport of Ca2+ by inside-out vesicles requires both Mg2+ and ATP and can be linear over 16 min at 37 degrees C. This basal rate of transport may be doubled however by an activator found in membrane-free erythrocyte hemolysate. This activatior is probably the same protein (s) which has been shown to activate (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in erythrocyte membrane fragments (Bond, G.H. and Clough, D.E. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 323, 592--599).", "PMID": 667051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11500", "title": "Stimulation of the Na+ pump by hypotonic solutions in skeletal muscle.", "content": "The fractional loss of 22 Na+ from frog sartorius muscle is increased when the tonicity of the external solution is reduced. The effect, which is larger the lower the osmolarity, exhibits the following characteristics: (1) quick onset and reversibility, (2) is not reduced in the absence of external Na+, (3) is completely abolished by strophanthidin (3. 10-5 M), (4) is neither the result of membrane depolarization nor K+ accumulation in the extracellular space.", "contents": "Stimulation of the Na+ pump by hypotonic solutions in skeletal muscle. The fractional loss of 22 Na+ from frog sartorius muscle is increased when the tonicity of the external solution is reduced. The effect, which is larger the lower the osmolarity, exhibits the following characteristics: (1) quick onset and reversibility, (2) is not reduced in the absence of external Na+, (3) is completely abolished by strophanthidin (3. 10-5 M), (4) is neither the result of membrane depolarization nor K+ accumulation in the extracellular space.", "PMID": 667052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11501", "title": "Effect of the phase transition on the transbilayer movement of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in unilamellar vesicles.", "content": "Dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine rapidly exchanges between vesicles at 37 degrees C without vesicle fusion. The rate of the transbilayer movement of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in sonicated vesicles has been measured employing 13C NMR using N-13CH3-labeled lipids which are introduced into the outer monolayer of non-labeled vesicles by a phosphatidylcholine exchange protein. The rate of transbilayer movement of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine shows a distinct maximum (half-time 4 h) in the temperature range at which the hydrocarbon phase transition occurs. The activation energy of the flip-flop rate above the phase transition is 23.7 +/- 2.0 kcal/mol.", "contents": "Effect of the phase transition on the transbilayer movement of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in unilamellar vesicles. Dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine rapidly exchanges between vesicles at 37 degrees C without vesicle fusion. The rate of the transbilayer movement of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in sonicated vesicles has been measured employing 13C NMR using N-13CH3-labeled lipids which are introduced into the outer monolayer of non-labeled vesicles by a phosphatidylcholine exchange protein. The rate of transbilayer movement of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine shows a distinct maximum (half-time 4 h) in the temperature range at which the hydrocarbon phase transition occurs. The activation energy of the flip-flop rate above the phase transition is 23.7 +/- 2.0 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 667054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11502", "title": "The effect of the strongly bound protein fraction on sugar transport in human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "The protein fraction released from human erythrocyte membranes with 90% acetic acid enhanced the transport of several sugar species when enclosed in erythrocyte ghosts. Both the influx and the efflux of D-glucose were increased so that permeation rather than sugar binding was involved. The permeation increase was selective, being found with D-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose but not with L-glucose or lactose. The protein-dependent sugar transport was saturable and the incorporation of proteins into the ghost membrane brought Jmax to the level corresponding to intact erythrocytes, leaving Km unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of the strongly bound protein fraction on sugar transport in human erythrocyte ghosts. The protein fraction released from human erythrocyte membranes with 90% acetic acid enhanced the transport of several sugar species when enclosed in erythrocyte ghosts. Both the influx and the efflux of D-glucose were increased so that permeation rather than sugar binding was involved. The permeation increase was selective, being found with D-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose but not with L-glucose or lactose. The protein-dependent sugar transport was saturable and the incorporation of proteins into the ghost membrane brought Jmax to the level corresponding to intact erythrocytes, leaving Km unchanged.", "PMID": 667055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11503", "title": "Integration of alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal brush border membrane.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase has been solubilized from porcine intestinal mucosa by two different methods: treatment of the mucosa by Emulphogen BC 720 and papain hydrolysis of enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles. Two differnt enzyme forms have been obtained by these methods. The two enzyme forms ('detergent form' and 'papain form') have been purified to homogeneity by similar techniques and exhibit closely related molecular characteristics. However, the detergent form displays a hydrophobic behaviour and aggregates in media free of detergent. The two forms can be differentiated by their electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. By electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, it has been shown that the detergent and papain forms of alkaline phophatase are dimers consisting of two apparently identical subunits whose molecular weights are 64 000 and 61 000, respectively. The difference between these molecular weights has been attributed to the existence of a hydrophobic region in the detergent form which is present on each subunit.", "contents": "Integration of alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal brush border membrane. Alkaline phosphatase has been solubilized from porcine intestinal mucosa by two different methods: treatment of the mucosa by Emulphogen BC 720 and papain hydrolysis of enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles. Two differnt enzyme forms have been obtained by these methods. The two enzyme forms ('detergent form' and 'papain form') have been purified to homogeneity by similar techniques and exhibit closely related molecular characteristics. However, the detergent form displays a hydrophobic behaviour and aggregates in media free of detergent. The two forms can be differentiated by their electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. By electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, it has been shown that the detergent and papain forms of alkaline phophatase are dimers consisting of two apparently identical subunits whose molecular weights are 64 000 and 61 000, respectively. The difference between these molecular weights has been attributed to the existence of a hydrophobic region in the detergent form which is present on each subunit.", "PMID": 667057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11504", "title": "Investigation of the transverse topology of the microsomal membrane using combinations of proteases and the non-penetrating reagent diazobenzene sulfonate.", "content": "Intact microsomal vesicles from rat liver were subjected to combined treatment with trypsin and an unspecific protease and were also examined after reaction with the chemical probe p-diazobenzene sulfonate. In addition, the latency of various enzymes in intact microsomal vesicles has been investigated. All microsomal electron transport enzymes studied, i.e. NADH-ferricyanide and cytochrome c reductases, cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450, were either solubilized or inactivated by one or both treatments. The experimental data indicate that UDPglucuronyl-transferase is also localized at the outer surface of microsomes. In contrast, a number of hydrolytic enzymes are apparently located inside the permeability barrier of the membrane and presumably at the inner surface. Under conditions where the levels of electron transport enzyme activities or amounts are changed, such as in newborn rats and rats treated with phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene, the intramembranous position of these enzymes is the same as in control adult rats. This indicates that the enzyme molecules are not relocated after their insertion into the membrane.", "contents": "Investigation of the transverse topology of the microsomal membrane using combinations of proteases and the non-penetrating reagent diazobenzene sulfonate. Intact microsomal vesicles from rat liver were subjected to combined treatment with trypsin and an unspecific protease and were also examined after reaction with the chemical probe p-diazobenzene sulfonate. In addition, the latency of various enzymes in intact microsomal vesicles has been investigated. All microsomal electron transport enzymes studied, i.e. NADH-ferricyanide and cytochrome c reductases, cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450, were either solubilized or inactivated by one or both treatments. The experimental data indicate that UDPglucuronyl-transferase is also localized at the outer surface of microsomes. In contrast, a number of hydrolytic enzymes are apparently located inside the permeability barrier of the membrane and presumably at the inner surface. Under conditions where the levels of electron transport enzyme activities or amounts are changed, such as in newborn rats and rats treated with phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene, the intramembranous position of these enzymes is the same as in control adult rats. This indicates that the enzyme molecules are not relocated after their insertion into the membrane.", "PMID": 667058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11505", "title": "Relation of poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) synthesis to DNA synthesis and cell growth.", "content": "A permeable cell technique has been used to measure the synthesis of DNA and poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) (poly(ADPR)) in mouse L cells subjected to different perturbations of cell growth. Cells leaving log phase growth and entering plateau phase, showed a decrease in DNA synthesis and an associated increase in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis. In contrast to the variations in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis, the total poly(ADPR) synthesis activity, measured in the presence of added DNAase, remained relatively constant during the fluctuations in cell growth status. Cells subjected to acute glucose deficiency also demonstrated a decrease in DNA synthesis and an associated increase in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis. Similarly, cells infected with vaccinia virus demonstrated an abrupt cessation of DNA synthesis associated with an increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis. Treatment of cells with cytosine arabinoside, inhibited cellular DNA synthesis. This was also associated with an increase in the intrinsic activity of poly(ADPR) synthesis. However, in this case, the increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis was associated with an increase in activity of the DNA synthesis complex, despite the overall inhibition of cell DNA synthesis. These studies demonstrate, that in mouse L cells, suppression of DNA synthesis by multiple different physiologic mechanisms is always associated with an increase in intrinsic activity of poly(ADPR) synthesis.", "contents": "Relation of poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) synthesis to DNA synthesis and cell growth. A permeable cell technique has been used to measure the synthesis of DNA and poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) (poly(ADPR)) in mouse L cells subjected to different perturbations of cell growth. Cells leaving log phase growth and entering plateau phase, showed a decrease in DNA synthesis and an associated increase in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis. In contrast to the variations in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis, the total poly(ADPR) synthesis activity, measured in the presence of added DNAase, remained relatively constant during the fluctuations in cell growth status. Cells subjected to acute glucose deficiency also demonstrated a decrease in DNA synthesis and an associated increase in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis. Similarly, cells infected with vaccinia virus demonstrated an abrupt cessation of DNA synthesis associated with an increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis. Treatment of cells with cytosine arabinoside, inhibited cellular DNA synthesis. This was also associated with an increase in the intrinsic activity of poly(ADPR) synthesis. However, in this case, the increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis was associated with an increase in activity of the DNA synthesis complex, despite the overall inhibition of cell DNA synthesis. These studies demonstrate, that in mouse L cells, suppression of DNA synthesis by multiple different physiologic mechanisms is always associated with an increase in intrinsic activity of poly(ADPR) synthesis.", "PMID": 667059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11506", "title": "Origins of the specificity in the intercalation of ethidium into nucleic acids. A theoretical analysis.", "content": "The sequence preferences observed in the intercalative binding of ethidium to dinucleoside phosphates have been theoretically examined. This specificity is for pyrimidine (3'--5') purine sequences as compared to their purine (3'--5') pyrimidine sequence isomers. It is shown that the stacking energies between the ethidium cation and the base pairs are fairly constant for all combinations of bases at the intercalation site. In contrast, the energy of unwinding the double helix to assume the geometry of the intercalation complex shows substantial sequence differences. Thus, the specificity observed is more readily explained in terms of these conformation energy changes than by preferential stacking interactions. These results imply that there may be a large class of intercalating molecules which exhibit similar pyrimidine (3'--5') purine sequence specificity.", "contents": "Origins of the specificity in the intercalation of ethidium into nucleic acids. A theoretical analysis. The sequence preferences observed in the intercalative binding of ethidium to dinucleoside phosphates have been theoretically examined. This specificity is for pyrimidine (3'--5') purine sequences as compared to their purine (3'--5') pyrimidine sequence isomers. It is shown that the stacking energies between the ethidium cation and the base pairs are fairly constant for all combinations of bases at the intercalation site. In contrast, the energy of unwinding the double helix to assume the geometry of the intercalation complex shows substantial sequence differences. Thus, the specificity observed is more readily explained in terms of these conformation energy changes than by preferential stacking interactions. These results imply that there may be a large class of intercalating molecules which exhibit similar pyrimidine (3'--5') purine sequence specificity.", "PMID": 667060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11507", "title": "Isolation and characterization of poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid from rat liver polysomes.", "content": "Undegraded rat liver polysomes were obtained after homogenizing the tissue in a medium containing NH4Cl, heparine, and yeast tRNA. Purification of poly(A)-containing RNA from polysomal RNA was accomplished by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. Poly(A)-containing RNA molecules were monitored by the formation of ribonuclease-resistant hybrids with [3H]poly(U). To improve the separation of messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose it was found essential to dissociate the aggregates formed between both molecular species by heat treatment in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) prior to chromatography. Sucrose gradient analysis under denaturing conditions showed that the preparations obtained were virtually free of ribosomal RNA. Poly(A)-containing RNA constituted approx. 2.2% of the total polysomal RNA and the number average size was 1500--1800 nucleotides, as judged by sedimentation analysis on sucrose density gradients containing Me2SO. Approximately 8.2% of the purified preparation obtained was able to anneal with [3H]poly(U); the number average nucleotide length of the poly(A) segment of the RNA population was calculated to be 133 adenylate residues. Based on these values, our preparations appear to be greater than 90% pure. The RNA fractions obtained after oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography were used to direct the synthesis of liver polypeptides in a heterologous cell-free system derived from wheat-germ. The system was optimized with respect to monovalent and divalent cations, and presence of polyamines (spermine). More than 65% of the translational activity present in the unfractionated polysomal RNA was recovered in the final poly(A)-containing RNA fraction. However, about 25% of the activity was found to be associated with the unbound fraction which was essentially free of poly(A)-containing RNA. Immunoprecipitation analysis with a specific antiserum to rat serum albumin demonstrated that about 6--8% of the labeled synthetic products translated from the poly(A)-containing RNA sample corresponded to serum albumin. Analysis of the translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a heterogeneous distribution of molecular sizes ranging from 15 000 to greater than 70 000 daltons. Spermine not only increased the overall yield and extent of protein synthesis, but also resulted in higher yields of large protein products. Under optimal translation conditions a discrete peak representing about 7% of the total radioactivity was observed to migrate with rat serum albumin.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid from rat liver polysomes. Undegraded rat liver polysomes were obtained after homogenizing the tissue in a medium containing NH4Cl, heparine, and yeast tRNA. Purification of poly(A)-containing RNA from polysomal RNA was accomplished by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. Poly(A)-containing RNA molecules were monitored by the formation of ribonuclease-resistant hybrids with [3H]poly(U). To improve the separation of messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose it was found essential to dissociate the aggregates formed between both molecular species by heat treatment in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) prior to chromatography. Sucrose gradient analysis under denaturing conditions showed that the preparations obtained were virtually free of ribosomal RNA. Poly(A)-containing RNA constituted approx. 2.2% of the total polysomal RNA and the number average size was 1500--1800 nucleotides, as judged by sedimentation analysis on sucrose density gradients containing Me2SO. Approximately 8.2% of the purified preparation obtained was able to anneal with [3H]poly(U); the number average nucleotide length of the poly(A) segment of the RNA population was calculated to be 133 adenylate residues. Based on these values, our preparations appear to be greater than 90% pure. The RNA fractions obtained after oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography were used to direct the synthesis of liver polypeptides in a heterologous cell-free system derived from wheat-germ. The system was optimized with respect to monovalent and divalent cations, and presence of polyamines (spermine). More than 65% of the translational activity present in the unfractionated polysomal RNA was recovered in the final poly(A)-containing RNA fraction. However, about 25% of the activity was found to be associated with the unbound fraction which was essentially free of poly(A)-containing RNA. Immunoprecipitation analysis with a specific antiserum to rat serum albumin demonstrated that about 6--8% of the labeled synthetic products translated from the poly(A)-containing RNA sample corresponded to serum albumin. Analysis of the translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a heterogeneous distribution of molecular sizes ranging from 15 000 to greater than 70 000 daltons. Spermine not only increased the overall yield and extent of protein synthesis, but also resulted in higher yields of large protein products. Under optimal translation conditions a discrete peak representing about 7% of the total radioactivity was observed to migrate with rat serum albumin.", "PMID": 667061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11508", "title": "Ayalysis of translational parameters in cultured cells.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of protein synthesis parameters in cultured cells. Ribosome transit times, polyribosome size distribution and relative synthetic rates are measured on individual cultures of cells. This method is applied to an analysis of cycloheximide (1 micrometer) inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured mouse hepatoma cells.", "contents": "Ayalysis of translational parameters in cultured cells. A method is described for the measurement of protein synthesis parameters in cultured cells. Ribosome transit times, polyribosome size distribution and relative synthetic rates are measured on individual cultures of cells. This method is applied to an analysis of cycloheximide (1 micrometer) inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured mouse hepatoma cells.", "PMID": 667062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11509", "title": "Characterization of the acidic phosphorprotein of eukaryotic ribosomes using a new system of two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis.", "content": "1. A modified method of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been developed for detecting acidic eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. 2. Using this method it has been demonstrated that the major phosphoprotein (Lgamma) of mouse ascites and hamster fibroblast 60-S ribosomal subunits is an acidic protein, apparently analagous to L7/12 of Escherichia coli, and not a neutral protein as previously thought. Electrophoretic resolution of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of Lgamma has enabled the stoichiometric nature of the phosphorylation (previously deduced from measurement of the specific radioactivity of the ATP pool) to be confirmed. 3. When ascites cells were incubated for 3 h there appeared an altered form of Lgamma which is most likely produced by proteolytic cleavage of the original form. The extent of phosphorylation of Lgamma was decreased by one-half or more in these circumstances. 4. Phosphoprotein Lgamma was found to be almost completely phosphorylated in both polyribosomes and monoribosomes isolated from hamster fibroblasts. Thus the function of the phosphorylation of Lgamma appears not to be concerned with the inactivation of ribosomes.", "contents": "Characterization of the acidic phosphorprotein of eukaryotic ribosomes using a new system of two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis. 1. A modified method of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been developed for detecting acidic eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. 2. Using this method it has been demonstrated that the major phosphoprotein (Lgamma) of mouse ascites and hamster fibroblast 60-S ribosomal subunits is an acidic protein, apparently analagous to L7/12 of Escherichia coli, and not a neutral protein as previously thought. Electrophoretic resolution of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of Lgamma has enabled the stoichiometric nature of the phosphorylation (previously deduced from measurement of the specific radioactivity of the ATP pool) to be confirmed. 3. When ascites cells were incubated for 3 h there appeared an altered form of Lgamma which is most likely produced by proteolytic cleavage of the original form. The extent of phosphorylation of Lgamma was decreased by one-half or more in these circumstances. 4. Phosphoprotein Lgamma was found to be almost completely phosphorylated in both polyribosomes and monoribosomes isolated from hamster fibroblasts. Thus the function of the phosphorylation of Lgamma appears not to be concerned with the inactivation of ribosomes.", "PMID": 667063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11510", "title": "Studies on the degradation of high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins.", "content": "During the isolation of high mobility group non-histone proteins from calf thymus chromatin by methods described previously (e.g. Goodwin, G.H., Nicolas, R.H. and Johns, E.W. (1975) Biochim. Biophys, Acta. 405, 280--291) protein degradation occurs resulting in a number of proteins appearing in the chromatin extracts which are not present in high mobility group protein preparations in which proteolysis has been completely inhibited. These extra proteins, formerly numbered high mobility group proteins 3, 5, 6 and 8, are thus probably degradation products of other nuclear proteins, produced during the isolation procedure. From the amino acid analyses, tryptic peptides and N-terminal sequences, it is concluded that high mobility group protein 3 is probably a degradation product of high mobility group protein 1. The amino acid analysis of high mobility group protein 8 is very similar to that of the N-terminal half of histone H1 suggesting that high mobility group protein 8 is a degradation product of this histone.", "contents": "Studies on the degradation of high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins. During the isolation of high mobility group non-histone proteins from calf thymus chromatin by methods described previously (e.g. Goodwin, G.H., Nicolas, R.H. and Johns, E.W. (1975) Biochim. Biophys, Acta. 405, 280--291) protein degradation occurs resulting in a number of proteins appearing in the chromatin extracts which are not present in high mobility group protein preparations in which proteolysis has been completely inhibited. These extra proteins, formerly numbered high mobility group proteins 3, 5, 6 and 8, are thus probably degradation products of other nuclear proteins, produced during the isolation procedure. From the amino acid analyses, tryptic peptides and N-terminal sequences, it is concluded that high mobility group protein 3 is probably a degradation product of high mobility group protein 1. The amino acid analysis of high mobility group protein 8 is very similar to that of the N-terminal half of histone H1 suggesting that high mobility group protein 8 is a degradation product of this histone.", "PMID": 667064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11511", "title": "Protein methylation in animal cells. II. Inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein(arginine) N-methyltransferase by analogs of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.", "content": "1. Protein methylase I (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: protein (arginine) N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.23) has recently been purified in our laboratory from Krebs II ascites cells (Casellas, P. and Jeanteur, P. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 519, 243--254). In order to probe its binding site for S-adenosyl-L-methionine, three series of compounds deriving from the most potent competitive inhibitor, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, by specific alterations in each of the three regions of the molecule (amino acid side chain, ribose and adenine) have been tested for inhibitor activity. A competitive type of inhibition was assumed for all of them and demonstrated for five representative ones. The contribution of each of these regions to the binding could therefore be established as follows: (i) Any modification of the side chain results in a drop in affinity of about two orders of magnitude. Adenosine itself remained significantly inhibitory thereby demonstrating that the presence of a side chain was not critical, although important. (ii) The ribose moiety appears to be an essential part of the molecule as the loss of either 2'- or 3'-hydroxyls or their change to arabino configuration resulted in a nearly complete loss of activity. (iii) The amino group at position 6 and the nitrogen atom at position 7 of the adenine ring also play a crucial role although some substitutions can be tolerated. 2. S-Isobutyladenosine was shown to specifically inhibit the methylation of arginine residues as compared to lysine.", "contents": "Protein methylation in animal cells. II. Inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein(arginine) N-methyltransferase by analogs of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. 1. Protein methylase I (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: protein (arginine) N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.23) has recently been purified in our laboratory from Krebs II ascites cells (Casellas, P. and Jeanteur, P. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 519, 243--254). In order to probe its binding site for S-adenosyl-L-methionine, three series of compounds deriving from the most potent competitive inhibitor, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, by specific alterations in each of the three regions of the molecule (amino acid side chain, ribose and adenine) have been tested for inhibitor activity. A competitive type of inhibition was assumed for all of them and demonstrated for five representative ones. The contribution of each of these regions to the binding could therefore be established as follows: (i) Any modification of the side chain results in a drop in affinity of about two orders of magnitude. Adenosine itself remained significantly inhibitory thereby demonstrating that the presence of a side chain was not critical, although important. (ii) The ribose moiety appears to be an essential part of the molecule as the loss of either 2'- or 3'-hydroxyls or their change to arabino configuration resulted in a nearly complete loss of activity. (iii) The amino group at position 6 and the nitrogen atom at position 7 of the adenine ring also play a crucial role although some substitutions can be tolerated. 2. S-Isobutyladenosine was shown to specifically inhibit the methylation of arginine residues as compared to lysine.", "PMID": 667065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11512", "title": "The heterogeneity of rat-liver mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Two types of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be distinquished in an inbred strain of rats of the Wistar type. The population of DNA molecules of the liver of one single rat is homogeneous. This was shown for a number of 100 animals and confirms the data of other investigators. The two types of mitochondrial DNA, designated A and B, differ in their number of cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases Eco RI (2sites), Hind II (1 site) and Hha I (1 site). No differences were found for the restriction enzymes Bam HI, Hap II, Hind III and Hpa I. The degree of sequence divergence of the two types of DNA is calculated to be roughly 5% on the basis of these observations. From 20 rats part of the liver was taken and the mtDNA was characterized. Heterologous and homologous crosses between type A and type B rats were made. Analysis of the offspring revealed strictly maternal inheritance of the A and B mtDNA traits. For purposes of base-sequence analysis and RNA.DNA hybridization the strain could easily be \"purified\" genetically.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of rat-liver mitochondrial DNA. Two types of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be distinquished in an inbred strain of rats of the Wistar type. The population of DNA molecules of the liver of one single rat is homogeneous. This was shown for a number of 100 animals and confirms the data of other investigators. The two types of mitochondrial DNA, designated A and B, differ in their number of cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases Eco RI (2sites), Hind II (1 site) and Hha I (1 site). No differences were found for the restriction enzymes Bam HI, Hap II, Hind III and Hpa I. The degree of sequence divergence of the two types of DNA is calculated to be roughly 5% on the basis of these observations. From 20 rats part of the liver was taken and the mtDNA was characterized. Heterologous and homologous crosses between type A and type B rats were made. Analysis of the offspring revealed strictly maternal inheritance of the A and B mtDNA traits. For purposes of base-sequence analysis and RNA.DNA hybridization the strain could easily be \"purified\" genetically.", "PMID": 667066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11513", "title": "Are the high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins associated with 'active' chromatin?", "content": "When 10--20% of the DNA in thymus and liver nuclei is rendered acid-soluble by DNAase I digestion, under conditions which may be expected to specifically degrade away most of the transcribed sequences, very little of the high-mobility-group non-histone proteins are released from the nuclei. Therefore, high-mobility-group proteins are probably not specifically associated with this portion of the genome.", "contents": "Are the high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins associated with 'active' chromatin? When 10--20% of the DNA in thymus and liver nuclei is rendered acid-soluble by DNAase I digestion, under conditions which may be expected to specifically degrade away most of the transcribed sequences, very little of the high-mobility-group non-histone proteins are released from the nuclei. Therefore, high-mobility-group proteins are probably not specifically associated with this portion of the genome.", "PMID": 667067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11514", "title": "Binding of polynucleotides to fibroblasts. Effects of complex formation with vinyl analogs of nucleic acids.", "content": "The binding of polynucleotides or of their vinyl analogs to human fibroblasts is changed when complexes are formed between these compounds. The following polymers have been studied: poly(1-vinylcytosine), poly(1-vinyluracil, poly(9-vinyladenine), polyuridylate, polyadenylate and polyinosinate. Only that complex formation (between poly(1-vinylcytosine) and polyinosinate) which is accompanied by aggregation leads to a considerable increase (30 fold) in binding to cells; all the other complex formations have only moderate effects (0.2-3 fold). Furthermore, a comparison of unordered complexes containing polyinosinate whows that enhanced binding to cells is paralleled by an increased cellular resistance to viral infection.", "contents": "Binding of polynucleotides to fibroblasts. Effects of complex formation with vinyl analogs of nucleic acids. The binding of polynucleotides or of their vinyl analogs to human fibroblasts is changed when complexes are formed between these compounds. The following polymers have been studied: poly(1-vinylcytosine), poly(1-vinyluracil, poly(9-vinyladenine), polyuridylate, polyadenylate and polyinosinate. Only that complex formation (between poly(1-vinylcytosine) and polyinosinate) which is accompanied by aggregation leads to a considerable increase (30 fold) in binding to cells; all the other complex formations have only moderate effects (0.2-3 fold). Furthermore, a comparison of unordered complexes containing polyinosinate whows that enhanced binding to cells is paralleled by an increased cellular resistance to viral infection.", "PMID": 667068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11515", "title": "The development of polyploidy in two classes of rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Two classes of nuclei from livers of Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated, one pelleting in 2.3 M sucrose (H nuclei) and the second class sedimenting through 1.6 and 1.8 M sucrose and banding at the 1.8/2.3 M sucrose interface (L nuclei) of a three-step discontinuous gradient. In younger animals, the L nuclear fraction was the major fraction, but the percentage of nuclei found in the L fraction decreased as the animals grew. Nuclear ploidy was determined by flow microfluorometry using propidium iodide as a DNA stain. Both the H and L nuclear fractions contained diploid, tetraploid and octaploid nuclei; but the degree of polyploidy was greater in the H fraction. Concomitant with the change in distribution of nuclei between the H and L fractions with increasing age was a progressive increase in the degree of polyploidy  in the H fraction. Polyploidy did not increase linearly with age in the H nuclear fraction but increased in cycles marked by large changes in the numbers of nuclei found in H and L nuclear fractions. By 12 weeks of age, 4n-H nuclei were the largest single population of nuclei in rat liver. These observations suggested that the shift of liver nuclei from the L fraction to the H fraction was associated with the development of polyploidy and with the differentiation of hepatocytes.", "contents": "The development of polyploidy in two classes of rat liver nuclei. Two classes of nuclei from livers of Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated, one pelleting in 2.3 M sucrose (H nuclei) and the second class sedimenting through 1.6 and 1.8 M sucrose and banding at the 1.8/2.3 M sucrose interface (L nuclei) of a three-step discontinuous gradient. In younger animals, the L nuclear fraction was the major fraction, but the percentage of nuclei found in the L fraction decreased as the animals grew. Nuclear ploidy was determined by flow microfluorometry using propidium iodide as a DNA stain. Both the H and L nuclear fractions contained diploid, tetraploid and octaploid nuclei; but the degree of polyploidy was greater in the H fraction. Concomitant with the change in distribution of nuclei between the H and L fractions with increasing age was a progressive increase in the degree of polyploidy  in the H fraction. Polyploidy did not increase linearly with age in the H nuclear fraction but increased in cycles marked by large changes in the numbers of nuclei found in H and L nuclear fractions. By 12 weeks of age, 4n-H nuclei were the largest single population of nuclei in rat liver. These observations suggested that the shift of liver nuclei from the L fraction to the H fraction was associated with the development of polyploidy and with the differentiation of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 667069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11516", "title": "In vitro crosslinking of DNA by 8-methoxypsoralen visualized by electron microscopy.", "content": "By electron microscopic visualisation of totally denatured DNA, we have detected photochemically induced 8-methoxypsoralen crosslinks in vitro after irradiation at 360 nm. The amount of crosslinks was expressed as the percentage of DNA length which was kept in double-stranded appearance by closely situated crosslinks. This percentage correlated well with irradiation time, irradiation intensity, and the concentration of 8-methoxypsoralen. These parameters have also been correlated with the mean size and the size distribution of non-crosslinked regions of DNA, so called bubbles. For a comparison with another psoralen type, we have carried out a similar set of experiments using 4,5,8-trimethylpsoralen.", "contents": "In vitro crosslinking of DNA by 8-methoxypsoralen visualized by electron microscopy. By electron microscopic visualisation of totally denatured DNA, we have detected photochemically induced 8-methoxypsoralen crosslinks in vitro after irradiation at 360 nm. The amount of crosslinks was expressed as the percentage of DNA length which was kept in double-stranded appearance by closely situated crosslinks. This percentage correlated well with irradiation time, irradiation intensity, and the concentration of 8-methoxypsoralen. These parameters have also been correlated with the mean size and the size distribution of non-crosslinked regions of DNA, so called bubbles. For a comparison with another psoralen type, we have carried out a similar set of experiments using 4,5,8-trimethylpsoralen.", "PMID": 667070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11517", "title": "The majority of calf muscle cell messenger RNAs contain poly(A).", "content": "Previous studies from our laboratory have investigated messenger RNA metabolism in calf muscle cells in tissue culture. The analysis of mRNA was based on its poly(A) content. We have now examined directly the proportion of mRNA which contains poly(A) in these cells. After separation of poly(A)+ -and poly(A) - -RNA on oligo(dT) -cellulos, the two fractions were translated in a reconstituted, heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system and the products were compared with those from the translation of total RNA. The great majority of mRNA form either prefusion or postfusion cultures was poly(A)- containing; quantitative determinations show that about 70-90% of the actin mRNA is poly(A)-containing. In order to determine if a large fraction of the calf muscle mRNA can be translated by a heterologous cell-free system, [3H]-POLY(A)+ -RNA was added to reticulocyte lysates and the formation of initiation complexes was followed. These experiments suggest that the bulk of calf muscle cell mRNA would be utilized in such a system and justify the use of cell-free systems to examine the poly(A) content of total mRNA. Thus, differential polyadenylation does not seem to be an important aspect of mRNA metabolism in cultured muscle cells. The previous study of mRNA in these cells, based on poly(A) content, is apparently a valid measure of overall mRNA metabolism.", "contents": "The majority of calf muscle cell messenger RNAs contain poly(A). Previous studies from our laboratory have investigated messenger RNA metabolism in calf muscle cells in tissue culture. The analysis of mRNA was based on its poly(A) content. We have now examined directly the proportion of mRNA which contains poly(A) in these cells. After separation of poly(A)+ -and poly(A) - -RNA on oligo(dT) -cellulos, the two fractions were translated in a reconstituted, heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system and the products were compared with those from the translation of total RNA. The great majority of mRNA form either prefusion or postfusion cultures was poly(A)- containing; quantitative determinations show that about 70-90% of the actin mRNA is poly(A)-containing. In order to determine if a large fraction of the calf muscle mRNA can be translated by a heterologous cell-free system, [3H]-POLY(A)+ -RNA was added to reticulocyte lysates and the formation of initiation complexes was followed. These experiments suggest that the bulk of calf muscle cell mRNA would be utilized in such a system and justify the use of cell-free systems to examine the poly(A) content of total mRNA. Thus, differential polyadenylation does not seem to be an important aspect of mRNA metabolism in cultured muscle cells. The previous study of mRNA in these cells, based on poly(A) content, is apparently a valid measure of overall mRNA metabolism.", "PMID": 667071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11518", "title": "Messenger RNA synthesis in synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were synchronized without inhibitors by mitotic selection and labelled in G1, S or G2 phase by incubation for 90 min with [3H]- OR [14C]uridine. Purified polyribosomes were extracted with phenol and the polyadenylated mRNA prepared by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. Poly-adenylated [3H]uridine-labelled mRNA from the G1 phase of the cell cycle was compared by exponential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamide with [14C] uridine-labelled polyadenylated nRNA from the S or G2 phase. The electrophoretic patterns obtained correspond to the size range expected for mRNA (7-28 S). No prominent differences were detected between mRNAs synthesized in different phases of the cell cycle. From these data we conclude that the major size classes of polyribosomal poly(A)-containing mRNA are synthesized in equal ratios throughout the cell cycle.", "contents": "Messenger RNA synthesis in synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells were synchronized without inhibitors by mitotic selection and labelled in G1, S or G2 phase by incubation for 90 min with [3H]- OR [14C]uridine. Purified polyribosomes were extracted with phenol and the polyadenylated mRNA prepared by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. Poly-adenylated [3H]uridine-labelled mRNA from the G1 phase of the cell cycle was compared by exponential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamide with [14C] uridine-labelled polyadenylated nRNA from the S or G2 phase. The electrophoretic patterns obtained correspond to the size range expected for mRNA (7-28 S). No prominent differences were detected between mRNAs synthesized in different phases of the cell cycle. From these data we conclude that the major size classes of polyribosomal poly(A)-containing mRNA are synthesized in equal ratios throughout the cell cycle.", "PMID": 667072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11519", "title": "Studies on the preparation and properties of ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein particles of 38 S were extracted from rat liver nuclei with isotonic salt buffer under concomitant sonication. The fate of the endogeneous nuclear RNAases assayed with poly(A), high molecular weight yeast RNA and rapidly labeled hnRNA was followed during the preparation of 38-S nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP) particles. Essentially all the RNAase activity could be removed from the particle preparation. The effect of synthetic RNAase inhibitors on the nRNP particles was studied. Upon extraction of nuclei with 0.14 M NaCl, approximately 38% of the total nuclear radioactivity was found in the 38-S nRNP particles. By two successive extractions of the remaining chromatin with either isotonic or 0.22 and 0.3 M NaCl, an additional 25 and 9% of rapidly labeled hnRNA of 38 S particle were dissociated from chromatin, respectively. The chromatin components, DNA, nonhistone proteins, histones and RNA were determined after successive salt extractions. Particularly alterations in the nonhistone proteins and RNA were found. The protein patterns upon SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the salt-extracted chromatin preparations were compared with those of the 38-S nRNP particles. Particularly proteins in the molecular weight range of 32 000-43 000 were dissociated from chromatin after treatment with 0.22 or 0.3 M NaCl.", "contents": "Studies on the preparation and properties of ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver nuclei. Ribonucleoprotein particles of 38 S were extracted from rat liver nuclei with isotonic salt buffer under concomitant sonication. The fate of the endogeneous nuclear RNAases assayed with poly(A), high molecular weight yeast RNA and rapidly labeled hnRNA was followed during the preparation of 38-S nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP) particles. Essentially all the RNAase activity could be removed from the particle preparation. The effect of synthetic RNAase inhibitors on the nRNP particles was studied. Upon extraction of nuclei with 0.14 M NaCl, approximately 38% of the total nuclear radioactivity was found in the 38-S nRNP particles. By two successive extractions of the remaining chromatin with either isotonic or 0.22 and 0.3 M NaCl, an additional 25 and 9% of rapidly labeled hnRNA of 38 S particle were dissociated from chromatin, respectively. The chromatin components, DNA, nonhistone proteins, histones and RNA were determined after successive salt extractions. Particularly alterations in the nonhistone proteins and RNA were found. The protein patterns upon SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the salt-extracted chromatin preparations were compared with those of the 38-S nRNP particles. Particularly proteins in the molecular weight range of 32 000-43 000 were dissociated from chromatin after treatment with 0.22 or 0.3 M NaCl.", "PMID": 667073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11520", "title": "Preparative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rat liver ribosomal proteins and determination of their amino acid compositions.", "content": "1. By enlarging the dimensions of the gels used in the usual analytical two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it is possible to separate much larger amounts of ribosomal protein in comparison to analytical separations.  15 mg of protein mixture of small or large subunits of rat liver ribosomes can be separated by this procedure. 2. The positions of the proteins in the two-dimensional patterns are identified with a special staining procedure. The proteins are eluted from the gels with SDS/phosphate buffers. 3. The purity of the extracted proteins was tested by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis, respectively. 24 proteins of the small and 24 proteins of the large ribosomal subunit were isolated in pure form. 4. The amino acid compositions of 24 proteins of the small and of 19 proteins of the large subunit were determined.", "contents": "Preparative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rat liver ribosomal proteins and determination of their amino acid compositions. 1. By enlarging the dimensions of the gels used in the usual analytical two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it is possible to separate much larger amounts of ribosomal protein in comparison to analytical separations.  15 mg of protein mixture of small or large subunits of rat liver ribosomes can be separated by this procedure. 2. The positions of the proteins in the two-dimensional patterns are identified with a special staining procedure. The proteins are eluted from the gels with SDS/phosphate buffers. 3. The purity of the extracted proteins was tested by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis, respectively. 24 proteins of the small and 24 proteins of the large ribosomal subunit were isolated in pure form. 4. The amino acid compositions of 24 proteins of the small and of 19 proteins of the large subunit were determined.", "PMID": 667074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11521", "title": "Photosensitized inhibition of nitrate reductase induction by 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and near ultraviolet light.", "content": "4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen photosensitizes the inhibition of the induction of nitrate reductase in XD cells of tobacco, by near ultraviolet light. The photosensitization depends on the concentration of 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen and the near ultraviolet light dose. Concomitant with the inhibition of nitrate reductase induction there is a severe inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Oxygen uptake and protein synthesis are not affected. Translation of preexisting mRNA coding for nitrate reductase is insesitive to 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen and near ultraviolet light. It is concluded that the DNA of these cells is the target for the photochemical reaction of 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen. The template activity of the DNA is inhibited, and the expression of the genome thereby prevented. Translation of preexisting nRNA is not affected.", "contents": "Photosensitized inhibition of nitrate reductase induction by 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and near ultraviolet light. 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen photosensitizes the inhibition of the induction of nitrate reductase in XD cells of tobacco, by near ultraviolet light. The photosensitization depends on the concentration of 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen and the near ultraviolet light dose. Concomitant with the inhibition of nitrate reductase induction there is a severe inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Oxygen uptake and protein synthesis are not affected. Translation of preexisting mRNA coding for nitrate reductase is insesitive to 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen and near ultraviolet light. It is concluded that the DNA of these cells is the target for the photochemical reaction of 4,5' ,8-trimethylpsoralen. The template activity of the DNA is inhibited, and the expression of the genome thereby prevented. Translation of preexisting nRNA is not affected.", "PMID": 667075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11522", "title": "Specific cation effects on conformational transitions of DNA in aqueous solutions.", "content": "The circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectral properties of calf thymus DNA have been examined in aqueous solutions containing varying concentrations of MgCl2,  CaCl2, MnCl2, ZnCl2 and CoCl2. When the CD spectra were analyzed by methods previously described (Hanlon, S., Brundno, S., Wu, T.T. and Wolf, B. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1648--1660), it was found that the spectral changes observed between 0 and 0.1 molal concentrations of each salt could be satisfactorily accounted for as a linear combination of two independent spectral components. One of these components had the spectrum which we had previously obtained in dilute solutions of NaCl (0.01-0.04 molal) and in 0.2 M tetramethyl ammonium chloride and attributed to a B-like structure. The other spectral endpoint was similar but not identical to the C spectrum obtained in the monovalent series. These differences were particularly pronounced for the transition metal ions, Mn2+, Zn2+ anc Co2+. Since significant band shifts were also observed in the absorption spectra of DNA in the presence of these transition metal ions, we have concluded that the differences observed between the C spectrum previously reported and that found for these ions is attributable to changes in the absorption properties of the monomers due to cation association, rather than dramatic differences in comformational properties of the C secondary structure of DNA in the presence of these ions. The greater efficiency of these divalent ions compared to the monovalent ions previously studied in effecting the B leads to C transconformational reaction is attributed to the more effective screening of electrostatic interactions, both along the phosphate backbone, and between sites on the bases which bear partial negative charges and the negatively charged phosphate groups. In the light of these present results, we believe that it is this electrostatic factor which is primarily involved in effecting the transition from a B to a more C-like state. The role of dehydration is viewed as a subsidiary one which facilitates better ion association, especially at the weaker base sites, thus effecting better damping of the repulsive electrostatic interactions.", "contents": "Specific cation effects on conformational transitions of DNA in aqueous solutions. The circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectral properties of calf thymus DNA have been examined in aqueous solutions containing varying concentrations of MgCl2,  CaCl2, MnCl2, ZnCl2 and CoCl2. When the CD spectra were analyzed by methods previously described (Hanlon, S., Brundno, S., Wu, T.T. and Wolf, B. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1648--1660), it was found that the spectral changes observed between 0 and 0.1 molal concentrations of each salt could be satisfactorily accounted for as a linear combination of two independent spectral components. One of these components had the spectrum which we had previously obtained in dilute solutions of NaCl (0.01-0.04 molal) and in 0.2 M tetramethyl ammonium chloride and attributed to a B-like structure. The other spectral endpoint was similar but not identical to the C spectrum obtained in the monovalent series. These differences were particularly pronounced for the transition metal ions, Mn2+, Zn2+ anc Co2+. Since significant band shifts were also observed in the absorption spectra of DNA in the presence of these transition metal ions, we have concluded that the differences observed between the C spectrum previously reported and that found for these ions is attributable to changes in the absorption properties of the monomers due to cation association, rather than dramatic differences in comformational properties of the C secondary structure of DNA in the presence of these ions. The greater efficiency of these divalent ions compared to the monovalent ions previously studied in effecting the B leads to C transconformational reaction is attributed to the more effective screening of electrostatic interactions, both along the phosphate backbone, and between sites on the bases which bear partial negative charges and the negatively charged phosphate groups. In the light of these present results, we believe that it is this electrostatic factor which is primarily involved in effecting the transition from a B to a more C-like state. The role of dehydration is viewed as a subsidiary one which facilitates better ion association, especially at the weaker base sites, thus effecting better damping of the repulsive electrostatic interactions.", "PMID": 667076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11523", "title": "Occurrence of phosphorylated forms of an acidic protein in the large ribosomal subunit of rat liver.", "content": "An acidic protein from rat liver 60-S ribosomal subunits was selectively extracted with 50% ethanol. It was revealed as three different spots by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, two of them being attributable to phosphorylated forms since they disappeared after alkaline phosphatase treatment. The relationship between this protein and similar acidic proteins found in eucaryotic cells is discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of phosphorylated forms of an acidic protein in the large ribosomal subunit of rat liver. An acidic protein from rat liver 60-S ribosomal subunits was selectively extracted with 50% ethanol. It was revealed as three different spots by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, two of them being attributable to phosphorylated forms since they disappeared after alkaline phosphatase treatment. The relationship between this protein and similar acidic proteins found in eucaryotic cells is discussed.", "PMID": 667077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11524", "title": "Rapid affinity purification and properties of rat liver sorbitol dehydrogenase.", "content": "A 23-h affinity chromatography purification procedure for sorbitol dehydrogenase (L-iditol:NADl-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.14) prepared from freshly excised rat liver has been developed that resulted in an 18% yield of an apparently homogeneous preparation (purification = 439-fold). The molecular weight of the enzyme was approx. 96 000. The enzyme was specific for NAD+ (NADH), but had no requirement for NADP+ (NADPH). The purified preparation shows significant activity with structurally related polyols and ketoses. Km values for sorbitol and fructose are 0.35 and 110 mM (at pH 7.1), respectively.", "contents": "Rapid affinity purification and properties of rat liver sorbitol dehydrogenase. A 23-h affinity chromatography purification procedure for sorbitol dehydrogenase (L-iditol:NADl-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.14) prepared from freshly excised rat liver has been developed that resulted in an 18% yield of an apparently homogeneous preparation (purification = 439-fold). The molecular weight of the enzyme was approx. 96 000. The enzyme was specific for NAD+ (NADH), but had no requirement for NADP+ (NADPH). The purified preparation shows significant activity with structurally related polyols and ketoses. Km values for sorbitol and fructose are 0.35 and 110 mM (at pH 7.1), respectively.", "PMID": 667078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11525", "title": "Different susceptibility of whole casein components to enzymatic phosphorylation by two forms of rat liver 'casein kinase'.", "content": "The phosphorylation of the single casein subfractions occurring when whole casein is incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of two different rat liver 'casein kinases', both cyclic AMP-insensitive, has been studied. \"Casein kinase TS\", active on both threonine and serine residues of whole casein, was found to be active towards a minor protein fraction, running slightly ahead of beta-casein during gel electrophoresis, and accounting for most, if not all, of the [32P]Thr residues labeled in whole casein (\"[32P]Thr-rich fraction\"). The [32P]Ser residues labeled by this enzyme were recovered in an heterogeneous \"[32P]Ser-rich fraction\" including alphas1-casein together with minor alphas fractions, following alphas1-casein during gel electrophoresis. \"Casein kinase S\", on the other hand, active only towards serine residues of whole casein, is active almost exclusively towards the minor alphas casein fractions, with the exclusion of both the \"[32P]Thr-rich fraction\" and alphas1-casein itself. Therefore, of the major casein components, beta- and K-caseins apparently play a quite unimportant role in the overall phosphorylation of whole casein by both the protein kinases tested, while alphas1-casein itself, unlabeled by casein kinase S, accounts for no more than 20--30% of 32P incorporated in the presence of casein kinase TS.", "contents": "Different susceptibility of whole casein components to enzymatic phosphorylation by two forms of rat liver 'casein kinase'. The phosphorylation of the single casein subfractions occurring when whole casein is incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of two different rat liver 'casein kinases', both cyclic AMP-insensitive, has been studied. \"Casein kinase TS\", active on both threonine and serine residues of whole casein, was found to be active towards a minor protein fraction, running slightly ahead of beta-casein during gel electrophoresis, and accounting for most, if not all, of the [32P]Thr residues labeled in whole casein (\"[32P]Thr-rich fraction\"). The [32P]Ser residues labeled by this enzyme were recovered in an heterogeneous \"[32P]Ser-rich fraction\" including alphas1-casein together with minor alphas fractions, following alphas1-casein during gel electrophoresis. \"Casein kinase S\", on the other hand, active only towards serine residues of whole casein, is active almost exclusively towards the minor alphas casein fractions, with the exclusion of both the \"[32P]Thr-rich fraction\" and alphas1-casein itself. Therefore, of the major casein components, beta- and K-caseins apparently play a quite unimportant role in the overall phosphorylation of whole casein by both the protein kinases tested, while alphas1-casein itself, unlabeled by casein kinase S, accounts for no more than 20--30% of 32P incorporated in the presence of casein kinase TS.", "PMID": 667079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11526", "title": "The radiation-releasable cell wall nuclease of Micrococcus radiodurans. Purification and properties of the native enzyme.", "content": "Micrococcus radiodurans is known to possess a surface nuclease located in a mid-wall layer. Previous work showed that hydroxyl radicals, generated by sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, attack the cell wall and initiate release of the active enzyme into the external medium. The enzyme from unirradiated cells has now been purified to homogeneity by a simple 3-step process. The nuclease is a dimer of molecular weight about 260 000 and exonucleolytically degrades both DNA and RNA to 5'-mononucleotides. Single-stranded DNA is degraded at a rate about 200 times faster than double-stranded DNA. Oligonucleotides bearing a terminal 3'-phosphate are resistant to digestion. Dinucleotides must possess a 5'-terminal phosphate and a free 3'-terminal OH to be hydrolyzed. The enzyme has a pH optimum of about 9.0. A metal ion, possibly Ca2+, appears to be tightly bound to the protein. Removal of this metal with EDTA inactivates the enzyme. Simple readdition of Ca2+ does not restore activity although partial function can be recovered by renaturation from urea in the presence of this ion. The availability of pure enzyme should aid in the detection of radiation induced alterations which may be involved in the mechanism of its release from the cell wall.", "contents": "The radiation-releasable cell wall nuclease of Micrococcus radiodurans. Purification and properties of the native enzyme. Micrococcus radiodurans is known to possess a surface nuclease located in a mid-wall layer. Previous work showed that hydroxyl radicals, generated by sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, attack the cell wall and initiate release of the active enzyme into the external medium. The enzyme from unirradiated cells has now been purified to homogeneity by a simple 3-step process. The nuclease is a dimer of molecular weight about 260 000 and exonucleolytically degrades both DNA and RNA to 5'-mononucleotides. Single-stranded DNA is degraded at a rate about 200 times faster than double-stranded DNA. Oligonucleotides bearing a terminal 3'-phosphate are resistant to digestion. Dinucleotides must possess a 5'-terminal phosphate and a free 3'-terminal OH to be hydrolyzed. The enzyme has a pH optimum of about 9.0. A metal ion, possibly Ca2+, appears to be tightly bound to the protein. Removal of this metal with EDTA inactivates the enzyme. Simple readdition of Ca2+ does not restore activity although partial function can be recovered by renaturation from urea in the presence of this ion. The availability of pure enzyme should aid in the detection of radiation induced alterations which may be involved in the mechanism of its release from the cell wall.", "PMID": 667080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11527", "title": "Effect of hydrophobicity of acyl groups on the activity and stability of acylated thermolysin.", "content": "1. Normal carboxylic acids of different hydrophobicities and similar chain lengths were prepared and used for the modification of amino groups of thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4). They were 4,7,10,13-tetraoxatetradecanoic acid, 4,7,10-trioxatetradecanoic acid, 4,7-dioxatetradecanoic acid and 4-oxatetradecanoic acid. 2. The modified enzymes were isolated by gel filtration. They had 6--7 acyl groups per molecule. Acylation of amino groups with 4-oxatetradecanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid made the enzyme insoluble. 3. The most hydrophilic enzyme derivative had similar enzyme activity and higher heat resistance than the native enzyme. The most hydrophobic derivative showed lower Km (50%) and V (40%) values for proteinase activity and lower heat resistance than the former derivative. The trioxa-derivative had intermediate characteristics. The results are discussed with respect to effects on stability and activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of hydrophobicity of acyl groups on the activity and stability of acylated thermolysin. 1. Normal carboxylic acids of different hydrophobicities and similar chain lengths were prepared and used for the modification of amino groups of thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4). They were 4,7,10,13-tetraoxatetradecanoic acid, 4,7,10-trioxatetradecanoic acid, 4,7-dioxatetradecanoic acid and 4-oxatetradecanoic acid. 2. The modified enzymes were isolated by gel filtration. They had 6--7 acyl groups per molecule. Acylation of amino groups with 4-oxatetradecanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid made the enzyme insoluble. 3. The most hydrophilic enzyme derivative had similar enzyme activity and higher heat resistance than the native enzyme. The most hydrophobic derivative showed lower Km (50%) and V (40%) values for proteinase activity and lower heat resistance than the former derivative. The trioxa-derivative had intermediate characteristics. The results are discussed with respect to effects on stability and activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 667081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11528", "title": "Insensitivity of factor V and factor Va to diisopropylfluorophosphate and antithrombin III.", "content": "Bovine plasma Factor V and Factor Va, the latter prepared by thrombin or venom activator action on Factor V, are not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate or antithrombin III nor do they form identifiable complexes with either of these reagents. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that bovine Factor V and Factor Va are not serine proteases.", "contents": "Insensitivity of factor V and factor Va to diisopropylfluorophosphate and antithrombin III. Bovine plasma Factor V and Factor Va, the latter prepared by thrombin or venom activator action on Factor V, are not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate or antithrombin III nor do they form identifiable complexes with either of these reagents. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that bovine Factor V and Factor Va are not serine proteases.", "PMID": 667083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11529", "title": "The fatty acids of human sebaceous gland phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "The fatty acids of human sebaceous gland phosphatidylcholine were examined by gas chromatography and by analysis of the double bond positions in the C-16 and C-18 monoenes. Compared to phosphatidylcholine from other organs, sebaceous gland phosphatidylcholine was found to be deficient in essential fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The relatively large mono-unsaturated fatty acid fraction consisted predominantly of fatty acids with delta6- and delta8-unsaturation. Analysis indicates that the fatty acids of sebaceous gland phospholipids are predominantly of types synthesized in sebaceous glands.", "contents": "The fatty acids of human sebaceous gland phosphatidylcholine. The fatty acids of human sebaceous gland phosphatidylcholine were examined by gas chromatography and by analysis of the double bond positions in the C-16 and C-18 monoenes. Compared to phosphatidylcholine from other organs, sebaceous gland phosphatidylcholine was found to be deficient in essential fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The relatively large mono-unsaturated fatty acid fraction consisted predominantly of fatty acids with delta6- and delta8-unsaturation. Analysis indicates that the fatty acids of sebaceous gland phospholipids are predominantly of types synthesized in sebaceous glands.", "PMID": 667084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11530", "title": "Calcium-dependent lipolytic acyl-hydrolase activity in purified plant mitochondria.", "content": "Ageing of isolated potato mitochondria induced by CaCl2 resulted in rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids with the liberation of free fatty acids. The enzyme responsible for this effect was identified as a membrane bound lipolytic acyl-hydrolase which was unmasked by CaCl2. The presence of this lipolytic acyl-hydrolase induced severe functional impairments in the mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylative properties.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent lipolytic acyl-hydrolase activity in purified plant mitochondria. Ageing of isolated potato mitochondria induced by CaCl2 resulted in rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids with the liberation of free fatty acids. The enzyme responsible for this effect was identified as a membrane bound lipolytic acyl-hydrolase which was unmasked by CaCl2. The presence of this lipolytic acyl-hydrolase induced severe functional impairments in the mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylative properties.", "PMID": 667085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11531", "title": "The synthesis, biological activity and metabolism of 15-[6,7-14C2]- and 15-[21-3H]methyl retinone, 15-methyl retinol and 15-dimethyl retinol in rats.", "content": "15-Methyl retinone, 15-methyl retinol and 15-dimethyl retinol were synthesized from all-trans retinoic acid. The absorption maxima and molar absorption coefficients (epsilon) in ethanol are: 15-methyl retinone (372 nm, 47 400), 15-methyl retinol (325 nm, 72 000) and 15-dimethyl retinol (325 nm, 72 200). The latter two compounds show fluorescence at 470 nm when excited around 320 nm, but with intensities 40 and 70%, respectively, that of retinol. All react with trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform, and the alcohols are dehydrated in ethanolic HCl. Relative to all-trans retinyl acetate, the biological activities in rat growth assay (+/-S.E.) are: 15-methyl retinone (4.7 +/- 1.5%), 15-methyl retinol (16.2 +/- 2.3%) and 15-dimethyl retinol (0.34 +/- 0.07%). The monomethyl derivatives actively support testicular development and spermatogenesis, but none of the three analogues prevents degeneration of the retina in retinoate-treated vitamin A-deficient rats. By using [6,7-14C2]-, [11,12-3H2]- and [21-3H]-labeled analogues, the 15-methyl derivatives were shown to be well absorbed in the gut but poorly stored (1-3% of the dose) in the liver. Metabolites are excreted extensively (25-65%) in the bile, however, largely as glucuronides, and to some extent (15%) in the urine. 15-Methyl retinone is reduced to 15-methyl retinol in the intestinal mucosa but not in the liver, and fatty acyl esters of the alcohols are present in liver. Insofar as we could judge, none of these 15-methyl analogues is converted into retinol. Both monomethyl and dimethyl retinols are transported in plasma in vivo in the retinol-binding protein fraction. Interestingly, the dosages required for half saturation and saturation of the plasma transport system are inversely related, in a rough way, to the biological activities in growth.", "contents": "The synthesis, biological activity and metabolism of 15-[6,7-14C2]- and 15-[21-3H]methyl retinone, 15-methyl retinol and 15-dimethyl retinol in rats. 15-Methyl retinone, 15-methyl retinol and 15-dimethyl retinol were synthesized from all-trans retinoic acid. The absorption maxima and molar absorption coefficients (epsilon) in ethanol are: 15-methyl retinone (372 nm, 47 400), 15-methyl retinol (325 nm, 72 000) and 15-dimethyl retinol (325 nm, 72 200). The latter two compounds show fluorescence at 470 nm when excited around 320 nm, but with intensities 40 and 70%, respectively, that of retinol. All react with trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform, and the alcohols are dehydrated in ethanolic HCl. Relative to all-trans retinyl acetate, the biological activities in rat growth assay (+/-S.E.) are: 15-methyl retinone (4.7 +/- 1.5%), 15-methyl retinol (16.2 +/- 2.3%) and 15-dimethyl retinol (0.34 +/- 0.07%). The monomethyl derivatives actively support testicular development and spermatogenesis, but none of the three analogues prevents degeneration of the retina in retinoate-treated vitamin A-deficient rats. By using [6,7-14C2]-, [11,12-3H2]- and [21-3H]-labeled analogues, the 15-methyl derivatives were shown to be well absorbed in the gut but poorly stored (1-3% of the dose) in the liver. Metabolites are excreted extensively (25-65%) in the bile, however, largely as glucuronides, and to some extent (15%) in the urine. 15-Methyl retinone is reduced to 15-methyl retinol in the intestinal mucosa but not in the liver, and fatty acyl esters of the alcohols are present in liver. Insofar as we could judge, none of these 15-methyl analogues is converted into retinol. Both monomethyl and dimethyl retinols are transported in plasma in vivo in the retinol-binding protein fraction. Interestingly, the dosages required for half saturation and saturation of the plasma transport system are inversely related, in a rough way, to the biological activities in growth.", "PMID": 667086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11532", "title": "Changes in the lipid composition of ripening banana fruits and evidence for an associated increase in cell membrane permeability.", "content": "The content of total lipid in banana fruit pulp tissue remained constant during the climacteric rise induced by applied ethylene. The relative proportions of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid did not change. However, the fatty acid composition of the lipid did change during ripening. This change was confined largely to the phospholipid fraction, in which there was an increase in the proportion of linolenic acid and a decrease in the proportion of linoleic acid. The net result was an increase in total unsaturation of the fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction. Measurements of spin label motion in liposomes prepared from banana phospholipids showed that the motion and fluidity of bilayer lipids increased during ripening of the fruit from which the liposomes were prepared, probably as a result of increased lipid unsaturation during ripening. Since increases in membrane fluidity are accompanied by increases in the passive permeability to small molecules in a number of membrane systems, it is suggested that the increased leakage which has been previously demonstrated in ripening banana fruit tissue is due to increases in the permeability of at least some cell membranes.", "contents": "Changes in the lipid composition of ripening banana fruits and evidence for an associated increase in cell membrane permeability. The content of total lipid in banana fruit pulp tissue remained constant during the climacteric rise induced by applied ethylene. The relative proportions of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid did not change. However, the fatty acid composition of the lipid did change during ripening. This change was confined largely to the phospholipid fraction, in which there was an increase in the proportion of linolenic acid and a decrease in the proportion of linoleic acid. The net result was an increase in total unsaturation of the fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction. Measurements of spin label motion in liposomes prepared from banana phospholipids showed that the motion and fluidity of bilayer lipids increased during ripening of the fruit from which the liposomes were prepared, probably as a result of increased lipid unsaturation during ripening. Since increases in membrane fluidity are accompanied by increases in the passive permeability to small molecules in a number of membrane systems, it is suggested that the increased leakage which has been previously demonstrated in ripening banana fruit tissue is due to increases in the permeability of at least some cell membranes.", "PMID": 667087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11533", "title": "Role of phosphatidylcholine on microsomal chain elongation and the fate of stearoyl-CoA in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The effect of phosphatidylcholine dispersion on the chain elongation of palmitoyl-CoA in rat liver microsomes has been investigated. Addition of phosphatidylcholine increased the formation of stearic acid and its incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. In the presence or absence of phosphatidylcholine, newly-formed stearic acid was preferentially incorporated into the C-1 position of phosphatidylcholine. The incorporation of newly formed stearic acid into microsomes was much higher than that into the added phosphatidylcholine dispersion.", "contents": "Role of phosphatidylcholine on microsomal chain elongation and the fate of stearoyl-CoA in rat liver microsomes. The effect of phosphatidylcholine dispersion on the chain elongation of palmitoyl-CoA in rat liver microsomes has been investigated. Addition of phosphatidylcholine increased the formation of stearic acid and its incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. In the presence or absence of phosphatidylcholine, newly-formed stearic acid was preferentially incorporated into the C-1 position of phosphatidylcholine. The incorporation of newly formed stearic acid into microsomes was much higher than that into the added phosphatidylcholine dispersion.", "PMID": 667088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11534", "title": "Studies in Tetrahymena membranes substrates for desaturation of fatty acyl chains in Tetrahymena pyriformis microsomes.", "content": "[1-14-C]Palmitoyl-Co A was incubated with Tetrahymena microsomes containing the complete enzyme system for desaturation during various time periods. The level of [1-14C]palmitoleoyl-CoA increased to a maximum during the 1--3 min incubation time, while [1-14C]palmitoleic acid in the phospholipid reached a maximum level during 6--7 min incubation time. The radioactivity of [1-14C]palmitoleic acid in free fatty acid and the triglyceride fraction was not significantly observed upon 3 min incubation. Incubation of [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA with microsomes in the absence of NADH produced [1-14C]palmitoyl lipid without desaturation. Radioactive palmitic acids in the microsomal lipids were not converted to palmitoleic acids after addition of NADH by the complete enzyme system. When microsomes prepared from cells labeled with [1-14C]palmitic acid or [1-14C]stearic acid were incubated alone in the presence of O2 and NADH, no significant increase in [1-14C]palmitoleic acid in the phospholipid was observed, wherease an increase in [1-14C]linoleic acid and gamma-[1-14C]linolenic acid did occur at the expense of [1-14C]oleic acid in the phospholipid. From these results it can be concluded that the enzyme involving desaturation of palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid requires palmitoyl-CoA as the substrate. However, the possibility of oleoyl and linoleoyl phospholipids being substrates in the desaturation of Tetrahymena microsomes was suggested.", "contents": "Studies in Tetrahymena membranes substrates for desaturation of fatty acyl chains in Tetrahymena pyriformis microsomes. [1-14-C]Palmitoyl-Co A was incubated with Tetrahymena microsomes containing the complete enzyme system for desaturation during various time periods. The level of [1-14C]palmitoleoyl-CoA increased to a maximum during the 1--3 min incubation time, while [1-14C]palmitoleic acid in the phospholipid reached a maximum level during 6--7 min incubation time. The radioactivity of [1-14C]palmitoleic acid in free fatty acid and the triglyceride fraction was not significantly observed upon 3 min incubation. Incubation of [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA with microsomes in the absence of NADH produced [1-14C]palmitoyl lipid without desaturation. Radioactive palmitic acids in the microsomal lipids were not converted to palmitoleic acids after addition of NADH by the complete enzyme system. When microsomes prepared from cells labeled with [1-14C]palmitic acid or [1-14C]stearic acid were incubated alone in the presence of O2 and NADH, no significant increase in [1-14C]palmitoleic acid in the phospholipid was observed, wherease an increase in [1-14C]linoleic acid and gamma-[1-14C]linolenic acid did occur at the expense of [1-14C]oleic acid in the phospholipid. From these results it can be concluded that the enzyme involving desaturation of palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid requires palmitoyl-CoA as the substrate. However, the possibility of oleoyl and linoleoyl phospholipids being substrates in the desaturation of Tetrahymena microsomes was suggested.", "PMID": 667090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11535", "title": "Lipid metabolism by the gall-bladder. I. The in situ uptake and metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine in gall-bladder bile is involved in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis. [1-14C]oleoyl- or [1-14C]palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine was thus instilled in the in situ guinea pig gall-bladder and the absorption and metabolism of the lipid were determined. We found that, after 6 h instillation, 53% of the oleoyl derivative was adsorbed by the gall-bladder, whereasee only 37% of the palmitoyl derivative was absorbed. Although some differences in the metabolism of these two lipids were observed, a major portion of the absorbed radioactivity was found in the gall-bladder wall as phosphatidylcholine. To determine the mechanism of phosphatidylcholine formation from lysophosphatidylcholine by the gall-bladder mucosa, we used lysophosphatidylcholine which was labelled in the fatty acid moiety with 14C and in the choline moiety with 3H. Our data suggest that the mechanism of phosphatidylcholine formation from lysophosphatidylcholine involved acylation with an acyl donor other than a second molecule of lysophosphatidylcholine. We hypothesize that this mechanism as well as others described serve to prevent accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine within the gall-bladder lumen and thus prevent damage to the gall-bladder mucosa.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism by the gall-bladder. I. The in situ uptake and metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine. Accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine in gall-bladder bile is involved in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis. [1-14C]oleoyl- or [1-14C]palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine was thus instilled in the in situ guinea pig gall-bladder and the absorption and metabolism of the lipid were determined. We found that, after 6 h instillation, 53% of the oleoyl derivative was adsorbed by the gall-bladder, whereasee only 37% of the palmitoyl derivative was absorbed. Although some differences in the metabolism of these two lipids were observed, a major portion of the absorbed radioactivity was found in the gall-bladder wall as phosphatidylcholine. To determine the mechanism of phosphatidylcholine formation from lysophosphatidylcholine by the gall-bladder mucosa, we used lysophosphatidylcholine which was labelled in the fatty acid moiety with 14C and in the choline moiety with 3H. Our data suggest that the mechanism of phosphatidylcholine formation from lysophosphatidylcholine involved acylation with an acyl donor other than a second molecule of lysophosphatidylcholine. We hypothesize that this mechanism as well as others described serve to prevent accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine within the gall-bladder lumen and thus prevent damage to the gall-bladder mucosa.", "PMID": 667091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11536", "title": "Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by mixed micelles of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate and bile salts.", "content": "Solubility and Sephadex filtration assays have shown that dissolved diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate can be included into bile salt micelles with a partition coefficient of 32 : 1. This inclusion is probably a prerequisite for the organophosphate to inhibit lipase. The essential role played by colipase confirms that the primary step in the inhibition is an interaction of lipase with bile salt containing micelles. Therefore, it appears that the requirements of lipase towards specific substrates and inhibitors are very similar. The inhibition rate strongly depends on the total bile salt concentration and on the micellar concentration of the organophosphate. This effect may be explained, at least qualitatively, by a competition between simple and mixed micelles for the binding of colipase and lipase.", "contents": "Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by mixed micelles of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate and bile salts. Solubility and Sephadex filtration assays have shown that dissolved diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate can be included into bile salt micelles with a partition coefficient of 32 : 1. This inclusion is probably a prerequisite for the organophosphate to inhibit lipase. The essential role played by colipase confirms that the primary step in the inhibition is an interaction of lipase with bile salt containing micelles. Therefore, it appears that the requirements of lipase towards specific substrates and inhibitors are very similar. The inhibition rate strongly depends on the total bile salt concentration and on the micellar concentration of the organophosphate. This effect may be explained, at least qualitatively, by a competition between simple and mixed micelles for the binding of colipase and lipase.", "PMID": 667092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11537", "title": "Effect on sphingomyelin-containing liposomes of phospholipase D from Corynebacterium ovis and the cytolysin from Stoichactis helianthus.", "content": "The toxic, sphingomyelin-specific phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase EC 3.1.4.4) from Corynebacterium ovis was purified to near homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 31 000 and a pI of approx. 9.8. Although not cytolytic itself, it protected red cells from hemolysis by staphylococcal sphingomyelinase (beta-hemolysin) and helianthus toxin. The apparently non-enzymatic cytolysin (helianthus toxin) from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus also interacts with membrane sphingomyelin. C. ovis and helianthus toxins were compared with regard to their effects on liposome model membranes, and they were found both to produce changes analogous to those in erythrocytes. Only helianthus toxin caused release of trapped glucose marker, but liposomes could be protected from release by pretreatment with C. ovis toxin. Both toxins demonstrated binding to sphingomyelin-containing liposomes, but only the bacterial sphingomyelinase catalyzed the release of choline from these vesicles.", "contents": "Effect on sphingomyelin-containing liposomes of phospholipase D from Corynebacterium ovis and the cytolysin from Stoichactis helianthus. The toxic, sphingomyelin-specific phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase EC 3.1.4.4) from Corynebacterium ovis was purified to near homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 31 000 and a pI of approx. 9.8. Although not cytolytic itself, it protected red cells from hemolysis by staphylococcal sphingomyelinase (beta-hemolysin) and helianthus toxin. The apparently non-enzymatic cytolysin (helianthus toxin) from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus also interacts with membrane sphingomyelin. C. ovis and helianthus toxins were compared with regard to their effects on liposome model membranes, and they were found both to produce changes analogous to those in erythrocytes. Only helianthus toxin caused release of trapped glucose marker, but liposomes could be protected from release by pretreatment with C. ovis toxin. Both toxins demonstrated binding to sphingomyelin-containing liposomes, but only the bacterial sphingomyelinase catalyzed the release of choline from these vesicles.", "PMID": 667093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11538", "title": "Cholesterol oxidase: thermochemical studies and the influence of hydroorganic solvents on enzyme activity.", "content": "Thermal and binary cosolvent studies of the cholesterol oxidase (cholesterol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.6) reaction have been carried out using batch microcalorimetry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry respectively. Heat conduction measurements are shown to provide the basis for a serum cholesterol assay yielding results comparable to conventional automated clinical assay. The enthalpy of the reaction for cholesterol oxidation, measured with different sources of the enzyme in the presence and absence of catalase is -113 +/- 7.2 mJ/mumol. The value is agreement with calculated estimates based on bond energies, enthalpies of formation and trigonal additivity contribution calculations. From this heat of reaction the deltaHf0 of cholestenone (c) is calculated to be -490 kJ . mol-1. No evidence for the reverse reaction could be adduced. Enzyme activation with detergent (Surfal) is attributed to the formation of mixed micelles of cholesterol with detergent molecules. The detergent concentration at which the enzyme is half activated corresponds to the critical micelle concentration of Surfal. The enhanced enzyme activity found when ethanol, acetonitrile and dioxane were examined as binary cosolvents with water is ascribed to a conformational change in the enzyme mediated through the altered structuredness of water. This cosolvent effect is abolished in the presence of 0.18% Surfal due to the formation of inverted mixed micelles of detergent with cholesterol.", "contents": "Cholesterol oxidase: thermochemical studies and the influence of hydroorganic solvents on enzyme activity. Thermal and binary cosolvent studies of the cholesterol oxidase (cholesterol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.6) reaction have been carried out using batch microcalorimetry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry respectively. Heat conduction measurements are shown to provide the basis for a serum cholesterol assay yielding results comparable to conventional automated clinical assay. The enthalpy of the reaction for cholesterol oxidation, measured with different sources of the enzyme in the presence and absence of catalase is -113 +/- 7.2 mJ/mumol. The value is agreement with calculated estimates based on bond energies, enthalpies of formation and trigonal additivity contribution calculations. From this heat of reaction the deltaHf0 of cholestenone (c) is calculated to be -490 kJ . mol-1. No evidence for the reverse reaction could be adduced. Enzyme activation with detergent (Surfal) is attributed to the formation of mixed micelles of cholesterol with detergent molecules. The detergent concentration at which the enzyme is half activated corresponds to the critical micelle concentration of Surfal. The enhanced enzyme activity found when ethanol, acetonitrile and dioxane were examined as binary cosolvents with water is ascribed to a conformational change in the enzyme mediated through the altered structuredness of water. This cosolvent effect is abolished in the presence of 0.18% Surfal due to the formation of inverted mixed micelles of detergent with cholesterol.", "PMID": 667094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11539", "title": "The interaction of apolipoproteins with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "The rate of lecithin:cholesterole acyltransferase reaction was measured in a cholesterol-containing single bilayer lecithin vesicle system. ApolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) activated the enzyme by itself; the other components of apolipoproteins of high density lipoproteins (HDL) (rho = 1.08--1.2 g/cm3), or rabbit serum gamma globulin inhibited the reaction. The reaction which was activated by pure apoA-I was strongly inhibited by anti-apoA-I antibody. Quantitative analysis of the results showed that the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction was activated by the binding of apoA-I to the surface of lipid substrates. The rate of the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-catalyzed reaction was strictly proportional to the surface density of apoA-I. The inhibition was due to the decrease of the amount of apoA-I on the lipid surface, either through competitive exclusion by apoA-II or by other proteins, or through specific extraction with antibody. The presence of components of apoHDL, other than apoA-I, prevented the inhibitory action of anti-apoA-I antibody.", "contents": "The interaction of apolipoproteins with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. The rate of lecithin:cholesterole acyltransferase reaction was measured in a cholesterol-containing single bilayer lecithin vesicle system. ApolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) activated the enzyme by itself; the other components of apolipoproteins of high density lipoproteins (HDL) (rho = 1.08--1.2 g/cm3), or rabbit serum gamma globulin inhibited the reaction. The reaction which was activated by pure apoA-I was strongly inhibited by anti-apoA-I antibody. Quantitative analysis of the results showed that the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction was activated by the binding of apoA-I to the surface of lipid substrates. The rate of the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-catalyzed reaction was strictly proportional to the surface density of apoA-I. The inhibition was due to the decrease of the amount of apoA-I on the lipid surface, either through competitive exclusion by apoA-II or by other proteins, or through specific extraction with antibody. The presence of components of apoHDL, other than apoA-I, prevented the inhibitory action of anti-apoA-I antibody.", "PMID": 667095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11540", "title": "A comparison of the lipolytic activities in liver perfusates and liver plasma membranes from rats.", "content": "We have undertaken a study to resolve the conflicting reports on the substrate specificity of the lipolytic enzyme(s) released by heparin from liver and report the following: (1) Heparin perfusates from liver contain an enzyme(s) capable of degrading triacylglycerol, diacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol, whereas a heparin-solubilized fraction from liver plasma membranes hydrolyzes diacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol only; (2) The lipolytic activities for the two sources behave differently on gel filtration but have the same behavior on heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography; (3) Treatment of the preparation from the plasma membrane with Triton X-100 followed by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography produces forms of the enzyme(s) that now have activity on triacylglycerol This study suggests that the enzyme(s) from the two sources may be the same and that some change occurs when the enzyme is released from the intact liver.", "contents": "A comparison of the lipolytic activities in liver perfusates and liver plasma membranes from rats. We have undertaken a study to resolve the conflicting reports on the substrate specificity of the lipolytic enzyme(s) released by heparin from liver and report the following: (1) Heparin perfusates from liver contain an enzyme(s) capable of degrading triacylglycerol, diacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol, whereas a heparin-solubilized fraction from liver plasma membranes hydrolyzes diacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol only; (2) The lipolytic activities for the two sources behave differently on gel filtration but have the same behavior on heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography; (3) Treatment of the preparation from the plasma membrane with Triton X-100 followed by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography produces forms of the enzyme(s) that now have activity on triacylglycerol This study suggests that the enzyme(s) from the two sources may be the same and that some change occurs when the enzyme is released from the intact liver.", "PMID": 667097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11541", "title": "Reactions of 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate with human serum albumin.", "content": "The reaction of the title compound with human serum albumin has been examined at various concentrations of the sulfonate. Kinetic data suggest that there are two highly reactive lysine amino groups on the protein, five lysine residues which are less reactive and an undetermined number of additional nucleophilic groups that react very slowly with the reagent at pH 7.5. One of the rapidly reacting lysines is tentatively identified as lysine-199 in the protein sequence. Fluorine NMR experiments indicate the presence of tight binding sites on the protein for the sulfonate which are not near reactive functional groups.", "contents": "Reactions of 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate with human serum albumin. The reaction of the title compound with human serum albumin has been examined at various concentrations of the sulfonate. Kinetic data suggest that there are two highly reactive lysine amino groups on the protein, five lysine residues which are less reactive and an undetermined number of additional nucleophilic groups that react very slowly with the reagent at pH 7.5. One of the rapidly reacting lysines is tentatively identified as lysine-199 in the protein sequence. Fluorine NMR experiments indicate the presence of tight binding sites on the protein for the sulfonate which are not near reactive functional groups.", "PMID": 667098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11542", "title": "The effects of diverse proteins on the solubilization of various hydrophobic probes by protein.detergent complexes.", "content": "The solubilization behavior of various protein.detergent complexes with respect to a particular water-insoluble organic substance (\"hydrophobic probe\") dimethylaminoazobenzene, was reported in earlier studies. The present report describes further the solubilization of other hydrophobic probes (e.g. Sudan II, naphthalene, anthracene and azobenzene) in various protein.sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes, in order to enlarge the scope of our understanding of these phenomena, which undoubtedly play a part in the transport of different water-insoluble organic substances in the living organisms. Solubilization by the various protein.SDS complexes is found to be specific for each probe. The amount of a particular probe solubilized is nearly always equal to the amounts which are solubilized by pure SDS micelles equivalent in amount to the SDS bound. Serious exceptions are found with two heme proteins (e.g. myoglobin and hemoglobin) and a few others. The hemeprotein.SDS complexes also exhibit regions of flat plateaus in the solubilization curves, whereas the binding equilibria show progressively larger amounts of SDS bound. The solubilization of probes by cationic detergent (cetylpyridinium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromde).protein complexes indicate that the solubilization phenomena are related to the environment of the binding sites (the cationic detergents are known to bind at different sites on the protein than the anionic detergents, i.e. SDS in the present case). With anionic detergents the effective chain length of the pseudo-micellar protein.detergent clusters is sufficient to cause an increase in solubilizing effectiveness of about 1.5 between the complexes and pure micelles. When small probes such as naphthalene are used such ratios are found. With larger probes the effectiveness ratio is reduced to 1.0 or even less as a result of steric interference with the formation of the protein.detergent.probe clusters. The solubilization energy exhibited by each protein.detergent complex is largely determined by the individual protein, and by the charge on the detergent.", "contents": "The effects of diverse proteins on the solubilization of various hydrophobic probes by protein.detergent complexes. The solubilization behavior of various protein.detergent complexes with respect to a particular water-insoluble organic substance (\"hydrophobic probe\") dimethylaminoazobenzene, was reported in earlier studies. The present report describes further the solubilization of other hydrophobic probes (e.g. Sudan II, naphthalene, anthracene and azobenzene) in various protein.sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes, in order to enlarge the scope of our understanding of these phenomena, which undoubtedly play a part in the transport of different water-insoluble organic substances in the living organisms. Solubilization by the various protein.SDS complexes is found to be specific for each probe. The amount of a particular probe solubilized is nearly always equal to the amounts which are solubilized by pure SDS micelles equivalent in amount to the SDS bound. Serious exceptions are found with two heme proteins (e.g. myoglobin and hemoglobin) and a few others. The hemeprotein.SDS complexes also exhibit regions of flat plateaus in the solubilization curves, whereas the binding equilibria show progressively larger amounts of SDS bound. The solubilization of probes by cationic detergent (cetylpyridinium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromde).protein complexes indicate that the solubilization phenomena are related to the environment of the binding sites (the cationic detergents are known to bind at different sites on the protein than the anionic detergents, i.e. SDS in the present case). With anionic detergents the effective chain length of the pseudo-micellar protein.detergent clusters is sufficient to cause an increase in solubilizing effectiveness of about 1.5 between the complexes and pure micelles. When small probes such as naphthalene are used such ratios are found. With larger probes the effectiveness ratio is reduced to 1.0 or even less as a result of steric interference with the formation of the protein.detergent.probe clusters. The solubilization energy exhibited by each protein.detergent complex is largely determined by the individual protein, and by the charge on the detergent.", "PMID": 667100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11543", "title": "Kinetics of HB S gelation. Effect of alkylureas, ionic strength and other hemoglobins.", "content": "Using a light scattering (turbidity) method to estimate the delay time of gelation of deoxy hemoglobin S hemolysates, we have examined the effects of various alkylureas, variations in ionic strength by addition of NaCl, and admixture with other hemoglobins on gelation kinetics. Each of these factors substantially prolonged the delay times to different extents, but the dependence of the delay times on a high power of the hemoglobin concentration varied only slightly. These findings suggest that the events preceding gelation, most likely the formation of nuclei, are affected by these factors, but the critical nuclear size for gelling is fairly constant. Parallel changes indicated good qualitative correlation between gelation, delay times, minimum gelling concentrations of solutions of mixed hemoglobins and kinetics of sickling of red cells containing these mixtures, with the exception of hemoglobin Charlem trait cells the sickling kinetics of which were slower than predicted by the solution properties.", "contents": "Kinetics of HB S gelation. Effect of alkylureas, ionic strength and other hemoglobins. Using a light scattering (turbidity) method to estimate the delay time of gelation of deoxy hemoglobin S hemolysates, we have examined the effects of various alkylureas, variations in ionic strength by addition of NaCl, and admixture with other hemoglobins on gelation kinetics. Each of these factors substantially prolonged the delay times to different extents, but the dependence of the delay times on a high power of the hemoglobin concentration varied only slightly. These findings suggest that the events preceding gelation, most likely the formation of nuclei, are affected by these factors, but the critical nuclear size for gelling is fairly constant. Parallel changes indicated good qualitative correlation between gelation, delay times, minimum gelling concentrations of solutions of mixed hemoglobins and kinetics of sickling of red cells containing these mixtures, with the exception of hemoglobin Charlem trait cells the sickling kinetics of which were slower than predicted by the solution properties.", "PMID": 667101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11544", "title": "Kinetics of iron hexacyanide release from the ferric hemes of partially oxidized intermediates of human deoxy hemoglobin.", "content": "A new experiment is presented in which the kinetics of iron hexacyanide release is measured from partially oxidized intermediates of human deoxy hemoglobin (T state). The intermediates were generated by briefly exposing a solution of hemoglobin and dithionite to various concentrations of ferricyanide at 6 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7. The reaction of the residual dithionite with the partially oxidized intermediates was limited by the release of ferrocyanide and was strongly biphasic with about 75% fast phase and 25% slow and with the two phases differing in rate by a factor of 26. The predominance of rapid over slow phase is the result of a wide (approx. factor of 5) difference in the kinetics of oxidation of the alpha and beta chains by ferricyanide and is not due to heme-heme interaction. This experimental approach appears to offer a clear example of wide kinetic differences between the two types of subunits within the deoxy quaternary structure of human hemoglobin, uncomplicated by strong cooperative effects.", "contents": "Kinetics of iron hexacyanide release from the ferric hemes of partially oxidized intermediates of human deoxy hemoglobin. A new experiment is presented in which the kinetics of iron hexacyanide release is measured from partially oxidized intermediates of human deoxy hemoglobin (T state). The intermediates were generated by briefly exposing a solution of hemoglobin and dithionite to various concentrations of ferricyanide at 6 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7. The reaction of the residual dithionite with the partially oxidized intermediates was limited by the release of ferrocyanide and was strongly biphasic with about 75% fast phase and 25% slow and with the two phases differing in rate by a factor of 26. The predominance of rapid over slow phase is the result of a wide (approx. factor of 5) difference in the kinetics of oxidation of the alpha and beta chains by ferricyanide and is not due to heme-heme interaction. This experimental approach appears to offer a clear example of wide kinetic differences between the two types of subunits within the deoxy quaternary structure of human hemoglobin, uncomplicated by strong cooperative effects.", "PMID": 667102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11545", "title": "Physical studies of lanthanide binding to concanavalin A.", "content": "The binding of lanthanide ions to concanavalin A has been studied using circular dichroic, magnetic circular dichroic and fluorescence spectroscopies. A Scatchard analysis of the fluorescence enhancement of Tb3+ binding reveal the presence of two classes of sites. One strong binding site (S3) is present per protomer which is not affected by addition of transition metals or calcium. There are at least three additional weak binding sites per protomer, one of which may be S1. There is virtually no energy transfer from Tb3+ to Co2+ in cobalt-substituted concanavalin A. The S3 site, therefore, must be at least 39 A distant from S1. The circular dichroic spectrum of Co2+ concanavalin A is altered by addition of Gd3+ in a manner consistent with competition for S1. The magnetic circular dichroic spectrum of Pr3+ bound to concanavalin A is not affected by excess Ca2+ or the addition of specific carbohydrate effectors. There is no evidence for lanthanide ion binding to S2.", "contents": "Physical studies of lanthanide binding to concanavalin A. The binding of lanthanide ions to concanavalin A has been studied using circular dichroic, magnetic circular dichroic and fluorescence spectroscopies. A Scatchard analysis of the fluorescence enhancement of Tb3+ binding reveal the presence of two classes of sites. One strong binding site (S3) is present per protomer which is not affected by addition of transition metals or calcium. There are at least three additional weak binding sites per protomer, one of which may be S1. There is virtually no energy transfer from Tb3+ to Co2+ in cobalt-substituted concanavalin A. The S3 site, therefore, must be at least 39 A distant from S1. The circular dichroic spectrum of Co2+ concanavalin A is altered by addition of Gd3+ in a manner consistent with competition for S1. The magnetic circular dichroic spectrum of Pr3+ bound to concanavalin A is not affected by excess Ca2+ or the addition of specific carbohydrate effectors. There is no evidence for lanthanide ion binding to S2.", "PMID": 667104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11546", "title": "Magnetic circular dichroism of Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450 in near infrared region.", "content": "Magnetic circular dichroism spectra of oxidized, reduced and carbonmonoxy reduced forms of cytochrome P-450 from D-camphor grown Pseudomonas putida (P-450cam) were studied in the near infrared region (650 to 1200 nm) at various temperatures in the presence of D-camphor. Oxidized P-450cam with camphor exhibited positive (+) and negative (-) magnetic CD bands at 825 and 970 nm, respectively, and both of them were assigned to Faraday B terms. The magnetic CD spectrum of reduced P-450cam in the presence of D-camphor exhibited at least five components in the region between 650 to 1175 nm and one of them at 760 nm showed considerably smaller magnitude than that of the corresponding band of deoxymyoglobin. These results were interpreted to mean that the heme-iron in both oxidized and reduced P-450cam has a ligand field symmetry lower than C4v, i.e. a strong rhombic character of the heme in cytochrome P-450. Carbonmonoxide complex of reduced P-450cam exhibited no detectable magnitude of magnetic CD in the near infrared region but showed CD bands at 710 (-) and 850 (+) nm. The results were compared and discussed with those of carbonmonoxy hemoglobin and myoglobin. In addition, temperature dependent changes in the spin state of oxidized P-450cam from high to low by decrease of temperature were observed by measuring both magnetic CD and absorption spectra in the near ultraviolet and visible regions (300 to 650 nm), provided that the temperature of the sample was varied slowly (approximately 3 degrees C/min) between room and liquid nitrogen temperature in a 0.03 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing a saturated amount of D-camphor and 70% (v/v) glycerol. The significance of this phenomenon is also discussed.", "contents": "Magnetic circular dichroism of Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450 in near infrared region. Magnetic circular dichroism spectra of oxidized, reduced and carbonmonoxy reduced forms of cytochrome P-450 from D-camphor grown Pseudomonas putida (P-450cam) were studied in the near infrared region (650 to 1200 nm) at various temperatures in the presence of D-camphor. Oxidized P-450cam with camphor exhibited positive (+) and negative (-) magnetic CD bands at 825 and 970 nm, respectively, and both of them were assigned to Faraday B terms. The magnetic CD spectrum of reduced P-450cam in the presence of D-camphor exhibited at least five components in the region between 650 to 1175 nm and one of them at 760 nm showed considerably smaller magnitude than that of the corresponding band of deoxymyoglobin. These results were interpreted to mean that the heme-iron in both oxidized and reduced P-450cam has a ligand field symmetry lower than C4v, i.e. a strong rhombic character of the heme in cytochrome P-450. Carbonmonoxide complex of reduced P-450cam exhibited no detectable magnitude of magnetic CD in the near infrared region but showed CD bands at 710 (-) and 850 (+) nm. The results were compared and discussed with those of carbonmonoxy hemoglobin and myoglobin. In addition, temperature dependent changes in the spin state of oxidized P-450cam from high to low by decrease of temperature were observed by measuring both magnetic CD and absorption spectra in the near ultraviolet and visible regions (300 to 650 nm), provided that the temperature of the sample was varied slowly (approximately 3 degrees C/min) between room and liquid nitrogen temperature in a 0.03 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing a saturated amount of D-camphor and 70% (v/v) glycerol. The significance of this phenomenon is also discussed.", "PMID": 667105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11547", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoprotein. Proton hyperfine shifts and structural characterization of the different heme environments in methemoglobin and metmyoglobin.", "content": "The different features of the nature of heme iron-proximal binding in methemoglobin and metmyoglobin were investigated by high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 220 MHz. From the comparison of the hyperfine-shifted heme methyl resonances of various methemoglobin and metmyoglobin derivatives it was revealed that the metHb derivatives exhibit smaller hyperfine shifts than the corresponding metMb derivatives. This observation was interpreted in terms of the stronger interaction between proximal histidine and ferric heme iron in methemoglobin than in metmyoglobin. The spectral contributions from the alpha and beta subunits in methemoglobin in high spin state were successfully separated by the analysis of the temperature dependent heme methyl shifts of the methemoglobin azide complex which is in the high and low thermal spin equilibrium. It was shown that the beta heme methyl resonances have smaller hyperfine shifts than the alpha heme ones in ferric high spin state. This tendency in methemoglobin derivatives was also interpreted in terms of the stronger iron-histidine binding in the beta subunits than in the alpha subunits within the tetramer. From the comparisons between methemoglobin and metmyoglobin, and between the alpha and beta subunits in methemoglobin, the order of the strength of the iron-histidine bond interaction was deduced as follows: metmyoglobin less than alpha subunits in methemoglobin less than or equal to beta units in methemoglobin.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoprotein. Proton hyperfine shifts and structural characterization of the different heme environments in methemoglobin and metmyoglobin. The different features of the nature of heme iron-proximal binding in methemoglobin and metmyoglobin were investigated by high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 220 MHz. From the comparison of the hyperfine-shifted heme methyl resonances of various methemoglobin and metmyoglobin derivatives it was revealed that the metHb derivatives exhibit smaller hyperfine shifts than the corresponding metMb derivatives. This observation was interpreted in terms of the stronger interaction between proximal histidine and ferric heme iron in methemoglobin than in metmyoglobin. The spectral contributions from the alpha and beta subunits in methemoglobin in high spin state were successfully separated by the analysis of the temperature dependent heme methyl shifts of the methemoglobin azide complex which is in the high and low thermal spin equilibrium. It was shown that the beta heme methyl resonances have smaller hyperfine shifts than the alpha heme ones in ferric high spin state. This tendency in methemoglobin derivatives was also interpreted in terms of the stronger iron-histidine binding in the beta subunits than in the alpha subunits within the tetramer. From the comparisons between methemoglobin and metmyoglobin, and between the alpha and beta subunits in methemoglobin, the order of the strength of the iron-histidine bond interaction was deduced as follows: metmyoglobin less than alpha subunits in methemoglobin less than or equal to beta units in methemoglobin.", "PMID": 667106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11548", "title": "Naja haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Purification, some properties and the amino acid sequences of four toxins (CM-7, CM-8, CM-9, and CM-10b).", "content": "Four toxins (CM-7, CM-8, CM-9 and CM-10b) were purified from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They each contain 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the four toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the immunochemical properties, the sequences and invariant amino acid residues opf toxins CM-7, CM-8, CM-9 and CM-10b resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.", "contents": "Naja haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Purification, some properties and the amino acid sequences of four toxins (CM-7, CM-8, CM-9, and CM-10b). Four toxins (CM-7, CM-8, CM-9 and CM-10b) were purified from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They each contain 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the four toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the immunochemical properties, the sequences and invariant amino acid residues opf toxins CM-7, CM-8, CM-9 and CM-10b resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.", "PMID": 667107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11549", "title": "Studies on the F-actin.tropomyosin.troponin complex. II. Partial reconstitution of thin filament by F-actin, tropomyosin and the tropomyosin binding component of troponin (TN-T).", "content": "It was found that thin filaments are reconstituted from F-actin, tropomyosin and the tropomyosin binding component of troponin (TN-T) in vitro according to a self-assembly mechanism. Although a gel structure is formed when the three proteins are mixed in the order F-actin, TN-T  and tropomyosin, it is in a metastable state and spontaneously transforms to dispersed filaments in an equilibrium state. The rate of the transformation is largely dependent on temperature. When the mixing order of TN-T and tropomyosin is reversed, large amounts of the complex appear immediately in the dispersed filament form. Dependence on the order of mixing is observed only when the molar ratio of TN-T to tropomyosin is about one, i.e. at the physiological ratio. When the molar ratio of TN-T to tropomyosin is either above or below one, a stable gel form or a stable dispersed filament form, was respectively, obtained independently of the mixing order of the three proteins.", "contents": "Studies on the F-actin.tropomyosin.troponin complex. II. Partial reconstitution of thin filament by F-actin, tropomyosin and the tropomyosin binding component of troponin (TN-T). It was found that thin filaments are reconstituted from F-actin, tropomyosin and the tropomyosin binding component of troponin (TN-T) in vitro according to a self-assembly mechanism. Although a gel structure is formed when the three proteins are mixed in the order F-actin, TN-T  and tropomyosin, it is in a metastable state and spontaneously transforms to dispersed filaments in an equilibrium state. The rate of the transformation is largely dependent on temperature. When the mixing order of TN-T and tropomyosin is reversed, large amounts of the complex appear immediately in the dispersed filament form. Dependence on the order of mixing is observed only when the molar ratio of TN-T to tropomyosin is about one, i.e. at the physiological ratio. When the molar ratio of TN-T to tropomyosin is either above or below one, a stable gel form or a stable dispersed filament form, was respectively, obtained independently of the mixing order of the three proteins.", "PMID": 667108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11550", "title": "Studies on the F-actin.tropomyosin.troponin complex. III. Effects of troponin components and calcium ion on the binding affinity between tropomyosin and F-actin.", "content": "We studied the effects of the troponin components TN-T, TN-I and TN-C, and of Ca2+ concentration on the dissociation temperature of the F-actin.tropomyosin complex. Troponin components and their complexes increased the dissociation temperature in the following sequence of effectiveness: TN-C(+/- Ca2+) less than TN-I less than TN-I.TN-C(+/-Ca2+) less than TN-T.TN-C(+/- Ca2+) less than TN-T.TN-C(--Ca2+) approximately TN-T less than TN-T.TN-I.TN-C(+Ca2+) less than TN-T.TN-I.TN-C(--Ca2+) approximately TN-T.TN-I; TN-C has no effect. The effect of TN-I is small. TN-T is the most important component for increasing the dissociation temperature. The shifting by Ca2+ of the dissociation temperature to lower values is only seen when both TN-T and TN-C are present.", "contents": "Studies on the F-actin.tropomyosin.troponin complex. III. Effects of troponin components and calcium ion on the binding affinity between tropomyosin and F-actin. We studied the effects of the troponin components TN-T, TN-I and TN-C, and of Ca2+ concentration on the dissociation temperature of the F-actin.tropomyosin complex. Troponin components and their complexes increased the dissociation temperature in the following sequence of effectiveness: TN-C(+/- Ca2+) less than TN-I less than TN-I.TN-C(+/-Ca2+) less than TN-T.TN-C(+/- Ca2+) less than TN-T.TN-C(--Ca2+) approximately TN-T less than TN-T.TN-I.TN-C(+Ca2+) less than TN-T.TN-I.TN-C(--Ca2+) approximately TN-T.TN-I; TN-C has no effect. The effect of TN-I is small. TN-T is the most important component for increasing the dissociation temperature. The shifting by Ca2+ of the dissociation temperature to lower values is only seen when both TN-T and TN-C are present.", "PMID": 667109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11551", "title": "Two-step modification of aspartate aminotransferase with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Cross-link localization.", "content": "At pH 7, the apoenzyme of carboxymethylated and acylated aspartate aminotransferase reacts selectively with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to form a single intramolecular covalent bond with the epsilon-amino group of the functional lysine residue located within the active centre. On shifting the pH to 9, the second fluorine atom of the bifunctional reagent is substituted with the sterically adjacent side groups of cysteine and tyrosine residues. The modified apoenzyme was subjected to partial proteolysis with pronase, and the digest was used to obtain and isolate the labeled products and to localize amino acid residues involved in the reaction. The established structures of several peptides containing Cys-2,4-dinitrobenzene-Lys and Tyr-2,4-dinitrobenzene-Lys allowed the identification of the amino acid residues involved in the reaction with the bifunctional reagent as Lys 258, Cys 390 and probably Tyr-70. The residues of Cys and Tyr are thus located at a distance of approximately 5 A (the length of the dinitrophenylene bridge) from the lysine residue forming an aldimine bond with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the active site.", "contents": "Two-step modification of aspartate aminotransferase with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Cross-link localization. At pH 7, the apoenzyme of carboxymethylated and acylated aspartate aminotransferase reacts selectively with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to form a single intramolecular covalent bond with the epsilon-amino group of the functional lysine residue located within the active centre. On shifting the pH to 9, the second fluorine atom of the bifunctional reagent is substituted with the sterically adjacent side groups of cysteine and tyrosine residues. The modified apoenzyme was subjected to partial proteolysis with pronase, and the digest was used to obtain and isolate the labeled products and to localize amino acid residues involved in the reaction. The established structures of several peptides containing Cys-2,4-dinitrobenzene-Lys and Tyr-2,4-dinitrobenzene-Lys allowed the identification of the amino acid residues involved in the reaction with the bifunctional reagent as Lys 258, Cys 390 and probably Tyr-70. The residues of Cys and Tyr are thus located at a distance of approximately 5 A (the length of the dinitrophenylene bridge) from the lysine residue forming an aldimine bond with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the active site.", "PMID": 667110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11552", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of badger (Meles meles) haemoglobin.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain from the badger (Meles meles) haemoglobin was elucidated using conventional methods chiefly performed on tryptic peptides separated by peptide \"mapping\" and comparison with human alpha chain. Sixteen differences were noted between the alpha chain of badger and man. Phylogenetic aspects and three-dimensional structure requirements are discussed.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of badger (Meles meles) haemoglobin. The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain from the badger (Meles meles) haemoglobin was elucidated using conventional methods chiefly performed on tryptic peptides separated by peptide \"mapping\" and comparison with human alpha chain. Sixteen differences were noted between the alpha chain of badger and man. Phylogenetic aspects and three-dimensional structure requirements are discussed.", "PMID": 667111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11553", "title": "Structure-function relationships in scorpion neurotoxins. Identification of the supperreactive lysine residue in toxin I of Androctonus australis Hector.", "content": "In a previous article (Habersetzer-Rochat, C.  and Sampieri, R. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2254--2261) it was demonstrated that the toxin I of the North African Scorpion Androctonus australis Hector was inactivated after reaction with iodoacetate; the toxicity loss in mice was correlated with the carboxymethylation of one superreactive residue. In the present work, alkylation of toxin I was performed with iodo[14C]-acetate. Hence, it was possible, after reduction, S-methylation and chymotryptic hydrolysis of this toxin, to isolate the peptide containing the labelled lysine residue. By automatic Edman degradation, this residue was identified as being the penultimate lysine at position 56 in the primary sequence. Comparison of three primary structures of scorpion neurotoxins and comparison in different kinds of activity seem to indicate that this lysine residue is mainly important for toxicity in mice.", "contents": "Structure-function relationships in scorpion neurotoxins. Identification of the supperreactive lysine residue in toxin I of Androctonus australis Hector. In a previous article (Habersetzer-Rochat, C.  and Sampieri, R. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2254--2261) it was demonstrated that the toxin I of the North African Scorpion Androctonus australis Hector was inactivated after reaction with iodoacetate; the toxicity loss in mice was correlated with the carboxymethylation of one superreactive residue. In the present work, alkylation of toxin I was performed with iodo[14C]-acetate. Hence, it was possible, after reduction, S-methylation and chymotryptic hydrolysis of this toxin, to isolate the peptide containing the labelled lysine residue. By automatic Edman degradation, this residue was identified as being the penultimate lysine at position 56 in the primary sequence. Comparison of three primary structures of scorpion neurotoxins and comparison in different kinds of activity seem to indicate that this lysine residue is mainly important for toxicity in mice.", "PMID": 667112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11554", "title": "Comparison of the calcium- and magnesium-induced structural changes of troponin--C. A proton magnetic resonance study.", "content": "Previous proton magnetic resonance studies of the effects of Ca(II) on the structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin--C have shown that Ca(II) binding to the two high affinity sites of troponin--C both directs and stabilizes the folding of much of the structure. Ca(II) binding by the two low affinity sites of troponin--C causes changes in the environment of largely hydrophobic residues. We have now examined the structural changes caused by Mg(II) and by Ca(II) in the presence of excess Mg(II). Successive addition of Mg(II) to metal-free troponin--C leads to broadly similar, but not identical, structural changes to those previously assigned to Ca(II) binding at the high affinity sites. None of the changes previously assigned to Ca(II) binding to the low affinity sites was observed. Since Mg(II) does not bind to the low affinity sites, these results confirm the previous assignments. The spectral differences between Mg(II) and Ca(II) show that the degree of backbone folding and interactions between a group of hydrophobic residues (one or more Val, Leu, Ile; two or more Phe) are different for the two cations. In the presence of excess Mg(II), at a molar ratio that may exist in vivo (approx. 40 : 1 mol ratio Mg(II): Ca(II), titration with Ca(II) leads to a displacement of Mg(II) and to all the structural changes previously observed for Ca(II) alone. However, in the presence of Mg(II) the distinction between high and low affinity sites is blurred as judged by the overlap of the spectral changes associated with each of the binding sites. This result, together with the observation that Mg(II) promotes structural changes different from Ca(II), suggests a structural basis for the observation that the Ca(II) threshold for the activation of tension in some myofibrils is increased in the presence of high Mg(II) concentrations.", "contents": "Comparison of the calcium- and magnesium-induced structural changes of troponin--C. A proton magnetic resonance study. Previous proton magnetic resonance studies of the effects of Ca(II) on the structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin--C have shown that Ca(II) binding to the two high affinity sites of troponin--C both directs and stabilizes the folding of much of the structure. Ca(II) binding by the two low affinity sites of troponin--C causes changes in the environment of largely hydrophobic residues. We have now examined the structural changes caused by Mg(II) and by Ca(II) in the presence of excess Mg(II). Successive addition of Mg(II) to metal-free troponin--C leads to broadly similar, but not identical, structural changes to those previously assigned to Ca(II) binding at the high affinity sites. None of the changes previously assigned to Ca(II) binding to the low affinity sites was observed. Since Mg(II) does not bind to the low affinity sites, these results confirm the previous assignments. The spectral differences between Mg(II) and Ca(II) show that the degree of backbone folding and interactions between a group of hydrophobic residues (one or more Val, Leu, Ile; two or more Phe) are different for the two cations. In the presence of excess Mg(II), at a molar ratio that may exist in vivo (approx. 40 : 1 mol ratio Mg(II): Ca(II), titration with Ca(II) leads to a displacement of Mg(II) and to all the structural changes previously observed for Ca(II) alone. However, in the presence of Mg(II) the distinction between high and low affinity sites is blurred as judged by the overlap of the spectral changes associated with each of the binding sites. This result, together with the observation that Mg(II) promotes structural changes different from Ca(II), suggests a structural basis for the observation that the Ca(II) threshold for the activation of tension in some myofibrils is increased in the presence of high Mg(II) concentrations.", "PMID": 667113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11555", "title": "Purification and biochemical properties of complex flagella isolated from Rhizobium lupini H13-3.", "content": "1. The complex flagella of Rhizobium lupini H13-3 differ from plain bacterial flagella in the fine structure of their filaments dominated by conspicuous helical bands, in their fragility and their resistance against heat decomposition. To elucidate the basis of these differences, the composition of complex filaments and their subunits was analysed. 2. Isolated complex flagella containing the filament and hook protions were purified by differential centrifugation. Hooks were separated by ultracentrifugation after acid degradation of filaments at pH 2. The complex filaments consist of 43 000 dalton monomers (cx-flagellin), the hooks are composed of 41 000 dalton subunits. 3. Amino acid analysis of cx-flagellin indicated the presence of approx. 417 amino acid residues. These comprise 47% hydrophobic residues and 21% Asp and Glu (or amides), but no Cys, His, Pro and Trp. No carbohydrate, phosphate or lipid moieties have been detected. Fingerprint analysis after tryptic digestion yields approx. 36 peptides, about half of them clustered in the neutral region. A comparison with the composition of varous known flagellins from plain flagella indicates a 7% higher content of hydrophobic amino acid residues in complex filaments; this is largely compensated for by the higher content of Glu and Asp (presumably as Gln and Asn) in plain filaments. 4. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of cx-flagellin yield single precipitin bands indicating homogeneity. In contrast, isoelectric focusing lead to three close-running bands around pH4.7. When isolated, the two major bands again produced an \"isoelectric spectrum\" suggesting that it reflects an allomorphism of cx-flagellin. 5. Self-assembly experiments with cx-flagellin lead to coiled fibres including helical regions, but not to intact filaments. The products resemble heat-denatured complex filaments and may represent intermediates between monomers and complete polymers.", "contents": "Purification and biochemical properties of complex flagella isolated from Rhizobium lupini H13-3. 1. The complex flagella of Rhizobium lupini H13-3 differ from plain bacterial flagella in the fine structure of their filaments dominated by conspicuous helical bands, in their fragility and their resistance against heat decomposition. To elucidate the basis of these differences, the composition of complex filaments and their subunits was analysed. 2. Isolated complex flagella containing the filament and hook protions were purified by differential centrifugation. Hooks were separated by ultracentrifugation after acid degradation of filaments at pH 2. The complex filaments consist of 43 000 dalton monomers (cx-flagellin), the hooks are composed of 41 000 dalton subunits. 3. Amino acid analysis of cx-flagellin indicated the presence of approx. 417 amino acid residues. These comprise 47% hydrophobic residues and 21% Asp and Glu (or amides), but no Cys, His, Pro and Trp. No carbohydrate, phosphate or lipid moieties have been detected. Fingerprint analysis after tryptic digestion yields approx. 36 peptides, about half of them clustered in the neutral region. A comparison with the composition of varous known flagellins from plain flagella indicates a 7% higher content of hydrophobic amino acid residues in complex filaments; this is largely compensated for by the higher content of Glu and Asp (presumably as Gln and Asn) in plain filaments. 4. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of cx-flagellin yield single precipitin bands indicating homogeneity. In contrast, isoelectric focusing lead to three close-running bands around pH4.7. When isolated, the two major bands again produced an \"isoelectric spectrum\" suggesting that it reflects an allomorphism of cx-flagellin. 5. Self-assembly experiments with cx-flagellin lead to coiled fibres including helical regions, but not to intact filaments. The products resemble heat-denatured complex filaments and may represent intermediates between monomers and complete polymers.", "PMID": 667114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11556", "title": "Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV, a glycoprotein from pig kidney.", "content": "Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV was purified 350 fold from pig kidney by chromatographic procedures including affinity chromatography with conjugates of Gly-Pro linked to Sepharose 4.B. Purified enzyme existed in a dimeric form as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis using dimethyl suberimidate (a cross-linking reagent). The molecular weight of the subunit was estimated to be 100 000 by gel filtration with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and to be 94 000 based on analysis of N-terminal residue (dinitrophenyl-serine). The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was also determined. The enzyme contained 18.3% of carbohydrate consisting of mannose, galactose, fucose, glucosamine and sialic acid. The enzyme desialized with sialidase was found to still possess full enzyme activity.", "contents": "Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV, a glycoprotein from pig kidney. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV was purified 350 fold from pig kidney by chromatographic procedures including affinity chromatography with conjugates of Gly-Pro linked to Sepharose 4.B. Purified enzyme existed in a dimeric form as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis using dimethyl suberimidate (a cross-linking reagent). The molecular weight of the subunit was estimated to be 100 000 by gel filtration with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and to be 94 000 based on analysis of N-terminal residue (dinitrophenyl-serine). The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was also determined. The enzyme contained 18.3% of carbohydrate consisting of mannose, galactose, fucose, glucosamine and sialic acid. The enzyme desialized with sialidase was found to still possess full enzyme activity.", "PMID": 667115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11557", "title": "Low angle X-ray diffraction studies on stained rat tail tendons.", "content": "Low angle X-ray diffraction patterns of rat tail tendons with heavy metal stains added were examined to help clarify the effects of fixation and staining  on collagen fibrils. Fixing and staining of rat tail tendon fibers gives an X-ray pattern with an intensified 3.8 nm row and the preservation of most equatorial features found in the native pattern. The presence of the native pattern features suggests the value of fixation in preserving native structure before staining. Staining of rat tail tendon fibers without prior fixation led to the disappearance of the native equatorial features and the appearance of a new broad row line corresponding to a spacing of around 10.0--17.5 nm. This observation suggests that some alteration has taken place in the native structure and may be related to electron microscopic observations of units of 10.0--20.0 nm in collagen fibrils under some disruptive or developmental conditions.", "contents": "Low angle X-ray diffraction studies on stained rat tail tendons. Low angle X-ray diffraction patterns of rat tail tendons with heavy metal stains added were examined to help clarify the effects of fixation and staining  on collagen fibrils. Fixing and staining of rat tail tendon fibers gives an X-ray pattern with an intensified 3.8 nm row and the preservation of most equatorial features found in the native pattern. The presence of the native pattern features suggests the value of fixation in preserving native structure before staining. Staining of rat tail tendon fibers without prior fixation led to the disappearance of the native equatorial features and the appearance of a new broad row line corresponding to a spacing of around 10.0--17.5 nm. This observation suggests that some alteration has taken place in the native structure and may be related to electron microscopic observations of units of 10.0--20.0 nm in collagen fibrils under some disruptive or developmental conditions.", "PMID": 667116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11558", "title": "Investigations of the molecular basis for the temperature-dependent insolubility of cryoglobulins. VI. Quenching by acrylamide of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of cryoglobulin and non-cryoglobulin IgM proteins.", "content": "The acrylamide-quenching patterns of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of six cold-soluble monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) and two monoclonal IgM proteins possessing cryoglobulin properties (abnormal cold insolubility) have been compared. Static and dynamic components of quenching have been resolved by a modified form of the Stern-Volmer relationship. The unusual observation of static quenching seen with the multitryptophan containing IgM is determined to be a consequence of essentially homogeneous indole fluorescence arising from conserved tryptophan residues within each homologous immunoglobulin domain. Although the static component of the quenching of the two IgM cryoimmunoglobulins examined is similar to that of the non-cryoimmunoglobulin, IgM, some of the cryoglobulin's tryptophan residues appear to be more kinetically exposed to acrylamide than the tryptophans in the non-cryoglobulin IgM. An unusually large negative entropy of activation observed for the quenching process of both cryoimmunoglobulins suggests some abnormality in the dynamic (flexibility) properties of these proteins.", "contents": "Investigations of the molecular basis for the temperature-dependent insolubility of cryoglobulins. VI. Quenching by acrylamide of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of cryoglobulin and non-cryoglobulin IgM proteins. The acrylamide-quenching patterns of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of six cold-soluble monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) and two monoclonal IgM proteins possessing cryoglobulin properties (abnormal cold insolubility) have been compared. Static and dynamic components of quenching have been resolved by a modified form of the Stern-Volmer relationship. The unusual observation of static quenching seen with the multitryptophan containing IgM is determined to be a consequence of essentially homogeneous indole fluorescence arising from conserved tryptophan residues within each homologous immunoglobulin domain. Although the static component of the quenching of the two IgM cryoimmunoglobulins examined is similar to that of the non-cryoimmunoglobulin, IgM, some of the cryoglobulin's tryptophan residues appear to be more kinetically exposed to acrylamide than the tryptophans in the non-cryoglobulin IgM. An unusually large negative entropy of activation observed for the quenching process of both cryoimmunoglobulins suggests some abnormality in the dynamic (flexibility) properties of these proteins.", "PMID": 667117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11559", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the B fragment of diphtheria toxin.", "content": "Homogeneous fragment B, obtained through nicking of diphtheria toxin with insoluble trypsin, was cleaved with cyanogen bromide in 70% formic acid. After citraconylation, the cleavage products were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G--75 and purified by gel filtration, ion-exchange and thin-layer or paper chromatography. Six CNBr peptides were characterized, the composition of which account for the total amino acid content of fragment B. Their apparent molecular weights are: CB 1, 12 000; CB 2, 14 000; CB 3, 8000; CB 4a, 2400; CB 4b, 2200; CB 5, 2200. CB 4a is the NH2--terminal peptide; it contains the cysteine residue of the disulfide bridge linking fragment B to fragment A. CB 3 is the COOH--terminal peptide; it bears the disulfide bridge of fragment B. Characterization of two CNBr--derived overlapping peptides provided the positioning of CB 4b and CB 2 and allowed an alignment of the CNBr peptides of fragment B to be proposed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the B fragment of diphtheria toxin. Homogeneous fragment B, obtained through nicking of diphtheria toxin with insoluble trypsin, was cleaved with cyanogen bromide in 70% formic acid. After citraconylation, the cleavage products were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G--75 and purified by gel filtration, ion-exchange and thin-layer or paper chromatography. Six CNBr peptides were characterized, the composition of which account for the total amino acid content of fragment B. Their apparent molecular weights are: CB 1, 12 000; CB 2, 14 000; CB 3, 8000; CB 4a, 2400; CB 4b, 2200; CB 5, 2200. CB 4a is the NH2--terminal peptide; it contains the cysteine residue of the disulfide bridge linking fragment B to fragment A. CB 3 is the COOH--terminal peptide; it bears the disulfide bridge of fragment B. Characterization of two CNBr--derived overlapping peptides provided the positioning of CB 4b and CB 2 and allowed an alignment of the CNBr peptides of fragment B to be proposed.", "PMID": 667118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11560", "title": "A simple procedure for obtaining large quantities of tubulin subunits from newborn mouse brain.", "content": "A simple, efficient two-step procedure of DEAE--Sephadex A--50 column chromatography followed by hydroxyapatite column chromatography for purification of alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits from newborn mouse brain is described. Stored frozen mouse brains can be used as a convenient starting material. Differential elution of alpha and beta subunits from hydroxyapatite was achieved using a linear gradient of 0.2--0.3 M phosphate buffer containing 2 M urea, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate and 1 mM dithiothreitol. 20 mg of alpha-tubulin (purity: greater than 85%) and 16 mg of beta-tubulin (purity greater than 95%) completely separated from each other can be obtained in one experiment.", "contents": "A simple procedure for obtaining large quantities of tubulin subunits from newborn mouse brain. A simple, efficient two-step procedure of DEAE--Sephadex A--50 column chromatography followed by hydroxyapatite column chromatography for purification of alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits from newborn mouse brain is described. Stored frozen mouse brains can be used as a convenient starting material. Differential elution of alpha and beta subunits from hydroxyapatite was achieved using a linear gradient of 0.2--0.3 M phosphate buffer containing 2 M urea, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate and 1 mM dithiothreitol. 20 mg of alpha-tubulin (purity: greater than 85%) and 16 mg of beta-tubulin (purity greater than 95%) completely separated from each other can be obtained in one experiment.", "PMID": 667119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11561", "title": "Modulation of the catalytic properties of alpha-chymotrypsin by chemical modification at Tyr 146.", "content": "alpha--Chymotrypsin was modified with three different diazonium salts derived from D--phenylalanine. All three reagents react selectively with tyrosine 146 on the surface of the enzyme. The spectral and enzymatic properties of the azochymotrypsins are characteristic for each of the proteins. Dependent on the structure of the reagent employed for modification, the activity towards rho-nitroanilide substrate can be higher or about the same as that of the native enzyme.", "contents": "Modulation of the catalytic properties of alpha-chymotrypsin by chemical modification at Tyr 146. alpha--Chymotrypsin was modified with three different diazonium salts derived from D--phenylalanine. All three reagents react selectively with tyrosine 146 on the surface of the enzyme. The spectral and enzymatic properties of the azochymotrypsins are characteristic for each of the proteins. Dependent on the structure of the reagent employed for modification, the activity towards rho-nitroanilide substrate can be higher or about the same as that of the native enzyme.", "PMID": 667120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11562", "title": "The evidence for the existence of chymotrypsin-like esterase activity in the plasma membranes of rabbit neutrophils and the specific chemotactic peptide binding activity of the subcellular fractions.", "content": "1. Light- and heavy-plasma membrane fractions have been isolated from rabbit neutrophils and a chymotrypsin-like esterase has been shown to be present in these fractions. 2. The molecular weight of the chymotrypsin-like esterase of rabbit neutrophil plasma membrane was estimated to be about 200 000. 3. About 93% of the chymotrypsin-like esterase of the plasma membranes is esterase 1 and the susceptibility to potential inhibitors was similar in light- and heavy-plasma membrane. 4. Chemotactic peptide, [3H]formyl-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [3H]formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe) binding by subcellular fractions shows that the highest specific binding was observed in the light-plasma membrane was about 2-fold higher than the heavy-plasma membrane, about 37-fold higher than the nuclear fraction, about 3-fold higher than lysosomal fraction and about 10-fold higher than the microsomal fraction.", "contents": "The evidence for the existence of chymotrypsin-like esterase activity in the plasma membranes of rabbit neutrophils and the specific chemotactic peptide binding activity of the subcellular fractions. 1. Light- and heavy-plasma membrane fractions have been isolated from rabbit neutrophils and a chymotrypsin-like esterase has been shown to be present in these fractions. 2. The molecular weight of the chymotrypsin-like esterase of rabbit neutrophil plasma membrane was estimated to be about 200 000. 3. About 93% of the chymotrypsin-like esterase of the plasma membranes is esterase 1 and the susceptibility to potential inhibitors was similar in light- and heavy-plasma membrane. 4. Chemotactic peptide, [3H]formyl-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [3H]formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe) binding by subcellular fractions shows that the highest specific binding was observed in the light-plasma membrane was about 2-fold higher than the heavy-plasma membrane, about 37-fold higher than the nuclear fraction, about 3-fold higher than lysosomal fraction and about 10-fold higher than the microsomal fraction.", "PMID": 667122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11563", "title": "Relationship between polyamine contents and protease activity in the rat submaxillary gland.", "content": "The effect of polyamines on the protease activity in the submaxillary gland of castrated rats has been investigated in vivo. The protease activity, which is increased by testosterone, is also increased to a lesser degree by the subcutaneous administration of spermidine. The administration of putrescine was less effective than that of spermidine. The increase of polyamine contents in the submaxillary gland of the castrated rats administered either testosterone or spermidine was nearly parallel to the increase of the enzymatic activity. The administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), a potent inhibitor of spermidine synthesis, with testosterone inhibited slightly the increase of the protease activity by testosterone, while the administration of the inhibitor with spermidine had essentially no effect on the increase of the enzymatic activity by spermidine. The administration of testosteorne also caused a slight increase of S-adenosyl-L-menthionine decarboxylase activity. These results suggest that spermidine synthesis may be necessary for the stimulation by testosterone of protease synthesis in the rat submaxillary gland.", "contents": "Relationship between polyamine contents and protease activity in the rat submaxillary gland. The effect of polyamines on the protease activity in the submaxillary gland of castrated rats has been investigated in vivo. The protease activity, which is increased by testosterone, is also increased to a lesser degree by the subcutaneous administration of spermidine. The administration of putrescine was less effective than that of spermidine. The increase of polyamine contents in the submaxillary gland of the castrated rats administered either testosterone or spermidine was nearly parallel to the increase of the enzymatic activity. The administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), a potent inhibitor of spermidine synthesis, with testosterone inhibited slightly the increase of the protease activity by testosterone, while the administration of the inhibitor with spermidine had essentially no effect on the increase of the enzymatic activity by spermidine. The administration of testosteorne also caused a slight increase of S-adenosyl-L-menthionine decarboxylase activity. These results suggest that spermidine synthesis may be necessary for the stimulation by testosterone of protease synthesis in the rat submaxillary gland.", "PMID": 667123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11564", "title": "Stimulation of mammalian adenylate cyclase activity with guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate and other guanine nucleotides.", "content": "Guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate (GTP4) stimulated mammalian adenylate cyclase activity at concentrations down to 1 micronM. Greater stimulatory activity was apparent with lung than with heart, brain or liver from the rat. At a concentration of 0.1 mM, GTP4 stimulated lung adenylate cyclase activity from rat, guinea pig and mouse about four-fold. Other guanine nucleotides such as GTP, GDP, GMP, guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP.PNP) also stimulated mammalian adenylate cyclase activity. EMP.PNP irreversibly activated, whereas GTP4 and GTP reversibly activated adenylate cyclase. Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ATP4) stimulated rat lung and liver but inhibited rat heart and brain adenylate cyclase activities. Lung from guinea pig and mouse were not affected by ATP4. The formation of cyclic AMP by GTP4-stimulated rat lung adenylate cyclase was verified by Dowex-50 (H+), Dowex 1-formate and polyethyleneimine cellulose column chromatography. GTP4 was at least three times more potent than 1-isoproterenol in stimulating rat lung adenylate cyclase activity. The beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol blocked the effect of 1-isoproterenol but not that of GTP4, thus, suggesting that GTP4 and beta-adrenergic agonists interact with different receptor sites on membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. Stimulation of rat lung and liver adenylate cyclase activities with 1-isoproterenol was potentiated by either GTP4 or GMP.PNP, thus indicating that GTP4 resembles other guanine nucleotides in their capacity to increase the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to beta-adrenergic agonists. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by guanine derivatives requires one or more free phosphate moieties on the 5 position of ribose, as no effect was elicited with guanine, guanosine, guanosine 2'-monophosphate, guanosine 3'-monophosphate or guanosine 2',5'-monophosphate. Ribose, ribose 5-phosphate, phosphate and pyrophosphate were inactive. Pyrimidine nucleoside mono-, di-, tri- and tetraphosphates elicited negligible effects on mammalian adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Stimulation of mammalian adenylate cyclase activity with guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate and other guanine nucleotides. Guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate (GTP4) stimulated mammalian adenylate cyclase activity at concentrations down to 1 micronM. Greater stimulatory activity was apparent with lung than with heart, brain or liver from the rat. At a concentration of 0.1 mM, GTP4 stimulated lung adenylate cyclase activity from rat, guinea pig and mouse about four-fold. Other guanine nucleotides such as GTP, GDP, GMP, guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP.PNP) also stimulated mammalian adenylate cyclase activity. EMP.PNP irreversibly activated, whereas GTP4 and GTP reversibly activated adenylate cyclase. Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ATP4) stimulated rat lung and liver but inhibited rat heart and brain adenylate cyclase activities. Lung from guinea pig and mouse were not affected by ATP4. The formation of cyclic AMP by GTP4-stimulated rat lung adenylate cyclase was verified by Dowex-50 (H+), Dowex 1-formate and polyethyleneimine cellulose column chromatography. GTP4 was at least three times more potent than 1-isoproterenol in stimulating rat lung adenylate cyclase activity. The beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol blocked the effect of 1-isoproterenol but not that of GTP4, thus, suggesting that GTP4 and beta-adrenergic agonists interact with different receptor sites on membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. Stimulation of rat lung and liver adenylate cyclase activities with 1-isoproterenol was potentiated by either GTP4 or GMP.PNP, thus indicating that GTP4 resembles other guanine nucleotides in their capacity to increase the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to beta-adrenergic agonists. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by guanine derivatives requires one or more free phosphate moieties on the 5 position of ribose, as no effect was elicited with guanine, guanosine, guanosine 2'-monophosphate, guanosine 3'-monophosphate or guanosine 2',5'-monophosphate. Ribose, ribose 5-phosphate, phosphate and pyrophosphate were inactive. Pyrimidine nucleoside mono-, di-, tri- and tetraphosphates elicited negligible effects on mammalian adenylate cyclase activity.", "PMID": 667124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11565", "title": "Conformational transition of hyaluronic acid: carboxylic group participation and thermal effect.", "content": "The chiroptical, viscosity and titration studies of hyaluronic acid in mixed organic/water solvent show a reversible conformational transition of the molecule depending upon pH, solvent composition, temperature, and molecular weight. Neither methylhyaluronate nor chondroitin undergoes conformational transition of this type. These results indicate that hydrogen bonding between the protonated carboxylic group and carbonyl oxygen of the acetamido group is directly involved in the conformational change. Results with chondroitin provide further support for the 4-fold helical structure that we have proposed for hyaluronic acid in mixed organic/water solvent. The thermal stability of the conformation has been studied under various pH values and solvent compositions.", "contents": "Conformational transition of hyaluronic acid: carboxylic group participation and thermal effect. The chiroptical, viscosity and titration studies of hyaluronic acid in mixed organic/water solvent show a reversible conformational transition of the molecule depending upon pH, solvent composition, temperature, and molecular weight. Neither methylhyaluronate nor chondroitin undergoes conformational transition of this type. These results indicate that hydrogen bonding between the protonated carboxylic group and carbonyl oxygen of the acetamido group is directly involved in the conformational change. Results with chondroitin provide further support for the 4-fold helical structure that we have proposed for hyaluronic acid in mixed organic/water solvent. The thermal stability of the conformation has been studied under various pH values and solvent compositions.", "PMID": 667126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11566", "title": "Unusual solution properties of proline and its interaction with proteins.", "content": "Proline in aqueous solution shows several properties which are unusual for low molecular weight substances. Investigations of solubility, density and viscosity revealed behaviour which is characteristic for hydrophilic colloids. 1H-NMR studies indicated a strong hydrogen bonding of water in proline solutions, especially at high concentrations of the solute. From these results it was concluded that proline forms aggregates by stepwise stacking and hydrophobic interaction of the pyrrolidine ring. Thus, the proposed multimer contans a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic groups on the surface, exposed to water. Proline solutions are able to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble proteins. The enhancement effect depends on the nature of the protein and on the proline concentration. It is postulated that by a hydrophobic interaction of proline with hydrophobic surface residues of proteins their hydrophilic area is increased. The presence of proline in solutions of the well soluble protein bovine albumin reduces the precipitation of this protein by ethanol and (NH4)2SO4, presumably by an increased water-binding capacity of the proline-protein solution.", "contents": "Unusual solution properties of proline and its interaction with proteins. Proline in aqueous solution shows several properties which are unusual for low molecular weight substances. Investigations of solubility, density and viscosity revealed behaviour which is characteristic for hydrophilic colloids. 1H-NMR studies indicated a strong hydrogen bonding of water in proline solutions, especially at high concentrations of the solute. From these results it was concluded that proline forms aggregates by stepwise stacking and hydrophobic interaction of the pyrrolidine ring. Thus, the proposed multimer contans a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic groups on the surface, exposed to water. Proline solutions are able to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble proteins. The enhancement effect depends on the nature of the protein and on the proline concentration. It is postulated that by a hydrophobic interaction of proline with hydrophobic surface residues of proteins their hydrophilic area is increased. The presence of proline in solutions of the well soluble protein bovine albumin reduces the precipitation of this protein by ethanol and (NH4)2SO4, presumably by an increased water-binding capacity of the proline-protein solution.", "PMID": 667127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11567", "title": "Appearance of a proteoglycan in developing sea urchin embryos.", "content": "It was shown that a proteoglycan is synthesised by embryos of a Japanese sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. This proteoglycan appears as a single peak on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation throughout the development. About half of the mucopolysaccharide moiety in this proteoglycan was found to be dermatan sulphate and the rest to be chondroitinase-resistant mucopolysaccharides. Evidence is presented to show that both types of mucopolysaccharide do not exist in a free form but reside as an integral part of the proteoglycan. The linkage between mucopolysaccharide and protein moieties of the proteoglycan appeared not to be an O-glycosidic bond, which is common among other proteoglycans such as proteochondroitin sulphate and proteodermatan sulphate.", "contents": "Appearance of a proteoglycan in developing sea urchin embryos. It was shown that a proteoglycan is synthesised by embryos of a Japanese sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. This proteoglycan appears as a single peak on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation throughout the development. About half of the mucopolysaccharide moiety in this proteoglycan was found to be dermatan sulphate and the rest to be chondroitinase-resistant mucopolysaccharides. Evidence is presented to show that both types of mucopolysaccharide do not exist in a free form but reside as an integral part of the proteoglycan. The linkage between mucopolysaccharide and protein moieties of the proteoglycan appeared not to be an O-glycosidic bond, which is common among other proteoglycans such as proteochondroitin sulphate and proteodermatan sulphate.", "PMID": 667128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11568", "title": "Purification and characterization of the anticoagulant principle of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom.", "content": "By means of CM-Sephadex column chromatography, Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom was separated into 20 fractions. Fraction XX had the marked anticoagulant action. This fraction was refractionated three times on Sephadex G-75, and a single peak was obtained. The patterns of microzone and disc electrophoresis also showed a single band. A single, symmetrical boundary with a value of 1.61 S was obtained by ultracentrifugation. It was a single peptide chain with a molecular weight of 11 700. The isoelectric point was higher than pH 10. The anticoagulant principle possessed phospholipase A activity and was calcium ion dependent. It did not possess proteolytic, tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester esterase, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities of the crude venom. The phospholipase A activity was heat-labile at pH 7.4, but was heat-stable at pH 5.6. The anticoagulant activity was more resistant to heat treatment as compared with phospholipase A activity. The anitoagulant action of the purified principle was competitively inhibited by platelet phospholid, tissue thromboplastin and cephalin, and was neutralized by antiserum. The anticoagulant principle inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP. It did not destroy fibrinogen, Factor X, prothrombin and thrombin; nor did it induce fibrinolysis nor interfere with the interaction between thrombin and fibrinogen. It is concluded that the anticoagulant action of this phospholipase A was due to the inhibition of the activations of Factors X and II through the inactivation of the procoagulant activity of phospholipids mediated partly by phospholipid-binding activity of this venom enzyme and partly by its enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the anticoagulant principle of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom. By means of CM-Sephadex column chromatography, Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom was separated into 20 fractions. Fraction XX had the marked anticoagulant action. This fraction was refractionated three times on Sephadex G-75, and a single peak was obtained. The patterns of microzone and disc electrophoresis also showed a single band. A single, symmetrical boundary with a value of 1.61 S was obtained by ultracentrifugation. It was a single peptide chain with a molecular weight of 11 700. The isoelectric point was higher than pH 10. The anticoagulant principle possessed phospholipase A activity and was calcium ion dependent. It did not possess proteolytic, tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester esterase, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities of the crude venom. The phospholipase A activity was heat-labile at pH 7.4, but was heat-stable at pH 5.6. The anticoagulant activity was more resistant to heat treatment as compared with phospholipase A activity. The anitoagulant action of the purified principle was competitively inhibited by platelet phospholid, tissue thromboplastin and cephalin, and was neutralized by antiserum. The anticoagulant principle inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP. It did not destroy fibrinogen, Factor X, prothrombin and thrombin; nor did it induce fibrinolysis nor interfere with the interaction between thrombin and fibrinogen. It is concluded that the anticoagulant action of this phospholipase A was due to the inhibition of the activations of Factors X and II through the inactivation of the procoagulant activity of phospholipids mediated partly by phospholipid-binding activity of this venom enzyme and partly by its enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids.", "PMID": 667129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11569", "title": "Enhancement of UDPgalactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in cultured human skin fibroblasts by cationic polypeptides.", "content": "UDPgalactose : glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in normal human skin fibroblast homogenates has been assayed using ovalbumin as an acceptor. The activity in the homogenate fraction sedimenting between 51 300 X g and 105 000 X g was enhanced by the addition of a number of catonic polypeptides of L-configuration but not by those of D-configuration. In contrast to the enhancing effect of poly(L-lysine), poly(L-glutamic acid) inhibited the activity. Poly(D-glutamic acid) had no effect. Cationic or anionic amino acid derivatives, spermine or spermidine had no effect on activity. The enhancement of transferase activity by poly(L-arginine) is probably due to an increase in V for UDPgalactose and ovalbumin. The implication of these results for the regulation of glycoprotein synthesis in cultivated skin fibroblasts and for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis is discussed.", "contents": "Enhancement of UDPgalactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in cultured human skin fibroblasts by cationic polypeptides. UDPgalactose : glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in normal human skin fibroblast homogenates has been assayed using ovalbumin as an acceptor. The activity in the homogenate fraction sedimenting between 51 300 X g and 105 000 X g was enhanced by the addition of a number of catonic polypeptides of L-configuration but not by those of D-configuration. In contrast to the enhancing effect of poly(L-lysine), poly(L-glutamic acid) inhibited the activity. Poly(D-glutamic acid) had no effect. Cationic or anionic amino acid derivatives, spermine or spermidine had no effect on activity. The enhancement of transferase activity by poly(L-arginine) is probably due to an increase in V for UDPgalactose and ovalbumin. The implication of these results for the regulation of glycoprotein synthesis in cultivated skin fibroblasts and for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis is discussed.", "PMID": 667130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11570", "title": "Chylomicron apoprotein alteration after plasma exposure.", "content": "Purified rat lymph chylomicrons were incubated with chylomicron-free rat plasma and examined for changes in lipid and apoprotein constituents. Upon incubation there was a five-fold increase in the arginine rich apoprotein and a concomitant reduction in chylomicron Apo A-I to less than one-sixth its preincubation mass. These apoprotein changes were most faithfully reproduced when chylomicrons were incubated with the rat HDL fraction, although incubations of chylomicrons with rat lipoprotein-free plasma showed that arginine-rich apoprotein could readily associate with chylomicrons without concomitant changes in chylomicron lipid constituents. The gain in chylomicron apoprotein paralleled an increased affinity of the incubated chylomicron for heparin, when examined by heparin affinity chromatography. The apoprotein alterations were consistent in incubations in which the triglyceride concentrations varied from 330 mg/dl to 4200 mg/dl, and were not affected by inhibition of the Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) reaction in the incubation mixture. The demonstration that in vivo alimentary lipemia chylomicrons have an apoprotein pattern identical to that of chylomicrons following in vitro plasma incubation suggests that these apoprotein alterations occur physiologically in alimentary lipemia.", "contents": "Chylomicron apoprotein alteration after plasma exposure. Purified rat lymph chylomicrons were incubated with chylomicron-free rat plasma and examined for changes in lipid and apoprotein constituents. Upon incubation there was a five-fold increase in the arginine rich apoprotein and a concomitant reduction in chylomicron Apo A-I to less than one-sixth its preincubation mass. These apoprotein changes were most faithfully reproduced when chylomicrons were incubated with the rat HDL fraction, although incubations of chylomicrons with rat lipoprotein-free plasma showed that arginine-rich apoprotein could readily associate with chylomicrons without concomitant changes in chylomicron lipid constituents. The gain in chylomicron apoprotein paralleled an increased affinity of the incubated chylomicron for heparin, when examined by heparin affinity chromatography. The apoprotein alterations were consistent in incubations in which the triglyceride concentrations varied from 330 mg/dl to 4200 mg/dl, and were not affected by inhibition of the Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) reaction in the incubation mixture. The demonstration that in vivo alimentary lipemia chylomicrons have an apoprotein pattern identical to that of chylomicrons following in vitro plasma incubation suggests that these apoprotein alterations occur physiologically in alimentary lipemia.", "PMID": 667131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11571", "title": "Studies on lectins. XXXIX. S-Glycosyl polyacrylamide gels for affinity chromatography of lectins.", "content": "Hydrophilic water-insoluble gels suitable for affinity chromatography of lectins have been prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide and alkenyl 1-thioglycosides. Water-soluble copolymers of analogous type have been obtained by omitting the cross-linking agent, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide. In affinity chromatography of the Ricinus communis lectin it could be shown that the capacity for the lectin of the water insoluble copolymers was more than four times higher in copolymers having the S-beta-D-galactosyl ligand attached through a methylene bridge than in derivatives with a nonamethylene spacer. None of the insoluble S-beta-D-glycosyl copolymers prepared could be shown usable as affinity adsorbent for glycosidases though the corresponding soluble copolymers inhibited the activity of the enzymes.", "contents": "Studies on lectins. XXXIX. S-Glycosyl polyacrylamide gels for affinity chromatography of lectins. Hydrophilic water-insoluble gels suitable for affinity chromatography of lectins have been prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide and alkenyl 1-thioglycosides. Water-soluble copolymers of analogous type have been obtained by omitting the cross-linking agent, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide. In affinity chromatography of the Ricinus communis lectin it could be shown that the capacity for the lectin of the water insoluble copolymers was more than four times higher in copolymers having the S-beta-D-galactosyl ligand attached through a methylene bridge than in derivatives with a nonamethylene spacer. None of the insoluble S-beta-D-glycosyl copolymers prepared could be shown usable as affinity adsorbent for glycosidases though the corresponding soluble copolymers inhibited the activity of the enzymes.", "PMID": 667132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11572", "title": "Formation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 complexes studied by the NMR relaxation of water.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 in microsomes from liver of phenobarbital treated and control rats has been studied by light absorption and by magnetic resonance methods (EPR and NMR). The nuclear relaxation rate of water protons was measured for microsomal suspensions in the presence of various reactants of Type I and II. The change of relaxation rates correlates well with the spin state conversion of the heme iron. No competition between eventual inner-sphere water molecules and the reactants seems to occur. The temperature dependence of the low spin to high spin equilibrium was studied by light absorption and was accounted for in the temperature variation of the molar relaxation rates of the two spin states.", "contents": "Formation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 complexes studied by the NMR relaxation of water. Cytochrome P-450 in microsomes from liver of phenobarbital treated and control rats has been studied by light absorption and by magnetic resonance methods (EPR and NMR). The nuclear relaxation rate of water protons was measured for microsomal suspensions in the presence of various reactants of Type I and II. The change of relaxation rates correlates well with the spin state conversion of the heme iron. No competition between eventual inner-sphere water molecules and the reactants seems to occur. The temperature dependence of the low spin to high spin equilibrium was studied by light absorption and was accounted for in the temperature variation of the molar relaxation rates of the two spin states.", "PMID": 667133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11573", "title": "Raman spectroscopy: a structural probe of glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "We report the first Raman spectroscopic study of the glycosaminoglycans chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and hyaluronic acid, both in solution and in the solid state. To aid in spectral identification, infrared spectra were also recorded from films of these samples. Vibrational frequencies for important functional groups like the sulfate groups, glycosidic linkages, C-OH and the N-acetyl group can be identified from the Raman spectra. Certain differences in the spectra of the different glycosaminoglycans can be interpreted in terms of the geometry of the various substituents, while other differences can be related to differences in chemical composition.", "contents": "Raman spectroscopy: a structural probe of glycosaminoglycans. We report the first Raman spectroscopic study of the glycosaminoglycans chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and hyaluronic acid, both in solution and in the solid state. To aid in spectral identification, infrared spectra were also recorded from films of these samples. Vibrational frequencies for important functional groups like the sulfate groups, glycosidic linkages, C-OH and the N-acetyl group can be identified from the Raman spectra. Certain differences in the spectra of the different glycosaminoglycans can be interpreted in terms of the geometry of the various substituents, while other differences can be related to differences in chemical composition.", "PMID": 667134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11574", "title": "Choice of an aqueous polymer two-phase system for cell partition.", "content": "Partition of human erythrocytes in aqueous two-phase polymer systems produced by Ficoll and different molecular weight fractions of dextran and polyethylene glycol and the influence of the ionic composition on the cells' partition in the systems was studied. It is found that the Ficoll-dextran-40 system is characterized by a number of advantages as compared with the common dextran-polyethylene glycol system or the others systems under study. The main advantage of the system appears to be that it is possible to concentrate the red cells in the top phase or in the bottom phase of the system, depending on the system ionic composition. The influence of the nature and the concentration of salt additives on this two-phase system formation is examined.", "contents": "Choice of an aqueous polymer two-phase system for cell partition. Partition of human erythrocytes in aqueous two-phase polymer systems produced by Ficoll and different molecular weight fractions of dextran and polyethylene glycol and the influence of the ionic composition on the cells' partition in the systems was studied. It is found that the Ficoll-dextran-40 system is characterized by a number of advantages as compared with the common dextran-polyethylene glycol system or the others systems under study. The main advantage of the system appears to be that it is possible to concentrate the red cells in the top phase or in the bottom phase of the system, depending on the system ionic composition. The influence of the nature and the concentration of salt additives on this two-phase system formation is examined.", "PMID": 667135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11575", "title": "Collagen synthesis by human glomerular cells in culture.", "content": "Collagen synthesis was studied in three subcultured human glomerular cell types, by radiolabeled incorporation of [14C]proline and [3H]lysine. The epithelioid circular glomerular cells secrete a collagen with a single size of chain (possibly type IV) with a high ratio of hydroxyproline to proline, hydroxylysine to lysine, and 11--17% of hydroxyproline as the 3-isomer. The smooth muscle-like rhomboid glomerular cells secrete collagen with a chain pattern suggesting types III and I collagen, distinct from that found in the media of fibroblasts. Small ovoid glomerular cells are morphologically and biochemically intermediate between circular glomerular cells and rhomboid glomerular cells, and may represent an in vitro modification of either circular glomerular cells or rhomboid glomerular cells.", "contents": "Collagen synthesis by human glomerular cells in culture. Collagen synthesis was studied in three subcultured human glomerular cell types, by radiolabeled incorporation of [14C]proline and [3H]lysine. The epithelioid circular glomerular cells secrete a collagen with a single size of chain (possibly type IV) with a high ratio of hydroxyproline to proline, hydroxylysine to lysine, and 11--17% of hydroxyproline as the 3-isomer. The smooth muscle-like rhomboid glomerular cells secrete collagen with a chain pattern suggesting types III and I collagen, distinct from that found in the media of fibroblasts. Small ovoid glomerular cells are morphologically and biochemically intermediate between circular glomerular cells and rhomboid glomerular cells, and may represent an in vitro modification of either circular glomerular cells or rhomboid glomerular cells.", "PMID": 667136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11576", "title": "Kinetics of iron reduction of ferritin cores and of a low molecular weight hydroxy-iron polymer.", "content": "The kinetics of reduction by dithionite of iron cores in ferritin and of iron cores after removal of the protein shell (isolated cores) has been analysed along with that of a low molecular weight hydroxy-iron polymer. Spectrophotometric measurements have shown that the time course of the reaction approximates a pseudo first-order behaviour. In the case of ferritin cores the pseudo first-order rate constant reaches an asymptotic value which markedly increases when the cores are isolated. In contrast, in the low molecular weight hydroxy-iron polymer, no clear asymptotic value is reached. Thus, the rate of reduction appears to be determined both by the presence of the protein shell and by the crystallite surface area. Kinetic light scattering experiments show that in ferritin and in the isolated cores a rapid drop in molecular weight occurs during the first stages of reduction, suggesting a fragmentation of the iron crystallite.", "contents": "Kinetics of iron reduction of ferritin cores and of a low molecular weight hydroxy-iron polymer. The kinetics of reduction by dithionite of iron cores in ferritin and of iron cores after removal of the protein shell (isolated cores) has been analysed along with that of a low molecular weight hydroxy-iron polymer. Spectrophotometric measurements have shown that the time course of the reaction approximates a pseudo first-order behaviour. In the case of ferritin cores the pseudo first-order rate constant reaches an asymptotic value which markedly increases when the cores are isolated. In contrast, in the low molecular weight hydroxy-iron polymer, no clear asymptotic value is reached. Thus, the rate of reduction appears to be determined both by the presence of the protein shell and by the crystallite surface area. Kinetic light scattering experiments show that in ferritin and in the isolated cores a rapid drop in molecular weight occurs during the first stages of reduction, suggesting a fragmentation of the iron crystallite.", "PMID": 667138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11577", "title": "The role of polyamines in the regulation of AMP deaminase isozymes.", "content": "The differential effects of polyamines on the activity of AMP deaminase isozyme A (from rat muscle) and isozyme B (from rat liver) are reported. Polyamines activate isozyme B but inhibit isozyme A.", "contents": "The role of polyamines in the regulation of AMP deaminase isozymes. The differential effects of polyamines on the activity of AMP deaminase isozyme A (from rat muscle) and isozyme B (from rat liver) are reported. Polyamines activate isozyme B but inhibit isozyme A.", "PMID": 667139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11578", "title": "UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The assay condition for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities in rat liver microsomal fraction was developed. The enzyme activities towards endogenous acceptors within 48 h after partial hepatectomy were lower than in controls, exceeding the control level by 96 h, and then higher than in controls up to 240 h after the operation. The changes in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities towards exogenous acceptor (UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose: glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.51) were consistent with those in the enzyme activities towards endogenous acceptors at 144 h, but not at 48 h, after the operation. The contents of protein and the levels of protein-bound hexosamine in the liver microsomes were decreased at early period of liver regeneration. These results suggest that the acceptor capacity of liver microsomal proteins is diminished during first 48 h of the regeneration. This may be responsible for the decreased transfer of the amino sugar to nascent glycoproteins. However, the enzyme activity was enhanced at 144 h and the level of endogenous acceptors may increase.", "contents": "UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in regenerating rat liver. The assay condition for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities in rat liver microsomal fraction was developed. The enzyme activities towards endogenous acceptors within 48 h after partial hepatectomy were lower than in controls, exceeding the control level by 96 h, and then higher than in controls up to 240 h after the operation. The changes in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities towards exogenous acceptor (UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose: glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.51) were consistent with those in the enzyme activities towards endogenous acceptors at 144 h, but not at 48 h, after the operation. The contents of protein and the levels of protein-bound hexosamine in the liver microsomes were decreased at early period of liver regeneration. These results suggest that the acceptor capacity of liver microsomal proteins is diminished during first 48 h of the regeneration. This may be responsible for the decreased transfer of the amino sugar to nascent glycoproteins. However, the enzyme activity was enhanced at 144 h and the level of endogenous acceptors may increase.", "PMID": 667140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11579", "title": "Change of the protein composition of the thyroid colloid during treatment with propylthiouracil and thyroxine: a microgel electrophoretic study of single rat thyroid follicles.", "content": "Prophylthiouracil and thyroxine were given daily to rats for 4 weeks. Samples of colloid were collected in vivo from the superficial thyroid follicles during this period and their protein composition was analysed by gel electrophoresis. It was observed that the aggregates of thyroglobulin, i.e., the 27-S thyroid iodoprotein and the heavier fractions, were reduced to 50% after 1 week and were almost absent after 2 weeks. A faster migrating thyroglobulin fraction was observed in the samples of colloid and in the homogenate of the whole gland after 48 h of treatment. During the following period of treatment there was an increase in the relative amount of the faster migrating thyroglobulin fraction compared to 19-S thyroglobulin in the colloid, the former comprising approx. 75% of the globulins after 4 weeks, It can be concluded that propylthiouracil inhibits the formation of the 27-S iodoprotein and that a structurally altered and iodine-poor thyroglobulin fraction is accumulated in the follicle lumen.", "contents": "Change of the protein composition of the thyroid colloid during treatment with propylthiouracil and thyroxine: a microgel electrophoretic study of single rat thyroid follicles. Prophylthiouracil and thyroxine were given daily to rats for 4 weeks. Samples of colloid were collected in vivo from the superficial thyroid follicles during this period and their protein composition was analysed by gel electrophoresis. It was observed that the aggregates of thyroglobulin, i.e., the 27-S thyroid iodoprotein and the heavier fractions, were reduced to 50% after 1 week and were almost absent after 2 weeks. A faster migrating thyroglobulin fraction was observed in the samples of colloid and in the homogenate of the whole gland after 48 h of treatment. During the following period of treatment there was an increase in the relative amount of the faster migrating thyroglobulin fraction compared to 19-S thyroglobulin in the colloid, the former comprising approx. 75% of the globulins after 4 weeks, It can be concluded that propylthiouracil inhibits the formation of the 27-S iodoprotein and that a structurally altered and iodine-poor thyroglobulin fraction is accumulated in the follicle lumen.", "PMID": 667141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11580", "title": "[Mechanism of photoregeneration of reduced porphyrin in the presence of oxygen].", "content": "Photooxidation of reduced forms of porphyrines (IIH2) was studied. It has been shown that photooxidation of IIH2 is sensitized by initial porphyrine formed in the course of the reaction. Singlet oxygen serves as the basic oxidizer. It is also informed that the search of metastable states of photoreduced anion forms of the pigments by means of flashphotolysis turned to be unsuccessful.", "contents": "[Mechanism of photoregeneration of reduced porphyrin in the presence of oxygen]. Photooxidation of reduced forms of porphyrines (IIH2) was studied. It has been shown that photooxidation of IIH2 is sensitized by initial porphyrine formed in the course of the reaction. Singlet oxygen serves as the basic oxidizer. It is also informed that the search of metastable states of photoreduced anion forms of the pigments by means of flashphotolysis turned to be unsuccessful.", "PMID": 667142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11581", "title": "[Mechanism of activation of the photosensitizing effect of water-soluble analogs of chlorophyll when bound to a polymer].", "content": "It has been shown that the order of mixture of photoreduction components of methylene red with ascorbic acid sensitized with clorine e in an aqueous solution of polyvinilpyrrolidone markedly affects the rate and depth of the reaction. The data obtained support the hypothesis that the intensificiation of the sensitized reaction in the presence of polymer is conditioned by joint polymer binding of the reaction components. This binding facilitates the interaction between the electron donor or acceptor with the light-excited pigment.", "contents": "[Mechanism of activation of the photosensitizing effect of water-soluble analogs of chlorophyll when bound to a polymer]. It has been shown that the order of mixture of photoreduction components of methylene red with ascorbic acid sensitized with clorine e in an aqueous solution of polyvinilpyrrolidone markedly affects the rate and depth of the reaction. The data obtained support the hypothesis that the intensificiation of the sensitized reaction in the presence of polymer is conditioned by joint polymer binding of the reaction components. This binding facilitates the interaction between the electron donor or acceptor with the light-excited pigment.", "PMID": 667143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11582", "title": "[Modification of phospholipid liposomes by electron dense labels].", "content": "Phosphatidilethanolamine (PE) of liposome was modified by electron-density label, trichlortriazin being used as an intermediate reagent. The electron microscopic study of pure PE liposomes has revealed the presence of typical lamellar structure which also has been visualized on PE liposomes modified by electron-density label. In case of liposomes which consist of PE and phosphatidilcholine cluster distribution of modified PE molecules was observed.", "contents": "[Modification of phospholipid liposomes by electron dense labels]. Phosphatidilethanolamine (PE) of liposome was modified by electron-density label, trichlortriazin being used as an intermediate reagent. The electron microscopic study of pure PE liposomes has revealed the presence of typical lamellar structure which also has been visualized on PE liposomes modified by electron-density label. In case of liposomes which consist of PE and phosphatidilcholine cluster distribution of modified PE molecules was observed.", "PMID": 667147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11583", "title": "[Theory of the hypochromic effect in DNA].", "content": "A method for theoretical studies of hypochromism of natural DNA is presented. The DNA hypochromism changed in structural transitions of the helix-coil type is examined using the method developed. It is shown on E. coli DNA that the main cause of the DNA hypochromism increase during transitions from coil to helix is the change in intrastrans interactions connected with the strand ordering process.", "contents": "[Theory of the hypochromic effect in DNA]. A method for theoretical studies of hypochromism of natural DNA is presented. The DNA hypochromism changed in structural transitions of the helix-coil type is examined using the method developed. It is shown on E. coli DNA that the main cause of the DNA hypochromism increase during transitions from coil to helix is the change in intrastrans interactions connected with the strand ordering process.", "PMID": 667145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11584", "title": "[Effect of UV-light on formation of fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation].", "content": "The rate of fluorescent product formation during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated linolenic acid or egg phosphatidylethanolamine and also during the oxidation of linolenic acid together with a phenylalanine and synthetic phosphatidylethanolamine 1,5--3 times more intensive after previous UV-irradiation of the unsaturated fatty acid. Schiff bases are fluorescent products in amine containing systems which are produced in the reaction of the malonaldehyde with amines. It is possible that fluorochromes produced during the only unsaturated acid oxidation are the result of the radical recombination. Accumulation of the oxidated products determined by TBA-reactive substances does not inevitably correlate with the fluorescent intensity in explored systems.", "contents": "[Effect of UV-light on formation of fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation]. The rate of fluorescent product formation during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated linolenic acid or egg phosphatidylethanolamine and also during the oxidation of linolenic acid together with a phenylalanine and synthetic phosphatidylethanolamine 1,5--3 times more intensive after previous UV-irradiation of the unsaturated fatty acid. Schiff bases are fluorescent products in amine containing systems which are produced in the reaction of the malonaldehyde with amines. It is possible that fluorochromes produced during the only unsaturated acid oxidation are the result of the radical recombination. Accumulation of the oxidated products determined by TBA-reactive substances does not inevitably correlate with the fluorescent intensity in explored systems.", "PMID": 667149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11585", "title": "[Role of calcium ions in stabilizing rat liver adhesion factor].", "content": "Highly purified native preparation of adhesion factor (AF) from rat liver was shown to inactivate after dialysis against deionised water or after action of chelating agent (EGTA). Isoelectric point of inactivated AF was less than 2.0 Rf value in PAG in presence of SDS was significantly increased. The results obtained suggest that inactivation of AF during electrofucusing depends on ampholyne binding of Ca(II) which may be constituent in AF.", "contents": "[Role of calcium ions in stabilizing rat liver adhesion factor]. Highly purified native preparation of adhesion factor (AF) from rat liver was shown to inactivate after dialysis against deionised water or after action of chelating agent (EGTA). Isoelectric point of inactivated AF was less than 2.0 Rf value in PAG in presence of SDS was significantly increased. The results obtained suggest that inactivation of AF during electrofucusing depends on ampholyne binding of Ca(II) which may be constituent in AF.", "PMID": 667144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11586", "title": "[Resolution of the fluorescence and absorption spectra of chlorophyll a in the cell into its components].", "content": "The total number, band widths, absorption and fluorescence peak positions of universal forms of chlorophyll a in vivo were identified by means of computer curve analysis, Stepanov's relation and low temperature derivative spectroscopy. The identified pigment forms are as follows: Chl669(661), Chl676(674), Chl686(680), Chl691(687), Chl697(691), Chl706(698), Chl715(702) Chl726(709), Chl738(715) and Chl750--755(720--724) (the lower index--absorption peak position, the upper one--fluorescence peak position). The O--O electronic transitions vibronic bands energy one of the forms of chlorphyll alpha enumerated above changes for constant equal 140 cm--1.", "contents": "[Resolution of the fluorescence and absorption spectra of chlorophyll a in the cell into its components]. The total number, band widths, absorption and fluorescence peak positions of universal forms of chlorophyll a in vivo were identified by means of computer curve analysis, Stepanov's relation and low temperature derivative spectroscopy. The identified pigment forms are as follows: Chl669(661), Chl676(674), Chl686(680), Chl691(687), Chl697(691), Chl706(698), Chl715(702) Chl726(709), Chl738(715) and Chl750--755(720--724) (the lower index--absorption peak position, the upper one--fluorescence peak position). The O--O electronic transitions vibronic bands energy one of the forms of chlorphyll alpha enumerated above changes for constant equal 140 cm--1.", "PMID": 667148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11587", "title": "[Translation mobility of water isolated in the cells of lyophilized Cryptococcus albidus var. diffluens yeasts by the NMR impulse method].", "content": "The method of NMR spin echo in a combination with the impulse gradient of the magnetic field was used to study the self-diffusion of water isolated in the cells of lyophylized Criptococcus. A relative fall of the amplitude of spin echo (factor R) in relation to the value of magnetic field impulse gradient (g), their duration (delta) and temporary distance between them (delta). The studies were carried out in the temperature range of 20 degrees divided by 80 degrees C. It has been shown that the fraction of isolated mobile water is located in intracellular permeable compartments with an average size of 0.6.10--4 cm at 20 degrees C. The coefficient of selfdiffusion of isolated water of Criptococcus (0.25.10--5 cm2S--1 at 20 degrees C) and the activation energy of selfdiffusion (4.4 ccal/mole at 20 degrees divided by 60 degrees C) were determined, permeability of walls of water-containing compartments taken into account.", "contents": "[Translation mobility of water isolated in the cells of lyophilized Cryptococcus albidus var. diffluens yeasts by the NMR impulse method]. The method of NMR spin echo in a combination with the impulse gradient of the magnetic field was used to study the self-diffusion of water isolated in the cells of lyophylized Criptococcus. A relative fall of the amplitude of spin echo (factor R) in relation to the value of magnetic field impulse gradient (g), their duration (delta) and temporary distance between them (delta). The studies were carried out in the temperature range of 20 degrees divided by 80 degrees C. It has been shown that the fraction of isolated mobile water is located in intracellular permeable compartments with an average size of 0.6.10--4 cm at 20 degrees C. The coefficient of selfdiffusion of isolated water of Criptococcus (0.25.10--5 cm2S--1 at 20 degrees C) and the activation energy of selfdiffusion (4.4 ccal/mole at 20 degrees divided by 60 degrees C) were determined, permeability of walls of water-containing compartments taken into account.", "PMID": 667152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11588", "title": "[Mathematical model of the immune response. IV. Threshold character of the infectious process].", "content": "A model of immune reaction is described which takes into account the agressive behaviour of infectious microorganisms in the macroorganism. The model allows a description of threshold relationship between the infection process and the initial dose of the antigen. According to the model depending on the parameters and initial data the following regimes are possible: destruction of the antigen without a disease, its destruction after a disease, coexistence of the antigen with specific antibodies, recurrent course of the disease, unlimited multiplication of the antigen.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of the immune response. IV. Threshold character of the infectious process]. A model of immune reaction is described which takes into account the agressive behaviour of infectious microorganisms in the macroorganism. The model allows a description of threshold relationship between the infection process and the initial dose of the antigen. According to the model depending on the parameters and initial data the following regimes are possible: destruction of the antigen without a disease, its destruction after a disease, coexistence of the antigen with specific antibodies, recurrent course of the disease, unlimited multiplication of the antigen.", "PMID": 667153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11589", "title": "[Modeling the process of excitatory transmission from the mechanical portion of the auditory system to the nerve endings of the auditory nerve].", "content": "Sharpening of frequency selectivity of the mechanical part of the hearing system due to the transformation of the signals in the receptor system is investigated. It is proposed that excitation of neuron endings is proportional to the amplitude of the current which was produced by the difference of microphonic potentials in the neighbouring hair cells. It is shown that possible degree of the selectivity sharpening of the cochlea which can be explained by this model is in a good agreement with the known experimental results.", "contents": "[Modeling the process of excitatory transmission from the mechanical portion of the auditory system to the nerve endings of the auditory nerve]. Sharpening of frequency selectivity of the mechanical part of the hearing system due to the transformation of the signals in the receptor system is investigated. It is proposed that excitation of neuron endings is proportional to the amplitude of the current which was produced by the difference of microphonic potentials in the neighbouring hair cells. It is shown that possible degree of the selectivity sharpening of the cochlea which can be explained by this model is in a good agreement with the known experimental results.", "PMID": 667157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11590", "title": "[Model of the light intensity analyzer].", "content": "The paper deals with coding the light intensity in visual analyzer. The single \"neurons\" of the proposed model have the properties of B-, D-neurons (primary detectors) [1] or the properties of so-called detectors of the light intensity [2]. Such \"psychophysical\" characteristics of the model as Stevens law, Weber fraction are in a good agreement with similar characteristics of the real visual analyzer.", "contents": "[Model of the light intensity analyzer]. The paper deals with coding the light intensity in visual analyzer. The single \"neurons\" of the proposed model have the properties of B-, D-neurons (primary detectors) [1] or the properties of so-called detectors of the light intensity [2]. Such \"psychophysical\" characteristics of the model as Stevens law, Weber fraction are in a good agreement with similar characteristics of the real visual analyzer.", "PMID": 667155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11591", "title": "[Relationship between the phase sensitivity of inferior colliculus neurons and the frequency of the acoustic signal].", "content": "With tone frequency (F) lower than the neuron characteristic frequency (F0), the neuron OFF-response is maximal at the signal end-phase (phi) of about 90 and 270 degrees and is minimal at about 0 and 180 degrees. On the contrary, with F less than F0 the OFF-response is maximal at phi-values of about 0 and 180 degrees and is minimal at about 90, 270 degrees. Considering these data as resulted by mechanical processes at the cochlear basilar membrane, it proved possible 1) to determine apriori the values of the OFF-responses to bitonal stimuli and 2) to predict different shift direction of the fused auditory image (in psychophysical experiment) with the phase change of one of the binaurally presented tones at frequencies lower and higher the human optimal sensitivity range.", "contents": "[Relationship between the phase sensitivity of inferior colliculus neurons and the frequency of the acoustic signal]. With tone frequency (F) lower than the neuron characteristic frequency (F0), the neuron OFF-response is maximal at the signal end-phase (phi) of about 90 and 270 degrees and is minimal at about 0 and 180 degrees. On the contrary, with F less than F0 the OFF-response is maximal at phi-values of about 0 and 180 degrees and is minimal at about 90, 270 degrees. Considering these data as resulted by mechanical processes at the cochlear basilar membrane, it proved possible 1) to determine apriori the values of the OFF-responses to bitonal stimuli and 2) to predict different shift direction of the fused auditory image (in psychophysical experiment) with the phase change of one of the binaurally presented tones at frequencies lower and higher the human optimal sensitivity range.", "PMID": 667156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11592", "title": "[Criterion for determining the ionic specificity orders of membranes of biological and non-biological origin for univalent ions].", "content": "A formal criterion of membrane specificity for univalent ions is proposed: (see text), where Eg, El, and r stand for the energy of ion hydration, energy of ion interaction with the charged group (ligand) for the membrane, and ion crystalline radius respectively. Taking 5 cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ as a model the existence of 16 lines of membrane ionic specificity out of 120 possible is predicted. On the basis of 4 anions: F--,Cl--,Br--,I--the existence of 8 lines out of 24 possible is predicted. 11 lines out of predicted cation lines and 7 out of anion lines were obtained by Eisenman.", "contents": "[Criterion for determining the ionic specificity orders of membranes of biological and non-biological origin for univalent ions]. A formal criterion of membrane specificity for univalent ions is proposed: (see text), where Eg, El, and r stand for the energy of ion hydration, energy of ion interaction with the charged group (ligand) for the membrane, and ion crystalline radius respectively. Taking 5 cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ as a model the existence of 16 lines of membrane ionic specificity out of 120 possible is predicted. On the basis of 4 anions: F--,Cl--,Br--,I--the existence of 8 lines out of 24 possible is predicted. 11 lines out of predicted cation lines and 7 out of anion lines were obtained by Eisenman.", "PMID": 667161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11593", "title": "[Mechanism of early receptor potential generation and an electrical model of retinal rods in rats].", "content": "A passive electric model of the retinal rod can reproduce the changes of the ELP-waveform at temperatures within the range 10 degrees--45 degrees C. R2-component of the ERP is generated by the process with the time constant ca. 500 microseconds (37 degrees C) and activation energy 31 kcal/mol characteristic of metarhodopsin I--metarhodopsin II transition. R1 originates not later than at prelumirhodopsin--lumirhodopsin conversion. Charge displacements are 0.006 (R1) and 0.04 (R2) electronic charges per rhodopsin bleached. The model is used for determining membrane capacitance and resistance of the rat retinal rod.", "contents": "[Mechanism of early receptor potential generation and an electrical model of retinal rods in rats]. A passive electric model of the retinal rod can reproduce the changes of the ELP-waveform at temperatures within the range 10 degrees--45 degrees C. R2-component of the ERP is generated by the process with the time constant ca. 500 microseconds (37 degrees C) and activation energy 31 kcal/mol characteristic of metarhodopsin I--metarhodopsin II transition. R1 originates not later than at prelumirhodopsin--lumirhodopsin conversion. Charge displacements are 0.006 (R1) and 0.04 (R2) electronic charges per rhodopsin bleached. The model is used for determining membrane capacitance and resistance of the rat retinal rod.", "PMID": 667154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11594", "title": "Primary structure of chicken erythrocyte histone H2A.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence (128 residues) of the chicken erythrocyte histone H2A was deduced from the data provided by structural studies on the tryptic peptides from the maleylated histone and of the peptides obtained by thermolysin digestion of the native protein. The sequence of chicken histone H2A differs from the calf homologous histone by the deletion of one residue of histidine at position 123 or 124 and three conservative substitutions: a residue of serine replaces a residue of threonine at position 16, a residue of aspartic acid replaces a residue of glutamic acid at position 121 and a residue of alanine replaces a residue of glycine at position 128.", "contents": "Primary structure of chicken erythrocyte histone H2A. The complete amino acid sequence (128 residues) of the chicken erythrocyte histone H2A was deduced from the data provided by structural studies on the tryptic peptides from the maleylated histone and of the peptides obtained by thermolysin digestion of the native protein. The sequence of chicken histone H2A differs from the calf homologous histone by the deletion of one residue of histidine at position 123 or 124 and three conservative substitutions: a residue of serine replaces a residue of threonine at position 16, a residue of aspartic acid replaces a residue of glutamic acid at position 121 and a residue of alanine replaces a residue of glycine at position 128.", "PMID": 667168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11595", "title": "RNA metabolism in M1 adrenergic neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "RNA metabolism of M1 adrenergic neuroblastoma cells was investigated in logarithmic proliferating, stationary and differentiated states. [3h] uridine labelling experiments showed that in the stationary phase (10 days of culture) the cells incorporated less radioactive precursors into RNA than in the logarithmic phase (3 days of culture). Cells differentiated by bromodeoxyuridine treatment were compared with proliferating cells. At short labelling time, the BrdU-treated cells incorporated more [3H] uridine in RNA than the controls. But when morphological differentiation became irreversible, the treated cells incorporated less [3H] uridine into RNA. Our results show that morphological differentiation by BrdU-treatment of neuroblastoma M1 cells is not accompanied by striking changes in RNA metabolism.", "contents": "RNA metabolism in M1 adrenergic neuroblastoma cells. RNA metabolism of M1 adrenergic neuroblastoma cells was investigated in logarithmic proliferating, stationary and differentiated states. [3h] uridine labelling experiments showed that in the stationary phase (10 days of culture) the cells incorporated less radioactive precursors into RNA than in the logarithmic phase (3 days of culture). Cells differentiated by bromodeoxyuridine treatment were compared with proliferating cells. At short labelling time, the BrdU-treated cells incorporated more [3H] uridine in RNA than the controls. But when morphological differentiation became irreversible, the treated cells incorporated less [3H] uridine into RNA. Our results show that morphological differentiation by BrdU-treatment of neuroblastoma M1 cells is not accompanied by striking changes in RNA metabolism.", "PMID": 667167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11596", "title": "Studies on the energy-linked Ca2+ accumulation in pig heart mitochondria - role of Mg2'ons.", "content": "Comparative intracellular distribution of Ca2+, Mg2+ and adenine nucleotides has been studied in pig heart by differential centrifugation or fractional extraction and has shown that Mg2+ and ATP are associated mainly with soluble fractions whereas Ca2+ and ADP are more tightly bound to subcellular structures. Ca2+ accumulation and Ca2+ stimulated respiration were studied in pig heart mitochondria under different energetic conditions in the absence or presence of phosphate. Ca2+ concentrations of about 1200 nmoles/mg protein inhibit Ca2+ accumulation, site I substrate oxidation and induce an efflux of mitochondrial Mg2+. These deleterious effects of Ca2+ on respiration occur even in the absence of phosphate or oxidizable substrate; they are completely prevented by ruthenium red only, and partially prevented by the addition of M2+ to the medium. The kinetics of Ca2+ uptake become of the sigmoidal type when Mg2+ is present. This cation strongly inhibits the rate of Ca2+ uptake in the presence of added phosphate and decreases the affinity of Ca2+ for its transport system. In the absence of phosphate, Mg2+ has no effect on Ca2+ uptake. The possible physiological implications of these findings are discussed", "contents": "Studies on the energy-linked Ca2+ accumulation in pig heart mitochondria - role of Mg2'ons. Comparative intracellular distribution of Ca2+, Mg2+ and adenine nucleotides has been studied in pig heart by differential centrifugation or fractional extraction and has shown that Mg2+ and ATP are associated mainly with soluble fractions whereas Ca2+ and ADP are more tightly bound to subcellular structures. Ca2+ accumulation and Ca2+ stimulated respiration were studied in pig heart mitochondria under different energetic conditions in the absence or presence of phosphate. Ca2+ concentrations of about 1200 nmoles/mg protein inhibit Ca2+ accumulation, site I substrate oxidation and induce an efflux of mitochondrial Mg2+. These deleterious effects of Ca2+ on respiration occur even in the absence of phosphate or oxidizable substrate; they are completely prevented by ruthenium red only, and partially prevented by the addition of M2+ to the medium. The kinetics of Ca2+ uptake become of the sigmoidal type when Mg2+ is present. This cation strongly inhibits the rate of Ca2+ uptake in the presence of added phosphate and decreases the affinity of Ca2+ for its transport system. In the absence of phosphate, Mg2+ has no effect on Ca2+ uptake. The possible physiological implications of these findings are discussed", "PMID": 667169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11597", "title": "Human serum hemopexin: direct evidence for change of its isoelectric point upon heme binding. A new serum protein fractionation.", "content": "Human serum was submitted to a one step displacement-ligand exchange chromatography. Displacement removed serum albumin and part of gamma-globulins. Ligand exchange furnished an enriched heme-hemopexin fraction. An original, non denaturing human heme-hemopexin preparation is proposed.", "contents": "Human serum hemopexin: direct evidence for change of its isoelectric point upon heme binding. A new serum protein fractionation. Human serum was submitted to a one step displacement-ligand exchange chromatography. Displacement removed serum albumin and part of gamma-globulins. Ligand exchange furnished an enriched heme-hemopexin fraction. An original, non denaturing human heme-hemopexin preparation is proposed.", "PMID": 667170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11598", "title": "[Relationship between calcium balance and electrogenesis of perfused rat liver].", "content": "The high level of intratissue electric cooperation enables to detect tissue potentials with microelectrodes thick enough to destroy individual cells. Nevertheless, in ordinary perfused rat liver, these \"cooperative potentials\" (CP) coincide in the magnitude with usual cell membrane potential (MP). Intercellular dissociations, however, cause appreciable differences in CPs at different scales. The data obtained show possible role of cytoplasmic calcium in primary control of hierarhic tissue integrity.", "contents": "[Relationship between calcium balance and electrogenesis of perfused rat liver]. The high level of intratissue electric cooperation enables to detect tissue potentials with microelectrodes thick enough to destroy individual cells. Nevertheless, in ordinary perfused rat liver, these \"cooperative potentials\" (CP) coincide in the magnitude with usual cell membrane potential (MP). Intercellular dissociations, however, cause appreciable differences in CPs at different scales. The data obtained show possible role of cytoplasmic calcium in primary control of hierarhic tissue integrity.", "PMID": 667159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11599", "title": "[Stabilization of flat bilayer lipid membranes by cholesterol].", "content": "Cholesterol is found to produce a stabilizing effect on bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) from alpha-monoglycerides of fatty acids and n-octan. The greatest stabilization effect is observed for alpha-monoglycerides, in which the length of hydrocarbon radical coincides with the length of cholesterol molecule. The life time of BLM from alpha-monolaurin, cholesterol and n-octan is measured in hours, and the tension of electric damage of the membrane reaches 860 mV.", "contents": "[Stabilization of flat bilayer lipid membranes by cholesterol]. Cholesterol is found to produce a stabilizing effect on bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) from alpha-monoglycerides of fatty acids and n-octan. The greatest stabilization effect is observed for alpha-monoglycerides, in which the length of hydrocarbon radical coincides with the length of cholesterol molecule. The life time of BLM from alpha-monolaurin, cholesterol and n-octan is measured in hours, and the tension of electric damage of the membrane reaches 860 mV.", "PMID": 667160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11600", "title": "[Adhesive stability of the ultrastructural elements of hepatocyte contacts].", "content": "A new method is suggested for the estimation of cell junction adhesion in the liver. It was shown that simple (spacing) junctions of hepatocytes consisted of low and high adhesive parts (sites). The hepatocyte junctions were positioned in the following sequence according to the increase of their adhesive durability; 1) low adhesive sites of simple junction and stude like junctions; 2) high adhesive sites of simple junction and desmosomes; 3) zonulae adherentes; 4) gap and tight junctions.", "contents": "[Adhesive stability of the ultrastructural elements of hepatocyte contacts]. A new method is suggested for the estimation of cell junction adhesion in the liver. It was shown that simple (spacing) junctions of hepatocytes consisted of low and high adhesive parts (sites). The hepatocyte junctions were positioned in the following sequence according to the increase of their adhesive durability; 1) low adhesive sites of simple junction and stude like junctions; 2) high adhesive sites of simple junction and desmosomes; 3) zonulae adherentes; 4) gap and tight junctions.", "PMID": 667165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11601", "title": "[Synthesis and activation of N-aminopolyacrylamide derivatives as carriers in solid phase degradation of proteins].", "content": "N-amino polyacrylamide derivatives were synthesized and their activation by different techniques were examined. The use of these derivatives as solid support in sequential degradation of proteins is proposed. An example is reported.", "contents": "[Synthesis and activation of N-aminopolyacrylamide derivatives as carriers in solid phase degradation of proteins]. N-amino polyacrylamide derivatives were synthesized and their activation by different techniques were examined. The use of these derivatives as solid support in sequential degradation of proteins is proposed. An example is reported.", "PMID": 667174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11602", "title": "[Piezoeffect, baseline conductivity and filtration coefficients of lipid bilayer membrane].", "content": "A piezoeffect in bilayer lipid membranes (BLM), i.e. a generation of alternate electrical current y through a membrane under alternate pressure gradient in the absence of constant transmembrane potential is investigated. It is shown that y is not connected with the membrane deformations, it is generated with electroosmotic flow of K+ ions, its amplitude increases with a rise of BLM phonic conductance and is probably connected with defects in BLM structure. The value of the filtration coefficient Lp is estimated.", "contents": "[Piezoeffect, baseline conductivity and filtration coefficients of lipid bilayer membrane]. A piezoeffect in bilayer lipid membranes (BLM), i.e. a generation of alternate electrical current y through a membrane under alternate pressure gradient in the absence of constant transmembrane potential is investigated. It is shown that y is not connected with the membrane deformations, it is generated with electroosmotic flow of K+ ions, its amplitude increases with a rise of BLM phonic conductance and is probably connected with defects in BLM structure. The value of the filtration coefficient Lp is estimated.", "PMID": 667162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11603", "title": "[Effect of redox properties of the medium on the thermoluminescence of the chloroplasts of higher plants].", "content": "The dependence of thermoluminescence characteristics of higher plants chloroplasts on the state of the electron transfer chain (ETC) was studied. The state of the ETC was changed with variation of the the redox state of the medium with different additions (mixture of ferri- and ferrocianide, DPIP, and DPIP in the presence of different concentrations of the ascorbate).", "contents": "[Effect of redox properties of the medium on the thermoluminescence of the chloroplasts of higher plants]. The dependence of thermoluminescence characteristics of higher plants chloroplasts on the state of the electron transfer chain (ETC) was studied. The state of the ETC was changed with variation of the the redox state of the medium with different additions (mixture of ferri- and ferrocianide, DPIP, and DPIP in the presence of different concentrations of the ascorbate).", "PMID": 667163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11604", "title": "[Dynamics of temperature changes in tissues during laser irradiation].", "content": "Dynamics of heat wave propagation from irradiated surface into the tissue was studied. Computation of our results and those of other authors proved that temperature distribution against the tissue depth proceeds according to Buger law. Quenching coefficient values of the heat wave are calculated. This coefficient features more completely biophysical properties of the tissue, than the temperautre gradient. Tumour and pigmented tissues have a higher quenching coefficient of the heat wave as compared to normal and unpigmented tissues.", "contents": "[Dynamics of temperature changes in tissues during laser irradiation]. Dynamics of heat wave propagation from irradiated surface into the tissue was studied. Computation of our results and those of other authors proved that temperature distribution against the tissue depth proceeds according to Buger law. Quenching coefficient values of the heat wave are calculated. This coefficient features more completely biophysical properties of the tissue, than the temperautre gradient. Tumour and pigmented tissues have a higher quenching coefficient of the heat wave as compared to normal and unpigmented tissues.", "PMID": 667164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11605", "title": "The hydrogen cycle in nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter chroococcum.", "content": "H2 will support nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) in Azotobacter chroococcum with or without added carbon substrate. Results show that H2 is metabolised to transfer electrons to nitrogenase and to the respiratory chain to produce ATP. H2-supported nitrogenase activity is most significant at low carbon substrate concentrations, but also occurs at saturating concentration. Continuous cultures of N2-fixing A. chroococcum evolved H2 from nitrogenase under O2-N2- and C-limited conditions. This H2 represented a significant proportion of nitrogenase activity. Hydrogenase activity was consistently high under C-limited conditions, but low or undetectable under O2- and N2-limitations. Pre-treatment with 40 per cent C2H2 inhibited hydrogenase activity in C-limited cultures, and H2 evolution increased under air and under Ar:O2 (4:1) mixtures. We deduce that hydrogenase : I, recycles H2 produced by nitrogenase to provide electrons and energy for N2 reduction: II, supports respiratory protection for nitrogenase under C-limited conditions, and III, does not act to prevent any inhibition of N2 reduction by H2 produced by nitrogenase. A scheme for the H2 cycle in N2-fixing A. chroococcum is proposed.", "contents": "The hydrogen cycle in nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter chroococcum. H2 will support nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) in Azotobacter chroococcum with or without added carbon substrate. Results show that H2 is metabolised to transfer electrons to nitrogenase and to the respiratory chain to produce ATP. H2-supported nitrogenase activity is most significant at low carbon substrate concentrations, but also occurs at saturating concentration. Continuous cultures of N2-fixing A. chroococcum evolved H2 from nitrogenase under O2-N2- and C-limited conditions. This H2 represented a significant proportion of nitrogenase activity. Hydrogenase activity was consistently high under C-limited conditions, but low or undetectable under O2- and N2-limitations. Pre-treatment with 40 per cent C2H2 inhibited hydrogenase activity in C-limited cultures, and H2 evolution increased under air and under Ar:O2 (4:1) mixtures. We deduce that hydrogenase : I, recycles H2 produced by nitrogenase to provide electrons and energy for N2 reduction: II, supports respiratory protection for nitrogenase under C-limited conditions, and III, does not act to prevent any inhibition of N2 reduction by H2 produced by nitrogenase. A scheme for the H2 cycle in N2-fixing A. chroococcum is proposed.", "PMID": 667178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11606", "title": "Nitrogenase--hydrogenase interrelationships in Rhizobia.", "content": "A review is given of the properties of the hydrogenase present in Rhizobium bacteriods together with a discussion and evidence of the function of the enzyme in relationship to nitrogen fixation. The efficiency with which nodules fix nitrogen i.e. the amount of hydrogen evolved as a ratio of the total electron flow through nitrogenase, is considered and the recycling of hydrogen is discussed. Attention is drawn to recent work, in which plants which have nodules containing hydrogenase have been shown to fix more nitrogen and increase more in dry matter than plants with nodules without hydrogenase.", "contents": "Nitrogenase--hydrogenase interrelationships in Rhizobia. A review is given of the properties of the hydrogenase present in Rhizobium bacteriods together with a discussion and evidence of the function of the enzyme in relationship to nitrogen fixation. The efficiency with which nodules fix nitrogen i.e. the amount of hydrogen evolved as a ratio of the total electron flow through nitrogenase, is considered and the recycling of hydrogen is discussed. Attention is drawn to recent work, in which plants which have nodules containing hydrogenase have been shown to fix more nitrogen and increase more in dry matter than plants with nodules without hydrogenase.", "PMID": 667179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11607", "title": "Membrane energization in relation with nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii and Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids.", "content": "Nitrogen fixation in A. vinelandii and R. leguminosarum bacteroides shows identical characteristics with respect to the dependence on membrane energization, the sensitivity to uncouplers, the ATP/ADP-ratio, and the dependences on flavodoxinhydroquinone as electrondonor. Although we have been successful in preparing inside-out vesicles which can be energized, attempts to couple these membranes to N2-ase were still unsuccessful. One of the major problems could be the failure to energize these vesicles directly by ATP. Although subject to polymerisation after addition of MgCl2, it could be shown that the actual mol.wt. of the O2-stable N2-ase complex is about 300,000 in agreement with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry of the three constituent proteins, namely, component I, component II and the 2Fe-2S protein.", "contents": "Membrane energization in relation with nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii and Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids. Nitrogen fixation in A. vinelandii and R. leguminosarum bacteroides shows identical characteristics with respect to the dependence on membrane energization, the sensitivity to uncouplers, the ATP/ADP-ratio, and the dependences on flavodoxinhydroquinone as electrondonor. Although we have been successful in preparing inside-out vesicles which can be energized, attempts to couple these membranes to N2-ase were still unsuccessful. One of the major problems could be the failure to energize these vesicles directly by ATP. Although subject to polymerisation after addition of MgCl2, it could be shown that the actual mol.wt. of the O2-stable N2-ase complex is about 300,000 in agreement with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry of the three constituent proteins, namely, component I, component II and the 2Fe-2S protein.", "PMID": 667180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11608", "title": "Hydrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation in wild type and Nif- mutants of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila.", "content": "N2 fixation, C2H2 reduction and H2 production in Rhodopseudomonas acidophila DSM 137 were shown to be stoichiometrically related in ratios of 1:2.8:2.8. The highest possible H2 oxidation rate has been calculated to be about 6 fold higher in Rhodopseudomonas acidophila DSM 137 than the maximum rate of H2 production. Nif- mutants were isolated and tested; all of them had lost their ability of reduce C2H2 and to produce H2. In two nif- mutants hydrogenase activity and the capacity for autotrophic growth with H2 were also strongly diminished. Nif+ revertants not only regained their ability for C2H2 reduction and H2 production but also their full capacity for autotrophic growth with H2.", "contents": "Hydrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation in wild type and Nif- mutants of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. N2 fixation, C2H2 reduction and H2 production in Rhodopseudomonas acidophila DSM 137 were shown to be stoichiometrically related in ratios of 1:2.8:2.8. The highest possible H2 oxidation rate has been calculated to be about 6 fold higher in Rhodopseudomonas acidophila DSM 137 than the maximum rate of H2 production. Nif- mutants were isolated and tested; all of them had lost their ability of reduce C2H2 and to produce H2. In two nif- mutants hydrogenase activity and the capacity for autotrophic growth with H2 were also strongly diminished. Nif+ revertants not only regained their ability for C2H2 reduction and H2 production but also their full capacity for autotrophic growth with H2.", "PMID": 667181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11609", "title": "Hydrogen evolution by chloroplast-hydrogenase systems: improvements and additional observations.", "content": "An in vitro system containing isolated chloroplasts, ferredoxin and bacterial hydrogenase on illumination evolves H2 and O2 from water. Maximum rate of hydrogen production so far achieved is two litres H2 per g. chlorophyll per h. The rate of H2 evolution per mg chlorophyll is dependent on concentrations of chlorophyll and ferredoxin in the reaction mixture. The rates as well as duration of H2 production are enhanced by the presence of oxygen scavengers and bovine serum albumin in the system. Hydrogenases and ferredoxins vary in their degree of cross reactivity in the chloroplast system; with some hydrogenases the H2 evolution rates were increased by the presence of additional biological electron carriers. Attempts to couple algal hydrogenases to the chloroplasts system have not succeeded so far.", "contents": "Hydrogen evolution by chloroplast-hydrogenase systems: improvements and additional observations. An in vitro system containing isolated chloroplasts, ferredoxin and bacterial hydrogenase on illumination evolves H2 and O2 from water. Maximum rate of hydrogen production so far achieved is two litres H2 per g. chlorophyll per h. The rate of H2 evolution per mg chlorophyll is dependent on concentrations of chlorophyll and ferredoxin in the reaction mixture. The rates as well as duration of H2 production are enhanced by the presence of oxygen scavengers and bovine serum albumin in the system. Hydrogenases and ferredoxins vary in their degree of cross reactivity in the chloroplast system; with some hydrogenases the H2 evolution rates were increased by the presence of additional biological electron carriers. Attempts to couple algal hydrogenases to the chloroplasts system have not succeeded so far.", "PMID": 667182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11610", "title": "Hydrogen metabolism in aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria.", "content": "A survey on organisms able to use molecular hydrogen as electron donor in the energy-yielding process is presented. In the group of the aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria so far two types of hydrogenases have been encountered, a NAD-reducing, soluble enzyme (H2 : NAD oxidoreductase) and a membrane-bound enzyme unable to reduce pyridine nucleotides. With respect to the distribution of both types of hydrogenases three groups of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria can be diffentiated containing (i) both types (Alcaligenes eutrophus), (ii) a soluble enzyme only (Nocardia opaca lb), and (iii) a membrane-bound hydrogenase only (majority of genera and species). The results of studies on the NAD-specific hydrogenase of A. eutrophus are summarized. Results on the solubilization and purification of the membrane-bound hydrogenase of A. eutrophus are presented in detail. The enzyme was solubilized from purified membranes by Triton X-100 and sodium desoxycholate or phospholipase D. The crude membrane extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose at pH 5.5. The enzyme was stable in potassium phosphate buffer; it resembles the soluble enzyme with respect to stability under oxidizing conditions. Further biochemical and immunological data indicate, however, that both enzymes are different with respect to their native structure.", "contents": "Hydrogen metabolism in aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. A survey on organisms able to use molecular hydrogen as electron donor in the energy-yielding process is presented. In the group of the aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria so far two types of hydrogenases have been encountered, a NAD-reducing, soluble enzyme (H2 : NAD oxidoreductase) and a membrane-bound enzyme unable to reduce pyridine nucleotides. With respect to the distribution of both types of hydrogenases three groups of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria can be diffentiated containing (i) both types (Alcaligenes eutrophus), (ii) a soluble enzyme only (Nocardia opaca lb), and (iii) a membrane-bound hydrogenase only (majority of genera and species). The results of studies on the NAD-specific hydrogenase of A. eutrophus are summarized. Results on the solubilization and purification of the membrane-bound hydrogenase of A. eutrophus are presented in detail. The enzyme was solubilized from purified membranes by Triton X-100 and sodium desoxycholate or phospholipase D. The crude membrane extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose at pH 5.5. The enzyme was stable in potassium phosphate buffer; it resembles the soluble enzyme with respect to stability under oxidizing conditions. Further biochemical and immunological data indicate, however, that both enzymes are different with respect to their native structure.", "PMID": 667183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11611", "title": "Reactivity of Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase toward artificial and natural electron donors or acceptors.", "content": "A purified preparation of hydrogenase from D. gigas was inactive toward ferredoxin, flavodoxin or rubredoxin in the absence of cytochrome c3 (M.W. 13,000), in an atmosphere of hydrogen, although direct reduction of benzyl viologen or FMN was possible. The hydrogen evolution reaction from dithionite was possible with methyl viologen. The same reaction also occured with cytochrome c3 (M.W. 13,000) or cytochrome c3 (M.W. 26,000). Addition of either ferredoxin or flavodoxin did not accelerate the reaction.", "contents": "Reactivity of Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase toward artificial and natural electron donors or acceptors. A purified preparation of hydrogenase from D. gigas was inactive toward ferredoxin, flavodoxin or rubredoxin in the absence of cytochrome c3 (M.W. 13,000), in an atmosphere of hydrogen, although direct reduction of benzyl viologen or FMN was possible. The hydrogen evolution reaction from dithionite was possible with methyl viologen. The same reaction also occured with cytochrome c3 (M.W. 13,000) or cytochrome c3 (M.W. 26,000). Addition of either ferredoxin or flavodoxin did not accelerate the reaction.", "PMID": 667185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11612", "title": "Biofeedback training of 40-Hz EEG in humans.", "content": "This study was a preliminary evaluation of biofeedback training of human subjects to control high-frequency EEG responses in the 35- to 45-Hz (40-Hz) and 21- to 31-Hz ranges. A total of 22 adult males divided into three groups were successfully trained for increases or suppression of 40-Hz EEG, or increases of 21- to 31-Hz EEG. Dissociation of rates of 40-Hz EEG recorded from scalp leads and 40-Hz EMG responses from prominent muscle contaminators, and partial dissociation of 40-Hz and 21- to 31-Hz EEG responses were noted. After biofeedback training, 8 subjects demonstrated increase and suppression of 40-Hz EEG without feedback. No consistent descriptors of subjective experiences accompanying EEG changes were reported by subjects in any of the groups. The study suggests the utility of biofeedback procedures in research on high-frequency EEG activity.", "contents": "Biofeedback training of 40-Hz EEG in humans. This study was a preliminary evaluation of biofeedback training of human subjects to control high-frequency EEG responses in the 35- to 45-Hz (40-Hz) and 21- to 31-Hz ranges. A total of 22 adult males divided into three groups were successfully trained for increases or suppression of 40-Hz EEG, or increases of 21- to 31-Hz EEG. Dissociation of rates of 40-Hz EEG recorded from scalp leads and 40-Hz EMG responses from prominent muscle contaminators, and partial dissociation of 40-Hz and 21- to 31-Hz EEG responses were noted. After biofeedback training, 8 subjects demonstrated increase and suppression of 40-Hz EEG without feedback. No consistent descriptors of subjective experiences accompanying EEG changes were reported by subjects in any of the groups. The study suggests the utility of biofeedback procedures in research on high-frequency EEG activity.", "PMID": 667187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11613", "title": "Behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback training in humans.", "content": "Two groups of eight adults successfully trained with biofeedback for increases in 40-Hz EEG responses in left or right hemispheres also demonstrated significant 40-Hz EEG increases during baseline periods, and increases in the contralateral hemisphere during training periods. No changes in heart rate, 40-Hz EMG, or 21- or 31-Hz beta, alpha, or theta EEG occurred over training days. Three subjects returning for additional training demonstrated suppression of 40-Hz EEG. A group of four subjects experiencing daily bidirectional training produced substantial within-session control of 40-Hz EEG but no changes over days. Data from posttraining tests without feedback for successful subjects in both groups indicated significant control of 40-Hz EEG responses in the initial parts of these sessions, and some correlated changes in other EEG responses. Measures of successful subjects' experiences during training and control tests indicated awareness of changes in subjective concomitants of EEG responses. This study suggests further strategies for research on behavioral correlates of EEG activity.", "contents": "Behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback training in humans. Two groups of eight adults successfully trained with biofeedback for increases in 40-Hz EEG responses in left or right hemispheres also demonstrated significant 40-Hz EEG increases during baseline periods, and increases in the contralateral hemisphere during training periods. No changes in heart rate, 40-Hz EMG, or 21- or 31-Hz beta, alpha, or theta EEG occurred over training days. Three subjects returning for additional training demonstrated suppression of 40-Hz EEG. A group of four subjects experiencing daily bidirectional training produced substantial within-session control of 40-Hz EEG but no changes over days. Data from posttraining tests without feedback for successful subjects in both groups indicated significant control of 40-Hz EEG responses in the initial parts of these sessions, and some correlated changes in other EEG responses. Measures of successful subjects' experiences during training and control tests indicated awareness of changes in subjective concomitants of EEG responses. This study suggests further strategies for research on behavioral correlates of EEG activity.", "PMID": 667188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11614", "title": "Discriminative control of the vaginal vasomotor response.", "content": "With use of a discriminative control procedure and operant techniques, women significantly increased their vaginal pulse amplitude (produced vaginal vasodilation) but did not significantly decrease vaginal pulse amplitude (produce vaginal vasoconstriction). Acquisition of vaginal pulse amplitude control was rapid with no significant improvement over trials or the 5 experimental days. Specificity of vaginal pulse amplitude control occurred in relation to the other vasomotor responses, including vaginal blood volume and digital pulse amplitude. Vagnial pulse amplitude changes were not related to somatic-muscular, respiratory, or heart-rate changes. Women who used oral contraceptives were better able to control vaginal pulse amplitude than women who used other forms of birth control. Although the sexual behavior of these two groups and did not differ, women in the latter group tended to be more clitorally oriented.", "contents": "Discriminative control of the vaginal vasomotor response. With use of a discriminative control procedure and operant techniques, women significantly increased their vaginal pulse amplitude (produced vaginal vasodilation) but did not significantly decrease vaginal pulse amplitude (produce vaginal vasoconstriction). Acquisition of vaginal pulse amplitude control was rapid with no significant improvement over trials or the 5 experimental days. Specificity of vaginal pulse amplitude control occurred in relation to the other vasomotor responses, including vaginal blood volume and digital pulse amplitude. Vagnial pulse amplitude changes were not related to somatic-muscular, respiratory, or heart-rate changes. Women who used oral contraceptives were better able to control vaginal pulse amplitude than women who used other forms of birth control. Although the sexual behavior of these two groups and did not differ, women in the latter group tended to be more clitorally oriented.", "PMID": 667189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11615", "title": "Operant conditioning of skin resistance tonic levels.", "content": "The purpose of the current investigation was to determine whether increases and decreases in skin resistance tonic level could be controlled by individuals given discrete visual feedback of such activity. Thirty-six male undergraduate students served as subjects. They were assigned randomly in equal numbers to four groups; two of the groups received accurate feedback of skin resistance level changes and two received inaccurate feedback. The two accurate-feedback groups differed with respect to the order in which increases and decreases in skin resistance level were reinforced. Each noncontingent group was matched with one of the contingent groups in terms of reinforcement density. The results indicated that accurate feedback produced skin resistance level changes consistent with the type of reinforcement employed. However, operant control was not clearly sustained subsequent to a reversal in the type of tonic level change reinforced. Some problems related to the clinical application of skin resistance level training are discussed.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of skin resistance tonic levels. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine whether increases and decreases in skin resistance tonic level could be controlled by individuals given discrete visual feedback of such activity. Thirty-six male undergraduate students served as subjects. They were assigned randomly in equal numbers to four groups; two of the groups received accurate feedback of skin resistance level changes and two received inaccurate feedback. The two accurate-feedback groups differed with respect to the order in which increases and decreases in skin resistance level were reinforced. Each noncontingent group was matched with one of the contingent groups in terms of reinforcement density. The results indicated that accurate feedback produced skin resistance level changes consistent with the type of reinforcement employed. However, operant control was not clearly sustained subsequent to a reversal in the type of tonic level change reinforced. Some problems related to the clinical application of skin resistance level training are discussed.", "PMID": 667190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11616", "title": "Contingent vs. noncontingent EMG feedback and hand temperature in relation to anxiety and locus of control.", "content": "This study was designed to measure the effects of contingent and noncontingent EMG feedback on hand temperature, anxiety, and locus of control. Two groups of six subjects each were selected on the basis of high test-anxiety scores. The groups participated in a reverse design study in which Group 1 received five sessions of contingent EMG ffedback followed by five sessions of noncontingent feedback. Group 2 received noncontingent feedback followed by contingent feedback. Results indicate a significant order of treatment effect. Subjects who received contingent feedback first produced lower EMG readings, lower test-anxiety scores, and higher hand temperatures during noncontingent feedback sessions. Receiving noncontingent feedback first may actually have interfered with utilizing contingent feedback.", "contents": "Contingent vs. noncontingent EMG feedback and hand temperature in relation to anxiety and locus of control. This study was designed to measure the effects of contingent and noncontingent EMG feedback on hand temperature, anxiety, and locus of control. Two groups of six subjects each were selected on the basis of high test-anxiety scores. The groups participated in a reverse design study in which Group 1 received five sessions of contingent EMG ffedback followed by five sessions of noncontingent feedback. Group 2 received noncontingent feedback followed by contingent feedback. Results indicate a significant order of treatment effect. Subjects who received contingent feedback first produced lower EMG readings, lower test-anxiety scores, and higher hand temperatures during noncontingent feedback sessions. Receiving noncontingent feedback first may actually have interfered with utilizing contingent feedback.", "PMID": 667191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11617", "title": "Biofeedback modification of frontal EMG in normal subjects.", "content": "We carried out a controlled study on the voluntary control of the frontalis muscle by biofeedback procedures employing 20 normal subjects. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 10: (1) the biofeedback group and (2) the control group. Each of the two groups received five training sessions of about 40 minutes' duration each on different days. The results obtained are as follows: (1) In the biofeedback group, mean EMG levels decreased progressively and markedly from 2. 16 muVp-p min the first session to 1.54 muVp-p min in the last session. On the contrary, the control group did not show constant decreases in EMG levels over sessions. (2) The changes in the heart rate did not correlate with the changes in EMG activity. (3) The changes in the respiratory rate correlated with the changes in EMG activity.", "contents": "Biofeedback modification of frontal EMG in normal subjects. We carried out a controlled study on the voluntary control of the frontalis muscle by biofeedback procedures employing 20 normal subjects. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 10: (1) the biofeedback group and (2) the control group. Each of the two groups received five training sessions of about 40 minutes' duration each on different days. The results obtained are as follows: (1) In the biofeedback group, mean EMG levels decreased progressively and markedly from 2. 16 muVp-p min the first session to 1.54 muVp-p min in the last session. On the contrary, the control group did not show constant decreases in EMG levels over sessions. (2) The changes in the heart rate did not correlate with the changes in EMG activity. (3) The changes in the respiratory rate correlated with the changes in EMG activity.", "PMID": 667192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11618", "title": "The effects of frontal EMG biofeedback and progressive relaxation upon hyperactivity and its behavioral concomitants.", "content": "Hyperactive children (N = 15) and nonhyperactive children (N = 15) were compared. Hyperactive children were found to possess significantly higher (p less than .002) muscular tension levels and, in addition, presented more behavioral problems and had lower test scores. Both electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and progressive relaxation exercises were successful in the significant reduction of muscular tension, hyperactivity, distractability, irritability, impulsivity, explosiveness, aggressivity, and emotionality in hyperactive children. The greatest improvement was seen in the area of \"emotionality-aggression\" (irritability, explosiveness, impulsivity, low frustration tolerance, aggresion). No differences were seen in the EMG improvement of drug and nondrug hyperactive children; both made progress under these self-control techniques. However, nondrug children made greater improvements in the behavioral area. Both EMG biofeedback and progressive relaxation resulted in improvements on the test scores of hyperactive subjects (Bender-Gestalt, Visual Sequential Memory, Digit Span, Coding). The therapy would appear to be improved by the inclusion of mental relaxation, concentration, meditation, and mind-blanking exercises for mental control.", "contents": "The effects of frontal EMG biofeedback and progressive relaxation upon hyperactivity and its behavioral concomitants. Hyperactive children (N = 15) and nonhyperactive children (N = 15) were compared. Hyperactive children were found to possess significantly higher (p less than .002) muscular tension levels and, in addition, presented more behavioral problems and had lower test scores. Both electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and progressive relaxation exercises were successful in the significant reduction of muscular tension, hyperactivity, distractability, irritability, impulsivity, explosiveness, aggressivity, and emotionality in hyperactive children. The greatest improvement was seen in the area of \"emotionality-aggression\" (irritability, explosiveness, impulsivity, low frustration tolerance, aggresion). No differences were seen in the EMG improvement of drug and nondrug hyperactive children; both made progress under these self-control techniques. However, nondrug children made greater improvements in the behavioral area. Both EMG biofeedback and progressive relaxation resulted in improvements on the test scores of hyperactive subjects (Bender-Gestalt, Visual Sequential Memory, Digit Span, Coding). The therapy would appear to be improved by the inclusion of mental relaxation, concentration, meditation, and mind-blanking exercises for mental control.", "PMID": 667193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11619", "title": "Treatment of spastic dysphonia by EMG biofedback.", "content": "Two middle-aged subjects, a male and female, with spastic dysphonia (hoarseness, stammering) were treated with both frontalis and throat muscle electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback. Both subjects reported no noticeable improvement in their voice qualities. Results of a battery of psychological tests provided some insight into the inability of EMG treatment, as well as other therapeutic approaches, to alleviate the pathology.", "contents": "Treatment of spastic dysphonia by EMG biofedback. Two middle-aged subjects, a male and female, with spastic dysphonia (hoarseness, stammering) were treated with both frontalis and throat muscle electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback. Both subjects reported no noticeable improvement in their voice qualities. Results of a battery of psychological tests provided some insight into the inability of EMG treatment, as well as other therapeutic approaches, to alleviate the pathology.", "PMID": 667194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11620", "title": "Baseline levels in muscle relaxation training.", "content": "Variations in the baseline levels of physiological measures, a familiar problem in psychophysiological research, can affect the results of clinical applications and research in the self-control of bodily processes. In this presentation, the problem is illustrated within the context of skeletal muscle relaxation training using continuous biofeedback (BF) based on surface electromyographic (EMG) activity. In terms of the Law of Initial Values (LIV), higher EMG levels are expected to be associated with greater decreases during training. The combined results of two studies documented an LIV-like effect for pretraining baseline levels with greater EMG decreases after training for subjects with the higher pretraining baselines. Left uncorrected, such baseline differences were shown to lead to discrepant results between two identical studies, and therefore to conflicting conclusions about the effectiveness of these procedures. The available methods suggested to correct for the biasing effect of baseline differences in research are described, with particular emphasis on the analysis of covariance.", "contents": "Baseline levels in muscle relaxation training. Variations in the baseline levels of physiological measures, a familiar problem in psychophysiological research, can affect the results of clinical applications and research in the self-control of bodily processes. In this presentation, the problem is illustrated within the context of skeletal muscle relaxation training using continuous biofeedback (BF) based on surface electromyographic (EMG) activity. In terms of the Law of Initial Values (LIV), higher EMG levels are expected to be associated with greater decreases during training. The combined results of two studies documented an LIV-like effect for pretraining baseline levels with greater EMG decreases after training for subjects with the higher pretraining baselines. Left uncorrected, such baseline differences were shown to lead to discrepant results between two identical studies, and therefore to conflicting conclusions about the effectiveness of these procedures. The available methods suggested to correct for the biasing effect of baseline differences in research are described, with particular emphasis on the analysis of covariance.", "PMID": 667195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11621", "title": "[Microelectrophoretic analysis of histones from single chromosomes and nucleoli of mosquito (Chironomis plumosus) larvae].", "content": "A simple method of microelectrophoresis for histone analysis from single fragments of polythenic chromosomes of chironomid salivary glands has been developed. The chromosomes or their fragments obtained micrurgically were dissolved in a microdroplet of 8 M urea and 1 N sulfuric acid solution. Electrophoresis was performed in 30--60 m diameter polyacrylamide gel cylinders under a layer of vaseline oil. The histones were separated into 6 electrophoretic bands which correspond to fractions H4, H2b, H2a+H3, H3-dimer, and two subfractions of histone H1. Comparison of histone electrophoregrams of the I, II, and III chromosomes showed their almost absolute identity. The ratio of fractions H4, H3, H2A, H2B as well as the ratio of histone H1 subfractions in the nucleus and in the rest of the IV chromosome cannot be visually distinguished.", "contents": "[Microelectrophoretic analysis of histones from single chromosomes and nucleoli of mosquito (Chironomis plumosus) larvae]. A simple method of microelectrophoresis for histone analysis from single fragments of polythenic chromosomes of chironomid salivary glands has been developed. The chromosomes or their fragments obtained micrurgically were dissolved in a microdroplet of 8 M urea and 1 N sulfuric acid solution. Electrophoresis was performed in 30--60 m diameter polyacrylamide gel cylinders under a layer of vaseline oil. The histones were separated into 6 electrophoretic bands which correspond to fractions H4, H2b, H2a+H3, H3-dimer, and two subfractions of histone H1. Comparison of histone electrophoregrams of the I, II, and III chromosomes showed their almost absolute identity. The ratio of fractions H4, H3, H2A, H2B as well as the ratio of histone H1 subfractions in the nucleus and in the rest of the IV chromosome cannot be visually distinguished.", "PMID": 667208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11622", "title": "[Effect of soluble matrix on the stability of modified alpha-chymotrypsin].", "content": "alpha-Chymotrypsin preparations covalently bound by Shiff bases with water soluble oxidated dextran and alginate are obtained to study the effect of charged and neutral matrices on the enzymes stability under their modification by polymers. Water soluble enzyme preparations show a catalytic activity and have a slightly enhanced thermostability. Thermostability of alpha-chymotrypsin modified by a negatively charged polymer is increased owing to the reducing of activation entropy of the denaturation reaction, while the increase of the stability of neutral polymer (dextran) modified enzyme is due to the increase of activation enthalpy of the denaturation reaction.", "contents": "[Effect of soluble matrix on the stability of modified alpha-chymotrypsin]. alpha-Chymotrypsin preparations covalently bound by Shiff bases with water soluble oxidated dextran and alginate are obtained to study the effect of charged and neutral matrices on the enzymes stability under their modification by polymers. Water soluble enzyme preparations show a catalytic activity and have a slightly enhanced thermostability. Thermostability of alpha-chymotrypsin modified by a negatively charged polymer is increased owing to the reducing of activation entropy of the denaturation reaction, while the increase of the stability of neutral polymer (dextran) modified enzyme is due to the increase of activation enthalpy of the denaturation reaction.", "PMID": 667209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11623", "title": "[Catalase biogenesis in various subcellular fractions of regenerating rat liver cells].", "content": "Dynamics of the accumulation and decay of catalase in different subcellular fractions of intact and regenerating rat liver is investigated. Biological activity of cytoplasmic factors regulating the rate of enzyme synthesis at post-transcriptional stages under partial hepatectomy is also studied. Different rates of the formation and decay of different catalase isoforms in intact and regenerating rat liver are observed.", "contents": "[Catalase biogenesis in various subcellular fractions of regenerating rat liver cells]. Dynamics of the accumulation and decay of catalase in different subcellular fractions of intact and regenerating rat liver is investigated. Biological activity of cytoplasmic factors regulating the rate of enzyme synthesis at post-transcriptional stages under partial hepatectomy is also studied. Different rates of the formation and decay of different catalase isoforms in intact and regenerating rat liver are observed.", "PMID": 667210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11624", "title": "[Properties of 2 fibrin monomer species which differ in the degree of thrombin activation. Characteristics of successively appearing active sites].", "content": "Some properties of intermediate and final products of fibrinogen activation by thrombin have been studied. The intermediate (fB) lacks peptide A, the final fibrin (fo)--A and B peptides. Peculiar pH-dependent differences have been observed when examining the effect of ionic strength on polymerization rate of fo and fB. Intermolecular links present in fo polymer are found to be stronger than those of fB polymer. Curves of clot turbidity vs pH for fo and Fb do not coincide. Considering these results together with the literature data on the fibrin-polymer H-bond system one may assume that there are much more H-bonds in fo polymer than in its fB variant. Polymerization of fB has been found to be practically unaffected by higher NaCl concentrations which activate fo polymerization. Our and literature evidence lead to the conclusion that the active site (contact region), generated by the release of the peptide A, effects polymerization through electrostatic and H-bonding, whereas on the removal of the peptide B another active site arises of which a system of H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions are characteristic.", "contents": "[Properties of 2 fibrin monomer species which differ in the degree of thrombin activation. Characteristics of successively appearing active sites]. Some properties of intermediate and final products of fibrinogen activation by thrombin have been studied. The intermediate (fB) lacks peptide A, the final fibrin (fo)--A and B peptides. Peculiar pH-dependent differences have been observed when examining the effect of ionic strength on polymerization rate of fo and fB. Intermolecular links present in fo polymer are found to be stronger than those of fB polymer. Curves of clot turbidity vs pH for fo and Fb do not coincide. Considering these results together with the literature data on the fibrin-polymer H-bond system one may assume that there are much more H-bonds in fo polymer than in its fB variant. Polymerization of fB has been found to be practically unaffected by higher NaCl concentrations which activate fo polymerization. Our and literature evidence lead to the conclusion that the active site (contact region), generated by the release of the peptide A, effects polymerization through electrostatic and H-bonding, whereas on the removal of the peptide B another active site arises of which a system of H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions are characteristic.", "PMID": 667211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11625", "title": "[Poly A-protein complexes in polyribosomes of sprouting wheat embryos].", "content": "A purified polyribosome preparation has been isolated from sprouting wheat embryos. After treatment of the polyribosomes with pancreatic RNase the poly-A-sequences are found in the fractions sedimenting in the region of 8--14 S. The ability of 8--14 S poly-A-containing complexes to bind to the membrane filters at high ionic strength and their sensitivity to pronase indicate that in sprouting wheat embryo polyribosomes the poly-A-sequences occur as poly-A-protein complexes.", "contents": "[Poly A-protein complexes in polyribosomes of sprouting wheat embryos]. A purified polyribosome preparation has been isolated from sprouting wheat embryos. After treatment of the polyribosomes with pancreatic RNase the poly-A-sequences are found in the fractions sedimenting in the region of 8--14 S. The ability of 8--14 S poly-A-containing complexes to bind to the membrane filters at high ionic strength and their sensitivity to pronase indicate that in sprouting wheat embryo polyribosomes the poly-A-sequences occur as poly-A-protein complexes.", "PMID": 667212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11626", "title": "[Interaction of protein inhibitor from potato (protein with pI 7.3) with proteinases].", "content": "The interaction between protein inhibitor of serine proteinases from potato (protein with pI 7.3) and enzymes was investigated. The main complex present in mixtures of the inhibitor with trypsin, chymotrypsin or subtilisin contained one dimeric inhibitor molecule and one molecule of either enzyme. At high ratio enzyme/inhibitor the complexes were formed which contained more than one bound enzyme molecule. The interaction with enzymes does not include the proteolytic degradation of inhibitor with concomitant lowering of its molecular weight. The inhibitor obtained after the dissociation of inhibitor--chymotrypsin complex, preserve its capacity to form stable complexes with the enzyme.", "contents": "[Interaction of protein inhibitor from potato (protein with pI 7.3) with proteinases]. The interaction between protein inhibitor of serine proteinases from potato (protein with pI 7.3) and enzymes was investigated. The main complex present in mixtures of the inhibitor with trypsin, chymotrypsin or subtilisin contained one dimeric inhibitor molecule and one molecule of either enzyme. At high ratio enzyme/inhibitor the complexes were formed which contained more than one bound enzyme molecule. The interaction with enzymes does not include the proteolytic degradation of inhibitor with concomitant lowering of its molecular weight. The inhibitor obtained after the dissociation of inhibitor--chymotrypsin complex, preserve its capacity to form stable complexes with the enzyme.", "PMID": 667213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11627", "title": "[Plant histones. Relevance to the evolution of prokaryotes to eukaryotes].", "content": "There are many procaryotic and eucaryotic organisms in plant kingdom. It is hoped that the study of plant histones will be useful in evolutionary studies. The histones of great variety of animal species have been studied and well characterized. Less information is available concerning plant histones. The general conclusion drawn from these investigations is that most organisms of eucaryotic plant and animal species contain the same five major histone fractions. Recently the histone-like proteins were found in some primitive eucaryotes and procaryotes. Data on histones from higher and lower eucaryotes and histone-like proteins of procaryotes are reviewed. Evolution of histones and their appearance prior to that of eucaryotic cell is postulated. The role of histones in evolution of nucleosomes is discussed.", "contents": "[Plant histones. Relevance to the evolution of prokaryotes to eukaryotes]. There are many procaryotic and eucaryotic organisms in plant kingdom. It is hoped that the study of plant histones will be useful in evolutionary studies. The histones of great variety of animal species have been studied and well characterized. Less information is available concerning plant histones. The general conclusion drawn from these investigations is that most organisms of eucaryotic plant and animal species contain the same five major histone fractions. Recently the histone-like proteins were found in some primitive eucaryotes and procaryotes. Data on histones from higher and lower eucaryotes and histone-like proteins of procaryotes are reviewed. Evolution of histones and their appearance prior to that of eucaryotic cell is postulated. The role of histones in evolution of nucleosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 667214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11628", "title": "[Changes in 5-methylcytosine content of plant DNA in proportion to the amount of flowering].", "content": "A study has been made of the content of GC pairs and 5-methylcytosine in the total DNA of generative (inflorescences, flowers, flower buds) and vegetative (shoots, leaves, vegetative buds) organs in pea, tobacco and apple due to flowering gradient. In all the plants studied, the content of 5-methylcytosine in the DNA of generative organs in high as that in the DNA of vegetative organs. The DNA from various organs of one and the same plant hardly differs by the GC content. The differences in the amount of 5-methylcytosine are probably indictive of various levels of DNA methylation. Thus tissue (cell) DNA of both plants and animals differs in the content of 5-methylcytosine. Besides, methylation of genome in them changes upon flowering, i.e. we revealed the gradient of the degree of methylation of plant genome which correlates positively with the known flowering gradient. Methylation of plant genome regulated by phytohormone is possibly associated with cell differentiation and may be considered as being one of the mechanisms of regulation of transcription.", "contents": "[Changes in 5-methylcytosine content of plant DNA in proportion to the amount of flowering]. A study has been made of the content of GC pairs and 5-methylcytosine in the total DNA of generative (inflorescences, flowers, flower buds) and vegetative (shoots, leaves, vegetative buds) organs in pea, tobacco and apple due to flowering gradient. In all the plants studied, the content of 5-methylcytosine in the DNA of generative organs in high as that in the DNA of vegetative organs. The DNA from various organs of one and the same plant hardly differs by the GC content. The differences in the amount of 5-methylcytosine are probably indictive of various levels of DNA methylation. Thus tissue (cell) DNA of both plants and animals differs in the content of 5-methylcytosine. Besides, methylation of genome in them changes upon flowering, i.e. we revealed the gradient of the degree of methylation of plant genome which correlates positively with the known flowering gradient. Methylation of plant genome regulated by phytohormone is possibly associated with cell differentiation and may be considered as being one of the mechanisms of regulation of transcription.", "PMID": 667216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11629", "title": "Evoked potential correlates of psychosis.", "content": "Evoked potential (EP) correlates of several psychiatric disorders were investigated by applying a comprehensive EP procedure to 102 psychiatric patients and 28 nonpatients. EPs to left and right median nerve shocks, visual pattern flashes, and auditory clicks were recorded from one EOG and 14 monopolar scalp derivations. Nine age- and sex-matched groups were compared to yield the following main results: (i) EPs of overtly psychotic patients (schizophrenics, depressives, manics) differed markedly from normal, while those of patients without overt psychosis (neurotics, personality disorders, latent schizophrenics) did not; in the overtly psychotic, later EP events (100 msec or more poststimulus) were attenuated. (ii) EPs of neurotic depressives differed greatly from those of psychotic depressives. (iii) A somatosensory negative peak occurring 60-msec poststimulus (N60) was more posteriorly distributed in chronic schizophrenics (paranoid, undifferentiated) than in any other subject group. The attenuated later EP activity associated with overt psychosis was interpreted as a concomitant of cognitive (attention?) impairment, rather than of emotional disturbance.", "contents": "Evoked potential correlates of psychosis. Evoked potential (EP) correlates of several psychiatric disorders were investigated by applying a comprehensive EP procedure to 102 psychiatric patients and 28 nonpatients. EPs to left and right median nerve shocks, visual pattern flashes, and auditory clicks were recorded from one EOG and 14 monopolar scalp derivations. Nine age- and sex-matched groups were compared to yield the following main results: (i) EPs of overtly psychotic patients (schizophrenics, depressives, manics) differed markedly from normal, while those of patients without overt psychosis (neurotics, personality disorders, latent schizophrenics) did not; in the overtly psychotic, later EP events (100 msec or more poststimulus) were attenuated. (ii) EPs of neurotic depressives differed greatly from those of psychotic depressives. (iii) A somatosensory negative peak occurring 60-msec poststimulus (N60) was more posteriorly distributed in chronic schizophrenics (paranoid, undifferentiated) than in any other subject group. The attenuated later EP activity associated with overt psychosis was interpreted as a concomitant of cognitive (attention?) impairment, rather than of emotional disturbance.", "PMID": 667226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11630", "title": "Pattern evoked potential measurements suggesting lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEP) were measured to obtain evidence concerning possible lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia. The main results are based on the spatial distribution (12 electrodes) of a measure of VEP wave form stability over time. Subjects were 86 psychiatric inpatients and 33 nonpatients; these were grouped in three ways to permit comparisons of various age- and sex-matched diagnostic classes. Main findings were: (i) VEP wave form stability was generally lower in all types of schizophrenia than in nonpatients, nonpsychotic patients and, probably, psychotic depressives. (ii) VEP stability differed more between the hemispheres in schizophrenics and psychotic depressives than in nonpsychotic subjects; in schizophrenics, left hemisphere stability was lower than normal, whereas it was normal in psychotic depressives. (iii) VEP stability differences between the hemispheres were also greater than normal in latent schizophrenics, with less stability on the left. The results provide a direct demonstration of a left hemisphere involvement in schizophrenic dysfunction.", "contents": "Pattern evoked potential measurements suggesting lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) were measured to obtain evidence concerning possible lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia. The main results are based on the spatial distribution (12 electrodes) of a measure of VEP wave form stability over time. Subjects were 86 psychiatric inpatients and 33 nonpatients; these were grouped in three ways to permit comparisons of various age- and sex-matched diagnostic classes. Main findings were: (i) VEP wave form stability was generally lower in all types of schizophrenia than in nonpatients, nonpsychotic patients and, probably, psychotic depressives. (ii) VEP stability differed more between the hemispheres in schizophrenics and psychotic depressives than in nonpsychotic subjects; in schizophrenics, left hemisphere stability was lower than normal, whereas it was normal in psychotic depressives. (iii) VEP stability differences between the hemispheres were also greater than normal in latent schizophrenics, with less stability on the left. The results provide a direct demonstration of a left hemisphere involvement in schizophrenic dysfunction.", "PMID": 667227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11631", "title": "Behavioral analysis of chronic cocaine intoxication in the cat.", "content": "Modification of cocaine's stimulant and local anesthetic behavioral effects as a function of chronic treatment was evaluated in seven female cats. Video tape of behavior pre- and post-cocaine (iv) on days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 in seven cats, and in addition, on days 21, 28, and 35 for s subset of four cats, was rated for several scales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory for Drug-Generated Effects (BRIDGE), developed to quantify stimulant-induced behaviors. Preseizure events were measured using scales for Tremor Intensity and Preseizure-Seizure Intensity (PSI), developed to quantify local anesthetic-induced behaviors. Behaviors associated with cocaine's local anesthetic effects, i.e., Tremor Intensity and PSI levels, showed tolerance over the treatment period, while behaviors associated with cocaine's psychomotor stimulant effects, i.e., the BRIDGE measures, showed augmentation, or reverse tolerance. These data are discussed in terms of catecholamine supersensitivity, kindling mechanisms, and stimulant models of psychosis.", "contents": "Behavioral analysis of chronic cocaine intoxication in the cat. Modification of cocaine's stimulant and local anesthetic behavioral effects as a function of chronic treatment was evaluated in seven female cats. Video tape of behavior pre- and post-cocaine (iv) on days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 in seven cats, and in addition, on days 21, 28, and 35 for s subset of four cats, was rated for several scales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory for Drug-Generated Effects (BRIDGE), developed to quantify stimulant-induced behaviors. Preseizure events were measured using scales for Tremor Intensity and Preseizure-Seizure Intensity (PSI), developed to quantify local anesthetic-induced behaviors. Behaviors associated with cocaine's local anesthetic effects, i.e., Tremor Intensity and PSI levels, showed tolerance over the treatment period, while behaviors associated with cocaine's psychomotor stimulant effects, i.e., the BRIDGE measures, showed augmentation, or reverse tolerance. These data are discussed in terms of catecholamine supersensitivity, kindling mechanisms, and stimulant models of psychosis.", "PMID": 667228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11632", "title": "The threshold number of pulses in bilateral and unilateral ECT.", "content": "Using a low-energy brief-pulse stimulus, the threshold number-of-pulses required to produce a bilaterally manifested tonic-clonic seizure with unilateral and bilateral electrode placement was investigated. Unilateral placement required significantly fewer pulses; bilateral placement resulted in greater post-ictal confusion with no apparent advantage in clinical efficacy. A possible explanation in terms of intracerebral current density is proposed.", "contents": "The threshold number of pulses in bilateral and unilateral ECT. Using a low-energy brief-pulse stimulus, the threshold number-of-pulses required to produce a bilaterally manifested tonic-clonic seizure with unilateral and bilateral electrode placement was investigated. Unilateral placement required significantly fewer pulses; bilateral placement resulted in greater post-ictal confusion with no apparent advantage in clinical efficacy. A possible explanation in terms of intracerebral current density is proposed.", "PMID": 667229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11633", "title": "A study of relationships of serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and free and total tryptophan to mental illness.", "content": "To explore possible disturbances of cerebral monoamines linked to glucose metabolism, 18 schizophrenics, 21 neurotics, and 21 controls were given a 5-hr glucose tolerance test, and the effect of the glucose load on total and free tryptophan, insulin, and free fatty acids in serum was studied in medication-free patients. The data indicated intragroup differences (fasting to subsequent hours) in serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and free and total tryptophan values. Intergroup differences were noted in insulin values at the first hour, in free fatty acids at fasting with neurotics exhibiting the highest values, and in free tryptophan at fasting with schizophrenics having the lowest values. Schizophrenics with perceptual disturbances (e.g., hallucinations) exhibited lower free tryptophan values when compared with other schizophrenics. The results indicated a glucose-tryptophan interaction in schizophrenics.", "contents": "A study of relationships of serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and free and total tryptophan to mental illness. To explore possible disturbances of cerebral monoamines linked to glucose metabolism, 18 schizophrenics, 21 neurotics, and 21 controls were given a 5-hr glucose tolerance test, and the effect of the glucose load on total and free tryptophan, insulin, and free fatty acids in serum was studied in medication-free patients. The data indicated intragroup differences (fasting to subsequent hours) in serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and free and total tryptophan values. Intergroup differences were noted in insulin values at the first hour, in free fatty acids at fasting with neurotics exhibiting the highest values, and in free tryptophan at fasting with schizophrenics having the lowest values. Schizophrenics with perceptual disturbances (e.g., hallucinations) exhibited lower free tryptophan values when compared with other schizophrenics. The results indicated a glucose-tryptophan interaction in schizophrenics.", "PMID": 667230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11634", "title": "The acute effect of haloperidol and apomorphine on the severity of stuttering.", "content": "In studies of the acute effects of haloperidol on the severity of stuttering in 12 subjects not in treatment at the time of drug evaluation, a single 0.5 mg haloperidol injection was found to increase fluency in 9 to 12 subjects, as compared with saline placebo. The average improvement in those subjects who improved was 25% on reading and 40% on spontaneous speech. Side effects from this dose of haloperidol were minimal. The effects of apomorphine on speech were not statistically significant, but increased fluency was seen in a number of subjects on the reading test. The results of this study suggest that acute drug evaluation studies may be valuable in determining the effects of various psychotropic agents on the severity of stuttering. The increased fluency after haloperidol, an agent which is felt to turn off the dopaminergic system via postsynaptic blockade, and after low-dose apomorphine, which appears to inhibit the dopamine system via presynaptic effects is consistent with a role for central dopaminergic systems in the pathogenesis of stuttering. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "The acute effect of haloperidol and apomorphine on the severity of stuttering. In studies of the acute effects of haloperidol on the severity of stuttering in 12 subjects not in treatment at the time of drug evaluation, a single 0.5 mg haloperidol injection was found to increase fluency in 9 to 12 subjects, as compared with saline placebo. The average improvement in those subjects who improved was 25% on reading and 40% on spontaneous speech. Side effects from this dose of haloperidol were minimal. The effects of apomorphine on speech were not statistically significant, but increased fluency was seen in a number of subjects on the reading test. The results of this study suggest that acute drug evaluation studies may be valuable in determining the effects of various psychotropic agents on the severity of stuttering. The increased fluency after haloperidol, an agent which is felt to turn off the dopaminergic system via postsynaptic blockade, and after low-dose apomorphine, which appears to inhibit the dopamine system via presynaptic effects is consistent with a role for central dopaminergic systems in the pathogenesis of stuttering. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.", "PMID": 667231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11635", "title": "Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives.", "content": "Seven circular manic-depressives were studied through complete of cycles of mania and depression. In five subjects, there was evidence that a circadian rhythm free-ran fast (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.002 in two of the subjects), and in five subjects, there was evidence that lithium slowed a circadian rhythm. The palliative benefit of lithium may derive from slowing or delaying an overfast circadian clock to prevent desynchronization. Two subjects whose circadian clocks seemed too slow were lithium nonresponders (p less than 0.05). As circadian clock frequency may be transmitted on an X-chromosome gene and may increase with age, a circadian etiology is consistent with the genetics and age distribution of manic-depressive illness. Affective disturbances could be evolutionary remnants of the photo-periodic seasonal responses in animals.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. Seven circular manic-depressives were studied through complete of cycles of mania and depression. In five subjects, there was evidence that a circadian rhythm free-ran fast (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.002 in two of the subjects), and in five subjects, there was evidence that lithium slowed a circadian rhythm. The palliative benefit of lithium may derive from slowing or delaying an overfast circadian clock to prevent desynchronization. Two subjects whose circadian clocks seemed too slow were lithium nonresponders (p less than 0.05). As circadian clock frequency may be transmitted on an X-chromosome gene and may increase with age, a circadian etiology is consistent with the genetics and age distribution of manic-depressive illness. Affective disturbances could be evolutionary remnants of the photo-periodic seasonal responses in animals.", "PMID": 667233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11636", "title": "Treatment of obsessive homosexual pedophilic fantasies with medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "The author describes a male patient with obsessive homosexual pedophilic fantasies treated with psychotherapy and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a progestin with antiandrogen activity. Long-acting MPA was administered for a 2-month period and caused a prompt and drastic reduction in fantasies and in the anxiety and depression generated by them. MPA was observed to have psychological benefits that outlived its physiologic activity.", "contents": "Treatment of obsessive homosexual pedophilic fantasies with medroxyprogesterone acetate. The author describes a male patient with obsessive homosexual pedophilic fantasies treated with psychotherapy and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a progestin with antiandrogen activity. Long-acting MPA was administered for a 2-month period and caused a prompt and drastic reduction in fantasies and in the anxiety and depression generated by them. MPA was observed to have psychological benefits that outlived its physiologic activity.", "PMID": 667234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11637", "title": "CSF acid monoamine metabolites in psychotic syndromes: what might they signify?", "content": "Research thus far indicates that CSF 5HIAA and HVA may be correlated with state components of psychotic syndromes. HVA may be positively correlated with a component of arousal or activity. The negative correlation between 5HIAA and state variables of activity or agitation in one study suggests an inhibitory deficit in some acute psychoses or a circulating psychotomimetic substance acting on 5HT receptors. Low CSF HVA values in some psychotic patients could be a manifestation of DA receptor supersensitivity which may antedate and promote the occurrence of acute psychosis. The low CSF HVA is also consistent with a Type B monoamine oxidase deficiency in chronic patients. Such a deficiency could theoretically play a role in either (or both) state or trait behavioral components of psychotic illnesses. Decreased CSF HVA could also be related to trait behaviors in psychoses as a possible reflection of MBD. An increasingly important aspect of biological research in psychotic states in the recognition that biological studies should relate to the component behaviors which make up particular psychotic disorders.", "contents": "CSF acid monoamine metabolites in psychotic syndromes: what might they signify? Research thus far indicates that CSF 5HIAA and HVA may be correlated with state components of psychotic syndromes. HVA may be positively correlated with a component of arousal or activity. The negative correlation between 5HIAA and state variables of activity or agitation in one study suggests an inhibitory deficit in some acute psychoses or a circulating psychotomimetic substance acting on 5HT receptors. Low CSF HVA values in some psychotic patients could be a manifestation of DA receptor supersensitivity which may antedate and promote the occurrence of acute psychosis. The low CSF HVA is also consistent with a Type B monoamine oxidase deficiency in chronic patients. Such a deficiency could theoretically play a role in either (or both) state or trait behavioral components of psychotic illnesses. Decreased CSF HVA could also be related to trait behaviors in psychoses as a possible reflection of MBD. An increasingly important aspect of biological research in psychotic states in the recognition that biological studies should relate to the component behaviors which make up particular psychotic disorders.", "PMID": 667235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11638", "title": "Stability of low blood platelet monoamine oxidase activity in human alcoholics.", "content": "There are now several studies in the literature which document low blood platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in alcoholics. However, these reports are in disagreement as to the stability of reduced enzyme activity over time. The present study provides evidence that reduced platelet MAO activity in alcoholics is a relatively stable phenomenon, independent of ethanol consumption and proximate factors of the illness which are associated with excessive ethanol consumption.", "contents": "Stability of low blood platelet monoamine oxidase activity in human alcoholics. There are now several studies in the literature which document low blood platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in alcoholics. However, these reports are in disagreement as to the stability of reduced enzyme activity over time. The present study provides evidence that reduced platelet MAO activity in alcoholics is a relatively stable phenomenon, independent of ethanol consumption and proximate factors of the illness which are associated with excessive ethanol consumption.", "PMID": 667236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11639", "title": "Clinical correlates of tricyclic antidepressant-mediated inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase.", "content": "Previous reports suggest that tricyclic antidepressants inhibit platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in vitro and in vivo. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between tricyclic-mediated inhibition of platelet MAO and resolution of clinical signs and symptoms which are commonly associated with the depressive syndrome. The results indicate that the sedative-hypnotic effects of the tricyclics closely correlate with the magnitude of platelet MAO inhibition. It appears that these effects may be mediated through alterations in the metabolism of serotonin and/or the phenylethylamines.", "contents": "Clinical correlates of tricyclic antidepressant-mediated inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase. Previous reports suggest that tricyclic antidepressants inhibit platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in vitro and in vivo. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between tricyclic-mediated inhibition of platelet MAO and resolution of clinical signs and symptoms which are commonly associated with the depressive syndrome. The results indicate that the sedative-hypnotic effects of the tricyclics closely correlate with the magnitude of platelet MAO inhibition. It appears that these effects may be mediated through alterations in the metabolism of serotonin and/or the phenylethylamines.", "PMID": 667237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11640", "title": "EEG differences as a function of creativity, stage of the creative process, and effort to be original.", "content": "Results of two experiments examining the relationship between creativity and EEG alpha wave presence are reported. In Experiment 1, it was found that more creative subjects exhibited higher alpha indices during an analogue of creative inspiration than during an analogue of creative elaboration. This pattern was not found in less creative subjects. In Experiment 2 a similar effect was found in a more controlled setting and shown to be specific to creative subjects when they are instructed to be original but not when they are given no such instructions. No consistent relationship between creativity and basal EEG alpha activity was found.", "contents": "EEG differences as a function of creativity, stage of the creative process, and effort to be original. Results of two experiments examining the relationship between creativity and EEG alpha wave presence are reported. In Experiment 1, it was found that more creative subjects exhibited higher alpha indices during an analogue of creative inspiration than during an analogue of creative elaboration. This pattern was not found in less creative subjects. In Experiment 2 a similar effect was found in a more controlled setting and shown to be specific to creative subjects when they are instructed to be original but not when they are given no such instructions. No consistent relationship between creativity and basal EEG alpha activity was found.", "PMID": 667239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11641", "title": "Changes in the EEG as the subject learns to recall.", "content": "The EEG was monitored from posterior leads located above the left and right hemispheres, while the subject learned to recall visually presented 9-digit strings. Processing of material to be recalled led to systematic and progressive activation of the left hemisphere together with an increasing ratio in the EEG activity of the two hemispheres. As performance improved with practice, the initial activation (during the first six digits) was followed by deactivation just prior to recall. This is interpreted as reflecting a shift from active processing (rehearsal) to passive processing (echoic buffer storage). Subjects who recalled well more activated in the left hemisphere than in the right and the level of EEG activity in the left hemisphere during early trials predicted overall recall performance throughout the task. Activity in the right hemisphere was unresponsive to the presentation of material and unrelated to performance. This study shows therefore that: (i) rehearsal for short term recall is a function of left hemisphere activity, (ii) individual differences in left hemisphere activity predict performance, and finally (iii) dynamic changes in brain organisation accompany an overall improvement in performance.", "contents": "Changes in the EEG as the subject learns to recall. The EEG was monitored from posterior leads located above the left and right hemispheres, while the subject learned to recall visually presented 9-digit strings. Processing of material to be recalled led to systematic and progressive activation of the left hemisphere together with an increasing ratio in the EEG activity of the two hemispheres. As performance improved with practice, the initial activation (during the first six digits) was followed by deactivation just prior to recall. This is interpreted as reflecting a shift from active processing (rehearsal) to passive processing (echoic buffer storage). Subjects who recalled well more activated in the left hemisphere than in the right and the level of EEG activity in the left hemisphere during early trials predicted overall recall performance throughout the task. Activity in the right hemisphere was unresponsive to the presentation of material and unrelated to performance. This study shows therefore that: (i) rehearsal for short term recall is a function of left hemisphere activity, (ii) individual differences in left hemisphere activity predict performance, and finally (iii) dynamic changes in brain organisation accompany an overall improvement in performance.", "PMID": 667240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11642", "title": "Physiological differentiation of sensory and cognitive tasks as a function of warning, processing demands, and reported unpleasantness.", "content": "Low and highly stressful sensory tasks (viewing slides of autopsy) were employed to assess the effects of stressful stimuli that required a minimal amount of cognitive elaboration. Cognitive (arithmetic, anagram, and digit-string memorization) tasks each at two levels of difficulty were matched for reported unpleasantness with autopsy slides to provide stimuli in which stress reactions were constant but cognitive processing requirements varied. Heart rate, skin potential level, and skin potential responses were monitored. Thirty-two subjects received two presentations of each type of task, one each of which was preceded by a warning signal. The results indicated that heart rate accelerated during cognitive tasks and decelerated during slide presentations of autopsy; the warning signal accentuated the heart-rate pattern associated with the task. Analyses of individual tasks revealed that heart rate was greater during the performance of difficult (more cognitively demanding) than easy cognitive tasks but that heart rate was not affected by the reported unpleasantness of the autopsy slides. Skin potential responses were more evident during the presentation of stressful (unpleasant) stimuli for both cognitive and sensory tasks; skin potential level, however, differentiated neither the tasks nor the stressfulness of stimuli within the tasks. These results are interpreted as being consistent with Lacey's hypothesis concerning cognitive elaboration, cardiac activity, and response patterning.", "contents": "Physiological differentiation of sensory and cognitive tasks as a function of warning, processing demands, and reported unpleasantness. Low and highly stressful sensory tasks (viewing slides of autopsy) were employed to assess the effects of stressful stimuli that required a minimal amount of cognitive elaboration. Cognitive (arithmetic, anagram, and digit-string memorization) tasks each at two levels of difficulty were matched for reported unpleasantness with autopsy slides to provide stimuli in which stress reactions were constant but cognitive processing requirements varied. Heart rate, skin potential level, and skin potential responses were monitored. Thirty-two subjects received two presentations of each type of task, one each of which was preceded by a warning signal. The results indicated that heart rate accelerated during cognitive tasks and decelerated during slide presentations of autopsy; the warning signal accentuated the heart-rate pattern associated with the task. Analyses of individual tasks revealed that heart rate was greater during the performance of difficult (more cognitively demanding) than easy cognitive tasks but that heart rate was not affected by the reported unpleasantness of the autopsy slides. Skin potential responses were more evident during the presentation of stressful (unpleasant) stimuli for both cognitive and sensory tasks; skin potential level, however, differentiated neither the tasks nor the stressfulness of stimuli within the tasks. These results are interpreted as being consistent with Lacey's hypothesis concerning cognitive elaboration, cardiac activity, and response patterning.", "PMID": 667241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11643", "title": "The impact of stress experience on heart rate and task performance in the presence of a novel stressor.", "content": "The impact of prior stress experience on heart rate and task performance in the presence of a novel stressor was studied. During a training phase 42 female students were required to solve arithmetical problems under conditions of either no stressor, delayed auditory feedback, or distraction. Subsequently in a testing phase all subjects performed the same task in the presence of delayed auditory feedback. Training in the presence of stress resulted in decreased heart rate and better performance in the testing phase. These data were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that training under stress-inducing conditions increases stress resistance which generalizes to a novel stressor and which leads subjects to experience the novel stressor as being less stressful.", "contents": "The impact of stress experience on heart rate and task performance in the presence of a novel stressor. The impact of prior stress experience on heart rate and task performance in the presence of a novel stressor was studied. During a training phase 42 female students were required to solve arithmetical problems under conditions of either no stressor, delayed auditory feedback, or distraction. Subsequently in a testing phase all subjects performed the same task in the presence of delayed auditory feedback. Training in the presence of stress resulted in decreased heart rate and better performance in the testing phase. These data were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that training under stress-inducing conditions increases stress resistance which generalizes to a novel stressor and which leads subjects to experience the novel stressor as being less stressful.", "PMID": 667242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11644", "title": "The effects of a depressant and a stimulant drug on the contingent negative variation.", "content": "Three groups, each comprising eight subjects, were twice tested with an interval of one week: one group receiving 10 and 20 mg chlordiazepoxide, another group receiving 150 and 300 mg caffeine and a control group receiving placebo and 'no-drug' treatment. During each session the CNV was determined five times: one pre-drug and four post-drug measurements, each divided in a condition with and one without 'white noise'. Based on Eysenck's theory it was predicted that the CNV would increase after administering chlordiazepoxide and would decrease after administering caffeine. Furthermore it was expected that 'white noise' would attenuate the CNV of introverts and would enhance the CNV of extraverts. The first hypothesis was significantly verified comparing the chlordiazepoxide group with the caffeine group. However, making comparisons within groups, only the decrease between the measurement before taking caffeine and the first one after administering was significant. The second hypothesis could be supported for introverts only.", "contents": "The effects of a depressant and a stimulant drug on the contingent negative variation. Three groups, each comprising eight subjects, were twice tested with an interval of one week: one group receiving 10 and 20 mg chlordiazepoxide, another group receiving 150 and 300 mg caffeine and a control group receiving placebo and 'no-drug' treatment. During each session the CNV was determined five times: one pre-drug and four post-drug measurements, each divided in a condition with and one without 'white noise'. Based on Eysenck's theory it was predicted that the CNV would increase after administering chlordiazepoxide and would decrease after administering caffeine. Furthermore it was expected that 'white noise' would attenuate the CNV of introverts and would enhance the CNV of extraverts. The first hypothesis was significantly verified comparing the chlordiazepoxide group with the caffeine group. However, making comparisons within groups, only the decrease between the measurement before taking caffeine and the first one after administering was significant. The second hypothesis could be supported for introverts only.", "PMID": 667244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11645", "title": "The effect of warning stimulus novelty on the P300 and components of the contingent negative variation.", "content": "This experiment evaluated the effects of stimulus and response probability on the P300 and components of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in three different reaction tasks. In the first task the warning stimulus (S1) indicated that the imperative stimulus (S2) would require either a left or a right button press response; in the two other tasks the S1 indicated that S2 would either require a button press response or not. The a priori probability of S1 and the response to S2 were independently varied. The results show that a novel S1 significantly increased the amplitude and latency of the P300 and early CNV component: the late CNV component, however, increased significantly when a motor response to S2 was required. Early and late CNV components also differed in midline distribution. It is concluded that the early CNV can be viewed as the slow wave part of the event-related potential to S1, while the late CNV is an event preceding shift that strongly relates to the motor requirements of S2. It is finally suggested that both the P300 and early CNV reflect an orienting response to S1.", "contents": "The effect of warning stimulus novelty on the P300 and components of the contingent negative variation. This experiment evaluated the effects of stimulus and response probability on the P300 and components of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in three different reaction tasks. In the first task the warning stimulus (S1) indicated that the imperative stimulus (S2) would require either a left or a right button press response; in the two other tasks the S1 indicated that S2 would either require a button press response or not. The a priori probability of S1 and the response to S2 were independently varied. The results show that a novel S1 significantly increased the amplitude and latency of the P300 and early CNV component: the late CNV component, however, increased significantly when a motor response to S2 was required. Early and late CNV components also differed in midline distribution. It is concluded that the early CNV can be viewed as the slow wave part of the event-related potential to S1, while the late CNV is an event preceding shift that strongly relates to the motor requirements of S2. It is finally suggested that both the P300 and early CNV reflect an orienting response to S1.", "PMID": 667245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11646", "title": "Efficient analysis of Weibull survival data from experiments on heterogeneous patient populations.", "content": "An efficient method is presented for analyses of death rated in one-way or cross-classified experiments where expected survival time for a patient at time of entry on trial is a function of observable covariates. The survival-time distribution used is a Weibull form of Cox's (1972) model. The analysis proceeds in two steps. In the first, goodness of fit of the model is checked, inefficient estimates of the parameters are obtained, and survival times adjusted for the entry covariates are calculated. In the second, efficient estimates and tests for the rate parameters are obtained. These can easily be calculated using hand or desk equipment. Reorganized data sets can be analyzed without repetition of step one, thereby reducing the computational load to hand level and facilitating exploratory data analysis.", "contents": "Efficient analysis of Weibull survival data from experiments on heterogeneous patient populations. An efficient method is presented for analyses of death rated in one-way or cross-classified experiments where expected survival time for a patient at time of entry on trial is a function of observable covariates. The survival-time distribution used is a Weibull form of Cox's (1972) model. The analysis proceeds in two steps. In the first, goodness of fit of the model is checked, inefficient estimates of the parameters are obtained, and survival times adjusted for the entry covariates are calculated. In the second, efficient estimates and tests for the rate parameters are obtained. These can easily be calculated using hand or desk equipment. Reorganized data sets can be analyzed without repetition of step one, thereby reducing the computational load to hand level and facilitating exploratory data analysis.", "PMID": 667270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11647", "title": "A model for analysis of the anesthetic response.", "content": "When a dose d of an anesthetic is administered intravenously, either sleep will be observed for a period of time or no sleep will occur. We developed a general approach for formulating a model for this response which reduces to a quantal response model if the duration of sleep is ignored. Several specific models illustrate the general formulation. In each case the underlying dose response relationship that corresponds to the quantal response problem is the logistic. To include the duration of sleep in the model we introduced a concept of an \"active dose\" which is a function of the administered dose and time. We use a set of data from a study of the response of guinea pigs to ketamine for our numerical examples.", "contents": "A model for analysis of the anesthetic response. When a dose d of an anesthetic is administered intravenously, either sleep will be observed for a period of time or no sleep will occur. We developed a general approach for formulating a model for this response which reduces to a quantal response model if the duration of sleep is ignored. Several specific models illustrate the general formulation. In each case the underlying dose response relationship that corresponds to the quantal response problem is the logistic. To include the duration of sleep in the model we introduced a concept of an \"active dose\" which is a function of the administered dose and time. We use a set of data from a study of the response of guinea pigs to ketamine for our numerical examples.", "PMID": 667271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11648", "title": "A nonparametric test for association with censored data.", "content": "A nonparametric procedure is proposed for the problem of testing association between two continuous variables when one is subject to arbitrary censoring. The motivation for the procedure derives from our finding that Cox's likelihood procedure may not adequately control the size of the test. The proposed procedure allows the censoring mechanism to depend on the independent variable, is simple computationally, and provides accurate control over the size of the test even for quite small samples. Asymptotic results suggest that it may provide a sensitive alternative to Cox's procedure. An example dealing with survival following operation for myasthenia gravis is provided, wherein a method for testing after adjustment for covariate information is described.", "contents": "A nonparametric test for association with censored data. A nonparametric procedure is proposed for the problem of testing association between two continuous variables when one is subject to arbitrary censoring. The motivation for the procedure derives from our finding that Cox's likelihood procedure may not adequately control the size of the test. The proposed procedure allows the censoring mechanism to depend on the independent variable, is simple computationally, and provides accurate control over the size of the test even for quite small samples. Asymptotic results suggest that it may provide a sensitive alternative to Cox's procedure. An example dealing with survival following operation for myasthenia gravis is provided, wherein a method for testing after adjustment for covariate information is described.", "PMID": 667272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11649", "title": "Estimation of the mixing proportion in a mixture of two normal distributions from simple, rapid measurements.", "content": "A mixture of two or more normal distributions often provides an adequate model for the distribution of a population consisting of varying proportions of component subpopulations. We consider here the problem of estimating the mixing proportion in a mixture of two normal distributions, the parameters of which can be assumed known. Very large samples may be needed if reasonably precise estimates are to be obtained, thus bringing into consideration the cost or time involved in obtaining large numbers of exact measurements and computing the estimates from them. Simple estimators based on simple, rapidly obtained measurements may then be attractive alternatives provided efficiency losses are not too great. Three such estimators studied here are based on (a) the number of observations less than a fixed point r, (b) the nembers less than s and greater than t, and (c) the sample mean. Optimal choices of the points r, s and t are considered, and the efficiencies of the estimators relative to maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) using the full data are obtained. The simple estimators often perform sufficiently well to make the collection of full data not worthwhile in practice.", "contents": "Estimation of the mixing proportion in a mixture of two normal distributions from simple, rapid measurements. A mixture of two or more normal distributions often provides an adequate model for the distribution of a population consisting of varying proportions of component subpopulations. We consider here the problem of estimating the mixing proportion in a mixture of two normal distributions, the parameters of which can be assumed known. Very large samples may be needed if reasonably precise estimates are to be obtained, thus bringing into consideration the cost or time involved in obtaining large numbers of exact measurements and computing the estimates from them. Simple estimators based on simple, rapidly obtained measurements may then be attractive alternatives provided efficiency losses are not too great. Three such estimators studied here are based on (a) the number of observations less than a fixed point r, (b) the nembers less than s and greater than t, and (c) the sample mean. Optimal choices of the points r, s and t are considered, and the efficiencies of the estimators relative to maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) using the full data are obtained. The simple estimators often perform sufficiently well to make the collection of full data not worthwhile in practice.", "PMID": 667273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11650", "title": "Study of urinary pyrazinamide metabolites and their action on the renal excretion of xanthine and hypoxanthine in a xanthinuric patient.", "content": "A chromatographic technique on anion exchange column was developed. It permets to determine unmetabolized pyrazinamide and three major metabolities: pyrazinoic acid, 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid and an unidentified compound. In a xanthinuric patient only traces of 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid were found 12 hours after 3 g pyrazinamide were given. These finding confirms that pyrazinoic acid is oxidised through the the action of xanthine oxidase. Both the clearances of hypoxanthine and of xanthine are as rapid as that of endogenous creatinine in a xanthinuric patient. But the effects of pyrazinamide are different on both purine bases. Urinary excretion of hypoxanthine is slightly but not significantly reduced while excretion of xanthine is decreased by about 75%. Evidence was demonstrated that pyrazinoic acid is likely the agent causing xanthine retention. These results suggest that the mechanisms of renal transport of xanthine and hypoxanthine are different.", "contents": "Study of urinary pyrazinamide metabolites and their action on the renal excretion of xanthine and hypoxanthine in a xanthinuric patient. A chromatographic technique on anion exchange column was developed. It permets to determine unmetabolized pyrazinamide and three major metabolities: pyrazinoic acid, 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid and an unidentified compound. In a xanthinuric patient only traces of 5-hydroxypyrazinoic acid were found 12 hours after 3 g pyrazinamide were given. These finding confirms that pyrazinoic acid is oxidised through the the action of xanthine oxidase. Both the clearances of hypoxanthine and of xanthine are as rapid as that of endogenous creatinine in a xanthinuric patient. But the effects of pyrazinamide are different on both purine bases. Urinary excretion of hypoxanthine is slightly but not significantly reduced while excretion of xanthine is decreased by about 75%. Evidence was demonstrated that pyrazinoic acid is likely the agent causing xanthine retention. These results suggest that the mechanisms of renal transport of xanthine and hypoxanthine are different.", "PMID": 667278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11651", "title": "Experimental induction of tumor growth control by immune adjuvants: current status and some theories to be explored.", "content": "Immune adjuvants have been shown to induce tumor growth control in many experimental tumor-host models. The beneficial effect depends on tumor size and type and dose of the adjuvants in question, but few experimental data elucidate, which immunological mechanisms--if any--that are directly involved in the tumor destructive processes induced by immuno-adjuvants. The importance of non-specific tumor immunity is discussed with emphasize on the importance of immuno-competent cells that react non-specifically, and that may include \"self-directed\" cells. Non-immunological mechanisms are proposed also to be of importance, underlining the possible role of the phenomenon of spontaneous reversion of malignant cells to a non-malignant state. It is finally stressed that both immunologic and non-immunologic properties of immunoadjuvant induced tumor growth control must be analysed before therapy with immunoadjuvants can be optimally applicated in the cancer patient.", "contents": "Experimental induction of tumor growth control by immune adjuvants: current status and some theories to be explored. Immune adjuvants have been shown to induce tumor growth control in many experimental tumor-host models. The beneficial effect depends on tumor size and type and dose of the adjuvants in question, but few experimental data elucidate, which immunological mechanisms--if any--that are directly involved in the tumor destructive processes induced by immuno-adjuvants. The importance of non-specific tumor immunity is discussed with emphasize on the importance of immuno-competent cells that react non-specifically, and that may include \"self-directed\" cells. Non-immunological mechanisms are proposed also to be of importance, underlining the possible role of the phenomenon of spontaneous reversion of malignant cells to a non-malignant state. It is finally stressed that both immunologic and non-immunologic properties of immunoadjuvant induced tumor growth control must be analysed before therapy with immunoadjuvants can be optimally applicated in the cancer patient.", "PMID": 667279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11652", "title": "Isozymes and differentiation.", "content": "We have tried to define \"isozymes\" and \"differentiation\" because these words are often used in a too vague sense. We have noted that the physiological role of isozymes is far from being clearly understood, even for the most studied enzyme with multiple molecular forms, lactic dehydrogenase. But we have pointed out that some isozymes are specific for some adult tissues, especially liver and muscle. They constitute consequently true \"markers\" of differentiation. Some mechanisms of this differentiation have been made clearer by the experiments of cell hybridization. The role of isozymes in differentiation is also illustrated by the selective disappearance of isozymic markers in some pathologycal conditions, for example : cancer and muscular diseases.", "contents": "Isozymes and differentiation. We have tried to define \"isozymes\" and \"differentiation\" because these words are often used in a too vague sense. We have noted that the physiological role of isozymes is far from being clearly understood, even for the most studied enzyme with multiple molecular forms, lactic dehydrogenase. But we have pointed out that some isozymes are specific for some adult tissues, especially liver and muscle. They constitute consequently true \"markers\" of differentiation. Some mechanisms of this differentiation have been made clearer by the experiments of cell hybridization. The role of isozymes in differentiation is also illustrated by the selective disappearance of isozymic markers in some pathologycal conditions, for example : cancer and muscular diseases.", "PMID": 667274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11653", "title": "Action of somatostatin, levodopa and pyridoxine on growth hormone (GH) secretion in newborn infants.", "content": "We studied the effect of i.v. levodopa, pyridoxine and synthetic somatostatin in 28 normal babies during the first hours of life. Somatostatin caused a decrease in GH levels in all infants; in addition, both levodopa and pyridoxine infection paradoxically suppressed GH secretion in all subjects. It is concluded that in the first hours of life GH secretion can be suppressed by synthetic somatostatin as well as by levodopa and pyridoxine administration.", "contents": "Action of somatostatin, levodopa and pyridoxine on growth hormone (GH) secretion in newborn infants. We studied the effect of i.v. levodopa, pyridoxine and synthetic somatostatin in 28 normal babies during the first hours of life. Somatostatin caused a decrease in GH levels in all infants; in addition, both levodopa and pyridoxine infection paradoxically suppressed GH secretion in all subjects. It is concluded that in the first hours of life GH secretion can be suppressed by synthetic somatostatin as well as by levodopa and pyridoxine administration.", "PMID": 667280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11654", "title": "Peritoneal macrophage cytotoxicity induced by serum in vitro.", "content": "The authors studied the effects of peritoneal macrophages on the growth of HP2 cells, a continuous line isolated from the transplanted Harding-Passey mouse melanoma. They found that normal peritoneal macrophages can exert a strong cytostatic effect on HP2 cells, as expressed by cell number and tritiated thymidine uptake by the target cells. The data indicates that normal heat inactivated sera from various species can render macrophages cytostatic. In addition, normal serum can amplify the cytostatic properties of macrophages from immunized animals. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of macrophage metabolism.", "contents": "Peritoneal macrophage cytotoxicity induced by serum in vitro. The authors studied the effects of peritoneal macrophages on the growth of HP2 cells, a continuous line isolated from the transplanted Harding-Passey mouse melanoma. They found that normal peritoneal macrophages can exert a strong cytostatic effect on HP2 cells, as expressed by cell number and tritiated thymidine uptake by the target cells. The data indicates that normal heat inactivated sera from various species can render macrophages cytostatic. In addition, normal serum can amplify the cytostatic properties of macrophages from immunized animals. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of macrophage metabolism.", "PMID": 667276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11655", "title": "The magnesium content of the trabecular bone in diabetic subjects.", "content": "Trabecular bone samples, obtained in vivo from the iliac crest, were examined for their magnesium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after ashing. A significant decrease was found in jevunile-type diabetics and in maturity-type patients treated with insuline as compared to non-diabetic controls. The possibility of a long-term effect of daily insulin injections is discussed.", "contents": "The magnesium content of the trabecular bone in diabetic subjects. Trabecular bone samples, obtained in vivo from the iliac crest, were examined for their magnesium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after ashing. A significant decrease was found in jevunile-type diabetics and in maturity-type patients treated with insuline as compared to non-diabetic controls. The possibility of a long-term effect of daily insulin injections is discussed.", "PMID": 667281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11656", "title": "Follow-up of sixty two cases of acute basophilic leukemia.", "content": "62 cases of ABL have been investigated over the last 20 years. In our series ABL were 5% of all acute leukaemias. Four ABL types can be distinguished : (a) the basophilic terminal phase (basophilic blastic crisis) of cronic myeloid leukemia; (b) the mixed basophilic-oesinophilic types; (c) the promyelocytic basophilic type; and (d) histio basoblastic type. The first two are quite rare. The promyelocytic basophilic type can be easily differentiated from PNL; the frequency of the latter is three times higher. Fundamental to diagnosis are cytochemical stains specific for acid mucopolysacchaes. Myelobiopsy is always essential since in almost 50% of the cases no typical cells appears in the peripheral blood. In the bone marrow Ab are very numerous and and pleiomorphic. ABL is marked from its onset by a severe symptomatology. In contrast to our experience in PNL, only do some patients with ABL achieve complete remission.", "contents": "Follow-up of sixty two cases of acute basophilic leukemia. 62 cases of ABL have been investigated over the last 20 years. In our series ABL were 5% of all acute leukaemias. Four ABL types can be distinguished : (a) the basophilic terminal phase (basophilic blastic crisis) of cronic myeloid leukemia; (b) the mixed basophilic-oesinophilic types; (c) the promyelocytic basophilic type; and (d) histio basoblastic type. The first two are quite rare. The promyelocytic basophilic type can be easily differentiated from PNL; the frequency of the latter is three times higher. Fundamental to diagnosis are cytochemical stains specific for acid mucopolysacchaes. Myelobiopsy is always essential since in almost 50% of the cases no typical cells appears in the peripheral blood. In the bone marrow Ab are very numerous and and pleiomorphic. ABL is marked from its onset by a severe symptomatology. In contrast to our experience in PNL, only do some patients with ABL achieve complete remission.", "PMID": 667277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11657", "title": "Preparation of single cell suspension from rat liver. A simple method designed for immunologic studies.", "content": "Single cell suspensions from rat liver were prepared by mean of a 10 min. in vivo liver perfusion with an isotonic solution. This solution was devoid of calcium but contained 27 mM of sodium citrate and 1% of bovine serum albumin. The liver cells were dissociated over chromium nickel screen in presence of 0.8 mM of calcium and 0.25 M of saccharose; they were further separated by gravity sedimentation for 10 min. The dissociated cells, when incubated in Waymouth's medium enriched with 15% of heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% of BSA, actively synthetized urea and proteins. They also incorporated [3H] thymidine. Isolated hepatocytes, obtained without resorting to extraneous enzymes, conform to the conditions required for the study of cell surface receptors involved in immunologic recognition mechanisms.", "contents": "Preparation of single cell suspension from rat liver. A simple method designed for immunologic studies. Single cell suspensions from rat liver were prepared by mean of a 10 min. in vivo liver perfusion with an isotonic solution. This solution was devoid of calcium but contained 27 mM of sodium citrate and 1% of bovine serum albumin. The liver cells were dissociated over chromium nickel screen in presence of 0.8 mM of calcium and 0.25 M of saccharose; they were further separated by gravity sedimentation for 10 min. The dissociated cells, when incubated in Waymouth's medium enriched with 15% of heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% of BSA, actively synthetized urea and proteins. They also incorporated [3H] thymidine. Isolated hepatocytes, obtained without resorting to extraneous enzymes, conform to the conditions required for the study of cell surface receptors involved in immunologic recognition mechanisms.", "PMID": 667282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11658", "title": "Phagocytic properties displayed by mouse hepatocytes after virus induced damage of the sinusoidal lining.", "content": "Frog virus 3 (FV 3) inoculated intravenously into mice damages sinusoidal cells and produces a decrease in the carbon uptake capacity of the liver. Histological and ultrastructural examinations have shown that in FV 3 infected animals part of the inoculated carbon is taken up by the hepatocytes and can be located inside cytoplasmic vesicles or dense bodies. The hepatocytes are also able to phagocyte latex particles of 312 nm in diameter. These observations demonstrate that once the Kupffer cells and the endothelial lining are damaged, hepatocytes can display phagocytic properties.", "contents": "Phagocytic properties displayed by mouse hepatocytes after virus induced damage of the sinusoidal lining. Frog virus 3 (FV 3) inoculated intravenously into mice damages sinusoidal cells and produces a decrease in the carbon uptake capacity of the liver. Histological and ultrastructural examinations have shown that in FV 3 infected animals part of the inoculated carbon is taken up by the hepatocytes and can be located inside cytoplasmic vesicles or dense bodies. The hepatocytes are also able to phagocyte latex particles of 312 nm in diameter. These observations demonstrate that once the Kupffer cells and the endothelial lining are damaged, hepatocytes can display phagocytic properties.", "PMID": 667283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11659", "title": "A fractionation of insoluble rat skin collagen.", "content": "After extraction of 1% of the total collagen of rat skin by 150 mM NaCl, a 1% SDS solution extracts 80% of the total collagen, while the residue is extracted by a mixture of beta mercapto-ethanol and SDS. These extractions, which respect the peptide linkages, cleave the allysyl cross-links. They provide an insight on the composition of some insoluble collagen molecules of the skin and on the importance of disulfide bridges in their architecture.", "contents": "A fractionation of insoluble rat skin collagen. After extraction of 1% of the total collagen of rat skin by 150 mM NaCl, a 1% SDS solution extracts 80% of the total collagen, while the residue is extracted by a mixture of beta mercapto-ethanol and SDS. These extractions, which respect the peptide linkages, cleave the allysyl cross-links. They provide an insight on the composition of some insoluble collagen molecules of the skin and on the importance of disulfide bridges in their architecture.", "PMID": 667284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11660", "title": "Alleviation of experimental acute renal failure in rats by reduction of renal mass.", "content": "An acute renal failure (ARF) has been produced by glycerol injection on rats unilaterally nephrectomized 48 h before. Rats with reduced renal mass showed polyuria and significantly lower azotemia than controls with ARF. This data might be explained by increased glomerular plasma flow in the remnant kidney previous to ARF induction.", "contents": "Alleviation of experimental acute renal failure in rats by reduction of renal mass. An acute renal failure (ARF) has been produced by glycerol injection on rats unilaterally nephrectomized 48 h before. Rats with reduced renal mass showed polyuria and significantly lower azotemia than controls with ARF. This data might be explained by increased glomerular plasma flow in the remnant kidney previous to ARF induction.", "PMID": 667285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11661", "title": "Reproducibility of plasma renin activity (PRA) profile in essential hypertension patients.", "content": "Whether the same patient with essential hypertension (EH) has the same PRA profile at different occasions, is still uncertain. The validity of the classification of these patients into low or normal renin hypertension depends upon the reproducibility of this profile. A nomogram based on PRA and 24 hr urine sodium in normals, was constructed by computing the regression line with its tolerance limits of not less than 95%. In 30 patients with EH, the PRA and 24 hr urine sodium were determined in 2 separate occasions. Classification of patients showed a change of 30% when PRA was taken during at least 2 hours recumbency. However, when PRA following ambulation is considered, the change appeared only in 6/30 (20%). This change was not large. Thus good reproducibility of PRA is obtained on post-ambulation PRA and changes larger than the 95% tolerance limits, are considered.", "contents": "Reproducibility of plasma renin activity (PRA) profile in essential hypertension patients. Whether the same patient with essential hypertension (EH) has the same PRA profile at different occasions, is still uncertain. The validity of the classification of these patients into low or normal renin hypertension depends upon the reproducibility of this profile. A nomogram based on PRA and 24 hr urine sodium in normals, was constructed by computing the regression line with its tolerance limits of not less than 95%. In 30 patients with EH, the PRA and 24 hr urine sodium were determined in 2 separate occasions. Classification of patients showed a change of 30% when PRA was taken during at least 2 hours recumbency. However, when PRA following ambulation is considered, the change appeared only in 6/30 (20%). This change was not large. Thus good reproducibility of PRA is obtained on post-ambulation PRA and changes larger than the 95% tolerance limits, are considered.", "PMID": 667286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11662", "title": "Prostaglandins released into human burn blister fluid.", "content": "Acidic lipids were isolated from human burn blister fluid and the presence of prostaglandins E and F compounds was demonstrated by the thin-layer chromatography. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha were identified and quantitatively determined by radioimmunoassay and by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyses on burn blister fluid obtained from 35 patients with skin burn indicated an extensive release of prostaglandins into the blister after burn injury in a few hours. The high levels of prostaglandins in burn blister fluid decreased gradually during 24 hours after burn.", "contents": "Prostaglandins released into human burn blister fluid. Acidic lipids were isolated from human burn blister fluid and the presence of prostaglandins E and F compounds was demonstrated by the thin-layer chromatography. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha were identified and quantitatively determined by radioimmunoassay and by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyses on burn blister fluid obtained from 35 patients with skin burn indicated an extensive release of prostaglandins into the blister after burn injury in a few hours. The high levels of prostaglandins in burn blister fluid decreased gradually during 24 hours after burn.", "PMID": 667287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11663", "title": "Familial hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular abnormality.", "content": "A family with genetic hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular abnormality in urate handling is reported. Urinary urate excretion was decreased by 61% following administration of pyrazinamide, and increased by 25% following administration of probenecid. The response to these drug suggest genotype heterogeneity of renal hypouricemia in man.", "contents": "Familial hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular abnormality. A family with genetic hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular abnormality in urate handling is reported. Urinary urate excretion was decreased by 61% following administration of pyrazinamide, and increased by 25% following administration of probenecid. The response to these drug suggest genotype heterogeneity of renal hypouricemia in man.", "PMID": 667288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11664", "title": "Serum, zinc, copper and insulin in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "We studied serum zinc, copper, ceruloplasmin, insulin, basal glycemia and cholesterol in 49 diabetics on oral anti-diabetic agent and in 10 normal people. We found there is an elevation of serum zinc, copper and ceruloplasmin in the diabetic group that is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There is a significant correlation between zinc and insulin (p less than 0.001), and between the quotient zinc/copper and cholesterol (p less than 0.001). The increase of plasma zinc can reflect a deficient storage or a chronic hypersecretion of insulin in hyperglucemic patients. We think that the quotient zinc/copper/might play a role in the pathogenesis of the arteriosclerosis in diabetes.", "contents": "Serum, zinc, copper and insulin in diabetes mellitus. We studied serum zinc, copper, ceruloplasmin, insulin, basal glycemia and cholesterol in 49 diabetics on oral anti-diabetic agent and in 10 normal people. We found there is an elevation of serum zinc, copper and ceruloplasmin in the diabetic group that is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There is a significant correlation between zinc and insulin (p less than 0.001), and between the quotient zinc/copper and cholesterol (p less than 0.001). The increase of plasma zinc can reflect a deficient storage or a chronic hypersecretion of insulin in hyperglucemic patients. We think that the quotient zinc/copper/might play a role in the pathogenesis of the arteriosclerosis in diabetes.", "PMID": 667289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11665", "title": "Methotrexate induced alteration of glycolysis in L1210 cells in vitro.", "content": "Methotrexate, in non-lethal doses, greatly enhances anaerobic glycolysis in L1210 cells. Lactate/glucose ratio remains constant but intracellular levels of glycolytic enzymes are increased. ATP accumulating in the cells seems to reflect an alteration of regulation of the glycolysis.", "contents": "Methotrexate induced alteration of glycolysis in L1210 cells in vitro. Methotrexate, in non-lethal doses, greatly enhances anaerobic glycolysis in L1210 cells. Lactate/glucose ratio remains constant but intracellular levels of glycolytic enzymes are increased. ATP accumulating in the cells seems to reflect an alteration of regulation of the glycolysis.", "PMID": 667290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11666", "title": "Culture procedure of mesothelial cells from the rat parietal pleura.", "content": "Cultures were made of mesothelial cells obtained by scraping the parietal pleura of the adult rats. The growth was restricted to close polyhedric epithelial-like cells, forming a monolayer. The cellular proliferation continued until the 7th day, followed by a stationary phases. In subcultures the mesothelial cells kept their epithelial type. The cultures were stopped on the 20th day.", "contents": "Culture procedure of mesothelial cells from the rat parietal pleura. Cultures were made of mesothelial cells obtained by scraping the parietal pleura of the adult rats. The growth was restricted to close polyhedric epithelial-like cells, forming a monolayer. The cellular proliferation continued until the 7th day, followed by a stationary phases. In subcultures the mesothelial cells kept their epithelial type. The cultures were stopped on the 20th day.", "PMID": 667291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11667", "title": "The pumping mechanism of the nematode esophagus.", "content": "The radial orientation of the myofilaments in the nematode esophagus raises interesting questions as to how such a structure can function as a pump. A physical model of the esophagus of Ascaris lumbricoides was developed and the membrane theory of shells applied in order to relate the observed dimensional changes to myofilament force, pressure stresses, and membrane elastic constants. By stressing the excised esophagus passively with osmotic pressure, the esophagus was shown to be elastically anisotropic with the ratio of circumferential to longitudinal elastic constants, E(psi)/E(l) approximately 2.74. When this value was incorporated, the model predicted the ratio of the respective strains, epsilon(psi)/epsilon(l), to be 0.52 during an equilibrium contraction of the esophagus. This agreed with the experimental value, 0.46 +/- 0.10, measured during occasional, prolonged muscle contractions. When measured during normal pumping, on the other hand, the value of epsilon(psi)/epsilon(l) was 0 +/- 0.10. This indicated that a nonequilibrium condition normally occurs in which a greater myofilament force per unit area of lumen membrane is not balanced by internal pressure and therefore acceleration of the lumen contents and negative intraluminal pressure occurs.The pumping action of esophagi dissected from Ascaris was observed to be normally peristaltic and periodic. Contraction was initiated by a spontaneous depolarization that propagated at 4.0 +/- 0.20 cm/s along the esophageal membrane. A wave of localized increases in the internal pressure of the muscle and localized changes in external dimensions was observed. A subsequent spontaneous repolarization, which propagated at 5.8 +/- 0.23 cm/s, triggered relaxation of the muscle during which the localized pressure and dimensional changes returned to resting values. A mechanism was deduced in which fluid is drawn into and moved along the lumen by the wave of contraction. During the wave of relaxation, the lumen contents are pressurized and injected into the intestine by elastic restoring forces.", "contents": "The pumping mechanism of the nematode esophagus. The radial orientation of the myofilaments in the nematode esophagus raises interesting questions as to how such a structure can function as a pump. A physical model of the esophagus of Ascaris lumbricoides was developed and the membrane theory of shells applied in order to relate the observed dimensional changes to myofilament force, pressure stresses, and membrane elastic constants. By stressing the excised esophagus passively with osmotic pressure, the esophagus was shown to be elastically anisotropic with the ratio of circumferential to longitudinal elastic constants, E(psi)/E(l) approximately 2.74. When this value was incorporated, the model predicted the ratio of the respective strains, epsilon(psi)/epsilon(l), to be 0.52 during an equilibrium contraction of the esophagus. This agreed with the experimental value, 0.46 +/- 0.10, measured during occasional, prolonged muscle contractions. When measured during normal pumping, on the other hand, the value of epsilon(psi)/epsilon(l) was 0 +/- 0.10. This indicated that a nonequilibrium condition normally occurs in which a greater myofilament force per unit area of lumen membrane is not balanced by internal pressure and therefore acceleration of the lumen contents and negative intraluminal pressure occurs.The pumping action of esophagi dissected from Ascaris was observed to be normally peristaltic and periodic. Contraction was initiated by a spontaneous depolarization that propagated at 4.0 +/- 0.20 cm/s along the esophageal membrane. A wave of localized increases in the internal pressure of the muscle and localized changes in external dimensions was observed. A subsequent spontaneous repolarization, which propagated at 5.8 +/- 0.23 cm/s, triggered relaxation of the muscle during which the localized pressure and dimensional changes returned to resting values. A mechanism was deduced in which fluid is drawn into and moved along the lumen by the wave of contraction. During the wave of relaxation, the lumen contents are pressurized and injected into the intestine by elastic restoring forces.", "PMID": 667292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11668", "title": "Effects of ultraviolet irradiation and postirradiation incubation on heterogenous nuclear RNA size in murine cells.", "content": "We have analyzed the decrease in synthesis of individual size classes of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Merwin plasmacytoma (MPC-11) cells at various times of postirradiation incubation. HnRNA from nonirradiated control cells is distributed over a wide range from approximately 60S to 5S, with 42S RNA carrying more label than any other size class. HnRNA from UV-irradiated cells shows a dose-dependent shift in size distribution toward lower molecular weight. The size distribution of hnRNA synthesized after prolonged times of postirradiation incubation is restored toward normal, i.e., synthesis of long RNA molecules increases relative to the synthesis of short ones. Analysis of the total number of hnRNA chains synthesized during a 20-min [(3)H]uridine pulse shows a considerable reduction in their number with increasing UV dose. Murine cell lines are excision-repair-deficient but capable of post replication repair inhibited by caffeine. HnRNA transcripts of cells incubated in its presence were studied. The caffeine, which has no effect on hnRNA size in control cells, inhibits to a considerable extent the restoration of full-length transcripts during postirradiation incubation. The lack of excision repair in MPC-11 was confirmed by the analysis of pyrimidine dimers in trichloracetic acid-insoluble and soluble fractions within 8 h of postirradiation incubation.The size of parental and daughter strand DNA in UV-irradiated cells was correlated with RNA transcript size. The parental DNA in these experiments does not change its size as a consequence of UV exposure and postirradiation incubation. In contrast, daughter DNA strands are short in UV-irradiated cells and they increase in size during postirradiation incubation to reach the size of parental strands after 8 h.", "contents": "Effects of ultraviolet irradiation and postirradiation incubation on heterogenous nuclear RNA size in murine cells. We have analyzed the decrease in synthesis of individual size classes of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Merwin plasmacytoma (MPC-11) cells at various times of postirradiation incubation. HnRNA from nonirradiated control cells is distributed over a wide range from approximately 60S to 5S, with 42S RNA carrying more label than any other size class. HnRNA from UV-irradiated cells shows a dose-dependent shift in size distribution toward lower molecular weight. The size distribution of hnRNA synthesized after prolonged times of postirradiation incubation is restored toward normal, i.e., synthesis of long RNA molecules increases relative to the synthesis of short ones. Analysis of the total number of hnRNA chains synthesized during a 20-min [(3)H]uridine pulse shows a considerable reduction in their number with increasing UV dose. Murine cell lines are excision-repair-deficient but capable of post replication repair inhibited by caffeine. HnRNA transcripts of cells incubated in its presence were studied. The caffeine, which has no effect on hnRNA size in control cells, inhibits to a considerable extent the restoration of full-length transcripts during postirradiation incubation. The lack of excision repair in MPC-11 was confirmed by the analysis of pyrimidine dimers in trichloracetic acid-insoluble and soluble fractions within 8 h of postirradiation incubation.The size of parental and daughter strand DNA in UV-irradiated cells was correlated with RNA transcript size. The parental DNA in these experiments does not change its size as a consequence of UV exposure and postirradiation incubation. In contrast, daughter DNA strands are short in UV-irradiated cells and they increase in size during postirradiation incubation to reach the size of parental strands after 8 h.", "PMID": 667293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11669", "title": "A study of molecular dynamics and freezing phase transition in tissues by proton spin relaxation.", "content": "Muscle, spleen, and kidney tissues from 4-wk-old C57 black mice were studied by proton magnetic resonance. Spin-lattice relaxation times at high fields and in the rotating frame, as well as the spin-spin relaxation times, are reported as a function of temperature in the liquid and frozen phase. Motions of large molecules and of water molecules and their changes at the freezing phase transition are studied. The shortcomings of the two-state fast-exchange relaxation model are discussed.", "contents": "A study of molecular dynamics and freezing phase transition in tissues by proton spin relaxation. Muscle, spleen, and kidney tissues from 4-wk-old C57 black mice were studied by proton magnetic resonance. Spin-lattice relaxation times at high fields and in the rotating frame, as well as the spin-spin relaxation times, are reported as a function of temperature in the liquid and frozen phase. Motions of large molecules and of water molecules and their changes at the freezing phase transition are studied. The shortcomings of the two-state fast-exchange relaxation model are discussed.", "PMID": 667294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11670", "title": "Concentration dependence of the self-diffusion of human and Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin.", "content": "The self-diffusion coefficient of the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris (mol wt 3.7 x 10(6) daltons) has been measured at protein concentrations ranging from 2 to 25 g/100 ml. The self-diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin has been measured at concentrations between 10 and 43 g/100 ml. For these measurements, (14)C-labeled hemoglobin was made to diffuse from one Millipore filter into three consecutively arranged Millipore filters containing unlabeled hemoglobin. After a suitable time the filters were separated, and the protein diffusion coefficient was determined from the distribution of radioactivity in the four filters with a table given by Kawalki (1894, Ann. Phys. Chem.52:166-190.). The following results were obtained. The diffusion coefficient of Lumbricus hemoglobin is 1.2 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1) at a protein concentration of 2.1 g/100 ml, and is reduced to about 1/10 of this value when the concentration is 25 g/100 ml (T = 21 degrees C). Between 0 and 16 g/100 ml the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient of Lumbricus hemoglobin falls linearly with concentration. Above 16 g/100 ml a marked increase in the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient is observed. Extrapolation of the data to zero hemoglobin concentration yields a limiting value of the diffusion coefficient of Lumbricus hemoglobin of 1.3 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1). The diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin is 4.5 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1) at a hemoglobin concentration of 9.7 g/100 ml, and falls to 0.14 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1) at a hemoglobin concentration of 43.0 g/100 ml. In addition to diffusivities, the viscosities of human and Lumbricus hemoglobin solutions were measured in a wide range of protein concentrations.The concentration dependence of the diffusivity of Lumbricus hemoglobin is compared to that of myoglobin, ovalbumin, and tetrameric hemoglobin. Proportionality between the diffusion coefficient and the reciprocal of the viscosity of the protein solution is found for all these proteins. It is also shown that an equation proposed by Anderson (1973) gives an excellent description of the diffusivity of the various proteins up to moderate protein concentrations. Above concentrations of 16 g/100 ml for Lumbricus hemoglobin, and 30 g/100 ml for tetrameric hemoglobin, however, protein diffusivity falls much more rapidly with increasing concentration than is predicted by this equation.", "contents": "Concentration dependence of the self-diffusion of human and Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. The self-diffusion coefficient of the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris (mol wt 3.7 x 10(6) daltons) has been measured at protein concentrations ranging from 2 to 25 g/100 ml. The self-diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin has been measured at concentrations between 10 and 43 g/100 ml. For these measurements, (14)C-labeled hemoglobin was made to diffuse from one Millipore filter into three consecutively arranged Millipore filters containing unlabeled hemoglobin. After a suitable time the filters were separated, and the protein diffusion coefficient was determined from the distribution of radioactivity in the four filters with a table given by Kawalki (1894, Ann. Phys. Chem.52:166-190.). The following results were obtained. The diffusion coefficient of Lumbricus hemoglobin is 1.2 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1) at a protein concentration of 2.1 g/100 ml, and is reduced to about 1/10 of this value when the concentration is 25 g/100 ml (T = 21 degrees C). Between 0 and 16 g/100 ml the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient of Lumbricus hemoglobin falls linearly with concentration. Above 16 g/100 ml a marked increase in the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient is observed. Extrapolation of the data to zero hemoglobin concentration yields a limiting value of the diffusion coefficient of Lumbricus hemoglobin of 1.3 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1). The diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin is 4.5 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1) at a hemoglobin concentration of 9.7 g/100 ml, and falls to 0.14 x 10(-7) cm(2)s(-1) at a hemoglobin concentration of 43.0 g/100 ml. In addition to diffusivities, the viscosities of human and Lumbricus hemoglobin solutions were measured in a wide range of protein concentrations.The concentration dependence of the diffusivity of Lumbricus hemoglobin is compared to that of myoglobin, ovalbumin, and tetrameric hemoglobin. Proportionality between the diffusion coefficient and the reciprocal of the viscosity of the protein solution is found for all these proteins. It is also shown that an equation proposed by Anderson (1973) gives an excellent description of the diffusivity of the various proteins up to moderate protein concentrations. Above concentrations of 16 g/100 ml for Lumbricus hemoglobin, and 30 g/100 ml for tetrameric hemoglobin, however, protein diffusivity falls much more rapidly with increasing concentration than is predicted by this equation.", "PMID": 667295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11671", "title": "Equilibrium studies of lecithin-cholesterol interactions I. Stoichiometry of lecithin-cholesterol complexes in bulk systems.", "content": "The maximum molar ratio of lecithin:cholesterol in aqueous dispersions has been reported to be 2:1, 1:1, or 1:2. The source of the desparate results has been examined in this study by analyzing (a) the phase relations in anhydrous mixtures (from which most dispersions are prepared) and (b) various methods of preparing aqueous dispersions, with the purpose of avoiding the formation of metastable states that may be responsible for the variability of the lecithin-cholesterol stoichiometry. Temperature-composition phase diagrams for anhydrous mixtures of cholesterol (CHOL) with dimyristoyl (DML) and with dipalmitoyl (DPL) lecithin were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Complexes form with molar ratios for lecithin:CHOL of 2:1 and 1:2; they are stable up to 70 degrees C. When x(CHOL) < 0.33, two phases coexist: complex (2:1) plus pure lecithin; when 0.33 < x(CHOL) < 0.67 complexes (2:1) and (1:2) coexist as separate phases. The corresponding phase diagram in water for these mixtures was determined by DSC and isopycnic centrifugation in D(2)O-H(2)O gradients. Aqueous dispersions were prepared by various methods (vortexing, dialysis, sonication) yielding identical results except as noted below. The data presented supports the following phase relations. When x(CHOL) < 0.33, two lipid phases coexist: pure lecithin plus complex (2:1) where the properties of the lecithin phase are determined by whether the temperature is below or above T(c), the gel-liquid crystal transition temperature. Therefore, complex (2:1) will coexist with gel state below T(c) and with liquid crystal above T(c). The densities follow in the order gel > complex (2:1) > liquid crystal. The density of complex (2:1) is less sensitive to temperature in the range 5 degrees -45 degrees C compared to the temperature dependence for DML and DPL where large changes in density occur at T(c). When x(CHOL) > 0.33, CHOL phase coexists with complex (2:1); anhydrous complex (1:2) is apparently not stable in H(2)O. The results are independent of the method and temperature used for preparing the lipid dispersions. However, when dispersions are prepared by sonication or with solvents at T > T(c), an apparent 1:1 complex is formed. Evidence suggests the 1:1 complex is metastable.", "contents": "Equilibrium studies of lecithin-cholesterol interactions I. Stoichiometry of lecithin-cholesterol complexes in bulk systems. The maximum molar ratio of lecithin:cholesterol in aqueous dispersions has been reported to be 2:1, 1:1, or 1:2. The source of the desparate results has been examined in this study by analyzing (a) the phase relations in anhydrous mixtures (from which most dispersions are prepared) and (b) various methods of preparing aqueous dispersions, with the purpose of avoiding the formation of metastable states that may be responsible for the variability of the lecithin-cholesterol stoichiometry. Temperature-composition phase diagrams for anhydrous mixtures of cholesterol (CHOL) with dimyristoyl (DML) and with dipalmitoyl (DPL) lecithin were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Complexes form with molar ratios for lecithin:CHOL of 2:1 and 1:2; they are stable up to 70 degrees C. When x(CHOL) < 0.33, two phases coexist: complex (2:1) plus pure lecithin; when 0.33 < x(CHOL) < 0.67 complexes (2:1) and (1:2) coexist as separate phases. The corresponding phase diagram in water for these mixtures was determined by DSC and isopycnic centrifugation in D(2)O-H(2)O gradients. Aqueous dispersions were prepared by various methods (vortexing, dialysis, sonication) yielding identical results except as noted below. The data presented supports the following phase relations. When x(CHOL) < 0.33, two lipid phases coexist: pure lecithin plus complex (2:1) where the properties of the lecithin phase are determined by whether the temperature is below or above T(c), the gel-liquid crystal transition temperature. Therefore, complex (2:1) will coexist with gel state below T(c) and with liquid crystal above T(c). The densities follow in the order gel > complex (2:1) > liquid crystal. The density of complex (2:1) is less sensitive to temperature in the range 5 degrees -45 degrees C compared to the temperature dependence for DML and DPL where large changes in density occur at T(c). When x(CHOL) > 0.33, CHOL phase coexists with complex (2:1); anhydrous complex (1:2) is apparently not stable in H(2)O. The results are independent of the method and temperature used for preparing the lipid dispersions. However, when dispersions are prepared by sonication or with solvents at T > T(c), an apparent 1:1 complex is formed. Evidence suggests the 1:1 complex is metastable.", "PMID": 667296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11672", "title": "Equilibrium studies of lecithin-cholesterol interactions. II. Phase relations in surface films: analysis of the \"condensing\" effect of cholesterol.", "content": "From measurements of the equilibrium spreading pressure pie for dispersions of lecithin--dimyristoyl (DML) or dioleoyl (DOL)--and cholesterol (CHOL) in water, we have deduced the phase relations in both the aqueous dispersions and the equilibrium surface films. At 29.5 degrees C, when the mole fraction of cholesterol in the dispersion chi(CHOL) is 0 chi(CHOL) less than chi(CHOL) less than 0.33, pie is constant and equal to the value for pure lecithin (DOL or DML). The phase rule predicts than two bulk lipid phases coexist; these are pure lecithin and lecithin:cholesterol 2:1 complex. The equilibrium surface film contants only lecithin and therefore lecithin and 2:1 complex are immiscible in surface films. When 0.33 less than chi/CHOL) less than 1.0, pie is also contant with a value intermediate between that for pure lecithin and cholesterol. In  this range of lipid composition two bulk lipid phases also coexist: lecithin:cholesterol 2:1 complex and pure cholesterol. However, the equilibrium surface film contains only the 2:1 complex and, therefore, 2:1 complex is also immiscible with cholesterol in surface films. When pi less than pie, as in the case of spread films, we deduce that two surface phases may coexist; the composition of the phases will depend on chi(CHOL). When 0 less than chi(CHOL) less than 0.33, both lecithin and 2:1 complex coexist, and when 0.33 less than chi(CHOL) less than 1.0, 2:1 complex and cholesterol coexist. The \"condensing\" effect of cholesterol in lecithin surface films is reexamined. The effect is attributed to formation of the lecithin:cholesterol 2:1 complex and nonequilibrium conditions in the two-phase surface film.", "contents": "Equilibrium studies of lecithin-cholesterol interactions. II. Phase relations in surface films: analysis of the \"condensing\" effect of cholesterol. From measurements of the equilibrium spreading pressure pie for dispersions of lecithin--dimyristoyl (DML) or dioleoyl (DOL)--and cholesterol (CHOL) in water, we have deduced the phase relations in both the aqueous dispersions and the equilibrium surface films. At 29.5 degrees C, when the mole fraction of cholesterol in the dispersion chi(CHOL) is 0 chi(CHOL) less than chi(CHOL) less than 0.33, pie is constant and equal to the value for pure lecithin (DOL or DML). The phase rule predicts than two bulk lipid phases coexist; these are pure lecithin and lecithin:cholesterol 2:1 complex. The equilibrium surface film contants only lecithin and therefore lecithin and 2:1 complex are immiscible in surface films. When 0.33 less than chi/CHOL) less than 1.0, pie is also contant with a value intermediate between that for pure lecithin and cholesterol. In  this range of lipid composition two bulk lipid phases also coexist: lecithin:cholesterol 2:1 complex and pure cholesterol. However, the equilibrium surface film contains only the 2:1 complex and, therefore, 2:1 complex is also immiscible with cholesterol in surface films. When pi less than pie, as in the case of spread films, we deduce that two surface phases may coexist; the composition of the phases will depend on chi(CHOL). When 0 less than chi(CHOL) less than 0.33, both lecithin and 2:1 complex coexist, and when 0.33 less than chi(CHOL) less than 1.0, 2:1 complex and cholesterol coexist. The \"condensing\" effect of cholesterol in lecithin surface films is reexamined. The effect is attributed to formation of the lecithin:cholesterol 2:1 complex and nonequilibrium conditions in the two-phase surface film.", "PMID": 667297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11673", "title": "Caffeine contracture and iodoacetate rigor in frog skeletal muscle. A comparison.", "content": "Frog sartorius muscle treated with 5.0 mM or greater caffeine exhibits stiffness similar to that obtained from muscle in iodoacetate rigor. The data provide quantitative evidence that suggests that caffeine at irreversible contracture-producing concentrations somehow induces a rigor or rigorlike state in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Caffeine contracture and iodoacetate rigor in frog skeletal muscle. A comparison. Frog sartorius muscle treated with 5.0 mM or greater caffeine exhibits stiffness similar to that obtained from muscle in iodoacetate rigor. The data provide quantitative evidence that suggests that caffeine at irreversible contracture-producing concentrations somehow induces a rigor or rigorlike state in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 667298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11674", "title": "3,4-diaminopyridine. A potent new potassium channel blocker.", "content": "3,4-diaminopyridine has been found to act very potently in selectively blocking the potassium channels of squid axon membranes. The apparent dissociation constants for this action are estimated to be 5.8 micron and 0.7 micron for external and internal applications, respectively, the potency being about 50 times higher than that of 4-aminopyridine. The block depends upon the membrane potential, time, and stimulus frequency. 3,4-diaminopyridine shows great promise as a useful tool for the study of membrane ionic channels.", "contents": "3,4-diaminopyridine. A potent new potassium channel blocker. 3,4-diaminopyridine has been found to act very potently in selectively blocking the potassium channels of squid axon membranes. The apparent dissociation constants for this action are estimated to be 5.8 micron and 0.7 micron for external and internal applications, respectively, the potency being about 50 times higher than that of 4-aminopyridine. The block depends upon the membrane potential, time, and stimulus frequency. 3,4-diaminopyridine shows great promise as a useful tool for the study of membrane ionic channels.", "PMID": 667299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11675", "title": "Physical-chemical basis of the protection of slowly frozen human erythrocytes by glycerol.", "content": "One theory of freezing damage suggests that slowly cooled cells are killed by being exposed to increasing concentrations of electrolytes as the suspending medium freezes. A corollary to this view is that protective additives such as glycerol protect cells by acting colligatively to reduce the electrolyte concentration at any subzero temperature. Recently published phase-diagram data for the ternary system glycerol-NaCl-water by M. L. Shepard et al. (Cryobiology,13:9-23, 1976), in combination with the data on human red cell survival vs. subzero temperature presented here and in the companion study of Souzu and Mazur (Biophys. J.,23:89-100), permit a precise test of this theory. Appropriate liquidus phase-diagram information for the solutions used in the red cell freezing experiments was obtained by interpolation of the liquidus data of Shepard and his co-workers. The results of phase-diagram analysis of red cell survival indicate that the correlation between the temperature that yields 50% hemolysis (LT(50)) and the electrolyte concentration attained at that temperature in various concentrations of glycerol is poor. With increasing concentrations of glycerol, the cells were killed at progressively lower concentrations of NaCl. For example, the LT(50) for cells frozen in the absence of glycerol corresponds to a NaCl concentration of 12 weight percent (2.4 molal), while for cells frozen in 1.75 M glycerol in buffered saline the LT(50) corresponds to 3.0 weight percent NaCl (1.3 molal). The data, in combination with other findings, lead to two conclusions: (a) The protection from glycerol is due to its colligative ability to reduce the concentration of sodium chloride in the external medium, but (b) the protection is less than that expected from colligative effects; apparently glycerol itself can also be a source of damage, probably because it renders the red cells susceptible to osmotic shock during thawing.", "contents": "Physical-chemical basis of the protection of slowly frozen human erythrocytes by glycerol. One theory of freezing damage suggests that slowly cooled cells are killed by being exposed to increasing concentrations of electrolytes as the suspending medium freezes. A corollary to this view is that protective additives such as glycerol protect cells by acting colligatively to reduce the electrolyte concentration at any subzero temperature. Recently published phase-diagram data for the ternary system glycerol-NaCl-water by M. L. Shepard et al. (Cryobiology,13:9-23, 1976), in combination with the data on human red cell survival vs. subzero temperature presented here and in the companion study of Souzu and Mazur (Biophys. J.,23:89-100), permit a precise test of this theory. Appropriate liquidus phase-diagram information for the solutions used in the red cell freezing experiments was obtained by interpolation of the liquidus data of Shepard and his co-workers. The results of phase-diagram analysis of red cell survival indicate that the correlation between the temperature that yields 50% hemolysis (LT(50)) and the electrolyte concentration attained at that temperature in various concentrations of glycerol is poor. With increasing concentrations of glycerol, the cells were killed at progressively lower concentrations of NaCl. For example, the LT(50) for cells frozen in the absence of glycerol corresponds to a NaCl concentration of 12 weight percent (2.4 molal), while for cells frozen in 1.75 M glycerol in buffered saline the LT(50) corresponds to 3.0 weight percent NaCl (1.3 molal). The data, in combination with other findings, lead to two conclusions: (a) The protection from glycerol is due to its colligative ability to reduce the concentration of sodium chloride in the external medium, but (b) the protection is less than that expected from colligative effects; apparently glycerol itself can also be a source of damage, probably because it renders the red cells susceptible to osmotic shock during thawing.", "PMID": 667300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11676", "title": "Shear deformation effects in enzyme catalysis. Metal ion effect in the shear inactivation of urease.", "content": "The mechanism of the inactivation of the enzyme urease produced by subjecting its dilute solutions to hydrodynamic shear stresses in the range 0.5-2.5 Pa has been determined. By studying the kinetics of urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis during application of hydrodynamic shear under varying chemical environments, we demonstrate that micromolar quantities of metal ions, in this case adventitious Fe, can accelerate the oxidation of thiol groups on urease and thus inactivate it when the protein is subjected to a shearing stress of order 1.0 Pa. In the absence of metal ion this stress level is ineffectual. It is proposed that this type of synergy between deformation and chemical environment may be crucial in many situations where biological macromolecules are subjected to mechanical stress.", "contents": "Shear deformation effects in enzyme catalysis. Metal ion effect in the shear inactivation of urease. The mechanism of the inactivation of the enzyme urease produced by subjecting its dilute solutions to hydrodynamic shear stresses in the range 0.5-2.5 Pa has been determined. By studying the kinetics of urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis during application of hydrodynamic shear under varying chemical environments, we demonstrate that micromolar quantities of metal ions, in this case adventitious Fe, can accelerate the oxidation of thiol groups on urease and thus inactivate it when the protein is subjected to a shearing stress of order 1.0 Pa. In the absence of metal ion this stress level is ineffectual. It is proposed that this type of synergy between deformation and chemical environment may be crucial in many situations where biological macromolecules are subjected to mechanical stress.", "PMID": 667301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11677", "title": "Sickle hemoglobin gelation. Reaction order and critical nucleus size.", "content": "Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) gelation displays kinetics consistent with a rate-limiting nucleation step. The approximate size of the critical nucleus can be inferred from the order of the reaction with respect to Hb S activity, but determination of the reaction order is complicated by the fact that Hb S activity is substantially different from Hb S concentration at the high protein concentrations required for gelation. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments on Hb S gelation were designed to evaluate the relative activity coefficient of Hb S as a function of concentration. These experiments used non-Hb S proteins to mimic, and thus evaluate, the effect on activity coefficients of increasing Hb S concentration. At Hb S concentrations near 20% the change in Hb S activity coefficient generates two-thirds of the apparent dependence of nucleation rate on Hb S concentration. When this effect is explicitly accounted for, the nucleation reaction is seen to be approximately 10th-order with respect to effective number concentration of Hb S. The closeness of the reaction order to the number of strands in models of Hb S fibers suggests a nucleus close to the size of one turn of the Hb S fiber. These experiments introduce a new approach to the study of Hb S gelation, the equal activity isotherm, used here also to show that Hb S.Hb A (normal adult hemoglobin) hybrids do incorporate into growing nuclei and stable microtubules but that A.S hybridization is neutral with respect to promotion of Hb S nucleation and the sol-gel equilibrium.", "contents": "Sickle hemoglobin gelation. Reaction order and critical nucleus size. Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) gelation displays kinetics consistent with a rate-limiting nucleation step. The approximate size of the critical nucleus can be inferred from the order of the reaction with respect to Hb S activity, but determination of the reaction order is complicated by the fact that Hb S activity is substantially different from Hb S concentration at the high protein concentrations required for gelation. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments on Hb S gelation were designed to evaluate the relative activity coefficient of Hb S as a function of concentration. These experiments used non-Hb S proteins to mimic, and thus evaluate, the effect on activity coefficients of increasing Hb S concentration. At Hb S concentrations near 20% the change in Hb S activity coefficient generates two-thirds of the apparent dependence of nucleation rate on Hb S concentration. When this effect is explicitly accounted for, the nucleation reaction is seen to be approximately 10th-order with respect to effective number concentration of Hb S. The closeness of the reaction order to the number of strands in models of Hb S fibers suggests a nucleus close to the size of one turn of the Hb S fiber. These experiments introduce a new approach to the study of Hb S gelation, the equal activity isotherm, used here also to show that Hb S.Hb A (normal adult hemoglobin) hybrids do incorporate into growing nuclei and stable microtubules but that A.S hybridization is neutral with respect to promotion of Hb S nucleation and the sol-gel equilibrium.", "PMID": 667302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11678", "title": "Effect of ultrasound on a bilayer lipid membrane.", "content": "The effects of continuous wave ultrasound at a frequency of 1 MHz in the intensity range of 0-1.4 W/cm2 on an oxidized cholesterol bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) were observed. Ultrasound at 1.5 W/cm2 broke the membrane; in the range from 0.5 to 1.4 W/cm2, it accelerated the draining of the bulk lipid solution from the annulus to the Teflon support. At all intensities it has no effect on the conductance, the capacitance, or the dependence of each on the voltage applied across the membrane. Electrical parameters were measured in the presence of aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, and distilled water. The motivation and results of this project are explained in relation to an overall objective of determining the specific effects of ultrasound on biological membranes.", "contents": "Effect of ultrasound on a bilayer lipid membrane. The effects of continuous wave ultrasound at a frequency of 1 MHz in the intensity range of 0-1.4 W/cm2 on an oxidized cholesterol bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) were observed. Ultrasound at 1.5 W/cm2 broke the membrane; in the range from 0.5 to 1.4 W/cm2, it accelerated the draining of the bulk lipid solution from the annulus to the Teflon support. At all intensities it has no effect on the conductance, the capacitance, or the dependence of each on the voltage applied across the membrane. Electrical parameters were measured in the presence of aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, and distilled water. The motivation and results of this project are explained in relation to an overall objective of determining the specific effects of ultrasound on biological membranes.", "PMID": 667305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11679", "title": "Bend propagation in flagella. I. Derivation of equations of motion and their simulation.", "content": "A set of nonlinear differential equations describing flagellar motion in an external viscous medium is derived. Because of the local nature of these equations and the use of a Crank-Nicolson-type forward time step, which is stable for large deltat, numerical solution of these equations on a digital computer is relatively fast. Stable bend initiation and propagation, without internal viscous resistance, is demonstrated for a flagellum containing a linear elastic bending resistance and an elastic shear resistance that depends on sliding. The elastic shear resistance is derived from a plausible structural model of the radial link system. The active shear force for the dynein system is specified by a history-dependent functional of curvature characterized by the parameters m0, a proportionality constant between the maximum active shear moment and curvature, and tau, a relaxation time which essentially determines the delay between curvature and active moment.", "contents": "Bend propagation in flagella. I. Derivation of equations of motion and their simulation. A set of nonlinear differential equations describing flagellar motion in an external viscous medium is derived. Because of the local nature of these equations and the use of a Crank-Nicolson-type forward time step, which is stable for large deltat, numerical solution of these equations on a digital computer is relatively fast. Stable bend initiation and propagation, without internal viscous resistance, is demonstrated for a flagellum containing a linear elastic bending resistance and an elastic shear resistance that depends on sliding. The elastic shear resistance is derived from a plausible structural model of the radial link system. The active shear force for the dynein system is specified by a history-dependent functional of curvature characterized by the parameters m0, a proportionality constant between the maximum active shear moment and curvature, and tau, a relaxation time which essentially determines the delay between curvature and active moment.", "PMID": 667306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11680", "title": "Enhancement of postreplication repair in ultraviolet-light-irradiated Chinese hamster cells by irradiation in G2 or S-phase.", "content": "Postreplication repair in synchronous Chinese hamster cells was determined after split doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Repair was enhanced by irradiation of cells in G2 or S-phase with a small dose of UV radiation at least 1.5 h before a three-fold larger dose of UV. There was significantly greater enhancement when the first dose was given in G2 than when it was given in the S-phase 0.5-1.5 h before the test dose. These data indicate that enhancement of postreplication repair does not require active DNA replication and qualitatively is independent of when in the cell cycle the cells are irradiated.", "contents": "Enhancement of postreplication repair in ultraviolet-light-irradiated Chinese hamster cells by irradiation in G2 or S-phase. Postreplication repair in synchronous Chinese hamster cells was determined after split doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Repair was enhanced by irradiation of cells in G2 or S-phase with a small dose of UV radiation at least 1.5 h before a three-fold larger dose of UV. There was significantly greater enhancement when the first dose was given in G2 than when it was given in the S-phase 0.5-1.5 h before the test dose. These data indicate that enhancement of postreplication repair does not require active DNA replication and qualitatively is independent of when in the cell cycle the cells are irradiated.", "PMID": 667307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11681", "title": "Models for hydrogen exchange from folded proteins. II.", "content": "The kinetics of hydrogen exchange from folded proteins can be molded as a function of two continuous distributions of rate constants, kcx and kn, representing exchange from the folded and unfolded conformations, respectively. This model can account for the temperature dependence of soybean trypsin inhibitor at pH 3 and pH 6.5. The physical significance of this model, especially the shape and breadth of the kn distribution, are discussed.", "contents": "Models for hydrogen exchange from folded proteins. II. The kinetics of hydrogen exchange from folded proteins can be molded as a function of two continuous distributions of rate constants, kcx and kn, representing exchange from the folded and unfolded conformations, respectively. This model can account for the temperature dependence of soybean trypsin inhibitor at pH 3 and pH 6.5. The physical significance of this model, especially the shape and breadth of the kn distribution, are discussed.", "PMID": 667308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11682", "title": "Temperature dependence of the survival of human erythrocytes frozen slowly in various concentrations of glycerol.", "content": "One widely accepted explanation of injury from slow freezing is that damage results when the concentration of electrolyte reaches a critical level in partly frozen solutions during freezing. We have conducted experiments on human red cells to further test this hypothesis. Cells were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0-3 M glycerol, held for 30 min at 20 degrees C to permit solute permeation, and frozen at 0.5 or 1.7 degrees C/min to various temperatures between -2 and -100 degrees C. Upon reaching the desired minimum temperature, the samples were warmed at rates ranging from 1 to 550 degrees C/min and the percent hemolysis was determined. The results for a cooling rate of 1.7 degrees C/min indicate the following: (a) Between 0.5 and 1.85 M glycerol, the temperature yielding 50% hemolysis (LT50) drops slowly from -18 to -35 degrees C. (b) The LT50's over this range of concentrations are relatively independent of warming rate. (c) With glycerol concentrations of 1.95 and 2.0 M, the LT50 drops abruptly to -60 degrees C and to below -100 degrees C, respectively, and becomes dependent on warming rate. The LT50 is lower with slow warming at 1 degree C/min than with rapid. With still higher concentrations (2.5 and 3.0 M), there is no LT50, i.e., more than 50% of the cells survive freezing to-100 degrees C. Results for cooling at 0.5 degrees C/min in 2 M glycerol were similar except that the LT50s were some 10-20 degrees C higher. A companion paper (Rall et al., Biophys. J. 23:101-120, 1978) examines the relation between survival and the concentrations of salts produced during freezing.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of the survival of human erythrocytes frozen slowly in various concentrations of glycerol. One widely accepted explanation of injury from slow freezing is that damage results when the concentration of electrolyte reaches a critical level in partly frozen solutions during freezing. We have conducted experiments on human red cells to further test this hypothesis. Cells were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0-3 M glycerol, held for 30 min at 20 degrees C to permit solute permeation, and frozen at 0.5 or 1.7 degrees C/min to various temperatures between -2 and -100 degrees C. Upon reaching the desired minimum temperature, the samples were warmed at rates ranging from 1 to 550 degrees C/min and the percent hemolysis was determined. The results for a cooling rate of 1.7 degrees C/min indicate the following: (a) Between 0.5 and 1.85 M glycerol, the temperature yielding 50% hemolysis (LT50) drops slowly from -18 to -35 degrees C. (b) The LT50's over this range of concentrations are relatively independent of warming rate. (c) With glycerol concentrations of 1.95 and 2.0 M, the LT50 drops abruptly to -60 degrees C and to below -100 degrees C, respectively, and becomes dependent on warming rate. The LT50 is lower with slow warming at 1 degree C/min than with rapid. With still higher concentrations (2.5 and 3.0 M), there is no LT50, i.e., more than 50% of the cells survive freezing to-100 degrees C. Results for cooling at 0.5 degrees C/min in 2 M glycerol were similar except that the LT50s were some 10-20 degrees C higher. A companion paper (Rall et al., Biophys. J. 23:101-120, 1978) examines the relation between survival and the concentrations of salts produced during freezing.", "PMID": 667309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11683", "title": "Consecutive immobilized enzymatic reactions in continuous stirred tank reactor systems.", "content": "The performance characteristics of two-enzyme reaction in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) are analytical investigated in this work. A model is formulated to describe the substrate concentration variations by taking into account the external and internal diffusion resistances. It is found that the reaction system exhibits the characteristics of reaction control or diffusion control depending on the operating conditions. The single CSTR model is also extended to describe the multiple CSTR system. The latter model enables the prediction of the number of CSTRs in series required to achieve a prescribed substrate conversion.", "contents": "Consecutive immobilized enzymatic reactions in continuous stirred tank reactor systems. The performance characteristics of two-enzyme reaction in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) are analytical investigated in this work. A model is formulated to describe the substrate concentration variations by taking into account the external and internal diffusion resistances. It is found that the reaction system exhibits the characteristics of reaction control or diffusion control depending on the operating conditions. The single CSTR model is also extended to describe the multiple CSTR system. The latter model enables the prediction of the number of CSTRs in series required to achieve a prescribed substrate conversion.", "PMID": 667310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11684", "title": "Thermoosmosis through charged membranes. Theoretical analysis of concentration dependence.", "content": "A theoretical equation for thermoosmosis through charged membranes in electrolyte solutions is derived from nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The theory shows that the volume flux through the membrane is proportional to the temperature difference across the membrane. The proportionality constant, i.e., the thermoosmotic coefficient is a function of electrolyte concentration. The electrolyte concentration dependence of the thermoosmotic coefficient calculated is compared with our previous experimental results. Agreement between theory and experiments is satisfactory.", "contents": "Thermoosmosis through charged membranes. Theoretical analysis of concentration dependence. A theoretical equation for thermoosmosis through charged membranes in electrolyte solutions is derived from nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The theory shows that the volume flux through the membrane is proportional to the temperature difference across the membrane. The proportionality constant, i.e., the thermoosmotic coefficient is a function of electrolyte concentration. The electrolyte concentration dependence of the thermoosmotic coefficient calculated is compared with our previous experimental results. Agreement between theory and experiments is satisfactory.", "PMID": 667311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11685", "title": "Degradation of nucleic acid in aqueous solution by ionizing radiation. III. The correlation of radiation damage with change in melting transition--model experiments.", "content": "The melting behavior of polydeoxynucleotide double helices of known structure is analyzed in terms of the thermodynamics of helix stability, taking into account separately those contributions to the transition free energy that are proportional to the numbers of polymer molecules and those that are proportional to the numbers of base pairs formed. From the analysis of the melting transitions of helices having an alternating (d-)A.T, G.C base-pair sequence and containing either single-strand nicks or both nicks and damaged thymine bases, the effects of these structural lesions are assessed; it is concluded that, in a moderately long helix of this sequence (400 base pairs), the initial introduction of one mid-chain double-strand break or single-strand break produces respectively some 3.5 or 4 times as much depression in the transition temperature (Tm) as does the destruction of a single internal A.T base pair.", "contents": "Degradation of nucleic acid in aqueous solution by ionizing radiation. III. The correlation of radiation damage with change in melting transition--model experiments. The melting behavior of polydeoxynucleotide double helices of known structure is analyzed in terms of the thermodynamics of helix stability, taking into account separately those contributions to the transition free energy that are proportional to the numbers of polymer molecules and those that are proportional to the numbers of base pairs formed. From the analysis of the melting transitions of helices having an alternating (d-)A.T, G.C base-pair sequence and containing either single-strand nicks or both nicks and damaged thymine bases, the effects of these structural lesions are assessed; it is concluded that, in a moderately long helix of this sequence (400 base pairs), the initial introduction of one mid-chain double-strand break or single-strand break produces respectively some 3.5 or 4 times as much depression in the transition temperature (Tm) as does the destruction of a single internal A.T base pair.", "PMID": 667312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11686", "title": "Rate enhancement by guided diffusion. Chain length dependence of repressor-operator association rates.", "content": "Association rates are calculated for cases where one reaction partner belongs to a chain that has an unspecific affinity to the other. Provided that the unspecific attachment does not completely suppress diffusion along the chain, this channeling may considerably speed up the association. Explicit formulae are derived to show how this effect depends on the chain length and other parameters. The influence of electrostatic forces and reaction barriers is discussed. Time dependent solutions of the diffusion equations are analyzed in order to test the usual steady state assumptions. Experiments on the repressor-operator system seem to be in good agreement with our theory.", "contents": "Rate enhancement by guided diffusion. Chain length dependence of repressor-operator association rates. Association rates are calculated for cases where one reaction partner belongs to a chain that has an unspecific affinity to the other. Provided that the unspecific attachment does not completely suppress diffusion along the chain, this channeling may considerably speed up the association. Explicit formulae are derived to show how this effect depends on the chain length and other parameters. The influence of electrostatic forces and reaction barriers is discussed. Time dependent solutions of the diffusion equations are analyzed in order to test the usual steady state assumptions. Experiments on the repressor-operator system seem to be in good agreement with our theory.", "PMID": 667313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11687", "title": "[Effect of adaptation to hypoxia on the working capacity and energy of skeletal muscles].", "content": "The authors studied the working capacity and heat formation of the skeletal muscles during contraction in rats--control and those adapted to hypoxia. The force of contraction, the work and fatigueability of the muscles, as well as elevation of the muscle temperature as a result of contraction were determined under conditions of indirect muscle electrostimulation. Hypoxia adaptation failed to influence the force of muscle contraction and the work performed. However, hypoxia led to reduction of the temperature effect of the muscle contraction per unit of the work performed. This pointed to increase of the efficiency of the muscle work in hypoxia adaptation. Fatigueability of the muscles in \"hypoxic\" rats was elevated. Changes in the energy of the muscle contraction in hypoxia and cold adaptation were different.", "contents": "[Effect of adaptation to hypoxia on the working capacity and energy of skeletal muscles]. The authors studied the working capacity and heat formation of the skeletal muscles during contraction in rats--control and those adapted to hypoxia. The force of contraction, the work and fatigueability of the muscles, as well as elevation of the muscle temperature as a result of contraction were determined under conditions of indirect muscle electrostimulation. Hypoxia adaptation failed to influence the force of muscle contraction and the work performed. However, hypoxia led to reduction of the temperature effect of the muscle contraction per unit of the work performed. This pointed to increase of the efficiency of the muscle work in hypoxia adaptation. Fatigueability of the muscles in \"hypoxic\" rats was elevated. Changes in the energy of the muscle contraction in hypoxia and cold adaptation were different.", "PMID": 667315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11688", "title": "[Relationship between the degree of the small intestine motility and the activity of hexokinase in its smooth muscle layer].", "content": "Interrelationship between the motility of the small intestine and the intensity of energy formation in its smooth muscle layer was studied. The hexokinase activity was found to be significantly higher in the muscle layer of the duodenum as compared to that activity in the ileum and jejunum. No statistically significant differences in the hexokinase activity were revealed between the ileum and jejunum. The results obtained showed hexokinase activity to be highly variable, these values directly correlating with the motor activity of the intestinal muscle layer, representing the contractile apparatus of the intestine.", "contents": "[Relationship between the degree of the small intestine motility and the activity of hexokinase in its smooth muscle layer]. Interrelationship between the motility of the small intestine and the intensity of energy formation in its smooth muscle layer was studied. The hexokinase activity was found to be significantly higher in the muscle layer of the duodenum as compared to that activity in the ileum and jejunum. No statistically significant differences in the hexokinase activity were revealed between the ileum and jejunum. The results obtained showed hexokinase activity to be highly variable, these values directly correlating with the motor activity of the intestinal muscle layer, representing the contractile apparatus of the intestine.", "PMID": 667316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11689", "title": "[Body temperature and the reaction to pyrogenal in germ-free and ordinary animals].", "content": "Body temperature, as well as pyrexia in response to pyrogenal in germfree and conventional mice and miniature piglets were studied. A decrease of the mean body temperature in the intact germ-free mice and miniature piglets in comparison with conventional animals of the corresponding species was revealed. The absence of marked pyretic response to pyrogenal after intraperitoneal injections of 10 minimal pyrogenic doses to mice and after intramuscular injections of 500 minimal pyrogen doses of pyrogenal to miniature piglets was observed in germfree animals. The data obtained indicated an important role of autoflora in the development of the organism capacity to temperature reaction and pyrexia.", "contents": "[Body temperature and the reaction to pyrogenal in germ-free and ordinary animals]. Body temperature, as well as pyrexia in response to pyrogenal in germfree and conventional mice and miniature piglets were studied. A decrease of the mean body temperature in the intact germ-free mice and miniature piglets in comparison with conventional animals of the corresponding species was revealed. The absence of marked pyretic response to pyrogenal after intraperitoneal injections of 10 minimal pyrogenic doses to mice and after intramuscular injections of 500 minimal pyrogen doses of pyrogenal to miniature piglets was observed in germfree animals. The data obtained indicated an important role of autoflora in the development of the organism capacity to temperature reaction and pyrexia.", "PMID": 667317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11690", "title": "[Reaction of rats to the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation after preliminary adaptation to hypoxia].", "content": "Preliminary adaptation of rats to hypoxia in the regimen exceeding the resistance to many stress agents not only produced no protective effect in response to the action of increased oxygen pressure (IOP) up to 6 kg/cm2, but, on the contrary, decreased the organism resistance. Thus, the time of occurrence of convulsions in the adapted rats was shortened, particularly when IOP acted 24 or 48 hours after the termination of training to hypoxia; this effect was somewhat weaker in experiments conducted in 3 to 4 days. Reactions became completely normal one month after the termination of training to hypoxia. Possible causes of the phenomena detected are discussed.", "contents": "[Reaction of rats to the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation after preliminary adaptation to hypoxia]. Preliminary adaptation of rats to hypoxia in the regimen exceeding the resistance to many stress agents not only produced no protective effect in response to the action of increased oxygen pressure (IOP) up to 6 kg/cm2, but, on the contrary, decreased the organism resistance. Thus, the time of occurrence of convulsions in the adapted rats was shortened, particularly when IOP acted 24 or 48 hours after the termination of training to hypoxia; this effect was somewhat weaker in experiments conducted in 3 to 4 days. Reactions became completely normal one month after the termination of training to hypoxia. Possible causes of the phenomena detected are discussed.", "PMID": 667318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11691", "title": "[Structural characteristics and oxidative phosphorylation of the isolated mitochondria from the rabbit small intestine epithelium under normal conditions and under the effect of choleragen].", "content": "Mitochondrial fraction was isolated from the rabbit small intestine epithelium by differential centrifugation in isotonic sucrose medium. The fraction was insignificantly contaminated with fragments of other organellae and microvilli. Respiratory control coefficient of such mitochondria constituted 3-5, when malate-glutamate mixture was used as a substrate. Changes in the functional state of mitochondria were accompanied by stereotypical reconstruction of the \"orthodox-condensed\" configuration. Introduction of crude choleragen into the mitochondria incubation medium failed to induce any changes in the rate of oxygen consumption in states III and IV (after Chance).", "contents": "[Structural characteristics and oxidative phosphorylation of the isolated mitochondria from the rabbit small intestine epithelium under normal conditions and under the effect of choleragen]. Mitochondrial fraction was isolated from the rabbit small intestine epithelium by differential centrifugation in isotonic sucrose medium. The fraction was insignificantly contaminated with fragments of other organellae and microvilli. Respiratory control coefficient of such mitochondria constituted 3-5, when malate-glutamate mixture was used as a substrate. Changes in the functional state of mitochondria were accompanied by stereotypical reconstruction of the \"orthodox-condensed\" configuration. Introduction of crude choleragen into the mitochondria incubation medium failed to induce any changes in the rate of oxygen consumption in states III and IV (after Chance).", "PMID": 667319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11692", "title": "[Course of experimental cardiac insufficiency under conditions of high altitude depending on the periods of adaptation].", "content": "The data characterizing the compensatory hyperfunction of the circulation and respiration with dosaged insufficiency of the mitral valve in animals, depending on the periods of adaptation to high-altitude are presented. Unadapted animals with insufficiency of the mitral valve had more serious disorders of hemodynamic and gaseous exchange accompanied by stasis in the lesser and greater circulation. 52.9% of the animals died during the first days after the formation of the mitral defect. In animals adapted to the high altitude hypoxia the process coursed with less pronounced disturbances of circulation and respiration; 28.6% of the animals died.", "contents": "[Course of experimental cardiac insufficiency under conditions of high altitude depending on the periods of adaptation]. The data characterizing the compensatory hyperfunction of the circulation and respiration with dosaged insufficiency of the mitral valve in animals, depending on the periods of adaptation to high-altitude are presented. Unadapted animals with insufficiency of the mitral valve had more serious disorders of hemodynamic and gaseous exchange accompanied by stasis in the lesser and greater circulation. 52.9% of the animals died during the first days after the formation of the mitral defect. In animals adapted to the high altitude hypoxia the process coursed with less pronounced disturbances of circulation and respiration; 28.6% of the animals died.", "PMID": 667320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11693", "title": "[Allogeneic hepatic cell suspension in the treatment of liver insufficiency].", "content": "A study was made of a possibility of using isolated hepatocytes for the treatment of diseases of the liver in animals. The optimal dose of the cell suspension in intravascular, intraperitoneal, intrapleural and subcutaneous administration was determined; a reaction of the experimental animals to this biological substrate was studied. The efficacy of the isolated hepatocytes in the treatment of hepatic insufficiency is demonstrated; also a comparative assessment of the mentioned methods of the cell suspension administration is given.", "contents": "[Allogeneic hepatic cell suspension in the treatment of liver insufficiency]. A study was made of a possibility of using isolated hepatocytes for the treatment of diseases of the liver in animals. The optimal dose of the cell suspension in intravascular, intraperitoneal, intrapleural and subcutaneous administration was determined; a reaction of the experimental animals to this biological substrate was studied. The efficacy of the isolated hepatocytes in the treatment of hepatic insufficiency is demonstrated; also a comparative assessment of the mentioned methods of the cell suspension administration is given.", "PMID": 667321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11694", "title": "[Changes in the composition of fatty acids in blood plasma lipids and in various organs in traumatic shock].", "content": "The composition of fatty acids of the total lipids of the myocardium, lungs, liver, intestine, adipose tissue, and blood plasma was studied during traumatic shock reproduced in dogs by crush of soft tissues of the hip. The formation of the shock process was accompanied by a rise in the percentage content of linoleic and arachidonic acids in the blood plasma and some organs; a close correlation existed between the linoleic acid content in the adipose tissue and the blood. Oleic acid deficiency was revealed in the lipids of the organs under study.", "contents": "[Changes in the composition of fatty acids in blood plasma lipids and in various organs in traumatic shock]. The composition of fatty acids of the total lipids of the myocardium, lungs, liver, intestine, adipose tissue, and blood plasma was studied during traumatic shock reproduced in dogs by crush of soft tissues of the hip. The formation of the shock process was accompanied by a rise in the percentage content of linoleic and arachidonic acids in the blood plasma and some organs; a close correlation existed between the linoleic acid content in the adipose tissue and the blood. Oleic acid deficiency was revealed in the lipids of the organs under study.", "PMID": 667322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11695", "title": "[Serotonin metabolism in the duodenal tissue of intact rabbits].", "content": "Serotonin, 5-oxyindolacetic acid content, and monoaminooxidase activity proved to exceed such in the kidney of rabbit. This pointed to the high capacity of the intestine in respect to the accumulation of serotonin and the processes of its catabolism. The reverse regularity was noted for 5-oxytryptophanedecarboxylase, the activity of which was about 12 times greater in the kidney than in the intestine, this apparently characterizing a low capacity of this tissue in the course of decarboxylation of 5-oxytryptophane.", "contents": "[Serotonin metabolism in the duodenal tissue of intact rabbits]. Serotonin, 5-oxyindolacetic acid content, and monoaminooxidase activity proved to exceed such in the kidney of rabbit. This pointed to the high capacity of the intestine in respect to the accumulation of serotonin and the processes of its catabolism. The reverse regularity was noted for 5-oxytryptophanedecarboxylase, the activity of which was about 12 times greater in the kidney than in the intestine, this apparently characterizing a low capacity of this tissue in the course of decarboxylation of 5-oxytryptophane.", "PMID": 667323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11696", "title": "[Changes of various indicators of brain metabolism in excessive stimulation of the body and the effect of etimizol on these changes].", "content": "In case of an excessive irritation (a 3-hour electrical stimulation) of the organism there were observed marked changes in the brain metabolism in rats. These changes were expressed in the exhaustion of noradrenaline stores and disturbances of energy metabolism, leading to reduction of the creatinphosphate level. Preliminary (before the electrical stimulation) administration of ethimizol prevented deficiency of noradrenaline and creatinphosphate in the brain tissue of the animals subjected to the excessive irritation.", "contents": "[Changes of various indicators of brain metabolism in excessive stimulation of the body and the effect of etimizol on these changes]. In case of an excessive irritation (a 3-hour electrical stimulation) of the organism there were observed marked changes in the brain metabolism in rats. These changes were expressed in the exhaustion of noradrenaline stores and disturbances of energy metabolism, leading to reduction of the creatinphosphate level. Preliminary (before the electrical stimulation) administration of ethimizol prevented deficiency of noradrenaline and creatinphosphate in the brain tissue of the animals subjected to the excessive irritation.", "PMID": 667324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11697", "title": "[Neurotropic activity of phenylpyrrolidones-2].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mice and rats; a study was made of the pharmacological activity of three isomers of phenyl derivatives of pyrrolidone-2 (P-2). The latter represented a cylic form of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). All the three preparations suppressed the motor activity, decreased the muscle tone and the body temperature, potentiated the action of hexenal, possessed the antispasmodic and hypnotic activity. 4-phenyl-pyrrolidone-2 (phepyron) proved to be most active. In comparing the pharmacological activity of phenyl P-2 derivatives and analogous GABA derivatives the latter were found to possess no antispasmodic or hypnotic activity, and were less toxic. It is supposed that no transformation of phenyl P-2 derivatives into analogous GABA derivatives occurred in the organism.", "contents": "[Neurotropic activity of phenylpyrrolidones-2]. Experiments were conducted on mice and rats; a study was made of the pharmacological activity of three isomers of phenyl derivatives of pyrrolidone-2 (P-2). The latter represented a cylic form of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). All the three preparations suppressed the motor activity, decreased the muscle tone and the body temperature, potentiated the action of hexenal, possessed the antispasmodic and hypnotic activity. 4-phenyl-pyrrolidone-2 (phepyron) proved to be most active. In comparing the pharmacological activity of phenyl P-2 derivatives and analogous GABA derivatives the latter were found to possess no antispasmodic or hypnotic activity, and were less toxic. It is supposed that no transformation of phenyl P-2 derivatives into analogous GABA derivatives occurred in the organism.", "PMID": 667325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11698", "title": "[Effect of tyramine on the cerebrovascular resistance and arterial pressure during the action of prostaglandins E].", "content": "A resistographic study of the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and of the arterial blood pressure showed prostaglandins (PG), type E, to inhibit the pressor action of tyramine on the cerebral vessels and the blood pressure. Indomethacin--an inhibitor of PG biosynthesis, retarded the tyramine tachyphylaxis and restored its pressor effect. Ipraside, the monoaminooxidase inhibitor, failed to influence the speed of tyramine tachyphylaxis development under conditions of indomethacin infusion, but increased the pressor effect of tyramine. It is supposed that inomethacin influence was based on the hypersensitivity of the vascular adrenoreceptors.", "contents": "[Effect of tyramine on the cerebrovascular resistance and arterial pressure during the action of prostaglandins E]. A resistographic study of the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and of the arterial blood pressure showed prostaglandins (PG), type E, to inhibit the pressor action of tyramine on the cerebral vessels and the blood pressure. Indomethacin--an inhibitor of PG biosynthesis, retarded the tyramine tachyphylaxis and restored its pressor effect. Ipraside, the monoaminooxidase inhibitor, failed to influence the speed of tyramine tachyphylaxis development under conditions of indomethacin infusion, but increased the pressor effect of tyramine. It is supposed that inomethacin influence was based on the hypersensitivity of the vascular adrenoreceptors.", "PMID": 667326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11699", "title": "[Production of interferon and virus-neutralizing antibodies in adult mice infected with enteroviruses during the neonatal period].", "content": "Newborn albino mice were inoculated with enteroviruses and in 6 weeks reinfected with homologous or heterologous strains. Strains moderately pathogenic for newborn mice led to formation of specific immunologic memory. Mice infected after birth with highly pathogenic strains produced specific antibodies for a long time and lacked secondary response. Production of interferon was not associated either with the strain pathogenicity for newborn mice or with the presence of antibodies.", "contents": "[Production of interferon and virus-neutralizing antibodies in adult mice infected with enteroviruses during the neonatal period]. Newborn albino mice were inoculated with enteroviruses and in 6 weeks reinfected with homologous or heterologous strains. Strains moderately pathogenic for newborn mice led to formation of specific immunologic memory. Mice infected after birth with highly pathogenic strains produced specific antibodies for a long time and lacked secondary response. Production of interferon was not associated either with the strain pathogenicity for newborn mice or with the presence of antibodies.", "PMID": 667327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11700", "title": "[Analysis of the changes in duration of the action potentials of the myocardial cells of guinea pigs in local anaphylactic reaction and the effect of histamine].", "content": "The relationship between the frequency of the spontaneous activity and the action potential duration (APD) has been studied on the right cardiac auricular appendage of guinea pigs during cardiac anaphylaxis (ovalbumine was used as an antigen, 2.10(-4)--2.10(-5 g/ml) and histamine action (1.10(-4)--1.10(-5) g/ml) under the following experimental conditions: a) in normal Tyrode solution; b) under the block of Ca-channels by verapramil (2-4 mg/1) or D-600 (0.2-1 mg/1): c) under the block of K-channels by tetraethylammonium (10-20 mM). Analysis of diagrams interspike interval--APD revealed that the antigen and histamine induced the directi prolongation of the APD usually masked by the positive chronotropic action of these agents. The relative prolongation of APD took place at the whole range of spontaneous frequency. These data supported the hypothesis advanced earlier on the principal role of slow Na-Ca-channels activation in the mechanism of cardiac anaphylaxis and histamine action on the myocardium.", "contents": "[Analysis of the changes in duration of the action potentials of the myocardial cells of guinea pigs in local anaphylactic reaction and the effect of histamine]. The relationship between the frequency of the spontaneous activity and the action potential duration (APD) has been studied on the right cardiac auricular appendage of guinea pigs during cardiac anaphylaxis (ovalbumine was used as an antigen, 2.10(-4)--2.10(-5 g/ml) and histamine action (1.10(-4)--1.10(-5) g/ml) under the following experimental conditions: a) in normal Tyrode solution; b) under the block of Ca-channels by verapramil (2-4 mg/1) or D-600 (0.2-1 mg/1): c) under the block of K-channels by tetraethylammonium (10-20 mM). Analysis of diagrams interspike interval--APD revealed that the antigen and histamine induced the directi prolongation of the APD usually masked by the positive chronotropic action of these agents. The relative prolongation of APD took place at the whole range of spontaneous frequency. These data supported the hypothesis advanced earlier on the principal role of slow Na-Ca-channels activation in the mechanism of cardiac anaphylaxis and histamine action on the myocardium.", "PMID": 667328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11701", "title": "[Effect of the rhythm of administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on its carcinogenic action].", "content": "The regimen of DMH treatment with the same total dose influenced the realization of its carcinogenic effect. The most extensive intestinal tumours were observed when DMH was administered once a week in a dose of 21 mg/kg of body weight. Daily treatment in a dose of 3 mg per kg results in development of a less marked malignant tumour process restricted to the colon alone. However, under such conditions the liver displayed marked dystrophic and necrobiotic lesions and occasionally tumours as well. Frequent entry of the carcinogen in small doses into the organism led to a significant decrease of cytochrome P450 content in the liver microsomes. This apparently slowed down the DMH metabolism, its conversion into the proximal metabolite and the binding of the latter to the macromolecules of enterocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of the rhythm of administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on its carcinogenic action]. The regimen of DMH treatment with the same total dose influenced the realization of its carcinogenic effect. The most extensive intestinal tumours were observed when DMH was administered once a week in a dose of 21 mg/kg of body weight. Daily treatment in a dose of 3 mg per kg results in development of a less marked malignant tumour process restricted to the colon alone. However, under such conditions the liver displayed marked dystrophic and necrobiotic lesions and occasionally tumours as well. Frequent entry of the carcinogen in small doses into the organism led to a significant decrease of cytochrome P450 content in the liver microsomes. This apparently slowed down the DMH metabolism, its conversion into the proximal metabolite and the binding of the latter to the macromolecules of enterocytes.", "PMID": 667329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11702", "title": "[Artificial ossification of muscular flap after plastic surgery of the bone cavity under the effect of electric current].", "content": "Experiments in rabbits revealed that transplantation of a muscular flap on the central feeding pedicle in the tibis medullary canal and its electro-stimulation with direct microelectric current of 18-20 muA with the alternating polarity speeded up the process of reorganization of the muscular flap in the depth of which new osseous tissue was forming. Electrostimulation of osteogenesis in case of the muscular plastic transplantation promotes restoration of the anatomic integrity of the bone.", "contents": "[Artificial ossification of muscular flap after plastic surgery of the bone cavity under the effect of electric current]. Experiments in rabbits revealed that transplantation of a muscular flap on the central feeding pedicle in the tibis medullary canal and its electro-stimulation with direct microelectric current of 18-20 muA with the alternating polarity speeded up the process of reorganization of the muscular flap in the depth of which new osseous tissue was forming. Electrostimulation of osteogenesis in case of the muscular plastic transplantation promotes restoration of the anatomic integrity of the bone.", "PMID": 667330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11703", "title": "[Biological activity of follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland of human fetuses].", "content": "Biological methods were used to study the changes in the folliculo-stimulating hormone (FSH) level in the hypophysis of human fetuses. FSH was found to be present in the hypophysis of fetuses during the whole period of investigation: from the 8th to the 34th week. Marked sex differences both in the total and in the relative FSH content were revealed in the adenohypophysis from the 17th to the 34th weeks of gestation.", "contents": "[Biological activity of follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland of human fetuses]. Biological methods were used to study the changes in the folliculo-stimulating hormone (FSH) level in the hypophysis of human fetuses. FSH was found to be present in the hypophysis of fetuses during the whole period of investigation: from the 8th to the 34th week. Marked sex differences both in the total and in the relative FSH content were revealed in the adenohypophysis from the 17th to the 34th weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 667331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11704", "title": "[Study of autonomy of action of white gene in allophenic mice].", "content": "An allophenic mouse and three allophenic embryos were obtained by aggregating 8-cell-embryos of Miwh/Miwh and +/+ genotypes. The coat colour and pigment epithelium of the eyes indicated chimerism. Melanoblasts of genotype Miwh/Miwh were lost during the embryonic development. Variations of coat colour in a chimeric mouse were due to the interaction of normal melanocytes with the surrounding dermal cells which consisted of clones of Miwh/Miwh or +/+ genotypes and a mixture of both. Certain differences between the right (chimeric) and left (normal) eye development and a greater rate of normal clones growth were observed in the allophenic mouse. Pigmentation of the eyes of two allophenic embryos was less than normal. This indicated the autonomy of gene white action in mice.", "contents": "[Study of autonomy of action of white gene in allophenic mice]. An allophenic mouse and three allophenic embryos were obtained by aggregating 8-cell-embryos of Miwh/Miwh and +/+ genotypes. The coat colour and pigment epithelium of the eyes indicated chimerism. Melanoblasts of genotype Miwh/Miwh were lost during the embryonic development. Variations of coat colour in a chimeric mouse were due to the interaction of normal melanocytes with the surrounding dermal cells which consisted of clones of Miwh/Miwh or +/+ genotypes and a mixture of both. Certain differences between the right (chimeric) and left (normal) eye development and a greater rate of normal clones growth were observed in the allophenic mouse. Pigmentation of the eyes of two allophenic embryos was less than normal. This indicated the autonomy of gene white action in mice.", "PMID": 667332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11705", "title": "[Microtubules and their relationship with the subsynaptic structures and the nuclear membrane in human neuroblasts].", "content": "The appearance of microtubules and the development of their interrelations with the synaptic area and the nuclear envelope in differentiating neuroblasts from the anterior horn of the spinal cord in the first half of human antenatal ontogenesis was traced by methods of electron microscopy. A hypothesis was put forward on the functional purpose of the above interrelations between the microtubules with the subsynaptic area of the neuroblast and its nucleus.", "contents": "[Microtubules and their relationship with the subsynaptic structures and the nuclear membrane in human neuroblasts]. The appearance of microtubules and the development of their interrelations with the synaptic area and the nuclear envelope in differentiating neuroblasts from the anterior horn of the spinal cord in the first half of human antenatal ontogenesis was traced by methods of electron microscopy. A hypothesis was put forward on the functional purpose of the above interrelations between the microtubules with the subsynaptic area of the neuroblast and its nucleus.", "PMID": 667333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11706", "title": "[Effect of vagotomy on the morphological and functional state of the rat adrenal medulla].", "content": "After bilateral subphrenic vagotomy in male rats (in 7 and 45 days) there was revealed a sharp dilatation of the venous sinusoids, diminution of the chromaffin tissues area, and a more intensive chromaffin reaction in the adrenal medulla. Vagotomy resulted in a marked alteration of the ultrastructural organization of the secretory cells and the endothelium. Glucose administration to vagotomized animals caused only insignificant variations in adrenaline content in the chromaffin cells. Thus, vagotomy resulted in reduction of the functional activity of the adrenal medulla secretory cells.", "contents": "[Effect of vagotomy on the morphological and functional state of the rat adrenal medulla]. After bilateral subphrenic vagotomy in male rats (in 7 and 45 days) there was revealed a sharp dilatation of the venous sinusoids, diminution of the chromaffin tissues area, and a more intensive chromaffin reaction in the adrenal medulla. Vagotomy resulted in a marked alteration of the ultrastructural organization of the secretory cells and the endothelium. Glucose administration to vagotomized animals caused only insignificant variations in adrenaline content in the chromaffin cells. Thus, vagotomy resulted in reduction of the functional activity of the adrenal medulla secretory cells.", "PMID": 667334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11707", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the regenerative activity o the muscular and neural tissues after trauma and after transplantation of minced muscle].", "content": "Regenerative processes in the body muscle of fish Variocorhinus capoeta sevangi were studied both after the excision of a portion of three muscle segments and following autografting minced muscle into the defect formed. Muscle trauma resulted in a damage field, including the defect and the adjacent degeneration zone. The inflammation, necrotic mass resolution and regeneration of the nerve and muscle tissues were lengthy. Formation of myogenic elements started during the 3rd week only. Individual regenerating nerve fibers in the damage zone appeared 2 months later. Filling the defect with minced muscle accelerated the regeneration. The grafted muscle fiber fragments were not only involved in the regenerative process, but also stimulated the plastic activity of the muscle and nerve tissues of the grafted bed.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the regenerative activity o the muscular and neural tissues after trauma and after transplantation of minced muscle]. Regenerative processes in the body muscle of fish Variocorhinus capoeta sevangi were studied both after the excision of a portion of three muscle segments and following autografting minced muscle into the defect formed. Muscle trauma resulted in a damage field, including the defect and the adjacent degeneration zone. The inflammation, necrotic mass resolution and regeneration of the nerve and muscle tissues were lengthy. Formation of myogenic elements started during the 3rd week only. Individual regenerating nerve fibers in the damage zone appeared 2 months later. Filling the defect with minced muscle accelerated the regeneration. The grafted muscle fiber fragments were not only involved in the regenerative process, but also stimulated the plastic activity of the muscle and nerve tissues of the grafted bed.", "PMID": 667335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11708", "title": "[Use of the light-dispersion spectroscopy for detection of the precipitation reaction].", "content": "The light beating spectroscopy technique was used to detect the precipitation test. The system consisting of human serum globulin--rabbit antiserum against human globulins was studied. A possibility of detecting the precipitation test for much more diluted systems of the antigen and antibody by means of the light beating technique than by the routine visual method was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Use of the light-dispersion spectroscopy for detection of the precipitation reaction]. The light beating spectroscopy technique was used to detect the precipitation test. The system consisting of human serum globulin--rabbit antiserum against human globulins was studied. A possibility of detecting the precipitation test for much more diluted systems of the antigen and antibody by means of the light beating technique than by the routine visual method was demonstrated.", "PMID": 667336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11709", "title": "[Dental receptor projections to the sensomotor zone of the rabbit cerebral cortex].", "content": "Topic organization of the dental representation was studied in experiments on rabbits by the method of induced potentials. Every tooth proved to be locally represented in the sensory-motor zone of the brain cortex. These zones do not overlap in the case of stimulation of the threshold strength. Topic dental projection region occupies a territory including fields Par I, Praecag, Preacgr, and PC.", "contents": "[Dental receptor projections to the sensomotor zone of the rabbit cerebral cortex]. Topic organization of the dental representation was studied in experiments on rabbits by the method of induced potentials. Every tooth proved to be locally represented in the sensory-motor zone of the brain cortex. These zones do not overlap in the case of stimulation of the threshold strength. Topic dental projection region occupies a territory including fields Par I, Praecag, Preacgr, and PC.", "PMID": 667337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11710", "title": "[Heparin clearance during activation of the anticoagulation system in animals].", "content": "Retarded heparin-35S clearance from the blood stream during activation of the blood anticoagulation system was observed. Under these conditions the half-life of heparin-35S increased from 1.6 h in control animals to 2.35 h in the animals after intravenous injection of a threshold dose of thrombin causing activation of the anticoagulation system. Retarded heparin-35S clearance from the blood stream during activation of the blood anticoagulation system is accompanied by increase of its absorption in the liver and in the auricular atrii.", "contents": "[Heparin clearance during activation of the anticoagulation system in animals]. Retarded heparin-35S clearance from the blood stream during activation of the blood anticoagulation system was observed. Under these conditions the half-life of heparin-35S increased from 1.6 h in control animals to 2.35 h in the animals after intravenous injection of a threshold dose of thrombin causing activation of the anticoagulation system. Retarded heparin-35S clearance from the blood stream during activation of the blood anticoagulation system is accompanied by increase of its absorption in the liver and in the auricular atrii.", "PMID": 667338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11711", "title": "[Electrical activity of the cortex and subcortical structures during the development of hypoxia due to blood loss].", "content": "Previous experiments on dogs showed that in several cases, along with the development of hypoxia, polymorphous delta-waves changed into synchronous oscillations, also of delta range, the so-called standard slow complexes (SSC). The new experimental data showed discharges of neuronal pool during SSC to be present in the caudate nucleus, lateral and medial thalamus, hypothalamus, hypocampus, n. amygdale, and mesencephalic reticular formation. The most frequent neuronal pulse activity was connected with the second half of the SSC negative phase (P is less than 0.01). Discharge flashes of the neuronal pool during the SSC indicated that SSC reflected the physiological processes occurring in these structures.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the cortex and subcortical structures during the development of hypoxia due to blood loss]. Previous experiments on dogs showed that in several cases, along with the development of hypoxia, polymorphous delta-waves changed into synchronous oscillations, also of delta range, the so-called standard slow complexes (SSC). The new experimental data showed discharges of neuronal pool during SSC to be present in the caudate nucleus, lateral and medial thalamus, hypothalamus, hypocampus, n. amygdale, and mesencephalic reticular formation. The most frequent neuronal pulse activity was connected with the second half of the SSC negative phase (P is less than 0.01). Discharge flashes of the neuronal pool during the SSC indicated that SSC reflected the physiological processes occurring in these structures.", "PMID": 667339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11712", "title": "[Effect of electrostimulation of the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus on lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis].", "content": "A three-week electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic supraoptic zone in rabbits which were on atherogenic diet for 3 to 8 weeks accelerated and intensified the development of hypercholesterolemia and lipidosis of the coronary arteries, as well as the metabolic changes in the myocardial tissue. The latter changes were expressed in the reduction of the tissue noradrenaline level, diminution of the creatine phosphate content, and an increase of inorganic phosphorus and lactic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of electrostimulation of the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus on lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis]. A three-week electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic supraoptic zone in rabbits which were on atherogenic diet for 3 to 8 weeks accelerated and intensified the development of hypercholesterolemia and lipidosis of the coronary arteries, as well as the metabolic changes in the myocardial tissue. The latter changes were expressed in the reduction of the tissue noradrenaline level, diminution of the creatine phosphate content, and an increase of inorganic phosphorus and lactic acid.", "PMID": 667340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11713", "title": "[Changes in the fast uterine muscle biopotentials in rabbits with chronic hypoxia].", "content": "Changes of the high-frequency electrical activity in the myometrium after a separate and simultaneous ligation the uterine and ovarian vessels were studied in chronic experiments (137 experiments on 18 non-pregnant rabbits which had already had pregnancies in the past). The highest and most prolonged (up to 45 days) inhibition of the amplitude and frequency of rapid (peak) potentials of the myometrium follows a simultaneous ligation of the uterine and ovarian arteries and veins. The amplitude and frequency of biopotentials is gradually restored with the compensation of blood circulation by the collateral blood channels.", "contents": "[Changes in the fast uterine muscle biopotentials in rabbits with chronic hypoxia]. Changes of the high-frequency electrical activity in the myometrium after a separate and simultaneous ligation the uterine and ovarian vessels were studied in chronic experiments (137 experiments on 18 non-pregnant rabbits which had already had pregnancies in the past). The highest and most prolonged (up to 45 days) inhibition of the amplitude and frequency of rapid (peak) potentials of the myometrium follows a simultaneous ligation of the uterine and ovarian arteries and veins. The amplitude and frequency of biopotentials is gradually restored with the compensation of blood circulation by the collateral blood channels.", "PMID": 667341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11714", "title": "[Reaction of vessels of the microcirculatory bed of subcutaneous tissue to exposure to an argon laser beam].", "content": "The effect of argon laser irradiation on the microvessels of the subcutaneous fat tissue of rabbit's ear placed into Clark's transparent chamber was studied. Capillaries and venules were found to be sensitive to argon laser irradiation; functional disturbances of microcirculation were most distinct. Following laser irradiation an active reconstruction of the microcirculatory bed with the redistribution of the blood stream took place along with destruction of the vascular wall and perivascular inflammation.", "contents": "[Reaction of vessels of the microcirculatory bed of subcutaneous tissue to exposure to an argon laser beam]. The effect of argon laser irradiation on the microvessels of the subcutaneous fat tissue of rabbit's ear placed into Clark's transparent chamber was studied. Capillaries and venules were found to be sensitive to argon laser irradiation; functional disturbances of microcirculation were most distinct. Following laser irradiation an active reconstruction of the microcirculatory bed with the redistribution of the blood stream took place along with destruction of the vascular wall and perivascular inflammation.", "PMID": 667342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11715", "title": "[Protein-containing liposomes and their organ distribution following intravenous administration].", "content": "Comparative characteristics of the distribution of phophokinase-125I was studied in rats after the intravenous injection in free or liposome-entrapped state. Significant increase of protein entrapment by the organs and prolonged tissue retention (up to 6 days) were found after the liposomes administration as compared to injection of free material (no label was found after 24 hrs). Intracellular localisation of the label in the liver was revealed autoradiographically 24 hrs after the liposome injection; it was absent after its injection in free state. Enzyme assay in liver homogenates revealed intact specific activity after liposome administration, and confirmed the quantitative data obtained with radiolabeled protein.", "contents": "[Protein-containing liposomes and their organ distribution following intravenous administration]. Comparative characteristics of the distribution of phophokinase-125I was studied in rats after the intravenous injection in free or liposome-entrapped state. Significant increase of protein entrapment by the organs and prolonged tissue retention (up to 6 days) were found after the liposomes administration as compared to injection of free material (no label was found after 24 hrs). Intracellular localisation of the label in the liver was revealed autoradiographically 24 hrs after the liposome injection; it was absent after its injection in free state. Enzyme assay in liver homogenates revealed intact specific activity after liposome administration, and confirmed the quantitative data obtained with radiolabeled protein.", "PMID": 667343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11716", "title": "[Taurocholic acid synthesis in dogs maintained on a high cholesterol diet].", "content": "Labeled 35S-taurocholic acid synthesis was studied in dogs with gall bladder fistulae, fed high cholesterol diet. During the first period (1--2 months) dietary cholesterol caused a significant increase in the 35S-taurocholic acid synthesis. In 5--6 months, at the period of development of the pathological process in the liver, there was a decrease of synthesis and secretion of bile acids, and of cholesterol sediment in the bile. The level of plasma cholesterol in these dogs increased only slightly.", "contents": "[Taurocholic acid synthesis in dogs maintained on a high cholesterol diet]. Labeled 35S-taurocholic acid synthesis was studied in dogs with gall bladder fistulae, fed high cholesterol diet. During the first period (1--2 months) dietary cholesterol caused a significant increase in the 35S-taurocholic acid synthesis. In 5--6 months, at the period of development of the pathological process in the liver, there was a decrease of synthesis and secretion of bile acids, and of cholesterol sediment in the bile. The level of plasma cholesterol in these dogs increased only slightly.", "PMID": 667344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11717", "title": "[Participation of the H-2 system in regulating the sensitivity of mice to morphine].", "content": "The pain susceptibility of congenic-resistant mouse strains A/Sn, C3H/Sn and C57BL/10 Sn after the injection of morphine was studied. Strains sensitive and resistant to this narcotic were distinguished among congenic-resistant A/Sn and C3H/Sn mice. The morphine sensitivity inheritance is characterized by dominance. The possibility of the major histocompatibility mouse system (H-2) participation in the genetic control of mouse susceptibility to morphine is discussed.", "contents": "[Participation of the H-2 system in regulating the sensitivity of mice to morphine]. The pain susceptibility of congenic-resistant mouse strains A/Sn, C3H/Sn and C57BL/10 Sn after the injection of morphine was studied. Strains sensitive and resistant to this narcotic were distinguished among congenic-resistant A/Sn and C3H/Sn mice. The morphine sensitivity inheritance is characterized by dominance. The possibility of the major histocompatibility mouse system (H-2) participation in the genetic control of mouse susceptibility to morphine is discussed.", "PMID": 667345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11718", "title": "[Growth of cultured blood cells in the presence of the cryoprotector polyethylene oxide 400].", "content": "The effect of polyethylene oxide 400 (PEO-400) cryoprotector on the mitotic activity of human peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with PHA was studied in a culture. The cytologic peculiarities of the blood cell growth on addition of PEO-400 prior to cultivation are manifested in the preservation of the transformation capacity and mitosis despite a significant reduction of the mitotic activity in comparison with control cultures.", "contents": "[Growth of cultured blood cells in the presence of the cryoprotector polyethylene oxide 400]. The effect of polyethylene oxide 400 (PEO-400) cryoprotector on the mitotic activity of human peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with PHA was studied in a culture. The cytologic peculiarities of the blood cell growth on addition of PEO-400 prior to cultivation are manifested in the preservation of the transformation capacity and mitosis despite a significant reduction of the mitotic activity in comparison with control cultures.", "PMID": 667346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11719", "title": "[Mechanism of action of granulocyte breakdown products on granulocytopoiesis].", "content": "Blood serum leukopoietic activity after the injection to intact Wistar rats of products of 12 and 60 million homologous granulocytes lysis per 100 g of animal body weight, and the character of the serum action on the proliferation and differentiation of stem hematopoietic cells in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice were studied. Accumulation in the blood of granulocytopoietins resulting from the action of the products of granulocytes lysis was noted. Granulocytopoietins stimulated the proliferating activity of stem cells and their differentiation into granulocytes in the spleen of the lethally irradiated mice. A conclusion was drawn on the stimulating action of granulocyte lysis products on the hemopoiesis through the granulocytopoietins.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of granulocyte breakdown products on granulocytopoiesis]. Blood serum leukopoietic activity after the injection to intact Wistar rats of products of 12 and 60 million homologous granulocytes lysis per 100 g of animal body weight, and the character of the serum action on the proliferation and differentiation of stem hematopoietic cells in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice were studied. Accumulation in the blood of granulocytopoietins resulting from the action of the products of granulocytes lysis was noted. Granulocytopoietins stimulated the proliferating activity of stem cells and their differentiation into granulocytes in the spleen of the lethally irradiated mice. A conclusion was drawn on the stimulating action of granulocyte lysis products on the hemopoiesis through the granulocytopoietins.", "PMID": 667347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11720", "title": "[Reaction of cells in the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary after acute cooling].", "content": "The anterior hypophysis (AH) of rat exposed to total cooling at --10 degrees C for 6 min was studied histologically and autoradiographically. 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the exposure the diurnal cycle of modifications of the functional state of the AH secretory cells, the number of mitoses and of the labeled DNA-synthesizing cells was traced. In 12 hours a considerable activation of the thyrotrops and a doubling of mitoses occurred; there was no change of the labeled cells index for twenty four hours. The data obtained showed that stress reaction to cold was characterized by the intensification of the thyrotropic function and an acceleration of mitotic process in the AH cells.", "contents": "[Reaction of cells in the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary after acute cooling]. The anterior hypophysis (AH) of rat exposed to total cooling at --10 degrees C for 6 min was studied histologically and autoradiographically. 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the exposure the diurnal cycle of modifications of the functional state of the AH secretory cells, the number of mitoses and of the labeled DNA-synthesizing cells was traced. In 12 hours a considerable activation of the thyrotrops and a doubling of mitoses occurred; there was no change of the labeled cells index for twenty four hours. The data obtained showed that stress reaction to cold was characterized by the intensification of the thyrotropic function and an acceleration of mitotic process in the AH cells.", "PMID": 667348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11721", "title": "[Effect of deoxycytidine on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes detected by using 5-bromdeoxyuridine].", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was studied in cultivated blood lymphocytes of three normal individuals under elimination of DNA synthesis inhibiting action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd 0.05 mM) with deoxycytidine (Cdr 0.1 and 0.01 mM). The frequency of SCE was significantly increased in the presence of 0.1 mM Cdr. In parallel with SCE frequency, Cdr elevated the percentage of metaphases of the second division. The increase of SCE in the presence of Cdr may be connected with normalization of the DNA replication under its action.", "contents": "[Effect of deoxycytidine on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes detected by using 5-bromdeoxyuridine]. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was studied in cultivated blood lymphocytes of three normal individuals under elimination of DNA synthesis inhibiting action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd 0.05 mM) with deoxycytidine (Cdr 0.1 and 0.01 mM). The frequency of SCE was significantly increased in the presence of 0.1 mM Cdr. In parallel with SCE frequency, Cdr elevated the percentage of metaphases of the second division. The increase of SCE in the presence of Cdr may be connected with normalization of the DNA replication under its action.", "PMID": 667349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11722", "title": "[Photooptical and ultrastructural changes in the microcirculatory bed of the kidney after functional vasoconstriction].", "content": "In experiments on rats it was found that at the early stages (5 to 15 minutes) after vasoconstriction of the kidney caused by adrenaline solution there occurred sharp narrowing of the intraorganic arterial bed lumen, particularly that of the afferent arterioles. Ultrastructural changes in the glomerular renal capillary components observed were morphological expression of the effect of angiospasm and circulatory hypoxia. Residual phenomena of constriction of the renal microcirculatory bed still persisted at later stages--in 3, 7 days. These changes characterized the stage of peculiar mobility and contractile properties of their endothelial cells, caused by spasmogenic disturbances of microcirculation.", "contents": "[Photooptical and ultrastructural changes in the microcirculatory bed of the kidney after functional vasoconstriction]. In experiments on rats it was found that at the early stages (5 to 15 minutes) after vasoconstriction of the kidney caused by adrenaline solution there occurred sharp narrowing of the intraorganic arterial bed lumen, particularly that of the afferent arterioles. Ultrastructural changes in the glomerular renal capillary components observed were morphological expression of the effect of angiospasm and circulatory hypoxia. Residual phenomena of constriction of the renal microcirculatory bed still persisted at later stages--in 3, 7 days. These changes characterized the stage of peculiar mobility and contractile properties of their endothelial cells, caused by spasmogenic disturbances of microcirculation.", "PMID": 667350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11723", "title": "[Amyloid transfer from a syngenous transplant of amyloid spleen in intact and amyloid mice].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on male CBA mice with casein-induced amyloidosis. Fragments of spleens from the amyloid and intact donors were transplanted simultaneously to the opposite kidney poles, subcapsularly, to the intact and amyloid recipients. Amyloid deposits were found in 40 per cent of intact recipients both in their own spleens and in the grafts from intact donors. In amyloid recipients amyloid deposits developed in the grafts from intact donors only in 5 per cent of the animals (observation periods from 5 days to 6 months after the transplantation). It is amyloidogenic cells migration and the depression of this mechanism in amyloid mice.", "contents": "[Amyloid transfer from a syngenous transplant of amyloid spleen in intact and amyloid mice]. Investigations were carried out on male CBA mice with casein-induced amyloidosis. Fragments of spleens from the amyloid and intact donors were transplanted simultaneously to the opposite kidney poles, subcapsularly, to the intact and amyloid recipients. Amyloid deposits were found in 40 per cent of intact recipients both in their own spleens and in the grafts from intact donors. In amyloid recipients amyloid deposits developed in the grafts from intact donors only in 5 per cent of the animals (observation periods from 5 days to 6 months after the transplantation). It is amyloidogenic cells migration and the depression of this mechanism in amyloid mice.", "PMID": 667351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11724", "title": "[Morphofunctional stateof the cholinergic nervous apparatus of the normal duodenum and the duodenum after subdiaphragmatic vagotomy].", "content": "Histochemical study of the intramural nervous apparatus of the duodenum was carried out under normal conditions and following bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. Morphometric and microspectrofluorimetric methods gave informations on the reduction of the number of the cholinergic nervous fibers and of the acetylcholinesterase activity in them after a brief increase of these indices during the first 24 hours after vagotomy, with their subsequent return to the initial values.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional stateof the cholinergic nervous apparatus of the normal duodenum and the duodenum after subdiaphragmatic vagotomy]. Histochemical study of the intramural nervous apparatus of the duodenum was carried out under normal conditions and following bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. Morphometric and microspectrofluorimetric methods gave informations on the reduction of the number of the cholinergic nervous fibers and of the acetylcholinesterase activity in them after a brief increase of these indices during the first 24 hours after vagotomy, with their subsequent return to the initial values.", "PMID": 667352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11725", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the adrenal medulla and blood catecholamine levels after exposure to thermal injury].", "content": "A task was set to carry out electron microscope analysis of the adrenal gland medullary component and to compare with the biochemical data determinations of blood catecholamines during the burn shock. It was found that the response of the sympatho-adrenal system was phasic in character. During the erectile state of burn shock the elimination of adrenaline and noradrenaline took place, while during the torpid one further release of the granule content occurred exclusively on account of adrenaline. The distinctive moment of this period is intensification of the synthetic processes. It should be emphasized that the holocrine type of secretion prevailed after the burn, and just the latter led to the exhaustion of the adrenal medulla. Burn disease is characterized by processes coursing in the direction of restoration; however, catecholamine synthesis and secretion were less intensive than in healthy animals.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the adrenal medulla and blood catecholamine levels after exposure to thermal injury]. A task was set to carry out electron microscope analysis of the adrenal gland medullary component and to compare with the biochemical data determinations of blood catecholamines during the burn shock. It was found that the response of the sympatho-adrenal system was phasic in character. During the erectile state of burn shock the elimination of adrenaline and noradrenaline took place, while during the torpid one further release of the granule content occurred exclusively on account of adrenaline. The distinctive moment of this period is intensification of the synthetic processes. It should be emphasized that the holocrine type of secretion prevailed after the burn, and just the latter led to the exhaustion of the adrenal medulla. Burn disease is characterized by processes coursing in the direction of restoration; however, catecholamine synthesis and secretion were less intensive than in healthy animals.", "PMID": 667353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11726", "title": "[Selective secretion of rat salivary glands after anion administration and the effect of barbiturate on it].", "content": "A study was made of the secretion of labeled anions and their metabolites in the salivary composition of 96 adult Wistar rats. Salivary glands were characterized by a high selectivity in the secretion of substances. After the subcutaneous injection of 14C-acetate, 32P-orthophosphate, 35S-thiocyanate, 131I-iodide to control animals in the physiological state 14C concentrated 2.5--6 times more in the mixed saliva than in the blood, but the 32P level was 5 to 20 times less in the saliva than in the blood; 313I and 35S occupied an intermediate position between 14C and 32P. Penetration of labeled anions and their metabolites into the mixed saliva from the blood of rats given barbital Na (medinal) changes significantly: the relative activity of 14C, 35S, 131I saliva/blood was less than in control animals, but the relative activity of 32P saliva/blood proved to be higher in comparison with control rats.", "contents": "[Selective secretion of rat salivary glands after anion administration and the effect of barbiturate on it]. A study was made of the secretion of labeled anions and their metabolites in the salivary composition of 96 adult Wistar rats. Salivary glands were characterized by a high selectivity in the secretion of substances. After the subcutaneous injection of 14C-acetate, 32P-orthophosphate, 35S-thiocyanate, 131I-iodide to control animals in the physiological state 14C concentrated 2.5--6 times more in the mixed saliva than in the blood, but the 32P level was 5 to 20 times less in the saliva than in the blood; 313I and 35S occupied an intermediate position between 14C and 32P. Penetration of labeled anions and their metabolites into the mixed saliva from the blood of rats given barbital Na (medinal) changes significantly: the relative activity of 14C, 35S, 131I saliva/blood was less than in control animals, but the relative activity of 32P saliva/blood proved to be higher in comparison with control rats.", "PMID": 667354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11727", "title": "Monocyte-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Mononuclear leukocytes isloated from the blood of previously treated patients with advanced active Hodgkin disease contained high concentrations of monocytes and showed poor lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens. In five of eight patients with disseminated disease, blastogenesis became normal or improved markedly when the leukocyte suspensions were depleted of monocytes before culture. Addition of autologous macrophages to the monocyte-depleted lymphocytes resulted in a reappearance of the inhibition of blastogenesis. Monocyte inhibition was associated with the presence of active disease, lymphocytopenia, and low lymphocyte/monocyte ratios in the peripheral blood. The role of previous treatment is uncertain, since inhibition tended to disappear when the patients were retreated. Inhibitory monocyte-lymphocyte interactions may be one of the causes of impaired cell-mediated immunity in Hodgkin disease.", "contents": "Monocyte-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis in Hodgkin disease. Mononuclear leukocytes isloated from the blood of previously treated patients with advanced active Hodgkin disease contained high concentrations of monocytes and showed poor lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens. In five of eight patients with disseminated disease, blastogenesis became normal or improved markedly when the leukocyte suspensions were depleted of monocytes before culture. Addition of autologous macrophages to the monocyte-depleted lymphocytes resulted in a reappearance of the inhibition of blastogenesis. Monocyte inhibition was associated with the presence of active disease, lymphocytopenia, and low lymphocyte/monocyte ratios in the peripheral blood. The role of previous treatment is uncertain, since inhibition tended to disappear when the patients were retreated. Inhibitory monocyte-lymphocyte interactions may be one of the causes of impaired cell-mediated immunity in Hodgkin disease.", "PMID": 667355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11728", "title": "Effects of temperature on granulocyte preservation.", "content": "With the increasing use of granulocyte transfusion it is becoming important to determine if granulocytes can be preserved for a few days. If so, the optimum storage conditions must be identified. We studied the function in vitro of granulocytes collected as they would be for transfusion by continuous-flow centrifuge leukapheresis (CFCL) and filtration leukapheresis (FL). Granulocytes collected by CFCL maintained normal ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria after 48 hr and normal chemotaxis after 24 hr of storage at 20 degrees--24 degrees C. Neither 1 degrees--6 degrees C nor 37 degrees C were as effective in preserving chemotactic response. Agitation of the granulocyte suspension during storage caused reduced bacterial killing and chemotaxis. Granulocytes collected by FL functioned very poorly after 24 hr storage at all temperatures studied. These studies suggest that it may be possible to store CFCL granulocytes at 20 degrees--24 degrees C for 24 hr. FL granulocytes should not be stored at all.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on granulocyte preservation. With the increasing use of granulocyte transfusion it is becoming important to determine if granulocytes can be preserved for a few days. If so, the optimum storage conditions must be identified. We studied the function in vitro of granulocytes collected as they would be for transfusion by continuous-flow centrifuge leukapheresis (CFCL) and filtration leukapheresis (FL). Granulocytes collected by CFCL maintained normal ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria after 48 hr and normal chemotaxis after 24 hr of storage at 20 degrees--24 degrees C. Neither 1 degrees--6 degrees C nor 37 degrees C were as effective in preserving chemotactic response. Agitation of the granulocyte suspension during storage caused reduced bacterial killing and chemotaxis. Granulocytes collected by FL functioned very poorly after 24 hr storage at all temperatures studied. These studies suggest that it may be possible to store CFCL granulocytes at 20 degrees--24 degrees C for 24 hr. FL granulocytes should not be stored at all.", "PMID": 667358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11729", "title": "Hereditary abnormality of platelet aggregation attributable to nucleotide storage pool deficiency.", "content": "An abnormality of platelet aggregation has been detected in six family members with mild bleeding tendencies. In citrated platelet-rich plasma, primary aggregation induced by ADP or epinephrine and agglutination in response to ristocetin were present but second wave aggregation and aggregation in response to collagen suspension were absent or greatly reduced. Sodium arachidonate-induced aggregation was normal although aggregation in response to prostaglandin G2 was reduced and depended entirely on the presence of plasma or ADP. Further tests indicated that the platelets produced prostaglandins but did not release ATP in response to thrombin or sodium arachidonate. Platelets from the patients were found to contain reduced amounts of ADP and 5-hydroxytryptamine and to be unable to retain radioactivity during prolonged incubation at 37 degree C with radiolabeled 5-hydroxytryptamine. Although electron microscopy revealed an absence of very dense bodies, the platelets appeared otherwise normal. The findings are discussed in relation to previous studies of nucleotide storage pool deficiency and the light they shed on platelet physiology in general.", "contents": "Hereditary abnormality of platelet aggregation attributable to nucleotide storage pool deficiency. An abnormality of platelet aggregation has been detected in six family members with mild bleeding tendencies. In citrated platelet-rich plasma, primary aggregation induced by ADP or epinephrine and agglutination in response to ristocetin were present but second wave aggregation and aggregation in response to collagen suspension were absent or greatly reduced. Sodium arachidonate-induced aggregation was normal although aggregation in response to prostaglandin G2 was reduced and depended entirely on the presence of plasma or ADP. Further tests indicated that the platelets produced prostaglandins but did not release ATP in response to thrombin or sodium arachidonate. Platelets from the patients were found to contain reduced amounts of ADP and 5-hydroxytryptamine and to be unable to retain radioactivity during prolonged incubation at 37 degree C with radiolabeled 5-hydroxytryptamine. Although electron microscopy revealed an absence of very dense bodies, the platelets appeared otherwise normal. The findings are discussed in relation to previous studies of nucleotide storage pool deficiency and the light they shed on platelet physiology in general.", "PMID": 667360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11730", "title": "Beta O-thalassemia intermedia.", "content": "Three patients with a relatively mild form of beta O-thalassemia who did not require regular blood transfusions are described. Globin synthesis was studied by gel filtration and urea-carboxymethylcellulose chromatography of stroma-free hemolysates prepared from peripheral blood and bone marrow cells labeled in vitro with 14C-leucine. gamma/alpha Synthetic ratios in peripheral blood were in the same range as in patients with the severe clinical form of beta O-thalassemia, while gamma/alpha synthetic ratios in bone marrow cells were higher than in that group of patients. The size of the free alpha-chain pool measured in one case was smaller than in other patients with \"classical\" Cooley anemia. It is concluded that the severity of the clinical course in beta O-thalassemia does not correlate with the imbalance in alpha verus gamma chain synthesis in peripheral blood and is determined by the synthetic ratio in bone marrow cells, where the bulk of hemoglobin synthesis takes place.", "contents": "Beta O-thalassemia intermedia. Three patients with a relatively mild form of beta O-thalassemia who did not require regular blood transfusions are described. Globin synthesis was studied by gel filtration and urea-carboxymethylcellulose chromatography of stroma-free hemolysates prepared from peripheral blood and bone marrow cells labeled in vitro with 14C-leucine. gamma/alpha Synthetic ratios in peripheral blood were in the same range as in patients with the severe clinical form of beta O-thalassemia, while gamma/alpha synthetic ratios in bone marrow cells were higher than in that group of patients. The size of the free alpha-chain pool measured in one case was smaller than in other patients with \"classical\" Cooley anemia. It is concluded that the severity of the clinical course in beta O-thalassemia does not correlate with the imbalance in alpha verus gamma chain synthesis in peripheral blood and is determined by the synthetic ratio in bone marrow cells, where the bulk of hemoglobin synthesis takes place.", "PMID": 667361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11731", "title": "32P and acute leukemia: development of leukemia in a patient with hemoglobin Yakima.", "content": "In 1954 a then 31-yr-old male was found to have erythrocytosis. Over the ensuing decade he received 72 mCi32P. In 1964 his daughters were found to have erythrocytosis. Further investigation led to the discovery of hemoglobin Yakima, a variant with high oxygen affinity. He received no further therapy and was well until 1975, when he developed the preleukemic syndrome. Within 12 mo. he developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia accompanied by fetal erythropoiesis. Because the inital discovery of this type of hemoglobinopathy came 27 yr after the introduction of 32P for use in the treatment of polycythemia vera, and because there are now known to be more than 39 different high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobins, we anticipate that more patients such as ours have been exposed to 32P. The exposed population should be cosely followed, since this will likely permit assessment of the risk of 32P-induced leukemia in a nonneoplastic condition.", "contents": "32P and acute leukemia: development of leukemia in a patient with hemoglobin Yakima. In 1954 a then 31-yr-old male was found to have erythrocytosis. Over the ensuing decade he received 72 mCi32P. In 1964 his daughters were found to have erythrocytosis. Further investigation led to the discovery of hemoglobin Yakima, a variant with high oxygen affinity. He received no further therapy and was well until 1975, when he developed the preleukemic syndrome. Within 12 mo. he developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia accompanied by fetal erythropoiesis. Because the inital discovery of this type of hemoglobinopathy came 27 yr after the introduction of 32P for use in the treatment of polycythemia vera, and because there are now known to be more than 39 different high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobins, we anticipate that more patients such as ours have been exposed to 32P. The exposed population should be cosely followed, since this will likely permit assessment of the risk of 32P-induced leukemia in a nonneoplastic condition.", "PMID": 667362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11732", "title": "Expression of the major sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin) on erythroid cells in human bone marrow.", "content": "The major sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes (glycophorin) is one of the most-studied membrane proteins. Although the structure is relatively well known, almost nothing is known about its expression in erythroid cells. To study this we raised an antiserum that reacted specifically with this protein. This was accomplished by immunization of rabbits with a preparation of glycophorin followed by absorption with En(a-) erythrocyte membranes, which lack glycophorin. By use of this antiserum and a staphylococcus protein A technique we could establish that only bone marrow cells of erythrocyte lineage express glycophorin at the cell surface. This occurs in basophilic normoblasts and later stages of erythrocyte differentiation, whereas pronormoblasts do not seem to contain glycophorin.", "contents": "Expression of the major sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin) on erythroid cells in human bone marrow. The major sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes (glycophorin) is one of the most-studied membrane proteins. Although the structure is relatively well known, almost nothing is known about its expression in erythroid cells. To study this we raised an antiserum that reacted specifically with this protein. This was accomplished by immunization of rabbits with a preparation of glycophorin followed by absorption with En(a-) erythrocyte membranes, which lack glycophorin. By use of this antiserum and a staphylococcus protein A technique we could establish that only bone marrow cells of erythrocyte lineage express glycophorin at the cell surface. This occurs in basophilic normoblasts and later stages of erythrocyte differentiation, whereas pronormoblasts do not seem to contain glycophorin.", "PMID": 667363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11733", "title": "Pyruvate kinase-catalyzed ATP-formation in human red blood cell membranes.", "content": "Previous studies on the linkage between enzymatically catalyzed ATP-generating reactions in the red blood cell membrane and the sodium and potassium transport in the control of overall glycolysis of human erythrocytes were controversial. In this study a significant amount of pyruvate kinase activity is shown to be localized within the membrane. Membrane fragments produce 20.5 mumol of ATP per 10(10) membranes per hour from phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP. The kinetics of the membrane-localized pyruvate kinase do not differ from those of the enzyme from hemolysates. The results clearly document the presence of the second ATP-generating enzyme of glycolysis, pyruvate kinase, in human red blood cell membranes. The main fraction of the enzyme is deeply hidden in the lipid layers of the membrane. It can be demasked by mechanical desintegration of membranes at high levels of activity. It is suggested that the amount of the membrane-localized fraction of pyruvate kinase is related to the clinical severity of the hemolytic process in pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "contents": "Pyruvate kinase-catalyzed ATP-formation in human red blood cell membranes. Previous studies on the linkage between enzymatically catalyzed ATP-generating reactions in the red blood cell membrane and the sodium and potassium transport in the control of overall glycolysis of human erythrocytes were controversial. In this study a significant amount of pyruvate kinase activity is shown to be localized within the membrane. Membrane fragments produce 20.5 mumol of ATP per 10(10) membranes per hour from phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP. The kinetics of the membrane-localized pyruvate kinase do not differ from those of the enzyme from hemolysates. The results clearly document the presence of the second ATP-generating enzyme of glycolysis, pyruvate kinase, in human red blood cell membranes. The main fraction of the enzyme is deeply hidden in the lipid layers of the membrane. It can be demasked by mechanical desintegration of membranes at high levels of activity. It is suggested that the amount of the membrane-localized fraction of pyruvate kinase is related to the clinical severity of the hemolytic process in pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "PMID": 667365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11734", "title": "Oxymetholone treatment in myelofibrosis.", "content": "In order to study the effect of oxymetholone therapy in advanced myelofibrosis, 11 patients (4 females, 7 males) were given, 3--5 mg per kg body weight, long-term oxymetholone treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Five cases had previously had a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. All patients had anemia initially, 4 leukocytopenia and 10 thrombocytopenia in addition. Hepato-splenomegaly was present in all cases but in varying degree. Five patients required regular blood transfusions before treatment. In 9 of the 15 courses given, there was normalization of the peripheral blood or substantial improvement (better than 3 g hemoglobin/dl or 50 X 10(9) platelets/1) after androgens. Significant effects were noted both on hemoglobin values and platelet counts. The need for blood transfusions ceased completely in all 5 cases. When oxymetholone treatment was reduced or interrupted 4 patients relapsed; 2 of them responded to a renewed course. The red cell counts returned to previous polycythemic values in one patient and another died from acute leukemia. The results of this study suggest that androgens might be of value in advanced cases of myelofibrosis with transfusion-requiring anemia or severe thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Oxymetholone treatment in myelofibrosis. In order to study the effect of oxymetholone therapy in advanced myelofibrosis, 11 patients (4 females, 7 males) were given, 3--5 mg per kg body weight, long-term oxymetholone treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Five cases had previously had a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. All patients had anemia initially, 4 leukocytopenia and 10 thrombocytopenia in addition. Hepato-splenomegaly was present in all cases but in varying degree. Five patients required regular blood transfusions before treatment. In 9 of the 15 courses given, there was normalization of the peripheral blood or substantial improvement (better than 3 g hemoglobin/dl or 50 X 10(9) platelets/1) after androgens. Significant effects were noted both on hemoglobin values and platelet counts. The need for blood transfusions ceased completely in all 5 cases. When oxymetholone treatment was reduced or interrupted 4 patients relapsed; 2 of them responded to a renewed course. The red cell counts returned to previous polycythemic values in one patient and another died from acute leukemia. The results of this study suggest that androgens might be of value in advanced cases of myelofibrosis with transfusion-requiring anemia or severe thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 667366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11735", "title": "Antithrombogenicity of immobilized urokinase and its clinical significance.", "content": "Urokinase (UK), a plasminogen activator was immobilized on nylon surface by application of a newly devised technique. When applied clinically, this new preparation proved to have excellent thromboresistance.", "contents": "Antithrombogenicity of immobilized urokinase and its clinical significance. Urokinase (UK), a plasminogen activator was immobilized on nylon surface by application of a newly devised technique. When applied clinically, this new preparation proved to have excellent thromboresistance.", "PMID": 667367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11736", "title": "Problems in the detection of carriers of hemophilia A: the influence of stress and thrombin.", "content": "After exposure to stress, factor VIII coagulant activity and factor VIII antigen were determined in healthy volunteers for about 3 days. Three out of four volunteers at different time showed results resembling a carrier state. In vitro incubation of plasma with thrombin in decreasing concentrations showed increased factor VIII coagulant activity, although no fibrin clot or fibrin monomers were formed. The concentration of factor VIII antigen remained constant. The action of thrombin can explain the misclassification of known carriers.", "contents": "Problems in the detection of carriers of hemophilia A: the influence of stress and thrombin. After exposure to stress, factor VIII coagulant activity and factor VIII antigen were determined in healthy volunteers for about 3 days. Three out of four volunteers at different time showed results resembling a carrier state. In vitro incubation of plasma with thrombin in decreasing concentrations showed increased factor VIII coagulant activity, although no fibrin clot or fibrin monomers were formed. The concentration of factor VIII antigen remained constant. The action of thrombin can explain the misclassification of known carriers.", "PMID": 667368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11737", "title": "[Nutrition, alcohol and oesophageal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Nutritional factors are suspected to cause oesophageal cancer as well as other cancers of the digestive tract. Sideropenia, lack of molybdenum, tannins have been reported to be associated with the disease. Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines have been found in alcoholic beverages from high incidence regions; the significance of the small amounts detected remains to be assessed. A recent survey in Iran points out the role of poor and monotonous diet. In Brittany, no major deficiencies were found, neither in quantity or quality, in the diet of 200 male cases of oesophageal cancer when compared with a population control group. Differences in consumption were detected for a few items; the most obvious discrepancies concerned the various alcoholic beverages for which the proportion of heavy consumers was systematically greater among cases. Alcohol and tobacco are both independently associated with the disease; there is a dose-response relationship for both and their effects are multiplicative. The mechanism of the action of alcohol in oesophageal cancer is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Nutrition, alcohol and oesophageal cancer (author's transl)]. Nutritional factors are suspected to cause oesophageal cancer as well as other cancers of the digestive tract. Sideropenia, lack of molybdenum, tannins have been reported to be associated with the disease. Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines have been found in alcoholic beverages from high incidence regions; the significance of the small amounts detected remains to be assessed. A recent survey in Iran points out the role of poor and monotonous diet. In Brittany, no major deficiencies were found, neither in quantity or quality, in the diet of 200 male cases of oesophageal cancer when compared with a population control group. Differences in consumption were detected for a few items; the most obvious discrepancies concerned the various alcoholic beverages for which the proportion of heavy consumers was systematically greater among cases. Alcohol and tobacco are both independently associated with the disease; there is a dose-response relationship for both and their effects are multiplicative. The mechanism of the action of alcohol in oesophageal cancer is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 667372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11738", "title": "[Rubidazone (22 050 RP): clinical study. Phase II trial in solid tumors and lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Rubidazone is a semisynthetic antibiomitotic close to daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Fifty two patients with various advanced cancers received rubidazone intravenously at the initial unitary dose of 200 mg/m2 in a single injection at three week intervals; this base line dosage had been adapted in function of leuko-platelet variations observed between the injections. An objective improvement was noted in 18 patients out of 51 evaluable patients (34% of the cases), 6 times the regression of tumoral volume was greater than 50 per cent but not complete (3 breast adenocarcinomas and 3 lymphomas). Manifestations of intolerance-toxicity were minor on the haematologic side (32%); however, they were relatively frequent from the digestive (63%) and general (82%) point of view; symptoms of cardiac disturbances (21%), responsible for the discontinuation of the chemotherapy, necessitate careful attention in the management of the treatment. The comparison of the results of this trial with those obtained by trials using other drugs belonging to the same chemical family don't show, for solid tumors, any difference in efficacy between rubidazone, daunorubicin or duborimycin; however, the difference is very striking with doxorubicin which showed more efficacy (6.5% as 29% of regression greater than 50%). Owing to the conditions of admission and the very strict criteria of analysis in this study, it would seem useful to go into details regarding the interest of rubidazone in lymphomas (only one failure has been recorded out of 6 treated cases).", "contents": "[Rubidazone (22 050 RP): clinical study. Phase II trial in solid tumors and lymphomas (author's transl)]. Rubidazone is a semisynthetic antibiomitotic close to daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Fifty two patients with various advanced cancers received rubidazone intravenously at the initial unitary dose of 200 mg/m2 in a single injection at three week intervals; this base line dosage had been adapted in function of leuko-platelet variations observed between the injections. An objective improvement was noted in 18 patients out of 51 evaluable patients (34% of the cases), 6 times the regression of tumoral volume was greater than 50 per cent but not complete (3 breast adenocarcinomas and 3 lymphomas). Manifestations of intolerance-toxicity were minor on the haematologic side (32%); however, they were relatively frequent from the digestive (63%) and general (82%) point of view; symptoms of cardiac disturbances (21%), responsible for the discontinuation of the chemotherapy, necessitate careful attention in the management of the treatment. The comparison of the results of this trial with those obtained by trials using other drugs belonging to the same chemical family don't show, for solid tumors, any difference in efficacy between rubidazone, daunorubicin or duborimycin; however, the difference is very striking with doxorubicin which showed more efficacy (6.5% as 29% of regression greater than 50%). Owing to the conditions of admission and the very strict criteria of analysis in this study, it would seem useful to go into details regarding the interest of rubidazone in lymphomas (only one failure has been recorded out of 6 treated cases).", "PMID": 667371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11739", "title": "[Nutrition and carcinoma of the breast: presentation of a french investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of dietary risk factors in breast cancer of post-menopausal women is a recent, and yet unproven hypothesis. A French survey made possible by the cooperation of general surgeons and radiotherapists practising in private clinics is currently in progress in a number of metropolitan departments. A preliminary evaluation of the first 654 questionnaires has proved entirely negative. There was no difference between women with breast cancer and a population of age-matched controls with regard to weight, height or the various traditionnal indices of obesity. However, the number of patients studied is too small to allow this hypothesis to be still rejected.", "contents": "[Nutrition and carcinoma of the breast: presentation of a french investigation (author's transl)]. The existence of dietary risk factors in breast cancer of post-menopausal women is a recent, and yet unproven hypothesis. A French survey made possible by the cooperation of general surgeons and radiotherapists practising in private clinics is currently in progress in a number of metropolitan departments. A preliminary evaluation of the first 654 questionnaires has proved entirely negative. There was no difference between women with breast cancer and a population of age-matched controls with regard to weight, height or the various traditionnal indices of obesity. However, the number of patients studied is too small to allow this hypothesis to be still rejected.", "PMID": 667373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11740", "title": "[Genetics and human cancers: methods of study (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of hereditary factors in the etiology of cancer is difficult to prove. However, one may precise a hereditary relationship in those cancers which are either transmitted as a monofactorial trait, or secondary to a hereditary disease, or linked to a genetic marker. Most often, it is necessary to fall back on familial investigations, which may sometimes indicate an excess of familial cases. However, a familial concentration of certain cancers may also be due to hereditary factors, as well as to a common environment.", "contents": "[Genetics and human cancers: methods of study (author's transl)]. The role of hereditary factors in the etiology of cancer is difficult to prove. However, one may precise a hereditary relationship in those cancers which are either transmitted as a monofactorial trait, or secondary to a hereditary disease, or linked to a genetic marker. Most often, it is necessary to fall back on familial investigations, which may sometimes indicate an excess of familial cases. However, a familial concentration of certain cancers may also be due to hereditary factors, as well as to a common environment.", "PMID": 667375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11741", "title": "[HLA system and malignant diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Since ten years, there is an extensive search for association between antigens of the major histocompatibility system HLA and malignant diseases. Data show only weak associations with Hodgkin disease and acute lymphocyte leukemia. For studies of a variety of solid tumours the difference between patients and controls do not attain statistical significance, except for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. According to the gene frequency variations in populations and the ethnic differences in some cancers, inter-population studies are possible. Significant geographic associations between some cancers and HLA antigens have been found. They give evidence for a genetic background of susceptibility or resistance to cancer.", "contents": "[HLA system and malignant diseases (author's transl)]. Since ten years, there is an extensive search for association between antigens of the major histocompatibility system HLA and malignant diseases. Data show only weak associations with Hodgkin disease and acute lymphocyte leukemia. For studies of a variety of solid tumours the difference between patients and controls do not attain statistical significance, except for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. According to the gene frequency variations in populations and the ethnic differences in some cancers, inter-population studies are possible. Significant geographic associations between some cancers and HLA antigens have been found. They give evidence for a genetic background of susceptibility or resistance to cancer.", "PMID": 667376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11742", "title": "[Familial leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 2966 acute leukemia, 26 familial cases were reported. Leukemia occured mainly in the first relative individuals and particularly in the sibship. The relative risk for a sib of leukemic patient is four time more than for random people. Leukemia was often similar among patients of the same family and the onsets of the disease occured approximatly at the same age whatever the time between the dates of diagnosis. Twins with leukemia were often monozygotous. Relative risk of leukemia among twins, decreases according to the age: the probability of leukemia for a twin is: (a) 100 p. cent if the other twin is leukemic before 1 year old; (b) 15 p. cent between 1 to 4 years old and (c) similar to other sib after 4 years old. Among chronic leukemias, only chronic lymphocytic leukemia seems to have a genetic background for susceptibility. Some familial diseases (congenital aplastic anemia, Bloom's disease, Ataxia telangiectasia) or congenital diseases (Down's syndrome) increase the risk of leukemia.", "contents": "[Familial leukemia (author's transl)]. Among 2966 acute leukemia, 26 familial cases were reported. Leukemia occured mainly in the first relative individuals and particularly in the sibship. The relative risk for a sib of leukemic patient is four time more than for random people. Leukemia was often similar among patients of the same family and the onsets of the disease occured approximatly at the same age whatever the time between the dates of diagnosis. Twins with leukemia were often monozygotous. Relative risk of leukemia among twins, decreases according to the age: the probability of leukemia for a twin is: (a) 100 p. cent if the other twin is leukemic before 1 year old; (b) 15 p. cent between 1 to 4 years old and (c) similar to other sib after 4 years old. Among chronic leukemias, only chronic lymphocytic leukemia seems to have a genetic background for susceptibility. Some familial diseases (congenital aplastic anemia, Bloom's disease, Ataxia telangiectasia) or congenital diseases (Down's syndrome) increase the risk of leukemia.", "PMID": 667377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11743", "title": "[Primary immunodeficiencies and malignant proliferations (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of malignant proliferative diseases in patients with primary immune deficiencies is far more frequent than in normal individuals. These malignant proliferations may supervent in all types of immune deficiencies but are more frequent in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrom, ataxia telangiectasia and variable immunodeficiencies. The incidence of malignant lymphomas is striking since they account for two thirds of the malignancies. This fact does not support the hypothesis of a faulty immunological surveillance and would be in accordance with the hypothesis of a direct role of antigenic stimulations occurring on an immune system devoid of regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "[Primary immunodeficiencies and malignant proliferations (author's transl)]. The occurrence of malignant proliferative diseases in patients with primary immune deficiencies is far more frequent than in normal individuals. These malignant proliferations may supervent in all types of immune deficiencies but are more frequent in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrom, ataxia telangiectasia and variable immunodeficiencies. The incidence of malignant lymphomas is striking since they account for two thirds of the malignancies. This fact does not support the hypothesis of a faulty immunological surveillance and would be in accordance with the hypothesis of a direct role of antigenic stimulations occurring on an immune system devoid of regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 667378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11744", "title": "[Incidence of new cases of cancer in 1975 in the Department of Bas-Rhin].", "content": "The recording of new cases of cancer in the Bas-Rhin department interest about 883 000 persons in 1975. 3 073 cancer cases have been registered. The data show an incidence of 424 per 100 000 for male population and 309 per 100 000 among female population. Among male population: lung cancer is the most frequent, it represents 17.1 per cent of male cancers with an incidence of 72.5. In second position cancer of the rectum and recto-sigmoid which represents 7.9 per cent of cancers; it has an incidence of 33.4 per cent. Then followed in this order: prostate cancer with an incidence of 32.3, colon cancer with an incidence of 30.1, cancer of the stomach, and bladder. Among female population: breast cancer is by far the most frequent, it represents 27.5 per cent of all cancers, the incidence is 88.4; next corpus uteri cancer with an incidence of 29.5; colon cancer with an incidence of 25.4, followed by cervix uteri cancer with an incidence of 22.1. The genital localizations, on the whole represent 23.2 per cent of cancers with an incidence of 75.3. It is too early to interprete the recorded disparities among the different districts, nevertheless, one can think that the low rates reported in some districts is due to an under-recording.", "contents": "[Incidence of new cases of cancer in 1975 in the Department of Bas-Rhin]. The recording of new cases of cancer in the Bas-Rhin department interest about 883 000 persons in 1975. 3 073 cancer cases have been registered. The data show an incidence of 424 per 100 000 for male population and 309 per 100 000 among female population. Among male population: lung cancer is the most frequent, it represents 17.1 per cent of male cancers with an incidence of 72.5. In second position cancer of the rectum and recto-sigmoid which represents 7.9 per cent of cancers; it has an incidence of 33.4 per cent. Then followed in this order: prostate cancer with an incidence of 32.3, colon cancer with an incidence of 30.1, cancer of the stomach, and bladder. Among female population: breast cancer is by far the most frequent, it represents 27.5 per cent of all cancers, the incidence is 88.4; next corpus uteri cancer with an incidence of 29.5; colon cancer with an incidence of 25.4, followed by cervix uteri cancer with an incidence of 22.1. The genital localizations, on the whole represent 23.2 per cent of cancers with an incidence of 75.3. It is too early to interprete the recorded disparities among the different districts, nevertheless, one can think that the low rates reported in some districts is due to an under-recording.", "PMID": 667379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11745", "title": "Residual piperonyl butoxide in agricultural products.", "content": "The residual levels of piperolyn butoxide (PB) in agricultural products were investigated for 531 samples of 10 species. For the determination of PB a high speed liquid chromatograph equipped with a fluorometric detector was used. The detection limit of PB was 0.1 ppm. PB was detected from 3 barleys and 3 wheats harvested in U.S.A. ans Australia. It was not detected from the others. The residual range was from 0.2 to 1.4 ppm.", "contents": "Residual piperonyl butoxide in agricultural products. The residual levels of piperolyn butoxide (PB) in agricultural products were investigated for 531 samples of 10 species. For the determination of PB a high speed liquid chromatograph equipped with a fluorometric detector was used. The detection limit of PB was 0.1 ppm. PB was detected from 3 barleys and 3 wheats harvested in U.S.A. ans Australia. It was not detected from the others. The residual range was from 0.2 to 1.4 ppm.", "PMID": 667380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11746", "title": "Alternations in the activity of some digestive enzymes of Channa punctatus, exposed to lead nitrate.", "content": "The effect of exposure of Channa punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of lead nitrate on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase amylase, maltase, lactase, trypsin and pepsin has been investigated. A decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase has been recorded after 15 days of exposure but there was no significant change after 30 days. Acid phosphatase showed an elevation in activity of both stages. All the three carbohydrases shows elevation after 15 days, followed by an inhibition after 30 days of treatment. The activity of pepsin and trypsin remained above the normal level throughout the tensure of the experiment reveal that the pattern of alteration in enzyme activities is different in liver and digestive system.", "contents": "Alternations in the activity of some digestive enzymes of Channa punctatus, exposed to lead nitrate. The effect of exposure of Channa punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of lead nitrate on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase amylase, maltase, lactase, trypsin and pepsin has been investigated. A decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase has been recorded after 15 days of exposure but there was no significant change after 30 days. Acid phosphatase showed an elevation in activity of both stages. All the three carbohydrases shows elevation after 15 days, followed by an inhibition after 30 days of treatment. The activity of pepsin and trypsin remained above the normal level throughout the tensure of the experiment reveal that the pattern of alteration in enzyme activities is different in liver and digestive system.", "PMID": 667384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11747", "title": "The maternal distribution and placental transfer of cadmium in zinc deficient rats.", "content": "Although a transitory maternal zinc deficiency has been shown to result in an increased cadmium-induced fetotoxicity, the results of the present investigation indicated that a maternal zinc deficiency apparently did not affect the placental transfer of cadmium. However, a zinc deficiency did alter the maternal distribution of cadmium. The increased cadmium fetotoxicity associated with a maternal zinc deficiency may be caused by a maternal alteration rather than a direct effect on the fetus. Further study is necessary prior to any definitive statement concerning the effects of a maternal zinc deficiency on cadmium fetotoxicity.", "contents": "The maternal distribution and placental transfer of cadmium in zinc deficient rats. Although a transitory maternal zinc deficiency has been shown to result in an increased cadmium-induced fetotoxicity, the results of the present investigation indicated that a maternal zinc deficiency apparently did not affect the placental transfer of cadmium. However, a zinc deficiency did alter the maternal distribution of cadmium. The increased cadmium fetotoxicity associated with a maternal zinc deficiency may be caused by a maternal alteration rather than a direct effect on the fetus. Further study is necessary prior to any definitive statement concerning the effects of a maternal zinc deficiency on cadmium fetotoxicity.", "PMID": 667385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11748", "title": "Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of eight species of freshwater fish-II: copper.", "content": "Fish larvae and early juveniles of all species tested (brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, northern pike, white sucker, herring, and smallmouth bass) were more sensitive to copper than the embryos. Embryo survival was affected only at the higher concentrations tested, for all species except the rainbow trout. The concentrations of copper that caused significant effects on the larval standing crop were similar for all species (31.7-43.5 microgram Cu/1) except the northern pike, which seemed to be considerably more resistant (104.1 microgram Cu/1). Copper concentrations shown to have no significant effects on the early developmental stages of these species are considered close estimates of the copper concentrations that would have no measurable adverse effects during a complete life cycle toxicity test under similar test conditions.", "contents": "Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of eight species of freshwater fish-II: copper. Fish larvae and early juveniles of all species tested (brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, northern pike, white sucker, herring, and smallmouth bass) were more sensitive to copper than the embryos. Embryo survival was affected only at the higher concentrations tested, for all species except the rainbow trout. The concentrations of copper that caused significant effects on the larval standing crop were similar for all species (31.7-43.5 microgram Cu/1) except the northern pike, which seemed to be considerably more resistant (104.1 microgram Cu/1). Copper concentrations shown to have no significant effects on the early developmental stages of these species are considered close estimates of the copper concentrations that would have no measurable adverse effects during a complete life cycle toxicity test under similar test conditions.", "PMID": 667389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11749", "title": "The effects of petroleum of different stages of incubation in bird eggs.", "content": "Artificially incubated mallard eggs were treated externally with 5 microliter of No. 2 fuel oil or 5 microliter of Southern Louisiana crude oil at various times during the incubation period. Embryos were most sensitive to petroleum during the first 10 days of incubation. Southern Louisiana crude oil was more toxic to mallard embryos than No. 2 fuel oil. Hatching weights of ducklings from treated eggs were usually not different from hatching weights of control ducklings. Petroleum may cause bill abnormalities among embryos exposed to a lethal amount of oil early in incubation, but few external malformations of any kind were observed among survivors of the oil exposure. The breeding effort of colonial aquatic birds would be in the greatest danger from oil contamination when a large portion of the birds are in the early stages of incubation.", "contents": "The effects of petroleum of different stages of incubation in bird eggs. Artificially incubated mallard eggs were treated externally with 5 microliter of No. 2 fuel oil or 5 microliter of Southern Louisiana crude oil at various times during the incubation period. Embryos were most sensitive to petroleum during the first 10 days of incubation. Southern Louisiana crude oil was more toxic to mallard embryos than No. 2 fuel oil. Hatching weights of ducklings from treated eggs were usually not different from hatching weights of control ducklings. Petroleum may cause bill abnormalities among embryos exposed to a lethal amount of oil early in incubation, but few external malformations of any kind were observed among survivors of the oil exposure. The breeding effort of colonial aquatic birds would be in the greatest danger from oil contamination when a large portion of the birds are in the early stages of incubation.", "PMID": 667391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11750", "title": "A simple portable voiced, unvoiced and \"s\" indicator.", "content": "This unit is called a V.S.F. indicator, the initials V.S.F. denoting Voiced \"s\" and Fricative indicator. It has been developed by the R.N.I.D. as an economical and portable speech training aid. A microphone is plugged into the device which classifies speech sounds on 3 lamps arranged vertically. The upper red lamp denotes voiced sounds. An amber light, centre, deonotes fricative sounds except \"s\" sounds which are indicated on the lower greeen lamp. The operation of the green light depends on the low frequency energy, while the amber and green lights are controlled by the rate of zero crossings. Informal trials in a variety of different types of special clinics have indicated that the most useful areas seem to be with profoundly deaf children and adults, although speech therapists have also reported promising reactions from children with a variety of communication disorders.", "contents": "A simple portable voiced, unvoiced and \"s\" indicator. This unit is called a V.S.F. indicator, the initials V.S.F. denoting Voiced \"s\" and Fricative indicator. It has been developed by the R.N.I.D. as an economical and portable speech training aid. A microphone is plugged into the device which classifies speech sounds on 3 lamps arranged vertically. The upper red lamp denotes voiced sounds. An amber light, centre, deonotes fricative sounds except \"s\" sounds which are indicated on the lower greeen lamp. The operation of the green light depends on the low frequency energy, while the amber and green lights are controlled by the rate of zero crossings. Informal trials in a variety of different types of special clinics have indicated that the most useful areas seem to be with profoundly deaf children and adults, although speech therapists have also reported promising reactions from children with a variety of communication disorders.", "PMID": 667393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11751", "title": "Acoustic trauma effects from doubling the exposure time.", "content": "Guinea pigs were used to test acoustic trauma effects from doubling the exposure time. Previously, two frequencies (20 kHz and 4 kHz) were used in conjunction with each other (ie double exposure) to see whether a prior exposure of the cochlea to one frequency would alter the extent of damage caused by a secondary frequency, when compared with damage caused by either frequency alone. A reduced area of damage was attained after double exposures. To complete the series, the same two frequencies were used separately, but the exposure time was doubled. The results from the 20 kHz series surprisingly indicated that a reduced area of damage was obtained after doubling the exposure time. No significant differences were found in the 4 kHz series.", "contents": "Acoustic trauma effects from doubling the exposure time. Guinea pigs were used to test acoustic trauma effects from doubling the exposure time. Previously, two frequencies (20 kHz and 4 kHz) were used in conjunction with each other (ie double exposure) to see whether a prior exposure of the cochlea to one frequency would alter the extent of damage caused by a secondary frequency, when compared with damage caused by either frequency alone. A reduced area of damage was attained after double exposures. To complete the series, the same two frequencies were used separately, but the exposure time was doubled. The results from the 20 kHz series surprisingly indicated that a reduced area of damage was obtained after doubling the exposure time. No significant differences were found in the 4 kHz series.", "PMID": 667395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11752", "title": "Air as the caloric stimulus.", "content": "The use of air as the caloric medium was investigated and compared to that of water. The ability of air and water to generate surface temperatures close to the fluid outlet temperature was studied by irrigation onto a thermocouple. Results of caloric tests performed with air and water are compared by calculating the average nystagmus response for the hot and cold stimuli for two groups of sixty patients. Also, the number of canal paresis, directional preponderance, mixed, bi-lateral canal paresis and normal responses are compared for each group. Finally, the effect of performing a bi-thermal air caloric on a patient having a unilateral drum perforation is discussed.", "contents": "Air as the caloric stimulus. The use of air as the caloric medium was investigated and compared to that of water. The ability of air and water to generate surface temperatures close to the fluid outlet temperature was studied by irrigation onto a thermocouple. Results of caloric tests performed with air and water are compared by calculating the average nystagmus response for the hot and cold stimuli for two groups of sixty patients. Also, the number of canal paresis, directional preponderance, mixed, bi-lateral canal paresis and normal responses are compared for each group. Finally, the effect of performing a bi-thermal air caloric on a patient having a unilateral drum perforation is discussed.", "PMID": 667396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11753", "title": "Ear dominance effects in loudness following auditory adaptation.", "content": "In recent years there has been much attention to the study of ear differences in the response to auditory stimuli. However, the possibly of ear differences in auditory adaptation effects has apparently not been investigated. The present authors used a monaural heterophonic balance to investigate the adaptation of a 500 Hz adapting tone. Ten subjects were tested in the left ear, ten in the right. Left ear adaptation was 4.20 dB, while right ear adaptation was 12.88 dB (p is less than or equal to .001). Previous differences in binaural adaptation studies could conceivably have been partially influenced by the ear adapted. It is suggested that the possibility of ear differences in loudness adaptation be taken into account in future studies.", "contents": "Ear dominance effects in loudness following auditory adaptation. In recent years there has been much attention to the study of ear differences in the response to auditory stimuli. However, the possibly of ear differences in auditory adaptation effects has apparently not been investigated. The present authors used a monaural heterophonic balance to investigate the adaptation of a 500 Hz adapting tone. Ten subjects were tested in the left ear, ten in the right. Left ear adaptation was 4.20 dB, while right ear adaptation was 12.88 dB (p is less than or equal to .001). Previous differences in binaural adaptation studies could conceivably have been partially influenced by the ear adapted. It is suggested that the possibility of ear differences in loudness adaptation be taken into account in future studies.", "PMID": 667397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11754", "title": "Integrated leprosy control in Guyana.", "content": "Guyana instituted a \"find and treat\" leprosy program in 1971 that made use of existing out-patient facilities and staff. The program, based on an integrated domiciliary approach to diagnosis, treatment, and examination of contacts, has proved successful. This article describes development of the program and discusses the prospects for control and eventual eradication of leprosy in Guyana.", "contents": "Integrated leprosy control in Guyana. Guyana instituted a \"find and treat\" leprosy program in 1971 that made use of existing out-patient facilities and staff. The program, based on an integrated domiciliary approach to diagnosis, treatment, and examination of contacts, has proved successful. This article describes development of the program and discusses the prospects for control and eventual eradication of leprosy in Guyana.", "PMID": 667404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11755", "title": "Improving education and research through the Pan American Health and Education Foundation (PAHEF).", "content": "A highly productive method for aiding medical education in the Americas has been developed that involves using a revolving fund to buy large quantities of essential textbooks at low cost. The procedure, which utilizes medical schools as intermediaries, has made it feasible to sell books directly to medical students. Establishment of the revolving fund was made possible by a loan of US$2 million from the Inter-American Development Bank. To facilitate the operation an independent nonprofit corporation, the Pan American Health and Education Foundation (PAHEF), was created to receive and administer the funds. The foundation works closely with PAHO. In the first six years since its establishment the PAHEF program has grown rapidly, involving a total of 146 medical schools in the PAHEF-sponsored distribution of 335,000 texts. The program has also been extended successfully to nursing schools, and plans are now underway to extend it still further to a wide variety of other health workers.", "contents": "Improving education and research through the Pan American Health and Education Foundation (PAHEF). A highly productive method for aiding medical education in the Americas has been developed that involves using a revolving fund to buy large quantities of essential textbooks at low cost. The procedure, which utilizes medical schools as intermediaries, has made it feasible to sell books directly to medical students. Establishment of the revolving fund was made possible by a loan of US$2 million from the Inter-American Development Bank. To facilitate the operation an independent nonprofit corporation, the Pan American Health and Education Foundation (PAHEF), was created to receive and administer the funds. The foundation works closely with PAHO. In the first six years since its establishment the PAHEF program has grown rapidly, involving a total of 146 medical schools in the PAHEF-sponsored distribution of 335,000 texts. The program has also been extended successfully to nursing schools, and plans are now underway to extend it still further to a wide variety of other health workers.", "PMID": 667405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11756", "title": "Venoms of coral snakes (Micrurus spp.): report on a multivalent antivenin for the Americas.", "content": "A multivalent coral snake antivenin was prepared in horses immunized with a mixture of venoms from the species Micrurus nigrocinctus, M. mipartitus, and M. frontalis, following immunization procedures previously reported (2). Plasma from the horses was fractionated with ammonium sulfate. The antivenin produced was then tested against venoms from ten species. The neutralization titers obtained indicate it would be useful in treating bites received from most of the important coral snake species in North and South America, namely: M. fulvius, M. alleni, M. carinicaudus dumerilii, M. corallinus, M. frontalis, M. lemniscatus, M. mipartitus, M. nigrocinctus, and M. spixii. The authors note that appropriate cooperation by scientists in various countries would make production of this antivenin an easy matter, and that the product could conveniently be distributed via PAHO or other international agencies. They also note that the antivenin showed no significant neutralizing effect against M. surinamensis venom. This situation would appear to justify preparing a monovalent antivenin against M. surinamensis, or else including M. surinamensis venom in an immunization formula for a multivalent antidote.", "contents": "Venoms of coral snakes (Micrurus spp.): report on a multivalent antivenin for the Americas. A multivalent coral snake antivenin was prepared in horses immunized with a mixture of venoms from the species Micrurus nigrocinctus, M. mipartitus, and M. frontalis, following immunization procedures previously reported (2). Plasma from the horses was fractionated with ammonium sulfate. The antivenin produced was then tested against venoms from ten species. The neutralization titers obtained indicate it would be useful in treating bites received from most of the important coral snake species in North and South America, namely: M. fulvius, M. alleni, M. carinicaudus dumerilii, M. corallinus, M. frontalis, M. lemniscatus, M. mipartitus, M. nigrocinctus, and M. spixii. The authors note that appropriate cooperation by scientists in various countries would make production of this antivenin an easy matter, and that the product could conveniently be distributed via PAHO or other international agencies. They also note that the antivenin showed no significant neutralizing effect against M. surinamensis venom. This situation would appear to justify preparing a monovalent antivenin against M. surinamensis, or else including M. surinamensis venom in an immunization formula for a multivalent antidote.", "PMID": 667406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11757", "title": "Sanitation norms in rural areas: a cross-cultural comparison.", "content": "Mortality rates have sharply decreased throughout the world in the twentieth century. While the communicable diseases that had been the principal killers of mankind have been largely brought under control, the enteric and other diseases, which are directly related to sanitation practices, have not been affected. Improvement in health status in the developing nations, especially in isolated rural areas, will hinge on changes in sanitation norms. Modification of these norms must be based on an awareness of what they are and of the values that are associated with them. Sanitation norms in rural areas of three countries--in the southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic--are reviewed on the basis of a study in which essentially the same survey instrument was used in the three samples. Sanitation norms relating to the source of water and storage for household use are compared, as are personal hygiene practices and patterns for the disposal of liquid wastes, garbage, and other solid wastes. Selected attitudinal values are also examined.", "contents": "Sanitation norms in rural areas: a cross-cultural comparison. Mortality rates have sharply decreased throughout the world in the twentieth century. While the communicable diseases that had been the principal killers of mankind have been largely brought under control, the enteric and other diseases, which are directly related to sanitation practices, have not been affected. Improvement in health status in the developing nations, especially in isolated rural areas, will hinge on changes in sanitation norms. Modification of these norms must be based on an awareness of what they are and of the values that are associated with them. Sanitation norms in rural areas of three countries--in the southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic--are reviewed on the basis of a study in which essentially the same survey instrument was used in the three samples. Sanitation norms relating to the source of water and storage for household use are compared, as are personal hygiene practices and patterns for the disposal of liquid wastes, garbage, and other solid wastes. Selected attitudinal values are also examined.", "PMID": 667407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11758", "title": "Salmonella infection in market swine, Trinidad and Tobago.", "content": "Salmonella organisms were isolated from samples of mesenteric lymph nodes taken from healthy market swine at an abattoir in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, on 36 different visits over a 12-month period. Of the 869 samples examined, 160, or 18,4%, were positive for Salmonella. A total of 19 serotypes were isolated of which S. agona was the most prevalent. The findings are compared with observations by other workers.", "contents": "Salmonella infection in market swine, Trinidad and Tobago. Salmonella organisms were isolated from samples of mesenteric lymph nodes taken from healthy market swine at an abattoir in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, on 36 different visits over a 12-month period. Of the 869 samples examined, 160, or 18,4%, were positive for Salmonella. A total of 19 serotypes were isolated of which S. agona was the most prevalent. The findings are compared with observations by other workers.", "PMID": 667408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11759", "title": "Intermediate objectives for the monitoring of family planning services.", "content": "Since progress during the early stages of a program cannot easily be measured in terms of the ultimate objectives, there is need to develop a set of intermediate indicators for purposes of necessary evaluation and monitoring. Family planning programs suggest a series of useful intermediate objectives that have a clear cause-and-effect relationship with regard to their ultimate goals. It is important that they be expressed as specific targets. They should provide for a numerical definition of the target population; a given time frame; a service design which takes into account patient load, personnel performance, and service capacities; and a record system that can readily retrieve information about service utilization and also identify each patient individually. At the same time, allowance should be made for periodic review and adjustments in light of modifications that are bound to occur in the composition of the target population as well as possible changes of a sociopolitical nature that might affect the program's scope.", "contents": "Intermediate objectives for the monitoring of family planning services. Since progress during the early stages of a program cannot easily be measured in terms of the ultimate objectives, there is need to develop a set of intermediate indicators for purposes of necessary evaluation and monitoring. Family planning programs suggest a series of useful intermediate objectives that have a clear cause-and-effect relationship with regard to their ultimate goals. It is important that they be expressed as specific targets. They should provide for a numerical definition of the target population; a given time frame; a service design which takes into account patient load, personnel performance, and service capacities; and a record system that can readily retrieve information about service utilization and also identify each patient individually. At the same time, allowance should be made for periodic review and adjustments in light of modifications that are bound to occur in the composition of the target population as well as possible changes of a sociopolitical nature that might affect the program's scope.", "PMID": 667409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11760", "title": "Ecology and health.", "content": "Health is commonly conceived as having fixed and universal aims, while conditions interposed by environmental and cultural conditions are often ignored or at least shunted to one side. Rejecting this point of view, the author asserts that health in any society should be defined in terms of ecological reality--that is, in terms of the cultural and environmental variables affecting the population. He also notes that acceptance of this concept does not imply perpetuation of a natural but static situation. Rather, it implies searching for ways to improve the situation without necessarily striving for international goals that may be unsuitable or impossible to achieve. The concept also implies that we should ask how to define a satisfactory health level for a given set of conditions--and then consider how to achieve that level. The search for answers to these questions and subsequent programs based on the results will require a multidisciplinary approach. Within this context two PAHO facilities, the Pan American Center for Human Ecology and Health (ECO) and the Pan American Center and Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS), can provide strong support for activities in the Americas. Specifically, ECO is in a good position to collaborate on ecological planning, model-building, and research evaluation, while CEPIS is geared to provide advice and assistance in the key field of environmental sanitation.", "contents": "Ecology and health. Health is commonly conceived as having fixed and universal aims, while conditions interposed by environmental and cultural conditions are often ignored or at least shunted to one side. Rejecting this point of view, the author asserts that health in any society should be defined in terms of ecological reality--that is, in terms of the cultural and environmental variables affecting the population. He also notes that acceptance of this concept does not imply perpetuation of a natural but static situation. Rather, it implies searching for ways to improve the situation without necessarily striving for international goals that may be unsuitable or impossible to achieve. The concept also implies that we should ask how to define a satisfactory health level for a given set of conditions--and then consider how to achieve that level. The search for answers to these questions and subsequent programs based on the results will require a multidisciplinary approach. Within this context two PAHO facilities, the Pan American Center for Human Ecology and Health (ECO) and the Pan American Center and Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS), can provide strong support for activities in the Americas. Specifically, ECO is in a good position to collaborate on ecological planning, model-building, and research evaluation, while CEPIS is geared to provide advice and assistance in the key field of environmental sanitation.", "PMID": 667410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11761", "title": "[In vitro somatostatin secretion from the median eminence and the neurohypophysis].", "content": "The mechanisms of somatostatin secretion from nerve endings were investigated using the rat median eminence and neurohypophysis in vitro. Determination of total immunoreactive somatostatin content yielded: 36 +/- 2,7 ng per median eminence and 0,74 +/- 0,09 ng per neural lobe. Upon increasing the external potassium concentration a significant rise in somatostatin release from both tissues was observed. (Neural lobe: from 0,86% to 7,4%, median eminence: from 0,09% to 0,47% of total content per 30 minutes). A significant increase in hormone output was also observed following electrical stimulation. The secretory response was abolished whenever external calcium was omitted or replaced by manganese. It is concluded that somatostatin secretion from median eminence and neural lobe in vitro shows two characteristics typical of a neurosecretory process: release upon membrane depolarization and dependence of this process on external calcium.", "contents": "[In vitro somatostatin secretion from the median eminence and the neurohypophysis]. The mechanisms of somatostatin secretion from nerve endings were investigated using the rat median eminence and neurohypophysis in vitro. Determination of total immunoreactive somatostatin content yielded: 36 +/- 2,7 ng per median eminence and 0,74 +/- 0,09 ng per neural lobe. Upon increasing the external potassium concentration a significant rise in somatostatin release from both tissues was observed. (Neural lobe: from 0,86% to 7,4%, median eminence: from 0,09% to 0,47% of total content per 30 minutes). A significant increase in hormone output was also observed following electrical stimulation. The secretory response was abolished whenever external calcium was omitted or replaced by manganese. It is concluded that somatostatin secretion from median eminence and neural lobe in vitro shows two characteristics typical of a neurosecretory process: release upon membrane depolarization and dependence of this process on external calcium.", "PMID": 667411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11762", "title": "[Biosynthesis of beta-endorphin].", "content": "We have demonstrated that beta-lipotropin is a precursor molecule and that during its maturation, it gives rise to beta-endorphin. This model is similar to proinsulin, proparathyroid hormone and proglucagon models. Since beta-endorphin is also found in the hypothalamus, one can foresee that its biosynthesis will be similar if not identical. It is then conceivable to believe that the other hypothalamic factors are issued from larger precursor molecules. When this will be shown, and well established, studies on their control mechanism will be much easier.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of beta-endorphin]. We have demonstrated that beta-lipotropin is a precursor molecule and that during its maturation, it gives rise to beta-endorphin. This model is similar to proinsulin, proparathyroid hormone and proglucagon models. Since beta-endorphin is also found in the hypothalamus, one can foresee that its biosynthesis will be similar if not identical. It is then conceivable to believe that the other hypothalamic factors are issued from larger precursor molecules. When this will be shown, and well established, studies on their control mechanism will be much easier.", "PMID": 667412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11763", "title": "The pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The identification and purification of the acetylcholine receptor molecule has permitted a major advance in understanding the pathogenesis of Myasthenia gravis. The author explains the central role of the receptor and its connections with the main features of the disease. He gives a description of the pathogenic mechanisms involved.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. The identification and purification of the acetylcholine receptor molecule has permitted a major advance in understanding the pathogenesis of Myasthenia gravis. The author explains the central role of the receptor and its connections with the main features of the disease. He gives a description of the pathogenic mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 667413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11764", "title": "Clinical assessment of skeletal muscle function.", "content": "A systematic clinical analysis of skeletal muscle function is presented. Tests range from assessment of muscle weakness with a new hand-held dynamometer (the \"Hammersmith Myometer\") to studies of the contractile properties of the quadriceps and adductor pollicis muscles described in terms of the force generated at different frequencies of stimulation of the motor nerve, the force-sustaining capability and the time course of relaxation following a brief tetanus. A new measure of the energy-exchanging capacity of muscle is given by the Myothermogram (MTG - so named by analogy with the Electromyogram - EMG). The technique measures metabolic heat production in muscles when maximally activated by voluntary effort or electrical stimulation and the heat changes during sustained contractions. The MTG offers a practical means for assessing in normal and diseased human muscle the metabolic capacity, economy of force maintenance and fatigue mechanisms. Needle biopsy provides safe, rapid and repeatable access to muscle for diagnosis, studies of chemical energy exchange and the correlation of function and metabolism with constituent muscle fibre types. This approach provides a possible basis for recognising the functional disorder and for evaluating the effects of physiotherapy and drug treatments in patients with neuromuscular disorders.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of skeletal muscle function. A systematic clinical analysis of skeletal muscle function is presented. Tests range from assessment of muscle weakness with a new hand-held dynamometer (the \"Hammersmith Myometer\") to studies of the contractile properties of the quadriceps and adductor pollicis muscles described in terms of the force generated at different frequencies of stimulation of the motor nerve, the force-sustaining capability and the time course of relaxation following a brief tetanus. A new measure of the energy-exchanging capacity of muscle is given by the Myothermogram (MTG - so named by analogy with the Electromyogram - EMG). The technique measures metabolic heat production in muscles when maximally activated by voluntary effort or electrical stimulation and the heat changes during sustained contractions. The MTG offers a practical means for assessing in normal and diseased human muscle the metabolic capacity, economy of force maintenance and fatigue mechanisms. Needle biopsy provides safe, rapid and repeatable access to muscle for diagnosis, studies of chemical energy exchange and the correlation of function and metabolism with constituent muscle fibre types. This approach provides a possible basis for recognising the functional disorder and for evaluating the effects of physiotherapy and drug treatments in patients with neuromuscular disorders.", "PMID": 667414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11765", "title": "Digoxin toxicity compared with myocardial digoxin and potassium concentration.", "content": "1 Twenty-nine dogs were given digoxin (0.25 mg) by mouth twice daily for eight days. Some of them (group 1) also received diuretics and others (group 2) a mineralocorticoid. The dogs were then given an intravenous bolus injection of digoxin and plasma and cardiac muscle were analysed for digoxin and potassium. 2 In the digitalized dogs, myocardial potassium concentration decreased following the intravenous injection of either 0.05 or 0.15 mg/kg digoxin; in contrast, in those dogs given diuretics or mineralocorticoid the potassium concentration increased. 3 Ventricular arrhythmias occurred after digoxin injection (0.05 mg/kg) in the hypokalemic dogs, in those given a mineralocortocoid and in those dogs which received a toxic digoxin dose (0.15 mg/kg). No arrhythmias where seen in the control (digitalized) group. 4 Myocardial digoxin concentrations were similar in the control digitalized group and in the mineralocorticoid-treated dogs after the intravenous administration of the lower digoxin dose (0.05 mg/kg). The myocardial digoxin concentration was significantly higher in the hypokalemic group and in the group receiving the higher digoxin dose (0.15 mg/kg). 5 There was no obvious relationship between the occurrence of arrhythmias and the myocardial concentration of digoxin or potassium.", "contents": "Digoxin toxicity compared with myocardial digoxin and potassium concentration. 1 Twenty-nine dogs were given digoxin (0.25 mg) by mouth twice daily for eight days. Some of them (group 1) also received diuretics and others (group 2) a mineralocorticoid. The dogs were then given an intravenous bolus injection of digoxin and plasma and cardiac muscle were analysed for digoxin and potassium. 2 In the digitalized dogs, myocardial potassium concentration decreased following the intravenous injection of either 0.05 or 0.15 mg/kg digoxin; in contrast, in those dogs given diuretics or mineralocorticoid the potassium concentration increased. 3 Ventricular arrhythmias occurred after digoxin injection (0.05 mg/kg) in the hypokalemic dogs, in those given a mineralocortocoid and in those dogs which received a toxic digoxin dose (0.15 mg/kg). No arrhythmias where seen in the control (digitalized) group. 4 Myocardial digoxin concentrations were similar in the control digitalized group and in the mineralocorticoid-treated dogs after the intravenous administration of the lower digoxin dose (0.05 mg/kg). The myocardial digoxin concentration was significantly higher in the hypokalemic group and in the group receiving the higher digoxin dose (0.15 mg/kg). 5 There was no obvious relationship between the occurrence of arrhythmias and the myocardial concentration of digoxin or potassium.", "PMID": 667416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11766", "title": "On the conductance pathway traversed by strontium in mediating the asynchronous release of acetylcholine by motor nerve impulses.", "content": "A study was made to determine whether the Sr2+ dependent asynchronous release of acetylcholine by nerve impulses is mediated by the conventional Ca2+ conductance channel or, as has been suggested recently, through an alternative ion pathway. Experiments were performed on the frog neuromuscular junction by the use of standard electrophysiological techniques. Repetitive nerve stimulation in Sr2+-Ringer solutions caused a marked increase in miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency which was dependent on Sr2+ concentration and inhibited in a competitive fashion by the known Ca2+ antagonists, Co2+ and Mg2+. The equilibrium dissociation constants (KdS) determined for both Co2+ (0.09 +/- 0.01 mM, mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 5) and Mg2+ (3.7 +/- 0.3 mM, mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 4) were essentially the same as the reported values for these antagonists in blocking Ca2+ -mediated transmitter release by nerve impulses. These results suggest that Sr2+ mediates asynchronous evoked transmitter release through the conventional calcium conductance channel.", "contents": "On the conductance pathway traversed by strontium in mediating the asynchronous release of acetylcholine by motor nerve impulses. A study was made to determine whether the Sr2+ dependent asynchronous release of acetylcholine by nerve impulses is mediated by the conventional Ca2+ conductance channel or, as has been suggested recently, through an alternative ion pathway. Experiments were performed on the frog neuromuscular junction by the use of standard electrophysiological techniques. Repetitive nerve stimulation in Sr2+-Ringer solutions caused a marked increase in miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency which was dependent on Sr2+ concentration and inhibited in a competitive fashion by the known Ca2+ antagonists, Co2+ and Mg2+. The equilibrium dissociation constants (KdS) determined for both Co2+ (0.09 +/- 0.01 mM, mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 5) and Mg2+ (3.7 +/- 0.3 mM, mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 4) were essentially the same as the reported values for these antagonists in blocking Ca2+ -mediated transmitter release by nerve impulses. These results suggest that Sr2+ mediates asynchronous evoked transmitter release through the conventional calcium conductance channel.", "PMID": 667415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11767", "title": "Effects of droperidol on activity of carotid body chemoreceptors in cat.", "content": "1 The effect of droperidol on the spontaneous activity of carotid body chemoreceptors and on their response to various stimuli was studied in 21 anaesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Carotid body blood flow was controlled with a perfusion pump, and drugs were injected into the perfusion circuit. 2 In low doses, droperidol transiently increased the rate of spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, but in higher doses it depressed chemoreceptor activity after an initial stimulation. 3 Droperidol reduced or abolished the normal increase in chemoreceptor activity produced by stagnant asphyxia. This effect did not depend solely on the ability of droperidol to suppress spontaneously occurring impulses. Chemoreceptor responses to sodium cyanide, and to dopamine were also inhibited. 4 Dopamine antagonists other than droperidol were also studied for their effect on chemocreceptor activity. Chlorpromazine depressed spontaneous chemoreceptor activity and also reduced the chemoreceptor responses to sodium cyanide and dopamine, as did pimozide. The effects of these dopamine antagonists were much briefer and less marked than those of droperiodol. 5 Although the influence that we have shown droperidol to have on peripheral chemoreceptor activity has an uncertain basis, it may have important implications in human and veterinary medicine.", "contents": "Effects of droperidol on activity of carotid body chemoreceptors in cat. 1 The effect of droperidol on the spontaneous activity of carotid body chemoreceptors and on their response to various stimuli was studied in 21 anaesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Carotid body blood flow was controlled with a perfusion pump, and drugs were injected into the perfusion circuit. 2 In low doses, droperidol transiently increased the rate of spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, but in higher doses it depressed chemoreceptor activity after an initial stimulation. 3 Droperidol reduced or abolished the normal increase in chemoreceptor activity produced by stagnant asphyxia. This effect did not depend solely on the ability of droperidol to suppress spontaneously occurring impulses. Chemoreceptor responses to sodium cyanide, and to dopamine were also inhibited. 4 Dopamine antagonists other than droperidol were also studied for their effect on chemocreceptor activity. Chlorpromazine depressed spontaneous chemoreceptor activity and also reduced the chemoreceptor responses to sodium cyanide and dopamine, as did pimozide. The effects of these dopamine antagonists were much briefer and less marked than those of droperiodol. 5 Although the influence that we have shown droperidol to have on peripheral chemoreceptor activity has an uncertain basis, it may have important implications in human and veterinary medicine.", "PMID": 667417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11768", "title": "Models for investigating the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm: comparative responses of the human basilar artery with rat colon, anococcygeus, stomach fundus, and aorta and guinea-pig ileum and colon.", "content": "1 The pharmacological similarity between human basilar artery and a number of isolated tissues (rat colon, anococcygeus, stomach fundus and aorta and guinea-pig ileum and colon) has been assessed during investigations of the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm. 2 The responses of each of the six tissues to human normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to human serum were compared with those of the human isolated basilar artery. 3 These studies revealed the presence of a vasodilator factor in CSF from subarachnoid haemorrhage patients and several tissues may be of use for further work in identifying the vasoactive substances in CSF. 4 No tissue displayed exactly the same spectrum of biological reactivity as the human basilar artery. The rat stomach fundus showed the closest similarity and was further studied for similarities in drug-induced responses. 5 The rat stomach fundus, like the human basilar artery, was contracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine and relaxed by dopamine. However, noradrenaline relaxed the fundus but contracted the basilar artery.", "contents": "Models for investigating the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm: comparative responses of the human basilar artery with rat colon, anococcygeus, stomach fundus, and aorta and guinea-pig ileum and colon. 1 The pharmacological similarity between human basilar artery and a number of isolated tissues (rat colon, anococcygeus, stomach fundus and aorta and guinea-pig ileum and colon) has been assessed during investigations of the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm. 2 The responses of each of the six tissues to human normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to human serum were compared with those of the human isolated basilar artery. 3 These studies revealed the presence of a vasodilator factor in CSF from subarachnoid haemorrhage patients and several tissues may be of use for further work in identifying the vasoactive substances in CSF. 4 No tissue displayed exactly the same spectrum of biological reactivity as the human basilar artery. The rat stomach fundus showed the closest similarity and was further studied for similarities in drug-induced responses. 5 The rat stomach fundus, like the human basilar artery, was contracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine and relaxed by dopamine. However, noradrenaline relaxed the fundus but contracted the basilar artery.", "PMID": 667418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11769", "title": "Antagonism of the effects on thermoregulation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol by clomipramine in the rat.", "content": "1 The effect of pretreatment with clomipramine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on the (--)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC)-induced changes in body temperature and brain amines of the rat was investigated. 2 A dose of 0.05 mg/kg of delta9-THC produced hyperthermia and a decrease in whole brain concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Doses of 2 and 5 mg/kg produced hypothermia and increases in brain 5-HIAA whereas 0.5 mg/kg did not affect either parameter. delta9-THC, at any of the doses, did not affect the whole brain concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3 Clomipramine modified these responses of delta9-THC in that the dose-response curves appeared to be shifted to the right. 4 It is concluded that clomipramine acts as an antagonist to these actions of delta9-THC by interfering with entry of delta9-THC into tryptaminergic neurones.", "contents": "Antagonism of the effects on thermoregulation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol by clomipramine in the rat. 1 The effect of pretreatment with clomipramine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on the (--)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC)-induced changes in body temperature and brain amines of the rat was investigated. 2 A dose of 0.05 mg/kg of delta9-THC produced hyperthermia and a decrease in whole brain concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Doses of 2 and 5 mg/kg produced hypothermia and increases in brain 5-HIAA whereas 0.5 mg/kg did not affect either parameter. delta9-THC, at any of the doses, did not affect the whole brain concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3 Clomipramine modified these responses of delta9-THC in that the dose-response curves appeared to be shifted to the right. 4 It is concluded that clomipramine acts as an antagonist to these actions of delta9-THC by interfering with entry of delta9-THC into tryptaminergic neurones.", "PMID": 667419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11770", "title": "The effects of methotrexate and melphalan in sheep.", "content": "1 Sheep were injected with either methotrexate or melphalan in an attempt to lower the numbers of neutrophil granulocytes in peripheral blood. 2 Methotrexate, 5.0 mg/kg intravenously, on three consecutive days, produced no noticeable clinical or haematological changes. 3 A single dose of melphalan, 1.0 mg/kg intravenously, depleted lymphocytes and granulocytes, but the numbers of the latter then rose to values exceeding the levels before melphalan treatment. Doubling the dose of melphalan proved fatal. 4 The failure of methotrexate to produce changes can be explained in terms of ruminant metabolism.", "contents": "The effects of methotrexate and melphalan in sheep. 1 Sheep were injected with either methotrexate or melphalan in an attempt to lower the numbers of neutrophil granulocytes in peripheral blood. 2 Methotrexate, 5.0 mg/kg intravenously, on three consecutive days, produced no noticeable clinical or haematological changes. 3 A single dose of melphalan, 1.0 mg/kg intravenously, depleted lymphocytes and granulocytes, but the numbers of the latter then rose to values exceeding the levels before melphalan treatment. Doubling the dose of melphalan proved fatal. 4 The failure of methotrexate to produce changes can be explained in terms of ruminant metabolism.", "PMID": 667420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11771", "title": "Acetylcholine and somatically evoked inhibition on perigeniculate neurones in the cat.", "content": "1 Perigeniculate neurones in cats were found to be inhibited by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) and some of them by somatic sensory stimulation under certain experimental conditions. 2 Under chloralose anaesthesia, perigeniculate neurones could be divided into two groups with regard to their spontaneous activity, sensitivity to glutamate and reaction to sensory inputs. Somatic sensory stimulation clearly inhibited the glutamate discharges of those perigeniculate neurones which were characterized by a high sensitivity to glutamate and the absence of spontaneous activity. ACh had no clear inhibitory effect. 3 Under fluothane and urethane anaesthesia, no somatic sensory influence was noticed but ACh depressed almost all perigeniculate neurones. 4 In an unanaesthetized midpontine pretrigeminal preparation, the inhibitory effect of ACh was confirmed. 5 No conditions were found which the inhibitory influences of ACh and those of somatic sensory stimulation could be observed simultaneously on the same neurone. Therefore, it could not be established whether ACh mediates the somatic sensory influences on perigeniculate cells.", "contents": "Acetylcholine and somatically evoked inhibition on perigeniculate neurones in the cat. 1 Perigeniculate neurones in cats were found to be inhibited by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) and some of them by somatic sensory stimulation under certain experimental conditions. 2 Under chloralose anaesthesia, perigeniculate neurones could be divided into two groups with regard to their spontaneous activity, sensitivity to glutamate and reaction to sensory inputs. Somatic sensory stimulation clearly inhibited the glutamate discharges of those perigeniculate neurones which were characterized by a high sensitivity to glutamate and the absence of spontaneous activity. ACh had no clear inhibitory effect. 3 Under fluothane and urethane anaesthesia, no somatic sensory influence was noticed but ACh depressed almost all perigeniculate neurones. 4 In an unanaesthetized midpontine pretrigeminal preparation, the inhibitory effect of ACh was confirmed. 5 No conditions were found which the inhibitory influences of ACh and those of somatic sensory stimulation could be observed simultaneously on the same neurone. Therefore, it could not be established whether ACh mediates the somatic sensory influences on perigeniculate cells.", "PMID": 667421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11772", "title": "Anatagonism of the inhibitory effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate on the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum: structure-activity relationships within a series of isatogen derivatives.", "content": "1 A series of eight isatogen derivatives was studied on isolated tissues taken from guinea-pigs. The ability of the compounds to relax the taenia, to inhibit adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated respiration in mitochondria and to antagonize the inhibitory effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on smooth muscle was measured. 2 All the derivatives inhibited ADP-stimulated respiration in mitochondria and relaxed the smooth muscle. These two effects were found to be significantly correlated. 3 Only half the compounds blocked the inhibitory effects of ATP, and all of these had a chemically reactive group (nitro, methoxy or pyridyl) in the 2'2-position. 2-2'-Pyridylisatogen was the most effective blocking agent. 4 The blockade of the inhibitory effects of ATP is not related to the other actions of the derivatives.", "contents": "Anatagonism of the inhibitory effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate on the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum: structure-activity relationships within a series of isatogen derivatives. 1 A series of eight isatogen derivatives was studied on isolated tissues taken from guinea-pigs. The ability of the compounds to relax the taenia, to inhibit adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated respiration in mitochondria and to antagonize the inhibitory effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on smooth muscle was measured. 2 All the derivatives inhibited ADP-stimulated respiration in mitochondria and relaxed the smooth muscle. These two effects were found to be significantly correlated. 3 Only half the compounds blocked the inhibitory effects of ATP, and all of these had a chemically reactive group (nitro, methoxy or pyridyl) in the 2'2-position. 2-2'-Pyridylisatogen was the most effective blocking agent. 4 The blockade of the inhibitory effects of ATP is not related to the other actions of the derivatives.", "PMID": 667422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11773", "title": "The effect of amitriptyline on presynaptic mechanisms in noradrenergic nerves.", "content": "1 Electrically evoked and resting overflow of tritium was measured from mouse vas deferens previously incubated with [3H]-(--)-noradrenaline. 2 At low concentrations (1.6 X 10(-7) to 4 X 10(-6)M) amitriptyline increased only the evoked tritium overfow while higher concentrations increased both evoked and resting overflow. 3 In the presence of atropine (1 X 10(-6 M) amitriptyline still produced an increase in evoked tritium overflow. 4 In the presence of a concentration of cocaine (1.1 X 10(-5) M) which produced a maximal blockade of the uptake of exogenous noradrenaline the application of amitriptyline still produced an increase in evoked tritium overflow. 5 In the presence of a concentration of phentolamine (1 X 10(-5) M) that produced complete blockade of the presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors, amitriptyline still produced an increase in evoked tritium overflow. 6 In the presence of cocaine and phentolamine together the effect of amitriptyline on evoked overflow was abolished. 7 It is concluded that amitriptyline may raise synaptic levels of noradrenaline by blocking presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors controlling noradrenaline release and by blocking its uptake into sympathetic neurones.", "contents": "The effect of amitriptyline on presynaptic mechanisms in noradrenergic nerves. 1 Electrically evoked and resting overflow of tritium was measured from mouse vas deferens previously incubated with [3H]-(--)-noradrenaline. 2 At low concentrations (1.6 X 10(-7) to 4 X 10(-6)M) amitriptyline increased only the evoked tritium overfow while higher concentrations increased both evoked and resting overflow. 3 In the presence of atropine (1 X 10(-6 M) amitriptyline still produced an increase in evoked tritium overflow. 4 In the presence of a concentration of cocaine (1.1 X 10(-5) M) which produced a maximal blockade of the uptake of exogenous noradrenaline the application of amitriptyline still produced an increase in evoked tritium overflow. 5 In the presence of a concentration of phentolamine (1 X 10(-5) M) that produced complete blockade of the presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors, amitriptyline still produced an increase in evoked tritium overflow. 6 In the presence of cocaine and phentolamine together the effect of amitriptyline on evoked overflow was abolished. 7 It is concluded that amitriptyline may raise synaptic levels of noradrenaline by blocking presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors controlling noradrenaline release and by blocking its uptake into sympathetic neurones.", "PMID": 667423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11774", "title": "Potentiation by substance P of contractions of the isolated vas deferens of the mouse elicited by electric field stimulation and by drugs.", "content": "1 Isolated vasa deferentia from the mouse were opened longitudinally and suspended in Krebs solution at 37 degrees C in an organ bath. Contractions of the muscle were elicited by electric field stimulation, noradrenaline (10(-6) M) and acetylcholine (10(-6) M). Continued transmural stimulation evoked a biphasic response comprising a rapid twitch followed about 10 s later by a smaller, sustained rise in muscle tone.2 The amplitudes of nerve-mediated and drug-induced responses were considerably potentiated by substance P (SP) in the dose range 10(-12) to 10(-7) M. Higher concentrations of SP were directly spasmogenic. The sensitizing property of SP was dose-dependent and was usually well maintained, but always disappeared quickly on washing the preparation. In some experiments SP facilitated the twitch, but not the subsequent phase of the electrically-induced contraction or the response to externally applied noradrenaline.3 Phentolamine (10(-6) M) failed to block this effect of SP, but itself potentiated the nerve-mediated twitch, and completely abolished the sustained secondary contraction.4 Desmethylimipramine (10(-6) M) enhanced the delayed contraction but not the immediate contraction.5 The uptake of tritiated noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) M) by vasa was inhibited by desmethylimipramine (10(-6) M) and increased by nialamide (3 x 10(-5) M), but was not modified by SP (10(-6) M).6 Nerve-mediated release of accumulated radioactivity was accelerated by phentolamine, but not by SP or desmethylimipramine.7 These findings suggest that SP sensitizes the muscle cells to depolarizing stimuli but that it has no facilitatory effect on sympathetic neural elements.", "contents": "Potentiation by substance P of contractions of the isolated vas deferens of the mouse elicited by electric field stimulation and by drugs. 1 Isolated vasa deferentia from the mouse were opened longitudinally and suspended in Krebs solution at 37 degrees C in an organ bath. Contractions of the muscle were elicited by electric field stimulation, noradrenaline (10(-6) M) and acetylcholine (10(-6) M). Continued transmural stimulation evoked a biphasic response comprising a rapid twitch followed about 10 s later by a smaller, sustained rise in muscle tone.2 The amplitudes of nerve-mediated and drug-induced responses were considerably potentiated by substance P (SP) in the dose range 10(-12) to 10(-7) M. Higher concentrations of SP were directly spasmogenic. The sensitizing property of SP was dose-dependent and was usually well maintained, but always disappeared quickly on washing the preparation. In some experiments SP facilitated the twitch, but not the subsequent phase of the electrically-induced contraction or the response to externally applied noradrenaline.3 Phentolamine (10(-6) M) failed to block this effect of SP, but itself potentiated the nerve-mediated twitch, and completely abolished the sustained secondary contraction.4 Desmethylimipramine (10(-6) M) enhanced the delayed contraction but not the immediate contraction.5 The uptake of tritiated noradrenaline (3 x 10(-7) M) by vasa was inhibited by desmethylimipramine (10(-6) M) and increased by nialamide (3 x 10(-5) M), but was not modified by SP (10(-6) M).6 Nerve-mediated release of accumulated radioactivity was accelerated by phentolamine, but not by SP or desmethylimipramine.7 These findings suggest that SP sensitizes the muscle cells to depolarizing stimuli but that it has no facilitatory effect on sympathetic neural elements.", "PMID": 667424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11775", "title": "Acute myocardial ischaemia in anaesthetized cats: effects of papaverine.", "content": "1 The effects of papaverine on coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial oxygen tension and the ischaemic ECG pattern were studied in anaesthetized open-chest cats representing three models of acute coronary insufficiency: ligation, spasm, and perfusion of the coronary artery at a stabilized insufficient level. 2 Despite the increase in myocardial oxygen consumption reflecting elevation of oxygen demand, papaverine improved the signs of myocardial ischaemia (the myocardial oxygen tension and ECG pattern), as long as there was a possibility of an increase in blood supply to the affected zone. Where this was exluded, the symptoms were actually aggravated. 3 The results suggest that there is no basis for dividing coronary dilators into 'benign' and 'malignant' according to their ability to increase myocardial oxygen requirements. A coronary dilator enhancing oxygen demand may prove beneficial even following complete coronary artery occlusion.", "contents": "Acute myocardial ischaemia in anaesthetized cats: effects of papaverine. 1 The effects of papaverine on coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial oxygen tension and the ischaemic ECG pattern were studied in anaesthetized open-chest cats representing three models of acute coronary insufficiency: ligation, spasm, and perfusion of the coronary artery at a stabilized insufficient level. 2 Despite the increase in myocardial oxygen consumption reflecting elevation of oxygen demand, papaverine improved the signs of myocardial ischaemia (the myocardial oxygen tension and ECG pattern), as long as there was a possibility of an increase in blood supply to the affected zone. Where this was exluded, the symptoms were actually aggravated. 3 The results suggest that there is no basis for dividing coronary dilators into 'benign' and 'malignant' according to their ability to increase myocardial oxygen requirements. A coronary dilator enhancing oxygen demand may prove beneficial even following complete coronary artery occlusion.", "PMID": 667425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11776", "title": "Effects of monocrotaline pretreatment of rats on removal of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline by perfused lung.", "content": "1 The alkaloid, monocrotaline, causes significant pulmonary damage in many species, including the rat. We, therefore, determined whether the inactivation of biogenic amines by perfused lungs of rats was modified by prior treatment of the animals with monocrotaline.2 Young rats (45 to 50 g) treated for 21 days with monocrotaline (22 mug/ml) in their drinking water developed right ventricular hypertrophy. Treated animals gained weight more slowly and consumed less food and water than control rats that drank tap water. Lungs from monocrotaline-treated animals were heavier and had a higher protein content than control lungs.3 Isolated lungs from treated animals removed and metabolized 50% less perfused 5-hydroxytryptamine than did controls.4 The diminished 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism was probably due to impaired delivery of substrate to intrapulmonary monoamine oxidase (MAO) since MAO activity in 600 g supernatant fractions of homogenates of lungs from monocrotaline-treated rats was not different from control values.5 Pulmonary removal of perfused noradrenaline was decreased about 60% by the 21-day treatment, suggesting that the effects of monocrotaline were somewhat nonspecific.6 These effects were not caused by monocrotaline directly, since perfusion of lungs from untreated animals with this drug did not alter removal of co-perfused 5-hydroxytryptamine.7 Reduced pulmonary removal of circulating biogenic amines following pretreatment with monocrotaline may reflect damage to capillary endothelium, which could also affect other metabolic functions of lung.", "contents": "Effects of monocrotaline pretreatment of rats on removal of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline by perfused lung. 1 The alkaloid, monocrotaline, causes significant pulmonary damage in many species, including the rat. We, therefore, determined whether the inactivation of biogenic amines by perfused lungs of rats was modified by prior treatment of the animals with monocrotaline.2 Young rats (45 to 50 g) treated for 21 days with monocrotaline (22 mug/ml) in their drinking water developed right ventricular hypertrophy. Treated animals gained weight more slowly and consumed less food and water than control rats that drank tap water. Lungs from monocrotaline-treated animals were heavier and had a higher protein content than control lungs.3 Isolated lungs from treated animals removed and metabolized 50% less perfused 5-hydroxytryptamine than did controls.4 The diminished 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism was probably due to impaired delivery of substrate to intrapulmonary monoamine oxidase (MAO) since MAO activity in 600 g supernatant fractions of homogenates of lungs from monocrotaline-treated rats was not different from control values.5 Pulmonary removal of perfused noradrenaline was decreased about 60% by the 21-day treatment, suggesting that the effects of monocrotaline were somewhat nonspecific.6 These effects were not caused by monocrotaline directly, since perfusion of lungs from untreated animals with this drug did not alter removal of co-perfused 5-hydroxytryptamine.7 Reduced pulmonary removal of circulating biogenic amines following pretreatment with monocrotaline may reflect damage to capillary endothelium, which could also affect other metabolic functions of lung.", "PMID": 667487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11777", "title": "Catecholamine uptake by isolated coronary arteries and atria of the kitten.", "content": "Kitten coronary arteries and atria incubated with [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline or [3H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline showed concentration- and temperature-dependent accumulation of amines (unchanged and/or as metabolites). In addition, coronary arteries incubated with [3H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline showed temperature-insensitive amine accumulation due to binding to connective tissue fibres. 2 With low concentrations of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline (20 ng/ml) accumulation of radioactivity in both tissues was neuronal since it was reduced by desipramine, metaraminol or cocaine but not by the extraneuronal inhibitor, cortisol. 3 In coronary arteries incubated with [3H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline (5 microgram/ml) for 1 or 10 min, uptake was extraneuronal since it was inhibited by cortisol, 17beta-oestradiol or phenoxybenzamine. 4 Atria incubated with (+/-)-isoprenaline (5 to 1000 microgram/ml) showed non-neuronal, biphasic accumulation of amine. There was a high capacity, low affinity initial uptake process (apparent Km 136 micron) which was resistant to steroidal extraneuronal uptake inhibitors but which could be abolished by phenoxybenzamine. A slower uptake occurred after 2 min which was sensitive to steroidal and other extraneuronal uptake inhibitors. 5 Inhibition of uptake processes did not alter sensitivity of coronary arteries to dilator effects of catecholamines. However, experiments with extraneuronal uptake inhibitors were limited by the relaxant effects of cortisol and 17beta-oestradiol themselves. 6 In atria inhibition of neuronal uptake by desipramine or cocaine led to supersensitivity to (-)-noradrenaline but not to (-)-adrenaline or (+/-)-isoprenaline. Chronotropic responses to (-)-noradrenaline were increased five fold and inotropic responses three fold.", "contents": "Catecholamine uptake by isolated coronary arteries and atria of the kitten. Kitten coronary arteries and atria incubated with [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline or [3H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline showed concentration- and temperature-dependent accumulation of amines (unchanged and/or as metabolites). In addition, coronary arteries incubated with [3H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline showed temperature-insensitive amine accumulation due to binding to connective tissue fibres. 2 With low concentrations of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline (20 ng/ml) accumulation of radioactivity in both tissues was neuronal since it was reduced by desipramine, metaraminol or cocaine but not by the extraneuronal inhibitor, cortisol. 3 In coronary arteries incubated with [3H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline (5 microgram/ml) for 1 or 10 min, uptake was extraneuronal since it was inhibited by cortisol, 17beta-oestradiol or phenoxybenzamine. 4 Atria incubated with (+/-)-isoprenaline (5 to 1000 microgram/ml) showed non-neuronal, biphasic accumulation of amine. There was a high capacity, low affinity initial uptake process (apparent Km 136 micron) which was resistant to steroidal extraneuronal uptake inhibitors but which could be abolished by phenoxybenzamine. A slower uptake occurred after 2 min which was sensitive to steroidal and other extraneuronal uptake inhibitors. 5 Inhibition of uptake processes did not alter sensitivity of coronary arteries to dilator effects of catecholamines. However, experiments with extraneuronal uptake inhibitors were limited by the relaxant effects of cortisol and 17beta-oestradiol themselves. 6 In atria inhibition of neuronal uptake by desipramine or cocaine led to supersensitivity to (-)-noradrenaline but not to (-)-adrenaline or (+/-)-isoprenaline. Chronotropic responses to (-)-noradrenaline were increased five fold and inotropic responses three fold.", "PMID": 667488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11778", "title": "The development of tachyphylaxis to electrical stimulation in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscles and the possible participation of adenosine and adenine nucleotides.", "content": "1 Electrically (30 Hz) induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileal longitudinal muscles were reduced by tetrodotoxin (1 micron), adenosine (30 micron) and morphine (10 micron). 2 When stimulated with 10 or 30 Hz for 10 s at 1 min intervals, a progressive decline of amplitude of the contraction was seen (development of tachyphylaxis). At this time, the contractile response to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP) (10 micron) was also greatly reduced. 3 The smaller responses to electrical stimulation and DMPP during tachyphylaxis were restored to their initial amplitude by the addition of theophylline (10 micron). The appearance of tachyphylaxis was prevented by pretreatment with theophylline (1 to 10 micron) and was greatly accelerated by pretreatment with dipyridamole (0.1 1 micron). 4 In [14C]-choline or [3H]-adenosine preloaded muscle strips, electrical stimulation (30 Hz) increased the 14C- or 3H-output, the effect being sensitive to tetrodotoxin blockade. The tachyphylaxis to electrical stimulation was accompanied by a considerable and sustained increase in 3H-output, an effect that was accelerated by dipyridamole (1 micron). The 14C-output initially increased but fell off gradually with the development of tachyphylaxis at which time theophylline (30 micron) reversed the fall. 5 There was a marked increase in the proportion of released [3H]-adenosine to its derivatives during the development of tachyphylaxis. Approximately 60% of the released total radioactivity after tachyphylaxis was found to be [3H]-adenosine. 6 These results suggest that the development of tachyphylaxis may be closely associated with the release of endogenous adenosine derivatives (mostly adenosine) which have presynaptic inhibitory actions on the cholinergic elements in guinea-pig ileum.", "contents": "The development of tachyphylaxis to electrical stimulation in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscles and the possible participation of adenosine and adenine nucleotides. 1 Electrically (30 Hz) induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileal longitudinal muscles were reduced by tetrodotoxin (1 micron), adenosine (30 micron) and morphine (10 micron). 2 When stimulated with 10 or 30 Hz for 10 s at 1 min intervals, a progressive decline of amplitude of the contraction was seen (development of tachyphylaxis). At this time, the contractile response to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP) (10 micron) was also greatly reduced. 3 The smaller responses to electrical stimulation and DMPP during tachyphylaxis were restored to their initial amplitude by the addition of theophylline (10 micron). The appearance of tachyphylaxis was prevented by pretreatment with theophylline (1 to 10 micron) and was greatly accelerated by pretreatment with dipyridamole (0.1 1 micron). 4 In [14C]-choline or [3H]-adenosine preloaded muscle strips, electrical stimulation (30 Hz) increased the 14C- or 3H-output, the effect being sensitive to tetrodotoxin blockade. The tachyphylaxis to electrical stimulation was accompanied by a considerable and sustained increase in 3H-output, an effect that was accelerated by dipyridamole (1 micron). The 14C-output initially increased but fell off gradually with the development of tachyphylaxis at which time theophylline (30 micron) reversed the fall. 5 There was a marked increase in the proportion of released [3H]-adenosine to its derivatives during the development of tachyphylaxis. Approximately 60% of the released total radioactivity after tachyphylaxis was found to be [3H]-adenosine. 6 These results suggest that the development of tachyphylaxis may be closely associated with the release of endogenous adenosine derivatives (mostly adenosine) which have presynaptic inhibitory actions on the cholinergic elements in guinea-pig ileum.", "PMID": 667489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11779", "title": "Effects of drugs on the accumulation and spontaneous release of noradrenaline in the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "1 The ability of drugs to inhibit noradrenaline accumulation and to release noradrenaline was studied in the isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat. 2 Noradrenaline, tyramine, 2-amino,6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN), 2-amino,6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (dimethyl ADTN), and 5-hydroxytryptamine were all potent inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation and potent releasers of noradrenaline. ADTN was accumulated by the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle. 3 Amphetamine and desipramine were potent inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation but poor releasers of noradrenaline. 4 Methoxamine, oxymetazoline, acetylcholine, and angiotensin were poor inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation and did not release noradrenaline. 5 The mechanism of action of these drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of drugs on the accumulation and spontaneous release of noradrenaline in the rat anococcygeus muscle. 1 The ability of drugs to inhibit noradrenaline accumulation and to release noradrenaline was studied in the isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat. 2 Noradrenaline, tyramine, 2-amino,6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN), 2-amino,6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (dimethyl ADTN), and 5-hydroxytryptamine were all potent inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation and potent releasers of noradrenaline. ADTN was accumulated by the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle. 3 Amphetamine and desipramine were potent inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation but poor releasers of noradrenaline. 4 Methoxamine, oxymetazoline, acetylcholine, and angiotensin were poor inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation and did not release noradrenaline. 5 The mechanism of action of these drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 667490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11780", "title": "Effect of labetalol on the uptake of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline into the isolated vas deferens of the rat.", "content": "1 The effects of the combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, labetalol, on the uptake of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline into the isolated vas deferens of the rat have been determined and compared with those of some other alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and cocaine. 2 Labetalol, like cocaine, produced a simple competitive inhibition of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline uptake and was about 4 times less potent than cocaine. It is concluded that labetalol is a potent inhibitor of uptake1. Phentolamine and thymoxamine also inhibited [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline uptake, and were respectively 8 and 14 times less potent than cocaine. Tolazoline, piperoxan and yohimbine were inactive in concentrations up to 30 microgram/ml. 3 The uptake1 blocking action of labetalol could explain, at least in part, the previously reported difference in its ability to block noradrenaline and phenylephrine vasopressor responses in the anaesthetized dog. 4 The possibility that uptake1 inhibitory concentrations of labetalol could be present in the blood of subjects receiving normal antihypertensive doses of the drug is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of labetalol on the uptake of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline into the isolated vas deferens of the rat. 1 The effects of the combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, labetalol, on the uptake of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline into the isolated vas deferens of the rat have been determined and compared with those of some other alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and cocaine. 2 Labetalol, like cocaine, produced a simple competitive inhibition of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline uptake and was about 4 times less potent than cocaine. It is concluded that labetalol is a potent inhibitor of uptake1. Phentolamine and thymoxamine also inhibited [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline uptake, and were respectively 8 and 14 times less potent than cocaine. Tolazoline, piperoxan and yohimbine were inactive in concentrations up to 30 microgram/ml. 3 The uptake1 blocking action of labetalol could explain, at least in part, the previously reported difference in its ability to block noradrenaline and phenylephrine vasopressor responses in the anaesthetized dog. 4 The possibility that uptake1 inhibitory concentrations of labetalol could be present in the blood of subjects receiving normal antihypertensive doses of the drug is discussed.", "PMID": 667491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11781", "title": "Hypotension produced by intravenous apomorphine in the anaesthetized dog is not centrally mediated.", "content": "1 Intravenous administration of apomorphine (1.25 to 20 microgram/kg) in the anaesthetized dog produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure which was antagonized by haloperidol but not influenced by propranolol or atropine. 2 Intracarotid administration of apomorphine produced a systemic hypotension which was significantly smaller than that seen with intravenous injection. 3 Doses of apomorphine that caused a decrease in blood pressure on intravenous injection, had no effect on blood pressure or caused retching accompanied by an increase in blood pressure on intravertebral or intracisternal administration. The animals showed a marked hypotension on intravertebral or intracisternal injection of clonidine. 4 From these results it is concluded that the hypotension seen with intravenous apomorphine cannot be explained by a central site of action.", "contents": "Hypotension produced by intravenous apomorphine in the anaesthetized dog is not centrally mediated. 1 Intravenous administration of apomorphine (1.25 to 20 microgram/kg) in the anaesthetized dog produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure which was antagonized by haloperidol but not influenced by propranolol or atropine. 2 Intracarotid administration of apomorphine produced a systemic hypotension which was significantly smaller than that seen with intravenous injection. 3 Doses of apomorphine that caused a decrease in blood pressure on intravenous injection, had no effect on blood pressure or caused retching accompanied by an increase in blood pressure on intravertebral or intracisternal administration. The animals showed a marked hypotension on intravertebral or intracisternal injection of clonidine. 4 From these results it is concluded that the hypotension seen with intravenous apomorphine cannot be explained by a central site of action.", "PMID": 667492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11782", "title": "Presynaptic actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and some antagonists in a slice preparation of cuneate nucleus.", "content": "1 A slice preparation of the rat cuneate nucleus is described which is suitable for electrophysiological studies on the presynaptic action of drugs. 2. Superfusion of a slice with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarized the afferent nerves in a concentration-related manner. The responses were Cl-dependent. Depolarizations to high concentrations of GABA often faded. Glycine and L-glutamate had little effect. 3 (+)-Bicuculline antagonized GABA in an apparently competitive manner (pA2 = 5.35) at low response levels. Strychnine was 10 times less potent. Responses to high concentrations of GABA were sometimes potentiated by (+)-bicuculline and strychnine. 4 Bemegride and leptazol both antagonized GABA, but with low potency and in a manner which was clearly not competitive.", "contents": "Presynaptic actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and some antagonists in a slice preparation of cuneate nucleus. 1 A slice preparation of the rat cuneate nucleus is described which is suitable for electrophysiological studies on the presynaptic action of drugs. 2. Superfusion of a slice with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarized the afferent nerves in a concentration-related manner. The responses were Cl-dependent. Depolarizations to high concentrations of GABA often faded. Glycine and L-glutamate had little effect. 3 (+)-Bicuculline antagonized GABA in an apparently competitive manner (pA2 = 5.35) at low response levels. Strychnine was 10 times less potent. Responses to high concentrations of GABA were sometimes potentiated by (+)-bicuculline and strychnine. 4 Bemegride and leptazol both antagonized GABA, but with low potency and in a manner which was clearly not competitive.", "PMID": 667493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11783", "title": "Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on nerve terminal excitability in a slice preparation of cuneate nucleus.", "content": "1 Superfusion of a slice preparation of the rat cuneate nucleus with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarized the afferent nerve fibres and increased their excitability. However, before the depolarization had reached its peak the increased excitability reversed to a decreased excitability, an effect which outlasted the depolarization. 2 Both components of the GABA excitability response were dose-related Cl--dependent and antagonized by bicuculline. 3 Possible mechanisms underlying the sequence of excitability changes are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on nerve terminal excitability in a slice preparation of cuneate nucleus. 1 Superfusion of a slice preparation of the rat cuneate nucleus with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarized the afferent nerve fibres and increased their excitability. However, before the depolarization had reached its peak the increased excitability reversed to a decreased excitability, an effect which outlasted the depolarization. 2 Both components of the GABA excitability response were dose-related Cl--dependent and antagonized by bicuculline. 3 Possible mechanisms underlying the sequence of excitability changes are discussed.", "PMID": 667494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11784", "title": "Plasma clearance of neostigmine and pyridostigmine in the dog.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics of neostigmine and pyridostigmine was studied in conscious dogs by the use of a cross-over design. 2 Both neostigmine and pyridostigmine were cleared from plasma in a biexponential manner. 3 The apparent volume of distribution of pyridostigmine was invariably greater than that of neostigmine, and its fast disposition half-life was approximately three times longer. 4 The whole body clearance and the urinary elimination of pyridostigmine was approximately twice that of neostigmine. 5 The slow disposition half-life of pyridostigmine was approximately three times longer than that of neostigmine, suggesting that the longer duration of action of pyridostigmine is related to the differential clearance of the two quarternary amines from plasma.", "contents": "Plasma clearance of neostigmine and pyridostigmine in the dog. 1 The pharmacokinetics of neostigmine and pyridostigmine was studied in conscious dogs by the use of a cross-over design. 2 Both neostigmine and pyridostigmine were cleared from plasma in a biexponential manner. 3 The apparent volume of distribution of pyridostigmine was invariably greater than that of neostigmine, and its fast disposition half-life was approximately three times longer. 4 The whole body clearance and the urinary elimination of pyridostigmine was approximately twice that of neostigmine. 5 The slow disposition half-life of pyridostigmine was approximately three times longer than that of neostigmine, suggesting that the longer duration of action of pyridostigmine is related to the differential clearance of the two quarternary amines from plasma.", "PMID": 667495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11785", "title": "Mechanical responses of the isolated cervix and uterine horn of pregnant rats near term to drugs.", "content": "1 The responses of circularly cut strips of cervix and uterine horn from rats on days 20 and 22 of pregnancy to drugs were compared in vitro. 2 The cervix exhibited similar responses and sensitivities to acetylcholine, bradykinin, prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha (day 20) and isoprenaline (day 20) as did the uterine horn but was less sensitive or responded less consistently to isoprenaline (day 22), oxytocin and PG1. PGE2 was more potent on the cervix (day 20). 3 Before term the relatively inextensible connective tissue of the cervix plus contractions of the smooth muscle would help to prevent foetal expulsion. At term the cervical smooth muscle is sufficiently unresponsive to allow cervical dilatation.", "contents": "Mechanical responses of the isolated cervix and uterine horn of pregnant rats near term to drugs. 1 The responses of circularly cut strips of cervix and uterine horn from rats on days 20 and 22 of pregnancy to drugs were compared in vitro. 2 The cervix exhibited similar responses and sensitivities to acetylcholine, bradykinin, prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha (day 20) and isoprenaline (day 20) as did the uterine horn but was less sensitive or responded less consistently to isoprenaline (day 22), oxytocin and PG1. PGE2 was more potent on the cervix (day 20). 3 Before term the relatively inextensible connective tissue of the cervix plus contractions of the smooth muscle would help to prevent foetal expulsion. At term the cervical smooth muscle is sufficiently unresponsive to allow cervical dilatation.", "PMID": 667496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11786", "title": "Brain tryptophan metabolism on the 5-hydroxytryptamine and kynurenine pathways in a strain of rats with a deficiency in platelet 5-HT.", "content": "1 Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism has been compared in albino (Sprague-Dawley; SD) and in Fawn-Hooded (FH) rats, which have an inherited platelet 5-HT deficiency. 2 It was confirmed that blood 5-HT levels in the FH rats were about one quarter of those in the SD rats. 3 Brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA were however higher in FH rats on a per gram basis; there was no difference between the strains on a per brain basis, because of the smaller brain weights of the FH rats. 4 Brain and plasma tryptophan were not significantly different in the two strains. Plasma kynurenine was higher in the FH rats, and brain kynurenine was also higher either on a per gram or on a per brain basis. 5 The reserpine-releasable brain 5-HT was the same proportion of total brain 5-HT in the two strains. 6 Experiments with pargyline suggested that the turnover of 5-HT was somewhat higher in the FH rats on a per gram basis, but not significantly so on a per brain basis. 7 It is concluded that although brain tryptophan metabolism may be somewhat accelerated along both the 5-HT and kynurenine pathways in the FH rats there is no gross deficiency in the binding of 5-HT in their brains analogous to that found in their platelets.", "contents": "Brain tryptophan metabolism on the 5-hydroxytryptamine and kynurenine pathways in a strain of rats with a deficiency in platelet 5-HT. 1 Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism has been compared in albino (Sprague-Dawley; SD) and in Fawn-Hooded (FH) rats, which have an inherited platelet 5-HT deficiency. 2 It was confirmed that blood 5-HT levels in the FH rats were about one quarter of those in the SD rats. 3 Brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA were however higher in FH rats on a per gram basis; there was no difference between the strains on a per brain basis, because of the smaller brain weights of the FH rats. 4 Brain and plasma tryptophan were not significantly different in the two strains. Plasma kynurenine was higher in the FH rats, and brain kynurenine was also higher either on a per gram or on a per brain basis. 5 The reserpine-releasable brain 5-HT was the same proportion of total brain 5-HT in the two strains. 6 Experiments with pargyline suggested that the turnover of 5-HT was somewhat higher in the FH rats on a per gram basis, but not significantly so on a per brain basis. 7 It is concluded that although brain tryptophan metabolism may be somewhat accelerated along both the 5-HT and kynurenine pathways in the FH rats there is no gross deficiency in the binding of 5-HT in their brains analogous to that found in their platelets.", "PMID": 667497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11787", "title": "The effect of ergotamine on tissue blood flow and the arteriovenous shunting of radioactive microspheres in the head.", "content": "1 The radioactive microsphere method was used to study the effects of ergotamine (5, 10 and 20 mug/kg, i.v.) on systemic and regional haemodynamic variables in chloralose-urethane anaesthetized cats. The influence of the drug was also studied on the number of 15 mum microspheres escaping entrapment in the head to emerge in the left external jugular vein.2 Ergotamine decreased the heart rate and cardiac output. Since arterial blood pressure remained unchanged, calculated total peripheral resistance increased.3 The regional distribution of cardiac output obtained with 15 mum microspheres agreed well with previous studies in cats where 25 mum spheres were used. The most pronounced difference was that in the present investigation more microspheres, apparently escaping through arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs), were detected in the lungs than when larger spheres had been used.4 Coronary blood flow decreased, while uterine blood flow was increased by the drug. The microsphere content of the lungs, which receive the spheres not only via bronchial arteries but also via AVAs, was greatly reduced by all doses of ergotamine. Ergotamine did not influence tissue blood flow to other major organs such as the brain, kidneys, skin, liver, skeletal muscle or the gastrointestinal tract.5 In the 16 experiments, 0.46 +/- 0.05 (s.e. mean)% of the total microspheres injected (equivalent to 11.7 +/- 1.4% of microspheres detected in the left-side of the head) appeared within 2 min of microsphere injection into the left external jugular vein. The highest dose of ergotamine significantly reduced the shunting of the microspheres in the head.6 Since 15 mum microspheres are only likely to reach the lungs by passing into the venous circulation through large glomus-type AVAs, we conclude that ergotamine reduces the fraction of microspheres appearing in the lungs by causing strong vasoconstriction in the AVAs in the head.7 In conformity with the closure of head AVAs is the finding that ergotamine reduced the jugular venous Po(2) and O(2) saturation thereby increasing the A-V O(2) saturation difference.8 It is quite possible that decreased A-V shunting may be the prominent mechanism of the antimigraine action of the drug, since sudden opening of AVA's has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine-syndrome.", "contents": "The effect of ergotamine on tissue blood flow and the arteriovenous shunting of radioactive microspheres in the head. 1 The radioactive microsphere method was used to study the effects of ergotamine (5, 10 and 20 mug/kg, i.v.) on systemic and regional haemodynamic variables in chloralose-urethane anaesthetized cats. The influence of the drug was also studied on the number of 15 mum microspheres escaping entrapment in the head to emerge in the left external jugular vein.2 Ergotamine decreased the heart rate and cardiac output. Since arterial blood pressure remained unchanged, calculated total peripheral resistance increased.3 The regional distribution of cardiac output obtained with 15 mum microspheres agreed well with previous studies in cats where 25 mum spheres were used. The most pronounced difference was that in the present investigation more microspheres, apparently escaping through arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs), were detected in the lungs than when larger spheres had been used.4 Coronary blood flow decreased, while uterine blood flow was increased by the drug. The microsphere content of the lungs, which receive the spheres not only via bronchial arteries but also via AVAs, was greatly reduced by all doses of ergotamine. Ergotamine did not influence tissue blood flow to other major organs such as the brain, kidneys, skin, liver, skeletal muscle or the gastrointestinal tract.5 In the 16 experiments, 0.46 +/- 0.05 (s.e. mean)% of the total microspheres injected (equivalent to 11.7 +/- 1.4% of microspheres detected in the left-side of the head) appeared within 2 min of microsphere injection into the left external jugular vein. The highest dose of ergotamine significantly reduced the shunting of the microspheres in the head.6 Since 15 mum microspheres are only likely to reach the lungs by passing into the venous circulation through large glomus-type AVAs, we conclude that ergotamine reduces the fraction of microspheres appearing in the lungs by causing strong vasoconstriction in the AVAs in the head.7 In conformity with the closure of head AVAs is the finding that ergotamine reduced the jugular venous Po(2) and O(2) saturation thereby increasing the A-V O(2) saturation difference.8 It is quite possible that decreased A-V shunting may be the prominent mechanism of the antimigraine action of the drug, since sudden opening of AVA's has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine-syndrome.", "PMID": 667498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11788", "title": "The binding of haloperidol to human blood platelets and interactions with 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine.", "content": "1 The binding of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]-5-HT), [3H]-haloperidol and [3H]-dopamine to human blood platelets was investigated and the effects of unlabelled haloperidol on [3H]-5-HT binding and (+)- and (-)-butaclamol on [3H]-haloperidol were studied. 2 Scatchard analysis did not show any specific binding of [3H]-haloperidol or [3H]-dopamine to platelets, but two binding sites were identified for binding of [3H]-5-HT. 3 Unlabelled haloperidol reduced the binding of 5-HT in concentrations comparable to those inhibigint 5-HT-induced platelet aggregation; (+)- and (-)-butaclamol did not affect the binding of [3H]-haloperidol. 4 It is concluded that haloperidol binding represents saturation of the platelet membrane, and that the platelet is not a suitable model for investigation of dopamine-drug interactions.", "contents": "The binding of haloperidol to human blood platelets and interactions with 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine. 1 The binding of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]-5-HT), [3H]-haloperidol and [3H]-dopamine to human blood platelets was investigated and the effects of unlabelled haloperidol on [3H]-5-HT binding and (+)- and (-)-butaclamol on [3H]-haloperidol were studied. 2 Scatchard analysis did not show any specific binding of [3H]-haloperidol or [3H]-dopamine to platelets, but two binding sites were identified for binding of [3H]-5-HT. 3 Unlabelled haloperidol reduced the binding of 5-HT in concentrations comparable to those inhibigint 5-HT-induced platelet aggregation; (+)- and (-)-butaclamol did not affect the binding of [3H]-haloperidol. 4 It is concluded that haloperidol binding represents saturation of the platelet membrane, and that the platelet is not a suitable model for investigation of dopamine-drug interactions.", "PMID": 667500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11789", "title": "Effect of crotamine, a toxin of South American rattlesnake venom, on the sodium channel of murine skeletal muscle.", "content": "1 Crotamine (0.5 mug/ml) augmented the single twitch response of the rat and mouse isolated diaphragm to direct stimulation and prolonged the time course of contraction. At higher doses (10 to 50 mug/ml), contracture was observed with spontaneous fibrillation.2 The resting membrane potential of diaphragm was rapidly depolarized to about -50 mV within 5 minutes. No increase of depolarization occurred on prolongation of the incubation time or increase of crotamine concentration from 0.5 mug/ml to 50 mug/ml. The effect was not reversed by washing.3 Tetrodotoxin, low Na(+) (12 mM), Ca(2+) (10 mM) and procaine (1 mM) prevented the crotamine-depolarization. However, depolarization resumed when crotamine and the antagonists were removed.4 Low Cl(-) (8.5 mM) and pretreatment with ouabain enhanced depolarization by crotamine.5 High K(+) (25 to 50 mM) prevented the further depolarization by crotamine and the membrane potential was restored to normal on washout of crotamine with normal Tyrode solution.6 Effective membrane resistance was decreased by about 50% by crotamine.7(24)Na-influx of the rat diaphragm was increased by crotamine. (42)K-influx was slightly increased if tetrodotoxin was also present but was decreased in the absence of tetrodotoxin.8 No effect on the miniature and evoked endplate potential of the rat diaphragm was observed. Skeletal muscles from frog and chick were not affected.9 It is inferred that crotamine acts on a molecule regulating the Na(+) - permeability of the Na(+) channel of murine muscles. It is proposed that extracellular K(+) depresses the permeability of the Na(+) channel by acting on the same regulator molecule.", "contents": "Effect of crotamine, a toxin of South American rattlesnake venom, on the sodium channel of murine skeletal muscle. 1 Crotamine (0.5 mug/ml) augmented the single twitch response of the rat and mouse isolated diaphragm to direct stimulation and prolonged the time course of contraction. At higher doses (10 to 50 mug/ml), contracture was observed with spontaneous fibrillation.2 The resting membrane potential of diaphragm was rapidly depolarized to about -50 mV within 5 minutes. No increase of depolarization occurred on prolongation of the incubation time or increase of crotamine concentration from 0.5 mug/ml to 50 mug/ml. The effect was not reversed by washing.3 Tetrodotoxin, low Na(+) (12 mM), Ca(2+) (10 mM) and procaine (1 mM) prevented the crotamine-depolarization. However, depolarization resumed when crotamine and the antagonists were removed.4 Low Cl(-) (8.5 mM) and pretreatment with ouabain enhanced depolarization by crotamine.5 High K(+) (25 to 50 mM) prevented the further depolarization by crotamine and the membrane potential was restored to normal on washout of crotamine with normal Tyrode solution.6 Effective membrane resistance was decreased by about 50% by crotamine.7(24)Na-influx of the rat diaphragm was increased by crotamine. (42)K-influx was slightly increased if tetrodotoxin was also present but was decreased in the absence of tetrodotoxin.8 No effect on the miniature and evoked endplate potential of the rat diaphragm was observed. Skeletal muscles from frog and chick were not affected.9 It is inferred that crotamine acts on a molecule regulating the Na(+) - permeability of the Na(+) channel of murine muscles. It is proposed that extracellular K(+) depresses the permeability of the Na(+) channel by acting on the same regulator molecule.", "PMID": 667499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11790", "title": "Vasodilatation by prostaglandin F2alpha in the canine tongue through a parasympathetic mechanism.", "content": "1 The vascular bed of the tongue in situ was perfused with blood through the lingual arteries at a constant pressure in anaesthetized dogs. All drugs except for SQ 14,225 were administered intra-arterially.2 Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) produced a dose-dependent increase in blood flow through the lingual arteries (vasodilatation).3 Marked desensitization was observed on the vasodilator responses to repeated administration of PGF(2alpha).4 The vasodilator response to PGF(2alpha) was abolished by tetrodotoxin in doses that abolished the vasodilator response to electrical stimulation of the lingual nerve.5 The vasodilator response to PGF(2alpha) was not affected by hexamethonium in doses that almost abolished the vasodilator response to lingual nerve stimulation.6 The vasodilator responses to PGF(2alpha) and to lingual nerve stimulation were scarcely modified by (-)-hyoscyamine in doses that fully antagonized the vasodilator response to acetylcholine.7 Electrical stimulation of the vago-sympathetic trunk and noradrenaline produced a decrease in blood flow through the lingual arteries.8 These results indicate that the vasodilator response of the tongue to PGF(2alpha) is due exclusively to excitation of parasympathetic postganglionic neurones and that neuronal receptors involved are quite distinct from nicotinic receptors.9 Intravenous administration of SQ 14,225, an inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme or kininase II, augmented the vasodilator responses to bradykinin and kallikrein but not that to lingual nerve stimulation.10 The results suggest that neither kallikrein nor*kinin (including bradykinin) is responsible for the parasympathetically induced vasodilatation in the tongue.", "contents": "Vasodilatation by prostaglandin F2alpha in the canine tongue through a parasympathetic mechanism. 1 The vascular bed of the tongue in situ was perfused with blood through the lingual arteries at a constant pressure in anaesthetized dogs. All drugs except for SQ 14,225 were administered intra-arterially.2 Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) produced a dose-dependent increase in blood flow through the lingual arteries (vasodilatation).3 Marked desensitization was observed on the vasodilator responses to repeated administration of PGF(2alpha).4 The vasodilator response to PGF(2alpha) was abolished by tetrodotoxin in doses that abolished the vasodilator response to electrical stimulation of the lingual nerve.5 The vasodilator response to PGF(2alpha) was not affected by hexamethonium in doses that almost abolished the vasodilator response to lingual nerve stimulation.6 The vasodilator responses to PGF(2alpha) and to lingual nerve stimulation were scarcely modified by (-)-hyoscyamine in doses that fully antagonized the vasodilator response to acetylcholine.7 Electrical stimulation of the vago-sympathetic trunk and noradrenaline produced a decrease in blood flow through the lingual arteries.8 These results indicate that the vasodilator response of the tongue to PGF(2alpha) is due exclusively to excitation of parasympathetic postganglionic neurones and that neuronal receptors involved are quite distinct from nicotinic receptors.9 Intravenous administration of SQ 14,225, an inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme or kininase II, augmented the vasodilator responses to bradykinin and kallikrein but not that to lingual nerve stimulation.10 The results suggest that neither kallikrein nor*kinin (including bradykinin) is responsible for the parasympathetically induced vasodilatation in the tongue.", "PMID": 667501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11791", "title": "Feigned bereavement: twelve cases.", "content": "Twelve patients who feigned bereavement are described. Most appeared depressed on admission, and in over half bereavement was erroneously believed by staff to be an important cause of their depression. This type of behaviour, leading to admission to hospital, may be regarded as abnormal illness behaviour, and reasons are given for considering most of the cases as variants of the M\u00fcnchausen syndrome. Motivation for these deceptions is discussed, and reference is made to features which might arouse suspicion that bereavement is feigned.", "contents": "Feigned bereavement: twelve cases. Twelve patients who feigned bereavement are described. Most appeared depressed on admission, and in over half bereavement was erroneously believed by staff to be an important cause of their depression. This type of behaviour, leading to admission to hospital, may be regarded as abnormal illness behaviour, and reasons are given for considering most of the cases as variants of the M\u00fcnchausen syndrome. Motivation for these deceptions is discussed, and reference is made to features which might arouse suspicion that bereavement is feigned.", "PMID": 667502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11792", "title": "The M\u00fcnchausen syndrome as a psychiatric condition.", "content": "In this presentation of two cases it is suggested that many M\u00fcnchausen syndrome patients present with psychiatric symptoms. This syndrome, however, should be differentiated from other clinical psychiatric conditions.", "contents": "The M\u00fcnchausen syndrome as a psychiatric condition. In this presentation of two cases it is suggested that many M\u00fcnchausen syndrome patients present with psychiatric symptoms. This syndrome, however, should be differentiated from other clinical psychiatric conditions.", "PMID": 667503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11793", "title": "Physical disorder among day hospital patients.", "content": "During a six-month period, physical disorder was found among 50 per cent of the 133 patients at a day hospital. Few of these cases (5) had organic brain syndromes. Among the remainder (62) physical disorder was not associated with sex, formal psychiatric diagnosis or time of referral to the hospital; of those 33 patients with a neurological disorder, one-third had previously been diagnosed to be hysterical. For this 'hysterical' group, however, associations with folate deficiency, organic brain disease, and depression were noted. The need is demonstrated for routine investigations among day hospital patients with particular attention for those with atypical features.", "contents": "Physical disorder among day hospital patients. During a six-month period, physical disorder was found among 50 per cent of the 133 patients at a day hospital. Few of these cases (5) had organic brain syndromes. Among the remainder (62) physical disorder was not associated with sex, formal psychiatric diagnosis or time of referral to the hospital; of those 33 patients with a neurological disorder, one-third had previously been diagnosed to be hysterical. For this 'hysterical' group, however, associations with folate deficiency, organic brain disease, and depression were noted. The need is demonstrated for routine investigations among day hospital patients with particular attention for those with atypical features.", "PMID": 667504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11794", "title": "Suicide in psychiatric patients.", "content": "The study relates to suicides occurring in Shropshire during 1965 to 1973 inclusive. Psychiatric patients who had committed suicide were compared with others, matched by sex and age who had not done so. The suicide group included a higher proportion of members who had behaved violently, experienced a broken marriage (through death, separation or divorce) or earlier had deliberately harmed themselves, often by dangerous means. Of the psychiatric patients who committed suicide 63 per cent had seen a doctor within a month beforehand, yet very few were receiving adequate physical treatment for depressive illness at the time of their death. Immigrants from eastern Europe were found to be particularly prone to suicide.", "contents": "Suicide in psychiatric patients. The study relates to suicides occurring in Shropshire during 1965 to 1973 inclusive. Psychiatric patients who had committed suicide were compared with others, matched by sex and age who had not done so. The suicide group included a higher proportion of members who had behaved violently, experienced a broken marriage (through death, separation or divorce) or earlier had deliberately harmed themselves, often by dangerous means. Of the psychiatric patients who committed suicide 63 per cent had seen a doctor within a month beforehand, yet very few were receiving adequate physical treatment for depressive illness at the time of their death. Immigrants from eastern Europe were found to be particularly prone to suicide.", "PMID": 667506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11795", "title": "Classification of suicide attempters by cluster analysis.", "content": "Cluster analytic procedures for classification were carried out on a sample of 236 suicide attempters. Rating variables concerned previous suicidal behaviour, details of the recent attempt and its motivation, mental state, and demographic characteristics. Results suggested the existence of three groups of attempters. The first comprised patients taking overdoses, on the whole showing less risk to life, less psychiatric disturbance, and more evidence of interpersonal rather than self-destructive motivation. The second groups, fewer in number, made severe attempts with more self-destructive motivation, by violent methods rather than overdose. The third and smallest group had a previous history of many attempts and gestures, made relatively mild attempts and were overtly hostile, engendering reciprocal hostility in the treating psychiatrist. These groups show some resemblance to those found in other studies.", "contents": "Classification of suicide attempters by cluster analysis. Cluster analytic procedures for classification were carried out on a sample of 236 suicide attempters. Rating variables concerned previous suicidal behaviour, details of the recent attempt and its motivation, mental state, and demographic characteristics. Results suggested the existence of three groups of attempters. The first comprised patients taking overdoses, on the whole showing less risk to life, less psychiatric disturbance, and more evidence of interpersonal rather than self-destructive motivation. The second groups, fewer in number, made severe attempts with more self-destructive motivation, by violent methods rather than overdose. The third and smallest group had a previous history of many attempts and gestures, made relatively mild attempts and were overtly hostile, engendering reciprocal hostility in the treating psychiatrist. These groups show some resemblance to those found in other studies.", "PMID": 667507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11796", "title": "Multivariate statistical methods and problems of classification in psychiatry.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the use of multivariate statistical methods in relation to classification in psychiatry. There are two aspects of classification: the classification of symptoms to form syndromes and of patients into diagnostic groups. Critical papers are reviewed, and proposed severe limitations on the methods answered. The use of multivariate methods has increased objectivity and agreement between investigators, but differences remain, largely on issues in statistical logic, which must be resolved.", "contents": "Multivariate statistical methods and problems of classification in psychiatry. This paper is concerned with the use of multivariate statistical methods in relation to classification in psychiatry. There are two aspects of classification: the classification of symptoms to form syndromes and of patients into diagnostic groups. Critical papers are reviewed, and proposed severe limitations on the methods answered. The use of multivariate methods has increased objectivity and agreement between investigators, but differences remain, largely on issues in statistical logic, which must be resolved.", "PMID": 667508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11797", "title": "Ancestral secondary cases on paternal and maternal sides in bipolar affective illness.", "content": "An analysis of the distribution of ancestral secondary cases of affective illness in families of patients with bipolar manicdepressive disorder was undertaken. Twenty probands with at least two affectively ill second degree relatives were available for study. Probands with both parents affected were excluded. The distribution of unilateral to bilateral pairs of all affected relatives, both excluding and including parents, of probands showed no significant differences from that expected in polygenic inheritance. However, separation into bipolar family history, positive or negative, showed significant differences from the expected ratio of unilateral to bilateral pairs in a bipolar family history positive group consistent with a single dominant gene inheritance.", "contents": "Ancestral secondary cases on paternal and maternal sides in bipolar affective illness. An analysis of the distribution of ancestral secondary cases of affective illness in families of patients with bipolar manicdepressive disorder was undertaken. Twenty probands with at least two affectively ill second degree relatives were available for study. Probands with both parents affected were excluded. The distribution of unilateral to bilateral pairs of all affected relatives, both excluding and including parents, of probands showed no significant differences from that expected in polygenic inheritance. However, separation into bipolar family history, positive or negative, showed significant differences from the expected ratio of unilateral to bilateral pairs in a bipolar family history positive group consistent with a single dominant gene inheritance.", "PMID": 667509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11798", "title": "Two clinically discrete syndromes of transsexualism.", "content": "Transsexuals are defined as subjects who have a sustained feminine gender identity combined with a wish to alter their bodily appearance towards the feminine. The results of this study indicate that they can be differentiated into two clinically discrete groups. In an investigation of 29 transsexuals who sought a change of sex operation it was found that those who had experienced fetishistic arousal were significantly more likely to be older, to have experienced heterosexual intercourse, to be married and to show penile responses to pictures of men and women indicative of a more heterosexual orientation. They had less experience of homosexual contact to orgasm as compared transsexuals who had not experiennced fetishistic arousal , but this difference was not statistically significant. Frequency of cross-dressing, strenght of feminine gender identity and intensity of desire for a sex change operation did not discriminate the two groups. The fact that desire for a sex change operation may be associated with experience of fetishistic arousal could be one reason for the higher incidence transsexualism in men than in women.", "contents": "Two clinically discrete syndromes of transsexualism. Transsexuals are defined as subjects who have a sustained feminine gender identity combined with a wish to alter their bodily appearance towards the feminine. The results of this study indicate that they can be differentiated into two clinically discrete groups. In an investigation of 29 transsexuals who sought a change of sex operation it was found that those who had experienced fetishistic arousal were significantly more likely to be older, to have experienced heterosexual intercourse, to be married and to show penile responses to pictures of men and women indicative of a more heterosexual orientation. They had less experience of homosexual contact to orgasm as compared transsexuals who had not experiennced fetishistic arousal , but this difference was not statistically significant. Frequency of cross-dressing, strenght of feminine gender identity and intensity of desire for a sex change operation did not discriminate the two groups. The fact that desire for a sex change operation may be associated with experience of fetishistic arousal could be one reason for the higher incidence transsexualism in men than in women.", "PMID": 667510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11799", "title": "Two transsexuals with 47-XYY karyotype.", "content": "Previous reports of sexual orientation and gender identity in subjects with XYY karyotype are reviewed. Two patients seeking a change of sex operation and found to have an XYY karyotype are described. It is argued that an XYY karyotype may predispose to a disturbed gender identity and possibly to the development of the transsexual syndrome.", "contents": "Two transsexuals with 47-XYY karyotype. Previous reports of sexual orientation and gender identity in subjects with XYY karyotype are reviewed. Two patients seeking a change of sex operation and found to have an XYY karyotype are described. It is argued that an XYY karyotype may predispose to a disturbed gender identity and possibly to the development of the transsexual syndrome.", "PMID": 667511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11800", "title": "Abdominal contrast tomography in the evaluation of the gall-bladder and biliary tract (with emphasis upon jaundiced patients).", "content": "Tomography of the right upper quadrant after the rapid intravenous infusion of a high dose of contrast medium is a valuable method of investigation of hepato-biliary disease. Gall-bladder wall opacification may be normal, but if the wall is thicker than 2 mm and if irregular, it indicates inflammatory or calculous disease. Gall-bladder area greater than 35 cm2 indicates bile duct obstruction. This also causes the ducts to appear as lucent bands within the opacified liver parenchyma. Secondary deposits in the liver may also become visible. Various patterns of these findings are described which suggest specific biliary abnormalities.", "contents": "Abdominal contrast tomography in the evaluation of the gall-bladder and biliary tract (with emphasis upon jaundiced patients). Tomography of the right upper quadrant after the rapid intravenous infusion of a high dose of contrast medium is a valuable method of investigation of hepato-biliary disease. Gall-bladder wall opacification may be normal, but if the wall is thicker than 2 mm and if irregular, it indicates inflammatory or calculous disease. Gall-bladder area greater than 35 cm2 indicates bile duct obstruction. This also causes the ducts to appear as lucent bands within the opacified liver parenchyma. Secondary deposits in the liver may also become visible. Various patterns of these findings are described which suggest specific biliary abnormalities.", "PMID": 667518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11801", "title": "Lateral lumbar discography.", "content": "The technique of lateral lumbar discography is described and compared with that of posterior lumbar discography. Its safety is demonstrated in a series of 1500 patients, only four of whom developed complications of note. Of these four, three developed discitis and one a retroperitoneal haemorrhage, all of which settled with conservative treatment.", "contents": "Lateral lumbar discography. The technique of lateral lumbar discography is described and compared with that of posterior lumbar discography. Its safety is demonstrated in a series of 1500 patients, only four of whom developed complications of note. Of these four, three developed discitis and one a retroperitoneal haemorrhage, all of which settled with conservative treatment.", "PMID": 667519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11802", "title": "The effect of radiology electives on career choice at McMaster University.", "content": "Recruitment ot radiology is said to be affected by the extent to which radiologists participate in medical student teaching. At McMaster University, where radiologists make major contributions to the medical school curriculum, students appear to show little interest in radiology as a career. The characteristics, attitudes and career choices of students at McMaster who undertook elective periods in radiology between 1973 and 1976 were examined. Though students rated the elective experience very highly, none intended to become a radiologist. Half of the group wished to take up family practice, the proportion in the school as a whole being similar. This is consistent with policies of student selection and education at McMaster. Most of those choosing family practice did not change their career choice between entry to and exit from the school. Involvement of radiologists in the curriculum had no detectable positive influence on career choice.", "contents": "The effect of radiology electives on career choice at McMaster University. Recruitment ot radiology is said to be affected by the extent to which radiologists participate in medical student teaching. At McMaster University, where radiologists make major contributions to the medical school curriculum, students appear to show little interest in radiology as a career. The characteristics, attitudes and career choices of students at McMaster who undertook elective periods in radiology between 1973 and 1976 were examined. Though students rated the elective experience very highly, none intended to become a radiologist. Half of the group wished to take up family practice, the proportion in the school as a whole being similar. This is consistent with policies of student selection and education at McMaster. Most of those choosing family practice did not change their career choice between entry to and exit from the school. Involvement of radiologists in the curriculum had no detectable positive influence on career choice.", "PMID": 667520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11803", "title": "Dosimetry of cathetron applicators in intracavitary therapy.", "content": "Theoretical computations have been done to obtain dose distributions in the paracervical and sagittal planes for various loadings of Cathetron applicators. Uterine catheters of various sizes and shapes and various loadings of ovoid catheters have been considered for the dosimetry. Experimental measurements have been made to verify the computed dose distributions. The computed dose distributions have also been compared with those of a conventional Manchester loading. Although the ratio of dose contribution to point A from vaginal sources to that from the uterine sources is found to be significantly different for Cathetron therapy from the conventional Manchester system, the isodose distributions in the paracervical plane are in good agreement. However, the differences in the isodose distributions in the sagittal plane indicates a higher dose to the rectal region for Cathetron therapy, which can be reduced by the use of rectal retractors.", "contents": "Dosimetry of cathetron applicators in intracavitary therapy. Theoretical computations have been done to obtain dose distributions in the paracervical and sagittal planes for various loadings of Cathetron applicators. Uterine catheters of various sizes and shapes and various loadings of ovoid catheters have been considered for the dosimetry. Experimental measurements have been made to verify the computed dose distributions. The computed dose distributions have also been compared with those of a conventional Manchester loading. Although the ratio of dose contribution to point A from vaginal sources to that from the uterine sources is found to be significantly different for Cathetron therapy from the conventional Manchester system, the isodose distributions in the paracervical plane are in good agreement. However, the differences in the isodose distributions in the sagittal plane indicates a higher dose to the rectal region for Cathetron therapy, which can be reduced by the use of rectal retractors.", "PMID": 667521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11804", "title": "Radiation damage to the rat spinal cord: the effect of single and fractionated doses of X rays.", "content": "The tolerance of the rat lumbar spinal cord to single and multiple doses of X irradiation has been studied using paralysis of the hind legs as the endpoint. The paralysis, which has an acute onset progressing from the first symptoms to full paralysis within two to three days, occurs within one year post-irradiation. Dose/effect relationships were estimated at one year. Experiments which were designed to study the effect of varying the overall treatment time between two equal doses of X rays showed that a large amount of recovery from irradiation damage occurred during the first 24 hours after irradiation (D2-D1 at 24 hours was 950 rad). No further recovery took place for another 15 days but at 32 days another wave of recovery seemed to be in progress (D2-D1 at 32 days was 1250 rad). The effect of varying the number of fractions independently of the overall treatment time was investigated. The tolerance of the cord increased rapidly as the number of fractions given in a six-week period was increased from four to 30. The slope of a Strandqvist-type plot of this data was about 0.4. The data for the spinal cord have been compared with similar data for late damage in the mouse lung. The latent period between irradiation and the onset of paralysis was also investigated. At high doses, when the probability of paralysis occurring was great, the latent period was independent of the dose. At lower doses which gave rise to a lower incidence of paralysis, the latent period was inversely related to the dose. A second type of paralysis occurred later than one year after irradiation. This had a very protracted development and occurred in unirradiated as well as irradiated animals.", "contents": "Radiation damage to the rat spinal cord: the effect of single and fractionated doses of X rays. The tolerance of the rat lumbar spinal cord to single and multiple doses of X irradiation has been studied using paralysis of the hind legs as the endpoint. The paralysis, which has an acute onset progressing from the first symptoms to full paralysis within two to three days, occurs within one year post-irradiation. Dose/effect relationships were estimated at one year. Experiments which were designed to study the effect of varying the overall treatment time between two equal doses of X rays showed that a large amount of recovery from irradiation damage occurred during the first 24 hours after irradiation (D2-D1 at 24 hours was 950 rad). No further recovery took place for another 15 days but at 32 days another wave of recovery seemed to be in progress (D2-D1 at 32 days was 1250 rad). The effect of varying the number of fractions independently of the overall treatment time was investigated. The tolerance of the cord increased rapidly as the number of fractions given in a six-week period was increased from four to 30. The slope of a Strandqvist-type plot of this data was about 0.4. The data for the spinal cord have been compared with similar data for late damage in the mouse lung. The latent period between irradiation and the onset of paralysis was also investigated. At high doses, when the probability of paralysis occurring was great, the latent period was independent of the dose. At lower doses which gave rise to a lower incidence of paralysis, the latent period was inversely related to the dose. A second type of paralysis occurred later than one year after irradiation. This had a very protracted development and occurred in unirradiated as well as irradiated animals.", "PMID": 667522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11805", "title": "A linear transform of the multi-target survival curve.", "content": "A completely linear transform of the multi-target survival curve is presented. This enables all data, including those on the shoulder region of the curve, to be analysed. The necessity to make a subjective assessment about which data points to exclude for conventional methods of analysis is, therefore, removed. The analysis has also been adapted to include a \"Pike-Alper\" method of assessing dose modification factors. For the data cited this predicts compatibility with the hypothesis of a true oxygen \"dose-modification\" whereas the conventional Pike-Alper analysis does not.", "contents": "A linear transform of the multi-target survival curve. A completely linear transform of the multi-target survival curve is presented. This enables all data, including those on the shoulder region of the curve, to be analysed. The necessity to make a subjective assessment about which data points to exclude for conventional methods of analysis is, therefore, removed. The analysis has also been adapted to include a \"Pike-Alper\" method of assessing dose modification factors. For the data cited this predicts compatibility with the hypothesis of a true oxygen \"dose-modification\" whereas the conventional Pike-Alper analysis does not.", "PMID": 667526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11806", "title": "The origin of thrombi in the deep veins of the lower limb: a venographic study.", "content": "A series of 952 patients was examined by ascending venography; 812 with clinically diagnosed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (group 1) and 140 with clinical features suggestive of pulmonary embolism (group 2). Thrombus was demonstrated in 401 (49.4 per cent) of group 1 and in 74 (53 per cent) of group 2 patients. A total of 535 limbs contained thrombus. In 493 (92 per cent) thrombus was present in the calf with either no further clot, or clot in continuity with that in more proximal veins. In the remaining 42 legs (8 per cent) thrombus either originated from multiple discontinuous sites in the legs and pelvis, or in proximal major veins without concomitant calf involvement. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The origin of thrombi in the deep veins of the lower limb: a venographic study. A series of 952 patients was examined by ascending venography; 812 with clinically diagnosed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (group 1) and 140 with clinical features suggestive of pulmonary embolism (group 2). Thrombus was demonstrated in 401 (49.4 per cent) of group 1 and in 74 (53 per cent) of group 2 patients. A total of 535 limbs contained thrombus. In 493 (92 per cent) thrombus was present in the calf with either no further clot, or clot in continuity with that in more proximal veins. In the remaining 42 legs (8 per cent) thrombus either originated from multiple discontinuous sites in the legs and pelvis, or in proximal major veins without concomitant calf involvement. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 667537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11807", "title": "Surgical treatment of the severely ischaemic leg: I. Survival rates.", "content": "Over a 10-year period, 411 patients with atherosclerotic major artery disease causing severe ischaemia of the legs were treated by surgery. Their survival rate, assessed by the life table method, was 80 per cent at 1 year and 50 per cent at 5 years. Early and late survival rates were significantly worse in elderly patients, and in patients with extensive gangrene. Late survival rates were significantly worse in diabetics, and in patients with clinical myocardial ischaemia. Patients treated by arterial reconstruction showed a better survival rate than those treated by sympathectomy or amputation, though the latter groups contained more poor risk patients. Survival rates were not influenced by the technique of reconstruction.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the severely ischaemic leg: I. Survival rates. Over a 10-year period, 411 patients with atherosclerotic major artery disease causing severe ischaemia of the legs were treated by surgery. Their survival rate, assessed by the life table method, was 80 per cent at 1 year and 50 per cent at 5 years. Early and late survival rates were significantly worse in elderly patients, and in patients with extensive gangrene. Late survival rates were significantly worse in diabetics, and in patients with clinical myocardial ischaemia. Patients treated by arterial reconstruction showed a better survival rate than those treated by sympathectomy or amputation, though the latter groups contained more poor risk patients. Survival rates were not influenced by the technique of reconstruction.", "PMID": 667538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11808", "title": "Saphenous neuralgia: a complication of arterial surgery.", "content": "The saphenous nerve may be damaged during arterial surgery in the thigh as it emerges through the aponeurotic covering of the adductor canal. A clean cut of the nerve gives rise to anaesthesia, but an incomplete cut or tearing of the nerve, followed by its involvement in scar tissue, leads to saphenous neuralgia--a painful sensation in the area supplied by the nerve. Two hundred and fifty-seven arterial operations involving the course of the saphenous nerve in the thigh have been reviewed. Twenty-six of these operations were complicated by early failure of the arterial procedure necessitating amputation and have not been considered in assessing the incidence of damage to the nerve. One in five superficial femoral thromboendarterectomies and one in nine femoropopliteal bypass grafts were complicated by saphenous neuralgia. Profundaplasty was not followed by this complication. Appreciation of this troublesome symptom should lead to greater care of the nerve during surgery.", "contents": "Saphenous neuralgia: a complication of arterial surgery. The saphenous nerve may be damaged during arterial surgery in the thigh as it emerges through the aponeurotic covering of the adductor canal. A clean cut of the nerve gives rise to anaesthesia, but an incomplete cut or tearing of the nerve, followed by its involvement in scar tissue, leads to saphenous neuralgia--a painful sensation in the area supplied by the nerve. Two hundred and fifty-seven arterial operations involving the course of the saphenous nerve in the thigh have been reviewed. Twenty-six of these operations were complicated by early failure of the arterial procedure necessitating amputation and have not been considered in assessing the incidence of damage to the nerve. One in five superficial femoral thromboendarterectomies and one in nine femoropopliteal bypass grafts were complicated by saphenous neuralgia. Profundaplasty was not followed by this complication. Appreciation of this troublesome symptom should lead to greater care of the nerve during surgery.", "PMID": 667539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11809", "title": "Revascularization of an arm for incipient gangrene after Blalock-Taussig anastomosis.", "content": "A case is reported of incipient gangrene of the right arm developing after a Blalock-Taussig (subclavian-pulmonary) shunt operation in an infant. The ischaemia was reversed by immediate common carotid-axillary artery-vein bypass, using a microvascular technique.", "contents": "Revascularization of an arm for incipient gangrene after Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. A case is reported of incipient gangrene of the right arm developing after a Blalock-Taussig (subclavian-pulmonary) shunt operation in an infant. The ischaemia was reversed by immediate common carotid-axillary artery-vein bypass, using a microvascular technique.", "PMID": 667540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11810", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and of the oesophagogastric junction.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of 52 adenocarcinomas invading the oesophagus and the oesophagogastric junction are reviewed. The relationship of these tumours to the presence of a concomitant hiatal hernia and the histogenesis of primary oesophageal adenocarcinomas are discussed. Adenocarcinomas of the cardio-oesophageal junction appear to have distinctive prognostic and pathological features and there may be a case for their classification into a separate category of alimentary neoplasms.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and of the oesophagogastric junction. The clinical and pathological features of 52 adenocarcinomas invading the oesophagus and the oesophagogastric junction are reviewed. The relationship of these tumours to the presence of a concomitant hiatal hernia and the histogenesis of primary oesophageal adenocarcinomas are discussed. Adenocarcinomas of the cardio-oesophageal junction appear to have distinctive prognostic and pathological features and there may be a case for their classification into a separate category of alimentary neoplasms.", "PMID": 667542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11811", "title": "Results of Heller's operation for achalasia of the cardia.", "content": "A survey of 102 patients with achalasia of the cardia treated by cardiomyotomy is reported. The technique of operation was unchanged throughout and the patients were followed up for a maximum of 22 years. Only 6 patients (5.8 per cent) developed renewed symptoms of reflux and 7 patients (6.8 per cent) had peptic strictures. Over 80 per cent of the patients had no dysphagia or regurgitation postoperatively, but 61 per cent still complained of achalasic pain. The development of mucosal hernias after cardiomyotomy and the use of drinking times in the assessment of outflow at the cardia are discussed.", "contents": "Results of Heller's operation for achalasia of the cardia. A survey of 102 patients with achalasia of the cardia treated by cardiomyotomy is reported. The technique of operation was unchanged throughout and the patients were followed up for a maximum of 22 years. Only 6 patients (5.8 per cent) developed renewed symptoms of reflux and 7 patients (6.8 per cent) had peptic strictures. Over 80 per cent of the patients had no dysphagia or regurgitation postoperatively, but 61 per cent still complained of achalasic pain. The development of mucosal hernias after cardiomyotomy and the use of drinking times in the assessment of outflow at the cardia are discussed.", "PMID": 667543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11812", "title": "Acute hiatal hernia with oesophageal perforation following Heller's operation.", "content": "The unusual complication of acute hiatal hernia with oesophageal rupture following transthoracic oesophagomyotomy is described in 2 cases. Inadvertent disruption and widening of the oesophageal hiatus at the time of surgery coupled with increased intragastric and intra-abdominal pressure were the probable causes. The hiatus should be carefully inspected on completion of the myotomy and anatomical restoration performed if necessary in order to avoid this complication. Urgent surgical intervention, gastric fundal serosal patch repair and intravenous alimentation proved successful in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Acute hiatal hernia with oesophageal perforation following Heller's operation. The unusual complication of acute hiatal hernia with oesophageal rupture following transthoracic oesophagomyotomy is described in 2 cases. Inadvertent disruption and widening of the oesophageal hiatus at the time of surgery coupled with increased intragastric and intra-abdominal pressure were the probable causes. The hiatus should be carefully inspected on completion of the myotomy and anatomical restoration performed if necessary in order to avoid this complication. Urgent surgical intervention, gastric fundal serosal patch repair and intravenous alimentation proved successful in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 667544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11813", "title": "Changes in metabolism of major food components in patients with intrathoracic replacement of the oesophagus with the stomach.", "content": "In 19 patients in whom the stomach had been used as an intrathoracic replacement after osephagectomy the absorption of fat, carbohydrate and protein was studied. There is no single pattern of disturbance of such absorption. Protein digestion and absorption occur earlier and more rapidly than in normal subjects, probably as a result of accelerated gastric emptying.", "contents": "Changes in metabolism of major food components in patients with intrathoracic replacement of the oesophagus with the stomach. In 19 patients in whom the stomach had been used as an intrathoracic replacement after osephagectomy the absorption of fat, carbohydrate and protein was studied. There is no single pattern of disturbance of such absorption. Protein digestion and absorption occur earlier and more rapidly than in normal subjects, probably as a result of accelerated gastric emptying.", "PMID": 667545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11814", "title": "Heterotopic mediastinal goitre.", "content": "The unusual coexistence in a woman of 34 years of a cervical thyroid and a heterotopic mediastinal thyroid is recorded. Both thyroids had undergone non-toxic nodular enlargement. Recurrent enlargement was noted in the cervical gland 12 months after transpleural thoracic removal of the mediastinal goitre, whilst no corresponding change has so far been noted in the mediastinum. The literature on heterotopic thyroid is briefly reviewed and the diagnosis discussed.", "contents": "Heterotopic mediastinal goitre. The unusual coexistence in a woman of 34 years of a cervical thyroid and a heterotopic mediastinal thyroid is recorded. Both thyroids had undergone non-toxic nodular enlargement. Recurrent enlargement was noted in the cervical gland 12 months after transpleural thoracic removal of the mediastinal goitre, whilst no corresponding change has so far been noted in the mediastinum. The literature on heterotopic thyroid is briefly reviewed and the diagnosis discussed.", "PMID": 667546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11815", "title": "Thyroglossal cysts in children.", "content": "Of 69 cases of midline cervical swelling in children, the correct diagnosis was made in only 38 (55 per cent). Fifty cases of thyroglossal cyst or abscess were treated and 38 per cent suffered recurrence. Apart from failures in diagnosis, the main reasons for preventable recurrence were delay in surgery, failure to resect part of the body of the hyoid bone and a tendency to excise that portion of the duct above the level of the hyoid with insufficient surrounding muscle. In cases without florid abscess formation, the aim should be to perform a radical operation as soon as possible, then cure can be guaranteed at the first operation. Recurrence may occur many years after an apparent cure. Cysts in the submental region are not often recognized as being of thyroglossal duct origin.", "contents": "Thyroglossal cysts in children. Of 69 cases of midline cervical swelling in children, the correct diagnosis was made in only 38 (55 per cent). Fifty cases of thyroglossal cyst or abscess were treated and 38 per cent suffered recurrence. Apart from failures in diagnosis, the main reasons for preventable recurrence were delay in surgery, failure to resect part of the body of the hyoid bone and a tendency to excise that portion of the duct above the level of the hyoid with insufficient surrounding muscle. In cases without florid abscess formation, the aim should be to perform a radical operation as soon as possible, then cure can be guaranteed at the first operation. Recurrence may occur many years after an apparent cure. Cysts in the submental region are not often recognized as being of thyroglossal duct origin.", "PMID": 667547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11816", "title": "Multiple congenital aneurysms in childhood: report of a case.", "content": "This paper reports the case of a girl who, at the age of 7 years, presented with a saccular aneurysm of a brachial artery. Over the following 8 years a further 15 aneurysm appeared, involving limb and visceral arteries and the aorta. Some, but not all, of these aneurysms have been operated upon. Complications included renovascular hypertension due to bilateral intrarenal aneurysms. She had been followed up for 15 years. Three other similar cases have been found in the medical literature, and these are also referred to. In two of these cases the affected persons also exhibited some of the other connective tissue anomalies associated with the Ehlers--Danlos syndrome. These were not present in our patient. The relationship between the syndrome of multiple congenital aneurysms and the Ehlers--Danlos syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple congenital aneurysms in childhood: report of a case. This paper reports the case of a girl who, at the age of 7 years, presented with a saccular aneurysm of a brachial artery. Over the following 8 years a further 15 aneurysm appeared, involving limb and visceral arteries and the aorta. Some, but not all, of these aneurysms have been operated upon. Complications included renovascular hypertension due to bilateral intrarenal aneurysms. She had been followed up for 15 years. Three other similar cases have been found in the medical literature, and these are also referred to. In two of these cases the affected persons also exhibited some of the other connective tissue anomalies associated with the Ehlers--Danlos syndrome. These were not present in our patient. The relationship between the syndrome of multiple congenital aneurysms and the Ehlers--Danlos syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 667548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11817", "title": "Benign duodenocolic fistula.", "content": "Benign duodencolic fistula is a rare complication of a number of gastrointestinal diseases and it is seldom considered in diagnosis. Diarrhoea and weight loss are characteristic presenting features which may be masked by coexisting disease. Barium enema is the most useful diagnostic procedure. Prognosis is good if surgery is undertaken at an early stage after adequate correction of the metabolic consequences of the fistula, by administration of fluid, electrolytes and parenteral nutrition. This paper reports 4 cases of this condition and reviews the clinical features, investigation, aetiology and management.", "contents": "Benign duodenocolic fistula. Benign duodencolic fistula is a rare complication of a number of gastrointestinal diseases and it is seldom considered in diagnosis. Diarrhoea and weight loss are characteristic presenting features which may be masked by coexisting disease. Barium enema is the most useful diagnostic procedure. Prognosis is good if surgery is undertaken at an early stage after adequate correction of the metabolic consequences of the fistula, by administration of fluid, electrolytes and parenteral nutrition. This paper reports 4 cases of this condition and reviews the clinical features, investigation, aetiology and management.", "PMID": 667549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11818", "title": "Diagnosis and management of gastric carcinoid tumour with hepatic metastases.", "content": "The gastric carcinoid tumour is a rare variety of carcinoid characterized by atypical production of 5-hydroxytrytophane rather than serotonin. In our case it is likely that other polypeptides are the source of symptoms, though these are as yet unidentified. Since surgery was not feasible in the management of the hepatic metastases, we have used a non-operative technique of embolization to destroy the carcinoid secondaries and ameliorate symptoms. The patient tolerated this procedure well and improved dramatically, with remarkable diminution of liver size and the disappearance of all carcinoid symptoms. Destruction of hepatic secondaries without recourse to surgery has obvious advantages in severely ill patients. Careful attention should, however, be paid to the large quantities of pharmacologically active compounds released from the liver by the procedure.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of gastric carcinoid tumour with hepatic metastases. The gastric carcinoid tumour is a rare variety of carcinoid characterized by atypical production of 5-hydroxytrytophane rather than serotonin. In our case it is likely that other polypeptides are the source of symptoms, though these are as yet unidentified. Since surgery was not feasible in the management of the hepatic metastases, we have used a non-operative technique of embolization to destroy the carcinoid secondaries and ameliorate symptoms. The patient tolerated this procedure well and improved dramatically, with remarkable diminution of liver size and the disappearance of all carcinoid symptoms. Destruction of hepatic secondaries without recourse to surgery has obvious advantages in severely ill patients. Careful attention should, however, be paid to the large quantities of pharmacologically active compounds released from the liver by the procedure.", "PMID": 667550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11819", "title": "Abdominal wound healing in jaundiced patients.", "content": "Abdominal wound healing was studied in 48 patients undergoing laparotomy for jaundice and 281 anicteric patients undergoing elective operations for cholelithiasis at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary during the period 1967 to 1976. Wound dehiscence or incisional hernia occurred in 27.1 per cent of jaundiced patients and in 4.3 per cent of anicteric patients (P less than 0.001). There was a slightly higher incidence of dehiscence and herniation in deeply icteric patients (plasma bilirubin greater than 170 mu mol/l), but patients who developed these complications did not appear to have a more severe degree of malnutrition or impaired liver function. The results of the study suggest that malignant disease may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of wound complications in jaundiced patients. Wound dehiscence or incisional hernia occurred in 59.1 per cent of patients with obstructive jaundice resulting from malignant disease but patients with jaundice resulting from biliary stones or benign pathology did not develop these complications.", "contents": "Abdominal wound healing in jaundiced patients. Abdominal wound healing was studied in 48 patients undergoing laparotomy for jaundice and 281 anicteric patients undergoing elective operations for cholelithiasis at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary during the period 1967 to 1976. Wound dehiscence or incisional hernia occurred in 27.1 per cent of jaundiced patients and in 4.3 per cent of anicteric patients (P less than 0.001). There was a slightly higher incidence of dehiscence and herniation in deeply icteric patients (plasma bilirubin greater than 170 mu mol/l), but patients who developed these complications did not appear to have a more severe degree of malnutrition or impaired liver function. The results of the study suggest that malignant disease may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of wound complications in jaundiced patients. Wound dehiscence or incisional hernia occurred in 59.1 per cent of patients with obstructive jaundice resulting from malignant disease but patients with jaundice resulting from biliary stones or benign pathology did not develop these complications.", "PMID": 667551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11820", "title": "Housing, health, and illness.", "content": "Cases referred to a community physician in his role as medical adviser to a housing authority were reviewed. A new system of classifying health problems was devised because conventional diagnostic classification was found to be inappropriate. The effectiveness of medical intervention was apparently low, since only 29 out of 612 (4.7%) applications for rehousing on medical grounds were successful. The effectiveness of the community physician's role was limited by the available resources and the number of cases he could take before the housing committee. It is proposed that the use of medical resources for intervention in such cases is acceptably efficient, though this proposal is based on value judgement rather than on economic grounds. Doctors should be concerned in improving housing conditions, which are still unacceptably poor in many parts of Britain, in the interests of improving general standards of public health.", "contents": "Housing, health, and illness. Cases referred to a community physician in his role as medical adviser to a housing authority were reviewed. A new system of classifying health problems was devised because conventional diagnostic classification was found to be inappropriate. The effectiveness of medical intervention was apparently low, since only 29 out of 612 (4.7%) applications for rehousing on medical grounds were successful. The effectiveness of the community physician's role was limited by the available resources and the number of cases he could take before the housing committee. It is proposed that the use of medical resources for intervention in such cases is acceptably efficient, though this proposal is based on value judgement rather than on economic grounds. Doctors should be concerned in improving housing conditions, which are still unacceptably poor in many parts of Britain, in the interests of improving general standards of public health.", "PMID": 667552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11821", "title": "Physiological aspects of menopausal hot flush.", "content": "Eighteen hot flushes experimenced by eight menopausal women were studied and compared with the effects of warming in six premenopausal women. The hot flushes were associated with an acute rise in skin temperature, peripheral vasodilatation, a transient increase in heart rate, fluctuations in the electrocardiographic (ECG) baseline, and a pronounced decrease in skin resistence. Although premenopausal women had greater maximum increases in skin temperature and peripheral vasodilatation, they showed a much smaller decrease in skin resistance and no changes in heart rate or ECG baseline. These findings suggest that the onset of the hot flush is associated with a sudden and transient increase in sympathetic drive. Further investigations may lead to the development of a more specific alternative to oestrogen for relieving menopausal hot flushes.", "contents": "Physiological aspects of menopausal hot flush. Eighteen hot flushes experimenced by eight menopausal women were studied and compared with the effects of warming in six premenopausal women. The hot flushes were associated with an acute rise in skin temperature, peripheral vasodilatation, a transient increase in heart rate, fluctuations in the electrocardiographic (ECG) baseline, and a pronounced decrease in skin resistence. Although premenopausal women had greater maximum increases in skin temperature and peripheral vasodilatation, they showed a much smaller decrease in skin resistance and no changes in heart rate or ECG baseline. These findings suggest that the onset of the hot flush is associated with a sudden and transient increase in sympathetic drive. Further investigations may lead to the development of a more specific alternative to oestrogen for relieving menopausal hot flushes.", "PMID": 667570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11822", "title": "Axillary hyperhidrosis treated with alcoholic solution of aluminium chloride hexahydrate.", "content": "Sixty-five patients with axillary hyperhidrosis took part in a trial of treatment with a solution of 20% aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol, applied topically each night for a week and then whenever the patient thought it necessary. Excellent control of sweating was achieved in 64 patients, and occlusion of the area was found to be unnecessary. No troublesome side effects were reported. The results of this study indicate that 20% aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol is the treatment of first choice for patients with axillary hyperhidrosis.", "contents": "Axillary hyperhidrosis treated with alcoholic solution of aluminium chloride hexahydrate. Sixty-five patients with axillary hyperhidrosis took part in a trial of treatment with a solution of 20% aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol, applied topically each night for a week and then whenever the patient thought it necessary. Excellent control of sweating was achieved in 64 patients, and occlusion of the area was found to be unnecessary. No troublesome side effects were reported. The results of this study indicate that 20% aluminium chloride hexahydrate in absolute alcohol is the treatment of first choice for patients with axillary hyperhidrosis.", "PMID": 667571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11823", "title": "Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis.", "content": "An operation has been developed that permits total removal of all disease-prone mucosa in ulcerative colitis but avoids the need for a permanent ileostomy. The colon and upper half of the rectum are excised and the remaining inflamed mucosa is stripped from the rectal stump down to the dentate line of the anal canal. A pouch is fashioned from a triplicated loop of terminal ileum. This is drawn down through the denuded rectum and an anastomosis created, via the per-anal approach, between the ileum just distal to the pouch and the mid-anal canal. A temporary ileostomy is made. Out of eight patients so treated, five were available for assessment, and four of them were highly satisfied with the result in improved health and function. The remaining three were awaiting closure of their ileostomies.", "contents": "Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis. An operation has been developed that permits total removal of all disease-prone mucosa in ulcerative colitis but avoids the need for a permanent ileostomy. The colon and upper half of the rectum are excised and the remaining inflamed mucosa is stripped from the rectal stump down to the dentate line of the anal canal. A pouch is fashioned from a triplicated loop of terminal ileum. This is drawn down through the denuded rectum and an anastomosis created, via the per-anal approach, between the ileum just distal to the pouch and the mid-anal canal. A temporary ileostomy is made. Out of eight patients so treated, five were available for assessment, and four of them were highly satisfied with the result in improved health and function. The remaining three were awaiting closure of their ileostomies.", "PMID": 667572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11824", "title": "Comparison between subjective and ultrasound assessments of fetal movement.", "content": "Forty pregnant women participated in a study to compare subjective with ultrasound assessments of fetal movements. A real-time ultrasound scanner was used. Movements were recorded for 45 minutes in all cases. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of movements recorded by the two methods, but the 95% confidence limits were wide and no correlation was found in those patients who recorded fewer than 20 movements in the study period. Thus \"false-positive\" information may be obtained from purely subjective data, and in patients reporting low \"kick counts\" fetal activity should be assessed from real-time ultrasound recordings.", "contents": "Comparison between subjective and ultrasound assessments of fetal movement. Forty pregnant women participated in a study to compare subjective with ultrasound assessments of fetal movements. A real-time ultrasound scanner was used. Movements were recorded for 45 minutes in all cases. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of movements recorded by the two methods, but the 95% confidence limits were wide and no correlation was found in those patients who recorded fewer than 20 movements in the study period. Thus \"false-positive\" information may be obtained from purely subjective data, and in patients reporting low \"kick counts\" fetal activity should be assessed from real-time ultrasound recordings.", "PMID": 667573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11825", "title": "Frontal 'oculomotor\" area in alert cat. I. Eye movements and neck activity evoked by stimulation.", "content": "(1) Stimulation within cat frontal lobe elicited saccadic eye movements whose maximum velocity was significantly greater than that of normal spontaneous saccades. (2) The majority (90%) of stimulated cortical points yielded eye movements whose directions and amplitudes were independent of the position of the eye in the orbit. The direction of these eye movements depended on the site being stimulated, with a discrete and orderly representation of directions existing within the cortex. (3) A lesser number of cortical points (10%) yielded centering movements whose directions and amplitudes depended on the position of the eye in the orbit, rather than on the site being stimulated. (4) Evoked neck muscle activation frequently preceded evoked eye movements by some 15--30 msec. This timing was compatible with a coordinated head-eye orientating response. (5) On the basis of the directions, and the latencies, of evoked eye movements, the cat frontal oculomotor area could be divided into two subregions, a 'medial' and a 'lateral', (6) The 'medial' area included the mesial wall of the hemisphere with a portion of the lower lip of the cruciate sulcus, and the medial wall of the presylvian sulcus. This area yielded contraversive eye movements with shorter latencies (average 45 msec). (7) The 'lateral' area included primarily the lateral wall of the presylvian sulcus. It yielded predominantly centering eye movements, and ipsiversive movements with longer latencies (65 msec). (8) The functional characteristics of the 'medial' area, as revealed by focal stimulation, resembled those of the monkey frontal eye field.", "contents": "Frontal 'oculomotor\" area in alert cat. I. Eye movements and neck activity evoked by stimulation. (1) Stimulation within cat frontal lobe elicited saccadic eye movements whose maximum velocity was significantly greater than that of normal spontaneous saccades. (2) The majority (90%) of stimulated cortical points yielded eye movements whose directions and amplitudes were independent of the position of the eye in the orbit. The direction of these eye movements depended on the site being stimulated, with a discrete and orderly representation of directions existing within the cortex. (3) A lesser number of cortical points (10%) yielded centering movements whose directions and amplitudes depended on the position of the eye in the orbit, rather than on the site being stimulated. (4) Evoked neck muscle activation frequently preceded evoked eye movements by some 15--30 msec. This timing was compatible with a coordinated head-eye orientating response. (5) On the basis of the directions, and the latencies, of evoked eye movements, the cat frontal oculomotor area could be divided into two subregions, a 'medial' and a 'lateral', (6) The 'medial' area included the mesial wall of the hemisphere with a portion of the lower lip of the cruciate sulcus, and the medial wall of the presylvian sulcus. This area yielded contraversive eye movements with shorter latencies (average 45 msec). (7) The 'lateral' area included primarily the lateral wall of the presylvian sulcus. It yielded predominantly centering eye movements, and ipsiversive movements with longer latencies (65 msec). (8) The functional characteristics of the 'medial' area, as revealed by focal stimulation, resembled those of the monkey frontal eye field.", "PMID": 667603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11826", "title": "Frontal 'oculomotor' area in alert cat. II. Unit discharges associated with eye movements and neck muscle activity.", "content": "(1) Unit activity in front 'oculomotor' cortex was recorded extracellularly from sites where subsequent electrical stimulation, using threshold current (50 microamperes), could elicit both eye movements and simultaneous neck EMG acitivity. (2) Of 103 cells, 19% were related to either eye movements or neck EMG activity. Cells could be grouped into three categories: (a) Directional (D) cells (31%) discharged before and during saccadic eye movements, whenever the eyes followed a target in one specific direction. Spontaneous saccades, or vestibularly driven nystagmus, in either the light or dark, elicited no responses. (b) Conditionally directional (CD) cells (43%) discharged following (i) tracking saccades; (ii) spontaneous saccades and (iii) the quick phase of nystagmus, in all directions. There usually was a slight discharge preference for one given direction, and this preference was enhanced whenever visual tracking was restricted to the preferred direction. One-third of CD cells responded to stimulation of the contralateralal biventer cervicis neck muscle (min lat. 20 msec). (c) Neck EMG (N) cells (26%) discharged in association with, and preceding, changes in neck muscle activity. These cells also responded to stimulation of the contralateral biventer cervicis muscle (min lat. 10 msec). (3) For points in the lateral 'oculomotor' region (as defined by stimulation: see ref. 17), the directions of evoked saccades, and the directions of spontaneous saccades associated with unit discharges, were sililar. In the medial region 17, the directions of evoked saccades were roughly opposite to the directions of spontaneous eye movements favoured by unit discharges.", "contents": "Frontal 'oculomotor' area in alert cat. II. Unit discharges associated with eye movements and neck muscle activity. (1) Unit activity in front 'oculomotor' cortex was recorded extracellularly from sites where subsequent electrical stimulation, using threshold current (50 microamperes), could elicit both eye movements and simultaneous neck EMG acitivity. (2) Of 103 cells, 19% were related to either eye movements or neck EMG activity. Cells could be grouped into three categories: (a) Directional (D) cells (31%) discharged before and during saccadic eye movements, whenever the eyes followed a target in one specific direction. Spontaneous saccades, or vestibularly driven nystagmus, in either the light or dark, elicited no responses. (b) Conditionally directional (CD) cells (43%) discharged following (i) tracking saccades; (ii) spontaneous saccades and (iii) the quick phase of nystagmus, in all directions. There usually was a slight discharge preference for one given direction, and this preference was enhanced whenever visual tracking was restricted to the preferred direction. One-third of CD cells responded to stimulation of the contralateralal biventer cervicis neck muscle (min lat. 20 msec). (c) Neck EMG (N) cells (26%) discharged in association with, and preceding, changes in neck muscle activity. These cells also responded to stimulation of the contralateral biventer cervicis muscle (min lat. 10 msec). (3) For points in the lateral 'oculomotor' region (as defined by stimulation: see ref. 17), the directions of evoked saccades, and the directions of spontaneous saccades associated with unit discharges, were sililar. In the medial region 17, the directions of evoked saccades were roughly opposite to the directions of spontaneous eye movements favoured by unit discharges.", "PMID": 667604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11827", "title": "Unitary acitvity of ventrolateral nucleus during placing movement and associated postural adjustment.", "content": "The activity of neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) was analyzed in the cat during placing movements of both the right and left forelimbs. The purpose was to determine if thalamic neuron discharge patterns could be related to movement and/or to postural changes. Placing tests were conducted on animals maintained in a standing position and partially restrained by a hammock. Each of the forelimbs rested on a flat surface containing a strain gauge which allowed the stance forces to be measured. Two mobile plates, one on the left and one on the right, were used to elicit a contact placing reaction. The response was composed of an isometric phase, during which the body weight was shifted from the stimulated limb to the opposite forelimb while the stimulated limb was gently pushed backwards, and a movement phase during which the stimulated paw actually accomplished the placing reaction. (1) About half the recorded neurons (47/86) in the VL region demonstrated a change in activity, generally an increase of discharge frequency, during placing of the right of left forelimb. (2) Almost all the reactive units (45/47) responded to contralateral placing. Two units changed their activity with ipsilateral placing only, whereas 18 units were active during placing of both forelimbs. The discharge pattern of cells activated during ipsilateral placing was considered as related to the isometric postural adjustment of the contralateral limbs. (3) Cells reactive during contralateral tests were located preferentially in the ventrolateral part of VL. Units reactive during ipsilateral tests (postural units) were also clustered in the ventrolateral half of VL which is the zone controlling limb musculature. Some of the 'postural units' were identified as receiving afferents from cerebellar nuclei and projecting to motor cortex. (4) Changes in discharge frequency were observed during either the isometric phase, the movement phase, or both. The same type of patterns were observed during contralateral and ipsilateral placing. About half of the cells responding during the contralateral placing movement did so throughout the entire duration of the movement, and were not specifically related to either the flexion or the extension phase of the placing. (5) The timing of the discharge of VL units with respect to the isometric phase and to the movement phase of the motor sequence varied from cell to cell. No topographic arrangement of neurons with the same pattern of discharge could be found within the nucleus.", "contents": "Unitary acitvity of ventrolateral nucleus during placing movement and associated postural adjustment. The activity of neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) was analyzed in the cat during placing movements of both the right and left forelimbs. The purpose was to determine if thalamic neuron discharge patterns could be related to movement and/or to postural changes. Placing tests were conducted on animals maintained in a standing position and partially restrained by a hammock. Each of the forelimbs rested on a flat surface containing a strain gauge which allowed the stance forces to be measured. Two mobile plates, one on the left and one on the right, were used to elicit a contact placing reaction. The response was composed of an isometric phase, during which the body weight was shifted from the stimulated limb to the opposite forelimb while the stimulated limb was gently pushed backwards, and a movement phase during which the stimulated paw actually accomplished the placing reaction. (1) About half the recorded neurons (47/86) in the VL region demonstrated a change in activity, generally an increase of discharge frequency, during placing of the right of left forelimb. (2) Almost all the reactive units (45/47) responded to contralateral placing. Two units changed their activity with ipsilateral placing only, whereas 18 units were active during placing of both forelimbs. The discharge pattern of cells activated during ipsilateral placing was considered as related to the isometric postural adjustment of the contralateral limbs. (3) Cells reactive during contralateral tests were located preferentially in the ventrolateral part of VL. Units reactive during ipsilateral tests (postural units) were also clustered in the ventrolateral half of VL which is the zone controlling limb musculature. Some of the 'postural units' were identified as receiving afferents from cerebellar nuclei and projecting to motor cortex. (4) Changes in discharge frequency were observed during either the isometric phase, the movement phase, or both. The same type of patterns were observed during contralateral and ipsilateral placing. About half of the cells responding during the contralateral placing movement did so throughout the entire duration of the movement, and were not specifically related to either the flexion or the extension phase of the placing. (5) The timing of the discharge of VL units with respect to the isometric phase and to the movement phase of the motor sequence varied from cell to cell. No topographic arrangement of neurons with the same pattern of discharge could be found within the nucleus.", "PMID": 667605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11828", "title": "Some properties of extrastriate visual units in the cortex of the rabbit.", "content": "Receptive fields and trigger properties of 306 units in the visual cortex of the rabbit have been examined in detail. Reconstruction of the electrode tracks revealed that 276 of these recordings were made from cells located in the striate cortex, whilst the remaining 30 were found to lie in cortex lateral to the striate field. These latter units have been termed 'extrastriate'. Five penetrations involved both striate and extrastriate units enabling a direct comparison of their properties to be made. The most outstanding feature of the extrastriate units was their huge receptive field sizes (up to 80 degrees X 130 degrees) and high rates of spontaneous activity (usually between 10 and 20 imp./sec). None of these cells responded well to stationary stimuli and most preferred moving targets. Responses could be elicited regardless of the nature of stimulus-to-background contrast and were constant over a wide range of stimulus sizes. No cells were found which were orientation selective. Approximately half the extrastriate units were direction selective, the majority preferred anterior movement in the visual field. Movement in the counter-preferred direction generally resulted in suppression of the spontaneous discharge. In contrast to this the receptive fields of cells in the striate cortex were small, and were often sensitive to features such as stimulus size, orientation, and contrast, in addition to movement and direction of movement. The similarity between one class of extrastriate unit, and units recently observed in the pretectum of the rabbit is pointed out.", "contents": "Some properties of extrastriate visual units in the cortex of the rabbit. Receptive fields and trigger properties of 306 units in the visual cortex of the rabbit have been examined in detail. Reconstruction of the electrode tracks revealed that 276 of these recordings were made from cells located in the striate cortex, whilst the remaining 30 were found to lie in cortex lateral to the striate field. These latter units have been termed 'extrastriate'. Five penetrations involved both striate and extrastriate units enabling a direct comparison of their properties to be made. The most outstanding feature of the extrastriate units was their huge receptive field sizes (up to 80 degrees X 130 degrees) and high rates of spontaneous activity (usually between 10 and 20 imp./sec). None of these cells responded well to stationary stimuli and most preferred moving targets. Responses could be elicited regardless of the nature of stimulus-to-background contrast and were constant over a wide range of stimulus sizes. No cells were found which were orientation selective. Approximately half the extrastriate units were direction selective, the majority preferred anterior movement in the visual field. Movement in the counter-preferred direction generally resulted in suppression of the spontaneous discharge. In contrast to this the receptive fields of cells in the striate cortex were small, and were often sensitive to features such as stimulus size, orientation, and contrast, in addition to movement and direction of movement. The similarity between one class of extrastriate unit, and units recently observed in the pretectum of the rabbit is pointed out.", "PMID": 667606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11829", "title": "Effects of undernutrition on glial maturation.", "content": "Rats of Wistar strain were conceived and breast-fed until the 25th day by mothers maintained on a low protein (5%) and low caloric (21 calories/day) diet, producing a severe deficiency in weight body growth (more than 50% at the 10th day) and of the weight of the central nervous system (40% on the 15th day) both in the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord. Histological and biochemical analysis of the central nervous system shows: (1) Glial proliferation is insufficient and delayed, the number of glial cells is reduced by 50% on the 10th day in the cuneatus and gracilis tracts and the density of the glial cells is reduced by 50% in the corpus callosum at the 19th day. (2) Maturation of the glial cells is greatly retarded, especially in the corpus callosum a structure which matures late. On the 19th day, the majority of the cells in this structure still have a glioblastic appearence, whereas in the normal rat, at this age the majority of the glial cells are oligodendrocytes. (3) These abnormalities of glial maturation agree well with the delay of the increase of DNA, RNA and protein measured in the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres. (4) There is a defect in myelination assessed by estimation of the density of the myelin fibres, and a definitive reduction in the caliber of the spinal tracts.", "contents": "Effects of undernutrition on glial maturation. Rats of Wistar strain were conceived and breast-fed until the 25th day by mothers maintained on a low protein (5%) and low caloric (21 calories/day) diet, producing a severe deficiency in weight body growth (more than 50% at the 10th day) and of the weight of the central nervous system (40% on the 15th day) both in the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord. Histological and biochemical analysis of the central nervous system shows: (1) Glial proliferation is insufficient and delayed, the number of glial cells is reduced by 50% on the 10th day in the cuneatus and gracilis tracts and the density of the glial cells is reduced by 50% in the corpus callosum at the 19th day. (2) Maturation of the glial cells is greatly retarded, especially in the corpus callosum a structure which matures late. On the 19th day, the majority of the cells in this structure still have a glioblastic appearence, whereas in the normal rat, at this age the majority of the glial cells are oligodendrocytes. (3) These abnormalities of glial maturation agree well with the delay of the increase of DNA, RNA and protein measured in the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres. (4) There is a defect in myelination assessed by estimation of the density of the myelin fibres, and a definitive reduction in the caliber of the spinal tracts.", "PMID": 667607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11830", "title": "Reward, attention and the dorsal noradrenergic bundle.", "content": "The resistance to extinction seen after lesion to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle has been suggested to arise from a deficit in internal inhibition or a 'perseverative' type of deficit. This hypothesis is tested by examining the ability of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals to inhibit a previously developed preference for saccharine solution as a result of poisoning with lithium chloride. Unimpaired taste aversion is found, arguing against a deficit in the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. An alternative explanation of the dorsal bundle extinction effect (DBEE), that of alterations in attention, is tested by acquisition and reversal of a successive light-dark discrimination. Both acquisition and reversal are severely impaired, suggesting that the treated animals have difficulty in attending to a specific stimulus in the environment when this is required in order to structure behaviour appropriately, and thus being consistent with a role for the dorsal bundle in the control of attentional processes.", "contents": "Reward, attention and the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. The resistance to extinction seen after lesion to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle has been suggested to arise from a deficit in internal inhibition or a 'perseverative' type of deficit. This hypothesis is tested by examining the ability of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals to inhibit a previously developed preference for saccharine solution as a result of poisoning with lithium chloride. Unimpaired taste aversion is found, arguing against a deficit in the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. An alternative explanation of the dorsal bundle extinction effect (DBEE), that of alterations in attention, is tested by acquisition and reversal of a successive light-dark discrimination. Both acquisition and reversal are severely impaired, suggesting that the treated animals have difficulty in attending to a specific stimulus in the environment when this is required in order to structure behaviour appropriately, and thus being consistent with a role for the dorsal bundle in the control of attentional processes.", "PMID": 667617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11831", "title": "The dorsal and medial raphe projections to the substantia nigra in the rat: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioural observations.", "content": "Electrophysiological experiments have been performed in urethane anaesthetized rats to investigate the projections from the dorsal (DRN) and medial raphe nuclei (MRN) to the substantia nigra. The biochemical and behavioural effects following discrete electrolytic lesions in the dorsal and medial raphe have also been investigated. Stimulation of the DRN produced predominantly inhibition of spontaneous activity of single neurones in the substantia nigra though some neurones were also excited. Bilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra produced antidromic spikes in DRN and MRN neurones. Lesions of the DRN and MRN produced a significant reduction in substantia nigra 5-HT concentration. Additionally, DRN lesions reduced striatal 5-HT, while MRN lesions reduced hippocampal 5-HT. Both lesions increased substantia nigra HVA concentration but did not affect DA concentration. Neither DRN nor MRN lesions affected striatal HVA, although DA levels were significantly elevated after 14 days. Animals with DRN lesions explored more than controls or MRN-lesioned animals. However, this behaviour was transient and was not observed after 14 days. On the other hand, MRN-lesioned animals were significantly hyperactive. These observations suggest that the substantia nigra receives a direct monosynaptic inhibitory input from the DRN and MRN and that these pathways use 5-HT as a neurotransmitter serving to tonically inhibit dopaminergic neurones. While 5-HT and dopamine appear to be involved in the control of motor behaviour, the precise relationship between these serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems in this respect is unclear.", "contents": "The dorsal and medial raphe projections to the substantia nigra in the rat: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioural observations. Electrophysiological experiments have been performed in urethane anaesthetized rats to investigate the projections from the dorsal (DRN) and medial raphe nuclei (MRN) to the substantia nigra. The biochemical and behavioural effects following discrete electrolytic lesions in the dorsal and medial raphe have also been investigated. Stimulation of the DRN produced predominantly inhibition of spontaneous activity of single neurones in the substantia nigra though some neurones were also excited. Bilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra produced antidromic spikes in DRN and MRN neurones. Lesions of the DRN and MRN produced a significant reduction in substantia nigra 5-HT concentration. Additionally, DRN lesions reduced striatal 5-HT, while MRN lesions reduced hippocampal 5-HT. Both lesions increased substantia nigra HVA concentration but did not affect DA concentration. Neither DRN nor MRN lesions affected striatal HVA, although DA levels were significantly elevated after 14 days. Animals with DRN lesions explored more than controls or MRN-lesioned animals. However, this behaviour was transient and was not observed after 14 days. On the other hand, MRN-lesioned animals were significantly hyperactive. These observations suggest that the substantia nigra receives a direct monosynaptic inhibitory input from the DRN and MRN and that these pathways use 5-HT as a neurotransmitter serving to tonically inhibit dopaminergic neurones. While 5-HT and dopamine appear to be involved in the control of motor behaviour, the precise relationship between these serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems in this respect is unclear.", "PMID": 667623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11832", "title": "Storage and release of acetylcholine in the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat.", "content": "The storage and release of acetylcholine and choline were studied in the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat by a radioenzymic method. The acetylcholine and choline contents were 202.2 +/- 5.1 and 624.7 +/- 20.2 pmole/ganglion, respectively. The transmitter tissue store was unaffected during 1 h of superfusion in choline--Krebs solution, while a 20% decrease was exhibited after 2 h and then remained approximately stable. Conversely, choline content declined to 50% within 1 h and further to 37% of the original level by 4 h. About 24% of the choline assayed in the intact preparation is located in the connective sheath. Preganglionic nerve stimulation at 10--20/sec or potassium stimulation (40 mM KCl) invariably decreased the transmitter tissue stores by 25--45%; such a depletion is independent of the presence or absence of external choline. By contrast, the presence of choline proved to be a prerequisite for the efficient release of acetylcholine from eserinized ganglia during continuous 10/sex stimulation. A drastic depression in the acetylcholine release is described which is related to the time of preincubation of the ganglia with eserine prior to stimulation. Indeed, a 30 min exposure to eserine, compared with a 5 min period, resulted in a 4-fold decrease in the steady output rate. Under optimal conditions, the initial volley output at 10/sec was 1.3 X 10(-4) of the releasable transmitter pool and 1.9 X 10(-4) during the steady-state output. These results are discussed in the light of the electrophysiological knowledge of the quantal release process at the ganglionic synapse.", "contents": "Storage and release of acetylcholine in the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat. The storage and release of acetylcholine and choline were studied in the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat by a radioenzymic method. The acetylcholine and choline contents were 202.2 +/- 5.1 and 624.7 +/- 20.2 pmole/ganglion, respectively. The transmitter tissue store was unaffected during 1 h of superfusion in choline--Krebs solution, while a 20% decrease was exhibited after 2 h and then remained approximately stable. Conversely, choline content declined to 50% within 1 h and further to 37% of the original level by 4 h. About 24% of the choline assayed in the intact preparation is located in the connective sheath. Preganglionic nerve stimulation at 10--20/sec or potassium stimulation (40 mM KCl) invariably decreased the transmitter tissue stores by 25--45%; such a depletion is independent of the presence or absence of external choline. By contrast, the presence of choline proved to be a prerequisite for the efficient release of acetylcholine from eserinized ganglia during continuous 10/sex stimulation. A drastic depression in the acetylcholine release is described which is related to the time of preincubation of the ganglia with eserine prior to stimulation. Indeed, a 30 min exposure to eserine, compared with a 5 min period, resulted in a 4-fold decrease in the steady output rate. Under optimal conditions, the initial volley output at 10/sec was 1.3 X 10(-4) of the releasable transmitter pool and 1.9 X 10(-4) during the steady-state output. These results are discussed in the light of the electrophysiological knowledge of the quantal release process at the ganglionic synapse.", "PMID": 667624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11833", "title": "Substance P release from the rat substantia nigra.", "content": "The characteristics of substance P release have been investigated in the rat substantia nigra, in vitro, using a sensitive radioimmunoassay method. The spontaneous efflux of substance P represented approximately 0.5% of tissue stores released per minute. Addition of potassium to the superfusion medium produced a concentration-dependent increase in substance P release which was linear over the range 15--60 mM potassium. The potassium-evoked release of substance P was almost totally abolished by removal of calcium from the superfusion medium, and was linearly related to an increase in calcium concentration with a corresponding decrease in the magnesium concentrations over the range 0.1--3.0 mM calcium. Veratridine (50 micrometer) also evoked the release of substance P in a calcium- and tetrodotoxin-sensitive manner. Superfusion of substantia nigra slices with GABA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition in the K+-evoked release of substance P which could be abolished by continuous superfusion with picrotoxin. Bicuculline was less effective than picrotoxin in blocking the effects of GABA. The GABA agonist muscimol also produced an inhibition of substance P release, whereas baclofen was without effect. These results support the concept that substance P may function as a neurotransmitter within the substantia nigra, and suggest that GABA may have a role in the regulation of substance P release.", "contents": "Substance P release from the rat substantia nigra. The characteristics of substance P release have been investigated in the rat substantia nigra, in vitro, using a sensitive radioimmunoassay method. The spontaneous efflux of substance P represented approximately 0.5% of tissue stores released per minute. Addition of potassium to the superfusion medium produced a concentration-dependent increase in substance P release which was linear over the range 15--60 mM potassium. The potassium-evoked release of substance P was almost totally abolished by removal of calcium from the superfusion medium, and was linearly related to an increase in calcium concentration with a corresponding decrease in the magnesium concentrations over the range 0.1--3.0 mM calcium. Veratridine (50 micrometer) also evoked the release of substance P in a calcium- and tetrodotoxin-sensitive manner. Superfusion of substantia nigra slices with GABA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition in the K+-evoked release of substance P which could be abolished by continuous superfusion with picrotoxin. Bicuculline was less effective than picrotoxin in blocking the effects of GABA. The GABA agonist muscimol also produced an inhibition of substance P release, whereas baclofen was without effect. These results support the concept that substance P may function as a neurotransmitter within the substantia nigra, and suggest that GABA may have a role in the regulation of substance P release.", "PMID": 667625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11834", "title": "Messages conveyed by spinocerebellar pathways during scratching in the cat. I. Activity of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus.", "content": "(1) Signals transmitted to the cerebellum by the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP) during scratching were studied. For this purpose, the activity of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), which are the last-order neurons of the SRCP, was recorded during scratching in thalamic cats. Scratching was evoked by stimulation of the pinna. LRN neurons were identified antidromically by stimulation of the hindlimb area in the cerebellar anterior lobe. In most experiments, animals were immobilized with Flaxedil, and stimulation of the pinna resulted in fictitious scratching, i.e., in periodical reciprocal activity of flexor and extensor motoneurons typical of actual scratching. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge frequency of LRN neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation with the scratch cycle. Most LRN neurons fired in short high-frequency bursts of spikes which coincided (completely or partly) with the extensor phase of the cycle. In this respect the SRCP differs from the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) which is maximally active in the flexor phase of the cycle. (3) The firing pattern of LRN neurons during fictitious scratching was similar to that during actual scratching. Therefore, the rhythmical burst firing of LRN neurons is determined mainly by the central mechanisms and not by the rhythmical sensory input. (4) Rhythmical modulation of LRN neurons disappeared after transection of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in which spinoreticular fibers are located. On the other hand, considerable reduction of rhythmical activity in descending brainstem-spinal pathways after contralateral hemisection of the spinal cord did not affect the discharge pattern of LRN neurons. These two facts indicate that the SRCP conveys mainly messages about activity of the central spinal mechanisms, and that influences of supraspinal motor centers.on LRN neurons and on spinoreticular neurons are of minor importance. (5) Axonal terminations of LRN neurons are distributed rather evenly over the hindlimb area in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Therefore, messages about the events, which happen within the spinal cord in the vicinity of the extensor phase of the cycle, arrive at every point of the hindlimb area.", "contents": "Messages conveyed by spinocerebellar pathways during scratching in the cat. I. Activity of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus. (1) Signals transmitted to the cerebellum by the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP) during scratching were studied. For this purpose, the activity of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), which are the last-order neurons of the SRCP, was recorded during scratching in thalamic cats. Scratching was evoked by stimulation of the pinna. LRN neurons were identified antidromically by stimulation of the hindlimb area in the cerebellar anterior lobe. In most experiments, animals were immobilized with Flaxedil, and stimulation of the pinna resulted in fictitious scratching, i.e., in periodical reciprocal activity of flexor and extensor motoneurons typical of actual scratching. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge frequency of LRN neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation with the scratch cycle. Most LRN neurons fired in short high-frequency bursts of spikes which coincided (completely or partly) with the extensor phase of the cycle. In this respect the SRCP differs from the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) which is maximally active in the flexor phase of the cycle. (3) The firing pattern of LRN neurons during fictitious scratching was similar to that during actual scratching. Therefore, the rhythmical burst firing of LRN neurons is determined mainly by the central mechanisms and not by the rhythmical sensory input. (4) Rhythmical modulation of LRN neurons disappeared after transection of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in which spinoreticular fibers are located. On the other hand, considerable reduction of rhythmical activity in descending brainstem-spinal pathways after contralateral hemisection of the spinal cord did not affect the discharge pattern of LRN neurons. These two facts indicate that the SRCP conveys mainly messages about activity of the central spinal mechanisms, and that influences of supraspinal motor centers.on LRN neurons and on spinoreticular neurons are of minor importance. (5) Axonal terminations of LRN neurons are distributed rather evenly over the hindlimb area in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Therefore, messages about the events, which happen within the spinal cord in the vicinity of the extensor phase of the cycle, arrive at every point of the hindlimb area.", "PMID": 667626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11835", "title": "Messages conveyed by spinocerebellar pathways during scratching in the cat. II. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract.", "content": "(1) The activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) during scratching was studied in thalamic and decapitate cats. The neurons were identified antidromically either by stimulation of the hindlimb area in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum (in thalamic cats) or by stimulation of the contralateral ventrolateral funiculus of the spinal cord (in decapitate cats). The scratch reflex was elicited by stimulation of either the pinna (in thalamic cats) or the cervical spinal cord (in decapitate cats). In most experiments, animals were immobilized and the activity of VSCT neurons was recorded during fictitious scratching. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge of VSCT neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation with the scratch cycle: neurons fired in bursts separated with periods of silence. Phases of activity of different neurons were unevenly distributed over the scratch cycle: most neurons fired within the limits of the flexor phase of the cycle. (3) The firing pattern of VSCT neurons during fictitious scratching was similar to that during actual scratching. Therefore, rhythmical burst firing of VSCT neurons is determined mainly by central mechanisms and not by a rhythmical sensory input. (4) The firing pattern of VSCT neurons in decapitate cats was similar to that in thalamic cats. Therefore, rhythmical burst firing of VSCT neurons is determined mainly by the central spinal mechanism and not by supraspinal motor centers. (5) The VSCT neurons which fired in long bursts during the greater part of the flexor phase were usually activated during the latent period of scratching, while those firing later in the cycle were usually either inhibited or not affected during this period. (6) The antidromic response in most VSCT neurons could be evoked from a large number of points in the hindlimb area of the cerebellar anterior lobe, both in the vermis and in the pars intermedia. Due to such extensive branching of axons, each point of the cortex receives signals from neurons firing in different phases of the cycle. But axons of VSCT neurons firing in long bursts during the greater part of the flexor phase terminate more extensively in the pars intermedia, while axons of neurons firing later in the cycle terminate more extensively in the vermis. (7) The functioning of the VSCT is essentially similar to that of the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP). Both pathways convey messages about activity of the central spinal mechanism generating the motor output pattern of scratching, but the VSCT is active mainly in the flexor phase of the scratch cycle and the SRCP in the extensor one. A hypothesis is advanced that these pathways monitor activity of different groups of spinal interneurons.", "contents": "Messages conveyed by spinocerebellar pathways during scratching in the cat. II. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract. (1) The activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) during scratching was studied in thalamic and decapitate cats. The neurons were identified antidromically either by stimulation of the hindlimb area in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum (in thalamic cats) or by stimulation of the contralateral ventrolateral funiculus of the spinal cord (in decapitate cats). The scratch reflex was elicited by stimulation of either the pinna (in thalamic cats) or the cervical spinal cord (in decapitate cats). In most experiments, animals were immobilized and the activity of VSCT neurons was recorded during fictitious scratching. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge of VSCT neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation with the scratch cycle: neurons fired in bursts separated with periods of silence. Phases of activity of different neurons were unevenly distributed over the scratch cycle: most neurons fired within the limits of the flexor phase of the cycle. (3) The firing pattern of VSCT neurons during fictitious scratching was similar to that during actual scratching. Therefore, rhythmical burst firing of VSCT neurons is determined mainly by central mechanisms and not by a rhythmical sensory input. (4) The firing pattern of VSCT neurons in decapitate cats was similar to that in thalamic cats. Therefore, rhythmical burst firing of VSCT neurons is determined mainly by the central spinal mechanism and not by supraspinal motor centers. (5) The VSCT neurons which fired in long bursts during the greater part of the flexor phase were usually activated during the latent period of scratching, while those firing later in the cycle were usually either inhibited or not affected during this period. (6) The antidromic response in most VSCT neurons could be evoked from a large number of points in the hindlimb area of the cerebellar anterior lobe, both in the vermis and in the pars intermedia. Due to such extensive branching of axons, each point of the cortex receives signals from neurons firing in different phases of the cycle. But axons of VSCT neurons firing in long bursts during the greater part of the flexor phase terminate more extensively in the pars intermedia, while axons of neurons firing later in the cycle terminate more extensively in the vermis. (7) The functioning of the VSCT is essentially similar to that of the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP). Both pathways convey messages about activity of the central spinal mechanism generating the motor output pattern of scratching, but the VSCT is active mainly in the flexor phase of the scratch cycle and the SRCP in the extensor one. A hypothesis is advanced that these pathways monitor activity of different groups of spinal interneurons.", "PMID": 667627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11836", "title": "Behavioral and anatomical consequences of small intrastriatal injections of kainic acid in the rat.", "content": "The effects of bilateral injections of kainic acid into the anteromedial neostriatal region were examined behaviorally and anatomically in two groups of rats. Behaviorally, kainic acid injections resulted in a severe impairment of delayed alternation retention, while the ability for visual discrimination remained unaffected. Anatomically it was found that axons traversing the injected area remain able to transport horseradish peroxidase. Furthermore, histological examinations of the injected regions revealed a heavy loss of neurons and a decrease of histochemical staining for specific acetylcholinesterase. Silver impregnation showed slightly disorganized, but continuous, axons in bundles of the capsula interna. On the other hand, the axonal network throughout the neuropil of the injected area was markedly diminished. No conspicuous change was found in myelin staining or in the intensity or catecholamine fluorescence. The anatomical results suggest that kainic acid appears to affect only perikarya of the neostriatum and the axons originating from these perikarya, whereas passing axons seem to remain intact. Thus, the observed behavioral impairment must be attributed to changes in the neostriatum itself. It is concluded that the neostriatum has 'complex' or 'cognitive' functions and that some mental symptoms in Huntington's chorea may be attributed to a dysfunction of this part of the brain.", "contents": "Behavioral and anatomical consequences of small intrastriatal injections of kainic acid in the rat. The effects of bilateral injections of kainic acid into the anteromedial neostriatal region were examined behaviorally and anatomically in two groups of rats. Behaviorally, kainic acid injections resulted in a severe impairment of delayed alternation retention, while the ability for visual discrimination remained unaffected. Anatomically it was found that axons traversing the injected area remain able to transport horseradish peroxidase. Furthermore, histological examinations of the injected regions revealed a heavy loss of neurons and a decrease of histochemical staining for specific acetylcholinesterase. Silver impregnation showed slightly disorganized, but continuous, axons in bundles of the capsula interna. On the other hand, the axonal network throughout the neuropil of the injected area was markedly diminished. No conspicuous change was found in myelin staining or in the intensity or catecholamine fluorescence. The anatomical results suggest that kainic acid appears to affect only perikarya of the neostriatum and the axons originating from these perikarya, whereas passing axons seem to remain intact. Thus, the observed behavioral impairment must be attributed to changes in the neostriatum itself. It is concluded that the neostriatum has 'complex' or 'cognitive' functions and that some mental symptoms in Huntington's chorea may be attributed to a dysfunction of this part of the brain.", "PMID": 667628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11837", "title": "X-ray diffraction and electron microscope study of osteons during calcification.", "content": "To obtain information on the changes in the inorganic bone fraction during calcification, low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques and electron microscopy have been applied to single osteon samples. The samples were cylindrically shaped and their axes corresponded to the axes of the Haversian canals. The selection was made according to the degree of calcification and the orientation of collagen bundles and inorganic particles. Osteons at both the initial and final stages of calcification were chosen. Arrangements of fiber bundles and inorganic particles in successive lamellae characteristic of three types of osteon were selected, that is, longitudinally structured osteons, transversely structured osteons, and alternately structured osteons. The results indicate that in osteonic lamellar bone there are two types of inorganic particles: (1) granules arranged in linear or needle-shapred entities with maximum width 40-45 A, which are regularly distributed at the level of the main band of the collagen fibrils where their maximum length reaches the length of the main band itself; that is , about 400 A; and (2) very long crystallites, with a diameter of 40-45 A, which grow with their crystallographic c-axis parallel to the collagen fibrils and cover much more than a major collagen period.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction and electron microscope study of osteons during calcification. To obtain information on the changes in the inorganic bone fraction during calcification, low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques and electron microscopy have been applied to single osteon samples. The samples were cylindrically shaped and their axes corresponded to the axes of the Haversian canals. The selection was made according to the degree of calcification and the orientation of collagen bundles and inorganic particles. Osteons at both the initial and final stages of calcification were chosen. Arrangements of fiber bundles and inorganic particles in successive lamellae characteristic of three types of osteon were selected, that is, longitudinally structured osteons, transversely structured osteons, and alternately structured osteons. The results indicate that in osteonic lamellar bone there are two types of inorganic particles: (1) granules arranged in linear or needle-shapred entities with maximum width 40-45 A, which are regularly distributed at the level of the main band of the collagen fibrils where their maximum length reaches the length of the main band itself; that is , about 400 A; and (2) very long crystallites, with a diameter of 40-45 A, which grow with their crystallographic c-axis parallel to the collagen fibrils and cover much more than a major collagen period.", "PMID": 667661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11838", "title": "[The shell of the quail's egg: ultrastructural and crystallographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The egg-shell of Japanese quail was studied by several techniques. Semithin sections (1 micron thick) of non-decalcified shell were observed by normal and polarized light microscopy. Thin sections of non-decalcified shell, examined by transmission electron microscopy, permitted us to observe the forms and dimensions of crystals of calcite within different layers of the shell: mammilary layer, layer of cones, palissade layer and surface crystal layer. There appears to be two distinct zones in the layer of cones as well as in the superficial crystal layer. Electron microdiffraction revealed the orientation of calcite crystals in the columns. Some crystal defects (twins?) were described and the possibility of their artefactual formation during ultramicrotomy is discussed. Localization of Ca, Mg, P and S were made by X-ray microanalysis of semithin sections. This technique shows that shell membranes, and chiefly the true cuticle, are also mineralized but, in these layers, minerals are not crystallized. Otherwise the distribution of Mg is not uniform throughout the shell thickness; it is less concentrated in the external zone of the layer of cones. These results together with observation of developing shells by scanning electron microscopy allowed us to propose a scheme for shell organization of the quail egg. This organization was related with decalcification which occurs during hatching.", "contents": "[The shell of the quail's egg: ultrastructural and crystallographic study (author's transl)]. The egg-shell of Japanese quail was studied by several techniques. Semithin sections (1 micron thick) of non-decalcified shell were observed by normal and polarized light microscopy. Thin sections of non-decalcified shell, examined by transmission electron microscopy, permitted us to observe the forms and dimensions of crystals of calcite within different layers of the shell: mammilary layer, layer of cones, palissade layer and surface crystal layer. There appears to be two distinct zones in the layer of cones as well as in the superficial crystal layer. Electron microdiffraction revealed the orientation of calcite crystals in the columns. Some crystal defects (twins?) were described and the possibility of their artefactual formation during ultramicrotomy is discussed. Localization of Ca, Mg, P and S were made by X-ray microanalysis of semithin sections. This technique shows that shell membranes, and chiefly the true cuticle, are also mineralized but, in these layers, minerals are not crystallized. Otherwise the distribution of Mg is not uniform throughout the shell thickness; it is less concentrated in the external zone of the layer of cones. These results together with observation of developing shells by scanning electron microscopy allowed us to propose a scheme for shell organization of the quail egg. This organization was related with decalcification which occurs during hatching.", "PMID": 667662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11839", "title": "A macromolecular inhibitor of in vitro calcification of tendon matrix.", "content": "Bovine and human tendon tissue do not induce calcification in vitro. However, extraction of those tissues with 3% Na2HPO4 converts them to calcifiable matrices. The supernatant fraction derived from the extraction contains a nondialyzable, perchloric acid soluble component that inhibits calcification of the extracted matrix. This inhibitory substance is characterized by a molecular weight in the range of 85,000-100,000. Exposure to pronase or hyaluronidase did not alter the inhibitory potency but did render the inhibitor dialyzable. Commercial sources of hyaluronic acid, chondrotitin-6-sulfate, chrondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin and lysozyme did not inhibit calcification of the extracted matrix. Phosvitin, a phosphoglycoprotein is a potent inhibitor. Although phosvitin and the tendon extract also inhibit calcification of previously calcified matrix, they have no detectable effect on the rate of decalcification. We conclude that the mechanism of inhibition is characterized by a degree of specificity and that phosvitin and a macromolecular component of tendon tissue blocks conversion of an intermediate matrix-bound CaP complex to crystalline apatite. It seems reasonable that the tendon inhibitor could function in situ and possibly in vivo to control calcification of tendon tissue.", "contents": "A macromolecular inhibitor of in vitro calcification of tendon matrix. Bovine and human tendon tissue do not induce calcification in vitro. However, extraction of those tissues with 3% Na2HPO4 converts them to calcifiable matrices. The supernatant fraction derived from the extraction contains a nondialyzable, perchloric acid soluble component that inhibits calcification of the extracted matrix. This inhibitory substance is characterized by a molecular weight in the range of 85,000-100,000. Exposure to pronase or hyaluronidase did not alter the inhibitory potency but did render the inhibitor dialyzable. Commercial sources of hyaluronic acid, chondrotitin-6-sulfate, chrondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin and lysozyme did not inhibit calcification of the extracted matrix. Phosvitin, a phosphoglycoprotein is a potent inhibitor. Although phosvitin and the tendon extract also inhibit calcification of previously calcified matrix, they have no detectable effect on the rate of decalcification. We conclude that the mechanism of inhibition is characterized by a degree of specificity and that phosvitin and a macromolecular component of tendon tissue blocks conversion of an intermediate matrix-bound CaP complex to crystalline apatite. It seems reasonable that the tendon inhibitor could function in situ and possibly in vivo to control calcification of tendon tissue.", "PMID": 667663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11840", "title": "Phosphophoryns-major noncollagenous proteins of rat incisor dentin.", "content": "Freshly excised rat incisors were immediately cleaned and demineralized in 0.5 M ethylene diaminetetracetic acid at pH 7.5. The extracts were freed of calcium, diffusible phosphate and low molecular weight polypeptide components by dialysis in membranes with cut-off of 3500 molecular weight. The extract was resolved into at least 7 protein components by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 8.2. The composition of each protein component was determined. Two proteins, rich in serine, phosphorous and aspartic acid were unlike any proteins attributed to enamel, and hence were considered to be components of incisor dentin. These were the principal non-collagenous components of the teeth. Further purification was carried out under dissociative conditions on Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration columns in 3.0 M guanidine hydrochloride. The two phosphoproteins have mol wts, by this method, of 71,000 and 65,000, respectively, and differ in content of apolar amino acids, although both contain greater than 70 residue % of seryl (or phosphoseryl) and aspartyl residues. The name \"phosphophoryns\" is proposed to describe these dentinal proteins. The insoluble collagenous matrix remaining after the original demineralizing extraction was degraded with cyanogen bromide. Several non-collagenous protein components were released as well as the typical collagen derived peptides. Two collagen phosphoprotein complex peptides were also isolated, demonstrating as in bovine dentin, the probable direct covalent interaction of a dentin phosphoprotein with hte collagen of the mineralized matrix.", "contents": "Phosphophoryns-major noncollagenous proteins of rat incisor dentin. Freshly excised rat incisors were immediately cleaned and demineralized in 0.5 M ethylene diaminetetracetic acid at pH 7.5. The extracts were freed of calcium, diffusible phosphate and low molecular weight polypeptide components by dialysis in membranes with cut-off of 3500 molecular weight. The extract was resolved into at least 7 protein components by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 8.2. The composition of each protein component was determined. Two proteins, rich in serine, phosphorous and aspartic acid were unlike any proteins attributed to enamel, and hence were considered to be components of incisor dentin. These were the principal non-collagenous components of the teeth. Further purification was carried out under dissociative conditions on Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration columns in 3.0 M guanidine hydrochloride. The two phosphoproteins have mol wts, by this method, of 71,000 and 65,000, respectively, and differ in content of apolar amino acids, although both contain greater than 70 residue % of seryl (or phosphoseryl) and aspartyl residues. The name \"phosphophoryns\" is proposed to describe these dentinal proteins. The insoluble collagenous matrix remaining after the original demineralizing extraction was degraded with cyanogen bromide. Several non-collagenous protein components were released as well as the typical collagen derived peptides. Two collagen phosphoprotein complex peptides were also isolated, demonstrating as in bovine dentin, the probable direct covalent interaction of a dentin phosphoprotein with hte collagen of the mineralized matrix.", "PMID": 667664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11841", "title": "The female carrier of haemophilia--a problem for the anaesthetist.", "content": "Three case histories reflect the difficulties of pre-operative assessment and management of female obligatory carriers for Factor VIII or Factor IX deficiency (haemophilia). The dangers of operation in these individuals is emphasized in view of the often confusing laboratory and clinical findings in this group of patients. A protocol is presented which, if used by the anaesthetist, will provide for logical and safe diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for these patients.", "contents": "The female carrier of haemophilia--a problem for the anaesthetist. Three case histories reflect the difficulties of pre-operative assessment and management of female obligatory carriers for Factor VIII or Factor IX deficiency (haemophilia). The dangers of operation in these individuals is emphasized in view of the often confusing laboratory and clinical findings in this group of patients. A protocol is presented which, if used by the anaesthetist, will provide for logical and safe diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for these patients.", "PMID": 667666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11842", "title": "Epiglottitis and pulmonary oedema in children.", "content": "We have presented three patients with epiglottitis who developed pulmonary oedema during the course of treatment with nasotracheal intubation and antibiotics. The exact mechanism for the development of pulmonary oedema in these patients is not known. Possible mechnisms are changed in the physical factors controlling the movement of fluids across the capillary-alveolar membrane, transitory bacteraemia and endotoxinaemia, or myocardial depression by the antibiotics and the anaesthetic agent. The pulmonary oedema had a benign course and responded to mechanical ventilation and increased airway pressure.", "contents": "Epiglottitis and pulmonary oedema in children. We have presented three patients with epiglottitis who developed pulmonary oedema during the course of treatment with nasotracheal intubation and antibiotics. The exact mechanism for the development of pulmonary oedema in these patients is not known. Possible mechnisms are changed in the physical factors controlling the movement of fluids across the capillary-alveolar membrane, transitory bacteraemia and endotoxinaemia, or myocardial depression by the antibiotics and the anaesthetic agent. The pulmonary oedema had a benign course and responded to mechanical ventilation and increased airway pressure.", "PMID": 667667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11843", "title": "Plasma vasopressin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass with and without profound haemodilution.", "content": "In cardiopulmonary bypass the effect on plasma vasopressin levels of the addition of whole blood to the pump priming solution was measured. Six patients (Group I) had blood added to the lactated Ringer's solution for the prime, and six patients (Group II) had only lactated Ringer's solution. Neither group had significant changes in plasma vasopressin levels until surgical stimulation occurred. Comparable significant elevations occurred during bypass in both groups. Greater decreases in haematocrit and urinary K+ and greater increases in urinary Na+ occurred in Group II. The degree of haemodilution does not appear to effect plasma vasopressin levels but may alter the degree of electrolyte shift.", "contents": "Plasma vasopressin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass with and without profound haemodilution. In cardiopulmonary bypass the effect on plasma vasopressin levels of the addition of whole blood to the pump priming solution was measured. Six patients (Group I) had blood added to the lactated Ringer's solution for the prime, and six patients (Group II) had only lactated Ringer's solution. Neither group had significant changes in plasma vasopressin levels until surgical stimulation occurred. Comparable significant elevations occurred during bypass in both groups. Greater decreases in haematocrit and urinary K+ and greater increases in urinary Na+ occurred in Group II. The degree of haemodilution does not appear to effect plasma vasopressin levels but may alter the degree of electrolyte shift.", "PMID": 667669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11844", "title": "Arterial pressure and deltoid muscle gas tensions during cardiopulmonary bypass in man.", "content": "The results of this study demonstrate that standard techniques of conducting cardiopulmonary bypass produce low muscle oxygen and high muscle carbon dioxide tensions and, thus, little perfusion of skeletal muscle. Our findings also show that PmO2 and PmCO2 do not return to pre-bypass levels until the mean arterial blood pressure exceeds 12 kPa (90 torr) during bypass and that utilization of vasopressor drugs during bypass maintains the pressure; but at the expense of muscle blood flow. The data indicate that both high mean blood pressure and high flow are necessary during bypass to ensure skeletal muscle perfusion and suggest, when combined with preliminary animal findings, that this type of bypass perfusion may prove to be superior to standard techniques in hastening recovery after cardio-pulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Arterial pressure and deltoid muscle gas tensions during cardiopulmonary bypass in man. The results of this study demonstrate that standard techniques of conducting cardiopulmonary bypass produce low muscle oxygen and high muscle carbon dioxide tensions and, thus, little perfusion of skeletal muscle. Our findings also show that PmO2 and PmCO2 do not return to pre-bypass levels until the mean arterial blood pressure exceeds 12 kPa (90 torr) during bypass and that utilization of vasopressor drugs during bypass maintains the pressure; but at the expense of muscle blood flow. The data indicate that both high mean blood pressure and high flow are necessary during bypass to ensure skeletal muscle perfusion and suggest, when combined with preliminary animal findings, that this type of bypass perfusion may prove to be superior to standard techniques in hastening recovery after cardio-pulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 667670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11845", "title": "Effects of certain antibiotics on isometric contractions of isolated rat heart muscle.", "content": "The direct effects of potassium-penicillin-G, kanamycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol on isometric contraction of isolated rat heart muscle were examined. Potassium-penicillin-G did not depress myocardial contractility but rather increased it. Those increases are not due to penicillin itself but due to a small amount of K+ in potassium-penicillin-G. Kanamycin and streptomycin did show not only direct myocardial depressants effects but concentration-dependent depressions. The depression produced by kanamycin could be restored to normal by adding Ca++ to the bath solution. Chloramphenicol did not show any significant concentration-dependent depression in our studies. We conclude that it is important to be aware of the potential depression of cardiac function by antibiotics, particularly in patients who have diminished cardiac reserve and who are undergoing surgical procedures under anesthesia which may also depress cardiac function.", "contents": "Effects of certain antibiotics on isometric contractions of isolated rat heart muscle. The direct effects of potassium-penicillin-G, kanamycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol on isometric contraction of isolated rat heart muscle were examined. Potassium-penicillin-G did not depress myocardial contractility but rather increased it. Those increases are not due to penicillin itself but due to a small amount of K+ in potassium-penicillin-G. Kanamycin and streptomycin did show not only direct myocardial depressants effects but concentration-dependent depressions. The depression produced by kanamycin could be restored to normal by adding Ca++ to the bath solution. Chloramphenicol did not show any significant concentration-dependent depression in our studies. We conclude that it is important to be aware of the potential depression of cardiac function by antibiotics, particularly in patients who have diminished cardiac reserve and who are undergoing surgical procedures under anesthesia which may also depress cardiac function.", "PMID": 667671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11846", "title": "The effect of halothane anaesthesia on liver regeneration.", "content": "The effects of halothane and diethyl ether on the regenerating liver following 70 per cent hepatectomy were studied in Fisher/344 (F) rats. Our aim was to discover whether halothane administered repeatedly and over prolonged periods could influence the liver regenerative process or hepatocyte function. We also wished to know if the effects of halothane differed from those of diethyl ether. We found: 1. Prolonged halothane or diethyl ether anaesthesia did not inhibit liver mitotic activity, even if administered repeatedly. 2. The effects of halothane and diethyl ether on liver cell division were identical. 3. With reference to liver regeneration, halothane is as safe as diethyl ether when administered during extensive hepatectomy.", "contents": "The effect of halothane anaesthesia on liver regeneration. The effects of halothane and diethyl ether on the regenerating liver following 70 per cent hepatectomy were studied in Fisher/344 (F) rats. Our aim was to discover whether halothane administered repeatedly and over prolonged periods could influence the liver regenerative process or hepatocyte function. We also wished to know if the effects of halothane differed from those of diethyl ether. We found: 1. Prolonged halothane or diethyl ether anaesthesia did not inhibit liver mitotic activity, even if administered repeatedly. 2. The effects of halothane and diethyl ether on liver cell division were identical. 3. With reference to liver regeneration, halothane is as safe as diethyl ether when administered during extensive hepatectomy.", "PMID": 667672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11847", "title": "Effects of halothane on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in digitalis-toxic dogs.", "content": "Following the production of digitalis toxicity in dogs as manifested by ventricular tachycardia, the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine treatment of the arrhythmia were determined during pentobarbitone anaesthesia and pentobarbitone-halothane anaesthesia. The elimination rate constants, beta and Ke, and the biological half life T1/2beta were statistically significantly increased during halothane anaesthesia. The volume of distribution was unchanged. The results indicate that the therapeutic loading dose of lidocaine need not be altered during halothane anaesthesia but if a constant infusion is used, the rate of infusion would have to be decreased four fold to avoid toxic plasma levels of lidocaine.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in digitalis-toxic dogs. Following the production of digitalis toxicity in dogs as manifested by ventricular tachycardia, the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine treatment of the arrhythmia were determined during pentobarbitone anaesthesia and pentobarbitone-halothane anaesthesia. The elimination rate constants, beta and Ke, and the biological half life T1/2beta were statistically significantly increased during halothane anaesthesia. The volume of distribution was unchanged. The results indicate that the therapeutic loading dose of lidocaine need not be altered during halothane anaesthesia but if a constant infusion is used, the rate of infusion would have to be decreased four fold to avoid toxic plasma levels of lidocaine.", "PMID": 667674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11848", "title": "Halothane for status asthmaticus in the intensive care unit--a case report.", "content": "A case report is presented demonstrating the beneficial beta2 stimulating effect of halothane in a patient with status asthmaticus unresponsive to adequate conventional therapy. Twenty-four hours after the commencement of therapy, 0.5 per cent of 1.0 per cent halothane was administered for one hour with sustained reductions in peak inspiratory airway pressure and increases in dynamic and static effective compliances.", "contents": "Halothane for status asthmaticus in the intensive care unit--a case report. A case report is presented demonstrating the beneficial beta2 stimulating effect of halothane in a patient with status asthmaticus unresponsive to adequate conventional therapy. Twenty-four hours after the commencement of therapy, 0.5 per cent of 1.0 per cent halothane was administered for one hour with sustained reductions in peak inspiratory airway pressure and increases in dynamic and static effective compliances.", "PMID": 667675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11849", "title": "The influence of fentanyl on an alfathesin infusion technique.", "content": "The effects of fentanyl (1 microgram/kg) supplementing an alfathesin infusion technique were assessed in a double blind study in 53 healthy unpremedicated female patients undergoing therapeutic abortion as outpatients. The addition of fentanyl reduced the tachycardia, tachypnoea and hyperventilation seen in those patients receiving alfathesin alone, without unduly prolonging recovery time. Two patients receiving alfathesin alone developed marked coughing or laryngospasm. Fentanyl would seem to be a desirable addition to an alfathesin infusion technique in unpremedicated patients presenting for outpatient anaesthesia.", "contents": "The influence of fentanyl on an alfathesin infusion technique. The effects of fentanyl (1 microgram/kg) supplementing an alfathesin infusion technique were assessed in a double blind study in 53 healthy unpremedicated female patients undergoing therapeutic abortion as outpatients. The addition of fentanyl reduced the tachycardia, tachypnoea and hyperventilation seen in those patients receiving alfathesin alone, without unduly prolonging recovery time. Two patients receiving alfathesin alone developed marked coughing or laryngospasm. Fentanyl would seem to be a desirable addition to an alfathesin infusion technique in unpremedicated patients presenting for outpatient anaesthesia.", "PMID": 667676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11850", "title": "Protein composition of rat bile.", "content": "In order to characterize the protein composition of rat bile, the bile duct was cannulated in 250 g male Wistar rats and biliary proteins were examined over 48 h. Total protein secretion was monitored by the Cu2+--Folin differential test while individual proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and non-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative contribution of various proteins was evaluated by densitometric scanning of the stained gels. It was observed that both total biliary protein secretion and the protein polypeptide profiles remained constant throughout the 48h. This is in comparison with biliary bile-acid secretion which fluctuates markedly during this time period both in quantity and composition. It is concluded that biliary secretion is probably not related to the biliary secretion of bile acids.", "contents": "Protein composition of rat bile. In order to characterize the protein composition of rat bile, the bile duct was cannulated in 250 g male Wistar rats and biliary proteins were examined over 48 h. Total protein secretion was monitored by the Cu2+--Folin differential test while individual proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and non-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative contribution of various proteins was evaluated by densitometric scanning of the stained gels. It was observed that both total biliary protein secretion and the protein polypeptide profiles remained constant throughout the 48h. This is in comparison with biliary bile-acid secretion which fluctuates markedly during this time period both in quantity and composition. It is concluded that biliary secretion is probably not related to the biliary secretion of bile acids.", "PMID": 667681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11851", "title": "Analysis of spermidine and spermine in rat liver. Effect of hypophysectomy on polyamine concentrations.", "content": "A simple, rapid, reproducible assay for tissue polyamines using a standard unmodified amino-acid analyzer is described. This technique will allow accurate measurement of the polyamines from as little as 10 mg of liver in less than 1 h. We have used this method to establish the optimum conditions for the extraction of polyamines from liver and to study the effects of hypophysectomy on polyamine content of rat liver. Hypophysectomy caused a fall in RNA, protein, putresine, and spermidine content prevented the normal increase in spermine in rat liver seen with increasing age.", "contents": "Analysis of spermidine and spermine in rat liver. Effect of hypophysectomy on polyamine concentrations. A simple, rapid, reproducible assay for tissue polyamines using a standard unmodified amino-acid analyzer is described. This technique will allow accurate measurement of the polyamines from as little as 10 mg of liver in less than 1 h. We have used this method to establish the optimum conditions for the extraction of polyamines from liver and to study the effects of hypophysectomy on polyamine content of rat liver. Hypophysectomy caused a fall in RNA, protein, putresine, and spermidine content prevented the normal increase in spermine in rat liver seen with increasing age.", "PMID": 667682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11852", "title": "Effect of the basic amino-acid side chain length and the penultimate residue on the hydrolysis of benzoldipeptides by carboxypeptidase B.", "content": "The kinetic parameters Km and k cat/K m have been determined for the carboxypeptidase B (CPB, EC 3.4.12.3) catalyzed hydrolysis of benzoylglycyl-DL-homolysine and benzoylglycyl-L-homorginine. Plots of these data and those for Bz-Gly-Orn and Bz-Gly-Arg (Wolff, E. C., Schirmer, E.W. & Folk, J. E. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 3094-3099) and Bz-Gly-Lys versus the length of the side chain of the basic amino acid indicate that unlike trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) (Seely, J. H. & Benoiton, N. L. (1970) Can. J. Biochem. 48, 1122-1131) CPB has a higher bending affinity for a guanidino group than for an amino group at the side chain of the substrate C-terminus. On the other hand, CPB is similar to trypsin (ibid) in that the best substrate would have a side chain length between those of lysine and arginine. Studies with Bz-MeGly-Lys and Bz-Ala-Lys showed that the former is very slowly hydrolyzed by CPB but that the latter is a good substrate with a high affinity for the enzyme, indicative of considerable participation of the Calpha-methyl group of alanine in the binding of the substrate to the enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of the basic amino-acid side chain length and the penultimate residue on the hydrolysis of benzoldipeptides by carboxypeptidase B. The kinetic parameters Km and k cat/K m have been determined for the carboxypeptidase B (CPB, EC 3.4.12.3) catalyzed hydrolysis of benzoylglycyl-DL-homolysine and benzoylglycyl-L-homorginine. Plots of these data and those for Bz-Gly-Orn and Bz-Gly-Arg (Wolff, E. C., Schirmer, E.W. & Folk, J. E. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 3094-3099) and Bz-Gly-Lys versus the length of the side chain of the basic amino acid indicate that unlike trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) (Seely, J. H. & Benoiton, N. L. (1970) Can. J. Biochem. 48, 1122-1131) CPB has a higher bending affinity for a guanidino group than for an amino group at the side chain of the substrate C-terminus. On the other hand, CPB is similar to trypsin (ibid) in that the best substrate would have a side chain length between those of lysine and arginine. Studies with Bz-MeGly-Lys and Bz-Ala-Lys showed that the former is very slowly hydrolyzed by CPB but that the latter is a good substrate with a high affinity for the enzyme, indicative of considerable participation of the Calpha-methyl group of alanine in the binding of the substrate to the enzyme.", "PMID": 667683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11853", "title": "Mechanisms for activation and inhibition of carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of peptides and esters.", "content": "3,3-Diphenylpropanoate (DPP) activates the carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolysis of benzoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (BzGly-L-Phe) (Ka = 2.1 x 10 (-3) M) and inhibits ester hydrolysis uncompetitively (K1 =2.1 X 10 (-3) M). A common modifier binding site located adjacent to the peptide and ester substrate binding sites is proposed. The forms of the pathways proposed for activation and inhibition are remarkably similar.", "contents": "Mechanisms for activation and inhibition of carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of peptides and esters. 3,3-Diphenylpropanoate (DPP) activates the carboxypeptidase A catalyzed hydrolysis of benzoylglycyl-L-phenylalanine (BzGly-L-Phe) (Ka = 2.1 x 10 (-3) M) and inhibits ester hydrolysis uncompetitively (K1 =2.1 X 10 (-3) M). A common modifier binding site located adjacent to the peptide and ester substrate binding sites is proposed. The forms of the pathways proposed for activation and inhibition are remarkably similar.", "PMID": 667684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11854", "title": "L-Ascorbic acid and lysosomal acid hydrolase activities of guinea pig liver and brain.", "content": "The effects of L-ascorbic acid deficiency on guinea pig hepatic and brain lysosomal hydrolases were examined. In general, hepatic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-D-glucoronidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, and acid phosphatase were elevated in scorbutic animals. This appears to be independent of the starved state. Brain beta-D-glucoronidase and acid phosphatase followed a similar pattern to that observed with the liver enzymes, but brain beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase was not affected by L-ascorbic acid decreased the activity of hepatic beta-N-acetylhexosaminiadase was unaffected by dietary treatments although the activity of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A tended to increase in the scorbutic animals. Subcellular fractions were obtained from the three groups of animals and the recoveries of protein, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, and glucose-6-phosphatase estimated.", "contents": "L-Ascorbic acid and lysosomal acid hydrolase activities of guinea pig liver and brain. The effects of L-ascorbic acid deficiency on guinea pig hepatic and brain lysosomal hydrolases were examined. In general, hepatic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-D-glucoronidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, and acid phosphatase were elevated in scorbutic animals. This appears to be independent of the starved state. Brain beta-D-glucoronidase and acid phosphatase followed a similar pattern to that observed with the liver enzymes, but brain beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase was not affected by L-ascorbic acid decreased the activity of hepatic beta-N-acetylhexosaminiadase was unaffected by dietary treatments although the activity of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A tended to increase in the scorbutic animals. Subcellular fractions were obtained from the three groups of animals and the recoveries of protein, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, and glucose-6-phosphatase estimated.", "PMID": 667685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11855", "title": "Conformational studies on wheat embryo 5S RNA using nuclease S1 as a probe.", "content": "Ribosomal 5S 32 P-labelled RNA was isolated from imbibing wheat embryos and digested with nuclease S1, a single-strand specific nuclease. The products of enzymic digestion were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by fingerprint analysis of their RNase T1 digestion products. The results indicate that the most sensitive portion of the molecule, and hence, the region containing the least helical structure, is close to the 5'-terminus. Similarly, the most resistant portion of the molecule is close to, but does not include, the 3'-terminus. These findings are discussed in relation to proposed models for the secondary structure of 5S RNA.", "contents": "Conformational studies on wheat embryo 5S RNA using nuclease S1 as a probe. Ribosomal 5S 32 P-labelled RNA was isolated from imbibing wheat embryos and digested with nuclease S1, a single-strand specific nuclease. The products of enzymic digestion were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by fingerprint analysis of their RNase T1 digestion products. The results indicate that the most sensitive portion of the molecule, and hence, the region containing the least helical structure, is close to the 5'-terminus. Similarly, the most resistant portion of the molecule is close to, but does not include, the 3'-terminus. These findings are discussed in relation to proposed models for the secondary structure of 5S RNA.", "PMID": 667686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11856", "title": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates XI. Conserved mRNA in dry wheat embryos and its relation to protein synthesis during early inhibition.", "content": "It has been found that bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos is broadly heterodisperse when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos has been translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from the same commerically supplied, roller-milled wheat embryos. Compatiable with the electrophoretic heterodispersity observed for poly(A)-rich RNA, the radioactive products of its cell-free translation, when examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, have mobilities that are broadly coincident with the many dye-stained (nonradioactive) proteins present in wheat extracts. With due allowance for the limitations of the cell-free system, which is known to translate, selectively, lower molecular-weight species of mRNA, it has been concluded that the conserved poly(A)-rich mRNA in dry wheat embryos probably has the translational capacity required to account for the highly eclectic protein synthesis that we have observed during early (40-min) inhibition of viable wheat embryos.", "contents": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates XI. Conserved mRNA in dry wheat embryos and its relation to protein synthesis during early inhibition. It has been found that bulk poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos is broadly heterodisperse when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos has been translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from the same commerically supplied, roller-milled wheat embryos. Compatiable with the electrophoretic heterodispersity observed for poly(A)-rich RNA, the radioactive products of its cell-free translation, when examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, have mobilities that are broadly coincident with the many dye-stained (nonradioactive) proteins present in wheat extracts. With due allowance for the limitations of the cell-free system, which is known to translate, selectively, lower molecular-weight species of mRNA, it has been concluded that the conserved poly(A)-rich mRNA in dry wheat embryos probably has the translational capacity required to account for the highly eclectic protein synthesis that we have observed during early (40-min) inhibition of viable wheat embryos.", "PMID": 667687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11857", "title": "Increased purine nucleotide binding, altered polypeptide composition, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "Rapid increases in atractyloside-insensitive binding of purine nucleotides (ADP or GDP) and in a polypeptide of 32 000 occur in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of the rat during acclimation to cold. The increased binding is apparent within 1 h and reaches a maximum after 3--7 days of exposure to 4 degrees C. The increase in the 32 000 peptide occurs more slowly and reaches a maximum after 2--3 weeks. There is a simultaneous decrease in a polypeptide of 96 000, apparent after 1 day and reaching a maximum after 1--2 weeks. Results are interpreted in terms of the appearance of an increased amount of the purine nucleotide-sensitive proton conductance pathway in association with the development of an enhanced thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue mitochondria during acclimation of the rat to cold.", "contents": "Increased purine nucleotide binding, altered polypeptide composition, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold-acclimated rats. Rapid increases in atractyloside-insensitive binding of purine nucleotides (ADP or GDP) and in a polypeptide of 32 000 occur in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of the rat during acclimation to cold. The increased binding is apparent within 1 h and reaches a maximum after 3--7 days of exposure to 4 degrees C. The increase in the 32 000 peptide occurs more slowly and reaches a maximum after 2--3 weeks. There is a simultaneous decrease in a polypeptide of 96 000, apparent after 1 day and reaching a maximum after 1--2 weeks. Results are interpreted in terms of the appearance of an increased amount of the purine nucleotide-sensitive proton conductance pathway in association with the development of an enhanced thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue mitochondria during acclimation of the rat to cold.", "PMID": 667688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11858", "title": "Cytosol protein-independent translocation of isomeric spin-labelled radioactive lipids from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "Intermembranous translocation of membrane-bound radioactive lipids covalently labelled with 5-, 12, and 16-doxyl stearic acid was studied. Guinea pig liver microsomal membranes containing known amounts of isomeric spin-labelled radioactive phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and diglycerides were incubated with unlabelled mitochondria; reisolated mitochondria contained around 28-31% of microsomal labelled lipids above the microsomal contamination. The effect of adding crude or 'pH 5.1' 105 000 X g cytosol supernatant on the amount and composition of translocated labelled lipids was studied. While the translocation of labelled phosphatidylcholine was slightly stimulated by the addition of these cytosol supernatants, no significant increase of the amount of translocated labelled phosphatidic acic and diglycerides was observed by this addition. In view of these results,  a probable mechanism for the cytosol protein-independent translocation of lipids  between biological membranes is proposed.", "contents": "Cytosol protein-independent translocation of isomeric spin-labelled radioactive lipids from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. Intermembranous translocation of membrane-bound radioactive lipids covalently labelled with 5-, 12, and 16-doxyl stearic acid was studied. Guinea pig liver microsomal membranes containing known amounts of isomeric spin-labelled radioactive phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and diglycerides were incubated with unlabelled mitochondria; reisolated mitochondria contained around 28-31% of microsomal labelled lipids above the microsomal contamination. The effect of adding crude or 'pH 5.1' 105 000 X g cytosol supernatant on the amount and composition of translocated labelled lipids was studied. While the translocation of labelled phosphatidylcholine was slightly stimulated by the addition of these cytosol supernatants, no significant increase of the amount of translocated labelled phosphatidic acic and diglycerides was observed by this addition. In view of these results,  a probable mechanism for the cytosol protein-independent translocation of lipids  between biological membranes is proposed.", "PMID": 667689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11859", "title": "The evolution of 5S RNA secondary structures.", "content": "We have applied the Pipas-McMahon algorithm based on free energy calculations to the search for a 5S  RNA base-pair structure common to all known sequences. We find that a 'Y' shaped model is consistently among the structures having the lowest free energy using 5S RNA sequences from either eukaryotic or prokaryotic sources. Compaison of this 'Y' structure with models which have recently been proposed show these models to be remarkably similar, and the minor differences are explicable based on the technique used to obtain the model. That prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5S RNA can adopt a similar secondary structure is strong support for its resistance to change during evolution.", "contents": "The evolution of 5S RNA secondary structures. We have applied the Pipas-McMahon algorithm based on free energy calculations to the search for a 5S  RNA base-pair structure common to all known sequences. We find that a 'Y' shaped model is consistently among the structures having the lowest free energy using 5S RNA sequences from either eukaryotic or prokaryotic sources. Compaison of this 'Y' structure with models which have recently been proposed show these models to be remarkably similar, and the minor differences are explicable based on the technique used to obtain the model. That prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5S RNA can adopt a similar secondary structure is strong support for its resistance to change during evolution.", "PMID": 667690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11860", "title": "Effect of radiosensitizing agents on electron transport systems.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out to study the interaxtion between chemical radiosensitizing agents and model electron transport systems. Using an NAD(P)H:O2 oxidoreductase enzyme as such a model, it was demonstrated that radiosensitizers can act as intermediates in the transfer of electrons from NADH to O2, even in the presence of classical inhibitors of electron transport, with anefficiency related to both their redox potentials and their radiosensitizing abilities. This work which was further confirmed in mammalian mitochondria and microsomes as well as in a cultured cell system indicated that these sensitizers can accept electrons from a variety of organelle systems. This action was shown to be related to the concentration of reduced pyridine nucleotides present both in vivo and in vitro. Of the electron-affinic agents tested, those whose redox potential was more negative than -0.39 V may possibly serve as better radiotherqpeutic mediators.", "contents": "Effect of radiosensitizing agents on electron transport systems. Experiments have been carried out to study the interaxtion between chemical radiosensitizing agents and model electron transport systems. Using an NAD(P)H:O2 oxidoreductase enzyme as such a model, it was demonstrated that radiosensitizers can act as intermediates in the transfer of electrons from NADH to O2, even in the presence of classical inhibitors of electron transport, with anefficiency related to both their redox potentials and their radiosensitizing abilities. This work which was further confirmed in mammalian mitochondria and microsomes as well as in a cultured cell system indicated that these sensitizers can accept electrons from a variety of organelle systems. This action was shown to be related to the concentration of reduced pyridine nucleotides present both in vivo and in vitro. Of the electron-affinic agents tested, those whose redox potential was more negative than -0.39 V may possibly serve as better radiotherqpeutic mediators.", "PMID": 667692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11861", "title": "Lipid compositional manipulation in Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Effect of exogenous fatty acids on fatty acid composition and cell growth when endogenous fatty acid production is inhibited.", "content": "A variety of potential inhibitors of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis have been tested for activity in Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Two compounds, avidin and N,N-dimethyl-4-oxo-2trans-dodecenamide (CM-55), an antimicrobial fatty amide, strongly inhibit de novo biosynthesis without nonspecific toxic effects at moderate dosages. Avidin is the more potent inhibitor, abolishing de novo fatty acid synthesis and greatly reducing the chain elongation of exogenous fatty acids at level of 25 U/l. CM-55 gives complete inhibition of de novo biosynthesis only at low temperatures and inhibits exogenous fatty acid elongation to a variable extent. However, CM-55 is still a more potent antilipogenic agent in this organism than is the fungal antibiotic cerulenin. Cells cultured with avidin grow only when one or more exogenous medium- or long-chain fatty acids are added to the growth medium. The extent of cell growth under these conditions depends primarily on the physical properties of the exogenous fatty acid(s). In general, fatty acids giving diacylglycerolipids of very high or very low fluidity are unsuitable growth substrates, while those whose diacylglycerol derivatives are of intermediate fluidity support fair to good cell growth.", "contents": "Lipid compositional manipulation in Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Effect of exogenous fatty acids on fatty acid composition and cell growth when endogenous fatty acid production is inhibited. A variety of potential inhibitors of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis have been tested for activity in Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Two compounds, avidin and N,N-dimethyl-4-oxo-2trans-dodecenamide (CM-55), an antimicrobial fatty amide, strongly inhibit de novo biosynthesis without nonspecific toxic effects at moderate dosages. Avidin is the more potent inhibitor, abolishing de novo fatty acid synthesis and greatly reducing the chain elongation of exogenous fatty acids at level of 25 U/l. CM-55 gives complete inhibition of de novo biosynthesis only at low temperatures and inhibits exogenous fatty acid elongation to a variable extent. However, CM-55 is still a more potent antilipogenic agent in this organism than is the fungal antibiotic cerulenin. Cells cultured with avidin grow only when one or more exogenous medium- or long-chain fatty acids are added to the growth medium. The extent of cell growth under these conditions depends primarily on the physical properties of the exogenous fatty acid(s). In general, fatty acids giving diacylglycerolipids of very high or very low fluidity are unsuitable growth substrates, while those whose diacylglycerol derivatives are of intermediate fluidity support fair to good cell growth.", "PMID": 667693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11862", "title": "A study of the localization of high mobility group proteins in chromatin.", "content": "High mobility group (HMG) proteins from fetal calf thymus and mouse brain chromatin were purified and compared electrophoretically. The four major HMG proteins characteristic of fetal calf thymus chromatin (HMG's 1, 2, 14, and 17) were also found to be present in mouse brain chromatin. Nuclei from these two eucaryotic tissues were digested with DNase I and micrococcal nuclease and the acid-soluble proteins solubilized by the two nucleases in both tissues were analyzed on starch gels. Limited digestion of fetal calf thymus nuclei with DNase I led to the solubilization of a substantial fraction of proteins HMG-1 and HMG-2 together with smaller amounts of H1. In addition, limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease released approximately 70% of HMG's 1 and 2 and variable amount of H1 into the soluble fraction. The observation that HMG proteins 1 and 2 are selectively solubilized under conditions in which active genes have been shown to be preferentially digested in various other cell types suggests their selective association with chromatin regions which are transcriptionally competent.", "contents": "A study of the localization of high mobility group proteins in chromatin. High mobility group (HMG) proteins from fetal calf thymus and mouse brain chromatin were purified and compared electrophoretically. The four major HMG proteins characteristic of fetal calf thymus chromatin (HMG's 1, 2, 14, and 17) were also found to be present in mouse brain chromatin. Nuclei from these two eucaryotic tissues were digested with DNase I and micrococcal nuclease and the acid-soluble proteins solubilized by the two nucleases in both tissues were analyzed on starch gels. Limited digestion of fetal calf thymus nuclei with DNase I led to the solubilization of a substantial fraction of proteins HMG-1 and HMG-2 together with smaller amounts of H1. In addition, limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease released approximately 70% of HMG's 1 and 2 and variable amount of H1 into the soluble fraction. The observation that HMG proteins 1 and 2 are selectively solubilized under conditions in which active genes have been shown to be preferentially digested in various other cell types suggests their selective association with chromatin regions which are transcriptionally competent.", "PMID": 667694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11863", "title": "The structure and maturation of intermediates in bacteriophage T7 DNA replication.", "content": "Concatemeric DNA from T7-infected cells consists of phage genomes in a linear head-to-tail arrangement. Adjacent genomes within a concatemer overlap for the length of the terminal repetition. Fast-sedimenting T7 DNA contains single-stranded regions at roughly unit-lentth intervals but these interruptions are heterogeneously distributed and do not occur at the genetic termini. Mutations in either bacteriophage genes 9, 18, or 19 (required for DNA maturation and packaging) lead to the synthesis and persistence of DNA with fewer interruptions than normal.", "contents": "The structure and maturation of intermediates in bacteriophage T7 DNA replication. Concatemeric DNA from T7-infected cells consists of phage genomes in a linear head-to-tail arrangement. Adjacent genomes within a concatemer overlap for the length of the terminal repetition. Fast-sedimenting T7 DNA contains single-stranded regions at roughly unit-lentth intervals but these interruptions are heterogeneously distributed and do not occur at the genetic termini. Mutations in either bacteriophage genes 9, 18, or 19 (required for DNA maturation and packaging) lead to the synthesis and persistence of DNA with fewer interruptions than normal.", "PMID": 667696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11864", "title": "A new double-labelling procedure for determination of amino acid composition: application to bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "A new double-labelling procedure for amino acid analysis which requires only routine chromatographic equipment is described. When 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro[3H]benzene is reacted with a mixture of 14C-labelled amino acids followed by reaction with the same 14C-labelled amino acid mixture diluted with an unlabelled sample of amino acids, the 3H:14C ratio in the resulting 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) amino acid derivatives of the diluted sample will be increased in proportion to the quantity of unlabelled amino acid in the diluted sample. This procedure gave reliable results when applied to the known proteins insulin and lysozyme. The procedure is most advantageous when applied to amino acids which are unstable during acid hydrolysis or present in low molar fractions. When applied to the analysis of the bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium cutirubrum, this procedure showed the presence of one histidine residue and four tryptophan residues per mole protein but no cystine or cysteine; in general, the analyses obtained were consistent with those originally reported by Oesterhelt, D. and Stoeckenius, W. (1971) (Nature (London) New Biol. 233, 149-152) for bacteriorhodopsin of H. halobium.", "contents": "A new double-labelling procedure for determination of amino acid composition: application to bacteriorhodopsin. A new double-labelling procedure for amino acid analysis which requires only routine chromatographic equipment is described. When 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro[3H]benzene is reacted with a mixture of 14C-labelled amino acids followed by reaction with the same 14C-labelled amino acid mixture diluted with an unlabelled sample of amino acids, the 3H:14C ratio in the resulting 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) amino acid derivatives of the diluted sample will be increased in proportion to the quantity of unlabelled amino acid in the diluted sample. This procedure gave reliable results when applied to the known proteins insulin and lysozyme. The procedure is most advantageous when applied to amino acids which are unstable during acid hydrolysis or present in low molar fractions. When applied to the analysis of the bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium cutirubrum, this procedure showed the presence of one histidine residue and four tryptophan residues per mole protein but no cystine or cysteine; in general, the analyses obtained were consistent with those originally reported by Oesterhelt, D. and Stoeckenius, W. (1971) (Nature (London) New Biol. 233, 149-152) for bacteriorhodopsin of H. halobium.", "PMID": 667697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11865", "title": "Electrogenic sodium-dependent glycine transport in sheep reticulocytes.", "content": "Na+-dependent glycine transport has been studied in reticulocyte-enriched fractions of blood obtained after massive bleeding of sheep. The activity is dependent on the sodium electrochemical potential and the membrane potential. The sodium chemical gradient was varied by changing either external or internal Na+ and the membrane potential, by addition of valinomycin. Similar results were obtained with resealed reticulocyte ghosts. Under conditions optimal for sodium pumping (intracellular Na+ greater than 50mM), ouabain inhibited glycine uptake prior to any measurable change in the cellular Na+ suggesting that in these cells an electrogenic sodium pump is sufficiently active to contribute to the membrane potential. Na+-dependent glycine transport undergoes a marked decrease during long-term incubation at 37 degrees C. During this time, the cells maintain their integrity and ATP content but undergo maturation as evidenced in the decrease in cells with reticulocyte morphology.", "contents": "Electrogenic sodium-dependent glycine transport in sheep reticulocytes. Na+-dependent glycine transport has been studied in reticulocyte-enriched fractions of blood obtained after massive bleeding of sheep. The activity is dependent on the sodium electrochemical potential and the membrane potential. The sodium chemical gradient was varied by changing either external or internal Na+ and the membrane potential, by addition of valinomycin. Similar results were obtained with resealed reticulocyte ghosts. Under conditions optimal for sodium pumping (intracellular Na+ greater than 50mM), ouabain inhibited glycine uptake prior to any measurable change in the cellular Na+ suggesting that in these cells an electrogenic sodium pump is sufficiently active to contribute to the membrane potential. Na+-dependent glycine transport undergoes a marked decrease during long-term incubation at 37 degrees C. During this time, the cells maintain their integrity and ATP content but undergo maturation as evidenced in the decrease in cells with reticulocyte morphology.", "PMID": 667699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11866", "title": "Biochemical and genetic approaches to the study of mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs.", "content": "The possible existence of mammalian mitochondrial asparaginyl-tRNA has been examined using a variety of approaches. [3H]Asparagine was incorporated into protein by mitochondria of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line Asn-7, which has a temperature-sensitive cytosolic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, either in the presence of cycloheximide or at a nonpermissive temperature. Isolated mitochondria of CHO thymidine kinase minus (TK-) cells also incorporated the amino acid into protein. In each case, the number and electrophoretic mobility of the proteins was the same as mitochondrially synthesized proteins of CHO TK- cells labelled with [35S]methionine. A tRNAAsn could be charged in isolated CHO TK- cell mitochondria and the asparaginyl-tRNA was found to elute before its cytosolic counterpart on an RPC-5 column and to have a higher mobility on polyacrylamide slab gels run under denaturing conditions. This is the first demonstration of a unique mitochondrial asparaginyl-tRNA.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic approaches to the study of mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs. The possible existence of mammalian mitochondrial asparaginyl-tRNA has been examined using a variety of approaches. [3H]Asparagine was incorporated into protein by mitochondria of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line Asn-7, which has a temperature-sensitive cytosolic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, either in the presence of cycloheximide or at a nonpermissive temperature. Isolated mitochondria of CHO thymidine kinase minus (TK-) cells also incorporated the amino acid into protein. In each case, the number and electrophoretic mobility of the proteins was the same as mitochondrially synthesized proteins of CHO TK- cells labelled with [35S]methionine. A tRNAAsn could be charged in isolated CHO TK- cell mitochondria and the asparaginyl-tRNA was found to elute before its cytosolic counterpart on an RPC-5 column and to have a higher mobility on polyacrylamide slab gels run under denaturing conditions. This is the first demonstration of a unique mitochondrial asparaginyl-tRNA.", "PMID": 667700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11867", "title": "The nuclear magnetic resonance determination of the conformation of saccharides bound in subsite D of lysozyme.", "content": "The binding of the trisaccharide (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-muramic acid)-beta(1 leads to 4)-(2-aceta-mido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl)-beta(1 leads to 4)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-muramic acid) to subsites B, C, and D in lysozyme has been studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In particular, the coupling constant between H1 and H2 of the reducing saccharide bound in subsite D has been determined. The coupling constant for the bound saccharide indicates that the dihedral angle between C1 and C2 for the reducing saccharide is not significantly changed upon binding to lysozyme. This result is discussed in terms of other evidence for the role of distortion of the saccharide bound in subsite D in the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of cell wall oligosaccharides.", "contents": "The nuclear magnetic resonance determination of the conformation of saccharides bound in subsite D of lysozyme. The binding of the trisaccharide (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-muramic acid)-beta(1 leads to 4)-(2-aceta-mido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl)-beta(1 leads to 4)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-muramic acid) to subsites B, C, and D in lysozyme has been studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In particular, the coupling constant between H1 and H2 of the reducing saccharide bound in subsite D has been determined. The coupling constant for the bound saccharide indicates that the dihedral angle between C1 and C2 for the reducing saccharide is not significantly changed upon binding to lysozyme. This result is discussed in terms of other evidence for the role of distortion of the saccharide bound in subsite D in the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of cell wall oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 667701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11868", "title": "The toxicity of ochratoxin to ruminants.", "content": "Among the mold toxins the most toxic ochratoxin, ochratoxin A, commonly occurs in many grains, other feedstuffs, and in soil but in low concentrations. The amount required to produce acute toxicity in ruminants makes such occurrences unlikely. Toxic effects are more likely to occur in chronic low-level intoxication. The lethal single oral dose in cattle is high, probably being a few milligrams more than 13 mg/kg. The lethal level produced by repeated feeding to goats was 3 mg/kg. Ochratoxin A occurred in cows milk and urine but only when massive doses were ingested. Abortion or fetal death, though occurring in rodents, are unlikely to be induced in cattle.", "contents": "The toxicity of ochratoxin to ruminants. Among the mold toxins the most toxic ochratoxin, ochratoxin A, commonly occurs in many grains, other feedstuffs, and in soil but in low concentrations. The amount required to produce acute toxicity in ruminants makes such occurrences unlikely. Toxic effects are more likely to occur in chronic low-level intoxication. The lethal single oral dose in cattle is high, probably being a few milligrams more than 13 mg/kg. The lethal level produced by repeated feeding to goats was 3 mg/kg. Ochratoxin A occurred in cows milk and urine but only when massive doses were ingested. Abortion or fetal death, though occurring in rodents, are unlikely to be induced in cattle.", "PMID": 667704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11869", "title": "The prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Ontario mammals.", "content": "The prevalence of seropositive reactions to Toxoplasma gondii was studied in farm animals, companion animals, wild rodents and birds. Of the animals tested, 17% of cattle, 65% of sheep, 45% of pigs, 9% of horses, 33% of dogs and 20% of cats were seropositive by the Sabin-Feldman dye test. In addition 11% of mice (Mus musculus), 5% of deer mice (Peromyscus), 3% of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and less than 2% of sparrows (Passer domestcus) were seropositive. All samples from short-tailed field mice (Microtus pennsylvanicus), squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were seronegative. The significance of these findings in relation to the epizootiology of toxoplasmosis in Ontario is discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Ontario mammals. The prevalence of seropositive reactions to Toxoplasma gondii was studied in farm animals, companion animals, wild rodents and birds. Of the animals tested, 17% of cattle, 65% of sheep, 45% of pigs, 9% of horses, 33% of dogs and 20% of cats were seropositive by the Sabin-Feldman dye test. In addition 11% of mice (Mus musculus), 5% of deer mice (Peromyscus), 3% of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and less than 2% of sparrows (Passer domestcus) were seropositive. All samples from short-tailed field mice (Microtus pennsylvanicus), squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were seronegative. The significance of these findings in relation to the epizootiology of toxoplasmosis in Ontario is discussed.", "PMID": 667705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11870", "title": "Intranasal exposure of the Richardson's ground squirrel to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "Adult Richardson's ground squirrels were infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus by intranasal instillation. Mortality followed the instillation of a minimum threshold of 4.7 logs of virus while infection was produced by a dosage of 2.3 logs. The incubation period was from four to seven days, being preceded by a viremic phase. Signs were depression, ataxia and paralysis of the limbs. Highest titres of virus were recovered from the brain and histopathological changes involving the central nervous system included meningitis, vasculitis, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, neuronophagia and neuronal degeneration. The virus was also found in a variety of extraneural tissues. Lesions in extraneural tissues included necrosis of brown fat and an apparent increase in number of Kupffer's cells in the liver. The lymphoid tissue was involved indicating a possible source for viremia. The duration and magnitude of viremia were ample enough to provide virus source for arthropods. The potential for transmission of the virus independent of arthropods was discussed in view of the pathogenesis demonstrated in the experimental infections.", "contents": "Intranasal exposure of the Richardson's ground squirrel to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Adult Richardson's ground squirrels were infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus by intranasal instillation. Mortality followed the instillation of a minimum threshold of 4.7 logs of virus while infection was produced by a dosage of 2.3 logs. The incubation period was from four to seven days, being preceded by a viremic phase. Signs were depression, ataxia and paralysis of the limbs. Highest titres of virus were recovered from the brain and histopathological changes involving the central nervous system included meningitis, vasculitis, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, neuronophagia and neuronal degeneration. The virus was also found in a variety of extraneural tissues. Lesions in extraneural tissues included necrosis of brown fat and an apparent increase in number of Kupffer's cells in the liver. The lymphoid tissue was involved indicating a possible source for viremia. The duration and magnitude of viremia were ample enough to provide virus source for arthropods. The potential for transmission of the virus independent of arthropods was discussed in view of the pathogenesis demonstrated in the experimental infections.", "PMID": 667706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11871", "title": "Experimental lead intoxication in dogs: a comparison of blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid following intoxication and chelation therapy.", "content": "Intravenous lead administration to dogs produced an acute syndrome of lead intoxication charcterized by depression, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. The effect of chelation therapy with calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, penicillamine or both was determined by serially monitoring changes in blood lead and urine delta-aminolevulinic acid. Following therapy, blood lead values were significantly lower in chelated dogs than non-treated lead exposed dogs on days 7 and 10. Urine delta-aminolevulinic acid at day 7 was significantly higher in untreated lead exposed dogs than in other groups. There was no significant difference in blood lead or urine delta-aminolevulinic acid between lead intoxicated dogs which underwent the indicated chelation therapy protocols. There was, however, a trend for higher urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in those intoxicated dogs undergoing calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate therapy as opposed to those undergoing penicilamine therapy. There was no significant correlation between blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid previous to lead exposure. However, after lead exposure significant correlation was present at days 4, 7, 10 and 14. Certain lead exposed dogs following chelation therapy were noted to have normal blood lead levels but elevated urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid suggesting that blood lead does not always correlate with metabolic effects of lead in the body. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid was therefore recommended as an additional laboratory parameter which improved assessment of lead exposure in dogs, particularly in determining adequacy of chelation therapy.", "contents": "Experimental lead intoxication in dogs: a comparison of blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid following intoxication and chelation therapy. Intravenous lead administration to dogs produced an acute syndrome of lead intoxication charcterized by depression, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. The effect of chelation therapy with calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, penicillamine or both was determined by serially monitoring changes in blood lead and urine delta-aminolevulinic acid. Following therapy, blood lead values were significantly lower in chelated dogs than non-treated lead exposed dogs on days 7 and 10. Urine delta-aminolevulinic acid at day 7 was significantly higher in untreated lead exposed dogs than in other groups. There was no significant difference in blood lead or urine delta-aminolevulinic acid between lead intoxicated dogs which underwent the indicated chelation therapy protocols. There was, however, a trend for higher urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in those intoxicated dogs undergoing calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate therapy as opposed to those undergoing penicilamine therapy. There was no significant correlation between blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid previous to lead exposure. However, after lead exposure significant correlation was present at days 4, 7, 10 and 14. Certain lead exposed dogs following chelation therapy were noted to have normal blood lead levels but elevated urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid suggesting that blood lead does not always correlate with metabolic effects of lead in the body. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid was therefore recommended as an additional laboratory parameter which improved assessment of lead exposure in dogs, particularly in determining adequacy of chelation therapy.", "PMID": 667707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11872", "title": "Bovine abortion associated with Anaplasma marginale.", "content": "During the period from June 1974 to June 1975, five bovine fetuses between seven to nine months old were received for necropsy from four different counties of the S. Paulo State, Brazil. All of them were from brucellosis-free herds. Necropsy revealed slight liver enlargement generally accompanied by capsular petechial hemorrhages. Enlargement and congestion of the spleen, epicardial and endocardial petechiae were present in three fetuses and one of them had lungs with some hemorrhagic lobules. Cardiac blood films of all the fetuses stained by the Pappenheim's panoptic method showed Anaplasma marginale in two to 20% of red corpuscles. When stained with acridine orange and immunofluorescent methods blood films of the first fetus specifically showed A. marginale.", "contents": "Bovine abortion associated with Anaplasma marginale. During the period from June 1974 to June 1975, five bovine fetuses between seven to nine months old were received for necropsy from four different counties of the S. Paulo State, Brazil. All of them were from brucellosis-free herds. Necropsy revealed slight liver enlargement generally accompanied by capsular petechial hemorrhages. Enlargement and congestion of the spleen, epicardial and endocardial petechiae were present in three fetuses and one of them had lungs with some hemorrhagic lobules. Cardiac blood films of all the fetuses stained by the Pappenheim's panoptic method showed Anaplasma marginale in two to 20% of red corpuscles. When stained with acridine orange and immunofluorescent methods blood films of the first fetus specifically showed A. marginale.", "PMID": 667708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11873", "title": "Rapid radioimmunoassay of progesterone in unextracted bovine plasma.", "content": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for determining progesterone levels in unextracted bovine plasma has been developed. Two antisera have been tested, anti-deoxycorticosterone-21-hemisuccinate human serum albumin and antiprogesterone-11-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. The usefulness of an antiserum for rapid assays has been based on its agreement with assays of organic extracts or chromatographically purified extracts of selected bovine samples. To avoid large blank effects and non-specific interference, a plasma volume of 20 microliter that provided adequate sensitivity was not exceeded. All correlations between rapid assays, assays using organic extraction or assays after chromatographic purification were greater than 0.9 and showed regression slopes approximating unity. It was concluded that individual lots of antisera should be evaluated thoroughly before use in a rapid assay.", "contents": "Rapid radioimmunoassay of progesterone in unextracted bovine plasma. A rapid radioimmunoassay for determining progesterone levels in unextracted bovine plasma has been developed. Two antisera have been tested, anti-deoxycorticosterone-21-hemisuccinate human serum albumin and antiprogesterone-11-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. The usefulness of an antiserum for rapid assays has been based on its agreement with assays of organic extracts or chromatographically purified extracts of selected bovine samples. To avoid large blank effects and non-specific interference, a plasma volume of 20 microliter that provided adequate sensitivity was not exceeded. All correlations between rapid assays, assays using organic extraction or assays after chromatographic purification were greater than 0.9 and showed regression slopes approximating unity. It was concluded that individual lots of antisera should be evaluated thoroughly before use in a rapid assay.", "PMID": 667709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11874", "title": "Status of trichinosis in bears in the Atlantic provinces of Canada 1971--1976.", "content": "During 1971 to 1976 inclusive, 73 black bears, Ursus americanus and one polar bear, Thalarctos maritimus, originating in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada were examined for the presence of trichinosis. The polar bear was infected but all of the black bears were negative.", "contents": "Status of trichinosis in bears in the Atlantic provinces of Canada 1971--1976. During 1971 to 1976 inclusive, 73 black bears, Ursus americanus and one polar bear, Thalarctos maritimus, originating in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada were examined for the presence of trichinosis. The polar bear was infected but all of the black bears were negative.", "PMID": 667710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11875", "title": "Studies on the occurrence and significance of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Saskatchewan.", "content": "Seventy-six percent of 49 blood samples from Saskatchewan cattle had serum antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Experimental infection of one week and seven month old calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Iowa strain) caused transient fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and coughing but no macroscopic or microscopic lesions attributable to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.", "contents": "Studies on the occurrence and significance of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Saskatchewan. Seventy-six percent of 49 blood samples from Saskatchewan cattle had serum antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Experimental infection of one week and seven month old calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Iowa strain) caused transient fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and coughing but no macroscopic or microscopic lesions attributable to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.", "PMID": 667711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11876", "title": "Zinc, cadmium, and iron interactions during intestinal absorption in iron-deficient mice.", "content": "Zinc absorption from a test dose of (65Zn) zinc chloride was increased in mice with a high capacity to absorb iron induced by a low-iron diet. When radiolabelled zinc chloride in concentrations varying from 0.025 to 0.30 mM was perfused through open-ended duodenal loops of mice fed this diet, the proportion of zinc taken up from the lumen and transferred to the body was greater from lower than from higher doses. The addition of iron to the perfusate inhibited zinc uptake and transfer, and zinc had a similar effect on iron absorption. Cadmium, a potent inhibitor of iron uptake in mice fed a low-iron diet, impaired zinc uptake under these dietary conditions. These results suggest that in dietary-induced iron deficiency there are analogous mucosal binding sites for the uptake of iron and zinc. There also appear to be mutually exclusive binding sites for the absorption of these metals: radiolabelled iron absorption from an intragastric test dose was enhanced in mice with a high capacity to absorb iron produced by bleeding, whereas the absorption of zinc was not increased.", "contents": "Zinc, cadmium, and iron interactions during intestinal absorption in iron-deficient mice. Zinc absorption from a test dose of (65Zn) zinc chloride was increased in mice with a high capacity to absorb iron induced by a low-iron diet. When radiolabelled zinc chloride in concentrations varying from 0.025 to 0.30 mM was perfused through open-ended duodenal loops of mice fed this diet, the proportion of zinc taken up from the lumen and transferred to the body was greater from lower than from higher doses. The addition of iron to the perfusate inhibited zinc uptake and transfer, and zinc had a similar effect on iron absorption. Cadmium, a potent inhibitor of iron uptake in mice fed a low-iron diet, impaired zinc uptake under these dietary conditions. These results suggest that in dietary-induced iron deficiency there are analogous mucosal binding sites for the uptake of iron and zinc. There also appear to be mutually exclusive binding sites for the absorption of these metals: radiolabelled iron absorption from an intragastric test dose was enhanced in mice with a high capacity to absorb iron produced by bleeding, whereas the absorption of zinc was not increased.", "PMID": 667712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11877", "title": "Reflex effects of thoracic aorta wall stretch on regional vascular resistance.", "content": "In anesthetized, vagotomized cats with both carotid arteries occluded, a stretch of the walls of the thoracic aorta, performed without obstructing aortic flow, induced a significant reflex increase in arterial pressure (35 +/- 2-26 +/- 1 mmHg; systolic-diastolic). This pressure increase was accompanied by significant increases in peripheral resistance in the superior mesenteric (+30%), renal (+23%), and external iliac (+23%) vascular beds. The increase in iliac resistance observed in the skinned leg was comparable with that observed in the contralateral intact limb. All these vascular responses were drastically reduced by the administration of phenoxybenzamine. After alpha-adrenergic blockade no signs of reflex vasodilatation could be detected during aortic stretch in any of the vascular beds examined.", "contents": "Reflex effects of thoracic aorta wall stretch on regional vascular resistance. In anesthetized, vagotomized cats with both carotid arteries occluded, a stretch of the walls of the thoracic aorta, performed without obstructing aortic flow, induced a significant reflex increase in arterial pressure (35 +/- 2-26 +/- 1 mmHg; systolic-diastolic). This pressure increase was accompanied by significant increases in peripheral resistance in the superior mesenteric (+30%), renal (+23%), and external iliac (+23%) vascular beds. The increase in iliac resistance observed in the skinned leg was comparable with that observed in the contralateral intact limb. All these vascular responses were drastically reduced by the administration of phenoxybenzamine. After alpha-adrenergic blockade no signs of reflex vasodilatation could be detected during aortic stretch in any of the vascular beds examined.", "PMID": 667713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11878", "title": "Development of cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blockage in the unanesthetized fetus.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of phenylephrine or ephedrine alone and after autonomic blockade was studied in the chronically cannulated fetal lamb (100-145 days), the newborn lamb, and adult sheep. As gestation advanced, phenylephrine and ephedrine produced an increasing pressor response before and after pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg). Compared with the fetus, the magnitudes of the pressor responses were somewhat greater in the newborn and much larger in the adult. Both drugs produced a reflex bradycardia in the unatropinized fetus which in the case of ephedrine was followed by a tachycardia. Pretreatment with atropine resulted in an immediate tachycardia after ephedrine but not after phenylephrine administration. Pretreatment with phentolamine (0.15 mg/kg) produced about a 55% inhibition of the phenylephrine pressor response in both the fetus and adult, suggesting a linear relationship between body weight and number of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Pretreatment with metoprolol blocked the tachycardia associated with ephedrine administration to unatropinized fetuses. In summary, the increase in the magnitude of the pressor response to phenylephrine suggested development of the receptor-effector system. The greater development of the response to ephedrine suggested that there was an increasing amount of noradrenaline being released with advancing gestation.", "contents": "Development of cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blockage in the unanesthetized fetus. The cardiovascular effects of phenylephrine or ephedrine alone and after autonomic blockade was studied in the chronically cannulated fetal lamb (100-145 days), the newborn lamb, and adult sheep. As gestation advanced, phenylephrine and ephedrine produced an increasing pressor response before and after pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg). Compared with the fetus, the magnitudes of the pressor responses were somewhat greater in the newborn and much larger in the adult. Both drugs produced a reflex bradycardia in the unatropinized fetus which in the case of ephedrine was followed by a tachycardia. Pretreatment with atropine resulted in an immediate tachycardia after ephedrine but not after phenylephrine administration. Pretreatment with phentolamine (0.15 mg/kg) produced about a 55% inhibition of the phenylephrine pressor response in both the fetus and adult, suggesting a linear relationship between body weight and number of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Pretreatment with metoprolol blocked the tachycardia associated with ephedrine administration to unatropinized fetuses. In summary, the increase in the magnitude of the pressor response to phenylephrine suggested development of the receptor-effector system. The greater development of the response to ephedrine suggested that there was an increasing amount of noradrenaline being released with advancing gestation.", "PMID": 667714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11879", "title": "Assessment of ether anesthesia in normal and spinal cats using gas--liquid chromatographic analysis of blood.", "content": "A new gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of diethylether in whole blood. Ether was quantitated by peak area ratio analysis with n-propanol as the internal standard using a flame ionization detector. Blood ether concentrations were determined in cats undergoing inhalational anesthesia by ether in oxygen. In normal spontaneously breathing cats, anesthesia began at ether concentrations of about 0.6 g/l, and respiratory arrest occurred at 2.4 g/l and above. Mean arterial blood pressure was well maintained throughout the entire anesthetic range. In spinal artificially respired animals, mean arterial blood pressure correlated inversely with blood ether concentration. The data suggest that decline in blood pressure may be a useful sign of ether toxicity in spinal cats.", "contents": "Assessment of ether anesthesia in normal and spinal cats using gas--liquid chromatographic analysis of blood. A new gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of diethylether in whole blood. Ether was quantitated by peak area ratio analysis with n-propanol as the internal standard using a flame ionization detector. Blood ether concentrations were determined in cats undergoing inhalational anesthesia by ether in oxygen. In normal spontaneously breathing cats, anesthesia began at ether concentrations of about 0.6 g/l, and respiratory arrest occurred at 2.4 g/l and above. Mean arterial blood pressure was well maintained throughout the entire anesthetic range. In spinal artificially respired animals, mean arterial blood pressure correlated inversely with blood ether concentration. The data suggest that decline in blood pressure may be a useful sign of ether toxicity in spinal cats.", "PMID": 667715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11880", "title": "The role of displacement of the mitral annulus in left atrial filling and emptying in the intact dog.", "content": "The variations in ventricular-atrial mitral annular position during the cardiac cycle and the simultaneous changes in left atrial silhouette area (obtained by angiography after injections of contrast material into the main pulmonary artery) were investigated in six experiments on intact dogs with chronically implanted intracardiac markers. Frame-by-frame measurements of the angiograms (120 frames/s) were used to determine, under various hemodynamic conditions, the duration, magnitude, and average rate of the mitral annular motion and of the simultaneous changes in left atrial area during atrial filling (ventricular systole) and atrial emptying (early in ventricular diastole). The mitral annulus was seen to move towards the ventricular apex during systole and towards the atrium early in diastole with the duration, average rate, and magnitude of displacement (although varying widely) showing good statistical correlations (P less than 0.0005-0.005) with the changes in projected left atrial area. These findings suggest that the duration, rate, and magnitude of atrial filling and emptying may be, in the intact heart, determined by the movements of the atrioventricular junction.", "contents": "The role of displacement of the mitral annulus in left atrial filling and emptying in the intact dog. The variations in ventricular-atrial mitral annular position during the cardiac cycle and the simultaneous changes in left atrial silhouette area (obtained by angiography after injections of contrast material into the main pulmonary artery) were investigated in six experiments on intact dogs with chronically implanted intracardiac markers. Frame-by-frame measurements of the angiograms (120 frames/s) were used to determine, under various hemodynamic conditions, the duration, magnitude, and average rate of the mitral annular motion and of the simultaneous changes in left atrial area during atrial filling (ventricular systole) and atrial emptying (early in ventricular diastole). The mitral annulus was seen to move towards the ventricular apex during systole and towards the atrium early in diastole with the duration, average rate, and magnitude of displacement (although varying widely) showing good statistical correlations (P less than 0.0005-0.005) with the changes in projected left atrial area. These findings suggest that the duration, rate, and magnitude of atrial filling and emptying may be, in the intact heart, determined by the movements of the atrioventricular junction.", "PMID": 667719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11881", "title": "Transmucosal potential-difference profile in rat upper gastrointestinal tract. A simple model for testing gastric effects of pharmacologic agents.", "content": "Transmucosal potential difference in the rat upper gastrointestinal tract is described by a simple in vivo technique. Values for potential difference between blood (reference) and lumen (in millivolts) were the following: esophagus, -13.7 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SE); forestomach (rumen), -39.2 +/- 0.8; stomach fundus, -39.1 +/- 0.4; pylorus -26.6 +/- 0.6; and duodenum, -9.2 +/- 0.4. These values (excluding rumen) are strikingly similar to those obtained in man. Aspirin, taurocholic acid, and alcohol all produced falls in gastric potential difference very similar to those found in man. The rat appears to be a promising and convenient model for screening gastric effects of certain pharmacological agents before use in man.", "contents": "Transmucosal potential-difference profile in rat upper gastrointestinal tract. A simple model for testing gastric effects of pharmacologic agents. Transmucosal potential difference in the rat upper gastrointestinal tract is described by a simple in vivo technique. Values for potential difference between blood (reference) and lumen (in millivolts) were the following: esophagus, -13.7 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SE); forestomach (rumen), -39.2 +/- 0.8; stomach fundus, -39.1 +/- 0.4; pylorus -26.6 +/- 0.6; and duodenum, -9.2 +/- 0.4. These values (excluding rumen) are strikingly similar to those obtained in man. Aspirin, taurocholic acid, and alcohol all produced falls in gastric potential difference very similar to those found in man. The rat appears to be a promising and convenient model for screening gastric effects of certain pharmacological agents before use in man.", "PMID": 667721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11882", "title": "Some effects of the ionophore X-537A on the isolated rat tail artery.", "content": "The effects of micromolar concentrations of the ionophore X-537A (RO 2-2985) were studied using isolated preparations of the rat tail artery. The ionophore causes complete release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerves, which is the sole cause of the transient contractile response. The amines are released by a nonexocytotic process which seems to be related to the ability of X-537A to act as an efficient transmembrane carrier of Na+, k+, and H+. The ionophore also causes an almost complete and irreversible loss of the cocaine-sensitive component of metaraminol uptake by the tissue. X-537A dissipates the transmembrane concentration gradients of Na and K in the smooth muscle component of the preparation. This effect is unrelated to the release of endogenous catecholamines, and it can also be observed after the Na pump has been inhibited with ouabain. It is fully reversible, though not readily, and it can be induced repeatedly. In catecholamine-depleted strips, X-537A dissipates the transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients without causing any change in tension. Stimulation of the rate of O2 consumption by X-537A in catecholamine-depleted tissue is reversible, and it is unaffected by ouabain and (or) removal of external Ca2+.", "contents": "Some effects of the ionophore X-537A on the isolated rat tail artery. The effects of micromolar concentrations of the ionophore X-537A (RO 2-2985) were studied using isolated preparations of the rat tail artery. The ionophore causes complete release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerves, which is the sole cause of the transient contractile response. The amines are released by a nonexocytotic process which seems to be related to the ability of X-537A to act as an efficient transmembrane carrier of Na+, k+, and H+. The ionophore also causes an almost complete and irreversible loss of the cocaine-sensitive component of metaraminol uptake by the tissue. X-537A dissipates the transmembrane concentration gradients of Na and K in the smooth muscle component of the preparation. This effect is unrelated to the release of endogenous catecholamines, and it can also be observed after the Na pump has been inhibited with ouabain. It is fully reversible, though not readily, and it can be induced repeatedly. In catecholamine-depleted strips, X-537A dissipates the transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients without causing any change in tension. Stimulation of the rate of O2 consumption by X-537A in catecholamine-depleted tissue is reversible, and it is unaffected by ouabain and (or) removal of external Ca2+.", "PMID": 667722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11883", "title": "Changes in the hyperthermic responses of rats to daily injections of morphine and the antagonism of the acute response by naloxone.", "content": "Core temperatures of unrestrained male rats were measured by rectal probe over a 4-h period following seven daily subcutaneous injections of morphine sulphate in doses of 5, 20, or 80 mg/kg. With the smaller doses, rapid hyperthermia occurred and was maximal after 20 mg/kg; with 80 mg/kg, two of eight rats had immediate hypothermia, with the group response being a small, delayed hyperthermia. The results with repeated administration of morphine give statistical validity to earlier findings suggesting that peak hyperthermia increased and occurred progressively sooner after each injection of morphine. In groups of naive rats a single injection was given of saline or of 1, 10, or 40 mg naloxone hydrochloride per kilogram in saline. In these rats saline led to a slight increase in core temperature; when the first injection was one of the three doses of naloxone, no transient increase was seen. In nine other groups each of the three doses of naloxone was given 15 min before each of the morphine doses. All three doses of naloxone significantly reduced the hyperthermia induced by 5 and 20 mg morphine sulphate per kilogram, but this was less apparent in the group treated with 80 mg/kg, although naloxone at 40 mg/kg prevented any increase in temperature for over 3 h. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that morphine-induced temperature changes and perhaps stress-induced changes can be suppressed by naloxone.", "contents": "Changes in the hyperthermic responses of rats to daily injections of morphine and the antagonism of the acute response by naloxone. Core temperatures of unrestrained male rats were measured by rectal probe over a 4-h period following seven daily subcutaneous injections of morphine sulphate in doses of 5, 20, or 80 mg/kg. With the smaller doses, rapid hyperthermia occurred and was maximal after 20 mg/kg; with 80 mg/kg, two of eight rats had immediate hypothermia, with the group response being a small, delayed hyperthermia. The results with repeated administration of morphine give statistical validity to earlier findings suggesting that peak hyperthermia increased and occurred progressively sooner after each injection of morphine. In groups of naive rats a single injection was given of saline or of 1, 10, or 40 mg naloxone hydrochloride per kilogram in saline. In these rats saline led to a slight increase in core temperature; when the first injection was one of the three doses of naloxone, no transient increase was seen. In nine other groups each of the three doses of naloxone was given 15 min before each of the morphine doses. All three doses of naloxone significantly reduced the hyperthermia induced by 5 and 20 mg morphine sulphate per kilogram, but this was less apparent in the group treated with 80 mg/kg, although naloxone at 40 mg/kg prevented any increase in temperature for over 3 h. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that morphine-induced temperature changes and perhaps stress-induced changes can be suppressed by naloxone.", "PMID": 667723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11884", "title": "The effect of taurine on kindled seizures in the rat.", "content": "Recently, it has been reported that taurine, an amino acid with anticonvulsant properties, does not suppress experimental seizures generated by the \"kindling\" technique. This finding seems somewhat paradoxical since taurine antagonizes other sorts of experimental convulsion and since kindled seizures are easily suppressed by other anticonvulsant drugs. Further tests were therefore conducted during which taurine's anticonvulsant effects were assessed: (1) when kindling stimulation was dropped to near-threshold levels; (2) when cortical as well as limbic kindled foci were stimulated; (3) when developing as well as fully kindled seizures were involved; and (4) when taurine was introduced directly into the ventricles of the brain. Even in these tests which were specifically designed to favour the appearance of anticonvulsant effects, no taurine antagonism of kindled seizures was found.", "contents": "The effect of taurine on kindled seizures in the rat. Recently, it has been reported that taurine, an amino acid with anticonvulsant properties, does not suppress experimental seizures generated by the \"kindling\" technique. This finding seems somewhat paradoxical since taurine antagonizes other sorts of experimental convulsion and since kindled seizures are easily suppressed by other anticonvulsant drugs. Further tests were therefore conducted during which taurine's anticonvulsant effects were assessed: (1) when kindling stimulation was dropped to near-threshold levels; (2) when cortical as well as limbic kindled foci were stimulated; (3) when developing as well as fully kindled seizures were involved; and (4) when taurine was introduced directly into the ventricles of the brain. Even in these tests which were specifically designed to favour the appearance of anticonvulsant effects, no taurine antagonism of kindled seizures was found.", "PMID": 667725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11885", "title": "Effects of arachidonic acid and indomethacin on the in vitro release of prostaglandins by aortic strips of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Aortic strips removed from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and preincubated with arachidonic acid (1.0 X 10(-5) g/ml) for 15 min produced two times more prostaglandin (PG) like material than aortae unexposed to the precursor of PG biosynthesis. The stimulating effect of arachidonic acid was largely inhibited by indomethacin (1.0 X  10(-5) g/ml). Also, the release of PG-like material by aortic strips derived from SH rats treated with an intravenous injection of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was inhibited by 74% compared with the control tissues. These results raised the possibility that the in vivo conversion of arachidonic acid by large arteries of SH rats may contribute to the hypotensive effect of this PG precursor in SH rats.", "contents": "Effects of arachidonic acid and indomethacin on the in vitro release of prostaglandins by aortic strips of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Aortic strips removed from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and preincubated with arachidonic acid (1.0 X 10(-5) g/ml) for 15 min produced two times more prostaglandin (PG) like material than aortae unexposed to the precursor of PG biosynthesis. The stimulating effect of arachidonic acid was largely inhibited by indomethacin (1.0 X  10(-5) g/ml). Also, the release of PG-like material by aortic strips derived from SH rats treated with an intravenous injection of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was inhibited by 74% compared with the control tissues. These results raised the possibility that the in vivo conversion of arachidonic acid by large arteries of SH rats may contribute to the hypotensive effect of this PG precursor in SH rats.", "PMID": 667726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11886", "title": "Inability of glucagon to increase glomerular filtration rate in dogs with experimental cirrhosis and ascites.", "content": "In marked contradistinction to the normal dog, to the dog with renal hypoperfusion, or to the chronic caval dog with ascites, the intravenous infusion of glucagon at 5 microgram/min to dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis and ascites does not increase glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. In eight experimental dogs who did not respond to glucagon, a marked natriuresis was observed in response to furosemide and a marked renal vasodilator response was seen following the intraarterial infusion of acetylcholine. Because plasma immunoreactive glucagon levels are increased fivefold in cirrhotic dogs, it is suggested that continuous high levels of this peptide render the animals insensitive to the effects of an exogenous infusion.", "contents": "Inability of glucagon to increase glomerular filtration rate in dogs with experimental cirrhosis and ascites. In marked contradistinction to the normal dog, to the dog with renal hypoperfusion, or to the chronic caval dog with ascites, the intravenous infusion of glucagon at 5 microgram/min to dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis and ascites does not increase glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. In eight experimental dogs who did not respond to glucagon, a marked natriuresis was observed in response to furosemide and a marked renal vasodilator response was seen following the intraarterial infusion of acetylcholine. Because plasma immunoreactive glucagon levels are increased fivefold in cirrhotic dogs, it is suggested that continuous high levels of this peptide render the animals insensitive to the effects of an exogenous infusion.", "PMID": 667727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11887", "title": "Motoneuronal after-potentials and extracellular divalent cations.", "content": "In cats under Dial anesthesia, microiontophoretic injections of Co2+ or Mn2+ outside lumbosacral motoneurones regularly diminish the postspike hyperpolarizing after-potential (AHP) without any clear reduction of the deplorarizing after-potential (ADP). Comparable injections of Sr2+ have the opposite effect of augmenting the AHP. These results indicate that the AHP is indeed initiated by an influx of calcium linked to the action potential, but the ADP is unlikely to be mainly a manifestation of a calcium inward current.", "contents": "Motoneuronal after-potentials and extracellular divalent cations. In cats under Dial anesthesia, microiontophoretic injections of Co2+ or Mn2+ outside lumbosacral motoneurones regularly diminish the postspike hyperpolarizing after-potential (AHP) without any clear reduction of the deplorarizing after-potential (ADP). Comparable injections of Sr2+ have the opposite effect of augmenting the AHP. These results indicate that the AHP is indeed initiated by an influx of calcium linked to the action potential, but the ADP is unlikely to be mainly a manifestation of a calcium inward current.", "PMID": 667728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11888", "title": "Dantrolene blocks intracellular calcium release in smooth muscle: competitive antagonism of thromboxane A2.", "content": "Dantrolene sodium has been shown to block the release of intracellular calcium in skeletal muscle. It has been proposed that dantrolene blocks the movement and (or) action of a natural calcium ionophore. In a rat vascular preparation dantrolene was found to inhibit pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin but not those to potassium with an IC50 concentration within the therapeutic levels in man. Imidazole, an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis, had similar actions to dantrolene. Interactions between imidazole and dantrolene suggested that dantrolene may be a competitive antagonist of TXA2 in muscle. We report the first demonstration of an effect of dantrolene sodium on smooth muscle contractility and suggest that TXA2 is an essential modulator of vascular reactivity. A similar role has been shown for TXA2 in platelets.", "contents": "Dantrolene blocks intracellular calcium release in smooth muscle: competitive antagonism of thromboxane A2. Dantrolene sodium has been shown to block the release of intracellular calcium in skeletal muscle. It has been proposed that dantrolene blocks the movement and (or) action of a natural calcium ionophore. In a rat vascular preparation dantrolene was found to inhibit pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin but not those to potassium with an IC50 concentration within the therapeutic levels in man. Imidazole, an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis, had similar actions to dantrolene. Interactions between imidazole and dantrolene suggested that dantrolene may be a competitive antagonist of TXA2 in muscle. We report the first demonstration of an effect of dantrolene sodium on smooth muscle contractility and suggest that TXA2 is an essential modulator of vascular reactivity. A similar role has been shown for TXA2 in platelets.", "PMID": 667729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11889", "title": "Antagonism of substance P induced facilitation of central neuronal activity by 2,4-dinitrophenol and depressant agents.", "content": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, pentobarbital, thiopental, methoxyflurane, and halothane more often antagonized the facilitatory effects of substance P than of acetylcholine on the activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons (of unanesthetized decerebrated and spinalized cats) as well as interpeduncular and cerebral cortical cells (of either rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen or 'cereveau isol\u00e9' rats). The results of the studies indicate that the excitatory effects of substance P on central neurons are extremely sensitive to anesthesia.", "contents": "Antagonism of substance P induced facilitation of central neuronal activity by 2,4-dinitrophenol and depressant agents. 2,4-Dinitrophenol, pentobarbital, thiopental, methoxyflurane, and halothane more often antagonized the facilitatory effects of substance P than of acetylcholine on the activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons (of unanesthetized decerebrated and spinalized cats) as well as interpeduncular and cerebral cortical cells (of either rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen or 'cereveau isol\u00e9' rats). The results of the studies indicate that the excitatory effects of substance P on central neurons are extremely sensitive to anesthesia.", "PMID": 667730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11890", "title": "The effect of glucagon on intestinal lymph flow in rats.", "content": "Intravenous injection of a bolus of 5 microgram of glucagon to rats with an intestinal lymph fistula produces a marked, transient rise in lymph flow and protein output from the fistula. The effect is presumably the result of brief enhancement of splanchnic blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of glucagon on intestinal lymph flow in rats. Intravenous injection of a bolus of 5 microgram of glucagon to rats with an intestinal lymph fistula produces a marked, transient rise in lymph flow and protein output from the fistula. The effect is presumably the result of brief enhancement of splanchnic blood flow.", "PMID": 667731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11891", "title": "Flow correlation of loop of Henle potassium influx.", "content": "Potassium influx in short loops of Henle was assessed using end proximal to early distal perfusion with potassium-free saline. Over a wide range of perfusion rates influx was highly correlated with collected flow rates. The magnitude of the influx was comparable with the delivery rate of potassium to the early distal site seen during free flow, over a narrower range of collected flow rates.", "contents": "Flow correlation of loop of Henle potassium influx. Potassium influx in short loops of Henle was assessed using end proximal to early distal perfusion with potassium-free saline. Over a wide range of perfusion rates influx was highly correlated with collected flow rates. The magnitude of the influx was comparable with the delivery rate of potassium to the early distal site seen during free flow, over a narrower range of collected flow rates.", "PMID": 667732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11892", "title": "Loss of chloramphenicol production in strains of Streptomyces species 3022alpha treated with acriflavine and ethidium bromide.", "content": "An assay procedure was developed to detect chloramphenicol production in large numbers of Streptomyces species 3022alpha isolates, and was used to screen colonies from cultures exposed to acriflavine and ethidium bromide. There was a significant rise in the proportion of low- and non-producing strains in the treated cultures. Since the organism developed resistance to acriflavine but not ethidium bromide, the effects of the latter agent were examined in more detail. Loss of chloramphenicol production was not due to mutation, nor to differential sensitivity to the drug among producing and non-producing natural variants. The response of cultures varied with age, and at least three strain types--high-, low-, and non-producers could be distinguished. A study in shaken cultures of selected isolates from the screening process established the general reliability of the screening method and showed that the assay probably sometimes failed to distinguish between low- (15-20 mg/iota) and non-producers. It indicated that the non-producer class consisted of some very low (up to 4 mg/iota) producers as well as fully negative strains, and it confirmed indications from the screening results that a non-producing isolate obtained by acriflavine treatment accumulated aromatic amines and was probably blocked in the pathway for chloramphenicol biosynthesis.", "contents": "Loss of chloramphenicol production in strains of Streptomyces species 3022alpha treated with acriflavine and ethidium bromide. An assay procedure was developed to detect chloramphenicol production in large numbers of Streptomyces species 3022alpha isolates, and was used to screen colonies from cultures exposed to acriflavine and ethidium bromide. There was a significant rise in the proportion of low- and non-producing strains in the treated cultures. Since the organism developed resistance to acriflavine but not ethidium bromide, the effects of the latter agent were examined in more detail. Loss of chloramphenicol production was not due to mutation, nor to differential sensitivity to the drug among producing and non-producing natural variants. The response of cultures varied with age, and at least three strain types--high-, low-, and non-producers could be distinguished. A study in shaken cultures of selected isolates from the screening process established the general reliability of the screening method and showed that the assay probably sometimes failed to distinguish between low- (15-20 mg/iota) and non-producers. It indicated that the non-producer class consisted of some very low (up to 4 mg/iota) producers as well as fully negative strains, and it confirmed indications from the screening results that a non-producing isolate obtained by acriflavine treatment accumulated aromatic amines and was probably blocked in the pathway for chloramphenicol biosynthesis.", "PMID": 667733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11893", "title": "The effect of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of Thamnidium elegans Link.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of a slightly psychrophilic fungus, Thamnidium elegans, has been determined and compared with other mucoraceous fungi. The growth temperature strongly influences the degree of unsaturation of lipids, as reported for other organisms, but in T. elegans both the quantitative and qualitative profiles of the fatty acids are affected. At low temperature, T. elegans contains both alpha- and gamma-isomers of linolenic acid. The alpha-isomer is reported here for the first time in a mucoraceous fungus. Besides the biosynthesis of alpha-linolenic acid at the low temperature, T. elegans shows an increase in synthesis of a relatively unknown fatty acid in fungi, i.e. octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4delta 6,9,12,15). The significance of the occurrence of both the isomers of linolenic acid as a response to temperature and in relation to fungal phylogeny is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of Thamnidium elegans Link. The fatty acid composition of a slightly psychrophilic fungus, Thamnidium elegans, has been determined and compared with other mucoraceous fungi. The growth temperature strongly influences the degree of unsaturation of lipids, as reported for other organisms, but in T. elegans both the quantitative and qualitative profiles of the fatty acids are affected. At low temperature, T. elegans contains both alpha- and gamma-isomers of linolenic acid. The alpha-isomer is reported here for the first time in a mucoraceous fungus. Besides the biosynthesis of alpha-linolenic acid at the low temperature, T. elegans shows an increase in synthesis of a relatively unknown fatty acid in fungi, i.e. octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4delta 6,9,12,15). The significance of the occurrence of both the isomers of linolenic acid as a response to temperature and in relation to fungal phylogeny is discussed.", "PMID": 667734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11894", "title": "Utilization of oleuropein by microorganisms associated with olive fermentations.", "content": "Oleuropein, the bitter glucoside of olives, and its hydrolysis products can possess antibacterial action. However, there is no information on the possible utilization of this polyphenolic compound; therefore studies have been made to assess its utilization as a major source of carbon. Various microorganisms associated with fermentation of olives (both desirable lactic acid bacteria and spoilage organisms) did use oleuropein, many without a significant delay in growth resulting in the appearance of a strong visible turbidity. Although the increase in oleuropein from 0.2 to 0.4% (w/v) had little or no effect on the spoilage organisms, the additional glucoside caused a delay in development of growth with some of the lactic acid bacteria. However, all of the latter cultures tested eventually grew and developed strong visible turbidity.", "contents": "Utilization of oleuropein by microorganisms associated with olive fermentations. Oleuropein, the bitter glucoside of olives, and its hydrolysis products can possess antibacterial action. However, there is no information on the possible utilization of this polyphenolic compound; therefore studies have been made to assess its utilization as a major source of carbon. Various microorganisms associated with fermentation of olives (both desirable lactic acid bacteria and spoilage organisms) did use oleuropein, many without a significant delay in growth resulting in the appearance of a strong visible turbidity. Although the increase in oleuropein from 0.2 to 0.4% (w/v) had little or no effect on the spoilage organisms, the additional glucoside caused a delay in development of growth with some of the lactic acid bacteria. However, all of the latter cultures tested eventually grew and developed strong visible turbidity.", "PMID": 667735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11895", "title": "Interaction between Rhizobium japonicum phage M-1 and its receptor.", "content": "The receptor for phage M-1 was present in the exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Rhizobium japonicum D211. The EPS was a heteropolysaccharide consisting of glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and glucosamine units. These monosaccharides prevented phage-cell attachment indicating that they may mimick the receptor. Phage-cell attachment was either stimulated or inhibited by Mg2+ and Ca2+ depending upon their concentration. An enzyme which depolymerized the exopolysaccharide releasing oligosaccharides was detected in the phage-infected cell lysates. A comparison of the properties of adsorption and those of the depolymerase enzyme indicated that the latter was a component of the phage and appeared to be involved in the phage-receptor interaction.", "contents": "Interaction between Rhizobium japonicum phage M-1 and its receptor. The receptor for phage M-1 was present in the exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Rhizobium japonicum D211. The EPS was a heteropolysaccharide consisting of glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and glucosamine units. These monosaccharides prevented phage-cell attachment indicating that they may mimick the receptor. Phage-cell attachment was either stimulated or inhibited by Mg2+ and Ca2+ depending upon their concentration. An enzyme which depolymerized the exopolysaccharide releasing oligosaccharides was detected in the phage-infected cell lysates. A comparison of the properties of adsorption and those of the depolymerase enzyme indicated that the latter was a component of the phage and appeared to be involved in the phage-receptor interaction.", "PMID": 667736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11896", "title": "Halobacterium vallismortis sp. nov. An amylolytic and carbohydrate-metabolizing, extremely halophilic bacterium.", "content": "The extremely halophilic bacterium (formerly designated as strain J.F. 54) isolated from salt pools of the Death Valley, California, is a motile, Gram-negative, extremely pleomorphic organism, aerobe, and facultative anaerobe. A variety of carbohydrates are assimilated with or without acid production; soluble starch is hydrolyzed. The organism is not proteolytic; catalase, oxidase, and DNase reactions are positive; Tween 20 is slightly hydrolyzed, but Tweens 40, 60, and 80 are not. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites with gas production; nitrites are not reduced. Optimum growth temperature is 40 degrees C. Growth is inhibited by bacitracin and by novobiocin. The type strain J.F. 54 differs from described species of the genus Halobacterium and is assigned to a new species, Halobacterium vallismortis sp. nov.", "contents": "Halobacterium vallismortis sp. nov. An amylolytic and carbohydrate-metabolizing, extremely halophilic bacterium. The extremely halophilic bacterium (formerly designated as strain J.F. 54) isolated from salt pools of the Death Valley, California, is a motile, Gram-negative, extremely pleomorphic organism, aerobe, and facultative anaerobe. A variety of carbohydrates are assimilated with or without acid production; soluble starch is hydrolyzed. The organism is not proteolytic; catalase, oxidase, and DNase reactions are positive; Tween 20 is slightly hydrolyzed, but Tweens 40, 60, and 80 are not. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites with gas production; nitrites are not reduced. Optimum growth temperature is 40 degrees C. Growth is inhibited by bacitracin and by novobiocin. The type strain J.F. 54 differs from described species of the genus Halobacterium and is assigned to a new species, Halobacterium vallismortis sp. nov.", "PMID": 667737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11897", "title": "Stable isotope fractionation by Clostridium pasteurianum. 2. Regulation of sulfite reductases by sulfur amino acids and their influence on sulfur isotope fractionation during SO32- and SO42- reduction.", "content": "In addition to an assimilatory sulfite reductase, studies of cultures of Clostridium pasteurianum supplemented with methionine, cysteine, and 35SO42- provides evidence for another reductase which is induced by SO32-. This inducible reductase appears to be dissimaltory because of the copious sulfide production arising when the cells are grown on SO32-. Cysteine can repress the assimilatory sulfite reductase but does not affect the inducible reductase. During late logarithmic growth on 1 mM SO42- + 10mM cysteine, depression of the inducible reductase occurred along with increased sulfide production. The presence of 1 mM cysteine and (or) 1 mM cysteine and (or) 1 mM methionine does not affect the inverse sulfur isotope effect for evolved H2S. However, 5 and 10 mM cysteine reduce the maximum delta34S value for released H2S from +40 to 10%. A small conversion of cysteine to H2S by C. pasteurianum occurs, but only in the stationary phase.", "contents": "Stable isotope fractionation by Clostridium pasteurianum. 2. Regulation of sulfite reductases by sulfur amino acids and their influence on sulfur isotope fractionation during SO32- and SO42- reduction. In addition to an assimilatory sulfite reductase, studies of cultures of Clostridium pasteurianum supplemented with methionine, cysteine, and 35SO42- provides evidence for another reductase which is induced by SO32-. This inducible reductase appears to be dissimaltory because of the copious sulfide production arising when the cells are grown on SO32-. Cysteine can repress the assimilatory sulfite reductase but does not affect the inducible reductase. During late logarithmic growth on 1 mM SO42- + 10mM cysteine, depression of the inducible reductase occurred along with increased sulfide production. The presence of 1 mM cysteine and (or) 1 mM cysteine and (or) 1 mM methionine does not affect the inverse sulfur isotope effect for evolved H2S. However, 5 and 10 mM cysteine reduce the maximum delta34S value for released H2S from +40 to 10%. A small conversion of cysteine to H2S by C. pasteurianum occurs, but only in the stationary phase.", "PMID": 667738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11898", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the biodegradation processes. I. Beech (Fagus sylvaticus L.) leaf white rot].", "content": "An electron microscopic study of beech leaf white rot shows a certain number of characteristic developmental stages which are identical whether the material is from in vitro experimentation or from natural incubation. Endowed with a cellulolytic properly seemingly localized in the apical region only, hyphae of the white rot agent only traverse the plant cell walls. Subsequently, hyphae penetrate condensed protoplasmic residues and make them progressively transparent to electrons. During this discoloring process, a lethal factor of as yet unknown nature appears, affecting other microorganisms already present in the leaves. Phloem and xylem vascular bundles do not present notable ultrastructural modifications. Therefore, leaf discoloration is not due to an alteration of the xylem constituents but to changes having occurred in the condensed cytoplasmic residues of the dead tissues.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the biodegradation processes. I. Beech (Fagus sylvaticus L.) leaf white rot]. An electron microscopic study of beech leaf white rot shows a certain number of characteristic developmental stages which are identical whether the material is from in vitro experimentation or from natural incubation. Endowed with a cellulolytic properly seemingly localized in the apical region only, hyphae of the white rot agent only traverse the plant cell walls. Subsequently, hyphae penetrate condensed protoplasmic residues and make them progressively transparent to electrons. During this discoloring process, a lethal factor of as yet unknown nature appears, affecting other microorganisms already present in the leaves. Phloem and xylem vascular bundles do not present notable ultrastructural modifications. Therefore, leaf discoloration is not due to an alteration of the xylem constituents but to changes having occurred in the condensed cytoplasmic residues of the dead tissues.", "PMID": 667739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11899", "title": "Light microscopy observations of tetrazolium-reducing bacteria in the endorhizosphere of maize and other grasses in Brazil.", "content": "Roots of field-grown tropical maize, Panicum maximum Jacq. and Digitaria decumbens Stent., and of sorghum and wheat grown in monoxenic culture with the diazotroph Spirillum lipoferum (syn. Azospirillum spp.) were examined for tetrazolium-reducing bacteria following incubation of roots in a malate-phosphate buffer-2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride medium. Bacteria were observed between and in cells of the cortex, in intercellular spaces between the cortex and endodermis, in xylem cells, and in and between pith cells. In maize, colonization of the inner cortex and stele appears to occur in the absence of significant bacterial colonization or collapse of outerlying tissues. Bacteria in the stele remained viable after a 6-h treatment of roots with chloramine-t, indicating that the endodermis was intact. Infection of the inner cortex and stele appears to occur initially in branches, and then to spread longitudinally into main roots. Inter- and intra-cellular infections of the cortex were observed in monoxenic systems. Tetrazolium reduction and prominent crystal formation was not specific for diazotrophic bacteria, but S. lipoferum was isolated from surface-sterilized roots, and S. lipoferum-like organisms were observed in the endorhizosphere. A correlation of inner cortex and stele infections with the presence of branches appears to explain previous observations that excised roots of grasses exhibiting high nitrogenase activity are characteristically branched roots with an intact cortex.", "contents": "Light microscopy observations of tetrazolium-reducing bacteria in the endorhizosphere of maize and other grasses in Brazil. Roots of field-grown tropical maize, Panicum maximum Jacq. and Digitaria decumbens Stent., and of sorghum and wheat grown in monoxenic culture with the diazotroph Spirillum lipoferum (syn. Azospirillum spp.) were examined for tetrazolium-reducing bacteria following incubation of roots in a malate-phosphate buffer-2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride medium. Bacteria were observed between and in cells of the cortex, in intercellular spaces between the cortex and endodermis, in xylem cells, and in and between pith cells. In maize, colonization of the inner cortex and stele appears to occur in the absence of significant bacterial colonization or collapse of outerlying tissues. Bacteria in the stele remained viable after a 6-h treatment of roots with chloramine-t, indicating that the endodermis was intact. Infection of the inner cortex and stele appears to occur initially in branches, and then to spread longitudinally into main roots. Inter- and intra-cellular infections of the cortex were observed in monoxenic systems. Tetrazolium reduction and prominent crystal formation was not specific for diazotrophic bacteria, but S. lipoferum was isolated from surface-sterilized roots, and S. lipoferum-like organisms were observed in the endorhizosphere. A correlation of inner cortex and stele infections with the presence of branches appears to explain previous observations that excised roots of grasses exhibiting high nitrogenase activity are characteristically branched roots with an intact cortex.", "PMID": 667740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11900", "title": "[Physiological study and taxonomy of Alcaligenes species: A denitrificans, A. odorans and A faecalis].", "content": "We have studied 43 strains of the species Alcaligenes dentrificans, A. odorans, and A. faecalis. Twenty-five of them were isolated by enrichment culture on minimal medium containing an organic acid (L-malate, succinate, tartrate, adipate, or itaconate) and N2O as a respiratory electron acceptor. These constitute a single phenon with the A. dentrificans strain type and 9 other strains isolated from clinical specimens. However, strain 4 differs from the other 34 strains in 12 nutritional characters, in its ability to effect a meta cleavage of diphenols, and by the absence of tetrathionate reductase. The percentages of G + C are the following: strains isolated from soil, 66.4 +/- 1.1; collection strains, 67.0 +/- 1.3. The 5 strains of A. odorans differ from the 34 strains of A. denitrificans (not including strain 4) in their inability to denitrify nitrate and use D-saccharate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutarate meso-tartrate, azelate, and itaconate. Their percentage of G + C is much lower: 56.1 +/- 0.4. From the nutritional point of view the 3 strains of A. faecalis resemble A. dentrificans. However, they differ from the latter by their inability to grow anaerobically on NO3-, NO2-, N2O, and by a slightly lower percentage of G+ C: 64.3 +/- 0.0. The 43 strains synthesize poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid. None of them is chemolithotrophic.", "contents": "[Physiological study and taxonomy of Alcaligenes species: A denitrificans, A. odorans and A faecalis]. We have studied 43 strains of the species Alcaligenes dentrificans, A. odorans, and A. faecalis. Twenty-five of them were isolated by enrichment culture on minimal medium containing an organic acid (L-malate, succinate, tartrate, adipate, or itaconate) and N2O as a respiratory electron acceptor. These constitute a single phenon with the A. dentrificans strain type and 9 other strains isolated from clinical specimens. However, strain 4 differs from the other 34 strains in 12 nutritional characters, in its ability to effect a meta cleavage of diphenols, and by the absence of tetrathionate reductase. The percentages of G + C are the following: strains isolated from soil, 66.4 +/- 1.1; collection strains, 67.0 +/- 1.3. The 5 strains of A. odorans differ from the 34 strains of A. denitrificans (not including strain 4) in their inability to denitrify nitrate and use D-saccharate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutarate meso-tartrate, azelate, and itaconate. Their percentage of G + C is much lower: 56.1 +/- 0.4. From the nutritional point of view the 3 strains of A. faecalis resemble A. dentrificans. However, they differ from the latter by their inability to grow anaerobically on NO3-, NO2-, N2O, and by a slightly lower percentage of G+ C: 64.3 +/- 0.0. The 43 strains synthesize poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid. None of them is chemolithotrophic.", "PMID": 667741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11901", "title": "Denitrification in Rhizobium.", "content": "Thirty-three strains of Rhizobium were examined for their reduction of nitrate under anoxic conditions. Three patterns of dissimilatory nitrate reduction were observed: (1) reduction to N2O and N2 (denitrification), (2) reduction to and subsequent accumulation of NO2- (nitrate respiration), (3) no reduction. Strains of R. japonicum and the cowpea miscellany displayed all three types, while strains of R. leguminosarum, R. phaseoli, and R. trifolii did not reduce nitrate by dissimilatory means. The production and subsequent metabolism of N2O was considerably different among the denitrifying strains: in some instances, N2O was a transient intermediate, while in others, it continued to accumulate during the incubation period.", "contents": "Denitrification in Rhizobium. Thirty-three strains of Rhizobium were examined for their reduction of nitrate under anoxic conditions. Three patterns of dissimilatory nitrate reduction were observed: (1) reduction to N2O and N2 (denitrification), (2) reduction to and subsequent accumulation of NO2- (nitrate respiration), (3) no reduction. Strains of R. japonicum and the cowpea miscellany displayed all three types, while strains of R. leguminosarum, R. phaseoli, and R. trifolii did not reduce nitrate by dissimilatory means. The production and subsequent metabolism of N2O was considerably different among the denitrifying strains: in some instances, N2O was a transient intermediate, while in others, it continued to accumulate during the incubation period.", "PMID": 667742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11902", "title": "The use of polyethylene glycol in radioimmunoassay of staphylococcal enterotoxins.", "content": "The double-antibody radioimmunoassay of enterotoxins A, B, and C was modified by the addition of aqueous polyethylene glycol which precipitated double-antibody bound staphylococcal enterotoxins with little or no precipitation of free enterotoxin. The precipitate formed appeared as a thin coating at the bottom of the test tube and was not removed by aspiration. The procedure obviates the need for normal rabbit serum and for an additional wash of the precipitate.", "contents": "The use of polyethylene glycol in radioimmunoassay of staphylococcal enterotoxins. The double-antibody radioimmunoassay of enterotoxins A, B, and C was modified by the addition of aqueous polyethylene glycol which precipitated double-antibody bound staphylococcal enterotoxins with little or no precipitation of free enterotoxin. The precipitate formed appeared as a thin coating at the bottom of the test tube and was not removed by aspiration. The procedure obviates the need for normal rabbit serum and for an additional wash of the precipitate.", "PMID": 667743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11903", "title": "Lipotropin, melanotropin and endorphin: in vivo catabolism and entry into cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Anesthetized rabbits were given intravenous injections of either beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH), beta-melanotropin (beta-MSH) or beta-endorphin. The postinjection concentrations of these peptides in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The plasma disappearance half-times were 13.7 min for beta-LPH, 5.1 min for beta-MSH, and 4.8 min for beta-endorphin. Circulating beta-LPH is cleaved to peptides tentatively identified as gamma-LPH and beta-endorphin. Each of these peptides appeared in the CSF within 2 min postinjection. The maximum CSF to plasma ratios were 0.08 for beta-LPH, 1.48 for beta-MSH,and 0.23 for beta-endorphin.", "contents": "Lipotropin, melanotropin and endorphin: in vivo catabolism and entry into cerebrospinal fluid. Anesthetized rabbits were given intravenous injections of either beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH), beta-melanotropin (beta-MSH) or beta-endorphin. The postinjection concentrations of these peptides in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The plasma disappearance half-times were 13.7 min for beta-LPH, 5.1 min for beta-MSH, and 4.8 min for beta-endorphin. Circulating beta-LPH is cleaved to peptides tentatively identified as gamma-LPH and beta-endorphin. Each of these peptides appeared in the CSF within 2 min postinjection. The maximum CSF to plasma ratios were 0.08 for beta-LPH, 1.48 for beta-MSH,and 0.23 for beta-endorphin.", "PMID": 667745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11904", "title": "The neural hypothesis of muscular dystrophy. A review of recent experimental evidence with particular reference to the Duchenne form.", "content": "Recent observations are considered to provide further evidence for an abnormality involving motoneurones in DMD. The dystrophic process appears to take place in two stages of which the first occurs during early embryonic life. This stage is thought to involve faulty inductive actions of the neural tube upon mesoderm and upon itself. The neural consequences vary among individuals and are manifested as mental retardation; EEG abnormalities and losses of functioning motor units. While the first two abnormalities are non-progressive, a further loss of motor units, associated with striking reductions in the numbers of excitable muscle fibers, takes place in trunk and large limb muscles at 9--12 years. The latter process, the cause of which is uncertain, constitutes the second stage of DMD.", "contents": "The neural hypothesis of muscular dystrophy. A review of recent experimental evidence with particular reference to the Duchenne form. Recent observations are considered to provide further evidence for an abnormality involving motoneurones in DMD. The dystrophic process appears to take place in two stages of which the first occurs during early embryonic life. This stage is thought to involve faulty inductive actions of the neural tube upon mesoderm and upon itself. The neural consequences vary among individuals and are manifested as mental retardation; EEG abnormalities and losses of functioning motor units. While the first two abnormalities are non-progressive, a further loss of motor units, associated with striking reductions in the numbers of excitable muscle fibers, takes place in trunk and large limb muscles at 9--12 years. The latter process, the cause of which is uncertain, constitutes the second stage of DMD.", "PMID": 667746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11905", "title": "The uptake of 3H(G)L leucine into single muscle fibers in Charcot-Marine-Tooth disease.", "content": "In previous studies, the incorporation of 3H(G)L-leucine into muscles of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease was shown to be increased in comparison with that observed in motor neuron disease (MND). To determine the cause of the increased uptake in CMT, studies of single fiber leucine incorporations have been undertaken. The results of this study indicate that the increased incorporation is into those muscle fibers which are undergoing regeneration following reinnervation. These results do not support the thesis that there is an associated myopathic process in CMT.", "contents": "The uptake of 3H(G)L leucine into single muscle fibers in Charcot-Marine-Tooth disease. In previous studies, the incorporation of 3H(G)L-leucine into muscles of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease was shown to be increased in comparison with that observed in motor neuron disease (MND). To determine the cause of the increased uptake in CMT, studies of single fiber leucine incorporations have been undertaken. The results of this study indicate that the increased incorporation is into those muscle fibers which are undergoing regeneration following reinnervation. These results do not support the thesis that there is an associated myopathic process in CMT.", "PMID": 667747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11906", "title": "The syndrome of carnitine deficiency: morphological and metabolic correlations in two cases.", "content": "Two cases of systemic carnitine deficiency are described. In both patients, carnitine concentration was lower than normal in serum and muscle tissue. In the first case, the illness began at age 35; the clinical manifestations were only muscular. In the second case, the illness began in childhood; there were intermittent episodes of hepatic enlargement and coma. An excessive lipid content was present in muscle tissue, especially in type 1 fibers, of both cases, and in the liver of the second patient. Ultrastructural studies of muscle tissue revealed important changes of mitochondria. During muscular exercise, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism were investigated. For a given relative work intensity, these patients showed abnormally high blood lactic acid concentration and lactic acid/pyruvic acid ratios. These data, together with the morphological alterations observed in mitochondria, suggest an impaired function of the respiratory chain, leading to a shift of the red/ox potential of the tissue towards a non reduced state.", "contents": "The syndrome of carnitine deficiency: morphological and metabolic correlations in two cases. Two cases of systemic carnitine deficiency are described. In both patients, carnitine concentration was lower than normal in serum and muscle tissue. In the first case, the illness began at age 35; the clinical manifestations were only muscular. In the second case, the illness began in childhood; there were intermittent episodes of hepatic enlargement and coma. An excessive lipid content was present in muscle tissue, especially in type 1 fibers, of both cases, and in the liver of the second patient. Ultrastructural studies of muscle tissue revealed important changes of mitochondria. During muscular exercise, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism were investigated. For a given relative work intensity, these patients showed abnormally high blood lactic acid concentration and lactic acid/pyruvic acid ratios. These data, together with the morphological alterations observed in mitochondria, suggest an impaired function of the respiratory chain, leading to a shift of the red/ox potential of the tissue towards a non reduced state.", "PMID": 667748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11907", "title": "Long term induction of kindled seizures in rats: interhemispheric factors.", "content": "Previous research indicated that sequential alternation of stimulation of certain homologous brain areas via chronically implanted electrodes resulted in oscillation of high and low latencies for convulsions. This phenomenon suggested the establishement of interhemispheric facilitatory-inhibitory effects as a result of repeated stimulation of the two brain sites. In the present study, the latency oscillation pattern was observed in split-brain rats as well as in bilaterally stimulated controls, but not in rats stimulated on one side only. Significant differences were observed between split-brain and control rats in terms of initial kindling rates, duration of convulsions and type of oscillation. Results are discussed in the context of possible interhemispheric mechanisms involved in long term kindling.", "contents": "Long term induction of kindled seizures in rats: interhemispheric factors. Previous research indicated that sequential alternation of stimulation of certain homologous brain areas via chronically implanted electrodes resulted in oscillation of high and low latencies for convulsions. This phenomenon suggested the establishement of interhemispheric facilitatory-inhibitory effects as a result of repeated stimulation of the two brain sites. In the present study, the latency oscillation pattern was observed in split-brain rats as well as in bilaterally stimulated controls, but not in rats stimulated on one side only. Significant differences were observed between split-brain and control rats in terms of initial kindling rates, duration of convulsions and type of oscillation. Results are discussed in the context of possible interhemispheric mechanisms involved in long term kindling.", "PMID": 667750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11908", "title": "Dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy.", "content": "Clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological studies of some members of a family with dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy are presented. Twenty-five members were studied. Seventeen were abnormal on clinical examination. Their ages varied from 2 1/2 to 78 years. Age at onset in 14 of the 17 varied between 2 1/2 and 56 years. Pes cavus and palpable nerve thickening were present in more than half of the affected individuals. All patients had areflexia. Fifteen of the 17 had distal motor weakness as well as mild to moderate sensory impairment. Motor weakness affecting the proximal hip and shoulder girdle muscles was seen in 13 patients. Four patients gave a history of trigeminal neuralgia. Motor nerve conduction velocities were markedly impaired in all the clinically affected members. These studies were normal in the 8 unaffected members. Motor conduction velocities of the proximal segment of the ulnar nerve were slower compared to the distal segment in almost all the affected members. There was no significant correlation between the degree of clinical disability and the extent of impairment in the motor nerve conduction velocities. Sural nerve biopsies were studied. These observations are discussed.", "contents": "Dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy. Clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological studies of some members of a family with dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy are presented. Twenty-five members were studied. Seventeen were abnormal on clinical examination. Their ages varied from 2 1/2 to 78 years. Age at onset in 14 of the 17 varied between 2 1/2 and 56 years. Pes cavus and palpable nerve thickening were present in more than half of the affected individuals. All patients had areflexia. Fifteen of the 17 had distal motor weakness as well as mild to moderate sensory impairment. Motor weakness affecting the proximal hip and shoulder girdle muscles was seen in 13 patients. Four patients gave a history of trigeminal neuralgia. Motor nerve conduction velocities were markedly impaired in all the clinically affected members. These studies were normal in the 8 unaffected members. Motor conduction velocities of the proximal segment of the ulnar nerve were slower compared to the distal segment in almost all the affected members. There was no significant correlation between the degree of clinical disability and the extent of impairment in the motor nerve conduction velocities. Sural nerve biopsies were studied. These observations are discussed.", "PMID": 667751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11909", "title": "Hot water epilepsy.", "content": "A case of hot water epilepsy is presented and the literature on the subject is reviewed. The data show that hot water epilepsy is a benign form of reflex epilepsy occurring mainly in children. Males are affected more than females. The triggering stimulus is immersion in hot water (over 37 degrees C). The seizure is usually psychomotor, although generalized convulsions may occur. The EEG findings indicate that the abnormality lies in the temporal lobe.", "contents": "Hot water epilepsy. A case of hot water epilepsy is presented and the literature on the subject is reviewed. The data show that hot water epilepsy is a benign form of reflex epilepsy occurring mainly in children. Males are affected more than females. The triggering stimulus is immersion in hot water (over 37 degrees C). The seizure is usually psychomotor, although generalized convulsions may occur. The EEG findings indicate that the abnormality lies in the temporal lobe.", "PMID": 667752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11910", "title": "Hydranencephaly in association with Roberts syndrome.", "content": "A clinicopathological study in a case of Roberts syndrome (tetraphocomelia, cleft lip and palate, and phallic hypertrophy) is reported. This patient had hydranencephaly and impeperforate anus, two additional congenital abnormalities so far not reported in this syndrome.", "contents": "Hydranencephaly in association with Roberts syndrome. A clinicopathological study in a case of Roberts syndrome (tetraphocomelia, cleft lip and palate, and phallic hypertrophy) is reported. This patient had hydranencephaly and impeperforate anus, two additional congenital abnormalities so far not reported in this syndrome.", "PMID": 667753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11911", "title": "Paraganglioma of the filum terminale.", "content": "An unusual tumor arising in the filum terminale is described. The clinical data revealed an extensive and slowly growing lesion. The histologic picture was characterized by a proliferation of lobules and sheets of regular cells within a rich vascular network. Electron microscopic studies showed light and dark cells with sustentacular extensions. Typical neurosecretory granules were observed in both cell types, establishing the diagnosis of para-ganglioma. The glomus coccygeum could be the site of this tumor.", "contents": "Paraganglioma of the filum terminale. An unusual tumor arising in the filum terminale is described. The clinical data revealed an extensive and slowly growing lesion. The histologic picture was characterized by a proliferation of lobules and sheets of regular cells within a rich vascular network. Electron microscopic studies showed light and dark cells with sustentacular extensions. Typical neurosecretory granules were observed in both cell types, establishing the diagnosis of para-ganglioma. The glomus coccygeum could be the site of this tumor.", "PMID": 667754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11912", "title": "Charging a patient with assault of a nurse on a psychiatric unit.", "content": "A patient was successfully charged with assault of a nurse on a Psychiatric Unit and was placed on probation for one year. The judge found her guilty despite the location of the incident and her 20-year history of previous psychiatric treatment, including 14 hospitalizations. Following this confrontation, the patient improved markedly in her behaviour and has continued to lead a more productive life without hysterical outbursts. It is concluded that proceeding with legal charges in such a situation is justifiable and can also be therapeutic.", "contents": "Charging a patient with assault of a nurse on a psychiatric unit. A patient was successfully charged with assault of a nurse on a Psychiatric Unit and was placed on probation for one year. The judge found her guilty despite the location of the incident and her 20-year history of previous psychiatric treatment, including 14 hospitalizations. Following this confrontation, the patient improved markedly in her behaviour and has continued to lead a more productive life without hysterical outbursts. It is concluded that proceeding with legal charges in such a situation is justifiable and can also be therapeutic.", "PMID": 667776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11913", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of geriatric crisis intervention.", "content": "Data on 64 geriatric patients treated by the Psychiatric Crisis Team at the Jewish General Hospital were reviewed. A control group of non-geriatric patients was selected at random for comparison. The average age of the geriatric group was 69.4 years compared to 33 in the control group. Women predominated in the geriatric group. Precipitating factors were more easily delineated in the geriatric group. Physical illness, loss of a close relative and relocation were the most common precipitating events in the geriatric group. Depression, psychotic and neurotic, was the predominant diagnosis in the older group and schizophrenic psychosis in the control group. Compared to the control group, the geriatric patients were discharged sooner and were more easily managed. Only two geriatric patients required institutionalization. The study supports the value of prompt and comprehensive geriatric crisis intervention.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of geriatric crisis intervention. Data on 64 geriatric patients treated by the Psychiatric Crisis Team at the Jewish General Hospital were reviewed. A control group of non-geriatric patients was selected at random for comparison. The average age of the geriatric group was 69.4 years compared to 33 in the control group. Women predominated in the geriatric group. Precipitating factors were more easily delineated in the geriatric group. Physical illness, loss of a close relative and relocation were the most common precipitating events in the geriatric group. Depression, psychotic and neurotic, was the predominant diagnosis in the older group and schizophrenic psychosis in the control group. Compared to the control group, the geriatric patients were discharged sooner and were more easily managed. Only two geriatric patients required institutionalization. The study supports the value of prompt and comprehensive geriatric crisis intervention.", "PMID": 667777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11914", "title": "Sodium amytal in the diagnosis of chronic pain.", "content": "The diagnosis of chronic pain cases is now an important problem for psychiatrists and many authors have presented strong evidence for the influence of psychological factors in chronic pain conditions. The author is reporting his experience with 75 consecutive out-patient consultations. Many of the patients were foreign-born and had significant language difficulties. The main diagnostic technique described is the use of sodium amytal given intravenously over a 45 minute-period while the patient is examined physically and psychologically; his responses noted during light, midrange and deeper levels of sodium amytal sedation. Most patients fell comfortably into one of the following diagnostic groups: psychogenic regional pain, organic pain, mixed group (organic plus psychogenic regional pain), and malingering. The author suggests that sodium amytal helps to overcome language barriers, reduces the time required for proper assessment and allows the patient and the examiner to appreciate more precisely, the level of pain and the limits of physical performance as well as permitting an effective exploration of important psychodynamic issues.", "contents": "Sodium amytal in the diagnosis of chronic pain. The diagnosis of chronic pain cases is now an important problem for psychiatrists and many authors have presented strong evidence for the influence of psychological factors in chronic pain conditions. The author is reporting his experience with 75 consecutive out-patient consultations. Many of the patients were foreign-born and had significant language difficulties. The main diagnostic technique described is the use of sodium amytal given intravenously over a 45 minute-period while the patient is examined physically and psychologically; his responses noted during light, midrange and deeper levels of sodium amytal sedation. Most patients fell comfortably into one of the following diagnostic groups: psychogenic regional pain, organic pain, mixed group (organic plus psychogenic regional pain), and malingering. The author suggests that sodium amytal helps to overcome language barriers, reduces the time required for proper assessment and allows the patient and the examiner to appreciate more precisely, the level of pain and the limits of physical performance as well as permitting an effective exploration of important psychodynamic issues.", "PMID": 667779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11915", "title": "Brain aging and Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "The most common cause of senile dementia appears to be a pathological process indistinguishable from that found in presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Consideration of the neuropathological changes suggest that this disease may involve in interaction of at least three processes: a viral-like infection, a disorder in the immune system and the neurotoxic effect of an environmental agent. The evidence in support of this hypothesis is reviewed.", "contents": "Brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. The most common cause of senile dementia appears to be a pathological process indistinguishable from that found in presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Consideration of the neuropathological changes suggest that this disease may involve in interaction of at least three processes: a viral-like infection, a disorder in the immune system and the neurotoxic effect of an environmental agent. The evidence in support of this hypothesis is reviewed.", "PMID": 667780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11916", "title": "Encounter and psychotherapy: a look at the overlap.", "content": "Human relations training has moved from the original T-group emphasis on group process, through focusing on the individual's mode of interacting in the group, to the use of the encounter situation for fostering personality change. Psychotherapy is moving out of the dyadic relationship into groups using increasing degrees of confrontation. The resulting overlap in group techniques calls for examination of the part each can play in the overlap area between the clear-cut functions of each specialty. The theoretical basis for differentiation lies in the respective models of awkward (\"neurotic\") behaviour: psychotherapy starts from the pathological and emphasizes intrapersonal structure, while encounter starts from full-functioning behaviour and emphasizes interpersonal interaction. Practical responsibilities can be divided between encounter and psychotherapy on the basis of the level achieved by an individual moving through a hierarchy of ascending personal achievement levels. Because of the high probability of individuals interchanging between encounter and psychotherapy, practitioners will need to have at least basic knowledge of both systems. Rapprochement could eventually come through the systematic extension of existential psychotherapy.", "contents": "Encounter and psychotherapy: a look at the overlap. Human relations training has moved from the original T-group emphasis on group process, through focusing on the individual's mode of interacting in the group, to the use of the encounter situation for fostering personality change. Psychotherapy is moving out of the dyadic relationship into groups using increasing degrees of confrontation. The resulting overlap in group techniques calls for examination of the part each can play in the overlap area between the clear-cut functions of each specialty. The theoretical basis for differentiation lies in the respective models of awkward (\"neurotic\") behaviour: psychotherapy starts from the pathological and emphasizes intrapersonal structure, while encounter starts from full-functioning behaviour and emphasizes interpersonal interaction. Practical responsibilities can be divided between encounter and psychotherapy on the basis of the level achieved by an individual moving through a hierarchy of ascending personal achievement levels. Because of the high probability of individuals interchanging between encounter and psychotherapy, practitioners will need to have at least basic knowledge of both systems. Rapprochement could eventually come through the systematic extension of existential psychotherapy.", "PMID": 667781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11917", "title": "Diet in the management of hyperkinesis: a review of the tests of Feingold's hypotheses.", "content": "Through the 1970s, Benjamin Feingold has published a series of studies in which he claimed that a diet free of salicylates, artificial food flavours and colours results in a remission of symptoms in 30 to 50 percent of children diagnosed as hyperactive. Parents of hyperactive children have responded strongly to the hypothesis and have requested that their children be placed on the diet. A series of clinical studies of the Feingold diet have produced mixed results. More recently, there have been four sets of experimental studies which have resulted in rigorous tests of the original diet and a modified diet with salicylates included but artificial additives excluded. None of the studies give unqualified support for the hypothesized diet effects, and there are reports which refute the thesis. There are findings which suggest that some hyperactive children (10 to 25 percent), particularly younger ones, respond favourably to a diet free of artificial additives. The lack of conclusive evidence dictates that additional research be conducted to test the hypothesis.", "contents": "Diet in the management of hyperkinesis: a review of the tests of Feingold's hypotheses. Through the 1970s, Benjamin Feingold has published a series of studies in which he claimed that a diet free of salicylates, artificial food flavours and colours results in a remission of symptoms in 30 to 50 percent of children diagnosed as hyperactive. Parents of hyperactive children have responded strongly to the hypothesis and have requested that their children be placed on the diet. A series of clinical studies of the Feingold diet have produced mixed results. More recently, there have been four sets of experimental studies which have resulted in rigorous tests of the original diet and a modified diet with salicylates included but artificial additives excluded. None of the studies give unqualified support for the hypothesized diet effects, and there are reports which refute the thesis. There are findings which suggest that some hyperactive children (10 to 25 percent), particularly younger ones, respond favourably to a diet free of artificial additives. The lack of conclusive evidence dictates that additional research be conducted to test the hypothesis.", "PMID": 667782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11918", "title": "Perceptual experiences in anorexia nervosa and obesity.", "content": "There is increasing evidence suggesting that the perceptual-cognitive experiences of people with anorexia nervosa and juvenile onset obesity may differ from those of people without eating disorders. The research related to several perceptual-cognitive dimensions is critically examined. These include body image perceptions; perception of hunger and satiety cues; perception of external cues; and certain personality variables which may be related to self-perception. The implications of these perceptual-cognitive variables for the treatment of anorexia nervosa and obesity are discussed. The relative efficacy of some behavioural and medical therapies may be related, in part, to their effects on perceptual-cognitive parameters. Recommendations are also made for investigations to further delineate the role of perceptual-cognitive difficulties in people with eating problems.", "contents": "Perceptual experiences in anorexia nervosa and obesity. There is increasing evidence suggesting that the perceptual-cognitive experiences of people with anorexia nervosa and juvenile onset obesity may differ from those of people without eating disorders. The research related to several perceptual-cognitive dimensions is critically examined. These include body image perceptions; perception of hunger and satiety cues; perception of external cues; and certain personality variables which may be related to self-perception. The implications of these perceptual-cognitive variables for the treatment of anorexia nervosa and obesity are discussed. The relative efficacy of some behavioural and medical therapies may be related, in part, to their effects on perceptual-cognitive parameters. Recommendations are also made for investigations to further delineate the role of perceptual-cognitive difficulties in people with eating problems.", "PMID": 667783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11919", "title": "Pituitary fibrosarcoma secondary to radiation therapy.", "content": "A patient who received postoperative radiation therapy for the treatment of a chromophobe adenoma developed a fibrosarcoma of the pituitary gland region 10 years later. A single course of irradiation was given with a total dose to the pituitary of 4092 rad in 21 fractions and 29 days using Cobalt 60 radiation at a source to skin distance of 80 cm.", "contents": "Pituitary fibrosarcoma secondary to radiation therapy. A patient who received postoperative radiation therapy for the treatment of a chromophobe adenoma developed a fibrosarcoma of the pituitary gland region 10 years later. A single course of irradiation was given with a total dose to the pituitary of 4092 rad in 21 fractions and 29 days using Cobalt 60 radiation at a source to skin distance of 80 cm.", "PMID": 667787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11920", "title": "Bone scintigraphy in primary tumors of the head and neck.", "content": "Bones of the face and skull may be involved directly by adjacent primary tumors of the head and neck. Radiography, at present the standard method for detection of bone involvement in such tumors, is not sufficiently sensitive. Of 22 patients who showed bone involvement in scintigraphy, radiography in 15 was initially normal, in 6 the extent of the lesion was not completely shown and only in 3 was it as informative as scintigraphy. Bone scintigraphy should become a standard method for evaluation of the context of bone invasion by tumors of the head and neck.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy in primary tumors of the head and neck. Bones of the face and skull may be involved directly by adjacent primary tumors of the head and neck. Radiography, at present the standard method for detection of bone involvement in such tumors, is not sufficiently sensitive. Of 22 patients who showed bone involvement in scintigraphy, radiography in 15 was initially normal, in 6 the extent of the lesion was not completely shown and only in 3 was it as informative as scintigraphy. Bone scintigraphy should become a standard method for evaluation of the context of bone invasion by tumors of the head and neck.", "PMID": 667788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11921", "title": "Pretreatment radiographic evaluation of patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "During a four year period, 53 patients with malignant melanoma underwent extensive pretreatment radiographic evaluation for detection of occult extranodal metastatic disease. This included chest x-ray with tomography, upper G.I. series with small bowel follow through, barium enama, intravenous pyelogram, and radio-nuclide scans of the brain, liver and bone. All occult metastatic disease in asymptomatic patients was discovered on routine chest x-ray examination. There were three false positive examinations, which necessitated further diagnostic tests but there was no change in the final treatment decision. There was no alteration in the management of the remainder of the patients on the basis of the pretreatment radiographic evaluation.", "contents": "Pretreatment radiographic evaluation of patients with malignant melanoma. During a four year period, 53 patients with malignant melanoma underwent extensive pretreatment radiographic evaluation for detection of occult extranodal metastatic disease. This included chest x-ray with tomography, upper G.I. series with small bowel follow through, barium enama, intravenous pyelogram, and radio-nuclide scans of the brain, liver and bone. All occult metastatic disease in asymptomatic patients was discovered on routine chest x-ray examination. There were three false positive examinations, which necessitated further diagnostic tests but there was no change in the final treatment decision. There was no alteration in the management of the remainder of the patients on the basis of the pretreatment radiographic evaluation.", "PMID": 667789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11922", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of metastatic melanoma.", "content": "Malignant melanoma can potentially involve any organ system in the body once it metastasizes beyond the regional lymph nodes. A survey of the radiographic and associated clinical manifestations of metastatic melanoma is presented. The findings from 74 autopsies of patients who died of metastatic melanoma are included.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of metastatic melanoma. Malignant melanoma can potentially involve any organ system in the body once it metastasizes beyond the regional lymph nodes. A survey of the radiographic and associated clinical manifestations of metastatic melanoma is presented. The findings from 74 autopsies of patients who died of metastatic melanoma are included.", "PMID": 667790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11923", "title": "Effects of radiochemotherapy and splenectomy on cellular immunity in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Thirty-six patients treated for Hodgkin's disease (HD) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who had been in complete remission and off all therapy for greater than two years were examined for evidence of immunosuppression. All patients were found to have marked depression of their lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and of their skin test responses. No abnormalities of serum protein or immunoglobulins were found. T cells were significantly lower than normal in patients who had had Hodgkin's disease, but not in those who had had NHL. B cells, on the other hand, were significantly elevated in both groups. Splenectomy elevated the total lymphocyte count, while those who had not had a splenectomy had lower than normal lymphocyte counts. B cells were elevated while T cells tended to be lower in both splenectomy and nonsplenectomy groups, though only in the nonsplenectomized patients did this reach statistical significance. PHA response tended to be higher in patients with less advanced disease and less extensive treatment than in those with more advanced disease and more extensive treatment, although there was no statistically significant difference. Skin test response though, was shown to correlate well with both stage of disease at diagnosis and extent of treatment.", "contents": "Effects of radiochemotherapy and splenectomy on cellular immunity in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Thirty-six patients treated for Hodgkin's disease (HD) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who had been in complete remission and off all therapy for greater than two years were examined for evidence of immunosuppression. All patients were found to have marked depression of their lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and of their skin test responses. No abnormalities of serum protein or immunoglobulins were found. T cells were significantly lower than normal in patients who had had Hodgkin's disease, but not in those who had had NHL. B cells, on the other hand, were significantly elevated in both groups. Splenectomy elevated the total lymphocyte count, while those who had not had a splenectomy had lower than normal lymphocyte counts. B cells were elevated while T cells tended to be lower in both splenectomy and nonsplenectomy groups, though only in the nonsplenectomized patients did this reach statistical significance. PHA response tended to be higher in patients with less advanced disease and less extensive treatment than in those with more advanced disease and more extensive treatment, although there was no statistically significant difference. Skin test response though, was shown to correlate well with both stage of disease at diagnosis and extent of treatment.", "PMID": 667791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11924", "title": "Serum clearance rates of immunologically reactive thyroglobulin.", "content": "Serum thyroglobulin levels have been shown to have a role in detecting the presence of residual or recurrent disease in most patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. It has not yet been determined at what interval postoperatively to begin following serum thyroglobulin levels in these patients to detect residual disease. Eight patients who underwent total thyroidectomy were studied to determine the clearance rate of this glycoproteint. Serial samples were obtained pre- and postoperatively and clearance rate curves were plotted for each patient. The average half-life of thyroglobulin was 14 hours, with a range of 8 to 22 hours. Based upon these results, it appears that 4 weeks is a sufficient period of time to allow for the clearance of the residual thyroglobulin in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Elevated levels of serum thyroglobulin after this time represent residual thyroid tissue or the presence of metastatic thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Serum clearance rates of immunologically reactive thyroglobulin. Serum thyroglobulin levels have been shown to have a role in detecting the presence of residual or recurrent disease in most patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. It has not yet been determined at what interval postoperatively to begin following serum thyroglobulin levels in these patients to detect residual disease. Eight patients who underwent total thyroidectomy were studied to determine the clearance rate of this glycoproteint. Serial samples were obtained pre- and postoperatively and clearance rate curves were plotted for each patient. The average half-life of thyroglobulin was 14 hours, with a range of 8 to 22 hours. Based upon these results, it appears that 4 weeks is a sufficient period of time to allow for the clearance of the residual thyroglobulin in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Elevated levels of serum thyroglobulin after this time represent residual thyroid tissue or the presence of metastatic thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 667792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11925", "title": "Ultrastructural comparison between skeletal muscle and cardiac rhabdomyomas.", "content": "The electron microscope features of three primary cardiac rhabdomyomas and one skeletal muscle rhabdomyoma arising from the floor of the mouth are compared, along with a review of the previously reported ultrastructural features of skeletal rhabdomyomas. Cardiac rhabdomyoma filaments appear more orderly and have features suggestive of origin from both Purkinje and myocardial fibers. Zebra bodies were seen exclusively in the cardiac rhabdomyomas. In comparison, the extracardiac rhabdomyoma filaments were more disorderly and many cases had hypertrophic Z bands corresponding to the jackstraw or matchstick structures seen with the light microscope. This finding, along with the presence of satellite cells, was not seen in the cardiac rhabdomyomas.", "contents": "Ultrastructural comparison between skeletal muscle and cardiac rhabdomyomas. The electron microscope features of three primary cardiac rhabdomyomas and one skeletal muscle rhabdomyoma arising from the floor of the mouth are compared, along with a review of the previously reported ultrastructural features of skeletal rhabdomyomas. Cardiac rhabdomyoma filaments appear more orderly and have features suggestive of origin from both Purkinje and myocardial fibers. Zebra bodies were seen exclusively in the cardiac rhabdomyomas. In comparison, the extracardiac rhabdomyoma filaments were more disorderly and many cases had hypertrophic Z bands corresponding to the jackstraw or matchstick structures seen with the light microscope. This finding, along with the presence of satellite cells, was not seen in the cardiac rhabdomyomas.", "PMID": 667793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11926", "title": "Elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in cord plasma.", "content": "41.5% of 200 newborn infants had levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in excess of 2.5 ng/ml in their cord plasma. There was no direct correlation with the maternal CEA level although the frequency of elevated CEA was significantly greater among infants born to mothers with CEA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ml. There was no preponderance of high CEA levels among infants with low birth weights and there was no influence of maternal smoking on a cord CEA level. There was a tendency toward an increased incidence of cancer in families with infants who had elevated CEA levels and a reverse trend was noted with respect to diabetes; however, these associations were not statistically significant. We were unable to define clearly the factors accounting for the persistent elevation of this oncofetal antigen at birth; however, the possible association with susceptibility to the development of neoplasia merits further study.", "contents": "Elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in cord plasma. 41.5% of 200 newborn infants had levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in excess of 2.5 ng/ml in their cord plasma. There was no direct correlation with the maternal CEA level although the frequency of elevated CEA was significantly greater among infants born to mothers with CEA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ml. There was no preponderance of high CEA levels among infants with low birth weights and there was no influence of maternal smoking on a cord CEA level. There was a tendency toward an increased incidence of cancer in families with infants who had elevated CEA levels and a reverse trend was noted with respect to diabetes; however, these associations were not statistically significant. We were unable to define clearly the factors accounting for the persistent elevation of this oncofetal antigen at birth; however, the possible association with susceptibility to the development of neoplasia merits further study.", "PMID": 667794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11927", "title": "Phase I evaluation of anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol, NSC-141537).", "content": "A toxicologic evaluation of anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol) was completed for a 5 day schedule. At 4.5 mg/M2 and 6 mg/M2 iv push CNS symptoms and hypotension were dose limiting but only mild to moderate myelosuppression was observed. At the 6 mg/M2 dose level on a 5 day schedule given by 8 hour infusion, myelosuppression was unacceptable while other toxic manifestations were minimal. An infusion of 4.5 mg/M2 over 4-8 hours appears to be an acceptable compromise between CNS, cardiovascular, and GI toxicity and myelosuppression. For patients with liver dysfunction or prior nitrosourea therapy, the starting dose should be 3.0 mg/M2.", "contents": "Phase I evaluation of anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol, NSC-141537). A toxicologic evaluation of anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol) was completed for a 5 day schedule. At 4.5 mg/M2 and 6 mg/M2 iv push CNS symptoms and hypotension were dose limiting but only mild to moderate myelosuppression was observed. At the 6 mg/M2 dose level on a 5 day schedule given by 8 hour infusion, myelosuppression was unacceptable while other toxic manifestations were minimal. An infusion of 4.5 mg/M2 over 4-8 hours appears to be an acceptable compromise between CNS, cardiovascular, and GI toxicity and myelosuppression. For patients with liver dysfunction or prior nitrosourea therapy, the starting dose should be 3.0 mg/M2.", "PMID": 667795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11928", "title": "Incidence of meningeal involvement by rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children: a report of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS).", "content": "141 patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the head and neck are reviewed. 57/141 had lesions of para-meningeal sites. 20/57 (35%) developed evidence of direct meningeal extension. 18/20 (90%) died of this complication. Radiation portals and doses were limited in 42% and 32%, respectively. All patients had chemotherapy for 6 weeks prior to radiation. The significance of the adequacy of radiation factors and the timing of chemotherapy are reviewed. Recommendations for managing these patients include earlier use of radiation and increased coverage of adjacent meninges by radiation including total craniospinal axis radiation when brain meningeal involvement exists.", "contents": "Incidence of meningeal involvement by rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children: a report of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS). 141 patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the head and neck are reviewed. 57/141 had lesions of para-meningeal sites. 20/57 (35%) developed evidence of direct meningeal extension. 18/20 (90%) died of this complication. Radiation portals and doses were limited in 42% and 32%, respectively. All patients had chemotherapy for 6 weeks prior to radiation. The significance of the adequacy of radiation factors and the timing of chemotherapy are reviewed. Recommendations for managing these patients include earlier use of radiation and increased coverage of adjacent meninges by radiation including total craniospinal axis radiation when brain meningeal involvement exists.", "PMID": 667796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11929", "title": "Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma: a preliminary review of 26 cases encountered in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study.", "content": "Twenty-six of three hundred and fourteen (26/314) patients whose tumors were reviewed by the Pathology Evaluation Committee of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study have histologic subtypes I and II which have morphologic characteristics similar to Ewing's sarcoma of bone. They are somewhat more common in an extremity lesion but have no relation to patient age. Disease-free survival is good; seventeen of twenty-six (17/26) or sixty-five (65%) percent thus far.", "contents": "Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma: a preliminary review of 26 cases encountered in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. Twenty-six of three hundred and fourteen (26/314) patients whose tumors were reviewed by the Pathology Evaluation Committee of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study have histologic subtypes I and II which have morphologic characteristics similar to Ewing's sarcoma of bone. They are somewhat more common in an extremity lesion but have no relation to patient age. Disease-free survival is good; seventeen of twenty-six (17/26) or sixty-five (65%) percent thus far.", "PMID": 667797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11930", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: two regimens containing adriamycin.", "content": "Forty-eight women with advanced metastatic carcinoma of the breast were treated with one of two combination chemotherapy regimens: 1) adriamycin and cyclophosphamide or 2) adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. The response rate in the two-drug treatment group was 50% and in the four-drug treatment group, 55%. The median duration of response was ten months in both treatment groups. Dramatic responses were seen in patients with visceral metastases. Patients who responded to chemotherapy had a significantly longer survival than nonresponders (p less than 0.01). The long interval between adriamycin doses (six weeks) in the four drug regimen did not adversely effect the response rate--an important finding in view of the dose-related cardiac toxicity of this agent.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: two regimens containing adriamycin. Forty-eight women with advanced metastatic carcinoma of the breast were treated with one of two combination chemotherapy regimens: 1) adriamycin and cyclophosphamide or 2) adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. The response rate in the two-drug treatment group was 50% and in the four-drug treatment group, 55%. The median duration of response was ten months in both treatment groups. Dramatic responses were seen in patients with visceral metastases. Patients who responded to chemotherapy had a significantly longer survival than nonresponders (p less than 0.01). The long interval between adriamycin doses (six weeks) in the four drug regimen did not adversely effect the response rate--an important finding in view of the dose-related cardiac toxicity of this agent.", "PMID": 667798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11931", "title": "Meningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer.", "content": "Twenty-five breast cancer patients with meningeal carcinomatosis seen over a period of 16 months were reviewed. In all cases, the clinical diagnosis was made in the presence of diverse neurological manifestations by the demonstration of malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. In ten patients, the clinical diagnosis was documented at autopsy. All patients were receiving systemic chemotherapy at the time the diagnosis of meningeal carcinomatosis was made. In 9 of the 25 patients, meningeal involvement was associated with progression of systemic metastases, while 5 exhibited stable or partial remission from systemic metastases and 7 were in complete remission at the time of their CNS relapse. CNS involvement was the first manifestation of recurrent disease from breast cancer in 4 of 25 patients. Meningeal involvement can, therefore, occur at any time during the course of breast cancer. With increasing diagnostic awareness and the employment of several therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of these patients, though poor, was significantly improved over that of historical control patients.", "contents": "Meningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer. Twenty-five breast cancer patients with meningeal carcinomatosis seen over a period of 16 months were reviewed. In all cases, the clinical diagnosis was made in the presence of diverse neurological manifestations by the demonstration of malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. In ten patients, the clinical diagnosis was documented at autopsy. All patients were receiving systemic chemotherapy at the time the diagnosis of meningeal carcinomatosis was made. In 9 of the 25 patients, meningeal involvement was associated with progression of systemic metastases, while 5 exhibited stable or partial remission from systemic metastases and 7 were in complete remission at the time of their CNS relapse. CNS involvement was the first manifestation of recurrent disease from breast cancer in 4 of 25 patients. Meningeal involvement can, therefore, occur at any time during the course of breast cancer. With increasing diagnostic awareness and the employment of several therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of these patients, though poor, was significantly improved over that of historical control patients.", "PMID": 667799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11932", "title": "The relationship of marital status to survival from melanoma.", "content": "As an indirect test of the hypothesis that prior pregnancy has a favorable influence on prognosis in melanoma, the relation of marital status to survival among melanoma patients was examined in data gathered by the Connecticut Tumor Registry, 1935--1973. Compared to women who had never been married, ever-married women with the disease had a slightly increased survival rate, but the difference was not statistically significant. If a difference between parous and nulliparous women in survival from melanoma truly exists, it is probably a small one, and could be due to differences in characteristics other than childbearing.", "contents": "The relationship of marital status to survival from melanoma. As an indirect test of the hypothesis that prior pregnancy has a favorable influence on prognosis in melanoma, the relation of marital status to survival among melanoma patients was examined in data gathered by the Connecticut Tumor Registry, 1935--1973. Compared to women who had never been married, ever-married women with the disease had a slightly increased survival rate, but the difference was not statistically significant. If a difference between parous and nulliparous women in survival from melanoma truly exists, it is probably a small one, and could be due to differences in characteristics other than childbearing.", "PMID": 667801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11933", "title": "Incidental discovery at radical mastectomy of inapparent Hodgkin's disease in long term survivors.", "content": "Two long-term survivors with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease were found to have adenocarcinoma of the breast sixteen and twenty years after limited field radiotherapy. Examination of the axillary nodes at radical mastectomy showed both metastatic adenocarcinoma and clinically inapparent Hodgkin's disease. The occurrence of persistent but clinically inactive Hodgkin's disease as well as the development of secondary malignancies in this disease has important clinical ramifications. Skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte transformation studies in these two patients were also done.", "contents": "Incidental discovery at radical mastectomy of inapparent Hodgkin's disease in long term survivors. Two long-term survivors with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease were found to have adenocarcinoma of the breast sixteen and twenty years after limited field radiotherapy. Examination of the axillary nodes at radical mastectomy showed both metastatic adenocarcinoma and clinically inapparent Hodgkin's disease. The occurrence of persistent but clinically inactive Hodgkin's disease as well as the development of secondary malignancies in this disease has important clinical ramifications. Skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte transformation studies in these two patients were also done.", "PMID": 667803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11934", "title": "Cancer of the bladder in Southern Iran.", "content": "The sex ratio for cancer of the bladder from hospitalized cases in Southern Iran is estimated to be about nine male per female cases. Differential case ascertainment may account for some of the discrepancy; however, no other major cancer site has a sex ratio of this nature, utilizing the same data. Since industrial carcinogens and other predisposing factors, such as schistosomiasis, are rare, the role of other possible etiologic factors, such as opium addiction, which is predominantly male, were considered and discussed.", "contents": "Cancer of the bladder in Southern Iran. The sex ratio for cancer of the bladder from hospitalized cases in Southern Iran is estimated to be about nine male per female cases. Differential case ascertainment may account for some of the discrepancy; however, no other major cancer site has a sex ratio of this nature, utilizing the same data. Since industrial carcinogens and other predisposing factors, such as schistosomiasis, are rare, the role of other possible etiologic factors, such as opium addiction, which is predominantly male, were considered and discussed.", "PMID": 667805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11935", "title": "Treatment of the ameloblastoma: a controversy.", "content": "Treatment of the ameloblastoma should be re-evaluated based on microscopic behavior. We suggest that conservative therapy is the initial treatment of choice. Although medullary bone is invaded by tumor cells, compact bone only is eroded. Therefore, treatment should be directed at removal of involved medullary bone, leaving as much medial and lateral cortical plates and inferior mandibular border as possible. Four patients with ameloblastoma treated conservatively are presented. Evaluation from 21 months to seven years after initial therapy revealed marked bone regeneration. Three of the four had smaller lesions remaining, requiring less radical surgery than would normally have been performed initially. No tumor was evident on rebiopsy of the fourth patient. Conservative treatment and proper follow-up were acceptable methods of initial treatment in our cases.", "contents": "Treatment of the ameloblastoma: a controversy. Treatment of the ameloblastoma should be re-evaluated based on microscopic behavior. We suggest that conservative therapy is the initial treatment of choice. Although medullary bone is invaded by tumor cells, compact bone only is eroded. Therefore, treatment should be directed at removal of involved medullary bone, leaving as much medial and lateral cortical plates and inferior mandibular border as possible. Four patients with ameloblastoma treated conservatively are presented. Evaluation from 21 months to seven years after initial therapy revealed marked bone regeneration. Three of the four had smaller lesions remaining, requiring less radical surgery than would normally have been performed initially. No tumor was evident on rebiopsy of the fourth patient. Conservative treatment and proper follow-up were acceptable methods of initial treatment in our cases.", "PMID": 667806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11936", "title": "Lymphangiomyomatosis syndrome with hyperparathyroidism: a case report.", "content": "A 48-year-old woman presented with the classical clinicopathological features of the lymphangiomyomatosis syndrome. After a three year stable period, there was the onset of a rapidly progressive downhill course unresponsive to dietary, bronchodilator and corticosteroid therapy. Pathological findings were characterized by widespread pulmonary, thoracic duct and lymph node involvement. There was a mediastinal lymphangiomyoma growing within the distal thoracic duct, and a similar lesion within the left kidney which could clinically mimic an angiomyolipoma. Comments are also made on the finding of a parathyroid adenoma. The physiopathology and possible resemblance to \"formes frustes\" of tuberous sclerosis are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphangiomyomatosis syndrome with hyperparathyroidism: a case report. A 48-year-old woman presented with the classical clinicopathological features of the lymphangiomyomatosis syndrome. After a three year stable period, there was the onset of a rapidly progressive downhill course unresponsive to dietary, bronchodilator and corticosteroid therapy. Pathological findings were characterized by widespread pulmonary, thoracic duct and lymph node involvement. There was a mediastinal lymphangiomyoma growing within the distal thoracic duct, and a similar lesion within the left kidney which could clinically mimic an angiomyolipoma. Comments are also made on the finding of a parathyroid adenoma. The physiopathology and possible resemblance to \"formes frustes\" of tuberous sclerosis are discussed.", "PMID": 667807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11937", "title": "Geographic correlates of pancreas cancer in the United States.", "content": "Age-adjusted death rates for pancreas cancer during 1950--69 were correlated by sex and race with demographic and industrial data for the 3,056 counties of the contiguous United States. Only a small fraction of the county-to-county variation in mortality was explained by these variables, in contrast to their strong correlation with other common neoplasms. The only geographic cluster occurred in an area encompassing parts of Louisiana and Mississippi. Throughout the country, however, the rates for pancreas cancer were higher in urban areas, especially in males, and in counties with many residents of Scandinavian and East European (particularly Russian) descent. No associations were found with socioeconomic, industrial, or alcohol-consumption indices. The mortality patterns for pancreas and lung cancers were highly correlated in males, suggesting the influence of tobacco consumption on both tumors. In females, pancreas cancer was significantly correlated with diabetes mellitus, consistent with other evidence linking these two diseases.", "contents": "Geographic correlates of pancreas cancer in the United States. Age-adjusted death rates for pancreas cancer during 1950--69 were correlated by sex and race with demographic and industrial data for the 3,056 counties of the contiguous United States. Only a small fraction of the county-to-county variation in mortality was explained by these variables, in contrast to their strong correlation with other common neoplasms. The only geographic cluster occurred in an area encompassing parts of Louisiana and Mississippi. Throughout the country, however, the rates for pancreas cancer were higher in urban areas, especially in males, and in counties with many residents of Scandinavian and East European (particularly Russian) descent. No associations were found with socioeconomic, industrial, or alcohol-consumption indices. The mortality patterns for pancreas and lung cancers were highly correlated in males, suggesting the influence of tobacco consumption on both tumors. In females, pancreas cancer was significantly correlated with diabetes mellitus, consistent with other evidence linking these two diseases.", "PMID": 667808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11938", "title": "Fatal pulmonary fibrosis following 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy.", "content": "A case is reported of a child with fatal pulmonary fibrosis following BCNU therapy. This side effect has only once previously been reported with the nitrosourea group of compounds.", "contents": "Fatal pulmonary fibrosis following 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy. A case is reported of a child with fatal pulmonary fibrosis following BCNU therapy. This side effect has only once previously been reported with the nitrosourea group of compounds.", "PMID": 667809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11939", "title": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and paraparesis: remission with chemotherapy. A case report.", "content": "A case of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) in which cranial nerve function was impaired is described. Severe paraparesis due to an epidural block at the C2 and C5-T2 levels was also present. Treatment with cytotoxic agents resulted in a dramatic decrease in the size of the involved lymph nodes and disappearance of neurological symptomatology. A review of the literature revealed that, although the disease is benign in its clinical course, the process is not restricted to the lymph nodes. The case reported here is the second case in which the epidural space was affected.", "contents": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and paraparesis: remission with chemotherapy. A case report. A case of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) in which cranial nerve function was impaired is described. Severe paraparesis due to an epidural block at the C2 and C5-T2 levels was also present. Treatment with cytotoxic agents resulted in a dramatic decrease in the size of the involved lymph nodes and disappearance of neurological symptomatology. A review of the literature revealed that, although the disease is benign in its clinical course, the process is not restricted to the lymph nodes. The case reported here is the second case in which the epidural space was affected.", "PMID": 667810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11940", "title": "Hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin.", "content": "This report describes two cases of hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin at doses and volumes of irradiation ordinarily considered within the tolerance of hepatic function. In one case fatal hepatopathy followed 2400 rad/17 fractions/28 days to the entire liver with preceding and concurrent adriamycin. In the second case moderate clinical changes occurred after treatment in which much of the right lobe of the liver was shielded following 2500 rad/23 fractions/32 days with adriamycin administered before, during, and after irradiation. The locally enhancing effects of adriamycin on hepatic tolerance to irradiation are discussed.", "contents": "Hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin. This report describes two cases of hepatopathy following irradiation and adriamycin at doses and volumes of irradiation ordinarily considered within the tolerance of hepatic function. In one case fatal hepatopathy followed 2400 rad/17 fractions/28 days to the entire liver with preceding and concurrent adriamycin. In the second case moderate clinical changes occurred after treatment in which much of the right lobe of the liver was shielded following 2500 rad/23 fractions/32 days with adriamycin administered before, during, and after irradiation. The locally enhancing effects of adriamycin on hepatic tolerance to irradiation are discussed.", "PMID": 667811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11941", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of niridazole in rats.", "content": "Niridazole was administered in the diet to rats at levels of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025%. The drug induced adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the kidneys and forestomach papillomas.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of niridazole in rats. Niridazole was administered in the diet to rats at levels of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025%. The drug induced adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the kidneys and forestomach papillomas.", "PMID": 667812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11942", "title": "Selective induction of pancreatic ductular tumors by single doses of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The selectivity of response by the Syrian hamster pancreas to the neoplastic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) was demonstrated by single subcutaneous injections of the compound. Only occasional tumors were induced simultaneously with those of the pancreas in the biliary ducts, kidneys and lungs of a few hamsters. In the pancreas, the ductules, especially those of an intrainsular location, were the cells primarily affected. The responded to doses as low as 1/40 of the LD50, whereas ductal lesions were found only in some hamsters treated with doses above 1/5 of the LD50. Hence it is concluded that hamster ductular cells are the most responsive to the carcinogenic action of BOP.", "contents": "Selective induction of pancreatic ductular tumors by single doses of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine in Syrian golden hamsters. The selectivity of response by the Syrian hamster pancreas to the neoplastic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) was demonstrated by single subcutaneous injections of the compound. Only occasional tumors were induced simultaneously with those of the pancreas in the biliary ducts, kidneys and lungs of a few hamsters. In the pancreas, the ductules, especially those of an intrainsular location, were the cells primarily affected. The responded to doses as low as 1/40 of the LD50, whereas ductal lesions were found only in some hamsters treated with doses above 1/5 of the LD50. Hence it is concluded that hamster ductular cells are the most responsive to the carcinogenic action of BOP.", "PMID": 667813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11943", "title": "Toxic and transforming effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons in fetal hamster lung-cell cultures. I. Benzo(alpha)pyrene.", "content": "When seeded at a low cell density in Petri dishes not pre-conditioned with feeder layers, fetal hamster lung cells at 2-4 passages grew with greatly varied plating efficiencies (PE). Addition of insulin to the serum-supplemented medium gave relatively constant PE. However, the presence of insulin in the medium enhanced the toxicity of benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) on these cells. Cytotoxic and cell transforming effects of BP in the presence of insulin were studied.", "contents": "Toxic and transforming effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons in fetal hamster lung-cell cultures. I. Benzo(alpha)pyrene. When seeded at a low cell density in Petri dishes not pre-conditioned with feeder layers, fetal hamster lung cells at 2-4 passages grew with greatly varied plating efficiencies (PE). Addition of insulin to the serum-supplemented medium gave relatively constant PE. However, the presence of insulin in the medium enhanced the toxicity of benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) on these cells. Cytotoxic and cell transforming effects of BP in the presence of insulin were studied.", "PMID": 667814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11944", "title": "Tumor induction by N-nitroso compounds in bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum.", "content": "Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) dissolved in tank water induced neoplasms in bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum. DENA induced tumors in 18% of the animals exposed to 200 ppm and 68% of those exposed to 400 ppm; average latent periods were 71 and 61 days, respectively. DMNA induced tumors in 8% of the animals exposed to 200 ppm for 51 days and 27% of those exposed for 152 days with average latent periods of 85 and 81 days, respectively. Neoplasms were observed in the digestive gland (basophilic cell tumors; 38 cases), the hemopoietic system (hemocytoblastosis; 12 cases) and the kidney (poorly differentiated carcinoma; 1 case). It is expedient to use mollusks, both for testing of N-nitroso compounds and as a biologic indicator of hydrospheric pollution.", "contents": "Tumor induction by N-nitroso compounds in bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum. Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) dissolved in tank water induced neoplasms in bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum. DENA induced tumors in 18% of the animals exposed to 200 ppm and 68% of those exposed to 400 ppm; average latent periods were 71 and 61 days, respectively. DMNA induced tumors in 8% of the animals exposed to 200 ppm for 51 days and 27% of those exposed for 152 days with average latent periods of 85 and 81 days, respectively. Neoplasms were observed in the digestive gland (basophilic cell tumors; 38 cases), the hemopoietic system (hemocytoblastosis; 12 cases) and the kidney (poorly differentiated carcinoma; 1 case). It is expedient to use mollusks, both for testing of N-nitroso compounds and as a biologic indicator of hydrospheric pollution.", "PMID": 667815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11945", "title": "Effect of dimethylnitrosamine concentration on its demethylation by liver microsomes from control and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated rats, hamsters and guinea pigs.", "content": "The effect of dimethylnitrosamine concentration on its demethylation by liver microsomes from control and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated (100 mg/kg body wt. 24 h before sacrifice) rats, hamsters and guinea pigs was investigated. At low substrate concentration (2 mM), liver microsomes from pretreated rats and hamsters showed 30-50% lower demethylation activity than their respective controls. No such difference was found in the guinea pig. At high substrate concentration (100 mM), all 3 pretreated species showed 50-100% higher enzyme activity than their respective controls. Enzyme activities among the 3 species showed the following order of activity: hamster greater than guinea pig greater than rat.", "contents": "Effect of dimethylnitrosamine concentration on its demethylation by liver microsomes from control and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. The effect of dimethylnitrosamine concentration on its demethylation by liver microsomes from control and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated (100 mg/kg body wt. 24 h before sacrifice) rats, hamsters and guinea pigs was investigated. At low substrate concentration (2 mM), liver microsomes from pretreated rats and hamsters showed 30-50% lower demethylation activity than their respective controls. No such difference was found in the guinea pig. At high substrate concentration (100 mM), all 3 pretreated species showed 50-100% higher enzyme activity than their respective controls. Enzyme activities among the 3 species showed the following order of activity: hamster greater than guinea pig greater than rat.", "PMID": 667816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11946", "title": "A hydroxylapatite micromethod for measuring estrogen receptor in human breast cancer.", "content": "The concentration of estrogen receptor (ER) in a human breast tumor is a critical variable predicting the response to endocrine therapy and the course of the disease. Since many tumor specimens are quite small, a reliable and simple ER assay requiring a minimum of tissue is desirable. We here describe a hydroxylapatite assay for ER that (a) requires only a single, saturating concentration of [3H]estradiol, (b) agrees with more complex multiple-concentration assays and with the standard dextran-coated charcoal assay at normal protein concentrations, (c) is far more reliable than the latter at low protein concentrations, and (d) can be adapted to an accurate and reliable ER microassay requiring less than 50 mg of tissue.", "contents": "A hydroxylapatite micromethod for measuring estrogen receptor in human breast cancer. The concentration of estrogen receptor (ER) in a human breast tumor is a critical variable predicting the response to endocrine therapy and the course of the disease. Since many tumor specimens are quite small, a reliable and simple ER assay requiring a minimum of tissue is desirable. We here describe a hydroxylapatite assay for ER that (a) requires only a single, saturating concentration of [3H]estradiol, (b) agrees with more complex multiple-concentration assays and with the standard dextran-coated charcoal assay at normal protein concentrations, (c) is far more reliable than the latter at low protein concentrations, and (d) can be adapted to an accurate and reliable ER microassay requiring less than 50 mg of tissue.", "PMID": 667818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11947", "title": "Effect of progressive neoplastic growth on the decarboxylation of DL-[1-14C]ornithine by lymphocytes from C3H/He tumor hosts.", "content": "The reactivity of normal and tumor host lymphocytes incubated with normal serum or with serum or malignant ascites fluid from tumor hosts was measured by the ability of the lymphocytes to synthesize ornithine decarboxylase after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Each of three tumors tested (a solid fibrosarcoma, an ascites mammary carcinoma, and an ascites ovarian carcinoma) caused increasing unresponsiveness in the lymphocytes of mice with progressing syngeneic neoplastic growth. The sera and particularly the malignant ascites fluids from mice given implants of the ascites cancers became progressively inhibitory to the activation of lymphocytes from tumor hosts as well as from normal mice. The serum from mice carrying s.c. implants of the fibrosarcoma enhanced the activation of lymphocytes from tumor hosts and from normal mice during early tumor growth before it also became inhibitory.", "contents": "Effect of progressive neoplastic growth on the decarboxylation of DL-[1-14C]ornithine by lymphocytes from C3H/He tumor hosts. The reactivity of normal and tumor host lymphocytes incubated with normal serum or with serum or malignant ascites fluid from tumor hosts was measured by the ability of the lymphocytes to synthesize ornithine decarboxylase after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Each of three tumors tested (a solid fibrosarcoma, an ascites mammary carcinoma, and an ascites ovarian carcinoma) caused increasing unresponsiveness in the lymphocytes of mice with progressing syngeneic neoplastic growth. The sera and particularly the malignant ascites fluids from mice given implants of the ascites cancers became progressively inhibitory to the activation of lymphocytes from tumor hosts as well as from normal mice. The serum from mice carrying s.c. implants of the fibrosarcoma enhanced the activation of lymphocytes from tumor hosts and from normal mice during early tumor growth before it also became inhibitory.", "PMID": 667820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11948", "title": "Methionine requirement and replacement by homocysteine in tissue cultures of selected rodent and human malignant and normal cells.", "content": "An absolute methionine requirement for cell growth in culture was observed in four experimental rodent neoplasms, namely, P815/ara-C, L1210, lymphoma 5178Y, and Walker 256. Normal human fibroblast (F-136-35-56) and the human malignant cell lines HeLa and mammary adenocarcinoma (AlAb) cells in culture showed equal growth in 0.1 mM L-methionine or 0.1 to 0.4 mM DL-homocysteine. A human pancreas adenocarcinoma (Capan-1) had somewhat more stringent requirements for DL-homocysteine, whereas a human lung adenocarcinoma (A-549) responded poorly, and a human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-HSB-2) responded not at all to equimolar or excess DL-homocysteine in the absence of L-methionine. These differences in requirement for methionine and the ability or inability to replace methionine by homocysteine indicate that a general discrimination between benign and malignant tissues on the grounds of their methionine requirement is not possible for human cells.", "contents": "Methionine requirement and replacement by homocysteine in tissue cultures of selected rodent and human malignant and normal cells. An absolute methionine requirement for cell growth in culture was observed in four experimental rodent neoplasms, namely, P815/ara-C, L1210, lymphoma 5178Y, and Walker 256. Normal human fibroblast (F-136-35-56) and the human malignant cell lines HeLa and mammary adenocarcinoma (AlAb) cells in culture showed equal growth in 0.1 mM L-methionine or 0.1 to 0.4 mM DL-homocysteine. A human pancreas adenocarcinoma (Capan-1) had somewhat more stringent requirements for DL-homocysteine, whereas a human lung adenocarcinoma (A-549) responded poorly, and a human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-HSB-2) responded not at all to equimolar or excess DL-homocysteine in the absence of L-methionine. These differences in requirement for methionine and the ability or inability to replace methionine by homocysteine indicate that a general discrimination between benign and malignant tissues on the grounds of their methionine requirement is not possible for human cells.", "PMID": 667821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11949", "title": "Altered growth properties of Chinese hamster cells exposed to 1-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine.", "content": "Primary Chinese hamster embryo cell cultures generally yield cell lines with a finite lifetime in culture. However, if early-passage cells are exposed chronically to either of two normal degradation products of transfer RNA, 1-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine, they are converted to continuous lines with altered growth characteristics and morphology. The continuous cell lines have saturation densities 2- to 10-fold higher than did finite control cultures, and some have the ability to grow in soft agar. Certain cultures have the general appearance of fibroblasts while others are more epithelial-like. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in the transfer RNA methyltransferases are early markers for neoplastic transformation in vivo and in vitro. Transfer RNA methyltransferase activity in the continuous lines is elevated compared to that of finite Chinese hamster cells. Neoplastic transformation has been demonstrated for a 1-methylguanine-derived line, and both 1-methylguanine- and 7-methylguanine-treated cell lines exhibit characteristics similar to those of Chinese hamster cells transformed with the carcinogen 3,4-benzopyrene or the DNA tumor virus SV40.", "contents": "Altered growth properties of Chinese hamster cells exposed to 1-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine. Primary Chinese hamster embryo cell cultures generally yield cell lines with a finite lifetime in culture. However, if early-passage cells are exposed chronically to either of two normal degradation products of transfer RNA, 1-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine, they are converted to continuous lines with altered growth characteristics and morphology. The continuous cell lines have saturation densities 2- to 10-fold higher than did finite control cultures, and some have the ability to grow in soft agar. Certain cultures have the general appearance of fibroblasts while others are more epithelial-like. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in the transfer RNA methyltransferases are early markers for neoplastic transformation in vivo and in vitro. Transfer RNA methyltransferase activity in the continuous lines is elevated compared to that of finite Chinese hamster cells. Neoplastic transformation has been demonstrated for a 1-methylguanine-derived line, and both 1-methylguanine- and 7-methylguanine-treated cell lines exhibit characteristics similar to those of Chinese hamster cells transformed with the carcinogen 3,4-benzopyrene or the DNA tumor virus SV40.", "PMID": 667823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11950", "title": "Effects of heat on the centrosomes of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were heated either at 45.5 degrees for 15 min or at 42 degrees for 1 hr and then were either fixed immediately or allowed to recover at 37 degrees for intervals of up to 12 hr. In addition control cells and cells heated at 45.5 degrees for 15 min were immediately subjected to a cell fractionation procedure that yielded partially purified centrosome preparations. In 100% of the cells fixed and examined immediately after heating, the centrosomes were damaged. The osmiophilic cloud increased in density and became aggregated. The majority of the pericentriolar particles or virus-like particles disappeared, and in some cases the tubules of the wall of the centriole appeared disrupted. These changes were also noted in the much more abundant population of centrosomes in the partially purified cell fraction. Furthermore, in those cells heated at 45.5 degrees for 15 min, no recovery of the centrosomes or return of virus-like particles occurred even after incubation at 37 degrees for 12 hr.", "contents": "Effects of heat on the centrosomes of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells were heated either at 45.5 degrees for 15 min or at 42 degrees for 1 hr and then were either fixed immediately or allowed to recover at 37 degrees for intervals of up to 12 hr. In addition control cells and cells heated at 45.5 degrees for 15 min were immediately subjected to a cell fractionation procedure that yielded partially purified centrosome preparations. In 100% of the cells fixed and examined immediately after heating, the centrosomes were damaged. The osmiophilic cloud increased in density and became aggregated. The majority of the pericentriolar particles or virus-like particles disappeared, and in some cases the tubules of the wall of the centriole appeared disrupted. These changes were also noted in the much more abundant population of centrosomes in the partially purified cell fraction. Furthermore, in those cells heated at 45.5 degrees for 15 min, no recovery of the centrosomes or return of virus-like particles occurred even after incubation at 37 degrees for 12 hr.", "PMID": 667824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11951", "title": "Metabolic conversion of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in adult and newborn mouse skin and mouse liver microsomes.", "content": "Tritiated 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was applied to adult mouse skin; at specified time intervals the mice were killed, and the labeled phorbol was extracted and subjected to separation and quantitation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. After 24 hr, TPA comprised greater than 96% of the recovered label from the skin, and its apparent half-life was 17.8 hr. Pretreatment of adult skin with TPA for 4 weeks before treatment with labeled TPA resulted in an increase in the clearance rate of TPA from the skin. Skin from newborn mice was capable of converting TPA into monoesters and phorbol, but the clearance rate in the adult was about 12 times more rapid than it was in the newborn. Epidermal homogenates converted TPA into 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol, phorbol-13-acetate, and phorbol. Hepatic homogenates were able to convert TPA to monoesters and phorbol at rates 14 to 15 times faster than were epidermal homogenates. Attempts to isolate any previously undescribed metabolites of TPA by use of liver homogenates were unsuccessful, and mixed-function oxidation did not contribute to the metabolism of TPA. From inhibitor studies it was judged that esterases were implicated in the conversion of TPA to monoesters and phorbol. The results support the hypothesis that the tumor-promoting activity of TPA is directly related to its concentration in a specific tissue and that conversion of TPA to an active metabolite probably does not occur.", "contents": "Metabolic conversion of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in adult and newborn mouse skin and mouse liver microsomes. Tritiated 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was applied to adult mouse skin; at specified time intervals the mice were killed, and the labeled phorbol was extracted and subjected to separation and quantitation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. After 24 hr, TPA comprised greater than 96% of the recovered label from the skin, and its apparent half-life was 17.8 hr. Pretreatment of adult skin with TPA for 4 weeks before treatment with labeled TPA resulted in an increase in the clearance rate of TPA from the skin. Skin from newborn mice was capable of converting TPA into monoesters and phorbol, but the clearance rate in the adult was about 12 times more rapid than it was in the newborn. Epidermal homogenates converted TPA into 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol, phorbol-13-acetate, and phorbol. Hepatic homogenates were able to convert TPA to monoesters and phorbol at rates 14 to 15 times faster than were epidermal homogenates. Attempts to isolate any previously undescribed metabolites of TPA by use of liver homogenates were unsuccessful, and mixed-function oxidation did not contribute to the metabolism of TPA. From inhibitor studies it was judged that esterases were implicated in the conversion of TPA to monoesters and phorbol. The results support the hypothesis that the tumor-promoting activity of TPA is directly related to its concentration in a specific tissue and that conversion of TPA to an active metabolite probably does not occur.", "PMID": 667825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11952", "title": "Proliferation kinetics of a human breast cancer line in vitro following treatment with 17beta-estradiol and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "The effect of 17beta-estradiol on an estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was studied. Low concentrations (10(-9) M) of 17beta-estradiol enhanced the rate of cell proliferation; the overall cell cycle time was shortened; and the proportion of cells in the S phase increased. Higher concentrations (10(-7) M) suppressed proliferation and slightly decreased the proportion of the cells in DNA synthesis. When combined with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, an S-phase-specific chemotherapeutic agent, 10(-9) M 17beta-estradiol enhanced cell killing. This enhancement was not observed with 10(-7) M 17beta-estradiol. Kinetic changes caused by hormones have profound implications in clinical therapy, since the efficacy of cycle active agents may be altered.", "contents": "Proliferation kinetics of a human breast cancer line in vitro following treatment with 17beta-estradiol and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. The effect of 17beta-estradiol on an estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was studied. Low concentrations (10(-9) M) of 17beta-estradiol enhanced the rate of cell proliferation; the overall cell cycle time was shortened; and the proportion of cells in the S phase increased. Higher concentrations (10(-7) M) suppressed proliferation and slightly decreased the proportion of the cells in DNA synthesis. When combined with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, an S-phase-specific chemotherapeutic agent, 10(-9) M 17beta-estradiol enhanced cell killing. This enhancement was not observed with 10(-7) M 17beta-estradiol. Kinetic changes caused by hormones have profound implications in clinical therapy, since the efficacy of cycle active agents may be altered.", "PMID": 667830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11953", "title": "Effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the phenotypic program of cultured chondroblasts and fibroblasts.", "content": "Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) has a prompt, differential, and partially reversible effect on cultured chick chondroblasts. Within 36 hr PMA transforms sessile, polygonal, epithelioid chondroblasts into motile, multilayered, fibroblastic cells. In PMA chick chondroblasts rapidly cease to synthesize two of their terminal luxury molecules, the type IV sulfated proteoglycan that characterizes the extracell matrix and a glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 180,000. This glycosylated protein constitutes approximately 5% of the total protein in normal chondroblasts. If returned to normal medium after 4 days in PMA, virtually 100% of the cells reinitiate the synthesis of their type IV sulfated proteoglycan, of the 180,000-dalton protein, and reacquire their polygonal, epithelioid morphology. If returned to normal medium after 12 days in PMA, the cells fail to synthesize their two characteristic luxury molecules, and 100% of the cells remain fibroblastic. PMA alters the morphology of chick fibroblasts but does not block synthesis of their characteristic type III sulfated proteoglycan. PMA proves to be a mitogen for chondroblasts but not for fibroblasts, in spite of the phenotypic similarities of these two cell types.", "contents": "Effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the phenotypic program of cultured chondroblasts and fibroblasts. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) has a prompt, differential, and partially reversible effect on cultured chick chondroblasts. Within 36 hr PMA transforms sessile, polygonal, epithelioid chondroblasts into motile, multilayered, fibroblastic cells. In PMA chick chondroblasts rapidly cease to synthesize two of their terminal luxury molecules, the type IV sulfated proteoglycan that characterizes the extracell matrix and a glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 180,000. This glycosylated protein constitutes approximately 5% of the total protein in normal chondroblasts. If returned to normal medium after 4 days in PMA, virtually 100% of the cells reinitiate the synthesis of their type IV sulfated proteoglycan, of the 180,000-dalton protein, and reacquire their polygonal, epithelioid morphology. If returned to normal medium after 12 days in PMA, the cells fail to synthesize their two characteristic luxury molecules, and 100% of the cells remain fibroblastic. PMA alters the morphology of chick fibroblasts but does not block synthesis of their characteristic type III sulfated proteoglycan. PMA proves to be a mitogen for chondroblasts but not for fibroblasts, in spite of the phenotypic similarities of these two cell types.", "PMID": 667832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11954", "title": "Cytotoxic and metabolic effects of adenosine and adenine on human lymphoblasts.", "content": "The metabolic and growth inhibitory effects of adenosine toward the human lymphoblast line WI-L2 were potentiated by the adenosine deaminase inhibitors erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) and coformycin. EHNA, 5 micron, or coformycin, 3.5 micron, at concentrations that inhibited adenosine deaminase activity more than 90% had little effect on cell growth or the metabolic parameters studied. Adenosine, 50 micron, plus EHNA, 5 micron, arrested cell growth in both parent and adenosine kinase-deficient lymphoblasts, implicating the nucleoside as the mediator of the cytostatic effect. Adenosine, 50 micron, in combination with the adenosine deaminase inhibitors reduced 14CO2 generation from [1-14C]glucose by 38%, depleted 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate by more than 90%, and reduced pyrimidine ribonucleotide concentrations. Uridine, 10 or 100 micron, reversed adenosine plus EHNA growth inhibition in WI-L2 but not in adenosine kinase mutants. Adenine, 500 micron, which may be converted to the same intracellular nucleotides as adenosine, reduced the growth rate by 50% in both parent and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient lymphoblasts. Although adenine also depleted cells of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and reduced pyrimidine ribonucleotide by 50%, the mechanisms of adenine and adenosine toxicity differ. In contrast to the ability of uridine to reverse adenosine cytostasis, growth inhibition by adenine was not reversed by uridine, indicating that pyrimidine ribonucleotide depletion is not the primary mechanisms of adenine toxicity.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and metabolic effects of adenosine and adenine on human lymphoblasts. The metabolic and growth inhibitory effects of adenosine toward the human lymphoblast line WI-L2 were potentiated by the adenosine deaminase inhibitors erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) and coformycin. EHNA, 5 micron, or coformycin, 3.5 micron, at concentrations that inhibited adenosine deaminase activity more than 90% had little effect on cell growth or the metabolic parameters studied. Adenosine, 50 micron, plus EHNA, 5 micron, arrested cell growth in both parent and adenosine kinase-deficient lymphoblasts, implicating the nucleoside as the mediator of the cytostatic effect. Adenosine, 50 micron, in combination with the adenosine deaminase inhibitors reduced 14CO2 generation from [1-14C]glucose by 38%, depleted 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate by more than 90%, and reduced pyrimidine ribonucleotide concentrations. Uridine, 10 or 100 micron, reversed adenosine plus EHNA growth inhibition in WI-L2 but not in adenosine kinase mutants. Adenine, 500 micron, which may be converted to the same intracellular nucleotides as adenosine, reduced the growth rate by 50% in both parent and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient lymphoblasts. Although adenine also depleted cells of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and reduced pyrimidine ribonucleotide by 50%, the mechanisms of adenine and adenosine toxicity differ. In contrast to the ability of uridine to reverse adenosine cytostasis, growth inhibition by adenine was not reversed by uridine, indicating that pyrimidine ribonucleotide depletion is not the primary mechanisms of adenine toxicity.", "PMID": 667833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11955", "title": "Regulation of plasma-free fatty acid mobilization by dietary glucose in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "We studied the ability of dietary glucose to cause an abrupt inhibition of free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization in mice bearing advanced Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. FFA irreversible disposal rates were estimated after i.v. injection of tracer [1-14C]palmitate complexed to mouse serum albumin. Four groups of mice were studied: 16-hr-fasted mice versus 16-hr-fasted mice refed a 58% glucose, fat-free test meal for 10 min; and control versus tumorous mice. Plasma FFA fell significantly [from 0.97 +/- 0.06 (S.E.) to 0.37 +/- 0.02 muEq/ml (n = 30 and 134, respectively)] following the ingestion of the small test meal. The lowered plasma FFA pool size remained approximately constant between t = 15 and 45 min after the mice began to eat. Tracer studies in the fasted-refed mice, carried out during that interval, showed that the plasma FFA irreversible disposal rate was reduced by 50% in both control and tumor-bearing mice. Although cancerous mice tended to have elevated plasma FFA levels in the early morning, these animals appear to have normal control mechanisms for inhibiting FFA mobilization following ingestion of carbohydrate.", "contents": "Regulation of plasma-free fatty acid mobilization by dietary glucose in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. We studied the ability of dietary glucose to cause an abrupt inhibition of free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization in mice bearing advanced Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. FFA irreversible disposal rates were estimated after i.v. injection of tracer [1-14C]palmitate complexed to mouse serum albumin. Four groups of mice were studied: 16-hr-fasted mice versus 16-hr-fasted mice refed a 58% glucose, fat-free test meal for 10 min; and control versus tumorous mice. Plasma FFA fell significantly [from 0.97 +/- 0.06 (S.E.) to 0.37 +/- 0.02 muEq/ml (n = 30 and 134, respectively)] following the ingestion of the small test meal. The lowered plasma FFA pool size remained approximately constant between t = 15 and 45 min after the mice began to eat. Tracer studies in the fasted-refed mice, carried out during that interval, showed that the plasma FFA irreversible disposal rate was reduced by 50% in both control and tumor-bearing mice. Although cancerous mice tended to have elevated plasma FFA levels in the early morning, these animals appear to have normal control mechanisms for inhibiting FFA mobilization following ingestion of carbohydrate.", "PMID": 667834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11956", "title": "Folate and pterin metabolism by cancer cells in culture.", "content": "Malignant cells grown in culture excrete into their growth medium a folate catabolite that can be seen as a blue-fluorescent region on paper chromatograms of such media. This folate catabolite has now been identified by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as 6- hydroxymethylpterin and not as pterin-6-carboxaldehyde as previously reported. Moreover, when pterin-6-carboxaldehyde was added to the growth medium of logarithmically growing malignant cells, it was primarily reduced to 6-hydroxymethylpterin. In contrast pterin-6-carboxylate was the principal product formed from added pterin-6-carboxaldehyde by normal established cell lines in culture. These results have been interpreted as indicative of a possible mechanism of folate catabolism in malignant cells. Folic acid or another folate derivative is oxidatively cleaved at the C-9-N-10 bond to yield pterin-6-carboxaldehyde as one of the products. This derivative is subsequently reduced to 6-hydroxymethylpterin, which is excreted into the growth medium.", "contents": "Folate and pterin metabolism by cancer cells in culture. Malignant cells grown in culture excrete into their growth medium a folate catabolite that can be seen as a blue-fluorescent region on paper chromatograms of such media. This folate catabolite has now been identified by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as 6- hydroxymethylpterin and not as pterin-6-carboxaldehyde as previously reported. Moreover, when pterin-6-carboxaldehyde was added to the growth medium of logarithmically growing malignant cells, it was primarily reduced to 6-hydroxymethylpterin. In contrast pterin-6-carboxylate was the principal product formed from added pterin-6-carboxaldehyde by normal established cell lines in culture. These results have been interpreted as indicative of a possible mechanism of folate catabolism in malignant cells. Folic acid or another folate derivative is oxidatively cleaved at the C-9-N-10 bond to yield pterin-6-carboxaldehyde as one of the products. This derivative is subsequently reduced to 6-hydroxymethylpterin, which is excreted into the growth medium.", "PMID": 667835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11957", "title": "Effects of several vasoactive drugs on the vascular resistance of MT-W9B tumors in W/Fu rats.", "content": "These experiments were designed to study the effects of vasoactive drugs on normal and malignant tissue in W/Fu rats. The increase in resistance to tumor blood flow elicited by a bolus injection of 10 microgram of norepinephrine was greater than that elicited in the surrounding mammary gland tissue. A 10-fold increase in the resistance to tumor blood flow was sustained for 30 min by the infusion of norepinephrine at the rate of 1.39 microgram/min, whereas a smaller initial increase in mammary gland vascular resistance decreased with time. In contrast, the increase in resistance to tumor blood flow caused by a bolus injection of angiotensin II was less than that observed in the mammary gland tissue. A 20-fold increase in mammary gland vascular resistance could be maintained for at least 5 min by infusion of angiotensin II at the rate of 1.39 microgram/min. In comparison, such treatment caused only a 3-fold increase in the resistance to tumor blood flow. A bolus injection of 1 microgram of isoproterenol decreased the vascular resistance in all normal tissues studied, but the resistance to blood flow in the tumor remained unchanged. The results of these experiments indicate that there may be methods whereby the tumor blood flow can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes and to assist radiographic visualization of tumors.", "contents": "Effects of several vasoactive drugs on the vascular resistance of MT-W9B tumors in W/Fu rats. These experiments were designed to study the effects of vasoactive drugs on normal and malignant tissue in W/Fu rats. The increase in resistance to tumor blood flow elicited by a bolus injection of 10 microgram of norepinephrine was greater than that elicited in the surrounding mammary gland tissue. A 10-fold increase in the resistance to tumor blood flow was sustained for 30 min by the infusion of norepinephrine at the rate of 1.39 microgram/min, whereas a smaller initial increase in mammary gland vascular resistance decreased with time. In contrast, the increase in resistance to tumor blood flow caused by a bolus injection of angiotensin II was less than that observed in the mammary gland tissue. A 20-fold increase in mammary gland vascular resistance could be maintained for at least 5 min by infusion of angiotensin II at the rate of 1.39 microgram/min. In comparison, such treatment caused only a 3-fold increase in the resistance to tumor blood flow. A bolus injection of 1 microgram of isoproterenol decreased the vascular resistance in all normal tissues studied, but the resistance to blood flow in the tumor remained unchanged. The results of these experiments indicate that there may be methods whereby the tumor blood flow can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes and to assist radiographic visualization of tumors.", "PMID": 667836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11958", "title": "Relative carcinogenic effectiveness of derivatives of nitrosodiethylamine in rats.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of five derivatives of nitrosodiethylamine was compared with that of the parent compound by p.o. administration to rats. All were less potent than was nitrosodiethylamine. When nitrosobis(2-methoxyethyl)amine and nitrosobis(2-ethoxyethyl)amine were administered at equimolar doses in drinking water, there was a high incidence of liver tumors, but the animals died later than they did after nitrosodiethylamine treatment, which also induced esophageal tumors. Nitrosoiminodipropionitrile and nitrosobis(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amine failed to induce tumors at the same dose level. Nitrosobis(2-chloroethyl)amine was administered in oil by gavage at a dose lower than that of nitrosodiethylamine and produced a much weaker tumor response; 5 of 15 treated rats had forestomach papillomas, and 1 had olfactory adenocarcinoma and no other induced tumors.", "contents": "Relative carcinogenic effectiveness of derivatives of nitrosodiethylamine in rats. The carcinogenicity of five derivatives of nitrosodiethylamine was compared with that of the parent compound by p.o. administration to rats. All were less potent than was nitrosodiethylamine. When nitrosobis(2-methoxyethyl)amine and nitrosobis(2-ethoxyethyl)amine were administered at equimolar doses in drinking water, there was a high incidence of liver tumors, but the animals died later than they did after nitrosodiethylamine treatment, which also induced esophageal tumors. Nitrosoiminodipropionitrile and nitrosobis(2,2-diethoxyethyl)amine failed to induce tumors at the same dose level. Nitrosobis(2-chloroethyl)amine was administered in oil by gavage at a dose lower than that of nitrosodiethylamine and produced a much weaker tumor response; 5 of 15 treated rats had forestomach papillomas, and 1 had olfactory adenocarcinoma and no other induced tumors.", "PMID": 667837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11959", "title": "Sensitivity to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea of the EMT6 tumor in vivo as determined by both tumor volume response and in vitro plating assay.", "content": "Measurements of the response of the EMT6 mouse tumor to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea by either tumor volume or the in vitro assay of the cell surviving fraction give very different results. For BCNU very little delay in tumor growth is caused by high doses of the drug, whereas the surviving fraction assayed 2 hr after drug administration may be as low as 10(-4) for comparable drug doses. Over the first 48 hr after BCNU, the measured surviving fraction in small tumors increases 50- to 100-fold; this is ascribed to the phenomenon known as \"recovery from potentially lethal damage.\" For 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, however, this early rapid recovery in surviving fraction does not occur. Although the surviving fractions measured 24 hr after drug administration are similar for equivalent doses of the two drugs, the growth delay induced is very much longer for 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea than for BCNU. Neither of the agents appears to cause any increase in the rate of cell loss from tumors as measured by [125]iododeoxyuridine.", "contents": "Sensitivity to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea of the EMT6 tumor in vivo as determined by both tumor volume response and in vitro plating assay. Measurements of the response of the EMT6 mouse tumor to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea by either tumor volume or the in vitro assay of the cell surviving fraction give very different results. For BCNU very little delay in tumor growth is caused by high doses of the drug, whereas the surviving fraction assayed 2 hr after drug administration may be as low as 10(-4) for comparable drug doses. Over the first 48 hr after BCNU, the measured surviving fraction in small tumors increases 50- to 100-fold; this is ascribed to the phenomenon known as \"recovery from potentially lethal damage.\" For 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, however, this early rapid recovery in surviving fraction does not occur. Although the surviving fractions measured 24 hr after drug administration are similar for equivalent doses of the two drugs, the growth delay induced is very much longer for 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea than for BCNU. Neither of the agents appears to cause any increase in the rate of cell loss from tumors as measured by [125]iododeoxyuridine.", "PMID": 667838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11960", "title": "Resistance of resting 3T6 mouse fibroblasts to methotrexate cytotoxicity.", "content": "We have compared the relative susceptibility of resting (GO) versus exponentially growing mouse fibroblasts (line 3T6) to methotrexate (MTX) cytotoxicity. Cultures of cells were exposed to different levels of MTX for various intervals. Cloning efficiencies of the cells were then determined in medium containing hypoxanthine and thymidine. We found that growing 3T6 cells exhibit time- as well as dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Greater than 95% of the cells were killed by a 24-hr exposure to 10(-6) M MTX. In contrast resting cells showed no loss of cloning efficiency even at drug concentrations of 10(-3) M and exposure times of 7 days. The resistance of resting cells is not the result of a MTX transport deficiency since extracellular MTX is taken up by both resting and growing cells. Furthermore, intracellular dihydrofolate reductase activity is abolished in both resting and growing cells at similar extracellular MTX dosages.", "contents": "Resistance of resting 3T6 mouse fibroblasts to methotrexate cytotoxicity. We have compared the relative susceptibility of resting (GO) versus exponentially growing mouse fibroblasts (line 3T6) to methotrexate (MTX) cytotoxicity. Cultures of cells were exposed to different levels of MTX for various intervals. Cloning efficiencies of the cells were then determined in medium containing hypoxanthine and thymidine. We found that growing 3T6 cells exhibit time- as well as dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Greater than 95% of the cells were killed by a 24-hr exposure to 10(-6) M MTX. In contrast resting cells showed no loss of cloning efficiency even at drug concentrations of 10(-3) M and exposure times of 7 days. The resistance of resting cells is not the result of a MTX transport deficiency since extracellular MTX is taken up by both resting and growing cells. Furthermore, intracellular dihydrofolate reductase activity is abolished in both resting and growing cells at similar extracellular MTX dosages.", "PMID": 667839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11961", "title": "Steroid receptor analyses of nine human breast cancer cell lines.", "content": "Nine human breast cancer cell lines in permanent tissue culture and currently available to researchers have been assayed for their content of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, androgen receptors, and glucocorticoid receptors, as well as for the presence of unfilled or hormone-filled nuclear estrogen receptors. Receptor distribution varied considerably among the nine lines and differed from the expected distribution predicted from solid tumors. We find that estrogen receptor, when present, is usually localized in the nucleus as unfilled nuclear estrogen receptor. Progesterone receptor is correlated with presence of unfilled nuclear estrogen receptor. Glucocorticoid receptors are ubiquitous; they were found in all cell lines tested. The distribution of androgen receptor and progesterone receptor differed, suggesting that these proteins are dissimilar.", "contents": "Steroid receptor analyses of nine human breast cancer cell lines. Nine human breast cancer cell lines in permanent tissue culture and currently available to researchers have been assayed for their content of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, androgen receptors, and glucocorticoid receptors, as well as for the presence of unfilled or hormone-filled nuclear estrogen receptors. Receptor distribution varied considerably among the nine lines and differed from the expected distribution predicted from solid tumors. We find that estrogen receptor, when present, is usually localized in the nucleus as unfilled nuclear estrogen receptor. Progesterone receptor is correlated with presence of unfilled nuclear estrogen receptor. Glucocorticoid receptors are ubiquitous; they were found in all cell lines tested. The distribution of androgen receptor and progesterone receptor differed, suggesting that these proteins are dissimilar.", "PMID": 667841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11962", "title": "DNA cross-linking by in vivo treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea of sensitive and resistant human colon carcinoma xenograms in nude mice.", "content": "The DNA alkaline elution technique provides a sensitive assay for the effects of DNA-damaging drugs in mammalian cells. We have adapted this method to permit measurements of effects on DNA in solid tumors. Human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice were treated with a single i.p. injection of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and the effects on the DNA were followed for 19 hr. Drug doses in the pharmacological range produced significant reductions in DNA alkaline elution rates in assays in which X-ray was used to introduce a standard frequency of single-strand breaks. These changes in alkaline elution rate were attribute to the production of both DNA interstrand and DNA-protein cross-links, which were distinguished from each other on the basis of the extent to which the effect on elution could be reversed by proteinase K. Crosslinking increased for about 8 hr after treatment with little change thereafter up to 19 hr. A drug-resistant tumor line exhibited substantially less cross-linking than did a drug-sensitive line at all time points examined.", "contents": "DNA cross-linking by in vivo treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea of sensitive and resistant human colon carcinoma xenograms in nude mice. The DNA alkaline elution technique provides a sensitive assay for the effects of DNA-damaging drugs in mammalian cells. We have adapted this method to permit measurements of effects on DNA in solid tumors. Human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice were treated with a single i.p. injection of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and the effects on the DNA were followed for 19 hr. Drug doses in the pharmacological range produced significant reductions in DNA alkaline elution rates in assays in which X-ray was used to introduce a standard frequency of single-strand breaks. These changes in alkaline elution rate were attribute to the production of both DNA interstrand and DNA-protein cross-links, which were distinguished from each other on the basis of the extent to which the effect on elution could be reversed by proteinase K. Crosslinking increased for about 8 hr after treatment with little change thereafter up to 19 hr. A drug-resistant tumor line exhibited substantially less cross-linking than did a drug-sensitive line at all time points examined.", "PMID": 667842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11963", "title": "Multicellular tumor spheroid formation by breast cancer cells isolated from different sites.", "content": "Fourteen breast cancer lines (8 human, 5 rat, and 1 mouse) have been studied in terms of their ability to form multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) with the agar-base method. Only 8 of the lines formed MTS in contrast to a 100% efficiency in a series of 11 varied tumors reported in the initial studies with this method. We have compared the lines that do and do not form MTS in terms of a variety of characteristics (e.g., estrogen receptors, time in serial passage, growth in nude mice, etc.), and only one characteristic, the source of the original tumor cells, was predictive of MTS-forming ability. All 8 of the breast cancer lines (and the original 11 lines) that formed MTS had been obtained from solid growths (primaries or metastases), while the 6 breast cancer lines that did not form MTS were all derived from pleural effusions. Similarly, artificial selection for an ascites variant of the MTS-forming rat 13762 adenocarcinoma line produced the 13762-A line, which could no longer form MTS. These results suggest that breast cancer cells derived from pleural effusions are genetically different from the bulk of the tumor cells in solid breast cancer samples, that they are unable to grow in true solid form, and that these differences persist in spite of prolonged propagation in tissue culture.", "contents": "Multicellular tumor spheroid formation by breast cancer cells isolated from different sites. Fourteen breast cancer lines (8 human, 5 rat, and 1 mouse) have been studied in terms of their ability to form multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) with the agar-base method. Only 8 of the lines formed MTS in contrast to a 100% efficiency in a series of 11 varied tumors reported in the initial studies with this method. We have compared the lines that do and do not form MTS in terms of a variety of characteristics (e.g., estrogen receptors, time in serial passage, growth in nude mice, etc.), and only one characteristic, the source of the original tumor cells, was predictive of MTS-forming ability. All 8 of the breast cancer lines (and the original 11 lines) that formed MTS had been obtained from solid growths (primaries or metastases), while the 6 breast cancer lines that did not form MTS were all derived from pleural effusions. Similarly, artificial selection for an ascites variant of the MTS-forming rat 13762 adenocarcinoma line produced the 13762-A line, which could no longer form MTS. These results suggest that breast cancer cells derived from pleural effusions are genetically different from the bulk of the tumor cells in solid breast cancer samples, that they are unable to grow in true solid form, and that these differences persist in spite of prolonged propagation in tissue culture.", "PMID": 667844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11964", "title": "A comparison of cell cycle-related changes in postmitotic and quiescent AF8 cells as measured by cytofluorometry after acridine orange staining.", "content": "AF8 cells were collected by mitotic detachment or made quiescent by serum restriction. Replated mitotic cells or serum-stimulated quiescent cells were then compared by flow cytofluorometry, when the use of acridine orange staining. Red fluorescence intensity (F greater than 600) was the same in quiescent cells and in cells immediately after mitosis. However, F greater than 600 increased very rapidly in postmitotic cells, while there was a delay in serum-stimulated quiescent cells. F greater than 600 reached a peak at 4 hr in postmitotic cells and between 16 and 19 hr in serum-stimulated quiescent cells. A similar delay in the time of entry into S phase occurred after serum stimulation of resting cell populations. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that cells after mitosis may enter a state that is different from the state of cells made quiescent by serum restriction.", "contents": "A comparison of cell cycle-related changes in postmitotic and quiescent AF8 cells as measured by cytofluorometry after acridine orange staining. AF8 cells were collected by mitotic detachment or made quiescent by serum restriction. Replated mitotic cells or serum-stimulated quiescent cells were then compared by flow cytofluorometry, when the use of acridine orange staining. Red fluorescence intensity (F greater than 600) was the same in quiescent cells and in cells immediately after mitosis. However, F greater than 600 increased very rapidly in postmitotic cells, while there was a delay in serum-stimulated quiescent cells. F greater than 600 reached a peak at 4 hr in postmitotic cells and between 16 and 19 hr in serum-stimulated quiescent cells. A similar delay in the time of entry into S phase occurred after serum stimulation of resting cell populations. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that cells after mitosis may enter a state that is different from the state of cells made quiescent by serum restriction.", "PMID": 667846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11965", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "A new isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) has been reported to occur in sera from patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. This enzyme is characterized by an inability to hydrolyze cysteamine S-phosphate. We find that the 5,5'-dithobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-coupled assay method for cysteamine S-phosphate hydrolysis is not suitable for serum, and we were unable to confirm the existence of this isoenzyme in serum by this assay method. We were unable to detect to detect this new isoenzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with activity stains or by the reported high sensitivity of this enzyme to inhibition by cysteamine S-phosphate when p-nitrophenyl phosphate is the substrate. We were also unable to confirm reports of a unique inhibitor of normal alkaline phosphatase in the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in lymphoproliferative diseases. A new isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) has been reported to occur in sera from patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. This enzyme is characterized by an inability to hydrolyze cysteamine S-phosphate. We find that the 5,5'-dithobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-coupled assay method for cysteamine S-phosphate hydrolysis is not suitable for serum, and we were unable to confirm the existence of this isoenzyme in serum by this assay method. We were unable to detect to detect this new isoenzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with activity stains or by the reported high sensitivity of this enzyme to inhibition by cysteamine S-phosphate when p-nitrophenyl phosphate is the substrate. We were also unable to confirm reports of a unique inhibitor of normal alkaline phosphatase in the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis.", "PMID": 667847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11966", "title": "A statistical model for predicting response of breast cancer patients to cytotoxic chemotherapy.", "content": "A binary logistic model is used for predicting response to cytotoxic chemotherapy for a breast cancer patient on the basis of her tumor enzyme activity profile. The enzymes used in the model are lactate dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-isocitrate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase, all of which were measured on primary tumor specimens from each patient. The statistical model provides an estimate of the probability that an individual will respond to treatment. Chemotherapeutic treatment consisting of combination cytotoxic drugs and subsequent evaluation of patient response followed cooperative group protocol guidelines, including outside review to confirm the patient evaluation. The model based on this study, which represents 5 years of patient follow-up, correctly predicts clinical outcome in 32 of the 37 cases available.", "contents": "A statistical model for predicting response of breast cancer patients to cytotoxic chemotherapy. A binary logistic model is used for predicting response to cytotoxic chemotherapy for a breast cancer patient on the basis of her tumor enzyme activity profile. The enzymes used in the model are lactate dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-isocitrate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase, all of which were measured on primary tumor specimens from each patient. The statistical model provides an estimate of the probability that an individual will respond to treatment. Chemotherapeutic treatment consisting of combination cytotoxic drugs and subsequent evaluation of patient response followed cooperative group protocol guidelines, including outside review to confirm the patient evaluation. The model based on this study, which represents 5 years of patient follow-up, correctly predicts clinical outcome in 32 of the 37 cases available.", "PMID": 667849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11967", "title": "Metabolism of tritium-labeled 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate by cells in culture.", "content": "The metabolism of [20-3H]-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ([3H]TPA) was studied in human and hamster cell cultures. Within 2 to 3 days after its addition to growing or confluent cultures of hamster embryo fibroblasts, no unchanged [3H]TPA remained in the medium as determined by thin-layer chromatography of the chloroform phase obtained by extraction of the medium with chloroform:methanol:H2O. In contrast, little or no metabolism of [3H]TPA occurred under identical conditions in cultures of human fibroblasts. The major metabolite formed from [3H]TPA in hamster cell cultures was [3H]phorbol-13-acetate. with both hamster and human cells, virtually all cell-associated radioactivity was unchanged [3H]TPA.", "contents": "Metabolism of tritium-labeled 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate by cells in culture. The metabolism of [20-3H]-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ([3H]TPA) was studied in human and hamster cell cultures. Within 2 to 3 days after its addition to growing or confluent cultures of hamster embryo fibroblasts, no unchanged [3H]TPA remained in the medium as determined by thin-layer chromatography of the chloroform phase obtained by extraction of the medium with chloroform:methanol:H2O. In contrast, little or no metabolism of [3H]TPA occurred under identical conditions in cultures of human fibroblasts. The major metabolite formed from [3H]TPA in hamster cell cultures was [3H]phorbol-13-acetate. with both hamster and human cells, virtually all cell-associated radioactivity was unchanged [3H]TPA.", "PMID": 667851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11968", "title": "Fluorescence study of DNA-binding metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene formed in hepatocytes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats.", "content": "Hepatocytes and liver microsomes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats metabolize benzo(a)pyrene to products that bind to endogenous DNA and exogenously added calf thymus DNA, respectively. By using a sensitive fluorescence technique, it has been possible to characterize the major DNA-binding metabolite in hepatocytes as being produced by further metabolism of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. In microsomes, two products binding to calf thymus DNA were recovered, a major species formed by activation of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and a minor fraction formed by further metabolism of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. The available evidence indicates that the ultimate products responsible for binding to DNA were identical to 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide, respectively. Our data further suggest that metabolic activation of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene results in quite different DNA:metabolite complexes. The former product(s) seems to be strongly associated with hydrophobic regions in DNA, whereas the latter metabolite(s) appears to be more exposed to the exterior.", "contents": "Fluorescence study of DNA-binding metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene formed in hepatocytes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Hepatocytes and liver microsomes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats metabolize benzo(a)pyrene to products that bind to endogenous DNA and exogenously added calf thymus DNA, respectively. By using a sensitive fluorescence technique, it has been possible to characterize the major DNA-binding metabolite in hepatocytes as being produced by further metabolism of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. In microsomes, two products binding to calf thymus DNA were recovered, a major species formed by activation of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and a minor fraction formed by further metabolism of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. The available evidence indicates that the ultimate products responsible for binding to DNA were identical to 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide, respectively. Our data further suggest that metabolic activation of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene results in quite different DNA:metabolite complexes. The former product(s) seems to be strongly associated with hydrophobic regions in DNA, whereas the latter metabolite(s) appears to be more exposed to the exterior.", "PMID": 667854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11969", "title": "Testing of known carcinogens and noncarcinogens for their ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "The ability of 51 compounds, of known carcinogenic potential, to induce \"unscheduled DNA synthesis\" in HeLa cells has been tested in the presence or absence of a rat liver mixed-function oxidase preparation. Chemicals tested included those giving erroneous results in bacterial mutagenicity assays as well as representative compounds from various classes of chemical carcinogens including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, and mycotoxins. Of the compounds assayed, all noncarcinogens failed to induce DNA repair; of 38 compounds of demonstrated carcinogenicity, 34 were active; safrole, N-propyl-N-nitrosourea, aflatoxin B2 and N-butyl-N-nitrosourea were, however, inactive. Six compounds for which carcinogenicity data are incomplete were active, namely, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, formaldehyde, 2,2'-dichlorobenzidine, 3,3',5,5'-tetrafluorobenzidine, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobenzidine. Three carcinogens that are weakly active or inactive in bacterial mutagenicity assays, i.e., urethan, N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene, and diethylstilbestrol were active in our assay. The bacterial mutagens sodium azide and 9-aminoacridine were both inactive. The use of this assay in a tier scheme for the short-term testing of potential chemical carcinogens is discussed.", "contents": "Testing of known carcinogens and noncarcinogens for their ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. The ability of 51 compounds, of known carcinogenic potential, to induce \"unscheduled DNA synthesis\" in HeLa cells has been tested in the presence or absence of a rat liver mixed-function oxidase preparation. Chemicals tested included those giving erroneous results in bacterial mutagenicity assays as well as representative compounds from various classes of chemical carcinogens including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, and mycotoxins. Of the compounds assayed, all noncarcinogens failed to induce DNA repair; of 38 compounds of demonstrated carcinogenicity, 34 were active; safrole, N-propyl-N-nitrosourea, aflatoxin B2 and N-butyl-N-nitrosourea were, however, inactive. Six compounds for which carcinogenicity data are incomplete were active, namely, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, formaldehyde, 2,2'-dichlorobenzidine, 3,3',5,5'-tetrafluorobenzidine, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobenzidine. Three carcinogens that are weakly active or inactive in bacterial mutagenicity assays, i.e., urethan, N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene, and diethylstilbestrol were active in our assay. The bacterial mutagens sodium azide and 9-aminoacridine were both inactive. The use of this assay in a tier scheme for the short-term testing of potential chemical carcinogens is discussed.", "PMID": 667855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11970", "title": "Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors.", "content": "Administration of hematoporphyrin derivative i.v. followed by local exposure to red light has resulted in complete or partial response in 111 of 113 cutaneous or s.c. malignant lesions. Tumors treated have included carcinomas of the breast, colon, prostate, squamous cell, basal cell, and endometrium; malignant melanoma; mycosis fungoides; chondrosarcoma; and angiosarcoma. No type has been found to be unresponsive. In several cases complete clearing of chest wall metastatis has been achieved in treated areas. Deep-seated and pigmented tumors required a higher dose of drug for effective treatment than did the more superficial and nonpigmented lesions. A high therapeutic ratio between tumor and skin response has been obtained by allowing at least 3 days between drug injection and exposure to the therapeutic light for 2,5-mg/kg doses and at least a 4-day interval for 5.0-mg/kg doses.", "contents": "Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Administration of hematoporphyrin derivative i.v. followed by local exposure to red light has resulted in complete or partial response in 111 of 113 cutaneous or s.c. malignant lesions. Tumors treated have included carcinomas of the breast, colon, prostate, squamous cell, basal cell, and endometrium; malignant melanoma; mycosis fungoides; chondrosarcoma; and angiosarcoma. No type has been found to be unresponsive. In several cases complete clearing of chest wall metastatis has been achieved in treated areas. Deep-seated and pigmented tumors required a higher dose of drug for effective treatment than did the more superficial and nonpigmented lesions. A high therapeutic ratio between tumor and skin response has been obtained by allowing at least 3 days between drug injection and exposure to the therapeutic light for 2,5-mg/kg doses and at least a 4-day interval for 5.0-mg/kg doses.", "PMID": 667856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11971", "title": "Hematology and clinical chemistry reference values for C57BL/6 X DBA/2 F1 mice.", "content": "We have analyzed hematology data from 504 individual male C57BL/6 X DBA/2 (hereafter called B6D2F1) mice. Clinical chemistry data from an additional 304 individual male B6D2F1 mice have also been analyzed. The mice had served as drug-diluent controls in 24 toxicological evaluations of anticancer drugs administered singly or in combination. The studies were carried out under standardized conditions during an 18-month period between July 1975 and December 1976. Test values corresponding to 9 percentiles have been selected from an ordered ranking of values for each of 18 hematologic tests and 18 clinical chemistry tests. Since 95% of the values for a given test are found between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, test values corresponding to these percentiles provide reference values (\"normal\" values) for these mice. The other percentiles (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th) indicate the distribution of values between the reference limits for each test. Since values for all tests do not conform to the Gaussian distribution, this nonparametric analysis provides reference values that are more accurate than might be obtained from calculation of the mean and standard deviation of a given test. The B6D2F1 mouse, commonly referred to as BDF1, has been widely used for preclinical evaluation of anticancer drugs, and these data should be useful to investigators who are conducting qualitative and quantitative toxicity evaluations in these mice.", "contents": "Hematology and clinical chemistry reference values for C57BL/6 X DBA/2 F1 mice. We have analyzed hematology data from 504 individual male C57BL/6 X DBA/2 (hereafter called B6D2F1) mice. Clinical chemistry data from an additional 304 individual male B6D2F1 mice have also been analyzed. The mice had served as drug-diluent controls in 24 toxicological evaluations of anticancer drugs administered singly or in combination. The studies were carried out under standardized conditions during an 18-month period between July 1975 and December 1976. Test values corresponding to 9 percentiles have been selected from an ordered ranking of values for each of 18 hematologic tests and 18 clinical chemistry tests. Since 95% of the values for a given test are found between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, test values corresponding to these percentiles provide reference values (\"normal\" values) for these mice. The other percentiles (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th) indicate the distribution of values between the reference limits for each test. Since values for all tests do not conform to the Gaussian distribution, this nonparametric analysis provides reference values that are more accurate than might be obtained from calculation of the mean and standard deviation of a given test. The B6D2F1 mouse, commonly referred to as BDF1, has been widely used for preclinical evaluation of anticancer drugs, and these data should be useful to investigators who are conducting qualitative and quantitative toxicity evaluations in these mice.", "PMID": 667857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11972", "title": "Invasive and noninvasive methods of assessing adriamycin cardiotoxic effects in man: superiority of histopathologic assessment using endomyocardial biopsy.", "content": "Endomyocardial biopsies and cardiac catheterizations were performed in 55 patients treated with adriamycin (ADM). Eleven patients underwent serial invasive studies. In addition, most of these patients had systolic time interval determinations, echocardiograms, and electrocardiograms at the time of catheterization. The relationship of these various tests to cumulative dose of ADM and to the incidence of cardiac dysfunction was analyzed. Only pathologic assessment of ADM-induced myocardial damage showed a progressive stepwise increase in severity at successively higher doses of ADM. In addition, the incidence of myocardial dysfunction correlated well only with pathologic findings on biopsy. We conclude that standard noninvasive methods of assessing ADM cardiotoxicity are inadequate and that histopathologic assessment by means of endomyocardial biopsy is a valuable, reliable, and accurate technique.", "contents": "Invasive and noninvasive methods of assessing adriamycin cardiotoxic effects in man: superiority of histopathologic assessment using endomyocardial biopsy. Endomyocardial biopsies and cardiac catheterizations were performed in 55 patients treated with adriamycin (ADM). Eleven patients underwent serial invasive studies. In addition, most of these patients had systolic time interval determinations, echocardiograms, and electrocardiograms at the time of catheterization. The relationship of these various tests to cumulative dose of ADM and to the incidence of cardiac dysfunction was analyzed. Only pathologic assessment of ADM-induced myocardial damage showed a progressive stepwise increase in severity at successively higher doses of ADM. In addition, the incidence of myocardial dysfunction correlated well only with pathologic findings on biopsy. We conclude that standard noninvasive methods of assessing ADM cardiotoxicity are inadequate and that histopathologic assessment by means of endomyocardial biopsy is a valuable, reliable, and accurate technique.", "PMID": 667859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11973", "title": "Anthracycline cardiomyopathy monitored by morphologic changes.", "content": "Seventy-six endomyocardial biopsies obtained from 60 patients receiving adriamycin (ADM) and other anthracycline analogs were studied. The biopsies were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two main types of myocyte degeneration were consistently present, the lesions were focal, and inflammatory infiltrate was absent. The severity of pathologic changes was graded on a scale from 0 (normal) to 3 (marked abnormality). Twelve patients receiving previous mediastinal irradiation (600-5700 rads) showed a mean pathology grade (2.0 +/- 0.89) that was significantly higher than in those patients receiving a comparable dose of ADM but who were not irradiated (1.18 +/- 0.23) (P less than 0.01). This study indicated that radiation, even if remote, enhances ADM-induced cardiotoxicity and evokes a \"recall\" phenomenon of latent acute irradiation changes. Our data suggest that a specific, progressive, subclinical injury to the heart occurs with anthracycline therapy that cannot be detected reliably by conventional tests. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in rabbits, monkeys, and dogs shows the same basic cellular lesions as in man. The analogs, adria-DNA and rubidazone, also show lesions similar to those produced by ADM in the human heart. The endomyocardial biopsy is a reliable method for monitoring cardiac damage due to anthracyclines in man.", "contents": "Anthracycline cardiomyopathy monitored by morphologic changes. Seventy-six endomyocardial biopsies obtained from 60 patients receiving adriamycin (ADM) and other anthracycline analogs were studied. The biopsies were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two main types of myocyte degeneration were consistently present, the lesions were focal, and inflammatory infiltrate was absent. The severity of pathologic changes was graded on a scale from 0 (normal) to 3 (marked abnormality). Twelve patients receiving previous mediastinal irradiation (600-5700 rads) showed a mean pathology grade (2.0 +/- 0.89) that was significantly higher than in those patients receiving a comparable dose of ADM but who were not irradiated (1.18 +/- 0.23) (P less than 0.01). This study indicated that radiation, even if remote, enhances ADM-induced cardiotoxicity and evokes a \"recall\" phenomenon of latent acute irradiation changes. Our data suggest that a specific, progressive, subclinical injury to the heart occurs with anthracycline therapy that cannot be detected reliably by conventional tests. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in rabbits, monkeys, and dogs shows the same basic cellular lesions as in man. The analogs, adria-DNA and rubidazone, also show lesions similar to those produced by ADM in the human heart. The endomyocardial biopsy is a reliable method for monitoring cardiac damage due to anthracyclines in man.", "PMID": 667860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11974", "title": "Clinical spectrum of anthracycline antibiotic cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Anthracycline derivatives may produce early or late cardiotoxic reactions in man. Early effects include: (a) pericarditis-myocarditis which can affect patients with no previous history of cardiac disease and which carries a high mortality rate ( approximately 20%); (b) left ventricular dysfunction which may lead to clinically significant heart failure in patients with limited cardiac reserve; and (c) arrhythmias, the most common of which is sinus tachycardia. Symptomatic supraventriclar tachycardia, heart block, and ventricular arrhythmias can occur, however, and may reflect primary effects on cardiac muscle or the conduction system. Late effects of anthracyclines are directly related to the degree of associated myocyte damage and include subclinical left ventricular dysfunction and overt heart failure. The implications for prognosis and further treatment are discussed for each of these entities and a common pathogenetic mechanism is proposed.", "contents": "Clinical spectrum of anthracycline antibiotic cardiotoxicity. Anthracycline derivatives may produce early or late cardiotoxic reactions in man. Early effects include: (a) pericarditis-myocarditis which can affect patients with no previous history of cardiac disease and which carries a high mortality rate ( approximately 20%); (b) left ventricular dysfunction which may lead to clinically significant heart failure in patients with limited cardiac reserve; and (c) arrhythmias, the most common of which is sinus tachycardia. Symptomatic supraventriclar tachycardia, heart block, and ventricular arrhythmias can occur, however, and may reflect primary effects on cardiac muscle or the conduction system. Late effects of anthracyclines are directly related to the degree of associated myocyte damage and include subclinical left ventricular dysfunction and overt heart failure. The implications for prognosis and further treatment are discussed for each of these entities and a common pathogenetic mechanism is proposed.", "PMID": 667861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11975", "title": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: early detection by systolic time interval and possible prevention by coenzyme Q10.", "content": "Recent work suggests that adriamycin (ADM) cardiotoxicity results from the depletion of coenzyme 10 (CoQ10) activity in myocardial mitochondria. CoQ10 is indispensable in the bioenergetics of coupled respiration of oxidative phosphorylation. It exists naturally in mitochondria, especially in the myocardium. Bertazzoli et al have reported a decrease in ADM-induced cardiotoxicity by CoQ10 both in vivo and in the in vitro isolated rabbit heart. The systolic time interval (ATI) (pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio) has been shown to increase (indicating cardiac dysfunction) with increasing doses of ADM. We have noted a gradual increase in the STI in eight of ten patients receiving 200-500 mg/m2 of ADM. Two of these eight patients had congestive heart failure (CHF) at doses of 200 and 350 mg/m2. The continued daily oral administration of 50 mg of CoQ10 beginning with the first dose of ADM resulted in a decreased incidence of cardiac dysfunction, and a gradual increase in STI occurred in only two of eight patients receiving 200-400 mg/m2 of ADM. CHF was observed inone patient at a dose of 350 mg/m2. It is suggested that CoQ10 was nontoxic and did not affect the antitumor activity or modify the ADM-induced bone marrow toxicity. A prospective randomized study comparing ADM with and without CoQ10 is in progress.", "contents": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: early detection by systolic time interval and possible prevention by coenzyme Q10. Recent work suggests that adriamycin (ADM) cardiotoxicity results from the depletion of coenzyme 10 (CoQ10) activity in myocardial mitochondria. CoQ10 is indispensable in the bioenergetics of coupled respiration of oxidative phosphorylation. It exists naturally in mitochondria, especially in the myocardium. Bertazzoli et al have reported a decrease in ADM-induced cardiotoxicity by CoQ10 both in vivo and in the in vitro isolated rabbit heart. The systolic time interval (ATI) (pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio) has been shown to increase (indicating cardiac dysfunction) with increasing doses of ADM. We have noted a gradual increase in the STI in eight of ten patients receiving 200-500 mg/m2 of ADM. Two of these eight patients had congestive heart failure (CHF) at doses of 200 and 350 mg/m2. The continued daily oral administration of 50 mg of CoQ10 beginning with the first dose of ADM resulted in a decreased incidence of cardiac dysfunction, and a gradual increase in STI occurred in only two of eight patients receiving 200-400 mg/m2 of ADM. CHF was observed inone patient at a dose of 350 mg/m2. It is suggested that CoQ10 was nontoxic and did not affect the antitumor activity or modify the ADM-induced bone marrow toxicity. A prospective randomized study comparing ADM with and without CoQ10 is in progress.", "PMID": 667863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11976", "title": "Systolic time intervals in monitoring for anthracycline cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients.", "content": "Systolic time intervals are of value in measuring left ventricular function. The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) was determined serially in 60 children with cancer receiving anthracycline drugs. Measurements were examined for their predictive value in determining incipient anthracycline cardiomyopathy. An increase in the PEP/LVET ratio was not followed by clinical failure in the majority of patients. Of two patients who developed presumed anthracycline cardiomyopathy, only one demonstrated an increase in the ratio prior to going into heart failure. The value of the PEP/LVET ratio in children for predicting anthracycline cardiomyopathy appears limited, based on the results of this study.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in monitoring for anthracycline cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients. Systolic time intervals are of value in measuring left ventricular function. The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) was determined serially in 60 children with cancer receiving anthracycline drugs. Measurements were examined for their predictive value in determining incipient anthracycline cardiomyopathy. An increase in the PEP/LVET ratio was not followed by clinical failure in the majority of patients. Of two patients who developed presumed anthracycline cardiomyopathy, only one demonstrated an increase in the ratio prior to going into heart failure. The value of the PEP/LVET ratio in children for predicting anthracycline cardiomyopathy appears limited, based on the results of this study.", "PMID": 667866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11977", "title": "Systolic time intervals: an effective measure of cardiac function in anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy of rabbits.", "content": "The laboratory rabbit appears to be an ideal animal model for the study of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in that it exhibits a cumulative, dose-related, histologically similar lesion to that seen in man treated with the same drug. Quantification of this cardiomypathy with respect to total cumulative drug dose has been limited to histologic criteria, a cumbersome method which necessitates killing the study animal. With the intent of adapting noninvasive cardiac function studies, previously proven in man, to the rabbit, serial systolic time interval measurements in normal control and adriamycin (ADM)-treated rabbits are simple, easily performed, and readily reproducible, and accurately reflect physiologic cardiac function. In the rabbit, PEP:LVET ratios greater than 0.447 indicate significant ventricular dysfunction and are consistently seen at cumulative doses of ADM greater than 300 mg/m2.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals: an effective measure of cardiac function in anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy of rabbits. The laboratory rabbit appears to be an ideal animal model for the study of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in that it exhibits a cumulative, dose-related, histologically similar lesion to that seen in man treated with the same drug. Quantification of this cardiomypathy with respect to total cumulative drug dose has been limited to histologic criteria, a cumbersome method which necessitates killing the study animal. With the intent of adapting noninvasive cardiac function studies, previously proven in man, to the rabbit, serial systolic time interval measurements in normal control and adriamycin (ADM)-treated rabbits are simple, easily performed, and readily reproducible, and accurately reflect physiologic cardiac function. In the rabbit, PEP:LVET ratios greater than 0.447 indicate significant ventricular dysfunction and are consistently seen at cumulative doses of ADM greater than 300 mg/m2.", "PMID": 667867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11978", "title": "Serial studies of cardiac function in patients receiving adriamycin.", "content": "A total of 283 adult and pediatric patients treated with drug combinations which include adriamycin (ADM) had at least one cardiac evaluation; 103 patients had two or more serial studies after a baseline evaluation. Changes in systolic time intervals, echocardiographically determined ejection fractions, and electrocardiographic voltage correlated with increasing cumulative ADM dosage. However, the incidence of congestive heart failure among these patients was less than 2%. It is estimated that 22%-31% of these patients would not have completed a cumulative dose of greater than 450 mg/m2 of ADM if the drug had been discontinued on the basis of these tests, using previously published criteria for cessation of treatment. Thus far, however, no adverse effects have been observed from the completion of planned courses of therapy. The clinical significance of serial changes in noninvasive tests is therefore uncertain. While such changes may reflect subclinical anthracycline cardiotoxicity and clinical cardiotoxicity can reliably be diagnosed, the utility of routine, serial noninvasie testing in planning conventional-dose anthracycline therapy is questionable.", "contents": "Serial studies of cardiac function in patients receiving adriamycin. A total of 283 adult and pediatric patients treated with drug combinations which include adriamycin (ADM) had at least one cardiac evaluation; 103 patients had two or more serial studies after a baseline evaluation. Changes in systolic time intervals, echocardiographically determined ejection fractions, and electrocardiographic voltage correlated with increasing cumulative ADM dosage. However, the incidence of congestive heart failure among these patients was less than 2%. It is estimated that 22%-31% of these patients would not have completed a cumulative dose of greater than 450 mg/m2 of ADM if the drug had been discontinued on the basis of these tests, using previously published criteria for cessation of treatment. Thus far, however, no adverse effects have been observed from the completion of planned courses of therapy. The clinical significance of serial changes in noninvasive tests is therefore uncertain. While such changes may reflect subclinical anthracycline cardiotoxicity and clinical cardiotoxicity can reliably be diagnosed, the utility of routine, serial noninvasie testing in planning conventional-dose anthracycline therapy is questionable.", "PMID": 667869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11979", "title": "QRS voltage change with adriamycin administration.", "content": "A decrease in the electrocardiographic limb lead QRS voltage of greater than or equal to 30% was highly correlated with the development of congestive heart failure in patients treated with adriamycin (ADM). It is felt that if a decrease in limb lead QRS voltage greater than or equal to 30% were detected in a patient receiving ADM, cardiomyopathy might be avoided or ameliorated by discontinuation of the drug.", "contents": "QRS voltage change with adriamycin administration. A decrease in the electrocardiographic limb lead QRS voltage of greater than or equal to 30% was highly correlated with the development of congestive heart failure in patients treated with adriamycin (ADM). It is felt that if a decrease in limb lead QRS voltage greater than or equal to 30% were detected in a patient receiving ADM, cardiomyopathy might be avoided or ameliorated by discontinuation of the drug.", "PMID": 667870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11980", "title": "Radionuclide angiography for the evaluation of anthracycline therapy.", "content": "A sensitive and reproducible method to noninvasively monitor cardiac function in patients receiving anthracycline therapy is badly needed. The radionuclide ejection fraction (EFrn) appears to be a suitable technique to provide this hemodynamic information. This paper describes the technique for determining the left ventricular EFrn with the use of technetium99m-labeled rbcs, a gamma scintillation camera, and a dedicated computer. The comparison of radionuclide and radiographic contrast EFrn showed a high correlation ( r = 0.84) in 30 patients.", "contents": "Radionuclide angiography for the evaluation of anthracycline therapy. A sensitive and reproducible method to noninvasively monitor cardiac function in patients receiving anthracycline therapy is badly needed. The radionuclide ejection fraction (EFrn) appears to be a suitable technique to provide this hemodynamic information. This paper describes the technique for determining the left ventricular EFrn with the use of technetium99m-labeled rbcs, a gamma scintillation camera, and a dedicated computer. The comparison of radionuclide and radiographic contrast EFrn showed a high correlation ( r = 0.84) in 30 patients.", "PMID": 667872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11981", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac dysfunction in the cancer patient.", "content": "The concepts of left ventricular function are reviewed with an emphasis on the pitfalls in the clinical assessment of myocardial performance. The application of noninvasive cardiac diagnostic techniques is discussed, including physical examination, systolic time intervals with external pulse recordings, echocardiography, and radionuclide cineangiography.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac dysfunction in the cancer patient. The concepts of left ventricular function are reviewed with an emphasis on the pitfalls in the clinical assessment of myocardial performance. The application of noninvasive cardiac diagnostic techniques is discussed, including physical examination, systolic time intervals with external pulse recordings, echocardiography, and radionuclide cineangiography.", "PMID": 667874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11982", "title": "Time- and dose-dependent changes in ejection fraction determined by radionuclide angiography after anthracycline therapy.", "content": "Twenty patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy were studied by the technique of radionuclide ejection fraction (EFrn). This technique is capable of detecting noninvasively small changes in left ventricular function. Two patterns of anthracycline toxicity emerged: (a) an acute toxicity observable between 24 and 72 hours after administration of greater than 60 mg/m2 of anthracycline with some recovery noted by 72-96 hours (no changes were observed within the first 4 hours after administration of the drug), and (b) a chronic dose-dependent decrease in left ventricular function when studies were performed 3 weeks after the last dose of anthracycline. After anthracyclines were stopped, four of four patients showed significant  recovery in left ventricular function. We concluded that the radionuclide EFrn is a sensitive noninvasive index of left ventricular function which can be used to serially study patients receiving anthracycline therapy and can potentially be used to evaluate pharmacologic means for preventing anthracycline cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Time- and dose-dependent changes in ejection fraction determined by radionuclide angiography after anthracycline therapy. Twenty patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy were studied by the technique of radionuclide ejection fraction (EFrn). This technique is capable of detecting noninvasively small changes in left ventricular function. Two patterns of anthracycline toxicity emerged: (a) an acute toxicity observable between 24 and 72 hours after administration of greater than 60 mg/m2 of anthracycline with some recovery noted by 72-96 hours (no changes were observed within the first 4 hours after administration of the drug), and (b) a chronic dose-dependent decrease in left ventricular function when studies were performed 3 weeks after the last dose of anthracycline. After anthracyclines were stopped, four of four patients showed significant  recovery in left ventricular function. We concluded that the radionuclide EFrn is a sensitive noninvasive index of left ventricular function which can be used to serially study patients receiving anthracycline therapy and can potentially be used to evaluate pharmacologic means for preventing anthracycline cardiotoxicity.", "PMID": 667873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11983", "title": "Structural investigation of Klebsiella serotype K70 polysaccharide.", "content": "By using the techniques of methylation analysis, uronic acid degradation, partial hydrolysis, and periodate oxidation, th structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella serotype K70 has been investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used extensively to characterize fragments obtained as a result of the various degradation procedures. The existence of a linear, hexasaccharide repeating unit having a 1-carboxyethylidene group attached to a 2-linked alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue in every second repeating unit has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Structural investigation of Klebsiella serotype K70 polysaccharide. By using the techniques of methylation analysis, uronic acid degradation, partial hydrolysis, and periodate oxidation, th structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella serotype K70 has been investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used extensively to characterize fragments obtained as a result of the various degradation procedures. The existence of a linear, hexasaccharide repeating unit having a 1-carboxyethylidene group attached to a 2-linked alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue in every second repeating unit has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 667876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11984", "title": "Isolation of a collagen fraction from the body-wall glycoproteins of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and characterization of its carbohydrate--amino acid portion.", "content": "Fractionation of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) body-wall glycoproteins yielded a collagen fraction containing only D-glucose and D-galactose as its carbohydrate constituents. Digestion of the collagen with trypsin and pronase, and alkaline degradation of the resulting glycopeptides, gave a product that contained a disaccharide linked to hydroxylysine. Mild, acid hydrolysis of the N-acetylated glycopeptides yielded a disaccharide consisting of a D-glucose and a D-galactose residue. Various chemical and enzymic reactions of the disaccharide, the glycosyloxylysine, and the glycopeptide fraction indicated that the disaccharide is 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose, and that this is beta-glycosidically linked to O-5 of the hydroxylysine residue in the collagen.", "contents": "Isolation of a collagen fraction from the body-wall glycoproteins of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and characterization of its carbohydrate--amino acid portion. Fractionation of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) body-wall glycoproteins yielded a collagen fraction containing only D-glucose and D-galactose as its carbohydrate constituents. Digestion of the collagen with trypsin and pronase, and alkaline degradation of the resulting glycopeptides, gave a product that contained a disaccharide linked to hydroxylysine. Mild, acid hydrolysis of the N-acetylated glycopeptides yielded a disaccharide consisting of a D-glucose and a D-galactose residue. Various chemical and enzymic reactions of the disaccharide, the glycosyloxylysine, and the glycopeptide fraction indicated that the disaccharide is 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose, and that this is beta-glycosidically linked to O-5 of the hydroxylysine residue in the collagen.", "PMID": 667877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11985", "title": "The dextran acceptor reaction of dextransucrase from Streptococcus mutans K1-R.", "content": "Soluble dextransucrase activity(ies) was eluted with a solution of clinical dextran from the insoluble dextran--cell complex produced by Streptococcus mutans K1-R grown in the presence of sucrose. Studies of the dextran acceptor-reaction of the soluble enzyme-preparation indicate that it is highly specific for dextran of high molecular weight. Increased dextran synthesis in the presence of dextran acceptor and the apparent inhibition of this stimulation by higher concentrations of dextran result from product modification rather than a direct effect on the level of enzyme activity. The results demonstrate that the potentially water-insoluble structure synthesized by dextransucrase on exogenous, soluble dextran acts as a more-efficient acceptor than the soluble dextran. The role of the acceptor reaction in the biosynthesis of complex dextrans is discussed.", "contents": "The dextran acceptor reaction of dextransucrase from Streptococcus mutans K1-R. Soluble dextransucrase activity(ies) was eluted with a solution of clinical dextran from the insoluble dextran--cell complex produced by Streptococcus mutans K1-R grown in the presence of sucrose. Studies of the dextran acceptor-reaction of the soluble enzyme-preparation indicate that it is highly specific for dextran of high molecular weight. Increased dextran synthesis in the presence of dextran acceptor and the apparent inhibition of this stimulation by higher concentrations of dextran result from product modification rather than a direct effect on the level of enzyme activity. The results demonstrate that the potentially water-insoluble structure synthesized by dextransucrase on exogenous, soluble dextran acts as a more-efficient acceptor than the soluble dextran. The role of the acceptor reaction in the biosynthesis of complex dextrans is discussed.", "PMID": 667878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11986", "title": "Long-term management of hypertension.", "content": "The ambulatory management of hypertension is relatively simple. A key factor in the success of any program is motivation of both the physician and the patient. Workup should be limited to a few simple tests as outlined; need rarely, if ever, involve hospitalization; and can be completed in one or two office or clinic visits. Treatment of hypertion over a long-term period involves the use of specific drug therapy, although some slight modification of lifestyle or diet is occasionally helpful. There are numerous drugs available, and in over 80 to 85 percent of cases, an effective combination can be found. Drug therapy must be continuous; it is rare, in our experience, that medication can be completely discontinued. Data available from the Veterans Administration study, as well as my own, clearly indicate that effective lowering of blood pressure over a long period of time is cost-effective and delays or prevents numerous complications that are frequently noted in untreated patients.", "contents": "Long-term management of hypertension. The ambulatory management of hypertension is relatively simple. A key factor in the success of any program is motivation of both the physician and the patient. Workup should be limited to a few simple tests as outlined; need rarely, if ever, involve hospitalization; and can be completed in one or two office or clinic visits. Treatment of hypertion over a long-term period involves the use of specific drug therapy, although some slight modification of lifestyle or diet is occasionally helpful. There are numerous drugs available, and in over 80 to 85 percent of cases, an effective combination can be found. Drug therapy must be continuous; it is rare, in our experience, that medication can be completely discontinued. Data available from the Veterans Administration study, as well as my own, clearly indicate that effective lowering of blood pressure over a long period of time is cost-effective and delays or prevents numerous complications that are frequently noted in untreated patients.", "PMID": 667882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11987", "title": "The interstitial cells in the renal medulla of rat, rabbit, and gerbil in different states of diuresis.", "content": "The inner zone of the renal medulla of rats, gerbils, and rabbits was investigated to determine whether or not there are any characteristic ultrastructural differences between the interstitial cells of these species. The effects on the interstitial cells of water deprivation and water loading were also investigated. In all three species, the Type 1 interstitial cells, the lipid containing cells, were abundant and their distribution and topographical relations as well as their general ultrastructure were similar. The previously reported significantly higher frequency in desert rats could not be confirmed. Although the lipid droplets of the interstitial cells were smaller in gerbils and rabbits when compared to rats, their fine structure was similar. Their electron dense outer zone was sometimes associated with a granular material and/or a lamellar material with a periodicity of about 40 A resembling phospholipid \"myelin figures\". Water-loaded rats showed a considerable increase in the number of lipid droplets when compared to dehydrated or untreated animals. In contrast, the interstitial cells of waterloaded gerbils and rabbits were depleted of lipid droplets.", "contents": "The interstitial cells in the renal medulla of rat, rabbit, and gerbil in different states of diuresis. The inner zone of the renal medulla of rats, gerbils, and rabbits was investigated to determine whether or not there are any characteristic ultrastructural differences between the interstitial cells of these species. The effects on the interstitial cells of water deprivation and water loading were also investigated. In all three species, the Type 1 interstitial cells, the lipid containing cells, were abundant and their distribution and topographical relations as well as their general ultrastructure were similar. The previously reported significantly higher frequency in desert rats could not be confirmed. Although the lipid droplets of the interstitial cells were smaller in gerbils and rabbits when compared to rats, their fine structure was similar. Their electron dense outer zone was sometimes associated with a granular material and/or a lamellar material with a periodicity of about 40 A resembling phospholipid \"myelin figures\". Water-loaded rats showed a considerable increase in the number of lipid droplets when compared to dehydrated or untreated animals. In contrast, the interstitial cells of waterloaded gerbils and rabbits were depleted of lipid droplets.", "PMID": 667905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11988", "title": "Different types of small granule-containing cells and neurons in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla.", "content": "An electron microscopic, histo- and biochemical study was carried out on the adrenal medulla of newborn and adult guinea-pigs giving special emphasis to small granule-containing (SGC) cells. Adrenaline (A) was the predominating catecholamine (CA) both in newborn (70-90% of total CA) and adult (85-90%) guinea-pig adrenals. In analogy to the biochemical findings electron microscopy revealed a high predominance of A cells, which contained large granular vesicles with an average diameter of 180 nm. Most noradrenaline (NA) storing cells showed granular vesicles of a considerably smaller average diameter (80 nm) and had a higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. These cells were termed SGC-NA cells. NA cells with large granular vesicles (average diameter 170 nm) were extremely rare. Another type of SGC cells contained granular vesicles with cores of low to medium electron-density (SGC-NA-negative cells). Biochemical determinations made it unlikely that these cells contained predominantly dopamine (DA). SGC cells were scarcely innervated by cholinergic nerves. They formed processes, which were found both in the adrenal cortex and medulla contacting blood vessels including sinusoid capillaries, steroid producing cells of the reticularis and fasciculata zone and processes, which were interpreted to belong to medullary nerve cells. Two types of neurons were present in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla, one resembling the principal neurons in sympathetic ganglia, the other, which, principal neurons and SGC cells. In adrenomedullary grafts under the kidney capsule, which were studied three weeks after transplantation, \"ordinary\" A cells resembled SGC-NA negative cells with respect to their ultramorphology. Processes of transplanted principal neurons showed uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine and, hence, were considered to be adrenergic. Despite the lack of extrinsic nerves to the transplants, few principal neurons received cholinergic synapses, the origin of which is uncertain to date.", "contents": "Different types of small granule-containing cells and neurons in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla. An electron microscopic, histo- and biochemical study was carried out on the adrenal medulla of newborn and adult guinea-pigs giving special emphasis to small granule-containing (SGC) cells. Adrenaline (A) was the predominating catecholamine (CA) both in newborn (70-90% of total CA) and adult (85-90%) guinea-pig adrenals. In analogy to the biochemical findings electron microscopy revealed a high predominance of A cells, which contained large granular vesicles with an average diameter of 180 nm. Most noradrenaline (NA) storing cells showed granular vesicles of a considerably smaller average diameter (80 nm) and had a higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. These cells were termed SGC-NA cells. NA cells with large granular vesicles (average diameter 170 nm) were extremely rare. Another type of SGC cells contained granular vesicles with cores of low to medium electron-density (SGC-NA-negative cells). Biochemical determinations made it unlikely that these cells contained predominantly dopamine (DA). SGC cells were scarcely innervated by cholinergic nerves. They formed processes, which were found both in the adrenal cortex and medulla contacting blood vessels including sinusoid capillaries, steroid producing cells of the reticularis and fasciculata zone and processes, which were interpreted to belong to medullary nerve cells. Two types of neurons were present in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla, one resembling the principal neurons in sympathetic ganglia, the other, which, principal neurons and SGC cells. In adrenomedullary grafts under the kidney capsule, which were studied three weeks after transplantation, \"ordinary\" A cells resembled SGC-NA negative cells with respect to their ultramorphology. Processes of transplanted principal neurons showed uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine and, hence, were considered to be adrenergic. Despite the lack of extrinsic nerves to the transplants, few principal neurons received cholinergic synapses, the origin of which is uncertain to date.", "PMID": 667906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11989", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the luteo-follicular complex. III. Repair of ovulated follicle and the formation of the corpus luteum.", "content": "As observed by SEM, the repair of an ovulated mammalian follicle is accompanied by a sequence of morphogenetic processes. In the initial phase, a mass of cells and coagulated fluids forms at the site of rupture. Shortly thereafter, connective cells, recruited from the adjacent and subjacent connective tissue stroma begin to proliferate and to migrate over this mass such that in the rabbit, the entire site of disruption is covered by a layer of connective cells by approximately 2 days following ovulation. Coincident with the migration of the connective tissue, superficial cells from undisturbed lateral and basal areas of an ovulated follicle also proliferate and begin to migrate over the newly established connective tissue matrix. By approximately 4 days following ovulation in the rabbit, the surface of an ovulated follicle is repopulated by elements of the superficial epithelium. The formation of the underlying corpus luteum (corpora lutea) involves characteristic morphological changes as granulosa cells transform into steroid secreting luteal cells. The luteal cells become organized into cords of cells which usually surround capillary vessels. When examined by SEM, the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the luteal cell is quite apparent and is observed to form a three-dimension network of anastomosing tubules which are continuous with the nuclear membrane. Variations in the appearance of the surface of the ovary which directly overlies corpora lutea were observed when the mouse, rat and rabbit were compared. The regression of corpora lutea involves the infiltration of the luteal mass by connective tissue and both degeneration and vacuolization of the luteal cells. The regressing corpus luteum is a honey-comb-like structure in which each space is occupied by a degenerating luteal cell.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the luteo-follicular complex. III. Repair of ovulated follicle and the formation of the corpus luteum. As observed by SEM, the repair of an ovulated mammalian follicle is accompanied by a sequence of morphogenetic processes. In the initial phase, a mass of cells and coagulated fluids forms at the site of rupture. Shortly thereafter, connective cells, recruited from the adjacent and subjacent connective tissue stroma begin to proliferate and to migrate over this mass such that in the rabbit, the entire site of disruption is covered by a layer of connective cells by approximately 2 days following ovulation. Coincident with the migration of the connective tissue, superficial cells from undisturbed lateral and basal areas of an ovulated follicle also proliferate and begin to migrate over the newly established connective tissue matrix. By approximately 4 days following ovulation in the rabbit, the surface of an ovulated follicle is repopulated by elements of the superficial epithelium. The formation of the underlying corpus luteum (corpora lutea) involves characteristic morphological changes as granulosa cells transform into steroid secreting luteal cells. The luteal cells become organized into cords of cells which usually surround capillary vessels. When examined by SEM, the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the luteal cell is quite apparent and is observed to form a three-dimension network of anastomosing tubules which are continuous with the nuclear membrane. Variations in the appearance of the surface of the ovary which directly overlies corpora lutea were observed when the mouse, rat and rabbit were compared. The regression of corpora lutea involves the infiltration of the luteal mass by connective tissue and both degeneration and vacuolization of the luteal cells. The regressing corpus luteum is a honey-comb-like structure in which each space is occupied by a degenerating luteal cell.", "PMID": 667907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11990", "title": "Effect of castration and testosterone administration on the neuromuscular junction in the levator ani muscle of the rat.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction (n.m.j.) of the androgen-sensitive levator ani muscle was studied in normal adult male rats, in 8-month-old rats castrated at the age of one month and in castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Castration does not result in significant changes of the n.m.j. The density of synaptic vesicles and the postsynaptic junctional folds remain practically normal inspite of marked atrophy of the muscle. TP administration for 7 days results in marked changes in pre- and postsynaptic structures. There is slow progressive depletion of synaptic vesicles, appearance of cisternae and coated vesicles in axon terminals, and coalescence of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane. Coated vesicles are also found inside Schwann cells and among junctional folds. Dense core vesicles appear both in the axon terminals and in the postsynaptic area. Collateral sprouting of terminal axons with the formation of new immature junctions is observed. After 35 days of TP administration depletion of synaptic vesicles continues. Glycogen beta-particles, mostly freely dispersed, occasionally seen in axon terminals 7 days after TP administration, subsequently increase in number. In the endplate zone of the muscle fibre increased protein synthesis is indicated by a rapid increase in ribosomes and irregularly located myofilaments and myofibrils. The appearance of n.m.j. after testosterone administration resembles that described after nerve stimulation; the degree of change is however less pronounced.", "contents": "Effect of castration and testosterone administration on the neuromuscular junction in the levator ani muscle of the rat. The ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction (n.m.j.) of the androgen-sensitive levator ani muscle was studied in normal adult male rats, in 8-month-old rats castrated at the age of one month and in castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Castration does not result in significant changes of the n.m.j. The density of synaptic vesicles and the postsynaptic junctional folds remain practically normal inspite of marked atrophy of the muscle. TP administration for 7 days results in marked changes in pre- and postsynaptic structures. There is slow progressive depletion of synaptic vesicles, appearance of cisternae and coated vesicles in axon terminals, and coalescence of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane. Coated vesicles are also found inside Schwann cells and among junctional folds. Dense core vesicles appear both in the axon terminals and in the postsynaptic area. Collateral sprouting of terminal axons with the formation of new immature junctions is observed. After 35 days of TP administration depletion of synaptic vesicles continues. Glycogen beta-particles, mostly freely dispersed, occasionally seen in axon terminals 7 days after TP administration, subsequently increase in number. In the endplate zone of the muscle fibre increased protein synthesis is indicated by a rapid increase in ribosomes and irregularly located myofilaments and myofibrils. The appearance of n.m.j. after testosterone administration resembles that described after nerve stimulation; the degree of change is however less pronounced.", "PMID": 667908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11991", "title": "The ultrastructure of the Herring bodies in rats subjected to different experimental conditions.", "content": "A study of the morphology of Herring bodies of the posterior pituitary lobe of rats treated with colchicine and/or exposed to low temperatures has been performed. After treatment with colchicine (20 microgram in distilled water injected intracisternally) a predominance of Herring bodies with a large number of small \"synaptic-like\" vesicles surrounded by neurosecretory granules is found. Exposures to low temperature (4-6 degrees C) result in an increase in the neurosecretory material and the Herring bodies show many neurosecretory granules of different densities. After treatment with colchicine and subsequent exposure to low temperatures, the Herring bodies are characterized by having a great number of autophagic bodies which become more numerous as the length of the exposure is increased; later autophagic vacuoles and lamellar bodies become evident.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the Herring bodies in rats subjected to different experimental conditions. A study of the morphology of Herring bodies of the posterior pituitary lobe of rats treated with colchicine and/or exposed to low temperatures has been performed. After treatment with colchicine (20 microgram in distilled water injected intracisternally) a predominance of Herring bodies with a large number of small \"synaptic-like\" vesicles surrounded by neurosecretory granules is found. Exposures to low temperature (4-6 degrees C) result in an increase in the neurosecretory material and the Herring bodies show many neurosecretory granules of different densities. After treatment with colchicine and subsequent exposure to low temperatures, the Herring bodies are characterized by having a great number of autophagic bodies which become more numerous as the length of the exposure is increased; later autophagic vacuoles and lamellar bodies become evident.", "PMID": 667909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11992", "title": "Cortisone induced alterations of costal cartilage in single and in parabiosed rats.", "content": "Cortisone-treated Buffalo rats have been parabiosed with untreated controls of the same age. The optical and electron microscopy, including histochemistry, of costal cartilage of these rats has been compared with that in single cortisone treated rats, single controls, and control parabiosed with control rats, at 14 and 28 days after parabiosis. Single cortisone-treated rats, in comparison to controls, have shown the greatest alteration in cellular morphology and in the extracellular matrix both at 14 and at 28 days. Cortisone-treated parabiosed rats demonstrate a gradation of these alterations. Cellular alterations include enhancement of lipid and glycogen deposition concrurently with the presence of  numerous large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing beaded irregularly-shaped filaments, banded or unbanded collagen-like fibrils, and/or electron dense lamellar bodies. In the extracellular matrix, matrix vesicles, amianthoid fibers, randomly oriented unbanded fibrillar materials, and filament-like materials are most prominent in the single cortisone-treated rats and they are progressively less prominent in the cortisone-treated parabiosed rats, and in the parabiosed and single controls. Calcification of the extracellular matrix follows a similar pattern and is observed initially in pericellular halos of the single cortisone and in cortisone-treated rats parabiosed with controls. Histochemical techniques have shown that chondroitin sulfate is less demonstrable in the single cortisone and in the cortisone-treated parabiosed rats than it is in the single or parabiosed controls at 14 days but, at 28 days, all untreated or treated rats, single or parabiosed are basically comparable. Glycoproteins are prominent in the single cortisone-treated rats both at 14 and at 28 days and, at these same times, they are progressively less prominent in the cortisone-treated parabiosed rats and in the single or parabiosed controls. Many of the cortisone induced alterations in costal cartilage are suggestive of enhancement of the aging process.", "contents": "Cortisone induced alterations of costal cartilage in single and in parabiosed rats. Cortisone-treated Buffalo rats have been parabiosed with untreated controls of the same age. The optical and electron microscopy, including histochemistry, of costal cartilage of these rats has been compared with that in single cortisone treated rats, single controls, and control parabiosed with control rats, at 14 and 28 days after parabiosis. Single cortisone-treated rats, in comparison to controls, have shown the greatest alteration in cellular morphology and in the extracellular matrix both at 14 and at 28 days. Cortisone-treated parabiosed rats demonstrate a gradation of these alterations. Cellular alterations include enhancement of lipid and glycogen deposition concrurently with the presence of  numerous large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing beaded irregularly-shaped filaments, banded or unbanded collagen-like fibrils, and/or electron dense lamellar bodies. In the extracellular matrix, matrix vesicles, amianthoid fibers, randomly oriented unbanded fibrillar materials, and filament-like materials are most prominent in the single cortisone-treated rats and they are progressively less prominent in the cortisone-treated parabiosed rats, and in the parabiosed and single controls. Calcification of the extracellular matrix follows a similar pattern and is observed initially in pericellular halos of the single cortisone and in cortisone-treated rats parabiosed with controls. Histochemical techniques have shown that chondroitin sulfate is less demonstrable in the single cortisone and in the cortisone-treated parabiosed rats than it is in the single or parabiosed controls at 14 days but, at 28 days, all untreated or treated rats, single or parabiosed are basically comparable. Glycoproteins are prominent in the single cortisone-treated rats both at 14 and at 28 days and, at these same times, they are progressively less prominent in the cortisone-treated parabiosed rats and in the single or parabiosed controls. Many of the cortisone induced alterations in costal cartilage are suggestive of enhancement of the aging process.", "PMID": 667910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11993", "title": "The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the mesenteric connective tissue of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta, Dictyoptera).", "content": "The thick layer of collagenous connective tissue around the mesenteron of the cockroach Periplaneta americana has been examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemical techniques. This sheath, connected to the mesenteric epithelium by a basal lamina and traversed by longitudinal and circular musculature, tracheae and nerves, contains numerous collagen fibrils, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and rare hemocytes. Development starts during the first instars with the production of connective tissue material by fibroblasts. Glycosaminoglycans have been observed with the use of various histochemical reactions, in particular alcian blue staining, metachromasia and enzymatic digestion. The reactions indicate the presence of hyaluronic acid in the various instars, the appearance and increase of sulphated components during development, and the presence of neutral glycoproteins.", "contents": "The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the mesenteric connective tissue of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta, Dictyoptera). The thick layer of collagenous connective tissue around the mesenteron of the cockroach Periplaneta americana has been examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemical techniques. This sheath, connected to the mesenteric epithelium by a basal lamina and traversed by longitudinal and circular musculature, tracheae and nerves, contains numerous collagen fibrils, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and rare hemocytes. Development starts during the first instars with the production of connective tissue material by fibroblasts. Glycosaminoglycans have been observed with the use of various histochemical reactions, in particular alcian blue staining, metachromasia and enzymatic digestion. The reactions indicate the presence of hyaluronic acid in the various instars, the appearance and increase of sulphated components during development, and the presence of neutral glycoproteins.", "PMID": 667911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11994", "title": "A new method for the precise and complete correction of distortion on cineangiographic image: its effect on left ventricular measurements.", "content": "Some of the problems associated with the precise evaluation of left ventricular volumes from angiographic images are due to the magnification and distortion of the pictures obtained from X-ray equipment. Magnification errors can be evaluated easily but the distortion (due to pincushion effect) are more difficult to measure. A mathematical method is proposed for a complete point-by-point correction of errors due to magnification and X-ray distortion. This method is applicable to most currently used angiographic equipment. Since more and more angiographic images are processed with local or remote digital computers, the applicability of the proposed technique becomes realistic. Results from this study show that a 5-30% overestimation of usual geometric ventricular parameters is encountered if no correction is made for distortion. End-diastolic measurements are more affected than end-systolic ones because of the greater degree of spherical distortion at the periphery of the picture area.", "contents": "A new method for the precise and complete correction of distortion on cineangiographic image: its effect on left ventricular measurements. Some of the problems associated with the precise evaluation of left ventricular volumes from angiographic images are due to the magnification and distortion of the pictures obtained from X-ray equipment. Magnification errors can be evaluated easily but the distortion (due to pincushion effect) are more difficult to measure. A mathematical method is proposed for a complete point-by-point correction of errors due to magnification and X-ray distortion. This method is applicable to most currently used angiographic equipment. Since more and more angiographic images are processed with local or remote digital computers, the applicability of the proposed technique becomes realistic. Results from this study show that a 5-30% overestimation of usual geometric ventricular parameters is encountered if no correction is made for distortion. End-diastolic measurements are more affected than end-systolic ones because of the greater degree of spherical distortion at the periphery of the picture area.", "PMID": 667916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11995", "title": "Angiographic anatomy of the left Kugel's artery.", "content": "The left Kugel's artery is an uncommon but sometimes important collateral between the proximal circumflex artery and whatever artery supplies the crux of the heart. It passes anterior to the mitral valve ring, coursing in the interatrial septum, to anastomose usually with the atrioventricular node artery. The left Kugel's artery was prospectively identified on coronary arteriograms in 3.6% of patients with significant disease in dominant circumflex or right coronary arteries with associated collateral circulation. It was occasionally as large as 1 mm in diameter. The angiographic anatomy of this vessel is described.", "contents": "Angiographic anatomy of the left Kugel's artery. The left Kugel's artery is an uncommon but sometimes important collateral between the proximal circumflex artery and whatever artery supplies the crux of the heart. It passes anterior to the mitral valve ring, coursing in the interatrial septum, to anastomose usually with the atrioventricular node artery. The left Kugel's artery was prospectively identified on coronary arteriograms in 3.6% of patients with significant disease in dominant circumflex or right coronary arteries with associated collateral circulation. It was occasionally as large as 1 mm in diameter. The angiographic anatomy of this vessel is described.", "PMID": 667917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11996", "title": "Significance of collateral circulation in patients with left main coronary artery disease.", "content": "Fifty patients with left main coronary artery disease were studied to evaluate the functional role of collateral circulation. The left main was narrowed 50-70% in 22 patients (group I), and more than 70% in 28 patients (group II). Significant disease in the other vessels was equally common in each group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of inter- and intracoronary collaterals in the two groups. Fifteen patients with no collaterals were compared with 35 patients with collaterals, and to a subset of 11 patients with very rich right-to-left collaterals, and there was no significant difference in historic or ECG evidence of old infarction, duration of angina, incidence of unstable angina, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, ejection fraction, or segmental contraction abnormalities. We conclude that there is no evidence of protective effect of collateral vessels in patients with left main disease.", "contents": "Significance of collateral circulation in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Fifty patients with left main coronary artery disease were studied to evaluate the functional role of collateral circulation. The left main was narrowed 50-70% in 22 patients (group I), and more than 70% in 28 patients (group II). Significant disease in the other vessels was equally common in each group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of inter- and intracoronary collaterals in the two groups. Fifteen patients with no collaterals were compared with 35 patients with collaterals, and to a subset of 11 patients with very rich right-to-left collaterals, and there was no significant difference in historic or ECG evidence of old infarction, duration of angina, incidence of unstable angina, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, ejection fraction, or segmental contraction abnormalities. We conclude that there is no evidence of protective effect of collateral vessels in patients with left main disease.", "PMID": 667918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11997", "title": "Submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm--unusual echocardiographic and angiographic features.", "content": "A submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm in a Nigerian patient is described. The features consisted of an abnormal bulge on the left heart border with curvilinear calcification, an echo-free space behind the posterior left ventricular wall, and unusual angiographic appearance of the left circumflex coronary artery. The diagnosis was confirmed by pulmonary artery and left ventricular angiography. The patient underwent open heart surgery and a multiloculated submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm which was adherent to the pericardium was successfully resected.", "contents": "Submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm--unusual echocardiographic and angiographic features. A submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm in a Nigerian patient is described. The features consisted of an abnormal bulge on the left heart border with curvilinear calcification, an echo-free space behind the posterior left ventricular wall, and unusual angiographic appearance of the left circumflex coronary artery. The diagnosis was confirmed by pulmonary artery and left ventricular angiography. The patient underwent open heart surgery and a multiloculated submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm which was adherent to the pericardium was successfully resected.", "PMID": 667919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11998", "title": "Late right ventricular failure after Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "The clinical course and postmortem findings of an unusual case of complete transposition of the great arteries, in which the Mustard operation was not performed until the patient was 12 years of age, are documented with serial catheterizations showing adequate repair. The clinical course of the patient was uneventful for 8 years after surgery, when right (systemic) ventricular failure occurred, resulting in the patient's death at 20 years of age. Late cardiac failure, the cause of death, is not a commonly described problem after successful surgical repair of transposition of the great arteries.", "contents": "Late right ventricular failure after Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. The clinical course and postmortem findings of an unusual case of complete transposition of the great arteries, in which the Mustard operation was not performed until the patient was 12 years of age, are documented with serial catheterizations showing adequate repair. The clinical course of the patient was uneventful for 8 years after surgery, when right (systemic) ventricular failure occurred, resulting in the patient's death at 20 years of age. Late cardiac failure, the cause of death, is not a commonly described problem after successful surgical repair of transposition of the great arteries.", "PMID": 667920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_11999", "title": "Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: a diagnostic challenge.", "content": "This report describes a case of coronary arteriovenous (A-V) fistula involving both the right and the left coronary arteries. The venous component of the two circulations combines into a single channel that empties into the left ventricle just below the mitral valve.", "contents": "Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: a diagnostic challenge. This report describes a case of coronary arteriovenous (A-V) fistula involving both the right and the left coronary arteries. The venous component of the two circulations combines into a single channel that empties into the left ventricle just below the mitral valve.", "PMID": 667921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12000", "title": "Radionuclide scintigraphy in the evaluation of ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 67-year-old man with an autopsy-proven ventricular septal defect (VSD) following an acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction underwent bedside evaluation by radionuclide imaging techniques. The presence of the VSD was confirmed, and the size of the shunt determined by qualitative and quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. In addition, radionuclide ventriculography permitted assessment of global as well as regional left ventricular function.", "contents": "Radionuclide scintigraphy in the evaluation of ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. A 67-year-old man with an autopsy-proven ventricular septal defect (VSD) following an acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction underwent bedside evaluation by radionuclide imaging techniques. The presence of the VSD was confirmed, and the size of the shunt determined by qualitative and quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. In addition, radionuclide ventriculography permitted assessment of global as well as regional left ventricular function.", "PMID": 667922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12001", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and coronary artery ectasia.", "content": "A case of isolated ectasia of the entire right coronary artery and mitral valve prolapse is reported. The patient presented with acute inferior myocardial infarction and progressive angina pectoris. The diagnosis of ectasia of the right coronary artery and mitral prolapse was established angiographically. During a two-year follow-up period, the patient has continued to have angina and has suffered a second inferior myocardial infarction. Subsequent angiographic reevaluation has failed to show occlusive coronary lesions. It is suggested that distal thromboembolism due to changes in the character of blood flow in the dilated vessel has been responsible for the two episodes of myocardial infarction and persistent angina pectoris.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and coronary artery ectasia. A case of isolated ectasia of the entire right coronary artery and mitral valve prolapse is reported. The patient presented with acute inferior myocardial infarction and progressive angina pectoris. The diagnosis of ectasia of the right coronary artery and mitral prolapse was established angiographically. During a two-year follow-up period, the patient has continued to have angina and has suffered a second inferior myocardial infarction. Subsequent angiographic reevaluation has failed to show occlusive coronary lesions. It is suggested that distal thromboembolism due to changes in the character of blood flow in the dilated vessel has been responsible for the two episodes of myocardial infarction and persistent angina pectoris.", "PMID": 667923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12002", "title": "Transseptal left heart catheterization in infants and children.", "content": "Transseptal left heart catheterization was performed in 80 infants and children with various forms of congenital heart disease. The majority had left heart obstructive lesions. Forty percent were under 5 years of age and less than 20 kg in weight. Uncomplicated cardiac perforation occurred in two patients. The technique is described in detail with emphasis on measures which increase the safety of the procedure for the patient. We conclude that this is a useful technique and in selected patients may be the preferred approach to the left heart.", "contents": "Transseptal left heart catheterization in infants and children. Transseptal left heart catheterization was performed in 80 infants and children with various forms of congenital heart disease. The majority had left heart obstructive lesions. Forty percent were under 5 years of age and less than 20 kg in weight. Uncomplicated cardiac perforation occurred in two patients. The technique is described in detail with emphasis on measures which increase the safety of the procedure for the patient. We conclude that this is a useful technique and in selected patients may be the preferred approach to the left heart.", "PMID": 667924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12003", "title": "\"Zero reference\" during cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Hemodynamic pressure measurements obtained during cardiac catheterization studies are calibrated to an arbitrary level where the pressure is considered zero. Despite the fundamental nature of the zero reference level, there is no standardized method for determination of \"zero reference.\" A horizontal metal rod has been constructed to be level with the pressure transducer domes. With lateral radiographic viewing, the metal rod is adjusted to be level with the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. The technique is rapid, reliable, without risk and allows accurate comparison of hemodynamic data between patients and in the same patient longitudinally.", "contents": "\"Zero reference\" during cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic pressure measurements obtained during cardiac catheterization studies are calibrated to an arbitrary level where the pressure is considered zero. Despite the fundamental nature of the zero reference level, there is no standardized method for determination of \"zero reference.\" A horizontal metal rod has been constructed to be level with the pressure transducer domes. With lateral radiographic viewing, the metal rod is adjusted to be level with the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. The technique is rapid, reliable, without risk and allows accurate comparison of hemodynamic data between patients and in the same patient longitudinally.", "PMID": 667925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12004", "title": "Regeneration of mirror symmetrical limbs in the axolotl.", "content": "Mirrow symmetrical, double posterior limbs were produced by two types of operations on tailbud embryos of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. When the limbs had grown to maturity, they were amputated and a study was made of the structures which regenerated in their place. The majority of the regenerates were also reduplicated, although a significant minority showed other types of symmetry. Reduplicate symmetry was often conserved following several amputations, but the number of skeletal elements present in each regenerate tended to vary: both expansion and contraction were found, the changes always occurring in the center of the pattern. These results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms for pattern formation in the anteroposterior axis during regeneration. We suggest that control of normal regeneration is carried out by a monotonic gradient of positional information which is originally set up to control pattern formation during embryonic development.", "contents": "Regeneration of mirror symmetrical limbs in the axolotl. Mirrow symmetrical, double posterior limbs were produced by two types of operations on tailbud embryos of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. When the limbs had grown to maturity, they were amputated and a study was made of the structures which regenerated in their place. The majority of the regenerates were also reduplicated, although a significant minority showed other types of symmetry. Reduplicate symmetry was often conserved following several amputations, but the number of skeletal elements present in each regenerate tended to vary: both expansion and contraction were found, the changes always occurring in the center of the pattern. These results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms for pattern formation in the anteroposterior axis during regeneration. We suggest that control of normal regeneration is carried out by a monotonic gradient of positional information which is originally set up to control pattern formation during embryonic development.", "PMID": 667926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12005", "title": "Sodium butyrate inhibits histone deacetylation in cultured cells.", "content": "Sodium butyrate in millimolar concentrations causes an accumulation of acetylated histone species in a variety of vertebrate cell lines. In all lines tested, butyrate caused hyperacetylation of H3 and H4, and in rat IRC8 cells, H2A and H2B were also affected. In Friend erythroleukemic cells, butyrate also induces the synthesis of a nonhistone chromosomal protein, IP25. butyrate does not affect the rate of histone acetylation in cell-free extracts of nuclei of Friend cells. Rather, this fatty acid inhibits histone deacetylation. Cell-free extracts of either control cells or butyrate-grown cells contain comparable levels of histone-deacetylating activity. This in vitro activity is inhibited by the addition of butyrate to the extracts. Thus butyrate appears to be an inhibitor of histone deacetylases both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Sodium butyrate inhibits histone deacetylation in cultured cells. Sodium butyrate in millimolar concentrations causes an accumulation of acetylated histone species in a variety of vertebrate cell lines. In all lines tested, butyrate caused hyperacetylation of H3 and H4, and in rat IRC8 cells, H2A and H2B were also affected. In Friend erythroleukemic cells, butyrate also induces the synthesis of a nonhistone chromosomal protein, IP25. butyrate does not affect the rate of histone acetylation in cell-free extracts of nuclei of Friend cells. Rather, this fatty acid inhibits histone deacetylation. Cell-free extracts of either control cells or butyrate-grown cells contain comparable levels of histone-deacetylating activity. This in vitro activity is inhibited by the addition of butyrate to the extracts. Thus butyrate appears to be an inhibitor of histone deacetylases both in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 667927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12006", "title": "The effect of sodium butyrate on histone modification.", "content": "The hyperacetylation of histones due to treatment of cultured cells with sodium butyrate has been studied. The hyperacetylation is due to inhibition of histone deacetylase. Other short chain fatty acids including acetic, isobutyric and propionic acid also produce increased modification. Histone H4 already deposited on the chromosome can be rapidly acetylated to the extent of about 70%. That 80% of histone H4 is acetylated after a 24 hr exposure to butyrate is due to the fact that incoming H4 histone is 100% acetylated and does not return to the parental unmodified form in the presence of butyrate.", "contents": "The effect of sodium butyrate on histone modification. The hyperacetylation of histones due to treatment of cultured cells with sodium butyrate has been studied. The hyperacetylation is due to inhibition of histone deacetylase. Other short chain fatty acids including acetic, isobutyric and propionic acid also produce increased modification. Histone H4 already deposited on the chromosome can be rapidly acetylated to the extent of about 70%. That 80% of histone H4 is acetylated after a 24 hr exposure to butyrate is due to the fact that incoming H4 histone is 100% acetylated and does not return to the parental unmodified form in the presence of butyrate.", "PMID": 667928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12007", "title": "Sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA in leaves of the tobacco plant.", "content": "The first measurements are reported of the sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA contained within the cells of a higher plant. Polysomal RNA from tobacco leaves was prepared by a procedure which minimized contamination with nuclear RNA. Hybridization of 3H-cDNA complementary to polysomal poly(A) RNA with an excess of tobacco DNA indicated that greater than 95% of the poly(A) mRNA was transcribed from single-copy sequences. RNA excess hybridization reactions with polysomal poly(A) RNA and 3H-cDNA revealed the presence of three abundance classes in the poly(A) mRNA. The best least-squares solution indicated that these classes comprise 9, 52, and 39% of the poly (A) mRNA and contain sequences present an average of 4500, 340 and 17 times per cell. Hybridization reactions containing an excess of nuclear or total polysomal RNA and 3H-single-copy DNA indicated the complexity of these RNA populations to be 1.19 X 10(8) nucleotides (nuclear) and 3.33 X 10(7) nucleotides (polysomal). Thus only 28% of the nuclear RNA sequence diversity (27,000 average-sized mRNA sequences) is respresented in leaf polysomes. These results suggest that there is a general similarity in the basic transcriptional processes of metaphytan and metazoan cells.", "contents": "Sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA in leaves of the tobacco plant. The first measurements are reported of the sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA contained within the cells of a higher plant. Polysomal RNA from tobacco leaves was prepared by a procedure which minimized contamination with nuclear RNA. Hybridization of 3H-cDNA complementary to polysomal poly(A) RNA with an excess of tobacco DNA indicated that greater than 95% of the poly(A) mRNA was transcribed from single-copy sequences. RNA excess hybridization reactions with polysomal poly(A) RNA and 3H-cDNA revealed the presence of three abundance classes in the poly(A) mRNA. The best least-squares solution indicated that these classes comprise 9, 52, and 39% of the poly (A) mRNA and contain sequences present an average of 4500, 340 and 17 times per cell. Hybridization reactions containing an excess of nuclear or total polysomal RNA and 3H-single-copy DNA indicated the complexity of these RNA populations to be 1.19 X 10(8) nucleotides (nuclear) and 3.33 X 10(7) nucleotides (polysomal). Thus only 28% of the nuclear RNA sequence diversity (27,000 average-sized mRNA sequences) is respresented in leaf polysomes. These results suggest that there is a general similarity in the basic transcriptional processes of metaphytan and metazoan cells.", "PMID": 667929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12008", "title": "The transcription map of mouse mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Nine transcripts complementary to mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA have been detected, sized and mapped to restriction fragments using the method of Berk and Sharp (1977). RNA isolated from L cell mitochondria was hybridized to 32P-labeled, cloned L cell mitochondrial DNA restriction fragments in 70% formamide under conditions 5 degrees C above the melting temperature of the DNA-DNA duplex, but approximately 15 degrees C below the melting temperature of the RNA-DNA duplex. The heteroduplexed material was then treated with the single-strand-specific nuclease S1, whick cleaves the single-stranded DNA not protected by RNA-DNA duplex formation into oligonucleotides and leaves intact 32P-labeled, single-stranded DNA replicas complementary to the transcripts. The single-stranded DNA replicas were then resolved and sized by alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. Hybridization to strand-separated, 32P-labeled L cell mitochondria DNA restriction fragments under the same conditions showed that all nine transcripts hybridized exclusively to the heavy strand (H strand) of restriction fragments isolated as the dense strand from alkaline CsCl gradients, indicating that all stable transcripts 300 bases or longer detected by this technique originate from genes on the H strand. The two most abundant transcripts homologous to mitochondrial DNA map adjacent to the origin of replication. This result is consistent with map positions assigned to the large and small mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs isolated from Xenopus laevis and HeLa cells. Six of the other seven transcripts map continuously in approximately 40% of the genome. Only one transcript of 950 bases maps in the first quadrant of the genome as defined by the origin and direction of mitochondrial DNA replication, and it does not lie within the D loop region. The genetic function of the remaining 75% of this region of the genome is yet to be determined.", "contents": "The transcription map of mouse mitochondrial DNA. Nine transcripts complementary to mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA have been detected, sized and mapped to restriction fragments using the method of Berk and Sharp (1977). RNA isolated from L cell mitochondria was hybridized to 32P-labeled, cloned L cell mitochondrial DNA restriction fragments in 70% formamide under conditions 5 degrees C above the melting temperature of the DNA-DNA duplex, but approximately 15 degrees C below the melting temperature of the RNA-DNA duplex. The heteroduplexed material was then treated with the single-strand-specific nuclease S1, whick cleaves the single-stranded DNA not protected by RNA-DNA duplex formation into oligonucleotides and leaves intact 32P-labeled, single-stranded DNA replicas complementary to the transcripts. The single-stranded DNA replicas were then resolved and sized by alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. Hybridization to strand-separated, 32P-labeled L cell mitochondria DNA restriction fragments under the same conditions showed that all nine transcripts hybridized exclusively to the heavy strand (H strand) of restriction fragments isolated as the dense strand from alkaline CsCl gradients, indicating that all stable transcripts 300 bases or longer detected by this technique originate from genes on the H strand. The two most abundant transcripts homologous to mitochondrial DNA map adjacent to the origin of replication. This result is consistent with map positions assigned to the large and small mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs isolated from Xenopus laevis and HeLa cells. Six of the other seven transcripts map continuously in approximately 40% of the genome. Only one transcript of 950 bases maps in the first quadrant of the genome as defined by the origin and direction of mitochondrial DNA replication, and it does not lie within the D loop region. The genetic function of the remaining 75% of this region of the genome is yet to be determined.", "PMID": 667930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12009", "title": "The replication of kinetoplast DNA networks in Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Kinetoplast DNA from the mitochondria of Crithidia is in the form of a two-dimensional network of thousands of minicircles each containing about 2.5 kb, and a small number of maxicircles each containing about 40 kb. Fractionation of kinetoplast DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl-propidium diiodide gradient resolves it into three types of networks. Form I networks band at high density and contain minicircles which are covalently closed; form II networks band at low density and contain minicircles which are nicked or gapped; and replicating networks band at intermediate density and contain some minicircles of each type. Form I networks contain about 5000 minicircles; form II networks contain about 11,000; and replicating networks contain an intermediate number. When cells are pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine, radioactivity in mitochondrial DNA is preferentially incorporated into replicating networks, but after a chase it appears first in form II networks and finally in form I. Examination of replicating networks by electron microscopy in the presence of ethidium bromide reveals that minicircles in the central region of the network are twisted and therefore covalently closed, whereas those in the peripheral region are not twisted and therefore must be nicked or gapped. The pulse-label is incorporated into the nicked or gapped minicircles of the replicating networks. These results indicate that replication of form I networks begins in peripheral minicircles and that progeny minicircles remain nicked or gapped. As replication proceeds, the size of the network increases, and the peripheral zone of nicked or gapped minicircles enlarges. Finally, when all minicircles have replicated, the network, now form II is double the size of form I and contains only nicked or gapped minicircles. The final step in replication presumably includes both the cleavage of the network into two form I species and the covalent closure of all the minicircles.", "contents": "The replication of kinetoplast DNA networks in Crithidia fasciculata. Kinetoplast DNA from the mitochondria of Crithidia is in the form of a two-dimensional network of thousands of minicircles each containing about 2.5 kb, and a small number of maxicircles each containing about 40 kb. Fractionation of kinetoplast DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl-propidium diiodide gradient resolves it into three types of networks. Form I networks band at high density and contain minicircles which are covalently closed; form II networks band at low density and contain minicircles which are nicked or gapped; and replicating networks band at intermediate density and contain some minicircles of each type. Form I networks contain about 5000 minicircles; form II networks contain about 11,000; and replicating networks contain an intermediate number. When cells are pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine, radioactivity in mitochondrial DNA is preferentially incorporated into replicating networks, but after a chase it appears first in form II networks and finally in form I. Examination of replicating networks by electron microscopy in the presence of ethidium bromide reveals that minicircles in the central region of the network are twisted and therefore covalently closed, whereas those in the peripheral region are not twisted and therefore must be nicked or gapped. The pulse-label is incorporated into the nicked or gapped minicircles of the replicating networks. These results indicate that replication of form I networks begins in peripheral minicircles and that progeny minicircles remain nicked or gapped. As replication proceeds, the size of the network increases, and the peripheral zone of nicked or gapped minicircles enlarges. Finally, when all minicircles have replicated, the network, now form II is double the size of form I and contains only nicked or gapped minicircles. The final step in replication presumably includes both the cleavage of the network into two form I species and the covalent closure of all the minicircles.", "PMID": 667931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12010", "title": "Kinetoplast RNA of Leishmania tarentolae.", "content": "RNA has been isolated from highly purified kinetoplast-mitochondrial fractions of Leishmania tarentolae, and shown to consist of two major species that sediment at 9S and 12S in sucrose and also several additional low molecular weight species which were visualized by gel electrophoresis. The in vivo transcription of 9S and 12S RNAs was inhibited by ethidium bromide and rifampin, and was fairly insensitive to low actinomycin D and camptothecin. The 9S and 12S RNAs were isolated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by sedimentation in sucrose. Both RNAs contained approximately 80% A + U and did not contain long stretches of poly(A). The 9S and 12S RNAs were found to hybridize selectively to the maxicircle sequences of the kinetoplast DNA, implying that the maxicircle, and not the minicircle, represents the informational mitochondrial DNA in the kinetoplast.", "contents": "Kinetoplast RNA of Leishmania tarentolae. RNA has been isolated from highly purified kinetoplast-mitochondrial fractions of Leishmania tarentolae, and shown to consist of two major species that sediment at 9S and 12S in sucrose and also several additional low molecular weight species which were visualized by gel electrophoresis. The in vivo transcription of 9S and 12S RNAs was inhibited by ethidium bromide and rifampin, and was fairly insensitive to low actinomycin D and camptothecin. The 9S and 12S RNAs were isolated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by sedimentation in sucrose. Both RNAs contained approximately 80% A + U and did not contain long stretches of poly(A). The 9S and 12S RNAs were found to hybridize selectively to the maxicircle sequences of the kinetoplast DNA, implying that the maxicircle, and not the minicircle, represents the informational mitochondrial DNA in the kinetoplast.", "PMID": 667932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12011", "title": "Induction of the Drosophila heat shock response in isolated polytene nuclei.", "content": "When Drosophila salivary glands are disrupted in cytoplasm from heat-shocked Drosophila Kc cells in culture, puffs are induced in the polytene nuclei at the heat shock loci. The in vitro response increases with time of incubation, reaching in vivo levels after 2 hr, and is sensitive to alpha-amanitin. Cytoplasm from control Kc cells induces poorly, but prolonged exposure to air or the addition of hydrogen peroxide stimulates induction to the levels observed with cytoplasm from heat-shocked Kc cells. Autoradiography confirms that the heat shock loci induced to puff in vitro are the most actively transcribing sites in the genome.", "contents": "Induction of the Drosophila heat shock response in isolated polytene nuclei. When Drosophila salivary glands are disrupted in cytoplasm from heat-shocked Drosophila Kc cells in culture, puffs are induced in the polytene nuclei at the heat shock loci. The in vitro response increases with time of incubation, reaching in vivo levels after 2 hr, and is sensitive to alpha-amanitin. Cytoplasm from control Kc cells induces poorly, but prolonged exposure to air or the addition of hydrogen peroxide stimulates induction to the levels observed with cytoplasm from heat-shocked Kc cells. Autoradiography confirms that the heat shock loci induced to puff in vitro are the most actively transcribing sites in the genome.", "PMID": 667933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12012", "title": "The synthesis and properties of T25 blycoprotein in Thy-1-negative mutant lymphoma cells.", "content": "The synthesis and properties of T25 glycoprotein which bears the serological specificity Thy-1 have been studied in mutants of cultured mouse lymphoma cells that do not express Thy-1 on their surface. Five complementation classes of mutant cells were previously characterized by somatic genetic analysis. Synthesis of abnormal T25 glycoproteins was detected in four classes of mutants. Each of these aberrant products was degraded move rapidly than T25 glycoprotein of wild-type cells. Defects in the oligosaccharide units of T25 glycoprotein were demonstrated in three classes of mutants. In one of these mutant classes, evidence for a general defect in glycosylation of cell surface glycoproteins was obtained. These data indicate that normal glycosylation of T25 glycoprotein is probably essential for the molecule to be incorporated into the plasma membrane and expressed on the cell surface.", "contents": "The synthesis and properties of T25 blycoprotein in Thy-1-negative mutant lymphoma cells. The synthesis and properties of T25 glycoprotein which bears the serological specificity Thy-1 have been studied in mutants of cultured mouse lymphoma cells that do not express Thy-1 on their surface. Five complementation classes of mutant cells were previously characterized by somatic genetic analysis. Synthesis of abnormal T25 glycoproteins was detected in four classes of mutants. Each of these aberrant products was degraded move rapidly than T25 glycoprotein of wild-type cells. Defects in the oligosaccharide units of T25 glycoprotein were demonstrated in three classes of mutants. In one of these mutant classes, evidence for a general defect in glycosylation of cell surface glycoproteins was obtained. These data indicate that normal glycosylation of T25 glycoprotein is probably essential for the molecule to be incorporated into the plasma membrane and expressed on the cell surface.", "PMID": 667934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12013", "title": "The effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the reexpression of surface immunoglobulin following antigenic modulation.", "content": "P3, a cell line derived from the plasmacytoma MOPC-21 secretes IgG1 (K) and is sensitive to complement (C')-mediated lysis by antibody directed against gamma1 or K. Sensitivity is attributed to the presence of immunoglobulin molecules on the surface membrane, designed Ig-mem. This sensitivity is abolished by antigenic modulation of Ig-mem. Modulated cells, when incubated in the absence of antibody, recover sensitivity to lysis in 4 hr. By measuring the rate of recovery, it has been possible to study the effects of various drugs on the reexpression of Ig-mem. Treatment of modulated cells with cycloheximide (Cx), pactamycin Pc), anisomycin (An), homoharringtonine (Ha) or sparsomycin (Sm), each a specific inhibitor of a different step in protein synthesis, produces a significant reduction in the rate of recovery. Paradoxically, puromycin (Pm), also a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis, does not reduce the rate of recovery. Studies were performed using Pm together with each of the other drugs to gain an understanding of the relationship between protein synthesis and recovery from modulation. Based upon these studies, we conclude that continued operation of the initiation cycle of protein synthesis is required for reexpression of Ig-mem in the absence of de novo protein formation.", "contents": "The effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the reexpression of surface immunoglobulin following antigenic modulation. P3, a cell line derived from the plasmacytoma MOPC-21 secretes IgG1 (K) and is sensitive to complement (C')-mediated lysis by antibody directed against gamma1 or K. Sensitivity is attributed to the presence of immunoglobulin molecules on the surface membrane, designed Ig-mem. This sensitivity is abolished by antigenic modulation of Ig-mem. Modulated cells, when incubated in the absence of antibody, recover sensitivity to lysis in 4 hr. By measuring the rate of recovery, it has been possible to study the effects of various drugs on the reexpression of Ig-mem. Treatment of modulated cells with cycloheximide (Cx), pactamycin Pc), anisomycin (An), homoharringtonine (Ha) or sparsomycin (Sm), each a specific inhibitor of a different step in protein synthesis, produces a significant reduction in the rate of recovery. Paradoxically, puromycin (Pm), also a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis, does not reduce the rate of recovery. Studies were performed using Pm together with each of the other drugs to gain an understanding of the relationship between protein synthesis and recovery from modulation. Based upon these studies, we conclude that continued operation of the initiation cycle of protein synthesis is required for reexpression of Ig-mem in the absence of de novo protein formation.", "PMID": 667935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12014", "title": "Production of monoclonal antibodies to group A erythrocytes, HLA and other human cell surface antigens-new tools for genetic analysis.", "content": "Antibody-secreting hybrid cells have been derived from a fusion between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from a mouse immunized with membrane from human tonsil lymphocyte preparations. Hybrids secreting antibodies to cell surface antigens were detected by assaying culture supernatants for antibody binding to human tonsil cells. Six different antibodies (called W6/1, /28, /32, /34, /45 and /46 were analyzed. These were either against antigens of wide tissue distribution (W6/32, /34, and /46) or mainly on erythrocytes (W6/1 and W6/28). One of the anti-erythrocyte antibodies (W6/1) detected a polymorphic antigen, since blood group A1 and A2 erythrocytes were labeled while B and O were not. Antibodies W6/34, /45 and /46 were all against antigens which were mapped to the short arm of chromosome 11 by segregation analysis of mouse-human hybrids. Immunoprecipitation studies suggest that W6/45 antigen may be a protein of 16,000 dalton, apparent molecular weight, while W6/34 and /46 antigens could not be detected by this technique. Antibody W6/32 is against a determinant common to most, if not all, of the 43,000 dalton molecular weight chains of HLA-A, B and C antigens. This was established by somatic cell genetic techniques and by immunoprecipitation analysis. Tonsil leucocytes bound 370,000 W6/32 antibody molecules per cell at saturation. The hybrid myelomas W6/32 and W6/34 have been cloned, and both secrete an IgG2 antibody. W6/32 cells were grown in mice, and the serum of the tumor-bearing animals contained greater than 10 mg/ml of monoclonal antibody. The experiments established the usefulness of the bybrid myeloma technique in preparing monospecific antibodies against human cell surface antigens. In particular, this study highlights the possibilities not only of obtaining reagents for somatic cell genetics, but also of obtaining mouse antibodies detecting human antigenic polymorphisms.", "contents": "Production of monoclonal antibodies to group A erythrocytes, HLA and other human cell surface antigens-new tools for genetic analysis. Antibody-secreting hybrid cells have been derived from a fusion between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from a mouse immunized with membrane from human tonsil lymphocyte preparations. Hybrids secreting antibodies to cell surface antigens were detected by assaying culture supernatants for antibody binding to human tonsil cells. Six different antibodies (called W6/1, /28, /32, /34, /45 and /46 were analyzed. These were either against antigens of wide tissue distribution (W6/32, /34, and /46) or mainly on erythrocytes (W6/1 and W6/28). One of the anti-erythrocyte antibodies (W6/1) detected a polymorphic antigen, since blood group A1 and A2 erythrocytes were labeled while B and O were not. Antibodies W6/34, /45 and /46 were all against antigens which were mapped to the short arm of chromosome 11 by segregation analysis of mouse-human hybrids. Immunoprecipitation studies suggest that W6/45 antigen may be a protein of 16,000 dalton, apparent molecular weight, while W6/34 and /46 antigens could not be detected by this technique. Antibody W6/32 is against a determinant common to most, if not all, of the 43,000 dalton molecular weight chains of HLA-A, B and C antigens. This was established by somatic cell genetic techniques and by immunoprecipitation analysis. Tonsil leucocytes bound 370,000 W6/32 antibody molecules per cell at saturation. The hybrid myelomas W6/32 and W6/34 have been cloned, and both secrete an IgG2 antibody. W6/32 cells were grown in mice, and the serum of the tumor-bearing animals contained greater than 10 mg/ml of monoclonal antibody. The experiments established the usefulness of the bybrid myeloma technique in preparing monospecific antibodies against human cell surface antigens. In particular, this study highlights the possibilities not only of obtaining reagents for somatic cell genetics, but also of obtaining mouse antibodies detecting human antigenic polymorphisms.", "PMID": 667938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12015", "title": "Length and sequence heterogeneity of the histone gene repeat unit of the sea urchin, S. purpuratus.", "content": "Histone gene repeats in S. purpuratus are shown to be of variable length and sequence. Two recombinant plasmids containing the full-length 6.3 kb histone repeat unit are found to differer in length at two sites in the repeating structure and in the occurrence of two restriction enzyme recognition sites. Variation in repeat length is also demonstrated in the unfractionated DNA of five sea urchins and in a sample of DNA enriched for histone gene sequences by density gradient methods. The repeats in each individual are of a very limited number of major classes, which may differ from one another in overall length or in distribution and presence of particular restriction enzyme sites. Variations are found to occur at many regions of the repeat; some have been mapped specifically to spacer regions. Repeats may differ dramatically from individual to individual since there is no one type of repeat class common to all, although the absolute length differences of the repeats that are found are small.", "contents": "Length and sequence heterogeneity of the histone gene repeat unit of the sea urchin, S. purpuratus. Histone gene repeats in S. purpuratus are shown to be of variable length and sequence. Two recombinant plasmids containing the full-length 6.3 kb histone repeat unit are found to differer in length at two sites in the repeating structure and in the occurrence of two restriction enzyme recognition sites. Variation in repeat length is also demonstrated in the unfractionated DNA of five sea urchins and in a sample of DNA enriched for histone gene sequences by density gradient methods. The repeats in each individual are of a very limited number of major classes, which may differ from one another in overall length or in distribution and presence of particular restriction enzyme sites. Variations are found to occur at many regions of the repeat; some have been mapped specifically to spacer regions. Repeats may differ dramatically from individual to individual since there is no one type of repeat class common to all, although the absolute length differences of the repeats that are found are small.", "PMID": 667939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12016", "title": "Characterization of beta-globin mRNA in the beta0 thalassemias.", "content": "A number of cases of beta0 thalassemia have been examined for the presence or absence of beta-globin mRNA. Total RNA extracted from peripheral blood was hybridized to purified complementary DNA specific for beta-globin mRNA, and to beta-cDNA probes specific for the 5' and 3' noncoding regions of beta-globin mRNA. Three clear-cut categories of beta0 thalassemia were identified. The first type had no detectable beta-globin mRNA. A second typed had beta-globin mRNA sequences which hybridized incompletely to the cDNA probes and probably represented mRNAs with grossly altered structures. A third type appeared to have essentially intact, though untranslatable, beta-globin mRNA. Depurination products from 5' and 3' beta-cDNAs synthesized from this latter mRNA were identical to those from normal beta-globin mRNA, but the relative yields were different, suggesting a possible defect near the initiation codon.", "contents": "Characterization of beta-globin mRNA in the beta0 thalassemias. A number of cases of beta0 thalassemia have been examined for the presence or absence of beta-globin mRNA. Total RNA extracted from peripheral blood was hybridized to purified complementary DNA specific for beta-globin mRNA, and to beta-cDNA probes specific for the 5' and 3' noncoding regions of beta-globin mRNA. Three clear-cut categories of beta0 thalassemia were identified. The first type had no detectable beta-globin mRNA. A second typed had beta-globin mRNA sequences which hybridized incompletely to the cDNA probes and probably represented mRNAs with grossly altered structures. A third type appeared to have essentially intact, though untranslatable, beta-globin mRNA. Depurination products from 5' and 3' beta-cDNAs synthesized from this latter mRNA were identical to those from normal beta-globin mRNA, but the relative yields were different, suggesting a possible defect near the initiation codon.", "PMID": 667941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12017", "title": "Variability in the amount of beta-globin mRNA in beta0 thalassemia.", "content": "Globin mRNA isolated from a number of beta0 thalassemia patients of different ethnic origins was analyzed by RNA-cDNA hybridization and, in two cases, by fingerprint analysis of 125I-labeled mRNA. Quantitation of the relative amounts of alpha- and beta-mRNA by hybridization to purified alpha-and beta-cDNA revealed that in approximately half the cases, there was less than 1% as much beta-mRNA as alpha-mRNA. In the rest of the cases, low levels of beta-like mRNA were detected in amounts 4-12% as abundant as alpha-mRNA. There was variability in the yield of beta-like mRNA in patients of the same racial group, in the same patient at different times and in similarly affected siblings: beta-mRNA was virtually absent in some samples, whereas low but significant levels were found in other samples. In one patient, beta-like mRNA was not detected in peripheral blood RNA, but was present in the RNA of bone marrow cells. In one case, the thermal stability of the beta0 thalassemia mRNA-beta-cDNA hybrid was measured and found to be slightly lower than that of the authentic beta-mRNA-beta-cDNA hybrid. In none of the cases tested was there synthesis of beta-globin chains directed by beta0 thalassemia mRNA in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system, even when beta-like mRNA was detected in the sample by hybridization assays. mRNA from two patients was labeled in vitro with 125I, digested with T1 RNAase and fractionated in two dimensions. Analysis of the resulting fingerprints revealed the presence of prominent alpha chain-specific oligonucleotides without detectable beta chain-specific oligonucleotides, and thereby confirmed the results of hybridization assays showing absent or very low levels of beta-mRNA in the same RNA samples. Our results support the concept that beta0 thalassemia is heterogeneous in its molecular basis even within the same racial group: in some patients, it is associated with absent beta globin mRNA, whereas in other patients, it is associated with low but significant levels of nonfunctional beta or beta-like globin mRNA. The variable amounts of beta-like mRNA detected in different samples from the same patient, and in patients with the same genotype, indicate that as yet undefined factors can influence the yield of beta-like mRNA observed in beta0 thalassemia.", "contents": "Variability in the amount of beta-globin mRNA in beta0 thalassemia. Globin mRNA isolated from a number of beta0 thalassemia patients of different ethnic origins was analyzed by RNA-cDNA hybridization and, in two cases, by fingerprint analysis of 125I-labeled mRNA. Quantitation of the relative amounts of alpha- and beta-mRNA by hybridization to purified alpha-and beta-cDNA revealed that in approximately half the cases, there was less than 1% as much beta-mRNA as alpha-mRNA. In the rest of the cases, low levels of beta-like mRNA were detected in amounts 4-12% as abundant as alpha-mRNA. There was variability in the yield of beta-like mRNA in patients of the same racial group, in the same patient at different times and in similarly affected siblings: beta-mRNA was virtually absent in some samples, whereas low but significant levels were found in other samples. In one patient, beta-like mRNA was not detected in peripheral blood RNA, but was present in the RNA of bone marrow cells. In one case, the thermal stability of the beta0 thalassemia mRNA-beta-cDNA hybrid was measured and found to be slightly lower than that of the authentic beta-mRNA-beta-cDNA hybrid. In none of the cases tested was there synthesis of beta-globin chains directed by beta0 thalassemia mRNA in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system, even when beta-like mRNA was detected in the sample by hybridization assays. mRNA from two patients was labeled in vitro with 125I, digested with T1 RNAase and fractionated in two dimensions. Analysis of the resulting fingerprints revealed the presence of prominent alpha chain-specific oligonucleotides without detectable beta chain-specific oligonucleotides, and thereby confirmed the results of hybridization assays showing absent or very low levels of beta-mRNA in the same RNA samples. Our results support the concept that beta0 thalassemia is heterogeneous in its molecular basis even within the same racial group: in some patients, it is associated with absent beta globin mRNA, whereas in other patients, it is associated with low but significant levels of nonfunctional beta or beta-like globin mRNA. The variable amounts of beta-like mRNA detected in different samples from the same patient, and in patients with the same genotype, indicate that as yet undefined factors can influence the yield of beta-like mRNA observed in beta0 thalassemia.", "PMID": 667942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12018", "title": "Histone gene transcripts in the cleavage and mesenchyme blastula embryo of the sea urchin, S. purpuratus.", "content": "Two distinct populations of histone gene transcripts have been identified in the sea urchin embryo. Both late cleavage and mesenchyme blastula stages contain histone transcripts which hybridize to a full-length histone repeat recombinant DNA, pCO1. The histone RNAs of the two stages, however, are dissimilar in sequence. While the transcripts of the cleavage embryo form well matched hybrids with the plasmid DNA which are relatively resistant to RNAase, the hybrids containing the mesenchyme blastula transcripts melt some 10 degrees C lower and are twice as sensitive to RNAase. Hybridization of the two RNA samples to the Hha I fragments of the histone DNA, or to segments of the histone repeat subcloned in other plasmids, shows that many regions scattered along the repeat are complementary to widely diverged transcripts in the mesenchyme blastula RNA. The two RNA populations consist predominantly of polysomal RNA sequences and are most probably mRNAs for the five histones. The mesenchyme blastula RNA sequences in both S. purpuratus and L. pictus form hybrids with pCO1 DNA that are less stable than those containing L. pictus cleavage RNA, indicating the wide divergence of the two histone RNA populations. The bulk of the histone genes in S. purpuratus appear to be of the type coding for the early mRNAs. Only a small percentage of the several hundred gene copies are candidates for the type coding for the late mRNAs. The melting characteristics of the hybrids and the sensitivity of RNAase provide an assay for the late embryonic histone genes. Of the total RNA labeled during a 10 min pulse in the cleavage embryo, histone transcripts represent approximately 9.7 and 6.5% of the radioactivity in S. purpuratus and L. pictus, respectively. These values fall to 0.57 and 1.4%, respectively, at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Although histone genes are transcribed during these two periods, the type of gene which is active is switched at some point prior to the mesenchyme blastula stage.", "contents": "Histone gene transcripts in the cleavage and mesenchyme blastula embryo of the sea urchin, S. purpuratus. Two distinct populations of histone gene transcripts have been identified in the sea urchin embryo. Both late cleavage and mesenchyme blastula stages contain histone transcripts which hybridize to a full-length histone repeat recombinant DNA, pCO1. The histone RNAs of the two stages, however, are dissimilar in sequence. While the transcripts of the cleavage embryo form well matched hybrids with the plasmid DNA which are relatively resistant to RNAase, the hybrids containing the mesenchyme blastula transcripts melt some 10 degrees C lower and are twice as sensitive to RNAase. Hybridization of the two RNA samples to the Hha I fragments of the histone DNA, or to segments of the histone repeat subcloned in other plasmids, shows that many regions scattered along the repeat are complementary to widely diverged transcripts in the mesenchyme blastula RNA. The two RNA populations consist predominantly of polysomal RNA sequences and are most probably mRNAs for the five histones. The mesenchyme blastula RNA sequences in both S. purpuratus and L. pictus form hybrids with pCO1 DNA that are less stable than those containing L. pictus cleavage RNA, indicating the wide divergence of the two histone RNA populations. The bulk of the histone genes in S. purpuratus appear to be of the type coding for the early mRNAs. Only a small percentage of the several hundred gene copies are candidates for the type coding for the late mRNAs. The melting characteristics of the hybrids and the sensitivity of RNAase provide an assay for the late embryonic histone genes. Of the total RNA labeled during a 10 min pulse in the cleavage embryo, histone transcripts represent approximately 9.7 and 6.5% of the radioactivity in S. purpuratus and L. pictus, respectively. These values fall to 0.57 and 1.4%, respectively, at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Although histone genes are transcribed during these two periods, the type of gene which is active is switched at some point prior to the mesenchyme blastula stage.", "PMID": 667943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12019", "title": "A change in the stability of globin mRNA during the induction of murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The stability of globin mRNA in murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) before and during DMSO-induced differentiation was investigated. Cells were exposed to 3H-uridine for 2 hr and then transferred to medium without the radioactive precursor. The loss of radioactivity in total RNA, poly(A)-containing RNA and globin mRNA was followed. The globin mRNA was isolated using a highly specific globin cDNA column. In uninduced cells and cells early in differentiation, the globin mRNA decays with a half-life of less than 50 hr. After 4 days of induction, the globin mRNA decays with a half-life of 17 hr, demonstrating a change in stability during the induction process. Although the stability of globin mRNA changes during induction, this is not true for total poly(A)-containing RNA. At all times of induction, the poly(A)-containing RNA decays as two populations, one with a half-life of 6 hr and the other with a half-life of 36 hr. The half-life of the rRNA also remains unchanged during differentiation.", "contents": "A change in the stability of globin mRNA during the induction of murine erythroleukemia cells. The stability of globin mRNA in murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) before and during DMSO-induced differentiation was investigated. Cells were exposed to 3H-uridine for 2 hr and then transferred to medium without the radioactive precursor. The loss of radioactivity in total RNA, poly(A)-containing RNA and globin mRNA was followed. The globin mRNA was isolated using a highly specific globin cDNA column. In uninduced cells and cells early in differentiation, the globin mRNA decays with a half-life of less than 50 hr. After 4 days of induction, the globin mRNA decays with a half-life of 17 hr, demonstrating a change in stability during the induction process. Although the stability of globin mRNA changes during induction, this is not true for total poly(A)-containing RNA. At all times of induction, the poly(A)-containing RNA decays as two populations, one with a half-life of 6 hr and the other with a half-life of 36 hr. The half-life of the rRNA also remains unchanged during differentiation.", "PMID": 667945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12020", "title": "Studies on intercellular LETS glycoprotein matrices.", "content": "Intercellular matrices secreted by chick embryo fibroblasts in culture were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Cell-cell contact is a prerequisite for the expression of such matrices. The smallest fiber detected by transmission electron microscopy is 5--10 nm in diameter. These matrix fibers tend to cluster to form bundles. Immunofluorescence and immunoferritin procedures reveal that LETS protein is one of the components of the matrices. The matrices are isolated from other cellular organelles by detergent treatment. More than 90% of the proteins in cell-free matrices are LETS protein, suggesting that the matrices are probably made of only one component--LETS protein. Since the solubilization of matrices requires beta-mercaptoethanol, LETS protein matrices may be the first known polymer system in nature to use disulfide linkage as an intermolecular polymerization vehicle. Collagen does not appear to be involved in such matrices. The LETS protein matrix supports the morphological conversion of rounded cells into spindle-shaped, and also promotes myoblast fusion. It does not, however, exert an effect upon cell growth, the rate of glucose uptake or protease production.", "contents": "Studies on intercellular LETS glycoprotein matrices. Intercellular matrices secreted by chick embryo fibroblasts in culture were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Cell-cell contact is a prerequisite for the expression of such matrices. The smallest fiber detected by transmission electron microscopy is 5--10 nm in diameter. These matrix fibers tend to cluster to form bundles. Immunofluorescence and immunoferritin procedures reveal that LETS protein is one of the components of the matrices. The matrices are isolated from other cellular organelles by detergent treatment. More than 90% of the proteins in cell-free matrices are LETS protein, suggesting that the matrices are probably made of only one component--LETS protein. Since the solubilization of matrices requires beta-mercaptoethanol, LETS protein matrices may be the first known polymer system in nature to use disulfide linkage as an intermolecular polymerization vehicle. Collagen does not appear to be involved in such matrices. The LETS protein matrix supports the morphological conversion of rounded cells into spindle-shaped, and also promotes myoblast fusion. It does not, however, exert an effect upon cell growth, the rate of glucose uptake or protease production.", "PMID": 667946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12021", "title": "Synthesis of tropomyosin in myogenic cultures and in RNA-directed cell-free systems: qualitative changes in the polypeptides.", "content": "The synthesis of polypeptides with the properties of alpha and beta tropomyosin was investigated in differentiating cultures of a myogenic cell line and in a wheat germ cell-free system directed by purified RNA extracted at different stages of differentiation. The polypeptides co-migrate with tropomyosin in isoelectric focusing and SDS two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and SDS-urea/SDS two-dimensional gels. Like authentic tropomyosin, these polypeptides change their mobility greatly in the presence of urea and do not become labeled with proline. The beta tropomyosin synthesized in the intact cells and in the cell-free system can be separated by isoelectric focusing into at least two components. One component (designated beta1) is present in a small amount at all developmental stages examined, and a more basic component (beta2) is specific for differentiated cultures. The synthesis of beta2 in the intact cells and the capacity of purified RNA to direct its synthesis in a cell-free system become detectable and increase greatly during the period of fusion of the mononucleated cells into multinucleated fibers. The results suggest that the beta1 and beta2 tropomyosins are coded for by different genes.", "contents": "Synthesis of tropomyosin in myogenic cultures and in RNA-directed cell-free systems: qualitative changes in the polypeptides. The synthesis of polypeptides with the properties of alpha and beta tropomyosin was investigated in differentiating cultures of a myogenic cell line and in a wheat germ cell-free system directed by purified RNA extracted at different stages of differentiation. The polypeptides co-migrate with tropomyosin in isoelectric focusing and SDS two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and SDS-urea/SDS two-dimensional gels. Like authentic tropomyosin, these polypeptides change their mobility greatly in the presence of urea and do not become labeled with proline. The beta tropomyosin synthesized in the intact cells and in the cell-free system can be separated by isoelectric focusing into at least two components. One component (designated beta1) is present in a small amount at all developmental stages examined, and a more basic component (beta2) is specific for differentiated cultures. The synthesis of beta2 in the intact cells and the capacity of purified RNA to direct its synthesis in a cell-free system become detectable and increase greatly during the period of fusion of the mononucleated cells into multinucleated fibers. The results suggest that the beta1 and beta2 tropomyosins are coded for by different genes.", "PMID": 667947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12022", "title": "Isolation and characterization of amphotericin B-resistant cell lines in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic which interacts specifically with sterols in mammalian cell membranes. Amphotericin B-resistant (AMBr) lines of stable phenotype have been isolated from cultured Chinese hamster (V79) cells. Three AMBr clones (AMBr-1, -2 and -3) isolated independently after treatment with nitrosoguanidine were resistant to greater than or equal to microgram/ml of the antibiotic, while DNA synthesis as well as the colony-forming ability of the parental V79 cells was blocked by greater than 80% of control in the presence of 20--50 microgram/ml amphotericin B. The AMBr cell line also exhibited increased resistance to other polyene macrolide antibiotics such as nystatin and pentamycin. Other agents, however, such as cytosine arabinoside or ricin, blocked DNA synthesis in AMBr cells to the same extent as in V79 cells. The amphotericin B resistance phenotype was stably retained even after AMBr cells were cultured in the absence of the drug for over 200 generations. The control of free cholesterol or its esters was significantly decreased in all three resistant clones. Furthermore, cholesterol synthesis from acetate as well as mevalonate was partly defective in AMBr cells, compared with that in V79 cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of amphotericin B-resistant cell lines in Chinese hamster cells. Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic which interacts specifically with sterols in mammalian cell membranes. Amphotericin B-resistant (AMBr) lines of stable phenotype have been isolated from cultured Chinese hamster (V79) cells. Three AMBr clones (AMBr-1, -2 and -3) isolated independently after treatment with nitrosoguanidine were resistant to greater than or equal to microgram/ml of the antibiotic, while DNA synthesis as well as the colony-forming ability of the parental V79 cells was blocked by greater than 80% of control in the presence of 20--50 microgram/ml amphotericin B. The AMBr cell line also exhibited increased resistance to other polyene macrolide antibiotics such as nystatin and pentamycin. Other agents, however, such as cytosine arabinoside or ricin, blocked DNA synthesis in AMBr cells to the same extent as in V79 cells. The amphotericin B resistance phenotype was stably retained even after AMBr cells were cultured in the absence of the drug for over 200 generations. The control of free cholesterol or its esters was significantly decreased in all three resistant clones. Furthermore, cholesterol synthesis from acetate as well as mevalonate was partly defective in AMBr cells, compared with that in V79 cells.", "PMID": 667948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12023", "title": "The adhesive interaction between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The results of this investigation indicate an adhesive specificity between PMN and cultured endothelial cells. This was monitored by the mono-layer collection assay and by direct cell counts using the scanning electron microscope. Both techniques showed that significantly more PMN attached to endothelial cells than to a variety of other cell types. The interaction can be modulated by divalent cations and neuraminidase, implying a role for surface charge. In the presence of chemotactic agents, the number of PMN adhering to endothelial cells increases. This system presents a good model for studying the process of PMN margination which occurs in vivo during the acute inflammatory response.", "contents": "The adhesive interaction between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. The results of this investigation indicate an adhesive specificity between PMN and cultured endothelial cells. This was monitored by the mono-layer collection assay and by direct cell counts using the scanning electron microscope. Both techniques showed that significantly more PMN attached to endothelial cells than to a variety of other cell types. The interaction can be modulated by divalent cations and neuraminidase, implying a role for surface charge. In the presence of chemotactic agents, the number of PMN adhering to endothelial cells increases. This system presents a good model for studying the process of PMN margination which occurs in vivo during the acute inflammatory response.", "PMID": 667949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12024", "title": "Effects of LETS glycoprotein on cell motility.", "content": "Addition of LETS glycoprotein to normal or transformed cells produces increased migration of the cells, as determined by formation of phagokinetic tracks on gold particle-coated coverslips. These tracks arise by a combination of phagocytosis of the gold particles and cellular migration. Increased motility is also evident on plastic in the absence of gold particles. The added LETS protein attaches to the cells in a fibrillar network, and binding is greater to normal than to transformed cells. The effects of LETS protein on migration are consistent with its effects on cell adhesion, morphology and cytoskeleton, and have potential implications for the determination of cellular migration in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of LETS glycoprotein on cell motility. Addition of LETS glycoprotein to normal or transformed cells produces increased migration of the cells, as determined by formation of phagokinetic tracks on gold particle-coated coverslips. These tracks arise by a combination of phagocytosis of the gold particles and cellular migration. Increased motility is also evident on plastic in the absence of gold particles. The added LETS protein attaches to the cells in a fibrillar network, and binding is greater to normal than to transformed cells. The effects of LETS protein on migration are consistent with its effects on cell adhesion, morphology and cytoskeleton, and have potential implications for the determination of cellular migration in vivo.", "PMID": 667950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12025", "title": "Developmental relationships between vitelline and intra-embryonic haemopoiesis studied in avian 'yolk sac chimaeras'.", "content": "Using the quail-chick marker technique, cells have been traced in the haemopoietic organs of 149 developing chimaeras composed of a quail embryo with a chick yolk sac. The existence of intraembryonic stem cell relaying yolk sac stem cells, previously demonstrated with this system, is confirmed. Thymus, bursa of Fabricius and bone marrow are preferentially populated by intraembryonic stem cells. The spleen shows a transitory phase of colonization by chick yolk sac stem cells at 11--12 days of incubation. From 7 days onwards the yolk sac receives quail stem cell emigrating from the embryo.", "contents": "Developmental relationships between vitelline and intra-embryonic haemopoiesis studied in avian 'yolk sac chimaeras'. Using the quail-chick marker technique, cells have been traced in the haemopoietic organs of 149 developing chimaeras composed of a quail embryo with a chick yolk sac. The existence of intraembryonic stem cell relaying yolk sac stem cells, previously demonstrated with this system, is confirmed. Thymus, bursa of Fabricius and bone marrow are preferentially populated by intraembryonic stem cells. The spleen shows a transitory phase of colonization by chick yolk sac stem cells at 11--12 days of incubation. From 7 days onwards the yolk sac receives quail stem cell emigrating from the embryo.", "PMID": 667951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12026", "title": "On the occurence and composition of dense particles in mitochondria in ultrathin frozen dry sections.", "content": "Clusters of dense particles were observed irregularly in mitochondrial profiles of shock-frozen brown adipose tissue and liver when cryosectioned at a chamber temperature of -80 degrees C and not if sectioning was performed at -110 degrees C. The particles are rich in Ca and P (Ca/P =0.5); they are therefore not any form of tricalcium orthophosphate (e.g. hydroxyapatite). They apparently form by electrolyte diffusion in the section and therefore cannot be considered as representing the in vivo pool of mitochondrial calcium.", "contents": "On the occurence and composition of dense particles in mitochondria in ultrathin frozen dry sections. Clusters of dense particles were observed irregularly in mitochondrial profiles of shock-frozen brown adipose tissue and liver when cryosectioned at a chamber temperature of -80 degrees C and not if sectioning was performed at -110 degrees C. The particles are rich in Ca and P (Ca/P =0.5); they are therefore not any form of tricalcium orthophosphate (e.g. hydroxyapatite). They apparently form by electrolyte diffusion in the section and therefore cannot be considered as representing the in vivo pool of mitochondrial calcium.", "PMID": 667959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12027", "title": "Unidirectional motility occurring in association with the axopodial membrane of Echinosphaerium nucleofilum.", "content": "A system of rapid, unidirectional motility associated with surface of Echinosphaerium axopodia is demonstrated using polystyrene micropheres as exogenous markers.", "contents": "Unidirectional motility occurring in association with the axopodial membrane of Echinosphaerium nucleofilum. A system of rapid, unidirectional motility associated with surface of Echinosphaerium axopodia is demonstrated using polystyrene micropheres as exogenous markers.", "PMID": 667960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12028", "title": "Stimulation of cell proliferation by histamine H2 receptors in dimethylhdrazine-induced adenocarcinomata.", "content": "Cell proliferation in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinomata was stimulated by histamine and by the histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit and inhibited by the histamine H2 receptor antagonists Metiamide and Cimetidine but not by the histamine H1 receptor antagonist Mepyramine. In contrast histamine had no effect on colonic crypt cell proliferation in normal or dimethylhydrazine-treated rats.", "contents": "Stimulation of cell proliferation by histamine H2 receptors in dimethylhdrazine-induced adenocarcinomata. Cell proliferation in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinomata was stimulated by histamine and by the histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit and inhibited by the histamine H2 receptor antagonists Metiamide and Cimetidine but not by the histamine H1 receptor antagonist Mepyramine. In contrast histamine had no effect on colonic crypt cell proliferation in normal or dimethylhydrazine-treated rats.", "PMID": 667962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12029", "title": "Delphinidin- and cyanidin-chlorides, promotors of cell aggregation in vitro.", "content": "Delphinidin-chloride and Cyanidinchloride cause cells in cell culture to form aggregates instead of the usual monolayers, without impairing viability or proliferation. The process is reversible.", "contents": "Delphinidin- and cyanidin-chlorides, promotors of cell aggregation in vitro. Delphinidin-chloride and Cyanidinchloride cause cells in cell culture to form aggregates instead of the usual monolayers, without impairing viability or proliferation. The process is reversible.", "PMID": 667963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12030", "title": "Characterization of globin mRNA from Xenopus laevis.", "content": "A 9S polyadenylated mRNA was isolated from 'xenopus laevis reticulocytes and purified by sedimentation and oligo-dT-cellulose chromatography. The size of this RNA estimated in denaturing agarose gels was 2.2 x 10(5) daltons. 9S polyadenylated mRNA hydridized to total DNA with a Cot1/2 of 3.8 x 10(3).", "contents": "Characterization of globin mRNA from Xenopus laevis. A 9S polyadenylated mRNA was isolated from 'xenopus laevis reticulocytes and purified by sedimentation and oligo-dT-cellulose chromatography. The size of this RNA estimated in denaturing agarose gels was 2.2 x 10(5) daltons. 9S polyadenylated mRNA hydridized to total DNA with a Cot1/2 of 3.8 x 10(3).", "PMID": 667964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12031", "title": "3' deoxycytidine, like hydroxyurea, inhibits DNA synthesis without preventing the initiation of the cell cycle.", "content": "3' Deoxycytidine, the cytidine analogue of cordycepin and selective inhibitor of pre-ribosomal RNA in HeLa cells, has been found to be a reversible inhibitor of DNA replication in RNA accumulation. Like other inhibitors of DNA replication such as hydroxyurea, it does not prevent serum-stimulated quiescent 3T3 cells from undergoing the random transition which is rate-limiting for entry into S phase.", "contents": "3' deoxycytidine, like hydroxyurea, inhibits DNA synthesis without preventing the initiation of the cell cycle. 3' Deoxycytidine, the cytidine analogue of cordycepin and selective inhibitor of pre-ribosomal RNA in HeLa cells, has been found to be a reversible inhibitor of DNA replication in RNA accumulation. Like other inhibitors of DNA replication such as hydroxyurea, it does not prevent serum-stimulated quiescent 3T3 cells from undergoing the random transition which is rate-limiting for entry into S phase.", "PMID": 667965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12032", "title": "RNA metabolism and poly(A) distribution in mouse liver following administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) strongly inhibited RNA synthesis in mouse liver under conditions when the nucleotide pattern, rate of nucleotide synthesis and phosphorylation ratio were unaffected. (An unidentified, probably non-nucleotide, component in the acid-soluble liver fraction was selectively reduced.) The inhibition of RNA synthesis was associated with a decrease in the RNA polymerase activity of isolated liver nuclei, well established already 45 min after DMNA administration. The reduced activity included both Mg2+- and Mn2+/(NH4)2SO4-stimulated polymerase functions. The inhibition in vivo involved the whole complement of RNA, including poly (A)-containing RNA and isolated poly(A) sequences. The transfer of labelled RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was not impaired. There was no detachment of poly(A)-containing RNA from the microsomes, and the proportion of tightly membrane-bound microsomal RNA and poly(A) sequences was not reduced as determined by use of a flotation technique. No breakage or shortening of the poly(A) chains was indicated by sedimentation analysis.", "contents": "RNA metabolism and poly(A) distribution in mouse liver following administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) strongly inhibited RNA synthesis in mouse liver under conditions when the nucleotide pattern, rate of nucleotide synthesis and phosphorylation ratio were unaffected. (An unidentified, probably non-nucleotide, component in the acid-soluble liver fraction was selectively reduced.) The inhibition of RNA synthesis was associated with a decrease in the RNA polymerase activity of isolated liver nuclei, well established already 45 min after DMNA administration. The reduced activity included both Mg2+- and Mn2+/(NH4)2SO4-stimulated polymerase functions. The inhibition in vivo involved the whole complement of RNA, including poly (A)-containing RNA and isolated poly(A) sequences. The transfer of labelled RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was not impaired. There was no detachment of poly(A)-containing RNA from the microsomes, and the proportion of tightly membrane-bound microsomal RNA and poly(A) sequences was not reduced as determined by use of a flotation technique. No breakage or shortening of the poly(A) chains was indicated by sedimentation analysis.", "PMID": 668022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12033", "title": "Sterol synthesis. Chemical synthesis, structure determination and metabolism of 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 beta-diol and 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol.", "content": "14alpha-Methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15beta-diol and 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15alpha-diol have been prepared by chemical synthesis. Unequivocal establishment of these structures was based upon X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol and was supported by other spectroscopic data. Spectroscopic data were presented for the following compounds prepared in this study: 3beta-benzoyloxy-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15-one, 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15beta-diol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-diol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol, 3beta, 15alpha-bis-benzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-ene, 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol and 3beta, 15beta-bis-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-ene. Studies of the metabolism of [16-3H]-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15beta-diol and [16-3H]-14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol in liver homogenates of female rats indicated that only the 3beta, 15beta-diol was convertible to cholesterol.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis. Chemical synthesis, structure determination and metabolism of 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 beta-diol and 14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol. 14alpha-Methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15beta-diol and 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15alpha-diol have been prepared by chemical synthesis. Unequivocal establishment of these structures was based upon X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol and was supported by other spectroscopic data. Spectroscopic data were presented for the following compounds prepared in this study: 3beta-benzoyloxy-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15-one, 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15beta-diol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-diol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol, 3beta, 15alpha-bis-benzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-ene, 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol and 3beta, 15beta-bis-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-ene. Studies of the metabolism of [16-3H]-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15beta-diol and [16-3H]-14 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol in liver homogenates of female rats indicated that only the 3beta, 15beta-diol was convertible to cholesterol.", "PMID": 668029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12034", "title": "Alterations in brain and muscle oxygenation during hypovolemia and replacement with plasma substitutes in rats.", "content": "A study was conducted on the effects of mild hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia and subsequent replacement with lactated Ringer's dextran or hemoglobin solution in 52 pentobarbital-anesthesized rats. Blood loss of 1.25% of body weight had no significant effect on the blood flow or relative tissue PO2 of the white matter of the cerebral cortex. Blood flow and relative tissue PO2 of the biceps brachii muscle were lowered during hypovolemia. Volume replacement with any of the three plasma substitutes had no effect on blood flow or relative tissue PO2 of cortical white matter. They all caused partial restoration of blood flow and relative tissue PO2 in the biceps brachii muscle. Full return in the muscle was not achieved, nor were there any significant differences between the treatment groups.", "contents": "Alterations in brain and muscle oxygenation during hypovolemia and replacement with plasma substitutes in rats. A study was conducted on the effects of mild hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia and subsequent replacement with lactated Ringer's dextran or hemoglobin solution in 52 pentobarbital-anesthesized rats. Blood loss of 1.25% of body weight had no significant effect on the blood flow or relative tissue PO2 of the white matter of the cerebral cortex. Blood flow and relative tissue PO2 of the biceps brachii muscle were lowered during hypovolemia. Volume replacement with any of the three plasma substitutes had no effect on blood flow or relative tissue PO2 of cortical white matter. They all caused partial restoration of blood flow and relative tissue PO2 in the biceps brachii muscle. Full return in the muscle was not achieved, nor were there any significant differences between the treatment groups.", "PMID": 668046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12035", "title": "Comparison of the cytotoxic actions of hypoxia and endotoxin in the perfused cat liver.", "content": "The isolated cat liver perfused at a constant flow with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing low-molecular-weight dextran was employed to ascertain the direct effects of hypoxia or endotoxin on hepatic integrity. Hypoxia resulted in large increases in circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and in amino-nitrogen concentration, whereas endotoxin at a dose of 0.75 microgram/gm liver wet weight resulted in only small changes in these variables after 150 minutes of perfusion. Perfusion pressure and perfusate pH did not change significantly in response to either intervention. Both hypoxia and endotoxin significantly compromised lysosomal stability as evidenced by large increases in circulating levels of cathepsin D, large increases in the nonsedimentable fraction of tissue cathepsin D (ie, increased percentage of free activity), and changes in the ultrastructural appearance of liver lysosomes associated with enhanced fragility (eg, swelling, increased vacuolization). Both interventions also significantly impaired phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells within the liver. However, neither intervention altered BSP clearance, indicative of a lack of effect on parenchymal cell clearance. These findings indicate that both endotoxin and hypoxia induce direct cellular damage within the liver; however, endotoxin exerted a more selective action on lysosomes, whereas hypoxia produced more of a diffuse cytotoxic effect.", "contents": "Comparison of the cytotoxic actions of hypoxia and endotoxin in the perfused cat liver. The isolated cat liver perfused at a constant flow with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing low-molecular-weight dextran was employed to ascertain the direct effects of hypoxia or endotoxin on hepatic integrity. Hypoxia resulted in large increases in circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and in amino-nitrogen concentration, whereas endotoxin at a dose of 0.75 microgram/gm liver wet weight resulted in only small changes in these variables after 150 minutes of perfusion. Perfusion pressure and perfusate pH did not change significantly in response to either intervention. Both hypoxia and endotoxin significantly compromised lysosomal stability as evidenced by large increases in circulating levels of cathepsin D, large increases in the nonsedimentable fraction of tissue cathepsin D (ie, increased percentage of free activity), and changes in the ultrastructural appearance of liver lysosomes associated with enhanced fragility (eg, swelling, increased vacuolization). Both interventions also significantly impaired phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells within the liver. However, neither intervention altered BSP clearance, indicative of a lack of effect on parenchymal cell clearance. These findings indicate that both endotoxin and hypoxia induce direct cellular damage within the liver; however, endotoxin exerted a more selective action on lysosomes, whereas hypoxia produced more of a diffuse cytotoxic effect.", "PMID": 668047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12036", "title": "Increased template activity of chromatin isolated from shocked liver.", "content": "Hemorrhagic shock causes an increase in the template activity of chromatin isolated from rat liver, as measured with E. coli RNA polymerase. The increase in template activity is directly related to the time of shock: The longer the shock period, the greater the increase in template activity. Reinfusion reduces the increased template activity. The increased template activity of the chromatin during hemorrhagic shock may be indicative of nuclear changes which contribute to the inability of the cell to recover from severe shock.", "contents": "Increased template activity of chromatin isolated from shocked liver. Hemorrhagic shock causes an increase in the template activity of chromatin isolated from rat liver, as measured with E. coli RNA polymerase. The increase in template activity is directly related to the time of shock: The longer the shock period, the greater the increase in template activity. Reinfusion reduces the increased template activity. The increased template activity of the chromatin during hemorrhagic shock may be indicative of nuclear changes which contribute to the inability of the cell to recover from severe shock.", "PMID": 668048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12037", "title": "Behaviour therapy in clinical child psychiatry: a preliminary report.", "content": "This paper reports on the practice of behaviour therapy with children and families in a clinical setting. The behavioural treatment of 33 cases is discussed. The cases are characterized by the range of problems treated and the variety of behavioural techniques used. Behaviour therapy is shown to be an approach that can be used effectively in a variety of different settings and alongside, or together with treatments based on different theoretical orientations.", "contents": "Behaviour therapy in clinical child psychiatry: a preliminary report. This paper reports on the practice of behaviour therapy with children and families in a clinical setting. The behavioural treatment of 33 cases is discussed. The cases are characterized by the range of problems treated and the variety of behavioural techniques used. Behaviour therapy is shown to be an approach that can be used effectively in a variety of different settings and alongside, or together with treatments based on different theoretical orientations.", "PMID": 668044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12038", "title": "Demonstration of nonperfused myocardium in late hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine whether or not regions of left ventricle become nonperfused in the normovolemic stages of hemorrhagic shock. Using the endothelial fluorescent stain thioflavin S as a tracer, nonperfused myocardium was assessed in six control dogs, eight dogs in early normovolemic shock, and 15 dogs in late normovolemic shock. Nonperfused myocardium was not demonstrable in any of the control animals and in only one of the early shock animals. However, in nine of the late shock animals, nonperfused myocardium was clearly evident, particularly in the anterior and posterior papillary muscles. The demonstration of nonperfused myocardium in late shock is compatible with the concept of a progressively developing edema with a consequent interruption of blood flow.", "contents": "Demonstration of nonperfused myocardium in late hemorrhagic shock. Studies were performed to determine whether or not regions of left ventricle become nonperfused in the normovolemic stages of hemorrhagic shock. Using the endothelial fluorescent stain thioflavin S as a tracer, nonperfused myocardium was assessed in six control dogs, eight dogs in early normovolemic shock, and 15 dogs in late normovolemic shock. Nonperfused myocardium was not demonstrable in any of the control animals and in only one of the early shock animals. However, in nine of the late shock animals, nonperfused myocardium was clearly evident, particularly in the anterior and posterior papillary muscles. The demonstration of nonperfused myocardium in late shock is compatible with the concept of a progressively developing edema with a consequent interruption of blood flow.", "PMID": 668049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12039", "title": "Profile: the National Association for Gifted Children.", "content": "Until the foundation of NAGC in 1966, the general impression was that, of all sections of the child population, gifted children were among the best endowed and therefore the least worthy of our compassion and concern. Work with gifted children over the past 10 years has led us to reconsider the situation. Certainly the majority of them are successful, well-balanced and reach adult life with a large measure of happiness, but a sizeable minority unfortunately do not do so. For these children, giftedness itself brings problems, sometimes referred to as \"the handicap of brilliance\".", "contents": "Profile: the National Association for Gifted Children. Until the foundation of NAGC in 1966, the general impression was that, of all sections of the child population, gifted children were among the best endowed and therefore the least worthy of our compassion and concern. Work with gifted children over the past 10 years has led us to reconsider the situation. Certainly the majority of them are successful, well-balanced and reach adult life with a large measure of happiness, but a sizeable minority unfortunately do not do so. For these children, giftedness itself brings problems, sometimes referred to as \"the handicap of brilliance\".", "PMID": 668045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12040", "title": "Enhancement of platelet aggregation by tranylcypromine in mouse cerebral microvessels.", "content": "Tranylcypromine, given intraperitoneally at doses greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg, enhanced platelet aggregation in the arterioles on the cerebral surface in mice. Tranylcypromine inhibits prostacyclin synthesis in vitro. Iproniazid, which inhibits monoamine oxidase but not prostacyclin synthesis, failed to enhance platelet aggregation. The failure of iproniazid to enhance aggregation in this study rules out an effect on monoamine oxidase as the cause of tranylcypromine's action. That iproniazid inhibited aggregation indicates it has an effect opposite to that of tranylcypromine. Imidazole, a drug known to inhibit synthesis of both prostacyclin and thromboxane, failed to affect platelet aggregation. All of our data are compatible with the hypothesis that prostacyclin is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This hypothesis has been based largely on in vitro data, to which we now add in vivo support.", "contents": "Enhancement of platelet aggregation by tranylcypromine in mouse cerebral microvessels. Tranylcypromine, given intraperitoneally at doses greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg, enhanced platelet aggregation in the arterioles on the cerebral surface in mice. Tranylcypromine inhibits prostacyclin synthesis in vitro. Iproniazid, which inhibits monoamine oxidase but not prostacyclin synthesis, failed to enhance platelet aggregation. The failure of iproniazid to enhance aggregation in this study rules out an effect on monoamine oxidase as the cause of tranylcypromine's action. That iproniazid inhibited aggregation indicates it has an effect opposite to that of tranylcypromine. Imidazole, a drug known to inhibit synthesis of both prostacyclin and thromboxane, failed to affect platelet aggregation. All of our data are compatible with the hypothesis that prostacyclin is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This hypothesis has been based largely on in vitro data, to which we now add in vivo support.", "PMID": 668055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12041", "title": "Pressure-flow characteristics of coronary stenoses in unsedated dogs at rest and during coronary vasodilation.", "content": "The pressure-flow characteristics of 100 left circumflex stenoses in 10 chronically instrumented unsedated dogs were studied under resting conditions and during pharmacological coronary vasodilation. At rest, the pressure loss (deltaP) due to a stenosis and arterial flow velocity (V) were related by the equation, deltaP = FV + SV2, where F is the coefficient of pressure loss due to viscous friction in the stenotic segment and S is the coefficient of pressure loss due to flow separation at the diverging end of the stenosis. The linear term due to viscous friction accounted for 65% and the nonlinear term due to flow separation accounted for 35% of the total pressure loss at resting coronary flow. At peak coronary flow after coronary vasodilation, the pressure loss due to viscous friction accounted for 33% and pressure loss due to flow separation accounted for 67% of the total pressure loss. The pressure gradient-velocity relationship at high flows was characterized by the same general equation but with proportionately larger values of the coefficient S and therefore greater pressure loss associated with flow separation than predicted by the resting gradient-velocity relationship. The pressure loss predicted for high coronary flow velocities on the basis of the gradient-velocity equation at rest was only 64% of the actual experimentally observed pressure gradient at peak coronary flow. The augmented separation loss following coronary vasodilation probably was due to dilation of the epicardial artery adjacent to the fixed stenotic segment which caused more severe relative percent narrowing and a larger divergence angle at the distal end of the stenosis, the primary geometric determinants of separation losses.", "contents": "Pressure-flow characteristics of coronary stenoses in unsedated dogs at rest and during coronary vasodilation. The pressure-flow characteristics of 100 left circumflex stenoses in 10 chronically instrumented unsedated dogs were studied under resting conditions and during pharmacological coronary vasodilation. At rest, the pressure loss (deltaP) due to a stenosis and arterial flow velocity (V) were related by the equation, deltaP = FV + SV2, where F is the coefficient of pressure loss due to viscous friction in the stenotic segment and S is the coefficient of pressure loss due to flow separation at the diverging end of the stenosis. The linear term due to viscous friction accounted for 65% and the nonlinear term due to flow separation accounted for 35% of the total pressure loss at resting coronary flow. At peak coronary flow after coronary vasodilation, the pressure loss due to viscous friction accounted for 33% and pressure loss due to flow separation accounted for 67% of the total pressure loss. The pressure gradient-velocity relationship at high flows was characterized by the same general equation but with proportionately larger values of the coefficient S and therefore greater pressure loss associated with flow separation than predicted by the resting gradient-velocity relationship. The pressure loss predicted for high coronary flow velocities on the basis of the gradient-velocity equation at rest was only 64% of the actual experimentally observed pressure gradient at peak coronary flow. The augmented separation loss following coronary vasodilation probably was due to dilation of the epicardial artery adjacent to the fixed stenotic segment which caused more severe relative percent narrowing and a larger divergence angle at the distal end of the stenosis, the primary geometric determinants of separation losses.", "PMID": 668056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12042", "title": "Blood pressure and vascular resistance in genetically hypertensive rats treated at birth with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Genetically hypertensive (GH) rats of the New Zealand strain and normotensive (N) rats were sympathectomized from birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg,s.c, on alternate days, seven treatments). In adult treated rats from each strain (GHTr and NTr), blood pressure was lower than normal. Functional tests and electron microscopy showed that denervation was virtually complete in mesenteric and hindlimb arteries; the innervation of the renal artery was little affected. Ganglionic blockade still caused a large fall in blood pressure in treated rats. Vascular resistance was higher in blood-perfused hindlimbs and tails of GH rats than in those of N rats; in contrast, resistance was similar in limbs and tails of GHTr and NTr rats and was greater than that found in untreated N rats. Saline-perfused limb vessels had neither neurogenic nor myogenic tone and resistance was higher in GH limbs (whether these were from treated rats or not) than in untreated N limbs. In saline-perfused NTr limbs, there was a paradoxical structural adaptation (probably luminal narrowing) of the hindlimb blood vessels and resistance was higher than in untreated N rats. The resistance of saline-perfused GH and GHTr limbs was similar. A high peripheral resistance appears to be the main mechanism sustaining genetic hypertension, and the integrity of the vasomotor sympathetic nerves is necessary for the development of this form of experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Blood pressure and vascular resistance in genetically hypertensive rats treated at birth with 6-hydroxydopamine. Genetically hypertensive (GH) rats of the New Zealand strain and normotensive (N) rats were sympathectomized from birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg,s.c, on alternate days, seven treatments). In adult treated rats from each strain (GHTr and NTr), blood pressure was lower than normal. Functional tests and electron microscopy showed that denervation was virtually complete in mesenteric and hindlimb arteries; the innervation of the renal artery was little affected. Ganglionic blockade still caused a large fall in blood pressure in treated rats. Vascular resistance was higher in blood-perfused hindlimbs and tails of GH rats than in those of N rats; in contrast, resistance was similar in limbs and tails of GHTr and NTr rats and was greater than that found in untreated N rats. Saline-perfused limb vessels had neither neurogenic nor myogenic tone and resistance was higher in GH limbs (whether these were from treated rats or not) than in untreated N limbs. In saline-perfused NTr limbs, there was a paradoxical structural adaptation (probably luminal narrowing) of the hindlimb blood vessels and resistance was higher than in untreated N rats. The resistance of saline-perfused GH and GHTr limbs was similar. A high peripheral resistance appears to be the main mechanism sustaining genetic hypertension, and the integrity of the vasomotor sympathetic nerves is necessary for the development of this form of experimental hypertension.", "PMID": 668060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12043", "title": "Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram. I. The normal heart.", "content": "A digital computer model is presented for the simulation of the body surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during ventricular activation and recovery. The ventricles of the heart are represented in detail by a three-dimensional array of approximately 4000 points which is subdivided into 23 regions. Excitation sequence and cellular action potential data taken from the literature are used to determine the spatial distribution of intracellular potentials at each instant of time during a simulated cardiac cycle. The moment of the single dipole representing each region is determined by summing the spatial gradient of the intracellular potential distribution throughout the region. The resulting set of 23 dipoles is then used to calculate the potentials on the surface of a bounded homogeneous volume conductor with the shape of an adult torso. Simulated isopotential surface maps during both activation and recovery are in good agreement with data for humans reported in the literature.", "contents": "Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram. I. The normal heart. A digital computer model is presented for the simulation of the body surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during ventricular activation and recovery. The ventricles of the heart are represented in detail by a three-dimensional array of approximately 4000 points which is subdivided into 23 regions. Excitation sequence and cellular action potential data taken from the literature are used to determine the spatial distribution of intracellular potentials at each instant of time during a simulated cardiac cycle. The moment of the single dipole representing each region is determined by summing the spatial gradient of the intracellular potential distribution throughout the region. The resulting set of 23 dipoles is then used to calculate the potentials on the surface of a bounded homogeneous volume conductor with the shape of an adult torso. Simulated isopotential surface maps during both activation and recovery are in good agreement with data for humans reported in the literature.", "PMID": 668061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12044", "title": "Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram. II. Ischemia and infarction.", "content": "Experimental studies of the myocardial action potentials following coronary artery occlusion have shown that the resulting regional ischemia is reflected by characteristics changes in the  shapes of the action potentials in the ischemic region. The principal changes are decreases in the magnitude of the resting potential and in the action potential duration. Action potentials with prolonged durations have been observed in the infarcted regions of experimental animals after the development of inverted T waves in the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). We use such abnormal action potentials in our digital computer model to study the effects of acute myocardial ischemia and infarction on the surface ECG. The heart is represented in sufficient detail to allow variations in the location and size of the ischemic injury and in the distribution of the severity of injury within the injured region. The evolution of acute infarctions is simulated by progressively modifying the abnormal action potentials assigned to the injured region. Calculated standard 12 lead ECGs and torso isopotential surface maps for simulated acute ischemia and infarction are in good agreement with patient data reported in the literature. Typical simulations include anterior and inferior transmural ischemia and infarction and anterior subendocardial ischemia. The model is used to examine relationships between torso surface potentials during ventricular activation and recovery and the site and size of the ischemic injury.", "contents": "Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram. II. Ischemia and infarction. Experimental studies of the myocardial action potentials following coronary artery occlusion have shown that the resulting regional ischemia is reflected by characteristics changes in the  shapes of the action potentials in the ischemic region. The principal changes are decreases in the magnitude of the resting potential and in the action potential duration. Action potentials with prolonged durations have been observed in the infarcted regions of experimental animals after the development of inverted T waves in the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). We use such abnormal action potentials in our digital computer model to study the effects of acute myocardial ischemia and infarction on the surface ECG. The heart is represented in sufficient detail to allow variations in the location and size of the ischemic injury and in the distribution of the severity of injury within the injured region. The evolution of acute infarctions is simulated by progressively modifying the abnormal action potentials assigned to the injured region. Calculated standard 12 lead ECGs and torso isopotential surface maps for simulated acute ischemia and infarction are in good agreement with patient data reported in the literature. Typical simulations include anterior and inferior transmural ischemia and infarction and anterior subendocardial ischemia. The model is used to examine relationships between torso surface potentials during ventricular activation and recovery and the site and size of the ischemic injury.", "PMID": 668062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12045", "title": "Local cerebral blood volume response to carbon dioxide in man.", "content": "We used an emission tomographic brain scanner to investigate the relationship between local cerebral blood volume (LCBV) and arterial blood carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) in normal awake man. Measurements were made separately in three dimensions in various regions of grey and white matter, and the resting LCBV as well as the difference in sensitivity among these regions were compared. Over the range of PaCO2 studied (20-42 torr), the response of both the grey matter and the white matter to carbon dioxide was linear. The LCBV sensitivity of the grey matter to changes in PaCO2 was 0.053 ml/100 g per torr PaCO2 and in the white matter this sensitivity was 0.046 ml/100 g per torr PaCO2. These sensitivities were found not to be significantly different, yielding a slope of 0.049 ml/100 g per torr PaCO2 for the LCBV-PaCO2 curve for the entire brain. This is in excellent agreement with the other data for the whole brain. The resting cerebral blood volume of the grey matter at a PaCO2 of 34.4 torr, which was the average resting arterial carbon dioxide tension of the subjects, was 5.0 ml/100 g and was significantly higher than for white matter, which was 3.6 ml/100 g. At the local level, the cerebral blood volume of the frontal cortex is significantly less than that of the thalamus, whereas the frontoparietal cortex in the region of the sylvian fissure has a local cerebral blood volume significantly greater than that of the thalamus.", "contents": "Local cerebral blood volume response to carbon dioxide in man. We used an emission tomographic brain scanner to investigate the relationship between local cerebral blood volume (LCBV) and arterial blood carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) in normal awake man. Measurements were made separately in three dimensions in various regions of grey and white matter, and the resting LCBV as well as the difference in sensitivity among these regions were compared. Over the range of PaCO2 studied (20-42 torr), the response of both the grey matter and the white matter to carbon dioxide was linear. The LCBV sensitivity of the grey matter to changes in PaCO2 was 0.053 ml/100 g per torr PaCO2 and in the white matter this sensitivity was 0.046 ml/100 g per torr PaCO2. These sensitivities were found not to be significantly different, yielding a slope of 0.049 ml/100 g per torr PaCO2 for the LCBV-PaCO2 curve for the entire brain. This is in excellent agreement with the other data for the whole brain. The resting cerebral blood volume of the grey matter at a PaCO2 of 34.4 torr, which was the average resting arterial carbon dioxide tension of the subjects, was 5.0 ml/100 g and was significantly higher than for white matter, which was 3.6 ml/100 g. At the local level, the cerebral blood volume of the frontal cortex is significantly less than that of the thalamus, whereas the frontoparietal cortex in the region of the sylvian fissure has a local cerebral blood volume significantly greater than that of the thalamus.", "PMID": 668063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12046", "title": "On the interpretation of the exercise test.", "content": "The widespread popularization of stress testing and the extensive application of its results in a variety of clinical settings make it imperative that a better method than the presently used simplistic \"positive\" or \"negative\" interpretation be devised. As a step toward a comprehensive diagnostic and prognostic index based on stress tests, a simple grading system of electrocardiographic changes, together with recognition of clinical modifiers, is suggested.", "contents": "On the interpretation of the exercise test. The widespread popularization of stress testing and the extensive application of its results in a variety of clinical settings make it imperative that a better method than the presently used simplistic \"positive\" or \"negative\" interpretation be devised. As a step toward a comprehensive diagnostic and prognostic index based on stress tests, a simple grading system of electrocardiographic changes, together with recognition of clinical modifiers, is suggested.", "PMID": 668065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12047", "title": "Early intraaortic balloon pumping for anterior myocardial infarction without shock.", "content": "Eleven patients with anterior myocardial infarction less than six hours old underwent intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) in an attempt to control injury. Direct hemodynamic measurements excluded shock. Response to therapy was judged individually by comparison to a one-hour pretreatment period. There was no parallel control group. Five patients responded with an 84% fall in ST elevation in one hour, with preservation of precordial R waves and good ventricular function. In contrast, six patients responded poorly, with a 40% fall in ST elevation in one hour, Q wave development and poorer residual left ventricular function. Coronary angiography demonstrated a significant correlation between response and presence or absence of complete left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Early use of IABP in anterior myocardial infarction may interrupt injury, though in this series only in cases with residual left anterior descending patency.", "contents": "Early intraaortic balloon pumping for anterior myocardial infarction without shock. Eleven patients with anterior myocardial infarction less than six hours old underwent intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) in an attempt to control injury. Direct hemodynamic measurements excluded shock. Response to therapy was judged individually by comparison to a one-hour pretreatment period. There was no parallel control group. Five patients responded with an 84% fall in ST elevation in one hour, with preservation of precordial R waves and good ventricular function. In contrast, six patients responded poorly, with a 40% fall in ST elevation in one hour, Q wave development and poorer residual left ventricular function. Coronary angiography demonstrated a significant correlation between response and presence or absence of complete left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Early use of IABP in anterior myocardial infarction may interrupt injury, though in this series only in cases with residual left anterior descending patency.", "PMID": 668067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12048", "title": "The effect of ischemia on thallium-201 clearance from the myocardium.", "content": "To determine the effect of ischemia on myocardial clearance of thallium-201 (201Tl), we studied 12 dogs with ischemia produced after the injection of Tl. Tl was given I.V. 10 minutes before left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. 85Sr-microspheres (MS) were administered 5 minutes later, and control biopsies were obtained from the myocardium. The LAD was tied and repeat biopsies obtained from the ischemic zone (IZ) and normal zone (NZ) 15 minures and 2 hours later. 46Sc-MS were given just before the final giopsy. Tl activity in the IZ was not significantly different from that in the NZ either before LAD occlusion or 15 minutes and 2 hours later. Tl clearance at the end of 2 hours was not significantly different (27 +/- 5% vs 28 +/- 5%, IZ vs NZ respectively) between the two zones. The half-time of Tl clearance from both the IZ and NZ was calculated at 4.5 hours (consistent with previously reported normal values). This occurred despite a decrease in regional myocardial blood flow to 24 +/- 6% of control (P less than 0.01) in the IZ  and an increase to 47 +/- 14% of control (P less than 0.01) in the NZ during the study. We conclude that myocardial ischemia does not alter the normal rate of Tl clearance from the myocardium.", "contents": "The effect of ischemia on thallium-201 clearance from the myocardium. To determine the effect of ischemia on myocardial clearance of thallium-201 (201Tl), we studied 12 dogs with ischemia produced after the injection of Tl. Tl was given I.V. 10 minutes before left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. 85Sr-microspheres (MS) were administered 5 minutes later, and control biopsies were obtained from the myocardium. The LAD was tied and repeat biopsies obtained from the ischemic zone (IZ) and normal zone (NZ) 15 minures and 2 hours later. 46Sc-MS were given just before the final giopsy. Tl activity in the IZ was not significantly different from that in the NZ either before LAD occlusion or 15 minutes and 2 hours later. Tl clearance at the end of 2 hours was not significantly different (27 +/- 5% vs 28 +/- 5%, IZ vs NZ respectively) between the two zones. The half-time of Tl clearance from both the IZ and NZ was calculated at 4.5 hours (consistent with previously reported normal values). This occurred despite a decrease in regional myocardial blood flow to 24 +/- 6% of control (P less than 0.01) in the IZ  and an increase to 47 +/- 14% of control (P less than 0.01) in the NZ during the study. We conclude that myocardial ischemia does not alter the normal rate of Tl clearance from the myocardium.", "PMID": 668069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12049", "title": "Long-term preservation of ischemic myocardium in the dog by hyaluronidase.", "content": "The administration of hyaluronidase is a promising intervention to protect the ischemic myocardium in man, but evidence of the extent to which it may reduce the ultimate size of an infarct is not well-defined. Hence, open chest, anesthetized dogs were randomized into 10 control dogs which received saline and eight treated dogs which received three doses of hyaluronidase (500 NF units/kg I.V.) at 15 minutes, 2 hours and 24 hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (CAO). Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) assessed by the microsphere technique was measured 12 minutes after CAO. The chest was then closed and the dogs were allowed to recover. Twenty-one days after CAO, the hearts were excised, divided into 1 cm thick slices and incubated in triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Infarct size was then determined by planimetry. The left ventricular myocardium was divided into multiple samples for RMBF analysis. In control dogs 23.2 +/- 2% of the left ventricle was infarcted, compared to only 9 +/- 2.8% (P less than 0.001) in hyaluronidase-treated dogs. RMBF in noninfarcted myocardium directly adjacent to the infarct was similar to that in the normal zone remote from the infarct in the control dogs; however, in the hyaluronidase-treated dogs, blood flow in the myocardium adjacent to the infarct was significantly reduced to 68% of normal (P less than 0.01) in the outer myocardial wall and to 86% of normal (P less than 0.02) in the inner myocardial wall, which indicates that this tissue, at least in some part, was in jeopardy, but was salvaged by hyaluronidase. Epicardial electrocardiographic data showed that three weeks after CAO, Q waves were less frequent and smaller in hyaluronidase compared to untreated dogs. Preservation of the frequency and magnitude of R waves was greater in the hyaluronidase-treated group at three weeks. We conclude that hyaluronidase resulted in long-term preservation of the ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Long-term preservation of ischemic myocardium in the dog by hyaluronidase. The administration of hyaluronidase is a promising intervention to protect the ischemic myocardium in man, but evidence of the extent to which it may reduce the ultimate size of an infarct is not well-defined. Hence, open chest, anesthetized dogs were randomized into 10 control dogs which received saline and eight treated dogs which received three doses of hyaluronidase (500 NF units/kg I.V.) at 15 minutes, 2 hours and 24 hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (CAO). Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) assessed by the microsphere technique was measured 12 minutes after CAO. The chest was then closed and the dogs were allowed to recover. Twenty-one days after CAO, the hearts were excised, divided into 1 cm thick slices and incubated in triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Infarct size was then determined by planimetry. The left ventricular myocardium was divided into multiple samples for RMBF analysis. In control dogs 23.2 +/- 2% of the left ventricle was infarcted, compared to only 9 +/- 2.8% (P less than 0.001) in hyaluronidase-treated dogs. RMBF in noninfarcted myocardium directly adjacent to the infarct was similar to that in the normal zone remote from the infarct in the control dogs; however, in the hyaluronidase-treated dogs, blood flow in the myocardium adjacent to the infarct was significantly reduced to 68% of normal (P less than 0.01) in the outer myocardial wall and to 86% of normal (P less than 0.02) in the inner myocardial wall, which indicates that this tissue, at least in some part, was in jeopardy, but was salvaged by hyaluronidase. Epicardial electrocardiographic data showed that three weeks after CAO, Q waves were less frequent and smaller in hyaluronidase compared to untreated dogs. Preservation of the frequency and magnitude of R waves was greater in the hyaluronidase-treated group at three weeks. We conclude that hyaluronidase resulted in long-term preservation of the ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 668070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12050", "title": "Myocardial infarct quantification in the dog by single photon emission computed tomography.", "content": "Radionuclide techniques for sizing acute myocardial infarction have been hampered by the intrinsic limitations of the scintillation camera. Emission computed tomography can overcome these limitations. Single photon emission computed tomograms of the distribution of technetium-99m pyrophosphate in acute anterior and posterior infarcts were obtained in 16 dogs after death. Tomograms were also obtained in 10 dogs during life without gating. The size of the infarcts was determined by staining gross sections of the heart with nitro blue tetrazolium, dissecting out the infarcted tissue and weighing it. Infarct sizes were determined from the tomographic images and compared with the measured infarct sizes. Good images showing the location and three-dimensional extent of the infarcts were obtained in all dogs. The measured and calculated infarct sizes correlated well (r = 0.85). Comparison of the calculated sizes in the living (non-gated) and dead (\"physiologically\" gated) animals showed reasonable agreement (r = 0.87). Single photon emission computed tomography is a feasible and useful technique for localizing and sizing acute myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "Myocardial infarct quantification in the dog by single photon emission computed tomography. Radionuclide techniques for sizing acute myocardial infarction have been hampered by the intrinsic limitations of the scintillation camera. Emission computed tomography can overcome these limitations. Single photon emission computed tomograms of the distribution of technetium-99m pyrophosphate in acute anterior and posterior infarcts were obtained in 16 dogs after death. Tomograms were also obtained in 10 dogs during life without gating. The size of the infarcts was determined by staining gross sections of the heart with nitro blue tetrazolium, dissecting out the infarcted tissue and weighing it. Infarct sizes were determined from the tomographic images and compared with the measured infarct sizes. Good images showing the location and three-dimensional extent of the infarcts were obtained in all dogs. The measured and calculated infarct sizes correlated well (r = 0.85). Comparison of the calculated sizes in the living (non-gated) and dead (\"physiologically\" gated) animals showed reasonable agreement (r = 0.87). Single photon emission computed tomography is a feasible and useful technique for localizing and sizing acute myocardial infarctions.", "PMID": 668071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12051", "title": "Pressure-flow characteristics of the coronary collateral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Effects of ventricualr fibrillation.", "content": "Even though ventricular fibrillation is used frequently during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the effects of fibrillation on myocardial regions supplied by collateral vessels have not been determined. To study these effects, nine dogs with left ventricles (ameroid model) consisting of a region of myocardium supplied by collateral vessels (CR) and a region supplied by normal coronary arteries (NR) were subjected to normothermic CPB at two perfusion pressures. In both the empty beating heart (EBH) and empty fibrillating heart (EFH) regional myocardial flow was determined by tracer microspheres. Retrograde coronary pressure was measured via cannulation of the circumflex artery distal to the ameroid induced occlusion. When perfusion pressure was maintained at 80 mm Hg, retrograde coronary pressure was similar in the EBH (46 +/- 4 mm Hg) and in the EFH (48 +/- 3 mm Hg). During fibrillation subendocardial flow in the CR was unchanged, while flow in the NR increased (P less than 0.02). In addition, the endo/epi was greater in the NR than in the CR (P less than 0.01), a difference which did not exist in the EBH. The flow response to fibrillation in the CR could be produced in the NR by reducing the perfusion pressure to 50 mm Hg. These data suggest that during CPB, fibrillation exaggerates existing subendocardial perfusion deficits in collateral regions and the impaired flow response appears to be related to a low regional intravascular pressure.", "contents": "Pressure-flow characteristics of the coronary collateral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Effects of ventricualr fibrillation. Even though ventricular fibrillation is used frequently during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the effects of fibrillation on myocardial regions supplied by collateral vessels have not been determined. To study these effects, nine dogs with left ventricles (ameroid model) consisting of a region of myocardium supplied by collateral vessels (CR) and a region supplied by normal coronary arteries (NR) were subjected to normothermic CPB at two perfusion pressures. In both the empty beating heart (EBH) and empty fibrillating heart (EFH) regional myocardial flow was determined by tracer microspheres. Retrograde coronary pressure was measured via cannulation of the circumflex artery distal to the ameroid induced occlusion. When perfusion pressure was maintained at 80 mm Hg, retrograde coronary pressure was similar in the EBH (46 +/- 4 mm Hg) and in the EFH (48 +/- 3 mm Hg). During fibrillation subendocardial flow in the CR was unchanged, while flow in the NR increased (P less than 0.02). In addition, the endo/epi was greater in the NR than in the CR (P less than 0.01), a difference which did not exist in the EBH. The flow response to fibrillation in the CR could be produced in the NR by reducing the perfusion pressure to 50 mm Hg. These data suggest that during CPB, fibrillation exaggerates existing subendocardial perfusion deficits in collateral regions and the impaired flow response appears to be related to a low regional intravascular pressure.", "PMID": 668072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12052", "title": "Severe aortic stenosis with impaired left ventricular function and clinical heart failure: results of valve replacement.", "content": "Nineteen patients, aged 58-80 years, with severe isolated aortic valve stenosis, severely reduced ejection fraction and clinical heart failure underwent aortic valve replacement between January 1970 and April 1977. Ten had concomitant coronary artery disease (all underwent additional coronary bypass surgery), 17 had angina pectoris and four had syncope. Aortic valve area index was 0.32 +/- 0.03 cm2/m2 (mean +/- SEM); left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume index was 117 +/- 9 ml/m2 and LV ejection fraction was 0.37 +/- 0.02. There were four operative deaths and one late death. The follow-up time ranged from six to 74 months (38 +/- 6 months). Actuarially determined three-year survival is 74 +/- 10%; the expected five-year survival is the same. One patient had a serious cerebrovascular accident. Of the remaining survivors, seven were initially Functional Class IV and six  Class III; currently, six are Class I and seven Class II (New York Heart Association classifications). The cardiothoracic ratio has decreased from 0.54 +/- 0.03 to 0.49 +/- 0.03. Repeat hemodynamic evaluation has been performed in 10 patients, 22 +/- 6 months after surgery. In these 10 patients, the aortic valve gradient decreased from 55 +/- 7 11 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; LV end-diastolic pressure from 22 +/- 2.4 to 9 +/- 1.9 mm Hg; LV end-diastolic volume index from 119 +/- 16 ml/m2 to 107 +/- 11 ml/m2. LV ejection fraction has increased dramatically from 0.34 +/- 0.03 to 0.63 +/- 0.05 and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening from 0.57 +/- 0.08 to 1.3 +/- 0.18 circ/sec. The encouraging long-term survival, improved functional class and the marked improvement in left ventricular function that occurred in our patients indicate that all patients with severe aortic stenosis in clinical heart failure should be offered aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Severe aortic stenosis with impaired left ventricular function and clinical heart failure: results of valve replacement. Nineteen patients, aged 58-80 years, with severe isolated aortic valve stenosis, severely reduced ejection fraction and clinical heart failure underwent aortic valve replacement between January 1970 and April 1977. Ten had concomitant coronary artery disease (all underwent additional coronary bypass surgery), 17 had angina pectoris and four had syncope. Aortic valve area index was 0.32 +/- 0.03 cm2/m2 (mean +/- SEM); left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume index was 117 +/- 9 ml/m2 and LV ejection fraction was 0.37 +/- 0.02. There were four operative deaths and one late death. The follow-up time ranged from six to 74 months (38 +/- 6 months). Actuarially determined three-year survival is 74 +/- 10%; the expected five-year survival is the same. One patient had a serious cerebrovascular accident. Of the remaining survivors, seven were initially Functional Class IV and six  Class III; currently, six are Class I and seven Class II (New York Heart Association classifications). The cardiothoracic ratio has decreased from 0.54 +/- 0.03 to 0.49 +/- 0.03. Repeat hemodynamic evaluation has been performed in 10 patients, 22 +/- 6 months after surgery. In these 10 patients, the aortic valve gradient decreased from 55 +/- 7 11 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; LV end-diastolic pressure from 22 +/- 2.4 to 9 +/- 1.9 mm Hg; LV end-diastolic volume index from 119 +/- 16 ml/m2 to 107 +/- 11 ml/m2. LV ejection fraction has increased dramatically from 0.34 +/- 0.03 to 0.63 +/- 0.05 and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening from 0.57 +/- 0.08 to 1.3 +/- 0.18 circ/sec. The encouraging long-term survival, improved functional class and the marked improvement in left ventricular function that occurred in our patients indicate that all patients with severe aortic stenosis in clinical heart failure should be offered aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 668073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12053", "title": "Cardiac tamponade: hemodynamic observations in man.", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were performed before and after pericardiocentesis in 19 patients with pericardial effusion. Right atrial pressure decreases significantly, from 16 +/- 4 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) to 7 +/- 5 mm Hg in 14 patients with cardiac tamponade. This change was accompanied by significant increases in cardiac output (3.87 +/- 1.77 to 7 +/- 2.2 l/min) and inspiratory systemic arterial pulse pressure (45 +/- 29 to 81 +/- 23 mm Hg). The remaining five patients did not demonstrate cardiac tamponade, as evidenced by lack of significant change in these hemodynamic parameters. In all patients with tamponade, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) was elevated and equal to pericardial pressure; equilibration was uniformly absent in patients without tamponade. During gradual fluid withdrawal in the tamponade group, significant hemodynamic improvement was largely confined to the period when right ventricular filling pressure remained equilibrated with pericardial pressure. In 10 patients with tamponade and pulsus paradoxus, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAW) was equal to pericardial pressure except during early inspiration and expiration when it was transiently less and greater, respectively; however, inspiratory right atrial pressure never fell below pericardial pressure. In these 10 patients, PAW decreased significantly following pericardiocentesis (P less than 0.001). In the remaining four patients with tamponade but without pulsus paradoxus, all of whom had chronic renal failure, PAW was consistently higher than pericardial pressure or RVEDP and did not decrease after pericardiocentesis. These data tend to confirm the hypothesis that in patients with tamponade, the venous pressure required to maintain any given cardiac volume is determined by pericardial rather than ventricular compliance. When pericardial compliance determines diastolic pressure in both ventricles, relative filling of the ventricles will be competitive and determined by their respective venous pressures (pulmonary vs systemic), which vary with respiration and alternately favor right and left ventricular filling. This results in pulsus paradoxus. However, if pulmonary arterial wedge pressure is markedly elevated before the onset of tamponade, as in patients with chronic renal failure, then pericardial compliance may only determine right ventricular filling pressure. In such cases, pulsus paradoxus may be absent.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade: hemodynamic observations in man. Hemodynamic studies were performed before and after pericardiocentesis in 19 patients with pericardial effusion. Right atrial pressure decreases significantly, from 16 +/- 4 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) to 7 +/- 5 mm Hg in 14 patients with cardiac tamponade. This change was accompanied by significant increases in cardiac output (3.87 +/- 1.77 to 7 +/- 2.2 l/min) and inspiratory systemic arterial pulse pressure (45 +/- 29 to 81 +/- 23 mm Hg). The remaining five patients did not demonstrate cardiac tamponade, as evidenced by lack of significant change in these hemodynamic parameters. In all patients with tamponade, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) was elevated and equal to pericardial pressure; equilibration was uniformly absent in patients without tamponade. During gradual fluid withdrawal in the tamponade group, significant hemodynamic improvement was largely confined to the period when right ventricular filling pressure remained equilibrated with pericardial pressure. In 10 patients with tamponade and pulsus paradoxus, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAW) was equal to pericardial pressure except during early inspiration and expiration when it was transiently less and greater, respectively; however, inspiratory right atrial pressure never fell below pericardial pressure. In these 10 patients, PAW decreased significantly following pericardiocentesis (P less than 0.001). In the remaining four patients with tamponade but without pulsus paradoxus, all of whom had chronic renal failure, PAW was consistently higher than pericardial pressure or RVEDP and did not decrease after pericardiocentesis. These data tend to confirm the hypothesis that in patients with tamponade, the venous pressure required to maintain any given cardiac volume is determined by pericardial rather than ventricular compliance. When pericardial compliance determines diastolic pressure in both ventricles, relative filling of the ventricles will be competitive and determined by their respective venous pressures (pulmonary vs systemic), which vary with respiration and alternately favor right and left ventricular filling. This results in pulsus paradoxus. However, if pulmonary arterial wedge pressure is markedly elevated before the onset of tamponade, as in patients with chronic renal failure, then pericardial compliance may only determine right ventricular filling pressure. In such cases, pulsus paradoxus may be absent.", "PMID": 668074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12054", "title": "Beneficial effects of hydralazine in severe mitral regurgitation.", "content": "The severity of mitral regurgitation is, in part, determined by aortic impedance to left ventricular outflow. Sodium nitroprusside acutely decreases regurgitant flow, but the importance of its dual vasodilating effects, the lowering of peripheral vascular resistance and increasing of venous capacitance, is unclear. We studied the hemodynamic response to intravenous hydralazine, which selectively acts on the arteriolar resistance bed, in 10 patients with severe mitral regurgitation. Hydralazine produced a 50% increase in forward stroke volume (22 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 3 ml/m2, P less than 0.001) and a 33% reduction in regurgitant stroke volume (40 +/- 6 to 27 +/- 6 ml/m2, P less than 0.001), with a resultant fall in pulmonary capillary wedge v wave and mean pressures. Unlike nitroprusside, it did not alter left ventricular end-diastolic volume or pressure. Oral hydralazine maintained this hemodynamic improvement for at least 48 hours and, in three patients, provided more sustained clinical improvement. We conclude that hydralazine, by virtue of its selective lowering of aortic impedance, reduces the amount of mitral regurgitation and thus may be a useful mode of interim or chronic therapy in selected patients.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of hydralazine in severe mitral regurgitation. The severity of mitral regurgitation is, in part, determined by aortic impedance to left ventricular outflow. Sodium nitroprusside acutely decreases regurgitant flow, but the importance of its dual vasodilating effects, the lowering of peripheral vascular resistance and increasing of venous capacitance, is unclear. We studied the hemodynamic response to intravenous hydralazine, which selectively acts on the arteriolar resistance bed, in 10 patients with severe mitral regurgitation. Hydralazine produced a 50% increase in forward stroke volume (22 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 3 ml/m2, P less than 0.001) and a 33% reduction in regurgitant stroke volume (40 +/- 6 to 27 +/- 6 ml/m2, P less than 0.001), with a resultant fall in pulmonary capillary wedge v wave and mean pressures. Unlike nitroprusside, it did not alter left ventricular end-diastolic volume or pressure. Oral hydralazine maintained this hemodynamic improvement for at least 48 hours and, in three patients, provided more sustained clinical improvement. We conclude that hydralazine, by virtue of its selective lowering of aortic impedance, reduces the amount of mitral regurgitation and thus may be a useful mode of interim or chronic therapy in selected patients.", "PMID": 668075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12055", "title": "Contrasting rates of reversal of digoxin toxicity by digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments.", "content": "Both heterologous IgG and Fab fragments of appropriate affinity and specificity have been shown capable of reversing advanced cardiac glycoside toxicity. Fab fragments are more rapidly excreted and theoretically have a smaller risk of unwanted immunologic effects, but relative rates of toxicity reversal have not been established. Rates of reversal of advanced digoxin toxicity by digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments were therefore compared in a dog model of advanced digoxin intoxication. Initial studies confirmed more rapid distribution of sheep Fab fragments (M.W. 50,000) than of the parent IgG molecule (M.W. 150,000) after intravenous injection. Twenty-five pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were given 0.3 mg/kg digoxin intravenously, resulting in rapid onset of ventricular tachycardia in all animals. Eight dogs subsequently given nonspecific IgG or Fab died in asystole or ventricular fibrillation an average of 55 minutes after digoxin administration. Ten of 11 dogs given 1.33 moles of binding sites per mole of digoxin as intact IgG returned to sinus rhythm at a mean time of 85 minutes after antibody infusion. In contrast, six of six dogs given an equivalent dose of specific Fab fragments returned to sinus rhythm in a significantly shorter mean time of 36 minutes (P less than 0.01). Variability of time to arrhythmia reversion was less in Fab-treated dogs. These data demonstrate a decisive advantage of specific Fab fragments over intact IgG for potential clinical use in advanced, life-threatening digoxin intoxication.", "contents": "Contrasting rates of reversal of digoxin toxicity by digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments. Both heterologous IgG and Fab fragments of appropriate affinity and specificity have been shown capable of reversing advanced cardiac glycoside toxicity. Fab fragments are more rapidly excreted and theoretically have a smaller risk of unwanted immunologic effects, but relative rates of toxicity reversal have not been established. Rates of reversal of advanced digoxin toxicity by digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments were therefore compared in a dog model of advanced digoxin intoxication. Initial studies confirmed more rapid distribution of sheep Fab fragments (M.W. 50,000) than of the parent IgG molecule (M.W. 150,000) after intravenous injection. Twenty-five pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were given 0.3 mg/kg digoxin intravenously, resulting in rapid onset of ventricular tachycardia in all animals. Eight dogs subsequently given nonspecific IgG or Fab died in asystole or ventricular fibrillation an average of 55 minutes after digoxin administration. Ten of 11 dogs given 1.33 moles of binding sites per mole of digoxin as intact IgG returned to sinus rhythm at a mean time of 85 minutes after antibody infusion. In contrast, six of six dogs given an equivalent dose of specific Fab fragments returned to sinus rhythm in a significantly shorter mean time of 36 minutes (P less than 0.01). Variability of time to arrhythmia reversion was less in Fab-treated dogs. These data demonstrate a decisive advantage of specific Fab fragments over intact IgG for potential clinical use in advanced, life-threatening digoxin intoxication.", "PMID": 668076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12056", "title": "The effect of digitalis on refractoriness of the intact canine His-Purkinje system.", "content": "The effect of therapeutic doses of digitalis on functional (F), relative (R) and effective (E) refractory periods (RP) of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) was studied in 12 open-chested, innervated adult mongrel dogs (10-20 kg) during control and 15, 30 and 45-60 min after 0.016 mg/kg of intravenous ouabain. To determine the stability of the preparation and to assess time-dependent changes in His-Purkinje refractoriness, another six dogs (Group II) had similar studies, but without drug administration. In all dogs, the His bundle was paced by using the plunge wire technique at a predetermined cycle length (CL) and a premature stimulus (S2) to the His bundle was introduced at decreasing S1 S2 intervals. Following ouabain, in Group I dogs, at the longest Cls tested  (458 +/- 125 msec; +/- SD) there was significant increase in the FRP (+4.34%; P less than 0.05), RRP (S2 V2 (+6.57%, P less than 0.05), RRP (Ab) (+6%, P less than 0.05) and ERP (52%, P less than 0.05) of the HPS. These significant changes were generally observed 30 minutes after drug administration. Changes in RPs were of greater magnitude at longer CLs (greater than 400 msec), but insignificant at shorter CLs (less than 400 msec). The H-V interval during sinus rhythm and the S1 V1 interval during His bundle pacing at all CLs did not change after ouabain. In Group II dogs there were no significant change in His-Purkinje refractoriness over 60 minutes. These findings suggest that therapeutic doses of digitalis 1) tend to increase refractoriness within the HPS to a very small degree, 2) have no appreciable effect on His-Purkinje conduction, and 3) affect CL-dependent changes in refractoriness. The His bundle extrastimulus method is useful in studying the HPS in the intact heart.", "contents": "The effect of digitalis on refractoriness of the intact canine His-Purkinje system. The effect of therapeutic doses of digitalis on functional (F), relative (R) and effective (E) refractory periods (RP) of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) was studied in 12 open-chested, innervated adult mongrel dogs (10-20 kg) during control and 15, 30 and 45-60 min after 0.016 mg/kg of intravenous ouabain. To determine the stability of the preparation and to assess time-dependent changes in His-Purkinje refractoriness, another six dogs (Group II) had similar studies, but without drug administration. In all dogs, the His bundle was paced by using the plunge wire technique at a predetermined cycle length (CL) and a premature stimulus (S2) to the His bundle was introduced at decreasing S1 S2 intervals. Following ouabain, in Group I dogs, at the longest Cls tested  (458 +/- 125 msec; +/- SD) there was significant increase in the FRP (+4.34%; P less than 0.05), RRP (S2 V2 (+6.57%, P less than 0.05), RRP (Ab) (+6%, P less than 0.05) and ERP (52%, P less than 0.05) of the HPS. These significant changes were generally observed 30 minutes after drug administration. Changes in RPs were of greater magnitude at longer CLs (greater than 400 msec), but insignificant at shorter CLs (less than 400 msec). The H-V interval during sinus rhythm and the S1 V1 interval during His bundle pacing at all CLs did not change after ouabain. In Group II dogs there were no significant change in His-Purkinje refractoriness over 60 minutes. These findings suggest that therapeutic doses of digitalis 1) tend to increase refractoriness within the HPS to a very small degree, 2) have no appreciable effect on His-Purkinje conduction, and 3) affect CL-dependent changes in refractoriness. The His bundle extrastimulus method is useful in studying the HPS in the intact heart.", "PMID": 668077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12057", "title": "Reentry within the His-Purkinje system. Elucidation of reentrant circuit using right bundle branch and His bundle recordings.", "content": "Routes of impulse propagation during reentry in the His-Purkinje system (Re-HPS) in 13 patients were studied using the right ventricular extra stimulus (V2) method and right bundle branch (RBB) recordings in addition to the conventional His (H) bundle recordings. The H-V and RB-V intervals during sinus rhythm averaged 44.2 and 27.6 msec respectively, with the average antegrade H-RB interval 16.6 msec. All 13 patients demonstrated Re-HPS in the form of V3 showing a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern, and two of the 13 patients also manifested V3 with a right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern. During Re-HPS showing a LBBB pattern, the retrograde activation of the His bundle (H2) in response to V2 occurred via the left bundle branch (LBB), as indicated by inscription of retrograde H2 prior to RB2 in nine of 13 cases (average H2-RB2 = 9.4 msec), and simultaneous incription of retrograde H2 and RB2 in the remaining four. When V3 showed a RBBB pattern the retrograde RB2 preceded H2, suggesting H2 activation via the RBB. These findings suggest that circuit of Re-HPS incorporates both bundle branches and the bundle of His. The H-RB recordings were also useful in distinguishing sustained Re-HPS from atrioventricular nodal reentry when in both instances the QRS complex showed a LBBB pattern.", "contents": "Reentry within the His-Purkinje system. Elucidation of reentrant circuit using right bundle branch and His bundle recordings. Routes of impulse propagation during reentry in the His-Purkinje system (Re-HPS) in 13 patients were studied using the right ventricular extra stimulus (V2) method and right bundle branch (RBB) recordings in addition to the conventional His (H) bundle recordings. The H-V and RB-V intervals during sinus rhythm averaged 44.2 and 27.6 msec respectively, with the average antegrade H-RB interval 16.6 msec. All 13 patients demonstrated Re-HPS in the form of V3 showing a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern, and two of the 13 patients also manifested V3 with a right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern. During Re-HPS showing a LBBB pattern, the retrograde activation of the His bundle (H2) in response to V2 occurred via the left bundle branch (LBB), as indicated by inscription of retrograde H2 prior to RB2 in nine of 13 cases (average H2-RB2 = 9.4 msec), and simultaneous incription of retrograde H2 and RB2 in the remaining four. When V3 showed a RBBB pattern the retrograde RB2 preceded H2, suggesting H2 activation via the RBB. These findings suggest that circuit of Re-HPS incorporates both bundle branches and the bundle of His. The H-RB recordings were also useful in distinguishing sustained Re-HPS from atrioventricular nodal reentry when in both instances the QRS complex showed a LBBB pattern.", "PMID": 668078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12058", "title": "Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in patients with paroxysmal slowing of the sinus rate and apparent Mobitz type II atrioventricular block.", "content": "Over five years, 13 patients with episodic apparent type II atrioventricular (AV) block associated with sinus slowing were seen. This phenomenon occurred only transiently during an acute illness in eight patients (group I) but recurred chronically in five (groupII). For the group as a whole, the mean spontaneous cycle length was 42% longer during the period of AV block compared with periods of 1:1 AV conduction (800 +/- 116 msec to 1138 +/- 489 msec) (P less than 0.05). Electrophysiologic studies in four group I patients showed no abnormalities, whereas abnormalities in AV nodal conduction and refractoriness or provocation of intranodal Mobitz type II AV block (during carotid massage) were observed in three patients in group II and were totally abolished by atropine. In group I patients, apparent type II AV block was self-limited. In the chronic group, recurrent symptoms required insertion of permanent pacemakers in two patients. Simultaneous type II block and sinus slowing appeared to be related to the effects of increased vagal tone on both nodal structures. Intracardiac pacing is not indicated for patients with transient episodes associated with an acute illness, but may be required for symptomatic patients with recurrent episodes.", "contents": "Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in patients with paroxysmal slowing of the sinus rate and apparent Mobitz type II atrioventricular block. Over five years, 13 patients with episodic apparent type II atrioventricular (AV) block associated with sinus slowing were seen. This phenomenon occurred only transiently during an acute illness in eight patients (group I) but recurred chronically in five (groupII). For the group as a whole, the mean spontaneous cycle length was 42% longer during the period of AV block compared with periods of 1:1 AV conduction (800 +/- 116 msec to 1138 +/- 489 msec) (P less than 0.05). Electrophysiologic studies in four group I patients showed no abnormalities, whereas abnormalities in AV nodal conduction and refractoriness or provocation of intranodal Mobitz type II AV block (during carotid massage) were observed in three patients in group II and were totally abolished by atropine. In group I patients, apparent type II AV block was self-limited. In the chronic group, recurrent symptoms required insertion of permanent pacemakers in two patients. Simultaneous type II block and sinus slowing appeared to be related to the effects of increased vagal tone on both nodal structures. Intracardiac pacing is not indicated for patients with transient episodes associated with an acute illness, but may be required for symptomatic patients with recurrent episodes.", "PMID": 668079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12059", "title": "Dual echocardiographic determination of atrial contraction sequence in atrial flutter and other related atrial arrhythmias.", "content": "We have applied the new technique of dual echocardiography to determine the sequence of atrial contraction as reflected in the simultaneously recorded movements of the tricuspid and mitral valves. The study group included 29 normal subjects and 23 patients with either atrial flutter, coarse atrial fibrillation or atrial tachycardia with block. In normal individuals, right atrial contraction preceded left atrial contraction, with an average interatrial contraction time of 17 +/- 8 msec. In contrast, the atrial contraction sequence was reversed in atrial flutter, with left preceding right atrial contraction and a prolonged interatrial contraction time of 82 +/- 20 msec. In two patients with atrial tachycardia with block, atrial contraction was either simultaneous or left preceded right atrial contraction by a brief interval. The sequence of atrial excitation, as determined by electrode catheter recordings from the right and left atria in one patient with atrial flutter and one patient with normal sinus rhythm, was the same as the contraction sequence. Left atrial pacing reversed both excitation and contraction sequences. After cardioversion of three patients from atrial flutter to normal sinus rhythm, interatrial contraction time was shortened but remained longer than in normal subjects, suggesting an interatrial conduction disturbance in patients with atrial flutter. In coarse atrial fibrillation, the contraction sequence varied. Significant motion of both mitral and tricuspid valves coincident with fibrillary waves occurred frequently, especially when the fibrillary waves were coarse and regular. Dual echocardiography permits the noninvasive determination of the sequence of atrial contraction and excitation, and may be useful in studying the characteristics of atrial arrhythmias.", "contents": "Dual echocardiographic determination of atrial contraction sequence in atrial flutter and other related atrial arrhythmias. We have applied the new technique of dual echocardiography to determine the sequence of atrial contraction as reflected in the simultaneously recorded movements of the tricuspid and mitral valves. The study group included 29 normal subjects and 23 patients with either atrial flutter, coarse atrial fibrillation or atrial tachycardia with block. In normal individuals, right atrial contraction preceded left atrial contraction, with an average interatrial contraction time of 17 +/- 8 msec. In contrast, the atrial contraction sequence was reversed in atrial flutter, with left preceding right atrial contraction and a prolonged interatrial contraction time of 82 +/- 20 msec. In two patients with atrial tachycardia with block, atrial contraction was either simultaneous or left preceded right atrial contraction by a brief interval. The sequence of atrial excitation, as determined by electrode catheter recordings from the right and left atria in one patient with atrial flutter and one patient with normal sinus rhythm, was the same as the contraction sequence. Left atrial pacing reversed both excitation and contraction sequences. After cardioversion of three patients from atrial flutter to normal sinus rhythm, interatrial contraction time was shortened but remained longer than in normal subjects, suggesting an interatrial conduction disturbance in patients with atrial flutter. In coarse atrial fibrillation, the contraction sequence varied. Significant motion of both mitral and tricuspid valves coincident with fibrillary waves occurred frequently, especially when the fibrillary waves were coarse and regular. Dual echocardiography permits the noninvasive determination of the sequence of atrial contraction and excitation, and may be useful in studying the characteristics of atrial arrhythmias.", "PMID": 668080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12060", "title": "Diagnosis of ventricular septal defect by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Sensitivity, specificity and limitations.", "content": "The M-mode echocardiographic findings of ventricular septal defect (VSD) are nonspecific. A specific pulsed Doppler echocardiographic (PDE) diagnosis of VSD can be made by following the turbulent VSD jet through the septum. To assess the sensitivity, specificity and limitations of PDE diagnosis of VSD, 105 children undergoing cardiac catheterization were examined by PDE. These children had a variety of cardiac defects, and a PDE diagnosis of VSD was made in 46/51 (90%) who had VSD proven at catheterization. There was one false positive PDE diagnosis of VSD, for a specificity of 98%. Factors influencing the ability to diagnose VSD by PDE include the location of the defect, level of pulmonary vascular resistance and direction of blood flow through the VSD. The presence of additional defects did not interfere with PDE diagnosis of VSD. The PDE detection of additional defects may identify situations where M-mode echocardiographic estimation of dimensions may not be indicative of the size of VSD shunt.", "contents": "Diagnosis of ventricular septal defect by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Sensitivity, specificity and limitations. The M-mode echocardiographic findings of ventricular septal defect (VSD) are nonspecific. A specific pulsed Doppler echocardiographic (PDE) diagnosis of VSD can be made by following the turbulent VSD jet through the septum. To assess the sensitivity, specificity and limitations of PDE diagnosis of VSD, 105 children undergoing cardiac catheterization were examined by PDE. These children had a variety of cardiac defects, and a PDE diagnosis of VSD was made in 46/51 (90%) who had VSD proven at catheterization. There was one false positive PDE diagnosis of VSD, for a specificity of 98%. Factors influencing the ability to diagnose VSD by PDE include the location of the defect, level of pulmonary vascular resistance and direction of blood flow through the VSD. The presence of additional defects did not interfere with PDE diagnosis of VSD. The PDE detection of additional defects may identify situations where M-mode echocardiographic estimation of dimensions may not be indicative of the size of VSD shunt.", "PMID": 668081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12061", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of Ebstein's anomaly.", "content": "Nine patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were studied by two-dimensional echocardiography, using the standard long and short axis views as well as the apex four chamber view. With this latter view, the displacement of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle was clearly seen in all nine cases of Ebstein's anomaly and was not noted in a control population. The severity of the tricuspid displacement was assessed by comparing the position of the mitral and tricuspid valves relative to the cardiac apex. The apex four chamber view allowed visualization of the atrioventricular (AV) ring simultaneously with the displaced tricuspid valve, and therefore the size of the \"atrialized\" right ventricle, true right ventricle and right atrium could be determined. These dimensions compared favorably with angiography.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of Ebstein's anomaly. Nine patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were studied by two-dimensional echocardiography, using the standard long and short axis views as well as the apex four chamber view. With this latter view, the displacement of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle was clearly seen in all nine cases of Ebstein's anomaly and was not noted in a control population. The severity of the tricuspid displacement was assessed by comparing the position of the mitral and tricuspid valves relative to the cardiac apex. The apex four chamber view allowed visualization of the atrioventricular (AV) ring simultaneously with the displaced tricuspid valve, and therefore the size of the \"atrialized\" right ventricle, true right ventricle and right atrium could be determined. These dimensions compared favorably with angiography.", "PMID": 668083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12062", "title": "Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic imaging and measurement of the patent ductus arteriosus in infants and children.", "content": "While echocardiography has been used to noninvasively document indirect effects on the heart of left-to-right shunting through a patent ductus arteriosus, no noninvasive technique has been developed to image the duct itself. In this study, 35 sequential studies were performed on 28 patients with a mechanical sector scanner to image the distal pulmonary artery and its bifurcation by scanning along the axis of the right ventricular outflow tract. Cross-sectional imaging, just superior to the take-off of the right pulmonary artery, provided visualization of the patent ductus as a distal continuation of the pulmonary artery connecting to the descending aorta. Ductal visualization by cross-sectional echo was validated by saline echo contrast observations of right-to-left and left-to-right shunting through the duct in 14 patients, by surgical observations in 11, angiographic observations in 13 and autopsy observations in three. Angiographic size of the ductus arteriosus, whether constricted or widely patent, tortuous or straight, was predicted correctly and echo/angiographic correlations for smallest inner ductal dimension were excellent (r = 0.97). This study provides a method for and validates the direct imaging of the ductus arteriosus and suggests that cross-sectional echocardiography can accurately predict ductal contour and quantitative ductal cross-sectional size noninvasively.", "contents": "Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic imaging and measurement of the patent ductus arteriosus in infants and children. While echocardiography has been used to noninvasively document indirect effects on the heart of left-to-right shunting through a patent ductus arteriosus, no noninvasive technique has been developed to image the duct itself. In this study, 35 sequential studies were performed on 28 patients with a mechanical sector scanner to image the distal pulmonary artery and its bifurcation by scanning along the axis of the right ventricular outflow tract. Cross-sectional imaging, just superior to the take-off of the right pulmonary artery, provided visualization of the patent ductus as a distal continuation of the pulmonary artery connecting to the descending aorta. Ductal visualization by cross-sectional echo was validated by saline echo contrast observations of right-to-left and left-to-right shunting through the duct in 14 patients, by surgical observations in 11, angiographic observations in 13 and autopsy observations in three. Angiographic size of the ductus arteriosus, whether constricted or widely patent, tortuous or straight, was predicted correctly and echo/angiographic correlations for smallest inner ductal dimension were excellent (r = 0.97). This study provides a method for and validates the direct imaging of the ductus arteriosus and suggests that cross-sectional echocardiography can accurately predict ductal contour and quantitative ductal cross-sectional size noninvasively.", "PMID": 668084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12063", "title": "Models of congenital heart disease in fetal lambs.", "content": "Intracardiac flow patterns were chronically altered by partially obstructing left ventricular (LV) inflow or outflow in midgestational fetal lambs. Physiological measurements of the fetal circulation were made serially through indwelling catheters and the use of radioactive microspheres. With LV inflow obstruction, mean LV output (LVO) decreased to 30% of control (P less than 0.01). Within seven days, the LV/right ventricular (RV) weight ratio decreased to 70% of control (P less than 0.01), and the mean LV/RV chamber volume decreased to less than one-half of control (P less than 0.001), simulating an early form of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. With LV outflow obstruction, mean LVO decreased to 64% of control (P less than 0.05). Mean LV/RV wall thickness doubled (P less than 0.0001) and mean LF/RV chamber volume decreased to less than one-half of control (P less than 0.0001). Within four to ten days after increasing LV afterload, a large increase in LV mass occurred, which was demonstrated by morphometric analysis to be due to hyperplasia of ventricular myocytes. LV chamber volume decreased somewhat, simulating moderately severe congenital aortic stenosis. Over the long term (30--36 days), the mean LV/RV weight ratio decreased and the LV chamber was nearly obliterated, simulating very severe congenital aortic stenosis. The results suggest that by varying preload and afterload in both ventricles of the fetus, various forms of congenital heart disease may be simulated.", "contents": "Models of congenital heart disease in fetal lambs. Intracardiac flow patterns were chronically altered by partially obstructing left ventricular (LV) inflow or outflow in midgestational fetal lambs. Physiological measurements of the fetal circulation were made serially through indwelling catheters and the use of radioactive microspheres. With LV inflow obstruction, mean LV output (LVO) decreased to 30% of control (P less than 0.01). Within seven days, the LV/right ventricular (RV) weight ratio decreased to 70% of control (P less than 0.01), and the mean LV/RV chamber volume decreased to less than one-half of control (P less than 0.001), simulating an early form of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. With LV outflow obstruction, mean LVO decreased to 64% of control (P less than 0.05). Mean LV/RV wall thickness doubled (P less than 0.0001) and mean LF/RV chamber volume decreased to less than one-half of control (P less than 0.0001). Within four to ten days after increasing LV afterload, a large increase in LV mass occurred, which was demonstrated by morphometric analysis to be due to hyperplasia of ventricular myocytes. LV chamber volume decreased somewhat, simulating moderately severe congenital aortic stenosis. Over the long term (30--36 days), the mean LV/RV weight ratio decreased and the LV chamber was nearly obliterated, simulating very severe congenital aortic stenosis. The results suggest that by varying preload and afterload in both ventricles of the fetus, various forms of congenital heart disease may be simulated.", "PMID": 668085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12064", "title": "Effects of dietary and pharmacologic alteration of serum lipids on platelet survival time.", "content": "Platelet survival time (SURV) (autologous labelling with 51Chromium) was shortened (3 +/- 0.03 days; average t 1/2 +/- SEM; normal t 1/2 3.7 +/- 0.03 days) in 88 out of 128 (69%) men with coronary disease. In 35 out of 47 men with hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, SURV was shortened (3 +/- 0.09 days) (74%). Of 30 men with hyperbetalipoproteinemia, SURV was shortened (2.5 +/- 0.10 days) in 26 (87%). Of 51 men without hyperlipoproteinemia, SURV was normal (3.3 +/- 0.10 days) in 24 (47%). Dietary alteration of serum triglyceride was undertaken in 12 men with hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, and in eight a decrease of triglyceride of more than 75 mg% was achieved (324 +/- 21-219 +/- 18 mg%; P less than 0.001) with an increase of SURV (2.2 +/- 0.11-2.8 +/- 0.13 days; P less than 0.001). In four, serum triglyceride increased by more than 75 mg% (279 +/- 14-451 +/- 28 mg%) and SURV decreased (2.7 +/- 0.16-2.3 +/- 0.21 days). Cholestyramine (16 g g.d.) and diet decreased serum cholesterol (348 +/- 7.6-319 +/- 6.3 mg%; P less than 0.001) in 15 men with hyperbetalipoproteinemia and SURV increased (2.3 +/- 0.08-2.7 +/- 0.07 days; P less than 0.001). Results suggest that SURV is shortened in men with coronary disease, particularly in those with hyperlipoproteinemia, and that alteration of triglyceride and cholesterol are associated with alteration of SURV.", "contents": "Effects of dietary and pharmacologic alteration of serum lipids on platelet survival time. Platelet survival time (SURV) (autologous labelling with 51Chromium) was shortened (3 +/- 0.03 days; average t 1/2 +/- SEM; normal t 1/2 3.7 +/- 0.03 days) in 88 out of 128 (69%) men with coronary disease. In 35 out of 47 men with hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, SURV was shortened (3 +/- 0.09 days) (74%). Of 30 men with hyperbetalipoproteinemia, SURV was shortened (2.5 +/- 0.10 days) in 26 (87%). Of 51 men without hyperlipoproteinemia, SURV was normal (3.3 +/- 0.10 days) in 24 (47%). Dietary alteration of serum triglyceride was undertaken in 12 men with hyperprebetalipoproteinemia, and in eight a decrease of triglyceride of more than 75 mg% was achieved (324 +/- 21-219 +/- 18 mg%; P less than 0.001) with an increase of SURV (2.2 +/- 0.11-2.8 +/- 0.13 days; P less than 0.001). In four, serum triglyceride increased by more than 75 mg% (279 +/- 14-451 +/- 28 mg%) and SURV decreased (2.7 +/- 0.16-2.3 +/- 0.21 days). Cholestyramine (16 g g.d.) and diet decreased serum cholesterol (348 +/- 7.6-319 +/- 6.3 mg%; P less than 0.001) in 15 men with hyperbetalipoproteinemia and SURV increased (2.3 +/- 0.08-2.7 +/- 0.07 days; P less than 0.001). Results suggest that SURV is shortened in men with coronary disease, particularly in those with hyperlipoproteinemia, and that alteration of triglyceride and cholesterol are associated with alteration of SURV.", "PMID": 668086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12065", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to dynamic and static effort soon after myocardial infarction. Application to occupational work assessment.", "content": "Static and dynamic work involving the arms and the legs was performed by 40 men seven weeks after myocardial infarction. Leg ergometry produced a significantly higher peak work load, systolic blood pressure (BPs), heart rate (HR), and HR X BPs X 10(-2) product (DP) than did arm ergometry: 842 +/- 178 vs 546 +/- 135 kg-m/min, 176 +/- 24 vs 154 +/- 19 mm Hg and 256 +/- 54 vs 219 +/- 48 (SD). Peak heart rates were 145 and 142. Endpoints were primarily muscular and generalized fatigue and dyspnea. Ischemic abnormalities and ventricular ectopy were more frequent with leg ergometry. Sustained forearm lifting elicited higher HR, PBs and DP responses than sustained handgrip contraction: 95 +/- 16 vs 91 +/- 16 beats/min, 162 +/- 18 vs 152 +/- 17 mm Hg and 154 +/- 33 vs 139 +/- 33 (SD). Ischemic ST segment depression and significant ventricuar arrhythmias were infrequent with static effort. Dynamic leg testing is superior to dynamic or static arm testing in assessing the capacity of patients to perform physical work tasks after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to dynamic and static effort soon after myocardial infarction. Application to occupational work assessment. Static and dynamic work involving the arms and the legs was performed by 40 men seven weeks after myocardial infarction. Leg ergometry produced a significantly higher peak work load, systolic blood pressure (BPs), heart rate (HR), and HR X BPs X 10(-2) product (DP) than did arm ergometry: 842 +/- 178 vs 546 +/- 135 kg-m/min, 176 +/- 24 vs 154 +/- 19 mm Hg and 256 +/- 54 vs 219 +/- 48 (SD). Peak heart rates were 145 and 142. Endpoints were primarily muscular and generalized fatigue and dyspnea. Ischemic abnormalities and ventricular ectopy were more frequent with leg ergometry. Sustained forearm lifting elicited higher HR, PBs and DP responses than sustained handgrip contraction: 95 +/- 16 vs 91 +/- 16 beats/min, 162 +/- 18 vs 152 +/- 17 mm Hg and 154 +/- 33 vs 139 +/- 33 (SD). Ischemic ST segment depression and significant ventricuar arrhythmias were infrequent with static effort. Dynamic leg testing is superior to dynamic or static arm testing in assessing the capacity of patients to perform physical work tasks after myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 668087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12066", "title": "Value and safety of diet modification to control hyperlipidemia in childhood and adolescence. A statement for physicians. Ad Hoc Committee of the Steering Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association.", "content": "Hyperlipidemia clearly is a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in adults and very likely contributes to atherogenesis in children. The American Heart Association recommends that children with elevated plasma cholesterol or triglyceride be placed on an appropriate diet in order to reduce their risk of hyperlipidemia and possibly to reduce their risk of atherosclerotic disease when they become adults. Although the evidence does not yet support the recommendation that cholesterol and saturated fat should be reduced in the diet of all children, the public should be advised that such modification appears safe and very likely to be beneficial. Measuring plasma lipids of all children in order to prevent atherosclerotic disease probably is not cost effective. However, children of high risk families should be examined for hyperlipidemia.", "contents": "Value and safety of diet modification to control hyperlipidemia in childhood and adolescence. A statement for physicians. Ad Hoc Committee of the Steering Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association. Hyperlipidemia clearly is a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in adults and very likely contributes to atherogenesis in children. The American Heart Association recommends that children with elevated plasma cholesterol or triglyceride be placed on an appropriate diet in order to reduce their risk of hyperlipidemia and possibly to reduce their risk of atherosclerotic disease when they become adults. Although the evidence does not yet support the recommendation that cholesterol and saturated fat should be reduced in the diet of all children, the public should be advised that such modification appears safe and very likely to be beneficial. Measuring plasma lipids of all children in order to prevent atherosclerotic disease probably is not cost effective. However, children of high risk families should be examined for hyperlipidemia.", "PMID": 668092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12067", "title": "Computer analysis of allergic histories taken by questionnaire.", "content": "We report the development of a detailed allergy questionnaire designed so that the answers can be typed into a mini-computer. Computer programmes have been written to file and to retrieve these answers, and to print a summary which is then 'weighed', so as to produce a clinical atopy score which is then further broken down into indoor and outdoor scores. In a pilot survey of ninety patients, their clinical atopy scores and immunoglobulin E (IgE) profiles have been compared, and additional computer programmes have been written which will (a) assess if a more detailed IgE investigations is warranted, and (b) suggest which allergens, if any, are likely to be responsible for the patients' symptoms.", "contents": "Computer analysis of allergic histories taken by questionnaire. We report the development of a detailed allergy questionnaire designed so that the answers can be typed into a mini-computer. Computer programmes have been written to file and to retrieve these answers, and to print a summary which is then 'weighed', so as to produce a clinical atopy score which is then further broken down into indoor and outdoor scores. In a pilot survey of ninety patients, their clinical atopy scores and immunoglobulin E (IgE) profiles have been compared, and additional computer programmes have been written which will (a) assess if a more detailed IgE investigations is warranted, and (b) suggest which allergens, if any, are likely to be responsible for the patients' symptoms.", "PMID": 668095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12068", "title": "RAST atopy screen.", "content": "A single in vitro screening test for atopic allergy is described. It uses the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) principle, and has been applied to screening sera from U.K. patients with possible atopic symptoms. When compared with the Phadebas RAST, the test sensitivity was 97% and the specificity 100%, and these results suggest that it is useful in any preliminary allergy investigation.", "contents": "RAST atopy screen. A single in vitro screening test for atopic allergy is described. It uses the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) principle, and has been applied to screening sera from U.K. patients with possible atopic symptoms. When compared with the Phadebas RAST, the test sensitivity was 97% and the specificity 100%, and these results suggest that it is useful in any preliminary allergy investigation.", "PMID": 668096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12069", "title": "Serum IgE in atopic dermatitis: relationship to severity of cutaneous involvement and course of disease as well as coexistence of atopic respiratory diseases.", "content": "Serum IgE concentrations were determined according to the radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST, Phadebas) on 116 adult patients with atopic dermatitis of varying severity and activity. Geometric mean IgE levels of patients with atopic dermatitis were significantly higher compared with the mean level of ninety-three non-atopic adult subjects without parasitic infestation. Severity of the atopic dermatitis was highly correlated to the levels of serum IgE. Severe chronic cases with ever-recurrent exacerbations show the most extreme values. In the moderate forms of atopic dermatitis, coexistent bronchial asthma causes a greater increase in the IgE values. Among the mild or abortive forms higher IgE levels were found in cases with allergic rhinitis than in the cases with 'pure' atopic dermatitis. Other findings in connection with IgE in atopic dermatitis are summarized. The pathogenetic significance of IgE in the cutaneous changes is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Serum IgE in atopic dermatitis: relationship to severity of cutaneous involvement and course of disease as well as coexistence of atopic respiratory diseases. Serum IgE concentrations were determined according to the radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST, Phadebas) on 116 adult patients with atopic dermatitis of varying severity and activity. Geometric mean IgE levels of patients with atopic dermatitis were significantly higher compared with the mean level of ninety-three non-atopic adult subjects without parasitic infestation. Severity of the atopic dermatitis was highly correlated to the levels of serum IgE. Severe chronic cases with ever-recurrent exacerbations show the most extreme values. In the moderate forms of atopic dermatitis, coexistent bronchial asthma causes a greater increase in the IgE values. Among the mild or abortive forms higher IgE levels were found in cases with allergic rhinitis than in the cases with 'pure' atopic dermatitis. Other findings in connection with IgE in atopic dermatitis are summarized. The pathogenetic significance of IgE in the cutaneous changes is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 668097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12070", "title": "Hymenoptera sting hypersensitivy: IgE, IgG and haemagglutinating antibodies to bee venom constituents in relation to exposure and clinical reaction to bee stings.", "content": "High levels of IgE antibodies (Ab) to bee venom constituents were mainly found in patients with bee sting hypersensitivity, whereas the sera of bee keepers usually contained high levels of IgG Ab and haemagglutinins, representing blocking antibody activity. In bee keepers there was a positive correlation between the degree of severity of an adverse reaction to bee stings and IgE Ab, a negative one between the severity of reaction and IgG Ab and haemagglutinins, a positive one between the number of stings per season and IgG Ab and haemagglutinins, and negative one between the number of stings and IgE Ab. This suggests a mutual dependence of the production of IgE Ab and blocking Ab in a regularly exposed population. No such correlation was found in bee sting-allergic patients, indicating that other factors influence the severity of reaction in this only sporadically exposed group. The values of IgG Ab and haemagglutinins correlated well with each other, with IgG Ab giving a better correlation with severity of reaction and number of stings than the haemagglutinins.", "contents": "Hymenoptera sting hypersensitivy: IgE, IgG and haemagglutinating antibodies to bee venom constituents in relation to exposure and clinical reaction to bee stings. High levels of IgE antibodies (Ab) to bee venom constituents were mainly found in patients with bee sting hypersensitivity, whereas the sera of bee keepers usually contained high levels of IgG Ab and haemagglutinins, representing blocking antibody activity. In bee keepers there was a positive correlation between the degree of severity of an adverse reaction to bee stings and IgE Ab, a negative one between the severity of reaction and IgG Ab and haemagglutinins, a positive one between the number of stings per season and IgG Ab and haemagglutinins, and negative one between the number of stings and IgE Ab. This suggests a mutual dependence of the production of IgE Ab and blocking Ab in a regularly exposed population. No such correlation was found in bee sting-allergic patients, indicating that other factors influence the severity of reaction in this only sporadically exposed group. The values of IgG Ab and haemagglutinins correlated well with each other, with IgG Ab giving a better correlation with severity of reaction and number of stings than the haemagglutinins.", "PMID": 668100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12071", "title": "Asthma, allergy and bronchial hyper-reactivity to histamine in patients with bronchiectasis.", "content": "An allergy examination was made on forty-eight consecutive bronchiectasis patients, with a mean age of 37 years. Eleven had confirmed asthma and another nine, making twenty in all (42%), had distinct allergic diathesis. Allergy to a specific allergen was established in five cases. 50% of the patients in the total series had bronchial histamine hyper-reactivity, eleven without asthma or distinct allergic diathesis. The results corroborate views previously reported of the role of asthmatic symptoms and allergic diathesis as aetiological factors of bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Asthma, allergy and bronchial hyper-reactivity to histamine in patients with bronchiectasis. An allergy examination was made on forty-eight consecutive bronchiectasis patients, with a mean age of 37 years. Eleven had confirmed asthma and another nine, making twenty in all (42%), had distinct allergic diathesis. Allergy to a specific allergen was established in five cases. 50% of the patients in the total series had bronchial histamine hyper-reactivity, eleven without asthma or distinct allergic diathesis. The results corroborate views previously reported of the role of asthmatic symptoms and allergic diathesis as aetiological factors of bronchiectasis.", "PMID": 668101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12072", "title": "The effect of ICI 74,917 on asthma and bronchial provocation tests.", "content": "A study was made of the protective action of the anti-allergic drug ICI 74,917, a phenanthroline derivative, in specific allergen provocation tests and in combating clinical symptoms in thirteen asthmatic out-patients. It was found that ICI 74,917 was able to diminish allergen-induced bronchoconstriction significantly (P less than 0.01) during both the placebo period and during chronic treatment with ICI 74,917 for 4 weeks. The results obtained during these two periods did not differ significantly. There was not, however, any statistically significant difference in the symptom scores or PEF rates during the treatment with ICI 74,917 or placebo for 1 month. This may indicate that although ICI 74,197 is able to prevent bronchoconstriction in an allergen provocation test, it failed to improve asthma clinically. No signs of the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis were observed in the present study. The Student's t-test was used in the statistical analysis.", "contents": "The effect of ICI 74,917 on asthma and bronchial provocation tests. A study was made of the protective action of the anti-allergic drug ICI 74,917, a phenanthroline derivative, in specific allergen provocation tests and in combating clinical symptoms in thirteen asthmatic out-patients. It was found that ICI 74,917 was able to diminish allergen-induced bronchoconstriction significantly (P less than 0.01) during both the placebo period and during chronic treatment with ICI 74,917 for 4 weeks. The results obtained during these two periods did not differ significantly. There was not, however, any statistically significant difference in the symptom scores or PEF rates during the treatment with ICI 74,917 or placebo for 1 month. This may indicate that although ICI 74,197 is able to prevent bronchoconstriction in an allergen provocation test, it failed to improve asthma clinically. No signs of the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis were observed in the present study. The Student's t-test was used in the statistical analysis.", "PMID": 668102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12073", "title": "Evaluation of severe (anaphylactic) reactions.", "content": "The clinical course of twenty-one patients who presented with life-threatening symptoms, appearing to be allergic in aetiology, is described. In ten of these patients clinical evaluation established a diagnosis, for example: drug allergy, food allergy, a curious form of hospital addiction syndrome, an underlying malignancy, systemic mast cell disease or a complement abnormality. In the remaining subjects, it was found that their condition could be stabilized with sympathomimetics, antihistamines and corticosteroids. In those in whom no aetiology could be found, there was usually a spontaneous subsidence of the frequency and severity of attacks or spontaneous remission. No fatalities occurred.", "contents": "Evaluation of severe (anaphylactic) reactions. The clinical course of twenty-one patients who presented with life-threatening symptoms, appearing to be allergic in aetiology, is described. In ten of these patients clinical evaluation established a diagnosis, for example: drug allergy, food allergy, a curious form of hospital addiction syndrome, an underlying malignancy, systemic mast cell disease or a complement abnormality. In the remaining subjects, it was found that their condition could be stabilized with sympathomimetics, antihistamines and corticosteroids. In those in whom no aetiology could be found, there was usually a spontaneous subsidence of the frequency and severity of attacks or spontaneous remission. No fatalities occurred.", "PMID": 668103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12074", "title": "Pigeon breeders' lung lacking detectable antibodies.", "content": "Whereas fifteen pigeon fanciers suffering from extrinsic allergic alevolitis from avian dust had high titres of antibodies against pigeon antigens, antibodies were not demonstrable, even by immunofluorescence, in the serum of a symptomatic individual exposed to minimal amounts of avian dust. Following exposure to larger quantities of pigeon dust inhalation challenges, a low titre of antibodies appeared, but disappeared again after avoidance of the allergen. Cell-mediated immunity was elevated in the lymphocyte transformation test and also decreased after avoidance of allergen contact. Therefore, it seems likely that the antibody is not the only mediator of pigeon breeder's lung. Inhalation challenges and T cell-dependent immune reactivity may reveal more avian dust sensitive individuals suffering from fibrosis without the typical history of extrinsic allergic alevolitis and without detectable antibodies.", "contents": "Pigeon breeders' lung lacking detectable antibodies. Whereas fifteen pigeon fanciers suffering from extrinsic allergic alevolitis from avian dust had high titres of antibodies against pigeon antigens, antibodies were not demonstrable, even by immunofluorescence, in the serum of a symptomatic individual exposed to minimal amounts of avian dust. Following exposure to larger quantities of pigeon dust inhalation challenges, a low titre of antibodies appeared, but disappeared again after avoidance of the allergen. Cell-mediated immunity was elevated in the lymphocyte transformation test and also decreased after avoidance of allergen contact. Therefore, it seems likely that the antibody is not the only mediator of pigeon breeder's lung. Inhalation challenges and T cell-dependent immune reactivity may reveal more avian dust sensitive individuals suffering from fibrosis without the typical history of extrinsic allergic alevolitis and without detectable antibodies.", "PMID": 668104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12075", "title": "A micromethod for separation and identification of digestive enzymes in brush border membrane fragments of single human intestinal biopsies.", "content": "A micromethod for the isolation of brush border membrane fragments from single peroral duodenal biopsies, and their subsequent analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. The quantity of biopsy material used varied between 5 and 15 mg wet weight, leaving enough mucosa for histological examination. By cutting the gels longitudinally into two halves it was possible to identify several maltases, sucrase, isomaltase and lactase and to correlate these enzymatic activities with distinct co-migrating protein peaks. For alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase this correlation was not possible. This method is suitable for the study on single biopsies of the molecular alterations occurring in the various congenital enzyme deficiencies of the human small intestine.", "contents": "A micromethod for separation and identification of digestive enzymes in brush border membrane fragments of single human intestinal biopsies. A micromethod for the isolation of brush border membrane fragments from single peroral duodenal biopsies, and their subsequent analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. The quantity of biopsy material used varied between 5 and 15 mg wet weight, leaving enough mucosa for histological examination. By cutting the gels longitudinally into two halves it was possible to identify several maltases, sucrase, isomaltase and lactase and to correlate these enzymatic activities with distinct co-migrating protein peaks. For alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase this correlation was not possible. This method is suitable for the study on single biopsies of the molecular alterations occurring in the various congenital enzyme deficiencies of the human small intestine.", "PMID": 668114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12076", "title": "Synthetic and endogenous testosterone conjugates: acid hydrolysis studied by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The acid hydrolysis of synthetic testosterone sulphate and glucuronide by sulphuric acid has been studied by measuring the release of uncojugated testosterone by radioimmunoassay. The sulphate was hydrolyzed at lower concentration of acid but no conditions were found where only the sulphate was completely hydrolyzed without any hydrolysis of the glucuronide. Results of similar studies on human urine, however, suggested that human urine contains three conjugates of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone: the sulphate and glucuronide and also a very acid labile conjugate hitherto unknown. Hydrochloric acid has stronger hydrolyzing effect at the same normality and released more unconjugated testosterone in urine at the same pH than did sulphuric acid. A complete hydrolysis of urinary conjugates in 3 molar sulphuric acid was accomplished without destruction of immunoassayable testosterone and constitutes a suitable method for the determination of the total testosterone content in urine. The method was compared with other hydrolyzing methods by measuring the testosterone release from urinary conjugates after their extraction and separation by by thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Synthetic and endogenous testosterone conjugates: acid hydrolysis studied by radioimmunoassay. The acid hydrolysis of synthetic testosterone sulphate and glucuronide by sulphuric acid has been studied by measuring the release of uncojugated testosterone by radioimmunoassay. The sulphate was hydrolyzed at lower concentration of acid but no conditions were found where only the sulphate was completely hydrolyzed without any hydrolysis of the glucuronide. Results of similar studies on human urine, however, suggested that human urine contains three conjugates of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone: the sulphate and glucuronide and also a very acid labile conjugate hitherto unknown. Hydrochloric acid has stronger hydrolyzing effect at the same normality and released more unconjugated testosterone in urine at the same pH than did sulphuric acid. A complete hydrolysis of urinary conjugates in 3 molar sulphuric acid was accomplished without destruction of immunoassayable testosterone and constitutes a suitable method for the determination of the total testosterone content in urine. The method was compared with other hydrolyzing methods by measuring the testosterone release from urinary conjugates after their extraction and separation by by thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 668115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12077", "title": "Effect of cycloleucine on amino acid accumulation by human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Cycloleucine is a synthetic amino acid which produces, in vivo, biochemical abnoramlities comparable to those seen in human cystinuria-lysinuria. The effect of cycloleucine on intracellular accumulation of amino acids overlapping separate transport systems was studied using human diploid fibroblasts subcultures on glass coverslips. The data indicated that alpha-alanine, serine and proline accumulation was inhibited significantly by cycloleucine. The percentage of inhibition was approximately the same. Lysine was less affected by cycloleucine, but this amino acid accumulation proceeded at a rate slower than for neutral amino acids. In vitro, this inhibitory effect seems to be a generalized phenomenon affecting substrates. These results confirm in human fibroblasts data reported for human and rat kidney slices.", "contents": "Effect of cycloleucine on amino acid accumulation by human diploid fibroblasts. Cycloleucine is a synthetic amino acid which produces, in vivo, biochemical abnoramlities comparable to those seen in human cystinuria-lysinuria. The effect of cycloleucine on intracellular accumulation of amino acids overlapping separate transport systems was studied using human diploid fibroblasts subcultures on glass coverslips. The data indicated that alpha-alanine, serine and proline accumulation was inhibited significantly by cycloleucine. The percentage of inhibition was approximately the same. Lysine was less affected by cycloleucine, but this amino acid accumulation proceeded at a rate slower than for neutral amino acids. In vitro, this inhibitory effect seems to be a generalized phenomenon affecting substrates. These results confirm in human fibroblasts data reported for human and rat kidney slices.", "PMID": 668116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12078", "title": "Glucuronides of unconjugated 6-hydroxylated bile acids in urine of a patient with malabsorption.", "content": "The excretion of bile acids in urine from a patient with chronic malabsorption was investigated. Bile acids were separated according to mode of conjugation using a lipophilic anion exchanger, diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20. Following hydrolysis, individual bile acids were analyzed by computerized GC/MS. In addition, bile acid glucuronides were isolated and their methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were directly analyzed by GC/MS. The patient had a normal or slightly increased excretion of bile acids in urine. Bile acids carrying a hydroxyl group at C-6 constituted about 40% of the total. Tetrahydroxylated bile acids were present which have not been found in healthy subjects. Glucuronides of otherwise unconjugated bile acids accounted for 20% of the total. About 90% of these conjugates were 6-hydroxylated, hyodeoxycholic acid being the major bile acid. It is suggested that a specific abnormality of bile acid metabolism is related to the disease in this patient.", "contents": "Glucuronides of unconjugated 6-hydroxylated bile acids in urine of a patient with malabsorption. The excretion of bile acids in urine from a patient with chronic malabsorption was investigated. Bile acids were separated according to mode of conjugation using a lipophilic anion exchanger, diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20. Following hydrolysis, individual bile acids were analyzed by computerized GC/MS. In addition, bile acid glucuronides were isolated and their methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were directly analyzed by GC/MS. The patient had a normal or slightly increased excretion of bile acids in urine. Bile acids carrying a hydroxyl group at C-6 constituted about 40% of the total. Tetrahydroxylated bile acids were present which have not been found in healthy subjects. Glucuronides of otherwise unconjugated bile acids accounted for 20% of the total. About 90% of these conjugates were 6-hydroxylated, hyodeoxycholic acid being the major bile acid. It is suggested that a specific abnormality of bile acid metabolism is related to the disease in this patient.", "PMID": 668117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12079", "title": "Electrophoretic identification of serum immunoglobulins linked to amylase:macroamylase.", "content": "The amylase-linked immunoglobulins in 16 cases with macroamylasemia were analyzed by employing immunoelectrophoresis on agar gel plates. The classes of the amylase-binding immunoglobulins were identified as follows: in the heavy chain classes, 10 cases were alpha, two cases gamma, one case both alpha and gamma and three cases could not be identified; in the light chain types, nine cases were kappa, two cases lambda and five cases unidentified.", "contents": "Electrophoretic identification of serum immunoglobulins linked to amylase:macroamylase. The amylase-linked immunoglobulins in 16 cases with macroamylasemia were analyzed by employing immunoelectrophoresis on agar gel plates. The classes of the amylase-binding immunoglobulins were identified as follows: in the heavy chain classes, 10 cases were alpha, two cases gamma, one case both alpha and gamma and three cases could not be identified; in the light chain types, nine cases were kappa, two cases lambda and five cases unidentified.", "PMID": 668118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12080", "title": "Cyanide-insensitive respiration of phagocytes in oxygen-treated whole blood.", "content": "Cyanide-insensitive respiration of phagocytes has been assayed polarographically in less than 0.5 ml of oxygenated venous blood. Cell separation procedures are avoided by use of whole blood as assay sample. The method is simple and gives quantitative results. The values obtained faithfully reflect in vivo capacity of phagocytes. Blood from boys with chronic granulomatous disease showed no burst of oxygen consumption during phagocytosis. Blood from their mothers showed about one-third activity of normal blood, indicating their carrier status.", "contents": "Cyanide-insensitive respiration of phagocytes in oxygen-treated whole blood. Cyanide-insensitive respiration of phagocytes has been assayed polarographically in less than 0.5 ml of oxygenated venous blood. Cell separation procedures are avoided by use of whole blood as assay sample. The method is simple and gives quantitative results. The values obtained faithfully reflect in vivo capacity of phagocytes. Blood from boys with chronic granulomatous disease showed no burst of oxygen consumption during phagocytosis. Blood from their mothers showed about one-third activity of normal blood, indicating their carrier status.", "PMID": 668119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12081", "title": "An improved quantitative assay of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in erythrocytes based on the determination of glucose 1-phosphate generation.", "content": "An improved quantitative method for measuring galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12, Gal-PUT) activity in erythrocytes was developed based on the detection of glucose 1-phosphate generated under the catalytic influence of the enzyme. This is achieved by incubating the enzyme with galactose 1-phosphate and uridyldiphosphoglucose during 15 min, followed by deproteinisation. The glucose 1-phosphate generated is quantitated subsequently by measuring NADPH formation from added NADP+ in a second incubation step with added phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). Gal-PUT activity is calculated from the increment in absorption at 340 nm. Because it is technically a simple assay that is sensitive, specific and not affected by UDPgalactose-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) activity in the erythrocytal lysates it is suggested to be the method of choice for measuring Gal-PUT activity. Activities in erythrocytes of controls varied from 264 to 556 U/kg hemoglobin; in obligate heterozygotes from 53 to 190 U/kg Hb and in homozygous deficient patients less than 5 U/kg Hb was measured at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "An improved quantitative assay of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in erythrocytes based on the determination of glucose 1-phosphate generation. An improved quantitative method for measuring galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12, Gal-PUT) activity in erythrocytes was developed based on the detection of glucose 1-phosphate generated under the catalytic influence of the enzyme. This is achieved by incubating the enzyme with galactose 1-phosphate and uridyldiphosphoglucose during 15 min, followed by deproteinisation. The glucose 1-phosphate generated is quantitated subsequently by measuring NADPH formation from added NADP+ in a second incubation step with added phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). Gal-PUT activity is calculated from the increment in absorption at 340 nm. Because it is technically a simple assay that is sensitive, specific and not affected by UDPgalactose-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) activity in the erythrocytal lysates it is suggested to be the method of choice for measuring Gal-PUT activity. Activities in erythrocytes of controls varied from 264 to 556 U/kg hemoglobin; in obligate heterozygotes from 53 to 190 U/kg Hb and in homozygous deficient patients less than 5 U/kg Hb was measured at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 668120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12082", "title": "Muscle transketolase in normal foetuses and Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "The activity of the enzyme transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) or the pentose phosphate metabolizing enzyme (PPME) was investigated in the quadriceps muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), polymyositis and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and in normal foetuses. The enzyme activity was significantly elevated in these muscle disorders with highest and lowest levels seen in DMD and SMA groups, respectively. The enzyme activity was increased early in DMD muscle and appeared to increase with progression of the disease. Normal foetal muscle contained high transketolase activity which is comparable to that seen in DMD patients.", "contents": "Muscle transketolase in normal foetuses and Duchenne dystrophy. The activity of the enzyme transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) or the pentose phosphate metabolizing enzyme (PPME) was investigated in the quadriceps muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), polymyositis and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and in normal foetuses. The enzyme activity was significantly elevated in these muscle disorders with highest and lowest levels seen in DMD and SMA groups, respectively. The enzyme activity was increased early in DMD muscle and appeared to increase with progression of the disease. Normal foetal muscle contained high transketolase activity which is comparable to that seen in DMD patients.", "PMID": 668121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12083", "title": "A method for measurement of liver iron fractions in needle biopsy specimens and some results in acute liver disease.", "content": "Methods are described for measurement of total tissue iron, ferritin iron, haem iron and ferritin protein in approx. 15 mg of tissue obtained by liver biopsy. The validity of these methods is examined by comparison with the values observed in larger samples of the same post-mortem derived liver tissue. Correlation coefficients vary between 0.80 and 0.99 (n = 11--16). It appears that in post-mortem liver tissue the haem iron concentration is higher than in biopsy specimens from patients. Analysis of liver biopsy specimens from patients with hepatitis showed a large variation in the mean iron content of the liver ferritin molecules. Also, the non-ferritin depot iron concentration and ferritin protein concentration is quite variable. It is suggested that in cases of advanced ferritin catabolism during hepatitis the mean percentage of iron in ferritin molecules often increases while at the same time the non-ferritin depot iron fraction decreases, probably because of iron release from the liver.", "contents": "A method for measurement of liver iron fractions in needle biopsy specimens and some results in acute liver disease. Methods are described for measurement of total tissue iron, ferritin iron, haem iron and ferritin protein in approx. 15 mg of tissue obtained by liver biopsy. The validity of these methods is examined by comparison with the values observed in larger samples of the same post-mortem derived liver tissue. Correlation coefficients vary between 0.80 and 0.99 (n = 11--16). It appears that in post-mortem liver tissue the haem iron concentration is higher than in biopsy specimens from patients. Analysis of liver biopsy specimens from patients with hepatitis showed a large variation in the mean iron content of the liver ferritin molecules. Also, the non-ferritin depot iron concentration and ferritin protein concentration is quite variable. It is suggested that in cases of advanced ferritin catabolism during hepatitis the mean percentage of iron in ferritin molecules often increases while at the same time the non-ferritin depot iron fraction decreases, probably because of iron release from the liver.", "PMID": 668122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12084", "title": "Post-synthetic changes in creatine kinase isozymes (EC 2.7.3.2).", "content": "1. An in vivo change from creatine kinase MM3 into MM2 and finally into MM1 was described earlier in sera of patients during a post-myocardial infarction period. The same change takes place in vitro. 2. Parallel to this change, a turn-over from the MB2 isozyme into the MB1 form can be detected in vitro. 3. Immediately after the mixing of various extracts from heart tissue and other muscles with a serum with low creatine kinase activity, only MM3 and MB2 can be detected. MM1, MM2 and MB1 are not present in muscle cells. From these three observations it can be concluded that the phenomenon of the three MM and two MB isozymes is postsynthetic (i.e. epigenetic). Furthermore evidence is presented that the change from MM3 into MM1 is brought about by a thermolabile substance. This factor transforms one of the two M2 chains, present in the MM3 form, into a M1 chain. This results in the MM2 isozyme. Later on the second M2 chain is also transformed, resulting in the MM1 isozyme. The same mechanism is proposed for the observed change in MB pattern.", "contents": "Post-synthetic changes in creatine kinase isozymes (EC 2.7.3.2). 1. An in vivo change from creatine kinase MM3 into MM2 and finally into MM1 was described earlier in sera of patients during a post-myocardial infarction period. The same change takes place in vitro. 2. Parallel to this change, a turn-over from the MB2 isozyme into the MB1 form can be detected in vitro. 3. Immediately after the mixing of various extracts from heart tissue and other muscles with a serum with low creatine kinase activity, only MM3 and MB2 can be detected. MM1, MM2 and MB1 are not present in muscle cells. From these three observations it can be concluded that the phenomenon of the three MM and two MB isozymes is postsynthetic (i.e. epigenetic). Furthermore evidence is presented that the change from MM3 into MM1 is brought about by a thermolabile substance. This factor transforms one of the two M2 chains, present in the MM3 form, into a M1 chain. This results in the MM2 isozyme. Later on the second M2 chain is also transformed, resulting in the MM1 isozyme. The same mechanism is proposed for the observed change in MB pattern.", "PMID": 668123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12085", "title": "Beta-hexosaminidase activities in tears and plasma, diphosphoglycerate in blood of diabetic patients.", "content": "In a study on 10 normal controls, 7 pregnant women and 16 diabetic patients, beta-hexosaminidase in tears and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood were investigated for possible use as index for diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Tears were used as source for beta-hexosaminidase because the concentration in plasma and the isoenzyme pattern are affected by the occurrence of a placentar isoenzyme in pregnancy. It has been found that in diabetes the concentration of beta-hexosaminidase in plasma may be elevated, but that it remains unchanged in tears and that there is no correlation between the plasma and tear values in all individuals. Neither beta-hexosaminidase in tears nor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood appears as indicator for the onset or development of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Beta-hexosaminidase activities in tears and plasma, diphosphoglycerate in blood of diabetic patients. In a study on 10 normal controls, 7 pregnant women and 16 diabetic patients, beta-hexosaminidase in tears and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood were investigated for possible use as index for diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Tears were used as source for beta-hexosaminidase because the concentration in plasma and the isoenzyme pattern are affected by the occurrence of a placentar isoenzyme in pregnancy. It has been found that in diabetes the concentration of beta-hexosaminidase in plasma may be elevated, but that it remains unchanged in tears and that there is no correlation between the plasma and tear values in all individuals. Neither beta-hexosaminidase in tears nor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood appears as indicator for the onset or development of diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 668124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12086", "title": "A new reference method for the determination of the total CO2 concentration in biological fluids.", "content": "It appeared that a part of a measuring system recently developed for the determination of the oxygen content of blood (Dijkhuizen, P., Kwant, G. and Zijlstra, W.G. (1976) Clin. Chim. Acta 68, 79), was perfectly suitable for measuring the total CO2 content of blood, plasma or other fluids. CO2-free room air is pumped through an extraction vessel in which all the CO2 of the sample is set free by an acid reagent, and swept by the carrier gas to a titration vessel containing a BaCl2 solution. CO2 is bound as BaCO3 and the ensuing H+ titrated with an NaOH solution. The method was tested by measuring a series of Na2CO3 reference solutions. The values measured by titration amounted to 99.4 +/- 0.8% of the concentration of the reference solutions (range 10--50 mmol 1(-1). The coefficient of variation was 1.8% for 5 mmol 1(-1) solutions and 0.2% for 50 mmol 1(-1) solutions. In measuring a series of 60 blood samples the coefficient of variation as calculated from duplicate determinations was 1%.", "contents": "A new reference method for the determination of the total CO2 concentration in biological fluids. It appeared that a part of a measuring system recently developed for the determination of the oxygen content of blood (Dijkhuizen, P., Kwant, G. and Zijlstra, W.G. (1976) Clin. Chim. Acta 68, 79), was perfectly suitable for measuring the total CO2 content of blood, plasma or other fluids. CO2-free room air is pumped through an extraction vessel in which all the CO2 of the sample is set free by an acid reagent, and swept by the carrier gas to a titration vessel containing a BaCl2 solution. CO2 is bound as BaCO3 and the ensuing H+ titrated with an NaOH solution. The method was tested by measuring a series of Na2CO3 reference solutions. The values measured by titration amounted to 99.4 +/- 0.8% of the concentration of the reference solutions (range 10--50 mmol 1(-1). The coefficient of variation was 1.8% for 5 mmol 1(-1) solutions and 0.2% for 50 mmol 1(-1) solutions. In measuring a series of 60 blood samples the coefficient of variation as calculated from duplicate determinations was 1%.", "PMID": 668125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12087", "title": "Methylmalonate excretion in a pregnancy at risk for methylmalonic acidaemia.", "content": "In a pregnant woman, who had given birth to a child with methylmalonic acidaemia previously, urinary methylmalonate was measured at various intervals in the second half of the pregnancy. A significant increase was observed towards term. The child proved to be affected. This procedure enabled the detection of an affected fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy. If a case of methylmalonic acidaemia is detected in this way, treatment can be started immediately after birth.", "contents": "Methylmalonate excretion in a pregnancy at risk for methylmalonic acidaemia. In a pregnant woman, who had given birth to a child with methylmalonic acidaemia previously, urinary methylmalonate was measured at various intervals in the second half of the pregnancy. A significant increase was observed towards term. The child proved to be affected. This procedure enabled the detection of an affected fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy. If a case of methylmalonic acidaemia is detected in this way, treatment can be started immediately after birth.", "PMID": 668126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12088", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of digoxin employing charcoal entrapped in magnetic polyacrylamide particles.", "content": "Charcoal and magnetisable ferric oxide were entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel and, after lyophilisation and micronisation, empolyed for the uptake of free antigen in a radioimmunoassay for digoxin. The results obtained were similar to those using a conventional charcoal separation method.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of digoxin employing charcoal entrapped in magnetic polyacrylamide particles. Charcoal and magnetisable ferric oxide were entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel and, after lyophilisation and micronisation, empolyed for the uptake of free antigen in a radioimmunoassay for digoxin. The results obtained were similar to those using a conventional charcoal separation method.", "PMID": 668127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12089", "title": "Comparison of total urinary oestrogens and total serum oestriol in pregnancy.", "content": "The total oestrogens detected by fluorescence in 24-h urine and the concentration of total oestriol detected in serum by radioimmunoassay were estimated in 51 women during the second half of pregnancy. The statistical analysis showed a linear regression between urinary excretion and serum concentration according to the equation y = -2.89 + 2.82x (y = serum oestriol). The correlation coefficient over all pairs of estimations (N =567) was r = 0.69, which is very highly significant (P less than 0.0001). The analysis of the individual pregnancies showed that the linear correlation coefficient was significant (P less than 0.05) in 35 cases, poorly significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) in 3 cases and not significant (P less than 0.1) in 5 cases. The correlation could not be calculated in 8 cases because the number of estimations was too small. These values were compared empirically (normal/pathological). There was agreement in 6 cases and no agreement in 2 cases. The results show on the one hand that the radioimmunological estimation of total oestriol in serum can be used in the same way as urinary excretion of oestrogens for monitoring the feto-placental unit. On the other hand, the study confirms that a \"simple\" fluorimetric Kober-Ittrich method can give at least the same clinical information as a radioimmunoassay of relatively high cost. It may be concluded indirectly from the results that a considerable diurnal rhythm or substantial day-to-day fluctuation in the production of oestriol are unlikely.", "contents": "Comparison of total urinary oestrogens and total serum oestriol in pregnancy. The total oestrogens detected by fluorescence in 24-h urine and the concentration of total oestriol detected in serum by radioimmunoassay were estimated in 51 women during the second half of pregnancy. The statistical analysis showed a linear regression between urinary excretion and serum concentration according to the equation y = -2.89 + 2.82x (y = serum oestriol). The correlation coefficient over all pairs of estimations (N =567) was r = 0.69, which is very highly significant (P less than 0.0001). The analysis of the individual pregnancies showed that the linear correlation coefficient was significant (P less than 0.05) in 35 cases, poorly significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) in 3 cases and not significant (P less than 0.1) in 5 cases. The correlation could not be calculated in 8 cases because the number of estimations was too small. These values were compared empirically (normal/pathological). There was agreement in 6 cases and no agreement in 2 cases. The results show on the one hand that the radioimmunological estimation of total oestriol in serum can be used in the same way as urinary excretion of oestrogens for monitoring the feto-placental unit. On the other hand, the study confirms that a \"simple\" fluorimetric Kober-Ittrich method can give at least the same clinical information as a radioimmunoassay of relatively high cost. It may be concluded indirectly from the results that a considerable diurnal rhythm or substantial day-to-day fluctuation in the production of oestriol are unlikely.", "PMID": 668128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12090", "title": "Quantitation of human serum antithyroglobulin antibodies by a two-site radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A two-site solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring serum antithyroglobulin antibodies applicable to human serum is described. The sequential steps of the procedure include the adsorption of thyroglobulin (Tg) on polystyrene tubes and the binding of the antithyroglobulin antibody to solid phase followed by the fixation of labelled thyroglobulin. The optimal experimental conditions for the adsorption of unlabelled Tg, the uptake of the antibodies and the fixation of labelled Tg have been defined. The test is specific for antithyroglobulin antibody and its reproducibility and precision are satisfactory. The radioassay showed a good correlation with the hemagglutination method and, also, was found to be more sensitive. Levels of antithyroglobulin IgG in positive sera ranged from 0.3 microgram/ml to several mg/ml. In contrast to the double antibody radioimmunoassay for antithyroglobulin antibodies, this solid-phase radioassay is easier to perform; moreover, it is relatively independent of the quality, the purity and the specific activity of the tracer.", "contents": "Quantitation of human serum antithyroglobulin antibodies by a two-site radioimmunoassay. A two-site solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring serum antithyroglobulin antibodies applicable to human serum is described. The sequential steps of the procedure include the adsorption of thyroglobulin (Tg) on polystyrene tubes and the binding of the antithyroglobulin antibody to solid phase followed by the fixation of labelled thyroglobulin. The optimal experimental conditions for the adsorption of unlabelled Tg, the uptake of the antibodies and the fixation of labelled Tg have been defined. The test is specific for antithyroglobulin antibody and its reproducibility and precision are satisfactory. The radioassay showed a good correlation with the hemagglutination method and, also, was found to be more sensitive. Levels of antithyroglobulin IgG in positive sera ranged from 0.3 microgram/ml to several mg/ml. In contrast to the double antibody radioimmunoassay for antithyroglobulin antibodies, this solid-phase radioassay is easier to perform; moreover, it is relatively independent of the quality, the purity and the specific activity of the tracer.", "PMID": 668129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12091", "title": "Performance of various mathematical methods for computer-aided processing of radioimmunoassay results.", "content": "Interpolation and regression methods are available for computer aided determination of radioimmunological end results. We compared the performance of 6 algorithms (weighted and unweighted linear logit log regression; quadratic logit log regression, smoothing spline interpolation with a large and small smoothing factor, respectively, and polygonal interpolation and the manual curve fitting on the basis of three radioimmunoassays with different reference curve characteristics (digoxin, estriol, human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS)). Great store was set by the accuracy of the approximation at the intermediate points on the curve, i.e. those points that lie midway between two standard concentrations. These concentrations were obtained by weighing and inserted as unknown samples. In the case of digoxin and estriol the polygonal interpolation provided the best results, while the weighted logit log regression proved superior in the case of HCS.", "contents": "Performance of various mathematical methods for computer-aided processing of radioimmunoassay results. Interpolation and regression methods are available for computer aided determination of radioimmunological end results. We compared the performance of 6 algorithms (weighted and unweighted linear logit log regression; quadratic logit log regression, smoothing spline interpolation with a large and small smoothing factor, respectively, and polygonal interpolation and the manual curve fitting on the basis of three radioimmunoassays with different reference curve characteristics (digoxin, estriol, human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS)). Great store was set by the accuracy of the approximation at the intermediate points on the curve, i.e. those points that lie midway between two standard concentrations. These concentrations were obtained by weighing and inserted as unknown samples. In the case of digoxin and estriol the polygonal interpolation provided the best results, while the weighted logit log regression proved superior in the case of HCS.", "PMID": 668130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12092", "title": "Human beta-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase: distribution in cellular compartments of blood and activity in erythrocytes from patients with hematological disorders.", "content": "The distribution of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2) in human blood cell compartments has been studied. Almost all of the enzyme activity in whole blood was confined to erythrocytes, but the activity per litre cell volume was higher in platelets than in erythrocytes. Leukocytes contained very low concentrations of the sulfurtransferase and plasma was devoid of activity. The enzyme activity of blood hemolysates from normal subjects and patients with various erythrocyte disorders was also determined. Significantly higher sulfur transferase activity was found in male subjects in comparison with females. The enzyme activity per litre erythrocytes was increased in blood from patients with iron deficiency anemia, whereas less clear-cut differences with respect to normals were found in other diseases studied.", "contents": "Human beta-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase: distribution in cellular compartments of blood and activity in erythrocytes from patients with hematological disorders. The distribution of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2) in human blood cell compartments has been studied. Almost all of the enzyme activity in whole blood was confined to erythrocytes, but the activity per litre cell volume was higher in platelets than in erythrocytes. Leukocytes contained very low concentrations of the sulfurtransferase and plasma was devoid of activity. The enzyme activity of blood hemolysates from normal subjects and patients with various erythrocyte disorders was also determined. Significantly higher sulfur transferase activity was found in male subjects in comparison with females. The enzyme activity per litre erythrocytes was increased in blood from patients with iron deficiency anemia, whereas less clear-cut differences with respect to normals were found in other diseases studied.", "PMID": 668131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12093", "title": "Studies on kallikrein-kinin system in plasma of patients with acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The fact that esterolytic activity is significantly elevated in plasma of patients with acute pancreatitis and that it correlates with the serum amylase level was confirmed. No kinin activity, however, was detected in plasma. To characterize the esterolytic activity, patient and normal plasmas were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and the esterolytic and the kinin-forming activities of each fraction were examined. In the present study, it was speculated that during attacks of acute pancreatitis, kallikrein with amylase might be liberated into blood from the pancreas. It was confirmed that almost all of the kallikrein liberated was combined with alpha1-macroglobulin, and alpha2-macroglobulin-bound kallikrein itself possessed kinin-forming activity.", "contents": "Studies on kallikrein-kinin system in plasma of patients with acute pancreatitis. The fact that esterolytic activity is significantly elevated in plasma of patients with acute pancreatitis and that it correlates with the serum amylase level was confirmed. No kinin activity, however, was detected in plasma. To characterize the esterolytic activity, patient and normal plasmas were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and the esterolytic and the kinin-forming activities of each fraction were examined. In the present study, it was speculated that during attacks of acute pancreatitis, kallikrein with amylase might be liberated into blood from the pancreas. It was confirmed that almost all of the kallikrein liberated was combined with alpha1-macroglobulin, and alpha2-macroglobulin-bound kallikrein itself possessed kinin-forming activity.", "PMID": 668132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12094", "title": "Variations in erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity in non porphyrias.", "content": "The activity of erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase has been measured in various cases of non-porphyric affections. The results indicate a diminution of this activity in some of the studied cases of chronic renal insufficiency and chronic polyarthritis. This modulation in activity mitigates against its use as a diagnostic criterion of acute intermittent porphyria. On the other hand, an increase in urosynthetase activity has been noted in acute and especially chronic hepatic affections. This increase seems to be connected with the severity of the hepatic affection. The relationship is illustrated particularly in the case of viral hepatitis associated to an AIP, where the increasing activity of the urosynthetase masks for many weeks the congenital deficiency peculiar to this AIP. Our study thus indicates that the diagnosis of AIP based on the activity of the urosynthetase must take into account the pathological context in which the investigation is realised.", "contents": "Variations in erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity in non porphyrias. The activity of erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase has been measured in various cases of non-porphyric affections. The results indicate a diminution of this activity in some of the studied cases of chronic renal insufficiency and chronic polyarthritis. This modulation in activity mitigates against its use as a diagnostic criterion of acute intermittent porphyria. On the other hand, an increase in urosynthetase activity has been noted in acute and especially chronic hepatic affections. This increase seems to be connected with the severity of the hepatic affection. The relationship is illustrated particularly in the case of viral hepatitis associated to an AIP, where the increasing activity of the urosynthetase masks for many weeks the congenital deficiency peculiar to this AIP. Our study thus indicates that the diagnosis of AIP based on the activity of the urosynthetase must take into account the pathological context in which the investigation is realised.", "PMID": 668133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12095", "title": "Serum total lipids, lipoproteins cholesterol, apoproteins A and B in cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Serum total lipids and lipoproteins cholesterol were determined in 33 survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) and in 75 subjects with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Measurements were also made by a quantitative immunological assay of Apoprotein A (Apo A) and B (Apo B). Apo A levels were significantly lower in cases than in controls. In those cases with low levels of Apo A, high density lipoprotein has a higher cholesterol content as compared with controls. A negative correlation between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was found in controls and PVD subjects. The findings suggest that Apo A is associated to MI and PVD and its quantitative determination is predictive of cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Serum total lipids, lipoproteins cholesterol, apoproteins A and B in cardiovascular disease. Serum total lipids and lipoproteins cholesterol were determined in 33 survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) and in 75 subjects with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Measurements were also made by a quantitative immunological assay of Apoprotein A (Apo A) and B (Apo B). Apo A levels were significantly lower in cases than in controls. In those cases with low levels of Apo A, high density lipoprotein has a higher cholesterol content as compared with controls. A negative correlation between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was found in controls and PVD subjects. The findings suggest that Apo A is associated to MI and PVD and its quantitative determination is predictive of cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 668134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12096", "title": "Determination of molybdenum in human serum by neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Several investigators have reported serum molybdenum determinations in healthy humans. However, their results diverge quite widely. We determined the element by neutron activation analysis in 30 individuals. We found a mean value of 0.58 ng/ml, a standard deviation of 0.21 ng/ml and a range of 0.28--1.17 ng/ml.", "contents": "Determination of molybdenum in human serum by neutron activation analysis. Several investigators have reported serum molybdenum determinations in healthy humans. However, their results diverge quite widely. We determined the element by neutron activation analysis in 30 individuals. We found a mean value of 0.58 ng/ml, a standard deviation of 0.21 ng/ml and a range of 0.28--1.17 ng/ml.", "PMID": 668135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12097", "title": "A new method for simultaneous determination of bile acids in human bile without hydrolysis.", "content": "A method for simultaneous determination of major bile acids in human bile without prior hydrolysis is described. The unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids are separated into groups by ion-exchange chromatography on a newly developed lipophilic gel, piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (PHP-LH-20). Subsequently, resolution of each group into cholate, ursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and lithocholate is attained into two stages by high-performance liquid chromatography on a micron-Bondapak C18 column. First, 0.3% ammonium carbonate/acetonitrile (9 : 4, v/v) is used for separation of the latter three as a mobile phase. Cholate and ursodeoxycholate are separated in 0.3% ammonium carbonate/acetonitrile (11 : 4, v/v). The present method is applicable to quantitation of free and conjugated bile acids in human bile with satisfactory accuracy and precision.", "contents": "A new method for simultaneous determination of bile acids in human bile without hydrolysis. A method for simultaneous determination of major bile acids in human bile without prior hydrolysis is described. The unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids are separated into groups by ion-exchange chromatography on a newly developed lipophilic gel, piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (PHP-LH-20). Subsequently, resolution of each group into cholate, ursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and lithocholate is attained into two stages by high-performance liquid chromatography on a micron-Bondapak C18 column. First, 0.3% ammonium carbonate/acetonitrile (9 : 4, v/v) is used for separation of the latter three as a mobile phase. Cholate and ursodeoxycholate are separated in 0.3% ammonium carbonate/acetonitrile (11 : 4, v/v). The present method is applicable to quantitation of free and conjugated bile acids in human bile with satisfactory accuracy and precision.", "PMID": 668136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12098", "title": "Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation in depressive illness.", "content": "The uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by blood platelets from controls, depressed patients and recovered depressed patients has been determined using short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. The affinity of serotonin for the platelet membrane appears to be normal in acutely depressed and recovered depressed patients. The capacity of transport of 5-HT through the platelet membrane is impaired in these depressive patients and this impairment is independent of the psychiatric status of the patients and is discussed in the light of the electrolyte and enzyme disturbances that are associated with depressive illness.", "contents": "Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation in depressive illness. The uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by blood platelets from controls, depressed patients and recovered depressed patients has been determined using short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. The affinity of serotonin for the platelet membrane appears to be normal in acutely depressed and recovered depressed patients. The capacity of transport of 5-HT through the platelet membrane is impaired in these depressive patients and this impairment is independent of the psychiatric status of the patients and is discussed in the light of the electrolyte and enzyme disturbances that are associated with depressive illness.", "PMID": 668137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12099", "title": "A rapid method for assay of branched-chain keto acid decarboxylation in cultured cells and its application to prenatal diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease.", "content": "A sensitive assay for measurement of branched-chain keto acid decarboxylation in small numbers of fibroblasts or amniotic cells grown in the wells of a microtitre plate using [1-14C]leucine as substrate is described. The method was applied to the amniotic cells from a pregnancy at risk for maple syrup urine disease and a heterozygous fetus predicted.", "contents": "A rapid method for assay of branched-chain keto acid decarboxylation in cultured cells and its application to prenatal diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease. A sensitive assay for measurement of branched-chain keto acid decarboxylation in small numbers of fibroblasts or amniotic cells grown in the wells of a microtitre plate using [1-14C]leucine as substrate is described. The method was applied to the amniotic cells from a pregnancy at risk for maple syrup urine disease and a heterozygous fetus predicted.", "PMID": 668138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12100", "title": "Modification of human pancreatic amylase isozymes by peptidoglutaminase I and II.", "content": "The effects of peptidoglutaminase (PGln-ase) I and II on human pancreatic juice amylase purified as an isozyme were investigated. Several amylase isozymes were formed which corresponded to minor components of pancreatic amylase isozymes, indicating that appearance of amylase isozymes are due to enzymic deamidation. A similar result was observed when the purified amylase isozyme was incubated with the supernatant of human pancreatic juice whose amylase was previously removed by adsorption onto raw corn starch. These findings are discussed in connection with amylase isozymes in the sera of the patients suffering from pancreatic inflammation.", "contents": "Modification of human pancreatic amylase isozymes by peptidoglutaminase I and II. The effects of peptidoglutaminase (PGln-ase) I and II on human pancreatic juice amylase purified as an isozyme were investigated. Several amylase isozymes were formed which corresponded to minor components of pancreatic amylase isozymes, indicating that appearance of amylase isozymes are due to enzymic deamidation. A similar result was observed when the purified amylase isozyme was incubated with the supernatant of human pancreatic juice whose amylase was previously removed by adsorption onto raw corn starch. These findings are discussed in connection with amylase isozymes in the sera of the patients suffering from pancreatic inflammation.", "PMID": 668139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12101", "title": "A simple quantitative index of the P3 amylase isoenzyme in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Following a report (Legaz, M.E. and Kenny, M.A. (1976) Clin. Chem. 22, 57--62) that the amylase isoenzyme, P3, is elevated in acute pancreatitis but not in other conditions a new \"P3 Index\" is proposed. This reflects the ratio of the P3 isoenzyme to the major salivary isoenzyme, S1. The P3 Index eliminates the problems of peak overlap which prevent accurate detection or direct quantitation of P3. In acute pancreatitis a large increase in 3 produces a serum P3 Index of below 80%. Normal serum exhibits a P3 Index of above 80%. Most causes of hyperamylasaemia observed without acute pancreatitis also exhibited a P3 Index of above 80%. The P3  Index seems to be a useful aid to the diagnosis or exclusion of acute pancreatitis in patients exhibiting equivocal hyperamylasaemia.", "contents": "A simple quantitative index of the P3 amylase isoenzyme in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Following a report (Legaz, M.E. and Kenny, M.A. (1976) Clin. Chem. 22, 57--62) that the amylase isoenzyme, P3, is elevated in acute pancreatitis but not in other conditions a new \"P3 Index\" is proposed. This reflects the ratio of the P3 isoenzyme to the major salivary isoenzyme, S1. The P3 Index eliminates the problems of peak overlap which prevent accurate detection or direct quantitation of P3. In acute pancreatitis a large increase in 3 produces a serum P3 Index of below 80%. Normal serum exhibits a P3 Index of above 80%. Most causes of hyperamylasaemia observed without acute pancreatitis also exhibited a P3 Index of above 80%. The P3  Index seems to be a useful aid to the diagnosis or exclusion of acute pancreatitis in patients exhibiting equivocal hyperamylasaemia.", "PMID": 668141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12102", "title": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase in cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase was identified in cultured skin fibroblasts of normal individuals and patients with Friedreich's ataxia. The optimum conditions for its assay were defined. Data disclosed a normal range of 36--122 mumol/min/mg protein in control fibroblasts and 61--112 mumol/min/mg protein in patients fibroblasts. Numerous precautions should be taken in handling fibroblast cultures for lipoamide dehydrogenase determination.", "contents": "Lipoamide dehydrogenase in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Lipoamide dehydrogenase was identified in cultured skin fibroblasts of normal individuals and patients with Friedreich's ataxia. The optimum conditions for its assay were defined. Data disclosed a normal range of 36--122 mumol/min/mg protein in control fibroblasts and 61--112 mumol/min/mg protein in patients fibroblasts. Numerous precautions should be taken in handling fibroblast cultures for lipoamide dehydrogenase determination.", "PMID": 668142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12103", "title": "Serum magnesium circadian rhythm in human adults with respect to age, sex and mental status.", "content": "25 subjects volunteered to document circadian changes in serum magnesium. 4 groups were formed: 7 healthy young males (24.0 years +/- 3.9), 6 elderly males (82.5 years +/- 7.5), 6 elderly females 81.2 years +/- 10.7) and 6 elderly insame subjects of both sexes (80.5 years +/- 8.6). They were socially synchronized with a diurnal activity (07.00 to 21.00 for the old subjects; 07.00 to 23.00 for the young ones) and nocturnal rest. The subjects followed a spontaneous diet. Venous blood was sampled at 4-h intervals and fixed clock hours (07.45, 11.45, 15.45, 19.45, 23.45, 03.45) during 24 h. The single cosinor method was used for the statistical analysis of the time series. A statistically significant circadian rhythm is detected in three of the groups: young males, elderly males and elderly females (no rhythm detection in elderly insane subjects). The 24-h mean is higher in elderly subjects than in the young one. The rhythm amplitude is larger in elderly males than in young ones. The acrophase (peak time) location in the 24-h scale is 10.12 h for elderly females, 11.35 h for elderly males and 16.36 h for young males.", "contents": "Serum magnesium circadian rhythm in human adults with respect to age, sex and mental status. 25 subjects volunteered to document circadian changes in serum magnesium. 4 groups were formed: 7 healthy young males (24.0 years +/- 3.9), 6 elderly males (82.5 years +/- 7.5), 6 elderly females 81.2 years +/- 10.7) and 6 elderly insame subjects of both sexes (80.5 years +/- 8.6). They were socially synchronized with a diurnal activity (07.00 to 21.00 for the old subjects; 07.00 to 23.00 for the young ones) and nocturnal rest. The subjects followed a spontaneous diet. Venous blood was sampled at 4-h intervals and fixed clock hours (07.45, 11.45, 15.45, 19.45, 23.45, 03.45) during 24 h. The single cosinor method was used for the statistical analysis of the time series. A statistically significant circadian rhythm is detected in three of the groups: young males, elderly males and elderly females (no rhythm detection in elderly insane subjects). The 24-h mean is higher in elderly subjects than in the young one. The rhythm amplitude is larger in elderly males than in young ones. The acrophase (peak time) location in the 24-h scale is 10.12 h for elderly females, 11.35 h for elderly males and 16.36 h for young males.", "PMID": 668143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12104", "title": "Plasma protein concentrations in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. Effect of clofibrate and comparison with normal subjects.", "content": "Clofibrate, a widely used hypolipidaemic agent was given for twelve weeks to ten subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia. Its effect on lipoprotein-lipids and caeruloplasmin, IgA, IgM, alpha2-microglobulin and transferrin was assessed by comparing analyses at 4, 8 and 12 weeks on therapy with the means of values at two weeks before and at the start of treatment. The normal variation in plasma proteins was assessed in six healthy volunteers during the same period of time. On clofibrate, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations fell, but the concentrations of cholesterol in low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins showed no consistent change. Caeruloplasmin and IgM concentrations decreased significantly, IgA showed a limited falls (significant only at 8 weeks) and alpha2-macroglobulin did not change. The concentration of transferrin increased on therapy. No relationships were found between the falls in VLDL-lipid concentrations and the alterations in other plasma proteins. No significant variation occurred in the concentrations of lipids or proteins in the normal subjects during the period of study. The results indicate that clofibrate exerts general effects on protein metabolism.", "contents": "Plasma protein concentrations in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. Effect of clofibrate and comparison with normal subjects. Clofibrate, a widely used hypolipidaemic agent was given for twelve weeks to ten subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia. Its effect on lipoprotein-lipids and caeruloplasmin, IgA, IgM, alpha2-microglobulin and transferrin was assessed by comparing analyses at 4, 8 and 12 weeks on therapy with the means of values at two weeks before and at the start of treatment. The normal variation in plasma proteins was assessed in six healthy volunteers during the same period of time. On clofibrate, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations fell, but the concentrations of cholesterol in low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins showed no consistent change. Caeruloplasmin and IgM concentrations decreased significantly, IgA showed a limited falls (significant only at 8 weeks) and alpha2-macroglobulin did not change. The concentration of transferrin increased on therapy. No relationships were found between the falls in VLDL-lipid concentrations and the alterations in other plasma proteins. No significant variation occurred in the concentrations of lipids or proteins in the normal subjects during the period of study. The results indicate that clofibrate exerts general effects on protein metabolism.", "PMID": 668144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12105", "title": "Red-cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and lead poisoning.", "content": "In an effort to determine its value as a biological index of lead poisoning, we investigated the red-cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (Py5N) activity, along with the classical parameters, in 22 subjects with varying degrees of lead intoxication. In all cases, the red-cell Py5N activity was found to be decreased, even when most of the other biological tests of lead intoxication remained negative. Below the level of 150 microgram of lead per 100 ml of blood, the magnitude of the red-cell Py5N decrease was roughly proportional to the level of lead in peripheral blood. We conclude that red-cell Py5N is a convenient, reliable and sensitive index of lead exposure.", "contents": "Red-cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and lead poisoning. In an effort to determine its value as a biological index of lead poisoning, we investigated the red-cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (Py5N) activity, along with the classical parameters, in 22 subjects with varying degrees of lead intoxication. In all cases, the red-cell Py5N activity was found to be decreased, even when most of the other biological tests of lead intoxication remained negative. Below the level of 150 microgram of lead per 100 ml of blood, the magnitude of the red-cell Py5N decrease was roughly proportional to the level of lead in peripheral blood. We conclude that red-cell Py5N is a convenient, reliable and sensitive index of lead exposure.", "PMID": 668145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12106", "title": "Cholesterol balance during pregnancy.", "content": "The possibility was examined that the hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy may reflect abnormal cholesterol metabolism, as occurs in some other hyperlipidaemic states. Seven women were studied during the three trimesters of pregnancy and the increase in their plasma lipid concentrations was compared with their sterol balance, measured over 8-day periods in each trimester. Dietary intake of cholesterol was identical during the three study periods. Faecal bile acid excretion peaked during the second trimester and this coincided with the initial rise in plasma triglyceride levels. However, the rise in bile acid output was counter-balanced by a fall in neutral steroid excretion, so that the net cholesterol balance throughout pregnancy was not dissimilar to that reported in healthy non-pregnant women. The hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy is therefore not associated with an increase in cholesterol synthesis, although the altered ratio of bile acids to neutral steroids resembles that reported in other hypertriglycerdaemic states.", "contents": "Cholesterol balance during pregnancy. The possibility was examined that the hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy may reflect abnormal cholesterol metabolism, as occurs in some other hyperlipidaemic states. Seven women were studied during the three trimesters of pregnancy and the increase in their plasma lipid concentrations was compared with their sterol balance, measured over 8-day periods in each trimester. Dietary intake of cholesterol was identical during the three study periods. Faecal bile acid excretion peaked during the second trimester and this coincided with the initial rise in plasma triglyceride levels. However, the rise in bile acid output was counter-balanced by a fall in neutral steroid excretion, so that the net cholesterol balance throughout pregnancy was not dissimilar to that reported in healthy non-pregnant women. The hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy is therefore not associated with an increase in cholesterol synthesis, although the altered ratio of bile acids to neutral steroids resembles that reported in other hypertriglycerdaemic states.", "PMID": 668146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12107", "title": "Carboxypeptidase A activity of cultured skin fibroblasts and relationship to cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Properties of carboxypeptidase A of cultured skin fibroblasts from control and cystic fibrosis patients were studied using alpha-N-carbobenzoxy-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine as substrate. Carboxypeptidase A was inhibited by thiomersal, cyanide, iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide in a similar manner for control and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Both trypsin and dithiothreitol treatment activated the enzyme, but 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited only in the presence of dithiothreitol. Both Zn2+ and Co2+ reversed this inhibition. Trypsin treatment of carboxypeptidase A produced a form of the enzyme having a higher KM value for both control and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Dithiothreitol treatment of control fibroblasts resulted in a form with similar properties to the trypsin activated form, but cystic fibrosis fibroblasts yielded a variant form with even higher KM and Vmax values. Since other properties were similar, it seems likely that this difference reflected binding of a molecule to the enzyme rather than of a defect in the enzyme.", "contents": "Carboxypeptidase A activity of cultured skin fibroblasts and relationship to cystic fibrosis. Properties of carboxypeptidase A of cultured skin fibroblasts from control and cystic fibrosis patients were studied using alpha-N-carbobenzoxy-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine as substrate. Carboxypeptidase A was inhibited by thiomersal, cyanide, iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide in a similar manner for control and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Both trypsin and dithiothreitol treatment activated the enzyme, but 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited only in the presence of dithiothreitol. Both Zn2+ and Co2+ reversed this inhibition. Trypsin treatment of carboxypeptidase A produced a form of the enzyme having a higher KM value for both control and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Dithiothreitol treatment of control fibroblasts resulted in a form with similar properties to the trypsin activated form, but cystic fibrosis fibroblasts yielded a variant form with even higher KM and Vmax values. Since other properties were similar, it seems likely that this difference reflected binding of a molecule to the enzyme rather than of a defect in the enzyme.", "PMID": 668147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12108", "title": "A new micromethod for colorimetric determination of zinc in serum.", "content": "A simple micromethod with a colorimetric reagent of high sensitivity was developed for the determination of zinc in serum. For the color reagent 2-(2-pyridylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol (PADAP) was used. Coefficients of variation of the within-day precision were 6.65 and 2.24% for zinc standard at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively. The mean recovery by this method was 101.2% (S.D.: 3.56%). Zinc concentrations measured by the above method showed good agreement with those by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with a correlation coefficient of 0.934. Serum zinc values of 50 healthy adults (38 females, 12 males) ranged from 63 to 116 microgram/100 ml (mean: 89.68 microgram/100 ml, Sd.: 13.28 microgram/100 ml).", "contents": "A new micromethod for colorimetric determination of zinc in serum. A simple micromethod with a colorimetric reagent of high sensitivity was developed for the determination of zinc in serum. For the color reagent 2-(2-pyridylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol (PADAP) was used. Coefficients of variation of the within-day precision were 6.65 and 2.24% for zinc standard at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively. The mean recovery by this method was 101.2% (S.D.: 3.56%). Zinc concentrations measured by the above method showed good agreement with those by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with a correlation coefficient of 0.934. Serum zinc values of 50 healthy adults (38 females, 12 males) ranged from 63 to 116 microgram/100 ml (mean: 89.68 microgram/100 ml, Sd.: 13.28 microgram/100 ml).", "PMID": 668148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12109", "title": "The association between lead concentrations in teeth and domestic water lead concentrations.", "content": "Tooth lead levels have been measured in 109 children living in Glasgow. A significant association has been demonstrated between molar tooth lead concentrations and domestic drinking water lead concentrations. Tooth lead concentrations were found to be greater the longer a child had liver in older housing with lead plumbing during foetal life and following birth. Tooth lead concentrations were also found to be age-related although no difference with respect to social class could be found.", "contents": "The association between lead concentrations in teeth and domestic water lead concentrations. Tooth lead levels have been measured in 109 children living in Glasgow. A significant association has been demonstrated between molar tooth lead concentrations and domestic drinking water lead concentrations. Tooth lead concentrations were found to be greater the longer a child had liver in older housing with lead plumbing during foetal life and following birth. Tooth lead concentrations were also found to be age-related although no difference with respect to social class could be found.", "PMID": 668149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12110", "title": "Concentrations of polyamines in renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "In order to obtain biochemical indicators for histopathological, biological and clinical malignancy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), concentrations of protein, RNA, DNA and polyamines in 14 samples of RCC were measured and examined on their histopathological properties and clinical malignancies. The concentration of spermidine in RCC was significantly higher than that in normal renal tissue and a statistically significant difference was not detected between the concentrations of the other compounds in RCC and normal tissue. The concentration of spermidine and the ratio of spermidine/spermine were found to increase in the order of normal tissue, the well-differentiated type and the poorly-differentiated type of RCC while no significant difference was detected between the concentrations of the other compounds in these types. There was no difference in the concentrations of the compounds examined among the non-metastasis and istant-metastasis groups of RCC.", "contents": "Concentrations of polyamines in renal cell carcinoma. In order to obtain biochemical indicators for histopathological, biological and clinical malignancy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), concentrations of protein, RNA, DNA and polyamines in 14 samples of RCC were measured and examined on their histopathological properties and clinical malignancies. The concentration of spermidine in RCC was significantly higher than that in normal renal tissue and a statistically significant difference was not detected between the concentrations of the other compounds in RCC and normal tissue. The concentration of spermidine and the ratio of spermidine/spermine were found to increase in the order of normal tissue, the well-differentiated type and the poorly-differentiated type of RCC while no significant difference was detected between the concentrations of the other compounds in these types. There was no difference in the concentrations of the compounds examined among the non-metastasis and istant-metastasis groups of RCC.", "PMID": 668150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12111", "title": "The turnover time of calcium in the exchangeable pools of bone in man and the long-term effect of a parathyroid hormone fragment.", "content": "(1) A non-compartmental method is described for analysing the kinetics of the exchange of calcium between the bloodstream and the exchangeable bone pools. (2) This method has been applied to studies on osteoporotic patients treated with low doses of an active fragment of human parathyroid hormone. The data of Phang et al. (1969), who studied the effects of dietary calcium peturbation on normal volunteers, were also analysed. (3) It was found that in response to chronic PTH treatment the transit time of calcium in the exchangeable pools decreased. This could not be explained by the observed changes in the calcium accretion rate to the fixed bone pools, and it was necessary to postulate an alteration in the ratio of the rate constants governing the interchange of calcium between bloodstream and exchangeable pools. (4) The changes in the behaviour of the exchangeable pools in response to dietary perturbation could not be explained by the postulated increase in endogenous PTH secretion rate in response to dietary calcium restriction.", "contents": "The turnover time of calcium in the exchangeable pools of bone in man and the long-term effect of a parathyroid hormone fragment. (1) A non-compartmental method is described for analysing the kinetics of the exchange of calcium between the bloodstream and the exchangeable bone pools. (2) This method has been applied to studies on osteoporotic patients treated with low doses of an active fragment of human parathyroid hormone. The data of Phang et al. (1969), who studied the effects of dietary calcium peturbation on normal volunteers, were also analysed. (3) It was found that in response to chronic PTH treatment the transit time of calcium in the exchangeable pools decreased. This could not be explained by the observed changes in the calcium accretion rate to the fixed bone pools, and it was necessary to postulate an alteration in the ratio of the rate constants governing the interchange of calcium between bloodstream and exchangeable pools. (4) The changes in the behaviour of the exchangeable pools in response to dietary perturbation could not be explained by the postulated increase in endogenous PTH secretion rate in response to dietary calcium restriction.", "PMID": 668151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12112", "title": "Glucagon response to arginine in growth hormone deficient children before and after treatment with growth hormone and in children with non-endocrine short stature.", "content": "In order to assess the role of growth hormone in the modulation of alpha cell function, the plasma pancreatic glucagon response to intravenous arginine (0.5 g/kg) was determined in thirty-two children with non-endocrine short stature and in eighteen growth hormone deficient children. 60 min after arginine infusion, the growth hormone deficient children had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) plasma glucagon values than the children with non-endocrine short stature. Following short-term growth hormone therapy (2 iu qd or bid for 5 days) in eleven of these growth hormone deficient children, plasma pancreatic glucagon response to arginine was diminished, and there was a significantly (P less than 0.02) more rapid return to basal values than in the untreated group. The same trends persisted after long-term growth hormone therapy (2 iu three times per week for 12-30 months) in ten children but were not statistically significant. We conclude that growth hormone may play a role in modulating plasma pancreatic glucagon response. The persistent glucagon response to arginine noted in growth hormone deficient children might reflect a greater gluconeogenic stress imposed upon these children during fasting or decreased catabolism of glucagon in the growth hormone deficient state.", "contents": "Glucagon response to arginine in growth hormone deficient children before and after treatment with growth hormone and in children with non-endocrine short stature. In order to assess the role of growth hormone in the modulation of alpha cell function, the plasma pancreatic glucagon response to intravenous arginine (0.5 g/kg) was determined in thirty-two children with non-endocrine short stature and in eighteen growth hormone deficient children. 60 min after arginine infusion, the growth hormone deficient children had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) plasma glucagon values than the children with non-endocrine short stature. Following short-term growth hormone therapy (2 iu qd or bid for 5 days) in eleven of these growth hormone deficient children, plasma pancreatic glucagon response to arginine was diminished, and there was a significantly (P less than 0.02) more rapid return to basal values than in the untreated group. The same trends persisted after long-term growth hormone therapy (2 iu three times per week for 12-30 months) in ten children but were not statistically significant. We conclude that growth hormone may play a role in modulating plasma pancreatic glucagon response. The persistent glucagon response to arginine noted in growth hormone deficient children might reflect a greater gluconeogenic stress imposed upon these children during fasting or decreased catabolism of glucagon in the growth hormone deficient state.", "PMID": 668153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12113", "title": "Measurement of thyroid size by ultrasound, palpation and scintiscan.", "content": "Thyroid gland size was calculated from grey-scale ultrasound images in twenty patients with goitre. Results were compared with measurements by palpation and in some cases with measurements by scintiscan and at operation. There was a good correlation between ultrasound measurements and both the size of surgical specimens and clinicians' estimations, although clinicians under-estimated the size of large (greater than 40 ml) goitres compared with ultrasound and surgical specimens. Gland size calculated from scintiscan did not correspond well with measurements by ultrasound or palpation.", "contents": "Measurement of thyroid size by ultrasound, palpation and scintiscan. Thyroid gland size was calculated from grey-scale ultrasound images in twenty patients with goitre. Results were compared with measurements by palpation and in some cases with measurements by scintiscan and at operation. There was a good correlation between ultrasound measurements and both the size of surgical specimens and clinicians' estimations, although clinicians under-estimated the size of large (greater than 40 ml) goitres compared with ultrasound and surgical specimens. Gland size calculated from scintiscan did not correspond well with measurements by ultrasound or palpation.", "PMID": 668154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12114", "title": "Protein hormones in cerebrospinal fluid: evidence for retrograde transport of prolactin from the pituitary to the brain in man.", "content": "Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of two hormones of similar molecular size, pituitary prolactin (PRL) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), and of the bigger hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured in six pregnant women without pituitary disease. For all three hormones, the plasma and CSF levels were closely correlated. The plasma/CSF concentration ratio for hCG (571 +/- 378, mean +/- SD) was significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the hCS ratio (24.6 +/- 6.1); the hCS ratio was significantly different (P less than 0.005) from the PRL ratio (7.2 +/- 1.5). We conclude that (1) the CSF concentration of a protein hormone depends on the plasma concentration and on its molecular size, and (2) pituitary hormones reach the CSF not only via filtration of peripheral blood at the choroid plexuses, but also more directly via retrograde transport from the pituitary to the brain.", "contents": "Protein hormones in cerebrospinal fluid: evidence for retrograde transport of prolactin from the pituitary to the brain in man. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of two hormones of similar molecular size, pituitary prolactin (PRL) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), and of the bigger hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured in six pregnant women without pituitary disease. For all three hormones, the plasma and CSF levels were closely correlated. The plasma/CSF concentration ratio for hCG (571 +/- 378, mean +/- SD) was significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the hCS ratio (24.6 +/- 6.1); the hCS ratio was significantly different (P less than 0.005) from the PRL ratio (7.2 +/- 1.5). We conclude that (1) the CSF concentration of a protein hormone depends on the plasma concentration and on its molecular size, and (2) pituitary hormones reach the CSF not only via filtration of peripheral blood at the choroid plexuses, but also more directly via retrograde transport from the pituitary to the brain.", "PMID": 668155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12115", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 3,5-diiodothyronine.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) using a 3H-labelled derivative of 3,5-T2 as tracer has been developed. The cross-reactivity of the antiserum was relatively high for T3 (3.1%) and low for T4 (less than 0.0015%). 3,5-T2 serum concentrations measured after fractional enrichment of 3,5-T2 were near or below the detection limit of 0.1 nmol/l in ten normal subjects and 0.38 nmol/l in five hyperthyroid patients. 3,5-T2 was also detected in thyroid tissue. The serum half-time of 3,5-T2 estimated after injection of 2 mg 3,5-T2 in three normal volunteers was 4.5 h.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 3,5-diiodothyronine. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) using a 3H-labelled derivative of 3,5-T2 as tracer has been developed. The cross-reactivity of the antiserum was relatively high for T3 (3.1%) and low for T4 (less than 0.0015%). 3,5-T2 serum concentrations measured after fractional enrichment of 3,5-T2 were near or below the detection limit of 0.1 nmol/l in ten normal subjects and 0.38 nmol/l in five hyperthyroid patients. 3,5-T2 was also detected in thyroid tissue. The serum half-time of 3,5-T2 estimated after injection of 2 mg 3,5-T2 in three normal volunteers was 4.5 h.", "PMID": 668156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12116", "title": "Differential diagnosis of neoplasia of the palatine tonsil.", "content": "The differential diagnosis of approximately 2000 cases of palatine tonsillar malignancy contained in the Otolaryngic Pathology Registry of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology are presented to include basic statistics of age, race and sex. These statistics and others from the World English language medical literature are compared and discussed briefly. Pertinent information points out the overwhelming predominance of squanmous (epidermoid) carcinoma, the delayed medical attention of patients and hence the advanced clinical state of the disease when first diagnosed, the involvement of cervical lymph nodes in the majority of cases and the causative relationship of alcoholism. A discussion of the various histological types of tonsillar carcinoma suggests a simplification of the current microscopic classification.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of neoplasia of the palatine tonsil. The differential diagnosis of approximately 2000 cases of palatine tonsillar malignancy contained in the Otolaryngic Pathology Registry of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology are presented to include basic statistics of age, race and sex. These statistics and others from the World English language medical literature are compared and discussed briefly. Pertinent information points out the overwhelming predominance of squanmous (epidermoid) carcinoma, the delayed medical attention of patients and hence the advanced clinical state of the disease when first diagnosed, the involvement of cervical lymph nodes in the majority of cases and the causative relationship of alcoholism. A discussion of the various histological types of tonsillar carcinoma suggests a simplification of the current microscopic classification.", "PMID": 668170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12117", "title": "Results of radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oropharynx.", "content": "One hundred and forty-four patients with carcinoma of the oropharynx were seen at the South Wales Radiotherapy Centre between 1960 and 1971. The median age was 67 years. Curative treatment by external beam radiotherapy was attempted in three-quarters of the patients, resulting in a local cure rate of 58% and a crude 5-year survival of 37%. Radiotherapy was equally effective in controlling primary growths and lymph node metastases. Distant metastases in the absence of local recurrence in the head and neck occurred very rarely. There are now several new techniques available which offer the possibility of improving local cure without increasing morbidity, but their value must be assessed by careful comparison with existing methods of treatment, preferably by prospective controlled trials.", "contents": "Results of radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oropharynx. One hundred and forty-four patients with carcinoma of the oropharynx were seen at the South Wales Radiotherapy Centre between 1960 and 1971. The median age was 67 years. Curative treatment by external beam radiotherapy was attempted in three-quarters of the patients, resulting in a local cure rate of 58% and a crude 5-year survival of 37%. Radiotherapy was equally effective in controlling primary growths and lymph node metastases. Distant metastases in the absence of local recurrence in the head and neck occurred very rarely. There are now several new techniques available which offer the possibility of improving local cure without increasing morbidity, but their value must be assessed by careful comparison with existing methods of treatment, preferably by prospective controlled trials.", "PMID": 668171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12118", "title": "Visual suppression test.", "content": "The visual suppression test is one of the visual fixation tests. It is performed by recording caloric nystagmus by ENG, and the maximum slow phase velocity of caloric nystagmus in darkness is compared with the slow phase velocity in light with eyes open. Visual suppression of slow phase velocity of caloric nystagmus is 54 +/- 12% in 52 normal adults ageing from 21 to 40. Visual suppression in normal subjects is not influenced by water temperature used for the caloric test and not changed by background illumination in light. Visual suppression is stronger when the target is closer to the eyes of the subjects. The following abnormalities have been diagnosed by this test: flocculus and nodulus lesions on the side of the lesion; inferior olive lesions; parietal lobe lesions; compensation after unilateral sudden loss of inner ear function.", "contents": "Visual suppression test. The visual suppression test is one of the visual fixation tests. It is performed by recording caloric nystagmus by ENG, and the maximum slow phase velocity of caloric nystagmus in darkness is compared with the slow phase velocity in light with eyes open. Visual suppression of slow phase velocity of caloric nystagmus is 54 +/- 12% in 52 normal adults ageing from 21 to 40. Visual suppression in normal subjects is not influenced by water temperature used for the caloric test and not changed by background illumination in light. Visual suppression is stronger when the target is closer to the eyes of the subjects. The following abnormalities have been diagnosed by this test: flocculus and nodulus lesions on the side of the lesion; inferior olive lesions; parietal lobe lesions; compensation after unilateral sudden loss of inner ear function.", "PMID": 668172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12119", "title": "Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum.", "content": "Five cases of cholesterol granuloma in the maxillary antrum are described. The lesion takes place in the mucosa. It seems likely that filtration and haemorrhage are the 2 main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in certain tissues. The maxillary antrum provides a clear illustration of these 2 mechanisms at work.", "contents": "Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum. Five cases of cholesterol granuloma in the maxillary antrum are described. The lesion takes place in the mucosa. It seems likely that filtration and haemorrhage are the 2 main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in certain tissues. The maxillary antrum provides a clear illustration of these 2 mechanisms at work.", "PMID": 668173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12120", "title": "Perennial rhinitis: an analysis of skin testing, serum IgE, and blood and smear eosinophilia in 201 patients.", "content": "Allergen skin testing, eosinophil counting in blood and nasal smear and serum IgE determination were performed in patients with simple perennial rhinitis, and in patients with rhinitis and asthma. The results were compared with those obtained in normal controls. As a positive skin test was demonstrated in 40% of patients with simple rhinitis and in 88% of patients with rhinitis and asthma, skin testing is considered relevant in all patients with perennial rhinitis. While blood eosinophil count and serum IgE level were elevated in a fair proportion of asthmatic patients, only a few subjects with simple perennial rhinitis had an elevated level, and the diagnostic values of these tests is questionable. On the other hand, examination of a nasal smear for eosinophils could usually separate the patients from the controls. The study emphasizes the importance of making a distinction between simple perennial rhinitis and perennial rhinitis associated with other symptoms and diseases.", "contents": "Perennial rhinitis: an analysis of skin testing, serum IgE, and blood and smear eosinophilia in 201 patients. Allergen skin testing, eosinophil counting in blood and nasal smear and serum IgE determination were performed in patients with simple perennial rhinitis, and in patients with rhinitis and asthma. The results were compared with those obtained in normal controls. As a positive skin test was demonstrated in 40% of patients with simple rhinitis and in 88% of patients with rhinitis and asthma, skin testing is considered relevant in all patients with perennial rhinitis. While blood eosinophil count and serum IgE level were elevated in a fair proportion of asthmatic patients, only a few subjects with simple perennial rhinitis had an elevated level, and the diagnostic values of these tests is questionable. On the other hand, examination of a nasal smear for eosinophils could usually separate the patients from the controls. The study emphasizes the importance of making a distinction between simple perennial rhinitis and perennial rhinitis associated with other symptoms and diseases.", "PMID": 668174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12121", "title": "Genetic epidemiology of an institutionalized cohort of mental retardates.", "content": "By criterion scaling and principal component analysis of performance, social class, symptoms, institutionalization, and medical history, a cohort of mental defectives has been divided into medical, biological, and sociofamilial categories. This division, corresponding to differences in etiology and severity, reveals changing patterns of admission and provides evidence that male excess is not primarily due to sex linkage. The incidence of mental retardation increases about 5% with first-cousin marriage, in agreement with other studies. The decline of IQ with inbreeding appears to be due entirely to rare recessive genes, not to dominance deviations of polygenes.", "contents": "Genetic epidemiology of an institutionalized cohort of mental retardates. By criterion scaling and principal component analysis of performance, social class, symptoms, institutionalization, and medical history, a cohort of mental defectives has been divided into medical, biological, and sociofamilial categories. This division, corresponding to differences in etiology and severity, reveals changing patterns of admission and provides evidence that male excess is not primarily due to sex linkage. The incidence of mental retardation increases about 5% with first-cousin marriage, in agreement with other studies. The decline of IQ with inbreeding appears to be due entirely to rare recessive genes, not to dominance deviations of polygenes.", "PMID": 668181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12122", "title": "Ichthyosis vulgaris showing features of the autosomal dominant and X-linked recessive variants in the same family.", "content": "A family in which the mother and six of her sons present an ichthyosis of the vulgaris type has been analysed clinically, histologically and electron microscopically. Phenotypically the ichthyosis in the mother is purely of the dominant type, while that in all the affected sons shows, to varying degrees, features of both the dominant and X-linked recessive variants. The findings are interpreted as reasonably good evidence that the mother has transmitted to all her affected sons both the autosomal dominant and the X-linked recessive genes for ichthyosis. Although genetically this is a most unusual situation, it corresponds best to our findings.", "contents": "Ichthyosis vulgaris showing features of the autosomal dominant and X-linked recessive variants in the same family. A family in which the mother and six of her sons present an ichthyosis of the vulgaris type has been analysed clinically, histologically and electron microscopically. Phenotypically the ichthyosis in the mother is purely of the dominant type, while that in all the affected sons shows, to varying degrees, features of both the dominant and X-linked recessive variants. The findings are interpreted as reasonably good evidence that the mother has transmitted to all her affected sons both the autosomal dominant and the X-linked recessive genes for ichthyosis. Although genetically this is a most unusual situation, it corresponds best to our findings.", "PMID": 668182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12123", "title": "Familial occurrence of lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.", "content": "In a Finnish kindred consisting of 192 descendants from two marriages of a male ancestor born in 1868, the lumbar spines of 105 of the 170 living members were X-rayed. Spondylolysis was found in 22 individuals. In addition, six of them had spondylolisthesis, four had spina bifida occulta, and two had a transitional lumbar/sacral vertebra. Seven members of the kindred without spondylolysis had spina bifida occulta and 10 had transitional lumbar vertebrae. The pedigree is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance and incomplete (about 75%) penetrance for spondylolysis. It raises the question of a common aetiology for several congenital disturbances in the formation of lumbar vertebrae and possibly supports the concept of variable expressivity of a \"spondylolysis gene\".", "contents": "Familial occurrence of lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. In a Finnish kindred consisting of 192 descendants from two marriages of a male ancestor born in 1868, the lumbar spines of 105 of the 170 living members were X-rayed. Spondylolysis was found in 22 individuals. In addition, six of them had spondylolisthesis, four had spina bifida occulta, and two had a transitional lumbar/sacral vertebra. Seven members of the kindred without spondylolysis had spina bifida occulta and 10 had transitional lumbar vertebrae. The pedigree is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance and incomplete (about 75%) penetrance for spondylolysis. It raises the question of a common aetiology for several congenital disturbances in the formation of lumbar vertebrae and possibly supports the concept of variable expressivity of a \"spondylolysis gene\".", "PMID": 668183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12124", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of an XXY foetal karyotype in a woman with a previous 21-trisomic child.", "content": "Prenatal chromosome analysis revealed that a 34-year-old, gravida 2 mother was pregnant with a XXY foetus. She had previously given birth to a 21-trisomic boy with another spouse. Both parental karyotypes were normal, but a high frequency of associations between satellited chromosomes was observed in maternal lymphocytes. The possibility that increased satellite associations may predispose to aneuploidy in the offspring is discussed. The finding of normal testicular histology in the aborted XXY foetus provides evidence that the characteristic XXY testicular dysgenetic lesions are likely to occur not earlier than in the late prenatal period.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of an XXY foetal karyotype in a woman with a previous 21-trisomic child. Prenatal chromosome analysis revealed that a 34-year-old, gravida 2 mother was pregnant with a XXY foetus. She had previously given birth to a 21-trisomic boy with another spouse. Both parental karyotypes were normal, but a high frequency of associations between satellited chromosomes was observed in maternal lymphocytes. The possibility that increased satellite associations may predispose to aneuploidy in the offspring is discussed. The finding of normal testicular histology in the aborted XXY foetus provides evidence that the characteristic XXY testicular dysgenetic lesions are likely to occur not earlier than in the late prenatal period.", "PMID": 668184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12125", "title": "2:2 and 3:1 meiotic disjunctions in a carrier of a reciprocal 10/14 translocation.", "content": "The offspring of a female with a reciprocal whole-arm translocation between a chromosome No. 10 and a chromosome No. 14 is described. She gave birth to three cytogenetically different children: one with a normal, one with an abnormal but balanced, and one with an unbalanced karyotype. In these three cases, 2:2 disjunctions must have occurred during maternal meiosis. She also had a trisomy 14 abortion, which is assumed to have been caused by a 3:1 meiotic disjunction.", "contents": "2:2 and 3:1 meiotic disjunctions in a carrier of a reciprocal 10/14 translocation. The offspring of a female with a reciprocal whole-arm translocation between a chromosome No. 10 and a chromosome No. 14 is described. She gave birth to three cytogenetically different children: one with a normal, one with an abnormal but balanced, and one with an unbalanced karyotype. In these three cases, 2:2 disjunctions must have occurred during maternal meiosis. She also had a trisomy 14 abortion, which is assumed to have been caused by a 3:1 meiotic disjunction.", "PMID": 668185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12126", "title": "Incomplete prenatal diagnosis of G-trisomy mosaicism.", "content": "Chromosomal mosaicism is difficult to detect in prenatal diagnosis, and it seems even more difficult to predict its significance correctly. We present a case, in which G-trisomy mosaicism was diagnosed prenatally but was not verified in the aborted fetus. A practical approach to suspected fetal mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis is proposed.", "contents": "Incomplete prenatal diagnosis of G-trisomy mosaicism. Chromosomal mosaicism is difficult to detect in prenatal diagnosis, and it seems even more difficult to predict its significance correctly. We present a case, in which G-trisomy mosaicism was diagnosed prenatally but was not verified in the aborted fetus. A practical approach to suspected fetal mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis is proposed.", "PMID": 668186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12127", "title": "Association of interstitial nephritis with tubule cell injury and proliferation in NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "The relationship between renal interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and renal tubule cell (TC) proliferation has been examined in (NZB X NZW) F1 hybrid (B/W) and control mice. TC proliferation was measured by tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) injection, autoradiographic examination of kidney sections and enumeration of labelled tubule cells. In B/W mice interstitial infiltration began at 5 months and reached a peak at 9 months. Proliferation of TC began at 7 months and also reached a peak at 9 months. Control mice consisting of NZB, CBA/J and C57Bl/6J mice showed no increase with age. When the percentages of labelled TC in areas adjacent to interstitial infiltrates and distant from them were compared, the TC adjacent to infiltrates showed an approximately four-fold greater amount of labelling. Ultrathin light and  electron microscopic sections demonstrated TC injury in areas in close proximity to infiltrates. These studies suggest that mononuclear cells in the interstitial infiltrate may be injurious to TC, leading to a sequence of injury and subsequent regeneration of these cells. In diseases in which interstitial nephritis is present, such as Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, the interstitial infiltrate may contribute to the observed TC dysfunction.", "contents": "Association of interstitial nephritis with tubule cell injury and proliferation in NZB/NZW mice. The relationship between renal interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and renal tubule cell (TC) proliferation has been examined in (NZB X NZW) F1 hybrid (B/W) and control mice. TC proliferation was measured by tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) injection, autoradiographic examination of kidney sections and enumeration of labelled tubule cells. In B/W mice interstitial infiltration began at 5 months and reached a peak at 9 months. Proliferation of TC began at 7 months and also reached a peak at 9 months. Control mice consisting of NZB, CBA/J and C57Bl/6J mice showed no increase with age. When the percentages of labelled TC in areas adjacent to interstitial infiltrates and distant from them were compared, the TC adjacent to infiltrates showed an approximately four-fold greater amount of labelling. Ultrathin light and  electron microscopic sections demonstrated TC injury in areas in close proximity to infiltrates. These studies suggest that mononuclear cells in the interstitial infiltrate may be injurious to TC, leading to a sequence of injury and subsequent regeneration of these cells. In diseases in which interstitial nephritis is present, such as Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, the interstitial infiltrate may contribute to the observed TC dysfunction.", "PMID": 668188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12128", "title": "Comparative clinical study of protein SAP (amyloid P component) and C-reactive protein in serum.", "content": "The serum concentration of protein SAP (amyloid P component) has been measured for the first time in a substantial series of normal individuals and patients with various diseases, and the results contrasted with the levels of the related protein C-reactive protein (CRP). The mean +/- s.d. concentration of protein SAP was 43 +/- 14 microgram/ml in seventy-six normal men, 33 +/- 10 microgram/ml in eighty-six normal women and 4 +/- 2 microgram/ml in thirty-six normal cord sera. Unlike CRP, whick is a major acute phase reactant, protein SAP was only slightly elevated in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in which CRP was greatly increased. The level of protein SAP was significantly depressed in patients with hepatic disease, suggesting that its measurement might be of value in their management.", "contents": "Comparative clinical study of protein SAP (amyloid P component) and C-reactive protein in serum. The serum concentration of protein SAP (amyloid P component) has been measured for the first time in a substantial series of normal individuals and patients with various diseases, and the results contrasted with the levels of the related protein C-reactive protein (CRP). The mean +/- s.d. concentration of protein SAP was 43 +/- 14 microgram/ml in seventy-six normal men, 33 +/- 10 microgram/ml in eighty-six normal women and 4 +/- 2 microgram/ml in thirty-six normal cord sera. Unlike CRP, whick is a major acute phase reactant, protein SAP was only slightly elevated in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in which CRP was greatly increased. The level of protein SAP was significantly depressed in patients with hepatic disease, suggesting that its measurement might be of value in their management.", "PMID": 668189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12129", "title": "Spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation and depressed cellular immunity in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Patients with Hodgkin's disease have increased numbers of spontaneously proliferating circulating lymphocytes. In order to test the relationship between this phenomenon and the in vitro mitogenic response, both spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation and the response to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin were quantified. In addition, the proliferating lymphocytes were identified autoradiographically and characterized for the presence of lymphocyte surface markers and monocyte markers. Spontaneous thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease was increased compared with normal controls, and the phytohaemagglutinin response was depressed. A significant inverse relationship was demonstrated between the spontaneous thymidine incorporation on day 0 and the phytohaemagglutinin response on day 3 (P is less than 0.01). The activated lymphocytes were heterogeneous with respect to both morphology and surface markers. These data suggest that the circulating proliferating lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease are reactive cells and that the quantitative depression in cellular immunity demonstrable in these patients may be related to this chronic reactivity.", "contents": "Spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation and depressed cellular immunity in Hodgkin's disease. Patients with Hodgkin's disease have increased numbers of spontaneously proliferating circulating lymphocytes. In order to test the relationship between this phenomenon and the in vitro mitogenic response, both spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation and the response to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin were quantified. In addition, the proliferating lymphocytes were identified autoradiographically and characterized for the presence of lymphocyte surface markers and monocyte markers. Spontaneous thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease was increased compared with normal controls, and the phytohaemagglutinin response was depressed. A significant inverse relationship was demonstrated between the spontaneous thymidine incorporation on day 0 and the phytohaemagglutinin response on day 3 (P is less than 0.01). The activated lymphocytes were heterogeneous with respect to both morphology and surface markers. These data suggest that the circulating proliferating lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease are reactive cells and that the quantitative depression in cellular immunity demonstrable in these patients may be related to this chronic reactivity.", "PMID": 668190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12130", "title": "Comparison of the relative cytotoxic effector cell capabilities and the proportions of cells bearing various surface markers in human tonsil and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "The relative cytotoxic effector cell capabilities and the proportions of cells bearing various surface markers in human tonsil and peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been studied. The peripheral blood contained a substantial proportion of monocytes (22 +/- 2.9%) compared to tonsil cell suspensions (2.5 +/- 0.3%). The percentages of T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the blood than in the tonsil (P is less than 0.01); however, the percentages of cells forming rosettes with 7S EA were not significantly different in each group (P greater than 0.5). Mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity by blood and tonsil mononuclear cells against Chang cells was proportional to the percentages of T lymphocytes in these cell suspensions, and both antibody-dependent and mitogen-induced cellular cytoxicity against sheep red blood cells was proportional to the percentages of monocytes in these suspensions. Tonsil mononuclear cell suspensions were incapable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Chang cells, whereas blood mononuclear cells functioned normally. These findings are in contrast to the findings of similar percentages of Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes in blood and tonsil mononuclear cell suspensions. Previous studies have shown that the effector cells against antibody-coated Chang cells are Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes. These studies show that in the case of cytotoxicity mediated by an Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cell, there may be a clear discrepancy between the relative proportions of Fc-bearing lymphoid cells in different organs and the relative levels of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Comparison of the relative cytotoxic effector cell capabilities and the proportions of cells bearing various surface markers in human tonsil and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The relative cytotoxic effector cell capabilities and the proportions of cells bearing various surface markers in human tonsil and peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been studied. The peripheral blood contained a substantial proportion of monocytes (22 +/- 2.9%) compared to tonsil cell suspensions (2.5 +/- 0.3%). The percentages of T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the blood than in the tonsil (P is less than 0.01); however, the percentages of cells forming rosettes with 7S EA were not significantly different in each group (P greater than 0.5). Mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity by blood and tonsil mononuclear cells against Chang cells was proportional to the percentages of T lymphocytes in these cell suspensions, and both antibody-dependent and mitogen-induced cellular cytoxicity against sheep red blood cells was proportional to the percentages of monocytes in these suspensions. Tonsil mononuclear cell suspensions were incapable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Chang cells, whereas blood mononuclear cells functioned normally. These findings are in contrast to the findings of similar percentages of Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes in blood and tonsil mononuclear cell suspensions. Previous studies have shown that the effector cells against antibody-coated Chang cells are Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes. These studies show that in the case of cytotoxicity mediated by an Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cell, there may be a clear discrepancy between the relative proportions of Fc-bearing lymphoid cells in different organs and the relative levels of cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 668191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12131", "title": "Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis: a sequential analysis of the morphological alterations occurring after mast cell degranulation in a patient with a unique syndrome.", "content": "An unusual patient, with dermal nodules, flexion contractures of the fingers and toes, cold-induced urticaria, dermographism and serum hypocomplementaemia, had necrotizing cutaneous venulitis underlying the spontaneous lesions. Since necrotizing cutaneous venulitis could be experimentally induced by the physical stimuli of cold or trauma, the time-course of histopathological events was documented in the skin of this patient. The histopathological alterations were studied in 1 micron thick, Epon-embedded skin biopsy specimens over an interval of 6 days. The early massive degranulation of the mast cells was followed by the sequential infiltration of neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes, by the development of venular endothelial cell necrosis and by the deposition of fibrin. The persistent serum hypocomplementaemia involved the classic activating and amplification pathways. It seems possible that the unusual combination of pathobiological processes involving the mast cells and the complement system in this patient has created a unique syndrome, in which venules are damaged and the sheaths of the extensor tendons of the hands and feet become affected in time.", "contents": "Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis: a sequential analysis of the morphological alterations occurring after mast cell degranulation in a patient with a unique syndrome. An unusual patient, with dermal nodules, flexion contractures of the fingers and toes, cold-induced urticaria, dermographism and serum hypocomplementaemia, had necrotizing cutaneous venulitis underlying the spontaneous lesions. Since necrotizing cutaneous venulitis could be experimentally induced by the physical stimuli of cold or trauma, the time-course of histopathological events was documented in the skin of this patient. The histopathological alterations were studied in 1 micron thick, Epon-embedded skin biopsy specimens over an interval of 6 days. The early massive degranulation of the mast cells was followed by the sequential infiltration of neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes, by the development of venular endothelial cell necrosis and by the deposition of fibrin. The persistent serum hypocomplementaemia involved the classic activating and amplification pathways. It seems possible that the unusual combination of pathobiological processes involving the mast cells and the complement system in this patient has created a unique syndrome, in which venules are damaged and the sheaths of the extensor tendons of the hands and feet become affected in time.", "PMID": 668192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12132", "title": "The role of complement in Ascaris suum induced histopathology.", "content": "The role of complement in the histopathology of primary and challenge re-infection by Ascaris suum was assessed. Guinea-pigs deficient in C4 or depleted of the terminal components C3 to C9 by cobra venom factor (CVF) were employed. Pathological changes in the livers of complement-deficient guinea-pigs differed slightly from controls. The most striking findings were in the lungs of CVF-treated infected animals, where marked eosinophilic abscesses were observed following either a primary or repeat infection with Ascaris suum. Additionally, greater numbers of larvae were harvested from the lungs of both CVF-treated and C4-deficient infected guinea-pigs as compared with controls. Serum C4 levels varied over the first 7 days after primary infection, declining in several of the normal and CVF-treated animals, but remaining stable in others. The C4 levels remained unchanged in re-infected animals. The C3 to C9 levels remained within the normal range in both primary and re-infected guinea-pigs. The data suggests that complement is involved in the host responses to infection with Ascaris suum. In the absence of complement (C3 to C9), enhanced pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration and eosinophilic granuloma formation occur in both primary and re-infected animals.", "contents": "The role of complement in Ascaris suum induced histopathology. The role of complement in the histopathology of primary and challenge re-infection by Ascaris suum was assessed. Guinea-pigs deficient in C4 or depleted of the terminal components C3 to C9 by cobra venom factor (CVF) were employed. Pathological changes in the livers of complement-deficient guinea-pigs differed slightly from controls. The most striking findings were in the lungs of CVF-treated infected animals, where marked eosinophilic abscesses were observed following either a primary or repeat infection with Ascaris suum. Additionally, greater numbers of larvae were harvested from the lungs of both CVF-treated and C4-deficient infected guinea-pigs as compared with controls. Serum C4 levels varied over the first 7 days after primary infection, declining in several of the normal and CVF-treated animals, but remaining stable in others. The C4 levels remained unchanged in re-infected animals. The C3 to C9 levels remained within the normal range in both primary and re-infected guinea-pigs. The data suggests that complement is involved in the host responses to infection with Ascaris suum. In the absence of complement (C3 to C9), enhanced pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration and eosinophilic granuloma formation occur in both primary and re-infected animals.", "PMID": 668193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12133", "title": "Serum complement pattern in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia.", "content": "In twenty-six patients affected by essential cryoglobulinaemia, 188 determinations of serum complement components (SCC) were made. A peculiar pattern was observed which was characterized by: (a) low levels of early components (Clq, Cls and C4), (b) normal levels of C3 and high concentrations of late components (C5, C9) and (c) CH50 values significantly lower than normal. No relationship could be observed between early SCC and C3 levels. Thirty-three crossed immunoelectrophoreses were performed in thirteen patient's blood samples. The C3c peaks were not different from normal. Follow-up data (156 serum samples from twenty-four patients) during a 6-40 month period showed a non-homogeneous SCC behaviour. However, no relationship was found between the complement concentrations and clinical score. These findings suggest that SCC abnormalities are related to a complement hyposynthesis, which could be caused by a reduced C2 production or by a negative feedback effect of active components or their fragments.", "contents": "Serum complement pattern in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia. In twenty-six patients affected by essential cryoglobulinaemia, 188 determinations of serum complement components (SCC) were made. A peculiar pattern was observed which was characterized by: (a) low levels of early components (Clq, Cls and C4), (b) normal levels of C3 and high concentrations of late components (C5, C9) and (c) CH50 values significantly lower than normal. No relationship could be observed between early SCC and C3 levels. Thirty-three crossed immunoelectrophoreses were performed in thirteen patient's blood samples. The C3c peaks were not different from normal. Follow-up data (156 serum samples from twenty-four patients) during a 6-40 month period showed a non-homogeneous SCC behaviour. However, no relationship was found between the complement concentrations and clinical score. These findings suggest that SCC abnormalities are related to a complement hyposynthesis, which could be caused by a reduced C2 production or by a negative feedback effect of active components or their fragments.", "PMID": 668194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12134", "title": "Evaluation of isoniazid-associated hepatitis by immunological tests.", "content": "In a retrospective study of patients developing hepatitis or persistent serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) elevations while receiving isoniazid, it was found that the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was positive in nineteen cases (95%) in response to stimulation by isoniazid, isonicotinic acid and conjugates of these compounds with human serum albumin. However, no significant amount of antibody against isoniazid was detected in the sera of these patients by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. By contrast, no positive LTT was seen in normal controls or in patients receiving isoniazid without evidence of liver damage, while in patients with transient SGOT abnormalities, the LTT was positive only at the time of liver dysfunction. There was no correlation between the degree of lymphocyte transformation and the severity of liver damage. However, there were differences in the patterns of response to the four stimulatory preparations used. Thus patients with overt hepatitis most frequently responded to isoniazid, while individuals with only SGOT abnormalities showed stimulation in the LTT more often with a conjugate of isonicotinic acid and human serum albumin. It appears, therefore, that the presence of isoniazid-induced liver damage is associated with the presence of cellular hypersensitivity to the drug. The differences in lymphocyte reactivity in the two groups might indicate a potential means of predicting which individuals are at increased risk of developing overt hepatitis when exhibiting evidence of minor liver dysfunction while receiving isoniazid.", "contents": "Evaluation of isoniazid-associated hepatitis by immunological tests. In a retrospective study of patients developing hepatitis or persistent serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) elevations while receiving isoniazid, it was found that the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was positive in nineteen cases (95%) in response to stimulation by isoniazid, isonicotinic acid and conjugates of these compounds with human serum albumin. However, no significant amount of antibody against isoniazid was detected in the sera of these patients by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. By contrast, no positive LTT was seen in normal controls or in patients receiving isoniazid without evidence of liver damage, while in patients with transient SGOT abnormalities, the LTT was positive only at the time of liver dysfunction. There was no correlation between the degree of lymphocyte transformation and the severity of liver damage. However, there were differences in the patterns of response to the four stimulatory preparations used. Thus patients with overt hepatitis most frequently responded to isoniazid, while individuals with only SGOT abnormalities showed stimulation in the LTT more often with a conjugate of isonicotinic acid and human serum albumin. It appears, therefore, that the presence of isoniazid-induced liver damage is associated with the presence of cellular hypersensitivity to the drug. The differences in lymphocyte reactivity in the two groups might indicate a potential means of predicting which individuals are at increased risk of developing overt hepatitis when exhibiting evidence of minor liver dysfunction while receiving isoniazid.", "PMID": 668195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12135", "title": "Circulating soluble immume complexes in recurrent oral ulceration and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "Circulating IgG immune complexes were assayed by means of agglutination inhibition of IgG-coated latex particles to human IgG by rabbit IgM antibodies. Sera from thirty patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, thirty patients with recurrent oral ulcers and thirty healthy control subjects were analysed. The results showed raised levels of immune complexes in 60% of patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and 40% of patients with recurrent oral ulcers. There were significant differences in the levels of immune complexes between the neuro-ocular and arthritic types of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome as compared with the muco-cutaneous type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome or recurrent oral ulceration. A close association was found between the disease activity and the amount of immune complexes. These results suggest that immune complexes may play a part in the transition from the epithelial involvement of mucosa or cutaneous tissues to the neuro-ocular and arthritic types of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Another factor in tissue distribution might be the size of immune complexes, as multi-focal involvement of tissues in the neuro-ocular type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is associated with a broad range of immune complexes from 3 X 10(5) to 3 X 10(6) daltons.", "contents": "Circulating soluble immume complexes in recurrent oral ulceration and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Circulating IgG immune complexes were assayed by means of agglutination inhibition of IgG-coated latex particles to human IgG by rabbit IgM antibodies. Sera from thirty patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, thirty patients with recurrent oral ulcers and thirty healthy control subjects were analysed. The results showed raised levels of immune complexes in 60% of patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and 40% of patients with recurrent oral ulcers. There were significant differences in the levels of immune complexes between the neuro-ocular and arthritic types of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome as compared with the muco-cutaneous type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome or recurrent oral ulceration. A close association was found between the disease activity and the amount of immune complexes. These results suggest that immune complexes may play a part in the transition from the epithelial involvement of mucosa or cutaneous tissues to the neuro-ocular and arthritic types of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Another factor in tissue distribution might be the size of immune complexes, as multi-focal involvement of tissues in the neuro-ocular type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is associated with a broad range of immune complexes from 3 X 10(5) to 3 X 10(6) daltons.", "PMID": 668196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12136", "title": "Complement-fixing material in ther sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "We investigated the properties of the complement-fixing material in samples of sera from fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis having low levels of C4, in order to determine its possible relationship to the immune complexes and rheumatoid factors. The complement-fixing material in most sera was of high molecular weight, 19s or greater, but in two sera it was also present in an intermediate zone (about 12s--15s). Cryoprecipitation did not remove the complement-fixing material except from serum with a elevated content of cryoglobulin. Analysis of the sera by analytical ultracentrifugation for the content of rheumatoid factor IgG complexes did not show a close relationship between the content of these complexes and the amount of complement-fixing material present in the sera. The responsible material could be absorbed by IgG-Sepharose together with the removal of rheumatoid factor. It was, however, possible to absorb the complement-fixing material from most sera with unconjugated Sepharose without significantly affecting the rheumatoid factor titres. Thus the complement-fixing material in the rheumatoid sera closely resembles an immune complex. It very likely contains rheumatoid factor, but it is not certain whether the material consists entirely of rheumatoid factors complexed to IgG or whether other antigen-antibody systems may also be present.", "contents": "Complement-fixing material in ther sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We investigated the properties of the complement-fixing material in samples of sera from fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis having low levels of C4, in order to determine its possible relationship to the immune complexes and rheumatoid factors. The complement-fixing material in most sera was of high molecular weight, 19s or greater, but in two sera it was also present in an intermediate zone (about 12s--15s). Cryoprecipitation did not remove the complement-fixing material except from serum with a elevated content of cryoglobulin. Analysis of the sera by analytical ultracentrifugation for the content of rheumatoid factor IgG complexes did not show a close relationship between the content of these complexes and the amount of complement-fixing material present in the sera. The responsible material could be absorbed by IgG-Sepharose together with the removal of rheumatoid factor. It was, however, possible to absorb the complement-fixing material from most sera with unconjugated Sepharose without significantly affecting the rheumatoid factor titres. Thus the complement-fixing material in the rheumatoid sera closely resembles an immune complex. It very likely contains rheumatoid factor, but it is not certain whether the material consists entirely of rheumatoid factors complexed to IgG or whether other antigen-antibody systems may also be present.", "PMID": 668197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12137", "title": "Treatment of Goodpasture's disease by plasma exchange and immunosuppression.", "content": "Three cases of Goodpasture's disease are described who were treated with intensive plasma exchange and immunosuppression. There was no improvement in renal function and the patients required chronic haemodialysis, but renal function did recover with treatment for recurrence of disease in a transplanted kidney. Anti-GBM antibody levels were not controlled and substantial reduction in fibrinogen and complement were only achieved with daily treatment. A controlled trial of this regime is urgently required.", "contents": "Treatment of Goodpasture's disease by plasma exchange and immunosuppression. Three cases of Goodpasture's disease are described who were treated with intensive plasma exchange and immunosuppression. There was no improvement in renal function and the patients required chronic haemodialysis, but renal function did recover with treatment for recurrence of disease in a transplanted kidney. Anti-GBM antibody levels were not controlled and substantial reduction in fibrinogen and complement were only achieved with daily treatment. A controlled trial of this regime is urgently required.", "PMID": 668199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12138", "title": "Stimulation of antibody synthesis induced by surgical trauma in rats.", "content": "The effect of a standard laparatomy on antibody synthesis was studied in Wistar R/A rats recieving an intravenous injection of 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) during the surgical procedure. Anti-SRBC antibody titres were significantly higher in operated animals than in controls. When SRBC were given 2 hr after the surgical procedure, stimulation of antibody synthesis still persisted, but when the antigen was administered 24 hr after laparotomy, no significant difference could be detected between the operated animals and controls. Surgery also enhances the secondary humoral response.", "contents": "Stimulation of antibody synthesis induced by surgical trauma in rats. The effect of a standard laparatomy on antibody synthesis was studied in Wistar R/A rats recieving an intravenous injection of 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) during the surgical procedure. Anti-SRBC antibody titres were significantly higher in operated animals than in controls. When SRBC were given 2 hr after the surgical procedure, stimulation of antibody synthesis still persisted, but when the antigen was administered 24 hr after laparotomy, no significant difference could be detected between the operated animals and controls. Surgery also enhances the secondary humoral response.", "PMID": 668200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12139", "title": "Refractoriness to anaphylactic shock after continuous feeding of cow's milk to guinea-pigs.", "content": "Further studies have been undertaken on the anaphylactic sensitization to cows' milk in guinea-pigs given cows' milk to drink instead of water. With continuous feeding over a prolonged period of time (over 70 days), about 70% of the guinea-pigs became refractory to intratracheal challenge of cows' milk and about 30% to intravenous challenge. Some guinea-pigs given cows' milk from the second day of life appeared not to undergo an early sensitization at all and may have been displaying a tolerance to anaphylactic sensitization. The degree to which this was shown may be genetic. The anaphylactic sensitivity, particularly as regards intravenous challenge, could be assessed by examining the sera for IgGl a antibodies to cows' milk by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Refractoriness to anaphylactic shock after continuous feeding of cow's milk to guinea-pigs. Further studies have been undertaken on the anaphylactic sensitization to cows' milk in guinea-pigs given cows' milk to drink instead of water. With continuous feeding over a prolonged period of time (over 70 days), about 70% of the guinea-pigs became refractory to intratracheal challenge of cows' milk and about 30% to intravenous challenge. Some guinea-pigs given cows' milk from the second day of life appeared not to undergo an early sensitization at all and may have been displaying a tolerance to anaphylactic sensitization. The degree to which this was shown may be genetic. The anaphylactic sensitivity, particularly as regards intravenous challenge, could be assessed by examining the sera for IgGl a antibodies to cows' milk by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 668201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12140", "title": "The occurrence and nature of alveolitis-inducing substances in Aspergillus clavatus.", "content": "Five groups of antigens were identified in culture filtrates and extracts from spores and mycelia of Aspergillus clavatus fractionated by gel filtration, affinity chromatography, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels and chemical analysis. Some particulate and soluble fractions given by nasal inoculation provoked murine allergic alveolitis in non-sensitized and sensitized precipitin-negative, and sensitized, precipitin-positive, animals. Alveolitis-inducing substances appeared to be glycoprotein precipitinogens, which withstood proteolysis, were preferentially adsorbed by concanavalin A, but which were rendered almost inert by sodium periodate oxidation. Spore walls were particularly rich in allergenic substances extractable by alkaline hydrolysis. Delipidated dead spores provoked more severe disease in all immunological groups of mice than live spores. Polysacchraride extracts and acid hydrolysates of spore walls were unreactive.", "contents": "The occurrence and nature of alveolitis-inducing substances in Aspergillus clavatus. Five groups of antigens were identified in culture filtrates and extracts from spores and mycelia of Aspergillus clavatus fractionated by gel filtration, affinity chromatography, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels and chemical analysis. Some particulate and soluble fractions given by nasal inoculation provoked murine allergic alveolitis in non-sensitized and sensitized precipitin-negative, and sensitized, precipitin-positive, animals. Alveolitis-inducing substances appeared to be glycoprotein precipitinogens, which withstood proteolysis, were preferentially adsorbed by concanavalin A, but which were rendered almost inert by sodium periodate oxidation. Spore walls were particularly rich in allergenic substances extractable by alkaline hydrolysis. Delipidated dead spores provoked more severe disease in all immunological groups of mice than live spores. Polysacchraride extracts and acid hydrolysates of spore walls were unreactive.", "PMID": 668202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12141", "title": "Anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats immunized with antigen-coated latex particles.", "content": "Studies have been carried out on the immunization of rats with antigen-coated latex particles. These studies confirmed that a significant lung blood eosinophilia is induced by a repeat intravenous injection of antigen-coated latex particles. Rats treated with antigen-coated latex particles also become sensitive to antigen such that on antigen challenge the animals show bronchoconstriction. Studies show that the bronchoconstriction is specific for antigen, but is unlikely to be mediated by tissue-fixing antibodies. Experiments comparing different immunization schedules involving latex particles indicate a strong association between the level of eosinophilia and degree of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. These studies suggest that eosinophils may contribute to the anaphylactic bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats immunized with antigen-coated latex particles. Studies have been carried out on the immunization of rats with antigen-coated latex particles. These studies confirmed that a significant lung blood eosinophilia is induced by a repeat intravenous injection of antigen-coated latex particles. Rats treated with antigen-coated latex particles also become sensitive to antigen such that on antigen challenge the animals show bronchoconstriction. Studies show that the bronchoconstriction is specific for antigen, but is unlikely to be mediated by tissue-fixing antibodies. Experiments comparing different immunization schedules involving latex particles indicate a strong association between the level of eosinophilia and degree of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. These studies suggest that eosinophils may contribute to the anaphylactic bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 668203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12142", "title": "Detection and separation of two serum factors responsible for depression of lymphocyte activity in pregnancy.", "content": "Studies using the rosette inhibition test have demonstrated a depression of lymphocyte activity in pregnant mice which occurs as early as 6 hr after fertilization and persists until just before delivery. This depression of lymphocyte activity is induced by two serum factors, the relative contributions of which vary with the time of gestation. The first, a high molecular weight early pregnancy factor, appears within hours of fertilization and then slowly declines in activity as gestation proceeds. The second, a lower molecular weight substance which cross-reacts with antiserum to human chorionic gonadotrophin, appears after the formation of the trophoblast at 4--5 days and persists until parturition.", "contents": "Detection and separation of two serum factors responsible for depression of lymphocyte activity in pregnancy. Studies using the rosette inhibition test have demonstrated a depression of lymphocyte activity in pregnant mice which occurs as early as 6 hr after fertilization and persists until just before delivery. This depression of lymphocyte activity is induced by two serum factors, the relative contributions of which vary with the time of gestation. The first, a high molecular weight early pregnancy factor, appears within hours of fertilization and then slowly declines in activity as gestation proceeds. The second, a lower molecular weight substance which cross-reacts with antiserum to human chorionic gonadotrophin, appears after the formation of the trophoblast at 4--5 days and persists until parturition.", "PMID": 668204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12143", "title": "Effect of sport stress on lymphocyte transformation and antibody formation.", "content": "The effect of a heavy (marathon, 2.5 hr) and moderate (35 min of running) sport stress on the number and function of lymphocytes, and on the plasma cortisol and leucocyte levels was investigated. Marathon running had a profound effect on the lymphocytes. Though the total number of lymphocytes did not change, their responsiveness to PHA and Con A, especially to PPD, was clearly depressed. The suppression of lymphocyte transformation was transient, the recovery occurring in 24 hr. The marathon running had no effect on antibody-forming capacity when the antigen was given immediately after the performance of the marathon, i.e. at the time when the response of lymphocytes to PHA, Con A and PPD stimulation was impaired. A clear-cut granulocytosis and elevation of plasma cortisol was seen in all the marathon runners. The 35 min of running also resulted in granulocytosis and an increase of plasma cortisol, but it did not cause any impairment of the lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Effect of sport stress on lymphocyte transformation and antibody formation. The effect of a heavy (marathon, 2.5 hr) and moderate (35 min of running) sport stress on the number and function of lymphocytes, and on the plasma cortisol and leucocyte levels was investigated. Marathon running had a profound effect on the lymphocytes. Though the total number of lymphocytes did not change, their responsiveness to PHA and Con A, especially to PPD, was clearly depressed. The suppression of lymphocyte transformation was transient, the recovery occurring in 24 hr. The marathon running had no effect on antibody-forming capacity when the antigen was given immediately after the performance of the marathon, i.e. at the time when the response of lymphocytes to PHA, Con A and PPD stimulation was impaired. A clear-cut granulocytosis and elevation of plasma cortisol was seen in all the marathon runners. The 35 min of running also resulted in granulocytosis and an increase of plasma cortisol, but it did not cause any impairment of the lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 668205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12144", "title": "A new approach to the autoradiographic study of proliferating lymphocytes.", "content": "An adaptation of a cell filtration method for the autoradiographic study of cultured lymphocytes has been developed. The percentages of labelled cells are very similar in the filtered cell population to those obtained from replicate cultures processed by centrifugation. The filter method permitted a higher recovery of cells from small numbers in culture with better cytological detail than seen when cells were washed by repeated centrifugation, then suspended and smeared.", "contents": "A new approach to the autoradiographic study of proliferating lymphocytes. An adaptation of a cell filtration method for the autoradiographic study of cultured lymphocytes has been developed. The percentages of labelled cells are very similar in the filtered cell population to those obtained from replicate cultures processed by centrifugation. The filter method permitted a higher recovery of cells from small numbers in culture with better cytological detail than seen when cells were washed by repeated centrifugation, then suspended and smeared.", "PMID": 668206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12145", "title": "A microtest for rosette formation.", "content": "The microrosette formation test described is carried out in tissue-typing microplates under paraffin oil. Only 8000 lymphocytes in a volume of 2 microliter are required for one assay. This system is very suitable for investigating biopsy-extracted lymphocytes. Furthermore, rosette inhibition can be carried out even when the amount of inhibitory substance tested is minimal.", "contents": "A microtest for rosette formation. The microrosette formation test described is carried out in tissue-typing microplates under paraffin oil. Only 8000 lymphocytes in a volume of 2 microliter are required for one assay. This system is very suitable for investigating biopsy-extracted lymphocytes. Furthermore, rosette inhibition can be carried out even when the amount of inhibitory substance tested is minimal.", "PMID": 668207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12146", "title": "L-Tryptophan-induced depression of the pressor response to clinidine in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "1. The interaction of serotonin precursor L-tryptophan with the pressor responses of the anaesthetized rat to the intravenous injection of clonidine, adrenaline and angiotensin has been studied. 2. Pretreatment of rats with L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) depressed the pressor response to clonidine but had no effect on the responses elicited by adrenaline or angiotensin. 3. The L-tryptophan-induced depression of the clonidine response was prevented by pretreating rats with either R\u00f6 4-4602, carbidopa, BW 172C58, methysergide or by pithing. 4. Intravenous infusions of serotonin depressed the pressor responses to clonidine, adrenaline and angiotensin in both intact anaesthetized and pithed rats. 5. It is concluded that the depressant action of L-tryptophan is dependent on its conversion within the periphery to serotonin. This action is also dependent on or mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "L-Tryptophan-induced depression of the pressor response to clinidine in anaesthetized rats. 1. The interaction of serotonin precursor L-tryptophan with the pressor responses of the anaesthetized rat to the intravenous injection of clonidine, adrenaline and angiotensin has been studied. 2. Pretreatment of rats with L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) depressed the pressor response to clonidine but had no effect on the responses elicited by adrenaline or angiotensin. 3. The L-tryptophan-induced depression of the clonidine response was prevented by pretreating rats with either R\u00f6 4-4602, carbidopa, BW 172C58, methysergide or by pithing. 4. Intravenous infusions of serotonin depressed the pressor responses to clonidine, adrenaline and angiotensin in both intact anaesthetized and pithed rats. 5. It is concluded that the depressant action of L-tryptophan is dependent on its conversion within the periphery to serotonin. This action is also dependent on or mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 668208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12147", "title": "The effects of adrenalectomy on the cardiovascular responses to delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats.", "content": "1. In urethane anaesthetized sham-operated rats, intravenous administration of delta 1-THC (1 mg/kg) caused an immediated and prolonged fall in blood pressure, with a concomitant reduction in pulse rate. 2. In rats which had been adrenalectomized 24 h previously, delta 1-THC (1 mg/kg, i.v.) also caused a depressor response, but it was significantly shorter in duration than that observed in sham-operated animals. The durations of the cardiac slowing effect were similar in both groups of rats. 3. Hydrocortisone pretreatment (25 microgram/kg, i.v.), given 45 min before delta 1-THC, restored the duration of the depressor response to delta 1-THC in adrenalectomized rats, but it did not have any effect on the bradycardia induced by delta 1-THC. 4. Hydrocortisone did not produce any significant effect on the hypotensive action of delta 1-THC in sham-operated rats, but the cardiac slowing effect was markedly potentiated. 5. These results suggest a lack of correlation between the hypotensive and cardiac slowing actions of the drug and that a certain level of adrenal steroids is necessary for the maintenance of the depressor response to delta 1-THC.", "contents": "The effects of adrenalectomy on the cardiovascular responses to delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. 1. In urethane anaesthetized sham-operated rats, intravenous administration of delta 1-THC (1 mg/kg) caused an immediated and prolonged fall in blood pressure, with a concomitant reduction in pulse rate. 2. In rats which had been adrenalectomized 24 h previously, delta 1-THC (1 mg/kg, i.v.) also caused a depressor response, but it was significantly shorter in duration than that observed in sham-operated animals. The durations of the cardiac slowing effect were similar in both groups of rats. 3. Hydrocortisone pretreatment (25 microgram/kg, i.v.), given 45 min before delta 1-THC, restored the duration of the depressor response to delta 1-THC in adrenalectomized rats, but it did not have any effect on the bradycardia induced by delta 1-THC. 4. Hydrocortisone did not produce any significant effect on the hypotensive action of delta 1-THC in sham-operated rats, but the cardiac slowing effect was markedly potentiated. 5. These results suggest a lack of correlation between the hypotensive and cardiac slowing actions of the drug and that a certain level of adrenal steroids is necessary for the maintenance of the depressor response to delta 1-THC.", "PMID": 668209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12148", "title": "Measurement of 42K concentration in the mucosal portion of the intestine without tissue samples: an approach to the measurement of mucosal blood flow in the dog.", "content": "1. The concentration of 42K within the jejunal mucosa was measured by intraluminal miniatrue Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes shieleded with platinum foil. 2. Isotope concentration measured by tissue assay of jejunal mucosa gave similar results to that obtained by the Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes. 3. Isotope measurement by shielded Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes obviates the need for tissue samples and permits repeat measurement in the same animal. This should find physiological application in measuring the mucosal portion of total intestinal blood flow by the indicator fractionation technique.", "contents": "Measurement of 42K concentration in the mucosal portion of the intestine without tissue samples: an approach to the measurement of mucosal blood flow in the dog. 1. The concentration of 42K within the jejunal mucosa was measured by intraluminal miniatrue Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes shieleded with platinum foil. 2. Isotope concentration measured by tissue assay of jejunal mucosa gave similar results to that obtained by the Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes. 3. Isotope measurement by shielded Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes obviates the need for tissue samples and permits repeat measurement in the same animal. This should find physiological application in measuring the mucosal portion of total intestinal blood flow by the indicator fractionation technique.", "PMID": 668211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12149", "title": "The effect of spontaneous diabetes mellitus on fatty acid oxidation, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity and respiratory coupling of hepatic mitochondria in the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus).", "content": "1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hepatic mitochondria of guinea-pigs with spontaneous diabetes mellitus differ from those of non-diabetic guinea-pigs in the oxidation of fatty acids, the activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, or respiration-linked oxidative phosphorylation. During the course of the study, a third group of animals (referred to as the unclassified group) was discovered which, on the basis of the clinical chemistry and histological changes in the pancreas, appeared to be in a pre-diabetic or post-diabetic state. 2. No differences in the respiratory control ratios were found between any of the three groups. Fatty-acid oxidation in hepatic mitochondria was greater in both the unclassified and diabetic groups than in the non-diabetic group. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity, however, was increased only in the diabetic group. These findings suggest that increased fatty acid oxidation is probably an intermediate change in the development of or the recovery from diabetes mellitus, whereas the activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is affected only in more advanced stages.", "contents": "The effect of spontaneous diabetes mellitus on fatty acid oxidation, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity and respiratory coupling of hepatic mitochondria in the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus). 1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hepatic mitochondria of guinea-pigs with spontaneous diabetes mellitus differ from those of non-diabetic guinea-pigs in the oxidation of fatty acids, the activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, or respiration-linked oxidative phosphorylation. During the course of the study, a third group of animals (referred to as the unclassified group) was discovered which, on the basis of the clinical chemistry and histological changes in the pancreas, appeared to be in a pre-diabetic or post-diabetic state. 2. No differences in the respiratory control ratios were found between any of the three groups. Fatty-acid oxidation in hepatic mitochondria was greater in both the unclassified and diabetic groups than in the non-diabetic group. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity, however, was increased only in the diabetic group. These findings suggest that increased fatty acid oxidation is probably an intermediate change in the development of or the recovery from diabetes mellitus, whereas the activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is affected only in more advanced stages.", "PMID": 668210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12150", "title": "Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome: a clinical and morphological study of renal biopsies.", "content": "Twenty-four patients, 12 children and 12 adults, with the Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome had their renal biopsy specimens studied by light and electron microscopic and immunofluorescent antibody techniques. The principal glomerular lesion was  a focal and segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis in 15, a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis in 6 and a animal or minor change lesion with mesangial hypertrophy in 3 cases. The proliferation of the cells was mainly mesangial. Renal biopsies taken earlier in the course of the disease showed a greater number with a focal lesion. Electron dense deposits with cellular proliferation and increased matrix were seen in the mesangium. Less frequent subendothelial and occasional subepithelial deposits were found. Capillary loop changes were seen more frequently in the later stages of the disease. Heavy deposits of IgA were found in the mesangium in all cases, and less intense deposits of IgG in 60%. beta 1 C globulin and fibrinogen were found in 80% and IgD and IgM less frequently. Complement activation was via the alternate pathway as early complement components C1q and C4 were absent. Overt allergies, streptococal infections and the HBsAg could not explain the pathogenesis of the disease. Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome is a chronic disease of the mesangium; only 5 patients showed complete recovery, 15 had persistent microscopic hematuria and 3 died or developed renal insufficiency within 8 years. The prognosis was worst with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, widespread focal glomerulonephritis or epithelial cresents formation.", "contents": "Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome: a clinical and morphological study of renal biopsies. Twenty-four patients, 12 children and 12 adults, with the Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome had their renal biopsy specimens studied by light and electron microscopic and immunofluorescent antibody techniques. The principal glomerular lesion was  a focal and segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis in 15, a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis in 6 and a animal or minor change lesion with mesangial hypertrophy in 3 cases. The proliferation of the cells was mainly mesangial. Renal biopsies taken earlier in the course of the disease showed a greater number with a focal lesion. Electron dense deposits with cellular proliferation and increased matrix were seen in the mesangium. Less frequent subendothelial and occasional subepithelial deposits were found. Capillary loop changes were seen more frequently in the later stages of the disease. Heavy deposits of IgA were found in the mesangium in all cases, and less intense deposits of IgG in 60%. beta 1 C globulin and fibrinogen were found in 80% and IgD and IgM less frequently. Complement activation was via the alternate pathway as early complement components C1q and C4 were absent. Overt allergies, streptococal infections and the HBsAg could not explain the pathogenesis of the disease. Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome is a chronic disease of the mesangium; only 5 patients showed complete recovery, 15 had persistent microscopic hematuria and 3 died or developed renal insufficiency within 8 years. The prognosis was worst with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, widespread focal glomerulonephritis or epithelial cresents formation.", "PMID": 668222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12151", "title": "Focal segmental sclerosis or scarred focal proliferative glomerulonephritis?", "content": "We have made a blind retrospective analysis of 334 renal biopsies, each containing more than 10 glomeruli, from adults and children with glomerulonephritis, in order to assess the clinicopathological significance of segmental lesions. These were defined as endocapillary proliferation and/or sclerosis involving capillary loops, and a less than half the glomerular tufts. On optical microscopy of paraffin-embedded material, 57 biopsies containing segmental lesions were independently classified by two observes as \"focal proliferative glomerulonephritis\" or \"focal segmental glomerulosclerosis\". These results were then reviewed with immunofluorescence, electron microscopic and clinical data and an \"executive\" diagnosis reached. Scarred focal proliferative glomerulonephritis could not be reliably distinguished from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by optical microscopy alone. Some cases of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis are not associated with systemic disease and may have negative immunofluorescence findings, and we were unable to distinguish scarring in these patients from the lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with any of the tools at our disposal. Some patients with scarred focal proliferative glomerulonephritis showed profuse proteinuria, a nephrotic syndrome and progression to renal insufficiency. These cases cannot therefore be differentiated from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by their clinical features. It would seem that the morphological lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis should be regarded as focal segmental glomerular scarring from a variety of insults, rather than a distinct disease entity.", "contents": "Focal segmental sclerosis or scarred focal proliferative glomerulonephritis? We have made a blind retrospective analysis of 334 renal biopsies, each containing more than 10 glomeruli, from adults and children with glomerulonephritis, in order to assess the clinicopathological significance of segmental lesions. These were defined as endocapillary proliferation and/or sclerosis involving capillary loops, and a less than half the glomerular tufts. On optical microscopy of paraffin-embedded material, 57 biopsies containing segmental lesions were independently classified by two observes as \"focal proliferative glomerulonephritis\" or \"focal segmental glomerulosclerosis\". These results were then reviewed with immunofluorescence, electron microscopic and clinical data and an \"executive\" diagnosis reached. Scarred focal proliferative glomerulonephritis could not be reliably distinguished from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by optical microscopy alone. Some cases of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis are not associated with systemic disease and may have negative immunofluorescence findings, and we were unable to distinguish scarring in these patients from the lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with any of the tools at our disposal. Some patients with scarred focal proliferative glomerulonephritis showed profuse proteinuria, a nephrotic syndrome and progression to renal insufficiency. These cases cannot therefore be differentiated from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by their clinical features. It would seem that the morphological lesion of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis should be regarded as focal segmental glomerular scarring from a variety of insults, rather than a distinct disease entity.", "PMID": 668223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12152", "title": "Renal disease in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Evidence of mild renal involvement is present in approximately 16% of patients with infectious mononucleosis as gauged by abnormalities in urinary sediment. Serious renal involvement including renal failure is very rare, our incidence was only 1.6%. There are only six cases reported in the literature during the last 25 years. The mechanism of renal involvement is probably multifactorial and includes both a direct viral cytopathic effect with other factors including hemolysis, hyperuricemia, and nephrotoxic drugs playing an important role. Interstital nephritis is the most common histologic abnormality. Chronic renal failure has been reported in only one case of infectious mononucleosis.", "contents": "Renal disease in infectious mononucleosis. Evidence of mild renal involvement is present in approximately 16% of patients with infectious mononucleosis as gauged by abnormalities in urinary sediment. Serious renal involvement including renal failure is very rare, our incidence was only 1.6%. There are only six cases reported in the literature during the last 25 years. The mechanism of renal involvement is probably multifactorial and includes both a direct viral cytopathic effect with other factors including hemolysis, hyperuricemia, and nephrotoxic drugs playing an important role. Interstital nephritis is the most common histologic abnormality. Chronic renal failure has been reported in only one case of infectious mononucleosis.", "PMID": 668224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12153", "title": "Oral essential amino acid supplementation in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Sixteen patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis were studied before and during oral treatment with essential amino acids. The patients received their usual diets (60-100 g protein/day) throughout the study. Plasma amino acids were studied pre-dialysis before supplements were started, after one month and after three months treatment; some measurements were also carried out post-dialysis. Before treatment 63% of patients pre-dialysis, and 82% post dialysis, had at least one essential amino acid value which was lower than our normal range. After one month of treatment 38% of patients pre-dialysis, and 67% post-dialysis, had one or more low essential amino acid value. After 3 months only 2 patients had an abnormal essential amino acid chromatogram pre-dialysis. Changes in non-essential amino acids, blood urea, serum proteins and hemoglobin are also reported. The data show that low plasma essential amino acid concentrations are frequently present in patients on maintenance hemodialysis even when the diet contains theoretically adequate amounts of protein. This deficiency can be corrected successfully with oral essential amino acid supplements.", "contents": "Oral essential amino acid supplementation in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Sixteen patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis were studied before and during oral treatment with essential amino acids. The patients received their usual diets (60-100 g protein/day) throughout the study. Plasma amino acids were studied pre-dialysis before supplements were started, after one month and after three months treatment; some measurements were also carried out post-dialysis. Before treatment 63% of patients pre-dialysis, and 82% post dialysis, had at least one essential amino acid value which was lower than our normal range. After one month of treatment 38% of patients pre-dialysis, and 67% post-dialysis, had one or more low essential amino acid value. After 3 months only 2 patients had an abnormal essential amino acid chromatogram pre-dialysis. Changes in non-essential amino acids, blood urea, serum proteins and hemoglobin are also reported. The data show that low plasma essential amino acid concentrations are frequently present in patients on maintenance hemodialysis even when the diet contains theoretically adequate amounts of protein. This deficiency can be corrected successfully with oral essential amino acid supplements.", "PMID": 668225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12154", "title": "Post meningococcal acute glomerular nephritis.", "content": "A case of meningococcal meningitis is described in which 10 days later there developed the histological lesions of acute exsudative proliferative glomerular nephritis without proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension or salt and water retention. The relationship between structural and functional changes in the kidney in glomerular nephritis is discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Post meningococcal acute glomerular nephritis. A case of meningococcal meningitis is described in which 10 days later there developed the histological lesions of acute exsudative proliferative glomerular nephritis without proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension or salt and water retention. The relationship between structural and functional changes in the kidney in glomerular nephritis is discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 668226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12155", "title": "Exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy by chronic renal failure: response to maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "The consequences of chronic renal insufficiency relevant to hepatic failure are not well appreciated. We describe a patient with chronic cirrhosis and marked porto-systemic shunting who, after the onset of chronic renal failure, developed intractable encephalopathy which improved markedly during an eight month period of maintenance hemodialysis.", "contents": "Exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy by chronic renal failure: response to maintenance hemodialysis. The consequences of chronic renal insufficiency relevant to hepatic failure are not well appreciated. We describe a patient with chronic cirrhosis and marked porto-systemic shunting who, after the onset of chronic renal failure, developed intractable encephalopathy which improved markedly during an eight month period of maintenance hemodialysis.", "PMID": 668227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12156", "title": "Obstetric anesthesia.", "content": "In this article, we have presented an overview of obstetric  analgesia and anesthesia. If one central theme could be developed, it shoud be that analgesia either for labor and delivery or cesarean section must be chosen and performed with absolute exactness and safety. There is no margin for error. The ultimate goal should be delivery of obstetric anesthesia in such a way that the best qualified professional is responsible for establishing the services in the hospital. Such service must provide contiguous around-the-clock coverage for tertiary hospital centers. On the one hand, most anesthesiologists are not well suited to many of the special demands of the obstetric suite, and, on the other hand, many obstetricians lack the full understanding and capabilities that the anesthesiologists possess. One solution for this dilemma might be to encourage obstetric colleagues to seek anesthesia training in order to organize obstetric anesthesia coverage.", "contents": "Obstetric anesthesia. In this article, we have presented an overview of obstetric  analgesia and anesthesia. If one central theme could be developed, it shoud be that analgesia either for labor and delivery or cesarean section must be chosen and performed with absolute exactness and safety. There is no margin for error. The ultimate goal should be delivery of obstetric anesthesia in such a way that the best qualified professional is responsible for establishing the services in the hospital. Such service must provide contiguous around-the-clock coverage for tertiary hospital centers. On the one hand, most anesthesiologists are not well suited to many of the special demands of the obstetric suite, and, on the other hand, many obstetricians lack the full understanding and capabilities that the anesthesiologists possess. One solution for this dilemma might be to encourage obstetric colleagues to seek anesthesia training in order to organize obstetric anesthesia coverage.", "PMID": 668239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12157", "title": "Prevalence of childhood allergy in a subtropical environment: data from Dade County, Florida.", "content": "Other prevalence studies of allergy in school children have been limited to temperate zones only. The aims of this computerized investigation were wholly focused on South Florida, located in a subtropical climate. The occurrence of allergy in relation to marked geographic variations was surveyed to evaluate the prevalence of allergy in connection with these topographic differences.", "contents": "Prevalence of childhood allergy in a subtropical environment: data from Dade County, Florida. Other prevalence studies of allergy in school children have been limited to temperate zones only. The aims of this computerized investigation were wholly focused on South Florida, located in a subtropical climate. The occurrence of allergy in relation to marked geographic variations was surveyed to evaluate the prevalence of allergy in connection with these topographic differences.", "PMID": 668257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12158", "title": "Renin release from renin granules in the dog.", "content": "1. Renin release from isolated dog renin granules was limited to within 20% of the total renin during incubation at 37 degrees C in isotonic medium and did not depend on the external concentration of renin. 2. Although the renin granules were osmotically and mechanically fragile, they were quite stable at 0 degrees C in isotonic medium. 3. The bulk of renin activity appeared in the supernatant when the granules were ruptured by osmotic lysis. About 8% of the total renin still remained in the membrane fraction of the granules after treatment by freezing and thawing. 4. Therefore stored renin in the granules can be described as comprising three components: a readily released soluble form; a soluble but hard-to-release form; a membrane-bound form.", "contents": "Renin release from renin granules in the dog. 1. Renin release from isolated dog renin granules was limited to within 20% of the total renin during incubation at 37 degrees C in isotonic medium and did not depend on the external concentration of renin. 2. Although the renin granules were osmotically and mechanically fragile, they were quite stable at 0 degrees C in isotonic medium. 3. The bulk of renin activity appeared in the supernatant when the granules were ruptured by osmotic lysis. About 8% of the total renin still remained in the membrane fraction of the granules after treatment by freezing and thawing. 4. Therefore stored renin in the granules can be described as comprising three components: a readily released soluble form; a soluble but hard-to-release form; a membrane-bound form.", "PMID": 668262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12159", "title": "Effects of concentration-polarization on the filtration of proteins through filters constructed from isolated renal basement membrane.", "content": "1. Filters comprising multiple layers of rabbit renal tubular basement membrane were constructed with conventional pressure filtration chambers. The effects of concentration-polarization on the behaviour of these filters was assessed by studying the filtration of proteins and of serum under turbulent (stirred) and unstirred conditions. 2. With stirring bovine serum albumin was effectively rejected by the filter barriers (sigma = 0.95) but rejection was diminished (sigma = 0.18) without stirring. The hydraulic permeability of the filters also fell without stirring. 3. In the presence of horse immunoglobulin G, a wholly rejected protein, the rejection of cytochrome c was increased and hydraulic flux was reduced. 4. Filtration studies of serum showed that serum protein was effectively rejected with stirring (sigma greater than 0.999) but rejection diminished when stirring ceased (sigma = 0.98). Albumin was the only protein detected in the filtrate with stirring but alpha- and beta- globulins appeared when stirring ceased. 5. These results show that concentration-polarization markedly affects the behaviour of these basement membrane filters in vitro, since without stirring a polarization layer of rejected protein is formed, which reduces hydraulic permeability and results in increased protein permeation through the filter.", "contents": "Effects of concentration-polarization on the filtration of proteins through filters constructed from isolated renal basement membrane. 1. Filters comprising multiple layers of rabbit renal tubular basement membrane were constructed with conventional pressure filtration chambers. The effects of concentration-polarization on the behaviour of these filters was assessed by studying the filtration of proteins and of serum under turbulent (stirred) and unstirred conditions. 2. With stirring bovine serum albumin was effectively rejected by the filter barriers (sigma = 0.95) but rejection was diminished (sigma = 0.18) without stirring. The hydraulic permeability of the filters also fell without stirring. 3. In the presence of horse immunoglobulin G, a wholly rejected protein, the rejection of cytochrome c was increased and hydraulic flux was reduced. 4. Filtration studies of serum showed that serum protein was effectively rejected with stirring (sigma greater than 0.999) but rejection diminished when stirring ceased (sigma = 0.98). Albumin was the only protein detected in the filtrate with stirring but alpha- and beta- globulins appeared when stirring ceased. 5. These results show that concentration-polarization markedly affects the behaviour of these basement membrane filters in vitro, since without stirring a polarization layer of rejected protein is formed, which reduces hydraulic permeability and results in increased protein permeation through the filter.", "PMID": 668263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12160", "title": "Parallel changes between lipoprotein lipase activating capacity and lipid concentrations in the serum of rats and ferrets during development and dietary manipulation.", "content": "1. The lipoprotein lipase activating capacity of serum from 5 to 22 day old rats and male ferrets fed on diets rich in either beef tallow or maize oil was significantly correlated with the triglyceride concentration in the serum. 2. These increases in activating capacity associated with increased serum triglyceride concentrations were similar to those reported for human serum.", "contents": "Parallel changes between lipoprotein lipase activating capacity and lipid concentrations in the serum of rats and ferrets during development and dietary manipulation. 1. The lipoprotein lipase activating capacity of serum from 5 to 22 day old rats and male ferrets fed on diets rich in either beef tallow or maize oil was significantly correlated with the triglyceride concentration in the serum. 2. These increases in activating capacity associated with increased serum triglyceride concentrations were similar to those reported for human serum.", "PMID": 668264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12161", "title": "Revised standards for normal resting dead-space volume and venous admixture in men and women.", "content": "1. Data have been combined from three previous series to provide revised standards for the prediction of physiological dead-space volume (VD), arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2), alveolar-to-arterial oxygen-tension difference (PAO2--Pa,O2) and venous admixture fraction (QVa/Qt) in the sitting position. 2. These standards, based on measurements in 96 healthy men and women aged from 20 to 74 years, largely confirm conclusions drawn from the first series of 48 subjects. 3. VD is best predicted on age, height, tidal volume and the reciprocal of respiratory frequency. Pa,O2,(PA,O2--Pa,O2) and Qva/Qt are adequately predicted on age alone.", "contents": "Revised standards for normal resting dead-space volume and venous admixture in men and women. 1. Data have been combined from three previous series to provide revised standards for the prediction of physiological dead-space volume (VD), arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2), alveolar-to-arterial oxygen-tension difference (PAO2--Pa,O2) and venous admixture fraction (QVa/Qt) in the sitting position. 2. These standards, based on measurements in 96 healthy men and women aged from 20 to 74 years, largely confirm conclusions drawn from the first series of 48 subjects. 3. VD is best predicted on age, height, tidal volume and the reciprocal of respiratory frequency. Pa,O2,(PA,O2--Pa,O2) and Qva/Qt are adequately predicted on age alone.", "PMID": 668265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12162", "title": "Lack of effect of blood-volume expansion on short-circuit current across an isolated toad skin incorporated in the circulation of a rat.", "content": "1. Evidence for the existence of 'natriuretic hormone' resides, in part, in the demonstration that blood volume expansion in the dog is followed by a transient fall in short-circuit current (SCC) across a frog skin incorporated within its circulation. 2. We have attempted to confirm this effect in the rat, with a toad skin (Xenopus laevis) incorporated within the circulation. The skins, bathed in whole rat blood, displayed low SCC; skins bathed in 'mammalian' Ringer solution displayed equally low SCC, but responded normally to pitressin or amiloride. 3. When volume expansion was induced in ten rats by infusion of equilibrated whole blood (28 ml/kg body weight) there was a brisk rise in systemic blood pressure, diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis. 4. This blood-volume expansion was without detectable effect on the SCC across the skins incorporated within the rats' circulations.", "contents": "Lack of effect of blood-volume expansion on short-circuit current across an isolated toad skin incorporated in the circulation of a rat. 1. Evidence for the existence of 'natriuretic hormone' resides, in part, in the demonstration that blood volume expansion in the dog is followed by a transient fall in short-circuit current (SCC) across a frog skin incorporated within its circulation. 2. We have attempted to confirm this effect in the rat, with a toad skin (Xenopus laevis) incorporated within the circulation. The skins, bathed in whole rat blood, displayed low SCC; skins bathed in 'mammalian' Ringer solution displayed equally low SCC, but responded normally to pitressin or amiloride. 3. When volume expansion was induced in ten rats by infusion of equilibrated whole blood (28 ml/kg body weight) there was a brisk rise in systemic blood pressure, diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis. 4. This blood-volume expansion was without detectable effect on the SCC across the skins incorporated within the rats' circulations.", "PMID": 668266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12163", "title": "Urinary kallikrein excretion and plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism.", "content": "1. The 24 h urinary excretion of kallikrein has been studied in 40 normotensive control subjects and in 74 age-matched patients with essential hypertension under similar conditions. By use of the renin-sodium index, hypertensive patients were divided into two subgroup: low-renin hypertension and normal-renin hypertension patients. Urinary kallikrein determinations were also obtained from six hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism. 2. Urinary kallikrein was significantly lower both in patients with normal-renin and low-renin essential hypertension. Urinary kallikrein excretion was very high in the patients with primary aldosteronism. 3. In nine hypertensive patients beta-adreno-receptor-blocking therapy caused a significant decrease of plasma renin activity, but had no significant effect on urinary kallikrein excretion. 4. The results support the concept that low urinary kallikrein is likely to be a marker of essential hypertension. Under certain conditions its excretion is positively related to mineralocorticoid hormone concentrations but it is not primarily related to the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein excretion and plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. 1. The 24 h urinary excretion of kallikrein has been studied in 40 normotensive control subjects and in 74 age-matched patients with essential hypertension under similar conditions. By use of the renin-sodium index, hypertensive patients were divided into two subgroup: low-renin hypertension and normal-renin hypertension patients. Urinary kallikrein determinations were also obtained from six hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism. 2. Urinary kallikrein was significantly lower both in patients with normal-renin and low-renin essential hypertension. Urinary kallikrein excretion was very high in the patients with primary aldosteronism. 3. In nine hypertensive patients beta-adreno-receptor-blocking therapy caused a significant decrease of plasma renin activity, but had no significant effect on urinary kallikrein excretion. 4. The results support the concept that low urinary kallikrein is likely to be a marker of essential hypertension. Under certain conditions its excretion is positively related to mineralocorticoid hormone concentrations but it is not primarily related to the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 668267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12164", "title": "Blood alcohol and impairment of judgment.", "content": "1. The cerebral depressant effect of 30 ml of aqueous ethanol diluted to 25% and administered orally to 16 volunteer subjects was compared with a control group of 15 volunteer subjects. 2. The two parallel forms of the Watson--Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal tests were employed as a measure of cerebral function. 3. The control group showed a small but statistically insignificant improvement on retesting with Watson--Glaser test form ZM after preliminary administration of form YM. 4. The relationship between the blood alcohol time curve and the alcohol effect was analysed for each individual subject, each subject being used as his own control. 5. The main peak cerebral depressant effect was substantial and occurred on average 25.5 min before the attainment of the peak blood alcohol concentration. 6. There was no significant correlation between blood alcohol concentration and contemporaneous cerebral impairment (r = -0.01). 7. There was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.60) between the effect upon cerebral function and the gradient of the blood alcohol curve at that time.", "contents": "Blood alcohol and impairment of judgment. 1. The cerebral depressant effect of 30 ml of aqueous ethanol diluted to 25% and administered orally to 16 volunteer subjects was compared with a control group of 15 volunteer subjects. 2. The two parallel forms of the Watson--Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal tests were employed as a measure of cerebral function. 3. The control group showed a small but statistically insignificant improvement on retesting with Watson--Glaser test form ZM after preliminary administration of form YM. 4. The relationship between the blood alcohol time curve and the alcohol effect was analysed for each individual subject, each subject being used as his own control. 5. The main peak cerebral depressant effect was substantial and occurred on average 25.5 min before the attainment of the peak blood alcohol concentration. 6. There was no significant correlation between blood alcohol concentration and contemporaneous cerebral impairment (r = -0.01). 7. There was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.60) between the effect upon cerebral function and the gradient of the blood alcohol curve at that time.", "PMID": 668268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12165", "title": "Definition of a conjugation of dysfunction in Gilbert's syndrome: studies of the handling of bilirubin loads and of the pattern of bilirubin conjugates secreted in bile.", "content": "1. Intravenous doses of bilirubin (3.4 mumol/kg) were given to normal subjects and patients with Gilbert's syndrome. Both groups displayed an identical initial disappearance of a substantial proportion of the bilirubin but, late in time, the Gilbert's patients exhibited reduced clearance with a sustained elevation of the plasma bilirubin and no reflux into the plasma space of conjugated bilirubin. Increasing the dose in normal subjects (by factors of 3 and 6) failed to reproduce the response found in the Gilbert's patients. 2. In the the bile-containing duodenal aspirates of Gilbert's patients the average proportion of bilirubin found as bilirubin diglucuronide was 68% (normal 88%) and of bilirubin monoglucuronide, 23% (normal 7%). Both differences were significant at the P less than 0.001 level. In the Gilbert's patients restriction of caloric intake to 1569 kJ/day for 2 days characteristically raised the serum bilirbuin with no modification of the biliary pigment pattern; phenobarbital (180 mg/day for 2 weeks) decreased the plasma bilirubin to the normal range with, concomitantly, a reversion of the biliary pigment pattern towards normal. 3. We conclude that there is no hepatic uptake defect in Gilbert's syndrome but that there is decreased activity in the conjugation process underlying the addition of the second glucuronic acid moiety to bilirubin, to form bilirubin diglucuronide.", "contents": "Definition of a conjugation of dysfunction in Gilbert's syndrome: studies of the handling of bilirubin loads and of the pattern of bilirubin conjugates secreted in bile. 1. Intravenous doses of bilirubin (3.4 mumol/kg) were given to normal subjects and patients with Gilbert's syndrome. Both groups displayed an identical initial disappearance of a substantial proportion of the bilirubin but, late in time, the Gilbert's patients exhibited reduced clearance with a sustained elevation of the plasma bilirubin and no reflux into the plasma space of conjugated bilirubin. Increasing the dose in normal subjects (by factors of 3 and 6) failed to reproduce the response found in the Gilbert's patients. 2. In the the bile-containing duodenal aspirates of Gilbert's patients the average proportion of bilirubin found as bilirubin diglucuronide was 68% (normal 88%) and of bilirubin monoglucuronide, 23% (normal 7%). Both differences were significant at the P less than 0.001 level. In the Gilbert's patients restriction of caloric intake to 1569 kJ/day for 2 days characteristically raised the serum bilirbuin with no modification of the biliary pigment pattern; phenobarbital (180 mg/day for 2 weeks) decreased the plasma bilirubin to the normal range with, concomitantly, a reversion of the biliary pigment pattern towards normal. 3. We conclude that there is no hepatic uptake defect in Gilbert's syndrome but that there is decreased activity in the conjugation process underlying the addition of the second glucuronic acid moiety to bilirubin, to form bilirubin diglucuronide.", "PMID": 668269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12166", "title": "Determinants of high blood pressure in salt-deprived renal hypertensive rats: role of changes in plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume and plasma angiotensin II.", "content": "1. Rats with indwelling aortic and right atrial cannulae were maintained on a sodium-free diet before and after renal arterial constriction combined with contralateral nephrectomy. Control animals underwent the same protocol except that non-constricting clips were used. 2. Plasma volumes in the salt-deprived animals were lower than previously determined values in animals with free access to sodium. After clipping plasma volume increased in the hypertensive animals. Extracellular fluid volume was increased equally in both normotensive and hypertensive animals on the second postoperative day only. 3. Before clipping and contralateral nephrectomy plasma angiotensin II values were higher than normal. After the operation angiotensin II concentrations fell to normal over a period of 14 days without significant differences between experimental and control groups. 4. It is concluded that high blood pressure after clipping may be in part maintained by increases in plasma volume. However, the results strongly suggest that other renal mechanisms are likely to be of major pathogenic importance.", "contents": "Determinants of high blood pressure in salt-deprived renal hypertensive rats: role of changes in plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume and plasma angiotensin II. 1. Rats with indwelling aortic and right atrial cannulae were maintained on a sodium-free diet before and after renal arterial constriction combined with contralateral nephrectomy. Control animals underwent the same protocol except that non-constricting clips were used. 2. Plasma volumes in the salt-deprived animals were lower than previously determined values in animals with free access to sodium. After clipping plasma volume increased in the hypertensive animals. Extracellular fluid volume was increased equally in both normotensive and hypertensive animals on the second postoperative day only. 3. Before clipping and contralateral nephrectomy plasma angiotensin II values were higher than normal. After the operation angiotensin II concentrations fell to normal over a period of 14 days without significant differences between experimental and control groups. 4. It is concluded that high blood pressure after clipping may be in part maintained by increases in plasma volume. However, the results strongly suggest that other renal mechanisms are likely to be of major pathogenic importance.", "PMID": 668271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12167", "title": "Gastric ulcers with and without associated duodenal ulcer have different pathophysiology.", "content": "1. Maximal acid output after pentagastrin stimulation, and fasting and postprandial serum gastrin concentrations were determined in 25 normal subjects, 30 patients with corpus gastric ulcers, 10 patients with prepyloric ulcers and 30 patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcers. 2. Corpus ulcers and prepyloric ulcers formed one distinct group. Maximal acid output was abnormally low in the corpus ulcer patients and no different from normal in prepyloric ulcer patients, whereas fasting serum gastrin and postprandial integrated gastrin response was abnormally high in the former and no different from the normal in the latter. Furthermore, as in the normal subjects, a significant negative correlation between maximal acid output expressed in mmol h(-1) kg(-1) body weight and postprandial integrated gastrin response was observed in the corpus and prepyloric ulcer patients taken as a group. 3. In complete contrast patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcers, in whom postprandial integrated gastrin response was statistically highest amongst the three types of gastric ulcers, had a significantly positive correlation between maximal acid output and the integrated gastrin response. 4. These findings suggest the operation of different pathophysiological mechanisms in gastric ulcers with and without associated duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "Gastric ulcers with and without associated duodenal ulcer have different pathophysiology. 1. Maximal acid output after pentagastrin stimulation, and fasting and postprandial serum gastrin concentrations were determined in 25 normal subjects, 30 patients with corpus gastric ulcers, 10 patients with prepyloric ulcers and 30 patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcers. 2. Corpus ulcers and prepyloric ulcers formed one distinct group. Maximal acid output was abnormally low in the corpus ulcer patients and no different from normal in prepyloric ulcer patients, whereas fasting serum gastrin and postprandial integrated gastrin response was abnormally high in the former and no different from the normal in the latter. Furthermore, as in the normal subjects, a significant negative correlation between maximal acid output expressed in mmol h(-1) kg(-1) body weight and postprandial integrated gastrin response was observed in the corpus and prepyloric ulcer patients taken as a group. 3. In complete contrast patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcers, in whom postprandial integrated gastrin response was statistically highest amongst the three types of gastric ulcers, had a significantly positive correlation between maximal acid output and the integrated gastrin response. 4. These findings suggest the operation of different pathophysiological mechanisms in gastric ulcers with and without associated duodenal ulcers.", "PMID": 668272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12168", "title": "Antisecretory and antiulcer properties of prostaglandins.", "content": "Certain prostaglandins inhibit gastric secretion and exert an antiulcer activity. These properties, first discovered in animals, were confirmed in humans and are likely to be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer. On the other hand, several prostaglandins given at high doses favor the passage of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. This accumulation of fluid seems to be the cause of the diarrhea observed on occasion after prostaglandins are given.", "contents": "Antisecretory and antiulcer properties of prostaglandins. Certain prostaglandins inhibit gastric secretion and exert an antiulcer activity. These properties, first discovered in animals, were confirmed in humans and are likely to be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer. On the other hand, several prostaglandins given at high doses favor the passage of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. This accumulation of fluid seems to be the cause of the diarrhea observed on occasion after prostaglandins are given.", "PMID": 668288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12169", "title": "Intestinal angina.", "content": "The outlook for chronic ischemic disease of the intestine must stress several factors: (1) the clinical entity is uncommon, (2) vascular occlusion is common, (3) diagnosis is most difficult, and (4) angiography is indispensable for diagnosis, but the procedure is not without hazard. Proper evaluation of all factors, with proper selection of patients who would benefit from revascularization procedures, is essential. The future evaluation and alleviation of ischemic bowel disease may well depend on skills of the past, i.e., a thorough, painstaking history of the existing illness.", "contents": "Intestinal angina. The outlook for chronic ischemic disease of the intestine must stress several factors: (1) the clinical entity is uncommon, (2) vascular occlusion is common, (3) diagnosis is most difficult, and (4) angiography is indispensable for diagnosis, but the procedure is not without hazard. Proper evaluation of all factors, with proper selection of patients who would benefit from revascularization procedures, is essential. The future evaluation and alleviation of ischemic bowel disease may well depend on skills of the past, i.e., a thorough, painstaking history of the existing illness.", "PMID": 668289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12170", "title": "Prostaglandin therapy for peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "The demonstration of inhibition of acid secretion in man or cytoprotection in animals is not proof of efficacy in clinical disease. Indeed, there has been continued debate up to now as to whether any of our previous standard therapies for peptic ulcer disease did more than alleviate symptoms. The use of the fiberoptic endoscope to locate and measure ulcers precisely and evaluate the progress of ulcer healing may finally allow us to assess the efficacy of new therapy. Several endoscopically controlled studies abroad have found PG analogs to be effective in both gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. Clearly, well-controlled, large clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of these compounds when compared to placebo and other modes of therapy. A close watch must be kept to detect the possible development of toxicity or other unwanted effects. We are still at an early stage in the development of the specific PG molecule that will affect only the stomach and duodenum in a favorable way, while having no effect on other tissues. When we come close enough to this goal, a PG may be the drug of choice for peptic ulcer disease in man.", "contents": "Prostaglandin therapy for peptic ulcer disease. The demonstration of inhibition of acid secretion in man or cytoprotection in animals is not proof of efficacy in clinical disease. Indeed, there has been continued debate up to now as to whether any of our previous standard therapies for peptic ulcer disease did more than alleviate symptoms. The use of the fiberoptic endoscope to locate and measure ulcers precisely and evaluate the progress of ulcer healing may finally allow us to assess the efficacy of new therapy. Several endoscopically controlled studies abroad have found PG analogs to be effective in both gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. Clearly, well-controlled, large clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of these compounds when compared to placebo and other modes of therapy. A close watch must be kept to detect the possible development of toxicity or other unwanted effects. We are still at an early stage in the development of the specific PG molecule that will affect only the stomach and duodenum in a favorable way, while having no effect on other tissues. When we come close enough to this goal, a PG may be the drug of choice for peptic ulcer disease in man.", "PMID": 668293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12171", "title": "Computer-assisted method for intracavitary radiotherapy of cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "This paper describes a simple computer system for calculating the radiation dose rate to selected points in the pelvis of a patient treated by gynaecological insertion of applicators loaded with radioactive sources. The calculations are performed on the basis of radiographs made before the sources are placed in the applicators. The system consists of a minicomputer, a teletype and a digitizer. The method allows an optimum loading distribution to be determined within a few minutes once the radiographic images are available.", "contents": "Computer-assisted method for intracavitary radiotherapy of cancer of the uterine cervix. This paper describes a simple computer system for calculating the radiation dose rate to selected points in the pelvis of a patient treated by gynaecological insertion of applicators loaded with radioactive sources. The calculations are performed on the basis of radiographs made before the sources are placed in the applicators. The system consists of a minicomputer, a teletype and a digitizer. The method allows an optimum loading distribution to be determined within a few minutes once the radiographic images are available.", "PMID": 668305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12172", "title": "Interactive control of graphic output devices.", "content": "A software package for the support of graphic output was developed. The main feature is the capability to draw graphs in a Cartesian coordinate system. With up to 60 variable parameters, it is problematic to change them interactively. Classical program languages do not support interaction. Subroutines for various kinds of input had to be written. Most important are other subroutines for reading, writing or erasing datasets at runtime, the name of which need not be known before starting a program. According to the problems, different appropriate methods of dialogue were used: the simple sequential dialoque, command languages and, for more complex input, a syntax analyser. The resulting dialogue is very simple and self-explanatory. The users need not have previous experience with computers; the package was accepted quickly and is now in extensive use.", "contents": "Interactive control of graphic output devices. A software package for the support of graphic output was developed. The main feature is the capability to draw graphs in a Cartesian coordinate system. With up to 60 variable parameters, it is problematic to change them interactively. Classical program languages do not support interaction. Subroutines for various kinds of input had to be written. Most important are other subroutines for reading, writing or erasing datasets at runtime, the name of which need not be known before starting a program. According to the problems, different appropriate methods of dialogue were used: the simple sequential dialoque, command languages and, for more complex input, a syntax analyser. The resulting dialogue is very simple and self-explanatory. The users need not have previous experience with computers; the package was accepted quickly and is now in extensive use.", "PMID": 668306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12173", "title": "A computer program for stepwise logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimation.", "content": "A computer program has been written which performs a stepwise selection of variables for logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimation. The selection procedure is based on likelihood ratio tests for the coefficients. These tests are used in a forward selection and a backward elimination at each step. The use of the program is illustrated by several examples.", "contents": "A computer program for stepwise logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimation. A computer program has been written which performs a stepwise selection of variables for logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimation. The selection procedure is based on likelihood ratio tests for the coefficients. These tests are used in a forward selection and a backward elimination at each step. The use of the program is illustrated by several examples.", "PMID": 668307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12174", "title": "Program to estimate parameters of linear systems without numerical differentiation.", "content": "This paper describes a computer program for estimating the parameters of a linear differential equation systen with constant coefficients by use of a nonlinear least-squares method. For minimization the sum of squares of an existing standard program, the Gauss-Newton gradient procedure, is employed. The differential equation system is solved by the Taylor expansion method. The advantage of this approach is that the derivatives with respect to the parameters are available without numerical differentiation. Therefore the inaccuracy inherent in numerical differentiation and the problem of choosing the modification of the parameters are eliminated. The given procedure is applicable for all the first order gradient methods. The presented method was tested with generated data from a four-compartmental model.", "contents": "Program to estimate parameters of linear systems without numerical differentiation. This paper describes a computer program for estimating the parameters of a linear differential equation systen with constant coefficients by use of a nonlinear least-squares method. For minimization the sum of squares of an existing standard program, the Gauss-Newton gradient procedure, is employed. The differential equation system is solved by the Taylor expansion method. The advantage of this approach is that the derivatives with respect to the parameters are available without numerical differentiation. Therefore the inaccuracy inherent in numerical differentiation and the problem of choosing the modification of the parameters are eliminated. The given procedure is applicable for all the first order gradient methods. The presented method was tested with generated data from a four-compartmental model.", "PMID": 668308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12175", "title": "Interactive graphical isolation of homogeneous data subgroups.", "content": "A method is described for compacting homogeneous and separating heterogeneous data subcomponents. Allowance is made for heterogeneity due to a concomitant variable. When used with a large sample size, the major component of bivariate normal data will tend to be compacted to a single point. By applying the algorithm twice, the major component of bivariate lognormal data will tend to be compacted to a single point. These procedures have been implemented as part of an interactive graphical system for convenient use by biomedical researchers.", "contents": "Interactive graphical isolation of homogeneous data subgroups. A method is described for compacting homogeneous and separating heterogeneous data subcomponents. Allowance is made for heterogeneity due to a concomitant variable. When used with a large sample size, the major component of bivariate normal data will tend to be compacted to a single point. By applying the algorithm twice, the major component of bivariate lognormal data will tend to be compacted to a single point. These procedures have been implemented as part of an interactive graphical system for convenient use by biomedical researchers.", "PMID": 668309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12176", "title": "A simulation program examining the use of ratios as raw variables in analyses of variance.", "content": "An interactive, BASIC-PLUS, simulation program is described for performing a large number of multivariate analyses in accord with, or in violation of, known underlying models. Using a PDP 11/40 computer, random numbers are generated and converted into bivariate normal observations X and Y. These data are then analyzed according to three models. The three analyses are: (1) a standard analysis of variance ignoring the concomitant variable; (2) an analysis of covariance; (3) an analysis of variance on the ratio Y/X. The program can be used to examine the effect of performing multivariate analyses on data transformed into ratios. The utility of the program is the simplicity with which one can alter the underlying models and/or the mathematical relationships between X and Y. Output provides comparisons between models by accumulating rejections and other statistics on critical F-values for each model.", "contents": "A simulation program examining the use of ratios as raw variables in analyses of variance. An interactive, BASIC-PLUS, simulation program is described for performing a large number of multivariate analyses in accord with, or in violation of, known underlying models. Using a PDP 11/40 computer, random numbers are generated and converted into bivariate normal observations X and Y. These data are then analyzed according to three models. The three analyses are: (1) a standard analysis of variance ignoring the concomitant variable; (2) an analysis of covariance; (3) an analysis of variance on the ratio Y/X. The program can be used to examine the effect of performing multivariate analyses on data transformed into ratios. The utility of the program is the simplicity with which one can alter the underlying models and/or the mathematical relationships between X and Y. Output provides comparisons between models by accumulating rejections and other statistics on critical F-values for each model.", "PMID": 668310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12177", "title": "Treatment of radioimmunoassay data: a computer program for curvefitting and dose interpolation using orthogonal polynomials.", "content": "We propose a method allowing the automatic exploitation of radioimmunoassay results. The standard curve is calculated according to two models; a linear model by Logit-Log transformation of data and another one using Fisher's orthogonal polynomials. The computer programs are written in FORTRAN IV.", "contents": "Treatment of radioimmunoassay data: a computer program for curvefitting and dose interpolation using orthogonal polynomials. We propose a method allowing the automatic exploitation of radioimmunoassay results. The standard curve is calculated according to two models; a linear model by Logit-Log transformation of data and another one using Fisher's orthogonal polynomials. The computer programs are written in FORTRAN IV.", "PMID": 668312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12178", "title": "Concentrations of patch test allergens: are we comparing the same things?", "content": "A new way of expressing the concentrations of patch test allergens solutions (or emulsions) is proposed. From these new expressions it can be seen that apparently similar concentrations (0.5% chromium, 2% formaldehyde) can actually be in the ratio 1 to 15 as expressed at the molecular level.", "contents": "Concentrations of patch test allergens: are we comparing the same things? A new way of expressing the concentrations of patch test allergens solutions (or emulsions) is proposed. From these new expressions it can be seen that apparently similar concentrations (0.5% chromium, 2% formaldehyde) can actually be in the ratio 1 to 15 as expressed at the molecular level.", "PMID": 668333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12179", "title": "Nickel excretion in urine after oral administration.", "content": "In recent years the importance of internal exposure to nickel in patients with recurrent hand eczema and nickel allergy has become evident. The present study was performed in order to investigate the value of urinary nickel determinations as an index of oral nickel intake. After oral administration of 5.6 mg nickel (as the sulfate), increased nickel excretion was found over the following 2-3 days. We conclude that consecutive urinary nickel determinations are able to disclose variations in oral intake of nickel.", "contents": "Nickel excretion in urine after oral administration. In recent years the importance of internal exposure to nickel in patients with recurrent hand eczema and nickel allergy has become evident. The present study was performed in order to investigate the value of urinary nickel determinations as an index of oral nickel intake. After oral administration of 5.6 mg nickel (as the sulfate), increased nickel excretion was found over the following 2-3 days. We conclude that consecutive urinary nickel determinations are able to disclose variations in oral intake of nickel.", "PMID": 668334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12180", "title": "Contact urticaria provoked by balsam of Peru.", "content": "Six patients with chronic urticaria are described in whom immediate type hypersensitivity to balsam of Peru was proven by patch test.", "contents": "Contact urticaria provoked by balsam of Peru. Six patients with chronic urticaria are described in whom immediate type hypersensitivity to balsam of Peru was proven by patch test.", "PMID": 668338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12181", "title": "Simple methods for demonstration of epoxy resins of bisphenol A type.", "content": "Low molecular weight oligomers of epoxy resins of bisphenol A type are common sensitizers. For demonstrating the presence of sensitizing oligomers of these resins, two simple methods are described. The first one, a colour reaction, demonstrates the presence of the bisphenol A skeleton. If this test is positive, thin-layer chromatography is carried out to demonstrate the presence of low molecular weight oligomers of epoxy resins. Some practical applications are reported.", "contents": "Simple methods for demonstration of epoxy resins of bisphenol A type. Low molecular weight oligomers of epoxy resins of bisphenol A type are common sensitizers. For demonstrating the presence of sensitizing oligomers of these resins, two simple methods are described. The first one, a colour reaction, demonstrates the presence of the bisphenol A skeleton. If this test is positive, thin-layer chromatography is carried out to demonstrate the presence of low molecular weight oligomers of epoxy resins. Some practical applications are reported.", "PMID": 668339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12182", "title": "An investigation of the possible immunological relationship between allergen extracts from birch pollen, hazelnut, potato and apple.", "content": "In a retrospective study on selected group of patients, the coincidence of birch pollen allergy and a clinically relevant positive prick test reaction to apples and potatoes was confirmed. Immunochemical comparison using the crossed line immunoelectrophoresis technique (CLIE) confirmed partial identity between birch pollen and hazelnut. By the same method no partial immunological identity between birch pollen and extracts and fresh peel from apples and potatoes was found. However, both apples and potatoes gave rise to non-immunological affinity precipitates. On this basis it is discussed, whether the active agents from apples and potatoes were extremely labile allergens, plant lectins, or low molecular weight substances with a direct or indirect histamine release effect.", "contents": "An investigation of the possible immunological relationship between allergen extracts from birch pollen, hazelnut, potato and apple. In a retrospective study on selected group of patients, the coincidence of birch pollen allergy and a clinically relevant positive prick test reaction to apples and potatoes was confirmed. Immunochemical comparison using the crossed line immunoelectrophoresis technique (CLIE) confirmed partial identity between birch pollen and hazelnut. By the same method no partial immunological identity between birch pollen and extracts and fresh peel from apples and potatoes was found. However, both apples and potatoes gave rise to non-immunological affinity precipitates. On this basis it is discussed, whether the active agents from apples and potatoes were extremely labile allergens, plant lectins, or low molecular weight substances with a direct or indirect histamine release effect.", "PMID": 668340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12183", "title": "Sensitization and testing of guinea pigs with cobalt chloride.", "content": "The guinea pig maximization test was used to study the sensitizing potential of cobalt chloride; 1 % CoCl2 was used for injection and 5 % for topical application. The animals were challenged twice; in series I epicutaneous testing was performed 3 weeks after sensitization and intradermal testing after yet another week. In series II the reverse schedule was used, i. e. intradermal testing after 3 weeks and epicutaneous after 4 weeks. CoCl2 was found to be a grade V allergen. The differences between cobalt-exposed and control animals (which had been treated with Freund's adjuvant, petroatum, occlusion, etc.) were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). however, the administration of cobalt at the first challenge testing caused this difference to diminish.", "contents": "Sensitization and testing of guinea pigs with cobalt chloride. The guinea pig maximization test was used to study the sensitizing potential of cobalt chloride; 1 % CoCl2 was used for injection and 5 % for topical application. The animals were challenged twice; in series I epicutaneous testing was performed 3 weeks after sensitization and intradermal testing after yet another week. In series II the reverse schedule was used, i. e. intradermal testing after 3 weeks and epicutaneous after 4 weeks. CoCl2 was found to be a grade V allergen. The differences between cobalt-exposed and control animals (which had been treated with Freund's adjuvant, petroatum, occlusion, etc.) were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). however, the administration of cobalt at the first challenge testing caused this difference to diminish.", "PMID": 668342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12184", "title": "Immediate and delayed allergic contact reactions to polyethylene glycol.", "content": "The lower molecular weight liquid polyethylene glycols (PEG) varying from 200 to 700 are extensively used as solvent vehicles in topical medicaments. Four patients showed allergic reactions to these liquid polyethylene glycols in topical medications. Two had immediate urticarial reactions to PEG 400. Two other patients had delayed allergic eczematous reactions, one to PEG 200, and one to PEG 300. Cross reactions occurred between PEG 200, 300 and 400, but not between these liquid polyethylenes and the higher molecular weight solid polyethylenes from 1000 to 6000.", "contents": "Immediate and delayed allergic contact reactions to polyethylene glycol. The lower molecular weight liquid polyethylene glycols (PEG) varying from 200 to 700 are extensively used as solvent vehicles in topical medicaments. Four patients showed allergic reactions to these liquid polyethylene glycols in topical medications. Two had immediate urticarial reactions to PEG 400. Two other patients had delayed allergic eczematous reactions, one to PEG 200, and one to PEG 300. Cross reactions occurred between PEG 200, 300 and 400, but not between these liquid polyethylenes and the higher molecular weight solid polyethylenes from 1000 to 6000.", "PMID": 668343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12185", "title": "Day 7 (D7) patch test reading - valuable or not?", "content": "Day 7 (D7) reading of 15,469 patch tests was carried out in 499 patients. In one fifth of them, positive reactions were observed at D7 having been judged negative at D2. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Day 7 (D7) patch test reading - valuable or not? Day 7 (D7) reading of 15,469 patch tests was carried out in 499 patients. In one fifth of them, positive reactions were observed at D7 having been judged negative at D2. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 668344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12186", "title": "Factors influencing nickel dermatitis. I.", "content": "The nickel concentrations in urine and blood plasma of a very hypersensitive female patient have been followed during two periods of 34 and 42 days each. A limited degree of correlation was found between the course  of the nickel concentration in plasma, the nickel concentration in urine and the clinical activity of the dermatitis. Evidently other factors also influence the activity of the dermatitis; among these menstruation and stress might be expected to play a role.", "contents": "Factors influencing nickel dermatitis. I. The nickel concentrations in urine and blood plasma of a very hypersensitive female patient have been followed during two periods of 34 and 42 days each. A limited degree of correlation was found between the course  of the nickel concentration in plasma, the nickel concentration in urine and the clinical activity of the dermatitis. Evidently other factors also influence the activity of the dermatitis; among these menstruation and stress might be expected to play a role.", "PMID": 668345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12187", "title": "Factors influencing nickel dermatitis. II.", "content": "The nickel concentrations in urine and other data of a very hypersensitive female patient have been followed during two periods exceeding 30 days each. Only a limited degree of correlation was found between the course of the nickel concentration in urine and the clinical activity of the dermatitis. In order to better evaluate the measure of the correlation and the influence of some other factors upon the activity of the dermatitis, a pathway analysis scheme has been constructed. Consideration of this scheme reveals the need for more extensive data regarding the nickel ion climate in the body.", "contents": "Factors influencing nickel dermatitis. II. The nickel concentrations in urine and other data of a very hypersensitive female patient have been followed during two periods exceeding 30 days each. Only a limited degree of correlation was found between the course of the nickel concentration in urine and the clinical activity of the dermatitis. In order to better evaluate the measure of the correlation and the influence of some other factors upon the activity of the dermatitis, a pathway analysis scheme has been constructed. Consideration of this scheme reveals the need for more extensive data regarding the nickel ion climate in the body.", "PMID": 668346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12188", "title": "Cosmetic regulatory activities in the United States: past, present and future.", "content": "To protect consumers from unsafe or decptively labeled cosmetics, the Food and Drug Administration promulgates regulations, conducts factory inspections, investigates mardeted products, evaluates consumer complaints, maintains registries of voluntarily submitted formulation and adverse reaction information, and carries out analytical, microbiological and toxicological studies. There has been a significant shift in program priorities from surveillance activities to scientific research and the determination of systemic hazards to health. Major scientific efforts involve studies to determine the dermal toxicity of cosmetics, develop methods for predicting the efficacy of preservatives, and answer questions about the skin penetration and carcinogenicity of nitrosodiethanolamine. A further issue of concern is the carcinogenic hazard of hair dyes.", "contents": "Cosmetic regulatory activities in the United States: past, present and future. To protect consumers from unsafe or decptively labeled cosmetics, the Food and Drug Administration promulgates regulations, conducts factory inspections, investigates mardeted products, evaluates consumer complaints, maintains registries of voluntarily submitted formulation and adverse reaction information, and carries out analytical, microbiological and toxicological studies. There has been a significant shift in program priorities from surveillance activities to scientific research and the determination of systemic hazards to health. Major scientific efforts involve studies to determine the dermal toxicity of cosmetics, develop methods for predicting the efficacy of preservatives, and answer questions about the skin penetration and carcinogenicity of nitrosodiethanolamine. A further issue of concern is the carcinogenic hazard of hair dyes.", "PMID": 668347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12189", "title": "Bacteriologic culture results obtained before and after elective midtrimester urea abortion.", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing elective midtrimester abortion by urea amnioinfusion had bacteriologic culture data obtained before and after the procedure. Despite the presence of pathogens in the vagina and cervix prior to the procedure, only 20% of patients exhibited endometrial growth following abortion. Factors that seem to favor such endometrial growth include increased injection-abortion intervals and the requirement for curettage to manage incomplete abortion.", "contents": "Bacteriologic culture results obtained before and after elective midtrimester urea abortion. Twenty patients undergoing elective midtrimester abortion by urea amnioinfusion had bacteriologic culture data obtained before and after the procedure. Despite the presence of pathogens in the vagina and cervix prior to the procedure, only 20% of patients exhibited endometrial growth following abortion. Factors that seem to favor such endometrial growth include increased injection-abortion intervals and the requirement for curettage to manage incomplete abortion.", "PMID": 668370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12190", "title": "No increase of the fibrinolytic activity of the human endometrium by progesterone-releasing IUD (progestasertR).", "content": "An increase in menstrual blood loss is one of the most common side effects of plastic IUDs and, though less often, also of copper IUDs. This has been explained by the observation that IUD enhances the fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium. A progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR) does not increase menstrual bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium was studied in 17 women before and after insertion of a progesterone-releasing IUD. It did not enhance the histochemically determined fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium.", "contents": "No increase of the fibrinolytic activity of the human endometrium by progesterone-releasing IUD (progestasertR). An increase in menstrual blood loss is one of the most common side effects of plastic IUDs and, though less often, also of copper IUDs. This has been explained by the observation that IUD enhances the fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium. A progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR) does not increase menstrual bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium was studied in 17 women before and after insertion of a progesterone-releasing IUD. It did not enhance the histochemically determined fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium.", "PMID": 668372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12191", "title": "Pathogenesis and renal function in acute toxic nephropathies.", "content": "Acute toxic nephropathy may be produced by a variety of poisons and drugs. Cellular poisons, such as mercuric bichloride, produce tubular necrosis. Many drugs induce an immunologically mediated response presenting as interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis or angiitis. Substances, which are not primarily nephrotoxic but induce dehydration, shock, hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis and/or electrolyte disturbances may also lead to secondary acute renal failure. Reduced renal blood flow, suppressed glomerular filtration, increased tubular pressure due to obstruction, and tubular leakage are responsible for the functional breakdown. In addition, specific tubular functions may be impaired. Complete or incomplete recovery is the rule.", "contents": "Pathogenesis and renal function in acute toxic nephropathies. Acute toxic nephropathy may be produced by a variety of poisons and drugs. Cellular poisons, such as mercuric bichloride, produce tubular necrosis. Many drugs induce an immunologically mediated response presenting as interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis or angiitis. Substances, which are not primarily nephrotoxic but induce dehydration, shock, hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis and/or electrolyte disturbances may also lead to secondary acute renal failure. Reduced renal blood flow, suppressed glomerular filtration, increased tubular pressure due to obstruction, and tubular leakage are responsible for the functional breakdown. In addition, specific tubular functions may be impaired. Complete or incomplete recovery is the rule.", "PMID": 668378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12192", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Action on subcellular organelles and pharmacokinetics in the kidney.", "content": "Our findings on the renal pharmacokinetics of gentamicin explain why: (1) gentamicin concentrations in the kidney reach levels high enough to provoke injuries to the organelles; (2) the morphological manifestations of toxicity involve primarily the convoluted proximal tubule (which constitutes the largest part of the cortex), since antibiotic concentrations in this area are especially high; (3) nephrotoxicity is related to duration of treatment; (4) urine may contain small quantities of gentamicin up to 3 weeks after the end of therapy (14, 22, 30); (5) nephrotoxicity continues after discontinuance of the treatment, and (6) the hepatocytes, whose lysosomes are very sensitive to the action of gentamicin, show no obvious signs of toxicity, since the antibiotic never attains a high enough concentration in this organ.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Action on subcellular organelles and pharmacokinetics in the kidney. Our findings on the renal pharmacokinetics of gentamicin explain why: (1) gentamicin concentrations in the kidney reach levels high enough to provoke injuries to the organelles; (2) the morphological manifestations of toxicity involve primarily the convoluted proximal tubule (which constitutes the largest part of the cortex), since antibiotic concentrations in this area are especially high; (3) nephrotoxicity is related to duration of treatment; (4) urine may contain small quantities of gentamicin up to 3 weeks after the end of therapy (14, 22, 30); (5) nephrotoxicity continues after discontinuance of the treatment, and (6) the hepatocytes, whose lysosomes are very sensitive to the action of gentamicin, show no obvious signs of toxicity, since the antibiotic never attains a high enough concentration in this organ.", "PMID": 668380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12193", "title": "Nephropathies due to analgesics.", "content": "Analgesic drugs causing kidney functional disturbances and histologically evident kidney derangements are reviewed. Today, not the pathological changes, which have dominated the scene of pathogenesis for analgesic nephropathies are in the foreground of investigative interest, but rather the biochemical interactions of analgesics or their metabolites in the renal cell and prospective epidemiologic studies. As the term 'phenacetin nephropathy' has been replaced by 'analgesic nephropathy', it seems likely that metabolic activation responsible for renal injury caused by analgesic mixtures will be of primary importance in furture investigations as well as the unravelling of immunogenic processes for a variety of analgesics and their metabolites.", "contents": "Nephropathies due to analgesics. Analgesic drugs causing kidney functional disturbances and histologically evident kidney derangements are reviewed. Today, not the pathological changes, which have dominated the scene of pathogenesis for analgesic nephropathies are in the foreground of investigative interest, but rather the biochemical interactions of analgesics or their metabolites in the renal cell and prospective epidemiologic studies. As the term 'phenacetin nephropathy' has been replaced by 'analgesic nephropathy', it seems likely that metabolic activation responsible for renal injury caused by analgesic mixtures will be of primary importance in furture investigations as well as the unravelling of immunogenic processes for a variety of analgesics and their metabolites.", "PMID": 668381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12194", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of chromium. Remarks on an experimental and epidemiological investigation.", "content": "Observations conducted on a group of workers exposed to chromium (who showed a rapid urinary excretion of the metal and progressive increase of clearance with cumulative years of exposure), induced the authors to evaluate the nephrotoxic action of chromium in rats exposed to acute and chronic intoxication. The progressive Cr accumulation in the renal cortex during the course of testing explains the increase of the excreted fraction of filtered Cr, and therefore, the clearance, of the metal through the reduction of the tubular lumen-epithelium gradient. Paralleling the anatomical lesions (demonstrated only at the level of the proximal tubular cells), are the increasing modifications of the cellular lesion or altered reabsorption registered by several urinary indicators. Similar changes were found in subjects chronically exposed to the metal; their reversibility is linked to the possibility of repairing the epithelial damage by stopping exposure.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of chromium. Remarks on an experimental and epidemiological investigation. Observations conducted on a group of workers exposed to chromium (who showed a rapid urinary excretion of the metal and progressive increase of clearance with cumulative years of exposure), induced the authors to evaluate the nephrotoxic action of chromium in rats exposed to acute and chronic intoxication. The progressive Cr accumulation in the renal cortex during the course of testing explains the increase of the excreted fraction of filtered Cr, and therefore, the clearance, of the metal through the reduction of the tubular lumen-epithelium gradient. Paralleling the anatomical lesions (demonstrated only at the level of the proximal tubular cells), are the increasing modifications of the cellular lesion or altered reabsorption registered by several urinary indicators. Similar changes were found in subjects chronically exposed to the metal; their reversibility is linked to the possibility of repairing the epithelial damage by stopping exposure.", "PMID": 668382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12195", "title": "Aggravating factor in lupus nephritis; electron microscopic observation.", "content": "47 renal biopsies from 36 patients with SLE were examined in detail to compare with clinical courses and ultrastructural findings. Of 36 patients, 8 cases were free from renal involvement. The severity of electron dense deposits in glomeruli with lupus nephritis were generally well correlated with each clinical feature obtained. Moreover, mesangiocapillary cell proliferation was considered to be the main morphological promoting factor in poor prognosis of the lupus nephritis. Prominent circumferential subendothelial dense deposits were suggested to enhance to enhance the proliferation of mesangial cells, mostly with a mode of circumferential interposition. In each deposit with lapse of time and/or treatments, subepithelial deposits were gradually degraded to granular material but not lucent, though most subendothelial deposits rapidly disappeared without any remnant structure or with only a few flocculent materials. Mesangial deposits were mostly stabilized and rarely turned membranous.", "contents": "Aggravating factor in lupus nephritis; electron microscopic observation. 47 renal biopsies from 36 patients with SLE were examined in detail to compare with clinical courses and ultrastructural findings. Of 36 patients, 8 cases were free from renal involvement. The severity of electron dense deposits in glomeruli with lupus nephritis were generally well correlated with each clinical feature obtained. Moreover, mesangiocapillary cell proliferation was considered to be the main morphological promoting factor in poor prognosis of the lupus nephritis. Prominent circumferential subendothelial dense deposits were suggested to enhance to enhance the proliferation of mesangial cells, mostly with a mode of circumferential interposition. In each deposit with lapse of time and/or treatments, subepithelial deposits were gradually degraded to granular material but not lucent, though most subendothelial deposits rapidly disappeared without any remnant structure or with only a few flocculent materials. Mesangial deposits were mostly stabilized and rarely turned membranous.", "PMID": 668383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12196", "title": "Mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis. Clinicopathological study of 85 cases.", "content": "A clinicopathological study was made on 85 cases of mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis and of 49 controls. Predominant incidence of male over female was noted in IgA glomerulonephritis. The disease developed insidiously in a considerable number, and occupied 68% of chance proteinuria and/or hematuria. Macrohematuria was often experienced, but in a statistical comparison with controls, no specific features were observed clinically except that hypertensive cases were rarely encountered in this disease, which may reflect the better prognosis. Serum IgA levels were not different significantly in two groups. Histological changes were those of various natures and intensities, and no specific type of lesions were observed. The negative staining of C1q and C3PA in glomeruli of IgA glomerulonephritis offered no possibility to elucidate either of the complement pathways as active.", "contents": "Mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis. Clinicopathological study of 85 cases. A clinicopathological study was made on 85 cases of mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis and of 49 controls. Predominant incidence of male over female was noted in IgA glomerulonephritis. The disease developed insidiously in a considerable number, and occupied 68% of chance proteinuria and/or hematuria. Macrohematuria was often experienced, but in a statistical comparison with controls, no specific features were observed clinically except that hypertensive cases were rarely encountered in this disease, which may reflect the better prognosis. Serum IgA levels were not different significantly in two groups. Histological changes were those of various natures and intensities, and no specific type of lesions were observed. The negative staining of C1q and C3PA in glomeruli of IgA glomerulonephritis offered no possibility to elucidate either of the complement pathways as active.", "PMID": 668384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12197", "title": "The correlation of antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and nuclear acidic protein (Sm) with nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).", "content": "The role of antibodies to Sm and RNP in renal diseases in SLE was investigated using counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Antibody to RNP was found in about 50% of lupus patients irrespective of the degree of renal involvement as evaluated clinically, histologically and immunopathologically. Antibody to Sm was found more frequently in lupus patients with renal lesions than in those without renal disease. Antibody to RNP was demonstrated in 8 of 10 (80%) and antibody to Sm in 4 of 10 (40%) specimens obtained by elution of autopsied kidneys. These results suggest that antibodies to RNP and Sm are also of importance in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis in addition to the already recognized role of antibody to ds-DNA.", "contents": "The correlation of antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and nuclear acidic protein (Sm) with nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The role of antibodies to Sm and RNP in renal diseases in SLE was investigated using counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Antibody to RNP was found in about 50% of lupus patients irrespective of the degree of renal involvement as evaluated clinically, histologically and immunopathologically. Antibody to Sm was found more frequently in lupus patients with renal lesions than in those without renal disease. Antibody to RNP was demonstrated in 8 of 10 (80%) and antibody to Sm in 4 of 10 (40%) specimens obtained by elution of autopsied kidneys. These results suggest that antibodies to RNP and Sm are also of importance in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis in addition to the already recognized role of antibody to ds-DNA.", "PMID": 668385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12198", "title": "Dominant IgM deposition in experimentally induced amyloid kidney of the mouse and its immunological implications.", "content": "Prolonged hyperimmmunization of C3H mice with casein resulted in immune deposits in glomeruli which led to subsequent amyloid deposition. During the immunization, the animals were in state of extreme antigen excess without any detectable circulating antibodies. The immunofluorescent findings in the later period revealed predominant IgM deposition in glomeruli, which was quite consistent with the dominant presence of IgM antibody-forming cells in spleen in the apparently tolerant state.", "contents": "Dominant IgM deposition in experimentally induced amyloid kidney of the mouse and its immunological implications. Prolonged hyperimmmunization of C3H mice with casein resulted in immune deposits in glomeruli which led to subsequent amyloid deposition. During the immunization, the animals were in state of extreme antigen excess without any detectable circulating antibodies. The immunofluorescent findings in the later period revealed predominant IgM deposition in glomeruli, which was quite consistent with the dominant presence of IgM antibody-forming cells in spleen in the apparently tolerant state.", "PMID": 668386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12199", "title": "Plasma renin activity in acute renal failure induced by norepinephrine infusion in unilaterally nephrectomized dogs.", "content": "Plasma renin activity was determined by bioassay prior to, during and following a 2-hour infusion of norepinephrine into the renal artery in unilaterally nephrectomized dogs in order to examine the role of renin-angiotensin system in norepinephrine-induced ARF. ARF was induced in 5 of 8 dogs receiving 0.75 microgram/kg/min of norepinephrine, but not in the remaining 3 dogs and 2 dogs infused with 0.6 and 0.4 microgram/kg/min of norepinephrine. There proved no difference in plasma renin activity in renal venous blood between the dogs with and without ARF when followed up to 2 h after the discontinuation of the infusion. The same results were obtained when the plasma renin activity in the foreleg vein was followed at 24, 48 and 72 h after the infusion. The renin-angiotensin system does not seem to contribute to the reduction of renal function in norepinephrine-induced ARF in dogs.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in acute renal failure induced by norepinephrine infusion in unilaterally nephrectomized dogs. Plasma renin activity was determined by bioassay prior to, during and following a 2-hour infusion of norepinephrine into the renal artery in unilaterally nephrectomized dogs in order to examine the role of renin-angiotensin system in norepinephrine-induced ARF. ARF was induced in 5 of 8 dogs receiving 0.75 microgram/kg/min of norepinephrine, but not in the remaining 3 dogs and 2 dogs infused with 0.6 and 0.4 microgram/kg/min of norepinephrine. There proved no difference in plasma renin activity in renal venous blood between the dogs with and without ARF when followed up to 2 h after the discontinuation of the infusion. The same results were obtained when the plasma renin activity in the foreleg vein was followed at 24, 48 and 72 h after the infusion. The renin-angiotensin system does not seem to contribute to the reduction of renal function in norepinephrine-induced ARF in dogs.", "PMID": 668387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12200", "title": "Application of vasopressin radioimmunoassay to clinical study: role of vasopressin in hypo- and hypernatremia and some other disorders of water metabolism.", "content": "Plasma and urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) in normal subjects and in patients with various water metabolism disorders was measured using a sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay. The AVP plasma levels in normal subjects were 3.1 +/- 1.2 pg/ml. The parallel changes in plasma osmolality, plasma AVP concentration, and urinary osmolality were observed after water load. In patients with various kinds of hyponatremia and impaired water excretion, plasma AVP concentrations were within or over normal levels, suggesting that persistent secretion of AVP may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyponatremia. Variable levels of plasma AVP were observed in patients with essential hypernatremia, which in turn suggested that osmoreceptors may be selectively damaged in some patients, and that ADH-secreting neurons are also involved in others. Our radioimmunoassay facility made it possible for us to measure plasma and urinary DDAVP in the treatment of diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "Application of vasopressin radioimmunoassay to clinical study: role of vasopressin in hypo- and hypernatremia and some other disorders of water metabolism. Plasma and urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) in normal subjects and in patients with various water metabolism disorders was measured using a sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay. The AVP plasma levels in normal subjects were 3.1 +/- 1.2 pg/ml. The parallel changes in plasma osmolality, plasma AVP concentration, and urinary osmolality were observed after water load. In patients with various kinds of hyponatremia and impaired water excretion, plasma AVP concentrations were within or over normal levels, suggesting that persistent secretion of AVP may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyponatremia. Variable levels of plasma AVP were observed in patients with essential hypernatremia, which in turn suggested that osmoreceptors may be selectively damaged in some patients, and that ADH-secreting neurons are also involved in others. Our radioimmunoassay facility made it possible for us to measure plasma and urinary DDAVP in the treatment of diabetes insipidus.", "PMID": 668388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12201", "title": "Serum lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in major clinical entities of renal disease.", "content": "More than half of the patients with glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renovascular hypertension showed obviously abnormal profiles of serum lipoproteins (Lps). The abnormal profiles returned to normal or near-normal when the disease was ameliorated or corrected surgically. A unique Lp profile (broad midband pattern, BMP) was observed in approximately 89% of uremic patients on hemodialysis therapy. The results of the current investigations indicated that the BMP could probably be formed by the accumulation of catabolic remnants of VLDL.", "contents": "Serum lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in major clinical entities of renal disease. More than half of the patients with glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renovascular hypertension showed obviously abnormal profiles of serum lipoproteins (Lps). The abnormal profiles returned to normal or near-normal when the disease was ameliorated or corrected surgically. A unique Lp profile (broad midband pattern, BMP) was observed in approximately 89% of uremic patients on hemodialysis therapy. The results of the current investigations indicated that the BMP could probably be formed by the accumulation of catabolic remnants of VLDL.", "PMID": 668389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12202", "title": "Identification of beta-aspartylglycine in uremic serum and its toxicity.", "content": "An unidentified ninhydrin-positive substance of acidic nature was found in the serum of uremic patients. This substance was isolated from hemodialysate by the methods of ion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and paper electrophoresis, and identified as beta-aspartylglycine by amino acid analysis, N-terminal amino acid determination and comparison with authentic sample synthesized in this laboratory. The quantitative determination of beta-aspartylglycine in serum revealed that the serum concentrations of beta-aspartyl-glycine in uremic patients increased much higher than those in normal subjects. The toxicity of beta-aspartylglycine in mice with acute renal failure induced by uranyl acetate was investigated. The mice given more than 1,0 g/kg body weight of beta-aspartylglycine showed behavioral alterations: low response to the stimuli and low activity, and some mice died by the injection of 4.0 g/kg body weight of the peptide. These results suggested that beta-aspartyl-glycine might be a possible factor which influences the development of uremic toxaemia.", "contents": "Identification of beta-aspartylglycine in uremic serum and its toxicity. An unidentified ninhydrin-positive substance of acidic nature was found in the serum of uremic patients. This substance was isolated from hemodialysate by the methods of ion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and paper electrophoresis, and identified as beta-aspartylglycine by amino acid analysis, N-terminal amino acid determination and comparison with authentic sample synthesized in this laboratory. The quantitative determination of beta-aspartylglycine in serum revealed that the serum concentrations of beta-aspartyl-glycine in uremic patients increased much higher than those in normal subjects. The toxicity of beta-aspartylglycine in mice with acute renal failure induced by uranyl acetate was investigated. The mice given more than 1,0 g/kg body weight of beta-aspartylglycine showed behavioral alterations: low response to the stimuli and low activity, and some mice died by the injection of 4.0 g/kg body weight of the peptide. These results suggested that beta-aspartyl-glycine might be a possible factor which influences the development of uremic toxaemia.", "PMID": 668390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12203", "title": "Studies on nitrogen and amino acid metabolism in hemodialysis patients using 15N-labelled compounds.", "content": "The degree of 15N incorporation into serum albumin studied by 15N-urea administration in dialyzed patients on a 1.3 g/kg/day protein diet was shown to be almost the same as in non-dialyzed uremic patients on low protein diet, while there was no incorporation in a normal subject. 14.1 g of EAA and histidine was intravenously given in dialyzed patients on the high protein diet and improvements in the level of BUN and anemia were observed. The study with 15N-leucine in a patient proved that about 36% of EAA infused during dialysis was transferred into dialysate. AAD was prescribed by giving 15-20 g of EAA, histidine and tyrosine to patients at each dialysis. The AAD enabled us to give a large amount of EAA asymptomatically in a short time, improving anemia and decreasing the BUN level. 15N-glycine administration in a dialyzed patient proved that 15N incorporation into serum albumin was 3 times greater than his non-dialyzed uremic stage on a low protein diet, and that EAA serum concentrations and non-EAA which had not been added into dialysate were elevated.", "contents": "Studies on nitrogen and amino acid metabolism in hemodialysis patients using 15N-labelled compounds. The degree of 15N incorporation into serum albumin studied by 15N-urea administration in dialyzed patients on a 1.3 g/kg/day protein diet was shown to be almost the same as in non-dialyzed uremic patients on low protein diet, while there was no incorporation in a normal subject. 14.1 g of EAA and histidine was intravenously given in dialyzed patients on the high protein diet and improvements in the level of BUN and anemia were observed. The study with 15N-leucine in a patient proved that about 36% of EAA infused during dialysis was transferred into dialysate. AAD was prescribed by giving 15-20 g of EAA, histidine and tyrosine to patients at each dialysis. The AAD enabled us to give a large amount of EAA asymptomatically in a short time, improving anemia and decreasing the BUN level. 15N-glycine administration in a dialyzed patient proved that 15N incorporation into serum albumin was 3 times greater than his non-dialyzed uremic stage on a low protein diet, and that EAA serum concentrations and non-EAA which had not been added into dialysate were elevated.", "PMID": 668391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12204", "title": "Catheterization of the colic branch of the ileocolic vein in swine.", "content": "A surgical procedure for repeated collection of blood from the colic branch of the ileocolic vein was established as an aid for nutritional studies on the colon in swine. With the animal in the dorsal position, a cannula was inserted from the ileal vein into the colic branch with a median incision at the lower part of the abdomen under a general anesthsia. Blood samples were collected intermittently every hour for 7 hours.", "contents": "Catheterization of the colic branch of the ileocolic vein in swine. A surgical procedure for repeated collection of blood from the colic branch of the ileocolic vein was established as an aid for nutritional studies on the colon in swine. With the animal in the dorsal position, a cannula was inserted from the ileal vein into the colic branch with a median incision at the lower part of the abdomen under a general anesthsia. Blood samples were collected intermittently every hour for 7 hours.", "PMID": 668393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12205", "title": "IgA nephropathy: clinicopathology and immunopathology.", "content": "In a total of 283 biopsies, 100 (35%) were found to be IgA nephropathy. The incidence reached 40% among primary glomerulonephropathies. On the basis of histopathologic changes in glomeruli, these biopsies were classified into 3 groups. The criteria employed correlated well with clinical, laboratory and immunofluorescent findings. Immune complex pathogenesis was discussed in relation to our findings.", "contents": "IgA nephropathy: clinicopathology and immunopathology. In a total of 283 biopsies, 100 (35%) were found to be IgA nephropathy. The incidence reached 40% among primary glomerulonephropathies. On the basis of histopathologic changes in glomeruli, these biopsies were classified into 3 groups. The criteria employed correlated well with clinical, laboratory and immunofluorescent findings. Immune complex pathogenesis was discussed in relation to our findings.", "PMID": 668392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12206", "title": "Vitamin D toxicity. Initial site and mode of action.", "content": "Two groups of weanling pigs, injected with 45Ca, were fed diets containing optimal calcium and phosphorus, and vitamin D3 at 1320 IU/kg feed in the control group, and 825,000 IU/kg feed in the test group. The groups were further subdivided with 2 pigs in each subgroup, with survival times of 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days. Pigs fed the high level of vitamin D3 lost weight and anorexia, weakness, rough hair coat and labored breathing were observed. Hypercalcemia began at 12 hours and progressed rapidly after 2 days. Radioisotope sutdies interpreted in the light of histopathologic findings indicated that bone was the primary source of increased plasma calcium. Calcium was released at a rapid rate into blood from prelabeled bone which was undergoing necrosis; it was also removed from blood and deposited into bone at a slower rate due to decreased apposition. Histopathologic examination of bones from test pigs showed regressive changes in the osteocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts which bean within 1 day of treatment and resulted in evidence osteopenia within 7 days. Arrested osteocytic osteolysis led to the appearance of cementing lines and to chondroid core retention. Further regressive changes in the osteocytes resulted in osteocytic death and osteonecrosis with subsequent osteoclasia and osteopenia. Retardation and arrest of cartilage maturation as well as osteoblastic deficiency contributed to the osteopenia. The osteopenia was further evidenced by decreased specific gravity and ash content per unit volume of humerus. The initial negative effect on the osteocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts is attributed to a direct toxic effect of excessive dietary vitamin D3 since hypoparathyroidism and hypercalcitoninism, which occur secondarily to hypercalcemia, could not account for the rapid appearance of this effect, nor are they known to induce osteocytic death. The release of bone calcium and the resulting hypercalcemia in vitamin D3 toxicosis is therefore due to a direct toxic effect of the vitamin, or its metabolites, on the osteocyte resulting in osteonecrosis. It is not due to increased resorption as has been reported previously from both in vivo and in vitro investigations. Degeneration, with subsequent inflammation, but without calcification, was observed in the kidneys and in the lungs. Epithelial cells, basement membranes, and smooth muscle were affected. This conclusively demonstrates that degeneration is the primary soft tissue lesion in vitamin D3 toxicosis, and that the subsequent calcification is therefore dystrophic. Degenerative changes occurred in the parathyroid glands within 1 day of treatment resulting in necrosis, inflammation and atrophy within 4 days. Relative fibrosis was seen as the parenchyma receded. The parathyroid gland changes were considered a direct effect of vitamin D3 toxicity since they occurred with only mild hypercalcemia and since necrosis of parathyroid cells has not been demonstrated with hypercalcemia either in vivo or in vitro.", "contents": "Vitamin D toxicity. Initial site and mode of action. Two groups of weanling pigs, injected with 45Ca, were fed diets containing optimal calcium and phosphorus, and vitamin D3 at 1320 IU/kg feed in the control group, and 825,000 IU/kg feed in the test group. The groups were further subdivided with 2 pigs in each subgroup, with survival times of 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days. Pigs fed the high level of vitamin D3 lost weight and anorexia, weakness, rough hair coat and labored breathing were observed. Hypercalcemia began at 12 hours and progressed rapidly after 2 days. Radioisotope sutdies interpreted in the light of histopathologic findings indicated that bone was the primary source of increased plasma calcium. Calcium was released at a rapid rate into blood from prelabeled bone which was undergoing necrosis; it was also removed from blood and deposited into bone at a slower rate due to decreased apposition. Histopathologic examination of bones from test pigs showed regressive changes in the osteocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts which bean within 1 day of treatment and resulted in evidence osteopenia within 7 days. Arrested osteocytic osteolysis led to the appearance of cementing lines and to chondroid core retention. Further regressive changes in the osteocytes resulted in osteocytic death and osteonecrosis with subsequent osteoclasia and osteopenia. Retardation and arrest of cartilage maturation as well as osteoblastic deficiency contributed to the osteopenia. The osteopenia was further evidenced by decreased specific gravity and ash content per unit volume of humerus. The initial negative effect on the osteocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts is attributed to a direct toxic effect of excessive dietary vitamin D3 since hypoparathyroidism and hypercalcitoninism, which occur secondarily to hypercalcemia, could not account for the rapid appearance of this effect, nor are they known to induce osteocytic death. The release of bone calcium and the resulting hypercalcemia in vitamin D3 toxicosis is therefore due to a direct toxic effect of the vitamin, or its metabolites, on the osteocyte resulting in osteonecrosis. It is not due to increased resorption as has been reported previously from both in vivo and in vitro investigations. Degeneration, with subsequent inflammation, but without calcification, was observed in the kidneys and in the lungs. Epithelial cells, basement membranes, and smooth muscle were affected. This conclusively demonstrates that degeneration is the primary soft tissue lesion in vitamin D3 toxicosis, and that the subsequent calcification is therefore dystrophic. Degenerative changes occurred in the parathyroid glands within 1 day of treatment resulting in necrosis, inflammation and atrophy within 4 days. Relative fibrosis was seen as the parenchyma receded. The parathyroid gland changes were considered a direct effect of vitamin D3 toxicity since they occurred with only mild hypercalcemia and since necrosis of parathyroid cells has not been demonstrated with hypercalcemia either in vivo or in vitro.", "PMID": 668394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12207", "title": "Accumulation of mercury and selenium in tissues of kittens fed commercial cat food.", "content": "Six kittens, three males and three females, were fed exclusively for one hundred days a commercially canned red meat tuna found to contain elevated concentrations of Mercury (Hg) and Selenium (Se). A similarly sized control group was fed for the same period a dry commercial cat food comparatively low in the concentration of these elements. At the end of the feeding trial, concentrations of Hg Se were markedly higher in blood, bone, brain, kidney, liver, muscle and spleen of the kittens fed the tuna diet as compared to the corresponding controls. No behavioral abnormalities or pathological lesions were detected in any of the kittens.", "contents": "Accumulation of mercury and selenium in tissues of kittens fed commercial cat food. Six kittens, three males and three females, were fed exclusively for one hundred days a commercially canned red meat tuna found to contain elevated concentrations of Mercury (Hg) and Selenium (Se). A similarly sized control group was fed for the same period a dry commercial cat food comparatively low in the concentration of these elements. At the end of the feeding trial, concentrations of Hg Se were markedly higher in blood, bone, brain, kidney, liver, muscle and spleen of the kittens fed the tuna diet as compared to the corresponding controls. No behavioral abnormalities or pathological lesions were detected in any of the kittens.", "PMID": 668395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12208", "title": "Clinical, pathologic and cytogenetic observations on two intersex dogs.", "content": "Two \"bitches\" presented with histories of non-attainment of puberty were diagnosed as intersexes. Data on gross morphology, histology of the genitalia, and genetic sex using blood, skin and gonads were employed for the classification of the type of intersex in each case. Both cases were classified as true hermaphrodites.", "contents": "Clinical, pathologic and cytogenetic observations on two intersex dogs. Two \"bitches\" presented with histories of non-attainment of puberty were diagnosed as intersexes. Data on gross morphology, histology of the genitalia, and genetic sex using blood, skin and gonads were employed for the classification of the type of intersex in each case. Both cases were classified as true hermaphrodites.", "PMID": 668396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12209", "title": "Rabies and cerebrospinal nematodosis in woodchucks (Marmota monax) from New York.", "content": "Abnormal behavior, suggestive of rabies, is not an unusual finding in woodchucks (Marmota monax). Necropsy records, rabies antibody tests, and necropsy examinations performed by the authors indicate that migration of ascarid larvae usually is responsible for the abnormal behavior, and that rabies is an infrequent finding. Baermannization of brain tissue is suggested for a differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Rabies and cerebrospinal nematodosis in woodchucks (Marmota monax) from New York. Abnormal behavior, suggestive of rabies, is not an unusual finding in woodchucks (Marmota monax). Necropsy records, rabies antibody tests, and necropsy examinations performed by the authors indicate that migration of ascarid larvae usually is responsible for the abnormal behavior, and that rabies is an infrequent finding. Baermannization of brain tissue is suggested for a differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 668397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12210", "title": "A mixed mesenchymal sarcoma in the soft palate of a dog: light and electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Soft tissue tumors containing a mixture of neoplastic fibrous tissue, cartilage, and bone have previously been classified as extraskeletal osteosarcomas in the dog. These tumors are often poorly differentiated, contain multiple neoplastic cell types, and might be more appropriately called mixed mesenchymal sarcomas. The present neoplasm caused clinical signs of stridorous respiration and dysphagia in a four and one-half year old dog. Four neoplastic cell types were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "A mixed mesenchymal sarcoma in the soft palate of a dog: light and electron microscopic findings. Soft tissue tumors containing a mixture of neoplastic fibrous tissue, cartilage, and bone have previously been classified as extraskeletal osteosarcomas in the dog. These tumors are often poorly differentiated, contain multiple neoplastic cell types, and might be more appropriately called mixed mesenchymal sarcomas. The present neoplasm caused clinical signs of stridorous respiration and dysphagia in a four and one-half year old dog. Four neoplastic cell types were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 668398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12211", "title": "Are hair transplants successful?", "content": "Fifty-three patients who had undergone hair transplantation over a six year period were queried as to their satisfaction with this operative procedure. Approximately 90 percent of the patients were pleased with the results. The limitations of this procedure had been stressed in the initial interview and served to select a high proportion of pleased patients.", "contents": "Are hair transplants successful? Fifty-three patients who had undergone hair transplantation over a six year period were queried as to their satisfaction with this operative procedure. Approximately 90 percent of the patients were pleased with the results. The limitations of this procedure had been stressed in the initial interview and served to select a high proportion of pleased patients.", "PMID": 668408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12212", "title": "Extruding pilomatricoma. Report of a case.", "content": "A young girl presented with an inflammatory papule, located on the right cheek, from which granular calcific material extruded. Histopathologic examination revealed the lesion to be a pilomatricoma. This type of clinical presentation, although apparently not unique, has not previously been reported. Furthermore, histochemical staining revealed that calcification may be seen early in the life history of a pilomatrixoma.", "contents": "Extruding pilomatricoma. Report of a case. A young girl presented with an inflammatory papule, located on the right cheek, from which granular calcific material extruded. Histopathologic examination revealed the lesion to be a pilomatricoma. This type of clinical presentation, although apparently not unique, has not previously been reported. Furthermore, histochemical staining revealed that calcification may be seen early in the life history of a pilomatrixoma.", "PMID": 668410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12213", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda: response to vitamin E. A review and two case reports.", "content": "Porphyria cutanea tarda is a disease characterized by a triad of cutaneous manifestations: \"fragile\" skin, usually involving the dorsal aspects of the hands, forearms, legs, or feet; mild hyperpigmentation; and hypertrichosis, especially of the face. The condition is due to a metabolic defect of liver function involving heme synthesis, resulting in the formation of abnormal amounts of uroporphyrin, and sometimes, coproporphyrin or both, which can be measured quantitatively in the urine. Present methods of treatment, including repeated phlebotomy, alkalinization, or chloroquine leave much to be desired. Based on recent experimental and clinical reports and on our personal experience with two patients, we suggest a more logical therapeutic approach in the form of large doses of vitamin E, which apparently corrects the metabolic defect causing the disease.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda: response to vitamin E. A review and two case reports. Porphyria cutanea tarda is a disease characterized by a triad of cutaneous manifestations: \"fragile\" skin, usually involving the dorsal aspects of the hands, forearms, legs, or feet; mild hyperpigmentation; and hypertrichosis, especially of the face. The condition is due to a metabolic defect of liver function involving heme synthesis, resulting in the formation of abnormal amounts of uroporphyrin, and sometimes, coproporphyrin or both, which can be measured quantitatively in the urine. Present methods of treatment, including repeated phlebotomy, alkalinization, or chloroquine leave much to be desired. Based on recent experimental and clinical reports and on our personal experience with two patients, we suggest a more logical therapeutic approach in the form of large doses of vitamin E, which apparently corrects the metabolic defect causing the disease.", "PMID": 668411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12214", "title": "Horny syphilid.", "content": "A thirty-seven year old man presented with volar lesions resembling widespread clavi. Careful physical examination and serologic tests established a diagnosis of secondary syphilis. The unusual lesions best fit the rare clinical entity of horny syphilid. The case emphasizes the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion of syphilis and the value of the serologic tests in evaluating cutaneous eruptions.", "contents": "Horny syphilid. A thirty-seven year old man presented with volar lesions resembling widespread clavi. Careful physical examination and serologic tests established a diagnosis of secondary syphilis. The unusual lesions best fit the rare clinical entity of horny syphilid. The case emphasizes the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion of syphilis and the value of the serologic tests in evaluating cutaneous eruptions.", "PMID": 668412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12215", "title": "Milia en plaque.", "content": "Two patients with an unusual cutaneous lesion consisting of milia on an erythematous edematous base are presented; the clinical and histologic features are described. The name \"milia en plaque\" is proposed for this unusual condition.", "contents": "Milia en plaque. Two patients with an unusual cutaneous lesion consisting of milia on an erythematous edematous base are presented; the clinical and histologic features are described. The name \"milia en plaque\" is proposed for this unusual condition.", "PMID": 668413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12216", "title": "Lichen nitidus of the palms.", "content": "A case is presented of lichen nitidus that evolved into an acquired palmar keratoderma in a fifty year old woman; this is a rare manifestation of the disease. Lichen nitidus must be considered in the differential diagnosis of keratoderma palmaris.", "contents": "Lichen nitidus of the palms. A case is presented of lichen nitidus that evolved into an acquired palmar keratoderma in a fifty year old woman; this is a rare manifestation of the disease. Lichen nitidus must be considered in the differential diagnosis of keratoderma palmaris.", "PMID": 668414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12217", "title": "Norwegian scabies. A new complication of immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "The second reported case of Norwegian scabies in an immunosuppressed patient is presented. This uncommon fulminant form of scabies is difficult to diagnose and may give rise to numerous secondary cases of routine scabies. Because of the current widespread use of immunosuppressive medication, it is believed that an increasing number of cases of Norwegian scabies will be seen and that an increased awareness on the part of clinicians will be necessary in order to diagnose such cases early in their course before numerous hospital personnel are infested.", "contents": "Norwegian scabies. A new complication of immunosuppressive therapy. The second reported case of Norwegian scabies in an immunosuppressed patient is presented. This uncommon fulminant form of scabies is difficult to diagnose and may give rise to numerous secondary cases of routine scabies. Because of the current widespread use of immunosuppressive medication, it is believed that an increasing number of cases of Norwegian scabies will be seen and that an increased awareness on the part of clinicians will be necessary in order to diagnose such cases early in their course before numerous hospital personnel are infested.", "PMID": 668415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12218", "title": "Characterization of sister chromatid exchange induction by 8-methoxypsoralen plus near UV light.", "content": "The combination of 8-methoxypsoralen and near UV light is highly effective in inducing sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appreciable increases in SCEs can be effected by treatments compatible with cell survival, and effects of a single dose of alkylation persist over multiple generations. Both the frequency and location of SCEs induced at different times within the DNA synthesis period varies in a manner indicating that exchange induction is restricted to regions which replicated during or after DNA damage.", "contents": "Characterization of sister chromatid exchange induction by 8-methoxypsoralen plus near UV light. The combination of 8-methoxypsoralen and near UV light is highly effective in inducing sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appreciable increases in SCEs can be effected by treatments compatible with cell survival, and effects of a single dose of alkylation persist over multiple generations. Both the frequency and location of SCEs induced at different times within the DNA synthesis period varies in a manner indicating that exchange induction is restricted to regions which replicated during or after DNA damage.", "PMID": 668416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12219", "title": "The localization of mouse globin genes: a test of the effectiveness of hybridization in situ.", "content": "Hybridization of rabbit reticulocyte mRNA to banded mouse chromosomes in situ labeled several regions, including the globin loci. Whereas the labeling was sufficient to detect unknowns in the globin size class, the chromosome assignments would be doubtful without some means of removing trace contaminants from the probe or of recognizing chromosomal regions to which they hybridize. Mammalian gene mapping by means of hybridization in situ might be feasible with probes cloned in microbial host-vector systems or with kinetic analysis of the hybridization process at every labeled site.", "contents": "The localization of mouse globin genes: a test of the effectiveness of hybridization in situ. Hybridization of rabbit reticulocyte mRNA to banded mouse chromosomes in situ labeled several regions, including the globin loci. Whereas the labeling was sufficient to detect unknowns in the globin size class, the chromosome assignments would be doubtful without some means of removing trace contaminants from the probe or of recognizing chromosomal regions to which they hybridize. Mammalian gene mapping by means of hybridization in situ might be feasible with probes cloned in microbial host-vector systems or with kinetic analysis of the hybridization process at every labeled site.", "PMID": 668418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12220", "title": "Association of the frequency of acute cardiorespiratory complaints with ambient levels of carbon monoxide.", "content": "Intial cardiorespiratory complaints in an emergency room were studied to determine their relationship to ambient levels of carbon monoxide recorded at a nearby permanent station. All 8,556 encounters with patients (daily mean, 93) were studied during Denver's peak season for carbon monoxide pollution (three-month winter period). The one-hour mean maximum level of carbon monoxide was above 17.8 ppm, averaging 27.2 +/- 4.3 ppm (vs 12.1 +/- 1.8 ppm on \"low carbon monoxide days,\" P less than 0.0001); and when significantly higher frequencies of cardiorespiratory complaints occurred (7.9 +/- 0.7 percent vs 6.4 +/- 0.3 percent [+/- 1 SE]; P less than 0.04), the mean 24-hour level of carbon monoxide averaged 9.3 +/- 1.4 ppm (vs 5.9 +/- 0.8 ppm on \"low carbon monoxide rays;\" P less than 0.001). The frequency of cardiorespiratory complaints also was correlated with each measurement of the ambient level of carbon monoxide (one-hour mean maximum level, 24-hour mean level, and two-day moving averages of each) in six of eight comparisons. These observations strongly suggest that the frequency of thoracic complaints in an emergency room can be affected by the ambient level of carbon monoxide.", "contents": "Association of the frequency of acute cardiorespiratory complaints with ambient levels of carbon monoxide. Intial cardiorespiratory complaints in an emergency room were studied to determine their relationship to ambient levels of carbon monoxide recorded at a nearby permanent station. All 8,556 encounters with patients (daily mean, 93) were studied during Denver's peak season for carbon monoxide pollution (three-month winter period). The one-hour mean maximum level of carbon monoxide was above 17.8 ppm, averaging 27.2 +/- 4.3 ppm (vs 12.1 +/- 1.8 ppm on \"low carbon monoxide days,\" P less than 0.0001); and when significantly higher frequencies of cardiorespiratory complaints occurred (7.9 +/- 0.7 percent vs 6.4 +/- 0.3 percent [+/- 1 SE]; P less than 0.04), the mean 24-hour level of carbon monoxide averaged 9.3 +/- 1.4 ppm (vs 5.9 +/- 0.8 ppm on \"low carbon monoxide rays;\" P less than 0.001). The frequency of cardiorespiratory complaints also was correlated with each measurement of the ambient level of carbon monoxide (one-hour mean maximum level, 24-hour mean level, and two-day moving averages of each) in six of eight comparisons. These observations strongly suggest that the frequency of thoracic complaints in an emergency room can be affected by the ambient level of carbon monoxide.", "PMID": 668419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12221", "title": "Use of irradiation in lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "content": "A middle-aged white man with lymphomatoid granulomatosis was studied over the ten-year course of his disease. Both a large subcutaneous mass in his thigh and life-threatening massive involvement of the right lung occurred on separate occasions, and each responded to therapy with irradiation after immunosuppression failed. Irradiation should be considered as one of the primary forms of treatment of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in those with localized lesions.", "contents": "Use of irradiation in lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A middle-aged white man with lymphomatoid granulomatosis was studied over the ten-year course of his disease. Both a large subcutaneous mass in his thigh and life-threatening massive involvement of the right lung occurred on separate occasions, and each responded to therapy with irradiation after immunosuppression failed. Irradiation should be considered as one of the primary forms of treatment of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in those with localized lesions.", "PMID": 668421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12222", "title": "Anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Unusual case complicated by coronary arterial disease and fistula from coronary artery to left ventricle.", "content": "A 42-year-old woman with an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery and a fistula from the left coronary artery to the left ventricle was treated by aortocoronary bypass grafting of an autologous saphenous vein. The presence of an abundant collateral circulation and of fistulous communications between the left coronary artery and the left ventricle, in our opinion, was the reason that this patient remained asymptomatic until the age of 40 years. We believe that this is the first report of the findings in an adult patient who had these two rare congenital anomalies complicated occlusive coronary arterial disease.", "contents": "Anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Unusual case complicated by coronary arterial disease and fistula from coronary artery to left ventricle. A 42-year-old woman with an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery and a fistula from the left coronary artery to the left ventricle was treated by aortocoronary bypass grafting of an autologous saphenous vein. The presence of an abundant collateral circulation and of fistulous communications between the left coronary artery and the left ventricle, in our opinion, was the reason that this patient remained asymptomatic until the age of 40 years. We believe that this is the first report of the findings in an adult patient who had these two rare congenital anomalies complicated occlusive coronary arterial disease.", "PMID": 668420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12223", "title": "Agenesis of the left lung and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Hemodynamic studies before and after complete surgical correction.", "content": "A female infant with unilateral pulmonary agenesis developed congestive heart failure dominated by symptoms of obstructive disease of the airways at 3 1/2 months of age. Cardiac catheterization revealed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the right atrium. Despite a massive left-to-right shunt with one pulmonary artery receiving the entire right ventricular output since birth, the patient's resting pulmonary vascular resistance was normal. Open heart surgery to repair the cardiac lesion was performed when the infant was four months of age. Subsequent studies revealed an excellent anatomic and functional repair, with normal pulmonary arterial pressures. One year following surgery, the child is asymptomatic and has normal growth and development.", "contents": "Agenesis of the left lung and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Hemodynamic studies before and after complete surgical correction. A female infant with unilateral pulmonary agenesis developed congestive heart failure dominated by symptoms of obstructive disease of the airways at 3 1/2 months of age. Cardiac catheterization revealed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the right atrium. Despite a massive left-to-right shunt with one pulmonary artery receiving the entire right ventricular output since birth, the patient's resting pulmonary vascular resistance was normal. Open heart surgery to repair the cardiac lesion was performed when the infant was four months of age. Subsequent studies revealed an excellent anatomic and functional repair, with normal pulmonary arterial pressures. One year following surgery, the child is asymptomatic and has normal growth and development.", "PMID": 668422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12224", "title": "Unsuspected cerebral perfusion. A complication of the use of a central venous pressure catheter.", "content": "Cardiac resuscitation is accompained by rapidly performed life-saving procedures. Central venous pressure catheters may be inadvertently inserted into the internal jugular vein, and infusion of pharmacologic agents through such a catheter may lead to potentially serious complications. Rapid detection of these iatrogenic complications is required.", "contents": "Unsuspected cerebral perfusion. A complication of the use of a central venous pressure catheter. Cardiac resuscitation is accompained by rapidly performed life-saving procedures. Central venous pressure catheters may be inadvertently inserted into the internal jugular vein, and infusion of pharmacologic agents through such a catheter may lead to potentially serious complications. Rapid detection of these iatrogenic complications is required.", "PMID": 668423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12225", "title": "Retching and termination of ventricular tachycardia. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients had ventricular tachycardia that reverted to sinus rhythm during retching. These cases are consistent with recent experimental and clinical observations that suggest the presence of significant vagal innervation of the ventricles and an important vagal effect on some ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Retching and termination of ventricular tachycardia. Report of two cases. Two patients had ventricular tachycardia that reverted to sinus rhythm during retching. These cases are consistent with recent experimental and clinical observations that suggest the presence of significant vagal innervation of the ventricles and an important vagal effect on some ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 668424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12226", "title": "Transient elevation of serum activity of MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase in drivers involved in automobile accidents.", "content": "Drivers involved in automobile accidents were screened for the presence of occult cardiac injury without regard for apparent severity of the accident or injury. An electrocardiogram was recorded, and serum levels of total creatine phosphokinase and the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (myocardial form) were measured as soon as possible after the accident and subsequently during admission (or on the following day in patients treated and discharged from the emergency room). Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 18 of 82 patients but correlated poorly with other evidence of the severity or location of injury. Of the 22 drivers admitted to the hospital (for any cause), nine demonstrated significant early elevations of the activity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. We conclude that blunt cardiac trauma is a clinical subtlety; to be found, it must be sought. The ECG is of limited value. Measurement of the serum activity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase early after injury would appear to offer the best evidence of cardiac trauma.", "contents": "Transient elevation of serum activity of MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase in drivers involved in automobile accidents. Drivers involved in automobile accidents were screened for the presence of occult cardiac injury without regard for apparent severity of the accident or injury. An electrocardiogram was recorded, and serum levels of total creatine phosphokinase and the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (myocardial form) were measured as soon as possible after the accident and subsequently during admission (or on the following day in patients treated and discharged from the emergency room). Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 18 of 82 patients but correlated poorly with other evidence of the severity or location of injury. Of the 22 drivers admitted to the hospital (for any cause), nine demonstrated significant early elevations of the activity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. We conclude that blunt cardiac trauma is a clinical subtlety; to be found, it must be sought. The ECG is of limited value. Measurement of the serum activity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase early after injury would appear to offer the best evidence of cardiac trauma.", "PMID": 668429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12227", "title": "Follow-up of patients with tuberculosis treated in a general hospital program. Treatment largely as outpatients by community physicians.", "content": "As of December 1975, there had been 5 to 8 1/2 years of observation on 263 patients with bacteriologically proven tuberculosis who were initially admitted to a general hospital and were treated largely as outpatients by community physicians from July 1967 through December 1970. Ten patients died during hospitalization, and 253 were released to therapy as outpatients. Although smears or cultures of sputum remained positive at discharge in 136 (54 percent) of the 253 patients, no new infections were subsequently detected among their contacts. During initial therapy, 24 patients died of causes other than tuberculosis. Of the remaining 229 patients, the original 18-month treatment was successful in 197 (86 percent). The treatment failed initially in 11 patients, eight of whom represented relapses from previous therapy. During long-term follow-up of the 229 patients, there were only six relapses (3 percent) after the initial success. An overall rate of successful treatment of 92 percent (211/229) was achieved in the program, with 18 failures of treatment (8 percent); ie, 11 patients were lost to supervision, four died of tuberculosis, and in three, treatment was never successful.", "contents": "Follow-up of patients with tuberculosis treated in a general hospital program. Treatment largely as outpatients by community physicians. As of December 1975, there had been 5 to 8 1/2 years of observation on 263 patients with bacteriologically proven tuberculosis who were initially admitted to a general hospital and were treated largely as outpatients by community physicians from July 1967 through December 1970. Ten patients died during hospitalization, and 253 were released to therapy as outpatients. Although smears or cultures of sputum remained positive at discharge in 136 (54 percent) of the 253 patients, no new infections were subsequently detected among their contacts. During initial therapy, 24 patients died of causes other than tuberculosis. Of the remaining 229 patients, the original 18-month treatment was successful in 197 (86 percent). The treatment failed initially in 11 patients, eight of whom represented relapses from previous therapy. During long-term follow-up of the 229 patients, there were only six relapses (3 percent) after the initial success. An overall rate of successful treatment of 92 percent (211/229) was achieved in the program, with 18 failures of treatment (8 percent); ie, 11 patients were lost to supervision, four died of tuberculosis, and in three, treatment was never successful.", "PMID": 668430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12228", "title": "Characterization of normal and abnormal pulmonary surface by reflected ultrasound.", "content": "The use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease has been limited due to the strong reflection and high absorption of acoustic energy by alveoli containing air. Our study reports the ultrasonic characteristics of normal and diseased pulmonary surface. Two measurements, the coefficient of pulmonary reflection and the tissue frequency signature, were studied with specially calibrated instuments. The coefficient of pulmonary reflection in 23 normal subjects was - 19.6 +/- 0.1 dB at 5.5 MHz. In ten patients with documented pulmonary emboli, the coefficient of pulmonary reflection was -47.4 +/- 0.1 dB, significantly less than normal (P less than 0.1). The tissue frequency signature in 18 normal subjects was specular at higher and nonspecular at lower frequencies, with a typical dip at 5.2 MHz. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the tissue frequency signature was flat, and the typical dip was absent. In patients with pulmonary emboli, the characteristic shape of the tissue frequency signature was preserved, but there was a generalized loss of magnitude of the reflection. Thus, our preliminary data indicate that reflected ultrasound provides a noninvasive method for differentiating normal from diseased pulmonary surfaces.", "contents": "Characterization of normal and abnormal pulmonary surface by reflected ultrasound. The use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease has been limited due to the strong reflection and high absorption of acoustic energy by alveoli containing air. Our study reports the ultrasonic characteristics of normal and diseased pulmonary surface. Two measurements, the coefficient of pulmonary reflection and the tissue frequency signature, were studied with specially calibrated instuments. The coefficient of pulmonary reflection in 23 normal subjects was - 19.6 +/- 0.1 dB at 5.5 MHz. In ten patients with documented pulmonary emboli, the coefficient of pulmonary reflection was -47.4 +/- 0.1 dB, significantly less than normal (P less than 0.1). The tissue frequency signature in 18 normal subjects was specular at higher and nonspecular at lower frequencies, with a typical dip at 5.2 MHz. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the tissue frequency signature was flat, and the typical dip was absent. In patients with pulmonary emboli, the characteristic shape of the tissue frequency signature was preserved, but there was a generalized loss of magnitude of the reflection. Thus, our preliminary data indicate that reflected ultrasound provides a noninvasive method for differentiating normal from diseased pulmonary surfaces.", "PMID": 668432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12229", "title": "A new oxygen cannula system using intermittent-demand nasal flow.", "content": "A new cannula with a system of intermittent nasal flow was evaluated and compared with a standard constant-flow nasal cannula in 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The intermittent-demand cannula released oxygen only when a negative pressure was detected in the nose (negative mode) or when a a positive pressure ceased to be detected in the nose (positive mode). At rates of flow varying from 0.63 to 5.60 L/min, the continuous-flow mode used 9 percent more oxygen than the negative mode and 31 percent more oxygen than the positive mode to achieve comparable improvement in arterial oxygen tension. The system using the intermittent-demand cannula was sensitive and reliable in over 150 hours of testing.", "contents": "A new oxygen cannula system using intermittent-demand nasal flow. A new cannula with a system of intermittent nasal flow was evaluated and compared with a standard constant-flow nasal cannula in 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The intermittent-demand cannula released oxygen only when a negative pressure was detected in the nose (negative mode) or when a a positive pressure ceased to be detected in the nose (positive mode). At rates of flow varying from 0.63 to 5.60 L/min, the continuous-flow mode used 9 percent more oxygen than the negative mode and 31 percent more oxygen than the positive mode to achieve comparable improvement in arterial oxygen tension. The system using the intermittent-demand cannula was sensitive and reliable in over 150 hours of testing.", "PMID": 668433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12230", "title": "Abnormal pulmonic sound during acute massive pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The findings in two patients with angiographically proven massive pulmonary embolism and with clinical and phonocardiographic evidence of abnormal respiratory movement of the pulmonic sound are reported. One patient with complete right bundle-branch block and another with normal conduction had a wide and fixed split second sound with a loud pulmonic component. Both patients had a moderate degree of pulmonary hypertension. Approximately two weeks after administration of heparin, the pulmonic sound moved normally during respiration in both patients. Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension regressed in one patient and remained unchanged in the other. Changes in impedance through the large pulmonary arteries are are postulated to be responsible for the abnormal movement of the  pulmonic valve during both phases of respiration. Wide expiratory splitting of the second sound should be an important clue in the diag nosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism, and the reappearance of a normal inspiratory splitting could be used at the beside to assess indirectly the rate of resolution of the blood clots.", "contents": "Abnormal pulmonic sound during acute massive pulmonary embolism. The findings in two patients with angiographically proven massive pulmonary embolism and with clinical and phonocardiographic evidence of abnormal respiratory movement of the pulmonic sound are reported. One patient with complete right bundle-branch block and another with normal conduction had a wide and fixed split second sound with a loud pulmonic component. Both patients had a moderate degree of pulmonary hypertension. Approximately two weeks after administration of heparin, the pulmonic sound moved normally during respiration in both patients. Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension regressed in one patient and remained unchanged in the other. Changes in impedance through the large pulmonary arteries are are postulated to be responsible for the abnormal movement of the  pulmonic valve during both phases of respiration. Wide expiratory splitting of the second sound should be an important clue in the diag nosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism, and the reappearance of a normal inspiratory splitting could be used at the beside to assess indirectly the rate of resolution of the blood clots.", "PMID": 668434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12231", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring in patients with hypotension after myocardial infarction. The role of the medical center in relation to the community hospital.", "content": "Patients who develop hypotension after acute myocardial infarction are frequently transferred to medical centers for hemodynamic monitoring. To see if this practice is justified, we reviewed our experience with hemodynamic monitoring over a two-year period. Of 40 patients who underwent hemodynamic monitoring for hypotension, 28 were transferred from other institutions. Eleven (39 percent) of these 28 patients had a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 16 mm Hg or less. Ten (91 percent) of these 11 survived, compared with one survivor (8 percent) in the 13 transferred patients with a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 17 mm Hg or more (P less than 0.001). The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not correlate well with the presence of a third heart sound on physical examination or with chest x-ray films. All hypotensive patients with a low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure received fluids to expand the blood volume as their major form of therapy. Thus, hemodynamic monitoring in patients with hypotension clarifies their status regarding blood volume and identifies those who will benefit from expansion of this volume. Transfer of hypotensive patients for hemodynamic monitoring seems justified, as their status regarding volume of blood is frequently difficult to ascertain by noninvasive means.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring in patients with hypotension after myocardial infarction. The role of the medical center in relation to the community hospital. Patients who develop hypotension after acute myocardial infarction are frequently transferred to medical centers for hemodynamic monitoring. To see if this practice is justified, we reviewed our experience with hemodynamic monitoring over a two-year period. Of 40 patients who underwent hemodynamic monitoring for hypotension, 28 were transferred from other institutions. Eleven (39 percent) of these 28 patients had a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 16 mm Hg or less. Ten (91 percent) of these 11 survived, compared with one survivor (8 percent) in the 13 transferred patients with a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 17 mm Hg or more (P less than 0.001). The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not correlate well with the presence of a third heart sound on physical examination or with chest x-ray films. All hypotensive patients with a low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure received fluids to expand the blood volume as their major form of therapy. Thus, hemodynamic monitoring in patients with hypotension clarifies their status regarding blood volume and identifies those who will benefit from expansion of this volume. Transfer of hypotensive patients for hemodynamic monitoring seems justified, as their status regarding volume of blood is frequently difficult to ascertain by noninvasive means.", "PMID": 668435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12232", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial myxoma.", "content": "Two patients with left atrial myxomas detected with one-dimensional echocardiographic studies were evaluated before and after surgery with real-time phased-array two-dimensional echocardiographic studies. This latter technique provided relatively quantitative information regarding the size, shape, and mobility of the tumor and its effect on cardiac function. In case 1, the two-dimensional echocardiogram showed a relatively immobile tumor measuring 3 x 4.5 cm in diameter in the left atrium only. At surgery a 2 x 4.5-cm myxoma that was attached to the left atrium by a broad-based short stalk was removed. In case 2, the left atrial mass appeared to be 3 x 4 cm in diameter, with much movement during the cardiac cycle. At surgery a 3 x 4-cm left atrial myxoma that was attached to the interatrial septum by a long stalk was removed. In both cases, masses in other cardiac chambers were excluded, the mitral valves were normal, and left ventricular function was normal, all of which were confirmed at surgery and  by postoperative echocardiograms. In one patient the information obtained by two-dimensional echocardiographic studies was believed to be sufficient to preempt the need for cardiac catheterization. These cases illutstrate that this new noninvasive technique may provide sufficient quantitative preoperative detail in patients with left atrial tumors to obivate the risk and expense of caridac catheterization.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial myxoma. Two patients with left atrial myxomas detected with one-dimensional echocardiographic studies were evaluated before and after surgery with real-time phased-array two-dimensional echocardiographic studies. This latter technique provided relatively quantitative information regarding the size, shape, and mobility of the tumor and its effect on cardiac function. In case 1, the two-dimensional echocardiogram showed a relatively immobile tumor measuring 3 x 4.5 cm in diameter in the left atrium only. At surgery a 2 x 4.5-cm myxoma that was attached to the left atrium by a broad-based short stalk was removed. In case 2, the left atrial mass appeared to be 3 x 4 cm in diameter, with much movement during the cardiac cycle. At surgery a 3 x 4-cm left atrial myxoma that was attached to the interatrial septum by a long stalk was removed. In both cases, masses in other cardiac chambers were excluded, the mitral valves were normal, and left ventricular function was normal, all of which were confirmed at surgery and  by postoperative echocardiograms. In one patient the information obtained by two-dimensional echocardiographic studies was believed to be sufficient to preempt the need for cardiac catheterization. These cases illutstrate that this new noninvasive technique may provide sufficient quantitative preoperative detail in patients with left atrial tumors to obivate the risk and expense of caridac catheterization.", "PMID": 668436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12233", "title": "Percentage of shortening of the echocardiographic left ventricular dimension. Its use in determining ejection fraction and stroke volume.", "content": "The percentage of shortening of the echocardiographic left ventricular dimension (% delta D) was prospectively evaluated in 42 patients without detectable asynergy during diagnostic cardiac catheterization and was found to correlate well with angiographic ejection fraction (r = 0.90). Ejection fraction was calculated as the product of % delta D X 1.7 or as % delta (D2), both formulae having similar degrees of accuracy and a better correlation with the angiographic determination than conventional formulae. Ejection fractions (angiographic and echocardiographic) of 51 percent or greater were always associated with a % delta D of 30 percent or more. In five patients the echocardiographically derived ejection fractions were normal (greater than or equal to 51 percent), while the angiographic ejection fractions were reduced; four of these patients had valvular regurgitation. End-diastolic volumes were calculated from end-diastolic echocardiographic dimensions utilizing a linear regression equation derived from correlating the end-diastolic echocardiographic dimension with the end-diastolic volume in 27 patients without valvular regurgitation (end-diastolic echocardiographic dimension ranged from  3.7 to 8.2 cm). The value for stroke volume determined as the product of calculated end-diastolic volume times ejection fraction correlated with the angiographically determined stroke volume (r = 0.88; standard error of estimate, +/- 11 ml) better than the value for stroke volume derived from conventional echocardiographic formulae.", "contents": "Percentage of shortening of the echocardiographic left ventricular dimension. Its use in determining ejection fraction and stroke volume. The percentage of shortening of the echocardiographic left ventricular dimension (% delta D) was prospectively evaluated in 42 patients without detectable asynergy during diagnostic cardiac catheterization and was found to correlate well with angiographic ejection fraction (r = 0.90). Ejection fraction was calculated as the product of % delta D X 1.7 or as % delta (D2), both formulae having similar degrees of accuracy and a better correlation with the angiographic determination than conventional formulae. Ejection fractions (angiographic and echocardiographic) of 51 percent or greater were always associated with a % delta D of 30 percent or more. In five patients the echocardiographically derived ejection fractions were normal (greater than or equal to 51 percent), while the angiographic ejection fractions were reduced; four of these patients had valvular regurgitation. End-diastolic volumes were calculated from end-diastolic echocardiographic dimensions utilizing a linear regression equation derived from correlating the end-diastolic echocardiographic dimension with the end-diastolic volume in 27 patients without valvular regurgitation (end-diastolic echocardiographic dimension ranged from  3.7 to 8.2 cm). The value for stroke volume determined as the product of calculated end-diastolic volume times ejection fraction correlated with the angiographically determined stroke volume (r = 0.88; standard error of estimate, +/- 11 ml) better than the value for stroke volume derived from conventional echocardiographic formulae.", "PMID": 668437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12234", "title": "Ventricular reentry and automaticity in myocardial infarction. Effect of size of injury.", "content": "The effects of the size of acute myocardial infarction on ventricular reentry and automaticity were studied in 36 mongrel dogs. Large transmural myocardial infarctions were produced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (major ligation; diameter of infarction above 4.0 cm), and small subendocardial or intramural infarctions were produced by ligating a small diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery (minor ligation; diameter of infarction less than 1.5 cm). Reentrant arrhythmias were induced by rapid ventricular stimulation, and ventricular automaticity was determined during vagal stimulation. Ventricular automaticity became enhanced only 30 to 45 minutes after both major and minor coronary arterial ligations; however, the animals with major ligations attained a higher level of increased automaticity. While automaticity became enhanced in both groups reentrant arrhythmias could never be produced artificially (or observed spontaneously) in the animals with myocardial infarctions. The dependence of the so-called reentrant arrhythmias on the size of the infarction is a major support for the theory of reentry as the basis for these arrhythmias.", "contents": "Ventricular reentry and automaticity in myocardial infarction. Effect of size of injury. The effects of the size of acute myocardial infarction on ventricular reentry and automaticity were studied in 36 mongrel dogs. Large transmural myocardial infarctions were produced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (major ligation; diameter of infarction above 4.0 cm), and small subendocardial or intramural infarctions were produced by ligating a small diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery (minor ligation; diameter of infarction less than 1.5 cm). Reentrant arrhythmias were induced by rapid ventricular stimulation, and ventricular automaticity was determined during vagal stimulation. Ventricular automaticity became enhanced only 30 to 45 minutes after both major and minor coronary arterial ligations; however, the animals with major ligations attained a higher level of increased automaticity. While automaticity became enhanced in both groups reentrant arrhythmias could never be produced artificially (or observed spontaneously) in the animals with myocardial infarctions. The dependence of the so-called reentrant arrhythmias on the size of the infarction is a major support for the theory of reentry as the basis for these arrhythmias.", "PMID": 668438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12235", "title": "Physiologic effects of the position of the body in experimental unilateral emphysema.", "content": "The functional residual capacity (FRC), static compliance (Cst) of the respiratory system, minute ventilation, and arterial blood gas levels were studied in the prone, the suprine, and the right and left lateral decubitus positions in dogs with papain-induced emphysema of the right lung alone and were compared with control values. The FRC and Cst of the respiratory system were significantly increased in experimental animals in all four positions, as compared with controls. This was due entirely to increases in FRC and Cst for the right lung alone; for the unexposed left lung the FRC and Cst were significantly reduced, as compared to controls. The mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was decreased in all positions, except the right lateral decubitus position, in which the mean PaO2 was not different from controls. This model demonstrates that in unilaterally distributed, experimentally induced emphysema, alterations alterations in the position of the body alone may significantly alter the FRC, Cst, and gas exchange either favorably or unfavorably, depending upon the position.", "contents": "Physiologic effects of the position of the body in experimental unilateral emphysema. The functional residual capacity (FRC), static compliance (Cst) of the respiratory system, minute ventilation, and arterial blood gas levels were studied in the prone, the suprine, and the right and left lateral decubitus positions in dogs with papain-induced emphysema of the right lung alone and were compared with control values. The FRC and Cst of the respiratory system were significantly increased in experimental animals in all four positions, as compared with controls. This was due entirely to increases in FRC and Cst for the right lung alone; for the unexposed left lung the FRC and Cst were significantly reduced, as compared to controls. The mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was decreased in all positions, except the right lateral decubitus position, in which the mean PaO2 was not different from controls. This model demonstrates that in unilaterally distributed, experimentally induced emphysema, alterations alterations in the position of the body alone may significantly alter the FRC, Cst, and gas exchange either favorably or unfavorably, depending upon the position.", "PMID": 668439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12236", "title": "Clicks due to Swan-Ganz catheter.", "content": "Nonejection systolic and diastolic clicks appeared when a Swan-Ganz catheter was positioned in the proximal portion of the right pulmonary artery. The clicks disappeared on inflation of the catheter's balloon. Initial impressions included secondary prolapse of the mitral leaflets, an accentuated third heart sound, and the exposure of an occult opening snap. These high-frequency sounds are thought to be generated by the forward and backward movement of the catheter against either the proximal portion of the pulmonary artery or the right ventricular outflow tract or by a whipping action of the catheter itself.", "contents": "Clicks due to Swan-Ganz catheter. Nonejection systolic and diastolic clicks appeared when a Swan-Ganz catheter was positioned in the proximal portion of the right pulmonary artery. The clicks disappeared on inflation of the catheter's balloon. Initial impressions included secondary prolapse of the mitral leaflets, an accentuated third heart sound, and the exposure of an occult opening snap. These high-frequency sounds are thought to be generated by the forward and backward movement of the catheter against either the proximal portion of the pulmonary artery or the right ventricular outflow tract or by a whipping action of the catheter itself.", "PMID": 668443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12237", "title": "Bilateral ductus arteriosus in d-transposition of the great arteries with right aortic arch.", "content": "The rare anomaly of a right aortic arch, distal origin of the left subclavian artery, and posterior left ductus arteriosus (forming a vascular ring) plus a right ductus arteriosus is described in an infant with d-transposition of the great arteries with an intact septum. The presence of a right aortic arch and distal left subclavian artery with bilateral ductus arteriosus has not been described previously.", "contents": "Bilateral ductus arteriosus in d-transposition of the great arteries with right aortic arch. The rare anomaly of a right aortic arch, distal origin of the left subclavian artery, and posterior left ductus arteriosus (forming a vascular ring) plus a right ductus arteriosus is described in an infant with d-transposition of the great arteries with an intact septum. The presence of a right aortic arch and distal left subclavian artery with bilateral ductus arteriosus has not been described previously.", "PMID": 668444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12238", "title": "Corticosteroids in radiation-induced pericarditis.", "content": "We describe a patient who developed acute pericarditis with effusion six weeks following irradiation of the chest for bilateral carcinoma of the breast. Oral therapy with corticosteroids was rapidly followed by a decrease of the cardiac shadow and by clinical improvement; the pericardial fluid did not reappear during a follow-up period of four years. It seems that acute pericarditis with effusion may appear in the early period after irradiation of the chest and can be treated with corticosteroids.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in radiation-induced pericarditis. We describe a patient who developed acute pericarditis with effusion six weeks following irradiation of the chest for bilateral carcinoma of the breast. Oral therapy with corticosteroids was rapidly followed by a decrease of the cardiac shadow and by clinical improvement; the pericardial fluid did not reappear during a follow-up period of four years. It seems that acute pericarditis with effusion may appear in the early period after irradiation of the chest and can be treated with corticosteroids.", "PMID": 668445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12239", "title": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and extrinsic asthma. An unusual association.", "content": "A farmer who had no prior history of pulmonary disease developed tightness in the chest of rapid onset, shortness of breath, fever, and pulmonary infiltration while farming. The symptoms of his disease worsened with repeated exposure to the dusty farm field but remitted after each of five hospitalizations. Provocative challenge with inhalation of a water-soluble extract of dust from the field reproduced both asthmatic and pneumonitic features of the disease, while administration of corticosteroids clinically controlled the entire process. The data suggest a common cause for asthma and pneumonitis in this patient.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and extrinsic asthma. An unusual association. A farmer who had no prior history of pulmonary disease developed tightness in the chest of rapid onset, shortness of breath, fever, and pulmonary infiltration while farming. The symptoms of his disease worsened with repeated exposure to the dusty farm field but remitted after each of five hospitalizations. Provocative challenge with inhalation of a water-soluble extract of dust from the field reproduced both asthmatic and pneumonitic features of the disease, while administration of corticosteroids clinically controlled the entire process. The data suggest a common cause for asthma and pneumonitis in this patient.", "PMID": 668446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12240", "title": "Comparative antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria with a paper disc and a tablet method.", "content": "A paper disc method (AB Biodisk, Sweden) and a tablet method (Neo-Sensitabs, A/S Rosco, Denmark) for antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria were compared. About three fourths of the bacterial strains could be classified in the same sensitivity groups when tested with the two methods. When discrepancies were noted, they were mostly of minor size.", "contents": "Comparative antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria with a paper disc and a tablet method. A paper disc method (AB Biodisk, Sweden) and a tablet method (Neo-Sensitabs, A/S Rosco, Denmark) for antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria were compared. About three fourths of the bacterial strains could be classified in the same sensitivity groups when tested with the two methods. When discrepancies were noted, they were mostly of minor size.", "PMID": 668447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12241", "title": "Phenotypic variations in gentamicin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Eight clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showing high level resistance to seven aminoglycosides are described. The resistance did not appear to be due to enzyme inactivation. Possible mechanisms of this resistance are discussed. Resistant strains showed phenotypic variations in the form of different colonial morphology and biochemical activity.", "contents": "Phenotypic variations in gentamicin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Eight clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showing high level resistance to seven aminoglycosides are described. The resistance did not appear to be due to enzyme inactivation. Possible mechanisms of this resistance are discussed. Resistant strains showed phenotypic variations in the form of different colonial morphology and biochemical activity.", "PMID": 668448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12242", "title": "A pharmacological comparison of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine and LSD in the dog.", "content": "3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA), which has been reported to have hallucinogenic actions in man, was compared to LSD in single dose, antagonist interaction, cross-tolerance and appetite suppression studie in the dog. In single doses, MMDA partially resembled LSD: both facilitated the flexor reflex and produced tachypnea, hyperthermia, and analgesia; however, MMDA had greater activity than LSD in producing mydriasis. Only LSD consistently elicited the stepping reflex and produced tachycardia. In both the interaction studies and cross-tolerance studies in LSD-tolerant dogs the effects of MMDA were generally not like those of LSD, except for its spinal cord facilitatory effect. Cyproheptadine antagonized most of the effects of LSD but only the facilitatory effect of MMDA on the flexor reflex. On the other hand, phenoxybenzamine antagonized the mydriasis, analgesia, and hyperthermia caused by MMDA but not LSD. Cross-tolerance to MMDA developed only to its effects on the flexor and skin twitch reflexes. In intact dogs, the anorexigenic potency of MMDA was 16 times less than that of d-amphetamine. It is concluded that MMDA has primarily amphetamine-like activity with some LSD-like actions.", "contents": "A pharmacological comparison of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine and LSD in the dog. 3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA), which has been reported to have hallucinogenic actions in man, was compared to LSD in single dose, antagonist interaction, cross-tolerance and appetite suppression studie in the dog. In single doses, MMDA partially resembled LSD: both facilitated the flexor reflex and produced tachypnea, hyperthermia, and analgesia; however, MMDA had greater activity than LSD in producing mydriasis. Only LSD consistently elicited the stepping reflex and produced tachycardia. In both the interaction studies and cross-tolerance studies in LSD-tolerant dogs the effects of MMDA were generally not like those of LSD, except for its spinal cord facilitatory effect. Cyproheptadine antagonized most of the effects of LSD but only the facilitatory effect of MMDA on the flexor reflex. On the other hand, phenoxybenzamine antagonized the mydriasis, analgesia, and hyperthermia caused by MMDA but not LSD. Cross-tolerance to MMDA developed only to its effects on the flexor and skin twitch reflexes. In intact dogs, the anorexigenic potency of MMDA was 16 times less than that of d-amphetamine. It is concluded that MMDA has primarily amphetamine-like activity with some LSD-like actions.", "PMID": 668489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12243", "title": "Precursors to heroin: a pilot study of young heroin addicts and their nonaddicted friends.", "content": "To determine whether differences in life styles and patterns of drug use may help to account for willingness to try heroin and/or likelihood of becoming addicted, personal history interviews were conducted with 15 young heroin addict, 15 experimenters who used the drug but did not become addicts, and 15 nonusers who never tried heroin altough they wre exposed to it. The findings suggest that willingness to try heroin can be better understood within the context of a broader involvement in a deviant way of life. Unlike their nonuser peers, addict and experimenter subjects tended to have identified with deviant rather than conventional role models. Prior to first heroin use, most of them were heavily involved in multiple drug use and other illegal activities. Addicts and experimenters knew that one does not become addicted after trying heroin only once, and many believed they had enough \"will power\" to avoid a heroin habit.", "contents": "Precursors to heroin: a pilot study of young heroin addicts and their nonaddicted friends. To determine whether differences in life styles and patterns of drug use may help to account for willingness to try heroin and/or likelihood of becoming addicted, personal history interviews were conducted with 15 young heroin addict, 15 experimenters who used the drug but did not become addicts, and 15 nonusers who never tried heroin altough they wre exposed to it. The findings suggest that willingness to try heroin can be better understood within the context of a broader involvement in a deviant way of life. Unlike their nonuser peers, addict and experimenter subjects tended to have identified with deviant rather than conventional role models. Prior to first heroin use, most of them were heavily involved in multiple drug use and other illegal activities. Addicts and experimenters knew that one does not become addicted after trying heroin only once, and many believed they had enough \"will power\" to avoid a heroin habit.", "PMID": 668490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12244", "title": "Building a standardized alcoholism interview schedule.", "content": "The clinical Alcoholism Interview Schedule (CAIS) is being developed as a standardized instrument for initial assessment of alcoholic patients and as a research tool. Fifty questions cover key areas of clinical concern, and accompanying guidelines describe the method of administration. An initial study of inter-rater reliability has been conducted with five raters independently rating taped interviews with each of ten patients. Agreement was assessed both by percentage agreement and by weighted Kappa. Detailed results, which are presented, in general show a fairly satisfactory level of reliability except for certain identified items which include the Jellinek classification of type of alcoholism.", "contents": "Building a standardized alcoholism interview schedule. The clinical Alcoholism Interview Schedule (CAIS) is being developed as a standardized instrument for initial assessment of alcoholic patients and as a research tool. Fifty questions cover key areas of clinical concern, and accompanying guidelines describe the method of administration. An initial study of inter-rater reliability has been conducted with five raters independently rating taped interviews with each of ten patients. Agreement was assessed both by percentage agreement and by weighted Kappa. Detailed results, which are presented, in general show a fairly satisfactory level of reliability except for certain identified items which include the Jellinek classification of type of alcoholism.", "PMID": 668491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12245", "title": "Adolescent drug using groups in Chicago parks.", "content": "In a northern Chicago neighborhood, observational and interview data were collected at parks, school lots, and beaches where adolescents congregate to buy, sell, and use nonopiate drugs. These sites were geographically distinct from areas where heroin is regularly distributed. Users at each area generally resided in the immediate neighborhood, were well known to one another, were predominantly male, displayed similar socioeconomic, religious and ethnic backgrounds, and had attended the same grade schools and high schools. These sites were relatively stable during the summer months, although visitors occasionally changed locations in response to police harassment. Attendance fluctuated with weather and time of day. Drug use was generally confined to the daily use of marihuana and weekend use of alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, but availability seemed to determine the type and frequency of drug use to a greater extent than drug perference. This study suggests the potential of a fieldwork model for prevention and intervention activities prior to the  onset of more intense and diversified drug use.", "contents": "Adolescent drug using groups in Chicago parks. In a northern Chicago neighborhood, observational and interview data were collected at parks, school lots, and beaches where adolescents congregate to buy, sell, and use nonopiate drugs. These sites were geographically distinct from areas where heroin is regularly distributed. Users at each area generally resided in the immediate neighborhood, were well known to one another, were predominantly male, displayed similar socioeconomic, religious and ethnic backgrounds, and had attended the same grade schools and high schools. These sites were relatively stable during the summer months, although visitors occasionally changed locations in response to police harassment. Attendance fluctuated with weather and time of day. Drug use was generally confined to the daily use of marihuana and weekend use of alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, but availability seemed to determine the type and frequency of drug use to a greater extent than drug perference. This study suggests the potential of a fieldwork model for prevention and intervention activities prior to the  onset of more intense and diversified drug use.", "PMID": 668492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12246", "title": "[Tetracycline ulcer of the oesophagus: clinical features and in-vitro studies (author's transl)].", "content": "During treatment with doxycycline capsules three patients (aged 24, 34, and 39 years, respectively) developed acute oesophageal ulcers with dysphagia as the cardinal symptoms. They became symptom-free and the ulcers healed promptly on symptomatic treatment. In-vitro experiments in rats indicated that doxycycline accumulates within the erythrocyte membrane and epithelial cells of the oesophagus. This accumulation is followed by cell destruction. It is assumed that doxycycline capsules remain within the oesophageal lumen and release doxycycline, causing epithelial destruction. This will occur more often after dry swallows of the capsules before going to bed.", "contents": "[Tetracycline ulcer of the oesophagus: clinical features and in-vitro studies (author's transl)]. During treatment with doxycycline capsules three patients (aged 24, 34, and 39 years, respectively) developed acute oesophageal ulcers with dysphagia as the cardinal symptoms. They became symptom-free and the ulcers healed promptly on symptomatic treatment. In-vitro experiments in rats indicated that doxycycline accumulates within the erythrocyte membrane and epithelial cells of the oesophagus. This accumulation is followed by cell destruction. It is assumed that doxycycline capsules remain within the oesophageal lumen and release doxycycline, causing epithelial destruction. This will occur more often after dry swallows of the capsules before going to bed.", "PMID": 668510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12247", "title": "[Haemodynamic effects of nefopam (author's transl)].", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of nefopam (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) were measured for 45 minutes in ten patients with coronary heart disease. The drug is a new and highly potent analgesic without any respiratory depressant effect. Arterial blood pressure and cardiac output rose moderately, while left ventricular enddiastolic pressure remained unchanged. Heart rate did not exceed 91/min. Max dp/dt, min dp/dt, Vpm and V40 rose by a maximum of 16% above control. Thus nefopam differs from other potent analgesics in having a slight inotropic effect.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic effects of nefopam (author's transl)]. The haemodynamic effects of nefopam (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) were measured for 45 minutes in ten patients with coronary heart disease. The drug is a new and highly potent analgesic without any respiratory depressant effect. Arterial blood pressure and cardiac output rose moderately, while left ventricular enddiastolic pressure remained unchanged. Heart rate did not exceed 91/min. Max dp/dt, min dp/dt, Vpm and V40 rose by a maximum of 16% above control. Thus nefopam differs from other potent analgesics in having a slight inotropic effect.", "PMID": 668511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12248", "title": "[Juvenile gout with decreased activity of hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase and pheochromocytoma: partial persistence of tophi despite uric-acid reducing treatment for 12 years (author's transl)].", "content": "A now 45-year-old man with marked chronic tophous gout and recurrent nephrolithiasis has been followed for 12 years. First gouty symptoms appeared at age 18. Uric-acid reducing treatment freed the patient of symptoms, and bony and soft-tissue tophi in part regressed. The early onset and high urinary uric-acid excretion indicated increased uric-acid production. Decreased activity of the enzyme hypo-xanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase was demonstrated to be the cause of the hyperuricaemia, which led to an excessive purine synthesis. An almost complete loss of activity of this enzyme is the basis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In the described patient all of the neurological and behavioural disorders of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were absent. A pheochromocytoma was found to be the cause of malignant hypertension, which had been present for many years.", "contents": "[Juvenile gout with decreased activity of hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase and pheochromocytoma: partial persistence of tophi despite uric-acid reducing treatment for 12 years (author's transl)]. A now 45-year-old man with marked chronic tophous gout and recurrent nephrolithiasis has been followed for 12 years. First gouty symptoms appeared at age 18. Uric-acid reducing treatment freed the patient of symptoms, and bony and soft-tissue tophi in part regressed. The early onset and high urinary uric-acid excretion indicated increased uric-acid production. Decreased activity of the enzyme hypo-xanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase was demonstrated to be the cause of the hyperuricaemia, which led to an excessive purine synthesis. An almost complete loss of activity of this enzyme is the basis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In the described patient all of the neurological and behavioural disorders of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were absent. A pheochromocytoma was found to be the cause of malignant hypertension, which had been present for many years.", "PMID": 668512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12249", "title": "[Risk of infection with hepatitis B virus in laboratory staff (author's transl)].", "content": "Considerable differences were discovered when 61 student technicians and 86 qualified laboratory staff were investigated for presence of hepatitis B (surface) antigen and hepatitis B (surface) antibodies in the blood. HBs antigen was not found in the trainees whereas 4.7% of the qualified personnel were HBs antigen positive. Anti-HBs could be demonstrated in 6.6% of the trainees and in 36.1% of qualified technicians. These data demonstrate the considerable risk of medical personnel from hepatitis B virus particularly in laboratories. For prophylaxis of virus hepatitis B in laboratory personnel special hygienic measures, routine blood investigations for HBs antigen and anti-HBs, the planned placing of anti-HBs positive personnel and the value of passive immunisation with anti-HBs immunoglobulins are stressed.", "contents": "[Risk of infection with hepatitis B virus in laboratory staff (author's transl)]. Considerable differences were discovered when 61 student technicians and 86 qualified laboratory staff were investigated for presence of hepatitis B (surface) antigen and hepatitis B (surface) antibodies in the blood. HBs antigen was not found in the trainees whereas 4.7% of the qualified personnel were HBs antigen positive. Anti-HBs could be demonstrated in 6.6% of the trainees and in 36.1% of qualified technicians. These data demonstrate the considerable risk of medical personnel from hepatitis B virus particularly in laboratories. For prophylaxis of virus hepatitis B in laboratory personnel special hygienic measures, routine blood investigations for HBs antigen and anti-HBs, the planned placing of anti-HBs positive personnel and the value of passive immunisation with anti-HBs immunoglobulins are stressed.", "PMID": 668523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12250", "title": "[Propafenon and lidoflazine in chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter (author's transl)].", "content": "60 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter were randomly allotted to two groups and treated alternately with two different therapy regimes. 30 patients (group I) received lidoflazine in increasing dosage up to 480 mg/24 h and in cases where there was no conversion to sinus rhythm propafenon in a maximal daily dosage of 1800 mg orally. The duration of treatment was limited to 4 days for each substance. 30 patients (group II) were treated in the reverse order, i.e. propafenon and in cases of ineffectiveness with lidoflazine. Atrial fibrillation could be overcome in 21 patients in group I and in 23 patients in group II. The combined success rate in both groups was 73%. The conversion rates for the individual substances were 41% for propafenon (17 out of 41 patients) and 59% for lidoflazine (27 out of 46 patients). The difference was not statistically significant. Successive use of both substances leads to an increased conversion rate. Dangers arising from therapy are a conduction inhibitory action and depression of sinus node function as far as propafenol is concerned and the risk of ventricular ectopy and tachyarrhythmia in lidoflazine.", "contents": "[Propafenon and lidoflazine in chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter (author's transl)]. 60 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter were randomly allotted to two groups and treated alternately with two different therapy regimes. 30 patients (group I) received lidoflazine in increasing dosage up to 480 mg/24 h and in cases where there was no conversion to sinus rhythm propafenon in a maximal daily dosage of 1800 mg orally. The duration of treatment was limited to 4 days for each substance. 30 patients (group II) were treated in the reverse order, i.e. propafenon and in cases of ineffectiveness with lidoflazine. Atrial fibrillation could be overcome in 21 patients in group I and in 23 patients in group II. The combined success rate in both groups was 73%. The conversion rates for the individual substances were 41% for propafenon (17 out of 41 patients) and 59% for lidoflazine (27 out of 46 patients). The difference was not statistically significant. Successive use of both substances leads to an increased conversion rate. Dangers arising from therapy are a conduction inhibitory action and depression of sinus node function as far as propafenol is concerned and the risk of ventricular ectopy and tachyarrhythmia in lidoflazine.", "PMID": 668524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12251", "title": "[Early operation for acute cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "104 patients with acute cholecystitis were divided into four groups according to the kind of pre-operative treatment received: immediate; early; late; and interval operation. Total duration of hospital stay depended on the duration of pre-operative treatment. It was shortest (24.9 days) in those operated on within the first week, longest (71.1 days) in those operated on during the interval. Evidence of severe gallbladder wall changes (macroscopic and microscopic) was obtained in two thirds of patients, even after weeks of conservative treatment. Six patients (5.7%) died postoperatively, three of them after early operation. Overall mortality was only in part due to severe complications of the gallbladder disease.", "contents": "[Early operation for acute cholecystitis (author's transl)]. 104 patients with acute cholecystitis were divided into four groups according to the kind of pre-operative treatment received: immediate; early; late; and interval operation. Total duration of hospital stay depended on the duration of pre-operative treatment. It was shortest (24.9 days) in those operated on within the first week, longest (71.1 days) in those operated on during the interval. Evidence of severe gallbladder wall changes (macroscopic and microscopic) was obtained in two thirds of patients, even after weeks of conservative treatment. Six patients (5.7%) died postoperatively, three of them after early operation. Overall mortality was only in part due to severe complications of the gallbladder disease.", "PMID": 668525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12252", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of cholelithiasis: comparison with radiological studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of ultrasonic anc cholecystographic (oral or intravenous) gall-bladder studies were compared retrospectively. 302 radiological studies of the gall-bladder, 156 oral and 146 intravenous cholecystograms, had been performed on 223 patients tested by ultrasound within six months. The gall-bladder was visualised by ultrasound in 217 (97.3%), in the intravenous cholecystogram in 92 of 146 (63%) and the oral cholecystogram in 82 of 156 (53%). The diagnosis of cholelithiasis by ultrasound was made in 97 of 223 cases, confirmed in 96 by further studies or operation. There was only one false-positive result. 143 radiological studies in these 97 patients gave 87 negative cholecystograms, gall-stones being directly demonstrated radiologically in only 46. There was one false-positive intravenous cholecystogram. In a further 97 patients ultrasound studies failed to demonstrate any gall-bladder disease, but in three of them radiology demonstrated stone (2.9% false-negative results). Amond 49 normal intravenous cholecysto-cholangiograms 47 were confirmed; once the diagnosis was made by ultrasound and at surgery (2% false-negative results). Oral cholecystography was the least reliable study. In every fourth negative test ultrasound and intravenous contrast-medium injection demonstrated a normal gall-bladder (28% false-positive).", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of cholelithiasis: comparison with radiological studies (author's transl)]. Results of ultrasonic anc cholecystographic (oral or intravenous) gall-bladder studies were compared retrospectively. 302 radiological studies of the gall-bladder, 156 oral and 146 intravenous cholecystograms, had been performed on 223 patients tested by ultrasound within six months. The gall-bladder was visualised by ultrasound in 217 (97.3%), in the intravenous cholecystogram in 92 of 146 (63%) and the oral cholecystogram in 82 of 156 (53%). The diagnosis of cholelithiasis by ultrasound was made in 97 of 223 cases, confirmed in 96 by further studies or operation. There was only one false-positive result. 143 radiological studies in these 97 patients gave 87 negative cholecystograms, gall-stones being directly demonstrated radiologically in only 46. There was one false-positive intravenous cholecystogram. In a further 97 patients ultrasound studies failed to demonstrate any gall-bladder disease, but in three of them radiology demonstrated stone (2.9% false-negative results). Amond 49 normal intravenous cholecysto-cholangiograms 47 were confirmed; once the diagnosis was made by ultrasound and at surgery (2% false-negative results). Oral cholecystography was the least reliable study. In every fourth negative test ultrasound and intravenous contrast-medium injection demonstrated a normal gall-bladder (28% false-positive).", "PMID": 668533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12253", "title": "[False diagnosis of phlebothrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis of the calf in diseases of the knee joint may lead to a false diagnosis. Two examples illustrate how bursae or herniated cysts at the back of the knee may resemble acute phlobothrombosis when they increase in size or rupture. Sonographic investigations are the method of choice for diagnosis and differentiation of cysts as well as for the follow-up.", "contents": "[False diagnosis of phlebothrombosis (author's transl)]. Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis of the calf in diseases of the knee joint may lead to a false diagnosis. Two examples illustrate how bursae or herniated cysts at the back of the knee may resemble acute phlobothrombosis when they increase in size or rupture. Sonographic investigations are the method of choice for diagnosis and differentiation of cysts as well as for the follow-up.", "PMID": 668534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12254", "title": "[Special diagnostic procedures in atrial tumours of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "A vascular myxoma which prolapsed into the mitral valve was found in the left atrium of a 47-year old man. Two-dimensional ultrasonic tomography yielded relevant non-invasive diagnostic information on the pattern of movement of the pedunculated tumour. Highly accurate determination of the tumour volume was achieved via angiocardiography and videometry. Coronography of the tumour vessels allowed identification of an unusual point of insertion of the myxoma. The risk of obstruction of the mitral orifice was documented haemodynamically by a steep gradient above the mitral valve when holding breath during the expiratory phase.", "contents": "[Special diagnostic procedures in atrial tumours of the heart (author's transl)]. A vascular myxoma which prolapsed into the mitral valve was found in the left atrium of a 47-year old man. Two-dimensional ultrasonic tomography yielded relevant non-invasive diagnostic information on the pattern of movement of the pedunculated tumour. Highly accurate determination of the tumour volume was achieved via angiocardiography and videometry. Coronography of the tumour vessels allowed identification of an unusual point of insertion of the myxoma. The risk of obstruction of the mitral orifice was documented haemodynamically by a steep gradient above the mitral valve when holding breath during the expiratory phase.", "PMID": 668543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12255", "title": "[Echovirus 30 epidemic (author's transl)].", "content": "Echovirus 30 was the cause of abacterial meningitis and pharyngitis in 22 cases in the Ludwigshafen on Rhine area in summer 1976 and in a further 26 cases in various regions of the German Federal Republic. In 11 children echotype-30-virus could be isolated from the CSF. In 47 children the diagnosis was established by a rise of neutralising antibodies. Positive virus isolation from the CSF was only possible during the first two days of the illness using rhabdomyosarcoma cell tissue cultures. These were particularly sensitive to the echovirus 30 subtype found.", "contents": "[Echovirus 30 epidemic (author's transl)]. Echovirus 30 was the cause of abacterial meningitis and pharyngitis in 22 cases in the Ludwigshafen on Rhine area in summer 1976 and in a further 26 cases in various regions of the German Federal Republic. In 11 children echotype-30-virus could be isolated from the CSF. In 47 children the diagnosis was established by a rise of neutralising antibodies. Positive virus isolation from the CSF was only possible during the first two days of the illness using rhabdomyosarcoma cell tissue cultures. These were particularly sensitive to the echovirus 30 subtype found.", "PMID": 668544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12256", "title": "[Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind trial of patients with duodenal ulcer at three centres the healing rate after a four-week course of treatment (1 g cimetidine daily) was 79% (30 out of 38 patients), compared with 58% (23 out of 40 patients) on placebos. Cimetidine did not effect subjective symptoms or the need for antacids to relieve pain, except for a minor beneficial effect on diurnal ulcer symptoms during the second week of treatment. Results of long-term administration suggest that cimetidine at 400 mg daily prevent s relapses, but the possibility of an increased relapse rate after cimetidine withdrawal can not as yet be excluded.", "contents": "[Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. In a double-blind trial of patients with duodenal ulcer at three centres the healing rate after a four-week course of treatment (1 g cimetidine daily) was 79% (30 out of 38 patients), compared with 58% (23 out of 40 patients) on placebos. Cimetidine did not effect subjective symptoms or the need for antacids to relieve pain, except for a minor beneficial effect on diurnal ulcer symptoms during the second week of treatment. Results of long-term administration suggest that cimetidine at 400 mg daily prevent s relapses, but the possibility of an increased relapse rate after cimetidine withdrawal can not as yet be excluded.", "PMID": 668553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12257", "title": "[Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular dynamics (author's transl)].", "content": "ECG triggered scintiphotography has established itself as a reliable, reproducible, noninvasive method for the determination of ventricular volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction, and regional ventricular wall motion. It can be used with sufficient precision and accuracy in severely ill patients who are not suitable for invasive diagnostic procedures. The method is useful for follow-up investigations of known heart disease. In comparison with left ventricular cineangiocardiography a correlation coefficient of r=0.78 could be found for enddiastolic voluumes, of r=0.92 for endystolic volumes, and of r=0.91 for ejection fraction. The sensitivity of the method for recognition of disturbances of regional ventricular wall motion is 94%, the specificity 86%. In comparison with left ventricular cineangiocardiography the resulting accuracy is 90%.", "contents": "[Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular dynamics (author's transl)]. ECG triggered scintiphotography has established itself as a reliable, reproducible, noninvasive method for the determination of ventricular volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction, and regional ventricular wall motion. It can be used with sufficient precision and accuracy in severely ill patients who are not suitable for invasive diagnostic procedures. The method is useful for follow-up investigations of known heart disease. In comparison with left ventricular cineangiocardiography a correlation coefficient of r=0.78 could be found for enddiastolic voluumes, of r=0.92 for endystolic volumes, and of r=0.91 for ejection fraction. The sensitivity of the method for recognition of disturbances of regional ventricular wall motion is 94%, the specificity 86%. In comparison with left ventricular cineangiocardiography the resulting accuracy is 90%.", "PMID": 668560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12258", "title": "[Treatment of metastasising soft-tissue sarcoma with a uniform combination chemotherapy of cyclosphosphamide, vincristin, adriamycin and DTIC (\"CyVADIC\") (author's transl)].", "content": "Combination chremotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristin, adriamycin and DTIC (CyVADIC\") was used from 1974 to the middle of 1977 on 12 patients with various forms of metastisising soft-tissue sarcoma. An objective response was observed in seven of eleven patients. Full, although brief, remission occurred in two of six patients with fibrosarcoma and persists in one with an undifferentiated sarcoma. Partial remission was induced in one patients each with fibrosarcoma and alveolar-cell sarcoma. Mean survival time was 18 months. Those responding to treatment had a longer average survival time than those refractory to it. No statistically significant conclusions can be drawn because of the small number of patients, but these observations suggest that this combined treatment can favourable influence previously therapy-refractory forms of metastasising soft-tissue sarcoma.", "contents": "[Treatment of metastasising soft-tissue sarcoma with a uniform combination chemotherapy of cyclosphosphamide, vincristin, adriamycin and DTIC (\"CyVADIC\") (author's transl)]. Combination chremotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristin, adriamycin and DTIC (CyVADIC\") was used from 1974 to the middle of 1977 on 12 patients with various forms of metastisising soft-tissue sarcoma. An objective response was observed in seven of eleven patients. Full, although brief, remission occurred in two of six patients with fibrosarcoma and persists in one with an undifferentiated sarcoma. Partial remission was induced in one patients each with fibrosarcoma and alveolar-cell sarcoma. Mean survival time was 18 months. Those responding to treatment had a longer average survival time than those refractory to it. No statistically significant conclusions can be drawn because of the small number of patients, but these observations suggest that this combined treatment can favourable influence previously therapy-refractory forms of metastasising soft-tissue sarcoma.", "PMID": 668561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12259", "title": "[Lipid-lowering effect of bezafibrate in patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "600 mg of bezafibrate daily were administered to 13 well controlled diabetics with hyperlipidaemia for 12 weeks. Placebo was given before and after the treatment period. Compared with pretreatment placebo, bezafibrate reduced triglycerides (between 37 and 47%) and cholesterol (between 12 and 19%) significantly. Blood glucose levels during treatment were significantly lower at 8 and 12 weeks compared with post-treatment placebo values. Urinary glucose excretion did not change. Hypoglycaemia was not observed. No change in antidiabetic medication was necessary. Bezafibrate was well tolerated. It lowered blood lipids effectively in diabetics with hyperlipidaemia. No additional precautions have to be taken to control carbohydrate metabolism during bezafibrate treatment.", "contents": "[Lipid-lowering effect of bezafibrate in patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia (author's transl)]. 600 mg of bezafibrate daily were administered to 13 well controlled diabetics with hyperlipidaemia for 12 weeks. Placebo was given before and after the treatment period. Compared with pretreatment placebo, bezafibrate reduced triglycerides (between 37 and 47%) and cholesterol (between 12 and 19%) significantly. Blood glucose levels during treatment were significantly lower at 8 and 12 weeks compared with post-treatment placebo values. Urinary glucose excretion did not change. Hypoglycaemia was not observed. No change in antidiabetic medication was necessary. Bezafibrate was well tolerated. It lowered blood lipids effectively in diabetics with hyperlipidaemia. No additional precautions have to be taken to control carbohydrate metabolism during bezafibrate treatment.", "PMID": 668570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12260", "title": "[Danger of tuberculosis infection among medical personnel (author's transl)].", "content": "The prevalence of tuberculosis among juveniles and young adults is nowadays quite low. But these age groups are particularly endangered when working in the public health field. First-infection with tuberculosis and tuberculosis as an illness among medical personnel must be considered to be an occupational disease if tuberculosis infection had not been present previously and no infective source outside the medical professional setting can be demonstrated. Selective BCG immunisation should be required for their own protection among all persons working in the public health field.", "contents": "[Danger of tuberculosis infection among medical personnel (author's transl)]. The prevalence of tuberculosis among juveniles and young adults is nowadays quite low. But these age groups are particularly endangered when working in the public health field. First-infection with tuberculosis and tuberculosis as an illness among medical personnel must be considered to be an occupational disease if tuberculosis infection had not been present previously and no infective source outside the medical professional setting can be demonstrated. Selective BCG immunisation should be required for their own protection among all persons working in the public health field.", "PMID": 668571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12261", "title": "[Controlled desferrioxamine treatment of congenital anaemia and transfusion siderosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 19-year-old patient with congenital Blackfan-Diamond anaemia has been maintained on a regular red cell transfusion schedule since he was two months old. From the age of four he has received desferrioxamine injections at regular intervals with different dose levels. In spite of the treatment with the chelating agent secondary siderosis developed with typical endocrinological abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias. Increasing the dose of desferrioxamine to 16 g/24 h resulted in an iron excretion of 184 mg/24 h. Such an intensification of treatment finally produced a negative iron balance and the cardiac arrhythmias disappeared. Desferrioxamine therapy should be done under controlled circumstances only, an iron balance is mandatory, and the dose should be adjusted to the results of the balance.", "contents": "[Controlled desferrioxamine treatment of congenital anaemia and transfusion siderosis (author's transl)]. A 19-year-old patient with congenital Blackfan-Diamond anaemia has been maintained on a regular red cell transfusion schedule since he was two months old. From the age of four he has received desferrioxamine injections at regular intervals with different dose levels. In spite of the treatment with the chelating agent secondary siderosis developed with typical endocrinological abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias. Increasing the dose of desferrioxamine to 16 g/24 h resulted in an iron excretion of 184 mg/24 h. Such an intensification of treatment finally produced a negative iron balance and the cardiac arrhythmias disappeared. Desferrioxamine therapy should be done under controlled circumstances only, an iron balance is mandatory, and the dose should be adjusted to the results of the balance.", "PMID": 668572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12262", "title": "[Resistance testing and chemotherapy results of bronchial tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "In a pilot study of 40 patients with inoperable bronchiogenic carcinomas the results of clinical therapy were compared with those of in vitro tests by measuring the effects of cytostatic agents on the incorporation of precursors into DNA and RNA in tumour cells incubated in vitro for short periods. Tumour cells that showed little inhibition by the cytostatic agents in vitro (less than 30% inhibition at a concentration of 10(-2) mg/ml adriamycin) came from patients who responded poorly to cytostatic therapy. On the other hand, tumour cells that were strongly inhibited in vitro (greater than 30% inhibition) came from tumours which proved to be sensitive to the chemotherapy given to the patient. A strong correlation existed between the inhibition of uridine incorporation by the tumour cells in vitro by adriamycin and the responses of the tumour to clinical therapy even when combination-therapy was given without adriamycin. There was also a significant correlation between the inhibiting effect of adriamycin in vitro and the survival time of the tumour patients.", "contents": "[Resistance testing and chemotherapy results of bronchial tumours (author's transl)]. In a pilot study of 40 patients with inoperable bronchiogenic carcinomas the results of clinical therapy were compared with those of in vitro tests by measuring the effects of cytostatic agents on the incorporation of precursors into DNA and RNA in tumour cells incubated in vitro for short periods. Tumour cells that showed little inhibition by the cytostatic agents in vitro (less than 30% inhibition at a concentration of 10(-2) mg/ml adriamycin) came from patients who responded poorly to cytostatic therapy. On the other hand, tumour cells that were strongly inhibited in vitro (greater than 30% inhibition) came from tumours which proved to be sensitive to the chemotherapy given to the patient. A strong correlation existed between the inhibition of uridine incorporation by the tumour cells in vitro by adriamycin and the responses of the tumour to clinical therapy even when combination-therapy was given without adriamycin. There was also a significant correlation between the inhibiting effect of adriamycin in vitro and the survival time of the tumour patients.", "PMID": 668581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12263", "title": "[The effect of progesterone uterine therapeutic system on dysmenorrhoea: prostaglandin F2alpha levels in menstrual blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The menstrual flow of five dysmenorrhoeic women was collected, four cycles with and two cycles without local intrauterine administration of progesterone (Progestasert). The menstrual flow of three eumenorrhoeic women served as control. Menstrual blood was collected by tampons stored in butyl-alcohol saturated with water. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was measured after purification and extraction by radioimmunoassay. The PGF2alpha production rate and concentration per ml of menstrual blood from dysmenorrhoeic women differed significantly from those of eumenorrhoeic women. In the treated cycles the PGF2alpha levels were significantly decreased (2 alpha less than or equal to 0,01), corresponding to eumenorrhoeic levels. These values were in accordance with the clinical results and indicate that uterine PG-synthesis is under progesterone control.", "contents": "[The effect of progesterone uterine therapeutic system on dysmenorrhoea: prostaglandin F2alpha levels in menstrual blood (author's transl)]. The menstrual flow of five dysmenorrhoeic women was collected, four cycles with and two cycles without local intrauterine administration of progesterone (Progestasert). The menstrual flow of three eumenorrhoeic women served as control. Menstrual blood was collected by tampons stored in butyl-alcohol saturated with water. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was measured after purification and extraction by radioimmunoassay. The PGF2alpha production rate and concentration per ml of menstrual blood from dysmenorrhoeic women differed significantly from those of eumenorrhoeic women. In the treated cycles the PGF2alpha levels were significantly decreased (2 alpha less than or equal to 0,01), corresponding to eumenorrhoeic levels. These values were in accordance with the clinical results and indicate that uterine PG-synthesis is under progesterone control.", "PMID": 668582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12264", "title": "Thyroid function and polyamines. III. Changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine contents in the rat thyroid during hyperplasia and involution.", "content": "Changes in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and in polyamine contents of the rat thyroid were studied under various experimental conditions. Methylthiouracil (MTU) treatment produced several-fold increases in the thyroid ODC activity and in the content of putrescine, spermidine and spermine within a week. While serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels increased gradually up to 3 weeks, the content of both putrescine and spermidine tended to reach a plateau after 2 weeks of the goitrogen treatment; spermine content continued to increase progressively for 3 weeks. Discontinuance of MTU at 7 days resulted in a rapid decline in the elevated thyroid ODC activity, followed by a diminution of putrescine, spermidine and RNA contents. Thyroidal putrescine, spermidine and RNA responded more sensitively to both introduction and withdrawal of TSH stimulation than thyroidal spermine and DNA. Excess iodide, having no effect on the basal level of thyroid ODC, suppressed the MTU-induced increase in this enzyme activity without affecting circulating TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. There was a significant negative correlation between the ODC activity and intrathyroidal concentration of iodine in MTU-pretreated rats. Theophylline increased the thyroid weight and ODC activity when  given to rats fed with a subeffective dose of MTU. Analyses of serum TSH, T4, T3 and of thyroidal iodine revealed that TSH-induced thyroid ODC activity was suppressed by increased circulating thyroid hormones and/or intrathyroidal iodine. Furthermore, it was suggested that thyroid hormones and excess iodide acted directly on the thyroid to alter polyamine biosynthesis, possibly by changing the responsiveness of the gland to TSH.", "contents": "Thyroid function and polyamines. III. Changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine contents in the rat thyroid during hyperplasia and involution. Changes in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and in polyamine contents of the rat thyroid were studied under various experimental conditions. Methylthiouracil (MTU) treatment produced several-fold increases in the thyroid ODC activity and in the content of putrescine, spermidine and spermine within a week. While serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels increased gradually up to 3 weeks, the content of both putrescine and spermidine tended to reach a plateau after 2 weeks of the goitrogen treatment; spermine content continued to increase progressively for 3 weeks. Discontinuance of MTU at 7 days resulted in a rapid decline in the elevated thyroid ODC activity, followed by a diminution of putrescine, spermidine and RNA contents. Thyroidal putrescine, spermidine and RNA responded more sensitively to both introduction and withdrawal of TSH stimulation than thyroidal spermine and DNA. Excess iodide, having no effect on the basal level of thyroid ODC, suppressed the MTU-induced increase in this enzyme activity without affecting circulating TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. There was a significant negative correlation between the ODC activity and intrathyroidal concentration of iodine in MTU-pretreated rats. Theophylline increased the thyroid weight and ODC activity when  given to rats fed with a subeffective dose of MTU. Analyses of serum TSH, T4, T3 and of thyroidal iodine revealed that TSH-induced thyroid ODC activity was suppressed by increased circulating thyroid hormones and/or intrathyroidal iodine. Furthermore, it was suggested that thyroid hormones and excess iodide acted directly on the thyroid to alter polyamine biosynthesis, possibly by changing the responsiveness of the gland to TSH.", "PMID": 668626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12265", "title": "Adrenal steroidogenesis and hepatic corticosteroid metabolism in hypertensive rats.", "content": "In vitro metabolism of progesterone and cholesterol by the adrenal glands and hepatic delta 4-reductase activity of SHR and ARH were investigated to clarify the possible hyperactivity of the pituitary-adrenal axis and abnormal steroid metabolism in SHR. The increased conversion rate of progesterone to 11 beta-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone and 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone and the increased biosynthesis of pregnenolone from cholesterol were noted in ARH, which were similar to those seen with chronic ACTH administration. On the other hand, adrenal steroidogenesis in SHR showed no difference from that of control. Therefore the apparently normal adrenal steroidogenesis in SHR may suggest that the adrenal gland is not involved in the spontaneous hypertension of rats. The markedly decreased hepatic delta 4-reductase activity in ARH and SHR was observed in this investigation.", "contents": "Adrenal steroidogenesis and hepatic corticosteroid metabolism in hypertensive rats. In vitro metabolism of progesterone and cholesterol by the adrenal glands and hepatic delta 4-reductase activity of SHR and ARH were investigated to clarify the possible hyperactivity of the pituitary-adrenal axis and abnormal steroid metabolism in SHR. The increased conversion rate of progesterone to 11 beta-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone and 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone and the increased biosynthesis of pregnenolone from cholesterol were noted in ARH, which were similar to those seen with chronic ACTH administration. On the other hand, adrenal steroidogenesis in SHR showed no difference from that of control. Therefore the apparently normal adrenal steroidogenesis in SHR may suggest that the adrenal gland is not involved in the spontaneous hypertension of rats. The markedly decreased hepatic delta 4-reductase activity in ARH and SHR was observed in this investigation.", "PMID": 668627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12266", "title": "A radioimmunoassay of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) has been developed. The antiserum for 18-OH-DOC was produced in rabbits immunized with 18-OH-DOC-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin. This antiserum was used at a final dilution of 1:40,000 and the main cross reactants were aldosterone at 29.4%, 18-hydroxy-corticosterone at 4.9% and 11-deoxycorticosterone at 3.6%. Silica gel column chromatography (7 X 30 mm, toluene saturated with propylene glycol: dichloromethane, 95:5) and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (7 X 60 mm, benzene: methanol, 85:15) were employed for the separation of these cross reactants. The sensitivity was 10pg and the method blank was consistently negligible. The intra- and inter-assay precision was 11.3% and 14.8%, respectively.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) has been developed. The antiserum for 18-OH-DOC was produced in rabbits immunized with 18-OH-DOC-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin. This antiserum was used at a final dilution of 1:40,000 and the main cross reactants were aldosterone at 29.4%, 18-hydroxy-corticosterone at 4.9% and 11-deoxycorticosterone at 3.6%. Silica gel column chromatography (7 X 30 mm, toluene saturated with propylene glycol: dichloromethane, 95:5) and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (7 X 60 mm, benzene: methanol, 85:15) were employed for the separation of these cross reactants. The sensitivity was 10pg and the method blank was consistently negligible. The intra- and inter-assay precision was 11.3% and 14.8%, respectively.", "PMID": 668629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12267", "title": "Effect of continuous light and darkness on the testicular histology of toad (Bufo melanostictus).", "content": "Continuous darkness decreases spermatogenesis as well as Leydig cell function whereas continuous illumination suppresses spermatogenesis along with increased Leydig cell activity.", "contents": "Effect of continuous light and darkness on the testicular histology of toad (Bufo melanostictus). Continuous darkness decreases spermatogenesis as well as Leydig cell function whereas continuous illumination suppresses spermatogenesis along with increased Leydig cell activity.", "PMID": 668630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12268", "title": "Effect of neurotensin on pituitary gonadotropin release in vivo.", "content": "To investigate the effect of a newly purified hypothalamic tridecapeptide, neurotensin on LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary gland in intact male rats, two different doses of neurotensin (0.2 nmole/animal: high dose, 0.02 nmole/animal: low dose) were injected intravenously into male mature Sprague-Dawley strain rats and blood was collected before and 30 min after the administration. Both doses of neurotensin increased serum LH and FSH levels but the alteration was slight and the values were not statistically significant and less potent to stimulate the anterior pituitary as compared to LH-RF. Neurotensin was suggested to be \"kinin\" rather than the releasing factor and its biological potency was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of neurotensin on pituitary gonadotropin release in vivo. To investigate the effect of a newly purified hypothalamic tridecapeptide, neurotensin on LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary gland in intact male rats, two different doses of neurotensin (0.2 nmole/animal: high dose, 0.02 nmole/animal: low dose) were injected intravenously into male mature Sprague-Dawley strain rats and blood was collected before and 30 min after the administration. Both doses of neurotensin increased serum LH and FSH levels but the alteration was slight and the values were not statistically significant and less potent to stimulate the anterior pituitary as compared to LH-RF. Neurotensin was suggested to be \"kinin\" rather than the releasing factor and its biological potency was discussed.", "PMID": 668631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12269", "title": "A radioimmunoassay of serum 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone with specific antiserum.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for plasma 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone has been developed using anti-16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with 16 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone-3-succinate-bovine serum albumin. Radioimmunoassay data were processed and analysed for its validity using a four parameter logistic curve fitting routine with use of the IBM call system. The assay system was satisfactory for a routine use. The 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone concentrations in the umbilical cord blood at term ranged from 223 to 324 ng/ml. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis revealed a similar result, and also the presence of this steroid in the adrenal gland of the human fetus at midtrimester was confirmed. It is speculated that this steroid is secreted from fetal adrenals.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay of serum 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone with specific antiserum. A radioimmunoassay for plasma 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone has been developed using anti-16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with 16 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone-3-succinate-bovine serum albumin. Radioimmunoassay data were processed and analysed for its validity using a four parameter logistic curve fitting routine with use of the IBM call system. The assay system was satisfactory for a routine use. The 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone concentrations in the umbilical cord blood at term ranged from 223 to 324 ng/ml. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis revealed a similar result, and also the presence of this steroid in the adrenal gland of the human fetus at midtrimester was confirmed. It is speculated that this steroid is secreted from fetal adrenals.", "PMID": 668632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12270", "title": "Biosynthetic pathways for corticoids and androgen formation in human fetal adrenal tissue in vitro.", "content": "Eleven incubations of minced human fetal adrenal tissue from two fetuses at midtrimester of pregnancy terminated for socio-economic reasons, were performed for different periods of time with labelled pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC). The order of magnitudes of enzyme activity when progesterone was used as a substrate and incubated with midterm fetal adrenals was 17alpha-hydroxylase, 21-hydroxylase and 16alpha-hydroxylase. The activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and delta5-4 isomerase was almost negligible as compared to other enzymic activities as mentioned above. Similar biosynthetic pathways for adrenal corticoids formation were observed in human fetal adrenals as reported in human adults and animals; once progesterone was converted into DOC, further 17alpha-hydroxylation did not take place.", "contents": "Biosynthetic pathways for corticoids and androgen formation in human fetal adrenal tissue in vitro. Eleven incubations of minced human fetal adrenal tissue from two fetuses at midtrimester of pregnancy terminated for socio-economic reasons, were performed for different periods of time with labelled pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC). The order of magnitudes of enzyme activity when progesterone was used as a substrate and incubated with midterm fetal adrenals was 17alpha-hydroxylase, 21-hydroxylase and 16alpha-hydroxylase. The activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and delta5-4 isomerase was almost negligible as compared to other enzymic activities as mentioned above. Similar biosynthetic pathways for adrenal corticoids formation were observed in human fetal adrenals as reported in human adults and animals; once progesterone was converted into DOC, further 17alpha-hydroxylation did not take place.", "PMID": 668633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12271", "title": "Effect of ethanol on the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine.", "content": "To determine the effect of ethanol on peripheral metabolism of T4, deiodinative clearance of T4 and serum concentration of T4, T3 and rT3 were measured in rats isotopically equilibrated with T4. Ethanol 8 g/Kg weight/day was given for 3 days to fasted rats and the results were compared with those normally fed or totally fasted animals. In fasted rats, deiodinative clearance of T4 and serum T4 and T3 concentration, and T3/T4 ratio, were decreased significantly, while serum rT3 concentration and serum rT3/T4 ratio was increased significantly when compared to those in normal rats. When ethanol was administered to fasted rats, deiodinative clearance of T4, serum T4 and T3 concentration and serum T3/T4 returned to normal level while serum rT3 concentration and rT3/T4 ratio remained at higher levels than in normally fed animals. These results could not be interpreted on the basis of shift of 5 monodeiodinase to 5' form or vise versa, and imply that the two deionative process may be independent each other.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine. To determine the effect of ethanol on peripheral metabolism of T4, deiodinative clearance of T4 and serum concentration of T4, T3 and rT3 were measured in rats isotopically equilibrated with T4. Ethanol 8 g/Kg weight/day was given for 3 days to fasted rats and the results were compared with those normally fed or totally fasted animals. In fasted rats, deiodinative clearance of T4 and serum T4 and T3 concentration, and T3/T4 ratio, were decreased significantly, while serum rT3 concentration and serum rT3/T4 ratio was increased significantly when compared to those in normal rats. When ethanol was administered to fasted rats, deiodinative clearance of T4, serum T4 and T3 concentration and serum T3/T4 returned to normal level while serum rT3 concentration and rT3/T4 ratio remained at higher levels than in normally fed animals. These results could not be interpreted on the basis of shift of 5 monodeiodinase to 5' form or vise versa, and imply that the two deionative process may be independent each other.", "PMID": 668634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12272", "title": "Effect of alpha-D-mannose and equilibrated D-mannose of insulin release.", "content": "The effects on insulin release of alpha-D-mannose and equilibrated D-mannose were studied in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Although phosphomannose isomerase, in contrast to phosphoglucose isomerase, is stereospecific for beta-D-mannose-6-phosphate, the alpha anomer of D-mannose (2 mg/ml) was significantly more effective than equilibrated D-mannose in stimulating insulin release. The finding does not seem to accord with the view that the signal for hexose-induced insulin release arises from the glycolytic pathway, and suggests the existence of the stereospecific glucoreceptor(s) on the pancreatic B-cell membrane.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-D-mannose and equilibrated D-mannose of insulin release. The effects on insulin release of alpha-D-mannose and equilibrated D-mannose were studied in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Although phosphomannose isomerase, in contrast to phosphoglucose isomerase, is stereospecific for beta-D-mannose-6-phosphate, the alpha anomer of D-mannose (2 mg/ml) was significantly more effective than equilibrated D-mannose in stimulating insulin release. The finding does not seem to accord with the view that the signal for hexose-induced insulin release arises from the glycolytic pathway, and suggests the existence of the stereospecific glucoreceptor(s) on the pancreatic B-cell membrane.", "PMID": 668635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12273", "title": "Inhibin-like effects of interstitial testis fluid: effects on serum FSH and androgen-binding protein in epididymis.", "content": "Application of rat interstitial testis fluid (ITF) to orchidectomized rats diminishes significantly the rise of FSH in serum following castration. The effect is seen for 12-24 hours on day 3 and 50 after orchidectomy but not at 48 hours in rats treated 50 days after orchidectomy. LH levels are not significantly affected. These observations are assumed to be related to an inhibin-like activity in ITF. Therefore ITF (after extraction with ether) is given to intact animals and the testicular parameter of FSH, the androgen-binding protein (ABP), is measured by \"steady-state\" PAGE. Unexpectedly, ABP concentrations increase. At present, this effect cannot be explained. It is concluded that ITF contains only small amounts of inhibin and will be no good source for further studies.", "contents": "Inhibin-like effects of interstitial testis fluid: effects on serum FSH and androgen-binding protein in epididymis. Application of rat interstitial testis fluid (ITF) to orchidectomized rats diminishes significantly the rise of FSH in serum following castration. The effect is seen for 12-24 hours on day 3 and 50 after orchidectomy but not at 48 hours in rats treated 50 days after orchidectomy. LH levels are not significantly affected. These observations are assumed to be related to an inhibin-like activity in ITF. Therefore ITF (after extraction with ether) is given to intact animals and the testicular parameter of FSH, the androgen-binding protein (ABP), is measured by \"steady-state\" PAGE. Unexpectedly, ABP concentrations increase. At present, this effect cannot be explained. It is concluded that ITF contains only small amounts of inhibin and will be no good source for further studies.", "PMID": 668636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12274", "title": "Reversible inhibitory effect of the non-steroidal antiandrogen flutamide (SCH 13521) on spermatogenesis in mice.", "content": "The effects of a prolonged subcutaneous administration of SCH 13521 dissolved in 0.3% hydroxypropyl cellulose (2-8 weeks in daily doses of 0.2 or 1.0 mg amounting to an estimated equivalent of experimental and curative doses used by others in laboratory animals and men) were studied in males of the mouse inbred strain C57BL/6. Following the treatment, the activity of spermatogenesis (expressed as the mean number of seminiferous tubules containing mature sperm and epididymal sperm count) was inhibited while the testis weight was not reduced, obviously due to an absolute increase of the interstitial tissue which was a marked histological feature of the testes, particularly following the higher doses of SCH 13521. Lower doses and shorter-lasting administration of the compound seem to inhibit the activity more effectively because after a prolonged administration reparatory processes tend to be triggered via a stimulatory effect on the synthesis of testosterone in Leydig cells. The solvent alone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, had some inhibitory effect on spermatogenesis. The lymphoid system remained both morphologically and functionally unaffected by SCH 13521 unlike the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone actetate.", "contents": "Reversible inhibitory effect of the non-steroidal antiandrogen flutamide (SCH 13521) on spermatogenesis in mice. The effects of a prolonged subcutaneous administration of SCH 13521 dissolved in 0.3% hydroxypropyl cellulose (2-8 weeks in daily doses of 0.2 or 1.0 mg amounting to an estimated equivalent of experimental and curative doses used by others in laboratory animals and men) were studied in males of the mouse inbred strain C57BL/6. Following the treatment, the activity of spermatogenesis (expressed as the mean number of seminiferous tubules containing mature sperm and epididymal sperm count) was inhibited while the testis weight was not reduced, obviously due to an absolute increase of the interstitial tissue which was a marked histological feature of the testes, particularly following the higher doses of SCH 13521. Lower doses and shorter-lasting administration of the compound seem to inhibit the activity more effectively because after a prolonged administration reparatory processes tend to be triggered via a stimulatory effect on the synthesis of testosterone in Leydig cells. The solvent alone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, had some inhibitory effect on spermatogenesis. The lymphoid system remained both morphologically and functionally unaffected by SCH 13521 unlike the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone actetate.", "PMID": 668637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12275", "title": "A basic experimental approach in perspective of pineal and melatonin involvement in photoperiod-induced alteration of spermatogenesis in toad (Bufo melanostictus).", "content": "Blinding decreases spermatogenesis along with Leydig cell degeneration in toad. Pinealectomy decreases spermatogenesis with an increase in Leydig cell activity. Melatonin decreases spermatogenesis as well the Leyding cells. Possibly pineal and melatonin possess an inverse relationship with light and inhibit testis.", "contents": "A basic experimental approach in perspective of pineal and melatonin involvement in photoperiod-induced alteration of spermatogenesis in toad (Bufo melanostictus). Blinding decreases spermatogenesis along with Leydig cell degeneration in toad. Pinealectomy decreases spermatogenesis with an increase in Leydig cell activity. Melatonin decreases spermatogenesis as well the Leyding cells. Possibly pineal and melatonin possess an inverse relationship with light and inhibit testis.", "PMID": 668638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12276", "title": "Decreased ratio of serum T3:rT3 in patients with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "In 14 hyperthyroid patient serum T4:rT3 ratio was significantly lower (399 +/- 20) than in the control subjects (572 +/- 20; p less than 0.001). A similar pattern was found for serum T3:rT3 ratio. In the hyperthyroid group the ratio was significantly lower (10.5 +/- 0.5) than in the control group (12.5 +/- 0.6; p less than 0.05). The data suggest that in hyperthyroidism the organism might shift conversion of T4 from biologically active T3 to poorly calorigenic rT3. It seems possible that the proportionately increased generation of rT3 than that of T3 may be a defence mechanism of the body, as it was found in systemic illnesses and starvation.", "contents": "Decreased ratio of serum T3:rT3 in patients with hyperthyroidism. In 14 hyperthyroid patient serum T4:rT3 ratio was significantly lower (399 +/- 20) than in the control subjects (572 +/- 20; p less than 0.001). A similar pattern was found for serum T3:rT3 ratio. In the hyperthyroid group the ratio was significantly lower (10.5 +/- 0.5) than in the control group (12.5 +/- 0.6; p less than 0.05). The data suggest that in hyperthyroidism the organism might shift conversion of T4 from biologically active T3 to poorly calorigenic rT3. It seems possible that the proportionately increased generation of rT3 than that of T3 may be a defence mechanism of the body, as it was found in systemic illnesses and starvation.", "PMID": 668639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12277", "title": "CNS--endocrine pancreas system. III. Further studies on the vagal responsiveness to insulin deficiency.", "content": "Distribution and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the neurons of the central vagal nuclei at the level of the medulla oblongata were studied in intact and alloxan-diabetic adult male rats by Gomori's histochemical method. Peculiarities of intracellular distribution of the enzyme in the Nucl. dorsalis n. vagi (ND) and Nucl. ambiguus n. vagi (NA) of intact animals were demonstrated. Changes in the ratio of cholinergic neurons with moderate and strongly-positive AChE staining reactions were revealed in the ND of alloxan-diabetic rats. The dynamics of the changes attested to increased AChE activity of these neurons in response to insulin deficiency. The data obtained are additional evidence for the responsiveness of ND neurons to insulin deficiency, which was demonstrated earlier in alloxan-diabetic rats by karyometry (Akmayev and Rabkina, 1976 b). It is suggested that changes in the plasma glucose or insulin levels may be the stimulus that influences the activity of the ND cholinergic neurons. By means of this mechanism the central vagal nucleus at the medulla oblongata level may be implicated in the feedback control of insulin secretion.", "contents": "CNS--endocrine pancreas system. III. Further studies on the vagal responsiveness to insulin deficiency. Distribution and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the neurons of the central vagal nuclei at the level of the medulla oblongata were studied in intact and alloxan-diabetic adult male rats by Gomori's histochemical method. Peculiarities of intracellular distribution of the enzyme in the Nucl. dorsalis n. vagi (ND) and Nucl. ambiguus n. vagi (NA) of intact animals were demonstrated. Changes in the ratio of cholinergic neurons with moderate and strongly-positive AChE staining reactions were revealed in the ND of alloxan-diabetic rats. The dynamics of the changes attested to increased AChE activity of these neurons in response to insulin deficiency. The data obtained are additional evidence for the responsiveness of ND neurons to insulin deficiency, which was demonstrated earlier in alloxan-diabetic rats by karyometry (Akmayev and Rabkina, 1976 b). It is suggested that changes in the plasma glucose or insulin levels may be the stimulus that influences the activity of the ND cholinergic neurons. By means of this mechanism the central vagal nucleus at the medulla oblongata level may be implicated in the feedback control of insulin secretion.", "PMID": 668640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12278", "title": "The glucose tolerance, insulin response and pancreatic exocrine function in patients after acute pancreatitis.", "content": "In 25 patients having a history of acute pancreatitis (AP) in anamnesis one year ago and in 12 control subjects the insulin response to oral glucose was investigated and in some cases the exocrine function of pancreas was evaluated. The disturbances in glucose tolerance occurred in about 30% of the patients and were associated with impairment of insulin response and deterioration of exocrine pancreatic function. The double cortisone and glucose load did not influence the glucose tolerance in the patients. In persons investigated during AP and one year later only slight improvement of insulin response was noted. The results support the significance of follow-up studies of carbohydrate tolerance and insulin response in patients after AP for the evaluation of the diabetic risk in such cases.", "contents": "The glucose tolerance, insulin response and pancreatic exocrine function in patients after acute pancreatitis. In 25 patients having a history of acute pancreatitis (AP) in anamnesis one year ago and in 12 control subjects the insulin response to oral glucose was investigated and in some cases the exocrine function of pancreas was evaluated. The disturbances in glucose tolerance occurred in about 30% of the patients and were associated with impairment of insulin response and deterioration of exocrine pancreatic function. The double cortisone and glucose load did not influence the glucose tolerance in the patients. In persons investigated during AP and one year later only slight improvement of insulin response was noted. The results support the significance of follow-up studies of carbohydrate tolerance and insulin response in patients after AP for the evaluation of the diabetic risk in such cases.", "PMID": 668642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12279", "title": "Zinc and copper content in rat epididymis and vas deferens.", "content": "The zinc and copper content in the different epididymal segments and vas deferens of castrated rats were investigated with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The vas deferens showed maximum zinc content as compared to that of different parts of epididymis in all groups whether castrated unilaterally, bilaterally or in the intact control. Zinc content was reduced in the epididymis and vas deferens ipsilateral to the castrated side as compared to that of contralateral control and intake animals. Lowest zinc content was observed in the epididymis and vas deferens of bilaterally castrated animals from that of other groups. Absence of sperms was observed in all segments of epididymis and vas in bilaterally castrated animals and from the unilaterally castrated side. Copper content was unaltered in all epididymal segments and vas deferens. There appears to be a correlation between the absence of sperms in the male genital tract and the decrease in zinc content.", "contents": "Zinc and copper content in rat epididymis and vas deferens. The zinc and copper content in the different epididymal segments and vas deferens of castrated rats were investigated with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The vas deferens showed maximum zinc content as compared to that of different parts of epididymis in all groups whether castrated unilaterally, bilaterally or in the intact control. Zinc content was reduced in the epididymis and vas deferens ipsilateral to the castrated side as compared to that of contralateral control and intake animals. Lowest zinc content was observed in the epididymis and vas deferens of bilaterally castrated animals from that of other groups. Absence of sperms was observed in all segments of epididymis and vas in bilaterally castrated animals and from the unilaterally castrated side. Copper content was unaltered in all epididymal segments and vas deferens. There appears to be a correlation between the absence of sperms in the male genital tract and the decrease in zinc content.", "PMID": 668643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12280", "title": "Evidence of hypocalcemic factor from corpuscles of Stannius of the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "The administration of acid extract of corpuscles of Stannius has no effect on the plasma calcium level, in the normal fish, whereas the same dose shows typical hypocalcemic response in hypercalcemic fish, H. fossilis. It is concluded that acid extract of corpuscles of Stannius is effective only in hypercalcemic condition.", "contents": "Evidence of hypocalcemic factor from corpuscles of Stannius of the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). The administration of acid extract of corpuscles of Stannius has no effect on the plasma calcium level, in the normal fish, whereas the same dose shows typical hypocalcemic response in hypercalcemic fish, H. fossilis. It is concluded that acid extract of corpuscles of Stannius is effective only in hypercalcemic condition.", "PMID": 668644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12281", "title": "Differences in cardio-respiratory responses to exhaustive exercise between athletes and non-athletes.", "content": "To study the factors limiting the O2 supply in heavy exercise, O2 uptake at exhaustion was determined by progressive loading method with a bicycle ergometer in 33 well-trained male runners and 34 male sedentary adults. Pulmonary ventilation, oxygen removal, respiratory rate, tidal volume, pulmonary diffusing capacity, alveolar-capillary oxygen difference, cardiac output, arterial-venous oxygen difference, stroke volume and heart rate were measured. It was found that pulmonary diffusing capacity, cardiac output and stroke volume were correlated with the difference in O2 uptake at exhaustion between athletes and non-athletes.", "contents": "Differences in cardio-respiratory responses to exhaustive exercise between athletes and non-athletes. To study the factors limiting the O2 supply in heavy exercise, O2 uptake at exhaustion was determined by progressive loading method with a bicycle ergometer in 33 well-trained male runners and 34 male sedentary adults. Pulmonary ventilation, oxygen removal, respiratory rate, tidal volume, pulmonary diffusing capacity, alveolar-capillary oxygen difference, cardiac output, arterial-venous oxygen difference, stroke volume and heart rate were measured. It was found that pulmonary diffusing capacity, cardiac output and stroke volume were correlated with the difference in O2 uptake at exhaustion between athletes and non-athletes.", "PMID": 668678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12282", "title": "Reactivity of normal airways to short-term exercise.", "content": "Reactivity of airways to short-term exercise was tested once in 15 healthy subjects and repeated on eight of the group using Stead-Wells and Wedge spirometers and body plethysmograph. The pulmonary function tests were performed at rest and shortly after exercise, and the data were studied by means of a randomized block analysis of variance. It was demonstrated that overall post-exercise pulmonary functions were not statistically different from the pre-exercise baseline.", "contents": "Reactivity of normal airways to short-term exercise. Reactivity of airways to short-term exercise was tested once in 15 healthy subjects and repeated on eight of the group using Stead-Wells and Wedge spirometers and body plethysmograph. The pulmonary function tests were performed at rest and shortly after exercise, and the data were studied by means of a randomized block analysis of variance. It was demonstrated that overall post-exercise pulmonary functions were not statistically different from the pre-exercise baseline.", "PMID": 668681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12283", "title": "Total and alactic oxygen debts after supramaximal work.", "content": "The total and alactic oxygen debts were measured in eight subjects following supramaximal treadmill running (14.5--16.1 km/h, 20% grade) to exhaustion, on two duplicate tests separated by 48 h. Mean total oxygen debts on the two trials were 5.28 +/- 0.42 1 and 4.57 +/- 0.46 1, (r = 0.34). Mean alactic oxygen debts were 2.81 +/- 0.21 1 and 2.74 +/- 0.121 (r = 0.89). Values for maximal total and alactic oxygen debts in this study were in close agreement to those found in the literature. The inability of the subjects to adequately reproduce an exhausting supramaximal effort was the major factor preventing reliable measurement of total oxygen debt. It is concluded that the method developed for the measurement of oxygen debt is both reliable and valid for the alactic portion of the debt.", "contents": "Total and alactic oxygen debts after supramaximal work. The total and alactic oxygen debts were measured in eight subjects following supramaximal treadmill running (14.5--16.1 km/h, 20% grade) to exhaustion, on two duplicate tests separated by 48 h. Mean total oxygen debts on the two trials were 5.28 +/- 0.42 1 and 4.57 +/- 0.46 1, (r = 0.34). Mean alactic oxygen debts were 2.81 +/- 0.21 1 and 2.74 +/- 0.121 (r = 0.89). Values for maximal total and alactic oxygen debts in this study were in close agreement to those found in the literature. The inability of the subjects to adequately reproduce an exhausting supramaximal effort was the major factor preventing reliable measurement of total oxygen debt. It is concluded that the method developed for the measurement of oxygen debt is both reliable and valid for the alactic portion of the debt.", "PMID": 668682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12284", "title": "Capillary supply of skeletal muscle fibers in untrained and endurance-trained women.", "content": "Muscle fiber diameters and number of capillaries per fiber, per mm2 and around each fiber were determined in needle biopsies from the lateral part of the quadriceps muscles of 11 young women. Six subjects were untrained (UT) and five were endurance-trained athletes (ET). Average values for maximal oxygen uptake were 43.9 (UT) and 62.1 ml/kg X min (ET). Mean fiber diameter was somewhat smaller in the UT than in the ET group (39.1 and 42.7 micrometer), but the difference was not statistically significant. Fibers with the highest content of mitochondria were on the average 9 micrometer thicker than those with the lowest content. The capillary per fiber ratios were 1.11 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- S.E.) and 1.69 +/- 0.13 in the UT and ET groups, respectively. The number of capillaries around each fiber was 3.04 +/- 0.17 (UT) and 4.42 +/- 0.31 (ET). After correction for shrinkage the number of capillaries per mm2 was 301 (UT) and 404 (ET). The capillary per fiber ratio increased with increasing fiber diameter and with the content content of mitochondria.", "contents": "Capillary supply of skeletal muscle fibers in untrained and endurance-trained women. Muscle fiber diameters and number of capillaries per fiber, per mm2 and around each fiber were determined in needle biopsies from the lateral part of the quadriceps muscles of 11 young women. Six subjects were untrained (UT) and five were endurance-trained athletes (ET). Average values for maximal oxygen uptake were 43.9 (UT) and 62.1 ml/kg X min (ET). Mean fiber diameter was somewhat smaller in the UT than in the ET group (39.1 and 42.7 micrometer), but the difference was not statistically significant. Fibers with the highest content of mitochondria were on the average 9 micrometer thicker than those with the lowest content. The capillary per fiber ratios were 1.11 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- S.E.) and 1.69 +/- 0.13 in the UT and ET groups, respectively. The number of capillaries around each fiber was 3.04 +/- 0.17 (UT) and 4.42 +/- 0.31 (ET). After correction for shrinkage the number of capillaries per mm2 was 301 (UT) and 404 (ET). The capillary per fiber ratio increased with increasing fiber diameter and with the content content of mitochondria.", "PMID": 668683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12285", "title": "Involvement of the cytoplasmic membrane in nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids.", "content": "1. The nitrogen-fixing efficiency of freshly prepared suspensions of Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids from pea root nodules was considerably enhanced by addition of bovine serum albumin. Evidence was found that during preparation of bacteroids the cell membrane is exposed to the uncoupling effect of free fatty acids and to plant phospholipase D activity. Both effects could be counteracted by bovine serum albumin. 2. A technique was developed by which concentrations of free O2 and nitrogenase activity could be measured simultaneously under conditions of steady-state respiration. By means of this system it could be shown that in contrast to previous claims, high ATP/ADP ratios can be achieved in bacteroids even with a high concentration of O2 in the medium. 3. Nitrogen fixation was found to be controlled by the ATP/ADP ratio, the generation of reducing equivalents and the switch-off phenomenon. It was demonstrated that the generation of reducing equivalents for nitrogenase is regulated by the energized state and the integrity of the bacteroid cell membrane. The data indicate that the process of aerobic nitrogen fixation in R. leguminosarum bacteroids resembles that of Azotobacter vinelandii.", "contents": "Involvement of the cytoplasmic membrane in nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids. 1. The nitrogen-fixing efficiency of freshly prepared suspensions of Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids from pea root nodules was considerably enhanced by addition of bovine serum albumin. Evidence was found that during preparation of bacteroids the cell membrane is exposed to the uncoupling effect of free fatty acids and to plant phospholipase D activity. Both effects could be counteracted by bovine serum albumin. 2. A technique was developed by which concentrations of free O2 and nitrogenase activity could be measured simultaneously under conditions of steady-state respiration. By means of this system it could be shown that in contrast to previous claims, high ATP/ADP ratios can be achieved in bacteroids even with a high concentration of O2 in the medium. 3. Nitrogen fixation was found to be controlled by the ATP/ADP ratio, the generation of reducing equivalents and the switch-off phenomenon. It was demonstrated that the generation of reducing equivalents for nitrogenase is regulated by the energized state and the integrity of the bacteroid cell membrane. The data indicate that the process of aerobic nitrogen fixation in R. leguminosarum bacteroids resembles that of Azotobacter vinelandii.", "PMID": 668685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12286", "title": "Snake venoms. The amino-acid sequence of trypsin inhibitor E of Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Black Mamba) venom.", "content": "Trypsin inhibitor E from black mamba venom comprises 59 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain, cross-linked by three intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of inhibitor E was elucidated. The sequence is homologous with trypsin inhibitors from different sources. Unique among this homologous series of proteinase inhibitors, inhibitor E has an affinity for transition metal ions, exemplified here by Cu2 and Co2+.", "contents": "Snake venoms. The amino-acid sequence of trypsin inhibitor E of Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Black Mamba) venom. Trypsin inhibitor E from black mamba venom comprises 59 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain, cross-linked by three intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of inhibitor E was elucidated. The sequence is homologous with trypsin inhibitors from different sources. Unique among this homologous series of proteinase inhibitors, inhibitor E has an affinity for transition metal ions, exemplified here by Cu2 and Co2+.", "PMID": 668688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12287", "title": "The nucleotide sequences of 5.8-S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis.", "content": "1. The nucleotide sequence of 5.8-S rRNA from Xenopus laevis is given; it differs by a C in equilibrium U transition at position 140 from the 5.8-S rRNA of Xenopus borealis. 2. The sequence contains two completely modified and two partially modified residues. 3. Three different 5' nucleotides are found: pU-C-G (0.4) pC-G (0.2) and pG (0.4). 4. The 3' terminus is C not U as in all other 5.8-S sequences so far determined. 5. The X. laevis sequence differs from the mammalian and turtle sequences by five and six residue changes respectively. 6. A ribonuclease-resistant hairpin loop is a principle feature of secondary structure models proposed for this molecule. 7. Sequence heterogeneity may occur at one position at a very low level (approximately 0.01) in X. laevis 5.8-S rRNA, while none was detected in X. borealis or HeLa cell 5.8-S rRNA.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequences of 5.8-S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis. 1. The nucleotide sequence of 5.8-S rRNA from Xenopus laevis is given; it differs by a C in equilibrium U transition at position 140 from the 5.8-S rRNA of Xenopus borealis. 2. The sequence contains two completely modified and two partially modified residues. 3. Three different 5' nucleotides are found: pU-C-G (0.4) pC-G (0.2) and pG (0.4). 4. The 3' terminus is C not U as in all other 5.8-S sequences so far determined. 5. The X. laevis sequence differs from the mammalian and turtle sequences by five and six residue changes respectively. 6. A ribonuclease-resistant hairpin loop is a principle feature of secondary structure models proposed for this molecule. 7. Sequence heterogeneity may occur at one position at a very low level (approximately 0.01) in X. laevis 5.8-S rRNA, while none was detected in X. borealis or HeLa cell 5.8-S rRNA.", "PMID": 668689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12288", "title": "A barley endonuclease specific for apurinic DNA. Isolation and partial characterization.", "content": "An endonuclease specific for depurinated native DNA was isolated and partially purified from extracts of barley leaves. The procedure included streptomycin sulphate precipitation, ammonium sulphate fractionation, phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite and Sephadex G-150 chromatography. Purity of the resulting enzyme was determined by gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography and specificity by testing the activity on intact and depurinated bacterial DNAs. At lower concentrations, the enzyme is specific for DNA containing apurinic sites. At higher concentrations, however, it degrades DNA in a non-specific manner. The nuclease has a pH optimum at 7.6, and a molecular weight of about 18000.", "contents": "A barley endonuclease specific for apurinic DNA. Isolation and partial characterization. An endonuclease specific for depurinated native DNA was isolated and partially purified from extracts of barley leaves. The procedure included streptomycin sulphate precipitation, ammonium sulphate fractionation, phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite and Sephadex G-150 chromatography. Purity of the resulting enzyme was determined by gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography and specificity by testing the activity on intact and depurinated bacterial DNAs. At lower concentrations, the enzyme is specific for DNA containing apurinic sites. At higher concentrations, however, it degrades DNA in a non-specific manner. The nuclease has a pH optimum at 7.6, and a molecular weight of about 18000.", "PMID": 668691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12289", "title": "Synthesis of carp proinsulin in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Total poly(A)-containing RNA from Brockmann boides of carp (Cyprinus carpio) directs the synthesis of authentic carp proinsulin in Xenopus oocytes. Neither preproinsulin nor further processing of the proinsulin to insulin can be detected in the oocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis of carp proinsulin in Xenopus oocytes. Total poly(A)-containing RNA from Brockmann boides of carp (Cyprinus carpio) directs the synthesis of authentic carp proinsulin in Xenopus oocytes. Neither preproinsulin nor further processing of the proinsulin to insulin can be detected in the oocytes.", "PMID": 668692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12290", "title": "Distribution of AMP-deaminase isozymes in rat tissues.", "content": "1. The distribution of AMP deaminase isozymes in rat tissues was analyzed by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane, by chromatography on phosphocellulose column, and by the application of immunological technique employing specific antisera against three parental AMP deaminases (isozymes A, B and C). Skeletal muscle extracts and diaphragm extracts contain a single identical isozyme, isozyme A. The major isozyme species of liver, kidney and testes are also identical and they are isozyme B. Heart extracts contains isozyme C exclusively. Extracts of brain, lung and spleen contain five isozymes, presumably a complete set of five B-C hybrids. 2. Developmental patterns of AMP deaminase isozyme were studied. In early postnatal life, extracts of heart, liver, kidney and lung contain five isozymes similar to those observed in adult brain. During postnatal development, a shift to isozyme C occurs in heart, whereas a shift to isozyme B occurs in liver and kidney. Five isozymes in lung remain throughout development. In brain a shift of B to five isozymes is observed during development. Isozyme A is the predominant form in muscle throughout postnatal development. 3. AMP deaminase in the regenerating liver was analyzed, but the data indicated that there was no change of isozyme distribution during hepatic regeneration.", "contents": "Distribution of AMP-deaminase isozymes in rat tissues. 1. The distribution of AMP deaminase isozymes in rat tissues was analyzed by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane, by chromatography on phosphocellulose column, and by the application of immunological technique employing specific antisera against three parental AMP deaminases (isozymes A, B and C). Skeletal muscle extracts and diaphragm extracts contain a single identical isozyme, isozyme A. The major isozyme species of liver, kidney and testes are also identical and they are isozyme B. Heart extracts contains isozyme C exclusively. Extracts of brain, lung and spleen contain five isozymes, presumably a complete set of five B-C hybrids. 2. Developmental patterns of AMP deaminase isozyme were studied. In early postnatal life, extracts of heart, liver, kidney and lung contain five isozymes similar to those observed in adult brain. During postnatal development, a shift to isozyme C occurs in heart, whereas a shift to isozyme B occurs in liver and kidney. Five isozymes in lung remain throughout development. In brain a shift of B to five isozymes is observed during development. Isozyme A is the predominant form in muscle throughout postnatal development. 3. AMP deaminase in the regenerating liver was analyzed, but the data indicated that there was no change of isozyme distribution during hepatic regeneration.", "PMID": 668695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12291", "title": "360-MHz 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of sialyl-oligosaccharides from patients with sialidosis (mucolipidosis I and II).", "content": "360-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded of 10 sialyl-oligosaccharides isolated from urine of sialidosis patients. Their structures are related to the complex asparagine-linked glycan chains of glycoproteins. By correlation of these spectra and comparison with spectra of reference glycopeptides and sialyl-lactose isomers it was possible to assign all signals belonging to anomeric, mannose H-2, sialic acid H-3 and N-acetyl protons. The number of the consituting monosaccharide residues of the oligomers can be obtained by integration of the above-mentioned signals. The chemical shifts of the anomeric and mannose H-2 protons give information about the type of glycan structure (mono-, bi-, triantennary) and the presence of terminal sialic acid at each of the antennas. The chemical shifts of sialic acid H-3 protons are typical for sialic acid residues in 2 leads to 3 or 2 leads to 6 linkage to galactose.", "contents": "360-MHz 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of sialyl-oligosaccharides from patients with sialidosis (mucolipidosis I and II). 360-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded of 10 sialyl-oligosaccharides isolated from urine of sialidosis patients. Their structures are related to the complex asparagine-linked glycan chains of glycoproteins. By correlation of these spectra and comparison with spectra of reference glycopeptides and sialyl-lactose isomers it was possible to assign all signals belonging to anomeric, mannose H-2, sialic acid H-3 and N-acetyl protons. The number of the consituting monosaccharide residues of the oligomers can be obtained by integration of the above-mentioned signals. The chemical shifts of the anomeric and mannose H-2 protons give information about the type of glycan structure (mono-, bi-, triantennary) and the presence of terminal sialic acid at each of the antennas. The chemical shifts of sialic acid H-3 protons are typical for sialic acid residues in 2 leads to 3 or 2 leads to 6 linkage to galactose.", "PMID": 668697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12292", "title": "Subcellular metabolite concentrations. Dependence of mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP systems on the metabolic state of perfused rat liver.", "content": "Mitochondrial and cytosolic contents of adenine nucleotides and phosphate were measured in perfused rat livers employing a technique of fractionation of freeze-fixated tissue in non-aqueous solvents. From the subcellular contents the mitochondrial and cytosolic concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP and phosphate and the phosphorylation potentials of the subcellular ATP systems were calculated. An attempt was made to elucidate the relationship between mitochondrial and cytosolic adenine nucleotide systems and the dependency on the metabolic state of the liver. The following results were obtained: 1. Under all metabolic conditions studied the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios were considerably lower than the cytosolic ratios (mitochondria: 0.1-0.7; cytosol: 2-11). 2. The ATP/ADP ratios calculated from overall tissue contents reflect mainly the cytosolic ratios. 3. An inverse relationship was found between mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios, i.e. when the mitochondrial ratios tended to increase, the cytosolic ratios decreased and vice versa. 4. The phosphorylation potentials calculated from the subcellular concentrations were higher in the cytosol than in the mitochondria. The potential difference varied between 11 and 3 kj/mol in livers from fed and starved rats, respectively. 5. In the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors, i.e. amytal, dinitrophenol and carboxyatractyloside, the potential difference between the subcellular ATP systems decreased predominantly due to an increase in the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios. 6. A correlation between mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios and the respiratory rates was not observed, but the subcellular ratios appeared to correlate with the rate of glycolysis. When the rate of lactate + pyruvate production was increased, the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios were increased, too, whereas the mitochondrial ratios tended to decrease. 7. The adenine nucleotides in the cytosol appear to be in near equilibrium catalysed by the adenylate kinase. In the mitochondria, the AMP concentration is much lower than to be expected under equilibrium conditions. These results were discussed with respect to rate control of processes involved in ATP generation, i.e. oxidative phosphorylation, adenine nucleotide translocation and glycolysis.", "contents": "Subcellular metabolite concentrations. Dependence of mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP systems on the metabolic state of perfused rat liver. Mitochondrial and cytosolic contents of adenine nucleotides and phosphate were measured in perfused rat livers employing a technique of fractionation of freeze-fixated tissue in non-aqueous solvents. From the subcellular contents the mitochondrial and cytosolic concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP and phosphate and the phosphorylation potentials of the subcellular ATP systems were calculated. An attempt was made to elucidate the relationship between mitochondrial and cytosolic adenine nucleotide systems and the dependency on the metabolic state of the liver. The following results were obtained: 1. Under all metabolic conditions studied the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios were considerably lower than the cytosolic ratios (mitochondria: 0.1-0.7; cytosol: 2-11). 2. The ATP/ADP ratios calculated from overall tissue contents reflect mainly the cytosolic ratios. 3. An inverse relationship was found between mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios, i.e. when the mitochondrial ratios tended to increase, the cytosolic ratios decreased and vice versa. 4. The phosphorylation potentials calculated from the subcellular concentrations were higher in the cytosol than in the mitochondria. The potential difference varied between 11 and 3 kj/mol in livers from fed and starved rats, respectively. 5. In the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors, i.e. amytal, dinitrophenol and carboxyatractyloside, the potential difference between the subcellular ATP systems decreased predominantly due to an increase in the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios. 6. A correlation between mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios and the respiratory rates was not observed, but the subcellular ratios appeared to correlate with the rate of glycolysis. When the rate of lactate + pyruvate production was increased, the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios were increased, too, whereas the mitochondrial ratios tended to decrease. 7. The adenine nucleotides in the cytosol appear to be in near equilibrium catalysed by the adenylate kinase. In the mitochondria, the AMP concentration is much lower than to be expected under equilibrium conditions. These results were discussed with respect to rate control of processes involved in ATP generation, i.e. oxidative phosphorylation, adenine nucleotide translocation and glycolysis.", "PMID": 668699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12293", "title": "Effect of high pressure, detergents and phospholipase on the break in the Arrhenius plot of Azotobacter nitrogenase.", "content": "It is shown that lipids are responsible for the breaks in the Arrhenius plots of Azotobacter nitrogenase. The physical evidence is that temperature at which the break occurs increases with increasing pressure by 20 K/1000 atm. This is in agreement with the pressure dependence of the transition temperature of several synthetic phospholipids. We also find the same pressure dependence for the broad transitions observed in Escherichia coli phosphatidylethanolamine and in the membrane lipids from Azotobacter itself. Detergents and phospholipase remove the break. Reconstruction can be performed only with specific phospholipids.", "contents": "Effect of high pressure, detergents and phospholipase on the break in the Arrhenius plot of Azotobacter nitrogenase. It is shown that lipids are responsible for the breaks in the Arrhenius plots of Azotobacter nitrogenase. The physical evidence is that temperature at which the break occurs increases with increasing pressure by 20 K/1000 atm. This is in agreement with the pressure dependence of the transition temperature of several synthetic phospholipids. We also find the same pressure dependence for the broad transitions observed in Escherichia coli phosphatidylethanolamine and in the membrane lipids from Azotobacter itself. Detergents and phospholipase remove the break. Reconstruction can be performed only with specific phospholipids.", "PMID": 668700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12294", "title": "Transcription of bacteriophage T4 DNA in vitro: selective initiation with dinucleotides.", "content": "The transcription products of phage T4 DNA in vitro are separated on polyacrylamide gels. The influence of salt, polymerase, triphosphate concentration and glucosylation on the RNA synthesis are shown. Individual transcripts are initiated selectively with dinucleotides and a single triphosphate. This technique allows the prediction of the initiation sequences of several T4 transcripts.", "contents": "Transcription of bacteriophage T4 DNA in vitro: selective initiation with dinucleotides. The transcription products of phage T4 DNA in vitro are separated on polyacrylamide gels. The influence of salt, polymerase, triphosphate concentration and glucosylation on the RNA synthesis are shown. Individual transcripts are initiated selectively with dinucleotides and a single triphosphate. This technique allows the prediction of the initiation sequences of several T4 transcripts.", "PMID": 668702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12295", "title": "Multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocyte membranes. Interconversion and subunit composition of forms separated by density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor.", "content": "Quantitative separation of eight multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase isolated from human erythrocyte membranes was accomplished by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor. Hydrodynamic properties of the four most abundant oligomers were investigated by analytical ultracentrifugation. The S20, w values obtained for these components ranged from 12.5 S to 19.0 S with corresponding molecular weights between 500 000 and 1 131 000. These oligomers are built up of 6-14 subunits. Analysis of each isolated homogenous form after storage for 6 months at 4 degrees C revealed interconversion into the original eight components. Upon addition of Triton X-100 the oligomers disaggregate to yield a single 7-S form, which reaggregates upon removal of the detergent. Such reaggregation can be prevented by chaotropic ions indicating that hydrophobic interactions are important in the formation of these oligomeric forms.", "contents": "Multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocyte membranes. Interconversion and subunit composition of forms separated by density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor. Quantitative separation of eight multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase isolated from human erythrocyte membranes was accomplished by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor. Hydrodynamic properties of the four most abundant oligomers were investigated by analytical ultracentrifugation. The S20, w values obtained for these components ranged from 12.5 S to 19.0 S with corresponding molecular weights between 500 000 and 1 131 000. These oligomers are built up of 6-14 subunits. Analysis of each isolated homogenous form after storage for 6 months at 4 degrees C revealed interconversion into the original eight components. Upon addition of Triton X-100 the oligomers disaggregate to yield a single 7-S form, which reaggregates upon removal of the detergent. Such reaggregation can be prevented by chaotropic ions indicating that hydrophobic interactions are important in the formation of these oligomeric forms.", "PMID": 668703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12296", "title": "Interpretation of the M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of the four-iron ferredoxin from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of both oxidized and reduced ferredoxin from Bacillus stearothermophilus have been analysed using computer fits to theoretical spectra obtained from a spin Hamiltonian. A consistent set of parameters was obtained from fits to spectra obtained over a wide range of temperature and magnetic field. These results are interpreted in terms of a model for the active centre which is consistent with its electronic and magnetic properties in both redox states. In the model for the oxidized centre all four iron atoms have essentially the same valence, intermediate between ferric and ferrous, with one pair spin-up and the other pair spin-down. On reduction the extra electron goes predominantly to one pair of iron atoms which become ferrous with the other pair remaining substantially unchanged. Using this model it is possible to obtain relationships between the spin Hamiltonian parameters for individual iron atoms and those for the coupled centre. This can give further insight into the relation between the observed electron paramagnetic resonance and M\u00f6ssbauer spectra.", "contents": "Interpretation of the M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of the four-iron ferredoxin from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of both oxidized and reduced ferredoxin from Bacillus stearothermophilus have been analysed using computer fits to theoretical spectra obtained from a spin Hamiltonian. A consistent set of parameters was obtained from fits to spectra obtained over a wide range of temperature and magnetic field. These results are interpreted in terms of a model for the active centre which is consistent with its electronic and magnetic properties in both redox states. In the model for the oxidized centre all four iron atoms have essentially the same valence, intermediate between ferric and ferrous, with one pair spin-up and the other pair spin-down. On reduction the extra electron goes predominantly to one pair of iron atoms which become ferrous with the other pair remaining substantially unchanged. Using this model it is possible to obtain relationships between the spin Hamiltonian parameters for individual iron atoms and those for the coupled centre. This can give further insight into the relation between the observed electron paramagnetic resonance and M\u00f6ssbauer spectra.", "PMID": 668704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12297", "title": "A proton nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of self-stacking in purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides.", "content": "The concentration dependence of the chemical shifts of the protons H-2, H-8 and H-1' of ATP4- and of Mg(ATP)2- , of all non-labile protons of adenosine, of H-5, H-6 and H-1' of TUP, and of H-5, H-6, H-1', and H-2' of uridine have been measured. The results for the purine derivatives are consistent with the isodesmic model of indefinite non-cooperative stacking; for adenosine K = 15 +/- 2M-1, for ATP K = 1.3 +/- 0.2 M-1 and for Mg(ATP)2-K = 3.6 +/- 0.3 M-1. For the pyrimidines, uridine and TUP, stacking is much weaker and the stability constant could only be estimated; for uridine k is less than or equal to 0.5 M-1, and for UTP K approximately 0.3 M-1.", "contents": "A proton nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of self-stacking in purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides. The concentration dependence of the chemical shifts of the protons H-2, H-8 and H-1' of ATP4- and of Mg(ATP)2- , of all non-labile protons of adenosine, of H-5, H-6 and H-1' of TUP, and of H-5, H-6, H-1', and H-2' of uridine have been measured. The results for the purine derivatives are consistent with the isodesmic model of indefinite non-cooperative stacking; for adenosine K = 15 +/- 2M-1, for ATP K = 1.3 +/- 0.2 M-1 and for Mg(ATP)2-K = 3.6 +/- 0.3 M-1. For the pyrimidines, uridine and TUP, stacking is much weaker and the stability constant could only be estimated; for uridine k is less than or equal to 0.5 M-1, and for UTP K approximately 0.3 M-1.", "PMID": 668705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12298", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of cyanogen bromide degradation products of M and N blood-group glycopeptides.", "content": "The major glycopeptides purified from the tryptic digests of M and N blood-group glycoproteins were degraded with cyanogen bromide into two fragments. The chemical composition and serological activities of the fragments obtained were determined. The results show that M and N blood-group determinants are located on the smaller N-terminal fragments, containing 8 amino acid residues and only alkali-labile oligosaccharide chains. Two of 8 amino acid residues are different in M-specific and N-specific glycopeptide. All glycopeptides obtained inhibited Vicia graminea anti-N lectin, but the N-terminal fragment of N-glycopeptide was a better inhibitor than others. Treatment with neuraminidase or acetylation of amino groups destroyed the M and N blood-group activity and increased the activity towards Vicia graminea anti-N lectin of all glycopeptides studied.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of cyanogen bromide degradation products of M and N blood-group glycopeptides. The major glycopeptides purified from the tryptic digests of M and N blood-group glycoproteins were degraded with cyanogen bromide into two fragments. The chemical composition and serological activities of the fragments obtained were determined. The results show that M and N blood-group determinants are located on the smaller N-terminal fragments, containing 8 amino acid residues and only alkali-labile oligosaccharide chains. Two of 8 amino acid residues are different in M-specific and N-specific glycopeptide. All glycopeptides obtained inhibited Vicia graminea anti-N lectin, but the N-terminal fragment of N-glycopeptide was a better inhibitor than others. Treatment with neuraminidase or acetylation of amino groups destroyed the M and N blood-group activity and increased the activity towards Vicia graminea anti-N lectin of all glycopeptides studied.", "PMID": 668707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12299", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globin chains.", "content": "Messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globins were purified from yolk sac erythroid cells by oligodeoxythymidilate-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density centrifugation. Full-sized complementary DNA copies of embryonic globin mRNAs were synthesized. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of these RNAs indicate an average molecular weight of 220 000, including a polyadenylated sequence of about 35 residues, as determined by hybridization to [3H]polyuridylate. The wheat-germ translation products of mRNAs have the size and the ionic characteristics of the four embryonic globin chains alpha, x, y and z. Hybridization kinetics in vast RNA excess were performed and compared to standard r0t curves of adult globin messengers, demonstrating a total base sequence complexity of about 880 000 daltons, that is four different RNA sequences of 220 000 molecular weight. The titration of embryonic globin cDNAs with increasing amounts of their complementary RNA templates indicates that the embryonic globin messengers were isolated at a high degree of purity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globin chains. Messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globins were purified from yolk sac erythroid cells by oligodeoxythymidilate-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density centrifugation. Full-sized complementary DNA copies of embryonic globin mRNAs were synthesized. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of these RNAs indicate an average molecular weight of 220 000, including a polyadenylated sequence of about 35 residues, as determined by hybridization to [3H]polyuridylate. The wheat-germ translation products of mRNAs have the size and the ionic characteristics of the four embryonic globin chains alpha, x, y and z. Hybridization kinetics in vast RNA excess were performed and compared to standard r0t curves of adult globin messengers, demonstrating a total base sequence complexity of about 880 000 daltons, that is four different RNA sequences of 220 000 molecular weight. The titration of embryonic globin cDNAs with increasing amounts of their complementary RNA templates indicates that the embryonic globin messengers were isolated at a high degree of purity.", "PMID": 668708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12300", "title": "Further studies on the quaternary structure of D-ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Alcaligenes eutrophus.", "content": "Homogeneous D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, isolated from the hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus, has been studied by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed the enzyme to have a molecular weight M c =0 r =534000. The sedimentation coefficient was S0(20); w = 14.1S. The two types of subunits constituting the ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase were separated by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate and the amino acid compositions of the isolated large and small subunits were determined. Rabbit antibodies were developed against the ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and its isolated subunits. The specific reactivity of the respective antibodies with their homologous antigens was proven by double immunodiffusion and quantitative immunoprecipitation analyses. Antibodies elicited against the whole enzyme also reacted with both the isolated large and small subunits as did the subunit-specific antibodies with the whole enzyme. There was no immunological correspondence between the large and the small subunits. The specific inhibition of the enzyme activity by antibodies directed against sites on the large subunit suggests that the catalytic function resides in the large subunit. Electron microscopic examination of antibody . carboxylase complexes formed upon mixing of the specific immunoglobulins G with the enzyme was used to verify the arrangement of the large and small subunits in our recently proposed structural model of the enzyme molecule. The results confirmed that the large subunits are located in the central two layers of the four-layered enzyme molecule, whereas the two outer layers consist of small subunits. The observations are discussed with respect to an alternative model for the quaternary structure of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase from tobacco.", "contents": "Further studies on the quaternary structure of D-ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Alcaligenes eutrophus. Homogeneous D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, isolated from the hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus, has been studied by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed the enzyme to have a molecular weight M c =0 r =534000. The sedimentation coefficient was S0(20); w = 14.1S. The two types of subunits constituting the ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase were separated by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate and the amino acid compositions of the isolated large and small subunits were determined. Rabbit antibodies were developed against the ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and its isolated subunits. The specific reactivity of the respective antibodies with their homologous antigens was proven by double immunodiffusion and quantitative immunoprecipitation analyses. Antibodies elicited against the whole enzyme also reacted with both the isolated large and small subunits as did the subunit-specific antibodies with the whole enzyme. There was no immunological correspondence between the large and the small subunits. The specific inhibition of the enzyme activity by antibodies directed against sites on the large subunit suggests that the catalytic function resides in the large subunit. Electron microscopic examination of antibody . carboxylase complexes formed upon mixing of the specific immunoglobulins G with the enzyme was used to verify the arrangement of the large and small subunits in our recently proposed structural model of the enzyme molecule. The results confirmed that the large subunits are located in the central two layers of the four-layered enzyme molecule, whereas the two outer layers consist of small subunits. The observations are discussed with respect to an alternative model for the quaternary structure of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase from tobacco.", "PMID": 668709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12301", "title": "Treatment of seven cases of chronic granulomatous disease with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP).", "content": "Seven male Japanese children with chronic granulomatous disease were given sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) for recurrent pyogenic infections, most of which had proved difficult to control with other antibiotics. With continous treatment the children remained free of infections severe enough to necessitate hospitalization, except on one occasion. Serious complications, including hematological disorders, never occurred during therapy and there were no changes in leukocyte function during therapy. These results indicate that SMX-TMP should be considered in the treatment of bacterial infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Treatment of seven cases of chronic granulomatous disease with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP). Seven male Japanese children with chronic granulomatous disease were given sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) for recurrent pyogenic infections, most of which had proved difficult to control with other antibiotics. With continous treatment the children remained free of infections severe enough to necessitate hospitalization, except on one occasion. Serious complications, including hematological disorders, never occurred during therapy and there were no changes in leukocyte function during therapy. These results indicate that SMX-TMP should be considered in the treatment of bacterial infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 668710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12302", "title": "Urinary excretion of aromatic acids in hyperphenylalaninemic states: response to a protein challenge.", "content": "A protein challenge (3g/kg) was given to 15 hyperphenylalaninemic patients for 4 days and urinary excretion of aromatic phenylalanine metabolites (e.g. phenylpyruvic acid; mandelic acid; ortho-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid) was studied by quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. Two groups of patients, different in their serum phenylalanine pattern, could be distinguished from the pattern of urinary aromatic acid excretion. In the first group, the aromatic acid excretion declined towards the end of the challenge whereas aromatic acid excretion increased throughout the challenge in the second group. The differences could be ascertained by statistical analysis.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of aromatic acids in hyperphenylalaninemic states: response to a protein challenge. A protein challenge (3g/kg) was given to 15 hyperphenylalaninemic patients for 4 days and urinary excretion of aromatic phenylalanine metabolites (e.g. phenylpyruvic acid; mandelic acid; ortho-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid) was studied by quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. Two groups of patients, different in their serum phenylalanine pattern, could be distinguished from the pattern of urinary aromatic acid excretion. In the first group, the aromatic acid excretion declined towards the end of the challenge whereas aromatic acid excretion increased throughout the challenge in the second group. The differences could be ascertained by statistical analysis.", "PMID": 668711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12303", "title": "Hyperglycinuria with nephrolithiasis.", "content": "The case of a seven and a half-year-old girl with hyperglycinuria, oxalate nephrolithiasis, and a normal plasma amino acid pattern is presented. Hyperglycinuria amounted to 400 mg of glycine in 24 h urine and the stone was composed of calcium oxalate dihydrate. The metabolic relationship between glycine and oxalate is discussed. It is possible that the association of nephrolithiasis and hyperglycinuria was coincidental, although the case of familial hyperglycinuria with nephrolithiasis reported by De Vries and collaborators and our case suggest the possibility of a relationship between the aforesaid compounds in vivo.", "contents": "Hyperglycinuria with nephrolithiasis. The case of a seven and a half-year-old girl with hyperglycinuria, oxalate nephrolithiasis, and a normal plasma amino acid pattern is presented. Hyperglycinuria amounted to 400 mg of glycine in 24 h urine and the stone was composed of calcium oxalate dihydrate. The metabolic relationship between glycine and oxalate is discussed. It is possible that the association of nephrolithiasis and hyperglycinuria was coincidental, although the case of familial hyperglycinuria with nephrolithiasis reported by De Vries and collaborators and our case suggest the possibility of a relationship between the aforesaid compounds in vivo.", "PMID": 668712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12304", "title": "Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "31 children with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Children's Hospital, University of Munich, between 1963-1976. Before 1971 the diagnosis of abdominal involvement was based solely on physical findings and radiological studies. Treatment consisted of involved-field radiation; chemotherapy was added in selected cases. Of 15 children treated between 1963-1971, 5 are still in their first remission and 2 in their second remission. Since 1971 exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy have been performed. Radiation therapy was changed from involved- to extended-field therapy and combination chemotherapy was added in all the children. No patient from this group of 16 children relapsed during a median observation time of 24 months (range 12-55 months). The toxicity of the combined treatment does not seem to be prohibitive.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease in children. 31 children with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Children's Hospital, University of Munich, between 1963-1976. Before 1971 the diagnosis of abdominal involvement was based solely on physical findings and radiological studies. Treatment consisted of involved-field radiation; chemotherapy was added in selected cases. Of 15 children treated between 1963-1971, 5 are still in their first remission and 2 in their second remission. Since 1971 exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy have been performed. Radiation therapy was changed from involved- to extended-field therapy and combination chemotherapy was added in all the children. No patient from this group of 16 children relapsed during a median observation time of 24 months (range 12-55 months). The toxicity of the combined treatment does not seem to be prohibitive.", "PMID": 668713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12305", "title": "Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome, from another viewpoint.", "content": "A female infant with the \"femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies\" syndrome is presented. Most of the findings observed in this child have also been described in the \"caudal regression syndrome\". The similarity and probable identity between these two syndromes is discussed on the basis of our patient and others from the literature.", "contents": "Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome, from another viewpoint. A female infant with the \"femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies\" syndrome is presented. Most of the findings observed in this child have also been described in the \"caudal regression syndrome\". The similarity and probable identity between these two syndromes is discussed on the basis of our patient and others from the literature.", "PMID": 668714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12306", "title": "Multiple skeletal anomalies in the \"13q-\" syndrome.", "content": "A patient with the \"13q-\" syndrome is reported. The typical association of congenital malformations was found. Multiple and unusual skeletal anomalies included absent thumbs, club-feet, coxa vara, diastasis of the pubic symphisis and extensive spina bifida occulta. These appear to be part of the multiple system involvement due to the chromosomal deletion. Chromosome analysis is indicated in patients with multiple skeletal anomalies, especially if the thumbs and radial axis are involved.", "contents": "Multiple skeletal anomalies in the \"13q-\" syndrome. A patient with the \"13q-\" syndrome is reported. The typical association of congenital malformations was found. Multiple and unusual skeletal anomalies included absent thumbs, club-feet, coxa vara, diastasis of the pubic symphisis and extensive spina bifida occulta. These appear to be part of the multiple system involvement due to the chromosomal deletion. Chromosome analysis is indicated in patients with multiple skeletal anomalies, especially if the thumbs and radial axis are involved.", "PMID": 668715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12307", "title": "Endoscopy in pediatric gastroenterology.", "content": "Seventy two endoscopies of the upper gastrointestinal tract and one hundred and fifteen colonoscopies were performed in children aged nine months to seventeen years. The experience gained with different types of endoscopes suggests that endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract should be only performed with pediatric instruments. These are: GIF-P2(1) (max. outer diameter 9 mm) and TX-7(2) (max. outer diameter 10mm). For colonoscopy, the ideal pediatric instrument is not yet available. Sigmoidocoloscopes like the CFMB1 (length 1115 mm) and the F-91-S2 (length 650 mm) are suitable for older children.", "contents": "Endoscopy in pediatric gastroenterology. Seventy two endoscopies of the upper gastrointestinal tract and one hundred and fifteen colonoscopies were performed in children aged nine months to seventeen years. The experience gained with different types of endoscopes suggests that endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract should be only performed with pediatric instruments. These are: GIF-P2(1) (max. outer diameter 9 mm) and TX-7(2) (max. outer diameter 10mm). For colonoscopy, the ideal pediatric instrument is not yet available. Sigmoidocoloscopes like the CFMB1 (length 1115 mm) and the F-91-S2 (length 650 mm) are suitable for older children.", "PMID": 668716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12308", "title": "Preliminary immunological studies in spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "Evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity in children with spinal muscular atrophy was obtained using lymphocyte transformation with PHA (20 children) and skin tests with tuberculin and DNCB (35 children). Laryngological examination of 16 children demonstrated hypoplasia of lymphatic tissue in Waldeyer's ring and the cervical lymph nodes. An ectodermal defect involving both spinal cord and thymus is suggested.", "contents": "Preliminary immunological studies in spinal muscular atrophy. Evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity in children with spinal muscular atrophy was obtained using lymphocyte transformation with PHA (20 children) and skin tests with tuberculin and DNCB (35 children). Laryngological examination of 16 children demonstrated hypoplasia of lymphatic tissue in Waldeyer's ring and the cervical lymph nodes. An ectodermal defect involving both spinal cord and thymus is suggested.", "PMID": 668717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12309", "title": "Benign course of juvenile laryngeal papillomata.", "content": "A 17 month-old child with laryngeal papillomata is presented. The symptoms were stridor and gradually developing dyspnea. He underwent two surgical procedures within 4 months, using microsurgical techniques, and eventually recovered. The etiological factors of this rare entity are discussed. The relatively benign course in our patient is stressed, in view of the usual protracted course which is reflected in the literature.", "contents": "Benign course of juvenile laryngeal papillomata. A 17 month-old child with laryngeal papillomata is presented. The symptoms were stridor and gradually developing dyspnea. He underwent two surgical procedures within 4 months, using microsurgical techniques, and eventually recovered. The etiological factors of this rare entity are discussed. The relatively benign course in our patient is stressed, in view of the usual protracted course which is reflected in the literature.", "PMID": 668718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12310", "title": "Spondylocostal dysostosis and urinary tract anomaly: definition and review of an entity.", "content": "A two-year-old girl with spondylocostal dysostosis and urinary tract anomalies is described. Genetic counselling to the healthy non-consanguineous parents is based on the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. At birth this type of spondylocostal dysostosis can be differentiated radiographically from related conditions by the severe and generalized anomaly of the entire vertebral column, and by the typical configuration of the posteriorly-fused ribs. Only the cardinal clinical features of a short trunk and a short, immobile neck are consistently present in all patients. In one group of patients the severe thoracic malformation and lordosis contribute to cardiopulmonary problems with a fatal outcome in early infancy. The roentgenographic changes are less marked in other patients, whose subsequent clinical course is usually without major problems but remains at present insufficiently known.", "contents": "Spondylocostal dysostosis and urinary tract anomaly: definition and review of an entity. A two-year-old girl with spondylocostal dysostosis and urinary tract anomalies is described. Genetic counselling to the healthy non-consanguineous parents is based on the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. At birth this type of spondylocostal dysostosis can be differentiated radiographically from related conditions by the severe and generalized anomaly of the entire vertebral column, and by the typical configuration of the posteriorly-fused ribs. Only the cardinal clinical features of a short trunk and a short, immobile neck are consistently present in all patients. In one group of patients the severe thoracic malformation and lordosis contribute to cardiopulmonary problems with a fatal outcome in early infancy. The roentgenographic changes are less marked in other patients, whose subsequent clinical course is usually without major problems but remains at present insufficiently known.", "PMID": 668719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12311", "title": "Glucocorticosteroids and growth hormone secretion under physiological conditions and in states of steroid excess.", "content": "Cortisol and growth hormone (GH) secretion (spontaneous variations at night and the release induced by insulin hypoglycaemia) were investigated in 69 children and adolescents. Statistical analysis of approximately 600 pairs of cortisol and GH values in this study demonstrated that physiological fluctuations of cortisol do not alter GH secretion. A review of the literature shows that GH secretion is consistently depressed in Cushing's disease of central origin and in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal carcinoma. When acutely administered, doses higher than 100 mg of cortisol (or equivalent amounts of other steroids) per adult are necessary to block GH secretion and the hormones have to be given several hours previously. In long-term steroid treatment, suppression of GH is observed in only 1 out of 3 patients. The effect apparently does not persist beyond elimination of the last dose, i.e. generally not longer than 12 to 24 h. These data can be taken as a rationale for intermittent or alternating dosage schedules, and for the use of short acting derivatives if long-term, high-dose steroid treatment is necessary in children. It remains to be established whether growth deficiency in exogenous hypercortisolism is due to suppression of GH secretion, decreased production of somatomedins, direct antagonism of the action of somatomedins on growing cartilage, or a combination of these mechanisms.", "contents": "Glucocorticosteroids and growth hormone secretion under physiological conditions and in states of steroid excess. Cortisol and growth hormone (GH) secretion (spontaneous variations at night and the release induced by insulin hypoglycaemia) were investigated in 69 children and adolescents. Statistical analysis of approximately 600 pairs of cortisol and GH values in this study demonstrated that physiological fluctuations of cortisol do not alter GH secretion. A review of the literature shows that GH secretion is consistently depressed in Cushing's disease of central origin and in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal carcinoma. When acutely administered, doses higher than 100 mg of cortisol (or equivalent amounts of other steroids) per adult are necessary to block GH secretion and the hormones have to be given several hours previously. In long-term steroid treatment, suppression of GH is observed in only 1 out of 3 patients. The effect apparently does not persist beyond elimination of the last dose, i.e. generally not longer than 12 to 24 h. These data can be taken as a rationale for intermittent or alternating dosage schedules, and for the use of short acting derivatives if long-term, high-dose steroid treatment is necessary in children. It remains to be established whether growth deficiency in exogenous hypercortisolism is due to suppression of GH secretion, decreased production of somatomedins, direct antagonism of the action of somatomedins on growing cartilage, or a combination of these mechanisms.", "PMID": 668720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12312", "title": "Renal magnesium wasting, incomplete tubular acidosis, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in siblings.", "content": "Polyuria, hyposthenuria, hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, advanced nephrocalcinosis, low citrate excretion and low glomerular filtration rates were observed in two female siblings who were followed over 10 years. Acid loading revealed incomplete distal tubular acidosis. Hypomagnesemia was due to renal magnesium wasting. It is suggested that the defect in tubular transport of magnesium is an important factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Renal magnesium wasting, incomplete tubular acidosis, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in siblings. Polyuria, hyposthenuria, hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, advanced nephrocalcinosis, low citrate excretion and low glomerular filtration rates were observed in two female siblings who were followed over 10 years. Acid loading revealed incomplete distal tubular acidosis. Hypomagnesemia was due to renal magnesium wasting. It is suggested that the defect in tubular transport of magnesium is an important factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 668721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12313", "title": "Sleep and aminophylline treatment of apnea in preterm infants.", "content": "The influence of short-term aminophylline treatment on sleep behaviour was studied in six preterms infants with recurrent apnea. The incidence of apnea, respiratory pauses, and bradycardias which were closely related to the phases of active sleep, decreased during aminophylline treatment. However, the amount of active sleep remained unaffected. The mode of action of aminophylline is discussed in view of the previously proposed neurophysiological concept of apnea of prematurity.", "contents": "Sleep and aminophylline treatment of apnea in preterm infants. The influence of short-term aminophylline treatment on sleep behaviour was studied in six preterms infants with recurrent apnea. The incidence of apnea, respiratory pauses, and bradycardias which were closely related to the phases of active sleep, decreased during aminophylline treatment. However, the amount of active sleep remained unaffected. The mode of action of aminophylline is discussed in view of the previously proposed neurophysiological concept of apnea of prematurity.", "PMID": 668722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12314", "title": "Postmortem tissue and plasma concentrations of digoxin in newborns and infants.", "content": "Postmortem tissue and plasma concentrations of digoxin were studied in 13 premature newborns, 6 mature newborns, and 5 older infants (age 1 to 14 months). The pertinent results of our study are as follows: The tissue digoxin concentrations tend to be higher in premature and mature newborns than in infants. This difference is statisitcally significant with respect to the concentration in myocardium and skeletal muscle. The renal digoxin concentration of premature newborns is significantly lower than that of mature newborns, the tissue concentrations in the other organs examined being essentially equal. In all age groups examined, skeletal muscle contains the greatest portion of digoxin, followed by the liver. The relation of myocardial to plasma digoxin concentration shows no significant difference between the various age groups. Within the groups, the variation is relatively large.", "contents": "Postmortem tissue and plasma concentrations of digoxin in newborns and infants. Postmortem tissue and plasma concentrations of digoxin were studied in 13 premature newborns, 6 mature newborns, and 5 older infants (age 1 to 14 months). The pertinent results of our study are as follows: The tissue digoxin concentrations tend to be higher in premature and mature newborns than in infants. This difference is statisitcally significant with respect to the concentration in myocardium and skeletal muscle. The renal digoxin concentration of premature newborns is significantly lower than that of mature newborns, the tissue concentrations in the other organs examined being essentially equal. In all age groups examined, skeletal muscle contains the greatest portion of digoxin, followed by the liver. The relation of myocardial to plasma digoxin concentration shows no significant difference between the various age groups. Within the groups, the variation is relatively large.", "PMID": 668723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12315", "title": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and epinephrine on newborn platelets.", "content": "Blood levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and epinephrine are increased in conditions such as severe hypoxia, and hypovolemic or septic shock. The effect of these agents, which influence the blood coagulation system, were studied in vitro on platelets from newborns. 5-HT was determined in platelets from 18 newborns and 28 adults. The 5-HT content was 0.305 +/- 0.144 microgram/10(9) platelets in newborns and 0.675 +/- 0.212 microgram/10(9) platelets in the adult controls, a difference which is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The 5-HT content of newborn platelets proved to be higher than that reported in the literature. Further studies on platelet aggregation due to 5-HT and epinephrine were then carried out. These demonstrated first-phase aggregation in 40% of cases when both 5-HT and epinephrine were applied simultaneously, while in the majority of the newborns no reaction was encountered when each of these substances was applied separately. However, in 2 cases, simultaneous application of 5-HT and epinephrine produced both first- and second-phase platelet aggregation. The reduced response of the platelets in the newborn to these aggregating agents can be considered as a protection against disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), particularly in high-risk situations.", "contents": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and epinephrine on newborn platelets. Blood levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and epinephrine are increased in conditions such as severe hypoxia, and hypovolemic or septic shock. The effect of these agents, which influence the blood coagulation system, were studied in vitro on platelets from newborns. 5-HT was determined in platelets from 18 newborns and 28 adults. The 5-HT content was 0.305 +/- 0.144 microgram/10(9) platelets in newborns and 0.675 +/- 0.212 microgram/10(9) platelets in the adult controls, a difference which is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The 5-HT content of newborn platelets proved to be higher than that reported in the literature. Further studies on platelet aggregation due to 5-HT and epinephrine were then carried out. These demonstrated first-phase aggregation in 40% of cases when both 5-HT and epinephrine were applied simultaneously, while in the majority of the newborns no reaction was encountered when each of these substances was applied separately. However, in 2 cases, simultaneous application of 5-HT and epinephrine produced both first- and second-phase platelet aggregation. The reduced response of the platelets in the newborn to these aggregating agents can be considered as a protection against disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), particularly in high-risk situations.", "PMID": 668724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12316", "title": "Clinical and aortographic assessment of the complications of arterial catheterization.", "content": "Catheterization of the umbilical artery for the treatment of critically ill neonates provides a convenient method for monitoring blood gas tension and chemistry. The most important complications are thrombotic. Thirty eight aortographs were carried out in infants who underwent umbilical artery catheterization. 17/38 of the aortographs were pathological. Bacterial cultures were positive in 11/17, but only 4 coincided with pathological aortographs. Clinical signs indicating complications due to the presence of the catheter wwere observed in 10 cases. Post-mortem examination of eight subjects--three of whom had pathological aortographs--during the course of the investigation revealed only one case of thrombosis. This baby was considered to have died as a direct result of a thrombotic complication. In our experience the clinical signs of vascular complications and evaluation of the peripheral circulation in the ipsilateral leg remain the most important ways of assessing the indication for catheter-withdrawal.", "contents": "Clinical and aortographic assessment of the complications of arterial catheterization. Catheterization of the umbilical artery for the treatment of critically ill neonates provides a convenient method for monitoring blood gas tension and chemistry. The most important complications are thrombotic. Thirty eight aortographs were carried out in infants who underwent umbilical artery catheterization. 17/38 of the aortographs were pathological. Bacterial cultures were positive in 11/17, but only 4 coincided with pathological aortographs. Clinical signs indicating complications due to the presence of the catheter wwere observed in 10 cases. Post-mortem examination of eight subjects--three of whom had pathological aortographs--during the course of the investigation revealed only one case of thrombosis. This baby was considered to have died as a direct result of a thrombotic complication. In our experience the clinical signs of vascular complications and evaluation of the peripheral circulation in the ipsilateral leg remain the most important ways of assessing the indication for catheter-withdrawal.", "PMID": 668725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12317", "title": "Interrelation of maternal and foetal glucose and free fatty acids. The role of insulin and glucagon.", "content": "At birth there is a statistically significant correlation between the maternal blood sugar and the umbilical venous and arterial blood glucose. The glucose concentration in the mother is higher than in the umbilical vein, and in the latter higher than in the umbilical artery. The free fatty acids also show a falling gradient from the mother to the umbilical vein and artery. This supports the assumption that glucose and FFA pass the placenta from the mother to the foetus. Insulin concentration is significantly higher in the mother than in the cord blood. There is however no difference between umbilical venous and arterial plasma insulin. A statistically significant correlation between glucose and insulin is only demonstrable in the maternal blood. Glucagon levels are about the same in maternal and umbilical arterial blood, but are significantly higher in umbilical venous blood. These results are consistent with the supposition that insulin and glucagon do not cross the placenta to a significant extent and can be synthesised by the foetus. In the first few hours after birth, a fall of glucose and a rise in FFA occur at the same time. Insulin tends to be lower than at birth and glucagon rises.", "contents": "Interrelation of maternal and foetal glucose and free fatty acids. The role of insulin and glucagon. At birth there is a statistically significant correlation between the maternal blood sugar and the umbilical venous and arterial blood glucose. The glucose concentration in the mother is higher than in the umbilical vein, and in the latter higher than in the umbilical artery. The free fatty acids also show a falling gradient from the mother to the umbilical vein and artery. This supports the assumption that glucose and FFA pass the placenta from the mother to the foetus. Insulin concentration is significantly higher in the mother than in the cord blood. There is however no difference between umbilical venous and arterial plasma insulin. A statistically significant correlation between glucose and insulin is only demonstrable in the maternal blood. Glucagon levels are about the same in maternal and umbilical arterial blood, but are significantly higher in umbilical venous blood. These results are consistent with the supposition that insulin and glucagon do not cross the placenta to a significant extent and can be synthesised by the foetus. In the first few hours after birth, a fall of glucose and a rise in FFA occur at the same time. Insulin tends to be lower than at birth and glucagon rises.", "PMID": 668726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12318", "title": "Excretion of 2-methyl-3-oxovaleric acid in propionic acidemia.", "content": "A new case of propionic acidemia is presented, paying special attention to the early symptoms of this disease, such as increased drowsiness, muscular hypotonia, poor feeding, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, ketonuria and vomiting. Investigation by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the excretion of fairly high amounts of 2-methyl-3-oxovaleric acid, a condensation product of two molecules of propionyl-CoA, as well as the known pathological metabolites such as propionic, 3-hydroxypropionic and methylcitric acids. Among the post mortem findings the histological studies of the liver were the most remarkable.", "contents": "Excretion of 2-methyl-3-oxovaleric acid in propionic acidemia. A new case of propionic acidemia is presented, paying special attention to the early symptoms of this disease, such as increased drowsiness, muscular hypotonia, poor feeding, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, ketonuria and vomiting. Investigation by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the excretion of fairly high amounts of 2-methyl-3-oxovaleric acid, a condensation product of two molecules of propionyl-CoA, as well as the known pathological metabolites such as propionic, 3-hydroxypropionic and methylcitric acids. Among the post mortem findings the histological studies of the liver were the most remarkable.", "PMID": 668727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12319", "title": "Recurrent aphasia with subclinical bioelectric status epilepticus during sleep.", "content": "We present a six years follow up of a 6 1/2 year-old boy with recurrent aphasia, sporadic emotional regression and a convulsive disorder. The electroencephalogram reading during sleep showed continuous, generalized, hypersynchronous activity without clinical evidence of seizure (\"subclinical bioelectric status epilepticus\"). Clinical, laboratory and instrumental data revealed no evidence of a morphological lesion of the brain, either space-occupying, inflammatory, degenerative, or autoimmune. Remissions occured with and without anticonvulsant and steroid therapy. The hypothetical location, type, and etiology of the process are discussed. The syndrome appears to represent a functional disorganisation of speech-controlling areas of the brain.", "contents": "Recurrent aphasia with subclinical bioelectric status epilepticus during sleep. We present a six years follow up of a 6 1/2 year-old boy with recurrent aphasia, sporadic emotional regression and a convulsive disorder. The electroencephalogram reading during sleep showed continuous, generalized, hypersynchronous activity without clinical evidence of seizure (\"subclinical bioelectric status epilepticus\"). Clinical, laboratory and instrumental data revealed no evidence of a morphological lesion of the brain, either space-occupying, inflammatory, degenerative, or autoimmune. Remissions occured with and without anticonvulsant and steroid therapy. The hypothetical location, type, and etiology of the process are discussed. The syndrome appears to represent a functional disorganisation of speech-controlling areas of the brain.", "PMID": 668728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12320", "title": "The selenium state of children. II. Selenium content of serum, whole blood, hair and the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in dietetically treated patients with phenylketonuria and maple-syrup-urine disease.", "content": "The selenium content of serum, whole blood and hair was measured by neutron activation analysis in dietetically treated patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and maple-syrup-urine disease (MSUD). Follow-up studies showed a decrease of the serum selenium content and the glutathione peroxidase activity of erythrocytes--a selenoenzyme--from normal values at the beginning of the diet to 20% (selenium) and 50% (gluthione peroxidase) of normal within 10--12 weeks of dietary treatment. In 36 patients the serum selenium content was lower at 6.7--28 X 10(-9) g/ml, independent of the age of the patients (0.5 to 10 years). The selenium content of whole blood was reduced: median = 98 X 10(-9) g/g dry weight; range 75 to 165 X 10(-9) g/g dry weitht (healthy children: median = 381 X 10(-9) g/g dry weight; range 245 to 588 X 10(-9) g/g dry weight). The selenium content of hair was markedly lower in the patients (median = 62 X 10(-9) g/g; range 13--140 X 10(-9) g/g) than in healthy children (median = 429; range 213 to 720 X 10(-9) g/g). The mean glutathione peroxidase activity of erythrocytes was reduced to 4.6 +/- 0.64 U37/g Hb, comparison to normal values (mean = 8.8 +/- 0.88 U37/g Hb).", "contents": "The selenium state of children. II. Selenium content of serum, whole blood, hair and the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in dietetically treated patients with phenylketonuria and maple-syrup-urine disease. The selenium content of serum, whole blood and hair was measured by neutron activation analysis in dietetically treated patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and maple-syrup-urine disease (MSUD). Follow-up studies showed a decrease of the serum selenium content and the glutathione peroxidase activity of erythrocytes--a selenoenzyme--from normal values at the beginning of the diet to 20% (selenium) and 50% (gluthione peroxidase) of normal within 10--12 weeks of dietary treatment. In 36 patients the serum selenium content was lower at 6.7--28 X 10(-9) g/ml, independent of the age of the patients (0.5 to 10 years). The selenium content of whole blood was reduced: median = 98 X 10(-9) g/g dry weight; range 75 to 165 X 10(-9) g/g dry weitht (healthy children: median = 381 X 10(-9) g/g dry weight; range 245 to 588 X 10(-9) g/g dry weight). The selenium content of hair was markedly lower in the patients (median = 62 X 10(-9) g/g; range 13--140 X 10(-9) g/g) than in healthy children (median = 429; range 213 to 720 X 10(-9) g/g). The mean glutathione peroxidase activity of erythrocytes was reduced to 4.6 +/- 0.64 U37/g Hb, comparison to normal values (mean = 8.8 +/- 0.88 U37/g Hb).", "PMID": 668729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12321", "title": "Argininosuccinic aciduria: metabolic studies and effects of treatment with keto-analogues of essential amino acids.", "content": "A 22 years old female with the late-onset of argininosuccinic aciduria was successfully treated for 5 months with a mixture of essential amino acids and their keto-analogues. There was a marked change in plasma ammonia, plasma amino acids and argininosuccinic acid excretion. A long term anabolic response was reflected by an increase of total serum proteins and serum albumin by about 1 g/dl during the first 5 months of treatment. There was a striking improvement in the patient's seizure disorder following institution of the keto-analogue therapy.", "contents": "Argininosuccinic aciduria: metabolic studies and effects of treatment with keto-analogues of essential amino acids. A 22 years old female with the late-onset of argininosuccinic aciduria was successfully treated for 5 months with a mixture of essential amino acids and their keto-analogues. There was a marked change in plasma ammonia, plasma amino acids and argininosuccinic acid excretion. A long term anabolic response was reflected by an increase of total serum proteins and serum albumin by about 1 g/dl during the first 5 months of treatment. There was a striking improvement in the patient's seizure disorder following institution of the keto-analogue therapy.", "PMID": 668730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12322", "title": "Cry analysis in infants with severe malnutrition.", "content": "Sound spectrographic investigations of the cries of 5 infants, age 7 m to 2 y, with severe malnutrition (one with kwashiorkor and four with marasmus) were compared with the cries of 15 healthy children of corresponding age. The cry of the child with kwashiorkor resembled those of the normal infants. The cries of the marasmic children showed a significant increase in the minimum and maximum pitch, and the occurrence of biphonation and flat melody types. These features have also been found in the cries of children with brain damage. We therefore believe that cry and analysis can be an additional means of investigating to what degree the brain is affected in children with malnutrition.", "contents": "Cry analysis in infants with severe malnutrition. Sound spectrographic investigations of the cries of 5 infants, age 7 m to 2 y, with severe malnutrition (one with kwashiorkor and four with marasmus) were compared with the cries of 15 healthy children of corresponding age. The cry of the child with kwashiorkor resembled those of the normal infants. The cries of the marasmic children showed a significant increase in the minimum and maximum pitch, and the occurrence of biphonation and flat melody types. These features have also been found in the cries of children with brain damage. We therefore believe that cry and analysis can be an additional means of investigating to what degree the brain is affected in children with malnutrition.", "PMID": 668731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12323", "title": "Structure and closure mechanism of the human umbilical artery.", "content": "The structure of the fully-patent umbical artery and rearrangement of its structural elements with postnatal closure were examined 10 centimeter long umbilical cord segments which were double-clamped at different time intervals after delivery. The fully-patent umbilical artery consists of two main layers: an outer layer of circularly arrange smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant metachromatic ground substance. No predominantly longitudinal arrangements of cells and fibers reported by earlier investigators could be identified in the inner layer. Closure of the umbilical arteries is initiated by numerous localized contractions which are mainly formed by muscle cells of the outer circular layer. Ultimate closure of larger segments of the umbilical arteries is also mainly produced by contractions of the outer layer. In contrast, the inner layer (which is rich in ground substance) seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete closure. Electron microscopy reveals that the cells of this layer represent rather poorly differentiated smooth muscle cells which contain only a few tiny myofilaments and can therefore hardly contribute actively to the process of closure.", "contents": "Structure and closure mechanism of the human umbilical artery. The structure of the fully-patent umbical artery and rearrangement of its structural elements with postnatal closure were examined 10 centimeter long umbilical cord segments which were double-clamped at different time intervals after delivery. The fully-patent umbilical artery consists of two main layers: an outer layer of circularly arrange smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant metachromatic ground substance. No predominantly longitudinal arrangements of cells and fibers reported by earlier investigators could be identified in the inner layer. Closure of the umbilical arteries is initiated by numerous localized contractions which are mainly formed by muscle cells of the outer circular layer. Ultimate closure of larger segments of the umbilical arteries is also mainly produced by contractions of the outer layer. In contrast, the inner layer (which is rich in ground substance) seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete closure. Electron microscopy reveals that the cells of this layer represent rather poorly differentiated smooth muscle cells which contain only a few tiny myofilaments and can therefore hardly contribute actively to the process of closure.", "PMID": 668732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12324", "title": "Attempted dietary treatment of a boy with hyperammonemia due to ornithine transferase deficiency.", "content": "Dietary treatment of a male patient suffering from the delayed-onset type of OCT deficiency was attempted. Control of the hyperammonemia was attempted by restriction of protein intake, guided by monitoring the plasma ammonia and regular checking of the serum amino acid levels. The influence of supplementary citric acid or lactulose therapy on the plasma ammonia level was investigated and found to be negligible. The therapeutic effect of supplying ornithine and arginine (an essential amino acid in urea cycle disorders) is described. Despite intensive dietary treatment over two and a half years, a incorrigible hyperammonemic crisis resulted in the sudden death of our patient.", "contents": "Attempted dietary treatment of a boy with hyperammonemia due to ornithine transferase deficiency. Dietary treatment of a male patient suffering from the delayed-onset type of OCT deficiency was attempted. Control of the hyperammonemia was attempted by restriction of protein intake, guided by monitoring the plasma ammonia and regular checking of the serum amino acid levels. The influence of supplementary citric acid or lactulose therapy on the plasma ammonia level was investigated and found to be negligible. The therapeutic effect of supplying ornithine and arginine (an essential amino acid in urea cycle disorders) is described. Despite intensive dietary treatment over two and a half years, a incorrigible hyperammonemic crisis resulted in the sudden death of our patient.", "PMID": 668733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12325", "title": "A biochemical basis for grouping of patients with urolithiasis.", "content": "The urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, oxalate, creatinine, phosphate and urate was investigated in patients with urolithiasis and in normal subjects. The excretion of oxalate and urate per mole creatinine and the quotients calcium/magnesium, calcium X oxalate/magnesium and calcium X oxalate/(magnesium X creatinine) were significantly higher in stone formers than in normal subjects. The mean creatinine-correlated urinary excretion of calcium was higher and of magnesium lower in patients with urolithiasis, but the differences were statistically not significant. The urine investigation was supplemented with analysis of calcium, magnesium, creatinine, urate, bicarbonate and chloride in serum and a qualitative analysis of stone composition. A simple schedule for a biochemical grouping of patients with urolithiasis is presented and on the basis of the analytical findings it was possible to classify 67% of patients with so-called 'idiopathic stone disease' according to these principles.", "contents": "A biochemical basis for grouping of patients with urolithiasis. The urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, oxalate, creatinine, phosphate and urate was investigated in patients with urolithiasis and in normal subjects. The excretion of oxalate and urate per mole creatinine and the quotients calcium/magnesium, calcium X oxalate/magnesium and calcium X oxalate/(magnesium X creatinine) were significantly higher in stone formers than in normal subjects. The mean creatinine-correlated urinary excretion of calcium was higher and of magnesium lower in patients with urolithiasis, but the differences were statistically not significant. The urine investigation was supplemented with analysis of calcium, magnesium, creatinine, urate, bicarbonate and chloride in serum and a qualitative analysis of stone composition. A simple schedule for a biochemical grouping of patients with urolithiasis is presented and on the basis of the analytical findings it was possible to classify 67% of patients with so-called 'idiopathic stone disease' according to these principles.", "PMID": 668734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12326", "title": "Active specific immunotherapy of advanced renal-cell carcinoma.", "content": "The results of a specific active immunotherapy method following palliative nephrectomy in 31 patients suffering from advanced renal-cell carcinoma are presented. The control patient group comprised of 23 comparable cases, who did not receive immunotherapy. The minimum follow-up time for any patient is 4 years. The statistical 5-year survival rate of the immunotherapy group is 23.6% (SE = 7.8). 7 patients are still alive. The 5-year survival rate of the control group is 4.3% (SE = 4.3), without a single survival. The difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). No side effects were noted from this form of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Active specific immunotherapy of advanced renal-cell carcinoma. The results of a specific active immunotherapy method following palliative nephrectomy in 31 patients suffering from advanced renal-cell carcinoma are presented. The control patient group comprised of 23 comparable cases, who did not receive immunotherapy. The minimum follow-up time for any patient is 4 years. The statistical 5-year survival rate of the immunotherapy group is 23.6% (SE = 7.8). 7 patients are still alive. The 5-year survival rate of the control group is 4.3% (SE = 4.3), without a single survival. The difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). No side effects were noted from this form of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 668735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12327", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of leucoplakia of the renal pelvis.", "content": "2 cases of leucoplakia of the renal pelvis are reported. In the first one the diagnosis was established after nephrectomy and histological examination of the specimen. In the second one it was suspected on urine examination and was confirmed on histology. The current aspects about its cause and the difficulties concerning its diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of leucoplakia of the renal pelvis. 2 cases of leucoplakia of the renal pelvis are reported. In the first one the diagnosis was established after nephrectomy and histological examination of the specimen. In the second one it was suspected on urine examination and was confirmed on histology. The current aspects about its cause and the difficulties concerning its diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 668736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12328", "title": "Treatment of renal tuberculosis. II. Microbiological study of 271 renal tuberculous cavities.", "content": "271 renal cavities from 94 nephrectomies were studied with fluorescence stain and Lowenstein-Jensen medium cultures. The degree of the sterilization of the lesions is demonstrated by the existence of Koch's bacilli into the cavities. The latter have been classified in different development stages according to their contents and the histological aspect of the wall. The results of this study showed that a reduced healing time allows a better conservation of the parenchyma. The in vivo rifampicin + isoniazid + ethambutol association produces the best and quickest stabilization of the cavities.", "contents": "Treatment of renal tuberculosis. II. Microbiological study of 271 renal tuberculous cavities. 271 renal cavities from 94 nephrectomies were studied with fluorescence stain and Lowenstein-Jensen medium cultures. The degree of the sterilization of the lesions is demonstrated by the existence of Koch's bacilli into the cavities. The latter have been classified in different development stages according to their contents and the histological aspect of the wall. The results of this study showed that a reduced healing time allows a better conservation of the parenchyma. The in vivo rifampicin + isoniazid + ethambutol association produces the best and quickest stabilization of the cavities.", "PMID": 668738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12329", "title": "Eosinophilic cystitis.", "content": "4 cases of eosinophilic granulomatous cystitis are reported. The clinical presentation of this rare entity is disucssed. It is suggested that the lesion is probably akin to eosinophilic enteritis or eosinophilic granuloma of the gastrointestinal tract and represents a local intense allergic reaction of eosinophilic type. The causative agents are yet to be identified. Management by an allergist is suggested as a first line of treatment as it appears that the bladder lesions are usually too extensive for local resection.", "contents": "Eosinophilic cystitis. 4 cases of eosinophilic granulomatous cystitis are reported. The clinical presentation of this rare entity is disucssed. It is suggested that the lesion is probably akin to eosinophilic enteritis or eosinophilic granuloma of the gastrointestinal tract and represents a local intense allergic reaction of eosinophilic type. The causative agents are yet to be identified. Management by an allergist is suggested as a first line of treatment as it appears that the bladder lesions are usually too extensive for local resection.", "PMID": 668739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12330", "title": "Retrocaval ureter.", "content": "3 cases of retrocaval ureter (one of them presenting multiple urological anomalies) are discussed. In the presence of hydronephrosis, early operative reposition of the ureter is essential. Provided that the condition is diagnosed before extreme renal deterioration, the surgical repair can salvage remaining renal function.", "contents": "Retrocaval ureter. 3 cases of retrocaval ureter (one of them presenting multiple urological anomalies) are discussed. In the presence of hydronephrosis, early operative reposition of the ureter is essential. Provided that the condition is diagnosed before extreme renal deterioration, the surgical repair can salvage remaining renal function.", "PMID": 668740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12331", "title": "Percutaneous nephrostomy. Aspects on applications and technique.", "content": "Percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in 32 patients: in 8 patients for permanent and in 24 for temporary drainage. The most common indication was obstruction of the distal ureter due to malignancy. Puncture of the renal pelvis was performed with the aid of fluoroscopy and/or ultrasound. Change to larger catheters was achieved using the Seldinger technique. Complications in the form of bleeding occurred in 5 patients and were in conjunction with repuncture after the initial catheter had slipped out, or occured in connection with change to larger catheters. With the routine use of ultrasound and specially designed catheters the method should be an effective alternative to operative nephrostomy also in the nonemergency patient.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephrostomy. Aspects on applications and technique. Percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in 32 patients: in 8 patients for permanent and in 24 for temporary drainage. The most common indication was obstruction of the distal ureter due to malignancy. Puncture of the renal pelvis was performed with the aid of fluoroscopy and/or ultrasound. Change to larger catheters was achieved using the Seldinger technique. Complications in the form of bleeding occurred in 5 patients and were in conjunction with repuncture after the initial catheter had slipped out, or occured in connection with change to larger catheters. With the routine use of ultrasound and specially designed catheters the method should be an effective alternative to operative nephrostomy also in the nonemergency patient.", "PMID": 668741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12332", "title": "Analysis of urinary calculi formed by Nigerians.", "content": "50 stones formed by Nigerians were analysed using a combination of qualitative chemical analysis, and petrographic analysis with the Reichert Model NR 333 254, polarization microscope. The Bausch and Lomb binocular dissecting microscope was used for macroscopic examination of the specimens and for taking samples from the 'nucleus', inner and outer surfaces of the stones, for analysis. The results showed that calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate accounted for 64% of the stones, calcium oxalate for 28% while uric acid accounted for 8%. This is in contrast to modern times Caucasian stones which are predominantly calcium oxalate. There appears to be a greater tendency for Nigerians to form large staghorn calculi than small stones that can passed spontaneously. The phosphate stones are known to be related to infection in the urinary tract. The findings on the composition of these calculi correlate with the previous findings of a high incidence of obstruction and infection in Nigerian patients with urinary calculi.", "contents": "Analysis of urinary calculi formed by Nigerians. 50 stones formed by Nigerians were analysed using a combination of qualitative chemical analysis, and petrographic analysis with the Reichert Model NR 333 254, polarization microscope. The Bausch and Lomb binocular dissecting microscope was used for macroscopic examination of the specimens and for taking samples from the 'nucleus', inner and outer surfaces of the stones, for analysis. The results showed that calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate accounted for 64% of the stones, calcium oxalate for 28% while uric acid accounted for 8%. This is in contrast to modern times Caucasian stones which are predominantly calcium oxalate. There appears to be a greater tendency for Nigerians to form large staghorn calculi than small stones that can passed spontaneously. The phosphate stones are known to be related to infection in the urinary tract. The findings on the composition of these calculi correlate with the previous findings of a high incidence of obstruction and infection in Nigerian patients with urinary calculi.", "PMID": 668742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12333", "title": "Air cystometry at different flow rates.", "content": "Air cystometry was performed with 3 different flow rates in patients suffering from different bladder diseases. To demonstrate neurogenic bladder disorder a flow rate of 75 ml/min was recommended.", "contents": "Air cystometry at different flow rates. Air cystometry was performed with 3 different flow rates in patients suffering from different bladder diseases. To demonstrate neurogenic bladder disorder a flow rate of 75 ml/min was recommended.", "PMID": 668743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12334", "title": "Growth retardation of calcium oxalate by sodium copper chlorophyllin.", "content": "Earlier reports from our laboratories described the inhibitory effect of Mg++ and pyrophosphate on the dissolution and growth of calcium oxalate. In this report, growth of Ca oxalate in presence of very low concentration of chlorophyllin was followed by the Coulter counter and a multichannel analyser. The effect of chlorophyllin concentration on crystal formation was studied at different levels of supersaturation. A concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml produced a remarkable retardation of the induction period and the growth rate. The findings obtained in this study are discussed in the light of the crystal poisoning theory. Comparison was made between chlorophyllin and other growth inhibitors.", "contents": "Growth retardation of calcium oxalate by sodium copper chlorophyllin. Earlier reports from our laboratories described the inhibitory effect of Mg++ and pyrophosphate on the dissolution and growth of calcium oxalate. In this report, growth of Ca oxalate in presence of very low concentration of chlorophyllin was followed by the Coulter counter and a multichannel analyser. The effect of chlorophyllin concentration on crystal formation was studied at different levels of supersaturation. A concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml produced a remarkable retardation of the induction period and the growth rate. The findings obtained in this study are discussed in the light of the crystal poisoning theory. Comparison was made between chlorophyllin and other growth inhibitors.", "PMID": 668744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12335", "title": "Balloon catheter dilatation of renal artery stenosis in the dog. A preliminary report.", "content": "Renal artery stenosis was successfully created in 2 out 3 dogs using a nonsurgical, percutaneous and intra-arterial technique. In both instances, it was possible to reduce the stenosis by dilatation with a balloon catheter. The possible clinical implications of this technique are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Balloon catheter dilatation of renal artery stenosis in the dog. A preliminary report. Renal artery stenosis was successfully created in 2 out 3 dogs using a nonsurgical, percutaneous and intra-arterial technique. In both instances, it was possible to reduce the stenosis by dilatation with a balloon catheter. The possible clinical implications of this technique are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 668745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12336", "title": "Recto-urethral fistula. Treatment by abdomino-perineal pull-through resection of the rectum.", "content": "4 patients with difficult and longlasting recto-urethral fistulas were treated by abdominoperineal pull-through resection of the rectum. Primary closure of the fistula occurred in all cases. We suggest that this operative technique should be taken into consideration in cases of difficult rectourthral fistulas.", "contents": "Recto-urethral fistula. Treatment by abdomino-perineal pull-through resection of the rectum. 4 patients with difficult and longlasting recto-urethral fistulas were treated by abdominoperineal pull-through resection of the rectum. Primary closure of the fistula occurred in all cases. We suggest that this operative technique should be taken into consideration in cases of difficult rectourthral fistulas.", "PMID": 668746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12337", "title": "Intrarenal teratoma in a newborn child.", "content": "A case of intrarenal teratoma in a newborn child is reported. The scarcity as well as the clinical and radiological signs of this lesion are emphasized and the difficulties to distinguish it from a nephroblastoma are analyzed. Solid intrarenal tumours in the infant and the newborn child are in nearly all cases nephroblastomas. All other types of solid tumours (benign or malignant) are exceptional. This induces us to report the present case.", "contents": "Intrarenal teratoma in a newborn child. A case of intrarenal teratoma in a newborn child is reported. The scarcity as well as the clinical and radiological signs of this lesion are emphasized and the difficulties to distinguish it from a nephroblastoma are analyzed. Solid intrarenal tumours in the infant and the newborn child are in nearly all cases nephroblastomas. All other types of solid tumours (benign or malignant) are exceptional. This induces us to report the present case.", "PMID": 668747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12338", "title": "Successful surgical repair of solitus, dextrocardia, atrioventricular discordance, and double outlet right ventricle with l-malposition of the aorta.", "content": "The authors report a rare case of situs solitus of viscera and atria, dextrocardia, atrioventricular discordance, atrial and ventricular septal defects, origin of both great arteries from the morphologic right ventricle, pulmonary valvar and subvalvar stenosis and l-malposition of the aorta which has been correctly diagnosed and succesfully operated on. The repair was accomplished by closing the ventricular septal defect through a ventriculotomy in the systemic venous ventricle (morphologic left), and placing a conduit between this ventricle and the pulmonary artery which had been ligated proximally. The conduit was a fresh segment of homograft valved ascending aorta fixed on a Dacron woven tube. The authors discuss: firstly the reasons for performing this type of repair instead of the intraventricular one recommended by the Mayo Clinic group in the past and secondly the peculiar location of the conducting tissue and the method of avoiding it when approaching the ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "Successful surgical repair of solitus, dextrocardia, atrioventricular discordance, and double outlet right ventricle with l-malposition of the aorta. The authors report a rare case of situs solitus of viscera and atria, dextrocardia, atrioventricular discordance, atrial and ventricular septal defects, origin of both great arteries from the morphologic right ventricle, pulmonary valvar and subvalvar stenosis and l-malposition of the aorta which has been correctly diagnosed and succesfully operated on. The repair was accomplished by closing the ventricular septal defect through a ventriculotomy in the systemic venous ventricle (morphologic left), and placing a conduit between this ventricle and the pulmonary artery which had been ligated proximally. The conduit was a fresh segment of homograft valved ascending aorta fixed on a Dacron woven tube. The authors discuss: firstly the reasons for performing this type of repair instead of the intraventricular one recommended by the Mayo Clinic group in the past and secondly the peculiar location of the conducting tissue and the method of avoiding it when approaching the ventricular septal defect.", "PMID": 668749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12339", "title": "The effects of the d- and l-optical isomers of propranolol on the ventricular fibrillation threshold.", "content": "The minimum current required to induce ventricular fibrillation was determined in 22 sodium pentobarbital anesthetized open chest dogs in the presence of the d- or l-isomers of propranolol at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg. The hearts were paced from the right atrium at a constant basic cycle length of 350 msec and the current was delivered during the vulnerable period to the right ventricle as a 120 msec train of 4 msec square wave pulses at 100 Hz. The l-isomer of propranolol increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) above control values at all concentrations; the maximum increase ranged from 17.8 to greater than 420.8% change from control. In contrast, the d-isomer caused only a small increase in the ventricular fibrillation threshold with the maximum increase ranging between 14.0 and 65.2% change from control. The maximum increase in VFT for the racemic mixture of propranolol was 44.7 to greater than 500.0% above control and was similar to the l-isomer alone. Since the beta-blocking potency of the l-isomer is 100 times the potency of the d-isomer we conclude that propranolol's action in increasing the ventricular fibrillation threshold is dependent on its beta-blocking effect.", "contents": "The effects of the d- and l-optical isomers of propranolol on the ventricular fibrillation threshold. The minimum current required to induce ventricular fibrillation was determined in 22 sodium pentobarbital anesthetized open chest dogs in the presence of the d- or l-isomers of propranolol at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg. The hearts were paced from the right atrium at a constant basic cycle length of 350 msec and the current was delivered during the vulnerable period to the right ventricle as a 120 msec train of 4 msec square wave pulses at 100 Hz. The l-isomer of propranolol increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) above control values at all concentrations; the maximum increase ranged from 17.8 to greater than 420.8% change from control. In contrast, the d-isomer caused only a small increase in the ventricular fibrillation threshold with the maximum increase ranging between 14.0 and 65.2% change from control. The maximum increase in VFT for the racemic mixture of propranolol was 44.7 to greater than 500.0% above control and was similar to the l-isomer alone. Since the beta-blocking potency of the l-isomer is 100 times the potency of the d-isomer we conclude that propranolol's action in increasing the ventricular fibrillation threshold is dependent on its beta-blocking effect.", "PMID": 668750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12340", "title": "Cardiac filling pressures in acute inferior myocardial infarction with and without right ventricular involvement.", "content": "Right heart and pulmonary artery pressures were measured in 28 patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction, 12 of whom also had ECG evidence of right ventricular involvement (RVI). Those with RVI had significantly higher mean right-sided filling pressures 9.3 mm Hg, SD +/- 4.5 than those without RVI, 4.3 mm Hg, SD +/- 1.9. A steeper relationship between right ventricular enddiastolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures was seen in patients with RVI in contrast to those without, where no marked rise in right-sided filling pressures with increasing mean pulmonary artery pressures was seen.", "contents": "Cardiac filling pressures in acute inferior myocardial infarction with and without right ventricular involvement. Right heart and pulmonary artery pressures were measured in 28 patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction, 12 of whom also had ECG evidence of right ventricular involvement (RVI). Those with RVI had significantly higher mean right-sided filling pressures 9.3 mm Hg, SD +/- 4.5 than those without RVI, 4.3 mm Hg, SD +/- 1.9. A steeper relationship between right ventricular enddiastolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures was seen in patients with RVI in contrast to those without, where no marked rise in right-sided filling pressures with increasing mean pulmonary artery pressures was seen.", "PMID": 668751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12341", "title": "Right and left ventricular flow during mechanical alternans.", "content": "Pulmonary and aortic blood flow simultaneous with right and left ventricular isometric tension were measured in anesthetized dogs during mechanical alternans induced by rapid atrial driving. It was found that any steady state of mechanical alternation can be altered to another steady state by a single premature or delayed beat. The relationship between the force of the alternating beats was not necessarily equal in the two ventricles. Pulmonary and aortic flow changed markedly with changing steady states of mechanical alternation, at the same heart rate, within wide range of flow levels. Moreover, inequality between the mechanical alternation of the two ventricles was at times associated with disparity of aortic and pulmonic flow. The possible mechanism and clinical significance have been mentioned.", "contents": "Right and left ventricular flow during mechanical alternans. Pulmonary and aortic blood flow simultaneous with right and left ventricular isometric tension were measured in anesthetized dogs during mechanical alternans induced by rapid atrial driving. It was found that any steady state of mechanical alternation can be altered to another steady state by a single premature or delayed beat. The relationship between the force of the alternating beats was not necessarily equal in the two ventricles. Pulmonary and aortic flow changed markedly with changing steady states of mechanical alternation, at the same heart rate, within wide range of flow levels. Moreover, inequality between the mechanical alternation of the two ventricles was at times associated with disparity of aortic and pulmonic flow. The possible mechanism and clinical significance have been mentioned.", "PMID": 668752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12342", "title": "The recurrence risk in congenital heart disease.", "content": "We have studied 1148 'isolated\" cases of congenital heart disease, taken from a general series of 1255 cases. The recurrence risk ranged from 0.9% for relatives of male cases of VSD and for female cases of aortic stenosis to 10.5% for relatives of female cases of atrioventricularis communis; mean value 2.5%. Heritability ranged from 50% to 95%, mean 65%. Full concordance was more frequent in 1st-degree relatives of Fallot's tetralogy patients, while discordance was common in more distant relatives. We propose a hypothesis of several overlapping polygenic systems for the causation of CHD.", "contents": "The recurrence risk in congenital heart disease. We have studied 1148 'isolated\" cases of congenital heart disease, taken from a general series of 1255 cases. The recurrence risk ranged from 0.9% for relatives of male cases of VSD and for female cases of aortic stenosis to 10.5% for relatives of female cases of atrioventricularis communis; mean value 2.5%. Heritability ranged from 50% to 95%, mean 65%. Full concordance was more frequent in 1st-degree relatives of Fallot's tetralogy patients, while discordance was common in more distant relatives. We propose a hypothesis of several overlapping polygenic systems for the causation of CHD.", "PMID": 668753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12343", "title": "Computer prediction of left ventricular complicance throughout diastole in normal patients.", "content": "This study deals with the development of a computer program to predict instantaneous left ventricular complicance, as defined by the tangent modulus E, throughout diastole. Diastole is divided into discrete time intervals according to the major events which occur: the start of isovolumic relaxation (aortic valve closure), mitral valve opening, the point of minimum left ventricular pressure, the junction of the rapid and slow filling phases, the start of atrial systole, and the peak of the 'a' wave. Each interval is separated into subintervals. Over each subinterval two mechanisms are assumed to operate: myocardial relaxation or contraction producing a pressure change without an accompanying volume change, followed by explansion of the left ventricle at constant pressure. Although these mechanisms occur simultaneously in the intact heart, they are treated sequentially in a multistage computer program that employs the finite element technique to determine the displacements within a thick-walled ellipsoidal shell. The smaller the time interval between successive stages, the closer is the approximation to the actual continous process of myocardial relaxation, contraction, and distension. Diastolic determinants revealed in this investigation are the mechanical properties of the myocardium, the state variables of pressure and volume, and the control variables of wall thickness and cavity size. In isovolumic relaxation, the myocardium relaxes and the ventricular wall thickens to reduce intracavitary pressure. The relaxation process continues and intraventricular pressure falls to a minimum (0-point) while ventricular volume increases after mitral valve opening. In the succeeding phases, excluding atrial systole, ventricular filling pursues, the properties of the myocardium change, there is an increase in tone (possibly due to myocardial contraction), the wall thins and intraventricular pressure rises. Computer prediction shows that at the start of diastole the tangent modulus is approximately 6 times the enddiastolic value, and is nearly 0 at the onset of the slow filling phase. Tangant modulus is a useful index by which to distinguish normal from abnormal patients provided the characteristics of E as a function of time are recognized and compared throughout diastole.", "contents": "Computer prediction of left ventricular complicance throughout diastole in normal patients. This study deals with the development of a computer program to predict instantaneous left ventricular complicance, as defined by the tangent modulus E, throughout diastole. Diastole is divided into discrete time intervals according to the major events which occur: the start of isovolumic relaxation (aortic valve closure), mitral valve opening, the point of minimum left ventricular pressure, the junction of the rapid and slow filling phases, the start of atrial systole, and the peak of the 'a' wave. Each interval is separated into subintervals. Over each subinterval two mechanisms are assumed to operate: myocardial relaxation or contraction producing a pressure change without an accompanying volume change, followed by explansion of the left ventricle at constant pressure. Although these mechanisms occur simultaneously in the intact heart, they are treated sequentially in a multistage computer program that employs the finite element technique to determine the displacements within a thick-walled ellipsoidal shell. The smaller the time interval between successive stages, the closer is the approximation to the actual continous process of myocardial relaxation, contraction, and distension. Diastolic determinants revealed in this investigation are the mechanical properties of the myocardium, the state variables of pressure and volume, and the control variables of wall thickness and cavity size. In isovolumic relaxation, the myocardium relaxes and the ventricular wall thickens to reduce intracavitary pressure. The relaxation process continues and intraventricular pressure falls to a minimum (0-point) while ventricular volume increases after mitral valve opening. In the succeeding phases, excluding atrial systole, ventricular filling pursues, the properties of the myocardium change, there is an increase in tone (possibly due to myocardial contraction), the wall thins and intraventricular pressure rises. Computer prediction shows that at the start of diastole the tangent modulus is approximately 6 times the enddiastolic value, and is nearly 0 at the onset of the slow filling phase. Tangant modulus is a useful index by which to distinguish normal from abnormal patients provided the characteristics of E as a function of time are recognized and compared throughout diastole.", "PMID": 668758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12344", "title": "The influence of acute alterations in coronary blood flow on left ventricular diastolic compliance and wall thickness.", "content": "The extent to which alterations in the coronary blood flow influence left ventricular (LV) diastolic compliance and wall thickness was studied in isolated, isovolumic (balloon in LV), blood perfused dog hearts. Studies were performed at a ventricular volume which was associated with an LV systolic pressure of 100 mm Hg and changes in LV diastolic pressure (at this constant volume) were taken as changes in LV diastolic complicance. When coronary perfusion pressure was reduced to zero (5 min of global ischemia), LV diastolic wall thickness fell from 9.9 +/- 0.9 mm to 9.2 +/- 0.7 mm (P less than 0.01) and LV diastolic pressure fell only 1.3 mm Hg (from 5.5 +/- 1.0 mm Hg to 4.2 +/- 1.1 mm Hg P less than 0.01). In contrast to these findings in 'near normal' ventricles, global ischemia in severely injured hearts (with unphysiologically high diastolic pressures) resulted in marked reductions in diastolic pressure. Thus, moment to moment changes in coronary blood flow can result in alterations in the diastolic properties of the LV. However, these are extreme interventions, and in the clinical setting, changes in coronary dynamics are unlikely to cause significant changes in LV diastolic pressure.", "contents": "The influence of acute alterations in coronary blood flow on left ventricular diastolic compliance and wall thickness. The extent to which alterations in the coronary blood flow influence left ventricular (LV) diastolic compliance and wall thickness was studied in isolated, isovolumic (balloon in LV), blood perfused dog hearts. Studies were performed at a ventricular volume which was associated with an LV systolic pressure of 100 mm Hg and changes in LV diastolic pressure (at this constant volume) were taken as changes in LV diastolic complicance. When coronary perfusion pressure was reduced to zero (5 min of global ischemia), LV diastolic wall thickness fell from 9.9 +/- 0.9 mm to 9.2 +/- 0.7 mm (P less than 0.01) and LV diastolic pressure fell only 1.3 mm Hg (from 5.5 +/- 1.0 mm Hg to 4.2 +/- 1.1 mm Hg P less than 0.01). In contrast to these findings in 'near normal' ventricles, global ischemia in severely injured hearts (with unphysiologically high diastolic pressures) resulted in marked reductions in diastolic pressure. Thus, moment to moment changes in coronary blood flow can result in alterations in the diastolic properties of the LV. However, these are extreme interventions, and in the clinical setting, changes in coronary dynamics are unlikely to cause significant changes in LV diastolic pressure.", "PMID": 668759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12345", "title": "Plasma digoxin levels in infants, children and adults, using a radioimmunoassay micromethod.", "content": "The radioimmunoassay method for estimation of plasma digoxin concentration was modified to use samples of 0.1 ml plasma for use in infants and children. The optimal daily maintenance dose for neonates, infants, and children was found to be between 0.01 and 0.015 mg/kg. Despite high plasma digoxin concentration (3-4 ng/ml) in some infants and children, no evidence of toxicity was found on electrocardiogram. 3 patients with accidental overdose, however, had plasma digoxin levels above 5 ng/ml and 2 of these had atrioventricular block.", "contents": "Plasma digoxin levels in infants, children and adults, using a radioimmunoassay micromethod. The radioimmunoassay method for estimation of plasma digoxin concentration was modified to use samples of 0.1 ml plasma for use in infants and children. The optimal daily maintenance dose for neonates, infants, and children was found to be between 0.01 and 0.015 mg/kg. Despite high plasma digoxin concentration (3-4 ng/ml) in some infants and children, no evidence of toxicity was found on electrocardiogram. 3 patients with accidental overdose, however, had plasma digoxin levels above 5 ng/ml and 2 of these had atrioventricular block.", "PMID": 668754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12346", "title": "The ascending slope of the apexcardiogram. Its relationship with angiographic determination of left ventricular function.", "content": "The relationship between the ascending slope of the apexcardiogram (ACG) and direct determination of left ventricular (LV) performance as assessed angiographically by measurement of the ejection fraction (EF), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcF), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), and percentage of the systolic shortening of ventricular long axis (%L), were studied in 40 patients with a wide variety of cardiac diseases. The ascending slope correlated closely and significantly (P less than 0.05) with all of them: (1) EF (r = 0.774), (2) mVcF (r = 0.776), (3) MNSER (r = 0.767) and (4) %L (r = 0.668). In a control group of 10 normal subjects, phi was determined and compared with that obtained in patients with depressed LV function, the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Other noninvasive indices derived from simultaneous phono-mechano-cardiographic readings were also studied. The calibrated ACG did not correlate with any of the hemodynamic indices; however the calibrated carotidogram did correlate with the peak systolic aortic pressure (r = 0.503). The ratio preejection period/left ventricular ejection time correlated significantly, but less than previously reported with the EF (r = 0.574). We conclude that the value of phi leads to additional evidence supporting the use of quantitative ACG as a noninvasive measure of LV performance in patients with cardiac disease.", "contents": "The ascending slope of the apexcardiogram. Its relationship with angiographic determination of left ventricular function. The relationship between the ascending slope of the apexcardiogram (ACG) and direct determination of left ventricular (LV) performance as assessed angiographically by measurement of the ejection fraction (EF), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcF), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), and percentage of the systolic shortening of ventricular long axis (%L), were studied in 40 patients with a wide variety of cardiac diseases. The ascending slope correlated closely and significantly (P less than 0.05) with all of them: (1) EF (r = 0.774), (2) mVcF (r = 0.776), (3) MNSER (r = 0.767) and (4) %L (r = 0.668). In a control group of 10 normal subjects, phi was determined and compared with that obtained in patients with depressed LV function, the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Other noninvasive indices derived from simultaneous phono-mechano-cardiographic readings were also studied. The calibrated ACG did not correlate with any of the hemodynamic indices; however the calibrated carotidogram did correlate with the peak systolic aortic pressure (r = 0.503). The ratio preejection period/left ventricular ejection time correlated significantly, but less than previously reported with the EF (r = 0.574). We conclude that the value of phi leads to additional evidence supporting the use of quantitative ACG as a noninvasive measure of LV performance in patients with cardiac disease.", "PMID": 668755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12347", "title": "A mechanism for shifts in the diastolic, left ventricular, pressure-volume curve: the role of the pericardium.", "content": "Attempts to explain acute shifts in the pressure-volume relationship by changes in myocardial stiffness have been unsupported by animal experimentation and discouraged by calculations showing that making half the ventricle rigid would hardly account for the clinically observed upward shifts in the curve. Data collected in open-chest anesthetized dogs during volume loading with the pericardium open and closed indicate that when the pericardium is closed, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure is better predicted by right ventricular pressure than by left ventricular dimensions. These data support the hypothesis that acute, upward shift in the pressure-volume curve may be caused by an increase in pericardial pressure, in turn caused by an increase in the volume of the intrapericardial contents. This follows from the fact that measured left ventricular diastolic pressure is equal to the sum of the pressure differences accross the myocardium and the pericardium. Thus, increases in pericardial pressure raise measured ventricular diastolic pressure without change in ventricular volume: hence, an upward shift in the pressure-volume curve.", "contents": "A mechanism for shifts in the diastolic, left ventricular, pressure-volume curve: the role of the pericardium. Attempts to explain acute shifts in the pressure-volume relationship by changes in myocardial stiffness have been unsupported by animal experimentation and discouraged by calculations showing that making half the ventricle rigid would hardly account for the clinically observed upward shifts in the curve. Data collected in open-chest anesthetized dogs during volume loading with the pericardium open and closed indicate that when the pericardium is closed, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure is better predicted by right ventricular pressure than by left ventricular dimensions. These data support the hypothesis that acute, upward shift in the pressure-volume curve may be caused by an increase in pericardial pressure, in turn caused by an increase in the volume of the intrapericardial contents. This follows from the fact that measured left ventricular diastolic pressure is equal to the sum of the pressure differences accross the myocardium and the pericardium. Thus, increases in pericardial pressure raise measured ventricular diastolic pressure without change in ventricular volume: hence, an upward shift in the pressure-volume curve.", "PMID": 668760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12348", "title": "Control of the frog heart relaxation by Na-Ca exchange.", "content": "Frog heart relaxation was analysed under voltage clamp conditions as the tension decay observed after membrane potential had been stepped back to its resting value. It appeared mostly exponential with a time constant of about 190 msec. Relaxation rate decreased with the external Na concentration. It fell to 1/10 in a Na-free solution. Relaxation rate decreased also following an increase in the intracellular Na content by application of veratrine. When switching from a high to a low Na-containing solution the relaxation rate reached rapidly a value transiently higher than the steady-state's (and vice versa). In Na-free solution, adrenaline accelerated tension decay, an effect not noticeable on frog heart in Ringer solution. In frog myocardium, part of the intracellular Ca concentration decrease which occurs during each cardiac cycle directly results from a calcium extrusion carried out by the Na-Ca exchange. Such a Ca decrease, besides internal Ca storage, should play a primary role in the relaxation of contractile tissues whose cells have a large surface/volume ratio.", "contents": "Control of the frog heart relaxation by Na-Ca exchange. Frog heart relaxation was analysed under voltage clamp conditions as the tension decay observed after membrane potential had been stepped back to its resting value. It appeared mostly exponential with a time constant of about 190 msec. Relaxation rate decreased with the external Na concentration. It fell to 1/10 in a Na-free solution. Relaxation rate decreased also following an increase in the intracellular Na content by application of veratrine. When switching from a high to a low Na-containing solution the relaxation rate reached rapidly a value transiently higher than the steady-state's (and vice versa). In Na-free solution, adrenaline accelerated tension decay, an effect not noticeable on frog heart in Ringer solution. In frog myocardium, part of the intracellular Ca concentration decrease which occurs during each cardiac cycle directly results from a calcium extrusion carried out by the Na-Ca exchange. Such a Ca decrease, besides internal Ca storage, should play a primary role in the relaxation of contractile tissues whose cells have a large surface/volume ratio.", "PMID": 668761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12349", "title": "Left ventricular compliance in acute transmural myocardial infarction in man.", "content": "130 patients with recent transmural myocardial infarction were studied in order to evaluate changes in left ventricular compliance. Left heart catheterization and cineangiographic left ventriculography were performed. The modulus of chamber stiffness (K) was determined from the slope of the linear relation between volume stiffness (dP/dv) and pressure; the modulus of muscle stiffness was evaluated by the Laird index (asymptotic slope of logP vs log V). Patients were divided in 3 groups: Group A included 5 patients studied before and after myocardial infarction who experienced an increase in the modulus of chamber and muscle stiffness after infarction. Group B included 10 patients who were studied at the onset of infarct and 15 days later: this group demonstrated changes in LV compliance with, most often a rightwardshift of P-V curve in anterior infarct and inversely a leftward shift in posterior infarction. The 115 patients of Group B are roughly equally distributed in the areas of normal, increased or decreased compliance. Any correlation was found between the extent of asynergy and changes in modulus of chamber stiffness. However, ejection fraction or VCF were higher in patients with a reduction of compliance than in patients with an increase of compliance.", "contents": "Left ventricular compliance in acute transmural myocardial infarction in man. 130 patients with recent transmural myocardial infarction were studied in order to evaluate changes in left ventricular compliance. Left heart catheterization and cineangiographic left ventriculography were performed. The modulus of chamber stiffness (K) was determined from the slope of the linear relation between volume stiffness (dP/dv) and pressure; the modulus of muscle stiffness was evaluated by the Laird index (asymptotic slope of logP vs log V). Patients were divided in 3 groups: Group A included 5 patients studied before and after myocardial infarction who experienced an increase in the modulus of chamber and muscle stiffness after infarction. Group B included 10 patients who were studied at the onset of infarct and 15 days later: this group demonstrated changes in LV compliance with, most often a rightwardshift of P-V curve in anterior infarct and inversely a leftward shift in posterior infarction. The 115 patients of Group B are roughly equally distributed in the areas of normal, increased or decreased compliance. Any correlation was found between the extent of asynergy and changes in modulus of chamber stiffness. However, ejection fraction or VCF were higher in patients with a reduction of compliance than in patients with an increase of compliance.", "PMID": 668762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12350", "title": "Observations on the effect of angina on the left ventricle, with special reference to diastolic behavior.", "content": "A series of investigations on patients developing angina following pacing are described. Evidence suggesting tension prolongation in the ischaemic areas of the ventricle with reduction in segmental systolic inward movement and a decrease in segmental diastolic complicance is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the effect of angina on the left ventricle, with special reference to diastolic behavior. A series of investigations on patients developing angina following pacing are described. Evidence suggesting tension prolongation in the ischaemic areas of the ventricle with reduction in segmental systolic inward movement and a decrease in segmental diastolic complicance is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 668763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12351", "title": "Regional abnormalities of left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic relaxation in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "In order to study events during isovolumic relaxation, left ventricular angiograms of 120 patients with ischemic heart disease were digitized frame by frame, and compared with those of 15 normal subjects. In patients with ischemic heart disease, abnormal inward movement of endocardium occurred in areas supplied by narrowed coronary arteries. When these involved the free wall, they were due to abnormal wall thickening rather than to inward movement of epicardium. Since the volume of the ventricle was constant, they were accompanied by compensatory outward movement of endocardium elsewhere, due to premature thinning. Identical abnormalities were demonstrated in 80 patients by M-mode echocardiography, and in individual patients, agreement with angiography was good. These abnormalities were aggravated by TNT administration, and were unaffected by isometric stress. In approximately half, they were associated with abnormalities of isovolumic contraction. They appear to represent the behavior of regions of the left ventricle with partial loss of function due to previous ischemic injury.", "contents": "Regional abnormalities of left ventricular wall movement during isovolumic relaxation in patients with ischemic heart disease. In order to study events during isovolumic relaxation, left ventricular angiograms of 120 patients with ischemic heart disease were digitized frame by frame, and compared with those of 15 normal subjects. In patients with ischemic heart disease, abnormal inward movement of endocardium occurred in areas supplied by narrowed coronary arteries. When these involved the free wall, they were due to abnormal wall thickening rather than to inward movement of epicardium. Since the volume of the ventricle was constant, they were accompanied by compensatory outward movement of endocardium elsewhere, due to premature thinning. Identical abnormalities were demonstrated in 80 patients by M-mode echocardiography, and in individual patients, agreement with angiography was good. These abnormalities were aggravated by TNT administration, and were unaffected by isometric stress. In approximately half, they were associated with abnormalities of isovolumic contraction. They appear to represent the behavior of regions of the left ventricle with partial loss of function due to previous ischemic injury.", "PMID": 668765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12352", "title": "Calcium transients and relaxation in single muscle fibers.", "content": "Muscle contraction is initiated by an elevation in intracellular calcium. The transient change in free calcium to a brief depolarization, the calcium transient, can be recorded using a calcium luminescent protein, aequorin. The calcium transient precedes force, peaking while force is rising and returning to the resting level as peak force is achieved. In single barnacle muscle fibers microinjected with aequorin, shortening the muscle during the declining phase of the calcium transient produces an addition light signal, indicating extra free calcium in the sarcoplasm. The amount of additional light is larger with larger length changes. It is also larger if the shortening occurs early in the calcium transient rather than later. The amount of this extra calcium correlates well with the instantaneous level of the calcium transient and not with the instantaneous force level. It is argued in a speculative manner that this extra calcium is coming from the myofilaments. This supports the hypothesis that calcium binding to the myofilaments is rapid and reversible, that reaccumulation of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) could occur long before relaxation begins and that relaxation of tension could occur by some process other than the mere removal of calcium from the myofilaments.", "contents": "Calcium transients and relaxation in single muscle fibers. Muscle contraction is initiated by an elevation in intracellular calcium. The transient change in free calcium to a brief depolarization, the calcium transient, can be recorded using a calcium luminescent protein, aequorin. The calcium transient precedes force, peaking while force is rising and returning to the resting level as peak force is achieved. In single barnacle muscle fibers microinjected with aequorin, shortening the muscle during the declining phase of the calcium transient produces an addition light signal, indicating extra free calcium in the sarcoplasm. The amount of additional light is larger with larger length changes. It is also larger if the shortening occurs early in the calcium transient rather than later. The amount of this extra calcium correlates well with the instantaneous level of the calcium transient and not with the instantaneous force level. It is argued in a speculative manner that this extra calcium is coming from the myofilaments. This supports the hypothesis that calcium binding to the myofilaments is rapid and reversible, that reaccumulation of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) could occur long before relaxation begins and that relaxation of tension could occur by some process other than the mere removal of calcium from the myofilaments.", "PMID": 668766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12353", "title": "Identification of ionic currents underlying the repolarization process in the frog auricle.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments were performed to analyse the voltage and time dependence of the secondary inward current in frog atrial preparations. The fibers were treated with tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium or cesium to suppress the fast inward current and reduce the outward current; Cl- was replaced by CH3SO-4 to reduce the background current. Evidence is obtained suggesting that the inactivation process of the calcium dependent inward current is relatively rapid in the frog atrium. The current-voltage relationship of this current system appears to be nonlinear. The calcium dependent inward current transient is followed by a subsidiary net inward current which is presumably mainly Na+ dependent and underlies the depolarization tail of the action potential.", "contents": "Identification of ionic currents underlying the repolarization process in the frog auricle. Voltage clamp experiments were performed to analyse the voltage and time dependence of the secondary inward current in frog atrial preparations. The fibers were treated with tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium or cesium to suppress the fast inward current and reduce the outward current; Cl- was replaced by CH3SO-4 to reduce the background current. Evidence is obtained suggesting that the inactivation process of the calcium dependent inward current is relatively rapid in the frog atrium. The current-voltage relationship of this current system appears to be nonlinear. The calcium dependent inward current transient is followed by a subsidiary net inward current which is presumably mainly Na+ dependent and underlies the depolarization tail of the action potential.", "PMID": 668767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12354", "title": "The inotropic action of adrenaline on cardiac muscle: does it relax or potentiate tension?", "content": "Adrenaline has been shown to increase twitch tension and enhance relaxation in cardiac muscle. In mammalian myocardium, a unitary mechanism, namely facilitated uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is proposed to increase the internal recirculating store of calcium (thereby potentiating twitch tension) and simultaneously enhance relaxation. In frog ventricular myocardium, where tension is directly controlled by membrane potential, adrenaline seems to produce its positive inotropic effect by increasing the duration and amplitude of cardiac action potential plateau. If adrenaline is prevented from changing the action potential, either by electrical or pharmacologic means, the relaxant effect of the drug is unmasked. The results suggest that in frog ventricle, unlike mammalian myocardium, adrenaline may not have a 'true' positive inotropic effect independent of membrane potential. The findings in frog ventricle, where there is little or no internal recirculation of calcium, are consistent with the  model proposed for the mammalian myocardium.", "contents": "The inotropic action of adrenaline on cardiac muscle: does it relax or potentiate tension? Adrenaline has been shown to increase twitch tension and enhance relaxation in cardiac muscle. In mammalian myocardium, a unitary mechanism, namely facilitated uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is proposed to increase the internal recirculating store of calcium (thereby potentiating twitch tension) and simultaneously enhance relaxation. In frog ventricular myocardium, where tension is directly controlled by membrane potential, adrenaline seems to produce its positive inotropic effect by increasing the duration and amplitude of cardiac action potential plateau. If adrenaline is prevented from changing the action potential, either by electrical or pharmacologic means, the relaxant effect of the drug is unmasked. The results suggest that in frog ventricle, unlike mammalian myocardium, adrenaline may not have a 'true' positive inotropic effect independent of membrane potential. The findings in frog ventricle, where there is little or no internal recirculation of calcium, are consistent with the  model proposed for the mammalian myocardium.", "PMID": 668768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12355", "title": "Sarcomere relaxation in intact cardiac muscle.", "content": "The process of tension decay in the absence of sarcomere motion was studied in intact heart muscle isolated from rats. Sarcomere length, observed by an infrared light diffraction technique, was controlled and the effect on force dissipation measured. Distribution of the diffracted light suggested that sarcomere length was uniform immediately after contraction than prior to the next. When sarcomeres - as distinct from the total muscle length - are kept isometric, the rate of tension decay (a) reaches its maximum sooner, and (b) appears to be constant throughout relaxation. Slow stretch (about 3% sarcomere length) prolonged cardiac muscle tension during early relaxation without direct evidence of sarcomere 'yielding'. The dynamics of isometric relaxation and the effect of stretch were qualitatively the same at external calcium concentrations of 0.6 and 1.9 mM. For a specified sequence of sarcomere length changes during relaxation, the dynamics of tension decay were independent of preloaded sarcomere length when the sarcomeres are kept isometric. The data suggest that lowering contractile tension enhanced relative relaxation rate (sec-1) at a sarcomere length of 2.0 micron. The results clarify the physiological mechanism regulating the dynamics of myocardial fiber relaxation.", "contents": "Sarcomere relaxation in intact cardiac muscle. The process of tension decay in the absence of sarcomere motion was studied in intact heart muscle isolated from rats. Sarcomere length, observed by an infrared light diffraction technique, was controlled and the effect on force dissipation measured. Distribution of the diffracted light suggested that sarcomere length was uniform immediately after contraction than prior to the next. When sarcomeres - as distinct from the total muscle length - are kept isometric, the rate of tension decay (a) reaches its maximum sooner, and (b) appears to be constant throughout relaxation. Slow stretch (about 3% sarcomere length) prolonged cardiac muscle tension during early relaxation without direct evidence of sarcomere 'yielding'. The dynamics of isometric relaxation and the effect of stretch were qualitatively the same at external calcium concentrations of 0.6 and 1.9 mM. For a specified sequence of sarcomere length changes during relaxation, the dynamics of tension decay were independent of preloaded sarcomere length when the sarcomeres are kept isometric. The data suggest that lowering contractile tension enhanced relative relaxation rate (sec-1) at a sarcomere length of 2.0 micron. The results clarify the physiological mechanism regulating the dynamics of myocardial fiber relaxation.", "PMID": 668770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12356", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of various doses of hydrochlorothiazide and its relation to the plasma level of the drug.", "content": "Nine previously untreated hypertensive patients (WHO Stage I and II) were given hydrochlorothiazide (hct) 12.5, 25, 50  and 75 mg for two weeks after an initial four week period of placebo treatment. Blood pressure recordings were made casually and after 30 min rest in lying, sitting and standing positions. Plasma concentrations of the drug were measured by GLC. A significant decrease in BP was seen during treatment with hct 12.5 mg except in the casual standing position. Doubling of the dose twice produced very little further decrease in BP. The mean steady state concentration was 111 ng.ml-1 during treatment with hct 75 mg. A linear relationship was found between the plasma concentration of hct at 0 and 5 h and the various dose level of hct. No relation was found between plasma concentration and reduction in blood pressure.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of various doses of hydrochlorothiazide and its relation to the plasma level of the drug. Nine previously untreated hypertensive patients (WHO Stage I and II) were given hydrochlorothiazide (hct) 12.5, 25, 50  and 75 mg for two weeks after an initial four week period of placebo treatment. Blood pressure recordings were made casually and after 30 min rest in lying, sitting and standing positions. Plasma concentrations of the drug were measured by GLC. A significant decrease in BP was seen during treatment with hct 12.5 mg except in the casual standing position. Doubling of the dose twice produced very little further decrease in BP. The mean steady state concentration was 111 ng.ml-1 during treatment with hct 75 mg. A linear relationship was found between the plasma concentration of hct at 0 and 5 h and the various dose level of hct. No relation was found between plasma concentration and reduction in blood pressure.", "PMID": 668773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12357", "title": "Kinetics and efficacy of theophylline in the treatment of apnea in the premature newborn.", "content": "Aminophylline (theophylline-ethylenediamine) was administered to 27 premature newborns to prevent apneic spells. Of the 22 patients monitored for theophylline concentration, a therapeutic blood level was reached in 19 in 1--2 days, and 3 stayed below it. \"Toxic\" blood levels (less than or equal to 20 microgram/ml) were reached in 3 cases, one of whom showed signs of toxicity. Theophylline treatment was not efficient in the prevention of apnea when a serious underlying disease was present. Theophylline blood half-life (mean:27.0 h) and clearance (mean 12.9 ml/h/kg) confirmed the slow elimination pattern of the drug in the premature infant.", "contents": "Kinetics and efficacy of theophylline in the treatment of apnea in the premature newborn. Aminophylline (theophylline-ethylenediamine) was administered to 27 premature newborns to prevent apneic spells. Of the 22 patients monitored for theophylline concentration, a therapeutic blood level was reached in 19 in 1--2 days, and 3 stayed below it. \"Toxic\" blood levels (less than or equal to 20 microgram/ml) were reached in 3 cases, one of whom showed signs of toxicity. Theophylline treatment was not efficient in the prevention of apnea when a serious underlying disease was present. Theophylline blood half-life (mean:27.0 h) and clearance (mean 12.9 ml/h/kg) confirmed the slow elimination pattern of the drug in the premature infant.", "PMID": 668774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12358", "title": "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) kinetics in patients with Gilber's syndrome.", "content": "The pahrmacokinetics of paracetamol after intravenous and oral administration has been studied in 6 patients with Gilbert's syndrome, and 6 healthy controls. Paracetamol clearance was significantly less in the patients (255 ml/min SE +/- 23 ml/min) than in the normal subjects (352 ml/min SE +/- 40 ml/min). Moreover, whilst paracetamol concentrations declined monoexponentially in the patients, the decline was biexponential in the controls. No difference in the bioavailability of 500 mg paracetamol given orally was observed between the two groups. The results suggest that not only is paracetamol elimination impaired in Gilbert's syndrome, but that its distribution kinetics are also abnormal. Both these findings could be attributed to a decrease in hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity.", "contents": "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) kinetics in patients with Gilber's syndrome. The pahrmacokinetics of paracetamol after intravenous and oral administration has been studied in 6 patients with Gilbert's syndrome, and 6 healthy controls. Paracetamol clearance was significantly less in the patients (255 ml/min SE +/- 23 ml/min) than in the normal subjects (352 ml/min SE +/- 40 ml/min). Moreover, whilst paracetamol concentrations declined monoexponentially in the patients, the decline was biexponential in the controls. No difference in the bioavailability of 500 mg paracetamol given orally was observed between the two groups. The results suggest that not only is paracetamol elimination impaired in Gilbert's syndrome, but that its distribution kinetics are also abnormal. Both these findings could be attributed to a decrease in hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity.", "PMID": 668775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12359", "title": "Reduction of absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin by activated charcoal in man.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of activated charcoal 50 g suspended in water on the absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin was studied in six healthy volunteers in a cross-over manner. The absorption of digoxin and phenytoin were almost completely prevented (about 98%) when activated charcoal was ingested immediately after the drug. The total absorption of aspirin was inhibited by 70%; with clear postponement of absorption and partial release of aspirin from the charcoal in the gut: The peak serum concentration of aspirin was reduced by 95% by charcoal. When activated charcoal was ingested 1 hour after the drugs the inhibition of absorption was considerably less. However, since the absorption of larger doses of the drugs is often slow, the administration of an adequate dose of activated charcoal will be of definite value in the treatment of acute intoxication, even if delayed for several hours.", "contents": "Reduction of absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin by activated charcoal in man. The inhibitory effect of activated charcoal 50 g suspended in water on the absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin was studied in six healthy volunteers in a cross-over manner. The absorption of digoxin and phenytoin were almost completely prevented (about 98%) when activated charcoal was ingested immediately after the drug. The total absorption of aspirin was inhibited by 70%; with clear postponement of absorption and partial release of aspirin from the charcoal in the gut: The peak serum concentration of aspirin was reduced by 95% by charcoal. When activated charcoal was ingested 1 hour after the drugs the inhibition of absorption was considerably less. However, since the absorption of larger doses of the drugs is often slow, the administration of an adequate dose of activated charcoal will be of definite value in the treatment of acute intoxication, even if delayed for several hours.", "PMID": 668776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12360", "title": "Preliminiary data on the pharmacokinetics of glaziovine in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic parameters of Glaziovine, a pro-aporphine alkaloid with neuropharmacological properties, were investigated in healthy human volunteers. Glaziovine-14C 20 mg was administered in capsules (oral route) and in vials (i.v. route). Total radioactivity was meausred in plasma, urine and faeces. When administered orally, peak plasma levels were encountered at 2 h. The cumulative urinary excretion of total radioactivity over a 24 h period was 38% after oral and 50% after i.v. administration. Investigation of metabolites in urine revealed Glaziovine glucuronide as the sole metabolite of the drug. By comparing the percentage of urinary excretion or the area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC) obtained in the first 24 hours after i.v. and oral administration, enteral absorption was found to range from 78 to 84%. Thus, glaziovine appears to show very high enteratral absorption.", "contents": "Preliminiary data on the pharmacokinetics of glaziovine in man. The pharmacokinetic parameters of Glaziovine, a pro-aporphine alkaloid with neuropharmacological properties, were investigated in healthy human volunteers. Glaziovine-14C 20 mg was administered in capsules (oral route) and in vials (i.v. route). Total radioactivity was meausred in plasma, urine and faeces. When administered orally, peak plasma levels were encountered at 2 h. The cumulative urinary excretion of total radioactivity over a 24 h period was 38% after oral and 50% after i.v. administration. Investigation of metabolites in urine revealed Glaziovine glucuronide as the sole metabolite of the drug. By comparing the percentage of urinary excretion or the area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC) obtained in the first 24 hours after i.v. and oral administration, enteral absorption was found to range from 78 to 84%. Thus, glaziovine appears to show very high enteratral absorption.", "PMID": 668777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12361", "title": "The placebo dilemma.", "content": "Placebos have been used since about 1950 in evaluation and interpretation of drug efficacy, especially of new drugs, and in comparison with existing compounds to establish their clinical therapeutic value. There are a number of problems connected with use of an \"inert nothing\" the informed consent, which is required in a human experiment, the doctor's consciousness of deceitful behaviour, the potential risk for the patient and the doctor, the high effect rate of placebos (+/- 35%), unexpected side-effects, dependency of patients on placebos, discovery by the patient of the placebo treatment, factors independent of the medication, such as the doctor's bias, the nurses influence, the significance of colour, the inconsistency of placebo-reactor or non-reactor types and the genetic state of the patient, as well as the problems associated with a double blind test, which can hardly be used when a patient has previously received a medicine, such as morphine, with its euphoric effect, and the colour change produced in urine by drugs like rifampicin or riboflavin. Only a well-trained and experienced clinical observer should employ a placebo in establishing the therapeutic value of drugs whilst avoiding undesirable pitfalls.", "contents": "The placebo dilemma. Placebos have been used since about 1950 in evaluation and interpretation of drug efficacy, especially of new drugs, and in comparison with existing compounds to establish their clinical therapeutic value. There are a number of problems connected with use of an \"inert nothing\" the informed consent, which is required in a human experiment, the doctor's consciousness of deceitful behaviour, the potential risk for the patient and the doctor, the high effect rate of placebos (+/- 35%), unexpected side-effects, dependency of patients on placebos, discovery by the patient of the placebo treatment, factors independent of the medication, such as the doctor's bias, the nurses influence, the significance of colour, the inconsistency of placebo-reactor or non-reactor types and the genetic state of the patient, as well as the problems associated with a double blind test, which can hardly be used when a patient has previously received a medicine, such as morphine, with its euphoric effect, and the colour change produced in urine by drugs like rifampicin or riboflavin. Only a well-trained and experienced clinical observer should employ a placebo in establishing the therapeutic value of drugs whilst avoiding undesirable pitfalls.", "PMID": 668779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12362", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of molsidomin.", "content": "Hemodynamic changes for 30 min after intravenous administration of molsidomin 4 mg were studied in 10 patients. Pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure and aortic pressure decreased significantly after 15 min, and after 30 min they were still below the control level. Heart rate increased significantly (by 15%) 15 min after injection, and after 30 min it was still 8% above the control value. Cardiac index decreased significantly from 3.37 +/- 0.12 to 2.95 +/- 0.15 1/min/m2. Peripheral and pulmonary resistance showed no significant change. Both stroke work index and minute work decreased significantly 15 min after administration of molsidomin and after 30 min both were still below the control level. The results suggest that molsidomin decreases preload without influencing afterload. By decreasing preload, molsidomin improves the oxygen supply/demand ratio of the myocardium.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of molsidomin. Hemodynamic changes for 30 min after intravenous administration of molsidomin 4 mg were studied in 10 patients. Pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure and aortic pressure decreased significantly after 15 min, and after 30 min they were still below the control level. Heart rate increased significantly (by 15%) 15 min after injection, and after 30 min it was still 8% above the control value. Cardiac index decreased significantly from 3.37 +/- 0.12 to 2.95 +/- 0.15 1/min/m2. Peripheral and pulmonary resistance showed no significant change. Both stroke work index and minute work decreased significantly 15 min after administration of molsidomin and after 30 min both were still below the control level. The results suggest that molsidomin decreases preload without influencing afterload. By decreasing preload, molsidomin improves the oxygen supply/demand ratio of the myocardium.", "PMID": 668780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12363", "title": "Effect of the menstrual cycle, oral contraception and pregnancy on forearm blood flow, venous distensibility and clotting factors.", "content": "Forearm blood flow, venous distensibility and various clotting factors were determined in 118 apparently healthy women (mean age 26 years), either during the menstrual cycle, or while taking a combined contraceptive (A) with high progestin:estrogen ratio (d-norgestrel 0.125 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg), or a sequential contraceptive (B) with low progestin: estrogen ratio (megestrol 0.1/1 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.1 mg), or in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Venous distensibility in women taking contraceptive A was higher than in other women during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle. Venous distensibility was not affected by contraceptive B. Blood flow and blood pressure remained unchanged by contraceptives A and B. Fibrinogen concentration was increased by both contraceptives, factor VII was either decreased (A) or unchanged (B), and factor X was either unchanged (A) or increased (B). The oral contraceptive with the high progestagen component appeared to increase venous capacitance and may induce venous stasis, whereas coagulability was particularly enhanced by the estrogen-type contraceptive. Pregnant women differed from women on oral contraceptives in regard to peripheral circulation; they showed a tremendous increase of blood flow with secondary vasodilation.", "contents": "Effect of the menstrual cycle, oral contraception and pregnancy on forearm blood flow, venous distensibility and clotting factors. Forearm blood flow, venous distensibility and various clotting factors were determined in 118 apparently healthy women (mean age 26 years), either during the menstrual cycle, or while taking a combined contraceptive (A) with high progestin:estrogen ratio (d-norgestrel 0.125 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg), or a sequential contraceptive (B) with low progestin: estrogen ratio (megestrol 0.1/1 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.1 mg), or in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Venous distensibility in women taking contraceptive A was higher than in other women during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle. Venous distensibility was not affected by contraceptive B. Blood flow and blood pressure remained unchanged by contraceptives A and B. Fibrinogen concentration was increased by both contraceptives, factor VII was either decreased (A) or unchanged (B), and factor X was either unchanged (A) or increased (B). The oral contraceptive with the high progestagen component appeared to increase venous capacitance and may induce venous stasis, whereas coagulability was particularly enhanced by the estrogen-type contraceptive. Pregnant women differed from women on oral contraceptives in regard to peripheral circulation; they showed a tremendous increase of blood flow with secondary vasodilation.", "PMID": 668781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12364", "title": "Effect of intravenous infusion of amitriptyline on total blood serotonin content.", "content": "18 female patients with primary depression received a slow intravenous infusion of amitriptyline and a good therapeutic response was observed in 15 patients as early as after 6 days. A highly significant correlation was found between improvement scores following the first and last infusions, which suggests that intravenous infusion of amitriptyline may serve as a prognostic test for prediction of drug efficacy. Total blood serotonin content prior to treatment was significantly lower than in normal controls. Amitriptyline infusion caused variable changes in blood serotonin and the changes were inversely correlated with pretreatment levels. A series of six infusions caused a gradual increase in baseline levels, together with a rapid decrease in the magnitude of the amitriptyline-induced changes in serotonin content.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous infusion of amitriptyline on total blood serotonin content. 18 female patients with primary depression received a slow intravenous infusion of amitriptyline and a good therapeutic response was observed in 15 patients as early as after 6 days. A highly significant correlation was found between improvement scores following the first and last infusions, which suggests that intravenous infusion of amitriptyline may serve as a prognostic test for prediction of drug efficacy. Total blood serotonin content prior to treatment was significantly lower than in normal controls. Amitriptyline infusion caused variable changes in blood serotonin and the changes were inversely correlated with pretreatment levels. A series of six infusions caused a gradual increase in baseline levels, together with a rapid decrease in the magnitude of the amitriptyline-induced changes in serotonin content.", "PMID": 668782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12365", "title": "Effect of sulphinpyrazone (Anturan) on uric acid excretion and plasma uric acid concentration in healthy volunteers.", "content": "Investigations in six healthy volunteers given single oral doses of sulphinpyrazone (Anturan) showed that the drug had a potent uricosuric effect, even if the concentration of uric acid in the plasma was normal. In the dose range tested of 50 to 800 mg the increase in uric acid excretion was dose-related. It reached a maximum within 2 h and was still detectable 6--8 h after the drug was taken. There was a corresponding dose-related reduction in the plasma concentration of uric acid, which reached its lowest level after 8--10 h. The administration of 300 mg twice daily for four days to a further five healthy volunteers reduced plasma uric acid from 5.06 to 1.8 mg%. The findings indicate that, even if plasma uric acid levels are unknown, it would be advisable to avoid the risk of formation of urinary calculi by administering sulphinpyrazone in gradually increasing doses, ensuring adequate fluid intake and alkalinizing the urine during the first few days of treatment.", "contents": "Effect of sulphinpyrazone (Anturan) on uric acid excretion and plasma uric acid concentration in healthy volunteers. Investigations in six healthy volunteers given single oral doses of sulphinpyrazone (Anturan) showed that the drug had a potent uricosuric effect, even if the concentration of uric acid in the plasma was normal. In the dose range tested of 50 to 800 mg the increase in uric acid excretion was dose-related. It reached a maximum within 2 h and was still detectable 6--8 h after the drug was taken. There was a corresponding dose-related reduction in the plasma concentration of uric acid, which reached its lowest level after 8--10 h. The administration of 300 mg twice daily for four days to a further five healthy volunteers reduced plasma uric acid from 5.06 to 1.8 mg%. The findings indicate that, even if plasma uric acid levels are unknown, it would be advisable to avoid the risk of formation of urinary calculi by administering sulphinpyrazone in gradually increasing doses, ensuring adequate fluid intake and alkalinizing the urine during the first few days of treatment.", "PMID": 668783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12366", "title": "Metabolism of methaqualone in geriatric patients.", "content": "The urinary excretion of five C-monohydroxy metabolites and the N-oxide of methaqualone has been measured in a group of eleven geriatric patients aged 71--90 years. The total excretion of the six metabolites in 24 h after the oral administration of a single dose was approximately one-half of that in a group of young healthy adults. The relative importance of the six metabolites was 4'-hydroxy greater than N-oxide greater than 2'-hydroxymethyl = 3'-hydroxy greater than 6-hydroxy = 2-hydroxymethyl which was the same order as that in young adults. The ratio of C-to N-oxidation was also the same in the two groups. There was no impairment of conjugation of the C-hydroxy metabolites with glucuronic acid in the geriatric group but there was greater interindividual variation in metabolite excretion. There was also evidence for delayed metabolism in the geriatric patients.", "contents": "Metabolism of methaqualone in geriatric patients. The urinary excretion of five C-monohydroxy metabolites and the N-oxide of methaqualone has been measured in a group of eleven geriatric patients aged 71--90 years. The total excretion of the six metabolites in 24 h after the oral administration of a single dose was approximately one-half of that in a group of young healthy adults. The relative importance of the six metabolites was 4'-hydroxy greater than N-oxide greater than 2'-hydroxymethyl = 3'-hydroxy greater than 6-hydroxy = 2-hydroxymethyl which was the same order as that in young adults. The ratio of C-to N-oxidation was also the same in the two groups. There was no impairment of conjugation of the C-hydroxy metabolites with glucuronic acid in the geriatric group but there was greater interindividual variation in metabolite excretion. There was also evidence for delayed metabolism in the geriatric patients.", "PMID": 668786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12367", "title": "Inter- and intra-individual variation in the metabolism of methaqualone in man after a single oral dose.", "content": "The urinary excretion of five C-monohydroxy metabolites and the N-oxide metabolite of methaqualone in the 24 h period immediately after oral dosing with 250 mg methaqualone (Melsed) has been measured in ninteen healthy adults (13 male, 6 female) to assess interindividual variations and in five adults (3 male, 2 female) on five separate occasions to assess intraindividual variation. The overall importance of the six metabolites was 4'-hydroxy greater than N-oxide greater than 2'-hydroxymethyl greater than 3'-hydroxy greater than 6-hydroxy = 2-hydroxymethyl. Variations in this order both within the 24 h period and within each of the three eight-hour periods constituting the 24 hours were minor and variations in the absolute amount of each metabolie excreted ranged from two to three-fold. Intraindividual variations were generally smaller than interindividual variations and for each individual the pattern of metabolism was similar on the five occasions. There is evidence that the C-oxidation of methaqualone may be more sensitive to cyclical variations in hormone levels than is N-oxidation.", "contents": "Inter- and intra-individual variation in the metabolism of methaqualone in man after a single oral dose. The urinary excretion of five C-monohydroxy metabolites and the N-oxide metabolite of methaqualone in the 24 h period immediately after oral dosing with 250 mg methaqualone (Melsed) has been measured in ninteen healthy adults (13 male, 6 female) to assess interindividual variations and in five adults (3 male, 2 female) on five separate occasions to assess intraindividual variation. The overall importance of the six metabolites was 4'-hydroxy greater than N-oxide greater than 2'-hydroxymethyl greater than 3'-hydroxy greater than 6-hydroxy = 2-hydroxymethyl. Variations in this order both within the 24 h period and within each of the three eight-hour periods constituting the 24 hours were minor and variations in the absolute amount of each metabolie excreted ranged from two to three-fold. Intraindividual variations were generally smaller than interindividual variations and for each individual the pattern of metabolism was similar on the five occasions. There is evidence that the C-oxidation of methaqualone may be more sensitive to cyclical variations in hormone levels than is N-oxidation.", "PMID": 668787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12368", "title": "m-Trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol: a new enzyme inducer.", "content": "The enzyme inducing effect of m-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332) has been studied in man, rat and mouse. In man, RGH-3332 decreased the half-life of antipyrine and tolbutamide and increased D-glucaric acid excretion. In rat and mouse the half-life of antipyrine was shortened. It was concluded that in all three species man, rat and mouse the liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme system was induced by RGH-3332. No side-effects were found on treatment with RGH-3332.", "contents": "m-Trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol: a new enzyme inducer. The enzyme inducing effect of m-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332) has been studied in man, rat and mouse. In man, RGH-3332 decreased the half-life of antipyrine and tolbutamide and increased D-glucaric acid excretion. In rat and mouse the half-life of antipyrine was shortened. It was concluded that in all three species man, rat and mouse the liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme system was induced by RGH-3332. No side-effects were found on treatment with RGH-3332.", "PMID": 668788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12369", "title": "Pharmacokinetic approach to intravenous procainamide therapy.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic approach was employed to design a dosing regimen for the i.v. use of procainamide (PA) which consisted of a loading infusion given over one hour followed by a maintenance infusion. Therapeutic serum concentrations of PA were achieved in less than 15 min, and toxic serum concentrations were avoided in 12 patients. A mean maximum serum concentration of PA of 5.78 mg/l was obtained with a loading infusion of 16.6 mg/min PA HCl. An average steady-state serum concentration of PA of 5.05 mg/l was obtained with a mean maintenance infusion of 222 mg/hour PA HCl. The total body clearance of PA in slow and fast acetylators averaged 31 and 43 l/h respectively. Use of PA in cardiac patients by i. v. infusion can be safe and effective therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic approach to intravenous procainamide therapy. A pharmacokinetic approach was employed to design a dosing regimen for the i.v. use of procainamide (PA) which consisted of a loading infusion given over one hour followed by a maintenance infusion. Therapeutic serum concentrations of PA were achieved in less than 15 min, and toxic serum concentrations were avoided in 12 patients. A mean maximum serum concentration of PA of 5.78 mg/l was obtained with a loading infusion of 16.6 mg/min PA HCl. An average steady-state serum concentration of PA of 5.05 mg/l was obtained with a mean maintenance infusion of 222 mg/hour PA HCl. The total body clearance of PA in slow and fast acetylators averaged 31 and 43 l/h respectively. Use of PA in cardiac patients by i. v. infusion can be safe and effective therapy.", "PMID": 668789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12370", "title": "Protein binding of salicylate in cutaneous hepatic porphyria.", "content": "(1) Plasma protein binding of salicylate was studied in 14 patients with cutaneous hepatic porphyria (CHP) and 11 normal subjects using ultrafiltration with centrifugation (membrane cones) and continuous ultrafiltrations. (2) Albumin and haemoglobin levels were significantly reduced in patients with CHP, and salicylate binding by ultrafiltration/centrifugation was 65% compared with 84% in normal subjects. (3) Plasma porphyrin levels were raised, but did not correlate with salicylate binding, and protoporphyrin or uroporphyrin added to plasma did not alter the amount of drug bound. (4) Palmitate added to plasma reduced salicylate binding by 9 to 20% but a crossover of patient and normal plasma proteins and ultrafiltrates confirmed that no other ultrafiltrable metabolites present in patient plasma appeared to cause decreased binding. (5) Scatchard plots obtained by continuous ultrafiltration for normal and patient plasma showed a reduction in the number of primary and secondary binding sites and an increase in the intrinsic association constants for both these sites. (6) It was concluded that the decreased salicylate binding in CHP was due to a reduced albumin concentration and altered salicylate albumin interaction.", "contents": "Protein binding of salicylate in cutaneous hepatic porphyria. (1) Plasma protein binding of salicylate was studied in 14 patients with cutaneous hepatic porphyria (CHP) and 11 normal subjects using ultrafiltration with centrifugation (membrane cones) and continuous ultrafiltrations. (2) Albumin and haemoglobin levels were significantly reduced in patients with CHP, and salicylate binding by ultrafiltration/centrifugation was 65% compared with 84% in normal subjects. (3) Plasma porphyrin levels were raised, but did not correlate with salicylate binding, and protoporphyrin or uroporphyrin added to plasma did not alter the amount of drug bound. (4) Palmitate added to plasma reduced salicylate binding by 9 to 20% but a crossover of patient and normal plasma proteins and ultrafiltrates confirmed that no other ultrafiltrable metabolites present in patient plasma appeared to cause decreased binding. (5) Scatchard plots obtained by continuous ultrafiltration for normal and patient plasma showed a reduction in the number of primary and secondary binding sites and an increase in the intrinsic association constants for both these sites. (6) It was concluded that the decreased salicylate binding in CHP was due to a reduced albumin concentration and altered salicylate albumin interaction.", "PMID": 668790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12371", "title": "Effect of diazoxide on capacitance vessels.", "content": "Haemodynamic changes after an i.v. bolus of diazoxide 300 mg were studied in 11 hypertensive subjects. A hypotensive effect due to a fall in total peripheral vascular resistance was found in all of them, but changes in the peripheral circulation were less regular. A uniform change in forearm blood volume, blood flow, vascular resistance and venous distensibility was not found after diazoxide. This is interpreted as being due to a reflex increase in sympathetic activity, which counteracts the direct vasodilator action of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of diazoxide on capacitance vessels. Haemodynamic changes after an i.v. bolus of diazoxide 300 mg were studied in 11 hypertensive subjects. A hypotensive effect due to a fall in total peripheral vascular resistance was found in all of them, but changes in the peripheral circulation were less regular. A uniform change in forearm blood volume, blood flow, vascular resistance and venous distensibility was not found after diazoxide. This is interpreted as being due to a reflex increase in sympathetic activity, which counteracts the direct vasodilator action of the drug.", "PMID": 668792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12372", "title": "Oral antipyretic therapy: evaluation of the N-aryl-anthranilic acid derivatives mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid and flufenamic acid.", "content": "The antipyretic activity of three N-aryl-anthranilic acid derivatives, mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid and flufenamic acid, was compared and their optimal antipyretic dose determined in a trial in 87 children (aged 5 months to 15 years), who suffered from infections and fever exceeding 38.5 degrees C. Tolfenamic acid proved to be the most potent antipyretic agent of the three drugs; it was eight times more powerful than mefenamic acid and three times more powerful than flufenamic acid. The optimal antipyretic doses were: mefenamic acid 4 mg/kg, tolfenamic acid 0.5 mg/kg and flufenamic acid 1.5 mg/kg. It is evident that the antipyretic activity of these anthranilic acid derivatives is even greater than their antirheumatic effect, the difference being most noticeable in the case of tolfenamic acid.", "contents": "Oral antipyretic therapy: evaluation of the N-aryl-anthranilic acid derivatives mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid and flufenamic acid. The antipyretic activity of three N-aryl-anthranilic acid derivatives, mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid and flufenamic acid, was compared and their optimal antipyretic dose determined in a trial in 87 children (aged 5 months to 15 years), who suffered from infections and fever exceeding 38.5 degrees C. Tolfenamic acid proved to be the most potent antipyretic agent of the three drugs; it was eight times more powerful than mefenamic acid and three times more powerful than flufenamic acid. The optimal antipyretic doses were: mefenamic acid 4 mg/kg, tolfenamic acid 0.5 mg/kg and flufenamic acid 1.5 mg/kg. It is evident that the antipyretic activity of these anthranilic acid derivatives is even greater than their antirheumatic effect, the difference being most noticeable in the case of tolfenamic acid.", "PMID": 668793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12373", "title": "Effects of various cephalosporins on the proximal tubule of the human kidney.", "content": "Cephamandol 6.0 g, cephazolin 6.0 g or cephacetrile or cephalothin 8.0 g were administered as short-term infusions on 3 consecutive days to informed volunteers, who had no history or evidence of impairment of renal function. There were 15 subjects in the cephamandol, cephacetrile and cephalothin groups and 14 subjects in the cephazolin group. Alanine-aminopeptidase, a characteristic tubule enzyme, was determined in a 24-hour urine 2 days before administration, during the 3 day administration and on the 4 subsequent days. In addition, alanine-aminopeptidase was also estimated immunologically in concentrated urine with the aid of an anti-brush border antibody. Cephamandol, cephazolin and cephalothin were completely without effect on the proximal tubule. Cephacetrile, on the other hand, showed clear reactions in 9 out of 15 subjects, in the form of elevated AAP activity in urine and in 6 of the cases membrane elimination was demonstrable immunologically. After withdrawal of the medication, the values of the responder group returned spontaneously to normal, i.e. no cumulative effect was detected. These investigations show that elimination of alanine-aminopeptidase in the urine is a very sensitive index of the action of cephalosporins on renal tubules.", "contents": "Effects of various cephalosporins on the proximal tubule of the human kidney. Cephamandol 6.0 g, cephazolin 6.0 g or cephacetrile or cephalothin 8.0 g were administered as short-term infusions on 3 consecutive days to informed volunteers, who had no history or evidence of impairment of renal function. There were 15 subjects in the cephamandol, cephacetrile and cephalothin groups and 14 subjects in the cephazolin group. Alanine-aminopeptidase, a characteristic tubule enzyme, was determined in a 24-hour urine 2 days before administration, during the 3 day administration and on the 4 subsequent days. In addition, alanine-aminopeptidase was also estimated immunologically in concentrated urine with the aid of an anti-brush border antibody. Cephamandol, cephazolin and cephalothin were completely without effect on the proximal tubule. Cephacetrile, on the other hand, showed clear reactions in 9 out of 15 subjects, in the form of elevated AAP activity in urine and in 6 of the cases membrane elimination was demonstrable immunologically. After withdrawal of the medication, the values of the responder group returned spontaneously to normal, i.e. no cumulative effect was detected. These investigations show that elimination of alanine-aminopeptidase in the urine is a very sensitive index of the action of cephalosporins on renal tubules.", "PMID": 668794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12374", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the anilide local anaesthetics in neonates. 11 Etidocaine.", "content": "The urinary elimination of etidocaine and several of its metabolites was investigated in neonates whose mothers had received one or more doses of etidocaine during labour. The urine collection period ranged among the neonates from 21.4 to 47.0 h post-partum. The total amounts of etidocaine and its metabolites recovered in neonatal urine represented a mean of 0.12% of the maternal dose. Some differences in the pattern of urinary metabolites were observed between neonates and adults. Mean half-life of elimination of etidocaine calculated from sigma-minus plots of the neonatal urinary data was 6.42 h. This is greater than that previously reported following intravenous administration of etidocaine to adults (2.6 h). The slower rate of elimination in neonates is probably due to an increased neonatal volume of distribution since there is evidence to show that etidocaine is extensively metabolised by the neonate.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the anilide local anaesthetics in neonates. 11 Etidocaine. The urinary elimination of etidocaine and several of its metabolites was investigated in neonates whose mothers had received one or more doses of etidocaine during labour. The urine collection period ranged among the neonates from 21.4 to 47.0 h post-partum. The total amounts of etidocaine and its metabolites recovered in neonatal urine represented a mean of 0.12% of the maternal dose. Some differences in the pattern of urinary metabolites were observed between neonates and adults. Mean half-life of elimination of etidocaine calculated from sigma-minus plots of the neonatal urinary data was 6.42 h. This is greater than that previously reported following intravenous administration of etidocaine to adults (2.6 h). The slower rate of elimination in neonates is probably due to an increased neonatal volume of distribution since there is evidence to show that etidocaine is extensively metabolised by the neonate.", "PMID": 668795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12375", "title": "Apparent volumes of distribution and drug binding to plasma proteins and tissues.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model that incorporates linear binding of drug to plasma proteins and tissue indicates the same relationship between apparent volume of distribution and drug binding as that proposed by Gillette (1971) based on a simple distribution model. Apparent volume of distribution (V) is directly proportional to free fraction of drug in plasma (fp) and indirectly proportional to free fraction of drug in tissue (fT). In the case of a constant fT, a plot of V versus fp will be linear with an intercept equal to plasma volume (Vp). If fT changes with fp, an apparently linear plot may result but the intercept will exceed Vp. An approach to the calculation of fT, a composite binding parameter, is presented and illustrated by comparing the tissue binding of tolbutamide in patients during acute viral hepatitis and upon recovery.", "contents": "Apparent volumes of distribution and drug binding to plasma proteins and tissues. A pharmacokinetic model that incorporates linear binding of drug to plasma proteins and tissue indicates the same relationship between apparent volume of distribution and drug binding as that proposed by Gillette (1971) based on a simple distribution model. Apparent volume of distribution (V) is directly proportional to free fraction of drug in plasma (fp) and indirectly proportional to free fraction of drug in tissue (fT). In the case of a constant fT, a plot of V versus fp will be linear with an intercept equal to plasma volume (Vp). If fT changes with fp, an apparently linear plot may result but the intercept will exceed Vp. An approach to the calculation of fT, a composite binding parameter, is presented and illustrated by comparing the tissue binding of tolbutamide in patients during acute viral hepatitis and upon recovery.", "PMID": 668796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12376", "title": "Influence of bed rest on the pharmacokinetics of phenazone.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of phenazone was studied in six objects while ambulant and during bed rest for 3 days. Elimination of the drug was followed for 12 h after oral and intravenous administration. The elimination rate constant and total body clearance were significantly increased during bed rest as compared to the ambulant period, but the differences were small. The apparent volume of distribution decreased significantly. No consistent change due to bed rest was found in the rate of absorption or bioavailability of the oral dose.", "contents": "Influence of bed rest on the pharmacokinetics of phenazone. The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of phenazone was studied in six objects while ambulant and during bed rest for 3 days. Elimination of the drug was followed for 12 h after oral and intravenous administration. The elimination rate constant and total body clearance were significantly increased during bed rest as compared to the ambulant period, but the differences were small. The apparent volume of distribution decreased significantly. No consistent change due to bed rest was found in the rate of absorption or bioavailability of the oral dose.", "PMID": 668797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12377", "title": "Enhancement of the gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by propantheline.", "content": "Hydrochlorothiazide 75 mg was given twice p.o. to fasting subjects. In the second study they had been pretreated with propantheline 60 mg. Plasma and urine concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide were determined by GLC. Pretreatment with propantheline on average delayed the maximal plasma level of hct from 2.4 to 4.8 h (p less than 0.05); and the total urinary recovery of hydrochlorothiazide by 48 h was increased from 49.3 mg to 66.9 mg (p less than 0.005). It was concluded that propantheline increased substantially the absorption of the diuretic.", "contents": "Enhancement of the gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by propantheline. Hydrochlorothiazide 75 mg was given twice p.o. to fasting subjects. In the second study they had been pretreated with propantheline 60 mg. Plasma and urine concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide were determined by GLC. Pretreatment with propantheline on average delayed the maximal plasma level of hct from 2.4 to 4.8 h (p less than 0.05); and the total urinary recovery of hydrochlorothiazide by 48 h was increased from 49.3 mg to 66.9 mg (p less than 0.005). It was concluded that propantheline increased substantially the absorption of the diuretic.", "PMID": 668798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12378", "title": "Measurement of plasma glycoside level following pengitoxin administration.", "content": "16-Acetyl-gitoxin, the cardioactive metabolite of pengitoxin, was estimated by the 86Rb uptake technique. In 70 consecutive patients taking an oral maintenance dose of pengitoxin 0.4 mg (Pentagit), the mean plasma concentration was 20.8 +/- 6.7 ng/ml. Toxic signs were not observed up to plasma levels of 40 ng per ml.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma glycoside level following pengitoxin administration. 16-Acetyl-gitoxin, the cardioactive metabolite of pengitoxin, was estimated by the 86Rb uptake technique. In 70 consecutive patients taking an oral maintenance dose of pengitoxin 0.4 mg (Pentagit), the mean plasma concentration was 20.8 +/- 6.7 ng/ml. Toxic signs were not observed up to plasma levels of 40 ng per ml.", "PMID": 668799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12379", "title": "Immunity to transplantable carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas in B2/B2 chickens. III. Tumor growth inhibition by local delayed hypersensitivity reactions to unrelated antigens.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction to human Ig, corynebacterium parvum or allogeneic cells at the site of tumor cell injection, suppressed the fibrosarcoma (SCFS) growth in chickens. Spleen cells of SC chickens sensitized to human Ig or C. parvum suppressed SCFS growth when adoptively transferred with tumor cells, but only when the sensitizing antigen was present locally. This suppression did not occur in irradiated recipients, SCFS I cells injected into wattles of chickens immune to the tumor, provoked a local DH  reaction. Spleen cells from donors sensitized to SCFS I adoptively transferred immunity to both SCFS I and SCFS II when cells of the two tumors were mixed together before injection, but not when SCFS II cells were injected alone. Tumor-specific and nontumor-specific DH may be essential for local suppression of fibrosarcoma growth in chickens.", "contents": "Immunity to transplantable carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas in B2/B2 chickens. III. Tumor growth inhibition by local delayed hypersensitivity reactions to unrelated antigens. Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction to human Ig, corynebacterium parvum or allogeneic cells at the site of tumor cell injection, suppressed the fibrosarcoma (SCFS) growth in chickens. Spleen cells of SC chickens sensitized to human Ig or C. parvum suppressed SCFS growth when adoptively transferred with tumor cells, but only when the sensitizing antigen was present locally. This suppression did not occur in irradiated recipients, SCFS I cells injected into wattles of chickens immune to the tumor, provoked a local DH  reaction. Spleen cells from donors sensitized to SCFS I adoptively transferred immunity to both SCFS I and SCFS II when cells of the two tumors were mixed together before injection, but not when SCFS II cells were injected alone. Tumor-specific and nontumor-specific DH may be essential for local suppression of fibrosarcoma growth in chickens.", "PMID": 668800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12380", "title": "Evidence for independent genetic regulation of the expression of different antibody classes in anti-sheep red blood cell responses.", "content": "Three levels of variation are described in the response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Inbred strains of mice are distinguishable in terms of early or late kinetics of IgM response, high or low overall IgG response, and the relative expression of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody in their response to SRBC. Results using C57BL/10 hybrid progeny strongly suggest a genetic control of these different aspects of the anti-SRBC response. The IgM kinetic pattern and the quantitative IgG response are regulated by two independent multigenic systems. Evidence is also presented for a distinction between the genes controlling the quantitative IgG response and those which control the 7 S isotypic pattern. IgG2a antibody expression seems regulated by a single gene. Neither group of genes involved in these various types of regulation seems directly linked to the H-2 complex or to the CH allotype. The hypothesis that 4 different sets of genes might control IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b expression is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for independent genetic regulation of the expression of different antibody classes in anti-sheep red blood cell responses. Three levels of variation are described in the response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Inbred strains of mice are distinguishable in terms of early or late kinetics of IgM response, high or low overall IgG response, and the relative expression of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody in their response to SRBC. Results using C57BL/10 hybrid progeny strongly suggest a genetic control of these different aspects of the anti-SRBC response. The IgM kinetic pattern and the quantitative IgG response are regulated by two independent multigenic systems. Evidence is also presented for a distinction between the genes controlling the quantitative IgG response and those which control the 7 S isotypic pattern. IgG2a antibody expression seems regulated by a single gene. Neither group of genes involved in these various types of regulation seems directly linked to the H-2 complex or to the CH allotype. The hypothesis that 4 different sets of genes might control IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b expression is discussed.", "PMID": 668801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12381", "title": "Antibody diversity in amphibians: inheritance of isoelectric focusing antibody patterns in isogenic frogs.", "content": "Anti-sheep red cell, anti-dinitrophenyl, anti-phosphorylcholine antibody responses have been followed in isogenic frogs of the genus Xenopus. Isoelectric focusing antibody patterns show a high degree of overlap for all antigens studied, and a heterogeneity that is lower than in mammals for the same antigens. Inheritance of antibody isoelectric focusing spectrotypes was demonstrated for sheep red cells and dinitrophenyl in two clones of isogenic animals. Outbred frogs show a higher frequency of spectrotype sharing than outbred mammals. It is therefore suggested that antibody diversity is lower in frogs than in mammals.", "contents": "Antibody diversity in amphibians: inheritance of isoelectric focusing antibody patterns in isogenic frogs. Anti-sheep red cell, anti-dinitrophenyl, anti-phosphorylcholine antibody responses have been followed in isogenic frogs of the genus Xenopus. Isoelectric focusing antibody patterns show a high degree of overlap for all antigens studied, and a heterogeneity that is lower than in mammals for the same antigens. Inheritance of antibody isoelectric focusing spectrotypes was demonstrated for sheep red cells and dinitrophenyl in two clones of isogenic animals. Outbred frogs show a higher frequency of spectrotype sharing than outbred mammals. It is therefore suggested that antibody diversity is lower in frogs than in mammals.", "PMID": 668805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12382", "title": "The depolarizing action of 5-HT on mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibres.", "content": "The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on nerve fibres in the rabbit cervical vagus and on the sciatic nerve \"in vitro\" were studied by the single sucrose-gap technique. The addition of 5-HT to the Locke solution bathing the vagus nerve induced rapid depolarization and a fall in spike height at the threshold concentration of 1 X 10(-7) M. In most cases the depolarizing effect was completely reversed by washing 5--10 min while in about 40% of the preparations the action potential amplitude remained 10--30% below the control level. These effects were dose-related up to a maximum concentration of 3 X 10(-5) M. Tachyphylaxis was not observed when the drug was added at 12--15 min intervals. Depolarization was abolished by perfusing the nerve with sodium-free medium or by previous exposure to lidocaine (10(-3) M). External hyperpolarizing currents (10(-7) to 10(-6) A) were not able to restore the action potential amplitude. Cyproheptadine (50 micron), which was found to have a slight local anesthetic action, reduced the 5-HT-induced depolarization by 20--30%. Methysergide (50 micron), a more specific 5-HT antagonist, did not affect the action of 5-HT. 5-HT was inactive when applied to the myelinated fibres of the sciatic nerve. Our results indicate that 5-HT-induced depolarization appears to be related to an increase in the resting sodium permeability of nerve fibres.", "contents": "The depolarizing action of 5-HT on mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibres. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on nerve fibres in the rabbit cervical vagus and on the sciatic nerve \"in vitro\" were studied by the single sucrose-gap technique. The addition of 5-HT to the Locke solution bathing the vagus nerve induced rapid depolarization and a fall in spike height at the threshold concentration of 1 X 10(-7) M. In most cases the depolarizing effect was completely reversed by washing 5--10 min while in about 40% of the preparations the action potential amplitude remained 10--30% below the control level. These effects were dose-related up to a maximum concentration of 3 X 10(-5) M. Tachyphylaxis was not observed when the drug was added at 12--15 min intervals. Depolarization was abolished by perfusing the nerve with sodium-free medium or by previous exposure to lidocaine (10(-3) M). External hyperpolarizing currents (10(-7) to 10(-6) A) were not able to restore the action potential amplitude. Cyproheptadine (50 micron), which was found to have a slight local anesthetic action, reduced the 5-HT-induced depolarization by 20--30%. Methysergide (50 micron), a more specific 5-HT antagonist, did not affect the action of 5-HT. 5-HT was inactive when applied to the myelinated fibres of the sciatic nerve. Our results indicate that 5-HT-induced depolarization appears to be related to an increase in the resting sodium permeability of nerve fibres.", "PMID": 668806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12383", "title": "Methadone inhibits serotonin and norephinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles in vitro but not in vivo.", "content": "Methadone in vitro inhibited biogenic amine uptake into synaptosomes isolated from rat whole brain; the IC50 for inhibition of serotonin uptake was between 0.1 and 1 micron, and for norepinephrine uptake, 10 micron when the serotonin or norepinephrine concentration was 0.05 micron. Methadone in vitro also inhibited uptake of norepinephrine into rat brain synaptic vesicles to the same extent that it inhibited synaptosomal norepinephrine uptake. In all cases, all cases, morphine in vitro was much less effective in blocking uptake. However, in vivo acute or chronic administration of methadone to rats failed to cause inhibition of serotonin or norepinephrine uptakes in synaptosomes isolated from the brains of treated rats, nor was inhibition of vesicular norepinephrine uptake produced. Amine uptake in situ also was unaffected by methadone administration, as evidenced by normal incorporation of intracisternally administered 3H-serotonin into synaptic endings. These data show that inhibition of synaptosomal and vesicular biogenic amine uptake by methadone in vitro is probably not a major determinant of the alterations in biogenic amine turnover caused by methadone administration. Thus, results obtained with platelets and adrenomedullary chromaffin vesicles, in which methadone administration does cause effective inhibition of amine uptake in vivo, cannot be extended to the central nervous system.", "contents": "Methadone inhibits serotonin and norephinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles in vitro but not in vivo. Methadone in vitro inhibited biogenic amine uptake into synaptosomes isolated from rat whole brain; the IC50 for inhibition of serotonin uptake was between 0.1 and 1 micron, and for norepinephrine uptake, 10 micron when the serotonin or norepinephrine concentration was 0.05 micron. Methadone in vitro also inhibited uptake of norepinephrine into rat brain synaptic vesicles to the same extent that it inhibited synaptosomal norepinephrine uptake. In all cases, all cases, morphine in vitro was much less effective in blocking uptake. However, in vivo acute or chronic administration of methadone to rats failed to cause inhibition of serotonin or norepinephrine uptakes in synaptosomes isolated from the brains of treated rats, nor was inhibition of vesicular norepinephrine uptake produced. Amine uptake in situ also was unaffected by methadone administration, as evidenced by normal incorporation of intracisternally administered 3H-serotonin into synaptic endings. These data show that inhibition of synaptosomal and vesicular biogenic amine uptake by methadone in vitro is probably not a major determinant of the alterations in biogenic amine turnover caused by methadone administration. Thus, results obtained with platelets and adrenomedullary chromaffin vesicles, in which methadone administration does cause effective inhibition of amine uptake in vivo, cannot be extended to the central nervous system.", "PMID": 668807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12384", "title": "Effects of phenytoin on sympathetic reflex responses in the cat.", "content": "Phenytoin (DPH), in a low dose (2 mg/kg) was found to potentiate reflex elevations in blood pressure and responses of the nictitating membrane induced either by the electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve or by intravenously applied pentetrazol in light anaesthetized cats. Pressor responses to carotid occlusion under chloralose anaesthesia were also potentiated. In contrast a high dose (20 mg/kg) of DPH exerted an inhibitory effect on these responses. These effects of DPH on sympathetic reflex responses proved to be long-lasting. Intravenously applied picrotoxin (0.05 mg/kg) or the same dose of ouabain, injected into the vertebral artery, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of DPH (20 mg/kg). Our data support the suggestion that DPH exerts its inhibitory action by effecting ionic fluxes in the CNS, mostly in inhibitory structures.", "contents": "Effects of phenytoin on sympathetic reflex responses in the cat. Phenytoin (DPH), in a low dose (2 mg/kg) was found to potentiate reflex elevations in blood pressure and responses of the nictitating membrane induced either by the electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve or by intravenously applied pentetrazol in light anaesthetized cats. Pressor responses to carotid occlusion under chloralose anaesthesia were also potentiated. In contrast a high dose (20 mg/kg) of DPH exerted an inhibitory effect on these responses. These effects of DPH on sympathetic reflex responses proved to be long-lasting. Intravenously applied picrotoxin (0.05 mg/kg) or the same dose of ouabain, injected into the vertebral artery, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of DPH (20 mg/kg). Our data support the suggestion that DPH exerts its inhibitory action by effecting ionic fluxes in the CNS, mostly in inhibitory structures.", "PMID": 668808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12385", "title": "Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium increase sodium and water excretion after extracellular volume expansion in the rabbit.", "content": "The renal effects of an acute extracellular fluid volume expansion (50 ml Ringer/kg body weight/60 min) were studied in aldosterone-treated (100 microgram/kg), anesthetized rabbits with and without pretreatment with either indomethacin (3.0 mg/kg) or diclofenac sodium (3.0 mg/kg), two different inhibitors of renal prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis. In controls (n = 7), the volume expansion increased urine flow from 1.5 +/- 0.24 to 6.1 +/- 0.5 (S.E.) ml/min/100 g kidney weight and sodium excretion from 0.15 +/- 0.03 to 0.99 +/- 0.10 mmol/min/100 g. PAH and inulin clearance increased by 42 and 58%, respectively, while plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of PGF2 alpha-like immunoreactivity were reduced (P less than 0.05). In animals pretreated with indomethacin (n = 6) or diclofenac sodium (n = 6), the diuresis and the natriuresis following volume expansion were significantly increased about two-fold over controls, whereas PAH and inulin clearance, plasma renin activity and hematocrit did not differ from controls. Both drugs were found to reduce urinary excretion of PGF2 alpha-like immunoreactivity by 75--95% througout the experiment. The results indicate that diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and extracellular volume expansion enhance sodium and water excretion partly by suppression of a PG sensitive reabsorption process in the kidney.", "contents": "Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium increase sodium and water excretion after extracellular volume expansion in the rabbit. The renal effects of an acute extracellular fluid volume expansion (50 ml Ringer/kg body weight/60 min) were studied in aldosterone-treated (100 microgram/kg), anesthetized rabbits with and without pretreatment with either indomethacin (3.0 mg/kg) or diclofenac sodium (3.0 mg/kg), two different inhibitors of renal prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis. In controls (n = 7), the volume expansion increased urine flow from 1.5 +/- 0.24 to 6.1 +/- 0.5 (S.E.) ml/min/100 g kidney weight and sodium excretion from 0.15 +/- 0.03 to 0.99 +/- 0.10 mmol/min/100 g. PAH and inulin clearance increased by 42 and 58%, respectively, while plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of PGF2 alpha-like immunoreactivity were reduced (P less than 0.05). In animals pretreated with indomethacin (n = 6) or diclofenac sodium (n = 6), the diuresis and the natriuresis following volume expansion were significantly increased about two-fold over controls, whereas PAH and inulin clearance, plasma renin activity and hematocrit did not differ from controls. Both drugs were found to reduce urinary excretion of PGF2 alpha-like immunoreactivity by 75--95% througout the experiment. The results indicate that diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and extracellular volume expansion enhance sodium and water excretion partly by suppression of a PG sensitive reabsorption process in the kidney.", "PMID": 668809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12386", "title": "Some effects of disopyramide and its N-dealkylated metabolite on isolated nerve and cardiac muscle.", "content": "In animals and man the antidysrhythmic agent disopyramide in primarily metabolised by mono-N-dealkylation. The effects of disopyramide and its N-dealkylated metabolite (MIP) have been investigated using isolated cardiac and nervous tissue, and their effects have been compared with the effects of other antidysrhythmic agents. Disopyramide, d,l-propranolol and quinidine all decreased both maximum driving frequency and developed tension in electrically driven guinea pit atria. MIP and procaine amide also decreased maximum driving frequency, but had a positive intropic effect. MIP was only 4 times less active than disopyramide in decreasing maximum driving frequency. There was no evidence that either disopyramide or MIP possessed beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties. In superfused rat sciatic nerves, it has been shown that neither disopyramide nor MIP possesses significant local anaesthetic properties. Procaine amide and lignocaine were highly active in this test. The possible contribution of MIP to the actions of disopyramide in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Some effects of disopyramide and its N-dealkylated metabolite on isolated nerve and cardiac muscle. In animals and man the antidysrhythmic agent disopyramide in primarily metabolised by mono-N-dealkylation. The effects of disopyramide and its N-dealkylated metabolite (MIP) have been investigated using isolated cardiac and nervous tissue, and their effects have been compared with the effects of other antidysrhythmic agents. Disopyramide, d,l-propranolol and quinidine all decreased both maximum driving frequency and developed tension in electrically driven guinea pit atria. MIP and procaine amide also decreased maximum driving frequency, but had a positive intropic effect. MIP was only 4 times less active than disopyramide in decreasing maximum driving frequency. There was no evidence that either disopyramide or MIP possessed beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties. In superfused rat sciatic nerves, it has been shown that neither disopyramide nor MIP possesses significant local anaesthetic properties. Procaine amide and lignocaine were highly active in this test. The possible contribution of MIP to the actions of disopyramide in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 668810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12387", "title": "Comparison of the thermoregulatory responses to intracerebroventricularly injected dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the goat.", "content": "The thermoregulatory responses to dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), injected into the third cerebral ventricle of goats at 20 degrees C ambient temperature (Ta) or during cold exposure, were compared before and after pretreatment with the DA receptor blocker haloperidol or the 5-HT receptor blocker methysergide. At 20 degrees C Ta, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of DA (800 microgram), NA (200 microgram) or 5-HT (800 microgram) induced a decrease in body temperature (Tb) and dilatation of the ear vessels. After DA and 5-HT, but not after NA, panting was observed. During cold exposure both DA and NA caused a suppression of shivering and a fall in Tb. Pretreatment with haloperidol (400 microgram, i.c.v.) attenuated the thermoregulatory effects of i.c.v. DA other than the dilatation of the ear vessels at 20 degrees C Ta. Haloperidol did not influence the responses after i.c.v. NA or 5-HT. Methysergide (1.0 mg, i.c.v.) blocked panting and attenuated the decrease in Tb caused by i.c.v. DA and 5-HT at 20 degrees C Ta and blocked the peripheral vasodilatation caused by 5-HT but not the dilatation caused by DA. During cold exposure methysergide antagonized the thermoregulatory effects of DA, but not those of NA. Ic.v. injection of haloperidol (400 microgram) or methysergide (1.0 mg) during heat exposure induced in panting and a rise in body temperature, which suggests that both DA and 5-HT have a physiological role in the mediation of heat loss in the goat. We conclude that in the central thermoregulatory system of the goat are excitatory DA receptors in the pathway from heat sensors to heat effectors. Activation of these receptors by i.c.v. DA or by heat exposure results in a secondaary release of 5-HT. Since the vasodilating effect of DA was not influenced by haloperidol or methysergide, this effect could be mediated by haloperidol-insensitive (possibly inhibitory) DA receptors on the pathway controlling peripheral vasomotor tone. The thermoregulatory effects of i.c.v. NA are probably mediated by inhibitory NA receptors on the pathway from cold sensors to heat production effectors.", "contents": "Comparison of the thermoregulatory responses to intracerebroventricularly injected dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the goat. The thermoregulatory responses to dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), injected into the third cerebral ventricle of goats at 20 degrees C ambient temperature (Ta) or during cold exposure, were compared before and after pretreatment with the DA receptor blocker haloperidol or the 5-HT receptor blocker methysergide. At 20 degrees C Ta, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of DA (800 microgram), NA (200 microgram) or 5-HT (800 microgram) induced a decrease in body temperature (Tb) and dilatation of the ear vessels. After DA and 5-HT, but not after NA, panting was observed. During cold exposure both DA and NA caused a suppression of shivering and a fall in Tb. Pretreatment with haloperidol (400 microgram, i.c.v.) attenuated the thermoregulatory effects of i.c.v. DA other than the dilatation of the ear vessels at 20 degrees C Ta. Haloperidol did not influence the responses after i.c.v. NA or 5-HT. Methysergide (1.0 mg, i.c.v.) blocked panting and attenuated the decrease in Tb caused by i.c.v. DA and 5-HT at 20 degrees C Ta and blocked the peripheral vasodilatation caused by 5-HT but not the dilatation caused by DA. During cold exposure methysergide antagonized the thermoregulatory effects of DA, but not those of NA. Ic.v. injection of haloperidol (400 microgram) or methysergide (1.0 mg) during heat exposure induced in panting and a rise in body temperature, which suggests that both DA and 5-HT have a physiological role in the mediation of heat loss in the goat. We conclude that in the central thermoregulatory system of the goat are excitatory DA receptors in the pathway from heat sensors to heat effectors. Activation of these receptors by i.c.v. DA or by heat exposure results in a secondaary release of 5-HT. Since the vasodilating effect of DA was not influenced by haloperidol or methysergide, this effect could be mediated by haloperidol-insensitive (possibly inhibitory) DA receptors on the pathway controlling peripheral vasomotor tone. The thermoregulatory effects of i.c.v. NA are probably mediated by inhibitory NA receptors on the pathway from cold sensors to heat production effectors.", "PMID": 668811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12388", "title": "Successful oxime therapy one hour after soman intoxication in the rat.", "content": "The bisquaternary mono-oxime HI-6, and to a lesser extent HS-6, caused functional recovery of neuromuscular transmission in vivo and in vitro when given 60 min after soman, i.e. when the soman-cholinesterase (AChE) complex is said to be fully \"aged\". Atropinised rats, with the tracheas intubated, received 4 X LD50 soman i.v. and were kept alive by artificial respiration. 60 min later HI-6 was administered and after an additional 15 min the tracheal tube was removed. Nearly all animals survived for 24 h. After 6 X LD50 soman followed by HI-6, HI-6, respiratory failure was delayed for hours but almost all animals died within 24 h. Against equal doses of soman, HS-6 was less effective. In experiments with isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations, HI-6 given 60 min after soman produced functional recovery which could be abolished by a second dose of soman, suggesting that HI-6 had reactivated the AChE and that this enzyme was then reinhibited by the second dose of soman. HI-6 reactivates purified bovine erythrocyte AChE when added immediately after inhibition by soman, but does not reactivate tabun-inhibited AChE. Accordingly, no functional recovery of neuromuscular transmission was found in rat diaphragm when HI-6 was administered 60 min after tabun. Furthermore, functional recovery was not obtained with HI-6 after exposure diaphragms to S 27, which carries a hydroxyl group instead of an alkoxy group--i.e. it is \"pre-aged\"--and instantaneously forms an inhibitor--enzyme complex identical to the \"age\" soman--enzyme complex. These results exclude the possibility that the functional recovery was caused by a direct pharmacological effect of the oxime. The functional recovery of diaphragms treated with II-6 60 min after exposure to soman was not accompanied by a return of histochemically detectable AChE activity. The capacity of the isolated diaphragm to hydrolyze (3H)-acetylcholine, however, seemed to be reactivated to a very small (1--2%) extent by HI-6, 60 min after exposure to soman. It is concluded that soman-inhibited cholinesterase in intact rat tissue \"ages\" much more slowly than does soman-inhibited purified cholinesterase, so that even after 60 min enough \"non-aged\" inhibited AChE is still susceptible to reactivation to be lifesaving.", "contents": "Successful oxime therapy one hour after soman intoxication in the rat. The bisquaternary mono-oxime HI-6, and to a lesser extent HS-6, caused functional recovery of neuromuscular transmission in vivo and in vitro when given 60 min after soman, i.e. when the soman-cholinesterase (AChE) complex is said to be fully \"aged\". Atropinised rats, with the tracheas intubated, received 4 X LD50 soman i.v. and were kept alive by artificial respiration. 60 min later HI-6 was administered and after an additional 15 min the tracheal tube was removed. Nearly all animals survived for 24 h. After 6 X LD50 soman followed by HI-6, HI-6, respiratory failure was delayed for hours but almost all animals died within 24 h. Against equal doses of soman, HS-6 was less effective. In experiments with isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations, HI-6 given 60 min after soman produced functional recovery which could be abolished by a second dose of soman, suggesting that HI-6 had reactivated the AChE and that this enzyme was then reinhibited by the second dose of soman. HI-6 reactivates purified bovine erythrocyte AChE when added immediately after inhibition by soman, but does not reactivate tabun-inhibited AChE. Accordingly, no functional recovery of neuromuscular transmission was found in rat diaphragm when HI-6 was administered 60 min after tabun. Furthermore, functional recovery was not obtained with HI-6 after exposure diaphragms to S 27, which carries a hydroxyl group instead of an alkoxy group--i.e. it is \"pre-aged\"--and instantaneously forms an inhibitor--enzyme complex identical to the \"age\" soman--enzyme complex. These results exclude the possibility that the functional recovery was caused by a direct pharmacological effect of the oxime. The functional recovery of diaphragms treated with II-6 60 min after exposure to soman was not accompanied by a return of histochemically detectable AChE activity. The capacity of the isolated diaphragm to hydrolyze (3H)-acetylcholine, however, seemed to be reactivated to a very small (1--2%) extent by HI-6, 60 min after exposure to soman. It is concluded that soman-inhibited cholinesterase in intact rat tissue \"ages\" much more slowly than does soman-inhibited purified cholinesterase, so that even after 60 min enough \"non-aged\" inhibited AChE is still susceptible to reactivation to be lifesaving.", "PMID": 668812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12389", "title": "Studies on mast cells of Rana tigrina.", "content": "Mast cell degranulators cause vasoconstriction in the frog. A comparative study of the mesenteric mast cells of the frog and rat showed that the frog mast cells differed from those of the rat in having a dense perigastric instead of a sparse ideal distribution, and in responding to compound 48/80 by a rapid and marked disappearance and/or fragmented appearance instead of classical degranulation. The vasoconstriction and mast cell response after in vivo compound 48/80 appeared related since they showed a parallel increase when the dose was increased.", "contents": "Studies on mast cells of Rana tigrina. Mast cell degranulators cause vasoconstriction in the frog. A comparative study of the mesenteric mast cells of the frog and rat showed that the frog mast cells differed from those of the rat in having a dense perigastric instead of a sparse ideal distribution, and in responding to compound 48/80 by a rapid and marked disappearance and/or fragmented appearance instead of classical degranulation. The vasoconstriction and mast cell response after in vivo compound 48/80 appeared related since they showed a parallel increase when the dose was increased.", "PMID": 668813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12390", "title": "Disappearance of cortical granules in rat ovum in vivo following fertilization.", "content": "Electron microscopical studies of the rat ova were carried out to clarify the pattern of disappearance of cortical granules following fertilization. When the posterior cap of the head of a spermatozoon was attahced to the vitelline membrane, cortical granules located beneath this membrane fused with this membrane to be decomposed or broken. Then their contents were discharged into the perivitelline space. The disappearance of cortical granules seemed to have started in an area around the site of the vitelline membrane to which spermatozoon was attached and spread soon all over the vitellus.", "contents": "Disappearance of cortical granules in rat ovum in vivo following fertilization. Electron microscopical studies of the rat ova were carried out to clarify the pattern of disappearance of cortical granules following fertilization. When the posterior cap of the head of a spermatozoon was attahced to the vitelline membrane, cortical granules located beneath this membrane fused with this membrane to be decomposed or broken. Then their contents were discharged into the perivitelline space. The disappearance of cortical granules seemed to have started in an area around the site of the vitelline membrane to which spermatozoon was attached and spread soon all over the vitellus.", "PMID": 668814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12391", "title": "[Comparative studies on lactate dehydrogenase in serum and plasma of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Values of serum and plasma LDH in rats were comparatively studied, and the following results were obtained: 1) The activity of LDH increased in serum with time during clotting, but no changes of LDH activity were found in plasma. 2) When platelet rich plasma (PRP) was recalcified and allowed to clot, LDH-release from platelets with a corresponding increase of serum LDH was observed, but addition of ADP or thrombin to PRP did not have an effect on LDH-release. 3) LDH-release from platelets by calcium was not inhibited by aspirin, and it was influenced by the quality of the test tube. 4) Values of serum and plasma LDH on experimentally induced liver-damaged or kidney-damaged rats and tumor-bearing rats were examined in relation to their tissue damages, revealing that plasma LDH activity represents the condition of a disease better than serum LDH activity.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on lactate dehydrogenase in serum and plasma of rats (author's transl)]. Values of serum and plasma LDH in rats were comparatively studied, and the following results were obtained: 1) The activity of LDH increased in serum with time during clotting, but no changes of LDH activity were found in plasma. 2) When platelet rich plasma (PRP) was recalcified and allowed to clot, LDH-release from platelets with a corresponding increase of serum LDH was observed, but addition of ADP or thrombin to PRP did not have an effect on LDH-release. 3) LDH-release from platelets by calcium was not inhibited by aspirin, and it was influenced by the quality of the test tube. 4) Values of serum and plasma LDH on experimentally induced liver-damaged or kidney-damaged rats and tumor-bearing rats were examined in relation to their tissue damages, revealing that plasma LDH activity represents the condition of a disease better than serum LDH activity.", "PMID": 668815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12392", "title": "[Three cases of hemolytic Streptococcus infection in guinea-pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of naturally occurring hemolytic streptococcus infection were detected in guinea-pigs which had been delivered from different sources to the Division of Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, during the period from November, 1976, till February, 1977. The clinical manifestations of the infection were differentiated into two types; ie, the acute type with sepsis and pneumonia as main pathologic changes, and the chronic type with abscess formation of submaxillary lymph node. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from the conjunctiva of about 56% of these guinea-pigs. Healthy guinea-pigs housed with spontaneously infected ones in the same cage suffered from the infection, showing manifestation and pathologic changes similar to the spontaneous cases. Some of them, however, remained apparently healthy for about 2 months harboring the organisms in the conjunctiva or nasal cavity. It is presumed that such carriers become a source of the infection in nature.", "contents": "[Three cases of hemolytic Streptococcus infection in guinea-pigs (author's transl)]. Three cases of naturally occurring hemolytic streptococcus infection were detected in guinea-pigs which had been delivered from different sources to the Division of Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, during the period from November, 1976, till February, 1977. The clinical manifestations of the infection were differentiated into two types; ie, the acute type with sepsis and pneumonia as main pathologic changes, and the chronic type with abscess formation of submaxillary lymph node. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from the conjunctiva of about 56% of these guinea-pigs. Healthy guinea-pigs housed with spontaneously infected ones in the same cage suffered from the infection, showing manifestation and pathologic changes similar to the spontaneous cases. Some of them, however, remained apparently healthy for about 2 months harboring the organisms in the conjunctiva or nasal cavity. It is presumed that such carriers become a source of the infection in nature.", "PMID": 668816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12393", "title": "[The reliable diagnosis for an early stage of hereditary muscular dystrophy of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The methods to find hereditary muscular dystrophy mice (dy-mice) were described. One was to observe whether or not mice dragged their hind limbs immediately after they were dropped onto a table following their suspension by their tails. The other was to observe dragging their hind  limbs immediately after they were restored to a normal position from a supine one. This limbs-dragging induced by these methods were characteristic of dy-mice. Among 437 mice checked by these methods, 76 showed the drag during 14-23 days after birth (18.3 days on the average) and later they were confirmed to be dy-mice without exception. Therefore, it was concluded that these methods were useful for the accurate diagnosis of dy-mice at an early stage.", "contents": "[The reliable diagnosis for an early stage of hereditary muscular dystrophy of mice (author's transl)]. The methods to find hereditary muscular dystrophy mice (dy-mice) were described. One was to observe whether or not mice dragged their hind limbs immediately after they were dropped onto a table following their suspension by their tails. The other was to observe dragging their hind  limbs immediately after they were restored to a normal position from a supine one. This limbs-dragging induced by these methods were characteristic of dy-mice. Among 437 mice checked by these methods, 76 showed the drag during 14-23 days after birth (18.3 days on the average) and later they were confirmed to be dy-mice without exception. Therefore, it was concluded that these methods were useful for the accurate diagnosis of dy-mice at an early stage.", "PMID": 668817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12394", "title": "The effect of Rauscher murine leukemia virus infection on the hemopoietic system of BALB/c mice. Cell proliferation and cell loss.", "content": "Cell proliferation was investigated in normal and Rauscher Leukemia Virus-infected BALB/c mice. Five days after inoculation, islands of leukemic blasts arose in the red pulp, and proliferated as shown by autoradiographic analysis after a pulse of 3H-Thymidine. These cells subsequently infiltrated the whole spleen and 3 weeks after infection about 60% of the spleen consisted of large immature erythroblast-like cells. Repeated injections of 3H-Thymidine led to uniform labeling of 85% of the spleen cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that for bone marrow as well as for spleen cells the total duration of the cell cycle did not differ from the cell cycle times of normal erythroblasts. From the difference between the actual doubling time and the potential doubling time (estimated on the basis of the cell cycle time) it can be calculated that considerable cell loss must occur. This cell loss is only to a minor extent due to the release of blasts into the peripheral blood. Probably cell death and extrusion of nuclei during erythroid differentiation are the main factors involved.", "contents": "The effect of Rauscher murine leukemia virus infection on the hemopoietic system of BALB/c mice. Cell proliferation and cell loss. Cell proliferation was investigated in normal and Rauscher Leukemia Virus-infected BALB/c mice. Five days after inoculation, islands of leukemic blasts arose in the red pulp, and proliferated as shown by autoradiographic analysis after a pulse of 3H-Thymidine. These cells subsequently infiltrated the whole spleen and 3 weeks after infection about 60% of the spleen consisted of large immature erythroblast-like cells. Repeated injections of 3H-Thymidine led to uniform labeling of 85% of the spleen cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that for bone marrow as well as for spleen cells the total duration of the cell cycle did not differ from the cell cycle times of normal erythroblasts. From the difference between the actual doubling time and the potential doubling time (estimated on the basis of the cell cycle time) it can be calculated that considerable cell loss must occur. This cell loss is only to a minor extent due to the release of blasts into the peripheral blood. Probably cell death and extrusion of nuclei during erythroid differentiation are the main factors involved.", "PMID": 668830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12395", "title": "Improved technique for increased granulocyte recovery from canine whole blood samples by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation. I. In vitro analysis.", "content": "Granulocytes were isolated from 120 ml of canine whole blood by a modification in counterflow centrifugation-elutriation technique. The leukocytes were concentrated in a buffy coat fraction and diluted to a fixed RBC density prior to entry into the rotor. Overall recovery of granulocytes from canine whole blood averaged 82% with 96% purity from contaminating mononuclear leukocytes. The purified cellular fraction was assayed in vitro to monitor O2 consumption, chemotaxis, bacterial growth inhibition, and enzyme activities. Cellular integrity was monitored by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by cell volume analysis. The data suggest that the granulocytes isolated by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation suffered no noticeable morphological damage or loss of function in terms of recognition of a toxic agent, migration, phagocytosis, or bactericidal capacity. Granulocytes isolated by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation may be physiologically more active than cells obtained by filtration leukapheresis, continuous-flow centrifugal leukapheresis or discontinuous flow centrifugation both in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Improved technique for increased granulocyte recovery from canine whole blood samples by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation. I. In vitro analysis. Granulocytes were isolated from 120 ml of canine whole blood by a modification in counterflow centrifugation-elutriation technique. The leukocytes were concentrated in a buffy coat fraction and diluted to a fixed RBC density prior to entry into the rotor. Overall recovery of granulocytes from canine whole blood averaged 82% with 96% purity from contaminating mononuclear leukocytes. The purified cellular fraction was assayed in vitro to monitor O2 consumption, chemotaxis, bacterial growth inhibition, and enzyme activities. Cellular integrity was monitored by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by cell volume analysis. The data suggest that the granulocytes isolated by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation suffered no noticeable morphological damage or loss of function in terms of recognition of a toxic agent, migration, phagocytosis, or bactericidal capacity. Granulocytes isolated by counterflow centrifugation-elutriation may be physiologically more active than cells obtained by filtration leukapheresis, continuous-flow centrifugal leukapheresis or discontinuous flow centrifugation both in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 668831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12396", "title": "Suppressive effects of an extramedullary tumor on bone marrow erythropoiesis and stroma.", "content": "Mice, bearing a solid extramedullary Ehrlich ascites tumor developed anemia, reticulocytosis, and leukocytosis after 3 weeks of tumor growth. Erythopoiesis in the marrow, as measured by erythroblast counts and radioiron uptake of the humerus and femur, was suppressed to less than 30% of normal. However, striking erythroblastic and granulocytic hyperplasia in the spleen occurred to compensate for suppression of erythropoiesis in the marrow. Accompanying the medullary erythropoietic insufficiency was a similar suppression to 30% of normal in the growth of bone marrow stromal colonies in vitro. The fact that erythropoiesis was suppressed in the marrow, but not in the spleen, and bone marrow stromal colony growth was concomitantly suppressed, suggest that a change in the cellular component of the hemopoietic microenvironment had occurred. Splenectomy, prior to tumor inoculation, did not ameliorate the anemia. However, removing this potentially compensatory site for erythropoiesis prevented the severe suppression of erythroblast counts and stromal colony growth from the marrow. Thus, it appeared that, with sufficient stimulus, the suppression of erythropoiesis in the marrow was preventable.", "contents": "Suppressive effects of an extramedullary tumor on bone marrow erythropoiesis and stroma. Mice, bearing a solid extramedullary Ehrlich ascites tumor developed anemia, reticulocytosis, and leukocytosis after 3 weeks of tumor growth. Erythopoiesis in the marrow, as measured by erythroblast counts and radioiron uptake of the humerus and femur, was suppressed to less than 30% of normal. However, striking erythroblastic and granulocytic hyperplasia in the spleen occurred to compensate for suppression of erythropoiesis in the marrow. Accompanying the medullary erythropoietic insufficiency was a similar suppression to 30% of normal in the growth of bone marrow stromal colonies in vitro. The fact that erythropoiesis was suppressed in the marrow, but not in the spleen, and bone marrow stromal colony growth was concomitantly suppressed, suggest that a change in the cellular component of the hemopoietic microenvironment had occurred. Splenectomy, prior to tumor inoculation, did not ameliorate the anemia. However, removing this potentially compensatory site for erythropoiesis prevented the severe suppression of erythroblast counts and stromal colony growth from the marrow. Thus, it appeared that, with sufficient stimulus, the suppression of erythropoiesis in the marrow was preventable.", "PMID": 668832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12397", "title": "Glycerin prevents the 'heat-death' of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "When heated to 45 degrees C for 20 min Ehrlich ascites tumor and NK-lymphoma cells are irreversibly damaged, so that they lose transplantability. The presence of 7-8% glycerol during heat treatment protects EAT cells completely and NK-lymphoma cells partly against this injury.", "contents": "Glycerin prevents the 'heat-death' of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. When heated to 45 degrees C for 20 min Ehrlich ascites tumor and NK-lymphoma cells are irreversibly damaged, so that they lose transplantability. The presence of 7-8% glycerol during heat treatment protects EAT cells completely and NK-lymphoma cells partly against this injury.", "PMID": 668846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12398", "title": "Depletion of cellular glycogen during the early logarithmic growth phase of human fibroblasts.", "content": "Human diploid fibroblasts deplete 50% of their cellular glycogen by day 4 after subcultivation in 100 mg% glucose medium. The glycogen content increases again as the cells approach confluency. Growth of cells in low glucose medium results in rapid glycogen depletion and indicates that stored glycogen has a limited potential as an energy source.", "contents": "Depletion of cellular glycogen during the early logarithmic growth phase of human fibroblasts. Human diploid fibroblasts deplete 50% of their cellular glycogen by day 4 after subcultivation in 100 mg% glucose medium. The glycogen content increases again as the cells approach confluency. Growth of cells in low glucose medium results in rapid glycogen depletion and indicates that stored glycogen has a limited potential as an energy source.", "PMID": 668848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12399", "title": "Satellite DNA (II) from sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm.", "content": "When DNA isolated from freshly collected sperm of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) is centrifuged to equilibrium in CsCl, 2 heavy satellite bands appear beside the main band DNA. Satellite DNA (II) appears in between the main band DNA (rho = 1.695 g/cm3) and the rDNA satellite (rho = 1.722 g/cm3). Satellite DNA (II) has a buoyant density 1.710 g/cm3, corresponding to 50% GC content. It is speculated that the satellite DNA (II), which appears to be of high mol. wt, might contain the sequences complementary to histone mRNA.", "contents": "Satellite DNA (II) from sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm. When DNA isolated from freshly collected sperm of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) is centrifuged to equilibrium in CsCl, 2 heavy satellite bands appear beside the main band DNA. Satellite DNA (II) appears in between the main band DNA (rho = 1.695 g/cm3) and the rDNA satellite (rho = 1.722 g/cm3). Satellite DNA (II) has a buoyant density 1.710 g/cm3, corresponding to 50% GC content. It is speculated that the satellite DNA (II), which appears to be of high mol. wt, might contain the sequences complementary to histone mRNA.", "PMID": 668849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12400", "title": "Inter omental-cerebral vascularization induced by omental graft to the rat brain.", "content": "The omentum of 13 rats were removed from the abdomen and placed directly on the brain. 5-14 days later the omentum and the underlying brain were joined by numerous vascular anastomoses in 9 rats. The purpose of this work was to study the use of omentum to establish extracranial vascularization of the brain.", "contents": "Inter omental-cerebral vascularization induced by omental graft to the rat brain. The omentum of 13 rats were removed from the abdomen and placed directly on the brain. 5-14 days later the omentum and the underlying brain were joined by numerous vascular anastomoses in 9 rats. The purpose of this work was to study the use of omentum to establish extracranial vascularization of the brain.", "PMID": 668851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12401", "title": "Intravital measurement of arteriolar pressure and tangential wall stress in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (established hypertension).", "content": "Under intravital conditions, intravascular pressures of mesenteric resistance vessels were measured in normotensive (NR, mean blood pressure 92 mm Hg) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 161 mm Hg) being elevated over all by about 75%; the tangential wall stress (sigma = p.r/h; p represents the intravascular pressure and r/h the ratio of internal radius to wall thickness) was found to be increased by 120-140% in SHR.", "contents": "Intravital measurement of arteriolar pressure and tangential wall stress in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (established hypertension). Under intravital conditions, intravascular pressures of mesenteric resistance vessels were measured in normotensive (NR, mean blood pressure 92 mm Hg) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 161 mm Hg) being elevated over all by about 75%; the tangential wall stress (sigma = p.r/h; p represents the intravascular pressure and r/h the ratio of internal radius to wall thickness) was found to be increased by 120-140% in SHR.", "PMID": 668853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12402", "title": "Action of glutamic acid and of some glutamate analogues on the molluscan central neurones.", "content": "The effects of L-glutamic acid and of some glutamate analogues have been studied on the central nervous system of the snail Heobania vermiculata, using conventional electrophysiological techniques. The glutamate H-response had the mean equilibrium value of -(57 +/- 4) mV and was associated with a Cl- conductance change. The D-response to glutamate application showed an involvement of sodium ions. Aspartate was agonist of glutamate action and displayed similar equilibrium value of the H-response, whereas quisqualate H-response was 'non-invertible'.", "contents": "Action of glutamic acid and of some glutamate analogues on the molluscan central neurones. The effects of L-glutamic acid and of some glutamate analogues have been studied on the central nervous system of the snail Heobania vermiculata, using conventional electrophysiological techniques. The glutamate H-response had the mean equilibrium value of -(57 +/- 4) mV and was associated with a Cl- conductance change. The D-response to glutamate application showed an involvement of sodium ions. Aspartate was agonist of glutamate action and displayed similar equilibrium value of the H-response, whereas quisqualate H-response was 'non-invertible'.", "PMID": 668854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12403", "title": "Aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity in rats pretreated with ethanol.", "content": "Ethanol pretreatment has the potentiation of the aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity was indicated by an increase in the activities of plasma GPT, plasma GOT and in the severity of liver necrosis. The effect of ethanol pretreatment on an increase in the accumulation of liver triglycerides is additive in nature.", "contents": "Aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity in rats pretreated with ethanol. Ethanol pretreatment has the potentiation of the aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity was indicated by an increase in the activities of plasma GPT, plasma GOT and in the severity of liver necrosis. The effect of ethanol pretreatment on an increase in the accumulation of liver triglycerides is additive in nature.", "PMID": 668855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12404", "title": "Protection of the mouse from genetic radiation damage by an optimal-dose-ratio combination of ATP, AET, and serotonin.", "content": "The study concerned antiradiation effects in germ-cell genetic structures produced by a combination of ATP, AET, and serotonin at dose ratio optimal for lethality namely, 45:3:1, as arrived at in our previous work. Such a combination was found to reduce by a factor of 2 the translocation yields observed after 400 R X-rays to mouse spermatogonia. In terms of animal survival, ATP has been shown to contribute little to total protection achieved by the same combination; in terms of genetic damage; however, the role of ATP proved essential. Removal of ATP from the combination led to a significant reduction in protective effect.", "contents": "Protection of the mouse from genetic radiation damage by an optimal-dose-ratio combination of ATP, AET, and serotonin. The study concerned antiradiation effects in germ-cell genetic structures produced by a combination of ATP, AET, and serotonin at dose ratio optimal for lethality namely, 45:3:1, as arrived at in our previous work. Such a combination was found to reduce by a factor of 2 the translocation yields observed after 400 R X-rays to mouse spermatogonia. In terms of animal survival, ATP has been shown to contribute little to total protection achieved by the same combination; in terms of genetic damage; however, the role of ATP proved essential. Removal of ATP from the combination led to a significant reduction in protective effect.", "PMID": 668857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12405", "title": "Morphological effects of estrogen on the female rat liver nucleolus.", "content": "Prolonged administration of nonphysiological amounts of estrogen induced markedly enlarged nucleoli volumes in rat hepatocytes, indicative of increased nucleolar RNA synthesis. Physiological amounts of drug had no apparent morphological effects on the hepatocytes.", "contents": "Morphological effects of estrogen on the female rat liver nucleolus. Prolonged administration of nonphysiological amounts of estrogen induced markedly enlarged nucleoli volumes in rat hepatocytes, indicative of increased nucleolar RNA synthesis. Physiological amounts of drug had no apparent morphological effects on the hepatocytes.", "PMID": 668858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12406", "title": "Elevated glucose levels influence in vitro hatching, attachment, trophoblast outgrowth and differentiation of the mouse blastocyst.", "content": "A glucose concentration of 3.5 mg/ml is optimal for in vitro embryo attachment and trophoblastic cell outgrowth. Raising the concentration above 3.5 mg/ml does not improve embryo culture and can at certain concentrations be detrimental to embryo development.", "contents": "Elevated glucose levels influence in vitro hatching, attachment, trophoblast outgrowth and differentiation of the mouse blastocyst. A glucose concentration of 3.5 mg/ml is optimal for in vitro embryo attachment and trophoblastic cell outgrowth. Raising the concentration above 3.5 mg/ml does not improve embryo culture and can at certain concentrations be detrimental to embryo development.", "PMID": 668859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12407", "title": "Estimation of the methylating capacity of the pineal gland. With special reference to indole metabolism.", "content": "In order to obtain more information on the methylating capacity of the pineal gland, a method determining the formation of different 5-methoxyindoles in the pineal gland was developed. The method depends on measuring the incorporation of labelled methyl groups into the various hydroxyindoles present in the pineal gland, after incorporation of pineal tissue with labelled S-adenosyl methionine. Hydroxyindoles were not added to the incubation medium. After incubation thin-layer chromatography was performed with pineal tissue together with the incubation medium; the spots were scraped and counted.", "contents": "Estimation of the methylating capacity of the pineal gland. With special reference to indole metabolism. In order to obtain more information on the methylating capacity of the pineal gland, a method determining the formation of different 5-methoxyindoles in the pineal gland was developed. The method depends on measuring the incorporation of labelled methyl groups into the various hydroxyindoles present in the pineal gland, after incorporation of pineal tissue with labelled S-adenosyl methionine. Hydroxyindoles were not added to the incubation medium. After incubation thin-layer chromatography was performed with pineal tissue together with the incubation medium; the spots were scraped and counted.", "PMID": 668861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12408", "title": "Systematic experiments to establish the spatial distribution of physiologically effective stimuli of unidentified nature.", "content": "Many persons react to a kind of external agent by unconscious muscular reactions if they move across a place where this agent is supposed to be particularly active. Such places normally coincide with geological discontinuities, such as water veins, mineral ores. Practitioners of this art of detecting claim that the reaction patterns on different levels above ground are identical as vertical projections of the source pattern, this without perceptible attenuation. In some cases the supposed source was believed to have been found up to several hundred meters below ground surface. The statement of perpendicular propagation, which is the subject of this paper, is of prime importance for an approach towards understanding and all kinds of prospecting.", "contents": "Systematic experiments to establish the spatial distribution of physiologically effective stimuli of unidentified nature. Many persons react to a kind of external agent by unconscious muscular reactions if they move across a place where this agent is supposed to be particularly active. Such places normally coincide with geological discontinuities, such as water veins, mineral ores. Practitioners of this art of detecting claim that the reaction patterns on different levels above ground are identical as vertical projections of the source pattern, this without perceptible attenuation. In some cases the supposed source was believed to have been found up to several hundred meters below ground surface. The statement of perpendicular propagation, which is the subject of this paper, is of prime importance for an approach towards understanding and all kinds of prospecting.", "PMID": 668862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12409", "title": "[The influence of fluothane and hexobarbital on the cerebral cortex and spinal cord centers].", "content": "Tests set up on 17 cats demonstrated by using methods of evoked potentials that the reflex activity of the spinal cord centers is inhibited after introduction of 2.3 +/- 0.2 ml of fluothane, whereas the functional performance capacity of the large hemispheres cortex is suppressed following administration of 3,2 +/- 0,8 ml of the drug. The restitution of excitability and conductivity of the cortex in the post-anesthetization period proceeds at the rate 1.7 times faster than the restoration of the spinal cord centers. With deepening of the hexobarbital anesthesia complete inhibition of the spinal reflex activity supervenes after introduction of 56.3 +/- 12.3 ml/kg and that of the cortex following introduction of 115.0 +/- 23.2 ml/kg of hexobarbital.", "contents": "[The influence of fluothane and hexobarbital on the cerebral cortex and spinal cord centers]. Tests set up on 17 cats demonstrated by using methods of evoked potentials that the reflex activity of the spinal cord centers is inhibited after introduction of 2.3 +/- 0.2 ml of fluothane, whereas the functional performance capacity of the large hemispheres cortex is suppressed following administration of 3,2 +/- 0,8 ml of the drug. The restitution of excitability and conductivity of the cortex in the post-anesthetization period proceeds at the rate 1.7 times faster than the restoration of the spinal cord centers. With deepening of the hexobarbital anesthesia complete inhibition of the spinal reflex activity supervenes after introduction of 56.3 +/- 12.3 ml/kg and that of the cortex following introduction of 115.0 +/- 23.2 ml/kg of hexobarbital.", "PMID": 668863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12410", "title": "[The action of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate on the development of experimental thrombosis].", "content": "Tests set up on rats and rabbits showed the ability of phospho-enolpyruvate and pyruvate-kinase to lower the aggregation of thrombocytes and prevent formation of experimental microthrombosis. The joint introduction of these compounds in most experiments resulted in potentiation of the antithrombotic effect.", "contents": "[The action of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate on the development of experimental thrombosis]. Tests set up on rats and rabbits showed the ability of phospho-enolpyruvate and pyruvate-kinase to lower the aggregation of thrombocytes and prevent formation of experimental microthrombosis. The joint introduction of these compounds in most experiments resulted in potentiation of the antithrombotic effect.", "PMID": 668864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12411", "title": "[The effect of the polymeric quaternary ammonium salt,2,5-ionene on blood coagulation].", "content": "In modelling overdosages of the polymeric antagonist in cases of heparin neutralization the effect of 2.5-ionene on the blood coagulation in rabbits was considered during investigations in vivo. It is shown that even appreciable overdosages of 2.5-ionene are not attended by the effect of hypocoagulation. Shortening the plasma coagulation time according to the thromboplastic activity after Quick occurs through activation of the factor X proceeding against the background of falling activity of some other coagulation factors and comes as a result of excess 2.5-ionene in the blood. A reduced amount and lowering of the aggregation capacity of the thrombocytes are noted.", "contents": "[The effect of the polymeric quaternary ammonium salt,2,5-ionene on blood coagulation]. In modelling overdosages of the polymeric antagonist in cases of heparin neutralization the effect of 2.5-ionene on the blood coagulation in rabbits was considered during investigations in vivo. It is shown that even appreciable overdosages of 2.5-ionene are not attended by the effect of hypocoagulation. Shortening the plasma coagulation time according to the thromboplastic activity after Quick occurs through activation of the factor X proceeding against the background of falling activity of some other coagulation factors and comes as a result of excess 2.5-ionene in the blood. A reduced amount and lowering of the aggregation capacity of the thrombocytes are noted.", "PMID": 668865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12412", "title": "[The influence of cyclophosphane and phenthyrine and their combination with zymosan and serotonin on the functional features distingusihing peritoneal macrophages in mice].", "content": "Radiometric analysis into phagocytic activity of macrophages in intact and tumourous mice following introduction to them of phenthyrine and cyclophosphane showed the former to suppress to a greater extent the absorption function and the latter--that of digestion. A combined application of phenthyrine and cyclophosphane together with serotonin helps re-establish the microphages function in tumourous animals and to heighten the antineplastic activity of these compounds. Zymosan and its combination with phenthyrine and cyclophosphane do not produce any positive effect on the peritoneal cells.", "contents": "[The influence of cyclophosphane and phenthyrine and their combination with zymosan and serotonin on the functional features distingusihing peritoneal macrophages in mice]. Radiometric analysis into phagocytic activity of macrophages in intact and tumourous mice following introduction to them of phenthyrine and cyclophosphane showed the former to suppress to a greater extent the absorption function and the latter--that of digestion. A combined application of phenthyrine and cyclophosphane together with serotonin helps re-establish the microphages function in tumourous animals and to heighten the antineplastic activity of these compounds. Zymosan and its combination with phenthyrine and cyclophosphane do not produce any positive effect on the peritoneal cells.", "PMID": 668866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12413", "title": "[Effect of furosemide on the amino acid content of serum and elimination by the kidneys].", "content": "The effect of intraventously administered furosemide (20 mg) on the concentration of 21 amino acids in the blood serum and urine of 6 healthy volunteers was investigated. A substantially increased concentration of glutaminic acid and citrulline and a statistically significantly greater excretion of arginine with urine were ascretained.", "contents": "[Effect of furosemide on the amino acid content of serum and elimination by the kidneys]. The effect of intraventously administered furosemide (20 mg) on the concentration of 21 amino acids in the blood serum and urine of 6 healthy volunteers was investigated. A substantially increased concentration of glutaminic acid and citrulline and a statistically significantly greater excretion of arginine with urine were ascretained.", "PMID": 668869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12414", "title": "[The effect produced by pyrazidol on the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "In experiments with animals pyrasidol, a new Soviet-made tetracyclic antidepressant, lowers the tone and peristalsis of the intestines, reduces cholic acid secretion in the liver and basal gastric secretion to a lesser degree than this does imipramine.", "contents": "[The effect produced by pyrazidol on the gastrointestinal tract]. In experiments with animals pyrasidol, a new Soviet-made tetracyclic antidepressant, lowers the tone and peristalsis of the intestines, reduces cholic acid secretion in the liver and basal gastric secretion to a lesser degree than this does imipramine.", "PMID": 668867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12415", "title": "[Antisilicotic properties of polyethylene-piperazine N-oxide--a new polymeric compound].", "content": "A high antisilicotic activity of a new polymeric compound--polyethylene-piperazine N-oxide (molecular mass 5000--8000, degree of exidation--80 per cent), synthetized on the basis of aliphatic amine, was shown as against polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide in experiments conducted on albino rats with silicosis.", "contents": "[Antisilicotic properties of polyethylene-piperazine N-oxide--a new polymeric compound]. A high antisilicotic activity of a new polymeric compound--polyethylene-piperazine N-oxide (molecular mass 5000--8000, degree of exidation--80 per cent), synthetized on the basis of aliphatic amine, was shown as against polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide in experiments conducted on albino rats with silicosis.", "PMID": 668868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12416", "title": "[The activity of microsomal hepatic cytochromes as affected by x-ray contrast media].", "content": "Tests on rats evidenced that X-ray contrast media can bring down the cytochrome P-450 content in the endoplasmatic reticulum of hepatic cells. The observed effect is most characteristic of cholecystrographic substances and is not linked with intesified processes of lipids peroxidation in themicrosomal membranes.", "contents": "[The activity of microsomal hepatic cytochromes as affected by x-ray contrast media]. Tests on rats evidenced that X-ray contrast media can bring down the cytochrome P-450 content in the endoplasmatic reticulum of hepatic cells. The observed effect is most characteristic of cholecystrographic substances and is not linked with intesified processes of lipids peroxidation in themicrosomal membranes.", "PMID": 668871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12417", "title": "[The action of 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone on some aspects of water-electrolyte metabolism in animals].", "content": "This mineralocorticoid effect of different doses of the synthetic hormone 9-alpha-fluorhydrocortisone was studied. The introduction of the drug to intact animals per os was found not to produce any sodium-retention effect. A single adminstration of 9-alpha-fluorhydrocortisone causes an intensified excretion of water, sodium potassium with the urine. A course-wise application of the hormone brings about the development of hypokaliemia.", "contents": "[The action of 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone on some aspects of water-electrolyte metabolism in animals]. This mineralocorticoid effect of different doses of the synthetic hormone 9-alpha-fluorhydrocortisone was studied. The introduction of the drug to intact animals per os was found not to produce any sodium-retention effect. A single adminstration of 9-alpha-fluorhydrocortisone causes an intensified excretion of water, sodium potassium with the urine. A course-wise application of the hormone brings about the development of hypokaliemia.", "PMID": 668870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12418", "title": "[Changes in RNA biosynthesis and ultrastructure of hepatic cells as affected by sodium ribonucleate].", "content": "Sodium ribonucleate (per os application) increased the biosynthesis of mitochondrial, nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in the rat liver and transportation of nuclear RNA into the cytoplasm. Administration of ribonucleate changed the ultrastructure of hepatocytes, increased nuclear and nucleolar diameter, the number of rough endoplasmic elements, reticulum and glycogen particles and decreased the size of the mitochondria. This suggests that sodium ribonucleate can stimulate the biosynthesis of RNA and change the ultrastructure of hepatocytes also with application per os.", "contents": "[Changes in RNA biosynthesis and ultrastructure of hepatic cells as affected by sodium ribonucleate]. Sodium ribonucleate (per os application) increased the biosynthesis of mitochondrial, nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in the rat liver and transportation of nuclear RNA into the cytoplasm. Administration of ribonucleate changed the ultrastructure of hepatocytes, increased nuclear and nucleolar diameter, the number of rough endoplasmic elements, reticulum and glycogen particles and decreased the size of the mitochondria. This suggests that sodium ribonucleate can stimulate the biosynthesis of RNA and change the ultrastructure of hepatocytes also with application per os.", "PMID": 668872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12419", "title": "[Kinetics of accumulation and elimination of 14C-dipine, an antineoplastic drug].", "content": "An investigation on evaluating the distribution of 14C-dipine in rats with sarcoma 45 was carried out. With intragastric administration of the drug its resorption occurs largely in the small intestine. The maximally absorbed portion of the tag is detected in 1 hour and by this time it reaches 36.4 per cent of the introduced radioactivity. The share of the tumour is 2,32 per cent (coefficent of radioactivity absorption CA-0.42). Tests involving washing of the vascular system enabled it to ascertain a rather weak bonding of the drug with the tissues. The results of the CA comparison in the blood and tissues indirectly suggests that the accumulation of radioactivity takes place not only at the expense of its presence in the blood but also because of its penetration into the structural formations of the cells. A mathematical modelling that features the presence of 14C-dipine in terms of time (CA/hour) showed that with intragastric as against intravenous administration of the drug the fibure under consideration was higher for a number of organs and tissues. A feature common to 14C-dipine is to become accumulated in the organism with its daily administration for 3 days. With its intragastric administration 14C-dipine is eleminated, argely via the kidneys, in the course of 13 hours, which is its half-decay time.", "contents": "[Kinetics of accumulation and elimination of 14C-dipine, an antineoplastic drug]. An investigation on evaluating the distribution of 14C-dipine in rats with sarcoma 45 was carried out. With intragastric administration of the drug its resorption occurs largely in the small intestine. The maximally absorbed portion of the tag is detected in 1 hour and by this time it reaches 36.4 per cent of the introduced radioactivity. The share of the tumour is 2,32 per cent (coefficent of radioactivity absorption CA-0.42). Tests involving washing of the vascular system enabled it to ascertain a rather weak bonding of the drug with the tissues. The results of the CA comparison in the blood and tissues indirectly suggests that the accumulation of radioactivity takes place not only at the expense of its presence in the blood but also because of its penetration into the structural formations of the cells. A mathematical modelling that features the presence of 14C-dipine in terms of time (CA/hour) showed that with intragastric as against intravenous administration of the drug the fibure under consideration was higher for a number of organs and tissues. A feature common to 14C-dipine is to become accumulated in the organism with its daily administration for 3 days. With its intragastric administration 14C-dipine is eleminated, argely via the kidneys, in the course of 13 hours, which is its half-decay time.", "PMID": 668875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12420", "title": "[The lack of damaging effect from sigetin on the development of the reproductive system in rats].", "content": "Sygethin, an estrogen-like drug, was introduced to rats of the Wistar line during critical periods marking differentiation of hypothalamic sex centers, initial development and differentiation of the mammary glands as well as the time when administration of estrogens caused irreversible changes in the testes. No deviations in the development of test animals similar to those produced by estrogens were disclosed.", "contents": "[The lack of damaging effect from sigetin on the development of the reproductive system in rats]. Sygethin, an estrogen-like drug, was introduced to rats of the Wistar line during critical periods marking differentiation of hypothalamic sex centers, initial development and differentiation of the mammary glands as well as the time when administration of estrogens caused irreversible changes in the testes. No deviations in the development of test animals similar to those produced by estrogens were disclosed.", "PMID": 668873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12421", "title": "[Radioprotective and toxicological properties on some 4-oxyhexa- and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydroprimidine-2-thione derivatives].", "content": "Test on mice demonstrated the radio-protective activity of 12 derivatives of 4-oxyhexahydropyrimidinethione-2 and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidinethione-2 well-marked with intraperitoneal administration 10--20 minutes prior to irradiation (1000 r, exposure dose rate--10 r/min). As a whole the tetrahydroderivates are more toxic.", "contents": "[Radioprotective and toxicological properties on some 4-oxyhexa- and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydroprimidine-2-thione derivatives]. Test on mice demonstrated the radio-protective activity of 12 derivatives of 4-oxyhexahydropyrimidinethione-2 and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidinethione-2 well-marked with intraperitoneal administration 10--20 minutes prior to irradiation (1000 r, exposure dose rate--10 r/min). As a whole the tetrahydroderivates are more toxic.", "PMID": 668879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12422", "title": "[The effect of syrepar and oxaphenamide on liver function in experimental hypokinesia].", "content": "Experiments set up on albino rats evidenced that 30-day hypokinesia changes the reaction of the liver to cholagogues. In particular, the degree of the choleretic action of oxaphenamide as well as of its inhibitory affect on the synthesis of bile acids diminshes, while the influence on the bilirubin secretion -- increases. In hypokinesia syreper, inhibits biliation, but stimulates the secretion of bilirubin. Owing to a reduced secretion of cholesterol the cholesterol-stablizing properties of the bile improve.", "contents": "[The effect of syrepar and oxaphenamide on liver function in experimental hypokinesia]. Experiments set up on albino rats evidenced that 30-day hypokinesia changes the reaction of the liver to cholagogues. In particular, the degree of the choleretic action of oxaphenamide as well as of its inhibitory affect on the synthesis of bile acids diminshes, while the influence on the bilirubin secretion -- increases. In hypokinesia syreper, inhibits biliation, but stimulates the secretion of bilirubin. Owing to a reduced secretion of cholesterol the cholesterol-stablizing properties of the bile improve.", "PMID": 668874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12423", "title": "[The effect of phenobarbital on the acetylation of sulfapyridazine and formation of sulfadimethoxine glucronide in man].", "content": "In the urine of 20 normal male students-volunteers aged 20 to 30 the percentage of acetylated sulphapyridazine and sulphadimetoxin was measudred 12 hours of taking by them 1.0 g of sulphanilamide. Takinpreliminarily phenobarbital (0.1 g before going to bed for 2 days) did not have any effect on the percentage of acetylated sulphapyridazine in the urine of the examined, nor did it affect the level of the free compound. Phenorbarbital was found to significantly raise the level of sulphadimetoxin from 84.3 up to 88.1 per cent in the urine, the amount of free sulphadimetoxine then declining. In experiments on isolated lenghts of the small intestine of the rat turned inside out it was shown that a coursewise introduction of phenobarbital (25 mg/kg for 5 days) did have any effect on the acetylation of sulphapyridazine.", "contents": "[The effect of phenobarbital on the acetylation of sulfapyridazine and formation of sulfadimethoxine glucronide in man]. In the urine of 20 normal male students-volunteers aged 20 to 30 the percentage of acetylated sulphapyridazine and sulphadimetoxin was measudred 12 hours of taking by them 1.0 g of sulphanilamide. Takinpreliminarily phenobarbital (0.1 g before going to bed for 2 days) did not have any effect on the percentage of acetylated sulphapyridazine in the urine of the examined, nor did it affect the level of the free compound. Phenorbarbital was found to significantly raise the level of sulphadimetoxin from 84.3 up to 88.1 per cent in the urine, the amount of free sulphadimetoxine then declining. In experiments on isolated lenghts of the small intestine of the rat turned inside out it was shown that a coursewise introduction of phenobarbital (25 mg/kg for 5 days) did have any effect on the acetylation of sulphapyridazine.", "PMID": 668878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12424", "title": "[The mechanism of circulatory hypoxia in acute with sodium fluoride poisoning].", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of a 1-sodium fluoride solution (35--40 mg/kg) to male rats was seen to cause a 8--9 fold rise of the blood histamine content and to significantly lower the oxygen tension in the musculus femorins. Preliminary administration of diprazine (5 mg/kg) prevented the death of the animals and lowered the degree of oxygen deficiency in the tissues. An interference is drawn on the important pathophysiological role played by an increase of the histamine content in the blood of the animals in the mechanism underlying the development of circulatory hypoxia in acute poisoning with sodium fluoride.", "contents": "[The mechanism of circulatory hypoxia in acute with sodium fluoride poisoning]. Intraperitoneal injection of a 1-sodium fluoride solution (35--40 mg/kg) to male rats was seen to cause a 8--9 fold rise of the blood histamine content and to significantly lower the oxygen tension in the musculus femorins. Preliminary administration of diprazine (5 mg/kg) prevented the death of the animals and lowered the degree of oxygen deficiency in the tissues. An interference is drawn on the important pathophysiological role played by an increase of the histamine content in the blood of the animals in the mechanism underlying the development of circulatory hypoxia in acute poisoning with sodium fluoride.", "PMID": 668876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12425", "title": "[The structure and antihypoxic action of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and their derivatives].", "content": "The protective action in hypoxic hypoxia of 29 synthetized alpha-dicarbonyl compounds were studied. In this series of substances the natihypoxic activity was found to be most marked in drugs whose redox potential amounted to 0.15--0.3 V and which displayed a high dehydrating activity. Such compounds include isatin, its 3-anyl, 3-thiosemicarbation of ethyl either, isatin-1 of acetic acid and acenaphthequinone. Substitution is position 1 and 3 of isatin can lead to the formation of active substances, whereas substitution in position 2 usually reduces the antihypoxic activity.", "contents": "[The structure and antihypoxic action of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and their derivatives]. The protective action in hypoxic hypoxia of 29 synthetized alpha-dicarbonyl compounds were studied. In this series of substances the natihypoxic activity was found to be most marked in drugs whose redox potential amounted to 0.15--0.3 V and which displayed a high dehydrating activity. Such compounds include isatin, its 3-anyl, 3-thiosemicarbation of ethyl either, isatin-1 of acetic acid and acenaphthequinone. Substitution is position 1 and 3 of isatin can lead to the formation of active substances, whereas substitution in position 2 usually reduces the antihypoxic activity.", "PMID": 668877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12426", "title": "Observations on 320 infertile patients treated with human gonadotropins (human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin).", "content": "From 1964 to 1975, 320 patients with failure of ovulation were treated with human gonadotropins (human menopausal gonadotropin [HMG]/human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG]). Estimation of the pituitary and ovarian function of each patient rather than classification into clinical groups contributed positively to the selection of patients. The dosage schedules used for the patients should be considered conservative, insofar as the amount of HMG and HCG administered per treatment cycle is concerned. The response to human gonadotropins was evaluated mainly according to excretion levels of estrogen and pregnanediol. Of the 320 patients, 256 ovulated at least once during treatment with gonadotropins (80%). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was encountered in 22 patients (6.8%). Pregnancy occurred in 163 patients (50.9%) and in some of them twice, so that the total number of pregnancies was 206. Fifteen pregnancies were multiple (all of them twins). Of 197 pregnancies followed, 43 ended in abortion and 36 in premature labor. Cesarian section was performed in 21 cases.", "contents": "Observations on 320 infertile patients treated with human gonadotropins (human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin). From 1964 to 1975, 320 patients with failure of ovulation were treated with human gonadotropins (human menopausal gonadotropin [HMG]/human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG]). Estimation of the pituitary and ovarian function of each patient rather than classification into clinical groups contributed positively to the selection of patients. The dosage schedules used for the patients should be considered conservative, insofar as the amount of HMG and HCG administered per treatment cycle is concerned. The response to human gonadotropins was evaluated mainly according to excretion levels of estrogen and pregnanediol. Of the 320 patients, 256 ovulated at least once during treatment with gonadotropins (80%). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was encountered in 22 patients (6.8%). Pregnancy occurred in 163 patients (50.9%) and in some of them twice, so that the total number of pregnancies was 206. Fifteen pregnancies were multiple (all of them twins). Of 197 pregnancies followed, 43 ended in abortion and 36 in premature labor. Cesarian section was performed in 21 cases.", "PMID": 668927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12427", "title": "Induction of ovulation with clomiphene and estradiol benzoate in anovulatory women refractory to clomiphene alone.", "content": "Twenty-two infertile and clomiphene-nonresponding patients received a course of clomiphene, 100 mg/day for 5 days, followed 7 days later by an intramuscular injection of 1 mg of estradiol benzoate. The diagnosis of idiopathic chronic anovulation had been established. None of these patients had galactorrhea, hirsutism, or ovarian enlargement. Thirteen of the twenty-two women had surges of both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone after the estradiol injection; the peak gonadotropin levels occurred within 72 hours of the injection. These 13 patients ovulated and pregnancy ensued in 10 of them. The estradiol benzoate injection also elicited a significant increase in serum prolactin levels- This enhanced prolactin release had no apparent effect on the gonadotropin surge. These results suggest that the association of clomiphene and estradiol benzoate potentiates the action of clomiphene and may prove useful in clomiphene nonresponders.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation with clomiphene and estradiol benzoate in anovulatory women refractory to clomiphene alone. Twenty-two infertile and clomiphene-nonresponding patients received a course of clomiphene, 100 mg/day for 5 days, followed 7 days later by an intramuscular injection of 1 mg of estradiol benzoate. The diagnosis of idiopathic chronic anovulation had been established. None of these patients had galactorrhea, hirsutism, or ovarian enlargement. Thirteen of the twenty-two women had surges of both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone after the estradiol injection; the peak gonadotropin levels occurred within 72 hours of the injection. These 13 patients ovulated and pregnancy ensued in 10 of them. The estradiol benzoate injection also elicited a significant increase in serum prolactin levels- This enhanced prolactin release had no apparent effect on the gonadotropin surge. These results suggest that the association of clomiphene and estradiol benzoate potentiates the action of clomiphene and may prove useful in clomiphene nonresponders.", "PMID": 668928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12428", "title": "Endometrial prostaglandin F content in women wearing nonmedicated or progestin-releasing intrauterine devices.", "content": "Prostaglandin F (PGF) was measured in endometrial samples from eight women wearing Lippes Loops and 14 women wearing Progestaserts after 6 months' use of the intrauterine devices (IUDs). In addition, in 37 women wearing dydrogesterone-T IUDs, endometrial PGF was measured after 1 month, 3 to 7 months, and 8 to 12 months of use. Endometrial samples were also obtained from 51 women without IUDs. The following means and standard errors of endometrial PGF, expressed in picograms per microgram of endometrial protein, were obtained in women without IUDs: early proliferative phase, 3.11 +/- 1.0; midproliferative phase, 4.1 +/- 0.7; late proliferative phase, 4.4 +/- 1.0; midluteal phase, 7.13 +/- 1.0; and late secretory phase, 6.08 +/- 1.0. The midproliferative phase mean was significantly different from the midsecretory phase mean (P is greater than 0.05). Except for one group, no differences were noted during the midproliferative and midsecretory phases among the groups of women wearing medicated and nonmedicated IUDs, when compared with values for women without IUDs. The only difference noted was during the midsecretory phase in the dydrogesterone group at 8 to 12 months. In these women, the mean endometrial PGF content was 2.8 +/- 0.8, significantly different (P is greater than 0.05) from that of women without IUDs (6.1 +/- 1.0).", "contents": "Endometrial prostaglandin F content in women wearing nonmedicated or progestin-releasing intrauterine devices. Prostaglandin F (PGF) was measured in endometrial samples from eight women wearing Lippes Loops and 14 women wearing Progestaserts after 6 months' use of the intrauterine devices (IUDs). In addition, in 37 women wearing dydrogesterone-T IUDs, endometrial PGF was measured after 1 month, 3 to 7 months, and 8 to 12 months of use. Endometrial samples were also obtained from 51 women without IUDs. The following means and standard errors of endometrial PGF, expressed in picograms per microgram of endometrial protein, were obtained in women without IUDs: early proliferative phase, 3.11 +/- 1.0; midproliferative phase, 4.1 +/- 0.7; late proliferative phase, 4.4 +/- 1.0; midluteal phase, 7.13 +/- 1.0; and late secretory phase, 6.08 +/- 1.0. The midproliferative phase mean was significantly different from the midsecretory phase mean (P is greater than 0.05). Except for one group, no differences were noted during the midproliferative and midsecretory phases among the groups of women wearing medicated and nonmedicated IUDs, when compared with values for women without IUDs. The only difference noted was during the midsecretory phase in the dydrogesterone group at 8 to 12 months. In these women, the mean endometrial PGF content was 2.8 +/- 0.8, significantly different (P is greater than 0.05) from that of women without IUDs (6.1 +/- 1.0).", "PMID": 668929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12429", "title": "Studies of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women using the progesterone-T intrauterine device for six months: blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.", "content": "A prospective, detailed study of both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was carried out in 35 women who used a progesterone-T type intrauterine device (IUD). A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed in each woman before the IUD  was inserted and again after 6 months of use. There was no change in the patients' weight or in the fasting glucose, cholesterol, or triglyceride levels. There were significant increases in the 3-hour glucose and the fasting, 0.5-, and 3-hour plasma insulin values in the 6-month tests. These values were less than those found after 6 months of systemic progestogen use, but do suggest some systemic effect of the released progesterone.", "contents": "Studies of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women using the progesterone-T intrauterine device for six months: blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. A prospective, detailed study of both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was carried out in 35 women who used a progesterone-T type intrauterine device (IUD). A 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed in each woman before the IUD  was inserted and again after 6 months of use. There was no change in the patients' weight or in the fasting glucose, cholesterol, or triglyceride levels. There were significant increases in the 3-hour glucose and the fasting, 0.5-, and 3-hour plasma insulin values in the 6-month tests. These values were less than those found after 6 months of systemic progestogen use, but do suggest some systemic effect of the released progesterone.", "PMID": 668930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12430", "title": "Failed tubal sterilization as an etiologic factor in ectopic tubal pregnancy.", "content": "An indirect statistical method was used to demonstrate that failed tubal sterilization must be considered as a significant etiologic factor in tubal ectopic pregnancy. Since the exact incidence of poststerilization pregnancies was unknown in our population, a \"theoretical\" incidence of a 0.71% failure rate was used as the most realistic estimate on the basis of published reports of failed tubal sterilizations. From this figure the \"expected\" number of poststerilization conceptions, both total and tubal, was computed. The observed incidence of poststerilization ectopic tubal pregnancy was found to be 20 times the \"expected\" incidence in our population.", "contents": "Failed tubal sterilization as an etiologic factor in ectopic tubal pregnancy. An indirect statistical method was used to demonstrate that failed tubal sterilization must be considered as a significant etiologic factor in tubal ectopic pregnancy. Since the exact incidence of poststerilization pregnancies was unknown in our population, a \"theoretical\" incidence of a 0.71% failure rate was used as the most realistic estimate on the basis of published reports of failed tubal sterilizations. From this figure the \"expected\" number of poststerilization conceptions, both total and tubal, was computed. The observed incidence of poststerilization ectopic tubal pregnancy was found to be 20 times the \"expected\" incidence in our population.", "PMID": 668931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12431", "title": "A randomized study of 12-mm and 15.9 mm cannulas in midtrimester abortion by laminaria and vacuum curettage.", "content": "We evaluated the adequacy of a new large-bore vacuum cannula system for midtrimester abortion by randomly allocating patients to be treated with a standard 12-mm vacuum system or the new 15.9-mm system. Cervical dilataion was accomplished by overnight placement of laminaria tents. Blood loss was similar for the two treatment groups and was significantly greater at gestational ages 17 to 18 weeks than for abortions at 16 weeks or less. Operating time was slightly less in the large-cannula group. When the 12-mm cannula was used beyond 13 weeks' gestation, forceps were usually needed to empty the uterus completely. The large-cannula system was able to empty the uterus through 16 weeks, but at 17 and 18 weeks it offered no advantage over the smaller system and forceps were always needed. Complications were minimal. We caution against forcible cervical dilatation to 16 mm and urge the use of laminaria instead. Our findings, together with published reports of the safety of late dilatations and evacuation, would appear to justify wider clinical trials by experienced investigators.", "contents": "A randomized study of 12-mm and 15.9 mm cannulas in midtrimester abortion by laminaria and vacuum curettage. We evaluated the adequacy of a new large-bore vacuum cannula system for midtrimester abortion by randomly allocating patients to be treated with a standard 12-mm vacuum system or the new 15.9-mm system. Cervical dilataion was accomplished by overnight placement of laminaria tents. Blood loss was similar for the two treatment groups and was significantly greater at gestational ages 17 to 18 weeks than for abortions at 16 weeks or less. Operating time was slightly less in the large-cannula group. When the 12-mm cannula was used beyond 13 weeks' gestation, forceps were usually needed to empty the uterus completely. The large-cannula system was able to empty the uterus through 16 weeks, but at 17 and 18 weeks it offered no advantage over the smaller system and forceps were always needed. Complications were minimal. We caution against forcible cervical dilatation to 16 mm and urge the use of laminaria instead. Our findings, together with published reports of the safety of late dilatations and evacuation, would appear to justify wider clinical trials by experienced investigators.", "PMID": 668932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12432", "title": "Recovery of midcycle human follicular oocytes: correlation of their morphology with endomethrial and follicular histology.", "content": "The ovarian follicles of 23 of 33 women undergoing elective pelvic laparotomy during menstrual cycle days 11 to 17 were aspirated by a low-vacuum device. The study compared the ovulatory status of women in midcycle with the health of the oocytes obtained, and determined the frequency of recovery of mature oocytes without the preadministration of exogenous hormones. Maturing or mature oocytes were obtained from 22% and nonmature oocytes from 48% of the 23 women. Sixty per cent of the women in each of the maturing or mature and nonmature groups were postovulatory as judged by evaluation of the endometrial and ovarian tissue recovered. Furthermore, 20% of the maturing or mature oocytes and 65% of the nonmature oocytes showed a moderately heavy amount of cytoplasmic degeneration, which was independent of ovulatory status. Therefore, it is concluded that, because of the relatively low rate of return of oocytes, the frequent postovulatory status of patients in midcycle, and uncertainty about the viability of the oocytes so obtained, women not stimulated by exogenous hormones are ill-suited for recovery of maturing or mature follicular oocytes for in vitro fertilization studies.", "contents": "Recovery of midcycle human follicular oocytes: correlation of their morphology with endomethrial and follicular histology. The ovarian follicles of 23 of 33 women undergoing elective pelvic laparotomy during menstrual cycle days 11 to 17 were aspirated by a low-vacuum device. The study compared the ovulatory status of women in midcycle with the health of the oocytes obtained, and determined the frequency of recovery of mature oocytes without the preadministration of exogenous hormones. Maturing or mature oocytes were obtained from 22% and nonmature oocytes from 48% of the 23 women. Sixty per cent of the women in each of the maturing or mature and nonmature groups were postovulatory as judged by evaluation of the endometrial and ovarian tissue recovered. Furthermore, 20% of the maturing or mature oocytes and 65% of the nonmature oocytes showed a moderately heavy amount of cytoplasmic degeneration, which was independent of ovulatory status. Therefore, it is concluded that, because of the relatively low rate of return of oocytes, the frequent postovulatory status of patients in midcycle, and uncertainty about the viability of the oocytes so obtained, women not stimulated by exogenous hormones are ill-suited for recovery of maturing or mature follicular oocytes for in vitro fertilization studies.", "PMID": 668933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12433", "title": "A longitudinal analysis of artificial insemination with donor semen.", "content": "A longitudinal analysis of artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) in 114 consecutive couples revealed a 37% over-all pregnancy rate. The 45 pregnancies occurred in 39 patients, and approximately 90% of these pregnancies occurred within six cycles of AID. Pregnancy rates were higher in the age group 25 to 30, in those who received only fresh semen, and in those with a history of a previous pregnancy. Lower pregnancy rates were observed in patients age 31 or older, in those with pelvic disease, and in those randomly receiving freshly thawed semen or fresh semen. The use of a vaginal device for retaining semen, the use of patient positioning, or the duration of infertility did not appear to affect the success rate. When surgically correctable pelvic disease was treated, a pregnancy rate of 22% was obtained.", "contents": "A longitudinal analysis of artificial insemination with donor semen. A longitudinal analysis of artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) in 114 consecutive couples revealed a 37% over-all pregnancy rate. The 45 pregnancies occurred in 39 patients, and approximately 90% of these pregnancies occurred within six cycles of AID. Pregnancy rates were higher in the age group 25 to 30, in those who received only fresh semen, and in those with a history of a previous pregnancy. Lower pregnancy rates were observed in patients age 31 or older, in those with pelvic disease, and in those randomly receiving freshly thawed semen or fresh semen. The use of a vaginal device for retaining semen, the use of patient positioning, or the duration of infertility did not appear to affect the success rate. When surgically correctable pelvic disease was treated, a pregnancy rate of 22% was obtained.", "PMID": 668934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12434", "title": "Insemination of husband's semen with and without the addition of caffeine.", "content": "Four hundred cervicovaginal artificial inseminations using husband's semen were carried out for a variety of clinical indications. Before insemination, to one-half of the samples caffeine was added to a final concentration of 6 mM. Although the motility of the spermatozoa was enhanced in each case, no pregnancies were achieved. Of the four pregnancies in the series, only one could be attributed to artificial insemination.", "contents": "Insemination of husband's semen with and without the addition of caffeine. Four hundred cervicovaginal artificial inseminations using husband's semen were carried out for a variety of clinical indications. Before insemination, to one-half of the samples caffeine was added to a final concentration of 6 mM. Although the motility of the spermatozoa was enhanced in each case, no pregnancies were achieved. Of the four pregnancies in the series, only one could be attributed to artificial insemination.", "PMID": 668935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12435", "title": "Intrauterine insemination of isolated motile sperm.", "content": "Semen from infertile males was filtered through liquid albumin, and sperm retrieved from the most distal fraction were used for intrauterine insemination. Compared with the ejaculate, the isolated specimens contained fewer sperm but an increased percentage of motile sperm. The fractions were also free of the debris (white cells, agglutinated sperm, immature forms, and particulate matter) commonly seen in the ejaculates. Despite the improvement in motility none of the 19 women who were treated for a total of 67 cycles became pregnant. It is possible that even the best sperm from a poor specimen may have intrinsic defects that interfere with their ability to fertilize.", "contents": "Intrauterine insemination of isolated motile sperm. Semen from infertile males was filtered through liquid albumin, and sperm retrieved from the most distal fraction were used for intrauterine insemination. Compared with the ejaculate, the isolated specimens contained fewer sperm but an increased percentage of motile sperm. The fractions were also free of the debris (white cells, agglutinated sperm, immature forms, and particulate matter) commonly seen in the ejaculates. Despite the improvement in motility none of the 19 women who were treated for a total of 67 cycles became pregnant. It is possible that even the best sperm from a poor specimen may have intrinsic defects that interfere with their ability to fertilize.", "PMID": 668936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12436", "title": "In vitro fertilizing ability of testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "The fertilizing ability of testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa was evaluated in vitro following in vitro capacitation by high ionic strength treatment. Fewer than 11% of inseminated ova were apparently fertilized (i.e., in pronuclear, two-, and four-cell stages as determined by light microscopy) when testicular sperm treated with caffeine, caput epididymal, or corpus epididymal sperm samples were tested. A greater fertilizing ability, reflected by the percentage of ova fertilized and more normal progression of embryonic development, was exhibited by cauda epididymal sperm. Of 93 ova, 68 (73.1%) were fertilized by cauda sperm, whereas ejaculated sperm from the same 10 bucks fertilized 34 (36.6%) of 93 ova (P is less than 0.005). Ultrastructural examination of selected ova apparently fertilized by sperm from levels of the male reproductive tract proximal to the cauda epididymidis revealed abnormal activation. Authentic fertilization occurred when ova were inseminated with cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm. An unusual and infrequent form of activation involving failure of cortical granule breakdown in ova penetrated by cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm was seen. A comparison of fertilizing ability of sperm from first, second, and third ejaculates revealed a significant decrease with the third ejaculate (P is less than 0.01).", "contents": "In vitro fertilizing ability of testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa. The fertilizing ability of testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa was evaluated in vitro following in vitro capacitation by high ionic strength treatment. Fewer than 11% of inseminated ova were apparently fertilized (i.e., in pronuclear, two-, and four-cell stages as determined by light microscopy) when testicular sperm treated with caffeine, caput epididymal, or corpus epididymal sperm samples were tested. A greater fertilizing ability, reflected by the percentage of ova fertilized and more normal progression of embryonic development, was exhibited by cauda epididymal sperm. Of 93 ova, 68 (73.1%) were fertilized by cauda sperm, whereas ejaculated sperm from the same 10 bucks fertilized 34 (36.6%) of 93 ova (P is less than 0.005). Ultrastructural examination of selected ova apparently fertilized by sperm from levels of the male reproductive tract proximal to the cauda epididymidis revealed abnormal activation. Authentic fertilization occurred when ova were inseminated with cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm. An unusual and infrequent form of activation involving failure of cortical granule breakdown in ova penetrated by cauda epididymal and ejaculated sperm was seen. A comparison of fertilizing ability of sperm from first, second, and third ejaculates revealed a significant decrease with the third ejaculate (P is less than 0.01).", "PMID": 668937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12437", "title": "Persistence of immunological tolerance to HSA in chickens after cell transfer to immunosuppressed hosts.", "content": "The nature of immunological tolerance to HSA in chickens was analyzed by means of spleen cell transfers to 3-day-old, cyclophosphamide-treated, syngeneic recipients. The cell donors were 2-week-old tolerant or control chickens. The primary challenge with HSA was done 26 days after cell transfer. Spleen cells from both control and tolerant donors restored the immunoglobulin levels and the ability to produce antibodies to SRBC to normal. While cells from normal donors also reconstituted the ability to form antibodies to HSA, the recipients of cells from tolerant donors either did not form detectable amounts or formed only low titres of these antibodies. The ability of cells from normal donors to respond by anti-HSA antibody formation, when transferred together with cells from tolerant donors, was neither suppressed nor decreased. Thus, tolerance to HSA in chickens was not reversible and the existence of an active immune process, causing its duration, could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Persistence of immunological tolerance to HSA in chickens after cell transfer to immunosuppressed hosts. The nature of immunological tolerance to HSA in chickens was analyzed by means of spleen cell transfers to 3-day-old, cyclophosphamide-treated, syngeneic recipients. The cell donors were 2-week-old tolerant or control chickens. The primary challenge with HSA was done 26 days after cell transfer. Spleen cells from both control and tolerant donors restored the immunoglobulin levels and the ability to produce antibodies to SRBC to normal. While cells from normal donors also reconstituted the ability to form antibodies to HSA, the recipients of cells from tolerant donors either did not form detectable amounts or formed only low titres of these antibodies. The ability of cells from normal donors to respond by anti-HSA antibody formation, when transferred together with cells from tolerant donors, was neither suppressed nor decreased. Thus, tolerance to HSA in chickens was not reversible and the existence of an active immune process, causing its duration, could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 668942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12438", "title": "Termination of tolerance to HSA in chickens.", "content": "A major part of chickens made tolerant to HSA at hatching formed anti-HSA antibodies when immunized with cross-reacting antigen, the BSA, at 4 weeks of age, although tolerant birds immunized with HSA produced no detectable antibody levels. Immunization with HSA + BSA did not prevent anti-HSA antibody formation in tolerant chickens, but it seems that the escape from tolerance is more rapid in birds immunized with BSA only than in those immunized with HSA + BSA and/or HSA only.", "contents": "Termination of tolerance to HSA in chickens. A major part of chickens made tolerant to HSA at hatching formed anti-HSA antibodies when immunized with cross-reacting antigen, the BSA, at 4 weeks of age, although tolerant birds immunized with HSA produced no detectable antibody levels. Immunization with HSA + BSA did not prevent anti-HSA antibody formation in tolerant chickens, but it seems that the escape from tolerance is more rapid in birds immunized with BSA only than in those immunized with HSA + BSA and/or HSA only.", "PMID": 668943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12439", "title": "Changes in the recovery ability of colony-forming units after continuous irradiation.", "content": "The recovery ability of colony-forming units from mice continuously irradiated for 30 and 100 days at an exposure rate of 25 and 50R/day was investigated. The rate of recovery depended not only on the daily exposure but also on the total dose accumulated. The course of the recovery process was assumed as follows: B(t) = Bs + (Bo--Bs). (formula:see text) was characterized by calculating the estimate(s) of the recovery coefficient tau.", "contents": "Changes in the recovery ability of colony-forming units after continuous irradiation. The recovery ability of colony-forming units from mice continuously irradiated for 30 and 100 days at an exposure rate of 25 and 50R/day was investigated. The rate of recovery depended not only on the daily exposure but also on the total dose accumulated. The course of the recovery process was assumed as follows: B(t) = Bs + (Bo--Bs). (formula:see text) was characterized by calculating the estimate(s) of the recovery coefficient tau.", "PMID": 668944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12440", "title": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphism in some inbred lines of laboratory rats.", "content": "We examined 6-PGD isozyme patterns in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and found the phenotype S in the lines CAP/Cub, WAG/RijCub, BDV/Cub, BDVII/Cub, BDX/Cub, and the phenotype F in the lines LEP/Cub, DA/Cub, AVNj/Cub.", "contents": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphism in some inbred lines of laboratory rats. We examined 6-PGD isozyme patterns in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and found the phenotype S in the lines CAP/Cub, WAG/RijCub, BDV/Cub, BDVII/Cub, BDX/Cub, and the phenotype F in the lines LEP/Cub, DA/Cub, AVNj/Cub.", "PMID": 668945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12441", "title": "[Plasma renin activity response to isometric handgrip exercise in normotensive and hypertensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Plasma renin activity (PRA) response to isometric exercise was studied before and after the intravenous administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol in 8 normotensive and 10 normal renin hypertensive patients. 2) Handgrip exercise at the 30% level of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for four minutes induced a significant increase in PRA in either normotensive or normal renin hypertensive patients, while the increase in PRA in normal renin hypertensive patients was significantly higher than that in normotensive patients. 3) Pretreatment with the administration of propranolol inhibited an increase in PRA after handgrip exercise in either normotensive or normal renin hypertensive patients. 4) The results suggest that isometric handgrip exercise can induce an augmentation in renin release mainly by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in either normotensive or normal renin hypertensive patients. The possible mechanism of the exaggerated response in PRA to handgrip exercise in normal renin hypertensive patients has been discussed.", "contents": "[Plasma renin activity response to isometric handgrip exercise in normotensive and hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. 1) Plasma renin activity (PRA) response to isometric exercise was studied before and after the intravenous administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol in 8 normotensive and 10 normal renin hypertensive patients. 2) Handgrip exercise at the 30% level of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for four minutes induced a significant increase in PRA in either normotensive or normal renin hypertensive patients, while the increase in PRA in normal renin hypertensive patients was significantly higher than that in normotensive patients. 3) Pretreatment with the administration of propranolol inhibited an increase in PRA after handgrip exercise in either normotensive or normal renin hypertensive patients. 4) The results suggest that isometric handgrip exercise can induce an augmentation in renin release mainly by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in either normotensive or normal renin hypertensive patients. The possible mechanism of the exaggerated response in PRA to handgrip exercise in normal renin hypertensive patients has been discussed.", "PMID": 668949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12442", "title": "[Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis in childhood].", "content": "We report the case of a 15-month-old child suffering from diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis characterized by blisters and widespread skin involvement but without systemic manifestations. Skin biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. We observed various alterations in the morphology of mast cells and mast cell granules.", "contents": "[Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis in childhood]. We report the case of a 15-month-old child suffering from diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis characterized by blisters and widespread skin involvement but without systemic manifestations. Skin biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. We observed various alterations in the morphology of mast cells and mast cell granules.", "PMID": 668967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12443", "title": "Bacteriology of psoriatic plaques.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative studies of cutaneous bacterial flora were carried out in psoriatic patients and normal healthy controls. In psoriatics, the flora isolated from the affected skin was compared with the flora of adjacent normal skin. No significant qualitative difference was observed. The total number of bacteria isolated from the psoriatic plaque was significantly higher than on the adjacent normal skin. Flora of normal skin of psoriatics when compared with the skin of healthy controls did not reveal any qualitative difference, but a statistically significant difference was observed in the total bacterial counts. The nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus in psoriatics was higher than the control groups.", "contents": "Bacteriology of psoriatic plaques. Qualitative and quantitative studies of cutaneous bacterial flora were carried out in psoriatic patients and normal healthy controls. In psoriatics, the flora isolated from the affected skin was compared with the flora of adjacent normal skin. No significant qualitative difference was observed. The total number of bacteria isolated from the psoriatic plaque was significantly higher than on the adjacent normal skin. Flora of normal skin of psoriatics when compared with the skin of healthy controls did not reveal any qualitative difference, but a statistically significant difference was observed in the total bacterial counts. The nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus in psoriatics was higher than the control groups.", "PMID": 668968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12444", "title": "Woolly hair--study of a family.", "content": "A white English family is described with autosomal dominant woolly wiry hair. The propositus had woolly curly scalp hair, congenital perceptive deafness and dominant ichthyosis vulgaris. Her brother was epileptic and also deaf, but his skin and hair were normal and a male first cousin had dominant ichthyosis vulgaris but normal hair and hearing. Consanguinity was an interesting additional feature in this family.", "contents": "Woolly hair--study of a family. A white English family is described with autosomal dominant woolly wiry hair. The propositus had woolly curly scalp hair, congenital perceptive deafness and dominant ichthyosis vulgaris. Her brother was epileptic and also deaf, but his skin and hair were normal and a male first cousin had dominant ichthyosis vulgaris but normal hair and hearing. Consanguinity was an interesting additional feature in this family.", "PMID": 668970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12445", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed.", "content": "A case is presented of squamous cell carcinoma developed from carcinoma in situ of the nail bed of the first finger in a 79-year-old patient. Stress is laid upon the importance of the differential diagnosis. Surgery is considered the treatment of choice for this uncommon condition.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed. A case is presented of squamous cell carcinoma developed from carcinoma in situ of the nail bed of the first finger in a 79-year-old patient. Stress is laid upon the importance of the differential diagnosis. Surgery is considered the treatment of choice for this uncommon condition.", "PMID": 668971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12446", "title": "Two types of contact urticaria and immediate reactions to patch-test allergens.", "content": "3 patients with contact urticaria as the only pathological symptom are described, 2 with contact urticaria and other manifestations of hypersensitivity and 3 with immediate reaction to patch-test allergens.", "contents": "Two types of contact urticaria and immediate reactions to patch-test allergens. 3 patients with contact urticaria as the only pathological symptom are described, 2 with contact urticaria and other manifestations of hypersensitivity and 3 with immediate reaction to patch-test allergens.", "PMID": 668972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12447", "title": "Neurodermatitis and intralesional steroids.", "content": "The present work describes the results of treatment of 30 cases of neurodermatitis circumscripta by intralesional injections which were given by Dermo-Jet. 15 cases were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (0.25 mg/cm2 of the skin) and the rest with aqua distillata every week for 8 weeks and were followed for another 4 weeks. The results of treatment were excellent in 66% of triamcinolone treated cases and 46% of aqua distillata treated cases. The difference in the response was statistically insignificant. So we conclude that aqua distillata might have worked as suggestion therapy in emotionally labile individuals.", "contents": "Neurodermatitis and intralesional steroids. The present work describes the results of treatment of 30 cases of neurodermatitis circumscripta by intralesional injections which were given by Dermo-Jet. 15 cases were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (0.25 mg/cm2 of the skin) and the rest with aqua distillata every week for 8 weeks and were followed for another 4 weeks. The results of treatment were excellent in 66% of triamcinolone treated cases and 46% of aqua distillata treated cases. The difference in the response was statistically insignificant. So we conclude that aqua distillata might have worked as suggestion therapy in emotionally labile individuals.", "PMID": 668973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12448", "title": "The effect of photochemotherapy on epidermal-glycogen and on capillaries in psoriatic skin.", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess the amount of glycogen present in psoriasis vulgaris (PV), psoriasis erythrodermica (PE) and psoriasis pustulosa generalisata (PPG) lesions before and after photochemotherapy (PUVA). There were more deposits of glycogen in PPG than in PE and PV. With PUVA treatment, glycogen almost completely disappeared in PV and PE, but traces were still observed in PPG. After treatment, the epidermal layers returned to their normal structure but there was no significant improvement in the dilated and tortuous capillaries in the upper corium.", "contents": "The effect of photochemotherapy on epidermal-glycogen and on capillaries in psoriatic skin. This study was undertaken to assess the amount of glycogen present in psoriasis vulgaris (PV), psoriasis erythrodermica (PE) and psoriasis pustulosa generalisata (PPG) lesions before and after photochemotherapy (PUVA). There were more deposits of glycogen in PPG than in PE and PV. With PUVA treatment, glycogen almost completely disappeared in PV and PE, but traces were still observed in PPG. After treatment, the epidermal layers returned to their normal structure but there was no significant improvement in the dilated and tortuous capillaries in the upper corium.", "PMID": 668974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12449", "title": "Serum uric acid levels in untreated and PUVA-treated patients with psoriasis.", "content": "Hyperuricemia occurs frequently in patients with psoriasis. An increased purin breakdown due to the enhanced epidermal turnover was stressed as a reasonable explanation. To prove this theory serum uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride levels and the average body overweight were determined in 318 untreated psoriatic patients and the parameters were correlated with the extent of psoriatic skin involvement. In more than 100 psoriatic patients treated by oral photochemotherapy (PUVA), uric acid serum levels were examined additionally after the PUVA clearing phase and during PUVA maintenance treatment. The present study demonstrates: (1) There is no relationship between the frequency of hyperuricemia and the extent of psoriatic skin involvement, indicating that the increased epidermal turn over may not play a role in psoriatic hyperuricemia. (2) The most reasonable explanation for elevated uric acid in psoriasis seems to be a combination of genetic predisposition and hyperalimentation. (3) No significant change was found in the incidence of hyperuricemia under the influence of photochemotherapy.", "contents": "Serum uric acid levels in untreated and PUVA-treated patients with psoriasis. Hyperuricemia occurs frequently in patients with psoriasis. An increased purin breakdown due to the enhanced epidermal turnover was stressed as a reasonable explanation. To prove this theory serum uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride levels and the average body overweight were determined in 318 untreated psoriatic patients and the parameters were correlated with the extent of psoriatic skin involvement. In more than 100 psoriatic patients treated by oral photochemotherapy (PUVA), uric acid serum levels were examined additionally after the PUVA clearing phase and during PUVA maintenance treatment. The present study demonstrates: (1) There is no relationship between the frequency of hyperuricemia and the extent of psoriatic skin involvement, indicating that the increased epidermal turn over may not play a role in psoriatic hyperuricemia. (2) The most reasonable explanation for elevated uric acid in psoriasis seems to be a combination of genetic predisposition and hyperalimentation. (3) No significant change was found in the incidence of hyperuricemia under the influence of photochemotherapy.", "PMID": 668975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12450", "title": "Hyperlactatemia in diabetics with retinopathy during combined sulphonylurea and phenformin therapy.", "content": "Blood lactate concentration has been measured at intervals over a twelve hour period in four maturity-onset diabetics with retinopathy treated by sulphonylurea and phenformin therapy. Despite moderately good control of blood glucose, all four patients had markedly elevated concentrations of blood lactate (12h means of 2.1-2;4 mmol/1) with concentrations greater than 3 mmol/1 at some time during the day. Hepatic function was normal in all patients and in all four patients plasma creatinine was 80-85 mumol/1, (normal range 60-125 mumol/1) so that the usual indications for not using biguanides were absent. It is concluded that diabetics with retinopathy constitute a group of patients with an increased risk of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis, and that plasma creatinine estimation may be unreliable in assessing whether patients are suitable for phenformin therapy.", "contents": "Hyperlactatemia in diabetics with retinopathy during combined sulphonylurea and phenformin therapy. Blood lactate concentration has been measured at intervals over a twelve hour period in four maturity-onset diabetics with retinopathy treated by sulphonylurea and phenformin therapy. Despite moderately good control of blood glucose, all four patients had markedly elevated concentrations of blood lactate (12h means of 2.1-2;4 mmol/1) with concentrations greater than 3 mmol/1 at some time during the day. Hepatic function was normal in all patients and in all four patients plasma creatinine was 80-85 mumol/1, (normal range 60-125 mumol/1) so that the usual indications for not using biguanides were absent. It is concluded that diabetics with retinopathy constitute a group of patients with an increased risk of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis, and that plasma creatinine estimation may be unreliable in assessing whether patients are suitable for phenformin therapy.", "PMID": 668976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12451", "title": "Plasma glucose and insulin in the hibernating hedgehog.", "content": "Plasma glucose and insulin have been studied during lethargy and spontaneous arousal of hibernating hedgehogs. During lethargy, plasma glucose and insulin were low and showed no variation. Glucose and insulin injections given during lethargy showed no effects on plasma insulin and glucose respectively but confirmed a very low plasma clearance of glucose and insulin. During spontaneous arousal, the increase in plasma insulin occured before the increase in blood glucose and at about the time that utilization of blood glucose was restored.", "contents": "Plasma glucose and insulin in the hibernating hedgehog. Plasma glucose and insulin have been studied during lethargy and spontaneous arousal of hibernating hedgehogs. During lethargy, plasma glucose and insulin were low and showed no variation. Glucose and insulin injections given during lethargy showed no effects on plasma insulin and glucose respectively but confirmed a very low plasma clearance of glucose and insulin. During spontaneous arousal, the increase in plasma insulin occured before the increase in blood glucose and at about the time that utilization of blood glucose was restored.", "PMID": 668977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12452", "title": "[Metabolism of capillary endothelium tissue and its abnormalities in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose is the major energetic substrate of blood capillary endothelium; aerobic glycolysis is quantitatively the most important pathway. Insulin has no direct effect on glucose utilization. The glucokinase activity of the capillary endothelium is undetectable and the plasma cell membrane is freely permeable to glucose. All pathways of glucose utilization are stimulated by a high ambient glucose concentration: intracellular sorbitol accumulation and glucose-carbon incorporation into basement membrane collagen are most sensitive to the glucose effect. During chronic hyperglycemia, the amino acid composition of the basement membrane is modified and its capacity to incorporate glucose is enhanced. The glucose induced alterations of the blood capillary metabolism may contribute to the development of the diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "[Metabolism of capillary endothelium tissue and its abnormalities in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. Glucose is the major energetic substrate of blood capillary endothelium; aerobic glycolysis is quantitatively the most important pathway. Insulin has no direct effect on glucose utilization. The glucokinase activity of the capillary endothelium is undetectable and the plasma cell membrane is freely permeable to glucose. All pathways of glucose utilization are stimulated by a high ambient glucose concentration: intracellular sorbitol accumulation and glucose-carbon incorporation into basement membrane collagen are most sensitive to the glucose effect. During chronic hyperglycemia, the amino acid composition of the basement membrane is modified and its capacity to incorporate glucose is enhanced. The glucose induced alterations of the blood capillary metabolism may contribute to the development of the diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 668982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12453", "title": "Karyotype analysis of a frog pronephric tumor cell line.", "content": "Pronephric tumor cell lines, established from explants of a herpes virus induced frog renal adenocarcinoma, were shown to have a aneuploid modal chromosome number of 39. A karyotypic analysis of one line demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations not previously reported for Luck\u00e9 tumor cells. The cell line was characterized by two marker chromosomes of high incidence, but there was no evidence of a stemline population of tumor cells.", "contents": "Karyotype analysis of a frog pronephric tumor cell line. Pronephric tumor cell lines, established from explants of a herpes virus induced frog renal adenocarcinoma, were shown to have a aneuploid modal chromosome number of 39. A karyotypic analysis of one line demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations not previously reported for Luck\u00e9 tumor cells. The cell line was characterized by two marker chromosomes of high incidence, but there was no evidence of a stemline population of tumor cells.", "PMID": 668983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12454", "title": "Cell migration during the reassembly of dissociated embryonic cells of sea urchins.", "content": "Disaggregated single cells from the embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were allowed to reaggregate and reform quasi-normal embryos in culture. In this investigation, emphasis was placed on cell migration and its role during cell segregation. Epithelial cell migration appears to be initiated through the sequential formation of (a) cytoplasmic blebs, (b) microvilli, (c) filopodia and (d) hyaloplasmic lamellae. After functioning as a locomotive structure during cell migration, the lamella enlarges and forms a hyaloplasmic sheet, which makes up part of the blastocoel wall. The blastocoel wall is the first recognizable structure reformed in the reassembling embryo.", "contents": "Cell migration during the reassembly of dissociated embryonic cells of sea urchins. Disaggregated single cells from the embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were allowed to reaggregate and reform quasi-normal embryos in culture. In this investigation, emphasis was placed on cell migration and its role during cell segregation. Epithelial cell migration appears to be initiated through the sequential formation of (a) cytoplasmic blebs, (b) microvilli, (c) filopodia and (d) hyaloplasmic lamellae. After functioning as a locomotive structure during cell migration, the lamella enlarges and forms a hyaloplasmic sheet, which makes up part of the blastocoel wall. The blastocoel wall is the first recognizable structure reformed in the reassembling embryo.", "PMID": 668984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12455", "title": "S-100 protein: regional CNS concentrations in rats raised in different environments.", "content": "The S-100 protein was measured in 7 discrete brain areas from rats raised in an enriched, social, or isolated environment for 21, 42, or 84 days after weaning. S-100 was measured at significantly higher concentrations under enriched than under social environmental conditions in cerebellum and brainstem at 21 days but not thereafter. The protein in corresponding areas of brain in isolates was significantly less concentrated than in social controls. The results suggest changes, in turnover of the protein as a result of stimulation and activation of functionally specific brain regions, of the animals' responses to and interaction with environmental stimuli and adaptation to those stimuli.", "contents": "S-100 protein: regional CNS concentrations in rats raised in different environments. The S-100 protein was measured in 7 discrete brain areas from rats raised in an enriched, social, or isolated environment for 21, 42, or 84 days after weaning. S-100 was measured at significantly higher concentrations under enriched than under social environmental conditions in cerebellum and brainstem at 21 days but not thereafter. The protein in corresponding areas of brain in isolates was significantly less concentrated than in social controls. The results suggest changes, in turnover of the protein as a result of stimulation and activation of functionally specific brain regions, of the animals' responses to and interaction with environmental stimuli and adaptation to those stimuli.", "PMID": 669055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12456", "title": "Lateralization in normal 6-year-olds as related to later reading disability.", "content": "The differentiation of lateral preference in hand, eye, ear, and foot was measured in 110 normal Grade 1 children and reading achievement was tested 3 and 5 years later. No support was found for the widely held belief that delays in early lateralization underlie subsequent reading impairment. Paradoxically, boys with serious reading disability showed a strong degree of early lateral concordance. Male, impaired readers displayed a tendency when they were in Grade 1 to be either uniformly right- or left-preferring across all 4 sensory-motor modalities. The results contradict the popular notion that lateral usage emerges from an undifferentiated state in the direction of greater degrees of specialization. Lateralization may be an expression of reflex constraints bound initially to the infant's tonic-neck posture, with later development less reflex-patterned during the acquisition of more sophisticated information-processing strategies. Such an interpretation implies a progressive discontinuity between lateral usage and neuro-maturational processes. Alternatively, the results can be accounted for by (1) a new maturational delay model in which maturation-dependent lateralization proceeds in graduated stages from a highly specialized beginning toward greater levels of neuromotor integration; or (2) a model that maintains the notion of emergent lateralization but in which delays in the lateralization process are actually beneficial to later performance.", "contents": "Lateralization in normal 6-year-olds as related to later reading disability. The differentiation of lateral preference in hand, eye, ear, and foot was measured in 110 normal Grade 1 children and reading achievement was tested 3 and 5 years later. No support was found for the widely held belief that delays in early lateralization underlie subsequent reading impairment. Paradoxically, boys with serious reading disability showed a strong degree of early lateral concordance. Male, impaired readers displayed a tendency when they were in Grade 1 to be either uniformly right- or left-preferring across all 4 sensory-motor modalities. The results contradict the popular notion that lateral usage emerges from an undifferentiated state in the direction of greater degrees of specialization. Lateralization may be an expression of reflex constraints bound initially to the infant's tonic-neck posture, with later development less reflex-patterned during the acquisition of more sophisticated information-processing strategies. Such an interpretation implies a progressive discontinuity between lateral usage and neuro-maturational processes. Alternatively, the results can be accounted for by (1) a new maturational delay model in which maturation-dependent lateralization proceeds in graduated stages from a highly specialized beginning toward greater levels of neuromotor integration; or (2) a model that maintains the notion of emergent lateralization but in which delays in the lateralization process are actually beneficial to later performance.", "PMID": 669056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12457", "title": "The ontogeny of exploration in the rat: habituation and effects of handling.", "content": "Exploration, measured by head-dipping in a holeboard, was tested in male rats at 16, 21, 28, 56, and 84 days of age. Head-dipping increased with increasing age from Day 16 to Day 84, and so did the number of rears made. At all ages handled rats showed more head-dipping and made more rears than did their unhandled litter-mates. The age differences in exploration cannot be explained by different patterns of habituation: rats showed significant within-session habituation of head-dipping at all ages tested (Days 16, 21, and 28). Day 16 rats also showed significant between-session habituation.", "contents": "The ontogeny of exploration in the rat: habituation and effects of handling. Exploration, measured by head-dipping in a holeboard, was tested in male rats at 16, 21, 28, 56, and 84 days of age. Head-dipping increased with increasing age from Day 16 to Day 84, and so did the number of rears made. At all ages handled rats showed more head-dipping and made more rears than did their unhandled litter-mates. The age differences in exploration cannot be explained by different patterns of habituation: rats showed significant within-session habituation of head-dipping at all ages tested (Days 16, 21, and 28). Day 16 rats also showed significant between-session habituation.", "PMID": 669057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12458", "title": "Maternal behavior of wild and domestic Rattus norvegicus recorded continuously in dual-chambered cages.", "content": "Continuous measurements of maternal behavior--the amount of time the mother was in contact with the litter and quality of nest--indicated no differences between these 2 stocks of rats. A decrease in both measures was found for both stocks over the 22 days of postnatal observation. The data indicated that the mother was with the litter more during the light portion of the 24-hr light-dark cycle and that wild rat mothers were in contact with their litters more than domestic mothers in the period around light offset.", "contents": "Maternal behavior of wild and domestic Rattus norvegicus recorded continuously in dual-chambered cages. Continuous measurements of maternal behavior--the amount of time the mother was in contact with the litter and quality of nest--indicated no differences between these 2 stocks of rats. A decrease in both measures was found for both stocks over the 22 days of postnatal observation. The data indicated that the mother was with the litter more during the light portion of the 24-hr light-dark cycle and that wild rat mothers were in contact with their litters more than domestic mothers in the period around light offset.", "PMID": 669058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12459", "title": "The effects of litter size during gestation and lactation on rat development prior to weaning.", "content": "Physiological and behavioral development of rats was affected by prenatal nutrition and postnatal litter size. Prenatal nutrition was manipulated by combining differences in maternal nutrition with variation of prenatal litter size produced by pre-mating isolation of 1 uterine horn. The pups were reared in postnatal litters of either 4 or 12. During the 1st postnatal week, development and free behavior were affected only by the prenatal treatments. During the 2nd postnatal week, both prenatal and postnatal effects were observed. Development and behavior during the 3rd postnatal week reflected only postnatal litter size. Brain weight at weaning was influenced by both the prenatal and postnatal treatment.", "contents": "The effects of litter size during gestation and lactation on rat development prior to weaning. Physiological and behavioral development of rats was affected by prenatal nutrition and postnatal litter size. Prenatal nutrition was manipulated by combining differences in maternal nutrition with variation of prenatal litter size produced by pre-mating isolation of 1 uterine horn. The pups were reared in postnatal litters of either 4 or 12. During the 1st postnatal week, development and free behavior were affected only by the prenatal treatments. During the 2nd postnatal week, both prenatal and postnatal effects were observed. Development and behavior during the 3rd postnatal week reflected only postnatal litter size. Brain weight at weaning was influenced by both the prenatal and postnatal treatment.", "PMID": 669059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12460", "title": "Behavioral effects of neonatal thyroid hormones and differential postweaning rearing in rats.", "content": "Male and female rats (T rats) given an injection of 75 microgram tri-iodothyronine (T3) and 25 microgram thyroxine (T4) on Day 3 after birth were raised under enriched (E) and impoverished (I) postweaning conditions. Observations of their open-field behavior and Days 63 and 112 revealed a higher rate of activity in T groups as compared to controls (C) as well as faster running times and more entries/min in Hebb-Williams maze testing on Days 74-86, indicating behavioral hyperactivity in T rats. Active-avoidance testing at age 91 days revealed a higher number of intertrial crossings and significantly faster unconditioned response and conditioned response latencies in T as compared to C groups. Enriched postweaning rearing altered the behavioral effects in T rats comparatively little, least in the open-field and more so for escape- and avoidance-latencies and for the number of errors in the Hebb-Williams maze.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of neonatal thyroid hormones and differential postweaning rearing in rats. Male and female rats (T rats) given an injection of 75 microgram tri-iodothyronine (T3) and 25 microgram thyroxine (T4) on Day 3 after birth were raised under enriched (E) and impoverished (I) postweaning conditions. Observations of their open-field behavior and Days 63 and 112 revealed a higher rate of activity in T groups as compared to controls (C) as well as faster running times and more entries/min in Hebb-Williams maze testing on Days 74-86, indicating behavioral hyperactivity in T rats. Active-avoidance testing at age 91 days revealed a higher number of intertrial crossings and significantly faster unconditioned response and conditioned response latencies in T as compared to C groups. Enriched postweaning rearing altered the behavioral effects in T rats comparatively little, least in the open-field and more so for escape- and avoidance-latencies and for the number of errors in the Hebb-Williams maze.", "PMID": 669060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12461", "title": "Hyperkinetic disorder in psychiatric clinic attenders.", "content": "Sixty-eight boys (age-range five to 11 years), referred to a child psychiatric clinic, were studied in order to determine the validity of a broadly-based concept of hyperkinetic syndrome, as generally employed in the USA. Hyperactivity was measured on the Conners' Teacher Questionnaire, the Conners' Parent Questionnaire and by systematic time-sampled observations of each child's behaviour during psychological testing. There were low and statistically insignificant correlations between these different measures of hyperkinesis. On the other hand, overactivity correlated highly with conduct disturbance. Psychiatrically abnormal children with and without hyperkinesis were compared on cognitive functioning, perinatal history, neurological examination, congenital anomalies and psycho-social circumstances. Few differences were found, and it was concluded that there was no evidence for the validity of a broad concept of hyperkinetic syndrome. Nevertheless, a small number of children were found who were overactive in all situations studied. These children had a variety of clinical diagnoses but differed significantly from their peers--matched for age, IQ and diagnosis--with respect to neurological anomalies, erratic responses on the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and early onset of hyperkinesis. It is suggested that this less common clinical picture of hyperkinesis may have some validity, but it remains uncertain whether it constitutes a distinct syndrome or rather a constitutional risk factor.", "contents": "Hyperkinetic disorder in psychiatric clinic attenders. Sixty-eight boys (age-range five to 11 years), referred to a child psychiatric clinic, were studied in order to determine the validity of a broadly-based concept of hyperkinetic syndrome, as generally employed in the USA. Hyperactivity was measured on the Conners' Teacher Questionnaire, the Conners' Parent Questionnaire and by systematic time-sampled observations of each child's behaviour during psychological testing. There were low and statistically insignificant correlations between these different measures of hyperkinesis. On the other hand, overactivity correlated highly with conduct disturbance. Psychiatrically abnormal children with and without hyperkinesis were compared on cognitive functioning, perinatal history, neurological examination, congenital anomalies and psycho-social circumstances. Few differences were found, and it was concluded that there was no evidence for the validity of a broad concept of hyperkinetic syndrome. Nevertheless, a small number of children were found who were overactive in all situations studied. These children had a variety of clinical diagnoses but differed significantly from their peers--matched for age, IQ and diagnosis--with respect to neurological anomalies, erratic responses on the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and early onset of hyperkinesis. It is suggested that this less common clinical picture of hyperkinesis may have some validity, but it remains uncertain whether it constitutes a distinct syndrome or rather a constitutional risk factor.", "PMID": 669062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12462", "title": "Infants of very low birthweight. I: Perinatal factors affecting survival.", "content": "The neonatal mortality of 692 liveborn infants with birthweights of 2000g or less born in south-east London was studied. They represented 98 per cent of all the liveborn infants of this birthweight born and admitted to hospitals in the study area. The over-all neonatal mortality rate was 303.5 per 1000 live births. The following factors were shown to have significant and independent associations with mortality: birthweight; a history of early bleeding in the mother; hour of birth; condition of the infant assessed after birth; temperature of the infant on admission to the special care unit; and the presence of respiratory disease. Implications for the organisation of neonatal care are discussed.", "contents": "Infants of very low birthweight. I: Perinatal factors affecting survival. The neonatal mortality of 692 liveborn infants with birthweights of 2000g or less born in south-east London was studied. They represented 98 per cent of all the liveborn infants of this birthweight born and admitted to hospitals in the study area. The over-all neonatal mortality rate was 303.5 per 1000 live births. The following factors were shown to have significant and independent associations with mortality: birthweight; a history of early bleeding in the mother; hour of birth; condition of the infant assessed after birth; temperature of the infant on admission to the special care unit; and the presence of respiratory disease. Implications for the organisation of neonatal care are discussed.", "PMID": 669063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12463", "title": "Infants of very low birthweight. II: Perinatal factors in and conditions associated with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The incidence and case fatality of certain neonatal conditions reported in 692 liveborn infants of birthweights 2000g or less born in South East London in 1970, 1971 and 1973 are presented. 210 (30.3 per cent) died in the neonatal period: respiratory disease and cerebral haemorrhage were the leading causes of death. 482 (69.7 per cent) survived. In these infants, jaundice, respiratory disease and biochemical disorders were the most frequently reported conditions. Because of the numerical importance of the respiratory distress syndrome, both as a single and as an associated diagnosis, a special study was made of predisposing factors. Gestational age, sex, condition of the infant assessed after birth, temperature of the infant on admission for care, and caesarean section were all shown to be independently associated with the incidence of respiratory distress. This confirms the views that the incidence could be reduced if particular attention were paid to the maintenance of body temperature, especially in those infants at risk by reason of the other factors identified.", "contents": "Infants of very low birthweight. II: Perinatal factors in and conditions associated with respiratory distress syndrome. The incidence and case fatality of certain neonatal conditions reported in 692 liveborn infants of birthweights 2000g or less born in South East London in 1970, 1971 and 1973 are presented. 210 (30.3 per cent) died in the neonatal period: respiratory disease and cerebral haemorrhage were the leading causes of death. 482 (69.7 per cent) survived. In these infants, jaundice, respiratory disease and biochemical disorders were the most frequently reported conditions. Because of the numerical importance of the respiratory distress syndrome, both as a single and as an associated diagnosis, a special study was made of predisposing factors. Gestational age, sex, condition of the infant assessed after birth, temperature of the infant on admission for care, and caesarean section were all shown to be independently associated with the incidence of respiratory distress. This confirms the views that the incidence could be reduced if particular attention were paid to the maintenance of body temperature, especially in those infants at risk by reason of the other factors identified.", "PMID": 669064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12464", "title": "The effect of age upon the entry of some amino acids into the brain, and their incorporation into cerebral protein.", "content": "The way in which the influx of amino acids into the brain changes as the age of rats increases from one to 25 weeks is reported. Most of the amino acids have a very high rate of influx during the first weeks of life, which falls progressively until an adult is reached by about 8 to 10 weeks of age. The high influx in early life is due to carrier-mediated transport systems which act more rapidly in the young than in the adult. These systems can be saturated by raised levels of amino acid in the blood, both in young and adult animals. The high influx in early life is necessary to provide abundant supplies of amino acids for cerebralprotein formation during the period of rapid brain growth. In adult life, influx declines to a level that is adequate to support the synthesis of cerebral protein, which is still being continuously broken down and renewed at a remarkably high rate.", "contents": "The effect of age upon the entry of some amino acids into the brain, and their incorporation into cerebral protein. The way in which the influx of amino acids into the brain changes as the age of rats increases from one to 25 weeks is reported. Most of the amino acids have a very high rate of influx during the first weeks of life, which falls progressively until an adult is reached by about 8 to 10 weeks of age. The high influx in early life is due to carrier-mediated transport systems which act more rapidly in the young than in the adult. These systems can be saturated by raised levels of amino acid in the blood, both in young and adult animals. The high influx in early life is necessary to provide abundant supplies of amino acids for cerebralprotein formation during the period of rapid brain growth. In adult life, influx declines to a level that is adequate to support the synthesis of cerebral protein, which is still being continuously broken down and renewed at a remarkably high rate.", "PMID": 669065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12465", "title": "A child psychiatry consultation service to paediatricians.", "content": "A review of referrals to the University department of child psychiatry in Newcastle upon Tyne demonstrated active consultation and collaboration between the department and paediatric departments. Important differences in sex, distribution of psychiatric disorders and presence of associated physical and social handicap were found between patients referred from different sources. The presence of some psychological disturbance in those children referred from hospital wards was evident to most paediatricians, and constituted the most frequent reason for referral. Recommendation for psychiatric treatment was made for the majority of patients, but subsequent parental co-operation was often poor. In the authors' view the greatest value of this research is that it highlights atrange of disorders of common concern to paediatricians and children's psychiatrists, using not only the terminology traditional in child psychiatry but also employing a descriptive terminology. They believe it is essential that trainees of both disciplines should have adequate experience in this wide range of disorders.", "contents": "A child psychiatry consultation service to paediatricians. A review of referrals to the University department of child psychiatry in Newcastle upon Tyne demonstrated active consultation and collaboration between the department and paediatric departments. Important differences in sex, distribution of psychiatric disorders and presence of associated physical and social handicap were found between patients referred from different sources. The presence of some psychological disturbance in those children referred from hospital wards was evident to most paediatricians, and constituted the most frequent reason for referral. Recommendation for psychiatric treatment was made for the majority of patients, but subsequent parental co-operation was often poor. In the authors' view the greatest value of this research is that it highlights atrange of disorders of common concern to paediatricians and children's psychiatrists, using not only the terminology traditional in child psychiatry but also employing a descriptive terminology. They believe it is essential that trainees of both disciplines should have adequate experience in this wide range of disorders.", "PMID": 669066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12466", "title": "Behavior therapy for a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "The behavioural symptoms in a 10-year-old boy with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were effectively ameliorated by the behavior therapy techniques of systematic desensitization and extinction. Therapy was undertaken in a highly controlled environment. The hypothesis that the self-destructive behaviours in this syndrome were voluntary and maintained through continuous reinforcement was confirmed. Characteristic biting and other maladaptive behaviours were extinguished. Over a period of time it was possible to remove all the physical restraints previously used to prevent the boy injuring himself. During treatment his anxiety, associated with phobic reaction to being unrestrained, was reduced by nitrous oxide. At 1 1/2 years follow-up the boy continues to be symptom-free. He attends a special class at school and is learning to walk with crutches. It is emphasied that a trained and experienced therapist and a controlled environment are essential for the success of this form of behaviour therapy, and the dangers inherent in this method of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Behavior therapy for a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The behavioural symptoms in a 10-year-old boy with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were effectively ameliorated by the behavior therapy techniques of systematic desensitization and extinction. Therapy was undertaken in a highly controlled environment. The hypothesis that the self-destructive behaviours in this syndrome were voluntary and maintained through continuous reinforcement was confirmed. Characteristic biting and other maladaptive behaviours were extinguished. Over a period of time it was possible to remove all the physical restraints previously used to prevent the boy injuring himself. During treatment his anxiety, associated with phobic reaction to being unrestrained, was reduced by nitrous oxide. At 1 1/2 years follow-up the boy continues to be symptom-free. He attends a special class at school and is learning to walk with crutches. It is emphasied that a trained and experienced therapist and a controlled environment are essential for the success of this form of behaviour therapy, and the dangers inherent in this method of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 669067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12467", "title": "Mechanisms of the inhibitory action of prostaglandins on meal-induced gastric secretion.", "content": "In dogs with gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch (HP), 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (PG-S) infused intravenously in graded doses (0.5--2.0 microgram/kg/h) inhibited dose-dependently, meal-induced acid secretion both from the vagally innervated main stomach and from the HP. This inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in mucosal blood flow but without significant change in the ratio of aminopyrine concentration in the gastric juice and blood plasma, indicating that the reduction in gastric microcirculation was probably secondary to the inhibition of gastric secretion. In dogs with special cannulae that allowed complete separation of the stomach and the intestine, PG-S caused stronger inhibition of gastric acid and serum gastrin responses to gastric and intestinal meals after application directly to the gastric mucosa, than following duodenal administration. PG-S applied topically to the HP mucosa also suppressed direct chemical stimulation of the HP by L-histidine meal. We conclude that PG-S exerts its inhibitory action on gastric secretion both by local contact with the mucosa via suppression on gastrin release from the antral G-cells and by direct inhibition of the secretory activity of the oxyntic glands.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the inhibitory action of prostaglandins on meal-induced gastric secretion. In dogs with gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch (HP), 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (PG-S) infused intravenously in graded doses (0.5--2.0 microgram/kg/h) inhibited dose-dependently, meal-induced acid secretion both from the vagally innervated main stomach and from the HP. This inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in mucosal blood flow but without significant change in the ratio of aminopyrine concentration in the gastric juice and blood plasma, indicating that the reduction in gastric microcirculation was probably secondary to the inhibition of gastric secretion. In dogs with special cannulae that allowed complete separation of the stomach and the intestine, PG-S caused stronger inhibition of gastric acid and serum gastrin responses to gastric and intestinal meals after application directly to the gastric mucosa, than following duodenal administration. PG-S applied topically to the HP mucosa also suppressed direct chemical stimulation of the HP by L-histidine meal. We conclude that PG-S exerts its inhibitory action on gastric secretion both by local contact with the mucosa via suppression on gastrin release from the antral G-cells and by direct inhibition of the secretory activity of the oxyntic glands.", "PMID": 669074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12468", "title": "Stimulation of non-parietal cell secretion in canine Heidenhain pouches by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The permeability effects of topical and intravenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16DM) were studied in canine Heidenhain pouches using an acid-free perfusate, and changes in volume and HCO-3 content of the perfusate were measured. Topical and intravenous 16DM increased the apparent flux of Na+ and Cl-, and stimulated the secretion of fluid containing HCO-3. 16DM stimulates non-parietal cell secretion and therefore the movement of Na+ cannot be interpreted as passive flux in response to changes in permeability.", "contents": "Stimulation of non-parietal cell secretion in canine Heidenhain pouches by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2. The permeability effects of topical and intravenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16DM) were studied in canine Heidenhain pouches using an acid-free perfusate, and changes in volume and HCO-3 content of the perfusate were measured. Topical and intravenous 16DM increased the apparent flux of Na+ and Cl-, and stimulated the secretion of fluid containing HCO-3. 16DM stimulates non-parietal cell secretion and therefore the movement of Na+ cannot be interpreted as passive flux in response to changes in permeability.", "PMID": 669075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12469", "title": "Effect of early weaning of the neonatal rat on pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine.", "content": "Pancreatic response to urecholine was studied in rats weaned prematurely on the morning of their 13th, 15th, 17th and 19th day and killed 2 1/2 days later. In pups kept with their mother and weaned at 21 days, amylase chymotrypsin and lipase concentrations increased gradually. Weaning after 12, 14 and 16 complete days is associated with significant increases in pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsin concentrations; if it occurs after 16 and 18 days, a significant delay in lipase development is observed. Premature weaning is associated with modifications in the basal release of the three enzymes and their secretion in response to urecholine. Amylase and chymotrypsin secretions are increased if weaning occurred before day 18. Lipase secretion, however, is decreased in rats weaned after 16 days. If, however, secretion is expressed in percentages, as the amount of enzyme released over the total tissue content, premature weaning does not seem to modify the capacity of the tissue to secrete enzymes under basal and urecholine stimulation. It thus seems that solid food intake as early as 12 days is not an important factor in the maturation of the pancreatic response to urecholine.", "contents": "Effect of early weaning of the neonatal rat on pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine. Pancreatic response to urecholine was studied in rats weaned prematurely on the morning of their 13th, 15th, 17th and 19th day and killed 2 1/2 days later. In pups kept with their mother and weaned at 21 days, amylase chymotrypsin and lipase concentrations increased gradually. Weaning after 12, 14 and 16 complete days is associated with significant increases in pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsin concentrations; if it occurs after 16 and 18 days, a significant delay in lipase development is observed. Premature weaning is associated with modifications in the basal release of the three enzymes and their secretion in response to urecholine. Amylase and chymotrypsin secretions are increased if weaning occurred before day 18. Lipase secretion, however, is decreased in rats weaned after 16 days. If, however, secretion is expressed in percentages, as the amount of enzyme released over the total tissue content, premature weaning does not seem to modify the capacity of the tissue to secrete enzymes under basal and urecholine stimulation. It thus seems that solid food intake as early as 12 days is not an important factor in the maturation of the pancreatic response to urecholine.", "PMID": 669078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12470", "title": "Gastric secretion of acid in patients with pancreatic disease.", "content": "In view of the destruction of pancreatic extract, used in the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency, by gastric juice, we measured the gastric secretory response to pentagastrin in patients with pancreatic disease. The patients with chronic pancreatitis and steatorrhoea secreted as much acid as patients with duodenal ulcer, emphasising the need for therapeutic gastric secretory inhibition to supplement treatment of pancreatic insufficiency with pancreatic extract.", "contents": "Gastric secretion of acid in patients with pancreatic disease. In view of the destruction of pancreatic extract, used in the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency, by gastric juice, we measured the gastric secretory response to pentagastrin in patients with pancreatic disease. The patients with chronic pancreatitis and steatorrhoea secreted as much acid as patients with duodenal ulcer, emphasising the need for therapeutic gastric secretory inhibition to supplement treatment of pancreatic insufficiency with pancreatic extract.", "PMID": 669079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12471", "title": "Direct inhibition of gastrointestinal carbonic anhydrase by ethanol.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase (CA) was found to be equally susceptible to direct inhibition by ethanol, whether the enzyme originated from homogenates of rabbit gastric, duodenal, or ileal mucosa. When gastric mucosa was separated into a soluble (cytoplasmic) and a membrane fraction, the membrane CA was more susceptible to ethanol inhibition, but less susceptible to acetazolamide inhibition, than the soluble enzyme. Male rat liver CA is relatively insensitive to acetazolamide inhibition, while female rat liver CA shows a sensitivity similar to that of other tissues. We found ethanol inhibited male and female rat liver CA equally, indicating a different site, or mode, of inhibition for ethanol and acetazolamide.", "contents": "Direct inhibition of gastrointestinal carbonic anhydrase by ethanol. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) was found to be equally susceptible to direct inhibition by ethanol, whether the enzyme originated from homogenates of rabbit gastric, duodenal, or ileal mucosa. When gastric mucosa was separated into a soluble (cytoplasmic) and a membrane fraction, the membrane CA was more susceptible to ethanol inhibition, but less susceptible to acetazolamide inhibition, than the soluble enzyme. Male rat liver CA is relatively insensitive to acetazolamide inhibition, while female rat liver CA shows a sensitivity similar to that of other tissues. We found ethanol inhibited male and female rat liver CA equally, indicating a different site, or mode, of inhibition for ethanol and acetazolamide.", "PMID": 669080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12472", "title": "Effects of motilin and octapeptide of cholecystokinin on antral and duodenal myoelectric activity in the interdigestive state and during inhibition by secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide.", "content": "In conscious dogs prepared with gastric cannulae and antral and duodenal electrodes, intravenous administration of synthetic porcine motilin and CCK-OP in varying doses resulted in significant increases in the mean percent frequency of spike potentials on slow waves. Motilin was a more potent stimulant than CCK-OP. Motilin-stimulated spike potentials in both antrum and duodenum were significantly suppressed by either natural porcine secretin or synthetic porcine GIP. Secretin suppressed the spike potentials of the antrum stimulated by CCK-OP but not those of the duodenum. The spike potentials stimulated by CCK-OP could not be suppressed by GIP in the dosages employed.", "contents": "Effects of motilin and octapeptide of cholecystokinin on antral and duodenal myoelectric activity in the interdigestive state and during inhibition by secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. In conscious dogs prepared with gastric cannulae and antral and duodenal electrodes, intravenous administration of synthetic porcine motilin and CCK-OP in varying doses resulted in significant increases in the mean percent frequency of spike potentials on slow waves. Motilin was a more potent stimulant than CCK-OP. Motilin-stimulated spike potentials in both antrum and duodenum were significantly suppressed by either natural porcine secretin or synthetic porcine GIP. Secretin suppressed the spike potentials of the antrum stimulated by CCK-OP but not those of the duodenum. The spike potentials stimulated by CCK-OP could not be suppressed by GIP in the dosages employed.", "PMID": 669076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12473", "title": "HBeAg in viral hepatitis type B.", "content": "58 patients with acute hepatitis type B, including 13 with fulminant hepatitis, were tested on presentation for HBeAg. Positive results were obtained in 24%. The frequency was highest in those with fulminant hepatitis (46% positive), and this was probably related to the earlier presentation of patients with this condition. Patients with acute hepatitis who were HBeAg-positive had had a significantly shorter duration of symptoms than those who were HBeAg-negative at presentation. HBeAg was still detectable more than 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms in only 2 patients, both of whom progressed to chronic active hepatitis. The early detection of HBeAg in patients with acute hepatitis is of no prognostic significance, but its persistence may provide the earliest evidence of potential chronicity.", "contents": "HBeAg in viral hepatitis type B. 58 patients with acute hepatitis type B, including 13 with fulminant hepatitis, were tested on presentation for HBeAg. Positive results were obtained in 24%. The frequency was highest in those with fulminant hepatitis (46% positive), and this was probably related to the earlier presentation of patients with this condition. Patients with acute hepatitis who were HBeAg-positive had had a significantly shorter duration of symptoms than those who were HBeAg-negative at presentation. HBeAg was still detectable more than 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms in only 2 patients, both of whom progressed to chronic active hepatitis. The early detection of HBeAg in patients with acute hepatitis is of no prognostic significance, but its persistence may provide the earliest evidence of potential chronicity.", "PMID": 669077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12474", "title": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on insulin response to glucose and arginine in normal man.", "content": "In 14 normal subjects, treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 3.2 g daily for 3 days) a well known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, caused a slight but significant decrease (p is less than 0.05) in basal plasma glucose levels; by contrast, basal insulin rose from 5 +/- 1 to 8 +/- 1 muU/ml (p is less than 0.01) after ASA. Pretreatment with ASA augmented the early insulin response to a standard IV glucose tolerance test (25 g) in  7 normal subjects (p is less than 0.05 at 2 min; p is less than 0.02 at 5 min; p is less than 0.01 at 10 min). No significant changes were detected in the rate of glucose utilization. 7 additional subjects received a standard arginine test without and with ASA pretreatment. Arginine stimulated insulin levels were increased after ASA (p is less than 0.01 at 15 min; p is less than 0.05 at 30 min; p is less than 0.05 at 45 min), whereas glucose values were lower than under basal conditions at all times, with significant differences at 105 (p is less than 0.02) and 120 (p is less than 0.05) min. A possible role of prostaglandins upon the insulin responses to glucose and arginine is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on insulin response to glucose and arginine in normal man. In 14 normal subjects, treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 3.2 g daily for 3 days) a well known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, caused a slight but significant decrease (p is less than 0.05) in basal plasma glucose levels; by contrast, basal insulin rose from 5 +/- 1 to 8 +/- 1 muU/ml (p is less than 0.01) after ASA. Pretreatment with ASA augmented the early insulin response to a standard IV glucose tolerance test (25 g) in  7 normal subjects (p is less than 0.05 at 2 min; p is less than 0.02 at 5 min; p is less than 0.01 at 10 min). No significant changes were detected in the rate of glucose utilization. 7 additional subjects received a standard arginine test without and with ASA pretreatment. Arginine stimulated insulin levels were increased after ASA (p is less than 0.01 at 15 min; p is less than 0.05 at 30 min; p is less than 0.05 at 45 min), whereas glucose values were lower than under basal conditions at all times, with significant differences at 105 (p is less than 0.02) and 120 (p is less than 0.05) min. A possible role of prostaglandins upon the insulin responses to glucose and arginine is discussed.", "PMID": 669099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12475", "title": "Prognosis of diabetics with diabetes onset before the age of thirty-one. II. Factors influencing the prognosis.", "content": "In 307 patients with diabetes mellitus, developed prior to 1933 and before age 31 it was demonstrated that: (1) frequent contact with a specialized diabetes clinic from an early stage of the disease; (2) a good quality of \"metabolic control\"; (3) a low insulin dose; (4) a body weight of 10% less than ideal; and (5) a mean blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, all had significantly beneficial effects upon the survival. It was also found that patients domiciled in Copenhagen had a significantly better prognosis than patients domiciled outside Copenhagen. Frequent contact with a diabetes centre was accompanied by an appreciable decrease in disabling late diabetic complications.", "contents": "Prognosis of diabetics with diabetes onset before the age of thirty-one. II. Factors influencing the prognosis. In 307 patients with diabetes mellitus, developed prior to 1933 and before age 31 it was demonstrated that: (1) frequent contact with a specialized diabetes clinic from an early stage of the disease; (2) a good quality of \"metabolic control\"; (3) a low insulin dose; (4) a body weight of 10% less than ideal; and (5) a mean blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, all had significantly beneficial effects upon the survival. It was also found that patients domiciled in Copenhagen had a significantly better prognosis than patients domiciled outside Copenhagen. Frequent contact with a diabetes centre was accompanied by an appreciable decrease in disabling late diabetic complications.", "PMID": 669101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12476", "title": "Pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas.", "content": "The release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) by gut hormones, acetyl choline and adrenaline was investigated in an isolated perfused pancreas preparation. PP was potently released by 1 nmol/1 caerulein (186 +/- 12%, p is less than 0.001) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (211 +/- 31%, p is less than 0.005) as well as by 1 mumol/1 acetyl choline (1097 +/- 59%, p is less than 0.001). A significant two-fold release of PP was also evoked by 1 nmol/1 vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (129 +/- 38%, p is less than 0.02 and gastrin (108 +/- 25% p is less than 0.01). Insulin release, induced by high glucose concentration was enhanced by both GIP (210 +/- 38%, p is less than (0.01) and VIP (48 +/- 5%, p is less than 0.001). In addition GIP enhanced the release of glucagon by 179 +/- 18% (p is less 0.001) at 1.4 mmol/1 glucose and by 127 +/- 24% (p is less than 0.005) at 8.3 mmol/1 glucose. Thus no simple inter-relationship appears to exist between the control of the three circulating islet hormones.", "contents": "Pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas. The release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) by gut hormones, acetyl choline and adrenaline was investigated in an isolated perfused pancreas preparation. PP was potently released by 1 nmol/1 caerulein (186 +/- 12%, p is less than 0.001) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (211 +/- 31%, p is less than 0.005) as well as by 1 mumol/1 acetyl choline (1097 +/- 59%, p is less than 0.001). A significant two-fold release of PP was also evoked by 1 nmol/1 vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (129 +/- 38%, p is less than 0.02 and gastrin (108 +/- 25% p is less than 0.01). Insulin release, induced by high glucose concentration was enhanced by both GIP (210 +/- 38%, p is less than (0.01) and VIP (48 +/- 5%, p is less than 0.001). In addition GIP enhanced the release of glucagon by 179 +/- 18% (p is less 0.001) at 1.4 mmol/1 glucose and by 127 +/- 24% (p is less than 0.005) at 8.3 mmol/1 glucose. Thus no simple inter-relationship appears to exist between the control of the three circulating islet hormones.", "PMID": 669104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12477", "title": "[Reproducibility of the clinical, electrocardiographic and coronarographic aspects of spontaneous coronary spasm with the use of ergonovine maleate].", "content": "Five patients affected by angina pectoris showed a spontaneous attack of myocardial ischemia in the course of coronary arteriography examination. During the ischemic episode it was shown a severe coronary arterial spasm promptly relieved by nitroglycerin. In these patients the administration of ergonovine maleate induced the same clinical, electrocardiographic and coronariographic patterns of spontaneous ischemic episodes. These data support the hypotesis that the ergonovine maleate administration is a suitable test for detection of the vasospastic pathogenesis in acute myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of the clinical, electrocardiographic and coronarographic aspects of spontaneous coronary spasm with the use of ergonovine maleate]. Five patients affected by angina pectoris showed a spontaneous attack of myocardial ischemia in the course of coronary arteriography examination. During the ischemic episode it was shown a severe coronary arterial spasm promptly relieved by nitroglycerin. In these patients the administration of ergonovine maleate induced the same clinical, electrocardiographic and coronariographic patterns of spontaneous ischemic episodes. These data support the hypotesis that the ergonovine maleate administration is a suitable test for detection of the vasospastic pathogenesis in acute myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 669106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12478", "title": "[Oxprenol and platelet aggregation (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect on the platelet aggregation of the administration of 6 mg of oxprenolol has been studied in patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Four samples were collected: a control one, at the end, 1 and 5 hours after the end of the infusion. The aggregation has been induced both by ADP and adrenaline. The results are exposed and some pathogenetic hypotesis are suggested.", "contents": "[Oxprenol and platelet aggregation (author's transl)]. The effect on the platelet aggregation of the administration of 6 mg of oxprenolol has been studied in patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Four samples were collected: a control one, at the end, 1 and 5 hours after the end of the infusion. The aggregation has been induced both by ADP and adrenaline. The results are exposed and some pathogenetic hypotesis are suggested.", "PMID": 669107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12479", "title": "[Analysis of the Luciani-Wenckebach phenomenon in the A-V node. II. Relationship between conduction and recovery times].", "content": "We have studied 20 cases Wenckebach A-V block by atrial pacing. The relationships between conduction time and recovery time of N. AV Wenckebach point, basal A-H time and A-H time of first cycle beat were analysed. No correlation was found between W point, basal A-H and A-H of the first beat by analysing the A-H = f (H-A) we found different curves which occur when the first A-H is longer or shorter than 110. These data were discussed on the basis of modern hypotheses of electrophysiological mechanism of Wenckebach periodism.", "contents": "[Analysis of the Luciani-Wenckebach phenomenon in the A-V node. II. Relationship between conduction and recovery times]. We have studied 20 cases Wenckebach A-V block by atrial pacing. The relationships between conduction time and recovery time of N. AV Wenckebach point, basal A-H time and A-H time of first cycle beat were analysed. No correlation was found between W point, basal A-H and A-H of the first beat by analysing the A-H = f (H-A) we found different curves which occur when the first A-H is longer or shorter than 110. These data were discussed on the basis of modern hypotheses of electrophysiological mechanism of Wenckebach periodism.", "PMID": 669108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12480", "title": "[The Doppler-echocardiography in the study of transvalvular pulmonary flow (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. studied 96 subjects: 74 normals, 15 patients with pulmonary stenosis, 6 with pulmonary regurgitation and 1 with combined stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation, by using pulsed Doppler echocardiography. This technique, which supplements M-mode echocardiography with Doppler flow detection, allowed determination of direction and quality--laminar or turbolent--of flow through pulmonary valve. In our experience, pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a sensitive and specific method for detection of pulmonary stenosis and regurgitation and extends ultrasound diagnosis beyond the capabilities of M-mode echocardiography.", "contents": "[The Doppler-echocardiography in the study of transvalvular pulmonary flow (author's transl)]. The AA. studied 96 subjects: 74 normals, 15 patients with pulmonary stenosis, 6 with pulmonary regurgitation and 1 with combined stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation, by using pulsed Doppler echocardiography. This technique, which supplements M-mode echocardiography with Doppler flow detection, allowed determination of direction and quality--laminar or turbolent--of flow through pulmonary valve. In our experience, pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a sensitive and specific method for detection of pulmonary stenosis and regurgitation and extends ultrasound diagnosis beyond the capabilities of M-mode echocardiography.", "PMID": 669110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12481", "title": "[The intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (author's transl)].", "content": "Indication for and clinical experience with intra aortic balloon counterpulsation at Harefield Hospital are reported. From Sept. 1973 to Sept. 1977, 87 patients had counterpulsation. Indications were: postinfarction cardiogenic shock in 28 cases; acute ischaemic episode in 19 and postoperative cardiogenic shock in 40. Of the 28 patients in postinfarction cardiogenic shock 15 underwent open heart surgery with an hospital mortality of 40%. All the patients with acute ischaemic episodes had surgery with an hospital mortality of 10%. In the group of 40 patients with postoperative cardiogenic shock overall mortality was 47%: it was of 18% in the 22 patients who had coronary artery bypass surgery while it was of 83% in the 18 patients who had valve surgery. Early recognition and treatment of conditions requiring counterpulsation is essential for achieving the best results.", "contents": "[The intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (author's transl)]. Indication for and clinical experience with intra aortic balloon counterpulsation at Harefield Hospital are reported. From Sept. 1973 to Sept. 1977, 87 patients had counterpulsation. Indications were: postinfarction cardiogenic shock in 28 cases; acute ischaemic episode in 19 and postoperative cardiogenic shock in 40. Of the 28 patients in postinfarction cardiogenic shock 15 underwent open heart surgery with an hospital mortality of 40%. All the patients with acute ischaemic episodes had surgery with an hospital mortality of 10%. In the group of 40 patients with postoperative cardiogenic shock overall mortality was 47%: it was of 18% in the 22 patients who had coronary artery bypass surgery while it was of 83% in the 18 patients who had valve surgery. Early recognition and treatment of conditions requiring counterpulsation is essential for achieving the best results.", "PMID": 669111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12482", "title": "[Renal failure and aortic coartaction. Report of two cases of newborns successfully treated (author's transl)].", "content": "Congestive heart failure may frequently occur in patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta within the first six months of life. Renal failure is on the contrary a very rare pathologic sequela. This is caused by a low renal blood flow related either to a poorly developed collateral circulation or in those instances of preductal coartation to an early closure of ductus arteriosus. Peritoneal dyalisis is very effective in these critically ill infants both in correcting biochemical abnormalitics and in supporting cardiac performance. Surgical treatment is however the only way to restore normal renal blood flow and good cardiac output. This report describes two patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta in whom renal failure developed within the first two months of life. Both patients were successfully treated by peritoneal dyalisis and subsequent surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Renal failure and aortic coartaction. Report of two cases of newborns successfully treated (author's transl)]. Congestive heart failure may frequently occur in patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta within the first six months of life. Renal failure is on the contrary a very rare pathologic sequela. This is caused by a low renal blood flow related either to a poorly developed collateral circulation or in those instances of preductal coartation to an early closure of ductus arteriosus. Peritoneal dyalisis is very effective in these critically ill infants both in correcting biochemical abnormalitics and in supporting cardiac performance. Surgical treatment is however the only way to restore normal renal blood flow and good cardiac output. This report describes two patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta in whom renal failure developed within the first two months of life. Both patients were successfully treated by peritoneal dyalisis and subsequent surgical intervention.", "PMID": 669112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12483", "title": "[The total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: pathophysiological, clinical and surgical aspects. Observations on 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten cases of total abnormal pulmonary venous connection are described: 5 cases with supracardiac drainage, 4 with sub-diaphragmatic drainage and one with intracardiac drainage, 3 cases with supradiaphragmatic drainage, and 4 with subdiaphragmatic drainage have undergone surgical treatment. Some developmental, embryological and pathophysiological signs of this malformation are reported. The more significant clinical and instrumental data arising from our personal cases and from review data are discussed. In the clinical description a distinction is made between cases with venous obstruction and those without venous obstruction. The importance of hemodinamic tests, which allow us to identify the type of connection present, and whether or not there are associated malformations, are underlined. The natural history is conditioned by the presence of venous obstruction, by the value of the pulmonary hyper-flow and by the possibility of communication between the two circulatory districts. The prognosis of the cases with marked obstruction, and of those with irreversible cardiac failure is one of rapid deterioration: surgical correction in the first months of life is the only therapeutic possibility, even if the death risk is high. The cases without venous obstruction, and with fairly normal weight and circulation, are corrected surgically at a later age with much more favourable results.", "contents": "[The total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: pathophysiological, clinical and surgical aspects. Observations on 10 cases (author's transl)]. Ten cases of total abnormal pulmonary venous connection are described: 5 cases with supracardiac drainage, 4 with sub-diaphragmatic drainage and one with intracardiac drainage, 3 cases with supradiaphragmatic drainage, and 4 with subdiaphragmatic drainage have undergone surgical treatment. Some developmental, embryological and pathophysiological signs of this malformation are reported. The more significant clinical and instrumental data arising from our personal cases and from review data are discussed. In the clinical description a distinction is made between cases with venous obstruction and those without venous obstruction. The importance of hemodinamic tests, which allow us to identify the type of connection present, and whether or not there are associated malformations, are underlined. The natural history is conditioned by the presence of venous obstruction, by the value of the pulmonary hyper-flow and by the possibility of communication between the two circulatory districts. The prognosis of the cases with marked obstruction, and of those with irreversible cardiac failure is one of rapid deterioration: surgical correction in the first months of life is the only therapeutic possibility, even if the death risk is high. The cases without venous obstruction, and with fairly normal weight and circulation, are corrected surgically at a later age with much more favourable results.", "PMID": 669113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12484", "title": "[Mitral and aortic regurgitation: a rare association in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of mitral regurgitation in ankylitis is very unusual. The case reported herein is a remarkable one because the subaortic bump at the base of the anterior mitral leaflet, the mose characteristic aspect of the heart involvement in this disease, was visualized for the first time by echocardiography. Moreover, the prolapse of the mitral leaflets was documented; it allows for a new understanding as far as the mechanism of the regurgitation is concerned.", "contents": "[Mitral and aortic regurgitation: a rare association in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)]. The occurrence of mitral regurgitation in ankylitis is very unusual. The case reported herein is a remarkable one because the subaortic bump at the base of the anterior mitral leaflet, the mose characteristic aspect of the heart involvement in this disease, was visualized for the first time by echocardiography. Moreover, the prolapse of the mitral leaflets was documented; it allows for a new understanding as far as the mechanism of the regurgitation is concerned.", "PMID": 669114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12485", "title": "[Use of ajmaline in the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome with a-v associated conduction defects].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of ajmaline (1 mg/Kg i.v.) on sinus node were evaluated in 63 control subjects and in 12 pts with sick sinus syndrome (S.S.S.). In the control group the mean spontaneous cycle length (S.C.L.) was found significatively (less less than 0.001) reduced (8,?%), and corrected sinus node recovery time (C.S.N.R.T.) significatively (p less than 0.01) prolonged (30,2%) by the drug. In the patients with S.S.S. the S.C.L. was prolonged by 16% but not significatively and the C.S.N.R.T. by 60,7% (p less than 0.05). In 8/12 pts, with S.S.S. spontaneous sinoatrial blocks appeared or were more frequently observed following ajmaline injection. The use of ajmaline as a unic pharmacologic test for the differential diagnosis of symptomatic bradycardia in patients with atrioventricular associated conduction defects is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of ajmaline in the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome with a-v associated conduction defects]. The electrophysiological effects of ajmaline (1 mg/Kg i.v.) on sinus node were evaluated in 63 control subjects and in 12 pts with sick sinus syndrome (S.S.S.). In the control group the mean spontaneous cycle length (S.C.L.) was found significatively (less less than 0.001) reduced (8,?%), and corrected sinus node recovery time (C.S.N.R.T.) significatively (p less than 0.01) prolonged (30,2%) by the drug. In the patients with S.S.S. the S.C.L. was prolonged by 16% but not significatively and the C.S.N.R.T. by 60,7% (p less than 0.05). In 8/12 pts, with S.S.S. spontaneous sinoatrial blocks appeared or were more frequently observed following ajmaline injection. The use of ajmaline as a unic pharmacologic test for the differential diagnosis of symptomatic bradycardia in patients with atrioventricular associated conduction defects is discussed.", "PMID": 669115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12486", "title": "[Recording of the right atrial monophasic action potential in humans. I. Subjects not affected by arrhythmia].", "content": "Using a bipolar suction electrode technique, right atrial monophasic action potential (RA MAP) was recorded in 18 patients surely free from any kind of arrhythmia. Two morphologically different kinds of RA AMP were obtained: the former exhibiting an evident transition between phase 1-2 (plateau) and phase 3 of repolarization (FP), the latter without any appreciable palteau (FL). Electrophysiological properties of human myocardial atrial tissue have been investigated by microelectrode technique. The two types of MAP recorded by us resemble the former the action potential obtained from conducting specialized fiber, the latter the action potential of contractile fibers. A statistically significant difference in RA MAP duration measured at 90% level of repolarization (D 90%) was found between the two kinds of MAP: therefore we suggest to perform quantitative evaluations and pharmaco-ogical investigations only including MAPs of similar morphology. The intraindividual variation coefficient of D 90% may be considered an expression of the range of variability of repolarization duration in man; we suggest that only MAPs of similar configuration should be accepted for its calculation in order to avoid errors of evaluation.", "contents": "[Recording of the right atrial monophasic action potential in humans. I. Subjects not affected by arrhythmia]. Using a bipolar suction electrode technique, right atrial monophasic action potential (RA MAP) was recorded in 18 patients surely free from any kind of arrhythmia. Two morphologically different kinds of RA AMP were obtained: the former exhibiting an evident transition between phase 1-2 (plateau) and phase 3 of repolarization (FP), the latter without any appreciable palteau (FL). Electrophysiological properties of human myocardial atrial tissue have been investigated by microelectrode technique. The two types of MAP recorded by us resemble the former the action potential obtained from conducting specialized fiber, the latter the action potential of contractile fibers. A statistically significant difference in RA MAP duration measured at 90% level of repolarization (D 90%) was found between the two kinds of MAP: therefore we suggest to perform quantitative evaluations and pharmaco-ogical investigations only including MAPs of similar morphology. The intraindividual variation coefficient of D 90% may be considered an expression of the range of variability of repolarization duration in man; we suggest that only MAPs of similar configuration should be accepted for its calculation in order to avoid errors of evaluation.", "PMID": 669116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12487", "title": "[Etiopathogenetic differences and therapeutic possibillities of the carotid sinus syndrome. Report of two rare cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of carotid sinus syndrome with peculiar clinical and nosological characteristics are presented. The clinical symptoms were characterized by syncope with bradicardia and hypotension, which occurred contemporarily or independently of each other. The most valuable medical therapy to prevent or got over the syncopal attacks has proved to be one associating  the sympathicomimetic drugs (high dosage dopamine, particularly on demande pacemaker. Complete decrease of symptoms following was obtained only after surgical treatment: denervation of carotid sinus in one case, intracranical section of the glosspharyngeal nerve and of the two vagal termination nearer to IX in the other case. This last result makes it possible to consider the case in question from an original nosological point of view exploiting the pathogenetic importance of stimulating the afferent nerve-fibres of the glossofaryngeal-nerve.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenetic differences and therapeutic possibillities of the carotid sinus syndrome. Report of two rare cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of carotid sinus syndrome with peculiar clinical and nosological characteristics are presented. The clinical symptoms were characterized by syncope with bradicardia and hypotension, which occurred contemporarily or independently of each other. The most valuable medical therapy to prevent or got over the syncopal attacks has proved to be one associating  the sympathicomimetic drugs (high dosage dopamine, particularly on demande pacemaker. Complete decrease of symptoms following was obtained only after surgical treatment: denervation of carotid sinus in one case, intracranical section of the glosspharyngeal nerve and of the two vagal termination nearer to IX in the other case. This last result makes it possible to consider the case in question from an original nosological point of view exploiting the pathogenetic importance of stimulating the afferent nerve-fibres of the glossofaryngeal-nerve.", "PMID": 669117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12488", "title": "[Motion of the interventricular septum in patients with right intraventricular electric stimulators. Echocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study].", "content": "An echo- and vectorcardiographic study had been performed in order to analyze the motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) in thirty-six patients with chronic pacing at the apex of the right ventricle. As this pattern has been reported as just like that of LBBB, five patients with LBBB have been studied as well, with transient pacing. As far as the first group, in 25 P. IVS moves, both during spontaneous activity and pacing, like in normal subjects; in 8 P. the records were questionable; in 3 P. IVS moves liek in LBBB. The group of 5 P. with LBBB shows paradoxical motion of IVS both before and during pacing. In vectorcardiograms, the initial ventricular vectors (from 0 to 30 msec) are upward, backward and rightward oriented, in 33 of the first group's 36 P. The second group of 5 LBBB failed to show a costant pattern. The possible electrophysiologic hypotheses, about genesis of these patterns, are discussed.", "contents": "[Motion of the interventricular septum in patients with right intraventricular electric stimulators. Echocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study]. An echo- and vectorcardiographic study had been performed in order to analyze the motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) in thirty-six patients with chronic pacing at the apex of the right ventricle. As this pattern has been reported as just like that of LBBB, five patients with LBBB have been studied as well, with transient pacing. As far as the first group, in 25 P. IVS moves, both during spontaneous activity and pacing, like in normal subjects; in 8 P. the records were questionable; in 3 P. IVS moves liek in LBBB. The group of 5 P. with LBBB shows paradoxical motion of IVS both before and during pacing. In vectorcardiograms, the initial ventricular vectors (from 0 to 30 msec) are upward, backward and rightward oriented, in 33 of the first group's 36 P. The second group of 5 LBBB failed to show a costant pattern. The possible electrophysiologic hypotheses, about genesis of these patterns, are discussed.", "PMID": 669118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12489", "title": "[Clinical and angiographic observations in aneurysm of the membranous septum. Pathologenetic implications].", "content": "Aneurysm-like kialations of the membranous septum are described with increasing frequency in association to a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Their etiology may be congenital, though with different pathogenesis and acquired. An anatomical distinction between true aneurysm of the membranous septum and pseudoaneurysm is proposed. The acquired forms may be joined to a decrease of left to right shunt and are regarded as the mechanism of closure of a VSD. Nine cases of aneurysm-like dilation of the membranous septum are presented: an interpretation of their etiology and pathogenesis is discussed, on the basis of the history and clinical and instrumental data.", "contents": "[Clinical and angiographic observations in aneurysm of the membranous septum. Pathologenetic implications]. Aneurysm-like kialations of the membranous septum are described with increasing frequency in association to a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Their etiology may be congenital, though with different pathogenesis and acquired. An anatomical distinction between true aneurysm of the membranous septum and pseudoaneurysm is proposed. The acquired forms may be joined to a decrease of left to right shunt and are regarded as the mechanism of closure of a VSD. Nine cases of aneurysm-like dilation of the membranous septum are presented: an interpretation of their etiology and pathogenesis is discussed, on the basis of the history and clinical and instrumental data.", "PMID": 669119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12490", "title": "[An unusual case of elevated and persistent levels of LDH in the blood of a patient after acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The Authors illustrate a peculiar case of elevated and persistent levels of LDH activity in serum of a patient after acute myocardial infarction. The patient was also affected by a testicular tumor. Surgical ablation of neoplasm normalized LDH activity serum.", "contents": "[An unusual case of elevated and persistent levels of LDH in the blood of a patient after acute myocardial infarct]. The Authors illustrate a peculiar case of elevated and persistent levels of LDH activity in serum of a patient after acute myocardial infarction. The patient was also affected by a testicular tumor. Surgical ablation of neoplasm normalized LDH activity serum.", "PMID": 669120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12491", "title": "[Diet and the heart: end of an era? or beginning of a hope?].", "content": "A critical review is made of a recent article by G. Mann (New Engl. J. Med., 297, 644, 1977) where an attack is moved to the theory according which the diet is a basic factor in the epidemic of coronary heart disease. Most of the Mann' arguments are contradicted and an attempt is made to explain why his article has received such a large attention also outisde the strictly scientific mass-media.", "contents": "[Diet and the heart: end of an era? or beginning of a hope?]. A critical review is made of a recent article by G. Mann (New Engl. J. Med., 297, 644, 1977) where an attack is moved to the theory according which the diet is a basic factor in the epidemic of coronary heart disease. Most of the Mann' arguments are contradicted and an attempt is made to explain why his article has received such a large attention also outisde the strictly scientific mass-media.", "PMID": 669123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12492", "title": "Anticancer activity of isomers of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.", "content": "Three phenylimidazothiazole isomers, L-(-)-form (levamisole), D-(+)-form (dexamisole), and DL-(+/-)-form (tetramisole), modulate mouse and rat immune responsiveness. They depress the relapse of urinary bladder cancer, BC-47, when they are used with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) for treatment of rats bearing BC-47. Levamisole was the most effective isomer. Effectiveness of the isomers is expressed by their ability to enhance the number of plaque-forming cells to sheep red blood cells. They also stimulate the DNA synthesis of murine lymphocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Anticancer activity of isomers of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole. Three phenylimidazothiazole isomers, L-(-)-form (levamisole), D-(+)-form (dexamisole), and DL-(+/-)-form (tetramisole), modulate mouse and rat immune responsiveness. They depress the relapse of urinary bladder cancer, BC-47, when they are used with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) for treatment of rats bearing BC-47. Levamisole was the most effective isomer. Effectiveness of the isomers is expressed by their ability to enhance the number of plaque-forming cells to sheep red blood cells. They also stimulate the DNA synthesis of murine lymphocytes in vitro.", "PMID": 669135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12493", "title": "Effect of ovariectomy on x-ray carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "Tumor induction by fractionated whole-body X-irradiation (400 rad) was studied in spayed Sprague-Dawley rats. Ovariectomy was chosen as an intensifying factor for radiation leukemogenesis. Ovariectomized rats gained more body weight and responded more quickly (but transiently) in the recovery of WBC levels after the last (3rd or 4th) X-irradiation. A total of 26 tumors developed in 21 out of 47 ovariectomized rats, 11 tumors in 6 out of 13 ovariectomized and ovary-grafted rats, and 44 tumors in 25 out of 29 sham-ovariectomized rats during the observation period up to 64 weeks after starting X-irradiation. Eighty per cent of tumors were of mammary gland origin in the latter two groups with intact or grafted ovaries. By contrast, 61.1% of tumors in the spayed rats were derived from the subcutaneous mesenchymal tissue and the hematopoietic tissue. This may imply that some forms of mesenchymal tumors including leukemia are under the suppressive influence of female sex hormones.", "contents": "Effect of ovariectomy on x-ray carcinogenesis in rats. Tumor induction by fractionated whole-body X-irradiation (400 rad) was studied in spayed Sprague-Dawley rats. Ovariectomy was chosen as an intensifying factor for radiation leukemogenesis. Ovariectomized rats gained more body weight and responded more quickly (but transiently) in the recovery of WBC levels after the last (3rd or 4th) X-irradiation. A total of 26 tumors developed in 21 out of 47 ovariectomized rats, 11 tumors in 6 out of 13 ovariectomized and ovary-grafted rats, and 44 tumors in 25 out of 29 sham-ovariectomized rats during the observation period up to 64 weeks after starting X-irradiation. Eighty per cent of tumors were of mammary gland origin in the latter two groups with intact or grafted ovaries. By contrast, 61.1% of tumors in the spayed rats were derived from the subcutaneous mesenchymal tissue and the hematopoietic tissue. This may imply that some forms of mesenchymal tumors including leukemia are under the suppressive influence of female sex hormones.", "PMID": 669136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12494", "title": "Induction of preneoplastic hyperplasia and carcinoma by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine from regenerated mucosa of ulcers induced by iodoacetamide in fundus of rat stomach.", "content": "Differences in susceptibility to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) of fundic mucosa in various states of regeneration after induction of ulcer with iodoacetamide were examined histologically in male Wistar rats. Iodoacetamide was given to rats in their drinking water, before (Group 1), with (Group 2), or after (Group 3) MNNG. Atypical hyperplasia in the renewed mucosa and pyloric gland metaplasia were observed on the ulcers in Group 1 in higher incidence than in Groups 2 and 3. In addition, adenocarcinoma developed in the ulcer of 2 of 17 effective animals in Group 1. These observations suggest that the mucosa showing pyloric gland metaplasia is more susceptible to MNNG than the young rapidly regenerating mucosa at the margin of ulcers.", "contents": "Induction of preneoplastic hyperplasia and carcinoma by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine from regenerated mucosa of ulcers induced by iodoacetamide in fundus of rat stomach. Differences in susceptibility to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) of fundic mucosa in various states of regeneration after induction of ulcer with iodoacetamide were examined histologically in male Wistar rats. Iodoacetamide was given to rats in their drinking water, before (Group 1), with (Group 2), or after (Group 3) MNNG. Atypical hyperplasia in the renewed mucosa and pyloric gland metaplasia were observed on the ulcers in Group 1 in higher incidence than in Groups 2 and 3. In addition, adenocarcinoma developed in the ulcer of 2 of 17 effective animals in Group 1. These observations suggest that the mucosa showing pyloric gland metaplasia is more susceptible to MNNG than the young rapidly regenerating mucosa at the margin of ulcers.", "PMID": 669137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12495", "title": "Carcinogenicity of boiling water extract of bracken, Pteridium aquilinum.", "content": "Carcinogenicity of an aqueous extract of bracken was studied in inbred strain ACI rats. In Experiment 1, Group 1 rats received a diet containing unprocessed dry bracken powder for 3 months, Group 2 received the boiling water extract of dry bracken as drinking water for 16 months, Group 3 received the cold water extract of dry bracken as drinking water for 16 months, and Group 4 received a diet containing the concentrated boiling water extract of dry bracken during the whole experimental period. Rats in Experiment 2 also received a diet containing the boiling water extract of dry bracken. A control group was fed a normal diet. Majority of the animals in Group 1 developed multiple ileal tumors, such as adenomas and adenocarcinomas. In Group 2, 6 of 11 rats which survived beyond 7 months developed tumors in either the ileum or urinary bladder, or in both. Rats in Group 3 had no tumor. In Group 4 and in Experiment 2, all the animals except 1 rat in Experiment 2 had urinary bladder tumor. Furthermore, almost all the rats in these groups had simultaneously ileal tumors. Based on these results, it may be assumed that the carcinogen in bracken is extractable in boiling water and is most probably also water-soluble.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of boiling water extract of bracken, Pteridium aquilinum. Carcinogenicity of an aqueous extract of bracken was studied in inbred strain ACI rats. In Experiment 1, Group 1 rats received a diet containing unprocessed dry bracken powder for 3 months, Group 2 received the boiling water extract of dry bracken as drinking water for 16 months, Group 3 received the cold water extract of dry bracken as drinking water for 16 months, and Group 4 received a diet containing the concentrated boiling water extract of dry bracken during the whole experimental period. Rats in Experiment 2 also received a diet containing the boiling water extract of dry bracken. A control group was fed a normal diet. Majority of the animals in Group 1 developed multiple ileal tumors, such as adenomas and adenocarcinomas. In Group 2, 6 of 11 rats which survived beyond 7 months developed tumors in either the ileum or urinary bladder, or in both. Rats in Group 3 had no tumor. In Group 4 and in Experiment 2, all the animals except 1 rat in Experiment 2 had urinary bladder tumor. Furthermore, almost all the rats in these groups had simultaneously ileal tumors. Based on these results, it may be assumed that the carcinogen in bracken is extractable in boiling water and is most probably also water-soluble.", "PMID": 669138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12496", "title": "Nutritional depletion of the established stationary phase during growth of mouse mammary carcinoma cells in suspension culture.", "content": "The stationary phase of cell growth in suspension culture was analyzed with regard to nutritional depletion using FM3A cells originally derived from a spontaneous mammary carcinoma in a C3H mouse. When cells reached the stationary phase at the cell density of 5 X 10(5) cells/ml, cells began to lose the ability to form colonies and viability as determined by the dye exclusion test. When the amount of amino acids and vitamins in the medium decreased, cells reached the stationary phase at a low terminal density. Cells in the spent medium supplemented with amino acids, vitamins, glucose, and serum grew with the same growth rate as in the fresh medium. It is concluded that depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids and glucose, is the reason for the establishment of the stationary phase.", "contents": "Nutritional depletion of the established stationary phase during growth of mouse mammary carcinoma cells in suspension culture. The stationary phase of cell growth in suspension culture was analyzed with regard to nutritional depletion using FM3A cells originally derived from a spontaneous mammary carcinoma in a C3H mouse. When cells reached the stationary phase at the cell density of 5 X 10(5) cells/ml, cells began to lose the ability to form colonies and viability as determined by the dye exclusion test. When the amount of amino acids and vitamins in the medium decreased, cells reached the stationary phase at a low terminal density. Cells in the spent medium supplemented with amino acids, vitamins, glucose, and serum grew with the same growth rate as in the fresh medium. It is concluded that depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids and glucose, is the reason for the establishment of the stationary phase.", "PMID": 669139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12497", "title": "Effect of phenacetin and caffeine on the urinary bladder of rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.", "content": "The effect of phenacetin and caffeine on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was examined. Animals were given a high or low dose of BBN for 4 weeks and then phenacetin or caffeine was administered for 30 or 32 weeks, respectively. All the animals were examined histologically after 36 experimental weeks. The incidence of papillary or nodular hyperplasia, papilloma, and cancer of the urinary bladder was significantly higher in the groups treated with BBN and then with phenacetin than in those treated with BBN alone, especially with a high dose of BBN. Simple hyperplasia and papillary or nodular hyperplasia developed in the urinary bladder of rats treated with phenacetin alone. Papillary proliferative growth of the renal pelvis was seen in one rat treated with a low dose of BBN and phenacetin. Treatment with caffeine after BBN had no enhancing effect and caffeine alone caused no remarkable changes.", "contents": "Effect of phenacetin and caffeine on the urinary bladder of rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. The effect of phenacetin and caffeine on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was examined. Animals were given a high or low dose of BBN for 4 weeks and then phenacetin or caffeine was administered for 30 or 32 weeks, respectively. All the animals were examined histologically after 36 experimental weeks. The incidence of papillary or nodular hyperplasia, papilloma, and cancer of the urinary bladder was significantly higher in the groups treated with BBN and then with phenacetin than in those treated with BBN alone, especially with a high dose of BBN. Simple hyperplasia and papillary or nodular hyperplasia developed in the urinary bladder of rats treated with phenacetin alone. Papillary proliferative growth of the renal pelvis was seen in one rat treated with a low dose of BBN and phenacetin. Treatment with caffeine after BBN had no enhancing effect and caffeine alone caused no remarkable changes.", "PMID": 669140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12498", "title": "Cancer chemotherapy model using autochthonous large bowel cancer in rats.", "content": "Chemotherapy of methylnitrosourea-induced autochthonous large bowel cancer in rats, which is similar to that in man, was studied to evaluate the intrarectal administration or topical application of chemotherapeutic agents. Rats with large bowel tumors confirmed by endoscopic examination received an intrarectal instillation of 1 mg of 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU), 1 mg of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Me-CCNU), or 5 mg of 5-fluorouracil (ir groups), or intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 mg of 5-fluorouracil (ip group) daily for 8 weeks. All the rats, including non-treated control rats, were necropsied after the treatment. The number of large bowel tumors per rat detected by endoscopy before the treatment was mostly the same among groups, whereas that observed at necropsy after the treatment was significantly smaller in ir groups, compared to non-treated group and ip group. The tumors increased significantly in rats of non-treated group and ip group between the time of endoscopy and necropsy, but not in rats of ir groups. These results showed that the maximum tolerated dosage of the agents administered intrarectally suppressed the development of new tumors after start of the treatment and also the growth of tumors which were detected by endoscopy before the treatment.", "contents": "Cancer chemotherapy model using autochthonous large bowel cancer in rats. Chemotherapy of methylnitrosourea-induced autochthonous large bowel cancer in rats, which is similar to that in man, was studied to evaluate the intrarectal administration or topical application of chemotherapeutic agents. Rats with large bowel tumors confirmed by endoscopic examination received an intrarectal instillation of 1 mg of 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU), 1 mg of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Me-CCNU), or 5 mg of 5-fluorouracil (ir groups), or intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 mg of 5-fluorouracil (ip group) daily for 8 weeks. All the rats, including non-treated control rats, were necropsied after the treatment. The number of large bowel tumors per rat detected by endoscopy before the treatment was mostly the same among groups, whereas that observed at necropsy after the treatment was significantly smaller in ir groups, compared to non-treated group and ip group. The tumors increased significantly in rats of non-treated group and ip group between the time of endoscopy and necropsy, but not in rats of ir groups. These results showed that the maximum tolerated dosage of the agents administered intrarectally suppressed the development of new tumors after start of the treatment and also the growth of tumors which were detected by endoscopy before the treatment.", "PMID": 669141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12499", "title": "Separation and identification of 3-methylcholanthrene-related compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "Separation and identification of 3-methylcholanthrene and its synthesized derivatives were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. Hydroxyl derivatives were silylated and all chemicals were applied to columns of OV-1 and Dexsil-300 at a constant temperature of 260 degrees and 290 degrees, respectively. Mass spectra of all derivatives were simple at ionization voltage of 20 eV and their molecular ions gave base peaks in most cases. Mass fragmentography plotted against molecular ions satisfactorily separated all standard derivatives so far examined.", "contents": "Separation and identification of 3-methylcholanthrene-related compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Separation and identification of 3-methylcholanthrene and its synthesized derivatives were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. Hydroxyl derivatives were silylated and all chemicals were applied to columns of OV-1 and Dexsil-300 at a constant temperature of 260 degrees and 290 degrees, respectively. Mass spectra of all derivatives were simple at ionization voltage of 20 eV and their molecular ions gave base peaks in most cases. Mass fragmentography plotted against molecular ions satisfactorily separated all standard derivatives so far examined.", "PMID": 669142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12500", "title": "Trauma to the esophagus.", "content": "We have classified esophageal trauma into three major categories: (1) Iatrogenic trauma including endoscopic perforation, trauma due to dilatation, surgical trauma, tube trauma, radiation trauma, and drug trauma; (2) Self-induced trauma including foreign bodies, corrosive or drug ingestion, and postemetic trauma; (3) Direct trauma including penetrating trauma and blunt trauma. Discussion and illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Trauma to the esophagus. We have classified esophageal trauma into three major categories: (1) Iatrogenic trauma including endoscopic perforation, trauma due to dilatation, surgical trauma, tube trauma, radiation trauma, and drug trauma; (2) Self-induced trauma including foreign bodies, corrosive or drug ingestion, and postemetic trauma; (3) Direct trauma including penetrating trauma and blunt trauma. Discussion and illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 669153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12501", "title": "Esophageal stricture secondary to candidiasis.", "content": "Esophageal candidiasis may rarely progress to stricture formation. All patients reported to date with stricture due to candidiasis have had an underlying immunologic deficiency or were undergoing chemotherapy for malignancies. Early diagnosis and adequate anti-fungal therapy are recommended to prevent this disabling complication.", "contents": "Esophageal stricture secondary to candidiasis. Esophageal candidiasis may rarely progress to stricture formation. All patients reported to date with stricture due to candidiasis have had an underlying immunologic deficiency or were undergoing chemotherapy for malignancies. Early diagnosis and adequate anti-fungal therapy are recommended to prevent this disabling complication.", "PMID": 669154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12502", "title": "Gastroduodenal fistulae and double pyloric canal.", "content": "Four cases of endoscopically proven gastroduodenal fistulae (double pyloric canal) are presented, and ten case reports in the literature are reviewed. The fistula develops from a penetrating gastric ulcer. Presumably, the ulcer becomes adherent to adjacent duodenum and penetrates further to establish a fistulous connection, which ultimately becomes lined with mucosa, creating a second pyloric canal. Fistulae between the lesser curve of the antrum and superior fornix of the duodenal bulb were the commonest (9 out of 14). Fistulae also form between the lesser curve of the body of the stomach and the duodenal bulb or fourth part of the duodenum. Gastro-gastric fistula and a fistula into the inferior fornix of the duodenal bulb from a pyloric ulcer have been described. In two of the four cases in this series fistulae had formed from the greater curve of the antrum to the inferior fornix of the duodenal bulb, an entity not previously described. Radiologic appearances may be confused with an antral carcinoma, an ulcerating carcinoma, Crohn's disease, or lymphoma. The presence of previous ulceration and evidence of scarring should aid in avoiding confusion with malignancy. The term gastroduodenal fistula is suggested to describe double pyloric canal.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal fistulae and double pyloric canal. Four cases of endoscopically proven gastroduodenal fistulae (double pyloric canal) are presented, and ten case reports in the literature are reviewed. The fistula develops from a penetrating gastric ulcer. Presumably, the ulcer becomes adherent to adjacent duodenum and penetrates further to establish a fistulous connection, which ultimately becomes lined with mucosa, creating a second pyloric canal. Fistulae between the lesser curve of the antrum and superior fornix of the duodenal bulb were the commonest (9 out of 14). Fistulae also form between the lesser curve of the body of the stomach and the duodenal bulb or fourth part of the duodenum. Gastro-gastric fistula and a fistula into the inferior fornix of the duodenal bulb from a pyloric ulcer have been described. In two of the four cases in this series fistulae had formed from the greater curve of the antrum to the inferior fornix of the duodenal bulb, an entity not previously described. Radiologic appearances may be confused with an antral carcinoma, an ulcerating carcinoma, Crohn's disease, or lymphoma. The presence of previous ulceration and evidence of scarring should aid in avoiding confusion with malignancy. The term gastroduodenal fistula is suggested to describe double pyloric canal.", "PMID": 669155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12503", "title": "Giant duodenal ulcers.", "content": "Twenty-six giant duodenal ulcers, all correctly diagnosed prior to endoscopy, are presented. The concept of the ulcer/bulb ratio (ratio of longest diameter of the ulcer to that of the total bulb including the ulcer) is introduced. In all cases this ratio was 0.8 or greater; in 18 cases (69%) the ulcer completely replaced the duodenal bulb. An 'ulcer within an ulcer' appearance, representing a small area of deeper ulceration within the giant ulcer, was noted in 8 (31%). Half of the patients have remained symptom-free on medical therapy alone. Only two patients in our series (8%) died of complications of giant duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Giant duodenal ulcers. Twenty-six giant duodenal ulcers, all correctly diagnosed prior to endoscopy, are presented. The concept of the ulcer/bulb ratio (ratio of longest diameter of the ulcer to that of the total bulb including the ulcer) is introduced. In all cases this ratio was 0.8 or greater; in 18 cases (69%) the ulcer completely replaced the duodenal bulb. An 'ulcer within an ulcer' appearance, representing a small area of deeper ulceration within the giant ulcer, was noted in 8 (31%). Half of the patients have remained symptom-free on medical therapy alone. Only two patients in our series (8%) died of complications of giant duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 669156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12504", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the duodenum arising in a villous adenoma.", "content": "Duodenal villous adenomas are premalignant lesions. Prior to malignant transformation, their appearance on upper gastrointestinal examination is often characteristic. Following malignant change, the final diagnosis frequently requires tissue.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the duodenum arising in a villous adenoma. Duodenal villous adenomas are premalignant lesions. Prior to malignant transformation, their appearance on upper gastrointestinal examination is often characteristic. Following malignant change, the final diagnosis frequently requires tissue.", "PMID": 669157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12505", "title": "Experience with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the Japanese needle.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a very thin needle has been performed in 885 patients with a variety of underlying hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic disorders. The procedure was successful in 99% of the patients with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and in 85% of those with non-dilated ducts. Complications which required surgical intervention occurred only in two cases (0.2%). In patients with obstructive jaundice, external bile drainage was performed immediately after visualization of the bile duct. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is an extremely useful and safe method for investigating disorders of the biliary tract, for localizing the cause of obstructive jaundice, and for reducing the degree of jaundice and improving the general status of patients with obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Experience with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the Japanese needle. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a very thin needle has been performed in 885 patients with a variety of underlying hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic disorders. The procedure was successful in 99% of the patients with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and in 85% of those with non-dilated ducts. Complications which required surgical intervention occurred only in two cases (0.2%). In patients with obstructive jaundice, external bile drainage was performed immediately after visualization of the bile duct. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is an extremely useful and safe method for investigating disorders of the biliary tract, for localizing the cause of obstructive jaundice, and for reducing the degree of jaundice and improving the general status of patients with obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 669158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12506", "title": "Angiography in the diagnosis of ileocecal tuberculosis.", "content": "Ileocecal tuberculosis is still found sporadically in industrialised countries and occurs commonly in the underdeveloped world. Differentiation from Crohn's disease is a major diagnostic problem on which rational treatment depends. An angiographic appearance demonstrated in two patients is believed to be a useful diagnostic indicator of tuberculous etiology.", "contents": "Angiography in the diagnosis of ileocecal tuberculosis. Ileocecal tuberculosis is still found sporadically in industrialised countries and occurs commonly in the underdeveloped world. Differentiation from Crohn's disease is a major diagnostic problem on which rational treatment depends. An angiographic appearance demonstrated in two patients is believed to be a useful diagnostic indicator of tuberculous etiology.", "PMID": 669159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12507", "title": "Unusual fistulae due to colonic diverticulitis.", "content": "Examples of diverticulitis of the colon associated with fistulae to the left hip, inferior mesenteric vein, and portal vein resulting in the demonstration of intrahepatic abscesses, the vermiform appendix, and the skin are presented with a review of the literature. A case of a fistula to the epidural space is included.", "contents": "Unusual fistulae due to colonic diverticulitis. Examples of diverticulitis of the colon associated with fistulae to the left hip, inferior mesenteric vein, and portal vein resulting in the demonstration of intrahepatic abscesses, the vermiform appendix, and the skin are presented with a review of the literature. A case of a fistula to the epidural space is included.", "PMID": 669160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12508", "title": "Metastasis to the colon from bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Two cases of primary carcinoma of the lung with clinically demonstrated colon metastases are presented. Such metastases may present with intermittent or continuous colonic obstruction, lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding, or anemia. The metastases may be synchronous or metachronous with respect to diagnosis of the lung lesion. Potential problems in management are discussed and the literature, relating to colonic metastasis from bronchogenic carcinoma, is reviewed.", "contents": "Metastasis to the colon from bronchogenic carcinoma. Two cases of primary carcinoma of the lung with clinically demonstrated colon metastases are presented. Such metastases may present with intermittent or continuous colonic obstruction, lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding, or anemia. The metastases may be synchronous or metachronous with respect to diagnosis of the lung lesion. Potential problems in management are discussed and the literature, relating to colonic metastasis from bronchogenic carcinoma, is reviewed.", "PMID": 669161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12509", "title": "Angiography of colonic Crohn's disease: the zoning sign revisited.", "content": "The zoning sign can be demonstrated in 50% of angiographies in colonic Crohn's disease and provides a reliable differential diagnostic aid against ulcerative colitis. The composition of the sign has been enlarged by the recognition of a zone C. The application of angiography in the radiologic diagnosis of inflammatory disease of the colon is discussed.", "contents": "Angiography of colonic Crohn's disease: the zoning sign revisited. The zoning sign can be demonstrated in 50% of angiographies in colonic Crohn's disease and provides a reliable differential diagnostic aid against ulcerative colitis. The composition of the sign has been enlarged by the recognition of a zone C. The application of angiography in the radiologic diagnosis of inflammatory disease of the colon is discussed.", "PMID": 669162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12510", "title": "Radiologic demonstration of multiple foci of malignancy in the esophagus.", "content": "Three patients, each with two synchronous esophageal carcinomas demonstrated radiologically, are presented. The importance of complete esophageal evaluation in patients with one obvious tumor of the esophagus is emphasized. Assessment of the full extent of disease in such cases directly affects treatment planning.", "contents": "Radiologic demonstration of multiple foci of malignancy in the esophagus. Three patients, each with two synchronous esophageal carcinomas demonstrated radiologically, are presented. The importance of complete esophageal evaluation in patients with one obvious tumor of the esophagus is emphasized. Assessment of the full extent of disease in such cases directly affects treatment planning.", "PMID": 669163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12511", "title": "Stratification in the gallbladder during intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "The stratification (layering) phenomenon in the gallbladder is a source of errors in interpretation of intravenous cholangiography. It may mimic stones that do not exist or conceal stones that do. To avoid false-positive or false-negative interpretations, it is suggested that delayed films be taken at 4 hours in cases which demonstrate a layering phenomenon. By this time, a normal gallbladder will be homogeneously opacified and a diseased one will reveal its stones. Horizontal beam roentgenograms are mandatory for complete evaluation.", "contents": "Stratification in the gallbladder during intravenous cholangiography. The stratification (layering) phenomenon in the gallbladder is a source of errors in interpretation of intravenous cholangiography. It may mimic stones that do not exist or conceal stones that do. To avoid false-positive or false-negative interpretations, it is suggested that delayed films be taken at 4 hours in cases which demonstrate a layering phenomenon. By this time, a normal gallbladder will be homogeneously opacified and a diseased one will reveal its stones. Horizontal beam roentgenograms are mandatory for complete evaluation.", "PMID": 669164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12512", "title": "Unusual pelvic complications of a pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "Pancreatic pseudocysts are notorious for their extension beyond the normal confines of the pancreatic bed. Their inferior extension has been known to involve kidney and ureter. However, involvement of the bladder and rectum is unique although understandable on anatomic grounds. We report an enormous pseudocyst with extension deep into the pelvis to displace both rectum and bladder.", "contents": "Unusual pelvic complications of a pancreatic pseudocyst. Pancreatic pseudocysts are notorious for their extension beyond the normal confines of the pancreatic bed. Their inferior extension has been known to involve kidney and ureter. However, involvement of the bladder and rectum is unique although understandable on anatomic grounds. We report an enormous pseudocyst with extension deep into the pelvis to displace both rectum and bladder.", "PMID": 669165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12513", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the alimentary tract. I. Radiographic diagnosis.", "content": "This paper is based on a retrospective analysis of the radiographic findings in 18 new proven cases of carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of lesions involving different segments together with a detailed review of the pertinent literature are provided. Background information regarding the malignant potential of all carcinoids with particular reference to invasiveness, size, site, and symptomatology is discussed. Depending on the time of the examination during their development, carcinoids present either as smoothly defined, mostly small intramural nodules, or as large infiltrating and ulcerating malignant looking tumors. When mesenteric infiltration is present, a more specific combination of findings composed of submucosal nodules, separation of loops, and localized kinking may be seen. The demonstration of an isolated, sharply contoured defect does not exclude malignancy. The less common radiographic manifestations of tumoral calcifications and bony metastases are reviewed and illustrated.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the alimentary tract. I. Radiographic diagnosis. This paper is based on a retrospective analysis of the radiographic findings in 18 new proven cases of carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of lesions involving different segments together with a detailed review of the pertinent literature are provided. Background information regarding the malignant potential of all carcinoids with particular reference to invasiveness, size, site, and symptomatology is discussed. Depending on the time of the examination during their development, carcinoids present either as smoothly defined, mostly small intramural nodules, or as large infiltrating and ulcerating malignant looking tumors. When mesenteric infiltration is present, a more specific combination of findings composed of submucosal nodules, separation of loops, and localized kinking may be seen. The demonstration of an isolated, sharply contoured defect does not exclude malignancy. The less common radiographic manifestations of tumoral calcifications and bony metastases are reviewed and illustrated.", "PMID": 669166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12514", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the alimentary tract. II. Angiographic diagnosis of small intestinal and colonic lesions.", "content": "The angiographic findings of five small intestinal and two colonic carcinoids are described and illustrated, together with a review of the pertinent literature. It is pointed out that the demonstration of a complex of angiographic findings related to the primary site, mesentery, and liver is highly specific. It helps in the preoperative diagnosis as well as in the localization and stage of development of the gastrointestinal carcinoid. The triad of findings is composed of: (a) faint to moderate staining at the primary site; (b) narrowing, obstruction of the distal mesenteric arcade, cluster of irregular kinked vessels, and encasement in the more central areas of mesentery; and (c) hypervascular liver metastasis. The colonic lesions examined are unique in the literature, and exhibited angiographic findings similar to the small bowel carcinoids.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the alimentary tract. II. Angiographic diagnosis of small intestinal and colonic lesions. The angiographic findings of five small intestinal and two colonic carcinoids are described and illustrated, together with a review of the pertinent literature. It is pointed out that the demonstration of a complex of angiographic findings related to the primary site, mesentery, and liver is highly specific. It helps in the preoperative diagnosis as well as in the localization and stage of development of the gastrointestinal carcinoid. The triad of findings is composed of: (a) faint to moderate staining at the primary site; (b) narrowing, obstruction of the distal mesenteric arcade, cluster of irregular kinked vessels, and encasement in the more central areas of mesentery; and (c) hypervascular liver metastasis. The colonic lesions examined are unique in the literature, and exhibited angiographic findings similar to the small bowel carcinoids.", "PMID": 669167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12515", "title": "Borderlands in the diagnosis of regional enteritis: trends in overdiagnosis and value of therapeutic trial.", "content": "Our regional experience in the state of Connecticut indicates that Crohn's disease is being overdiagnosed. Six patients with disorders mimicking regional enteritis are presented, one of whom had an atypical clinical course and the remainder had atypical therapeutic responses. The radiologist should be aware of clinical responses and make reassessments if necessary, in order not to overlook surgically treatable conditions.", "contents": "Borderlands in the diagnosis of regional enteritis: trends in overdiagnosis and value of therapeutic trial. Our regional experience in the state of Connecticut indicates that Crohn's disease is being overdiagnosed. Six patients with disorders mimicking regional enteritis are presented, one of whom had an atypical clinical course and the remainder had atypical therapeutic responses. The radiologist should be aware of clinical responses and make reassessments if necessary, in order not to overlook surgically treatable conditions.", "PMID": 669168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12516", "title": "Circumferential web of the upper esophagus.", "content": "Two patients with circumferential webs of the upper esophagus are presented. Both patients had a long history of intermittent dysphagia, particularly with solid food. The clinical, endoscopic, and radiologic features of these webs are discussed.", "contents": "Circumferential web of the upper esophagus. Two patients with circumferential webs of the upper esophagus are presented. Both patients had a long history of intermittent dysphagia, particularly with solid food. The clinical, endoscopic, and radiologic features of these webs are discussed.", "PMID": 669169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12517", "title": "Large mucosal bridges: an unusual roentgenographic manifestation of ulcerative colitis.", "content": "An unusual case of colonic mucosal bridges in a patient with ulcerative colitis was demonstrated by double-contrast barium enema and confirmed at colonoscopy. We believe this to be the first report of this entity in the radiologic literature. The probable etiology of this uncommon manifestation of chronic inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.", "contents": "Large mucosal bridges: an unusual roentgenographic manifestation of ulcerative colitis. An unusual case of colonic mucosal bridges in a patient with ulcerative colitis was demonstrated by double-contrast barium enema and confirmed at colonoscopy. We believe this to be the first report of this entity in the radiologic literature. The probable etiology of this uncommon manifestation of chronic inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.", "PMID": 669171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12518", "title": "Focal granulomatous (Crohn's) colitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "In patients with Crohn's disease, early or localized lesions of the colon, termed 'focal granulomatous colitis', may give rise to small and often relatively inconspicuous nodular or tumor-like contour defects in conventional barium enema studies. This radiologic sign, first illustrated by Ettinger [7], has received scant attention in the literature. The present communication is intended to re-emphasize the radiologic appearances of focal granulomatous (Crohn's) colitis in conventional barium enema examinations, provide pathologic correlation, and illustrate by selected case reports the clinical significance of recognizing this particular radiologic abnormality.", "contents": "Focal granulomatous (Crohn's) colitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. In patients with Crohn's disease, early or localized lesions of the colon, termed 'focal granulomatous colitis', may give rise to small and often relatively inconspicuous nodular or tumor-like contour defects in conventional barium enema studies. This radiologic sign, first illustrated by Ettinger [7], has received scant attention in the literature. The present communication is intended to re-emphasize the radiologic appearances of focal granulomatous (Crohn's) colitis in conventional barium enema examinations, provide pathologic correlation, and illustrate by selected case reports the clinical significance of recognizing this particular radiologic abnormality.", "PMID": 669170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12519", "title": "Abnormalities in the sequence of filling and emptying of mesenteric arteries and veins: a guide to ischemic disease of the bowel.", "content": "Functional abnormalities in the sequence of filling and emptying of mesenteric arteries and veins may indicate significant disease of the bowel which is not associated with identifiable structural alterations in the blood vessels. In three patients, focal ischemic damage to the bowel was associated with significantly delayed arterial emptying, delayed or absent filling and emptying of mesenteric veins or a combination of both. Evaluation for sequential filling and emptying of vessels proved most helpful since an abnormal pattern may represent the only angiographic abnormality indicative of intestinal infarction.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the sequence of filling and emptying of mesenteric arteries and veins: a guide to ischemic disease of the bowel. Functional abnormalities in the sequence of filling and emptying of mesenteric arteries and veins may indicate significant disease of the bowel which is not associated with identifiable structural alterations in the blood vessels. In three patients, focal ischemic damage to the bowel was associated with significantly delayed arterial emptying, delayed or absent filling and emptying of mesenteric veins or a combination of both. Evaluation for sequential filling and emptying of vessels proved most helpful since an abnormal pattern may represent the only angiographic abnormality indicative of intestinal infarction.", "PMID": 669172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12520", "title": "Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in a family.", "content": "A patient with severe manifestations of idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is presented. Three members of his family suffer from similar symptoms but in a much milder form. The disease has a wide range of clinical and radiologic presentations and its diagnosis is dependent upon the exclusion of all known causes of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. A high incidence of associated megacystis in this family as well as in some reported cases in the literature lead us to conclude that idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is not a primary disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Its etiology remains obscure.", "contents": "Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in a family. A patient with severe manifestations of idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is presented. Three members of his family suffer from similar symptoms but in a much milder form. The disease has a wide range of clinical and radiologic presentations and its diagnosis is dependent upon the exclusion of all known causes of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. A high incidence of associated megacystis in this family as well as in some reported cases in the literature lead us to conclude that idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is not a primary disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Its etiology remains obscure.", "PMID": 669173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12521", "title": "Corrugated mucosal pattern in the esophagus associated with progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Three cases of unusual corrugated mucosal pattern in the esophagus accompanying the typical motility disturbance of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) are reported. The changes were rarely seen in a group of patients with esophageal involvement by PSS.", "contents": "Corrugated mucosal pattern in the esophagus associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Three cases of unusual corrugated mucosal pattern in the esophagus accompanying the typical motility disturbance of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) are reported. The changes were rarely seen in a group of patients with esophageal involvement by PSS.", "PMID": 669175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12522", "title": "Synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head, neck and esophagus.", "content": "Thirty-four (1%) of 3,287 patients with squamous carcinoma of the head-neck developed carcinoma of the esophagus. The clinical and radiological importance of this relationship is emphasized. Since there is an increased incidence of esophageal carcinoma in this group, perhaps all such patients should have an annual esophagogram.", "contents": "Synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head, neck and esophagus. Thirty-four (1%) of 3,287 patients with squamous carcinoma of the head-neck developed carcinoma of the esophagus. The clinical and radiological importance of this relationship is emphasized. Since there is an increased incidence of esophageal carcinoma in this group, perhaps all such patients should have an annual esophagogram.", "PMID": 669176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12523", "title": "Infrequent patterns of upper gastrointestinal tract malignancy.", "content": "The skin and the upper gastrointestinal tract are frequent sites of malignant tumors. However, cutaneous metastasis from primary gastrointestinal tract lesions remains a relative rarity. Similarly rare is spread of primary skin cancer (nonmelanomatous) to upper gastrointestinal tract. This paper presents an unusual example of primary esophageal carcinoma with synchronous skin and bone metastases and a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach, possibly due to spread from a remote squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.", "contents": "Infrequent patterns of upper gastrointestinal tract malignancy. The skin and the upper gastrointestinal tract are frequent sites of malignant tumors. However, cutaneous metastasis from primary gastrointestinal tract lesions remains a relative rarity. Similarly rare is spread of primary skin cancer (nonmelanomatous) to upper gastrointestinal tract. This paper presents an unusual example of primary esophageal carcinoma with synchronous skin and bone metastases and a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach, possibly due to spread from a remote squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.", "PMID": 669177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12524", "title": "Double-contrast artifacts.", "content": "With the increasing use of double-contrast technique in radiological evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract, certain artifacts peculiar to this mode of examination need to be identified. These artifacts arise because of: (a) the characteristics of the barium suspensions used for double-contrast studies; (b) the see-through effect obtained on double-contrast studies whereby opacities lying in front of or behind the organ being examined may simulate pathologic lesions; (c) infolding of the mucosa which may simulate pathology; (d) extraneous or foreign material which is frequently detected and must be differentiated from intrinsic disease; (e) certain anatomical structures such as the cardia, pylorus, and retrogastric structures which are seen with unusual clarity and detail and which, in some cases, may simulate pathology. In general, these artifacts may simulate diffuse superficial ulceration, discrete ulceration, or polypoid lesions. Familiarity with the double-contrast technique and an understanding of these artifacts will help to avoid diagnostic errors.", "contents": "Double-contrast artifacts. With the increasing use of double-contrast technique in radiological evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract, certain artifacts peculiar to this mode of examination need to be identified. These artifacts arise because of: (a) the characteristics of the barium suspensions used for double-contrast studies; (b) the see-through effect obtained on double-contrast studies whereby opacities lying in front of or behind the organ being examined may simulate pathologic lesions; (c) infolding of the mucosa which may simulate pathology; (d) extraneous or foreign material which is frequently detected and must be differentiated from intrinsic disease; (e) certain anatomical structures such as the cardia, pylorus, and retrogastric structures which are seen with unusual clarity and detail and which, in some cases, may simulate pathology. In general, these artifacts may simulate diffuse superficial ulceration, discrete ulceration, or polypoid lesions. Familiarity with the double-contrast technique and an understanding of these artifacts will help to avoid diagnostic errors.", "PMID": 669178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12525", "title": "Antral and esophageal rimple: a normal variation.", "content": "The occurrence of fine antral and esophageal rimpling appears to be the result of contractions of the muscularis mucosa. The lack of persistence during distention is compatible with this conclusion. The folds have no pathologic significance.", "contents": "Antral and esophageal rimple: a normal variation. The occurrence of fine antral and esophageal rimpling appears to be the result of contractions of the muscularis mucosa. The lack of persistence during distention is compatible with this conclusion. The folds have no pathologic significance.", "PMID": 669179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12526", "title": "The radiologic manifestations of diabetic gastric neuropathy and its differential diagnosis.", "content": "The radiologic signs of diabetic gastric neuropathy consist of ineffectual peristalsis, solid gastric residue, elongated sausage-shaped stomach, gastric barium retention, and duodenal bulb atony. This entity is seen in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus under relatively inadequate control with the likelihood of other complications of this disease. The radiologic differential diagnoses include surgical and autovagotomy as well as drug-induced gastric motility disorders. Theories advanced to explain the pathophysiology of this entity are discussed.", "contents": "The radiologic manifestations of diabetic gastric neuropathy and its differential diagnosis. The radiologic signs of diabetic gastric neuropathy consist of ineffectual peristalsis, solid gastric residue, elongated sausage-shaped stomach, gastric barium retention, and duodenal bulb atony. This entity is seen in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus under relatively inadequate control with the likelihood of other complications of this disease. The radiologic differential diagnoses include surgical and autovagotomy as well as drug-induced gastric motility disorders. Theories advanced to explain the pathophysiology of this entity are discussed.", "PMID": 669180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12527", "title": "Value of the compressive technique associated with pharmacological hypotonia in the diagnosis of erosive gastritis.", "content": "The double-contrast method and the compressive technique associated with pharmacological hypotonia of the stomach were compared in 13 cases and found to be equally valuable in the diagnosis of erosive gastritis.", "contents": "Value of the compressive technique associated with pharmacological hypotonia in the diagnosis of erosive gastritis. The double-contrast method and the compressive technique associated with pharmacological hypotonia of the stomach were compared in 13 cases and found to be equally valuable in the diagnosis of erosive gastritis.", "PMID": 669181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12528", "title": "Hypotonic duodenography--too often performed but of too little value? A comparison with conventional spot films.", "content": "Hypotonic duodenography was compared with conventional barium examination in 68 patients (70 examinations) with clinically suggested or verified disease of the pancreas or duodenum. In 13 cases (18.5%) conventional examination demonstrated the duodenal anatomy better than hypotonic duodenography. In nine cases (13%) hypotonic duodenography was superior and in 48 cases (68.5%) both techniques were diagnostically equal. It is concluded that, in only a few cases, does hypotonic duodenography add any diagnostic information to that which can be obtained with properly performed conventional examination of the duodenum.", "contents": "Hypotonic duodenography--too often performed but of too little value? A comparison with conventional spot films. Hypotonic duodenography was compared with conventional barium examination in 68 patients (70 examinations) with clinically suggested or verified disease of the pancreas or duodenum. In 13 cases (18.5%) conventional examination demonstrated the duodenal anatomy better than hypotonic duodenography. In nine cases (13%) hypotonic duodenography was superior and in 48 cases (68.5%) both techniques were diagnostically equal. It is concluded that, in only a few cases, does hypotonic duodenography add any diagnostic information to that which can be obtained with properly performed conventional examination of the duodenum.", "PMID": 669182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12529", "title": "Calcifications within the duct of Wirsung in calcific pancreatitis.", "content": "A review of abdominal radiographs of 50 patients with the clinical diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis showed calcific pancreatitis in 27 patients. Ten patients had severe pain associated with weight loss. Five had obstruction of the duct of Wirsung:  one by a pseudocyst and four by large stones near the ampulla of Vater. The radiologic workup presented emphasizes the need to study the duct of Wirsung in patients with chronic pancreatitis to guide the surgical approach for relief of intractavle pain. Theories regarding the pathophysiology of calcium deposition and stone formation and migration are reviewed.", "contents": "Calcifications within the duct of Wirsung in calcific pancreatitis. A review of abdominal radiographs of 50 patients with the clinical diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis showed calcific pancreatitis in 27 patients. Ten patients had severe pain associated with weight loss. Five had obstruction of the duct of Wirsung:  one by a pseudocyst and four by large stones near the ampulla of Vater. The radiologic workup presented emphasizes the need to study the duct of Wirsung in patients with chronic pancreatitis to guide the surgical approach for relief of intractavle pain. Theories regarding the pathophysiology of calcium deposition and stone formation and migration are reviewed.", "PMID": 669183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12530", "title": "Detection of hepatic amebic abscesses by infusion tomography.", "content": "The liver represents a major challenge for radiologic imaging. A simple method of diagnosing acute inflammatory lesions of the liver by infusion tomography is presented. Results of this technique in 48 consecutive patients with amebic abscesses of the liver are described, and their typical appearance is presented. The test also appears to aid in defining the acuteness of the lesion.", "contents": "Detection of hepatic amebic abscesses by infusion tomography. The liver represents a major challenge for radiologic imaging. A simple method of diagnosing acute inflammatory lesions of the liver by infusion tomography is presented. Results of this technique in 48 consecutive patients with amebic abscesses of the liver are described, and their typical appearance is presented. The test also appears to aid in defining the acuteness of the lesion.", "PMID": 669184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12531", "title": "Use of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in clinical radiology. I. The gallbladder.", "content": "Two 30-min. infusion doses of the octapeptide of chloecystokinin (C8-CCK) (1 and 4 ng/kg/min) produced equal and consistent gallbladder contractions (75 +/- 8% mean and SEM decrease in size) in 24 human volunteers. The long 30-min infusion method of C8-CCK administration appears better than bolus injection (30 to 180 s) for cholecystokinetic cholecystography.", "contents": "Use of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in clinical radiology. I. The gallbladder. Two 30-min. infusion doses of the octapeptide of chloecystokinin (C8-CCK) (1 and 4 ng/kg/min) produced equal and consistent gallbladder contractions (75 +/- 8% mean and SEM decrease in size) in 24 human volunteers. The long 30-min infusion method of C8-CCK administration appears better than bolus injection (30 to 180 s) for cholecystokinetic cholecystography.", "PMID": 669185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12532", "title": "Use of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in clinical radiology: II. The small bowel.", "content": "The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (C8-CCK) administered by bolus (20 ng/kg) and by infusion (4 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes) doses produced significant shortening of small bowel transit time. Significantly, fewer side effects occurred with the infusion method. The problems encountered in studies of small bowel motility are discussed.", "contents": "Use of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in clinical radiology: II. The small bowel. The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (C8-CCK) administered by bolus (20 ng/kg) and by infusion (4 ng/kg/min for 30 minutes) doses produced significant shortening of small bowel transit time. Significantly, fewer side effects occurred with the infusion method. The problems encountered in studies of small bowel motility are discussed.", "PMID": 669186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12533", "title": "A modified technique for the double-contrast small bowel enema.", "content": "A small bowel enema technique is described which makes it possible to achieve double-contrast images comparable to those routinely obtained in the stomach or colon. It is a biphasic procedure, requiring the transtubal injection of barium sulfate, followed by 0.5% methylcellulose. Adjustment of relative injection quantities and injection speeds can adapt each examination to a patient's individual diagnostic problem. Indications for the examination are discussed.", "contents": "A modified technique for the double-contrast small bowel enema. A small bowel enema technique is described which makes it possible to achieve double-contrast images comparable to those routinely obtained in the stomach or colon. It is a biphasic procedure, requiring the transtubal injection of barium sulfate, followed by 0.5% methylcellulose. Adjustment of relative injection quantities and injection speeds can adapt each examination to a patient's individual diagnostic problem. Indications for the examination are discussed.", "PMID": 669187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12534", "title": "Radiological detection of colonic dysplasia (precarcinoma) in chronic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Epithelial dysplasia occurring in long-standing ulcerative colitis is a precancerous lesion. Macroscopically it has a nodular or villous appearance or may be indistinguishable from the surrounding mucosa. An investigation into the radiological diagnosis of dysplasia, using in vivo and in vitro double-contrast examinations with magnification radiographic studies, correlated with the histological analysis, has been made in four patients. Characteristic radiological abnormalities have been identified in the areas of the mucosa associated with histologically proven dysplasia. These appearances include nodularity and irregular areas with sharply angulated edges which may represent enlarged areae colonicae. The demonstration of these changes is an indication for endoscopic examination and biopsy of the suspicious area.", "contents": "Radiological detection of colonic dysplasia (precarcinoma) in chronic ulcerative colitis. Epithelial dysplasia occurring in long-standing ulcerative colitis is a precancerous lesion. Macroscopically it has a nodular or villous appearance or may be indistinguishable from the surrounding mucosa. An investigation into the radiological diagnosis of dysplasia, using in vivo and in vitro double-contrast examinations with magnification radiographic studies, correlated with the histological analysis, has been made in four patients. Characteristic radiological abnormalities have been identified in the areas of the mucosa associated with histologically proven dysplasia. These appearances include nodularity and irregular areas with sharply angulated edges which may represent enlarged areae colonicae. The demonstration of these changes is an indication for endoscopic examination and biopsy of the suspicious area.", "PMID": 669188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12535", "title": "Dermoid perforation of the colon.", "content": "A case report of an ovarian dermoid tumor perforation the sigmoid colon in a pregnant woman is presentd. Various complications of dermoid perforation are discussed.", "contents": "Dermoid perforation of the colon. A case report of an ovarian dermoid tumor perforation the sigmoid colon in a pregnant woman is presentd. Various complications of dermoid perforation are discussed.", "PMID": 669189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12536", "title": "Radiologic findings in anorectal gonorrhea.", "content": "Gonorrhea is the most prevalent communicable disease in the United States and the incidence of anorectal involvement is high. Anorectal gonorrhea may be clinically elusive making the radiologic findings crucial in suggesting the diagnosis. Edematous rectal mucosa with limited distensibility and small ulcerations are the prominent radiologic findings.", "contents": "Radiologic findings in anorectal gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is the most prevalent communicable disease in the United States and the incidence of anorectal involvement is high. Anorectal gonorrhea may be clinically elusive making the radiologic findings crucial in suggesting the diagnosis. Edematous rectal mucosa with limited distensibility and small ulcerations are the prominent radiologic findings.", "PMID": 669190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12537", "title": "Plasmacytoma of the large bowel: a review of the literature and a case report of multiple myeloma involving the rectosigmoid.", "content": "Large bowel involvement is a rare manifestation of plasma cell tumors, especially in association with multiple myeloma. A review of the world literature reveals only 21 reported cases, the majority of which are classified as the solitary form of the disease. A case of multiple myeloma with rectosigmoid involvement is herein presented, and the radiological findings of reported cases are summarized.", "contents": "Plasmacytoma of the large bowel: a review of the literature and a case report of multiple myeloma involving the rectosigmoid. Large bowel involvement is a rare manifestation of plasma cell tumors, especially in association with multiple myeloma. A review of the world literature reveals only 21 reported cases, the majority of which are classified as the solitary form of the disease. A case of multiple myeloma with rectosigmoid involvement is herein presented, and the radiological findings of reported cases are summarized.", "PMID": 669191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12538", "title": "Gas-filled appendix with meniscus: outline of the appendicolith.", "content": "A meniscus was produced in a gas-filled appendix by the outline of the obstructing appendicolith. This meniscus appearance should be specific for appendicitis since it represents the obstructing stone. This sign can be elicited by oblique or other projections, perhaps with fluoroscopic control.", "contents": "Gas-filled appendix with meniscus: outline of the appendicolith. A meniscus was produced in a gas-filled appendix by the outline of the obstructing appendicolith. This meniscus appearance should be specific for appendicitis since it represents the obstructing stone. This sign can be elicited by oblique or other projections, perhaps with fluoroscopic control.", "PMID": 669192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12539", "title": "A new approach to absorptive function of gallbladder.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of concentration of bile, the normal canine gallbladders were cannulated through the cystic duct into the gallbladder neck with polyethylene tube, and hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic salines as well as hepatic and gallbladder biles were placed in the gallbladder. Low molecular electrolytes such as Na+ and Cl- were transported across the epithelial membrane against water flux. The hepatic bile was decreased markedly in volume and each level of electrolytes including bile acids approached that in the gallbladder bile. The different results were obtained by concentration of the hepatic bile in the gallbladder with chemically induced cholecystitis.", "contents": "A new approach to absorptive function of gallbladder. To investigate the mechanism of concentration of bile, the normal canine gallbladders were cannulated through the cystic duct into the gallbladder neck with polyethylene tube, and hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic salines as well as hepatic and gallbladder biles were placed in the gallbladder. Low molecular electrolytes such as Na+ and Cl- were transported across the epithelial membrane against water flux. The hepatic bile was decreased markedly in volume and each level of electrolytes including bile acids approached that in the gallbladder bile. The different results were obtained by concentration of the hepatic bile in the gallbladder with chemically induced cholecystitis.", "PMID": 669194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12540", "title": "Therapeutic effect of histidine decarboxylase inhibitor on chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "The effect of orally administered histidine decarboxylase inhibitor on liver function tests and histological appearance as well as on plasma histamine level were evaluated in biopsy proven 13 patients with chronic active hepatitis, whose liver function tests were refractory to other measures. Tritoqualine was used as histidine decarboxylase inhibitor and was administered in dose levels of 600 to 1,600 mg per day. Before treatment the average value of SGOT, SGPT and plasma histamine showed 252 +/- 24U, 318 +/- 152U and 15.2 +/- 5.5 microgram/L, respectively. Results obtained at six weeks' treatment, however, gave significantly improved values, indicating SGOP 57 +/- 24 (p less than 0.001), SGOP 40 +/- 28 (p less  than 0.001) and plasma histamine 8.6 +/- 0.4 (p less than 0.001). Serum gammaglobulin also tended to fall (p less than 0.1). Marked improvement was noted in reexamined biopsied specimen, representing disappearance of fibrogenesis as well as round cell infiltration in and around the portal tract, together with pericellular fibrosis. Four cases have been proven to be healed. Despite long-term administration, no obvious side effect was observed. Investigation for HBsAg revealed to be positive in 4, however, no conspicuous difference was seen from that of negative cases in the improvement.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of histidine decarboxylase inhibitor on chronic active hepatitis. The effect of orally administered histidine decarboxylase inhibitor on liver function tests and histological appearance as well as on plasma histamine level were evaluated in biopsy proven 13 patients with chronic active hepatitis, whose liver function tests were refractory to other measures. Tritoqualine was used as histidine decarboxylase inhibitor and was administered in dose levels of 600 to 1,600 mg per day. Before treatment the average value of SGOT, SGPT and plasma histamine showed 252 +/- 24U, 318 +/- 152U and 15.2 +/- 5.5 microgram/L, respectively. Results obtained at six weeks' treatment, however, gave significantly improved values, indicating SGOP 57 +/- 24 (p less than 0.001), SGOP 40 +/- 28 (p less  than 0.001) and plasma histamine 8.6 +/- 0.4 (p less than 0.001). Serum gammaglobulin also tended to fall (p less than 0.1). Marked improvement was noted in reexamined biopsied specimen, representing disappearance of fibrogenesis as well as round cell infiltration in and around the portal tract, together with pericellular fibrosis. Four cases have been proven to be healed. Despite long-term administration, no obvious side effect was observed. Investigation for HBsAg revealed to be positive in 4, however, no conspicuous difference was seen from that of negative cases in the improvement.", "PMID": 669195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12541", "title": "Change of glucagon reacting to 30 K antibody in totally depancreatized dogs.", "content": "Total pancreatectomy was performed in dogs; and arginine test was conducted at the first, second and third weeks after surgery, and measurement was made of blood glucose, glucagon and insulin on a time-course basis for a comparative study with normal dogs. 1) After total pancreatectomy, glucagon reacting to 30 K antibody decreased once but increased with the lapse of time when no insulin was administered. 2) In the arginine test, glucagon showed a biphasic reaction in normal dogs, but a monophasic reaction in totally depancreatized dogs. This reaction declined three weeks after surgery. 3) When blood samples were taken from the pancreaticoduodenal vein, the left-gastroepiploic and mesenteric veins, during and after arginine was infused for 30 minutes. Glucagon in the pancreaticoduodenal vein increased markedly, but there were no such prominent changes in the left-gastroepiploic or mesenteric veins, Meanwhile, the level of glucagon in the left-gastroepiploic vein increased remarkably in dogs one week after total pancreatectomy.", "contents": "Change of glucagon reacting to 30 K antibody in totally depancreatized dogs. Total pancreatectomy was performed in dogs; and arginine test was conducted at the first, second and third weeks after surgery, and measurement was made of blood glucose, glucagon and insulin on a time-course basis for a comparative study with normal dogs. 1) After total pancreatectomy, glucagon reacting to 30 K antibody decreased once but increased with the lapse of time when no insulin was administered. 2) In the arginine test, glucagon showed a biphasic reaction in normal dogs, but a monophasic reaction in totally depancreatized dogs. This reaction declined three weeks after surgery. 3) When blood samples were taken from the pancreaticoduodenal vein, the left-gastroepiploic and mesenteric veins, during and after arginine was infused for 30 minutes. Glucagon in the pancreaticoduodenal vein increased markedly, but there were no such prominent changes in the left-gastroepiploic or mesenteric veins, Meanwhile, the level of glucagon in the left-gastroepiploic vein increased remarkably in dogs one week after total pancreatectomy.", "PMID": 669196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12542", "title": "A clinical investigation of chronic pancreatitis--comparative study between alcoholic pancreatitis and non-alcoholic pancreatitis--.", "content": "An analysis of 89 cases with chronic pancreatitis revealed 56% of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (AP). The sex ratio was 47 males to 3 females and the mean age at onset was 42.4 years in AP and 49.3 years in chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis (NAP). The 'total amount' of alcohol consumption was correlated to the onset. In AP, the abdominal pain was apt to relapse and severe in nature, furthermore painless pancreatitis was seen in 6%. The association with diabetes or calcification (38%) were more frequently seen in AP. The calcifications in AP appeared to be smaller in size and distributed diffusely or localized in cephalic portion. A striking frequency of liver dysfunctions (39 cases) were demonstrated, however, cirrhosis was rare in AP. The P-S test dysunctions in NAP were frequently reversible in the follow up study, while even some of chronic asymptomatic alcoholics developed clinical signs of pancreatitis during the observed period and proceeded to definite AP, of whom pancreatic dysfunctions showed fluctuation and eventual progression. In other words, even pain free intervals the pancreatic inflammation in susceptible persons may proceed to ultimated destruction of the pancreas. The fatality from chronic pancreatitis was rare (12.3%), which was related diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "A clinical investigation of chronic pancreatitis--comparative study between alcoholic pancreatitis and non-alcoholic pancreatitis--. An analysis of 89 cases with chronic pancreatitis revealed 56% of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (AP). The sex ratio was 47 males to 3 females and the mean age at onset was 42.4 years in AP and 49.3 years in chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis (NAP). The 'total amount' of alcohol consumption was correlated to the onset. In AP, the abdominal pain was apt to relapse and severe in nature, furthermore painless pancreatitis was seen in 6%. The association with diabetes or calcification (38%) were more frequently seen in AP. The calcifications in AP appeared to be smaller in size and distributed diffusely or localized in cephalic portion. A striking frequency of liver dysfunctions (39 cases) were demonstrated, however, cirrhosis was rare in AP. The P-S test dysunctions in NAP were frequently reversible in the follow up study, while even some of chronic asymptomatic alcoholics developed clinical signs of pancreatitis during the observed period and proceeded to definite AP, of whom pancreatic dysfunctions showed fluctuation and eventual progression. In other words, even pain free intervals the pancreatic inflammation in susceptible persons may proceed to ultimated destruction of the pancreas. The fatality from chronic pancreatitis was rare (12.3%), which was related diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 669197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12543", "title": "Primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach: experience of 11 cases and its clinical analysis.", "content": "1) During the last 10 years, 11 cases of primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach were operated on. 2) Histologically, the specimens from the stomach showed adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation in all the cases. 3) All the patients but 1 were males and their average age was 61.2 years. 4) The duration of illness prior to treatment was relatively long period of time and the chief complaints in over half of the patients were abdominal pain. 5) Eight cases showed metastases at the time of operation. Metastasis to the regional lymph nodes was observed in 8 cases and the squamous element was present in 5 of these cases. 6) There was no operative death. Followup study was made in 9 cases. Only 2 are still alive and the remaining 7 died of recurrence. The length of survival averaged 10.7 months.", "contents": "Primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach: experience of 11 cases and its clinical analysis. 1) During the last 10 years, 11 cases of primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach were operated on. 2) Histologically, the specimens from the stomach showed adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation in all the cases. 3) All the patients but 1 were males and their average age was 61.2 years. 4) The duration of illness prior to treatment was relatively long period of time and the chief complaints in over half of the patients were abdominal pain. 5) Eight cases showed metastases at the time of operation. Metastasis to the regional lymph nodes was observed in 8 cases and the squamous element was present in 5 of these cases. 6) There was no operative death. Followup study was made in 9 cases. Only 2 are still alive and the remaining 7 died of recurrence. The length of survival averaged 10.7 months.", "PMID": 669198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12544", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations of myogenic tumors of the duodenum.", "content": "Three cases of duodenal myogenic tumor are described in detail. All the three were surgically treated and the final diagnoses were histologically established. The three consisted of two leiomyomas and one leiomyosarcoma. To make clinical diagnosis, roentgenologic, endoscopic, and angiographic examinations were empolyed. The selective angiography was more reliable than endoscopic biopsy to make a differential diagnosis whether a tumor was benign or malignant. Surgical procedures were required not only for malignant myomatous lesions but also for benign lesions because the latter also produce a high incidence of hemorrhage from ulceration of the tumor. Out of the three cases, one was successfully treated by enucleation but the other two were undergone more extensive surgery such as a Whipple's procedure or wide resection of the duodenal wall with side-to-side duodenojejunostomy. Operative techniques are discussed in detail basing on the biological characteristics, location, and size of the tumor.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations of myogenic tumors of the duodenum. Three cases of duodenal myogenic tumor are described in detail. All the three were surgically treated and the final diagnoses were histologically established. The three consisted of two leiomyomas and one leiomyosarcoma. To make clinical diagnosis, roentgenologic, endoscopic, and angiographic examinations were empolyed. The selective angiography was more reliable than endoscopic biopsy to make a differential diagnosis whether a tumor was benign or malignant. Surgical procedures were required not only for malignant myomatous lesions but also for benign lesions because the latter also produce a high incidence of hemorrhage from ulceration of the tumor. Out of the three cases, one was successfully treated by enucleation but the other two were undergone more extensive surgery such as a Whipple's procedure or wide resection of the duodenal wall with side-to-side duodenojejunostomy. Operative techniques are discussed in detail basing on the biological characteristics, location, and size of the tumor.", "PMID": 669199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12545", "title": "Endoscopic studies on the minute structures of colonic mucosa in the follow-up observation of ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Thirty cases of ulcerative colitis were examined endoscopically by means of magnifying colonoscope with dye spraying method (the combined method), and their minute mucosal structures were classified into four categories endoscopically, which correlated well with the histological findings. By this procedure, it was easy to detect the subsidence of inflammation of the mucosa in the quiescent phase or to reveal the active inflammatory involvement of the bowel. Moreover, inspecting the minute changes of the colonic mucosa detected by the combined method, remission was more correctly decided and rigid control is contributing to the decrease in the recent rate of recurrence of ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Endoscopic studies on the minute structures of colonic mucosa in the follow-up observation of ulcerative colitis. Thirty cases of ulcerative colitis were examined endoscopically by means of magnifying colonoscope with dye spraying method (the combined method), and their minute mucosal structures were classified into four categories endoscopically, which correlated well with the histological findings. By this procedure, it was easy to detect the subsidence of inflammation of the mucosa in the quiescent phase or to reveal the active inflammatory involvement of the bowel. Moreover, inspecting the minute changes of the colonic mucosa detected by the combined method, remission was more correctly decided and rigid control is contributing to the decrease in the recent rate of recurrence of ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 669200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12546", "title": "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The authors report the cases of 6 adult patients suffering from nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, an uncommon lesion characterized by small-sized hepatocytic nodules scattered throughout the liver, with no or slight fibrosis. The histological recognition of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver was easy on large specimens taken intraoperatively, but was difficult or impossible on small specimens such as those provided by needle biopsy. In all of the patients of this series, the main consequence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver was portal hypertension. In this series, nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver was not associated with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas such an association has been noted in most of the cases previously reported. The etiology and pathogenesis of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver is unknown.", "contents": "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature. The authors report the cases of 6 adult patients suffering from nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, an uncommon lesion characterized by small-sized hepatocytic nodules scattered throughout the liver, with no or slight fibrosis. The histological recognition of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver was easy on large specimens taken intraoperatively, but was difficult or impossible on small specimens such as those provided by needle biopsy. In all of the patients of this series, the main consequence of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver was portal hypertension. In this series, nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver was not associated with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas such an association has been noted in most of the cases previously reported. The etiology and pathogenesis of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver is unknown.", "PMID": 669201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12547", "title": "Contents and implications of ammonia human and canine bile.", "content": "The quantification and physiological significance of ammonia in human and canine bile has not been clearly documented or analyzed previously. Bile from the gallbladder, common hepatic duct, and from T-tubes obtained from patients undergoing cholecystectomy and choledochotomy. Similar samples were obtained in 6 dogs by cannulation of their hepatic duct and various blood vessels. Simultaneous blood and bile samples were obtained at 15-min intervals before during, and after an exogenous load of ammonia, given intravenously. Ammonia levels were measured in all samples. Ammonia was measurable by conventional methods in human and canine bile. In both species the gallbladder bile contained at least twice as much ammonia as bile from the common hepatic duct. After an exogenous ammonia load, the levels of ammonia in canine bile increased in similar patterns, but in lesser magnitude than the ammonia levels measured at several sites in the circulation. The findings document that the bile contains ammonia in different quantities and suggest that bile could be an additional pathway for the removal of ammonia by the liver, in addition to the urea cycle. The loss of the biliary pathway for ammonia excretion could contribute to the pathophysiology of the signs and symptoms attributed to hyperammoniemia occurring in human beings and dogs with decreased hepatic function.", "contents": "Contents and implications of ammonia human and canine bile. The quantification and physiological significance of ammonia in human and canine bile has not been clearly documented or analyzed previously. Bile from the gallbladder, common hepatic duct, and from T-tubes obtained from patients undergoing cholecystectomy and choledochotomy. Similar samples were obtained in 6 dogs by cannulation of their hepatic duct and various blood vessels. Simultaneous blood and bile samples were obtained at 15-min intervals before during, and after an exogenous load of ammonia, given intravenously. Ammonia levels were measured in all samples. Ammonia was measurable by conventional methods in human and canine bile. In both species the gallbladder bile contained at least twice as much ammonia as bile from the common hepatic duct. After an exogenous ammonia load, the levels of ammonia in canine bile increased in similar patterns, but in lesser magnitude than the ammonia levels measured at several sites in the circulation. The findings document that the bile contains ammonia in different quantities and suggest that bile could be an additional pathway for the removal of ammonia by the liver, in addition to the urea cycle. The loss of the biliary pathway for ammonia excretion could contribute to the pathophysiology of the signs and symptoms attributed to hyperammoniemia occurring in human beings and dogs with decreased hepatic function.", "PMID": 669202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12548", "title": "Acinar distribution of liver cell regeneration after selective zonal injury in the rat.", "content": "Liver cell regeneration after selective zonal injury induced by bromobenzene (acinar zone III damage) and allyl alcohol (acinar zone I damage) was examined in the context of the simple liver acinus. The zonal distribution of necrosis and inflammation was assessed by light microscopy and the volume fraction of necrosis was quantitated at the times of maximal damage. The acinar distribution of hepatocytic [6-3H]thymidine incorporation was determined autoradiographically at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 hr after the administration of the toxicants. The mitotic index for each acinar zone was calculated at the time of peak thymidine incorporation after each drug and then at 12-hr intervals for the next 24 hr. Autoradiographic data indicated that the relative contributions of acinar zones II and III to [6-3H]thymidine incorporation were greater after zone III damage (bromobenze), whereas the relative contribution of acinar zone I was greater after allyl alcohol (zone I) damage. This was observed despite the greater degree of damage seem after bromobenzene than after allyl alcohol (volume fractions of necrosis were 26.4 and 10.1%, respectively). Moreover, the acinar distribution of mitosis indicated an increased centrizonal mitosis after centrizonal damage, and an increased periportal mitosis after periportal damage. Thus, the contribution of each acinar zone to liver cell regeneration depends on the acinar location of damage.", "contents": "Acinar distribution of liver cell regeneration after selective zonal injury in the rat. Liver cell regeneration after selective zonal injury induced by bromobenzene (acinar zone III damage) and allyl alcohol (acinar zone I damage) was examined in the context of the simple liver acinus. The zonal distribution of necrosis and inflammation was assessed by light microscopy and the volume fraction of necrosis was quantitated at the times of maximal damage. The acinar distribution of hepatocytic [6-3H]thymidine incorporation was determined autoradiographically at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 hr after the administration of the toxicants. The mitotic index for each acinar zone was calculated at the time of peak thymidine incorporation after each drug and then at 12-hr intervals for the next 24 hr. Autoradiographic data indicated that the relative contributions of acinar zones II and III to [6-3H]thymidine incorporation were greater after zone III damage (bromobenze), whereas the relative contribution of acinar zone I was greater after allyl alcohol (zone I) damage. This was observed despite the greater degree of damage seem after bromobenzene than after allyl alcohol (volume fractions of necrosis were 26.4 and 10.1%, respectively). Moreover, the acinar distribution of mitosis indicated an increased centrizonal mitosis after centrizonal damage, and an increased periportal mitosis after periportal damage. Thus, the contribution of each acinar zone to liver cell regeneration depends on the acinar location of damage.", "PMID": 669203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12549", "title": "Portal pressure reduction induced by partial mechanical obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "In an effort to avoid the potentially dangerous side effects of vasopressin infusions, we attempted to reproduce mechanically the splanchnic hemodynamic changes induced by vasopressin without its systemic effects. Superior mesenteric arterial pressure was reduced to 50 to 70 mm Hg for 30 to 60 min in 10 normal dogs by partial balloon obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery. Balloon inflation caused a decrease in portal venous pressure (5.6 +/- 0.6 versus 2.8 +/- 0.7 mm Hg), hepatic vein wedge pressure (4.8 +/- 0.4 versus 2.3 +/- 0.5 mm Hg), and portal vein flow 424 +/- 53 versus 275 +/- 52 ml per min), and an increase in hepatic arterial blood flow (172 +/- 19 versus 217 +/- 29 ml per min). Total hepatic blood flow and oxygen delivery to the liver were unchanged. Partial balloon obstruction caused an increase in cardiac output (1950 +/- 203 versus 2317 +/- 376 ml per min) and mean arterial pressure 138 +/- 6 versus 151 +/- 7 mm Hg), whereas heart rate did not change. Partial balloon obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery caused  similar changes in splanchnic hemodynamics to those of vasopressin infusions into the superior mesenteric artery, but without the potential deleterious effects of vasopressin  on systemic hemodynamics.", "contents": "Portal pressure reduction induced by partial mechanical obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery in the anesthetized dog. In an effort to avoid the potentially dangerous side effects of vasopressin infusions, we attempted to reproduce mechanically the splanchnic hemodynamic changes induced by vasopressin without its systemic effects. Superior mesenteric arterial pressure was reduced to 50 to 70 mm Hg for 30 to 60 min in 10 normal dogs by partial balloon obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery. Balloon inflation caused a decrease in portal venous pressure (5.6 +/- 0.6 versus 2.8 +/- 0.7 mm Hg), hepatic vein wedge pressure (4.8 +/- 0.4 versus 2.3 +/- 0.5 mm Hg), and portal vein flow 424 +/- 53 versus 275 +/- 52 ml per min), and an increase in hepatic arterial blood flow (172 +/- 19 versus 217 +/- 29 ml per min). Total hepatic blood flow and oxygen delivery to the liver were unchanged. Partial balloon obstruction caused an increase in cardiac output (1950 +/- 203 versus 2317 +/- 376 ml per min) and mean arterial pressure 138 +/- 6 versus 151 +/- 7 mm Hg), whereas heart rate did not change. Partial balloon obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery caused  similar changes in splanchnic hemodynamics to those of vasopressin infusions into the superior mesenteric artery, but without the potential deleterious effects of vasopressin  on systemic hemodynamics.", "PMID": 669204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12550", "title": "Portal hypertension in vinyl chloride monomer workers. A hemodynamic study.", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were performed in 5 vinyl chloride monomer workers in whom splenomegaly or thrombocytopenia was detected during a screening program at major chemical plant. Three patients had portal hypertension and collateral venous circulations, with intrasplenic pressures between 20 and 29 mm Hg and normal wedged hepatic venous pressures, but the gradient between the wedged and free hepatic vein pressures was also increased. Splenic blood flows were increased in both hypertensive and normotensive patients. There was no correlation between the splenic blood flow and the portal pressure or the presence of portal fibrosis. The portal hypertension associated with vinyl chloride exposure is mainly presinusoidal in type, and may be attributed to an abnormality of the portal vein radicles, or hepatic sinusoids.", "contents": "Portal hypertension in vinyl chloride monomer workers. A hemodynamic study. Hemodynamic studies were performed in 5 vinyl chloride monomer workers in whom splenomegaly or thrombocytopenia was detected during a screening program at major chemical plant. Three patients had portal hypertension and collateral venous circulations, with intrasplenic pressures between 20 and 29 mm Hg and normal wedged hepatic venous pressures, but the gradient between the wedged and free hepatic vein pressures was also increased. Splenic blood flows were increased in both hypertensive and normotensive patients. There was no correlation between the splenic blood flow and the portal pressure or the presence of portal fibrosis. The portal hypertension associated with vinyl chloride exposure is mainly presinusoidal in type, and may be attributed to an abnormality of the portal vein radicles, or hepatic sinusoids.", "PMID": 669206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12551", "title": "Appearance of killer (K) cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The local lymph node in Crohn's disease contains killer (K) cells which are able to lyse antibody-coated heterologous target cells. K cells are not found in mesenteric lymph nodes from control patients not suffering from Crohn's disease, whereas they are regularly found in similar amounts in the peripheral blood of both control and patients with Crohn's disease. Even mesenteric lymph node cells from areas not macroscopically affected by inflammatory disease show increased K cell activity as compared to control lymph node lymphocytes, suggesting a generalized mesenteric lymph node involvement with regard to K activity in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Appearance of killer (K) cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes in Crohn's disease. The local lymph node in Crohn's disease contains killer (K) cells which are able to lyse antibody-coated heterologous target cells. K cells are not found in mesenteric lymph nodes from control patients not suffering from Crohn's disease, whereas they are regularly found in similar amounts in the peripheral blood of both control and patients with Crohn's disease. Even mesenteric lymph node cells from areas not macroscopically affected by inflammatory disease show increased K cell activity as compared to control lymph node lymphocytes, suggesting a generalized mesenteric lymph node involvement with regard to K activity in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 669207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12552", "title": "An occupational group with a high risk of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Over a 1 1/2-year period a cluster of 5 patients demonstrated similar characteristics of large bowel cancer, in terms of histological type, occupation in the same manufacturing unit of a carpet factory, sex, young age (less than 50), and a negative familial history of cancer. Therefore, the lifetime occupational familial history of all known cases of colorectal cancer, occurring between 1965 and 1975 in the geographic region where the factory was situated, were reviewed to compare the incidence, histopathological type, and the site distribution of colorectal cancer in the exposed and in a control group. Of 1000 subjects with large bowel cancer so far analyzed 30 have had a positive occupational exposure. A detailed analysis of 12 cases occurring from 1971 to 1975 indicates that the observed age and sex-adjusted relative risk ratio was 10 timer higher among workers in the carpet factory than among other industrial workers. The observed morbidity in the studied group was 11.4 times higher than the expected one.", "contents": "An occupational group with a high risk of large bowel cancer. Over a 1 1/2-year period a cluster of 5 patients demonstrated similar characteristics of large bowel cancer, in terms of histological type, occupation in the same manufacturing unit of a carpet factory, sex, young age (less than 50), and a negative familial history of cancer. Therefore, the lifetime occupational familial history of all known cases of colorectal cancer, occurring between 1965 and 1975 in the geographic region where the factory was situated, were reviewed to compare the incidence, histopathological type, and the site distribution of colorectal cancer in the exposed and in a control group. Of 1000 subjects with large bowel cancer so far analyzed 30 have had a positive occupational exposure. A detailed analysis of 12 cases occurring from 1971 to 1975 indicates that the observed age and sex-adjusted relative risk ratio was 10 timer higher among workers in the carpet factory than among other industrial workers. The observed morbidity in the studied group was 11.4 times higher than the expected one.", "PMID": 669208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12553", "title": "Identification of the dietary lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, in human intestinal contents.", "content": "Plant lectins are known to have potent biological actions of normal and malignant cells. High concentrations of these lectins are present in many types of high residue diets. The specific binding of wheat germ agglutinin, a dietary plant lectin, to N-acetylglucosamine was used as the basis for purification of this lectin by biospecific chitin affinity chromatography. Subsequently, methods were developed for the extraction, purification, and identification of wheat germ agglutinin from fecal samples. Biologically intact wheat germ agglutinin was detected in ileostomy effluent and fecal collections from human subjects consuming a diet containing wheat germ. These studies demonstrate that wheat germ agglutinin can traverse the human small intestine intact. It is feasible that orally ingested wheat germ agglutinin and other plant lectins which interact with a wide variety of cell membranes may alter intestinal epithelial or bacterial cell function in the human bowel.", "contents": "Identification of the dietary lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, in human intestinal contents. Plant lectins are known to have potent biological actions of normal and malignant cells. High concentrations of these lectins are present in many types of high residue diets. The specific binding of wheat germ agglutinin, a dietary plant lectin, to N-acetylglucosamine was used as the basis for purification of this lectin by biospecific chitin affinity chromatography. Subsequently, methods were developed for the extraction, purification, and identification of wheat germ agglutinin from fecal samples. Biologically intact wheat germ agglutinin was detected in ileostomy effluent and fecal collections from human subjects consuming a diet containing wheat germ. These studies demonstrate that wheat germ agglutinin can traverse the human small intestine intact. It is feasible that orally ingested wheat germ agglutinin and other plant lectins which interact with a wide variety of cell membranes may alter intestinal epithelial or bacterial cell function in the human bowel.", "PMID": 669209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12554", "title": "Pancreatic secretory activity of secretin5-27 and substituted analogues.", "content": "The effect of secretin5-27 and four substituted analogues (9 Gln-secretin5-27, 15-Asn-secretin5-27, 9-Gln-15-Asn-secretin5-27, and 15-Lys-secretin5-27) on pancreatic secretion in the rat and guinea pig was examined. Secretin5-27 retained significant pancreatic secretory activity in both species. Its efficacy (intrinsic activity) relative to secretin was much higher in the rat (0.2) than in the guinea pig (0.03). The activity of secretin5-27 was not affected by a single or dual substitution of carboxylic acid residues by the corresponding carboxamides or by lysine despite a substantial decrease in the helical character of the peptide.", "contents": "Pancreatic secretory activity of secretin5-27 and substituted analogues. The effect of secretin5-27 and four substituted analogues (9 Gln-secretin5-27, 15-Asn-secretin5-27, 9-Gln-15-Asn-secretin5-27, and 15-Lys-secretin5-27) on pancreatic secretion in the rat and guinea pig was examined. Secretin5-27 retained significant pancreatic secretory activity in both species. Its efficacy (intrinsic activity) relative to secretin was much higher in the rat (0.2) than in the guinea pig (0.03). The activity of secretin5-27 was not affected by a single or dual substitution of carboxylic acid residues by the corresponding carboxamides or by lysine despite a substantial decrease in the helical character of the peptide.", "PMID": 669210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12555", "title": "Humoral stimulation of cell proliferation in small bowel after transection and resection in rats.", "content": "Possible humoral involvement in the control of postresectional intestinal adaptation was tested in individual rats and in pairs of rats connected in vascular parabiosis for 48 hr. In individual rats, transection of the jejunum produced transient mucosal hyperplasia in the mid and distal small intestine, independent of the effect of laparotomy and of handling the bowel. Jejunal resection caused more intense and sustained distal hyperplasia, with increases in midbowel RNA content (38%), DNA content (16%), and DNA specific activity (68%) over values 48 hr after transection. In parabiotic rats, both transection and resection of the jejunum in one partner stimulated mucosal uptake of [H]TdR in the intact parabiont; increments of 59 to 128% in total radioactivity and in specific activity of DNA were found in the mid and distal small intestine of the intact parabiont. Because only rats actually undergoing abdominal operations had higher mucosal nucleic acid contents than their parabiotic partners, the transmitted response was weaker than the direct response. Systemic factors as well as local (topical) stimulators appear to be involved in adaptation of the shortened gut.", "contents": "Humoral stimulation of cell proliferation in small bowel after transection and resection in rats. Possible humoral involvement in the control of postresectional intestinal adaptation was tested in individual rats and in pairs of rats connected in vascular parabiosis for 48 hr. In individual rats, transection of the jejunum produced transient mucosal hyperplasia in the mid and distal small intestine, independent of the effect of laparotomy and of handling the bowel. Jejunal resection caused more intense and sustained distal hyperplasia, with increases in midbowel RNA content (38%), DNA content (16%), and DNA specific activity (68%) over values 48 hr after transection. In parabiotic rats, both transection and resection of the jejunum in one partner stimulated mucosal uptake of [H]TdR in the intact parabiont; increments of 59 to 128% in total radioactivity and in specific activity of DNA were found in the mid and distal small intestine of the intact parabiont. Because only rats actually undergoing abdominal operations had higher mucosal nucleic acid contents than their parabiotic partners, the transmitted response was weaker than the direct response. Systemic factors as well as local (topical) stimulators appear to be involved in adaptation of the shortened gut.", "PMID": 669211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12556", "title": "Effect of substance P on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum.", "content": "Since the original observations by Von Euler and Gaddum, considerable interest has developed regarding the role of substance P in smooth muscle function. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of intravenously administered substance P on the vivo motor function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Intraesophageal pressures were monitored by an assembly of polyvinyl catheters attached to pressure transducers and a recorder. The catheters were continuously perfused with bubble-free water. Administration of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng per kg of substance P stimulated the LES, respectively, 16, 32, 57, 147, and 169% above control values. Tetrodotoxin, phentolamine, hexamethonium, methysergide, and bilateral cervical vagotomy did not alter the response of the LES to substance P. Atropine in 40-, 250-, and 500-microgram per kg doses significantly but partially inhibited the response of the LES to substance P. It is concluded that subtance P is a potent stimulant of the LES. The stimulatory effect of substance P may involve both cholinergic muscarinic and noncholinergic mechanisms. It is conceivable that substance P may be a modulator of LES pressure, although the exact physiological significance is not clear at the present time.", "contents": "Effect of substance P on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum. Since the original observations by Von Euler and Gaddum, considerable interest has developed regarding the role of substance P in smooth muscle function. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of intravenously administered substance P on the vivo motor function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Intraesophageal pressures were monitored by an assembly of polyvinyl catheters attached to pressure transducers and a recorder. The catheters were continuously perfused with bubble-free water. Administration of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng per kg of substance P stimulated the LES, respectively, 16, 32, 57, 147, and 169% above control values. Tetrodotoxin, phentolamine, hexamethonium, methysergide, and bilateral cervical vagotomy did not alter the response of the LES to substance P. Atropine in 40-, 250-, and 500-microgram per kg doses significantly but partially inhibited the response of the LES to substance P. It is concluded that subtance P is a potent stimulant of the LES. The stimulatory effect of substance P may involve both cholinergic muscarinic and noncholinergic mechanisms. It is conceivable that substance P may be a modulator of LES pressure, although the exact physiological significance is not clear at the present time.", "PMID": 669213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12557", "title": "Effect of intraduodenal peptone on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the dog.", "content": "The role of the duodenum in the regulation of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was investigated in 4 unrestrained dogs equipped with a chronic Komarov type esophagostomy, a cutaneous duodenal fistula, a gastrojejunostomy, and a Y anastomosis between the distal end of the duodenum and the midjejunum. Installation of NaCl solution into the duodenum or into the stomach did not effect LESP during the following 60-min observation period. Peptone instillation into the duodenum or into the stomach produced a sustained elevation LESP. The rise of LESP was significantly greater after duodenal than after gastric instillation. Duodenal peptone did not raise serum gastrin. It is concluded that the duodenum may be an important regulator of LESP in the dog and that this effect is not mediated by circulating gastrin.", "contents": "Effect of intraduodenal peptone on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the dog. The role of the duodenum in the regulation of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was investigated in 4 unrestrained dogs equipped with a chronic Komarov type esophagostomy, a cutaneous duodenal fistula, a gastrojejunostomy, and a Y anastomosis between the distal end of the duodenum and the midjejunum. Installation of NaCl solution into the duodenum or into the stomach did not effect LESP during the following 60-min observation period. Peptone instillation into the duodenum or into the stomach produced a sustained elevation LESP. The rise of LESP was significantly greater after duodenal than after gastric instillation. Duodenal peptone did not raise serum gastrin. It is concluded that the duodenum may be an important regulator of LESP in the dog and that this effect is not mediated by circulating gastrin.", "PMID": 669214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12558", "title": "Transmural electrical potential difference in the mammalian esophagus in vivo.", "content": "A simple, safe, accurate, and reproducible technique for measuring the transmural electrical potential difference (PD) of the esophagus has been developed. This technique, a modification of those previously used, allows simultaneous correlation of the PD profile with the pressure profile obtained during routine manometry. With this technique, a subcutaneous reference bridge was shown to detect accurately a lumen-negative electrical orientation for the esophageal PD in three species: rabbit, opossum, and man. A characteristic and reproducible PD profile was present for each species. In the rabbit the gastric PD was low,--12 mv, relative to the body of the esophagus,--26 to -29 mv. In contrast, both opossum and man had relatively high gastric PD's ( -36 to -43 mv) when compared to esophageal PD's ( -12 to -25 mv). In the rabbit and opossum, the PD in the lower esophageal sphincter ( -5 to -6 mv) was less than both gastric or esophageal PD's, whereas in human beings the lower esophageal sphincter PD ( -22 mv) was between gastric and esophageal values. In vitro PD measurements and histological studies of opossum esophagus revealed differences in the epithelium which correlated with the different in vivo PD's.", "contents": "Transmural electrical potential difference in the mammalian esophagus in vivo. A simple, safe, accurate, and reproducible technique for measuring the transmural electrical potential difference (PD) of the esophagus has been developed. This technique, a modification of those previously used, allows simultaneous correlation of the PD profile with the pressure profile obtained during routine manometry. With this technique, a subcutaneous reference bridge was shown to detect accurately a lumen-negative electrical orientation for the esophageal PD in three species: rabbit, opossum, and man. A characteristic and reproducible PD profile was present for each species. In the rabbit the gastric PD was low,--12 mv, relative to the body of the esophagus,--26 to -29 mv. In contrast, both opossum and man had relatively high gastric PD's ( -36 to -43 mv) when compared to esophageal PD's ( -12 to -25 mv). In the rabbit and opossum, the PD in the lower esophageal sphincter ( -5 to -6 mv) was less than both gastric or esophageal PD's, whereas in human beings the lower esophageal sphincter PD ( -22 mv) was between gastric and esophageal values. In vitro PD measurements and histological studies of opossum esophagus revealed differences in the epithelium which correlated with the different in vivo PD's.", "PMID": 669215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12559", "title": "Immunological studies in acute pseudomembranous esophageal candidiasis.", "content": "Immunological studies in 3 patients with acute pseudomembranous esophageal candidiasis are presented. None of the patients had history or clinical signs of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. All 3 patients had an intact humoral response as measured by the presence of elevated candida agglutinating antibody titers. However, further investigations revealed a cell-mediated immune defect characterized by in vivo and in vitro anergy to candida antigen in these patients. Response to the other antigens was found to be intact in 2 of 3 patients. Successful medical therapy was associated with return of skin and lymphocyte reactivity to candida antigen in two cases.", "contents": "Immunological studies in acute pseudomembranous esophageal candidiasis. Immunological studies in 3 patients with acute pseudomembranous esophageal candidiasis are presented. None of the patients had history or clinical signs of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. All 3 patients had an intact humoral response as measured by the presence of elevated candida agglutinating antibody titers. However, further investigations revealed a cell-mediated immune defect characterized by in vivo and in vitro anergy to candida antigen in these patients. Response to the other antigens was found to be intact in 2 of 3 patients. Successful medical therapy was associated with return of skin and lymphocyte reactivity to candida antigen in two cases.", "PMID": 669216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12560", "title": "Genetic and immunological aspects of familial chronic active hepatitis (type B).", "content": "Thirteen family members of a patient with chronic active hepatitis type B were investigated. The family included both parents, 6 sons, and 5 daughters. The parents were second cousins. HBsAg, liver tests, immunological evaluation, and HLA typing were performed on all subjects. Percutaneous liver biopsies were done on the mother and 5 of the 6 sons. The mother and all 6 sons had HBs antigenemia. The mother was free from any evidence of liver disease whereas all 6 sons had abnormal liver and immunological tests. The liver biopsies of 5 sons showed chronic active hepatitis with variable degrees of progression toward cirrhosis. The 6th son could not be biopsied in view of his prolonged prothrombin time. The father and the 5 daughters were HBsAg negative and had no evidence of liver disease. Immunological abnormalities were present in all of the effected children and in the mother and 3 daughters. This is the second report in the English literature on the familial occurrence of chronic active hepatitis type B. It emphasizes the predominance of this entity in the male offspring and confirms the presence of immunological abnormalities in the relatives of such patients. There was no evidence to link the inheritance of an immunological abnormality to clear the HBsAg to the histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Genetic and immunological aspects of familial chronic active hepatitis (type B). Thirteen family members of a patient with chronic active hepatitis type B were investigated. The family included both parents, 6 sons, and 5 daughters. The parents were second cousins. HBsAg, liver tests, immunological evaluation, and HLA typing were performed on all subjects. Percutaneous liver biopsies were done on the mother and 5 of the 6 sons. The mother and all 6 sons had HBs antigenemia. The mother was free from any evidence of liver disease whereas all 6 sons had abnormal liver and immunological tests. The liver biopsies of 5 sons showed chronic active hepatitis with variable degrees of progression toward cirrhosis. The 6th son could not be biopsied in view of his prolonged prothrombin time. The father and the 5 daughters were HBsAg negative and had no evidence of liver disease. Immunological abnormalities were present in all of the effected children and in the mother and 3 daughters. This is the second report in the English literature on the familial occurrence of chronic active hepatitis type B. It emphasizes the predominance of this entity in the male offspring and confirms the presence of immunological abnormalities in the relatives of such patients. There was no evidence to link the inheritance of an immunological abnormality to clear the HBsAg to the histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 669217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12561", "title": "[Comparison of cytological features in keratinizing dysplasia and keratinizing squamous carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the literature pathological aspects of the keratinizing dysplasia and the keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma are discussed. It has been tried to point out cytological criterias by means of which a differential diagnosis can be performed between the two lesions. The difficulties of this task are mentioned. To give examples for the diagnostic criterias pictures of our own material are demonstrated. Criterias for differential diagnosis of the two lesions are summarized in a table. By the use of all criterias mentioned above a differential diagnosis can be performed cytologically in most cases. Cytological findings should be described as precisely as possible. It is only in this way that the best information can be given to the clinician referring to diagnostical or therapeutical procedures that should be performed further on.", "contents": "[Comparison of cytological features in keratinizing dysplasia and keratinizing squamous carcinoma (author's transl)]. By means of the literature pathological aspects of the keratinizing dysplasia and the keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma are discussed. It has been tried to point out cytological criterias by means of which a differential diagnosis can be performed between the two lesions. The difficulties of this task are mentioned. To give examples for the diagnostic criterias pictures of our own material are demonstrated. Criterias for differential diagnosis of the two lesions are summarized in a table. By the use of all criterias mentioned above a differential diagnosis can be performed cytologically in most cases. Cytological findings should be described as precisely as possible. It is only in this way that the best information can be given to the clinician referring to diagnostical or therapeutical procedures that should be performed further on.", "PMID": 669230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12562", "title": "[Secondary invasive and preinvasive carcinomas of the vagina following hysterectomy for treatment of analogous lesions of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven patients with carcinoma in situ respectively epidermoid carcinoma of the vagina after treatment of analogous lesions of the cervix are presented. The seven case reports are shortly discussed. All these cases of carcinoma occurred after treatment of primary lesions with abdominal hysterectomy. As the main reason for the occurrence of secondary carcinoma of the vagina the author considers the following facts: The insufficient removal of the primary lesions, the multicentric development of carcinoma and the missed detection of a yet invasive neoplastic change at the occasion of the first disease. The results are compared to those of other authors. The observations lead the author to the following consequences: The in situ lesion of the cervix should be treated with a vaginal hysterectomy in combination with a removal of a vaginal cuff after a Schiller test. Patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix should be followed by cytologic controls. Preinvasive lesions of the vagina should be treated surgically whereas invasive vaginal carcinoma demands radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Secondary invasive and preinvasive carcinomas of the vagina following hysterectomy for treatment of analogous lesions of the cervix (author's transl)]. Seven patients with carcinoma in situ respectively epidermoid carcinoma of the vagina after treatment of analogous lesions of the cervix are presented. The seven case reports are shortly discussed. All these cases of carcinoma occurred after treatment of primary lesions with abdominal hysterectomy. As the main reason for the occurrence of secondary carcinoma of the vagina the author considers the following facts: The insufficient removal of the primary lesions, the multicentric development of carcinoma and the missed detection of a yet invasive neoplastic change at the occasion of the first disease. The results are compared to those of other authors. The observations lead the author to the following consequences: The in situ lesion of the cervix should be treated with a vaginal hysterectomy in combination with a removal of a vaginal cuff after a Schiller test. Patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix should be followed by cytologic controls. Preinvasive lesions of the vagina should be treated surgically whereas invasive vaginal carcinoma demands radiotherapy.", "PMID": 669232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12563", "title": "[Recommendation for an intensified treatment of advanced carcinomas of the cervix in the histologic stage 1 b and for the establishment of a stage 1 c (author's transl)].", "content": "Publications from the department of women of the University of Rostock suggested the establishment of a histologic stage 1 c for advanced carcinoma of the cervix confined to the cervix itself. The cases from 1960 to 1971 of the first department for women of the University of Vienna were reviewed. In all operable cases radical abdominal hysterectomies and lymphadenectomies were performed. Contrary to our earlier practice, cases in stage 1 c received post-operative radio-therapy for the past year. The authors agree with the establishment of a stage 1 c and a necessity for more intensive treatment of these cases.", "contents": "[Recommendation for an intensified treatment of advanced carcinomas of the cervix in the histologic stage 1 b and for the establishment of a stage 1 c (author's transl)]. Publications from the department of women of the University of Rostock suggested the establishment of a histologic stage 1 c for advanced carcinoma of the cervix confined to the cervix itself. The cases from 1960 to 1971 of the first department for women of the University of Vienna were reviewed. In all operable cases radical abdominal hysterectomies and lymphadenectomies were performed. Contrary to our earlier practice, cases in stage 1 c received post-operative radio-therapy for the past year. The authors agree with the establishment of a stage 1 c and a necessity for more intensive treatment of these cases.", "PMID": 669233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12564", "title": "[On the use of fenoterolhydrobromide in the treatment of imminent abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "A report was made about the retrospective comparison of a purely hormonal and a hormonal-tocolytic therapy of abortus imminens in 153 patients. The statistical comparison of the two groups was later specified. As a successful criterion, the successful childbirth was based upon. In this case it was found out, that an additional tocolytic medication of the final result was insignificantly affected, rather the hospital admittance under the tocolysis was significantly lengthened and the number of pregnancies which ended through abortion was reduced. Through this clear indication, it could be said, that pregnancies with delicate prognosis through tocolytic therapy are possibly unnecessarily lengthened and the final result is not better.", "contents": "[On the use of fenoterolhydrobromide in the treatment of imminent abortion (author's transl)]. A report was made about the retrospective comparison of a purely hormonal and a hormonal-tocolytic therapy of abortus imminens in 153 patients. The statistical comparison of the two groups was later specified. As a successful criterion, the successful childbirth was based upon. In this case it was found out, that an additional tocolytic medication of the final result was insignificantly affected, rather the hospital admittance under the tocolysis was significantly lengthened and the number of pregnancies which ended through abortion was reduced. Through this clear indication, it could be said, that pregnancies with delicate prognosis through tocolytic therapy are possibly unnecessarily lengthened and the final result is not better.", "PMID": 669234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12565", "title": "[The early cytological diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterine body with the Gravlee jet-washer (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 108 patients who had a curettage for post-menopausal bleeding had a cytologic investigation with the Gravlee jet-washer prior to the curettage. 79 jet-washes (73.1%) were cytologically negative, nine (8.3%) were positive, two (1.8%) were false negative. False positive cytology did not occur. In 18 cases (16.6%) the material was insufficient for cytology. The accuracy of the jet-washings was 82%.", "contents": "[The early cytological diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterine body with the Gravlee jet-washer (author's transl)]. A group of 108 patients who had a curettage for post-menopausal bleeding had a cytologic investigation with the Gravlee jet-washer prior to the curettage. 79 jet-washes (73.1%) were cytologically negative, nine (8.3%) were positive, two (1.8%) were false negative. False positive cytology did not occur. In 18 cases (16.6%) the material was insufficient for cytology. The accuracy of the jet-washings was 82%.", "PMID": 669235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12566", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis of a double fissure malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "By Sonography changes of the non-osseous parts of the fetal body are just as recognizable as any malformation of the skull and skeleton. We report about a severe case of double cleft formation. The prenatal diagnosis pre-determined our intranatal care and method of delivery.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis of a double fissure malformation (author's transl)]. By Sonography changes of the non-osseous parts of the fetal body are just as recognizable as any malformation of the skull and skeleton. We report about a severe case of double cleft formation. The prenatal diagnosis pre-determined our intranatal care and method of delivery.", "PMID": 669236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12567", "title": "[Combined intra-uterine and ectopic pregnancy following the treatment with clomiphen (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case of combined pregnancy in a 25 year old patient who was treated with Clomiphen for anovulatory cycles. The left tubal pregnancy was removed at 12 weeks gestation. The intra-uterine pregnancy resulted in a term delivery of a 3 kg. 670 g. normal infant. Combined pregnancies rarely occur without treatment with ovulation inducing agents by superfecundation and superfetation. Ovulation inducing agents increase the theoretical possibility of combined pregnancy. Obstetricians should be alert to the possibility of combined pregnancy following induction of ovulation.", "contents": "[Combined intra-uterine and ectopic pregnancy following the treatment with clomiphen (author's transl)]. Report on a case of combined pregnancy in a 25 year old patient who was treated with Clomiphen for anovulatory cycles. The left tubal pregnancy was removed at 12 weeks gestation. The intra-uterine pregnancy resulted in a term delivery of a 3 kg. 670 g. normal infant. Combined pregnancies rarely occur without treatment with ovulation inducing agents by superfecundation and superfetation. Ovulation inducing agents increase the theoretical possibility of combined pregnancy. Obstetricians should be alert to the possibility of combined pregnancy following induction of ovulation.", "PMID": 669237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12568", "title": "[A case of spontaneous rupture of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 22 year old primigravida at 40+ weeks gestation had an i.v. induction of labour with 5-10 mU/min oxytocin for 3 h which resulted in fetal distress without bleeding at 5 cm dilatation at station -3, vertex transverse. At emergency Caesarean section an occult rupture of the uterus was found. Maternal height 168 cm, weight 71.0 kg. Fetal length 53 cm, weight 4080 g. The problems of spontaneous rupture of the uterus without detectable prior damage of the uterine wall are discussed.", "contents": "[A case of spontaneous rupture of the uterus (author's transl)]. A 22 year old primigravida at 40+ weeks gestation had an i.v. induction of labour with 5-10 mU/min oxytocin for 3 h which resulted in fetal distress without bleeding at 5 cm dilatation at station -3, vertex transverse. At emergency Caesarean section an occult rupture of the uterus was found. Maternal height 168 cm, weight 71.0 kg. Fetal length 53 cm, weight 4080 g. The problems of spontaneous rupture of the uterus without detectable prior damage of the uterine wall are discussed.", "PMID": 669238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12569", "title": "[Consideration of modern demographic questions (author's transl)].", "content": "It is assumed that the decrease in the birth rate can be checked or that an increase in births can be stimulated by models or value judgements. On the basis of articles reflecting the official demographic opinion published by the Federal Office for Statistics, an attempt was made to reflect the intellectual foundation for such views. With the help of population statistics and model computations as well as vaguely intimated ideologies, changes in procreative activity considered necessary could be induced. The investigation concluded with the question of whether the detachment of procreative activity in highly industrialized, capitalistic countries with their specialized instruments, technologies, and institutions can be attributed to economic factors.", "contents": "[Consideration of modern demographic questions (author's transl)]. It is assumed that the decrease in the birth rate can be checked or that an increase in births can be stimulated by models or value judgements. On the basis of articles reflecting the official demographic opinion published by the Federal Office for Statistics, an attempt was made to reflect the intellectual foundation for such views. With the help of population statistics and model computations as well as vaguely intimated ideologies, changes in procreative activity considered necessary could be induced. The investigation concluded with the question of whether the detachment of procreative activity in highly industrialized, capitalistic countries with their specialized instruments, technologies, and institutions can be attributed to economic factors.", "PMID": 669239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12570", "title": "[Sarcoma botryoides of the cervix uteri as cause for haemorrhages in childbed (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 21-year-old woman with a botryoid sarcoma of the cervix uteri, who consulted a specialist for women's diseases because of non stopping haemorrhages in childbed, is reported. Neither radical operation nor radiation nor treatment with cytostatica could arrest the extreme impetuous growth of this tumor.", "contents": "[Sarcoma botryoides of the cervix uteri as cause for haemorrhages in childbed (author's transl)]. A case of a 21-year-old woman with a botryoid sarcoma of the cervix uteri, who consulted a specialist for women's diseases because of non stopping haemorrhages in childbed, is reported. Neither radical operation nor radiation nor treatment with cytostatica could arrest the extreme impetuous growth of this tumor.", "PMID": 669240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12571", "title": "[The psychological situation in a childless marriage (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to the investigation of organic causes by gynaecological and andrological diagnostic tests the psychological problems of the infertile couples require close attention. Results of the investigation of 200 infertile couples elucidate the psychosomatic problems of infertility. There were organic cause in 72% of the cases, psychosomatic causes in 5% of the cases, probable psychologic causes in 11% of the cases and an unknown cause in 12% of the cases. The psychological problems of artificial husband and donor insemination are discussed. The importance of early psychological diagnosis in addition to organic diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "[The psychological situation in a childless marriage (author's transl)]. In addition to the investigation of organic causes by gynaecological and andrological diagnostic tests the psychological problems of the infertile couples require close attention. Results of the investigation of 200 infertile couples elucidate the psychosomatic problems of infertility. There were organic cause in 72% of the cases, psychosomatic causes in 5% of the cases, probable psychologic causes in 11% of the cases and an unknown cause in 12% of the cases. The psychological problems of artificial husband and donor insemination are discussed. The importance of early psychological diagnosis in addition to organic diagnosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 669241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12572", "title": "[The value of an exploration of the mesogastric and epigastric regions in laparotomies (author's transl)].", "content": "The records of 4765 laparotmies including 1422 Caesarean sections were reviewed regarding additional surgical or medical findings. In 13.79% of the cases additional pathological findings were present which required additional general surgery or urologic surgery, or intra-operative or post-operative diagnostic steps. The exploration of the general abdominal cavity by inspection and/or palpation during the gynaecological or obstetric laparotomies was therefore very valuable. This simple preventive step requires very little time and maybe of considerable importance for the patient.", "contents": "[The value of an exploration of the mesogastric and epigastric regions in laparotomies (author's transl)]. The records of 4765 laparotmies including 1422 Caesarean sections were reviewed regarding additional surgical or medical findings. In 13.79% of the cases additional pathological findings were present which required additional general surgery or urologic surgery, or intra-operative or post-operative diagnostic steps. The exploration of the general abdominal cavity by inspection and/or palpation during the gynaecological or obstetric laparotomies was therefore very valuable. This simple preventive step requires very little time and maybe of considerable importance for the patient.", "PMID": 669242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12573", "title": "[Transvaginal surgical removal of a sacrococcygeal teratoma (author's transl)].", "content": "For the operative treatment of presacral sacrococcygeal teratomas perineal, abdominal, and combined abdominal-perineal routes are described. In this paper the transvaginal surgical removal of a benign teratoma after partial abdominal resection of the tumor in a 19-year-old woman is reported. No recurrence was observed within 5 years.", "contents": "[Transvaginal surgical removal of a sacrococcygeal teratoma (author's transl)]. For the operative treatment of presacral sacrococcygeal teratomas perineal, abdominal, and combined abdominal-perineal routes are described. In this paper the transvaginal surgical removal of a benign teratoma after partial abdominal resection of the tumor in a 19-year-old woman is reported. No recurrence was observed within 5 years.", "PMID": 669244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12574", "title": "[Premature rupture of the membranes and RDS incidence in prematures (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years 1974, 1975 and 1976 495 children were born alive with a birthweight less than 2500 g in the Ist Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University of Vienna. We selected all cases with dystrophy or factors, which were a disposal for RDS, so we got a rest of 188 prematures with a weight from 1000 g to 2500 g. For these children we checked the influence of time of rupture of the membranes (ROM) before delivery to the incidence of RDS. We found a lower incidence of RDS of the newborns when duration of ROM exceeded the time of 12 hours. This fact was statistically significant in the class of premature newborns with a weight of 1500 g to 2000 g. The similar trend was found in 119 dystrophic newborns with a weight between 1000 g to 2500 g, although there was no statistical significance. No influence of duration of labor on the incidence of RDS neither in selected premature nor dystrophic newborns was found.", "contents": "[Premature rupture of the membranes and RDS incidence in prematures (author's transl)]. In the years 1974, 1975 and 1976 495 children were born alive with a birthweight less than 2500 g in the Ist Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University of Vienna. We selected all cases with dystrophy or factors, which were a disposal for RDS, so we got a rest of 188 prematures with a weight from 1000 g to 2500 g. For these children we checked the influence of time of rupture of the membranes (ROM) before delivery to the incidence of RDS. We found a lower incidence of RDS of the newborns when duration of ROM exceeded the time of 12 hours. This fact was statistically significant in the class of premature newborns with a weight of 1500 g to 2000 g. The similar trend was found in 119 dystrophic newborns with a weight between 1000 g to 2500 g, although there was no statistical significance. No influence of duration of labor on the incidence of RDS neither in selected premature nor dystrophic newborns was found.", "PMID": 669245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12575", "title": "[Comparison of nipple care in the Puerperium with powder and ointment (author's transl)].", "content": "Recommendations for the care of the nipple postpartum are numerous and variable. Cracks and fissures in the nipple must be prevented to prevent mastitis. A randomized prospective study shows that it does not matter whether powder or ointments or nothing is placed on the nipples after nursing. The incidence of cracked nipples is not significantly changed by theses measures. For the prevention of mastitis the general measures for the prevention of hospital acquired infections are necessary and more important than modifications of the nipple care.", "contents": "[Comparison of nipple care in the Puerperium with powder and ointment (author's transl)]. Recommendations for the care of the nipple postpartum are numerous and variable. Cracks and fissures in the nipple must be prevented to prevent mastitis. A randomized prospective study shows that it does not matter whether powder or ointments or nothing is placed on the nipples after nursing. The incidence of cracked nipples is not significantly changed by theses measures. For the prevention of mastitis the general measures for the prevention of hospital acquired infections are necessary and more important than modifications of the nipple care.", "PMID": 669246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12576", "title": "Indirect suppression in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Two cases of indirect suppression have been characterized. One case involves suppressors compensating for defects in muscle structure. Nine independent suppressor mutations were judged to lie in a single suppressor gene, sup-3. Suppression is dominant, but dose dependent, and results in improved locomotion, as well as in an increase in the ability of mutant animals to lay eggs. Mutations in six genes known to affect muscle structure were tested for suppression by representative sup-3 mutations. Alleles of three of the six genes are suppressed, two of which are known to code for thick filament proteins. One suppressor allele was identified as a deletion by genetic criteria. A second case of indirect suppression is not associated with muscle defects, but involves two mutant genes producing uncoordinated phenotypes very similar to one another. As in the first case, suppression is dominant but dose dependent and is not allele specific.", "contents": "Indirect suppression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Two cases of indirect suppression have been characterized. One case involves suppressors compensating for defects in muscle structure. Nine independent suppressor mutations were judged to lie in a single suppressor gene, sup-3. Suppression is dominant, but dose dependent, and results in improved locomotion, as well as in an increase in the ability of mutant animals to lay eggs. Mutations in six genes known to affect muscle structure were tested for suppression by representative sup-3 mutations. Alleles of three of the six genes are suppressed, two of which are known to code for thick filament proteins. One suppressor allele was identified as a deletion by genetic criteria. A second case of indirect suppression is not associated with muscle defects, but involves two mutant genes producing uncoordinated phenotypes very similar to one another. As in the first case, suppression is dominant but dose dependent and is not allele specific.", "PMID": 669254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12577", "title": "Genetics of hemoglobin in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. I. Multiple alpha- and beta-globin structural loci.", "content": "Genetic data, together with molecular structure studies, have demonstrated that the complex hemoglobin phenotypes in four subspecies of P. maniculatus are generated by at least four, and probably five, globin structural loci. The Hba and Hbc loci apparently arose by duplication of an ancestral alpha-type locus, while Hbb, Hbd, and Hbe apparently were derived from a beta-type locus. The Hba and Hbb structural loci are electrophoretically monomorphic, while Hbc, Hbd, and Hbe are each polymorphic for at least two electrophoretic alleles. Alleles at Hbc and Hbd segregate independently. The globin products of Hbc and Hbd are electrophoretically indistinguishable; therefore, it is impossible to enumerate true gene frequencies in population surveys. Combined evidence from Peromyscus, Mus and Rattus indicates a remarkable similarity in the numbers of duplicated globin structural loci and in their linkage relationships to coat color loci.", "contents": "Genetics of hemoglobin in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. I. Multiple alpha- and beta-globin structural loci. Genetic data, together with molecular structure studies, have demonstrated that the complex hemoglobin phenotypes in four subspecies of P. maniculatus are generated by at least four, and probably five, globin structural loci. The Hba and Hbc loci apparently arose by duplication of an ancestral alpha-type locus, while Hbb, Hbd, and Hbe apparently were derived from a beta-type locus. The Hba and Hbb structural loci are electrophoretically monomorphic, while Hbc, Hbd, and Hbe are each polymorphic for at least two electrophoretic alleles. Alleles at Hbc and Hbd segregate independently. The globin products of Hbc and Hbd are electrophoretically indistinguishable; therefore, it is impossible to enumerate true gene frequencies in population surveys. Combined evidence from Peromyscus, Mus and Rattus indicates a remarkable similarity in the numbers of duplicated globin structural loci and in their linkage relationships to coat color loci.", "PMID": 669255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12578", "title": "Genetic variation in activity of the enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis between inbred strains of mice.", "content": "Variation in the activity of 21 liver and 15 erythrocyte enzymes between seven inbred strains of mice has been studied in a single area of metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Most of the variation between the strains is genetic. From the variation within and between inbred strains heritabilities (H2) were determined. Out of 35, 26 showed significant values above 0.4. A comparison with previously published work suggests that enzyme activities have mainly dominance and interaction components of variance, and this is discussed in relation to the variation in quantitative characters such as growth. In nine of the pairwise comparisons of the strains, the activity of the enzyme varied more than two-fold. In these cases the genetics and biochemistry of the enzyme was studied; F2 progeny were produced and assessed for segregation, and the heat stability of the enzyme was determined. No unequivocal segregation was observed, although in one case we found a considerable difference in heat stability. The variations found were not considered to be great enough to be useful as models of human inborn errors of metabolism or to study metabolic control. If such variants are to be found, sources of variation other than inbred strains must be used.", "contents": "Genetic variation in activity of the enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis between inbred strains of mice. Variation in the activity of 21 liver and 15 erythrocyte enzymes between seven inbred strains of mice has been studied in a single area of metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Most of the variation between the strains is genetic. From the variation within and between inbred strains heritabilities (H2) were determined. Out of 35, 26 showed significant values above 0.4. A comparison with previously published work suggests that enzyme activities have mainly dominance and interaction components of variance, and this is discussed in relation to the variation in quantitative characters such as growth. In nine of the pairwise comparisons of the strains, the activity of the enzyme varied more than two-fold. In these cases the genetics and biochemistry of the enzyme was studied; F2 progeny were produced and assessed for segregation, and the heat stability of the enzyme was determined. No unequivocal segregation was observed, although in one case we found a considerable difference in heat stability. The variations found were not considered to be great enough to be useful as models of human inborn errors of metabolism or to study metabolic control. If such variants are to be found, sources of variation other than inbred strains must be used.", "PMID": 669257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12579", "title": "Genetics of hemoglobin in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. II. Multiple alleles at regulatory loci.", "content": "Deer mice are polymorphic for electrophoretic hemoglobin phenotypes showing one, two, or three bands. Within the multibanded phenotypes, there is considerable variation in the hemoglobin partitioning, defined as the fraction of total hemoglobin made up by the secondary and tertiary bands. In subspecies sonoriensis, for example, hemoglobin partitionings range from 0.03 to 0.38. The inheritance of partitioning values is under remarkably strict genetic control. The genetic variation is additive and the narrow heritability is close to 1.0. The inheritance data can be modeled in precise detail by postulating multiple-allele polymorphisms at globin regulatory loci. Comparison of simulated versus actual inheritance data demonstrates that the so-called null structural alleles actually produce functional globins.--The genetic controls in Peromyscus may be analogous to those in primates. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms effecting the regulation are unknown. Different subspecies of P. maniculatus show strikingly different arrays of partitioning values, but the role of natural selection in maintaining the quantitative polymorphisms remains obscure.", "contents": "Genetics of hemoglobin in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. II. Multiple alleles at regulatory loci. Deer mice are polymorphic for electrophoretic hemoglobin phenotypes showing one, two, or three bands. Within the multibanded phenotypes, there is considerable variation in the hemoglobin partitioning, defined as the fraction of total hemoglobin made up by the secondary and tertiary bands. In subspecies sonoriensis, for example, hemoglobin partitionings range from 0.03 to 0.38. The inheritance of partitioning values is under remarkably strict genetic control. The genetic variation is additive and the narrow heritability is close to 1.0. The inheritance data can be modeled in precise detail by postulating multiple-allele polymorphisms at globin regulatory loci. Comparison of simulated versus actual inheritance data demonstrates that the so-called null structural alleles actually produce functional globins.--The genetic controls in Peromyscus may be analogous to those in primates. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms effecting the regulation are unknown. Different subspecies of P. maniculatus show strikingly different arrays of partitioning values, but the role of natural selection in maintaining the quantitative polymorphisms remains obscure.", "PMID": 669256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12580", "title": "[Dynamics of dominant lethal mutations in male mice exposed to cyclophosphamide in drinking water for different periods of time].", "content": "The dependence of induction of dominant lethal mutations in male mice on the duration of exposure (from 1 to 12 weeks) to 0.01% aqueous solution of cyclophosphamide was studied. The maximal frequency of dominant lethal mutations was observed when males treated were crossed during the first week after the end of exposure. The yield of dominant lethal mutations did not depend on the duration of the exposure of cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Dynamics of dominant lethal mutations in male mice exposed to cyclophosphamide in drinking water for different periods of time]. The dependence of induction of dominant lethal mutations in male mice on the duration of exposure (from 1 to 12 weeks) to 0.01% aqueous solution of cyclophosphamide was studied. The maximal frequency of dominant lethal mutations was observed when males treated were crossed during the first week after the end of exposure. The yield of dominant lethal mutations did not depend on the duration of the exposure of cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 669258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12581", "title": "[Genetic study of bacteriophage phi81. II. Gene localization in the right arm of the phage chromosome and a comparison of phage phi81 with phages lambda and phi80 in regard to gene functions].", "content": "Data on genetic investigation on lambdoid bacteriophage phi81 made possible to localize the cos site on the prophage genetic map. Four essential genes and the gene c1 are located in the right arm of the phage genetic map. Regulatory genes of phage phi81 are found to be uncapable of functional substitution of lambda phages regulatory genes N and Q. It is discovered that some late genes of phage phi80 can be substituted with respective phage phi81 genes. No substitution possibility was observed for a number of early genes of phage phi80.", "contents": "[Genetic study of bacteriophage phi81. II. Gene localization in the right arm of the phage chromosome and a comparison of phage phi81 with phages lambda and phi80 in regard to gene functions]. Data on genetic investigation on lambdoid bacteriophage phi81 made possible to localize the cos site on the prophage genetic map. Four essential genes and the gene c1 are located in the right arm of the phage genetic map. Regulatory genes of phage phi81 are found to be uncapable of functional substitution of lambda phages regulatory genes N and Q. It is discovered that some late genes of phage phi80 can be substituted with respective phage phi81 genes. No substitution possibility was observed for a number of early genes of phage phi80.", "PMID": 669259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12582", "title": "[Gene regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in the mouse liver].", "content": "The isozyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was studied by means of electrophoretic and immunochemical methods in liver of inbred mouse strains: CBA/Lac, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, AKR/J, C57BL/6J, C3H/He. Interstrain polymorphism for the activity of LDH isozymes in mouse liver is found to take place, which is due to the presence of the regulatory gene Ldr-2. Based on the breeding data of DBA/2J and CBA/Lac mice, which show different liver LDH patterns, and judging by the results of the immunochemical analysis, it is suggested that the low activity of LDH isozymes containing subunit B and controlled by the gene Ldr-2 is inherited codominantly. It is found that the effect of the gene Ldr-2 is independent on that of the gene Ldr-1, which modifies the phenotypic expression of the gene B of erythrocyte LDH in mice. The gene Ldr-2 is in the same linkage group as the gene Ldr-1, at a distance of 19.6 map units from it. The data of immunochemical analysis suggest that the effect of the gene Ldr-2a is related with the decreased content of the subunit B, and possibly of the subunit A of LDH. The study of LDH pattern throughout mouse development has demonstrated, that the differences in liver KDH patterns between CBA/Lac and DBA/2J mice, controlled by the gene Ldr-2, express phenotypically on 6-8 dyas and are finally formed in the middle of the first month of the life.", "contents": "[Gene regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in the mouse liver]. The isozyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was studied by means of electrophoretic and immunochemical methods in liver of inbred mouse strains: CBA/Lac, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, AKR/J, C57BL/6J, C3H/He. Interstrain polymorphism for the activity of LDH isozymes in mouse liver is found to take place, which is due to the presence of the regulatory gene Ldr-2. Based on the breeding data of DBA/2J and CBA/Lac mice, which show different liver LDH patterns, and judging by the results of the immunochemical analysis, it is suggested that the low activity of LDH isozymes containing subunit B and controlled by the gene Ldr-2 is inherited codominantly. It is found that the effect of the gene Ldr-2 is independent on that of the gene Ldr-1, which modifies the phenotypic expression of the gene B of erythrocyte LDH in mice. The gene Ldr-2 is in the same linkage group as the gene Ldr-1, at a distance of 19.6 map units from it. The data of immunochemical analysis suggest that the effect of the gene Ldr-2a is related with the decreased content of the subunit B, and possibly of the subunit A of LDH. The study of LDH pattern throughout mouse development has demonstrated, that the differences in liver KDH patterns between CBA/Lac and DBA/2J mice, controlled by the gene Ldr-2, express phenotypically on 6-8 dyas and are finally formed in the middle of the first month of the life.", "PMID": 669260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12583", "title": "[Problems in the genetics of bovine leukemia. II. The effect of fathers and mothers on the leukemia disease frequency in the progeny].", "content": "Geneology of 14,000 animals which are the progeny of 554 bulls are studied, 2060 of them having leucosis. Differences between bulls in the frequency of the disease in daughters are observed. The morbidity of daughters of bulls having leucosis is higher than for the population in the average. The morbidity of the animals depends on the linear relation animals. \"Leucosis\" families having a high concentration of ill animals for several generations, and families resistant to leucosis are revealed. Daughters of leucosis mothers got ill more often than those of healthy animals. The coefficient of heritability of leucosis ranges from 0.07 to 0.50. Concordancy for leucosis in unisexual twins is 74.1%. Insignificant increase in leucosis is found for the last three generations. Predisposition for leucosis is characterized by a complex hereditary condition. The portion of genetic factors is quite enought to conduct the animal selection for leucosis resistance.", "contents": "[Problems in the genetics of bovine leukemia. II. The effect of fathers and mothers on the leukemia disease frequency in the progeny]. Geneology of 14,000 animals which are the progeny of 554 bulls are studied, 2060 of them having leucosis. Differences between bulls in the frequency of the disease in daughters are observed. The morbidity of daughters of bulls having leucosis is higher than for the population in the average. The morbidity of the animals depends on the linear relation animals. \"Leucosis\" families having a high concentration of ill animals for several generations, and families resistant to leucosis are revealed. Daughters of leucosis mothers got ill more often than those of healthy animals. The coefficient of heritability of leucosis ranges from 0.07 to 0.50. Concordancy for leucosis in unisexual twins is 74.1%. Insignificant increase in leucosis is found for the last three generations. Predisposition for leucosis is characterized by a complex hereditary condition. The portion of genetic factors is quite enought to conduct the animal selection for leucosis resistance.", "PMID": 669261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12584", "title": "[Role of the genetic-physiological interrelationships of mother-progeny in establishing the viability and fertility of mammals. II. The weight of the embryos of BALB, CBA and DBA strain mice developing from transplanted blastocysts].", "content": "The weights of embryos and their placentas obtained by blastocysts of CBA/LacY and DBA/2 mouse strains transfer in recipient females of BALB/c strain and also by blastocysts of BALB/c mouse strain transfer in recipient females of CBA/LacY strain were analysed on the 16th gestation day. It is shown that placental weights are determined by genotypic peculiarities of embryos, although comparative placental weights of different strain embryos could also depend on females fertility. The weight of allogenic embryos (developed from transferred blastocysts) significantly excessed the weight of singenic embryos, and most significant differences were noted in females with small number of embryos. The possibilities to solve some applied and fundamental problems of mammalian reproduction given by the method of interstrain and interbreed early stage embryos transfer are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of the genetic-physiological interrelationships of mother-progeny in establishing the viability and fertility of mammals. II. The weight of the embryos of BALB, CBA and DBA strain mice developing from transplanted blastocysts]. The weights of embryos and their placentas obtained by blastocysts of CBA/LacY and DBA/2 mouse strains transfer in recipient females of BALB/c strain and also by blastocysts of BALB/c mouse strain transfer in recipient females of CBA/LacY strain were analysed on the 16th gestation day. It is shown that placental weights are determined by genotypic peculiarities of embryos, although comparative placental weights of different strain embryos could also depend on females fertility. The weight of allogenic embryos (developed from transferred blastocysts) significantly excessed the weight of singenic embryos, and most significant differences were noted in females with small number of embryos. The possibilities to solve some applied and fundamental problems of mammalian reproduction given by the method of interstrain and interbreed early stage embryos transfer are discussed.", "PMID": 669262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12585", "title": "An alternative to radical surgery for cancer of the prostate.", "content": "We have used the technique of retropubic implantation of 125I seeds, as introduced by Whitmore and associates in 1972, in 12 selected patients with prostatic cancer. Morbidity has been minimal, and the tumor has been effectively controlled. This technique delivers more radiation and has fewer side effects than external cobalt irradiation, and it should be offered to the patient as an effective alternative to radical prostatectomy. It is best suited for patients with stage A, stage B, or small stage C lesions who have negative bone scans. Edema of the penis follows the lymphadenectomy but gradually subsides.", "contents": "An alternative to radical surgery for cancer of the prostate. We have used the technique of retropubic implantation of 125I seeds, as introduced by Whitmore and associates in 1972, in 12 selected patients with prostatic cancer. Morbidity has been minimal, and the tumor has been effectively controlled. This technique delivers more radiation and has fewer side effects than external cobalt irradiation, and it should be offered to the patient as an effective alternative to radical prostatectomy. It is best suited for patients with stage A, stage B, or small stage C lesions who have negative bone scans. Edema of the penis follows the lymphadenectomy but gradually subsides.", "PMID": 669273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12586", "title": "Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia. V. Decreased gut zinc absorption.", "content": "Experiements were conducted to determine if zinc absorption was impaired in Alaskan Malamutes which had a genetic chondrodysplasia or dwarfism. When the uptake of an oral dose of 65Zn from the gut in blood was measured in whole dogs it was found that the chondrodysplastic animals absorbed only 25 per cent the amount absorbed by their controls. In vitro studies suggested that 65Zn was initially bound to a protein fraction in all cases but it was later released to a non-protein fraction in the case of normal dogs. This transfer did not occur in the case of the chondrodysplastic dog and it suggests that the transfer of zinc from a protein to a non-protein fraction in the mucosal cell may be the missing step in the dog with chondrodysplasia.", "contents": "Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia. V. Decreased gut zinc absorption. Experiements were conducted to determine if zinc absorption was impaired in Alaskan Malamutes which had a genetic chondrodysplasia or dwarfism. When the uptake of an oral dose of 65Zn from the gut in blood was measured in whole dogs it was found that the chondrodysplastic animals absorbed only 25 per cent the amount absorbed by their controls. In vitro studies suggested that 65Zn was initially bound to a protein fraction in all cases but it was later released to a non-protein fraction in the case of normal dogs. This transfer did not occur in the case of the chondrodysplastic dog and it suggests that the transfer of zinc from a protein to a non-protein fraction in the mucosal cell may be the missing step in the dog with chondrodysplasia.", "PMID": 669395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12587", "title": "The effect of a single injection of papain on growth of the limb bones of the mouse.", "content": "The chondrodystrophic mouse mutant stumpy (stm) shortens proximal limb bones more than distal ones and acts late in development (circa 14 days post partum). It was thought that a late disturbance in bone growth might cause more damage to epiphyses of proximal than distal bones. This was investigated using a single injection of papain on days 8, 10 and 12: shortening of proximal and distal bones was demonstrated, but was similar in all three experimental groups.", "contents": "The effect of a single injection of papain on growth of the limb bones of the mouse. The chondrodystrophic mouse mutant stumpy (stm) shortens proximal limb bones more than distal ones and acts late in development (circa 14 days post partum). It was thought that a late disturbance in bone growth might cause more damage to epiphyses of proximal than distal bones. This was investigated using a single injection of papain on days 8, 10 and 12: shortening of proximal and distal bones was demonstrated, but was similar in all three experimental groups.", "PMID": 669396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12588", "title": "A short term study on the growth of garden lizards in the laboratory.", "content": "Male garden lizards weighing between 2 to 17.5 g and having a snout to vent length range of 4.5 to 8.7 cm were collected from nature during the breeding season and reared in the laboratory at 28 +/- 2 degrees C for a period of 6 months. There was a high mortality rate but those which survived showed excellent positive correlation between bodyweight and time (r = 0.97, P is less than 0.001) and between S-V length and time (r=0.98, P is less than 0.001). The length and body weight relationship during the period of study was also highly significant (r=0.99, P is less than 0.001).", "contents": "A short term study on the growth of garden lizards in the laboratory. Male garden lizards weighing between 2 to 17.5 g and having a snout to vent length range of 4.5 to 8.7 cm were collected from nature during the breeding season and reared in the laboratory at 28 +/- 2 degrees C for a period of 6 months. There was a high mortality rate but those which survived showed excellent positive correlation between bodyweight and time (r = 0.97, P is less than 0.001) and between S-V length and time (r=0.98, P is less than 0.001). The length and body weight relationship during the period of study was also highly significant (r=0.99, P is less than 0.001).", "PMID": 669397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12589", "title": "Secular change in sitting height and lower limb height of children, youths, and young adults of Afro-black, European, and Japanese ancestry.", "content": "During a large part of the last 100 years many human populations in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America have increased in standing height. The amount of increase has risen with age from infancy to mid-adolescence, and diminished with age from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. In the present paper standing height is broken into two components and-for American black, American white, and Japanese groups-each component is found to (1) show substantial secular increase, and (2) yield a trend of quantitative difference similar to that of standing height. Average sitting height of Japanese males increased during the 33 years between 1937 and 1970 by 2.5 cm at age 8 years, 4.1 cm at age 14 years, and 2.9 cm at age 16 years; corresponding values for lower limb height were 3.7 cm, 5.3 cm, and 3.9 cm. During the 80 years following 1881, American white females ages 9 years and 13 years living in the Midwest increased in average sitting height by 4.6 cm and 5.4 cm, and in average lower limb height by 4.9 cm and 5.2 cm. For both dimensions of each racial group, secular change is greater at mid-adolescence than in early adulthood.", "contents": "Secular change in sitting height and lower limb height of children, youths, and young adults of Afro-black, European, and Japanese ancestry. During a large part of the last 100 years many human populations in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America have increased in standing height. The amount of increase has risen with age from infancy to mid-adolescence, and diminished with age from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. In the present paper standing height is broken into two components and-for American black, American white, and Japanese groups-each component is found to (1) show substantial secular increase, and (2) yield a trend of quantitative difference similar to that of standing height. Average sitting height of Japanese males increased during the 33 years between 1937 and 1970 by 2.5 cm at age 8 years, 4.1 cm at age 14 years, and 2.9 cm at age 16 years; corresponding values for lower limb height were 3.7 cm, 5.3 cm, and 3.9 cm. During the 80 years following 1881, American white females ages 9 years and 13 years living in the Midwest increased in average sitting height by 4.6 cm and 5.4 cm, and in average lower limb height by 4.9 cm and 5.2 cm. For both dimensions of each racial group, secular change is greater at mid-adolescence than in early adulthood.", "PMID": 669398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12590", "title": "Socioeconimoc influences on the weight-height relationship in pre-school children.", "content": "Ehrenberg has found a relation between heights and weights of children which was hypothesized to hold throughout the period of growth and under different environmental conditions. Early work showed that in developing countries the children were lighter than would be expected from their weights on the basis of that relationship, and more recently it was shown that in Western children the relationship requires modification over the first eighteen months of life. It is hypothesized that the decay of the modifying term (a negative exponential) is in some way an index of maturation. This suggested that its decay might well be affected socio-economic factors, and the analysis of three studies from developing countries, each involving different socio-economic groups of similar genetic background, showed that the rate of decay was indeed related to the socio-economic levels, with the better-off children exhibiting faster maturation.", "contents": "Socioeconimoc influences on the weight-height relationship in pre-school children. Ehrenberg has found a relation between heights and weights of children which was hypothesized to hold throughout the period of growth and under different environmental conditions. Early work showed that in developing countries the children were lighter than would be expected from their weights on the basis of that relationship, and more recently it was shown that in Western children the relationship requires modification over the first eighteen months of life. It is hypothesized that the decay of the modifying term (a negative exponential) is in some way an index of maturation. This suggested that its decay might well be affected socio-economic factors, and the analysis of three studies from developing countries, each involving different socio-economic groups of similar genetic background, showed that the rate of decay was indeed related to the socio-economic levels, with the better-off children exhibiting faster maturation.", "PMID": 669399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12591", "title": "The effect of various dietary restricted regimes on biochemical variables in the mouse.", "content": "Twenty-one day old and seventeen month old female mice were fed the following three dietary regimes for one or six months: 1) 24% protein ad libitum; 2) 4% protein ad libitum; or 3) 24% protein intermittently fed (diet offered for twenty-four hours on Monday and Wednesday, and for eight hours on Friday). The activities of succinoxidase, malic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase as well as the concentrations of protein and DNA were determined in livers and kidneys. Calculated on the basis of DNA, the activities of these three enzymes as well as protein content were decreased in the 4% and intermittent-fasted animals and increased in the intermittent-fed animals. The mean values of the enzymes as well as the protein content per mg. of DNA of the intermittent-fed and intermittent-fasted animals were essentially the same as that of the 24% ad libitum controls. These findings were obtained on both young-growing and adult animals. INDEX WORDS: Dietary restriction, enzymes, age, mouse, protein synthesis, genetic code use.", "contents": "The effect of various dietary restricted regimes on biochemical variables in the mouse. Twenty-one day old and seventeen month old female mice were fed the following three dietary regimes for one or six months: 1) 24% protein ad libitum; 2) 4% protein ad libitum; or 3) 24% protein intermittently fed (diet offered for twenty-four hours on Monday and Wednesday, and for eight hours on Friday). The activities of succinoxidase, malic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase as well as the concentrations of protein and DNA were determined in livers and kidneys. Calculated on the basis of DNA, the activities of these three enzymes as well as protein content were decreased in the 4% and intermittent-fasted animals and increased in the intermittent-fed animals. The mean values of the enzymes as well as the protein content per mg. of DNA of the intermittent-fed and intermittent-fasted animals were essentially the same as that of the 24% ad libitum controls. These findings were obtained on both young-growing and adult animals. INDEX WORDS: Dietary restriction, enzymes, age, mouse, protein synthesis, genetic code use.", "PMID": 669401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12592", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on supersensitization. V. Augmentation of pressor response to catecholamine induced by N, N-dimethylethylenediamines (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of N,N-dimethylethylenediamines on epinephrine-induced pressor response in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were examined and 3 out of 12 compounds, i.e., tripelennamine, N,N-dibenzyl-N', N'-dimethylethylenediamine (I) and N1, N1-dibenzyl-N2, N2-dimethyl-1,2-propanediamine (II), were found to be more potent as potentiators to epinephrine. In pithed rats, tripelennamine, I, II and cocaine also augmented pressor response induced by epinephrine. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats or in perfused hind paw of rats, the potentiation induced by cocaine and tripelennamine was more marked to norepinephrine than to epinephrine, but an inverse relation between norepinephrine and epinephrine was observed in the potentiation by I and II. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, tyramine-induced pressor responses were decreased or abolished by cocaine and tripelennamine, but these responses were increased by I and II. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, isoproterenol-, acetylcholine- and histamine-induced depressor responses were not influenced by cocaine, tripelennamine, I and II. Sensitivity of reserpinized rats to epinephrine was increased about eight times that seen in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. In reserpinized rats, epinephrine-induced pressor responses were slightly increased by cocaine, tripelennamine and II, but these potentiations were not dose-dependent. These results indicate that one of the sites of action of cocaine, tripelennamine, I and II is localized in the peripheral portion of cardiovascular system. The principal mode of action of cocaine and tripelennamine appears to be the inhibition of amine-uptake mechanism at sympathetic nerve endings. The mode of action of I and II is apparently different from the actions of cocaine and tripelennamine.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on supersensitization. V. Augmentation of pressor response to catecholamine induced by N, N-dimethylethylenediamines (author's transl)]. Effects of N,N-dimethylethylenediamines on epinephrine-induced pressor response in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were examined and 3 out of 12 compounds, i.e., tripelennamine, N,N-dibenzyl-N', N'-dimethylethylenediamine (I) and N1, N1-dibenzyl-N2, N2-dimethyl-1,2-propanediamine (II), were found to be more potent as potentiators to epinephrine. In pithed rats, tripelennamine, I, II and cocaine also augmented pressor response induced by epinephrine. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats or in perfused hind paw of rats, the potentiation induced by cocaine and tripelennamine was more marked to norepinephrine than to epinephrine, but an inverse relation between norepinephrine and epinephrine was observed in the potentiation by I and II. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, tyramine-induced pressor responses were decreased or abolished by cocaine and tripelennamine, but these responses were increased by I and II. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, isoproterenol-, acetylcholine- and histamine-induced depressor responses were not influenced by cocaine, tripelennamine, I and II. Sensitivity of reserpinized rats to epinephrine was increased about eight times that seen in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. In reserpinized rats, epinephrine-induced pressor responses were slightly increased by cocaine, tripelennamine and II, but these potentiations were not dose-dependent. These results indicate that one of the sites of action of cocaine, tripelennamine, I and II is localized in the peripheral portion of cardiovascular system. The principal mode of action of cocaine and tripelennamine appears to be the inhibition of amine-uptake mechanism at sympathetic nerve endings. The mode of action of I and II is apparently different from the actions of cocaine and tripelennamine.", "PMID": 669480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12593", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on the cough-like reflex induced by chemical stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of the cough-like reflex (CLR), we employed 1.1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP). In dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, CLR was induced by administration of DMPP (i.v. and intracarotid arterial), lobeline and nicotine. Repeated administration of DMPP did not cause a tachphylaxis, however, lobeline and nicotine did induce a tachphylaxis. DMPP (i.a.), lobeline, nicotine and histamine caused an increase in respiratory resistance as measured by a Respiratory Resistance Meter, while DMPP (i.v.) did not. The ED50 of morphine, codeine, oxymethebanol, picoperidamine and piclobetol on CLR with DMPP was higher than that of those drugs employed for the peripherally-induced cough. CLR with DMPP was not affected by isoproterenol, ephedrine, atropine and propranolol. CLR was markedly depressed by hexamethonium and slightly depressed by benzonate. CLR was abolished after bilateral vagotomy or bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus nerves. These results indicate that the mechanism of CLR with DMPP is different from that of peripherally-induced cough and the carotid body chemoreceptor plays an important role in CLR with DMPP. This CLR may be useful for demonstrating the site of action and the mechanism of antitussive drugs.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on the cough-like reflex induced by chemical stimulation (author's transl)]. To investigate the mechanism of the cough-like reflex (CLR), we employed 1.1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP). In dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, CLR was induced by administration of DMPP (i.v. and intracarotid arterial), lobeline and nicotine. Repeated administration of DMPP did not cause a tachphylaxis, however, lobeline and nicotine did induce a tachphylaxis. DMPP (i.a.), lobeline, nicotine and histamine caused an increase in respiratory resistance as measured by a Respiratory Resistance Meter, while DMPP (i.v.) did not. The ED50 of morphine, codeine, oxymethebanol, picoperidamine and piclobetol on CLR with DMPP was higher than that of those drugs employed for the peripherally-induced cough. CLR with DMPP was not affected by isoproterenol, ephedrine, atropine and propranolol. CLR was markedly depressed by hexamethonium and slightly depressed by benzonate. CLR was abolished after bilateral vagotomy or bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus nerves. These results indicate that the mechanism of CLR with DMPP is different from that of peripherally-induced cough and the carotid body chemoreceptor plays an important role in CLR with DMPP. This CLR may be useful for demonstrating the site of action and the mechanism of antitussive drugs.", "PMID": 669481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12594", "title": "[Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (II). Effect on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus was studied using Ca-labelled and non-labelled rats. With an oral daily dose of 2.5 or 12.5 microgram/kg of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, serum calcium, urine volume, urinary calcium excretion, urinary calcium concentration and water consumption increased, while fecal concentration, urinary phosphorus concentration and food consumption decreased. There was a lag time (1 or 2 days) between the increase of serum calcium and that of specific activity of serum calcium, and bone resorption was stimulated later than was intestinal calcium transport. After 10 days treatment, calcium concentration in the femur decreased, while a remarkable calcification was noted in soft tissues such as kidney, intestine, aorta, heart and muscle, although these effects were reduced with lower doses of the drug. With a smaller oral daily dose (0.1 or 0.5 microgram/kg), for 6 months, bone calcium and phosphorus concentration increased without soft tissue calcification. Thus, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be an effective drug for patients with metabolic bone diseases.", "contents": "[Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (II). Effect on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in rats (author's transl)]. Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus was studied using Ca-labelled and non-labelled rats. With an oral daily dose of 2.5 or 12.5 microgram/kg of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, serum calcium, urine volume, urinary calcium excretion, urinary calcium concentration and water consumption increased, while fecal concentration, urinary phosphorus concentration and food consumption decreased. There was a lag time (1 or 2 days) between the increase of serum calcium and that of specific activity of serum calcium, and bone resorption was stimulated later than was intestinal calcium transport. After 10 days treatment, calcium concentration in the femur decreased, while a remarkable calcification was noted in soft tissues such as kidney, intestine, aorta, heart and muscle, although these effects were reduced with lower doses of the drug. With a smaller oral daily dose (0.1 or 0.5 microgram/kg), for 6 months, bone calcium and phosphorus concentration increased without soft tissue calcification. Thus, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be an effective drug for patients with metabolic bone diseases.", "PMID": 669482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12595", "title": "[Effect of clonidine on plasma insulin level in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of adrenergic agents, epinephrine and clonidine, on plasma immunoreactive insulin and plasma glucose concentrations was studied in mice. Subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in fasted mice did not alter the plasma glucose concentration (PG), while plasma immunoreactive insulin concentration (IRI) tended to increase gradually. Intravenous injection of glucose markedly increased IRI. Glucose-induced IRI increase was inhibited by a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in spite of high elevation of PG. This inhibition of glucose-induced IRI increase by epinephrine was reversed after treatment with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. Propranolol, an beta-adrenergic blocking agent suppressed IRI to a greater extent as compared with IRI induced by simultaneous injection of glucose and epinephrine. These results indicate that beta-adrenoceptor stimulating action accelerates the insulin release induced by glucose while alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating action inhibits it. Subcutaneous injection of clonidine in fasted mice slightly decreased IRI and increased PG. The response of PG to clonidine was dose-dependent. Glucose-induced IRI increase was inhibited by an intravenous injection of clonidine, and PG was elevated under the same conditions. The inhibition of glucose-induced IRI increase by clonidine was reversed when phentolamine was given, and under these conditions, PG showed no change. Propranolol treatment did not result in a recovery of the inhibition of glucose-induced IRI increase by clonidine. When compared with the results of epinephrine treatment, it may be concluded that clonidine shows alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating action in the secretion of insulin from beta-cells of the endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "[Effect of clonidine on plasma insulin level in mice (author's transl)]. The influence of adrenergic agents, epinephrine and clonidine, on plasma immunoreactive insulin and plasma glucose concentrations was studied in mice. Subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in fasted mice did not alter the plasma glucose concentration (PG), while plasma immunoreactive insulin concentration (IRI) tended to increase gradually. Intravenous injection of glucose markedly increased IRI. Glucose-induced IRI increase was inhibited by a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in spite of high elevation of PG. This inhibition of glucose-induced IRI increase by epinephrine was reversed after treatment with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. Propranolol, an beta-adrenergic blocking agent suppressed IRI to a greater extent as compared with IRI induced by simultaneous injection of glucose and epinephrine. These results indicate that beta-adrenoceptor stimulating action accelerates the insulin release induced by glucose while alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating action inhibits it. Subcutaneous injection of clonidine in fasted mice slightly decreased IRI and increased PG. The response of PG to clonidine was dose-dependent. Glucose-induced IRI increase was inhibited by an intravenous injection of clonidine, and PG was elevated under the same conditions. The inhibition of glucose-induced IRI increase by clonidine was reversed when phentolamine was given, and under these conditions, PG showed no change. Propranolol treatment did not result in a recovery of the inhibition of glucose-induced IRI increase by clonidine. When compared with the results of epinephrine treatment, it may be concluded that clonidine shows alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating action in the secretion of insulin from beta-cells of the endocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 669483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12596", "title": "[Influence of indapamide on isolated rabbit arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of indapamide, a high ceiling diuretic, antihypertensive drug, was investigated in helically-cut strips of rabbit cerebral, coronary, renal, mesenteric and femoral arteries and aortae. The addition of indapamide in concentrations higher than 3 X 10(-5)M relaxed those arterial strips contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha; the relaxation being greater in cerebral, coronary and renal arteries. Atropine propranolol and aminophylline did not reduce the relaxing effect. Hydrochlorothiazide produced fewer incidences of relaxation. Treatment for 20 min with indapamide (3 X 10(-5) or higher) significantly attenuated the contractile response of mesentric arteries to nicotine and tyramine. Contractile responses to transmural electrical stimulation were not reduced but rather potentiated. The dose-response curve of norepinephrine was not significantly affected by indapamide. The contractile response of nictitating membranes of anesthetized cats to stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves was not influenced by indapamide but was abolished by hexamethonium. It may be concluded that arterial relaxations induced by indapamide are due to a direct action on smooth muscles. Indapamide appears to attenuate the response to nicotine and tyramine by interfering with the mechanism of neuronal amine uptake. However, such does not involve a ganglionic blockade nor a reduction of the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "[Influence of indapamide on isolated rabbit arteries (author's transl)]. The effect of indapamide, a high ceiling diuretic, antihypertensive drug, was investigated in helically-cut strips of rabbit cerebral, coronary, renal, mesenteric and femoral arteries and aortae. The addition of indapamide in concentrations higher than 3 X 10(-5)M relaxed those arterial strips contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha; the relaxation being greater in cerebral, coronary and renal arteries. Atropine propranolol and aminophylline did not reduce the relaxing effect. Hydrochlorothiazide produced fewer incidences of relaxation. Treatment for 20 min with indapamide (3 X 10(-5) or higher) significantly attenuated the contractile response of mesentric arteries to nicotine and tyramine. Contractile responses to transmural electrical stimulation were not reduced but rather potentiated. The dose-response curve of norepinephrine was not significantly affected by indapamide. The contractile response of nictitating membranes of anesthetized cats to stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves was not influenced by indapamide but was abolished by hexamethonium. It may be concluded that arterial relaxations induced by indapamide are due to a direct action on smooth muscles. Indapamide appears to attenuate the response to nicotine and tyramine by interfering with the mechanism of neuronal amine uptake. However, such does not involve a ganglionic blockade nor a reduction of the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals.", "PMID": 669484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12597", "title": "[Effect of selective application of sodium picrate to the hypogastric ganglion in the hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of sodium picrate (picric acid-Na; PA) on the hypogastric ganglion in the hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of the guinea pig was studied and the results are as follows: PA or acetylcholine (ACh) at doses (g/ml) of 10(-5) approximately 10(-4) applied to the ganglion increased the height of the response (R-NS) of the vas deferens to the hypogastric nerve stimulation. Neither drug restored R-NS blocked by hexamethonium 3 X 10(-5). Effects of PA and ACh on R-NS were potentiated by neostigmine 10(-7) and the potentiation was considerably greater for ACh than for PA. Effects of PA on R-NS were not influenced by pretreatment with atropine. Both PA and ACh recovered R-NS which was partially reduced by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), although the recovery of R-NS by PA was rapidly abolished more than that by ACh when these drugs were repeatedly applied in the presence of HC-3 3 X 10(-5). PA markedly recovered the R-NS reduced by morphine 10(-4) and ACh slightly restored that R-NS. These results suggest that the site of action of PA on the hypogastric ganglion of the guinea pig is different from that of ACh and the effect of PA on R-NS may be due to the acceleration of ACh-release from preganglionic nerve endings.", "contents": "[Effect of selective application of sodium picrate to the hypogastric ganglion in the hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Effect of sodium picrate (picric acid-Na; PA) on the hypogastric ganglion in the hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of the guinea pig was studied and the results are as follows: PA or acetylcholine (ACh) at doses (g/ml) of 10(-5) approximately 10(-4) applied to the ganglion increased the height of the response (R-NS) of the vas deferens to the hypogastric nerve stimulation. Neither drug restored R-NS blocked by hexamethonium 3 X 10(-5). Effects of PA and ACh on R-NS were potentiated by neostigmine 10(-7) and the potentiation was considerably greater for ACh than for PA. Effects of PA on R-NS were not influenced by pretreatment with atropine. Both PA and ACh recovered R-NS which was partially reduced by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), although the recovery of R-NS by PA was rapidly abolished more than that by ACh when these drugs were repeatedly applied in the presence of HC-3 3 X 10(-5). PA markedly recovered the R-NS reduced by morphine 10(-4) and ACh slightly restored that R-NS. These results suggest that the site of action of PA on the hypogastric ganglion of the guinea pig is different from that of ACh and the effect of PA on R-NS may be due to the acceleration of ACh-release from preganglionic nerve endings.", "PMID": 669485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12598", "title": "[Application of a response duration schedule in rats to evaluate drug-induced auditory impairment (author's transl)].", "content": "Determination of auditory threshold was carried out under a response duration schedule of tone and/or light-dipper presentation. This schedule enabled an exact assessment of auditory sensitivity, since the direction and distance from rat to sound source were constant and the rat could thus acquire the conditioned behavior in a short time. The rat has to press the lever and hold it until a CS(tone and/or light) was presented. The animal could get water-reinforcement with release of the lever during the period of CS. The intensity of 3 KHz pure tone was reduced, from 110 dB (starting point), by 2 dB steps in each trial, until the subject made 3 non-response trials (i.e., no dipper approach within 0.7 sec after the tone onset) among 5 trials. The highest tone intensity among non-response trials was taken as the threshold. The auditory sensitivity of the rats with cotton-stuffed ears and the pierced eardrums decreased about 10 and 20 dB, respectively. The auditory sensitivity in rats was decreased by administration of streptomycin sulfate(SM), 300 mg/kg/day, i.m., in combination with ethacrynic acid(EA), 50 mg/kg/day, p.o., for forty days and in combination with EA, 100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for ten days. The auditory sensitivity was not influenced by administration of SM, 300 mg/kg/day, i.m., for forty days.", "contents": "[Application of a response duration schedule in rats to evaluate drug-induced auditory impairment (author's transl)]. Determination of auditory threshold was carried out under a response duration schedule of tone and/or light-dipper presentation. This schedule enabled an exact assessment of auditory sensitivity, since the direction and distance from rat to sound source were constant and the rat could thus acquire the conditioned behavior in a short time. The rat has to press the lever and hold it until a CS(tone and/or light) was presented. The animal could get water-reinforcement with release of the lever during the period of CS. The intensity of 3 KHz pure tone was reduced, from 110 dB (starting point), by 2 dB steps in each trial, until the subject made 3 non-response trials (i.e., no dipper approach within 0.7 sec after the tone onset) among 5 trials. The highest tone intensity among non-response trials was taken as the threshold. The auditory sensitivity of the rats with cotton-stuffed ears and the pierced eardrums decreased about 10 and 20 dB, respectively. The auditory sensitivity in rats was decreased by administration of streptomycin sulfate(SM), 300 mg/kg/day, i.m., in combination with ethacrynic acid(EA), 50 mg/kg/day, p.o., for forty days and in combination with EA, 100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for ten days. The auditory sensitivity was not influenced by administration of SM, 300 mg/kg/day, i.m., for forty days.", "PMID": 669486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12599", "title": "Development mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, a producer of anthracyclines: isolation and preliminary characterization.", "content": "The wild strain Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JA 10092 was found to segregate into two spontaneous morphological variants (spo-1 and bld-1) with a different ability to form aerial mycelium in media with glucose as the main carbon source. Six new types of developmental mutants were obtained from the bald variant bld-1 after treatment with mutagens (UV light, gamma radiation, nitrous acid) and after natural selection. Formation of the aerial mycelium was fully suppressed in the bld-2 type growing on media both with glucose and with starch. The other types were bald only on starch media, forming the aerial mycelium on media with glucose; types spo-2, spo-3, spo-4 and spo-5 differed in size, shape and surface structure of spores, the type whi formed asporogenous aerial hyphae.", "contents": "Development mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, a producer of anthracyclines: isolation and preliminary characterization. The wild strain Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JA 10092 was found to segregate into two spontaneous morphological variants (spo-1 and bld-1) with a different ability to form aerial mycelium in media with glucose as the main carbon source. Six new types of developmental mutants were obtained from the bald variant bld-1 after treatment with mutagens (UV light, gamma radiation, nitrous acid) and after natural selection. Formation of the aerial mycelium was fully suppressed in the bld-2 type growing on media both with glucose and with starch. The other types were bald only on starch media, forming the aerial mycelium on media with glucose; types spo-2, spo-3, spo-4 and spo-5 differed in size, shape and surface structure of spores, the type whi formed asporogenous aerial hyphae.", "PMID": 669487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12600", "title": "Effects of cyanein and ramihyphin A on the dimorphism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.", "content": "As a preliminary step in the study of dimorphism in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the effects of cyanein and ramihyphin A were studied. These antibiotics have been reported to induce morphological changes in fungi. The results obtained suggest that ramihyphin A induce swelling of hyphae while partially inhibiting Y leads to M transformation with the production of an incipient and swollen mycelium. Cyanein did not affect the mycelial morphology as did ramihyphin A. However, the Y leads to M transformation was inhibited and, also, the M leads to Y transformation was blocked with the production of a few yeast cells which were not released from the mycelium.", "contents": "Effects of cyanein and ramihyphin A on the dimorphism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. As a preliminary step in the study of dimorphism in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the effects of cyanein and ramihyphin A were studied. These antibiotics have been reported to induce morphological changes in fungi. The results obtained suggest that ramihyphin A induce swelling of hyphae while partially inhibiting Y leads to M transformation with the production of an incipient and swollen mycelium. Cyanein did not affect the mycelial morphology as did ramihyphin A. However, the Y leads to M transformation was inhibited and, also, the M leads to Y transformation was blocked with the production of a few yeast cells which were not released from the mycelium.", "PMID": 669488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12601", "title": "Contribution to the taxonomy of haemolytic corynebacteria.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the taxonomic relationships among human (Corynebacterium haemolyticum), animal (Corynebacterium pyogenes bovis) haemolytic corynebacteria, typical corynebacteria (Corynebacterium diphteriae mitis, C. ovis, C. ulcerans) and group A and G streptococci, a number of biochemical parameters were established: the DNA content of G + C, the presence of the cytochrome system, composition of fatty acids in free lipids and production of carboxylic acids as end products of fermentation. It was found that according to the above criteria, streptococci differed significantly from the corynebacteria studied. In addition, it was possible to differentiate a subgroup of typically aerobic haemolytic corynebacteria (different from both human and animal corynebacteria), possessing a complete cytochrome system, producing propionic acid and having a different composition of fatty acids.", "contents": "Contribution to the taxonomy of haemolytic corynebacteria. In an attempt to assess the taxonomic relationships among human (Corynebacterium haemolyticum), animal (Corynebacterium pyogenes bovis) haemolytic corynebacteria, typical corynebacteria (Corynebacterium diphteriae mitis, C. ovis, C. ulcerans) and group A and G streptococci, a number of biochemical parameters were established: the DNA content of G + C, the presence of the cytochrome system, composition of fatty acids in free lipids and production of carboxylic acids as end products of fermentation. It was found that according to the above criteria, streptococci differed significantly from the corynebacteria studied. In addition, it was possible to differentiate a subgroup of typically aerobic haemolytic corynebacteria (different from both human and animal corynebacteria), possessing a complete cytochrome system, producing propionic acid and having a different composition of fatty acids.", "PMID": 669489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12602", "title": "Antimicrobial effects of some benzthiazol derivatives.", "content": "Substitution with NO2, Cl, Br and I into position 6 of 2-benzthiazolthiol derivatives increased their antimicrobial efficiency while the SH group is preserved. This increase affected both G+ and G--bacteria, mycobacteria and some fungi. The degree of efficiency of the benzthiazol derivatives is also influenced by the substituent in position 2.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effects of some benzthiazol derivatives. Substitution with NO2, Cl, Br and I into position 6 of 2-benzthiazolthiol derivatives increased their antimicrobial efficiency while the SH group is preserved. This increase affected both G+ and G--bacteria, mycobacteria and some fungi. The degree of efficiency of the benzthiazol derivatives is also influenced by the substituent in position 2.", "PMID": 669490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12603", "title": "Microbial changes in clover rhizosphere after foliar and soil application of cobalt.", "content": "Application of cobalt(II) nitrate to the leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) resulted in a pronounced increase of dry weight and the number of root nodules. Counts of bacteria in the rhizosphere, content of ammonia and production of carbon dioxide in rhizosphere soil were also higher, whereas the content of nitrates decreased. Differences in the counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, anaerobic bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria in the rhizosphere of control and treated plants were not directly related to the way of application of cobalt. Genera Penicillium, Fusarium and Trichoderma predominated among fungi. The relative occurrence of penicillia was higher after the application of cobalt, the incidence of fusaria was lower. The effects of foliar and soil application of cobalt on rhizosphere microflora were not identical.", "contents": "Microbial changes in clover rhizosphere after foliar and soil application of cobalt. Application of cobalt(II) nitrate to the leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) resulted in a pronounced increase of dry weight and the number of root nodules. Counts of bacteria in the rhizosphere, content of ammonia and production of carbon dioxide in rhizosphere soil were also higher, whereas the content of nitrates decreased. Differences in the counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, anaerobic bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria in the rhizosphere of control and treated plants were not directly related to the way of application of cobalt. Genera Penicillium, Fusarium and Trichoderma predominated among fungi. The relative occurrence of penicillia was higher after the application of cobalt, the incidence of fusaria was lower. The effects of foliar and soil application of cobalt on rhizosphere microflora were not identical.", "PMID": 669491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12604", "title": "7-Deoxy-13-dihydrodaunomycinone in cultures of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus.", "content": "7-Deoxy-13-dihydrodaunomycinone was isolated from three strains of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus. Its production was found to rise at the end of cultivation and to be stimulated by lowered aeration intensity.", "contents": "7-Deoxy-13-dihydrodaunomycinone in cultures of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus. 7-Deoxy-13-dihydrodaunomycinone was isolated from three strains of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus. Its production was found to rise at the end of cultivation and to be stimulated by lowered aeration intensity.", "PMID": 669492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12605", "title": "Map reading by chimpanzees.", "content": "Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a familiar caretaker walking out into an outdoor field and disappearing from sight, were more successful in finding the person than if they had been given no such cue; and their performance approximated that which obtained after they had seen the same scene normally, via direct perception.", "contents": "Map reading by chimpanzees. Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a familiar caretaker walking out into an outdoor field and disappearing from sight, were more successful in finding the person than if they had been given no such cue; and their performance approximated that which obtained after they had seen the same scene normally, via direct perception.", "PMID": 669493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12606", "title": "Clinical experience with Org GB94 (mianserin hydrochloride), a new tetracyclic antidepressant.", "content": "(1) Org GB94 (Mianserin hydrochloride), a new tetracyclic antidepressant, was administered to 21 patients with depression or with depressive states. (2) Remarkable antidepressive response was obtained with Org GB94 in moderate and mild forms of endogenous, involutional and senile depression. (3) The onset of action of Org GB94 was rapid. (4) Anticholinergic side effects were extremely rare and other untoward effects were mild in nature.", "contents": "Clinical experience with Org GB94 (mianserin hydrochloride), a new tetracyclic antidepressant. (1) Org GB94 (Mianserin hydrochloride), a new tetracyclic antidepressant, was administered to 21 patients with depression or with depressive states. (2) Remarkable antidepressive response was obtained with Org GB94 in moderate and mild forms of endogenous, involutional and senile depression. (3) The onset of action of Org GB94 was rapid. (4) Anticholinergic side effects were extremely rare and other untoward effects were mild in nature.", "PMID": 669494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12607", "title": "On psychiatric symptoms of neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "Studies were made on the groups of psychiatric symptoms of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome in six cases considered to be brain stem encephalitis, including one case of autopsy. Psychiatric symptoms appeared from one to eight years after neurological symptoms first occurred. This group of psychiatric symptoms can be divided roughly into the early-stage, middle-stage, terminal-stage and episodic groups. The initias-stage symptom group concerns mainly a change in, and regression of, personality, consisting of being childish, shallow, indifferent, careless, rude, slow in action, euphoric, or depressive. The middle-stage symptom group is made up of indifference, forced smiling, forced crying, amnesia, recent memory impairment, and disorder of sleep rhythm. The terminal-stage symptom group comprises the \"lock-in\" syndrome, which if advanced, will become Apallisches Syndrome. The episodic symptom group is made up of pathologically abnormal experiences such as hallucinations and delusions and symptoms due to a decline in the level of consciousness such as confusion, delirium and twilight state. Dementia hitherto mentioned in Neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome should be classified as subcortical dementia.", "contents": "On psychiatric symptoms of neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Studies were made on the groups of psychiatric symptoms of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome in six cases considered to be brain stem encephalitis, including one case of autopsy. Psychiatric symptoms appeared from one to eight years after neurological symptoms first occurred. This group of psychiatric symptoms can be divided roughly into the early-stage, middle-stage, terminal-stage and episodic groups. The initias-stage symptom group concerns mainly a change in, and regression of, personality, consisting of being childish, shallow, indifferent, careless, rude, slow in action, euphoric, or depressive. The middle-stage symptom group is made up of indifference, forced smiling, forced crying, amnesia, recent memory impairment, and disorder of sleep rhythm. The terminal-stage symptom group comprises the \"lock-in\" syndrome, which if advanced, will become Apallisches Syndrome. The episodic symptom group is made up of pathologically abnormal experiences such as hallucinations and delusions and symptoms due to a decline in the level of consciousness such as confusion, delirium and twilight state. Dementia hitherto mentioned in Neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome should be classified as subcortical dementia.", "PMID": 669496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12608", "title": "Time-dependency of serum carbamazepine concentration.", "content": "Serum CBZ concentration was determined by gas liquid chromatographic method in 14 epileptic patients (32 samples) treated initially with CBZ alone, and the following results were obtained: 1. The relationship between serum CBZ concentration and CBZ dose was expressed by a regression line that sloped sharply upwards at first: high serum concentration was obtained from small dose up to the end of three weeks after initiation of CBZ administration. After the 3rd--4th treatment week, regression coefficient was reduced by half, and the regression line had a gentler slope. 2. As the treatment was continued longer, serum CBZ concentration and serum concentration/dose ratio became lower. The relationship between duration of CBZ treatment and serum concentration/dose ratio was expressed by a regression curve representing a quadratic function with negative coefficient, the ratio being high in early stage of the treatment. This regression curve shows that the ratio reached its maximum value at the 10.5 days after initiation of the treatment. The ratio was stabilized at a low level about 3--4 weeks after that. 3. From the results, serum CBZ concentration was confirmed to be more dependent on duration of the treatment than on dose. This was inferred, on the basis of documentary research, to be attributable to the autoinduction of CBZ metabolism, the inference of which seemed to be supported by the results of measurement of time-course change in serum concentration in five cases of the present series. The results in one of the said five cases suggest that serum CBZ concentration varies greatly within 12 hr. 4. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that spontaneous decrease in serum CBZ concentration must be countered not merely by increase in CBZ dose, but by increase in the number of dosages/day for suppression of excessive diurnal change in serum concentration as well.", "contents": "Time-dependency of serum carbamazepine concentration. Serum CBZ concentration was determined by gas liquid chromatographic method in 14 epileptic patients (32 samples) treated initially with CBZ alone, and the following results were obtained: 1. The relationship between serum CBZ concentration and CBZ dose was expressed by a regression line that sloped sharply upwards at first: high serum concentration was obtained from small dose up to the end of three weeks after initiation of CBZ administration. After the 3rd--4th treatment week, regression coefficient was reduced by half, and the regression line had a gentler slope. 2. As the treatment was continued longer, serum CBZ concentration and serum concentration/dose ratio became lower. The relationship between duration of CBZ treatment and serum concentration/dose ratio was expressed by a regression curve representing a quadratic function with negative coefficient, the ratio being high in early stage of the treatment. This regression curve shows that the ratio reached its maximum value at the 10.5 days after initiation of the treatment. The ratio was stabilized at a low level about 3--4 weeks after that. 3. From the results, serum CBZ concentration was confirmed to be more dependent on duration of the treatment than on dose. This was inferred, on the basis of documentary research, to be attributable to the autoinduction of CBZ metabolism, the inference of which seemed to be supported by the results of measurement of time-course change in serum concentration in five cases of the present series. The results in one of the said five cases suggest that serum CBZ concentration varies greatly within 12 hr. 4. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that spontaneous decrease in serum CBZ concentration must be countered not merely by increase in CBZ dose, but by increase in the number of dosages/day for suppression of excessive diurnal change in serum concentration as well.", "PMID": 669497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12609", "title": "Induction of the six c/sec spike and wave by diphenhydramine hydrochloride in healthy male adults.", "content": "Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPHm) solution 1.5% was given intravenously to 375 healthy males (mean age; 23.8 years) at a rate of 30 mg/min. The dosages injected were 2 mg/kg (N=157); 1.5 mg/kg (N=94); 10 mg/kg (N=72); 0.5 mg/kg (N=52). As a result, the 6 c/sec spike and wave discharges (WSP) was found in 19.7%, 9.6%, 20.8%, and 15.4% of cases, respectively. Comparisons were made between the WSP incidence versus past histories and Cornell Medical Index results, and between WSP positive and WSP negative subjects. No significant differences were observed in any of these parameters.", "contents": "Induction of the six c/sec spike and wave by diphenhydramine hydrochloride in healthy male adults. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPHm) solution 1.5% was given intravenously to 375 healthy males (mean age; 23.8 years) at a rate of 30 mg/min. The dosages injected were 2 mg/kg (N=157); 1.5 mg/kg (N=94); 10 mg/kg (N=72); 0.5 mg/kg (N=52). As a result, the 6 c/sec spike and wave discharges (WSP) was found in 19.7%, 9.6%, 20.8%, and 15.4% of cases, respectively. Comparisons were made between the WSP incidence versus past histories and Cornell Medical Index results, and between WSP positive and WSP negative subjects. No significant differences were observed in any of these parameters.", "PMID": 669498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12610", "title": "On the distribution of senile changes in the spinal cord.", "content": "Using serially sectioned spinal cords, studies were made on the number of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles, and the distribution of lipofuscin in five cases of clinically and histopathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, 10 cases of similarly confirmed senile dementia and 10 cases of mentally normal people. Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles were not observed at all in Alzheimer's disease and in the conrol group. A very small number of them were found in the intermediolateral cell, posterior column cell, anterolateral cell, and anteromedian cell groups in three cases of senile dementia. The deposition of lipofuscin was high in the anterolateral and posterolateral cell groups and nucl. dorsalis in all of the cases of Alzheimer's diseases, senile dementia and the control group. It is worthy of note that the Alzheimer's group, for its age, showed a relatively greater amount of lipofuscin.", "contents": "On the distribution of senile changes in the spinal cord. Using serially sectioned spinal cords, studies were made on the number of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles, and the distribution of lipofuscin in five cases of clinically and histopathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, 10 cases of similarly confirmed senile dementia and 10 cases of mentally normal people. Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles were not observed at all in Alzheimer's disease and in the conrol group. A very small number of them were found in the intermediolateral cell, posterior column cell, anterolateral cell, and anteromedian cell groups in three cases of senile dementia. The deposition of lipofuscin was high in the anterolateral and posterolateral cell groups and nucl. dorsalis in all of the cases of Alzheimer's diseases, senile dementia and the control group. It is worthy of note that the Alzheimer's group, for its age, showed a relatively greater amount of lipofuscin.", "PMID": 669500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12611", "title": "The effect of motor-response-deprivation on contingent negative variation (CNV): the morphology.", "content": "Eighty-four healthy subjects (47 males and 37 females) ranging in age between 9 and 76 years were employed in a study of the relations of the CNV morphology with the CNV amplitude, the reaction time and the MPI score. The results were as follows: 1. We classified a new type of Plateau (P) in the negative-going limb (NGL) types. 2. There was no sex difference in the NGL types, but the positive-going limb (PGL) types were influenced by age, and the type II tended to increase between the ages of 40--59 years old. 3. As a whole, the type B in the NGL and the type I in the PGL were most prominent regardless of age, session or paradigm. The type FD was very rare and appeared only in the session N. The types III and IV failed to be found in any healthy subjects. 4. Using the matched control study, the relations of the morphology with the CNV amplitude, the reaction time and the MPI score were analyzed. The conventional CNV amplitude in the sessions C and R increased in the sequences of the types B-A-P and the types I-II, and the CNV amplitudes in the session N increased in the sequences of the types A-B-P and II-I. The reaction time in the sessions C and R tended to prolong in the sequences of the types P-B-A and II-I. With the MPI, as the N-score increased with a decrease of the E-score, the NGL types changed from the type P to A through B in the conventional CNV and from the type A to B or P in the session N, while the PGL types changed from the type I to II in the conventional CNV and from the type II to I in the session N. 5. We suggest that there is a twofold arousal process, specific (task-relevant) and general, behind these types and that the dynamic balance of this process may influence psychological manifestations.", "contents": "The effect of motor-response-deprivation on contingent negative variation (CNV): the morphology. Eighty-four healthy subjects (47 males and 37 females) ranging in age between 9 and 76 years were employed in a study of the relations of the CNV morphology with the CNV amplitude, the reaction time and the MPI score. The results were as follows: 1. We classified a new type of Plateau (P) in the negative-going limb (NGL) types. 2. There was no sex difference in the NGL types, but the positive-going limb (PGL) types were influenced by age, and the type II tended to increase between the ages of 40--59 years old. 3. As a whole, the type B in the NGL and the type I in the PGL were most prominent regardless of age, session or paradigm. The type FD was very rare and appeared only in the session N. The types III and IV failed to be found in any healthy subjects. 4. Using the matched control study, the relations of the morphology with the CNV amplitude, the reaction time and the MPI score were analyzed. The conventional CNV amplitude in the sessions C and R increased in the sequences of the types B-A-P and the types I-II, and the CNV amplitudes in the session N increased in the sequences of the types A-B-P and II-I. The reaction time in the sessions C and R tended to prolong in the sequences of the types P-B-A and II-I. With the MPI, as the N-score increased with a decrease of the E-score, the NGL types changed from the type P to A through B in the conventional CNV and from the type A to B or P in the session N, while the PGL types changed from the type I to II in the conventional CNV and from the type II to I in the session N. 5. We suggest that there is a twofold arousal process, specific (task-relevant) and general, behind these types and that the dynamic balance of this process may influence psychological manifestations.", "PMID": 669499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12612", "title": "A morphologic study of central nervous system aging in Hiroshima, Japan.", "content": "The presence of intraparenchymal small vessel arteriosclerosis, senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration was quantified in the brains of autopsided patients from three age groups: 1) 90--99 years old 2) 70--79 years old and 3) 50--59 years old. Neurofibrillary tangles particularly in the hippocampus were the best indicator of chronologic aging, but senile plaques and granulovacuolar degeneration were also age related. Intraparenchymal small vessel sclerosis, cerebral infarction and hemorrhage, cause of death and radiation exposure at the time of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima apparently had little or no effect on the development of these aging changes. Each type of aging change appeared to be independent of the others, to progress to a different combination of physiologic processes.", "contents": "A morphologic study of central nervous system aging in Hiroshima, Japan. The presence of intraparenchymal small vessel arteriosclerosis, senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration was quantified in the brains of autopsided patients from three age groups: 1) 90--99 years old 2) 70--79 years old and 3) 50--59 years old. Neurofibrillary tangles particularly in the hippocampus were the best indicator of chronologic aging, but senile plaques and granulovacuolar degeneration were also age related. Intraparenchymal small vessel sclerosis, cerebral infarction and hemorrhage, cause of death and radiation exposure at the time of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima apparently had little or no effect on the development of these aging changes. Each type of aging change appeared to be independent of the others, to progress to a different combination of physiologic processes.", "PMID": 669501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12613", "title": "Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis of the nervous system after mercury intoxication.", "content": "The nervous system of the rats with methyl mercury intoxication was studied by a recently developed electron microscopic X-ray microanalytical technique. A mercury element was detected at the lysosome-like dense bodies of the peripheral nerves and of the cerebellum, especially prominent at the dense bodies of the collapsing cells. Mercury was also suggested at the dilated endoplasmic reticulum of Schwann cells. It may be apparent that mercury itself practically penetrates into the cells of the nervous system and directly destructs them. Except for the lysosome-like dense bodies and occasional endoplasmic reticulum, however, the precise localization and distribution of minimal amounts of mercury element within the cells were difficult to evaluate by this method, because a peak for mercury was overlapped occasionally with that of sulphur when they were so scanty in quantity.", "contents": "Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis of the nervous system after mercury intoxication. The nervous system of the rats with methyl mercury intoxication was studied by a recently developed electron microscopic X-ray microanalytical technique. A mercury element was detected at the lysosome-like dense bodies of the peripheral nerves and of the cerebellum, especially prominent at the dense bodies of the collapsing cells. Mercury was also suggested at the dilated endoplasmic reticulum of Schwann cells. It may be apparent that mercury itself practically penetrates into the cells of the nervous system and directly destructs them. Except for the lysosome-like dense bodies and occasional endoplasmic reticulum, however, the precise localization and distribution of minimal amounts of mercury element within the cells were difficult to evaluate by this method, because a peak for mercury was overlapped occasionally with that of sulphur when they were so scanty in quantity.", "PMID": 669502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12614", "title": "An autopsy case of atypical senile dementia with atrophy of the temporal lobes--a clinical and histopathological report.", "content": "A man aged 70, descendant of an apparently healthy family, showed disorientation, delusional ideas and rages at 66. Later there was slowly advancing deterioration with muteness, disorientation and dysphagia. He died of cardiac failure. There was the diffuse atrophy of the cerebrum, which was remarkably accentuated on both temporal lobes (poles, T2 and T3), where the loss of nerve cells and proliferation of astrocytes were found in the cortex and pallor and conspicuous fibrillary gliosis were noted in the white matter. These findings fundamentally suggest Pick's disease. On the one hand, numerous senile plaques and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes, suggestive of Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia), were observed throughout the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, a few inflated cells were also seen in the cingulate, superior frontal gyri and temporal lobes. Basilar artery was moderately atherosclerotic and cerebrovascular disorders were distributed throughout the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, especially in the field of supply of middle cerebral artery. This case is similar to rare cases reported by Berlin (1949), Neumann (1949) and Oyanagi et al. (1975). The nosological situation as a disease entity remains to be determined.", "contents": "An autopsy case of atypical senile dementia with atrophy of the temporal lobes--a clinical and histopathological report. A man aged 70, descendant of an apparently healthy family, showed disorientation, delusional ideas and rages at 66. Later there was slowly advancing deterioration with muteness, disorientation and dysphagia. He died of cardiac failure. There was the diffuse atrophy of the cerebrum, which was remarkably accentuated on both temporal lobes (poles, T2 and T3), where the loss of nerve cells and proliferation of astrocytes were found in the cortex and pallor and conspicuous fibrillary gliosis were noted in the white matter. These findings fundamentally suggest Pick's disease. On the one hand, numerous senile plaques and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes, suggestive of Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia), were observed throughout the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, a few inflated cells were also seen in the cingulate, superior frontal gyri and temporal lobes. Basilar artery was moderately atherosclerotic and cerebrovascular disorders were distributed throughout the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, especially in the field of supply of middle cerebral artery. This case is similar to rare cases reported by Berlin (1949), Neumann (1949) and Oyanagi et al. (1975). The nosological situation as a disease entity remains to be determined.", "PMID": 669503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12615", "title": "[Study report on the lack of interaction between mianserine and noradrenaline in man].", "content": "Tricyclic antidepressants are known to potentiate the increase in blood pressure caused by noradrenaline. Five depressive patients were given intravenous noradrenaline before and after 2--4 weeks of treatment with Org GB 94 (Tolvin). The dose of noradrenaline was increased until a rise of 30 mmHg in systolic blood pressure occurred. No evidence of interaction between Org GB94 and noradrenaline was found. The implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "[Study report on the lack of interaction between mianserine and noradrenaline in man]. Tricyclic antidepressants are known to potentiate the increase in blood pressure caused by noradrenaline. Five depressive patients were given intravenous noradrenaline before and after 2--4 weeks of treatment with Org GB 94 (Tolvin). The dose of noradrenaline was increased until a rise of 30 mmHg in systolic blood pressure occurred. No evidence of interaction between Org GB94 and noradrenaline was found. The implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 669524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12616", "title": "[Imprint cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast neoplasms for intraoperative rapid diagnosis].", "content": "A total of 385 lymph nodes of patients suffering from breast cancer were examined intraoperatively for the presence of metastases. We applied imprint cytology and stained using the \"Diff-Quick\" set (3 times 30 seconds). The percentage of correct identifications following instant cytological examination amounted to 94.5 if compared with subsequent paraffin histology. The 21 diagnostic failures were composed of 3 false negative and 18 false positive results. These data make the advantages for routine clinical application quite obvious.", "contents": "[Imprint cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast neoplasms for intraoperative rapid diagnosis]. A total of 385 lymph nodes of patients suffering from breast cancer were examined intraoperatively for the presence of metastases. We applied imprint cytology and stained using the \"Diff-Quick\" set (3 times 30 seconds). The percentage of correct identifications following instant cytological examination amounted to 94.5 if compared with subsequent paraffin histology. The 21 diagnostic failures were composed of 3 false negative and 18 false positive results. These data make the advantages for routine clinical application quite obvious.", "PMID": 669528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12617", "title": "[Scintigraphy and fine needle biopsy in nodular goiter. Results in 548 patients].", "content": "The results of scintigraphic and cytological investigations in 548 patients with goiter are presented: In 402 goiters 470 nodes were detected, 385 of which were scintigraphically \"cold\". 276 solitary nodules were found, 109 in cases of multinodular goiter. Solitary nodules were preferentially located in the right lobe. The cytological diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 88 cases. Out of 24 malignant tumors, 21 were diagnosed correctly by means of cytology. The positive smears and the histological findings were in agreement in 14 of 15 cases. The accuracy of cytological diagnosis in the detection of thyroid malignancies was 87.5%. 12.5% of the smears were false negatives, 1.6% false positives and 10.9% false suspicious. The relative high percentage of false suspicious smears is caused by difficulties in cytologic differentiation of thyroid lesions due to microfollicular structures which are usually only classified as \"follicular neoplasia\". This cytologic term necessitates an obligatory histologic examination since cytology does not allow to differentiate between follicular adenomas and carcinomas. 5.5% of the histologically ascertained cold nodules were malignant, in 19% of the cases with cold nodes thyroid punction revealed cystic lesions.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy and fine needle biopsy in nodular goiter. Results in 548 patients]. The results of scintigraphic and cytological investigations in 548 patients with goiter are presented: In 402 goiters 470 nodes were detected, 385 of which were scintigraphically \"cold\". 276 solitary nodules were found, 109 in cases of multinodular goiter. Solitary nodules were preferentially located in the right lobe. The cytological diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 88 cases. Out of 24 malignant tumors, 21 were diagnosed correctly by means of cytology. The positive smears and the histological findings were in agreement in 14 of 15 cases. The accuracy of cytological diagnosis in the detection of thyroid malignancies was 87.5%. 12.5% of the smears were false negatives, 1.6% false positives and 10.9% false suspicious. The relative high percentage of false suspicious smears is caused by difficulties in cytologic differentiation of thyroid lesions due to microfollicular structures which are usually only classified as \"follicular neoplasia\". This cytologic term necessitates an obligatory histologic examination since cytology does not allow to differentiate between follicular adenomas and carcinomas. 5.5% of the histologically ascertained cold nodules were malignant, in 19% of the cases with cold nodes thyroid punction revealed cystic lesions.", "PMID": 669529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12618", "title": "[Functional effects of micro-oil embolization following lymphography].", "content": "Lymphography, if performed correctly, has few clinically relevant complications. Nevertheless, the passage of oily contrast medium into the pulmonary vascular bed along physiological pathways can usually be verified radiographically and functionally. Since that part of the contrast medium filtered in the lungs is of no diagnostic value we think that a total amount of 14--16 ml Lipiodol Ultrafluid should normally suffice for outlining the retroperitoneal lymph passageways from the legs. With smaller amounts one may misinterpret an incomplete filling of the cranial paraaortic lymph nodes as filling defects. We agree with most authors that in patients with abnormal lung function, especially those with restrictive disorders, and in patients with pre-existing right heart strain lymphography should only be considered when truly indicated and only after testing of pulmonary function.", "contents": "[Functional effects of micro-oil embolization following lymphography]. Lymphography, if performed correctly, has few clinically relevant complications. Nevertheless, the passage of oily contrast medium into the pulmonary vascular bed along physiological pathways can usually be verified radiographically and functionally. Since that part of the contrast medium filtered in the lungs is of no diagnostic value we think that a total amount of 14--16 ml Lipiodol Ultrafluid should normally suffice for outlining the retroperitoneal lymph passageways from the legs. With smaller amounts one may misinterpret an incomplete filling of the cranial paraaortic lymph nodes as filling defects. We agree with most authors that in patients with abnormal lung function, especially those with restrictive disorders, and in patients with pre-existing right heart strain lymphography should only be considered when truly indicated and only after testing of pulmonary function.", "PMID": 669530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12619", "title": "[Video technic in the hospital--play or progress?].", "content": "Many surgical departments indlcuding the ENT field have installed video recording systems or simple b/w or color TV camera and monitors. Using a TV color system has been quite successful for ENT purposes in the operating room. The camera is used in microsurgical work (tympanoplasty etc.) and is connected to the microscope so that the picture can be controlled, corrected, analysed and explained by the teacher. Recording systems are presented and the \"utopic\" question of compatibility is discussed.", "contents": "[Video technic in the hospital--play or progress?]. Many surgical departments indlcuding the ENT field have installed video recording systems or simple b/w or color TV camera and monitors. Using a TV color system has been quite successful for ENT purposes in the operating room. The camera is used in microsurgical work (tympanoplasty etc.) and is connected to the microscope so that the picture can be controlled, corrected, analysed and explained by the teacher. Recording systems are presented and the \"utopic\" question of compatibility is discussed.", "PMID": 669531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12620", "title": "[Conservative treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc displacement and its limits].", "content": "Non-surgical therapy of lumbar disc protrusions is based on complete differential diagnosis. Drug therapy means mainly muscle relaxants partly combined with analgetics. Physiotherapy is important, especially gymnastics and swimming. Chirotherapy is in most cases useful, but if 3 or 4 therapeutic sessions are without success, operation will be necessary. Indication ofr an operation can be (relatively) persisting disturbances, absolute indication is any kind of weakness or paresis.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc displacement and its limits]. Non-surgical therapy of lumbar disc protrusions is based on complete differential diagnosis. Drug therapy means mainly muscle relaxants partly combined with analgetics. Physiotherapy is important, especially gymnastics and swimming. Chirotherapy is in most cases useful, but if 3 or 4 therapeutic sessions are without success, operation will be necessary. Indication ofr an operation can be (relatively) persisting disturbances, absolute indication is any kind of weakness or paresis.", "PMID": 669533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12621", "title": "[Rubella vaccination during puerperium? Effect of rubella vaccination during puerperium on the titer of HAH].", "content": "The rubella-HI-titer of 142 women vaccinated against rubella during childbed and 126 women not vaccinated during childbed were tested at the time of delivery and again 10-12 weeks later. The results show booster effects if prevaccinal titer were low. In the case of higher prevaccinal titer a titer reduction due to vaccination results.", "contents": "[Rubella vaccination during puerperium? Effect of rubella vaccination during puerperium on the titer of HAH]. The rubella-HI-titer of 142 women vaccinated against rubella during childbed and 126 women not vaccinated during childbed were tested at the time of delivery and again 10-12 weeks later. The results show booster effects if prevaccinal titer were low. In the case of higher prevaccinal titer a titer reduction due to vaccination results.", "PMID": 669534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12622", "title": "[Organic acids including alpha-keto acids. Their importance and gaschromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis in serum and urine of infants].", "content": "Alpha-ketoacids are of some importance as intermediary metabolic products of aminoacids. Analysis of alpha-ketoacids has been difficult due to their ketogroups. A newly applied method is described by which these ketogroups are transformed to oximes. Linearity, massspectrometric verification, stability, sensitivity, and extractability allow the application to physiologic fluids: 1. when challenged with oral 1-leucine, children with maple syrup urine disease show an increase in all three branched-chain alpha-ketoacids; 2. apparently branched-chain alpha-ketoacids play a major role in the pathogenesis of the so-called ketotic hypoglycemia; 3. infants, newborns, and prematures have higher serum concentrations and higher urinary excretion of organic acids including the alpha-ketoacids than oder children; 4. even when humanized milk is fed there appears to be a higher metabolic load in newborns and prematures than under human milk; 5. tyrosine and its organic acids pHPPA, pHPLA, and pHPAA are significantly increased in newborns and prematures when humanized milk versus real human milk is fed. These are further reasons, among many others, to prefer human milk in infant feeding over all artificial products.", "contents": "[Organic acids including alpha-keto acids. Their importance and gaschromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis in serum and urine of infants]. Alpha-ketoacids are of some importance as intermediary metabolic products of aminoacids. Analysis of alpha-ketoacids has been difficult due to their ketogroups. A newly applied method is described by which these ketogroups are transformed to oximes. Linearity, massspectrometric verification, stability, sensitivity, and extractability allow the application to physiologic fluids: 1. when challenged with oral 1-leucine, children with maple syrup urine disease show an increase in all three branched-chain alpha-ketoacids; 2. apparently branched-chain alpha-ketoacids play a major role in the pathogenesis of the so-called ketotic hypoglycemia; 3. infants, newborns, and prematures have higher serum concentrations and higher urinary excretion of organic acids including the alpha-ketoacids than oder children; 4. even when humanized milk is fed there appears to be a higher metabolic load in newborns and prematures than under human milk; 5. tyrosine and its organic acids pHPPA, pHPLA, and pHPAA are significantly increased in newborns and prematures when humanized milk versus real human milk is fed. These are further reasons, among many others, to prefer human milk in infant feeding over all artificial products.", "PMID": 669535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12623", "title": "[Tuberculosis of the peripheral lymph nodes].", "content": "In Germans as well as in \"foreign workers\" acute tuberculous lymphnode disease is most often seen in the drainage areas of old sometimes even calcified tuberculous processes. The infective agent is almost always mycobacterium tuberculosis. Resistant strains are rarely found even in recurrent disease. Differential diagnosis includes tulareaemia, cat scratch syndrome, lues, and foreign body reaction. In those cases in which the histopathologic findings are similar to productive tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and epitheloid cell reaction in the drainage area of malignant tumors have to be taken into account. Knowing the usual good-response to tuberculostatic drugs there is no need to perform risky operations or to utilize rather dangerous agents such as streptomycine.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis of the peripheral lymph nodes]. In Germans as well as in \"foreign workers\" acute tuberculous lymphnode disease is most often seen in the drainage areas of old sometimes even calcified tuberculous processes. The infective agent is almost always mycobacterium tuberculosis. Resistant strains are rarely found even in recurrent disease. Differential diagnosis includes tulareaemia, cat scratch syndrome, lues, and foreign body reaction. In those cases in which the histopathologic findings are similar to productive tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and epitheloid cell reaction in the drainage area of malignant tumors have to be taken into account. Knowing the usual good-response to tuberculostatic drugs there is no need to perform risky operations or to utilize rather dangerous agents such as streptomycine.", "PMID": 669538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12624", "title": "[The value of galactography in the secreting breast].", "content": "At the Institutes for Diagnostic Radiology of the Universities of Athens (Greece) and Freiburg/Br. (West Germany) the mammographic examination had to be supplemented in 4 res. 2 per cent by injection of contrast medium into the milk ducts (galactography). This procedure is indicated in cases with secreting of the mammary glands. Technic and results are presented. Recognition of small, non-palpable tumors which might not be detected by mammography alone is emphasized.", "contents": "[The value of galactography in the secreting breast]. At the Institutes for Diagnostic Radiology of the Universities of Athens (Greece) and Freiburg/Br. (West Germany) the mammographic examination had to be supplemented in 4 res. 2 per cent by injection of contrast medium into the milk ducts (galactography). This procedure is indicated in cases with secreting of the mammary glands. Technic and results are presented. Recognition of small, non-palpable tumors which might not be detected by mammography alone is emphasized.", "PMID": 669539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12625", "title": "[Possibilities for pain reduction by the prevention of edemas and elimination of endogenous pain producing substances].", "content": "The contemporary view of the cause of pain in case of histological lesions is discussed, i.e. the mechanisms of the formation of local high-protein oedemas in connexion with disorders of lymphatic drainage. 295 patients of an oral-surgical department were subjected to a systematic therapeutic study for investigating the possibilities of medicamentously influencing oedema and pain. Tested by way of comparison were a benzopyrone preparation (Venalot) and oxyphenbutazone. A group of control patients could only make use of an analgetic. The assessment of the reduction of oedema was done by means of anthropometric measurements. The analgetic action was judged by the need of analgetics. The result of it was that the benzopyrone preparation possesses a strong analgetic and antioedematous action which also exceeds that of the comparative therapy. The benzopyrones' clinical mechanisms of action are discussed in the light of experimental results.", "contents": "[Possibilities for pain reduction by the prevention of edemas and elimination of endogenous pain producing substances]. The contemporary view of the cause of pain in case of histological lesions is discussed, i.e. the mechanisms of the formation of local high-protein oedemas in connexion with disorders of lymphatic drainage. 295 patients of an oral-surgical department were subjected to a systematic therapeutic study for investigating the possibilities of medicamentously influencing oedema and pain. Tested by way of comparison were a benzopyrone preparation (Venalot) and oxyphenbutazone. A group of control patients could only make use of an analgetic. The assessment of the reduction of oedema was done by means of anthropometric measurements. The analgetic action was judged by the need of analgetics. The result of it was that the benzopyrone preparation possesses a strong analgetic and antioedematous action which also exceeds that of the comparative therapy. The benzopyrones' clinical mechanisms of action are discussed in the light of experimental results.", "PMID": 669542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12626", "title": "[Ambulatory blood sugar control of diabetics on insulin therapy during pregnancy by means of the Eyetone reflectometer].", "content": "The data obtained in this study show that sufficiently accurate blood glucose values can be obtained by the pregnant diabetic with the Eyetone reflectometer. It is possible to lower the blood glucose value of the pregnant diabetic to the normal range as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Prolonged hospital confinement can be avoided by using this outpatient blood glucose measurement procedure.", "contents": "[Ambulatory blood sugar control of diabetics on insulin therapy during pregnancy by means of the Eyetone reflectometer]. The data obtained in this study show that sufficiently accurate blood glucose values can be obtained by the pregnant diabetic with the Eyetone reflectometer. It is possible to lower the blood glucose value of the pregnant diabetic to the normal range as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Prolonged hospital confinement can be avoided by using this outpatient blood glucose measurement procedure.", "PMID": 669544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12627", "title": "[Fetomaternal immune reaction in normal and pathologic pregnancies].", "content": "Pregnancy-specific diseases such as pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation do certainly influence the feto-maternal immunological links; this effect may be primary or secondary. In vitro methods to measure quantitatively the maternal cellular immune response and its sensitivity to humeral serum factors are discussed. Trophoblast cells grown in macro- and microcultures under standardized conditions were exposed to the cytotoxic effect of a suspension of maternal lymphocytes derived from peripheral venous blood; the concentration of lymphocytes was titrated. In a second titration series we tested the influence of maternal serum on the lymphocytotoxic effect; trophoblast and lymphocyte cell numbers were kept constant. The results give some evidence that in the absence of maternal serum the lymphocytotoxicity is diminished in cases with poor fetal growth or with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, if compared with the conditions found in cases of normal term pregnancies. If, however, maternal serum was present, the known anticytotoxic effect of the serum became only evident in the normal term controls, whereas the cytotoxicity increased with rising serum concentrations in cultures derived from cases with intrauterine growth retardation or pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. One possible explanation would be the presence of cytotoxic serum factors in those cases. In the discussion the different aspects of feto-maternal immune relationship in healthy subjects are analysed and an attempt is made to correlate the findings of different authors. It is most likely that the maternal immune responses (directed specifically and non-specifically against fetal antigens) do vary continuously in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Fetomaternal immune reaction in normal and pathologic pregnancies]. Pregnancy-specific diseases such as pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation do certainly influence the feto-maternal immunological links; this effect may be primary or secondary. In vitro methods to measure quantitatively the maternal cellular immune response and its sensitivity to humeral serum factors are discussed. Trophoblast cells grown in macro- and microcultures under standardized conditions were exposed to the cytotoxic effect of a suspension of maternal lymphocytes derived from peripheral venous blood; the concentration of lymphocytes was titrated. In a second titration series we tested the influence of maternal serum on the lymphocytotoxic effect; trophoblast and lymphocyte cell numbers were kept constant. The results give some evidence that in the absence of maternal serum the lymphocytotoxicity is diminished in cases with poor fetal growth or with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, if compared with the conditions found in cases of normal term pregnancies. If, however, maternal serum was present, the known anticytotoxic effect of the serum became only evident in the normal term controls, whereas the cytotoxicity increased with rising serum concentrations in cultures derived from cases with intrauterine growth retardation or pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. One possible explanation would be the presence of cytotoxic serum factors in those cases. In the discussion the different aspects of feto-maternal immune relationship in healthy subjects are analysed and an attempt is made to correlate the findings of different authors. It is most likely that the maternal immune responses (directed specifically and non-specifically against fetal antigens) do vary continuously in pregnancy.", "PMID": 669546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12628", "title": "[Microbiological evaluation of cefoxitin, a new beta-lactamase resistant cephamycin antibiotic, compared to cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefazolin].", "content": "Cefoxitin (Mefoxitin), Cephaloridin, Cephalothin and Cefazolin were tested in vitro against 380 clinical isolates of Staph. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae using the tube dilution procedure. Of the gramnegative microorganisms a selection of 150 strains was examined regarding susceptibility to the antibiotic combinations cefoxitin/gentamicin and cefoxitin/sisomicin in comparison to cephalothin/gentamicin and cephalothin/sisomicin. Cefoxitin has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and a high beta-lactamase-resistance. Cefoxitin was more active than the other antibiotics tested against E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, indole-negative and -positive Proteus species. The high effectiveness of cefoxitin against anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens is discussed. Cefoxitin has an excellent bactericidal potency. Among the combinations tested cefoxitin/sisomicin was most active and obtained synergistic effects in most species. The resistance rate of cefoxitin of 8.7% was reduced to 0.7% with cefoxitin/sisomicin.", "contents": "[Microbiological evaluation of cefoxitin, a new beta-lactamase resistant cephamycin antibiotic, compared to cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefazolin]. Cefoxitin (Mefoxitin), Cephaloridin, Cephalothin and Cefazolin were tested in vitro against 380 clinical isolates of Staph. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae using the tube dilution procedure. Of the gramnegative microorganisms a selection of 150 strains was examined regarding susceptibility to the antibiotic combinations cefoxitin/gentamicin and cefoxitin/sisomicin in comparison to cephalothin/gentamicin and cephalothin/sisomicin. Cefoxitin has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and a high beta-lactamase-resistance. Cefoxitin was more active than the other antibiotics tested against E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, indole-negative and -positive Proteus species. The high effectiveness of cefoxitin against anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens is discussed. Cefoxitin has an excellent bactericidal potency. Among the combinations tested cefoxitin/sisomicin was most active and obtained synergistic effects in most species. The resistance rate of cefoxitin of 8.7% was reduced to 0.7% with cefoxitin/sisomicin.", "PMID": 669547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12629", "title": "[Depressive syndromes during schizophrenic psychoses].", "content": "Depressive syndromes are often seen in schizophrenics. Three forms have to be distinguished: 1. Depressive reactions of acute psychotic symptoms. Primary therapy should be done with neuroleptics. 2. Psychodynamically understandable depressed mood after psychosis and/or hospitalization. Psycho- and sociotherapy is necessary. 3. Very often and most heavy are pharmacogenic depressions following recovery from schizophrenic symptoms (under fluphenazine-decanoate up to about three quarters of the patients). A controlled study showed that they are caused by neuroleptic drugs. First and best therapy is to reduce or even discontinue the application of the neuroleptic. Antiparkinsonian drugs intravenously applied help within one minute. The recovery from depressive syndromes can also be accelerated if reduction of neuroleptic dosage is sometime assisted by antidepressants.", "contents": "[Depressive syndromes during schizophrenic psychoses]. Depressive syndromes are often seen in schizophrenics. Three forms have to be distinguished: 1. Depressive reactions of acute psychotic symptoms. Primary therapy should be done with neuroleptics. 2. Psychodynamically understandable depressed mood after psychosis and/or hospitalization. Psycho- and sociotherapy is necessary. 3. Very often and most heavy are pharmacogenic depressions following recovery from schizophrenic symptoms (under fluphenazine-decanoate up to about three quarters of the patients). A controlled study showed that they are caused by neuroleptic drugs. First and best therapy is to reduce or even discontinue the application of the neuroleptic. Antiparkinsonian drugs intravenously applied help within one minute. The recovery from depressive syndromes can also be accelerated if reduction of neuroleptic dosage is sometime assisted by antidepressants.", "PMID": 669548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12630", "title": "[A clinical study with apexcardiogram, kinetocardiogram and carotid pulse tracing in aortic insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The apexcardiogram, kinetocardiogram and carotid pulse tracing were studied in 24 normal subjects and 20 patients with aortic insufficiency. The electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously as the time reference. The study of the carotid pulse tracing and systolic time intervals was made using the injection of methoxane and inhalation of amyl nitrite. In aortic insufficiency, the apexcardiogram of the infinite decay time tended to demonstrate a lift of end-systolic shoulder according to the severity of the disease, while, kinetocardiograms at K-45 showed a prominent systolic outward movement. The correlation ratio of these findings between normal and aortic insufficiency was 0.59 in the apexcardiogram and 0.72 in the kinetocardiogram. The findings were also correlated with CTR with a correlation coefficient of 0.41 and 0.62 in aortic insufficiency only or 0.63 and 0.81 including normal cases. The apexcardiogram of the short time constant represented no characteristic changes. Therefore, it might be concluded that the kinetocardiogram is more useful than the apexcardiogram in determining the existence and severity of aortic insufficiency. Effects of acute hemodynamics changes: the effects of increasing total peripheral resistance on the externally recorded carotid pulse were determined by the injection of methoxamine. This drug showed changes characterized by a rise in the ratio of the height of the tidal wave to that of the percussion wave. In contrast, amyl nitrite decreased total peripheral resistance and produced a significant decline in the ratio of the height of the tidal wave to that of the percussion wave. In conclusions, the carotid waves contain two systolic maximums, the percussion wave and tidal wave, the former related, at least in part, to peak blood volume and the latter to aortic pressure. Comparing with systolic time intervals in aortic insufficiency and that of normal cases, the patients with aortic insufficiency had statistically significant increase in the ejection time index and pre-ejection time, especially after the injection of methoxamine.", "contents": "[A clinical study with apexcardiogram, kinetocardiogram and carotid pulse tracing in aortic insufficiency (author's transl)]. The apexcardiogram, kinetocardiogram and carotid pulse tracing were studied in 24 normal subjects and 20 patients with aortic insufficiency. The electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously as the time reference. The study of the carotid pulse tracing and systolic time intervals was made using the injection of methoxane and inhalation of amyl nitrite. In aortic insufficiency, the apexcardiogram of the infinite decay time tended to demonstrate a lift of end-systolic shoulder according to the severity of the disease, while, kinetocardiograms at K-45 showed a prominent systolic outward movement. The correlation ratio of these findings between normal and aortic insufficiency was 0.59 in the apexcardiogram and 0.72 in the kinetocardiogram. The findings were also correlated with CTR with a correlation coefficient of 0.41 and 0.62 in aortic insufficiency only or 0.63 and 0.81 including normal cases. The apexcardiogram of the short time constant represented no characteristic changes. Therefore, it might be concluded that the kinetocardiogram is more useful than the apexcardiogram in determining the existence and severity of aortic insufficiency. Effects of acute hemodynamics changes: the effects of increasing total peripheral resistance on the externally recorded carotid pulse were determined by the injection of methoxamine. This drug showed changes characterized by a rise in the ratio of the height of the tidal wave to that of the percussion wave. In contrast, amyl nitrite decreased total peripheral resistance and produced a significant decline in the ratio of the height of the tidal wave to that of the percussion wave. In conclusions, the carotid waves contain two systolic maximums, the percussion wave and tidal wave, the former related, at least in part, to peak blood volume and the latter to aortic pressure. Comparing with systolic time intervals in aortic insufficiency and that of normal cases, the patients with aortic insufficiency had statistically significant increase in the ejection time index and pre-ejection time, especially after the injection of methoxamine.", "PMID": 669560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12631", "title": "[Epidemiological survey of cerebro-cardiovascular diseases at Iwamizawa in Hokkaido (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1969, we have investigated epidemiological studies of cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in the suburbs of Iwamizawa city in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Cross-sectional surveys of 1,092 persons, equivalent to 90.3% of inhabitants over 40 years of age, revealed that the prevalence of hypertension amounted to 34%, and that the prevalence of abnormal ECG, CTR, fundi, albuminuria, glucosuria and overweight in the hypertensive group were significantly higher than in the normotensive group. After a 5-year cohort follow-up study concerning the incidence of strokes and heart attacks, age was found to be the highest risk factor in both incidents and hypertension was the second highest in cerebrovascular accidents, but not so high in heart attacks. In addition, we measured plasma renin activity (PRA) as a risk factor. On the basis of our observations, it is evident that the casual PRA of the rural Japanese population in Hokkaido, who usually excrete sodium more than 200 mEq per day, is valuable for our study. PRA was inversely proportional to systolic blood pressure in the normotensives and total group, but no correlation was found in the hypertensives alone. Observing 13 renin-determined accidents (8 strokes & 5 heart attacks) prospectively, incidence of strokes and heart attacks occurred more frequently in the high- and low-renin subgroups than in the normal-renin subgroup. Based on multivariate analysis, the following conclusion was drawn: systolic pressure, high renin, diastolic pressure and low renin, in this sequence, contribute largely toward the discrimination of cerebro-cardiovascular accident from no cerebro-cardiovascular accident. Thus it was suggested that the casual PRA was useful to predict the occurrence of vascular complications, in addition to the existence of hypertension. It has been said that the mortality rate of CVA in Hokkaido is less than the average of the rest of northern parts in Japan. By the vital statistics and our survey, it was clear that seasonal variation of the death rate from CVA and heart attack, which increases in the winter season, is weaker in Hokkaido than in Honshu. It is of interest to speculate that it is due to better-equipped heating in houses in Hokkaido than in other northern parts of Honshu.", "contents": "[Epidemiological survey of cerebro-cardiovascular diseases at Iwamizawa in Hokkaido (author's transl)]. Since 1969, we have investigated epidemiological studies of cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in the suburbs of Iwamizawa city in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Cross-sectional surveys of 1,092 persons, equivalent to 90.3% of inhabitants over 40 years of age, revealed that the prevalence of hypertension amounted to 34%, and that the prevalence of abnormal ECG, CTR, fundi, albuminuria, glucosuria and overweight in the hypertensive group were significantly higher than in the normotensive group. After a 5-year cohort follow-up study concerning the incidence of strokes and heart attacks, age was found to be the highest risk factor in both incidents and hypertension was the second highest in cerebrovascular accidents, but not so high in heart attacks. In addition, we measured plasma renin activity (PRA) as a risk factor. On the basis of our observations, it is evident that the casual PRA of the rural Japanese population in Hokkaido, who usually excrete sodium more than 200 mEq per day, is valuable for our study. PRA was inversely proportional to systolic blood pressure in the normotensives and total group, but no correlation was found in the hypertensives alone. Observing 13 renin-determined accidents (8 strokes & 5 heart attacks) prospectively, incidence of strokes and heart attacks occurred more frequently in the high- and low-renin subgroups than in the normal-renin subgroup. Based on multivariate analysis, the following conclusion was drawn: systolic pressure, high renin, diastolic pressure and low renin, in this sequence, contribute largely toward the discrimination of cerebro-cardiovascular accident from no cerebro-cardiovascular accident. Thus it was suggested that the casual PRA was useful to predict the occurrence of vascular complications, in addition to the existence of hypertension. It has been said that the mortality rate of CVA in Hokkaido is less than the average of the rest of northern parts in Japan. By the vital statistics and our survey, it was clear that seasonal variation of the death rate from CVA and heart attack, which increases in the winter season, is weaker in Hokkaido than in Honshu. It is of interest to speculate that it is due to better-equipped heating in houses in Hokkaido than in other northern parts of Honshu.", "PMID": 669561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12632", "title": "The effect of high maltose and sucrose feeding on glucose tolerance.", "content": "This study records an impaired glucose tolerance in rats fed a high sucrose or maltose containing diet as compared to an isocaloric starch rich food. At low sugar concentrations only the 50% sucrose containing diet produced a significantly elevated blood glucose following an oral glucose load, whereas 20% sucrose feeding exhibited no differences as compared to long-term starch feeding. While body weights and basal blood sugar levels were similar in all diet groups, the glucose-induced insulin release was significantly higher in rats with a glucose tolerance of a diabetic type. In these animals serum triglycerides were also markedly elevated. The present results indicate, that the metabolic response to the ingestion of carbohydrates depends on the type of carbohydrate in previous nutrition. In view of a known genetic susceptibility regarding sucrose, similar conditions are suggestive for maltose.", "contents": "The effect of high maltose and sucrose feeding on glucose tolerance. This study records an impaired glucose tolerance in rats fed a high sucrose or maltose containing diet as compared to an isocaloric starch rich food. At low sugar concentrations only the 50% sucrose containing diet produced a significantly elevated blood glucose following an oral glucose load, whereas 20% sucrose feeding exhibited no differences as compared to long-term starch feeding. While body weights and basal blood sugar levels were similar in all diet groups, the glucose-induced insulin release was significantly higher in rats with a glucose tolerance of a diabetic type. In these animals serum triglycerides were also markedly elevated. The present results indicate, that the metabolic response to the ingestion of carbohydrates depends on the type of carbohydrate in previous nutrition. In view of a known genetic susceptibility regarding sucrose, similar conditions are suggestive for maltose.", "PMID": 669563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12633", "title": "Insulin resistance in epitrochlearis muscles in the spontaneously obese rat.", "content": "In the presence of 5mM glucose insulin only modestly activated rates of glucose uptake by rat epitrochlearis muscles while the rate of glycogen formation from D(U-14C) glucose was markedly stimulated by the hormone. No effect of insulin on lactate output could be detected under these conditions. The activation of labeled glycogen formation by insulin occurred in a dose-dependent manner and a maximal effect was noted at hormone concentrations greater than 4 mU/ml. However, glycogen accumulation by epitrochlearis muscles obtained from old, spontaneously obese rats was activated by only 38 +/- 15% by a supermaximal insulin concentration (200 mU/ml) compared to a 123 +/- 43% stimulation observed in muscles from small rats. This impaired responsiveness to the hormone could not be explained by inhibition of the glycogen synthetase system by increased amounts of endogenous glycogen in the epitrochlearis muscle of spontaneously obese rats. The magnitude of this resistance greatly exceeds the modest reduction in insulin receptor number reported for msucle membranes in obese rats which suggests that other defective cellular components contribute to this syndrome.", "contents": "Insulin resistance in epitrochlearis muscles in the spontaneously obese rat. In the presence of 5mM glucose insulin only modestly activated rates of glucose uptake by rat epitrochlearis muscles while the rate of glycogen formation from D(U-14C) glucose was markedly stimulated by the hormone. No effect of insulin on lactate output could be detected under these conditions. The activation of labeled glycogen formation by insulin occurred in a dose-dependent manner and a maximal effect was noted at hormone concentrations greater than 4 mU/ml. However, glycogen accumulation by epitrochlearis muscles obtained from old, spontaneously obese rats was activated by only 38 +/- 15% by a supermaximal insulin concentration (200 mU/ml) compared to a 123 +/- 43% stimulation observed in muscles from small rats. This impaired responsiveness to the hormone could not be explained by inhibition of the glycogen synthetase system by increased amounts of endogenous glycogen in the epitrochlearis muscle of spontaneously obese rats. The magnitude of this resistance greatly exceeds the modest reduction in insulin receptor number reported for msucle membranes in obese rats which suggests that other defective cellular components contribute to this syndrome.", "PMID": 669564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12634", "title": "Effect of acute ethanol load on postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities and intravenous fat tolerance.", "content": "This study aimed to examine the possibility that ethanol-induced rise of serum triglyceride concentration in man is partly due to an impaired removal of triglycerides from the circulation. Acute ethanol loads given to normal human subjects after an overnight fast reduced the postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity by an average of 25% but did not influence the postheparin plasma hepatic lipase activity or fractional removal of Intralipid triglyceride. When alcolhol was administered to fed subjects in the evening the postheparin plasma hepatic lipase was significantly decreased in the next morning as compared to corresponding control value but the lipoprotein lipase and Intralipid clearance were not changed. It is concluded that the slight decrease of lipoprotein lipase during alcohol intoxication may contribute to the hyperlipemic effect of ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of acute ethanol load on postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities and intravenous fat tolerance. This study aimed to examine the possibility that ethanol-induced rise of serum triglyceride concentration in man is partly due to an impaired removal of triglycerides from the circulation. Acute ethanol loads given to normal human subjects after an overnight fast reduced the postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity by an average of 25% but did not influence the postheparin plasma hepatic lipase activity or fractional removal of Intralipid triglyceride. When alcolhol was administered to fed subjects in the evening the postheparin plasma hepatic lipase was significantly decreased in the next morning as compared to corresponding control value but the lipoprotein lipase and Intralipid clearance were not changed. It is concluded that the slight decrease of lipoprotein lipase during alcohol intoxication may contribute to the hyperlipemic effect of ethanol.", "PMID": 669565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12635", "title": "Effect of glucagon on growth hormone secretion in rats.", "content": "Gentled rats injected subcutaneously with glucagon (20 microgram/100 g body weight) showed a significant decrease in plasma growth hormone (GH) at 15 min after glucagon injection. A subcutaneous injection of 50% glucose did not cause the early suppression as shown at 15 min after glucagon injection, but at 30 min after glucose injection a tendency to decrease in plasma GH was observed. In urethane anesthetized rats, a subcutaneous administration of glucagon (1 microgram or 10 microgram/100 g body weight) failed to elicit an increase in plasma GH. In vitro incubation of anterior pituitary fragments with glucagon failed to decrease the release of GH, suggesting that glucagon does not act directly on the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on growth hormone secretion in rats. Gentled rats injected subcutaneously with glucagon (20 microgram/100 g body weight) showed a significant decrease in plasma growth hormone (GH) at 15 min after glucagon injection. A subcutaneous injection of 50% glucose did not cause the early suppression as shown at 15 min after glucagon injection, but at 30 min after glucose injection a tendency to decrease in plasma GH was observed. In urethane anesthetized rats, a subcutaneous administration of glucagon (1 microgram or 10 microgram/100 g body weight) failed to elicit an increase in plasma GH. In vitro incubation of anterior pituitary fragments with glucagon failed to decrease the release of GH, suggesting that glucagon does not act directly on the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 669566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12636", "title": "Adrenal and plasma corticosterone of hepatectomized rats: responses during hepatic restoration.", "content": "Adrenal and plasma corticosterone concentrations of partially (70%) hepatectomized male rats were examined during the course of liver restoration. Following hepatectomy, 33% of the liver mass observed in the sham operated group was present on day ), with approximately 50, 70, 75 and 82% present on days 2, 3, 4 and 7, respectively. Total restoration was noted by day 14. Plasma proteins abruptly decreased after hepatectomy and then gradually increased as liver mass was restored. The weights of both adrenal glands of hepatectomized animals were increased markedly on days 1 to 3, while adrenal corticosterone concentrations and production were elevated on day 2. Plasma corticosterone levels increased significantly following hepatectomy and remained elevated for 4 days, whereas only on the first day after surgery were the adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels elevated in the sham operated group. These data suggest that, despite the loss of liver mass and hence the apparent loss of delta 4-steroid hydrogenase activity, the adrenal glands do not decrease but actually increase their secretion during the first few days after hepatectomy.", "contents": "Adrenal and plasma corticosterone of hepatectomized rats: responses during hepatic restoration. Adrenal and plasma corticosterone concentrations of partially (70%) hepatectomized male rats were examined during the course of liver restoration. Following hepatectomy, 33% of the liver mass observed in the sham operated group was present on day ), with approximately 50, 70, 75 and 82% present on days 2, 3, 4 and 7, respectively. Total restoration was noted by day 14. Plasma proteins abruptly decreased after hepatectomy and then gradually increased as liver mass was restored. The weights of both adrenal glands of hepatectomized animals were increased markedly on days 1 to 3, while adrenal corticosterone concentrations and production were elevated on day 2. Plasma corticosterone levels increased significantly following hepatectomy and remained elevated for 4 days, whereas only on the first day after surgery were the adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels elevated in the sham operated group. These data suggest that, despite the loss of liver mass and hence the apparent loss of delta 4-steroid hydrogenase activity, the adrenal glands do not decrease but actually increase their secretion during the first few days after hepatectomy.", "PMID": 669567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12637", "title": "Stability and the biological activity of eel calcitonin in rats.", "content": "Hypocalcemic effect in rats of eel calcitonin was more persistent that that of porcine calcitonin and it was as persistent as that of salmon calcitonin I. Eel calcitonin was more stable than porcine or salmon calcitonin I when incubated in vitro with rat or human serum. Incubation in vitro with rat kidney or liver extract for 1 hour at 37 degrees C caused an almost complete inactivation of porcine calcitonin. On the other hand, both eel and salmon calcitonin I were inactivated less markedly and in the similar manner. The relationship between the hypocalcemic effect of calcitonins and the inactivation is discussed.", "contents": "Stability and the biological activity of eel calcitonin in rats. Hypocalcemic effect in rats of eel calcitonin was more persistent that that of porcine calcitonin and it was as persistent as that of salmon calcitonin I. Eel calcitonin was more stable than porcine or salmon calcitonin I when incubated in vitro with rat or human serum. Incubation in vitro with rat kidney or liver extract for 1 hour at 37 degrees C caused an almost complete inactivation of porcine calcitonin. On the other hand, both eel and salmon calcitonin I were inactivated less markedly and in the similar manner. The relationship between the hypocalcemic effect of calcitonins and the inactivation is discussed.", "PMID": 669568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12638", "title": "Measurement of 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol in spermatic and peripheral venous blood samples from the same human subjects by a radioimmunoassay method.", "content": "An original method for 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol (A-diol) measurement using an antiserum against A-diol-16-CMO-BSA is described. A-diol and testosterone (T) were determined by radioimmunoassay methods in spermatic and peripheral venous plasma of nine normal subjects during surgical intervention for inguinal hernia repair. In spermatic venous plasma the levels of T and A-diol were, respectively, 25.9 +/- 13.3 and 4.8 +/- 5.1 microgram/100ml (mean +/- SD) with an A-diol/T ratio of 0.19 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- SD); in peripheral plasma the levels of T and A-diol were, respectively, 269 +/- 58 and 91 +/- 25 ng/100 ml (mean +/- SD) with an A-diol/T ratio of 0.35 +/- 0.12 (mean +/- SD) significantly different from spermatic venous plasma (p less than 0.01). From these data a mean testicular A-diol secretion of about 0.70 mg/24 h can be calculated: this value corresponds approximately to the 50% of the blood production rate (BPR) of this steroid. So it can be assumed that a large amount of A-diol in systemic blood comes from sources outside the male gonad.", "contents": "Measurement of 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol in spermatic and peripheral venous blood samples from the same human subjects by a radioimmunoassay method. An original method for 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol (A-diol) measurement using an antiserum against A-diol-16-CMO-BSA is described. A-diol and testosterone (T) were determined by radioimmunoassay methods in spermatic and peripheral venous plasma of nine normal subjects during surgical intervention for inguinal hernia repair. In spermatic venous plasma the levels of T and A-diol were, respectively, 25.9 +/- 13.3 and 4.8 +/- 5.1 microgram/100ml (mean +/- SD) with an A-diol/T ratio of 0.19 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- SD); in peripheral plasma the levels of T and A-diol were, respectively, 269 +/- 58 and 91 +/- 25 ng/100 ml (mean +/- SD) with an A-diol/T ratio of 0.35 +/- 0.12 (mean +/- SD) significantly different from spermatic venous plasma (p less than 0.01). From these data a mean testicular A-diol secretion of about 0.70 mg/24 h can be calculated: this value corresponds approximately to the 50% of the blood production rate (BPR) of this steroid. So it can be assumed that a large amount of A-diol in systemic blood comes from sources outside the male gonad.", "PMID": 669569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12639", "title": "Hypopituitarism following pituitary irradiation for acromegaly.", "content": "Endocrine evaluation is reported in 8 acromegalic patients who received 5,500 rad to the pituitary from a linear accelerator. There was a mean decrease in hGH levels of 72%. Plasma testosterone levels were low in 1 of the 6 male patients prior to pituitary irradiation and were below normal in all male patients on the final evaluation (3.1 +/- 0.2 SD years postirradiation). Deficiency of TSH secretion developed in 2 patients following irradiation. This rather high incidence of postirradiation partial hypopituitarism was not anticipated, and is thought to be related to radiation necrosis of the normal pituitary tissue which surrounds the adenoma.", "contents": "Hypopituitarism following pituitary irradiation for acromegaly. Endocrine evaluation is reported in 8 acromegalic patients who received 5,500 rad to the pituitary from a linear accelerator. There was a mean decrease in hGH levels of 72%. Plasma testosterone levels were low in 1 of the 6 male patients prior to pituitary irradiation and were below normal in all male patients on the final evaluation (3.1 +/- 0.2 SD years postirradiation). Deficiency of TSH secretion developed in 2 patients following irradiation. This rather high incidence of postirradiation partial hypopituitarism was not anticipated, and is thought to be related to radiation necrosis of the normal pituitary tissue which surrounds the adenoma.", "PMID": 669570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12640", "title": "Adrenergic and dopaminergic control of growth hormone secretion in urethan anesthetized adult male rats.", "content": "The effects of drugs which interfere with alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms, involved in GH and PRL secretion, have been analyzed in urethane anesthetized rats. Clonidine induced a dose-dependent release of GH (0.0032--0.1 mg/kg i.v.) as well as of PRL (0.032--1.0 mg/kg i.v.). The lowest dose of clonidine, when given into the third ventricle, provoked a very pronounced release of GH. Phentolamine, given intravenously, inhibited the clonidine-induced GH release in a dose-dependnet manner. L-Dopa administered intravenously and apomorphine administered intravenously or intraventricularly did not affect basal secretion of GH bu- produced a dose-dependnet inhibition of clonidine-induced GH release. Pimozide did not change basal GH secretion. Furthermore pimozide did not attenuate the inhibition of clonidine-induced GH secretion seen after apomorphine administration, however, it completely reversed apomorphine-induced PRL inhibition. These findings demonstrate that an alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated stimulatory mechanism is involved in GH and PRL secretion. An inhibitory dopaminergic mechanism is confirmed for PRL secretion and suggested for GH secretion.", "contents": "Adrenergic and dopaminergic control of growth hormone secretion in urethan anesthetized adult male rats. The effects of drugs which interfere with alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms, involved in GH and PRL secretion, have been analyzed in urethane anesthetized rats. Clonidine induced a dose-dependent release of GH (0.0032--0.1 mg/kg i.v.) as well as of PRL (0.032--1.0 mg/kg i.v.). The lowest dose of clonidine, when given into the third ventricle, provoked a very pronounced release of GH. Phentolamine, given intravenously, inhibited the clonidine-induced GH release in a dose-dependnet manner. L-Dopa administered intravenously and apomorphine administered intravenously or intraventricularly did not affect basal secretion of GH bu- produced a dose-dependnet inhibition of clonidine-induced GH release. Pimozide did not change basal GH secretion. Furthermore pimozide did not attenuate the inhibition of clonidine-induced GH secretion seen after apomorphine administration, however, it completely reversed apomorphine-induced PRL inhibition. These findings demonstrate that an alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated stimulatory mechanism is involved in GH and PRL secretion. An inhibitory dopaminergic mechanism is confirmed for PRL secretion and suggested for GH secretion.", "PMID": 669571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12641", "title": "Decreased fructose concentrations in coagulating glands of prepuberal rats treated with testosterone and LH.", "content": "Doses of testosterone propionate from 2.5 to 320 microgram and doses of LH from 2 to 360 microgram given over 1--3 days generally decreased fructose/body weight ratios in the coagulating glands of late prepuberal rats. The ratios of testes, seminal vesicles, coagulating glands and ventral prostates to body weight were increased after different treatment regimes with testosterone propionate. These changes in the variables measured could be detected by computer analysis in spite of the rapid growth rates of organs of rats of this age. LH increased the weights of only the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands, and then, only at the highest doses given.", "contents": "Decreased fructose concentrations in coagulating glands of prepuberal rats treated with testosterone and LH. Doses of testosterone propionate from 2.5 to 320 microgram and doses of LH from 2 to 360 microgram given over 1--3 days generally decreased fructose/body weight ratios in the coagulating glands of late prepuberal rats. The ratios of testes, seminal vesicles, coagulating glands and ventral prostates to body weight were increased after different treatment regimes with testosterone propionate. These changes in the variables measured could be detected by computer analysis in spite of the rapid growth rates of organs of rats of this age. LH increased the weights of only the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands, and then, only at the highest doses given.", "PMID": 669572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12642", "title": "Effects of melatonin and natural and synthetic analogues of arginine vasotocin on plasma prolactin levels in adult male rats.", "content": "A significant elevation in plasma prolactin was observed 10 min following the intravenous injection of 100 microgram of melatonin into either estrogen-progesterone (EP) primed or into nonsteroid-treated male rats. 60 min postinjection in the EP primed rat, the groups treated with 100 microgram or 10 mg of melatonin had signficantly elevated plasma prolactin levels while no effect was observed with these same doses in the nonsteroid-treated rats. Compared to diluent-treated controls, a significant elevation in plasma prolactin was observed at 10, 20 and 60 min following the intravenous injection of either 1 microgram arginine vasotocin (AVT) or 1 mg melatonin into EP primed male rats. A consistent rise in plasma prolactin was also evident after the injection of 1 microgram of either arginine vasopressin, lysine vasopressin or AVT. Oxytocin had no effect on plasma prolactin values. The intravenous administration of 1 microgram of (deamino-1,6 dicarba, 8-arginine)-vasotocin caused a significant elevation of plasma prolactin 10 and 20 min after injection. However, the injection of another analogue of AVT, (4-leucine, 8-arginine)-vasotocin, had no effect on prolactin release at the time points measured.", "contents": "Effects of melatonin and natural and synthetic analogues of arginine vasotocin on plasma prolactin levels in adult male rats. A significant elevation in plasma prolactin was observed 10 min following the intravenous injection of 100 microgram of melatonin into either estrogen-progesterone (EP) primed or into nonsteroid-treated male rats. 60 min postinjection in the EP primed rat, the groups treated with 100 microgram or 10 mg of melatonin had signficantly elevated plasma prolactin levels while no effect was observed with these same doses in the nonsteroid-treated rats. Compared to diluent-treated controls, a significant elevation in plasma prolactin was observed at 10, 20 and 60 min following the intravenous injection of either 1 microgram arginine vasotocin (AVT) or 1 mg melatonin into EP primed male rats. A consistent rise in plasma prolactin was also evident after the injection of 1 microgram of either arginine vasopressin, lysine vasopressin or AVT. Oxytocin had no effect on plasma prolactin values. The intravenous administration of 1 microgram of (deamino-1,6 dicarba, 8-arginine)-vasotocin caused a significant elevation of plasma prolactin 10 and 20 min after injection. However, the injection of another analogue of AVT, (4-leucine, 8-arginine)-vasotocin, had no effect on prolactin release at the time points measured.", "PMID": 669573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12643", "title": "[The interaction between phosphate and protein, and the respiration of the llama, the human fetus and the horse (author's transl)].", "content": "The sequence analysis of llama (Lama glama, Camelidae) hemoglobin is described. The chains were separated, cleaved by trypsin as previously described, quantitatively characterized and sequenced in the sequenator. The llama hemoglobin differs from the human hemoglobin in that it has 25 different amino acids in the alpha chain and 24 different amino acids in the beta chain. The interaction between protein and phosphate is discussed. The earlier finding that the O2 affinity of the llama hemoglobin is dependent on its content of 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate is interpreted here as a mutation of the 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate contact position beta2 His in human hemoglobin to beta2 Asn in llama hemoglobin, whereby one of the four 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate contact points is interrupted. This interruption gives rise to a diminished reduction of intrinsic oxygen affinity in the hemoglobin molecule and explains, on a molecular basis, the increased oxygen affinity of the llama hemoglobin, and consequently, the high-altitude respiration of the llama. By analogy, the increased O2 affinity of human fetal hemoglobin is interpreted according to previous physiological investigations on blood and fetal hemoglobin by the inactivation of the phosphoglycerate contact point beta143 His in the adult hemoglobin by mutation to gamma 143 Ser in the fetal hemoglobin. With respect to respiration in horses (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate contact beta2 Gln), measurement of atomic parameters show that the amido group of the glutamine is situated close enough to the 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate oxygen to build a hydrogen bond with the phosphate. Consequently, the explanation of the low-altitude respiration of the horse lies in the fact that glutamine and histidine fulfill sterochemically an identical function.", "contents": "[The interaction between phosphate and protein, and the respiration of the llama, the human fetus and the horse (author's transl)]. The sequence analysis of llama (Lama glama, Camelidae) hemoglobin is described. The chains were separated, cleaved by trypsin as previously described, quantitatively characterized and sequenced in the sequenator. The llama hemoglobin differs from the human hemoglobin in that it has 25 different amino acids in the alpha chain and 24 different amino acids in the beta chain. The interaction between protein and phosphate is discussed. The earlier finding that the O2 affinity of the llama hemoglobin is dependent on its content of 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate is interpreted here as a mutation of the 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate contact position beta2 His in human hemoglobin to beta2 Asn in llama hemoglobin, whereby one of the four 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate contact points is interrupted. This interruption gives rise to a diminished reduction of intrinsic oxygen affinity in the hemoglobin molecule and explains, on a molecular basis, the increased oxygen affinity of the llama hemoglobin, and consequently, the high-altitude respiration of the llama. By analogy, the increased O2 affinity of human fetal hemoglobin is interpreted according to previous physiological investigations on blood and fetal hemoglobin by the inactivation of the phosphoglycerate contact point beta143 His in the adult hemoglobin by mutation to gamma 143 Ser in the fetal hemoglobin. With respect to respiration in horses (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate contact beta2 Gln), measurement of atomic parameters show that the amido group of the glutamine is situated close enough to the 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate oxygen to build a hydrogen bond with the phosphate. Consequently, the explanation of the low-altitude respiration of the horse lies in the fact that glutamine and histidine fulfill sterochemically an identical function.", "PMID": 669574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12644", "title": "Investigations on the functional role of rat liver carboxylesterase isoenzymes.", "content": "We have compared the substrate specificities of two isoenzymes of rat liver esterase. Isoenzyme E1 which we isolated earlier, and isoenzyme EA, the isolation of which is reported here, have very similar molecular weights, subunit weights, and isoelectric points. In contrast, the two enzymes have distinctly different substrate optima when tested with a series of esterase substrates. Our finding poses the question, as to whether the rather unspecific in vivo behaviour of liver carboxylesterase could be explained by an ensemble of isoenzymes with overlapping substrate specificitites and mutually complementary substrate optima. The biological function of esterase isoenzymes appears to represent an extension of the range of hydrolytic competence of a single enzyme.", "contents": "Investigations on the functional role of rat liver carboxylesterase isoenzymes. We have compared the substrate specificities of two isoenzymes of rat liver esterase. Isoenzyme E1 which we isolated earlier, and isoenzyme EA, the isolation of which is reported here, have very similar molecular weights, subunit weights, and isoelectric points. In contrast, the two enzymes have distinctly different substrate optima when tested with a series of esterase substrates. Our finding poses the question, as to whether the rather unspecific in vivo behaviour of liver carboxylesterase could be explained by an ensemble of isoenzymes with overlapping substrate specificitites and mutually complementary substrate optima. The biological function of esterase isoenzymes appears to represent an extension of the range of hydrolytic competence of a single enzyme.", "PMID": 669576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12645", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for measurement of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in different body fluids.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for measurement of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in nanogram quantities has been developed. The sensitivity of the assay now permits examination of the inhibitor content of various body fluids, wherein other methods exhibit serious short-comings. In healthy blood donors the serum level was 8.1 microgram/l. In patients with acute pancreatitis levels as high as 320 microgram/l have been measured, and patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed an elevated inhibitor level in serum immediately after the examination without any clinical signs of disease, the highest registered value being 128 microgram/l. In peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with severe acute pancreatitis levels of 5-304 microgram/l have been measured. In urine the inhibitor level is about 14 microgram/l in healthy persons. The urine from one patient with proteinuria of glomerulo-tubular type contained 380 microgram/l.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for measurement of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in different body fluids. A radioimmunoassay for measurement of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in nanogram quantities has been developed. The sensitivity of the assay now permits examination of the inhibitor content of various body fluids, wherein other methods exhibit serious short-comings. In healthy blood donors the serum level was 8.1 microgram/l. In patients with acute pancreatitis levels as high as 320 microgram/l have been measured, and patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed an elevated inhibitor level in serum immediately after the examination without any clinical signs of disease, the highest registered value being 128 microgram/l. In peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with severe acute pancreatitis levels of 5-304 microgram/l have been measured. In urine the inhibitor level is about 14 microgram/l in healthy persons. The urine from one patient with proteinuria of glomerulo-tubular type contained 380 microgram/l.", "PMID": 669578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12646", "title": "Immunoreactive trypsin in serum and peritoneal fluid in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "High levels of immunoreactive cathodal trypsin are shown to be present in serum and peritoneal fluid in acute pancreatitis. The immunoreactive material is contained in two fractions with different molecular weights: free trypsinogen and trypsin in complex with protease inhibitors, mainly alpha1-antitrypsin. The presence of trypsin in complex with protease inhibitors indicates the formation of active trypsin during acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Immunoreactive trypsin in serum and peritoneal fluid in acute pancreatitis. High levels of immunoreactive cathodal trypsin are shown to be present in serum and peritoneal fluid in acute pancreatitis. The immunoreactive material is contained in two fractions with different molecular weights: free trypsinogen and trypsin in complex with protease inhibitors, mainly alpha1-antitrypsin. The presence of trypsin in complex with protease inhibitors indicates the formation of active trypsin during acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 669579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12647", "title": "Studies of ligand binding to cholera toxin, III. Cooperativity of oligosaccharide binding.", "content": "Binding parameters for the interaction of cholera toxin and choleragenoid with monosialo-gangliotetraose, the oligosaccharide moiety of ganglioside II3 NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer, have been measured by equilibrium displacement dialysis. The experimental data were evaluated by a curve fitting computer program. The binding curves obtained at 6 degrees C reflected positive cooperativity with average Hill coefficients in the range of 1.16 to 1.25. The cholera toxin as well as its ganglioside-binding protomer B-protein bind 4 mol of monosialogangliotetraitol per mol of protein. The presence of disulfide-cleaving agents like 2-mercaptoethanol did not eliminate the cooperativity of the binding characteristics, but increased the Hill coefficient.", "contents": "Studies of ligand binding to cholera toxin, III. Cooperativity of oligosaccharide binding. Binding parameters for the interaction of cholera toxin and choleragenoid with monosialo-gangliotetraose, the oligosaccharide moiety of ganglioside II3 NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer, have been measured by equilibrium displacement dialysis. The experimental data were evaluated by a curve fitting computer program. The binding curves obtained at 6 degrees C reflected positive cooperativity with average Hill coefficients in the range of 1.16 to 1.25. The cholera toxin as well as its ganglioside-binding protomer B-protein bind 4 mol of monosialogangliotetraitol per mol of protein. The presence of disulfide-cleaving agents like 2-mercaptoethanol did not eliminate the cooperativity of the binding characteristics, but increased the Hill coefficient.", "PMID": 669580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12648", "title": "A study of microsomal oxidative functions with the aid of a series of N-colchiceyl derivatives.", "content": "N-Colchiceyl derivatives are presented as a class of substances which, provided certain structural requirements are met, are oxidatively degraded by microsomal suspensions both at the nitrogen-linked side chain at ring C and at the oxygen-linked side chain(s) at Ring A. The chemical structures of unknown metabolites have been elucidated by comparison with authentic samples whose syntheses are described. Comparative studies indicate structure-dependent preferred sites for the introduction fo oxygen, whose extent correlates rather closely with the partition coefficient in the system n-octanol/ethanol/water. The results demonstrate, with the inclusion of some inhibition data, the suitability of N-colchiceyl derivatives for detailed investigations of microsomal degradative processes.", "contents": "A study of microsomal oxidative functions with the aid of a series of N-colchiceyl derivatives. N-Colchiceyl derivatives are presented as a class of substances which, provided certain structural requirements are met, are oxidatively degraded by microsomal suspensions both at the nitrogen-linked side chain at ring C and at the oxygen-linked side chain(s) at Ring A. The chemical structures of unknown metabolites have been elucidated by comparison with authentic samples whose syntheses are described. Comparative studies indicate structure-dependent preferred sites for the introduction fo oxygen, whose extent correlates rather closely with the partition coefficient in the system n-octanol/ethanol/water. The results demonstrate, with the inclusion of some inhibition data, the suitability of N-colchiceyl derivatives for detailed investigations of microsomal degradative processes.", "PMID": 669581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12649", "title": "Transfer of C2-units across the mitochondrial membrane. Direct recording of citrate, acetate and acetoacetate production rates.", "content": "Methods are described for the direct optical assay of citrate, acetate, and acetoacetate production by isolated, incubated rat liver mitochondria. Each metabolite is converted into acetyl-CoA, using ATP: citrate lyase or acetyl-CoA synthetase or acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, respectively. Arylamine acetyltransferase acts as auxiliary enzyme. It was shown that isolated rat liver mitochondria produce citrate, acetate and acetoacetate, and that production rates are stimulated by pyruvate and hexanoate. It was concluded that these three products might contribute to the transport of acetyl units across the mitochondrial membrane and thus serve as precursors in fatty acid synthesis. The rate of acetyl transfer does not seem to be rate-limiting with regard to the overall-process of fatty acid synthesis from carbohydrates.", "contents": "Transfer of C2-units across the mitochondrial membrane. Direct recording of citrate, acetate and acetoacetate production rates. Methods are described for the direct optical assay of citrate, acetate, and acetoacetate production by isolated, incubated rat liver mitochondria. Each metabolite is converted into acetyl-CoA, using ATP: citrate lyase or acetyl-CoA synthetase or acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, respectively. Arylamine acetyltransferase acts as auxiliary enzyme. It was shown that isolated rat liver mitochondria produce citrate, acetate and acetoacetate, and that production rates are stimulated by pyruvate and hexanoate. It was concluded that these three products might contribute to the transport of acetyl units across the mitochondrial membrane and thus serve as precursors in fatty acid synthesis. The rate of acetyl transfer does not seem to be rate-limiting with regard to the overall-process of fatty acid synthesis from carbohydrates.", "PMID": 669582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12650", "title": "Snake venoms. The amino-acid sequence of protein S5C4 from Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae (Jameson's mamba) venom.", "content": "A major component (S5C4) was purified from Jameson's mamba by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion-exchange chromotography on CM-cellulose. Protein S5C4 contains 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the protein has been elucidated. The toxicities, the immunochemical properties, the sequence and the invariant amino acid residues of protein S5C4 resemble subgroup II of the angusticeps-type proteins.", "contents": "Snake venoms. The amino-acid sequence of protein S5C4 from Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae (Jameson's mamba) venom. A major component (S5C4) was purified from Jameson's mamba by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion-exchange chromotography on CM-cellulose. Protein S5C4 contains 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the protein has been elucidated. The toxicities, the immunochemical properties, the sequence and the invariant amino acid residues of protein S5C4 resemble subgroup II of the angusticeps-type proteins.", "PMID": 669583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12651", "title": "Determination of the superoxide dismutating activity of D-penicillamine copper.", "content": "The superoxide dismutating activity of the D-penicillamine copper complex was determined and compared with the activities of Cu-Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase in four O2 ground negative earth generating systems. I. Nitrite formation from hydroxylamine. II. Crocin destruction by xanthine/xanthine oxidase. III. Ethylene production by isolated chloroplasts. IV. Nitrite formation from hydroxylamine by chloroplasts in the presence of diquat (1, 1'-dimethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium dibromide). In all four test systems a high dismutative activity of the complex was found, which is not sensitive to KCN as demonstrated with test system III. The results are discussed with regard to the antiinflammatory activity of D-penicillamine.", "contents": "Determination of the superoxide dismutating activity of D-penicillamine copper. The superoxide dismutating activity of the D-penicillamine copper complex was determined and compared with the activities of Cu-Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase in four O2 ground negative earth generating systems. I. Nitrite formation from hydroxylamine. II. Crocin destruction by xanthine/xanthine oxidase. III. Ethylene production by isolated chloroplasts. IV. Nitrite formation from hydroxylamine by chloroplasts in the presence of diquat (1, 1'-dimethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium dibromide). In all four test systems a high dismutative activity of the complex was found, which is not sensitive to KCN as demonstrated with test system III. The results are discussed with regard to the antiinflammatory activity of D-penicillamine.", "PMID": 669584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12652", "title": "Quality control in histopathology and diagnostic cytology.", "content": "The need for quality control in diagnostic histopathology and cytology is analysed together with a discussion of previously reported experience in this field. The philosophical and mathematical inferences of this type of exercise are debated also in relationship to personally observed experiences in respect of uterine cervical cytology and histology. The desirability of methods of monitoring of diagnostic quality and of obtaining quality improvement are emphasized and suggestions made regarding the techniques most suited to these objectives.", "contents": "Quality control in histopathology and diagnostic cytology. The need for quality control in diagnostic histopathology and cytology is analysed together with a discussion of previously reported experience in this field. The philosophical and mathematical inferences of this type of exercise are debated also in relationship to personally observed experiences in respect of uterine cervical cytology and histology. The desirability of methods of monitoring of diagnostic quality and of obtaining quality improvement are emphasized and suggestions made regarding the techniques most suited to these objectives.", "PMID": 669588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12653", "title": "Pulmonary histological appearances in fatal paraquat poisoning.", "content": "The paper describes the histological appearances in the lungs from 11 fatal cases of paraquat poisoning. The study originated as an attempt to define the sequential changes in the condition and, from them, to assess the mode of action of the herbicide in the human. The main features of the \"paraquat lung\" include haemorrhage, extrusion of macrophages, oedema, \"honeycombing\", fibrosis and, rarely, epithelial hyperplasia. The indications are that the changes are progressive once a threshold tissue concentration has been reached. The appearances are compared to those in poisoning by hyperbaric oxygen and it is hypothesized that the toxic action of paraquat is to sensitize the lungs to oxygen at atmospheric pressure.", "contents": "Pulmonary histological appearances in fatal paraquat poisoning. The paper describes the histological appearances in the lungs from 11 fatal cases of paraquat poisoning. The study originated as an attempt to define the sequential changes in the condition and, from them, to assess the mode of action of the herbicide in the human. The main features of the \"paraquat lung\" include haemorrhage, extrusion of macrophages, oedema, \"honeycombing\", fibrosis and, rarely, epithelial hyperplasia. The indications are that the changes are progressive once a threshold tissue concentration has been reached. The appearances are compared to those in poisoning by hyperbaric oxygen and it is hypothesized that the toxic action of paraquat is to sensitize the lungs to oxygen at atmospheric pressure.", "PMID": 669589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12654", "title": "The rectal biopsy appearances in Salmonella colitis.", "content": "Rectal biopsies were examined from 22 patients with Salmonella infection of food-poisoning type and from seven patients with inflammatory bowel disease and coincidental Salmonella infection. In the former group the changes observed were mucosal oedema with acute inflammation of varying severity but with preservation of the crypt architecture. Crypt abscesses were present in a few cases but were usually localized in the crypt and mucus depletion only occurred with severe inflammation. These features are not specific and are similar to those seen in other types of infective colitis such as Shigella dysentery, gonococcal proctitis and amoebic colitis. In the majority of cases of infective colitis the appearances are usually sufficiently distinctive, however, to distinguish them from those seen in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The changes in the biopsies from the seven patients with coincidental Salmonella infection were in general those of the underlying idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "The rectal biopsy appearances in Salmonella colitis. Rectal biopsies were examined from 22 patients with Salmonella infection of food-poisoning type and from seven patients with inflammatory bowel disease and coincidental Salmonella infection. In the former group the changes observed were mucosal oedema with acute inflammation of varying severity but with preservation of the crypt architecture. Crypt abscesses were present in a few cases but were usually localized in the crypt and mucus depletion only occurred with severe inflammation. These features are not specific and are similar to those seen in other types of infective colitis such as Shigella dysentery, gonococcal proctitis and amoebic colitis. In the majority of cases of infective colitis the appearances are usually sufficiently distinctive, however, to distinguish them from those seen in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The changes in the biopsies from the seven patients with coincidental Salmonella infection were in general those of the underlying idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 669591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12655", "title": "Morphological changes in the placenta and decidua after induction of abortion by extra-amniotic prostaglandin.", "content": "Seventeen placentae from second trimester abortions induced by the injection of extra-amniotic prostaglandin have been examined. The extraplacental membranes, the chorionic plate of the placenta, the placental intervillous space and the placental villi were normal in all cases. In all but one specimen lesions were, however, noted in the decidua, these including focal decidual necrosis, intradecidual haemorrhage, thrombosis of maternal vessels and dilatation and congestion of the maternal vasculature. Similar decidual lesions were also seen in placentae from spontaneous and surgical second trimester abortions and it is concluded that prostaglandins do not produce any specific lesions in the placenta or decidua. It is suggested that the negative findings of this study indicate that prostaglandins do not induce abortion by either direct injury to the placenta or by provoking utero-placental ischaemia.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the placenta and decidua after induction of abortion by extra-amniotic prostaglandin. Seventeen placentae from second trimester abortions induced by the injection of extra-amniotic prostaglandin have been examined. The extraplacental membranes, the chorionic plate of the placenta, the placental intervillous space and the placental villi were normal in all cases. In all but one specimen lesions were, however, noted in the decidua, these including focal decidual necrosis, intradecidual haemorrhage, thrombosis of maternal vessels and dilatation and congestion of the maternal vasculature. Similar decidual lesions were also seen in placentae from spontaneous and surgical second trimester abortions and it is concluded that prostaglandins do not produce any specific lesions in the placenta or decidua. It is suggested that the negative findings of this study indicate that prostaglandins do not induce abortion by either direct injury to the placenta or by provoking utero-placental ischaemia.", "PMID": 669592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12656", "title": "Presence of satellite cells in a cardiac rhabdomyoma.", "content": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma is the most common tumour of the heart in infancy and childhood. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and histopathological characteristics have been extensively studied; however, reports on the ultrastructure and histogenesis of this lesion are scanty and inconclusive. The case to be discussed is that of a 10-year-old male who presented with a cardiac rhabdomyoma occupying almost the entire ventricular apex. Ultrastructurally, the rhabdomyoma cells have a central, deeply-indented nucleus surrounded by an admixture of mitochondria and sarcomeres. The remainder of the cytoplasm is occupied by pools of glycogen granules, randomly-orientated myofibrils and small mitochondria. Intercellular junctions are numerous and consist of alternating zonula occludens and macula adherens. Typical satellite cells, sharing a common basement lamina are seen apposed to the rhabdomyoma cells. It is tempting to postulate that the proliferation of the rhabdomyoma cells is accomplished by differentiation of satellite cells, a process known to occur in skeletal muscle. Ultrastructurally, the rhabdomyoma cells are indistinguishable from Purkinje cells. The presence of Purkinje-like cells in ectopic locations within the heart and their association with satellite cells is likely a form of embryological atavism.", "contents": "Presence of satellite cells in a cardiac rhabdomyoma. Cardiac rhabdomyoma is the most common tumour of the heart in infancy and childhood. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and histopathological characteristics have been extensively studied; however, reports on the ultrastructure and histogenesis of this lesion are scanty and inconclusive. The case to be discussed is that of a 10-year-old male who presented with a cardiac rhabdomyoma occupying almost the entire ventricular apex. Ultrastructurally, the rhabdomyoma cells have a central, deeply-indented nucleus surrounded by an admixture of mitochondria and sarcomeres. The remainder of the cytoplasm is occupied by pools of glycogen granules, randomly-orientated myofibrils and small mitochondria. Intercellular junctions are numerous and consist of alternating zonula occludens and macula adherens. Typical satellite cells, sharing a common basement lamina are seen apposed to the rhabdomyoma cells. It is tempting to postulate that the proliferation of the rhabdomyoma cells is accomplished by differentiation of satellite cells, a process known to occur in skeletal muscle. Ultrastructurally, the rhabdomyoma cells are indistinguishable from Purkinje cells. The presence of Purkinje-like cells in ectopic locations within the heart and their association with satellite cells is likely a form of embryological atavism.", "PMID": 669594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12657", "title": "Therapists', patients', and inpatient staff's views of treatment modes and outcomes.", "content": "Data were gathered on 199 consecutive admissions to a community mental health center in an exploratory study to compare patients, therapists, and inpatient staff's perceptions of inpatient treatment. The three groups showed little agreement on the identification of patients' symptoms or on assessments of change for those cases in which they agreed on the symptoms. There was also little concurrence between the inpatient staff and therapists in reporting which major therapeutic modalities they used, and in identifying cases in which there were communication problems between therapist and staff. However, neither the use of different treatment approaches nor the existence of communication problems was related to longer lengths of stay or poorer outcomes. The authors note that many of the findings are consistent with comparisons elsewhere of patients' and caregivers' perceptions of outpatient psychotherapy and general medical care.", "contents": "Therapists', patients', and inpatient staff's views of treatment modes and outcomes. Data were gathered on 199 consecutive admissions to a community mental health center in an exploratory study to compare patients, therapists, and inpatient staff's perceptions of inpatient treatment. The three groups showed little agreement on the identification of patients' symptoms or on assessments of change for those cases in which they agreed on the symptoms. There was also little concurrence between the inpatient staff and therapists in reporting which major therapeutic modalities they used, and in identifying cases in which there were communication problems between therapist and staff. However, neither the use of different treatment approaches nor the existence of communication problems was related to longer lengths of stay or poorer outcomes. The authors note that many of the findings are consistent with comparisons elsewhere of patients' and caregivers' perceptions of outpatient psychotherapy and general medical care.", "PMID": 669597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12658", "title": "Literacy skills of long-term hospitalized mental patients.", "content": "The authors tested 48 patients who had lived in a state psychiatric hospital for extended periods to determine their literacy levels. Measures used were the reading test portion of the Adult Basic Learning Examination (ABLE) and selected questions from the Adult Performance Level (APL) test, which attempts to assess competencies necessary to function effectively in society. Nearly half of the patients scored at the fourth-grade level or below on the ABLE, and their scores on the APL were well below norms for other groups. No correlation was found between number of years of hospitalization and test performance. From the findings the authors conclude that both in-hospital and aftercare programs must recognize that literacy level is an important factor in the the rehabilitation or recidivism of patients.", "contents": "Literacy skills of long-term hospitalized mental patients. The authors tested 48 patients who had lived in a state psychiatric hospital for extended periods to determine their literacy levels. Measures used were the reading test portion of the Adult Basic Learning Examination (ABLE) and selected questions from the Adult Performance Level (APL) test, which attempts to assess competencies necessary to function effectively in society. Nearly half of the patients scored at the fourth-grade level or below on the ABLE, and their scores on the APL were well below norms for other groups. No correlation was found between number of years of hospitalization and test performance. From the findings the authors conclude that both in-hospital and aftercare programs must recognize that literacy level is an important factor in the the rehabilitation or recidivism of patients.", "PMID": 669598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12659", "title": "Movable group therapy for institutionalized patients.", "content": "Chronic psychotic inpatients at the Rochester (N.Y.) Psychiatric Center participated in a normalization program in which group therapy sessions were held in parks and restaurants in the community. The only guideline given patients was that no one observing the group should have reason to think members were from the state hospital. The patients were transported in an unlabeled car. The therapist consulted with staff before and after outings, thus providing integration with the over-all treatment plan. After one year 20 of the original 40 patients had been discharged; after three years only eight were still hospitalized. The author emphasizes the dynamics of observed emotional growth and symptom relief and cautions about interpretation of the rate of discharge.", "contents": "Movable group therapy for institutionalized patients. Chronic psychotic inpatients at the Rochester (N.Y.) Psychiatric Center participated in a normalization program in which group therapy sessions were held in parks and restaurants in the community. The only guideline given patients was that no one observing the group should have reason to think members were from the state hospital. The patients were transported in an unlabeled car. The therapist consulted with staff before and after outings, thus providing integration with the over-all treatment plan. After one year 20 of the original 40 patients had been discharged; after three years only eight were still hospitalized. The author emphasizes the dynamics of observed emotional growth and symptom relief and cautions about interpretation of the rate of discharge.", "PMID": 669599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12660", "title": "The positive group: a therapeutic technique in the hospital treatment of adolescents.", "content": "Many adolescents on inpatient units have a low selfesteem and do not recognize their own strengths. To help such patients, the San Antonio Children's Center includes in its treatment program a weekly group session in which adolescents and staff meet together to review each patient's progress during the week; only positive comments are allowed. A different person--patient or staff member--acts as chairman of each meeting. The chairman initially provides some structure by reminding participants that it is a positive group. He then makes positive statements about himself and about others in the group. Through role-modeling, adolescents learn to accept and to make positive comments.", "contents": "The positive group: a therapeutic technique in the hospital treatment of adolescents. Many adolescents on inpatient units have a low selfesteem and do not recognize their own strengths. To help such patients, the San Antonio Children's Center includes in its treatment program a weekly group session in which adolescents and staff meet together to review each patient's progress during the week; only positive comments are allowed. A different person--patient or staff member--acts as chairman of each meeting. The chairman initially provides some structure by reminding participants that it is a positive group. He then makes positive statements about himself and about others in the group. Through role-modeling, adolescents learn to accept and to make positive comments.", "PMID": 669600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12661", "title": "The medical model and the responsible patient.", "content": "At Bryce Hospital patients whose illnesses are considered to have a biochemical basis, such as schizophrenia or manic-depressive illness, are assigned to a \"responsible patient\" class in which they are taught the rights and obligations of responsible patients: to know about the illness, to participate in treatment planning, and to follow treatment routines. The class is a segment of the instruction given in the hospital's Psychological Learning Center and is based on the medical model. The authors describe the class, the learning center, and the historical and theoretical antecedents of such an approach.", "contents": "The medical model and the responsible patient. At Bryce Hospital patients whose illnesses are considered to have a biochemical basis, such as schizophrenia or manic-depressive illness, are assigned to a \"responsible patient\" class in which they are taught the rights and obligations of responsible patients: to know about the illness, to participate in treatment planning, and to follow treatment routines. The class is a segment of the instruction given in the hospital's Psychological Learning Center and is based on the medical model. The authors describe the class, the learning center, and the historical and theoretical antecedents of such an approach.", "PMID": 669601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12662", "title": "A one-year report on rights violations under Michigan's new protection system.", "content": "A total of 1034 complaints were received in the first 11 months after the implementation of Michigan's new system to safeguard the rights of recipients of services from state institutions. Twenty-eight per cent of the complaints resolved during that period were substantiated as violations of statutorily protected rights. Both the volume of complaints and the number of substantiated violations were far higher in hospitals for the mentally ill than in facilities for the mentally retarded; however, facilities for the retarded had twice the percentage of substantiated complaints. There were significant differences in the numbers and categories of complaints and substantiated violations both between the two types of institutions and between large and small institutions. The findings sugtest directions for further action by the institutions and by the state office of recipient rights, which was established to oversee the system.", "contents": "A one-year report on rights violations under Michigan's new protection system. A total of 1034 complaints were received in the first 11 months after the implementation of Michigan's new system to safeguard the rights of recipients of services from state institutions. Twenty-eight per cent of the complaints resolved during that period were substantiated as violations of statutorily protected rights. Both the volume of complaints and the number of substantiated violations were far higher in hospitals for the mentally ill than in facilities for the mentally retarded; however, facilities for the retarded had twice the percentage of substantiated complaints. There were significant differences in the numbers and categories of complaints and substantiated violations both between the two types of institutions and between large and small institutions. The findings sugtest directions for further action by the institutions and by the state office of recipient rights, which was established to oversee the system.", "PMID": 669602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12663", "title": "A conceptual approach to deinstitutionalization.", "content": "Many serious problems in deinstitutionalization result from conceptual oversights or confusion. Understanding deinstitutionalization as a process and a philosophy, as well as a fact, permits planning that will accommodate the variety of patient populations that are the products of the deinstitutionalization movement. The role and possible contributions of the state hospital in caring for chronic patients must be assessed objectively. Effective program planning for chronic patients during this period of deinstitutionalization depends on a careful and realistic definitiin of what individuals are to be treated in the community. Such planning must not only attempt to match patients and appropriate treatment settings but must aim at enhancing rehabilitation, where feasible, through a skills training approach.", "contents": "A conceptual approach to deinstitutionalization. Many serious problems in deinstitutionalization result from conceptual oversights or confusion. Understanding deinstitutionalization as a process and a philosophy, as well as a fact, permits planning that will accommodate the variety of patient populations that are the products of the deinstitutionalization movement. The role and possible contributions of the state hospital in caring for chronic patients must be assessed objectively. Effective program planning for chronic patients during this period of deinstitutionalization depends on a careful and realistic definitiin of what individuals are to be treated in the community. Such planning must not only attempt to match patients and appropriate treatment settings but must aim at enhancing rehabilitation, where feasible, through a skills training approach.", "PMID": 669607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12664", "title": "Effects of community mental health services on state hospital admissions: a clinical-demographic study.", "content": "In a study to refine the methodology for evaluating the impact of community mental health centers on state hospital admissions, data were gathered on hospital patients' demographic and clinical characteristics as well as on total admission rates. The study covered total inpatients admissions to a Pennsylvania state hospital from two counties for ten time periods, both before and after the establishment of local community mental health services. The authors found few consistent changes on most of the clinical and demographic factors for patients from either county, which indicated that the expansion of community services did not lead to changes in the type of patients admitted to the state hospital. However, the data did suggest that the expanded community services reduced the state hospital admission rates and shortened the length of hospital stay.", "contents": "Effects of community mental health services on state hospital admissions: a clinical-demographic study. In a study to refine the methodology for evaluating the impact of community mental health centers on state hospital admissions, data were gathered on hospital patients' demographic and clinical characteristics as well as on total admission rates. The study covered total inpatients admissions to a Pennsylvania state hospital from two counties for ten time periods, both before and after the establishment of local community mental health services. The authors found few consistent changes on most of the clinical and demographic factors for patients from either county, which indicated that the expansion of community services did not lead to changes in the type of patients admitted to the state hospital. However, the data did suggest that the expanded community services reduced the state hospital admission rates and shortened the length of hospital stay.", "PMID": 669608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12665", "title": "A study of former patients placed in private proprietary homes.", "content": "The authors report on a study of 1999 residents of 26 private proprietary homes for adults in the metropolitan New York City area; 76 per cent of the residents were former psychiatric inpatients. The former patients were compared with the other residents in areas of physical and psychiatric functioning and social performance; the former patients showed more dysfunction due to psychological problems than the other residents, who tended to be older and suffer from physical problems. The former patients were also categorized into three groups according to whether their needs were considered greater than, less than, or consistent with the level of services provided in the homes; the results suggest that a substantial proportion of former patients may be more appropriately placed in other facilities.", "contents": "A study of former patients placed in private proprietary homes. The authors report on a study of 1999 residents of 26 private proprietary homes for adults in the metropolitan New York City area; 76 per cent of the residents were former psychiatric inpatients. The former patients were compared with the other residents in areas of physical and psychiatric functioning and social performance; the former patients showed more dysfunction due to psychological problems than the other residents, who tended to be older and suffer from physical problems. The former patients were also categorized into three groups according to whether their needs were considered greater than, less than, or consistent with the level of services provided in the homes; the results suggest that a substantial proportion of former patients may be more appropriately placed in other facilities.", "PMID": 669609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12666", "title": "Assessing the performance of hospital support services.", "content": "A simple to operate, nontechnical quality assurance program was developed to evaluate the support services provided at this Veterans Administration hospital. The program has received unanimous support from the entire hospital staff and promises to be a highly effective, and practical, program.", "contents": "Assessing the performance of hospital support services. A simple to operate, nontechnical quality assurance program was developed to evaluate the support services provided at this Veterans Administration hospital. The program has received unanimous support from the entire hospital staff and promises to be a highly effective, and practical, program.", "PMID": 669613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12667", "title": "Does biomedical research need an artificial watchdog?", "content": "The establishment of an ethical watchdog group to monitor biomedical research was a major recommendation in the preliminary report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Although the American public generally views scientific advances in a positive light, society still needs to be informed of and involved in decisions about future technology.", "contents": "Does biomedical research need an artificial watchdog? The establishment of an ethical watchdog group to monitor biomedical research was a major recommendation in the preliminary report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Although the American public generally views scientific advances in a positive light, society still needs to be informed of and involved in decisions about future technology.", "PMID": 669615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12668", "title": "No smoking, please!", "content": "In an effort to be responsive to the needs of its nonsmoking patients, Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, established a no-smoking patient care floor. The program has been enthusiastically accepted by patients, the public, and hospital employees. In fact, the no-smoking unit has consistently had the highest occupancy rate of any medical-surgical unit in the hospital.", "contents": "No smoking, please! In an effort to be responsive to the needs of its nonsmoking patients, Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, established a no-smoking patient care floor. The program has been enthusiastically accepted by patients, the public, and hospital employees. In fact, the no-smoking unit has consistently had the highest occupancy rate of any medical-surgical unit in the hospital.", "PMID": 669617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12669", "title": "Counseling and peer review are key disciplinary procedures.", "content": "The best approach to the problem of an employee with a disciplinary problem is not always termination. When performance slips at this hospital, supervisors work closely with the employee to bring about improvement. The secret to the system is early recognition of problems, followed by intense problem solving.", "contents": "Counseling and peer review are key disciplinary procedures. The best approach to the problem of an employee with a disciplinary problem is not always termination. When performance slips at this hospital, supervisors work closely with the employee to bring about improvement. The secret to the system is early recognition of problems, followed by intense problem solving.", "PMID": 669618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12670", "title": "Panel provides 1978 update on hospital social work.", "content": "In a roundtable discussion, three hospital social workers explain some of the special problems and issues confronting them in their individual and interdisciplinary roles in health care settings.", "contents": "Panel provides 1978 update on hospital social work. In a roundtable discussion, three hospital social workers explain some of the special problems and issues confronting them in their individual and interdisciplinary roles in health care settings.", "PMID": 669619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12671", "title": "Creative responses needed in controlled environment.", "content": "Faced with an increasingly regulatory environment, hospitals must find innovative ways by which, first, to survive and, then, to respond constructively to externally applied constraints. Decertification of beds and a move to ambulatory care programs are only two of many possible responses. The key to success will be the measure of cooperation between health care providers, insurers, and government.", "contents": "Creative responses needed in controlled environment. Faced with an increasingly regulatory environment, hospitals must find innovative ways by which, first, to survive and, then, to respond constructively to externally applied constraints. Decertification of beds and a move to ambulatory care programs are only two of many possible responses. The key to success will be the measure of cooperation between health care providers, insurers, and government.", "PMID": 669625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12672", "title": "Administrators, boards, physicians must help change health system.", "content": "Change in the health care system is inevitable, and hospital administrators, boards, and medical staffs must learn not only to accept it but also to participate in effecting it. They must promote cooperation among hospitals, become more informed about the system's problems and pressures for change, and participate in activities of HSAs and other health-related groups that plan and influence change.", "contents": "Administrators, boards, physicians must help change health system. Change in the health care system is inevitable, and hospital administrators, boards, and medical staffs must learn not only to accept it but also to participate in effecting it. They must promote cooperation among hospitals, become more informed about the system's problems and pressures for change, and participate in activities of HSAs and other health-related groups that plan and influence change.", "PMID": 669626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12673", "title": "Hospital bed needs defy cut-and-dried planning.", "content": "The types and uses of hospital beds vary widely, so bed need cannot be adequately determined by strict planning models and cannot adequately indicate a community's total health care needs. Health planners must recognize these limitations and must use more sensitive methods to determine needs of patients, health care institutions, and communities.", "contents": "Hospital bed needs defy cut-and-dried planning. The types and uses of hospital beds vary widely, so bed need cannot be adequately determined by strict planning models and cannot adequately indicate a community's total health care needs. Health planners must recognize these limitations and must use more sensitive methods to determine needs of patients, health care institutions, and communities.", "PMID": 669627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12674", "title": "Interdisciplinary task force designs risk management program.", "content": "When a hospital decided to self-insure, it also realized that it needed a more comprehensive risk management program to protect its operating assets. To develop this program, an interdisciplinary task force and its five subcommittees involved as many staff members as possible in studying and proposing risk management efforts related to policies and procedures, hiring practices, staffpatient interactions, staff and community education, and claims review.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary task force designs risk management program. When a hospital decided to self-insure, it also realized that it needed a more comprehensive risk management program to protect its operating assets. To develop this program, an interdisciplinary task force and its five subcommittees involved as many staff members as possible in studying and proposing risk management efforts related to policies and procedures, hiring practices, staffpatient interactions, staff and community education, and claims review.", "PMID": 669628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12675", "title": "Survey updates unionization activities.", "content": "Survey conducted in 1976 shows that the 1974 amendments to the National Labor Relations Act have speeded unionization of U.S. hospitals. Marked variations in unionization according to hospital type, size, and location continue. Overall, 23 percent of all hospitals have at least one union contract.", "contents": "Survey updates unionization activities. Survey conducted in 1976 shows that the 1974 amendments to the National Labor Relations Act have speeded unionization of U.S. hospitals. Marked variations in unionization according to hospital type, size, and location continue. Overall, 23 percent of all hospitals have at least one union contract.", "PMID": 669629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12676", "title": "Nosocomial infection: the hidden cost in health care.", "content": "Excessive length of stay due to nosocomial infections is contributing enormously to the high cost of health care. The authors suggest ways to reduce the incidence of infection and, thereby, decrease hospital lengths of stay and lower patient bills while improving the quality of patient care.", "contents": "Nosocomial infection: the hidden cost in health care. Excessive length of stay due to nosocomial infections is contributing enormously to the high cost of health care. The authors suggest ways to reduce the incidence of infection and, thereby, decrease hospital lengths of stay and lower patient bills while improving the quality of patient care.", "PMID": 669630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12677", "title": "New sharing arrangements meet hospitals' technical support needs.", "content": "Just within thid decade, a variety of multihospital arrangements have been developed that make clinical engineering services available to hospitals on a shared basis. This article summarizes available data to describe the diverse approaches and organizational structures into which these programs are evolving.", "contents": "New sharing arrangements meet hospitals' technical support needs. Just within thid decade, a variety of multihospital arrangements have been developed that make clinical engineering services available to hospitals on a shared basis. This article summarizes available data to describe the diverse approaches and organizational structures into which these programs are evolving.", "PMID": 669631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12678", "title": "Function of hospital-based planner must match organizational need.", "content": "Different types of hospital-based planners perform different functions and assume different degrees of authority. A hospital must assess its planning needs and the characteristics of each type of planner in order to hire properly. The hospital staff members and the planner then must accommodate each other's work styles and function to cooperate in achieving the hospital's goals.", "contents": "Function of hospital-based planner must match organizational need. Different types of hospital-based planners perform different functions and assume different degrees of authority. A hospital must assess its planning needs and the characteristics of each type of planner in order to hire properly. The hospital staff members and the planner then must accommodate each other's work styles and function to cooperate in achieving the hospital's goals.", "PMID": 669639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12679", "title": "There's more to patient care than medicine.", "content": "There is a side to patient care that goes beyond caring for physical complaints. Here the patient's psychological and spiritual needs are dealt with. At holistic health center, the attitude of caring for the whole patient is an essential ingredient of the care system. Because of the success of these centers, hospitals have become interested in establishing similar hospital-based models.", "contents": "There's more to patient care than medicine. There is a side to patient care that goes beyond caring for physical complaints. Here the patient's psychological and spiritual needs are dealt with. At holistic health center, the attitude of caring for the whole patient is an essential ingredient of the care system. Because of the success of these centers, hospitals have become interested in establishing similar hospital-based models.", "PMID": 669640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12680", "title": "Hospital child care center yields high dividends.", "content": "In an effort to reduce staff turnover and to improve employee morale, a medical center established an around-the-clock, hospital-based child care center. A developmental atmosphere is maintained in the center by establishing goals for each child enrolled in the program and monitoring each child's progress on a regular basis.", "contents": "Hospital child care center yields high dividends. In an effort to reduce staff turnover and to improve employee morale, a medical center established an around-the-clock, hospital-based child care center. A developmental atmosphere is maintained in the center by establishing goals for each child enrolled in the program and monitoring each child's progress on a regular basis.", "PMID": 669641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0022_12681", "title": "Experts exchange views on grievance procedures in hospitals.", "content": "Four participants in a roundtable discussion examined the specific grievance procedures of a nonunionized, not-for-profit, medium-sized hospital and of a partially unionized, not-for-profit, large teaching hospital. In doing so, they also raised questions, considerations, and guidelines that may be of interest to hospitals that already have or that are planning grievance procedures.", "contents": "Experts exchange views on grievance procedures in hospitals. Four participants in a roundtable discussion examined the specific grievance procedures of a nonunionized, not-for-profit, medium-sized hospital and of a partially unionized, not-for-profit, large teaching hospital. In doing so, they also raised questions, considerations, and guidelines that may be of interest to hospitals that already have or that are planning grievance procedures.", "PMID": 669642}